open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The North Avenue Irregulars

***The North Avenue Irregulars*** is a 1979 Disney movie starring Edward Hermann, Ruth Buzzi, Steven Franken and Cliff Osmond.

## Plot 
The movie is about a newly installed minister, who entrusts, despite objections by the founding pastors daughter, the churches "sinking fund" money into the hands of a congregate whom he does not even know, with instructions to increase the amount in the fund.

The money is bet on a horse race, and upon hearing this, the Pastor gives the shortest sermon in history and begins a pursuit of the money and the organized crime syndicate, amid the hijinx of assorted feminine members of the congregation in a pursuit of the "money trail".
Taoism

Sky Earth - Illustration]]
**Taoism** or **Daoism** () is both a philosophy and religion originated in China, which has 2,500 years of history.
## Overview
Tao (or Dao, ) is the name of the force or the *Way* that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. Taoists think that words cannot be used to correctly describe Tao. The very first line of the *Dào Dé Jīng* (), the most important text in Taoism, says that

There are many other sacred writings by the teachers of Taoism. Instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have an issue, it is better to get around with it.

## History
Taoism first showed up in writing in China in 142 C.E. People do not always write about their religions at first, so this religion may be much older. Some important people of the history of Taoism are:
* Laozi, or Lao Tzu (). He is assumed to have written *Tao Te Ching*.
* Zhuangzi, or Chuang Tzu (). Like Lao Tzu, his sayings and stories are today put together as a book, and translated into English and other languages.
* Huangdi, or the Yellow Emperor (). He is assumed to have been the first Taoist, but nobody knows for sure if he was a real person or not.

## Beliefs and practices
Taoists believe that the main principle behind the universe is an esoteric force known as the Tao. The Tao can best be described as the chaotic power of reality that causes change to happen and things to come in and out of the world without direction or intention. The essence of the Tao is seen in nature, in which all action occurs without any sort of meaning or greater purpose, but is rather the flow of change and energy. Some Taoists describe the Tao as God. Many scholars have labeled Taoism as pantheistic.
### Qi
Taoists use the word *Qi* () to describe energy moving through and altering things in the universe as a result of the Tao. Taoists believe the best way to live life is through the principle of *Wu-wei* (), which translates to "inaction" or "inexertion". The doctrine of *Wu-wei* advocates to not push back or resist whatever befalls you but let it run its course. It also advocates for being happy with what you have and not pursuing unrealistic dreams.

### Symbols
The *yin and yang* () symbol, the famous icon of Taoism, represents the idea that one must be in a harmony between two opposing forces in one's life and remain neutral to either side. Traditionalist polytheistic Taoists believe in traditional concepts of Heaven and the Underworld, but many modern Taoists today disregard old conceptions of the afterlife and instead believe that people can live on in the Tao after their physical death through metaphysical union.

### Sects
There are several different sects of Taoism, some that combine the principles of Laozi (or Lao Tzu) with traditional Chinese deity worship, and some that adhere more strictly to the original tenets and believe only in the concepts of the *Tao*, *Qi*, and *Wu-wei*.

## Other websites
*
Deafness

**Deafness** is when someone cannot hear at all, or cannot hear well. Deafness is also known as 'hearing loss'. There were many famous people who were deaf, such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Helen Keller.  

## Definition
A person is considered to be deaf if they cannot hear the same range of sounds as a person with normal hearing ability. People that cannot hear any sounds are also deaf. People who are partially deaf may hear some sounds and may hear words.

People who cannot hear and understand words well are 'hard of hearing'. And people who cannot hear and speak are called "deaf-mute".

## Things that help deaf people
* Hearing aid, which helps a deaf person to hear sounds.
* Teletypewriter (TTY), a machine that allows a deaf person to communicate with people.
* Sign language, a language which allows a deaf person to have a conversation with someone else.
* Hearing dog, a dog that has been trained to hear sounds and help a deaf person.

## Causes
There are different causes of deafness:
* **Age**: Many people hear less well as they get older. Few lose all hearing, and when they do, there is a specific reason.
* **Exposure to noise**: Being in a noisy environment for a long time may damage ears and cause hearing loss.
* **Genetic conditions**: There may be a history of deafness in the family. If the mother and/or father are deaf, their child will have a strong chance of being deaf.
* **Diseases**: Certain diseases may cause deafness.
* **Drugs**: Certain drugs may cause changes to hearing, including deafness.
* **Chemicals**: Certain chemicals can damage the ear.
* **Natural**: People are occasionally born deaf. Sometimes there is no explanation why they are deaf.

## Categories of deafness 
Generally, there are two views of deafness:
* Medical view: the effects of deafness and measuring type and how much of loss (as seen in categories below).
* Sign language in deaf culture: includes people who use sign language to communicate and are part of group of people who share life experiences. Referring to people of the cultural group the phrase "Deaf people" is used and deaf is capitalized (as shown previously). A person using the medical view would write "people who are deaf".
These categories may .
* Unilateral hearing loss – loss of hearing in one ear only
* Pre-lingual deafness – deafness at birth or deafness that started before language is learned
* Peri-lingual deafness – deafness that started while learning a first language
* Post-lingual deafness – deafness that started after a language has been learned
* Partial loss of hearing – limited hearing loss
* Progressive hearing loss – hearing loss that becomes worse as time passes
* Profound hearing loss – complete or near-complete hearing loss
* Tone deaf – not able to hear differences in relative pitch (in music)
* Tinnitus – hearing damage that causes high pitched ringing.  This makes it so that the person cannot hear other sounds
* Conductive – hearing loss caused by sound being blocked from going into ears
* Sensorineural – hearing loss caused by hair cells in ears being damaged
1160s

The **1160s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1160 and ended on 31 December 1169. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***117th decade*** which began on January 1, 1161 and ended on December 31, 1170.
## Events 
* Leipzig becomes a city.
* England starts to take over Ireland.

## Births 
* Pope Innocent III
* Emperor Takakura of Japan
* Genghis Khan, leader and founder of the Mongol Empire

## Deaths 
* Eric IX of Sweden
* Emperor Qinzong of China
* Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury

## Leaders 
* Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury (1138–1161)
* Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (1162–1170)
Scramble for Africa

'': Caricature of Cecil John Rhodes, after he announced plans for a telegraph line and railroad from Cape Town to Cairo. Rhodes was one of the founders of De Beers and owned the British South Africa Company.]]
The **Scramble for Africa**, also called the **Race for Africa** was a time in history when colonial expansion in Africa became rapid. It lasted from the 1880s until the beginning of World War I. Many European countries started colonies in Africa. The period is academically known as the age of **New Imperialism**.

## Background
The second half of the 19th century saw a change in the way countries controlled their colonies.  In the old imperialism, Europeans had direct control over only small coastal areas. That had changed from economic control by settlement to political and military control of the colonies' resources. That was seen in the fight for areas that were controlled by European nations. 
### Public opinion
Many people became famous for helping European countries find more land in Africa. They included the explorers David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza as well as the politician Jules Ferry.
### Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference (1884–85) tried to end disputes between the United Kingdom, France, Germany and other European countries. They agreed that "effective occupation" would be the rule for colonial claims. Laws had to be made for direct rule on a colony, backed up by military power.

## Other reading 
* Maria Petringa, *Brazza, A Life for Africa*  (2006)  

## Background 
African Exploration Summarywas when powerful countries, mostly in Europe, took over and controlled large parts of Africa and Asia in the late 1800s and early 1900s. They did this to get resources, sell their goods and show off their power. 
By 1841, European businesspeople set up small shops along Africa's coast, but they usually stayed near the coastal areas trading with the locals in the area. Europeans could not live in most of Africa because many of them died from tropical diseases such as malaria. In the mid-1800s, European explorers drew maps of a lot of East Africa and Central Africa.

Even as late as the 1870s, Europeans countries controlled only about 10% of Africa, mainly small areas near the sea. The most important places held were Angola and Mozambique, controlled by Portugal; the Cape Colony, controlled by the United Kingdom; and Algeria, controlled by France. By 1914, almost all of Africa was under European power. Only Ethiopia and Liberia were still independent. Ethiopia was later taken over by Italy in 1936, and Liberia, still independent had strong ties with its founders, the United States.

New technology made it simpler for Europeans to travel and conquer faraway lands. Because of new inventions like faster ships and trains and the use of telegraph for quick messages, Europeans could reach more parts of Africa. Medicines also played a big role, especially those that helped with diseases in hot climate. For example, a medicine called quinine, which treated malaria, allowed European explorers and travelers to go into and control many tropical areas.
Game show

A **game show** is a reality television program where people play a game for points, with the goal of winning money or prizes.  Different game shows use different games.  Most test the players' knowledge, skill, or cleverness.  Many game shows incorporate some element of chance; for example, in *Wheel of Fortune*, contestants spin a wheel to determine how much prize money they will get for a correct letter.   

Some game shows have the contestants compete against other individual contestants; other game shows group contestants into teams.  Some game shows have regular people as the contestants.  Other game shows have celebrities such as movie actors or musicians as the contestants.   

Many game shows air on the Game Show Network. 

The first game shows were on radio.

## Prizes 
Game shows often reward people with money, holidays, or cars. These prizes are often given by the people or group of people that give the game show money to run. The people who give the game show money to run are called sponsors.

## Examples 
Examples of game shows include:  

* Press Your Luck (1983-1986)
* Jeopardy! (1964)
* Wheel of Fortune (1973)
* Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (1999)
* Match Game (1962-1982)
* Family Feud (1976)
* Blockbusters
* The Price is Right (1972)
* The Weakest Link (2000)
* Card Sharks
* Deal or No Deal (2005)
* Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? (2007) 
* Snatch Game (2010)
Kristy Swanson

**Renee Kristen "Kristy" Swanson** (born December 19, 1969) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the main character in the movie *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*. She has also starred in the movie *Flowers in the Attic* as well as many movies and television programs.
Diego Velázquez

**Diego Velázquez** (baptized 6 June 1599 – 6 August 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV.

Velázquez began his career as an apprentice to the Spanish painter Francisco Pacheco. In 1623 Velázquez painted portrait of King Philip IV of Spain. The king was impressed with the painting. The king appointed Velázquez as a painter of the royal court.

Velázquez had a successful career as a painter. He traveled to Italy two times.  He painted royal portraits and religious scenes. Velázquez was also honored as a *Knight of Santiago*.

## Gallery

Las Meninas, by Diego Velázquez, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|*Las Meninas* 
Retrato de Juan Pareja, by Diego Velázquez.jpg|*Portrait of Juan Pareja*
Diego Velázquez 048.jpg|*Portrait of pope Innocent X*
Diego Velázquez - Coronation of the Virgin - Prado.jpg|*Coronation of the Virgin*

## References
São Paulo (state)

**São Paulo** (Portuguese: Saint Paul) is a state in the Southeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is called São Paulo too.

## Geography and economy 
São Paulo is located in the South Region of Brazil, with an area of . (For comparison, the state of Oregon in the United States of America has an area of , but has a much smaller population).

It borders the state of Minas Gerais to the north, the state of Rio de Janeiro and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the state of Paraná to the south and state of Mato Grosso do Sul to the west.

The capital of São Paulo is the city of São Paulo.

São Paulo is the state in Brazil with the highest economical output.

It has the second highest per capita income of Brazil, second only to the Brazilian Federal District, where the federal capital Brasília is located.

With the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul it shares the highest standard of living in Brazil, despite of pockets of extreme poverty in the favelas (slums) in its largest cities.

The robust economy of São Paulo is based in industrial production, to include automobile and aviation, agriculture, services and tourism.

## Demographics 
São Paulo is the Brazilian state with the largest population and also is the most ethnically diverse.

Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, Arab, Japanese and other people chose São Paulo as their home, due to its thriving economy.

Also migrants from other poorer Brazilian states (especially from the Northeast Region) come to São Paulo in search of a better life. Because there are not enough jobs, these people usually have to go back to their states, where there are even less jobs.

## Transportation 
São Paulo is the state in Brazil with the largest and most efficient  transportation system.

The city of São Paulo relies on underground train and also suburban at-grade rail systems. City buses complement the public transportation system.

Air traffic is the busiest of all Brazil.

Harbors along the state's ocean front receive and ship a great share of Brazil's export and import goods.

## Sports 
São Paulo is a vibrant place when it comes to sports. Football (soccer) is king but the state has human resources and facilities to produce some of the best athletes in the world in many other fields.

The state has many professional soccer clubs but also volleyball has found a niche here.

Auto racing is a staple of the paulista's way of life. The state has produced several racing drivers that have attained international fame.

## Main cities 
São Paulo, Campinas, Guarulhos, Osasco, Ribeirão Preto, Santo André, Santos, São Bernardo do Campo, São Carlos, São José dos Campos and Sorocaba.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Official site (Portuguese)
Trolley

A **trolley** is a small vehicle with wheels that can carry things.  People can push trolleys.

There are different kind of trolleys.  There are shopping trolleys which are used in supermarkets and other large stores with self-service.  In American English these are called **shopping carts**.  Customers can put things they want to buy in the trolley and then pay for everything at the checkout.  Usually they are then allowed to wheel the trolley with the things they have bought out to their car.

Sometimes the customers have to pay a small deposit when collecting a trolley.  The trolleys are chained together.  The customer puts in a coin (in Britain a £1 coin) which he can have back again when he parks the trolley back in the trolley chain.

Trolleys are used in airports and some large railway stations for passengers to carry their luggage.  Deposits are not refundable. 

A trolley can also be a tea-trolley.  This is a small trolley used traditionally in the house for plates, cups, saucers and sandwiches and cakes for afternoon tea.  Tea-trolleys are also used in hospitals and offices to take cups of tea and coffee to people.

In American English "trolley" can be used to mean a tram (or streetcar).  This is not to be confused with a trolleybus which is a bus which uses electricity from an overhead cable (like a tram).
Abuse

**Abuse** might mean: 

*Abuse of power
*Alcohol abuse
*Animal abuse
*Child abuse
*Domestic abuse
*Physical abuse
*Psychological abuse
*Sexual abuse
Vandal

**Vandal** can mean several things:
*The Vandals were a German tribe during the migration period (a time when groups of people moved around) in Europe.
*Vandal is also what a person that does vandalism is called.
**Specifically on Wikipedia, it is someone who vandalizes pages.
Stanislav Lem

**Stanisław Herman Lem** () (September 12, 1921 – March 27, 2006) was a Polish science fiction writer. His writings are highly philosophical and satirical. His books have been translated into 41 languages. Over 27 million copies of his books have been sold worldwide. At one point he was among the most widely read science fiction authors in the world. Lem's writing is full of intelligent humor, puns, and neologisms, and Michael Kandel's translations into English have been praised by many for capturing Lem's style.

Lem is perhaps best known for his novel *Solaris*. This novel was published in 1961. It is set into the future. Humans have discovered what they think is intelligent life in space. They want to talk to the alien life form. The only problem they have is that the life form is the size of a planet. It is an ocean. This book has also been made into a film by Andrei Tarkowski in 1972. Steven Soderbergh made another film of the book in 2002.

Lem won various prizes for his novels.

## References
## Other websites
Hostage

A **hostage** is a person who is held captive against his or her will. Hostages are often taken (held captive) to force someone else to do something for their *captors* (the people who took them hostage). Hostages are taken for many different reasons. 

* Kidnapping is the act of taking a hostage and asking for a sum of money, called ransom. If the ransom is paid, the hostage is freed. If the ransom is not paid, the hostage is killed.
* During some crimes, for example when robbing a bank, hostages may be taken to stop the police from . The hostages are commonly used to help the thief escape by either stopping the police from shooting them or by freeing a hostage if the police will do something, for example, getting the robbers a car or a helicopter.
* Hostages may be taken for political reasons. This is mostly done as a form of terrorism. It is often done to get prisoners (including prisoner of war at wartime) freed or get  for a group or issue.
Intel

**Intel Corporation** (**Int**egrated **El**ectronics **Corporation**) is an American multinational company. It was founded in 1968 and makes microprocessors. Different types of processors made by Intel are used in many computers. Their most famous older products are the 4004, i386, i486, and Pentium chips. Intel makes many different products, with their first dedicated consumer GPU line released in 2022. The first Pentium chips were released in 1993.

Intel Corporation is traded on the NASDAQ under the ticker INTC and has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 1999.

## History 
### Creation 
Intel was incorporated in Mountain View, Caifornia on July 18, 1968. It was founded by Gordon E. Moore, Robert Noyce and Arthur Rock.

## Processors
### 4-bit processors 
* Intel 4040
* Intel 4004

### 8-bit processors 
* Intel 8080
* Intel 8085

### 16-bit processors 
* Intel 8086
* Intel 8088
* Intel 80286

### 32-bit processors: the 80386 range 
* Intel i386

### From 1993 to today 
* Pentium
* Atom
* Celeron
* Intel Core
* Intel Core 2
* Intel Core i3
* Intel Core i5
* Intel Core i7
* Intel Core i9 Intel Core Ultra

## Graphics cards 
* Intel Arc A310
* Intel Arc A380
* Intel Arc A580
* Intel Arc A750
* Intel Arc A770

## References 
## Other websites 
* 

*
Urethra

The **urethra** is a tube that connects the reproductive system and bladder to the outside of the body to transport urine and sperm. All mammals have it. It allows the removal of urine from the body. There is a muscle (the *urethral sphincter*) which controls urination.

In male mammals, the urethra is also a part of the reproductive system, because males use it as a tube for sperm during sex. The urethra joins together with the ejaculatory duct in the prostate to meet the reproductive system. 

## Human anatomy 
In human anatomy, a male person has a longer urethra than a female person. This means that the latter have bladder infections more often because their bladders are closer to the outside. Because the male urethra is longer and is not straight,  a catheter (tube to help urination) is more difficult for a male person.

### Male
In male anatomy, the urethra is about 20 cm (8 in) long and its opening goes to the outside of the body. It ends at the opening of the penis. For a male person, the urethra goes through the penis. The section that goes through the prostate is about 3-4 cm long.

The male urethra has three sections:

*The *prostatic* urethra crosses the prostate gland. The vas deferens also opens into the urethra in this section.
*The *membranous* urethra is a short section that goes through the urethral sphincter. It is 1 or 2 cm long and is the  (least wide) part of the urethra.
*The *spongy* or *penile* urethra goes through the penis on its lower side. This section is 15-16 cm (6 in) long and goes through the corpus spongiosum.

### Female
In female anatomy, the urethra is 3-4 cm (1.5 in) long. The opening to the outside of the body here is part of the vulva (the female area between the legs). The female urethra is between the clitoris and the opening to the vagina.

The female bladder can get infections more often because the bladder is closer to the outside. The female urethra is straight.

 (with anatomical features): 1 - Clitoral hood, 2. Clitoris, 3. Labia majora, 4. **Urinary opening**, 5. Labia minora, 6. Anus, 7. Vaginal opening, 8. Perineum ]]

## Medical problems 
* Urethritis is an infection of the urethra. It often causes pain when urinating.
* Kidney stones that go through the urethra can cause a lot of pain.

## Medical procedures 
*To send a tube up the urethra to help drain urine is a common type of catheterization.
*To send a tube up the urethra to see the inside of the bladder is called cystoscopy.
Ripuarian

**Ripuarian** may refer to:

* Ripuarian Franks, a subset of Frankish people who lived in the Rhineland
* Ripuarian language, a West Central German dialect group
* Riparian water rights (or simply riparian rights) a system for allocating water among those who possess land along its path
* Riparian zone (or riparian area), the interface between land and a river or stream
* Riparian-zone restoration, the ecological restoration of riparian zone habitats of streams, rivers, springs, lakes, floodplains, and other hydrologic ecologies

## Related pages 
* London Stone (riparian), the name given to a number of boundary stones which stand beside the rivers Thames and Medway, which formerly marked the limits of jurisdiction of the City of London
Belarusian language

The **Belarusian language** ('''', biełaruskaja mova) is an Eastern Slavic language and an Indo-European language.

It is spoken in Belarus and eastern Poland (in the area of Białystok). It is also spoken by Belarusians who live in other countries of Europe, Australia, and North America.

Belarusian is written by either the Cyrillic alphabet or the Latin alphabet.

Belarusian is an Endangered language, as it has a low rate of speakers in its native countries.

## References
Kevin Bacon

**Kevin Norwood Bacon** (born July 8, 1958) is an American movie actor who has starred in *Stir of Echoes*, *Wild Things*, *JFK*, *Footloose* and *Apollo 13*, among others. He has been married to actress Kyra Sedgwick since September 4, 1988. They have two children, Travis and Sosie Ruth.  Bacon is known for the Bacon Number.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bacon's official website
*
Kyra Sedgwick

**Kyra Sedgwick** (born August 19, 1965) is an American actress. She was born in New York City, New York to a father of English descent and a Jewish mother. She is the great-granddaughter of Endicott Peabody, the founder of Groton School. She is married to actor Kevin Bacon. She produced and starred in *The Closer*.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Saint Pierre and Miquelon

**Saint Pierre and Miquelon** () is a French overseas collectivity.  It is made up of several small islands.  They are close to Newfoundland on the eastern coast of Canada.  It is the only remaining bit of the former French colonial empire territory of New France.

## Communes
The communes are:

*Miquelon-Langlade
*Saint-Pierre

Historically L'Île-aux-Marins was a separate commune.  Then in 1945 it was added into the commune of Saint-Pierre.

In each commune there are settlements Miquelon, Miquelon-Langlade and Saint-Pierre, Saint-Pierre.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official tourism website for St Pierre and Miquelon
*Le Phare: Association of Tourism Professionals
50 (number)

**50** (**fifty**) is the integer that is after **forty-nine** and before **fifty-one**.

The prime factors of fifty are 2 and 5. (2 * 5 * 5 = 50) The factors of 50 are 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50. 5*10=50. 50 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of two squares in two distinct ways: 50=12+72=52+52. Also, 50 is one-half of 100 or half of a century (a century is 100 years).
1604

## Events 
* January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans
* September 20 – Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three-year siege.
* October 9 – Supernova 1604 is observed. As of this writing, this was the last supernova to be observed in the Milky Way.
* November 1 – At Whitehall Palace in London, the William Shakespeare tragedy *Othello* is presented for the first time. 
* The Sikh Holy Scripture Guru Granth Sahib is compiled and edited by Guru Arjan .
* Luis Váez de Torres is the first European to sail through the Torres Strait.
* France begins settling Acadia, first successful French North American colony
* France begins settling French Guiana.
* England concludes the Treaty of London with Spain, ending its involvement in the Eighty Years' War.
* Peter Blundell founds Blundell's School in Tiverton, England.
* Za Dengel deposed as Emperor of Ethiopia by Za Sellase, who restores his cousin Yaqob.
* The first known English Dictionary to be organized by alphabetical ordering was published.
1138

## Events 
* Robert Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter.
* March 13 – Cardinal Gregory is elected anti-pope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.
* August 9 – Deadly earthquake in Aleppo, Syria killing about 230,000 people.
* August 22 – Battle of the Standard between David I of Scotland and the English. The Scots were defeated.
* Bavaria was taken away from the Welfen Duke Henry the Proud and given to the Austrian Margrave Leopold IV.
1140s

The **1140s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1140, and ended on 31 December 1149. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***115th decade*** which began on January 1, 1141 and ended on December 31, 1150.

## Events 
* 1142
** End of the reign of Emperor Sutoku, emperor of Japan
** Emperor Konoe becomes Emperor of Japan 
* 1143: Celestine II is elected pope. 
* 1144: Pope Celestine II is succeeded by Pope Lucius II
* 1146: Saint Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the Second Crusade at Vezelay, Burgundy 
* 1145–1147: Second Crusade. Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims
Houston

**Houston** is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the 4th most populous city in the United States. As of 2020, more than 2 million people lived there. John Whitmire became the mayor of Houston in 2024. Houston is named after Samuel Houston, who fought for Texas to leave Mexico in 1836. The Johnson Space Center of NASA is in Houston. 

Houston has the largest medical center and complex in the world, the Texas Medical Center.

George Bush Intercontinental Airport is the main international airport serving Houston, and William P. Hobby Airport is the other international airport that is close to downtown Houston.

Houston has the second-most *Fortune* 500 headquarters of any U.S. city within its city limits after New York City.

## Sports
Houston has many sports teams, including the Astros, Texans, Rockets, and Houston Dynamo. The Astros play baseball, the Rockets play basketball, the Texans play American Football, and the Houston Dynamo play soccer. 

## Climate
Houston has a humid subtropical climate (*Cfa* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## History
Many of the confederate monuments and buildings have been removed or renamed. 

* Dowling Street. Named for Confederate commander Richard W. Dowling. Renamed Emancipation Avenue in 2017. The street leads to Emancipation Park. The site originally was the only municipal park available to blacks, who pooled their money in 1872 to buy the property to celebrate their freedom.
* In 2016, Jackson Middle School was renamed for Hispanic community activist Yolanda Black Navarro. School officials changed the name to Margaret Long Wisdom High School in 2016.
* Westbury High School changed the nickname of its athletic teams from the "Rebels" to the "Huskies".

## References
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

Don **José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero** (; born 4 August 1960 in Valladolid) is a Spanish politician. He was elected for two terms as Prime Minister of Spain. This was in the 2004 and 2008 general elections. On 2 April 2011 he said he would not stand for re-election. His party is the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).

He left the office on 21 December 2011. He was succeeded by Mariano Rajoy. He left the PSOE's Secretary General chair on 4th February 2012 to Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba. On 9th February he entered the Spanish Council of State.

Important actions of his government have included withdrawing Spanish troops from Iraq, legalizing same-sex marriages and negotiating with Basque terrorist group ETA.

He studied law at the University of León, graduating in 1982. Rodríguez Zapatero met Sonsoles Espinosa in León in 1981. They married on 27 January 1990 and have two daughters named Laura (born 1993) and Alba (born 1995).

Zapatero is a supporter of FC Barcelona.

## References
## Other websites 
* Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero biography on Infoplease
Louise Brooks

**Louise Brooks** (Cherryvale, Kansas, 14 November 1906 – Rochester, New York, 8 August 1985) was an American dancer and actress. She became a leading movie star, and a style icon famous for her beauty and her bobbed hair style.

In 2006, the centenary of Brooks' birth was celebrated by the release of three DVDs and three books, museum exhibits, screenings, and other events.

## Filmography
Brooks' signature movie role was as Lulu in G.W. Pabst's ''Pandora's Box* (*Die Büchse der Pandora'') in 1929. Brooks' portrayal was of a young woman whose raw sexuality and uninhibited nature brings ruin to herself and those who love her. It made the actress a star.

* *The Street of Forgotten Men* (1925)
* *The American Venus* (1926)
* *A Social Celebrity* (1926)
* ''It's the Old Army Game* (1926)
* *The Show Off* (1926)
* *Love 'Em and Leave 'Em* (1926)
* *Just Another Blonde* (1926)
* *Evening Clothes* (1927)
* *Rolled Stockings* (1927)
* *Now We're in the Air* (1927)
* *The City Gone Wild* (1927)
* *A Girl in Every Port* (1928)
* *Beggars of Life* (1928)
* *The Canary Murder Case* (1929)
* *Pandora's Box* (1929)
* *Diary of a Lost Girl* (1929)
* *Prix de Beaute* (1930)
* *Windy Riley Goes Hollywood* (1931) (short subject)
* *It Pays to Advertise* (1931)
* *God's Gift to Women* (1931)
* *Empty Saddles* (1936)
* *When You're in Love* (1937)
* *King of Gamblers* (1937) (scenes deleted)
* *Overland Stage Raiders* (1938)
* *Film Firsts: Louise Brooks* (1960) (television)
* *Lulu in Berlin* (1984) (documentary)
* *Louise Brooks: Looking for Lulu* (1998) (documentary)
* *Mysteries and Scandals: Louise Brooks* (1999) (television)

## Further reading
* Louise Brooks, *Fundamentals of Good Ballroom Dancing*, United States: self-published, 1940
* *Pandora's Box (Lulu)*, United States: Simon & Schuster, 1971
* Rolland Jaccard (editor), *Louise Brooks: Portrait d'une Anti-Star*, France: Editions Phebus, 1977
* Louise Brooks, *Lulu in Hollywood*, United States: Knopf, 1982
* Vincenzo Mollica, *Louise Brooks: Una Fiaba Nocturne*, Italy: Editori del Grifo, 1984
* *Homenagem a Louise Brooks*, Portugal: Cinemateca Portuguesa, 1986
* Rolland Jaccard (editor), *Louise Brooks: Portrait of an Anti-Star*, United States: New York Zoetrope, 1986
* Barry Paris, *Louise Brooks*, United States: Knopf, 1989
* *Omaggio a Louise Brooks e Maya Deren*, Italy: Cineteca D. W. Griffith, 1996
* *Louise Brooks: L'europeenne*, France: Transeuropa, 1999
* Louise Brooks, *Lulu in Hollywood: Expanded Edition*, United States: University of Minnesota Press, 2000
* Peter Cowie, *Louise Brooks: Lulu Forever*, United States: Rizzoli, 2006

## Quotations 
* *There is no Garbo! There is no Dietrich! There is only Louise Brooks!* – Henri Langlois,  1955.
* *I have a gift for enraging people, but if I ever bore you it will be with a knife.'' – Louise Brooks, from her autobiography, 'Lulu in Hollywood'.

## Other websites 
* Louise Brooks Society
* Louise Brooks, silent star 
* 
* All Movie Guide
* Louise Brooks Studies
Bangor, Maine

**Bangor** is the 3rd-largest city in Maine. In 2020, the city had 31,753 people.

## In history 
In 1937, Al Brady, an armed robber and murderer is shot dead in a gun battle with FBI agent Walter Walsh, ending a long crime spree.

## References
Portland

**Portland** can mean:
* Portland, Oregon, USA
* Portland, Maine, USA
* Portland, Missouri, USA
* Isle of Portland, UK
* Portland limestone, a limestone rock in western Europe
Ben Bradshaw

**Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw** (born 30 August 1960) is an English politician and the Member of Parliament for the Exeter constituency in the United Kingdom. He was  in the 1997 general election. He was a BBC Radio reporter before entering  politics. 
He was a Minister of State in the Department of Health, a Minister for the South West and Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. He holds no posts in the current shadow government.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

## References
Eschelbronn

**Eschelbronn** is a village with 2597 people living there. It is in the Rhein-Neckar area of Baden-Württemberg, Germany and close to Sinsheim.

Eschelbronn is in the north of Kraichgau with a distance of about 25 km to Heidelberg.

## History
It was already mentioned in the years 788/789 in a document of the monastery of Lorsch. Afterwards there was no documentation until the end of the 13th century when it became part of the restrict of Speyer.
The first mayor was Heinrich von Eschelbrunnen in the year 1261. In 1267 a castle made of wood was built and later rebuilt into a water-castle of stone in 1375. In 1526 the village became Protestant.
In 1803 Eschelbronn became part of Baden. From 1807 on the village was administered by Waibstadt and 1803 by Sinsheim until the 31st of December 1972. Today it belongs to the Rhein-Neckar area.

In former times most of the people were farmers, however later in the 18th century the production of textiles became more and more important. Since the end of the 19th century Eschelbronn is well known for its furniture production.

## Other websites 
* Official website
* Museum of Furniture Production
Order of the Bath

**The Most Honourable Order of the Bath** is a British order of chivalry. It was founded by George I, on 18 May 1725. The name comes from an old ceremony, first mentioned in 1128. In the ceremony, men participated in a vigil of fasting, prayer, and taking a bath. They did this on the day before they were made a knight. The ceremony was abolished in 1815. 

The Order is made up of the Sovereign (the British Sovereign), the Great Master (The Prince of Wales since 2024), and three classes of members: (Highest to lowest)
 
**Knight* or *Dame Grand Cross* (GCB)
*Knight or *Dame Commander* (KCB or DCB)
**Companion* (CB)

Because the Order was originally founded as a military order of chivalry, its star (referred to in this use as a "pip") is worn as army officers' rank insignia. Members of the order now belong to either the Civil or the Military Division. The Order's motto is *Tria juncta in uno* (Latin for "Three joined in one"). This is a reference to either the union of England, Scotland and Ireland, or to the Holy Trinity. A symbol of the Order that is seen over and over has three crowns in it. Another motto, *Ich dien* (German for "I serve") is used occasionally, but only by members of the military division of the Order.

The Order is the third oldest of the British Orders of Chivalry, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and before The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick. The last of those Orders–which relates to Ireland, no longer a part of the United Kingdom–still exists, but is no longer active; no appointments have been made to it since 1934.
Kurdish people

**Kurds** () or **Kurdish people** are an Indo-European and Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans today's southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq and northeastern Syria. 

There are exclaves of Kurds in Central Anatolia, Khorasan, and the Caucasus, as well as significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey, particularly Istanbul, and Western Europe, primarily in Germany. In 2017, the Kurdish population was estimated to be between 36.5–45 million.

Kurds are one of the largest and most important ethnic groups in the Middle East. 

Most of the Kurdish population lives in Kurdistan. Kurdistan is the area where Kurds live. Today, it is a border country with lands in the east and southeast of Turkey, in the north-west of Iran, in the north of Iraq and in the north-east of Syria. (Lands in Armenia and Azerbaijan also have small Kurdish populations.) Whether the people and groups who had the name "Kurds" thought that they were a common community before the 12th century is unknown. From 11th century onward, the term Kurd is explicitly defined as an ethnonym and this does not suggest synonymity with the ethnographic category nomad.
### 20th century
After modern international borders came into existence after World War I, many Kurds went out of Kurdistan. They migrated to the large cities in the Middle East and to Western Europe. Since the Early Modern Period, there have also been Kurdish communities in Khorasan, a region covering modern north-eastern Iran and Afghanistan.

## Religions
The Kurds are a mostly Muslim people associated with Sunni Islam. Most Kurds are part of the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, but some Kurds are part of the Hanafi school. Sufism is also common among Kurds. There are also Kurds who are part of Shia Islam and Kurds who are part of Alevism. There are also Kurdish Jews and Yazidi people. The most common religion was Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism was probably the state religion of the Achaemenid Empire. There are connections between the writings of Zoroastrianism and the Vedas, the Hindu writings of ancient India.
### Middle Ages
In the 7th century, Kurds had many different religious beliefs. There were Christians and Zoroastrians. There were also Kurdish Jews. Some sects among the Kurdish Christians and Jews had religious beliefs from Zoroastrianism and Mithraism in their religion. There may have been Kurds among the *Companions of the Prophet*.

Islamic conquests in the 7th century meant that most Kurds became Muslim in the 7th and 8th centuries.  Most Kurds converted to Islam between the 7th and 9th centuries CE. Kurds who were not Muslim had to pay the jizya, a tax. Most of these were part of the Shafi'ite system of Islamic jurisprudence. 

While most Kurds are Sunni Muslims, there are also Kurds of many other religions and sects. There are Kurdish Jews in Iraqi Kurdistan and in Israel as well.

## References
Sacrament

In Christianity, a **sacrament** is a special rite. It is a visible token of the reality of God.

## Sacraments in the Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church knows seven such sacraments. These are
*Baptism – usually given shortly after birth, it is meant to forgive original sin.
*Confirmation – done when reaching maturity
*Holy Eucharist – The body and blood of Jesus Christ is eaten to remember the Last Supper.
*Marriage
*Holy orders – the deacon, the priest and bishop.
*Penance and remission of sins
*Anointing of the Sick – used to be known as Last Rites, given shortly before death

## Protestant views
Following Martin Luther's tradition, many Protestant churches see only Baptism and Lord's Supper as Sacraments. They also have most of the other rites, but do not consider them to be sacraments.

## Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox views
Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches have similar views as the Roman Catholic Church. They say, however, that many things the church does can be seen as sacraments, in some way.
St. Petersburg, Florida

:*For the city in Russia, see Saint Petersburg*

**St. Petersburg** (shortened to **St. Pete** by the area residents) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida. It is in Pinellas County. It is home to the MLB team Tampa Bay Rays.
Guerrilla warfare

invasion in 1808, when the word "guerrilla" was first used in warfare.]]

**Guerrilla warfare** is a war tactic in which small groups of people () fight against an organized army. Guerrilla warfare is sometimes practiced in places in which a regular army would have difficulty, such as forests and mountains. Usually, the army is invading a territory. In open fields, the organized army, which is better armed and larger, has the advantage. However, in forests and mountains, the guerillas can gain an advantage over larger and better-armed armies. In some wars such as the American Revolutionary War or the Vietnam War, guerilla warfare tactics have been successful and were one of the main reasons for the final result.

Guerrilla, is a word of Spanish origin, and means "little war". It was first used in 1808, when Spain was invaded by Napoleon, which resulted in the Peninsular War with Spanish guerilla forces resisting the French Army. Guerilla warfare was used for thousands of years before this.

This war tactic was used in British America by the Native Americans. In various wars, they fought guerilla wars for the French or the British or against them or other enemies. During the American Revolutionary War, the Patriots and the Loyalists used guerilla warfare against enemy regular forces. Continuing the pre-war fighting of Bleeding Kansas, guerilla warfare was common in the border states during the American Civil War.  It was used also during the First Indochina War by the Vietnamese rebels against the French and during the Vietnam War by the North Vietnamese against the Americans and South Vietnamese.

## Related pages 
* Terrorism
* Unconventional warfare
40 (number)

**40** (**forty**) is the number that is after **thirty-nine** and before **forty-one**.

The prime factors of forty are 2 and 5. (2 * 2 * 2 * 5 = 40)

Forty is also the only number in the English language which is spelt in alphabetical order.

## The Bible
In the Judeo-Christian Bible, the number forty has special meaning. The Jews wandered in a desert for forty years, there was a forty-day and forty-night rainstorm, and other instances.

## Factors of 40
The factors of 40 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20 and 40.
20 (number)

**20** (**twenty**) is the number that is after **nineteen** and before **twenty-one**.

The prime factors of twenty are 2 and 5. (2 * 2 * 5 = 20)

Its factors are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 30, and 20.  As the sum of its factors is more than itself (i.e. 22), it can be referred to as an abundant number.

20 can been used as a number base. Remnants of this system remain in some European languages, for example in the English “score” (20) and the French “quatre-vingts” (80, just means four groups of twenty). The old (pre-decimal) English monetary system had twenty shillings in a pound. The ancient Mayan numerical system – counting on fingers and toes – was a base 20 or "vigesimal" system.

A polyhedron of 20 faces is an icosahedron, one of the five Platonic solids. It is a convex regular polyhedron composed of twenty triangular faces, with five meeting at each of the twelve vertices. It has 30 edges and 12 vertices. Its dual polyhedron is the dodecahedron. 

In Japanese tradition, adulthood is established at the age of 20. See seijin not hi (the celebration of adulthood in Japan).

It is the number of milk teeth in an infant’s mouth.

In Roman numerals, 20 is written as **XX**.
70 (number)

**Seventy** is the number that is after **sixty-nine** and before **seventy-one**.

The prime factors of seventy are 2, 5, and 7. (2 * 5 * 7 = 70)
North Vietnam

The **Democratic Republic of Vietnam**, () also known as **North Vietnam** was a country in Asia. It existed from 1954 to 1976 and its capital was Hanoi. It was led by the Communist Party of Vietnam. It was proclaimed by President Ho Chi Minh on September 2, 1945.

## Vietnam War 
The Vietnam War was a war in Vietnam. It lasted from 1955 to 1975. North Vietnam fought against South Vietnam. The United States helped South Vietnam, while China and the Soviet Union helped North Vietnam. The war caused a lot of damage. In the end, North Vietnam won, and the country became one again. Many people suffered because of the war.

## References
Gas giant

.]]
A **gas giant** is a giant planet that has a solid core, but a very thick atmosphere. This means that most of the planet is made up of gas. These planets are very large. The main components are hydrogen and helium.

## Solar System
In our Solar System, there are formally four gas giants: Jupiter and Saturn are mainly composed of hydrogen, helium, and neon, however Uranus, and Neptune are formally or not included here,  they are also called ice giants of formal form.

### Jupiter and Saturn
Jupiter and Saturn are similar as they are made up of mostly hydrogen and helium. They both contain massive, rocky cores that are bigger than Earth. Neptune and Uranus are similar as they are mainly made up of ice and rock, a mixture of one or several minerals. Gas giants have also been found around other stars than the sun. Most of those giant extrasolar planets are "hot giants" orbiting close to their star.

## References
Demo (music)

A **demo**, in music, is the first version of a song or album.

It can also refer to an album made by the band as a "sample" in hopes of getting a  with a record label.