open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

Qari '''Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad''' (1927 – 30 November 1988; ) was a well known Qari (reciter of the Quran). As such, many modern reciters try to copy his style. He is the only Qari to have won three world Qirat competitions in the early 1970s. 'Abd us-Samad was one of the first Hafiz to make commercial recordings of his recitations, and the first president of the newly formed Reciters' Union in Egypt. He is best known for his recitation of Sura Al-Fatiha, the first chapter of the Qur'an, and an important sura in the five daily Islamic prayers. Basit's eldest son; Tarek Abd us-Samad is currently also a well-known Qari in Egypt. 

## Early life
Abdul Basit was born in a village called Armant, in southern Egypt, to a middle-class Upper-Egyptian family. In 1950, he came to Cairo where Muslims in many mosques were touched by his recitations. On one happening, he was reciting verses from Sura al-Ahzab (The Confederates) he was requested to recite for longer than 10 minutes by his audience, and continued to recite for over an hour and a half, his listeners were captured by his mastery of pitch, tone and the rules of tajweed (Qur'anic recitation).

## Travels
'Abd us-Samad travelled outside Egypt, in 1961, he recited at the Badshahi Masjid, in Lahore, Pakistan. In 1987, whilst on a visit to America, 'Abd us-Samad related a story from one trip he made to the Soviet Union, with then Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. 

'Abd us-Samad was asked to recite for some leaders of the Soviet party. 'Abd us-Samad remembered that four to five of his listeners from the Communist Party were in tears on hearing the recitation, although they didn't understand what was being recited, but they cried, apparently touched by his recitation.  

Indira Gandhi, an Indian prime minister and political leader always felt touched by his recitation and would stop alongside to appreciate his recitation.

'Abd us-Samad died on 30 November 1988, and is survived by his three sons (from oldest to the youngest): Yasir, Hisham, and Tariq. Following his father's footsteps, Yasir has also become a "Qari".

## References
## Other websites
* Abdul Basit Abdul Samad 
* Golestane Quran 
* Everymuslim 
* Nice Quran Recitation Website
* Abdul Basit Abdul Samad
Clostridium

***Clostridium*** is a genus of bacteria. *Clostridium* bacteria are obligate anaerobes, which means they do not need oxygen to grow.

*Clostridium* bacteria are shaped like rods. The name "*Clostridium*" comes from the Greek word *kloster* (κλωστήρ), which means "spindle."

*Clostridium* bacteria are gram-positive and can produce endospores.

## Important species 
There are many different species of *Clostridium* bacteria. Some of these species can cause serious illness.

### *Clostridium botulinum* 
*Clostridium botulinum* bacteria make a toxin called botulinum. When botulinum toxins get into food or wounds, they cause botulism, a dangerous disease. Botulism can paralyze the muscles (stop the muscles from moving or working). People can die from botulism if their breathing muscles get paralyzed. This makes them unable to breathe.

Most cases of botulism happen because people eat meat that was not cooked well enough, or eat canned food that was not canned properly.

If babies under age one eat natural honey, they can get infant botulism. Most adults and older children can eat natural honey without getting sick. In healthy people, the intestines are filled with good, healthy bacteria. Usually, these regular bacteria keep *Clostridium botulinum* under control. Infants do not have enough of these good bacteria to be able to eat honey safely.

Sometimes doctors use botulinum toxins to treat medical problems. There are medicines, like Botox, which contain botulinum toxin. Some people get Botox treatments when they have wrinkles in the face. When it is injected into the forehead, Botox paralyzes the muscles in the face, and makes the face look smoother.

### *Clostridium difficile* 
*Clostridium difficile* bacteria can cause bad diarrhea and serious illness. Usually, people get *Clostridium difficile* infection after they have taken antibiotic medicines. These medicines can kill the healthy bacteria that normally live in the intestines and keep *Clostridium difficile* bacteria under control. *Clostridium difficile* infection can be spread from person to person, and is getting more common in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities. Just in the United States, 14,000 people die every year from *Clostridium difficile* infection.

*Clostridium difficile* is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This means that many antibiotic medicines cannot kill the bacteria. This makes *Clostridium difficile* infection difficult to treat.

### *Clostridium tetani* 
*Clostridium tetani* causes tetanus. Usually, people get tetanus when they get a cut or wound, and *Clostridium tetani* bacteria get into the wound. At first, tetanus causes the muscles in the jaw to spasm (tighten). (Tetanus is often called "lockjaw" because the jaw muscles spasm so badly that the jaw seems "locked.") This can make it difficult to swallow. As tetanus gets worse, other muscles in the body get stiff and spasm.

Tetanus immunization can keep people from getting tetanus.
## References
General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

The **General Dynamics / Grumman EF-111 Raven** is a twin-turbojets military aircraft. Its main mission was jamming enemy radar, including those of the anti-aircraft defense. It was designed and built in the United States, and flown only for the U.S. Air Force. It was used in the last years of Cold War and for the Yugoslavia's war NATO operation in 1995. It stopped being made in 1998.
911 (disambiguation)

**911** might mean:

*911, the year
*September 11 attacks, sometimes called "911" because they happened on September 11 (9/11)
**9/11 (2002 movie), a documentary about the event.
**9/11 Commission Report, the government report on the incident.
* 9-1-1, an emergency telephone number in some countries
* 911 (Gorillaz and D12 song), a colaboration song by artists Gorillaz and the group D12
* 911 (Lady Gaga song), a song by music artist Lady Gaga
Qari

**Qāri**', or "reader", is a person who recites the Qur'an with the proper rules of recitation. 

Although it is encouraged, a reciter (*Qari*) does not necessarily have to memorise the Qur'an, just to recite it with proper rules.

;Examples:
* Qari Abdul Basit
* Qari Minshawi

These Qaris have memorized the whole Quran. Hafiz means a Muslim who memorized the whole Quran.

## References
Fougasse (bread)

**Fougasse** is a type of bread made in Provence, France. It is coked with lardons, olive oil, and sometimes *herbes de Provence* and it is usually served as an accompaniment to an apéritif.
Carrie Akers

**Carrie Akers** (1860s - ?) was an American sideshow attraction. Contrary to several websites, she was not known as The Warthog. She was born in Virginia. She weighed 309 pounds, and stood 34 inches tall. She was both a sideshow Fat Lady and one of the Little People (dwarves, midgets). She was known as "Quarrelsome Carrie" in the  sideshow community because of her volcanic temper. The community avoided her. A fiery dispute with P. T. Barnum led to the showman firing her from the American Museum [source?]. 

## References
* The Human Marvels: Carrie Akers 
* Hartzman, Marc. 2005. *American Sideshow*. Penguin. Unpaged.
Bayonne Bridge

The **Bayonne Bridge** is a steel arch bridge that connects Bayonne, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It is the fifth-longest steel arch bridge in the world. It was the longest in the world when it was opened. It was designed by bridge-builder Othmar Ammann and architect Cass Gilbert. It was built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on November 15, 1931. In 2017 the deck was raised to allow ships designed for the new Panama Canal to pass.

The bridge of one of three bridges that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Goethals Bridge to Elizabeth, New Jersey and the Outerbridge Crossing to Perth Amboy, New Jersey.

## References
Mario Doyon

**Mario Doyon** (born August 27, 1968 in Quebec City, Quebec) is a Canadian retired ice hockey defenceman that played a total of 28 games in the NHL.

Before he played in the NHL, Doyon played 3 seasons in the QMJHL with the Drummondville Voltigeurs. He was drafted #119 overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft. Doyon played 7 games with the Chicago Blackhawks and 22 games with the Quebec Nordiques. He last played for the Corpus Christi Rayz of the Central Hockey League. He has also played roller hockey with the Montreal Roadrunners of the Roller Hockey International.

He currently plays coaches the Indiana Jr Ice U-16 hockey team which his son Drew Doyon plays on.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Fouga CM-170 Magister

The **Fouga CM-170 Magister** is a French military aircraft. Designed and built as a training aircraft, it was also a light atack aircraft. It was built under licence in Belgium, Finland and Germany. The Fouga CM-170 Magister was used by many air forces in the world: Algeria, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Biafra, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, El Salvador, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Katanga, Khmer Republic, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda.

It was the major aircraft of the *Patrouille de France* from 1964 to 1981. In 2013 many CM-170 Magisters fly on air meeting around the world.

## Related pages
* Fouga CM-175 Zéphyr.
Isaac Sprague

**Isaac W. Sprague** (May 21, 1841 - January 5, 1887) was an American sideshow attraction. His stage name was The Skeleton Man. He also appeared as The Living Skeleton and The Original Thin Man.  He was born in Massachusetts. Doctors were puzzled when he began losing weight rapidly in his teens. He joined a sideshow in 1865, then got a job at P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York City in 1868. He married and had three healthy sons. He died penniless in Chicago, Illinois in 1887.

## Early years  
Sprague was born in East Bridgewater, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Sprague, a shoemaker, and his wife, Betsey Sprague. He was a normal child who spent much time swimming. At 12 years, he began to lose weight quickly. His appetite was healthy. Sprague blamed the swimming for his weight loss, but doctors were puzzled. Parents were puzzled, because they were healthy and weighed as much as an average adult back in 1800s.

## Middle years
Sprague worked in his father's shoemaking business and later in his father's grocery store. The more weight Sprague lost, the weaker he grew. After his parents died, he was too weak to work and was forced to leave his job. 

In 1865, a sideshow passed through town. He declined a job offer with the troupe, but reconsidered and joined the show. He appeared as The Living Skeleton or The Original Thin Man. He went to New York City and got a job in P. T. Barnum's American Museum at $80 a week. Sprague's job ended when the museum burned to the ground in 1868.

## Last years
Sprague married Tamar Moore, and sired three healthy boys upon her. He returned to work with Barnum and other showman. At age 44, Sprague stood five feet six inches, and weighed only 44 pounds. Physicians decided he suffered from extreme muscular atrophy.  He died penniless in Chicago, Illinois in 1892.

## References
## Notes
* Hartzman, Marc. 2005. *American Sideshow*. Penguin. Unpaged.
Scott McCloud

]]

**Scott McCloud** (born **Scott McLeod** on June 10, 1960) is an American artist. He is famous for writing comic books that are about comic books. His book *Understanding Comics* was published in 1993. It is about comic books as a form of art. He has also written *Reinventing Comics* (2000) and *Making Comics* (2006). 

In 1984, he created a superhero comic called *Zot!*. McCloud thought that super heroes were too grim so he made *Zot!* fun and light-hearted. 

McCloud does most of his art on computers with a graphics tablet and software like Adobe Photoshop.
Andrea Evans

**Andrea Lynn Evans** (June 18, 1957 &ndash; July 9, 2023) was an American actress. She worked mostly on television soap operas. She played Rebecca Hotchkiss in the soap opera *Passions*, and Tawny in the series *The Bold and the Beautiful*. Evans was born in Aurora, Illinois.

Evans died of breast cancer at her home in Pasadena, California, on July 9, 2023, at the age of 66.

## References
Fouga CM-175 Zéphyr

**Fouga CM-175 Zéphyr**.]]
The **Fouga CM-175 Zéphyr** is a navalized variant of the Fouga CM-170 Magister. It was used by the French Navy for air training between 1959 and 1994. Thirty examples only were built, and it was not sale at foreign country. It flown from the French aircraft carrier Clemenceau, and sister-ship Foch.
Linda Thorson

**Linda Thorson** (born **Linda Robinson** on 18 June 1947) is a Canadian actress. She acts mostly on television. She played Tara in the British television action show *The Avengers*. Thorson was born in Toronto, Ontario.
Nebling

**Nebling** is a small village in the municipality of Untergriesbach in Passau in Lower Bavaria, Germany.

## References 
* Ortverzeichnis der Bayerischen Landesbibliothek
The Wild Men of Borneo

**The Wild Men of Borneo** was a sideshow attraction. The Wild Men were midget brothers Hiram and Barney Davis. Hiram (1825–1905) was born in England. His brother Barney (1827–1912) was born on Long Island, New York State.

In 1893, the promotional booklet *What We Know About Waino and Plutano, Wild Men of Borneo* described their 1848 "capture" and the Wild Men as hardly above the social level of "orang-outangs of a like size".

The brothers' sideshow days ended in 1903 when Hiram fell ill. They moved to Massachusetts. Hiram died in 1905 and Barney in 1912. The two are buried in Mount Vernon, Ohio.

## References
## Other websites
* Wild Men of Borneo at The Human Marvels
Unisphere

The **Unisphere** is a  stainless steel globe in Queens, New York City. It is in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. It was designed by landscape architect Gilmore D. Clarke. It is a symbol of the borough of Queens. The globe weighs . This makes it the world's largest globe. There are fountains and a reflecting pool around the Unisphere.

The Unisphere was built for the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair. The Unisphere is designed to show countries around the world depending on each other. It stayed at the park after the World's Fair. The Unisphere was cleaned from 1993 to 1994.

## History
Flushing Meadows–Corona Park used to be a landfill in Queens. The landfill was turned into the 1939/1940 New York World's Fair. After the fair, it was used as a park. The 1964 New York World's Fair also happened at Flushing Meadows. Gilmore David Clarke and Michael Rapuano designed the park for 1964 Fair.

Robert Moses ran the 1964 World's Fair. He announced the Unisphere in February 1961. At first, Clarke designed the Unisphere as an aluminum structure with metal continents and islands. The last design was a lot like the first. The last design had fountains surrounding the Unisphere. The Unisphere was built in 110 days. The last piece of land was put on the Unishphere on August 13, 1963. At night, the Unisphere was lit up to show sunrise moving across the globe. There were lights showing the capitals of countries.

In 1966, US Steel gave $100,000 so the Unisphere could stay at the park. In 1967, the park reopened. The Unisphere became dirty afterward. People wrote graffiti in the pools. It became an official city landmark in May 1995. The Unisphere's fountain was cleaned again in 2010. The Unisphere is tilted 23.5 degrees. The rings are held up with aircraft cable.

## References
### Notes
### Other references
* 

## Other websites
* Story of the Unisphere at the World's Fair at the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website
* Unisphere pictures
* Internet Archive: The Unisphere: Biggest World on Earth (1964), film about the creation of the Unisphere
Social movement

The term **social movement** refers to action by groups, individuals, or organizations focusing over political or social matters. In particular, the movement often wants to resist or undo a certain change. A **reform movement** is one seeking to change laws and normals such as on abotion or LGBT matters. **Trade unions** represent workers' rights.

## Related pages
*Activism
*Anti-nuclear movement
*Anti-war movement
*Autism rights movement
*Environmentalism
*Lobbying
*Protest

## References
Snuff (song)

"**Snuff**" is the fifth single from the album *All Hope Is Gone* by metal band Slipknot. It was released on September 28, 2009.

The song reached #2 on *Billboard*'s Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks. It was the last single that was released from the band before the death of their bassist, Paul Gray. Vocalist Corey Taylor performs an acoustic version of the song as a tribute to Paul Gray during Stone Sour shows.

The song was nominated for Best Single at the Kerrang! Awards 2010. It lost to "Liquid Confidence" by You Me at Six.

## References
Jonathan Bass

**Jonathan Richardson Bass** (November 25, 1830 - September 13, 1892) was an American sideshow attraction. His stage name was The Ossified Man. He was born in New York State. Rheumatism led to the ossification of his joints, tendons, and muscles in his teen years. His sideshow career began in 1887 at Niagara Falls. He toured the United States. He died in New York City in 1892.   
 
## Early years
Bass was born in Cambria in western New York State. He was the eldest of three brothers. He appeared perfectly normal in his very early years. As a child and a teenager however, a series of rheumatism attacks left him unable to walk without crutches and canes.

## Middle years
Eventually, Bass became completely ossified. The rheumatism led to ankylosis of his joints, tendons, and muscles. They turned to bone. Things got worse. In 1869, he lost his eyesight. He had to eat by sucking food up and swallowing it whole. When his mother died in 1872, a brother began taking care of him.

In 1887, Bass began his show biz career at Niagara Falls. He then worked his way across the United States. In spite of his disabilities, Bass remained cheerful. He parted with his manager after a dispute about his cut of the take.

## Last years and death
Bass died of a fever and pneumonia while performing in Huber's Museum in New York City. The family refused an autopsy. Bass was buried in an ironclad vault to deter grave robbers from making off with the body.

An article in a 1908 issue of *Scientific American* accused a careless museum attendant of causing Bass's death by letting the man fall to the pavement while being lifted from a carriage.

## References
* Hartzman, Marc. 2005. *American Sideshow*. Penguin. Unpaged.
Saint Catherine's Monastery

'''Saint Catherine's Monastery''' is a monastery in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## Other websites 
* Official Website of the Holy Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai
* Saint Catherine Area/ World Heritage Listing on UNESCO's Website
* Saint Catherine Foundation
Tanycolagreus

***Tanycolagreus*** is a genus of coelurosaur theropod from the Upper Jurassic of North America.

The fossil holotype  was donated to science by an anonymous benefactor. It is part of the collection of Thanksgiving Point Institute, and displayed in the North American Museum of Ancient Life at Lehi, Utah. It includes an incomplete skull and mandible (lower jaws) and much of the postcranial skeleton, i.e. the parts behind the head. The size of this specimen suggests a size in life of about 3.3 meters (11 feet) long.

## Habitat 
The fossil was found in the Morrison Formation, where originally there was a great variety of life. This environment  a savannah with many rivers. Along the rivers were conifer forests, with  ginkgos, cycads, tree ferns, and horsetails rushes. 

Insects were very similar to modern species, with termites building 30&nbsp;m (100&nbsp;ft.) tall nests. Along the rivers, there were fish, frogs, salamanders, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, pterosaurs, crayfish, clams, and monotremes (prototherian mammals, the largest of which was about the size of a rat). The dinosaurs were most likely along the rivers as well. Hundreds of dinosaur fossils have been discovered.

According to radiometric dating, the Morrison Formation dates from 156.3&nbsp;±&nbsp;2&nbsp;million years old (mya) at its base, to 146.8&nbsp;±&nbsp;1&nbsp;mya at the top, so it lasted just under 10 million years.

## Phylogeny
Carpenter and his co-workers said that this genus most closely resembles *Coelurus*, though it has some more "primitive" features. Although a 2007 analysis suggested it was a basal Tyrannosaur, later work showed once again its basal position in the Coelurosauria.

## References
My Old Man (Said Follow the Van)

**My Old Man** is a music hall song. It was written in 1919 by Fred W. Leigh and Charles Collins. Marie Lloyd made the song popular.  The songs lyrics relate to a man who is fleeing his house because he cannot afford the rent.

## Chorus
The chorus is known the most (for several reasons):
:   My old man said "Foller the van,
:   And don't dilly dally on the way".
:   Off went the van wiv me 'ome packed in it,
:   I followed on wiv me old cock linnet.
:   But I dillied and dallied, dallied and I dillied
:   Lost me way and don't know where to roam.
:   Well you can't trust a special like the old time coppers
:   When you can't find your way 'ome.

## References and notes 
## Other websites 
* Full song lyrics
Casey Affleck

**Caleb Casey McGuire Affleck-Boldt** (born August 12, 1975) is an American actor and director. He is the younger brother of Ben Affleck.

He played Morgan O'Mally in *Good Will Hunting*, Virgil Malloy in the ''Ocean's Trilogy* and Patrick Kenzie in *Gone Baby Gone*. He portrayed Robert Ford in *The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford* which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.

In 2017, Affleck won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in *Manchester by the Sea''.

## Early life
Affleck was born in Falmouth, Massachusetts. He is the second son of Christine Anne "Chris" (née Boldt), a school district employee and teacher, and Timothy Byers Affleck, a drug counselor, social worker, janitor, auto mechanic, bartender, and former actor with the Theater Company of Boston. Affleck is three years younger than his brother Ben. He has English, Irish, German, Scottish, French, Swiss, Northern Irish (Scotch-Irish), Welsh, and Swedish ancestry. He is a tenth cousin, once removed, of actor Matt Damon, through a common New England ancestor. He was raised in a mostly Episcopalian family. As a child, he had numerous pets, including cats, snakes, guinea pigs and turtles. Affleck went to George Washington University and later transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in physics, astronomy, and Western philosophy, but never graduated.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*
Fokker D.XXI

The **Fokker D.XXI** is a single-engine fighter aircraft designed and built by Fokker in 1935. It was used by the Dutch Air Force in World War II against Luftwaffe. Slower and less maneuverable than the German fighters as Messerschmitt Bf 109 most of them were quickly destroyed.Denmark and Finland also used this aircraft in the war.
Arabian Desert

The **Arabian Desert** is a desert in western Asia. It is on most of the Arabian Peninsula. It covers . 

Most people in this area are Arabs. The main language is Arabic, and the main religion is Sunni Islam.

## Countries 
The countries in The Arabian Desert are:

* Bahrain
* Kuwait
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* The United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

## Wildlife 
Gazelles, oryx, sand cats, and spiny-tailed lizards live in parts of the Arabian Desert. However, very few animals live in the Rub' al Khali in the middle of the desert.

## Related pages 
* Desert
* Arabian Peninsula
* Middle East
* Western Asia

## Other websites
Romanian Television

**Televiziunea Română**  (**68 de Ani Televiziunea Română) Internațional**) (**TVR**) is the national television system of Romania. It is made up of many channels (important channels of TVR : TVR1, TVR2, TVR3, TVR Cultural, TVR Info, TVR Folclor and TVR Sport). It broadcasts most official and important international events. It started in the year 1956.

## References
## Other websites
*
* TVR official website
*  Six TVR journalists accuse censorship (*Ziua*, 8 December 2004)
Mobridge, South Dakota

**Mobridge** is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in Walworth County, which is in the northern part of the state. It became a city in 1906, and 3,261 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## References 
## Other websites 
*City of Mobridge website
Miriam Bryant

**Miriam Bryant** (born in Gothenburg, Sweden on 8 March 1991) is a Swedish-Finnish singer and songwriter.

## Albums
# *Raised in Rain* (2013) (N12 in Sweden)

## Singles
# "Finders, Keepers" (2012)
# "Raised in Rain" (2012)
# "Push Play" (2013) (N13 in Sweden) 
# "Find You" (2014) Zedd ft Matthew Koma and Miriam Bryant
# "Dragon" (2014) (N44 in Sweden) 

## References
Wood Buffalo National Park

**Wood Buffalo National Park** is a national park and the largest one in Canada. The park is in northeastern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories.

It was named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 because of its biological diversity. The Peace-Athabasca Delta is one of the world's largest freshwater deltas, as well as having a population of wild bison.

Inside the park is the only natural nesting habitat for the endangered whooping crane. The park is also populated by moose, wood bison, black bear, wolf, lynx, beaver, brown bear, snowshoe hare, sandhill crane, ruffed grouse, and the world's northernmost population of red-sided garter snakes.

## Other websites
*Wood Buffalo National Park; Parks Canada
*Wood Buffalo National Park; UNESCO
County Tipperary

**County Tipperary** () is a county of Ireland. County Tipperary is in the province of Munster. It is named after the town of Tipperary. The area of the county is in two halves, North Tipperary and South Tipperary. The population of the county as a whole is 158,754, according to the 2011 Irish Census.
Sideshow

A **sideshow** is an amusement or entertainment usually associated with circus and carnival midways. Such a show displays curiosities of all sorts such as bearded ladies, midgets, giants, snake charmers, two-headed babies saved in formaldehyde, six-legged calves, and more.
## Related pages
* *Freaks*, a 1930s movie about sideshow performers

## References
Sam Alexander

**Sam Alexander** (ca. 1920s-1997) was a 20th-century sideshow attraction. His stage name was *The Man with Two Faces*. As a young man and an employee of the Schubert Theater in Chicago, Illinois, his carelessness with a lit cigarette caused a gasoline explosion that burned off his face. 

After a year in the hospital and then a stay in a nursing home, Alexander began wearing a mask and joined a Peter Kortes sideshow. Alexander would tell his story to the audience and then remove his mask. It was a shocking exhibition. Alexander was made the blow-off for the show.

Alexander went on to work with Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey. At Madison Square Garden in the 1960s, ladies were so shocked by his face that he was ordered off the stage. He later worked with the Clyde Beatty Circus. He later started his own sideshow company. Alexander had 72 operations throughout his life to repair his face, all were unsuccessful. Eventually, he decided the remaining years of his life were not best spent behind the mask. He died in 1997.

## References
* Hartzman, Marc. 2006. *American Sideshow* Penguin. pp. 112-113.
* Sideshows: Sam Alexander
* The Human Marvels: Sam Alexander
* Top 10 Famous Side Shows & Peculiar Performers: Sam Alexander
Tony Soprano

**Anthony John "Tony" Soprano** is an Italian-American fictional character on *The Sopranos*. He is a troubled crime boss who leads many criminal organizations and struggles to balance his family life and Mafia career. Soprano was born in Newark, New Jersey. 

Soprano was played by James Gandolfini, who became famous for his performance. *Entertainment Weekly* listed Gandolfini as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time.

## References
Quetiapine

**Quetiapine** (better known as **Seroquel**) is an antipsychotic drug used to treat bipolar disorder and unipolar major depression, though it is used off-label for anxiety problems, Tourette syndrome and autism issues. The side effects of Quetiapine include fatigue, dry mouth and being sleepy. The medication is sometimes used for PTSD.

## References
Westwood, New Jersey

**Westwood** (nicknamed "The Hub of the Pascack Valley") is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Westwood was officially incorporated as a borough on May 8, 1894. Actors James Gandolfini and Robert Sean Leonard. are from Westwood.

## References
## Other websites
* Borough of Westwood official website
* Westwood Regional School District 
* Data for the Westwood Regional School District, National Center for Education Statistics
* Westwood Chamber of Commerce website
* Westwood NJ HandyGuide 
* Westwood Heritage Society 
* Westwood United Methodist Church
Staten Island Mall

The **Staten Island Mall** is an indoor shopping mall located in Staten Island, New York. It is the largest shopping center on Staten Island. It is the only indoor shopping mall in the borough. It opened in 1973.

The mall has 200 stores with around 3,000 people working in those stores. Stores include JCPenney, Sears, and Macy's. Many bus routes go to the mall area. This makes it the second-largest area in the borough for public transportation after the St. George ferry terminal.

## References
## Other websites
* Staten Island Mall website
Staten Island Zoo

The **Staten Island Zoo** is a zoo in Staten Island, New York. It has over 443 animals of over 206 species. It opened on June 10, 1936. At the time of its opening, it was considered the first "educational zoo" in the United States.

The zoo is known for its large collection of rattlesnakes. The zoo's collection is one of the largest rattlesnake collections in North America. It is the home of Staten Island Chuck, a groundhog who is New York City's official Groundhog Day forecaster.

## References
## Other websites
*Staten Island Zoo website
Vanesa Capo Perez

**Vanesa Capo Perez** (born October 3, 1982 in Balearic Islands) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: she has cerebral palsy and is an S6 type swimmer.  She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the 4 x 50 meter Relay 20pts race. 

## References
Tania Cerda Meseguer

**Tania Cerda Meseguer** (born September 30, 1977 in Badalona) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a physical disability: she is an S9 type swimmer.  She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 4 x 100 meter Relay 34 Points race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. 

## References
Robert Ford

**Robert Newton "Bob" Ford** (January 31, 1862 – June 8, 1892) was an American outlaw. He is best known for shooting his gang leader Jesse James in the back of the head and killing him. Ford shot James because Missouri governor Thomas T. Crittenden placed a $10,000 bounty on James. 

## Death
On June 8, 1892, while Ford was drinking in his tent saloon, Edward Capehart O'Kelley entered with a shotgun. O'Kelley said "Hello, Bob." and when Ford turned around O'Kelley fired both barrels which killed Ford instantly. "The man who shot Jesse James" was inscribed on his grave marker.

## References
## Other websites 
*Robert Ford's Legends of America profile
Bobby Bland

**Robert Calvin "Bobby" Bland** (January 27, 1930 &ndash; June 23, 2013), also known as **Bobby "Blue" Bland**, was an American singer of blues and soul. He was an original member of the Beale Streeters, and was sometimes referred to as the "Lion of the Blues". Along with such artists as Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, and Junior Parker, Bland developed a sound that mixed gospel with the blues and R&B. After his death, his son told news media that Bland had recently discovered that musician James Cotton was his half-brother.

## References
## Other websites
* Bobby Bland discography
* Bobby Bland  at Wenig-Lamonica Associates
* Bobby Blue Bland  at AuthenticBlues.com
Minority rights

The term **minority rights** refers to the rights of minority groups. This includes the individual rights of a group's members and the collective rights of the group itself. These groups can be racial, ethnic, class, religious, linguistic or sexual minorities.

For the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights protects their identities. For people with disabilities, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities  exists to protect them, and for LGBT people, the Yogyakarta Principles were written down by the United Nations.

Also, the Council of Europe, European Union and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe also affirm protection of minority rights as part of human rights and the rule of law.

## Related pages 
*Freedom
*Liberty

## Other Page 
*International human rights law
Pablo Corral Embade

**Pablo Corral Embade** (born January 25, 1972 in A Coruña) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle. 

## References
Fresh Kills Landfill

The **Fresh Kills Landfill** was a landfill located in Staten Island, New York City. It was opened in 1947 as a temporary landfill. The area used to be a swamp. It became New York City's main landfill in the second half of the 20th century. At one time, it was the largest man-made structure in the world. It was closed in 2001.

At the height of its service in the 1960s, the contents of 20 barges, each having 650 tons of garbage, were added to the landfill every day.

The site of the landfill will become the Freshkills Park. Construction on the park began in 2008. It will be larger than Central Park. Construction on the park will last 30 years.

## References
## Other websites
* Freshkills Park Blog
* Staten Island Landfill: Fresh Kills
Rupert's Land

'''Rupert's Land''' is a historical territory. Most of it is in Canada today, but some is in the United States of America. Originally, the Hudson's Bay Company owned it. It is named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Who was the first head of the company. Charles II of England issued the lease, which gave the company a monoply over all fur trading along the rivers of the territory. In 1821, the company united with the North West Company from Montreal. North-Western Territory was added to the sphere of influence of the company. In 1869, the company sold its rights to both territories to the Canadian Dominion, which was the predecessor of modern-day Canada. In 1870, the Manitoba Act created the Canadian province Manitoba. Rupert's land was split: Parts of it were added to Saskatchewan, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec (all modern Canadian provinces). In 1818, the border between Canada and the US was defined along the 49th latitude.  This means that part of Rupert's land today make up the states of the US: Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana and South Dakota. In addition, ''Rupert's land'' is an ecclesiastical province of the Anglican Church of Canada. It is also the name of an Anglican diocese in Manitoba.s
Kawasaki T-4

The **Kawasaki T-4** is a Japanese military training plane built in all-metal. It is used only by the Japanese Air Force, and in particularly by the *Blue Impulse* aerobatic team. The **Kawasaki T-4** is a twin-turbojets two seats aircraft.
Melissa Rauch

**Melissa Ivy Rauch** (born June 23, 1980) is an American actress and comedian. She works mainly on television. She plays Bernadette on the television sitcom *The Big Bang Theory*. Rauch was born in Marlboro Township, New Jersey.

## References
Jesús Collado Alarcon

**Jesus Collado Alarcon** (born September 13, 1979 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability; he is an S9 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 100 meter butterfly race. He finished third in the 100 meter backstroke race and in the 200 meter individual medley SM9 race.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 100 meter butterfly race. He finished third in the 100 meter backstroke race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 400 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.

## References
Holomorphic function

In mathematics a **holomorphic function** is a function that is defined on the complex numbers plane, and that can be differentiated everywhere where it is defined. Differentiating the function again leads to a function defined on the complex numbers. In older literature, these functions are sometimes called *regular*. 

Holomorphic functions show a number of properties function defined on real numbers do not have.
Ilyushin Il-14

**Ilyushin Il-14** (; NATO reporting name: **Crate**) was a Soviet twin-engine airliner for small and medium-haul air routes and a military transport, produced by Ilyushin. The airplane was also produced in East Germany with the name **VEB 14** and in Czechoslovakia as the **Avia 14**. The Antonov An-24 and Yakovlev Yak-40 later replaced the Il-14.

## Development and design 
Ilyushin developed the Il-14 to replace the Lisunov Li-2, which was a common airplane at the time. The Il-14 was a further development of the earlier Ilyushin Il-12. The result was an improvement over the Il-12. Two  Shvetsov ASh-82T engines powered the Il-14.

## Variants 
* **Il-14**: Twin-engine passenger and cargo transport aircraft
* **Il-14G**: Cargo aircraft
* **Il-14P**: Airliner aircraft
* **Il-14M**: Il-14P with a lengthened fuselage
* **Il-14T**: Military transport aircraft

## References
Antonov An-2

The **Antonov An-2** is a Soviet airliner & cargo aircraft. It was designed and built after World War II. It is a biplane. It can carry between nine and eleven passengers. NATO calls it *Colt*. It was built under licence in China as **Y-5**. It is a single-engine aircraft.

## Variants 
* Antonov An-3
Robin DR400

**Robin DR400**.]]
The **Robin DR400** is a French light aircraft. It is made of wood and metal. It is used for training and sport. It is designed and built by Avions Robin in Côte-d'Or.
Richard Riley

**Richard Wilson Riley** (born January 2, 1933) is an American politician. He was United States Secretary of Education under President Bill Clinton. He was the 111th Governor of South Carolina. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Riley was born on January 2, 1933 in Greenville, South Carolina. He studied at Furman University and at the University of South Carolina. Riley is currently married to Ann Yarborough. They had four children.

## Other websites
*SCIway Biography of Richard Wilson Riley
*NGA Biography of Richard Wilson Riley 
* U.S. Department of Education Bio
* The Political Graveyard
* CNN AllPolitics – Players – Richard Riley
* Nelson, Mullins, Riley, and Scarborough Biography 
* Richard W. Riley College of Education and Leadership 
* The Riley Institute 
* Furman University
The Juvenile Miscellany

***The Juvenile Miscellany*** was a 19th-century American bimonthly children's magazine published in Boston, Massachusetts between 1826 and 1836. It was founded by Lydia Maria Child. Publishers varied over the years, but the original publisher was John Putnam. Sarah Josepha Hale edited the magazine as a monthly between September 1834 and April 1836. 

## Content
The magazine's content emphasized middle class Protestant values. It featured poems, stories, puzzles, and informative articles. The magazine was didactic. It provided amusement and imparted moral lessons while avoiding the piety so common in children's literature of the period. 

The magazine was ground-breaking. The ''Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature* writes, "The calm security of the lives of the children in the stories, the affection they receive, and their childishness were something new in American writing." 

The writers who contributed to its pages included Eliza Leslie, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Hannah Flagg Gould, Sarah Josepha Hale, Caroline Howard Gilman, and Anna Maria Wells. Child herself contributed as "Aunt Maria".

## Response
The magazine was hugely popular. Within four months of its debut, the magazine had 850 subscribers. While stories stressed the Protestant ethic, they were never boring. Caroline Healy Dall wrote in the *Unitarian Review* in 1883:"No child who read the *Juvenile Miscellany'' ... will ever forget the excitement that the appearance of each number caused. ... The children sat on the stone steps of their house doors all the way up and down Chestnut Street in Boston, waiting for the carrier. He used to cross the street, going from door to door in a zigzag fashion; and the fortunate possessor of the first copy found a crowd of little ones hanging over her shoulder from the steps above. ... How forlorn we were if the carrier was late!"

## Notes
## References
*
Pablo Cimadevila Alvarez

**Pablo Cimadevila Alvarez** (born December 12, 1978 in Pontevedra) is a swimmer from Spain.  In 1982, when Pablo was 4, he faced a severe car accident. His injuries caused him to be paraplegic. Later, Cimadevila took swimming classes and decided to pursue a career as a swimmer. He is an S6 type swimmer.  

Cimadevila won his first Bronze Medal in Men's 200 meter freestyle in 1991. Similarly, in 1998 he won a Gold Medal in ''Men's 4x50 m* freestyle relay. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 200 meter individual medley.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 4×50 meter medley relay 20 pts race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 200 meter individual medley race and third in the 4×50 m medley 20 points race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.

In 2014 Pablo established a jewelry company named *Cimadevila Designs*. He has a jewelry brand named *Kamikaze Jewels''. 

## References
Carcharhinus

***Carcharhinus*** is one of the 12 genera of the requiem shark family, Carcharhinidae.

Like all members of the family, they have round eyes, and the pectoral fins are completely behind the five gill slits. Most species are viviparous: the young are born fully developed.

## Species 
There are currently 34 known species of the *Carcharhinus* genus: 
* Blacknose shark, *Carcharhinus acronotus*
* Silvertip shark, *Carcharhinus albimarginatus*
* Bignose shark, *Carcharhinus altimus*
* Graceful shark, *Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides*
* Grey reef shark, *Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos*
* Pigeye shark, *Carcharhinus amboinensis*
* Borneo shark, *Carcharhinus borneensis*
* Copper shark, *Carcharhinus brachyurus*
* Spinner shark, *Carcharhinus brevipinna*
* Pacific smalltail shark, *Carcharhinus cerdale*
* Nervous shark, *Carcharhinus cautus*
* Coates' shark, *Carcharhinus coatesi*
* Whitecheek shark, *Carcharhinus dussumieri*
* Silky shark, *Carcharhinus falciformis*
* Creek whaler, *Carcharhinus fitzroyensis*
* Galapagos shark, *Carcharhinus galapagensis*
* Pondicherry shark, *Carcharhinus hemiodon*
* Finetooth shark, *Carcharhinus isodon*
* Smooth tooth blacktip shark, *Carcharhinus leiodon*
* Bull shark, *Carcharhinus leucas*
* Blacktip shark, *Carcharhinus limbatus*
* Oceanic whitetip shark, *Carcharhinus longimanus*
* Hardnose shark, *Carcharhinus macloti*
* *Carcharhinus macrops*
* Blacktip reef shark, *Carcharhinus melanopterus*
* Dusky shark, *Carcharhinus obscurus*
* Caribbean reef shark, *Carcharhinus perezii*
* Sandbar shark, *Carcharhinus plumbeus*
* Smalltail shark, *Carcharhinus porosus*
* Blackspot shark, *Carcharhinus sealei*
* Night shark, *Carcharhinus signatus*
* Spot-tail shark, *Carcharhinus sorrah*
* Australian blacktip shark, *Carcharhinus tilstoni*
* *Carcharhinus tjutjot*

## References
Labrador duck

The **Labrador duck** (*Camptorhynchus labradorius*) is an extinct duck that lived in North America.

## Habitat 
The Labrador duck lived along the sandy coasts and bays of New Jersey and New England. Audubon's son reported seeing a nest belonging to the species. Some believe that it may have laid its eggs on the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It was a rare bird before European settlement, and the increase in humans probably finished it off.

## Extinction 
The duck became extinct after settlers became common along the eastern coast of North America. The reasons are not clear. The duck was eaten, although its flesh tasted bad. its eggs were probably harvested. It depended considerably on shellfish, which humans may have eaten in large quantities.

## Sources 
* Cokinos, Christopher 2000. *Hope is the thing with feathers*. New York: Putnam, pp.&nbsp;281–304. 
* Forbush, Edward Howe 1912. *A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states*. Boston: Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, pp.&nbsp;411–416.
* Fuller, Errol 2001. ''Extinct birds. Comstock Publishing, pp.&nbsp;85–87.
Frank Kelso

**Frank Benton Kelso II** (July 11, 1933 &ndash; June 23, 2013) was an admiral of the United States Navy. He served as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) in the early 1990s. 

Kelso was born on July 11, 1933 in Fayetteville, Tennessee. He studied at University of the South. Kelso was married Landess McCown until his death in 2013. They had four children. Kelso died on June 23, 2013 in Fayetteville, Tennessee from a fall, aged 79.

## References
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

**Hypoactive sexual desire disorder** (**HSDD**) is a sexual condition. People with this disorder have little or no desire for sexual activity. They also have few to no sexual fantasies. Some people with HSDD previously had sexual desire; others never did.

The condition was discovered around the late 1960s or early 1970s. A 2017 study estimated that 10% of adult women have HSDD. 

If low sex drive is mostly due to physical illness, a mental disorder, or drug abuse, it does not qualify as HSDD. Medical causes of HSDD include hormone changes, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, hypothyroidism, medication side effects, and certain other health conditions.

## References
Exchange rate

**Exchange rate**, also known as the **foreign exchange rate**, is how much one currency is worth compared to a different one. 

It is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. Exchanges rates can change for many different reasons. For example, inflation rates may differ for different countries. For much of the 20th century, the Bretton Woods system fixed exchange rates.
Tahiti rail

The **Tahiti rail** (*Gallirallus pacificus*), also known as the  **Tahiti red-billed rail**, or **Pacific red-billed rail**, is an extinct species of rail. It once lived on Tahiti. The second voyage of James Cook in 1773 got one. It was described by Johann Reinhold Forster and painted by his son, Georg. The Tahitian name was ***ebōnā*** or ***ōmnā***.

## Name 
]] 
Due to confusion about the name, the name *Rallus ecaudatus* was commonly used in the mid-late 20th century to refer to this bird. This is, however, in error, as the name is a subspecies of the buff-banded rail. Today it is known as *Gallirallus philippensis ecaudatus*. Also, at least once, the Tahitian bird has been referred to by the scientific name of the Samoan wood rail, *Gallinula pacifica*, in a major scientific work.

## Extinction 
Not much is known about the bird's extinction. One idea is that the bird might have been prey to other species. The bird's habitat had active volcanos.

## Sources 
*  Database entry of the bird includes justification for why this species is extinct.
* Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1879): [Description of *Gallirallus pacificus*]. *In: Systema Naturae (13th edition)* **1**, part 2: 717.
Papaoutai

"**Papaoutai**" is a song by Stromae, a singer from Belgium. It was released digitally in Belgium on May 13, 2013. It peaked at number 2 in Belgium and at number 15 in France.

## Music Video
The video was released on June 6 on Youtube, with a length of three minutes and fifty three seconds.

## Charts
### Weekly Charts 
## References