open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pakistani nationality law

The **Pakistani nationality law** are the laws on citizenship of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The main law on nationality, the Pakistan Citizenship Act, was passed by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 13 April 1951. Pakistan is the only country in Asia with unconditional *jus soli* citizenship rights.

## Citizenship
Before the creation of Pakistan, it was part of the British Indian Empire which also included India and Bangladesh. The people were British subjects. Pakistan was founded on 14 August 1947 as a state for Muslims. It was a Dominion in the British Commonwealth. Pakistan then included modern-day Bangladesh, which was known as East Bengal and East Pakistan. Bangladesh became independent from Pakistan in 1971. After independence in 1947, several millions of Muslims emigrated to Pakistan from India, and several millions of Hindus and Sikhs who had been living in Pakistan emigrated to India. This raised a number of citizenship issues.

### Pakistani Citizenship Act 1951
The Pakistan Citizenship Act became law on 13 April 1951. Its purpose was "to make provision for citizenship of Pakistan". The Act is divided into 23 sections, each one about a different provision of citizenship.

## Dual Pakistani nationality
Since independence, many Pakistanis have moved to live in the Middle East, Europe and North America. This has led to several changes in Pakistani nationality law. Dual citizenship is allowed in certain cases:

Pakistanis with dual citizenship can not hold public office, sit in the assemblies, contest elections or join the Pakistani military.

### Problems
Both Pakistan and India claim to the disputed region of Kashmir. This has been the subject of several wars between the two countries. The Pakistani Citizenship Act of 1951 allowed persons who were subjects of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to travel under a Pakistani passport and be considered a citizen of Pakistan. registered Afghan refugees in Pakistan are not given Pakistani nationality, even though most of them were born in Pakistan.

## Related pages
* National Database and Registration Authority

## References
Child labour in Pakistan

.]]
Child labour is one of the major problems of  Pakistan: The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan estimated in the 1990s, that 11 million children were working in the country;  half of them were under the age of ten. 
## Laws
There are a number of laws which tells when children are allowed to work. These laws include:

*The Factories Act 1934.
*The West Pakistan Shops and Establishments Ordinance 1969.
*The Employment of Children Act 1991
*The Bonded Labour System Abolition Act 1992.
*The Punjab Compulsory Education Act 1994
## Issues
The problem is that these laws are ignored most of the time. Some 11 million children, aged four to fourteen, keep the country's factories working, often working in bad conditions.
## US report
In December 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor's *List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor* reported nine goods of which six are produced by child workers in Pakistan. These include the making of bricks, carpets, glass bangles, leather and surgical instruments, as well as coal mining.

## References
Sex work

]]

Carol Leigh first used the terms **sex worker** and **sex work** in 1978, to refer to prostitution, and related concepts. By using this new term, Leigh wanted to avoid the negative connotations. Sex work is paid work in the industry, such as prostitution, erotic dancing, and starring in pornographic movies. It does not refer to related illegal activities, such as human trafficking or other non-consensual sex.

It is difficult to say how many sex workers there are. This is because of the stigma of being a sex worker. In addition, most academic work focuses on prostitution, escorts and exotic dancing; there is little research on other forms of sex work.

## Gender differences
Interviews with men and women escorts show gender differences in these escorts' experiences. On average, women escorts charged much more than men. Compared to traditional women escorts, women in niche markets charged lower rates. However, this difference in rates did not exist for men escorts. Men escorts reported widespread acceptance in the gay community; they were much more likely to tell about their occupation. This community acceptance is fairly unusual to the gay community and not the experience of many women sex workers. Also, heterosexual men prostitutes are much more likely than heterosexual women prostitutes to entertain same-gender clients because they need to:  most clients are men. In general, there is a greater social expectation for women to engage in emotional labor than there is for men; there are also greater consequences if they do not.

## References
Pravachanasara

**Pravachansara** is a Jain religion text. It means "the essence of the doctrine".

## Chapters and Verses 
It has 275 verses in total. It consists of two books and an appendix. Book I is called "Knowledge" and has 92 verses. Book II is called "Knowable" and has 108 verses. The appendix is called "Conduct" and has 75 verses.

## The first and last verse 
### Book I "Knowledge" 
The first verse of book I is:

Here I pay obeisance to VArdhamana, the saviour, the promulgator of the law, who is saluted by the suras, Asuras and lords  of men, and who has washed off the dirt of destructive Karmas.

The last verse of book I is:

The great souled Sramana, who has put an end to his delusive vision, who is expert in scriptures and who has established himself in conduct free from attachment, is qualified as Dharma.

### Book II "Knowlable" 
The first verse of book II is:

The object of knowledge is made up of substances, which are said to be characterised by qualities, and with which,  moreover, are (associated) the modifications; those, who are deluded by modifications, are false believers.

The last verse of book II is:

Therefore, thus realizing the soul as the knower by nature, I give up the notion of mineness and have come to adopt the (notion of) non-attachment.

### Appendix "Conduct" 
The first verse of Appendix is:

Having saluted the Siddhas, the foremost great Jinas and the saints have 
 adopted asceticism escape to mistery.

The last verse of Appendix is:

He, who practising the course of duties of a house-holder and of a monk, comprehends this doctrine, realizes, within a short time, the essence of the doctrine (the Self).
Palestinian National Authority

The Gaza-Jericho agreement of 1994 established an organisation to rule the Gaza Strip, and parts of the West Bank. This organization was called  **Palestinian National Authority** (**PA** or **PNA**;  ''''). This followed from the 1993 Oslo Accords for which The Nobel Peace Prize 1994 was awarded jointly to Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin "for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East.".  After the elections in 2006 and the Fatah-Hamas conflict the Palestinian Authority only had control over the areas in the West Bank. Since January 2013, the Fatah-controlled Palestinian Authority uses the name "State of Palestine" on official documents.

## 2024 government collapse 
On the morning of 26 February 2024, the entire PNA government resigned from office. This included the prime minister Mohammad Shtayyeh. The mass-resignation came from popular opposition to the Palestinian Authority and pressure from the United States during the Israel–Hamas war.

## References
Pakistan Green Party

The **Pakistan Green Party** is a green democratic Political party in Pakistan. It was founded on April 28, 2002, and since has been active in local politics. Members of the political party are known as the "**Pakistan Greens**".

## References
Jus soli

***Jus soli*** (), means "right of the soil". This is often called **birthright citizenship**. This is the right of anyone born in a country to have nationality or citizenship.

*Jus soli* was part of the common law. It was different to *jus sanguinis*, from the Roman law that became part of the civil-law systems of continental Europe. Where it exists, there are often conditions.  For example, some countries deny citizenship to children of foreign diplomats. 

Almost all states in Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania grant citizenship at birth based upon the principle of *jus sanguinis* (right of blood). Citizenship is inherited through parents not by birthplace. Sometimes it can be a version of *jus soli* in which citizenship by birthplace is automatic only for the children of certain immigrants.

As of 2025, Canada and the United States are the only advanced economies (according to IMF) of the world that still grant unrestricted birthright citizenship, including to children from illegal immigrant parents.

## References
Oriental magpie-robin

The **oriental magpie-robin** (*Copsychus saularis*) is a small passerine bird. It was classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae. Now it is considered an Old World flycatcher.
Baume-les-Dames

**Baume-les-Dames** is a commune. It is in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. In 2015, 5,241 people lived there.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Doubs department
Keokradong

**Keokradong** is a peak located in Bandarban District, Bangladesh, with an elevation of 986&nbsp;metres (3,235&nbsp;ft). Some sources claim it as the highest point of Bangladesh.

## References
Nikolai Lugansky

**Nikolai  Lugansky** (; born 26 April 1972) is a Russian pianist.

## Early life and education 
Nikolai Lugansky was born on 26 April 1972 in Moscow, Russia, to research scientist parents. When he was 5 years old, before he had learned to read music, he played a Beethoven piano sonata that he learned by ear. He studied piano at the Moscow Central Music School and the Moscow Conservatory. His teachers included Tatiana Kestner, Tatiana Nikolayeva and Sergei Dorensky.

## Career 
During the 1980s and early 1990s, Lugansky won prizes at numerous piano competitions, most importantly the Silver Medal at the Tchaikovsky International Piano Competition in 1994 (no first prize was awarded). At the same time he began to make recordings on the Melodiya (USSR) and Vanguard Classics (Netherlands) labels. His performance at the Winners' Gala Concert of the 10th International Tchaikovsky Competition was recorded and released on the Pioneer Classics label, on both CD and video laser disc formats. This was followed by more recordings for Japanese labels. He went on to make recordings for Warner Classics, Erato Records, PENTATONE, Onyx Classics, Deutsche Grammophon, and Naïve Records. In 2018, Lugansky signed an exclusive recording contract with Harmonia Mundi.

Lugansky has performed together with Vadim Repin, Alexander Kniazev, Anna Netrebko, Joshua Bell, Yuri Bashmet, Vadim Rudenko, Mischa Maisky and Leonidas Kavakos, among others.

In addition, Lugansky has played piano concertos with conductors like Riccardo Chailly, Christoph Eschenbach, Vladimir Fedoseyev, Valery Gergiev, Neeme Järvi, Kurt Masur, Mikhail Pletnev, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Yuri Simonov, Leonard Slatkin, Tugan Sokhiev, Vladimir Spivakov, Evgeny Svetlanov, Yuri Temirkanov and Edo de Waart.

In addition to performing and recording, Lugansky teaches at the Moscow Conservatory.

## Personal life 
Lugansky lives in Moscow with his wife and three children.

## Awards 
; Competition prizes

* First Prize, All-Union Competition in Tbilisi (1988)
* Silver Medal, 8th International Bach Competition in Leipzig (1988)
* Second Prize, Rachmaninov Competition in Moscow (1990)
* Best pianist, International Summer Academy "Mozarteum" in Salzburg, Austria (1992)
* Silver Medal, 10th International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow (1994)

; Other awards

* Ernest Neizvestny Private Charity Fund Award (1994)
* International Terence Judd Award (1995)
* Diapason d'Or (2000, 2001 and 2002)
* Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik (2003)
* Named "Honoured Citizen of Ivanovka"  in Tambov, Russia (2004)
* Named "Honoured Artist of the Russian Federation" (2005)
* Echo Klassik Award (2005)
* Echo Klassik Award (2007)
* BBC Music Magazine Award (2011)
* Echo Klassik Award (2013)
* People’s Artist of Russia (2013)
* Sergei Rachmaninov International Award (2016)

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Nikolai Lugansky Website
* HarrisonParrott Artist and Project Management
Sanqingshan

**Sanqingshan** is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in China. It is based on **Mount Sanqing**, which is a renowned Taoist sacred mountain.

The mountain is  north of Yushan County in Jiangxi Province, China. It has outstanding scenery. There are three main summits: Yujing, Yushui, and Yuhua, symbolising the Taoist trinity.

Mount Sanqing is a national park of China. It is a famous "honeypot" (place for tourists) and a home of over 2300 species of plants and 400 species of vertebrates. The total area of Mount Sanqing is 229&nbsp;km². It became a National Geopark in 2005 and a World Heritage Site in 2008.

These granite mountains hold the evidence of a billion years of geological evolution. This includes the evidence of important geological events, such as the amalgamation of the supercontinent Rodinia.

## References 
 pillars]]
Transcriptome

The **transcriptome** is the set of all RNA molecules in one cell or a population of cells. RNA transcribes the base sequence from DNA by the process called transcription. The term 'transcriptome' is sometimes used to refer to all RNAs, or just mRNA, depending on the particular experiment.

It includes only those RNA molecules found in a particular cell population. It usually includes the amount or concentration of each RNA molecule, and the molecular identities. It differs from the exome: that refers only to the bits of RNA which do code for proteins.

In the human genome, about 5% of all genes get transcribed into RNA.

The transcriptome is coding mRNA (about 1-4% of its entirety) and non-coding RNAs (the rest). Non-coding RNAs do not give rise to proteins. The number of non-protein-coding sequences increases in more complex organisms.

## References
Exome

The **exome** is the part of the genome composed of exons. In RNA, introns are removed by RNA splicing. That leaves the sections of the RNA which actually code for the final protein. Exome sequencing is the way researchers find the causes of many inherited diseases.

## References
DNA damage theory of ageing

The **DNA damage theory of ageing** is that ageing happens because damage happens in the individual's DNA. The damage accumulates (builds up) even though there are cell mechanisms that repair most of the damage.

Although both mitochondrial and the cell nucleus may have DNA damage, nuclear DNA is the main subject of this analysis.

## References
Hylarana tytleri

***Hylarana tytleri*** (also known as '''Theobald's ranid frog**, **yellow-striped frog**, **leaf frog**, and **leaping frog''') is a frog species in the family Ranidae. It is found in eastern and northeastern Republic of India, Bangladesh, and southern Nepal, and possibly at lower elevations in Bhutan.

## First paper
*

## References
Every Open Eye

***Every Open Eye*** is the second studio album by Scottish synth-pop band Chvrches.

The album contains singles like "Leave a Trace", "Clearest Blue", "Empty Threat" and "Bury It".

The album has been certified Silver by the BPI in the UK with sales of sixty thousand copies.

## Accolades 
## Commercial performance
*Every Open Eye* went to number four on the UK Albums Chart, selling 15,844 copies in its first week. In the United States, the album went to number eight on the *Billboard* 200 with 38,000 album units in its first week of release. Also, it went to number one on both the Top Rock Albums and the Alternative Albums charts.

## Track listing
All tracks are written and produced by Chvrches.

## Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Every Open Eye*.

* Chvrches – production ; mixing 
* David Simpson – recording engineering
* Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing 
* Geoff Swan – mixing assistance
* Bob Ludwig – mastering
* Danny Clinch – band photography
* Jez Tozer – cover photography
* Amy Burrows – design, art direction

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## Certifications
## References
Determiner

In linguistics, a **determiner** (abbreviated **DET**) is a word which adds information to a noun. It gives information about the context of the noun. A determiner may show whether the thing described is definite or indefinite, closer or more distant, singular or plural, etc. 

Common kinds of determiners include definite and indefinite articles (like the English *the* and *a* or *an*), demonstratives (*this* and *that*), possessives (*my* and *their*), quantifiers (*many*, *few* and *several*),  numerals (*three, twenty*), this may mean it tells you how many of something there is.
Grammatical number

**Grammatical number** is the way numbers and counting are fitted into sentences.

Most languages have ways to express differences of number. 
: *That apple on the table is fresh.*
: *Those two apples on the table are fresh.*

Common categories of grammatical number are singular (one) or plural (not one). Some languages, also have a notion of dual, for two, or of paucal, for "a few".

Some languages (like Chinese) do not have the concept of grammatical number, and numbers or other quantifiers are used if necessary. Finally, there may be words that have only one form or are not countable.

## Advanced sources 
*Greenberg, Joseph H 1972. Numeral classifiers and substantival number: problems in the genesis of a linguistic type. *Working Papers on Language Universals* **9**, Stanford University, pp. 1–39.
*Laycock, Henry 2005. Mass nouns, count nouns and non-count nouns. *Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics*. Oxford: Elsevier.

## References
E4 (TV channel)

**E4** is a television channel that broadcasts in the United Kingdom. The "E" stands for *entertainment*, It started on 18 January 2001. On 14 December 2009 E4 started a High Definition version of their channel on Sky+ HD. Channel 4 owns E4.

## Programmes they have shown
**Rude Tube*
**Made in Chelsea*
**Tattoo Fixers*
**New Girl*
**Brooklyn Nine Nine*
**The Inbetweeners*
**PhoneShop*
**School of Comedy*
**Tool Academy*
**Coach Trip*
**The 100*
**Rich Kids of Instagram*
Carroll County, Georgia

**Carroll County, Georgia** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Carrollton. As of 2020, Carroll County had a population of 119,148 people.

## Cities and towns
*Bowdon
*Carrollton
*Mount Zion
*Roopville
*Temple
*Villa Rica
*Whitesburg

## References
Paulding County, Georgia

**Paulding County, Georgia** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. Its county seat is Dallas. As of 2020, Paulding County had a population of 168,661 people.

## Cities and towns
*Dallas
*Hiram
*Braswell

## Rural communities
*New Hope
*Yorkville
*New Georgia
*Nebo
*Crossroads
*Bentwater
*Sudie
*Seven Hills

## References
Love Is Dead (Chvrches album)

***Love Is Dead*** is the third studio album by Scottish synth-pop band Chvrches.

The album contains singles like "Get Out", "My Enemy", "Never Say Die" and "Miracle".

## Track listing
## Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Love Is Dead*.

### Chvrches
* Iain Cook
* Martin Doherty
* Lauren Mayberry

### Additional musicians
* Ian Chang – drums 

### Technical
* Greg Kurstin – record engineering 
* Julian Burg – record engineering 
* Alex Pasco – record engineering 
* David Simpson – record engineering 
* Sean O'Brien – record engineering 
* Dann Pursey – record engineering 
* Chris Laws – record engineering 
* Mark Bengston – record engineering 
* Chvrches – record engineering 
* Hideyuki Matsuhashi – record engineering 
* Spike Stent – mixing
* Michael Freeman – mixing assistance
* Chris Gehringer – mastering

### Artwork
* Warren Fu – creative direction
* Liz Hirsch – design, layout
* Lindsey Byrnes – sleeve photograph
* Danny Clinch – inside photograph

## Charts
## Certifications
## Love Is Dead Tour
From 2018 to 2019, Chvrches played live worldwide to support their new album *Love Is Dead*. The tour started on 25 May 2018, with a free show at House Of Vans in London to celebrate the release of their album, but an early album release party held at iHeartRadio Theatre in New York and other two previous shows (19 May 2018 - The Josie Dye One Year Anniversary Show at Danforth Music Hall in Toronto and 21 May 2018 - Elsewhere, Brooklyn, NY) are generally considered as part of the tour based on their common setlist and stage design. On 10 December 2019, the band  announced the official end of the tour with a message posted on their blog. The band performed in over 20 countries, attending more than 150 events. For the very first time since their formation, the band added a live drummer, Jonny Scott, to their touring lineup.

### Setlist 
While the played setlist was different with each show, the typical setlist contained:

# "Get Out"
# "Bury It"
# "Gun"
# "We Sink"
# "Graffiti"
# "Graves"
# "Miracle"
# "Under the Tide"
# "Science/Visions"
# "Forever"
# "Recover"
# "Leave a Trace"
# "Clearest Blue"
# "Never Say Die"
# "The Mother We Share

### Shows 
The performances with short setlists (five songs or fewer) are not included in the list below.

## Tour dates
## Notes
## References
Dhiraj Choudhury

**Dhiraj Choudhury** (1 April 1936 – 1 June 2018) was an Indian painter. He had more than eighty exhibitions, including sixteen international painting exhibitions. He was born in Brahmanbaria District, British India (now Bangladesh).

Choudhury died on 1 June 2018 in Kolkata, West Bengal, India at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
Franz M. Wuketits

**Franz Manfred Wuketits** (5 January 1955 – 6 June 2018) was an Austrian biologist, university teacher and epistemologist.  He has written on epistemology, the history and theory of biology, evolution theory, evolutionary ethics, evolutionary epistemology and sociobiology.

From 1987 till 2004 he was employed at the University of Graz where he taught the philosophy of biology.  He also had guest professorships at several other universities including the Vienna University of Technology (1998–2004) and, in Palma de Majorca, at the University of the Balearic Islands (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010).

## References
## Other websites
* Franz M. Wuketits: Wo bleibt das "liberale Rasiermesser"? Ein Plädoyer für Aufklärung, Freiheit und Eigenverantwortung (Aufklärung und Kritik 1/1998, S. 34 ff.)
* Franz M. Wuketits: Biologie und Religion: Warum Biologen ihre Nöte mit Gott haben (PDF; 127&nbsp;kB)
Per Ahlmark

**Per Axel Ahlmark** (15 January 1939 – 8 June 2018) was a Swedish politician and writer. He was the leader of the Liberal People's Party from 1975 to 1978. He was Minister for Employment and Deputy Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978. He was also a member of the Swedish parliament from 1967 to 1978.

Ahlmark died on 8 June 2018 at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
Cobb County, Georgia

**Cobb County, Georgia** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Marietta. As of 2020, Cobb County had a population of 766,149 people.

## Cities and towns
* Acworth
* Austell
* Kennesaw
* Marietta
* Powder Springs
* Smyrna
* Fair Oaks
* Mableton
* Vinings

## Rural communities
* Austell
* Blackwells
* Chattahoochee Plantation
* Clarkdale
* Cumberland
* Due West
* East Cobb
* Lost Mountain
* Macland
* Mars Hill
* Mount Bethel
* North East Cobb
* Noonday
* Powers Park
* Sandy Plains
* Spring Hill
* Town Center
* Westoak

## References
Maria Bueno

**Maria Esther Andion Bueno** (11 October 1939 – 8 June 2018) was a Brazilian professional tennis player. She played for eleven years in the 1950s and 1960s. She won 19 Grand Slam titles (seven in women's singles, 11 in women's doubles, and one in mixed doubles). That made her the most successful South American female tennis player in history.

Bueno was the year-end number-one ranked female player in 1959 and 1960. She was known for her graceful style of play.

In 1960, Bueno became the first woman to win a calendar-year Grand Slam (all four major tennis tournaments in a year). Three of them were with Darlene Hard. The other was with Christine Truman).

On 8 June 2018, Bueno died from oral cancer and merkel-cell carcinoma at a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
Eunice Gayson

**Eunice Gayson** (17 March 1928, Croydon, Surrey – 8 June 2018) was an English actress. She was best known for playing Sylvia Trench, James Bond's girlfriend in the first two Bond movies (*Dr. No* and *From Russia with Love*). She was the first official Bond girl. Gayson was going to be cast as Miss Moneypenny, but that part went to Lois Maxwell instead. 

Gayson died on 8 June 2018 in London, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official website of Eunice Gayson
Liu Yichang

**Liu Yichang** (; 7 December 1918 – 8 June 2018), was a Hong Kong writer, editor, and publisher. He was born in Shanghai. His best known works are *The Drunkard* (1963) and *Intersection* (1993), which is made of two interconnected stories. He was also a prolific columnist who edited 13 newspapers in China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, and on average wrote 13,000 characters per day.

Liu died on 8 June 2018 at Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital in Chai Wan, Hong Kong of pneumonia, aged 99.

## References
Fadil Vokrri

**Fadil Avdullah Vokrri** (23 June 1960 – 9 June 2018) was a Kosovan football administrator and player. He was president of Football Federation of Kosovo from 16 February 2008 until his death on 9 June 2018.

Vokrri scored a total of 121 goals and had 363 club appearances. He began his career at the football club Llap (known then as Lab Podujevo). He moved to Pristina in 1980 and played there until 1986 scoring 55 goals and making 172 appearances.

On 9 June 2018, Vokrri died of cardiac arrest in Pristina, Kosovo at the age of 57.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Yugoslavia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Vokrri goal.''
*Yugoslav First League: 1986–87
*Yugoslav Cup: 1988–89

## References
## Other websites
*Profile  at Football Federation of Kosovo 
*Career history at Football Association of Serbia
Keith David

**Keith David Williams** (born June 4, 1956) is an American actor, comedian, and singer. He is best known for his co-starring role as King in *Platoon* and as Childs alongside Kurt Russell in John Carpenter's *The Thing*. He also starred in *Crash*, ''There's Something About Mary*, *Barbershop,* and *Men at Work''.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
Town and Country, Missouri

**Town and Country** is a suburb in west St. Louis County, Missouri. It has a population of 11,640 as of the 2020 census. Town and Country is located at  (38.631002, −90.471581).

## References
Danny Kirwan

**Daniel David Kirwan** (13 May 1950 – 8 June 2018) was a British Hall of Fame blues rock guitarist and singer-songwriter. He was born in London. His greatest success came with his role as a member of the band Fleetwood Mac between 1968 and 1972.

Kirwan died on 8 June 2018 in London from pneumonia at the age of 68.

## References
## Other websites
*
LGBT rights at the United Nations

Discussions of **LGBT rights at the United Nations** have included resolutions and joint statements in the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC). 

Since its founding in 1945, the United Nations political bodies had not discussed LGBT rights (regarding equality regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity) until September 1995.  In the negotiations on the Draft of the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action, sexual orientation became a topic of debate at the 4th World Conference on Women. These discussions on "sexual orientation" can not be found in the text of the meetings.  Nevertheless, it was the first time governments had an explicit opinion in favour or against the inclusion and recognition of sexual orientation. Beverley Palesa Ditsie became the first openly lesbian person to address the United Nations regarding LGBT issues, calling for States to adopt resolutions that recognized sexual diversity. 

## References 
## Related Page 
*LGBT
*Yogyakarta Principles
List of most luminous stars

This **list of most luminous stars** is of Milky Way and Magellanic Cloud objects. A few stars in other local group galaxies can be seen in enough detail to work out their the luminosities. The list is more or less complete for stars down to 2,000,000 times the luminosity of the Sun.

Many of these stars are too (far away or) distant to be (seen without or) observed (without a telescope, or) with the naked eye. 

A few notable stars of luminosity less than 1 million  are kept here for the purpose of comparison.

## Related pages 
*The visible spectrum
*List of most massive stars
*List of largest stars

## References
Recover EP

***Recover EP*** is the first extended play album by Scottish synth-pop band Chvrches. It was released in 25 March 2013.

## Recover (song) 
In 2013, Chvrches released a song called **Recover**, It was the second single from their debut studio album *The Bones of What You Believe. It* reached number 91 in the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing
## References
Barnum Brown

**Barnum Brown** (February 12, 1873 – February 5, 1963), often called **Mr. Bones**, was an American field paleontologist. He discovered the first documented remains of *Tyrannosaurus rex*. His career that made him one of the most famous fossil hunters working in the late Victorian era and the early 20th century.

He was sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). He was Henry Fairfield Osborn's man in the field. Brown worked the country, bargaining and trading for fossils. Often, he simply sent money to have fossils shipped to the AMNH.

After working a handful of years in Wyoming for AMNH in the late 1890s, Brown led an expedition to the Hell Creek Formation of Southeastern Montana. There, in 1902, he discovered and excavated the first documented remains of *Tyrannosaurus rex*.

## References 
 and the leg bone of *Diplodocus* specimen AMNH 223]]
Vaginal tumors

**Vaginal tumors** are tumors that can be found in the vagina. A tumor in the vagina can be cancer (malignant)  but not all tumors in the vagina are cancer. Tumors that are not cancer are called benign tumors. Tumors have many different names. Another name for a tumor is neoplasm. A neoplasm is too much growth of tissue that forms a lump.
If cancer is found in the vagina it most often has spread there from other places in the body. Cancer found in the vagina may have come from the bladder, stomach and intestines.

Vaginal cancer is rare. It is an overgrowth of tissue in the vagina. A tumor in the vagina is often found during a check up and pelvic exam. Doctors may order more tests like an ultrasound, CAT scan and MRI. Doctors will look at a piece of the tumor under a microscope to see what kind of tumor that it is.

## Benign vaginal tumors 
*Blue nevus
*Melanocytic tumor 
*Blue mole
*Nevus bleu
*Melancytic nevus
*Leiomyoma 
*Fibromyoma
*Squamous papilloma 
*Fibroepithelial polyp
*Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor
*Ewing's sarcoma|

*Vaginal melanoma
*Melanocytic tumor|
*Leimyosarcoma
*Endometrioid stromal sarcoma
*Endometrial stromal sarcoma 
*Undifferentiated vaginal sarcoma
*Deep angiomyoxoma  
*Undifferentiated carcinoma

## Related pages
* Urethral caruncle
* Vaginal cysts
* Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites
**Vagina*, Anatomical Atlases, an Anatomical Digital Library (2018)
Douglas County, Georgia

**Douglas County, Georgia** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. The county's capital is Douglasvile. As of 2020, Douglas County had a population of 144,237 people.

## Cities and towns
*Austell (also in Cobb County)
*Douglasville
*Villa Rica (also in Carroll County)
*Lithia Springs

## Rural communities
* Anneewakee
* Beulah
* Bill Arp
* Chapel Hill
* Fairplay
* Fouts Mill
* Hannah
* McWhorter
* Phillips Mill
* Tributary
* White City
* Winston

## References
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014

The **Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014** was the twelfth edition of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. It took place at the Malta Shipbuilding, Marsa, Malta on 15 November 2014, Maltese broadcaster PBS was the host broadcaster for the event. The motto for the contest was  *"#Together"*.

## Results
## Score sheet
### 12 points 
* All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This was so no country got nul points.

### Commentators
Most countries sent commentators to Malta, while others commentated from their own country

#### Countries that took part in the content 
* – Avet Barseghyan (Armenia 1)
* – Anatoliy Lipetskiy (Belarus 1 and Belarus 24)
* – Georgy Kushvaliev and Elena Rosberg (BNT 1 and BNT HD)
* – Ivan Planinić and Aljoša Šerić (HRT 2)
* – Kyriacos Pastides (CyBC 2 and CyBC HD)
* – Mero Chikashvili & Temo Kvirkvelia (GPB 1TV)
* – Simone Lijoi and Antonella Clerici (Rai Gulp)
* – Daniel Chircop (TVM)
* – Dražen Bauković & Tamara Ivanković (TVCG 2)
* – Jan Smit (NPO 3)
* – Olga Shelest and Alexander Gurevich (Karousel)
* – Georgia McCarthy and Andre Nookadu (SBS2)
* – Ewan Spence (92.5 Phoenix FM)
* – Ewan Spence (World FM)
* – Ewan Spence (247 Music Radio)
* – Ewan Spence (103 The Eye, K107, Oystermouth Radio, Radio Six International and Shore Radio)
* – Ewan Spence (KCGW (Williams Life Radio); and WXDR (Delgado’s Dolphin Radio))

## References
## Other websites 
*
Matt Rosendale

**Matthew Martin Rosendale** (born July 7, 1960) is an American politician. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Montana from 2021 to 2025. He was the Montana State Auditor from 2017 until 2021. Rosendale was state senator from 2013 to 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Rosendale was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Rosendale studied at Chesapeake College. Rosendale served in the Montana House of Representatives.

In July 2017, Rosendale announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate. He won the Republican nomination, but lost the general election by less than 2% to Democratic incumbent Jon Tester in November 2018.

In 2020, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, replacing Greg Gianforte.

## References
## Other websites
*Montana State Auditor, Securities and Insurance Commissioner
*Rosendale for U.S. Senate
Tour guide

]]
A **tour guide** (also known as **tourist guide** in Europe) is a person who gives information about a place or a place's history to "tourists" (people who are traveling for fun). Some tour guides can talk in the language of the tourist. In some countries a tour guide needs a license and wears a badge.

## References
Tomorrow

**Tomorrow** may mean:

* The future
* "Tomorrow" (Silverchair song)
* "Tomorrow", a song from *Annie*, the 1977 musical
Charles Horioka

**Charles Yuji Horioka** (born September 7, 1956 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a Japanese-American economist. He lives in Japan.  Horioka earned his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. Now he is Research Professor at the Asian Growth Research Institute in Kitakyushu City, Japan.  He has taught at Stanford, Columbia, Kyoto, and Osaka Universities. He was Vea Family Professor of Technology and Evolutionary Economics Centennial at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, from 2013 until 2014.  He is also a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). He was Co-Editor of the International Economic Review until 2013.

He mainly studies macroeconomics, household and family economics, the Japanese economy, and other Asian economies. He has written many academic articles about consumption, saving, and bequest behavior and parent-child relations in Japan, the United States, China, India, Korea, and Asia.

He wrote an article with Martin Feldstein called "Domestic Saving and International Capital Flows." *Economic Journal* published it in 1980. Horioka showed a positive correlation between long-term savings and investment rates across countries.  This is called the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle. The article is a reference for many other articles in international finance.  

In 2001, Horioka won the Seventh Japanese Economic Association Nakahara Prize.

## References
* Biographic Notes  – Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University
* Saving and Investment in the Long Run
Eluanbi Lighthouse

** Eluanbi Lighthouse** () is a lighthouse in Kenting National Park, Taiwan. It is on Cape Eluanbi, which is the southernmost place in Taiwan. Cape Eluanbi is in Pingtung County. The lighthouse is managed by the Customs Administration of the Ministry of Finance. The lighthouse is built between the Pacific Ocean and the Taiwan Strait and it faces toward the Luzon Strait. The lighthouse is open to the public for the whole year. The lighthouse is sometimes called "The Light of East Asia", because its  is very powerful.

## History
Eluanbi Lighthouse was built in 1883. It was built by the Qing Dynasty. It was built because a lot of accidents happened in this area. Ships crashed into the reefs in the waters nearby. The Qing Dynasty wanted to prevent accidents like the Rover Incident. W. F. Spindey, who was an English architect that was part of the Royal Geographical Society was hired to build this lighthouse. The lighthouse is the only one in Taiwan that is . It has a trench around it and a lot of gun holes in the wall. This was needed because many of the local Aboriginal people ed the lighthouse a lot.

After the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Taiwan became a part of the Empire of Japan. Damage on the lighthouse from the First Sino-Japanese War was fixed in 1898 by the Japanese. In World War II, the lighthouse became damaged again during the Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa.

The lighthouse was rebuilt in 1962. It still works and is a historical monument in Kenting National Park. Next to the lighthouse there is also a memorial of the "Taiwan Eight Magnificent Sceneries".

## References
* Su-fang Li, "The Lighthouses in Taiwan", Yuan-zu Culture Publ. Inc., Taipei county, Taiwan, 2002, pp.&nbsp;126–131.  
* Lun-hui Yue, "Ocean Navigator-The Fair of Taiwan Lighthouses", Kaohsiung History Museum, Kaohsiung, 2000, pp.&nbsp;83–86.  
* Customs, Ministry of Finance of Taiwan, "The Concise History of the Republic of China Customs", Taipei, 1998.  

## Other websites
* Kenting National Park (Taiwan)  
* Eluanbi Lighthouse-Directorate General of Customs (Taiwan)  
* Eluanbi Lighthouse (Taiwan) 
* Maritime and Port Bureau MOTC
Tisha b'av

'''Tisha b'av''' is a fast day in Judaism. On this day multiple disasters happened, mainly the destruction of the First Temple and the Second Temple.
Insertion sort

**Insertion sort** is a method of sorting data, such as numbers, one item at a time. It is not a very efficient method compared to other algorithms such as quicksort. However, it is a very simple algorithm that is easy to build.

Think about the sequence of numbers in the picture below. It starts with a small number (written as ≤x), then a big number (≥x) and then a medium sized number (written as x). If this had specific numbers, it might start with 2 (small), 10 (big), 4 (medium). The number 10 is bigger than the number 4. So if the sequence were in order from smallest to biggest, it should start with 2, 4, 10. So the second and third numbers should be swapped. So, in the example below, the sequence should start with ≤x, x, ≥x. 

When the sequence it sorted, the medium number is moved in between the small (≤x) and big (≥x) numbers. So the sequence becomes:
Jānis Bojārs

**Jānis Bojārs** (12 May 1956 – 5 June 2018) was a Latvian shot putter. He was best known for winning the silver medal for the Soviet Union in the men's shot put event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece. He set his personal best (21.74 m) on 14 July 1984 at a meet in Riga.

Bojārs died on 5 June 2018 at the age of 62.

## References
Daugavpils

**Daugavpils** (;  ;  ) is a city in southeastern Latvia. It is on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city gets its name. Daugavpils literally means "Daugava Castle". It is the second largest city in the country after the capital Riga.

## References
Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre

**Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre** is a commune. It is in the Meuse department in Grand Est in northeast France.

## History 
Nobody has lived here since the end of the Battle of Verdun in 1916. The official population is zero. Nobody lives in these places either: Bezonvaux, Beaumont-en-Verdunois, Haumont-près-Samogneux, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme and Fleury-devant-Douaumont.

During the war, the town was completely destroyed. The land was so badly damaged that it was hard to live there. So, the commune was not rebuilt. The site of the commune is kept as it was to show the violence of war. It is officially named a "village that died for France." A municipal council of three members manages the commune. The council members are appointed by the prefect of the Meuse department.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Meuse department
Philippine National Railways

The **Philippine National Railways** (abbreviated as **PNR**), is a railway system in the Philippines under the country's *Department of Transportation* (DOTr) as its associated agency. The present form of PNR was established in 1984, extending to the Bicol provincial region. As it was, it ran 479 kilometers of the railway through the Philippine island of Luzon.

## Notes
: PNR's inter-city service was suspended in 2014; and its freight service was likewise suspended in 1971. In its place, the Clark–Calamba Railway will be Greater Manila's first *inter-city rail* service since PNR's discontinuation.

## References
Richard Biggs

**Richard James Biggs II** (March 18, 1960 – May 22, 2004) was an American television and stage actor. He was known for his roles on the television series *Days of Our Lives* and *Babylon 5*.

Biggs collapsed at his home in Los Angeles, and died at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center of complications stemming from aortic dissection on May 22, 2004.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Parahenodus

***Parahenodus*** is an extinct *henodontidae* placodont only known from a skull, described in 2018. The skull, named and described as ***Parahenodus atancensis***, was discovered in Upper Triassic rock in Spain. It was the sister taxon to *Henodus*.

## References
2019 UEFA Europa League final

The **2019 UEFA Europa League Final** was the last match of the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League of the 48th season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 10th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League. It was played at the Olympic Stadium in Baku, Azerbaijan on 29 May 2019.

Chelsea won the final 4–1 for their second UEFA Europa League title. As winners, they will play against the winners of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League in the 2019 UEFA Super Cup. Chelsea have already qualified for the Champions League group stage through their league performance, the group stage berth reserved for the Europa League winners was given to the third-placed team of the 2018–19 Ligue 1, Lyon, as Ligue 1 was the 5th-ranked association according to next season's access list.

Starting from this season, the Europa League final was played in the same week as the Champions League final. In March 2018, UEFA announced that a fourth substitution will be allowed in extra time and that the number of substitutes has been increased from 7 to 12. The kick-off time has also been changed from 20:45 CEST to 21:00 CEST. The match was also the first fixture (and final) of the Europa League to use the video assistant referee (VAR) system.

## Road to the final
*Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).*

## Match
### Details
The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the quarter-final and semi-final draws, which was held on 15 March 2019 at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.

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|}

### Statistics
## Related pages
* 2019 UEFA Champions League Final
* 2019 UEFA Super Cup

## References
## Other websites
* UEFA Europa League (official website)
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008

The **Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2008** was the sixth edition of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. It took place at the "Spyros Kyprianou" Athletic Centre in Lemesos, Cyprus on 22 November 2008, Cypriot broadcaster CyBC was the host broadcaster for the event. The motto for the contest was  *"Fun In The Sun"*.

## Results
## Score sheet
### 12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points received:

* All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This was so no country got nul points.
* When Cyprus got 12 points from Greece the audience was absolutely crazy about it, even though Cyprus were nowhere near winning the contest and Greece and Cyprus regularly gives each other 12 points.

### Commentators
*  – Gohar Gasparyan (Armenia 1)
*  – Denis Kuryan (Belarus 1)
*  – André Vermeulen (VRT), Maureen Louys and Jean-Louis Lahaye (RTBF)
*  – Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev (BNT 1)
*  – Kyriakos Pastides (CyBC)
*  – Temo Kvirkvelia (GPB)
*  – Renia Tsitsibikou and George Amyras (ERT)
*  – Darius Užkuraitis (LRT)
*  – Ivona Bogoevska (MTV 1)
*  – Valerie Vella (TVM)
*  – Sipke Jan Bousema (AVRO)
*  – Ioana Isopecu and Alexandru Nagy (TVR)
*  – Olga Shelest
*  – Duška Vučinić-Lučić (RTS 2)
*  – Timur Miroshnychenko (NTU)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Desert ecology

allow them to preserve water.]]
 help deflect strong desert sunlight.]]
In deserts, there is very little vegetation. Depending on the type of desert, the climate may be very dry, or very hot. **Desert ecology** is about studying ecology in desert-like climates. Many of the organisms that live there have adapted, to be able to cope with these conditions.