open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
2007 Formula One World Championship

The **2007 Formula One** season was the 58th edition of the championship. Kimi Räikkönen won the championship by one point. Ferrari won the constructor's championship.

## Teams and drivers 
## New car launches 
The following teams launched their 2007 entries as below.

## Formula One 2007 race schedule 
## Results and standings 
### Grands Prix 
* † Fernando Alonso qualified in pole position but was demoted 5 places due to blocking Lewis Hamilton in the pit lane.
* ‡ McLaren were not awarded a trophy on the podium.
* ‡* McLaren were not awarded constructors points or a trophy on the podium.

#### Constructors statistics 
* † After an incident at the end of Qualifying Session 3 at the Hungarian Grand Prix, an FIA decision was made that, due to team infringements during qualifying, McLaren would not be awarded any points. The drivers, however, do retain the points won. (Alonso was demoted five places from pole on the start grid).15 points were lost by the team in this event and if the team were to not be excluded from all of the other events, the team would still be behind Ferrari. This punishment could have been appealed, but the team did not following the greater punishment later.
* ‡ McLaren lost all their points in the Constructors Championship as a result of a World Motorsport Council decision over the espionage controversy.

## References
1999 Formula One World Championship

won his second title with McLaren.]]
The **1999 Formula One** season was the 50th edition of the championship. The champion was Mika Häkkinen. Ferrari won the constructor's championship. Michael Schumacher was injured on the first lap of the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. His brakes failed, and he broke his leg. He missed 6 races and returned at the Malaysian Grand Prix.

__TOC__

## Drivers and constructors 
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1999 FIA Formula One World Championship.

## Formula One 1999 race schedule
## Results and standings
### Grands Prix
#### Scoring system 
### Drivers
Pole position in **Bold**.
Fastest lap in *Italics*.
 Driver did not finish the Grand Prix. Driver was classified (ranked) because they finished over 90% of the race.

### Constructors standings 
Pole position in **Bold**.
Fastest lap in *Italics*.
 Driver did not finish the Grand Prix. Driver was classified (ranked) because they finished over 90% of the race.

#### Constructors summary
1992 Formula One World Championship

The **1992 Formula One** season was the 43rd edition of the championship. The champion was Nigel Mansell in a close battle. Williams won the constructors championship.

## Drivers and constructors 
## References
1991 Formula One World Championship

The** 1991 Formula One** season was the 42nd edition of the championship. The champion was Ayrton Senna. McLaren won the constructors championship.

## Drivers and constructors
2000 Formula One World Championship

The **2000 Formula One** season was the 51st edition of the championship. The Driver's Champion was Michael Schumacher in a close battle. Ferrari won the Constructor's Championship.

__TOC__

## Drivers and constructors 
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2000 FIA Formula One World Championship.

## Formula One 2000 race schedule
## Results and standings
### Grands Prix
### Drivers
|

|}

### Constructors
1951 Formula One season

The **1951 Formula One season** was the second edition of the championship. The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle.

## Season review
## 1951 Drivers Championship final standings
|valign="top"|

|}
*  Fastest lap (1 point awarded)
* † Position shared between more drivers of the same car
* Only the best 4 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.

## Non-Championship race results
Other Formula One races, which did not count towards the World Championship, also held in 1951.
2005 Formula One World Championship

The **2005 Formula One** season was the 56th edition of the championship. The champion was Fernando Alonso in the close battle. Renault F1 won the constructor's championship.

## Teams and drivers 
### Driver changes 
The most noticeable change to the 2005 season was its driver lineup — only 7 drivers raced for the same team with which they began the 2004 season, another 7 drivers switched to new teams.

### Team changes 
Red Bull Racing, which took over the Jaguar team, ran with Cosworth engines. Red Bull's lead driver is veteran Scotsman David Coulthard, paired with Christian Klien, the '04 Jaguar driver. Red Bull performed well, scoring 11 points after the first two events. Toyota-powered Jordan Grand Prix was purchased by Midland Group, although the team continued as Jordan until 2006. Sauber switched from Bridgestone to Michelin tyres over the winter, further severing their ties with the Ferrari team.

Shortly after the United States Grand Prix, Peter Sauber sold BMW a majority share in his Sauber team, which announced its intention to run as BMW's factory team in 2006.

## Results and standings 
The 2005 Formula One calendar featured a new event in Turkey, just miles from the Europe-Asia dividing line. The newly-built circuit in Istanbul joined the 2004 newcomers Bahrain and China. The 2005 season witnessed two of the hottest grands prix ever: the track temperature at the beginning of the Malaysian event was 51&nbsp;°C (124&nbsp;°F), while in Bahrain the mercury soared past 56&nbsp;°C (133&nbsp;°F).

### Grands Prix 
### Drivers 
### Constructors 
#### Standing by constructor 
|valign="top"|

|}

## Note
1958 Formula One season

The **1958 Formula One** season was the 9th of the championship. The champion was Mike Hawthorn in a close battle.

## Season review 
## 1958 Drivers Championship final standings 
|valign="top"|

|}

## References
1961 Formula One season

The **1961 Formula One** season saw Phil Hill crowned as champion.
## Season review
## 1961 Drivers Championship final standings
|valign="top"|

|}
* Only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
2001 Formula One World Championship

The **2001 Formula One** season was the 52nd edition of the championship. The Driver's Champion (the guy who won for the year) was Michael Schumacher. He dominated (was the fastest) for the most of the season, and won with a record margin of 58 points. Ferrari won the Constructors' Championship (the fastest car).

After four years out of the sport, Renault returned as an engine supplier. Michelin returned as a tyre supplier. This was the first time Bridgestone had competition since Goodyear left the sport at the end of the  season.

2001 saw the first Formula One races for future champions Fernando Alonso and Kimi Räikkönen. It was the last year Jean Alesi and world champion Mika Häkkinen would race in Formula One.

At the end of the 2001, the Prost team closed down due to lack of money. The French company Renault purchased the Benetton team. Benetton was renamed as the Renault F1 team.

__TOC__

## Drivers and constructors 
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2001 FIA Formula One World Championship.

## Formula One 2001 race schedule 
## Results and standings 
### Grands Prix 
### Drivers 
Pole position in **Bold**.
Fastest lap in *Italics*.
 Driver did not finish the Grand Prix. Driver was classified (ranked) because they finished over 90% of the race.

### Constructors 
Pole position in **Bold**.
Fastest lap in *Italics*.
 Car did not finish the Grand Prix. Car was classified (ranked) because it finished over 90% of the race distance.
1950 Formula One season

The **1950 Formula One** season was the first edition of the championship. The champion was Giussepe Farina in a close battle.

## Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1950 FIA World Championship of Drivers.

## Calendar
## 1950 Drivers Championship final standings
|valign="top"|

|}
* *Italics* indicate fastest lap (1 point awarded)
* **Bold** indicates pole position
* † Position shared between more drivers of the same car

## Non-Championship race results
Other Formula One races, which did not count towards the World Championship, also held in 1950.

## References
1964 Formula One season

The **1964 Formula One season** crowned as champion John Surtees.

## Season review
## 1964 Drivers Championship final standings
|

|}

* Only best 6 results counted toward the championship. Hill scored 41 points during the year, but only 39 points were counted toward the championship. Surtees scored 40 points, all of which counted toward the championship. Thus, Surtees became the World Champion, although he did not score most points over the course of the year.
1963 Formula One season

The **1963 Formula One season** crowned as champion Jim Clark.

## Season review
## 1963 Drivers Championship final standings
|valign="top"|

|}

## References
1967 Formula One season

The **1967 Formula One season** crowned as champion Denny Hulme.

## Season review
## 1967 Constructors Championship final standings
## 1967 Drivers Championship final standings
|

|}

## References
1968 Formula One season

The **1968 Formula One season** crowned as champion Graham Hill.

## Season review
## 1968 Drivers Championship final standings
|

|}
1969 Formula One season

The **1969 Formula One season** crowned as champion Jackie Stewart.

## Season review
## 1969 Drivers Championship final standings
|valign="top"|

|}
1971 Formula One season

The **1971 Formula One season** crowned as champion Jackie Stewart.

## Season review
## 1971 Drivers Championship final standings
|valign="top" align="right"|

|}
1972 Formula One season

The **1972 Formula One season** crowned as champion Emerson Fittipaldi.

## Results and standings
### Grands Prix
### Drivers
1976 Formula One season

The **1976 Formula One season** crowned James Hunt as champion.

## Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers contested the 1976 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1976 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers.

## Season review
The Driver's championship was won by James Hunt from Niki Lauda, who had to miss several races as a result of an injury sustained in a crash at the German Grand Prix.

## 1976 Drivers Championship final standings
|valign="top"|

|}
1977 Formula One season

The **1977 Formula One season** crowned as champion Niki Lauda.

## Drivers and constructors
The following drivers and constructors contested the World Championship of Drivers and the International Cup for Formula 1 Constructors:

## Season review
## 1977 Drivers Championship final standings
|valign="top"|
|}
1980 Formula One season

The **1980 Formula One season** was the 31st of the championship. The champion was Alan Jones.

## Related pages
* Formula 1
1981 Formula One World Championship

The **1981 Formula One** season was the 32nd of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.

## Season review 
## 1981 Drivers Championship final standings
1984 Formula One World Championship

The **1984 Formula One season** was the 35th of the championship. The champion was Niki Lauda in a close battle.
## Season review
# Half points awarded after race was stopped due to dangerous conditions.
* Grands Prix in New York City and Fuengirola, Spain were scheduled, but cancelled; the European and Portuguese Grands Prix replaced these two races, respectively.

## 1984 Constructors Championship final standings
* On 18 July, Tyrrell was disqualified from all races so far that season, and banned from competing in remaining races, because the team had run illegal cars

## 1984 Drivers Championship final standings
;Notes:
 Half points were awarded at the Monaco Grand Prix as less than 75% of the scheduled distance was completed.
***** Neither Gartner nor Berger were eligible for points, as they were driving the respective "second entries" of Osella and ATS and both teams had officially entered only one car for the entire championship.
|

**Bold**&nbsp;– Pole position
*Italics*&nbsp;– Fastest lap

|}
1988 Formula One World Championship

The **1988 Formula One season** was the 39th of the championship. The champion was Ayrton Senna in a close battle.

## Drivers & Constructors
The following drivers and constructors competed in the 1988 season

## Season review
## 1988 Constructors Championship final standings
## 1988 Drivers Championship final standings
|

|}
* **Only best 11 results counted toward the championship. Prost scored 105 points during the year, but only 87 points were counted toward the championship. Senna scored 94 points, with 90 points counted toward the championship. Thus, Senna became the World Champion, although he did not score most points over the course of the year.**

## References
1989 Formula One World Championship

The **1989 Formula One season** was the 40th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle.

## Season review
## 1989 Drivers Championship final standings
## References
Simpleton

**Simpleton** may refer to:

* Simpleton (folklore), a generic character in folklore
* Simpleton (reggae artist), 1990s Jamaican reggae artist
* *The Simpleton* (1850), Alexei Pisemsky's debut novel
Nigel Barker

**Nigel Barker** (born April 27, 1972 in London, England) is a fashion photographer most popular for being on America's Next Top Model since Cycle 2. He is still a judge and the 2nd main judge (only after Tyra Banks). Barker is a married man.

## America's Next Top Model
Barker has been a judge on television show America's Next Top Model since Cycle 2, which premiered in 2004. He is a permanent judge. He is memorably known for being offended by several contestants, especially winners.

### Cycle 7
Barker was offended by contestant CariDee English when she made a joke that he had stuck a stick inside his anus. English later apologized to Barker during judging, having written a letter that she read out. Barker forgave her but still made her enter the bottom two to teach her a lesson.

### Cycle 9
Barker was supportive of Saleisha Stowers, a contestant that eventually became the winner. Stowers dated Barker so that he would put in good words for her in front of Tyra. Sometime another week was shown that Barker blinked at Stowers, which also make Stowers having a seducing action.  

He was fired after cycle 18
Comedy drama

**Comedy drama**, also called **dramedy**, is a style of television and movies when there are similar amounts of both humor and seriousness. 

## History
### Theatre
Traditional theatre was separated from its earliest days into comedy and tragedy. Authors such as Anton Chekov and George Bernard Shaw famously blurred the line between comedy and drama.

### Early television
In live theatre the difference between comedy and tragedy became less and less significant, in mass media, comedy and drama were clearly separated. Comedies, especially, were meant to only have jokes and not any serious content.

By the early 1960s, television had started to present half-hour long "comedy" series, or one hour long "dramas." Half-hour series were mostly situation comedy or family comedy. One hour dramas could have detective series, westerns and science fiction.

## Recent drama-comedy on television
A drama-comedy today is usually an hour-long dramatic series with funny jokes such as *Moonlighting*, *Northern Exposure*, *Auf Wiedersehen, Pet*, *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*, *Eureka*, *Life on Mars*, *House*, *Desperate Housewives*, *Charmed*, *Popular*, *Skins*, *Monk*, *Psych*, *Gilmore Girls*, *The O.C.*, *Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip*, *Ally McBeal*, *Ugly Betty*, *Brothers & Sisters*, ''Grey's Anatomy* or *Boston Legal".

## Other websites
*
Qi Yuwu

**Qi Yuwu** (Chinese: **戚玉武**; pinyin: **Qī Yùwǔ**; born November 28, 1976) is a television and movie actor. Qi was born in Guangzhou, China. He grew up in Singapore.

## Early life
Qi was a Physical Education major graduate. He was the winner the *China Round* of Asian Star Search 1999, Singapore's regional talent search contest. He also won  "Mr. Personality". Before signing to MediaCorp Studios, he was a model. He had also played the lead part in a Guangzhou television serial.

## Career
### Television
In 2004, 2005 and 2006, Qi was selected as one of the "Top 10 Most Popular Male Artists" on the annual Star Awards. He was also  for the "Best Actor" award in Star Awards 2004 for the drama series, *Room In My Heart* and Star Awards 2006 for the drama series, *C.I.D*.

In 2006, he was expected to win the Best Actor award for his acting in *C.I.D* but he lost out to long-time actor Li Nanxing. After which, Li Nan Xing said that he was he did not think that he would win because he had been watching "C.I.D" and though Qi's acting was better.

A natural actor, Yuwu was cast with regional actors in his first television series, *Master Swordsman Lu Xiao Feng*. This was followed by *Dare To Strike*, another blockbuster co-production with Hong Kong actors.

### Movies
Though being new in the movie industry, he already has many  and an official fan club. He was the first MediaCorp star to start a successful movie career.

His notable roles were in *My Genie* as Zhang Tai Ping, *The Champion* as Lu Kai Wei, *C.I.D* as Tang Si Wei and *The Peak* as Chen Tian Jun.

In 2007, Qi starred in the movies *The Leap Years* (also called *Leap of Love*) with Wong Lilin, Ananda Everingham and Joan Chen; *The Home Song Stories*, again with Joan Chen; and *881* by Royston Tan, with Yeo Yann Yann. He also made a guest appearance in the movie *Protege*, acting with Louis Khoo and Daniel Wu.

He has said in an interview that he will be doing more movies in 2008 and will take a break from television work.

## References
Sukima switch

is a J-pop duo. The groups members are Takuya Ōhashi (May 9, 1978) and Shintarō Tokita (February 25, 1978). Ōhashi is the singer for the group. He also plays the guitar and harmonica. Tokita plays piano and keyboard. Their style is very heavily-jazz influenced.

## Albums
*2004: 
*2005: 
*2006: 
*2009: 
*2011: *musium*
Ponce, Puerto Rico

**Ponce** is the second largest city in Puerto Rico outside of the San Juan metropolitan area.  It is in the southern part of the island. As of 2020, 137,491 people live there. It is also called *La Perla del Sur* (The Pearl of the South) and *La Ciudad Señorial de Puerto Rico* (Majestic city of Puerto Rico).

The city of Ponce was founded in 1692 by Spanish people who lived near the Jacaguas river. The city was named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza, the grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.

## References
## Other websites
* Ponce and its barrios, United States Census Bureau 
* Places of Interest in Ponce, Puerto Rico (Spanish) 
* Ponce Official Site
Auto

**Auto** is a contraction (the word is made smaller).  It can mean:

*automobile
*automatic
*automated
*automobile racing
Petronas Towers

The **Petronas Towers** are two very tall skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The building was officially opened by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad on August 31, 1999. They were the tallest buildings in the world until 2004, but still remain the tallest twin buildings. Each tower has 88 floors and they are connected by a sky-bridge between the 41st and 42nd floors. It is a commercial office building.

## Sources
Transmitter

transmitters on a tower.]]
In electronics, a **transmitter** is a device which sends signals using radio waves.

The transmitter converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the desired frequency. Most transmitters use a quartz crystal to set the frequency of the resulting carrier wave. A modulator modifies the carrier wave, by frequency modulation or amplitude modulation or some other kind, to include the information needed, such as an audio or video signal. The modified waves are sent by an antenna to another antenna at the receiver which extracts the information from the waves.

## Other websites 
* International Telecommunication Union
* Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page 
* WCOV-TV's Transmitter Technical Website 
* Major UK television transmitters including change of group information, see Transmitter Planning section.
* Richard Moore's Anorak Zone Photo Gallery of UK TV and Radio transmission sites
Benson & Hedges

**Benson and Hedges** were a cigarette manufacturer.  The company were bought by the Gallaher Group The name became a brand of the Gallagher.  The brand sponsored Formula One racing teams for many years. Founded in 1873 by Richard Benson and William Hedges in London.

In April 2007 Japan Tobacco bought the Gallaher Group.

## References
Financial statements

In business, a **financial statement** is an organized document that has financial information, like income and transactions, of a person, company, government, or organization. They are used by these people and organizations to make decisions on the subject (the person or organizations who the financial statement is about), like whether or not to invest in a company and at what price.

## Basic financial statements
A financial statement can be written in many forms, but in most countries there are four (4) basic financial statements that are standard. They are:

### Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)
A **Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)** is a financial statement that includes everything the business owns (called assets) and the business owes (called liabilities, which also include debts) as at a particular date.  The amount the business owes to its owner is called equity (also represents the amount of investment of the owner into the business). 

For a private individual (a person not in business), an asset may be their house or car, and their liability may be their mortgage and credit cards. 

The Statement of Financial Position is a snapshot of the financial health of a business at specific dates. 

### Statement of Profit or Loss (Income Statement / Profit or Loss Account)
A **Statement of Profit or Loss** (or Income Statement) shows the profit or loss made during the year by taking into consideration the revenues generated during the year (whether payment is received or not) less any costs incurred during the year (whether such costs have been settled or not).

### Statement of Changes in Equity 
A '''statement of owner's equity''' shows the movement of the owner's investment in the business.  In the case of a company, this separates the investment amount from the amounts included in Capital and Revenue Reserves.  

### Statement of Cash Flows
A **Statement of Cash Flows** is a financial statement that shows the transactions involving cash during the year categorized by Operating, Investing and Financing Activities, thus explaining the movement in Cash and Cash Equivalents during the year.
Royal warrant

**Royal warrants of appointment**  are given by members of the British Royal Family to companies and other people who supply them with goods.

The warrant does not mean that the things are the best, only that the Royal family has been buying then for at least five years.

Only three members of the Royal Family issue warrants now.  They are
*The Queen
*The Duke of Edinburgh
*Charles, Prince of Wales

The Queen Mother also issued royal warrants.  They were all expired in 2007, five years after her death

Many royal families in Europe issued similar awards, Sweden still does, but they are for supplying the "Royal Swedish Court" , that is the royal palace rather than a named member of the royal family.

## Other websites 
*Royal Warrants explained on the royal.gov.uk website
*The Royal Warrant Holders Association*
*Royal Warrant Holders Denmark
Glosa

**Glosa** is a term that was often used by Spanish musicians in the 16th century to mean: a piece of music which was similar to a set of variations.  Composers at that time often wrote collections of **glosas**.  The term is related to the word “gloss”.  They were comparing it to gloss (ornamentation) that a poet might put on his poem.  They were often on religious themes.

Antonio de Cabezón was an important composer of glosas.

**Glosa** was also used by Spanish musicians to mean: musical ornamentation.  This is the meaning in the title of a famous book of music for viola da gamba and harpsichord by Diego Ortiz called *Trattado de glosas* (1553).
Audit

An **audit** is an  or examination of something by a person or group of people. They can be made to a person, to a company, to buildings, to systems, to documents and many other things that are used by people.

Audits are made to check something, like a person is paying their taxes correctly or that a document is correct. 

The most common type of audit are the audits performed on companies and their financial statements, a type of document. In business, many companies inform and report their operations, their money, and their income in financial statements to many people for many reasons. They inform people like banks, governments, investors, and the public, for reasons like getting a loan, paying taxes, getting investments, and improving their public image.

## References
Real property

**Real property** is a type of property that includes land, houses, buildings and infrastructure in land. It is one of two types of property that one can own, and the other is personal property.

Residential real estate may contain either a single family or multifamily structure that is available for occupation or for non-business purposes.

Real estate is different from personal property, which is not permanently attached to the land, such as vehicles, boats, jewelry, furniture, tools rolling stock of a farm and other valuable items.

Non-residential real estate can be classified according to use, such as:

* Commercial (used for business activities)
* !ndustrial (used for manufacturing or storage purposes)
* Agricultural, encompassing land used for farming or livestock

Real estate can also be used for buying and selling land and buildings to try to make a profit.

## References
15 Eunomia

**15 Eunomia** is a big asteroid in the closer part of the main asteroid belt. It is the biggest of the stony (S-type) asteroids, and somewhere between the 8th to 12th biggest Main Belt asteroid overall. It is also the biggest member of the Eunomia family of asteroids.

Eunomia was found by Annibale de Gasparis on July 29, 1851 and named after Eunomia, one of the Horae (Hours), a personification of order and law in Greek mythology.

## Characteristics 
As the biggest S-type asteroid (with 3 Juno being a very close second), Eunomia has attracted a moderate amount of scientific attention. It has a bit over one percent of the mass of the entire main belt.

Eunomia appears to be a stretched but fairly round body, with what appear to be four sides of differing curvature and noticeably different average compositions. about equal to the mean brightness of Titan and can reach +7.9 at a near perihelion opposition.

## References 
## Other websites 
* shape model deduced from lightcurve, including composition variations across the surface 
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
1986 Formula One World Championship

The **1986 Formula One season** was the 37th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost, who had won the championship after a very tight title fight between Williams' Nigel Mansell. The 1986 season started on March 23, and ended on October 26 after sixteen races.

This was the first year that turbocharged engines were required. Formula One had banned naturally aspirated (atmospheric) engines. Until the planned engine change in 2014, this was the only year where turbochargers were required. The ban on atmospheric engines was lifted in 1987. In 1989, all forced induction engines (turbochargers or supercharge) were banned.

## Drivers and constructors 
## Race schedule 
## Results and standings 
### Race results 
#### Scoring system 
## Drivers standings 
* Pole position in **Bold**.
* Fastest lap in *Italics*.
*  Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance.
* Numbers without parentheses are Championship points. Numbers in parentheses are total points scored from the best 11 finishes.

## Championship standings 
* Pole position in **Bold**.
* Fastest lap in *Italics*.
*  Car did not finish the Grand Prix. Car was classified (ranked) because it finished over 90% of the race distance.

## References 
## Other websites
* The official website of Formula One
Mid-Atlantic States

The **Mid-Atlantic States** (also called *Middle Atlantic States*) is a region in the Northeastern United States and form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau. The states include New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.

The traditional Mid-Atlantic States comprise the most densely-populated of the nine U.S. regions, and serve as the center of the megalopolis which runs from Boston to Washington, D.C.. The southeastern part of New York State, eastern Pennsylvania, and all of New Jersey combine to form the bulk of the *moral region* of the Metropolis, according to socio-political geographers James Patterson and Peter Kim, co-authors of the 1991 book *The Day America Told The Truth*. (Their Metropolis begins in the southern Connecticut suburbs of New York City and stretches along the Eastern seaboard to the northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C.). The book classifies the remainder of New York State and Pennsylvania in the Rust Belt.

## References
16 Psyche

**16 Psyche** is a very big Main belt asteroid, well over 200&nbsp;kilometers in diameter, and likely the biggest of the metallic M-type asteroids. It is estimated to have 0.6 percent of the mass of the entire asteroid belt.

This asteroid was found by Annibale de Gasparis on March 17, 1852 from Naples and named after the Greek nymph Psyche. The first fifteen asteroids to be found were given symbols by astronomers as a type of short-hand notation. In 1851, however, J. F. Encke suggested using a circled number. 16 Psyche was the first new asteroid to be found that was designated with this scheme (in 1852 by J. Ferguson).

## Characteristics 
Radar
observations indicate that it is made of iron-nickel. Psyche appears to be a case of an exposed metallic core from a bigger differentiated parent body. Unlike some other M-type asteroids, Psyche shows no sign of the presence of water or  water-bearing minerals on its surface, consistent with its interpretation as a metallic body. Small amounts of pyroxene appear to be present.

If Psyche is the core remnant of a bigger parent body, we might expect other asteroids on similar orbits. Psyche does not belong to any asteroid family. One theory is that the collision occurred very early in the solar system's history, and all the other remnants have since been ground into fragments by subsequent collisions or had their orbits perturbed beyond recognition.

Psyche is massive enough that its perturbations on other asteroids can be measured, which enables a mass measurement. Its density is fairly low for metal (although fairly common for asteroids as such), indicating a fairly high porosity of 30–40%.

Psyche appears to have a fairly round surface and is approximately ellipsoidal in shape. Recent lightcurve analysis indicates that its pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-9°, 35°)  or (β, λ) = (-2°, 215°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 95°.

Two stellar occultations by Psyche have been seen (from Mexico on March 22, 2002, and another on May 16, 2002). Lightcurve changes indicate a non-spherical body, consistent with the lightcurve and radar results.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Shape model deduced from lightcurve  (PDF)
* Occultation of TYC 5783-1228 by 16 Psyche  (Video)
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
Norman, Oklahoma

**Norman**, is the county seat and largest city in Cleveland County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Norman is about 20 miles south of Oklahoma City. James Garner and Toby Keith are from Norman. The University of Oklahoma is in Norman. Norman was founded in 1889 by Abner Norman. In 2008, *Money Magazine* said Norman was a very good place to live. Norman has one small airport and a railroad station.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Visit Norman 
* Official city website 
* Jazz in June festival
* SummerBreeze Concert Series
Freeport, Texas

**Freeport** is a city in Brazoria County, Texas within the Houston – Sugar Land – Baytown Metropolitan Area in Southeast Texas. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the city population was 10,696. Freeport is about sixteen miles from Angleton.

Dow Chemical is the major employer in Freeport, as the company operates a large chemical plant complex in Freeport.

## References
## Other websites
* Freeport's Official Homepage
* Brazosport ISD's Official Homepage
* Freeport Offshore Fishing Charter 
* Historic materials about Freeport, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
* Handbook of Texas: Freeport
* http://texashistory.unt.edu/search.tkl?type=coverage_place&q=United%20States%20-%20Texas%20-%20Brazoria%20County(http://texashistory.unt.edu/search.tkl?type=coverage_place&q=United%20States%20-%20Texas%20-%20Brazoria%20County)
Landfall (meteorology)

making landfall on August 13, 2004 at its peak intensity.]]
**Landfall** is when a tropical cyclone or waterspout moves from being over water to being over land. When a tornadic waterspout makes landfall it can be called a tornado, and can cause damage to buildings and other things made by people. When a fair weather waterspout makes landfall it quickly spreads out and loses its energy; the water falls as rain.
## Overview
A tropical cyclone is said to make landfall when its center moves over land; in tropical cyclones this can be when the eye moves over land. This is where most of the damage occurs because when the storm is over water there is a little chance of damage, except if the parts of the storm that are raining are over land, which can cause severe flooding especially when the system is moving slowly or not at all. The effects of landfall are:
* Storm surge peaks
* Heavy flooding rains move over land
* Core of strong winds comes on shore
## Impact
Together with the high surf, these can cause a lot of beach erosion. In low lying areas the storm surge can stay inland for a long time and mix with chemicals already in the area to create a toxic mess. When a tropical cyclone makes landfall, the eye "closes", surf gets less, and winds get less as the cyclone spreads out, losing energy. Damage inland may include flooding rains, gusty winds, and severe weather associated with the cyclone's remnant thunderstorms. A landfall should not be confused with a "direct hit", which happens when the core of high winds (or eyewall) comes over the land but the center of the storm stays over water. The effects of this are similar but storm surges can be much less. These effects are:
* high surf
* high winds
* beach erosion
* minor storm surges
* heavy flooding rains
* possibly severe weather
* water building up along the coast
## References
Lincoln

**Lincoln** often refers to **Abraham Lincoln**, the 16th President of the United States. It may also mean:

**People:**
* Mary Todd Lincoln, wife of Abraham
* Lincoln Chafee, a United States Senator
* Lincoln Thompson, a Jamaican reggae musician

**Places:**
* Lincoln, England
* Lincoln, Alabama
* Lincoln, Arkansas
* Lincoln, California, in Placer County
* Lincoln, Madera County, California
* Lincoln, California, former name of Clinton, California
* Lincoln, Delaware
* Lincoln, Illinois
* Lincoln, Indiana
* Lincoln, Iowa
* Lincoln, Maine 
* Lincoln, Massachusetts 
* Lincoln, Michigan 
* Lincoln, Missouri 
* Lincoln, Montana
* Lincoln, Nebraska, in the United States
* Lincoln, New Hampshire 
* Lincoln, New Mexico 
* Lincoln, New York 
* Lincoln, North Dakota
* Lincoln, Pennsylvania
* Lincoln, Rhode Island
* Lincoln, Texas
* Lincoln, Utah
* Lincoln, Vermont
* Lincoln, Virginia
* Lincoln, Washington

**Other things**
* The Lincoln Motor Company, acquired by Ford Motor Company in 1925.
* Lincoln's Inn, in London, England, one of four Inns of Court

**Movies**
* 2012 Steven Spielberg's *Lincoln*
Antonio de Cabezón

**Antonio de Cabezón** (born Castrillo de Matajudios, near Burgos, Spain, 1510 – Madrid, 26 March 1566) was a Spanish composer and organist of the Renaissance.  He was blind from early childhood.  He is best known for the music he composed for the organ.

## Life
His parents came from noble families and owned a lot of land.  He probably had his first organ lessons at the local church.  Then he had more music lessons in Palencia.  He probably had organ lessons from the cathedral organist.  He never had an official job at the cathedral, but he must have been an excellent student, and his teachers, who had a lot of influence, recommended him to the royal family.  In 1526, he became organist to Queen Isabella and played at the Spanish chamber concerts of King Charles V of Spain.

About 1538, he married the daughter of a rich family and he went to live in Avila where his wife came from.  They had five children who had important positions at the royal court when they grew up.

After Queen Isabella died he spent all his time working for Prince Philip, who became Philip II.  King Philip thought he was the world’s greatest artist except for the painter Titian.  He often travelled with the king to countries such as Italy, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.  He influenced many European composers that he met, and they influenced him.  When the king moved to Madrid and made it the capital of Spain, Cabezón went there too.  He stayed there until his death.

## His music
Cabezón was one of the greatest composers of his time.  He was good at writing music which sounded just right for the organ and the clavichord.  He used the techniques of other composers of his time, but added some very special effects.  Instead of just putting in a lot of ornamentation to make the music interesting, he enjoyed creating tension between harmony and melody.

He wrote *diferencias* (sets of variations) which use Spanish tunes which were often dances such as the folia, pavan and galliard.  Many of his organ compositions are called * glosas *.  Each one has something very special to say.
San Luis Pass

**San Luis Pass** is a strait of water at the south-western end of Galveston Island off the shores of the U.S. state of Texas. It connects the sheltered waters of West Bay to the open Gulf of Mexico.

There are also two mountain passes of the same name in the USA:
*San Luis Pass, Colorado skirting the San Luis Peak in the San Juan Mountains
*San Luis Pass, New Mexico

## Other websites
* San Luis Pass Fishing Pier
* A Sedimentologic Description of a Microtidal, Flood-Tidal Delta, San Luis Pass, Texas
Setting

**Setting** can mean:
* Jewelry: 
**Setting (the noun): Frame or bed into which a diamond or gem is set, see also personal setting
** Setting (the verb) describes is the art to fasten a diamond or gem into a jewelry item
* A place where something is set
* Set construction in theatrical scenery
* Setting (fiction) in literature
* Campaign setting in role playing games
* **Setting** - a frame - in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy- all the basic rules regulating place, time and behaviors within which therapeutic process and therapeutic alliance evolve
* A Setting is a term used in Irish traditional music to describe a version of a tune that is incompatible when played together with other versions of the same tune.
* Tracking (education), grouping students by ability.
* In computers and electronics, can refer to the configuration of options of the software or device
22 Kalliope

**22 Kalliope** is a big main belt asteroid of the M-type, found by J. R. Hind on November 16, 1852. It is named after Calliope, the Greek Muse of epic poetry.

## Characteristics 
Kalliope is about 180&nbsp;km in diameter but is not perfectly round, as shown by images from the VLT at the European Southern Observatory 

Its spectrum is M-type, but Kalliope does not appear to be metallic. It is similar to other M-types such as 21 Lutetia. Firstly, its density is far too low to be metal. Second, spectroscopic studies have shown evidence of hydrated minerals  and silicates, so the surface is probably stony. Kalliope also has a low radar albedo, unlike most metallic surfaces.

Lightcurve analysis indicates that Kalliope's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-23°, 20°) with a 10° uncertainty, which gives Kalliope an axial tilt of 103°. Kalliope's rotation is then a bit retrograde.

## Moon 
Kalliope has one known moon, Linus, or (22) Kalliope I Linus. It is quite big: 30–40&nbsp;km in diameter. It orbits about 1065&nbsp;km from Kalliope. This is about 12 times the radius of Kalliope. Linus was found on August 29, 2001 by Jean-Luc Margot and Michael E. Brown, while another team also independently found the moon 3 days later.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Kalliope and Linus very well resolved with the 8m VLT at ESO. Also includes a Kalliope shape model.
* shape model deduced from lightcurve 
* orbit diagram for Linus 
* A different VLT image of Kalliope and Linus 
* Data sheet at Johnston's Archive, includes some other parameters.
20 Massalia

**20 Massalia** is a big and fairly bright Main belt asteroid. It is also the biggest member of the Massalia family of asteroids.

## Characteristics 
Massalia is an S-type asteroid. It orbits at very low inclination in the intermediate main belt, and is by far the biggest asteroid in the Massalia family. The remaining family members are pieces blown off by a cratering event on Massalia 

Massalia has an above-average density for S-type asteroids, similar to the density of silicate rocks. As such, it appears to be a solid un-fractured body, which is rare among asteroids of its size. Apart from the few biggest bodies over 400&nbsp;km in diameter, such as 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta, most asteroids appear to have been fractured a lot.

Lightcurve analysis indicates that Massalia's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (45°, 10°) or (β, λ) = (45°, 190°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 45°in both cases. The shape reconstruction from lightcurves has been described as quite spherical with large planar, nonconvex parts of the surface.

## Discovery 
Massalia was found by A. de Gasparis on September 19, 1852, and also found independently the next night by J. Chacornac. It was Chacornac's discovery that was announced first.

*Massalia* is the Greek name for Marseille, where Chacornac made his discovery (de Gasparis was observing from Naples).

## References 
## Other websites 
* shape model deduced from lightcurve 
* Orbital elements for bright asteroids from the Minor Planet Center.
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
Cancún

**Cancún** (pronounced as ) is a coastal city in Mexico's easternmost state, Quintana Roo, on the Yucatán Peninsula. About 573,000 people live in Cancún, but over 4,000,000 tourists visit Cancún every year on vacation. At present it is, with Acapulco, the Mexican resort best known in the world.

The resort is entirely artificial: few lived here before 1970. The first hotels were funded by the government. February to May is wonderful weather most of the time, and there are stunning white sand beaches. Even the sea is warm. There is now an airport, and bus connections to the rest of the Yucatán. The Yucatán has many Mayan sites, and some villages which are still mostly Mayan.

## References 
## Other websites
Stand Up for Love

"**Stand Up for Love**" was the first single from Destiny's Child's greatest hits album, ''1's''. Released in 2005, the single became Destiny's Child's first single to fail to chart in the United States. The song was the final Destiny's Child single, although another new song from the album, "Check on It" (a solo Beyoncé Knowles song) was released.

## Formats and remixes
* "Stand Up for Love" (Single Edit)
* "Stand Up for Love" (Instrumental)
* "Stand Up for Love" (Acapella)
* "Stand Up for Love" (Junior's Roxy Remix)
* "Stand Up for Love" (Junior Vasquez Roxy Anthem Remix)
* "Stand Up for Love" (Junior Vasquez Roxy Dub Mix)
* "Stand Up for Love" (Maurice Joshua Nu Anthem Mix)
* "Stand Up for Love" (Maurice Joshua Nu Soul Mix)
Survivor (song)

"**Survivor**," Destiny's Child's signature song, is an R&B song written by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles, Anthony Dent, and Mathew Knowles for Destiny's Child's third studio album *Survivor* (2001). It was produced by Beyoncé and Dent, and was released as the album's first single in early 2001. The song reached number one in Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom, and entered the top 10 of the majority of the charts it appeared on, making it one of Destiny's Child most successful single releases. The song also won a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.
Notre-Dame de Paris

**Notre Dame** is a very old cathedral in Paris, France. It is one of France's most famous landmarks and many people visit it each year. The cathedral is on a small island on the River Seine. It is the cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Paris, one of 23 archdioceses in France. The cathedral was built during two centuries in Paris. It is a very good example of Gothic Architecture in France. At the time it was finished, the cathedral was the biggest such building in Western Europe. Between 1844 and 1864, the building was renovated under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who incorporated elements into the design that the medieval building had not possessed before. The two rose windows which ornate the transept are among the biggest in Europe: each has a diameter of 13m.

The bronze plate in the  before the cathedral is the origin of all road distances in France calculated from Paris. The national geographic institute in France uses the building as a benchmark. The coordinates and altitude for this point are known precisely.

Victor Hugo wrote a famous story called 'Notre-Dame de Paris'.  The story takes place around the cathedral.  The English title is 'The Hunchback of Notre Dame', and it has also been made into movies.

Tradition has it that Notre-Dame’s first stone was laid in 1163 in the presence of Pope Alexander III.

On May 21, 2013 French historian Dominique Venner committed suicide at Notre Dame de Paris because of his beliefs for gay rights. About 1,500 people were evacuated from the cathedral.

Paris-Notre Dame-104-Suedseite-2017-gje.jpg
Paris-Notre Dame-117b-Westfassade-Mittelportal-2017-gje.jpg
Paris-Notre Dame-172-Mittelschiff-Suedseite-2017-gje.jpg
Paris-Notre Dame-Chorschranke Nord-108-Drei Koenige-2017-gje.jpg

## 2019 fire 
On 15 April 2019, smoke and flames were sighted and the Cathedral was declared to be on fire. The fire burnt for over half a day and caused massive damage of the structure. Most works of art in the cathedral could be saved in a few years. The French government announced that the damage would be repaired and the cathedral would be rebuilt.

## References
19 Fortuna

**19 Fortuna** is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It is made up of material similar to 1 Ceres: a dark colored surface that is heavily space weathered and made up of primitive organic compounds, including tholins. 

Fortuna is 225 km in diameter and has one of the darkest known geometric albedos for an asteroid over 150 km in diameter. The albedo for it has been measured at 0.028 and 0.037.

The Hubble Space Telescope saw Fortuna in 1993. It was resolved with an apparent diameter of 0.20 arcseconds (4.5 pixels in the Planetary Camera) and its shape was found to be nearly spherical. Moons were searched for but none were detected. 

Stellar occultations by Fortuna have been seen several times.

It was found by J. R. Hind on August 22, 1852 and named after Fortuna, the Roman goddess of luck.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris