open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
São Tomé

**São Tomé** is the capital city of São Tomé and Príncipe. It is the largest city in the country.  The city has a population of 56,166 people. Its name is Portuguese for "Saint Thomas."  São Tomé is important as a port. It is located on Ana Chaves Bay in the north east of São Tomé Island.

## History 
The city was founded by Portugal in 1485. It is centred on a sixteenth century cathedral. Another early building is Fort São Sebastião. It was built in 1575 and is now the São Tomé National Museum. In 1599, the city as well as the islands were captured by the Dutch for two days and again in 1641 for a year. São Tomé was the colony's capital until 1753. It has been the national capital since 1852.

São Tomé is known for its role in the forced conversion of Jews during the Inquisition. When King Manuel I of Portugal wanted to force the Jews to convert, he took away their children and had them sent to this remote island.

## Areas of interest 
Features of the town include the Presidential Palace, the Fisherman's Church, and a cinema. The city is also home to two markets, a radio station, a hospital, and an international airport. São Tomé also serves as the center of the island's road and bus networks.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Open Directory Project - *Sao Tome and Principe*  directory category
Bangui

**Bangui** is the capital city of Central African Republic. It is the largest city in the country. The city has a population of 531,763 people. Most of the population of the Central African Republic lives in the western parts of the country, near Bangui.

## History 
The city was founded in 1889 in what was then the French colony Haut-Oubangui ('Upper Ubangi'). The colony was later renamed Oubangui-Chari and made part of French Equatorial Africa. The city grew around the French military post on the Ubangi river. Bangui served as an administration center for the colony and is now the administrative center of the CAR.

Much violence in Bangui came after the March 1981 elections. These elections took place after the French removed Jean-Bedel Bokassa from office and replaced him with David Dacko. People who did not like Dacko  Bangui and made Dacko leave the country. Andre Kolingba then formed the Comité Militaire pour le Redressement National.

About 200 Central African Republic soldiers mutinied in Bangui in May 1996. They wanted back pay and for dictator Patassé to be removed from control of the country.  French soldiers in the country stopped them and returned Patassé to power.  More than 50 people were killed during this time.

## Geography and Climate 
Bangui is on the northern banks of the Ubangi River. It is just below a series of rapids. The Congolese town of Zongo is on the opposite side of the river from Bangui. The city centre is near the river. It has a large triumphal arch, the Presidential Palace and the central market. North of the city lie rolling hills.

The Central African Republic is just north of the Equator. Because of this, the daily high temperatures rarely fall below the high 80s Fahrenheit. The rainy season lasts from May until October. Bangui, being in the south of the country and closest to the Equator, is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern parts of the country.

## Economy 
Bangui is an administrative, trade, and commercial center. Bangui makes textiles, food products, beer, shoes, and soap.  The main exports are cotton, timber, coffee, and sisal.  Unemployment in the city was near 23% as of 2001.

## Transportation 
Bangui is a river port. It is served by Bangui M'Poko International Airport.  The port handles the most of the country's trade with other countries.  River ferries sail to Brazzaville and Zongo. Roads connect the city to Cameroon, Chad, and Sudan.

## Culture 
Several periodicals and three daily newspapers  in Bangui.  Other things to see in Bangui include Boganda Museum and Bokassa Palace.

## Education 
Bangui is home to the University of Bangui. It was founded in 1970. The University of Bangui is the only non-agricultural college in the Central African Republic.

## Notes and references
Western United States

. Theregion is divided into the Mountain States and the Pacific States subregions.]]
The **Western United States**, commonly referred to as the **American West** or simply the **West**, traditionally refers to the westernmost states of the United States.  As the country expanded westward since its founding, the definition of the West has changed over time.

In the 18th and the early 19th centuries, the Appalachian Mountains were considered to be the boundary. of the West.  However, the Mississippi River is now often considered to be the easternmost possible boundary. The West played a large role in American history, and the American Old West is an important part of the country's folklore.

The region is divided into the Mountain States and the Pacific States subregions. The United States Census Bureau defines the Western United States as the following:

* Alaska
* Arizona
* California
* Colorado
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Montana
* Nevada
* New Mexico
* Oregon
* Utah
* Washington
* Wyoming
ITV

**ITV** (also known as **Independent Television**) is a British public broadcaster in the United Kingdom. It was set up in 1954 by the Television Act 1954 provide competition to the BBC. 

### History 
The Television Act 1954 outlined the service that Independent Television would produce. It also created the Independent Television Authority to manage the ITV network and its transmitters that would be used by the ITV companies to produce a regional service. In 1969, color television started in some areas of the ITV network and by 1975, the entire ITV network was in color. 

In 1998, ITV2 launched as a channel. It was mainly promoted with ONdigital (renamed ITV Digital in 2001) and it's subscription service even though ITV2 was free to air.

In 2002, all franchises in England and Wales started using the ITV1 name.

In 2004, ITV plc launched ITV3 as a free to air channel, replacing Plus (originally Granada Plus before Granada and Carlton merged into ITV plc.).

In 2005, ITV plc launched ITV4. The channel was supposed to replace Men & Motors, the last channel of the Granada Sky Broadcasting deal that was finalised in 1996, but it would end up replacing the ITV News channel.

In 2009, ITV1 HD launched as a high definition channel on Freeview HD and 5 months later on other platforms.

In 2025, ITV launched a deal with Disney under which its streaming service ITVX would share film and TV content with Disney+.
## Current ITV regions
Listed as they were originally named and as they are known now:

*Anglia Television (now known as 'ITV Anglia', broadcasting to the East of England)
*Carlton Central (now known as 'ITV Central', broadcasting to the English Midlands)
*Carlton / London Weekend Television (now known as 'ITV London', broadcasting to London)
*Meridian Broadcasting (now known as 'ITV Meridian', broadcasting to South West England)
*Tyne Tees Television (now known as 'ITV Tyne Tees', broadcasting to North East England)
*Granada Television (now known as 'ITV Granada', broadcasting to North West England)
*Channel Television (now known as 'ITV Channel Television' broadcasting to the Channel Islands)
*Yorkshire Television (now known as 'ITV Yorkshire' broadcasting to Yorkshire and Lincolnshire)

## Related pages
*ITV Yorkshire

## References
Burlington, Wyoming

**Burlington** is a town in Big Horn County, Wyoming, United States. It has 314 people living in it as of the 2020 census.

The town has an area of 1.0&nbsp;mi². This area is all land.

Children from Burlington go to Burlington High School, Burlington Junior High, and Burlington Elementary.

## References
Secularism

**Secularism**, also called **Secularity,** is the idea of something being not religious or not connected to a church or other religious organization. An example of this is the government, which is independent of any religion in many states. In some countries, such as Pakistan, England (though not the rest of the UK), Greece, Iran or Saudi Arabia, there is a state religion. In that case, the government follows the state religion. In contrast, India, South Africa or the United States have laws that religion and government should stay separate.

In a theocracy like the Vatican City and Iran, the priests of religion are the rulers of the country.

## Related pages
* Secular humanism
* Secular state
* Separation of church and state
* State religion
* Theocracy
* Freedom of religion
Jérémie Aliadière

**Jérémie Aliadière** (born 30 March 1983) is a French former professional footballer who played as a striker.

## Career statistics
## Honours
**Arsenal U18**
*FA Youth Cup: 2000–01

**Arsenal**
*Premier League: 2003–04 2004
*Football League Cup runner-up: 2006–07

**France U21**
*Toulon Tournament: 2004

**Individual**
*FC Lorient Player of the Year: 2013

## References
Walgreens

**Walgreens** is a pharmacy chain in the United States. It was founded in 1901 in Chicago. Its  headquarters are in Deerfield, Illinois.

In the 1980s, Walgreens owned and operated a chain of casual family restaurants/pancake houses called Wag's. It was very similar to Denny's, IHOP and Golden Bear. In 1988, Walgreens sold most of Wag's to Marriott Corporation and by 1991 the chain was out of business.

On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced that it would acquire another pharmacy chain, Rite Aid.

## References
## Other websites
*
Cascade Volcanic Arc

The **Cascade Volcanic Arc** (also known as the **Cascades** or the **Cascade Range**) is a major range of volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California. 

The arc is central to the Cascade Range, a mountain range in the Pacific Northwest. It includes about 20 major volcanoes, among over 4,000 separate volcanic vents.

Twelve volcanoes in the arc are over 10,000&nbsp;ft (3,000 m) in height, and the two highest, Mount Rainier and Mount Shasta, are over 14,000&nbsp;ft (4,300 m). By volume, the two largest Cascade volcanoes are the broad shields of Medicine Lake Volcano and Newberry Volcano, which are about 145&nbsp;mi³ (600&nbsp;km³) and 108&nbsp;mi³ (450&nbsp;km³) respectively.

The volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago, but most of the present-day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2 million years old. The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the arc was at Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980.

The major volcanoes in the arc include Mount Silverthrone, Mount Meager, Mount Cayley, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, Three Sisters, Broken Top, Mount Bachelor, Newberry Volcano, Mount Thielsen, Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), Mount McLoughlin, Medicine Lake Volcano, Mount Shasta, Mount Tehama and Lassen Peak.

## References 
*Harris, Stephen L. 2005. *Fire mountains of the West: the Cascade and Mono Lake volcanoes*. 3rd ed, Mountain Press Publishing Company. 

## Other websites 
*Living with volcanic risk in the Cascades
Monaco Grand Prix

**The Monaco Grand Prix** (Grand Prix de Monaco) is a Formula One race held each year on the Circuit de Monaco. Run since 1929, it is widely considered to be one of the most important and prestigious automobile races in the world alongside the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

## Winners
### Repeat winners (drivers)
*Drivers **in bold** are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.*
 won the race a record six times]]

### Repeat winners (constructors)
*Teams **in bold** are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.*
*A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.*
*A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.*

### Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
*Manufacturers **in bold** are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.*
*A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.*
*A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.*

 Between 1998 and 2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

 Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

 Built by  Porsche

### By year
*A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.*
*A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.*
 won the Monaco Grand Prix three times in a row from 2013 to 2015, racing for Mercedes.]]

## References
Lil' Kim

**Kimberly Denise Jones**, better known as '''Lil' Kim'* (born July 11, 1974), is an American rapper, actress and model.. She released her first album, *Hard Core*, in 1996. It was very successful. In 2001 she released a single with Christina Aguilera, Mýa, and Pink called "Lady Marmalade" for the *Moulin Rouge!* soundtrack which reached number 1 on the US* Billboard'' Hot 100, making her the first female rapper to have a number 1 on the chart. It also reached number 1 in 13 other countries and won two MTV Video Music Awards and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Kim also rapped on Aguilera's 2003 single "Can't Hold Us Down". It was nominated for the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.

## Career
In 1994 Kim was a member of rap group Junior M.A.F.I.A.. The group released one album *Conspiracy* in 1995.
In 1999, Kim started her own record label, Queen Bee Entertainment. Kim left Junior M.A.F.I.A. in late 2001.

In 2003 Kim released a single called "Magic Stick". 50 Cent raps in the song. It reached number 2 in the Hot 100 and was also nominated for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the Grammy Awards. In 2012 she did a tour of the United States, Return of the Queen Tour.

Kim released her first solo single in four years, "Looks Like Money" in 2013. On November, 29 (Black Friday), 2013 Kim is going to release a mixtape, *Hard Core 2K13*. She released the first song from it, "Dead Gal Walking" Halloween 2013.

## Fights
Kim has been in a fight with Nicki Minaj since *Pink Friday*. 

## Discography
### Studio albums 
* *Hard Core* (November 12, 1996) (Big Beat Records)
* *The Notorious K.I.M.* (June 27, 2000) (Atlantic Records)
* *La Bella Mafia* (March 4, 2003) (Atlantic Records)
* *The Naked Truth* (September 27, 2005) (Atlantic Records)

### Remix albums 
* *Dance Remixes* (June 6, 2006)

### Mixtapes 
* *Ms. G.O.A.T.* (June 3, 2008)
* *Black Friday* (February 14, 2011)
* *Hard Core 2* (September 11, 2014)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Plasma window

A **Plasma window** is a field of plasma that fills an area of space. It is similar to a force field. The area is created by using magnetism to hold the plasma in place. With current technology, this area of space is quite small. It is in the shape of a flat planes inside a cylinder.

As plasma increases in temperature, it becomes thicker. At a high enough temperature, plasma is thick enough to separate a vacuum from normal atmosphere. Plasma does not stop radiation, such as lasers, from moving through it. Because of this, scientists can use a plasma window to create an area of vacuum while still letting radiation to move through it. This is needed because certain types of radiation can only be created in a vacuum, but scientists need to use the radiation on things that are found in a normal atmosphere.

## History 
The Plasma Window was created at Brookhaven National Laboratory by Ady Hershcovitch. It was patented in 1995. Other creations using the same idea as the plasma window include the Plasma Valve.

## Plasma Valve 
The Plasma Valve is related to a plasma window. It was created a year after the plasma window. The plasma Valve is a layer of gas inside a special shell. A ring around the shell holds a vacuum. A breach in the ring can be very bad but technology lets scientists shut off the machine in time before anything happens.

## Properties 
A plasma window is usually created at temperatures of 15,000 kelvin. The only limit to the window's size is the amount of energy needed to create it. A window needs 20 kW of energy for every inch in size.

Plasma windows will glow in different colors depending on the gas used to create the plasma.

## Other websites 
*Official article by Ady Hershcovitch  - Inventor of the Plasma Window.
*BROOKHAVEN LAB WINS R&D 100 AWARD FOR THE "PLASMA WINDOW" 
*Brookhaven National Laboratory - Where the Plasma Window was invented
*News on the Plasma Window 
*Plasma Valve Patent
Advance

**Advance** can also mean:

*Advance, an offensive push in sports, games, or military combat
*Advance payment for goods or services
*USS *Advance* was the name of several ships in the United States Navy.
*Advance magazine, the magazine published by the Church of Scientology's Advanced Organization of Los Angeles
*Game Boy Advance, one generation of Nintendo's Game Boy

## Places in the United States
*Advance, Arkansas
*Advance, California
*Advance, Illinois
*Advance, Indiana
*Advance, Michigan
*Advance, Missouri
*Advance, North Carolina
*Advance, Ohio
*Advance, Oregon
*Advance, Pennsylvania
*Advance, Wisconsin
*Advance Township, North Dakota
Bari

**Bari** (; Bari dialect: ***Bare***; ; ) is a city in southern Italy. Bari is the capital of Bari Provence and of the Apulia Region. The city itself has a population of about 320,475, as of 2011, over 116&nbsp;km2, while the fast-growing urban area counts 653,028 inhabitants over 203&nbsp;km2. The metropolitan area has a million inhabitants. It is the second biggest city in southern Italy (after Naples).

During World War II there was an air raid on Bari. It was called the "Little Pearl Harbor".

## Geography
### Municipalities
Bari is divided into 5 municipalities (*Municipi*), constituted in 2014. The municipality is also divided into 17 official neighbourhoods ("quartieri").

### Climate
Bari has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (*Csa* in the Koeppen climate classification) with mild winters and hot, dry summers. Snowfall is rare.
During the summer of 2008 temperatures reached as high as .

### Twin towns—Sister cities
Bari is twinned with:

## Gallery 

File:Castello normanno-svevo (Bari) 2017.jpg
File:Izlošci zbirke u Bariju.jpg
File:Bari u rujnu.jpg
File:Palazzo del Governo (Bari).jpg
File:Spomenik u talijanskom gradu Bariju.jpg
File:Palazzo delle Finanze (Bari).jpg
File:Katedrala sv. Sabina.jpg
File:Katedrala sv. Sabina, Bari, Apulija.jpg
File:U Bazilici svetog Nikole u Bariju 2017.jpg
File:Nadvratnik crkve u Bariju.jpg
File:U Bariju u crkvi 2017.jpg
File:Crkva, Bari 2017.jpg
File:Muzej sv. Nikole.jpg
File:U Bariju gradu.jpg

## References
## Other websites
* Site of AQP S.p.A. - Acquedotto Pugliese S.p.A.
* City of Bari 
* Province of Bari
Shaman

, from a picture taken in 1908 , showing shaman. She is probably of Khakas ethnicity. (Picture taken by by S. I. Borisov)]]

A **shaman** is a kind of medicine man who practices shamanism. Shamans were believed to be able to talk to the spirit world, usually animal spirits. Shamans "are ... thought to have the ability to heal the sick, [and] to (talk with or) communicate with the otherworld, and often to (travel with, or) escort the souls of the dead to [another world where our spirit can go, or] that otherworld", according to media.

In some tribes shamanism is important such as the Yanomamis (a Venezuelan tribe in the Venezuelan forest).

A shaman was a person who had a special connection to the spiritual world.

, 17th century. Witsen called him a "priest of the Devil"; The drawing has feet, and those have claws;.]]
## Related pages
* Spiritism
*Medicine man
*Ainu
Mount Edziza

**Mount Edziza** is a dormant volcano in British Columbia, Canada. The volcano is 38 km southeast of Telegraph Creek in an area of potentially active volcanos in the Stikine Volcanic Belt. It is a shield volcano that began erupting about 10 million years ago with continued activity until about 1,340 years ago.

Edziza is made up of a lot of cinder cones and blocky lava flows that still keep their first forms. This is the second biggest area of volcanic activity in the northern Stikine Volcanic Belt as well as in Canada. The complex includes the Mount Edziza Plateau, a big volcanic plateau (65 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide) made of mostly basaltic lava flows with four big stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau.

A lot of eruptions have happened in the last 10,000 years including: Desolation, Mess Lake, Snowshoe Lava Fields, Kana Cone, Eve Cone, Cinder Cliff, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Williams Cone, and Walkout Creek. Many of the volcanic features in the volcanic complex are protected as part of Mount Edziza Provincal Park one of the bigger provincial parks in British Columbia.

## References
Omar Khayyam

**Omar Khayyām** () or **Omar Khayyam** (18 May 1048 Nishapur, (Iran) – 4 December 1131) was a Persian, mathematician, astronomer and poet.

In mathematics he contributed to the theory of equations, to the understanding of the parallel axiom, and possibly to the generalization of the binomial theorem. As an astronomer he contributed to a calendar reform when Sultan Malik-Shah decided that the calendar needed some adjusting. He is best known for his agnostic and sceptic poetry, largely because of the publication in 1859 of *Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam* by the translator Edward Fitzgerald.

## References 
* E.G. Browne. *Literary History of Persia*. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and 25 years in the writing). 1998. 
* Jan Rypka, *History of Iranian Literature*. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968. 

## Related pages
* List of Persian poets and authors

## Other websites 
* 
* The Persian Poet (http://www.omar-khayyam.org ) - Contains the translations by Edward FitzGerald and a biography.
* The Rubaiyat 
* On Omar's solutions to cubic equations 
* Khayyam, Umar. A biography by Professor Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota.
* 
* The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam
Lint (material)

**Lint** is a collection of clothing fibers and other materials usually on or around clothing.  

## Types
### Pocket lint 
Pocket lint is lint in the bottom of pockets. Pocket lint is usually made up of, but not limited to detached fabric, dust and paper scraps. In some contexts, pocket lint may also refer to random items in one's pocket.

### Navel lint 
**Navel lint**, also called **belly button lint**, **belly button fluff** or **navel fluff**, is an collection of fluffy fibres in one's navel.

Many people find that, at the beginning and end of the day, a small lump of fluff has appeared in the navel cavity. People have wondered why this happens for many years. In 2001, Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki of the University of Sydney, Australia, did a survey to find out why this happens. This is what he found out:

* Navel lint is mostly stray fibers from one's clothing, mixed with some dead skin cells and body hair.
* Unlike what most people think, navel lint comes from a person's underwear and not from their shirts or tops. The fibres move there from friction of body hair on underwear.
* Women have less navel lint because of their finer and shorter body hairs. Older men have it more because of they have more hair and it is thicker.
* Navel lint's color is usually blue-gray.  The color is most likely an average of all clothing colors worn.
* Navel lint is entirely harmless and does not need to be corrected.

Dr. Kruszelnicki was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize for Interdisciplinary Research in 2002. The Ig Nobel Prize is given for "achievements that cannot or should not be repeated".

Austrian scientist Georg Steinhauser has also done research on the navel lint.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* A tree grows in a man's navel lint 
* World record navel lint collection by Graham Barker
Deomyinae

The subfamily **Deomyinae** consists of four genera of mouse-like rodents. These were placed in the subfamilies Murinae and Dendromurinae until very recently.  They are sometimes called **Acomyinae**, particularly in references that predate the discovery that the link rat, *Deomys ferugineus*, is part of the clade.  Deomyinae is the older and more appropriate name.

Deomyines share no morphological characteristics that can be used to separate them from other muroids. Subtle aspects of the third upper molar have been suggested, though.  This subfamily is united solely on the basis of shared genetic mutations.  These conclusions have demonstrated good statistical support using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization.

Because of the lack of physical characteristics that supportthis group, it is very possible that the subfamily as it is currently recognized could grow bigger.  Many of the genera currently placed in Murinae or Dendromurinae have never been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis.  There are potential surprises awaiting when they are.

All genera are found in Africa, suggesting the deomyines may have originated there.  The spiny mice, *Acomys* spp. are also found in Asia.

There are currently 4 genera and 36 species included in the Deomyinae.

## List of Genera
*Subfamily Deomyinae
**Genus *Acomys* - spiny mice
**Genus *Deomys* - link rat
**Genus *Lophuromys* - brush-furred mice
**Genus *Uranomys* - Rudd's mouse

## References
*Chevret, P., C. Denys, J.-J. Jaeger, J. Michaux, AND F. M. Catzeflis. 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (*Acomys*) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90:3433-3436.

*Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

*Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

*Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Spiny mouse

The term **spiny mouse** refers to any species of rodent within the genus ***Acomys***. They are usually called spiny mice in English.  They look like mice of the genus *Mus*. Spiny mice are small mammals with bare, scaled tails.  Their coats have unusually stiff guard hairs that work the same way as the spines of a hedgehog. These stiff hairs are why they are called the *spiny mouse*.

Even though they look like members of the genus *Mus*, scientists thhink that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice.

## Spiny mice as exotic pets
African spiny mice originated in the deserts of Africa. They are often kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world, particularly Western nations such as the United States. In the pet trade, they are commonly called Egyptian spiny mice or, more simply, spiny mice.  Though these animals are like pet mice and rats, the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate.  The spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury.

## Housing
Because of their desert origin, spiny mice need warm temperatures and should be kept around 80 degrees Fahrenheit.  These animals are very social and should always be housed in groups when possible.  As spiny mice are prone to obesity (getting too fat), it is important to provide a big space and a complex environment to encourage exercise. They need constant attention and should NEVER be housed in a cage smaller than 4X4 ft.

## Reproduction
Gestation length is between 38 and 42 days.  Litters are normally 2 to 3 pups, but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter.  Other females within the social group may help in the birthing process and look after the pups.  Pups are born with their eyes open and covered in fur. They will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age.  Pups are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks.  A female can become pregnant at any time in the year and may have up to 12 litters in a year.  Spiny mice can live for 4 to 5 years.

## Other websites 
*
*List of Rodent/Lagomorph Scientific Names  - Includes several species of African spiny mouse

## References
Lint

**Lint** could mean:
* Fibrous coat of thick hairs covering the seeds of the cotton plant
* Fuzzy fluff that accumulates on various fabrics
* Fibers that become trapped in the *lint filter* of a clothes dryer
* Navel lint, an accumulation of fluffy fibers in one's navel
* Pocket lint, an accumulation of fibers found in pockets.

**Lint** could also mean:
* Tim Armstrong, a punk rock musician, known from Operation Ivy, Rancid, and Transplants
* Lint (Belgium), a municipality located in Belgium
* Lint programming tool, a tool that helps people to write better C code.
* Alstom LHB Coradia LINT, light rail vehicle built by Alstom
* LINT0 and LINT1, LINTX etc. the interrupt lines on x86 microprocessors.
Khayyam

**Khayyam** could mean:

* Khayyam, Iran
* Mohammed Zahur Khayyam (20th century), Indian music composer
* Kerry Thornley (1938-1998), co-founder of Discordianism, who wrote as Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst
* Omar Khayyám (1048-1131), Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer
* Omar Khayam (born 1983),British protester who dressed as a Suicide bomber
The Cumshots

**The Cumshots** is a heavy metal band from Norway. The band was formed in 1999 by Kristopher Schau and Ole Petter Andreassen.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007)

**Subtropical Storm Andrea** was now the first named storm and first subtropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was made on May 9; three weeks earlier than when the 2007 season was supposed to start. Andrea started from a non-tropical rain weather area off the coast of Daytona Beach, Florida. After staying close to the same area, on May 10, Andrea weakened into a subtropical depression after coming near to dry air and wind shear, and on the next day, the National Hurricane Center stopped looking at the storm and stopped giving out advisories.

The storm made bad surf along the beach areas from Florida to North Carolina. Andrea killed a total of 6 people not in a direct way, and 5 of those deaths happened when Andrea was extratropical before being a subtropical storm.

Andrea was the first tropical storm to form before the official start of the season since Tropical Storm Ana from the 2003 season which formed on April 2003. The storm was also the first named storm to form in the month of May since Tropical Storm Arlene from the 1981 season.

## Storm history 
Subtropical Storm Andrea formed out of an area of a kind of strong non-tropical rainy place that slowly moved around the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of South Carolina. After becoming stronger a bit more and having the National Hurricane Center look at the storm closely, it was named "Andrea" on May 9 after the NHC discovered that the system had a closed low-level spinning and looked subtropical.

The storm did little more than stay near the same place before it became weak and turned into a subtropical depression after coming in contact with dry air and wind shear, both things which weaken tropical and subtropical cyclones. Andrea then died out off the coast of Florida on May 11 after collapsing because of bad weather conditions for the storm.

## Preparations 
The extratropical system that would later be Andrea created high waves that made the National Weather Service give a High Surf Advisory at the coastlines between Florida and North Carolina. Almost right after the NHC called the storm Andrea, it also gave out Tropical Storm Watches to Florida and Georgia's coast.  But the NHC those stopped giving out advisories after Andrea weakened into a depression.

## Impact 
Andrea was known to have killed a total of 6 people, while 5 of the people killed happened before Andrea became a subtropical storm. Also, the storm only made small damages between the Florida and the North Carolina coast.

## Related pages
* Subtropical cyclone
* 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
* List of hurricanes in Florida

## References
## Other websites 
*Advisory archive on Subtropical Storm Andrea
Force field (technology)

A **force field** is a field of energy that usually blocks something. The force field is common in science fiction and fantasy stories. The ideal of a force field may be from the vector field, thought it resembled the *warding spells*, the protective magic that was claimed to be used by shamans from long ago.

## Research and development 
The plasma window is a real-live object that resembles the force field, it provides a separation between vacuum and gas. There is only one true ideal of creating a 'force shield': using an electric field to change the way metallic items move, although no power is known to be powerful enough to do this.

## Other websites 
* Electrostatic "invisible wall" encountered in a plastic film factory Report from an electrostatics industry symposium.
Heteromyidae

The family of rodents that include kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice and rock pocket mice is the **Heteromyidae** family. Most **heteromyids** live in complex burrows in the deserts and grasslands of western North America. Some species within the *Heteromys* and *Liomys* genera are also found in forests and can be found down as far as northern South America. They feed mostly on seeds and other plant parts, which they carry in their cheek pouches to their burrows.

Although they are very different in physical appearance, the closest relatives of the heteromyids are pocket gophers in the Geomyidae family.

## Taxonomy
***Family Heteromyidae**
**Subfamily Heteromyinae
***Genus *Heteromys*
***Genus *Liomys*
**Subfamily Dipodomyinae - *Kangaroo rats and mice*
***Genus *Dipodomys* - *Kangaroo rat*
***Genus *Microdipodops* - *Kangaroo mouse*
**Subfamily Perognathinae - *Pocket mice*
***Genus *Perognathus* - *Silky pocket mouse*
***Genus *Chaetodipus* - *Pocket mouse* (uncertain where to put it)

## References
*Alexander, L. F. and B. R. Riddle. 2005. Phylogenetics of the New World rodent family Heteromyidae. Journal of Mammalogy, 86:399-379.

## Other websites 
*http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heteromyidae.html
Kangaroo mouse

A **kangaroo mouse** is either one of the two species of jumping mouse (genus ***Microdipodops***) native to the deserts of the Southwestern United States. Most of them can be found in the state of Nevada.  The name "kangaroo mouse" refers to the species' extraordinary jumping ability, as well as its habit of bipedal locomotion.  The two species are:
*Pale Kangaroo Mouse - *Microdipodops pallidus*
*Dark Kangaroo Mouse - *Microdipodops megacephalus*

Both species of kangaroo mouse live in sandy desert ecosystems. They forage for seeds and vegetation amongst the scrub brush of their native habitat.  The Dark Kangaroo Mouse is also known to feed occasionally on insects and carrion.  Interestingly, the mouse never drinks water, instead deriving it metabolically from the foods it eats.  The kangaroo mouse collects food and maintains large stocks in their burrows. These burrows are excavated to a length of between 3 and 8 feet (1 to 2.5 meters).  The burrow, the entrance to which the mouse covers during daylight hours, is also used to raise litters of between 2 and 7 young.  The Pale Kangaroo Mouse burrows only in fine sand, while the Dark Kangaroo Mouse prefers fine, gravelly soils but may also burrow in sand or sandy soil.  Kangaroo mice are nocturnal, and are most active in the two hours following sunset.  They are believed to hibernate during cold weather.

The kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats, which belong to the same subfamily, Dipodomyinae.

## Kangaroo mice in pop culture
*In Frank Herbert's classic science fiction series Dune, the protagonist Paul Atreides acquires the name Muad'Dib. In the Fremen language of Chakobsa, the name means kangaroo mouse. On the planet Arrakis, kangaroo mice are known as "instructor-of-boys,"  due to their great survival abilities.

## References
*Brylski, P. "Pale Kangaroo Mouse" . California Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved July 9, 2005.
*Brylski, P. "Dark Kangaroo Mouse" . California Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved July 9, 2005.
*"Microdipodops" (TSN 180251). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 27, 2022.

## Other websites
Silky pocket mouse

The **silky pocket mouse** (*Perognathus flavus*) is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae.  Like other members of the heteromyid family, they are more closely related to pocket gophers than to true mice.

## Characteristics
The silky pocket mice are small animals with soft fur, long tails, and small feet compared to other heteromyids.  They have long claws which they use for digging burrows and sifting sandy substrates for seeds.  They have also been found to steal seeds from kangaroo rats' dens.http://www.livescience.com/animalworld/060811_desert_thieves.html   They store these seeds in large hairy external cheek pouches.  They are nocturnal and are found in arid habitats.  They are not true hibernators, but will go into torpor and stay in their burrows for extended periods of time.

## Further reading 
#Duff, A. and A. Lawson. 2004. Mammals of the World A Checklist. New Haven, Yale University Press.
#Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. ''Walker's Mammals of the World'', 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp. 

## References
Chaetodipus

***Chaetodipus*** is a genus of pocket mouse. Like other members of their family such as pocket mice in the genus *Perognathus*, they are more closely related to pocket gophers than to true mice.

## Characteristics
Members of this genus range in size from 80 to 125&nbsp;mm (head and body) and weigh 15-47 grams (Nowak, 1999). Unlike the silky pocket mice (genus *Perognathus*), most species of the genus *Chaetodipus* have harsh pelage with some bordering on spiny hair. They tend to be found in arid habitats where they feed on seeds, vegetation, and insects (Nowak, 1999). Females give birth to a litter of 2-9 young after a gestation period of just under a month. The longest recorded lifespan is 8 years and 4 months (Nowak, 1999).

Sometimes members of the genus *Chaetodipus* are placed in the genus *Perognathus*.

## References
* Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. ''Walker's Mammals of the World*, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp. 
* Patton, J. L. 2005. Family Heteromyidae. pp.&nbsp;844–858 *in'' Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Geomyoidea

**Geomyoidea** is a superfamily of rodents that contains the pocket gophers (Geomyidae), the kangaroo rats and mice (Heteromyidae), and their fossil relatives.

## Characteristics 
Although they do not look similar, gophers are joined with kangaroo rats into a common superfamily. This is widely agreed. Overall morphology, the fossil record, sequence analysis, and biogeography all support this relationship.

Modern geomyoids are mostly restricted to North America, but some have extended their range into South America since the Great American Interchange. Fossil taxa are known from throughout Laurasia.

## Relation to other rodents 
Some authorities consider the geomyoids related to squirrels, beavers, and mountain beavers.

Other authorities consider geomyoids may be related to mice, jerboas, and perhaps dormice.

## References 
*McKenna, Malcolm C. and Bell, Susan K. 1997. *Classification of Mammals above the species level.* Columbia University Press, New York.
Perognathinae

**Perognathinae** is a subfamiliy of rodents. It contains the silky pocket mouse and the pocket mouse

## References
Dodoria

**Dodoria** (ドドリア, *Dodoria*) is a character in *Dragonball Z*.

## Appearance
Dodoria is a large, round alien warrior and appears be overweight by human standards. He has protruding spikes on his arms and head. He also wears the same armor as most of Lord Frieza's men, including the shoulder pads and a green scouter.

## Storyline
Before the events of Dragon Ball Z, Dodoria was always by Frieza's side along with Zarbon. He witnessed the killing of King Vegeta and the destruction of Planet Vegeta. Before the destruction, he and a group of his elites were sent to eradicate Bardock and his team of fighters. He was successful in killing most of the team, but he left Bardock alive after using a powerful mouth blast on him. Both Frieza and Zarbon looked down upon him for carelessly leaving him alive.

Dodoria accompanied his master, Frieza, and his comrade in battle, Zarbon, to the green Planet Namek in search of the Namek Dragonballs. While searching in a village for a Dragonball, Dodoria killed a few villagers, but before he could kill Dende, he was attacked by Krillin and Gohan. He pursued them, but they escaped after Krillin used a blinding attack called Solar Flare. Dodoria then launched an attack over a large area, which led him to believe that he had killed them.

On his way back, he was ambushed by Vegeta, who easily overpowered him. Dodoria tried to bargain with him  by telling him the secret of the destruction of Planet Vegeta, but Vegeta did not care. Vegeta killed him during his attempted escape. He has cameos afterward during the movie *Fusion Reborn* and in the Super Android 17 Saga when people from Hell are able to escape. He is killed again both times. In addition, he also loses his scouter while he searches for Vegeta.

## Abilities
Dodoria uses his brute force to overwhelm his opponents. He has the generic powers that many other Dragon Ball characters share, including the ability to throw numerous exceptionally-powerful rapid blasts. He can also emit blasts from his mouth as well, which are most commonly known as mouth blasts. Dodoria's most noticeable trait is his ability to throw his weight around. He is extremely fast in spite of his weight. He can perform multiple spins and aerial strikes regardless of his size.

## Video game appearances
Dodoria has appeared as a playable character in many video games, some of which include *Dragon Ball Z: Budokai*, *Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi*, and *Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2*. He is also in *Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors 2* but only as a support-type character.

## References
* Everything here comes exactly from the English dubs, not the manga
Pocket gopher

The **pocket gophers** are burrowing rodents of the family **Geomyidae**.  These are the "true" gophers. Several ground squirrels of the family Sciuridae are often called gophers as well. They are not true gophers,though.  The name "pocket gopher" on its own is used for a number of subspecies of the family. Pocket gophers, despite being largely a pest, are a symbol of the U.S. state of Minnesota, sometimes called "the Gopher State". They are a pest and are killed with dry ice.

## Distribution
Pocket gophers are widely distributed in North America, extending into Central America.

## Appearance
Gophers are heavily built, and most are moderately large. They usually  weigh a few hundred grams.  A few species reach weights approaching 1 kg.  Most gophers have brown fur which often closely matches the color of the soil in which they live.  Their most characteristic feature is their large cheek pouches. The *pocket* in their name comes from these pouches. These pouches are fur-lined, and can be turned inside out.  They extend from the side of the mouth well back onto the shoulders. They have small eyes and a short, hairy tail which they use to feel around tunnels when they walk backwards.

## Behavior
All pocket gophers are burrowers. They are larder hoarders, and their cheek pouches are used for transporting food back to their burrows.  Gophers can collect large hoards. Their presence is unambiguously announced by the appearance of mounds of fresh dirt about 20 cm in diameter.  These mounds will often appear in vegetable gardens, lawns, or farms, as gophers like moist soil.  They also enjoy feeding on vegetables.  For this reason, some species are considered agricultural pests. They may also damage trees in forests.  Although they will attempt to flee when threatened, they may attack other animals, including cats and humans, and can inflict serious bites with their long, sharp teeth.

## Classification 
There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of pocket gopher should be recognised as full species. There are about 37 species in six genera.

## Other websites 
*Article on the Animal Diversity Web site 
*eNature flashcard with image (southeastern pocket gopher) 
*eNature flashcard with image (western pocket gopher)
Grist

**Grist** is grain that has been separated from its chaff and is ready for grinding. It can also mean grain that has already been ground at a grist mill. The word *grist* is related to the verb "to grind".
Argemone

An **argemone** or **prickly poppy** is a plant used for decoration. It is related to the poppy. The plant is common in the Americas.

## References
Armen Grigoryan

**Armen Grigoryan** () is the front man (and main songwriter) of "Crematorium" (Krematorij) Russian rock-band.

Grigoryan was born on November 24, 1960 in Moscow. His parents were Armenian. In 1983, he formed "Crematorium" which gained a reputation throughout the former Soviet Union and began to perform at concerts all over the country. Armen Grigoryan helped the development of Russian rock music. He composes lyrics that frequently deal with the themes of life and death in various religious contexts.

## Discography (solo) 
* Armen Grigoryan and "3' Angel" - "Kitayskij Tank" (Chinese Tank) (2006)

## Other websites 
* Official site of Crematorium
* 3' Angel
Medieval Latin

**Medieval Latin** was the form of Latin that was used in the Middle Ages. It was used mostly by scholars and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but it was used also as a language of science, literature and administration.

Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, Medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin. There is no consensus on exactly when Late Latin ends, and Medieval Latin begins. Some scholars have their surveys of it begin with the rise of early Christian Latin in the mid-4th century, but others have around the year 500.

 (Cambridge University Library, Gg. 5. 35), 11. cent.]]

## Important Medieval Latin authors 
### 4th-5th centuries
*Aetheria (fl. 385)
*St Jerome (c. 347-420)

### 6th-8th centuries
*Gildas (d. c. 570)
*Venantius Fortunatus (c. 530-c. 600)
*Gregory of Tours (c. 538-594)
*Isidore of Seville (c. 560-636)
*Bede (c. 672-735)

### 9th-10th centuries
*Ratherius (890-974)
*Thietmar of Merseburg (975-1018)

## Notes
## References
*K. P. Harrington, J. Pucci, and A. G. Elliott, *Medieval Latin* (2nd ed.), (Univ. Chicago Pres, 1997) 

## Other websites
**    Wright, Thomas, ed.  A Selection of Latin Stories, from Manuscripts of the Thirteenth and Founteenth Centuries: A Contribution to the History of Fiction During the Middle Ages.*  (London: The Percy Society. 1842.)
*Mental furniture from the philosophers, article on the influence of medieval Latin on modern technical vocabulary.
Intercity Express

The **Intercity-Express** (abbreviated: **ICE**; sometimes stylized as *InterCityExpress*), is a category of high speed trains, which are operated by DB Fernverkehr since 1991. It is the highest service and fare category (Class A) of rail in Germany and the flagship train of the German state railway, Deutsche Bahn. There are currently 259 trainsets in use.

The trains have an operating speed of up to 300 km/h. They are one of fastest trains in the world. Some of the high-speed lines in Germany are:
* Cologne to Frankfurt am Main (up to 300 km/h)
* Nuremberg over Ingolstadt to Munich (up to 300 km/h)
* Hanover over Kassel to Würzburg (up to 250 km/h)
* Mannheim to Stuttgart (up to 250 km/h)
* Cologne to Düren (up to 250 km/h)
* Hannover to Berlin (up to 250 km/h)
* Hamburg to Berlin (up to 230 km/h)

There are other (upgraded) lines where the trains can reach 200 km/h. Some new high-speed lines are under construction, some are in planning.

ICE trains are also travelling to Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, The Netherlands and Switzerland. Some of the destinations in other countries are: Aarhus, Brussels, Utrecht, Liege, Arnhem, Basel, Bern, Salzburg, Linz, Metz, Innsbruck, Amsterdam, Paris, Zürich and Vienna.

## References