open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Olivia (name)

**Olivia** [ oh-**liv**-ee-*uh* ] is a female given name in English. It is derived from the Latin word *olive*. Olivia is a stunning appellation that has been on the rise in popularity in recent times. This name has a profound legacy and a significant connotation. Its Latin roots reveal that Olivia signifies "olive tree", which is a symbol of serenity, intelligence, and affluence. For centuries, the olive tree has been adored for its splendor and practicality. It dates back to the 13th century. Many people think the name was first used by William Shakespeare for a character in *Twelfth Night*. This name was ranked #1 on the US Popular Female Names in 2021.

## People 
* Olivia Newton-John, British-Australian singer (1948–2022)
* Olivia de Havilland, British and American actress (1916–2020)
* Olivia Munn, American actress, comedian, television personality and author
* Olivia Thirlby, American actress
* Olivia Rodrigo, American singer (born 2003)
* Olivia Jordan, American model
* Olivia Baril, Canadian cyclist
* Olivia Wilde, American actress, film director and producer
* Olivia Hooker, psychologist and professor (1915-2018)

## References
Wonder Woman (2017 movie)

***Wonder Woman*** is an American superhero movie. It is based on the DC Comics character Wonder Woman. It is distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.

## Background
The movie is intended to be the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe. The movie is directed by Patty Jenkins, written by Allan Heinberg, Geoff Johns and Patty Jenkins, and from a story by Heinberg and Zack Snyder. Principal photography began in late November 2015 and wrapped in May 2016. *Wonder Woman* was released on June 2, 2017 in the United States, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D.

## Cast
* Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman/Diana Prince
** An Amazonian princess and main hero of the movie
* Chris Pine as Steve Trevor
** Wonder Woman's love interest and fighter pilot for the United States Military
* Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta
** The Queen of the Amazons and the mother of Wonder Woman
* David Thewlis as Ares
** The main antagonist of the movie. The evil son of Zeus based on the Greek mythological god of War who pretends to be Sir Patrick Morgan
* Robin Wright as General Antiope
** The sister of Hippolyta and Wonder Woman's aunt
* Lucy Davis as Etta Candy
** Steve Trevor's best friend and secretary 
* Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe 
** Antiope's lieutenant 
* Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff
** General of the German Army
* Elena Anaya as Doctor Poison
** A mad scientist known for her works about poison and works with Gen. Ludendorff 
* Ewen Bremner as Charlie
** Drunk sharpshooter and friend of Steve Trevor
* Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer
** A Turkish spy who is friends with Steve Trevor

## Awards
## Records
The movie set many box office records, including becoming the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, the biggest domestic opening for a movie directed by a woman, the highest-grossing superhero origin movie domestically, the largest opening for a female-led comic book movie.

## Sequel
At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con, Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13, 2019, and would be titled *Wonder Woman 1984*; the date was later moved up to November 1, 2019, to avoid competition with *Star Wars: Episode IX*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Muriel (name)

**Muriel** is a female given name in the English language. It is also a family name. The name has been around for a long time in Breton, Celtic, Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages. The name was common in medieval England, often formatted as Merial. Usage of *Muriel* peaked in the early 1920s. Use of the name has steadily declined over time. Muriel is a beautiful name that has been around for centuries. It is a name that has a rich history and a deep meaning. The name Muriel has its roots in Gaelic and means "bright sea." It is a name that is associated with beauty, grace, and strength.  The pronunciation of the name is [ '*my*oo*r*'-ee-*uh*l ].  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Alma Muriel, Mexican actress (1951-2014)
* Muriel Pavlow, British actress (1921-2019)
* Muriel Rukeyser, poet and political activist
* Muriel Bowser, American politician and member of the Democratic Party currently serving as the eighth Mayor of the District of Columbia
* Muriel Marland-Militello, French politician (1943-2021)

## References
Emmanuel Niyonkuru

**Emmanuel Niyonkuru** (20 July 1962 &ndash; 1 January 2017) was a Burundian politician. He was appointed to the Government of Burundi as Minister of Water and Environment in 2015, after having been elected as a senator for the district of Muramvya. He was born in the Commune of Rutegama, Burundi.

Niyonkuru was assassinated by gunshot in the capital city of Bujumbura on 1 January 2016, aged 54. A woman was reportedly arrested.

## References
Joseph A. Califano Jr.

**Joseph Anthony Califano Jr.** (born May 15, 1931) is a retired American politician. He served as United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1977 through 1979 under the Jimmy Carter administration. He is the founder and chairman of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia), an evidence-based research organization.

He is one of two living former Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare (the other is his predecessor, F. David Mathews).

He has been Adjunct Professor of Public Health (Health Policy and Management) at Columbia University Medical School (Department of Psychiatry) and School of Public Health and is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.

## Other websites
* Biography at protectthetruth.org 
* National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia)
* NNDB biographical article
* Oral History Interview with Joseph Califano from Oral Histories of the American South
*
** *Booknotes* interview with Califano on *Inside: A Public and Private Life*, May 23, 2004.
Usora (river)

**Usora** is left tributary of the Bosnia in central Bosnia. The total length of the river Usora – from sources below the top of the mountain Očauš to the mouth above the Doboj  is about 82 kilometers. The town of Teslić, through which it flows, bears the  local name Velika Usora (Great Usora), since under the city at a place called Sastavci meets with his same named, but a lot less left tributary Mala Usora (Little Usora). It  also comes from the mountain masiff Uzlomac – Borja – Očauš below it in smaller distances rises more Bosnia river and their tributaries, as well as the basin Vrbanja river and Ukrina. In its upper reaches, the river makes a wide loop around Borja, from its southwest to northeast slopes.

Great Usora created by merging Gomjenice and Brkića stream. Small Usora springs below (south) of the main road M-4 (Banja Luka – Matuzići, some 10&nbsp;km west of Pribinić). Before Sastavci locality, right tributary to it are: Mišića rijeka, Great Ostružnja, Inova , Miljkovača, Velika rijeka (Great river), Brezna  and smaller streams, as well as left: Rankovića rijeka, and Gračanica.

In much of the flow Ukrina is flooding  river but the increasingly frequent flooding causes significant damages.

In the early Bosnian history Usora belonged to  gold-bearing river, and it is believed that this is still in its upper course along with the many large and small tributaries and streams. Obvious hydro-energy potential Usora is permanently unused, and fish stocks almost negligible, especially if one takes into account the centuries-old discharging untreated waste industrial water Chemical Distillation of wood in Teslić.

## Related pages
*Uzlomac

## References
Echinodon

***Echinodon*** is a genus of Heterodontosaur dinosaur. It has been found in the Lower Cretaceous of Europe, 140 million years ago.  

*Saurechinodon* is a synonym of this genus.
Mel Lopez

**Gemiliano** "**Mel**" **Campos Lopez, Jr.** (1 September 1935 &ndash; 1 January 2017) was a Filipino politician. He served as the Mayor of Manila from 1986 to 1987 and 1988 to 1992. He was also an assemblyman of the Batasang Pambansa (former parliament of the Philippines) from 1984 to 1986. He was born in Manila.

Lopez died from a heart attack on 1 January 2017 in Quezon City. He was 81.

## References
Megalosauridae

**Megalosauridae** is a monophyletic family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs in the order Megalosauroidea. They appeared in the Middle Jurassic, 

They are closely related to the family Spinosauridae. Some members of this family include *Megalosaurus*, *Torvosaurus*, *Eustreptospondylus*, and *Afrovenator*. 

Megalosaurids were among the first major adaptive radiations of large theropod dinosaurs, but they became extinct by the end of the Jurassic period. They were a relatively primitive group of basal tetanurans with two main subfamilies, Megalosaurinae and Afrovenatorinae.

The basal genus *Eustreptospondylus* differs from both subfamilies. Its position is unclear.

## References
François Chérèque

, March 2006]]

**François Chérèque** (1 June 1956 &ndash; 2 January 2017) was a French trade unionist. He was the leader of the trade union centre French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT, ) from 2002 to 2012. He was born in Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle.

Chérèque died from leukaemia on 2 January 2017 at the age of 60.

## References
Viktor Tsaryov

**Viktor Grigoryevich Tsaryov** (; 2 June 1931 &ndash; 2 January 2017) was a Russian footballer. He played professionally from 1954 to 1966. He was best known for playing as a midfielder for Dynamo Moscow. He later managed the USSR football team and Dynamo Moscow. He was born in Moscow.

Tsaryov died on 2 January 2017 in Moscow at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
* Viktor Tsaryov at rusteam.permian.ru
Bogdan Tuszyński

**Bogdan Romuald Tuszyński** (4 July 1932 &ndash; 1 January 2017) was a Polish sports journalist, reporter and historian. He was best known for his sports report *Studio S-13* of the Polskie Radio, beginning in 1970. He started his job as an editor of *Przegląd Sportowy* (1951&ndash;1952). He later moved to Polskie Radio in 1953, leaving them in 1981. He also reported on the Peace Race every year. He published about thirty books between 1975 and 2009.  

Tuszyński was born in Łódź. His daughter, Agata Tuszyńska (born 1957), also became a journalist.

Tuszyński died after a long illness on 1 January 2017 in Warsaw. He was 84.

## References
Lateen

A **lateen** (from French *latine*, meaning "Latin") or **latin-rig** is a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast. It runs in a fore-and-aft direction.

Dating back to Roman navigation, the lateen became the favorite sail of the Age of Discovery. This was mainly because it allowed a boat to tack "against the wind". It is common in the Mediterranean, the upper Nile River, and the northwestern parts of the Indian Ocean. It is the standard rig for feluccas and dhows. Another form is used on small recreational boats like the Sailfish and Sunfish.

## Operation 
A square sail is a very simple device. It catches a following wind and pushes the vessel forward. The lateen sail is more complex. It is  at an angle to the wind. It works by creating a difference in air pressure between the two sides ( and ) of the sail. It was used on seagoing ships of the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. In Northern Europe at this time, they only used the square sail. This was even after the ships in the Mediterranean were using the triangular lateen sails.

The 15th and 16th century caravel was a favorite type of ship used in the Portuguese and Spanish voyages of discovery. In addition to their  single sterncastle, they carried lateen sails. During this time the caravel developed into a very fast and highly able ship. Two of Christopher Columbus's ships, the *Niña* and the *Pinta* were caravels. He repeatedly praised the *Niña* as his fastest and favorite ship.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Lateen sailing; YouTube
John Berger

**John Peter Berger** (5 November 1926 &ndash; 2 January 2017) was an English art critic, novelist, painter and poet. 

Berger was born in Hackney, London, England. He was the son of Miriam (nee Branson) and Stanley Berger. Berger served in the British Army from 1944 to 1946. He studied at the Chelsea School of Art and the Central School of Art in London.
 He lived in France for over 50 years.

Berger's novel *G.* won the 1972 Booker Prize. He wrote an essay on art criticism, *Ways of Seeing*. The essay was written as an accompaniment to a BBC series. It is often used as a university text.

Berger died on 2 January 2017 in Paris at the age of 90.

## References
Tacking (sailing)

**Tacking** or **coming about** is a term in sailing that means the boat is changing directions by turning the bow of the vessel in  to the wind. It also means the  you are on relative to the direction of the oncoming wind. When making a tack the helmsman calls out "ready about!" If too much time is taken in completing the tack, the forward momentum will be lost and the boat may move . If a sailboat is caught going directly into the wind, it is called "in irons." This stops all forward motion of the boat. A tacking maneuver is a basic skill that is learned with practice. The maneuver also is different in a single person small sailboat than in a 40 or 50 foot racing sailboat.

## Beating 
**Beating** is the procedure by which a ship moves on a zig-zag course to make progress directly into the wind (upwind). No sailing vessel can move directly into the wind (though that may be the desired direction). Beating allows the vessel to advance indirectly upwind.

A ship that is beating will sail as "close to the wind" as possible. This position is known as close hauled. In general, the closest angle to the wind that a ship can sail is around 35 to 45 degrees. Some modern yachts can sail very near to the wind, while older ships, especially square-rigged ships, cannot sail very close to the wind.

## Related pages 
* Wing on wing

## References 
## Other websites 
*
The Lego Ninjago Movie

***The Lego Ninjago Movie*** is an American-Danish 3D computer-animated action comedy adventure martial arts movie. It is directed by Charlie Bean and written by Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Kevin Chesley and Bryan Shukoff. The movie was released in the United States on September 22, 2017 through Warner Bros. and starts the voices of  Jackie Chan, Dave Franco, Olivia Munn, Justin Theroux, Zach Woods, Kumail Ninjiani, Abbi Jacobson, Fred Armisen and Michael Pena. It is the second spin-off of the 2014 movie The Lego Movie.

## Plot 
Six young ninjas are tasked to defend their home island Ninjago. By night, they are warriors and use their skills and vehicles to fight against villains and monsters. By they are ordinary teenagers struggling against their greatest enemy: high school.

## References
Derek Parfit

**Derek Parfit** (11 December 1942 &ndash; 1 January 2017) was a British philosopher. He specialized in problems of personal identity, rationality, ethics, and the relations among them.

## Early life
Parfit was born in Chengdu, China. His parents, Jessie and Norman Parfit, were British medical doctors who moved to Western China. After a year in China, Parfit moved to Oxford, England where he was raised. He studied at the University of Oxford.

## Career
Parfit's 1984 book *Reasons and Persons* has been very well known to other philosophers. His last book, *On What Matters* (2011), was widely published and discussed for many years before its publication.

Parfit worked at Oxford University for all of his academic career. He was an Emeritus Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He was also a visiting professor of philosophy at New York University, Harvard University, and Rutgers University. He was awarded the 2014 Rolf Schock Prize "for his groundbreaking contributions concerning personal identity, regard for future generations, and analysis of the structure of moral theories."

## Personal life
Parfit was an experienced photographer and a poet. He was married to the philosopher Janet Radcliffe Richards.

Parfit died in London, England on 1 January 2017, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile, All Souls College, Oxford 
*Derek Parfit: a bibliography. A complete bibliography of writings.
*Parfit's *Climbing the Mountain* reading group on PEA Soup
*A Small Amount of Biographical Information
Battle of Austerlitz

In the **battle of Austerlitz**,   Napoleon Bonaparte  fought Russian and Austrian troops. The battle took place near Austerlitz (now in the Czech Republic) in 1805. Napoleon’s big victory let him create the Confederation of the Rhine. The book War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy contains a detailed description of the battle.

The battle sometimes (as of the 2020s) gets acted out (or reenacted).

## References
Rogue One

***Rogue One: A Star Wars Story*** (or just ***Rogue One***) is an American science fiction movie. It was released worldwide in December 2016. A Lucasfilm movie, it is directed by Gareth Edwards. It was written by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy with the story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta. The film stars Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Mads Mikkelsen, Alan Tudyk, Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker.

It is the first movie in the *Star Wars* anthology series. The story follows Jyn Erso, daughter of the unwilling designer of the Galactic Empire's super-weapon the Death Star. Her mission is to steal the plans for the Death Star so it can be destroyed by later Rebel efforts.

*Rogue One* takes place directly before the events of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, with the ending tying directly into the Empire intercepting Princess Leia's ship, Tantive IV.

## Critical response 
James Dyer of Empire Magazine gave the film 4 stars, saying "The ultimate Star Wars fan film, it's short on whimsy but when it gets going there's enough risk-taking and spectacle to bode well for future standalones". Amy Nicholson of MTV gave the film a C-, saying "Audiences once packed theaters to gawk at the future; now, it's to soak in the past. The emphasis is on packing in as much nostalgia as possible and tersely editing it together to resemble a film". IGN's Eric Goldman gave the film a 9/10, stating "The film offers a remarkable recreation of the original Star Wars' world, while exploring this universe from a different, edgier perspective than is the norm". Matthew Pejkovic of Matt's Movie Reviews scored the film a 4/5, saying "Earns its intergalactic stripes as a Star Wars spin-off of visual gumption and gritty action filmmaking, securing its place as the glue between trilogies in this ever expanding space saga". Mark Dujsik of Mark Reviews Movies gave the film a 2/4, stating "We're used to the characters in this series existing primarily as archetypes. The characters here, though, barely qualify as archetypes".

## References
## Other websites
*  at 
* 
* *Rogue One* The Movie Database
Richard Machowicz

**Richard John** "**Mack**" **Machowicz** (May 30, 1965 &ndash; January 2, 2017) was an American television presenter and Navy SEAL. He was the host of the Discovery Channel and Military Channel show *Future Weapons*. He also was a member of the Spike series *Deadliest Warrior*. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Machowicz was diagnosed with brain cancer in 2015. His condition got worse in December 2016. He died on January 2, 2017 in Pearland, Texas at the age of 51.

## References
## Other websites
*
Alfonso Wong

**Alfonso Wong** (, 1925 &ndash; 1 January 2017) was a Hong Kong manhua artist. He also wrote under the pen name *"Wong Chak"* (), which is his son's name. He created the comic strip *Old Master Q* (*Lao Fu Zi*), which has been published since 1962. He was born in Tianjin, China and moved to Hong Kong in 1960. He had six sons.

Wong died from organ failure on 1 January 2017 in California, United States. He was 91.

## References
Granny (killer whale)

**Granny** ( &ndash; ), also known by scientific name **J2**, was an orca, or killer whale. With an age of about 105, Granny was the oldest orca humans know of to ever live. She was first captured in 1967 with a group of orcas. However, she was believed to be too old for public aquariums and was released.

In January 2017, it was announced that researchers considered Granny dead. She had last been seen on October 12, 2016.

## References
Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne

**Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne** (Oscar Carl Olof; born 2 March 2016) is the second child and only son of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden. His older sister is Princess Estelle. 

## Title 
* **2 March 2016 – present:** His Royal Highness Prince Oscar of Sweden, The Duke of Skåne

## Honors 
* Sweden Knight of the Order of Charles XIII  (2 March 2016)
* Sweden Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim  (27 May 2016)
*Recipient of the Commemorative Golden Jubilee Medal of His Majesty The King (15 September 2023)
(Swedish: *Hans Kunglig Höghet Oscar, Prins av Sverige, Hertig av Skåne)*
SOCATA MS.880 Rallye

The **SOCATA MS.880 Rallye** is a French light aircraft used by civilian and military users. It's first mission is training. 

## History 
It was create by Morane-Saulnier and after built by SOCATA. A military light attack version is known as **Rallye 235 Guerrier**.
Some were built under licence in Poland as PZL Koliber.
Sir Thaddeus

'''Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Lithuanian Foray: A Nobleman's Tale from the Years of 1811 and 1812 in Twelve Books of Verse'* (in Polish *Pan Tadeusz, czyli ostatni zajazd na Litwie. Historia szlachecka z roku 1811 i 1812 we dwunastu księgach wierszem*) is a long poem by Polish romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz. It is regarded as a national epic. It was first published in Paris in 1834. The poet was then in exile in France. *Sir Thaddeus* is a story of a conflict between two noble families, the Soplicas and the Horeszkos. The time is 1811 and 1812, shortly before Napoleon invaded Russia. When attacked by Russian soldiers, both families fought against the enemy. The conflict between the families was ended with the marriage of Thaddeus Soplica and Sophia Horeszko.

Adam Mickiewicz was born in the East of the former Polish-Lithuanian state. Because of that he called Lithuania his mother-country.

*Litwo! Ojczyzno moja! ty jesteś jak zdrowie.*
*Ile cię trzeba cenić, ten tylko się dowie,*
*Kto cię stracił. Dziś piękność twą w całej ozdobie*
*Widzę i opisuję, bo tęsknię po tobie.''

Lithuania, my country, thou art like health; how much thou shouldst be prized only he can learn who has
lost thee. To-day thy beauty in all its splendour I see and describe, for I yearn for thee. (Translation in prose by George Rapall Noyes).

The poem is written in 13-syllable metre, very common in Polish literature.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Adam Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz; or The last foray in Lithuania; a story of life among Polish gentlefolk in the years 1811 and 1812, Translated from the Polish by George Rapall Noyes, London 1917.

## Other websites 
* Full text of the poem in Polish
Charles J. Colgan

**Charles Joseph Colgan** (September 25, 1926 &ndash; January 3, 2017) was an American politician and businessman. He served as a member of the Virginia Senate from the 29th district from January 1976 to January 2016. He also served two terms as President pro tempore from 2008 to 2012, and for less than four months in 2014.

Colgan was born in Frostburg, Maryland. He served in the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in 1945. He was married twice and had eight children.

Colgan died from a vascular illness on January 3, 2017 in Aldie, Virginia. He was 90.

## References
Squash (drink)

**Squash** (also called *cordial* or *dilute*) is a non-alcoholic concentrated syrup. It is used in beverage making.  It is usually fruit-flavoured. Squash is made from fruit juice, water, and sugar. Modern squashes may also contain food coloring and additional flavoring. Some traditional squashes contain herbal extracts, most notably elderflower and ginger. The original name for Squash was "Lemon Squash" but the name was shortened to include other flavors.

## References
Rolf Noskwith

(August 2012)]]
**Rolf Noskwith** (19 June 1919 &ndash; 3 January 2017) was a British businessman. During the Second World War, he worked under Alan Turing as a cryptographer at the British military base Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.

Noskwith was born in Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany. His parents were Eastern European-born Jews. He moved with his family to England in 1932. He was educated at Cambridge.

Noskwith died on 3 January 2017 in London at the age of 97.

## References
Halal snack pack

A **halal snack pack**, or **HSP**, is a dish that comes from Australia. It is made up of halal-certified doner kebab meat (mainly lamb, chicken or beef), chips, sauces (mainly chili, garlic and barbecue sauces) and often cheese. The exact origin of the halal snack pack is unknown. Halal snack packs have become more popular since 2015, when the Facebook group "Halal Snack Pack Appreciation Society" was created.

## References
Diego Luna

**Diego Luna Alexander** (born 29 December 1979) is a Mexican actor, director and producer. He has appeared in many movies, including *Y tu mamá también* (2001), *Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights* (2004), *The Terminal* (2004), *Milk* (2008), *Elysium* (2013) and *Rogue One* (2016). He currently stars as Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo in the Netflix crime series *Narcos: Mexico* (2018–present).

Luna was born in Toluca and grew up in Mexico City. His mother Fiona Alexander, a British set designer, died in a car accident when Luna was two. His father Alejandro Luna is a Mexican set designer. He was married to actress Camila Sodi from 2008 to 2013. They have two children.

## References
## Other websites
*
Donnie Yen

**Donnie Yen** (born 27 July 1963), also known as **Yen Ji-dan** (甄子丹), is a Chinese-born Hong Kong actor, martial artist, movie director, producer and action choreographer. He is also a wushu world champion many times. He is best known for his role as Ip Man in the *Ip Man* (2008&ndash;2015) trilogy movies. He also appeared in *Shanghai Knights* (2003), *Flash Point* (2007) and *Rogue One* (2016). 

Yen was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong. When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong. They later moved to Boston, Massachusetts, United States when he was 11. He has been married twice and has three children.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hercules (2014 movie)

Hercules is an American 2014 action-adventure-fantasy film. Directed by Brett Ratner, it stars Dwayne Johnson, Ian McShane, Rufus Sewell and John Hurt and is based off the graphic novel *Hercules: The Thracian Wars*. It was released on July 25, 2014 and was one of two movies released in 2014 which were about the mythical warrior, the other being The Legend of Hercules; unlike the former, this film gained mixed to positive critical reviews and was a box office success.
## Plot
Hercules (Dwayne Johnson), is the leader of a gang of mercenaries, comprised of the prophet Amphariaus (Ian McShane), the thief Autylocus (Rufus Sewell), the barbarian Tydeus (Aksel Hennie), the huntress Atalanta (Ingrid Bolsø Berdal) and his nephew Iolaus (Reece Ritchie).  Hercules is supposedly the lovechild of Zeus and a mortal woman who engaged in 12 legendary labors, but was betrayed by Hera, who induced him with madness, which caused him to kill his wife and children while he was visiting King Eurystheus (Joseph Fiennes). Despite Hercules' origins not being clearly established in the movie, he displays powerful godlike strength and unmatched skill in combat. However, he is frequently plagued by the memory of murdering his family and visions of the three-headed hellhound Cerberus.

After saving his nephew on the coast of Macedonia, Hercules celebrates with his team. As they drink in a tavern, the group are approached by Ergenia (Rebecca Ferguson), the daughter of Lord Cotys (John Hurt) who wants Hercules to train the Thracian armies to defend his kingdom from the warrior king Rhesus, to which the hero accepts. The band are welcomed to Thrace by Cotys and General Sitacles (Peter Mullan). However, Rhesus has reached the Bessi people Cotys insists that Hercules leads the army into battle to defend the tribe, despite their lack of training. However, they arrive too late as Rhesus has cursed the Bessi into turning against the Thracians.
Igor Volk

**Igor Petrovich Volk** (, ; 12 April 1937 &ndash; 3 January 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut and test pilot. He was best known for his involvement as a research cosmonaut in the Soyuz T-12 in 1980. It was seventh manned spaceflight to the Soviet space station Salyut 7. He bomber pilot in the Soviet Air Force. He later joined the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1962. He had over 7000 flight hours logged in over 80 different aircraft. He had the rank of colonel in the Russian Air Force.

Volk was born in Zmiiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR. He was given many awards, most famously the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin titles. He was married and had two children.

Volk died on 3 January 2017 while on holiday in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. He was 79.

## References
René Ballet

**René Ballet** (1928 &ndash; 2 January 2017) was a French journalist and author. He was a communist and a member of the French Communist Party. He started his career as a civil servant in Paris in 1961. He was first a civil servant in finance and later in national education. He was the writer of 14 novels and 35 essays. In 1978, he started working for the communist newspaper ''L'Humanité''.

Ballet was born in Saint-Étienne. He grew up in Grenoble. He joined the French Resistance during World War II. He lived in Vanves.

Ballet died on 2 January 2017 at the age of 88.

## References
Wayne Westner

**Wayne Brett Westner** (28 September 1961 &ndash; 4 January 2017) was a South African golfer. He turned professional in 1982. He had a total of 13 wins in his career. He was best known for his 1993 Dubai Desert Classic win. He also won the World Cup of Golf in 1996 with Ernie Els. His career ended in 1998 because of injury. He was born in Johannesburg.

Westner was involved in a hostage event on 4 January 2017 at his home in Pennington, KwaZulu-Natal. He later committed suicide (killed himself) with a gunshot wound to his head at his home. He was 55.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Rigging

The **rigging** of a sailing ship is made up of the ropes and/or chains used to support the ship's masts, yards and sails. The **standing rigging** is used to support the masts. These include the junk rig and catboat rigs. Most modern sailing vessels use wire rope for the standing rigging. Ropes, wires or rods that run fore-and-aft along the centerline which stabilize the masts or spars are called **stays**. Those that from the mast to the bow are called **forestays**. The running rigging is usually made up of various kinds of rope (ropes are also called lines). It uses blocks and Sheaves to adjust the length of the ropes. The outhaul pulls the sail to the free end of the boom. The downhaul keeps the boom from rising on the mast. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Lines, Cables and Spars, oh my…
* Adjusting standing rigging tensions; YouTube
* Rigging Inspections, Check your rigging before heading out; YouTube
* Running Rigging; YouTube
Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan

**Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan** (February 15, 1927 &ndash; January 4, 2017) was an Indian *sitar* player and composer. Khan was born in Madhya Pradesh, India. He won the national awards Padma Shri (1970) and Padma Bhushan (2006) and was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1987. He composed musical movie scores for *Goonj Uthi Shehnai* (1959), *Kohinoor* (1960) and *Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje* (1971).

Khan died on January 4, 2017 at his home in Mumbai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 89.

## References
Djoser

**Djoser** (other names include **Netjerikhet**, **Tosorthos**, and **Sesorthos**) was the first Pharaoh, or king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt, c. 2670 BCE. He is known for the building of the first pyramid built in Egypt, the Step Pyramid at Saqqara. The Third Dynasty, based in Memphis, was the beginning of the Old Kingdom, a period of stability, achievement and unity.

There have been claims that he was not the first king, as the Abydos King List and the Turin King List give a king by the name of Sanakht. It was found in Saqqara during archaeological digging in 1924-1925. The statue is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

## The Step Pyramid
The building of the Step Pyramid was quite an achievement. It is the first massive monument built in stone, about 62 meters in height. It is surrounded by a 10 meter high wall, which encloses an area of about 16 hectares. It shows that the kingdom must have been stable and wealthy to have spent so much time and money to build it. The man who designed it and supervised the building was Imhotep, the oldest named architect known to us. Thousands of years later, Djoser was known to Egyptians as the "opener of stone", recognising his legacy of using stone for buildings.

## The Famine
The Egyptians believed in a story of how Djoser was able to end a famine. There is no evidence from the time of his rule, but an engraved stone, a stele, was made 2000 years later giving the details. Even if the story is a legend, it does show that Djoser was remembered as a great pharaoh. Egypt had been suffering from a famine for seven years, when the god of the Nile, Khnum, spoke to Djoser in a dream. Djoser rebuilt Khnum's temple on Elephantine, an island near modern Aswan. This pleased the god, and the famine ended. The ruins of the temple are still visible today.

## References
Joe Manganiello

**Joseph Michael** "**Joe**" **Manganiello** ( ; ; born December 28, 1976) is an American actor, director, producer, author and philanthropist.

He played Flash Thompson in Sam Raimi's *Spider-Man* trilogy and had many recurring roles in television on *ER*, *How I Met Your Mother*, and *One Tree Hill*, before landing his breakout role as werewolf Alcide Herveaux on the HBO television series *True Blood*.

He played the supervillain Deathstroke in Zack Snyder's 2017 movie *Justice League*. He appeared as Burke in the 2018 movie *Rampage*.

Manganiello has appeared in movies such as *Magic Mike,* ''What to Expect When You're Expecting*, and *Sabotage*.

In late 2013, he became a published author when his first book, *Evolution'', was released by Simon & Schuster's Gallery Books. He is active with several charities, including Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and he serves on the committee of The Art of Elysium.

In 2015, he married Sofía Vergara after three months of dating. In July 2023, Manganiello and Vergara announced that they have separated and are planning to divorce after seven years of marriage. He lives in Los Angeles, California. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Deathstroke

**Deathstroke** (**Slade Joseph Wilson**) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Marv Wolfman and George Perez.

## Fictional character biography 
He is a mercenary and assassin who first appeared in *The New Teen Titans* (vol. 1) #2 (1980). *Wizard* magazine rated him the 24th greatest villain of all time. Also, in 2009, Deathstroke was ranked as IGN's 32nd greatest comic book villain of all time.

Originally the archenemy of the Teen Titans, writers have developed him over the years as a villain of other heroes in the DC Universe; parallels have been established between him and Batman, and he has a deep-seated grudge against Green Arrow. 

## In other media 
The character has been adapted from the comics into multiple forms of media, including several *Batman* related projects and the *Teen Titans* animated series.

Deathstroke later appeared on The CW's live action TV series *Arrow*, where he is portrayed by Manu Bennett. Joe Manganiello has been cast as Deathstroke for the DC Extended Universe movie series.

## References
Stoning

**Stoning** or **lapidation** is a form of capital punishment: a group of people throws stones at the convicted person, until this person dies. Today, it is mostly used in countries which follow sharia law. For example if someone does adultery according to the Qur'an, Bible (Old Testament) , and Torah they will have to be stoned until they die from the stones.

## References
Hypnic jerk

A **hypnic jerk**, **hypnagogic jerk** or **sleep twitch** sometimes happens when a person is falling asleep. It is an involuntary movement, that is, not done on purpose. It may cause them to jump and awaken suddenly for a moment.  

Hypnic jerks are one form of involuntary muscle twitches called *myoclonus*. Such movements do occur in healthy people. They have been associated with causes such as irregular sleep patterns or stress. Certain substances such as caffeine may also cause them.
Mads Mikkelsen

**Mads Dittmann Mikkelsen** (born 22 November 1965) is a Danish actor. He is best known for his roles in the movies *King Arthur* (2004), *Casino Royale* (2006), *Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky* (2009), *The Hunt* (2012) and *Doctor Strange* and *Rogue One* (both 2016). He also played Hannibal Lecter in the NBC television series *Hannibal* (2013–2015).

Mikkelsen was born in Østerbro, Copenhagen. His older brother, Lars, is also an actor. He married Hanne Jacobsen in 2000. The couple have two children.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Jiang Wen

**Jiang Wen** (born 5 January 1963) is a Chinese movie actor, screenwriter and director. He directed and starred in the movies *In the Heat of the Sun* (1994), *Devils on the Doorstep* (2000), *Let the Bullets Fly* (2010) and *Gone with the Bullets* (2014). He also directed a segment of the movie *New York, I Love You* (2008). In 2016, he starred as Baze Malbus in the *Star Wars* anthology movie *Rogue One*.

Jiang was born in Tangshan, Hebei. He moved to Beijing when he was ten. He has been married twice and has three children.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dick Latessa

**Richard Robert "Dick" Latessa** (September 15, 1929 &ndash; December 19, 2016) was an American stage, movie, and television actor. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He was known for his stage role as Wilbur in the musical *Hairspray*. In 2003, he won a Tony Award and Drama Desk Award in 2003.

Latessa died of heart failure in Manhattan, New York City, New York on December 19, 2016, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* TonyAwards.com Interview with Dick Latessa
Tullio De Mauro

**Tullio De Mauro** (31 March 1932 &ndash; 5 January 2017) was an Italian linguist and politician. He was the Italian Minister of Education from 2000 to 2001, under Prime Minister Giuliano Amato (2nd government). He was also a professor of general linguistics at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Rome. He was born in Torre Annunziata, Campania.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

De Mauro died on 5 January 2017 in Rome at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sharpeville massacre

The **Sharpeville massacre** was when a  of between 5,000 and 7,000 black people protested at the police station in Sharpeville, South Africa on March 21, 1960. The police started shooting into the crowd. A total of 69 people were killed including 8 women and 10 children, and 180 people were hurt, including 31 women and 19 children. In South Africa today, this day is a public holiday in honor of human rights against racism and racial segregation (apartheid).

The demonstration was to protest against pass laws out of apartheid. Some say that the crowd was . Others say that the crowd were throwing stones at the police. The shooting started when the crowd started going toward the fence around the police station. Some say this was what led Nelson Mandela to engaging in more violent protests.

In 1998, Truth and Reconciliation Commission recognized this massacre violence against human rights.

## References
Ivo Brešan

**Ivo Brešan** (27 May 1936 &ndash; 3 January 2017) was a Croatian playwright, novelist and screenwriter. He was for known for political satire. He was on screen from the early 1970s to 2006. His work included *Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja* (1973), *How the War Started on My Island* (1996) and ''Marshal Tito's Spirit'' (1999). He had written screenplays with his son Vinko Brešan.

Brešan was born in Vodice. In 2001, he was awarded the Vladimir Nazor Award for Life Achievement in Literature

Brešan died on 3 January 2017 in Zagreb at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Snowy owl

The **snowy owl** (*Bubo scandiacus*) is an owl native to the Arctic regions of North America and Eurasia. They hunt rodents. Lemmings are a favourite prey. They will also hunt fish and small mammals. The male's mating call sounds like *krek-krek*, while the female's mating call sounds like *pyee-pyee* or *prek-prek*.

## References
In the novel ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone* (USA edition: *Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone''), Harry is assigned a female snowy owl as his animal companion. Her name is Hedwig.
Poyang Lake

image of Lake Poyang]]

**Poyang Lake** is the largest freshwater lake in China. It is in the Jiangxi Province. Poyang is fed by the Gan, Xin, and Xiu rivers. They connect to the Yangtze through a channel.

Lake Poyang has always shrunk in the dry season and expanded in the wet season. It reached its greatest size during the Tang Dynasty, when its area reached . It is now around . Lake Pohang became much smaller because of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River.

## Related page
*List of lakes of China

## References
Nanuqsaurus

***Nanuqsaurus*** ('meaning polar bear lizard') is a genus of  theropod dinosaur. It is only known from one specimen, DMNH 21461, a partial skull roof found in Alaska. This dinosaur may grown to about 6 m (~20 ft) long, half the size of *Tyrannosaurus*.

The skull would have been about 50 cm (1.65 ft) when complete.

## References
Kafr Bara

**Kafr Bara** or **Kfar Bara** (; ) is an Israeli-Arab local council in Israel's Central District. It is a small town located near the Green Line. The town is a part of the Little Triangle with Kafr Qasim and Jaljulia. In ,  people lived there.

## Population 
According to the latest statistics, the population of Kafr bara is Arab Muslims.

## Institutions 
The town has a community center and retirement center. It also has three mosques, a public library, a post office, two clinics and a football playground. There is 2 schools in Kafr Bara; Omar Bin Khattab primary school and , the Comprehensive Secondary School of Kafr Bara.

## References
Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhône department

There are 4 **arrondissements in the Bouches-du-Rhône department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Bouches-du-Rhône are:

## History
Bouches-du-Rhône is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was divided in six districts: Tarascon, Apt, Aix, Marseille, Salon and Arles, with Aix as is capital.

In 1800, with the creation of the *arrondissements* in France, the six districts were changed into three *arrondissements*: Marseille, Aix and Tarascon. The prefecture was moved from Aix to Marseille.

In 1817, the subprefecture of Tarascon was moved to Arles. The *arrondissement* of Istres was created in 1981.

## Related pages
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Madoc (poem)

**Madoc** is a long poem by Robert Southey. The author is famous as the third of the Lake Poets. *Madoc* is an epic poem. It was first published in 1805. The poet worked on the poem for ten years. It tells about legendary Welsh prince Madog, ab Owain Gwynedd. He lived in 12th century. According to the legend, he explored America long before Christopher Columbus. The poem is divided into two parts. The first is named *Madoc in Wales* while the second *Madoc in Aztlan*.  The poem is written in Blank verse that is in unrhymed iambic pentameter.

*Fair blows the wind, the vessel drives along,*
*Her streamers fluttering at their length, her sails*
*All full, she drives along, and round her prow*
*Scatters the ocean spray. What feelings then*
*Filled every bosom, when the mariners,*
*After the peril of that weary way,*
*Beheld their own dear country ! Here stands one,*
*Stretching his sight toward the distant shore,*
*And, as to well known forms his busy joy*
*Shapes the dim outline, eagerly he points*
*The fancied headland and the cape and bay,*
''Till his eyes ache, o'erstraining.*

The poem was reviewed in *The Poetical Register, and Repository of Fugitive Poetry*.

Irish poet Paul Muldoon named his book *Madoc: A Mystery'' (1990) after Robert Southey's poem.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Matthew Leporati, "Authority from Heaven": Robert Southey's Madoc and Epic Christian Imperialism.

## Other websites 
* Madoc by Robert Southey, London 1853 at Archive.org
Arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence

The **arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence** is an arrondissement of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Aix-en-Provence.

## History
When the Bouches-du-Rhône department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Aix-en-Provence was part of that original department.

## Geography
The *arrondissement* of Aix-en-Provence is in the northeast of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. It is bordered to the north by the Vaucluse department, to the east by the Var department, to the southeast by the Marseille *arrondissement*, to the southwest by the Istres *arrondissement* and to the northwest by the Arles *arrondissement*.

The *arrondissement* of Aix-en-Provence is the second largest *arrondissement* of the department both in area, , and population (429,436 inhabitants).

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

There are 9 cantons in the *arrondissement* of Aix-en-Provence and 5 of them do not have all their *communes* in the *arrondissement*:

# Aix-en-Provence-1 (1301)
# Aix-en-Provence-2 (1302)
# Berre-l'Étang (1306) (partly)
# Gardanne (1309)
# Pélissanne (1325) (partly)
# Salon-de-Provence-1 (1326) (partly)
# Salon-de-Provence-2 (1327) (partly)
# Trets (1328)
# Vitrolles (1329) (partly)

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Aix-en-Provence has 44 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

# Aix-en-Provence (13001)
# Aurons (13008)
# Beaurecueil (13012)
# Bouc-Bel-Air (13015)
# Cabriès (13019)
# Charleval (13024)
# Châteauneuf-le-Rouge (13025)
# Cornillon-Confoux (13029)
# Coudoux (13118)
# Fuveau (13040)
# Gardanne (13041)
# Grans (13044)
# Jouques (13048)
# La Barben (13009)
# La Fare-les-Oliviers (13037)
# La Roque-d'Anthéron (13084)
# Lambesc (13050)
# Lançon-Provence (13051)
# Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade (13080)
# Le Tholonet (13109)
# Les Pennes-Mirabeau (13071)
# Meyrargues (13059)
# Meyreuil (13060)
# Mimet (13062)
# Peynier (13072)
# Peyrolles-en-Provence (13074)
# Puyloubier (13079)
# Pélissanne (13069)
# Rognes (13082)
# Rousset (13087)
# Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon (13090)
# Saint-Cannat (13091)
# Saint-Estève-Janson (13093)
# Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde (13095)
# Saint-Paul-lès-Durance (13099)
# Salon-de-Provence (13103)
# Septèmes-les-Vallons (13106)
# Simiane-Collongue (13107)
# Trets (13110)
# Vauvenargues (13111)
# Velaux (13112)
# Venelles (13113)
# Ventabren (13114)
# Éguilles (13032)

The *communes* with more inhabitants in the *arrondissement* are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References