open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains

The **Battle of the Catalaunian Plains** (also called the *Battle of Châlons-sur-Marne* or *Battle of Châlons*) was a battle in 451 AD. It took place in Châlons-sur-Marne, in northeast Gaul (nowadays France).  Roman legions commanded by Flavius Aetius allied with Visigoth soldiers led by Theodoric I, to defeat the armies of Attila the Hun. 

Attila's armies consisted mainly of horsemen. The battle ended as a stalemate - and thus a victory for the West, the Huns having suffered too many losses to continue their attack. The battle of the Catalaunian Plains crushed Attila's dreams of invading the Roman empire, and ultimately was the end of his empire in Europe. But the battle also weakened the already fragile Western Roman Empire, which collapsed 25 years later, in 476.
Nippur

in the time of Hammurabi]]

**Nippur**, or *Enlil* ('lord wind'), is modern *Nuffar* in Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities. It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god, *Enlil*, ruler of the  (universe), and subject to *An* alone.

Nippur was always part of a larger empire. Its control was crucial, as it gave overall 'kingship' to monarchs from other city-states. It was a sacred city, important because it had the famous shrine of *Enlil*.

Late in the 3rd millennium BC, Nippur was conquered and occupied by the Semitic rulers of Akkad, and their rulers, like Sargon, left gifts at this sanctuary. Another ruler, Naram-Suen, rebuilt the temple and the city walls; in the debris of this ancient site his remains were found. This Akkadian occupation was succeeded by an occupation during the third dynasty of Ur, and the constructions of Ur-Nammu, the great builder of temples, are on top of those of Naram.

## Kassite and later history 
Under the succeeding Kassite dynasty, shortly after the middle of the 2nd millennium, Nippur was restored once more to its former splendour.

After the middle of the 12th century BC follows a long period of neglect, but after with the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian Sargon II, at the close of the 8th century BC, the city revives. Under Ashurbanipal, about the middle of the 7th century BC, we find Ekur restored with a splendour greater than ever before, the ziggurat of that period being 58 by 39&nbsp;m.

After that Nippur appears to have gradually fallen into decay, until finally, in the Seleucid period, the ancient temple was turned into a fortress. Huge walls were built at the edges of the ancient terrace, and the courts of the temple were filled with houses and streets. This fortress was occupied and further built upon until the close of the Parthian period, about AD 250.

Under the rule of the Sassanids Nippur fell into decay, and the ancient sanctuary became only a little village of mud huts huddled about the ancient ziggurat. The city was the seat of a Christian diocese as late as the 8th century AD.

## Archaeology 
Nippur was situated on both sides of the Shatt-en-Nil canal, one of the earliest courses of the Euphrates. It lies between the present bed of that river and the Tigris, almost 160&nbsp;km southeast of Baghdad. It is divided into two main parts by the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil (Arakhat). The highest point of these ruins, a conical hill rising about 30&nbsp;m above the level of the surrounding plain, northeast of the canal bed, is called by the Arabs *Bint el-Amiror* ('prince's daughter').

Nippur was first excavated, briefly, by Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1851.
Full scale digging was begun by an expedition from the University of Pennsylvania. The work involved four seasons of excavation between 1889 and 1900. Nippur was also excavated for 19 seasons between 1948 and 1990.

## References
Manganese(III) fluoride

**Manganese(III) fluoride**, also known as **manganese trifluoride**, is a chemical compound. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnF3. It is a purple-pink powder. It is used to add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It is an oxidizing agent. It is made by heating manganese(II) fluoride with fluorine. These are in a solution of hydrofluoric acid. It decomposes to manganese(II) fluoride when heated.

It can form hydrofluoric acid when dissolved in water, so it can be dangerous. It should not be stored in glass.

## Related pages
*Manganese(II) oxide
*Manganese fluoride
*Manganese(VII) oxide
Greek fire

.]]
Invented by Byzantines, **Greek fire** was a fearsome weapon. It had the ability to keep burning while on water. As such, it was often used in naval battles. The creation of it was a closely guarded secret and has now been lost. It was very similar to modern napalm, though it was weaker. Byzantine ships attached it to their fronts as a medival sort of flamethrower. After several accidents of the fire burning its own ship, it was no longer used.

The term "Greek fire" is normally used in English. However, most other languages use other terms such as "sea fire" (Greek: πῦρ θαλάσσιον), "Roman fire" (πῦρ ῥωμαϊκόν), "war fire" (πολεμικὸν πῦρ), "liquid fire" (ὑγρὸν πῦρ), or "processed fire" (πῦρ σκευαστόν).
Siphonophore

of pelagic siphonophore, a colonial animal. It has zooids, some of which are polyps and some medusae. 
It lives in the Arctic and other cold, deep waters, swimming independently in mid-ocean.]]

The **Siphonophores** are an order of cnidarian invertebrates in the class Hydrozoa. The Portuguese man o' war is an example. 

A siphonophore is not a single animal. It is a colony of four kinds of zooids. Zooids are very small, highly modified individuals. All the zooids in a colony are genetically identical. These zooids are specialized polyps and medusoids. 

Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid is not self-sufficient. It depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.

The zooids fit together so closely that the colony looks like a single individual. It was a triumph of 19th century biology to discover the real nature of the siphonophores.

**Bathyphysa conifera*
*Portuguese man o' war

## References
Potassium hypomanganate

**Potassium hypomanganate** is a chemical compound. It contains potassium and hypomanganate ions. It is a bright blue solid. It is unstable and rare. It can be made several ways: reduction of potassium permanganate with potassium sulfite; reduction of potassium manganate with hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide; and disproportionation when manganese dioxide is dissolved in potassium hydroxide. It disproportionates into potassium manganate and manganese dioxide easily. Only a strong base can stop it from disproportionation.

## Related pages
*Sodium manganate
*Sodium permanganate
Potassium sulfite

**Potassium sulfite** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2SO3. It contains potassium and sulfite ions. 

## Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent. It can react with oxidizing agents to make potassium sulfate. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting sulfur dioxide with potassium hydroxide.
:2 KOH + SO2 → K2SO3 + H2O

## Uses
It is used to preserve food. Sulfites can cause allergies in some people, though. 

## Related pages
*Sodium sulfite
*Potassium sulfate
Ray Ceresino

**Ray Ceresino** (April 24, 1929 &ndash; May 1, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey left winger. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

## References
*
Potassium manganate

**Potassium manganate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2MnO4. It contains potassium and manganate ions.

## Properties
Potassium manganate is a green solid. It can disproportionate into potassium permanganate and manganese(IV) oxide. This happens in acidic pH. This reaction, because of its color change, is known as a "chemical chameleon".

## Preparation
It is made by reacting manganese(IV) oxide with very hot potassium hydroxide. Sometimes oxygen or potassium nitrate is used as the oxidizing agent. This makes potassium manganate. Normally the potassium manganate is converted to potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate is more common. Potassium iodide can reduce potassium permanganate to potassium manganate. It can also be made by reacting hot potassium permanganate with potassium hydroxide. This makes oxygen and potassium manganate.

## Uses
Potassium manganate does not have many uses. It is mainly made when potassium permanganate is made.

## Safety
Potassium manganate is a  oxidizing agent. When it is reduced, it can made black or brown stains on glass, clothing, or skin.

## Related pages
*Permanganate
*Manganese(VII) oxide
Tom Cook

**Thomas John Cook** (May 7, 1907 – October 2, 1961) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 348 games in the National Hockey League. Born in Fort William, Ontario, he played for the Montreal Maroons and Chicago Black Hawks. He won the Stanley Cup in 1934 with the Chicago Black Hawks.

## Other websites
*
Frank Daley

**Francis Patrick Denis "Dapper Dan" Daley** (August 28, 1908 – October 15, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played for the Detroit Cougars in the National Hockey League (NHL).

## References
Dave Creighton

**David Theodore Creighton** (June 24, 1930 &ndash; August 18, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

Creighton started his National Hockey League career with the Boston Bruins in 1948. He would also play with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks, and New York Rangers. He left the NHL after the 1960 season. He played several more seasons in the AHL before retiring after the 1969 season. After this, he coached the Providence Reds from 1969 to 1970.

Creighton died at his home in Wesley Chapel, Florida on August 18, 2017 at the age of 87.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Larry Aurie

**Harry Lawrence "Little Dempsey" Aurie** (February 8, 1905 in Sudbury, Ontario – December 12, 1952 in Detroit, Michigan) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played 11 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings.

## Awards and achievements 
* IAHL Second All-Star Team, 1939
* Led NHL in goals in 1936–37
* Named to NHL First All-Star Team, 1936–37
* Played in NHL All-Star Game, 1933–34
* Won the Stanley Cup (with the Detroit Red Wings) 1936, 1937

## References 
*Aurie holds Detroit's forgotten number, Macomb Daily
*http://www.kuklaskorner.com/index.php/hockey/comments/ilitch_celebrates_yzerman_desecrates_aurie/ , Kukla's Corner: Ilitch Celebrates Yzerman, Desecrates Aurie

## Other websites 
*
Reg Noble

**Edward Reginald Noble** (June 23, 1895 – January 19, 1962) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 17 professional seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Blueshirts, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto St. Pats, Montreal Maroons, Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings. He was a three-time winner of the Stanley Cup, with Toronto and Montreal and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962. He was also the last active NHL player from both the NHL's inaugural season  and the 1910s.

## Career statistics
Source: 

## Awards and achievements
* 1914–15 -  OHA-Jr. First All-Star Team
* 1918 - Stanley Cup championship (Toronto Arenas)
* 1922 - Stanley Cup championship (Toronto St. Pats)
* 1926 - Stanley Cup championship (Montreal Maroons)
* 1962 - Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame

## Transactions
* November 25, 1916 - signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHA)
* February 11, 1917 - assigned to Montreal Canadiens (NHA) by NHA in dispersal of Toronto (NHA) players
* December 5, 1917 - signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHL)
* November 1, 1921 - named player coach of Toronto (NHL).
* November 1, 1922 - resigned as coach and captain of Toronto (NHL)
* December 9, 1924 - traded to Montreal Maroons by Toronto for $8,000.
* October 4, 1927 - traded to Detroit by Montreal Maroons for $7,500.
* December 9, 1932 - traded to Montreal Maroons by Detroit for John Gallagher.
Source: 

## References
## Other websites
*
Sodium manganate

**Sodium manganate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2MnO4. It contains sodium and manganate ions. It is a bright green solid at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a pressure). It cannot be made by reacting manganese dioxide with sodium hydroxide, like potassium manganate is made. It is made by reacting hot sodium hydroxide with sodium permanganate. This releases oxygen and makes sodium manganate. It is more expensive than potassium manganate because it is harder to make.

## Related pages
*Manganese(II) oxide
*Manganese(VII) oxide
*Potassium permanganate
Hypomanganate

**Hypomanganate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is MnO43-. It is bright blue. It disproportionates into manganates and manganese(IV) oxide easily. This can be stopped by adding a lot of a base. They are both reducing agents and oxidizing agents. They are made by reducing manganates with sulfites and hydrogen peroxide. 

## Related pages
*Permanganate
*Potassium hypomanganate
*Potassium manganate
Gallery

An **art gallery** is a place where art is displated.  **Gallery** may also refer to:

* National Gallery, London, an art gallery in London, England
* National Gallery of Art, an art gallery in Washington, D.C.
* National Gallery of Armenia, an art gallery in Yerevan, Armenia
Sulfur hexafluoride

**Sulfur hexafluoride**, also known as **sulfur(VI) fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SF6. It contains sulfur in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

BBC News says "It's the most powerful greenhouse gas known to humanity, and emissions have risen rapidly in recent years. Sulphur hexafluoride, or SF6, is widely used in the electrical industry to prevent short circuits and accidents. Leaks of the little-known gas in the UK and the rest of the EU in 2017 were the equivalent of putting an extra 1.3 million cars on the road".

## Properties
Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless gas. It is very heavy for a gas (about 5 times heavier than air). It is non-reactive, and hard to find anything that reacts with it. It is a strong greenhouse gas. This has made people put some restrictions on using it.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting sulfur with fluorine. That combination also makes  disulfur decafluoride, which has to be removed.

## Uses
s]]
It is used in electronics and various  devices. It can be used in the body since it is not toxic. It can be used as a test gas to look where gas flows in a heater system, for example. It is detected easily. It is used in some torpedoes. Lithium is one of the only things that reacts with sulfur hexafluoride. Sulfur hexafluoride is sprayed on lithium. This makes the lithium very hot. It creates steam from water and shoots the torpedo. It can be breathed in to make the voice deeper. This is the opposite of breathing in helium gas.

## Safety
Sulfur hexafluoride is not toxic. It can fill up in closed spaces though. A person may suffocate in the closed space if sulfur hexafluoride has pushed out the oxygen from the space.
## Greenhouse gas
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,  is the most potent greenhouse gas that it has evaluated, with a global warming potential (GWP) of 22,800 times that of [[carbon dioxide|]] when compared over a 100-year period.  Measurements of SF6 show that its global average mixing ratio has increased by about 0.2 ppt per year to over 7 ppt.  Sulfur hexafluoride is also extremely long-lived. It is inert in the troposphere and stratosphere. It has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 800–3200 years.  is very stable. (For countries reporting their emissions to the UNFCCC, a GWP of 23,900 for  was suggested at the third Conference of the Parties: GWP used in Kyoto protocol). Average global SF6 concentrations increased by about seven percent per year during the 1980s and 1990s, mostly as the result of its use in the magnesium production industry, and by electrical utilities and electronics manufacturers. Given the low amounts of SF6 released compared to carbon dioxide, its overall contribution to global warming is estimated to be less than 0.2 percent.

In Europe,  falls under the F-Gas directive which ban or control its use in several ways. Since 1 January 2006,  is banned as a tracer gas and in all applications except high-voltage switchgear.

## Related pages
*Sodium fluoride
*Potassium fluoride
## References
Disulfur decafluoride

**Disulfur decafluoride**, also known as **sulfur pentafluoride** and **sulfur(V) fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2F10. It contains sulfur in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties
Disulfur decafluoride is a colorless liquid. It has no odor. It is very toxic. It disproportionates to sulfur hexafluoride and sulfur tetrafluoride when heated. It reacts with sulfur dioxide. It also can react with chlorine, bromine, and ammonia. It is more toxic than phosgene. 

## Uses
It was thought of as a poison gas in World War II, but it was never used. It has almost no uses.

## Related pages
*Sulfur trioxide
*Phosphorus pentoxide
Manganese fluoride

**Manganese fluoride** can refer to any of these following compounds:

*Manganese(II) fluoride
*Manganese(III) fluoride
*Manganese(IV) fluoride
Hurricane Gloria

## Timeline
**Hurricane Gloria** was an Atlantic tropical cyclone in September 1985. The storm was the first major storm to affect Long Island and New York directly since Hurricane Donna 25 years before.

The storm started as a tropical depression on September 16; it became Tropical Storm Gloria on September 17.

On September 18, it weakened back to a tropical depression. Two days later, it became a tropical storm again.

After being a weak tropical cyclone for several days, on September 22, Gloria became a hurricane. It quickly became stronger on September 24; the next day, its winds peaked at 145&nbsp;mph. A 2008 reanalysis later found the winds had been even stronger.

On September 27, the hurricane struck eastern North Carolina as a Category 2 storm. It then moved up the East Coast of the United States. Later that day, the storm struck western Long Island, with winds of 85&nbsp;mph. One hour after striking Long Island, it hit near Westport, Connecticut.

Gloria moved northeast through Atlantic Canada.

## Damages
Damage from the storm was $900 million.

The death toll from the storm was fourteen.

## Naming
The name *Gloria* was later retired and replaced with *Grace*.

## References
Turdidae

The **Turdidae** are a family of passerine songbirds, the **thrushes**. It includes the common song thrush and the blackbird. Most authorities now place this group in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.

## References
Sulfur tetrafluoride

**Sulfur tetrafluoride**, also known as **sulfur(IV) fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SF4. It contains sulfur in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties
Sulfur tetrafluoride is a colorless gas. It is toxic and corrosive. It releases hydrogen fluoride when exposed to water.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium fluoride, chlorine, and sulfur dichloride. The chlorine does not have to be included. If no chlorine is used, other products form that need to be taken out.

## Uses
Sulfur tetrafluoride is used to make organic molecules containing fluoride ions. It is not used much.

## Related pages
*Sulfur hexafluoride
*Sulfur pentafluoride
Sulfur dichloride

**Sulfur dichloride**, also known as **sulfur(II) chloride**, is a chemical compound made of sulfur and chlorine. Its chemical formula is . It contains sulfur in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Sulfur dichloride is a red liquid. It has a strong . It is a common sulfur chloride. It reacts with water to make hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide. When it is old, it might have some chlorine in it. It reacts with fluorides to make sulfur tetrafluoride.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting chlorine with sulfur. Disulfur dichloride is an intermediate. It is also a common  in sulfur dichloride. 

## Related pages
*Sulfur hexafluoride
*Disulfur decafluoride
Disulfur dichloride

**Disulfur dichloride**, also known as **sulfur(I) chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2Cl2. It contains sulfur in its +1 oxidation state. It contains chlorine in its -1 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a yellow or orange liquid. It smokes in air because it reacts with water. It releases sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid when reacted with water. It reacts with chlorine to make sulfur dichloride. It can dissolve sulfur. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting a little chlorine with sulfur. A lot of chlorine would make sulfur dichloride.

## Uses
It is used to place sulfur atoms some organic compounds.

## Related pages
*Tetrasulfur tetranitride
*Sulfur tetrafluoride
Paridae

The **Paridae** is a family of tiny birds, the **tits** (called 'chickadees' or 'titmice' in North America). They are passerine songbirds which are native to the northern hemisphere and Africa. Most of them used to be classified in the genus *Parus*, which has now been split up.

These birds are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout  bills. Some have crests. They range in length from 10 to 22 centimetres. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. 

Many species will live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods. In Britain, great tits and blue tits learned to break through the foil caps sealing bottles of milk on doorsteps, to get at the cream on top. Of course, the change in milk packaging has robbed them of this delicacy.

These are hole-nesting birds, typically using trees, although some species build nests on the ground. They lay anything from three to nineteen speckled white eggs, depending on species.

### Vocalisations
 calling in Finland.]]
The tits make a variety of calls and songs. They are amongst the most vocal of all birds, calling continuously and loudly. They are only ever silent for reasons such as avoiding predators or when intruding on a rival's territory. Quiet calls are made while feeding to keep contact with others in their social group.

### Diet and feeding
 with prey item]]

The tits are insectivorous, and eat a wide range of small insects and other invertebrates, particularly small leaf-eating caterpillars. They also eat seeds and nuts, especially in winter. A typical activity is *hanging*, where they inspect a branch or twig and leaves from all angles while hanging upside down to feed. These caches are usually of seeds but may be of insects.

## Related pages 
*Black-capped chickadee

## References
Sulfur chloride

**Sulfur chloride** can refer to any of these chemical compounds:

*Disulfur dichloride, yellow liquid
*Sulfur dichloride, red liquid
Sulfur fluoride

**Sulfur fluoride** can refer to any of these chemical compounds:

*Sulfur tetrafluoride
*Disulfur decafluoride
*Sulfur hexafluoride
I puritani

***I puritani*** is an Italian opera in three acts by Vincenzo Bellini, first performed in Paris, on January 25, 1835, libretto by Carlo Pepoli, after Jacques Ancelot and Xavier Boniface Saintine's *Têtes Rondes et Cavaliers*, itself based on Sir Walter Scott's *Old Morality*. Bellini's last work and one of his greatest triumphs. 

## Principal characters
* Elvira - soprano
* Arturo - tenor
* Riccardo - baritone
* Giorgio - bass
* Enrichetta - mezzo-soprano
* Bruno - tenor
* Gualtiero - bass 

## Reference
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
La sonnambula

***La sonnambula*** is an Italian opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini, first performed at La Scala in Milan, on March 6, 1831, libretto by Felice Romani, after Eugène Sribe's ballet-pantomime *La somnanbule*. Bellini's most pastoral work, it was an immediate success and is still regularly performed. 

## Principal roles and voice types
* Amina - soprano
* Elvino - tenor
* Count Rodolfo - bass
* Lisa - soprano
* Teresa - mezzo-soprano

## Discography
* 1952: Lina Pagliughi (Amina), Ferruccio Tagliavini (Elvino), Cesare Siepi (Rodolfo), Wanda Ruggeri (Lisa), Anna Maria Anelli (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra Sinfonica della RAI di Torino, Franco Capuana - (Preiser Records)
* 1955: Maria Callas (Amina), Cesare Valletti (Elvino), Giuseppe Modesti (Rodolfo), Eugenia Ratti (Lisa), Gabriella Carturan (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Leonard Bernstein - (EMI Classics)
* 1957: Maria Callas (Amina), Nicola Monti (Elvino), Nicola Zaccaria (Rodolfo), Eugenia Ratti (Lisa), Fiorenza Cossotto (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
* 1962: Joan Sutherland (Amina), Nicola Monti (Elvino), Fernando Corena (Rodolfo), Sylvia Stahlman (Lisa), Margreta Elkins (Teresa); Orchestra e Coro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
* 1980: Joan Sutherland (Amina), Luciano Pavarotti (Elvino), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Rodolfo), Isobel Buchanan (Lisa), Della Jones (Teresa); London Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
* 2006: Natalie Dessay (Amina), Francesco Meli (Elvino), Carlo Colombara (Rodolfo), Sara Mingardo (Lisa), Jael Azzaretti (Teresa); Chœur et Orchestre de l'Opéra National de Lyon, Evelino Pido - (Virgin Classics)
* 2008: Cecilia Bartoli (Amina), Juan Diego Flórez (Elvino), Ildebrando D'Arcangelo (Rodolfo), Gemma Bertagnolli (Lisa), Liliana Nikiteanu (Teresa); Chor des Opernhauses Zürich, Orchestra La Scintilla, Alessandro de Marchi - (L'Oiseau-Lyre)

## Reference 
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Sulfur nitride

**Sulfur nitride** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

*Disulfur dinitride, explosive
*Tetrasulfur tetranitride, two disulfur dinitrides connected, explosive
Tetrasulfur tetranitride

**Tetrasulfur tetranitride**, also known as **tetrasulphur tetranitride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S4N4. It contains sulfur in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitride ions.

## Properties
It is a gold solid. It is an explosive, releasing sulfur and nitrogen when detonated. The purer the substance is, the more easily it explodes. It is pale yellow when cold, orange at normal temperature, and red when hot. It reacts with bases. It can be split into disulfur dinitride when it is reacted with silver. It does not dissolve in water.

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting disulfur dichloride with ammonia. It can also be made by reacting ammonium chloride with disulfur dichloride. 

## Uses
It can be used to react with many organic compounds.

## Safety
It is an explosive, so it should not be ground. Explosion releases harmless nitrogen and sulfur.

## Related pages
*Nitrate
*Sulfate
Disulfur dinitride

**Disulfur dinitride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2N2. It contains sulfur in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitride ions.

## Properties
Disulfur dinitride is a colorless crystalline solid. It is explosive, similar to tetrasulfur tetranitride. It easily evaporates. It does not dissolve in water. It turns back into tetrasulfur tetranitride when exposed to water. 

## Preparation
Disulfur dinitride is produced by reacting elemental silver with tetrasulfur tetranitride. This forms silver(I) sulfide, which acts as a catalyst. This reaction happens in a .

## Uses
It reacts with some chemical compounds that are acids. 

## Related pages
*Sulfur nitride
*Sulfur hexafluoride
Roméo et Juliette

***Roméo et Juliette*** is a French opera in five acts by Charles Gounod, first performed in Paris, on April 27, 1867, libretto by Jules Barbier et Michel Carré, after Shakespeare's *Romeo and Juliet*. One of Gounod's most successful works, it contains his most beautiful and melodious music. It is still regularly performed. 

## Principal roles
* Juliette - soprano
* Roméo - tenor
* Frère Laurent - bass
* Mercutio - baritone
* Stephano - soprano
* Gertrude - mezzo-soprano
* Thybalt - tenor
* Capulet - baritone

## Reference
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
List of Formula One Grand Prix winners

, who has won a record 91 Grands Prix during his career so far.]]

Formula One, abbreviated to **F1**, is a form of open-wheeled auto racing. It is the highest class defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body. The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules. These rules tell the builders and drivers of the cars what they may and may not do. The F1 world championship season is a series of races. These races are known as Grands Prix. They are usually held on purpose-built circuits. In a few places, they are held on closed city streets. The most famous Grand Prix is the Monaco Grand Prix in Monte Carlo. The top finisher of each race are awarded championship points. The points are added up at the end of they year. There are two yearly Championships. The one for drivers and one for constructors.

Michael Schumacher used to hold the record for the most Grand Prix victories. He has won 91. Lewis Hamilton has since overtaken him with 105.&nbsp;times. Alain Prost is second with 51&nbsp;wins, and Ayrton Senna is third with 41&nbsp;wins. Michael Schumacher also has the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in  at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in  at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14&nbsp;years, 1&nbsp;month and 1&nbsp;day. The youngest winner of a Grand Prix is Sebastian Vettel, who was 21&nbsp;years, 73&nbsp;days old when he won the Italian Grand Prix in . Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix. He was 53&nbsp;years and 22&nbsp;days old when he won the  French Grand Prix.

As of the 2024 Hungarian Grand Prix, there have been 115 different Formula One Grand Prix winners. The 100th Grand Prix winner was Heikki Kovalainen at the  Hungarian Grand Prix.  746 drivers have started a Grand Prix race.
## By driver
*All figures correct as of the 2016_Australian_Grand_Prix*

## By nationality 
List of races won by nationality of driver.

''All figures are correct as of 31 July 2011.

  
  
 
 

## Related pages
*List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)

## References 
### Bibliography 

* 

## Other websites 
* Formula One official website
* FIA official website
Hannibal Alkhas

**Hannibal Alkhas** (1930 – 2010) was a sculptor, painter and author. He was born in 1930 in Iran into an ethnic Assyrian and Christian family and spent his childhood and teenage years in Kermanshah, Ahwaz and Tehran. In 1951, Hannibal Alkhas moved to the United States in pursuit of his education and studied philosophy for three years at Loyola University of Chicago, Illinois.
From 1953 to 1958 he attended the Art Institute of Chicago where he earned his Bachelor's and Masters of Fine Arts.

In 1959, after the death of his father, the famous Assyrian writer Rabi Adai Alkhas, Hannibal Alkhas returned to Iran and began to teach painting, drawing, and art history at the Tehran School of Fine Arts for the next four years. During this time he established the *Gilgamesh gallery*, where aspiring young artists were introduced.
In 1963 he returned to the United States and taught a Monticello College in Illinois where he became the chairman of the art department.
In 1969 Hannibal again returned to Iran and spent the next eleven (11) years teaching at Tehran University [6].

He taught at Islamic Azad University in Iran.

Hannibal Alkhas has also created book illustrations, written poems and translated many poems to and from Assyrian. His works have been displayed in numerous exhibitions in Iran, Europe, Canada, Australia and the US.

Hannibal Alkhas died on September 14, 2010 at the age of 80 in the United States. He was suffering from cancer.

## References
Blue tit

The **blue tit** (*Cyanistes caeruleus*) is a passerine songbird in the family Paridae. It is 10.5 to 12&nbsp;cm (4.2 to 4.8&nbsp;inches) long. 

The blue tit is a widespread and common resident breeder. It lives throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and western Asia in deciduous or mixed woodlands. It is a resident bird; most do not migrate.

## Behaviour
Blue and great tits form mixed winter flocks, and the former are perhaps the better gymnasts on the slender twigs. A blue tit will often ascend a trunk in short jerky hops, imitating a treecreeper. As a rule the bird roosts in ivy or evergreens, but in hard weather will shelter in a hole. Blue tits are very agile and can hang from almost anywhere.

The blue tit has an average life expectancy of 1.5 years http://www.garden-birds.co.uk/information/lifespan.htm

### Diet
The blue tit is a destroyer of pests. It is fond of young buds of various trees, and may pull them to bits in the hope of finding insects. No species, however, destroys more coccids and aphids, the worst foes of many plants. It also eats leaf miner grubs and green tortrix moths (Tortricidae). Seeds are eaten, as with all this family.

### Learning
An interesting example of culturally transmitted learning in birds was the phenomenon dating from the 1960s of blue tits teaching one another how to open traditional British milk bottles with foil tops, to get at the cream underneath. This behaviour has declined recently because of the replacement of doorstep delivery by supermarket purchases of milk, and by hard-topped containers instead of the old bottles.

## Sources
## Other websites 
*The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Blue tit)
* Blue tit videos, photos & sounds  on the Internet Bird Collection.
Roberta Peters

**Roberta Peters** (May 4, 1930 &ndash; January 18, 2017) is an American soprano. She had a long and successful career at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. She was particularly associated with light coloratura roles in Italian, French and German operas. 

## Life and career
Born **Roberta Peterman** in New York City, she began vocal study at the age of 13 with William Herman, encouraged by tenor Jan Peerce, a family friend. 

She made her unscheduled debut (as an emergency replacement) at the Metropolitan Opera, on November 17, 1950, as Zerlina in *Don Giovanni*, aged only 20 and having no previous stage experience. The success was immediate. Her well schooled voice, good looks and charming personality quickly made her a great favorite of this theatre where she was to sing regularly for 35 seasons.

Some of her most performed roles include; Susanna (*Le nozze di Figaro*), Despina (*Cosi fan tutte*), The Queen of the Night (*The Magic Flute*),  Rosina (*Il barbiere di Siviglia*), Adina (''L'elisir d'amore*), Norina (*Don Pasquale*), Lucia (*Lucia di Lammermoor*), Gilda (*Rigoletto*), Oscar (*Un ballo in maschera*), Nanetta (*Falstaff*), Olympia (*Les contes d'Hoffmann*), Sophie (*Der Rosenkavalier*), Zerbinetta (*Ariadne auf Naxos*), etc.

She also appeared abroad, notably at the Royal Opera House in London in 1951, as Arline in *The Bohemian Girl*, and later appeared at the Vienna State Opera, the Salzburg Festival, the Bolshoi in Moscow. She also made several appearances on television, notably on *The Ed Sullivan Show''. 

Roberta Peters retired from the stage in 1985, but continued to give recital until recent years. She was briefly married to baritone Robert Merrill.

Peters died from Parkinson's disease on January 18, 2017 in Rye, New York. She was 86.

## References
* *The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia*, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.
Lilongwe River

**Lilongwe River** is a river in Malawi flowing through Lilongwe. Its length is near . At mouth of the Lilongwe River is Malawi Lake.
Finch

**Finches** are passerine songbirds in the family **Fringillidae**. They are mostly seed-eaters. The scientific name Fringillidae comes from the Latin word *fringilla* for the Chaffinch (*Fringilla coelebs*), which is common in Europe.

Most species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, but one subfamily is endemic to the Neotropics, one to the Hawaiian Islands, and one genus is found only in the Palaearctic (Eurasia and north Africa).

Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches" They include 
:• some species in the very similar-looking waxbills (family Passeridae, of the Old World tropics and Australia;
:• several groups of the bunting and American sparrow family (Emberizidae);
:• Darwin's 'finches' of the Galapagos Islands, which provided evidence of natural selection. They are now recognized to be peculiar tanagers (Thraupidae).

Some species are being imported or smuggled into other countries and sold as exotic pets.

## Sub-families 
#Fringillinae: *Fringilla*
#Carduelinae:
##Grosbeaks
##American rosefinches
##Bullfinches
##Arid-zone clade
##Asian rosefinches
##Goldfinch-canary-crossbill clade
#Drepanidinae: Hawaiian honeycreepers
#Euphoniinae: Euphonious finches

File:Coccothraustes coccothraustes 1 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|Hawfinch (*Coccothraustes coccothraustes*), one of the northern grosbeaks
File:Iiwi.jpg|ʻIʻiwi (*Vestiaria coccinea*), a Hawaiian honeycreeper
File:Euphonia violacea-2.jpg|Male Violaceous Euphonia (*Euphonia violacea*)
File:Carpodacus roseus.jpg|Pallas' Rosefinch (*Carpodacus roseus*), a true rosefinch

## References
Burt Munro

**Burt Munro** (25 March 1899 – 6 January 1978) was a motorcycle racer from New Zealand. He began riding motorcycles when he was 15. He is famous for setting a world record on 26 August 1967 with his motorcycle. The speed was 295.453 km/h (183.59 mph). To qualify he made a one-way run of 305.89 km/h (190.07 mph), the fastest-ever officially recorded speed on an Indian.

## References 
## Other websites 
*http://www.antiquemotorcycle.org/TheMagazine/burt_monro.html  Letters from the hand of Burt Munro
*Burt Munro: A New Zealand Legend
*E Hayes and Sons: The World's Fastest Indian Exhibition (original motorcycles), The World's Fastest Indian Legend 
*A Tribute to H.J Munro, a.k.a "Burt" Munro
*Indian Motorcycle website
*
*, a documentary
Silver(I) sulfide

**Silver(I) sulfide**, also known as **silver sulfide** and **silver sulphide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ag2S. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains sulfide ions.

## Properties
It is a black solid. It reacts with acids. It is heavy. It can irritate the skin.

## Occurrence and preparation
It exists in the ground as acanthite and argentite. It is also made when silver is in air containing hydrogen sulfide. The oxygen in air cannot oxidize the silver directly; the hydrogen sulfide helps it. It is the tarnish on silver items.

## Uses
It is mostly an  product when silver es.

## Related pages
*Silver(I) oxide
Katrina cottage

**Katrina cottages** are small houses designed and marketed in the United States in the wake of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005). They were designed as a response to the inadequacies of the trailers issued to flood victims by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The homes are designed to attempt to fulfill the needs of their occupants in a more permanent and weather-resistant manner, while addressing the challenges of building and protecting a home in the Gulf Coast region. Some of the homes are elevated, on stilts, particularly in southern Louisiana and Mississippi, where much of the land currently used is near sea level, protected by levees, or prone to flooding by nearby rivers or coastal storm surges or high tides.

Though designs differ somewhat, the main factor for appearance is that Katrina cottages look like traditional homes in the area, reduced in size to lower costs and ease construction so that multiple units can be built quickly as needed. The Katrina cottages are usually one-bedroom, shotgun-house designs, with a front porch that helps stabilize the house from strong winds. Hence, they tend to be smaller than many house trailers, which have 2 or 3 bedrooms (as in a double wide trailer); however, the cottages are constructed of heavier materials to resist winds that would buckle the light-weight walls of mobile homes.

The best-known of these designs are those by Marianne Cusato, whose original "Katrina Cottage" made the term popular and received in 2006 the first annual People's Design Award from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution. As Cusato's design and others gained increasing media attention, the number of designs has increased.  The home-improvement retailer Lowe's offers pre-packaged Katrina Cottage kits, including plans and all materials needed for construction. A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) pilot program accommodating 900 Mississippi coast families encountered some opposition from local government officials opposed to permanent small housing units, although Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour urged local officials to accept the cottages as safer than trailers, in high winds or moderate floods.

## Other websites
* "The house that Katrina built", *St. Petersburg Times*, January 28, 2006.
* "The little house that roared" , *San Francisco Chronicle*, March 4, 2006.
* "Lowe's Makes Katrina Cottages Available for Purchase", *Architectural Record Digest*, November 3, 2006.

## Notes
Silver fluoride

**Silver fluoride** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

*Silver(I) fluoride
*Silver(II) fluoride
Crow

**Crows** form the genus ***Corvus*** are in the family Corvidae. They are medium to large sized birds, carnivores and scavengers.

The genus includes the crow (carrion crow or hooded crow), the rook, jackdaw, and the large common raven. The genus has 40 or so members on all temperate continents except for South America, and some islands. 

The Corvus makes up a third of the species in the Corvidae. Crows appear to have evolved in Asia from corvid stock which had evolved in Australia. The collective name for a group of crows is a *flock* or, more poetically, a *murder*.

## Characteristics 
Crows will eat just about anything from insects to invertebrates to meat. They also enjoy nuts, worms, and vegetables. Crows are known for being shy around humans at first. Crows are naturally shy and wary creatures, and they prefer open areas with good visibility and safe places to perch and roost. Crows have keen eyesight. This is unlike other crows such as the Rook and the Hooded Crow, which are more sociable birds.

## Intelligence 
Some crow species not only use tools but also make tools.  Crows are now thought to be, with parrots, among the world's most intelligent birds. 

They have a brain size (adjusted for body size) as large as some apes. The jackdaw and the European magpie have a *nidopallium* about the same relative size as the equivalent neocortex in chimpanzees, and significantly larger than is found in the gibbon.

A story of how a girl fed crows, and in return they brought her tiny gifts, shows what the birds are capable of.

## Cultural depictions 
Historically, the crow was believed to be a divine agent. In the Qur'an's story of Cain and Abel, a crow is mentioned as the bird whom Allah sent to teach Cain how to bury his murdered brother. It was also believed that when Alexander the Great and his army became lost in the North African desert, two crows guided them to safety.

## References
Silver chloride

**Silver chloride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgCl. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

## Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It does not dissolve in water. When it is exposed to light, it turns back into silver and chlorine. It dissolves in several solutions, such as ammonia. 

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting a common chloride such as sodium chloride with silver nitrate.

## Uses
It is used in photographic film. It darkens when exposed to light, which makes a picture. It is also used in electrochemistry. It is used as a disinfectant in bandages. It is also used to make stained glass. It can be used when someone is poisoned with mercury.

## Safety
It can irritate skin. It can also stain the skin. It is a weak oxidizing agent.

## Related pages
*Silver bromide
*Silver iodide
Silver(I) fluoride

**Silver(I) fluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgF. It contains silver in its +1 oxidations state. It also contains fluoride ions. 

## Properties 
It is a yellow-brown solid. It can turn black when in moist air. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent because of the silver ion. 

## Preparation 
It is made by reacting silver(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

## Uses 
It is used to add fluoride to organic compounds.

## Safety 
Silver compounds can stain skin. They are also oxidizing agents and should be kept away from metal.

## Related pages 
*Silver(II) fluoride
*Silver chloride
Silver bromide

**Silver bromide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgBr. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains bromide ions.

## Properties
It is a light yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It darkens when light shines on it. The darkening is because it turns into silver metal and bromine gas. It reacts with ammonia to dissolve. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting a bromide such as potassium bromide or sodium bromide with silver nitrate.

## Uses
It is used in photographic film. The compound reacts with light (photolysis) to make particles of silver metal and release elemental bromine. These particles, called the latent image, react with a photographic developer to make larger particles that are visible to the eye. After this reaction, these silver particles make the dark parts of a film negative.

## Related pages
*Silver chloride
*Silver fluoride
*Silver iodide
Silver nitrate

**Silver nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgNO3. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state as an ion. It also has nitrate.

## Properties
Silver nitrate is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. Most silver compounds do not dissolve in water. It can get dark if light shines on it. It is an oxidizing agent. Most of the time the silver ion is reduced, but sometimes the nitrate ion is reduced. It reacts with copper to make silver crystals and copper(II) nitrate. It turns into silver, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen when it is heated. It is the least expensive silver compound. It reacts with bases to make dark brown silver(I) oxide.

## Preparation
It is made by dissolving silver in nitric acid. This produces nitrogen dioxide, so it should be done where the person can get fresh air.

## Uses
It was used to separate silver and gold. Gold does not dissolve in nitric acid. It is used to make other silver compounds. It reacts with chloride, bromide, and iodides to make white, cream, and yellow-colored solids. It is also used as an oxidizing agent. It can also be used to kill germs. 

## Safety
Silver nitrate is an oxidizing agent and should be kept away from chemicals that can burn. It can burn and stain skin. If too much is eaten, it can turn the skin blue.

## Related pages
*Silver bromide
*Silver iodide
*Silver chloride
*Silver(II) fluoride