open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Adam Sapieha

**Adam Stefan Sapieha** (14 May 1867 – 23 July 1951) was a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Kraków from 1925 until his death in 1951 and was made a cardinal in 1946 by Pope Pius XII.

## Early life and education 
Adam Stefan Sapieha was born in Krasiczyn, Poland. He studied at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome and was ordained a priest on 1 October 1893 by Bishop Jan Puzyna.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Sapieha was consecrated a bishop on 17 December 1911 by Pope Pius X. He initially served as Bishop of Kraków and later became the Archbishop of Kraków in 1925. During World War II, he was a strong leader of the Polish church, providing support and shelter to those persecuted by the Nazis. His efforts earned him the nickname "Unbroken Prince."

## Cardinalate 
On 18 February 1946, Sapieha was created a cardinal by Pope Pius XII. He was given the titular church of Santa Maria Nuova.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Adam Stefan Sapieha at Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Sclerotinia

The fungus Sclerotinia spp. is commonly found in crop fields and farms due to its pathogenic behaviour. 

## Life Cycle 
Sclerotinia spp. commonly form sclerotia, which are found in the soil, usually only up to 15 cm deep, and are hard masses of mycelium. For sclerotia, pH, temperature and moisture of the soil has little to no importance when it comes to sclerotia.

During the right season and when the temperature and moisture is right, sclerotia form apothecia. Which then leads to the creation of ascopores in the environment.

Then such ascopores infect leaves, stems and various parts of the crop, impeding the transportation of nutrients through the plant, and decomposing it.

### Moisture and Temperature 
Moisture tension and temperature interact to affect apothecial production. Apothecia and ascopores are produced from sclerotia if the top 2-3 cm of the soil is maintained saturated.

## References
Józef Glemp

**Józef Glemp** (18 December 1929 – 23 January 2013) was a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Archbishop of Warsaw and the Primate of Poland from 1981 to 2009.

## Early life and education 
Józef Glemp was born in Inowrocław, Poland. He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome and was ordained a priest on 25 May 1956 by Stefan Wyszyński.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Glemp was consecrated a bishop on 21 April 1979 by Cardinal Wyszyński. In 1981, he was appointed the Archbishop of Warsaw and the Primate of Poland, succeeding Stefan Wyszyński. He was made a cardinal by Pope John Paul II on 2 February 1983.

## Cardinalate 
As a cardinal, Glemp played a significant role in the Polish church during the latter years of the People's Republic of Poland. He was involved in the church's interactions with the Communist government and later with the transition to democracy. He also held the title of Archbishop of Gniezno until 1992, when the archdioceses of Warsaw and Gniezno were separated.

## Legacy 
Cardinal Glemp was known for his cautious and pragmatic approach during a period of significant political change in Poland. His leadership helped maintain the church's influence in Polish society. He passed away on 23 January 2013 in Warsaw and is buried in St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Józef Glemp at Catholic-Hierarchy.org
143 (Katy Perry album)

***143*** (pronounced "one four three") is the seventh studio album by American singer Katy Perry. It was released September 20, 2024, through Capitol Records. To make it a "dance party"-themed album, Perry collaborated with producers Max Martin, Dr. Luke, and Stargate, who have produced some of her previous songs, and she also worked with producers Vaughn Oliver and Rocco Did It Again! for the first time.

The album received generally negative reviews from music critics, averaging 34 out of 100 on Metacritic, marking "generally unfavorable reviews." Reviewers have mentioned Perry's involvement with Dr. Luke, despite his allegations of assault by fellow singer Kesha.

On December 20, 2024, Perry released the deluxe version of the album, called ***1432***. It contains four bonus tracks.

## Track listing 
Credits taken from Target exclusive CD liner booklet.

**Notes and samples**
* "I'm His, He's Mine" contains samples from "Gypsy Woman", written by Neal Conway and Crystal Waters.
* "Crush" contains samples from "My Heart Goes Boom (La Di Da Da)", written by Barbara Alcindor, Torsten Dreyer and Karsten Dreyer.
## Personnel 
Credits adapted from the *1432* edition track listing.

### Musicians
* Katy Perry – vocals
* Łukasz Gottwald – background vocals (tracks 1, 2, 12–14)
* Chloe Angelides – background vocals (tracks 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13)
* 21 Savage – vocals (track 2)
* Kim Petras – vocals (track 3)
* Doechii – vocals (track 4)
* JID – vocals (track 9)
* KBeazy – background vocals (track 9)
* Leah Gjerde Drabløs – background vocals (track 11)
* Tius Luka Sundberg – background vocals (track 11)
* Knut-Ingolf Brenna – guitars (track 11)
* Cirkut – programming, synthesizers (track 11)
* Stargate – programming, synthesizers (track 11)
* Kent Sundberg – choir programming (track 11)
* Cato Sundberg – synthesizer programming (track 11)
* Thomas Andersson Drabløs – additional synthesizers (track 11)
* Kalani Thompson – background vocals (tracks 12, 13)
* Rocco Valdes – background vocals (tracks 12, 13)
* Ryan Ogren – background vocals (track 12)
* Daisy Dove Bloom – additional vocals (track 13)

### Technical
* Dale Becker – mastering
* Serban Ghenea – mixing
* Kalani Thompson – engineering, vocal production (tracks 1–10, 13–15)
* Tyler Sheppard – engineering (tracks 1–10, 13–15)
* Clint Gibbs – engineering, audio consultation (tracks 1–10, 13–15)
* Stargate – engineering, vocal editing (track 11)
* Cirkut – engineering, vocal editing (track 11)
* John Hanes – immersive mix engineering
* Ryan Ogren – vocal production (tracks 1–10, 13–15)
* Katie Harvey – mastering assistance
* Noah McCorkle – mastering assistance
* Bryce Bordone – mixing assistance
* Grant Horton – engineering assistance (tracks 1–10, 13–15)
* Rachel Findlen – engineering assistance (tracks 1–10, 13–15)
* Ashlee Gibbs – production coordination
* Cynthia De La O – production coordination

### Visuals
* Jack Bridgland – photography, creative direction
* OTM – creative direction
* Tal Midyan – creative direction
* Chris Albo – creative direction

## References
Geneva International Motor Show

at the 2018 Geneva International Motor Show]]

The **Geneva International Motor Show** is an annual auto show. It is held in Geneva, Switzerland. It is one of the oldest and most prestigious car shows in the world. It shows new car models and automotive technology. It was founded in 1905 by Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles.
Ōtorohanga

**Ōtorohanga** is a town in the King Country, New Zealand. It is located 53 kilometers south of Hamilton and 18 kilometers north of Te Kūiti on State Highway 3. It is the home of the kiwi house.

## References
Nick of Time (movie)

***Nick of Time*** is a 1995 American action thriller movie directed by John Badham and starring Johnny Depp, Christopher Walken, Charles S. Dutton, Marsha Mason, Peter Strauss, Edith Diaz, Gloria Reuben. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was a box office bomb.

## Other websites
*
Great barracuda

The **great barracuda** (*Sphyraena barracuda*) is a species of barracuda found in tropical waters of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. They are disappearing in Florida. 

## Description 
The great barracuda are large, usually around 60–100 cm (24–39 in) in length. It is blue-gray above and becomes pale gray below. They have strong, pointed teeth. The head is pointed, making it look like a pike. The caudal fin is forked. The gill covers don't have spines.

The largest great barracuda measured 3 m (9.8 ft).

## With humans 
Great barracudas sometimes attack humans, but these are usually rare.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Great barracuda pictures on Sealife Collection
August Hlond

**August Hlond** (5 July 1881 – 22 October 1948) was a Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland from 1926 to 1948.

## Early life and education 
August Józef Hlond was born in Brzęczkowice, Kingdom of Prussia. He joined the Salesians of Don Bosco and was ordained a priest on 23 September 1905.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Hlond was appointed the first Bishop of Katowice in 1925. In 1926, he became the Archbishop of Gniezno and Poznań, and thus the Primate of Poland. He was made a cardinal by Pope Pius XI on 20 June 1927.

## Legacy 
Cardinal Hlond was a strong opponent of both Nazi and Communist regimes. He is remembered for his efforts to preserve the independence of the Polish church. He passed away on 22 October 1948 in Warsaw and is buried in St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw.

## References 
## Other websites 
* August Hlond at Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Eleanor Harvey

**Eleanor Grace Harvey** (born January 14, 1995) is a Canadian foil fencer. She competed in the individual foil, team foil, and team sabre events.

Harvey was going to become an athlete in karate before becoming a fencer.

Before becoming an Olympian, Harvey competed at the Pan American Games. She has won medals at the 2015, 2019, and 2023 games. She won gold medal in 2015, a silver and two bronze in 2019, and two silvers in 2023.

Harvey is a three-time Olympian. She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics where she finish in 7th place and at the 2020 Summer Olympics finishing in 16th place. Harvey competed for Canada in the individual foil event at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France and won the bronze medal. It was the first time that a Canadian had won a medal in the sport of fencing. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Sławoj Leszek Głódź

**Sławoj Leszek Głódź** (born 13 August 1945) is a Polish Roman Catholic archbishop. He was the Archbishop of Gdańsk from 2008 to 2020.

## Early life and education 
Sławoj Leszek Głódź was born in Bobrówka, Poland. He studied theology and was ordained as a priest on 14 June 1970 by Bishop Henryk Gulbinowicz.

## Controversies 
During his service, Głódź was involved in several controversies. He was accused of covering up cases of child sexual abuse within the church and of abusing his power. In March 2021, the Vatican imposed disciplinary measures on Głódź, including a ban on participating in public religious ceremonies and residing in his archdiocese.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Gdańsk
Vyritsa

**Vyritsa** (Russian: Вырица) is a village in Gatchinsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The village was established in or around  1676, and was originally named as **Dvernitsy** (**Дверницы**). During the Holocaust, the village was also the site of a ghetto and later the site of the Vyritsa concentration camp.

## History 
### Establishment 
Thr village of Vyritsa (Вырица) was founded in or around  1676. In that year, it was originally named as Dvernitsy (Дверницы), and not as Vyritsa. The Vyritsa railway station first opened in the village of Vyritsa in 1903. Vyritsa first became a "holiday village" in 1926.

### German occupation, mass murders of Jews, and Soviet Bolshevik liberation 
Following Operation Barbarossa, Vyritsa was occupied by Nazi German troops in August of 1941. Following the occupation, all the Jews living in Vyritsa were persecuted by German officers, and were forced to work for German officers, against their will. Ultimately, the German commandmant officer in Vyritsa had Jews working for him.  Ultimately, a ghetto was established in Vyritsa, in or around  October and/or November, 1941, and all of the Jews were forced to live there. In the ghetto, by November 1941, about  138 Jews had lived there, prior to the quick liquidation of the ghetto. The ghetto was later liquidated and nearly all or even all Jews were shot and killed, between mid-November 1941 and March 1942, in the nearby forest. Nearly all or even all of the bodies of the shot Jews had been exposed, in the open graves, in the nearby forest, for at least a few weeks, if not more and/or longer. By the spring of 1942, people who passed by in the forest, could visibly see the carcasses, sticking out, if they were close to where the open graves were. The Vyritsa concentration camp was established in September of 1942. Most or even all Russian orphaned children were forced to live in the newly-established concentration camp. The conditions were horrendous, horrific, and terrible and many inmates had suffered and died of and from severe malnutrition and even starvation. The concentration camp was closed and shut down in 1943, presumably due to the Soviet advance, throughout the occupied Central and Eastern European territories. Vyritsa was liberated on 29 January 1944, by the Soviet Bolshevik Red Army. The German officers were completely driven away from all of the occupied territories in the Leningrad Oblast, by early (and/or rather the middle (mid) of) February, 1944
Farid Ahmed Naik

**Farid Ahmed Naik** (born May 5, 1996) is an Indian social worker and journalist from the Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir.

## Career 
Farid Ahmed Naik began his career in social work in 2011 by founding the District Rural Youth Welfare Association (DRYWA), an NGO dedicated to addressing community issues and advocating for the rights of people in the Chenab region. He has organized numerous protests and initiatives to address local concerns.

In late 2018, Naik entered the field of journalism to further his advocacy work and highlight community issues. By 2023, he became the executive editor of *The Chenab Times*, where he continues to champion local causes.

## References
Error (Hong Kong group)

**Error** (Chinese: 吳保錡) is a Hong Kong boy group that has 4 members which are: Leung Yip, Dee Ho, Denis Kwok and Poki Ng. 

## Career 
### 2018-2020 
Error's entertainment career started in 2018, when the group became one of the 99 contestants at ViuTV’s reality talent show “Good Night Show - King Maker” (Chinese: 全民造星). Finishing at round 20, the group made their debut as one of the four members of the pop including Poki, alongside Fatboy (Leung Yip), DeeGor (Dee Ho Kai Wa) and 193 (Denis Kwok Ka Chun). The band's first single, “404”, was released on 2 December 2018. 

#### TV shows 
In early 2019, the group’s first reality show “ERROR Crazy Trip” (Chinese: 花姐ERROR遊) was aired on ViuTV. Ng earned positive feedback from viewers for stunts like finishing a bowl of ultra-spicy ramen and consuming a raw fish head.

The show’s sequel, “ERROR Crazy Trip 2” (Chinese: 花姐ERROR遊), was released in September 2019. The following month, the group debuted a talk show called “ERROR’s Apologetic Conference: Talking Nonsense as Mid-life Comes” (《人到中年 口不擇言》ERROR道歉招待會).

#### Solo works 
Error is a piano and trumpet group, and apart from releasing group singles with ERROR, he also regularly releases solo works as an individual musician, PØK1. He has released self-funded singles (single songs released separately from albums) in collaboration with local musicians such as JNYBeatz, Delta T, and Madboii. 

In a 2020 interview, Ng revealed a plan to release one single every month. By the end of the year, he had released 15 tracks. Among them was a collaborative track with JNYBeatz and Delta T called “Can't Stop,” which gained positive reviews from critics. 

### 2021 
Error's career paused in early 2021 due to a triangular relationship, but resumed in April. Around that time, the variety show “ERROR Selfish Project” (Chinese: ERROR  自肥企劃) premiered on ViuTV. Error completed several challenges for the show, like learning to skip stones and play electric guitar within a short period. As a result, viewers saw him more positively.

As the show wrapped up, Error resumed their singer-songwriter work by releasing a new solo track “W.W.W.M”, for which they are both the composer and lyricist. 

Error's group sang “We Don't ‘Chok’” (Chinese: 我們不chok) with JNYBeatz and Delta T. The single was released on 12 July. The following month, Error and their groupmates became voice actors for the Japanese anime movie *A Crocodile Who Will Die in 100 Days*.

## Brands 
Error has founded two apparel brands: Lost Life and Øbeginning1. He also founded a toy brand called TriMeToy in 2022.

Lost Life has worked together with several local brands, including:

* Wah Yee Tang Cake Shop (for mooncakes)
* Ad-Lib (for T-shirts and kimonos with Ng's catch phrases, “fast, gulp, and boom”)
* WM Project (for an assortment of face masks)
* The Japanese brand 6dots (for backpacks)
David Rothenberg

**David Charles Rothenberg** ( (aged 42).), was a French-born American film actor, comedian, conceptual artist, host, and severe burn survivor. 

## Early life
He was born in the town of Yssingeaux, in France, to parents Marie and Charles Rothenberg. His mother divorced his father, and had a boyfriend. David continued to regularly see his father, despite very tense problems and arguments between his father and mother after their divorce. 

## Personal life
When he was just and only six (6) years old, in early March 1983, once when David stayed over with his father at a motel, presumably as a result of those tense problems, with his spouse (wife) Marie, in order to get back at her, and retaliate on her and get revenge, after a very harsh argument over the telephone with his wife (spouse), his father got up, poured gasoline all over his son, and set his body on fire, before fleeing, leaving David alone to be burned and to die. Despite his wounds, and third degree burns, covering more than 90% of his entire body, resulting in some of his skin falling out from his body and parts of his body being amputated, such as his fingers and toes, David had miraculously survived, and was able to move, talk, and walk, and with being given proper care, he was able to thrive, live, and survive. 

## Prison
Charles and his father was caught by the police, and was arrested and detained in a prison cell. He was given a harsh sentence for his crime. During an interview with the police, Charles did stated that he wanted to commit suicide and kill himself, but ultimately did not. In July 1983, he was given 25 years to life in prison, and his child (his son)  David did ultimately ended up visiting his father in prison in 1996. After he recovered from those wounds that his father gave to him, David did became a film actor, a comedian, and a conceptual artist, and did have a remarkable career, and was quite popular and famous.

## Death
Presumably, because of his severe wounds, from the past, David ultimately did in fact actually died from complications of pnuemonia, in Sunrise Hospital, in the city of Las Vegas, Nevada, United States (U.S.)., on , aged just and only 42 years old, at the time of his death.
Edward Janiak

**Edward Janiak** (14 August 1952 – 23 September 2021) was a Polish bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the Bishop of Kalisz from 2012 to 2020.

## Early life and education 
Janiak was born in Malczyce, Poland. He was ordained a priest on 19 May 1979 by Wincenty Urban.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Janiak served in various roles in the Church. He became an auxiliary bishop of Wrocław in 1996. In 2012, he was appointed as the Bishop of Kalisz.

## Death 
Edward Janiak died on 23 September 2021 in Warsaw, Poland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Profile at Catholic-Hierarchy
Giovanni Angelo Becciu

**Giovanni Angelo Becciu** (born 2 June 1948) is an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints from 2018 to 2020.

After submitting his resignation on 24 September 2020, having lost the trust of Pope Francis due to the existence of corruption allegations against him, and after the acceptance of this resignation by the Pope, he retains the dignity of cardinal of the Catholic Church, but loses all the rights and prerogatives inherent to the title; among them, the status of elector that, by age, corresponded to him.

## Early life and education 
Becciu was born in Pattada, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 27 August 1972.

## Ecclesiastical career 
Becciu served in various roles within the Vatican. He was appointed Substitute for General Affairs in the Secretariat of State in 2011. In 2018, Pope Francis appointed him as Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. He was made a cardinal on 28 June 2018.

In 2021, the Vatican charged Becciu and nine other people with misusing Church funds. They were accused of using money from donations and investments to buy a property in London and fund films. In December 2023, Becciu was sentenced to five years and six months in prison for his role in managing Church funds and the sale of the London property.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Profile at Catholic-Hierarchy
* Roman Catholic Church website
Andinobates daleswansoni

***Andinobates daleswansoni*** is a frog.  It lives in  Colombia.

## Body
The adult male frog is 17.83-18.46 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 19.01-19.74 mm long.  This frog has big eyes. This frog's eardrum is oval-shaped, not circle-shaped.  There are disks on the toes for climbing, but the disks on the back feet are smaller than the disks on the front feet.

## Name
Scientists named this frog after Dale Swanson, a person from Spokane, Washington. Swanson worked to protect plants and animals in the Andes Mountains for many years.

## Home
This frog lives in the smaller plants under the trees in cloud forests. It can live in forests that have never been cut down and in forests that have been cut down if they have enough holes and other places on the ground for the frogs to hide in.  It can live in places where people have cut down some trees if there is old forest near. People have seen this frog between 1800 and 2500 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in the same place as *Andinobates opisthomelas* near 1800 meters above sea level. Scientists know which frog is which because *A. opisthomelas* is red-orange in color with no marks.

## Young
The female frog lays eggs on dead leaves on the ground. The tadpoles swim in water in the leaves of bromeliad plants. People have seen the tadpoles in water all year.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in danger of dying out because human beings cut down forests to make farms and places for cows to eat grass.

One of the places this frog lives is a protected park: Selva de Florencia National Park.

## References
Area code 662

**Area code 662** is a telephone area code in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It covers the northern part of the state, including cities such as Tupelo, Southaven, and Greenville. It was created on April 19, 1999 as a split of 601. It is set to be overlaid by 471 in the future.

## References
Gaeumannomyces

***Gaeumannomyces*** is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.

## Classification 
Gaeumannomyces is a genome of fungi which has a variety of fungal species which primarily infect plant roots and can cause fatal damage to the plant. Gaeumannomyces belong to the family Magnaporthacae and are commonly found in soil microbiome.

### Habitat 
The fungi is commonly known to be residing in soil and wet and moist grasslands. Due to growing temperatures and climate change, it is expected for the pathogenic effects of Gaeumannomyces to be heightened due to the wetter conditions of soil.

## Pathogenicity 
This genome of fungi has very pathogenic tendencies to invade plants. It is known for causing immense crop damage, and sustains life by taking nutrients from other crop. The species Gaeumannomyces tritici, is the most well researched species due to its detrimental behavior towards wheat crop. The G. tritici species has been colloqually termed the take-all root disease, and is extremely dangerous to cereals, barley and rye.

The take-all disease results in reduced crop growth due to the fungal attack on the roots. While the crop grows, the roots contact the soil microbiome, where the fungus resides on dead crop tissue from previous infections as a mycelium. As the contact is made, the fungus attacks the root and produces hypophodia to enter the root canals and hence take nutrients away from the crop, to sustain itself. Through the infection of a specific root the fungus can attack neighboring plants by root-to-root contact.

The plant produces carbohydrate active enzymes, particularly a glycoside hydrolase enzyme, which are targeted by the fungus, in order to attack the cellulose and various structures in the cells of the plant in order to inhibit the immune system and promote infection. Such targeting effector proteins diversify in the fungus to evade host immune responses.

## Species 
* *Gaeumannomyces amomi*
* *Gaeumannomyces caricis*
* *Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus*
* *Gaeumannomyces graminis*
** *Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae*
** *Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis*
** *Gaeumannomyces graminis var. maydis*
** *Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici*
* *Gaeumannomyces incrustans*
* *Gaeumannomyces licualae*
* *Gaeumannomyces medullaris*
* *Gaeumannomyces mirabilis*
* *Gaeumannomyces wongoonoo*

## References
Bersih 4 rally

The **Bersih 4 rally** was a large protest held in Malaysia in August 2015. It was organized by the Bersih group, which advocates for clean and fair elections. The rally took place in Kuala Lumpur and other cities, and people gathered to demand reforms in the electoral system, fight against corruption, and call for the resignation of Prime Minister Najib Razak. The event was peaceful but showed strong public support for changes in the government.

Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad also attended the Bersih 4 rally.

## Related pages
*1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

## References
881 (number)

**881** is a natural number. It comes after 880 and before 882 and is an odd number. It is also a prime number.
King Wu of Zhou

**King Wu of Zhou** (), personal name **Ji Fa**, was the founding king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty. He became king around 1046&nbsp;BCE. He died three years later.

## Battle of Muye
The Battle of Muye  (or Mu, or Muh; ) took place in ancient China between the rebel Zhou state and the Shang dynasty (that were in power). The Zhou army, led by Wu of Zhou, beat (or defeated) the defending army of king Di Xin of Shang at Muye and captured the Shang capital Yin. That ended the Shang dynasty.

## Notes
## Sources
Selva de Florencia National Natural Park

**Selva de Florencia National Park** or **Parque Nacional Natural Selva de Florencia** is a place in Colombia.  It is the only piece of Andean rainforest in Colombia's coffee belt, or place full of coffee farms. This park is important because it is in a place where colder places meet warmer places and because it is the only piece of forest left for a long way.

## History
This park was made in 2003. Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia runs the park. The forest used to cover 9.6% of the Andes area, but now only a tiny bit is left. The forest in the park is very like the old forest that was there before human beings cut it down. It is between 850 and 2400 meters above sea level. It is 100.2 square kilometers in size. About 8000 mm of rain and other water falls there every year.

People can drive to the park on the Medllín-Bogotá road, but part of it is not paved. There are also busses.

People call the park *Estrella Hídrica del Oriente Caldense* or "Water Star of Eastern Caldas."

## Problems
Sometimes, cows walk into the park. The cows step on the plants and make the water dirty. The people who run the park make deals with the cows' owners: The owners will keep the cows out of the park, and the people who run the park made water tanks for the cows to use.
## References
Home Improvement (TV series)

***Home Improvement*** is an American sitcom starring Tim Allen. It originally aired from September 17, 1991, to May 25, 1999. It had 204 half-hour episodes in eight seasons.

Cast:

* Tim Allen as Tim Taylor
* Patricia Richardson as Jill Taylor
* Taran Noah Smith as Mark Taylor
* Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Randy Taylor
* Zachery Ty Bryan as Brad Taylor
* Richard Karn as Albert
* Earl Hindman as Wilson
* Debbe Dunning as Heidi Keppert

## Other websites
Aphra Brandreth

**Aphra Kendal Alice Brandreth** (born 18 July 1978) is a British Conservative Party politician. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chester South and Eddisbury since 2024.

## References
Andrzej Dziuba

**Andrzej Franciszek Dziuba** (born October 10, 1950) is a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. From 2004 to 2024 he was the bishop of Łowicz.

## Early life and education 
Andrzej Dziuba was born in Pleszew, Poland. He was ordained as a priest on May 14, 1978, by Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. He later earned degrees in theology and canon law.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Diocese of Łowicz
Xavier Novell Gomá

**Xavier Novell Gomà** (born April 20, 1969) is a Spanish former and suspended Roman Catholic bishop. He was the Bishop of Solsona from 2010 to 2021.

## Early life and education 
Xavier Novell was born on April 20, 1969, in Ossó de Sió, Spain. He was ordained a priest on July 6, 1997.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Diocese of Solsona
Michaelina Argy

**Michaelina "Mikey" Argy** MBE (born 1962) is an English thalidomide survivor and activist. She is a past chair of the National Advisory Committee of the Thalidomide Trust, the organisation through which British thalidomide survivors receive financial support, and is still involved in the media activities of the trust.

## Life 
She went to Michael Hall, a Steiner school in Ashdown Forest, Sussex. She has two daughters, including TikTok content creator Madeline Argy.

She was a candidate for the Independence from Europe party in the 2015 European Parliament election in South East England, but was not elected.

## Honours 
She was appointed MBE in the 2015 Birthday Honours. She was described as "Campaigner and Member, National Advisory Council, Thalidomide Trust", and the honour was "For services to Thalidomide Survivors".

## References
4000 (number)

**4000** (**four thousand**) is the natural number following 3999 and preceding 4001. 4000 in scientific notation is 4*10^3. 4000 is also a Harshad number, because 4 + 0 + 0 + 0 equals to 4, and 4000 is divisible by 4.

## Roman numerals
4000 in Roman Numerals is written as ĪV.

## Factors of 4000
The factors of 4000 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 80, 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 400, 500, 800, 1000, 2000 and 4000.

## Examples that equal to 4000
*1234 plus 2766 = 4000
*4321 minus 321 = 4000
*2000 times 2 = 4000
*8000 divided by 2 = 4000

## References
Josh Stein

**Joshua Harold Stein** (born September 13, 1966) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 76th governor of North Carolina since 2025. Before becoming governor, he was the 51st attorney general of North Carolina from 2017 to 2025 and in the North Carolina Senate from 2009 to 2016.

## Early life
Born in Washington, D.C., Stein moved to North Carolina with his family at an early age. He studied at Dartmouth College and earned his Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School. 

## Political career
Stein was elected the representative of North Carolina's 16th Senate district in 2008. 

Stein left the state Senate upon winning the Democratic nomination in the 2016 attorney general election and defeated Republican state senator Buck Newton by 0.54%, making him the first Jewish person to win a statewide election in North Carolina. He was re-elected in 2020 defeating Republican Forsyth County district attorney Jim O'Neill.

Stein ran for governor in the 2024 gubernatorial election. He defeated Republican nominee and then-incumbent lieutenant governor Mark Robinson in the general election. On January 1, 2025, Stein was officially sworn in as the 76th Governor of North Carolina, becoming the state's first Jewish governor.

## Personal life
Stein is married to Anna Harris Stein. They have three children.

## References 
## Other websites
* Josh Stein for North Carolina campaign website
* 
*
Icakuriren

***Icakuriren*** () is a family magazine. It posts every week. The magazine's  has its headquarters in Solna, Sweden.

## History and profile
*Icakuriren* was started in 1942 by ICA private retail company. It was an alternative family magazine. When the magazine was first published, they were given for free in ICA shops.

The magazine was owned by the Forma Publishing Group. The Forma Publishing Group was apart of ICA Gruppen. However, in October 2014, the Egmont Group bought the Forma Publishing Group. *Icakuriren* is published every week. It is mostly read by women. The magazine is usually about food, travel guides, and buying advice.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pole Position II

***Pole Position II*** is a racing video game. It was published by Namco in Japan, China and Europe and Atari, Inc. in North America. The game was developed by Namco.

It was released on June 24, 1983 in Japan, in October 1983 in North America, and in 1993 in the rest of the world. The game was released for Arcade systems, Atari 7800, Commodore 64, Epoch Super Cassette Vision and MS-DOS.

Differences from the original game include different color schemes for the vehicles, more difficulties, and different cosmetic changes like pieces of the car and other debris appearing when either the car crashes or an explosion happens.

It is the sequel to the 1982 game *Pole Position*.

## Reception
The game recieved positive reviews by game critics. Critics said that they liked the new tracks and environments that were added. However, critics also felt that the game was a little too high priced.

## References
3000 (number)

**3000** (**three thousand**) is the natural number following 2999 and preceding 3001. It is also an even composite number, and it has only has one significant number (3).

## Roman numerals
3000 in Roman Numerals is written as MMM.

## Factors of 3000
The factors of 3000 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 120, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300, 375, 500, 600, 750, 1000, 1500 and 3000.

## Examples
*three kilograms = 3000 grams
*three kilometres = 3000 metres
*three litres = 3000 millilitres

## References
The Naked Truth (TV series)

**The Naked Truth** is an American television series that aired on ABC from September 13, 1995, to February 28, 1996, and on NBC from January 16, 1997, to May 25, 1998. The series stars Téa Leoni and Holland Taylor. The show took place at the office of a tabloid news publication.

## Cast
* Tea Leoni as Nora Wilde
* Darryl Sivad as T.J.
* Holland Taylor as Camilia Dane
* Mark Roberts as Dave
* Jack Blessing as Mr. Donner
* Amy Ryan as Chloe Banks

## Other websites 
*
India at the 1900 Summer Olympics

In the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France, one athlete from India, Norman Pritchard, made the nation's debut in the modern Olympic Games. Although historically recorded as competing for Great Britain, Pritchard is now recognized by the IOC as representing India.  

He participated in athletics, winning silver medals in two events. In 2005, the IAAF officially recognized his achievements. India ranked 19th at the end of the Games, marking the first Asian country to participate in the Olympics and win medals.
Nash Bridges

***Nash Bridges*** is an American police procedural television series. It was created by Carlton Cuse. The show stars Don Johnson and Cheech Marin as two inspectors with the San Francisco Police Department's Special Investigations Unit (SIU).

## Other websites
*
Skunk Fu!

***Skunk Fu!*** is an animated action adventure fantasy comedy children's television series featuring the fables and adventures of anthropomorphic animals protecting their valley using martial arts. The show chronicles the adventures of young Skunk, training with his Kung Fu master, Panda, with the support of Rabbit, Fox, Turtle, and others, who directly, or inadvertently, also help Skunk grow.

## Other websites
*
Olaf Stapledon

**William Olaf Stapledon** (10 May 1886 – 6 September 1950) was a British philosopher and author of science fiction. In 2014, he was put into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.

## Works
### Fiction
**Last and First Men: A Story of the Near and Far Future* (1930) ()
**Last Men in London* (1932) ()
**Odd John: A Story Between Jest and Earnest* (1935) ()
**Star Maker* (1937) () First Edition cover by Bip Pares 
**Darkness and the Light* (1942) ()
**Old Man in New World* (short story, 1944)
**Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discord* (1944) ()
**Death into Life* (1946)
**The Flames: A Fantasy* (1947)
**A Man Divided* (1950) ()
**Four Encounters* (1976) ()
**Nebula Maker* (drafts of *Star Maker*, 1976) ()
* *East is West* (posthumous, 1979)

### Non-fiction
**A Modern Theory of Ethics: A study of the Relations of Ethics and Psychology* (1929)
**Waking World* (1934)
**Saints and Revolutionaries* (1939)
**New Hope for Britain* (1939)
**Philosophy and Living*, 2 volumes (1939)
**Beyond the "Isms"* (1942)
**Seven Pillars of Peace* (1944)
**Youth and Tomorrow* (1946)
**Interplanetary Man?* (1948)
**The Opening of the Eyes* (ed. Agnes Z. Stapledon, 1954)

### Poetry
**Latter-Day Psalms* (1914)

### Collections
**Worlds of Wonder: Three Tales of Fantasy* (1949)
**To the End of Time: the Best of Olaf Stapledon* (ed. Basil Davenport, 1953) ()
**Far Future Calling: Uncollected Science Fiction and Fantasies of Olaf Stapledon* (ed. Sam Moskowitz 1979 )
**An Olaf Stapledon Reader* (ed. , 1997)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Olaf Stapledon Archive at the University of Liverpool SF Hub
* Works at Project Gutenberg Australia
* 
* Olaf Stapledon at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame
*  (including 1 "from old catalog" as William Olaf)
*Digitized works by Olaf Stapledon at Toronto Public Library
Yes, Your Grace

***Yes, Your Grace*** is a role-playing strategy video game. It was published by No More Robots and was developed by Brave at Night.

It was released on March 6, 2020 for Microsoft Windows and macOS, June 26, 2020 for Nintendo Switch and Xbox One, and on November 10, 2020 for the Xbox Series X/S.

The player takes control of King Eryk of Davern and his Kingdom. They have to manage the decisions in the game which are given by townspeople on a weekly basis and help with managing resources and military to help the kingdom be better.

## Reception
The game recieved positive reviews by game critics. Critics said that they liked the characters, slow pace, writing, and animation. However, critics also did not like the atmosphere changes, difficulty, and some choices that felt pointless.

## References
Fiji Water

**Fiji Water** is a brand that manufactures bottled water, it is shipped and bottled in Yaqara Valley on the island of Viti Levu in Fiji. The company was founded by David Gilmour in 1996. Fiji water comes from an underground artesian aquifer, a naturally formed chamber of volcanic rock that is protected by layers of rock that limit contamination.

## References
Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek

The **Nederlandsche Cocaïnefabriek** (; English: Dutch Cocaine Factory) or **NCF** was an Amsterdam-based company producing cocaine for health uses in the 20th century. It imported its materials mainly from the Dutch East Indies.

## History
In 1875, the first coca plants were transported from Brazil. After some time, production started in Java for money. Coca leaves were bought, mainly to Germany, through the Koloniale Bank in Amsterdam.

## References
Minister of State for Development

The **minister of state for development**, formerly the **minister of state for development and Africa** and the **secretary of state for international development**, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom.

## List of ministers and secretaries of state
## References
Józef Życiński

**Józef Mirosław Życiński** (September 1, 1948 – February 10, 2011) was a Polish Roman Catholic Archbishop and philosopher. He served as the Archbishop of Lublin from 1997 until his death in 2011.

## Early life and education 
Józef Życiński was born in Nowa Wieś, Poland. He was ordained a priest on May 21, 1972, by Bishop Stefan Bareła. He earned degrees in philosophy and theology.

## Ecclesiastical career 
In 1990, Pope John Paul II appointed him as the Bishop of Tarnów. He was consecrated on September 4, 1990, by Archbishop Franciszek Macharski. In 1997, he became the Archbishop of Lublin, where he served until his death.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Archdiocese of Lublin
Rwanda asylum plan

(left) and Rwandan foreign minister Vincent Biruta (right) sign the policy on 14 April 2022]]
The **UK and Rwanda Migration and Economic Development Partnership**, also known as the **Rwanda Asylum Deal**, was an immigration policy proposed by the governments of Boris Johnson, Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak in which people whom the United Kingdom saw as illegal immigrants or asylum seekers would have been relocated to Rwanda for processing, asylum and resettlement. 

A ruling by the European Court of Human Rights led to the plan being stopped until the end of the legal action in the UK. At the end of 2022, the High Court ruled that the plan was lawful. The Court of Appeal ruled on 29 June 2023 that the plan was unlawful. The Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024 overruled the courts' judgments and declared Rwanda a safe country. 

After Keir Starmer and the Labour Party won the 2024 general election, Starmer announced that the Rwanda plan would be cancelled.

## References
Edna O'Brien

'''Josephine Edna O'Brien'''  (15 December 193027 July 2024) was an Irish novelist, memoirist, playwright, poet and short-story writer. Her career began in 1960 and she retired in 2019.

O'Brien was known for her written works *The Country Girls*, *Girl with Green Eyes*, *Girls in Their Married Bliss*, *August Is a Wicked Month*, *Casualties of Peace*, *House of Splendid Isolation*, *Down by the River*, *Wild Decembers*, *In the Forest*, *The Light of Evening*, *Saints and Sinners*, *Country Girl* and *The Little Red Chairs*. 

Philip Roth once called her "the most gifted woman now writing in English". Former President of Ireland Mary Robinson called her "one of the great creative writers of her generation".

O'Brien was born in Tuamgraney, County Clare, Irish Free State. O'Brien was married to Ernest Gébler from 1954 until they divorced in 1964. They had two children.

Edna O'Brien died in London, England, on 27 July 2024 from a long-illness at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* O'Brien at Clare County Library
* 
* "Audio Interview with Edna O'Brien" at WiredForBooks, 22 May 1992
* "Lit Chat" at salon.com, 2 December 1995
* "You have to be lonely to be a writer" – O'Brien video interview for *The Guardian*, 7 December 2012
* Video recording of O'Brien reads an extract from her autobiography *Country Girl*
* Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: O'Brien papers, circa 1939-2000
* ''Edna O'Brien and the Art of Fiction''  by Maureen O'Connor (Bucknell University Press 2021).
Flag of Transnistria

**Transnistria** (also called **Transdniestria**, or **Pridnestrovie**, officially the **Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic**, **PMR**; ), is a separatist country in Eastern Europe. This means it says it is a different from Moldova. However, this is not legally true. Most countries have no diplomatic relations with it. 

Transnistria is the only country that still has a hammer and sickle on its flag.

## Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
### History
The flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was the flag of the republic until December 1991. When Moldova became independent, some places in Transnistria refused to fly the new Moldovan flag and kept flying the flag of the Soviet Union. Many people still liked the old Moldavian SSR flag, so it was officially brought back as the flag of Transnistria in 1991. Even though the flag and coat of arms have socialist symbols, Transnistria is not a socialist state.

The original flag and its description are kept in the official residence of the President of Transnistria.

In 2009, the Supreme Council talked about changing the civil flag, which is just red-green-red without the hammer and sickle. They wanted a new flag with three horizontal stripes in white, blue, and red, almost the same as the flag of Russia, but with a different size ratio (1:2 instead of Russia's 2:3). The main reason for the co-official national flag is to show that Transnistria wants closer ties with Russia, which supports Transnistria's claim of independence from Moldova. In a 2006 referendum, 97.2% of Transnistrians voted to have closer ties with Russia. The new flag is used alongside the state flag. In April 2017, the Supreme Council decided to make the new design Transnistria's co-official national flag.

## References
## Other websites
* About the State Flag of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
Thiobacillus

***Thiobacillus*** is a genus of bacteria which obtain energy through oxidisation of reduced sulfur compounds. This is sulfur with extra electrons. *Thiobacillus* species (spp.) exist in any environment with a source of reduced sulfur such as soils, hydrothermal vents, and sludge disposal sites. *Thiobacillus* spp. grow best in temperatures from 28-32 °C, and pHs 2-8.

To identify *Thiobacillus* spp., they can be viewed under a microscope. First, they need to be coloured with a gram stain. After staining, *Thiobacillus* spp. appear rod-shaped, and pink. These candidate species need to have their research papers verified. Historically, many species were classified under this genus. However, after the development of a new RNA sequencing technology known as “16S ribosomal RNA sequencing”, most were reclassified into new or existing genera. Confusingly, the older names of these reclassified bacteria are still used in the literature. For example, *Acidithiobacillus ferooxidans* is sometimes referred to as *Thiobacillus* *ferooxidans*. However, they are no longer part of the *Thiobacillus* genus.

Many of the former members were mixotrophs. However, the remaining three species are completely reliant on carbon fixation, meaning the entire *Thiobacillus* genus can now be described as obligate autotrophs.

## Sulfur oxidisation 
*Thiobacillus* spp. get their food by using the carbon from CO2 and turning it into other compounds. All *Thiobacillus* spp. use energy from sulfur oxidisation to provide themselves with energy. 

Sulfur oxidisation is a reaction involving reduced sulfur and an electron acceptor - either oxygen or nitrate. This process has two important outcomes: (1) the extra electrons in the reduced sulfur are freed, releasing energy, and (2) sulphate is produced. An example source is the gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

## Applications 
*Thiobacillus* spp. are good for industrial use due to their sulfur oxidisation ability, low nutrient requirements, and their resilience to environmental extremes including high sulfide concentrations. Conversion to sulphate by *Thiobacillus* means the water can be safely deposited into the sea.

Another application is to produce sulphate in soil to help in agriculture. Sulfur is the fourth most essential plant nutrient. However, reduced sulfur is not usable by plants. Sulphate is one of the two forms of sulfur that plants can take up. So, the bacterial oxidisation of sulfide to sulphate allows plants to take up sulfur through their roots. To deal with low sulphate levels, it is possible to add sulphate directly to the soil. However, a longer-term solution is to promote the activity of *Thiobacillus* spp.  Furthermore, *Thiobacillus* spp. can oxidise elemental sulfur. This produces sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the soil. This is especially important in alkaline soils as it improves the ability of crops to take up other nutrients such as phosphorous, zinc, and iron.

## References