open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Theory of the Earth

***Theory of the Earth*** was a publication by James Hutton which laid the foundations for geology. In it he showed that the Earth is the product of natural forces. What could be seen happening today, over long periods of time, could produce what we see in the rocks. This idea, uniformitarianism, was a major step in the History of the geologic time scale. It was used by Charles Lyell in his work, and Lyell's textbook was an important influence on Charles Darwin.

Hutton recognized that rocks record the evidence of the past action of processes which still operate today. He also  natural selection, as follows:

:"Those which depart most from the best adapted constitution, will be the most liable to perish, while, on the other hand, those organised bodies, which most approach to the best constitution for the present circumstances, will be best adapted to continue, in preserving themselves and multiplying the individuals of their race".

Hutton's prose hindered his theories.  John Playfair in 1802 restated of Huttton's geological ideas in clearer English. However, he left out Hutton's thoughts on evolution. Charles Lyell in the 1830s popularised the idea of an infinitely repeating cycle (of the erosion of rocks and the building up of sediment). Lyell believed in gradual change, and thought even Hutton gave too much credit to catastrophic changes.

Hutton's work was published in different forms and stages:
#1788. Theory of the Earth; or an investigation of the laws observable in the composition, dissolution, and restoration of land upon the Globe. *Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh*, vol. **1**, Part 2, pp.&nbsp;209–304.
#1795. *Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations*. 2 vols, Edinburgh: Creech. 
#1899. *Theory of the Earth; with proofs and illustrations, vol III*. Edited by Sir Archibald Geikie. Geological Society, Burlington House, London.

## References
The Monolith Monsters

***The Monolith Monsters*** is a 1957 sci fi horror movie.  It was directed by John Sherwood and stars Grant Williams and Lola Albright.  It was based on a short story by Jack Arnold and Robert M. Fresco. Fresco and Norman Jolley wrote the screenplay. Troy Donahue and *The Donna Reed Show* regular Paul Petersen have uncredited roles.

## Story
A meteor crashes near the desert town of San Angelo. Fragments are scattered everywhere. They grow into skyscraper-sized monoliths. These monsters fall and shatter into thousands of pieces that grow into monoliths themselves. People are crushed or turned into statues.

## Other websites
*
* 
*Movie review at Rotten Tomatoes
*Review of *The Monolith Monsters*
Accusative case

The **accusative case** is the grammatical case which marks the direct object of a transitive verb. This is best explained with examples:

## Forms 
In the sentence "*He* sees the woman", "he" is the subject of the sentence. In the sentence "The woman sees *him*", "him" is the object. 

### English 
So, in English we use different forms of the pronoun: he/him. "Him" would be the accusative case. If we use a noun, there is no difference in English. We use the same word "man": ***The man** sees the woman* and *The woman sees **the man***. 

In many languages different forms of the word are used, depending on what function it has in the sentence - subject or object. 

### Latin 
For example, in Latin. "The man sees the woman" = "Vir feminam videt", while "The woman sees the man" = "Femina virum videt". For "man", Latin uses "vir" for the subject, and "virum" for the object. Also, in the same sentences, we have "femina" for a subject and "feminam" for object. The form used for the direct object ("him", "virum", "feminam") is known as the "accusative case", while the form used for the subject ("he", "vir", "femina") is known as the nominative case.

### German 
In some languages, like German, the accusative case is applied to the definite article and not to the noun. In German, "the car" as the subject of a sentence may be "**der** Wagen". This is the form in the nominative case. When "the car" is used as the object in a sentence, it becomes "**den** Wagen", the accusative.
Elitserien

**Elitserien** (literally, the "Elite League") is the name of several Swedish sport leagues that cover the whole of Sweden. In most sports, Elitserien is the highest league, with the second highest  usually named Allsvenskan.

Elitserien leagues:
* Elitserien (badminton)
* Elitserien (bandy)
* Elitserien (baseball)
* Elitserien (chess)
* Elitserien (men's curling)
* Elitserien (women's curling)
* Elitserien (orienteering)
* Elitserien (men's rugby union)
* Elitserien (women's rugby union)
* Elitserien (speedway)
* Elitserien (tennis)
* Elitserien (men's volleyball)
* Elitserien (women's volleyball)

Leagues formerly named Elitserien:
* Elitserien (1927–35), the highest ice hockey league 1927–1935
* Swedish Hockey League, the highest ice hockey league, named Elitserien 1975–2013
* Swedish Super League (men's floorball), the highest men's floorball league, named Elitserien 1995–2007
* Swedish Super League (women's floorball), the highest women's floorball league, named Elitserien 1997–2012
* Elitserien (men's basketball), the highest men's basketball league 1954–1992, now Basketligan
* Elitserien (women's basketball), the highest women's basketball league 1957–2001, now Basketligan dam
* Elitserien (women's bandy)
* Elitserien (men's table tennis)
* Elitserien (women's table tennis)
* Handbollsligan, called Elitserien between 1990-2016
* Svensk handbollselit, called Elitserien between 1989-2016
Aseptic meningitis

**Aseptic meningitis** occurs when there are signs of meningitis. However, when a sample of brain fluid is taken, bacteria do not grow. This condition is often treatable. In many cases, recovery takes 7–10 days.
Meningitis happens when the brain's lining becomes inflamed. This lining is called the meninges.''' 

## Cause 
*Viral infection due to:
**Enterovirus (e.g., Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease; Conjunctivitis)
*Sexually transmitted disease (e.g., herpes, Syphilis, HIV and AIDS)
*Other viruses, such as West Nile Virus
*Parasitic infection (e.g., Lyme Disease)
*Mycoplasma (a type of pneumonia)
*Tuberculosis
*Fungal infection
*Bacterial Meningitis that has not been fully treated
*Certain drugs
*Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sarcoidosis, Behcet's Disease)

## Risk factors 
These factors increase the chance of developing aseptic meningitis:
*Being exposed to someone with a viral illness 
*Working in a daycare or healthcare setting
*Having a compromised immune system
*Taking certain drugs (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
*Being a child or teenager (affects children and teens more often than adults)
Elisabeth Andreassen

**Elisabeth Andreassen** (born 28 March 1958) is a Norwegian singer. She participated at the Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden in 1982, and for Norway in 1985 and 1996.

## Discography 
### Solo albums
**Angel of the Morning* (1981)
*''I'm a Woman* (1983)
**Elisabeth Andreasson* (1985)
**Greatest Hits Vol. 2 * (1985)
**Greatest Hits * (1986)
**Älskar, älskar ej* (1988)
**Elisabeth* (1990)
**Stemninger* (1992 to 1994)
**Julestemninger* (1993)
**Elisabeth Andreassens bästa 1981-1995* (1995)
**Eternity * (1996)
**Bettans jul* (1996)
**Så skimrande var aldrig havet* (1997)
**20 bästa* (1998)
**Kjærlighetsviser* (2001)
**A Couple of Days in Larsville* (2004)
**Short Stories* (2005)
**Spellemann* (2009)
**Julenatt* (2009, Elisabeth Andreassen & Rein Alexander)
**Kärleken & livet'' (2012)

## Other websites
Eddington limit

The **Eddington limit**, or **Eddington luminosity** was first worked out by Arthur Eddington. It is a natural limit to the normal luminosity of stars. The state of balance is a hydrostatic equilibrium. When a star exceeds the Eddington limit, it loses mass with a very intense radiation-driven stellar wind from its outer layers.

Eddington's models treated a star as a sphere of gas held up against gravity by internal thermal pressure. Eddington showed that radiation pressure was necessary to prevent collapse of the sphere.

Most massive stars have luminosities far below the Eddington luminosity, so their winds are mostly driven by the less intense line absorption. The Eddington limit explains the observed luminosity of accreting black holes such as quasars.

## Super-Eddington luminosities 
Eddington limit explains the very high mass loss rates seen in the outbursts of η Carinae in 1840–1860. The regular stellar winds can only stand for a mass loss rate of about 10−4–10−3 solar masses per year. Mass loss rates of up to 0.5 solar masses per year are needed to understand the η Carinae outbursts. This can be done with the help of the super-Eddington broad spectrum radiation driven winds.

Gamma-ray bursts, novae and supernovae are examples of systems exceeding their Eddington luminosity by a large factor for very short times, resulting in short and highly intensive mass loss rates. Some X-ray binaries and active galaxies are able to maintain luminosities close to the Eddington limit for very long times. For accretion powered sources such as accreting neutron stars or cataclysmic variables (accreting white dwarfs), the limit may act to reduce or cut off the accretion flow. Super-Eddington accretion onto stellar-mass black holes is one possible model for ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs).

For accreting black holes, all the energy released by accretion does not have to appear as outgoing luminosity, since energy can be lost through the event horizon, down the hole. Effectively, such sources may not conserve energy.

## References
Maria Schneider (actress)

**Maria Schneider** (born Marie Christine Gélin, Paris, 27 March 1952 - 3 February  2011) was a French actress.  She was in many movies. She played Jeanne in the 1972 erotic movie *Last Tango in Paris* opposite Marlon Brando. Schneider died in Paris from cancer at age fifty-eight.

## References
Oregon spotted frog

The **Oregon spotted frog** (*Rana pretiosa*) is a medium-sized water frog. The name *Rana pretiosa* means "precious frog". It comes from the Pacific Northwest area of North America. It can be found in the Puget Trough/Willamette Valley province and the Cascade Mountains of south-central Washington and Oregon. It is a rare frog and is listed by the IUCN as a vulnerable species.
## References
Spiritualism

**Spiritualism** is a belief that humans can communicate with the spirits of the dead. It was popular in the nineteenth century up to the 1930s. The main centres were in America and Europe, with the Caribbean and South America, where it is usually called Spiritism.

Spiritualism did not have a book with authority, but it had pamphlets, meetings and mediums. A medium is a person, often female, who acts as a go-between between the living and the dead. 

At its peak, spiritualism was very popular, and its followers formed Spiritualist churches.
Rita Rudner

**Rita Rudner** (born September 17, 1953) is an American actress and comedian. She appeared in August 2012 as Melissa's Mom in *Melissa & Joey*. Rita Rudner was born in Miami, Florida.
Wrestling Brewster

**Wrestling Brewster** (ca. 1614 - ?) was a passenger on the ship *Mayflower* in 1620 when it sailed from England to North America. He was born in Leiden, The Netherlands about 1614 to William and Mary Brewster. He was alive during the 1627 Division of Cattle at Plymouth, and was listed in his father's household at that time. He is not mentioned again in any record, or in his father's will of 1644, or in the inventory of his father's estate. He did not marry. It is probable that he died some time between 1627 and 1644.

Correction, according to
http://genealogytrails.com/mass/mayflower.html

Under William Brewster is shows,
16. WRESTLING, b. --- ; m. Mary --- .
So Wrestling Brewster may have married a woman named Mary

## References
County Meath

]]
**County Meath** () is a county in Ireland. It is part of the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient *Kingdom of Mide* (in Gaelic *Mide* means "middle"). 184,135 people lived in the county according to the 2011 census. The county town is Navan, this is where the county hall and government are located. Trim used to be the county town. 

The River Boyne flows through the county.

## Main towns 
#  Navan 28,559 people
#  Ashbourne 11,355 people
#  Laytown-Bettystown-Mornington 10,889 people
#  Ratoath 9,043 people 
#  Trim 8,268 people 
#  Dunboyne 6,959 people
#  Kells 5,888 people
#  Duleek 3,988 people
#  Dunshaughlin 3,903 people
#  Stamullen 3,130 people
# 

## History
The county is sometimes known by the nickname "The Royal County" because of its history as the seat of the High King of Ireland. 

County Meath formed the eastern part of the former Kingdom of Mide. The seat of the High King of Ireland was at Tara which is not far from Navan. 

The archaeological complex of *Brú na Bóinne* is 5,000 years old. It includes the burial sites of Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth, in the north-east of the county. It is a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site.

## Economy
The county has a lot of farms, mainly cattle, dairying, potatoes and grain. Meath is Ireland's leading county producer of potatoes, and a significant producer of beef, barley, milk, wheat, and root vegetables. Europe's largest underground lead-zinc mine, Tara Mines, has operated since 1977, at a location to the west of Navan. 

## Main roads in Meath
* The M1 motorway linking Dublin and Belfast
* The N2 / M2 motorway linking Dublin and Derry 
* The N3 / M3 motorway linking Dublin and Cavan
* The N4 / M4 motorway linking Dublin and Sligo

## Places of interest
* The Hill of Tara, an ancient historical site.
* Castles at Trim, Slane (private), Dunsany (limited opening), Killeen (A Hotel).
* Religious ruins at Trim (two), Bective, Slane (two), Dunsany, Skryne (Skreen).
* 2500-year-old mound structures of disputed origin at Teltown.  Teltown is home to Ireland's pre-Olympic Games, which some records date back to 1869 BCE.
* Brú na Bóinne Unesco World Heritage Site.
* Loughcrew, an ancient historical site.

## References
## Other websites
*Meath County Council
*Meath Tourism 
*CSO Website
*County Meath History Geography map guide
Love Brewster

**Love Brewster** was a passenger on the *Mayflower* in 1620. He was born about 1611 in Holland to William and Mary Brewster. 

He married Sarah Collier at Plymouth, Plymouth Colony in 1634, and sired four children upon her. He was active in the community, and died at Duxbury, north of Plymouth, about 1651.
  
## Early life
Love was born in Leiden, The Netherlands about 1611 to Mary and William Brewster. On 15 May 1634, he married Sarah Collier at Plymouth. They had four children: Sarah, Nathaniel, William, and Wrestling.

## Plymouth Colony
Brewster became a freeman (able to vote and hold land) in Plymouth Colony on 2 March 1636. He volunteered to fight in the Pequot War (1634-1638), but saw no action because Plymouth's volunteers were not needed.

## Later life and death
Brewster and his family moved to Duxbury, Plymouth Colony, north of the settlement at Plymouth. He served in the militia under Myles Standish. Brewster died at Duxbury between 6 October 1650 (when his will was written) and 31 January 1651 (when the will was probated).
Ocean County, New Jersey

**Ocean County** is a county in New Jersey that contains most of the Jersey Shore. The county seat is Toms River. The population is 637,229 as of 2020.

## References
Oliver Hill

**Oliver White Hill, Sr**. (May 1, 1907 – August 5, 2007) was an American civil rights lawyer from Richmond, Virginia. His work against discrimination helped end "separate but equal". This was a reason used to support segregation in the United States. He also helped win important legal decisions, such as equality in pay for black teachers, access to school buses, voting rights, jury selection, and employment protection. He retired in 1998 after practicing law for almost 60 years. Along with his other awards, he earned the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This was given to him by President Bill Clinton in 1999. During the 1940s and 1950s, Hill was unsafe because of what he did. Because people called to threaten Hill, Hill's young son was not allowed to answer the telephone. A cross was burned on the Hill family's lawn. Still, Hill continued to work for civil rights. Hill died at the age of 100 in 2007 in Richmond, Virginia. 

## References
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

**Non-Hodgkin lymphoma** (which is also known as *B-cell* and *T-cell lymphomas*) is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout the body. It is also part of the immune system. Clear fluid called *lymph* flows through the lymphatic vessels and contains infection-fighting white blood cells known as *lymphocytes*.

In lymphoma, these lymphocytes start to multiply in an abnormal way. A lot of them appear in certain parts of the lymphatic system, such as the lymph nodes (glands). The affected lymphocytes lose their infection-fighting properties making you more vulnerable to infection.

The most common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a painless swelling in a lymph node, usually in the neck, armpit or groin.

The usual way to know that a person has non-Hodgkin lymphoma is to do a biopsy (testing a sample of affected lymph node tissue).
Mary Brewster

**Mary Brewster** (ca. 1569 - 17 April 1627) was a passenger on the *Mayflower* in 1620 when the ship sailed from England to the New World. She was probably born in England, but her exact birthdate, birthplace, and birth surname are not known with certainty. She married William Brewster about 1592, and bore him six children. 

She lived in The Netherlands several years before emigrating to North America with her family.  She survived her first harsh winter of 1620 in the New World, and was one of the four women still alive in 1621 to observe the first Thanksgiving. She died in Plymouth Colony in 1627.    
 
## Early life and marriage
Mary was born in England about 1569, probably in Doncaster, Yorkshire or Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. Her maiden name is not known with certainty. Wentworth, Wyrall, Stubbe, Love and others have all been proposed, but none have been proven to be her surname.

She married William Brewster about 1592. It is not known if she was Brewster's first or second wife. Her resting place has not been found.

## References
Dorothy

**Dorothy** is a female given name. It comes from the Greek Δωροθέα (*Dōrothéa*) meaning "God's Gift", from δῶρον (*dōron*), "gift" + θεός (*theós*), "god". There are also male names in English such as "Dorie" from the Greek word *Δωρόθεος* (*Dōrótheos*). Also, the given names Theodore and Theodora come from the same two Greek words as Dorothy, but in the reverse order.

Dorothy became one of the most popular girl's names in the United States between 1904 and 1940. It was ranked among the top 10 most popular names given to American newborn girls. The name was in the top 100 most popular names for American girls until 1961. In 2006 it was ranked 986 in the top 1,000 most popular names for American newborn girls. There were 235 newborn American girls given the name in 2010. 

## Famous people named Dorothy 
*Dorothy Allison, American writer
*Dorothy Arnold, American socialite who disappeared mysteriously
*Dorothy Dandridge, actress
*D. C. Fontana (Dorothy Catherine), screenplay writer
*Dorothy Garrod, British archaeologist
*Dorothy Gish, American actress
*Dorothy Hamill, figure skater
*Dorothy Hodgkin, British biochemist and winner of Nobel Prize in Chemistry
*Dorothy Lee, 1930s American actress-comedian
*Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, American astronaut
*Dorothy Parker, American poet
*Dorothy L. Sayers, English writer
*Dorothy Scharf, English philanthropist
*Dorothy Stang (1931-2005), Catholic nun of the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur
*Dorothy Sterling, American writer
*Dorothy Vest, American female tennis player
*Dorothy Wordsworth, sister of William Wordsworth
*Dorothy Faye Dunaway, American actress
*Dorothy Bush Koch, daughter of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush  and sister of George W. Bush, the 43rd President

In **fiction**:
*Dorothy Catalonia, a character from the Gundam Wing anime series
*Dorothy Gale, the little girl who was blown to the Land of Oz by a cyclone in L. Frank Baum's 1900 book *The Wonderful Wizard of Oz* and the classic 1939 movie adaptation *The Wizard of Oz* and Oz the Great and Powerful
* Dorothy Michaels, name used by the female impersonator in the 1982 comedy film *Tootsie*, played by Dustin Hoffman
*Dorothy Zbornak, played by Bea Arthur on the long-running TV sitcom *The Golden Girls*
*R. Dorothy Wayneright, female android in the anime series *Big O*
*Dot Branning, fictional character on the television show  *EastEnders*

## References
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

**Gustav II Adolf** (19 December 1594 &ndash; 16 November 1632) was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632. He is known in English as **Gustavus Adolphus**.

He is often said to have made Sweden a great power. (). He is also said to be one of the best military leaders of all time. Gustav led Sweden to be a military power during the Thirty Years' War and spent most of his reign fighting.

## Life
 in Minnesota]]
Gustavus Adolphus was born in Stockholm. His parents were Charles IX of Sweden and his second wife, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. When his father died in October 1611, while Gustavus was only 16 years old, he became King of Sweden.

Gustavus married Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg. Their daughter Christina later became Queen of Sweden.

In June 1630 he landed in Germany, starting the Swedish fight in the Thirty Year's War on the Anti-Imperial Protestant side, which was losing at the time. With Sweden's help the situation flipped so that the Protestants were winning.

Gustavus died in the Battle of Lützen in 1632 while leading a cavalry attack.

## Gustavus Adolphus Day
Gustavus Adolphus Day is on 6 November. Every year it is celebrated in Sweden, Estonia and Finland. On this day only, a special pastry is sold that has a chocolate or marzipan medallion of the king.
Josh Klinghoffer

**Josh Adam Klinghoffer** (born October 3, 1979) is an American musician. He is best known as being the guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers from 2009 to 2019.
Vasodilation

**Vasodilation** is where blood vessels widen. It results from relaxation of muscle cells within blood vessel walls. The process is essentially the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is  the narrowing of blood vessels. 

When vessels widen, blood flow is increased. This in turn decreases blood pressure. Drugs that cause vasodilation are called **vasodilators**.

## References
Debra Jo Rupp

**Debra Jo Rupp** (born 24 February 1951) is an American actress. She appears in television and movies. She played Kitty Forman in ''That '70s Show*. She played Alice in *Friends''. Debra was born in Glendale, California. She was raised in Massachusetts.

## Other websties
*
Dorothy Eaton

**Dorothy Eaton** (? - probably no later than 1624) was a passenger on the *Mayflower* in 1620. She was John Carver's maidservant. Her maiden name is unknown. William Bradford wrote of Carver's maidservant, "[she] married, and died a year or two after here in this place." She may have been Francis Eaton's second wife.  A 1626 apprenticeship record from Bristol, England, mentions Francis Eaton, carpenter in New England, and his wife Dorothy.

## References
Gyllene Tider

**Gyllene Tider** is a pop band from the town of Halmstad in Sweden.

## Discography 
* 1978 *Gyllene Tider EP (Gula EP-en)*
* 1980 *Gyllene Tider LP*
* 1981 *Moderna Tider*
* 1982 *Puls*
* 1984 *The Heartland Café*
* 1990 *Parkliv!*
* 1996 *Gyllene Tider EP ("Gå & fiska)*
* 1997 *Återtåget Live! *
* 2005 *Finn 5 fel!*
* 2004 *GT25 *
* 2013 *Dags att tänka på refrängen *

## Other websites
Michael Hastings (journalist)

**Michael Mahon Hastings** (January 28, 1980 &ndash; June 18, 2013) was an American journalist, writer and reporter for BuzzFeed. The son of doctors Molly and Brent Hastings, he graduated from Rice Memorial High School in South Burlington, Vermont in 1998, and New York University in 2002.

He was a regular writer for ''Gentlemen's Quarterly* and a contributing editor at *Rolling Stone* magazine.  From 2002 - 2008, he was a journalist for *Newsweek* magazine, famous for his Iraq War coverage and book about the death of his fiancée Andrea Parhamovich *I Lost My Love in Baghdad: A Modern War Story*.

Hastings died in a 4:30am single-vehicle automobile crash in Los Angeles on June 18, 2013.

## References
## Other websites
* Michael Hastings of Rolling Stone on the Story that Brought Down Gen. McChrystal – video report by *Democracy Now!*
*C-SPAN *Q&A'' interview with Hastings, January 29, 2012
*Michael Hastings on CNN debating the resignation of Gen. David Petraeus with Gen. Mark Kimmitt, Lt. Col. Rick Francona, and Piers Morgan
Carly Rose Sonenclar

**Carly Rose Sonenclar** (born April 20, 1999) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. In 2012, Sonenclar finished in second place in season 2 of *The X Factor USA*.

She started her career as an actress on Broadway in 2006, and she also played Gilda in the television show *The Electric Company*. She later became a singer, and sang the National Anthem at sporting events.

In 2012, Sonenclar auditioned for *The X Factor USA* season two, singing the song "Feeling Good", which gave her praise from the judges. During the season, Sonenclar was normally among the top two most voted contestants, along with Tate Stevens. In the finale, Sonenclar finished in second behind Stevens.

In 2013, Sonenclar signed with record label Syco Music.

## Sources
Paul Simon (politician)

**Paul Martin Simon** (November 29, 1928 &ndash; December 9, 2003) was an American politician from Illinois. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1985, and in United States Senate from 1985 to 1997. A member of the Democratic Party, he unsuccessfully ran for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination. Simon was famous for his distinctive appearance that included a bowtie and horn-rimmed glasses.

Simon was born on November 29, 1928 in Eugene, Oregon. He studied at the University of Oregon and attended Dana College.

Simon was married to Jeanne Hurley from 1960 until her death in 2000. Then he was married to Patricia Derge from 2001 until his death in 2003. He had two children with Jeanne. One of them was Lieutenant Governor of Illinois Sheila Simon.

Simon died on December 9, 2003 from surgical complications after undergoing heart surgery in Springfield, Illinois, aged 75.
 
## References
## Other websites
* Senator Paul Simon Papers  at Southern Illinois University Carbondale Special Collections Research Center
* Jeanne Hurley Simon Papers  at Southern Illinois University Carbondale Special Collections
* U.S. Senator Paul Simon Museum 
* Paul Simon Public Policy Institute 
* CNN obituary 
* Paul Simon Tribute in Daily Egyptian 
* *Our Culture of Pandering* , 
* 
* http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/8465-1/Jeanne+Simon.aspx 
* *Booknotes* interview with Paul Simon on ''Advice and Consent: Clarence Thomas, Robert Bork and the Intriguing History of the Supreme Court's Nomination Battles'', September 20, 1992.
Eternal Flame

**"Eternal Flame"** is a 1989 ballad by The Bangles. It is from their 1988 album *Everything*. It became a hit when it was released in February 1989 in the United States. It hit #1 in other countries, including Australia. With this song, the Bangles became the third girl group to have many number one songs in the United States, after The Supremes (twelve) and The Shirelles (two).

## References
Tet Offensive

The **Tet Offensive** (Vietnamese: **Tết Mậu Thân**) was a military campaign during the Vietnam War that started on 30 January 1968. It was fought by the communist forces of the Viet Cong in South Vietnam, which were aided by North Vietnam, against the non-communist South Vietnamese government, aided by the United States and other allies.

Its purpose was to surprise the enemy with attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers in South Vietnam.

Eventually, the Americans and the non-communist South Vietnamese managed to fight off the communist forces for a military victory. However, the massive fighting during the Tet Offensive made most Americans go from supporting the fighting in Vietnam to opposing it. The military and the government had told the Americans that their country was close to winning. After that was disproved by the offensive, the US was said to have won the battle but to have lost the war.

## References
## Other websites 
*Bibliography: The Tet Offensive and the Battle of Khe Sanh
*Photographic history of 1st Air Cavalry Division Lurp / Rangers in the 1968 Tet Offensive
*"Saigon, Target Zero" (1968) Tet Offensive film from the USA National Archives and Records Administration
*United States History: Tet Offensive
Division of Darling Downs

The **Division of Darling Downs** was an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the original 75 divisions for the first Australian election in 1901. It was named for the Darling Downs region of Queensland. It included the city of Toowoomba and surrounding rural areas. 

## Members
Its famous members included Sir Littleton Groom, Cabinet minister and Speaker, and Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister of Australia in 1941.

The electorate's first member, William Henry Groom, died at the first Commonwealth Parliament meeting in Melbourne in 1901. His death led to Australia's first by-election, which was won by his son Littleton. The seat was abolished in 1984, largely being replaced by the Division of Groom.
A Hazy Shade of Winter

**"A Hazy Shade of Winter"** is a hit song performed by Simon and Garfunkel in the 1960s. It was covered by The Bangles two decades later. The song was released by itself at first, but was later released as part of the album *Bookends*, released in 1968. This single is about sadness during winter. The Bangles version was released in November 1987. Both versions became major hit singles. In the late 1980s, the Bangles' version became more popular than the first version.
Siddur

A ***siddur*** () is a Jewish prayer book. It has a set order of a list of Jewish prayers and blessings.

*"Siddurs"*, which come from a Hebrew root meaning "order", have a very long history and so they can be found in a number of versions in different streams in Judaism.

## References
## Other websites
* Siddur Audio
Thomas Kuhn

**Thomas Samuel Kuhn** (July 18, 1922 - 17 June, 1996) was a Jewish-American physicist, and historian and philosopher of science. He introduced the idea of paradigm shift. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio and died from lung cancer in Cambridge, Massachusetts, aged 73.

## Related pages
*Incommensurability

## Other websites
* Thomas Kuhn Online  (News, Philosophy, Biography, Bibliography)
*Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Bernard Sahlins

**Bernard "Bernie" Sahlins** (1922 &ndash; June 16, 2013) was an American writer, television and theatre director, and comedian. He was best known as a founder of The Second City improvisational comedy troupe with Paul Sills and Howard Alk in 1959. Sahlins also opened the Second City Theatre in Toronto in 1973.

Sahlins was born in 1922 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Chicago in 1943. On June 16, 2013, Sahlins died at his home from natural causes in Chicago, Illinois, aged 90.  He was survived by his wife, Jane Nicholl Sahlins.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stan Lopata

**Stanley Edward Lopata** (September 12, 1925 – June 15, 2013) was an American professional baseball player. Lopata played in Major League Baseball as a catcher for parts of 13 seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies and Milwaukee Braves. A two-time all-star, he was the first National League catcher to wear glasses.

Lopata was born on September 12, 1925 in Delray, Michigan. He studied at Southwestern High School. Lopata died on June 15, 2013 from heart failure in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Stan Lopata at the Society for American Baseball Research Biography Project
Grevenmacher District

The **District of Grevenmacher** () was one of three districts of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital was the city of Grevenmacher.

In 2015, the districts were abolished.

It was the easternmost of the districts and the smallest of the three districts, with an area of . It is the district with less people living in it with a population of 64,978 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

On 2012, the communes of Burmerange and Wellenstein were made part of the commune of Schengen. So the number of communes changed from 26 to 24.

## Geography
The district of Grevenmacher is bordered to the north by the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, to the east by the German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, to the south by France (the Moselle *département*) and to the west by the Luxembourg district.

## Composition
The Diekirch district has 3 cantons and 24 *communes*.

### Cantons and their communes
s in the Moselle Valley near Machtum, Wormeldange]]
 river near Ehnen, Wormeldange]]
#Echternach
#*Beaufort
#*Bech
#*Berdorf
#*Consdorf
#*Echternach
#*Mompach
#*Rosport
#*Waldbillig
#Grevenmacher
#*Betzdorf
#*Biwer
#*Flaxweiler
#*Grevenmacher
#*Junglinster
#*Manternach
#*Mertert
#*Wormeldange
#Remich
#*Bous
#*Dalheim
#*Lenningen
#*Mondorf-les-Bains
#*Remich
#*Schengen
#*Stadtbredimus
#*Waldbredimus

## References
Digital Audio Tape

]]
**Digital Audio Tape** is a magnetic tape that permits to record audio. The recording is digital, its quality is similar to that of a compact disc. It was developed in the 1980s to replace the compact casette. Like tapes used for recording video, the tape can only be played in one direction, the "cassette" only has one side. It competed with Digital Compact Cassette (DCC), and the Minidisc. Unlike these however, it allows for an exact digital copy of the source; DCC and Minidisc use lossy data compression.

DAT tapes were also used to back up computer data in the 1990s and early 2000s. Most computer DAT drives will not read audio DAT tapes.
Sex segregation

**Sex segregation** is a highly controversial culture-related definition for separation of people according to their sex. This can occur in both public and private areas. There are four levels for sex segregation: permissive, voluntary, administrative and mandatory. 

It is always done in prisons and in military service. Socially it is done in sports, but not necessarily in mental sports. It is always done in schools in countries where the religion dictates it. Sex segregation is very unusual at primary school level.

Religion has its effects, but the Christian religion no longer mandates separation. It once did.

Clothing is the other area where differences occur. Again, Muslim countries still demand a dress code for women, but the rest of the world is more diverse. A point which is rarely made is that the simple wearing of clothes is often mandatory, and nude people may be arrested. Practice varies at certain places, such as the seaside.

## Related pages 
*Racial segregation
*Sexism
*Social isolation
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

**Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg** (25 September 191519 June 1953) and **Julius Rosenberg** (12 May 191819 June 1953) were an American married couple who were executed for espionage during the Cold War.  

The Rosenbergs were members of the Communist Party of the United States. 

## Espionage 
Julius Rosenberg was an electrical engineer at the United States Army Corps Engineering Laboratories. He was recruited by Soviet spies on Labor Day in 1942.

By late 1944, Julius had become a recruiter for Soviet spies, and he supervised several other spies, including his brother-in-law David Greenglass. Greenglass originally said his sister Ethel was not involved, but later said she was. The Rosenbergs were accused of giving information about nuclear weapons to another spy, who then gave it to a Soviet official in New York City. *They have been found guilty of conspiring with intent and reason to believe that it would [help] a foreign power, to deliver to ... that foreign power certain highly secret atomic information relating to the national defense of the United States.* Many people (in many countries) thought the Rosenbergs were innocent. Some supporters thought they were being persecuted because of antisemitism.) Others believed the Rosenbergs were guilty, but should not be executed. 

## Executions 
As president, Eisenhower had the power to stop the Rosenbergs' execution. (This power is called executive clemency.) He refused, saying on 11 February 1953: According to a White House memo, most of these people lived in cities on the East and West Coasts (especially New York and California).''Note of 2/16/53 to the President from Michael and Robert Rosenberg... [they] state they don't want to be left without a mommy and daddy.''
 dropped on Nagasaki. The Rosenbergs were accused of spying on the U.S. nuclear program]]
As their execution date approached, the Rosenbergs' supporters organized rallies and urged people to contact Eisenhower. However, they were not successful.

Both Rosenbergs were executed by electrocution on 19 June 1953, at Sing Sing Prison in New York. They were the first American civilians ever to be executed for conspiracy to commit espionage during wartime.

## Post-war evidence 
After the Soviet Union ended in 1991, many secret Soviet records were released. Evidence showed that Julius Rosenberg had been a spy, but Ethel had not.
According to Edward Shapiro's research:''**The Rosenberg case neither resulted from nor increased anti-Semitism ... [There have been] questions regarding the fairness of the trial. Nevertheless, no evidence [exists] that the jury’s decision or the sentence would have differed had the Rosenbergs been Gentiles."''

## References
Femicide

The term **femicide** refers to killing women. Feminist Diana Russell is one of the many early pioneers of the term; she defines the word as referring to killing women because of their gender. The term was first used around 1801 in England to represent the killing of women. The term has created controversy, and other feminists differ on what the word *femicide* really means.
## Brazil
In Brazil, crime is in the Brazilian Criminal Code since 2012. The penalty for this crime is 12 to 30 years in prison.

## References
Eva Cassidy

**Eva Marie Cassidy** (February 2, 1973 - November 2, 2006) was an American singer, vocalist and musician. She was born in Washington, D.C. to a German immigrant mother and father of Scottish-Irish ancestry. She performed pop, country and jazz music. In 2002, she released her first album, *The Other Side*.

Cassidy died in Bowie, Maryland, of malignant melanoma, aged thirty-three.
Cinephilia

The term **Cinephilia** refers to when someone has a strong interest in cinema, movie theories and movie criticism. Since the silent era, there have been various waves of cinephiles, people with strong interest for cinema and movies. The movie community which may have been best noted in relations to cinephilia, however, are one that was developed during World War II around Paris, France. A major influx of foreign movies, alongside a screening program used with certain local movie clubs, generated interest for world cinema among the intellectual youth culture of the city. This community fostered a strong interest in directors and movies which may have been neglected, forgotten or simply not known in the West. Notable directors of French cinephiles in this period include although are not limited to Alfred Hitchcock and Orson Welles. This profession has become less connected with movie going due to presence of DVDs and VHS cassettes.

## References
Avenue Franklin Roosevelt

**Avenue Franklin Roosevelt** () is a street in Brussels, Ixelles. It is next parallel to Bois de la Cambre, a forest in Brussels. Many houses there were built during the Interwar period. It is known as one of the most beautiful boulevards in Brussels. The Ixelles community opposes that people build shops or hotels and apartment buildings have to be no bigger than 16 meters high. There are many embassies and residences of ambasadors located on Avenue Franklin Roosevelt.

## History
The avenue was named "Avenue des Nations" () in 1922, after Leopold II came the visit de Universal Exposition from 1910. He said it should be a residential area.

In 1945, de "Avenue des Nations" becomes Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, in honor of the president of the United States, Franklin Roosevelt, who led his country during the Second World War and who died that year.

## Notable buildings
* The villa Empain is notable art déco villa hosting different art exhibitions.
* The villa Bernheim was occupied by Émile Bernheim, former President of the group À l'Innovation and now is an art gallery.

## References
Bois de la Cambre

**Bois de la Cambre** () is a forest and park in Brussels. It covers an area of 1.23 km2. It used to be part of the Sonian Forest, but now it is separate, because of the growth of the city of Brussels around it in the 19th century, which reduced the size of the forest and divided it.

The main road around the lake has been closed to traffic on Saturdays and Sundays since the 1990s.

In 1815, on the eve of the Battle of Waterloo, the British soldiers played cricket on land that is now part of the Bois de la Cambre.

There is a park that includes horse rides, an ice rink, boating activities and fishing are organized. Bois de la Cambre is connected to the Sonian Forest as in the past it used to be part of it. Three entries are from the Avenue Franklin Roosevelt.

## The Chalet Robinson
In the 1990s the Chalet Robinson was built on the an island on the lake. The restaurant was destroyed by a fire in 1991. The decision was made in 2006 to rebuild it and it reopened to the public in September 2009. An electrical boat has been made so you can pass from the shore to the island.

## Events
Two days per year there is a race, *24 hours race Bois de la Cambre* that is played by the young scouts other activities are also organized for the young scouts. In 2013 the 24 hours race was canceled because of the cold, wind and rain. Other smaller events are also organized in the park.
Sometimes, sports demonstrations, outdoor concerts, processions coupling, theaters animation or games for children are held during the summer. In the last week-end of August the Fiesta Latina is organized which includes Latin food and concerts. In September an Eat festival was organized but the first two days were ruined because of the rain.

## Other websites
Prader–Willi syndrome

of a girl presumed to have Prader–Willi syndrome.]]

**Prader–Willi syndrome** is a rare genetic disorder. It causes obesity, slow sexual development and low intelligence. People with Prader–Willi syndrome also have a higher chance of getting diabetes mellitus, and cannot have children. They are hungry very often, and eat much more than other people. It was first described in 1956. Prader-Willi syndrome is usually diagnosed with a genetic test. Prader-Willi syndrome has no cure. It can be treated with behavioural therapy.

## References
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

***The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas*** is a novel written by John Boyne. Bruno's father is a commandant in World War II and the family moves house to Out-With so that he can work closer to concentration camps under the Fury's orders. After staying there for some time, Bruno makes friends with a Jewish boy named Shmuel on the other side of the fence. They meet up on their side of the fence whenever they can. On the day where Bruno is meant to move back to Berlin, he accidentally enters a gas chamber while attempting to look for Shmuel's father and dies while holding hands with the Jewish boy.
 
There is a movie of the same name based on it on August 28, 2008.

## Educational implications (or consequences in regard to education) 
A 2009 study was done by the London Jewish Cultural Centre; The study (held or) conducted a survey in which 70% of (those who gave a response, or) respondents thought Boyne's novel was based on a true story.
California City, California

**California City** is a city in southern California that was incorporated in 1965. In 2020, 14,973 people lived in the city. The area has its own police and post office.

## References
Fokker 50

The **Fokker 50** is a twin-turboprop airliner built in the Netherlands. A improved version of Fokker F.27. It can carry about 50 passengers. It is also a military cargo aircraft and a reconnaissance aircraft.
Luxor

**Luxor** () is a city in Upper Egypt. In 2012, about 506,588 people lived there. To tourists, it is mostly known because of Karnak, as well as other tourist sites nearby.

Because the Ancient Egyptian city of Thebes is located in Luxor, the city has been called the "world's greatest open-air museum." On the other side of the Nile lies the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Theban Mapping Project: website devoted to the Valley of the Kings and other sites in the Theban Necropolis
* Luxor World Heritage Site in panographies  - 360 degree interactive imaging
* GCatholic Copic epachy
* 
* Luxor Temple picture gallery  at Remains.se
Francis Eaton

**Francis Eaton** was born ca. 1596 in Bristol, England, and died in the autumn of 1633 in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was a passenger on the *Mayflower* in 1620. He signed the Mayflower Compact.

## In England
Eaton was the son of John Eaton and his wife Dorothy (Smith) Eaton. He was baptized on 11 September 1596 at St. Thomas church in Bristol, England.  Eaton was a house carpenter. He married Sarah about 1618 and had a son named Samuel. The family left for North America in 1620 on the *Mayflower*.

## In North America
Sarah died in the New World during the winter of 1620-1621. Eaton married John Carver's servant Dorothy _____ before 1623. She died shortly after the marriage, leaving no children.

In the 1623 Division of Land at Plymouth, Eaton received four shares: one for himself, one for his deceased first wife Sarah, one for his son, and one for his current wife Dorothy. They were all *Mayflower* passengers.

About 1626, Eaton married Christiana Penn. They had three children: Rachel, Benjamin, and a child whose name is unknown but was called "an ideote" (mentally disabled).

## Last years
In 1631, Eaton began having money troubles. He sold some of his land, some livestock, and his house. He died some time between 25 October and 8 November 1633 at Plymouth. He died in debt. His estate included some livestock, fifty bushels of corn, some clothing, some carpenter's tools, some boards, fishing lead, and some kitchen items. He was buried in Burial Hill in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony.

## References
* Caleb Johnson's Mayflower History: Francis Eaton
Fokker F27 Friendship

**Fokker F27 Friendship** is a twin-turboprop airliner built in Netherlands. It was designed to replace Douglas DC-3's airliners. It can carry between 48 and 56 passengers. Fairchild FH-227 is an American licence-built variant, and Fokker 50 is a modernized variant. Some of them were acquired by militaries as cargo aircraft.

## References
Julia Ormond

**Julia Karin Ormond** (born 4 January 1965 in Surrey, England) is an English actress. She starred in many movies, including *Nostradamus*, *First Knight*, *Legends of the Fall* and *Sabrina*. She also starred on television shows, including *Nurse Jackie* and *Temple Grandin*.
Sheree J. Wilson

**Sheree Julienne Wilson** (born December 12, 1958) is an American actress and producer. 
She was born in Rochester, Minnesota. She was married (now divorced) to Paul DeRobbio, and has two sons: Luke (b. 1990) and Nicolas (b. 1997). She is best known for two television roles: April Stevens on *Dallas* (1986 to 1991), and Alexandra "Alex" Cahill-Walker, on *Walker, Texas Ranger* (1993-2001).