open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Moscow State University

**Lomonosov Moscow State University** (**MSU**; ), also known as **Moscow State University**, is the largest and oldest university in Russia. It was made in 1755 and is in Moscow. It was made by Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov. It is named after Lomonosov.

The university building is an example of Stalinist architecture. In total, there are seven such towers around Moscow. The tower at the university is the largest one. The tower was designed by architect Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev. It was built after the war. He was awarded the Stalin Prize for its construction, in 1949. The building was the largest skyscraper outside New York for a long time. It was the tallest buildimg in Europe, until 1988. The central tower is 240m high. It has 36-stories. It is flanked by four huge wings of student and faculty accommodations. It is said to contain a total of 33 kilometers of corridors and 5,000 rooms. Facilities that are inside the building include a concert hall, a theatre, a museum, various administration services, a library, a swimming pool, a police station, a post office, a laundry, a hairdresser's salon, a canteen, bank offices, shops, cafeterias, and a bomb shelter. Along with the university administration, four of the main faculties - Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, the Faculty of Geology, the Faculty of Geography, and the Faculty of Fine and Performing Arts - now are in the Main building. The star on the top of the tower is large enough so that it has a small room and a viewing platform; it weighs 12 tons. The building's facades are decorated with giant clocks, barometers, and thermometers, statues, carved wheat sheaves, and Soviet crests (recently renovated). It stands before a terrace featuring statues of male and female students gazing optimistically and confidently into the future.

## Other websites 
* Moscow State University
* Pictures of Lomonosov Moscow State University 
* Moscow State University campus on Google Maps
Utrecht (province)

**Utrecht** (officially *Province of Utrecht*) is a province in the Netherlands. It is found near the centre of the country. Utrecht is the smallest province by size in the Netherlands. About 1,388,000 people are living in Utrecht (2023).

Its capital is also called Utrecht, it is the city of Utrecht.

## Other websites 
* 
* Detailed Map of Utrecht 
* Province maps showing subdivision in municipalities:
** Municipalities of Utrecht Province 
** Detailed Information about Utrecht's Municipalities
Oiran

painting by Suzuki Haronubu (1765)]]
 were courtesans in Japan. Oiran were part of Japanese society during the Edo period, (1600–1868). Prostitution was legal then, but only in special neighborhoods that were closed to outsiders. There were different kinds of oiran, depending on their beauty, skills in art, education, and more. High-ranking oiran were called . Only nobles could be with one. Tayū had many servants, and when they went outside, their servants carried them and followed them, making a procession. They wore very  clothes and jewelry. Any man who wished to be with an oiran had to follow difficult rituals and etiquette.

Geisha replaced oiran. Geisha practiced common types of entertainment enjoyed by the people of that time. They became more popular than oiran. The last known oiran was in 1761. A few women still practice the arts of the oiran today (without sex) to continue the cultural heritage.

## Other websites 
*Tayu no Dochu 
*Niigata Prefecture Bunsui Sakura Festival Oiran Parade
Ryōtei

A  is a type of very  and elegant Japanese restaurant. Traditionally they only accept new customers who are recommended by known and trusted clients. They usually include entertainment by geisha, but not always in modern times. Ryōtei are usually a place where very important business or political meetings can take place in private.

## Other websites
*New York Times article: '' In Tokyo's Ryotei, The Art of Service*
**The Traditional Ryotei Are in Danger'' at japaninc.com
Taiko

means simply "drum" in Japanese. Outside Japan, the word is used to refer to any of the different kinds of Japanese drums (, *wadaiko*, "Japanese drum" in Japanese) and to the more or less new art of taiko drumming bands (sometimes better called, "kumi-daiko", ). The taiko drum originated in the country of Japan. This drum was created by Daihachi Oguchi in 1951. The taiko drum makes a very loud, deep sound.

In a traditional Japanese village the *odaiko* (big drum) defined the extent of the village land. In modern Japan, wadaiko has become more of a performance art, seen only during festivals or in concert. The most famous Wadaiko performance group are 'Kodo' (meaning heart-beat). They are not only the worlds most respected Japanese drumming group, they also maintain many traditional art forms. They group lives on the island 'Sado Higashima' and live together as a community in a traditional way. Many other cultures have adopted this style of drumming, from Germany and the United States to Australia.

## References
## Other websites
*Taiko history 
*Taiko drums
*Taiko
Kitagawa Utamaro

**Kitagawa Utamaro** (; &nbsp;– 31 October 1806), also called **Utamaro**,  was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

## Career
Utamaro is known for his studies of women (*bijinga*). He also made nature studies. 

His work was popular in Europe.  He influenced artists in Europe who were called Impressionists.

## Gallery

File:Kitagawa Utamaro I, published by Moriya Jihei - Couple with a Standing Screen - Google Art Project.jpg|Two women inspecting silk
File:Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Utamaro, Young lady blowing on a poppin, 1790.jpg|Young lady blowing on a poppin, 1790
File:Maple Leaves Koyo and Shamisen by Kitagawa Utamaro c1803.png|Geisha playing the shamisen, 1803
File:Brooklyn Museum - Still Life Flowers - Kitagawa Utamaro.jpg|Still life flowers, c. 1802-1806

## References
## Other websites 
* Kitagawa Utamaro Online
* Utamaro
* (from "Collection of Insects in Pictures") 
* Kitagawa Utamaro at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut
Hanamachi

(geiko) hanamachi of Gion, in Kyoto, Japan.]]

A **hanamachi** (花街) is a Japanese word used to call a neighborhood where courtesans and geisha lived and worked. The word's literal meaning is *"flower town"*. These neighborhoods used to have many *okiya* (*geisha houses*) and *ochaya* (*tea houses*, where geishas entertained guests). The term *hanamachi* is used in modern Japan to call the areas where modern-day geisha are still living and working. Today, *hanamachi* are rare outside of Kyoto.
Japanese traditional dance

There are two types of Japanese traditional dance: *Odori*, which was created in the Edo period; and *Mai*, which was created in the western part of Japan. Odori came from *Kabuki* drama, where it is danced by men. Mai derives from *Noh* drama, also danced by men. Today it is usually danced by female dancers, and is mostly done in houses, instead of on stage.

A type of the Mai style of Japanese dance is the *Kyomai* or Kyoto style dance.  Kyomai was created in the 17th century Tokugawa cultural period. Noh drama, music and dance was heavily influenced by the elegance of the s of the Japanese Imperial Court. Kabuki drama, and hence Odori, was a more democratic form, but still (viewed with modern eyes) quite traditional.
Parkour

**Parkour** is an activity in which the goal is to move from one place to another as quickly and efficiently as possible, using the abilities of the human body. Parkour helps to overcome barriers, and is practiced in rural and urban areas. Parkour practitioners are called *traceurs*, or *traceuses* for females.

Founded by David Belle in France, practitioners only use efficient movements to develop their bodies and minds, and to be able to overcome barriers in an emergency. It may also be a form of entertainment or a hobby.

Acrobatics (such as flips and wall flips) are not part of parkour, because of inefficiency in a difficult situation (emergency). Freerunning is the branch of parkour, when such flips are used rather than efficient movement.

In 1988, David Belle was 15 years old. His father Raymond Belle was a great fireman. David was influenced by his father. He left school at the age of 16 and his father helped him to make him stronger. David and his classmates began to create new actions to train themselves. They named it parkour. 

The basic motion of parkour
1. Landing
2. Roll
3. Rolling
4. Swan dive
5. Balance
6. Cat balance
7. Precision one foot take off
8. Precision 2 footed take off
9. Dismount
10. Turn vault
11. Wall run
12. Tic tac
13. Tic tac to precision
14. Crane
15. Moonstep
16. Catleap
17. 180% cat　　
18. Running cat　　
19. Tic tac to cat
20. Monkey vault
21. Kingkong vault　　
22. Double kingkong
23. Diving kingkong
24. Kong precision
25. Kingkong cat　　
26. Dash vault
27. Kingkong dash
28. Lazy vault
29. Speed vault
30. Underbar
31. Lache
32. Hand stand
33. Flag
34.Palmspin　　
35. Wall spin
36. Aerial。
37. Sideflip
38. Backflip
39. Frontflip
40. Star Jumping

Parkour does involve risks but usually the public tends to overestimate those. Football, as well as quite a lot of other sports as well, has a higher injury rate.

## Reference 
## Other websites 
* American Parkour - American parkour and free running community full of information about parkour and how to get started practicing the art
* Parkourpedia of Australian Parkour Association
* Parkour.NET  - International parkour community.
George II of Great Britain

**George II** (George Augustus, 10 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was a British king. He was born in Germany. He was the last British monarch born outside of Great Britain. New British law in the early 1700s allowed that only his father's mother, Sophia of Hanover, and her Protestant children to inherit the British throne. After the deaths of George's grandmother and Queen Anne of Great Britain in 1714, George's father became king of Great Britain as George I. 

He became King of Great Britain and King of Ireland in 1727 after the death of his father. He was also Elector of Hanover. His son, Frederick, Prince of Wales died before him, so Frederick’s son became George III of Great Britain.

George II died of heart problems on the toilet on 25 October 1760.  His body was buried  on 11 November in Westminster Abbey next to his wife, Caroline of Ansbach
Shakuhachi

The  is a Japanese flute which is played vertically (up-down) like a recorder, instead of horizontally (from side to side) like the Western transverse flute. Its name means "1.8 foot", its size. It is traditionally made of bamboo, but ones made of wood or plastic exist today. It was used by the monks of Zen Buddhism in the practice of *suizen* (blowing meditation).

## Related pages
*Flute

## Other websites 
; Shakuhachi info websites
* Archive of articles about the shakuhachi
* Shakuhachi Playing Tips  from Kakizakai Kaoru
* An online calculator for the positioning of the holes while constructing a Shakuhachi - German
* Shakuhachi in Federal Prison
* Open Directory Project - Shakuhachi 
* Shakuhachi playing tips  from Phil Nyokai James
* The Shakuhachi Blog - News & Information 

; Shakuhachi groups websites
* Myspace Shakuhachi Community
* Listing of Shakuhachi Schools and Organizations 
* International Shakuhachi Society
* Shakuhachi Society of British Columbia 
* Seattle Shakuhachi Society
* Australian Shakuhachi Society
* Shakuhachi Mailing List web archive 
* ShakuhachiForum.com &mdash; world shakuhachi discussion
* Shakuhachi Chamber Music International
Li Guang

**Li Guang** (;  ? – 119 BC) born in Tianshui, Gansu, China, was a Chinese general of the Han Dynasty. His father, Li Xin, was a great military leader. Li Guang became a soldier when he was young. As Li Guang fought bravely in the battlefields, he was soon promoted to a general. He killed himself in the year 119 BC.

## Achievements 
Li Guang, renowned for his leadership during the Western Han dynasty, was a stalwart military commander whose loyalty to his subordinates was unwavering. During the reign of Emperor Jing (157-141 BCE), Li Guang's merit ascended steadily. He rose to prominence as Commander-in-chief of Longxi, assuming the mantle of leadership as the head of the gentlemen of cavalry and Commandant of the imperial guard. Successively, he governed various commanderies as their appointed governor, showcasing his administrative prowess and dedication to imperial service. He fought mainly against the Xiongnu people which were located  to the north of Han China.

Under the reign of Emperor Wu (141-87 BCE), Li Guang's influence continued to burgeon. He was appointed Chamberlain for the Palace Garrison, entrusted with the safeguarding of the imperial residence. His military acumen led to his elevation as General of the imperial guard, a position of paramount importance in ensuring the security of the realm. Additionally, he assumed the mantle of governorship over Youbeiping, a strategic border region crucial for maintaining stability in the vicinity of modern Beijing. Through these appointments, Li Guang's legacy as a trusted guardian of the Han dynasty flourished. Through trials and triumphs, he stood by his soldiers, earning their respect and camaraderie. His prowess in archery was unmatched, a skill that bolstered his reputation and secured victories on the battlefield. His bravery and strategic acumen made him a formidable opponent, striking fear into the hearts of Hun adversaries who dubbed him the "Flying General."

Despite his military successes, Li Guang found himself marginalized by the court's bureaucrats, his contributions often overlooked or overshadowed. This neglect and disillusionment weighed heavily upon him, ultimately leading to his demise amidst a tide of sorrow and regret.

## References
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea

The **Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea** is a London borough, west of central London. Notting Hill is in North Kensington.

The borough includes several districts in the west of London; before 1965 the two boroughs of Kensington and Chelsea were separately administered.
London Borough of Enfield

The **London Borough of Enfield** is the northernmost London borough. It is controlled by the Labour party. It is an area with people from many countries and cultures in it.
Mandy Moore

**Amanda Leigh Moore**, known as **Mandy Moore** (born April 10, 1984) is an American actress and pop singer-songwriter. She was born in Nashua, New Hampshire and grew up in Longwood, Florida, outside of Orlando. She has been active since the late 1990s. She is known for the voice of Sheriff Callie in ''Sheriff Callie's Wild West*, Bingo in *Rivit Monsters*, Polana in *Trolls: The Beat Goes On!* and *Trolls: TrollsTopia* and Courtney in the *Family Guy* episode *No Giggity, No Doubt*, Rapunzel in Sofia the First and Tangled: The Series, Mara in Tron: Uprising, Tabitha Vixx in The Simpsons. 

Moore is also a cast member of the 2016 American dramedy series *This Is Us''.

And she's also the Theme song singer of: ''Sheriff Callie's Wild West*.

## Career
She also sings the Theme song of the show *Sheriff Callie's Wild West

## Discography
**Studio albums**
* *So Real* (1999)
* *Mandy Moore* (2001)
* *Coverage* (2003)
* *Wild Hope* (2007)
* *Amanda Leigh* (2009)
* *Silver Landings* (2020)
* *In Real Life* (2022)

## Filmography
| 2014–2017
|''Sheriff Callie's Wild West''
| Sheriff Callie
| Voice, main role

## References
## Other websites 
*
Nitrogen cycle

The **nitrogen cycle** is the way that nitrogen in nature is changed into many different forms that are used by living organism[s]. 

Air is about 78% nitrogen. Nitrogen chemicals are needed for life. Nitrogen is a necessary part of proteins, DNA, and RNA. In plants, nitrogen is needed for photosynthesis and growth.  However, living things cannot use the elemental nitrogen in the air for these things. Nitrogen fixation is needed to change the nitrogen in air (N2) into forms that can be used by life. Most nitrogen fixation is done by microorganisms called bacteria. These bacteria have an enzyme that combines N2 with hydrogen gas (H2) to make ammonia (NH3).                                                                                                                 

Some of these bacteria live in the roots of plants (mostly legumes). In these roots, they make ammonia for the plant and the plant gives them carbohydrates. Other plants take nitrogen compounds out of the soil through their roots. All nitrogen in animals comes from eating plants.

Ammonium (NH4) in soil is made by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and decomposers, bacteria and fungi that break down dead life into its parts. This process is called *ammonification*. Ammonium has a positive charge. It easily joins to clay and humus in the soil. Ammonia and ammonium are poisonous to fish and other animals. Sewage and other waste-water is regularly measured because of this. If ammonia levels are too high, *nitrification* must happen. 

Nitrification is the oxidation of ammonia and ammonium to nitrite (NO2−) and then to nitrate (NO3−) by bacteria. Because nitrite and nitrate have a negative charge they do not easily join to soil and will wash out of the soil during rain and irrigation.  High nitrate levels in drinking water are harmful for babies and can cause blue-baby syndrome.   High nitrate levels can also cause too much algae growth in lakes and pools.  This eutrophication can be harmful to fish and other water animals.  The use of fertilizers is controlled because of this. 

Where there is no oxygen, some bacteria will make nitrate into nitrogen gas (N2) to extract energy. This starts the nitrogen cycle over again. This process is called *denitrification*.

## References
Sacha Baron Cohen

**Sacha Noam Baron Cohen ** (born 13 October 1971) is an English comedian, writer and actor. He was born in Hammersmith in London.

In 2021, Cohen was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Abbie Hoffman in *The Trial of the Chicago 7*.

## Career
He made a television series called Da Ali G Show, in the series he had three characters:
* **Ali G** - An English "wannabe" (someone who wants to be something they are not) rapper.
* **Borat Sagdiyev** - A news reporter from Kazakhstan, often uses phrases in the movie that are not "real Kazakh," but are intended to be such. Some of these phrases are; "very nice" and "woo woo wiwa" Borat likes to make fun of Jews and is a very talented song writer. His most famous song is called "In My Country there is Problem" (often called "Throw the Jew Down the Well") The lyrics for "In My Country there is Problem" can be found below:                            Lyrics:                                                                                                                                                                              In my country there is problem, And that problem is transport. It take very very long, Because Kazakhstan is big. Chorus 1 Throw transport down the well (repeat line) So my country can be free (repeat line) We must make travel easy (repeat line) Then we?ll have a big party (repeat line) Verse 2 In my country there is problem And that problem is the Jew They take everybody money And they never give it back Chorus 2 Throw the jew down the well (repeat line) So my country can be free (repeat line) You must grab him by his horns (repeat line) Then we have a big party (repeat line) Verse 3 If you see the Jew coming You must be carefull of his teeth You must grab him by his money And I tell you what to do (Repeat Chorus 2 twice)
* **Bruno** - A gay fashion reporter from Austria.

He also made a movie about the character Borat called *Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan*. This movie made Cohen an international celebrity.

In 2009 he made a movie about Bruno called *Brüno*. The movie about Borat made about $26.4 million in its debut.

In 2012 Cohen played Thénardier in *Les Misérables*.

In 2012, Cohen made a movie called *The Dictator* in which he played Admiral General Aladeen.

## Personal life
Cohen became engaged to Isla Fisher in 2004. The couple married in 2010. They have two daughters and a son. Cohen is Jewish.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Sacha Baron Cohen audio interview with NPR's Robert Siegel
* Official Borat Homesite 
* Yahoo biography
* Sacha Baron Cohen's characters video collection 
* 'Borat' Earns Glorious $26.4M in Debut
Kali Yuga

]]

In Hinduism, **Kali Yuga** (Devanāgarī: , lit. "Age of Kali", "age of vice"), is one of the four stages or yugas that the world goes through. Traditionally, most Hindus believe that the Kali Yuga is 432,000 years long. Kali Yuga, in Punjabi known as Kalyug, is also recognized and stated in Sikhism.

## References 
## Other websites 
* On the Golden period of 10,000 years in current Kali Yuga
* Future History of the World - description of the features of Kali Yuga
* Comparison of Hindu and Christian end-of-world prophecies
* Story of the Kali Yuga 'taking up residence' at beginning of the current age 
* Kali Yuga and the Precession of the Equinoxes
Nymphaeaceae

In botany, **Nymphaeaceae** is the name of a family of plants which grow in water. The family is also called *water-lily family*.

Their flowers suggest they are one of the earliest groups of angiosperms. Modern genetic analyses by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group researchers has confirmed its basal position among flowering plants. 

Also, the Nymphaeaceae are more diverse and wdespread than other basal angiosperms. Nymphaeaceae is in the order Nymphaeales. According to the most widely accepted flowering plant classification system, this is the second diverging group of angiosperms after *Amborella*.

## References
Nelumbo

***Nelumbo*** is a genus of water plants which are also known as lotus.  Lotus flowers are large – up to 20&nbsp;cm (8 inches) across – and they smell sweet.

The Sacred lotus of Asia has pink flowers. The American lotus has yellow flowers.

In India the lotus is considered a symbol of purity

The lotus flowers grow over the water. Lotus leaves often float on top of the water. The roots of lotus plants are in the mud (wet dirt) under the water. Every part of every plant must have air for respiration (breathing). Air spaces in the stems and roots make the lotus able to live and respire under water.

People can eat lotus roots and seeds. Cattle (cows) like to eat the leaves and flowers.

Lotuses look rather like water lilies from the Nymphaeaceae family.  It is the "National flower" of both India and Vietnam and also the "Provincial flower" of Sindh province, Pakistan. 

## Species 
* *Nelumbo lutea* Willd. – American lotus
* *Nelumbo nucifera* Gaertn. – sacred lotus
* †*Nelumbo aureavallis* Hickey
Miko

wedding ceremony.]]
 are women in the service of Shinto shrines. The translation of *Miko* is "Woman of God" (chosen by, or totally devoted to, the gods), but the closest meaning is *"shrine maiden"*. In Shinto, there are priestesses; but Miko are not priestesses, because they have less authority. However, they can act as priestesses if needed. They usually help Shintoist priests.

## Other websites 
*Odamachi:Miko, Shinto Shrine Maidens
Mineko Iwasaki

, born **Masako Tanaka** on November 2, 1949 in Kyoto, was Japan's number one  *geiko* (geisha) until she retired at the age of 29. She entertained many important people when they visited Japan, like Queen Elizabeth and Prince Charles. She retired because she was tired of the profession, and wanted to start a family.

Author Arthur Golden did an interview to her and used her as inspiration for his book *Memoirs of a Geisha*, that was later made a movie. Iwasaki later said that the book was full of lies, and that nothing that Golden said ever happened to her. She put a lawsuit against Golden for this, and they solved it out of court in 2003. After the publication of *Memoirs of a Geisha*, Iwasaki wrote her autobiography, *Geisha, A Life*.

## Related pages
* Geisha
* Kyoto

## Other websites
*"Q & A: Remaking a Memoir" (interview by Tamara Wieder, from *The Boston Phoenix*, October 10-17, 2002)
List of English districts by population

This is a list of districts in England by population. The districts at the top have the biggest population and the districts at the bottom have a smaller number of people.

## Over 300,000
## 250,000 to 300,000
## 200,000 to 250,000
## 150,000 to 200,000
## 125,000 to 150,000
## 100,000 to 125,000
## 75,000 to 100,000
## 50,000 to 75,000
## 25,000 to 50,000
## Below 25,000
Ugly Betty

***Ugly Betty*** is a Golden Globe- and Peabody Award-winning American comedy-drama television series. It stars America Ferrera, Vanessa Williams, and Eric Mabius. It premiered on September 28, 2006, on ABC in the United States. The series follows the life of Betty Suarez (Ferrera), and her incongruous job at the ultra-chic New York City fashion magazine *"Mode"*. Betty's status as a "fish out of water" drives much of the plot. Ugly Betty ended on April 14, 2010 after low ratings during season 4.

## Seasons
**USA TV ratings**

Based on average total viewers per episode of *Ugly Betty* on ABC:

## In popular culture 
Since the show's debut, the main characters have become the latest fixures in the lexicon of pop media culture. They have already had parodies, news media stories and art-imitating-life situations, as well as recognition from the United States Congress itself.

## References 
## Other websites
* Bettysuarez.com Betty's "personal site"
* 
* 
* Bettyalamode.com  *Ugly Betty* Fansite
* *Ugly Betty* Italia  The first Italian site about *Ugly Betty*
* *Ugly Betty* UK A UK *Ugly Betty* Blog
Matsya

Hindus believe that the Matsya was the first important avatar of Vishnu in Dashavatar.

As the Matsya avatar, Vishnu took the form of a big fish. Sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. There is a story about this in Hindu scriptures. The story tells about a demon (an asura). That asura was very wicked. He snatched the Vedas, the holy books of the Hindus, and went deep inside the sea. At this point, Vishnu changed his form. He became a *matsya*, that is, a fish. He entered the sea and brought back the Vedas. He gave the Vedas to Manu. The Hindu scriptures say that Manu was the first man in the world. He may be compared with Noah or Adam.
Squash

**Squash** may refer to: 
* Squash (plant), the fruit
* Squash (sport), an indoor racket sport
** Squash tennis, a similar game but played with equipment related more to that of tennis
** *Squash* (2002 movie), an Academy Award-nominated short movie about a squash game
* Squash (drink), a drink made of concentrated fruit syrup or fructose
* Squash (professional wrestling), an extremely one-sided match in professional wrestling
* SquashFS, a read-only file system
Manu (Hinduism)

**Manu** is a term found in Hinduism. 

It has various meanings in different mythologies. In early texts, it refers to the archetypal man, or to the first man on Earth.
Narasimha

of Narasimha]]
In Hinduism, Narasimha is regarded as the fourth avatara of Vishnu in Dashavatara. In this form, Vishnu had the body of a human, but he had a head of a lion. This avatara of Vishnu is also a symbol of great strength and power. 

The Hindu scriptures tell this story about Narashimha. There was a demon (a *daitya*) named Hiranyakashipu. He was against all gods and goddesses. But, his son named Prahlada used to worship the god Vishnu. Hiranyakashipu was not happy at his son and wanted to burn him to death. Hiranyakashipu also wanted to kill everyone who worshipped the gods and goddesses and make everyone worship him instead. Vishnu became Narasimha, and protected Prahlada and other people who worshipped the gods and goddesses by stopping Hiranyakashipu. Brahma had granted Hiranyakashipu a boon that kept him safe so that he could not be killed by a human, animal, deva. He also could not be killed in the morning or night, or inside or outside of his palace. This made Hiranyakashipu believe that no one could kill him. When he wanted to kill his son for worshiping Vishnu, Vishnu came to earth incarnated as a half-human, half-lion animal (neither human animal nor non-human being). This way, Vishnu killed Hiranyakashipu by disimboweling him to death in the twilight (neither morning, nor night) time on that day and sitting on the porch of the palace (neither inside, nor outside), without disrupting the boon given to him by Brahma. Lakshmi, Sarasvati, Shiva, Parvati, Indra, Shachi, all the total other gods, all the total other goddesses celebrated this. Now, Narasimha Jayanti is celebrated across the world.
Shinto shrine

is a gate that leads to a jinja. This one is in the sea near Itsukushima Shrine.]]
A **Shinto shrine** is a sacred place or site where people worship in the Shinto religion. Many Shinto shrines have buildings, gates, and natural areas such as forests and rivers around them. The usual Japanese word for a Shinto shrine is .

## Related pages
*Ichinomiya
*Japanese mythology
*Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines

## References
## Other websites
* Shinto Rites & Procedures - How to perform Shinto rites.
* omiyasan.com in Japanese.
Prahlada

of Prahlada]]
**Prahlada** (), in Hinduism, was a prince deeply devoted to Vishnu. His father, Hiranyakashipu, was a powerful demon who wanted his son to worship him instead of Vishnu. But Prahlada refused and continued to worship Vishnu.

Due to this, Hiranyakashipu tried to kill Prahlada many times, but Vishnu always protected him. Finally, Vishnu appeared in his Narasimha avatar, a half-man, half-lion form, and killed Hiranyakashipu.

## References
Yuga

:*This article is about the Yugas in Hinduism. For the Indian meditation exercise, go to Yoga.*

Hindus believe that there are periods of time called **yugas** ("ages" or "eras"): Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga. When Kali Yuga ends, a new Satya Yuga begins.

# **Satya Yuga** (also called **Krita Yuga**) is the first age, which lasts for 1,728,000 years. It is "the age of truth" or "Golden Age", when all humans are good and very religious. They are ruled by gods and live for many centuries.
# **Treta Yuga** is the second age, which lasts for 1,296,000 years. During the last Treta Yuga, god Vishnu's avatars Vamana, Parashurama, and Ramachandra were born. The Indian epic legend *Ramayana* is set in that period.
# **Dvapara Yuga** is the third age, which lasts for 864,000 years, when humans are still religious but their lives are much shorter. The last Dvapara Yuga ended with the death of Krishna and *Mahabharata* is set in its final years.
# **Kali Yuga** is the fourth and final age, which lasts for 432,000 years. It is the "dark age" when humans lose their spirituality and are abandoned by gods. Hindus believe that we currently live in a Kali Yuga.

## Related pages
* Ages of Man
* Five Suns

## Other websites 
* The Hindu concept of Time
* Vedic Age of the Universe
Squash (plant)

**Squashes** are a kind of vegetable. They are originally from the Americas. Gourds are in the same family as squashes. Pumpkins and zucchini (courgette) are types of squashes.  Although squash is a fruit according to its botanical classification, it is generally considered a vegetable in food preparation. A squash can grow up to fifteen feet tall.

## Word origin 
The English word "squash" comes from askutasquash (which means "a green thing eaten raw"). This is a word from the Narragansett language, which was documented by Roger Williams in his 1643 publication *A Key Into the Language of America*. There are similar words for squash in related languages of the Algonquian family such as Massachusett.

## Squash and art 
The squash has been an important crop in the Andes mountains since the pre-Columbian Era. The Moche culture from Northern Peru made ceramics from earth, water, and fire. This pottery was used to represent important themes. Squash are a popular shape in Moche ceramics.

## Images

Image:Beige squashes DSC01081.jpg|Squashes grow hanging from a network of stalks
Image:Femalesquash3747.JPG|Longitudinal section of female flower of squash (courgette), showing ovary, ovules, pistil, and petals
Image:Squashes.jpg|Various squashes such as Turban, Sweet Dumpling, Carnival, Gold Acorn, Delicata, Buttercup and Golden Nugget.

## References
## Other websites 
* Squash Display at Missouri Botanical Garden - Pics of 150 varieties from The Great Pumpkin Patch, Arthur, IL
* Big-Pumpkins.de  This is a very informative site for the new as well as experienced giant pumpkin (Riesenkürbis) and squash grower aimed towards the German speaking audience, though all growers are welcome.
* The Great Squash Cook-off  - Recipe contest for winter squash in Brooklyn, NY
Vamana

Hindus believe that Vishnu has many important avatars. The Vamana avatar was the fifth avatar of Vishnu. In this avatar, Vishnu was in the form of a human.Vamana avatar is basically in the form of a bramhin(a caste in hinduism which is responsible for ancient spiritual, cultural, educational activitiesand the highest in the Varnas) was taken for a demon king 'Bali'. Lord Vishnu in this avatar asked Bali to offer him 'three feet land' as a form of offering a king offered to a brahmin as a 

goodwill during ancient times in hindu culture. The story goes when king Bali captured the Adobe of hindu demigods and caused them a fierce battle. 'Aditi' - the mother figure of demigods in hinduism prayed to Lord Vishnu and pleased by her prayers, Lord Vishnu appeared and assured her  a boon. In a thought of revenge , she wished that may Bali loose his whole wealth and power." 
Lord Vamana (lord Vishnu) when asked Bali for three feet land then Bali laughed and said "Brahamandeva (O Brahmin) you might have asked many luxurious things from me as dakshina but you asked such a menial thing of land of a three feet quantity?" After which Lord Vamana grew so large in size as his one feet could cover whole Earth and other whole heaven! That means, whole land property of Bali was under control of lord Vamana. As per Bali's oath, there was no more land to donate and one feet of lord was remaining. Bali asked lord about who is greater, the thing or who gives the thing? Lord answer was the donar or giver of the thing is greater than the thing. Then king Bali asked the Lord to keep his third feet on his (Bali) head! Pleased by this act of Bali lord promised him the rule of 'Patal' (the underEarth) and promised to protect Bali and his kingdom and slay whosoever disobeys Bali in patal. 
It is believed that for 3 day during 'savan'or rainy season , king Bali returns to Earth. These three days are celebrated as Onam in Indian state of 'kerala'. During this festival , the idols of lord Vishnu and king bali are made out of rice and worshiped. A famous boat race is also organised across kerala in honour of king Bali. The people from every faith in kerala celebrate this feast. It is a regional festival of Keralites.
Kippah

A **kippah** (Hebrew) or **yarmulke** (Yiddish) is a small cloth cap worn by Jews. 
Traditionally it was worn only by men, but in modern times the push for equality between the sexes in the practice of Judaism has led some women to wear yarmulkes. Some Jews only wear yarmulkes while praying; others wear yarmulkes the entire day, making sure not to walk more than four cubits without head covering (especially outside).
The basis for wearing a head covering is a story in the Talmud (tractate Shabbat).

 from the Harry S. Truman collection]] 

Often, the color and fabric of the *yarmulke* can be a sign of adherence to a specific religious movement. The Israeli National Religious community is often referred to by the name *kipot srugot* כיפות סרוגות, literally "woven yarmulkes". Similarly, some Haredi sects are referred to by the name *kipot shkhorot* כיפות שחורות, which means’s 

"black yarmulkes".

## Etymology 
The etymology of *yarmulke* is unclear. Linguists (e.g. Max Vasmer) maintain that the Yiddish word is derived (via Russian or Polish) from the Turkic '''', meaning 'raincoat'.

Traditionally, *yarmulke* is considered to have originated from the Aramaic phrase "''''" (in awe of the Lord), in keeping with the principle that the yarmulke is supposed to reflect someone's fear of heaven. Or perhaps, "*yira malkah*" (fear of the King).
Judeo-Arabic dialects

**Judeo-Arabic languages** are a collection of Arabic language dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries.  Just as with the rest of the Arab world, Arabic-speaking Jews had different dialects for the different regions where they lived.  Most Judæo-Arabic dialects were written in modified forms of the Hebrew alphabet, often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.

In retaliation for 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jews in Arab countries became subject to increasingly insufferable discrimination and violence, causing virtually all of them to flee en masse to Israel.  Their dialects of Arabic did not thrive in Israel, and most became extinct, replaced by the Modern Hebrew language.

In the Middle Ages, Jews in the Islamic diaspora spoke a dialect of Arabic, which they wrote in a mildly adapted Hebrew script  (rather than using Arabic script).

This phenomenon is called **Judaeo-Arabic** and may be compared to both Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) and Yiddish (Judaeo-German).

Some of the most important books of medieval Jewish though were originally written in Judaeo-Arabic, as well as certain halakhic works and biblical commentary.  Only later were they translated into medieval scientific Hebrew so that they could be read by the Ashkenazic Jews of Europe.  These include:

* Saadia Gaon's *Emunot ve-Deot*, his *Tafsir* (biblical commentary and translation), and his *siddur* (the explanatory parts, not the prayers themselves)
* Solomon ibn Gabirol's *Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh*
* Bahya ibn Pakuda's *Hovot ha-Levavot*
* Judah Halevi's *Kuzari*
* Maimonides' *Commentary on the Mishnah*, *Sefer ha-Mitzvot*, *Guide to the Perplexed*, and many of his letters and shorter essays.

## References
List of English districts by area

This is a list of districts of England by size. The biggest are first and smallest are at the end.

## Over 1,000 km²
## 100 - 1,000 km²
## 10 - 100 km²
## Less than 10 km²
The Clangers

***The Clangers*** is a British children's television series. The first episode was broadcast on the BBC One from November 16, 1969 to October 10, 1974 in the original series and on CBeebies from June 15, 2015 to March 11, 2020. The series is about a family of aliens who live under the surface of the Moon in caves. They looked like small, pink, knitted mice. Other characters include the Froglets and The Soup Dragon, a dragon that gives out soup. The family uses a US flag as a table cloth.

## Other websites 
**The Clangers* at bbc.co.uk
*A copy of the moon landing hoax parody 
*Link to Clive Banks interview with Oliver Postgate about Election Special
*British Film Institute Screen Online
*Knit your own Clanger
*A short clip from *Vote for Froglet* at bbc.co.uk
Wild boar

The **wild boar** (*Sus scrofa*) belongs to the family of the real pig (Suidae) from the order of artiodactyls. They live today in almost every part of the world, even many countries that are not their natural habitats.

The wild boar is native to Eurasia and North Africa. Wild boars are omnivorous and easily  to changes. They were hunted in Europe from long ago for many of their body parts, and were shown in the mythology of many ancient civilizations. Greek, Phoenician, and Persian mythology showed them as fierce, sometimes evil, while others showed them as brave, powerful animals. Again, others saw them as parasitic. Even today many people see wild boars very differently.

The hair of the boar was often used when making the toothbrush until the 1930s. The hair for the bristles usually came from the neck area of the boar. The brushes were popular because the bristles were soft. However, this was not the best material for oral hygiene because the hairs dried slowly and usually held bacteria.

## Appearance 
The body of the wild boar, when seen from the side, often looks very big. This impression is partly because, compared to the large body mass, the legs of the wild boar are short and do not look very strong. The wild boar's head is very large. Its eyes are high up on the head, while the ears are small with bristles around it. Its tail can move very quickly, and the wild boar often uses it to show when his mood. If seen from the front, the body looks quite narrow. The wild boar has 44 teeth in its jaw, which helps its strong bite. The male and the female wild boars' snout shapes are different.

## Piglets 
]]
A wild boar usually gives birth to about 4 – 6 piglets at a time. Piglets weigh from about 750 – 1000g when they are first born. They are fully weaned after 3 – 4 months. They begin eating solid foods such as worms and grubs after about 2 weeks.

## In culture 
Wild boar appears in European culture as symbol of warrior virtues. It also appears in Greek, Norse mythologies, vaishnavism, hinduism. 

* Erymanthian Boar
* Hildisvini 
* Sæhrímnir
* Varaha
* Kalki

## References 
## Further reading 
* "Hunt goes on to find missing boar" (from BBC News)

## Other websites
* Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) photos
* Scoring system, official rules and category links
1 E7 m²

**1 E7 m²** is a term used to group together areas of similar size. It is used for places that are between 10 km² (1,000 hectares) and 100&nbsp;km² (10,000 hectares) in area. The term is based from the scientific notation for 1 x 107m².
* 10&nbsp;km² is equal to:
** 1 E+7 m² or 107 m²
** 3.86 square miles
** 1,000 hectares
** 2,471 acres

## Examples of locations
* 10.1&nbsp;km² — Long Beach, New York
* 10.2&nbsp;km² – Radford, Virginia
* 12&nbsp;km² – Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
* 12.48&nbsp;km² – Chek Lap Kok, the site of Hong Kong International Airport
* 15&nbsp;km² – Beverly Hills, California
* 21&nbsp;km² – Nauru
* 21.6&nbsp;km² – Abingdon, Virginia, United States
* 26 km2 – Tuvalu
* 28.6&nbsp;km² – Macau
* 30&nbsp;km² – Hayling Island
* 38.55&nbsp;km² – City of Manila, Philippines
* 47&nbsp;km² – Pelee Island, largest island in Lake Erie
* 48.7&nbsp;km² – Lake Lugano, Switzerland/Italy
* 51.8&nbsp;km² – Manhattan
* 53.3&nbsp;km² – Bermuda
* 61&nbsp;km² – Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
* 61&nbsp;km² – San Marino
* 70&nbsp;km² – Amherst Island, largest island in Lake Ontario
* 75&nbsp;km² – Arapawa Island, Marlborough, New Zealand
* 81.7&nbsp;km² – Huntington Beach, California
* 83.2&nbsp;km² – Formentera Island, Spain
* 88&nbsp;km² – Saint Martin island
* 92&nbsp;km² – Waiheke Island, Auckland, New Zealand
* 95&nbsp;km² – Skopelos Island, Greece

## Related pages
* Areas smaller than 10 km²
* Areas larger than 100 km²
London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham

The **London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham** is a London borough in West London but is part of an area called Inner London. House prices are more expensive than most parts of England. The borough has three famous football teams: Fulham F.C., Queens Park Rangers F.C. and Chelsea F.C.
Libra (astrology)

**Libra** is an astrological sign,  related to the constellation Libra, in the Southern Hemisphere near Scorpius and Virgo. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun meets Libra from September 23 to October 23, and in the sidereal zodiac, it ends on November 15. Libra, (The Scales of Balance), is the only symbol of the zodiac that is inanimate (it is not represented by an animal or person). The opposite sign to Libra is Aries.

The  month in the Babylonian calendar is *Tišritum*, made for Shamash (the Sun).

## Symbol
Libra's symbol, like the scales, is the only symbol in the zodiac that is not represented by an animal or person.

## Mythology 
In mythology  a Libra is related to the Greek Goddess of love, Aphrodite, the Greek mythology 
Libra is also related to the Greco-Roman goddess Aphrodite/Venus and sometimes also the goddesses Eris/Discordia & Harmonia/Concordia,Dike, Themis, Hera/Juno, Ishtar, Freyja, Persephone, Frigg and Forsetti the god Xolotl.

## Traditional relationships with Libra 
*Birthstone = Opal, Tourmaline, Philosopher
*Colors =  Sea Blue, Pale Green, Pink, Lavender
*Gemstones = Lapis, Tourmaline, Aventurine
*Metal = Silver, Platinum, Steel, Gold

## Libra People 
*Kamala Harris - politician
*Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez - politician
*Karyn Parsons- Actress, Model
*Toni Braxton - singer, model
* Park Jimin - Singer
* Will Smith - Actor, musician
* Doja Cat - Musician
* Crystal Renee Hayslett- Actress
* Serena Williams, athlete, model, actress
* Terri J. Vaughn - actress, model
*James Earl Carter - thirty-ninth president of the United States of America
*Al Capp - cartoonist
*Michael Douglas - actor, movie producer
*Mahatma Gandhi - activist, pacifist, philosopher
*Bob Geldof - musician, humanitarian
*Julio Iglesias - singer
*Margot Kidder - actress
*Kate Winslet - English Actress 
*Groucho Marx - comedian, filmmaker
*Roger Moore - actor
*Eleanor Roosevelt - politician
*Bashar Rahal - actor,producer
*Susan Sarandon - actress
*Bobby Seale - activist
*Dmitri Shostakovich - composer
*Desmond Tutu - cleric, activist
*Sting - musician
*Captain Row Robinson - New Zealand Maori Chief and Fisherman
*Truman Capote - Novelist, Playwright, Story Writer
*Crystal Sinclair
*Dustin Dukes
* Ne-Yo - Musician
* Zac Efron - Actor
* Marina Diamandis - Singer/Songwriter
* Eminem - Rapper
*Park Jimin- South Korean singer
*Cardi B-Rapper
*Lil Wayne-Rapper
*Kim Kardashian-socialite
*Usher-R&B singer
*Hilary Duff-Disney actress and singer 
*Dakota Johnson - Actress
*Alicia Silverstone - Actress
*Josh Hutcherson - Actor

## References
Parashurama

Hindus believe that Lord Vishnu has many important Avatars (incarnations). **Parashurama**, also known as Parashuram Avatar, was the sixth important avatar of Lord Vishnu. In this avatar, Lord Vishnu was in the form of a human. He came to Earth to stop Chakravarti Samrat Karthaveerya Arjuna as he had become evil due to his ego and non-humanity, as he was very powerful and had the boon of being the embodiment of the Sudarshan Chakra, the gods weren't able to defeat him and all the kshatriyas had become evil under him. Parashurama was the son of sage Jamadagni, one of the Saptarishis (or Saptarshis) and a sage who was known for his temper. It is believed that Parashurama was Chiranjeevi, meaning immortal. He was a great devotee of Lord Shiva. Parshurama's mother, Renuka Devi was born of a Kshatriya but she became a Brahmin afterwards (this was before the castes or varna were decided by birth). 

Parashurama was born as Ramabhadra of the Bhargava Clan (headed by Bhrigu, one of the Manvantaras of Lord Brahma). He later gained the name of Parashurama when he obtained Mahakaal's Parashu (axe weapon) and lead the Devas to victory against the Asuras in a war in which the Devas were losing.  

Parashurama was the first Brahmakshatriya (both a Brahmin sage and a Kshatriya warrior) and probably the only one. He could cleave his mind into two parts, one who would fight in battle and other would conduct a yagna in the shared mind.  

He also played a vital role in Mahabharata, teaching Bheeshma, Dronacharya and Karna the art of war and weaponry and fought against Bheeshma to fulfil Amba's request to kill Bheeshma, though he failed to do so.     

Parashuram also had a disciple, Akritavrana (literally meaning "no injuries"). He also contained an amsha (part) of Mahavishnu in the form of a Agya Chakra on his forehead between his eyebrows. 

One of the interesting things about Parashurama was that, unlike the other Avatars of Lord Mahavishnu, he was not born an Avatar but instead, became an Avatar after he was born. This happened when he sparked the Amsha of Lord Mahavishnu inside him. He also had the blessings of the gods after he helped them win the Deva-Asura war, the blessings of Devi Chinnamasta, Bhadrakali, Shiva, Vishnu, Avadhuta Dattatreya and so on. 

He was a master of weapons and especially the Parashu and the bow he wields. His conch's name is Amritajit. Since he is immortal, he is believed to teach the art of weaponry and war to Kalki, the last Avatar of Lord Mahavishnu in this cycle who will end this cycle, ushering in a new era.