open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Andrew Schally

**Andrzej Wiktor Schally** (also known as **Andrew W. Schally**; November 30, 1926 &ndash; October 17, 2024) was a Polish-born American endocrinologist. In 1977, He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. While he lived in a Jewish community and subsequently fled Poland, a genealogical investigation cited in the footnotes of JINFO.org found that Schally's background was "predominantly Polish, and not Jewish".  

Born in Poland, Andrew Schally received his education in Scotland and England. In 1952, he moved to Canada. He received his doctorate in endocrinology from McGill University in 1957.  That same year he left for a research career in the United States where he has worked mainly at Tulane University. A Canadian citizen when he left Canada, Schally became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1962. He was affiliated with the Baylor College of Medicine for some years in Houston, Texas.

He developed a whole new realm of knowledge concerning the brain’s control over the body chemistry. His works also addressed birth control methods and growth hormones. He - as well as Roger Guillemin- described the neurohormone GnRH that controls FSH and LH. He was awarded an honorary Doctoral Degree from Jagiellonian University at Kraków.

Schally died at his home in Miami Beach, Florida, on October 17, 2024, at the age of 97.

## Books
* 
* 
* Nicholas Wade (1981). *The Nobel Duel*, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY.

## References
Hyde Park, London

]]

**Hyde Park** is one of the largest parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner. It is the largest of the eight Royal Parks.

The park is divided in two by the Serpentine Lake. Hyde Park is 350 acres (1.4&nbsp;km²) large, together with Kensington Gardens (275 acres, 1.1&nbsp;km²) that is in the immediate neighbourhood the parks have an overall area of 625 acres (2.5&nbsp;km²).

The park was the site of The Great Exhibition of 1851, for which the Crystal Palace was designed.

The park has become a traditional place for mass demonstrations.

In 1982, four soldiers were killed in a PIRA bombing.

## References 
*Room, Adrian. ''Brewer's Names'', Cassell, London, 1992. 

## Other websites
*Official website 
*Map showing Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens 
*'Hyde Park', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878), pp.&nbsp;375–405. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=45205. Date accessed: 06 June 2007.
*Hyde Park Union: Documentary about Hyde Park and its speakers 
*Hyde Park in the 19th century
*Hyde Park article
Kensington Gardens

*See also Kensington Gardens, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide, Australia*

 at the south-east corner of Kensington Gardens, opposite the Royal Albert Hall]]
**Kensington Gardens**, once the private gardens of Kensington Palace, is one of the Royal Parks of London, lying immediately to the west of Hyde Park. Most of it is in the City of Westminster, but a small section to the west is in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It covers 275 acres (1.1 km²).

## Other websites 
* Kensington Gardens , official website
* Kensington gardens landscape architecture 
* Article on Kensington Gardens 
* The Garden  a poem by Ezra Pound set in Kensington Gardens
Delfzijl

**Delfzijl** is a small city and former municipality in the very north of the Netherlands, in the province of Groningen. It has around 25,000 inhabitants. It has the fifth most important seaport in the country. Since 2021, it has been part of the new municipality of Eemsdelta.

## References
## Other websites
* (in Dutch)
*
*
Roger Guillemin

**Roger Charles Louis Guillemin** (11 January 1924 &ndash; 21 February 2024) was a French-American neuroscientist who received the National Medal of Science in 1976, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones. He was born in Dijon, Côte-d'Or, France.

Guillemin turned 100 on January 11, 2024, and died in San Diego, California the following month, on February 21.

## Education 
Completing his undergraduate work at the University of Burgundy, Guillemin received his M.D. degree from the Medical Faculty at Lyon in 1949, and went to Montréal, Québec, Canada to work with Hans Selye at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the Université de Montréal where he received a Ph.D. in 1953. The same year he moved to the United States to join the faculty at Baylor College of Medicine at Houston. In 1965, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1970 he started a laboratory, San Diego where he worked for neuro-endocrinology until retirement in 1989.

Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally discovered the structures of TRH and GnRH in separate laboratories.

## Books
* Nicholas Wade (1981). *The Nobel Duel*, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY.
* Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar (1979).  *Laboratory Life*, Sage, Los Angeles, USA.

## References
## Other websites
* Nobel autobiography
* Salk Institute faculty page
Hyde Park

**Hyde Park** could mean any of the following:

## Places
### In England
* Hyde Park, London
* Hyde Park, Leeds, inner-city area of north-west Leeds
* Hyde Park, South Yorkshire, district of Sheffield
* Hyde Park, in Hyde, Greater Manchester

### In the United States
* Hyde Park, Los Angeles, California
* Hyde Park, Tampa, Florida
* Hyde Park, Boise, Idaho
* Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois
* Hyde Park, Massachusetts, part of the city of Boston
* Hyde Park, Kansas City, Missouri
* Hyde Park, New York, town in Dutchess County, New York
* Hyde Park, Ohio, neighborhood of Cincinnati
* Hyde Park, Pennsylvania, borough in Westmoreland County
* Hyde Park, Berks County, Pennsylvania
* Hyde Park, Memphis, Tennessee
* Hyde Park, Austin, Texas
* Hyde Park, Utah
* Hyde Park (town), Vermont
* Hyde Park (village), Vermont
* Hyde Park Township, Cook County, Illinois, annexed by Chicago in 1889
* Hyde Park Township, Minnesota
* New Hyde Park, New York
* North Hyde Park, Tampa, Florida
* Woodbourne-Hyde Park, Ohio
* Hyde Park, Santa Fe, New Mexico

### In Australia
* Hyde Park, Sydney, park in New South Wales
* Hyde Park (Western Australia), park in Perth
* Hyde Park, South Australia, suburb of Adelaide

### Elsewhere
* Hyde Park, Gauteng, South Africa
* Hajd park, Belgrade, Serbia

## Grounds
* Dr. Hyde Park a Gaelic Games ground in Roscommon, Ireland

## Other Uses
* Hyde Park (play), by James Shirley.
The Great Exhibition

went from plans to grand opening in just nine months.]]

The **Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations**, also known as the **Great Exhibition** or the **Crystal Palace Exhibition**, was an international exhibition held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 May to 15 October 1851 and the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to be a popular 19th century feature. 

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations (its full title) was organized under the leadership of Prince Albert and members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce.It was planned for 4 months. It was a celebration of modern industrial technology and design. 

Its prime motive was for "Great Britain [to make] clear to the world its role as an industrial leader". Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's consort, was an enthusiastic promoter of the exhibition, which was self-financing. Queen Victoria and her family visited three times. 

Technology and moving machinery was popular, especially working exhibits. Visitors could watch the entire process of cotton production from spinning to finished cloth. Scientific instruments included electric telegraphs, microscopes, air pumps and barometers, as well as musical, horological and surgical instruments.

## The Crystal Palace 
A special building, The Crystal Palace, was built to house the show. It took the form of a massive glass house, 1851 feet (about 564 metres) long by 454 feet (about 138 metres) wide. It was built with a cast iron-frame and glass. It was made almost entirely in Birmingham and Smethwick.

It was designed by Joseph Paxton with support from structural engineer Charles Fox. The committee which oversaw its construction included Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The building was architecturally adventurous. Paxton's had experience designing greenhouses for William Cavendish, the 6th Duke of Devonshire. 

The Crystal Palace was an enormous success. It was an architectural marvel, but also an engineering triumph which showed the importance of the Exhibition itself. The building was later moved and re-erected in an enlarged form at Sydenham in south London, an area that was renamed "Crystal Palace". The building was destroyed by fire on 30 November 1936.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Prince Albert's speech of 1849, announcing "The Exhibition of 1851" 
* "Memorials of the Great Exhibition" Cartoon Series from Punch
*Royal Engineers Museum  Royal Engineers and the Great Exhibition
*"In Our Time" BBC radio programme discussing the Great Exhibition and its impact.
* Images from the catalogue  on flickr.com
* Charlotte Brontë's account of a visit to the Great Exhibition 
* Great Exhibition Collection in the National Art Library
TSV Schwieberdingen

**TSV Schwieberdingen** is a German football club. It is in Schwieberdingen, Baden-Württemberg. The club was founded in 1906. Today it has over 2,200 people.

The football team is playing in the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV). Their stadium is the Felsenberg-Arena.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Las Terrenas

**Las Terrenas** is a Dominican municipality in the Samaná province, on the north coast of the peninsula of Samaná.

## Name
The name Las Terrenas comes from the French *La terrienne* (the "lady that owns land").

## Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 18,829: 9,776 men and 9,053 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The municipality of Las Terrenas has the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the municipality of Sánchez to the west and south, and the municipality of Samaná to the east.

## Economy
The main economic activities of the municipality are the same as the province: tourism, agriculture and fishing.

## References
*
Lemgo

**Lemgo** is a city in the Lippe district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of c. 42,000.

## References
## Other websites 
* Stadt Lemgo
Community of Madrid

**Community of Madrid** () is one of the seventeen autonomous communities (regions) of Spain. It is in centre of the country, and the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Madrid.
Kit-Cat Klock

A **Kit-Cat Klock** or **Felix the Cat Clock** is an art deco style clock. It looks like the cartoon character Felix the Cat. The eyes and tail move back and forth.
Peterborough

**Peterborough** ( or ) is a cathedral city in the East of England. The population is about 184,500 as of mid–2011. The city is well known for its cathedral.

Even though it is part of Northamptonshire, for ceremonial purposes it is inside the county of Cambridgeshire. The city is  north of London. It is on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea, about  to the north-east. 

The railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. The local government area includes Northamptonshire and Rutland to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and non-metropolitan Cambridgeshire to the south and east.

The topography of the land is flat. In some places it is below sea level, for example in the Fens that are east of Peterborough. 

Human settlement began before the Bronze Age, as seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east.  There is also evidence of Roman occupation. In the Anglo-Saxon English period of time, a monastery, Medeshamstede was built. This later became Peterborough Cathedral.

The population grew fast after rail transport began in the 19th century. At that time, Peterborough became known for the manufacturing of bricks. 

 embankment, seen from Frank Perkins Parkway]]

## Population growth 
After World War II, the city did not grow much, until the 1960s. Peterborough was named a "New Town" in 1967, by the government. This was part of the New Towns Act of 1946. It planned new towns to move people into better homes, who were still living in poor or bombed-out housing from the war.

Housing and population are still growing in the 21st century.  Peterborough's population growth was the fastest of any British city over the ten years from 2002. This was partly due to immigration.

Because the city is still getting larger,  the city council has passed a law for a new development plan. This is to add an additional 22,000 homes, 18,000 jobs and over 40,000 people who will live in Peterborough by 2020. The newly developing Hampton township will be finished. There will also be a 1,500-homes built in Stanground, and a 1,200-homes built in Paston.

## Suburbs
### Parnwell
Parnwell is a housing estate in the east of the city. Situated off Parnwell Way, it is easily accessible using the Frank Perkins Way (A1139). It is served by a convenience store at the Parnwell Centre and has a Sure Start Centre and a health centre.

The local primary school is Parnwell Primary School, which was opened in 1989 to serve children from 4 to 11 years. Children over this age may choose to attend the City of Peterborough Academy (COPA), Thomas Deacon Academy or the Stanground Academy.

## References
Spandau

**Spandau** is the westernmost borough (*Bezirk*) of Berlin. It is along the western bank of the Havel, and is where the rivers Havel and Spree meet.
It has an area of  and has (as of 2003) about 226,100 inhabitants. Its current mayor is Helmut Kleebank (SPD).

## History 
The history of Spandau begins in the 7th or 8th century, when Slavs settled in the area and built a fortress. It was conquered in 928 by the German King Henry I, but returns to Slavic rule later in the 10th century.

The first written mention of Spandau was in 1197. It was given City rights in 1232.

The Spandau Citadel was completed in 1594 by Joachim II of Brandenburg. In 1558 the village of Gatow became part of Spandau. Spandau was surrendered to the Swedes in 1634.

In 1806, after the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt, French troops under Napoleon took possession of the city and stayed there until 1807. In 1812, Napoleon returned and the Spandau Citadel was besieged in 1813 by Prussian and Russian troops.

In 1920, the city of Spandau became a borough of Berlin. Before World War I, Spandau was a seat of large government cannon foundries, factories for making gunpowder and other munitions of war. The most dangerous weapon invented in Spandau was the *Renana*. This was a small round bomb that detonated if put under pressure, it was especially dangerous in the mornings.

After World War II, it was part of the British Occupation Zone in West Berlin and the Spandau Prison, built in 1876, was used to house Nazi war criminals who were sentenced to imprisonment at the Nuremberg Trials. After the death of Rudolf Hess, the prison's last inmate, Spandau Prison was completely destroyed by the allied powers. A *NAAFI* supermarket was built on the site. When the Allies left Berlin this military supermarket became a *MediaMarkt* store and carpark.

Modern industries include metal working, chemicals and carpet making.

The popular British New Romantic band, Spandau Ballet takes its name from Spandau.

## Places of interest 
* Spandau Citadel, Fortress build in the 16th century
* St. Nikolai Church, Church from the Middle Ages (there is a church with the same name in Berlin-Mitte)

## Twin towns
Spandau is twinned with
*  Siegen und Kreis Siegen-Wittgenstein (1952)
*  Luton (1959)
*  Asniéres-sur-Seine (1959)
*  Ashdod (1968)
*  Iznik (1968)
*  Nauen  (1988)

## Other websites 
* Official Homepage
Santiago Rusiñol

**Santiago Rusiñol i Prats** (, ; Barcelona, 25 February 1861 &ndash; Aranjuez, 13 June 1931) was a  Catalan naturalist painter, author, and playwright.

He was born in Barcelona in 1861, and died in Aranjuez in 1931 while painting its famous gardens.

He influenced Pablo Picasso as a modern artist, and also left a lot of modernist buildings in Sitges, a town from Catalonia very influenced by that artist.
He was a modernist artist and there is a street in Sant Cugat del Vallés, a town near Barcelona, with his name.
Punta Arenas

***Punta Arenas*** (lit. *Sandy Point*) is the capital of Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region and the largest city in the region. It has the 1% (about 124246 people) of the total population. It is located at *comuna* (municipality) of Magallanes, and geographically at Brunswich Peninsula (53° 10' S 70° 56'W).

## Images 

File:Punta Arenas-View2.jpg|Punta Arenas
File:Cities of Tierra del Fuego.png|Punta Arenas at north shore of strait of Magallanes
File:15mrz08 P Arenas 08.jpg|Strait of Magallanes at Punta Arenas

## References 
## Other websites 
Interactive map
Gefjun

in Churchill Park Copenhagen, Denmark.]]
**Gefjun** (or **Gefjon**, **Gefion**) is one of the Æsir in Norse mythology. This name could be from Old Norse *geð fiá* meaning "chaste" is one of the Asynjur in Norse mythology. and even that she was originally the same fertility goddess as Freyja.

It has also been suggested that she is the origin of Grendel's mother who appears in the epic poem *Beowulf*.

## References
Stade de France

The **Stade de France** is a multipurpose stadium in Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France made in 1995 and opened in 1998. It can hold 80,698 people and is just outside Paris.

## References
## Other websites 
* Stade de France Website
* Stats for all rugby matches played at the Stade de France 
* Rugby World Cup 2007
* Le Stade de France 3D model (GoogleSketchup)
Melbourne Cricket Ground

The **Melbourne Cricket Ground** (MCG) is a cricket and Australian Rules Football stadium in Melbourne, Australia. It has a capacity of 100,000. It was used as the main stadium for the 1956 Summer Olympics.

The Melbourne Cricket Club started to use the area for cricket in 1853. Their old ground, now Southbank, was often flooded by the Yarra River, and was also in the way of a new railway line. In 1859, the first game of Australian Rules Football was played at the ground.

The MCG is run by a trust. The first chairman of the trust was the first Premier of Victoria, William Haines.

## References
Romanesque architecture

, Speyer Cathedral is the largest building built in Romaneesque style still standing]]
.]]
 in a church in the centre of Poitiers. It is built in Romanesque style]]

**Romanesque architecture** is a term that describes the style of architecture which was used in Europe from the late 10th century until the 12th century when it changed to the Gothic style. The Romanesque style in England is called Norman architecture. 

Buildings in the Romanesque style have very thick walls and round arches,  Castles and churches or cathedrals were built in this style.  Some of them are still standing.

## Other websites
*Círculo Románico - Visigothic, Mozarabic and Romanesque art 

## References
Tanning

**Tanning** is the process of turning animal skin (often called "hide") into leather.  Tanning makes the skin tougher and often changes its color.  Tanning helps make the animal skin become more flexible and less vulnerable to bacteria damage.

Before tanning an animal skin, the animal must be killed and skinned before the body heat of the animal leaves the animal's body. Next, tissue on the inside of the skin and hairs on the outside are removed.  Salt in the skin is removed and the skins are soaked in water for six hours to two days.

The actual process of tanning is done by soaking the leather in a bath of Chromium III sulphate ([Cr(H2O)6]2(SO4)3). In past centuries a natural substance called tannin was used, which was got from oak or fir trees.

The whole process is very smelly, and tanneries are often placed at the edges of towns. The runoff from tanning plants into rivers is a major cause of pollution. This can be prevented by methods of water treatment adapted to the outflow of tannery liquids. Developing countries may lack this methodology, even though World Bank grants are available for water treatment facilities. A private-sector trade association may give technical information about clean technologies.

A **tanner** is someone whose job is tanning.  

A **tannery** is the place where the tanners worked with the animal skins.

## References
## More reading
*
Bypass

**Bypass** can have several meanings.  It always means: going round something in order to avoid it.

Bypass can also mean:

*Bypass (computing), in computing, avoiding security features in hacking, or changing what one does in troubleshooting
*Bypass (effect), in effects units, a switch that allows sound processing to be "turned off" to get a "dry", unprocessed sound output
*Bypass (road), road or highway that goes round a town or village
*Bypass (surgical), creating an alternate route for blood flow or food (e.g. a heart bypass)
**Bypass surgery, specific types of surgical bypass
*Bypass (telecommunications) can mean many things
*Bypass (valve), in diving, a valve in rebreathers to bypass the flow rate control valve
*Bypass duct, passage in turbofan aircraft engines that allows airflow to bypass the engine core
*Bleach bypass, in film processing, an optical effect reducing saturation, increasing contrast, and giving a pastel look
St Michael's Church, Bamberg

'''St. Michael's Church**, also known as the **Michaelskirche** (**Church of St Michael'''), is a church in Bamberg. It was built in the 12th century. It stands on the top of a very high hill overlooking the town of Bamberg. It can be seen from nearly all directions. Bamberg is built on seven hills, each with a building at the top. The hill on which the St Michael’s Church stands is the highest one. An old, cobbled road with some ancient houses leads from the cathedral up to the church. Not far beyond the church are fields and woods.

The church is built in the Romanesque style. It used to be the church of a Benedictine monastery. The monastery was secularized in 1803. There is now an almshouse there as well as a museum and municipal art collections.

## History
Emperor Heinrich II (Henry II) was the founder of the Bishopric of Bamberg. The first bishop of Bamberg was Eberhard, who founded the abbey of St Michael. It belonged to the bishop. The abbot had to obey the bishop. The monks who came to live there came from the towns of Amorbach and Fulda.

In the 12th century the abbey flourished. This was the time of Bishop Otto of Bamberg. The abbey started to become more independent of the bishop.

The abbey went through hard times during the wars around 1525. In the 17th and 18th centuries it went through better times again. When the bishops lost their political power in 1803 the abbey started to belong to the town. The people asked for the almshouses in the town to be moved to the St Michael abbey. There is still a home for old people there today.

## Inside the church
Behind the altar is the tomb of Bishop Otto of Bamberg which dates from 1443. There is a hole in the middle of the tomb which is just big enough for a person to crawl through. Visitors to the church like to crawl through the hole, because it is said that it helps people who have backache.

The roof of the nave has paintings of 580 different kinds of plants. These include plants from faraway countries, e.g. pineapple, cotton, pomegranate and tobacco as well as plants that are found locally. The paintings date from the 17th century. Many of the plants were grown in the herb gardens around the church.

In the side isles of the church the ceiling has more paintings. These include paintings of birds.
Mitte

**Bezirk Mitte** or **Mitte von Berlin** is the most central borough of Berlin (*Bezirk* is German for borough, *Mitte* is German for centre).

Most of Berlin's historic centre is in Bezirk Mitte. Some of the most important tourist sites of Berlin (like the Pergamon Museum, Brandenburg Gate, Charité and the Reichstag), are all in Mitte, and most were in East Berlin.

In 2001, Berlin's boroughs were reorganized. The old East Berlin borough of Mitte, was joined with the boroughs of Wedding, once in the French Sector, and Tiergarten which had been in the British sector before. The new borough (both of which formerly belonged to West Berlin) to form the new Mitte borough. The new borough has an area of . In 2003, it had about 320,700 inhabitants. The districts in Mitte are Gesundbrunnen, Hansaviertel, Mitte, Moabit, Tiergarten and Wedding.

The current mayor is Christian Hanke (SPD).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official homepage 
* Official homepage of Berlin
B'Day Anthology Video Album

'''''B'Day Anthology Video Album'''* is a video album, released by the American R&B singer-songwriter Beyoncé. It was released alongside *B'Day Deluxe Edition'' on April 3, 2007.

## Track listing
Sánchez, Dominican Republic

**Sánchez** is a Dominican municipality in the Samaná province, on the south coast of the peninsula of Samaná.

## Name
Sánchez is named after Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, one of the three Founding Fathers of the Dominican Republic.

## History
The old town of *Las Cañitas* was elevated to the category of municipality in 1866.

It was a very small town but it grew in importance and population when the railway from the town to La Vega began to run across the rich region of the Cibao. Sánchez became the most important port of the country during the rest of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. The railway worked until 1966.

The port lost its importance when other ports in the country grew in importance. And the Yuna River has been filling the Samaná Bay with solid materials and only small boats can get to the port.

## Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 24,509: 12,583 men and 11,926 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The municipality of Sánchez has the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest, the municipality of Las Terrenas to the north, the municipality of Samaná to the east, the Duarte and María Trinidad Sánchez provinces to the west and the Samaná Bay to the south. It also borders, in its southeastern part, to the Hato Mayor province.

### Climate
Sánchez has a tropical wet climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: **Af**) with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist (rainfalls during the whole year).

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by November with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of  and the second is March with .

Samaná is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. Fishing was the main activity but now is not so important.

## References
Upgrade U

***Upgrade U*** is an R&B/hip hop song written by Beyoncé Knowles.

## Formats and track listings 
;12" single I
# "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32
# "Upgrade U" (instrumental) - 4:32
# "Upgrade U" (album version - no rap) - 4:02
# "Upgrade U" (a cappella) - 4:32

;12" single II
# "Upgrade U" (album version) – 4:32
# "Creole" - 3:53
# "Lost Yo Mind" – 3:47
# "Back Up" - 3:27

## Charts
## Notes and references
Beautiful Liar

"**Beautiful Liar**" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Beyoncé and Colombian singer Shakira.

## Track listing
**UK CD-single 1**
# Beautiful Liar (Album version) – 3:19
# Beautiful Liar (Freemasons Remix Edit) – 3:27

**UK CD-single 2**
# Beautiful Liar (Album version)
# Beautiful Liar (Freemasons Remix Edit)
# Irreplaceable (Maurice Joshua Remix)
# Deja Vu (Freemasons Remix)
# Beautiful Liar (Video)

## Charts
## References
DNA polymerase

[[file:DNA polymerase.png|thumb|right|230px|3D structure of part of human DNA polymerase beta (based on pdb file 7ICG)]]

A **DNA polymerase** is an enzyme which makes DNA molecules from its nucleotide building blocks. DNA polymerases are essential for DNA replication. They usually work in pairs as they copy one double-stranded DNA molecule into two double-stranded DNAs. In DNA replication DNA polymerase "reads" a piece of DNA that's already there and uses it to make a new piece that is exactly the same as the old piece.The primary role of DNA polymerases is to accurately and efficiently replicate the genome in order to ensure the maintenance of the genetic information and its faithful transmission through generations. 

DNA polymerases also play key roles in other processes within cells, including DNA repair, genetic recombination, reverse transcription, and antibody production. DNA polymerases are widely used in molecular biology laboratories, notably for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and molecular cloning.

DNA polymerase can only connect deoxyribonucleotides to a 3'-OH group that is already there, so DNA is always made in the 5'3' direction.
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal

]]
The **Rhine-Main-Danube Canal** (also known in German as the **Main-Danube Canal**, **RMD Canal** or **Europa Canal**) is a canal that joins up the three rivers Rhine, Main and Danube so that boats can travel from one to the other. It is in Bavaria in the south of Germany. It goes from Bamberg, past Nuremberg, to Regensburg. It was finished in 1992. Boats can now travel from Rotterdam in the Netherlands all the way to the Black Sea. The canal is 171km (106 miles) long. 

A previous "Ludwig Canal" connected the Danube to the Main from the middle 19th century until it was damaged in World War II and abandoned. 

From Bamberg to Fürth the canal follows the valley of the Regnitz, a tributary of the Main. From Fuerth to beyond Roth it follows the valley of the Rednitz, a tributary of the Regnitz. It crosses the Frankish Alb mountains and joins the river Altmuehl near Dietfurt. From Dietfurt to Kelheim on the Danube the canal follows the Altmuehl valley.
Doom 2

***Doom 2*** (or ***Doom II*** in roman numerals) is a sequel to the first-person shooter video game *Doom*. It was created by iD Software, and came out in 1994, just one year after the first game. It was based on the same game engine as *Doom*, and had 32 levels, two of them secret. *Doom 2* got newer enemies and weapons. Enemies new in Doom 2 include the Arch-vile, Mancubus, Arachnotron, Chaingunner, Pain Elemental, Revenant, Hell Knight, and the Final Boss (also called the Icon of Sin). The only new weapon in Doom 2 is the Super Shotgun. It is a double-barrel shotgun that use two shotgun shells every time it is fired, but it does three times as much damage as the normal Shotgun and has a much wider hit box. The game's difficulty is much harder than the first Doom game.

Doom 2 includes an expansion pack known as the *Master Levels for Doom II*. The expansion pack has 20 WAD files created by various authors under contract with id Software.

Doom 2 also includes another expansion pack called *No Rest for the Living*, released on the Xbox Live Arcade for the Xbox 360.

## Notes
## References
Deathmatch (video games)

A **deathmatch** (shortened to DM), also known as **free-for-all** is a common gameplay mode included in many shooter and real-time strategy (RTS) computer games and "MilSim" games like airsoft and paintball. The goal of a deathmatch game is to kill as many other players as possible.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

**Recep Tayyip Erdoğan** (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician of Georgian origin. He is the 12th and current President of Turkey, he took office in 2014. Before that, he was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014, making him the de facto ruler of Turkey for over 2 decades while increasingly solidifying more political power and influence over time. He is the chairman of the ruling Justice and Development Party since 2001 which he founded that year. Erdoğan was Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998.

Erdoğan was a semi-professional footballer from 1969 to 1982. The stadium of the local football club of the Istanbul district he grew up in, Kasımpaşa S.K. is named after him.

Erdoğan married Emine Gülbaran (b. 1955, Siirt) on 4 July 1978. The couple have two sons (Ahmet Burak, Necmeddin Bilal) and two daughters (Esra, Sümeyye).

The 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt tried to overthrow President Erdogan.

## Notes
## References
Samaná Bay

**Samaná Bay** (Spanish, **Bahía de Samaná**) is a big bay in the northeast of the Dominican Republic, south of the Samaná Peninsula. Christopher Columbus gave the name of "Golfo de las Flechas" (Gulf of Arrows) to the bay.

It has about  east-west and  north-south. The Yuna river, one of the most important of the Hispaniola island, flows into the bay. Other rivers that flow into the bay are the Barracote and the Yabón.

There are many cays (very small and flat islands) in the bay, many of them with beautiful beaches visited by many tourists; Levantado Cay (Spanish, Cayo Levantado) is big enough to have a hotel.

On the southwest coast there is a national park: National Park Los Haitises, with many interesting plants and animals.

Dolphins are common in the bay most of the year. Humpback whales come from northern, cold waters to Samaná Bay to breed during winter and spring; then, they return to cold waters where food is more abundant. Whale watching is an important business in the Samaná Province in late winter and early spring.

France, England and United States were interested in the Samaná Bay (with the Samaná Peninsula) during the 19th century to control the Caribbean. Before that time, pirates were frequent visitors.

The most important cities around the bay are Santa Bárbara de Samaná and Sánchez on the north, in the Samaná Province province; and Sabana de la Mar, on the south, in the Hato Mayor Province province. Sánchez was the most important international port of the Dominican Republic during the 19th century and early 20th century.

## Gallery

File:Mother Humpback Whale in Samaná Bay, Dominican Republic.jpg|Whale in Samaná Bay
File:Antigua línea de ferrocarril de los haitises.jpg|An old railway in the National Park Los Haitises
File:Cayo Levantado (Samaná) Dominican Republic (24) (16787123461).jpg|Beach in Cayo Levantado
File:Playa de Cayo Levantado.jpg|Coast of Cayo Levantado

## References
Alfons Schuhbeck

**Alfons Schuhbeck** was born on 2 May 1949 in Traunstein, Upper Bavaria, Germany. He is one of Germany’s top chefs, as well as being a writer, restaurateur, TV cook and businessman.

## Biography 
Born as *Alfons Karg*, he trained as a telecommunications engineer, but was not happy. When he stopped at the Bavarian holiday resort of Waging, he ran into the restaurateur Sebastian Schuhbeck. He began working for Schuhbeck, and Sebastian Schubeck later adopted Alfons, and made him his heir.

Alfons quickly became a very good chef. The village inn he worked at soon became a favourite restaurant of the richer people of Munich and Salzburg.

He did more training in Salzburg, Geneva, Paris, London and Munich as well as Feinkost Käfer, Dallmayr and in the *Restaurant Aubergine* of Eckart Witzigmann. He also studied at the College of Hotel Management in Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria. He finally took over the Kurhausstüberl in Waging in 1980.

In 1983 he got a star in the Michelin Guide. The Gault Millau restaurant guide gave him 17 points and in 1989 he was elected cook of the year.

Since 1990 Schubeck has operated an outside catering service, which has catered for many high-class events like the Federal Chancellor’s celebration, the Ball des Sports and the German music industry’s *ECHO* award ceremony.

In 2003 he opened a new restaurant, the *Südtiroler Stuben* at the Platzl in Munich. In December of that year he was won his second Michelin star, and in November 2005 he was awarded got a star once again in December 2003, the Five Star Diamond Award by the American Academy of Hospitality Sciences.

His great popularity has resulted in his publishing over 20 books, as well as many TV shows. Bayerischer Rundfunk has broadcast his programme *Schuhbecks* since 1993, and he remains a regular guest in many talk and other TV shows.

## Businesses 
At the end of the 1990s he set up Schuhbecks GmbH at the Platzl. This company now includes the restaurant Schuhbeck, a wine bistro, the party service, a cookery school, a spice shop and an ice-cream parlour. These are all based in Munich. Schuhbeck Check Inn GmbH was formed in 2001 to manage the Check Inn restaurant and the bar in Egelsbach (south Hesse).
## Scandal
During the 1990s Schuhbeck had DM 60 million for capital investments. Because he was the only person in charge of millions of DM in Monte Carlo, Monaco Schuhbeck was taken to court on the suspicion of fraud. Although unusual, what he did was not illegal, and he was exonerated.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Official Website
* Alfons Schuhbeck Palazzo Munich
* Schuhbeck´s Check Inn GmbH 
* Schuhbeck´s Onlineshop 
* TV Bavaria's Biography 
* Schuhbecks Cookery School 
* Who is Who der Köche
* Portrait über Alfons Schuhbeck
*
Sola (manga)

***Sola*** is a Japanese anime series initially written by the *Kanon* main writer, Naoki Hisaya together with the original character designer Naru Nanao. *Sola* started as a manga which was featured in the magazine *Dengeki Daioh* on December 21, 2006 by MediaWorks. As of August 2007, the manga is still being serialized, with Chaki Abeno as the illustrator. A drama CD was later released on December 31, 2006 at Comiket 71. The anime version of the series aired in Japan from April 7, 2007 to June 30, 2007, containing a total of thirteen episodes and two additional episodes currently being released exclusively for the DVD. An extra drama CD together with a video game title for the PlayStation 2 console are also planned. The title, *Sola*, comes from the Italian/Spanish language *solo* (which translates literally to *alone*). The title of series, sounds the same with the Japanese word .

## Other websites 
* Official website 

## References
Abu Talib

**Abū Ṭālib ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib** (; &ndash;), *né* **‘Imran** ) or **‘Abd Manaf** (), was the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula. After the death of his father ‘Abd al-Muttalib, he got this position and the offices of *Siqaya* and *Rifada*.  He was well respected in Mecca even though he was not very rich.

Abu Talib was an uncle of the Islamic *Nabi* (, Prophet) Muhammad, and father of the Rashid Caliph ‘Ali, who is also thought as the first Shi'ite Imam. There is a great debate among Muslim scholars on whether Abū Ṭālib died a Muslim or a non-Muslim.

Abū Ṭālib died around 619, at more than 80 years of age, about 10 years after the start of Muhammad's mission. This year is known as the Year of Sorrow for Muhammad, because not only did his uncle Abu Talib die, but also his wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, within a month of Abu Talib.

## References
Miss Earth

**Miss Earth** is an annual international beauty pageant promoting environmental awareness.

The reigning titleholders dedicate their year to school tours, tree planting activities, street campaigns, coastal clean ups, speaking engagements, shopping mall tours, media guesting, environmental fair, storytelling programs, eco-fashion shows, and other activities. 

## Titleholders 
## References 
## Other websites
*Miss Earth official homepage
Krauchthal

**Krauchthal** is a village in the Canton of Bern. It is about halfway between Burgdorf and Bern, about 15&nbsp;km northeast of the city of Bern. The commune of Krauchthal is made of the villages Krauchthal (with Hub and Dieterswald), and **Hettiswil**. The name of the settlements was mentioned during the Middle Ages. Krauchthal in 1208, Hettiswil in 1107, Hub and Dieterswald in 1326, Thorberg in 1196. In 2006, 2345 people lived there. In Thorberg, there is a castle. This has been converted to a prison.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Website of the commune of Krauchthal (German)
Schwieberdingen

**Schwieberdingen** is a city in the center of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The city was first mentioned 1304. It is found 5km away from Ludwigsburg and 10km away from Stuttgart.

About 11,000 people live in Schwieberdingen. The largest sport club is the TSV Schwieberdingen.

## References
## Other websites
* Website of Schwieberdingen
Halibut

**Halibut** is a kind of flatfish often used for food. There are two different kinds of halibut - Atlantic halibut (*Hippoglossus hippoglossus*) and Pacific halibut (*Hippoglossus stenolepis*). The halibut from the Atlantic ocean has been overfished.

Their names come from *haly* (holy) and *butt* (flat fish), because it is said people like to eat them on Catholic holy-days.

## References 
## Other websites 
* International Pacific Halibut Commission 
* Alaska Department of Fish & Game
The Beyoncé Experience

**The Beyoncé Experience** was a 2007 worldwide concert tour by American singer, songwriter, and actress Beyoncé Knowles.

## Setlist 
# "Crazy in love" / "Crazy Interlude"
# "Freakum Dress"
# "Green Light"
#* *Costume Change*
# "Baby Boy" / "Murder He Wrote" Interlude
# "Beautiful Liar"
# "Naughty Girl"
# "Me, Myself and I"
#* *Costume Change*
# "Dangerously In Love / "He Loves Me" Interlude
#  "Flaws And All"
#* *Costume Change*
# Destiny's Child Medley: "Independent Women Part I" / "Bootylicious" / "No No No Part 2" / "Bug a Boo" / "Bills, Bills, Bills" / "Cater 2 U" / "Say My Name" / "Jumpin' Jumpin'" / "Soldier" / "Survivor"
# "Speechless"
#* *Costume Change*
# "Ring the Alarm"
# "Suga Mama"
# "Upgrade U"
# "'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
# "Check On It"
# "Déjà vu"
#* *Costume Change*
# "Get Me Bodied"
#* *Costume Change*
# "Dreamgirls (Opening Act II)"
# "Listen"
# "Irreplaceable"
* In Japan, "Flaws and All" was not performed. "Get Me Bodied" was performed after "Check On It".
* In Australia, "Deja Vu" was the last song performed.
* During the Europe and Middle East leg of the tour, "Speechless" was not performed.
* During her concert in Orlando beyonce fell down a flight of stairs and it was shown on YouTube.

## Tour dates 
## References
Ornithischia

'' pelvis (showing ornithischian structure – left side, tail to the right) Oxford University Museum of Natural History]]

**Ornithischia** is an extinct clade of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of birds.

The name Ornithischia, or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the Greek stem ornith- (ὀρνιθ-), meaning "of a bird", and ischion (ἴσχιον), plural ischia, meaning "hip joint". However, birds are only distantly related to this group as birds are theropod dinosaurs.
## Overview 
Ornithischians with well known anatomical adaptations include the ceratopsians or "horn-faced" dinosaurs, the pachycephalosaurs or "thick-headed" dinosaurs, the armored dinosaurs (Thyreophora) such as stegosaurs and ankylosaurs, and the ornithopods.

There is strong evidence that certain groups of ornithischians lived in herds, often segregated by age group, with juveniles forming their own flocks separate from adults.

Some were at least partially covered in filamentous pelts, and there is much debate over whether these filaments found in specimens of Tianyulong, Psittacosaurus, and Kulindadromeus may have been primitive feathers.

### Fossil works 
They are known as the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs because of their hip structure. However, birds actually descended from the 'lizard-hipped' dinosaurs, the Saurischia. The name "Ornithischia" means "bird-hipped," and birds also have pelvises in which the pubis points backwards. 

An alternative name for the order is the **Predentata**, because all of them are beaked herbivorous dinosaurs. The beak is in front of the jaw-bone, the dentary, so it is a 'predentary'. The upper half of the beak is the 'premaxilla' on the end of the upper jaw. The beak is a key adaptation for cropping plants for their food.

Their original (basal) form of locomotion was bipedal. However, from early in their evolutionary history, they were capable of both bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion. Several groups became entirely quadrupedal. 

A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships might upset this summary.

The ornithischia has two sub-orders:
*Thyreophora: the armoured dinosaurs: Ankylosaurs and Stegosaurs.
*Cerapoda: the duck-billed and horned dinosaurs.

## Plants 
Their vegetarian diet included:
*Seed ferns: Pteridospermatophyta. Upper Triassic, Jurassic. 
*Cycads and other woody seed plants, common during Mesozoic period.
*Gymnosperms (conifers): Jurassic, Cretaceous.
*Angiosperms (flowering plants): Cretaceous
*Algae in the form of seaweed: no direct evidence, but likely.

This group of dinosaurs would not be able to reach the taller conifers. The other main group of vegetarian dinosaurs, the sauropodomorphs, were specialists able to reach vegetation on the tall trees.

## Related pages 
*Saurischia
*Fabrosauridae
*Heterodontosaur

## References
Until the End of Time

***Until the End of Time*** is a R&B song written by Justin Timberlake, Tim Mosley, and Nate Hills and is the first single from the deluxe edition of the studio album *FutureSex/LoveSounds*.  The Benjamin Wright Orchestra also appears on the song. The official date was November 26, 2006 for mainstream urban radio. The single version of the song featuring Beyoncé Knowles debuted on June 5, 2007 on US radio and the official single release was on November 13, 2007.

## Music video 
A music video has been shot at the three major destinations: Philippines, Indonesia and Los Angeles (US) on October 24, 2007. The video was released on MTV, November 22, 2007.

## Chart
## References
Wilhelm II

**Wilhelm II** (; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until his abdication in 1918. Following the German Revolution, his reign ended the German Empire and the Hohenzollern dynasty's 300-year rule of Prussia.

## Biography 
### Early life and family 
Wilhelm was born on 27 January 1859 and was the oldest child in his family. His father was Prince Frederick of Prussia. His mother was Princess Victoria, the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. He was born with a disabled left arm.

He married in 1881 Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. He and his wife had seven children. He studied at the Kassel Gymnasium and then at the University of Bonn.

### Reign 
He became leader of Germany in 1888, when his father died. He disagreed with his father's longtime chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, and dismissed him in 1890.

Wilhelm believed in strengthening Germany’s armed forces, especially the navy. He led Germany during World War I. In November 9th, 1918, Wilhelm II stepped down from the throne, ending the German Empire.

## Titles and styles 
* 27 January 1859 – 9 March 1888: *His Imperial Royal Highness* Prince Wilhelm of Prussia
* 9 March 1888 – 15 June 1888: *His Imperial Highness and Royal Highness* The German Crown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia
* 15 June 1888 – 18 November 1918: *His Imperial and Royal Majesty* The German Emperor, King of Prussia

## Notes 
## Other websites