open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Province of Parma

The **Province of Parma** () is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Its largest town and capital is the city of Parma.

## Geography
The province of Parma has an area of .

* Santo (*Lago Santo parmense*), at an altitude of . It is the largest natural lake in the northern Apennines with an area of .
* Ballano Lake (*Lago Ballano*), at an altitude of . It is the second largest lake in the region with an area of .

The highest mountains in the province are:
* *Monte Sillara*,  high.
* *Monte Marmagna*,  high.
* *Monte Orsaro*,  high.
* *Monte Maggiorasca*,  high.

Among the protected areas in the province are the *Parco regionale delle Valli del Cedra e del Parma* (called also as *Parco dei Cento Laghi*) and the ''Parco nazionale dell'Appennino Tosco-Emiliano''.

## Population
There are 448,899 persons living in the province (January 2017), and the area and altitude.

## References
Fan vault

.]]

A **fan vault** is a form of vault used in the Perpendicular Gothic style. All its ribs are of the same curve and spaced the same.

This beautiful and elegant Gothic style of architecture, at its earliest appears in 1351.
Gert Fram

**"Gert Fram"** is a short story that was written by Orson Scott Card in 1977. It is in his short story collection *Maps in a Mirror*. This short story was the first story Card wrote. It first came out in the July 1977 fine arts issue of *Ensign* magazine under the pen name Byron Walley.
Vezina Trophy

The **Vezina Trophy** is awarded every year to the National Hockey League's goaltender who is chosen as the best goaltender.

Until the 1980–81 season, the trophy was awarded to the goaltender(s) of the team that gave up the fewest goals during the regular season.

There have been numerous instances of players receiving the trophy many times in different years. Players have also tied for the trophy. Jacques Plante holds the record for winning the most Vezinas with seven. Bill Durnan and Dominik Hasek both of who have won six. Hasek has won the most under the current system of honouring the best individual goalie. Players for the Montreal Canadiens have won the Vezina 28 times. 

Under the original definition, there would often be multiple winners from the same team during one season. In the 1973-74 NHL season, Tony Esposito of the Chicago Black Hawks and Bernie Parent of the Philadelphia Flyers finished tied for the fewest goals against, the only time that there would be a tie between two players from different teams.

The voting is conducted at the end of the regular season by the 30 general managers of the teams in the National Hockey League. Each individual voter ranks their top three candidates on a 5-3-1 points system. Three finalists are named. The trophy is awarded at the NHL Awards ceremony after the playoffs.

## Winners
### 1927–1981
When introduced, the Vezina Trophy was awarded to the goaltender, or goaltenders, of the team that gave up the fewest goals in regular season play.

### 1982–present
, three-time winner.]]
, six-time winner.]]
, four-time winner.]]
The NHL adopted the current criteria for the Vezina Trophy beginning in 1982. The William M. Jennings Trophy was created as a new award for the goaltender(s) of the team that surrenders the fewest goals in regular season play.

## Related pages
*List of NHL players
*List of NHL statistical leaders

## References
;General
*Vezina Trophy history at NHL.com
*Vezina Trophy history at Legends of Hockey.net
;Specific
The Memory of Earth

***The Memory of Earth*** (1992) is the first book of the *Homecoming Saga* by Orson Scott Card.  The *Homecoming Saga* is a fake story about the first 100 years in the Book of Mormon.

## Other websites
* About the novel *The Memory of Earth* from Card's website
The Call of Earth

***The Call of Earth*** (1992) is the second book in the Homecoming Saga by Orson Scott Card.

## Other websites
* About the book *The Call of Earth* from Card's website
Earthfall

***Earthfall*** (1995) is the fourth book of the Homecoming Saga.  It was written by Orson Scott Card in 1995.

## Other websites
* About the novel *Earthfall* from Card's website
King's College Chapel, Cambridge

'''King's College Chapel''' is the chapel to King's College of the University of Cambridge. It is one of the finest examples of Gothic Perpendicular architecture. It is the home of the famous King's College Choir.

## Related pages
*King's College, Cambridge
Coventry Cathedral

s of Coventry]]
's Victory over the Devil*, a sculpture by Sir Jacob Epstein on the wall of the cathedral.]]
. ]]
**Coventry Cathedral**, also known as *'St. Michael's Cathedral''', is an Anglican cathedral. It is in Coventry, West Midlands, England.

In fact, the city has three cathedrals. The first was St. Mary's, a monastic building, only a few ruins of which remain. The second was St Michael's, a 14th-century Gothic Cathedral, which was largely destroyed by a bombing raid in the Second World War. The cathedral was bombed on 14 November 1940 by the German Luftwaffe, which destroyed much of central Coventry. Nails found in the ruins were formed into a cross and consecrated in the Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche in Berlin.

The third cathedral is the new St Michael's Cathedral, built to replace the bombed cathedral. It is an important example of 20th century architecture.

The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Coventry. The Right Reverend Dr. Christopher Cocksworth is the current Bishop of Coventry. He is the 9th Bishop of Coventry.

## Other websites
The Ships of Earth

***The Ships of Earth*** (1994) is the third book in the Homecoming Saga.  It was written by Orson Scott Card in 1994.

## Other websites
* About the book *The Ships of Earth* from Card's website
Monolophosaurus

***Monolophosaurus***  was a medium-sized theropod from China that lived during the Jurassic period. 

It had one feature not found on any other meat-eating dinosaur  a long, bony ridge that went from its nose back to the top of its head. The area where *Monolophosaurus* was discovered showed signs that it was sometimes covered with water, so it is possible that this dinosaur lived on the shore of a lake or sea.

The remains of the type of *Monolophosaurus* preserve a complete skull and partial postcranium.  In fact, these remains are amongst the most complete from the Middle Jurassic of China. The dinosaur was probably a basal tetanuran.

## References 
'', Wyoming Dinosaur Center. The two are from the same formation]]
Hart's Hope

'''''Hart's Hope'''* (1983) is a fantasy book that is written by Orson Scott Card.

## Other websites
* About the book *Hart's Hope'' from Card's website
Tor Books

**Tor Books** is an American book publishing company. It is one of two imprints of Tom Doherty Associates, LLC, based in New York City. It is noted for its science fiction and fantasy books. Tom Doherty Associates also publishes mainstream fiction, , and some military history books under its Forge imprint. Tom Doherty Associates, LLC, was formed by Tom Doherty in 1980, and sold to St. Martin's Press in 1986. Along with St. Martin's Press, Henry Holt, and Farrar Straus Giroux, it is now part of the Holtzbrinck group.
Bering Strait

image of the Bering Strait.]]
The **Bering Strait** (Russian: Берингов пролив) is a sea strait between Cape Dezhnev, Russia, the easternmost point (169°43' W) of the Asian continent and Cape Prince of Wales on the edge of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, the westernmost point (168°05' W) of the North American continent, with latitude of about 65° 40' north, slightly south of the Arctic Circle. The strait was made around 40,000 years ago, when an old landmass between Asia and America known as Beringia was flooded at the end of the last ice age. The strait is passed through by the international date line, making from the view of the Russian side from the Alaskan side like looking at tomorrow. 

## Geography
 (USA, left) and Big Diomede Island (Russia, right). The International date line runs right between the islands.]]
The Bering Strait is 82 km at its narrowest point, and 90 meters deep at its deepest point (with an average depth of 50 meters), making the strait rather shallow. There are three small islands located in the strait. There are the two Diomede Islands in the middle of the strait, and a small rock (or islet) known as Fairway Rock southeast of the Diomede Islands.

## Proposed crossing
There have been ideas of building a bridge or tunnel to link Alaska and Russia, where cars and trains could cross the strait. The crossing would have three parts, one connecting Big Diomede Island to Russia, one connecting Small Diomede with Alaska, and a final link between the islands. This would link the North American road system with the connected road systems of Asia, Europe, and Africa. There have not been any physical work done on such a crossing, mostly due to the remoteness of the strait, and the little demand for it. There are no major highways or railroads that connect the Bering Strait to the rest of Asia or America, so if either a tunnel or bridge was built across the strait, new connections to the rest of the highways and railways would have to be made for cars or trains to get there. The crossing might become more useful in the future however.

## Sources
Fabrosauridae

**Fabrosauridae** is a proposed family of primitive ornithischian dinosaurs from late Triassic and Jurassic. The proposed "Fabrosaurs" descended from a *Lesothosaurus*-like animal. The group is not established; it appears to be polyphyletic, and its members may come from several other better-known groups.
Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador

**Gander** is a town of almost 10,000 people in the central region of Newfoundland, Canada. It is home to the Gander International Airport, which used to be an important point for aircraft to refuel on long flights. Most of the streets in Gander are named after famous aviators, including Amelia Earhart, Alcock and Brown, Charles Lindbergh, Eddie Rickenbacker, Marc Garneau and Chuck Yeager.

## References
A Planet Called Treason

***A Planet Called Treason*** (1979) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card.  After being changed, the book was renamed ***Treason*** (1988).

## Other websites 
* About the book *Treason* from Card's website
Hot Sleep

***Hot Sleep: The Worthing Chronicle*** (1979) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card.  Although it is now out of print, Card's book *The Worthing Chronicle* (1983) has some of the same story.

## Other websites
* Publication information for *Hot Sleep* available from Card’s website
* The book *Hot Sleep* from Card's website
Saints (book)

***Saints*** (1983) is a historical fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card.  Saints tells about the fictional character named Dinah Kirkham, from Manchester, England, who goes to the United States and becomes one of the multiple wives of Joseph Smith, who is founder of the Latter Day Saint movement.

*Saints* was originally named *Woman Of Destiny*, even though Orson Scott Card was against this.

## Other websites
* About the book *Saints* from Card's website
Trireme

A **Trireme** is an ancient oar-driven warship powered by about 170 oarsmen.  It was long and slender, had three tiers of oars and one sail.  On the bow was a battering ram that was used to destroy enemy ships.  The tip of the ram was made of bronze and could easily slice through the side of a wooden ship.

The Trireme was used by people of the Mediterranean Sea from the 7th to the 4th century BC and gets its name from its three rows of oars on each side, manned with one man per oar. The rowing men were not slaves, but were free men who were paid to row. In Ancient Greece, soldiers (called Hoplites) had to buy their own armour and weapons so men too poor to afford them became trireme rowers in wartime. They had to have a lot of practice at rowing as, during a battle, the ship had to be able to stop, start and turn very quickly.

As well as the rowing men, there were 30 others on a trireme. Some of these were sailors who worked the sail, others were soldiers who shot arrows and tried to get onto enemy ships, to attack their crews with swords and spears. The man who steered the trireme was called a *kubernete* by the Greeks. From this we get the English word Governor, for a person who leads a state.

Because there were many men crowded onto a small ship, triremes could not stay at sea very long. Often, they came to land each evening. The crew would pull the trireme out of the water and then sleep next to it on the beach.

Before a battle, the mast and sail were taken off and left on the shore. In battle, triremes would attempt to ram or board each other. Some triremes had catapults and ballistas on them, but they were hard to use in battle. Many ancient sea battles involved hundreds of triremes. In the Battle of Salamis, there were around 360 ships on the Greek side and 600 to 800 ships on the Persian side. 

## References
Wyrms (novel)

***Wyrms*** (1987) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card. The story looks at desire, wisdom, and human will.

## Other websites
* About the book *Wyrms* from Card's website
The Worthing Chronicle

***The Worthing Chronicle*** (1983) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card.  This book is out of print, but it was released again in a collection of short stories called *The Worthing Saga* in 1990.

## Other websites
* About the book *The Worthing Chronicle* from Card's website
2008 WWE draft

The **2008 World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Draft** was the fifth yearly (and sixth overall) Draft held by WWE. The Draft was held on June 23, 2008 in San Antonio, Texas from the AT&T Center. The Draft took place live for three hours on WWE's flagship program, *Raw*, which aired on the USA Network.

## Report
### Background
The Draft was announced by WWE Chairman, Vince McMahon on the May 26 2008 episode of *Raw*. During the announcement, he stated that every WWE Superstar, Diva, and Commentators were eligible to be drafted.

### Superstar selections
#### Televised draft
#### Supplemental draft
## Related pages
*WWE Brand Extension
*WWE Draft Lottery
*WWE Raw

## References
Homecoming Saga

The **Homecoming Saga** is a science fiction series by Orson Scott Card. The series is patterned on the Book of Mormon. Some of the names also come from the Book of Mormon.

## Books
* *The Memory of Earth* (1992)
* *The Call of Earth* (1992)
* *The Ships of Earth* (1994)
* *Earthfall* (1995)
* *Earthborn* (1995)
Cantor

**Cantor** can mean:
* The Latin word for singer, e.g. the main singer of a cantus
* *Hazzan*, in Judaism, the English name for a professional singer who leads prayer services (Kantor is a frequently noted Jewish patronym)
* Cantor (church), an ecclesiastical officer leading liturgical music in several branches of the Christian Church
* Cantor (crater), a lunar crater

In mathematics **Cantor** may refer to:
* The Cantor set or Cantor dust
* The Cantor function
* The Cantor space

**Cantor** as a surname may refer to:
* Andrés Cantor, Spanish-language soccer announcer
* Brian Cantor, Vice-Chancellor of the University of York, UK
* David Cantor (born 1954), American actor and singer
* Eddie Cantor (1892-1964), American comedian, singer, actor, songwriter
* Eric Cantor (born 1963), American politician
* Georg Cantor (1845-1918), German mathematician, founder of set theory
* Moritz Cantor (1829-1929), German historian of mathematics
* Nancy Cantor, Chancellor and President of Syracuse University
* Norman Cantor (1929-2004), Canadian medievalist
* Theodore Edward Cantor (1809-1860), Danish biologist 

**Cantor** is a shortened form of these names and terms:
* Cantor Fitzgerald, a financial services firm

## Related pages
*cant
*Precentor
*Kantor
*Canter
Poplar Forest

The **Poplar Forest** is the retreat home of Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States of America. It is near Lynchburg, Virginia. 

His wife inherited the 4,819 acre plantation and he built an octagonal retreat  home there which was basically complete in the year 1812.  The home contains a central dining room in the shape of a cube, measuring 20 feet on all sides and lit from a skylight above. Currently under restoration, the building gives a fascinating glimpse of how things were built in those days, as well as showing off a few of Jefferson's inventions such as the triple sash window. Jefferson used the property as a respite from the busy Monticello, which was always welcoming visitors, and spent most of his time there only with close family members. He had a library containing 700 volumes and he used his time there to communicate with his 'absent friends', in other words, to catch up on his written correspondence.
Thai

**Thai** might mean:

* Something related to the country Thailand
* Thai people, the people of Thailand
* Thai language, the language of Thailand
* Thai food, the food of Thailand
Regis Philbin

**Regis Francis Xavier Philbin** (; August 25, 1931 – July 24, 2020) was an American media personality, actor and singer, known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s. Sometimes called (alternatively attributed to James Brown) "the hardest working man in show business", he held the world record for the most time spent in front of a television camera. He was most widely known for *Live! with Regis and Kelly* (previously *Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee*), *Who Wants to Be a Millionaire*, and for hosting the first season of ''America's Got Talent*.

## Early life
Philbin was born in the Bronx, New York City. His father, Francis "Frank" Philbin, a U.S. Marine who served in the Pacific, was of Irish ancestry.  His mother, Filomena "Florence" (nee Boscia), was of Arbëreshë ancestry. They lived in the Van Nest section of the Bronx. Philbin was raised Roman Catholic. Philbin said his brother had asked to not be mentioned on television or in the press.

Philbin attended Our Lady of Solace grammar school in the Bronx, and graduated from Cardinal Hayes High School in the Bronx in 1949 before attending the University of Notre Dame, where he graduated in 1953 with a sociology degree. He later served in the United States Navy as a supply officer, then went through a few behind-the-scenes jobs in television and radio before moving into the broadcasting arena.

On November 18, 2011, Philbin aired his final episode of *Live! with Regis and Kelly.*

## Death 
On July 24, 2020, Philbin died at the age of 88, one month before his 89th birthday. *TMZ* reported that Philbin had died at Greenwich Hospital in Connecticut of heart disease. *The Blast'' revealed that he had died after having a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website promoting Regis's albums
* 
* 
* Official website for *Live with Kelly and Michael*
* Regis appears on Michael Eisner's talkshow on CNBC 
* Regis Philbin at NNDB
* Regis Philbin video interview in the Archive of American Television (2006)
Antonio Pappano

**Antonio Pappano** (born December 30, 1959 in Epping) is a British conductor and pianist of Italian origin. He is the conductor of the orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London, and l'Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome.

Pappano was born in England, but his family had come from Italy. When he was 13 years old, he moved with his family to Connecticut, in the United States. There he had his musical training, learning to play the piano as well as composition and conducting. He became a rehearsal accompanist at the New York City Opera.

Pappano is the youngest conductor to lead the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House in London, accompanying both the Royal Opera and Royal Ballet. He is also an excellent piano accompanist.
Interstate 8

**Interstate 8** or **I-8** is an Interstate Highway that runs from Interstate 10 near Casa Grande, Arizona to San Diego, California. The route is  long.

## References
Boris Berezovsky (pianist)

, Georgia]]
**Boris Berezovsky** (Russian: Бори́с Вади́мович Березо́вский; born Moscow, 4 January 1969) is a famous Russian pianist. Berezovsky studied at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1988 he became well known in the West when he gave a recital in the Wigmore Hall in London. Two years later he won the gold medal at the 1990 International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow.

Boris Berezovsky gives concerts all over the world. He plays concertos with many of the great orchestras including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra, Orchestre de la Monnaie, Rotterdam Philharmonic, Danish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, NDR Hamburg, Hessischer Rundfunk, New Japan Philharmonic, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and with conductors such as Kurt Masur, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Mikhail Pletnev and Antonio Pappano. Berezovsky has also made many recordings.

Berezovsky has a daughter, Evelyne Berezovsky (born 1991), who is also a pianist. He now lives in Brussels. Boris is an excellent jazz pianist and performs with his trio in Russian clubs.

## References
Before I Self Destruct

***Before I Self Destruct*** is 50 Cent's fourth album. It was released in 2009.

On the track "The End of My Career", on one of 50 Cent's mixtapes, he said that he has already recorded 12 tracks for the album.

## References
Bill Moggridge

**William Grant Moggridge**, RDI (25 June 1943&nbsp;– 8 September 2012) was a British industrial designer and co-founder of the Silicon Valley-based design firm IDEO. He helped design what was arguably the first laptop computer, the GRiD Compass. He was in favour of user-centered design process in product development cycles and also worked towards popularizing interaction design as a mainstream discipline.

Moggridge was the author of *Designing Interactions*, published in October 2006. 

He was also involved in design education in the United Kingdom and the United States; teaching at the Royal College of Art, the London Business School and Stanford University.

## References
* Designing Interactions  - book home page
* Talk at the Innvovationsforum Interactiondesign,  Germany 2007
Colin Davis

Sir ** Colin Rex Davis**, CH, CBE, (Weybridge, Surrey, 25 September 1927 &ndash; London, England, 14 April 2013), was a British conductor. He was born in Weybridge, Surrey, UK. Davis went to school at Christ's Hospital before studying the clarinet at the Royal College of Music in London. He was not allowed to take conducting lessons there because he did not play the piano well enough. He still managed to get some experience as conductor of the Kalmar Orchestra with other music students.

In 1952 Davis worked at the Royal Festival Hall, and in the late 1950s conducted the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra. He started to become well known when he was suddenly asked to conduct Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera *Don Giovanni* at the Royal Festival Hall because Otto Klemperer was ill. A year later, in 1960, he conducted Mozart's *The Magic Flute* at Glyndebourne because Thomas Beecham was ill.

In the 1960s he worked at Sadler's Wells Opera and with the London Symphony Orchestra. He was Chief Conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. In 1971 he took over from Georg Solti as principal conductor at the Royal Opera House. He stayed there until 1986. He particularly liked conducting the operas of Michael Tippett, giving the first performances of *The Knot Garden* (1970), and *The Ice Break* (1977). In 1977 he became the first English conductor to appear at the Bayreuth Festival where he conducted *Tannhäuser*.

Davis was Principal Guest Conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1972 to 1984. He was Chief Conductor at the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1983 to 1993. In 1991, Davis was given the honorary title 'Conductor Laureate' of the Staatskapelle Dresden, the first conductor in the orchestra's history to hold that title. In 1995, Davis became Principal Conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. He stayed there until 2006, when the orchestra gave him the title of President. From 1998 to 2003, he was also Principal Guest Conductor of the New York Philharmonic.

He has received many honours, including CH and CBE

In 1949, Davis married the soprano April Cantelo. They had two children, Suzanne and Christopher. Their marriage ended in 1964, and in that same year, Davis married the young Iranian woman who had been the family *au pair*, Ashraf “Shamsi” Naini. To satisfy both the Iranian and British authorities, the couple were married three times, once in Iran and twice in the UK, in the Iranian Embassy as well as in a regular UK civil ceremony. They have five children.

On 14 April 2013, it was announced via the London Symphony Orchestra, of which Davis had been the president, that he had died that evening, aged 85, after a short illness.

Davis was not related to the conductor Sir Andrew Davis.

## References
Balto

]]
**Balto** was the name of a Siberian Husky, born in 1923 and died 1933. A sled dog, he was the back up for a dog named Togo. Balto took part in the 1925 serum run to Nome. He got a lot of fame, more than Togo, for being part of the journey. Many people say that Togo should have gotten the attention that Balto got because Togo had done  the most work. Leonhard Seppala bred, named, raised, and trained Balto but did not race with him. In a 1927 *New York Times* article, he claimed that a forgotten dog, named Fox, had been co-lead with Balto on Kaasen’s team. He did not believe that Balto could have led the team by himself. Gunnar Kaasen was Balto’s musher.

In January 1925, Nome, Alaska, needed medicine for a diphtheria epidemic. First, a ship tried to bring the medicine but ice was closing into the Bering Sea. The ship could not get to Nome. Next, they tried to bring the medicine by airplane. They could not because there was a blizzard (a severe snowstorm). The winds were too strong for the plane.

The medicine was sent by train from Anchorage, Alaska to Nenena, Alaska. Then, sled dogs took turns carrying the medicine to Nome. The dog that ran the longest was Togo. Balto was the final dog. He led the team into Nome. The medicine saved many children (almost all of the children). Balto, the other dogs, and the men who carried the medicine were given a hero's welcome. A few months later in New York City, a statue of Balto was placed in Central Park and is still there today.

## The serum run 
:
In January 1925, doctors realized that a diphtheria epidemic was likely to sweep through Nome's young people. It could kill many people. The only serum that could stop it was in Anchorage, almost  away. The only aircraft that could get the medicine to Nome was taken out of winter storage, but its engine was frozen, and the airplane would not start.

Officials chose to move the medicine by sled dog. The serum was transported by train from Anchorage to Nenana. At Nenana, the first musher began the trip as part of a relay to deliver the serum to Nome. More than 20 mushers took part. They had to deal with a blizzard with  temperatures and strong winds. News coverage of the race was worldwide.

## Movies 
On December 22, 1995, Universal Pictures released the animated movie *Balto*. The movie was based on the events of the 1925 serum run, although there are big differences. They also made two sequels to the original. A final fan-made movie was directed by Stefan Balugani.

## Other websites 
*Balto Online Forum 
*Balto Online
Chris Rock

**Christopher Julius Rock** (born February 7, 1965) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Andrews, South Carolina and raised in Brooklyn, New York City. He is known for his jokes about racial stereotypes; he talks a lot about differences that are common between black people and white people in the United States. Rock has been in many television shows, such as *Everybody Hates Chris* and movies, such as *Dogma*.

At the 94th Academy Awards in March 2022, actor Will Smith slapped Rock after he made a joke about Smith's wife, Jada Pinkett Smith's, bald head.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
Province of L'Aquila

The '''province of L'Aquila''' () is a province in the Abruzzo region of Southern Italy. Its capital is the city of L'Aquila.

It is the largest province of the region but the one with fewest people living in it; it is a landlocked province, that is, surrounded by other provinces by all sides.

## Geography
L'Aquila is the largest province in the Abruzzo region. It is almost half of the area of the region: it has area of .

## Population
There are 301,910 persons living in the province (January 2017),

## Gallery

File:L'Aquila, Basilica di San Bernardino 2007 by-RaBoe-1.jpg|*San Bernardino* basilica in L'Aquila.
File:AZ risorgimento5.jpg|*Risorgimento* square and cathedral, Avezzano.
File:Santo Stefano di Sessanio 2008 by-RaBoe 01.jpg|Santo Stefano di Sessanio.
File:Pacentro 2009 06 (RaBoe).jpg|Pacentro.
File:Aquila duomo.jpg|*Piazza del Duomo*, L'Aquila.

## Related pages
* List of comuni of the Province of L'Aquila

## References
## Other websites
* Province of L'Aquila official website
Province of Chieti

The **province of Chieti** () is a province in the Abruzzo region of Southern Italy. Its capital is the city of Chieti, and the province borders the Adriatic Sea.

## Geography
Chieti is the most eastern province in Abruzzo and has an area of , the second largest province in the region after the province of L'Aquila.

## Population
There are 389,169 persons living in the province (January 2017),

## Gallery

File:Templi Romani di Chieti.JPG|Roman temple in Chieti.
File:Chieti, Processione del Venerdì Santo.jpg|Good Friday in Chieti.
File:Vasto 2011-08 by-RaBoe-018.jpg|D'Avalos Palace, Vasto.
File:Lanciano - Civitanova - Torri montanare.jpg|The Torri Montanare, Lanciano.
File:Guardiagrele sep06 03.jpg|*Piazza San Francesco* in Guardiagrele.

## Related pages
* List of comuni of the Province of Chieti

## References
## Other websites
* Province of Chieti official website
Province of Perugia

The **province of Perugia** () is a province in the Umbria region of Central Italy. Its capital is the city of Perugia. The city of Perugia is also the capital of Umbria.

## History
The province of Perugia was created in 1860 as *Province of the Umbria*. At that time, the province was larger than now because the present Province of Terni was included.

In 1927, the old province of the Umbria was divided in two provinces, Perugia and Terni.

## Geography
The province of Perugia, with an area of ,

There are four regional natural parks in the province of Perugia: *Parco di Colfiorito*, *Parco del Lago Trasimeno*, *Parco del Monte Cucco* and *Parco del Monte Subasio*. The Monti Sibillini National Park ()  is mainly in the Manche region but part of it is in Umbria.

## Population
, there are 662,110 persons living in the province, The *comune* with fewest inhabitants is Poggiodomo with 117 inhabitants.

## Related pages
*List of comuni of the Province of Perugia

## Gallery 

IMG 0699 - Perugia - Corso Vannucci - Foto G. Dall'Orto - 5 ago 2006 - 02.jpg|Perugia, *Corso Vannucci*
Gubbio panorama.jpg|Gubbio
Assisi San Francesco BW 2.JPG|Assisi, Basilica of San Francesco

## References
## Other websites
* Official Site
Province of Terni

The **Province of Terni** () is a province in the Umbria region of Central Italy. Its capital is the city of Terni.

## History
The province of Terni was created in 1927 when the old *Province of the Umbria*, created in 1860, was divided in two provinces, the Perugia and Terni provinces.

## Geography
The province of Terni has an area of ,

There are two  parks, to protect two rivers and their areas around them, in the province of Terni: *Parco fluviale del Tevere* ("Fluvial park of the Tiber") and  *Parco fluviale del Nera* ("Fluvial park of the Nera").

## Population
, there are 229,071 persons living in the province, Only two *comuni* have less than 1,000 inhabitantsː Parrano with 534 inhabitants, and Polino with 233 inhabitants

## Related pages
*List of communes of the Province of Terni

## Gallery 

Orvieto-cattedrale02.jpg|The Orvieto Cathedral
Narnipiazza.JPG|Central Square in Narni
Amelia.jpg|Amelia

## References
## Other websites
* Official Site
Lost Boys (novel)

***Lost Boys*** (1992) is the first horror novel written by Orson Scott Card.

## Related pages
* About the book *Lost Boys* from Card's website
Isleham

**Isleham** is a small village and civil parish in the English county of Cambridgeshire.

## Other websites 
*2001 Census 
*Isleham Village Website 
*The Rising Sun Isleham Website 
*Isleham FC Website
Mastodon

**Mastodons** or **Mastodonts** are extinct elephant-like animals of the genus *Mammut* and the family Mammutidae. Mastodons became extinct about 11,000 years ago. 

Mastodons, with mammoths, modern elephants and various older families, are members of the order Proboscidea. As adults they stood between 2.5 and 3 meters (8-10 feet) at the shoulder and weighed between 3500 and 5400 kilograms (4-6 tons). 

Mastodons were browsers on leaves and branches, as shown by their molar teeth.

## Two species 
*M. americanum* was the American mastodon, and *M. pacificus* was the Pacific mastodon. They are the youngest and best-known species of the genus. Mastodons disappeared from North America as part of a mass extinction of most of the Pleistocene megafauna.

## Recent discovery 
Stone tools and bones from a butchered mastodon were found at the bottom of a river in Florida. After a four-year investigation, researchers decided that humans lived there and made a meal of a mastodon 14,550 years ago.

## Related pages 
* Woolly mammoth

## References
Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus

***Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus*** (1996) is the first science fiction book in the Pastwatch series, and is written by Orson Scott Card. The book's story about the explorer named Christopher Columbus. Most of the book is about scientists who traveled back to the 1400s to change European meetings with the Americas.

## Translations 
* '** ("The Redemption Of Christopher Columbus"), 1998
* **' ("The Redemption Of Christopher Columbus"), 1997

## Other websites
* About the book *The Redemption of Christopher Columbus* from Card's website
Exeter Hall

**Exeter Hall** was a hall on the north side of The Strand, London, England. It was built between 1829 and 1831. The hall could hold about 3,000 people. It was used for religious and philanthropic meetings. 

## Other websites 
* About the history and "passing of Exeter Hall"
William Jewell College

**William Jewell College** is a private, four-year Christian liberal arts college. It has around 1,274 undergraduate students. It is in Liberty, Missouri, United States

## Other websites 
*William Jewell College website
New Park Street Chapel

The **New Park Street Chapel** was a Reformed Baptist church in Southwark, London. It was built in 1833. The Metropolitan Tabernacle at Elephant and Castle still worships there.

## Pastors both past & present 
*William Rider, c1653-c1665 (12 yrs)
*Benjamin Keach, 1668-1704 (36 yrs)
*Benjamin Stinton, 1704-1718 (14 yrs)
*Dr. John Gill, 1720-1771 (51 yrs)
*Dr. John Rippon, 1773-1836 (63 years)
*Joseph Angus, 1837-1839 (2 yrs)
*James Smith, 1841-1850 (8 ½ yrs)
*William Walters, 1851-1853 (2 yrs)
*Charles Spurgeon, 1854-1892 (38 yrs)
*Arthur Tappan Pierson 1891-1893
*Thomas Spurgeon, 1893-1908 (15 yrs)
*Archibald G Brown, 1908-1911 (3 yrs)
*Dr. Amzi Clarence Dixon, 1911-1919 (8 years)
*Harry Tydeman Chilvers, 1919-1935 (15 ½ yrs)
*Dr. W Graham Scroggie, 1938-1943 (5 yrs)
*W G Channon, 1944-1949 (5 yrs)
*Gerald B Griffiths, 1951-1954 (3yrs)
*Eric W Hayden, 1956-1962 (6 yrs)
*Dennis Pascoe 1963-1969 (6 yrs)
*Dr. Peter Masters, 1970-present

## Other websites 
*Metropolitan Tabernacle official site
*History page on official site
Liberty, Missouri

**Liberty** is a city in Clay County, Missouri. It is suburb of Kansas City, Missouri. At the 2020 census the city population was 30,167. It is the county seat of Clay County. Liberty is also home to William Jewell College.

## References 
## Other websites 
*City of Liberty Web Site
Sea caves

]]
**Sea caves**, also called **littoral caves**, are a type of cave. They are a hollow chamber in a coastal cliff, made by the pounding power of crashing waves. "*Sea arches*" and "*sea stacks*" are also carved from these rocky cliffs. Sea waves carry on both erosional and depositional activities .The process of sea erosion is called marine erosion.
Spurgeon's

'''Spurgeon's** (it used to be called **Spurgeon's Child Care''') is a charity based in England. It has international projects in Mexico, Africa and Eastern Europe. Spurgeon's was founded in 1867 by Charles Spurgeon. He started it to care for fatherless boys. The first girls were accepted in 1879.

## History 
Spurgeon's originally started as an orphanage. It was called Stockwell Orphanage, and was started by Spurgeon in 1867. It was located in what is now Stockwell Park Estate, in Stockwell, London. It opened on 9 September 1869, and was originally for boys only. The orphanage had places for 250 children to live. These children were fed, clothed and taught at the orphanage. This all cost about £5,000 each year. The money to pay for this mainly came from donations.

The orphanage was a home for boys without fathers between the ages of six and ten. Even though the orphanage was created by Baptists, boys of any religion were accepted there. In 1879, other buildings for children to live in were added to the orphanage. This allowed the orphanage to begin letting girls live there also.

Stockwell Orphanage was open until London was bombed in the Second World War. It later turned into Spurgeon's Child Care (and then into Spurgeon's). It is now mainly in England, but has international projects in Mexico, Africa and Eastern Europe.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Spurgeon's website
*History of the Stockwell Orphanage
Province of Teramo

The **province of Teramo** () is a province in the Abruzzo region of Central Italy. Its capital is the city of Teramo, and the province borders the Adriatic Sea.

## Geography
Teramo is in the northeast of Abruzzo and has an area of , the third largest province in the region after the provinces of L'Aquila and Chieti.

## Population
There are 309,859 persons living in the province (January 2017),

From north to south, the province of Teramo has seven blue flag beaches on the Adriatric Seacoast, called the *Seven Sisters*; they are:
*Martinsicuro
*Alba Adriatica
*Tortoreto
*Giulianova
*Roseto degli Abruzzi
*Pineto
*Silvi

## Gallery

File:PalazzoCastelli.jpg|*Palazzo Castelli*, Teramo.
File:Lungomare giulianova.jpg|Giulianova seaside.
File:Il Gran Sasso d'Italia, il paretone nord.JPG|''Il Gran Sasso d'Italia''.
File:Tortoreto Lido2.jpg|Tortoreto seaside.
File:Atri - Duomo 01.jpg|Atri cathedral.

## Related pages
* List of comuni of the Province of Teramo

## References
## Other websites
* Province of Teramo official website
Le Chatelier's principle

'''Le Châtelier's principle''' is a principle used in chemistry and physics to describe how a system at equilibrium reacts to external changes. Equilibrium in a reversible reaction is when the forward reaction happens at the same rate as the reverse reaction. So the reactions don't stop happening, but the opposite reactions cancel each other out. In Le Châtelier's principle, reactions go to equilibrium after the environment is changed by shifting in the opposite direction of the change. 

## Overview 
It is used to show how the point of equilibrium of a system will move to oppose a change in the conditions of the system, following Newton's third law. This is most commonly seen in reversible reactions in chemistry, where a chemical reaction has reached a point where the formation of products happens at the same rate the products decay back into reactants. This principle can then be used to increase the amount of desired products made by moving equilibrium towards that side in chemical industries.

### Concentration 
If the concentration of reactants in a reaction increases, the point of equilibrium moves towards the products as this gets rid of the some of excess reactants and cancels the change. Similarly, if the concentration of products increases, the equilibrium moves towards the reactants.

### Pressure 
If the pressure of a system increases, the point of equilibrium will shift to the side with less moles of gas. This is where the coefficients of the gases added up are less than that of the other side. That side will occupy less volume and therefore will reduce the pressure.

### Temperature 
If the temperature of a system is increased, the point of equilibrium moves towards whichever side doesn't have heat. In exothermic reactions, heat is a product so the reaction will shift left. In endothermic reactions, heat is a reactant so the reaction will shift right.This will take in the excess energy as part of the products and so cancels the change of increased temperature.

### Electromagnetism 
This principle is also shown by Lenz's law, which states that a changing magnetic flux will produce an opposing magnetic flux (and therefore a magnetic and electric field) in any nearby metals. This will then produce a second current in the nearby metal in the opposite direction to the original current. 

## Other websites 
* Le Chatelier's principle
* Lenz's law
Bible Belt

The **Bible Belt** is term for a part of the United States in which many people believe in conservative Evangelical Protestantism. This makes it a dominant part of the culture. The Bible Belt is mainly located in the Southern United States.

## References
Province of Pescara

The **province of Pescara** () is a province in the Abruzzo region of Southern Italy, along the Adriatic Sea. Its capital is the city of Pescara.

## Geography
Pescara is the smallest province in Abruzzo with an area of .

## Population
There are 321,309 persons living in the province (January 2017),

## Gallery

File:Pescara - Cattedrale di San Cetteo 01.JPG|*San Cetteo* cathedral in Pescara.
File:Pescara - foce del fiume vista dal ponte del mare.JPG|Mouth of the Aterno-Pescara river, Pescara.
File:Pescara Lungomare NPescara lungomare N.JPG|Pescara, northern coast.
File:Popoli 2005 -Chiesa di Santissima Trinità- by-RaBoe 01.jpg|Holy Trinity church, Popoli.
File:Montesilvano 2010-by-RaBoe-01.jpg|Montesilvano coast.

## Related pages
* List of comuni of the Province of Pescara

## References
## Other websites
* Province of Pescara official website
Continental United States

The **continental United States** is the area of the United States that is located in the continent of North America. It includes 49 of the 50 U.S. states (48 of which are located south of Canada and north of Mexico, known as the "lower 48 states," the other being Alaska) and the District of Columbia, which contains the federal capital, Washington, D.C. The only state that is excluded is Hawaii, which is a state consisting of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not part of North America but rather, Oceania. 

"On May 14, 1959, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names issued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the Continental United States as "the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia..." The Board reaffirmed those definitions on May 13, 1999."

Some sources incorrectly mix up the "continental United States" with the "contiguous United States," which consists simply of the lower 48 states and the District of Columbia). The contiguous United States, also known as the "United States Mainland" does not include Alaska, Hawaii, or any other territory under the control of the United States.

Alaska is unique among the U.S. states since it is part of the North America since it is attached via Canada. That makes it part of the "continental United States". However, Alaska is not part of the "contiguous United States" because it is not attached directly to the lower 48 states.

## Citations
Eastern redbud

***Cercis canadensis*** L. (also known as the **eastern redbud**) is a large shrub or small tree native to eastern North America from southern Ontario, Canada south to northern Florida, United States. The tree is also the state tree of Oklahoma.

## References
Scissor-tailed flycatcher

The **scissor-tailed flycatcher** (*Tyrannus forficatus*), also known as the **Texas bird-of-paradise** and **swallow-tailed flycatcher**, is a type of bird that lives in North America, in the United States and Mexico. It eats insects.  It is grey on top and light grey underneath with pink on the sides.  The wings are dark and it has a long black tail.  It is named "scissor-tailed" because its tail looks like a pair of scissors.  The tail is shorter when it is young, and the bird is not as colorful.

The scissor-tailed flycatcher is closely related to the kingbirds. It is also the state bird of Oklahoma. The common name is derived from its former Latin name-Muscivoria forficata, meaning "flying"-"scissors" and "to devour."  In Oklahoma, scissortails can be found on open prairies, along tree-lined roads, and along roadsides perched on fences, limbs and in isolated trees.  They consume a great number of grasshoppers, crickets, spiders, and other ground-dwelling insects  making them economically important and popular with farmers and ranchers.

Soon after the birds arrive in the state, the males begin their famous "sky dance," a popular site along roadsides during spring and early summer. After climbing about 100 feet in the air, the male makes a series of V-shaped flights, then plunges down in an erratic zigzag course often somersaulting  while uttering a rolling, cackling call.  The performance has been described as "an aerial ballet of incomparable grace." Nesting usually takes place in an isolated tree 7–30 feet  above ground. Often two broods of 4-6 each are raised during the summer.

Scissor-tailed flycatchers are easily identified by their long scissor-like tail, which may reach nine inches in length.  During flight the bird opens its tail like a pair of scissors and folds or closes the "scissors" when perching. The nape of its neck and its back are pearl gray, and the breast is white. Wings are sooty black with a touch of scarlet at the shoulders. The principal threat to scissortails is poaching.  A great number of birds have been killed by poachers who wanted only the bird's tail.

## References
John 3:16

**John 3:16** (chapter 3, verse 16 of the Gospel of John) is a verse from the Christian Bible. It has been called the "Gospel in a nutshell." It is also thought to be one of the most important doctrines of Christianity.

## References
British people

**Britons**, **British people**, or **the British** are people from Britain – either from the United Kingdom or the island of Great Britain. In history, the people of the British Empire, and later the British Commonwealth, were also named British or Britons. The word Briton was frequently used in the 18th and 19th centuries with the suggestion of "qualities of  and ". Famous British scientists like Stephen hawking and Isaac newton are known for influencing the world. When they were born and the citizenship status of thieir parents can affect if the can be a citizen. Other things that may affect being a citizen of Britain include being married to a British citizen, having indefinite leave to remain (ILR) and then living in the UK for 12 months or if the person had "settled status".

Other things that may let a person apply for citizenship include having a British parent, being a citizen of another British country, not being a citizen of any country or having been a citizen in the past but giving up that citizenship. A person may also be able to apply if their parents came to the UK before 1973 and that person was also born in the UK or moved to it before they were 18. They must also have not moved away from the UK for more than two years.

## References
Oded Fehr

**Oded Fehr** (; born 23 November 1970 in Tel Aviv) is an Israeli film and television actor. He acted in *The Mummy*.