open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Biologist

was a famous biologist.]]
A **biologist** is a scientist who studies biology. Biologists study living organisms.
There are many different kinds of biologists. Some of these include:

*Those who study fish and ocean plants. They are called marine biologists. 
*Those who study very small bacteria or viruses. 
*Other scientists study groups of animals. 
*People who look at DNA in cells are called geneticists. 
*Some biologists study using cells in factories and companies, and that is called biotechnology.

## History 
Francesco Redi is the creator of experimwntal biology.   Robert Hooke was an English philosopher.  He used a microscope to discover the *cell*. Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace found evolution independently, without the help of the other.

## References
Future

The **future** is something that has not happened yet. Once that something has happened, it is called the past. If it is happening now, it is called the . And the study of social advancement in the future is called futurology.

Movies, television shows and books that tell made-up stories about the future are often called science fiction, however, there is also science fiction which takes place in the past, and fiction that takes place in the future but is not science fiction.

## Other information
"Futures studies is the [study or the] systematic study of possible [futures], probable [futures] and preferable futures", according to media.
Testicular cancer

**Testicular cancer** is cancer in one or both testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. In the United States, about 8,000 to 9,000 people are diagnosed with the cancer every year. Every male has a 1 in 250 (four tenths of one percent, or 0.4%) chance of being diagnosed with it. It is most common among males aged 15-40 years. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers; more than 90%. This is most often achieved by removing one or both testicles. Even in the small number of cases where the cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least 50%.

## Symptoms and early detection 
Because testicular cancer is curable (stage I can have a success rate of >95%) when detected early, experts recommend regular monthly testicular self-examination after a hot shower or bath, when the scrotum is looser.  Men are advised to feel each testicle, feeling for pea-shaped lumps.
Symptoms of testicular cancer include one or more of the following:
* a lump in one testis or a hardening of one of the testicles
* pain and tenderness in the testicles
* build-up of fluid in the scrotum
* a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
* a change in the size of a testicle
* blood in semen

How bad the cancer is and whether it is present at all is often discovered through ultrasound of the testicles, x-rays, and/or CT scans.  Blood tests are also used to identify and measure tumour markers that are only in a person's blood if they have testicular cancer.  Biopsies should not be performed because it increases the risk of migrating cancer cells into the scrotum.
Fetus

A **fetus** or **foetus** is the stage that an organism goes through before it is born as a baby. In humans a fetus is the stage (time of development) after the embryonic stage, and begins during the third to eighth week of development after fertilization of the egg. The fetal stage lasts from 8 weeks after fertilization to birth. This stage can also take 9-12 weeks where the risk of any birth defects happening is increased.

## Society and culture 
Many countries consider the fetus to be a . It has happened in times of famine, in some parts of the world, where they were consumed. Sometimes it is served straight after the abortion. Other cultures consider the placenta (afterbirth), which comes out after the fetus in the second delivery, to be edible. However most say that it is not healthy or beneficial, and is also unsafe. The afterbirth might contain harmful bacteria which might be harmful to the person eating it, causing them to get sick. However these are probably removed during cooking. Other health organisations, such as Health Canada, say that it is not beneficial.  

The placenta, which comes after the fetus, is cooked more often in the developed world, which do not typically practise those types of intentional abortions. It is said to contain a lot of vitamins and minerals. The placenta is covered in and full of blood, which the fetus has used. Placenta is usually boiled or eaten raw. It is also ground up and taken in pill form. 

## References
Particle

atom.]]

A **particle** is a tiny bit of matter that makes up everything in the universe. In particle physics, an elementary particle is a particle which cannot be split up into smaller pieces.

There are many different types of particles, with different particle sizes and properties.

*Macroscopic particles* are particles that are larger than atoms or molecules. They have volume and shape. Powder and dust are some examples of macroscopic particles. Nanoparticles are an intermediate size, being a very fine powder but much larger than atoms.

Atoms and molecules are called *microscopic particles*. *Subatomic particles* are particles that are smaller than atoms. The proton, the neutron, and the electron are subatomic particles. These are the particles which make atoms. The proton has a  charge (a + charge). The neutron has a neutral charge. The electron has a negative charge (a - charge), and it is the smallest of these three particles. In atoms, there is a small nucleus in the center, which is where the protons and neutrons are, and electrons orbit the nucleus.

Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks. Quarks are subatomic particles, but they are also elementary particles because we do not know if they are made up of even smaller particles. There are six different types of quarks. These are the up quark, the down quark, the strange quark, the charm quark, the bottom quark, and the top quark. A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. The proton is made up of two up quarks and one down quark.
Rosie O'Donnell

'''Roseann "Rosie" O'Donnell'* (born March 21, 1962) is an American television personality, actress, comedienne and writer. She gained exposure by appearing on *Star Search*, a talent show.

Her daytime talk show, *The Rosie O'Donnell Show*, began in 1996 and ran until 2002.  She briefly hosted a primetime talk show on the Oprah Winfrey Network called *The Rosie Show'' from 2011 until 2012.

O'Donnell won an Emmy Award in 1999. She is openly lesbian and has been married twice.  She has adopted five children.

O'Donnell was the host of the panel talk show *The View* on ABC from 2006 until 2007, when she was replaced by Whoopi Goldberg.  She returned to *The View* in 2014 for a few months.

In August 2012, O'Donnell suffered a heart attack. She hosted a stand-up comedy event that aired on HBO for Valentine's Day in 2015, called ''Rosie O'Donnell: A Heartfelt Standup*. In the documentary, she detailed her life since her heart attack.

She has appeared on the Showtime series *Smilf* as the character Tutu since 2017.

In October 2018, she became engaged to Boston police officer Elizabeth Rooney. They dated for a year beforehand.

## Movies 
* *A League of Their Own* (1992)
* *Sleepless in Seattle* (1993)
* *Another Stakeout* (1993)
* *Fatal Instinct* (1993)
* *Car 54, Where Are You?* (1994)
* *I'll Do Anything* (1994)
* *The Flintstones* (1994)
* *Exit to Eden* (1994)
* *Now and Then* (1995)
* *Beautiful Girls* (1996)
* *Harriet the Spy* (1996)
* *A Very Brady Sequel* (1996) (Cameo appearance)
* *Wide Awake* (1998)
* *Get Bruce* (1999) (documentary)
* *Tarzan* (1999) (voice)
* *The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas* (2000)
* *Artists and Orphans: A True Drama* (2001)
* *Hedwig and the Angry Inch* (2001)
* *Last Party 2000* (2001)
* *The Lady in Question Is Charles Busch* (2005)
* *Show Business* (2005)
* *Pursuit of Equality* (2005)
* *All Aboard! Rosie's Family Cruise* (2006)
**Rosie O'Donnell: A Heartfelt Standup'' (2015)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
* 
* 
* 
*
Ass

**Ass** can mean different things:

*A donkey
*A person's buttocks (rear end)
*Calling someone an **ass** means that they are being . It is considered an insult to call someone an ass.

## Related pages
*Jackass
*Asshole
Tissue

plant stem with several layers of different tissue types:
1.  pith
2.  protoxylem
3.  xylem 
4.  phloem 
5.  sclerenchyma (bast fibre)
6.  cortex
7.  epidermis]]

A **Tissue** forms part of an organ in plants or animals. Tissues are groups of cells that work together to do a job in the body. They are a group of cells having the same origin, structure and function. The cells look the same or almost the same. The work the cells in a tissue do is the same or almost the same. 

The four main kinds of tissue in animals are:
# connective tissue
# muscles
# nerves 
# epithelial tissue 

Organs are made up of more than one kind of tissue. The heart is an organ. It is made up of different tissues. It has muscle tissue called myocardium. It has connective tissue on the inside (endocardium), and on the outside (pericardium). The heart has valves that make sure the blood goes the right way through the heart. So the heart is an organ made from several tissues. 

The study of the structure of tissues under a microscope is called histology.
Cock

**Cock** can mean different things:

*A **cock** is a male chicken (also called a rooster)
***Cock** is a slang term for penis
*The Antonov An-22 aircraft, called "Cock" by NATO
Shit

**Shit** is a slang word for feces. Shit is a swear word (an offensive, , or impolite word) to most English speakers. It can mean bad things other than feces, depending on the context. It can be used as an angry exclamation, which is something said loudly or with strong emotion. It can be an adjective that means low quality or worthless. It can be a verb that means to produce feces (poop). The related form bullshit is a slang word with meanings that include nonsense and lies.

The general etymology of this is from the three words (of different languages): Old English "scitte", Dutch "schijiten", German "scheiße". A word in Japanese with a similar meaning is "kuso" (糞).
Piss

**Piss** or **pissed** are slang words for:
*Urine
*Being drunk
*The emotional state of anger ''(e.g.: "I'm really pissed (off) about this!")''
Cunt

**Cunt** is an abusive word that is used against people as an insult. It can also be slang, for the vagina, or vulva.

Unlike many words of profanity that came from Anglo-Saxon, this word came from a Latin one (*cuneus*, meaning a wedge shape). After the Norman invasion of England, it replaced the native word for vagina, 'mægeþblæd'.
Dick

**Dick** could mean:
* *Dick* (movie), a comedy movie about the Watergate scandal, with Richard Nixon as a character

* Dick, as slang meaning:
**Penis
**Dick (insult), a rude person
* Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran), DIC(K)
* The Dicks, a hardcore punk band
* *Carry On Dick*, a 1974 film
* **A nickname for Richard**

'''Dick's''' could mean:
* Dick's Drive-In, a Seattle, Washington-based fast food chain
* Dick's Sporting Goods, a major sporting goods retailer in the United States

## People 
### Surname
* Bernhard Dick, a German chemist 
* Klaus Dick, a German bishop
* Philip Kindred Dick, a science-fiction author
* Uwe Dick, a German novelist

### Given name
* Dick Clark, an American entertainer
* Dick Durbin, a Senator from Illinois
* Dick Van Dyke, an American actor
* Dick Irvin, a Canadian hockey player
* Dick Cheney, former Vice President of the United States
* Dick Van Patten, an American actor and activist
Nut

**Nut** or **nuts** can mean different things:
*Nut (fruit), a seed or fruit inside a hard outer shell, many of which are eaten as food
*A nut (hardware) screws onto a bolt (fastener) to hold two things together
*The exclamation, "Nuts!" can be used to mean "That is a shame" or "Too bad"
*Nuts is a slang term for the testicles and scrotum
*Nut is a slang term for sexual ejaculate.
*Nut is an Egyptian goddess.
* A nut is a slang term for someone who is crazy
* To go nuts is a slang term for being out of control.
Bitch

A **bitch** is a  female dog. 

It is also used as a slang insult used to mean a nasty woman. It is possibly derived from the fact that *bitch* is used in other ways, however, such as in the phrase *son of a bitch* (also *son of a gun*) or *bitchy*. Bitch became a term to degrade and insult women as early in 15th century. It's use then surged specially in music industry in 70's. Women started to embrace the word as a term of empowerment.
## References
Ball and chain

A **ball and chain** is a device historically worn by prisoners. It consists of a heavy iron ball attached to the prisoner's ankle with a chain and shackle. It stops the prisoner from running away.

The ball and chain was mainly used in the British Empire and its penal colonies. It was used from the 17th century until as late as the mid 20th century.

## References
Cum

**Cum** can mean different things:
***Cum** is a slang term for semen
*The verb form **cum** is a slang term for the act of ejaculation, or for having an orgasm.
Faggot (food)

]]
A **faggot** is a kind of meatball, a traditional dish in the UK, especially the southwest of England, Wales, and the Black Country. It is made from meat off-cuts and offal, especially pork. A faggot is usually made from pig heart, liver and fatty belly meat or bacon minced together, with herbs for flavouring and sometimes breadcrumbs.  The mixture is shaped in the hand into balls, wrapped round with caul (a membrane from the pig's abdomen), and baked. A similar dish, *almôndega*, is traditional in Portugal. This dish is also popular in the United States.
Pneumoconiosis

**Pneumoconiosis** is an occupational disease and type of restrictive lung disease. It does not involve necrotic (dead) tissue, so it is called noncaseating sometimes when reading. It is not infective, which means it is not spread between people. It is a progressive (gets worse with time) degenerative disorder. 

It is caused by air pollution in the form of tiny particles. It was common among coal miners because they breath coal dust regularly during their work. Another type of pneumoconiosis is asbestosis, which is caused by breathing in asbestos fibers. Another example of pneumoconiosis is silicosis, caused by inhaling (breathing) very small silica particles in to the lungs.

All forms of pneumoconiosis shorten life, and have no cure. There is help in some countries for occupational diseases which a doctor, lawyer, or a work uni on or employer might be able to give out leaflets. 

## Indications 
#occupational dust risk: worked (as e.g. cleaner, insulation installer, factory or dangerous materials worker without PPE or proper ventilation)
#shortness of breath (dyspnea)
#chest X-ray may show the lung with a ground-glass appearance and typical signs of a restrictive lung disease, with consolidation, affecting the subpleural space and broncovascular vessels
#volcanoes: inside of volcanic ash or dust

## Trivia 
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is a fictional lung disease caused by the breathing-in of very small particles of sand or quartz dust found in volcanoes. It was first seen in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1936. It is "an artificial long word", invented in 1935 by Everett Smith, president of the National Puzzlers' League (N.P.L.), at its annual meeting. 

## Related pages 
*Silicosis
*Asbestosis

## References
Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu

]]
**Taumatawhakatangi&shy;hangakoauauotamatea&shy;turipukakapikimaunga&shy;horonukupokaiwhen&shy;uakitanatahu** is the Maori name of a hill in New Zealand. The short form **Taumata** is used in everyday talk. The hill is 305 meters high.

It has 85 letters in its name. It is one of the longest place names in the world, while being the largest hill name.

## References
Llanfairpwllgwyngyll

**Llanfairpwllgwyngyll**, officially **Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch** (pronounced *llan-vire-pooll-gwin-gill-go-gare-urch-wyn-drob-ooll-andus-ilio-gogo-goch*), also known as **Llanfair Pwllgwyngyll**, **Llanfair PG** or just **Llanfairpwll**, is a large village and community on Anglesey, an island in Wales. In a 2018 study, it had a population of 2,999 residents.

It is situated just across the Menai Strait from the city of Bangor.

It is famous for having for the longest place name in Europe and the second-longest official one-word place name in the world, right after the hill **Taumata­whakatangihanga­koauau­o­tamatea­turi­pukaka­piki­maunga­horo­nuku­pokai­whenua­ki­tana­tahu** located in **Pōrangahau**, New Zealand. The village's official name contains 58 characters and 19 syllables. It translates into English as ''St Mary's Church in the Hollow of the White Hazel near a Rapid Whirlpool and the Church of St. Tysilio near the Red Cave''. The village was given this long name as a publicity stunt to bring people to the village in the Victorian era of railway tourism. The stunt was successful.

A 2011 survey revealed that 71% of the village's population can speak Welsh.

The village has a railway station, known as *Llanfairpwll railway station*. The station is known for its huge sign of the village's name and how to pronounce it. The station provides direct trains to Holyhead to the west and Manchester, Crewe, Chester, Shrewsbury, Birmingham, and South Wales to the east.The station is also what is called a request stop making it not have any trains scheduled to stop.

## Gallery

File:UK_longest_railway_sign.jpg|Station sign
File:Llanfair_Pwllgwyngyll_roofscape_(1)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1058331.jpg|View over Llanfairpwllgwyngyll
File:Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.JPG|James Pringle Weavers Shop with a translation of the village's name
File:Llanfair_Church.jpg|St Mary's Church
Fark.com

**Fark** is a comedy website and forums.

Fark was started by Drew Curtis in 1999 as a weblog where users post current news articles and other information. Then other users make comments on these articles. There are two classes of users; users with free subscriptions are able to post comments in the forums and submit new articles. There is also a subscription service called TotalFark that grants access to more news stories. Regular subscribers are known as Farkers and paying subscribers are often called TotalFarkers or TFers.

Fark is what's known as a news aggregator. The page is divided into several tabs, "Not News", "Sports", "Business", "Geek", "Showbiz", "Politics", "Music", and "Video" Users submit stories that are relevant to each tab, and staffers and subscribers decide which ones are posted. Once a story is posted, a corresponding forum thread is created where any subscriber can comment on the story.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fark
Period

**Period** has different meanings.

* Period (punctuation), a punctuation mark, also called a full stop
* Period (female menstruation)
* Period (geology), a series of rock strata, and the time during which the rocks were laid down
* The time it takes to finish one sequence of something that happens again and again
** Orbital period
* Periodic function
* The time it takes to play  of an ice hockey game
* A row in the periodic table
Cream (band)

**Cream** was a British rock band in the late 1960s. They played and recorded together from 1966 to 1968. The members of the group were Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker. They were called a power trio, as there were three musicians, who all played  roles in the band. Their sound of heavy blues-rock was a great influence on many other bands. They were one of the most skilled rock bands of all time; the guitarist and bassist were able to solo at the same time.  Clapton helped pioneer the use of the wah-wah pedal and played a famous guitar called The Fool. Clapton developed what he called the "woman tone" on his guitar, while Bruce played a fretless bass guitar, and Baker played unusual rhythms on drums to create the band's distinctive sound.

Cream's hit records included the songs "Strange Brew", "Sunshine Of Your Love" and "White Room". Their last album, titled *Goodbye*, included a song called "Badge", written by Eric Clapton and George Harrison of The Beatles.

## Studio albums 
Cream made four studio albums.
* *Fresh Cream* (1966)
* *Disraeli Gears* (1967)
* *Wheels of Fire* (1968)
* *Goodbye* (1969)

## References 
## Other websites
* Hear Cream on the Pop Chronicles.
Precious metal

A **precious metal** is a type of metal that is worth a lot of money compared to most other metals. Some precious metals are gold, silver, and platinum. Many pieces of jewelry are made out of precious metals.

The precious metal worth the most amount of money for the same mass is Rhodium.

## Related pages
*Alchemy
*Bullion
*Noble metal

## References
Teresa Heinz

**Teresa Heinz Kerry** (born October 5, 1938) is a Portuguese-American businesswoman and philanthropist. She was born in Maputo, Mozambique to Portuguese parents. She is the wife of United States Senator John Kerry. She was previously married to former U.S. senator H. John Heinz III, until his death. She is a naturalized American citizen. She has breast cancer.

## References
Museum

ese *Shōsō-in* in Nara is the oldest museum building in Japan.]]
A **museum** is a building which is open to the public.   It is also the institution where things are collected and then shown to people.

## History
The word, **museum**, originates from Musa which is the goddesses of literature, art, and science who appears in Greek mythology.

According to the International Council of Museums (ICOM), the definition of museums has changed over time.

Today's museums are non-profit, permanent institutions in the service of society and its development. and the intangible heritage of humanity and the environment.

Museums exist for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.

Some museums have things that visitors can do. For example, ecomuseums exist.

Museums can be about different things such as art, national history, natural history, or science. People go to museums sometimes to learn, or to simply have fun. 

Museums with live animals are called zoos.

### Exhibitions
*Temporary or changing exhibits
::Exhibition which selects works along with some themes, e.g., a writer, a time, an area, etc.
*Permanent exhibits
::Exhibition which displays the works which the museum possesses.

## Gallery
### Art museums

File:NSWAG.jpg|The Art Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia
File:Morohashi Museum of Modern Art.JPG|Morohashi Museum of Modern Art in Fukushima

### History museums

File:Tohoku-history-museum.JPG|The Tōhoku History Museum in Miyagi

### Literature museums

File:Koriyama Museum of Literature1.jpg|Koriyama Museum of Literature in Fukushima is the former home of Masao Kume

### Natural history museums

File:Natural-history-museum.jpg|The American Museum of Natural History in New York

### Open air museums

File:New Lanark buildings 2009.jpg|New Lanark is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Lanarkshire, Scotland
File:Shimizudani Refinery Ruins at Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine 001.jpg|Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine is a World Heritage Site in Shimane Prefecture, Japan

### Science museums

File:MUSHITEC WORLD FUKUSHIMA.jpg|Mushitec in Fukushima is about insects

### Museum ships

File:Cutty Sark 2012 landscaping.JPG|*Cutty Sark* in London, England
File:Nippon maru.JPG|*Nippon Maru* in Yokohama harbor
File:Wały Chrobrego4.JPG|National Museum, Szczecin, Poland

## Related pages
*Curator
*Museology

## References
## Further reading
* Simon, Nina K. (2010). Simon, Nina K. (2010). *The Participatory Museum.*

## Other websites
* International Council of Museums website
* Virtual Library Musems website 
*
News

)]]

**News** is when people talk about **current events** (things that are happening right now). News Media is a portrayal of current affairs, perspectives, non-fiction and social influence. The news can be given in different media like: newspapers, television, magazines, or radio. News reports a lot topics include war, government, politics, education, health, environment, economy, business, fashion, sport, and entertainment as well as weird events.

There are several news channels on cable television that give news all day long, such as Fox News and CNN. There are several news magazines, such as *Time*, *The Economist*, and *Newsweek*. A newsman is a person who helps out with the news.

## References
Export

An **export** is a product that is sold to people outside of the country in which the product was made. Canada exports maple syrup to the United States and to many other countries. Tropical areas like the countries in the Caribbean send sugar cane to other countries.

## See
* Import
* International trade
Camera

A **camera** is a device that takes pictures (photographs). It uses film or electronics to make a picture of something. It is a tool of photography. A lens makes the image that the film or electronics "sees".

A camera that takes one picture at a time is sometimes called a *still camera*. A camera that can take pictures that seem to move is called a *movie camera*. If it can take videos it is called a *video camera* or a *camcorder*. The majority of cameras are on mobile phones.

All cameras are basically a box that light can not get into until a photo is taken. There is a hole on one side of the camera where the light can get in through the lens, and this is called the aperture. On the other side is a special material that can record the image that comes through the aperture. This material is the film in a film camera or electronic sensor in a digital camera. Finally, there is also the shutter, which stops light from getting in until a photo is taken.

When a photo is taken, the shutter moves out of the way. This lets light come in through the aperture and make a picture on the film or electronic sensor. In many cameras, the size of the aperture can be changed to let in more light or less light. The amount of time that the shutter lets light through can be changed as well. This also lets in more light or less light. Most of the time, electronics inside the camera control these, but in some cameras the person taking the picture can change them as well.

## Moving pictures 
A ciné camera or movie camera takes a rapid sequence of photographs on image sensor or strips of photographic film. Unlike a still camera, the ciné camera takes a series of images, each one is called a "frame". The frames are later played back in a ciné projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, the human visual system merges the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion. The first ciné camera was built around 1888. By 1890 several types were being made. The standard film size for ciné cameras was quickly established as 35mm film. This remained in use until the transition to digital cinematography.

A professional video camera (often called a television camera) is a high-end device for creating electronic moving images. Their use includes music videos, movies, corporate and educational videos.

## Related pages 
* Camera obscura
* Digital camera
* Pinhole camera

## Gallery

File:Camera Zenit 11.jpg
File:Fotocor N1. USSR camera.jpg
File:Mir USSR cameras.jpg
File:USSR camera FKD 13x18.jpg
File:Nikon DSLR camera D850.jpg
File:Roman & RED camera.JPG
File:Camera s8 75.jpg
File:Lorex easy connect ip camera.jpg
File:2018 12 24 003 Olympus Camedia.jpg
File:Security camera, September 2018.jpg
File:LEI0440 190 Leica IIIf chrom - Sn. 580566 1951-52-M39 vs. Minox Leica IIIf -6075 hf.jpg
File:Leica-R4S-p1010073.jpg

## References
Observatory

An **observatory** is a place for making observations. The term is most used for astronomical observatories, which are places for looking at the sky. A modern astronomical observatory has a large telescope, or several. It is usually high up on mountains or hills, because higher places have cleaner, clearer, dryer air. Observatories also have to be away from places that have lots of light pollution, like cities. Too much light can make it so that the astronomers cannot see out of the telescope very well.
George of the Jungle

***George of the Jungle*** is an animated television series created by Jay Ward Productions in the late 1960s as a parody (pretending to be but in a way that makes fun of) of Tarzan. In 1997, it was made into a live-action movie by Disney, with Brendan Fraser as the main character. There was a sequel George of the Jungle 2 released direct-to-video in 2003.  There was and is a video game based on the film which was and is 2D Platformer game *George of the Jungle* by Ignition Entertainment/Crave in 2008.

## References
Eagles (band)

The **Eagles** are an American country rock band. They formed in Los Angeles, California in 1971. They are known worldwide for their hit songs *Hotel California* and *Take it Easy*. 

Their self-titled debut album came out in 1972, and became a hit right away. The band broke up in 1980 due to internal tensions, but reunited in 1994. In 2006, they held the record for most albums sold, with their *Greatest Hits, Volume I*

On January 18, 2016, Glenn Frey died of pneumonia at age 67. His son Deacon replaced him in the band the next year.

## Band members 
## References
Something Awful

**Something Awful** is a comedy website and forums. The part of the website where people are paid to write comedy is called the "front page," and the part where people talk about a variety of things is the forums. People have to pay money to join the forums to talk with other people around the world. It currently costs $9.95 to join. The money they pay goes towards keeping the website online, and is said to make the forums higher quality, because members of the forums have something to lose if they are banned. Because of the comedy nature of the website, people on the forums often post to try to make people laugh instead of posting seriously.

Something Awful was started by Richard "Lowtax" Kyanka in 1999.

In March, 2008 Richard "Lowtax" Kyanka left forums management to Kevin "Fragmaster" Bowen, in order to focus on operating the main site.

## Related pages
* Kiwi Farms
* Know Your Meme
* Reddit

## Other websites
* Something Awful
* Something Awful Twitter account
Gelderland

**Gelderland** or **Guelders** is a province in the east of the Netherlands. The capital city is Arnhem, but Nijmegen and Apeldoorn are bigger. Other important cities are Zutphen, Doetinchem, Harderwijk and Tiel. About 2,134,000 people are living in Gelderland (2023).

It is surrounded by the provinces of Limburg, North Brabant, South Holland, Utrecht, Flevoland and Overijssel and the German federal state North Rhine-Westphalia. 

The most important rivers are the Rhine (*Rijn*), the Waal, the IJssel and the Maas (border with North Brabant). The border with Flevoland is formed by the so-called *randmeer* ("border lake") of the Flevopolder. 

## History 
In the 11th century, Guelders was a county. It was called *Gelre* in Dutch and *Geldern* in German. In 1339, it became a duchy. At first, it existed of the surroundings of the city of Geldern (now in Germany). By the end of the 14th century, it included most of the modern province of Gelderland and parts of the province of Limburg and of the German District of Cleves.  It became part of the Habsburg Netherlands in 1543, one of the Seventeen Provinces.
 
## Other websites 
* 
* interactive province map 
* another map, more up-to-date, but the map is not interactive 
* Detailed map
Large format lens

A **large format lens** is a lens that can be used on a large format camera. These cameras usually cover an area of 4x5 inches or more. The picture taken is then recorded on photographic film, or as a digital image.

## Other websites 
* http://www.schneideroptics.com/info/vintage_lens_data/large_format_lenses/ 
* http://www.kenrockwell.com/tech/4x5.htm
Olivia Newton-John

**Olivia Newton-John** (26 September 1948 – 8 August 2022) was an British-born Australian singer, songwriter and actress known for her gentle soprano vocal range, her purity of tone and her perfect pitch. A four-time Grammy Award winner, Newton-John was one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with global sales of more than 120 million records.

Newton-John achieved worldwide stardom in a variety of musical genres and was especially well known for her starring role in *Grease* (1978), one of the most successful movie musicals of all time.

## Early life 
Olivia Newton-John was born in Cambridge, England. Her father was Welsh whilst her mother was from Berlin, the daughter of Max Born. Newton-John is the youngest of three children. In 1954, her family moved to Australia. At age 12, she won a contest at school with girl group "Sol Four". 

When she was 17 years old, she had her first appearance in a movie, *Funny Things Happen Down Under* (1965), where she sang "Christmas Time Down Under". Shortly after she was in a talent contest and won first prize, a trip to England. She got a record deal on Decca Records and released her first single, "Till You Say You'll Be Mine", in 1966.

## Career 
Newton-John stayed in England and recorded a cover of the Bob Dylan song, "If Not For You". It was the song which first caused her to be well known. She released her first solo album, *If Not For You*, in 1971. In 1973, her career began to do well. In 1974, she represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 with the song "Long Live Love". She finished in 4th place, with Sweden's ABBA being the winners.

Her first successful song was "Let Me Be There". The song made the top 10 on the US pop chart. It also earned her a Grammy Award for Best Country Female. More successful songs followed: "If You Love Me Let Me Know," "I Honestly Love You", "Have You Never Been Mellow", "Please Mr. Please" and many more.

Her first big acting role was with John Travolta in *Grease*. It became the most successful movie of 1978.

## Personal life 
Olivia lived in California for decades. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She had breast cancer in 1992, and recovered. She was married twice. She has a daughter by her first husband.

She was also an activist for environmental and animal rights issues.

## Death
In May 2017, it was announced that Newton-John's breast cancer had returned and metastasized to her lower back. In August 2019, it was also reported that the cancer was at Stage IV and spread to her bones.

Newton-John died from the disease at her ranch in Santa Ynez Valley, California at the age of 73. The Australian state of Victoria offered a state funeral for Newton-John.

## References
Kansas (band)

**Kansas** is an American rock band. They formed in Topeka, Kansas in 1970. They are best known for songs including "Carry on Wayward Son" and "Dust in The Wind".

## Albums 
**Kansas* (1974)
**Song for America* (1974)
**Masque* (1975)
**Leftoverture* (1976)
**Point of Know Return* (1977)
**Two for the Show* (1978)
**Monolith* (1979)
**Audio-Visions* (1980)
**Vinyl Confessions* (1982)
**Drastic Measures* (1983)
**The Best of Kansas* (1984)
**Power* (1986)
**In the Spirit of Things* (1988)
**Live at the Whisky* (1992)
**Freaks of Nature* (1995)
**Always Never the Same* (1998)
**King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents* (1998)
**The Best of Kansas* [remastered] (1999)
**Somewhere to Elsewhere* (2000)
**Early Recordings from Kansas 1971-1973* (Proto-Kaw) (2002)
**Device, Voice, Drum* (2002)
**Before Became After (Proto-Kaw)* (2005)
*''There's Know Place Like Home* (2009)
**The Prelude Implicit* (2016)
**The Absence of Presence'' (2020)

## References
Ramones

**Ramones** were an American punk rock group who formed in New York City in 1974 and broke up in 1996. All the members of the group had stage names which replaced their real last names with "Ramone." They were one of the first punk bands. Some others were The Clash,  Sex Pistols, and Misfits. Three of the four founding members of the Ramones died within eight years of the band breaking up.

The original lineup was made up of Joey on drums, Johnny on guitar and Dee Dee on bass and vocals. Tommy was their manager. Then Dee Dee said he was unable to sing while playing bass, so Tommy got Joey to sing and then played drums himself, leaving Dee Dee to backup sing. Later, Tommy left the band and was replaced on drums by a new member, Marky. Eventually Marky was fired and then replaced by another drummer, Richie. After that, Dee Dee left the band to produce his own rap album. C.J. joined the band as their new bassist.

Their first album "Ramones" is now a classic of early punk rock. The songs are short, the melodies simple and the text is often made up of 2 or three phrases only. Their live concerts were legendary, extremely loud and very short. They played song after song, only interrupted by Dee Dee's (and later, C.J.'s)  shouts of "one, two, three, four!".

The Ramones never had big commercial success. Among their best-known songs today are "Blitzkrieg Bop" and "I Wanna Be Sedated." Now they are seen as one of the most important punk rock bands. Several rock bands, including Nirvana and Green Day were influenced by the Ramones.

The Ramones had their first gigs at the club CBGB in New York. The letters "CBGB" stand for **C**ountry, **B**lue**G**rass, **B**lues. The club was opened in 1973 by Hilly Kristal. CBGB, soon afterward, became a place where new wave and punk rock bands played. These included Patti Smith Group, Blondie, Talking Heads and many others. From the early 1980s onward, CBGB was known for hardcore punk.

## Gallery 

File:Ramones Clockwise.jpg|**Ramones members.** Top:  Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Dee Dee Ramone, Tommy Ramone Bottom:  Marky Ramone, Richie Ramone, Elvis Ramone, C.J. Ramone
File:RamonesCBGB.jpg|CBGB in New York.
File:Joeyramone.jpg|Joey Ramone ca 1980.
File:Johnny Ramone 1983 c.jpg|Johnny Ramone 1983.
File:Ramones Toronto 1976.jpg|Ramones i Toronto 1976.
File:Johnny-Ramone 1977.jpg|Johnny Ramone 1977.
Styx (band)

**Styx** is an American rock band. They were one of the most popular groups of the 1970s and early 1980s. They formed in Chicago in 1972. They were the first band to have four platinum albums in a row. They continued playing without Dennis Deyoung after reuniting in 1995.

Styx's most well-known songs are *Come Sail Away, Renegade,* and *Mr. Roboto.* Styx is unique because their songs commonly change form, almost like two songs has been stitched together. *Crystal Ball* is a good example of this. Since the addition of Tommy Shaw, and with Deyoung as a songwriter, vocalist and pianist, Styx produced 5 "platinum" albums in the US. "*Grand Illusion*" went triple platinum in 1977. 

## Discography
; Studio Albums
* 1972 *Styx*
* 1973 *Styx II*
* 1973 *The Serpent Is Rising*
* 1974 *Man of Miracles*
* 1975 *Equinox*
* 1976 *Crystal Ball*
* 1977 *The Grand Illusion*
* 1978 *Pieces of Eight*
* 1979 *Cornerstone*
* 1981 *Paradise Theater*
* 1983 *Kilroy Was Here*
* 1990 *Edge of the Century*
* 1999 *Brave New World*
* 2003 *Cyclorama*
* 2005 *Big Bang Theory*
* The Mission

; Live Albums
* 1984 *Caught in the Act*
* 1997 *Return to Paradise*
* 2000 *Arch Allies: Live at Riverport* (live) (with REO Speedwagon)
* 2001 *Styx World: Live 2001* (live)
* 2001 *Yesterday & Today* (live)
* 2002 ''At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis* (live)
* 2003 *21st Century Live* (live)

; Compilations
* 1995 *Styx Greatest Hits*
* 1996 *Styx Greatest Hits Part 2*
* 2000 *Extended Versions*
* 2002 *20th Century Masters*
* 2004 *Come Sail Away - The Styx Anthology*
* 2005 *The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings''

## Other websites 
* 
* Styx career on A&M Records with gallery, international discography
Jethro Tull (band)

**Jethro Tull** is an rock band. They formed in Blackpool, England in 1967. The singer and leader is Ian Anderson. He also plays flute. This band was highly successful and sung songs such as "Aqualung", "Locomotive Breath", "Living in the Past" and "Thick as a Brick".

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *This Was* (1969)
* *Stand Up* (1969)
* *Benefit* (1970)
* *Aqualung* (1971)
* *Thick as a Brick* (1972)
* *A Passion Play* (1973)
* *War Child* (1974)
* *Minstrel in the Gallery* (1975)
* ''Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!* (1976)
* *Songs from the Wood* (1977)
* *Heavy Horses* (1978)
* *Stormwatch* (1979)
* *A* (1980)
* *The Broadsword and the Beast* (1982)
* *Under Wraps* (1984)
* *A Classic Case* (1985)
* *Crest of a Knave* (1987)
* *Rock Island* (1989)
* *Catfish Rising* (1991)
* *Roots to Branches* (1995)
* *J-Tull Dot Com* (1999)
* *The Jethro Tull Christmas Album* (2003)
* *The Zealot Gene* (2022)
* *RökFlöte* (2023)
* *Curious Ruminant'' (2025)

## References
Jewellery

princess's crown]]

**Jewellery** (or **jewelry**) refers to any clothing accessory that is worn as a decoration. 

In itself, jewellery has no other purpose than to look attractive. However, it is often added to items that have a practical use. Items such as belts and handbags are mainly accessories but may be decorated. A broach, often worn to keep a cloak closed, could be highly decorated with jewels.

Necklaces, finger rings and earrings are the most usual kinds of jewellery.

## History 
Humans have made jewellery for a long time. There are many forms of jewelry worn for traditional, social or religious reasons. Jewellery can come in many forms, worn on any part of the body or clothing. Jewellery most often are rings, chains, bead strings, pendants and piercings, worn around or on different body parts.

## Creation 
Jewellery can be made from any material. The first jewellery was made from bone, animal teeth, wood or stone. Jewelry often uses gemstones and precious metals.

*Fashion jewellery* or *costume jewellery* is jewellery that is worn just for fashion, and is not made of expensive materials.

## Common jewellery types
* Earrings, which is any jewellery worn on the ears
* Necklaces, worn around the neck
* Finger rings and toe rings (finger rings are usually just called "rings")
* Bracelets or bangles, worn on the wrists
* Arm rings or armlets, worn on the upper arms
* Pins or brooches, worn on clothes for decoration or keeping clothes from undoing.
* Piercings, which is jewelry that is put through holes in the skin
* Cremation jewelry such as keepsakes, bracelets, keychains, necklaces, pendants or rings

## Gallery

File:Kenyan man.jpg|A Kenyan man wearing tribal bead *necklaces*.
File:Signet-ring Black Prince Louvre OA9597.jpg|A signet-*ring*.
File:Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg|*Pendants* made of amber.
File:Dolk och balja (knivskida) från turkiskt kulturområde under 1600-talets början - Livrustkammaren - 91536.tif|Turkish-style dagger, 17th century, the Royal Armoury, Stockholm
File:Clasp-reliquary eagle MNMA Cl3292.jpg|Bohemia, 14th century jewelled clasp with eagle motif
File:Spanish jewellery-Gold and emerald pendant at VAM-01.jpg|Spanish emerald and gold pendant at Victoria and Albert Museum.
File:Intaille en améthyste.JPG|Roman Amethyst intaglio engraved gem, ~212 AD; later regarded as of St. Peter.
File:Andhra Pradesh Royal earrings 1st Century BCE.jpg|Royal earrings, India, 1st Century BC.

## Related pages 
*Cartier (jeweller)

## References
Guinea

**Guinea**, or the **Republic of Guinea** (), is an independent nation in Western Africa. Guinea borders 6 countries: Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone. The national language is French.  It is a member of the Economic Community of West African States.

## History 
Before the Europeans arrived to Africa, Guinea was part of a couple of empires. In the 1890s, France colonized Guinea.  In 1958, Guinea becomes independent.

## Prefectures and regions 
Guinea is divided into 8 regions and then divided even further into 33 prefectures. The capital of Guinea, Conakry, is a special area.

* Boké Region
* Conakry Region
* Faranah Region
* Kankan Region
* Kindia Region
* Labé Region
* Mamou Region
* Nzérékoré Region

## Biggest cities 
The following are the biggest cities in Guinea, by population:

# Conakry (2,000,000)
# Labé (700,000)
# Kankan (439,017)
# Kindia (279,884 )
# Nzérékoré (247,855)
# Kissidougou (135,900)
# Guéckédou (116,541)
# Mamou (105,754)

## Religion 
About 89% of people are Muslim, most of them are Sunni. 6.8% of people are Christian, most of them are Catholic.

## Notable people from Guinea 
The following is a list of notable people from Guinea:

## Galerie 

File:Guinea sat.png|atlas Guinea
File:Dame de Mali Guinée.jpg|Dame de Mali
File:Chute de Tabouna à Kindia 01.jpg|Chute de Tabouna à Kindia
File:Chute de Saala vue à 360° Labé.jpg|Chute de Saala Labé
File:Chimpanzé de Bossou 33.jpg|Chimpanzé de Bossou
File:Plage de Roume.jpg|Plage sur les Ile de Loos

## Sources 
* Guinea , in the CIA World Factbook

## References 
## Other websites 
* Website of the Guinean governement
Pig

**Pigs** or **domestic pigs** are mammals in the genus ***Sus***. Pigs are in the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. 

## Background
Related, but outside the genus, are the babirusa and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Old World. Baby pigs are called piglets or pups. Pigs are omnivores and are very social and intelligent animals. Its ancestor is the common Eurasian wild boar (*Sus scrofa*).
 *Sus*) on a bicycle in Zambia]]
The pig has stout, barrel-shaped bodies, with short legs.
 and her family.]]
The flesh of domestic pigs is eaten as food and is called pork. The Jewish and Muslim religions, and some Christian denominations, believe eating pork is wrong. Pig farmers take care that the animals do not get diseases or parasites which might harm humans.

Domestic pigs come in different colours, shapes and sizes. They are usually pink, but little pigs kept as pets (*pot-bellied pigs*) are sometimes other colours. Pigs roll in mud to protect themselves from sunlight.  Many people think that pigs are dirty and smell. In fact, they roll around in the mud to keep bugs and ticks away from their skin. This also helps to keep their skin moist and lower their body temperature on hot days. They are omnivores, which means that they eat both plants and animals. 

Pigs are smart animals. They are even able to learn how to play video games. Pig races exist.

## Care 
Pigs need a warm, clean area under a roof to sleep, and they should not be crowded. They need to be checked for sickness regularly. Pigs need lots of water. Over half their body weight is made up of water. Pigs should be given all the feed they will eat, which is usually four to five pounds a day for adult pigs. Corn is a good food for pigs, but they should also have protein supplements as well.

Pigs can be found throughout the world living on farms and in the wild, and they are also popular pets. Pigs are kept and slaughtered for their flesh, pork.   

 pig near Canberra, Australia.]]
## References