open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Trafalgar Square

**Trafalgar Square** is in the middle of London and is a large pedestrian square that is bounded on three sides by roads. It serves as a refuge and a major traffic intersection. Important roads go from the square: Whitehall goes to Parliament, the Mall goes to Buckingham Palace and the Strand goes to the City of London. The square is also close to Covent Garden and Charing Cross station and Charing Cross station.

More than 15 million people go to visit there every year. It contains a large statue of Admiral Horatio Nelson. The square celebrates the Battle of Trafalgar, which was fought in 1805, and contains Nelson's Column, a statue of Nelson mounted on a tall column, with four statues of lions around it. The column is 56 m tall, and the statue is 5 m tall. The National Art Gallery is one of several important buildings facing the Square.

A point in Trafalgar Square is regarded as the official centre of London in legislation, and when measuring distances from the capital.

## Uses 
The square is visited by many tourists, mainly for pleasure and relaxation. There are, however, meetings and demonstrations in the square. 

When the square was first built, demonstrations were banned. The ban lasted until the 1880s, when the new labour movement started to hold demonstrations. One group that did so was the Social Democratic Federation. On "Black Monday", on 6 February 1886, there was a major demonstration about unemployment that led to a riot in Pall Mall.

There were demonstrations in the 1980s against South African apartheid. In 1990, there were riots against the poll tax. In the 2000s, there were demonstrations against the Iraq War.

In recent years the square has become a gathering place for celebrations. When England won the Rugby World Cup in 2003, thousands of fans gathered in the square. Public festivities again happened when London won its bid to hold the 2012 Summer Olympic Games.

The square was also the scene of a large gathering after the terrorist bombings in London on 7 July 2005. 

## Past 
The Square was last dug up in the 19th century in preparation to its present format. Discovered were the skeletons of lion, woolly mammoth, hippopotamus, and hyaenas. Very similar species were found in East London when Ilford was dug up.

The warm stage lasted from 125,000 to 24,000 years ago before the colder climate prevailed until modern times.             

## References
Official language

(Ancient Manipuri manuscript), dating back to the period of Ancient Manipur]]
 inscription at the Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur]]
An **official language** is a language that has special  in a country or other organization. Usually, the government does its business in the official language. They are sometimes named in a country's constitution.

Some countries, like Switzerland and Luxembourg, have more than one official language. Other countries, such as the United States and Australia, may not have a *de jure* official language set by law, but they may have one or more national languages that is considered *de facto* official because it is used by the government and people in the country.

An official language does not have to be a written language. It can be a pidgin language (like in Papua New Guinea), or a sign language (like in New Zealand).

## De jure, de facto, and minority languages 
A de jure language is a language that is officially recognized by the government. For example, Persian is the de jure language of Tajikistan. However, a de facto language is a language that is generally accepted as the official language but has no legal status. For example, English is a de facto language of the United States as it has no official status, The United States, however, no longer has a de facto language since Mr. Trump made English the official language. Other languages are not generally accepted as the official language, but are recognized as languages commonly spoken in the region. For example, Irish is a minority language of Great Britain, as it does not have official status but is commonly spoken there.

## Related pages 
* European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
*National language
* Lingua franca
Gigabyte

The **gigabyte** (**GB**) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. It means exactly one billion bytes, usually referring to the number of bytes in a computer hard drive. It is often incorrectly used to mean 1 073 741 824 (230) bytes, especially when referring to the random access memory (RAM) of a modern computer.
## Definitions
Nowadays, international standards bodies say the gigabyte should only be used to mean exactly 1 billion bytes, and that gibibyte is a better name for 1 073 741 824 bytes. In everyday use, people use *gigabyte* to mean 1 073 741 824 bytes when talking about computer memory and 1 000 000 000 bytes when talking about computer disk space. One thousand gigabytes make one terabyte.

## Applications
This measurement is often used when measuring the capacity of computer memory, hard drives, or other storage devices.
List of oil-producing nations

This is a partial list of states that extract crude oil from oil wells.

*Africa
**Nigeria
**Sudan
**Equatorial Guinea

*Asia
**China
**Russia
**Indonesia
**Malaysia

* Europe
**Bulgaria
** North Sea oil:
***United Kingdom
***Norway
***Denmark
**Ireland

* North America
**United States of America
***Texas
***Alaska
***California
***Louisiana
***Oklahoma
***Kansas
***New York
***Michigan
***Pennsylvania (the birthplace of the U.S. oil industry)
***Illinois
**Canada
***Alberta
***Saskatchewan
***Ontario (the birthplace of the Canadian oil industry)
***Newfoundland
**Mexico

* Persian Gulf
**Bahrain
**Iran
**Iraq
**Kuwait
**Oman
**Qatar
**Saudi Arabia
**Syria
**United Arab Emirates
**Yemen

* South America
**Argentina
**Barbados
**Bolivia
**Brazil
**Chile
**Colombia
**Cuba
**Ecuador
**Guatemala
**Peru
**Suriname
**Trinidad and Tobago
**Venezuela

## Other websites 
* Table of oil producers
* http://www.ott.doe.gov/facts/archives/fotw125.shtml 
* http://www.ott.doe.gov/facts/archives/fotw117.shtml 
* http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/reserves.html
Flood

A **flood** is an overflow of water. Floods are very hard to deal with.
## Overview
Floods are most commonly made due to an overflowing river, a dam break, snowmelt, or heavy rainfall. Less commonly happening are tsunamis, storm surge.
The most deadly flooding was in 1931 in China and killed between 2,000,000 and 4,000,000 people. The Kerala flood in India was another flood that has destroyed people's houses. During a flood, people try to move themselves and their most precious belongings to higher ground quickly. The process of leaving homes in search of a safe place is called a flood evacuation. Floods have inspired myths and legends, especially the story of the great flood.

## Pollution of drinking water
 flooding in Alicante, Spain, September 1997]]During a flood there is plenty of water logging and overflow of water;  it is mostly polluted and not safe to drink. If people drink this dirty water, they may suffer from diseases such as typhoid and cholera, hepatitis and other such diseases. People can get ready to survive a flood by filling many containers with fresh and clean drinking water and storing other emergency supplies like medicine and food. During a flood, people try to go to higher sides because the flood water cannot reach high areas. Also drains overflow and mix with clean water and people who drink it might fall ill.

## Causes
Flooding is usually caused when a volume of water within a water body, such as a lake, overflows outside it. Sometimes if a dam breaks, it suddenly releases a large amount of water. The result is that some of the water travels to land, and "floods" the area. Many rivers are in a channel, between river banks. They flood when the strength of the river causes it to flow beyond the banks. This is more common at bends or meanders. Flood damage can be prevented by moving away from places that flood. However, people have long liked to have their homes and businesses alongside water because water is good for agriculture and transport and in other ways. Floods are also caused due to improper management of drains.
### Rainfall
Rainfall is the most common cause. Snow melt is also a cause of flooding. Tsunamis and Storm Surge are less common ways that floods happen. Coastal Flooding is another common cause of flooding, and this is caused by low pressure systems or storms. There are many ways to control floods, such as improving the drainage and grading in a home, or installing a flood detection system.

## Related pages
* Noah
* Deluge myth
* Flood control
* Natural disaster

## References
Farmer

.]]
A **farmer** is a person who  crops and  animals to be used as food. This has been a common job for people since the beginning of civilization.

## What farmers do 
The word *farmer* usually refers to a person who has a field, orchard, vineyard, or garden where food is grown. This food is eaten or sold after it is harvested. Farmers may also grow raw materials for industrial purposes. Some examples of raw materials that are used in this way are:
* cereals for alcoholic beverages
* hides (animal skin) for leather
* maize/corn for plastics or fuel
* wool or cotton for yarns and making cloth
Some farmers also raise animals to be used for meat, milk, eggs or other things.

## Related pages
*Agriculture
Government-in-exile

A **government-in-exile** is a group of people who claim they are the real government of a country, but who live in another country. These were common during World War II, when the axis powers took over several countries, and the leaders of those countries escaped to safety in other countries. When the war ended, most were able to return to their home countries.

Today, there are some governments-in-exile. They include:

*Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in the Tindouf Province of Algeria
*the government of the National Republic of Belarus exiled since 1920, currently led by Ivonka Survilla in Canada
*the Central Tibetan Administration, based in Dharamsala, India, founded by the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet; Tibet was taken over by the People's Republic of China in the 1950s
*the former Provisional Government of Bangladesh, also known as the Mujibnagar Government, declared independence from Pakistan in 1971; it was exiled to Kolkata after attacks by the Pakistan armed forces, and existed until Bangladesh was recognized as a country in 1972.
*the former provisional Government of Afghanistan was ousted by the Taliban, claiming to be the real leaders of Afghanistan, which was taken over by the American military, after they left in 2021 following the War on Terror.

These groups usually have little or no diplomatic recognition by other countries. There were more governments-in-exile in the 20th century (especially during World War II), but many disbanded or regained power in their own country, or transferred their assets to the new government.

## Related pages
*Exile

## Notes and References
Granite

are made of granite]]

**Granite** is a kind of igneous rock, found on Earth but nowhere else in the Solar System. It is formed from hot, molten magma. Its colour can be dark or light grey, brown, or even pink, according to the proportions of its minerals. It is called a plutonic rock because it forms under ground.

The magma is forced between other layers of rock by the pressure under the Earth's surface. The magma cools and turns slowly into solid stone. Granite has many different types of minerals in it. These include quartz, feldspar,  hornblende, and sometimes mica. As the magma cools, these minerals form crystals. The crystals can be seen easily if the granite is cut and polished.

Granite is a common stone on Earth, and makes up a big part of the crust (the Earth's outer layer). It is usually found in the continental plates of the Earth's crust. Although it forms under the surface of the Earth, there are many places where it has been forced upwards by tectonic movement. When plates in the Earth's crust move together, they get bent and pushed upwards. When this happens, granite mountains can be formed.

## Origin 
Granite forms from silica-rich (felsic) magmas. It is the most abundant basement rock. It lies under the thin sedimentary rocks which cover the continents

## Chemical composition 
A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses:

## Uses 
Granite is dense, and can be cut, carved and shaped. It is resistant to water and pollution, and has a range of different colours.

Kitchen benches are often made of polished granite. Granite is found in many countries of the world. Some countries have beautifully patterned granite which is quarried (cut in open mines) and sold for building material.

## Gallery 

File:The Cheesewring.jpg|The Cheesewring, a granite tor on the southern edge of Bodmin Moor, Cornwall
File:Migmatite gran violet.jpg|Polished granite from Brazil
File:Granite wall of chapel La Hougue Bie, Jersey.jpg|A granite wall in Jersey
File:GraniteElephant.jpg|A life-sized elephant carved from granite, India

## References 
## Other websites 
* How to Cut Granite – Step-by-Step Guide
Syracuse, New York

**Syracuse** is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is also the county seat of Onondaga County. Syracuse has a population of 148,620

Syracuse is sometimes called the "Salt City" because salt mining was once the main industry. Syracuse is named after Syracuse, Sicily, a city on the Italian island of Sicily.

Syracuse is home to Syracuse University and many company company offices.

## History
French missionaries were the first Europeans to be in this area. 

## References
Syracuse

**Syracuse** might mean:
*Syracuse, Sicily, a city in Italy on the island of Sicily
*Syracuse, New York, an American city in the state of New York
*Syracuse Crunch, an ice hockey team from the city in New York
*Syracuse University, a university in the city in New York
*Syracuse, Kansas, an American city in the state of Kansas.
Soap opera

A **soap opera** is a television or radio program that airs in episodic series. This means that each episode continues telling a story, which, in turn, tells more of the last episode's story. A single story on a soap opera can be told for weeks, months, or sometimes even years.

In America, each soap opera airs every day, Monday through Friday, in the afternoon. Because they air at this time, they are sometimes called **daytime serials**. In the U.K. and other countries, the soap operas air in the evening, twice or three times a week.

This is a list of soap operas that air in America, in their current order of popularity:

#*The Young and the Restless*
#*The Bold and the Beautiful*
#*General Hospital*
#*Supernatural*
#*Lost*
#*Days of Our Lives*
#*All My Children*
#*As the World Turns*
#*One Life to Live*
#*Guiding Light*
#*Passions*

There are still two soap operas that air in Australia, Network Ten's *Neighbours* and the Seven Network's *Home and Away*. Strangely, *Neighbours* is more popular in England than it is in Australia.

In the U.K., the most popular soap operas are *Coronation Street* and EastEnders, which have been running since 1960 and 1985 respectively. *Coronation Street* is about people who live in Manchester, in the northern part of England. *EastEnders* is about people who live in an imaginary place called Walford in East London with most of the action taking place in Albert Square. Another popular soap opera is *Emmerdale* which began in 1972, and it is about people who live in a small village in Yorkshire, also in the northern part of England. In the 1970s, *Crossroads* became the most watched soap in England. It was shown from 1964 to 1988 and again from 2001 to 2003.

In Latin America (including Brazil), Spain, Portugal and Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa (like Angola), soap operas are called *telenovelas*, and usually run for a limited time.

## Related pages
*Dorama 
*Serial
*Radio drama
*Playwright
*Theatre

## References
The Young and the Restless

***The Young and the Restless*** is a very popular American soap opera. The show is the highest-rated soap opera, which means that more people watch it than any other soap opera. It aired its first episode on March 26, 1973. It is set in fictional Genoa City, Wisconsin. In the beginning, the show was about the Brooks family, who were very rich, and the Foster family, who were poor. Today, very few members of either family are still on the show.

Today, the show tells stories about two cosmetics companies: **Newman Enterprises** and **Jabot Cosmetics**. Newman's president is Victor Newman (played by the actor Eric Braeden) and Jabot's president is Jack Abbott (played by Peter Bergman). These two men hate each other very much and would like to see the other fail. This hatred is the root of much of the story on the show.

## List of actors/characters on the show
## Other websites 
*
Prem Rawat

**Prem Rawat** (previously known as **Maharaji**) was born in Hardiwar, a small village at the bottom of the Himalayas in North India on December 10, 1957.   

Prem Rawat is a peace ambassador, who  also is an international writer of many books about inner peace, an experienced pilot, a musician and composer, a photographer and an expert, who teaches inner peace by the use of what he calls "self-knowledge".  

He recently received a Dr title to acknowledge his accomplishments and books about peace, in the last 55 years 

His father was Shri Hans Ji Maharaji from a royal background . Shri Hans was also a master teaching people about peace. In India a teacher is  called a guru ( somebody who can take you from darkness to light) Shri Hans did reach more than three million people. Prem Rawat reached over 1 billion people via radio, tv, Internet and via many on line and live peace conferences all over the world and received many prices for his hard work for peace and he met archbishop Tutu in South Africa.   

Prem Rawat took over at the age of eight the peace mission of his father, when his father died. He travelled from India to England and the United States with Charanand, a student of Shri Hans, when Prem was only 13 years old in 1971. 

He got married when he was  only 16 years old with Marolyn in 1975 and has 2 daughters and 2 sons. Now he lives in California. He shares self-knowledge for free, to help those interested to find inner peace. 

You can find more details on his website tprf.org about the peace education program, the food for people program, medical help to people in India and support and help for inmates in jails all over the world.

Prem Rawat founded "The Prem Rawat Foundation", a nonprofit humanitarian organization, to address the fundamental human needs of food, water, and peace. 

## Other websites 
*Words of Peace Global
*Prem Rawat's personal web site
*The Prem Rawat Foundation

## References
Aunt

An **aunt** is relationship that describes a woman who is a sibling of a parent or is married to a sibling of a parent. Aunts are sometimes called Auntie or Aunty. A man is a nephew to their Aunt and a woman is a niece. An **aunt** is part of an extended family. The child of an aunt's is a cousin. Often the word aunt is used with people who are not related to show closeness or respect.

In many cultures there are different words to describe a person's mother's sister and father's sister. In Latin a mother's sister is *matertera* while a father's sister is *amita*.

## Detail
A maternal or paternal relative is one who is related through one's mother or father, respectively. For example, a maternal aunt is the subject's mother's sister. An in-law is a relationship that is not by blood, but instead by marriage. The in-law shares the in-law relationships of the spouse's relatives. For example, an aunt in-law could be the wife of the subject's uncle.
* **aunt**: parent's sister.
* **maternal aunt**: mother's sister.
* **paternal aunt**: father's sister.
* **half-aunt**: parent's half-sister.
* **double-half-aunt**: a person who is a half-sister of both of the subjects parents.
* **grandaunt** (or **great-aunt**): grandparent's sister.
* **great-grandaunt** (or **great-great-aunt**): great-grandparent's sister.
* **aunt-in-law**: uncle/aunt's wife.
* **aunt-in-law**: spouse's aunt.
* **co-aunt-in-law**: spouse's uncle/aunt's wife.
* **stepaunt**: stepparent's sister.
* **stepaunt**: parent's stepsister.

## References
Homer

**Homer** is the name of the Greek poet who wrote the epic poems the *Iliad* and the *Odyssey*. These are the earliest works of Greek literature which have survived to the present day, and are among the greatest treasures of the ancient world. They are a product of Mycenaean culture. The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan war, which took place around 1190 BC. The manuscripts of Homer were written much later, probably later than 800 BC.

## The history
What makes the history of this period so difficult is that the Mycenaean civilization was followed by several hundred years of decline, from which little or no writing has survived. This period, the Greek Dark Ages, ended around 800 BC, when once again we find Greek writing, though this time in their newly developed alphabetic script. Therefore, there is a distinct possibility that the Homeric epics had a life, perhaps a long life, as oral literature, spoken by story-tellers.

We know little about Homer, and the later Greeks also knew little about him. Some have doubted he was a real person; others think he was a woman. 
A legend, has it that he was a blind poet who lived in Ionia. There is no definite evidence for any of these ideas.

There is archaeological evidence that Troy existed. The site of Troy has been discovered, and excavated. Therefore, it is a fair guess that the epic began as a long oral poem based on the siege of Troy, but with details added and changed as time went on. Homer's poetry is different from other poetry because it had to be short in order to be memorized.

## The date of Homer, and the transcription
The date of Homer's existence is not known. Herodotus said that Homer lived 400 years before his own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; but other ancient sources gave dates much closer to the time of the Trojan War. The date of the Trojan War was given as 1194–1184 BC by Eratosthenes.

Today, "the date of Homer" means the date of the writing down the oral poems, rather than the life of Homer. This is called the *transcription date*. The language suggests that the earliest possible date for the transcription is 800 BC, and the latest possible date is 600 AD.

## References
Marquis de Sade

**Donatien Alphonse François, Comte de Sade**, (2 June 1740 – 2 December 1814), better known as the **Marquis de Sade**) was a French nobleman, writer and philosopher who was born in Paris. The de Sade family were French nobility, who came from Provence. Different members of the house held positions in the Church, and the French state at different times.

Once Donatien had grown up, he had troubles with the authorities several times. He was bisexual. He spent many years in prison and at a mental asylum.

The main points he was accused of were:
*Whipping a prostitute.
*Drugging prostitutes and later forcing them to have group sex, and also engage in sodomy.

On one of his escapades, he *"accidentally"* raped a close relative of his, who was a nun. This caused his family to drop him, and to hand him over to the authorities.

For this, he was sentenced to death (while being absent). He later escaped the death penalty by moving to Italy.  The death penalty against him was later changed to a prison sentence.

In prison, he started to read about philosophy. He also started to write down his ideas. He tried to hide his writing, and also wrote in a very small print, so that the consumption of paper would not be noticed.

In later years, he was moved to an asylum (for the mentally ill), and gave his wife the possibility of a divorce.

After the French Revolution, he got out of the asylum, but in 1803 was declared mentally ill (and again was sent to the asylum). He died in the asylum in Val-de-Marne in 1814 at the age of 74.
 
The term 'sadism' was named after him. It refers to the habit of getting pleasure from giving pain.

## References
Eurozone

The **Eurozone** (also called **Euro area** or **Euroland**) is the set of countries in the European Union which have adopted the Euro (€) currency. The European Central Bank is responsible for managing the supply of money within the eurozone and political decisions are taken by the "euro group", which is a meeting of the politicians from each euro country in charge of that country's economy.

EU members that are not part of the Eurozone are Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Romania.

## Official members 
There are 21 members in the Eurozone 

Made the area on 1 January 1999
1 Austria
2 Belgium
3 Finland
4 France
5 Germany
6 Ireland
7 Italy
8 Luxembourg
9 Netherlands
10 Portugal
11 Spain

Joined on 1 January 2001
12 Greece

Joined on 1 January 2007
13 Slovenia

Joined on 1 January 2008
14 Cyprus
15 Malta

Joined on 1 January 2009
16 Slovakia

Joined on 1 January 2011
17 Estonia

Joined on 1 January 2014
18 Latvia

Joined on 1 January 2015
19 Lithuania

Joined on 1 January 2023
20 Croatia

Joined on 1 January 2026
21 Bulgaria

There are other countries outside the European Union which use the euro as well, but these are not officially in the eurozone.

## Other websites 
* Eurozone -Citizendium
Ordinal number

**Ordinal numbers** (or **ordinals**) are numbers that show something's order, for example: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th.

Suppose a person has 5 different T-shirts, and then lays them in front of the person, from left to right.

* At the far left, there is the red T-shirt.
* Right of that is the blue one.
* Next to the blue is the green one.
* Then there is the yellow one.
* And finally, at the far right is an orange T-shirt.

If the person then starts counting the shirts from the left, he would first see the red shirt. So the red shirt is the first T-shirt. The blue shirt is the second T-shirt. The green shirt is the third one, the yellow T-shirt is the fourth one and the orange T-shirt is the fifth and the last T-shirt.

The *first*, *second*, *third*, *fourth* and *fifth* in this case are ordinal numbers. They result from the fact that the person has many objects, and they give them an order (hence 'ordinal'). The person then simply counts those objects, and gives the ordinal numbers to them.

In set theory, ordinals are also ordinal numbers people use to order infinite sets. An example is the set \omega_0 (or \omega for short), which is the set containing all natural numbers (including 0). This is the smallest ordinal number that is infinite, and there are many more (such as \omega + 1).

## Related pages
*Cardinal number
*Names of ordinal numbers in English
*Transfinite number

## References
Gnome

The word **Gnome** can mean different things:

* A Gnome is a creature of myth.
** Gnomes are elemental spirits of earth.
** Gnomes are tiny, shaped like humans, with long beards.  A gnome is like a dwarf but smaller.  Gnomes like gems and mining.
* The GNOME desktop is a desktop environment for computers running Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems.
Republic

A **republic** is a form of government that has no monarchy and no hereditary aristocracy, and instead the head of state (the highest political authority) is an elected office It originates from Rome. In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the Roman Kingdom and established a republic, a government in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf.

National sovereignty lies in the authority of the government, not in an emperor or monarch. The word *republic* comes from the Latin words **res publica**,  meaning a "public thing". For example, the United States and India are republics. However, the United Kingdom and Canada are not republics since they have a monarch (King Charles III in both cases). 

Countries with a king or other monarch and free elections is called a constitutional monarchy, not republics. A constitutional monarchy resembles a republic because the constitution has been amended to remove power from the monarch and install institutions conforming to a philosophy of republicanism. That includes the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, the Netherlands, Thailand, and countries in Scandinavia and elsewhere. What makes a republic different is that its laws are made and enforced without royal authority.

The head of state in a republic is generally a person who has been chosen by the citizens by direct election or by a group of elected representatives to act as the top representative of the people. In most republics, the head of state is called the president. In some countries, the president is elected and has a lot of political power. In others, the president does not hold much direct power but is important in the legal system for other reasons.

Sometimes, state is called a "republic" when its head is not called a "king". For example, the Roman Empire had an "emperor" and the Dutch Republic had a "stadholder", but they worked as hereditary monarchs.

Licchavi, in India, was an aristocratic state in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE and is nowadays sometimes called the first republic. The earliest republics that were much imitated later were Greek cities, for example democracy in Athens. The biggest difference from the other city-states was that people chose their leaders by voting or by lottery. Several Italian city-states during the Renaissance were ruled by a small group of aristocrats, and were called republics. 

## References
Georgia (U.S. state)

**Georgia** is a state in the southeastern part of the United States. It is bordered by Florida to the south, Alabama to the west, Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, and South Carolina to the east. All of Georgia's coastline is on the Atlantic Ocean, which borders Georgia to the southeast. The capital of Georgia is Atlanta. Georgia is divided into 159 counties.

Georgia was established in 1732 and became a state in 1788. It was the last of the original 13 colonies and eventually joined in the growing rebellion against Britain. Georgia was named after George II of Great Britain.

## History
Georgia was initially inhabited by Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans. The largest tribes were the Cherokee and the Creek.

## Geography
There are 5 regional habitats of Georgia. They are the Appalachian Plateau region, the Ridge and Valley region, the Blue Ridge region, the Piedmont region, and the Atlantic Plain region.

### Climate
Much of Georgia is a humid subtropical climate, with hot and humid summers. The northern parts of Georgia receive more rain than any other areas in the state. Winters are usually mild.

## Cities in Georgia
The capital and largest city of Georgia is Atlanta. The 1996 Olympic Games took place there, and the book and movie *Gone with the Wind* was set in and around Atlanta in the 1860s.  Atlanta has a large African American population. Other big cities in the state include Augusta, Columbus, Savannah, Macon, Athens and Albany. Georgia has a total of 159 counties.

Image:Cnncenter.jpg|CNN Center
Image:Georgia Aquarium Jan 2006.jpg|Georgia Aquarium
Image:Atlanta cityscape.jpg|Atlanta

## Related pages
* List of counties in Georgia
* List of rivers of Georgia

## References
Constellation

constellation map]]

A **constellation** is a group of stars which make up imaginary outline or pattern in the night sky (the celestial sphere). Usually they are said to represent an animal, mythological person or creature in a shape. When seen, the group of stars seem to make a pattern. 

The word constellation comes from Latin: *con-*, meaning together and *stella-* meaning stars. Some examples of constellations are Ursa major, Orion, Taurus, Draco, Cancer etc.  Constellations were used to group stars.  Different places in the world may have different constellations, but today astronomy has a fixed set of 88 constellations.  This set is based on the Greek set and later some southern constellations were added, for example Antlia - the air pump.  Most constellations have names that come from Greek mythology, like Orion or Andromeda.

There are 12 constellations in the Zodiac. The Sun travels through the Zodiac once each year. There is also a thirteenth constellation Ophiuchus - the carrier of a serpent, which the Sun goes through. However, most people do not think that it is in the Zodiac.

## History
*No one knows who first saw the constellations. Ancient civilizations, like the Mayans, drew their own star maps of the skies with their constellations, very few of which we use today.
*Ptolemy's 48 constellations are still recognized by the IAU today, and the rest of the constellations were added later
Manga

A **manga** () is a Japanese comic book. 

Manga is drawn by a *mangaka* () (Japanese for cartoonist: an artist of comics). Manga is usually read from right to left. 

The word manga can be both singular and plural, and mean both the medium of comics or a single comic. It is a form of art that is used to draw comics and develop Anime (animation of manga art). Colors and symbols are important.

## Types 
* ***Yōji*** (幼児向け漫画) - manga for people aged 1–4
* ***Kodomo*** (or Jidō) manga (児童漫画、子ども漫画) - manga that appeals to many small children
** *Doraemon*
** *Kureyon Shinchan
* ***Shōnen*** (少年漫画) - A boy is usually the main character in these types of manga. The storyline is mostly about adventure/fighting.
***Weekly Shōnen Jump* (published by Shueisha) 
****Bleach*
****Naruto*
****Black Clover*
****One Piece*
****Dragon Ball*
****The Prince of Tennis*
****Gintama*
****Death Note*
** *Weekly Shōnen Sunday* (published by Shōgakukan) 
****InuYasha*
****Detective Conan*
****Major*
****Magi*
** *Weekly Shōnen Magazine* (published by Kōdansha) 
****Fairy Tail*
****Fighting Spirit (manga)*
** *Monthly GFantasy* (published by Square Enix)
****Black Butler* 
* ***Shōjo*** ( - Manga that features human emotions and relationships. Mostly for girls aged 13–17.
** *Ciao* (published by Shogakukan) 
** *ChuChu* (published by Shogakukan)
** *Sho-Comi* (published by Shogakukan)
** *Ribon* (published by Shueisha)
** *Nakayoshi* (published by Kodansha)
*** *Sailor Moon* - an example of *shōjo* manga published by *Nakayoshi*
** *LaLa* (published by Hakusensha) 
** *Hana to yume* (published by Hakusensha)
* ***Seinen*** - manga that is written for college-aged young men
***Young animal* (published by Hakusensha)
*** *Berserk*
*** *Nana to Kaoru*
*** *Futari Ecchi*
*** *Ai Yori Aoshi*
** *Young King OURs* (published by Shōnen Gahōsha)
****Hellsing*
** *Young Ace* (published by Kadokawa Shoten)
****Another*
* ***Seijin*** (成人漫画) - manga that might appeal to men more than women
* ***Josei/Redikomi**'' (女性漫画　レディースコミック、レディコミ) - (abbreviation of English "LADIes' COMIc") manga that might appeal to women more than men
* ***Shōnen-ai*** (少年愛) - manga that features a romantic relationship between two male characters. Also known as Yaoi
* ***Shōjo-ai*** (少女愛) - manga that features a romantic relationship between two female characters. Also known as Yuri (百合).

## Related pages
* Anime
* Cosplay
* Mangaka
* Light novel
* Otaku
* Hentai
* Ecchi
* Manhwa  – Korean comic books
Mandrake

:*For the Linux variant, see Mandriva Linux*

]]
**Mandrake** is the common name of a number of plants in the Nightshade family, genus **Mandragora**. The roots often look like man or woman, or can be easily made to resemble them. The plant has been used in witchcraft for a long time. 

According to this literature, the plant shrieks in pain, when it is pulled from the ground. This shriek is able to make a person deaf. He might also lose his mind, or even be killed, if he is unprotected. 

Mandrake (Mandragora officinalis) has been used as an anaestethic for a long time. For this, it was usually prepared in an  alcoholic solution.
GNU

**GNU** is the name of a computer operating system. The name is short for ''**G**NU's **N**ot **U**nix*. Richard Stallman leads the GNU Project. The popular Linux operating systems made using the Linux kernel have many GNU tools too. So, many projects and developers call the Linux-based operating systems *GNU/Linux.''

The GNU project was started by Richard Stallman in 1983. He wanted to create a computer system that was all free and open-source software. Users could change, share and publish new work based on GNU. He and a group of developers started by creating copies of each piece of UNIX software. The rest of GNU was the kernel, called the GNU Hurd, which is not yet finished. The more popular Linux kernel is often used instead.

## Related pages 
*GNU Compiler Collection

## Other websites 
* 
* GNU User Groups
Debian

**Debian** is a free operating system. It is a distribution of an operating system known as the GNU operating system, which can be used with various kernels, including Linux, kFreeBSD, and Hurd. In combination with these kernels, the operating system can be referred to as Debian GNU/Linux, Debian GNU/kFreeBSD, and Debian GNU/Hurd, respectively. Debian GNU/Linux is one of the most complete and popular GNU/Linux distributions, on which many others, like Ubuntu, are based.

## Brief history 
The Debian Project officially started on August 16th, 1993, led by Ian Murdock. He was a computer programmer. Today, in this project, Debian is developed by more than 1,000 computer specialists all over the world.

The name "Debian" was taken after Ian Murdock and his wife Debra. Some people say or pronounce 'deb-ee-n' but others also say 'de-bi-an' or 'de-bai-an' and in Japan 'de-bi-a-n' and so on.

## Development steps 
Software packages in development are either uploaded to the project distribution named *unstable* (also known as *sid*), or to the *experimental* repository. Software packages uploaded to *unstable* are normally versions stable enough to be released by the original upstream developer, but with the added Debian-specific packaging and other modifications introduced by Debian developers. These additions may be new and untested. Software not ready yet for the *unstable* distribution is typically placed in the *experimental* repository.

After a version of a software package has remained in *unstable* for a certain length of time (depending on how urgent the changes are), that package is automatically moved to the *testing* distribution. The package's move to testing happens only if no serious (*release-critical*) bugs in the package are reported and if other software needed for package functionality qualifies for inclusion in *testing*. Since September 9, 2005  the *testing* distributions security updates have been provided by the *testing* security team.

After the packages in *testing* have matured and the goals for the next release are met, the *testing* distribution becomes the next stable release. The latest stable release of Debian (*Buster*) is 10.0, released on July 6, 2019. The next release is codenamed "*Bullseye*".
: 9 architectures with Linux kernel + 2 architectures with FreeBSD kernel

## For other platforms 
Debian has been ported to different architectures or platforms. One version, which is based on the developer release (sid) that has been ported to the Xbox is called Xebian.

## Related pages
* List of Linux distributions
* Intel

## References 
;Notes

## Other websites 
* http://www.debian.org/ - Debian Project Homepage
*
Acronym

An **acronym** is a word whose letters are the first letters of other words. People often create a short acronym that means the same thing as a much longer phrase (set of words).  This is faster and shorter to say than the long phrase.

## Give the acronym of this word/s in a sentence of which reflect in Philippine Arts. 
## C- 
## 0- 
## N- 
## T- 
## E- 
## M- 
## P- 
## 0- 
## R- 
## A- 
## R- 
## A- 
## R- 
## Y- 
## A - 
## R - 
## T - 
## S - 
* COBOL - **CO**mmon **B**usiness **O**riented **L**anguage
* LASER - **L**ight **A**mplification through **S**timulated **E**mmission of **R**adiation
* QUANGO - **Qu**asi-**a**utonomous **n**on-**g**overnmental **o**rganisation
* RADAR - **RA**dio **D**etecting **A**nd **R**anging
* SARS  - **S**evere **A**cute **R**espiratory **S**yndrome
* SCUBA - **S**elf-**C**ontained **U**nderwater **B**reathing **A**pparatus
* SNAFU - **S**ituation **N**ormal: **A**ll **F**ouled **U**p

An acronym usually must be able to be spoken as word. Other abbreviations such as ASAP (**a**s **s**oon **a**s **p**ossible), USA (the **U**nited **S**tates of **A**merica), ECU (**E**uropean **C**urrency **U**nit), FBI (**F**ederal **B**ureau of **I**nvestigation), NBA (**N**ational **B**asketball **A**ssociation) have combinations of letters that are not pronounced as a single word. People just say the letters, one after another.  

These three-letter acronyms, and some more obscure four-letter ones such as ISDN are more often called initialisms. The word "acronym" comes from the Greek *acro* "extreme" and *onymous* "name".

## Extremes
The world's longest acronym, according to the *Guinness Book of World Records* is NIIOMTPLABOPARMBETZHELBETRABSBOMONIMONKONOTDTEKHSTROMONT (). It is 56 letters long (54 in Cyrillic). It is from the *Concise Dictionary of Soviet Terminology* and means "the Laboratory for Shuttering, Reinforcement, Concrete and Ferroconcrete Operations for Composite-monolithic and Monolithic Constructions of the Department of Technology of Building Assembly Operations of the Scientific Research Institute of the Organization for Building Mechanization and Technical Aid of the Academy of Building and Architecture of the USSR."

## Related pages
*Initialism
*Abbreviation
*List of acronyms and initialisms

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Acronym Finder - an acronym website with many ways to search for acronyms.
*All Acronyms - a website with many acronyms
Noh

]]
 ]]
]]

**Noh** or **No** (Japanese:能 Nō) is a major form of classical Japanese musical drama. It started in the 14th century and continues today. Noh is made up of *mai* (dances), *hayashi* (music) and *utai* (words usually in songs). The performers use masks and dance slowly. Zeami and his father Kan'ami brought Noh to its present-day form during the Muromachi period. 

## Types of Noh drama 
Theater pieces of Noh are classified into 5 groups.
* Divine; the hero or heroine is divine like a god, heavenly people, and so on. The hero or heroine makes a benediction at the end of the drama.　　
* *Shura-mono* (Warrior); the hero (rarely heroine) is a warrior, usually already dead.
* *Kazura-mono* (Women); the heroine and often her love romance is the focus.
* *Zatsu-no* (Miscellaneous); Noh which cannot be placed in the other four groups.
* *Oni-noh* (*Oni*; demons) ; Non-humans, like *oni*, *tengu* (fairy, lion), are the heroes of this type. Mainly it is played at the end of the program.

## Noh players 
All Noh players are men. They have been taught their skills by their fathers. When a woman or girl appears in the drama, a male actor plays her role with a woman mask.

There are three types of Noh players: *shite*, *waki* and *kyogen*. *Shite* plays the hero or the heroine. He talks sings and dances. *Waki* (meaning "Side") and plays the sidekick of *Shite*. The Waki usually plays the role of a traveler role. He introduces us to the world in the drama. *Kyogen* appears in the middle of the drama if it has two parts, and plays the role of the local citizen. He talks to *Waki* and makes him notice something new or realize what has happened.

## Music on Noh 
*Hayashi* means musical instrumentals. Two kinds of drum (*Tuzumi*, *Taiko*) and a flute (*Fue*) are used in the theater.

## References
Radio wave

**Radio waves** make up part of the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are pieces of energy with differing wavelengths, somewhat similar to visible light waves, X-rays or gamma rays, except they are much longer.

A radio wave, like other electromagnetic waves, is similar to an ocean surface wave or any other types of waves.  Both types of wave have a hill and valley shape (or a peak and crest shape), repeating over and over.  A wavelength is measured as the distance from the top of one crest to the top of its neighboring crest. While the wavelength of visible light is very very small, less than one micrometer and much less than the thickness of a human hair, radio waves can have a wavelength from a couple centimeters to several meters. They also have a radio frequency.

The smallest radio waves are called microwaves.  Shortwaves are not quite so small.  There are also medium and long waves. Antennas designed to send and receive radio waves are usually similar in size to the wavelength they are to use. Many radio antennas (like those on cars) are made long because they receive signals of FM radio (a few meters, several feet) or AM radio (hundreds of meters, about a thousand feet).

## Uses 
Manmade radio waves have been used since the 19th century for communication.  Radar was developed in the 20th century, using radio waves to 'see' distant objects by bouncing waves off an object and seeing how long it takes for the waves to return.  Radios also use these waves to send and receive information.

Radio waves from other planets were first discovered in the 1930s by Karl Guthe Jansky, working for Bell Laboratories.  Bell was detecting noise (electronics) on radio channels, and had Jansky try to find the source of this static, or interference. After identifying noise that came from lightning, he spent much time looking into the remainder. Surprisingly, some of the interference was coming from space! This discovery eventually led astronomers to look at radio waves along with light waves to find things in the sky. These radio astronomers use giant Radio telescopes, shaped like satellite dishes, to gather and study the waves.

Radio waves are used for many things today.  Broadcasting and communications satellites and mobile phones and many computers communicate by radio waves.
Bridge

, 1781, was the first cast iron bridge]]
.]]
,  Japan.]]

A **bridge** is a structure to cross an open space or gap.  Bridges are mostly made for crossing rivers, valleys, or roads.  Nowadays most big bridges are made to carry vehicles but people have also walked across bridges for thousands of years.  Bridges called highway overpasses carry a road over another road. 

Military bridges are portable, so that they may be easily moved to where they are needed.  This makes them much more complex than most civilian bridges. 

The first man-made bridges were probably made from cut wood or stones. Some stone bridges have lasted thousands of years. In recent centuries large bridges are made mostly of steel. They do not last as long. Many bridges are in a state of disrepair.

## Types of bridges
There are five major structural types of bridges: 
* Beam bridges
* cantilever bridges,
* arch bridges
* suspension bridges and 
* cable-stayed bridges

## Notes
Mysticism

, 1185 (13th-century copy)]]

**Mysticism** is the belief that people can *directly* experience God or true reality, rather than experiencing them only through books, rituals, or other people. People who practice these beliefs are called *mystics*.

Mystics exist within most religions, though not all people who practice religions are mystics. Mystics may experience visions or dreams, or hear God as a voice.

## Hindu mystics
Some examples of Hindu mystics:

:Shankara
:Sri Ramakrishna

## Christian mystics
Some examples of Christian mystics:

:Augustine of Hippo (354–430)
:Gregory I (590–604)
:Bridget of Sweden (1303–1373)
:John of the Cross (1542–1591)
:George Fox (1624–1691)
:William Blake (1757–1827)
:Thomas Merton (1915–1968)

## Islamic mystics
Islamic Mysticism is known as *Tassawuf* (or Sufism). A detailed list of Muslim Sufi mystics is given on the Sufism page.

## Jewish mystics
Some examples of Jewish mystics:

:Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902-1994)

## Buddhist mystics
Some examples of Buddhist mystics:

:Siddhartha Gautama (563 BC-483 BC)
:Bodhidharma (440-528)

## Related page
*Kabbalah
*Spirituality
*Supernatural