open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Empoli

**Empoli** is a town in Tuscany, Italy, about 30&nbsp;km southwest of Florence. It is 30 m above sea-level, to the south of the Arno. The plain  of the town has been usable for agriculture since Roman times. Empoli is on the main railway line from Florence to Pisa and is well joined with the city of Siena. 

Empoli has a long tradition as an agricultural centre. It has given its name to a local kind of artichoke.

## History
Empoli was already settled in the time of the early Roman Empire, and still existed in the 4th century AD. The river near the city was a good route for the trade of agricultural products, together with the local amphorae. 
Since the 8th century Empoli grew as a town around the castle, known as *Emporium* or *Empolis*. In 1119 it was controlled by Guidi. In 1182, it went under Florentine rule. In 1260, after the Battle of Montaperti, Empoli was the seat of a famous council in which Farinata degli Uberti opposed the destruction of Florence. Later Empoli became an important fortress.

## Important places and monuments
*The *Piazza Farinata degli Uberti*, also known as *Piazza dei Leoni* ("Lions Square"), in the middle there is a fountain by Luigi Pampaloni (1827). Here lies the ''Collegiata di Sant'Andrea'', the main city's monument.
*The *Palazzo Ghibellino* is the former palace of the Guidi counts. It was probably built in the 11th century.
*The *Palazzo Pretorio* was the Town Hall in the Middle Ages.

In the *frazione* of Pontorme is the house of the painter Pontormo.

## Important people from Empoli
*Giovanni da Empoli (1483–1518), navigator
*Jacopo Carrucci, better known as Pontormo (1494–1556), painter
*Jacopo da Empoli (1551–1640), painter
*Alessandro Marchetti (1633–1714), mathematician and writer
*Giuseppe del Papa (1648–1735), doctor and philosopher
*Ippolito Neri (1652–1708), doctor and poet
*Renato Fucini (1843–1921), writer
*Giuliano Vanghetti (1861–1940), orthopaedist
*Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), musician
*Alberto Castellani (1884–1932), Eastern countries scholar
*Mentore Maggini (1890–1941), astronomer
*Remo Scappini (1908–1994), politician and anti-Fascist militant
*Carlo Rovini (1932–1988), poet and writer

## Sport
Empoli's main football team is Empoli F.C., which is currently playing in Serie B.

## Twin cities
* Sankt Georgen an der Gusen, Austria
* Aubervilliers, France
* Besançon, France
* Toledo, Spain
* Namur, Belgium

## References
Tramway track

in Bilbao]]

**Tramway track**s are used on tramways or light railways. Grooved rails (or girder rails) are normally used to let the trams run on streets. This is called "street-running". Like normal rail tracks, tram tracks consist of two parallel steel rails.

Tram rails can be placed in several surfaces. Standard rails can be put on sleepers like railway tracks, or with grooved rails on concrete sleepers into street surfaces (pavement) for street running.  Another environmentally-friendly or ecologically-friendly alternative is to lay tracks into grass turf surfaces. This is known as *grassed track* (or *track in a lawn*). It was first used in Liverpool in 1924.
Light rail

in Manchester, England.]]
 in Edmonton, Canada.]]

**Light rail** or **light rail transit (LRT)** is a form of urban rail public transportation.
The term light rail was created in the early 1970s to refer to more modern types of tram/streetcar services.

Generally it can carry fewer people and has a lower speed than heavy rail metro systems, but it can carry more people and has a higher speed than street-running tram systems. The term is normally used to refer to rail systems with some rapid transit-style features that use electric rail cars. Light rail is mostly operating in private rights-of-way separated from other traffic but sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets. Modern light rail technology is highly flexible in how it can be used, and whether any given system is considered a true rapid transit system or not depends on its implementation.

## Related pages
* Rapid transit
* Suburban rail
* Tram
PCC streetcar

The **PCC** ('''Presidents' Conference Committee**) **streetcar''' (tram) design was first built in the United States in the 1930s. The design was very successful in America. After World War II it was allowed to be used in other countries in the world. The PCC car has proved to be a long lasting icon of streetcar design, and PCC cars are still in service in various places around the world.
Douglas, Isle of Man

**Douglas** () is the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man

## History 
In 1869, Douglas became the capital city of Isle of Man.

## Other websites 
* Douglas' Website
Gateshead

**Gateshead** is a town in Tyne and Wear, England. It lies on the southern bank of the River Tyne, opposite Newcastle upon Tyne. Gateshead town centre and Newcastle city centre are very close to one another, and together they form the urban core of Tyneside. Gateshead is the main settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead.

## References
Ambergate

**Ambergate** is a village in Derbyshire, England, where the River Amber joins the River Derwent.

## Other websites
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt

**Halle** (also called *Halle an der Saale*) is the largest town in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. It lies in the southern part of the state, on the river Saale. It has about 234,000 inhabitants (2006). It is famous all over the world because Georg Friedrich Handel was born there. In 1904 Reinhard Heydrich was born here who became the most evil Nazi in 1941-1942 .

## References 
## Other websites
Trams in London

:*This article is a general one on trams in London. For a specific article on the organisation responsible for running the current generation of trams in London, see London Trams. For a complete list of historical tram operators, see list of tram operators*

 at East Croydon, 2004 ]]
There have been two separate generations of trams in London, from 1860 to 1952 and from 2000. Between 1952 and 2000 no trams ran in London.

The decision to abolish the first generation of trams was taken in a way which allowed various interested groups to have a say, but with little or no consultation to or with the general population. The debate was largely about trams on London, and made in a way which reflected the time when the British Labour Party controlled both London and the UK.

The first trams in London were authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1870. They were, of course, horse-drawn at that time, although steam power was also possible.

## References
Larderello

**Larderello** is a *frazione* of the *comune* of Pomarance, in Tuscany in central Italy. Larderello is famous for its geothermal productivity.

## History 
The region was known from ancient times for its volcanic nature and for the very hot springs. The Romans used its sulphur springs for bathing. In 1827, François de Larderel, a Frenchman, invented a way of extracting boric acid from the volcanic mud by using steam to separate the two. The town Larderello has the name in honour of Larderel's work. The region was the site of a pioneering experiment in the production of energy from geothermal sources in 1904. Prince Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator on 4 July 1904, at the Larderello dry steam field in Italy. It was a small generator that lit four light bulbs. Later, in 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built there. In 1911, the world's first geothermal power plant was built in the Valle del Diavolo ("Devil's Valley"), named for the boiling water in the area. Larderello now produces 10% of the world's entire supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year.

## References 
* 
* "Steaming Forward" , *Time* magazine, June 16, 2003
Rotherham

**Rotherham** is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Don, close to its confluence with the  River Rother, between Sheffield and Doncaster. Its football club, Rotherham United F.C., was founded in 1870.

## Notable people 
People linked with Rotherham include:

* **The Chuckle Brothers** – comedy entertainers known for children's TV shows  
* **David Seaman** – former England football goalkeeper, born in Rotherham  
* **Howard Webb** – international and Premier League football referee  
* **Chris Wolstenholme** – bassist for the rock band Muse  
* **Paul Pickering** – novelist and playwright  
* **David Jagger** – portrait painter, born in Kilnhurst  

## History and industry 
Rotherham grew during the 18th and 19th centuries. Coal mining, ironworking and steelmaking became major industries in the town. Many mines and factories have since closed, and the town has changed. Newer industries now include technology, services and modern manufacturing.

## Economy and development 
Rotherham has a mix of urban and rural areas. The borough covers a large area with towns, villages, countryside and parks. New businesses in the region include engineering, aerospace, ICT and distribution. Shopping areas include Parkgate, the town centre and local high streets.

## Places of interest 
Some well-known places in or near Rotherham include:
* **Rotherham Bridge** with its historic bridge-chapel  
* **Magna Science Adventure Centre** – a large museum and attraction  
* **Rother Valley Country Park** – a large country park with lakes and wildlife  
* **Clifton Park** and the Clifton Park Museum  
* Churches, old buildings and parks around the town

## Media 
Rotherham has several local media services.

Local radio stations include:
* **Rotherham Radio** – a local radio station serving the town and nearby areas  
* **Rother FM** – a former Rotherham station now part of Greatest Hits Radio  
* **Rother Radio** - a local community radio station 
* Many stations from Sheffield, Barnsley and Doncaster can also be heard

Television services come from the BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire regions. Some parts of the borough also receive BBC East Midlands and ITV Central.

Local news is also provided by newspapers such as the **Rotherham Advertiser**.

## Demography 
The town of Rotherham had a population of around 109,000 at the 2011 census. The full borough has a much larger population and includes many villages and towns. People in the borough come from many different backgrounds and communities.

## Transport 
Rotherham has bus services, main roads and a railway station. The town is close to the M1 and M18 motorways. Trains run to Sheffield, Doncaster, Leeds and other towns.

## Related pages 
* Sheffield
* Doncaster
* River Don
* Rother Valley Country Park
* Magna Science Adventure Centre

## References
Bow collector

, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy]]
A **bow collector** is one of the three main devices used on tramcars to transfer electric current from the overhead lines above to the tram below. While once very common in continental Europe, it has now been largely replaced by the pantograph.

## Related pages
* Pantograph
* Trolley pole
* Third rail
Pantograph (rail)

A **pantograph** is a device that collects electric current from overhead lines for electric trains or trams. The term stems from the resemblance to pantograph devices for copying writing and drawings.

 electric engine]] 
, built in 1911.]]
. This pantograph is single-arm.]]
.]]
s in Prague.]]

## Related pages
* Bow collector
* Trolley pole
* Third rail
* Overhead lines
* Railway electrification system
Assist (ice hockey)

In ice hockey, an **assist** is when up to two players of the scoring team shoots, passes or sends the puck towards the scoring teammate, or touched it in any other way which made the goal.  This usually means that they "assisted" in the goal. At most, there can only be 2 assists for each goal.

## Other websites
* NHL Rulebook, Rule #57 - Goals and Assists
Clay Cross

**Clay Cross** is a former mining town in north east Derbyshire, England. It is six miles south of Chesterfield. It is the former Roman road *Ryknield Street*. Near by settlements are *North Wingfield*, *Tupton*, *Pilsley*, *Ashover*, and *Tibshelf*.
List of settlements in Northern Ireland by county

The following is a list of **places in Northern Ireland**, by county:

## Lists of places inside of counties
*List of places in County Antrim
*List of places in County Armagh
*List of places in County Londonderry
*List of places in County Down
*List of places in County Fermanagh
*List of places in County Tyrone

## Related pages
*List of towns in Northern Ireland
*List of villages in Northern Ireland
Trolley pole

A **trolley pole** is a tapered cylindrical pole of wood or metal, used to transfer electricity from a "live" overhead wire to the control and propulsion equipment of a tram or trolley bus. The use of overhead wire in a railway electrification system is said to be the 1880 invention of Frank J. Sprague.

## Related pages
* Bow collector
* Pantograph
* Third rail
* Overhead lines

## References
List of towns in Northern Ireland

The following is a **list of towns in Northern Ireland**, by letter:

__NOTOC__

## A 
* Antrim, **Armagh**

## B 
* Ballycastle, Ballyclare, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Ballynahinch, Banbridge, Bangor, **Belfast**

## C 
* Carrickfergus, Carryduff, Coalisland, Coleraine, Comber, Cookstown, Craigavon

## D 
*, Donaghadee, Downpatrick, Dromore, Dundonald, Dungannon

## E 
* Enniskillen

## H 
* Holywood

## K 
* Kilkeel

## L 
* Larne, Limavady, **Lisburn**, Lurgan, **Londonderry**

## M 
* Magherafelt
* Maghera

## N 
* Newcastle, **Newry**, Newtownabbey, Newtownards

## O 
* Omagh

## P 
* Portadown, Portrush, Portstewart

## R 
* Randalstown
*Rostrevor

## S 
* Strabane

## W 
* Warrenpoint

## Related pages
* List of villages in Northern Ireland
Bar Hill

**Bar Hill** is a village that can be found about 4 miles (7 km) northwest of Cambridge, in South Cambridgeshire, Cambridgeshire, England. In 2001 there were 4,233 people living in Bar Hill.

## References
Yielden

**Yielden** is a village in Bedfordshire. It is near the borders with Northamptonshire and Cambridgeshire.

## Other websites
* Your Total Event - Yielden
Dartmouth College

**Dartmouth College** () is a private, coeducational university in Hanover, New Hampshire. Incorporated as "Trustees of Dartmouth College,"
it is a member of the Ivy League and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. In addition to its undergraduate liberal arts program, Dartmouth has medical, engineering, and business schools, as well as 19 graduate programs in the arts and sciences. With a total enrollment of 5,848, Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League.  Dartmouth alumni, from Daniel Webster to the many donors in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, have been famously involved in their college.

Dartmouth is on a rural 269-acre (1.1&nbsp;km²) campus in the Upper Valley region of New Hampshire. Given the College's isolated location, participation in athletics and the school's Greek system is high. Dartmouth's 34 varsity sports teams compete in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I. Students are also well known for preserving a variety of strong campus traditions.

In 2010 Dartmouth College joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with University of Tübingen (Germany), Durham University (UK), Queen’s University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Western Australia (Australia) and Uppsala University (Sweden).

## References
Water Stratford

**Water Stratford** is a village and civil parish in the Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England.  

## References
Bagpuss

***Bagpuss*** is a British animated children's television series shown on BBC television. It was shown in 1974. Although only 13 episodes were made, it was so popular that it was repeated regularly until 1987. The series was made by Peter Firmin and Oliver Postgate through their company Smallfilms.

The character Bagpuss was a toy cat. Bagpuss was described in each programme as "an old, saggy cloth cat, baggy, and a bit loose at the seams".

Each programme began in the same way. It started by looking through old sepia photographs as these words were spoken:

:*"Once upon a time,*
:*not* *so long ago,*
:*there was a little girl and her name was Emily.*
:*And she had a shop."*

There was a shop called "Bagpuss & Co". The cat sat in the shop window. The owner of the shop was a little girl named Emily. The shop did not sell anything. Instead, Emily would find things that were broken and lost. She fixed them and put them in the shop window. Emily hoping that the owners of the things would come and get them. She would leave the fixed thing in front of her favourite toy: the stuffed cat Bagpuss. Each programme began with these words:

:*"Bagpuss, oh, Bagpuss*
:*Oh, fat, furry cat puss,*
:*Wake up and look at the thing that I bring*
:*Wake up, be bright, be golden and light.
:*Bagpuss, oh hear what I sing."*

When Emily had left, Bagpuss would wake up. The programme changed from sepia to colour film, and the toys in the shop would come to life. There was Gabriel the toad, a rag doll called Madeleine, and a wooden woodpecker which was a bookend (something to stop a row of books falling over) called Professor Yaffle. Professor Yaffle spoke like a clever professor. He had a German accent and wore a pince-nez. He would look at the object and tell the audience what it was used for. There were also some mice. They lived in the "mouse organ" (a pun on the word mouthorgan). The mouse organ played music and the mice squeaked in high voices. All the voices except those of Madeleine and Gabriel were done by Oliver Postgate who also wrote the stories.

At the end of the programme, Bagpuss would yawn again and fall asleep. The colour changed back to sepia and the toys became toys again as these words were spoken:

:*"Bagpuss gave a big yawn, and settled down to sleep.*
:*And of course when Bagpuss goes to sleep*
:*All his friends go to sleep too.*
:*The mice were ornaments on the mouse organ,*
:*Gabriel and Madeleine were just dolls.*
:*And Professor Yaffle was a carved, wooden bookend in the shape of a woodpecker.*
:*Even Bagpuss himself, once he was asleep, was just an old, saggy cloth cat.*
:*Baggy, and a bit loose at the seams, but Emily loved him."*

## References
*Obituary of Oliver Postgate, *Independent* 10 Dec 2008, p.&nbsp;34

## Other websites
* *Bagpuss'' at bbc.co.uk
Oldham Athletic A.F.C.

**Oldham Athletic Football Club** is a football that plays in Football League One. The club plays its games at Boundary Park in Oldham, England.

The club has never won any major trophies through their history, though have made several appearances in the late rounds of the FA Cup and Football League Cup.

Oldham are the first team to play in the premier league, championship, league one and league two, and the national league.

## History 
The club was created as **Pine Villa Football Club** in 1895, but changed to the current name in 1899. Almost immediately, Oldham became a professional team before joining the Football League in 1907. After struggling between the First World War and the Second World War, they became more stable in 1969—when legendary manager Jimmy Frizzell took over. Under Frizzell, the club won 200 of their 544 competitive games and were promoted to higher levels twice.

After leaving in the summer of 1982, Joe Royle took over as the club's manager during which time Oldham again had a successful period. Under Royle, the club won 225 games of 608—a slightly higher winning percentage than under Frizzell. In the early 1990s, under Royle, Oldham reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup and the final of the Football League Cup, losing every time. However, in the 1990–91 season, the club won the Football League Second Division and were promoted to the First Division for the first time in over 70&nbsp;years. In the 1992–93 season, Oldham was a group of 24 teams that were the founding members of the Premier League—England's top division of football. After Royle's departure to Everton F.C., Oldham struggled and were relegated twice in four seasons.

In the early 2000s, Oldham Athletic almost went bankrupt. Businessman Chris Moore decided to purchase the club, promising to return to the Premier League within five years. However, later that season, he left the club, which also left behind much debt and a weak team. However, another businessman purchased the club in 2004, saving them from liquidation. In the 2006–07, under current manager John Sheridan, Oldham almost were promoted to the Football Championship, but lost in the semi-final of the play-offs.

## Name 
* 1895-1899 **Pine Villa F.C.**
* 1899-present **Oldham Athletic A.F.C.**

## League position 
### Former position
Gateshead Garden Festival

The **Gateshead Garden Festival** was the fourth of the United Kingdom's five National Garden Festivals.  It was held between May and October 1990, in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. The festival took place for 157 days. Over three million people went to the festival.

## References
Animator

An **animator** is an artist who makes drawings for movies. The animator makes many drawings which are called "frames". These are played very quickly, one after another, to create animation. It makes it look as if the pictures are moving. 

Animators can work in many areas including movies, television, video games, and the internet. There are many ways of making animations. Animators usually work with other people to form a team. These may be other animators, but can also include layout artists (who design the backgrounds, lighting, and camera angles), storyboard artists (who draw panels of the action from the script), background artists (who paint the "scenery"), voice actors who speak the words, and musicians who make the music.

## Related pages
* Animation
* Computer animation
* Computer graphics
* Sweat box

## Other websites 
* Animation Toolworks Glossary: Who Does What In Animation 
* How An Animated Cartoon Is Made
British Rail Class 117

on the 26 January 2008]]

The **British Rail Class 117** diesel multiple units were built by Pressed Steel from 1959 to 1961.

## References
Flag of Austria

The official **Flag of Austria** (*Flagge Österreichs)* is the flag of the European country, Austria. It has three horizontal stripes, two red ones and a white one

It was first used in 1230 and the oldest national symbol used by a modern country.
British Rail Class 119

The British Rail **Class 119** DMUs were used on the Western Region and on services in the Midlands that used units that were based at Tyseley Depot. Soon after they were introduced, many of the DMUs were moved to Cardiff. This was so that they could serve the intermediate stations on outer suburban services from London Paddington to Oxford. These were as 7-car sets, with the addition of Hawksworth composites adapted to run as DMU trailers.
British Rail Class 120

The **Class 120** was a cross-country DMU. It was made up of three units. The first unit was built in 1958 at the British Rail Swindon Works.
Ricky Sbragia

'''Richard 'Ricky' Spragia''' (born May 26, 1956) is a former Scottish footballer who currently manages Sunderland. He was appointed in late December 2008 after the previous manager Roy Keane walked out after a run of bad results which had left Sunderland towards the foot of the table. In his first four games as caretaker manager he managed two wins and a draw and this was enough to get him the unanimous vote of the board and was appointed with a permanent contract on December 27, 2008.
British Rail Class 122

The British Rail **Class 122** diesel multiple units were built by Gloucester RC&W in 1958.  Twenty single-car driving motor vehicles, called "Bubble Cars", were built, numbered 55000-55019. These were supplemented by ten trailer vehicles, numbered 56290-299 (later renumbered 54290-299).
British Rail Class 123

The **Class 123** was a type of Diesel Multiple Unit built for British Rail in 1963. They were built by British Rail at Swindon Works, and designed like all Swindon units as inter-city sets. Ten of the four-car sets were built and introduced in 1963. The units bear a visible similarity to the British Rail Class 309, however there is no 'relation' here as the two types were built by different manufacturers for different markets.
British Rail Class 124

The British Rail **Class 124** was a class of initially six-car Diesel Multiple Units used and built specifically for the trans-pennine route. They were progressively shortened during their lifetime, finally finishing as three-car sets. They were all withdrawn by the late 1980s. There was a movement to preserve a set of this class, however it was unsuccessful and eventually all were lost.
British Rail Class 125

The **Class 125** was a design of three car Diesel Multiple Unit built for British Rail in 1958. They were high-density units, externally very similar to the Class 116. They were built specifically for the Lea Valley Line, were all withdrawn in 1977, and none survive to this day. Like many first-generation DMU classes, they never carried their 125xxx TOPS set numbers.
British Rail Class 121

Sixteen **Class 121** single-car driving motor vehicles were built from 1960, numbered 55020-55035. These were supplemented by ten trailer vehicles, numbered 56280-289 (later renumbered 54280-289).  They had a top speed of 70 mph, with slam-doors, and vacuum brakes.  The driving motor vehicles were nicknamed "Bubble Cars" by some enthusiasts.
British Rail Class 127

on 15 October 2004. This vehicle was rebuilt as a parcels unit from 51625 (seen above), with the addition of roller-shutter doors. Now preserved at the Midland Railway Butterley, it is being rebuilt back to a passenger vehicle.]]

The British Rail **Class 127** diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby in 1959. Thirty 4-car units were built, formed of two outer driving motor vehicles, sandwiching two intermediate trailers. The technical description of such as 4-car unit was DMBS + TSL + TS + DMBS.
British Rail Class 128

**British Rail Class 128** was a class of diesel multiple unit, built for British Rail. Introduced in 1959, ten of the class were built by British United Traction, each with two 230 hp Leyland engines. The class was built specifically for parcels, and did not feature any passenger accommodation; fitted out with parcel racks and bike storages at each end. The last members of the class were withdrawn in 1991, and none were preserved.

## Other websites
*Class info from railcar.com
British Rail Class 129

The **Class 129** was a class of single-car Diesel Multiple Unit built in 1955 for British Rail. Only three were built by Cravens and were introduced in 1958. The class was built for parcels traffic like the Class 128. One unit (55997) survived into departmental service being named 'Hydra'. The driving ends of a Class 129 car bore a visible similarity to that of the British Rail Class 105.
Alex Kapranos

**Alexander Paul Kapranos Huntley** (born 20 March 1972), commonly known as **Alex Kapranos**, is an English musician. He is the lead singer of Scottish band Franz Ferdinand. Kapranos was born in Almondsbury, Gloucestershire to an English mother and Greek father.

## References
Death from Above 1979

**Death from Above 1979** is a Toronto-based Canadian band with two members. The members were Jesse F. Keeler on bass guitar, synths and backing vocals, and Sebastien Grainger on vocals and drums.
Valentin Berlinsky

**Valentin Berlinsky** (born Irkutsk, 19 January 1925; died 15 December 2008) was a Russian cellist. He played with the world-famous Borodin Quartet from 1945 when it was founded, and was a member until he retired in 2007.

## His life 
### Early life 
Valentin Berlinsky was born in Irkutsk, Siberia. His father had learned the violin with the famous teacher Leopold Auer. He had formed his own string quartet, the Berlinksy Quartet, who had played in many parts of the Soviet Union. Valentin learned the violin from his father. Soon he was sent to Moscow where he studied the cello and played with the Moscow Youth Orchestra. He played in a student concert together with Mstislav Rostropovich in 1938.

For many years Berlinsky taught the cello at the Gnessin School of Music in Moscow. He did not often perform as soloist. He preferred being a member of a chamber music group.

### The Borodin Quartet 
In 1945, four young players formed a string quartet called the Moscow Conservatoire Quartet. Mstislav Rostropovich was the cellist, Rostislav Dubinsky and Nina Barshai played the violins and Rudolf Barshai played the viola. However, after a couple of weeks Rostropovich found he was too busy, so he suggested that Berlinsky should take his place. The four players that now formed the quartet signed an oath that they would be loyal and stay together as a group. They signed the oath with their own blood. Valentin often showed this piece of paper to people. For 60 years he kept a careful record of all the concerts they played. They called themselves the Borodin Quartet after the composer Alexander Borodin.

The four musicians first met Dmitri Shostakovich in 1946. They became famous for playing his string quartets. Shostakovich was to compose 15 string quartets. The Borodin Quartet were the most famous string quartet in the Soviet Union, but it was difficult for them to get permission to play in other countries until the fall of the Soviet Union.

### Last years 
Valentin Berlinsky retired from the Borodin Quartet in September 2007. His place was taken by his pupil, Vladimir Balshin, but Berlinsky still continued to help the quartet. 

He died on 15 December 2008, in Moscow, after a long illness. His daughter Lyudmila is a pianist.

## References 
*Obituary to Valentin Berlinsky, The Daily Telegraph, 23 Dec 2008 p.&nbsp;23
Internship

*Intern* is the job title given to people who work in an organization that has an internship program. It is similar to an apprenticeship but is the term more commonly used if the work takes place in office environments. The work in an internship is expected to be part of the desired learning experience for the intern. The specific requirements for being an intern vary widely.

Internship positions are posted online similarly to job postings but focus instead on engaging students in real-world projects before they have completed their studies. Internships are usually temporary positions, often lasting between one school term and one year. Interns are sometimes given longer-term job opportunities.
The Master

**The Master** can refer to:

*People who have been named or nicknamed **The Master**:
** Edward Butowsky

*Fictional characters called **The Master**:
**Master (Doctor Who), a recurring villain in the science fiction television series *Doctor Who*
College of William & Mary

**The College of William & Mary in Virginia** (also known as **The College of William & Mary**, **The College**, **William & Mary**, or **W&M**) is a public university in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It was founded in 1693 by a Royal Charter issued by King William III and Queen Mary II. It is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.

William & Mary educated U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Speaker of the House Henry Clay and 16 signers of the Declaration of Independence. In 2008, the college had 5,850 undergraduate students and 2,042 graduate and professional students in and gave 1,454 bachelors, 440 masters, and 209 professional degrees.

## Campus 
The Sir Christopher Wren Building is both the oldest college building in the United States and a National Historic Landmark. The building, nicknamed just the "Wren Building", got its new name in 1931 to honor the English architect Sir Christopher Wren. The first building, in 1699, was designed by Sir Christopher Wren. Not much is known about how the first building looked.  It burned down within a few years of its completion.

## References 
## Other websites
British Rail Class 126

The introduction of what became the **Class 126** diesel multiple units originated in a British Transport Commission report of 1952 that suggested the trial use of diesel railcars. BR's Swindon Works were chosen to design and build express units for the ex-North British Railway Edinburgh Waverley to Glasgow Queen Street route. Swindon built a second batch in 1959/60 for use on services from Glasgow to Ayrshire.
Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough

***Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough*** is a 2005 book by Professor Clive Hamilton and Richard Denniss.  *Affluenza* suggests that Western society consumes too many products and services. Hamilton and Denniss argue that people "aspire to the lifestyles of the rich and famous". They state that rates of stress, depression and obesity are high as people try to cope with the emptiness and disappointments of consumer life.

## References
Gang of Four (band)

**Gang of Four** are an English post-punk group from Leeds. The first line-up was singer Jon King, guitarist Andy Gill, bass guitarist Dave Allen and drummer Hugo Burnham. They were most popular from 1977 to 1984.
Christ's Hospital

'''Christ's Hospital''' is a boarding school in Sussex.  The school was started in 1552.  King Edward VI started it. The headmaster is John Franklin BA MEd Admin.  It has 831 students.  The school is very big.
Bloc Québécois

The **Bloc Québécois** (**BQ**) is a federal political party based in Canada that mainly believes and advocates Quebec can secede from Canada, also known as Quebec sovereignty. The Bloc was created by Members of Parliament (MPs) from the national Progressive Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. They were angry that the Meech Lake Accord could not pass. The party is considered to be centre-left. The leader of the party is currently Yves-François Blanchet.

## History 
The Bloc Québécois was founded in 1991 by Lucien Bouchard, who also became its first leader, in order to represent and advocate the Quebec sovereignty movement at the federal level in the Parliament of Canada. The Bloc was always the party with the biggest number of seats in Quebec between 1993 and 2011, and again since 2019. They are usually the second or third biggest party in the House of Commons. In the 2011 federal election, the party won only 4 seats. In the 2019 federal election, the party won 32 seats. In the 2021 federal election, the party won 32 seats in the House of Commons.

## Relationship with the Parti Québécois
The Parti Québécois is a provincial political party in Quebec to which it is allied. The Parti Québécois also wants sovereignty for Québec. Although the two political parties are separate organizations, they help each other during elections.

## Party leaders 
* Lucien Bouchard (1991–1996) 
* Gilles Duceppe (1996) temporary 
* Michel Gauthier (1996–1997) 
* Gilles Duceppe (1997–2011) 
* Vivian Barbot (2011) temporary 
* Daniel Paillé (2011–2013) 
* Mario Beaulieu (2014–2015) 
* Gilles Duceppe (2015) 
* Rhéal Fortin (2015–2017) temporary 
* Martine Ouellet (2017–2018) 
* Mario Beaulieu (2018–2019) temporary
* Yves-François Blanchet (since 2019)

## References
## Other websites
*
The Weather Makers

***The Weather Makers: The History and Future Impact of Climate Change*** (2005) is a book by Tim Flannery.

The book includes 36 short essays predicting the consequences of global warming.  The book reviews the evidence about historical climate change and attempts to put our era into context.  The book asserts that if atmospheric carbon dioxide levels continue to increase at current rates, the resulting climate change will cause mass species extinctions.

The book received much critical acclaim, and has won a major literary prize.

## References
Angular Recording Corporation

**Angular Recording Corporation** is an independent record label that was first based in New Cross, South East London.  It was started in June 2003 by two ex-Goldsmiths College students, Joe Daniel and Joe Margetts.

## Artists
* Crystal Stilts
* Findo Gask
* Gyratory System

* Je Suis Animal
* Tim Key
* Klaxons

* The Lodger
* The Long Blondes
* Mitten

* Navvy
* These New Puritans
* The Violets

* David Westlake
* Wetdog
Mumia

:*Mumia is often used to speak about Mumia Abu-Jamal*

)]]
**Mumia** (also **pulvis mumiae**, **Mumia vera aegyptiaca**) was a powder made from ground mummies. It was used as a drug, for good health, and as a coloring agent (a medium to dark brown) until the 1920s. Eating ground mumified corpses is a form of cannibalism.

The powder was said to work against almost any disease. To mummify a corpse, tar was used. It was said this tar had magical powers. It was also said to be an aphrodisiac.
Nuclear or Not?

***Nuclear or Not? Does Nuclear Power Have a Place in a Sustainable Energy Future?*** is a 2007 book edited by Professor David Elliott.  The book offers various views on nuclear power. Authors include:

*Paul Allen from the Centre for Alternative Technology
*Dr Ian Fairlie, who served on the Committee Examining Radiation Risks of Internal Emitters (CERRIE)
*Stephen Kidd of the World Nuclear Association

## Related pages
*Hiroshima (book)
*Nuclear disasters
*Chernobyl disaster
*Nuclear accident
*Mayak

## References
## Other websites
*Non-nuclear sustainable energy futures for Germany and the UK
Non-Nuclear Futures

***Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy*** is a 1975 book by Amory B. Lovins and John H. Price. The book says that the nuclear power debate is not about technical disputes but relates to different personal views (personal values).  The personal values that make a high-energy society work are all too apparent, and the values associated with an alternate view relate to thrift, simplicity, diversity, neighbourliness, craftsmanship, and humility.

Lovins and Price say that these two different sets of personal values lead to two very different policy paths relating to future energy supplies.  The first is high-energy nuclear, centralized, electric; the second is lower energy, non-nuclear, decentralized, less electrified, softer technology.

## Related pages
*Anti-nuclear movement
*Nuclear-free zone
*Rocky Mountain Institute
*The Clean Tech Revolution

## References
Hiroshima (book)

***Hiroshima*** () is a magazine article written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey that appeared in *The New Yorker* in August 1946, one year after the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The article was soon made into a book. It described how the bombing affected the lives of six individuals:
***Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto:** a Methodist minister educated in the United States at Emory University was 3,500 yards from the center of the explosion;
***Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura:** a war widow and seamstress, the mother of three young children was 1350 yards from the center of the explosion;
***Dr. Masakazu Fujii:** a prosperous doctor and owner of a private hospital was 1550 yards from the center of the explosion;
***Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge (Makoto Takakura):** a Jesuit priest stationed in the city was 1400 yards from the center of the explosion;
***Dr. Terufumi Sasaki:** a young doctor at the Red Cross hospital was 1650 yards from the center of the explosion; and
***Miss Toshiko Sasaki (Sister Dominique Sasaki):** A clerk at the East Asia Tin Works (no relation to Terufumi Sasaki) was 1600 yards from the center of the explosion.

Each account is followed by a brief statement describing how close each person was to the center of the blast.

## Related pages
*Nuclear or Not?
*Nuclear disasters
Electrical substation

An **electrical substation** is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.

## Related pages
* Electricity
The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management

***The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management*** is a 2008 book by Pat Hutchings, Mike Kingsford and Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. This comprehensive guide describes the organisms and ecosystems of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, as well as the biological, chemical and physical processes that influence them. Contemporary challenges such as climate change, coral bleaching, coral disease and coral reef fishing are also discussed. The book also includes a field guide to help people identify the common animals and plants on the reef. The book has many illustrations and contributions from 33 international experts.

## References
Betrayers of the Truth

***Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science*** is a book written in 1983 by William Broad and Nicholas Wade. The book is asks questions about of some beliefs about what science is and the method used by scientists to do science.  The authors shows examples that have to do with how scientific research is done.  It talks about making up results and making up of whole experiments.

## References
Winning the Oil Endgame

***Winning the Oil Endgame*** is a 2005 book by Amory B. Lovins,  published by the Rocky Mountain Institute.  It talks about four ways to reduce oil (petroleum) dependence in the United States:
*Using oil more efficiently (pp.&nbsp;29–102).
*Substituting other liquids for oil (pp.&nbsp;103–111).
*Substituting saved natural gas for oil (pp.&nbsp;111–122).
*Replacing oil with hydrogen (pp.&nbsp;228–242).

## Problems and solutions
The authors suggest that oil dependence is a problem we need no longer have. U.S. oil dependence can be profitably eliminated by proven and attractive technologies. The authors argue that America can lead the world into the post-petroleum era and create a vibrant economy. (p.xiii)

## The Author
Amory Lovins has published 28 books and hundreds of papers.  His work has been recognized by the Alternative Nobel, Onassis, Nissan, Shingo and Mitchell prizes, a MacArthur Fellowship, the Happold Medal, eight honorary doctorates, and the Heinz, Lindbergh, World Technology, and Hero of the Planet Awards. Lovins has also acted as a consultant to many Fortune 500 companies.

## Related pages
*Energy efficiency
*Energy conservation
*Peak oil
*Renewable energy commercialization
*Soft energy technology
*Soft energy path

## References
## Other websites
* Winning the Oil Endgame presentation at MIT  - Video of Lovins.
* Amory Lovins: We must win the oil endgame (TED presentation) 
* Winning the Oil Endgame - The Book Home Page - Read Free Online or Buy
Amory Lovins

**Amory Bloch Lovins** is Chairman and Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute.  For four decades he has worked in energy policy and related areas.

Lovins worked professionally as an environmentalist in the 1970s and since then as an analyst of a "soft energy path" for the United States and other nations. He has promoted energy efficiency, the use of renewable energy sources, and the generation of energy at or near the site where the energy is actually used.   Lovins has also promoted a "negawatt revolution" arguing that utility customers do not want kilowatt-hours of electricity; they want energy services.  In the 1990s, his work with Rocky Mountain Institute included the design of an ultra-efficient automobile, the Hypercar. 
 
Lovins has received ten honorary doctorates and won many awards. He has provided expert testimony in eight countries, briefed 19 heads of state, and published 29 books. These books include *Winning the Oil Endgame*, *Small is Profitable*, *Factor Four*, and *Natural Capitalism*. In 2009, *Time magazine* named Lovins as one of the world's 100 most influential people.

## Related pages
*Christopher Flavin
*Energy conservation
*Renewable energy commercialization
*Joseph Romm
*Mycle Schneider
*World Nuclear Industry Status Report

## Other websites
* The Rocky Mountain Institute's home page
* 20 Hydrogen myths  - published by the Rocky Mountain Institute
* The Nuclear Illusion
* Lectures series on energy efficiency , March 2007
* The Volvo Environment Prize is awarded to Amory B. Lovins 
* Amory Lovins Profile Page 
*The frugal cornucopian
* The Heinz Awards, Amory Lovins profile
* Congressional testimony on nuclear power
Steve Lamacq

**Steve Lamacq** (born 16 October 1965) is a disc jockey for BBC radio stations.  He is known by his nicknames **Lammo** or "**The Cat**".  He was born in Basingstoke, Hampshire and grew up in Essex.

## References
James Hansen

**James E. Hansen** (born March 29, 1941 in Denison, Iowa) headed the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City, a part of the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, Earth Sciences Division until early 2013. He is currently an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. Hansen is best known for his research in the field of climatology, his testimony on climate change to congressional committees in the 1980s that helped raise broad awareness of the global warming issue, and his continuing advocacy of action to limit the impacts of climate change. He has been a critic of the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush Administration's stances on climate change.

Hansen studied astronomy and physics in the 1960s at the University of Iowa. He did scientific research on the atmospheres of other planets, and later Earth's atmosphere. Hansen was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1996. He was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea in 1999. He received a US$250,000 Heinz Environment Award
for his research on global warming in 2001. He was listed as one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the Time 100 (2006) list and, in 2007, he shared the US$1 million Dan David Prize. On April 5, 2008, Dr. Hansen received the PNC Bank Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service for his outstanding achievements in science.

Hansen posited in a 2007 paper that 350 ppm (parts per million) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a safe  upper limit to avoid a climate tipping point. The current record level is 389 ppm of CO2, an almost 40-percent increase from the pre-industrial revolution level of 278 ppm.  In 1988 the Earth's atmosphere surpassed the 350 ppm mark, while global  CO2 emissions per capita rose.

Hansens strong public opposition to the exploitation of oil sands and the :en:Keystone XL pipeline project created some controversy in the media. *Storms of My Grandchildren* is Hansen's first book about the climate change. In 2013, Hansen was co-author of an open letter saying "continued opposition to nuclear power threatens humanity's ability to avoid dangerous climate change." 

## References
Brighton, Indiana

**Brighton** is a town of Greenfield Township, in LaGrange County, in the state of Indiana, in the United States.

## References
David Suzuki: The Autobiography

***David Suzuki: The Autobiography*** is the 2006 autobiography of Canadian science writer and broadcaster David Suzuki. The book focuses mostly on his life since the 1987 publication of his first autobiography, *Metamorphosis: Stages in a Life*. It begins with a chronological account of his childhood, academic years, and broadcasting career. In later chapters, Suzuki adopts a memoir style, writing about themes such as his relationship with Australia, his experiences in Brazil and Papua New Guinea, the founding of the David Suzuki Foundation, and his thoughts on climate change, celebrity status, technology, and death. Throughout, Suzuki highlights the continuing impact of events from his childhood.

This is Suzuki's forty-third book and, he says, his last. Critics have called the book candid, sincere, and charming, with insightful commentary if occasionally flat stories. Suzuki's scientific background is reflected in the writing's rational and analytic style.

Suzuki's autobiography spent four weeks at #1 on the ''Maclean's* list of non-fiction best-sellers and six weeks at #6 on the *Globe and Mail's'' list. The book won two awards in 2007: the Canadian Booksellers' Association's Libris Award for Non-Fiction Book of the Year and the British Columbia Booksellers' Choice Award. The publishers, Greystone Books and Douglas & McIntyre, won the CBA Libris Award for Marketing Achievement of the Year.