open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Youth in Revolt (movie)

***Youth in Revolt*** is a 2009 American comedy movie based on C.D. Payne's novel and directed by Miguel Arteta. It was released on January 8, 2010 at the Deauville American Film Festival in September 2009. The movie received positive reviews with a 69% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 63 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast 
*Michael Cera as Nick Twisp/François Dillinger
*Portia Doubleday as Sheeni Saunders
*Jean Smart as Estelle Twisp
*Mary Kay Place as Mrs. Saunders
*Zach Galifianakis as Jerry
*Justin Long as Paul Saunders
*Ray Liotta as Lance Wescott
*Steve Buscemi as George Twisp
*M. Emmet Walsh as Phil Saunders
*Jonathan Bradford Wright as Trent Preston
*Erik Knudsen as Lefty
*Adhir Kalyan as Vijay Joshi
*Fred Willard as Mr. Ferguson
*Ari Graynor as Lacey
*Rooney Mara as Taggarty
*Jade Fusco as Bernice Lynch
*Lise Lacasse as Matron

## Other websites 
**Youth in Revolt*'s Official website 
*
Van Diemen Gulf

**Van Diemen Gulf** () is a gulf between Arnhem Land, the Cobourg Peninsula and Melville Island in northern Australia. It joins the Timor Sea in the west by the Clarence Strait near the city of Darwin. It joins the Arafura Sea in the north by Dundas Strait between Melville Island and Cobourg Peninsula. It covers an area of about 14,000&nbsp;km².

Rivers flowing into the Gulf include the South Alligator River, the East Alligator River and the Adelaide River.

Abel Tasman mapped the northern entrance to the Gulf, Dundas Strait, in 1644. The Gulf is named after the Dutch Governor of Batavia, Anthony Van Diemen.

The waters in the Gulf near the Cobourg Peninsula are protected by the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park.

## References
CSI: NY

***CSI: NY*** (also known as ***Crime Scene Investigation: New York***) is an American crime drama television series that was created by Anthony E. Zuiker, Carol Mendelsohn and Ann Donahue. *CSI: NY* debuted on September 22, 2004 on CBS. It is a second spin-off of the original series, *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*. It also debuted on CTV in Canada.
Tomáš Vokoun

**Tomáš Vokoun** (born 2 July 1976 in Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia) is an Czech retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, Nashville Predators, Florida Panthers, Washington Capitals and Pittsburgh Penguins. He was selected 226th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He also played for the Montreal Canadiens in 1996 and for the Nashville Predators from 1998 to 2006 before being traded to the Florida Panthers for a first-round selection in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, a second-round selection in the 2007 draft (number 58) and a conditional second-round selection in either 2007 or 2008. After 4 seasons with the Panthers, Vokoun signed a one-year contract with the Washington Capitals on 2 July 2011. He played 1 season with the Capitals and was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a 7th round pick at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the ECHL with the Wheeling Thundbirds. He retired from playing professional ice hockey on 15 December 2014.

He won a bronze medal with the Czech Republic's national ice hockey team in 2006.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Seward Peninsula

The **Seward Peninsula** is a large peninsula on the western coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It sticks out about  into the Bering Sea. It is just below the Arctic Circle. The peninsula is about  long and  wide.

The town of Seward, Alaska is actually not on the Seward Peninsula. It is much further south, on the Kenai Peninsula.

The Seward Peninsula was once part of the Bering land bridge. This was a strip of land that used to exist that connected Alaska with Siberia with mainland Alaska. It existed millions of years ago during a time called the Pleistocene Ice Age. People, animals, and plants all came across the land bridge into North America.  Archaeologists have found proof that Inupiat Eskimos have been living there for thousands of years.

## Demographics 
The Peninsula does not have a lot of people today. There are no roads going there. The largest town is Nome. There are about 3,000 people there. The next largest town, Shishmaref, has only 607 people. Most of the other towns there have only a few hundred people. Some old mining towns there have no people left at all and have become ghost towns.

## Geography and ecology
The *Devil Mountain Lakes* are on the Seward Peninsula. They are a kind of lake called a *maar* which is made by a volcano. The Devil Mountain Lakes are the biggest lakes like this in the whole world. There are four mountain ranges on the peninsula, the biggest ones are the Kigluaik (or Sawtooth) Mountains. The highest point on peninsula is the peak of  Mount Osborn. Other mountain ranges on the Seward Peninsula include the Bendeleben Mountains, Darby Mountains, and York Mountains. There is also a big lava flow called *The Lost Jim Lava Flow*. Several hot springs are located throughout the peninsula as well.

The Seward Peninsula has several rivers. The rivers are important to the people who live there for several reasons. One reason is that they can catch fish to eat in them. Another reason is that they can travel by boat since there no roads. That way they can get to other towns on the river or to places where there are animals to hunt. Finding food is important there because there are not a lot of stores and it costs a lot of money to take food that far in an airplane or boat. The rivers freeze in the wintertime.

The most common kind of tree there is called a black spruce. It is a kind of pine tree.

*Cape Prince of Wales* is on the Peninsula. No other part of the mainland of North America is further west. It is only  from Russia.

The peninsula was named after William H. Seward. He was the United States Secretary of State made the deal with Russia to let the United States buy Alaska from them in 1867.

## References
Genetic code

(mRNA) molecule. Each codon consists of three nucleotides. This usually represents a single amino acid. The nucleotides are shown by the letters A, U, G and C. This is mRNA, which uses U (uracil). DNA uses T (thymine) instead.]]

The **genetic code** is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. Biological decoding is done by the ribosome. This links amino acids together in an order specified by mRNA. It uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA. The molecules read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. These nucleotide triplets are called **codons**. A codon specifies which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. There are some exceptions, but usually a three-nucleotide codon represents a single amino acid.

The genetic code among all organisms is very similar. It can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.

The genetic code decides the protein sequence for a given coding region (gene). Other regions in the genome can influence when and where these proteins are produced.

## Related pages 
* Bioinformatics
* Stop codon

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Genetic Codes → Genetic Code Tables
Cockfosters tube station

**Cockfosters** is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly Line. It is the Piccadilly tube line's northern terminus. The station is on Cockfosters Road (A111), and is about 9 miles from central London. The station serves Cockfosters in the London Borough of Barnet, but it is actually a short distance away, across the borough boundary in the neighbouring London Borough of Enfield. The station is in Travelcard Zone 5. The next station southeast is Oakwood.

## References
## Other websites
*London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
**
**
**
**
**
*Early sketch design by Charles Holden , 1931, Royal Institute of British Architects
Villi

of the small intestine mucosa showing **intestinal villi**. Tissue stained with haematoxylin & eosin]]

**Villi** (singular is *villus*) are small, finger-like structures in the small intestine.  They help to absorb digested food. Each villus has microvilli which increase the surface area of the intestinal walls. A larger surface area allows nutrients to be taken in more quickly.

The food (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) has already been broken down by enzymes called proteases, lipases and amylases. The amino acids and sugars (breakdown molecules of proteins and carbohydrates) go first into the blood stream. Then they are processed by the liver, which acts like a chemical factory for the body. Lipid substances (such as cholesterol) go first into the lymphatic system, and eventually into the blood stream and the liver.
Statius

**Publius Papinius Statius** ( 45 – 96 A.D.) was a Roman poet born in Naples, Italy. Published in 92 A.D., his major epic was called *Thebaid*. It has the same theme as the Seven Against Thebes, a play by Aeschylus, the fight of seven city states against Thebes. He also wrote poems for different occasions. These poems are known as *Silvae* today. They show what the life at the court of Domitian was like. Even though he is not well-known today, he was better known during his time. He also appears in *The Divine Comedy*.

## References
Glen Matlock

**Glen Matlock** (born 27 August 1956) is the first bassist of the British punk group Sex Pistols.

He left the group in 1977, because he "liked the Beatles", legend being "thrown out". Matlock was replaced by John Ritchie, also known as Sid Vicious.

In May 2010 it was announced that Matlock would be a member of a reunion of The Faces, scheduled to play at the Vintage at Goodwood festival in London in August 2010. He has spoken publicly against Brexit.

## References
Altricial

**Altricial**, meaning "requiring care", refers to a kind of creature that can't take care of itself for a long time after hatching or being born. The word comes from the Latin root *alere* meaning "to nurse, to rear, or to nourish", because altricial animals are born helpless and need adult animals to take care of them for a long time before they are old enough to be independent.

Birds or mammals which need much less care after birth are called precocial, meaning they are independent soon after they hatch or are born.

## References
## Other websites 
* The altricial-precocial spectrum in birds
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 movie)

***20,000 Leagues Under the Sea*** is a 1954 movie directed by Richard Fleischer. It is about a man who goes on a discovery all over the world with Captain Nemo. It stars Kirk Douglas as Ned Land, James Mason as Captain Nemo, Paul Lukas as Professor Pierre Aronnax, and Peter Lorre as Conseil. It was the first science fiction movie produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was the only science fiction movie produced by Walt Disney himself. It was also the first feature length Disney movie to be distributed by Buena Vista Distribution. The movie has become the best-known adaptation of the book of the same name by Jules Verne. It is cited as an early example of the steampunk genre.

## Other websites
*
Black market

are usually cash crops.]]
The **black market** is the trade of goods illegally. Black markets operate outside the normal economy. The black market is different from the so-called Grey market, where goods are traded legally, but outside the channels. Goods and services traded on the black market include drug and  arms trafficking as well as human trafficking and prostitution. 

In some cases, the goods or services are cheaper than on the normal market, because taxes or production costs do not need to be paid - very often the goods traded were stolen.  In other cases, the price on the black market is higher, because the goods are difficult to get, and producing or handling them may be dangerous. Prices in the illegal drug trade are often much higher than for similar but legitimate goods, for these reasons. 

As with legitimate trade, the economic principles are still that of a market: supply and demand influence the price.

## Related page 
*Smuggling
2011 Myanmar earthquake

The **2011 Myanmar earthquake** was a 6.8 magnitude earthquake on March 24 in Shan State, Myanmar. Its hypocenter was  deep. It had two aftershocks, one of magnitude 4.8, another at magnitude 5.4. The quake's epicenter was  from the northern Thai city of Chiang Rai, north of Mae Sai and southeast of Kentung.

## Casualties
*The Bangkok Post* reported on 27 March 2011, that the death toll was "over 150", which is double the official figure of 75.

## References
PHP License

The **PHP License** is a free software license. It is an open source software license and is the license that the PHP programming language is released under.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official PHP License Information
Linda Evans

**Linda Evans** (born November 18, 1942) is an American actress.

## Career 
Born Linda Evenstad in Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.. She began her career making appearances in television series The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet (1960), Outlaws (1962), The Untouchables (1962). And in 1963 a small role in the movie starring Richard Chamberlain
Twilight of Honor (1963), directed by Boris Sagal. 

She shot to fame starring in the role of Audra Barkley's daughter Barbara Stanwyck in ABC TV Western series The Big Valley. Was unusual that two women staged a western. The series was also starring by Lee Majors, Peter Breck and Richard Long. 

Evans played Audra Barkley in 112 episodes between 1965 and 1969.

In the 70s Linda Evans is co starring in The Klansman (1974), with Lee Marvin - Richard Burton, and directed by Terence Young. And in the action movie starring by Joe Don Baker, Mitchell (1975), directed by Andrew V. McLaglen.

In 1980 she co-star and with Steve McQueen in the Western Tom Horn, directed by William Wiard

## Dynasty 
The best role of her career would come in 1981, playing Krystle Carrington wife of billionaire oil tycoon Blake Carrington, John Forsythe in the ABC TV series Dynasty (1981-89).  

The series was a success and one of the shows most ratings in American television and the world. 

Linda Evans in 1982 won a Golden Globe as best performance by an Actress in a TV-Series - Drama. 
Then again be nominated for a Golden Globe, on four occasions 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986

Linda was also nominated for an Emmy in 1983.

## Filmography 
## References 
The Dynasty years: Hollywood television and critical media studies by Jostein Gripsrud

New York Magazine Nov 22, 1982

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Linda Evans infomercial for Rejuvenique 
* 
*
President of the Swiss Confederation

The **President of the Swiss Confederation** is the chair of the Federal Council of Switzerland and is the first amongst equals of councillors of the executive branch of the Swiss government.

## Role
Under the Swiss constitution of 1999, the Federal Council is the "highest executive authority".  Although the president of the confederation has some extra duties to represent Switzerland, he is not the head of state.

All decisions are that a head of state would make are decided by a meeting of the Federal Council. For example, treaties are signed on behalf of the Federal Council, and all members of the federal council sign the "letters of credence"  to introduce ambassadors sent by Switzerland to a foreign country.  All  ambassadors sent by a foreign country to Switzerland meet all of the members of the Federal Council, not just the President.  

The President of the Confederation is sometimes called the "primus inter pares" (first equal) in the Federal Council.

Only three other countries in the world do not have one person as a head of state, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Andorra and San Marino. 

## List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation
### 1848-1900
* Jonas Furrer 
* Henri Druey  
* Josef Munzinger  
* Jonas Furrer  
* W.M. Naeff  
* Friedrich-Frey Herose  
* Jonas Furrer  
* Melchior Josef Martin Knusel  
* Jakob Stampfli  
* Constant Fornerod  
* Jakob Dubs  
* Karl Schenk  
* Melchior Josef Martin Knusel  
* Constant Fornerod  
* Jakob Dubs  
* Karl Schenk  
* Emil Welti  
* J.J. Scherer  
* Emil Welti  
* Joachim Heer  
* Karl Schenk  
* Bernard Hammer 
* Emil Welti  
* Numa Droz  
* Simeon Bavier  
* Louis Ruchonnet  
* Emil Welti  
* Adolf Deucher  
* Numa Droz  
* Wilhelm Hertenstein  
* Bernard Hammer 
* Louis Ruchonnet  
* Emil Welti  
* Walter Hauser  
* Karl Schenk  
* Emil frey  
* Josef Zemp  
* Adrien Lachenal  
* Adolf Deucher  
* Eugene Ruffy   
* Eduard Muller    

### 1900–1999 

### 2000–present 
;Political parties

## References
Werethekau

]]

**Werethekau** is an Egyptian Goddess, credited with supernatural powers. The name *weret hekau* means "great of magic". Werethekau was the god of protection magic, and was often seen with Isis and Ra in the carvings.

## References
Steven Hill

**Steven Hill** born Solomon Krakovsky and he began to follow Orthodox Judaism.  As a result he refused to work on Friday evenings or Saturdays, the Jewish Sabbath, and he had to give up his stage career.

In 1966 he played the role of Daniel Briggs in the CBS TV series *Mission Impossible*. Briggs was the leader of I.M.F. Steven Hill left the series after one season and was replaced by Peter Graves.  Hill had refused to work extra time or reshoot scenes on Sabbath.  He also took time every day to pray three times.  After leaving *Mission Impossible*, Hill left acting for 10 years, and moved to a Jewish community in Rockland County, New York where he worked in writing and real estate. 
 
Among his works in the 1970s, he played a role in the Abby Mann miniseries "King" (1978) based on the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr..

The 1980's brought a lot of work to Hill. He performed in movies such as *Eyewitness* (1981), directed by Peter Yates, *Yentl* (1983), starring and directed by Barbra Streisand, *Garbo Talks* (1984) directed by Sidney Lumet, Raw Deal (1986) with Arnold Schwarzenegger, *Legal Eagles* (1986), with Robert Redford and *Heartburn* (1986) with Jack Nicholson.

## Law & Order 
His best known role is that of District Attorney Adam Schiff, in the NBC TV series *Law & Order*. He played the character of the District Attorney for 230 episodes, between 1990 and 2000.

In 2011, he had a special participation in *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*.

For Law & Order, Hill was  for an Emmy in 1998 and 1999.

## Death
Hill died in Monsey, New York of cancer on August 23, 2016, at the age of 94.

## Filmography 
## References 
Series de culto: el otro Hollywood, by Abdessamed Sahali
## Other websites
*
Peter Medawar

Sir **Peter Brian Medawar** OM CBE FRS (28 February 1915 – 2 October 1987) was a British biologist.

His work was important to skin grafts and organ transplants. 

Transplants of skin  and organs from other people are usually rejected. This is an action by the immune system. Medawar showed that sometimes this reaction can be avoided, and why. 

He worked on graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune tolerance. He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet. 

Until he was partially disabled by a stroke, Medawar was Director of the National Institute for Medical Research at Mill Hill, London.

## Achievements 
Medawar was professor of zoology at the University of Birmingham (1947–51) and University College London (1951–62). In 1962 he was appointed director of the National Institute for Medical Research, and became professor of experimental medicine at the Royal Institution (1977–83), and president of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School (1981–87). Medawar was a scientist of great inventiveness who was interested in many other subjects including opera, philosophy and cricket. 

He was knighted in 1965, and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1981.

## Outcome of research 
Medawar was awarded his Nobel Prize in 1960 for work in tissue grafting, which is the basis of organ transplants. He and his team discovered *acquired immunological tolerance*.

At birth, babies are protected by antibodies from the mother. During embryonic life and immediately after birth, immune cells develop. They 'learn' to distinguish between their own tissues on the one hand, and unwanted cells and foreign material on the other.

Medawar's work resulted in a shift of emphasis in the science of immunology from one that attempts to deal with the fully developed immunity mechanism to one that attempts to alter the immunity mechanism itself. Various ways have been found to suppress the body's rejection of organ transplants.

## Books 
His books include 
#*The uniqueness of Man*, which includes essays on immunology, graft rejection and acquired immune tolerance;
#*Induction and intuition in scientific thought*;
#*The art of the soluble*, a book of essays, later reprinted in Pluto's Republic;
#*Advice to a young scientist*;
#*Aristotle to Zoos: a philosophical dictionary of biology*. (with his wife Jean Shinglewood Taylor) Oxford & Harvard. 
#*The limits of science*;
#*Memoirs of a thinking radish*, an autobiography. Oxford. 1986

## Obituaries 
*
*
*

## References
Anna van Egmont

and their children Maria and Philip William in Buren]]
**Anna van Egmont** (Grave, March 1533 &ndash; Breda, 24 March 1558) was a member of an important and rich Dutch family. She was the first wife of William the Silent, Prince of Orange. 

She was the only child of Maximiliaan van Egmond and Françoise de Lannoy. She was also Countess of Lingen and of Leerdam, and Lady of IJsselstein, of Borssele, of Grave, of Cranendonck, of Jaarsveld, of Kortgene, of Sint Maartensdijk, and of Odijk. Because she was the only child, she also got the title of Countess of Buren and Lady of Egmond. 

In 1551 she married William the Silent in Buren. Because she was the Lady of Egmond and Countess of Buren, he became Lord of Egmond and Count of Buren. They had three children:

* Countess Maria von Nassau (22 November 1553 – after 23 July 1555), died when she was very young.
* Philip William, Prince of Orange (19 December 1554 – 20 February 1618), married Eleonora of Bourbon-Condé
* Countess Maria of Nassau (7 February 1556 – 10 October 1616), married Count Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, one male child

Anna died when she was only 25 years old. She is buried in Breda.
Joe Don Baker

**Joe Don Baker** (February 12, 1936 – May 7, 2025)  is an American actor.

## Career 
He began his career as a guest on TV series *Honey West* (1965), *Judd for the Defense* (1967), and *Bonanza* (1968) among others. Her first major role was in the western movie, *Guns of the Magnificent Seven* (1969), starring with George Kennedy

Baker is known for starring in emblematic action movie in the '70s as *Walking Tall* (1973), which plays the incorruptible sheriff Buford Pusser of Tennessee, the movie was one of the most violent in the '70s and launched Baker star in action movies.
 
His second movie *Charley Varrick* (1973), was directed by Don Siegel. Here he plays a hired killer who should be responsible for eliminating Charley Varrick played by Walter Matthau
 
In the 1980s, Baker appeared on television and movies as *The Natural* (1984), *Final Justice* (1985), *The Abduction of Kari Swenson*, TV (1987), and the TV series *In the Heat of the Night* (1989) as Chief Tom Dugan.

In 1992, he starred as Claude Kersek in charge of guarding Sam Bowden; Nick Nolte, in *Cape Fear* (1991), with Robert De Niro and directed by Martin Scorsese.

He also worked in the James Bond movies *The Living Daylights* (1987), *GoldenEye* (1995) and *Tomorrow Never Dies* (1997). 

One of his last jobs was at *The Dukes of Hazzard* (2005), Baker as Governor Jim Applewhite. 

1967 episode Judd For the Defense. Character: Meryl Varney
Baker died of lung cancer at an assisted living facility in Los Angeles, on May 7, 2025, at the age of 89. He was buried at Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery.

## References
*
*
*Joe Don Baker fansite (Defunct prior to 1/10)
*Joe Don Baker Tribute (Defunct prior to 1/10)
Louise de Coligny

**Louise de Coligny** (Châtillon-sur-Loing, 23 September 1555 – Fontainebleau, 9 November 1620) was the fourth wife of Prince William the Silent. She was the daughter of an important French Protestant leader, Gaspard de Coligny.

## Marriage
She married Charles de Téligny when she was 16 years old in 1571. He was a Protestant diplomat who was also friendly with the French king Charles IX. Both her father and her husband were killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. 

In 1583 she (27) married William the Silent in Antwerp. She became the Princess of Orange. Their son Frederik Hendrik was born on 29 January 1584. On the 10th of July that year, William was shot by catholic Balthasar Gerards and died.  

## Later years
She stayed in the Netherlands with her 6 stepdaughters. In 1619, she asked her stepson Maurits to stop the execution of high-placed Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, but he did not listen. She then left Holland and went to France where she (65) died in 1620. On 24 May 1621, she was buried in the crypt of the House of Orange-Nassau in the New Church in Delft.
Central Mount Stuart

**Central Mount Stuart** is a mountain in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It can easily seen from the nearby Stuart Highway, which is about 6&nbsp;km away. The mountain is made from dark red sandstone.

The mountain is named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart who reached the area on 22 April 1860. He worked out that a point about 4&nbsp;km (2.5 miles) south-southwest of the mountain was the centre of Australia. Modern geographers do not agree with this and now place the centre at Finke. This happened soon after Stuart's return to Adelaide at the end of the expedition. *Central Mount Stuart* is the name that was printed in the published expedition journal.

## References
## Other websites
* Image of Central Mount Stuart on Google Maps
Finke River

The **Finke River** is one of the largest rivers in central Australia. It starts in the MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory. it is formed where Davenport and Ormiston Creeks join together, just north of Glen Helen. The Finke River flows about 600&nbsp;km to the western edge of the Simpson Desert in northern South Australia. Usually the river is a collection of waterholes, but it can become a raging torrent during rare flood events. In a big flood water from the Finke River can flow into the Macumba River, and then into Lake Eyre, a total distance of about 750&nbsp;km. Major tributaries include Ellery Creek, and the Palmer and Hugh Rivers. The Finke River flows through the West MacDonnell and Finke Gorge National Parks.

The Finke River was named by John McDouall Stuart in 1860 after William Finke, an Adelaide man, who was one of the people who paid part of the cost of his expeditions. The indigenous name for the river in parts of the Northern Territory is **Larapinta**. Larapinta Drive is a road which runs west from Alice Springs, and the Larapinta walking trail.

## Age of the Finke River
The Finke River has been called "*the oldest river in the world*", particularly by tour operators, and in popular books and brochures. In places such as the James Range, the Finke flows through deeply incised meanders  (see Google Maps image). Because meanders only form on flat plains, the river must have formed before the ranges were pushed up. This happened in a mountain building event known as the Alice Springs Orogeny which happened between 400 and 300 million years ago, in the Devonian to Carboniferous Periods. Some parts of the river’s course must have been already in existence around this time. The southern parts of its course must be much younger because the areas where the Finke now flows near the southern edge of the Northern Territory, and further south, were under the sea during the Mesozoic Era, There are other mountain ranges of equal or greater age to the MacDonnell Ranges, both in Australia and on other continents. The rivers in those areas may have evolved from ancestral streams of the same age or older than the Finke.

## References
Princess of Orange

is the wife of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange. She is first Princess of Orange in over 153 years.]]

**Princess of Orange** is the title (*name*) used for the women who were married to the Ruling Princes of Orange in the time between 1171 to 1815. Since 1815, it was also used for the wives of the heirs to the Dutch throne, who were titled Prince of Orange. The only woman who became a *Princess of Orange* without being married to a *Prince of Orange* was Marie, Princess of Orange (1393-1417). Together with her husband John, Prince of Orange (1393-1418), they governed the land.

Because the title *Prince of Orange* was only used for 'the eldest son of the King' (the *crown prince*), Dutch crown princesses did not get the title. There were no "oldest sons" for a few generations, and so the title was not used since 1877. Because Dutch law was changed in 1983 to include "oldest daughters of the King", Catharina-Amalia, the next Princess of Orange became the first Dutch Princess of Orange in her own right once her father, Prince Willem-Alexander, became King of the Netherlands.

## Princesses of Orange
### House of Baux 
### House of Châlon-Arlay 
### House of Nassau 
### House of Orange-Nassau 
## As personal and courtesy title 
### House of Orange-Nassau 
## Sources
*PROVENCE
*Baux 3
Tarafa Baghajati

**Tarafa Baghajati** (, (born September 1st 1961) in Damascus, Syria) is a human right activist and writer, he is also the chairman of the Austrian Muslim Initiative (AMI).
He lives in Vienna, Austria since 1986.

## Life 
Tarafa Baghajati was born in Damascus, to parents Adnan Baghajati,an author and former Syrian Education minister, and Amal Homsi, an economic journalist.

In 1984 the Syrian regime detained Baghajati for more than 8 months, he spent three of them in Tadmor Prison due to his political views.

Since he moved to Austria in 1986, Baghajati is active on the topics of immigration, anti-racism, human right and political issues which also involve the Middle East especially his home country Syria, he is also very active on the topics of Islam and *Muslim in Austria and Europe*, and opposition what is known as Islamophobia, and the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), in Africa and Europe.

In 1999, he found the initiative of Muslim Austrians ( IMOE ) with his wife Carla Amina Baghajati , Omar Al-Rawi, Mouddar Khouja and Andrea Saleh, who are members of the Islamic Religion Community in Austria .

Baghajati is a former board member . (2001 - 2007, 2004-2007 Vice- President ) and member of the Honorary Advisory Board of European Network Against Racism (ENAR)
He is also a board member of the Platform for Intercultural Europe (PIE).

In March 2009, Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met Sheikh Prof.Dr Yusuf al-Qaradawi in Qatar, one of the most best known Islamic contemporary authority scholar. They obtained a fatwa issued by the recognized legal scholars, stating the genital mutilation of girls is referred to and forbidden as "devil's work" because it is directed against the ethics of Islam. Speaking at the Hamburg Museum of Ethnology, 6 February 2011 Baghajati ventured to predict to celebrate the end of this practice as early as 2020.

in February 2011,Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met this time Sheikh Prof.Dr Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti and obtained a similar fatwa against female genital mutilation.

Baghajati is one of the finders and a board member of European Muslim Initiative for Social Cohesion (EMISCO).

## Education
Baghajati graduated as civil engineer from Polytechnic University of Timișoara in 1986

## Awards 
Initiative of Muslim Austrians (IMOE) won democracy award by Margaretha Lupac Stiftung in 2008.

## Personal life 
He is married to Carla Amina Baghajati since 1990,has four children.

## References
Micronation

**Micronations** are countries started by one or a group of people which are not seen as actual countries by the United Nations. Some of these countries are mostly on the internet or exist in a physical location but are not serious states with legitimate reason to exist. Some are taken seriously and even exist for legitimate reasons but are not recognized as independent countries for various political and diplomatic reasons. It is important to note that micronations are different from partially-recognised countries and separatist territories, which often have full autonomy over their territories. 

People make micronations for lots of reasons. Some are to show they do not like their main country (for example the United Kingdom), or if they want to make money, or to use it as a place for themselves. Some want a different kind of government than their country currently has, such as a micronationalist declaring independence from USA to build a tiny communist or socialist state. Micronations create their own rules, but because they are not recognised as actual countries, they have to keep within the laws of their home country.

Some of the more famous micronations include the Republic of Molossia, the Islamic Sultanate of Qarsherskiy, Sealand, the Aerican Empire, Eternia and Khilafat e Isakhelistan.

## List
Here is a list of some Micronations;

## Competitions
Some micronations play in competitions.

### Football
The biggest football organisation for micronations is known as the **MFA** *(Micronational Football Association)*, founded by Joe Foxon in 2009. It has 13 micronations from 7 countries as members. It makes a competition every 4 years called the MFA World Cup for all the micronations in the world to play in. The first World Cup will be in Southern England in 2013.

### Chess
Every year there is a chess competition for micronations to play in. It is played on the computer and in the first year, 3 micronations took part.

### Singing
Every year there is a singing competition called the **MicroVision Song Contest**. Micronations make a song and put it on the internet, and then other micronations vote for the best song. The winner then makes the next one.

## Other websites
*Wiki of Micronations 

## References
Ilene Woods

**Jacqueline Ruth "Ilene" Woods** (May 5, 1929 – July 1, 2010) was an American singer and actress who voiced Cinderella in the 1950 Disney movie.

## Early life
Woods was born on May 5, 1929 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. As a child Woods was led into singing by her mother. By the age of 11, Woods had her own radio show.  The songs ("Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo", "So This is Love", and "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes") were then played for Walt Disney. He chose Woods out of 300 other girls to play the part of Cinderella for the Disney movie *Cinderella*.  In 2003 she was recognized as a Disney Legend for her work in *Cinderella*.

## Death
Woods died on July 1, 2010 from causes related to Alzheimer's disease in Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California. She was 81. 

## References
Galileo (spacecraft)

**Galileo** was an unmanned NASA spacecraft. It explored the planet Jupiter and its moons. Galileo was launched in 1989 and it arrived at Jupiter in 1995.

Galileo was made up of two parts: an orbiter and a probe. The probe was released from the orbiter on July 13, 1995 and it went towards Jupiter. It reached Jupiter on December 7, 1995 and went down into the atmosphere. and went down into Jupiter's atmosphere and was crushed on September 21, 2003. This was done intentionally to prevent potential contamination of Europa.

## References
Henderson's Boys

'''''Henderson's Boys''''' is a series of young adult spy books. It was written by English author Robert Muchamore. The series follows Charles Henderson, the creator of a fictional espionage organisation CHERUB and is set in the 1940s, during World War II. Henderson goes on various adventures, helped by children. Henderson's Boys is a spin-off of the popular *CHERUB* series, which is about the same organisation in modern times. There are seven books in the series. These are *The Escape*, *Eagle Day*, *Secret Army*, *Grey Wolves*, *The Prisoner*, *One Shot Kill* and *Scorched Earth*.

## References
The Bush (Alaska)

on Little Diomede Island, one of the more extreme examples of communities located in the Bush]]
**The Bush** is a term for the portions of Alaska that are not connected to North America's road network.  Most of Alaska's native populations live in the Bush. They live off the land as their ancestors did.

Places in the Bush include Bethel, Travel from place to place is usually by  snowmobile or snow machine, boat, or sometimes dog sled.

## References
Arctic Alaska

is shown in blue.]]
**Arctic Alaska**, or **Far North Alaska** is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the northern area between the Arctic Circle and the Arctic Ocean.

Some of the places in Arctic Alaska are the *North Slope Borough, the Northwest Arctic Borough, and the Nome Census Area*. Some towns there are Prudhoe Bay, Barrow, Kotzebue, and Nome.

Most of these places have no highways and can only be reached by aircraft or snowmobile, or by boat if they are on the coast or near a river when they are not frozen. Long ago there were only Inuits living here, who make up the majority of the population. They mostly ate salmon, which there are lots of there, and also whales and other marine mammals. More people came to Arctic Alaska when gold was discovered there. Still more people and industry came when petroleum was discovered in the area. Above the Arctic Circle, the sun rises in May and sets in August.

Arctic Alaska is mostly tundra covering mountain ranges and coastal plains. Some of the animals there are bears, wolves, sheep, reindeer, and lots of birds.

## Other websites 
*Regions of Alaska, including description of Far North Alaska
Stanley Cohen

**Stanley Cohen** (November 17, 1922 &ndash; February 5, 2020) was an American biochemist of Jewish descent. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986. His research helped people understand how cancer starts and how to design anti-cancer drugs.

He was also, with Herbert Boyer, one of the first to do any kind of genetic engineering.

## Biography
Cohen  in chemistry and biology at Brooklyn College. He received a bachelor's degree in 1943, and worked as a bacteriologist at a plant that processes milk. Later in 1945, he received an M.A. in zoology from Oberlin College. He also received a Ph.D. from the department of biochemistry at the University of Michigan in 1948.

## References
## Other websites
* Autobiography at Nobel Prize website
Andrew Fire

**Andrew Zachary Fire** (born April 27, 1959 in Palo Alto, California) is an American biologist. He is a professor of pathology and genetics at Stanford University School of Medicine. Fire was given the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of RNA interference. The research was conducted at Carnegie Institution for Science and published in 1998.

## Education 
Fire completed high school at age 15. He wanted to study at Stanford University, where he would later work, but was not accepted. He studied at the University of Californiaat Berkeley. Fire graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics at 19,  and earned a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1983.

## Nobel prize 
In 2006, Fire and Craig Mello shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work first published in 1998 in the journal *Nature*. The paper reports that tiny snippets of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) effectively shut down specific genes, and so caused the destruction of messenger RNA (mRNA) with sequences matching the dsRNA. As a result, the mRNA cannot be translated into protein.

Fire and Mello found that dsRNA was much more effective in gene silencing than the previously described method of RNA interference with single-stranded RNA. Because only small numbers of dsRNA molecules were required for the observed effect, Fire and Mello proposed that a catalytic process was involved. This hypothesis was confirmed by later research.

The Nobel Prize citation, issued by Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said: "This year's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information". The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) quoted Nick Hastie, director of the Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, on the scope and implications of the research:

:"It is very unusual for a piece of work to completely revolutionise the whole way we think about biological processes and regulation, but this has opened up a whole new field in biology".

## References
Nephron

**Nephrons** are tiny tubules (miniature tubes) which are the smallest working part of the kidney. This is where the kidney removes waste, excess salt, and excess water. 

Each nephron starts in the cortex of the kidney, then goes into the medulla of the kidney, before coming back to the cortex, then goes through the medulla into the pelvis of the kidney. In the pelvis, the nephrons join up with the ureter.

In humans, a normal kidney has between 800,000 and 1.5 million nephrons.

Each nephron consists of a cup-shaped structure at one end called Bowman's capsule. It extends into a long urinary tubule, that is surrounded by a network of renal capillaries. The urinary tubules of nephrons in each kidney join to form a common tube called the ureter.

Inside Bowman's capsule is a network of blood capillaries, the *glomerulus*. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus together form the Malphigian capsule or Malphigian body.

Liquid passes through the segments of the nephron in this order:
#Bowman's capsule (including glomerulus)
#Proximal convoluted tubule
#Descending loop of Henle
#Ascending loop of Henle
#Distal convoluted tubule
#Collecting duct

## References
Parliament of Canada

The **Parliament of Canada ** () is the highest legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa. 
## Parts
The parliament has three parts.  
# King Charles lll as Canadian monarch, represented by his governor general
# The Senate, or "upper house" and 
# The House of Commons often called the "lower house"
## Members
The governor general summons and appoints each of the 105 members of the upper house on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, while the 308 members of the lower house are directly elected by Canadian voters, with each Member of Parliament representing a single electoral district.
Fuckin' Perfect

'''Fuckin' Perfect'* (also known as "Perfect") is a song by American singer-songwriter Pink. It was released as the second single from her album, *Greatest Hits... So Far!!!'' on December 14, 2010. The song was written by Pink with Max Martin and Shellback. They also produced the song.

The song is similar to Pink's previous single, "Raise Your Glass". This is because it tells people to accept each other for who they are.

The video has been debated, as it contains topics such as depression, self-harm, and suicide.

"Fuckin' Perfect" rose to number two in *Billboard* Hot 100. In this way, it became Pink's eleventh top-ten song in the United States. The song became a top 10 hit in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. It went up to the top 40 in Belgium, Denmark, Hungary, Sweden, and Switzerland.

## References
Rhynie chert

* stems (axes). Scale bar is 1 cm.]]
*]]

The **Rhynie chert** is a Lower Devonian sedimentary rock, part of the Old Red Sandstone. It has extraordinary fossils, and is a Lagerstätte.

The chert is exposed near the village of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. A second unit, the **Windyfield chert**, is some 700&nbsp;m away.

The Rhynie chert is exceptionally preserved material covered by an overlying volcanic deposit. Most of the fossil bed has primitive plants (which had water-conducting cells and sporangia, but no true leaves). There are also arthropods, lichens, algae and fungi.

## Significance 
### Date 
This fossil bed is remarkable for two reasons. First, the age of the site, formed about 410 million years ago. This places it at an early stage in the colonisation of land. Second, the sheer quantity and variety of lifeforms throws a vivid light on the whole ecosystem near the hot springs.

### Quantity 
Seven land plant taxa have been found in the Rhynie and Windyfield cherts:
**Aglaophyton*
**Asteroxylon*
**Horneophyton*
**Nothia*
**Rhynia*
**Trichopherophyton*
**Ventarura*

Also, the cherts have crustacea, primitive insects and other arthropods, fungi, lichen, and cyanobacteria. Even mycorrhizas are found in the Rhynie chert.

### Quality 
Second, these cherts are famous for their exceptional state of preservation. Individual cell walls are easy to see in polished specimens. Stomata have been counted and lignin remnants detected in the plant material. The "book lungs" of early spiders can be seen in cross-sections. Fungal hyphae can be seen entering plant material, acting as decomposers and mycorrhizal symbionts.

The oldest known insect (*Rhyniognatha hirsti*), which is rather like the modern springtails, was found in the Rhynie chert. This pushes dates for the origin of insects back to the Silurian period.

## History of research
The chert was discovered by William Mackie while mapping the western margin of the Rhynie basin in 1910–1913.

## Conditions of formation
The chert was formed when silica-rich water from volcanic springs rose and rapidly petrified the early terrestrial ecosystem *in situ*. Organisms are petrified that way by hot springs today, although that quality of preservation has not been found in recent deposits. The deposits are interbedded with sands, shales and tuffs, which speaks of local volcanic activity. Deposition was very rapid.

The texture of the silica formed is like that found today in freshwater streams at Yellowstone National Park. They are typically alkaline (pH 8.7) and tepid .

Living vegetation covered around 55% of the land area, with litter covering 30% and the remaining 15% of the ground being bare.

## Other websites
* 

## References
Adobe Acrobat

**Adobe Acrobat** is a family of software made by Adobe Systems. Software in the family can read and display Portable Document Format (PDF) files. Acrobat software can convert PDFs to other formats, PDF to Microsoft Word or Excel for example. It can also combine multiple file types into a single PDF file. Acrobat can serve as a standalone app on desktop and mobile, or in a browser.

## References
Nichiren

(1798-1861)]]
 (1839-1892)]]

**Nichiren** (16 February 1222 - 13 October 1282) was a Buddhist priest who lived in Japan. He is often called *Nichiren*, "Nichi" means "sun" and "ren" means "lotus". The type of Buddhism he founded is known as Nichiren Buddhism. Nichiren's actions and writings are the basis of the modern Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai International (SGI). According to SGI's interpretation of Buddhism, it is through faith, practice and study that people can tap into their Buddha nature, become truly happy, and build a peaceful society. Faith refers to the belief in the concept known as "the mystic law of the universe." Practice means to chant every day the phrase "Nam-myo-ho-renge-kyo" and sections from the Lotus Sutra while sitting in front of the Gohonzon, a sacred scroll that hangs in the butsudan (an altar). Practice also entails telling other people about Nichiren Buddhism. Study means reading the writings of Nichren and discussing the readings with other people.