open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Melting point

The **melting point** of a substance is the temperature at which this substance goes from the solid state to the liquid one, at a normal pressure. For water, this is 0° Celsius (32° Fahrenheit, 273.15 Kelvin). The chemical element with the highest melting point is tungsten. Some chemical compounds have a higher melting point. 

When looking at when a liquid substance becomes solid, most people call this the **freezing point**. For most substances, like water, this is the same as the melting point. There are substances, where this is not the case (they melt at one temperature, and freeze at another). Agar seems to melt at 85° Celsius, but freeze at between 35°C and 40°C. This phenomenon is a kind of hysteresis. 

Adding certain substances or impurities will change the melting point of the resulting mixture. For example, sugar or salt will lower the melting point, and alcohol will raise it.
Macrosociology

**Macro-sociology** is a way of looking at the world of people in a broad way.   It is  "concerned with human societies".  Macrosociology is considered one of the main foundations of sociology (contrast with micro-sociology).

In sociology there are different levels of analysis. Macro-sociology is the analysis of either large collectivities (the city, the church) or, more abstractly, of social systems and social structures. (Dictionary of Sociology, 2000)

With the perspective of macro-sociology, it is possible to better understand societies, culture, groups and organizations.

Important representatives of macro-sociological theories are:
* Karl Marx; who analyzed society from the perspective of class conflict between workers and owners.
* Max Weber; who viewed society as rapidly modernizing and looked at the effects of this process, such as bureaucratization.
* Emile Durkheim; who viewed individual issues as reflective of greater social patterns, completing the first sociological study which linked suicide to societal trends.

## References 
*
Departments of France

The **départements** (or departments) are administrative parts of France and many French colonies, similar to English counties.  *Départements* are a kind of local government.

The 101 French *départements* are now grouped into 13 metropolitan and five overseas régions. Their capitals are called préfectures.

## French *régions* and *préfecture* 
Notes:
*  Most of the coats of arms are not official
*  This department was known as Basses-Alpes until 1970
*  This department was known as Charente-Inférieure until 1941
*  This department was known as Côtes-du-Nord until 1990
*  This department was known as Bec-d'Ambès from 1793 until 1795. The Convention eliminated the name to avoid recalling the outlawed Girondin political faction.
*  This department was known as Loire-Inférieure until 1957
*  This department was known as Mayenne-et-Loire until 1791
*  This department was known as Basses-Pyrénées until 1969
*  Number 75 was formerly assigned to Seine
*  This department was known as Seine-Inférieure until 1955
*  Number 78 was formerly assigned to Seine-et-Oise
*  Number 91 was formerly assigned to Alger, in French Algeria
*  Number 92 was formerly assigned to Oran, in French Algeria
*  Number 93 was formerly assigned to Constantine, in French Algeria
*  The prefecture of Val-d'Oise was established in Pontoise when the department was created, but moved *de facto* to the neighbouring commune of Cergy; currently, both part of the *ville nouvelle* of Cergy-Pontoise
*  The overseas departments each constitute a region and enjoy a status identical to *metropolitan* France. They are part of France and the European Union, though special EU rules apply to them.
*  Mayotte became the 101st department of France on 31 March 2011. The INSEE code of Mayotte is 976 (975 is already assigned to the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon)
*  Metropoles with territorial collectivity statute.

|

|}
Flag of Poland

The **flag of Poland** is a rectangular, divided into two stripes: white above red. It was created in its modern form in 1921. The colors white and red were earlier declared the official national colors in 1831 by the Polish Parliament in 1831.

For many centuries the Polish flag was a white eagle on a red background.

## Details 
The ratio of height to width is 5 to 8. The two horizontal stripes are of equal height.

There is a second version which has a coat of arms in the upper (white) half. The use of this flag is legally restricted.

If the flag is shown hanging vertically, the white should be on the left.

Polish flag day is May 2.

## The Colour White 
|}
The exact color of the white was not clearly stated until 1980.

## The Colour Red 
|}

The exact color of the red was not clearly stated originally, and has changed through the years. In 1919 the official act did not clearly define the red. In 1921 the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs used crimson as the shade of red in publications. In 1928 the president of Poland said the red should be vermilion. That was used until 1980, when people needed to specify the red more scientifically.

## Similar flags in other places 
The same flag design is used in the German region Thuringia and the Spanish region Cantabria.

Both Indonesia and Monaco have flags that are the same colours, but upside-down.

## Related pages
* Flag

*Poland

## References
Transrapid

)]]

The **Transrapid** is a high speed train formerly developed in Germany. It uses magnetic levitation. It can go very fast, up to 500km/h. Since now it is only used in Shanghai. 
It was developed by the company Transrapid International GmbH & Co. KG, a company of the Siemens AG and the ThyssenKrupp AG.
University of Leeds

The **University of Leeds** (sometimes called **Leeds University**) is a university in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.  It first started in 1831 with the opening of a school to teach medicine which was one of the first outside of London, Oxford, and Cambridge.

Today one of the UK's leading universities. It is a member of the Russell Group. The university is one of two in the city, the other being Leeds Metropolitan University.  The main campus is in the Woodhouse area of Leeds, close to Leeds City Centre.

## Campus
The main campus is in the Woodhouse area of Leeds, which is about half a mile from the city centre.  The campus has many older Victorial buildings such as the Great Hall, as well as some mid-twentieth century buildings such as the Parkinson Building.  There are also many brutalist building on campus such as the Roger Stevens Building and the Edward Boyle Library.  Recently, newer buildings have been added such as the Marjorie and Arnold Ziff Building.

File:University of Leeds (4th May 2010) 011.jpg|Marjorie and Arnold Ziff Building
File:University of Leeds (4th May 2010) 018.jpg|Great Hall
File:University of Leeds (4th May 2010) 023.jpg|Baines Wing
File:University of Leeds (4th May 2010) 063.jpg|Edward Boyle Library
File:University of Leeds (4th May 2010) 060.jpg|Roger Stevens Building
File:University of Leeds (4th May 2010) 074.jpg|Mechanical Engineering building
File:University of Leeds (4th May 2010) 078.jpg|Chemistry building
File:University of Leeds (4th May 2010) 084.jpg|Parkinson Building

## References 
## Other websites
*University of Leeds website
*Leeds University Union
*Leeds Student newspaper 
*Leeds Student news on Flisolo 
*Leeds University Union Dance Band
Torque

]]
 vectors in a rotating system]]

In physics, **torque** is the tendency of a force to turn or twist. If a force is used to begin to spin an object, or to stop an object from spinning, a torque is made.

The force applied to a lever, multiplied by the distance from the lever's fulcrum, multiplied again by the sine of the angle created, is described as torque. This is also known as "r cross f," or "force times fulcrum distance times sine theta."

Torque is the measure of how much a force causes an object to rotate. When you use a wrench, the force you apply at the handle makes the bolt turn around its center. The farther you apply that force from the bolt, the greater the torque. This is why a longer wrench makes it easier to loosen a tight bolt because the same force creates more rotational effect.

## Fulcrum 
Fulcrum is the axis of rotation or point of support on which a lever turns in raising or moving something.

## Equation 
The equation for torque is:
:\boldsymbol \tau = \mathbf{r}\times \mathbf{F}\,\!
where **F** is the net force vector and **r** is the vector from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is acting. The Greek letter Tau is used to represent torque. 

The units of torque are force multiplied by distance. The SI unit of torque is the newton-metre.  The most common English unit is the foot-pound.

## Torque with Angled Forces 
When the force is applied at an angle, only the part of the force that aligns with the sine theta component of "r cross f" contributes to torque. 

The closer the angle is to 90 degrees, the larger the sine theta value, and the greater the torque generated.

## Torque In Gears 
Angled force affects how much torque actually gets into a gear system. If less torque is created at the start (because the force isn’t at 90 degrees), then the gear has less to work with. 

Angled forces reduce gear efficiency because not all of the force goes into turning the gear.

## References 
## Other websites 
*"Horsepower and Torque"  An article showing how power, torque, and gearing affect a vehicle's performance.
*a discussion of torque and angular momentum in an online textbook 
**Torque and Angular Momentum in Circular Motion * on Project PHYSNET.
*An interactive simulation of torque
*Khan Academy – “Torque and Angular Acceleration”. A video-based explanation of torque, moment arms, and their relationship to angular motion. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/v/torque
*"Gear Force Analysis – Spur and Helical Gears". Drivetrain Hub (2020). An online notebook breaking down how an angled (normal) force on gear teeth splits into tangential, radial, and axial components, and how only the tangential force contributes to torque. https://drivetrainhub.com/notebooks/gears/strength/Chapter%201%20-%20Force%20Analysis.html
*https://thegreatestbooks.org/
Neuwied

**Neuwied** is a German town in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is on the north/west side of the Rhine River, about  northwest from Koblenz. About 70,000 people live there.

## Geography
The 86.5 square kilometres of area are divided in the districts of:
* Altwied
* Block
* Engers
* Feldkirchen
* Gladbach
* Heimbach-Weis
* Irlich
* Niederbieber
* Oberbieber
* Rodenbach
* Segendorf
* Torney

### Infrastructure
Neuwied is connected to the German network of *Bundesstraßen (national routes)* (here: B9, B42 and B256). The *Autobahnen (motorways)* A3, A48 and A61 are quickly reachable from Neuwied. Using the Koblenz main station, all rhine railways and the Intercity network of Germany are available.

## Industry
There is a lot of industry in Neuwied, for example the production of building materials, metals and big-sized machines.

## References
## Other websites
Brittany

**Brittany** (French: *Bretagne*, Breton: *Breizh*) is a region in Northwest France. The adjective for Brittany is **Breton**.

Today the official administrative region has 4 departments:
*Côtes-d'Armor
*Finistère
*Ille-et-Vilaine
*Morbihan
Before 1941, a fifth département was part of Brittany: Loire-Atlantique, which includes Nantes. The five departments form the cultural region of Brittany, also known as "historical Brittany".

Brittany is in the western France and its coastline points out into the Atlantic. Warmed by the Gulf Stream, Brittany has a mild and temperate climate with warm summers and wet winters.

Three languages are traditionally spoken in Brittany:
* Breton language in the West part, a Celtic mix similar to Cornish;
* Gallo (a Romance language) in the East part;
* And everywhere, French.

The capital of Brittany is Rennes in the Ille-et-Vilaine department.

The name of Brittany is related to Great Britain (in French, *Grande-Bretagne*). The region has also been called *Lesser Britain* or *Little Britain* in the past. After the Anglo-Saxons started arriving in Great Britain in the 5th century, many of the Ancient Britons (Celts) moved to this region. The region may have already had strong ties with the Ancient Britons even before that. These tribes gave Brittany its name, the Breton language, the local place names and many parts of its culture. Brittany was a separate country from the 9th century until it was united with France in 1532. It was a province of France until the French Revolution, when its land was divided in departments. Brittany regained a regional government in the 1980s.

Brittany is the home of the world's largest collection of standing stones in one place, the Carnac stones.

Brittany's main industry is agriculture, in particular: pork farming, chicken farming and the production of maize (for cattle feed). Brittany is also the name of a dog breed.
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

***Adventures of Huckleberry Finn*** is a book written by Mark Twain, published in 1884. It is a sequel to his earlier book, *Tom Sawyer*. 

## Story 
After *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer*, Huck was adopted by the widow Douglas who wants to “civilize” him and so he joined Tom’s band of robbers.

One day, Huck’s father Pap, a violent drunkard, appears in St. Petersburg. When a new judge arrives, Pap gains custody of his son and moves to a cabin on the other side of the river. Huck is kept locked but fakes his own death and hides on Jackson’s Island, a small island on the river. There he meets Miss Watson’s black slave Jim who ran away.

When they find a raft, they decide to go to a free state. After a storm, a house is floating down the river and they enter it and grab what they can. Inside, there is a dead man shot in the back and Jim prevents Huck from seeing the dead man’s face.

Huck dresses as a girl and returns to town because he wants to hear what's going on in town. A woman tells that Jim is considered to be Huck’s murderer. Moreover, she is suspicious about Huck’s true sex and reveals that he is a boy. Huck returns to the island and together with Jim he flees downriver.

After some time on the river, they are separated by a passing steaming boat and Huck meets the Grangerfords, a rich family. He befriends with Buck Grangerford who is about his age. The Grangerfords are in a 30-year feud against the Shepherdsons, another rich family along the Mississippi. When a conflict breaks out, all Grangerford males are killed. Huck can escape and reunites with Jim. Together they float further downriver.

Later, they rescue two con men who join the boys on their journey. They pull several scams along the river. Once, they pretend to be a dead man’s brothers and escape after their true identities are revealed.

Later, the elder one sells Jim. Huck finds out that Jim is now owned by the Phelps. He decides to free him and pretends to be the Phelps’ nephew Tom Sawyer. When the real Tom arrives, he plays along.

Jim is held in a shed and Tom has a risky escape plan. As they carry out their plan, Tom is shot in the leg. While Huck gets help, Jim remains with Tom. When they return to the farm, Jim is recaptured while Tom is unconscious.

When Tom awakes, he reveals that Jim had been free for weeks after his owner died two months ago. He did not tell Huck because he wanted a risky plan to rescue Jim. Furthermore, Tom’s Aunt Polly arrives and reveals Huck’s and Tom’s real identities. Moreover, Jim tells that Pap was the dead man on the floating house. Finally, Huck decides to go West.

## Controversy 
*Adventures of Huckleberry Finn* received often good reviews, but the novel was controversial from the beginning. When the American edition came out in 1885 some libraries banned it.
Today, many people feel that the book attacks racism and shows that it is bad. Others criticize the book because it shows things like slavery, and uses words like "nigger". They also think that, although Jim is not meant to be a bad character, he has some stereotypes of that time.

## References 
## Related pages
**The Adventures of Tom Sawyer*
Antenna

invention- an antenna, as commemorated on Russian postage]]
An **antenna** or **aerial** is a metal device made to send or receive radio waves. Many electronic devices like radio, television, radar, wireless LAN, cell phone, and GPS need antennas to do their job. Antennas work both in air and outer space.

The word '**antenna**' is from Guglielmo Marconi's test with wireless equipment in 1895. For the test, he used a 2.5 meter long pole antenna with a tent pole called ' ''l'antenna centrale'' ' in Italian. So his antenna was simply called ' ''l'antenna'' '.  After that, the word 'antenna' became popular among people and had the meaning it has today. The plural of antenna is either *antennas* or *antennae* (U.S. and Canada tends to use *antennas* more than other places).

## Types of antennas 
Each one is made to work for a specific frequency range. The antenna's length or size usually depends on the wavelength (1/frequency) it uses.

Different kinds of antenna have different purposes. For example, the isotropic radiator is an imaginary antenna that sends signals equally in all directions. The dipole antenna is simply two wires with one end of each wire connected to the radio and the other end standing free in space. It sends or receives signals in all directions except where the wires are pointing. Some antennas are more directional. Horn is used where high gain is needed, the wavelength is short. Satellite television and radio telescopes mostly use dish antennas.

## References
Electrical resistance

The **electrical resistance** of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty of passing an electric current through a substance. It explains the relationship between voltage and the current.  With more resistance in a circuit, less electricity will flow through the circuit. The inverse of resistance is conductance, a measure not much used. All objects have some resistance, except superconductors. 

Resistance, discovered by Georg Simon Ohm in 1827, is the ratio between voltage and current. Ohm's law said that the voltage between any two points in a conductor changes directly as the current between the two points, given the temperature remains the same.  He described it with the equation:

:R=\frac VI

which models the ratio, where: 
:R is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms (Ω)
:V is the voltage across the object, measured in volts (V)
:I is the current going through the object, measured in amperes (A)

## Calculating resistance 
A long and thin wire has more resistance than a short and thick one. A simple analogy is a road - the more lanes there are, the more cars can go through. The resistance R of a wire with a constant width, therefore, can be calculated as:

:R=\rho\frac\ell A,\,

where \ell is the length of the conductor, measured in meters &#91;m&#93;, A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor measured in square meters &#91;m²&#93;, and \rho (Greek: rho) is the electrical resistivity (also called *specific electrical resistance*) of the material, measured in ohm-meters (Ω&nbsp;m).

Example:
Calculate the resistance of copper wire with a radius of 2mm and a length of 5 meters.

Solution:
:The resistivity (\rho\,) of copper is 1.68*10^{-8} \, Ω&nbsp;m.
:The cross sectional area (A\,) is \pi r^2=\pi*(2*10^{-3})^2=4\pi*10^{-6}\, square meters
:The length (\ell\,) is 5\, meters

Because: R=\rho\frac \ell A,\,

R=1.68*10^{-8}\frac{5}{4\pi*10^{-6}}\thickapprox6.685*10^{-3}\Omega\,

## Applications 
Resistors are used in electrical circuits to provide electrical resistance.
Mount Merapi

**Mount Merapi** (**Gunung Merapi** in Indonesian) is a volcano in Indonesia. It is on the island of Java. It is conical in shape.  It is the most active volcano of Indonesia. In Indonesian, the name means *mountain of fire*. The volcano has been discovered by Mr Morris in 1754

## 2006 earthquake 
In 2006, scientists believed that the volcano would erupt soon. An earthquake occurred in that region on May 27, 2006, and killed about 6,200 people. On June 6, super hot gas and ash poured down the mountain. These hot gases are known as a pyroclastic flow. Two people were killed, and 15,000 people rushed to safety.

## 2010 eruption 
On 25 October 2010 the Indonesian government warned villagers living near the mountain to move to safer ground. Officials said hundreds of volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about 1 kilometre (3,300&nbsp;ft) below the surface due to the seismic activity. People living within a 20&nbsp;km (12.5 mile) zone were told they must leave.

On the afternoon of 25 October 2010 lava erupted from the southern and south-eastern slopes  of Mount Merapi. Many more followed over the next two weeks. There were also pyroclastic flows.

After the recovery of more bodies, an official in disaster management said the death toll reached 273 up to 18 November.

## References
Electrical conductor

A **conductor** is a material which allows electricity, heat or sound to flow through it.  

An ** electrical conductor** conducts electricity.  The ability to conduct electricity is called electrical conductivity. An excellent electrical conductor has high conductivity and low resistivity.  Electrical resistivity is the reciprocal/opposite of conductivity. 

Prominent electrical conductors include: 

* Copper 
* Aluminum 
* Gold 
* Silver 
* Water 
* Human skin 

Metals, like iron and copper, are used to make wires to carry electric current. Plasma is an excellent conductor of electricity and is used for many purposes but metals are more used. 

Impure water can also conduct electricity. Living tissues, as in the human body, are wet and therefore conductors of electricity.

Some materials are *semiconductors*. This means that electricity *can* flow through them to a certain temperature and below that semiconductors do not pass electricity.

Some materials are *resistors*. This means electricity does not easily flow through them.

A material that stops electric current is called an insulator (electricity).  Wires are covered with insulators like plastic to stop the electricity from leaving the wire.

Some materials when very cold, are superconductors. They offer no resistance at all to the flow of electricity.

Most conductors' resistance becomes higher at higher temperatures. 

## References
Electromagnetic induction

**Electromagnetic induction** is where a voltage or current is produced in a conductor by a changing magnetic flux.  It may happen when a magnet is moved in a solenoid, or when a solenoid is constantly moved in a stationary magnetic field, thus changing the magnetic flux.

## Magnetic flux 
When a coiled wire is introduced near a magnet, the magnetic lines of force pass through the coil. This causes the magnetic flux to change.
Magnetic flux is represented by the symbol {\Phi}, therefore we can say that {\Phi} = BAcos(a) and the resulting unit will be Tm^2, where T is the unit for magnetic field and m^2 is the unit for area.

The changing magnetic flux generates an electromotive force (EMF). This force moves free electrons in a certain way, which constitute a current.

## Faraday's law 
Michael Faraday found that an electromotive force is generated when there is a change in magnetic flux in a conductor.

His laws state that:

 \mathcal{E} = {-{d\Phi} \over dt}

where,

\mathcal{E} is the electromotive force, measured in volts;

{d\Phi} is the change in magnetic flux, measured in webers;

dt is the change in time, measured in seconds.

In the case of a solenoid:

 \mathcal{E} = {-N{d\Phi} \over dt}

where,

N is the number of loops in the solenoid.

## Lenz's law 
The negative sign in both equation above is a result of Lenz's law, named after Heinrich Lenz. His law states that the electromotive force (EMF) produces a current that opposes the motion of the changing magnetic flux.

## Related pages 
*Electromagnetism
*Inductor
*Transformer
Michelson interferometer

The **Michelson interferometer** is the tool used for optical interferometry.

## Background 
It was invented by Albert Abraham Michelson, famous for proving that luminiferous aether did not exist in the Michelson-Morley experiment.

## How it works 
There are two mirrors in the interferometer, one fixed and the other movable through a micrometer. 

There is also a beam splitter that separates the laser or light beam and a screen that shows the interference pattern.

A wide laser or light beam is first shot at the beam splitter. Reflection takes place as the beam hits the beam splitter, part of it reflects towards mirror 1 while the rest towards mirror 2. The two beams again reflect off mirror 1 and 2 and travel back to the beam splitter. The two beams that goes through the beam splitter will combine and form an interference pattern at the screen.

The interference pattern will appear as bands and each band represents 2 path length difference or 1 wavelength.  That is because the crest of wave 1 has caught up with the crest of wave 2 (or the other way around), causing a constructive interference. If given the change in distance of the movable mirror and number of bands on the screen, we can easily calculate the wavelength of the light source.
Janus

in 66 AD from the mint at Lugdunum]]

**Janus** was a two-faced god of Roman mythology who kept the gate of Heaven. He was the god of beginnings and ends, and so of gates, doors, doorways and passages. He is usually depicted as having two faces, since he looks to the future and to the past. The Romans named the month of January (Ianuarius) in his honor. In January we look back on the last year and forward to the next.  

Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The doors of his temple were open in time of war, and closed to mark the peace. As a god of transitions, he was remembered at births, and journeys: he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.
It was also said that his face was split in two since a door can let you in or out. 

An unusual feature of the mythology is that the ancient Greeks had no version of Janus.
The Gods Must Be Crazy

***The Gods Must Be Crazy*** is a movie directed by Jamie Uys. It was released in the United States by 20th Century Fox in 1980.

Upon its release, *The Gods Must Be Crazy* made the more money than any other foreign movie. Four sequels followed from 1989 to 1994. The last three in the series were made in Hong Kong.

## Plot 
It stars Namibian farmer N!xau as a Bushman, whose happy village (in Africa's Kalahari desert) suddenly turns to a violent society, after a Coke bottle falls down there from a passing airplane. The Bushman, Xixo, decides to return the bottle to the "end of the earth", to finish all the evil his family has gone through. Along the way, he meets a group of terrorists on the run, as well as a clumsy scientist who falls in love with a former newspaper journalist. During his journey, Xixo encounters modern civilisation for the first time.

## Other websites 
*
Norwegian language

The **Norwegian language** is the official language of Norway. It is spoken by over four and a half million people, and it belongs to the group of North Germanic languages which are spoken in Scandinavia. These include Swedish, Danish, Icelandic and Faeroese.

Two forms of the language exist: '''''*** (which means "book language") and ***'''* (which means "new Norwegian").

## History of the Norwegian language 
### Old Norse 
Old Norse is the language that was spoken hundreds of years ago in Scandinavia at the time of the Vikings.  It is very similar to today’s Icelandic language.  This is because many Vikings sailed from Norway to Iceland in order to escape from the rule of the Norwegian kings who were making people pay lots of taxes.

### Bokmål 
During the 13th century the Black Death killed two thirds of the population of Norway.  The Danish kings and queens noticed that Norway was weak and defenceless, so they annexed Norway (made it part of Denmark).  For hundreds of years Norway was ruled by the Danes.  All the rulers, priests, estate owners and noblemen were Danish.  Many of them settled in Norway.  This is why today’s standard Norwegian (Bokmål) is similar to Danish.  Norwegians were not allowed to  books in Norwegian.  Anyone wanting to study had to go to Denmark or Germany.

In 1814 Denmark lost a war and had to give Norway to Sweden.  Then the Norwegians were allowed to have their own university.  Gradually the Danish language was mixed up with the Norwegian dialects and became today’s Norwegian language.  Norwegian and Danish look very similar when they are written, but when they are spoken they sound different.  In Danish a lot of the sounds are swallowed.

### Nynorsk 
During the 19th century a slightly different form of Norwegian was made up by several people.  This eventually became known as “Nynorsk.”  It was based on old forms of Norwegian and dialects.  During the 20th century some attempts were made to join Bokmål and Nynorsk into one language, but they did not succeed. Today about one person in nine or ten in Norway writes Nynorsk.  Children in school have to learn both forms.

## The Norwegian alphabet 
The Norwegian alphabet has 29 letters.  These are the same letters as the English alphabet plus three extra vowels: 

The letters *c*, *q*, *w*, *x* and *z* are only used for words that have been borrowed from other languages. However, *c* and *w* are more common that *q*, *x*, and *z'', even more common than the letter  which is used even in original Norwegian words.

## References
## Other websites 
*Språkrådet – Norwegian Language Council
*Learn Norwegian Online  – Online language course
*Bokmål and Nynorsk online dictionary
Rhea

**Rhea** could mean:

## Celestial body 
* Rhea (moon), a moon of Saturn

## Mythology
* Rhea (mythology), in Greek mythology the sister and wife of Cronos and the mother of many of the other major gods
* Rhea Silvia, in Roman mythology the mother of the twins Romulus and Remus

## People
These people have "Rhea" as their family name:
* Caroline Rhea (born 1964), stand-up comedian, television actress and host
* Darrel Rhea, CEO, Cheskin
* James Rhea (1791-1812), US soldier
* La Julia Rhea (1908-1992), US opera singer

These people have it as their given name:
* Rhea Hughes, Philadelphia radio personality
* Rhea Perlman (born 1948), US television actress
* Rhea Ripley (born 1996), ring name of Australian professional wrestler Demi Bennett
* M. Rhea Seddon (born 1947), NASA astronaut
* Rhea Tregebov, Canadian poet and children's author

## Other
* Rhea (moon), a moon of Saturn
* 577 Rhea, asteroid
* Rhea (bird), large flightless birds native to South America
* Rhea County, Tennessee
* Rhea of the Cöos, character in Stephen King's *Dark Tower* novels
Magnitude

**Magnitude** could mean:
*Magnitude (mathematics), a measure of the size of a mathematical object.

In **astronomy**:
*Magnitude (astronomy)
*Magnitude of an eclipse

In **seismology**:
*Either of two measures of earthquake strength:
**Richter magnitude scale
**Moment magnitude scale

Other:
* *Magnitude* is an attack in the Pokémon fictional world

## Related pages
*Order of magnitude, a coarse measure of numerical size
Neighbour

.]]
A **Neighbour** (or **neighbor** in American English) is a person who lives nearby, normally in a house or apartment that is next door or, in the case of houses, across the street. Some people form friendships with their neighbours, and help them by sharing their tools and helping with gardening tasks. Other people become frustrated with their neighbours, if the neighbour makes a lot of noise or a mess

A group of people living close together in a small community is called a neighbourhood. Some neighbourhoods have many community organizations, where people volunteer and do charitable activities. Other neighbourhoods in poor communities may have no community organizations, and there may be many problems in the community, such as illegal drugs, prostitution, and homelessness.
Satoshi Tajiri

is the person who created the *Pokémon* franchise. He created *Pokémon* because he liked to collect insects when he was a child and *Pokémon* is similar to collecting insects. He was born in Tokyo and in the forest, he liked collecting insects. He wanted to be a scientist who studied insects. He was pushed away as a child and when he grew up he created a magazine and named it *Game Freak*. He then opened a video game company and called it Game Freak like his magazine. Tajiri first thought of the idea of Pokémon in 1990.

The protagonist of the Pokémon anime, Ash Ketchum, was thought to be Satoshi as a child.
Flip-flop (electronics)

s (*R1, R2* = 1 k&Omega; *R3, R4* = 10 kΩ).]] *For the type of shoes (sandals), see Flip-flops*

In electronics, a **flip-flop** or **latch** is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store information. Signals applied to control inputs can change the circuit’s state. It is the basic storage element in sequential logic. Flip-flops and latches are fundamental building blocks of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems.

Flip-flops are mainly used as static RAM to store data in a computer. That data is represented in binary. Binary is represented in a 1 (“high state”) and 0 (“low state”). The structure of flip flops vary, but the general characteristic is that two branches affect each other's state by putting the current resulting state of one branch and using that as input for the next iteration of the other branch.

## History
The first electronic flip-flop, originally called the Eccles-Jordan trigger circuit, was invented in 1918 by the British physicists William Eccles and F. W. Jordan. The initial design’s only active elements were two vacuum tubes. While working at Hughes Aircraft, Eldred Nelson coined the term JK for a flip-flop which changed states when both inputs were on (a logical "one").

## Implementation
Flip-flops can be either simple or clocked. A simple flip-flop changes state as soon as the input changes. A clocked flip-flop changes state only when an extra pulse occurs. This pulse is called the clock signal. Commonly, *flip-flop* only refers to clocked circuits; the simple ones are commonly called *latches*.

## Types
The two common types of flip-flops are SR ("set-reset"), D ("data" or "delay").

### SR flip-flop
The most fundamental flip-flop is the simple SR flip-flop. In the SR flip-flop, the S and R stand for set and reset. The stored bit is present on the output marked Q.

If S is pulsed high while R is held low, then the Q output is forced high. Conversely, if R is pulsed high while S is held low, then the Q output is forced low. When the R and S inputs are both low, the Q outputs are in a constant state. However, when the R and S inputs are both high, the Q outputs are in a forbidden state.

Since high and low mean logical '1' and '0', respectively, the SR flip-flop can have four combinations showing below:

(A) S = 1, R = 0: set

(B) S = 0, R = 0: hold

(C) S = 0, R = 1: reset

(D) S = 1, R = 1: not allowed

The restricted combination (D) leads to an unstable state.

### D Flip-flop
A D Flip-Flop prevents an SR flip-flop from receiving the forbidden combination. It takes only one input for data, called D. It splits this data down two paths. On one path it flips the data to the opposite value. This is the “NOT” box in the animation. That way, S = 1, R = 1 is never fed to the internal SR latch.

## References
Ilkley

**Ilkley** is a tourist town in the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England.  The biggest attraction there is the wonderful and big *Ilkley moors*.  It is very green and grassy and provides walks for any type of people.  One of these walks includes a big rock and a little rock called the Cow and Calf Rocks.  This is one of the bigger wonders of the Yorkshire dales. By these rocks there is a pub called *The Cow and Calf*. 

The town is has one railway station where trains run to Leeds and Bradford.
Franconia

]] 
 in Würzburg]]

]]
**Franconia** ( ; Franconian dialect: *Franggn* ) is the northern part of the German federal state of Bavaria. This region is divided in three smaller regions: Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, and Unterfranken. The biggest city in Franconia is Nuremberg.

Other large cities in Franconia are Coburg, Aschaffenburg, Würzburg, Erlangen, Fürth, Bamberg, Bayreuth, Schweinfurt and Hof.

## Rivers 
The most important river in Franconia is the Regnitz, which is 63.7 km (39.6 mi) in length.
Econometrics

**Econometrics** is a branch of economics. It is the use of statistical and mathematical methods to describe the relation between economic forces such as capital (any of the tools, work, or other things needed to make something useful), interest rates (the price of borrowing money), and labor.

Much of econometrics is making models which are simple pictures of the real world. These models then can be used to predict what will happen in the real world.

An example of econometrics would be looking at the prices of houses in a town. An economist (someone who studies economics) can try to make a simple picture of the house prices in the town. This picture might show that houses close to the market are worth more. An economist could then say that if a new market is made in another part of the town, home prices there might go up. The economist also might say that the new market could make prices less than before near the old one, because the new market will make it so that more houses are near a market. This would make the people who sell houses near a market sell them for less, since there could be more sellers than buyers.

## Basic model: linear regression
A basic tool for econometrics is the multiple linear regression model. Estimating a linear regression on two variables can be shown by drawing a line through data points representing paired numbers of the independent and dependent variables.

## References
King of Arms

) of the English Kings of Arms]]

A **King of Arms** is a government officer in countries like England, Scotland, and Wales. He grants coats of arms to other people. King of Arms is the highest rank of officer of arms. Some countries do not have a King of Arms, but have another person that grants coats of arms.

## Heraldic jobs
*In England, Wales and Northern Ireland two of the three Kings of Arms gives coats of arms to people after the Earl Marshal approves. 
*In Scotland, the Lord Lyon gives coats of arms without needing any other permission.
*In the Republic of Ireland, the coats of arms are given by the Chief Herald.
*Canada also has a chief herald,  who is in charge of the Canadian Heraldic Authority 
*In South Africa, the *State Herald* is in charge of the Bureau of Heraldry
*In the Kingdom of Spain, a *Cronista de Armas* (Chronicler of Arms) has the power to give people coats of arms.

A King of Arms is also usually in charge of special ceremonies for a country.

## British Kings of Arms 
### English Kings of Arms
*Garter Principal King of Arms
*Clarenceux King of Arms
*Norroy and Ulster King of Arms

### Scottish King of Arms
*Lord Lyon King of Arms

## Chief Heralds
*The Chief Herald of Canada
*Chief Herald of Ireland
*The State Herald of South Africa

## Cronistas de Armas
*Cronista de Armas de Castille and Leon

## Related pages
* Heraldry
* Officer of Arms
* College of Arms
* Court of the Lord Lyon
* Canadian Heraldic Authority

## Other websites
*The Court of the Lord Lyon 
*The College of Arms
*The Canadian Heraldic Authority 
*The Office of the Chief Herald of Ireland
Autobiography

An **autobiography** is a biography in which the author writes about his or her own life. It is a self-written account of one's own life. It is one of the earliest form of literature, but the word itself is quite modern. The word comes from the Greek stems "auto-" (*"self"*) "bio-" (*"life"*) and "-graph" (*"write"*).

## References
## Related pages
* Novel
* Pro
Brian Eno

**Brian Eno** (born 15 May 1948) is an English musician. He was one of the original members of the band Roxy Music. He makes music called electronic music, which is music made using computers and other electronic devices, like the synthesizer. Brian Eno has worked with other famous musicians and groups like David Bowie and U2.

## References
List of international Cartoon Network channels

**Cartoon Network** is an international cartoon television channel for children owned by Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD).

## Channels
### Current
#### Americas
*Cartoon Network Canada
*Cartoon Network Latin America

#### Europe
*Cartoon Network Europe
*Cartoon Network Central & Eastern Europe
*Cartoon Network Russia and Southeastern Europe
*Cartoon Network France
*Cartoon Network Germany
*Cartoon Network Italy
*Cartoon Network Turkey
*Cartoon Network United Kingdom

#### Asia
*Cartoon Network India
*Cartoon Network Asia
*Cartoon Network Japan
*Cartoon Network South Korea
*Cartoon Network Pakistan
*Cartoon Network Philippines

#### Pacific
*Cartoon Network Australia and New Zeland

### Former
*Cartoon Network Spain - closed in 2013 along with Cartoonito to make way for Boing

## Other websites
*Cartoon Network America 
*Cartoon Network South America
*Cartoon Network Europe 
*Cartoon Network Asia
Kirby (character)

**Kirby** is the titular character of the *Kirby* franchise. Kirby has appeared in many video games made for Nintendo game systems.  

Their appearance is simply a pink ball with red shoes and nubs for arms. Kirby has black oval eyes, blushing cheeks, and a small mouth.  

Kirby also has the power to fly over obstacles by puffing up into a large ball. They can also eat enemies by inhaling them, and he can spit them out to shoot other enemies.  

In most of the series, Kirby has the power to copy the abilities of enemies by swallowing them. When Kirby eats an enemy with a power to copy, they change his look to show his new power, mostly shown as a hat.  

Kirby also appears in the Super Smash Bros. series of crossover fighting video games.  

He was named after John Kirby, a lawyer who helped Nintendo win a lawsuit that was filed against them by Universal City Studios over the copyrights of Donkey Kong in 1984.
Condenser

**Condenser** may mean:

*The old name for a capacitor
*Condenser (laboratory), a device used in a chemistry laboratory
*Condenser (heat transfer), a device used in HVAC to condense a gas into a liquid by cooling.
Strategy

**Strategy** is a long term  on what to do to achieve a certain . Today, the word "strategy" is in common use; people might talk about "business strategy", for example. However, it is a word which was first used by the military. It comes from an ancient Greek word for the most important leader who made all the big decisions for the rest of the soldiers. In other words, this leader was the highest general of the country.

When talking about the near future, people often use the word *tactics*.  Military theorist Carl von Clausewitz said "tactics is the art of using troops in battle; strategy is the art of using battles to win the war". The distinction between strategy and tactics applies to any planning which might be done against an enemy or opponent. Strategy is what we broadly intend to do to reach our long-term goal or . Tactics is the detailed steps which are used as our progress is opposed by the opponent. For this reason, tactics are short-scale and easy to change. Strategy, on the other hand, is changed as little as possible. It may be that our goal simply cannot be reached. In that case, a search goes on for a new goal and a new or adjusted strategy. Often, in war, chess or business, roughly the same tactics are still used to get to a different goal. Negotiation is another area where the distinction between strategy and tactics is especially clear.

## References 
## Bibliography
*Clausewitz, Carl von. 1989. *On War*, trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
*Gray, Colin S. 1999. *Modern Strategy*. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
*Liddell Hart, Basil. H. 1967. *Strategy*. New York: Praeger.
*Luttwak, Edward. 2001. *Strategy: the logic of war and peace*. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
*Sun Tzu. 1963. *The Art of War*. trans. Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
*Watson, John 1998. *Secrets of modern chess strategy: advances since Nimzowitsch*. Gambit, London.
Amarillo, Texas

**Amarillo** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is in the northern part of Texas. The city's economy is mostly based on cattle. In 2020, 200,393 people lived there.

## References
Lansdowne, Pennsylvania

**Lansdowne** is a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the US.

## Geography 
Lansdowne has a total area of 1.2 square miles.
Psychokinesis

**Psychokinesis** or **telekinesis** is the supposed ability to change matter, energy, space or time by using your mind.  It is often mentioned and performed in science fiction movies and video games.

## Abilities 
Psychokinesis is the word used to describe many different abilities. These abilities include:
* moving objects (this is called *telekinesis*; see below)
* changing the shape of objects (this includes melting or bending metal)
* influencing events
* healing
* teleportation (disappearing and reappearing in a different place)
* traveling through objects, like a wall
* changing an object into something else
* changing oneself into something else
* putting an energy field around oneself
* control of magnetism
* control of photons (light waves/particles)

### Telekinetic abilities 
* moving objects (move, lift, shake, vibrate, spin, bend, or break large and small objects)
* lifting oneself up off of the ground (including flying)

### Elemental control 
* Ability to control fire, water, air, and earth.

### Age control 
* with telekinesis and blood control you can become immortal or change your age.

### Vibration 
* With telekinesis you can send extreme vibrations to an object, like glass, so it can shatter

## References
Gillingham F.C.

**Gillingham Football Club** is an English football club. They are based in the town of Gillingham, Kent. They are currently in Football League One. They play home games at Priestfield Stadium.  Gillingham are managed by Steve Lovell and the chairman is Paul Scally. The club captain, Gabriel Zakuani, plays in defence.  They finished their last season (2017-18) in 17th.
Round (music)

A **round** in music is a song which can be sung by two or more groups of people.   One group starts off and the next group start to sing the same song a bit later.  It should sound nice together.  When a group gets to the end of the song they start again.  They can go round and round, singing it several times.

Usually rounds are in 2, 3 or 4 parts (meaning that they are for 2, 3 or 4 groups of people).  When a group of people sing or  play a round they usually sing it an agreed number of times.  This means that the group which starts last also finishes last.

*Frère Jacques* is a famous French round.  ''London's Burning* is an English round.  Both those rounds can be sung in 4 parts.

The oldest round that we know is *Sumer is icumen in''.  This is a very famous piece of music because it is the oldest piece of music we know that was written down.  It was written around 1250 by a monk.  It can be sung in 4 parts with 2 bass drones (held notes).

Writing music by making one part imitate another is called canonic writing.  Rounds are a kind of canon.

## Related pages
*Canon (music)
Addenbrooke's Hospital

'''Addenbrooke's Hospital''' is a large hospital in Cambridge, England. It was started in 1766. A new building was started in 1962 and the old building closed in 1984.  It is run by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. The hospital lets people in to look around, once every two years. You can visit the mortuary, the operating theatres and the hospital roof.

In October 2022  there were two cases where people were waiting more than 60 hours in the emergency department for a hospital bed. 515 patients  waited more than 12 hours.

## References
Penjing

***Penjing*** (**盆景 pinyin: pén jǐng**, literally tray scenery), also known as ***penzai*** is the ancient Chinese art of growing trees and plants in containers. The plants are kept small by skilled pruning.

Penjing is similar to the Japanese art of bonsai.

## History
The first historical reference to *penjing* is from the 9th century.

## Related pages
* Bonsai
* Chinese scholar's rocks

* Suiseki

## References