open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gordini

**Gordini** is a French sports car manufacturer. The firm was founded by Amédée Gordini. His nickname was "Le Sorcier", which means "The Sorcerer".

Gordini competed in Formula One from 1950 to 1956.

Gordini worked with Renault as an engine tuner. He sold his firm to Renault. Renault entered **Renault-Gordini** cars at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1962 until 1969.

Renault build sport versions of some models like the Dauphine, Renault 8, and Renault 12. They included the Gordini badge.

In November 2009, Renault announced that it will bring back the Gordini name. It will be used on a line of hot hatches (sports compacts).

## Formula One results 
### As a works (factory) team 
(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position) (results in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

(† indicates shared drive)

### As an engine supplier 
(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position)

## References
Eyeborg

An **eyeborg** or **eye-borg** is an electronic eye that allows people to hear colors. It is mostly used by blind people or by people with color blindness. It works by using a head mounted camera that reads the colors directly in front of a person, and converts them into musical notes.

The first eyeborg was made in England in 2003 by Adam Montandon in collaboration with colourblind artist Neil Harbisson. The invention won a British award in Innovation (Submerge 2004) and a European award in Content Tools and Interface Design (Europrix 2004). In 2007, Peter Kese, a software developer from Slovenia, made further developments to the eyeborg by increasing the number of colors to 360 and adding color intensity through different volume levels. Matias Lizana, a student from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya is currently developing the eyeborg into a smaller chip as part of his final year project. The new chip will allow users to hear colors in stereo and to embed the device.

## Other websites
*Eyeborg Website  Eyeborg chip development site
*Cyborg Enables Color-Blind Artist to Hear His Palette Article about an eyeborg user on Wired (USA 2008)
*Eyeborg user example   on The Sunday Times (UK, 2008)
*Seeing things in a different light Information from BBC (UK, 2005)
*Neil Harbisson's personal website

## References
Popish Plot

]]
The **Popish Plot** was a story made up by Titus Oates that caused people to hate the Catholics in England between 1678 and 1681. Oates said that there was a large Catholic conspiracy to kill Charles II. His story led to the execution of at least 15&nbsp;men and caused the Exclusion Bill Crisis. After a while Oates' complicated story fell apart, and he was arrested and sent to prison for perjury.

## References
Cobalt(II,III) oxide

**Cobalt(II,III) oxide** is a chemical compound. It contains some (1 atom) cobalt in the +2 oxidation state and some (2 atoms) in the +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Co3O4. It contains cobalt and oxide ions.

## Properties
It is a black solid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine and cobalt(II) chloride.

## Preparation
It is made when cobalt(II) oxide is heated to . When it is heated to , it turns back into cobalt(II) oxide.

## Uses
It has been used in research for making hydrogen.

## Safety
It is irritating to the skin. It can cause harm if swallowed. It dissolves in the stomach acid.

## Related pages
*Iron(II,III) oxide
*Cobalt(III) oxide
Ferromanganese

**Ferromanganese**, also known as **spiegeleisen**, is an alloy. It is made of iron and manganese. It is normally 15% manganese and 85% iron. It is made by reduction of a mixture of iron ore and manganese ore. Normally carbon is the reducing agent. It is normally how manganese is sold. 

## Related pages
*Cobalt
Manganese(VII) oxide

**Manganese(VII) oxide**, also known as **permanganic acid** and **manganese heptoxide**, is a chemical compound. The manganese is in its +7 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Mn2O7. This is about the only +7 oxidation state compound of manganese that is not a permanganate. Its chemical formula is Mn2O7. It is either a dark red or green oil. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is a dangerous explosive. It is made by combining sulfuric acid with potassium permanganate. This reaction makes the dark green oil. It makes manganese dioxide and oxygen when exploded. This reaction may produce ozone, a powerful oxidizing agent. It can be detonated by striking it or reacting it with some organic compounds such as alcohol. 

## Related pages
*Manganese(II) oxide
Permanganic acid

**Permanganic acid** is an acid. It has the formula HMnO4. It is the acid form of the permanganate ion.

It is often made by reacting dilute sulfuric acid with a permanganate, such aspotassium permanganate. It is not usually a good idea to use concentrated acid because the extra acid may react with the new permanganic acid to create manganese heptoxide, an explosive chemical.
Manganese(II) sulfate

**Manganese(II) sulfate**, also known as **manganous sulfate**, is a chemical compound. It contains manganese in its +2 oxidation state. It contains manganese and sulfate ions. Its chemical formula is MnSO4. It is a pink crystalline solid. It normally is bonded with some water molecules. It is part of a process to make manganese metal. It can be made separately though. If sulfur dioxide and manganese dioxide are reacted, it produces manganese(II) sulfate. It reacts with potassium permanganate to make manganese dioxide. It is used to add manganese to soil.

## Related pages 
*Manganese(II) carbonate
*Manganese(II) oxide
*Manganese(VII) oxide
Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco

***Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco*** is the  sequel to the 1993 movie *Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey*.

## Plot
The owners of Shadow the Golden Retriever, Sassy the Himalayan cat (Sally Field), and Chance the American Bulldog (Michael J. Fox) decide to take a trip to Canada. At the San Francisco International Airport, the animals run away after Chance gets free from his carrier. After getting away from airport police, the animals are in San Francisco, with home on the other side of the Golden Gate bridge.

As they are trying to get home, Chance falls in love with a street Kuvasz named Delilah (Carla Gugino) who's never had a human family. He thinks humans are bad since he was left alone by his owners, and at first does not agree to help Shadow, Sassy, and Chance because they are "pets". After they return home, a sad Chance is soon together with Delilah. The family accepts her as their newest pet.

## Cast
* Robert Hays - Bob Seaver
* Kim Griest - Laura Seaver
* Kevin Chevalia - Jamie Seaver
* Veronica Lauren - Hope Seaver
* Benj Thall - Peter Seaver

### Voice cast
* Ralph Waite - Shadow
* Michael J. Fox - Chance
* Sally Field - Sassy
* Michael Bell - Stokey
* Tisha Campbell - Sledge
* Adam Goldberg - Pete
* Carla Gugino - Delilah
* Tommy Lasorda - Lucky Lasorda
* Tress MacNeille - French Poodle
* Ross Malinger - Spike
* Al Michaels - Sparky Michaels
* Jon Polito - Ashcan
* Sinbad - Riley
* Stephen Tobolowsky - Bando
* Bob Uecker - Trixie Uecker

## Other websites
*
Cobalt(III) fluoride

**Cobalt(III) fluoride**, also known as **cobaltic fluoride** and **cobalt trifluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoF3. It contains cobalt in its +3 oxidation state. It contains cobalt and fluoride ions. It is used to add fluoride ion to other chemicals. It is a brown solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid, oxygen, and cobalt(II) fluoride. It is made by reacting cobalt(II) chloride and fluorine at . Cobalt(II) oxide and cobalt(II) fluoride can be used instead of the cobalt(II) chloride. It is used to make some chemicals.

## Related pages 
*Cobalt(II) hydroxide
Christian Dior

in Alfred Hitchcock's *Stage Fright*, 1950. Dress by Dior.]]
**Christian Dior** (Granville, Manche, Basse-Normandie, 21 January 1905 –  Montecatini, Italy, 24 October 1957), was the leading French fashion designer of the post-war world. He was the founder of one of the world's top fashion houses, the *House of Dior* (now *Christian Dior*).

## Career 
During the German occupation of France in World War II, Christian Dior dressed up the wives of Nazi officers and French collaborators. On 8 October 1946 he founded his own fashion house, backed by Marcel Boussac, which became the cotton-fabric magnate.

### The New Look 
For his first collection, in early 1947, the phrase *The New Look* was coined by ''Harper's Bazaar'', the fashion monthly. Dior's designs were more voluptuous than the economy shapes of World War II, when fabric was rationed. 

Dior was a master at creating shapes and silhouettes; he said "I have designed flower women". His look employed fabrics lined with percale (a closely woven plain-weave fabric), boned, bustier-style bodices, hip padding, wasp-waisted corsets and petticoats. This made his dresses flare out from the waist, giving his models a very curvaceous look. 

Some women protested, because his designs covered up their legs, which they did not want during wartime. There was also criticism of Dior's designs, which used a lot of fabric. Opposition ceased as soon as wartime shortages ended. The New Look revolutionized women's dress and reestablished Paris as the center of the fashion world.

### A-line 
The term was first used by Dior as the label for his collection of spring 1955. The  A-Line collection's feature item, then the "most wanted silhouette in Paris", was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.

Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior’s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his "Trapeze Line" of spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. 

A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s, disappeared from fashion almost completely by the early 1980s and were revived by the retro trend of the late 1990s. By that time, 'A-line' was used more loosely to describe any dress wider at the hips than at the bust or waist, as well as a number of flared skirt styles. 'True' A-line shapes on the pattern of Dior and Saint Laurent saw a revival in the early 2000s.

## References
Cobalt(II) fluoride

**Cobalt(II) fluoride**, also known as **cobaltous fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoF2. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

## Properties
It is a reddish crystalline solid. It only dissolves a little in water. The hydrate (type with water molecules attached) can dissolve in water. It can dissolve in acid. It can react with hydrogen at  to make cobalt and hydrogen fluoride. 

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting anhydrous (without any water molecules attached) cobalt(II) oxide or cobalt(II) chloride with a stream of hydrogen fluoride. This reaction makes the anhydrous form. The hydrated (with water molecules attached) form is made by reacting any cobalt(II) compound with hydrofluoric acid. When fluorine is reacted with cobalt at a high temperature, it makes both cobalt(II) fluoride and cobalt(III) fluoride.

## Uses
It is used as a catalyst. It can be used as a source of the fluoride ion in dentist care. It is used in lenses. 

## Related pages
*Cobalt(II) hydroxide
*Cobalt(III) oxide
Pachyrhinosaurus

***Pachyrhinosaurus*** was a large, plant-eating dinosaur that had a bony, spiked neck frill, four short legs, and a short tail. *Pachyrhinosaurus* was a short-frilled ceratopsian dinosaur that was 18 to 23 feet (5.5 to 7 m) long. *Pachyrhinosaurus* had many small horns on the middle of its frill.
Homalocephale

***Homalocephale*** was a thick-skulled, plant-eating dinosaur. Its flat head housed a very thick skull, a tiny brain, and large eyes. The skull consisted of porous, non-rigid bone interlaced with blood vessels.

*Homalocephale* grew to be about 5 feet long (1.5 m) and weighed about 95 pounds (43 kg). *Homalocephale* probably had a good sense of smell. It had bumpy knobs on its snout and along the rear of its skull. It had leaf-shaped teeth, short forelimbs and a stiff tail.
Motorola DynaTAC

**Motorola DynaTAC** is the first mobile telephone. It was announced in 1973. It was first sold in 1984.

## Gallery

File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg
File:2007Computex e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg
Church of Christ with the Elijah Message

The **Church of Christ with the Elijah Message** is a Mormon religious movement. In addition to the Book of Mormon, the group bases itself on 117 messages received by resurrected John the Baptist. 
## Main differences to other Mormon movements
*They call the book of Mormon "The Record of the Nephites" and only accept the first edition of 1830
*They call themselves "Christians", and not "Saints"
*The movement sees itself as led by Christ. Worldly affairs are led by a college of elders, and not a president
*There are no "spiritual marriages" that last for eternity
*There are no baptisms of the dead
*They reject the idea that God develops to become a higher being
The Church of Christ with Elijah Message accepts all the messages as given by John the Baptist to Otto Fetting and W. A. Draves unlike the other movements. It believes that the Gospel is complete by the three books namely: The Record of the Nephites, The word of the Lord brought to mankind by an Angel, and the Bible (King James Version).
Joseph Banks

**Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet** GCB PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. Banks was President of the Royal Society 1778–1820; baronet 1781; Privy Counsellor 1797. His collections were given to the British Museum.

Banks took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage  from 1768 to 1771. He inherited a large fortune, and was able to hire his own team to help collect, package and transport his finds. Banks discovered and collected *Eucalyptus*, *Acacia*, *Mimosa*, and *Banksia*. About 80 species of plants are named after Banks.

## Education 
Banks was educated at Harrow School, Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

## Exploration 
### Newfoundland and Labrador 
In 1766 Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year he accompanied Phipps to Newfoundland and Labrador to study their natural history. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.

### *Endeavour* voyage 
Banks was promptly appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on *HMS Endeavour*, 1768–1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. Banks joined the ship with a staff of eight: Daniel Solander and H.D. Spöring, naturalists; Alexander Buchan and Sydney Parkinson, artists; James Roberts and Peter Briscoe, tenants from Revesby; Thomas Richmond and George Dorlton (Dollin), negro servants. Only four of this party survived the voyage, Banks himself, Solander and the two Revesby men.

This voyage went first to Brazil, where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, *Bougainvillea* (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville), and to other parts of South America.

The voyage then went to Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed, the purpose of the mission), to New Zealand and to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown) in Queensland, where they spent seven weeks ashore while the ship was repaired after damage on the Great Barrier Reef.

While they were in Australia Banks, Solander and Spöring made the first collection of Australian plants, describing many that were new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in ''Banks' Florilegium'', finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990.
Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous.

## Banks in popular culture
There are many things in Australia named after Banks. These include the Division of Banks, a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The species Banksia is named after him.

## References
Petticoat

evening gown, date unknown but circa 1950. Would definitely have needed two or more petticoats underneath.]]

A **petticoat** is a woman's undergarment, shaped like a skirt or skirt+bodice. Think of it as a skirt underneath a regular skirt. The purpose is possibly insulation, and certainly to make the skirt fly out in an attractive way. 

Petticoats which are starched, with ruffles, or made with stiff fabric, can support a wider skirt. The ultimate in this trend is the crinoline, which is a petticoat structure which includes hoops of whalebone. Crinolines are not worn today, but petticoats are sometimes worn with ballgowns.

## Petticoats in the 20th century 
For most of the first half of the 20th century, with a few exceptions, petticoats were out of fashion. Certainly *multiple* petticoats were not needed for the narrow skirts and dresses which were fashionable. Some evening gowns needed petticoats, but they were finished off by WWII wartime rationing and shortages.

Petticoats were revived by Christian Dior in his full-skirted *New Look* of 1947. Tiered, ruffled, stiffened petticoats remained extremely popular during the 1950s, especially with teenage girls. Typically, at least three single petticoats were worn, until manufacturers began making double and triple layer petticoats. A narrow slip was usually worn under the petticoats, especially the crinoline type, because they tended to be 'scratchy'.

Dior continued this theme with his *A-Line* collection of Spring 1955, which featured  the "most wanted silhouette in Paris". This was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.

Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior’s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his *Trapeze Line* of Spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s.  

## References
Food and Drug Administration

The **Food and Drug Administration** (**FDA** or **USFDA**) is a United States government agency that protects and promotes public health, by regulating food safety, tobacco, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, vaccines, and cosmetics. The FDA enforces federal laws along with other agencies, such as the DEA. The agency was made in 1906, and is led by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs.

The head of the FDA is proposed by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate. He reports to the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services.

## History 
In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the *Clean Food and Drug Administration Act of 1906*, also known as the "*Wiley Act*" after its main advocate.

Responsibility for screening food and drug products for "*tampering*" or "*mislabelling*" has been assigned to the USDA Chemical Bureau. In 1927, the regulatory powers of the Bureau of Chemistry were reorganized under the new agency of the United States Department of Agriculture, the FDA.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed into law the *Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act* on June 24, 1938. In 1962, the Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics Act was passed and it became a global change in the FDA regulatory body.

One of the most important laws in creating the modern American pharmaceutical market was the *Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Reinstatement Act* 1984, better known as the *Hatch-Waxman Act* after its main sponsors.

## Structure 
Subordinate FDA Agencies:

* Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research;
*Center for Devices and Radiological Health;
*Center for Drug Evaluation and Research;
*Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition;
*Center for Tobacco Products;
*Center for Veterinary Medicine;
*National Center for Toxicological Research;
*Office of Criminal Investigations;
*Office of Regulatory Affairs.

## Activity 
The FDA is responsible for maintaining public health through  

* regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, food additives, drugs, vaccines, medical devices, and veterinary drugs;  
* monitoring accordance to legislation in the field of maintaining the quality of food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. 

The FDA also controls some laws.

## References
## Other websites
*FDA Home Page
*Critics — 143 Sudden Deaths Did Not Stop Approval // LATimes, 2000-12-20 
*Critics — Statement of Larry D. Sasich, Pharm. D, M.P.H. And Sidney M. Wolfe, MD of Public Citizen’s Health Research Group on the Withdrawal of the Calcium Channel Blocker Mibefradil (Posicor) From the Market. (1998). Public Citizen, 1,2.
Paul the Octopus

**Paul the Octopus** (said to be hatched January 2008 at Weymouth, England– 26 October 2010) was an octopus living in a tank at a Sea Life Centre in Oberhausen, Germany. Paul became famous around the world for correctly "choosing" the winner of Germany's seven matches at the 2010 World Cup, as well as the final.

During the divinations, Paul was show two boxes with a mussel inside them, for food. Each box had, on the outside, a flag of a football team. Paul would eat the mussel from the box with the flag of the winning team. He did this correctly in four of Germany's six Euro 2008 matches, and in all seven of their matches in the 2010 World Cup. He correctly chose a win for Spain against the Netherlands in the World Cup final. His predictions were 100% (8/8) right for the 2010 World Cup and 86% (12/14) correct overall. Paul was retired after the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

## Career 
It was at first said that Paul's career as an oracle began during the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. In the lead-up to Germany's international football matches, Paul (or a similar octopus) was presented with two clear plastic boxes, each containing food: a mussel or an oyster. Each container was marked with the flag of a team, one the flag of Germany, and the other the flag of Germany's opponent. The box which Paul opened first (and ate the contents of) was judged to be the predicted winner of the game.

Some people had doubt about the octopus' abilities.

Under the thought that Paul had the same chances of choosing the winner or the loser of a match, and not  the chance of a draw, he had a 1/2 chance of rightly choosing any single game and a 1/256 chance of rightly choosing eight in a row.

On October 26 2010, Paul died of natural causes after being inactive for the last few days.

## References
St. Xavier High School (Ohio)

**Saint Xavier High School** ( ), or simply **St. X**, is a private, all-boys high school near Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The school is one of four all-boys Catholic high schools in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, but it is run by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) instead of the archdiocese. St. Xavier has 1,535 students, making it the largest private high school in Ohio
*Joey Kern (1995)&nbsp;– movie actor
*David Quammen (1966)&nbsp;– writer about science

Politics:
*Jim Bunning (1949)&nbsp;– Republican in the U.S. Senate representing Kentucky; also a baseball player in the Hall of Fame)&nbsp;– Democratic governor of Ohio; father of Kathleen Sebelius, the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary
*Charles H. Keating Jr. (d. 2014)&nbsp;– lawyer and banker who was convicted of fraud as one of the "Keating Five" in the 1989 Savings and Loan scandal
*William J. Keating (d. 2020)&nbsp;– businessman and Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio
*Bill Kraus (1965)&nbsp;– activist for gay rights and for people with AIDS
*Brad Wenstrup (1976)&nbsp;– Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio

 is where the St. Xavier "Aquabombers" and Cincinnati Marlins swimming teams practice.]]

Sports:
*Jayme Cramer (2001)&nbsp;– swimmer who won the bronze medal at the 2003 Pan American Games and the silver medal at the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships
*Joe Hudepohl (1992)&nbsp;– swimmer who won the gold medal at the 1992 and 1996 Olympic Games
*Pat Todd (1998)&nbsp;– rower in the semifinals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics

The graduates of St. Xavier include many professional athletes, three Olympians, state and national politicians, and well-known authors and actors.

### Others
St. Xavier gave an honorary degree to Nick Clooney, a television news reporter, game show host, and politician who would have graduated in 1952.

In 1985, Urban Meyer worked as a football coach at St. Xavier. Later, he was the head football coach at the University of Utah, Bowling Green State University, and the University of Florida.

## Sources
## Books
*

## Related pages
*Elder High School
*La Salle High School
*Moeller High School

## Other websites
*St. Xavier High School
**
**
**The St. Xavier Blueprint *&nbsp;– the school newspaper
Gianni Versace

**Gianni Versace** (Reggio Calabria, 2 December 1946 – Miami Beach, Florida, 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house.

The fashion house also produces accessories, fragrances, makeup and home furnishings as well as clothes. Versaci also designed costumes for the theatre and movies, and was a friend of Elton John, Sting, and Princess Diana among many others.

Openly gay, Versace and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene.

On July 15, 1997, he was murdered outside his Miami Beach home, the former Casa Casuarina, at the age of 50 by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.

## Death
On 15 July 1997, Andrew Cunanan fatally shot Versace on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion. Eight days later, Cunanan shot himself on a boat with the same gun he used to shoot Versace. Versace's body was cremated and his ashes were returned to the family's estate near Cernobbio, Italy.

## Legacy
In September 1997, it was announced Versace's brother, Santo Versace, and Jorge Saud would serve as the new CEOs of Gianni Versace S.P.A. Versace's sister, Donatella, became the new head of design.

In his will, Gianni Versace left 50 percent of his fashion empire to his niece Allegra Versace, daughter of Donatella. Allegra inherited this stake, worth around half a billion dollars, when she turned 18 in 2004. Her younger brother, Daniel, inherited Versace's rare artwork collection.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Versace website.
Cumilla District

**Cumilla District**  is a district in the eastern region of Bangladesh, near the Tripura Division. Today it is a part of the Chittagong Division.

Cities under Cumilla district include:

*Feni Thana
*Noakhali Thana
*Lakshimpur Thana
*Chandpur Thana
*Brahmanbaria Thana
*Comilla Thana
*Laksam
Baluchistan Agency

The **Baluchistan Agency** was one of the agencies of British India. Agency Territories, with an area of 44,345 square miles (208.262&nbsp;km2), composed of tracts which had, from time to time, been acquired by lease or otherwise brought under control and been placed directly under British officers. 

This agency consisted of three princely states, Kalat and its two feudatory states Las Bela and Kharan. The British government maintained the administrative control through their political agent in Kalat.
Jessore District

**Jessore District** is a district of Bangladesh. It is in the Khulna Division.

*Kushtia Thana
*Meherpur Thana
*Chaudanga Thana
*Jhinaidaha Thana
*Magura Thana
*Narail Thana
Rajshahi District

**Rajshahi District** is a district of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rajshahi Division.

*Jaipurhat Thana
*Naogaon Thana
*Nawabganj Thana
*Rajshahi Thana
*Nator Thana
*Bogra Thana
*Sirajganj Thana
*Pabna Thana
Rangpur District

**Rangpur District** is a district of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rangpur Division.

*Panchagarh Thana
*Thakurgaon Thana
*Nilfamari Thana
*Dinajpur Thana
*Lalmonirhat Thana
*Rangpur Thana
*Kurigram Thana
*Gaibandha Thana
Sylhet District

**Sylhet District** is a district of Bangladesh. It is one of the four districts in the Sylhet Division.

Most people living in the district follow Islam as a religion. More than 80% of people are Muslim. Hinduism is the second largest religion in this country.

## References
Gravity assist

A **gravitational slingshot**, **gravity assist maneuver** or **swing-by** is the use of the relative movement and gravity of a planet to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft. This helps the spacecraft to save fuel, time, and expense. Gravity assistance can be used to speed up, slow down and/or change the path of a spacecraft.  The "assist" is provided by the motion of the gravitating body as it pulls on the spacecraft. The Soviet Union used it first for the Luna 3 probe that photographed the far side of the Moon. The later Pioneer program used gravity assist in several missions. 

A gravity assist transfers kinetic energy from the gravitating body to the spacecraft. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred. 

## References
Heliosphere

The **heliosphere** is the magnetosphere, stellar wind bubble and outermost atmospheric layer of the Sun. 

.]]

The **heliosphere** is the cavity made by the Sun in the interstellar medium. Almost all of the material in the heliosphere comes from the Sun itself. 

For the first ten billion kilometres of its radius, the solar wind travels at over a million kilometres per hour. It slows down before finally stopping altogether. The point where the solar wind slows down is the **termination shock**; the point where the interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance is called the **heliopause**; the point where the interstellar medium, travelling in the opposite direction, slows down as it collides with the heliosphere is the **bow shock**. 

## Solar wind
The solar wind is made of particles. They are charged (ionized) atoms from the solar corona, and fields, in particular magnetic fields. As the Sun rotates once in about 27 days, the magnetic field transported by the solar wind gets wrapped into a spiral. Differences in the Sun's magnetic field are carried outward by the solar wind and can produce magnetic storms in the Earth's magnetosphere.

In March 2005, measurements by the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) instrument onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) showed that the heliosphere, the solar wind-filled volume which prevents the solar system from becoming embedded in the local (ambient) interstellar medium, is not axisymmetrical, but is distorted, very likely under the effect of the local galactic magnetic field.

## References 
* The Heliosphere (Cosmicopia) 
* The Heliosphere, MIT Space Plasma Group
* Voyager Interstellar Mission Objectives
* 
* UI's Don Gurnett Says Voyager 1 Is Approaching Edge Of Solar System  December 8, 2003 Univ. of Iowa Press release
*
Pakistani nationalism

**Pakistani nationalism** refers to the political, cultural, linguistic, historical and religious expression of patriotism by people of **Pakistan**, of pride in the History of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan, identity and Cultural heritage of Pakistan, and visions for its future.

Most of modern-day Pakistani nationalism is centered around a common Indo-Iranic identity and heritage of 99% of the population. Kashmiris, Sindhis, Balochis, Punjabis, Pashtuns and other minorities are mainly of Indo-Iranic stock. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious influences that help mould the national consciousness. Nationalism describes the many underlying forces that moulded the Pakistan Movement, and strongly continue to influence the Politics of Pakistan.

From a political point of view and in the years leading up to the independence of Pakistan, the particular political and ideological foundations for the actions of the Muslim League can be called a Pakistani nationalist ideology. It is a unique and singular combination of philosophical, nationalistic, cultural and religious elements.

## Other websites
*
Uruk

from Uruk. Pergamon Museum, Berlin]]

**Uruk** was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia. It was east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient dry former channel of the Euphrates River. It was in what is now Iraq.

Uruk gives its name to the Uruk period, the early Chalcolithic to early Bronze Age period in Mesopotamia, about 4000 to 3100 BC. This was followed by the period of Sumer proper. It played a leading role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid 4th millennium BC.

At its height c 2900 BC, Uruk probably had 50,000–80,000 residents living in 6&nbsp;km2 of walled area. It was the largest city in the world at the time.

## References
Albany, Oregon

**Albany** is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is the eleventh largest city in the state as of 2020, and is the county seat of Linn county.  Albany is in the Willamette Valley  where the Calapooia River and the Willamette River meet. Farming and manufacturing are both important in the city. Settlers started the community in 1848. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 56,472 with 75.8% of the population being White (non-Hispanic), and 14.1% being Hispanic or Latino.

Albany has a home rule charter and is a Council-Manager city. The City Manager administers the day-to-day operations and affairs of the city for the Council and is the head of the city. Recently, the city has fixed up the downtown shopping area with help from The Central Albany Revitalization Area (CARA) to make it a more important part of the economy.

## References
## Other websites
*City of Albany (official website)
*Albany Chamber of Commerce
*Albany Visitors Association
*City-Data entry for Albany
*Linn County Roots entry for Albany 
*Oregon Blue Book entry for Albany
Tennis elbow

**Tennis elbow** or '''archer's elbow''' is a condition where the outer part of the elbow becomes sore and tender. It is often associated with playing tennis, golf or other kinds of sport that use a racquet.

The following can cause the condition:
*Only using part of the elbow; this can happen with mouse/keyboard users (called Repetitive strain injury), or with certain forms of mountain climbing.
*Keeping the body in a bad tenure/positioning
*Wrong technique in sports that use clubs or racquets (such as tennis or  golf)

## Treatment
There are few specific means of treatment, but certain general forms may help:
*Physical therapy
*Using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like ibuprofen or aspirin
*Using heat or cold
*Using a brace or strap to reduce the strain on the elbow
Blest Pair of Sirens

**Blest Pair of Sirens** is a short work for choir and orchestra by Hubert Parry.  It was composed in 1887.  It is a setting of an ode called *At a solemn Musick* by John Milton.

*Blest Pair of Sirens* was first performed by the Bach Choir conducted by Charles Villiers Stanford.  At first Stanford wanted to perform another work by Parry: *The Glories of Our Blood and State*.  However, the performance was going to be part of Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebrations.  The words of *The Glories of Our Blood and State* were about Death coming to kings and queens, so it was not thought to be appropriate, and so Stanford asked Parry to write a new work for the occasion.  George Grove suggested Milton’s *Ode at a Solemn Music* would be a good poem for Parry to set.

The first performance of *Blest Pair of Sirens* at St James’s Hall took place on 17 May 1887.  It is very well written for choir with music that excellently fits Milton’s powerful words.  The choir divides into eight parts.  The words are about man’s desire to join the heavenly music of the spheres.

"Blest Pair of Sirens" was sung by the choirs of Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal at the Royal Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Kate Middleton on 29 April 2011.  It was performed during the signing of the register.

## References
Diclofenac

**Diclofenac** is a non-steroidal ant-inflammatory drug. It can be used as an analgesic and antipyretic. It is often used to treat bruises and strain injuiries. Research experiments conducted in 2013, showed that Diclofenac increased the risk of heart attacks and stroke.

## References
Night of Champions (2010)

**Night of Champions (2010)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on September 19, 2010 at the Allstate Arena in Chicago, Illinois. It was the fourth Night of Champions event held by WWE. Similar to the last three events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company was defended at the event. It was also the first Night of Champions event to feature a non-title match on the main card. 

## Results
* The lumberjills were: Alicia Fox, Brie Bella, Eve Torres, Gail Kim, Jillian Hall, Kelly Kelly, Layla, Maryse, Natalya, Nikki Bella, Rosa Mendes and Tamina.

### Tag Team Turmoil match
### Elimination Six-pack challenge
## References
## Other websites
*Official Night of Champions website
Bhirdana

**Bhirdana** is a village in the Fatehabad district in the Indian state of Haryana. In 2003, archaeologists found the remains of an ancient town which belonged to the Indus Valley civilization. They found a well, part of a defensive town wall, pottery, bricks, and beads made from semi-precious stones. These are said to be about 5,000 years old. Archaeologists were looking for evidence of the Saraswati River, which has disappeared under farmlands. For many years people believed the river was a myth. It is now known that the village of Bhirdana was built on the banks of the river.

## References
Vassily Ivanchuk

**Vassily Ivanchuk**, born 18 March 1969, is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster.

Chucky, as he is affectionately known, has been a leading player in the world since 1988, at times reaching the second spot on the FIDE list, but has never won the World Chess Championship. Ivanchuk has often had erratic results. Since 2007 his world ranking has ranged from twelfth to second, before dropping to 30th in July 2009.

He was the 2007–2008 World Blitz Chess champion.
He won Amber blindfold and rapid chess championship in 1992 and 2010.

## Character 
Chucky has been described by Viswanathan Anand as the most eccentric player in the chess world. Anand gave his view on Ivanchuk like this:

:"He's someone who is very intelligent ... but you never know which mood he is going to be in. Some days he will treat you like his long-lost brother. The next day he ignores you completely. 

:The players have a word for him. They say he lives on 'Planet Ivanchuk'. (Laughs) ... I have seen him totally drunk and singing Ukrainian poetry and then the next day I have seen him give an impressive talk.

:For a while he was trying to learn Turkish. Don’t ask me why ... Every day is a surprise with him". 

When he plays, Ivanchuk rarely looks at the board. Instead he stares at the ceiling and at the walls with a blank stare (although this is not uncommon with top players who calculate without looking at the board). His playing style is unpredictable and highly original, making him a threat to any chess player, although it sometimes also leads to quick losses.

After a string of unsuccessful games culminated in his elimination at the early stages of the 2009 Chess World Cup, Ivanchuk announced, in a highly emotional interview, his retirement from professional chess. However, he soon recanted this decision.

## References
Dmitry Jakovenko

**Dmitry Jakovenko** (born 29 June 1983) is a Russian chess grandmaster. 

On the July 2009 FIDE rating list, Jakovenko had a rating of 2760, but he has slipped a bit since then. He shared first in the Russian Championship 2006, losing the playoff against Evgeny Alekseev.
Vladimir Malakhov

**Vladimir Malakhov** (born 27 November 1980) is a chess grandmaster from Russia.

He was a member of the gold medal-winning Russian team at the 2009 World Team Chess Championship in Bursa.

Malakhov is qualified as a nuclear physicist, and he used to be an amateur chess player. Now he's a professional chess player who works part-time as a nuclear physicist.

## References
Manganese(III) oxide

**Manganese(III) oxide** is a chemical compound. It has manganese in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Mn2O3. It is a brown or black solid. It is made by heating manganese(IV) oxide to a temperature lower than . It is made in an alkaline cell when it dies.

## Related pages
*Manganese(II) oxide
*Manganese(II) chloride
*Manganese(VII) oxide
David Guetta

**Pierre David Guetta** (7 November 1967) is a French musician, disc jockey and record producer.
 

He originally was a DJ at nightclubs during the 1980s and 1990s. His first international hit was the song *"Just a Little More Love"* featuring American singer Chris Willis in 2001. He later co-founded *Gum Productions* and published his first album, also titled *Just a Little More Love* in 2002. Later, he published *Guetta Blaster* (2004) and *Pop Life* (2007). His dance-pop album, *One Love* (2009) included the hit singles "When Love Takes Over" (featuring Kelly Rowland), "Sexy Bitch" (featuring Akon) and "Gettin' Over You" (featuring Chris Willis, Fergie & LMFAO). His album *Nothing but the Beat* (2011) was the most successful. In 2011, Guetta was voted the number one DJ in the world in the *DJ Mag* poll. The latter became a top five hit in the US and all three reached number 1 in the UK. He has worked with many R&B, pop and hip hop artists including Akon, Chris Willis, Kelly Rowland, Lil' Wayne, Kelis, Madonna, Kid Cudi, Estelle, Fergie, Amy Palmer, K'naan, will.i.am, LMFAO, Dane Bowers, Flo Rida, Shakira, Julie Mcknight and apl.de.ap. Children Tim and Angie

## References
Manganese(II) fluoride

**Manganese(II) fluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF2. It is made by reacting manganese(II) carbonate or manganese(II) oxide with hydrofluoric acid. It is used to make other manganese fluorides. It is also used in lasers. It is much less reactive than the other manganese fluorides.

## Related pages
*Manganese(II) chloride
*Manganese(II) sulfate
*Manganese(IV) oxide

## Sources
Kevin Durant

**Kevin Wayne Durant** (born September 29, 1988 in Washington, D.C., United States) is an American professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A  small forward/shooting guard who is also capable of playing power forward, Durant was the consensus 2007 National College Player of the Year and the 2006–2007 Big 12 Player of the Year. After his freshman season at the University of Texas, where he was selected second overall pick by the Seattle SuperSonics. He scored 18 points in his first game. There he went on to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award after his debut season. In 2007, Durant signed an endorsement contract with Nike.

On July 4, 2016, he signed with the Golden State Warriors. He played with the Oklahoma City Thunder from 2007-2016. He signed with the Brooklyn Nets in July 2019.

In March 2020, Durant, including three other Nets' players, tested positive for COVID-19. He was cured of the virus by April.

On February 9, 2023, the Brooklyn Nets traded Durant along with T. J. Warren, to the Phoenix Suns for Mikal Bridges, Cameron Johnson, Jae Crowder, four first-round picks, and a 2028 first-round pick. Later, he was traded to the Rockets.

## References
Manganese(IV) fluoride

**Manganese(IV) fluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF4. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +4 oxidation state. It is a light blue-green solid. It is very reactive. It can form very reactive fluorine gas easily. It can be made by reacting fluorine or strong oxidizing agents containing fluorine with several manganese compounds. It was used to make fluorine without using electrolysis. It is much more reactive than manganese(IV) oxide.

## Related pages
*Manganese(III) oxide
*Manganese(III) fluoride
*Manganese(VII) oxide
Potassium fluoride

**Potassium fluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KF. It contains potassium and fluoride ions. 

## Properties
Potassium fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It rarely occurs in the ground. It dissolves easily in water. It can react with glass. Hydrofluoric acid is more effective at reacting with glass, though. It has to be stored in plastic or platinum containers.

## Preparation
Potassium fluoride is made by reacting potassium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid. This reaction can make potassium bifluoride. Potassium bifluoride is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and potassium fluoride. 

## Uses
It is used because of its fluoride ion. It can be used to add fluoride ions to some chemical compounds.

## Safety
Potassium fluoride is somewhat toxic. It is corrosive to glass. It can burn when spilled on skin.

## Related pages
*Sodium fluoride
*Potassium chloride
Res Gestae Divi Augusti

The ***Res Gestae Divi Augusti*** (Latin: “Deeds of the divine Augustus”) is a funerary inscription detailing the life and achievements of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus.  The original inscription, which has not survived, was engraved upon a pair of bronze pillars which were placed in front of Augustus' mausoleum.  Various copies of the text were found throughout the Roman Empire, the most notable being a nearly full copy, written in both Greek and Latin, found preserved on a temple dedicated to Augustus in Ankara, Turkey.  Most historians have concluded that Augustus wrote several versions during his life and kept updating them until the final version which is usually dated to the same year as Augustus' death in 14 AD. 

As a source, the *Res Gestae* is not fully accurate.  Whilst not lying, he does not mention some things such as his proscriptions of his enemies.  He refers to his rival Marc Antony as 'a faction'.  The inscription says much about the money he spent on the people, Rome and the empire.  It also says frequently that he has "restored the republic" and only gains his titles because of the universal support from the people and, most importantly, the Senate.

## Sections 
The *Res Gestae Divi Augusti* is grouped into four sections:

* Political career (jobs held)
* Gifts to the People
* Military achievements
* Political summary

## Other websites 
* http://classics.mit.edu/Augustus/deeds.html
Goy

Goy is a word used in the Jewish Bible for “Nation”. In the Roman times, it also began to mean “non-Jew”. 
It is used for referring to non-Jewish groups of people. If it is used for multiple groups or nations, the plural word **Goyim** is used instead.
Manganate

**Manganate** normally means the MnO42- ion. It is a bright green ion. It is made during the making of permanganates. It is a weak reducing agent and moderate oxidizing agent. They are similar to the sulfate (SO42-) and chromate (CrO42-) ions. Potassium manganate is an example.

## Related pages
*Manganese compounds
Sodium permanganate

**Sodium permanganate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaMnO4. It contains sodium and permanganate ions.

## Properties
It is a purple-black crystalline solid. It can dissolve in water to make a bright pink solution. It dissolves in water more than potassium permanganate. It is more expensive than potassium permanganate. It also absorbs water from the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent. 

## Preparation
It cannot be made in the way that potassium permanganate is made because sodium manganate is not made. It can be made by reacting pure manganese(IV) oxide with sodium hypochlorite. It can also be made by reacting potassium permanganate with certain sodium compounds.

## Uses
It can be used to make circuit boards.

## Safety
Permanganates are toxic. They are also strong oxidizing agents and should be kept away from things that can burn.

## Related pages
*Manganate
*Manganese(II) oxide
*Manganese(VII) oxide