open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Seven Sisters Road

**Seven Sisters Road** is a road in north London, England. The road runs within the boroughs of Islington, Hackney and Haringey. It is an extension of Camden Road, and runs from Holloway Road (the A1 road) at the Nags Head crossroads then on to another crossroads with Blackstock Road and Stroud Green Road. It carries on uphill alongside Finsbury Park to Manor House, and from there downhill to the junction with Tottenham High Road (the A10 road) at Seven Sisters Corner. The road was authorised in 1829 and constructed in 1833 by the Metropolitan Turnpike Trust. Seven Sisters Road is part of the A503. The stretch running past Finsbury Park is open to the park on the west side, and on the east side are large Victorian villas now used mainly as hotels.

## References
London Transport Board

The **London Transport Board** was the organisation responsible for public transport in London, England, United Kingdom, and its environs from 1963-1969. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organisation was **London Transport**.

## Related pages
*Alexander Valentine - Chairman, 1962 to 1965
*Maurice Holmes (barrister) - Chairman, 1965 to 1969

## References
*
*
*
Northern shoveler

The **northern shoveler** (; ***Anas clypeata***) is a common and widespread duck. It breeds in northern areas of Europe and Asia and across most of North America, and is a rare vagrant to Australia. In North America, it breeds along the southern edge of Hudson Bay and west of this body of water, and as far south as the Great Lakes west to Colorado, Nevada, and Oregon.

The northern shoveler is one of the species to which the *Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds* (AEWA) applies.  The conservation status is Least Concern.

## References
Tteokbokki

**Tteokbokki** () is a Korean traditional food which has sticks of rounded rice cake as the main ingredient. ' *tteok* ' is the Korean word for rice cake and 'bokki' is the Korean word for something fried.

Tteokbokki is divided into gungjung tteokbokki and general tteokbokki as one of Korean street foods.

## Types
### Gungjung tteokbokki 
**Gungjung tteokbokki** () is made by frying beef and rice cake with soy sauce. It was developed in *gungjung* which means a Korean court.

General **tteokbokki** is cooked with seasoning using gochujang with starch syrup or sugar for the sweet taste. Generally gungjung tteokbokki uses beef and vegetable because it was cooked at court but general tteokbokki uses fish cake, green onions and boiled egg.

### jja-jang tteokbokki 
**jja-jang tteokbokki** () is a stir-fried dish with jjajang.

## History
In a cook book named 'Siuijeonseo' which was written in late 1800s, there is a record of tteokbokki. However, tteokbokki might have existed before the late 1800s because the main ingredient is rice cake and there were rice cakes during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period.
Gungjung tteokbokki is different from tteokbokki because there were no red peppers in Joseon Dynasty so they made gungjung tteokbokki with vegetables and meats. Modern tteokbokki was first made by Mabokrim who has sold tteokbokki with gochujang since 1953.
Kyōhō

was a  after *Shōtoku* and before *Gembun.*  This period started in July 1716 and ended in April 1736. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the *Kyōhō* era
* **1717** (*Kyōhō 2*): *Kyōhō* reforms are directed and overseen by Shogun Yoshimune.

* **1718** (*Kyōhō 3*): The *bakufu* repaired the Imperial tombs.

* **1718** (*Kyōhō 3, 8th month*): Shogunate creates a  in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).

* **1730** (*Kyōhō 15*): The Tokugawa shogunate monitors the Dojima Rice Market in Osaka.

* **3 August 1730** (*Kyōhō 15, 20th day of the 6th month*): A fire  3,790 houses in Heian-kyō.

* **24 September 1732** (*Kyōhō 17, 24th day of the 9th month*):  Former-Emperor Reigen died.

* **1733** (*Kyōhō 18*): Ginseng grown in Japan begins to be available in the Japanese food markets.

* **13 April 1735** (*Kyōhō 20, 21st day of the 3rd month*) : Nakamikado abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (*senso*).  Soon after, Empress Sakuamachi's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).

* **1735** (*Kyōhō 20*): Sweet potatoes were introduced into the Japanese diet.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
South African Republic

The **South African Republic** (Dutch: *Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek*, ZAR), often informally called the **Transvaal Republic**, was a sovereign state in southern Africa ruled by the Afrikaners. It was defeated by the UK and its colonies, the British Cape Colony and the Colony of Natal in the Second Boer War and became the British colony of Transvaal.
Hōreki

, also known as ***Horyaku***, was a  after ''Kan'en* and before *Meiwa.*  The period started in October 1751 and ended in June 1764. During this time, the emperor and emperess were   and .

The *nengō* *Hōreki* means "Valuable Calendar" or "Valuable Almanac". This  was created  by Emperor Momozono in 1754.

## Events of the *Hōreki* era
The previous era ended in 1751 (*Kan'en 4, 27th day of the 10th month*); however, this nengō was created years later. By Imperial command, the era was re-named on December 2, 1754, which then became 19th day of the 10th month of the 4th year of Hōreki.

 who killed himself in the *Hōreki* era because of problems with the Kizo River flood control project ]]
* **1754** (*Hōreki 4*): Shimazu clan was ordered to complete Kizo River flood control project
* **1755** (*Hōreki 5*): Calendar reform by Abe Yasukuni, Shibukawa Kōkyō and Nishiyama Seikyū is named *Horiki Kojutsu Gen-reki* (*Hōryaku* calendar)
* **1762** (*Hōreki 12*): Emperor Momozono  abdicated; and the succession passed to his sister (*senso'').  Soon after, Empress Go-Sakuramachi's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).
* **31 August 1762** (*Hōreki 12, 12th day of the 7th month*): Former-Emperor Momozono died.
* **1763** (*Hōreki 13*): A merchant association handling Korean ginseng is founded in the Kanda district of Edo.
* **1764** (*Hōreki 14*): Sweet potatoes are exported from Edo to Korea. The food crop in Korea is the result of a diplomatic mission.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Daruma doll

The  doll is a hollow, round, traditional Japanese doll.  It is modeled after Bodhidharma, the founder of the Zen sect of Buddhism.

The Daruma dolls are a kind of toy (*omocha*). The Daruma figurine is also a tumbler doll or roly-poly toy. When the doll is tumbled about, it rights itself. The two were well recognized as synonymous by the mid-19th century. Today, Daruma dolls are widely known, regardless of religion or sect.

Most daruma dolls are made of papier mache, and weighted at the bottom so the doll stands. The dolls are typically painted red. Darumas are sold with the eyes being white. Most daruma dolls are made in Takasaki City at the center of Japan. A fair is held in early January every year for the sale of darumas. Daruma dolls are symbols of good luck and business prosperity.

## Daruma eyes
Dolls are sold without the eyes painted in. The custom is to make a resolution or a wish and darken the left eye of the daruma. When the resolution or the wish is fulfilled, the right eye is also darkened. This custom is seen widely today especially in the case of election or entrance examination in.

## References
Viña del Mar

**Viña del Mar** is a Chilean city and commune with 286.931 inhabitants (2002 census). It was created in 1878.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Viña del Mar Municipality  
* Viña del Mar commercial guide
Suzuki Choinori

**Choinori** (*riding nearby* in Japanese) is a scooter built by Suzuki. 

It was launched at 2003 for 59,800 Yen. Reducing the size and not using any high cost parts were the secret to low price. However, because of cutting costs, they do not have rear suspension and the maximum speed is around . It also has an aluminum four-stroke 50 cc engine. The special thing about the engine is that it weighs 40% less than other four-stroke engines. It also make the scooter lighter and cheaper. 

Due to its low price, it was a great hit in Japan. However, Suzuki stopped producing Choinori in 2007 because it failed to pass the new gas emission standards.

## References 
*Suzuki Motor Company (Japan), a Japanese anonymous visitor, Tatsuwo Sato, Hiroyuki Takeuchi
Mourning

:*Not to be confused with morning.*

**Mourning** refers to process of . This almost always happens at funerals whenever a loved one passes away.
Mourning is also seen when things someone loves gets lost, although not as often. Most commonly seen is sadness, but typically a less intense but longer lasting feeling. Similar to melancholy. Mourning is only seen when a person, or animal, important object, or goal) is lost. Death is most commonly associated. Mourning is not just found in humans, but also in animals. Many birds have a sense of mourning when their mate dies. The word is used for behaviour in which the  follow. Wearing black clothes is common in many countries, though other forms of dress are seen.  

## Related pages
*Half-staff
*Candlelight vigil
*Moment of silence
## References
Independent record label

An **independent record label** is a company which musicians can use to make and sell records. These companies are different from major record labels because they are smaller and don't operate under any major businesses.

## Examples
Some examples of independent record labels are:
* Ambush Reality, which is owned and run by the members of the band *Enter Shikari* and their friends.
* Super Records, which is owned by the band *McFly*

## References
Meiwa

was a  after *Hōreki* and before ''An'ei.*  This period started in June 1764 and ended in November 1772. During this time, the empress and emperor were   and .

The *nengō* *Meiwa* means "Radiant Harmony".

## Events of the *Meiwa* Era
* **1766** (*Meiwa 3*): A plan to remove the Shogun was not successful.

* **1770** (*Meiwa 7*): A typhoon flattened the newly built Imperial Palace in Kyoto.

* **1770** (*Meiwa 7''): A great comet (Lexell's Comet) with a very long tale lit up the night skies throughout the summer and autumn.

* **29 February 1772** (*Meiwa 9, 26th day or the 1st month*): "The Great *Meiwa* Fire" -- one of the three greatest Edo fire disasters.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Lizzy Pattinson

**Elizabeth "Lizzy" Pattinson** is an English singer and songwriter.

## Personal life
Lizzy has a sister, Victoria and brother, actor Robert Pattinson.

## Career 
Lizzy has performed with the UK dance act Aurora and German duo Milk & Sugar. She was lead vocalist for them on Milk & Sugar's No. 1 *Billboard* Hot Dance Club Play track "Let The Sun Shine". She has had three Top 20 hits in the UK.

In 2008 Lizzy recorded background vocals for the movie *Twilight*. She is heard on the track "Who Are They?" by Carter Burwell.

## Other websites 
*
An'ei

was a  after *Meiwa* and before *Tenmei.* This period started in November 1772 and ended in March 1781. During this time, the emperors were  and .

The *nengō* ''An'ei* means "Eternal Tranquility" or "Peaceful and Long".

## Events of the *An'ei* era
* **1774** (*An'ei 3*): *Kaitai shinsho*, the first complete Japanese translation of a Western medical work, is published by Sugita Gempaku and Maeno Ryotaku.
* **1775** (*An'ei 4*): Epidemic diseases spread in the Japanese population and 190,000 died in Edo.
* **1775** (*An'ei 4*): Carl Peter Thunberg arrived at Dutch East India Company outpost or "factory" in Nagasaki.
* **1778** (*An'ei 7*): Flooding at Kyoto.
* **1779** (*An'ei 8*): Isaac Titsingh arrived at Dejima.
* **1780** (*An'ei 9''): Heavy rains and flooding in the Kantō.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" &ndash; historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* National Archives of Japan: *Hinozenshu sanbutsu zuko*, scroll showing illustrated inventory of industries in Hizen, ''An'ei'' 2 (1773)
Kansei

was a  after *Tenmei* and before *Kyōwa*.  This period started in January 1789 and ended in February 1801.  During this time, the emperor was .

The *nengō* *Kansei* means "Lenient Government".

## Events of the *Kansei* era
* **1790** (*Kansei 2*): Matsudaira Sadanobu orders  about Confucianism and Neo-Confucian doctrine
* **1792** (*Kansei 4*): Russian envoy Adam Laxman arrives at Nemuro in eastern Ezo (now Hokkaidō).
* **1793** (*Kansei 5*): Shogonuate orders research and publication of daimyo clan genealogies and *hatamoto* genealogies.
* **1797** (*Kansei 9*):  *Kansei* Calendar Revision

## Related pages 
* Edo period
* Kansei calendar

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kyōwa

was a  after *Kansei* and before *Bunka.*  This period started in February 1801 and ended in February 1804. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Kyōwa* era
* **9 December 1802** (*Kyōwa 2, 15th day of the 11th month*): Earthquake in northwest Honshū and Sado Province (Latitude: 37.700/Longitude: 138.300), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter scale.

* **28 December 1802** (*Kyōwa 2, 4th day of the 12th month*): Earthquake on Sado Island (Latitude: 38.000/Longitude: 138.000).

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Pontoise

**Pontoise** is a commune of the Val-d'Oise department in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is  from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.

## Twin towns
Pontoise is twinned with:
*  Böblingen, Germany
*  Sevenoaks, England
*  Geleen, Netherlands

## References
Naengmyeon

**Naengmyeon** is a traditional Korean summer food. The name means "cold noodles".  Naengmyeon’s basic ingredients are long, thin noodles, a boiled egg, slices of cucumber and slices of boiled meat. Water or gochujang can be added depending on the type of Naengmyeon. There are many kinds of noodles made from wheat, buckwheat, potatoes or sweet potatoes. 

## History
According to the 19th century writings, it has been made since the Joseon Dynasty. It began as a delicacy in northern Korea. It was popular in the cities of Pyongyang and Hamhung in North Korea. Naengmyeon became widely popular in Korea after the Korean War.

## Types
The two main types of naengmyeon are *mul naengmyeon* and *bibim naengmyeon*. Mul naengmyeon is served as a cold soup with the noodles contained in broth made from beef or chicken. Bibim naengmyeon is served with a spicydressing made mainly from gochujang (red chilipaste).
Bunsei

was a  after *Bunka* and before *Tenpō.*  This period started in April 1818 and ended in December 1830. During this time, the emperor was . 

## Events of the *Bunsei* era
* **1822** (*Bunsei 5*): Edo was struck with 150 earthquake tremors over three days.

* **11 August 1823** (*Bunsei 6, 6th day of the 7th month*):  German flora- and fauna-taxonomist Philipp Franz von Siebold arrived at Dejima as new physician for the Dutch trading post in Nagasaki harbor.

* **13 August 1830** (*Bunsei 13, 25th day of the 6th month*): Earthquake at Kyoto (Latitude: 35.000/Longitude: 136.000), no Richter scale magnitude can be inferred from the available data.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Tadao Ando

**Tadao Ando** is a Japanese architect. He was born in Osaka in 1941. Before he designed buildings, he had many other important experiences in his life. He became a professional boxer as a teenager and spent time in Thailand fighting. He then traveled around the world to learn about buildings. Ando became successful in the 1970s and has built buildings all over the world.

In 1995, Ando won the Pritzker Prize in 1995.

## References
## Further reading
* Ando, (2006) Taschen Books, Masao Furuyama, .
Fuse

A **fuse** is a device that shuts off the power to an electrical circuit when too much electric current flows through it.  This usually happens when too many appliances are plugged in or when there is a short circuit. A fuse is made as an intentional weak spot in a circuit that will melt (or "blow") when too much current is flowing through it, shutting off the power to the rest of the circuit. This protects the rest of the circuit. After the fuse blows, the problem that caused it to blow must be corrected and the fuse must be replaced to restore power to the circuit. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but it can be reset without replacing anything.

Fuses in plugs are made in standard ratings. The most common are 3 A, 5 A and 13 A. The fuse should be rated at a slightly higher current than the device needs. e.g. if the device works a 3 A use 5 A fuse. Fast and slow fuses are made. Fast acting fuses blow immediately once the current rating is exceeded. Slow blow fuses will let the current exceed the rating for a fraction of a second, to allow devices like motors to start up.

## Other websites 
* [Fuse (electrical)](http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)) -Citizendium
X rating

In the original Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, **X rating** represented that no one under 18 should be allowed to enter. Unlike the others, this rating was not copyrighted, and the rating became tied to pornography. Many theaters chose not to take an X rated movie, and many newspapers would not run ads for them. Certain movie companies had to release their films without rating, in particular independent movies. In Autumn 1990 the X was replaced with NC-17, but over the years, NC-17 absorbed the same stigma that the earlier X rating had.
Bunka

was a  after *Kyōwa* and before *Bunsei.*  The period started in January 1804 and ended in April 1818. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the *Bunka* era
 on foreign affairs in the 1st year of *Bunka*]]
* **1804** (*Bunka 1*): Hayashi Jussai explained the foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate to the emperor in Kyoto.
* **June 1805** (*Bunka 2*): Genpaku Sugita was granted an audience with Shogun Tokugawa Ienari to explain differences between traditional medical knowledge and Western medical knowledge.
* **25 September 1810** (*Bunka 7, 27th day of the 8thmonth*): Earthquake in northern Honshū (Latitude: 39.900/Longitude: 139.900), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale. 
* **7 December 1812** (*Bunka 9, 4th day of the 11th month*): Earthquake in Honshū (Latitude: 35.400/Longitude: 139.600), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
* **1817** (*Bunka 14*): Emperor Kōkaku traveled in procession to Sento Imperial Palace, a palace of an abdicated emperor. The Sento Palace at that time was called Sakura Machi Palace.
* **7 May 1817** (*Bunka 14, 22nd day of the 3rd month*): Kōkaku abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (*senso*).  Soon after, Emperor Ninkō's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Arrondissement of Bayeux

The **Arrondissement of Bayeux** is an arrondissement of France. It is in the Calvados *département*, in the Normandy region. It has 6 cantons and 126 communes.

## Cantons
The cantons of the arrondissement of Bayeux are:
# Balleroy
# Bayeux
# Caumont-l'Éventé
# Isigny-sur-Mer
# Ryes
# Trévières

## Communes
The communes of the arrondissement of Bayeux, and their INSEE codes, are:

## Other websites
*Bayeux on French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies site (INSEE, in French)
Copenhagen Metro

The **Copenhagen Metro** (Danish: Københavns metro) is the longest underground traffic system in Denmark. It is a 20.5&nbsp;km (12.7&nbsp;mi) metro system. It was opened between 2002 and 2007, and has two lines, M1 (green) 14.3&nbsp;km (8.9&nbsp;mi) and M2 (yellow) 14.2&nbsp;km, (8.8&nbsp;mi). M3 and M4 will be made in the future.  In 2009, the metro carried 50 million passengers.

The stations in lines M1 and M2 are:	
* Amager Strand
* Amagerbro
* Bella Center
* Christianshavn
* DR Byen
* Fasanvej
* Femøren
* Flintholm
* Forum
* Frederiksberg
* Islands Brygge
* Kastrup
* Kongens Nytorv
* Lergravsparken
* Lindevang
* Lufthavnen (Airport)
* Nørreport
* Ørestad
* Øresund
* Sundby
* Vanløse
* Vestamager

* Number of stations: 22. 9 of these are underground

* Electrification: 750 V, third rail

* Average speed: 40 km/h (25 mph

* Top speed: 80 km/h (50 mph)

## References
Abugida

. *May Śiva bless those who take delight in the language of the gods.* (Kalidasa)]]An **abugida** is a writing system that is neither a syllabic nor alphabetic script, but somewhere in between. 
## Overview
The abugida has sequences of consonants and vowels that are written together as a unit, each of which is based on the consonant letter. Vowels must be written down as well, but they are secondary and do not act the same way as consonants.
### Syllables
Syllables are built up of consonants, each of which has an inherent vowel. That means a vowel must be pronounced in a syllable even if it is not written down. For example, in Thai, the syllable written as the consonant-vowel pair หา is pronounced *haa*, but the syllable just written as a consonant ห is pronounced *hɔ.*
### Diacritics
Diacritic symbols may be used to change or mute the inherent vowel, and separate vowel letters may be used when vowels occur at the beginning of a syllable or on their own.
### Order
In some abugidas, certain vowels can be written to the right, to the left, on top, or below the consonant that is spoken before it, even if the reading order all of the consonants is left-to-right or right-to-left. An example uses the Thai consonant ก to show where the following vowels must be written.

This is different from a truly alphabetic script in which the vowels and consonants have the same status, and an abjad, whose vowels can be left out. Ethiopic, most scripts of the Indian subcontinent, mainland Southeast Asia, some scripts of Maritime Southeast Asia, and Canadian syllabics are abugidas.
## History
### Origin
The oldest known abugida is the Brahmi script, a writing system that was invented in modern-day India. Most abugidas that exist today, including Tamil, Devanagari, Khmer, and Thai, were based on the Brahmi script. 

Abugidas based on Brahmi spread along with the Indian religions throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, especially Buddhism and Hinduism. Some forms of shorthand also employ diacritics to indicate vowels.
### Name
The name 'abugida' is derived from the first four letters of the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) alphasyllabary writing system. 
## Characteristics
Some abugidas allow for consonant strings to be written down in a single consonant space. For instance, in Khmer script – unlike in Thai script – consonants can be written on top of each other, with most consonants having normal and subscript forms. 
## Examples
For instance, the Khmer word *phnom* ភ្នំ as in Phnom Penh is written in one consonant space with three consonants, with ភ being *ph*, ្ន being the subscript form of ន *n*, and ំbeing the final *-m* to be pronounced after the vowel*.* 

Though the word is written as *phnm*, the vowel *o* is the inherent vowel, thus it should be pronounced *phnom*. An example of a word with stacked consonants and a vowel is *sri* ស្រី, in which ស is *s*, ្រ is the subscript form of រ *r*, and ី being the vowel *i*.
Weston, Illinois (DuPage County)

**Weston, Illinois** was a community next to Batavia. It was a subdivision of pre-fabricated homes started in the early 1960s.  Sales were very slow, so the land developers tried to attract Fermilab to be a new employer on the edge of the new town.  However, it turned out that the amount of land needed would swallow up the entire town.  So, the town voted to sell all of the land, including the houses that had been built to Fermilab.  The people wanted to move the town to the east beyond the edge of Fermilab, but county officials prohibited the move. The town then dissolved.

Before new Fermilab buildings could be finished, the scientists moved into the Weston houses and also moved all of the farm houses on Fermilab to that location for use as office space. They renamed Weston, "Fermilab Village." It still houses visiting scientists.
## References
## Other websites
*Fermilab History and Archives Project
Kim Ok-gyun

**Kim Ok-gyun** (Korean: 김옥균; 1851 – 1894) was Korean Joseon Dynasty politician and diplomat. His nicknames were Gowoo (Korean: 고우, 古遇) and Gokyun (Korean: 고균, 古筠).

## Books 
* *Kihwageunsa* (기화근사, 箕和近事)
* *Chidoyakron* (치도약론, 治道略論)
* *Gapsinillok* (갑신일록, 甲申日錄)

## References 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=31693
* http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=4870
Great Britain at the Olympics

**Great Britain at the Olympics** is a history which includes 50 games in 23 countries and 6,000+ athletes. Since 1896, sportsmen of the United Kingdom have taken part the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Great Britain is GBR.

## History
The British National Olympic Committee was formed in 1905. It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1905.

Great Britain's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Great Britain was one of 14 teams to compete in the first Games in 1896. It has competed at every Games.  As of 2012, Athletes from Great Britain have won 780 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won 22 at the Winter Olympic Games.  Great Britain is the only team to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Games.

Great Britain was the name given to the United Kingdom team for the 1908 Summer Olympics. It was also given the IOC country code *GBR*. The team is also called "Team GB". However, British is a correct term for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as, for instance, in "the British Government".
 
In an agreement between the British and Irish Olympic groups, athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to be a part of the Irish Olympic team. All British people may have dual citizenship if they wish.

## Summer Games results
## Winter Games results
## Host country
London, the United Kingdom's capital, has hosted the Games on three occasions.

In 2012, London became the first city to host the Olympics three times.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* British Olympic Association
Sikhae

***Sikhae*** is a salted fermented food with grains in Korean cuisine as one of jeotgal. *Sikhae* is made with various fish, such as flat fish, shellfish, pollack, squid and fish intestines, and cooked grains, such as rice, glutinous rice,  glutinous foxtail millet and nonglutinous millet. *Sikhae* is less salty than jeotgal because most jeotgal is made with seafood and salt, but *sikhae* is made with not only the ingredients of jeotgal but also grains, shredded radish, etc. Therefore, *sikhae* is stored for short-term, while jeotgal is able to be stored for rather long-term because of the large amount of salt.

The types of *sikhae* can be different, depending on the main ingredients, regions, what the family and the person like. In past times, because of the limited transportation, regions near the sea had more types of *sikhae* compared to the inland areas. Koreans usually eat this food as a banchan (small dishes of food).

## History (Documentaries on *Sikhae*)
*Sikhae* was not included in any literature before the early part of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. However, that doesn't mean there was not *sikhae* and rather it guesses that *sikhae* was not written down. After the middle of Joseon Dynasty, *sikhae* have been mentioned in literature.

## Recipe
Sikhae is made with fish, salt, cooked rice, Korean traditional spices, etc. First, wash fishes and put drained fishes with salt in a pot. After about 10 days, take the salted fishes out of the pot, cut them into bite-size pieces and then put them with cooked rice and chili powder in the pot again. Lastly, put shredded radish into the pot after another four days and finally eat *sikhae* as 10 more days are passing.

## Types
*Gajamisikhae (가자미식해) - gajamisikhae made with flat fish(gajami, 가자미) in Hamgyong-do
- Gajamisikhae is the typical and popular Korean sikhae. It is made mostly in the region of North Korea. 
*Dorumooksikhae (도루묵식해) - dorumooksikhae made with sailfin-sandfish(dorumook, 도루묵) in Gangwon-do
*Boogasikhae (북어식해) - boogasikhae made with dried pollack(Booga, 북어) in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangnam-do
*Mareungogisikhae (마른고기식해) - Mareungogisikhae made with dried squid(mareun ojingeo, 마른 오징어) in Gyeongsang-do
*Yeonansikhae (연안식해) - Yeonansikhae made with the flesh of a shellfish or clam meat(joegaetsal, 조갯살) in Hwanghae-do

## Effects
Sikhae has a lot of effects. First, sikhae, as one of fermented food, is easily digested by creating peptone, peptide, and free amino acid through the process of decomposition of protein and so good nourishing food for patients, the old and the infirm and children. Also, millet, one of ingredients of Sikhae, helps people warm body in the winter when people have cold hands or feet due to the very cold weather.

## Other websites
* Information about *Sikhae*
Sundance Sea

The **Sundance Sea** was an inland or epeiric sea covering much of western North America in the Jurassic period. It was an arm of what is now the Arctic Ocean, and extended through what is now western Canada into the central western United States. The sea receded (moved back) when highlands to the west began to rise.

## Stratigraphy
The Sundance Sea did not occur at a single time; evidence suggests that it was a series of five successive marine transgressions. Each was separated by a period of erosion.The sea advanced and receded from the Middle Jurassic onwards. The terrestrial sediments of the Morrison Formation  eroded from rising highlands to the west  were deposited on top of the calcareous Sundance Formation as the sea retreated for the last time, late in the Jurassic.

The sedimentary rocks which formed in and around the Sundance Sea are often rich in fossils.

## Fauna
The Sundance Sea had many types of animals. The oyster *Gryphaea* was very common, and shark teeth have been found. Fish, belemnites and to an extent ammonites swarmed in shoals. Crinoids and bivalvia dotted the seafloor. *Ophthalmosaurus*, a large ichthyosaur, swam in the seas using its large, long jaws to catch belemnite 'squid'. *Pantosaurus*, a plesiosaur the size of a seal, went after the easier-to-catch fish. The largest marine reptile in the Sundance Sea was *Megalneusaurus*, a large pliosaur similar to *Liopleurodon*. Its fossils have been found in Alaska and Wyoming, which were both covered by the Sundance Sea when it was alive.

During the periods of recession, dinosaurs and other Jurassic animals walked on the shores, leaving fossil footprints.

## Related pages 
*Western Interior Seaway (Cretaceous period)

## References
Western Interior Seaway

The **Western Interior Seaway**  was a huge inland sea. It split North America into two halves for most of the mid- and late-Cretaceous Period. It was up to  deep,  wide and over  long.

## Origin and geology 
Sea level was high in the Cretaceous, and the middle part of North America sank down. A shallow subducting plate pulled on the bottom of the lithosphere, causing it to move down. The sea entered both north and south, and came and went during the course of the Cretaceous. Widespread carbonate deposition suggests that the Seaway was warm and tropical, with abundant calcareous algae. The shrunken, regressive phase of the Western Interior Seaway is sometimes called the **Pierre Seaway**.

## Fauna
* from the Cretaceous of South Dakota.]]
The long, narrow western border of the seaway called **Laramidia** had one of the most diverse collections of dinosaurs anywhere on Earth.

The Western Interior Seaway was a shallow sea filled with abundant marine life. This included predatory marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs that grew up to 18 meters long.  Other marine life included sharks such as *Squalicorax* and the giant shellfish-eating *Ptychodus mortoni* (believed to be 10 meters&nbsp;long). There were advanced bony fish such as the massive 5-meter long *Xiphactinus* – a fish larger than any modern bony fish. Other sea life included invertebrates such as molluscs, ammonites, squid-like belemnites, and plankton including coccolithophores that secreted the chalky platelets that give the Cretaceous its name, foraminiferans and radiolarians.

The Western Interior Seaway was home to early birds also, including the flightless *Hesperornis* which had stout legs for swimming through water and small wing-like appendages used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like *Ichthyornis*, an early avian with a toothy beak. *Icthyornis* shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as *Nyctosaurus* and *Pteranodon*. *Pteranodon* fossils are very common and it was likely a major component of the surface ecosystem, though it was only found in the southern reaches of the Seaway.

On the bottom, the giant clam *Inoceramus'' left common fossilized shells in the Pierre Shale. This clam had a thick shell paved with prisms of calcite deposited at right angles to the surface, giving a pearly luster in life. Paleontologists suggest that its giant size was an adaptation for life in the murky bottom waters, where a correspondingly large gill area would have allowed the animal to cope with oxygen-depleted waters.

## Related pages 
*Sundance Sea (Jurassic period)

## References
Direct proof

A **direct proof** is a way of showing that something is true or false by using logic. This is done by combining known facts. No assumptions are made when doing a direct proof. Lemmas and theorems are used to prove direct proofs.

A statement that can be proved with a direct proof is usually in the form "if *p*, then *q*." Here, *p* and *q* are facts. To solve a statement like this, every case where *p* is true must be considered.

For example, this statement can be solved with a direct proof: "if x and y are even integers, then x+y is an even integer." Since x and y are even, then we can say that *x=2m* and *y=2n,* where *m* and *n* are integers. (This is a lemma.) We can also say that *m+n* is an integer, because adding two integers gives an integer. (This is another lemma.) Then we can say that *x+y=2m+2n=2(m+n)*. Since *m+n* is an integer, we can say *2(m+n)=2k*, where *k=m+n*. We know that any integer times 2 is an even integer. We can then say that any two even integers added together give an even integer.

Direct proofs are used in mathematics, logic, and computer science. The opposite of a direct proof is an indirect proof (also called a *proof by contradiction*.)

## Related pages
* Mathematical proof
* Proof by contradiction
* Proof by induction
Death Valley Junction

**Death Valley Junction** (formerly, **Amargosa** and '"Death Valley'") is a tiny Mojave Desert community in unincorporated Inyo County, California, at the intersection of SR 190 and SR 127, just east of Death Valley National Park.  The zip code is 92328, the elevation is , and the population fewer than 20. It contains the Amargosa Opera House and Hotel.

## References
Melancholy

*Melancholia, a mood disorder to do with depression
**Major depressive disorder, clinical depression
*Melancholic, one of the four temperaments theory of psychology
Tenpō

was a , also known as ***Tempō***, after *Bunsei* and before *Kōka.*  The period started in December 1830 and ended in December 1844.

The *nengō* *Tenpō* means "Heavenly Protection".

## Events of the *Tenpō* era
 in Tokyo Bay]]
* **1833-1836** (*Tenpō 4-7*): Great Tenpō Famine
* **20 July 1835** (*Tenpō 6, 7th day of the 6th month*): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 37.900/Longitude:  141.900), 7.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
* **1837-1843** (*Tenpō 8-14*): Gold and silver coins called *Tenpō-kingin* were minted.
*  **1837** (*Tenpō 8*): Uprising led by Ōshio Heihachirō was known as *Tempo Jiken* and Ikuta Yorozu
*  **1837** (*Tenpō 8*): Morrison Incident &mdash; an American ship shelled by cannon fire from Uraga and Kagoshima
*  **1837** (*Tenpō 8*):  Tokugawa Yoshinobu was born
* **12 December 1840** (*Tenpō 11, 19th day of the 11th month*): Former-Emperor Kōkaku died.
* **25 April 1843** (*Tenpō 14, 25th day of the 3rd month*): Earthquake in Hokkaido (Latitude: 41.800/Longitude: 144.800), 8.4 magnitude on the Richter Scale.

## Related pages 
* Edo period
* Tenpō calendar

## References 
## Other websites 
* "The Japanese Calendar", National Diet Library—historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Common poorwill

The **Common Poorwill** (*Phalaenoptilus nuttallii*) is a nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, the nightjars.  It is found from British Columbia and southeastern Alberta, through the western United States to northern Mexico. The bird's habitat is dry, open areas with grasses or shrubs, and even stony desert slopes with very little vegetation.
Hooded pitohui

The **hooded pitohui** (*Pitohui dichrous*), is a songbird of New Guinea with black and orange plumage.

This species and its two close relatives, the variable pitohui and the brown pitohui,  were the first known poisonous birds. A neurotoxin  found in the birds' skin and feathers causes numbness and tingling in those touching the bird.

The hooded pitohui gets its poison from part of its diet, the *Choresine* beetles of the Melyridae family. These beetles are also a likely source of the lethal batrachotoxins found in Colombia's poison dart frogs.

Common and widespread throughout New Guinea, the hooded pitohui is of 'Least Concern' on the IUCN Red List of threatened species.

## References
2014 Atlantic hurricane season

The **2014 Atlantic hurricane season** was a below-average season in terms of named storms, and an average season in terms of both hurricanes and major hurricanes. It produced nine tropical cyclones, eight named storms, the fewest since the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season, six hurricanes and two major hurricanes. It officially began on June 1, 2014, and ended on November 30, 2014. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first storm of the season, Arthur, developed on July 1, while the final storm, Hanna, dissipated on October 28, about a month prior to the end of the season
## Storm names
This is the list of names used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2014. The list is the same as the 2008 list except for Gonzalo, Isaias, and Paulette because Gustav, Ike, and Paloma were damaging and deadly storms in 2008, and their names were retired. In 2014 no storms were retired so the same exact list was used in 2020.

## Notes
## References
Criticism of Christianity

Since its beginning, Christianity has been criticized by people in all professions and by people of all other religions. The reason for the criticism varies: many Christians have followed the Bible in criticising homosexuality, abortion and many other hot button issues. Also, Christianity may be rejected because of lack of interest (due to abuse of Christianity) or some just prefer to not convert into it.

## Criticism of writings
Beginning with the Enlightenment, in the 18th century, people began to apply methods of text criticism they had also applied to other documents, and philosophical writings.  This form of criticism uses reason, rather than revelations to study texts. There are four primary types of Biblical criticism: form, traditional, higher and lower criticism.
**Form criticism* tries to find the earlier oral traditions on which the texts were based.
**Tradition criticism*  studies the Bible and looks at how traditions have changed over time.
* *Higher criticism:* the study of the sources and literary methods employed by the biblical authors.
**Lower criticism:* the discipline and study of the actual wording of the Bible; a quest for textual purity and understanding.

Conservative Christians, as well as much of Orthodox Judaism  and Karaite Judaism,  support the idea that the Bible is historically accurate. Moderate and liberal Christians generally think the Bible texts are historical, and reliable. They do however think that certain passages should not be read literally, but metaphorically.

## References
Kōka

was a  after *Tenpō* and before *Kaei.*  This period started in December of 1844 and ended in February of 1848.  During this time, the emperors were   and . 

## Events of the *Kōka* era
* **1844** (*Kōka 1*): Takashima Tomonosuke was born.

* **1846** (*Kōka 3*): Two U.S. Navy ships were driven away from Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay. 
 
* **21 February 1846** (*Kōka 3, 26th day of the 1st month*): Ninkō died; and the succession passed to his son (*senso*).  Soon after, Emperor Kōmei's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (*sokui*).

* **March 1846** (*Kōka 3*): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 39.500/Longitude:  142.000), 6.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale

*  **9 May 1847** (*Kōka 4*): Earthquake in Nagano (Latitude: 37.000/Longitude:  138.000), 7.4 on Richter Scale

During the Koka era, Hiroshige began making prints of women in the context of famous places.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Tōhoku region

The  is one of Japan's traditional regions. The Japanese  of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Tōhoku region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a  of historical divisions and modern administrative needs.    The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

## History
In the late 7th century, the *Tōsandō* region were identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (*ritsuryo seido*).

*Gokishichidō* is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including *Tōsandō*.  *Tōhoku* covers the northern area of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional *Tōsandō*.

In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (*chihō *), including the Tōhoku region. A regional council  (*chihō gyōsei kyōgisai*) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional .  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

Over time, Tōhoku has developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture. Tōhoku is famous for farming. Now a lot of kinds of vegetable are grown.

The Tohoku University was built in 1907.

In 2011, Tōhoku was struck with a very strong earthquake and tsunami. It caused a lot of damage. Now, people in Japan do their best for the complete revival of Tōhoku.

## Geography
The region occupies the northeastern part of Honshu, which is the largest Japanese island. 

### Tōhoku Prefectures
The region has six prefectures. From north to south, they are:
* Aomori Prefecture
* Iwate Prefecture
* Akita Prefecture
* Miyagi Prefecture
* Yamagata Prefecture
* Fukushima Prefecture

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
* Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles

## References 
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Sri Lanka Railways S11

Sri Lanka Railways **Class S11** is a diesel multiple-unit (DMU) train, built for Sri Lanka Railways by RITES Ltd, an Indian state infrastructure corporation. The DMUs are currently being imported in phases, with the last batch arriving in Sri Lanka in March 2012. They were built to replace locomotive-hauled passenger trains. Twenty S11 DMUs were ordered to strengthen long distance travel on the Coastal railway line from Colombo to Matara.

## References
Hoxne treasure

and four garnets; four other gems, thought to have been pearls, are missing.]]

The **Hoxne treasure**  is the largest find of late Roman silver and gold in Britain, and the largest collection of gold and silver coins of the fourth and fifth century found anywhere in the Roman Empire.

The treasure was found by metal detector in the village of Hoxne in Suffolk, England, on  1992. The hoard consists of 14,865 Roman gold, silver and bronze coins from the late fourth and early fifth centuries, and about 200 items of silver tableware and gold jewellery.

The objects are now in the British Museum in London, where the most important pieces and a selection of the rest are on permanent display. In 1993, the Treasure Valuation Committee valued the hoard at £1.75 million (today £).

The hoard was buried as an oak box or small chest filled with items in precious metal, with some in smaller wooden boxes and others in bags or wrapped in fabric. Remnants of the chest, and of fittings such as hinges and locks, were recovered in the . The coins date the hoard to after AD 407, about the end of Britain as a Roman province.

The owners and reasons for burial of the hoard are unknown, but it was carefully packed and the contents seem what a very rich family might have owned. The lack of large silver serving vessels and of some of the most common types of jewellery, suggest that the hoard is only part of the wealth of its owner.

The Hoxne treasure contains several rare and important objects, including a gold body-chain and silver-gilt pepper-pots. The hoard was excavated by archaeologists with the items largely undisturbed and intact. The find has helped to improve the relationship between people using metal detectors and archaeologists. It has influenced a change in English law on finds of treasure.p173

## Related pages 
*Thetford Hoard

## References
Communes of the Guadeloupe department

The following is a list of the 32 **communes of the Guadeloupe overseas department** of France.

Former communes detached from Guadeloupe on February 22, 2007:
Kaei

was a  after *Kōka* and before *Ansei*.  This period started in February 1848 and ended in November 1854. During this time, the emperor was . 

The *nengō* *Kaei* means "Celebration of Eternity" or "Eternal Felicity"

## Events of the *Kaei* Era
* **1849** (*Kaei 2*): Medical practice of vaccination first used by Dutch physician at Dejima.

* **July 1853** (*Kaei 6*): Commodore Matthew Perry and the United States Navy anchor off Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay.

* **1854** (*Kaei 7*): Commodore Perry returns to Edo Bay to force Japanese agreement to the Treaty of Kanagawa.  The chief Japanese negotiator was Hayashi Akira.

* **2 May 1854** (*Kaei 7, the 6th day of the 4th month*): Fire  the Imperial Palace in Kyoto.

During the *Kaei* era, the shogunate bought guns and encouraged the manufacture of guns.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection