open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cypripedium reginae

***Cypripedium reginae***, also known as the '''Showy Lady's-slipper**, the **Pink-and-white Lady's-slipper**, or the **Queen's Lady's-slipper''', is a rare  lady's-slipper orchid native to northern North America. It grows white flowers, with pink labella.

The Pink and White Lady Slipper was made the official state flower of Minnesota in 1967. Lady Slippers are also called the moccasin flower. 
There color is pink and white. They can live up to fifty years but take up to sixteen years to develop their fruit. Since 1925 the Lady Slipper has been protected and is illegal to pick or unearth the flower from its roots. The flower can be found in the northern part of Minnesota where there are swamps, bogs, wet meadows, and wet prairies. They are also known as the Queen's Lady slipper and are a type of orchid.

## References 
* NatureServe (2006), "Cypripedium reginae", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1., Arlington, Virginia

* Gray's Manual of Botany of the Northern United States, American Book Company, 1889

## Other websites 
*Minnesota Secretary of State: State Flower , accessed January 31, 2004
*US Geological Survey: Showy Lady Slipper, accessed January 31, 2004
*Showy Lady's-slipper: Queen Lady's-slipper(botany.wisc.edu) , accessed Nov 19, 2005
*NRCS: USDA Plants Profile: *Cypripedium reginae*
Lake Superior agate

The **Lake Superior agate** is a type of agate stained by iron and found on the shores of Lake Superior. Its wide distribution and iron-rich bands of color reflect the gemstone's geologic history in Minnesota. In 1969 the Lake Superior agate was picked by the Minnesota Legislature as the official state gemstone.

## References 
* Minnesota's State Gem: The Lake Superior Agate
Red pine

The **Red Pine** (*Pinus resinosa*) is a pine native to northeastern North America. The Red Pine grows in the area from Newfoundland west to southeast Manitoba, and south to northern Illinois and Pennsylvania, with a small outlying population in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. In the Upper Midwest of the United States it is sometimes known by the confusing name **Norway Pine** even though it is not native to Norway.
It is the state tree of Minnesota.

## References
* 

## Other websites
*Gymnosperm Database: *Pinus resinosa*
*Flora of North America: *Pinus resinosa*
*Red Pine Content: *Pinus resinosa*
Morchella

***Morchella***, the true **morels**, is a genus of edible mushrooms closely related to the cup fungi. These appear honeycomb-like in that the upper portion is composed of a network of ridges with pits between them.

China produces cultivated morels.

Morels are the state mushroom of Minnesota, USA. 

## References
## Other websites
* MushroomExpert.com's Morel section
* Healing-mushrooms.net's Morel page
* Morel Satisfaction: Stalking the Wild Mushroom from National Public Radio
* Morel Mushroom Discussion Forum
Wild rice

**Wild rice** (also called **Canada rice**, **Indian rice**, and **water oats**) is four species of grasses forming the genus ***Zizania***, and the grain which can be harvested from them. The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and China. While it is now something of a delicacy in North America, the grain is no longer eaten in China, where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable.

## Other websites 
* Australian wild rice; information about cultivated wild rice in Australia 
* Zizania in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System
* Save Our Rice Alliance; information on wild rice harvest, management and distribution across the Upper Great Lakes Region 
* Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne
* Asian Vegetables
* Zizania aquatica
* Jenks, Albert Ernest (1901). The wild rice gatherers of the Upper Lakes: a study in American primitive economics.
Grace (photograph)

***Grace*** is a 1918 photograph by Eric Enstrom. It depicts an old man, Charles Wilden, with hands folded, saying a prayer over a table with a simple meal. It was created in Bovey, Minnesota. In 2002, the Minnesota State Legislature established it as the state photograph.
## References
## Other websites
*GRACE by Enstrom  - Website for Photograph
L'Étoile du Nord

'''''L'Étoile du Nord*** is a French phrase meaning "**The Star of the North*'". It is the motto of the U.S. state of Minnesota.  It was chosen by the state's first governor, Henry Hastings Sibley, and was adopted in 1861, three years after Minnesota became a state. Because of this motto, one of Minnesota's nicknames is *The North Star State*. The Minnesota North Stars chose the English translation for their name.

In the northern hemisphere, the North Star (Polaris) is a part of the tip of the handle and the brightest star of the constellation Ursa Minor (known also as Little Bear and as the Little Dipper). Ursa Minor has traditionally been important for navigation, because of Polaris being the star that is closest to the North Celestial Pole.

## References
Governor of Minnesota

The **Governor of Minnesota** is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Thirty-nine different people have been governor of the state. State governors are elected to office by popular vote. The current governor of Minnesota is Democratic Tim Walz.

## Cabinet
The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state departments.  The governor appoints these department heads, who are usually called commissioners.  Cabinet-level departments include:

*Department of Administration
*Department of Agriculture
*Department of Commerce
*Department of Corrections
*Department of Education
*Department of Employee Relations
*Department of Employment and Economic Development
*Department of Finance
*Department of Health
*Department of Human Rights
*Department of Human Services
*Iron Range Resources (Also known as the IRRB )
*Department of Labor and Industry
*Bureau of Mediation Services
*Metropolitan Council
*Department of Military Affairs
*Minnesota Higher Education Services Office
*Minnesota Housing Finance Agency
*Department of Natural Resources
*Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
*Department of Public Safety
*Department of Revenue
*Department of Transportation
*Department of Veterans Affairs

## Residence
The Minnesota Governor's Residence is located in Saint Paul, at 1006 Summit Avenue.

## Gallery

Image:HHSibley-official.jpg|Henry Hastings Sibley, the first Governor of Minnesota
Image:Alexander Ramsey - Brady-Handy.jpg|Alexander Ramsey, the second Governor of Minnesota
Image:HaroldStassenOfficialOil.jpg|Harold Stassen, the 25th Governor of Minnesota

Image:ArneCarlson.jpg|Arne Carlson, the 37th Governor of Minnesota
Image:Jesse Ventura 2000.jpg|Jesse Ventura, the 38th Governor of Minnesota
Image:Tim Pawlenty official photo.jpg|Tim Pawlenty, the 39th Governor of Minnesota
Image:Mark Dayton official photo.jpg |Mark Dayton, the 40th Governor of Minnesota
Image:Governor Tim Walz at Bemidji Steel (cropped3).jpg|Tim Walz, the 41st and current Governor of Minnesota

## References
## Other websites
*Website of the governor and lieutenant governor 
*Minnesota Constitution, Article V
Alternative country

**Alternative country** (sometimes called **alt-country**, or **Americana** This has become even more confusing with "alternative country artists" saying that they do not want to be called alternative country, with more mainstream artists saying they are alternative country, and with people saying that older musicians or musicians from the past are alternative country. *No Depression*, the most popular magazine about alternative country, said that it covered "alternative-country music (whatever that is)". 
Even though not everybody agrees on what makes music "alternative country", most people agree that alternative country came from  American country music.

In the 1980s, in southern California, some musicians tried to make some music that had parts of country and parts of punk. This was called the "cowpunk scene". It had bands like Jason and the Scorchers. These styles came together in Uncle Tupelo's popular album *No Depression*, which came out in 1990. Many people think it was the first alternative country album. A magazine called *No Depression* later came out that was written about alternative country. The magazine was named after Uncle Tupelo's album. The band made three more important albums and joined a big record label. The band broke up in 1994. Musicians in the band and people around the band later started three other important alternative country bands: Wilco, Son Volt and Bottle Rockets. The bands Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, Blood Oranges and Drive-By Truckers  kept going in this direction before most began to move more in the direction of rock music in the 2000s.

## Notes
## Sources
* Alden, Grant; & Blackstock, Peter (1998). "No Depression: An Introduction to Alternative Country Music. Whatever That Is". Dowling Pr. .
* Goodman, David (1999).  "Modern Twang: An Alternative Country Music Guide and Directory". Dowling Pr. .
*
* Kasten, Roy (April 29, 2008), Fifteen Things You Might Not Know about The Bottle Rockets, on Their Fifteenth Birthday , Riverfront Times.
* Hogeland, William (March 14, 2004),  Emulating the Real and Vital Guthrie, Not St. Woody, New York Times.

## Other websites
* "Radio Heartland ~ Streams online with Alternative Country, Americana, Blue Grass and more "
* Joe Sixpack's alternative country music guide 
* "So what is insurgent country anyway?"
* alt.country: what is this stuff?  from American Studies at the University of Virginia
* Americana-UK UK Homeplace for alt.country / americana
Walleye

**Walleye**  (*Sander vitreus*) is a freshwater perciform fish native to most of Canada and to the northern United States. 

It is a North American close relative of the European pikeperch. 

The walleye is sometimes also called the **yellow walleye** to distinguish it from the blue walleye, which is an extinct subspecies formerly found in the southern Great Lakes.

## References 
* 
* Boyd Huppert (December 7, 2004). "Walleye or Zander? What are you really eating?" KARE.
* FishBase information on Walleye

## Other websites 
* Nativefish.org article about the blue walleye 
* Information about Sander vitreus from the University of Minnesota
Dakota

**Dakota** may refer to:

## Geography 
* American states:
** North Dakota 
** South Dakota

## Other 
* Dakota people, a Native American tribe
* "Douglas Dakota", military aircraft C-47 Skytrain
* Earthbound character Mr. Saturn often utters the phrase "Dakota"

## Related pages
*
Minnesota Territory

The **Territory of Minnesota** was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1849, until May 11, 1858, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Minnesota.

## Territorial Governors
## Territorial Secretaries
*Charles K. Smith, 1849–1851
*Alexander Wilkin, 1851–1853
*Joseph Rosser. 1853–1857
*Charles L. Chase 1857–1858

## Congressional Delegates
*Henry Hastings Sibley, 31st Congress, 32nd Congress, 1849–1853
*Henry Mower Rice, 33rd Congress, 34th Congress, 1853–1857
*William W. Kingsbury, 35th Congress, 1857–1858

## Other websites 
*Minnesota historic documents (incl. Organic Act, Enabling Act, Act of Admission and territorial maps)
Wildlife management

are commonly seen wildlife across the Americas and Eurasia.]]
**Wildlife management** is a general term for the process of keeping wild species at desirable levels as determined by wildlife managers. Wildlife management can include game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control.  Wildlife management has become an integrated science using disciplines such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain the best results.

Wildlife conservation aims to halt the loss of species. It does this by taking using ecological principles to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people. Most wildlife is concerned with the preservation and improvement of habitats. Techniques can include reforestation, pest control, irrigation, coppicing and hedge laying.

Game keeping is the management or control of wildlife for the wellbeing of game birds. It may include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high population of the more profitable species, such as pheasants introduced into woodland. In his 1933 book *Game Management*, Aldo Leopold, one of the pioneers of wildlife management as a science, defined it as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use".

Pest control is the control of real or perceived pests and can be used for the benefit of wildlife, farmers, gamekeepers or human safety. In the United States, wildlife management practices are often implemented by a governmental agency to uphold a law, such as the Endangered Species Act.

There are two general types of wildlife management:

Manipulative management acts on a population, either changing its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food supply, habitat, density of predators, or prevalence of disease. This is appropriate when a population is to be harvested, or when it slides to an unacceptably low density or increases to an unacceptably high level. Such densities are inevitably the subjective view of the land owner, and may be disputed by animal welfare interests.
Custodial management is preventive or protective. The aim is to minimize external influences on the population and its habitat. It is appropriate in a national park where one of the stated goals is to protect ecological processes. It is also appropriate for conservation of a threatened species where the threat is of external origin rather than being intrinsic to the system. Feeding of animals by visitors is generally discouraged.

## References
Polar Bear (disambiguation)

A polar bear is an animal.

**Polar Bear** may also refer to:
*Snow Patrol, a Scottish alternative rock band previously known as Polarbear
*"Polar Bear", a song by Smile, later recorded by Queen
*A make of undersuit for a diving drysuit.
*A nickname for the ice-road truck driver Hugh Rowland in Ice Road Truckers
Alex Auld

**Alexander Auld** (born January 7, 1981) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). Auld played for the Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Phoenix Coyotes, Boston Bruins, Ottawa Senators, Dallas Stars, New York Rangers, and Montreal Canadiens. He also played a season with Red Bull Salzburg of the Erste Bank Eishockey Liga (EBEL).

He appeared internationally for Team Canada on three occasions – the 2001 World Junior Championships where he won a bronze medal, the 2004 Spengler Cup, and the 2006 World Championships.

Auld would retire from playing professional ice hockey in 2012. After retiring, Auld joined Sportsnet 650 in Vancouver and became a broadcaster for weekend Canucks games.

## Awards
*OHL Second All-Rookie Team - 1999
*OHL Third All-Star Team - 2001
*Cyclone Taylor Trophy (Vancouver Canucks MVP) - 2006
*Molson Cup (Vancouver Canucks three-star selection leader) - 2006

## Career statistics
## International play
Played for Team Canada in:

*2001 World Junior Championships (bronze medal)
*2004 Spengler Cup (3rd place)
*2006 World Championships (4th place)

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Auld's biography at Hockeygoalies.org
Grove (nature)

grove.]]
A **grove** is a small group of trees with little or no . For example: a sequoia grove, or a small orchard planted for the cultivation of fruits or nuts. Other words for groups of trees include *woodland*, *copse*, *woodlot*, *thicket* or *spinney*.

## Related pages
* The National Grove of State Trees at the United States National Arboretum

## Further reading 
*
Igor Sikorsky

**Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky** (, tr. ''Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij''; May 25, 1889&nbsp;– October 26, 1972) was Ukrainian and American

In August 2008, an exhibition dedicated to Igor Sikorsky was organized in the Lviv gallery.

On July 8, 2010 by the decision of the Kyiv City Council the name of Igor Sikorsky was assigned to the Aerospace Lyceum of the National Aviation University.

On October 27, 2011, Tankova Street in Kyiv was renamed by Kyiv City Council to Aviakonstruktora Igor Sikorsky Street.

In 2011, the main belt asteroid "10090 Sikorsky" was named in honour of Igor Sikorsky.

In 2015, one of the streets in Vinnytsia was named after Igor Sikorsky.

In 2016, the National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute was named after Igor Sikorsky.

In 2016, the Museum of the Ukrainian Diaspora opened the first historical and memorial exhibition project "Our Sikorsky", which now operates on a permanent basis.

A monument to Igor Sikorsky was opened near the Sikorsky Airport in Kyiv on August 31, 2019, on Ukrainian Aviation Day.

## References
Food poisoning

**Food poisoning** is when someone gets sick from eating food or drink that has gone bad or is contaminated.
There are two kinds of food poisoning, either by poisoning with a toxic agent or by an infectious agent. Food infection is when the food contains bacteria or other microbes which infect the body after it is eaten. Food intoxication is when the food contains toxins, including bacterially produced exotoxins, which can happen even when the microbe that produced the toxin is no longer present or able to cause infection. Even though it is commonly called "food poisoning", most cases are caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, prions or parasites that contaminate food, rather than chemical or natural toxins which are what we usually call poison. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 76 million people in the United Kingdom and the United States become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 die every year.

## Signs and symptoms
, a bacteria that is a major cause of food poisoning.]]
Symptoms start within hours to many days after eating. Depending on what the cause of the poisoning was, they can include one or more of the following: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever, pain in the head or fatigue.

In most cases the body is able to get better after a short period of acute food poisoning causing minor discomfort and illness. Food borne illnesses can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially for people at high risk, including babies, young children, pregnant women (and their fetuses), elderly people, sick people and others with weak immune systems.

Food borne illness due to *Campylobacter*, *Yersinia*, *Salmonella* or *Shigella* infection is a major cause of reactive arthritis, which typically occurs 1–3 weeks after diarrheal illness. Similarly, people with liver disease are especially susceptible to infections from *Vibrio vulnificus*, which can be found in oysters or crabs.

Tetrodotoxin poisoning from reef fish and other animals shows up very quickly in symptoms such as numbness and shortness of breath, and is often fatal.

## Related pages 
* Drinking water
* Croup

## References
## Other websites
*Descriptions of the main microbes that make food unsafe 
*How long does food poisoning last?
God Defend New Zealand

"**God Defend New Zealand**" (), called "**Aotearoa**" (; simply "New Zealand") in Māori, is the title of the most popular national anthem of New Zealand. It was originally a poem written by Thomas Bracken in the 1870s until it was set to music by John Joseph Woods as part a competition for ten guineas in 1876. Two years later, Thomas Henry Smith wrote the lyrics in Māori—one of the country's official languages. The anthem was adopted in 1977.

"God Save the Queen", the national anthem used for the United Kingdom and used as a royal anthem for a number of countries and territories, is also a national anthem of New Zealand.

## Lyrics
According to copyright law of New Zealand, the English lyrics are no longer copyrighted ever since the beginning of 1949 or the end of the 50-year mark of Bracken's death, and ever since the 1980s, the rights to the musical score are in the public domain.

The meaning of the Māori lyrics are all slightly different from the English lyrics.

### IPA transcription
## References
Troy Hudson

**Troy Hudson** (born March 13, 1976, in Carbondale, Illinois) is an American former professional basketball player. He played parts of 11 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Utah Jazz, Los Angeles Clippers, Orlando Magic, Minnesota Timberwolves, and Golden State Warriors. He played at the point guard position.
## References
## Other websites
*NBA.com profile
*Official website
Truman Doctrine

A speech was made by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to the U.S. Congress on March 12, 1947. In this speech he said he thought that the United States should help Greece and Turkey to stop them being 'totalitarianists' although he meant Soviet Communism.  This became known as the **Truman Doctrine**.  Some historians believe that this was the start of the Cold War.  

This speech was made after the United Kingdom said that they would stop helping Greece and Turkey in February 1947 since the U.K. was also poor after the cost of World War II. This meant that Greece and Turkey would still be poor and Truman believed that a poor Eastern Europe would convert to a Communist government more easily unless helped by the United States. Truman wrongly thought that the Soviets were helping the Greek Communist partisans when there was no clear proof.

This plan was a big change to American politics. Political historian Walter LaFeber wrote that 'the doctrine became an ideological shield' which means that he believed that the United States used the doctrine as an excuse or reason. The Marshall Plan came after because of this. 

## Related pages 
* Marshall Plan

## References
John Joseph Woods

**John Joseph Woods** was a New Zealand teacher and songwriter. He is best known for winning a competition to set "God Defend New Zealand", a poem by Thomas Bracken, to music. By doing this, he composed the tune to what later became New Zealand's national anthem. Woods was also the Tuapeka County Council clerk for 55 years. he came to New Zealand as a young man and worked for a time in Nelson, Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill. Eight years teaching in New Zealand led to a position as the head teacher of St Patrick's School in Lawrence, Otago, and he moved there from Invercargill in 1874. He entered his composition under the pen name of "Orpheus". The *Advertiser* sent it off with the eleven other submissions to Melbourne, where it was judged. In October 1876, it was announced that the three judges all agreed that Woods' composition was the clear winner. The prize was ten guineas.

### County clerk
In 1877, Woods stopped teaching and became the county clerk for the Tuapeka County Council. He was known for working 13-hour days and keeping accounts of such a high standard that he was accepted as a fellow of the Registered Accountants of New Zealand. Serving in this role, he also became known as an authority on county law, sought out by the council and clerks of other regions. He also organised the decoration of council office buildings to mark Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897.

He served in that role for 55 years until ill health forced him to retire in 1932, aged 83.

### Other honours
Woods was deeply involved in the affairs of the town. He was a member of many local clubs and societies. He was also known as an expert on cultivating daffodils, of which his collection was the largest in the area. In 1884, Woods was elected first president of the local choral society.

When Woods was made an Honorary Freeman of New Zealand, he was commended for his "efficiency, integrity and devotion to duty".

## References
FC Twente

**FC Twente** is a football club from Enschede in the Netherlands. They play in the Eredivisie and also in the UEFA Champions League.

Twente plays its games in the Grolsch Veste (a capacity of 30 000).

FC Twente currently holds the national cup and the Johan Cruijff Schaal. In season 2010/11 they ended second in the league.

## History 
FC Twente was founded on 1 July 1965 as a combination of Sportclub Enschede and Enschedes Boys. The two professional football teams in Enschede at that time (Sportclub Enschede and Enschedese Boys) had both money problems and were forced to merge. FC Twente started in the Eredivisie (highest Dutch league) and within a few years they were part of the top of Dutch football. Between 1970 and 1980 they came close to several prizes, but they always lost the final. In 1974 the ended second in the Eredivisie and in 1975 the lost the Dutch cup final as well as the UEFA Cup final (after beating Juventus in the semi-final). Only in 1978 they won the Dutch Cup (by beating PEC Zwolle in the final with 3-0). In the next decade (1980-1990) the club went down hill, with the relegation to the Eerste Divisie (second tier of Dutch football) in 1983 as all-time low. Twente was back in the Eredivisie within a year however. In the nineties Twente played a modest role in Dutch football, usually ending around the 5th place in the Eredivisie. 
In the first decade of the 21st century the golden era started. In 2001 FC Twente won the Dutch cup by beating PSV Eindhoven in the final with a penalty shootout. This victory caused huge celebrations in the eastern part of the Netherlands. This showed the popularity of the club in the region, eventhough FC Twente almost never wins a prize. In 2003 the club almost went bankrupt and Joop Munsterman took over as chairman. He understood the potential of this club and developed a plan to increase the sportive, economic and social capacity of Twente. In 2008 the stadium size was increased from 13,500 to 24,000 seats. In 2011 the stadium was further increased to 30,000 seats. FC Twente again played on the top of the Dutch league, resulting in their first national title in 2010. Also the Intertoto Cup was won in 2006, the Johan Cruijff Schaal was won in 2010 and 2011 and the Dutch cup in 2011. In these years FC Twente also started a social programm to help unemployed people to find a job, encourage handicaped people to do sports and to give away free seats in the stadium to people that cannot afford a ticket.

## Trophies 
* **Champion of the Netherlands (1)**
: 2009-10
: (runner up (4): 1973-74, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2010-11)
* **Dutch Cup (3)**
: 1978, 2001, 2011
: (runner up (4): 1975, 1979, 2003, 2009)
* **Dutch Super cup (2)**
: 2010, 2011
: (runner up (1): 2001)
* **UEFA Cup**
: (runner up (1): 1975)
* **Intertoto Cup (1)**
: 2006

## Current squad 
*For recent transfers, see List of Dutch football transfers winter 2011–12 and List of Dutch football transfers summer 2012.*

### Out on loan
Brian Campbell

**Brian Wesley Campbell** (born May 23, 1979 in Strathroy, Ontario) is a former Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, San Jose Sharks, and Buffalo Sabres.

## Career 
He also played in the NHL with the Buffalo Sabres for 8 seasons, the San Jose Sharks for 1 season and the Chicago Blackhawks for 3 seasons. He was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres with the 156th overall pick in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He also played 4 seasons in the OHL for the Ottawa 67's and 1 season in SM-liiga for Jokerit.

He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

## Other websites 
*
Badwater Basin

**Badwater Basin** is a basin in Death Valley National Park, Death Valley, California. The water which goes into it does not flow into any ocean.

Badwater Basin is the lowest point in North America, at  below sea level. Mount Whitney, the highest point in the 48 states, is only 76 miles west of the Basin. It is one of the lowest places in Death Valley.

Badwater Basin has a small natural pool of undrinkable water next to the road. The water comes from a spring. It is called 'Badwater' because people cannot drink the water. This is because so much salt has built up from the basin. The pool does have animals and plants living there, including pickleweed, insects, and the Badwater snail.

The pool is not actually the lowest point of the basin. The lowest point is several miles to the west; the exact point which is lowest changes over time.  However, the salt flats are dangerous to travel across (in many cases being only a thin white crust over mud). Therefore, the sign states that the lowest point is at the pool, where people can see it. This is not the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere. Laguna del Carbón in Argentina is lower, at -105 meters (-344 feet).

## Geography
At Badwater Basin, big rainstorms sometimes flood the bottom of the valley. They cover the salt pan with a thin sheet of standing water. This makes new lakes, but the lakes do not last long. This is because the average  of rain that falls every year is much lower than the 150-inch annual evaporation rate, so all the water evaporates away. This means that even a 12-foot-deep, 30-mile-long lake would dry up in a single year. While the basin is flooded, some of the salt  and goes back into the basin as clean crystals when the water evaporates.

Painted on the cliff above Badwater is a sign that says "Sea Level"  which people visiting like to look at.

## History
During the Holocene, when the regional climate was less dry, streams that ran from mountains in the area slowly filled Death Valley until it was 3 feet (1m) deep. Eventually, there was a  long lake, Lake Manly.

The wet times with much rain did not last. The temperature got warmer, and there was less rain. The lake began to dry up, and as the water evaporated, the lake became saltier. Eventually, only a soup of brine was left. Salts (95% table salt: NaCl) began to turn into crystals, covering the surface with a thick crust from three inches to five feet thick (1-1.7m).

## Pictures

File:Badwater elevation sign.jpg|Badwater Basin elevation sign
File:Hexagonal Shaped Salt Crust at Badwater.jpg|Repeated freeze-thaw cycle pushes salt crust into shapes that are like honeycombs and hexagons
File:Death Valley Devil's Golf Course.jpg|Salt pinnacles in Devil's Golf Course
File:LakeBadwater.JPG|Tourist area flooded by Lake Badwater, Death Valley National Park, California. Spring of 2005.

## References
## Books
* John McKinney: ''California's Desert Parks: A Day Hiker's Guide*. Wilderness Press 2006, , S. 54-55
*Don J. Easterbrook (Hrsg): *Quaternary Geology of the United States''. Geological Society of America 2003, , S.63-64

## Other websites
*Badwater Basin in the Encyclopædia Britannica
Target Center

The **Target Center** is an arena in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is sponsored by Target Corporation. The arena has 702 club seats and 68 suites.

The center is home to the National Basketball Association's Minnesota Timberwolves. From 1994–1996, it was home to the Minnesota Arctic Blast of RHI. In 1996, it was home to the Arena Football League team Minnesota Fighting Pike.  The Women's National Basketball Association's Minnesota Lynx also play in the arena.

## Other websites 
*
Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

The **Rungrado 1st of May Stadium**, or **May Day Stadium**, is a multi-purpose stadium in Pyongyang, North Korea, completed on May 1, 1989.

The stadium was built as a main stadium for the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1989.
It is currently used for football matches, a few athletics matches, but most often for Arirang performances (also known as the Mass Games). The stadium can seat 150,000, which is the largest stadium in the world that is not used for auto racing.

Its name comes from the place where it is, Rungra Islet in the Taedong River, and May Day, the international day celebrating labour.

The stadium is most famous for being the place where large shows celebrating Kim Il-sung and the North Korean nation were held. In June-July 2002, the "Arirang" gymnastic and artistic performances were held there. There were 100,000+ people taking part —double the number of people watching— and was open to foreigners, which is rare.]] These performances now happen every year, usually in August and September. The *Guinness Book of Records* has recognized these events as the largest in the world.

In 2000, Kim Jong-Il used the stadium to entertain Madeleine Albright, the U.S. Secretary of State under President Bill Clinton.

## References
Eddie Griffin (basketball)

**Eddie Jamaal Griffin** (May 30, 1982 – August 17, 2007) was an American professional basketball player. He last played for the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves. Months later, he was killed in a car crash. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## References
## Other websites
*Career statistics at Basketball-Reference.com 
*NBA.com Profile - Eddie Griffin
*
Target Field

**Target Field** is the home baseball park of the Minnesota Twins. It is in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is the team's sixth ballpark and third in Minnesota. The Twins moved to Target Field in 2010 after 28 seasons at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. It is the first stadium built just for the Twins. Twins staff moved in on January 4, 2010.

## References
## Other websites
* Stadium site on twinsbaseball.com 
* Webcam 
* Minnesota Ballpark Authority official website
* The Twins Stadium Bill  MN State Legislature HF2480, SF2297
* Minnesota Legislative Reference Library: Baseball Stadiums 
* TwinsBallpark2010 Construction Blog 
* Ballpark FAQ
Grand Casino Arena

**Grand Casino Arena** is an arena in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is used for many purposes. 

It is the home of the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Minnesota Frost of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). It was also home to the Minnesota Swarm of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) from 2005 until 2015 and the temporary home to the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) during their 2017 season.

It is owned by the city of Saint Paul and operated by Minnesota Sports & Entertainment.

It is on the same block as the RiverCentre convention facility, Roy Wilkins Auditorium, and Ordway Center for the Performing Arts.

Since its opening on September 29, 2000, the arena had its naming rights owned by the Minneapolis-based gas and utility company Xcel Energy. The fans nicknamed the arena "The X".

On September 3, 2025, the naming rights were sold to the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe and the arena was renamed to **Grand Casino Arena**.

## Gallery

Image:122007-WildXcel-001.jpg|Inside during a Minnesota Wild game
Image:Box_Lacrosse.jpg|Inside during Minnesota Swarm lacrosse game.
Image:2006_WCHA_Final_Five.jpg|Inside the Xcel Energy Center during the 2006 WCHA Final Five Championship.
Image:2009 MN Boys Hockey State Championship.jpg|Inside the Xcel Energy Center before the 2009 Boys High School Championship game between Eden Prairie and Moorhead.

## Other websites
*
* Arena map and directions
Honeycrisp

**Honeycrisp** is an apple cultivar that was made at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station's Horticultural Research Center at the  University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Named in 1974 as the MN 1711, and released in 1991, the Honeycrisp apple has rapidly become a prized commercial commodity, as its sweetness, firmness, and tartness make it a good apple for eating raw. The Honeycrisp apple also keeps its pigment well and has a long shelf life when kept in cool, dry areas.

## Related pages
*Horticulture

## References
Tom Pyatt

**Thomas Cullum Pyatt** (born February 14, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre that played for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Montreal Canadiens and Tampa Bay Lightning. He has also played for the Montreal Canadiens from 2009 to 2011. He is the son of former NHL player Nelson Pyatt and brother of New York Rangers forward Taylor Pyatt.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
Paper mill

A **paper mill** is a factory that produces paper, usually using vegetable fibers or wood pulp.  Wood and other raw materials are cut into small chips and cooked with chemicals in large vessels.  The chemicals separate a substance called *cellulose* from the wood fibres.  The cellulose is then added with other chemicals and additives, and pressed into paper in large machines called *paper machines*.  Most paper is made from pine, spruce and eucalyptus.  Other things often used include rags.
Sailing

, Rostock]]
 Christian Radich under sail]]
**Sailing** is the craft of controlling a boat that uses the force of the wind as a source of movement. Sailing boats were very important to move cargo and people. Starting at the end of the 19th century they were gradually replaced by the boats that used steam to generate motion. Today, sailing is a hobby some people have. In some regions of the world, sailing vessels still keep their importance. 

Many military forces also have sailing vessels for the purpose of training. 

Sailing is also a competitive sport. It is one of the sports in the Olympic Games.
Ben Gibbard

**Ben Gibbard** (born August 11, 1976) is an American musician. He is the lead singer of the indie bands Death Cab for Cutie and The Postal Service. He is also a solo artist. He was married to actress and musician Zooey Deschanel from 2009 to 2012.

## Other websites
*Death Cab for Cutie's official website
*20 Questions with Ben Gibbard  from 2000
Chip Ganassi Racing

**Chip Ganassi Racing Teams** is an American racing team. The team competes in the IndyCar Series, and sportscar racing. In 2021, Chip Ganassi sold his NASCAR team to Justin Marks and it became Trackhouse Racing.  Their IndyCar drivers are Ryan Briscoe, Scott Dixon, Tony Kanaan, and Charlie Kimball. Dixon is the current IndyCar champion, which he won for the third time in 2013. Their sportscar team's drivers are Scott Pruett, Marino Franchitti, and Memo Rojas.

Until 2016 two of Ganassi's IndyCar cars were sponsored by Target. Target was also a sponsor for Ganassi's Nascar cars until 2017. The drivers of the Target sponsored cars were often in Target advertising and posters of them could be seen in many Target stores.

On June 30th 2021 it was announced that Trackhouse Racing had purchased Chip Ganassi Racing's Nascar team. Chip Ganassi Racing completed the 2021 Nascar season. Trackhouse Racing became the owner at the end of the season. Chip Ganassi Racing will continue to operate their teams racing in other divisions such as Indycar.

## References
Danny Lennon

**Danny Lennon** (born 6 April 1969) is a former **footballer** from Northern Ireland. He is currently the manager of Scottish Premier League side St Mirren. 

## References
Jamaica, Land We Love

"**Jamaica, Land We Love**" is the national anthem of Jamaica. The words were written by Hugh Sherlock and the music was composed by Robert Lightbourne and arranged by Mapletoft Poulle.

## Lyrics
Eternal Father, bless our land,
Guide us with Thy mighty hand,
Keep us free from evil powers,
Be our light through countless hours.
To our leaders, Great Defender,
Grant true wisdom from above.
Justice, truth be ours forever,
Jamaica, land we love.
Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love.

Teach us true respect for all,
Stir response to duty's call,
Strengthen us the weak to cherish,
Give us vision lest we perish.
Knowledge send us, Heavenly Father,
Grant true wisdom from above.
Justice, truth be ours forever,
Jamaica, land we love.
Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love.

## Other websites
* Jamaican Government site on the Anthem (with lyrics) and Pledges 
* Sound file (mp3)
* http://www.nationalanthems.info/jm.mid
SOAP

:*This article is about the computing protocol. For the substance used for cleaning, see soap*

**SOAP** is a protocol used in computing. Web services use this protocol to communicate. SOAP uses XML to encode a message. It uses other application-layer protocols, for transport, and content negotiation, for example HTTP and Remote procedure call. The most common combination is to use SOAP with HTTP and TCP. There are different versions, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2. Before version 1.2 SOAP stood for Simple Object Access Protocol. Since version 1.2 the protocol is simply called *SOAP*. This is because the protocol is not *simple*, and that it can be used for other purposes than accessing objects. 

## Introduction 
SOAP is a lightweight protocol intended for exchanging structured information in a decentralized, distributed environment. SOAP uses XML technologies to define an extensible messaging framework, which provides a message construct that can be exchanged over a variety of underlying protocols. The framework has been designed to be independent of any particular programming model and other implementation specific semantics.

## SOAP Versions 
## Messaging Framework 
The core section of the SOAP specification is the messaging framework. The SOAP messaging framework defines a suite of XML elements for "packaging" arbitrary XML messages for transport between systems. 

The framework consists of the following core XML elements: Envelope, Header, Body, and Fault, all of which are from the http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/ namespace in SOAP 1.1. I've provided the full XML Schema definition for SOAP 1.1 in the following code for your reference as you read through the remainder of this section. Personally, I find it helpful to inspect the schema whenever familiarizing myself with XML constructs.SOAP UI is a tool use to test whether SOAP is sending and receiving the messages properly as part of Unit testing in IT projects.
Bethel, Maine

**Bethel** is a town in northern Maine. It is part of the Oxford County. In 2020, there were 2,504 people living in the town.

## References
Cinchona pubescens

***Cinchona pubescens***, the **Quinine Tree**, is known for because its bark has a lot of quinine. It  has similar uses to *Cinchona officinalis* in making quinine, used for treatment of malaria. 

Planted on other tropical islands it has become an invasive species.

Attempts have been made to control the plant in the Galapagos National Park using a variety of methods. It is not affected by many poisons, it will regrow from a stump or any piece of root left in the ground. Controlling it over all of Santa Cruz island would cost several million US dollars according to research by the Charles Darwin Foundation.

## References
Usain Bolt

**Usain St. Leo Bolt** was born in 1986 and is a Jamaican runner and eight-time Olympic gold-medal winner. He is also known as "Lightning Bolt". Some people call him the fastest man in the world. He has run 100 metres in 9.58 seconds and 200 metres in 19.30 seconds. He took part in the 2012 London Olympics, and won gold in the 100
m, 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay.

## Career 
Usain Bolt won the IAAF Grand Prize in a 100 meter dash on May 31st, 2008 at Icahn Stadium in New York City. He finished the race in 9.72 seconds and broke the world record.  On August 16th, 2008, he broke his world record again at the Olympic Games in Beijing.  On August 20th, 2008 he broke the world record for the men's 200 meter race. 

On August 16th, 2009, he went to the 12th World Championships in Athletics and broke his own world record in the 100 meter race. He ran that race in 9.58 seconds. Surprisingly, in this race, he didn't try his hardest. He looked around for the last five meters. 

On August 28th, 2011, he ran in the 13th World Championships in Athletics in Daegu, South Korea. He made a false start in the 100 meter race and was disqualified. 

On August 5th, 2012, he won the men's 100 meter final in the London Olympics. His finishing time was 9.63 seconds. He also won the 4 x 100 meter relay race. 

He also won a gold medal in the 100 meter race in the 2016 Rio Olympics. 

In 2017, his gold medal for the 2008 relay was disqualified because his teammate Nesta Carter had used drugs. He had to give up his gold medal.

## Personal Life 
He is known to be a fan of the English Premier League soccer club,  Manchester United F.C.  He watched their games in person. He also met the coach and players.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ghebaleh

**Ghebaleh**, ( *Ghbeleh*) is a village in Keserwan, a mountainous part of Lebanon. It is a conservative Christian village located 40 km from the capital city of Lebanon. It is considered the capital of Ftouh Keserwan, with an altitude of 700-1100 meters above sea level.

## Monuments 
The 400-year-old Church St. Sarkis & Bakhos is one of the major religious monuments in the region. Others include St. Georges Church at Hakl al Rayes, St. Chalita, St. Antoine, St. Nohra, Ste Al Shekiff and the Immaculate Conception Church.

## Saints and festivals 
### Eid Mar Nohra 
On July 22nd, people in Ghebaleh commemorate "Eid Mar Nohra," the patron saint of the El Hosri family. Eid Mar Nohra spreads over a full week of festivities with the hype on the eve of the 22nd of July.  

The El Hosri family is well-known in Ghebaleh because they were first members of the Maronite Church to settle in Ghebaleh in the 16th century. Many of its members have held important positions in the village. For example:  

* Yousef Semaan El Hosri was designated by the Wali as ruler of the area
* Dr. Chucri Nassif El Hosri was one of the first 4 medical doctors in Lebanon, graduating in 1900 
* Dr. Antoine Chucri El Hosri was the first gastroenterologist in Lebanon and president of the Order Of Doctors 
* Mr. Fernand Antoine Hosri was a successful businessman who helped with the renovation of the church

### Eid Al Saleeb 
On September 13th each year, Ghebaleh hosts the "Eid Al Saleeb" (feast of the Cross) festival. It includes a carnival, music, and religious events, and brings attendees from across Lebanon and abroad.

## References
John Logie Baird

**John Logie Baird** (13 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first working television system, and the world's first fully electronic colour television tube.

## Early life
Baird was born in Helensburgh, Dunbartonshire, Scotland. He went to school at Larchfield Academy in Helensburgh and then went to the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (which later became the University of Strathclyde); and the University of Glasgow. He stopped being a student at the beginning of World War I.

## Television experiments
Although lots of inventors helped to make television, Baird was an important person and made big advances. Especially in Britain, lots of people say that Baird was the first person to make a live, moving, greyscale television picture from reflected light. Baird did this by making a better photoelectric cell and making the signal conditioning better.  

In 1925, Baird showed people his moving pictures on television at Selfridges department store in London. In 1928, he showed the world's first colour television transmission. 

### Broadcasting
In 1927, Baird made a signal go over  between London and Glasgow; Baird sent the world's first long-distance television pictures to the Central Hotel at Glasgow Central Station.

Baird then started the Baird Television Development Company Ltd, and in 1928 it made the first transatlantic television transmission, from London to Hartsdale, New York, and the first television programme for the BBC.

Baird's television systems were replaced by the electronic television system developed by EMI-Marconi.

Baird did lots of work for the field of electronic television after mechanical systems stopped being used. In 1939, he showed colour television using a cathode ray tube. 

## Other inventions
Some of Baird's early inventions did not work. In his twenties he tried to make diamonds by heating graphite and ruined Glasgow's electricity supply. Later Baird made a glass razor which did not get rusty

## Later years
From December 1944 until he died two years later, Baird lived at a house in Station Road, Bexhill-on-Sea, immediately north of the station. Baird died in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England on 14 June 1946 after a stroke in February 1946. The old house was knocked down in 2007.

John Logie Baird was buried with his mother, father and wife in Helensburgh Cemetery, Dunbartonshire.

## References