open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gray (Haute-Saône)

**Gray** is a commune located in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About  people live there.

## History 
It was, since the Middle Ages, an important river port, an important trading center in Franche-Comté.

Gray is believed to have got its name from an old landed estate in its area owned by a family with Gallo-Roman origins having the name "Gradus", cognate with the Celtic "Grady" meaning "illustrious" or "noble".

## Geography 
Gray is situated on the banks of the river Saône. It is the last major town in Haute-Saône before the Saône flows into Côte-d'Or.

## References
Life Ball

, at Life Ball in 2007]]
The **Life Ball** is a charity event, held each year in Vienna. It is an event to help raise funds to combat HIV. It is one of the biggest such events in the world. Gery Keszler and Torgom Petrosian started the foundation in 1993. Torgom Petrosian, a doctor who was affected, has since died of AIDS. 

Many people notable from public life take part in the opening ceremony. The event is known for its extravagant style.
Garo Yepremian

**Garabed Sarkis** "**Garo**" **Yepremian** (June 2, 1944 &ndash; May 15, 2015) was an American football placekicker. He played in the National Football League for the Detroit Lions, Miami Dolphins, New Orleans Saints, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1966 to 1981.

Yepremian was born in Larnaca, southern Cyprus to Armenian parents. He died from brain cancer on May 15, 2015 in Media, Pennsylvania, aged 70.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chevrolet Spark

**Chevrolet Spark** is a city car sold by General Motors. It was first introduced in 1998 as Daewoo Matiz. In 2002 it was redesigned for a second . It began to be exported and sold under various names including Chevrolet Joy and Pontiac Matiz. In 2007 the third generation was introduced. It was only sold as Chevrolet and Daewoo. GM s to stop making the Spark and replace it with a brand new vehicle called the Opel Karl. GM will still use the Spark name in U.S., Korean and Australian markets. Ever since its first generation the Spark is only offered as a 5-door hatchback.

## References
Pontiac G6

**Pontiac G6** was a mid-sized automobile sold by the Pontiac division of General Motors. It was available as a coupe, sedan or convertible. The G6 was introduced in 2005 to replace the Grand Am. The last model year for the G6 

was 2010. The 2010 G6 was the very last U.S. built Pontiac.

## References
Iceland Express

**Iceland Express** was a low-cost airline from Iceland. It began in 2002. Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport used to be their main hub. WOW Air bought the airline in 2012.

## References
Green economy

The **green economy** is defined as an economy that results in reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. It aims for sustainable development without  the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied . The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be , but also . Fairness  recognising global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a just  to an economy that is low-carbon, resource efficient, and ly ."

## Definition
Karl Burkart defines a green economy as based on six main s:
* Renewable energy i.e., Sustainable energy such as Solar energy and Wind energy.
* Green buildings i.e., Eco-friendly constructions and practices. 
* Sustainable transport i.e., Electric vehicle, Hybrid vehicle
* Water management i.e., Water coservation and recycling.
* Waste management i.e.,  Reusing the waste and improving Carbon footprint. For example, sustainable fashion.
* Land management i.e., Sustainable development of land in terms of farming, forestation, housing etc.

The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) representing global business defines green economy as “an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social development”.

In 2012, the ICC published the *Green Economy Roadmap*. It states that a shift towards a green economy requires the following:
* Open and competitive markets
* Metrics, accounting, and reporting
* Finance and investment
* Awareness
* Life cycle approach
* Resource efficiency and decoupling
* Employment
* Education and skills
* Governance and partnership
* Integrated policy and decision-making

## Criticisms 
A number of organisations and individuals have d aspects of the 'Green Economy'. The research organisation ETC Group argues that the corporate emphasis on a biobased economy "will spur even greater convergence of corporate power and unleash the most massive resource grab in more than 500 years." Venezuelan professor Edgardo Lander says that the UNEP's report, *Towards a Green Economy*, while well-intentioned "ignores the fact that the capacity of existing political systems to (regulate and restrict)... is seriously limited by the political and financial power of the corporations." Ulrich Hoffmann, in a paper for UNCTAD also says that the focus on Green Economy and "green growth" in particular, "based on an evolutionary (and often reductionist) approach will not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of climate change". He added it "may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that can
bring about a U-turn of global greenhouse gas emissions.

## References 
## Further reading 
* College Graduates Will Clean Up in the Green Economy, Huffington Post
* Building a Green Economy, The New York Times

## Other websites
*
Braniff International Airways

**Braniff International Airways** was an American airline. The company started in 1928. Its first flight was between Oklahoma City and Tulsa, Oklahoma on 20 June 1928.  

Called the Paul R. Braniff Inc. Airline, it set up service between Oklahoma City and Tulsa three days a week. During World War II it lost half its fleet to government service.  

After the war, Braniff began flying to South America. It served Brazil, Argentina, Columbia and Peru. Braniff became the first all-jet airline in 1960.  

After the airline deregulation of 1978, Braniff found the air fare competition cut into profits. The recession had caused fewer passengers. Braniff found itself with too many air routes. With rising interest rates and fuel prices, the company debt became a major problem.  

Braniff declared bankruptcy in 1982. Its last flight was on May 12, 1982. 

## Gallery

File:Boeing 727-27C, Braniff International Airways JP6867322.jpg|A Braniff Boeing 727 at O'Hare International Airport
File:British Aircraft Corporation BAC 1-11 Series 203AE, Braniff International Airways JP6839068.jpg|Braniff aircraft at Dallas Love Field. The airline was known for painting its planes in different colors. 
File:Braniff International Boeing 747-100 Rees.jpg|Everyone loved Braniff's Boeing 747s painted orange

## References
Keflavík International Airport

**Reykjavík-Keflavík Airport** (also called **Keflavik Airport**) is the largest and busiest airport in Iceland. It is the country's main hub for international flights. The airport is  west of the Icelandic capital, Reykjavík. The airport has three runways. Most international flights to or from Iceland pass through this airport.

The main airlines at Keflavík are Icelandair and WOW Air. Both make the airport their main hub. The airport handles almost all international flights. Most domestic flights are flown from Reykjavík Airport. It is only  from Reykjavík. Keflavík Airport is operated by Isavia, a government . 

## History 
### US Military 
Until World War II Iceland had very little contact with the United States. Because of the  importance of Iceland to the war in Europe The US and Iceland signed a treaty in June 1941. It was occupied by US troops on 24 March 1943 and named Meeks field. After the war the US wanted to keep their bases but the Icelandic government said no. Ownership of Keflavik airport was returned to Iceland while the American military turned over their  to an American company to run for them. When Iceland joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, they sided firmly with the Americans in the Cold War. In 1951 a new treaty was signed and the American military returned to Iceland. According to Frommers.com "Iceland's cozy, little international airport looks like it arrived in a flat pack from Ikea".

## References
## Other websites 
* For children at Keflavík
Sayaka Osakabe

**Sayaka Osakabe** (; born 1978) is a Japanese magazine editor and women's rights activist.  She went to court because of Japan's Equal Opportunities law.  The government decided that discrimination against women because of pregnancy is illegal. In 2015, the U.S State Department gave Osakabe the International Women of Courage Award. 

## Life 
Sayaka Osakabe was born in Japan in 1978.  

## Work 
Osakabe started a support group called *Matahara Net*.  The word comes from the English words "**mat**ernity **a**nd **hara**ssment".   The word "matahara" is now a legal term.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Arbana Xharra

**Arbana Xharra** is a journalist from Kosovo. In 2015 she won the International Women of Courage Award from the US State Department.

## Work 
Arbana Xharra became a journalist in 2001. She worked for *Koha Ditore*, Kosovo's first independent newspaper, in 2006 and 2007. She wrote for *Balkan Insight* In 2006 she investigated government expense reports and problems with financial management.  In 2007, she wrote about inflation and food shortages.  In 2010 she wrote a report about the finances of the state-run Telecom of Kosovo.  The court decided that Xharra acted correctly. They said she followed the Code of Ethics for print media of Kosovo.

In 2012, Xharra investigated the increase of religious activity in the former Yugoslavia. She wrote about religious extremism and its effect on society. When she investigated Islamic extremists in Kosovo, she found connections with terrorist organizations. Xharra's report helped the government with the problem.  After the report, she received death threats. In 2013 she won the *Rexhai Surroi Award* from the KOHA Group for an article on extremism.  She also won the *Stirring Up Debate Award* from INPO Ferizaj  for starting public discussion on religious extremism. In 2015 she won the US Secretary of State's International Women of Courage Award.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Hexacorallia

(Upper Cretaceous) of southern Israel; oral view]]

**Hexacorallia** is a large subclass of Anthozoa in the aquatic phylum Cnidaria.

It has about 4,300 species, all polyps, generally with 6-fold symmetry. It includes all the stony corals, most of which are colonial and reef-forming. It also contains the sea anemones, tube anemones, and zoanthids, in six living orders. 

The Hexacorallia are distinguished from the other subclass of Anthozoa, the Octocorallia, because they have six or less axes of symmetry in their body structure and only single rows of tentacles. They are formed of individual soft polyps which in some species live in colonies and secrete a calcite skeleton. As with all Cnidarians, these organisms have a complex life cycle including a mobile planktonic phase  and a later sessile phase. 

Hexacorallia also include the extinct orders of the rugose corals and tabulate corals. They built the coral reefs of the Palaeozoic era. In fact, there are a total of eight extinct orders of the Hexacorallia, which shows it has always been an important group of marine organisms.

## References
Antiprism

]]
]]
In geometry, an **antiprism** is a polyhedron (a 3D shape). It is made of two copies of a regular polygon. These polygons are connected using an alternating band of triangles. To connect a pair of n-sided polygons, 2n triangles are needed. Antiprisms are like prisms, but prisms use parallelograms for the bands at the side.

A **right antiprism** uses a right angle to connect the base polygons to the band of triangles. A **uniform antiprism** uses equilateral triangles as base surfaces. 

The regular octahedron is a special kind of antiprism, since all of its faces are equilateral triangles. There are triangles on opposite sides of the octahedron. These triangles are connected by the rest of the triangles, which form an alternating band.
Chinx

**Lionel Pickens** (December 4, 1983 – May 17, 2015), better known by his stage name **Chinx** (formerly **Chinx Drugz**), was an American rapper from Queens, New York. He was a member of French Montana's Coke Boys group and record label. Other members are Cheeze, Flip, and Lil Durk. He was best known for his raps on the *Coke Boys* mixtapes and the *Cocaine Riot* mixtape series. He died from a fatal gunshot wound after a drive-by shooting in Jamaica, Queens on May 17, 2015.

On how he got started rapping, Chinx said: "I started rapping at the table in junior high school for fun with the homies and then by 9th grade is when I started taking music seriously. At that point is when I started investing my street money into my studio time and trying to find my sound."

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Welcome To JFK* (2015)
* *Legends Never Die* (2016)
* *CR6* (2022)
* *Cocaine Riot 7* (2023)

### Extended plays
* ''I'll Take It from Here'' (2013)

## References
Gigablast

**Gigablast** is a small web search engine based in New Mexico. It was started by Matt Wells in 2000 and was part of Infoseek.

In July 2013, the website's source code was released under the Apache License.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Source code
Dodge Charger

The **Dodge Charger** is an American full-size car. They are marketed through the Dodge division of Chrysler. Several different vehicles built with three different chassis have the Charger name.

## History 
Notable years in Charger history are:

### 1966 through 1968 
The Dodge Charger first premiered with the 1966 models. Dodge added a fastback roof on their Coronet (B-body). Inside there were four bucket seats with a full-length console. Engines included the 318 CID (Cubic Inch Displacement), the 361 CID, the 383 CID and a 426 Chrysler Hemi Engine. Transmissions included a three-speed manual, a four-speed manual, and a Torqueflite automatic. In 1968, the Charger was restyled to improve sales, though they continued to go down.

### 1975 through 1983 
Dodge introduced the Charger SE in 1975. It was a clone of the Chrysler Cordoba. Like the Cordoba, it was a luxury car. The base engine was the 360 CID. The 318 CID and the 400 CID engines were optional. A new Charger Daytona model was available with larger tires, having no resemblance to the NASCAR Daytona Charger. In 1975, Dodge Chargers won 14 NASCAR Grand National races, being done in 1974 Chargers. In 1978, Chrysler was facing financial troubles. Lee Iacocca turned Chrysler around, and by 1983, the company was making money again.

### 2006 to 2014 
The Dodge Charger was reintroduced in 2006. The new Charger is a four-door sedan. It rode on the new rear-wheel drive LX platform, sharing similarities with the Chrysler 300. In 2011 the next generation was launched. The styling of the 2011 was like the late 1960s muscle car Chargers. The Pentastar 3.6-liter V6 was the base engine. 

## References
Roger Mudd

**Roger Harrison Mudd** (February 9, 1928 &ndash; March 9, 2021) was an American broadcast journalist. He worked as the primary anchor for The History Channel. 

Mudd was the weekend and weekday substitute anchor for the *CBS Evening News*, the co-anchor of the weekday *NBC Nightly News*, and the host of the NBC-TV *Meet the Press,* and *American Almanac* TV programs. 

Mudd was the winner of the Peabody Award, the Joan Shorenstein Award for Distinguished Washington Reporting, and five Emmy Awards.

Mudd died on March 9, 2021 in McLean, Virginia from problems caused by kidney failure, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Web Site
**Booknotes* interview with Mudd on *Great Minds of History*, June 6, 1999. 
*C-SPAN *Q&A* interview with Mudd, about *The Place To Be: Washington, CBS, and the Glory Days of Television News*, March 30 and April 6, 2008
Soviet Philatelic Association

**Soviet Philatelic Association** (**SFA**) was a business run by the Soviet Union authorities in the field of philately.
## History 
Two early philatelic public  existed in the Soviet Union. These were All-Russian Society of Philatelists (created in 1922) and Philatelic International (or Filintern organised in 1924). In July 1924, an *"All-Union Philatelic Association of Socialist Soviet Republics"* was formed. It was called the "State Philatelic Organization". This association was entrusted to Feodor Chuchin. He also supervised another state body, Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily. The All-Union Philatelic Association ceased to exist soon after. It lacked a published decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) and RSFSR Sovnarkom.

On 25 October 1926, a new association was established in Moscow by VTsIK and Sovnarkom decree. It replaced the Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily. SFA sold Soviet stamps to foreign dealers, Soviet philatelists, and schoolboys. These latter glued their stamps into school notebooks because of a lack of stamp albums.

The SFA organ was the journal *Sovetskii Filatelist* (*Soviet Philatelist*).

In 1938, the Soviet Philatelic Association was replaced with the Chief Philatelic Bureau.
 sent from Moscow to Berlin that contained philatelic materials. It had special marks and a stamp of the control of foreign philatelic exchange (placed on the envelope back) issued by the Soviet Philatelic Association]]

## Related pages 
* All-Russian Society of Philatelists
* First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
* Leniniana
* Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
* Philatelic International
* Philately
* Soviet Philatelist

## Notes 
## References 
## Further reading 
*

## Other websites 
*
Harry Martin (judge)

**Harry Corpening Martin** (January 13, 1920 – May 3, 2015) was an American judge. He served as the Associate Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, serving from 1982 to 1992. He was born in Lenoir, North Carolina.

Marin died on May 3, 2015 in Asheville, North Carolina, aged 95.

## References
Yeung Kwong

**Yeung Kwong**, GBM (1926 – 16 May 2015) was a Hong Kong Communist trade unionist and activist. He was leader of the Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots against the British rule in Hong Kong.

Yeung died at a hospital in Yan Tin, Hong King from heart failure, aged 89.

## References
Moshe Levinger

**Moshe Levinger** () (born 1935 in Jerusalem - May 16, 2015 in Hebron) was an Israeli Religious Zionist and an Orthodox Rabbi. 

From 1967 to 2015, he was a leading figure in the movement to settle Jews in the territories occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. He was especially known for leading Jewish settlement in Hebron in 1968 and for being one of the principals of the now defunct settler movement Gush Emunim founded in 1974.

## References
Rosemarie DeWitt

**Rosemarie DeWitt** (born October 26, 1971) is an American actress. She played Emily Lehman in the Fox television series *Standoff*. She played Amy Bowen in the 2015 remake movie *Poltergeist*. 

She was born in Flushing, Queens, New York. DeWitt married Ron Livingston in 2009. They have two children.

## References
Archimedean solid

looks like a soccer ball. It is made of 12 equilateral pentagons and 20 regular hexagons. It has 60 vertices and 90 edges. It is an Archimedean solid]]

In geometry, an **Archimedean solid** is a convex shape which is composed of polygons. It is a polyhedron, with the following properties:
* Each face is made of a regular polygon
* All the corners of the shape look the same
* The shape is neither a platonic solid, nor a prism, nor an antiprism.
Depending on the way there are counted, there are thirteen or fifteen such shapes.  Of two of these shapes, there are two versions, which cannot be made congruent using rotation. The Archimedean solids are named after the Ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, who probably discovered them in the 3rd century BC. The writings of Archimedes have been lost, but  Pappus of Alexandria summarized them in the 4th century. During the Renaissance, artists and mathematicians valued *pure forms* and rediscovered all of these forms.  Johannes Kepler probably completed this search around 1620.

Constructing an Archimedean solid takes at least two different polygons.

## Properties 
* Archimedean solids are made of regular polygons, therefore all edges have the same length.
* All Archimedean solids can be produced from Platonic solids, by "cutting the edges" of the platonic solid.
* The type of polygons meting at a corner ("vertex") characterizes both the archimedean and platonic solid

## Relationship with Platonic solids 
Platonic solids can be turned into Archimedean solids by following a series of rules for their construction.

## Listing of Archimedean solids 
The following is a listing of all Archimedean solids

## References
Poltergeist (2015 movie)

***Poltergeist*** is a 2015 American horror, fantasy and thriller movie. It is a remake of Steven Spielberg's 1982 movie with the same name.  This new version is produced by Sam Raimi. It stars Sam Rockwell, Rosemarie DeWitt, Jared Harris, and Jane Adams.

The movie was released on May 22, 2015 in North America. It will be screened in 3D.

## Plot
This movie is about a family whose suburban home has an invasion of angry spirits. These frightening ghosts attack the family who live in a quiet wealthy neighborhood. They kidnap the youngest daughter. The family has to make a plan to rescue her.

## Marketing 
The first trailer for the new movie was released on February 5, 2015. A *Slate Magazine* writer said that the trailer made the movie look too much like the first one. James Hibberd of *Entertainment Weekly* said that the trailer "retains and amplifies several elements from the original". He also gave praise that "the modernizing doesn’t result in, say, the family’s daughter being kidnapped by ghosts in Snapchat". Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting said that "while every fiber of my being wants to reject it, [the film] actually looks pretty insane", and praised the trailer's last scene. A *Polygon* writer said that the trailer looked similar to the first movie, but that it "looks great, as a horror movie".

## Reception
*Poltergeist* has not received good reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the movie got only a 34%, with 77 reviews. The audience rating was 34% who say they liked it. On Metacritic, the movie has a score of 47 out of 100, given by 25 critics. This means it has lower than average reviews. Roger Ebert said "Nothing about 'Poltergeist' feels fresh or new". He gave it one and a half stars. Ebert also said "See it in 2D if you choose to see it at all."

## References
## Other websites
*
Philatelic International

**Philatelic International** (**Filintern**) was an international philatelic society of collector-workers in the 1920s to 1940s.

## History 
The creation of the Filintern was set up at a conference in Moscow in 22 to 30 June 1924. Its formation was greeted by all branches of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists and at the same time by the Soviet Esperantists. At the conference opening, Feodor Chuchin, Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily, declared:

A program for the Filintern's central organ was developed that included:
* "propaganda of the international union of philatelist-workers of all nations for the struggle against organised philatelist-dealers",
* "wide popularisation of ideological philately",
* "introducing Esperanto into philately and thus the establishment of lively communication between philatelists around the world."

Filintern facilitates the goals of philatelists, scripophilists and Esperantists. Within Filintern, they could:
* collect stamps and paper money,
* publish philatelic bulletins, journals and catalogues,
* most importantly, conduct foreign exchange.

Using philately, scripophily and Esperanto, the Soviet authorities also hoped for promoting communist propaganda among the foreign proletariat.

The Philatelic International's organ was the journal . Its Editor was a prominent Russian philatelist L. K. Eichfuss. The first issue of the journal appeared in January 1925.

## Related pages 
* All-Russian Society of Philatelists
* First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
* Leniniana
* Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
* Philately
* Soviet Philatelic Association
* Soviet Philatelist

## Notes 
## References 
## Further reading 
* 

## Other websites 
*
The Longest Ride

***The Longest Ride*** is a 2015 romantic-drama movie. It is about Luke Collins, a bull rider who is seriously injured one night while riding. One year later, he meets Sophia. Lolita Davidovich plays Linda Collins. Gloria Reuben plays Adrienne.

## Cast
* Scott Eastwood as Luke Collins
* Britt Robertson as Sophia Danko
* Alan Alda as Ira Levinson
* Jack Huston as young Ira
* Oona Chaplin as Ruth
* Melissa Benoist as Marcia
* Lolita Davidovich as Linda Collins
* Barry Ratcliffe as the Auctioneer
* Gloria Reuben as Adrienne Francis
* Brett Edwards as Jared Midelton
* Hunter Burke as David Stein
* Alina Lia as Brooke

## Production
In April 2014, Fox 2000 Pictures set a movie adaptation to be released on April 10, 2015.

### Filming
Principal photography began on June 16, 2014 in Wilmington and Winston-Salem, North Carolina. On July 28, filming began in Jacksonville.

## Release
The movie was released on April 10, 2015.

### Reception
Critics gave negative reviews to the movie. Rotten Tomatoes has given a rating of 29% to *The Longest Ride*. RogerEbert.com gave the movie one and a half stars in its reviews. Variety magazine gave mixed reviews for this movie. Metacritic rates the movie 29%, meaning "generally unfavorable" reviews.

### Box office
It took in more than $51 million. The movie is rated PG-13.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Uptown Funk!

"**Uptown Funk!**" is a song by British DJ/producer Mark Ronson, featuring American singer Bruno Mars. This song was heavily influenced by Minneapolis sound from the early 1980s. The song was released on November 10, 2014. It reached #1 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. It was Mars' sixth #1 song on that chart. The song also hit #1 on other charts.

The song samples "Bye Bye" by Chimbala featuring Liro Shaq and Mozart La Para and "I Don't Believe You Want to Get Up and Dance (Oops!)" by The Gap Band.  It was written by Mars, Ronson, Jeff Bhasker, Philip Lawrence, Devon Gallaspy, Lonnie Simmons, Rudolph Taylor, and Robert, Ronnie, and Charlie Wilson. Mars, Ronson, and Bhasker produced the song.

The song finished as the #1 song of the 2010s decade on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

## References
Get Hard

***Get Hard*** is an American comedy movie. Alison Brie plays Alissa. Kevin Hart plays Darnell.

## Cast
* Will Ferrell as James King
* Kevin Hart as Darnell Lewis
* Alison Brie as Alissa Barrow
* Edwina Findley as Rita Lewis 
* Craig T. Nelson as Martin Barrow
* T.I. as Russell
* Ariana Neal as Makayla Lewis
* Greg Germann as Peter Penny 
* Paul Ben-Victor as Gayle  
* Dan Bakkedahl as Leo
* Erick Chavarria as Cecelio 
* Jon Eyez as Big Mike 
* Nito Larioza as Jaoa 
* Ron Funches as Jojo
* John Mayer as himself
* Jimmy Fallon as himself

## Production
On December 7, 2012, it was announced that Warner Bros. was in talks to acquire the *Get Hard* comedy movie script. On September 17, 2013, Etan Cohen was set to direct. On February 24, 2014, Warner Bros. set the release date for 27 March 2015.

### Release
The movie was released on 27 March 2015 in the United States. 

### Reception
It got negative reviews by movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie 29%. Metacritic rates the movie 34 out of 100, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews".

### Box office
*Get Hard* made over $105 million overall.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Truncated icosahedron

]]
A **truncated icosahedron** is an Archimedean solid. A regular icosahedron is made of 20 faces. When a regular icosahedron is truncated, this means that each "corner" (or vertex) is replaced by a pentagon, as there are five edges at each corner. 

A truncated icosahedron is made of 12 regular pentagons and 20 hexagons. It has 60 vertices, and 90 edges. 

## Truncated icosahedra in nature 
The molecule Fullerene is made of 60 carbon atoms and looks like a truncated icosahedron. 

Most soccer balls are truncated icosahedra.
Chinchorro mummies

The **Chinchorro mummies** are mummified remains of people from the South American Chinchorro culture, found in what is now northern Chile and southern Peru.  They are the oldest examples of artificially mummified human remains.  The oldest are 7,000 years old. The mummies continued to be made until about 1800 B.C.

They were first studied by the Andean archaeologist Max Uhle in 1914.  Today, over 280 mummies have been found.  About 120 of them are kept at the University of Tarapaca museum.  Recently, scientist saw that some of the mummies are melting.  This is because the increased humidity due to climate change has let microbes attack the skin. 

Shell mounds and bone chemistry suggest that 90% of the diet of these people was seafood.

## Techniques 
Uhle categorized the types of mummification he saw into three categories: simple treatment, complex treatment, and mud-coated mummies. Since then, other archaeologists refined his classification and now mostly use the following classification of Chinchorro mummification: natural, black, red, mud-coated and bandage mummies. The two most common techniques used in Chinchorro mummification were the black mummies and the red mummies.

## References
## Other websites
* Chinchorro  Archaeological site in Chile
*"Making the Dead Beautiful: Mummies as Art"  *Archaeology Magazine*
*Chinchorro and other mummies
*Cultura Chinchorro  Momias Chinchorro
  

## References
Truncated octahedron

, and replacing them with squares.]]
A **truncated octahedron** is an Archimedean solid. It has 14 faces: 8 are hexagons, 6 are squares.  It is obtained by cutting the edges of an octahedron. Each corner of the octahedron has four connections. Cutting the corner will therefore replace it with a square.
Academic journal

An **academic** or **scholarly journal** contains s written by experts in a particular . Academic journals are often s for discussing new research, and the critique of existing research. They usually contain articles presenting original research, review articles, and book reviews. The purpose of an academic journal is to give researchers a place to exchange knowledge. Academic journals can be traced back to the 17th century.

The term *academic journal* applies to scholarly publications in all fields. Scientific journals and journals of the social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities. A particular type of academic journal is the peer reviewed journal. Articles are sent out  to other experts in the same field. In this way they will not know the author's name and can remain . Experts  the article before it is published.

## References 
## Related pages
* arXiv - This is a website to store scientific papers before academic journal appearance
* Elsevier - One of the largest academic journal publisher in world
Casualty

**Casualty** may refer to:
**Casualty* (TV series), a British television show on BBC
*Casualty (person), a hurt person
Mississippian culture

**Mississippian culture** is the culture of the Mississippian people. They were Native Americans who lived in the Mississippi River Valley.  Around 900–1450 AD, the Mississippian culture developed and spread through the Eastern Woodlands. Mississippian people were most often farmers who settled into river valleys and grew the "three sisters" of corn, beans and squash.

The Mississippian peoples lived throughout the Southeast and Midwest, an area from the Florida panhandle westward into Oklahoma, northward to Minnesota and eastward to Ohio.

## References
Soviet Philatelist

***Soviet Philatelist*** or ***Sovetskii Filatelist*** was a Soviet central philatelic magazine published in 1922–1932. In 1925 and in 1928–1932, its name was changed to ***Soviet Collector*** or ***Sovetskii Kollektsioner***.

## History 
By 1922, shortly after the Civil War, a number of magazines and pamphlets for collectors appeared in Soviet Russia:
* *Russkii Kollektsioner* (*Russian Collector*), published in Novocherkassk,
* ''Priural'skii Kollektsioner* (*Ural Collector*),
* *Krymskii Kollektsioner* (*Crimean Collector*), etc.

In 1925, the magazine name was changed to *Sovetskii Kollektsioner*. The magazine was published biweekly. It was edited by V. A. Bessonov at that time.

In 1926 three magazines, *Sovetskii Filatelist*, *Sovetskii Kollektsioner* and *Radio de Filintern*, were combined. They began to be published under one cover. Their individual lineal numeration was  preserved. The last combined issue came out in December 1927.

In the first half of 1928, the cover of the combined issues was only under one title, *Sovetskii Filatelist*. In July 1928, the magazine was renamed to *Sovetskii Kollektsioner''. It was published by the Soviet Philatelic Association and the All-Russian Society of Philatelists. The last issue appeared in December 1932.

## Related pages 
* All-Russian Society of Philatelists
* First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
* Leniniana
* Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
* Philatelic International
* Philately
* Soviet Philatelic Association

## Notes 
## References 
## Further reading 
*  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

## Other websites 
*
Woman in Gold (movie)

***Woman in Gold*** is a 2015 British drama movie. The movie is based on the true story of Maria Altmann, who lived in Los Angeles. 

Altmann fought the government of Austria for almost ten years to get back Gustav Klimt's iconic painting of her aunt, *Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I*. Altmann took her legal battle to the Supreme Court of the United States. It ruled in her favor in *Republic of Austria v. Altmann* (2004).

The movie was screened in the Berlinale Special Galas section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival.

## Cast
* Helen Mirren as Maria Altmann
** Tatiana Maslany as young Maria Altmann
* Ryan Reynolds as Randol (Randy) Schoenberg
* Daniel Brühl as Hubertus Czernin
* Katie Holmes as Pam Schoenberg
* Max Irons as Fredrick "Fritz" Altmann
* Charles Dance as Sherman
* Elizabeth McGovern Florence-Marie Cooper
* Jonathan Pryce as William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS)
* Moritz Bleibtreu as Gustav Klimt
* Antje Traue as Adele Bloch-Bauer
* Frances Fisher, Mrs. Schoenberg, Randol's mother
* Tom Schilling as Heinrich
* Anthony Howell as Junior Official
* Allan Corduner as Gustav
* Henry Goodman as Ferdinand
* Olivia Silhavy as Elisabeth Gehrer
* Justus von Dohnányi as Toman, representative of the Belvedere Gallery
* Richard Reid as the Court Reporter
* Ludger Pistor as Wran
* Joseph Mydell as Judge Clarence
* Stephen Greif as Bergen

## Production
On May 15, 2014, Tatiana Maslany was cast in a principal role as the younger version of Helen Mirren's character, appearing in the WWII flashbacks. On May 29, Katie Holmes also joined the cast. Elizabeth McGovern, Charles Dance and Max Irons also joined. On July 9, 2014, Frances Fisher joined to play the mother of Ryan Reynolds' character.

## Reception
This movie was released in April 2015. It got mixed reviews. It grossed over $35 million in the box office. Rotten Tomatoes rates the movie 52%. Metacritic gives the movie a 51% rating That means "mixed or average" reviews. The Roger Ebert website, RogerEbert.com, gave the movie two and a half stars. Rex Reed of *New York Observer* called *Woman in Gold* "an extraordinary love story turned into an exemplary motion picture about one German Jew".

## References
## Other websites
* ''Adele's Wish''—the documentary film that details Maria Altmann's struggle to recover her family's Klimt paintings 
* 
* 
* 
*
National School Lunch Program

The **National School Lunch Program** (NSLP) is a government-funded program that helps provide free and reduced-price lunches to students in American schools.

## History 
### World War I era 
The National School Lunch Program was created to fight hunger and bad nutrition that existed during World War I. One-third of the young men called to be soldiers in World War I were turned down from service. This was due to poor nutrition-related problems such as being underweight. 

After the war, teachers, parents, doctors, and scientists began to fight poor nutrition in children. The amount of money the school gets depends on the number of meals served.  

Students can buy lunch at three cost levels—free, reduced-price, or paid lunch. The SFAs decide what food to buy and how to create a menu that meets the NSLP nutrition standards. 

## Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act & Nutrition Standards 
In 2010 Congress passed the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, which was the first update to the nutrition standards in schools since 1995.  It helped create new nutritional rules for the National School Lunch Program. 

Meal planning is left up to each school—but in order to receive federal money, participating schools must follow the new nutritional standards.  The new standards in the HHFKA created the strictest standards for child nutrition programs in over 30 years.

## References
Ziegfeld Follies

The **Ziegfeld Follies** were a series of elaborate theatrical productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. The Ziegfeld Follies were inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. They were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld. The show producers were Klaw & Erlanger, the top turn-of-the-twentieth-century showmen.

## History 
The Follies were lavish variety shows, something like music hall or high class Vaudeville. Many of the top entertainers of the era appeared in the shows. The list includes W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Ann Pennington, Bert Williams, Eva Tanguay, Bob Hope, Will Rogers, Ruth Etting, Ray Bolger, Helen Morgan, Louise Brooks, Marilyn Miller, Ed Wynn, Gilda Gray, Nora Bayes, Sophie Tucker. The Ziegfeld Follies also were famous for many, beautiful chorus girls commonly known as Ziegfeld girls, usually wearing elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon or Ben Ali Haggin. The first *Follies* was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre *Jardin de Paris*.

The Ziegfeld girls "paraded up and down flights of stairs as anything from birds to battleships."  The "Tableau vivants" were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the scenic designer for the *Follies* shows starting in 1915.

After Ziegfeld's death, his widow Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the *Follies*. When later it toured, the 1934 edition was recorded in its entirety, from the Overture to Play-out music. First issued as a series of 78 rpm discs, the recording was later released as a compact disc (1997).

## Media 
They became a radio program in 1932 and 1936 as *The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air*. The 1936 Academy Award Best Picture winner was M-G-M's *The Great Ziegfeld*, starring William Powell as the master showman and co-starring Myrna Loy (as Ziegfeld's second wife Billie Burke),

## References
First derivative test

In calculus, the **first derivative test** is used to find local maxima and minima of a function. The first derivative test can be used to determine intervals of increase and intervals of decrease.

## Critical Points (and how to find them)
Critical points are values in the domain of a function where its derivative is 0 or undefined (f'(x)=0  or f'(x) does not exist).

To find the critical points of a function, the first derivative of the function is computed and set equal to zero. Next, the zeroes of this equation are solved for. If it is a rational function (f(x)=\dfrac{a}{b}, where b \neq 0), the values that will cause the denominator to be equal to 0 are found. This is done because this will make the function undefined. In this case, the equation is not differentiable at that point. These are all of the critical numbers.

These numbers into put into the original function to find the coordinate of these critical points.

### Example
If: f(x)=\dfrac{1}{3}x^3-\dfrac{5}{2}x^2+6x
:f'(x)=x^2-5x+6
:(x-3)(x-2)=0
:x=3 and x=2

:f(3)=\dfrac{1}{3}(3)^3-\dfrac{5}{2}(3)^2+6(3)=9-\frac{45}{2}+18=\dfrac{9}{2}
:f(2)=\dfrac{1}{3}(2)^3-\dfrac{5}{2}(2)^2+6(2)=\frac{8}{3}-\frac{20}{2}+12=\dfrac{14}{3}

So, the two critical points are (3,\dfrac{9}{2}) and (2,\dfrac{14}{3}).

## First derivative test
The intervals between points must be considered to know if the points are local maximas, minimas, or neither. To do this, a value from each interval is put into the first derivative of the function. If the value is positive, then it is an interval of increase. If the value is negative, then it is an interval of decrease. If two neighboring intervals change signs, that point is either a local maxima or minima. If the first interval is positive and the second interval negative, the critical point is a local maxima. If the first interval is negative and the second interval positive, the critical point is a local minima. If both intervals are positive or both intervals are negative, the critical point is not a local maxima or minima.

The first derivative test is used in calculus optimization problems.

## References
Margaret Dunning

**Margaret Isabel Dunning** (June 26, 1910 – May 17, 2015) was an American philanthropist. She was the benefactor of the Plymouth (Michigan) Historical Museum. She was born in Redford, Michigan.

Dunning died at the age of 104 from complications from a fall while on a trip in Santa Barbara, California.

## References
Jerome Cooper

**Jerome Cooper** (December 14, 1946 – May 6, 2015) was an American free jazz musician. He was known as a multi-dimensional drummer. Cooper played balafon, chirimia and electronic tonal activator in addition to trap drums. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

Cooper died in Brooklyn, New York City from multiple myeloma, aged 68.

## References
Dean Potter

**Dean S. Potter** (April 14, 1972&nbsp;– May 16, 2015) was an American free climber, alpinist, BASE jumper, BASEliner, and highliner. He was known for hard first ascents, free solo ascents, speed ascents, and enchainments in Yosemite National Park and Patagonia.

## Death
On May 16, 2015, Potter and Graham Hunt were killed while attempting a wingsuit flight from Taft Point above Yosemite Valley. While attempting to maneuver through the cliffs, each in turn collided with the rocks. Their bodies were discovered by a helicopter searching for the two men. Neither had deployed their parachute.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
**Outside Magazine* feature
*Dean Potter's climbing profile on Climbandmore.com 
**New York Times* article
*Video interview about Potter's childhood dreams of flying, wingsuit piloting and BASE jumping
*"Dean Potter’s Extreme Life in 7 Hair-Raising Videos"
The Thrill Is Gone

"**The Thrill Is Gone**" is a 1969 slow minor-key blues song written by West coast blues musician Roy Hawkins and Rick Darnell in 1951. Hawkins' recording of the song reached number six in the *Billboard* R&B chart in 1951.  In 1970, "The Thrill Is Gone" became a major hit for B.B. King. Afterwards, many blues and other artists have recorded their versions of the song.

## References
Wind of Change (Scorpions song)

**"Wind of Change"** is a 1990 hard rock pop ballad song by the Scorpions. The song is about the ending of the Cold War and hope when tense conditions came up. 

The song was released in January 1991. It became a worldwide hit single during 1991. The song has sold millions of copies worldwide since then. It hit #4 on the American *Billboard* Hot 100. notable soundtrack includes is featured in the films or television *The Powerpuff Girls Movie* unused trailer, *Godzilla vs. Kong* fan-fiction dub version, *Nutri Ventures* as a international dub parody version. 

There is also a Russian language version of the song.

## References
Paul Eisler

**Paul Eisler** (1907 – 26 October 1992) was an Austrian inventor. He invented the modern circuit board. He also invented fish fingers (also called *fish sticks*).

## Early life and education
Eisler was born in Vienna, Austria. He was a student at Vienna University of Technology. German nationalists would not let Eisler get a job in Vienna, because he was Jewish. He got a job with an English company (Gramaphone Company, EMI from March 1931). He removed interference from music broadcast on trains. He moved to England but was sent to an internment camp during WWII. Eventually, his circuit boards for the Americans helped defeat German V-1 flying bombs.

## Inventions
He invented the modern circuit board. He created a pizza warmer, and the rear window defroster. He also invented fish fingers.
Charlotte Motor Speedway

**Charlotte Motor Speedway** is a motorsports  in Concord, North Carolina, United States. It is  from Charlotte, North Carolina. The complex features a  quad oval track that hosts NASCAR racing. It is best known for the Coca-Cola 600 on Memorial Day weekend. The All-Star Race, as well as the Bank of America Roval 400 also run here. The speedway was built in 1959 by Bruton Smith. It is considered the home track for NASCAR with many race teams located in the Charlotte area. The track is owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports Inc. (SMI) with Marcus G. Smith (son of Bruton Smith) as track president.

The  complex also features a state-of-the-art quarter mile (0.40&nbsp;km) drag racing strip, ZMAX Dragway. It is the only all-concrete, four-lane drag strip in the United States. It hosts NHRA events. Alongside the drag strip is a modern clay oval that hosts dirt racing including the World of Outlaws finals.

## References 
## Other websites
Flora MacNeil

**Flora MacNeil, MBE** (1928 &ndash; 16 May 2015) was a Scottish Gaelic singer. MacNeil was born in 1928 on the island of Barra. She was known for signing *Mo Run Geal Og* (“My Fair Young Love”), one of the greatest of the *Orain Mor*, or “Big Songs”. She was known as the "Queen of Gaelic singers".

MacNeil died after a short-illness, aged 86.

## References
Automeris io

, late instar, showing spines]]

***Automeris io*** is the North American **Io moth**. It has anti-predator defences common in the Lepidoptera. The adults have a two-stage defence system: first they are cryptic with their wings closed. If predators get too near, they flash their vivid eye markings. This startles the predator, and the moth has time to fly off and hide. The adults are nocturnal, they only fly at night, and during the day they sit on tree trunks or branches.

Very widespread, the moth ranges from southern Canada to Mexico and Costa Rica. In between, it is found widely in the USA.

## Life cycle 
### Adults 
They do not eat, and live only about a week: all they do is reproduce. This is typical of Saturniid moths. They have sexual dimorphism as can be seen from the illustrations, and fly at night. The females come out of the cocoon with ready-made eggs, and the males pick up the female pheromones with their extra-big antennae.

### Caterpillars 
The caterpillars live together (are gregarious), and travel in single file all over the food plant. They start off orange in colour, and eventually  turn bright green. As they grow in size they become covered with stinging spines. The spines deliver a very painful venom which is released at the slightest touch.

*General advice: large-haired caterpillars should not be touched except by experts.

## References