open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Juho Kusti Paasikivi

**Juho Kusti Paasikivi** (27 November 1870&ndash;14 December 1956 Helsinki). He was the seventh president of Finland, from 1946 to 1956. He was first person to have his picture printed on Finnish money. First wife was Anna Matilda Forsman (1897–1931).

Paasikivi studied history and law in  Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki. He was especially interested in history of Russia. He became a doctor in law in 1901, and associate professor in 1902. In 1913 he became director of KOP bank.

Paasikivi was elected in parliament in 1907, and second time 1910. This was time when Finland was still part of Russian empire. At the time when Finland became independent, Paasikivi was among those who supported monarchy.

During the second world war Paasikivi was negotiating with Soviet Union. In 1946, when President Mannerheim resigned, parliament selected Paasikivi as his successor. In 1950 he won an election wand was selected for second term. In 1956 he was not an official candidate, but he got some votes as "Black horse".

## References
The Power Within

***The Power Within*** is the fifth studio album by DragonForce. It was released on April 11, 2012 in Japan and on April 15, 2012 worldwide. It is the first album to have Mark Hudson on vocals.

## Track listing 
## Personnel 
### Band members 
*Marc Hudson – Vocals
*Herman Li – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing, engineering
*Sam Totman – Guitars, backing vocals, producing, mixing
*Vadim Pruzhanov – Keyboards, piano, theremin, Kaoss Pad, backing vocals
*Dave Mackintosh – Drums, backing vocals
*Frédéric Leclercq – Bass, backing vocals, additional guitars
Imatra

**Imatra** is a town in southeast Finland. There were 28,363 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Lappeenranta and Ruokolahti.

## Other websites 
* Imatra's website
Homerton College, Cambridge

**Homerton College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. Its name comes from the area of Homerton in London. It was first formed there in 1850 from a group of students who wanted to change the way pedagogy (how people teach) was studied. They moved to Cambridge in 1894, but the college only became part of the University in 1976. Only in 2010 it was given the full status.

Homerton College is the biggest in Cambridge: it has 1200 students. Many of them study Education because the department is there. The college is not in the city centre of Cambridge but on Hills Road.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Hughes Hall, Cambridge

**Hughes Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It only takes students who are more than 21 years old (*mature* students). They can be undergraduates or postgraduates. It opened in 1885 and was only for women at the start. The first men came in 1973. It takes its name from the first *Principal* (head of the college), Elizabeth Phillips Hughes. 

Today, Hughes Hall has about 400 students. It has the tradition of trying to mix students and Fellows (teachers) at social events, such as dinners where there is no separate table for Fellows.

## Other websites 
*Official website
National Building Museum

The **National Building Museum** is a museum in Washington D.C. dedicated to architecture, landscaping, urban design, urban planning, industrial design, and the history of buildings in the United States. The museum host exhibitions of architectural styles and organizes tours for visitors and activities for children and families. The museum was established in 1969 by architect Beverly Willis and moved to an old building that was the Interior of the Pension Office in 1980.

## Other websites 
*Official website
*National Park Service - National Historic Landmarks Program - Pension Building listing 
*General Services Administration page on the Pension Building (National Building Museum)
Pepsi Music 2004: Britney Exclusive

***Pepsi Music 2004: Britney Exclusive*** (also known as: *Pepsi Music 2004* or *Pepsi: Dare for More Music 2004*) is an EP . The CD included a special version of "We Will Rock You", which has been used in Pepsi TV advert. This version was performed by Britney Spears, P!nk and Beyoncé. Enrique Iglesias played a part an evil emperor.

## Track listing
## Cover 
Front coverBack cover Cd
Summerside, Prince Edward Island

**Summerside** is a city in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island.

The population of Summerside was 16,001 in 2021. The city is home to the Summerside Storm which play in the National Basketball League of Canada. The former post office that is located on Summer Street is a National Historic Site of Canada.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Shinyei Nakamine

**Shinyei Nakamine** (January 21, 1920-June 2, 1944) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life 
Nakamine was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a *Nisei*, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

## Soldier
One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nakamine joined the US Army in November 1941.

Nakamine volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in June 1944, Nakamine  was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Nakamine's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation
Nakamine's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1944.

The words of Nakamine's citation explain:
Private Shinyei Nakamine distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, near La Torreto, Italy. During an attack, Private Nakamine’s platoon became pinned down by intense machine gun crossfire from a small knoll 200 yards to the front. On his own initiative, Private Nakamine crawled toward one of the hostile weapons. Reaching a point 25 yards from the enemy, he charged the machine gun nest, firing his submachine gun, and killed three enemy soldiers and captured two. Later that afternoon, Private Nakamine discovered an enemy soldier on the right flank of his platoon’s position. Crawling 25 yards from his position, Private Nakamine opened fire and killed the soldier. Then, seeing a machine gun nest to his front approximately 75 yards away, he returned to his platoon and led an automatic rifle team toward the enemy. Under covering fire from his team, Private Nakamine crawled to a point 25 yards from the nest and threw hand grenades at the enemy soldiers, wounding one and capturing four. Spotting another machine gun nest 100 yards to his right flank, he led the automatic rifle team toward the hostile position but was killed by a burst of machine gun fire. Private Nakamine’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
* Posthumous recognition

## References 
## Other websites
* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  
*
A. O. Scott

**Anthony Oliver Scott** (born July 10, 1966) is an American journalist and movie critic. He is the manager of all movie critics for *The New York Times*. His great-uncle is American actor Eli Wallach.

Scott was born on July 10, 1966 in Northampton, Massachusetts. He is Jewish. Scott studied at the Classical High School, at Johns Hopkins University, and at Harvard University. He is married. They have two children. He now lives in Brooklyn, New York.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* A. O. Scott: New York Times articles
* A. O. Scott: New York Times movie reviews
Peter Travers

**Peter Travers** (born June 27, 1943) is an American movie critic. He works for *Rolling Stone* and *People*. He is known for listing movies or directors in the "Top Ten List" which includes Martin Scorsese, David Lynch, Paul Thomas Anderson, Clint Eastwood, Christopher Nolan, Joel and Ethan Coen, and Ang Lee.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The Travers Take  at *Rolling Stone*
* Movie Reviews  at *Rolling Stone*
* Peter Travers  at Rotten Tomatoes
* Popcorn with Peter Travers on ABC News
11th century BC

The **11th century BC** started the first day of 1100 BC and ended the last day of 1001 BC. The events below may have happened in this century.

## Events 
. The two men are considered the first Kings of the United Monarchy of Israel]]
* 1089 BC: Melanthus, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 37 years.
* 1069 BC: Ramses XI dies, ending the Twentieth Dynasty. 
* 1068 BC: Codrus, legendary King of Athens, dies in battle against Dorian invaders.
* 1050 BC: Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Israel in battle. (Approximate date)
* 1048 BC: Medon, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 20 years.
* 1046 BC: King Wu of Zhou becomes first king of the Zhou Dynasty.
* 1042 BC: King Cheng of Zhou succeeds King Wu as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China,
* 1039 BC: Neferkare Amenemnisu, king of Egypt, dies.
* c. 1020 BC: Destruction of Troy VIIb2.
* 1026 BC: Saul becomes the first king of the Israelites.
* 1020 BC: King Kang of Zhou succeeds King Cheng as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China.
* 1012 BC: Acastus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 36 years.
* 1003 BC: David succeeds Saul.
* 1000s BC: Earliest evidence of farming in the Kenya highlands.
* c. 1000 BC: Latins come to Italy from the Danube region.
* 1000s BC: Phoenician alphabet invented.
2nd millennium BC

The **2nd millennium BC** took place in between the years of 2000 BC and 1001 BC. This is the time between the Middle and the late Bronze Age.  

The first half of the millennium saw a lot of activity by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Babylonia. The alphabet develops. Indo-Iranian migration onto the Iranian plateau and onto the Indian subcontinent saw the creation and use of the chariot.  Chariot warfare and population movements lead to violent changes at the center of the millennium.  New order emerges with Greek control of the Aegean and the rise of the Hittite Empire. The end of the millennium sees the start of the Iron Age. World population begins to rise steadily. By 1000 BC, the population of the world reached nearly 50 million.
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud

**Pehr Evind Svinhufvud**, usually known as **P. E. Svinhufvud**, (1861 - 1944) was Finland's third president. He married Ellen Timgren and they had six children. His nickname was Ukko-Pekka. That's why name Pekka became more popular.
Charlottetown

**Charlottetown** is the capital and the largest city of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island. The town is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen consort of the United Kingdom.

## Population
The population of Charlottetown was 38,809 in 2021. The mayor of Charlottetown is Philip Brown.

## History
The French were the first European settlers in the area and they founded a settlement in 1720 named Port La Joye. British forces built Fort Amherst near the site of the abandoned Port La Joye settlement after they took control of the settlement and the rest of the island during the height of the French and Indian War. 

## Media
Charlottetown Stations

CFCY 95.1

CHLQ 93.1

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Paulina Porizkova

**Paulina Porizkova** (born 9 April 1965 in the Czech Republic) is a Czech-American model and actress. At age eighteen, became the first female from Central Europe to be shown on the cover of the *Sports Illustrated* swimsuit issue. She was the second female (following Christie Brinkley) to be shown on the cover of the *Sports Illustrated* multiple times. She has acted in movies and in television shows, including *Desperate Housewives*.

## Other websites 
*
The Jerry Springer Show

The ***Jerry Springer Show*** was a unscripted American tabloid talk show. It was hosted by Jerry Springer. It is broadcast around the world. It was taped in Stamford, Connecticut. The show focuses on family dysfunction, secrecy and infidelity. It began on September 30, 1991 and ended on July 26, 2018. It has been controversial for certain subjects.

## Other websites 
*
Rich Girl

**"Rich Girl"** is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, *Love. Angel. Music. Baby.* (2004). Produced by Dr. Dre, the track features American rapper Eve. It is the second time that both Stefani and Eve had done a song together, "Rich Girl" also samples both "Rich Girl" reggae girl group Louchie Lou & Michie One and "If I Were a Rich Man" a song from Fiddler on the Roof.
## Track list
*; European CD single
# "Rich Girl" (album version featuring Eve) – 3:56
# "What You Waiting For?" (live) – 3:52
*; UK and European CD maxi single
# "Rich Girl" (album version featuring Eve) – 3:56
# "What You Waiting For?" (live) – 3:52
# "Harajuku Girls" (live) – 4:36
# "Rich Girl" (video) – 4:03

*; US 12" single
:A1. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Mix) – 4:07
:A2. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Instrumental) – 4:07
:B1. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Quick Mix) – 3:47
:B2. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Quick Instrumental) – 4:07
:B3. "Rich Girl" (Acappella) – 3:57

## Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Love. Angel. Music. Baby.*

* Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
* Mark Batson – keyboard bass, keyboards, songwriting
* Greg Collins – recording
* Kara DioGuardi – songwriting
* Dr. Dre – mixing, production, songwriting
* Mike Elizondo – guitar, keyboards, songwriting
* Eve – rap, songwriting

* Francis Forde – assistant engineering
* Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
* Mauricio "Veto" Iragorri – recording
* Rouble Kapoor – assistant engineering
* Chantal Kreviazuk – songwriting
* Jaime Sickora – assistant engineering
* Brad Winslow – assistant engineering

## References
Jack (tool)

A **jack** is a tool for lifting heavy items. There are many kinds of jacks.

***Car jack** or **automotive jack** - For lifting vehicles.
***Scissor jack** - The lifting mechanism is shaped similar to a pair of scissors.
***House jack** - A jack which can lift small buildings that are made of wood or similar lightweight material. 
***Hydraulic jack** - Uses a liquid that is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger. 
***Inflatable jack** - An airbag-like jack that lifts its load when filled with compressed air.
***Bottle jack** - A jack with a cylindrical body and a bottle-like neck.
Pielinen

**Pielinen** is the fourth biggest lake in Finland.

## Islands
Eteissaari, Hattusaari, Honkasaari (Juuka), Honkasaari (Nurmes), Iso Ristisaari, Kaitasaari, Karhusaari, Kaunissaari, Kertonsaari, Kelvänsaari, Kinahmonsaaret, Kolmassaari, Korppisaari, Koveronsaari, Kuivasaari, Kulkulsaari, Kuusisaari, Kynsisaari, Larinsaari, Laukkalansaari, Lehtosaari, Liklamo, Lokkisaari, Lörsänsaari, Läpsy, Mantina, Mustasaari, Palosaari, Paalasmaa, Patvisaaret, Pieni Ristisaari, Porosaari, Pyysaari, Pääsaari, Rekisaari, Retusaari, Romonsaaret, Rääkky, Satjanko, Sipolansaari, Toinensaari, Turakka, Uramonsaari, Varpo.

## Pielinen in art
**Syysmaisema Pielisjärveltä* (1899) is one of Eero Järnefelt's best known paintings, and was also used on a postage stamp.
Lake Inari

**Lake Inari** ( or *Inari*) is the third largest lake in Finland's Lapland. It covers . The deepest point is . There are over 3,000 islands in the lake. The biggest islands are Kaamassaari, Mahlatti, Viimassaari and Roiro.

Inari's is located to north from Arctic Circle, still, water is not very cold.

## References
## Other websites
Kymijoki

**Kymijoki** is a river in Finland. It is  long. It flows through the regions Päijänne Tavastia, Kymenlaakso and Uusimaa.

There are many hydroelectric power plants on the river. In the past, the river was an important way to transport wood. 

The river starts from Päijänne and it flows to the Gulf of Finland.

## References
## Other websites
Höytiäinen

**Höytiäinen** is a lake in Finland. It covers an area of . Its deepest point is . The biggest island is Teerisaari. In 1950, there were 118 people living at the lake. Near Näsijärvi are Juuka, Kontiolahti and Polvijärvi.

## References
Päijänne

**Päijänne** is the second largest lake in Finland. It is between the regions of Central Finland and Päijänne Tavastia. It covers . Päijänne flows into the Gulf of Finland through the river Kymijoki.

The quality of the water is good. It improves south of Jämsä.

Päijänne is next to the municipalities of Kuhmoinen, Jämsä, Joutsa, Luhanka, Muurame, Toivakka and Jyväskylä in Central Finland, and Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä in Päijänne Tavastia.

## Islands
The lake has 1,886 islands.

Some of the largest islands are Virmailansaari, Salonsaari, Judinsalo, Onkisalo, Paatsalo, Muuratsalo, Haukkasalo and Vuoritsalo.

## National Park
In the southern part of Päijänne is Päijänne National Park. This was established in 1993. The park covers about 50 islands. The park is next to the municipalities of Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä. It covers Kelvenne island, which is 8&nbsp;km long and 50-800&nbsp;meters wide. The bays in the national park are popular places for boating.

## References
## Other websites 
* Päijänne National Park page, *Finnish*
Kallavesi

**Kallavesi** is a lake in Finland. It covers . The average depth is . The deepest point is . Kallavesi is close to the city of Kuopio.

## References
## Other websites
Scottish highland dance

**Highland dancing** is a traditional dance which comes from Scotland. Highland dancers need a lot of stamina and strength as they need a good sense of aesthetics.  They execute the traditional dance in solo to the sound of the great highland bagpipe. The highland dances are very precise and need a lot of coordination. There are many competitions for highland dancing organized around the world, mainly in Scotland, United States, Canada and Australia.

## Competition judging
Dancers are judged on three elements:    
* **Timing:** First, dancers have to follow the rhythm of the music. 
* **Technique:** Secondly, they have to execute the step correctly; the position of the feet, arms and head have to be done precisely.
* **Posture:** Finally, they are evaluating on their interpretation of the dance. They have to get a good appearance and have to smile like the dance is very easy and natural.
If a dancer does all these three elements perfectly, they have a great advantage over the others.

## Highland dances
Here are the main traditional highland dances:
* The **Highland fling** is traditionally a four or six steps dance performed after a victory in a battle.
* The **sword dance** is performed around a crossed sword on the bagpipes song Ghillie Calum. It starts with two or more slow steps and ends with one or two quick steps. The aim of the dance is not to displace the sword.
* The **Sean Triubhas** is a dance that represents a person who lost his pants. In fact, at one time, Scottish could not wear the kilt and was only allowed to wear pants. In 1747, the British law abolished this old law and gave back to Scottish the right to wear their kilt. So in the first part, the dancers mimic a Scottish trying to put on his pants and in the last part, they mimic one who is getting back his right to wear the kilt and his customs.
* The **Irish jig** is a parody of Irish dancing and is performed with red, black or green hard shoes. An angry house wife, because her husband has taken some money to go to the pub, is waiting him at the halt.

## Costumes 
Women wear a kilt, a kilt jacket (with or without sleeves), a blouse, ghilies and kilt socks. Men wear a kilt with a sporran, a white shirt with a thin tie, a dark jacket, green or black hose and ghilies shoes. These are only for certain dances (fling, sean triubhas, barracks johnnies, tulloch/half tulloch and highland laddie) There is seperate costumes for other dances, for the flora, scotch measure, lilt and a few others the outfit is called and aboyne. The hornpipe and jig have separate outfits too.

## References
Karelian pasty

A **Karelian pasty**, also called a **Karelian pie** or **Karelian pirog**, known in Finnish as *karjalanpiirakka*, is a traditional Finnish cookie, where inside a thin rye layer is rice pudding, pearl barley pudding, or mashed potatoes. It is often served with a spread made of butter and hard boiled eggs. There are annual baking competitions such as the one at Rääkkylä's Kihaus.

## Other websites 
* Juttuverkko-lehti: Karjalanpiirakka - suomalainen herkku (mm. historiaa ja resepti)  (history and receipe *Finnish*)
Pasquale J. D'Amuro

'''Pasquale J. "Pat" D'Amuro''' is an American television analyst  and former intelligence agent. He is an expert on terrorism. D'Amuro is a former Director of FBI in New York. He worked for the FBI for 26 years. After the FBI, he went to work for Giuliani Security & Safety, a New York security consulting company.

## Life 
D'Amuro grew up in upstate New York. He earned his Bachelor's degree in Business at the Niagara University.

## References 
*Bloomberg Businessweek (November 17, 2012) biography
*Government Executive (April 15, 2003) biography
Keiko (killer whale)

**Keiko** (c. 1976 – December 12, 2003) was a killer whale who played "Willy" in the movie *Free Willy* in 1993. He was a world-famous whale. He died of pneumonia in 2003.
Virmajärvi

on a small island on Virmajärvi.]]

**Virmajärvi** is a small lake in eastern Finland's Ilomantsi region and Russia. An island on lake is the most eastern tectonic part of Finland and the European Union. The nearest village is Hattuvaara.
Shonan Gold

is a variety of Japanese citrus. Its name comes from its "golden" or bright yellow color. The color is inherited from its mother tree, a variety called Ōgonkan or "Golden Orange," which is also bright yellow but smaller. It was hybridized with a variety of Satsuma mandarin orange to obtain an improved variety which was larger (about 77 grams or 2. 7 ounces on average) and easier to peel. The variety was developed at the agricultural experiment station run by Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan.

## References
## Other websites 
* http://www.agri-kanagawa.jp/nosoken/bulletin/nosoken/145/145-6.pdf
Luirojärvi

**Luirojärvi** is a lake in Finland's Lapland. Luirojoki (a river) flows first to Lokan tekojärvi (reservoir) and continues from that to Kemijoki. At the east side of lake is Sokosti mountain, which is over 700 meters high. Luirojärvi belongs to Urho Kekkonen National Park.

## Other websites
Vicki Escarra

**Vicki Escarra** is an American director of welfare organizations. She was the CEO of Feeding America and is leading Opportunity International since 2012.

## Life 
Escarra was born around 1955 in Decatur in Georgia. She obtained a bachelor degree in psychology at Georgia State University. Furthermore, she completed the *Executive Management Program* at Columbia University and the *Executive Leadership Program* at Harvard University.

Since 1973 she worked for Delta Air Lines. Here her career rose, and finally she became the director of the customer service. At that moment she directed over 52,000 employees. In 2002 she was honored with the YWCA Women of Achievement Award.

Since 2003 she was a member of the board of the banking firm A. G. Edwards, and also of several other boards like for the Association of Professional Women and the Committee of 200. For her work for Feeding America she was honored in 2009 with a Four Freedoms Award in the category *Freedom from want*.

Since 2012 Escarra leads Opportunity International, an international organization that works in the field of micro finance, insurance and training of small companies in twenty countries in the Third World.

## References
Rotuma

**Rotuma** is a volcanic island about  south of Fiji. It covers an area of about . It has been a part of Fiji since 1881. While the Fijian Islands are Melanesian, Rotuma is  far to the north. Its people and culture are more closely related to Polynesia.

## References
Adrian Smith (architect)

**Adrian Devaun Smith** (born August 19, 1944) is an American architect. He has designed skyscrapers including the Burj Khalifa, the Jin Mao Tower, the AT&T Corporate Center, and the Trump International Hotel and Tower, Chicago. He is now building the world's tallest building that is planned to be taller than the Burj Khalifa, the Jeddah Tower.

Smith was born on August 19, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Smith studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago and at the Texas A&M University.

## References
## Other websites
* Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture - official website
* Burj Dubai website 
* Chicago Tribune Article 'Sweet new start for architect Adrian Smith' Feb 24, 2008
Luc Besson

**Luc Paul Maurice Besson** (born 18 March 1955) is a French movie director, screenwriter, and producer who is known for his movies such as *Léon: The Professional*, *The Fifth Element*, *Taken*, *The Lady*, and the entire *Arthur and the Invisibles trilogy*. He has won an BAFTA Award. 

Besson was born on 18 March 1955 in Paris, France. He was married to Anne Parillaud until they divorced. Then he was married to Maïwenn Le Besco from 1992 until they divorced in 1997. Then he was married to Milla Jovovich from 1997 until they divorced in 1999. He has been married to Virginie Silla since 2004. He has five children. 

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Luc Besson Official Homepage at Luc-Besson.com
* Luc Besson Interview, Angel-A 
* JewReview.net video interview with Luc Besson and Rie Rasmussen about Angel-A 
* In-depth interview with Luc Besson
Patricia Wettig

**Patricia Wettig** (born December 4, 1951 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an television performer and playwright. She starred in the series *Thirtysomething*. She was also in a few movies.

## References
San Bernardino County, California

**San Bernardino County** is a very large county in southeastern California. As of 2020, 2,181,654 people lived there. Places within the county include the city of San Bernardino, California. It is the largest county of California, and in area it is larger than the state of Maryland.

## References
John of the Cross

**Saint John of the Cross** (original name of **Juan de Yepes y Álvarez**)(1542-1591) was a Spanish Catholic mystic. He belonged to the Carmelite order. He is one of the Doctors of the Church. And He is a patron saint of **mystics and contemplatives and of Spanish poets**.

## Other websites
* Link to St John quotes
Exmoor pony

The **Exmoor pony** is a breed of horse. It is native to the British Isles.

## Features
The fur is brown, from beige and brown to dark brown and black. The Exmoor pony eats grass and hay. It can be up to  tall and weigh . The breeding time is 336 days. They can become 25 years old. 

## References
Cairo spiny mouse

The **Cairo spiny mouse** (*Acomys cahirinus*) is a species of mouse that lives in Africa, the Middle East and Europe.

It eats seeds, fruits and invertebrate animals. The mouse grows to  long and weighs up to . It lives for about four years. The gestation period is about 38 days. The speed of the spiny mouse is up to .

## References
Harz red mountain cattle

**Harz red mountain cattle** is a breed of cattle. They come from Harz, in Germany. They can live up to 20 years old. They have fair colored cornets, are beefier built, and have plain fur.

The females are up to  and the males . They are between  high. At birth, they weigh from .
Their main food is grass. They produce milk and are used for meat.

## History
The Harz red mountain cattle is from the oldest race of cows. They were bred in the middle of the 19th century. Today, it is an endangered species.

## References
Consequentialism

**Consequentialism** is a theory in the field of ethics. It says that the moral value of an action can be judged by looking at the consequences it has. One of the big consequentialist theories is called utilitarianism. 

## References
Play

The word "**play**" has more than one meaning. It could mean:

*Play (theatre), an acting performance done at a theatre
*Play (activity), what children and the young of other mammals do to have fun
Jääsjärvi

**Jääsjärvi** is a large lake in Finland. It covers . It has many islands. The largest ones are Vehkasalo, Hirtesalo, Kotisalo, Ohrasaari, Urrionsaari and Nautsalo.
 
Municipalities near Jääsjärvi are Joutsa and Hartola. Jääsjärvi flows from the southwestern part via Tainionvirta and into several smaller lakes to Päijänne.

## References
Electric bicycle

An **electric bicycle**, or **e-bike**, is a bicycle that uses electricity as its power. These bikes do not pollute the air. Usually, a cyclist can control how much the motor helps. For example, it can be 50% of the force needed. In some cases, it is possible to change a traditional bike to electric using a conversion kit.

In the United Kingdom, a new electric bicycle costs between £599 and £2,500.  The cost of charging a battery is very small compared with the cost of petrol for a car.  Some governments will help with the cost of buying one.

According to the World Bicycle Industry Association, in 2022 10% of bicycle sales in the world were e-bikes.

In the United States, the federal government has set a limit of 750 watts and a top electric-powered speed of 20MPH. This is to have only the rules that apply to bicycles and no extra restrictions such as operator license, vehicle license, registration or insurance requirements.

## History 
Electric bicycles have been around for over a century. They have become more popular in recent years because of advancements in technology and increased interest in sustainable transportation. First models of electric bicycles appeared in late 19th century. The United States Patent office registered several e-bike patents between 1895 and 1899. Ogden Bolton patented battery-powered bicycle in 1895. Hosea W. Libbey patented a bicycle with double electric motor in 1897. John Schnepf patented an electric motor with roller wheel.

## References
Kokemäki

**Kokemäki** is a town in south-west Finland. The city has a population of 7,653 (30 June 2015) and an area of 531,27 km². Through Kokemäki flows the Kokemäenjoki river which is 121 km long.

## Other websites
*Kokemäki website
Laihia

**Laihia** is a municipality in Finland. About 8,000 people lived there as of 31 August 2013. It covers 508.38&nbsp;km². Near Laihia is municipalities: Ilmajoki, Isokyrö, Kurikka, Maalahti, Mustasaari and Vähäkyrö.

## Other websites
* website
Spacetime metric

In special relativity, the **spacetime metric**, also called the **Minkowski metric**', is the metric tensor that describes the line element in Minkowski spacetime. 

## The metric
The metric can be described by the following line element:

ds^2=c^2dt^2-(dx^1)^2-(dx^2)^2-(dx^3)^2

In units where the speed of light, c, is one, then the metric in matrix form is

diag(1,-1,-1,-1)
Rautalampi

**Rautalampi** is a municipality in Finland. The city has 3,451 people (as of 31 August 2012). It covers 761,97&nbsp;km². Near Laihia are the municipalities Hankasalmi, Konnevesi, Pieksämäki, Suonenjoki, Tervo and Vesanto.

## History
History starts from 1561 when Sweden's king Gustav I of Sweden gave order to establish so called "hallintopitäjä" Rautalampi, *(Rautalammen hallintopitäjä).*

## Other websites
* website
Vaasa

**Vaasa** () is a city in Ostrobothnia, Finland. The city has a population of 60 622 (31.8.2012) and the area 191,68 km². Vaasa is different compared to the nearest municipalities because so many people there speak Finnish. From Helsinki, it is 419 km to Vaasa.

Neighbouring municipalities are Isokyrö, Laihia, Malax, Korsholm and Vöyri. 

## Gallery
## Other websites
*Website
The Heroes of Olympus

***The Heroes of Olympus*** is a series of five adventure and fantasy novels written by Rick Riordan, an American author. It follows the *Percy Jackson & the Olympians* series and is followed by *The Trials of Apollo* series and the Daughter of the Deep. The stories are based around Greek and Roman mythology, it describes the efforts of seven demigod heroes to prevent the earth goddess Gaea from waking up with their ship called Argo ll. The first book in the series was released on October 12, 2012 and the last one was released on October 7, 2014.

The series begins with *The Lost Hero,* and ends with *The Blood of Olympus*. Some characters from the *Percy Jackson & the Olympians* series return, including Percy Jackson, Annabeth Chase, Clarisse, Chiron, Camp Half-Blood campers, and several others. There are also some new characters. Some are Leo Valdez, son of Hephaestus, Jason Grace, son of Jupiter (Zeus as a Roman) and Piper McLean daughter of Aphrodite and movie star Tristan McLean who is kidnapped in *The Lost Hero*.

Riordan based some of his series on *The Golden Fleece and The Heroes Who Lived Before Achilles* by Padraic Colum.

## Books in the series 
# *The Lost Hero*
# *The Son of Neptune*
# *The Mark of Athena*
# *The House of Hades*
# *The Blood of Olympus*

In addition to these books, Rick Riordan has also written a supplementary book named *The Demigod Diaries* which was released on August 14, 2012.

## Main Characters 
***Percy Jackson**: A seventeen-year-old Greek demigod and a son of Poseidon.
***Annabeth Chase**: A seventeen-year-old Greek demigod and a daughter of Athena.
***Piper McLean**: A fifteen-year-old Greek demigod and a daughter of Aphrodite. She has the power to charmspeak, which means she can talk people into doing things but it does not always work.
***Leo Valdez**: A fifteen-year-old Greek demigod and a son of Hephaestus. He has the power to manipulate and produce fire.
***Jason Grace**: A sixteen-year-old Roman demigod and a son of Jupiter. It is revealed in *The Lost Hero* that he is the brother of Thalia Grace, a Greek demigod.
***Frank Zhang**: A-sixteen-year-old Roman demigod and a son of Mars. He is also related to Poseidon on his mother's side. He has the ability to change his form.
***Hazel Levesque**: A thirteen-year-old Roman demigod and a daughter of Pluto. She has the ability to manipulate precious metals and stones.
***Gleeson Hedge**: A satyr from Camp Half-Blood who is tasked to accompany the seven demigods on their quest.

## References
Sysmä

**Sysmä** is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. It covers about . As of 31 August 2012, 4,232 people lived there. Its population triples during summer. This has made lot of summer happenings.

Neighbouring municipalities are Asikkala, Hartola, Heinola, Kuhmoinen, Luhanka and Padasjoki.

## Villages
Joutsjärvi, Karilanmaa, Kinnarila (Skinnarila), Koivisto, Käenmäki (Tikkala), Liikola, Nikkaroinen, Nuoramoinen, Onkiniemi, Otamo, Palvala, Rapala, Ravioskorpi, Saarenkylä, Soiniemi, Suurkylä, Särkilahti, Taipale, Toivola, Valittula, Vintturi, Virtaa, Voipala (Suopelto).

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites
* Official Sysmä website
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting

The **Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting** was a school shooting that happened in Connecticut, United States on December 14, 2012. Twenty-eight people were killed in the shooting, including many children and teachers and the perpetrator's mother at home. A few others were injured.

## Shooter
The shooter was Adam Lanza. He shot and killed his mother. He then went to Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, and killed twenty children and six staff members as well as injuring two others. He committed suicide before he could be arrested by the Connecticut State Police.

## Victims 
### Fatalities 
* Nancy Lanza, 51, (his mother; shot four times in the head)
* Rachel D'Avino, 29, (teacher's aide)
* Dawn Hochsprung, 47, (principal)
* Anne Marie Murphy, 52, (teacher's aide)
* Lauren Rousseau, 30, (teacher)
* Mary Sherlach, 56, (school psychologist)
* Victoria Leigh Soto, 27, (teacher)
* Charlotte Bacon, 6 (student)
* Daniel Barden, 7 (student)
* Olivia Engel, 6 (student)
* Josephine Gay, 7 (student)
* Dylan Hockley, 6 (student)
* Madeleine Hsu, 6 (student)
* Catherine Hubbard, 6 (student)
* Chase Kowalski, 7 (student)
* Jesse Lewis, 6 (student)
* Ana Márquez-Greene, 6 (student)
* James Mattioli, 6 (student)
* Grace McDonnell, 7 (student)
* Emilie Parker, 6 (student)
* Jack Pinto, 6 (student)
* Noah Pozner, 6 (student)
* Caroline Previdi, 6 (student)
* Jessica Rekos, 6 (student)
* Avielle Richman, 6 (student)
* Benjamin Wheeler, 6 (student)
* Allison Wyatt, 6 (student)

### Wounded 
* Natalie Hammond, 40, (lead teacher)
* Deborah Pisani

## References
Lee Archer

**Lee Archer** may refer to:

*John Lee Archer (1791-1852), Irish architect and engineer
*Lee Archer (pilot) (1919-2010), American Air Force fighter during World War II and businessman
*Lee Archer (footballer) (born 1972), English footballer
1289

## Events 
* The 5,452 meter (17,887 feet) high volcano Popocatépetl is first ascended by members of the Tecuanipas tribe in present-day Mexico.
* April 27 &ndash; Fall of Tripoli: Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli (in present-day Lebanon) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the crusader state.
* Prince Subaru of Japan conquers the province of Saitama.
* June 11 &ndash; The Italian Guelph and Ghibelline factions fight in the Battle of Campaldino; the Guelph victory secures their position of power in Florence.
* Construction of Conwy Castle was ordered by King Edward I of England. It was completed in Wales.
* Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou in France.
* Construction of the Belaya Vezha tower in Belarus is completed.
* Pope Nicholas IV creates the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull. This combined various existing schools into a single university.
* In Siena, 23 partners re-create the Gran Tavola bank. It was formerly the most successful European bank. It ceased operations after the death of its creator and manager Orlando Bonsignori in 1273.
* Franciscan friars begin missionary work in China.

## Births 
* October 4 &ndash; King Louis X of France (d. 1316)
* October 6 &ndash; King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (d. 1306)
* King Leo IV of Armenia (d. 1307)

## Deaths 
* :Category:1289 deaths
* January 16 &ndash; Buqa, Mongol minister
* March 12 &ndash; King Demetre II of Georgia (b. 1259)
* King Leo III of Armenia
* Petrus de Dacia, Swedish monk and writer
* Ugolino della Gherardesca
* Ippen, Japanese monk (b. 1239)
* Gruffydd Fychan I, last ruling prince of Powys Fadog

## References
Brenda Ann Spencer

**Brenda Ann Spencer** (born in San Diego, California on April 3, 1962) is a convicted American murderer who performed a deadly shooting spree, during which she killed two people at the Cleveland Elementary School in San Diego on January 29, 1979. The two people whom she killed were Burton Wragg, the school principal, and Mike Suchar, the school custodian. Another nine people got hurt during that incident - eight children and one police officer. Spencer showed no remorse in her crime; her full explanation of her actions was "I don’t like Mondays; this livens up the day." Those comments were the inspiration to the song ''I Don't Like Mondays'' by The Boomtown Rats, which reached #1 in the United Kingdom in mid 1979.

## References
Mango (airline)

**Mango Airlines SOC Ltd**, known as **Mango**, was a South African low-cost airline, founded in 2006 as a subsidiary of South African Airways, the airline used to operate domestic scheduled budget services. Mango's main base is OR Tambo International Airport near Johannesburg. the airline was grounded in july 2021 and it had its license suspended in august 2022

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Mango at **ATDB**: profile, history and events, contacts and management, historical/current/planned aircraft in fleets
Lee Archer (pilot)

**Lee Archer** was an American pilot for the United States Air Force. He flew from 1941 during World War II until the year of 1970. He rose until the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

## Life 
Archer was born in Yonkers, New York, on September 6, 1919.

He studied at the New York University. After his study he joined the army having the hope to become a pilot. In that era he had to discover that it was not possible for him as an African-American, due to the Jim Crow laws. As a result, he was sent of to Georgia for a communication job. After the army changed its policy, he was accepted to the trainings program for African-American on Tuskegee Army Airfield in Alabama.

During World War II Archer flew on 169 combat missions for the 302nd Fighter Squadron above Europe, and brought down several hostile planes. During a mission in August 1944 he destroyed six German planes on the ground. On October 12, 1944, he 'landed' in a series of air combats above Hungary, which was occupied territory then by Nazi Germany. Flying a P-51 Mustang he brought down three German fighters.

When he came back in 1945 he discovered that nothing had changed in the American society. When he stepped out of his plane, the first sign he saw demanded ′Colored Troops to the Right, White Troops to the Left′. Archer stayed in the army until 1970. At that moment he was a Lieutenant Colonel.

He continued his career in civil society at General Foods in White Plains, New York, where he was one of the first African-American vice presidents of an American corporation. In 1987 he founded his own company in venture capital, called Archer Asset Management.

Archer died on January 27, 2010, in New York City. Television personality Bill Cosby held a speech for him at his funeral ceremony on February 4.

## Honor 
Archer was named *Honorary Honoree* of the American Fighter Aces Association. He received several military awards, like the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal, and a Presidential Unit Citation.

Furthermore, he was mentioned as an exemplary air force fighter at the presentation of the *Freedom Medal* as well as in the category of *Freedom from fear* of the Four Freedoms Awards. Furthermore, he and his fellow Tuskegee pilots were honored with a Congressional Gold Medal in 2007.
Oakville, Ontario

**Oakville** is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario.

The population of Oakville was 213,759 in 2021. The mayor of Oakville is Rob Burton.

Dundas Street was surveyed for a military road in 1793 and was bought by the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada in 1805. British immigrants settled the area surrounding Dundas Street as well as on the shore of Lake Ontario in 1807. The Crown bought the area surrounding the waterways in 1820 and the area around the creeks, gave up to the Crown by the Mississaugas, was auctioned off to William Chisholm in 1827.

The towns of Bronte, Palermo, Sheridan, and the remainder of Trafalgar Township merged with Oakville in 1962.

The new Oakville Trafalgar Memorial Hospital at 3001 Hospital Gate is open (as of December 13, 2015).

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Kamakura shogunate

The **Kamakura shogunate** (Japanese: 鎌倉幕, *Kamakura bakufu*) was a feudal Japanese feudal military government.  The heads of government were the shoguns. The first three were members of the Minamoto clan.  The next two were members of the Fujiwara clan. The last six were minor Imperial princes.  In effect, the *shikken* governed in the name of the shoguns.

## History
In 1192, Minamoto no Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a military government in  Kamakura.

The Mongols under Kublai Khan attempted to invade Japan.  On 19 November 1274 (''Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month''), Kublai Khan's army landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū. The invaders retreated to Korea.  This was called Bun'ei War (*Bunei no eki*).  There was a second invasion attempt by Mongol forces in 1281 (*Kōan 4*).  This was called the Kōan War (*Kōan no eki*).
The shogunate prepared to defend against a third invasion, but it did not come. The costs of defense weakened the shogunate.

In the  in 1333 (*Genkō 3*), forces led by Nitta Yoshisada destroyed the Kamakura shogunate 

## List of Kamakura shoguns (Updating)
# Minamoto no Yoritomo, r. 1192-1199
# Minamoto no Yoriie, r. 1202-1203
# Kujō Yoritsune, r. 1226-1244
# Kujō Yoritsugu, r. 1244-1252
# Prince Koreyasu, r. 1266-1289
# Prince Hisaakira, r. 1289-1308
# Prince Morikuni, r. 1308-1333
# Prince Morinaga, r.1333-1334
# Hōjō Yoshitoki, r. 1205-1224
# Hōjō Yasutoki, r. 1224-1242
# Hōjō Tsunetoki, r. 1242-1246
# Hōjō Tokiyori, r. 1246-1256
# Hōjō Tokimune, r. 1268-1284
# Hōjō Sadatoki, r. 1284-1301
# Hōjō Morotoki, r. 1301-1311
# Hōjō Takatoki, r. 1316-1326

## Related pages
* Mongol invasions of Japan
* Ashikaga shogunate
* Tokugawa shogunate

## References
 of the Minamoto family.]]

## Other websites
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge

**Gonville and Caius College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called **Caius** (said *keys*) by the students. It was created in 1348 by Edmund Gonville who gave money to build it. In 1557 John Caius, a doctor, left some more money after studying at the college. The modern name comes from these two people. It now has about 700 students. 

Being old, the college has kept many traditions. For example, there is a formal dinner every night. Also, when students go home for holiday they need to get an official permission from a Fellow (teacher) to leave.

## Famous members 
Some very famous people have studied at this College. Twelve of them have won a Nobel Prize:
* 1932 Sir Charles Sherrington – neurophysiologist (student and fellow)
* 1935 Sir James Chadwick – physicist, discovery of the neutron (student, fellow, and master)
* 1945 Sir Howard Florey – co-discovery of penicillin (fellow)
* 1954 Max Born – physicist
* 1962 Francis Crick – discovery of the structure of DNA (PhD student and honorary fellow)
* 1972 Sir John Hicks – economist (fellow)
* 1974 Antony Hewish – astronomer (student and fellow)
* 1976 Milton Friedman – economist (visiting fellow)
* 1977 Sir Nevill Mott – theoretical physicist (fellow and Master)
* 1984 Sir Richard Stone – economist
* 2001 Joseph Stiglitz – economist (fellow)
* 2008 Roger Tsien – chemist (fellow)

Stephen Hawking is also a Fellow at Gonville and Caius.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Justin Welby

**Justin Portal Welby** (born 6 January 1956) was the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury, the most senior bishop in the Church of England, from 2013 to 2025. He replaced Rowan Williams as archbishop.

Welby was born at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital in London.His early career was in the oil industry but in 1989, he studied for ordination in Durham, England. After several parochial appointments he became the Dean of Liverpool and was appointed as the Bishop of Durham in 2011.

Welby's theology is reported as representing the evangelical tradition within Anglicanism and he has written about the relationship between finance and religion. On 9 November 2012, it was officially announced that Welby would replace Rowan Williams. 

In 2018, he talked about how Brexit would be bad for the United Kingdom and how worried he is of its effects.

On 6 May 2023, at the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla, he performed the prayer of ceremory and took St. Edward's Crown from the alter and placed it upon the head of Charles III.

On 12 November 2024, after many people wanted him to resign, Welby announced his resignation as Archbishop of Canterbury to Charles III after an independent review into his handling of allegations of abuse in the church by the barrister John Smyth.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official web site
Plan 9

**Plan 9** may refer to:

**Plan 9 from Outer Space* &ndash; a 1959 science fiction film created by Ed Wood.
*Plan 9 from Bell Labs &ndash; a distributed operating system created by Bell Labs.