open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jonathan Dickinson State Park

inside the park]]
**Jonathan Dickinson State Park** is a Florida State Park and historic site in Martin County, Florida, between Hobe Sound and Tequesta. The park has many kinds of areas, such as sand pine scrub, pine flatwoods, mangroves, and river swamps. The Loxahatchee River, which was named a National Wild and Scenic River in 1985 (the first in Florida), runs through the park. The address is 16450 S.E. Federal Highway, Hobe Sound.

## History
The park is named after Jonathan Dickinson, a Quaker merchant who was shipwrecked in 1696, with his family and others, on the Florida coast near the present-day park. He wrote a journal about their encounters with local tribes, and their journey up the coast to St. Augustine.

A man known as Trapper Nelson lived on the banks of the Loxahatchee River after coming to the area in the 1930s, living off the land trapping and selling furs. He soon became known as the *Wildman of the Loxahatchee*. After he died in 1968 the state got his land, and gave it to the park. 

The United States Army established Camp Murphy, a top-secret radar training school, in the area that is now the park, in 1942. The camp included over 1,000 buildings, and housed more than 6,000 officers and soldiers. The camp stopped being used in 1944, after only two years. Most of the camp buildings were torn down, but some of the building foundations remain. The property was given to the State of Florida in 1947, and opened as a state park in 1950.

## Recreational activities
The park has such activities as bicycling, boat tours, boating, cabins, canoeing, fishing, hiking, horse trails, kayaking, picnicking areas, swimming, wildlife viewing and full camping facilities. It also has the **Elsa Kimbell Environmental Education and Research Center**, with exhibits about the park's natural and cultural history.  The park operates a 44-passenger boat for tours of Trapper Nelson's homestead.

## Gallery

Image:Yellow-crowned_Night_Heron.jpg|Yellow-crowned Night Heron on Kitching Creek
Image:Ibis.jpg|Ibis on the Loxahatchee
Image:Pileated Woodpecker.jpg|Pileated Woodpecker on Kitching Creek
Image:Great_Blue_Heron.jpg|Great Blue Heron on the Loxahatchee

## Other websites
* Jonathan Dickinson State Park  – official site
* Jonathan Dickinson State Park at State Parks of the United States
* Jonathan Dickinson State Park  at Absolutely Florida
Anti-Comintern Pact

The **Anti-Comintern Pact** was a pact between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, which would later joined by more countries, in Berlin, Germany, on November 25, 1936. It was set up directly against the Comintern, or Communist International, an organization that was led by the Soviet Union. On November 6, 1937, Fascist Italy joined the pact, which was the beginning of the Axis Powers. Spain and Hungary joined in 1939.

## References
Operation Sea Lion

**Operation Sea Lion** () was the plan to invade the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during World War II. However, Germany first had to control the sky and sea of the English Channel before a land invasion.

With the *Kriegsmarine* weakened during the German invasion of Norway and the *Luftwaffe* defeated at the Battle of Britain, the invasion was "suspended indefinitely" on 17 September 1940 and ended up never happening.

Some historians think Germany could have invaded Great Britain with the help of friendly countries and unity within the German military. Most historians, however, believe that the German plans would have had little chance of success.

## References
John Kendrew

Sir **John Cowdery Kendrew** CBE FRS (24 March 1917– 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist and crystallographer.

He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz. Their group in the Cavendish Laboratory was the first to determine the structure of proteins, using X-ray crystallography. He was also a Fellow (teacher) at Peterhouse College in Cambridge.

In what became the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Kendrew determined the structure of the protein myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle cells.

He spent the early months of World War II doing research on radar. In 1940 he became engaged in operational research at the Royal Air Force headquarters, holding the honorary rank of Wing Commander R.A.F.

*John Finch 2008. *A Nobel Fellow on every floor*. Medical Research Council 2008. ; this book is about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
Battle of Moscow

The **Battle of Moscow** (, ) is a name given by Soviet historians to two periods of fighting on a 600&nbsp;km area of the Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between October 1941 and January 1942. The Soviet defenses stopped the German attack on Moscow, the Soviet capital, which was one of the Axis's primary military and political objectives in the invasion of the Soviet Union.

The German strategic offensive named **Operation Typhoon** was planned to attack Moscow from the north and south. The Soviets reacted by sending in more reserve from the Far East. Shortly, German attacks were stopped, and the Soviets began counter-attack and were forced to push the Axis back.

## References
Common marmoset

The **common marmoset** (*Callithrix jacchus*) is a very small New World monkey that lives in Brazil. Marmosets can found in many forest habitats. Common marmosets eat gum, sap, latex, and resin from trees the most out of all the members of the *Callithrix* family. 

A common group of marmosets is made up of 15 members, but usually has nine members. Common marmosets have a complex mating system. In a group of marmosets, there will usually be one or two females that will have babies and one male to be the father. The females are usually closely related, while the male is distantly related. If the male dies, the group will break up and form new groups. When marmosets get older, they leave the group they were raised with. It is not known why.

To show fear or submission, marmosets flatten their ear-tufts close to their heads.

## References
## Other websites
*
Second Battle of El Alamein

The **Second Battle of El Alamein** was a great turning point in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. The battle lasted from 23 October to 5 November 1942. The First Battle of El Alamein had stopped the Axis from attacking deep into Egypt further. Thereafter, Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery took command of the British Eighth Army in August 1942. In the second battle he took the offensive, with great success.
 
The Allied victory turned the tide of the North African Campaign. It ended Axis' hopes of occupying Egypt, taking control of the Suez Canal, and reaching the Middle Eastern oil fields.

The battle forced Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Korps to retreat back to the former French fortifications in the Mareth Line in the border between Tunisia and Libya.

## Notes 
### Footnote 
### Citations
Intron

An **intron** is a non-coding sequence in a gene.

It is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing to get the final RNA product of a gene. The term *intron* refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene, and the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts.  

 removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA segment (top). This is called 'splicing'. After the introns have been removed (bottom), the mature mRNA sequence is ready for translation.]]

Sequences of coding DNA which are joined together in the final RNA after RNA splicing are **exon**s. They code for amino acids in the final polypeptide.

Introns are in the genes of most organisms and many viruses. They can be in a wide range of genes, including those that generate proteins, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). RNA splicing takes place after transcription and before translation.

*Introns: parts of a gene which are discarded: non-working bits.
*Exons: parts of a gene which are expressed: bits of a gene which code for amino-acid sequences in a protein.

The discovery of introns led to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1993 for Phillip Sharp and  Richard Roberts. The term *intron* was introduced by American biochemist Walter Gilbert.

## Biological meaning 
There are many unanswered questions about introns. It is unclear whether introns serve some specific function, or whether they are selfish DNA which reproduces itself as a parasite.

Recent studies of entire eukaryotic genomes have now shown that the lengths and density (introns/gene) of introns varies considerably between related species. There are four or five different kinds of intron. Some introns represent mobile genetic elements (transposons).

Alternative splicing of introns within a gene allows a variety of protein isoforms from a single gene. Thus multiple related proteins can be generated from a single gene and a single precursor mRNA transcript. The control of alternative RNA splicing is performed by complex network of signalling molecules. In humans, ~95% of genes with more than one exon are alternatively spliced.

## References
Reichstag fire

The **Reichstag fire** () was an arson on the Reichstag building, the meeting place of the German Parliament, in Berlin on 27 February 1933. It was an important event in the creation of Nazi Germany.

A Berlin fire station was called, and by the time the police and firefighters had arrived, most of the building was covered in flames. Inside the building, Marinus van der Lubbe was found. He was a Dutch communist. The Nazis said it proved that communists were beginning a plot against the German government. Van der Lubbe and four Communist leaders were arrested shortly after that. Adolf Hitler, who had become Chancellor four weeks before, urged President Paul von Hindenburg to pass an emergency law to fight back "the confrontation of the Communist Party of Germany". 

As a result, Enabling Act of 1933 was passed. The Reichstag Fire Decree was issued by President von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler on 28 February 1933 in response to the Reichstag fire. *The decree suspended most civil liberties in Germany*. Many Communists were arrested, including all the Communist Party members of Parliament. This made the Nazis the majority of the Parliament, and made Hitler's the dictator in effect. The following elections gave Hitler more power.  

More investigation continued. In early March 1933, three men were brought to the court. All of them were senior Bulgarian Comintern agents. One Communist was found guilty and executed; the others were acquitted and went to the Soviet Union. 

Historians still do not know who planned the fire or who did it. It is still an ongoing topic of research.

## References
New Haven (disambiguation)

**New Haven** may refer to:

*New Haven, Connecticut, a city in the state Connecticut
*New Haven, Indiana, a city in the state of Indiana
*New Haven, Kentucky, a city in the state of Kentucky
*New Haven, Missouri, a city in the state of Missouri
*New Haven, Vermont, a town in the state of Vermont
Sacramento (disambiguation)

**Sacramento** may refer to:

*Sacramento County, California, a county in California
*Sacramento, California, the state capital of California
Chelsea Kane

**Chelsea Kane Staub ** (born September 15, 1988) is an American actress and singer professionally known as **Chelsea Kane** since December 2010. She is best known for her role as Stella Malone in the Disney Channel sitcom *Jonas L.A.*. She also appeared in the Disney Channel Original Movies, *Minutemen* and *Starstruck*. She also co-stars in the Disney Channel animated series, *Fish Hooks*.

## Career 
Kane grew up in Phoenix, Arizona, where she attended Mohave Middle School. She is an  of Valley Youth Theatre.

In 2007, she played her first starring role as well as her first  role, in the theatrical motion picture *Bratz: The Movie*, as "Meredith Baxter Dimly", the film's primary antagonist. She performs two of the songs on the film's soundtrack.

In 2008, she acted in one of the Disney Channel Original Movies *Minutemen* as "Stephanie Jameson", which aired on Disney Channel in January 2008. She will be in the Jonas Brothers' brand new Disney Channel series *JONAS* as "Stella Malone", the boys' stylist and childhood best friend. She also has a song written about her performed by The Summer Set.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Music videos
## Discography
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
*Chelsea Staub Web Site
Harrisburg

**Harrisburg** may refer to:

*Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital of Pennsylvania
*Harrisburg, Illinois, a city in Illinois
Max Perutz

**Max Ferdinand Perutz** FRS OM CBE (19 May 1914 – 6 February 2002) was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist.

He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and globular proteins. The method used was mainly X-ray crystallography.

He went on to win the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1971 and the Copley Medal in 1979.  At Cambridge he founded and chaired (1962–79) The Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, fourteen of whose scientists have won Nobel Prizes. Perutz's contributions to molecular biology in Cambridge are documented in *The History of the University of Cambridge: Volume 4 (1870 to 1990)* published by the Cambridge University Press in 1992.

Perutz was born in Vienna, Austria. His family was Jewish. He had worked in Cambridge (Peterhouse College) since 1936, and moved to Britain permanently after the Anschluss, the Nazi takeover of Austria. He did his war work in Canada, and returned to Cambridge after the war. Max did some of his most important work after winning the Nobel award, and is still held in the highest esteem.

## Books by Perutz 
*1989. *Is science necessary? Essays on science and scientists*. London. Barrie and Jenkins. 
*1997. *Science is not a quiet life : unravelling the atomic mechanism of haemoglobin*. Singapore. World Scientific. 
*2002. *I wish I’d made you angry earlier: essays on science, scientists and humanity*. Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 

## References
Lake Clarke Shores, Florida

**Lake Clarke Shores** is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,564 at the 2020 census.

## Land
Lake Clarke Shores is next to the cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth Beach. The Village of Palm Springs is west of the town. The town is roughly bounded by Interstate 95 to the east, Florida Mango Road to the west, Summit Boulevard to the north, except for the Lake Patrick neighborhood, and 10th Avenue North to the south, except for the Waterside neighborhood.  

Lake Clarke Shores is located at  (26.645644, -80.075379). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of .   of it is land and  of it (10.8%) is water.

## People
As of the census of 2020, there were 3,564 people living in the town. The people made up 1,414 households.  The population density was 3,860 people per square mile (1,490/km²).  There were 1,478 housing units at an average density of 1,600 per square mile (618/km²).  The racial makeup of the town was 67.1% White (60.0% were Non-Hispanic White), 3.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 6.6% from other races, and 21.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.7% of the population.

There were 1,414 households out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 7.6% were unmarried couples living together, 24.3% had a female householder with no husband or partner, and 12.4% had a male householder with no wife or partner. 20.4% of all households were made up of people living alone and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  

In the town the population was spread out with 19.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 46.1 years. For every 100 females there were 93.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males. The per capita income for the town was $53,160.  About 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 84.76% of all residents, while Spanish was the mother tongue of 15.23% of the population.

As of 2000, Lake Clarke Shores had the forty-first highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, with 10.08% of the town's population.

## References
## Other websites
*Lake Clarke Shores official website
North Las Vegas, Nevada

]]
**North Las Vegas** is a suburban city in Clark County, Nevada, United States, in the Las Vegas Valley. As of the 2020 census, 262,527 people lived here. The city was founded on May 1, 1946. It is the fourth-largest city by population in the state.

## References
Spliceosome

A **spliceosome** is a complex of special RNA and protein subunits. Spliceosomes are amazingly complex molecular machines.

## References
Hamilton County, Florida

**Hamilton County** is a county in the U.S. state of Florida.  As of 2020, 14,004 people lived there. Its county seat is Jasper, Florida.

## History 
Hamilton County was created in 1827 from portions of Jefferson County.  It was named for Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secretary of the Treasury.

## Land
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.0%) is water.

The Suwannee River forms the borders it shares with all of the neighboring Florida counties - Suwannee County, Columbia County, and Madison County.

### Counties nearby
*Echols County, Georgia - north
*Columbia County, Florida - east
*Suwannee County, Florida - south
*Madison County, Florida - west
*Lowndes County, Georgia - northwest

## People
At the 2020 census, 14,004 people lived in the county. There were 4,690 households and 2,435 people who did not live in households. The population density was 27.2 people per square mile (10.5/km²). The median age was 43.0 years (41.1 for males, 45.9 for females).

Of the total population, 19.1% were under 18 years old, 62.0% were 18 to 64, and 18.9% were 65 or over. Males made up 57.7% and females made up 42.3% of the people. The population was 54.5% White (non-Latino), 31.6% Black (non-Latino), 10.4% Hispanic or Latino, and 2.7% *Two or more races* (non-Latino). Less than 1% of the people were from other races.

Of the 4,690 households, 3,072 (65.5%) were families, 1,365 (29.1%) had children under 18, 1,933 (41.2%) had a married couple, and 1,372 (29.3%) had one person living alone. The average household size was 2.5 people. There were 5,596 housing units, and 83.8% had people living in them all year. Of these households, 72.9% were owner-occupied, while 27.1% were renters.

As of 2022, the median (middle) yearly income for a household was about $47,668, and the median income for a family was about $52,202. The per capita income was about $17,331. About 17.6% of families and 26.4% of all people in Hamilton County lived below the poverty line. This includes 34.0% of children under 18 years old and 17.5% of people over 65 years old.

## Cities and towns 
*Jasper
*Jennings
*White Springs

## Politics 
Hamilton County has become increasingly Republican in the 21st century.

## References
## Other websites
### Government links/Constitutional offices
* Hamilton County Board of County Commissioners 
* Hamilton County Supervisor of Elections
* Hamilton County Property Appraiser
* Hamilton County Sheriff's Office 
* Hamilton County Tax Collector

#### Special districts 
* Hamilton County Schools 
* Suwannee River Water Management District

#### Judicial branch
* Hamilton County Clerk of Courts 
* Public Defender, 3rd Judicial Circuit of Florida  serving Columbia, Dixie, Hamilton, Lafayette, Madison, Suwannee, and Taylor Counties
* Office of the State Attorney, 3rd Judicial Circuit of Florida 
* Circuit and County Court for the 3rd Judicial Circuit of Florida 

### Tourism links 
* Hamilton County Tourism Development Council 
* Suwannee Online
RNA splicing

**RNA splicing** is a stage in gene transcription. Messenger RNA (mRNA), which transfers the code from DNA to proteins, is built in two stages. 

In the first stage, each gene is translated into a pre-mRNA. Then the exons in pre-mRNAs are joined by splicing, which is done in the spliceosomes. 

This is needed because the gene is split into code sections called exons and non-coding sections called introns. The exons are brought together by splicing.

So, in molecular biology, **splicing** is a process where introns are removed and exons are joined. This makes the final mRNA. This messenger RNA is then used to produce a correct protein by translation. 

## Alternative splicing 
In many cases, the splicing process creates a range of unique proteins by varying the exon composition of the same messenger RNA. This phenomenon is called alternative splicing. Alternative splicing can occur in many ways. Exons can be extended or skipped, or introns can be retained.

## Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 
Splicing occurs in all the kingdoms or domains of life, however, the extent and types of splicing can be very different between the major divisions.  Eukaryotes splice many protein-coding messenger RNAs and some non-coding RNAs. Prokaryotes, on the other hand, splice rarely. Another important difference is that prokaryotes completely lack spliceosomes.

## Discovery 
Phillip Sharp and Richard Roberts were awarded the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of introns and the splicing process.

In 1977, work by the Sharp and Roberts labs showed that genes of higher organisms are "split" or present in several distinct segments along the DNA molecule.  

The coding regions of the gene are separated by non-coding DNA which is not involved in protein expression.  The non-coding regions, the introns, are cut from the precursor mRNAs in a process Sharp called "splicing".  The split gene structure was found to be common to most eukaryotic genes.

## References
Alternative splicing

s.]]

**Alternative splicing** allows DNA to code for more than one protein. It varies the exon make-up of the messenger RNA.

In alternative splicing the exons of the pre-messenger RNA produced by transcription are reconnected in different ways during RNA splicing.

This produces different mature messenger RNAs from the same gene. They get translated into different proteins. Thus, a single gene may code for multiple proteins.

Alternative splicing is normal in eukaryotes. It greatly increases the diversity of proteins that can be encoded by the genome.

There are various kinds of alternative splicing: the most common is exon skipping. An exon may be included in mRNAs under some conditions or in particular tissues, and omitted from the mRNA in others.

Abnormal variations in splicing occur in disease. Many human genetic disorders come from splicing variants. High-throughput sequencing of RNA can for example be used to measure the genome-scale amount of deviating alternative splicing, such as in a cohort of colorectal cancers, where high amount of aberrant splicing was associated to poor patient survival. Non-working splicing products are usually dealt with by post-transcriptional quality control. That is, they are chopped up by enzymes.

## Source of diversity 
Alternative splicing (the re-combination of different exons) is a major source of genetic diversity in eukaryotes. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA.

## Related pages 
*CRISPR

## References
Tommy Ramone

**Tommy Ramone**, also known as **Thomas Erdelyi** (born **Erdélyi Tamás**; January 29, 1949 - July 11, 2014), was a Hungarian-American record producer and musician. He was born to Jewish parents in Budapest and grew up in Queens, New York City. He was the drummer for an early and important punk rock band, the  Ramones.

## References
Arsinoitherium

***Arsinoitherium*** is an extinct genus, a large mammal that lived during the early Oligocene (about 38 to 23 million years ago). Although it looked like a rhinoceros, it is more closely related to elephants. Fossils of *Arsinoitherium* have been found in Faiyum, Egypt.

## References
Gun control

**Gun control** is the attempt, usually by a government, to restrain or stop people from owning or using guns.  Gun control may also regulate the making, moving, and selling of guns.  People want gun control because guns are very dangerous.  Gun control is very controversial in some countries, such as in the United States.  Some countries such as the United States, Switzerland, and Israel allow people to own guns to defend themselves, but most countries do not.

## Gun Control in the United States
There is a strong "gun lobby" in the United States.  It is led by the National Rifle Association of America (NRA), which supports the right to own guns.  They want it to be fairly easy to get a gun. Other groups, such as the Brady Campaign, want guns to be hard to get because they believe that guns cause violence, injury and death.  Some states have very strict gun laws, but others, such as Arizona, Utah, Idaho and Mississippi, do not.

In the 70's Gun Control gained more national attention.  In 1977 Guns Rights Activists changed the NRA's focus from sports to gun rights. They started running ads marketing self defense primarily towards women.  In the 80's the NRA ran ads about concealed carry.  

The 2nd Amendment to the United States Constitution Amendment says, "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."  This is taken to mean, every American citizen has the right to "keep and bear arms".  Originally, it was thought that the federal government could not ban guns, but states and cities could.  However, in 2010, the Supreme Court said that states and cities could not ban handguns.  Although banning all guns is not allowed anymore, states and cities can still stop the sale and use of certain kinds of guns, such as automatic rifles that fire many bullets very quickly.  They can also say that certain people, such as criminals, cannot own guns.

## References
Sydney Brenner

**Sydney Brenner** CH FRS (13 January 1927 – 5 April 2019) was a South African biologist and a 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate, shared with Robert Horvitz and John Sulston. He was of Jewish descent.

Brenner made significant contributions to work on the genetic code, and other areas of molecular biology.

He established the roundworm *Caenorhabditis elegans* as a model organism for the investigation of developmental biology. He founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, California. In recognition of his pioneering work on *C. elegans*, another closely related nematode was given the scientific name *Caenorhabditis brenneri*.

Brenner founded the Molecular Sciences Institute in Berkeley, CA in 1996. He is currently associated with the Salk Institute, the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, the Singapore Biomedical Research Council and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In August 2005 Brenner was appointed president of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology. He is also on the Board of Scientific Governors at the Scripps Research Institute.

Known for his scientific insight and wit, Brenner for many years penned a regular column ("Loose Ends") in the journal *Current Biology*. Brenner was noted for his generosity of ideas and the great number of students and colleagues his ideas have stimulated.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

Brenner died on 5 April 2019 in Singapore. He was 92.

## Books 
*Brenner S. 1997. *Loose ends: a collection of loose ends/false starts columns by Uncle Syd, from January 1994 to December 2000*. Current Biology. 
*Brenner S. 2001. *My life in science*, with Lewis Wolpert; edited by Errol C. Friedberg and Eleanor Lawrence. Biomed Central. 
*Friedberg, Errol 2010. *Sydney Brenner: a biography*. CSHL Press. 

## Related pages
*List of biologists

## References 
## Other websites
* Sydney Brenner at NobelPrize.org
Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium

The **Gerhard Hanappi stadium** was a football stadium in Vienna, Austria. It was the homeground of SK Rapid Wien and is named after Gerhard Hanappi, the architect of the stadium and former player of Rapid Wien.

## History
The work started in 1971 but there was a delay in finishing it. The plan was not fully built because it should be cheaper. The new stadium was named "Weststadion" (western stadium) because it lays in the western part of Vienna. It was planned that the two major clubs should play in this new stadium, but Austria Wien was not amused that her rival has got a stadium in its own district, so they went back to their former homeground, the Franz Horr stadium. But till 1992 they often came back because the Horr stadium was not licensed for international matches. In April 1981 it got the name of its architect Gerhard Hanappi, who was player for Rapid Wien.

The first match which was played here was a leaguematch SK Rapid versus Austria Vienna. But the official opening was on September 14th, 1977 with a UEFA-Cup match Rapid versus FK Inter Bratislava (1:0). It was not love at first sight between the fans and the new stadium, but meanwhile they accept it. It is even called "Saint Hanappi" following the slogan of the fans "Rapid is our religion."

The stadium was demolished in 2014 to build the Allianz Stadion, which was opened on 16 July 2016. During its construction, Rapid Vienna played their home games at the Ernst-Happel-Stadion in the Prater.

## Special matches in the Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium
### ÖFB-Cup finals
* 1977: FK Austria Wien – Wiener Sport-Club 3:0 (2:0)
* 1983: SK Rapid Wien – Wacker Innsbruck 3:0 (1:0)
* 1984: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 2:0 (2:0)
* 1985: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 3:3 (1:1) (0:0) n. V.- Pen. 6:5
* 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 4:6 (3:3) (2:1) n.V.
* 1987: SK Rapid Wien – FC Swarovski Tirol 2:0 (2:0)
* 1998: SV Ried – SK Sturm Graz 3:1 (2:0)
* 2007: FK Austria Wien – SV Mattersburg 2:1 (0:1)

### Supercup (Austria) 
* 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FK Austria Wien 3:1 (2:0)
* 1987: SK Rapid Wien – FC Swarovski Tirol 2:1 (1:1)

### International matches 
(Till 1992 FK Austria Vienna has to play international matches in the Gerhard-Hanappi-stadium.)

* 1984: SK Rapid Wien – Celtic Glasgow 3:1 (0:0)
* 1985: FK Austria Wien – FC Liverpool 1:1 (1:0)
* 1985: SK Rapid Wien – Dynamo Dresden 5:0 (3:0)
* 1985: FK Austria Wien – FC Bayern München 3:3 (1:1)
* 1986: SK Rapid Wien – FC Brügge 4:3 (2:1)
* 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Aberdeen 1:0 (1:0)
* 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Brügge 4:3 (0:1)
* 1989: SK Rapid Wien – FC Lüttich 1:0 (0:0)
* 1990: SK Rapid Wien – Inter Mailand 2:1 (0:1)
* 1992: FK Austria Wien – FC Brügge 3:1 (0:0)
* 1997: SK Rapid Wien – 1. FC Brünn 6:1 (2:0)
* 2000: FK Roter Stern Belgrad – Leicester City 3:1 (1:1)
* 2001: SK Rapid Wien – FK Partizan Belgrad 5:1 (2:0)
* 2005: SK Rapid Wien – Lokomotive Moskau 1:1 (0:1)
* 2009: SK Rapid Wien - Aston Villa 1:0 (1:0)
* 2010: SK Rapid Wien - Aston Villa 1:1 (0:1)

## References
Observe and Report

***Observe and Report*** is a 2009 black comedy movie that was produced by Donald De Line and was directed by Jody Hill. Observe and Report was released on April 10, 2009 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 51% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 54 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast 
* Seth Rogen as Ronnie
* Ray Liotta as Detective Harrison
* Michael Pena as Dennis
* Collette Wolfe as Nell
* Anna Faris as Brandi
* Dan Bakkedahl as Mark
* Jesse Plemons as Charles
* John Yuan as John Yuen
* Matthew Yuan as Matt Yuen
* Celia Weston as Mom
* Aziz Ansari as Saddamn
* Randy Gambill as Pervert
* Patton Oswalt as Roger
* Danny McBride as Caucasian Crackhead
* Alston Brown as Bruce
* Cody Midthunder as D-Rock

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist

'''''Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist'''* is a 2009 romantic comedy movie that was produced by Kerry Kohansky Roberts, Andrew Miano, Chris Weitz and Paul Weitz and was directed by Peter Sollett. *Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist'' was released on October 3, 2008 in North America. The plot involves Nick and Norah following rabbit-associated clues to see a music band, and during their adventure they fall in love.  The movie received positive reviews with a 72% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 64 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast 
*Michael Cera as Nick O'Leary
*Kat Dennings as Norah Silverberg
*Ari Graynor as Caroline
*Alexis Dziena as Tris
*Aaron Yoo as Thom
*Rafi Gavron as Dev
*Jay Baruchel as Tal
*Jonathan B. Wright as Lethario
*Rachel Cohn (Cameo appearance)
*David Levithan (Cameo)
*Eddie Kaye Thomas (Cameo)
*Devendra Banhart (Cameo)
*John Cho (Cameo)
*Seth Meyers (Cameo)
*Andy Samberg (Cameo)
*Kevin Corrigan (Cameo)

## Other websites 
*Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist's Official website 
* 
*
Kicking & Screaming

***Kicking & Screaming*** is a 2005 sports comedy movie that was produced by Jimmy Miller and Judd Apatow and was directed by Jesse Dylan. *Kicking & Screaming* was released on May 13, 2005 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 41% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 45 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast 
*Will Ferrell as Phil Weston
*Robert Duvall as Buck Weston
*Mike Ditka as Himself
*Kate Walsh as Barbara Weston
*Musetta Vander as Janice Weston
*Dylan McLaughlin as Sam Weston
*Josh Hutcherson as Bucky Weston
*Francesco Liotti as Gian Piero
*Alessandro Ruggiero as Massimo
*Elliott Cho as Byong Sun Hogan-Jones
*David Herman as Referee
*Rachael Harris as Ann Hogan
*Dallas McKinney as Connor (Goalie)
*Phill Lewis as John Ryan
*Alex Borstein as Obnoxious Hummer Lady (uncredited)
*Jeremy Bergman as Hunter Davidson
*Erik Walker as Ambrose Hanna
*Steven Anthony Lawrence as Mark Avery
*Laura Kightlinger as Donna Jones
*Sammy Fine as Jack
*Timmy Deters as Alex
*Joseph R. Sicari as Umberto
*Stephen Rudrick as Young Ceeb

## Other websites 
*Kicking & Screaming's Official website 
* 
*
How Do You Know (movie)

***How Do You Know*** is a 2010 American comedy-drama movie produced by Julie Ansell, James L. Brooks and Paula Weinstein, and written and directed by Brooks. It premiered on December 17, 2010 and received negative reviews with a 30% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 47 out of 100 from Metacritic. It became poor at the box office with $7.6 million made in North America, which made it eighth in the box office at its first weekend. It fell off the chart on the third weekend and grossed a total of $47,707,151 worldwide. It failed to recoup for its $120 million budget and made it a massive box-office bomb.

## Cast 
*Reese Witherspoon as Lisa Jorgenson
*Paul Rudd as George Madison
*Owen Wilson as Matty Reynolds
*Jack Nicholson as Charles Madison
*Dean Norris as Tom
*Kathryn Hahn as Annie
*Yuki Matsuzaki as Tori
*Andrew Wilson as Matty's Teammate
*Shelley Conn as Terry
*Tony Shalhoub as Psychiatrist
*Domenick Lombardozzi as Bullpen Pitcher
*Ron McLarty as George's Lawyer
*Lenny Venito as Al
*Mark Linn-Baker as Ron
*Molly Price as Coach Sally

## Other websites 
*How Do You Know's Official website
*
The Girl He Left Behind

***The Girl He Left Behind*** is a 1956 romantic comedy movie that was produced by Frank P. Rosenberg and was directed by David Butler. The Girl He Left Behind was released on 1956 in North America and in 1957 in Europe by Premier Productions.

## Plot 
Andy Schaeffer is a spoiled mama's boy who usually gets his way. He breezes through college, while girlfriend Susan Daniels works hard at a job to pay for her education. She isn't sure where their relationship is going. Andy's grades begin to worsen, and he's being drafted by the army. Andy reports for basic training at Fort Ord, making it clear to everybody there that he'd rather be anyplace else.

## Cast 
*Tab Hunter as Andy L. Shaeffer
*Natalie Wood as Susan Daniels
*Jessie Royce Landis as Mrs. Madeline Shaeffer
*Jim Backus as Sgt. Hanna
*Henry Jones as Hanson
*Murray Hamilton as Sgt. Clyde
*Alan King as Maguire
*James Garner as Preston
*David Janssen as Capt. Genaro
*Wilfred Knapp as Congressman Hardison
*Les Johnson as Lt. Taylor
*Raymond Bailey as General
*Florenz Ames as Mr. Hillaby
*Fredd Wayne as Sgt. Sheridan
*Ernestine Wade as Lorna

## Other websites 
*
* 
* 
*
Thermal power plant

]]

A **thermal power plant** is a power plant where steam is used to drive a steam turbine. This turbine is connected to an electrical generator. After this, the water is condensed, and may be used again. This is known as the Rankine cycle. There are different procedures that can be used to heat the water;

## The main Components of a thermal power plant
* Cooling tower
* Cooling water pump
* transmission line (3-phase)
* Step-up transformer (3-phase)
* Electrical generator (3-phase)
* Low pressure steam turbine 
* Condensate pump
* Surface condenser
* Intermediate pressure steam turbine
* Steam Control valve
* High pressure steam turbine
* Deaerator
* Feedwater heater
* Boiler steam drum
* Superheater
* Forced draught (draft) fan
* Reheater
* Combustion air intake
* Induced draught (draft) fan

## Main disadvantage of fossil fuel thermal power plant
Fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
# It occupies lot of space and release gases.

## Related pages
* Geothermic power plant
* thermal energy from the oceans
* solar power
* nuclear power plant
* coal and other fossil fuels, such as gas
Ruth Buzzi

**Ruth Ann Buzzi** (July 24, 1936 &ndash; May 1, 2025) was an American comedian and actress.  She was most famous for her performances on the variety show ''Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In''. She appeared as the unwilling object of "dirty old man" character Tyrone F. Horneigh's affection. Ruth appeared as Ruthie on *Sesame Street* for several seasons.

## Awards
Buzzi received 5 Emmy Award nominations.  She won the Golden Globe Award in 1973 for her work on *Laugh-In*.  

Buzzi received the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Pasadena Playhouse of the Performing Arts.

Buzzi received a Clio Award for Best Spokesperson in a television commercial for her series of Clorox-2 commercials. She is among the first of only a few Caucasian women to win an NAACP Image Award.  

Ruth Buzzi guest starred as a music and comedy performer on dozens of prime time television specials with colleagues including Jonathan Winters, Carol Burnett, Jim Nabors, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lee Lewis, Wayne Newton, Anne Murray, Rolf Harris, Dom DeLuise, Tony Orlando to name just a few.  She appeared 8 times on *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson* and has made more than 200 other television guest appearances.   

Ruth Buzzi graduated with honors from the Pasadena Playhouse in Pasadena, California.  She was one of the first recipients of the Pasadena Playhouse Alumni Achievement Award along with her former classmates Dustin Hoffman and Gene Hackman.

Buzzi was a presenter at the 2009 Emmy Awards along with several members of her debut series, ''Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In''.

## Personal life
Buzzi lived in Texas with her husband.  Buzzi and her husband collect automobiles.  Some of their collection is at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, California.

Buzzi was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2012. In July 2022, it was reported that Buzzi had suffered a multiple strokes.

Buzzi died at her home in her sleep in hospice care in Stephenville, Texas from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease on May 1, 2025, at the age of 88.

## References
Happy Science

is a new religious movement in Japan. Ryuho Okawa started the religion on October 6th, 1986. On February 2nd, 2008, the group changed its official English name. It had been called *Kofuku-no-Kagaku*, which is a version of the Japanese name in Latin alphabet. The group now calls itself "Happy Science" in English.

## Related pages
* The Happiness Realization Party is the religion's political party. Although it fields many candidates in almost every Japanese nationwide election, as of 2018 it has no seats in the Japanese Diet.

## Further reading
* Clarke, Peter B. (ed.) (1999), 'Kofuku-no-Kagaku: The Institute for Research in Human Happiness' in *A Bibliography of Japanese New Religious Movements: With Annotations*, Surrey, UK, Japan Library (Curzon), , pp.&nbsp;149–67
* Yamashita, Akiko (1998), 'The "Eschatology" of Japanese new and new new religions: from Tenrikyo to Kofuku-no-Kagaku' in *Japanese Religions*, Vol. 23, January 1998, NCC, Kyoto, Japan, pp.&nbsp;125–42
* The Transformation of a Recent Japanese New Religion: Okawa Ryuho and Kofuku no kagaku, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 22 p 343-380

## Other websites
* Official website
* HS North America
NART TV

**NART TV** (National Adighe Radio and Television) is a Circassian satellite TV channel which broadcasts from Amman, Jordan. The channel is gaining in popularity and is beginning to get a larger audience in Jordan, Syria and Turkey.

## History
Young Circassians from Jordan decided to open a Circassian-language TV channel with a hope to find international exposure for the Circassian people who live overseas. The experimental channel began broadcasting Circassian music and dance like on MTV. Through the years it has become a commercial channel broadcasting social events, documentaries and activities of the Circassian diaspora. It is continuously under development and regeneration with the increase of advertising incomes from local commercial activities.

## TV programming
The footpath of the transmission covers a large area of Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Starting in 2011, the channel began to broadcast new programs, moving to normal entertainment schedules. It also switched to including some programs in Arabic because of the concern that many young Circassians (especially in Jordan) do not understand the original Circassian language. A collection of new shows were introduced including live interviews and specific social programs and entertainment programs. Teaching Circassian language in different dialects was also introduced.
Subiaco Oval

**Subiaco Oval**, also known as **Patersons Stadium** and **Domain Stadium**, was a sports stadium. It was the largest sports stadium in Perth, Western Australia. It was in the suburb of Subiaco, about three kilometres west of Perth's city centre.

The stadium was demolished in November 2019.

## References
## Further reading
* Wilson, Ray (2008) ''Field of Dreams: Celebration of Subiaco Oval's 100th year* Perth, Western Australia: *The West Australian''  16 pp – inserted into 7 May 2008 edition of The West Australian newspaper.

## Other websites
* Satellite image of Subiaco Oval
Volcano rabbit

, Mexico]]

The **volcano rabbit** (also known as **teporingo** or **zacatuche**) is a small rabbit native to Mexico. The rabbit lives on about 280 square kilometers of land in central Mexico. The rabbit is ranked as endangered by the IUCN.

## References
Daniel Sedin

**Daniel Sedin** (born September 26, 1980) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey winger. He played a total of 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He spent his entire NHL career with the Vancouver Canucks playing alongside his identical twin brother Henrik. Born and raised in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, they played together throughout their careers; the pair were known for their effectiveness playing off one another. Daniel was known as a goal-scorer, while Henrik was known as a playmaker.

On April 5, 2018, the Sedin twins played their last game together in Rogers Arena against the Arizona Coyotes. Daniel played his last game on April 7, 2018 and retired alongside his brother after the 2017–18 NHL season. The Sedins both won the King Clancy Memorial Trophy at the end of the season, making it the first time two brothers shared the trophy.

On February 12, 2020, a ceremony took place which celebrated the Sedins' career. During the event, Daniel's jersey number 22 and Henrik's number 33 were retired and raised to the rafters of Rogers Arena.  On 28 June 2022, Daniel and Henrik became the first Canucks inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. 

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs
**Bold** indicates led league

### International
*All statistics taken from NHL.com

### NHL All-Star Games
## Awards
## References 
## Other websites
*
Planck units

The **Planck units** are physical units of measurement. The system of these units was first developed by Max Planck. The four basic Planck units are based only on four physical constants found in nature.  When Planck units are used to express any of these four physical constants, the value is 1.  This allows physicists to simplify many equations about physical law. Planck proposed these units in 1899. 

Planck units are unique: they are based only on properties of free space (a vacuum). Planck units are also called *natural units* because they come only from properties of nature and not from any human construct.  Planck units are only one system of natural units among other systems. The constants that Planck units define as 1 are these:

*The speed of light in a vacuum, *c*;
*The gravitational constant, *G*;
*The reduced Planck constant, *ħ*;
*The Boltzmann constant, *k*B (sometimes *k*).

Each of these constants has at least one fundamental physical theory: *c* with special relativity, *G* with general relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, *ħ* with quantum mechanics, *ε*0 with electrostatics, and *k*B with statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. 

Planck units are very important for theoretical physics, because they simplify several recurring algebraic expressions of physical law. They are particularly relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity.

Planck units may sometimes be semi-humorously referred to by physicists as ''"God's units"''.  They eliminate human centered arbitrariness from the system of units: some physicists argue that communication with extraterrestrial intelligence would have to use such a system of units to make common reference to scale. Unlike the meter and second, which exist as fundamental units in the SI system for historical reasons, the Planck length and Planck time are linked at a fundamental physical level.

Natural units help physicists to reframe questions.  Frank Wilczek puts this succinctly:

The strength of gravity is simply what it is and the strength of the electromagnetic force is simply what it is. 

## References
Aaron Klug

Sir **Aaron Klug** OM PRS (August 11, 1926 &ndash; November 20, 2018) was a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist.

Klug won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing crystallographic electron microscopy and working out the structure of nucleic acid-protein complexes.

## Biography
Klug was born in Želva, Lithuania to Jewish parents. The family moved to South Africa when he was two. Klug graduated with a degree in science at the University of Witwatersrand and studied crystallography at the University of Cape Town before moving to England, completing his doctorate at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1953.

He moved to Birkbeck College, University of London, in late 1953, and started working with Rosalind Franklin in John Bernal's lab. This experience aroused a lifelong interest in viruses. During his time there he worked on the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus.

In 1962 he moved to the newly built MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Klug used methods from X-ray diffraction to develop crystallographic electron microscopy. In this method, two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to make three-dimensional images of the target. He worked out the structure of important nucleic acid-protein complexes. He was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1995.

Klung died on November 20, 2018 in Cambridge at the age of 92.

## References 
## Further reading
* this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
* Aaron Klug tells his life story at Web of Stories
*Aaron Klug biography at the Nobel Foundation
*Aaron Klug interviews with Harry Kroto
*Aaron Klug article   by Bob Weintraub.
* The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
* Aaron Klug interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 11 December 2007 (film) 
* Listen to an oral history interview with Aaron Klug – a life story interview recorded for National Life Stories  at the British Library