open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chipko movement

The **Chipko movement** was a group action in India with the goal of saving trees. This is mainly done through the act of hugging trees to protect them from being cut. It was also known as **Chipko Andolan**. Those who were part of it used nonviolent protests. The Chipko movement began in the early 1970s in Uttarakhand. It then spread to Uttar Pradesh. By the 1980s it had spread across most of India.

The Chipko leads to a change in  to stop the clear cutting of trees in some regions. (Clear cutting is a type of logging where all trees in an area are cut down).

Chipko movement was started by Sunderlal Bahuguna.

The name of the Chipko moment originated from the word 'embrace' as the villagers used to hug the trees and protect them from wood cutters from cutting them. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur in Rajasthan asked one of his ministers to arrange wood for constructing a new palace. The minister and workers went to a forest near a village, inhabited by Bishnois, to cut down trees. A Bishnoi woman Amrita Devi showed exemplary courage by hugging a tree and daring king’s men to cut her first before cutting the tree. The tree mattered much more to her than her own life. Sadly, the king’s men did not heed to her pleas, and cut down the tree along with Amrita Devi. Her three daughters and hundreds of other Bishnois followed her, and thus lost their lives saving trees. The incident inspired the several other rural women, who launched such similar movements in different parts of India. The Chipko Movement gained momentum under Sunderlal Bahuguna, an activist, who spent his whole life persuading and educating the villagers, to protest against the destruction of the forests and the Himalayan mountains by the government. The Chipko protests achieved a major victory in 1980 with a 15 years ban on tree felling in the Himalayan forests of the state by the order of Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
Now, even an Amrita Devi Award is given to those involved in wildlife protection and conservation.

## References
Gowling WLG

**Gowling WLG** is a multinational law firm. It was formed by the merger of Canada-based Gowlings and UK-based Wragge Lawrence Graham & Co in February 2016. This was the first multinational law firm merger between British and Canadian firms.

Gowling WLG International Limited is an English company limited by guarantee. The two limited liability partnerships of Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP and Gowling WLG (UK) LLP are members of it. The two partnerships provide legal services. They are financially separate.

This is a fairly loose association, where each "partner" does the legal work for its own country. Therefore regulators in each country know who is responsible for any particular case.

## Offices
The firm has 19 offices in Canada, the UK, continental Europe, the Middle East, China and Singapore. Gowling WLG plans to grow in Germany and East Asia in the near future.

## Notable professionals and alumni 
* Leonard Walter Brockington (1888–1966).  Founding chairman of the CBC, 1936-1939
* Gordon F. Henderson (1912–1993).  President of the Canadian Bar Association, 1979–1980; Chancellor of the University of Ottawa, 1991–1993
* Roy McMurtry (born 1932). Attorney General of Ontario, 1975–1985 and Chief Justice of Ontario, 1996–2007

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Rydberg constant

In spectroscopy, the **Rydberg constant** is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom**.** Its symbol is R_\infty for heavy atoms or R_\text{H} for hydrogen. The constant is named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg.  The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydberg formula for the hydrogen spectral series.  Niels Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated from more fundamental constants via his Bohr model. , R_\infty and electron spin *g*-factor are the most accurately measured physical constants.

The constant is expressed for either hydrogen as R_\text{H}, or at the limit of infinite nuclear mass as R_\infty. In either case, the constant is used to express the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from an atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing an atom from its ground state. The hydrogen spectral series can be expressed simply in terms of the Rydberg constant for hydrogen R_\text{H} and the Rydberg formula.

In atomic physics, **Rydberg unit of energy**, symbol Ry, corresponds to the energy of the photon whose wavenumber is the Rydberg constant, i.e. the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom.

## References
Icicle

An **icicle** is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes.

Icicles are formed on days when the outdoor air temperature is below freezing (less than 0 degrees Celcius) and heat from sunlight melts snow or ice on anything sloped. The droplets of water freeze as they loses their heat to the cold air, forming a cone-like shape of ice.

## Shape 
Once water starts dripping, it begins to freeze into a certain side. It will melt and freeze over and begin to create icicles. As winter gets longer and temperatures stay in the freezing and sunlight is present, water will just melt and drip alongside the icicle causing them to get longer and sharper. The reason why icicles are pointy is because the water drips in a downward motion. Icicles can range from millimeters to feet in length.

## Accidents 
Icicles are beautiful, but they can sometimes be  dangerous. Icicles have been reported fatal since the 1700s, from falling on people and causing accidents to property being damaged. Icicles can cause damage on many structures such as buildings and homes, once ice forms layers the weight of it can cause the structure to fall or break off. Icicles can also be formed on bridges over streets and highways creating a potential danger for nearby motor vehicles passing by.

## References
The Corsair

***The Corsair*** is a book by Lord Byron.  It is about the life of a corsair (a person who fights wars at sea) named Conrad.

## References
Abstraction (art)

, without title, 1913]]
**Abstraction** in art history is when art does not try to show how something actually looks "but instead use shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect."

## References
Westbury, New York

**Westbury** is a village in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 15,864 at the 2020 census.

## References
Atlantic cod

**Atlantic cod** is a species of cod which occurs in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The younger fish live near the surface of the ocean, the older ones near the sea floor. Atlantic cod is one of the species of cod that has been consumed by humans. The atlantic cod feeds on other, smaller fish (for example herring), as well as molluscs.

## References
Brian Muller

**Brian Leo** "**Jazz**" **Muller** (11 June 1942 – 12 December 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played as a prop. He played for Taranaki at a provincial level from 1963 to 1972. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1967 to 1971. He played 35 matches for the All Blacks, including 14 internationals.

Muller was born in Eltham. He died on 12 December 2019 at the age of 77.

## References
List of Louisiana metropolitan areas

The U.S. state of Louisiana has a total of ten Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Thirty-seven (37) of Louisiana's sixty-four (64) parishes are classified as metropolitan. As of the 2020 United States census, these parishes had a combined population of 3,918,560 (84.1% of the state's population).

The following table lists Louisiana's metropolitan areas, ranked by population as of the 2023 estimate.

Louisiana parishes classified as part of a Metropolitan Statistical Area from 1950 to 2003

## References
Nosrat Karimi

**Nosrat Karimi** (, 22 December 1924 – 3 December 2019) was an Iranian actor, director, make-up artist, professor, scriptwriter, and sculptor. His career lasted for sixty years from 1965 through 2019. He was best known for his role as Agha Joon in *My Uncle Napoleon* and *The Carriage Driver*. Karimi was born in Tehran.

Karimi died on 3 December 2019 in Tehran at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website 
*Nosrat Karimi at IranianMovies.com 
*
*Karimi at iranian.com.
Charles Koffi Diby

**Charles Koffi Diby** (7 September 1957 – 7 December 2019) was an Ivorian politician. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ivory Coast from 2012 to 2016. He was born in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire.

Diby died on 7 December 2019 of problems caused by anorexia at his home in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, aged 62.

## References
## Other websites
*article on Diby's visit to Brazil
William Luce

**William Aubert Luce** (October 16, 1931 – December 9, 2019) was an American playwright and television writer. He wrote many plays which starred Julie Harris. His best known play works were *The Belle of Amherst* and *Barrymore*. He also wrote the television screenplay of *The Last Days of Patton*. Luce was born in Portland, Oregon.

Luce died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems at his home in Green Valley, Arizona on December 9, 2019 at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Łęczna

**Łęczna**  is a town in eastern Poland with 19,780 people (2014), in Lublin Voivodeship. It is the capital of Łęczna County and the smaller administrative district of Gmina Łęczna. The town is in northeastern corner of historic province of Lesser Poland. On 31 December 2010, the population of the town was 20,706.

Łęczna tops among the hills of the Lublin Upland, at the confluence of two rivers—the Wieprz, and the Świnka.

## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Old City Homepage
Ashland, Oregon

**Ashland** is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The city's population was 21,360 at the 2020 census.

## References
Green Valley, Arizona

**Green Valley** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 22,616 at the 2020 census.

## References
Polly Holliday

**Polly Dean Holliday** (July 2, 1937 &ndash; September 9, 2025) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as the sassy waitress Florence Jean "Flo" Castleberry on the 1970s sitcom *Alice*, which she replayed in its short-lived spin-off, *Flo*. She was born in Jasper, Alabama.

In 1978 and 1979, Holliday won two Golden Globe Awards. In 1984, she won a Saturn Award for her role in *Gremlins*. She also had roles in ''All the President's Men*, *Moon over Parador*, *Mrs. Doubtfire*, and *The Parent Trap*.

## Personal life and death 
Holliday was an Episcopalian Christian who sang in the St. Andrews Episcopal Choir in Montevallo, Alabama. In January 2010, she played the character of herself in an official set of advertisements for the Episcopal Church. In New York City, she sang in the Episcopal Grace Church Choral Society in Greenwich Village and ran a chamber music series there.

After a decline in her health, Holliday died from an what seemed to be a case of pneumonia at her home in Manhattan, New York City, on September 9, 2025, at the age of 88. She was the last surviving member of the original cast of *Alice''.
## References
## Other websites
*
Mortal Engines Quartet

The ***Mortal Engines Quartet*** is a fantasy novel series by British author, Philip Reeve.

A prequel series, Fever Crumb, set 600 years before the events of the Quartet, was published between 2009 and 2011. In March 2020 Reeve said "too much time has passed since I wrote the other books, it’s hard to go back to that world" and that he did not intend to publish further books in the series.

On November 18, 2020, upon asked whether *Mortal Engines* would be rebooted for the television screens, he responded that, while that would be nice, it seemed unlikely.

## Books 
* *Mortal Engines*
* ''Predator's Gold*
* *Infernal Devices*
* *A Darkling Plain''

## References
Jeopardy! Teachers Tournament

The '''*Jeopardy!* Teachers Tournament'* is an annual tournament on the American television game show *Jeopardy!'' It features full-time teachers of students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. The tournament debuted during Season 27 (2010-2011) and has been played every season since (except for Season 37), always during any of the three ratings sweeps periods (November, February, or May), with the exception of being held from May 25th to June 5th 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Format 
The Teachers Tournament follows the same 10-game format as the Tournament of Champions, College Championship, and Teen Tournament. The first five games are the quarterfinals, where all fifteen participants play in groups of three. The winners of the five games advance to the semifinals. The players with the four highest scores among non-winners advance as "wild card" players. The nine semifinalists compete in the next three games. Then the three semifinal winners advance to the two-day finals, in which cumulative scores from the two games are added to determine the championship (contestants' scores start at $0 in each game).

## Prizes 
### Cash 
The person who wins the tournament receives a $100,000 prize. The first runner up gets $50,000; and the second runner up gets $25,000. Teachers who are eliminated during the semifinals go home with $10,000, and teachers who are eliminated during the quarterfinals go home with $5,000.

### Tournament of Champions 
In addition to the aforementioned cash prize, the winner also earns an automatic spot in the next Tournament of Champions, although one winner (Larry Martin in 2018) died from pancreatic cancer before reaching that tournament. So far, two Teachers Tournaments winners have made it to the finals of the Tournament of Champions (Colby Burnett in 2013 and Francois Barcomb in 2019); only Burnett won the event. 2016 winner Jason Sterlacci is only other winner to advance to the semi-finals of the Tournament of Champions. Burnett was also invited back to the Battle of the Decades in 2014 where he advanced to the semifinals, and was team captain in the All-Star games in 2019, where he drafted 2017 Tournament of Champions finalist Alan Lin and November 2000 College Champion Pam Mueller as his team members. His team finished as the second runner-up in the event. He was invited to the Invitational Tournament in 2024. 2015 winner Jennifer Giles also competed in the All-Star games, as a member of Team Buzzy Cohen. She was invited to the Invitational Tournament in 2026. John Pearson was the alternate in the All-Star games.

## List of participants
 Catherine Whitten and Justin Hoffstetter in February 2012 are the first pair of contestants to marry each other. Their marriage took place in January 24, 2015. Maryanne Lewell and Michael Townes in 2013 are the second pair of contestants to marry each other. Their marriage took place in Canada in August 2017.

 Mary Parker and Cody Vest are the first two teachers contestants that teach in the same school.
Richard Easton

**John Richard Easton** (March 22, 1933 – December 2, 2019) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Easton was best known for his role as Brian Hammond in the 1970s BBC serial *The Brothers*. He also had television guest appearances on *Doctor Who*, *L.A. Law*, *Frasier*, and *Ed*.

In 2001, he won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his role in *The Invention of Love*. In 2008, Easton was added into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

Easton died on December 2, 2019 of congestive heart failure at his home in Manhattan at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
2019 Samoa measles outbreak

The **2019 Samoa measles outbreak** began in September 2019. As of December 13, there were 5,080 confirmed cases of measles and 72 deaths, out of a Samoan population of 201,316. There have also been 10 reported cases in Fiji. It is expected that 70 people will die and up to 6,500 people will be infected.

A state of emergency was declared on November 17, ordering the closure of all schools, keeping children under 17 away from public events, and making vaccination mandatory.

On December 2, 2019, the government imposed a curfew and cancelled all Christmas celebrations and public gatherings. All unvaccinated families have been ordered to display a red flag or red cloth in front of their homes to warn others. On December 5th and 6th, the government shut down everything other than public utilities to move all civil servants over to the vaccination campaign.

## References
Giza Plateau

Giza Plateau is an ancient plateau in Giza. It has many ancient mysteries about it, and archeologists are still trying find its mystery. The plateau is the site of one of the most impressive ancient monuments around the world, the Pyramids of Giza. It also holds some of the most astonishing monuments in Egyptian history.The Giza Plateau is also home to many other ancient Egyptian monuments,including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First Dynasty as well as that of Pharaoh Nynetjer of the Second Dynasty.The Giza Plateau has astonished tourists and travellers over the years.

## References
2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK)

The **2020 Labour Party leadership election** was held between (21 February – 4 April 2020) to elect a leader to replace Jeremy Corbyn. On 13 December 2019, Corbyn announced that he would not lead the Labour Party into the next general election, following the party's poor performance in the December 2019 election. 

It was won by Keir Starmer who received 56.2 per cent of the vote on the first round. It was held alongside the 2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election.

## Background
Jeremy Corbyn was elected Labour Party leader in a 2015 leadership election and re-elected leader in 2016 after a challenge from Owen Smith. While Labour gained seats in the 2017 general election, the party lost 60 seats in the 2019 election, its worst result since the 1935 general election. Corbyn announced that he would resign after a "process of reflection".

## Timetable
The timetable for the election was set by the party's National Executive Committee on 6 January 2020.

* **7 January:** Nominations from the PLP and EPLP open
* **13 January:** Nominations from the PLP and EPLP close
* **14 January (17:00):** Registered supporter applications open
* **15 January:** Nominations from CLPs and affiliates open
* **16 January (17:00):** Registered supporter applications close
* **20 January (17:00):** Party members and affiliate members must join by this date to be eligible to vote
* **14 February:** Nominations from CLPs and affiliates close
* **21 February:** Voting starts
* **2 April (12:00):** Voting closes 
* **4 April:** Result announced

## Candidates 
### Declared 
The following individuals have been nominated as official candidates by the party:

### Eliminated
### Withdrawn
### Declined
The following individuals were discussed in the media as potential leadership candidates, but chose not to stand:
* Diane Abbott, Shadow Home Secretary *(endorsed Long-Bailey)*
* Yvette Cooper, chair of the Home Affairs Select Committee since 2016 *(endorsed Starmer)*
* Barry Gardiner, shadow international trade secretary *(endorsed Long-Bailey)* 
* Dan Jarvis, MP for Barnsley Central, Mayor of the Sheffield City Region *(nominated Nandy)*
* David Lammy, former universities minister *(endorsed Starmer)*
* Ian Lavery, Chair of the Labour Party *(endorsed Long-Bailey)*
* John McDonnell, shadow chancellor *(endorsed Long-Bailey)*
* Angela Rayner, shadow education secretary *(running for deputy leader, endorsed Long-Bailey)*

## PLP and EPLP Nominations
Candidates first need to be nominated by at least 10% (twenty-two) of current Labour MPs and MEPs, who make up the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) and the European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP).

The candidates who have passed this threshold need nominations from at least 5% (thirty-three) CLPs, or at least three affiliates including at least two trades unions that together represent at least 5% of affiliated members.

The table below shows the current number of nominations achieved by each candidate.

## List of supporters
## References
Maxwell Lord

**Maxwell Lord IV** is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in *Justice League* #1 (May 1987) and was created by Keith Giffen, J. M. DeMatteis, and Kevin Maguire. He is a powerful businessman. Maxwell Lord was important in the formation of the Justice League International in the DC Universe. He is mainly seen as a villain to Wonder Woman.

## Fictional character biography 
Maxwell Lord IV is the son of Maxwell Lord III, a successful businessman and head of the Chimtech Consortium. Maxwell III set out to be a good example for his son by striving to always do what was right. When Maxwell IV was 16, he came home to find his father dead to an apparent suicide. His father had discovered that his company had produced a highly carcinogenic product, and couldn't bear to live with the guilt and shame that came with the realization. Maxwell's mother was convinced that her husband's death was the result of a conspiracy from the executives in his company who were unwilling to let his regrets tamper with their power. This led to her telling impressionable Maxwell to distrust figures of higher authority. This instilled a hatred towards powerful people in Max and made him believe that he must have control over all of them. Maxwell spent the next years training to be more ruthless and powerful than his father was, methodically enacting his revenge against the Chimtech administration board members, but was unable to prevent Lex Luthor from acquiring his former property and adding it to the already immense Lexcorp. By observing how Lex earned profits by arming and employing hostile metahumans, Maxwell and his mother decided to bend the rules for themselves, cajoling instead heroic metahumans  to give Maxwell Lord a better edge. Thus, he sparked the plans to bring the Justice League, leaderless and broken after the Crisis on Infinite Earths event, under his exclusive control.

## Powers and abilities 
In his original depictions, Maxwell Lord had no abilities, but later became a metahuman as a result of the Dominators' invasion of Earth. Lord's powers allow him to telepathically influence people's minds, typically in the form of pushing a subconscious suggestion to others.

## In other media 
Maxwell Lord appeared in an episode of *Smallville* played by Gil Bellows. He was also in the first season of the television series *Supergirl* played by Peter Facinelli. The character made his movie debut in *Wonder Woman 1984*, played by Pedro Pascal. He is played by Sean Gunn in the DC Universe (DCU) franchise.

## References
Hemberg

**Hemberg** was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2023, the former municipalities of Hemberg and Oberhelfenschwil joined together and became a municipality called Neckertal.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Kirchberg, St. Gallen

**Kirchberg** is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

## Geography 
Kirchberg is the most north-western municipality in the *Wahlkreis* and in bordered in the west by canton Thurgau and in the east by the Thur river. It has of the village of Kirchberg on a high plateau in the center of the municipality, the village of Gähwil south of Kirchberg and the village of Bazenheid on a terrace above the Thur.

### Places in Kirchberg 
Bäbikon, Bazenheid, Bräägg, Bruberg, Dietschwil, Gähwil, Husen, Lamperswil, Müetligen, Müselbach, Nuetenwil, St. Iddaburg, Stelz, Oberbazenheid, Oetwil, Rupperswil, Schalkhusen, Underbazenheid and Under.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
St. Peterzell

**St. Peterzell** was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was an independent municipality until 1 January 2009, when it joined together with Brunnadern and Mogelsberg to become the municipality called Neckertal.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann

**Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann** is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2010 when Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus joined together to become one new municipality.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Bütschwil

**Bütschwil** was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become the new municipality called Bütschwil-Ganterschwil.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
*
Ottawa County, Michigan

**Ottawa County** is a small county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, 296,200 people live here. The county seat is Grand Haven.

Its four most populous cities are Grand Haven, Holland, Jenison and Hudsonville. The county was created in 1837.

## References
Open Mind Productions

**Open Mind Productions** is a British television production company that was founded in 1989 by Roland Tongue and Chris Ellis. Tongue, who left the company at the end of 2011,

The company has made programmes for children and educational TV, such as The Number Crew, Rat-A-Tat-Tat and Maths Mansion for Channel 4 and Numberjacks, and The Shiny Show for the BBC.

## References
2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)

The **2016 Labour Party leadership election** was called when a challenge to Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party arose following criticism of his approach to the Remain campaign in the referendum on membership of the European Union  and questions about his leadership of the party.

The result was announced on 24 September 2016.  Jeremy Corbyn won the election with 313,209 votes, increasing his share of the vote from 59.5% to 61.8% compared with the result of the 2015 leadership election, and receiving some 62,000 more votes than in 2015.

## Candidates
## References
## Notes
Lyon County

**Lyon County** is the name of five counties in the United States:
* Lyon County, Iowa
* Lyon County, Kansas
* Lyon County, Kentucky
* Lyon County, Minnesota
* Lyon County, Nevada
FrogWatch

**FrogWatch** is a name shared by citizen science programs that do the same thing. In a FrogWatch, people make recordings of frogs and other amphibians that live near them and send the recordings to databases for scientists and other people to hear and study.

Not all FrogWatch programs are run by the same people.  The Association of Zoos and Aquariums runs FrogWatch USA, Nature Canada runs FrogWatch Canada, and other organizations run FrogWatches in other countries.

In citizen science, scientists ask ordinary people to help with scientific research or other work.  Citizen science is one kind of crowdsourcing.

The National Geographic Society developed the program that FrogWatch USA volunteers use to add information and that FrogWatch uses to study it.

Scientists have used FrogWatch to study the way frogs and toads change the places they live, which types of frogs are becoming more numerous and which are becoming less numerous, how many different kinds of frogs live in one place, the way they react to changes in how hot or cold it is, and the way they act during different parts of the year.

Between 1998 and 2005, 1,395 people working with FrogWatch USA visited 1,942 places where frogs live and gave information to FrogWatch.  They found 79 different kinds of frogs and toads.  This does not count visits, places, or species for FrogWatch Canada or FrogWatches in other countries. In 2006, the National Wildlife Federation looked at FrogWatch USA for the U.S. Geological Survey. It said that FrogWatch was so good for science that the USGS should keep giving it enough money to work. It also said that FrogWatch helped teach people and it made scientific work cost less money.

## Other websites
*India Biodiversity Portal
*FrogWatch USA 
*FrogWatch Canada

## References
Jiří Jirmal

**Jiří Jirmal** (24 April 1925 – 11 December 2019) was a Czech jazz classical guitarist and composer. He was born in Prague. Some of his compositions had elements of Brazilian music. He worked for the musical background for Gene Deitch's 1962 Tom and Jerry cartoon *Tall in the Trap*.

Jirmal died in Prague on 11 December 2019 at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*Jiri Jirmal - guitar player, teacher and composer
Peter Snell

**Sir Peter George Snell**  (17 December 1938 – 12 December 2019) was a New Zealand middle-distance runner. He won three Olympic gold medals.

Snell was voted New Zealand's "Sports Champion of the (20th) Century". He was one of 24 inaugural members of the International Association of Athletics Federations Hall Of Fame named in 2012. 

Snell died at his home in Dallas, Texas on 12 December 2019 of cardiovascular disease at the age of 80.

## References
Ushiomaru Motoyasu

**Ushiomaru Motoyasu** (born **Motoyasu Sano**; May 11, 1978 &ndash; December 12, 2019) was a Japanese sumo wrestler. He was born in Shizuoka, Japan. He began his professional career in 1994 and first reached the top division in 2002. His highest rank was *maegashira* 10. He retired in May 2009.

Motoyasu died of blood cancer in Tokyo on December 12, 2019 at the age of 41.

## References
PHASE 2

**PHASE 2** (born **Lonny Wood**; August 2, 1955 &ndash; December 13, 2019) was an American aerosol artist. He was born in New York City. He was known as member of the Zulu Nation. He was active in the 1970s. Phase 2 was known for creating the "bubble letter" style of graffiti writing. He was also influential in the early hip hop scene.

Phase 2 died on December 13, 2019 in New York City from Lou Gehrig's disease-related problems, aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
*Adam Mansbach interview with PHASE 2
*"Writer of the Storm", Raw Vision interview with PHASE 2
Stein, St. Gallen

**Stein** was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality called Nesslau.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Mouse Trouble

***Mouse Trouble*** is a *Tom and Jerry* short released in 1944, directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, with music direction by Scott Bradley. It that year it won an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
Brunnadern

**Brunnadern** was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was an independent municipality until 1 January 2009, when it joined together with Mogelsberg and St. Peterzell to become the municipality called Neckertal.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
*
Conway Springs, Kansas

**Conway Springs** is a city in Sumner County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 1,086 people lived there.

Captain Hiram Cranmer built the first home in Conway Springs.

## Geography 
Conway Springs is at  (37.389546, -97.644332).

According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.

### Climate 
Conway Springs has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system says that Conway Springs has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

## Demographics 
### 2020 census 
The 2020 census says that there were 1,086 people, 430 households, and 285 families living in Conway Springs. Of the households, 73.0% owned their home and 27.0% rented their home.

The median age was 36.3 years. Of the people, 93.0% were White, 0.7% were Native American, 0.1% were Asian, 0.3% were from some other race, and 5.9% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the people.

### 2010 census 
The 2010 census says that there were 1,272 people, 450 households, and 313 families living in the city.

## Education 
* Conway Springs USD 356 public school district

## Notable people 
* Lloyd Bishop, baseball player
* Harvey H. Nininger, born in Conway Springs, January 17, 1887

## References 
## Other websites 
;City
* City of Conway Springs
* Conway Springs - Directory of Public Officials
;Schools
* USD 356, local school district
;Maps
* Conway Springs City Map , KDOT
2038

## Predicted and scheduled events
### January
* January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1942 will enter the public domain in the United States.
### Date unknown
*The 2038 Winter Olympics will be held.
*The 2038 FIFA World Cup will be held

## Events 
* At January 19 2038 at 3:14:07 UTC, due to the year 2038 problem, Signed 32-bit unix time will overflow and revert to December 13 1901 at 20:45:52 UTC.
Wattwil

**Wattwil** is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, Krinau became a part of Wattwil.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the municipality of Wattwil
Cisco, Texas

**Cisco** is a city in Eastland County, Texas, United States. The population was 3,883 at the 2020 census.

## References
Happy Shopper

, Leeds]]

**Happy Shopper** is a British wholesaler. The brand was first owned by Nurdin and Peacock. Nurdin and Peacock is brought by Booker Group in November 1996. 

The name was also widely used for a convenience store franchise between 1971 and 1998. As of 2013, very few stores still operate as Happy Shopper. Most Happy Shopper stores names were changed to Premier Stores brand during 2000s. Premier store is another brand by Booker Group.

Happy Shopper convenience products are sold to independent convenience stores,  discount stores, as well as cash and carry companies. Products include groceries, frozen foods, carbonated drinks, prepackaged/dried foods and confectionery, and are an own brand by Premier.

Happy Shopper's first logo was a smiling face with golden hair. In 2000, that logo was changed to a new design by *Partners In Communication*, a design consultant company. The new logo caused some controversy.

## References
## Other websites
* Booker Group website
Victor, Montana

**Victor** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ravalli County, Montana, United States. The population was 789 at the 2020 census.

## References
Victor, South Dakota

**Victor** is an unincorporated community in Roberts County, in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

## History 
Victor was planned out in 1913, and named after Victor Township, in which it is located. A post office called Victor was created in 1913, and remained in operation until 1955.

## References
Karvinen

**Karvinen** is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

* Eetu Karvinen (born 1993), Finnish ice hockey player
* Michelle Karvinen (born 1990), Danish-Finnish ice hockey player
* Shirly Karvinen (born 1993), Miss Finland 2016
Luray, Kansas

**Luray** is a city in Russell County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 166.

## References
Xbox Series X and Series S

The **Xbox Series X** (also known as **Xbox Scarlett**, **Project Scarlett** or simply **Scarlett**) is a video game console announced by Microsoft during E3 2019, which launched on November 10, 2020. It is the successor of the Xbox One. The Xbox System Software is the same as the Xbox One, with enhanced features such as animated backgrounds.

## References
;Notes
Six (musical)

***Six*** is a British musical with book, music and lyrics by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss. The musical is about King Henry VIII's six wives. It features the six women singing about their lives with him, and competing to see who had it the worst. In the end, they decide that they should embrace all of their own stories and accomplishments.

## References
Gaiserwald

**Gaiserwald** is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Skittle Green

**Skittle Green** is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton in the county of Buckinghamshire, England.

Skittle Green is northwest to the village of Bledlow, very near the Oxfordshire boundary.

## Other websites 
*
Bledlow-cum-Saunderton

**Bledlow-cum-Saunderton** is a civil parish in the Wycombe district of Buckinghamshire, England. The villages of Bledlow, Bledlow Ridge and Saunderton and the hamlets of Crownfield, Forty Green, Holly Green, Pitch Green, Rout's Green, Saunderton Lee and Skittle Green are there. The 2011 census reported it had a population of 2,469.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bledlow Parish Church
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

The **Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic** (**Latvian SSR**; ; , *Latviyskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika*), also known as **Soviet Latvia** or **Latvia**, was part of the Soviet Union, and existed from 1918 to 1920, and from 1940 to 1990.
Stig Sollander

**Stig Oskar Sollander** (25 June 1926 – 12 December 2019) was a Swedish alpine skier. He competed in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics. He had his best results in the slalom. He finished fifth in 1952 and winning Sweden's first Olympic medal in alpine skiing, a bronze in 1956.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Isopropyl alcohol

**Isopropyl alcohol**, also known as **2-propanol**, **propan-2-ol**, or just **isopropanol**, is a chemical compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It has the chemical formula  or . Isopropyl alcohol is a common active ingredient in rubbing alcohol. It is also a common solvent, used in some nail polish removers and dry erase markers.

## Safety 
Isopropyl alcohol evaporates very quickly and is very flammable, so it should be kept away from fire or any potential ignition source.

Isopropyl alcohol is more toxic than ethanol, but less toxic than methanol. Death from isopropanol consumption is rare.

## Related pages
*1-Propanol
Bernard Lavalette

**Bernard Lavalette** (20 January 1926 – 14 December 2019) was a French actor, singer and comedian. He was born in Paris. Lavalette was best known for his roles in *The Bureaucrats* (1959), *Heaven Sent* (1963), *Thomas the Impostor* (1964), *Le gendarme se marie* (1968) and *The Apprentice Heel* (1977).

Lavalette died on 14 December 2019 in Paris at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
Vladimir Tsyplakov

**Vladimir Viktorovich Tsyplakov** (; April 18, 1969 &ndash; December 14, 2019)  was a Belarusian professional ice hockey player winger.  He was drafted in the third round, 59th overall, by the Los Angeles Kings in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft.

Tsyplakov was also an assistant coach with the Belarus men's national ice hockey team.

## International Statistics
## References
Sweet Home, Oregon

**Sweet Home** is a city in Linn County, Oregon, United States. The population was 9,828 at the 2020 census.

## References
Linn County, Oregon

**Linn County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 128,610. The county seat is Albany. 

## References
James P. McCarthy

**James P. McCarthy** (born March 7, 1935) is a retired United States Air Force general. He was Deputy Commander in Chief of the United States European Command. He was the ARDI Professor of National Security at the United States Air Force Academy.

## References
Bledlow Ridge

**Bledlow Ridge** is a village in the civil parish of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton in Buckinghamshire, England. In 2004, 940 people lived there. It is in the Chiltern Hills, about 4 miles SSW of Princes Risborough and on the road between the High Wycombe and Chinnor.

The hamlet was first in the ecclesiastical parish of Bledlow. It became separate in 1868 when the new chapel, dedicated to St Paul, was constructed.

As is common with other similar villages in the Chiltern Hills, properties have become increasingly in demand due to its location and the improvement in rail connections and road connections to London. It has a recently refurbished village shop, *The Country Store* (formerly the "Kedai"), and a local school, Bledlow Ridge School. Bledlow Ridge has a number of clubs, such as 'Bridge', a youth club and a cricket club. As well as the corner shop, there is also an Equestrian Centre, park, tennis courts and a cricket pitch the 'Bledlow Ridge Cricket Club' owns. Yoesden, south of Chinnor Road, is a nature reserve the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust manages.

## Notable residents
*Sir Stuart Hampson – Former Chairman of the John Lewis Partnership.
*Stewart Copeland - Founder and drummer of The Police.

## References
## Other websites
Häggenschwil

**Häggenschwil** is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
James McCarthy

**James J. McCarthy** (January 25, 1944 – December 11, 2019) was an American oceanographer and environmentalist. He was a Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard and was President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from February 2008 to February 2009.

He was on the faculty of the Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment. He was born in Sweet Home, Oregon.

McCarthy died on December 11, 2019 at the age of 75.

## References
Leiocarpaea

A new name for *Bunias cochlearoides* perennial (rarely biennial) herbaceous plant, a species of the genus ***Leiocarpaea*** (Bunias) of the Cabbage family, or Brassicaceae
Lancaster, Texas

**Lancaster** is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States. The population was 41,275 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb of Dallas and part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.

## References
Pemiscot County, Missouri

**Pemiscot County** is a county in the southeast part of Missouri, United States. Its county seat is Caruthersville. In 2020, 15,661 people lived there.

## References
Butler County, Missouri

**Butler County** is a county in southeast Missouri, United States. The county seat is Poplar Bluff. In 2020, 42,130 people lived there.

## References
Richard G. Hatcher

**Richard Gordon Hatcher** (July 10, 1933 – December 13, 2019) was an American Democratic politician and lawyer. He was the first African-American Mayor of Gary, Indiana for 20 years, from 1968 to 1988. Hatcher also was vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee in the early 1980s. He was born in Michigan City, Indiana.

Hatcher died at the Mercy Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago on December 13, 2019 at the age of 86.

## References
Mississippi County, Missouri

**Mississippi County** is a county in Missouri, United States. It is found in the southeast corner of the state. The county seat is Charleston. In 2020, 12,577 people lived in the county.

## References
Kohei Matsumoto

, is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward for SC Sagamihara. He was born in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.

## Career
Matsumoto joined Kokushikan University's football club in 2013, and joined Nagoya Grampus in 2017. Then he was loaned to SC Sagamihara in July 2018. On 10 January 2019, Matsumoto joined FC Maruyasu Okazaki.

## Club statistics
*Updated to 3 September 2018*.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile at J. League 
*Profile at Nagoya Grampus
Welsh National War Memorial

The **Welsh National War Memorial** () is in Alexandra Gardens, Cathays Park, Cardiff. The memorial commemorates the servicemen who died during the First World War and has a commemorative plaque for those who died during the Second World War, added in 1949.

## References
A Darkling Plain

***A Darkling Plain*** is the fourth book of the *Mortal Engines Quartet* written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2006.
News Gothic

**News Gothic** is a sans-serif typeface made in 1908 by Morris Fuller Benton. The typeface was used by his company, American Type Founders. News Gothic is like Franklin Gothic, but much lighter.

News Gothic, like other typefaces made by Benton, is a grotesque model. It resembles other serif typefaces made in the time period. The letters are compact, and the descenders (like the tails of **g** and **y**) do not go down far. It is different from other sans-serif typefaces, because it is light and has more open letters.

## References
Philip Reeve

**Philip Reeve** (born Brighton, England, 28 February 1966) is an English writer.

On November 18, 2020, upon asked whether *Mortal Engines* would be rebooted for the television screens, he responded that, while that would be nice, it seemed unlikely.

## Bibliography 
### Mortal Engines Quartet
* *Mortal Engines* (2001)
* ''Predator's Gold* (2003)
* *Infernal Devices* (2005)
* *A Darkling Plain* (2006)

### Railhead trilogy
* *Railhead* (2014)
* *Black Light Express* (2016)
* *Station Zero* (2018)

#### Companion books
* *Traction City* (2011)
* *Night Flights* (2018)
* *The Illustrated World of Mortal Engines* (2018)

### Other works
* *Utterly Dark & the Face of the Deep'' (2021)

## References
Mortal Engines

***Mortal Engines*** is the first book of the *Mortal Engines Quartet* written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2001.

## References
Predator's Gold

'''''Predator's Gold'''* is the second book of the *Mortal Engines Quartet'' written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2003.
List of Xeon microprocessors

The following are lists of Intel Xeon microprocessors. The lists are separated by the size on microarchitecture used to create them.

* List of Xeon microprocessors (45 to 22 nm)
* List of Xeon microprocessors (14 nm and smaller)

## Related pages
* Intel Xeon chipsets
* List of AMD Opteron microprocessors
* AMD's zen-architecture server processors
* List of Intel microprocessors
* Xeon
* Xeon Phi

## Other websites 
* SSPEC/QDF Reference (Intel)
* Intel Xeon Processor Finder
* Intel Processor Numbers
* Intel prices up Woodcrest, Tulsa server chips 
* Intel Xeon 7100 16 MB L3 model launch on Aug 27 
* Intel Quietly Ships New Quad-Core Xeon 
* INTEL Announces New Xeon CPUs
* Intel Core Microarchitecture-Based Processor Line-Up Expands to Communications Solutions
* Dual-Core Xeon Processor LV and ULV Specification Update
* Intel Marks Energy-Efficient Milestone With 50-Watt, High-Performing Quad-Core Server Processors
* Quad-core Intel Xeon processor specifications 
* Intel's Fundamental Advance in Transistor Design Extends Moore's Law, Computing Performance
* Intel Xeon 5000 Sequence processor specifications 
* New Intel Server Processors: Fewer Watts, High Performance
* Intel ARK: Intel Xeon Processor Family
* Intel Xeon Processor E5 v3 Product Family: Processor Specification Update, Intel, November 2014 (see pp.&nbsp;8&ndash;11 for turbo bins)
* Bringing Intel Xeon to notebook PCs, Intel, 7 August 2015
Infernal Devices

**Infernal Devices** may refer to:
* *Infernal Devices* (K. W. Jeter novel), a 1987 novel by K. W. Jeter
* *Infernal Devices* (Philip Reeve novel), a novel by Philip Reeve
* *The Infernal Devices*, a series of novels by Cassandra Clare
John Nicholas (ice hockey)

**John Allen Nicholas** (2 May 1930 – 1966) is an Australian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Winter Olympics.

## References
## Other websites
* John Nicholas at Hockey-Reference.com
* John Allen Nicholas at IceLegendsAustralia.com
* 
*