open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Four-field approach

In America, the subject of Anthropology has been divided up into four smaller subjects. This is called the "four-field approach". The four types of anthropology included are archaeology, linguistics, physical anthropology (or Biological), and cultural anthropology. Together, these four types of anthropology explain how different humans have resided all over the world  throughout history.

There are some people who think applied anthropology, which uses the information learned from studying anthropology to solve modern problems of health or education, is it's own subject, which would make it a "five field approach", but this is not as common of a view.

## History of The Four-Field Approach
This approach was created by Franz Boas (1858-1942), also named “the father of anthropology.”  Boas wanted to show people that human activities, ideas, and choices are different in different places. He believed that the people should be studied holistically or as a whole, not just looking at one part of their life, but how all the parts of their lives fit together and create their culture. This includes studying people's history, the objects they make, their bodies, languages, stories, and customs.

## Application
Since the 20th century, most American universities have used the four-field approach. Other countries, like England, do not divide anthropology in the same way. For example, archaeology is a part of the subject of history and not anthropology.

The benefits of a four-field approach allows for different perspectives to be taken into account when studying anthropological topics. This helps to alleviate any bias or general incorrect assumptions about past and present cultures.

## The Four Fields
### Archaeology
Archaeology is the study of how people lived in the past. Archaeologists, learn from things left by people who lived a long time ago. They examine very old objects like pottery, stone tools, coins, books or anything made or used by humans. Usually, these objects are buried in the ground and need to be excavated, or dug up. These objects help archaeologists understand where and how people lived a long time ago. Most importantly, archaeologists focus on histories of cultures and the past, through artifacts and remains.

#### Famous archeologists 
* Lewis Binford
* V Gordon Childe
* Ian Hodder Cultural relativism is a notion that means people's beliefs and actions must be understood from within the context of their own culture. People studying culture should avoid judging culture based on their own assumptions and cultural standards. Boas and Bosnians' celebrated the diversity of culture and did not advocate for ethnocentrism or a superior culture of them all.

#### Famous sociocultural anthropologists 
* Franz Boas
* Edward Sapir
* Dian Fossey
* Jane Goodall
* Mary Leakey

## References
Aleksey Lebed

**Aleksey Ivanovich Lebed** (; 14 April 1955 – 27 April 2019) was a Russian military officer and politician. He was a member of United Russia. He served as the Head of the Republic of Khakassia from 1997 to 2009. He was born in Novocherkassk.

Lebed died of internal bleeding on 27 April 2019 in Moscow. He was 64.

## References
Crown gear

. ]]
A **crown gear** is a gear where the teeth of the gear are not flat, but at an angle. The most common such angle is a right angle (90 degrees). The name crown gear comes from the fact that these gears look like crowns. Crown gears were widely used in antiquity and the Middle Ages. In modern times they were replaced by bevel gear. This is mainly because with bevel gear, the calculations are easier.
Jovita Carranza

**Jovita Carranza** (born June 29, 1949) is an American businesswoman and politician. Carranza was the 26th Administrator of the Small Business Administration from January 15, 2020 to January 20, 2021. She was the 44th Treasurer of the United States from 2017 through 2020. She was the Deputy Administrator for the United States Small Business Administration from December 2006 to January 2009 during George W. Bush's presidency.

Carranza was Vice President of Air Operations for United Parcel Service (UPS) the world's largest package delivery company at its facility in Louisville, Kentucky.

Carranza was the President & CEO of the JCR Group, a consulting firm with a focus on business development, profit and loss management, operations, logistics and systems optimization.

On April 4, 2019, President Trump nominated Carranza to be Administrator of the Small Business Administration, replacing Linda McMahon. She was confirmed on January 7, 2020 and sworn in on January 15.

## References
Elina Bystritskaya

**Elina Avraamovna Bystritskaya** (; 4 April 1928 &ndash; 26 April 2019) was a Soviet and Russian actress. She is known for her role of Aksinya in movie version of Mikhail Sholokhov's novel *And Quiet Flows the Don* (1958), directed by Sergei Gerasimov. She also starred in *Unfinished Story* (1955), *Volunteers* (1958) and *All Remains to People* (1963). She was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1978. She was awarded the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" in 2008. She was born in Kyiv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, to a Jewish family.

Bystritskaya died in Moscow on 26 April 2019, at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
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Walter Rodney

**Walter Anthony Rodney** (23 March 1942 – 13 June 1980) was a well-known Guyanese historian, political activist and academic. He was assassinated in 1980.

## References
Bart Chilton

**Bartholomew Hamilton Chilton** (May 1, 1960 – April 27, 2019) was an American civil servant. He was Commissioner at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) from 2007 to 2014. He notably had long hair and wore cowboy boots. He was once called "the modern-day Eliot Ness" for wanting the CFTC to charge fraud. At the time of his death, he was a host of RT's *Boom Bust*. He was born in Wilmington, Delaware and grew up in Ogden Dunes, Indiana.

Chilton died of pancreatic cancer on April 27, 2019, at the age of 58.

## References
## Other websites
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Homosexuality and religion

Homosexuality and bisexuality have been practices for a long time. Different religious groups have had different opinions regarding them. These opinions have  changed over time. 

There is the view that sexual activity outside marriage is bad. There is also the view that sexual activity that is not about procreation (making babies) is bad. Many Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, mostly) still have this view. For them, homosexuality and bisexuality are unnatural, and wrong. Christianity calls them a sin.  Many Islamic countries punish such relations. These groups see marriage as the union of a man and a woman.  Marriage mostly has the purpose to have children. These people say that because with a same-sex marriage, people cannot have children without help, same sex-marriages are bad,  Most forms of Christianity have taken this approach. 

In Christianity, these attitudes have slowly changed. In 2020, Pope Francis said that "being homosexual is not a crime". He has also reached out to the LGBTIQ+ people. The pope has said that he thinks that rules about same-sex unions are needed, but that he still opposes same-sex marriage. In Brazil and the Philippines, about 70% of people accept homosexuality as natural. This is a similar rate to that of many European countries.

Judaism generally sees homosexuality as wrong, and contrary to Judaism. Especially Orthodox Judaism has this view. According to Jewish law, being homosexual can be punished with the death penalty.  In practice though, Rabbinic Judaism says it no longer has the authority to sentence someone to death. There are also more liberal movements in Judaism. These movements usually see homosexuality the same way as heterosexuality: Being homosexual is no different from being heterosexual. 

All of the major Islamic schools disapprove of homosexuality. Islam views same-sex desires as an unnatural temptation, and sexual relations are seen as being against  the natural role and aim of sexual activity. Islamic teachings (in the *hadith* tradition) presume same-sex attraction, extol abstention and (in the Qur'an) condemn consummation.

The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is mostly concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few hadiths that mention homosexual behavior among women. Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, al-Tabari records an example of the casual execution in the year 170 AH (786 or 787 AD) of a pair of lesbian slavegirls in the harem of al-Hadi in a collection of highly critical stories about that Caliph's actions as ruler.

Many Islamic countries have implemented the death penalty for homosexual or bisexual relations. Other islamic countries punish such relations with a time in prison, or a fine. In some Islamic countries, there is no punishment for sexual relations between consenting adults but they may face discrimination. 

## References
Hubert Hahne

**Hubert Hahne** (28 March 1935 – 24 April 2019) was a German racing driver. He raced in five Formula One World Championship Grands Prix between 1966 and 1970. His first entry was in the 1966 German Grand Prix. His last entry was in the 1970 German Grand Prix. He was also a touring car racer. He won the 1966 European Touring Car Championship. He was born in Moers. He was the older brother of Armin Hahne, and uncle of Jörg van Ommen.

Hahne had dementia in his final years. He died on 24 April 2019 in Düsseldorf. He was 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Hubert Hahne at Motor Sport Magazine Database
* Hubert Hahne at OldRacingCars.com
Forestdale, Massachusetts

**Forestdale** is a village and census-designated place (CDP) within the town of Sandwich, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2020 census, the village had a population of 4,116.

## References
Sylvia Bretschneider

**Sylvia Bretschneider** (14 November 1960 – 28 April 2019) was a German politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). She became a member of the Landtag (*regional parliament*) of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in 1994. She became speaker of the state's assembly in 2002. She died in office in 2019. She was born in Waren (Müritz), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. She was married and had three children. 

Bretschneider died of cancer in Neubrandenburg on 28 April 2019. She was 58.

## References
José Rizo Castellón

**José Rizo Castellón** (27 September 1944 – 23 April 2019) was a Nicaraguan politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC). From 2002 to 2005, he served as Vice President of Nicaragua under President Enrique Bolaños. He was born in Jinotega.

Rizo Castellón died of a terminal illness on 23 April 2019 in Valparaíso, Chile. He was 74.

## References
Niederried

**Niederried** may mean:
* Niederried bei Kallnach, canton of Bern, Switzerland
* Niederried bei Interlaken, canton of Bern, Switzerland
Oberried

**Oberried** may mean:
* Oberried am Brienzersee, canton of Bern, Switzerland
* Oberried, Fribourg, Switzerland
* Oberried, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

## Other 
* Oberrieden
Mika McKinnon

**Mika McKinnon** is a Canadian field geophysicist, disaster researcher, and science communicator.  She is a co-investigator of the SETI Institute's Project ESPRESSO.  She was a science adviser for the science fiction television series *Stargate Atlantis* and *Stargate Universe*.

## Education and early career 
McKinnon earned her Bachelor of Science in Physics from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2005. She studied in the College of Creative Studies. There, she re-started the Society of Physics Students group and led a student study group on science in fiction.

She earned her Master of Science in geophysics at the University of British Columbia in 2010. Her graduate work was about measuring and managing risk of landslides. She used statistical models to map landslides physical characteristics to better predict how far landslides run and reduce the number of people hurt and the amount of damage.

McKinnon was looking for work after graduation during a hiring freeze by the Canadian government. She learned that women in her field were being hired because they could be paid less than men. So, she spoke out more for women and minorities in science. The project is a group of seven partner institutions. It started when NASA called for Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute groups in 2016.  ESPRESSO is one of thirteen projects that were chosen after that call.

## Science communication 
McKinnon began doing science communication as a Master's student at UBC. The producers of the television show *Stargate: Atlantis* wanted a physicist who could help with accurate scientific explanations for the show's science fiction plots. McKinnon answered. Recently, McKinnon has worked on *Doomsday: 10 Ways the World Will End*, *No Tomorrow*, *Madam Secretary*, and *Star Trek: Discovery*. McKInnon says that her interest in communication started with the media's incorrect reporting of a major landslide in the Pacific Northwest. She writes about topics including space exploration, dinosaur discovery, the meeting of science and art, and disaster preparedness. Her writing is in *Wired UK*, *Smithsonian* magazine, *Ars Technica*, and *Astronomy*.

She volunteers for the National Academy of Sciences Science & Entertainment Exchange. There, she uses her knowledge to help the entertainment industry show science more accurately in the media.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official about.me profile
María de los Ángeles Moreno

**María de los Ángeles Moreno Uriegas** (15 January 1945 – 27 April 2019) was a Mexican politician. She was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). She also served as Mexico's first female party president. She served as Secretary of Fisheries in the cabinet of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari from December 1988 to May 1991. She also served in the Chamber of Deputies and later in the Senate. She was born in Mexico City.

In 2000, she became President of the Senate.

Moreno died in Mexico City on 27 April 2019, at the age of 74.

## References
Hand2Mouth Theatre

**Hand2Mouth Theatre** is a theater group in Portland, Oregon.  The group works together to create their performances. They decide all languages, movements and designs themselves, instead of working from a script.

## Influences
Hand2Mouth Theatre is influenced by the work of Forced Entertainment  Elevator Repair Service, and Jerzy Grotowski.

## History
Jonathan Walters founded Hand2Mouth in 2000. He had trained with street theatre troupe Teatr Biuro Podrozy in Poland. As of 2009, Hand2Mouth had created 15 original performances. The group had grown to include a core of company members and associate artists. Company members have traveled and studied in London, New York, Poland, Denmark and Mexico City.

## Performance History
2002 - Blue Mountain Community College, Pendelton, OR (*Jerusalem*)

2003 - River Theatre, Astoria, OR (Posture Queen)

2004 - Open Theatre International Festival, Katowice, Poland (*Blue* with Stacja Szamocin)

2004 - Pablo Neruda Centenary Festival, Portland State University, Portland, OR (*Slender* with Carpetbag Brigade)

2004 - PuppetLove! Festival, San Francisco, CA (*The Wild Child*)

2004 - River Theatre, Astoria, OR (*Thirst*)

2005 - Festival Malta, Poznan, Poland (*Blue* with Stacja Szamocin)

2005 - Kalisz Theatre Festival, Kalisz, Poland (*Blue* with Stacja Szamocin)

2005 - Edmonds Community College, Seattle, WA (*The Wild Child*)

2005 - Willamette University, Salem, OR (*The Wild Child*)

2006 - Just Add Water Festival, Portland Center Stage, Portland, OR (*After Hours*)

2007 - On the Boards, Seattle, WA (Repeat After Me)

2007 - Time-Based Art Festival, Portland Institute for Contemporary Art, Portland, OR (*Repeat After Me*)

2007 - Northwest New Works Festival, On the Boards, Seattle, WA (*Repeat After Me* - excerpt)

2008 - Myrna Loy Center, Helena, MT (*Repeat After Me*)

2008 - Bumbershoot Arts Festival, Seattle, WA (*Project X: You Are Here*)

2008 - NW New Works Festival, Seattle, WA (*Undine*)

2008 - 10 Tiny Dances, Portland, OR (*Project X: You Are Here*)

2009 - Fury Festival, Fury Factory, San Francisco, CA (*Repeat After Me*)

2013 - The Left Hand of Darkness, Portland, Oregon.

2015 - Time, A Fair Hustler*,* Fertile Ground Festival, Portland, OR.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website  - www.hand2mouththeatre.org
* Portland Mercury feature article on *Repeat After Me*
* Seattle PI review of *Repeat After Me*
* Oregonian review of *Project X: You Are Here*
* Portland Mercury review of *Undine*
* Oregonian review of *Everyone Who Looks Like You*
Jessie Lawrence Ferguson

**Jessie Lawrence Ferguson** (June 8, 1942 – April 26, 2019) was an American screen actor. He was best known for roles in movies such as *All Night Long* (1981), *Prince of Darkness* (1987), *Darkman* (1990) and *Boyz n the Hood* (1993). He was born in the Bronx, New York.

Ferguson died on April 26, 2019 in Palmdale, California. He was 76.

## References
## Other websites
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Larry "Flash" Jenkins

**Larry** "**Flash**" **Jenkins** (May 10, 1955 – April 25, 2019) was an American actor, movie director, producer  and screenwriter. He appeared in movies such as *Fletch* (1985) and ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off* (1986). He also starred in television series such as *The White Shadow*, *Bay City Blues* and *Finder of Lost Loves''. He was born in Long Island, New York.

Jenkins died on April 25, 2019 of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California. He was 63.

## References
## Other websites
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Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

**Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy** (**CIDP**) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nervous system. The disorder is sometimes called chronic relapsing polyneuropathy (CRP) or chronic inflammatory demyelinating poly**radiculo**neuropathy (because it involves the nerve roots).

CIDP is closely related to Guillain–Barré syndrome and it is thought to be the chronic counterpart of that acute disease. Its symptoms are also similar to progressive inflammatory neuropathy. 

Several variants have been reported. Specially important are:

*An asymmetrical variant of CIDP is known as **Lewis-Sumner Syndrome**. 
*A variant with CNS involvement named **combined central and peripheral demyelination** (CCPD)

## References
Mayda Insula

**Mayda Insula** is an island in the Kraken Mare. It is a body of liquid composed mostly of methane, on Saturn's largest moon Titan. Mayda Insula is the first island (insula) to be named on a planet or moon other than Earth.

## Discovery and naming
Mayda Insula was discovered by the *Cassini–Huygens* mission to Saturn. Its name was approved by the International Astronomical Union Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature on April 11, 2008. It became the first named island anywhere other than earth. However, there is a possibility that Mayda Insula is actually peninsular. A peninsular is a piece of land that is  connected to the mainland by another strip of land. All of the island on Titan have been named after legendary islands. "Mayda Insula" was named after a legendary island Mayda which was thought to exist in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.

## Related pages
*Lakes of Titan
*List of geological features on Titan

## References
Wayson Choy

**Wayson Choy**  (; April 20, 1939 – April 28, 2019) was a Canadian novelist. Choy wrote the award-winning book *The Jade Peony* (1995). The novel's sequel, *All That Matters*, was published in 2004. His memoir *Paper Shadows: A Chinatown Childhood* (1999), won the 2000 Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction. In 2005, Choy was made a member of the Order of Canada.

Choy was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He had a Chinese background. He spent his childhood in the city's Chinatown. Choy attended *Gladstone Secondary School* in East Vancouver. He attended  the University of B.C.. Choy was openly gay.

Choy died on April 28, 2019, at the age of 80.

## References
Josef Šural

**Josef Šural** (30 May 1990 – 29 April 2019) was a Czech footballer. He played as a forward.

Šural was born in Hustopeče. He played for Czech sides Brno, Slovan Liberec and Sparta Praha. At the time of his death, he was playing for Turkish club Alanyaspor since early 2019. He played for the Czech Republic from 2013 until his death in 2019. He played for his country 20 times, scoring once. He also played for the Czech Republic at the UEFA Euro 2016.

On 29 April 2019, Šural team's minibus overturned near the Turkish coastal town of Alanya. Šural was taken to hospital where he died. Seven other players were injured.

## References
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Les Murray (poet)

**Leslie Allan Murray**  (17 October 1938 – 29 April 2019) was an Australian poet, anthologist and critic. His career lasted over 40 years, and he published nearly 30 collections of poetry. He served as the literary editor of conservative magazine *Quadrant* for more than twenty years. He was called Australia's most likely chance of winning the Nobel Prize in Literature during his career. He was born in Nabiac, New South Wales.

Murray died on 29 April 2019 in Taree, New South Wales. He was 80.

## Related pages
*List of poets from Oceania
## References
## Other websites
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Avalon

**Avalon** may mean:

*Avalon (mythology)
*Avalon Peninsula, part of the island of Newfoundland
*Avalon  Park, Chicago
*"Avalon" (song)
Karol Modzelewski

**Karol Cyryl Modzelewski** (23 November 1937 – 28 April 2019) was a Polish writer, historian and politician. He was also a professor at the University of Wrocław and the University of Warsaw. He was jailed for taking part in the 1968 Polish political crisis. He served as a member of the Senate from 1989 to 1991. In 2016, he was awarded the Legion of Honour. He was born in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. His adoptive father was the communist politician Zygmunt Modzelewski (1900–1953).

Modzelewski died in Warsaw on 28 April 2019. He was 81.

## References
Adenocalymma

***Adenocalymma*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. Creepers, common in South America.

Previously, the spelling variant *Adenocalymna* was also used; In 2005, at the XVII International Botanical Congress in Vienna, it was confirmed that the spelling of Adenocalymma should be considered correct.

This genus comprises 82 species.

## References
Lohman Lucia G. and Charlotte Taylor 2014
A new generic classification of Bignoniaceae Ann Miss Bot Gardens 99(3):
Saburtalo Pantheon

The **Saburtalo Pantheon** () is a cemetery in Tbilisi, Georgia, where some of the most prominent writers, artists, scholars, scientists and political activists of Georgia are buried. It was opened in 1970s. It closed but opened in 2002 again. The pantheon is located in the Saburtalo District.

## Buried people
* Leila Abashidze — Georgian actress
* Georgi Sanaia — Journalist
* Zurav Sarjveladze — Member of National Academy of Georgia
* Ilia Tabaghua — Historicos
* Levan Phaliashvili — Conductor
* Iveri Phrangishvili — Academicos
* Petre Kometyan — Academicos
* Mikheil Korkia — Basketball player
* Tamar Ghvaladze — Bibliographier and teacher
* Shermazan Kakichashvili — Physicos
* Nikoloz Kaisashvili — Literatureknower
* Givi Kandareli — Painter
* Alexander Chochia — Doctor
* Grigol Chkhikvadze — Musicos and teacher
* Shalva Chkhetidze — History knower
* Grigol Tsetskhladze — Poet
* Nino Dzidziguri — Teacher
* George Dzotsenidze — Academicos
* Tinatin Tsereteli — Academicos
* Konstantine Tsereteli — Academicos
* Joseph Tsereteli — Painter
* Tatia Khaindrava — Actor and teacher
* Ipolite Khvichia — Actor
* Tinatin Javakhishvili
* Nikoloz (Lasha) Janashia — Priest
* Ucha Japharidze — Painter
* Borena Jatchvliani — Poet
* David Jokhadze — Academicos
* Karlo Jorjaneli — Writer

## Related pages 
* Mtatsminda Pantheon
* Didube Pantheon
Menachem Mendel Taub

**Menachem Mendel Taub** (&lrm;; 1923 – 28 April 2019) was an Israeli Hasidic rebbe and Holocaust survivor. He brought the Kaliv dynasty with him to Israel. He founded Kiryas Kaliv in Rishon LeZion, before it was moved to Bnei Brak, a city near the Yarkon Park, and finally Jerusalem. He was known for his efforts in remembering Jewish victims of the Holocaust. He wrote the book, *Shema Yisrael: Testimonies of devotion, courage, and self-sacrifice, 1939–1945*, a collection of more than 500 first-person accounts of Holocaust survivors.

Taub was born in Marghita is a city in Bihor County, Crișana region, Romania. During World War II, Taub was a prisoner at many concentration camps. While at Auschwitz, he was reportedly experimented on by Josef Mengele. Because of these experiments, Taub could not have children or grow facial hair. He was later taken to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. After the war, he moved to United States with his wife. The couple later moved to Israel in 1962.

Taub died in Jerusalem on 28 April 2019, at the age of 96.

## References
Pecora

**Pecora** is a group of mammals which *chew the cud*: in other words they re-eat the same material a second time. This kind of eating is done by all ruminants. The main reason is that they eat grass, which is quite hard to digest. It has little food value, but it grows so widely that it is always available to animals which can digest it.

Most pecorans, except *Hydrotopes* and *Moschus* have horns or antlers. "Pecora" comes from Latin meaning "horned lifestock". Some pecorans have horns, but the family Cervidae has antlers.

## References
Karl Kroeber

**Karl Kroeber** (November 24, 1926 – November 8, 2009) was an American literary scholar. He wrote about the English Romantics and American Indian literature. He was the son of Theodora and Alfred L. Kroeber. They were both anthropologists.

He was professor of English and comparative literature at Columbia University. He wrote about literary criticism and its relationship to ecology, traditional literature, and art history.

Kroeber's sister was the science fiction writer Ursula K. Le Guin. His children were Paul Kroeber, a linguist; Arthur Kroeber, a journalist and expert on the Chinese economy; and Katharine Kroeber Wiley, a writer.

Kroeber died of cancer on November 8, 2009. He was 82 years old.

## Publications
### Books
* *Artistry in Native American Myths*. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. 
* *British Romantic Art*. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. 
* *Ecological Literary Criticism: Romantic Imagining and the Biology of Mind*. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. 
* *Ishi in Three Centuries*, with Clifton Kroeber. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. 
* *Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends.*Ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
* *Retelling/Rereading: the Fate of Storytelling in Modern Times.* New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992  
* *Romantic Fantasy and Science Fiction* New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. 
* *Romantic Landscape Vision: Constable and Wordsworth.* Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975. 
* *Romantic Narrative Art*. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1960. OCLC: 305135
* *Styles in Fictional Structure: The Art of Jane Austen, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot*. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971. 
* *Traditional Literatures of the American Indian: Texts and Interpretations*, ed., 1981. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

### Selected essays
* "The Evolution of Literary Study", 1883–1983 *PMLA*, Vol. 99, No. 3, Centennial Issue (May, 1984), pp.&nbsp;326–339

## References
## Other websites
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TheOdd1sOut

**Robert James Rallison** (born May 14, 1996), known online as **TheOdd1sOut**, is an American artist, animator, author, and YouTuber. As of August 2024, his YouTube channel has over 19.9 million subscribers. His second channel (**TheOdd2sOut**) has over 2.62 million subscribers as of August 2024. He was born in Arizona. 

Rallison uploaded the first strip of his webcomic *TheOdd1sOut* on June 14, 2012, on Tumblr and later on iFunny.

His videos about working at Subway, where he calls the food chain "Sooubway". 

Rallison wrote a book titled *The Odd 1s Out: How to Be Cool and Other Things I Definitely Learned from Growing Up*, which was released on July 31, 2018.

## References
## Other websites
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Alaska's Flag

"'''Alaska's Flag'''" is the state song of Alaska.

## Lyrics
Unique among state songs, its lyrics explain the symbolism of the Alaskan flag. The lyrics are:

Eight stars of gold on a field of blue
Alaska's flag. May it mean to you
The blue of the sea, the evening sky,
The mountain lakes, and the flow'rs nearby;
The gold of the early sourdough's dreams,
The precious gold of the hills and streams;
The brilliant stars in the northern sky,
The "Bear," the "Dipper," and, shining high,
The great North Star with its steady light,
O'er land and sea a beacon bright.
Alaska's flag to Alaskans dear,
The simple flag of a last frontier.

## References
20 July Plot

On 20 July 1944, Claus von Stauffenberg and other conspirators tried to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the Führer of Nazi Germany, inside his Wolf's Lair field headquarters near Rastenburg, East Prussia. The name Operation Valkyrie, originally referring to part of the conspiracy, has become related to the plot. The idea behind the assassination was to seize political control of Germany and its armed forces from the Nazi Party (including the SS) and to make peace with the Western Allies as soon as possible.

The plot was a plan by several groups in the German resistance to overthrow the Nazi German government. Stauffenberg planted a bomb close to Hitler since he was presented with him in the conference meeting. The bomb failed to kill Hitler since one of the participants had unwittingly moved the bomb away from Hitler. Also, the table absorbed much of the blast as a result. The failure of the assassination attempt and the intended military  that was to follow led the Gestapo to arrest more than 7,000&nbsp;people of whom they executed 4,980.

## References
Eric Kent

**Daniel Eric Kent**  (30 June 1919 – 26 April 2019) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Labor Party. He served as a member of the Victorian Legislative Council from 1970 to 1976 for Gippsland Province. He served another term in the Council for 1979 to 1985 for Chelsea Province. He was born in Areegra, Victoria.

Kent died on 26 April 2019, at the age of 99.

## References
Wolf's Lair

'''Wolf's Lair'* (German: *Wolfsschanze*; Polish: *Wilczy Szaniec'') was Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front military headquarters in World War II. The complex became one of several **Führer Headquarters** in parts of Eastern Europe. Organisation Todt built it for the start of Operation *Barbarossa* – the invasion of the Soviet Union – in 1941. It is also the site of the 20 July Plot in 1944.
Bruce Bickford (animator)

**Bruce Bickford** (February 11, 1947 – April 28, 2019) was an American animator. He worked notably in clay animation. He is best known for his work with musician and filmmaker Frank Zappa. He worked on animating the Zappa videos *Baby Snakes* (1979), *The Dub Room Special* (1982) and *The Amazing Mr. Bickford* (1987). He was born in Seattle, Washington.

Bickford died after health problems on April 28, 2019, at the age of 72.

## References
## Other websites
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Sinethemba Jantjie

**Sinethemba Jantjie** (15 February 1989 – 1 April 2019) was a South African professional footballer. He played as a winger.

Jantjie was from Whittlesea, Eastern Cape. He first played for Mbombela United between 2015 and 2016. He soon signed for PSL club Free State Stars. In his three seasons with the Free State Stars, he scored eight goals in 63 league appearances. At the time of his death, he was set to play for PSL side Bidvest Wits from the 2019–20 season onward.

On 1 April 2019, Jantjie died in a car crash in Bethlehem, Free State. He was 30.

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Denton Lotz

**Denton Lotz** (January 18, 1939 – April 23, 2019) was an American Baptist minister. He was the general secretary of the Baptist World Alliance from 1988 to 2007. He also served as Senior Pastor of Tremont Temple Baptist Church in Boston, Massachusetts from 2007 to 2017. He was born in Flushing, Queens, New York.

Lotz died at his home in Forestdale, Massachusetts on April 23, 2019. He was 80.

## References
Daniel Horlaville

**Daniel Horlaville** (22 September 1945 – 28 April 2019) was a French footballer. He played as a midfielder.

Horlaville was born in Oissel. At club level, he played for US Quevilly, Paris Saint-Germain, Paris, Rouen and CA Oissel. He also played one game for France against Romania in 1969. He is the only amateur footballer to date to play for the national team since World War II.

Horlaville was the father of professional footballer Christophe Horlaville (born 1969). He died on 28 April 2019, at the age of 73.

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Negasso Gidada

**Negasso Gidada Solon** ( *Nägaso Gidada*; 8 September 1943 – 27 April 2019) was an Ethiopian politician. He served as the President of Ethiopia from 22 August 1995 until 8 October 2001. He was a member of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) before becoming independent. He was later a member of the House of Peoples' Representatives for Dembidolo from 2005.

Gidada was born in Dembidolo. He was married to German-born Regina Abelt. He died of an illness on 27 April 2019 in Frankfurt, in the German state of Hesse. He was 75.

## References
Joe Sanberg

**Joseph N. Sanberg** (born July 12, 1979) is an American entrepreneur and investor. He is the founder of CalEITC4Me, a statewide outreach program in California that helps low-income families claim the state and federal earned income tax credits. He is co-founder of Aspiration, Inc., an online banking and investing firm.

Media outlets said people have been calling on Sanberg to run for president in 2020 on an anti-poverty platform. In early April 2019, Sanberg began traveling to Ohio to test the possibility of a presidential run.

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Mia Mottley

**Mia Amor Mottley**, QC, MP (born 1 October 1965) is a Barbadian politician and attorney who is the current and 8th Prime Minister of Barbados since 25 May 2018 and the leader of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP). 

She served her first term as leader of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) form 7 February 2008 to 18 October 2010 and she served her second term as leader of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) from 26 February 2013 to 25 May 2018. 

Mottley is the eighth person to hold the position and role of Prime Minister of Barbados and the first women to hold either positions and roles of Prime Minister of Barbados and leader of the Barbados Labour Party (BLP).

She has been an MP for the constituency of Saint Michael North East since 1994. She has also held several government roles.

## References
Anémone

**Anne Bourguignon** (9 August 1950 – 30 April 2019) was a French actress. She started using her stage name **Anémone**, after appearing as the title character in her first movie, Philippe Garrel's *Anémone* (1968). Her best known movie roles were in *Santa Claus Is a Stinker* (1982) and *The Grand Highway* (1987). She was  for five César Awards. In 1988, for her role as Marcelle in *The Grand Highway*, she won the César Award for Best Actress. She was born in Paris.

Anémone died of lung cancer on 30 April 2019 in Poitiers, Vienne. She was 68.

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Ellen Tauscher

'''Ellen O'Kane Tauscher''' (November 15, 1951 – April 29, 2019) was an American politician. She was a member of the Democratic Party. She was the U.S. Representative for California's 10th congressional district. She became a congresswoman in 1997 replacing William P. Baker. She resigned in 2009 to work for the State Department. Tauscher was replaced by John Garamendi in the House. 

She served as the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs from June 2009 until February 2012. She later served as Special Envoy for Strategic Stability and Missile Defense at the State Department until August 31, 2012.

Tauscher was born in Newark, New Jersey. She studied at Seton Hall University. Tauscher had one daughter. She was married to William Tauscher until their divorce in 1999.  She was later married to Jim Cieslak from 2009 to 2011.

Tauscher survived esophageal cancer in 2010. She died of pneumonia on April 29, 2019 in Stanford, California, at the age of 67.

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Matoug Adam

**Matoug Adam** (&lrm;; 1926 – 2 April 2019) was a Libyan politician, civil servant, and poet. He served as his country's Minister of Tourism from January 1968 to June 1969. He then served as Interior Minister from June 1969 to 31 August 1969. He was the last Interior Minister of the Kingdom of Libya, as the royal government was overthrown by Muammar Gaddafi on 1 September 1969. After the coup d'état, Adam was jailed for two years by the Gaddafi government.

Adam died on 2 April 2019, at the age of 93.

## References
Andrew County, Missouri

**Andrew County** is a county in the northwestern U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 18,135. Its county seat is Savannah. The county was created on January 29, 1841 and named for Andrew Jackson Davis, a lawyer and prominent citizen of St. Louis.

## References
Converse County, Wyoming

**Converse County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 census, 13,751 people lived there. Its county seat is Douglas. It was created in 1888.

## Communities 
### City 
* Douglas (county seat)

### Towns 
* Glenrock
* Rolling Hills
* Lost Springs

### Other unincorporated communities 
* Bill
* Boxelder
* Esterbrook
* Orin
* Parkerton
* Shawnee

## References 
## Other websites 
* Converse County Website
Daniele da Volterra

**Daniele Ricciarelli** (c. 1509 – 4 April 1566), better known as Daniele da Volterra, was a Mannerist Italian painter and sculptor. He is remembered for his association with the work of Michelangelo. Many of Daniele's most important works were based on designs made for that purpose by Michelangelo. After his death, and following orders of Pope Pius V, Daniele covered the genitals of The Last Judgment with clothing, which earned him the nickname of **Il Braghettone**.

, Rome.]]
Chariot racing

]]
**Chariot races** were a popular sport in Ancient Greece and Rome. Chariot racing was dangerous to both drivers and horses as they often suffered serious injury and even death, but these dangers added to the excitement and interest for spectators. Chariot races could be watched by women, who were banned from watching many other sports. In the Roman form of chariot racing, teams represented different groups of financial backers and sometimes competed for the services of particularly skilled drivers.
Zubair Torwali

**Zubair Torwali** is a famous Pakistani linguist, scholar, author and columnist for Swat Pakistan. 

He did a lot of research and study on the languages and cultures of North Pakistan. He was an expert on the culture of Swat and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He has received the Public Peace Prize in 2016 for his work for the languages of Northern Pakistan. 

## References
Fred McLafferty

**Fred Warren McLafferty** (May 11, 1923 &ndash; December 26, 2021) was an American chemist known for his work in mass spectrometry. He was best known for the McLafferty rearrangement reaction that was observed with mass spectrometry.  With Roland Gohlke, he pioneered the technique of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. He is also known for electron capture dissociation, a method of fragmenting gas phase ions. In 1982, he became a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

McLafferty died on December 26, 2021 in Ithaca, New York at the age of 98.

## References
Emma Haruka Iwao

**Emma Haruka Iwao** is a Japanese computer scientist at Google. In 2019 Haruka Iwao calculated the world's most accurate value of pi (π). Her calculation reached 31.4 trillion digits. This was much longer than the past record of 22 trillion digits.

## Early life and education 
As a child, Iwao became interested in pi. She was inspired by Japanese mathematicians, including Yasumasa Kanada. She studied computer science at the University of Tsukuba. Daisuke Takahashi taught her there. She won the Dean's Award for Excellence in 2008, before starting graduate studies in computing. Her master's dissertation was about high performance computer systems. She works to make cloud computing easier for everyone to use. She makes online demos and teaching materials.

In March 2019 Iwao calculated the value of pi to 31.4 trillion digits, using 170 Terabytes (TB) of data. The calculation used a multithreaded program called y-cruncher. It ran on more than 25 machines for 121 days.

## References
Ogden Dunes, Indiana

**Ogden Dunes** is a town in Portage Township, Porter County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town had a population of 1,168.

## References
Thermomicrobia

The **Thermomicrobia** is a group of thermophilic green non-sulfur bacteria.  

The group is based on the type species *Thermomicrobium roseum* and on *Sphaerobacter thermophilus*. They are aerobic and chemoorganotrophic (a term which means their metabolism is rather like most fungi).

## References
S. P. Y. Reddy

**S. Pedda Yerikal Reddy** (4 June 1950 – 30 April 2019) was an Indian politician. He was born in Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. He was a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) before becoming a Telugu Desam Party (TDP) member in 2014. In 2019, he joined Jana Sena Party. He served as a member of the Lok Sabha for the Nandyal constituency from 2004 until his death.

Reddy died of a lung infection on 30 April 2019 in Hyderabad. He was 68 years old.

## References
Alejandro Planchart

**Alejandro Enrique Planchart** (July 29, 1935 – April 28, 2019) was a Venezuelan-American musicologist, conductor and composer. He was thought to be one of the leading experts on the music of Guillaume Du Fay. He was also an expert on music of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance. He taught at Yale University and the University of California, Santa Barbara. He was born in Caracas.

Planchart died on April 28, 2019 in Santa Barbara, California. He was 83.

## References
Roy Hattersley

**Roy Sydney George Hattersley, Baron Hattersley**, PC, FRSL (born 28 December 1932) is a British Labour politician, author and journalist. He was born in Sheffield, England. He was MP for Birmingham Sparkbrook for 33 years from 1964 to 1997. He was Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1983 to 1992 during the Neil Kinnock leadership.

Hattersley retired from the House of Lords on 19 May 2017.

## References
Sunny Garcia

**Sunny Garcia** (born **Vincent Sennen Garcia**; January 14, 1970) is a professional surfer.

His top surfing achievement was becoming the ASP WCT World Champion in 2000 but Garcia also holds the record for most WQS event wins, 22, and holds six Triple Crown of Surfing titles. He initially retired in 2005 but is now competing again. 

On April 30, 2019, Garcia, who has depression, was hospitalized in intensive care unit at a Portland, Oregon hospital under critical condition after trying to kill himself.

## References
B. Subhashan Reddy

**B. Subhashan Reddy** (2 March 1943 – 1 May 2019) was an Indian judge. He served as Chief Justice of Madras High Court from 2001 to 2004. After this, he served as Chief Justice of Kerala High Court from 2004 to 2005. He became the first chairperson of the Human Rights Commission of Andhra Pradesh in August 2005. He was born in Amberpet, Hyderabad.

Reddy died on 1 May 2019 in Gachibowli, Hyderabad, at the age of 76.

## References
List of women linguists

This is a **list of women linguists** by their country of origin. A linguist studies linguistics. Here in this list, this is the study of natural languages. These other people are not included in this list: polyglots (people fluent in several languages), grammarians (experts on prescriptive grammar), or language professionals such as translators or interpreters. Those are different professions.

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*
Blanca Rodríguez

**Blanca María Rodríguez de Pérez** (January 1, 1926 &ndash; August 5, 2020) was a Venezuelan socialite. She was the First Lady of Venezuela from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1989 to 1993. She was the wife of Carlos Andrés Pérez. She was born in Rubio, Venezuela.

Rodríguez died of respiratory failure caused by a pulmonary embolism in Caracas on August 5, 2020 at the age of 94.

## References
University of North Carolina at Charlotte shooting

The **2019 UNCC shooting** was a mass shooting. It happened at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in the United States at around 5:40 PM EDT on April 30, 2019. 

The shooting, which occurred on the last day of classes for the spring semester. It sent six people to the hospital, two of whom were dead upon arrival, and three others were in critical condition.

The shooting occurred inside a classroom in the Woodford A. Kennedy Building while students were giving a final presentation. The suspect, Trystan Terrell, was taken into police custody.

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Louis Rosenblum

**Louis (Lou) Rosenblum** (15 November 1923 – 4 April 2019) was an American research scientist and activist. His works were about the movement for freedom of Jews of the Soviet Union. He was a founder of the first organization to support the freedom of Soviet Jews. He was a research scientist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center.

He was born in Brooklyn, New York. Rosenblum died on 4 April 2019 at his home in Wellesley, Massachusetts at the age of 95.

## References
Frederick Hemke

**Fred Hemke, DMA** *(né* **Frederick Leroy Hemke, Jr.**; July 11, 1935 – April 17, 2019) was an American classical saxophonist and educator. He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was among the leading American composers and helped raise the recognition of classical saxophone. For a half century, from 1962 to 2012, Hemke was a full-time faculty music educator at Northwestern University's Bienen School of Music. Hemke retired from Northwestern University in 2012. 

Hemke died on April 17, 2019 in Evanston, Illinois at the age of 83.

## References
Yves-François Blanchet

**Yves-François Blanchet** (born April 16, 1965) is a Canadian politician. He is the leader of the Bloc Québécois since January 2019. He is the Member of parliament for the Quebec riding of Beloeil—Chambly. From 2008 to 2014, he was a member of the Quebec National Assembly.

He was first elected to the National Assembly in the 2008 Quebec general election. He represented the riding of Drummond.

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Martin Kilson

**Martin Luther Kilson Jr.** (February 14, 1931 – April 24, 2019) was an American political scientist. He was the first black academic to be appointed a full professor at Harvard University, where he was later the Frank G. Thomson Professor of Government from 1988 until his retirement in 1999.

Kilson died on April 24, 2019 in Lexington, Massachusetts at the age of 88.

## References
Nils John Nilsson

**Nils John Nilsson** (February 6, 1933 &ndash; April 23, 2019) was an American computer scientist. He was one of the founding researchers in the ideas of artificial intelligence. He was born in Saginaw, Michigan. He was the first Kumagai Professor of Engineering in computer science at Stanford University from 1991 until his retirement. His best known work was Shakey the robot.

Nilsson died on April 23, 2019, at his home in Medford, Oregon, at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*Nilsson's home page
Petar Omčikus

**Petar Omčikus** (; ); October 6, 1926 – April 26, 2019) was a Serbian painter. He was a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He worked in Paris, France. He was born in Sušak, Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Omčikus died in Belgrade, Serbia on April 26, 2019 at the age of 92.

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