open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
British Rail Class 465

The British Rail **Class 465** "Networker" electric multiple units were made by Metro Cammell and BREL. It was made from 1991 to 1994. They were operated by Network South East in 1991, They're now operated by Southeastern. They are mostly used on suburban routes serving the South East of England.

In 2025 unit 465908 was painted into Network South East livery and it was named after Chris Green who was the former managing director of Network South East, this was done for the 200th anniversary of the modern railway.

## Fleet details
## Gallery 

File:465034 at Waterloo East.JPG|Class 465/0, no. 465034 at Waterloo East on 19 July 2003. This unit carries original Network SouthEast livery.
File:MetCam and Brel at CX.jpg|A Metro-Cammell unit (left) coupled cab-to-cab with a BREL unit (right). BREL-built units have air vents above some saloon windows; Metro-Cammell units do not.
File:465020 at Waterloo East.jpg|Class 465/0, no. 465020 at Waterloo East on 25 January 2003. This unit carries Connex Networker livery.
File:465237 at Waterloo East.jpg|Class 465/2, no. 465237 at Waterloo East on 25 January 2003. This unit carries South Eastern Trains livery.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
British Rail Class 483

The **British Rail Class 483** electric multiple units were originally built by Metro-Cammell as 1938 tube stock units for London Underground. They were extensively refurbished between 1989 and 1992 by Eastleigh Works, for use on services on the Isle of Wight's Island Line. This was despite having already worked for nearly fifty years on the London Underground. The units replaced the even older  and life-expired Class 485 and Class 486 units, which were introduced in 1967, but were originally built as 'Standard' stock units for the London Electric Railway in 1923.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the operator of Class 483 EMUs
Domitian

**Domitian** (Titus Flavius Domitianus, 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death in AD 96.

## Biography 
Domitian was the last emperor of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96, This included the reigns of Domitian's father Vespasian (69–79), his elder brother Titus (79–81), and that of Domitian himself.

When Titus died (he was struck down by a fatal illness in 81), the next day Domitian was declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard. This started a reign which lasted fifteen years – longer than any man who ruled since Tiberius.

As emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage. He expanded the border defenses of the empire, and started a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome.

Significant wars were fought in Britain, where his general Agricola attempted to conquer Scotland, and in Dacia, where Domitian was unable to win a decisive victory against king Decebalus.

Domitian's rule was totalitarian. He saw himself as the new Augustus, as an enlightened  destined to guide the Roman Empire into a new age. Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality. By nominating himself perpetual censor, he sought to control public and private morals. As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and army but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate.

Domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials. The same day, he was succeeded by his advisor Nerva. After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories showing Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.

Modern history has rejected these views. Now we see Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat, whose cultural, economic and political program provided the foundation of the peaceful second century.

## References
First Bulgarian Empire

The **First Bulgarian Empire** (Church Slavonic: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское, ''ts'rstvo bl'garskoe'') was a medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 in the lands near the Danube Delta, which disintegrated in AD 1018 after its annexation to the Byzantine Empire. It was succeeded by the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185.

## References
Basarab I of Wallachia

**Basarab I** (c. 1310/1319–1352) was an early ruler of the principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352.  He is sometimes referred to as *Întemeietorul* ("The Founder"), given his role in the creation of the state, together with his position as common ancestor of rulers in the Basarab dynasty.
Dragoş

**Dragoş** (*Drágfi of Béltek*) was a Maramureş Voivode ruling over the lands of what was to become Moldavia (between 1351 and 1353). He left Maramureş by orders from the Hungarian King Louis I, in order to establish a defense line against the Golden Horde. He was succeeded by his son, Sas (*Szász* or *Sas of Béltek*) (ruled 1354-1358).
High Middle Ages

, whose construction began in 1163, is one of the finest examples of the High Middle Ages architecture.]]

The **High Middle Ages** was the part of European history in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1299). Before the High Middle Ages came the Early Middle Ages (from the 5th century to approximately AD 1000). After the High Middle Ages came the Late Middle Ages (about AD 1300–1500).

## References
Kingdom of Hungary

The **Kingdom of Hungary** (Hungarian: *Magyar Királyság*), sometimes just **Hungary**, was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a thousand years between 1000 and 1918. It came back during the Interwar period from 1920 to 1944 as a regency. It was created when Stephen I of Hungary was crowned in Esztergom in the year 1000. The first monarchy collapsed in 1918 because of the First World War, and the regency was liberated by the Soviet Union in 1944 during the end of the Second World War.

In the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Hungary was one of the most powerful monarchies. It had many wars with the Ottoman Empire, usually because of the Balkans. It had an important role in both World Wars. 

## Notes
## References
Suzerainty

**Suzerainty** (American accent: soo-zer-en-tee) happens when a country X has its own government but cannot act independently because of a more powerful country Y. This more powerful country Y is called the **suzerain** and can usually control the foreign relations of X (how X interacts with other countries).

It differs from sovereignty in that the tributary still has limited control of its own stuff and internal country affairs.

A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord. Korea.

## Related pages 
* colonialism
* puppet state
* tributary state

## Citations
British Rail Class 489

on 19th July 2003. This unit was used on Gatwick Express services from London Victoria-Gatwick Airport until withdrawal in 2005.]]
 on 18th March 2003. This unit carries the *InterCity Gatwick Express* livery.]]
 on 18th March 2003. This is was one of the final two units in service with Gatwick Express.]]
The British Rail **Class 489** (or GLV) is a type of electric multiple unit, specially converted for use on Gatwick Express trains, from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.
British Rail Class 499

British Rail allocated **Class 499** to a fleet of six luggage vans used in electric multiple unit formations on boat train services between London and Dover. They were allocated Southern Region class TLV (meaning **T**railer **L**uggage **V**an).
British Rail Class 501

The **British Rail Class 501** electric multiple units were built in 1957/58 for use on the former LNWR/LMS suburban electric network of the London Midland Region. A total of 57 three-car units were built.
British Rail Class 502

The **British Rail Class 502** was a type of electric multiple unit originally built by the London Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works workshop. Introduced in 1940 and withdrawn by 1980, they spent the whole of their working lives on the electrified railway lines of north Liverpool.
British Rail Class 503

**British Rail Class 503** trains were 70mph (110km/h) electric multiple units. They were introduced in two batches — in 1938 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) with a further batch (built to a similar design) in 1956 by the then nationalised British Railways (BR).
Second-class citizen

A **second**-**class citizen** is a person who is discriminated by their country, even though they are a citizen or legal resident.

Second-class citizenry is usually seen as a violation of human rights. African-Americans who lived in the United States during segregation, Indian natives during British rule in India, and black Africans who lived in South Africa under apartheid, were often described in this way. Other groups of people that have been or still are being treated as second class citizens are the Dalit of India, and Arab Christians.

## Related pages
* Constitution
* Constitutional economics
* Makoto Sakurai
British Rail Class 487

The British Rail **Class 487** electric multiple units were built by English Electric in 1940, for use on the Waterloo & City Line.
British Rail Class 504

just weeks before closure for conversion to the Metrolink light rail system.  The preparatory earthworks for Metrolink's overhead wire supports can be seen on both sides of the tracks.]]

The British Rail **Class 504** was a unique type of electric multiple unit that ran on 1200 V DC third rail with side-contact current collection. The type was used only between Manchester and Bury.
Alexander Joan Cuza

**Alexander Joan Cuza** (a common English rendition of **Alexandru Ioan Cuza**; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian-born Romanian politician who ruled as the first *Domnitor* of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1866.

## References
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

The **House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen** is the cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg-Prussia and the German Empire. The state which the cadet branch ruled was the **County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen** (), which later became a principality (*Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen*).

## References
British Rail Class 508

.|thumb]]

.]]
The British Rail **Class 508** electric multiple units ("EMUs") were built by BREL at York works in 1979-80. They were the fourth variety of BR's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, eventually encompassing 755 vehicles and five classes (313/314/315/507/508). They have mostly worked on the Merseyrail network since 1983, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

## Related pages
*British Rail Class 507
*Merseyrail

## References
British Rail Class 507

**British Rail Class 507** electric multiple units were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979. They were the third variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). The 507s were the first variant to be 750V DC third rail only. They have worked on the Merseyrail network from new, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.

## Related pages
*Class 508
*Merseyrail

## References
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The **Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878** had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian Empire's goal of recovering  losses that it had suffered because of the Crimean War. Tsar Alexander II was fighting against the Ottoman Empire led by Abdul Hamid II .

## Related pages
* Constantinople Conference
British Rail Class 506

The **British Rail Class 506** was a 3-carriage electric multiple unit (EMU). This type was built for local services between Manchester, Glossop and Hadfield on the . 

The eight units were introduced in 1954. The Class 506 made improvements over the steam trains they replaced. They served the Glossop and Hadfield service for 30 years. The units were replaced in 1984 when the line was converted to AC power supply. One Class 506 train was set aside for preservation, but had rotted beyond restoration. Only the cab of one of the carriages had survived.

## Construction and design 
In 1938, the London and North Eastern Railway ordered eight three-car trains. They were not built until 1950. The trains entered service in June 1954.

## Operational history 
When the Class 506 entered service, the number of suburban trains per day was increased from 17 to 31. The journey time between Manchester and Hadfield/Glossop was reduced by one third. These were improvements from the steam trains the Class 506 replaced. Within three months after entering service, four times more passengers used the Glossop service.

The Class 506 rarely go east of Hadfield. This was because the trains had low gearing and the risk of overheating. Test runs east of Hadfield were conducted in 1969. This was done to see a possible use through the .

In March 1983,  was closed. This meant Class 506 trains were transferred to Longsight depot. They had be hauled by diesel locomotives to and from Longsight for maintenance and storage. This was because the Class 506 did not match the 25 kV AC electrical supply.

## Withdrawal and preservation 
 in 1984. This photograph was taken shortly before the unit's withdrawal.]]
In 1981, the Woodhead line was closed east of Hadfield. At this point, the Class 506 trains were nearing 30 years old. The units ran for the final time on 7 December 1984. Following this, the Manchester to Hadfield/Glossop line switched to AC electrical supply. Class 303 trains were moved from Glasgow to replace the Class 506. 

After withdrawal, unit '04 was set aside for preservation. The rest were sent to  for scrap. They were recycled there in April 1985.

The West Yorkshire Transport Museum had secured unit '04 for preservation. The train was first based at the Dinting Railway Museum. It was then moved to the former Bradford Hammerton Street Depot. Eventually, the unit ended up on the .

At this point, the train's body had rotted severely. The unit was sold to  for recycling in August 1995. The cab end of the motor carriage was salvaged.

## Related pages 
* British Rail Class 76
* British Rail Class 77
* British Rail Class 306
* LNER electric units

## References 
## Sources 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* The Glossop Line Class 506 Electric Multiple Units &ndash; LNER Encyclopedia
British Rail Class 488

The British Rail **Class 488** are unpowered trailer sets, converted from Mark 2F coaches for the Gatwick Express service from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.
Treaty of Paris (1920)

The 1920 **Treaty of Paris** was an act signed by Romania and the Principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia. The treaty however never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.

## References
Bessarabia

**Bessarabia** is part of Eastern Europe between Romania and Ukraine.  It shares borders with Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west. 

During the 19th century it was sometimes part of Romania and sometimes in the Russian Empire. It was again part of Romania most of the first half of the 20th century. The Soviet Union occupied the region after 1944. Today, most areas of Bessarabia belong to the Republic of Moldova.

## Other websites 
*
Treaty of Trianon

The **Treaty of Trianon** was a peace agreement signed on June 4, 1920, and took effect on July 26, 1921. It ended the war between Hungary and most of the Allied Powers, which had started during World War I. The treaty was signed at the Grande Trianon Palace in Versailles and was one of several agreements made at the Paris Peace Conference. The treaty required Hungary and its neighbors—Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Austria—to recognize their common borders. Most of the Trianon treaty terms were changed or became irrelevant by the end of the interwar period. However, Hungary's borders set by the Trianon treaty were confirmed again by the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty.

The Trianon treaty required Hungary to give up control of 70 percent of its pre-1914 territory. But in reality, the Hungarian government in Budapest had lost control of most of these areas by late 1918 to mid-1919. The only region Hungary actually had to give up after the treaty was Burgenland, which went to Austria in late 1921. On the other hand, the treaty allowed Hungary to regain some control over certain areas. Before the treaty was signed, the Romanian army left the left bank of the Tisza River, and in August 1921, Hungarian forces took back the mining areas of Pecs after Serbian troops withdrew. The treaty also required Hungary to pay reparations and limited its military, but it provided trade benefits with Austria and Czechoslovakia, coal supplies from Czechoslovakia and Poland, and legal protection for Hungarian property and citizens abroad. The partition brought irredentism, since many people in the lost lands were Hungarian and wanted to continue being part of Hungary.  Hundreds of thousands of people from the lost territories sought refuge in Hungary.

References

## Other websites 
* Treaty of Trianon -Citizendium
Hungarians

**Hungarians**, also known as **Magyars** ( ;  ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Ugric language branch of the Uralic language family.

The Hungarian people are believed to be descendants of the Huns, an ethnically Asian-origin group. Although Hungarian is now written using the Latin alphabet, its grammatical structure shares more similarities with Turkic and Mongolic languages, and the language was previously written in an Old Turkic-derived script. the origins of Hungarians are considered to be in the proximity of eastern Siberia and northern Mongolia. The ancestors of the Hungarians are then thought to have migrated westward and lived in what is now the region of Yakutia approximately 4,500 years ago.

**Genetic studies have shown that the Hungarian people possess certain Y-DNA haplogroups with links to Asian origins.** These include markers such as N3a-L708, C2-M217, and R1a-Z93, which are commonly found among populations in Siberia, Central Asia, and regions historically inhabited by nomadic peoples. Such genetic traits support theories that the ancestors of Hungarians migrated westward from areas in or near present-day Siberia, eventually settling in the Carpathian Basin. While Hungary is geographically European, its genetic and linguistic heritage also reflect deep connections to Eurasian steppe cultures.

Several smaller ethnic groups of Hungarian descent can be found around the world. One such group is the Magyarabs of Nubia, Egypt, who have resided in the region since 1517. The Székelys are Hungarians who settled in the Carpathian Basin prior to the 9th-century Hungarian conquest, and they continue to preserve elements of ancient Hungarian culture, including the use of the traditional Hungarian runic script (rovásírás).

## References
Kingdom of Romania

The **Kingdom of Romania** (or 'Romania' after 1969) was a constitutional monarchy which existed between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the First (in 1866), and respectively, the Second Constitution of Romania. Thus, the **Kingdom of Romania** began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania and later replaced by Michael I of Romania . It's Prime minister was Ion Antonescu who was prime minister from 1940-1944 . He was later executed in 1946, 2 years after the defeat of Nazi Germany, Italy, Hungary, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria and Japan, which were the countries in the Axis Powers who were defeated in 1945.

From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) to a full-fledged independent kingdom. During 1918-20, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina were united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria. In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate from throne. The socialist republic, ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy after Joseph Stalin occupied Romania in 1945.

## Related pages
* Fascism
* Iași pogrom
* Ion Antonescu
* The Holocaust
* Odessa massacre (1941)

## References
România Mare

**România Mare**, translated from Romanian can mean:
*Kingdom of Romania under the King Ferdinand I
*Greater Romania
LNER electric units

In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) received a fleet of **articulated electric multiple units** for use on the Tyneside Electric lines. These lines linked the English city of Newcastle upon Tyne with the coast at North Shields and South Shields. They were in service until electric services stopped in 1967.

## History 
### Construction 
In June 1935, the LNER ordered 132 cars from Metro-Cammell to replace the old trains from the early 20th century. 64 two-car sets were made from 128 cars. The remainder were two luggage vans and two parcel vans, both single units. The traction motors were sourced from . Westinghouse supplied the electrical control equipment. The new Tyneside units were the only articulated EMUs to be in regular service in Britain, until the Eurostar trains appeared in 1993.

### Service 
The new trains entered service on 30 July 1937. Round trip times were shortened from 63 minutes to 53.

The trains were originally painted red and cream. During the Second World War, they were recoloured blue and off-white. This was made to make enemy planes harder to spot the trains. In the post-war times, British Railways recoloured the trains again to green. Towards the end of their service life, some trains had some yellow on their front.

When built, the trains had some first-class seating. This was changed on 4 May 1959, when British Railways decided to make all of the seats second-class.

### Demise 
During the 1960s, fewer people took the trains. The South Tyneside service had 2.5 million passengers in 1961, which was less than 3.5 million in 1956. This may have been caused by the increase in automobile usage, housing development away from railways, and bus competition.

In March 1962, Dr.  made a speech at Newcastle. He noted about the falling finances on both the North and South Tyneside electric services. In addition, the cost of renewing the electrical infrastructure was becoming too expensive.

The South Tyneside line was the first to be de-electrified on 6 January 1963. Diesel multiple units were used as replacements. On 6 March 1967, a new timetable showed that more diesel trains were to be transferred from the Western Region. These replaced the remaining electric trains on the North Tyneside line. The last of the electrics were pulled from service on 17 June of the same year.

## Related pages 
* British Rail Class 416

## Notes 
### Explanatory notes 
## Sources 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* The LNER Tyneside Electric Multiple Units - LNER Encyclopedia
LYR electric units

The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) electrified urban railway lines in Liverpool and Manchester in order to improve the service offered against the competition being put up by new electric trams.

## Liverpool
### Liverpool to Southport
The line between Liverpool and Southport began using electric multiple units (EMUs) on 22 March 1904. Power was supplied from a third rail at 625 Volts direct current.

### Liverpool Overhead Railway
Connections were built with the Liverpool Overhead Railway (LOR) at Seaforth & Litherland railway station to a new station beside LOR's Seaforth Sands station. Also from the North Mersey Branch route to Aintree. From 2 July 1905 LOR trains began to run through to Seaforth and Litherland. In 1906 the L&YR electrified the line to Aintree.

### Liverpool to Ormskirk
Electrification to Ormskirk was completed in 1913.

## Manchester
### Bury to Holcombe Brook
From 1913 an experimental electric service operated between Bury and Holcombe Brook. The equipment was provided by Dick, Kerr & Co. of Preston, which was developing its products for export.
The system used was 3,500 Volts DC from overhead lines. In 1918 the line was converted to the 1,200 V DC system chosen for the Manchester to Bury line.

### Manchester to Bury
After the Holcombe Brook service, the L&YR decided to electrify the Manchester to Bury line. The system used was 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail. The purpose of this unusual arrangement was to prevent the service being affected by ice forming on the live rail.  Sixty-six cars were built at Newton Heath works. The electrical equipment was supplied by Dick, Kerr & Co. The first public services ran on 17 April 1916,
LNWR electric units

, 11 March 1956]]

During 1909-1922, the London and North Western Railway embarked on a large-scale project to electrify their whole London inner-suburban network, encompassing the lines from London Euston to Watford and the North London Railway from London Broad Street to Richmond. This also included branch lines such as Watford to Croxley Green (where a depot was built to house the electric units), and links to what was to become the London Underground network. For this reason, the lines were electrified using the **fourth rail** 630V DC system, the electricity being generated at the LNWR's own power station in Stonebridge Park. The first electric passenger trains ran in 1914, limited to the West London line route (Willesden to Earls Court), and full services over the whole network did not begin until 1922, work having been delayed by the First World War. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway extended the network in 1927 by electrifying the branch to Rickmansworth.
Dobruja

and Bulgaria (light green) both in Eastern Europe]]
**Dobruja** or **Dobrudja** (;  or *Dobrudža*; ,  or ; ) is a region between Bulgaria and Romania. It is found between the Danube and the Black Sea. It is divided between Northern Dobruja in Romania and Southern Dobruja in Bulgaria.  

The Romanian part of Dobruja, **Dobrogea**, is made up of the counties of Constanţa and Tulcea. The Bulgarian part of Dobruja, **Dobrudzha**, is made up of the provinces of Dobrich and Silistra.

Major cities in Dobruja include Constanța, Tulcea, Medgidia and Mangalia in the Romanian part and Dobrich and Silistra in the Bulgarian part.

## Geography 
Dobruja is a mainly hilly area except for the marshy Danube Delta. It has an average altitude of about 200–300&nbsp; metres. Its highest point is the Țuțuiatu (Greci) Peak in the Măcin Mountains, with a height of 467&nbsp;m. The Romanian part of Dobruja is covered mostly by the Dobruja Plateau. The Bulgarian part has the Ludogorie Plateau. Lake Razelm is one of the most important lakes in Northern Dobruja. Dobruja has a continental climate.

Dobruja is a windy region known for its windmills. There is wind during about 85–90% of all days. It usually comes from the north or northeast. The average wind speed is about twice higher than the average in Bulgaria.

## References
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

The **Duchy of Courland and Semigallia** was a duchy in the Baltic region. It existed from 1562 through 1795. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania. It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland. It was ruled by the dukes from the House of Kettlerwith the exception of Ernst Johann Biron and his son Peter von Biron.

It had its own empire. One of its colonies was modern day Trinidad and Tobago.

## Predecessor 
*  Livonian Confederation

## Successor 
*  Courland Governorate
Carol II of Romania

**Carol II of Romania** (15 October/16 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) was the king of Romania from 8 June 1930 until 6 September 1940.

Carol died in Estoril, on the Portuguese Riviera in 1953. 

## References
Iași

**Iaşi** is a city in the northeastern part of Romania.  It is the second largest city in Romania as of the year 2007. Iaşi used to be the capital of Moldavia.

## History 
Alexandru Lăpuşneanu changed the capital of Moldavia from Suceava to Iaşi in 1564.  One of the first churches to be  in Moldavia was built by the Greek adventurer Prince Ioan Iacob Heraclid.

The Tatars burned the city down in 1513.  The Ottoman Empire also burned the city down in 1538 and people from the Imperial Russian  did so again in 1686. The plague  throughout the city in 1734.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1787 was stopped when the Peace of Iaşi happened.  Alexander Ypsilanti and the Filiki Eteria came into the city and took it in 1822.

Iaşi was the capital of Moldavia from 1568 to 1859.  When World War I happened, Iaşi became the capital of Romania.  This happened when the Central Powers took Bucharest on 6 December 1916.  Bucharest became the capital again when Imperial Germany was .

## Geography 
Iaşi can be found on the Bahlui River, which is a tributary of the Jijia.  Forests and uplands are very .  These woods and hills include the monasteries of Cetăţuia, Frumoasa, and Galata.  People have thought that Iaşi was built on seven hills (Cetăţuia, Galata, Copou-Aurora, Bucium-Păun, Şorogari, Repedea and Breazu in Romanian).

## Population 
The population of Iaşi has changed a bit over the years:

* 1859:  50,000
* 1900:  78,000 
* 1930: 102,872
* 1948:  96,075
* 1966: 161,023
* 1977: 265,002
* 1992: 344,425 
* 2002: 320,888 
* 2004: 317,812 (Since July 4, 2004, the second-biggest city)
* 2006: 306,000 (the third-biggest city)
* 2007 (July 1st): 315,214 (second biggest city)

## Sister cities 
The following are the sister cities of Iaşi:

*  Chişinău, Moldova.
*  Assiut, Egypt.
*  Atlanta, United States.
*  Filacciano, Italy.
*  Forano, Italy.
*  Ilioupoli, Greece.
*   Isfahan, Iran.
*  Jericho, Palestine.
*  Ramleh, Israel.
*  Kozani, Greece.
*  Monterrey, Mexico.
*  Morlupo, Italy.
*  Nazzano, Italy.
*  Padua, Italy.
*  Peristeri, Greece.
*  Poitiers, France.
*  Rhodes, Greece.
*  Quebec City, Canada.
*  Sant'Oreste, Italy.
*  Torrita Tiberina, Italy.
*  Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
*  Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
*  Xi'an, China.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Iasi City Hall website
*  Official site of the Iaşi police inspectorate 
* Events in Iaşi 
* Iasi Map
SR Class 2Nol

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **2Nol** to the electric multiple units built during the 1930s from old London and South Western Railway carriage bodies on new underframes. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.

## References
Ablon

**Ablon** is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
SR Class 2SL

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **2SL** to the small fleet of electric multiple units dedicated for use on the South London lines. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.
Aignerville

**Aignerville** is a former commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.

## References
Ion Antonescu

**Ion Victor Antonescu** (15 June 1882 – 1 June 1946) was a Nazi-allied Prime Minister of Romania, who called himself *Conducător* and ruled from 4 September 1940 until 23 August 1944, when he was toppled in a coup. He was executed for war crimes in 1946.

## Role in the Holocaust
When he was in charge of Romania and southern Ukraine, he actively facilitated the Holocaust for Nazi Germany. At his order, as many as 400,000 Jewish people were killed. 

The 1941 Odessa massacre killed as many as 100,000 Jews and reduced Odessa's Jews by 98.7%. Some consider the Odessa massacre as the worst massacre of Jews in the Romanian-occupied zone during WWII.

The Holocaust in Romanian-occupied zone only stopped after he was toppled in a coup led by King Michael I of Romania on 23 August 1944.

## Related pages
* Genocide
* Iron Guard
* Iași pogrom
* Antisemitism
* Kingdom of Romania

## References
British Rail Classes 485 and 486

The British Rail **Class 485** (or 4Vec) and British Rail **Class 486** (or 3Tis) electric multiple units were originally built for the London Electric Railway from 1923-31 as their 'Standard' tube stock. They were purchased by British Rail in 1967 and transported to the Isle of Wight to work 'mainline' services on the newly electrified Ryde to Shanklin line. At the time the units had already worked for over forty years on the London Underground, but their introduction allowed the final steam locomotives on the line to be withdrawn.

## References
Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)

The **Principality of Transylvania** was a semi-independent state. It was ruled by mostly Calvinist Hungarian princes. The Principality existed as a semi-independent state from 1571 to 1711. It was a part of the Habsburg Monarchy / Austrian Empire from 1711 to 1867.

## References
Bourguébus

**Bourguébus** is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in northwest France.
Network SouthEast

**Network SouthEast** (NSE) was a train operating company in the United Kingdom. It was owned by British Rail. It ran commuter trains in London and the South East England areas. Before 1986, the sector was known as **London & South Eastern**.

## Rolling stock 
 in a changed NSE livery with rounded corners]]

## Privatisation
On 1 April 1994, British Rail was privatised and Network SouthEast was split up into different train operating companies. The train operating companies would then start running the following franchises in the table below:

## Other websites 
*
SR Class 6Pul

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designations **6Pul**, **6Cit** and **6Pan** to electric multiple units built to work the routes between London and Brighton, West Worthing and Eastbourne. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class number. The 6Pul units were designated **6Cor** until 1935 (the **Cor** designation was later used for 4Cor units).
Bretteville-sur-Laize

**Bretteville-sur-Laize** is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

## Other websites
SR Class 4Lav

The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation **4Lav** to the electric multiple units built to work the semi-fast services on the route between London and Brighton. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.
Electrostar

).]]
**Electrostar** is the name given to a group of similar electric multiple unit passenger trains made by Bombardier Transportation, formerly ADtranz. Since the privatisation of British Rail, it has become the most common new EMU type in Britain, with different variants referred to as Class 357, Class 375, Class 376, Class 377, Class 378, Class 379, Class 387. They are most common on the high-volume commuter routes in South London and to the Sussex, Kent & South Essex coasts.   It shares the same bodyshell and core structure as the Turbostar, which is in turn the most common post-privatisation diesel multiple unit family. All of the Electrostar fleet were assembled at Bombardier’s Derby works.
British Rail Mark 3

, in old First Great Western colours]]
, in GNER colours]]

British Rail's third fundamental design of carriage was designated **Mark 3**, and was introduced in 1976 primarily for use on the High Speed Train (HST).  The coaches were also used as conventional loco-hauled stock as part of the West Coast Main Line (WCML) northern electrification scheme in the mid 1970s, designated Mark 3A and 3B.  The final batch was built in 1988, but Mark 3-based multiple units continued to be built until the early 1990s.

## Related pages
* InterCity 125
* Class 43 power cars
Caumont-l'Éventé

**Caumont-l&#39;Éventé** is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Caumont-sur-Aure.

## References
Croissanville

**Croissanville** was a commune. It was in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

## References
Deauville

**Deauville**  is a commune in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwestern France.

It is a luxurious seaside resort. it is perhaps best known for its role in Marcel Proust's *In Search of Lost Time*.
Familly

**Familly** is a former commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

## References
Houlgate

**Houlgate** is a small tourist resort in northwestern France along the English Channel with a beach and a casino. It is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region.

## History
It began as a hamlet in the commune of Beuzeval which was a very old parish and was part of the fiefdom of the Aché (or Achey). There were many different lords because several different families inherited the title through marriage, until gradually the land of the Beuzeval was sold to farmers. The parish was eventually controlled by Houlgate. On the south side of the river Drochon, between 1845 and 1850, sea bathing attracted summer visitors.

## Geography
Houlgate is located along the English Channel in the valley of the Drochon. The valley is mostly built up or used for animal grazing. The town's area is 4.69&nbsp;km² and the average altitude 5 m. Despite its low average height, the town contains two hills which form the natural limits of the commune.

## References
Isigny-sur-Mer

**Isigny-sur-Mer** is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Walt Disney's surname derives from the commune of Isigny. The earliest known ancestor of Walt Disney, with a similar name, was Jean-Christophe d'Isigny ("of Isigny"). "d'Isigny" was anglicised to Disney. ''d'Isigny* in French means ("*from Isigny''").

On 1 January 2017, the former communes of Castilly, Neuilly-la-Forêt, Les Oubeaux, and Vouilly joined together to become the commune of Isigny-sur-Mer.

## References
Juvigny-sur-Seulles

**Juvigny-sur-Seulles** is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

## History
The commune existed before the French Revolution. Before, it was simply *Juvigny*. The name only became Juvigny-sur-Seulles in 1938.

## Geography
The commune is a few kilometres away from the D-Day landings beaches. It is also near Caen and Bayeux.

## Demography
## Monuments
*An 18th century castle and the village's church. They were badly damaged during the Second World War bombings in 1944.
*The old bridge of Juvigny-sur-Seulles over the river Seulles. It is a listed building in France (*French: Momunment Historique*) since 19 September 2006. The bridge dates back to the Middle Ages. It is made of stone and has five arches. It is one of the oldest of its kind in the Calvados department. Pilgrims used to use it to go to the Mont-Saint-Michel. Many inns, a cabaret, a bakery and a blacksmith settled around the bridge. In the 18th century, people used the bridge more because of Lime commerce.
In 1850, the inhabitants built a more modern bridge.

## References
Lasson, Calvados

**Lasson, Calvados** used to be a commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the commune of Rots.

## References
Le Mesnil-Eudes

**Le Mesnil-Eudes** is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. About 250 people live there.

## Geography 
Le Mesnil-Eudes is in the area called Pays d'Auge. The village is about 8 kilometers south-west of Lisieux and 13 kilometers north of Livarot. Most of the land in the commune is used for farming. In 2018, about 88.5% of the land was used for agriculture, mostly for grass fields and crops. About 6.6% of the land was covered by forests.

## References 
## Other websites
Le Mesnil-Patry

**Le Mesnil-Patry** is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.

## References
Le Mesnil-Simon, Calvados

**Le Mesnil-Simon, Calvados** is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in northwest France.
La Hoguette

**La Hoguette** is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. The place name La Hoguette is derived from the Old Norse word *haugr* meaning a hill or mound.

## References
Lisieux

**Lisieux** is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Death place of St. Therese of Lisieux (Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant Jésus), who entered the Carmelite convent at the age of 15.

## Other websites
Livarot

**Livarot** was a commune. It was in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

## References
Meslay, Calvados

**Meslay, Calvados** is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region, in the Calvados department, in the northwest of France.

## References
Notre-Dame-d'Estrées

**Notre-Dame-d&#39;Estrées** is a former commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2015, it became part of the new commune Notre-Dame-d'Estrées-Corbon.
Ouistreham

**Ouistreham** is a commune in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwestern France.

It is a small port with fishing boats, leisure craft and a ferry-harbour. It serves as the port of the city of Caen.
Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados

'''Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados''' is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. It is known for Pont-l'évêque cheese, a type of soft cheese, the oldest Normandy cheese in production.

On 1 January 2019, the former commune of Coudray-Rabut was merged into Pont-l'Évêque.

## References
Poussy-la-Campagne

**Poussy-la-Campagne** is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Valambray.

## References
Pont-Farcy

**Pont-Farcy** is a former commune. It is found in the  region Normandy in the Manche department in the northwest of France. Before 1 January 2018, it was part of the Calvados department. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune of Tessy-Bocage.

## References
Rots

**Rots** is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, the former communes of Lasson and Secqueville-en-Bessin were merged into Rots.

## References
Saint-Benoît-d'Hébertot

**Saint-Benoît-d&#39;Hébertot** is a commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France.
Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont

**Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont** was a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

## References
Saint-Louet-sur-Seulles

**Saint-Louet-sur-Seulles** is a commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France.
Saint-Martin-du-Mesnil-Oury

**Saint-Martin-du-Mesnil-Oury** is a former commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

## References
Saint-Pierre-Azif

**Saint-Pierre-Azif** is a commune. It is in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in northwest France.
Sainte-Marie-Outre-l'Eau

**Sainte-Marie-Outre-l&#39;Eau** is a commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France.

The name translates to *Saint Mary beyond the Water*.

## History
The village is small today. Up to the early 20th century it was a group of farms. Until a few years ago, there was no road connecting the village to Pont-Farcy. So, it was very .

## Geography
The village is 1 kilometer from Pont-Farcy. It is along the D307 Road. The village is a collection of farm houses. It also has a church. The total population is just 81. However, this probably includes the neighbouring farms as well. Other nearby settlements are Pont-Bellanger and Beaumesnil. The nearest large towns are Villedieu-les-Poeles and Vire.

The village is close to the Calvados tourist spot *Grotte de Bion*.
Sept-Frères

**Sept-Frères** is a former commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.

## References
Viessoix

**Viessoix** used to be a commune. It is in Normandy in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new commune of Valdallière.

## References
Vire

**Vire** is a former commune in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it became a part of the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

## References
Écrammeville

**Écrammeville** was a commune. It was in Normandy in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.

## References
Épron

**Épron** is a commune. It is found in the Normandy region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Calvados department

## Other websites
*Official website
Southern Railway (UK)

The **Southern Railway** (SR), was one of the Big Four British railway companies from 1923 to 1948. It was established under the Railways Act 1921. The railway was formed by the amalgamation of smaller companies. The largest of these were the London and South Western Railway, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, and the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. 

The SR contained notable examples of civil engineering, linking London with the Channel ports, South West England and Kent.  Construction of what was to become the Southern began in 1838 with the opening of the London and Southampton Railway, which was renamed the London and South Western Railway. 

## Related pages
* SR multiple unit numbering and classification

## References
Electric multiple unit

. EMUs are often used for rapid transit lines.]]

An **electric multiple unit** or **EMU** for short, is a type multiple unit train consisting of many carriages using electricity as the motive power.  

EMU trains are generally used on rapid transit lines, such as the Singapore MRT and the Melbourne rail network. As a result of this, EMU's usually lack features such as toilets, on-board food and comfy seats. 

## Related pages
* Diesel multiple unit 
* Railway