open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

The Federal Ministry of Work and Social Affairs (BMAS) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany . It was part of the Federal Ministry of economy and work () between 2002 and 2005.

## Office building
A part of the ministry is based in Berlin-Mitte. When the Bundestag and government moved to Berlin in 1999 the BMA moved into buildings in the Jägerstraße/ Wilhelmstraße. A large part of the ministry stayed in Bonn. Originally the building at Wilhelmstraße 49 was a stately home. After 1826 it was used by the Hohenzollern Prince Karl.

The building housed the press department of the Reichsregierung (National government) of the Weimar Republic between 1918 and 1933. Under the Third Reich it was the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda of Dr Joseph Goebbels.

After Wartime damage was repaired, the Central Council of the National Front moved in 1947. Later the Central Council of the German Democratic Republic occupied the building. The study of the first and only president of the DDR, Wilhelm Pieck, is there. It was restored between 1996 and 2000.

## Federal ministers
### Federal Minister for Work 1949 to 1957
1949-1957: Anton Storch (CDU)

### Federal Minister for Work and Social Affairs 1957 to 2007
* 1957-1965: Theodor Blank (CDU)
* 1965-1969: Hans Katzer (CDU)
* 1969-1976: Walter Arendt (SPD)
* 1976-1982: Herbert Ehrenberg (SPD)
* 1982-1982: Heinz Westphal (SPD)
* 1982-1998: Norbert Blüm (CDU)
* 1998-2002: Walter Riester (SPD)
** 2002-2005: Wolfgang Clement (SPD) Minister for Economy and Labour
** 2002-2005: Ulla Schmidt (SPD) Minister for Health and Social Security
* 2005-2007: Franz Müntefering (SPD)
* 2007-2009: Olaf Scholz (SPD)
* 2009: Franz Josef Jung (CDU)
* 2009-2013: Ursula von der Leyen (CDU)
* 2013-2017: Andrea Nahles (SPD)
* 2017-2018: Katarina Barley, (SPD) 
* 2018-: Hubertus Heil, (SPD)

## Functions 
The BMAS was involved in promoting the new Code of Social Law II, sometimes called Hartz IV.

The ministry also supervises the

Bundesagentur für Arbeit federal Labour agency ("Jobcentres" as they are known in the UK);

Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin. Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

### Europe
The European Court of Justice found that Germany did not properly enforce the Working Hours Directive. This was a job BMAS should have done.
Search engine optimization

**Search engine optimization** **(SEO)** is about making websites and other forms of online presence appear higher in search results when someone searches for a term. The search term is called a *keyword*. The results of the search are displayed in the search engine's results pages (SERPS) such as those given by Google, Bing, Yahoo! and others. Other terms used to describe search engine optimization are internet marketing and search engine marketing.

## On-page SEO 
On-page SEO, or on-site SEO, is the practice of optimizing web pages for users and search engines. It refers to specific elements and attributes of a website, such as content (written words), HTML, system, CSS, internal links, outbound links, and more.

Websites are ranked by – among other things – the quality of their SEO, which Google analyzes in its indexing and ranking of websites. Google’s own *“How Search Works”* reports that, *“The most basic signal that information is relevant is when a web page contains the same keyword as the search query. If those keywords appear on the page, or if they appear in the headings or body of the text, the information is more likely to be relevant”.*

## Technical SEO 
Technical SEO refers to the non-on-page elements of a site. This includes elements that affect the optimization and proper operation of the website, such as site speed, mobile-friendliness, crawlability, and more.

Correct and fast operation of a website has a fundamental impact on the site's ranking.

## Off-page SEO 
Everything SEO-related that doesn't take place on a website is considered off-page SEO. Among other things, backlinks, social media, and local citations are all aspects of off-page SEO.

## Importance of SEO 
SEO is a crucial part of marketing campaigns run by businesses to reach customers online. Companies hire SEO agencies to do the work for them because of the expertise required.

## "White Hat," "Gray Hat," and "Black Hat" SEO Techniques 
If an SEO method is approved by search engines to rank their website, it is called a "white hat technique". If the method is not approved, it is called a "black hat technique". Search engines penalize sites using black hat techniques by ranking them lower, or by not showing them on search results at all. However, some techniques fall in between these two categories, known as "gray hat techniques." These methods are not explicitly approved by search engines but are not strictly prohibited either. While they may offer short-term ranking benefits, they carry the risk of penalties if search engine guidelines change.

## Other websites
* Google's SEO guide
* Google Search Engine Optimisation Guidelines

## References
Alexandra Dahlström

**Alexandra Dahlström** (born February 12, 1984) is a Swedish actress. She was born in Gävle, Sweden, and grew up in Stockholm. Her mother is Russian, and her father Swedish. She speaks Swedish, Russian, French, German, English, and Italian.

## Career
Dahlström gained international attention in 1998, after starring as "Elin" in the movie *Fucking Åmål*. For this, she won the Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Rebecka Liljeberg. After "Fucking Åmål" she receiving numerous offers to work in other movies, but she declined the offers, because she wanted to concentrate on finishing school. In 2002, Dahlström worked as assistant director and Russian translator,for Lukas Moodysson, with his movie *Lilya 4-ever*. From the 5 March 2007 Alexandra will be participating in the Dutch soap opera Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden on RTL 4. She will play a Swedish exchanges student called Skylar Nilsson.

## Personal life
She lived alone in Stockholm after graduating high school. She continued to act in theatre. After a several-year break, Dahlström again starred in the movie *Fröken Sverige* (Miss Sweden) gaining nice comments. During the autumn of 2004 she was the DJ for the biggest late night talk show in Sweden, called 'Late Night with Luuk', which she had been originally interviewed on in May 1998 with Rebecka Liljeberg for her acting in *Fucking Åmål*. After completing her studies, she now lives in Rome, Italy and is again pursuing a serious acting career.

## Filmography
* *Sanning eller konsekvens* (1997)
* *St. Mikael* (series) (1998)
* *Fucking Åmål* (1998)
* *Kranes konditori* (theatre play) (1999)
* *In bed with Santa*, aka *Tomten är far till alla barnen* (1999)
* *En vacker värld* (theatre play) (2001)
* *La Carpe* (short movie) (2001)
* *Fröken Sverige* (2004)
* *Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden* (TV series in The Netherlands) (2007)

## Other websites 
* Alexandra Dahlström fansite 
* 
* Swedish story about new life as DJ
Rebecka Liljeberg

**Rebecka Månstråle Liljeberg** (born 13 May 1981) is a Swedish actress.

She was born in Turinge, about 40&nbsp;km southwest of Stockholm, and moved around Sweden for much of her youth. Liljeberg's mother was relatively young when she was born, and her parents divorced when she was one year old. At the age of 9 (1991), Liljeberg began her acting career when she won a role in the series *Sunes jul*. Between 1993 and 1997, she became played in amateur theatre, which she continued with until gaining a role in the movie *Närkontakt* later in 1997.  The following year she won her breakthrough role in the Lukas Moodysson movie *Fucking Åmål*. For the movie she stopped her study in high school to take up the role, which ultimately won her the 1999 Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Alexandra Dahlström. After her roles in *Fucking Åmål* and *Sherdil*, Liljeberg began an adult education course in order to graduate from high school. While studying, she also played in ''Bear's Kiss*, and voiced a character in the Swedish version of IMAX movie *T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous''. In 2002, she completed the adult education course, and is now studying medicine at the Karolinska Institute to become a pediatrician.

## Private Life
Liljeberg is known to enjoy working with computers. She wrote for a Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet for some time. Liljeberg also contributed to UNESCO's *Utrymme* anthology of twenty works from young writers around the world. Liljeberg now lives in Stockholm with her boyfriend Alexander Skepp. They have two children: Harry Theodor, born in June 2002 and Vera, born on 1 January, 2005. Liljeberg expressed a desire to work with director Lukas Moodysson again.

## Filmography
**Sunes jul* (1991) (series)
**Närkontakt* (1997)
**Längtans blåa blomma* (series) (1998)
**Fucking Åmål* (1998)
**Lithivm* (1998)
**Där regnbågen slutar* (1999)
**Sherdil* (1999)
**Skärgårdsdoktorn* (2000)
**Födelsedagen* (2000)
**Eva & Adam* (2000)
*''Bear's Kiss'' (2002)

## References
## Other websites
*
Athens, Alabama

**Athens** is a city in Limestone County, Alabama. It is also the county seat of that county.

In the year 2020, Athens had a population of about 25,406 people. Athens has an area of about 39 miles and sits at 798 feet above sea level.

## References
Athens (disambiguation)

**Athens**  is the capital city of Greece.
*Classical Athens, the city in Classical Antiquity

**Athens** may also refer to:

## Placename
In the **United States**:
*Athens, Alabama
*Athens, Georgia
*Athens, Illinois

In the **United Kingdom**:
* "Athens of the North", a nickname given to Edinburgh in Scotland, due to the large number of neo-classical buildings and structures built during the 18th and 19th centuries
Ell

The English unit of length **ell** is usually 45 inches. That means 1.143 m (for the international inch). It came from the length of the arm from the shoulder (or the elbow) to the wrist, although the exact length was never defined in English law.

Several different national forms existed, with different lengths: the Scottish ell (about 37 inches), the Flemish ell (about 27 inches) and the Polish ell (0.78 metres, about 31 inches).

This unit has mostly fallen out of use, as have others based on the human arm: 
*digit (1/60 ell)
*finger (7/360 ell) 
*palm (1/15 ell)
*hand (4/45 ell)
*shaftment (2/15 ell)
*span (1/5 ell) 
*cubit (2/5 ell)

Sometimes *ell* is used as an other word for the cubit.

An **ell-wand** or **ellwand** was a rod of length one ell used for official measurement.   Edward I of England ordered that every town should have one.  

## References
Ell (disambiguation)

**Ell** or **ELL** may refer to:

In **science** and **technology**:
* Ell, a measure of length
* Ell (Scottish length), a Scottish measure of length
* Ell (architecture), a wing of a building

In **places**:
* Ell, Luxembourg, a commune and town in Luxembourg
* Ell (Netherlands), a Dutch town 

In **people**:
* Henry Ell (1862 - 1934), New Zealand politician
* Carl Stephens Ell, American academic

In **transport**:
*East London Line, a line of the London Underground

In **other**:
*English Language Learners, a term in English language learning and teaching
Unit of length

A **unit of length** is a way of measuring length or distance.

Common units of length in the International System of Units (SI) are:
* metre and units that are developed from it, such as "centimetre" or "kilometre"

But there are a lot of units that do not fit in the SI-System:
* fermi (fm) (= 1 femtometre in SI units)
* angstrom (Å) (= 100 picometres in SI units)
* micron (= 1 micrometre in SI units)
* Norwegian/Swedish mil (= 10,000 metres)

Common Imperial units and U.S. customary units of length include:
* inch (25.4&nbsp;mm)
* mil (one thousandth of an inch, one thou)
* foot (0.3048 m, 12 inches)
* yard (0.9144 m)
* (terrestrial) mile (1609.344 m)

In addition, the following are used by mariners:
* fathom (for depth) (1.8288 m)
* nautical mile (1852 m)

Surveyors in the United States continue to use:
* chain (~20.1m)
* rod (also called pole or perch) (~5 m)

Horse racing keeps alive:
* furlong (~201 m)

Astronomical measure uses:
*astronomical unit (AU) (~149 gigametres)
*light year (ly) (~9.46 petametres)
*parsec (pc) (~30.8 petametres), including kiloparsec (kpc) and megaparsec (Mpc)

Physics also uses:
*Planck length
*Bohr radius

Old units of distance are:
*cana
*cubit
*league
*li (China)
*pace (the "double pace" of about 5 feet used in Ancient Rome)
*verst (Russia)

In everyday conversation, and in informal literature, it is common to see lengths measured in units of objects of which everyone knows the approximate width. Common examples are:
*Football field (generally around 110 metres, depending on the country)
*Widths of a human hair (around 80 micrometres)
Mettau, Switzerland

**Mettau** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Mettauertal and district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Möhlin

**Möhlin** is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Moosleerau

**Moosleerau** is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
Möriken-Wildegg

**Möriken-Wildegg** is a municipality in Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Gorgona, Italy

**Gorgona** is an island in the Tuscan Archipelago, a group of islands off the west coast of Italy.

It is one of only five islands in the world on which the Corsican Finch is found.The island is famous for its anchovies.  Tradition holds that monks from Gorgona rescued the relics of Saint Julia of Corsica before they were carried to the mainland in the 8th century.
Cubit

**Cubit** is the name for any one of many units of measure used by various ancient peoples and is among the first recorded units of length.

The cubit is based on measuring by comparing – especially rope and textiles, but also for timber and stone – to one's forearm length. The Egyptian hieroglyph for the unit shows this symbol. It was used through antiquity, the Middle Ages up to early modern times.

The distance between thumb and another finger to the elbow on an average person is about 24&nbsp;digits or 6&nbsp;palms or 1½ feet (45.72&nbsp;cm or 18&nbsp;inches). This so-called "natural cubit" of 1½ feet is used in the Roman system of measures and in different Greek systems.

Over time, units similar in type to the cubit have measured:
* 6&nbsp;palms &nbsp;=&nbsp; 24 digits, i.e. ~45.0&nbsp;cm or 18&nbsp;inches (1.50&nbsp;ft)
* 7&nbsp;palms &nbsp;=&nbsp; 28 digits, i.e. ~52.5&nbsp;cm or 21&nbsp;inches (1.75&nbsp;ft)
* 8&nbsp;palms &nbsp;=&nbsp; 32 digits, i.e. ~60.0&nbsp;cm or 24&nbsp;inches (2.00&nbsp;ft)
* 9&nbsp;palms &nbsp;=&nbsp; 36 digits, i.e. ~67.5&nbsp;cm or 27&nbsp;inches (2.25&nbsp;ft)

From late antiquity, the Roman *ulna*, a four-feet-cubit (about 120&nbsp;cm) is also known. This is the measure from a man's hip to the fingers of the outstretched opposite arm.

The English yard has a long legal history, but its origin is not known. The English ell is essentially a kind of great cubit of 15&nbsp;palms, 114&nbsp;cm, or 45&nbsp;inches (3.75&nbsp;ft).

## Related pages
* Units of measurement

## References 
* Recovery of the ancient system of length units by Dieter Lelgemann , former Director of the Institute for Geodesy and Geo-Information Technology, TU Berlin .
* On the ancient determination of meridian arc length by Eratosthenes of Kyrene. Dieter Lelgemann, WS – History of Surveying and Measurement, Athens, Greece, May 22-27, 2004.

## Other websites 
* Measurements of the Nippur Ell, now in a museum in Istanbul (Turkey).
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development

]]
The Federal **Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development** (BMZ) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ministry's headquarters are in what used to be the Bundeskanzleramt (the Federal Chancellor's Office building) in Bonn, with a second office in the Europahaus, in Berlin.

## History 
The BMZ was founded 1961, as the Ministry for Economic Cooperation. Lots of different ministries had a little to do with helping the economies of foreign countries. These jobs were all taken away and given to the new ministry. It became the "Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development" on 23 January 1993. The change was to show that Germany was not just interested in working with Less Developed Countries, but in helping those countries as well.

## Ministers 
## Job 
The BMZ main job is help to other countries to develop and become richer. It does this by giving money and other aid.

The BMZ also oversees giving money to international organisations and private charities which can help the BMZ's main job.

The money that Germany gives to the European Development Fund, the World Bank and regional development banks is paid by the BMZ.

The BMZ also makes sure that countries which get money are democratic and have a good human rights record.

Germany thinks that giving this help is so important that the BMZ is a member of the Federal Security Council, which helps to make sure that Germany is safe and at peace.

## Aims 
* Halving the number of people in the world that suffers from poverty and hunger
* Making a basic school education possible for all children
* Promoting equality between men and women
* Lowering the number of child mortality
* Improving the health of the mothers
* Fighting HIV/AIDS, malaria and other illnesses
* Improving the protection of the environment
Tuscan Archipelago

The **Tuscan Archipelago** is a chain of islands between the Ligurian Sea and Tyrrhenian Sea, west of Tuscany, Italy.

The archipelago contains the islands of Elba (the largest island of the group), Pianosa, Capraia, Montecristo, Giglio, Gorgona and Giannutri, all of which are protected as part of the **Tuscan Archipelago National Park**.

## Other websites
*Tuscan Archipelago National Park website
Pianosa

**Pianosa** is a small (about 10 km2) island in Italy's Tuscan Archipelago. The name is derived from the latin word "planasia" (plain) because its highest point is some 22 meters over sea level. Pianosa has no permanent residents. It is known in Italy for a maximum-security prison, where especially dangerous Mafia criminals are held. For administration, Pianosa is part of the Elba island municipality. On clear days, it can be seen from that island as a dark blue line over the lighter blue sea.

In the novel *Catch-22*, a U.S. Army Air Corps bomber squadron is based on the island during World War II,

There is another, even smaller island called *Pianosa* off the Adriatic coast of Italy.

## Other websites
* Tourist information
Capraia

**Capraia**, is an island of Italy, part of the Tuscan Archipelago, off the northwest coast, belonging to the Province of Livorno. It is 62&nbsp;km from the city of Livorno by sea, and 32&nbsp;km northwest of the island of Elba. It is of volcanic origin, has an area of 19&nbsp;km² and its highest point is 466 m above sea level. As of 31 December 2004, the *comune* (municipality) of **Capraia Isola** had a population of 366

The island produces wine, and is a centre of the anchovy fishery. It became Genoese in 1527 and was strongly fortified. In 1796 it was occupied for a short time by Horatio Nelson. Part of the island was formerly occupied by an agricultural penal colony, but it was shut down in 1986. Most of the island has been made into a national park. About 40&nbsp;km to the north is the island of Gorgona, which is also famous for its anchovies.

## Other websites
* Tourist information
* News
Mülligen

**Mülligen** is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Montecristo

**Monte Cristo** is a small Italian Island, about 4.3 kilometers across at its widest point, about halfway between Corsica and mainland Italy; south of Elba and west of Giglio. It is part of the Tuscan Archipelago. The island is probably best known as a fictional setting in the novel *The Count of Monte Cristo* by  Alexandre Dumas, père.

Monte Cristo is Italian for “The mountain of Christ".

The island is remote and kept by the Italian government as a nature preserve and hunting park, and only accessible by private yacht and permit. There are no structures on the island.
Giannutri

**Giannutri** is a small island in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tuscany, Italy. It is the most southern island of the Tuscan Archipelago.

Its tourist attractions include Villa Domizia, an ancient Roman seaside villa.

## Gallery 

File:Giannutri Spalmatoi.jpg|Giannutri Spalmatoi gulf, with the Giglio Island behind
File:Giannutri_coast.jpg|Giannutri coast
File:Giannutri_runway.jpg|Giannutri disused runway

File:Giannutri- Il faro.jpg|Giannutri lighthouse
Orange, Ohio

**Orange** is a village of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States.   It is a suburb of the big city of Cleveland.  The population was 3,421 people as of 2020.

Orange was first settled in 1815, and was founded as a township in 1820.  In 1831, Orange became the birthplace of United States president James A. Garfield.

Orange was made into a village in 1929.

## References 
## Other websites
*Orange Village website
Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth

The **Federal Ministry of Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth** () (BMFSFJ) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Although the headquarters are in Berlin, more people work in the Bonn office.

Different ministries, for example Labour and Social Affairs, can affect families, the elderly, women and youth. The BMFSFJ watches what these ministries do and provides specialised help.

## History 
1953
:Created as the Federal Ministry for Family Questions ().
1957
:renamed the Federal Ministry Family and Youth Questions ()

1963
:renamed Federal Ministry of Family and Youth ()

1969
:took over the Federal Ministry of Health () to become the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family and Health ()

1986
:renamed the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family, Women and Health, ().

1991
:Divided up into the
::Federal Ministry of Health()
::Federal Ministry of Women and Youth ()
::Federal Ministry of Family and Senior Citizens ()

1994
:Rejoined to make the present Federal Ministry of Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, .

## Federal Ministers 
*Federal Minister for Family Questions (1953 to 1957), Family and Youth Questions (1957-1963) or Family and Youth (1963 to 1969)*
* 1953-1962: Franz-Josef Wuermeling (CDU)
* 1962-1968: Bruno Heck (CDU)
* 1968-1969: Aenne Brauksiepe (CDU)

*Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health (1969 to 1986), Youth, Family, Women and Health (1986–1991)*
* 1969-1972: Käte Strobel (SPD)
* 1972-1976: Katharina Focke (SPD)
* 1976-1982: Antje Huber (SPD)
* 1982-1982: Anke Fuchs (SPD)
* 1982-1985: Heiner Geißler (CDU)
* 1985-1988: Rita Süssmuth (CDU)
* 1988-1991: Ursula Lehr (CDU)

*Federal Minister for Women and Youth 1991 to 1994*
* 1991-1994: Angela Merkel (CDU)

*Federal Minister for Family and Senior Citizens 1991 to 1994*
* 1991-1994: Hannelore Rönsch (CDU)

*Federal Minister for Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth since 1994*
* 1994-1998: Claudia Nolte (CDU)
* 1998-2002: Christine Bergmann (SPD)
* 2002-2005: Renate Schmidt (SPD)
* 2005-2009: Ursula von der Leyen (CDU)
* 2009-2013: Kristina Köhler (CDU)
* 2013-2017: Manuela Schwesig (SPD)
* 2017-2018: Katarina Barley (SPD)
* 2018-2021: Franziska Giffey (SPD)
* 2021: Christine Lambrecht (SPD)
* 2021-2022: Anne Spiegel (Grüne)
* since 2022: Lisa Paus (Grüne)
Aberdeen, Ohio

**Aberdeen** is a village of Brown County, Ohio, United States, along the Ohio River. The population is 1,515 people as of 2020.

The village has an area of 1.6 square miles.

Aberdeen was made in 1816 along the north shore of the Ohio River, at a site where a ferry was in service.

## References
Adamsville, Ohio

**Adamsville** is a village of Muskingum County, Ohio, United States. The population is 140 people as of 2020.

The village has an area of .1 square miles, according to the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Adell, Wisconsin

**Adell** is a village of Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 498 people as of 2020.  Adell has an area of .6 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Hildegarde, an American cabaret singer, was born in Adell.

## References
Albany, Wisconsin

**Albany** is a village of Green County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. The population of Albany was 917 people as of 2020.  

## Geography 
It has an area of 1.3 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.
Pavement (band)

**Pavement** was an indie rock band from California, United States. They made music from 1989 until 1999. They were on the music label Matador Records.

## Albums 
Slanted & Enchanted (1993)

Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain (1994)

Wowee Zowee (1995)

Brighten The Corners (1997)

Terror Twilight (1999)
Matador Records

**Matador Records** is an American indie record label with many bands like Modest Mouse, Pavement, and Guided by Voices.  Matador Records is founded in 1989 by Chris Lombardi, who operates out of his New York apartment. It becomes a label dedicated to unique alternative acts. Half of the company will be purchased by Beggars Banquet in 2002.
Haskovo

**Haskovo** is a town in southeastern Bulgaria. Around 96,000 people live there. It celebrated the 1,000th anniversary in 1985.

## History
Archeologists (people who study stuff from long ago) say that people started to live in the Haskovo area about 7,000 years ago.  

During the 9th century, a fortress was built, and soon after, a town was built around the fortress.  The town was located on a big piece of land between the Klokotnitsa, Harmanliyska, and Maritsa rivers.

In 1395, the *Eski camii* (the Old Mosque) was built as one of the first in the Balkans.

In 1782, the town was known as Marsa (Arab name).

Most Bulgarians started living in Haskovo in the 19th century.  The town was a trading center for merchants (people who sell stuff) from Edirne, Enos, and Istanbul. The area became known for producing cotton, silk fabrics, and carpets. At the Treaty of Istanbul in 1913, after the second Balkan Wars, a population exchange was made by the Ottoman Empire with the Kingdom of Bulgaria, 9714 Muslim's (Turks and Xoraxane Roma) from Haskovo was expelled to East Thrace in Ottoman Empire, and 9472 Orthodox Christian (Bulgarians) from Edirne was expelled to North Trace at Kingdom of Bulgaria. 

## Other websites
* Haskovo municipality website
* Online guide of Haskovo
* Haskovo.net 
* Haskovo municipality at Domino.bg 
* Haskovo.info
* Haskovo.biz
Allouez, Wisconsin

**Allouez** is a village of Brown County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  The village has a population of 15,443 people as of 2020.  The village has an area of 5.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

Some notable people who lived in Allouez are:  Vince Lombardi, Paul Gigot, and Nick Matzke.

## References
## Other websites
* Allouez, Wisconsin
Arcade Fire

**Arcade Fire** is an indie rock band from Montreal, Canada. They became very famous in 2004 with their hit album, *Funeral*. They have seven members in the band, and have released seven albums. Arcade Fire performed at the 53rd Grammy Awards and were also nominated for Album of the Year, Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, and Best Alternative Music Album (for The Suburbs), winning Album of the Year.

They released their first EP *Arcade Fire* in 2003.

The band's second album *Neon Bible* was released in March 2007. The album went straight to number two in the *Billboard* 200 in the United States. The British music magazine *Q* put it at the top of their list of 2007 Albums of the Year. *The A.V. Club* also chose it as their album of the year. It was chosen as the second best album of the year by *Spin*. 

In 2010 the band released their third album, *The Suburbs*. It won Album of the Year at the 2011 Grammy Awards. It also won Best International Album at the 2011 BRIT Awards.

The band made a song for *The Hunger Games* soundtrack called "Abraham's Daughter." It was played at the end of the movie.

Arcade Fire released their fourth album *Reflektor* in 2013. The album has two discs. The first disc has seven songs. The second disc has six songs. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 9.2 out of 10. "Reflektor" was the first single to be released from the album. 

In 2022 The Guardian published an article accusing lead singer Win Butler of sexual assault.

## Discography 
* *Arcade Fire* (2003)
* *Funeral* (2004)
* *Neon Bible* (2007)
* *The Suburbs* (2010)
* *Reflektor* (2013)
* *Everything Now* (2017)
* *We* (2022)
* *Pink Elephant* (2025)

## References
## Other websites
*Arcade Fire's Official website
Giglio

**Giglio Island** (Italian: *Isola del Giglio*) is an island and Italian *comune* located in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coast of Tuscany, part of the Province of Grosseto, and part of Tuscan Archipelago.

## Geography 
The island is separated by a 16&nbsp;km stretch of sea from the Argentario promontory: mainly mountainous, it is almost all granite with the highest point the Poggio della Pagana (496 m). 90% of its surface is covered by Mediterranean vegetation alternating with large pine forests and numerous vineyards which enable the production of the famous "Ansonaco" wine. The coast is 27&nbsp;km long, made up of rocks, of smooth cliffs and several bays: Arenella, Cannelle, Caldane and Campese, the biggest one with its little village of the same name.
 

## History 
The modern island was probably born 4.5 - 5 millions years ago, and people have lived there since the Iron Age. Later it was probably an Etruscan military stronghold. Under the Romans it was an important base in the Tyrrhenian Sea, written about, for example, by Julius Caesar in his *De Bello Gallico* and by the poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus.

In 805 it was given by Charlemagne to the abbey of the Tre Fontane in Rome, and was later a possession of Aldobrandeschi, Pannocchieschi, Caetani, Orsini families and the town of Perugia. In 1241 the Sicilian fleet of Emperor Frederick II destroyed a Genoese fleet. From 1264 Giglio was a Pisane dominion, from which it passed to the Medici. It suffered several Saracen attacks, which ended only in 1799.

Alongside its history the island was always renowned for its mineral resources: many columns and edifices in Rome were built with the Gigliese granite.

## How the island was 
The island has the remains of a Roman villa of Domitius Ahenobarbus (1st-2nd centuries), in the area of Giglio Porto. No traces of the Temple of Diana once existing now can be seen. The church of San Pietro Apostolo in Giglio Castello has an ivory crucifix believed to be by Giambologna

It is also site of an Etruscan shipwreck, dating to the early Iron Age, *c.* 600 BC. The cargo of the ship included copper and lead ingots, iron spits, amphorae and a Corinthian helmet. Even a wooden writing tablet with stylus was preserved. The finds are almost completely lost now.

## Transportation 
Isola del Giglio is connected to Tuscany by ferries starting from Porto Santo Stefano and Orbetello Scalo.

## References 
## Other websites
* Tourist and Visitor Information for the Giglio Island www.giglioinfo.com
Modest Mouse

**Modest Mouse** is an indie rock band from Issaquah, Washington. It was formed by Isaac Brock, Jeremiah Green, and Eric Judy. They started making music in 1993.

## History 
They formed in the state of Washington, during the popularity of grunge music. They struggled to release an album, but eventually released their first album *This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About* in 1996 after being signed to Up Records. Their second album, *The Lonesome Crowded West*, came next, one year later.

They then re-signed to Epic Records in 2000 and released *The Moon & Antarctica*.

In 2003, Jeremiah Green left the band, but he was replaced with Benjamin Weikel and Dann Gallucci. Modest Mouse was fairly unaffected by this, and they released their fourth album, *Good News for People Who Love Bad News* one year later. It was very popular and had two main hits: "Float On" and "Ocean Breathes Salty."

In 2006, after a long tour supporting *Good News*, Modest Mouse came back to the studio to record their fifth studio album, *We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank*. It was fairly quick to record, and it was released on March 20, 2007. It was even more popular than *Good News*. A hit single from this album was "Dashboard." After touring for over a year with R.E.M. and The National, Modest Mouse released a collection of songs not released on *Good News* or *We Were Dead* known as ''No One's First and You're Next.'' It was released in 2009.

## List of albums 
### Studio albums 
### Other albums 
## Other websites
* Official Modest Mouse website
* Epic Records' Modest Mouse site 
* Modest Mouse at MySpace
* Interview with Isaac Brock
* Early Modest Mouse demos 
* Interstate-8.com
* ModMouse Fan Site
* Onion A.V. Club interview with Isaac Brock 
* Filter Magazine interview with Isaac Brock 
* Modest Mouse "Untitled" documentary
Santa Maria Island

The island of **Santa Maria** (Portuguese for Saint Mary) is an island in the southeastern part of the Azores and is the southernmost island in the Azores Islands.  It was the first island in the Azores Archipelago to be discovered.  The discoverer of the island was Diogo Silves during his journey to Madeira in 1427.  Gonçalo Velho brought families and cattle to the island.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest

'''''Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest''''' is a 2006 fantasy action adventure swashbuckling comedy film.

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest is the second movie of Pirates of the Caribbean. The movie is the first sequel of *Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl*. It was released on July 7, 2006.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from film critics, the movie was positively welcomed from audience who praised its directing, story, performances (especially those of Depp and Nighy), special effects, Zimmer's musical score, humor, action scenes and emotional weight.

## Story 
Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley), Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) continue the adventure. Jack and Will both search for the heart of Davy Jones (Bill Nighy) for different reasons. Jack want it to get his freedom. Will wants it to free his father, "Bootstrap Bill" Turner.

## Cast 
* Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow
* Orlando Bloom as Will Turner
* Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann
* Bill Nighy as Davy Jones
* Noamie Harris as Tia Dalma
* Carole Jeghers as Kraken

## Related pages
* *Pirates of the Caribbean*
* *Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl*
* ''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End''

## Other websites
*
*
Almena, Wisconsin

**Almena** is a village in Barron County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  The population is 705 people as of 2020.  The area of Almena is about 1 square mile, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Amherst, Wisconsin

**Amherst** is a village in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 1,117 people as of 2020. 

## References
## Other websites
*Village of Amherst website 
*AmherstPublic Schools
*Amherst Girl Scouts
Amherst

**Amherst** can mean:
## Places 
### Canada
*Amherst, Nova Scotia

### United States
*Amherst, Massachusetts
*Amherst, Virginia
*Amherst, Wisconsin
Amherst Junction, Wisconsin

**Amherst Junction** is a village in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 383 people as of 2020.  Amherst Junction has an area of 1.2 square miles, of which .01 square miles is water.

## References
Almond, Wisconsin

**Almond** is a village in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 424 people in 2020.  The area of Almond is 1 square mile, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.

## References
Oregon-grape

Oregon-grape, *Berberis aquifolium*  or **Mahonia aquifolium** is a shrub whose classification is in dispute, generally considered as Mahonia. Recently, this classification has been supported by their rusts. Originally, the Oregon Holly Grape (Mahonia aquifolium) is from the Pacific Northwest of United States of America. Cultivated in Europe, and bird dispersed has became a weed, not restricted to gardens

## Other websites 
* Helemholts Centre for Enviornmental Research

## References
Almond (disambiguation)

**Almond** is a tree and the seed from that tree but may also refer to:
* Flowering almond, an ornamental shrub, also known as the Korean cherry 
* Indian almond, an ornamental shade tree also known as the Umbrella tree
* River Almond (Scotland)
* Almond, Wisconsin
* Almond (town), Wisconsin
* Almond, New York:
** Almond (village), New York
** Almond (town), New York
** West Almond, New York 
* Almond Township, Minnesota
* Almond Elementary School (Los Altos, California)

**Almond** is the surname of:
* Steve Almond, American author
* Edward Almond, American military officer
* Gabriel Almond, American Prolific Political Scientist
* James Lindsay Almond, Jr., Governor of Virginia
* Lincoln Almond, Governor of Rhode Island
* Marc Almond, English vocalist and recording artist
* David Almond, British writer
* Mark Almond, British writer
* Paul Almond, Canadian television and motion picture director and novelist
* Philipp van Almonde, Dutch vice Admiral

## Related pages
* Mark-Almond, English music group of the 1970s
Alan Dix

Professor **Alan Dix** of Lancaster University is an author of text books. He took part in the 1979 Maths Olympiad in Romania for the UK Team and got a silver medal.

## Other websites 
*Alan Dix Homepage
*Lancaster University
*Alan Dix's Cube Game
Chien Hsin University

**Chien Hsin University** (**UCH**; traditional Chinese:健行科技大學；simplified Chinese:健行科技大学) is a university in Jhongli City, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. CYU is also known as **Chien Hsin Tech** (健行科大).

Chien Hsin University opened in 1933 and now about 10,000 students go there. The university is noted for teaching and research in the science and engineering, especially energy engineering.

## Other websites 
*  Chien Hsin University
Rosalía de Castro

**Rosalía Castro de Murguía** better known as **Rosalía de Castro** (24 February 1837 – 15 July 1885) was a Galician writer and poet.

A native of Santiago de Compostela in the Galicia region of northwest Spain, she wrote in both Galician  and Castilian.

## Works 
### In Galician
;Poetry
* *Cantares gallegos* (1863)
* *Follas novas* (1880)

;Prose
* *Contos da miña terra I* (1864)

### In Spanish
;Poetry
* La Flor (1857) (*the Flower*)
* A mi madre (1863) (*to my mother*)
* En las orillas del Sar (1884)

;Prose
* La hija del mar (1859) (*the daughter of the sea*)
* Flavio (1861)
* El cadiceño (1863)
* Ruinas (1866)
* Las literatas (1866)
* El caballero de las botas azules (1867)
* El primer loco (1881)
* El domingo de Ramos (1881)
* Padrón y las inundaciones (1881)
Road surface

A **road surface**, or **pavement** (American English), is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended for vehicle or foot traffic that is used primarily as a road surface. "Pavement" in British English generally refers to a sidewalk or walkway.

In the past, permeable gravel surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used. Those surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Permeable paving methods are now beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways.

## History 
In 1984 Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of *Little House on the Prairie*, while traveling in a wagon with her parents, wrote about the first time she saw pavement:
 

The first paved roads were created by the Carthaginians about 600 BC.  Ancient Rome destroyed Carthage but may have borrowed the idea of paved roads. They went on to build over  of roads throughout their empire. He invented a new process, "macadamisation", for building roads with a smooth hard surface that drained quickly. In 1894, Clifford Richardson, an American engineer, determined that roads paved with asphalt did not contain enough coarse gravel. Automobiles became more popular and more roads were needed. This created new methods of producing asphalt. About 60 percent is concrete.

## References
Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)

The Federal **Ministry of Health** (BMG) is a Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ministry's headquarters are still in Bonn and the second office is in Berlin.

## History 
The *Federal Ministry of Health Services* () was formed in 1961. Between 1969 and 1991 it was part of the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family, and Health or Youth, Family, Women and Health

It became independent again as the Federal Ministry of Health in 1991. In 2002 it took over control of Social Security, but the in Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security () only lasted for three years. In 2005 it was reduced to just health, and the Social security part of its work went to the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs ()

## Ministers 
## Jobs of the BMG 
Some of the jobs of the federal Ministry of Health are:
* Keeping efficient the
** legal health insurance system
** nursing insurance system
* Protecting and improving the quality of the health service
* Protecting the interests of the patients
* Keeping membership rates
* Promote good health and prevention, including
* :Infection protection law

## Other agencies
The BMG oversees:
* Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Products ()(BfArM) in Bonn
* Federal Centre for Health Education ()(BZgA) in Cologne
* German institute for medical documentation and information () (DIMDI) in Cologne
* Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Pei), (Federal Office of Serums and vaccines) ()in Langen (Hesse.)
* Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) in Berlin

## Other health ministries 
* The European commission deals with health matters through either the health and consumer protection office or the office for occupation, social matters and equal opportunities
* The state health ministries in Germany are often part of the state Department of Social Security. *In Austrian health is part of the Federal Ministry of Health and Women
* In Switzerland the health department is part of the Ministry of the Interior in Bern.

## References
## Other websites 
Official website
Villa Los Almácigos

**Villa Los Almácigos** is a city and municipality of the Santiago Rodríguez province, in northwestern Dominican Republic. It is also called *Los Almácigos*, or just simply *Villa*.

## History
On 6 March 1863, there was a meeting in this town of the leaders of the Restoration War against Spain. The Dominicans had lost the first battles and in this meeting they decided to stop the fight for a moment and they went to Haiti to prepare for the next battles.

In 1937, it was named *Villa Generalísimo* in honor of the dictator Trujillo but in 1962 the town got again its old name.

Villa Los Almácigos was elevated to the category of municipal district of San Ignacio de Sabaneta by the law 659 of 2 May 1974. It is municipality since 19 September 1996.

## Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 11,183: 6,069 men and 5,684 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The municipality of Villa Los Almácigos has the municipality of Sabaneta to the north and east, the Elías Piña province to the south and the Dajabón province to the west.

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

## References
Mumpf

**Mumpf** is a municipality of the district Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Aniwa, Wisconsin

**Aniwa** is a village in Shawano County, Wisconsin, United States. The population is 243 people as of 2020.  Aniwa has an area of 2.2 square miles, of which .04 square miles is water.

## References
Epic Records

**Epic Records** is an American record label with several sub-companies around the world. It is owned by Sony Music Entertainment, but was originally owned by CBS. The company started in 1953, and over the years has signed artists and bands such as Michael Jackson, Ciara, Outkast, Fiona Apple, Céline Dion, Pearl Jam, KISS, AC/DC, Rage Against the Machine, Heart, Boston  and Modest Mouse.

## Imprint labels
*The following is a list of labels Epic Records has distributed:*

### Current
* Beluga Heights (2008–present)
* Collective Music Group (2012–present)
* DC Flag Records (2004–present)
* Freebandz (2012–present)
* Immortal Records (1994–present)
* Glowworm Records (2002–present)
* Battery Records (2004–present)
* Verity Gospel Music Group (2008–present)
* Vested in Culture (2012–Present)
* Volcano Entertainment (2006–present)

### Former
* 550 Music (1993–2000)
* Beluga Heights Records (2006–2008)
* Blue Sky (1974-1982)
* Caribou Records (1976-1985)
* Cold Chillin' Records (1993–1999)
* Date Records (1960s)
* Epic Records Nashville (? - May 2006)
* Epic Street (1993–1998)
* Cleveland International Records (1976-1983)
* CTI Records (1980)
* Tuff City Records (1983–1984)
* Hidden Beach Records (1998–2007)
* Gamble (1972-1975)
* Glacial Pace (mid-1990s)
* Invictus Records (1973-1976)
* Jet Records (1978-1983)
* Kirshner Records (1974-1983)
* LaFace Records
* MJJ Music (1991–2001, 2010)
* Nemperor Records (1977-1990)
* Ode Records (1967–1969, 1976–1979)
* OKeh Records (1965–1970, 1994–2000)
* Pasha Records (1979-1990)
* Philadelphia International Records (1971–1984)
* Portrait Records (1976–1992)
* Ruthless Records (1999-2009, defunct)
* Scotti Brothers (1979-1988)
* SOLAR Records (1989–1993)
* T-Neck Records (1972-1984)
* Tabu Records (1978–1991)
* TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia) (1975-1977) (1981-1982)
* Work Records (1994–2000)
* Virgin Records (1976-1978), (1982-1986)
## Epic Records artists
### Current artists
*A Great Big World
*Andre 3000
*Avril Lavigne (Internationally with Epic; Domestically with Columbia UK)
*Bando Jonez
*Big Boi
*Bobby Shmurda
*Casey Veggies
*Cashius Green
*Chevelle
*Ciara
*Curtis Fields
*Dead Sara
*Dragana Mirkovic
*Example
*Fifth Harmony
*Fiona Apple
*Florrie (UK)
*Future
**Glee* Cast. (UK)
*In Flames
*Janelle Monae
*Joe Satriani
*Jonn Hart
*Jon Jonsson
*Judas Priest
*JLS (US)
*Kat Dahlia
*Kevin McHale
*King L
*Kongos
*Mariah Carey 
*Meghan Trainor
*Michael Jackson 
*Modest Mouse
*Morgan James
*Melanie Amaro
*Mr. Probz
*New Hollow
*Nicole Scherzinger
*Olly Murs (UK)
*Outkast
*Ozzy Osbourne
*Paloma Faith (RCA Records Label in the UK) 
*Quadron
*Rough Copy
*Rowdy Rebel
*Sade
*Sara Bareilles
*SBOE
*The Fray
*The Last Internationale 
*TLC
*Travi$ Scott
*Vinny Cha$e 
*Wallpaper
*Watch The Duck
*We Are Toonz
*Yo Gotti
*Zara Larsson
*Zaya

## Related pages
* List of record labels
* Epic/Sony Records (Japanese branch of Epic Records)
* RCA Records
* Columbia Records

## References
Hallstadt

**Hallstadt** is a town in the Upper Franconian district of Bamberg. It is on the left bank of the river Main,  north of Bamberg. The town has a population of about 8500 people.

## References
## Other websites
Limerick

**Limerick** () is a city and the county seat of County Limerick in the historical province of Munster, in the midwest of Ireland. The city lies on the River Shannon, with three main crossing points near the city centre.  In 2022 there were 205,444 people living in the city. More than 34,000 were students and half the population were under 35. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Limerick City Council 
* LimerickPride 
* Architecture of Limerick 
* Various online history resources from Limerick City Library
County Kildare

**County Kildare** () is an Irish county to the southwest of Dublin. It is in the province of Leinster. The name comes from the Irish, meaning church (*Cill*) of the oaks (*Dara*).

## Other websites
* County Kildare Community Network
* http://www.kildare.ie
* http://www.kildarecoco.ie
Straffan

**Straffan** () is a village in County Kildare, Ireland on the banks of the River Liffey, 25&nbsp;km upstream of the Irish capital Dublin. 

With a population (according to the census of 2006) of 439 – an increase since 2002 of 32.2% – Straffan is the 31st most populous centre in County Kildare.

## Other websites
* Development Plan
* Local area plan 
* Straffan Steam Museum Website