open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
IPhone 4S

The **iPhone 4S** is the fifth iPhone that was created by Apple. It is very thin, and has a touchscreen.

It was first available for pre-order on 7 October 2011, and it went on sale on 14 October 2011 in the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan. It was made available in more countries over the next few months.

The iPhone 4S had the same design as the iPhone 4, but has several new features such as an upgrade to the Apple A5 processor, and an 8 MP camera with 1080p video recording. It shipped with iOS 5, which is the fifth major version of Apple's mobile operating system, iOS. It had new features such as iCloud, iMessage, Notification Center, Reminders, and integration with Twitter. It also had a voice activation system named Siri that was included in later generations of mobile Apple products.

## Features
The iPhone 4S introduced a new automated voice control system called "Siri". It first operated only on the iPhone 4S. It allows the user to give commands to the iPhone, which Siri can execute and respond to. For example, iPhone commands such as "What is the weather going to be like?" will generate a response such as "The weather is to be cloudy and rainy and drop to 54&nbsp;degrees today". These commands can vary greatly and control almost every section of the phone. The commands given do not have to be specific and can be used with natural language. Siri makes it is much easier and/or possible for people to use device functions while driving, exercising, or when they have their hands full. It also means people with trouble reading, seeing, or typing can access the phone more easily. It was became the last smaller iPhone to run iOS 9.

## Other websites
## References
Desmond Mason

**Desmond Mason** is a retired basketball player. He was born on October 11, 1977 in Waxahachie, Texas. He went to Oklahoma State University. In 2000 and 2001 he was named All Rookie award in second place.

## Other websites 
*Basketball-Reference
Bert Jansch

**Herbert "Bert" Jansch** (3 November 1943—5 October 2011) was a Scottish singer-songwriter regarded as one of Britain's great folk guitarists. He was born in Glasgow, but his parents were German. After his father left the family they moved to Edinburgh. Jansch made his own guitar by the age of 12. After leaving school he began playing guitar, mainly blues, at various music clubs in Scotland and England.

His first album, *Bert Jansch*, was made in 1965 and quickly became successful.
* *Bert Jansch* (1965)
* ''It Don't Bother Me* (1965)
* *Jack Orion* (1966) with John Renbourn
* *Bert and John* (1966) with John Renbourn
* *Nicola* (1967)
* *The Pentangle* (1968) with Pentangle
* *Sweet Child* (1968) with Pentangle
* *Birthday Blues* (1969)
* *Basket of Light* (1969) with Pentangle
* *Cruel Sister* (1970) with Pentangle
* *Reflection* (1971) with Pentangle
* *Rosemary Lane* (1971)
* *Solomon's Seal* (1972) with Pentangle
* *Moonshine* (1973)
* *LA Turnaround* (1974)
* *Santa Barbara Honeymoon* (1975)
* *A Rare Conundrum* (1977)
* *Avocet* (1979) 
* *Thirteen Down* (1980)
* *Heartbreak* (1982)
* *From The Outside* (1985)
* *Leather Launderette* (1989)
* *Sketches* (1990)
* *The Ornament Tree* (1990)
* *Live At The 12 Bar* (1996)
* *When the Circus Comes to Town* (1995)
* *Toy Ballon* (1998)
* *Crimson Moon* (2000)
* *Downunder: Live In Australia* (2001)
* *Dazzling Stranger: The Bert Jansch Anthology* (2000)
* *Edge Of A Dream* (2002)
* *The Black Swan'' (2006)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Huxley family

The **Huxley family** is an English family. Members of the family had top careers in science, medicine, art, and literature. Some family members were also high level public servants in the United Kingdom. 

Thomas Henry Huxley (THH) was the oldest male in the family. He was a zoologist and comparative anatomist. He was one of Charles Darwin's main supporters.

Thomas had several grandsons including Aldous, Julian, and Andrew. Aldous Huxley wrote the books *Brave New World* and *Doors of Perception*. Julian Huxley studied evolution, wrote *Evolution: the New Synthesis*, and was the first director of UNESCO. Andrew Huxley was a Nobel prize winning physiologist and was appointed to the Order of Merit. Thomas and Andrew both served as President of the Royal Society, a century apart.

Many of their relatives succeeded in other walks of life.

## Family tree
## Related pages 
* Darwin–Wedgwood family
Ernesto Sabato

**Ernesto Sabato** (June 24, 1911 – April 30, 2011) was an Argentine writer, painter and physicist. He won some of the most important prizes for writing in Spanish and was influential in the literary world of Latin America. He was also famous for investigating war crimes in Argentina. Sabato was a member of the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons. This tried to find out what had happened to the 30,000 people who went missing during time of military rule from 1976 to 1983.

He was born in Rojas, Buenos Aires Province on 24 June 1911. He was the tenth of eleven sons from an average family. His parents were Francesco Sabato and Giovanna Maria Ferrari, a pair of Italian inmigrants from Calabria. He began to study at the National University of La Plata in 1929, where he studied physics and mathematics. He became a member of a communist youth group and went to the International Lenin School in Moscow to study for two years. He was very concerned about the rise of Stalinism, and went back to Argentina as soon as he could. He went back to the university and completed his PhD in physics. In 1939 he went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but after going back to Argentina in 1940, he decided that he wanted to be a writer.

His first magazine article was published in 1941, and for the next year he wrote book reviews and translated books into Spanish. His first book, a collection of essays on the morality of science and technology, was published in 1945. His first novel, a thriller, was published in 1948, and has been translated into ten languages. His third novel, *Abaddón el exterminador* (*The Angel of Darkness*), was named in France as the best foreign book of 1976.

Sabato died in Santos Lugares, on 30 April, 2011, from bronchitis.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from South America

## References
Phoebe Snow

**Phoebe Snow** (July 17, 1950 She also sang the theme song for the television series *A Different World*.

In December 1975, Snow gave birth to a daughter, Valerie, who had hydrocephalus (too much liquid around the brain). Snow cared for her until Valerie died in 2007. Complications from the hemorrhage caused her death.

## References
## Other websites
*
Poly Styrene

**Poly Styrene** (3 July 1957&nbsp;– 25 April 2011), was a British musician. She was best known as the singer in the early punk rock band X-Ray Spex.

## Early life
She was born in 1957 in Bromley, Kent, and raised in Brixton, London. Her mother raised her alone. She ran away from home as a teenager and lived in empty houses. She saw the Sex Pistols perform on her birthday in 1975. That gave her the idea to start her own punk band X-Ray Spex. She was an unusual music start because she wore braces, was mixed race, and dressed differently.

## Personal life
Poly Styrene's real name was Marianne Joan Elliott-Said. She lived in St Leonards, East Sussex.

In 1991, Poly Styrene was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

## List of solo recordings
### Albums
* *Translucence* (United Artists, 1980)
* *Flower Aeroplane* (2004)
* *Generation Indigo* (Future Noise Music, 2011)

### EPs
* *Gods & Goddesses* (Awesome, 1986)

### Singles
* "Silly Billy"/"What A Way"—as Mari Elliot (GTO, 1976)
* "Talk In Toytown"/"Sub Tropical" (United Artists, 1980)
* "City Of Christmas Ghosts"—Goldblade featuring Poly Styrene (Damaged Goods, 2008)
* "Black Christmas" (2010)
* "Virtual Boyfriend" (2011)
* "Ghoulish" (2011)

## References
## Other websites
*Poly Styrene's official website
*Poly's Punky Party
Sakyo Komatsu

was a Japanese novelist and science fiction writer.  He is best known for a 1973 book, *Japan Sinks* (*Nihon Chinbotsu*).  

## Early life
Komatsu was born in Osaka.  In 1954, he earned a degree in Italian literature at Kyoto University.  In the massive geologic shift, the land mass of the main island of Japan sank 2.4 centemeters.  

Komatsu's most popular book was the basis of a 1973 film, a television series, a 2006 film remake, and a DVD.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Sakyo Komatsu, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 380+ works in 520+ publications in 14 languages and 1,520 library holdings.  

* 日本沈没 (1959)
* *Peace on Earth* (1961)
* 地球になった男 (1971)
*  (1973)
* 現代の神話 (1973)
* 歴史と文明の旅 (1973)
*  (1974)
* 戦争はなかった (1974)
* 果てしなき流れの果に (1976)
* 日本文化の死角 (1977)
* 物体O (1977 )
* アメリカの壁  (1978)
* *Nihilistic Corridor* (1999)
* 小松左京自伝: 実存を求めて (2008)

## Quotes
Shortly before his death, Komatsu wrote, "I had thought I wouldn’t mind dying any day, but now I’m feeling like living a little bit longer and seeing how Japan will go on hereafter."

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Vittorio Arrigoni

**Vittorio Arrigoni** (; 4 February 1975 – 5 April 2011) was an Italian reporter, writer, pacifist and activist. was an Italian journalist and peace activist who had gone to live in the Gaza Strip. He was very critical of Israel, but also Islamist groups that wanted an extreme Islamic state. 

An Islamic terrorist group kidnapped Arrigoni and said they would kill him unless the Hamas government released their leader from prison. They showed Arrigoni with his eyes covered, on a YouTube video, with the text "The Italian hostage entered our land only to spread corruption." The police went to a building in Gaza where they found Arrigoni's body. He had been beaten and strangled.

## References
Thor Vilhjalmsson

**Thor Vilhjalmsson** (12 August 1925 – 2 March 2011) was an Icelandic writer. His first novel, *Maðurinn er alltaf einn (Man is Always Alone)* was published in 1950. In 1988 he won the Nordic Council Literary Prize for his novel *Grámosinn glóir (Justice Undone)*. He studied at the University of Iceland in 1944-1946, at the University of Nottingham in 1946-1947 and at the Sorbonne in Paris from 1947-1952. He worked as a librarian at the National Library of Iceland in 1953 and at the National Theatre 1955-1957. He was involved in many art groups and events including the Reykjavik Writers Festival, the Writer's Union of Iceland, the Federation of Icelandic Artists, the Reykjavík Arts Festival, the Reykjavík Film Festival and the Reykjavík Judo-Society.

## References
Party Rock Anthem

**"Party Rock Anthem"** is a hit song by the American duo LMFAO with English singer Lauren Bennett. The song is the first single off their second and final studio album *Sorry for Party Rocking*, released in 2011. The song was ranked number one in many countries.

## References
Farley Granger

**Farley Earle Granger** (July 1, 1925 - March 27, 2011) was an American movie, theatre, and television actor. Two of the movies he was in were directed by Alfred Hitchcock: *Rope* and *Strangers on a Train*.

Granger was bisexual, and had relationships with both women and men. Some of the people he was involved with were Shelley Winters, Ava Gardner, Leonard Bernstein, and screenwriter Arthur Laurents. His longtime romantic partner was television producer Robert Calhoun.

Granger wrote an autobiography called *Include Me Out: My Life From Goldwyn to Broadway*. He died of natural causes.

## Selected performances
### Movies
* *Rope* (as Phillip Morgan)
* *Strangers On a Train* (as Guy Haines)
* ''O. Henry's Full House''
* *Hans Christian Andersen*
* *The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing*\

### Television
* *Wagon Train*, episode "The Charles Avery Story"
* *Ironside*, episode "Eat, Drink and Be Buried"
* *Get Smart*, episode "Supersonic Boom"
* *Hawaii Five-O*, episode "One for the Money"
* *The Six Million Dollar Man*, episode "The Midas Touch"
* *The Edge of Night*, two episodes
* *As the World Turns*, 14 episodes
Side Street- Ny setting about a man who steals money from a safe meant for blackmail 
and gets caught up in the murders 
## References
## Other websites 
*
Vann Nath

-verdict on 12 August 2010]]
**Vann Nath** (1946 – September 5, 2011) was a Cambodian artist, writer and human rights activist.

He was born in Battambang Province in northwestern Cambodia. By age 14 or 15, he was working at factory jobs for very small amounts of money. Nath was a monk from the age of 17 to 21. His sister died, and Vann Nath stopped being a monk. He began to help support the family. He entered a painting school in 1965. He was able to make money by painting after two years of study.

Natt was arrested January 7, 1978 by the Khmer Rouge He wote and painted pictures of his experiences in the Tuol Sleng prison, also known as S-21. He wrote his life story in the 1988 book, ''A Cambodian Prison Portrait: One Year in the Khmer Rouge's S-21 Prison*. It is the only written story by a survivor of the prison. Nath survived because he was a great artist. Comrade Duch did not kill him, so that Natt could make paintings and sculptures of Pol Pot. He played an important role in helping to revive the arts in Cambodia after decades of war and genocide.

During 2001 and 2002, Vann Nath worked with Cambodian movie director Rithy Panh to make a documentary called *S-21: The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine''. Panh brought together former prisoners and guards from the former Tuol Sleng prison. Vann Nath spoke stringly and asked his former torturers questions.

Vann Nath had many health problems in his life, but he continued to paint and write about life during the time of Pol Pot. He died in 2011 in Phnom Penh. He was 66.

## References
## Other websites
* Vann Nath 
* Vann Nath - Paint Propaganda or Die - The Art History Archive
* Vann Nath, The Economist, Sep 17th 2011
Owsley Stanley

**Owsley Stanley** (born **Augustus Owsley Stanley III**, January 19, 1935 – March 13, 2011) also known as **Bear,** was an important person in the rise of the San Francisco Bay counter-culture. During the Beat-era years of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters scenes, he was also important in the explosion of 1960's psychedelia culture.

A brilliant and  crafts-person he was best known under the name of "Owsley" - a magician like figure who "cooked" LSD. Under the professional name of *Bear* he is known around the world as the music producer, engineer and artist to psychedelic rock band the Grateful Dead.

Bear was the road manager for The Grateful Dead. He met the band when Kesey had them come to an Owsley Acid test party to try a new batch of LSD. Bear's technical interests helped the band's interest in electronic, acoustic and mystical properties of sound. He became their sound engineer. He was one of the first to mix sound live, and in stereo, and achieved a high sound quality. He often recorded live tapes behind his mixing board. They developed their own high-fidelity audio components and sound-systems for their performances. The bands tours evolved around a gigantic "Wall of Sound", with stacks of Stanley-designed equipment. His expert changes meant fans of the Grateful Dead could enjoy the full sonic range of the concert even in the outdoors.

His abilities helped The Dead to experiment further afield, playing in dramatic and remote places. Their need for support to tour with big shows, and their need for special equipment, meant that companies formed to supply them. These needs were the starting point for both Marin County's high-end music-instrument makers Alembic Inc and concert-sound manufacturer Meyer Sound. And his drug making helped to get the band started.

Stanley was one of the first people to manufacture mass quantities of LSD. His LSD is still known for its quality and purity. Between 1965 and 1967, Stanley produced more than 1.25 million doses of LSD. This amount of quality LSD was responsible for the wide popularity of the drug, and the development of an anti-authoritarian, anti-war counter-culture. From the 'Sunset Strip Riots' in Los Angeles, to the Summer of Love in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury  was described as "the biggest LSD party in history.". The name "Owsley" was linked to cheap LSD of good quality.

Stanley died in an car accident in Queensland, Australia on March 13, 2011.

## References
Miss Independent

**"Miss Independent"** is a 2003 song by the singer-songwriter Kelly Clarkson, released from her album *Thankful*. It was the second single overall at the time of its release by Clarkson, and her second Top Ten hit in Billboard Hot 100. *Miss Independent* was nominated with Best Female Pop Vocal Performance; however, the song lost the award to the Christina Aguilera song *Beautiful*.
Anne Francis

**Anne Francis** (September 16, 1930 - January 2, 2011) was an American actress. She was best known for starring in the 1956 science fiction movie *Forbidden Planet*. In the 1960s, she starred in her own television series, *Honey West*. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for her work in that series.

Francis was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2007. She died of pancreatic cancer in 2011.

## Personal life
Francis was married twice and had two daughters.

## Selected performances
### Movies
**Portrait of Jennie* (uncredited)
**Blackboard Jungle*
**Forbidden Planet*
**Funny Girl*

### Television
**Rawhide*, episode "Incident of the Shambling Man"
**Route 66*, 2 episodes
**Dr. Kildare*, episode "A Million Dollar Property"
**Alfred Hitchcock Presents*, 2 episodes
**The Twilight Zone* (original series), 2 episodes
**Death Valley Days*, episode "The Last Stagecoach Robbery"
**Ben Casey*, 2 episodes
**The Man from U.N.C.L.E.*, 2 episodes
*''Burke's Law*, 2 episodes as "Honey West"
**Honey West*, as the title character
**The Fugitive*, episode "The One That Got Away"
**Mission: Impossible*, episode "The Double Circle"
**My Three Sons*, 3 episodes
**Gunsmoke*, episode "Sarah"
**Columbo*, 2 episodes
**Ironside*, 2 episodes
**Hawaii Five-O*, episode "When Does a War End?"
**Dallas*, 4 episodes
**The Golden Girls*, episode "Till Death Do We Volley"
**Murder, She Wrote'', 3 episodes

## References
## Other websites
*
Stefan Maierhofer

**Stefan Maierhofer** (born 16 August 1982) is a football player from Austria.  He plays as a striker. 

## Career
Maierhofer played his first matches for Vienna and SV Langrohr. At the age of 23 he went to FC Bayern München. He played in the second team for two seasons.  He also played two matches in the first squad.  He scored 21 goals in 42 Regionalliga appearances.  He was top goalscorer for the squad in both seasons.

In January 2007 Maierhofer played half a season for TuS Koblenz in the second league of Germany. The next season he signed a contract with SpVgg Greuther Fürth. The club sent him on a six-month loan to Austrian Bundesliga's Rapid Vienna in January 2008. Rapid then signed a contract with him. 

In 2009 he went to the Premier League. He played for Wolverhampton Wanderers. In 2010 he went on loan to MSV Duisburg. With the team he reached the German Cup final. In August 2011 he returned to Austria and signed with F. C. Red Bull Salzburg.

He also played 15 times for the Austrian national football team.  He scored two goals with them.

## Career statistics
### International 
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Maierhofer goal.''

## Honours
### Club
**FC Bayern Munich II**
*IFA Shield: 2005

**Rapid Wien**
* Austrian Bundesliga: 2007–08

**Red Bull Salzburg**
* Austrian Bundesliga: 2011–12

**AS Trenčín**
* Slovak Super Liga: 2015–16
* Slovak Cup: 2015–16

## References
## Other websites
* website
* Stefan Maierhofer at worldfootball.net
* Stefan Maierhofer on Facebook 
* Team website:Profile S.Maierhofer
Dorothea Puente

**Dorothea Puente** (9 January, 1929 — 27 March, 2011) was an American murderer. She was sent to prison for killing three people at her home in Sacramento, California. Puente ran a boarding house where old people, people with a disability or mental illness were able to live. A social worker thought something was wrong after a mentally disabled person disappeared from her home. When the police searched the house they found seven bodies buried in the yard. Another two bodies were found in a trash can down lane 241 according to the new information Sacramento River. She killed people with drugs and stole their money. She had taken more than $87,000 from people she had murdered.

Puente had a hard life; her father was an alcoholic and her mother a prostitute. She was placed in an orphanage as a young child where she was sexually abused. She married at 16 years of age and had three children. At 19, she was sent to prison for fraud. She was sent to prison for using drugs to steal from old people. Puente said all the victims died from natural causes. She did not tell anyone they had died because she had only been let out of prison on the condition that she did not look after old people. 

The jury found her guilty of three murders. She died from natural causes while still a prisoner at the Central California Women's Facility in Chowchilla.

## References
Cy Twombly

**Edwin Parker "Cy" Twombly, Jr.** (April 25, 1928 – July 5, 2011)  was an American artist. He used the nickname "Cy", after his father and the star baseball pitcher Cy Young.

Twombly was known for his large-scale, freely scribbled, calligraphic-style graffiti paintings, on solid fields of mostly gray, tan, or off-white colors. He exhibited his paintings worldwide. Twombly's paintings blur the line between drawing and painting. Many of his best-known paintings of the late 1960s are reminiscent of a school blackboard on which someone has practiced cursive "e"s. Twombly had at this point discarded painting figurative, representational subject-matter, citing the line or smudge – each mark with its own history – as its proper subject.  

Later, many of his paintings and works on paper moved into "romantic symbolism", and their titles can be interpreted visually through shapes and forms and words. Twombly often quoted the poet Stéphane Mallarmé, as well as many classical myths and allegories in his works. Examples of this are his *Apollo and The Artist* and a series of eight drawings consisting solely of inscriptions of the word "VIRGIL". In a 1994 retrospective, curator Kirk Varnedoe described Twombly's work as “influential among artists, discomfiting to many critics and truculently difficult not just for a broad public, but for sophisticated initiates of postwar art as well". After acquiring Twombly's *Three Studies from the Temeraire* (1998–99), the Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales said "sometimes people need a little bit of help in recognising a great work of art that might be a bit unfamiliar". He is said to have influenced younger artists such as Anselm Kiefer, Francesco Clemente, and Julian Schnabel.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Cy Twombly: Comprehensive collection of more than 200 images of artist's works with biography, articles and exhibition information.
*From VOGUE to NEST: 032c activates the secret history of CY TWOMBLY by HORST P. HORST in 032, Issue #19, Summer 2010.
*NY Times ArtsBeat, Cy Twombly, *Idiosyncratic Painter dies at 83*
Diane Cilento

**Diane Cilento** (2 April 1932 &ndash; 6 October 2011) was an Australian actress and author. 

## Early life 
She was born on 2 April 1932 in Brisbane,

### Death 
She died of cancer on 6 October 2011.

## References
Elisabeth Sladen

**Elisabeth Claira Heath Sladen** (1 February 1946 She died in Southall, west London on 19 April 2011 from cancer.

## Early life
Born on 1 February 1946 in Liverpool, Sladen attended the Elliott-Clarke Drama school. 

## References
Charles Napier

**Charles L. Napier** (April 12, 1936&nbsp;– October 5, 2011) was an American actor.

Napier was born on April 12, 1936, near Scottsville, Kentucky, Napier moved to Hollywood after graduating from Western Kentucky University with a degree in art. 

His first acting position in Hollywood was on an episode of *Mission: Impossible*. Napier later acted as military figures villains, such as playing Marshal Murdock in the movie *Rambo: First Blood Part II*. 

Napier died on October 5, 2011, in a hospital in Bakersfield, California from thrombosis, aged 75.

## References
Tom Gehrels

**Tom Gehrels** (1925 – 2011), was an American astronomer, Professor Planetary Sciences, and Astronomer at the University of Arizona, Tucson. With co-workers, he discovered over 4,000 asteroids, including Apollo asteroids, Amor asteroids, as well as dozens of Trojan asteroids. Gehrels also discovered a number of comets. In an interview, Gehrels was asked what he would do if an asteroid hit the Earth. He said, "Go out there and have a look, of course."
 
In the 1970s, Gehrels was in charge of the Imaging Photopolarimeter experiment on the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 satellites which explored the planets, Jupiter and Saturn.
 
Gehrels edited a number of space science textbooks. One of his sons, Neil Gehrels, was also an astronomer.
 
Gehrels was part of the Dutch Resistance in World War II. In 1994, he argued that German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun had been involved in Nazi concentration camps during that war.
 
## Books 
**Physical Studies of Minor Planets*, edited by Tom Gehrels (1971), NASA SP-267
**Planets Stars and Nebulae Studied With Photopolarimetry*, edited by Tom Gehrels (1974), 
**Jupiter: Studies of the Interior, Atmosphere, Magnetosphere, and Satellites*, edited by Tom Gehrels and Mildred Shapley Matthews (1976), 
**Protostars & Planets: Studies of Star Formation and of the Origin of the Solar System*, edited by Tom Gehrels and Mildred Shapley Matthews (1978), 
**Asteroids*, edited by Tom Gehrels and Mildred Shapley Matthews (1979), 
**Saturn*, edited by Tom Gehrels and Mildred Shapley Matthews (1984), 
**Asteroids II*, edited by Richard P. Binzel, Tom Gehrels, and Mildred Shapely Matthews (1989), 
**Hazards Due to Comets and Asteroids*, edited by Tom Gehrels, Mildred Shapley Matthews, and A. M. Schumann (1994), 
**On the Glassy Sea, in Search of a Worldview*, Tom Gehrels (2007, first published in 1988), 
**Survival Through Evolution: From Multiverse to Modern Society*, Tom Gehrels (2007), 
 
## References
## Other websites
*Gehrels  - university page
*Obituary  from University of Arizona
Melody Thornton

**Melody Thornton** (born September 28, 1984) is an American R&B singer-songwriter, vocalist, dancer, model, showgirl and television personality. She became famous because she was in the singing group the Pussycat Dolls. She was the youngest member of the group. 

She had the second most important singing role, next to the lead singer Nicole Scherzinger. She was noticed for her melismatic vocal runs. In 2010, Thornton left the group to work on her solo career.
Jessica Sutta

**Jessica Lynn Sutta** (born May 15, 1982) is an American dancer, showgirl, singer, recording artist, model, and actress. She is best known as a member of the American pop girl group and dance ensemble, the Pussycat Dolls. She left the group in January 2010 to embark her solo career. She is currently finishing up her first solo album. It is expected to be released in 2012. She is currently signed to Hollywood Records.
Ashley Roberts

**Ashley Maria Roberts** (born September 14, 1981) is an American dancer, showgirl,  model, actress, and television personality, best known as a former member of the modern burlesque group the Pussycat Dolls. She left the Pussycat Dolls in 2010, to pursue a solo career in acting.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Pussycat Dolls
Bruce Cowan

**David Bruce Cowan**, AM (15 January 1926&mdash;7 April 2011) was an Australian politician and Minister of the Crown in the cabinets of Tom Lewis and Sir Eric Willis. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for 14 years from 6 November 1965 until his resignation on 29 August 1980 and then for 13 years in the Australian House of Representatives for Lyne for the Country Party of Australia and its successors, the National Country and then National Parties.

He was the father-in-law of the current Premier of New South Wales, Barry O'Farrell.

## References
Jordan Lake

**B. Everett Jordan Lake** is a lake in Chatham County, North Carolina. It was made by building a dam on the Haw River. Its area is about .

## References
## Other websites
Gil Scott-Heron

**Gilbert "Gil" Scott-Heron** (April 1, 1949 – May 27, 2011) was an American poet, musician, and author. He is best known for his work in spoken-word soul music in the 1960s and 1970s and his work with Brian Jackson.

Scott-Heron is most famous for his poem and song, *The Revolution Will Not Be Televised*.  This piece helped develop the black protest movement and influenced the rap genre.

In 2010, he released an album titled ''I'm New Here''. 

Scott-Heron became HIV-positive.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Basse-Terre

**Basse-Terre** is the capital of France's Caribbean département d'outre-mer of Guadeloupe.

## Sister city
Basse-Terre is twinned with:
*  Pondicherry, India

## Other websites
Paul Baran

**Paul Baran** (1926–2011) was an American engineer. He was one of the first people to work in developing computer networks. He invented packet switching networks. Later, he started several companies that made important parts of the Internet and other modern digital communication.
 
Paul Baran was born in Grodno, Poland (which is now in  Belarus) on April 29, 1926. His family moved to the United States in 1928.  He graduated from Drexel University in 1949 with a degree in electrical engineering. He did technical work on the first commercial computers in the United States. He got a Masters degree in engineering from UCLA. His thesis was on character recognition. Baran proved that by dividing communication into short packages, the packages could be easily rerouted when a part of the network was lost. Special computers (called "routers") would steer the packages around the network toward their final destinations. This later became the basic design of the internet.
 
In 1968, Baran was a founder of the Institute for the Future, and then involved in other networking technologies developed in Silicon Valley. He founded a number of high technology companies.
 
Baran died in Palo Alto, California at the age of 84 on March 26, 2011, from lung cancer.
## Awards and honors
* IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1990)
* Marconi Prize (1991)
* Nippon Electronics Corporation C&C Prize (1996)
* Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (2001)
* National Inventors Hall of Fame (2007)
* National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2007)
* UCLA Engineering Alumnus of the Year (2009)
 
## References
## Other websites
*
* A paper in which Baran talks about working at RAND, how he became interested in survivable communications, the evolution of his plan for distributed networks, the objections he received, and the writing and distribution of his eleven-volume work, *On Distributed Communications*. Baran discusses his work with the group at ARPA who later developed ARPANET.
* This describes Paul Baran's development of packet switching and its application to wireless computing.
* A copy of Baran's keynote address at the Countdown to Technology 2000 Winter Conference that includes a photo.
*
*
*
Manfred Gerlach

**Manfred Gerlach** (8 May 1928—17 October 2011) was the last President of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), and the only non-communist to be president.

Born in Leipzig in 1928, Gerlach was arrested at school in 1944 for starting an anti-fascist youth group. After World War Two he joined the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). This was one of the small political parties that the communist government allowed to exist. He studied law at the Walter Ulbricht German Academy of State Sciences and Law. During the 1950s he became General Secretary of the LDP and the mayor of Leipzig. From 1967 to 1990 he was on the Council of State, and its vice-chairman. He became chairman of the LDP in 1967 until it merged with two other parties in 1990, to take part in the first free elections in East Germany.

When Egon Krenz resigned as chaiman of the Council of State on 6 December, 1989, Gerlach became acting chairman ( as head of state he was effectively the President. After the 1990 elections, the new government reorganized, and removed the Council of State, and Gerlach resigned on 5 April 1990. He died in Berlin in 2011 after a long illness.

## References
Edward Hardwicke

**Edward Hardwicke** (7 August 1932 – 16 May 2011), also spelled **Edward Hardwick**, was an English actor. He is best known for his role as Doctor Watson in *The Return of Sherlock Holmes* series.

## Early life and career
Hardwicke was born in London, England, to actors Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Helena Pickard. He started his film career in Hollywood at 10. He was in Victor Fleming's film *A Guy Named Joe* with Spencer Tracy. He went back to England, attended Stowe School, and did his military service in the Royal Air Force.

## The Old Vic and the National Theatre
Hardwicke acted at the Bristol Old Vic, The Oxford Playhouse, and the Nottingham Playhouse. In 1964, he joined the National Theatre. He performed there for seven years. He appeared in William Shakespeare's *Othello*, Ibsen's *The Master Builder*. Peter Shaffer's *The Royal Hunt of the Sun*, ''Charley's Aunt'', Tom Stoppard's *Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead*, Congreve's *The Way of the World*, Georges Feydeau's *A Flea In Her Ear*, *The Crucible*, Luigi Pirandello's *The Rules Of The Game*, Fyodor Dostoevsky's *The Idiot*, and George Bernard Shaw's ''Mrs. Warren's Profession''. In 1977, Hardwick went back to the National Theatre to perform in Feydeau's ''The Lady from Maxim's''

## References
## Other websites
*
Don Kirshner

**Don Kirshner** (April 17, 1934&nbsp;– January 17, 2011) was an American song publisher and rock producer. He managed successful pop groups such as The Monkees, Kansas, and The Archies. Kirshner was born and raised in the Bronx. He studied at the Bronx High School of Science. One of his classmates there was Bobby Darin.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s Kirshner and his partner Al Nevins had a successful music publishing company called Aldon Music. They managed songwriters from the "Brill Building", including Carole King, Gerry Goffin, Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil and Jack Keller. He also had three record labels: Chairman, Calendar, and Kirshner Records.

ABC Television asked Kirshner to produce a new music TV program call "In Concert". He left after one year to produce his own show called ''Don Kirshner's Rock Concert''. This show featured live rock music performances and was very successful.

He died of heart failure in Boca Raton, Florida on January 17, 2011. He was 76 years old.

## References
Dan Peek

**Daniel Milton "Dan" Peek** (November 1, 1950  July 24, 2011) was an American musician. Born in Panama City, Florida, Peek moved to England in 1963. While attending London Central High School, Peek met Dewey Bunnell and Gerry Beckley. They formed the band America, who had eight songs reach the Mainstream Top 40 between 1971 and 1975. Peek left the band in 1977 to work in Contemporary Christian music. He died on July 24, 2011 in Farmington, Missouri.

## References
John Dye

**John Carroll Dye** (January 31, 1963 – January 10, 2011) was an American actor. He was born in Amory, Mississippi. He attended Mississippi State University and the University of Memphis. In 1994, Dye played the part of Andrew, the angel of death, in the television series *Touched by an Angel*. The show ran for nine seasons before ending in April 2003. In 2000, he starred in the television movie *Once Upon a Christmas*. In 2001, he appeared in the sequel *Twice Upon a Christmas*.

Dye died on January 10, 2011, in San Francisco, California, from heart failure.

## References
Park Gyu-ri

**Park Gyu-ri** (born on May 21, 1988 in Seoul) is a South Korean singer. She is often known by the mononym **Gyuri**. She was a member of the girl group Kara, which was formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007. As the leader of the group, she is reported to have come up with its name.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Park Gyu-ri  at Dain Entertainment
*
Kimberly Wyatt

**Kimberly Kaye Wyatt** (born February 4, 1982) is an American showgirl, singer-songwriter, dancer, model, actress and choreographer. She is probably best known for being in the Pussycat Dolls. She joined the Pussycat Dolls in 2003. In 2010, she said that she left the group, and made a new band called Her Majesty & The Wolves.
Separatist movements of India

**Separatist movements** are groups of people wanting to start a new country that is separate from a large existing country.

In India, some groups want separate countries for groups that have ethnic or language differences. Some groups call for a separate state, others for regional autonomy while some extreme groups demand complete full independence from India.
## Nagaland 
* **Proposed state**: Nagalim or People's Republic of Nagaland
** **Government-in-exile**: Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland
** **Militant organisation**: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

Nagaland was created in 1963 as the 16th State of Indian Union, before which it was a district of Assam. Insurgent groups classified as active, mainly demand full independence. The Naga National Council led by Phizo was the first group to dissent in 1947 and in 1956 they went underground.

## Jammu and Kashmir (India) 
:*Note that the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir is not recognised by Pakistan and China*
 range and the *Valley of Kashmir*.]]

* **Proposed state**: Independent United States of Kashmir
** **Political organisations**: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
** **Militant organisations**: Lashkar-e-Toiba, Harkat-ul-mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammad
Both India and Pakistan say that Kashmir is a part of their nation.  At one time, they were both a single country. India was divided based on which Party(Congress or Muslim league was more popular in each state.  They fought wars over which country should get Kashmir.  Separatists say that Kashmir should be a country that is separate from both India and Pakistan.

## Punjab (India) 
* **Proposed state**: Khalistan
** see Khalistan Movement

## References
Cliff Robertson

**Clifford Parker** "**Cliff**" **Robertson, III** (September 9, 1923&nbsp;– September 10, 2011) was an American actor with a long movie and television career. Robertson played the role of John F. Kennedy in the 1963 movie *PT 109*. He won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the movie *Charly*. On television, he acted as retired astronaut Buzz Aldrin in the 1976 movie *Return to Earth*. He played a role based on Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms in the 1977 movie based on John Ehrlichman's Watergate novel *The Company*. He played Henry Ford in the 1987 *Ford: The Man and the Machine*. His last well-known role was Uncle Ben in the three Spider-Man movies made between 2002 and 2007.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Interview in the Archive of American Television
* Warbird Registry entry on MK923
Ludmilla Radchenko

**Ludmilla Radchenko**  (, born November 11, 1978 in Omsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian model, artist and actress. She is best known in Italy and Anglo-Saxon countries.

## Biography
Radchenko was born in Omsk. She  in fashion design in 1999. In 1997 she was elected *Miss Charm* at the national competition Miss Russia. She had television experiences in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

After she arrived in Italy, she began her career in an Italian spot during the television program *Paperissima*. In 2001, she was a dancer in ''* and, the following year, in the TV quiz *Passaparola*.

In 2003, she  *Spicy Tg* on Antenna 3. During this time, she still modeled. In  2004 she was in the *Fox* magazine calendar. In 2005, she took part in the reality program *la Talpa*. She was eliminated during the semi-finals.

In the summer of 2006, she was the main character of *On the Road*, a TV program filmed in Miami. It was broadcast on the Italian television channel Italia 1. The next year, she hosted *Tuning and fanatics'', a Diva's Production program on SKY. She was also a competitor in the reality program *Reality Game* on Sky Vivo.

She was chosen by window manufacturer Fapim for calendar 2008. She posed for Luca Cattoretti in the most famous erotic poses in the history of international cinema. She also works on All Music in the fashion program *Modeland*. It is hosted by Jonathan Kashanian.

As an actress, she starred in the TV movie *Il viaggio* (2005). She was also in two episodes of the TV series *RIS - Delitti imperfetti* and some small roles in other Italian productions. In 2008, she stars in the movie *A Light Of Passion*.

After La Talpa, she began painting. She has had some exhibitions in Milan and decides to devote herself to art.

In 2010, Radchenko made a giant cow for the "Cow Parade 2010", an international design exhibition. She also took part in an art installation at the Milan Triennale and exhibited in a solo show at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Lucca. A few months after her exhibition at Teatro alla Scala, she was chosen for the international painting Gemlucart of Monaco, where she began her collaboration with the Opera Gallery. In December 2010, Skira published her first catalog, "Power Pop". 

In February 2011, the province of Milan supported Radchenko's exhibition at the House of World Cultures. In May 2011, a New York gallery showed her work at the Eating Art festival. Her works were also exhibited at the Crown Fine Art gallery in Soho.

## Television
* ''La sai l'ultima?* (2001)
* *Passaparola* (2001-2002)
* *Spicy Tg* (2003)
* *La talpa* (2005)
* *On the Road* (2006)
* *Tuning and Fanatics* (2007)
* *Reality Game* (2007)
* *Modeland* (2008)

## Filmography 
## Fashion Agencies 
* Urban Management
* Gwen Management

## Bibliography
* *Pop Art'', Edizioni Skira-Feltrinelli  (2010) EAN 9788857208923

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Ludmilla Radchenko on Fashion Model Directory
Jagjit Singh

**Jagjit Singh** (8 February 1941 — 10 October 2011) was an Indian singer. He was known as the "Ghazal King". Ghazal is a classical type of song, dating back to ancient Persia. It uses a special rhyming pattern and the words are written using a special pattern of stanzas. He recorded more than 50 albums.

The ghazal is very popular in Pakistan, and Singh was one of the few Indian singers to become a success in that country. His music was described as "...gentle and soothing, and went to your heart."  Ghazal was once a classical, elite type of music and poetry. Singh was able to make ghazal popular by singing in many different languages, singing ghazal in movies and music videos. He used modern technology and was the first ghazal singer to use multi-tracking.

He died in Mumbai, after a stroke in 2011.

## References
Ryan Dunn

**Ryan Matthew Dunn** (June 11, 1977&nbsp;– June 20, 2011) was an American stunt performer, television personality, actor and comedian. He was best known for being a member of the *Jackass* and *Viva La Bam* television programs. He died in car crash in West Goshen Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Police reported that Dunn was the driver. His blood alcohol level was 0.196%. That is more than twice the state's legal limit of 0.08%.

## References
Grete Waitz

**Grete Waitz** (1 October 1953 – 19 April 2011) was a Norwegian marathon runner and former world record holder. Waitz won nine New York City Marathons between 1978 and 1988, more than any other runner in history. She won a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. She won a gold medal at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki.
 
Waitz also won the London Marathon in 1983 and 1986. The win in 1986 was her personal best time of 2:24:54. She won the Stockholm Marathon in 1988 at 2:28:24. (As of 2011 this is the Stockholm course record for women).
 
In 2000, Waitz was inducted into the United States National Distance Running Hall of Fame. She died from cancer in 2011.
 

## References
## Audio interview
*TheFinalSprint.com's interview with running pioneer Grete Waitz 
 

## Other websites
*Biography of Grete Waitz
*Grete Waitz talking about her (and Fred Lebow's), last NYC Marathon
Starfleet

In the fictional world of the *Star Trek* television series, books, and video games, **Starfleet** is the group that manages spaceexploration.  From the second half of the 22nd Century through at least the 25th Century, Starfleet is a part of the United Federation of Planets, a political group of planets with intelligent life, including Earth and Vulcan.  Members of Starfleet come from many different planets and are from many different species.  Though the mission of Starfleet is peaceful exploration of space, the group is also responsible for defense of Federation planets.

## Mission
In the television series *Star Trek: Enterprise*, set in the 22nd Century, Starfleet is an Earth space exploration program whose mission is "to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldy go where no man has gone before".  Captain Jonathan Archer and the crew of the starship "Enterprise" travel into deep space to meet alien species and do scientific research.

In the year 2161, Earth joins the United Federation of Planets, which adopts Starfleet as its space exploration service.

Starfleet officers have ranks similar to Earth's Naval forces, and follow the Chain of Command, but they are not a military group.  There is one law all Starfleet officers are required to follow called the Prime Directive. It says that members of Starfleet are not allowed to interfere (become involved in) the way a primitive society develops.  Starfleet officers are trained at Starfleet Academy, located in San Francisco.  Starfleet officers are given orders by Starfleet Command, located on Earth.

## Starships
Starfleet explores space using space vessels called starships.  The USS Enterprise is the most well known starship, and there have been several of them in Starfleet from the 22nd Century through at least the 24th Century.  One of the most famous Starfleet captains is James T. Kirk (from the television series Star Trek).  Another famous Starfleet captain is Jean-Luc Picard, the captain of the USS Enterprise-D.   

Starships are large and can carry from hundreds to over a thousand crew members.  They are capable of scientific research, as well as carrying weapons called phasers and photon torpedoes for defending the Federation.  They travel much faster than the speed of light using an engine called warp drive.
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon

***Pokémon Mystery Dungeon*** is a spin-off series of *Pokémon* video games made by Spike Chunsoft (formerly Chunsoft). The player's character is turned into a Pokémon and forms a team with another Pokémon. They rescue other Pokémon and explore "mystery dungeons” where floor maps are randomly generated. At the start of the game's story, players have to answer a personality test to determine what Pokémon they turn into.

## Games 
* *Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue* and *Red Rescue Team* (2005/2006, GBA/DS)
* *Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time* and *Darkness* (2007/2008, DS)
* *Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky* (2009, DS)
* *Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Adventure Squad* (2009, WiiWare, Japan only)
* *Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Gates to Infinity* (2012/2013, 3DS)
* *Pokémon Super Mystery Dungeon* (2015/2016, 3DS)
* *Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Rescue Team DX* (2020, Switch)

## References