open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Teddy Long

**Theodore Robert Rufus Long** (born September 15, 1947) Long returned on the November 30, 2007 edition of *SmackDown!* as the Assistant General Manager and made a match at Armageddon for the World Heavyweight Championship In September 2007, Long was demoted from General Manager of SmackDown!, to Assistant General Manager, while Vickie Guerrero moved into the General Manager position by Mr. McMahon stating "The Show must go on". On May 16, 2008, Long quit his role of Assistant General Manager after months of abuse by GM Guerrero who treated Teddy "as a personal servant rather than the Assistant General Manager of SmackDown!" in Teddy's words. On the June 3, 2008 edition of *ECW*, it was announced that Long had become the new General Manager of the ECW brand by order of the WWE Board of Directors.

On June 12, 2014, Long was released from his WWE contract.

## In wrestling 
### Wrestlers managed 
* Doom (Ron Simmons and Butch Reed)
* Chris Jericho
* Johnny B. Badd
* One Man Gang
* Norman the Lunatic
* Sid Vicious
* Dan Spivey
* "Mean" Mark Callous (The Undertaker)
* Marcus Bagwell
* 2 Cold Scorpio
* Joey Maggs
* Craig Pittman
* Jim Powers
* "Hardwork" Bobby Walker
* Ice Train
* Bobby Eaton
* D'Lo Brown
* Rodney Mack
* Jazz
* Christopher Nowinski
* Mark Henry
* Rosey
* Mark Jindrak

### Nicknames 
* **Teddy**
* **T. Lo** (given to him by Tazz and John Cena)
* Thaddeus (formal name given to him by King Booker)

## Matches 
When Long became General Manager, he revived old and made new match types: 

* At *No Mercy 2004*, he put JBL and The Undertaker in a Last Ride Match. The rules are similar to a Casket Match and an Ambulance Match where one opponent must put the other into the back of the hearse and drive out the arena. JBL won the first Last Ride Match due to interference by Heidenreich. At *Armageddon 2006*, The Undertaker defeated Mr. Kennedy in the second Last Ride Match.

* At *No Way Out 2005*, JBL had to defend his title against Big Show in the first ever Barbed Wire Steel Cage Match. The rules were the same as a normal steel cage match, but the top of the cage had barbed wire around it so nobody could escape (despite the fact that a victory could still be declared if a competitor managed to escape). This was done by Long to make sure there was no interference from any superstars, primarily JBL's stable, The Cabinet. JBL won the match when Big Show choke slammed him through the ring, allowing him to escape underneath.

* Long also brought back the King of the Ring tournament in 2006, although it was a *SmackDown!*-exclusive event.

* At *Armageddon 2006*, Long brought back the Inferno match, where Kane defeated MVP.

## Personal life 
Long was married to Tasha Long. The two have been married for forty years until her death in 2022.

## Reference List 
## Other websites 
*WWE Profile
*
Bengali language movement

.]]

The **Bengali Language Movement** (also called the **Language Movement**) were protests by people living in Bangladesh, which was part of Pakistan during that time. The people living in Bangladesh  started protesting because they did not like that the government of Pakistan made Urdu the official language, which they did not speak. The government responded to the protests by making meetings outside illegally . At the height of the movement on 21 February 1952, police killed students that were protesting. The Shaheed Minar was a monument built to honor these students.

Bengali did become an official language on 29 February 1956. This day is celebrated by Bangladesh as Language Movement Day.
Kuru, Finland

**Kuru** is a former municipality in the Pirkanmaa, Finland. As of 2005, there were 2,774 people living in Kuru.
Tampere is 50&nbsp;km to the south.

Most of the Seitseminen National Park is in the municipality of Kuru. 

In 2009, it is part of the town of Ylöjärvi.

## Other websites 
*Parkkuun kylä
It Is Well with My Soul

**It Is Well with My Soul**

When peace like a river, attendeth my way,
When sorrows like sea billows roll;
Whatever my lot, Thou hast taught me to say,
It is well, it is well, with my soul.

*Refrain:*
It is well, with my soul,
It is well, with my soul,
It is well, it is well, with my soul.

Though Satan should buffet, though trials should come,
Let this blest assurance control,
That Christ has regarded my helpless estate,
And hath shed His own blood for my soul.

My sin, oh, the bliss of this glorious thought!
My sin, not in part but the whole,
Is nailed to the cross, and I bear it no more,
Praise the Lord, praise the Lord, O my soul!

And Lord, haste the day when my faith shall be sight,
The clouds be rolled back as a scroll;
The trump shall resound, and the Lord shall descend,
Even so, it is well with my soul.

*Horatio Spafford*

**"It Is Well With My Soul"** is a hymn written by hymn-writer Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss. Spafford wrote the song right after his four daughters died by the sinking of the *S.S. Ville Du Havre*.

## Other websites 
*The original Hymn written by Horatio Spafford
Jackson

**Jackson** may refer to:

## Name 
* Jackson (name)

## Place names 
### Australia 
* Jackson, Queensland

### United States 
* Jackson, Alabama
* Jackson, California
* Jackson, Georgia
* Jackson, Kentucky
* Jackson, Louisiana
* Jackson, Maine
* Jackson, Michigan
* Jackson, Minnesota
* Jackson, Mississippi
* Jackson, Missouri
* Jackson, Nebraska
* Jackson, New Hampshire
* Jackson, New Jersey
* Jackson, New York
* Jackson, North Carolina
* Jackson, Ohio
* Jackson, Rhode Island
* Jackson, South Carolina
* Jackson, Tennessee
* Jackson, Wisconsin (disambiguation)
* Jackson, Wyoming

### Train stations 
** Jackson (Amtrak station disambiguation)
** Jackson (CTA disambiguation), Chicago Transit Authority stations

## Others 
* "Jackson" (song), about hot times in the city
* United States twenty-dollar bill, nicknamed for Andrew Jackson, who appears on the obverse side

## Related pages 
* Jackson Guitars
* Jackson Structured Programming
* *The Jackson Twins*, a comic strip

**Geography**:
* Cities, towns and villages:
** Jackson Center, Ohio
** Jackson Center, Pennsylvania
** Jackson Junction, Iowa
** Lake Jackson, Texas
** Mount Jackson, Virginia
* Other geography:
** Jackson metropolitan area, of Jackson, Mississippi
** Jackson Township (disambiguation)
** Jackson County (disambiguation)
** Jackson Parish, Louisiana
Pistosaurus

**Pistosaurus** is a genus of marine sauropterygian reptiles. It is a Nothosaur, a relative of the plesiosaurs.

*Pistosaurus* was a advanced nothosaur-like body with a plesiosaur-like head. Is presently known only from the Middle Triassic. Even if it is a nothosaur it is acknowledged to be closely related to the ancestors of plesiosaurs.

The head also resembled that of a plesiosaur, but with the primitive palate of a nothosaur, and numerous, sharp teeth ideal for catching and eating fish.

Although it is unlikely that *Pistosaurus* was a direct ancestor of the plesiosaurs, the mixture of features suggests that it was closely related  to that group.

## References
Party

A **party** is a social gathering for celebration and recreation. Some are to celebrate a special day, person, or event.

## Related pages
*Celebration
*Festival
**White Nights Festival
**Spring Festival
LNER Class A4

The **LNER Class A4** was a type of steam locomotive made in England in 1935. It was designed by Sir Nigel Gresley for the London North Eastern Railway. 35 locomotives were built in total.They were designed to be very fast and had a very sleek shape. One of them, 4468 "Mallard", is the fastest steam locomotive ever made. It set a world speed record of 126 mph (202.7 km/h) on July 3, 1938 before the start of World War 2 in 1939 .Six A4s still exist today. The rest were scrapped when steam stopped being used to power trains in Britain in the 1960’s while one locomotive was destroyed by the German Wehrmacht (Military)’s Luftwaffe (Air Force) back in 1942 during World War 2 . 4 are preserved in Britain in Europe while 2 are preserved in North America (1 in Canada and 1 in America) 

## Sources
## Other websites
* LNER Encyclopedia Page covering the history and development of the LNER A4 Pacifics
Bobcat

The **bobcat** (*Lynx rufus*) is a fierce cat that lives in forests, swamps, mountains, prairie, and deserts in many parts of North America. Bobcats are generally nocturnal (active at night), but can be seen at dawn and dusk. They spend the day in their den (a cave, hollow log or rock crevice). They are very good climbers and swimmers. Bobcats’ lifespan in the wild varies from 5 to 15 years. In captivity, they can live up to 18 years. Bobcats and lynxes are closely related.

## Description 
The Bobcat has powerful jaws and long, pointed canine teeth. It has sharp, retractable claws, big short ears, and a spotted coat. Many bobcats have long tufts of hair at the tip of the ears that improve the cat's hearing. The brown eyes have round pupils. These graceful cats are from 24 to 40 inches (60–100 cm) long (including the tail). The stubby tail is only 4 to 7 inches (10–18 cm) long, and looks as though it was cut off (or bobbed). This is what this cat is named for. They are nocturnal (that means active at night) and elusive so they are rarely seen by humans.

## Diet 
Bobcats are carnivores (meat-eaters). These fast, solitary hunters eat small mammals (like rabbits, rodents, weasels and even deer), birds, and ducks, turkeys. Bobcats stalk their prey, and then pounce onto it. They can leap up to 10 feet (3 m). They can often kill their prey with one very powerful bite.

## References
Gretna F.C.

**Gretna Football Club** is a former Scottish football club from Gretna, Dumfries and Galloway that was founded in 1946.

Despite being based in Scotland, the club played in English football between 1947 and 2002. The club was elected to the Scottish Football League at the third attempt in 2002. Under the ownership of businessman Brooks Mileson, who invested millions of pounds in what was a village team, the club went from the Third Division side to the Scottish Premier League (SPL) in less than five years.

While in the SPL, however, the club were placed in administration after Mileson withdrew his financial support. The club finished in the relegation position in the SPL. At the end of the season, all of the club's staff were made redundant and the club was initially relegated to the Third Division due to their inability to guarantee fulfilment of their 2008-09 fixtures. 

After this demotion, the one remaining potential buyer withdrew their offer to buy the club. In the belief that Gretna has ceased to exist, they resigned their place in the Scottish Football League on June 3.

## References
Labour

**Labor** might mean:
*Labour (economics)
*Labour (constituency), a constituency in Hong Kong
*Labor Day, a holiday in Canada and the United States
*Childbirth, the process of a mother about to give birth

## Political parties
*Australian Labor Party
*Labour Party (UK), a British political party
*Labour Party (Ireland)
*Labour Party (Netherlands)
*New Zealand Labour Party
*Norwegian Labour Party

## Related pages
*Work (a disambiguation page)
*The Labors of Herakles
Emergency medical technician

, a global symbol of the *emergency medical service*]]

**An emergency medical technician** (**EMT**) is someone who works on an ambulance and takes care of sick and hurt people. EMTs used to be called "ambulance drivers," since much of their work is bringing people to an emergency room. Their other main duty is first aid including:
* Doing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and give electric shocks to a person's chest if their heart is beating in a way that could kill them
* Giving oxygen (or force oxygen into a person's lungs) if they stop breathing or are not breathing well enough to survive
* Inserting an airway adjunct into a persons mouth in the case of unconsciousness
* Stopping hemorrhaging (bleeding so bad that it will kill a person if not stopped)
* Treating burns 
* Treat very bad physical trauma (injuries)
* Helping people who are pregnant give birth
* Treating broken bones, dislocated joints, sprains, and wounds

## In the United States 
In the United States, each state decides what their EMTs can do. EMTs in every state are allowed to perform first aid. Each state has different rules for exactly what their EMTs can do. These rules are called *treatment protocols*. For example:
* In Massachusetts, EMTs can give medicines to treat heart attacks, breathing emergencies (like asthma attacks), anaphylaxis, very low blood sugar, and overdoses on opiates like heroin and oxycodone.
* In New Hampshire, EMTs are allowed to place a rescue airway in a patient who cannot breathe.  This means they will place a tube down the patient's throat, then force oxygen into the lungs through the tube.

## Related pages 
* Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
* Combat medic
* List of EMS provider credentials

## References
## Other websites 
*National EMS Memorial Service  
* National Highway Traffic Safety Agency, Office of Emergency Medical Services
* United States National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians
Captain (sports)

game.]]
In team sports, a **captain** is a title given to the member of the team who has to make choices about strategy and teamwork while a game is happening.

This is most important when a game's rules say that the coach of a team cannot tell the players what they should do while a game is being played.

In some sports, team captains may have to talk with game officials about the way the rules are applied.
RAR (disambiguation)

**RAR** may refer to the following:

*RAR, a proprietary file format for data compression and archiving for computers
*Rarotonga International Airport
*Remote Access Router
*Rock Against Racism
*Rock am Ring and Rock im Park, a German rock music festival
*Royal Anglian Regiment, a unit of the British Army
*Royal Australian Regiment, a unit of the Australian Army
*Resource Adapter aRchive, a specific file format defined in the J2EE/Java EE Connector Architecture specifications
*Romantic Air Recording Company, a record label
Zip

**zip** or **ZIP** may mean:

*Zipper, a device used for temporarily joining two edges of fabric.
*ZIP (file format), a file format for lossless data compression.
*ZIP code, the system of postal codes used in the United States.
ZIP (file format)

The **ZIP** file format is a popular lossless data compression and archival format created by Phil Katz, founder of PKWARE. A ZIP file contains one or more files that have been compressed, to reduce their file size, or stored as-is. A number of compression algorithms are permitted in zip files but in 2008 only DEFLATE is widely used and supported.

## Usage
ZIP files generally use the file extensions ".zip" or ".ZIP" and the MIME media type `application/zip`. Some software uses the ZIP file format as a wrapper for a large number of small items in a specific structure. Generally when this is done a different file extension is used.
Jackson Township, New Jersey

{{Infobox settlement
|name                     = Jackson Township, New Jersey 
|official_name            = 
|settlement_type          = Township
|nickname                 = 
|motto                    = *A Place for All Seasons*

|image_skyline             = 
|image_flag               =
|image_seal               = 

|image_map                = Jackson twp nj 029.png
|mapsize                  = 250x200px
|map_caption              = Map of Jackson Township in Ocean County
|image_map1               = 
|mapsize1                 = 
|map_caption1             = 

{
  "type": "ExternalData",
  "service": "geoshape",
  "ids": "Q2713022"
}

|pushpin_map              = 
|pushpin_label            = 
|pushpin_map_caption      = 
|pushpin_relief           = 

|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_name         = 
|subdivision_type1        = State
|subdivision_name1        = 
|subdivision_type2        = County
|subdivision_name2        =  Ocean
|government_footnotes     = 
|area_magnitude           =
|area_total_km2           = 260.43
|area_land_km2            = 256.86
|area_water_km2           =   3.57
|area_total_sq_mi         = 100.55
|area_land_sq_mi          =  99.17
|area_water_sq_mi         =   1.38
|area_water_percent       =   1.37
|area_rank                = 4th of 565 in state1st of 33 in county
|population_density_km2   = auto
|population_density_sq_mi = 590.3
|population_density_rank  = 433rd of 565 in state26th of 33 in county
|elevation_m              = 
|elevation_ft             = 118
|coordinates_footnotes    = 
|coordinates              = 
|postal_code_type         = ZIP Code
|postal_code              = 08527
|area_code                = 732
|blank_name               = FIPS code
|blank_info               = 3402934680
|blank1_name              = GNIS feature ID
|blank1_info              = 0882079
|website                  = 
|footnotes                =
}}

**Jackson Township** is a township in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States.  The Township of Jackson was named after Andrew Jackson.  About 58,000 people lived there as of the year 2020.

## References 
## Other websites
*Jackson Township website
*Jackson Township Police 
*Jackson Township Fire Co #1
*Jackson Township First Aid Squad
*Cassville Fire Co 
*Jackson Mills Fire Co 
*Whitesville Fire Company 
*Jackson School District 
*
*School Data for the Jackson School District, National Center for Education Statistics
*Jackson Branch of Ocean County Library
*Map of Jackson, NJ
*Jackson, NJ Community Pages
Old Firm

.]]

The **Old Firm** is the name given to the relationship between two football teams in Scotland, Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.

## Head to head record 
1888-1999 statistics obtained from RSSSF. Remaining stats obtained from Soccerbase 

## History 
The Old Firm have a lot of history, possibly dating back to around 1888, Celtic's first match, which was against Rangers, when a newspaper report stated that both sets of players "got on so well that you would believe that they were old firm friends." However, William J. Murray states that the term comes from the commercial benefits of the two clubs' rivalry, which were viewed with distaste in some parts in the early days of the game

The two clubs are the most successful in Scotland, having won between them 63 Scottish Cups and 93 Scottish Premier League championships (as of 2007). The two clubs normally compete four times a year in the SPL and are regularly drawn against each other in the two Scottish cup competitions.

The clubs' have large support bases around Glasgow, but also have supporters clubs in most towns throughout Scotland and in many cities around the world. The presence of Rangers and Celtic has been estimated to be worth £120 million to the Scottish economy.

The two clubs' fan bases have historically been divided on religious lines. Celtic are supported by Catholics, while Rangers are supported by Protestants.

## Players 
There have been many high profile players to play for both sides of the Old Firm. The most recent players to do so are Kenny Miller, Maurice Johnston, Steven Pressley, Mark Brown and Barry Robson. Kenny Miller is the first player in the modern era to cross the Old Firm divide twice, having played for Rangers then Celtic, then moving back to Rangers.

## References
Pillar (band)

**Pillar** is a Grammy-nominated Christian rock band from Tulsa, Oklahoma.  Pillar has used several genres, such as hard rock, rapcore, and alternative metal.

## Discography 
### Albums
**Metamorphosis* (1999)
**Original Superman* (2000)
**Above* (2000)
**Fireproof* (2002)
**Where Do We Go From Here* (2004)
**The Reckoning* (2006)
**For the Love of the Game* (2008)
**Confessions* (2009)
**One Love Revolution* (2014)

## Other websites
*Official website
Ben Roethlisberger

**Benjamin Todd Roethlisberger** (born March 2, 1982, in Lima, Ohio), nicknamed **Big Ben**, is an American football quarterback. He played for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League.

Roethlisberger was the captain of his high school's football team, basketball team, and baseball team. He did not play football as a quarterback until his last year in high school.

Roethlisberger played college football for Miami University in Oxford. In 2003, Roethlisberger led his team to an unbeaten record, a Number 10 ranking in the Associated Press poll and a 49-28 victory over Louisville in the 2003 GMAC Bowl.

Roethlisberger was chosen by the Steelers in the 2004 NFL Draft. He earned the National Football League's "Rookie of the Year Award" in 2005.

On February 5, 2006, Roethlisberger became the youngest quarterback in NFL history to win a Super Bowl. He helped the Steelers to a 21-10 victory over the Seattle Seahawks in the fortieth Super Bowl. He was only 23 years old at the time. He played in his first Pro Bowl in 2007. Roethlisberger led the Steelers to a second Super Bowl title in four seasons as they defeated the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, 27-23, after he made a game-winning touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes in the final 35 seconds.

On January 27, 2022, Roethlisberger announced that he was retiring from the NFL.

## References
Bubble

**Bubble** could mean:

## Traditional bubbles 
* Liquid bubble, a globule of one substance encased in another, usually air in a liquid
** Soap bubble, a bubble formed by soapy water
** Antibubble, a droplet of liquid surrounded by a thin film of gas

## Arts and Literature 
* *Bubbles* (painting), a painting by Sir John Everett Millais
* Bubbles Yablonsky, the protagonist in a series of mystery novels
* Dome, an architectural element representing the upper half of a sphere
* Speech bubble, a graphic convention used primarily in comics and cartoons
* Bubbles, a monkey in the Dragon Ball series

## Economics 
* Bubble (economics), a situation where market prices are unsustainably high
** Dot-com bubble
** Real estate bubble
** Stock market bubble
** "South Sea Bubble"

## Film 
* *The Bubble* (1966 film), a science fiction film
* *Bubble Boy*, a 2001 comedy film directed by Blair Hayes
* *Bubble* (film), a 2006 improvised thriller directed by Stephen Soderbergh
* *The Bubble* (2006 film), an Israeli drama about a gay romance

## Food and Drink 
* Bubble and squeak, a traditional English vegetable dish
* Bubble tea, a Taiwanese beverage
* A colloquial term for sparkling wine, particularly champagne
* Bubble gum, a candy often used to chew and blow bubbles.

## Television 
* Bubble, a character in the TV series *Absolutely Fabulous*
* Bubbles, a character in the animated TV series *Jabberjaw*
* Bubbles (*The Powerpuff Girls*)
* Bubbles (*Trailer Park Boys* character)
* Bubbles (*The Wire*)
* Bubbles the Clown, a doll used in a BBC test card
* Bubbles DeVere, a character in the TV series *Little Britain*
* Bubbles (The Adventures of Little Carp),an anthropomorphic fish from The Adventures of Little Carp.

## Video games 
* *Bubble Bobble*
* *Bubbles* (video game)
* The main character in the video game *Clu Clu Land*
* An enemy in the *Legend of Zelda* video game series

## People and animals 
* Bubble Eye, a variety of goldfish
* Bubbles (chimpanzee), a chimpanzee who lived with Michael Jackson
* Pamela Harmsworth, Viscountess Rothermere, an English socialite and actress
* William Milbourne James, the child model for the painting and soap advertisement *Bubbles*
* Beverly Sills, opera singer

## Other meanings 
* Bubble (automobile), a special sedan also called a Hi-Riser
* Bubble (computing), an error in program execution
* Bubbles (band), a Swedish girl group
* Bubble Act, an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain requiring all joint-stock companies to have a Royal Charter
* Bubble chamber, a particle detector in physics
* Bubble wrap, a packaging material
* Westminster Bubble, a term used to describe isolation among United Kingdom government employees
* A symbol used in logic gate diagrams
* A term used in poker tournaments for the last finishing position before entering the payout structure (*See Glossary of poker terms*)
* Refers to a college basketball team that has a significant, but not assured, chance to be awarded an at-large bid to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship or NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship
Kuru (disease)

**Kuru** is a disease caused by cannibalism, formerly thought to be caused by specifically eating human brains, but is actually caused by eating any human meat. It is also known as the "laughing sickness" due to the pathologic bursts of laughter that the patient displays.

Kuru was found in Papua New Guinea, among members of the Fore tribe. The word *kuru* means "trembling with fear" in the Fore language.

## References
Staphylococcus aureus

**Staphylococcus aureus** ('*also *S. aureus'''*, from the Greek σταφυλόκοκκος, “grape-cluster berry”, Latin aureus, “golden”) is a gram-positive, round shaped bacterium appearing in grape-like clusters, often living on the skin or in the nose of a person, as well as in the lower reproductive tract of women. It is anaerobic, which means that it can grow without an oxygen atmosphere. Although *S. aureus* lives as a normal inhabitant on the human body, it can become an opportunistic pathogen. This means that if people have a weakened immune system, they can become ill from *S. aureus* infections. It causes a variety of illnesses, from skin and joint infections to respiratory infections. Some of the diseases caused can be life threatening, like meningitis, bacteremia and toxic shock syndrome. *S. aureus* is a very common cause of infection in hospitals.

*S. aureus* infections can spread both in and out of hospital, from people through skin-to-skin contact, or contact with objects touched by an infected person, and through contact with pus from an infected wound. It can also live on surfaces or in non-sterile breathing tubes. As symptoms begins to show, the patient is contagious for 2 weeks, with the illness lasting overall a few weeks. If untreated, the infection can be deadly. To avoid *S. aureus* infections, hygiene measures such as daily showers or baths and frequent hand washing with soap are advised.

Some strains of *S. aureus* have become increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatment, for example methicillin-resistant *S. aureus* (MRSA). No vaccine for *S. aureus* has been developed.

*S. aureus* was discovered in 1880 by a Scottish surgeon, Alexander Ogston. He called it Staphylococcus because of its round, grape-like appearance under a microscope. In 1884, Friedrich Julius Rosenbach identified the Staphylococcus aureus strain from a related bacterium. Before 1940, infections with this pathogen were fatal. However, as penicillin was developed, doctors found that it could cure *S. aureus* infections. By the end of the decade, *S. aureus* became widely resistant to penicillin.

The evolution of *S. aureus* enabled it to be carried in human hosts without causing infections, allowing it to be widespread among the population. There are many health factors that affect this, which may include age, sex, diabetes and smoking, alongside genetic variations. Therefore, whether strains of *S. aureus'' become invasive depends on human factors.

## References
Housing

A housing may mean an enclosure containing some equipment or mechanism. 

Housing means places to live, such as dwellings and houses.  In many countries governments will make rules about housing.  

Housing may be owned by the people who live in - owner-occupiers.  They may have taken out debts - mortgage - to buy it.

It may be rented from a private landlord who owns it.

It may be public housing, owned or managed by the government.  This is usually affordable housing,  places to live that the average person can afford to purchase or rent

Tied housing means a house which goes with a job.

People who cannot live on their own may be put in residential accommodation.

## Cities 
Housing in the centres of cities in many countries is becoming very expensive - so expensive that people with children cannot afford to live there.  

See also
* Homelessness
* Homeless shelter
* Right to housing
* Warming center
## References
The Telling

***The Telling*** is a 2000 science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin and is set in her fictional world called the *Hainish Cycle*. It tells the story of Sutty, an Earthling sent to be an Ekumen observer, on the planet Aka, and her experiences.
1950–51 NHL season

The **1950–51 NHL season** was the 34th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated the Montreal Canadiens four games to one for the Stanley Cup to win their fifth Cup in seven years.

## Regular season
### Final standings
### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

### Leading Goaltenders
*Note: GP = Games played; MIN = Minutes played; GA = Goals against; SO = Shut outs; AVG = Goals against average*

## Stanley Cup Playoffs
*All dates in 1951*

The second ranked Toronto Maple Leafs eliminated the fourth ranked Boston Bruins in five games, and the third ranked Montreal Canadiens upset first overall Detroit Red Wings in six, setting up a Leafs – Canadiens Stanley Cup final series, won by the Leafs 4–1.

### Playoff bracket
### Semi-finals
**Boston Bruins vs. Toronto Maple Leafs**

:1 Note: March 31st game called after one overtime due to curfew
*Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1*

**Montreal Canadiens vs. Detroit Red Wings**

*Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 2*

### Finals
: *see 1951 Stanley Cup Finals*

**Montreal Canadiens vs. Toronto Maple Leafs**

*Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1*

### Playoff scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

## NHL Awards
### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1950–51 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
*Alex Delvecchio, Detroit Red Wings
*Bernie Geoffrion, Montreal Canadiens
*Jean Beliveau, Montreal Canadiens
*Dollard St. Laurent, Montreal Canadiens
*Danny Lewicki, Toronto Maple Leafs

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1950–51 (listed with their last team):
*Joe Carveth, Detroit Red Wings
*Glen Harmon, Montreal Canadiens
*Wally Stanowski, New York Rangers
*Pat Egan, New York Rangers
*Buddy O'Connor, New York Rangers
*Bill Barilko, Toronto Maple Leafs

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Astrodon

***Astrodon*** (meaning "star-tooth") was a long-necked plant-eating dinosaur, a relation of *Brachiosaurus*. The sauropod was about 30 feet (9 m) long. It lived during the Lower Cretaceous period, about 130 million to 120 million years ago. *Astrodon* is known from teeth and scattered bones found in Maryland. Astrodon is the state dinosaur of Maryland. *Astrodon* was named by Johnston in 1859. The type species is *A. johnstoni*. *Astrodon* may be the same as *Pleurocoelus*.

Carpenter and Tidwell (2005) accepted Hatcher's argument that there is only one species of sauropod dinosaur known from the Arundel Formation and that *Astrodon johnstoni* is it. Interestingly, the majority of the bones of *Astrodon* are of juveniles, and Carpenter and Tidwell considered the two species named by Marsh, *P. nanus* and *P. altus*, as different growth stages of *Astrodon johnstoni*.

## References
Dirty

**Dirty** could mean:
*being like dirt (and the word meaning not clean)
*violating accepted standards or rules: cheating
* a sexually proactive person.
*considered morally corrupt: dishonesty, ethics
*considered obscene or indecent: see obscenity
* *Dirty*, a song by Korn from their album Issues
* Dirty, an album by Sonic Youth
* Dirty (group), a rap duo from Alabama
* "Dirrty", a song by Christina Aguilera
* Dirty, a song by Lemon Interrupt
* Dirty Records, a record label
* *Dirty* (film), a 2004 crime-drama
* Dirty data, a computing term
* Dirty cache, a computing term
* Corrupt, illegal, or improper.
*dirty bomb
*dirty dancing
*dirty word: see profanity
Acanthopholis

***Acanthopholis*** (meaning "spiny scales") was an armoured ankylosaurian dinosaur. This quadrupedal plant-eating dinosaur had its armour in rows of oval plates set into its skin. It also had spikes jutting out of its neck and shoulder area along the spine. It was about 15 feet long (4 m) and weighed roughly 380&nbsp;kg.

The first specimen was found in 1865 by fossil collector John Griffiths on the shoreline at Folkestone. The stratum was Cambridge Greensand, a formation in the Lower Cretaceous of southern England. At the time England was part of a huge tropical river delta, and the Greensand was laid down just offshore. It seems that dinosaurs were on the shoreline or the river delta, and sometimes their bodies washed out to sea.

## References 
* Carpenter, Kenneth 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of Ankylosauria. In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed): *The armored dinosaurs*. Indiana University Press, 455–480.
Athanasian Creed

The **Athanasian Creed** is a Christian statement of faith. It is also often referred to as **Quicumque vult** (can be translated as *Whoever wants*, the first two words of the statement in Latin). It is the first known creed to mention the Trinity. The creed has been in use since the 6th century, mainly in Western Christianity. It is no longer used very much since the Nicene Creed has largely replaced it.

From about the 9th century, people thought that Athanasius had written it, who lived in the 4th century in Egypt.
Today, that view is largely seen as false for the following reasons:
# The original text is in Latin. Athanasius wrote mainly in Greek.
# Neither Athanasius nor other people who lived at the same time as him mentioned it.
# It menions problems that were discovered only after Athanasius' death.

Today, most people think it came from Gaul around the year 500. Its positions are similar to those taken by Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo and Vincent of Lérins. J.N.D. Kelly, a contemporary patristics scholar, believes that Vincent of Lérins was not its author, but he suggests that it may have come from the same bacground, namely the area of Lérins, in southern Gaul. Caesarius of Arles is one of the possible authors. 

The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian Creed date from the late 8th century.

Martin Luther said there were three statements of faith: the Nicene Creed (*Credo in unum deum*, *I believe in one god..*), the Te Deum (*Te Deum Laudamus,...*, *Thee, O Lord, we praise*), and the Athanasian Creed. 

The Athanasian Creed starts:

It explains the Trinity in such a way to stand against positions such as Arianism. It has the Filioque clause.

It ends:

## References 
## Other websites
Knoppix

**Knoppix**, stylized **KNOPPIX**, is a Linux distribution based on Debian designed to be started directly from a CD / DVD. Knoppix is one of the best-known Live Distros. It was developed by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper. When starting a program it is loaded from the optical disc and decompressed into a RAM drive. The decompression is transparent and on-the-fly.

## Related pages
*List of Linux distributions

## References
Boer War

**Boer War** might mean:

*First Boer War, 16 December 1880 to 23 March 1881
*Second Boer War, 11 October 1899 to 31 May 1902
Clavicle

The **clavicle**, or **collarbone**, is a long bone that is part of the shoulder. It connects the arm to the main part of the body. It is a support for the scapula bone and helps the arm to hang freely. This allows the arm to have a lot of movement. The clavicle is made from sponge-like bone, called cancellous bone, and is covered with a hard shell of bone. Most mammals and many other land vertebrates have clavicles.

*Clavicle* is a formal scientific term. Normally we use the term *collarbone*, both in everyday speech and literary fiction.

## Other websites 
* Image of the clavicle
Emergency contraception

**Emergency contraception** is a form of contraception that can be taken by the woman after sex. Emergency contraception can not protect against sexually transmitted diseases like condoms. Emergency contraception may prevent a pregnancy. It is also known as **morning-after pill**. 

Emergency contraception needs to be applied (taken) soon after the unprotected sex. If it is not applied within about 3 days (72 hours) after the event, it will no longer help to prevent pregnancy. The sooner the drug is taken after unprotected sex, the more effective it is.

Most emergency contraception methods use hormones. This is similar to some of the other forms of contraception for women. Despite this, emergency contraception should not be used in the place of regular contraception pills.

## As a drug 
The drugs that are used for emergency contraception are based on hormones.

Often the drugs are available in pharmacies. In some countries, the affected person needs to talk to a healthcare professional (a doctor or a pharmacist). After this counseling, the drugs can be obtained.

## How they act 
The contraception works via the following mechanisms (ways that they act): 
* Stopping or delaying ovulation, the ovaries from releasing an egg or ovum;
* Preventing sperm from fertilising any egg already released; or
* Stopping a fertilised egg from attaching itself to the lining of the womb.

## How good they work 
It is estimated that these drugs (their efficacy) may prevent 85% of expected pregnancies.

### Stages of development (pregnancy) 
The drugs will not work if the woman is already pregnant.  The drugs will also not work for preventing pregnancy from unprotected sex again in the same menstrual cycle.

## Abortion  
Emergency contraception  is not a form of abortion. Abortion is only possible when a pregnancy has started. This means that the ovum has been fertilized, and that it has attached itself to the lining of the womb. 

### Contraception 
Contraception is about preventing a pregnancy. There are certain pills, for example those containing  Mifepristone which are taken as a form of abortion.

## Related pages
* Rape
* Contraception, and miscarriage (a form of abortion)

## Other websites 
* WHO Factsheet on Emergency contraception
* The Emergency Contraception Website (not-2-late.com)  – by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University and the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals	
* International Consortium for Emergency Contraception	
* Go 2 EC  – Emergency Contraception News
* The Morning-After Pill Conspiracy – A United States group whose goal is to have Plan B available over the counter (not just behind pharmacy counters) to women of all ages.
* Emergency contraception  by the Adolescent Medecine Committee, Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS), *Paediatrics and Child Health* ACSA-CAAH

## References
Reason

**Reason** or reasoning is a way of thinking that uses logic and facts.  People can use reason to decide what is true or best.  It is different from obeying tradition or emotions to decide what things are best or true.  In common English, it is using your head instead of your heart.  

Reason has been an important part of philosophy since Ancient Greece.  Many philosophers have thought about what reason is, and how to think using reason (Logic). Also, they have thought if religious thinking and faith are ways of reasoning, what we can know if we only use reason (Epistemology), and if animals or computers can think using reason. 

## Related pages 
*Rationalism
Bridgeview, Illinois

**Bridgeview** is a village in Illinois in the United States.  It is the home of the Major League Soccer team the Chicago Fire.

## References
Xfce

**Xfce** () is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD. It is made to be fast and lightweight, while still looking nice and easy to use.

The current version, 4.12, is modular and reusable. It is based on the GTK+ 2 toolkit (formerly used in GNOME). It uses the Xfwm window manager, described below. Its configuration is entirely mouse-driven, and the configuration files are hidden from the casual user.

## History 
Olivier Fourdan started the project in 1996. The name "Xfce" originally stood for "XForms Common Environment", but after that Xfce has been rewritten twice and no longer uses that toolkit. The name survived, but it is no longer capitalized as "XFCE", but rather as "Xfce".

### Xfwm 
Xfwm is the window manager of Xfce. Starting with version 4.2, Xfwm integrates its own *compositing manager*. Other compositing managers exist, but have been very unstable, and Xfce was the first to put its own compositing manager into the window manager. At its beginning, many users called it the most stable one available, though at the time, in late 2004, xcompmgr was the only other compositing manager available.

## Prevalence
While not as common in Linux distributions as the KDE and GNOME desktop environments, there are still some distributions where Xfce is the default desktop environment, and most support it as an optional part.

These distributions include Xfce in their default environment:
* ALTLinux 4.0 Lite (CD)
* Archie
* Debian Xfce CD
* Dreamlinux
* 
* Fedora Xfce Spin
* FreeSBIE (FreeBSD LiveCD)
* Gentoo Linux 2008.0 installation
* KateOS
* Linux Mint Xfce
* Mythbuntu
* Myah OS
* SAM Linux
* Slackware
* SLAX *Popcorn Edition*
* VectorLinux Standard Edition
* Wolvix
* Xubuntu
* Zenwalk Linux
* Gentoo Linux for the PlayStation 3

## References 
## Other websites 
*Xfce website
Jammu region

**Jammu Region** (Panjabi: ਜੰਮੂ ਸੂਬਾ) is one of the three regions comprising Kashmir's southernmost area of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu division borders Vale of Kashmir, the disputed part of the state, to the north, Ladakh region to the east, and Himachal Pradesh to the south. Sandwiched between the Vale of Kashmir to the north and the Daman Koh Plains to the south, the Margalla hills range of the foothills of the Himalayas which comprises most of the disputed region in Jammu. The Pir Panjal Range, the Trikuta Hills and the low-lying Tawi River of the branch Chenab River basin add beauty and diversity to the terrain of Jammu.

Jammu, the winter capital of the maharajas and second largest city in the territory, was traditionally the seat of Dogra power. Of the total population of Jammu, more than two-thirds are classed as Hindu Dogras. Of these, the greater number live in the southeastern portion of the state. Culturally, ethnically, and linguistically, they are Panjabi-speaking peoples.. Majority speaks the Dogri, a dialect of Panjabi. The majority of the state’s Sikhs also live in the Jammu region. To the north-west, however, the proportion of Muslim population increases, with Muslims making up a dominant majority in the areas of Rajouri district and Poonch District.

## Demographics of Jammu Division
Jammu is the only region in the state (Jammu & Kashmir) that has a sizeable Hindu minority population. About 56% of its Jammu's population practices Islam while 31% practices 29% Sikhism. Although Islam and Sikhism enjoy a very strong cultural heritage with neighbouring Punjab (Pakistan) in the wider region. Most Hindus are either Dogras or Kashmiri Hindus who migrated from the Kashmir Valley. The Sikhs are Dogras, Panjabi. Jammu is now well connected with the rest of India by rail, road and air, making it far better connected than the rest of the regions in the state through Gurdaspur District.

## References
Paul Kruger

**Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger** (or just **Paul Kruger**) (10 October 1825–14 July 1904) was the president of the South African Republic (sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Transvaal) from 1883 to 1900. He became famous for leading the Boers against the British at the time of the Second Boer War.

## Early life 
Kruger grew up on his grandfather's farm. He worked as a commando (a soldier defending farms), and became a respected leader.

## First Boer War 
In 1877 the British Army took control of Transvaal, and Kruger became the leader of the resistance (the people who wanted to fight British control). On 30 December 1880, the government of the South African Republic (Transvaal) elected (chose) him to be president. In 1881 Kruger negotiated (talked with the enemy) to agree the peace.
Kruger travelled to Europe, where many people respected him.

## Second Boer War 
The Second Boer War began in 1899, and Kruger had to escape to Europe in October 1900. He moved to Clarens in Switzerland, where he died in 1904. People took his body back to South Africa and buried him in Church Street Cemetery in Pretoria.

## References
Pioneer movement

at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games]]

**Pioneer movements** are movements for children and adolescents. They were founded in countries where there is a Communist party. Many of the ideas are taken from the scout movement.
In most communist countries, people can choose if they want to be members of the pioneer movement or not. There are many differences between a pioneer movement, and the scout movement. Scout movements are independent of governments. They are also not controlled by the state. For example, there were no separate organizations for boys and girls. During the time of the USSR, thousands of Young Pioneer camps and Young Pioneer Palaces were built. These could only be used by Young Pioneers. The camps and palaces were also free of charge, it did not cost any money to use them. The government and trade unions sponsored them. There were many newspapers and magazines published for Young Pioneers. Some sold millions of copies.

Certain features, however, are similar to the Scout movement. The two movements share some principles like preparedness and promotion of sports and outdoor skills. The pioneer movement also includes teaching of communist principles. Opponents of Communist states claim that this is a form of indoctrination.

A member of the movement is known as a pioneer, and a scarf – typically red, but sometimes light blue – is the traditional item of clothing worn by a pioneer. The pioneer organization is often named after a famous party member that is considered a suitable role model for young communists. 

In the USSR it was Lenin; in East Germany, it was Ernst Thälmann. The Thälmann pioneers were taught the slogan "Ernst Thälmann is my role model. We wear our red scarf with pride."Albania, which had severed diplomatic relations with the USSR since 1961, also had a certain variant of Pioneer organization, called Pioneers of Enver, named after the communist ruler of Albania, Enver Hoxha.

Today, the following countries have pioneer movements:
*Belarus (Belarusian Republican Pioneer Organization)
*Belgium (Pioneers of the Workers Party of Belgium)
*People's Republic of China (Young Pioneers of China)
*Cuba (José Martí Pioneer Organization) Established in 1961; in 2001 it was elected to the Global 500 Roll of Honour of the United Nations Environment Programme for its environmental activities.
*Cyprus (EDON)
*Finland (Democratic Union of Finnish Pioneers)
*The Czech Republic – Nowadays Pionýr is a non-political organization organizing leisure time for children, part of the IFM-SEI.
*North Korea (Young Pioneer Corps)
*Russia
*Spain (Pioneers of the Communist Party of the Basque Homelands)
*Tajikistan (King Somoni Inheritance)
*Syria (Baath Party Pioneers)
*Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneers, established on May 15, 1941)

Older children could continue in other communist organizations, but that would typically be done only by a limited number of people.

## Related pages
*Scout movement

## References
## Other websites
* Pioneers (Belgium) 
* Rules of Thälmann Pioneers (GDR) 
* Young Pioneers (People's Republic of China)
* Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union (Vietnam)