open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Soprano

A **soprano** is a female singer with a high voice. Young boys who sing, and also girls, are usually called **trebles**. The word “soprano” can also refer to the top line of choir music. This would be sung by sopranos or trebles. Soprano is also used as a name for high pitched instruments, such as a soprano saxophone.

In opera there are different kinds of soprano voices:
* A dramatic soprano will sing big, dramatic roles such as Aida in Verdi's opera *Aida*.
* A coloratura soprano will have a light voice which can bounce up to very high notes (the Queen of the Night in Mozart’s *Magic Flute* goes up to top F (2  octaves above middle C).
* A soubrette is usually the maid or a young girl who flirts.
* A lyric soprano role needs a beautiful smooth voice, e.g. Mimi in Puccini's *La Boheme*.
* A heavy dramatic soprano is needed in many of Wagner's operas, e.g. Isolde in *Tristan und Isolde* or Brunnhilde in *Der Ring des Nibelungen*.
* In the 17th and 18th centuries many of the soprano roles were written for male sopranos. Called a castrato, they were men who had their testicles removed before puberty so that their voices would remain high pitched.

## References
Alto

The word **alto** can mean: someone who sings lower than a soprano.  Usually females with lower voices are called **contralto**s.  A **male alto** is a man who sings in a special way called falsetto.  In England male altos sing in church and cathedral choirs.  In some countries like Germany it is tradition to have boy altos in cathedral choirs.  These will probably be boys whose voices will soon be breaking and are starting to get lower.

One of the most famous contraltos was Kathleen Ferrier.  There are not so many female singers who call themselves contraltos these days.  It has become more fashionable to be a mezzo-soprano.  It is partly because it has become fashionable to use men for the alto parts in music by Bach and other Baroque composers, like it would have been performed in those days.

Operatic roles which need a contralto include Lucretia in Britten's *Rape of Lucretia* and Erda in Wagner's *Der Ring des Nibelungen.

The word *alto'' can also mean: the second line down in 4 part choir music.  In old music the alto line was written in a special clef called the “alto clef”, which is the same as the “viola clef” (a C clef in which the middle line is middle C).

## Altos in modern music
*Adele
*Sade Adu
*Fiona Apple
*Sara Bareilles    
*Anita Baker    
*Toni Braxton
*Cher
*Fairuz
*Fergie 
*Judy Garland   
*Lana Del Rey   
*Lisa Gerrard
*Lucy Lawless   
*Annie Lennox
*Joni Mitchell
*Ily Matthew Maniano
*Tina Turner
*Lady Gaga       
*Norah Jones
*Teresa Davis
*Judith Holofernes
South Ossetia

**South Ossetia** (, less commonly ), officially the **Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania**, or the **Tskhinvali Region**, is a *de facto*, disputed territory recognized as part of Georgia in the Caucasus region.

South Ossetia was a Soviet oblast (region) with some self-rule and controlled big parts of the region. When it declared its independence in 1990, Georgia tried to take back the region by force and it led to the 1991-1992 South Ossetia War. Georgia tried to retake South Ossetia again in 2004 and in 2008. In 2008, Ossetia's fighters were backed by Russian troops and they gained full control of the region, but its separation from Georgia has only been recognized by three other countries (Russia, Nicaragua and Venezuela) and Abkhazia (a similar place), and it is de jure (officially) a part of the Georgian region (mkhare) of Shida Kartli.

Internationally regarded as a Russian occupied territory of Georgia, Georgia itself refuses to recognize rebel South Ossetia as an independent state; the government calls it by the medieval name of Samachablo or, more recently, Tskhinvali region (after the republic's capital).

South Ossetia is a geographical state that borders North Ossetia-Alania to the north which is not an independent entity due to it being part of Russia.

South Ossetia relies heavily on Russian aid.

Sometimes, South Ossetia, Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Abkhazia are named collectively as post-Soviet "frozen conflict" zones.

## Geography 
South Ossetia is situated at central Caucasus, a border between Asia and Europe. It occupies a part of Greater Caucasus range and the foothills of Kartalin Valley. South Ossetia is a very mountainous region.

## Related pages
* North Ossetia
* Valery Gergiev

## Notes
Baritone

A **baritone** is a man with a voice range between that of a tenor (high male voice) and bass (low male voice), typically ranging from the second F below middle C to the F above middle C. It is the most common male voice type.

Famous baritone roles in opera include: Papageno in Mozart's *The Magic Flute* and Figaro in Rossini's *The Barber of Seville*.

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau is often thought of as the greatest baritone of the later 20th century. He was famous as a Lieder singer as well as on the concert stage and in opera.

Some musical instruments are also called "baritone" because they create similar frequencies to a baritone singer.
Bass (sound)

:*This article is about the musical term.  For other uses, see Bass.*
**Bass** is a low or deep tone (low end frequency) in music. Low or deep tones are also called "low-pitched" tones, because the pitch is low. It is usually made by a bass guitar or an acoustic bass (a double bass). It can also be a deep, rumbling electronic sound made by a synthesizer, a deep singing voice, a baritone sax, or a deep bass drum. Bass gives the well-rounded depth to music.  Bass almost always is used with treble sounds made by instruments such as a guitar, piano, a high singing voice, trumpet, or harmonica.
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix

***Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix*** is the fifth book in the *Harry Potter* series by J.K. Rowling. The book was released on 21 June 2003. It is about Harry’s fifth year at Hogwarts school of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Lord Voldemort has come back. Except for Albus Dumbledore, most people do not believe him. A movie based on the book was released in 2007.

## Plot
Harry Potter, James and Lily Potter's only son, tries to make everyone else realise that Lord Voldemort has come back. Dumbledore, the Order, and Harry's friends are the only people that believe that he has returned. At the end of the book, Harry, Ron Weasley, Arthur and Molly Weasley's youngest son, Hermione Granger, and some of their friends go to the Ministry of Magic (the headquarters of the people who lead the magical world) because Harry thinks his godfather Sirius Black is in danger. It turns out it was a trick using mind magic, and his godfather, is murdered by Bellatrix Lestrange. They are attacked by some of their enemies. At the end, Voldemort comes, but Dumbledore saves Harry from him, and all the other wizards see Voldemort and know Harry is telling the truth. Harry is then returned to Hogwarts where Dumbledore tells him everything that he needs to know about the prophecy and why Voldemort tried to murder him when he was a child.

## Other websites 
* Extended plot wikibook
*
List of U.S. state songs

48 states of the United States (except Maryland and Virginia) have a **state song**, chosen by the state legislature as a symbol of the state.  On July 1st 2021 Maryland My Maryland as state song was repealed. Some states have more than one official state song.
Nicomachus of Gerasa

**Nicomachus** (c. 60-c. 120, born in Gerasa, Roman Syria, now Jerash, Jordan). He was one of the most important mathematicians of the ancient world.

He was strongly influenced by Aristotle and is best known for his works *Introduction to Arithmetic* (Arithmetike eisagoge) and *The Manual of Harmonics* in Greek. He was a Pythagorean. In *Introduction to Arithmetic*, Nicomachus writes extensively on number, especially on the significance of prime numbers and perfect numbers and argues that arithmetic is the starting point that makes it possible to do the other mathematical sciences: geometry, music, and astronomy.
Sappho

**Sappho** was an Ancient Greek lyrical poet. She was probably born around 630 BC on the island of Lesbos. In the ancient world, Sappho's poetry was highly thought of.  Today, most of it has been lost.  Sappho presumably wrote about 10,000 lines of poetry, but only around 650 lines survive today.  Little is known for certain about Sappho's life.

Sappho's poetry centres on passion and love for both men and women. The narrators of her poems often speak of infatuations and love for various women. Descriptions of physical acts between women are few and open to debate. Whether these poems are meant to be autobiographical is not known, although elements of other parts of Sappho's life do make appearances in her work. It would be like her style to have these intimate encounters expressed poetically.

## Life 
Little is known for certain about Sappho's life.  What is known comes from three sources: Sappho's surviving poetry, other ancient writings about her, and evidence about archaic Greece in general.  Her parents' names are not known for certain, though her mother is often called Kleïs.  Ancient tradition gave at least eight possible names for her father. says that her father died when Sappho was still a child.  Sappho was said to have three brothers, called Charaxos, Larichos, and Eurygios.  The "Brothers poem", discovered in 2014, talks about Charaxos and Larichos.

Sappho might have had a daughter called Kleïs (the same as her mother).  Two of Sappho's poems talk about her.  But ancient sources call Kleïs Sappho's daughter, and some modern historians have argued that she must have been Sappho's daughter, not her lover.  Sappho's husband, the father of Kleïs, was said to be a rich trader named Kerkylas of Andros.  Most of her poetry focusses on the lives of women.  Much of this was love poetry, but she also wrote hymns, wedding songs, and poetry about her family.  Some ancient sources say that Sappho wrote epigrams, elegiacs, and iambics (three other types of poetry with different metres to lyric poetry) as well as lyric poetry.  However, none of these survive, and probably Sappho did not write in these styles.  Three epigrams said to be by Sappho survive. These were actually written much later, probably in the Hellenistic period.

Ancient texts of Sappho's poems survive from as early as the third century BC, and as late as the seventh century AD.  By the medieval period, Sappho's poetry had been lost, until in the sixteenth century newly printed editions of ancient authors such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who had quoted Sappho's *Ode to Aphrodite*, began to be produced.  Since the second half of the nineteenth century, archaeologists have discovered many fragments of ancient copies of Sappho's poetry, and the amount of her work known has almost doubled. which was probably about 10,000 lines in total, but only one of Sappho's poems (commonly called the "Ode to Aphrodite") survives completely.  She was famous for writing love poetry, and her poems are about personal emotions.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Sappho : the "Brothers poem" (discov. 2014) (text, transl., audio, recited in Greek by Ioannis Stratakis)
Tenor

lower than shown.]]
A **tenor** is a man with a high singing voice. When writing four-part choir music the tenor line will be the third line down, between alto and bass. It is usually written in the treble clef, but will sound an octave lower than written.  Sometimes, it is written in the "C-clef", which is also called a tenor clef.

In opera the role of the young male is usually sung by a tenor.  Depending on characteristics such as: volume, color and style, the tenor voice is classified in following groups:

* The light tenor. This is also called tenor leggero. An example is Peter Pears, who sang the tenor solos in Benjamin Britten’s operas. 
* The lyric tenor. The lyric tenor is a tenor with a well timbered voice, such as "The Three Tenors" (Luciano Pavarotti, Jose Carreras and Plácido Domingo).
* The spinto tenor. They have special abilities in the high tones, such as Franco Corelli and Enrico Caruso.
* The dramatic tenor. They have a high volume and a dark voice. An example is Mario Del Monaco.

A “Heldentenor” (German for “hero tenor”) is someone with a big tenor voice. This is suitable for heroic parts like the heroes in most of Wagner's operas. Lauritz Melchior, Max Lorenz and Jonas Kaufmann are famous heroic tenors.

The Mozart tenor with characteristics including all of the previous mentioned must be able to perform within the strict borders which are laid out by the Mozart style. Anton Dermota, Fritz Wunderlich and Francisco Araiza are the three leading people as Mozart tenor.

In barbershop singing, the tenor part is a harmony part sung predominantly higher than the melody.
Deimos (moon)

**Deimos** (or **Mars II**) is the smaller moon of Mars. Its name comes from the Greek word for terror. Its orbital period is 30.3 hours, which is 1.263 days.

Deimos is only 15 kilometers in diameter. It is covered with craters, as Earth's moon and other bodies without an atmosphere are.

## Discovery and naming 
Deimos was discovered by Asaph Hall at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. on 12 August 1877.

It is named after the god Deimos in Greek mythology, who was one of Mars' sons, and means Panic.

## Physical characteristics 
Deimos is not spherical with triaxial dimensions of 15 × 12.2 × 11 km. Deimos is made up of rock rich in carbonaceous material. It is has lots of craters. Escape velocity from Deimos is 5.6 m/s. The apparent magnitude of Deimos is 12.45.

## Exploration 
The Soviet Phobos program sent two probes to Phobos. In case *Phobos 1* succeeded, *Phobos 2* could have been sent to Deimos. Both probes launched successfully in July 1988.

In 1997 and 1998, the proposed *Aladdin* mission was selected. The plan was to visit both Phobos and Deimos, and launch projectiles at the satellites. The probe would collect the dust kicked into space as it made a slow flyby. These samples would be returned to Earth for study three years later.

Also, the sample-return mission called *Gulliver* to Deimos, in bringing 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of material from Deimos to Earth.

Another concept of sample-return mission from Phobos and Deimos is *OSIRIS-REx 2*, which would use heritage from the first *OSIRIS-REx*.

In March 2014, a mission was proposed to place an orbiter on Mars orbit by 2021 and study Phobos and Deimos. It is called *Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment* (PADME).

## References
Charon (mythology)

In mythology, **Charon** was the ferryman of Hades. He was the son of Erebos and Nyx. 

Charon took the newly dead people across the river Acheron or Styx to the Greek underworld, if they paid him three obolus (a Greek silver coin). Because of this, people in Ancient Greece were always buried with a coin under their tongue and one on each eye to pay Charon. Those who could not pay him had to wander the banks of the Acheron until they found a pauper's entrance to Hades.

The largest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto is named Charon after this mythological person.
Phobos (moon)

s of Phobos and Deimos (to scale), as seen from above Mars]]
**Phobos** (or **Mars I**) is one of Mars' moons. The other is Deimos.

Phobos is the larger of the two moons, and is only 27 kilometers in diameter. This is about as far as a car can travel on the highway in 15 minutes. It is covered with craters, as Earth's moon is.

It is named after the god Phobos in Greek mythology. Its name means "fear".

Phobos is trapped in tidal drag, with its orbit lowering roughly 1.8 meters per century. In about 50 million years, Phobos will reach the Roche limit, where it is likely to be torn apart. Some fragments will fall on Mars and some will form a planetary ring or rings around Mars.

The other moon, Deimos, is the smaller of the two.

## Spacecraft 
The Soviet Union sent at least two space craft to this moon, Phobos 1 and Phobos 2. Both failed or lost contact with Earth, but Phobos 2 managed to take some pictures of the moon in 1989 before dying.

## Features 
There is one large crater on Phobos called Stickney. It is 1/3 the size of the moon itself.

## References
Chaos (mythology)

**Chaos** was the nothingness at the beginning of the world, described in the creation myths of Classical mythology. It was the state the universe (or cosmos) was in before it was created. Early Christians used the word "chaos"in a different way, with the word meaning   or  or confusion. Modern non-mythological use of the word has these meanings. 

Chaos is often identified as a god, who filled the gap between Heaven and Earth. Born out of chaos were the first beings:
*Gaia, the Earth
*Tartarus, the Underworld
*Uranus, Sky 
*Nyx, the Night
*Erebos, the Darkness of the Underworld
In some versions, Uranus was a creation of Gaia, not Chaos. In other versions, Eros, god of love, was also a creation of Chaos

## References
Throne

A **throne** is the official chair or seat upon which a monarch (royal ruler) is seated on state or ceremonial occasions. The word "throne" can also refer to the monarchy itself.

## Related pages 
*Enthronement

## References
Charon (moon)

in 2015 true colour.]]
**Charon** is a moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. It is half as wide as Pluto and is much like the dwarf planet itself. It was discovered many years after Pluto. They are sometimes considered a binary system, as Charon does not orbit Pluto, and Pluto does not orbit Charon. They orbit a barycentre in space.

## Naming
The moon is named after Charon in Greek mythology, a boatman who would carry the souls of dead people across the river Acheron to the underworld.

## Discovery 
Charon was found by astronomer James Christy on June 22, 1978, when he was looking at highly blown up picture of Pluto on a  plate that taken a couple of months before. Christy noticed that a slight bulge was able to be seen every now and then. This finding was made public on July 7, 1978. Later, the bulge was confirmed on plates dating back to April 29, 1965.

Later observations of Pluto were able to figure out that the bulge was due to a smaller body. The orbit of the bulge fit in with Pluto's rotation period, which was already known from Pluto's light curve. 

Any final doubts were erased when Pluto and Charon entered a five-year period of mutual eclipses between 1985 and 1990. This happens when the Pluto-Charon orbital plane is edge-on as seen from Earth, which only happens at twice in Pluto's 248-year orbital period. It was very lucky that one of these intervals happened to occur so soon after Charon's discovery.

## Pictures 
Pictures showing Pluto and Charon as separate disks were taken for the first time by the Hubble Space Telescope in the 1990s. Later, after a new technology called adaptive optics was discovered, it was possible to see Pluto and Charon as separate disks using ground-based telescopes.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Charon Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
* James W. Christy and Robert S. Harrington, "The satellite of Pluto," *The Astronomical Journal* **83** (1978) 1005
* Marc W. Buie, Phases of Charon as seen from Pluto, Lowell Observatory
* Buie, Surface of Charon and Pluto
* Hubble reveals new map of Pluto, BBC News, September 12, 2005
* IAU Circular No. 3241 describing the discovery
* Measuring the Size of a Small, Frost World  (ESO press release January 2006)
* M. J. Person et al.: Charon’s Radius and Density from the Combined Data Sets of the 2005 July 11 Occultation (submitted to the Astronomical Journal, February 3, 2006)
* Cryovolcanism on Charon and other Kuiper Belt Objects
Altar

Catholic Church, Dyersville, Iowa.]]

An **altar** is a place, often a table, where a religious event happens. Altars are used in Christianity and in other religions.

In some old religions, the event was a sacrifice, which means a holy work. Usually the priest would use this item. 

## Related pages
* Altar lamp
* Altarpiece
Ian Botham

**Ian Terence Botham** (born 24 November 1955 in Heswall, Cheshire) is a former English cricketer. He was an all-rounder who batted right-handed, and bowled right arm fast-medium. In domestic first-class cricket, he played for Somerset from 1973 until 1986, followed by shorter spells at Worcestershire and Durham before he retired in 1993. Botham played for England from 1976 to 1992 in 102 Test matches and 116 One Day Internationals.

He was also a footballer from 1978 to 1985, playing as a centre half for Yeovil Town and Scunthorpe United.

Following his retirement from playing, he worked on television for many years as a cricket commentator. He completed several long-distance walks to raise money for charity, and was knighted for his charitable work in 2007.

## References
## Other websites
*
Don Bradman

Sir **Donald George Bradman**  (27 August 1908 – 25 February 2001) was an Australian cricketer. Often called "The Don", he is widely acknowledged as one of the greatest batters of all time. He scored 6,996 runs in his Test career at a world record batting average of 99.94 runs per completed innings.

## Playing career
Bradman made his first-class debut in the 1927–28 season, playing for the News South Wales state team. He made his Test debut in November 1928, playing for Australia against England at the Brisbane Cricket Ground. His Test career continued until August 1948, when he made his final appearance at The Oval.

## Personal life
Bradman married his childhood sweetheart Jessie Martha Menzies on 30 April 1932, and they were together for 65 years until Jessie died in 1997. Their second child (John, born in 1939) caught poliomyelitis, a serious viral disease, and their third child (Shirley, born 1941) had multiple sclerosis.

## Death
Bradman died of pneumonia on 25 February 2001, aged 92, at his home in Kensington Park, Adelaide.

## References
## Bibliography
*
Daphne (mythology)

tree. Painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.]]

**Daphne** (, meaning "laurel") was a dryad in Greek mythology, daughter of the river god Peneus.

According to Greek mythology, the god Apollo insulted Eros, otherwise known as Cupid, the god of love. Becoming angry, Eros shot a golden arrow at Apollo, causing him to fall in love with the nymph Daphne the virgin. Eros then shot Daphne with a leaden arrow so she could never love Apollo back. So Apollo followed her while she ran away, until she came to the river of her father, Peneus.  Apollo became jealous and puts it into the girl's mind to stop to bathe in the river Ladon; there, as all strip naked, the ruse is revealed, as in the myth of Callisto. There she wanted help from her father who turned her into a laurel tree so she would be safe from Apollo. Apollo then became sad. Some versions say that when Daphne saw Apollo sad, taking pity she made him a laurel wreath (a circle made of laurel that is worn like a crown) from her leaves. Other accounts state that Apollo made the laurel himself, taking from the tree. The laurel tree became sacred of Apollo and is used by emperors within the culture. After the crown was used for all the winners at his games and great heroes in the years to come would be crowned with laurel leaves.  He also vowed that she, like him, would have eternal youth where her leaves would never turn brown or fall but would always stay lush and green. Some even say that he created this laurel wreath to remind him of the prize he can never win still Apollo loved that laurel with all his heart.  

## References 
See Ovid. *Metamorphoses*. Book I: 452-567.
Middle English

**Middle English** or **ME** is an older type of the English language that was spoken after the Norman invasion in 1066 until the 1500s. It came from Old English after William the Conqueror came to England with his French nobles and stopped English from being taught in schools for a few hundred years. Over this time, English borrowed several Old French words and became part of the Anglo-Norman language. This period of the development was from the High Middle Ages to the Late Middle Ages.

In the 1470s, the Chancery Standard, a type of English spoken in London, started to become more common. This was partly because William Caxton brought the printing press to England in the 1470s. The type of English that people spoke in England between then and 1650 is called Early Modern English. There were many different dialects of Middle English.

Geoffrey Chaucer wrote *The Canterbury Tales* in Middle English.

## Related pages 
* Old Scots, the northern dialect 
* Middle English literature
** Geoffrey Chaucer
*** *The Canterbury Tales*
* *Mirie it is while sumer ilast*, the earliest non-religious song in the English language, dating to ca. 1250 AD.

## Sources 
*Brunner, Karl (1962) *Abriss der mittelenglischen Grammatik*; 5. Auflage. Tübingen: M. Niemeyer (1st ed. Halle (Saale): M. Niemeyer, 1938)
*Brunner, Karl (1963) *An Outline of Middle English Grammar*; translated by Grahame Johnston. Oxford: Blackwell
Massively multiplayer online role-playing game

A **massively multiplayer online role-playing game** (MMORPG) is a massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) that is a role-playing game (RPG). It is an RPG which is played online (on the internet) by a very large number of people at the same time.

## Some popular MMORPG games 
* *2moons*
* *The 4th Coming*
* *Anarchy Online*
* ''Asheron's Call*
* *Battle Dawn*
* *Cantr II*
* *City of Heroes*
* *Club Penguin*
* *Conquer Online*
* *Dofus*
* *Dreams of Mirrors Online*
* *Dungeons & Dragons Online*
* *Dungeon Siege: Legends Of Aranna*
* *Eve Online*
* *Everquest*
* *Everquest II*
* *Final Fantasy XI*
* *Flyff*
* *Guild Wars*
* *Helbreath*
* *Lineage II*
* *MapleStory*
* *Matrix Online*
* *MU Online*
* *Perfect World*
* *Ragnarok Online*
* *RF Online*
* *Rumble Fighter*
* *RuneScape*
* *Runes of Magic*
* *Sherwood*
* *Silkroad Online*
* *Tales Runner*
* *Tibia*
* *Transformice*
* *Trickster Online*
* *Ultima Online*
* *World of Warcraft''

## Other websites 
* OGRank  MMORPG news and resources
* MMORPG linkcollection
Fu Xiancai

**Fu Xiancai** is a Chinese farmer and civil rights activist. He started to be political in 1994, after his village was in danger, because the Three Gorges Dam was built. In 1997 he had to leave his home, after it was flooded by the water of the dam. Since that time he tries to get together with other people fair damages from the People's Republic of China. On 19 May 2006 he had an interview with the German television station ARD. After this one he was arrested by police and hit so he cannot move since that time and is crippled. He did not get any medical help, because he cannot pay it. The German government protested against this situation. In June 2006, the German embassy paid for the life-saving medical treatment. The Chinese government said they did not hit him, so he must have hit himself.

## Other websites 
* Article of an international Organisation  
* Article of the german Newspaper FAZ (german)
* Interview with the reporter of the german newsstation (german)
Hesiod

**Hesiod** (*Hesiodos*, ) was an Ancient Greek poet. He is probably the second Greek poet whose work has survived; like Homer, his dates are not known for certain. As with Homer, there are numerous legends, none of which are supported by hard evidence. He may have lived around 700 BC in Askra in Boeotia, as a farmer. Today his writings are one of the main sources for Greek mythology, and everyday life in Ancient Greece, such as farming techniques, astronomy and ancient time-keeping. The complete surviving works were published in 1493, and by Aldus Manutius in 1495.

## Works 
**Works and days*
**Theogony*
**Catalogue of women* (or *Eoiae*)
**The Shield of Heracles*

## Other websites 
* 
* Web texts taken from *Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica*, edited and translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, published as Loeb Classical Library #57, 1914, :
**Scanned text at the Internet Archive, in PDF and DjVu format
** Perseus Classics Collection: Greek and Roman Materials: Text: Hesiod Greek texts and English translations for *Works and Days*, *Theogony*, and *Shield of Heracles* with additional notes and cross links.
** Versions of the electronic edition of Evelyn-White's English translation edited by Douglas B. Killings, June 1995:
*** Project Gutenberg plain text .
*** Berkeley Digital Library SunSITE: The Online Medieval and Classical Library: Hesiod 
*** Sacred Texts: Classics: The Works of Hesiod (*Theogony* and *Works and Days* only)
*** Hesiod and the Arcadian theme in the paintings Shepherds of Arcadia – Et in Arcadia Ego
Overture

An **overture** is a piece of music for the orchestra to play at the beginning of an opera or ballet. The word comes from the French word for "opening" because it "opens" the show.

Overtures usually have tunes which are going to be heard during the opera or ballet. In this way it prepares the audience for what is to come.

Many overtures in the 18th century were simply background music to get the audience's attention (people used to chatter during performances). Some composers like Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868) used the same overture again and again for his next operas, or just changed bits of it.

Composers like Christoph Willibald Gluck and later Richard Wagner (1813-1883) were very careful to make the overture a dramatic beginning which prepared the audience for the story. Wagner often called his overtures "Vorspiel" (Prelude).

Not all composers wrote overtures to their operas. Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) and Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) often go straight into the first act or they just have a very short prelude.

In the 19th century many Romantic composers wrote concert overtures. These pieces did not belong to any opera or ballet, they were just written to be heard at concerts. They often had a descriptive title because they told some sort of story, e.g. Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) wrote an overture "Fingal's Cave" which describes the sea coming into the cave in the Inner Hebrides islands. Sometimes these descriptive pieces were much longer than an overture (which is usually just a few minutes), so they were called tone poems.

Overtures are usually played in sonata form.

## Related pages 
*Incidental music
*Prelude
Luthier

A **luthier** is a person who repairs guitars, violins, violas, cellos, double basses, and other wooden stringed instruments. These instruments need regular adjustments and minor repairs, especially straightening the bridge. As well, sometimes instruments are damaged in accidents, and a luthier has to use wood glue, broken pieces, and clamps to repair the instrument. Luthiers also have the ability to create wooden stringed instruments, mostly classic string family instruments.

The French word **lutherie** is referred to the art to build wooden instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word **luth**, luth comes from the Arabian word **al-`ūd** (العود), this last word means lute, although its generic meaning is **the wood**. The German word for luthier is **luther**, that word has became also in a name (Martin Luther King) and in a last name (Martin Luther)

## References
James VI and I

**James VI and I** (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI and King of England and King of Ireland as James I. He was the first monarch to rule all of Great Britain. He ruled in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 until his death and also in England and Ireland from 24 March 1603 to his death. He became king of Scotland as a baby after his mother, Mary Queen of Scots, had to abdicate. 

His reign was important because it was the first time that England and Scotland had the same monarch. He was the first monarch of England from the House of Stuart. The previous English monarch had been Elizabeth I, from the House of Tudor. She had died without any children and so she decided to have a Scottish monarch rule England because James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. That made him Elizabeth's the closest relative. By being king of both kingdoms, he created a personal union, the Union of the Crowns.

James fought often with the Parliament of England. In addition, he did not use English money well. While James ruled, the Scottish and English governments were quite stable. After James died, his son Charles I tried to rule like James but caused the English Civil War. At the end of the war in 1649, Charles was executed.

James was very well educated and interested in learning. He helped people in England and in Scotland study things such as science, literature and art. James wrote *Daemonologie* in 1597, *The True Law of Free Monarchies* in 1598, *Basilikon Doron* in 1599 and *A Counterblaste to Tobacco* in 1604. He also sponsored the Authorized King James Version of the Bible.

James was a target of the Gunpowder Plot. A group of Catholics planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament on 5 November 1605 during a ceremony while James was in the building. The plot was stopped when a member of the group, Guy Fawkes, was found in a basement with barrels of gunpowder. The event is remembered every year on 5 November, also known as Bonfire Night, when many people celebrate by lighting bonfires and having fireworks.

James believed in witchcraft. When he read the sceptic *The Discoverie of Witchcraft*, he ordered all copies of the book to be burnt. 

James was important for the first English settlers since he granted a charters to Sir Thomas Gates and other members of the Virginia Company in 1606. That was the first permanent English-established settlement in North America.

In 1625, James suffered a stroke while he was hunting at his favorite lodge. He died in his bed a few hours later.

## References
Moss, Norway

**Moss** is a coastal town in the Norwegian county of Østfold. It served an important role in the declaration of independence from the union with Sweden. The city used to have a lot of heavy industries, like shipyards and paper mills. Today it has mostly service sector businesses (shops, banks etc.)

The city is also the centre of Moss Municipality which is 63&nbsp;km² (square kilometers) large and has 28,000 people as of 2006.

The mayor, Simen Nord, is elected until late 2027.

## Related pages
*List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027
Dorset

**Dorset** is a county in south England which is by the sea. The biggest towns in it are Bournemouth and Poole. There are other smaller towns, some by the sea, like Weymouth, Swanage, West Bay, the Isle of Portland, Dorchester, Wareham, Lyme Regis, Blandford and Wool.
## Location
Dorset is next to Devon, Somerset, Wiltshire and Hampshire.
There is a lot of countryside in Dorset, so there are quite a few farmers. Other people work in offices, shops or the holiday business. There are not many factories or industry in Dorset.
People come on holiday to Dorset because the countryside and sea is peaceful and pretty, and there are not many big towns and no cities at all. Bournemouth, Poole, Weymouth, Swanage and Lyme Regis are quite famous seaside towns, where most holidaymakers go when they come to Dorset.
## Dorset coast
The Dorset coast is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Jurassic Coast. This includes famous fossil sites where Mary Anning collected, and famous landforms such as Chesil Beach.
## Gallery

Dorset-12-Rinder-2004-gje.jpg|Dorset
Sherborne Abbey-12-2004-gje.jpg|Sherborne Abbey
Wimbourne Minster-04-2004-gje.jpg|Wimbourne Minster
Wimbourne Minster-08-innen-2004-gje.jpg|Wimbourne Minster
Kingston Lacey-10-Haus-2004-gje.jpg|Kingston Lacey
Kingston Lacey-18-Waescherei-2004-gje.jpg|Kingston Lacey
Bere Regis-06-St Johannes der Taeufer-2004-gje.jpg|Bere Regis
Bere Regis-10-St Johannes der Taeufer-Kopf-2004-gje.jpg|Bere Regis
Forde Abbey-10-2004-gje.jpg|Forde Abbey
Phoebus

**Phoebus** (means *shining-one*) was first appeared in the Illiad a name of the Greek god Apollo. But later, in Roman era, Apollo was conflated with Helios, who was the Sun god in Greece. As both gods were merged (became one) in that period, their myths also conflated. Ovid refered to both as "Phoebus", so we could see this name in Ovid's myths of Helios and Apollo.
Chris Wolstenholme

**Christopher Tony Wolstenholme** (born 2 December 1978 in Rotherham, Yorkshire, England) is an English musician. He sings and plays a bass guitar in the band Muse. He also sometimes plays guitar or keyboard instead of bass.

## Early and personal life 
Chris grew up in Rotherham before moving to Teignmouth where he had lived up until April 2010. While attending school there, he played for various different bands until he joined Muse when Matthew Bellamy and Dominic Howard invited him to their band. Today he is an acclaimed bass-player, receiving praise from many musicians.

Wolstenhome has six children with his wife Kelly: Alfie (born 1999),  Ava-Jo (born 2001), Frankie (born 2003), Ernie (born 2008), Buster (born 2010) and Teddi, born 2012. 
He got married in 2018 to his Wife caris ball. On the 3rd of March, caris gave birth to their Daughter named Mabel aurora Wolstenholme 

In April 2010, he moved with his family to Dublin, Ireland.

## References
Dominic Howard

**Dominic James Howard** (born 7 December 1977) is an English musician. He plays the drums for the band Muse. Howard was born in Stockport, England. He is left-handed. 

## References
Mughal Empire

The **Mughal Empire**, or **Moghal Empire** was an early modern Islamic empire that ruled most of the Indian subcontinent. It existed from 1526 to 1858. Between 1526 and 1707, it contributed to 24% of the world's GDP. It was the world's largest economy and was known for its architecture.

The Mughal emperors were Turkic-Mongols in origin. Though they later settled in India and became Indianized. Babur of the Timurid dynasty founded the Mughal Empire in 1526 and ruled until 1530. He was followed by Humayun (1530–1540) and (1555–1556), Akbar (1556–1605), Jahangir (1605–1627), Shah Jahan (1628–1658), and Aurangzeb (1658–1707) and several other minor rulers until Bahadur Shah Zafar II (1837–1857). After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire became weak. It continued until 1858. By that time, the Indian subcontinent had become under the British Raj.

The Mughal Empire was established by Muslim rulers who came from the present-day Uzbekistan after defeating the Delhi sultanate. The Mughal rule in India saw the region into a united Indian state. which was administered under a single ruler. This hadn't happened since the Delhi Sultanate, Guptas and Mauryans. During the Mughal period, art and architecture became important. The Taj Mahal was built during the Mughal period.

## Empire expansion
The Mughal empire was one of the three Islamic gunpowder empires, along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. The founder of Mughal empire in India, Babur was invited by Daulat khan Lodi, governor of Lahore to support his rebellion against Sultan Ibrahim Khan, Babur was familiar with gunpowder firearms and field artillery, and a method for deploying them. Later, the Mughals under Akbar in the sixteenth century, initiated the use of metal cylinder rockets known as *bans*, particularly against war elephants. By the death of Akbar, the empire extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal, and southward into Gujarat and the northern Deccan region. The Mughals also integrated few locals into their administration, thus securing local allies and resources.

The Mughal Empire reached its zenith during the rule of Emperor Aurangzeb. The empire ruled over most of the Subcontinent.

## Empire decline
Due to Aurangzeb's stricter interpretation of the Sharia, the empire faced revolts from several groups, including the Rajputs, Sikhs and Jaats. After the death of Aurangzeb, the empire declined quickly due to a variety of reasons, including the succession of weak rulers, continued resistance from Hindus (especially Maratha and Rajput) and Sikh groups, the Iranian and Afghan invasions, and the rise of the British Raj.

The empire officially ended with Bahadur Shah II as the last emperor. He was deposed by the British following the failed Indian Rebellion of 1857.

## Notes 
## References
Cerberus

picture by William Blake]]

In Greek mythology, **Cerberus** (, *Kérberos*; Latin: *Cerberus*) is the monstrous, multi-headed dog that guards the entrance to the Underworld, preventing the souls of the dead from leaving. 

Often called the "hound of Hades", Cerberus was one of the numerous offspring of the monsters Typhon and Echidna; he is usually depicted as having three heads, along with a serpent for a tail.

## Other websites
Christchurch, Dorset

**Christchurch** is a town in Dorset, England. It is next to Bournemouth.

## Sister city
Christchurch is twinned with:
* Saint-Lô, France, since 1985

## References 
## Other websites
Symphony

A **symphony** is a piece of music written for an orchestra to play. It may be quite a long piece. Usually it is divided into parts, usually 3 or 4 parts, which are called movements. 

The first movement of a symphony can be a fast movement, often in sonata form. The second movement can be a slow movement. The third movement can be a minuet or scherzo and a trio. The fourth movement may be called “Finale”; it can be in Rondo form or sonata form or a combination of these. There are lots of different ways of writing a symphony, but this is the pattern that was used by Joseph Haydn who is known as the “Father of the Symphony”, and many composers since have used his pattern of movements for their symphonies and the sound they create.

## Connotations 
The word “symphony” comes from the Greek words “sym” (together) and “phone” (sound).

“Symphonic” means “like a symphony”. It is often used to describe music which is quite long and develops tunes over a long period.

A large orchestra is often called a “symphony orchestra”. This is to distinguish it from a small orchestra called a “chamber orchestra”.

Some of the most famous composers of symphonies are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Gustav Mahler, Jean Sibelius and Dmitri Shostakovich.

## Related pages 
*Symphonic poem
Poole

**Poole** is a town in Dorset, England. It is the second biggest town in Dorset after Bournemouth. In 2001, 138,299 people lived there. Lots of tourists visit Poole because of its nice beaches and sunny weather. It has a very big natural harbour. Lots of people in Poole work for Barclays Bank, Hamworthy Engineering, Poole Packaging, Sunseeker, RNLI and Ryvita.

## Harbour
Poole's harbour is the second biggest natural harbour in the world after Sydney in Australia but the water in Poole is very shallow which means that very big ships cannot go into Poole Harbour. It was used in World War II for some ships to set off for France on D-Day. The harbour entrance is also the home to many millionaires being in the top 5 most expensive places to live in the world. 

## History
People have lived in Poole for 2,000 years. There were lots of Celtic people there. Archaeologists found a boat in the harbor which they think was made in 295 BC. When the Romans invaded Britain in the 1st century, they landed in Poole. In the Norman Conquest in 1066, Poole was used mostly for fishing but then became a port for trading things like wool. In the 18th century, Poole was one of the biggest ports in England.

The harbor stopped being so useful because big boats could not get in, so they went to places like Liverpool, Southampton and Plymouth. Even though the harbor can not be used that well, due to the shallowness of the sea, it is very beautiful and peaceful for people.
Lemma (mathematics)

In mathematics, a **lemma** is a "mini-proof"; a small hypothesis which is proved and then provides a part of a more important theorem.

## Popular Lemmas 
A good small thing can lead to many big things. Some powerful results in mathematics are known as lemmas, such as Bézout's lemma, Dehn's lemma, Euclid's lemma, Farkas' lemma, Fatou's lemma, Gauss's lemma, Greendlinger's lemma, Itō's lemma, Jordan's lemma, Nakayama's lemma, Poincaré's lemma, Riesz's lemma, Schur's lemma, Schwarz's lemma, Urysohn's lemma, Yoneda's lemma and Zorn's lemma. While these results originally seemed too simple to get independent interest, they have turned out to be important to the theories in which they occur.
Bournemouth

**Bournemouth** is a town in Dorset, in the country of England. It is the biggest town in Dorset. It is next to Poole and Christchurch.
Avatar (disambiguation)

**Avatar** can mean:
*Avatar, the incarnation of a God in Hinduism.
*Avatar, a picture representing a person on the internet.
**Avatar: The Last Airbender*, a Nickelodeon animated television series
**Avatar* (2009 movie), James Cameron's 3-D science fiction movie
Weimar Republic

The **Weimar Republic** is the name now used for the republic which governed Germany from 1918 to 1933.

Officially it was the **German Reich** (): ( ).  

It was  also unofficially referred to as the **German Republic** ().

## Origin 
After the German Empire was defeated in World War I, Germany became a republic, but its official name was still "Deutsches Reich" (German Empire). 

Historians today call it the *Weimar Republic* and refer to this period as the *Weimar period*, because the constitution was created in the city of Weimar.

### Beginning 
On November 9, 1918, the Republic was proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the *Reichstag* building in Berlin and two hours later a socialist republic was proclaimed around the corner at the Berlin Castle by Karl Liebknecht.

The Emperor, or *Kaiser,* Wilhelm II, went into exile in the Netherlands. The new Republic was declared even before end of World War I on 11 November 1918.The fighting in World War I stopped on 11 November 1918 when the Armistice of Compiegne was signed.

#### Problems 
The Weimar Republic had a lot of problems. The Treaty of Versailles made things very difficult for the economy. Inflation got completely out of hand. There were political problems because governments ruled only for a short time, not long enough to be able to make important decisions. There were a lot of radical right and left extremists, for example monarchists (people who wanted back the monarchy) and communists, who believed that all things, especially property, land and money, should be shared. Political parties had their own militias to fight each other.

One of the paramilitary organizations that arose after World War I was the  meaning "Steel Helmet, League of Front Soldiers". They operated as the armed branch of the national conservative German National People's Party (DNVP). they were placed at party gatherings in the position of armed security guards (*Saalschutz*). In 1935 they became part of the Nazi Party.

#### Positives 
The Weimar period is also known for its culture. Artists tried out modern ideas and used new things like film. The Bauhaus began in the 1920s.

## End 
The Weimar Republic came to an end on 23 March 1933, when Chancellor Adolf Hitler installed the Enabling Act, which established the Third Reich.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar constitution) of 11th August 1919, in full text 
* PSM Data Bank
* historical Documents
Upper Franconia Government Region

**Upper Franconia** (, ; Main-Franconian: ) is a *regierungsbezirk* (administrative region) of the German state Bavaria. It has an area of 7,230 km² and about 1,200,000 people. It borders the German states of Sachsen and Thuringia, and also the Czech Republic. Bayreuth is its capital.

## Cities and districts
### Cities which are urban districts
#Coburg,
#Bamberg,
#Hof,
#Bayreuth.

### Smaller cities
#Forchheim,
#Kulmbach,
#Lichtenfels,
#Marktredwitz,
#Neustadt bei Coburg
#Kronach,
#Rödental,
#Wunsiedel,
#Selb,
#Münchberg,
#Helmbrechts,
#Rehau,
#Stadtsteinach,
#Bad Staffelstein,
#Ebermannstadt,
#Burgkunstadt

### Districts
#Coburg Rural District
#Bamberg Rural District
#Forchheim Rural District
#Bayreuth Rural District
#Lichtenfels Rural District
#Kronach Rural District
#Hof Rural District
#Kulmbach Rural District
#Wunsiedel i. Fichtelgebirge Rural District

## References
Cleopatra

**Cleopatra** was a name of several ancient Egyptian women. Most of the queens (numbered 7) of the Ptolemaic dynasty were named Cleopatra.

*Cleopatra VII, the most famous Cleopatra of Ancient Egypt, who had a son with Julius Caesar named Caesarion.