Unserdeutsch

**Rabaul Creole German** (also called **Unserdeutsch**, our German) is a creole language spoken in Papua New Guinea, and parts of Australia. It is the only German-based Creole language with an ISO code. It was developed in Papua New Guinea, around 1900. At that time, Papua New Guinea was a German colony. Today, most speakers live in Eastern Australia. Most speakers are old, so the language will soon disappear.   Australian speakers of Unserdeutsch now live scattered in cities on the east coast, but communicate with one another in closed groups of social networks. It is estimated that fewer than ten Unserdeutsch speakers live in Papua New Guinea today.  All speakers of Unserdeutsch know at least two other languages. In most cases, these are English and Tok Pisin. Estimates are that there are about 100 speakers left.

## Origin 
Unserdeutsch developed around 1900 around today's provincial capital Kokopo. At the time, this city was called Herbertshöhe. It was the seat of the provincial governor of German New Guinea. There was a Catholic school at the outskirts of town, which taught mixed-race children standard German. Most of the time, the mothers were locals, from Melanesia, and the fathers were Europeans; most often from Germany. They were civil servants, traders, and adventurers.  Even after German rule in Papua New Guinea ended, the Vunapope mission station (which ran the school) remained in German hands with German as a school subject and even partly as the language of instruction. Since the children who developed Unserdeutsch often kept to themselves as mixed-race children and got married, they passed their Unserdeutsch on to the next generation and Unserdeutsch became the Creole language. After Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia in 1975, most of the Unserdeutsch speakers decided to take on Australian citizenship and to emigrate to Australia, especially Queensland, because offices and posts in their homeland were to be filled by indigenous Papuans.

Unserdeutsch is a spoken language; there is no governing body that regulates how to write it.

Linguists at the University of Augsburg (now: University of Bern) began to research Unserdeutsch in 2014.

## Grammar 
Nouns in Unserdeutsch have no gender. The article is always called “de”, for example de Mann, de Frau, de Haus. The plural of a noun is formed by prefixing the word “alle” with: “alle Frau”, “alle Knabe”. Interrogative pronouns are often  placed at the end of the question sentence (“Du geht wo? "). Sometimes, words from Tok Pisin and English are used, for example “aufpicken”  (In English: to pick up) for “abholen” (translates as fetch). Unserdeutsch is a strict SVO language.

## Planned languages as alternatives 
Two planned languages were developed to be used in German colonies: One is called Weltdeutsch, the other is called Kolonialdeutsch.

## Books 
* Péter Maitz u.&nbsp;a .: *De boy, de mädhen, de coconut* . In: *research.* The magazine of the German Research Foundation. Issue 4/2017, , p.&nbsp;&nbsp;16-21.
* Péter Maitz: *Unserdeutsch (Rabaul Creole German).* *A forgotten colonial variety of German in the Melanesian Pacific.* In: Alexandra N. Lenz (ed. ): *German Abroad - Perspectives on Variational Linguistics, Language Contact and Multilingualism Research.* V&nbsp;&&nbsp;R unipress, Göttingen 2016, p.&nbsp;211-240.
* Stefan Engelberg: *The German Language in the South Seas.* *Language Contact and the Influence of Language Politics and Language Attitudes* . In: Mathias Schulze u.&nbsp;a. (Ed. ): *German Diasporic Experience.* *Identity, Migration, and Loss.* Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo 2008, ISBN 978-1-55458-027-9, pp.&nbsp;317–329.
* Susanne Mühleisen: ''Emil Schwörer's "Colonial German" (1916).* In: *PhiN* 31/2005 (article on Unserdeutsch and other varieties).
* Craig A. Volker: *The rise and decline of Rabaul Creole German, Language and Linguistics in Melanesia* . In: John Lynch (ed. ): *Oceanic studies: proceedings of the first international conference on oceanic linguistics.* Australian National University, Canberra 1996, ISBN 0-85883-440-5 .
* Craig A. Volker: *Rabaul Creole German Syntax.* In: *Working Papers in Linguistics,* University of Hawaii 21/1989, pp.&nbsp;153–189.
* Peter Mühlhäusler: *Tracing the roots of pidgin German.* In: *Language and Communication* 4 / (1) / 1984, pp.&nbsp;27–57,  .
* Peter Mühlhäusler: *Comments on the “Pidgin German” of New Guinea.* In: Carol Molony, Helmut Zobl, Wilfried Stölting (eds. ): *German in Contact with other Languages.* Scriptor Verlag, Kronberg 1977, ISBN 3-589-20551-2, pp.&nbsp;58–70.

## Other websites 
* *Unserdeutsch (Rabaul Creole German) * on the website of the Institute for German Studies at the University of Bern
* Unserdeutsch entry at *Ethnologue*
*       on the website of the Society for Endangered Languages
* Felix Zeltner, Erol Gurian: Wir sind die letzten Tropfen der Deutschen in der Südsee  In: mare, no.&nbsp;83, December 2010 / January 2011, pp.&nbsp;40–49 (detail)
* Hans Kratzer: Man spricht Unserdeusch In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Online, 25.&nbsp;December 2014
* Matthias Heine: *Unserdeutsch - How children from New Pomerania invented a language.* In: Die Welt, 3.&nbsp;April 2016
* Oliver Meier: *Unserdeutsch: Oral legacy of the German missionaries in the Pacific.* *Forgotten German in the jungle.* On: Radio SRF, 12.&nbsp;June 2017.
* *Where German is spoken in the Pacific'' (article from 8. November 2016 in BR24, video, 3:36 min)
* Dictionary Unserdeutsch-German
* Fabian von Poser: Man spricht deutsch In: Frankfurter allgemeine Zeitung, 1.&nbsp;October 2020

## References