open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ancient woodland

, Isle of Wight, England showing bluebells (blue flowers, *Hyacinthoides non-scripta*), ramsons (white flowers, *Allium ursinum*) and hazel trees (*Corylus avellana*)]]
, one of the last largely intact ancient forests in Central Europe]]

**Ancient woodland** is the name used in the United Kingdom for woodland which has existed continuously since 1600 or before in England and Wales (or 1750 in Scotland). Before those dates, planting of new woodland was uncommon, so a wood present in 1600 was likely to have developed naturally. The American name for these forests is "old growth forest".

For many species of animal and plant, ancient woodland sites provide the only habitat. For many others, conditions on these sites are much more suitable than those on other sites. Ancient woodland in the UK, like rainforest in the tropics, is home to rare and threatened species, more than any other UK habitat. For these reasons ancient woodland is often described as an irreplaceable resource, or 'critical natural capital'.

Ancient woodland is formally defined on maps by Natural England and equivalent bodies. Many ancient woodlands have legal protection, but an ancient woodland is not automatically protected. 

## Examples 
*Cannock Chase, Staffs
*Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire
*Cherry Tree Wood, London
*Edford Woods and Meadows, Somerset
*Epping Forest, Essex
*Forest of Dean West Gloucestershire
*Foxley Wood, Norfolk
*Hatfield Forest, Essex
*Highgate Wood, London
*Holt Heath, Dorset
*New Forest, Hampshire
*Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight
*Queen's Wood, London
*Savernake forest, Wiltshire
*Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire
*Wentwood, Monmouthshire
*Windsor Great Park, Berkshire
*Wyre Forest bordering Shropshire and Worcestershire
*Yardley Chase, Northants

## References
## Other websites
*Ancient Tree Guides by the Woodland Trust
Ardennes

**Ardennes** might mean:

* Ardennes (forest), a mountain range in Belgium, Luxembourg and France
* Ardennes (department), a department in France
Mixed forest

, southwest China.]]

**Mixed forests**  are a temperate and humid biome. The forests have four layers. The uppermost layer is the forest  of tall, mature trees from 33 to 66&nbsp;m (100 to 200 feet) high. 

Below the canopy is the three-layered understory, about 9 to 15&nbsp;m (30 to 50 feet) shorter than the canopy. The top layer of the understory has smaller mature trees, saplings. There are also suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees waiting for an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer of low-growing woody plants. Most of the time, the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.

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Fatin Shidqia

**Fatin Shidqia Lubis** (born in Jakarta, 30 July 1996) is an Indonesian singer. She won the talent show *X Factor Indonesia*.

## References
## Other websites
* Fatin Shidqia official website
Brian Sims

**Brian Kendall Sims** (born September 16, 1978) is an American Democratic politician and football captain. He was the first college American football captain to come out as gay. He is also the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

At Bloomsburg, Sims was the captain of the 2000 National Championship Division II football team. He was a first-string defensive tackle. He became the only openly gay college football captain in NCAA history.

Sims was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District. Sims was the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

In June 2013, the Defense of Marriage Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Sims was not allowed to make a speech supporting the decision in the Pennsylvania House. House Speaker Daryl Metcalfe, a Republican, said that allowing him to speak would be a violation of God's law.
In May 2019, Sims posted an eight minute video of himself confronting a woman who was protesting outside a Planned Parenthood facility in Philadelphia by praying with a rosary.  On May 15, 2019 he was served a summons for federal case 5:19-cv-00834 at his office on Chestnut Street.  On July 15, 2019 at 3:00 PM the Default judgement entered on June 18, 2019 was used as collateral for trying to help Hahnemann Hospital stay open case # 19-11466 Delaware Bankruptcy Court.

On February 15, 2021 Sims announced on Twitter that he was running for lieutenant governor in the 2022 election. He lost the Democratic nomination in May 2022 to Austin Davis.

## References
Oh! Susanna

"**Oh! Susanna**" is a song by Stephen Foster. It was Foster's first hit song. The song debuted in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1847 and was published by W. C. Peters of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1848.  It became the unofficial anthem of the California Gold Rush in 1849.

Foster had little appreciation of the worth of his songs. His brother Morrison wrote: "While in Cincinnati [Stephen] wrote "Oh, Susanna", a song which soon became famous ... There was then in Cincinnati in the music business, W. C. Peters, whom Stephen had known in Pittsburgh, and who had taught music in our family ... [Stephen] made a present of "Old Uncle Ned" and "Oh, Susanna" to Mr. Peters. The latter made ten thousand dollars out of them, and established a music publishing house which became the largest in the West. The fame of these two songs went around the world, and thousands sang and played them who never heard the name of the author or whence they came."

## Notes
## References
* 
*
Beautiful Dreamer

"**Beautiful Dreamer**" is a song by Stephen Foster written about 1862. It was first published (posthumously) in 1864 by William A. Pond & Co. It has been promoted as Foster's last song, but that distinction cannot be confirmed. It is similar in some respects to his first published song, "Open They Lattice, Love". Both have a triple rhythm and share imagery of the sea and marine life. 

The arpeggiated accompaniment recalls bel canto opera. The dreamer in this song is either asleep or dead. The song does not distinguish. It is a song though about dissolution  of melting, of dissolving, of vanishing into mists, and, finally into death. The song is not held in the highest esteem by some musicologists and has been described by one as "saccharine" and "[smacking] somewhat of the idiom of Irving Berlin."

## Lyrics

1.
Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me,
Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee;
Sounds of the rude world, heard in the day,
Lull'd by the moonlight have all pass'd away!
Beautiful dreamer, queen of my song,
List while I woo thee with soft melody;
Gone are the cares of life's busy throng,
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!

2.
Beautiful dreamer, out on the sea,
Mermaids are chanting the wild lorelei;
Over the streamlet vapors are borne,
Waiting to fade at the bright coming morn.
Beautiful dreamer, beam on my heart,
E'en as the morn on the streamlet and sea;
Then will all clouds of sorrow depart,
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!
Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me!

## Notes
## References
* 
*
Michael Mifsud

**Michael Mifsud** (born 17 April 1981) is a Maltese football player. He plays for Malta national team.

## Honours
* Maltese Premier League: 2003–04, 2011–12
* Maltese Cup: 2000

## Other websites
*
Ginevra de' Benci

'''''Ginevra de' Benci''''' is an oil on wood painting by Leonardo da Vinci. The painting was made by Leonardo between 1479 and 1480. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. It is the only Leonardo painting on view in the United States.
Ironbark

**Ironbark** is a common name of a number of species within the genus *Eucalyptus* that have dark, deeply furrowed bark.

Many eucalypts shed their bark very year, but on an Ironbark the dead bark stays on the trees, forming the furrows. It becomes rough after drying out and becomes full of kino, a dark red tree sap exuded by the tree. The bark is resistant to fire and heat and protects the living tissue within the trunk and branches from fire. In cases of extreme fire, where leaves and shoots are removed, the bark protects the epicormic buds which allow the tree to reshoot.

## Examples of Ironbark species 
* *Eucalyptus crebra*, narrow-leaved ironbark or  narrow-leaved red ironbark
* *Eucalyptus fibrosa,* broad-leaved red ironbark
* *Eucalyptus melanophloia*, silver-leaved ironbark
* *Eucalyptus paniculata*, grey ironbark
* *Eucalyptus siderophloia*, Northern Grey Ironbark
* *Eucalyptus sideroxylon*, red ironbark or mugga
* *Eucalyptus placita*, Grey Ironbark
* *Eucalyptus staigeriana*, lemon ironbark
* *Eucalyptus tricarpa*, red ironbark.
* fax

## References
Belanglo State Forest

**Belanglo State Forest** is a planted forest in the Australian state of New South Wales covering an area of about 3,500 hectares. It is south of Berrima in the Southern Highlands, five kilometres west of the Hume Highway between Sydney and Canberra. The forest is owned by the New South Wales Government and has some of the earliest pine plantings in the state. The public has free access to the forest; it is popular with recreational trail bike riders.

## History
### Backpacker Murders
In 1992 and 1993, seven skeletons were found in the forest. These became known as *The Backpacker Murders* and was thought to be the work of a serial killer.  Eventually, Ivan Milat was convicted of the murders in 1996 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

### Other murders
On the 29 August 2010 trail bike riders discovered another human skeleton in the forest. At first this was thought to be another victim of Ivan Milat, but later forensic evidence suggests that the remains were left there at a later date.

On 22 November 2010, three teenagers (including one related to Ivan Milat) were arrested over the murder of David Auchterlonie, in the Belanglo State Forest. He had been murdered by friends on his birthday, and left in a shallow grave. 
One of the teenagers reported the murder to the police.

## References
Kaiju

is a well-known example of a kaiju.]]
**Kaiju** is a Japanese word meaning "strange creature". In English, it has come to mean "monster" or "giant monster", referring to creatures of a large size seen in movies from Asia. Many kaiju movies are made in Japan. It is a type of tokusatsu entertainment. Kaiju movies usually show a monster attacking a major Japanese city or battling other monsters.

The most famous kaiju character is Godzilla. Other well-known kaiju include King Kong, Gamera, Mothra, King Ghidorah, Mechagodzilla, and Rodan.

Terms that are related to kaiju include **kaijū eiga**, movies with several large monsters or a single monster, **kaijin**, movies with a human-like monster, and **daikaiju**, movies with very large monsters. other films like *Yongary, Monster from the deep*, *Goliathon*, *Pulgasari*, *Yonggary*, Thunder of Gigantic Serpent, etc.  The film Pacific Rim shows many famous kaiju.
## List of kaiju
*Godzilla
*King Kong
*Gamera
*Mothra
*King Ghidorah
*Mechagodzilla
*Rodan

## Filmography 
* Godzilla

## Other websites
Liz Smith (actress)

**Liz Smith** MBE (11 December 1921 &ndash; 24 December 2016) was an  English actress. She is best known for her roles as Annie Brandon in ''I Didn't Know You Cared*, Bette and Aunt Belle in *2point4 children*, as Norma Speakman in the BBC comedy *The Royle Family*, and as her role as Letitia Cropley in *The Vicar of Dibley'' (1994–96).

Smith was born **Betty Gleadle** in the Crosby area of Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire on 11 December 1921. She was married to Jack Thomas from 1945 until they divorced in 1959. They had two children. She died on Christmas Eve 2016 in Worthing, West Sussex, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eileen Essell

**Eileen Essell** (8 October 1922 - 15 February 2015) was an English actress. She was known for her roles in *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory* and in *Duplex*.

She also starred in *The Bill*, *Doc Martin*, *Holby City*, *Hustle*, *Casualty*, *Ideal* and *Sensitive Skin*. 

She guest starred as Christine in the episode "Out of the Rain" in season 2 of the BBC spin-off show *Torchwood*.

Essell was born on 8 October 1922 in London, England and died on 15 February 2015 in London, England.

## Other websites
*
Jetty Paerl

**Jetty Paerl** (**Henriette Nanette Paerl**; 27 May 1921 – 22 August 2013) was a Dutch singer. She was most famous in the 1950s and 1960s. 

Paerl was born on 27 May 1921 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. She was married to Dutch artist Cees Bantzinger. Paerl died in Amstelveen on 22 August 2013 from natural causes, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Forest (disambiguation)

A **forest** is an area of land with a lot of trees.

**Forest** might also mean:
*Forest, Belgium, a municipality in Belgium
*Forest, Ontario, a town in Ontario, Canada
*Forest Whitaker, American actor
*Foreste, a commune in Aisne, France
*Woodland: in British English, "forest" and "woodland" can be interchangeable.
Orville Redenbacher

**Orville Clarence Redenbacher** (July 16, 1907 – September 19, 1995) was an American businessman. He was most often associated with the brand of popcorn called Orville Redenbacher's.

Redenbacher was born on July 16, 1907 in Brazil, Indiana. He studied at Purdue University.

Redenbacher was married to Corinne Strate from 1928 until her death in 1971. He was married to Nina Redenbacher from 1971 until her death in 1991.

Redenbacher died on September 19, 1995. He drowned after having a heart attack in the Jacuzzi in his Coronado, California home, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
* Orville Redenbacher Popcorn 
*
Gilbert Taylor

**Gilbert Taylor** (12 April 1914 &ndash; 23 August 2013) was a British cinematographer. He worked on several movies such as *Dr. Strangelove*, ''A Hard Day's Night*, *The Omen* and *Star Wars''.

Taylor was born on 12 April 1914 in Bushey Heath, Hertfordshire, England.

After six years service in World War II as an officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, he became an operational cameraman flying in Avro Lancaster bombers, documenting the damage after British bombing raids.

Taylor died on 23 August 2013 in Newport, Isle of Wight from natural causes, aged 99.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Profile and interview by the American Society of Cinematographers, on the occasion of his International Achievement Award
Băneasa Forest

The **Băneasa Forest** is a forest in the north of Bucharest, Romania. It is close to Băneasa neighborhood and Băneasa Airport. On its southern edge, it has a zoological garden, known as Zoo Băneasa.

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and the end of Romania's communist era, a large part of the area was transformed back from state property to private individuals, who had obtained judicial recognition of their family's titles. According to a 2007 estimate in the national newspaper Jurnalul, some 10,000 hectares had been reallocated through this process. 

## References
Leith

**Leith** is a place in Scotland, within the city of Edinburgh. It is a port.

## Related pages
*Leith Athletic F.C.

## Other websites
*Leith
2012 (movie)

***2012*** is a 2009 American science fiction disaster movie directed and co-written by Roland Emmerich. It was produced by Columbia Pictures, and Centropolis Entertainment, Emmerich's production company, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It is based upon the 2012 phenomenon, which was a number of beliefs that destructive events would occur on or around December 21, 2012. It was released on November 13, 2009 in the United States. Critics gave it mixed reviews. They liked its special effects, but were critical of the movie is 157 minutes long. It is rated PG-13. and screenwriting. It made $791.2 million worldwide.

## Plot
Neutrinos from a very large solar flare from the sun cause the temperature of Earth to increase at a very fast rate, eventually causing  a very large geological and meterological disaster. The plot follows Jackson Curtis (John Cusack) as he tries to bring his children, Noah (Liam James) and Lilly (Morgan Lily), ex-wife Kate Curtis (Amanda Peet), and her boyfriend, Gordon Silberman (Thomas McCarthy) to safety from the destructive events that occur. Among these events, a very large earthquake causes California to fall into the Pacific Ocean, the Yellowstone supervolcano erupts, and a very large tsunami hits the United States.

## Cast 
* John Cusack as Jackson Curtis
* Chiwetel Ejiofor as Dr. Adrian Helmsley
* Amanda Peet as Kate Curtis
* Thandie Newton as Laura Wilson
* Oliver Platt as Carl Anheuser
* Thomas McCarthy as Gordon Silberman
* Danny Glover as the President Thomas Wilson
* Woody Harrelson as Charlie Frost
* Liam James as Noah Curtis
* Morgan Lily as Lily Curtis
* Zlatko Buric as Yuri Karpov
* Beatrice Rosen as Tamara
* Jimi Mistry as Dr. Satnam Tsurutani
* John Billingsley as Professor West
* Blu Mankuma as Harry Helmsley
* George Segal as Tony Delgatto
* Johann Urb as Sasha
* Stephen McHattie as Captain Michaels

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Gyrocompass

A **gyrocompass** is a type of compass that does not use magnetism to point north. Normal compasses do not work around magnets, or big pieces of ferrous metal. Gyrocompasses do. This makes them very useful.

A gyrocompass is a non-magnetic compass based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth  It automatically finds geographical direction. 

Although one part of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices. A crucial ingredient is needed to turn a gyroscope into a gyrocompass, so it would automatically position to true north. This is some mechanism that applies torque whenever the compass's axis is not pointing north. Successful methods have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:
* they find *true* north as determined by Earth's rotation, which is different from, and more useful than,  *magnetic* north, and
* they are unaffected by ferromagnetic materials, such as ship's steel hull, which change the magnetic field

## Note
Lapiș Forest

**Lapiș Forest** () is a forest in northwestern Romania. It is near the village of Nușfalău, which is about 9&nbsp;km from Șimleu Silvaniei. It was declared a natural protected area by the Government Decision No. 2151 in 2004 (publishied in *Romanian Official Paper* Number 152 on April 12, 2005)

## References
Mount Cole State Forest

The **Mount Cole State Forest** is in western Victoria, Australia, near the town of Beaufort. The forest is around Mount Cole, which formed 390 million years ago. The Indigenous Australians, the Beeripmo balug people, called it *Bereep-bereep*, which means *wild*. The forest covers an area of 12,150 hectares, including the forest around Mount Lonarch.

The forest is on a plateau which is above grassy plains. The plateau is about 760 metres above sea level. In the north, which is drier, there are Yellow Box (Eucalyptus melliodora), and Red Stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorryncha). On the high peaks there are groups of Snow Gums (Eucalyptus pauciflora).

There have been 130 different birds seen in the forest. Animals include kangaroos, wallabies, echidna, koalas and possums. In 1954, 160 koalas were set free in the forest to as part of a plan to re-establish the animals in Victorian forests. In the 19th century, deer were introduced and Sambar deer are still living in the wet gullies in the south of the forest.

Activities in the forest include camping, walking, four wheel driving, horse riding, and bird watching.

The purpose of the forest is to supply good quality hardwood logs for sawmills. The management plan for the forest also protects the water catchments of several creeks which supply water to nearby towns.

## Mount Buangor State Park
An area of 1,940 hectares, the Mount Buangor State Park, was protected from logging in 1973. This park includes the waterfalls on Middle Creek, and the large rock faces and caves on Cave Hill.

## References
Royal forest

]]

A **royal forest** is an area of land with various meanings, but basically it is woodland once owned by monarchs.  

In Anglo-Saxon England, the kings were great huntsmen but they never set aside areas forbidden to other users.  Historians find no evidence of the Anglo-Saxon monarchs (c.500 to 1066) creating forests. 

However, under the Norman kings (after 1066), no hunting was allowed on Royal lands except by authority of the King. The law was designed to protect the *venison* and the *vert*, the "noble" animals of the chase&nbsp;– notably red and fallow deer, the roe, and the wild boar&nbsp;– and the greenery which sustained them. 

Royal forests were designed as hunting areas reserved for the monarch or (by invitation) the aristocracy. The concept was introduced by the Normans to England in the 11th century, and in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, one-third of the land area of southern England was designated as royal forest. At one stage in the 12th century, all of Essex was afforested, and on his accession Henry II declared all of Huntingdonshire to be royal forest.

## References
Hürtgen Forest

The **Hürtgen forest** (also: **Huertgen Forest**; ) is along the border between Belgium and Germany. The forest is in the southwest corner of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The Rur River runs along the eastern edge of the forest.

During World War II, the U.S. and German armies took part in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. In 1998, HBO made *When Trumpets Fade*, which is a movie about the battle.
Natural England

**Natural England** is a quango, a public body funded by government. It is responsible for protecting and preserving England's natural environment. This includes the land, flora and fauna, freshwater and marine environments, geology and soils. It also has a responsibility to help people enjoy, understand and access the natural environment.

Natural England work aims for:
* a healthy natural environment
* enjoyment of the natural environment
* sustainable use of the natural environment
* a secure environmental future

## Note
Sclerophyll

in South Africa ]]

**Sclerophyll** is a type of vegetation which has hard leaves and short internodes (the distance between leaves along the stem). The word comes from the Greek *sclero* (hard) and *phyllon* (leaf). 

Sclerophyllous plants occur in many parts of the world. They are shaped by a Mediterranean climate, with mild, wet winters and long hot dry summers. Wildfires often occur. These conditions feature summer drought-tolerant plants with hard sclerophyllous evergreen leaves,

This kind of climate occurs in: 
#The Americas, in the chaparral biomes
##Californian woodlands 
##Chilean Matorral 
#Australia, this type of biome occurs throughout western (Perth), eastern (Sydney) and southern (Adelaide) areas. 
#Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome that cover the Mediterranean Basin
#Cape Province of South Africa.

## References
Charnwood Forest

]]

**Charnwood Forest** is an area in north-western Leicestershire, England, near Leicester, Loughborough, and Coalville.

Although called a forest, it is extremely varied, with many different areas. It has 45 sites of geological or wildlife interest. Above all, it is the only site in Europe where the Ediacaran fossil *Charnia* is found.

The area has some extensive tracts of woodland. It is undulating, rocky and picturesque, with barren areas. It is generally 600&nbsp;ft (180 m) and upwards. On its western side is an abandoned coalfield, with Coalville and other former mining villages. This is now being regenerated and replanted as part of the National Forest. The M1 motorway cuts through Charnwood Forest.

The hard stone of Charnwood Forest has been quarried for centuries, and was a source of grind-stones. The granite quarries are of national importance and supply crushed stone ("aggregate") to much of southern Britain.

Charnwood Forest includes a National Nature Reserve (NNR), 19 SSSIs, four geological conservation sites of international importance, and another six conservation sites, 13 Regionally Important Geological Sites (RIGS), five local nature reserves (LNRs), and seven Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust (LRWT) nature reserves.

The Forest is an important recreational area with woodland walks, noted for their displays of bluebells in the early spring. Rockclimbing and walking are popular.

## References
Chelsea Manning

**Chelsea Elizabeth Manning**, (born **Bradley Edward Manning**; December 17, 1987) is a United States Army soldier who was diagnosed with gender identity disorder while in the Army. After Adrian Lamo exposed Manning leaking secret government files to WikiLeaks in 2011, readers of *The Guardian* chose her as 2012's person of the year. 

On 21 August 2013 Manning was sentenced to 35 years in prison, but was released on 17 May 2017 by order of President Barack Obama on 17 January 2017.

On January 11, 2018, she announced plans to run for the U.S. Senate in Maryland to challenge the state's senior senator, two-term incumbent Ben Cardin, as a Democrat in the June 26, 2018 primary election. She lost the primary election to Cardin.

On March 8, 2019, she was held in contempt of court by a United States District Court judge for refusing to testify to a federal grand jury investigating WikiLeaks and except for a brief period of release between May 9 and May 16 has been jailed continuously.

On March 11, 2020, she tried to commit suicide in the federal detention center in Alexandria, Virginia.

## Early life
Manning was born in Crescent, Oklahoma.

## References
Neil Hamilton (actor)

**James Neil Hamilton** (September 9, 1899 &ndash; September 24, 1984) was an American actor. He is known for his role as Commissioner Gordon in *Batman*. During the 1920s he was a minor leading man to major stars.

Hamilton was born on September 9, 1899 in Lynn, Massachusetts. He was married to Elsa Whitmer from 1922 until his death in 1984. They had one child. He is a distant cousin of Margaret Hamilton. Hamilton died on September 24, 1984 in Escondido, California from an asthma attack, aged 85.

## Other websites
*
*
*1966 Batman TV Heroes – Neil Hamilton
*1941 They Meet Again – Neil Hamilton as Governor John C. North – at Internet Archive
*Photographs of Neil Hamilton
*
*Hamilton's passport photo, 1924, creepy!
Alan Napier

**Alan William Napier-Clavering** (7 January 1903 – 8 August 1988) was an English-American actor. He is best known for his role as Alfred the butler in the 1960s live-action *Batman* television series.

Napier was born on 7 January 1903 in King's Norton, Worcestershire, England. His cousin was Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. Napier studied at Clifton College and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

He was married to Emily Nancy Bevill Pethybridge from 1930 until they divorced in 1944. He was married to Aileen Dickens Hawksley from 1944 until her death in 1961. Aileen was the granddaughter of Charles Dickens. Napier was a close friend of actor Michael Gough.

Napier died on 8 August 1988 in Santa Monica, California from a stroke, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Cratfield

**Cratfield** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 299 people living in Cratfield. Cratfield has a church called St Mary.

## References 
* GENUKI
Tommy Chong

**Thomas B. Kin Chong** (born May 24, 1938) is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, director, musician and writer.

He is well known for his marijuana-themed Cheech & Chong comedy movies with Cheech Marin, as well as playing the character Leo on Fox's ''That '70s Show''.

Chong was born on May 24, 1938 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. He was raised in Calgary, Alberta. Chong studied at Crescent Heights High School.

Chong first married Maxine Sneed, from 1960 until their divorce in 1970. They had two daughters, Robbi and Rae Dawn. His second marriage was to Shelby Fiddis in 1975. They had three children.

He announced on June 9, 2012, that he has prostate cancer. He described the cancer "as a slow stage one [that I've] had for a long time." He said that he was drug-free for about three years, during which time he began having prostate-related problems.

On July 15, 2012 Chong tweeted that the hemp oil he has been using to treat his cancer is working and that "he is 99% cancer free". However, on June 16, 2015, Chong stated he has rectal cancer and was "using cannabis like crazy" in order to endure the treatment. In 2019, Chong announced that he is "cancer-free".

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Chong's Bongs Gone Wrong A Newsweek article by Brian Braiker about Tommy Chong's various legal problems
* HoboTrashcan's One on One with Tommy Chong An in-depth interview about politics, Cheech and Chong and Tommy's wife and kids
* An Interview With Tommy Chong A Stumped? magazine article by Zach Freeman
* Video interview with Tommy Chong on 'Connected Life' 
*Donald E. Wilkes, Jr. , "Pot Pope Imprisoned."  Published in Flagpole Magazine, p.&nbsp;31 (December 20, 2006).
William Dozier

**William Dozier** (February 13, 1908 – April 23, 1991) was an American movie and television producer and actor. He is probably best known for being the narrator and creator of the 1960s Batman television series *Batman*. 

Dozier was born on February 13, 1908 in Omaha, Nebraska. 

He was briefly married to Katharine Foley from 1929 until they divorced months later. Then he was married to Joan Fontaine from 1946 until they divorced in 1951. Then he was married to Ann Rutherford from 1953 until his death in 1991. 

Dozier died on April 23, 1991 from a stroke in Santa Monica, California, aged 83. 

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
Stafford Repp

**Stafford Alois Repp**' (April 26, 1918 &ndash; November 5, 1974) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Police Chief O'Hara in the 1960s television series *Batman*.

Repp was born on April 26, 1918 in San Francisco, California. He studied at Lowell High School. 

Repp was married four times in which three of them ended in divorce. His last marriage to Sharon D. Currier would last until his death. 

Repp died on November 5, 1974 in Inglewood, California from a heart attack, aged 56. After his death, his sister, a television writer, created the Stafford Repp Memorial Scholarship for alumni of his alma mater, Lowell High School.

## Other websites
* 
*
Byron Keith

**Byron Keith** (November 17, 1917 &ndash; January 19, 1996) was an American actor. 

He made his movie debut in the 1946 Orson Welles thriller *The Stranger* and appeared mostly in supporting character roles in movie and television productions. 

He is best known for his recurring part as Gotham City's Mayor Linseed on the 1960s television series *Batman.*

Keith was born on November 17, 1917 in El Paso, Illinois. His career began in 1946 until his retirement in 1970. Keith died on January 19, 1996 from a heart attack in his Los Angeles, California home, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
*
Madge Blake

**Madge Cummings Blake** (May 31, 1899 &ndash; June 19, 1969) was an American character actress. 

She was best remembered for her roles as Margaret Mondello in *Leave It to Beaver*, as Flora MacMichael in *The Real McCoys*, and as Aunt Harriet in the first two seasons in *Batman*. She also played Dora Bailey in the opening scene of the 1952 movie *Singing in the Rain*.

Blake was born on May 31, 1899 in Kinsley, Kansas. Her uncle was actor Milburn Stone. Blake died on June 19, 1969 in Pasadena, California from a heart attack, aged 70.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 1966 Batman TV Heroes - Madge Blake
Bluebell

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**Bluebells** are a genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, ***Hyacinthoides***.

Bluebells are famous as indicator species (markers) for ancient woodland, where they carpet the forest floor in springtime. They grow in shade rather than in sunny areas.

*Hyacinthoides* is differentiated by the presence of two bracts at the base of each flower, rather than one bract per flower or no bracts in other closely-related genera.

## Species
According to the *World Checklist of Selected Plant Families* , the genus contains 11 species and one interspecific hybrid. Most species are distributed around the Mediterranean Basin, with only one species in northwestern Europe.

## References
## Other websites
*
The World's End (movie)

'''''The World's End'''* is a 2013 British-American-Japanese science-fiction comedy movie directed by Edgar Wright. It stars Simon Pegg, Nick Frost, Paddy Considine, Martin Freeman, and Eddie Marsan. 

It is the third in the *Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy*, following *Shaun of the Dead* (2004) and *Hot Fuzz'' (2007). It was released on 19 July 2013 in the United Kingdom and on 23 August 2013 in the United States. It received positive reviews.
Oil sands

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**Oil sands**, or **tar sands** are an unconventional source of petroleum. The oil sands are a mixture of sand, clay and water in a dense and extremely sticky form of petroleum called bitumen.

Natural bitumen is found in many countries, with the largest quantities in Canada, Kazakhstan and Russia. 

The worldwide deposits may be over two trillion barrels (320 billion cubic metres). These estimates include deposits that have not yet been discovered. Around 70% of all known reserves are in Canada.

Oil produced from bitumen sands is often said to be unconventional oil. The production process takes energy, so the net energy gain is smaller than traditional oil. Making liquid fuels from oil sands makes 12 percent more greenhouse gases per barrel of oil than traditional oil. Oil sands have only recently been needed. Higher prices allow this more expensive type of oil production to sell.

## Environmental issues 
, Canada]]

Getting the oil sands off the ground often destroys large areas of land. Much water is used to separate the oil from the sand and then left polluted. Carbon dioxide and other emissions from the extraction process are polluting the air.
The environmental destruction caused by oil sand extraction is criticized by environmental groups such as Greenpeace, The Climate Reality Project, 350.org, MoveOn.org, the Sierra Club and the Energy Action Coalition.

In 2012 the European Union (EU) said that it may declare oil sands oil as "highly polluting".  This caused stress between the EU and Canada.

## Related pages
* Petroleum industry
* Shale gas

## References
Chã das Caldeiras

The ***Chã das Calderas*** ("Plain of the calderas"), sometimes abbreviated **Chã** ("Plain"), is a caldera on the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. With a diameter of  and open to the east, it is surrounded on the west by the *bordeira*, a mountainous wall which rises to . It was made by the eruption of *Monte Armarelo*, which was replaced by the smaller Pico do Fogo.

## Geography
The **Chã das Caldeiras** is in southwestern Cape Verde and occupies the north-east of the island of Fogo. It is shared between the municipalities of Mosteiros to the north and Santa Catarina do Fogo to the south.

A little more of a thousand people live permanently inside the caldera, in the small towns of *Bangaeira* and *Portela*; these towns are at about , where sometimes the temperature gets to . Part of the **National Park of Fogo**, it is one of the main tourist destinations of Cape Verde. It is accessed by a single central road  long from São Filipe.

The vegetation is sparse but several endemic plants  nevertheless grow there, especially *Echium vulcanorum* (''*) and *Erysimum caboverdeanum* (**) that can not be found anywhere else. Others are *Sarcostemma daltonii* (**), *Verbascum cystolithicum* (**), *Lavandula rotundifolia* (**) ou *Euphorbia tuckeyana* (**).

File:Fogo-Echium vulcanorum (1).JPG|*Echium vulcanorum*
File:Erysimum caboverdeanum (Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo).jpg|*Erysimum caboverdeanum* (cultivated in Canary Islands)
File:Cynanchum daltonii, Chã das Caldeiras.jpg|*Sarcostemma daltonii*
File:Chã das Caldeiras-Verbascum cystolithicum (2).jpg|*Verbascum cystolithicum* 
File:Chã das Caldeiras-Lavandula rotundifolia (1).jpg|*Lavandula rotundifolia*
File:Chã das Caldeiras-Euphorbia tuckeyana (2).jpg|*Euphorbia tuckeyana*

## Economy
Where land is not covered by lava, farmers grow fruit trees, grains and vineyards. A cooperative produces a local wine, the *manecon*, which is not send to other countries. The village of Portela has two churches, one Catholic and one Adventist.

In 2012 there was no electricity in the villages of Bangaeira and Portela but the connection is expected in 2016.

File:Chã das Caldeiras-Ecole primaire (1).jpg|Primary school.
File:Portela-Eglise catholique.jpg|Catholic church.
File:Chã das Caldeiras-Maison traditionnelle (3).jpg|Office of tourism in a *funco'', a traditional house.
File:Chã das Caldeiras-Vinho do Fogo (1).jpg|Wine cooperative.

## References
## Other websites
* Fogo, Cape Verde Islands at NASA Earth Observatory
350.org

**350.org** is an international environmental organization. It was started by author Bill McKibben, with the goal of building a global grassroots movement to fight against global warming and the climate change denial of global warming. However the main goal is to lower the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in order to avoid climate change problems.

The name 350.org comes the research of scientist Dr. James Hansen. He wrote in a scientific paper in 2007 that the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere should not be higher than 350 parts-per-million (ppm). According to scientific research this is a safe maximum to avoid a climate tipping point.

## Membership
350.org works with over 300 other organizations around the world. It has had people supporting the organization as "messengers". Among them are Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Alex Steffen, Bianca Jagger and David Suzuki.  Van Jones and Gus Speth are on 350's U.S. Advisory Council.  350.org has a Board of Directors.

## Projects
### Keystone XL pipeline
350.org is strongly against the Keystone XL pipeline project. The pipeline is currently being built to transport tar sand oil from Canada through the United States to oil refineries in the Gulf of Mexico. NASA climatologist James Hansen described the Keystone XL pipeline as "game over" for the planet, and called the amount of carbon stored in Canadian tar sands a "fuse to the largest carbon bomb on the planet". 

### Fossil Fuel Divestment
350.org wants colleges and universities, as well as cities, religious institutions, and pension funds to withdraw their investments from fossil fuel companies. They propose the money should rather be invested in sustainable companies.

### Do The Math: The Movie
The *Do The Math* movie is a 42-minute documentary about the movement, the science behind the climate crisis and how to end the age of fossil fuels.

### Connect the Dots 5.May.2012
The organization's efforts continued into 2012 with a Climate Impacts Day on May 5th of worldwide series of rallies under the slogan "Connect the Dots," to draw attention to the links between climate change and extreme weather.

### People's Climate March
350 helped helped organize the People's Climate March, which took place on September 21, 2014.

## Related pages
* Greenpeace
* World Wildlife Fund 
* IPCC
* Climate change

## References
## Other websites
*350.org
*Photos of 350.org activities on Flickr.
*Check the current level of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere
*
Pacific Rim (movie)

***Pacific Rim*** is a 2013 American science fiction monster movie. It was directed by Guillermo del Toro, and written by Toro and Travis Beacham. It was produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros.. It was released on July 12, 2013. Critics gave it good reviews. They liked its special effects and action scenes. It made more than $384 million worldwide.

## Plot
In 2013, the Earth's cities are attacked by Kaiju, very large monsters who come from a portal on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. To battle them, the nations in the Pacific Rim build the Jaegars: very large robots piloted by two people whose brains are linked to the robots. This allows the pilots to control the robots using their mind, and the robots do the same actions that the pilots do. Although the Jaegars work well in killing the Kaiju, the attacks happen more often and are more powerful. By 2025, the governments of the Pacific Rim have ended the Jaegar project and build very large walls to protect humans from the Kaiju. Most of the film is set in this period, focusing on the war's later days.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Julie Harris

**Julia Ann "Julie" Harris** (December 2, 1925 &ndash; August 24, 2013) was an American actress. She won five Tony Awards, three Emmy Awards and a Grammy Award, and was nominated for an Academy Award. 

In 1994, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts. She was a member of the American Theatre Hall of Fame and received the 2002 Special Lifetime Achievement Tony Award.

Harris was born on December 2, 1925 in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. She studied at University Liggett School. Harris was raised in Chatham, Massachusetts. 

Harris was married to Jay Julian from 1946, until they divorced in 1954. Then she was married to Manning Gurian from 1954, until they divorced in 1967. She was married to Walter Carroll from 1977, until they divorced in 1982. She had one son, Peter Gurian.

Harris died on August 24, 2013 in her home in West Chatham, Massachusetts from congestive heart failure, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Julie Harris Documentary and Narration Work 
* TonyAwards.com Interview with Julie Harris
Yvonne Craig

**Yvonne Joyce Craig** (May 16, 1937 – August 17, 2015) was an American ballet dancer and actress.

She is best known for her role as Batgirl from the 1960s TV series *Batman* and as the Orion Marta in the *Star Trek: The Original Series*.

Craig was born on May 16, 1937 in Taylorville, Illinois. She was raised in Columbus, Ohio.

Craig was married to Jimmy Boyd from 1960 until they divorced in 1962. She was married to Kenneth Aldrich from 1988 until she died.

Craig died of breast cancer at her home in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, aged 78.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*Yvonne Craig's Official Personal Home Page
*Ty's Yvonne Craig Homepage 
*MSN Entertainment – Yvonne Craig 
*
* Yvonne Craig  at TV.com
*Bat-Bios – Yvonne Craig 
*Yvonne Craig as Batgirl
*Yvonne Craig Interview at Elvis2001.net
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water

***The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water*** is a 2015 3D live-action/2D traditional-animated superhero comedy movie based on Nickelodeon's *SpongeBob SquarePants* television series. It is preceded by *The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie*. It was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and Paramount Animation, and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was released theatrically on February 6, 2015.

The movie released in theaters on February 6, 2015. It was nominated in the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards for "Favorite Animated Movie", losing to Disney's 54th feature film *Big Hero 6*.

## Story
A diabolical pirate named Burger Beard (Antonio Banderas) above the sea steals the secret Krabby Patty formula.  SpongeBob (Tom Kenny), Patrick (Bill Fagerbakke), Mr. Krabs (Clancy Brown), Sandy (Carolyn Lawrence) and Squidward (Rodger Bumpass) must team up with Plankton (Mr. Lawrence) in order to get it back unbounce.

## Cast
*Tom Kenny as SpongeBob SquarePants/Invincibubble and Gary the Snail
*Bill Fagerbakke as Patrick Star/Mr. Superawesomeness
*Mr. Lawrence as Plankton/Plank-Ton
*Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs/Sir Pinch-A-Lot
*Rodger Bumpass as Squidward Tentacles/Sour Note
*Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks/The Rodent
*Antonio Banderas as Burger-Beard the Pirate
*Paul Tibbitt as Kyle the Seagull
*Nolan North as Pigeon Cabbie
*Jill Talley as Karen
The seagulls' voices are provided by Tim Conway, Rick Gomez, Jess Harnell, Tara Strong, Maile Flanagan, Melissa Disney, Nika Futterman, Pamela Adlon, Kevin Michael Richardson, Russi Taylor, Billy West, Rob Paulsen, Carlos Alazraqui, Eddie Deezen, John Kassir, Cree Summer, April Stewart, Nolan North, and Eric Bauza.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
Creswick Regional Park

The **Creswick Regional Park**, also known as the **Creswick State Forest**, is a large forest near the town of Creswick, in Victoria, Australia. It covers an area of 930 hectares. Much of the forest was heavily logged to supply timber to the gold mines in Ballarat and Creswick during the 1850s and 1860s. Many gold mining sites can be found in the forest.

St.Georges Lake is a man-made lake built to supply water for hydraulic sluicing. Eaton's Dam is another gold water supply. In 1942, students from the Creswick Forestry School fenced a small area of forest to create a breeding area for koalas. However the koalas were able to climb the fence, and the Koala Park was not successful.

A section of the Great Dividing Trail, the Wallaby Track, passes through the Creswick Regional Park. Some of it follows the water races built by the gold miners to supply water for their activities.

## References
Eucalyptus dives

***Eucalyptus dives*** or **broad-leaved peppermint** is a small tree. It is found in the temperate dry sclerophyll woodlands and forests of South-Eastern Australia. The leaves have a strong peppermint smell.

## Uses
The leaves have a high oil content, about 4.7% of the leaf fresh weight. When the oil is distilled it can be used to produce methanol. The major producing region is eastern Transvaal, South Africa, where it is grown in commercial plantations. The leaves have also been used as a flavouring in Australia, especially in brewed black *Camellia sinensis* 'billy tea'. 
File:Broad-leaved peppermint442.jpg|Pair of leaves: top-side and under-side
Image:Eucalyptus_dives_leaf1.JPG|Juvenile foliage of *Eucalyptus dives*
Image:Eucalyptus dives flowers.jpg|Flowers of *Eucalyptus dives*

## References 
* Boland, *et al.*, *Eucalyptus Leaf Oils - Use, Chemistry, Distillation and Marketing*, .
Eyke

**Eyke** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 366 people living in Eyke. Eyke is on the A1152 road. Eyke has a church called All Saints.

## References 
* GENUKI
Azerbaijani diaspora

The **Azerbaijani diaspora** is a term used to describe the communities of ethnic Azerbaijanis living outside of places of their ethnic origin: Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan. Of the total Azerbaijani population living worldwide which is estimated to be 30,000,000, only about 9,000,000 live in Azerbaijan and about 16,000,000 live in Iran.

## Other websites 
* Azerbaijani Diaspora Population
Numinbah Nature Reserve

trees at Numinbah: tree trunks stand on partly aerial root systems]]

**Numinbah Nature Reserve** is part of the Mount Warning caldera, in the Border ranges of northeastern New South Wales in Australia. Mount Warning is a volcano that erupted more than 23 million years ago. The 892-hectare Reserve is part of the Shield Volcano Group of the World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia listed in 1986. It was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.  The park is also part of the Scenic Rim Important Bird Area. It is important in the conservation of several species of threatened birds.

## Description
In New South Wales the Reserve is bounded by privately owned land. It includes an area of escarpment rising to over 1000 metres that is part of state border with Queensland. It is intended to be a place where the plants and animals are protected from humans, domestic animals and feral pests.

The vegetation is mostly sub-tropical rainforest with some wet sclerophyll forest.  The rare rainforest tree Springbrook leatherwood grows at Barrigan Point.

## References
## Other websites
*NSWNPWS: Numinbah Nature Reserve 
*Parks and Reserves of the Tweed Caldera Plan of Management (including 2020-12-19 Amendment)