open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
George W. Campbell

**George Washington Campbell** (February 9, 1769–February 17, 1848) was an American statesman. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives as the Representative from Tennessee's at-large congressional district in 1803. He served in the House from 1805-1809, in the 8th, 9th, and 10th Congresses. During the 10th Congress, he was the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. He was also one of the managers appointed in 1804 to conduct the impeachment hearings for John Pickering, judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire, and later in the same year, the impeachment hearings against Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

## Life
Born in Scotland, he immigrated to North Carolina in 1772 with his parents. He graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1794 and began studying law. He was admitted to the bar in North Carolina and began practicing in Knoxville, Tennessee. 

## Political life
He left Congress in 1809 to become judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court, serving until 1811.

He served as a United States Senator from Tennessee twice, once from 1811 to 1814, having been elected to fill the seat of Jenkin Whiteside, and again from 1815 to 1818. His first service was from October 8, 1811 to February 11, 1814, when he resigned to accept appointment as the United States Secretary of the Treasury. He returned to the Senate on October 10, 1815. He served as the first chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and its predecessor from December 4, 1815, until his resignation from the Senate on April 20, 1818; on this occasion to accept appointment as United States Ambassador to Russia, a position he held from 1818-1821. Campbell served as a member of the French Spoliation Claims Commission in 1831.

Appointed Secretary of the Treasury by James Madison, he faced national financial disorder brought on by the War of 1812. Congress had failed to recharter the First Bank of the United States after its charter expired in 1811, and appropriations for the war were unavailable, so Campbell had to convince Americans to buy government bonds. He was forced to meet to lenders terms, selling government bonds at exorbitant interest rates. In September, 1814 the British occupied Washington, D.C. and the credit of the government was lowered even further. Campbell was unsuccessful in his efforts to raise money through additional bond sales and he resigned that October after only eight months in office, disillusioned and in bad health.

He died in 1848 and is buried at Nashville City Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.

Campbell County, Tennessee, is named in his honor.
Saka

The **Sakas** were a population of Iranic nomadic tribesmen lived in the plains of Eurasia from Eastern Europe to China, from the Old Persian Period to the Middle Persian Period. Then Turkic language speakers took their place.

The ancient Greeks called the Sakas the Scythians.

Sakas came across the river Indus and overan Sind and Saurashtra (near Gujrat) .They finally settled down in Kathiawar and malwa. They were often in war with the Satavahanas. Rudradaman, one of their best known king was the one who stopped the expansion of Sata ahana power to the north of river Narmada. The Sakas themselves could not expand to the north as they would have liked to, because Kushanas held them back.

## References
## Books and Articles 
*
* Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. 2002. ''Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines*. Warner Books, New York. 1st Trade printing, 2003.  (pbk).
* Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2006). *Les Saces: Les > d'Asie, VIIIe av. J.-C.-IVe siècle apr. J.-C.* Editions Errance, Paris.  (in French).

## Other websites 
*Genetic journeys and ancestors 
*Hill, John E. 2004. *The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu.* Draft annotated English translation.
*Hill, John E. 2004. *The Peoples of the West from the Weilue* 魏略 *by Yu Huan* 魚豢*: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.'' Draft annotated English translation.
Grenfell, New South Wales

**Grenfell** is a country town in the central west of New South Wales, in Australia. It is in the Weddin Shire. It is  west of Sydney. It is close to Forbes, Cowra and Young.  In 2006 there were 1,994 people living in Grenfell.

## History
The Grenfell area was the home of the Wiradjuri Aborigines. Europeans first settled when gold was found at Emu Creek. The town was renamed after John Grenfell, the Gold Commissioner at Forbes. He had been killed in 1866 when bushrangers attacked a stagecoach on which he was travelling.

By 1870-71 more gold was found at Grenfell than in any other town in NSW. By the middle of the 1870s the gold was running out.  Wheat was first grown in the area in 1871.  The railway reached Grenfell in 1901.

The Grenfell area has been badly affected by drought since 2001. 

## Events
The poet and story writer Henry Lawson was born on the gold fields at Grenfell. On the Queen's Birthday weekend in June every year, the town has *The Henry Lawson Festival of Arts*. Thousands of people come from all over Australia for the art, poetry and writing competitions. Over the years, famous visitors have included Chips Rafferty, Barry Humphries, Patrick White and Sigrid Thornton.

In June 2007, the *Spirit of the Bush Concert* was held. It was organized by Australian of the Year, Lee Kernaghan, local and international star Steve Forde and the Flange, Adam Brand, Leo Sayer, Diesel, and The McClymonts.

## Famous people
Cricketer Stan McCabe, cyclist Reggie "IronMan" McNamara and tennis player Jan Lehane and Creative Writer Adam Burn were born in Grenfell.

## References
## Other websites
* Grenfell's web site
* About the town
* *Sydney Morning Herald* 5 January 2003: Grenfell's attempts to woo people to move to the town.
Mike Vernon

**Michael "Mike" Vernon** (born February 24, 1963) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. For 21 years he played in the National Hockey League, he played as a goaltender for the Calgary Flames, Detroit Red Wings, San Jose Sharks and the Florida Panthers. He won the Stanley Cup twice as a member of the Flames in 1989 and then again in 1997 with the Red Wings, where he also won the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP. In 2002 he retired and started working as a Special Assistant to Vice President of Hockey Operations for Tampa Bay Lightning.

## Awards
* Hap Emms Trophy, Outstanding Goaltender, Memorial Cup Championship - 1983
* William M. Jennings Trophy (shared with Chris Osgood) - 1996
* Conn Smythe Trophy - 1997
* Played in NHL All-Star Game 5 times - 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993
* His number **30** was retired by the Calgary Flames on February 6, 2007.

## Records
Mike Vernon holds the following Calgary Flames franchise records:

* Most games played by a goaltender (526)
* Most wins (262)
* Most minutes played by a goaltender (29,649)
* Most playoff games played by a goaltender (81)
* Most playoff minutes played by a goaltender (4,773)
* Most playoff wins (43)

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs
### International
## Other websites
*

## References
1997 United Kingdom general election

The **UK general election, 1997** was an election held on 1 May 1997 to elect 659 members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The three main candidates to become Prime Minister are shown to the right: 

The Labour Party and its leader Tony Blair gained the majority of seats and created the first Labour government since 1979. The Labour Party won 418 seats which was the highest majority of seats for any party since the Conservatives in the 1931 General Election. The Conservative Party suffered it's lowest number of seats since 1906 and lost all of its seats in Scotland and Wales. Several prominent Conservative politicians lost their seats such as Defence Secretary Michael Portillo, Foreign Secretary Malcolm Rifkind, Scottish Secretary Michael Forsyth as well as Edwina Currie, David Mellor and Ian Lang. 

The Liberal Democrats won 46 seats, which was the highest number of seats for a third party since 1929. The Referendum Party ran on the single issue of taking Britain out of the European Union and won 2.6% of the vote but no seats.

The final results of the election were:

* **Labour Party** (418 MP's, 43.2% of vote)
* **Conservative Party** (165 MP's, 30.7% of vote)
* **Liberal Democrats** (46 MP's, 16.8% of vote)
* Referendum Party (0 MP's, 2.6% of vote)
* **Scottish National Party** (6 MP's, 2.0% of vote) - Scotland only
* **Ulster Unionist Party** (10 MP's, 0.8% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
* **Social Democratic and Labour Party** (3 MP's, 0.6% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
* **Plaid Cymru** (4 MP's, 0.5% of vote) - Wales only
* **Sinn Fein** (2 MP's, 0.4% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
* **Democratic Unionist Party** (2 MP's, 0.3% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
* UK Independence Party (0 MP's, 0.3% of vote)
* Green Party (0 MP's, 0.3% of vote)
* Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (0 MP's, 0.2% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
* Socialist Labour Party (0 MP's, 0.2% of vote)
* Liberal Party (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote)
* British National Party (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote)

## Notes
## References
Chloroform

of chloroform]]

**Chloroform** (also called **trichloromethane**) is a chemical substance. It is an organic compound. Chloroform is one of the  substances that occur in the production of Polytetrafluoroethylene, better known as *Teflon*. Chloroform is used as a solvent. It is a colourless liquid. In the 19th century, it was a widely used anaesthetic.

## History 
The first who reported to have produced Chloroform was the French chemist Eugène Soubeiran, in 1831. Soubeiran took acetone and ethanol, and used bleach powder for the reaction. The American physician Samuel Guthrie prepared gallons of the material and described its "deliciousness of flavor."  Independently, Justus von Liebig also described it. Chloroform was named and chemically characterised in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas. Starting in the 1850s factories made large amounts. Its use as an anesthetic declined in the early to mid-20th century as safer chemicals (like trichloroethylene and halothane) were more used.

## Production 
Chloroform is produced by mixing methane and chlorine at a temperature of 400 to 500°C. In this reaction, the result is a mix of chloromethane, methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.

:\mathrm{CH_4 + Cl_2 \longrightarrow CH_3Cl + HCl}

:\mathrm{CH_3Cl + Cl_2 \longrightarrow CH_2Cl_2 + HCl}

:\mathrm{CH_2Cl_2 + Cl_2 \longrightarrow CHCl_3 + HCl}

:\mathrm{CHCl_3 + Cl_2 \longrightarrow CCl_4 + HCl}

The four compounds get then separated with a distillation.

In laboratories, chloroform can be produced by mixing sodium hypochlorite and acetone together. This is an exothermic reaction, meaning it makes a lot of heat.

## Uses 
The main uses of Chloroform are:
* as a solvent in factories and laboratories (especially chemical, biological and forensic) 
* as an anaesthetic (from 1847 until the 1980s, no longer used)
* as a reagent to make other chemicals, especially refrigerants
* To make someone fall unconscious

## Problems 
Chloroform was used as an anaesthetic during childbirth and surgery, from about 1847. It replaced ether, which was used before. Chloroform is very poisonous, and can cause breathing problems, and problems with the heart. Death from chloroform can come from cardiac arrest. When Chloroform is stored for a longer time period, it can decay into Phosgene. Phosgene was a chemical weapon (poison gas) used during the First World War. Chloroform can cause birth defects and lead to miscarriages. It may cause cancer.

## References
Justin Raimondo

**Justin Raimondo** (born **Dennis Raimondo**; November 18, 1951 &ndash; June 27, 2019) was an American writer and the editorial director of the website Antiwar.com. He was born in White Plains, New York.

Raimondo died on June 27, 2019 in Sebastopol, California from lung cancer at the age of 67.

## References 
## Other websites
* Raimondo's Online Work at AntiWar.com
* Raimondo's Online Work at TakiMag.com
Sexual abuse

**Sexual abuse** (also called **sexual molestation**) is when one person encourages another person to commit a sexual act, harassment or sexual assault. A person who commits sexual abuse is called a molester, abuser, or sexual abuser. When a victim of sexual abuse is under the age of consent, it is known as child sexual abuse. 

Sexual abuse can lead to many psychological problems, including low self-esteem, clinical depression, psychological trauma and other mental disorders, especially if the victim is a child and/or the abuse is severe. 

Some groups of people are more likely to be sexually abused than others. It is common knowledge that girls and women are sexually abused more often than boys and men, and that abusers are usually men. Disabled people, especially disabled girls, are much more likely than non-disabled people to be sexually abused. They are often abused by authority figures in their lives, such as carers. Disabled people are more vulnerable to sexual assault for a number of reasons. People of different races have different rates of being sexually abused. African American girls and women 12 years old and older experience higher rates of sexual abuse.

## Other websites 
* 
* Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network RAINN is the largest anti-sexual assault organization and operates the National Sexual Assault Hotlines.
* Gender Male - False Accusations of Sexual Abuse  First-hand accounts from men falsely accused of rape and its effect on their lives.

## References
Chelsea Clinton

**Chelsea Victoria Clinton** (born February 27, 1980) is the only child of Bill Clinton, former President of the United States, and his wife, former Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.

## Early life and education  
Clinton was born at Baptist Health Medical Center in Little Rock, Arkansas. She moved in to The White House when she was twelve years old when her father, Bill Clinton, became president. She has helped her mother, Hillary Clinton, many times by campaigning for people to elect her mother as the first woman President of the United States.

She has an undergraduate degree from Stanford University, and master's degrees from University of Oxford and Columbia University. She also has a Doctor of Philosophy in international relations from the University of Oxford in 2014..

Clinton is vegetarian.

## Personal life 
On November 30, 2009, it was announced that Clinton was engaged to Marc Mezvinsky, an investment banker. She gave birth to an eldest son Aiden in June 2016.

Her youngest son, Jasper, was born in New York in July 2019.

## References
Crich

**Crich** ( *kryech*)  is a village in the English county of Derbyshire. It is the home of the National Tramway Museum in the Crich Tramway Village.

## Memorial Tower
At the top of Crich Hill is a tower. The tower was built to remember members of the regiment who died in battle, particularly in World War I.

The tower was built in 1923 on the site of an older tower called Crich Stand. The Memorial Tower is the end of an annual pilgrimage on the first Sunday in July. It is  above sea level. The tower has 52 steps to the top. From the top of the tower, eight counties and landmarks such as the Humber Bridge and Lincoln Cathedral can be seen.

## History
Crich is mentioned in 1009 by Ethelred the Unready when he gives away Weston-on-Trent to his minister.

A workhouse opened in 1734 and had 40 people. The workhouse accepted poor people from places, including Melbourne, Pentrich, Willington, Mercaston and Denby.

The television series *Peak Practice* and the 2007 movie *"And When Did You Last See Your Father"* were filmed in Crich.

## Related pages
*National Tramway Museum (Crich Tramway Village)

## References
## Other websites 
*Crich village website
Objectivity (philosophy)

**Objectivity** is a philosophical opinion or method that believes that reality exists outside of the human mind. People can separate their own ideas and opinions from the observations they make. Objective observations are true no matter who makes the observation. Being objective helps people focus on things that everyone can agree on. 

The Scientific method claims objectivity but see epistemology, the philosophy of science and the work of Karl Popper.  The opposite of objectivity is subjectivity.
Rod Paige

**Roderick Raynor "Rod" Paige** (June 17, 1933 &ndash; December 9, 2025) was an American politician and academic who served as the 7th United States Secretary of Education from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African American to serve as the nation's education chief. 

## Early life
Paige was born in Monticello, Mississippi. He earned a bachelor's degree from Jackson State University in Mississippi and a Master's degree and an Ed.D from Indiana University Bloomington.  He also held an honorary doctoral degree from the University of Houston presented to him in 2000.

## U.S. Secretary of Education
Paige was sitting with George W. Bush at the Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, when Bush received the news that a second plane had hit the World Trade Center in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In February 2004, Paige called the National Education Association, the nation's largest teachers union, a "terrorist organization."

On November 15, 2004, Paige announced his resignation after overseeing the President's education agenda for four years. White House domestic policy adviser Margaret Spellings was nominated as his successor. The U.S. Senate confirmed her on January 20, 2005 after Bush's inauguration for a second term.

## Death
Paige died on December 9, 2025 at his home in Houston, Texas at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Joshua Bolten

**Joshua Brewster Bolten** (born August 16, 1954) was the White House Chief of Staff serving U.S. President George W. Bush. Bolten replaced Andrew Card on April 14, 2006.

## References
Edwardian period

, ~1905]]

The **Edwardian era** in the United Kingdom is the period which included the reign of King Edward VII (1901–1910). The "Edwardian era" usually includes some years before and after his reign, up to the First World War.

## History 
King Edward VII was very different from Queen Victoria. Victoria had become almost a recluse after her husband died. On the other hand, Edward was an important leader. Edward and his fashionable friends followed the art and fashions of other European countries. Edward enjoyed travelling, and his visits to Paris improved relations between the two countries.

The United Kingdom was a powerful nation in the nineteenth century. There was  in British science and industry at this time. The British Empire was large. The Royal Navy was the most powerful navy in the world at that time. 

The prosperity of the Edwardian era was built on trade and manufacturing. These were the main industries at the time:
#Mining, especially coal, the main source of power
#Manufacture of iron and steel
#Shipbuilding
#Manufacturing cloth and other fabrics from cotton and wool
#Manufacture household goods and equipment (such as ceramics and cutlery)

The extent of this trade was big. Railways all over the world were built by the British. They were equipped with machinery made in Britain. Germany also became a powerful nation, and the United States was already becoming an industrial giant. By Edward VII's time. Both of these countries were as industrially advanced.

Most British people in the "Edwardian era" were sure that British progress would continue. They were certain that the United Kingdom would continue to be very powerful. The era came to an unexpected end with the First World War. Economically and in human terms, this was a disaster for most of the European nations. 

There was a lot of inequality in society in the United Kingdom in the Edwardian era, as there always had been. Rich people and poor people had very different living standards at this time. 
Most adult men could vote, but women could not. Suffragettes were fighting for the right to vote.

## References 
## Further reading 
* 
*  

## Other websites
*The Edwardian Country House (Channel 4 TV series, very evocative of the period)
*Home Decor from the Edwardian Age (from the BBC)
*Edwardian Promenade (Website devoted to the Edwardian era)
Mary Peters (politician)

**Mary E. Peters** (born December 4, 1948) was the United States Secretary of Transportation. She is the second woman and first Arizonan to hold the position. Peters joined the Arizona Department of Transportation in 1985, and was appointed by Gov. Jane Dee Hull to serve as its director in 1998. In 2006, President Bush appointed Peters as the Co-Vice Chairwoman of the National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission.

## References
Alan Stephenson Boyd

**Alan Stephenson Boyd** (July 20, 1922 &ndash; October 18, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the first United States Secretary of Transportation, appointed by Lyndon Johnson in November 1966.

He was appointed to the Civil Aeronautics Board in 1959 by Dwight Eisenhower and promoted to chairman by John F. Kennedy.

When the Richard M. Nixon administration took power, Boyd left the government and became the president of the Illinois Central Railroad, a position he held from 1969 to 1972.

Boyd died at a retirement home in Seattle, Washington on October 18, 2020 at the age of 98.

## References
Flag of Australia

The **flag of Australia** is a national flag. In 1901, Australia became a single country, instead of six separate colonies. A competition was held to design a new flag for the new country. The winning flag has a blue background, the Union Jack, and six stars. Five stars are in the shape of the constellation the Southern Cross, the other is the Commonwealth Star. The flag has been used from 1903, but did not become the official flag of Australia until 1953. The prize money was ₤200 including ₤75 from a magazine and ₤50 from a tobacco company.

Five flags were almost the same, and they shared first prize. The Prime Minister of Australia, Edmund Barton, announced the winners on 3 September 1901.
* Mrs. Annie Dorrington, an artist, of Perth
* Egbert John Nuttall, an architect, of Melbourne
* Ivor Evans, a 14-year-old school boy, of Melbourne
* Leslie J. Hawkins, an apprentice optician, of Sydney
* William Stevens, a ship's officer, of Auckland, New Zealand.
The winning flag was flown from the top of the Exhibition Building. The Prime Minister Edmund Barton wrote to the Governor-General to get approval from the King for the new flag. This was officially  on February 20, 1903. The Australian flag is the most important flag flown in Australia, and must be given more importance than flags from other countries. When it is raised or lowered people should face the flag and not talk. It should only be used properly, for example, it can not be used to cover a table or a seat, and it can not be allowed to touch the ground.

## Other Australian flags 
The Royal Australian Navy has had its own flag from 1 March 1967. This looks like the national flag but has a white background with blue stars, called the Australian White Ensign. The Royal Australian Air Force got its own flag in 1949. This was changed in 1981 to feature a red kangaroo.

The King of Australia has his own flag for use when he visits Australia. The Governor-General of Australia also has a flag which is flown from his or her official house and from his or her car.

## References
2004 United States presidential election

The **2004 United States presidential election** happened on November 2, 2004. George W. Bush, the incumbent president and Republican candidate, won reelection. He defeated John Kerry, the Democratic candidate, who was the junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts. Foreign policy was the biggest issue during the election mainly because of the War on Terrorism and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.

Since the last presidential election, there were concerns about voting. The winner was not determined until the following day when Kerry decided not to dispute Bush's win in the state of Ohio. The state held enough electoral votes to determine the winner of the presidency. Both Kerry and Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean have stated their opinion that voting in Ohio did not proceed fairly and that, had it done so, the Democratic ticket might have won that state and therefore the election.

Only three states changed which party to vote for. New Mexico and Iowa voted Democratic in 2000, but those states voted Republican in 2004. New Hampshire voted Republican in 2000 but the state voted Democratic in 2004. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 electoral votes, and Kerry received 251 electoral votes. Kerry was supposed to have 252, but one electoral vote that was supposed to go for Kerry went for his running mate, John Edwards.

## Candidates
### Republican
#### Nominees
### Democrats
#### Nominees
#### Withdraw candidates
*John Edwards, U.S. Senator from North Carolina (withdrew on March 2, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
*Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont (withdrew on February 18, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
*Wesley Clark, retired U.S. General from Arkansas (withdrew on February 11, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
*Dennis Kucinich, U.S. Representative from Ohio (withdrew on July 22, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
*Al Sharpton, Reverend and civil rights activist from New York (withdrew on March 15, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
*Joe Lieberman, U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 2000 US Election Democratic vice-presidential nominee (withdrew on February 3, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
*Dick Gephardt, U.S. Representative from Missouri (withdrew on January 20, 2004, and endorsed John Kerry)
*Carol Moseley Braun, former U.S. Senator from Illinois (withdrew on January 15, 2004, and endorsed Howard Dean. She then endorsed John Kerry)
*Bob Graham, U.S. Senator from Florida (withdrew on October 6, 2003, and endorsed John Kerry)

File:John Edwards, official Senate photo portrait.jpg|
File:HowardDeanDNC-cropped.jpg|
File:General Wesley Clark official photograph.jpg|
File:Dennis Kucinich.jpg|
File:Al Sharpton 20060109.jpg|
File:Joe Lieberman official portrait 2 (cropped).jpg|
File: Dick Gephardt.jpg|
File: Carol Moseley Braun NZ.jpg|
File:Bob Graham, official Senate photo portrait, color.jpg|
File:Lyndon LaRouche.jpg|Political Activist**Lyndon LaRouche**of Virginia

## References
Chesterfield

**Chesterfield** is a market town and borough in the county of Derbyshire in the East Midlands of England. It is on the River Rother and the River Hipper. It is Derbyshire's largest town (Derby is a city).

It is a very old town and was founded between 70–100 AD. The town received its market charter from King John in 1204.

It is 24 miles (39 km) north of Derby and 11 miles (18 km) south of Sheffield.

The town is located on the A61 between Derby and Thirsk in North Yorkshire. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) from the M1.

A 2019 census estimated that the borough has around 104,900 residents.

Chesterfield's most famous landmark is Church of St Mary and All Saints. It is famous because of its "crooked spire". The town's football club, Chesterfield F.C., are nicknamed *The Spireites* due to this.

Chesterfield railway station is on the Midland Main Line. Passengers can get local trains to towns and villages around the East Midlands as well as long-distance trains, operated by East Midlands Railway, to London, Sheffield and Nottingham. CrossCountry trains also stop at Chesterfield, providing passengers with direct trains to Birmingham, the North East, Scotland and Cornwall

## Twin towns
Chesterfield is twinned with:
* Darmstadt, Germany
* Troyes, France
* Tsumeb, Namibia
* Yangquan, China

## Gallery

File:Vicar_Lane.JPG|Vicar Lane
File:Chesterfield_Market.JPG|Chesterfield Market
File:Chesterfield's_new_Coach_Station_2013.jpg|Chesterfield Coach Station
File:Chesterfield_v_Aldershot.jpg|Proact Stadium
Metropolitan France

**Metropolitan France** ( or *la Métropole*) is the part of France that is in Europe. It can also be described as mainland France plus the island of Corsica. By contrast, Overseas France (''France d'outre-mer'') is the collective name for all of the French overseas departments, territories and collectivities and New Caledonia. Metropolitan France and Overseas France together form the French Republic.

Metropolitan France covers an area of 551,695&nbsp;km² (213,011 sq. miles). Excluding the territory of Adélie Land in Antarctica, this is 81.8% of the nation's territory. As of January 1, 2011, 63,136,180 people lived in metropolitan France. This is 95.9% of the nation's population.

The five overseas departments – Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, French Guiana, and Mayotte – have the same political status as the departments in metropolitan France. Metropolitan France and these five overseas departments together are sometimes called *France entière* ("entire France") by the French administration, especially by INSEE. This grouping does not include the French overseas collectivities and territories, which have more autonomy than the overseas departments.

## Related pages 
* French colonial empire

## References
Can't Stop This Thing We Started

"'''Can't Stop This Thing We Started'''" is a song by Bryan Adams. The song was the second single from Adams' 1991 album *Waking Up the Neighbours*, a successor of the single "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You".

## The song
The song is a rock song unlike "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You". It reached #2 on the Billboard Hot 100, behind Prince's "Cream". This track received two  at the Grammy Awards of 1992 for Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance, Solo. It did not win either award.

## Track listing
# "Can't Stop This Thing We Started" (4:29)
# "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" [Full length version] (6:38)

## Chart performance
## References
Graeme Pollock

**Robert Graeme Pollock**, known as **Graeme**, (born 27 February 1944 in Durban, Natal, South Africa) was a national cricketer for South Africa. He played in 23 test matches for his country.

He comes from a famous cricketing family, Pollock is widely seen as South Africa's greatest cricketer, and as one of the best left-handed batsmen to have played Test cricket.

## References
Women's suffrage

. These were the first female MPs in the world, elected in Finland's parliamentary elections in 1907.]]
. In the pre-modern era, abbesses could vote in some European national assemblies, because of their rank in the Catholic and Protestant churches.]]'''Women's suffrage''' is the right of women to take part in elections. This means two things, which are not necessarily related: First of all, women are allowed to vote for a candidate in an election, and their vote will be treated the same as any other vote. The second thing is that women can be a candidate, and get elected to hold a political office. There's also the idea that all adult citizens should be allowed to vote. 

Before the 19th century, a few countries had this idea that all adults should be able to vote, but it only applied to men. 

The modern movement for women to gain the right to vote started in France in the late-18th century. The French Republic had been founded after a revolution, and political scientist Antoine Condorcet and activist Olympe de Gouges campaigned for women to be allowed to vote in the national election.

In early cases of women's suffrage, only those women who met certain requirements were given the right to vote in certain kinds of elections. In Sweden, there was conditional women's suffrage during the Age of Liberty (1718–1771). Unmarried women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807. In the 1792 election in Sierra Leone, all heads of household—one-third of whom were women—could vote.

Several British colonies recognised women's suffrage before most countries. The female descendants of the *Bounty* mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838. This right was kept when they were resettled on Norfolk Island in 1856.

Many countries did the same soon after, following similar battles. Limited voting rights were also gained by women in several Western countries in the late&nbsp;19th&nbsp;century, including Sweden, Finland and the United Kingdom. Russian Empire was the first European country to introduce women's suffrage, in 1906. It also elected the world's first female members of parliament in its 1907 elections. At that time it was a part of the Russian Empire. In the years before World War&nbsp;I, women in Norway (1913) and Denmark (1915) also won the right to vote, as did women in the other Australian states. In most other Western countries, women's suffrage came at the end of World War&nbsp;I.

Ceylon, now called Sri Lanka, recognised the right in 1931. It elected the world's first female head of government, Sirimavo Bandaranaike, in the country's 1960 elections. Women's suffrage was explicitly recognised as a right by the United Nations in 1979.

## Related pages 
*Suffrage
*Suffragette

## References
Uttoxeter

**Uttoxeter** is a small market town and civil parish in East Staffordshire, Staffordshire, England. In 2001, 12,023 people lived there. This number was expected to grow when new developments in the town finished. Uttoxeter is close to the River Dove. It is near the cities of Stoke-on-Trent, Derby and Lichfield. It is twinned with Raisdorf in Germany (with whom close links are still maintained), and Fumel in France.

## References
Southampton Corporation Tramways

is now preserved at Crich Tramway Village, and is seen on 24 September 2008 at Glory Mine.]]
**Southampton Corporation Tramways** was a transport company that opened in 1879 and closed in 1949. At first the trams were horse-drawn, but later they were powered by electricity.

## Background
Southampton, a city of the United Kingdom located in Hampshire, was becoming bigger in the nineteenth century. The population was 27,000 people in 1841.  This was because the docks were becoming much more used. Also, a railway openened in 1839 and a horse-drawn omnibus service started at as well. By 1843 a regular service was running from the station to Millbrook, Eling, Bitterne, Shirley, Portswood, Totton and Romsey. Because of this, by 1861 the population had become 42,000.

By 1872 tramways were a lot more popular. The British and Foreign Tramway Company contacted Southampton Corporation with an idea to set up a tramway in the town. Lots of people were against the idea. The Corporation did not allow tram tracks to be put in the High Street and Above Bar. The British and Foreign Tramway Company stopped thinking about the idea. the only road route between Southampton High Street and Above Bar was through the arch in the centre of the Bargate. In 1923
* **45** was sold for £10 to the Light Railway Transport League in 1949. It was the very first tram to be preserved. It is now at Crich Tramway Village and runs regularly.
* **57** was discovered in woods at Romsey in 1972. It was rescued in 1975. This tram is under restoration by HIAS.

## References
## Other websites
*Fleet list
Terry Nation

**Terry Nation** (8 August 1930 – 9 March 1997) was a Welsh television screenwriter. 

He is best known for creating the Daleks in 1963 in the long-running science fiction television series *Doctor Who*. Nation also created two science-fiction shows - Survivors and ''Blake's 7.
Gary Sobers

Sir **Garfield St Aubrun Sobers** (born 28 July 1936 in St Michael, Barbados), generally known as **Gary Sobers**, is a former West Indian cricketer. He is widely regarded as cricket's greatest-ever all-rounder, having been a brilliant left-handed batter, an outstanding fielder, and a highly effective bowler who could bowl all varieties of left-arm bowling from spin to fast.

Sobers played for Barbados for over twenty years from 1952 to 1974. He also had three seasons in Australia with South Australia (1961–62 to 1963–64), and seven seasons in England with Nottinghamshire (1968 to 1974). In international cricket, he represented the West Indies in 93 Test matches between 1953 and 1974. His highest score in a Test match was 365* against Pakistan in 1958. This was the world record in Test cricket for many years, until it was overtaken by Brian Lara. One of Sobers' most remarkable feats was hitting six sixes in one over, at Swansea in 1968, the first time this had been done in a first-class match.

## References
Rogério Ceni

**Rogério Mücke Ceni** (born 22 January 1973) better known as **Rogério Ceni**, is a retired Brazilian football player. He was a goalkeeper. He played for the football team São Paulo from 1990 to 2015. Ceni had been the holder of his position since 1997. He retired in December 2015.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1992||rowspan="19"|São Paulo||rowspan="19"|Série A||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1994||5||0||0||0||8||0||13||0
|-
|1995||3||0||4||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||25||1||4||0||11||0||40||1
|-
|1998||22||0||6||0||5||0||33||0
|-
|1999||18||2||3||0||8||1||29||3
|-
|2000||22||3||12||1||5||0||39||4
|-
|2001||21||0||6||0||4||0||31||0
|-
|2002||19||1||8||1||0||0||27||2
|-
|2003||40||2||6||0||8||0||54||2
|-
|2004||44||3||0||0||16||2||60||5
|-
|2005||38||10||0||0||16||5||54||15
|-
|2006||29||8||0||0||13||3||41||11
|-
|2007||35||7||0||0||13||0||48||7
|-
|2008||35||4||0||0||11||0||46||4
|-
|2009||16||2||0||0||3||0||19||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
373||43||49||2||121||11||543||56
373||43||49||2||121||11||543||56
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||2||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||4||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||15||0
|}

## Coaching statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Sinop**
*Campeonato Mato-Grossense: 1990

**São Paulo**
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2006, 2007, 2008
*Campeonato Paulista: 1998, 2000, 2005
*Supercampeonato Paulista: 2002
*Torneio Rio–São Paulo: 2001
*Copa Libertadores: 2005
*Copa Sudamericana: 2012
*Copa CONMEBOL: 1994
*Copa Master de CONMEBOL: 1996
*Intercontinental Cup: 1993
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2005

**Brazil**
*FIFA World Cup: 2002
*FIFA Confederations Cup: 1997

**Individual**
*Bola de Prata: 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008
*Bola de Ouro: 2008
*Copa Libertadores Best Player: 2005
*FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2005
*FIFA Club World Cup MVP of the Final Match Trophy: 2005
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Player of the Year: 2006, 2007
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2006, 2007

### Coach
**Fortaleza**
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2018
*Campeonato Cearense: 2019, 2020
*Copa do Nordeste: 2019

**Flamengo**
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2020
*Supercopa do Brasil: 2021
*Campeonato Carioca: 2021

**Individual**
*Campeonato Cearense Best Coach: 2019, 2020
*Campeonato Paulista Best Coach: 2022
*Bola de Prata: 2020

## Other websites 
* Official Site 
* IFFHS Top Division goal scorer ranking among Goalkeepers

## References
Inauguration

, Latvia in 1914]]
**Inauguration** is a ceremony marking the beginning of a politician taking office or the opening of, for example, a bridge.

When a politician, for example a President, takes office, he may make an oath of office in front of an audience as part of the inauguration ceremony.

The Inauguration of the President of the United States takes place on January 20 in the year after an election. 

## Related pages
* Coronation
* Enthronement
* Incumbent
Beige

**Beige** is a very pale brown color. 

The name comes from *beige cloth*, a woolen fabric left in its natural color. It then came to be used for a range of light tints of yellow chosen for their neutral or pale warm colored appearance.  

In the 1920s, the meaning of the term *beige* expanded to the point where it is now also used for not only for pale yellows but also for a wide range of pale brown shades.

The first recorded use of *beige* as a color name in English was in 1887. 

The color beige means  neutral, calm, and relaxing.

## Meaning of beige 
* Since many computers are colored beige (an ordinary non-remarkable computer is sometimes called a *beige box*), and since most people who are employed nowadays use computers, the color beige has come to represent the world of work.

## Tones of beige color comparison chart 
## Related pages
* List of colors

## References
Fahmida Mirza

**Dr. Fahmida Mirza** (), sometimes also spelled as **Fehmida Mirza** (born December 20, 1956), is a medical doctor, agriculturist and businesswoman from Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. She was elected as the first female Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan on March 19, 2008. She is also the first female parliamentary speaker in the Muslim world.
Dominion of Pakistan

The **Dominion of Pakistan** was an independent federal dominion within the British Empire that was created in 1947 by the partition of British India into two sovereign dominions (the other being the Union of India). The Dominion of Pakistan was under the autonomy of the British Empire. It existed between 14 August 1947 and 23 March 1956 when the dominion was dissolved and Pakistan officially gained full independence from the British Empire and became an independent republic.

The dominion included modern-day Pakistan (called West Pakistan) and Bangladesh (East Pakistan). It was supposed to be a homeland for the Muslims of the Indian sub-continent and of the former British India. It became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956. The eastern part of the country became independent as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971.
Digital signal processor

converts analog signal to digital, then DAC returns it back to analog format after processing]]

A **digital signal processor** (**DSP** or **DSP micro**) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing, generally used in real-time computing.

Digital signal processing algorithms require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly on a set of data.  Signals are converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted again to form digital to analog, as shown in the diagram.  Many digital signal processing applications have real-time constraints; that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some time limit.

The microarchitecture of a digital signal processor is optimized specifically for digital signal processing applications.

## Related pages
*Digital Signal Controller

## References
Lies for the Liars

***Lies for the Liars*** is a full-length album released in 2007 by The Used.

## Track listing
* All songs written by The Used.
# "The Ripper" – 2:56
# "Pretty Handsome Awkward" – 3:32
# "The Bird and the Worm" – 3:46
# "Earthquake" – 3:29
# "Hospital" – 2:57
# "Paralyzed" – 3:13
# "With Me Tonight" – 3:06
# "Wake the Dead" – 4:14
# "Find a Way" – 3:23
# "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" – 2:52
# "Smother Me" – 4:20 

### Hidden track
"Smother Me" ends at 4:20 but runs to 6:17 due to the addition of a hidden track titled "Queso". "Queso" is a 30&nbsp;second song that is about a quesadilla. Though it was first released on The Used's MySpace in late 2006, most fans talked about it on message boards and thought of it as a joke - it was not expected to actually be on the album.

## The music
*Lies for the Liars* contains emotive, heartfelt and sometimes sarcastic or Gothic lyrics. It has more swearing than previous The Used albums, but this is used on fewer songs. For example, "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" swears 10 times.

The first song "The Ripper" has an ending that makes the CD appear to be stuck, but its only part of the song.
Ford Anglia

The **Ford Anglia** was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1939 through 1967.

Image:Ford Anglia Bj ca 1949 Photo 2008 Castle Hedingham.JPG|First Generation
Image:Ford.anglia.bristol.750pix.jpg|Second Generation
Image:Ford-anglia-101e-1958.jpg|Third Generation
Image:1967.ford.anglia.arp.750pix.jpg|Fourth Generation
Estádio da Ressacada

The **Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva**, usually called **Estádio da Ressacada** or just **Ressacada**, is a football stadium inaugurated on November 15, 1983 in Carianos neighborhood, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with a maximum capacity of approximately 19,000 people. The stadium is owned by Avaí. Its formal name honors Aderbal Ramos da Silva, who was president of the Santa Catarina Football Federation and was also governor of the state.

Several matches of the Brazilian football team, as well as the Brazilian Olympic team were played at Ressacada Stadium.

This stadium should not be confused with Blumenau's stadium, which is also called Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, however it is nicknamed DEBA, and has a maximum capacity of 4,000 people.

## History
In 1982, to replace the old Estádio Adolfo Konder, Avaí bought a groundplot close to the city's airport (Hercílio Luz International Airport). The construction works were led by Cairo Bueno, and the stadium was designed by the architect Davi Ferreira Lima.

The inaugural match was played on November 15, 1983, when Vasco da Gama beat Avaí 6-1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Vasco da Gama's Wilson Tadei.

On May 31, 1986, the stadium lights were inaugurated.

The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 19,000, set on July 17, 1988 when Avaí beat Blumenau 2-0, for the Campeonato Catarinense final.

## References
**Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro*, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.

## Other websites
*Templos do Futebol
*Avaí's Official website
Flag of France

The **Flag of France** is called the "Tricolour" (). It was adopted 15 February 1794. It is blue, white and red. 1976 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing chose the light colors.

## History 
There were a lot of flags in the history of France. 
File:Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg|Flag of France in the 12th century
File:Flag of France (XIV-XVI).svg|Flag of France until the 14th century
File:Royal Flag of France.svg|Royal Flag of France (Bourbon Dynasty)
File:Royal Standard of the King of France.svg|Flag of the King of France
File:Flag of France (1790–1794).svg|Flag of France from 1790 until 1794
File:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974).svg|Flag of France during the Napoleonic Wars
File:White flag of surrender.svg|Flag of France from 1815 to 1848
File:Drapeau france 1848.svg|Flag of France in 1848
File:Flag of Philippe Pétain, Chief of State of Vichy France.svg|Flag of Vichy France
File:Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg|Flag of Free France
File:Flag of France.svg|Current Flag of France (Used in the darker shade)
File:Flag of France (2024–present).svg|Current Flag of France  (Used in the light shade)

## References
Coat of arms of France

The **national emblem** of France has been a symbol of the country since 1953. It is not officially the coat of Arms but it appears on French passports.

On it you can see:
* A wide shield with the head of a lion and two letters, "RF". This means *République Française* (French Republic in *french*).
* A laurel branch that symbolises victory of the Republic.
* An oak branch that symbolises perenity or wisdom.
* The fasces is a symbol associated with justice (from Roman axes.
Opel Zafira

**Opel Zafira** is a car produced by the German carmaker Opel since 1999, and is branded as Vauxhall Zafira in Great Britain.

## Replacement of the Sintra
The Zafira is sometimes said to be the replacement of the Sintra, because it was introduced roughly around the same time it was discontinued. Also, they were both minivans. However, the Zafira was in a different segment, and Opel had not intended this.

## Gallery

Opel Zafira front 20080811.jpg|First Generation (A)
Opel Zafira front 20080906.jpg|Second Generation (B)
Opel Zafira Tourer 1.4 Turbo ecoFLEX Edition (C) – Frontansicht, 15. September 2012, Düsseldorf.jpg|Third Generation (C)
Opel Zafira Life M Leonberg 2019 IMG 0038.jpg|Fourth Generation (Rebadged Citroën SpaceTourer van)
If Only You Were Lonely

***If Only You Were Lonely*** is the second studio album by Hawthorne Heights. Many listeners consider the album more on the dark side, than the first Hawthorne Heights album.

The album includes a few songs where death growls are absent, and others where it is only used in a small part of the song, to make it fit better. Previously, they would use these harsh vocals a lot more.

It had three singles: "Saying Sorry", "This is Who We Are" and "Pens and Needles".

## Track listing
## References