open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Emperor of India

**Emperor/Empress of India** (***Shahanshah-e-Hind*** in Hindustani) was used as a title by the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, and also by the British monarchs during their rule in British India.

Sometimes, the term "Emperor of India" is also used to refer to Indian emperors such as Ashoka the Great of the Maurya Dynasty and Emperor Akbar of the Mughal empire. However, they did not claim this title for themselves.

## Bahadur Shah II 
Although the Mughal dynasty ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th century onwards, they simply used the title '**Shahanshah**' (considered in the West to be the same as *emperor*). However during the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British, the rebel sepoys seized Delhi and called the Mughal Bahadur Shah II as *Shahanshah-e-Hind,* or Emperor of India. After the British defeated the rebels, he was captured and was forced to live in Rangoon, Burma in 1858, this ended the rule of the Mughals.

## British monarchs 
 as Abanazer from the pantomime version of Aladdin offering Victoria an imperial crown in exchange for a royal one.]]
After the Mughal Emperor ended by the British East India Company, the title "Empress of India" was taken by Queen Victoria from 1 May 1876. 

Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli is usually credited with creating the title for her. Also, the title was created when it became evident that Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, would become an empress when her husband ascended the German imperial throne, many people thought it was wrong for the daughter to be an empress while her mother was just a Queen.

When Victoria died, and her son Edward VII ascended the throne, his title became "Emperor of India". The title continued until India and Pakistan became independent from the United Kingdom at midnight on 14/15 August 1947.

When signing their name for Indian business, a British King-Emperor or the Queen-Empress used the initials *R&nbsp;I* (*Rex/Regina Imperator/Imperatrix*) or the shorter version *Ind. Imp.* (*Indiae Imperator/Imperatrix*) after their name. This was also used on many British coins, including some 1948 coins of George VI.

### King of India and Pakistan 
George VI continued to hold the title **King of India** for two years during the short Governor-Generalships of Lord Mountbatten and of C. Rajagopalachari until India became a republic on 26 January 1950. George VI remained as King of the United Kingdom and **King of Pakistan** until his death in 1952. Pakistan became a republic on 23 March 1956, Elizabeth II was **Queen of Pakistan** for four years.

## Related pages
* Mughal Empire
* Governor-General of Pakistan
* Governor-General

## Notes
Balochistan forest dormouse

The **Balochistan forest dormouse** (*Dryomys niethammeri*) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Pakistan.

## References
* Gippoliti S. 2002. Dryomys niethammeri . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
*Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in *Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference*. D E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Baluchistan pygmy jerboa

The **Baluchistan pygmy jerboa** (*Salpingotulus michaelis*) is a species of rodent in the Dipodidae family. It is the only species in the genus *Salpingotulus*. It is endemic to Pakistan.
Syrian brown bear

The **Syrian brown bear** (*Ursus arctos syriacus*) is the smallest subspecies of brown bear.

They are omnivorous, eating almost any type of food, including meat, grass, and fruits.
Himalayan brown bear

The **Himalayan brown bear** (*Ursus arctos isabellinus*) is a subspecies of the brown bear. Himalayan brown bear are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour. They are found in the foothills of the Himalaya and northern Pakistan, but are not found past Dachigam and Kashmir.

People also claim to have mistaken of what they thought was a Yeti (a Himalayan mythological ape-like creature) but was actually a Himalayan brown bear.
Bharal

The **bharal** or **Himalayan blue sheep** (*Pseudois nayaur*) is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.
The bharal (Pseudois nayaur), also called the blue sheep, is a caprine native to the high Himalayas. It is the only member of the genus Pseudois

The bharal is found in the high Himalayas of Nepal, Tibet, China, Kashmir, Pakistan, Bhutan and the Republic of India.

The bharal has horns that grow upwards, curve out and then towards the back, somewhat like an upside down mustache.

Bharal are active throughout the day, feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes. With their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal stay motionless when approached. Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camouflage to blend into the rock face.

Where they overlap, they are the favourite prey of snow leopards and leopards. A few lambs fall prey to foxes or eagles.

These medium-sized caprids are 115 to 165 cm (45 to 65 in) long along the head-and-body, with a tail of 10 to 20 cm (3.9 to 7.9 in). They stand 69 to 91 cm (27 to 36 in) high at the shoulder. Body mass can range from 35 to 75 kg (77 to 165 lb). Males are slightly larger than females. Dense coat is slate grey in colour, sometimes with a bluish sheen. The underparts and backs of the legs are white, while the chest and fronts of the legs are black. Separating the grey back and white belly is a charcoal-colored stripe. The ears are small, and the bridge of the nose is dark. The horns are found in both sexes and are ridged on the upper surface. In males, they grow upwards, then turn sideways and curve backward, looking somewhat like an upside-down mustache. They may grow to a length of 80 cm (31 in). In females, the horns are much shorter and straighter, growing up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long.
## References
Disk partitioning

**Disk partitioning** is about making a physical or logical hard disk usable by the operating system. Each disk partition can be used like a hard disk by the operating system. A hard disk can be divided into many partitions. This is especially useful for:
*Keeping the user data independent of the operating system. There will be one partition with the operating system on it, and one with the user data. Also if there is a problem with one file system, this does usually not affect the other file systems.
*Some operating systems (those that are made like UNIX or Linux) use disk partitions for virtual memory
*Using a boot loader it is possible to run many operating systems on the same computer. This is known as *multi-booting*.
*Increasing security: Certain operating systems allow to limit the access to a file system (for example: read-only, do not allow executable files, do not allow system files)

]]

Usually each partition contains exactly one file system. It depends on what you use, but for some simple examples: Windows partitions will use FAT32 (**File Allocation Table**), and for the main system partition use NTFS (**New Technology File System**). For MacOS systems, the primary system partition uses APFS (**Apple File System**). For Linux, the filesystems can vary, but on average you'd have a boot partition in FAT format, and either EXT4 or BTRFS for the main system partition.
Blackbuck

The **blackbuck** (*Antilope cervicapra*) is a species of antelope. It lives mainly in western India, but also in parts of Pakistan within the Republic of India. It also lives in Nepal.

The blackbuck was once the state animal of Osmanistan. It is now the provincial animal of Eastern Punjab.
Eurasian brown bear

The **Eurasian Brown Bear** (*Ursus arctos arctos*) is a subspecies of the Brown Bear (*Ursus arctos*). It is found across northern Eurasia. It is the national animal of many countries including Finland.

## Conflict with humans
Bears are known to attack humans for many reasons but actually they avoid attacking. One reason is that if you surprise a bear it is likely to attack. The other one, is that bears enjoy to eat food, which is why people tend to avoid leaving food in the forest where bears are.

## Diet 
The Eurasian brown bear is a omnivore (which eats everything). For example, they eat:
* Ants
* Berries
* Honey
* Meat
* Grass (if there is no food)

## Related pages
* Brown Bear
BBC Radio 4

**BBC Radio 4** is a domestic UK radio station that broadcasts different spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967.

## Outline 
Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station after Radio 2. It was named "UK Radio Station of the Year" at the 2008 *Sony Radio Academy Awards*, an award it had also won in 2003 and 2004.

Radio 4 costs £71.4 million a year, and is the BBC's most expensive national radio network. Many people think of it as the corporation's flagship. There is currently no commercial network like it in the UK, although there are similar publicly owned stations in such countries as Sweden (Sveriges Radio P1) and Australia (Radio National).

Music and sport are the only subjects that generally fall outside the station's coverage. There are occasional concerts on Radio 4, and ball-by-ball commentaries of most test matches played by England cricket are broadcast on longwave. Because the longwave service can be received clearly at sea around the coasts of Britain and Ireland, Radio 4 also carries regular weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings. The station has also been designated as the UK's national broadcaster in times of national emergency such as a war, meaning that even if all other radio stations were forced to close, Radio 4 would still carry on broadcasting.

The current controller of Radio 4 is Gwyneth Williams. She is also in charge of its sister station BBC Radio 4 Extra.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*, from BBC iPlayer.
Eurasian wolf

The **Eurasian wolf** (*Canis lupus lupus*) is a subspecies of the grey wolf (*Canis lupus*). It is also known as the common wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf and Chinese Wolf. It originally lived in most of Eurasia, with a southern limit of the Himalayas in the Hindu Kush Range.

It is the largest of Old World grey wolves, averaging 39 kg (86 lb) in Europe.
## References
## Other websites
False killer whale

The **false killer whale** (*Pseudorca crassidens*) is a cetaceans and larger members of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). The species is the only member of the *Pseudorca* genus.

They live in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world. As its name implies, the false killer whale shares characteristics with the more widely known *Orca* ("killer whale"). The two species look somewhat similar and, like the orca, the false killer whale attacks and kills other cetaceans. However, the two dolphin species are not closely related.

The false killer whale has not been extensively studied in the wild by scientists; much of the data about the dolphin has been obtained by examining stranded animals.
In Flames

**In Flames** is a melodic death metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with At the Gates, are often said to be a major influence on the type of heavy metal known as "melodic death metal". The band is signed to the Century Media record label and have released nine albums.

## References
Chinese river dolphin

The **Chinese river dolphin** (*Lipotes vexillifer*)  or **baiji**  was a river dolphin. It was found only in the Yangtze River in China.  The last confirmed sighting of the baiji was in 2004 but there were possible sightings in 2007 and 2016 as well. The baiji was declared functionally extinct in 2007.  that means experts said that even if there had been a few baiji left alive in 2007, there were probably not enough left to have young and keep the species alive. The IUCN Red List says the baiji is critically endangered but not really extinct.

It was the first dolphin species that humans have made extinct.

## References
Jungle cat

The **jungle cat** (*Felis chaus*) is a successful and widespread wild cat. It ranges from Egypt in the west to China in the east, and it is common in India.

The jungle cat is the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus *Felis*. It is 20 to 37 inches in body length (50 to 97&nbsp;cm), with a  8 to 12 inch  tail (20 to 31&nbsp;cm).

True to Bergmann's rule, the felid is largest at the northern limits of its range and becomes smaller-bodied closer to the tropics.

They live in savannas, tropical dry forests and reedbeds along rivers and lakes in the lowlands, but, despite the name, are not found in rainforests. Although they are adaptable animals, being found even in dry steppe, they prefer wetland environments with tall grasses or reeds in which to hide.

## Distribution
The jungle cat lives in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, central and Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and in southern China. The jungle cat lives in places with lots of water and thick vegetation, such as swamps, wetlands, littoral and riparian areas, grasslands and shrub. It commonly lives in agricultural lands, such as fields of bean and sugarcane, in its range. It has often been seen near humans. It can even live in places with little vegetation. It is rare in places with lots of snow. Historical records show that it lives in altitudes of 2,310 m (7,580&nbsp;ft) in the Himalayas. It does not like to live in rainforests and woodlands.

In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir. In Palestine, it was recorded in the Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho and Jerusalem.

In Iran, it lives in a lot of habitat. It lives from plains and agriculture lands to mountains at altitudes of 45 to 4,178 m (148 to 13,707&nbsp;ft) in at least 23 of 31 provinces of Iran. In Pakistan, it was photographed in Haripur, Dera Ismail Khan, Sialkot Districts and Langh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary.

In India, it is the most common small wild cat. In Nepal, it was recorded in alpine habitat at altitudes of 3,000–3,300 m (9,800–10,800&nbsp;ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area.

A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.

## Feeding
The jungle cat is mostly a carnivore. It likes to eat small mammals like gerbils, hares and rodents. It also hunts birds, fish, frogs, insects and small snakes. Its prey usually weighs less than 1&nbsp;kg (2.2&nbsp;lb). Sometimes, it eats mammals as large as young gazelles. The jungle cat is a partial omnivore. It eats fruits, especially in winter.

The jungle cat hunts by stalking its prey. It then chases its prey. The jungle cats ears helps the jungle cat to know where its prey is. It uses different ways to catch prey. Like the caracal, the jungle cat can jump high into the air to catch birds. It is a great climber. The jungle cat can run up to 32&nbsp;km/h (20&nbsp;mph). It is a good swimmer. It can swim up to 1.5&nbsp;km (0.93&nbsp;mi) in water. It can jump into water to catch fish.

## References
At the Gates

**At the Gates** is a melodic death metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They are one of the first melodic death metal bands. They helped make the genre with bands such as In Flames and Dark Tranquility. At the Gates made four albums before they stopped making music in 1996. They started making music again in 2007.

## References
Indian fox

The **Bengal fox** (*Vulpes bengalensis*), also known as the **Indian fox**, is a fox. It is endemic to the Indian subcontinent, and is found from the Himalayan foothills and Terai of Nepal through southern India and from southern and eastern Pakistan to eastern India and southeastern Bangladesh.
Corsac fox

The **corsac fox** (*Vulpes corsac*), also known as the **steppe fox**, is a medium-sized Asiatic fox species. It is spread throughout the central steppes of Asia. It is very social and lives in "corsac cities" where animals have several dens with connected holes. It prefers some steppe and semi-desert in mountainous areas. It is mainly grey-reddish with silver celadon areas on their coat. The corsac fox is threatened by hunting for the fur trade.

## References
Brahmanbaria District

**Brahmanbaria** (Bengali: ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া *Bramhonbaŗia*) is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. It was part of greater Comilla District until 1984. Before 1830 the Sarail Pargana was a part of Mymensingh district. The district has 4 municipalities, 39 wards, 97 mahallas, 7 upazilas, 98 union parishads, 1052 mouzas and 1329 villages.

## Geography
Brahmanbaria District is located at the east-central region of Bangladesh. It has a total area of 1927.11&nbsp;km². Brahmanbaria is bordered by Kishoreganj District and Habiganj District on the north, Comilla District on the south, Habiganj District and Tripura State, India on the east and Meghna River, Kishoreganj District, Narsingdi District and Narayanganj District on the west.

The district is mainly by low-lying land with small hills.
Dhund (tribe)

The **Dhund Abbasi**, also written as *Dhund* or *Abbasi*, is a tribe concerned in Northern area of Pakistan. The Dhund Abbasi tribe traces its roots back to Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the uncle of Muhammad.

They are mainly settled in Abbottabad District and Murree and it's surroundings. Apart from Abbottabad and Murree, they are also found in Rawalpindi and (Bagh District) and (Muzaffarabad District) of Azad Kashmir.

The word Dhund was an honorary name given to one of their forefathers.

## Related pages
* Karlal
* Murree
* Bagh

## References
## Further reading
*
Bangladesh Standard Time

**Bangladesh Standard Time** (BST) is the time zone for Bangladesh. It is six hours ahead of UTC (UTC+6). Bangladesh does not observe any daylight saving time.

Bangladesh used summer time, making it **Bangladesh Daylight Time** (BDT). This was used from June 19 until December 31, 2009. The measure has not been used since.

## References
## Other websites
* The current time in Bangladesh
* Current local time in Dhaka
Blanford's fox

'''Blanford's fox'* (*Vulpes cana''), is a small fox. It is found in steppes and mountains of Afghanistan, Egypt (Sinaï), Turkestan, northeast Iran, SW Pakistan, the West Bank and Israel. Blanford's fox has large ears.  Its tail is almost equal in length to its body. Its coat is light tan.

## References
Western European Summer Time

:***BST** redirects here, for the Bangladeshi time zone, see Bangladesh Standard Time*

**Western European Summer Time** (**WEST**) is  a summer daylight saving time scheme, 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in the following places:
* the Canary Islands
* the Faroe Islands
* the Republic of Ireland
* the Crown dependencies
* the Madeira islands
* Continental Portugal
* the United Kingdom
* Morocco in North Africa 

Western European Summer Time is also known by other names:
* **British Summer Time** (BST) in the United Kingdom.
* **Irish Standard Time** (IST) ( (ACÉ)) in Ireland. This is sometimes called **Irish Summer Time** ().
 
The scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01:00 UTC. During the winter, Greenwich Mean Time (UTC+0) is used.

## References
Western Schism

The **Western Schism** was a split between factions of the Roman Catholic Church between 1378 and 1417.

During this period, more than one claimed to be the true pope. 

The reasons for the split were mostly political, rather than theological. The Council of Constance (1414–1418) ended the schism when they elected Martin V as the new pope.

## References
## Other websites
Frederica Sagor Maas

**Frederica Alexandrina Sagor Maas** (; July 6, 1900 – January 5, 2012) was an American playwright, screenwriter, essayist and author. She was the youngest daughter of Russian immigrants. She wrote for the film *The Plastic Age*, which helped with making Clara Bow well known. During the time of McCarthyism, Maas and her husband got into trouble because they read some works of Communism. She wrote an autobiography called *The Shocking Miss Pilgrim: A Writer in Early Hollywood*.

## Other websites 
* 
* Video of Frederica Sagor Maas at 100  from Reverie Productions
* Interview with Frederica Sagor Maas at age 99
Avignon Papacy

'') in Avignon]]
The **Avignon Papacy** refers to the 70 years when the popes lived in Avignon instead of living in Rome. Philip IV of France had forced a papal conclave to elect a French pope, who decided he did not want to live in Rome.

## History
This period started in 1309 and ended in 1376 when Pope Gregory XI returned to the pope's residence in Rome.

There was an attempt to return the papacy to Avignon, but it was not successful.

## List of Avignon popes
The Bishops of Rome who lived in Avignon were:

#Pope Clement V: 1305–1314
#Pope John XXII: 1316–1334
#Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342
#Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352
#Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362
#Pope Urban V: 1362–1370
#Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378

Two antipopes were based in Avignon as well:
*Clement VII: 1378–1394
*Benedict XIII: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403)

## Related pages 
* Western Schism

## References
## Other websites
* Avignon Tourist office website  ;
John Wycliffe

]]
**John Wycliffe** (lived from about 1320 to 1384 in England) was an English theologian. He was one of the first to translate the Christian Bible into English, the common language. His version is generally known as "Wyclif's Bible". A mission agency bearing his name, Wycliffe Bible Translators, still translates the scriptures into languages used around the world.

Wycliffe wrote that papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the scriptures and that the Bible alone should be the standard of Christian belief and practice.

His family lived in a lower social class and did not live in great wealth but was not poor either. Later, after Wycliffe had grown up, he attended Oxford University, where he earned an arts degree. He became Master of Balliol College, Oxford, in 1361. He was also given a parish in Lincolnshire, which meant he had to give up the position of Master of Balliol. He lived at Oxford for a large portion of his life and worked as a rector, a member of the clergy, at local churches.

Many other changes came to his life. Some of his ideas disagreed with the Church's, but he had the support and protection of John of Gaunt, who then ruled England.

Wycliffe encouraged the Church to benefit the sinners of the world by living a life of poverty, but not everyone agreed with his thoughts and ideas. In some of his later writings, he wrote that the Bible was the authority of the Christian religion, and it was not of the Church. In 1382, his followers, known as the *Lollards*, helped him translate the Bible. Early Protestants called him the first great reformer.

## Related pages 
*William Tyndale
*Sola scriptura

## References
## Other websites
*Wycliffe Bible Translators
White-collar crime

**White-collar crime** refers to crimes done by people who work in offices. Those people often wear shirts with white collars. This is a sign of high status.  Persons who work with their hands are sometimes called "blue collar" workers. Most white-collar crimes are done by persons in banking, business or government. The can include bribery, embezzlement, fraud or money laundering. The crimes are done along with their regular work. The term was created by Edwin Sutherland in 1939.

A related term, "fur-collar crime" refers to crimes committed by high-ranking officials, nobles and people of high status during the 15th century in Western Europe. Noble warriors, especially young bachelor knights who were not assigned any tasks, often did it. They robbed, plundered, and pillaged because they were bored and out of money. Crimes committed against a helpless peasantry by members of the nobility often went unpunished.  

## References
Sand cat

The **sand cat** (*Felis margarita*) is a small wild cat in the Felinae subfamily. It is distributed over African and Asian deserts.  Sometimes people call it "desert cat," but that is really the name of a different animal.  The sand cat does live in deserts, even the Sahara and Arabian Desert.  It is also found in Iran and Pakistan.  In zoos, this cat can live for up to 13 years.

The sand cat is about 50 cm long, not including the tail. The tail is 30 cm long and has rings on it. It weighs about 2.7 kg (6 lbs). It has sand-colored fur and a wide head with ears that can point up, out or down. There is fur on its paws so that the hot sand does not hurt it.

## Diet
In the Ténéré Desert, sand cats were seen hunting small rodents, young cape hare. They were also seen hunting greater hoopoe lark, desert monitor, sandfish, and venomous vipers. If they caught more than they could eat, they buried some to eat later.

In Israel, pieces of the Egyptian spiny-tailed lizards were found near burrows used by sand cats. They were seen hunting jirds, Cairo spiny mouse, desert lark, and small reptiles. In central Iran, pieces of the Blanford's jerboa and Balochistan gerbil were found around the dens of sand cats.

## References
Spotter

A **spotter** is someone trained to look for something. The term has the following special meanings.

* Weather spotter, an individual who observes the weather to inform other groups. 
* Storm spotter, a weather spotter who observes specific weather events.
* In the military, a spotter is a member of a sniper team.
* In weight training, a spotter will assist someone lifting a weight for safety; see spotting (weight training).
* In bouldering, a person who assists others in accident prevention; see Spotting (climbing)
* In off-roading, a person who assists the driver over obstacles; see Spotting (off-road)
* Transportation enthusiasts who enjoy watching various transport-related activities:
** Train spotter, a railfan.
** An aircraft spotter, someone who engages in aircraft spotting.
** A bus spotter, someone who engages in bus spotting.
* A British term for a police or military intelligence informant.
* Spotter (auto racing), a term used in auto racing
* A local writer for Spotted by Locals
Burlap

**Burlap**, also known as **hessian,** is a woven, rough cloth, made from jute, hemp, or other fiber. 

Burlap is often sewn into large sacks for packing and shipping bulk foods such as dried beans and grains. After filling, the sack can be sewn closed and the stitching opened so the sack can be reused.

## References
Sniper scope

A **sniper scope** or **telecopic sight** is a kind of telescope that is attached to a rifle. These scopes can help a sniper aim and hit a target far away. 

Usually, they are made of metal, with glass on each end. They show markings to help aim. A rifle scope works by enlarging target area so you can aim more accurately. Scopes differ from iron sights, which are usually used in crossbows or some machine guns.

The scope hasn’t been around forever. In fact, scopes are relatively new inventions, dating back to the late 19th century. A book published in 1844 called *the Improved American Rifle* documents some of the first rifle markers manufactured in New York. The idea of using a telescope tube came in 10 years later. Willian Malcolm, a New York manufacturer, introduced optics to lenses.

It was during the World War 1 when rifle scopes saw big improvements. With trench warfare came the rise of the snipers.

Back then, 6x magnification was considered a feat. But with today’s technology, we could use even 10x magnification scopes with rifles.

## References
Government of India Act 1935

The **Government of India Act 1935** was the last constitution of British India which split Burma from it. It lasted until 1947, when British territory was split into Pakistan and India.

Features of the act:

* Detailed document with 321 sections and 10 schedules.
* Divided powers between the Centre and units in terms of 3 lists: Federal list (59 items), Provincial list (54 items) and Concurrent list (36 items).
* Gave Indian provinces much less independence.
* Provision for the establishment of an All India Federation at the center, consisting of Provinces of British India and the Princely states. 
* For the first time direct elections were introduced. Women were also allowed to vote.
* Sindh was separated from Bombay, Orissa was separated from Bihar, and Burma was separated from India. The number of provinces were increased to eleven by giving North West Frontier Province (NWFP) the status of fully-fledged province and creating two new provinces, Orissa and Sindh.
* The System of Diarchy was dropped at the provincial level but introduced at the central government level.
* Two Houses of Parliament at central government level were introduced with Council of State being the Upper House and Assembly being the Lower House.
* Special Responsibilities and Safeguards vested in British Executive power in London
* Introduced the Reserve bank of India to look after the cash flow and printing processes

## Background 
Despite the failure of round table conferences, in March 1933 the British government announced its proposals for how India should be governed. These were published in a 'white paper' (a discussion issued before a Bill is presented to the British parliament). After discussions by the British politicians and consultation with Indian delegates, nominated by the government to take part in the talks, a Bill was introduced before the British parliament in December 1934. In August 1935, the Government of India Act became law. This was the last major legislation that the British government passed before independence was granted. The act was an important point in the move towards formal Independence. It provided the basis for negotiations which resulted in the British leaving India.
This act was opposed by both the Muslim League and Congress however both contested in the elections of 1937.
Ghillie suit

using a ghillie suit to remain hidden]]
 soldier in ghillie suit in 2018]]
A **ghillie suit** is a special kind of military camouflage suit used by snipers. It is made of netting, with woven threads of burlap, yute, and other fibers in to help hide the sniper's body outline. Ghillie suits are heavy, usually weighing 3-10 pounds or more, and can become very hot. They also can catch on objects when used in the woods and make movement difficult. Still, they are one of the best kinds of camouflage a sniper can use. With a properly made ghillie suit that matches the terrain around him, a sniper can be almost invisible, even to a soldier right next to him.

## Other websites 
* How to Make a Ghillie Suit: A Step-by-Step Guide
Answering machine

An **answering machine** (other names are **answerphone**, **ansaphone**, **ansafone** and **Telephone Answering Device** (TAD)) is a machine. It is attached to a telephone line. If the phone is not answered after a few rings, it will play a message to the caller. The caller can then leave a message (after a sound that has become known as *the beep*). It is different form voicemail which is based in the network. Answering machines are installed at home (or at the office).

At first, answering machines used tapes (a smaller version of audio cassettes). Today, most systems use computer memory to store the messages and the prerecorded text. Many systems allow to listen to the left messages by simply calling the answering machine. Answering machines also have a system to save costs: If there are no new messages, there will be fewer rings.
The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)

***The Daily Telegraph*** is a newspaper published in Sydney, Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited. It started in 1879.

## Other websites
**The Daily Telegraph* homepage
The Daily Telegraph

:*For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia, see The Daily Telegraph (Australia).*

***The Daily Telegraph*** is a British daily morning broadsheet newspaper, which began in 1855. The newspaper was started by Arthur B. Sleigh in June 1855 as the ***Daily Telegraph and Courier***, and since 2004 has been owned by David and Frederick Barclay.

In January 2008, the *Telegraph* was the highest selling newspaper among British broadsheets and former broadsheets, with selling an average of 842,912 copies each day. This compared to 617,483 for *The Times*, 358,844 for *The Guardian*, and 215,504 for *The Independent*. In August 2010 the paper sold 673,010 copies, against 494,205 for *The Times*.

It has been described as conservative and right-wing.

## References
## Other websites
* Telegraph.co.uk
Missy Higgins

**Missy Higgins** (born **Melissa Morrison Higgins** on 19 August 1983) is an Australian singer and songwriter. She has released five studio albums.

## Biography
### Early life and work
Higgins was born in Melbourne, Australia. She was a student at Geelong Grammar School. Most of her spare time at the school was spent in a music room, playing the piano. When she was 15 years old, she wrote a song called "All for Believing" that got an "A" in a school assignment. The next year, Higgins went to a record label, but was denied because she had not written any other songs. She began writing new songs. In the meantime, her sister sent "All for Believing" to Triple J, and it won an "Unearthed" competition. Because of this, record labels Sony and EMI both contacted her. Higgins chose "Eleven", a part of EMI.

## References
Clouded leopard

in action]]

The **clouded leopard** (*Neofelis nebulosa*) is a rare cat species. Its total population may be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals.

Clouded leopards hunt in trees as well as on the ground. Their prey are monkeys and birds. They are one of the few cats who are arboreal.

The genetic analysis of specimens of *Neofelis nebulosa* and its close relative *Neofelis diardi* suggests the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago. A group crossed a now submerged land bridge to Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia. And, the Sunda clouded leopard is different enough on the two large islands to be classed as two subspecies.

## References
Peking University

**Peking University** (PKU; Beijing University) is a prestigious university in Beijing, China. It was created in 1898. The university is also known as **Beida** and is associated with C9 League. Peking University ranked as the 22nd best university in the 2020 QS World University Rankings.

## History
It was founded during the late Qing Dynasty in 1898. At that time, it was known as the Imperial University of Peking (京师大学堂). Its English name retains the use of "Beijing" which is widely used in other contexts as well.

## References
Abstract

Abstraction is the process of leaving out certain details of an idea or a concept to make it more general. 
The word **abstract** has the following connections:
*Abstract art does not try to represent the physical world as it is.
* Abstract ideas such as "democracy" are concepts. Unlike houses and books (which are objects) they cannot be touched. Other examples of abstract ideas are speed, rarity and courage.
* In logic, if something is abstract, it is general.
* Abstract algebra compares different kinds of algebra.
* An abstract in writing is a short summary of a paper or essay that tells the  the main points. Such summaries or abstracts are common in articles published in scientific journals.
* An abstract data type (ADT), in computer programming, contains rules that an operation must satisfy in order to , but no implementation. The work is abstracted away; checks only if  and can proceed.
Seminar

**Seminar** is a conference for discussion or training. 
In college, students meet in seminars to discuss some general topic of interest. It is essentially a place where assigned readings are discussed, questions can be raised and debates can be conducted.
Vocation

A **vocation** (from the Latin word *vocātiō* meaning a calling) is a job that suits a person best. It is also the desire to do a particular job, especially a religious career like being a priest.  For religious people, a vocation is often something they feel God has asked them to do.  A vocation is followed more for spiritual or emotional reasons than  for money, which is a helpful extra benefit from a vocation but not the reason for it.

## In Christianity
Vocations meet a psychological or spiritual need for the worker, and the word can also be used for a job at which a person is gifted.  The word "vocation" comes from the Latin *vocare*, meaning "to call";.  In the past the word meant people's being called to follow Christianity.  Martin Luther was the first to use it in the modern way, to describe a life-task.

Christians believe God has created each person with gifts and talents designed for a reason.  Christians can be called to vocations that are faithful to Christian teachings, such as marriage, or to be a priest, monk or nun, chastity as a single person or the general calling to live a life that is right, for the good of the Church or humanity.

For those who are not priests or full-time religious people, Protestantism was important in telling them they still had a vocation.  Calvinism told people to work hard in life. Calvin said a Christian had two callings; a general calling to serve God and a calling to do a particular job at which they are useful.  Protestant ministers in the past said working hard gives God glory.  Without something to do, they said people were more likely to sin.

## Vocation outside of Christianity
This belief also has an impact outside of religion.  Modern occupations seen as vocations are those that involve caring or teaching, such as medicine, nursing, teaching, or veterinary work. Politics, may also be seen as a vocation. Campaigning for human rights, such as with the groups Amnesty International and Greenpeace, can also be seen as a vocation, although the word usually refers to a full-time job.  People following other religions can also feel called to do a certain job by their gods.

## References
Colin Delaney

**Colin Matthew Delaney** (born September 7, 1986) is an American professional wrestler.  He is best known for his time with  WWE on  its ECW brand. He has also wrestled for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and for many independent promotions. These include Squared Circle Wrestling, Chikara, NWA Upstate, Combat Zone Wrestling and the International Wrestling Cartel. He has wrestled using the ring names Colin Olsen and the "Extremely Cute Wrestler" Colin Delaney.

## Career 
Delaney made his World Wrestling Entertainment debut as a jobber, seen wrestling on the ECW show.  On August 15, Delaney was released by WWE.

## Personal life 
Colin has an older brother Ed who competes as "Hangin' Tough" Freddie Midnight, and younger brother Brian who competed as Mr. Bodacious.

## Championships and accomplishments 
* **Absolute Intense Wrestling**
** AIW Absolute Championship (1 time)
** AIW Tag Team Championship (6 times) – with Jimmy Olsen (1) and Cheech (5)
* **International Wrestling Cartel**
** IWC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Keith Haught
* **NWA Empire**
** NWA Empire Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
** NWA Empire Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mean Marcos
** NWA Empire Lord of the Dance Championship (1 time)
** NWA Southern Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **NWA Upstate**
** NWA Upstate Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jimmy Olsen
* **Pier 6 Wrestling**
** P6W Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
** PWI ranked #**262** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2015
* **Roc City Wrestling**
** RCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jimmy Olsen
* **Squared Circle Wrestling**
** 2CW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jimmy Olsen
* **Southern Tier Wrestling**
** STW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Cheech
* **Upstate Pro Wrestling**
** UPW No Limits Championship (1 time)
** UPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Cheech
** Upstate 8 Tournament (2018) - with Cheech
* **Xcite Wrestling**
** Xcite Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Cheech

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official MySpace 
* Online World of Wrestling profile
Philosopher's Stone

, 1771.]]

The '''Philosopher's Stone'* is a substance that alchemists believed was able to turn base (impure) metals (such as lead) into pure gold. They thought it could also be used for rejuvenation (to become younger again) and to achieve immortality (to live forever).

## In popular culture
The first *Harry Potter* book is called *Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone* (*Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'' in the United States).

The manga and anime series Fullmetal Alchemist.
WYSIWYG

**WYSIWYG** ( or ), is an acronym for ***W**hat **Y**ou **S**ee **I**s **W**hat **Y**ou **G**et*, used in computing to describe a system where things you edit on the on-screen editor appear almost the same to the final output, which might be a printed document, a web page, a PowerPoint presentation or even the lighting for a concert. Web designers often use this word to talk about their work.

## Related pages
*GUI
*Text editor
*WYSIWYM

## References 
## Other websites 
*Comparison table - open source and commercial WYSIWYG web-based editors
*ATPM.com's WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?
*What has WYSIWYG done to us?  - Serious article about the negative effects the introduction of WYSIWYG has had as of 1996.
*XML: WYSIWYG to WYSIWYM - A brief look at XML document authoring  An article on existing XML authoring software (May 2005)
* The Jargon File entry for WYSIWYG
*Online demonstration WYSIWYG Examples  - Two, online demonstration editors for making web pages or PDFs.
*ATPM.com's WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?
Golden jackal

The **golden jackal** (*Canis aureus*), also called the **Asiatic**, **Oriental** or **common jackal** is a carnivorous mammal of the Canidae family.

It is native to southeastern Europe, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and South Asia. It is the largest of the jackals, and the only species of jackal to live outside Africa. 13 subspecies of golden jackal are recognised.
Gary Gygax

**Ernest Gary Gygax** (July 27, 1938 – March 4, 2008) (IPA: ) was an American writer and game designer. He was best known for co-creating the early role-playing game *Dungeons & Dragons* (*D&amp;D*) with Dave Arneson in 1974. Gygax is often thought of as one of the first people to make role-playing games.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Interviews and Q&As
**
**
**Q&A with Gary Gygax at Dragonsfoot
**The Ultimate Interview with Gary Gygax at thekyngdoms.com
**Dungeons & Dragons Creator Gary Gygax Passes Away; Interview on BoingBoing Gadgets

*Obituaries
** *The Times* Obituary, March 5, 2008 
** *The Guardian* Obituary, March 7, 2008 (Note the similarity to this Wikipedia entry)
**
**The Economist, March 13 2008
**Obituary and notice of release of Gygax's last novel: Infernal Sorceress, July 2, 2008
Chinkara

The **Chinkara** (*Gazella bennettii*) or **Jabeer Gazelle** is a species of gazelle found in South Asia. It lives in grasslands and desert areas in the Republic of India, Bangladesh and parts of Iran and Pakistan. It is also known as the **Indian Gazelle** (*Gazella gazella bennetti*).

## References
OpenOffice Calc

**OpenOffice Calc** is the spreadsheet part of the OpenOffice software package.

Calc is similar to Microsoft Excel, with almost the same abilities. Calc is capable of opening and saving spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel's file format. It provides a number of features not present in Excel, including a system which automatically defines a series for graphing based on the layout of the user's data. Calc is also capable of writing spreadsheets directly as PDF files.

The default file format for OpenOffice Calc version 2.x or 3.x can be set to either Microsoft Excel's native file format or the Open Document Format (ODF). Calc also supports a wide range of other file formats, for both opening and saving files.

Just like the entire OpenOffice package, Calc can be used on many operating systems, including Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD and Solaris. Available under the Apache License, Calc is free software.

## Specifications 
Calc can store a maximum of 65,536 rows with 1024 OOoo columns in each sheet, with a maximum of 256 sheets.  There is a way to increase these limits, but it is only suitable for ODF and text-based formats, as there is a risk of data turning unusable for binary formats such as Microsoft Excel's file format.
Version 2 of Calc was able to store a maximum of 65,536 rows with 256 columns in each sheet, with a maximum of 256 sheets.
Prior to V2.0, the limit on the number of rows was 32,0000.

## Special abilities 
Abilities of Calc include:
* Open source software
* Available on many operating systems, including Microsoft Windows,Mac OS X, Linux, Unix, etc.
* Ability to read/write OpenDocument, Excel .xls, CSV, and several other file formats.
* Able to handle dates on or before 1900 correctly (many spreadsheet applications, including Microsoft Excel, have a year 1900 bug and cannot handle dates before January 1, 1900).
* Support for a large number of functions, including those for imaginary numbers, as well as financial statistical functions.

## Missing features 
In some cases, Calc lacks a GUI  to access certain advanced features that other spreadsheet software have, such as statistical abilities like error bar support on graphs, and polynomial regression analysis, however, many of these calculations can still be performed by manually entering the functions. Another FOSS application called Gnumeric provides easier access to these statistical analysis features by showing them to users with a wizard.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Calc information page
* OpenOffice.org Spreadsheet Project 
* Spreadsheet FAQ
* Official OpenOffice Documentation Wiki. Select any of the Calc sections
* Free lessons for OpenOffice.org Calc