1970s in American television

The decade of the 1970s saw big changes in television programming in the United States. The "family sitcoms" and rural programs stopped and more socially modern programs and "young, hip and urban" sitcoms started.

## Overall trends
*The Red Skelton Show* and *The Ed Sullivan Show* were canceled after being broadcast for many decades. The "family sitcoms" of the 1950s and 1960s were replaced with newer ones like *The Brady Bunch*. The series has been broadcast in syndication since 1974. Many children grew up with it. They think of the Bradys as the normal family in 1970s television. *I Dream of Jeannie* and *Bewitched* began to lose American interest. *I Dream of Jeannie* ended its run in 1970, followed by *Bewitched* in 1972. 

### Rural-oriented programming and "socially conscious" programming
In 1971, CBS was being called the "Hillbilly Network" because the most of its hit shows were rural-oriented. It ended the shows *The Beverly Hillbillies*, *Hee Haw*, *Green Acres*, *Mayberry RFD* and every program "that had a tree in it" as described by actor Pat Buttram. They were replaced with programs that appealed to younger urban viewers. Programming was called "social consciousness" and was led by television producer Norman Lear. 

*All in the Family* ended television barriers. When the series was first broadcast in 1971, Americans heard the words "fag (short for "faggot")," "jigaboo," and "spic" on national television programming for the first time. *All in the Family* was a part of common dinner conversation in the country. Americans had not seen anything like it on television before. The program became the highest-rated program on U.S. television in the fall of 1971. It stayed in the top slot until 1976. *All in the Family* started a number of spin-offs, such as *Maude*. It starred Bea Arthur. 

Maude was Edith Bunker's cousin and Archie's archenemy. She stood for everything liberal and was outspoken about civil rights and feminism. Like *All in the Family,* Maude broke new ground in television. It presented American audiences with something they had never seen on television before when Maude said that she was planning to have an abortion. Maude was comfortable and hired a black woman as her housekeeper. Maude's housekeeper, Florida Evans (played by Esther Rolle), became popular in her own right. She was given her own television series in 1974, *Good Times*. The series starred John Amos and Rolle. *Good Times* was another hit for Lear. 

Lear developed two more programs in 1975. *The Jeffersons* is a spin-off of *All in the Family*. Archie Bunker's black next-door neighbors moved to an apartment on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. *One Day at a Time* is about a single mother raising her two teenage daughters in Indianapolis.

### Decline of western
With the rise in socially-responsible programming, the television western slowly died out. The first programs to end were *The High Chaparral* and *The Virginian* in the spring of 1971. *Bonanza* ended a year after actor Dan Blocker died during surgery in 1972. CBS's *Gunsmoke* ended with a star-studded series finale in 1975. During this time, *Kung Fu*, airing from 1972 to 1975, had a mix of Eastern philosophy and martial arts. *Bonanza* actor Michael Landon was on a television version of the popular children's book series *Little House on the Prairie*. The series first aired in 1974 and ran for eight years. The competitor of the program was CBS's *The Waltons*. It was about family unity during a different time and place (Virginia) during the Great Depression.

### Medical shows
Medical programs were popular in the early 1970s. *Marcus Welby, M.D.* was the first medical drama to deal with many subjects on television. The series aired for 7 seasons. *Emergency!* was also the first series ever to have both the paramedic and the emergency hospital. It starred Robert Fuller and Julie London. *M*A*S*H*, starring Alan Alda, was about the days of the Korean War. It was a comedy drama.

### Jiggle television and crime shows
By the mid-to-late 1970s, viewers no longer wanted socially responsible sitcoms. Former head of programming Fred Silverman left CBS and worked for ABC. He started the trend of TV about sexual gratification, humor and situations. It was nicknamed "jiggle television." Jiggle TV programs included the crime-fighting series ''Charlie's Angels*. It starred soon to be sex symbols Farrah Fawcett, Jaclyn Smith, and Kate Jackson

*Charlie's Angels* was one of many crime series during the 1970s. Another program, *Police Woman* was the first to have a female lead in the title role who also became a sex symbol. Other successful TV crime dramas included *The Streets of San Francisco*, *Columbo*, *Barnaby Jones*, *The Rockford Files*, *Starsky & Hutch* and *Kojak*. The most popular was *Hawaii Five-O*. For many years it was the longest-running crime show in the history of American television. Crime shows were then often criticized during the 1970s because they often had violent content. *CHiPs*, an action-packed police-buddy show, first aired in 1977. The police rarely used their guns in the show. 

### Science fiction
Science fiction became more popular as the 1970s progressed. Many sci-fi programs were popular during this time. They included *The Six Million Dollar Man*, *The Bionic Woman*, *Battlestar Galactica*, *Wonder Woman*, *The Incredible Hulk* and *Fantasy Island*.

### Soap operas
Another popular medium in U.S. television moving into the 1970s was soap operas. They moved from being watched exclusively by housewives to having a sizable audience of men (who largely watched *The Edge of Night*) and college students. The latter audience helped *All My Children'' gain a devoted following, as it was on during many universities' traditional "lunch period." In a *TIME* article written in 1976, it was estimated that as many as 35 million households tuned into at least one soap opera each afternoon, the most popular being *As the World Turns*. It routinely grabbed viewing figures of twelve million or higher each day.

The soap boom spawned a nighttime soap parody, *Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman*. The parody made a star out of Louise Lasser, who played the eponymous heroine. A rising soap opera toward the decade's end was ''Ryan's Hope*. It built on the success of the movie *Rocky*. Despite *Ryan's Hope'' starting earlier, the show's success came a while after the movie's release. The serial was about an Irish-American family running a pub in New York City. Television critics liked its realistic portrayal of an "ethnic" middle-class family in a contemporary setting. The show's matriarch, played by Helen Gallagher, won two Daytime Emmys. *General Hospital*, a soap that spent most of the decade with bad ratings, saw a rise in popularity around late 1978 due to its more youthful focus. It would not become a ratings giant until the 1980s.

ABC aired *Soap*, a sitcom that parodied soap operas. It had one of the first gay characters on U.S. television. Many stations refused to air the series (another storyline consisted of heroine Corinne Tate, played by Diana Canova, lusting after a priest who eventually left the priesthood to marry her). The escapist "fantasy" genre started in 1977 with *The Love Boat*. The series involved popular movie and television stars in guest roles as passengers on a luxury cruise liner that sailed up and down the Pacific Coast. It was followed in 1978 with *Fantasy Island*, starring Ricardo Montalban and Hervé Villechaize. 

### Daytime game shows
Daytime television had several game shows. They aired alongside soap operas during the mornings and afternoons. During the early years of the decade, *The Hollywood Squares* (NBC) was the most popular. It won numerous Emmy awards. Hosted by masterly emcee Peter Marshall, nine celebrities in a large tic-tac-toe board respond to questions. Contestants must state whether they "agree" or "disagree" with the answers. If they are correct, their "X"/"O" symbol lights up in the celeb's box. The first to get three in a row or a five-square wins.  

*Match Game* (CBS) was the most popular game show from 1973 to 1977. Fun between the panel and "ringmaster" host Gene Rayburn made it popular. At one point, it was the highest-rated daytime TV show in U.S. history. The show launched a spin-off, *Family Feud* (ABC). It was the #1 game show of the late 1970s. Two families squared off in assuming the most common answers to surveys of 100 people across the nation with such questions as, "name a public figure most Americans dislike." The simple idea was the main cause of its success. Other successful game shows during this decade included *The Price Is Right* (still on the air to this day), ''Let's Make a Deal*, *The $20,000 Pyramid*, *The Gong Show*, *The Newlywed Game*, *Password*, *Tattletales*, *Tic Tac Dough*, *Bowling for Dollars*, *Break the Bank* and *The Joker's Wild''.

### Television newscasts
Another influential genre was the television newscast. Each of the three television networks had widely recognizable and respected journalists on their newscasts: CBS anchor Walter Cronkite was voted "The Most Trusted Man in America" many times over. He led in the nightly ratings. NBC's John Chancellor and David Brinkley were a strong second, while ABC was in third place in the news department until the 1990s. It had a newscast with Howard K. Smith.

### The rise of television movies
The success of the 1971 television movie *Duel* signaled the rise of movies produced specifically for television. Some featured a hero or heroine whose life was in jeopardy, while others were pilots for proposed TV series to be picked up by a network. Still others centered on the destructiveness of a certain disease, whether medical or social. *Roots* is a multi-part miniseries that ran on a number of consecutive nights in early 1977. It proved to be a huge hit in the ratings and thus paved the way for others of its kind like *Shogun* and *The Thorn Birds*.

### Variety shows
Variety shows carried on in the 1970s with *The Carol Burnett Show*. With a repertory company that included Vicki Lawrence, Harvey Korman and Lyle Waggoner, the veterans' series ran well into the mid-1970s. NBC aired a variety show of its own, starring African-American comedian Flip Wilson. *The Flip Wilson Show* became a success and became the first show headed by an African-American comedian to become a ratings winner.

In 1971, while Fred Silverman was still working for CBS, he spotted singing duo Sonny & Cher doing a stand-up concert. He decided to turn it into a weekly variety show. In addition to some entertaining stand-up banter between the husband and wife, *The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour* would also have skits and music (mostly sung by Cher). The show was a ratings winner from the first episode and ran for three years. It was followed shortly after by singing duo Tony Orlando and Dawn.

Another group of singers who received a variety show in the 1970s were two of the famous singing Osmonds—Donny and his sister Marie. Sid & Marty Krofft set to work on their series and *Donny & Marie* premiered on ABC in the winter of 1976. Although the show became very popular, the Osmonds were equally ridiculed for their wholesome image and Mormon moral reputation (on an episode of *Good Times*, the lead character, Florida, listed three things in the world you just can't do, and one was "smile wider than Donny and Marie").

### Producers of 1970s television
Many prime-time programs of the 1970s were run by independent producers, often in association with a major Hollywood studio. A particularly successful independent producer at the dawn of the decade was Quinn Martin. Martin produced crime shows such as *The Streets of San Francisco*, *Cannon*, and *Dan August*. The latter show was a one-season cop series, starring Burt Reynolds, that would find greater popularity after its star had hit it big at the cinema. Martin's success faded during the last half of the decade. Norman Lear produced the socially relevant *All in the Family* as well as more innocuous fare such as *One Day at a Time*. Jack Webb oversaw *Adam-12* and *Emergency!.* Glen A. Larson produced a number of shows in association with Universal TV *(*McCloud*, *Switch*, etc.), *while David Gerber made a name for himself with such fare as Police Woman and Police Story. The latter was a one-hour anthology series with no series regulars.

Among 1970s TV producers, was Aaron Spelling. He would go on to be perhaps, according to an article written by Michael Idato for The Sydney Morning Herald, "the most prolific producer in TV history." Like Quinn Martin, Spelling was known for producing crime dramas (S.W.A.T., Starsky & Hutch). Spelling also produced more escapist shows like The Love Boat, Fantasy Island, and Charlie's Angels. There was also Family, a socially relevant hour-long series. It would win a number of Emmys during its four-year run. Spelling's success would continue well into the 1990s.

## Television by year
***1970** - Monday Night Football is first broadcast on (ABC). *Mary Tyler Moore* and *All My Children* premiere.
***1971** - *All in the Family* premieres. John Chancellor becomes the sole anchor of the NBC Nightly News.
***1972** - *M*A*S*H* and Bob Barker's *The Price Is Right* debut. Home Box Office becomes first pay-TV channel.
***1973** - Large-screen projection color TVs hit the market in the United States. *The Young and the Restless*, *Match Game* and *Pyramid* begin hugely successful daytime TV runs.
***1974** - *Happy Days* premieres on ABC. Monty Python's Flying Circus comes to American TV audiences for the first time. 
***1975** - *Saturday Night Live*, *Good Morning America, The Jeffersons* and *Wheel of Fortune* premiere. Sony introduces the Betamax, a home video tape recorder.
***1976** - *Family Feud* premieres on ABC
***1977** - The miniseries *Roots* airs on ABC. First episode of ''Three's Company*.
***1978** - *Dallas* begins the return of prime time soaps in the United States.
***1979** - 43 million viewers watch *Elvis!'' on ABC. All-sports cable channel ESPN is launched. The Pinwheel Channel changes its name to Nickelodeon.

## References