open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Centaurus

**Centaurus** is a constellation in the southern hemisphere of the night sky.  It is named after a centaur, which is a creature that is half man and half horse.  The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Centaurus when he made a list of 48 constellations.  Centaurus is also one of the 88 constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union.

In the direction of Centaurus is the Shapley Supercluster or Shapl (SCl 124). This is the largest concentration of galaxies in our nearby universe.
Car chase

are chasing another car.]]
A **car chase** or **vehicle pursuit** is a type of chase. It is when police follow a car to stop it and catch the person driving it. It is a popular theme in movies and on reality television.

## Other websites
*TV tropes
Empress Michiko

, formerly  , is the wife of Japan's Emperor Emeritus Akihito. 
 
## Early life
Michiko Shōda was born at University of Tokyo Hospital in Tokyo.  She is the eldest daughter of Hidesaburo Shōda and Fumiko Soejima, president and later honorary chairman of Nisshin Flour Milling Company.

## Marriage
Shōda married Crown Prince Akihito in 1959. Empress Michiko had cancer surgery in September of the year.

## Related pages
* Japanese empresses
*Emperor of Japan
*Imperial Household Agency

## References
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]

## Other websites
*Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress at Kunaicho.go.jp
*"Empress Michiko turns 77, and is feeling her age" at Asahi.com
Elizabeth Gracen

**Elizabeth Ward Gracen** (3 April 1961) is a former Miss America Pageant winner and American actress who acted in movies and television programs before 2000. She was crowned Miss America 1982, and Miss Arkansas before that. Her acts included acting as Amanda in the TV show *Highlander: The Series*. She was born near Ozark, Arkansas and graduated from  Russellville High School in 1979. 

## Filmography
Gracen played roles in other films such as 
* *Three For The Road* 
* *Marked For Death*
* *Pass The Ammo*
* *83 Hours Till Dawn*
* *Lower Level* 
* *Discretion Assured* and others
 
She also appeared in TV series such as
* *Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde*
* *The Sands of Time*
* *Death of the Incredible Hulk*
* *Extreme* for NBC  
* *Renegade*
* *Queen of Swords*
 
Recently in 2012, Gracen formed Flapper Films; a company that produces inspirational content.

## References
Vera Fischer

**Vera Lúcia Fischer** (born November 27, 1951 in Blumenau) is a Brazilian actress.

## Filmography
### TV
* 1977 - *Espelho Mágico*.... Diana Queiróz (Débora)
* 1978 - *Sinal de Alerta*.... Sulamita Montenegro
* 1979 - *Os Gigantes*.... Helena
* 1980 - *Coração Alado*.... Vívian
* 1981 - *Brilhante*.... Luiza Sampaio
* 1987 - *Mandala*.... Jocasta Silveira
* 1990 - *Riacho Doce* .... Eduarda
* 1990 - *Desejo* .... Ana de Assis
* 1992 - *Perigosas Peruas*.... Cidinha
* 1993 - *Agosto* .... Alice
* 1994 - *Pátria Minha*.... Lídia Laport
* 1996 - *O Rei do Gado*.... Nena Mezenga
* 1998 - *Você Decide*.... Annie (ep: Amor e Traição)
* 1998 - *Pecado Capital*.... Laura 
* 2000 - *Laços de Família*.... Helena
* 2001 - *O Clone*.... Yvete
* 2003 - *Agora É que São Elas*.... Antônia
* 2004 - *Senhora do Destino*.... Vera Robinson 
* 2005 - *América*.... Úrsula
* 2007 - *Amazônia, de Galvez a Chico Mendes*.... Lola
* 2007 - *Duas Caras*.... Dolores
* 2008 - *Casos e Acasos*.... Vera
* 2009 - *Caminho das Índias* - Chiara
* 2010 - *Afinal, o Que Querem as Mulheres?*.... Celeste
* 2011 - *Insensato Coração* - Catarina Diniz
* 2012 - *Salve Jorge* - Irina

## References
## Other websites 
*
Wodan Timbur Coaster

**Wodan Timbur Coaster** is a wooden roller coaster in Germany. It is in the Europa-Park in Rust, Baden-Württemberg. The coaster opened on March 31, 2012.

## Name
The coaster was named after the Germanic name of the Nordic god Odin. *Timbur* is the Islandic word for *wood*. *Timbur Coaster* means *wooden coaster*.

## Theme
The theme of Wodan Timbur Coaster is Norse mythology. The waiting line for the ride uses a large amount of detailed parts. These include fire, mist and water effects. The goddess of death, Hel, is also used. She has a turning sand timer. In the ride station, statues watch the train leave. They also turn to watch the train return to the station. The ride has several dives into tunnels.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chevron Corporation

, California]]

**Chevron Corporation** () is a large international energy company, based in San Ramon, California. It employs over 60,000 people. It is one of the six largest oil companies in the world.

In September 1879, the **Pacific Coast Oil Company** was created. They kept the name until 1906, when it merged with a Standard Oil subsidiary and became Standard Oil Company (California). Standard Oil of California and Gulf Oil merged in 1984, which became the largest merger in history at that time. The company would change its name to **Chevron Corporation** the same year. Chevron later merged with Texaco in 2001.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Clarinet Concerto (Mozart)

The **Clarinet Concerto in A major, K. 622** is a work for clarinet and orchestra. It was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1791 for the clarinet expert Anton Stadler. Stadler first performed the concerto in Prague on 16 October 1791 on a basset clarinet. Mozart probably never heard this performance.

## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*. All Media Guide LLC. p.&nbsp;895. .
Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra

The **Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra in C major, K. 299** is a piece of music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It was written in 1778. It is one of only two true double concertos that Mozart wrote. It is the only piece of music that Mozart wrote for the harp.

## History
Mozart was living in Paris at the time he wrote this concerto. He wrote it for the flute-playing Duke of  and his harp-playing daughter Marie.  Mozart never liked either instrument. The combination is a difficult one for duo. The work is pleasing and popular however. It is a favorite with harpists because there are so few concertos for harp. The Duke failed to pay Mozart for the concerto.

## Music
The orchestra is a group of strings, two oboes, and two horns. This small group makes the work suitable for an assembly room. The concerto is made of three movements. The opening movement is song-like. According to the *All Music Guide to Classical Music*, this movement is distinguished by dialogue-like passages for the soloists. The second movement is "florid" with the soloists accompanied only by strings. The third movement "is a lively rondo with a veritable parade of attractive tunes."

## Notes
## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*.  All Media Guide, LLC. p.&nbsp;895. .
Chevron

**Chevron** may mean:

*Chevron (graphics): a graphic symbol
*Chevron (geology): a rock formation
*Chevron Corporation
Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)

The **Symphony No. 41 in C major, K. 551** is a work for orchestra. It was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1788. It is also called the ***Jupiter*** symphony. It is his last symphony. 

Michael Rodman writes in the *All Music Guide to Classical Music* that the first movement is "characterized in part by the dramatic and effective [use] of unexpected pauses in the rhythmic flow through the use of rests, [and that] irregular and changing phrase length contribute ... to the dramatic impetus." He writes that the serene F major second movement is disrupted by "minor key episodes ... [and that] this light/dark conflict continues throughout". He points out that the gracefulness of the Minuet can be attributed to the flowing, even, accompaniment and the "falling chromatic theme". The trio has an "earthier, more overtly dancelike mood", he writes, but is "interrupted by a suddenly more serious" outburst from the full orchestra. The contrapuntal fourth movement is filled with "great tension and dramatic impulse" that is resolved only at the end.

## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*.  All Media Guide, LLC. p.&nbsp;895. .
Julia Duffy

**Julia Margaret Duffy** (née **Hinds**; born June 27, 1951 in St. Paul, Minnesota) is an American actress. She was born near Minneapolis, Minnesota.

She has acted in a number of television situation comedies. She played Penny Davis in the 1970s television soap opera *The Doctors*. She played Stephanie in the 1980s sitcom *Newhart*. She played Allison Sugarbaker in season 6 of *Designing Women*. 

## References
Dammam

**Dammam** ( '''') is the capital of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Dammam is the largest city in the Eastern Province. It is the fifth largest city in Saudi Arabia. It is part of the Dammam Metropolitan Area. It is an important commercial hub and port.

King Fahd International Airport (KFIA) is in the northwest of the city. Dammam's King Abdul Aziz Sea Port is the largest on the Persian Gulf. Its import-export traffic in the country is second to the Jeddah Seaport.
Mehmed Orhan

**Mehmed Orhan**  (11 July 1909  5/12 March 1994) was the 42nd head of the Ottoman dynasty. He succeeded as head of the dynasty on 9 December 1983, after the death of Ali Vâsib. If reigning, he would be Sultan Orhan VII.
 
## Life
He was born at Serencebey Palace or at Kisil Toprak, Turkey. He was the son of HIH Prince Şehzade Mehmed Abdul Kadir Efendi, Captain of the Ottoman Army, by second wife HH Mihriban Hanımefendi. The marriage was not recognised by the Imperial House. On his 13 birthday he was ceremoniously circumcised in the Dolmabahce Palace.
He died in Nice and was buried there.

## Marriages and issue 
In January 1933, Prince Mehmed Orhan married the Egyptian Princess HH Nafiye Yeghen Hanım Efendi. This marriage was annulled in 1947. In Paris in 1944, he got a Morganatic marriage with the French American Marguerite Irma Fournier. He had a daughter with his first wife and a stepson with his second wife. 

*HIH Princess Fatma Necla Sultan (born in Cairo, 14 September 1933 - 2010 at Zurich)
**Sultanzade Erol Mangos, (born 1954) by Ali Zeki Mangos
**Sultanzade Osman Cem Germann, (born 1963) by Randoph Germann
*Mehmed Selim Orhan, (born in Paris, 3. October 1943) deprived since birth of title HIH Şehzade

*Eligibility note: A male person born to parents who are not married to each other at the time of birth is not included in the line of succession and passes no rights to their descendants.*

Mehmed Selim Orhan de Turquie was born before his parents married in 1944. At the time of his birth, his stepfather was not divorced by his first wife.

Marcos Alberto Alcalai- born in Brazil in 1962 Mehemed Orhan's only biological child born of a relationship with a divorced woman, legitimized in Turkey in 1992 was not deprived of the title of HIH Şehzade

## References
*Genealogy of Mehmed Orhan
*Frebault, Henri. "Mehmed Orhan de Turquie ". *GeneaNet*. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
*The History Files: The Ottoman Empire
Fremont, California

.]]

**Fremont** is a city in Alameda County, California, near San Francisco in the East Bay area. It is on the edge of Silicon Valley. As of 2020, 230,504 people lived in Fremont. Over three-fifths (60%) of the people are Asian-American.

Fremont has a large factory which opened in 1962. General Motors made cars and trucks there until 1982. In 1984, General Motors and Toyota opened the factory again together, as a company called NUMMI. Tesla, Inc. bought it in 2010.

## References
Microfinance

]]
**Microfinance** is the idea to provide services banks and insurance companies provide to those people who usually are not served by such businesses. It is an important form of development aid. Serving these people is usually very expensive for banks and insurance companies; that is why they usually do not do it. Speciaized NGOs like Oikocredit provide these services:

*Banking and other services are based on a personal relationship, rather than commercial interests.
*Very often, several people apply for a loan or insurance together.

As an example, microfinance allows people in underdeveloped countries to start their own businesses for their family.
Spokane County, Washington

**Spokane county** is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. Its county seat is Spokane, Washington. As of 2020, 539,339 people live in the county. The county has 1,764 square miles, or 4,569 square kilometers, of land, and it was organized in 1858.

## References
Grimm (TV series)

***Grimm*** is an American television series that started on the NBC television network on October 28, 2011 to March 30, 2017.

## References
Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)

The **Symphony No. 3 in E flat major ("Eroica"), Op. 55** is a work for orchestra. It was written in 1803 by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was completed in 1804, and premiered on 7 April 1805 at the Theater an der Wien. Beethoven did not want the symphony to be about Napoleon, but he did want to dedicate it to him. When Beethoven learned Napoleon had declared himself Emperor, he tore the dedication page in pieces. The symphony was published in 1806 with the subtitle "Eroica" (Heroic). The symphony has four movements (parts).

This symphony marked the start of the Romantic era.
## Form
### I. Allegro con brio
The first movement has a tempo of Allegro, which is moderately fast. It is in  time, and it uses sonata form. It starts with two loud E-flat major chords. Then, the first main melody of the movement is played by the cellos. After a few minutes, the second main melody is played in B-flat major.  The development section is significantly longer than expected in a symphony in the Classical era.  There is even a new theme introduced.  In the recapitulation, the first theme returns.  The second melody is played again except in E-flat major.
### II. Marcia funebre. Allegro assai
The second movement is a funeral march in the relative key of C minor.  It has a middle section in C major before returning to C minor for the recapitulation of the A section.

### III. Scherzo. Allegro vivace - Trio
The third movement is a scherzo, with the key returning to E-flat major.  The trio section features three horns.  The scherzo section returns in truncated form to finish the movement.

### IV. Finale. Allegro molto - Poco Andante - Presto
The last movement is in a theme and variations form.  There is a reprise of the theme in andante.  The tempo suddenly goes to presto for the coda; and the piece ends on three loud E-flat major chords.

## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*. All Media Guide, LLC. p.&nbsp;102. .
Symphony No. 4 (Mendelssohn)

The **Symphony No. 4 in A major, Op. 90** is an orchestral work by Felix Mendelssohn. He gave the nickname ***Italian*** to the symphony. It premiered in London on 13 March 1833.

## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*.  All Media Guide, LLC. p.&nbsp;822. .
Songs Without Words

***Songs Without Words*** is a collection of short piano pieces by Felix Mendelssohn. The collection was published in eight books of six "songs" each between 1829 and 1845. These pieces are suitable for amateur pianists of varying abilities. A few were given titles by Mendelssohn and his publishers: "Venetian Boat Song", "Duetto", "Folk Song", "Spring Song", "Hunting Song", etc.

## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*.  All Media Guide, LLC. p.&nbsp;827. .
Patrouille de France

of the **Patrouille de France**.]]

 of Paris for Bastille Day.]]

The ''''* (, *French Acrobatic Patrol''), also called the **Patrouille de France** or **PAF**, is the aerobatics demonstration team of the French Air Force. They fly Franco-German Alpha Jet training airplanes. The PAF's aircraft are painted in three colours: blue, white, and red. These are the same colors as on the flag of France.

## History 
The *Patrouille de France* was created in 1947. The name first appeared in print for a 1953 aerial show in French Algeria. At this time, the PAF flew American fighter jets, specifically F-84Gs. Later, the team flew Mystère IVs. In 1964, the Air Force did not have enough money in its budget to continue the Patrouille de France, and disbanded it. But the Minister of Defence decided to bring the team back in 1965 because he liked it. They then flew French training aircraft, Fouga CM-170 Magister. They kept flying Fouga CM-170 Magisters until 1980. Since then, the PAF have flown on an Alpha Jets.

## Team 
*Patrouille de France* uses eight aircraft that all fly at the same time. A ninth reserve plane always stays on the ground, ready to take off.  The call sign of pilots is *Athos* like the character from the famous book *The Three Musketeers*. If all pilots have an important role, both the essential leader and his second, called *Charognard* (which is the French word for "scavenger") who present all the display.

A transport plane is always with the PAF for support. It is a twin-engine plane: Transall C.160 or Casa CN-235M.

## Demonstrations 
Because they are seen as ambassadors of France, the PAF go on display all over the world. *Patrouille de France* often performs in military parade performed to celebrate Bastille Day.  They fly over the Champs-Élysées on the morning of July 14. The aircraft unleash a plume of smoke lights. PAF often fly at the Paris Air Show, which is held at Le Bourget airport.

## Other websites 
* Official website.
* Patrouille de France on the official website of the French Air Force .
DK Bongos

The **DK Bongos** are a special bongo-like controller that can be used in some *Donkey Kong* games for Nintendo GameCube. The bongos are shaped like the ones seen in the *Donkey Kong* games. The controller has a built-in microphone to detect clapping. It was introduced in the music video game *Donkey Konga*.

The DK Bongos are seen in various games from the *Super Smash Bros.* series. They are a part of Donkey Kong's "Final Smash" attack (a powerful attack that can be used to kill opponents easily).

## Games
**Donkey Konga*
***Donkey Konga 2*
***Donkey Konga 3*
**Donkey Kong Jungle Beat*
Donkey Konga

***Donkey Konga*** is a rhythm video game for the Nintendo GameCube. It was created by Namco and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on December 12, 2003, in North America on September 27, 2004, and in Europe on October 15, 2004. It is played with the DK Bongos, a controller that looks like two bongo drums. Two sequels, *Donkey Konga 2* and *Donkey Konga 3*, were made. *Donkey Konga 3* was only released in Japan.

The Japanese, European, and American versions all have different song lists. There are 32 songs in the Japanese version, 31 songs in the European version, and 33 songs in the American version. Music from Nintendo game series such as *Super Mario Bros.* and *The Legend of Zelda* are included.

## References
Eat Bulaga!

***Eat Bulaga!***  formerly Eat... Bulaga!, is a Philippine television variety show broadcast by GMA Network. It is the longest running variety show in the Philippines, with over 13,000 episodes. Originally hosted by Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto, Joey de Leon, Chiqui Hollman and Richie D'Horsie, it premiered on Radio Philippines Network on July 30, 1979. The show was originally produced by Production Specialists, Inc., until TAPE Inc. took over its production on July 7, 1981.

## History
On March 9, 2020, APT Studios we're suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 

## Notes
## References
Tito Sotto

**Vicente "Tito" Castelo Sotto III** (born August 24, 1948) is an actor, TV host and  a politician in the Philippines.

Sotto was vice mayor of Quezon City, Philippines from 1988 to 1992. He was also in the Philippines' Senate for two terms from 1992 to 2004. In 2010, he was reelected in the Senate.

He was a host of *Eat Bulaga!*.

On May 21, 2018, he became the 29th President of the Senate of the Philippines, replacing Koko Pimentel.

Sotto was a candidate for Vice President of the Philippines in the 2022 election.

## Biography
Sotto was born on 24 August 1948. His parents were Marcelino Ojeda Sotto and Dr. Herminia Castelo Sotto. He studied at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Intramuros, Manila. He earned there a Bachelor of Arts degree majoring in English. 

## Filmography
*Swing It... Baby! 
*Al Magat's Mang Kepweng – A dwende 
*Mr. One-Two-Three – as Juan 
*Iskul Bukol (Freshmen) 
*Age Doesn't Matter – Also composer 
*Mr. One-Two-Three Part 2 – as Juan 
*Iskul Bukol 2 (Sophomore) 
*Ma'am May We Go Out? – as Dennis Soriano, also composer 
*I Have Three Hands – as Jovito "Bitoy" Agatep, also composer 
*Super Wan-Tu-Tri – as Melchor 
*Horsey-Horsey, Tigidig-Tigidig – as Johnny, also composer 
*Send in the Clowns – as Robin 
*Ready!.. Aim!.. Fire!.. – as Tyson, also composer 
*Fly Me to the Moon – as Carlo 
*Wake Up Little Susie – as David 
*Smith & Wesson – Special participation 
*Aso't Pusa – as Pamboy 
*I Have 3 Eggs – as Harrison 
*Bawal Na Gamot – as Himself 
*Enteng Kabisote 3: Okay Ka, Fairy Ko: The Legend Goes On and On and On – as Nador 
*Iskul Bukol 20 Years After: The Ungasis and Escaleras Adventure – as Tito Escalera

## References
Claire Dodd

**Dorothy Arlene "Claire" Dodd** (December 29, 1911 – November 23, 1973) was an American actress. She acted in several movies. She played secretary Della Street in *The Case of the Curious Bride* and *The Case of the Velvet Claws*.

Dodd was born in central Iowa. She died from cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

## References
Claire Windsor

**Claire Windsor** (14 April 1892 &ndash; 24 October 1972) was an American actress who acted primarily in movies in the silent era. Her career lasted close to 27 years, although she made many very notable movies in her career. Windsor was born in Marvin, Kansas. She died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California at age 80.
1948 United States presidential election

The **1948 United States presidential election** happened on November 2, 1948. This election was between Harry S. Truman (president at that time) and Thomas E. Dewey (the Governor of New York). Truman won by 303 electoral votes. Dewey got 189 electoral votes. Thurmond got 39 electoral votes including a faithless elector in Tennessee.

This election is best known as an upset because of the election results. Predictions showed that Dewey would beat Truman at the polls. For example, a newspaper in Chicago printed an issue in advance which said that Dewey had won the election. However, Truman won the election instead.

## Candidates
### Democratic Party 
Democratic candidates:

* Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States from Missouri (1945-1953) *(Nominee)*
* Richard Russell, Jr., U.S. senator from Georgia (1933-1977)
* William A. Julian, Treasurer of the United States (1933-1949) 
* Harley M. Kilgore, U.S. senator from West Virginia (1941-1956)
* Scott W. Lucas, U.S. senator from Illionis (1933-1949)

File:Harry-truman.jpg|alt=|
File:Richard Brevard Russell.jpg|alt=|
File:William Alexander Julian - April 18, 1938 (1).jpg|

### Republican Party
Republican candidates:
*Thomas E. Dewey, Governor of New York 
*Robert Taft, Senator from Ohio
*Harold Stassen, former governor of Minnesota
*Arthur H. Vandenberg, President pro tempore of the senate from Michigan
*Earl Warren, governor of California
*Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army from New York
#### Candidates gallery

File:Thomas Dewey.jpg|Governor **Thomas E. Dewey** of New York
File:Robert a taft.jpg|Senator **Robert Taft** of Ohio
File:HaroldStassenOfficialOil.jpg|Former Governor **Harold Stassen** of Minnesota
File:Arthur H. Vandenberg.jpg|President pro tempore of the Senate **Arthur H. Vandenberg** of Michigan
File:Earl Warren Portrait, half figure, seated, facing front, as Governor.jpg|Governor **Earl Warren** of California
File:DouglasMacArthur1945.jpg|General of the Army **Douglas MacArthur** of New York

### Dixiecrat Ticket
## References
## Other websites
*1948 popular vote by counties
*1948 State-by-state Popular vote 
*How close was the 1948 election? &nbsp;– Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
**Booknotes* interview with Zachary Karabell on *The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election*, June 4, 2000.
Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn)

The **Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64** is a work for orchestra and solo violin by Felix Mendelssohn. He completed the concerto in 1844. It was written for Leipzig concertmaster Ferdinand David. The sonata rondo finale is written in E major. The concerto is a pillar of the classical repertoire.

## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*.  All Media Guide, LLC. p.&nbsp;825. .
Piano Concerto No. 5 (Beethoven)

The **Piano Concerto No. 5 in E flat major ("Emperor"), Op. 73** is a piece of music for piano and orchestra by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was written in 1809, and was first performed in Leipzig in November 1811. It is the last of Beethoven's concertos.

Beethoven's growing deafness made it impossible for him to play the first performance. It was played by Friedrich Schneider. The work is written on a grand scale with themes that are martial at times, and at other times intimate and personal.

## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*.  All Media Guide, LLC. p.&nbsp;126. .
Senate of the Philippines

The **Senate of the Philippines** (Filipino: *Senado ng Pilipinas*, also *Mataas na Kapulungan ng Pilipinas* or "upper chamber") is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress; the House of Representatives is the lower house. 

The Senate is made of 24 senators who are elected  at-large with the country as one district under plurality-at-large voting.

The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker by a vote of all its respective members.

## Other websites
*Official Website
*Official Government Portal
Lamar, Missouri

**Lamar** is a city and county seat of Barton County, Missouri, United States. It is well known as the birthplace of President Harry S. Truman. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 4,266.

## References
Constraint

**Constraint** may refer to:

## In mathematics 
* Constraint (mathematics) 
* Constraint (classical mechanics), including:
* Constraint (information theory) 
* Constraint algorithm such as SHAKE, or LINCS

## In computing 
* Constraint satisfaction, in computer science
* Integrity constraints, an element of database design

## In business 
* Theory of Constraints, in business management
* Constraint optimization, in finance, linear programming, economics and cost modelling.

## Related pages 
* Limit
Amrapur

**Amrapur** is a small village in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
The road to it is from Kalavad to Ranuja, Dhutarpur, Summary, Kharavedha, Amrapur.

Amrapur is surrounded on three sides by a dam.

Most people there are farmers. Some of them are connected with animal husbandry.

Mr Vijaybhai Borsadiya is currently surpanch of the village‍.

## Statistics
*Population (approx): 250
*Buildings (approx): 25
*Temples: 3
*Shops: 2
*Primary school: 1

## Gallery

File:Hanuman temple amrapur.jpg|Hanuman temple amrapur
File:Bapa sitaram oto amrapur.jpg|Bapa sitaram oto amrapur
File:Shiv temple amrapur.jpg|Shiv temple amrapur

## Other websites
*The official Facebook page of village
Loch Morar

**Loch Morar** is a lake in Scotland. It is 310 metres deep, which makes it the deepest fresh water lake in Britain, and the third deepest in Europe.

## References
Denis Napthine

**Denis Vincent Napthine** (born 6 March 1952) is an Australian politician for the Liberal Party in the state of Victoria. He is a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, representing the electoral district of South-West Coast. Following the resignation of Ted Baillieu, he was elected leader of the Parliamentary Liberal Party on 6 March 2013 and was sworn in as the 47th Premier of Victoria later the same day. On 29 November 2014, at the Victorian state election, the Coalition was defeated by Labor and Napthine conceded defeat and his term as Premier ended on 4 December 2014 when the new Labor government was sworn in and he resigned as Liberal leader and was succeeded in the Liberal leadership by Matthew Guy.

## Early life 
One of Napthine's ancestors is the renowned convict, Joseph Potaski. Before entering political life he was a veterinarian, undertaking a Bachelor's and then a Master's Degree in Veterinary Science, both from the University of Melbourne, and later gaining a Master's Degree in Business Administration, from Deakin University.

## Political career 
Napthine was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1988 as Member for the country seat of Portland, as the electorate was then known. He was re-elected in 1992, 1996 and 1999. The electorate of Portland was abolished in the 2002 redivision. Napthine was then elected MLA for South-West Coast in the November 2002 election. He was re-elected in November 2006 with an increased margin.

### Kennett Ministry 
He was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Health in 1992 and then promoted to Minister for Youth and Community Services in 1996 in Jeff Kennett's Liberal government, a position he held from 1996 to 1999.

### Leader of the Opposition 
Following the defeat of the Liberal Party at the 1999 election, Kennett resigned as Liberal leader, and Napthine was a surprise choice to take his place. Napthine had briefly served as Deputy Liberal Leader having been elected to the position just shortly before Kennett stood down as Liberal Leader. During his term as Opposition Leader the Liberal-National coalition split, fracturing the opposition parties.

Under Napthine's leadership, the Liberal Party did poorly in the polls and did not make any significant electoral inroads on the ruling Labor Government. Shortly before the 2002  state election, Doyle challenged Napthine for the leadership of the Liberal Party. Doyle won the leadership by a narrow margin, but went on to lead the party to its worst electoral defeat ever, in which Napthine nearly lost his seat.

### Baillieu Ministry 
After the Liberals won the 2010 Victorian election, Napthine was made a member of Ted Baillieu's cabinet. He served as the Minister for Ports, Racing, Regional Cities and Major Projects.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Official Facebook page

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Violin Concerto (Brahms)

The **Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77** is  a work for orchestra and solo violin by Johannes Brahms. He completed the concerto in the summer of 1878. It was written for Joseph Joachim. The concerto premiered in Leipzig on 1 January 1879.

## References
* Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*.  All Media Guide, LLC. p.&nbsp;198. .
Fairview Alpha, Louisiana

**Fairview Alpha** is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches and Red River Parishes in the state of Louisiana. At one time, it was known as **Messick** and **Alpha**. Fairview Alpha was founded in 1912. The only major retailer in the community is Dollar General, which opening in December 2022.

## History 
According to the USGS, Fairview Alpha was "originally named Messick for a family that owned a store here, however, when the Alpha School (Natchitoches Parish) and Fairview School (Red River Parish) were combined in 1912, the new name came into use".

The International Paper Red River Mill closing its doors on April 11, 2025, jobs have been lost, The company is reducing its containerboard capacity.

## Sports 
* Fairview Purple - Local baseball team

## Education 
The community is served by the Natchitoches Parish School Board and Red River Parish School District.

Fairview Alpha school attended are Fairview Alpha Elementary School (Grades PK-6), Goldonna Elementary and Junior High School (Grades PK-8), Lakeview Junior/Senior High School (Grades 7-12), Natchitoches Central High School (Grades 9-12), Red River Elementary School (Grades PK-5), Red River Junior High School (Grades 6-8), and Red River Senior High School (Grades 9-12).

The community are attended colleges and universities to Northwestern State University and Bossier Parish Community College.

The community are also attended private school to Riverdale Academy, Oasis of Love Christian Academy, and St. Mary's Catholic School.

## Media 
### Online newspaper 
* Fairview Alpha News - Facebook only newspaper, Launched in August 2023

## Notable people 
* S. M. Morgan, Jr., member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1964 to 1968, was reared in Fairview Alpha and is interred there at Zion Baptist Cemetery.

## References 
## Other websites
Neillsville, Wisconsin

**Neillsville** is a city in Clark County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, 2,384 people lived there. Meillsville is the county seat of Clark County.

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . Of this,  is land and  is water.

The first European settlers in the area were James O'Neill and his party. They moved to the area  around 1845. The group was looking for a place to build a sawmill on the Black River. The city was named O’Neill’s Mill after James O'Neill. O'Neill Creek, which runs through the center of the city, was also named for him.

In 1854, O’Neill’s Mill was made the county seat of Clark County.

Neillsville was platted on April 14, 1855 and incorporated in April 1882.

Neillsville is where well known architect William L. Steele died. Poor health made Steele retire from architecture in late 1946. He left his oldest son William L. Steele, Jr. and partner Josiah D. Sandham in charge of the business. Steele moved to Neillsville to live with one of his daughters. He died at her house on March 4, 1949.

Neillsville is featured in 1995 comedy movie *Tommy Boy*. The movie starred Chris Farley and David Spade. When Paul (Rob Lowe), Tommy's Stepbrother, changes the orders in the shipping computer, he changes the order for Nelson Automotive in Neillsville, Wisconsin.

Image:neillsville_chatty_6464.jpg|Wisconsin's 1964 World's Fair exhibit
Image:chatty_6469 copy.jpg|Chatty Belle, the world's largest talking cow, part of Wisconsin's contribution to the 1964 World's Fair.
Image:Clark_County_Jail_1897_2.jpg|The old Clark County Jail, built in 1897, is now a historical museum.

## References
## Other websites
* Official City of Neillsville website 
* Neillsville Area Chamber of Commerce
* School District of Neillsville
* Historical & Architechural Tour Of Neillsville
Natchitoches, Louisiana

**Natchitoches** ( ; ), officially the **City of Natchitoches**,  is the parish seat of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the most populous municipality in Natchitoches Parish. It was established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis as part of French Louisiana. Established in 1714 by Louis Juchereau de St. Denis as part of French Louisiana, the community was named after the indigenous Natchitoches people.

The City of Natchitoches was not incorporated until after Louisiana had become a state (1812), on February 5, 1819. It is the oldest permanent settlement in the region. Natchitoches' sister city is Nacogdoches, Texas. It is also the location of Northwestern State University.

## Suburbs 
Natchitoches surrounding communities include:

### Incorporated 
* Campti, Louisiana
* Clarence, Louisiana
* Coushatta, Louisiana
* Natchez, Louisiana
* Powhatan, Louisiana
* Provencal, Louisiana
* Robeline, Louisiana

### Unincorporated 
* Allen, Louisiana
* Bermuda, Louisiana
* Cloutierville, Louisiana
* Derry, Louisiana
* Fairview Acres, Louisiana
* Fairview Alpha, Louisiana
* Flora, Louisiana
* Grand Ecore, Louisiana
* Hagewood, Louisiana
* Marthaville, Louisiana
* Melrose, Louisiana
* Point Place, Louisiana
* Saint Maurice, Louisiana
* Vienna Bend, Louisiana

## Media 
### Newspaper 
* *Natchitoches Times*

### Radio 
The only AM radio station based in Natchitoches is KNOC 1450, a classic country music station

**FM broadcasting**

## Education
* Northwestern State University

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* ''What's in a Name: Natchitoches'' (LPB, 2006)
Ashland, Louisiana

**Ashland, Louisiana** may refer to:

* Ashland, Concordia Parish, Louisiana, an unincorporated community
* Ashland, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, a village
* Ashland, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, an unincorporated community
* Ashland, Tensas Parish, Louisiana, an unincorporated community
Phytophthora iranica

***Phytophthora iranica*** is a plant pathogen that infects the roots of the Myrtle plants. It was discovered in a commercial nursery in Sardinia, Italy.

The fungus causes a blight on the plant, effectively destroying it.

## References
Clark County, Wisconsin

**Clark County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  As of 2020, 34,659 people lived there. Its county seat is Neillsville.

## Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of . It has  of land. Water covers  (0.28%) of the county.

## Demographics
As of the 2020 census, there were 34,659 people, 12,768 households, and 8,589 living in Clark County. The population density was 29 people per square mile (11/km²). There were 14,755 housing units. The median (middle) age was 37.5 years. The age breakdown was 28.8% under age 18, 53.3% from 18 to 65, and 17.9% over 65.

The breakdown by race was 92.2% White, 0.5% Native American, 0.3% Black, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 3.4% from one other race, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 6.1% of the people.

The largest groups by ancestry were 40.5% of German, 7.6% of Polish, 6.3% of Irish, 5.9% of Norwegian, 4.9% of English, 4.7% of American, and 4.0% of Swiss ancestry.

As of 2000, 6.62% said that they spoke German, Pennsylvania German, or Dutch at home. 1.34% said that they spoke Spanish.http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=55&county_id=19&mode=geographic&zip=&place_id=&cty_id=&ll=&a=&ea=&order=r

## Cities, villages, and towns 
### Cities and villages
|

|}

### Towns
### Unincorporated communities
*Atwood
*Bright
*Christie
*Chili
*Clark
*Columbia
*Eadsville
*Eidsvold
*Globe
*Hemlock
*Humbird
*Junction
*Lombard
*Longwood
*Lynn
*Nevins
*Reseburg
*Riplinger
*Sherwood
*Shortville
*Tioga
*Sidney
*Spokeville
*Veefkind
*Willard

### Ghost towns
*Kurth
*Maple Works
*Trow
*Worden

## References
## Other websites
*Official Clark County Government website 
**History of Clark County Wisconsin*
Grotella binda

***Grotella binda*** is a species of moth in the genus **Grotella**, of the family Noctuidae. This moth species is found in North America. It was first found in Arizona.

## Sources
Many, Louisiana

**Many** is the parish seat of Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States. As of the 2020 Census, 2,571 people lived in Many. This is a decrease of 135 from the 2010 Census. The town was named for James B. Many, a commander of nearby Fort Jesup.

## References
Wii MotionPlus

The **Wii MotionPlus** is an expansion device for the Nintendo Wii. It allows the Wii Remote to better capture motion. It was first announced on July 14, 2008 in a press release by Nintendo. The next day, it was shown at that year's E3. It was released in 2009.

## Wii Remote Plus
On September 29, 2010, Nintendo announced the Wii Remote Plus controller. It is a Wii Remote with MotionPlus built in. This allows players to use special controllers such as the Wii Zapper without removing the MotionPlus device. It was released in Europe on November 5, 2010, in North America on November 7, 2010, and in Japan on November 11, 2010.
Kraft, Louisiana

**Kraft** is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is home to the Red River Paper Mill.

## References
Nord N.2501 Noratlas

former Armée de l'Air's **Nord 2501 Noratlas** in 2009.]]
 former Luftwaffe's **Noratlas**.]]
's **Noratlas** with paratroopers.]]
The **SNCAN N.2501 Noratlas** or simply **Noratlas** is a post-war military French transport aircraft designed and built by Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Nord. It was use by several air forces like Armée de l'Air, Luftwaffe, and Israeli Air Force. It was built under licence in Germany. It's first flew in septembre 1949 and was introduced in 1953. France retired its last one in 1984.

## Configuration 
The **Noratlas** is a twin-boom, twin-engine aircraft. Built in metal it has a high wing, and twin-tail. It can carry 35 paratroopers, or 17 injured peoples on stretcher. On freighter configuration it can carry 7 900 kg for cargo missions. Cockpit is for 2 or 3 peoples : pilot, co-pilot, and sometimes navigator.

Some **Noratlas** were used like electronics warfare aircraft by French Air Force. In this kind, the *Gabriel* or *Grise* (grey in French) had got a crew of 8 or 9 peoples.

## Users 
Militaries users includes :
* 
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Engagements 
Armée de l'Air used **SNCAN N.2501 Noratlas** for the Algerian war for paratroopers operations, cargo transport, and sometimes search and rescue. In 1956 France and Israel used their Noratlas for Suez Canal crisis.

## Similar aircraft 
*Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy.
*Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar.

## References
Andrea Bowen

**Andrea Bowen** (born March 4, 1990 near Columbus, Ohio) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television programs. She acted as the character Julie in the TV show *Desperate Housewives*. She has gotten a few SAG awards for her television work.

## References
Bipolar disorder in children

**Bipolar disorder in children**, more well known as **pediatric bipolar disorder**, is a very serious condition that affects children and adolescents.

## Issues
Identifying bipolar disorder for children and teenagers can be difficult as some symptoms are very different from adults. Children and teens often have depressed moods mixed with mania taking place almost every day and sometimes at exactly the same time. 

Diagnosing bipolar disorder in children and adolescents is controversial. This condition often leads to daily functional impairments, and those with bipolar disorder which is prior to 18 years of age are far more likely to commit suicide.

## Pediatric bipolar disorder
Pediatric bipolar disorder is far more acute in children and youth than in adults, with diagnoses at very early age. In children or teenagers, mania often has serious psychotic troubles with mixed mania and depression episodes which are worse and for more erratic times than in adults. 

Several medications for this condition may have strong side effects for those under 18. Most bipolar children have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

## References
Violin Concerto (Beethoven)

The **Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61** is a work for solo violin and orchestra. It was written by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1806 for Franz Clement, first violinist and conductor of the Theatre an der Wien orchestra. It met with lukewarm approval. It did not receive its rightful due until 1844 when it was conducted in London by Mendelssohn.

The concerto opens with a few strokes on the timpani that led some music lovers to call the work the "Kettledrum Concerto".   The first movement lasts about 25 minutes. The second movement is serene and free from the dramatic turbulence of the first. The third movement displays a happy liveliness and makes great demands upon the soloist's skills.

## Notes
## References
* Marek, George R. 1969. *Beethoven*. Funk & Wagnalls. 
* Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*.  All Media Guide, LLC. .
Girls' Day (Germany)

'''Girls' Day'* (*Mädchen-Zukunftstag'') is a German special day for teenage girls.

## History
Girls' day has been organized annually since 2001.
The annual event is supported by 
* the Federal Ministry of Education and Research
* the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth
* the Federal Employment Agency
* the Confederation of German Employers' Associations
* the German Industry and Chambers of Commerce
* the Central Association of the German Trade and the Federation of German Industries

### Timeline
The specific date is changed from year to year:
* 26 April 2001 
* 25 April 2002 	
* 8 May 2003
* 22 April 2004 	
* 28 April 2005 	
* 27 April 2006 	
* 26 April 2007 	
* 24 April 2008 	
* 23 April 2009 	
* 22 April 2010 	
* 14 April 2011 	
* 26 April 2012 	
* 25 April 2013
* 27 March 2014
* 23 April 2015
* 27 April 2023

## Related pages 
* Hinamatsuri

## References
## Other websites
* Girls’ Day website 
* http://www.zukunftstagbrandenburg.de/
Loch Ness Monster (roller coaster)

The **Loch Ness Monster** is a steel roller coaster at Busch Gardens Williamsburg in the U.S. state of Virginia. It was the world's first roller coaster to have interlocking loops. The ride is in the Scottish-themed area of the park. It also has a helix tunnel, two lift hills and a 114-foot (35 m) drop. This roller coaster is classified as an American Coaster Enthusiasts Coaster Landmark.
Pulse

A **pulse** (or **heartbeat**) is a throbbing of blood vessels as blood goes through them. You can feel someone's pulse in their wrist, thumb or neck, where vessels are closer to the skin. A normal pulse is below 100 beats per minute. Our pulse quickens when we exercise because the muscles being used need more oxygen. Unusually fast or slow or irregular pulse might mean sickness.

There are normally four heart sounds. Two of them, S1 and S2, can be heard with a stethoscope. Two other sounds, S3 and S4, can not be heard, but they can be seen using a machine called a phonocardiograph. 

## Other websites
* Measure Pulse Online *Tap along with your pulse*
Caramel apple

**Caramel apples** are apples covered in caramel. They are sometimes given to children on Halloween. They are somewhat like candy. They are also sometimes called taffy apples. Some caramel apples have nuts and other treats stuck to them, to improve the flavor. Taffy apples usually refers to this type of caramel apple.

## Other websites
Hans Holbein the Younger

by Hans Holbein the Younger]]
**Hans Holbein the Younger** (c. 1497 – between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German-Swiss artist, painter and printmaker. He is best known for the portraits he painted. He is called "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, Hans Holbein the Elder. Hans Holbein the Younger was the better painter.

## Biography
He was an artist born in Augsburg, he later moved to Basel with his family and eventually he traveled to England in 1526 in find work there. He was a great portrait painter. 
He also painted some religious paintings. 

He was a very talented  painter who had his own style of painting. He was made to the King's Painter in England. He worked for King Henry VIII.

He also worked in England for several famous people, Thomas More, Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell, and painted many portraits of the English royal family and nobles. These paintings show us today the  English court life in the time of Henry VIII of England.

He was loved and appreciated by his time. Holbein is considered one of the greatest artists in the art history. 

His portrait of  Erasmus and Thomas More are now very famous. 

File:Hans Holbein, the Younger, Around 1497-1543 - Portrait of Henry VIII of England - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait of Henry VIII of England
File:Hans Holbein d. J. 032b.jpg|Jane Seymour, the wife of Henry VIII 
File:Portrait Anne of Cleves by Hans Holbein the Younger (Louvre).jpg|Anne of Cleves, the wife of Henry VIII
File:Anne Boleyn by Hans Holbein the Younger.jpg |Anne Boleyn, the wife of Henry VIII

File:Hans Holbein the Younger - Derich Born (1510?-49) - Google Art Project.jpg|Derich Born (1510?-49)
File:Hans the Younger Holbein - A Lady with a Squirrel and a Starling (Anne Lovell?) - Google Art Project.jpg|A Lady with a Squirrel (Anne Lovell?)
File:Holbein-erasmus.jpg|Erasmus
File:Hans Holbein d. J. - Portrait of Lady Mary Guildford - WGA11522.jpg|Portrait of Lady Mary Guildford 

## References
## Other websites
Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)

The **Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 35** is a work for solo violin and orchestra. It was written by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1878.  It was first performed in Vienna, Austria, on 4 December 1881. John Warrack writes, "Both the principal themes of [the] first movement are tender and eloquent ... With the Canzonetta that replaced the original Andante [Tchaikovsky] turns towards pure song ... the Finale [is] a cheerful little folk-like theme."

## Notes
## References
* Warrack, John. 1973. *Tchaikovsky*. Charles Scribner's Sons. .
* Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. *All Music Guide to Classical Music*.  All Media Guide, LLC. .