open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gurjar

**Gurjar** or **Gujjar** (also transliterated as ***Goojar*** ***,** **Gujar** and **Gurjjar***) are a pastoral, agricultural and peasant ethnic community, residing mainly in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Afghanistan, divided internally into 1788 to 2000 clan groups. They are an agricultural and pastoral group of Jammu and Kashmir, Northwestern India, northern and central Pakistan, Azad Kashmir and northeastern Afghanistan.

The Gujari language is closely related to Rajasthani and Marwari. As per historical accounts parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat were known as *Gurjarah-bhumi* or *Gurjaratra* prior to Mughal period in India but this was not based on any caste or tribe but based on the region between Gujrat and Rajasthan. 

However, in later times, circa the 14th century AD onwards, they were reduced to small principalities due to successful invasions and conquests by Muslim powers in northern and western India. During the 15th-16th century, there were Gurjars in the areas of Meerut and Dadri. The Gurjars in Pakistan and Afghanistan are Muslim.

After this time, with struggles against the rising Mughal power and later British India the Gurjars gradually fell into a decline. They became poor nomads and started living in jungles and forests. With Muslim rule in North India, the Hindu Gurjars of the area surrounding Delhi had to live in jungles in order to save their Hindu faith and to survive.

## Geographical Distribution
Today, Hindu Gurjars are found in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and to a smaller extent Punjab. Muslim Gurjars are found in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab, Azad Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in the Afghanistan province of Nuristan.
## Related pages
*Gurjar clans
*Central Asia
*Indo-Iranic peoples
*Indo-Iranian peoples
*Indo-Iranic languages
*Indo-Iranian languages

## Reference
Jack Dorsey

**Jack Patrick Dorsey** (born November 19, 1976) is an American software developer and business person, widely known as the creator of social networking service Twitter. He is also the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. In 2008, he was named as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

He worked as a model.

## Early life
Dorsey was born **Jack Patrick Dorsey** in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Tim and Marcia (née Smith) Dorsey. He is of English, Irish, and Italian descent. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker.

He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati.

By age fourteen, Dorsey had become interested in dispatch routing. Some of the open-source software he created in the area of dispatch logistics is still used by taxicab companies. before transferring to New York University, but he dropped out in 1999, one semester short of graduating.

## Career 
While working on dispatching as a programmer, Dorsey moved to California. In 2000, Dorsey started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web. His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a "frictionless service market". In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service.

When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, Dorsey wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging. Dorsey and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger.

## References
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites
* 
*
Alphonse Mucha

as Joan of Arc, 1909]]

**Alphonse Mucha** (24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative artist, best known for his distinct style and his images of women. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, and designs.

Mucha moved to Paris in 1887, continued his studies, and worked at producing magazine and advertising illustrations.

Around Christmas 1894, Mucha happened to drop into a print shop where there was a sudden and unexpected need for a new advertising poster for a play starring Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in Paris. Mucha volunteered to produce a lithographed poster within two weeks, and on 1 January 1895, the advertisement for the play *Gismonda* by Victorien Sardou appeared on the streets of the city. It was an overnight sensation and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Bernhardt was so satisfied with the success of this first poster that she entered into a 6-year contract with Mucha.

Mucha produced a flurry of paintings, posters, advertisements, and book illustrations, as well as designs for jewellery, carpets, wallpaper, and theatre sets in what was initially called the *Mucha Style* but became known as *Art Nouveau* (French for 'new art'). Mucha's works frequently featured beautiful, strong young women in flowing vaguely Neoclassical looking robes, often surrounded by lush flowers which sometimes formed halos behind the women's heads.
In contrast with contemporary poster makers he used pale pastel colours.

The 1900 Paris Exhibition spread the "Mucha style" abroad, of which Mucha said "I think [the Exposition Universelle] made some contribution toward bringing aesthetic values into arts and crafts."
He decorated the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborated in the Austrian Pavilion.

Mucha's Art Nouveau style was often imitated. The Art Nouveau style however, was one that Mucha attempted to distance himself from. He always insisted that his paintings came purely from within and from Czech art. He declared that art existed only to communicate a spiritual message, and nothing more. He was frustrated at the fame he gained through commercial art, when he most wanted to concentrate on more lofty projects that would ennoble art and his birthplace.

## References
Baldness

**Baldness** (also known as **alopecia**) is when someone has no hair on his or her head. Sometimes this is inherited from parents or grandparents, or it can be done on purpose. Improper use of hair extensions can also lead to hair loss. Some people such as monks or South Korean soldiers shave their head.

Baldness is most often caused by a medical condition known as **androgenic alopecia**. This is found in humans, as well as in some animals. When it occurs, it will mean that those affected will permanently lose some (or all) of their hair. Since some of the factors are linked to the genes on the chromosome, the condition can be seen more often with men, than with women.

**Alopecia totalis** is the loss of all head hair. Its cause is believed to be autoimmune, but many with the disorder lead relatively low stress lives.

**Alopecia areata** (AA) is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, usually from the scalp. Because it causes bald spots on the scalp, especially in the first stages, it is sometimes called spot baldness.

## References
Gingerbread

]]
 house]]

**Gingerbread** is a word which describes different sweet food products from soft cakes to a ginger biscuit. Ginger and honey (or treacle) rather than only sugar, are usually the common ingredients to all the types of food product. They probably also have the same history.

## Etymology
Before, *gingerbread* (from Latin *zingiber*, then Old French *gingebras*) meant preserved ginger. After, it was a confection made with honey and spices.

German immigrants brought it to Sweden during the 13th century. Swedish nuns baked gingerbread to help indigestion in the year 1444.
The custom was to bake white biscuits and paint them as window s. In the 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I had a royal gingerbread-maker working for her. Gingerbread was sold at fairs and other public events.

File:Verkaufsstand mit Süßigkeiten.JPG| Gingerbread in the market
File:WhittleseyWalldürnGingerbreadsDetail.jpg| Gingerbread in the market

File:The Heart of London - geograph.org.uk - 1629898.jpg| Gingerbread in the market

File:Licitars2.jpg| Gingerbread in the market

## Related pages
*Gingerbread man
*Victorian architecture - Gingerbread house example

## References
Lance Archer

**Lance Hoyt** (born February 28, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. Hoyt is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and wrestles under the ring name, **Lance Archer**. He also makes appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW).

## Career
Hoyt is known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he worked from 2004–2009 under his real name and under the ring name **Dallas**. He won the NWA World Tag Team Chamionship twice with Kid Kash.

In 2009, he joined World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and began wrestling for Florida Championship Wrestling under the ring name **Vance Archer**. He also competed on their main roster brands ECW and SmackDown. Archer was released by WWE on November 19, 2010,.

In 2011, he moved to Japan where he became part of New Japan Pro Wrestling as **Lance Archer**.

On February 26, 2020, Archer signed a multi-year contract with All Elite Wrestling (AEW). On the April 1 episode of *Dynamite*, Archer made his AEW in-ring debut, defeating Marko Stunt. He was managed to the ring by Jake "The Snake" Roberts.

## Championships and accomplishments
* **All Elite Wrestling**
** Men's Casino Battle Royale (2020)
* **American Made Wrestling**
** AMW Heavyweight Champion (1 time)
* **Gippsland Pro Wrestling**
** GPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **Heavy On Wrestling**
** HOW Undisputed Championship (1 time)
* **Lions Pride Sports**
** Lions Pride Sports Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **National Wrestling Alliance**
** NWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Davey Boy Smith Jr.
* **New Japan Pro-Wrestling**
** IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
** IWGP Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Davey Boy Smith Jr.
** G1 Tag League (2011) – with Minoru Suzuki
* **NWA Southwest**
** NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **Professional Championship Wrestling**
** PCW Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
** PCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Wally Darkmon
** PCW Television Championship (1 time)
* **Pro Wrestling Noah**
** GHC Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Davey Boy Smith Jr.
* **Pro Wrestling Religion**
** PWR Championship (1 time)
* **Revolution Brewing**
** Revolution Championship (1 time, current)
* **River City Wrestling**
** RCW Championship (1 time)
** RCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Paul Titan
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
** NWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Kid Kash
** NWA World Tag Team Championship Tournament (2004) – with Kid Kash
* **Traditional Championship Wrestling**
** TCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **World Wrestling Council**
** WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Most Improved (2019)
** Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) 

## Related pages 
* New Japan Pro Wrestling roster

## References
Manuel Antonio National Park

]]

**Manuel Antonio National Park** is a national park in Costa Rica.  Over 150,000 people visit it every year.  Many animals can be seen here, including the Common basilisk. Manuel Antonio park was listed by Forbes magazine in 2011 among the world's 12 most beautiful national parks.

## Other websites
* Manuel Antonio National Park  at Costa Rica National Parks

## References
Shake

**Shake** may refer to:
* Hand shake, a common social greeting in some cultures
* Milk shake, a drink usually made from milk and ice cream
* Tremor, muscles moving without control
Common basilisk

The **common basilisk** (*Basiliscus basiliscus*) is a type of lizard. It can be found in Central and South American rainforests near rivers and streams. The basilisk is part of the corytophanid family. It is also known as the **Jesus Christ lizard** because of its ability to run on the surface of water.

## Walking on water 
This lizard can walk on water. When a land predator attacks, they gather sufficient momentum and start running on water to escape. This is a reference to the story in which Jesus walks on water.

## Related pages 
* Orthocormus
* Euthynotus
* Basiliscus
Amy Irving

**Amy Davis Irving** (born September 10, 1953) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the films *Crossing Delancey*, *The Fury*, *Carrie*, and *Yentl*. She is also known for acting in Broadway.

## Early life 
Irving was born in Palo Alto, California. She was the daughter of film and stage director Jules Irving (né Jules Israel) and actress Priscilla Pointer. Irving's brother is a writer and director David Irving, and her sister Katie Irving is a singer and teacher of deaf children. Irving is of Jewish from her father's side and has a little bit of Welsh and Cherokee ancestry on her mother's. She was raised in the Christian Science faith, which means that she believed that God made the earth.

## References
Exorcism

**Exorcism** is the practice of  demons or other spiritual beings. This practice is quite ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. There are different types of exorcisms. Exorcisms can be performed on people, animals and places. These rituals are done by people called *exorcists*, who cleanse the spirit of the possessed person by calling out the name of God, Jesus Christ, angels and the Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit). Exorcisms are usually done for religious reasons. The reasons vary, and the exorcisms can be different based on religions and which exorcists does them.
United Nations Development Fund for Women

The **United Nations Development Fund for Women** commonly known as **UNIFEM** (from the French "*Fonds de développement des Nations **uni**es pour la **fem**me* is a fund of United Nations established in New York in 1976 aimed for equality as men and taking part in society of women.

It provides financial and technical aid for the better condition of women together with United Nations Development Programme. In 2006 Nicole Kidman was elected as goodwill ambassador. In 2011, it will be a part of the new institution "UN Women".

## Related pages
*UN Women
*Woman
*Discrimination
*Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

## Other websites 
*Official website
Luther (2003 movie)

***Luther*** is a 2003 biopic about the life of Martin Luther (1483–1546).

The movie starred Joseph Fiennes as Luther himself and Alfred Molina as Johann Tetzel.

## Plot 
The movie covers Luther's life from his becoming a monk in 1505 to the Diet of Augsburg in 1530.

## Related pages
* Martin Luther

## Other websites
*
*
*
*
List of movies about Martin Luther

Numerous movies have been produced about Martin Luther's life and his doings. In a narrow sense, a Luther movie is a feature movie or a television movie. In an wider sense a Luther movie could also be a documentary movie about Martin Luther, like Curt Oertel's *Der gehorsame Rebell* (translated: *The Obedient Rebel*).

## Background 
Since the time of the silent movies movies telling the story of Martin Luther have been made. In 1911, was made the silent movie *Doktor Martinus Luther*, with a running time of round about 20 minutes. 1913, 1923 und 1927 were made the next movies. The movies of the year 1923 and 1927, were made with support of the church.

The newest movie is called *Luther*. It was released in 2003.

## Overview of the feature movies and television movies about Luther 
## Overview of the documentary movies about Luther 
## Notes
## Literature 
* E. P. Wipfler: "Luther im Stummfilm: Zum Wandel protestantischer Mentalität im Spiegel der FIlmgeschichte bis 1930" (Luther in Silent Films: about the change of Protestant mentality through the history of movie until 1930). In: *Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte*, Bd. 98, 2007, S. 167-198.
* Jäschke, Wolfgang: *Martin Luther. Reformator - Ketzer - Nationalheld?*. München, 1983: 
* Dähn, Horst: *Luther und die DDR*. Berlin, 1996: 

## Other websites 
* EKD - Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland - Martin Luther im Film (German) 
* Document title - Luther im Stummfilm - Luther in silent films - Résumé
Luther (1928 movie)

***Luther*** is a 1928 movie about the life of Martin Luther, father of the Protestant Reformation.

The silent movie starred Eugen Klöpfer as Luther and Theodor Loos as Philipp Melanchthon.

## Cast
*Eugen Klöpfer as Martin Luther 
*Rudolf Lettinger as Luther's father
*Elsa Wagner as Luther's mother  
*Livio Pavanelli as Luther's friend Alexius 
*Arthur Kraußneck as Staupitz 
*Karl Platen as Brother Franziskus 
*Theodor Loos as Melanchthon 
*Hermann Vallentin as Karlstadt 
*Karl Elzer as Friedrich the Wise 
*Werner Schott as Johann the Steadfast
*Ferdinand von Alten as Miltitz 
*Bruno Kastner as Ulrich von Hutten 
*Leopold von Ledebur as Sickingen   
*Ernst Rückert ad Reichsherold Kaspar Sturm 
*Georg Schmieter as Georg von Frundsberg
*Max Maximilian as Hans Sachs
*Max Grünberg as Albrecht Dürer
*Jakob Tiedtke as Tetzel
*Hans Wassmann as Robber Baron
*Alexander Murski as the printer Hans Lufft
*Heinz Salfner as Palace Captain Berlepsch
*Hans Carl Müller as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
*Max Schreck as  Alexander
*Georg John as Cripple (disabled man)

## Related pages
* Martin Luther
* Luther film

## Other websites 
*
Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 movie)

***Martin Luther, Heretic*** was a movie made in 1983, the 500th anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther. The movie starred Jonathan Pryce as Luther and Maurice Denham as Johann von Staupitz.

## Plot 
The movie begins in the year 1506, while Luther was a monk. The movie ends in the year 1522, when Luther returns from his exile at Wartburg Castle to Wittenberg.

## Related pages
* Luther film

## Other websites
*
Martin Luther (1953 movie)

***Martin Luther*** is a 1953 movie biography of Martin Luther. It was directed by Irving Pichel, who also plays a supporting role.

The movie starred Niall MacGinnis as Luther.

## Plot 
The movie begins in the year 1505. Luther goes into a monastery in Erfurt, but he is in fear of God. One day he finds God's mercy in the New Testament (in Romans 1:17). Later he published his Ninety-Five Theses. In the year 1521, in the view of the pope, he should recant on the Diet of Worms. But there he does it not. Instead he says "Here I Stand". The movie ends with the presentation of the Augsburg Confession.

## Related pages
* Luther film

## Other websites
*
Robbie Coltrane

**Anthony Robert McMillan** OBE (30 March 1950 – 14 October 2022), known professionally as **Robbie Coltrane**, was a Scottish actor, author and comedian. He is known both for his role as Dr. Eddie "Fitz" Fitzgerald in the British television series *Cracker* during the 1990s and as Rubeus Hagrid in the *Harry Potter* movies.

## Life and career 
### Life 
Coltrane was born on 30 March 1950 in Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire.  He lived in Killearn Stirlingshire.  He had a son named Spencer and a daughter named Alice.

Coltrane had osteoarthritis in later life. He said he was in "constant pain all day" in 2016. On 14 October 2022, Coltrane died at a hospital in Larbert, Scotland, at the age of 72. The cause of death was multiple organ failure caused by sepsis, a respiratory tract infection, and heart block. He had also been diagnosed with obesity and Type 2 diabetes.

### Career 
Coltrane began his acting career in his early twenties. He took the stage name Coltrane in tribute to jazz saxophonist John Coltrane. In 2006, Robbie received an OBE for his services to drama.

## Filmography and awards 
## References
Karate belts

**Karate belts** are a measure of a student/teacher ability. For example, a Brown belt is higher than a Blue Belt.

## Usual rank 
All styles of karate range from white to black. There are some theories about how belts came to be.

### The "dying" theory 
Some believe when a student graduated a **kyu**, he/she would dye their current belt the new, desired color. This was often done in Japan during WWII when it was a very poor country. 

### The "dirty belt" theory 
This is a theory that demonstrates how a student would, as they trained, dirty their belt overtime. More of a myth than a theory, a student started with a white belt. As sweat, dirt, and other debris occupied not only the belt, but the karate gi, his/her color appeared to get darker and closer to black.

## References
Luther (1974 movie)

***Luther*** is a 1974 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Stacy Keach as Luther.

## Plot 
The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther. The movie begins in the year 1506 and ends in the year 1526.

## Cast
(in order of appearance)
* Peter Cellier as Prior
* Leonard Rossiter as Brother Weinand
* Stacy Keach as Martin Luther
* Patrick Magee as Luther's father
* Thomas Heathcote as [Lucas, a] friend [of Luther's father]
* Julian Glover as Knight
* Matthew Guinness as reading monk
* Hugh Griffith as John Tetzel
* Maurice Denham as Johann von Staupitz, Vicar General
* Alan Badel as Cardinal Cajetan de Vio
* Robert Stephens as Johann von Eck
* Bruce Carstairs as Duke Frederick, Elector of Saxony
* Malcolm Stoddard as Emperor Charles the Fifth
* Judi Dench as Luther's wife

## Related pages
* Martin Luther
* Luther film

## Other websites 
*
Karate gi

wearing a karategi]]
A **karate gi** is a standardized piece of karate clothing that acts as a uniform.
Whether or not a student is ranked, one must bring a gi to the academy.

## Components 
A karate gi includes a martial arts jacket, as well as a martial arts pant.

The gi is white. 
The belt can be:

# White
# Yellow
# Purple
# Orange
# Green
# Blue
# Brown 
# Black (sub-divided by dan)

## References
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

**Pentaerythritol tetranitrate** (**PETN**), also known as **PENT**, **PENTA**, **TEN**, **corpent**, **penthrite** (or — rarely and primarily in German — as **nitropenta**) is one of the most powerful high explosives known. It has  a relative effectiveness factor (R.E. factor) of 1.66. PETN can be used as a plastic explosive. PETN can also be use as a  drug to treat certain heart conditions, such as angina pectoris. In this context, it helps widening blood vessels, which is known as vasodilatation. PETN is among the most widely used substances for vasodilatation.

It is the nitrate ester of pentaerythritol (related pages, nitrate, ester). It has a chemical structure that is very similar to nitroglycerin.

## References
Dan (rank)

A **Dan** is a measure of advanced rank, often used in martial arts and the board game go. It usually ranges from 1 to 10, with higher numbers indicating greater skill. In martial arts, it is used for black belts only. In go or shogi, players of 1 Dan or above can be considered "masters". Dan literally means "step" in Japanese.

## Composition 
Usually, the belt of a Dan martial artist will have a number of strips according to the person's rank.
## Dan in Japan
This table shows how to call dan in Japanese.

## Notable players with higher dan
Go and shogi players are usually called by their dan by media like NHK and Asahi Shinbun.

## References and notes
Deinotherium

-eater and/or a generalist plant-eater.]]

***Deinotherium*** was a large proboscidean related to modern elephants. Their downward curving tusks are notable. They are known from the middle Miocene to the early Pleistocene. *Deinotherium* is put in its own family (the Deinotheriidae) in the Proboscidea. 

There were several species of *Deinotherium* that lived in parts of Africa, Asia and Europe. The *Deinotherium* was larger than today’s elephants.

The way *Deinotherium* used its curious tusks has been much debated. It may have rooted in soil for underground plant parts like roots and tubers, pulled down branches to snap them and reach leaves, or stripped soft bark from tree trunks. 

It helps to remember that the Miocene was much warner and wetter than today, and that the Africa of the Miocene had rather different fauna from today. *Deinotherium* was a creature of muddy tropical rivers and forests, not the dry savannahs of today. It also lived in southern Europe and east to the Indian Subcontinent.

Deinotherium fossils have been uncovered at several of the African sites where remains of prehistoric hominid relatives of modern humans have also been found.

## References
Dan (disambiguation)

The term *dan* might refer to:

* Dan (rank), a very advanced rank in martial arts
* Dan (name), a common male name, short form of Daniel
Kill screen

A **kill screen** is a screen that prevents progress from the player. The screens in some games stop the game with gibberish or otherwise impossible figures. In *Pac-Man*, at a certain level the screen overflows and spreads fruits and ghosts across the arcade machine's screen.

## Games with kill screens
* *Pac-Man*
* *Donkey Kong*
* *Contra*
*Dig Dug
*Tetris

These are games that have integer overflow.

## References
Power-on self test

The **POST**, in most computers, is a self-test that checks the OS(s) available and boots from the OS selected. POST stands for *Power On Self Test*. Computers that have an operating system perform a POST before loading the OS, and many imbedded systems also do a POST.

A POST usually checks crucial files, folders, and components. Once the POST is completed, a selected OS will take control and finish the startup process.

If the POST fails, usually a BSOD displays (Blue Screen of Death, most commonly) and offers recovery options such as safe mode.

## Other tools
### Windows 
**LKGC** (Last Known Good Configuration) reverts to the last non-problematic, successful bootup. It is similar to System Restore, but its primary function is to allow the user to use the computer normally, unlike System Restore, which does not guarantee a fix. Also, LKGC is unrevertable, unless you successfully bootup again.

**System Restore** works by allowing the user to open a wizard, then select a "restore point". The user must restart for the point to take effect, but the system will start as normal.

**System Repair** is typically found on the hard disk of your computer and contains options that can be used to fix the system. However, in serious cases, the OS may need to be reinstalled.

## References
Doktor Martinus Luther (1911)

***Doktor Martinus Luther*** (translated: *Doctor Martinus Luther*) is a 1911 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. This movie is a silent movie. It starred Hermann Litt as Luther.

## Related pages
* Luther film

## Literature 
* Esther Pia Wipfler: *Luther im Stummfilm: Zum Wandel protestantischer Mentalität im Spiegel der FIlmgeschichte bis 1930*. In: *Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte* 98 (2007), S. 167–198; ; Vgl. Abstract auf der Interseite des Institut de l’information scientifique et technique 

## Other websites 
* Filmportal.de - Doktor Martinus Luther
* Murnau-Stiftung - Doktor Martinus Luther - 1911 
* Document title - Luther im Stummfilm - Luther in silent films - Résumé
Regular expression

, introduced the concept in 1951]]
A **regular expression** (abbreviated **regexp** or **regex**) is a way to describe sets of characters using syntactic rules. Many programming languages use or support regular expressions. A regular expression is then used by a special program or part of a programming language. This program will either generate a parser that can be used to match expressions or it will match such expressions itself. A simple use case for this is to find all words or phrases in a text that match a certain pattern. In one case, the 'pattern' might just be a word, but in more complex cases, there might be rules that say that the word needs to start with an uppercase letter, or that only certain letters are allowed. 

A **regular expression processor** is used for processing a regular expression statement in terms of a grammar in a given formal language, and with that examines a text string. 

A few examples of what can be matched with regular expressions:
* The sequence of characters "car" appearing consecutively in any context, such as in "car", "cartoon", or "bicarbonate".
* The sequence of characters "car" occurring in that order with other characters between them, such as in "Icelander" or "chandler".
* The word "car" when it appears as an isolated word.
* The word "car" when preceded by the word "blue" or "red".
* The word "car" when *not* preceded by the word "motor".
* A dollar sign immediately followed by one or more digits, and then optionally a period and exactly two more digits (for example, "$10" or "$245.99"). This does not match "$ 5", because of the space between the dollar sign and the digit, nor "€25", because there is no dollar sign.  

Regular expressions can be much more complex than these examples. Many regular expression languages also support "wildcard" characters. A more complex example might be t0 validate a date. Some months have 31 days, others have 30; February has 29 in some cases (leap years). So a use case might be to validate a date.  

## References
Disput u noći

***Disput u noći*** (translated: *Dispute in the Night*) is a 1976 movie. The movie was made in Yugoslavia.

## Plot 
The movie is about a dispute between Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther. So the movie shows parts of the life of Martin Luther.

## Related pages
* Luther film

## Other websites 
*
Die Wittenberger Nachtigall

***Die Wittenberger Nachtigall*** () is a 1913 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. It is a silent movie. It starred Rudolf Essek as Luther.

## Background 
Historical mistakes are the reason that the movie was forbidden for the youth.

## Related pages
* Martin Luther
* Luther film

## Literature 
* Esther Pia Wipfler: *Luther im Stummfilm: Zum Wandel protestantischer Mentalität im Spiegel der FIlmgeschichte bis 1930*. In: *Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte* 98 (2007), S. 167–198; ; Vgl. Abstract auf der Interseite des Institut de l’information scientifique et technique 
* Die Wittenberger Nachtigall - decision to censore the film 

## References
## Other websites 
* Filmportal.de Die Wittenberger Nachtigall (1913)
* Filmportal.de Der Weg zur Sonne (1920/1921)
* Filmportal.de Doktor Martin Luther. Ein Lebensbild fürs deutsche Volk (1927)
* Collector’s Homepage Autographs: Rudolf Essek
* Die Wittenberger Nachtigall - decision to censore the film (German)
Triclinic

A **triclinic** crystal is shaped almost like a rectangle. It is slightly bent, though. Copper sulfate makes triclinic crystals. It is the least symmetric (meaning that both sides are not very similar). 

. In the triclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length, as in the orthorhombic system.
Crystal structure

points within the (2-D) hexagonal space lattice (a). The values for the H–O–H angle and O–H distance have come from *Physics of Ice* with uncertainties of ±1.5° and ±0.005&nbsp;Å, respectively. The white box in (c) is the unit cell defined by Bernal and Fowler]]
 crystals.]]

In crystallography, the **crystal structure** is how the atoms (or ions or molecules) are arranged in a crystalline material. Crystals occur naturally from the way the chemical bonds of the atoms connect. Symmetric repeating patterns occur in 3-D space in the crystal.

The crystal structure and symmetry cause many physical properties, such as cleavage (how the crystal splits) how it conducts electricity, and its optical properties.

The crystal structure of a chemical is the shape of the crystal at the molecular level. There are several shapes of crystals. Sodium chloride is cubic. Copper sulfate is triclinic. Most things, even metals, have crystal structures. Some crystals fit more atoms in them than others, and these crystals usually weigh more.

Each type of crystal structure has a unit cell, which is a small pattern of points that repeats through the whole crystal. For example, in a primitive cubic crystal, the unit cell is the eight corners of a cube. When many unit cells are next to each other, you get a crystal.

## References
Aliens of the Deep

***Aliens of the Deep*** is a 2005 documentary movie, directed in part by James Cameron and filmed in the IMAX 3D format. It was produced by Walden Media and Buena Vista Pictures. Cameron worked with NASA scientists to explore the Mid-Ocean Ridges, under water chains of mountains in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that are home to some of the planet's more unusual forms of life.

## Plot
Cameron joins up aboard the Russian research ship, "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh", with a group of NASA scientists, as well as some Russian marine biologists, to investigate ten hydrothermal vents in both the Atlantic and Pacific. The vents have their own unique ecosystem, which support diverse organisms such as giant tube worms, swarms of blind white crabs, and vast amounts of shrimp which are capable of "seeing" water that is heated by the vents. These creatures do not need sunlight like other organisms, and instead get their energy from the vents. They are able to survive in the superheated and sulfurous water. Because of this, the documentary suggests that this is what life beyond Earth might look like. As some alien ecosystems are likely to be a lot harsher than a typical terrestrial ecosystem, these exotic vents provide an insight into some of the forms that alien life might take.

The documentary shows Cameron's passion for exploring the oceans, as well as his interest in extraterrestrial life. It also shows the technology used to reach such depths.

The movie is similar to Cameron's earlier documentary, *Ghosts of the Abyss* (2003), which involves him journeying to the wreck of the RMS *Titanic*. It too was filmed in the 3-D IMAX format.
Hazard

A **hazard** is something that can be dangerous to people, goods, and the environment. Hazards are often marked with warning signs to help people know that a dangerous thing exists and to do the right thing to stay safe. Each hazard has ways to make it less dangerous or remove it.

For example, a motorist should read road signs and react to hazards on the road to stay safe like slowing down for sharp turns.

## By Physical Nature 
* Biological hazards are caused by living microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and parasites) that can make other living things sick.
* Chemical hazards are caused by harmful chemicals (e.g., acids).
* Radioactive hazards are caused by materials that give off ionizing radiation (e.g., plutonium).
* Thermal hazards are caused by extreme heat (e.g., fires) or extreme cold (e.g., freezing weather).
* Kinetic hazards are caused by moving objects or forces (e.g., vehicles and loud vibrations).

## References
Potassium sulfide

**Potassium sulfide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2S. It contains potassium and sulfide ions. The potassium is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Potassium sulfide is a colorless solid when it is pure. Sometimes it is not pure and it is yellow-brown. It reacts with water to make potassium hydrogen sulfide, and potassium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a potassium salt. 

## Preparation
Potassium sulfide is made by reacting potassium with sulfur. Many times the potassium is dissolved in liquid ammonia. It can also be made by reacting potassium sulfate with carbon. It is made when black powder is burned.

## Related pages
*Potassium sulfite
*Sulfate
Risk and Safety Statements

**Risk and Safety Statements** are codes that show the hazards of certain chemicals. There are certain R (risk) phrases and S (safety) phrases. For example, R34 states that the chemical may cause burns. S36 says to wear protective clothing. 

## Related pages
*List of R-phrases
*List of S-phrases
List of R-phrases

## Risk Phrases
*R1: Explosive when dry
*R2: Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
*R3: Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
*R4: Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds
*R5: Heating may cause an explosion
*R6: Explosive with or without contact with air
*R7: May cause fire
*R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire
*R9: Explosive when mixed with combustible material
*R10: Flammable
*R11: Highly flammable
*R12: Extremely flammable
*R14: Reacts violently with water
*R15: Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases
*R16: Explosive when mixed with oxidising substances
*R17: Spontaneously flammable in air
*R18: In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture
*R19: May form explosive peroxides
*R20: Harmful by inhalation
*R21: Harmful in contact with skin
*R22: Harmful if swallowed
*R23: Toxic by inhalation
*R24: Toxic in contact with skin
*R25: Toxic if swallowed
*R26: Very toxic by inhalation
*R27: Very toxic in contact with skin
*R28: Very toxic if swallowed
*R29: Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
*R30: Can become highly flammable in use
*R31: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
*R32: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
*R33: Danger of cumulative effects
*R34: Causes burns
*R35: Causes severe burns
*R36: Irritating to eyes
*R37: Irritating to respiratory system
*R38: Irritating to skin
*R39: Danger of very serious irreversible effects
*R40: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
*R41: Risk of serious damage to eyes
*R42: May cause sensitisation by inhalation
*R43: May cause sensitisation by skin contact
*R44: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement
*R45: May cause cancer
*R46: May cause heritable genetic damage
*R48: Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure
*R49: May cause cancer by inhalation
*R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms
*R51: Toxic to aquatic organisms
*R52: Harmful to aquatic organisms
*R53: May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
*R54: Toxic to flora
*R55: Toxic to fauna
*R56: Toxic to soil organisms
*R57: Toxic to bees
*R58: May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment
*R59: Dangerous for the ozone layer
*R60: May impair fertility
*R61: May cause harm to the unborn child
*R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility
*R63: Possible risk of harm to the unborn child
*R64: May cause harm to breast-fed babies
*R65: Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed
*R66: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
*R67: Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness
*R68: Possible risk of irreversible effects

## Related pages
*Risk and Safety Statements
*List of S-phrases
Okinawa Prefecture

is traditionally a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan.   Okinawa Prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of Kyushu.  Recent government proposals  the prefecture as its own region.

The capital city is Naha which is on the island of Okinawa.

## History
### Timeline
* **1429**: Shō Hashi founded the Ryūkyū Kingdom
* **1609**: Shimazu of Satsuma Province invade Ryukyu Kingdom
* **1853**: Commodore Matthew C. Perry and US Navy ships at Naha
* **1875** (*Meiji 5*): Ryūkyū Domain is created
* **1879** (*Meiji 12*): Okinawa Prefecture was established.
* **1945** (*Shōwa 20*): US administration after World War II
* **1953** (*Shōwa 28*): Partial reversion to Japan

## Geography
Okinawa is a grouping of many islands along the border at the edge of the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean from Kyūshū to Taiwan.  It is the southernmost prefecture in Japan.

## Shrines and Temples
*Naminouegū* was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of the Ryukyu Islands.  In 1890, the shrine was  in the system of State Shinto.  It is among the ranked, nationally significant shrines or  which includes five sanctuaries.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## More reading
* Kerr, George H. (1958). *Okinawa: the History of an Island People.* Rutland, Vermont: Charles Tuttle Co. OCLC 722356
* ___________. (1953). *Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945.* Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. OCLC 5455582

## Other websites
*Okinawa Prefecture 
*Okinawa Tourist Information 
*Ryukyu Cultural Archives
*Okinawa Prefecture Official Home-page
Gunma Prefecture

is a prefecture of in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. Its capital is Maebashi.

## History
In the Meiji period, Gunma was created from land which was in Keno Province and Kōzuke Province.

## Geography 
Gunma is in the northwestern part of the Kantō Plain. It is mostly mountainous. 

Gunma shares northern borders with Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture.  The prefecture's eastern border is shared with Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture. Saitama Prefecture is south of the prefecture.

### Cities 
There are twelve cities in Gunma Prefecture:

*Annaka
*Fujioka
*Isesaki
*Kiryū

*Maebashi (capital)
*Midori
*Numata
*Ōta

*Shibukawa
*Takasaki
*Tatebayashi
*Tomioka

### Towns and villages 
Towns and villages in each district:

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 14% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Ichinomiyanukisaki jinja* is the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Thespa Kusatsu

## References
## Other websites 
*
* (Japanese)
Kagoshima Prefecture

is a prefecture of Japan on the island of Kyushu. The capital city is Kagoshima.

## History
Kagoshima Prefecture is made from the old provinces of Ōsumi and Satsuma, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands.

During the Sengoku period and Edo period, Ōsumi was controlled by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma.

This region played a key role in the Meiji Restoration.  Important historical figures from Kagoshima are Saigo Takamori and Tōgō Heihachirō.

### Timeline
* **713** (*Wadō 6, 3rd month*) – Ōsumi Province was separated from Hyūga Province.
* **1543** (*Tenbun 12, 25th day of the 8th month*): 1st gun is brought to Japan by the Portuguese
* **1914** (*Taishō 3, 1st month*): Eruption of the Sakurajima volcano
* **2004** (*Heisei 16*): Kyushu Shinkansen line opens in Kagoshima

## Geography
Kagoshima borders Kumamoto Prefecture and Miyazaki Prefecture. It is in the southern part of Kyushu facing the Pacific Ocean.
### Cities
### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Kagoshima jinja*, *Hirasaki jinja* and Nitta Hachiman-gū are the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/foreign/english/index.html ;
Schoep's Ice Cream

'''Schoep's Ice Cream''' is an ice cream manufacturing company based in Madison, Wisconsin.

## History
Schoep's Ice Cream was founded by E.J. Schoephoester in 1928. Schoephoester produced and sold the ice cream in his grocery store. By 1937 Schoep's Ice Cream had become well known locally and E. B. Schoephoester sold his company to Peter B. Thomsen, a butter maker. The company has been kept in the Thomsen family, and as of 2008 it was owned in part by nineteen members of the Thomsen family.

## Operation
All of Schoep's Ice Cream is currently produced from a single factory located on Helena Street in Madison, Wisconsin. As of 2008 Schoep's was producing 6,000 gallons of ice cream an hour and 2.5 million gallons a year. With this high production rate, Schoep's has been recognized as the top producer of ice cream in the state of Wisconsin. Due to this growth, in 2005, Schoep's opened a $7 million, 46,000-square-foot distribution center on Manufacturers Drive, near the Dane County Regional Airport. This new facility features space for 3,600 pallets and 14 loading-dock doors. Before this facility was built, Schoep's had shipped all of their ice cream from two loading docks at their factory.

## Contracts
### Walgreens
Schoep's is not well known around the United States as Schoep's Ice Cream, but as Walgreens brand Ice Cream. Since 1993 Schoep's has been the sole producer of ice cream sold under the Walgreens label. This contract accounts for more than 25 percent of Schoep's business.

## References
Brandon Flowers

**Brandon Flowers** (born June 21, 1981) is an American musician. He is the singer and keyboardist of American rock band The Killers. He has also released a solo album called Flamingo. He is married with three sons named Ammon, Gunnar, and Henry.

## Early life 
He was born in Henderson, Nevada. His parents are of Dutch, English, French, German, Lithuanian and Scottish descent.

## Awards
Flowers won NME Awards in 2005 for "Best Dressed" (also nominated in 2006, 2007, & 2009).  He won "Sexiest Man" as well as an award for "Most Stylish" in 2011.  He won the award for "Most Stylish Man" at the 2008 *GQ* awards. He was also listed as one of "The 50 Most Stylish Musicians of the Last 50 Years" by Esquire in 2011. 

In 2012, Flowers was named the #6 Greatest Frontman of All Time by Xfm.

He was nominated for Q Awards 'Best Male Artist' in 2010. He was also nominated for "Best Video" ("Crossfire") at the Shockwaves NME 2011 Awards.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
## Tours
*Flamingo Road Tour (2010)

## References
National Pledge (Singapore)

The '''Singapore's National Pledge''' was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966, not long after Singapore's Independence. A draft was submitted to the then Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, before he made it better and passed it to the Cabinet.

## The pledge 
These are the words of the pledge

:We, the citizens of Singapore, pledge ourselves as one united people, regardless of race, language or religion, to build a democratic society based on justice and equality so as to achieve happiness, prosperity and progress for our nation

### Malay original
### Chinese translation 
### Tamil translation
## Rules for using the Pledge
These are the rules for using the pledge. They are set by the government.

#We will recite the pledge in schools, on SAF Day and during the National Day Parade (NDP).
#Everyone should put their right fist at their left part of the chest to be loyal to Singapore.
#We cannot use the pledge for what it should not be used as.
Fish pie

**Fish pie** is a  pie that has fish in it. It is normally eaten by British people, and made with white fish (cod, haddock, or halibut) in a white sauce. Hard boiled eggs are sometimes added as well, and the pie is made in a deep dish. The fish is not covered by a pie crust, but there are mashed potatoes over it instead. The pie is sometimes also called the "fisherman's pie" because it is similar to the shepherd's pie.  

## Related pages
*Pot pie
*Sweet potato pie

## Other websites 
*Recipes for luxury fish pie and fisherman's pie  from BBC Food.
Yolk

The **yolk** is the yellow center of an egg. It is only one cell. It is commonly seen in fried eggs. When it is mixed with the whites, it makes scrambled eggs. It is sometimes used in cooking. It is much higher in calories than the egg white. It has fat-soluble vitamins in it. Some eggs have two egg yolks in them.

## References