open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Platy (fish)

The **platy** fish is a small tropical fish that is found naturally in the warm waters of America. Today, platys are very popular as pets.

Platys are small fish. They grow to . Their come from America. They live there in creeks, canals, ditches and swamps. These habitats have lots of plants, stones and branches to hide in. Platys like a tank with live plants on the sides and back. They hide in the plants. They also eat them. Their tank should have good lighting and lots of open area in the center for swimming.

## Food 
Platy will eat almost anything that fits into its mouth. As pets, they eat can fish flakes. They can also eat frozen or live food like daphnia or bloodworms. In the wild platy fish will eat algae and plants.
Kim Matula

**Kimberly Marie Matula** (born August 27, 1988) is an American actress. She played Hope on *The Bold and the Beautiful*. She played Mia in *The Defenders*.

She was born in Fort Worth, Texas.

## References
## Other websites
Jönköping Catholic Church

The **Jönköping Catholic Church** () is a church building in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to the Swedish Roman Catholic Church. The church was opened on 30 November 1974.

## References
## Other websites
*official website
Asecs

**Asecs**, earlier **A6 center**, is a shopping mall in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. The shopping mall was opened on 2 April 1987. That was following the 1985 disestablishment of the Småland Artillery Regiment.

The shopping mall is located on both the northern and the southern side of the E4 motorway. These parts are connected with a covered bridge that spans across the motorway. Major parts of the shopping mall are located at this bridge. The bridge also housed a McDonald’s restaurant until 2019. From that restaurant, the motorway can be seen.

The mall changed its name  spelling-wise to Asecs on 26 October 2017.

Asecs can also be reached by train. The closest stationen is at Rocksjön.

## References 
## Other websites
*official website
Brian Clemens

**Brian Horace Clemens**  (30 July 1931 &ndash; 10 January 2015) was an English screenwriter and television producer,. He was best known for his work on the television shows *The Avengers* and *The Professionals*. He also wrote and producer the movie *Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde* (1971).

Clemens was born in Croydon, Surrey. He was related to the American writer Mark Twain (1835&ndash;1910). He was married and had two sons.

Clemens died on 10 January 2015 at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chevrolet Aveo

The North American **Chevrolet Aveo** was a subcompact car sold by General Motors (GM) since 2002 to 2011. It was first made by GM Korea (formerly GMDAT). Now it is made by GM in many places, except North America. The North American Aveo was replaced by the Chevrolet Sonic in 2011.

## History 
The car was first sold as the Daewoo Kalos from 1999-2002. It was later sold as a Chevrolet model when General Motors bought the company. Chevrolet replaced the Suzuki based Metro with this car. In 2004 it was sold by Pontiac, Chevrolet, Suzuki and Holden. In other countries different names were used. These include the Chevrolet Kalos, Chevrolet Lova, ZAZ Vida and Pontiac G3. In 2005 a ened sedan was d, this time made by fellow GM automaker Adam Opel AG. This was followed by a Malibu-based hatchback. In 2012 the second  Aveo was renamed the Sonic. The sonic has several design changes. The Chevrolet Sonic name is used in North America. The same design is sold as the Holden Barina in Australasia. However, the car is still sold as Aveo in other parts of the world.

## Related pages 
* Chevrolet Spark
* Chevrolet Cruze
* Chevrolet Malibu
* Chevrolet Impala
* Chevrolet Trax

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2014 Chevrolet Sonic, Cars.com
Carl Long (baseball)

**Carl Long** (May 9, 1935 &ndash; January 12, 2015) was an American baseball outfielder. He was a Negro league and minor league baseball player. He played from 1952 until 1957 for teams such as: the Birmingham Black Baron, the Philadelphia Stars, St. Jean Canadians, Billings Mustangs, Phoenix Stars, Kinston Eagles, Beaumont Pirates, and Mexico City Tigers.

Long was born in Rock Hill, South Carolina. He grew up in Kinston, North Carolina.

Long died on January 12, 2015 after having many strokes in November 2014. He was 79.

## References
## Other websites
Doriemus

**Doriemus** (17 November 1990 &ndash; 11 January 2015) was a Thoroughbred racehorse. He began his career in New Zealand and became famous Australia by winning the Caulfield and Melbourne Cups in 1995. He became just the ninth horse to win both cups.

Doriemus was euthanised due to a hoof infection after a paddock accident on 11 January 2015. He was 24.

## References
Umeå Pentecostal Church

The **Umeå Pentecostal Church** () is a church building in Umeå, Sweden. It belongs to the Swedish Pentecostal Movement. It is located in the eastern parts of town. The church was earlier known as the **Philadelphia Church** (). The church hosted the broadcastings of Swedish TV programme *Hela kyrkan sjunger*.

## References
Ansgar's Church

The '''Ansgar's Church''' () was a church building in Vättersnäs in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belonged to the Uniting Church in Sweden.

It was inaugurated on 17 October 1965. The church was destroyed by a fire on 3 August 2021.

According to a police report published on 12 August the same year a lightning strike caused the fire. This conclusion has later been questioned. No thunder was recorded by the SMHI witnesses claimed to have noticed firework explosions.

## References
## Other websites
*official website
Elemér Hankiss

**Elemér Hankiss** (4 May 1928 &ndash; 10 January 2015) was a Hungarian sociologist. He taught at universities such as Stanford University and Central European University. He also wrote over ten books. From 1990 until 1993, he was the President of Hungarian Television.
## Life
Hankiss was born in Debrecen. His father was literature professor. He studied the English and French languages at Eötvös Loránd University. His first wife was politician Ágnes Hankiss. He had two children.

Hankiss died after a short illness on 10 January 2015 in Budapest. He was 86.

## References
Just Married

***Just Married*** is a 2003 American romantic comedy movie. It was directed by Shawn Levy and was produced by Robert Simonds and Lauren Shuler Donner. *Just Married* was released on January 10, 2003.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 19% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. At the 2004 Golden Raspberry Awards, Ashton Kutcher was nominated for Worst Actor, Brittany Murphy was nominated for Worst Supporting Actress and both Kutcher and Murphy were nominated for Worst Screen Couple. They did not win any of the awards they were nominated for.

## Cast 
* Ashton Kutcher as Tom Leezak
* Brittany Murphy as Sarah Leezak
* Christian Kane as Peter Prentiss
* David Moscow as Kyle
* Monét Mazur as Lauren
* David Rasche as Mr. Dan McNerney
* Veronica Cartwright as Mrs. McNerney aka Pussy
* Thad Luckinbill as Willie McNerney
* David Agranov as Paul McNerney
* Taran Killam as Dickie McNerney
* Raymond J. Barry as Mr. Leezak
* Valeria Andrews as Wendy
* Karen Strassman as Other voices

## References
## Other websites 
*
Keith Wright (Australian politician)

**Keith Webb Wright** (9 January 1942 &ndash; 13 January 2015) was an Australian politician, educator, and convicted child rapist. He was first a Labor politician before becoming independent. He served as the Leader of the Opposition of Queensland from 20 October 1982 until 29 August 1984. He was also an MP for Capricornia from 1 December 1984 until 13 March 1993. From December 1993, he served an eight year jail sentence for child rape.

Wright was born in Toowoomba, Queensland. He was educated at the University of Queensland and Kelvin Grove Teachers College in Brisbane before becoming a teacher and author. After serving his prison sentence, he lived in Vietnam and worked at a language academy.

Wright died on 13 January 2015 in Vietnam, aged 72.

## References
Curt Görans

**Curt Görans** was a dansband from Eskilstuna in Sweden. The band scored Svensktoppen chart succcesses during the mid 1970s.

## Svensktoppen songs
*Dansa dansa dansa - 1974
*Min sommardröm - 1975
*Ta min hand - 1977
*Välkommen sommar - 1977

## References
Elena Obraztsova

**Elena Vasiliyevna Obraztsova** (; 7 July 1939 &ndash; 12 January 2015) was a Russian mezzo-soprano. She said by some to be one of the greatest opera singers of all time because of her large stage presence and vocal talent. She won around fifteen award in her career.

Obraztsova was born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). She also lived there during the siege in World War II from August 1941 until January 1943.

Obraztsova died on 12 January 2015 while having medical treatment in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
Lina Sandell

**Lina Sandell** (full name: **Karolina Wilhelmina Sandell-Berg**), (born 3 October 1832 in Fröderyd, Sweden, dead 27 July 1903 in Stockholm, Sweden) was a Swedish writer of Christian songs.  She was the daughter of a Lutheran minister. She grew up in the rectory at Fröderyd. When she was 26 years old  she went with her father, Jonas Sandell, on a boat trip across lake of Vättern. Her father fell overboard and drowned in her presence. This incident inspired many of her songs.

She wrote famous songs like *Tryggare kan ingen vara* and *Blott en dag*. She was buried at the Solna Church.

## References
Little Black Book

***Little Black Book*** is a 2004 American satirical comedy movie. It was directed by Nick Hurran and was produced by Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas, Deborah Schindler, William Sherak, and Jason Shuman. *Little Black Book* was released on August 6, 2004.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 21% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Scott Brown of *Entertainment Weekly* rated the movie a D and said "The big climax isn't climactic, just hysterical and incoherent. Murphy, with her bug-eyed, love-me mugging, is simply too slight and gawky to play the Everygirl."

## Cast 
* Brittany Murphy as Stacy Holt
* Holly Hunter as Barb Campbell-Dunn
* Ron Livingston as Derek
* Julianne Nicholson as Joyce
* Kathy Bates as Kippie Kann
* Stephen Tobolowsky as Carl
* Kevin Sussman as Ira Nachlis
* Rashida Jones as Dr. Rachel Keyes
* Josie Maran as Lulu Fritz
* Dan Benson as Phillip
* Dave Annable as Bean
* Sharon Lawrence as Mom
* Gavin Rossdale as Barista
* Yvette Nicole Brown as Production assistant
* Marshall Allman as Trotsky
* Ben Ziff as Frank
* Johnny Pacar as Jamal (uncredited)
* Carly Simon as Herself (cameo) (uncredited)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*
Small Town Singers

**Small Town Singers** is a musical group in Söderköping in Sweden. The group was established in 1967. They several sevral Svensktoppen successes during the mid-late 1970s and early 1980s. Sometimes, they still appear for sporadical performances.

## Svensktoppen charting songs
**"Hemlängtan"* (one week, 1974)
**"Dansen på Sunnanö"* (elva veckor, 1974)
**"Som stjärnor små"* (one week, 1975)
**"En sjömansvisa"* (three weeks, 1975)
**"Fritiofs avsked"* (eleven weeks, 1975)
**"Utövisan"* (seven weeks, 1977)
**"Sommarbrevet"* (ten weeks, 1979)
**"Jag gör så att blommorna blommar"* (tio veckor, 1979)
**"Jag har vandrat mina stigar"* (three weeks, 1981)

## References
Without a Paddle

***Without a Paddle*** is a 2004 American comedy movie. It was directed by Steven Brill and was produced by Donald DeLine. *Without a Paddle* was released on 10 January 2003. The movie is about three childhood friends who reunite and go on a trip to a river to search for the treasure of a lost airplane hijacker. A spinoff was released direct-to-video on 13 January 2009 titled ''Without a Paddle: Nature's Calling''.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 14% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

## Cast 
* Seth Green as Dan Mott
** Jarred Rumboldas as Young Dan
* Matthew Lillard as Jerry Conlaine
** Andrew Hampton as Young Jerry
* Dax Shepard as Tom Marshall
** Matthew Price as Young Tom
* Burt Reynolds as Del Knox
* Bonnie Somerville as Denise
* Ethan Suplee as Elwood
* Ray Baker as Sheriff Briggs
* Abraham Benrubi as Dennis
* Rachel Blanchard as Flower
* Christina Moore as Butterfly
* Antony Starr as Billy Newwood
** Carl Snell as Young Billy
* Scott Adsit as Greasy Man
* Little Bart the Bear as Grizzly Bear

## References
## Other websites 
*
Mark Juddery

**Stanford Mark Juddery** (8 March 1971 &ndash; 13 January 2015) was an Australian freelance journalist, author, and columnist. His work has appeared in such newspapers as *The Canberra Times*, *The Australian*, and *The Sydney Morning Herald*. He also worked for magazines including *The Bulletin*, *Empire*, *Inside Sport*, *Mad Magazine* and *Griffith Review*. He also wrote the book *Best. Times. Ever.* (2014).

Juddery died from cancer on 13 January 2015 in Canberraat age 43.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Immanuel Church, Norrköping

The **Kyrkan vid Vasaparken** (), former **Immanuel Church** (), is a church building in Norrköping, Sweden. It was built by the *Immanuel Church Congregation* in 1956. Since 2020 it is owned by the two congregations *Baptistförsamlingen Saron-Korskyrkan* (part of Evangelical Free Church in Sweden) and *Norrköping Vineyard* (part of *Vineyard Nordic*).

The building got a new sign with the new name *Kyrkan vid Vasaparken* 2025-04-05.

The **Immanuel Church Congregation** () belonged to the Uniting Church in Sweden. It earlier belonged to the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden. Before it build Immanuel Church, the congregation previously had a church building opened on 28 December 1884. Immanuel Church Congregation ceased to exist in February 2023. Since then, Immanuel Church is operated by the two congregations Norrköping Vineyard and Korskyrkan.

## References
## Other websites
*official website
Cotton Club

's band was one of the big acts at the Cotton Club]]
 was another star]]

The **Cotton Club** was a New York City night club in the 1920s and 30s.It was first in the Harlem neighborhood on 142nd St & Lenox Ave from 1923 to 1935. Then for a brief period from 1936 to 1940 it was in the midtown Theater District. The club was a big success in America's Prohibition Era.

The club had a whites-only policy for customers, but featured many of the best black entertainers  and jazz musicians of the era. Stars included (musicians) Cab Calloway, Andrew Preer, Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Jimmie Lunceford, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Fats Waller - (vocalists) Adelaide Hall, Lottie Gee, Ethel Waters, Avon Long, Aida Ward, Edith Wilson, the Dandridge Sisters, Avis Andrews, Will Vodery Choir, Berry Brothers, Nina Mae McKinney, Billie Holiday, Lena Horne and (dancers) Bill Robinson, The Nicholas Brothers, Stepin Fetchit, Butterbeans and Suzy, Earl Snakehips Tucker and Evelyn Welch.

During its heyday, the Cotton Club served as a hip meeting spot featuring regular "Celebrity Nights" on Sundays, which featured celebrity guests such as Jimmy Durante, George Gershwin, Sophie Tucker, Paul Robeson, Al Jolson, Mae West, Richard Rodgers, Irving Berlin, Eddie Cantor, Fanny Brice, Langston Hughes, Judy Garland, Moss Hart and Mayor Jimmy Walker among others.

The club was set up by world boxing champion Jack Johnson, but taken over by the Yorkshire-born gangster Owney Madden in 1923. Johnson stayed on as manager.

## References
Israel Kolmodin

**Israel Kolmodin**, born 24 December 1643, dead 19 April 1709, was a Swedish hymnwriter and Lutheran priest. He was active within the Church of Sweden. He is usually credited for having written the song *Den blomstertid nu kommer*.

## References
Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson

**Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson**, born 7 October 1870 in Stockholm, Sweden, dead 15 October 1941 in Oscar Parish, Stockholm, Sweden was a Swedish song lyricist. She has written many children's songs. One of her most famous works is the lyrics for the Christmas song *Raska fötter springa tripp, tripp, tripp* ("Liten julvisa"). The music music was composed by Emmy Köhler.

## References
Thor-Erics

**Thor-Erics** was a dansband in Hyssna in Sweden. The band was established in 1963. On 27 December 1999, the band performed for last time. The band appeared at TV in Sweden and Norway several times. Nick Borgen performed with the band by the late 1970s and early 1980s.

## Discography
### Albums
*Sju ensamma kvällar med Thor-Erics - 1967
*Försök att vara lite vänlig - 1971
*Vårt strå till stacken - 1972
*En tidig sönda' morron - 1973
*Vi ses igen - 1974
*På jakt efter dig - 1976
*Blue Jeans Baby - 1976
*Resa med Solen - 1977
*Kärleken är ingen lek min vän - 1978
*Thor-Erics bästa. 2 - 1979
*Med lite tur - 1980
*Gi meg en dag i morgen - 1980 (Nick Borgen album with Thor Erics contributing)
*Än en gång - 1981 
*We Wanna be Free - 1983
*Sommarens sista ros - 1987
*Thor Erics - 1996

### Singles
*Anna-Bella/Alla minnen blott - 1965
*Sju ensamma kvällar/Ann-Maria - 1966
*En liten amulett/Att finna lyckan/Inga-Lena/Hej, hej, hej - 1966
*En liten amulett/Att finna lyckan - 1967
*Fru Karlsson/Ingen förstår - 1967
*Jag har väntat så länge på dig/Tankelek - 1967
*Alltid ensam/Där jag lekte som barn - 1968
*Mycket kär/Rosen och vinden - 1969
*Liza/Memphis Tennessee - 1969
*Oh! Carol/Memphis Tennessee - 1969
*Du är min nu/Nej, nej, nej, nej - 1969
*Vit som en orkidé/Du borde tänka... - 1970
*Jag vill ge dig allt/Livet är värt en sång - 1970
*Jag ser med andra ögon nu/Två så helt i de' blå - 1971
*Familjelycka/Som en sång som vi sjöng en gång - 1971
*Bara sol, inte ett enda moln/Hjälp mig ur min ensamhet - 1972
*Tänker var minut på dig/En plats med luft och ljus - 1973
*Vårt eget land/Kärlek har jag fått - 1973
*Den dagen du gick/En solig sönda' morron - 1973
*Telstar/Rock'n roll musik - 1974
*Vaccinet/TV-kväll - 1974
*Lev ditt liv så att du ingenting ångrar/Aja baja Anna-Maja - 1974
*Ommi-Damm-Damm/Ta och fråga ditt hjärta - 1976 (with Jimmy Andersson)
*Resa med Solen/Yes I Will I'll Be True to You - 1977
*Skateboard Queen/My Angel Annie - 1978
*Jul i vårt hus/Jul i vårt hus (instrumental) - 1989
*Anders & Britta/Du - 1989
*Drömsemestern/Om det faller en stjärna - 1990
*Ännu en härlig dag/Vandrar i ett regn (Always in the Rain) - 1991
*Som ett under (blev det sommar)/Min kärlekssång - 198?

### EP records
*Thor Erics (Nu eller aldrig/En kärleksdesperado/Nu är julen här) - 1994
*Smakprov (Som om tiden stått still/En gammal god vän/Tusen små saker/Obotligt kär) – 1995

## Svensktoppen songs
*Sju ensamma kvällar - 1966
*Vit som en orkidé - 1970

### Failed to enter Svensktoppen 
*Den sommaren då - 1997
*En gammal go' vän - 1997

## References
Emmy Köhler

**Emmy Köhler**, born 22 May 1858 in Stockholm, Sweden, died 2 February 1925 in Fresta, Sweden was a Swedish hymnwriter and writer. Among her more famous works is the Christmas carol *Nu tändas tusen juleljus* and the music for the children's Christmas song *Raska fötter springa tripp, tripp, tripp* ("Liten julvisa"). The lyrics of the later mentioned song were written by Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson.

## References
Anna-Lisa Frykman

**Anna-Lisa Frykman** born Anna Elisabet Frykman on 4 January 1889 in Stockholm, Sweden, dead 14 June 1960 in Stockholm, Sweden was a Swedish composer, song lyricist and teacher. One of her most famous works is the children's song *Kungens lilla piga*. She also wrote the Christmas song *Julpolskan*. She was also active under the pseudonym "Eolus".

## References
Kristdala

**Kristdala** is a locality in Oskarshamn Municipality in Kalmar County in Sweden. In 2010, 945 people lived there.

## References
Jorgelina Aranda

**Jorgelina Julia Aranda** (19 August 1942 &ndash; 10 January 2015) was an Argentine actress, model and singer. She was known for her role in *Il Gaucho*. Aranda was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Aranda died of cancer in Buenos Aries, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*
Curly Sue

***Curly Sue*** is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It is about a homeless man and his daughter who move from Detroit to Chicago. Alisan Porter plays Curly Sue. Kelly Lynch plays Grey. The movie received negative reviews from critics.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Hara Patnaik

**Hara Pattanaik** (, 12 October 1958 – 13 January 2015) was an Indian movie actor, director, and screenplay writer. He has acted in over 60 Oriya movies and directed about 19 others. Patnaik was known for his roles in *Sathire* (2004), *Ganga Jamuna* (1997), and *Nari Bi Pindhipare Rakta Sindura* (1997). 

Parranaik died on 13 January 2015 of cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*
The Buffalo Club (album)

***The Buffalo Club*** is the only studio album by The Buffalo Club. The album was released on March 25, 1997.

## Track listing
## References
Michelle Ryan

**Michelle Ryan** (born 22 April 1984) is an English actress. She is known for portraying the role of Zoe Slater on the BBC soap opera *EastEnders* (2000–2005).
She also played Lady Christina de Souza in 2009 on *Doctor Who*.

She was born in Enfield, Greater London.

## References
## Other websites
The Buffalo Club

**The Buffalo Club** is an American country music group formed in 1996.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *The Buffalo Club* (1997)

## References
James B. Adams

**James Blackburn Adams** (December 21, 1926 &ndash; April 25, 2020) was an American attorney and politician. He served as an acting director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from February 15, 1978 through February 23, 1978.  He was born in Corsicana, Texas.

Adams died on April 25, 2020 in Kerrville, Texas of a suspected heart attack, aged 93.

## References
Freejack

***Freejack*** is a 1992 science fiction and action movie directed by Geoff Murphy. This movie is set in the year 2009. It is about very wealthy people becoming immortal. Rene Russo plays Julie. Mick Jagger plays Victor. Emilio Estevez plays Alex.

The movie got very bad reviews from movie critics.

## Other websites
* 
*
Florence Chadwick

**Florence May Chadwick** (November 9, 1918 &ndash; March 15, 1995) was an American swimmer. She was known for long-distance swimming. At age 10 she was the first child to swim the Catalina Channel. Chadwick was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. She set a time record each time. She was the first woman to swim the Straits of Gibraltar, the Bosporus (one way), and the Dardanelles (round trip).

## References
Stealing Harvard

***Stealing Harvard*** is a 2002 American criminal comedy movie. It was directed by Bruce McCulloch and was produced by Susan Cavan. *Stealing Harvard* was released on September 13, 2002.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 9% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. At the 2002 Golden Raspberry Awards, Tom Green was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor but lost to Hayden Christensen for his portrayal of Anakin Skywalker in *Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones*.

## Cast 
* Jason Lee as John Plummer
* Tom Green as Walter P. 'Duff' Duffy
* Leslie Mann as Elaine Warner
* Dennis Farina as Mr. Warner
* Richard Jenkins as Honorable Judge Emmett Cook
* John C. McGinley as Detective Charles
* Tammy Blanchard as Noreen Plummer
* Megan Mullally as Patty Plummer
* Zeus as Rex the Dog
* Chris Penn as David Loach
* Seymour Cassel as Uncle Jack
* Ken Magee as Butcher
* Martin Starr as Liquor Store Kid
* Mary Gillis as Duff's Mom
* Bruce McCulloch as Fidio the Lawyer

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
*
Songs from the West Coast

***Songs from the West Coast*** is the 26th studio album by Elton John and was released on 1 October 2001. It went to top 20 in Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. It was nominated for an Grammy Award in 2002.

## Track listing 
All songs written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin.
John Snow

**John Snow** (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858) was an English physician who used anaesthesia and medical hygiene. He is a founder of modern epidemiology because he traced the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854. His findings caused changes in the water and sewage systems of London. That led to similar changes in other cities and a great improvement in general public health around the world.

In 1837 Snow began working at the Westminster Hospital. Admitted as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 2 May 1838, he graduated from the University of London in December 1844 and was admitted to the Royal College of Physicians in 1850.

## Anaesthesia 
Snow was one of the first to study dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics. That let patients undergo surgery and obstetrics without distress and pain. He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children: Leopold in 1853 and Beatrice in 1857. That led to wider acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia.

## Cholera 
Snow did not understand the mechanism by which the disease was transmitted. His observation of the evidence led him to discount the theory of 'foul air'. 

By talking to local residents, he found the source of the outbreak was the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not *conclusively* prove its danger. However, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough. The local council disabled the well pump by removing its handle. The action is usually credited with ending the outbreak, but Snow saw that the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline:

Snow also showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and delivering the water to homes, so causing the cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It was the founding event of the science of epidemiology.

Snow died young after a stroke. Health in Victorian London was vastly improved by engineering works for sewage treatment and water supply. This included building huge pipes under ground which kept sewage and water supplies separate. This system was so successful that it lasted until the later part of the 20th century.

Victorian London became one of the few large cities in the world to be free of epidemics carried by the water supply. The British later built the water and sewage systems in many other countries, especially those in, or connected with, the British Empire (Cairo, Khartoum, New Delhi and so on). The growth in population has made the water unsafe again in many places, but round about 1900 a clean water supply was available in many parts of the world. All this was a consequence of Snow's work, and the engineering methods of Sir Joseph Bazalgette.

## References 
## Other websites 
*John Snow website, by Ralph R. Frerichs, UCLA. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html
United States Attorney

**United States Attorneys**, aka **federal prosecutors** or as **United States District Attorneys**, represent the United States federal government. They do this in U.S. district courts and U.S. courts of appeals. There are 93 U.S. Attorneys in the United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam.

U.S. Attorneys and their offices are a part of United States Department of Justice.

## Job description 
Each U.S. Attorney is the boss of their district, and although they are the boss they still can have hundreds of lawyers and staff to help them. All U.S. Attorneys is appointed by the President and is confirmed by the Senate of the United States and they keep their job for 4 years.

Current law says that when there is no U.S. Attorney in a district the Attorney General can appoint one for 120 days.

## U.S. Attorney appointment controversy 
There was an issue in 2006 where a law was passed which said the Attorney General could appoint a U.S. attorney to serve for as long as needed, which in a way went around the Senate confirmation process. The issue was fixed with a law passed in 2007.

The Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789.

## References
Asa Hutchinson

**William Asa Hutchinson II** (, *AY-sə*; born December 3, 1950) is an American attorney, businessman, and politician. He was the 46th Governor of Arkansas from 2015 to 2023. He is a Republican. He was the administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration during the George W. Bush administration from 2001 to 2003. Before, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2001. Hutchinson unsuccessfully ran for President of the United States in the 2024 election. He earned his bachelor's degree from Bob Jones University in 1972. He received his J.D. from the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1975. 

## Legal career
In 1982, President Ronald Reagan hired Hutchinson as the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Arkansas. At age 31, Hutchinson was the nation's youngest U.S. Attorney. He helped prosecute a white supremacist organization founded by polygamist James Ellison.

## Early political career
In 1986, Hutchinson unsuccessfully ran against Democratic U.S. Senator Dale Bumpers. He successfully ran for the United States House of Representatives in 1996, representing Arkansas's 3rd congressional district.

Hutchinson resigned from the U.S. House when President George W. Bush picked him to be Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration. In 2003, Bush appointed Hutchinson as the Under Secretary for border and transportation security at the newly created Department of Homeland Security. Hutchinson retired from the Bush administration in 2005.

## Governor of Arkansas
In 2006, Hutchinson was the Republican nominee for Governor of Arkansas, but lost to Democratic nominee Mike Beebe. In 2014, Hutchinson was again the Republican nominee for governor, this time beating the Democratic nominee, U.S. Representative Mike Ross. He was reelected in 2018.

While serving as governor, Arkansas started having executions again in 2017 after having executed no one since 2005. Under his time as governor, over 17,000 Arkansans lost their Medicaid coverage over a rule Hutchinson pushed for which required them to work.

In February 2019, Hutchinson signed a bill into law that would criminalize abortion should *Roe v. Wade* be overturned.

From 2020 to 2021, Hutchinson was vice chair of the National Governors Association. From 2021 to 2022, he was chair of the association.

## 2024 presidential campaign
In May 2022, Hutchinson said he would think about running for president in 2024 even if former President Donald Trump ran again.

On April 2, 2023, Hutchinson announced his candidacy for the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries.

Hutchinson announced the suspension of his campaign on January 16, 2024, the day after the Iowa Republican caucus.

## Personal life
In 1973, Hutchinson married Susan Burrell. They have four children.

Hutchinson's older brother, Tim, is a former U.S. representative and U.S. senator.

## References
## Other websites
* Governor Asa Hutchinson official government site
* Asa Hutchinson on Getting Our Country Back on Track
* 
*
Knut's party

A '''Knut's party** or **Knut's dance''' (, literally: "Christmas tree pludering") is a tradition in Sweden on St. Knut's Day (13 January). It means the end of the Christmas and holiday season. The Christmas and holiday season has then spanned across Advent Sunday, Saint Lucy's Day, Christmas, New Year and Epiphany. In private homes, especially children often have a party. They dance around the Christmas tree and smash the gingerbread house into pieces. The Christmas decorations are then put aside. Such parties are even common at schools, Kindergartens, churches and other associations. In many towns the public Christmas tree is taken out of usage for the bypassed Christmas by holding an outdoor Knut's dance. The tradition originates from the Nordic region. It has changed very little since the 1870s.

## References in popular culture
*The final verse of the 1901 Christmas song "Raska fötter springa tripp, tripp, tripp" describes the Christmas tree being carried out ("julegranen bäres ut"). It means that a Knut's party may specially emphasize the final verse. The song was written by Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson and Emmy Köhler.
*Astrid Lindgren has depicted traditional Swedish Knut's parties in her books. One example is "Pippi Longstocking's After-Christmas Party" from 1979.
*The 1984 Gunilla Bergström book "Klaga lagom, Alfons Åberg" (later called Lycklige Alfons Åberg) depicts no traditional Knut's dance. Instead the Christmas tree is thrown down from the flat balcony into the January snow. It can be seen as a modern variation for children in urbanized 20th century Sweden.

## References
Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness

***Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness*** is the third studio album by American alternative rock band the Smashing Pumpkins. It was released by Virgin Records on October 24, 1995 in the United Kingdom, and one day later in the United States. Billy Corgan produced the album with Mark Ellis and Alan Moulder. The double album has 28 songs. It has many different types of music, such as alternative rock, progressive rock, electropop, country folk and thrash metal.

The album went to number one on the *Billboard* 200. In one week, over 240,000 copies of the album were sold. One of the most popular songs from the album was "Bullet with Butterfly Wings". It was the lead single from the album. The album had four other singles: "1979", "Zero", "Tonight, Tonight", and "Thirty-Three". The RIAA gave the album a diamond certification. 

The band recorded many songs when making the album. They did not put all of these songs on the album. They reused some of these songs on future albums. Many music critics praised the record, and said it was one of the band's best albums. The album was nominated for seven Grammy Awards.

## Track listing 
* Track 8 is named "An Ode to No One" on some versions of the album.

## References
Landvetter

**Landvetter** is a locality in Härryda Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. In 2010, 7,152 people lived there. The Göteborg Landvetter Airport is located near the locality. The airport is even named after the locality.

## References 
## Other websites
Frederik H. Kreuger

**Frederik Hendrik Kreuger** (14 May 1928 &ndash; 10 January 2015) was a Dutch high voltage scientist, writer, and inventor. He was a professor at the Delft University of Technology in Delft. He wrote about technical literature, nonfiction books, and thrillers. He also wrote a biography of the master forger Han van Meegeren.

Kreuger was born in Amsterdam, North Holland. He went to the Delft University of Technology.

On 10 January 2015, *NRC Handelsblad* announced Kreuger died in Delft, aged 86.
YWCA-YMCA of Sweden

**YWCA-YMCA of Sweden** () is the Sweden-branch of YMCA and YWCA. It was established in 1966 when YMCA of Sweden and YWCA of Sweden merged.

In 2011 the organization decided to use the term "KFUM" in promotion with "M" standing for "människor" ("people"). Earlier the "m" stood for "män" (men)

YWCA-YMCA of Sweden has 60 000 members. It has 4 000 local associations.

Several Swedish YWCA-YMCA associations have been successful in sports.

## References
## Other websites
*official website
SummerSlam (2006)

**SummerSlam (2006)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 20, 2006 at TD Banknorth Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the nineteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE. This was the first inter-branded pay-per-view that featured the ECW brand.

The main match for the *Raw* brand saw Edge defeat John Cena and successfully defend his WWE Championship. Edge defeated Cena by pinfall after he hit Cena in the back of the head with a pair of brass knuckles. The main match for the *SmackDown!* brand was a match between Batista and King Booker for the World Heavyweight Championship. Batista won the match by disqualification after Queen Sharmell interfered in the match. Since Batista won by disqualification, he did not win the championship. The main match for the *ECW* brand saw The Big Show defeat Sabu in an Extreme rules match for the ECW World Championship. Big Show won the match by pinfall and retained the title after he chokeslammed Sabu through a table.

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official SummerSlam 2006 website
Sons of the Desert

**Sons of the Desert** was an American country music band founded in 1989 in Waco, Texas. It was started by brothers Drew Womack (lead vocals, rhythm guitar) and Tim Womack (lead guitar, background vocals). They were joined by Scott Saunders (keyboards), Doug Virden (bass guitar, background vocals) and Brian Westrum (drums). The band released *Whatever Comes First* for Epic Records Nashville in 1997. They recorded a second album for Epic which was not released. *Change* followed in 2000. Counting two singles from the unreleased album, Sons of the Desert charted eight times on the *Billboard* Hot Country Songs charts, including the top ten hit "Whatever Comes First".

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Whatever Comes First* (1997)
* *Change* (2000)

## References
Statutory rape

The term **statutory rape** means sexual activity with a minor that is not forced. It usually refers to when adults engage in sex with someone below the age of consent. 

## Situation
In 95% of the cases, the victim is female.

## Alternative words
Words such as *unlawful sex with a minor* or *unlawful carnal knowledge* are used.

## References
Regency era

The **Regency era** was nine years from 1811 to 1820 in Great Britain. It was the time when the future George IV of the United Kingdom was Prince Regent during the long illness of his father, George III. George IV was crowned after George III's death in 1820. The Regency era was notable for its , its political , and its style. Beau Brummell, Lord Byron and the architect John Nash were important people.

The final defeat of Napoleon happened during this era. Parliament became more powerful. A rapid growth in population led to the growth of criminal slums in cities like London. It was a great time for architecture.
Minor (law)

In the law, a **minor** is someone who has not yet reached the age of majority. In many countries, a person becomes an adult at age 18, so a minor is a person who is 17 years old or younger.  

"Minor" can also mean a person who is not old enough to do a particular activity, for example, while 18 is the age of majority in the United States, the minimum age to buy alcoholic beverages (such as beer, wine, and liquor) in the United States is 21, so in this context, a minor is a person who is 20 years old or younger. The term "minor" also has a non age-based definition, meaning a person of reduced intellectual or developmental capacity and who is a dependant.

## References
J. P. Parisé

**Jean-Paul Joseph-Louis Parisé** (December 11, 1941 – January 7, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey coach and left winger. He played 17 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Boston Bruins, Minnesota North Stars, Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Islanders, and the Cleveland Barons. His son Zach currently plays for the Minnesota Wild.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Parisé played 38 games with the Niagara Falls Flyers of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), 65 games with the Kingston Frontenacs of the Eastern Professional Hockey League (EPHL), and two seasons with the Minneapolis Bruins of the Central Professional Hockey League (CPHL).

Parisé made his NHL debut in the 1965–66 NHL season with the Boston Bruins. He would only play 3 games with them that season and 18 games the next.

When the 1967–68 NHL season started, there was an expansion and expansion draft. Parisé was drafted by the Oakland Seals on June 6, 1967. On October 12, the Seals traded him along with Bryan Hextall Jr. to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Gerry Ehman.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
William R. Cosentini

**William Randolph Cosentini** (June 12, 1911 - January 28, 1954) was an American mechanical engineer and businessman. He founded Cosentini Associates.

## Biography
Cosentini was born in 1911 to Italian immigrant parents, Eugenio and Vincenza Cosentini. He had an older brother, John (born 1909) and a younger sister, Mary (born 1913).

Cosentini attended New York University. There he earned his M.A. degree in mechanical engineering. In 1944, he married Rose DeStefano. They had two children together. Rose died in 1947 at 36 years of age.

In 1951, he started W.R. Cosentini & Associates. The company later became known as Cosentini Associates. In the early days of the company, he worked on several notable projects. Those included installing the heating and air conditioning system in the Chrysler Building.

Cosentini died of appendicitis on January 28, 1954 at 42 years of age.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.acutherm.com/media/docs/DevNewYork_Cosentini.pdf 
*http://www.cosentini.com
Genevieve

**Saint Genevieve** is a saint in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition. She is the patron saint of Paris. Her feast day is kept on January the 3rd.

In 451 she led a "prayer marathon" in Paris that was said to divert Attila's Huns away from the city. In 464 Childeric I besieged the city and conquered it. She negotiated to collect food and convinced Childeric to release his prisoners.

Clovis I founded an abbey where Genevieve could minister. She was later buried there. The church witnessed numerous miracles at her tomb. Genevieve was canonised.

## References
AT&T Corporation

**AT&T Corporation,** commonly referred to as **AT&T,** an abbreviation for its former name, the **American Telephone and Telegraph Company,** was an American telecommunications company that provided voice, video, data, and Internet telecommunications and professional services to businesses, consumers, and government agencies.

## History 
The company was formed in 1885 as American Telephone and Telegraph. In 1900 the company introduced the Bell System. The company quickly gained a monopoly on the phone industry. The government was going to investigate, but World War 2 started, so they were distracted. In 1964 the name of American Telephone and Telegraph was changed to AT&T Corporation.

In 1983 the company was forced to spin-off the Bell System into seven new companies. One of the new companies was SBC Communications. SBC united a majority of the companies until 2005, when they bought AT&T itself (they would take the name of the company.) Another company (Bell Atlantic) would form Verizon.
Arthur E. Chase

**Arthur E. Chase** (February 4, 1930 &ndash; January 5, 2015) was an American businessman and politician. He represented the Worcester District in the Massachusetts Senate from 1991–1995.  He co-founded the Central Massachusetts Legislative Caucus. He was the Republican nominee for Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1994, but lost in the general election to William F. Galvin.

## References
Jack Hayward

**Sir Jack Arnold Hayward**  (14 June 1923 &ndash; 13 January 2015) was an English businessman, property developer, and philanthropist. He was the president of football club Wolverhampton Wanderers from 1990 until 2007.

Hayward was born in Wolverhampton. He married Jean Mary Forder in 1948 and had two sons, Rick and Jonathan, and a daughter Susan.

Hayward died on 13 January 2015 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. He was 91.

## References
Zhang Wannian

**Zhang Wannian** (; August 1928 – January 14, 2015) was a Chinese general. He was born in Longkou, Shandong, China. 

He was a deputy to CPC's 9th National Congress, and an alternative member of 12th and 13th CPC's central committee. He became an alternate member of the 12th and 13th and a member of the 14th and 15th CPC's Central Committees, and a Politburo member and Secretary of the Secretariat in 15th central committee.

He was promoted to lieutenant general in September 1988, and to general in June 1993. He retired in 2003.

Wannain died in Beijing, China, aged 86.

## References
Johannes de Villiers Graaff

**Johannes de Villiers Graaff** (also known as **Jan de Van Graaff** or **Jannie Graaff**; 19 February 1928 &ndash; 6 January 2015) was a South African neoclassical welfare economist. He was a former chairman of Nedbank.  Graaff was known for his work on optimal savings rates and contributions to the creation of the social welfare function.

Graaff graduated from the University of Cape Town and then went on to complete his PhD in economics at St John's College, Cambridge in 1950.

On 30 June 1951, he married Lillian Clare Thomson, daughter of Sir George Paget Thomson.

He was the youngest son of Sir David Graaff, 1st Baronet.

He died on the 6 January 2015 in Kenilworth, Cape Town, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
* The History of Economic Thought – Jan de Van Graaff homepage 
* Theoretical Welfare Economics: A Comment, M. W. Reder, 5 MAY 2007
Double Dare (1976 game show)

***Double Dare*** is an American television game show. It was produced by Mark Goodson—Bill Todman Productions and ran from December 13, 1976 to April 29, 1977 on CBS. Alex Trebek was the host. Johnny Olson and later Gene Wood were the announcers. One was a returning  from a previous game, the other a new r. A contestant was given the chance to  the question and win money. Or, they could  the other contestant to answer the question. If the second contestant answered the question ly, he or she won the money. If answered incorrectly, the first contestant got  the money. Questions were answered from an isolation booth.

## References
Bob Boyd (basketball)

**William Robert "Bob" Boyd** (June 7, 1930 - January 14, 2015) was an American former collegiate man's basketball coach. He was head coach at Seattle University, the University of Southern California (USC) and Mississippi State University.

Boyd died of natural causes in Palm Desert, California, aged 84.

## References
Birdman (movie)

***Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)*** is a 2014 black comedy-drama movie directed, produced, and written by Alejandro González Iñárritu. It stars Michael Keaton, Zach Galifianakis, Edward Norton, Emma Stone, Amy Ryan, Andrea Riseborough, Lindsay Duncan, and Naomi Watts. It was released for a limited time on October 17, 2014. It received very positive reviews. The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture, along with Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Cinematography from a total of nine nominations, tying it with *The Grand Budapest Hotel* for the most nominated and awarded movie at the Academy's 87th annual awards ceremony with four wins per movie.
Spire

in Sweden]]
]]

A **spire** is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, particularly a church tower. Etymologically, the word comes from the Old English word *spir*, meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass.

Symbolically, spires have two effects. One is to show strength and power. A spire, with its spear point, gives the impression of strength. The other is to reach up toward the skies as a religious gesture. This is one reason for its association with religious buildings, and a similar reason has been given for the large pyramids in Egypt and early American civilisations. However, the tallest spires today are secular places of business or hotels, such as The Shard.

As an architectural ornament, spires are most often found on Christian churches.

## References
Slobodan Martinović

**Slobodan Martinovic** (25 July 1945 – 10 January 2015) was a Serbian chess Grandmaster. He began in 1963, and played until his death in 2015.

Martinović played 269 master games that were tracked by FIDE. Of them, 83 (31%) he won, 157 (58%) were draws, and 29 (11%) he lost.

## References
Robert White (ambassador)

**Robert E. White** (September 21, 1926 &ndash; January 13, 2015) was an American career diplomat. He served as U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 until 1980 and to El Salvador from 1980 until 1981. He later became president of the Center for International Policy.

White was born in Melrose, Massachusetts. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1944 to 1946. He was married to Mary-Anne White and had five grown children.

White died on January 13, 2015 in Arlington, Virginia from prostate and bladder cancer, aged 88.

## References