open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Trojan horse (computing)

:*For the original from Greek mythology, see **Trojan Horse**.*

In computing, a **Trojan horse** (also written as **trojan**) is malicious software that misleads users of its true purpose. Sometimes a Trojan horse does exactly what it claims to do but it also does something else. This is because its real hidden purpose is to perform malicious actions in the background, such as allow a stranger to read and change the computer's information. In some cases the user notices, in other cases they do not. Although a Trojan horse can contain any type of harmful code, many modern forms act as a backdoor, which bypasses normal authentication or encryption in a computer. The effects of a trojan can be similar to a computer virus, but trojans don't infect other files or try to automatically spread over the network like viruses do.

Trojans are generally spread by some form of trickery, for example getting users to click on bad popups, Email, text,  attachments, advertisements, or fake device driver updates. A trojan may act as a "backdoor" to the computer, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer. Trojans that act as spyware may access users' personal information such as banking information, passwords, or personal identity. Some trojans can infect other devices connected to their networks. 

It is rare to get a trojan on your computer by merely visiting a website, though it can happen. Usually, though, trojans are attached to something the user downloads, such as music, wallpapers, backgrounds, games, and especially programs (apps). 

Trojans were named after the Trojan Horse in Greek mythology, which was a large wooden horse, given by the Trojans (from Troy) to the Greeks (from Greece) as a gift, but when the Greeks brought it inside their city walls, Trojan soldiers came out and defeated the city.

## References
Cognac

**Cognac** is an alcoholic drink. It is made from grapes. It is a kind of brandy. This means there is 40 percent of alcohol or more in it. It is made around the city of Cognac. Only a few very special kinds of grapes may be used to produce the brandy. 

The most important cognac importers are the United States, followed by Great Britain and Japan.
Steve McClaren

**Stephen McClaren** (born 3 May 1961) is an English former professional footballer and coach who currently serves as an assistant coach for Premier League club Manchester United, in his second spell at the club.

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Derby County**
*Football League Second Division: 1986–87

### Manager
**Middlesbrough**
*Football League Cup: 2003–04
*UEFA Cup runner-up: 2005–06

**Twente**
*Eredivisie: 2009–10

## References
Barbecue

**Barbecue** (or *Barbeque*, *BBQ*) is a special type of grill. It is also a way to prepare meat which is then cooked with a barbecue sauce. It is especially popular in Australia and in certain parts of the United States.  

Barbecue cooking is often done very slowly.  It is not as hot as grilling.  Some meats must be cooked slowly to be tender, and easy to chew.  Sometimes, meat may be slowly cooked for 8 to 24 hours on a barbecue.

## Variation
### United States
In the United States, people barbecue chicken, beef and pork, depending on the part of the country.  Barbecuing is very popular in the Central and Southern U.S., especially in Texas with beef and Kansas City and North Carolina with pork.  In the United States barbecued meat is usually covered in barbecue sauce, a type of thick, dark red sauce that often contains spices, tomatoes, and honey.  Very often, American barbecue grills get heat from hickory wood.

In California, it was common to barbecue beef in a hole in the ground rather than a grill.  This is called a "pit barbecue".

### Greece
In Greek cuisine, a barbecue is called a skara.
A Greek barbecue is typically used to grill various cuts of meat, such as steak, koftas, Shish kebab, chicken wings and chicken breasts. Greek salad and other cold foods accompany the meal.

### Brazil
A Brazilian barbecue is called a Churrascaria.

## Images

File:Grilled corn.jpeg|Barbecued corn
Image:Barbecue.jpg|Another barbecue image
Image:Asado a la estaca en General Pico, Argentina 2007.jpg|A barbecue in Patagonia, Argentina
Barbecue spaghetti.jpg|Barbecue spaghetti

## Related pages 
* Asado

## References
Cow Belles

***Cow Belles*** is an American teen movie romantic comedy movie produced Disney Channel original movie. It was shown on television on March 26, 2006. This movie stars Aly and AJ of Aly & AJ.

## Plot
Two spoiled sisters (Aly & AJ) are rich, but their father and the family have many losses, forcing the girls to do dairy farm work. Courtney (AJ) still saves party money enough to save the family. Taylor (Aly) decides to give up the money after she was told not to just to save the family. Soon the girls learn a lesson about friendship, sisterhood, and love, and that it is better to choose brains of bronze.

## Other websites
*
Legacy

**Legacy** has different meanings. In law, a legacy is something that someone gets by inheritance, or by a will. In historical terms, a legacy is something that is handed down from one period of time to another. Often, it means something handed down from an ancestor or predecessor.

In loose terms, it is sometimes said that countries or civilization can leave a legacy, such as an idea that will be remembered for a long time. That is clearly an extension of its original meaning(s), which were about individual people.

Gautama Buddha, Confucius, and other religious and philosophical teachers have left moral legacies. 

More than 2,000 years ago, the Ancient Greek mathematician, Euclid of Alexandria, collected and wrote down ideas about geometry and measurement in a text called *Elements*. Students still use these ideas when they learn about mathematics. Other sciences also inherited much from Ancient Greece, and science, in general, is a system of legacies. Greek science developed from Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian science, as Islamic science used its legacy rather than those of other cultures. Renaissance science built on its predecessors, as did modern science.

In Athens, Greece, citizens voted on what the city would do. This early form of democracy is a cultural legacy. Ancient Rome elected some of their leaders and made Roman laws that became a legal legacy for later civilizations. Roman and Greek architecture are also often imitated, as another kind of legacy.

Some families pass objects and ideas down from generation to generation. These heirlooms and ideas can also be called legacies.  It may have to do with a person or many people. individuals can leave a historical legacy.

Legacy is a similar concept as inheritance and heritage. It is something we inherit from past generations and pass to future generations. Usually, *heritage* refers to material and economical inheritance, while *legacy* refers to immaterial and cultural inheritance.

When software source code is reused in new software development, the old code is often called legacy code.

## References
Den Helder

**Den Helder** is a municipality in the Netherlands. It is in the province of North Holland. Den Helder is at the northernmost point of the province, excluding the island Texel. About 60,000 people live there.
Vibo Valentia

**Vibo Valentia** () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 33,957 people.

## Other websites
*News and photos about Vibo Valentia
Legnica

**Legnica** () is a city in Poland. The river Katzbach runs through Legnica. There live over 100,000 people. The city is in west part of Poland (near Germany and Czech border). Legnica is near a bigger city, Wrocław.

Legnica is in the middle of Silesia. The area used to be part of Prussia, and Legnica was the capital of one of the three Silesian government areas (Regierungsbezirk).

## History
Silesia, a Prussian Province, was divided in 3 administrative regions (Regierungsbezirk): Liegnitz, Breslau and Oppeln.

The Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz comprised the following districts:

*Urban districts ()
#Glogau
#Görlitz
#Hirschberg
#Liegnitz

*Rural districts ()
#Bunzlau
#Fraustadt
#Freystadt
#Glogau
#Görlitz
#Goldberg
#Grünberg
#Hirschberg
#Hoyerswerda
#Jauer
#Landeshut
#Lauban
#Liegnitz
#Löwenberg
#Lüben
#Rothenburg
#Sprottau

## Education 
### National Colleges 
* Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Legnicy
* Politechnika Wrocławska (affiliate in Legnica)
* Nauczycielskie Kolegium Języków Obcych w Legnicy

### Not national Colleges 
* Wyższa Szkoła Medyczna w Legnicy
* Wyższa Szkoła Menedżerska w Legnicy
* Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania/ The Polish Open University
* Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu
* Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Legnickiej

### Secondary schools 
* I Liceum Ogólnokształcące 
* II Liceum Ogólnokształcące
* III Liceum Ogólnokształcące 
* IV Liceum Ogólnokształcące
* V Liceum Ogólnokształcące
* VI Liceum Ogólnokształcące
* VII Liceum Ogólnokształcące
* Akademickie Liceum Ogólnokształcące
* Katolickie Liceum Ogólnokształcące
* Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Zespole Szkół Integracyjnych im. Piastów Śląskich
* Zespół Szkół Budowlanych
* Zespół Szkół Ekonomicznych
* Zespół Szkół Elektryczno-Mechanicznych
* Zespół Szkół Medycznych
* Zespół Szkół Przemysłu Spożywczego
* Zespół Szkół Rolniczych im. Wincentego Witosa
* Zespół Szkół Samochodowych
* Zespół Szkół Technicznych i Ogólnokształcących im. H. Pobożnego
* Zespół Szkół Włókienniczych

### Junior highs 
* Gimnazjum nr 1
* Gimnazjum nr 2
* Gimnazjum nr 3
* Gimnazjum nr 4
* Gimnazjum nr 5
* Gimnazjum nr 6
* Gimnazjum nr 7
* Gimnazjum nr 8
* Gimnazjum nr 9
* Gimnazjum nr 10
* Gimnazjum nr 11
* Gimnazjum nr 12
* Gimnazjum nr 13
* Gimnazjum nr 14
* Gimnazjum im. św. Franciszka z Asyżu
* Gimnazjum Ośrodka Szkolno-Wychowawczego
* Prywatne Gimnazjum
* Gimnazjum TWP (at I Liceum Ogólnokształce)

### Primary schools 
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 1
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 2
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 4
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 6
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 7
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 9
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 10
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 12 (belongs to borstal)
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 13 (at welfare aid)
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 16
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 18
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 19;
* Szkoła Podstawowa nr 20
* Szkoła Podstawowa Ośrodka Szkolno-Wychowawczego
* Szkoła Podstawowa (private school)
Common Era

**Common Era** (**CE**; ) is a method used to identify a year. It means "a year in our time" (instead of a year a very long time ago). It is the system for recording dates used almost everywhere around the world today. 

CE is an alternative to the AD system used by Christians, but the numbering is the same: the year  CE is equal to AD  (but usually we just say "the year is "). AD is an abbreviation of the . The CE method is used as an alternative to AD because not everyone is a Christian, but most people use the year numbering that was originally Christian. Some people use the name **Christian Era** () because it has the same acronym as the name Common Era.

When writing about calendars, an era is span of dates, starting from a particular moment in time. In the case of both CE and AD, that start date is after the date people think Jesus of Nazareth was born. Both systems start with year one.

## Before Common Era 
**Before Common Era** (**BCE**) is the system for the years "Before the Common Era". BCE uses the same numbering as BC (Before Christ). "CE" and "BCE" are placed after the year number. Thus we write "Our year is  CE" or "Artaxerxes III of Persia was born in 425 BCE."

Usage of Christian Era notation began about 1615 among Christians in Europe, and has been growing among non-Christians who desire to be sensitive to Christians. “Common” Era is sometimes used instead, which is short for Common Christian Era.

## No Year Zero 
Neither system uses a year zero (0). Because of this, the year before 1 CE was 1 BCE, and the day before 1 January, 1 CE was 31 December, 1 BCE. This also means for example that Wednesday, 1 July, 5 CE was exactly eleven (11) years after Wednesday, 1 July, 7 BCE. The fact that there is no year zero is sometimes confusing for people trying to do math on dates between the two eras. One way to do the math correctly is by using this equation:

\{ \text{year CE} \} + \{\text{year BCE}\} - 1 = \{\text{number of years apart}\}

This is the same equation as finding the difference between a positive and negative number, minus one. The reason the final answer is one less is because the year numbering does not have a year zero. To use this equation on the example from before:

5 \ \text{(CE)} + 7 \ \text{(BCE)} - 1 = 12 - 1  = 11 \ \text{(years apart)}

The image below shows how the years CE and BCE connect as if on a number line. 

## Related pages
* Calendar
*Gregorian calendar
* Jewish calendar
*Islamic calendar
Reggio Calabria

**Reggio di Calabria** (, ;  ) is a city in southern Italy, capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, and the twenty-first most populous city in Italy after Modena. Reggio was the capital of Magna Graecia. It was the first city to take the name of Italy, founder of the ononymous name, formerly populated by Italics. It is the third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy, the city proper has a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants spread over , while the fast-growing urban area numbers 260,000 inhabitants. About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city and is the 100th most populated city in the EU.
## Geography
Reggio is located on the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, craggy mountain range that runs up through the centre of the region.

As a major functional pole in the region, it has strong historical, cultural and economic ties with the city of Messina, which lies across the strait in Sicily, forming a metro city of less than 1 million people.
## History
Reggio is the oldest city in the region, and during ancient times, it was an important and flourishing colony of Magna Graecia. Reggio has a modern urban system, set up after the catastrophic earthquake of 1908, which destroyed most of the city. The region has been subject to earthquakes.
## Economy
It is a major economic centre for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto, is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, the prestigious National Archaeological Museum of Magna Græcia, dedicated to Ancient Greece (which houses the Bronzes of Riace, rare example of Greek bronze sculpture, which became one of the symbols of the city). Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania.

The city centre, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a linear development along the coast with parallel streets, and the promenade is dotted with rare magnolias and exotic palms. Reggio has commonly used popular nicknames: The "city of Bronzes", after the Bronzes of Riace that are testimonials of its Greek origins; the "city of bergamot", which is exclusively cultivated in the region; and the "city of Fatamorgana", an optical phenomenon visible in Italy only from the Reggio seaside. 

## References
Score

**Score** or **scorer** may refer to:

*Test score, the result of an exam or test

## Business
* Score Digital, now part of Bauer Radio
* Score Entertainment, a former American trading card design and manufacturing company
* Score Media, a former Canadian media company

## Mathematics
*Score (statistics), a quantity in statistics
*Score, the number twenty (20); see also vigesimal
*Raw score, an original datum that has not been transformed
*Score test, a statistical test
*Scorer's function, solutions to differential equations
*Standard score, a quantity derived from the raw score

## Science and technology
*Single colour reflectometry, an optical technique for monitoring biomolecular interactions

## Arts, entertainment, and media 
*Event score, written or printed instructions for a visual art performance
*Musical score

### Movies
* *Score* (1974 movie), an American adult movie
* *Score* (2016 movie), a documentary movie
* *Score: A Hockey Musical*, a 2010 Canadian musical movie

### Music
* Movie score, original music written specifically to accompany a movie.

#### Albums
* *Score* (Randy Brecker album), 1969
* *Score* (Paul Haslinger album), 1999
* *Score* (Carol Lloyd album), 1979
* *Score* (Dream Theater album), 2006
* *Score* (2Cellos album), 2017

### Periodicals
* *Score*, a football comic which became *Scorcher* in 1971
* *Score*, a pornographic magazine by The Score Group

## Sports and games
*Score (game), a number of points achieved in a game
*Score (sport), a number of points achieved in a sporting event
*Scoring (cricket)
*Score bug, a graphic displayed on a screen during sports game broadcasts to display the current score and other statistics
*Herb Score (1933–2008), baseball player
Radian

The **radian** (symbol: **rad**) is a unit of measuring angles. It is shown by the symbol "rad" or, less often, c (for circular measure). The radian was once an SI supplementary unit, but was changed to a derived unit in 1995. In a circular sector with a central angle of one radian, the arc length is equal to the length of the radius of the circle it is part of.

## Usage
Most people who do mathematics or physics use radians, rather than degrees, because some kinds of calculations, mostly in trigonometry and calculus, are simpler when using radians rather than degrees. Thus, most calculations related to angular frequency (such as angular velocity) use radians per second. 

People who look through a telescope or sniper scope often use milliradians to describe distances as seen through it.

## Conversion
1 radian is equal to about 57.3°. There are 2π radians (about 6.28 radians) in a full revolution. The formula for converting radians to degrees and vice versa is:
:2\pi\mbox{ rad} = 360^\circ
:1 \mbox{ rad} = \frac {360^\circ} {2 \pi} = \frac {180^\circ} {\pi} \approx 57.29577951^\circ 

or:

:360^\circ=2\pi\mbox{ rad}
:1^\circ=\frac{2\pi}{360}\mbox{ rad}=\frac{\pi}{180}\mbox{ rad} \approx 0.01745329\mbox{ rad}

we can also say that:

:x \mbox{ rad} = \left(\frac{180x}{\pi}\right)^\circ.

## Related pages 
* Steradian
* Tau, the measure of a full circle in radian
* Unit circle

## References
Taoyuan City

**Taoyuan City** () is a special municipality of Taiwan, Republic of China, in the northwestern part of the island, next to New Taipei City. Taoyuan District is in this municipality and serves as the seat of Taoyuan City.

"Taoyuan" means "peach garden," since the area used to have many peach blossoms. Taoyuan is the native home to the Pingpu tribe of Aborigines. It is now an important industrial region of Taiwan. Taipei Taoyuan International Airport, which serves Taipei, is inside this county.

## Administrative divisions
Taoyuan City controls 13 districts.

## Education 
*Chien Hsin University

## Related pages
*List of counties of Republic of China

## Other websites 
*Official website
Tainan County

**Tainan County** (Chinese:台南縣; Taiwanese: Tâi-lâm-koān) is a county in Southern Taiwan .  The name "Tainan" means simply "Southern Taiwan".

## Townships 
## Related pages
*List of counties of Republic of China

## Other websites 
*Government website  | (English)
Xindian District

**Xindian District** (Chinese: 新店區; POJ: Sin-tiàm-khu) is a district in the southern part of New Taipei City of the Republic of China. It has been historically spelt as *Sindian* (Tongyong Pinyin) or *Hsintien* (Wade-Giles) and *Xindian* (Hanyu Pinyin) on road signs in Taipei City. *Sindian* is the Tongyong Pinyin spelling of the city's name.

## Geography 
* Location: Latitude 24.57°N, Longitude 121.32°E
* Area : 
* Population: 300,283 people ()
* Households: 107,878

## Attractions 
* Bitan (碧潭) 
* Bitan Bridge {碧潭橋)
* Chung-yiang villages (中央新村)
* Feitsui reservoir(翡翠水庫)
* Wulai (烏來)

## Other websites 
* Household registration office
Lulu (singer)

**Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie** (born 3 November 1948), best known by her stage name **Lulu**, is a Scottish pop singer and actress. She was a worldwide top female artist in the 1960s and has continued very successfully ever since 

Her most famous hit is the song "*Shout*". 

Lulu’s first hit was “Shout “ Which reached number seven in 1964 in the UK charts   see Wikipedia and The Official UK Charts 

Her first US hit was the song "*To Sir with Love*", which was the title song of the 1967 movie *To Sir, with Love*, which was also her movie debut. 

In 1969, she represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest. Lulu tied for first place alongside three other countries due to no tie-breaking rule. 

She sang the title song of the 1974 James Bond movie *The Man with the Golden Gun*.

She was a contestant in the 2011 series of *Strictly Come Dancing*.

## Other websites 
*
Hsinchu County

**Hsinchu County** (Chinese:新竹縣; POJ: Sin-tek-kōan) is a county in northwestern Taiwan. The population is mainly Hakka; there is a Taiwanese aboriginal minority in the southeastern part of the county.

## Management 
Hsinchu County controls one township-level city (縣轄市), three city-townships (鎮), and nine rural townships (鄉).

## Related pages
*List of counties of Republic of China

## Other websites 
*Government website  | (English)
Funafuti

**Funafuti** is the capital of the small island nation of Tuvalu. It has a population of 4,492 (2002), making it the most populated atoll in this country. It is a narrow sweep of land between 20 and 400 meters wide. There is an airstrip, hotel (Vaiaku Langi Hotel), and administrative buildings, as well as homes, constructed both in the traditional manner, out of palm fronds, and more recently out of cement blocks. The most prominent building on Funafuti atoll is the Church of Tuvalu. Other sites of interest are the remains of American aircraft that crashed on Funafuti during World War II, when the airstrip was used by the American forces to defend the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati). The United States claimed Funafuti until a treaty of friendship was concluded in the late 70's or early 80's.

The largest island is Fongafale. On this island, there are four villages, of which one is Vaiaku, where the government is. The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes given as Fongafale or Vaiaku, but the entire atoll of Funafuti is actually the capital.

## Islands in Funafuti 
There are at least 33 islands in the atoll. The biggest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three islands are inhabited, which are Fongafale, Funafala and Motuloa. 

* Amatuku
* Avalau
* Falaoigo
* Fale Fatu (or *Falefatu*)
* Fatato
* Fongafale
* Fuafatu
* Fuagea
* Fualefeke (or *Fualifeke*)
* Fualopa
* Funafala
* Funamanu
* Luamotu
* Mateika
* Motugie
* Motuloa
* Mulitefala
* Nukvalevale
* Papa Elise (or *Funangongo*)
* Pukasavilivili
* Te Afuafou
* Te Afualiku
* Tefala
* Telele
* Tengako (peninsula of the island of Fongafale)
* Tengasu
* Tepuka
* Tepuka Vili Vili
* Tutanga
* Vasafua
* And at least 5 other islands

## Bays and streets in Funafuti 
* Te Ava Pua Pua
* Te Ava Tepuka Vili

## TeNamo Lagoon 
The lagoon surrounded by the atoll is TeNamo. It has a vertical length of more than 20&nbsp;km.
Cantonese language

**Cantonese** is an East Asian language that comes from Canton, in southern China. People use the word "Cantonese" to refer to the Guangzhou dialect, the Hong Kong dialect, the Xiguan dialect, the Wuzhou dialect, and Tanka dialect of Yue. Linguists prefer to use the name "Cantonese" for only the Yue dialect of Guangzhou (Canton) and Hong Kong. Using that classification, Cantonese is the prestige dialect of Yue.

Cantonese is spoken by people in southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia and Singapore, as well as by many overseas Chinese who came from Cantonese-speaking parts of China. It is also the most common language of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and North America. It is said that over 100,000,000 people speak Cantonese.

Cantonese is the third most spoken dialect of Chinese, behind Mandarin and Wu, but its official status in Hong Kong and Macau make it more widely known than many other Chinese dialects.

Even though Cantonese is called a dialect of Chinese, Cantonese is so different from Mandarin, the most spoken dialect of Chinese, that they are mutually unintelligible. That means that a speaker of one language cannot understand the other language without learning it beforehand. It is said that Cantonese is more closely related to Classical Chinese or the Traditional Chinese than Mandarin.

Cantonese is from the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. It is a tonal language and has six kinds of tones. 

## Hong Kong and Macau
In Hong Kong, the official languages are English and Chinese, according to the Basic Law of Hong Kong. The vagueness of listing Chinese as the official language allows for the wide use of Cantonese, as it is called a dialect of Chinese. In Hong Kong, many people speak Cantonese, instead of Mandarin, and some may even get offended Mandarin is spoken. Most schools in Hong Kong teach in Cantonese, rather than the language that they speak in Mainland China. 

In Macau, the majority speak Cantonese,which is also the official language with the other being Portuguese. The people, however, speak many other languages since the area is popular with tourists for its casinos.

## References
Kaohsiung County

)]]

**Kaohsiung County** (Chinese:高雄縣; POJ: Ko-hiông-kōan) was a county in southern Taiwan administered as part of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. It was combined with the former Kaohsiung City in 2010 to create a new Kaohsiung City.

## District 
### City 
### Township 
## Related pages
* List of counties of Republic of China

## Other websites 
* Government website  | (English)
Apia

**Apia,** is the capital of Samoa. In 2001, it had 380,800 people. It is part of the Tuamasaga district. The city is on the northern coast of Upolu Island. It is the nation's major port and only city. Fish and copra are the country's major exports, and cotton goods, motor vehicles, meats, and sugar are the major imports.

## Location 
Apia () is on a natural dock at the mouth of the Vaisigano River. It is on a narrow coastal plain with Mount Vaea (height 472 m) directly to its south. Two main ridges run south on either side of the Vaisigano River, with roads on each sides. The more western of these is Cross Island Road, the fewer roads crossing to the south coast of Upolu.

## Other city 
Mulinu'u, the old capital, is the location of the Parliament House (*Fale Fono*) and the historic observatory, which is now the meteorology office. In 1983, the Apia Samoa Temple was built here by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

## Transport
Chocolate cake

A **chocolate cake** is a cake made with chocolate or cocoa. The ingredients are put into a bowl and mixed together; then the mixed ingredients are put into a cake tin and put in an oven until it is fully cooked. Then the cake is taken out of the oven and placed on a cooling stand. If the cake maker wants to, they can ice the cake, when it has cooled down, by spreading thick icing on it. Chocolate cakes are sold in shops as well as made at home. They are a sweet food and should not be eaten all the time, which would be unhealthy.

There are many different types of chocolate cake, depending on the recipe and different types of chocolate used. Different countries have different recipes for chocolate cakes. In France, *gâteau au chocolate* is popular. In Germany, *Sachertorte* is popular.

## History
In 1828 Conrad Van Houten of the Netherlands made a mechanical extraction  for taking away the fat from cacao liquor resulting in cacao butter and the mostly de-fatted cacao. It was a compacted mass of solids that could be sold as it was "rock cacao" or ground into powder. The processes made chocolate from an luxury to an cheap daily snack. A process for making smoother chocolate called conching was made in 1879 by Swiss Rodolphe and made it easier to bake with chocolate as it "*amalgamates smoothly and completely with cake batters*." Until 1890 to 1900 chocolate recipes were mostly for drinks.
In the U.S., chocolate decadence cakes were popular in the 1980s; in the 1990s, single-serve chocolate cakes with liquid chocolate centers were popular.

## Gallery

File:Bûche de Noël chocolat framboise maison.jpg|Chocolate tree cake for Christmas
File:French chocolate cake.jpg|Dark chocolate cake slice
File:Chocolate Bundt Cake.jpg|A chocolate Bundt cake
File:Chocolate cake homemade.jpg|Homemade chocolate cake
File:Chocolate Cake & Raspberry (25271967935).jpg|A Chocolate cake with strawberry and cream
File:ChocolateTruffleCakeIdeal02.JPG|A chocolate trufflecake
File:Eine Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte.jpg|Black forest cake
File:Chocolate birthday cake.jpg|A birthday cake
File:Чоколадно благо со шумско овошје.jpg|North Macedonian Chocolate cake

## Other websites
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Red blood cell

**Red blood cells** (also known as **RBCs**, **red blood corpuscles** or **erythrocytes**) are cells in the blood which transport oxygen. In women, there are about 4.8 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. In men, there are 5.4 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. Red blood cells are red because they have hemoglobin in them. Quantity of Red Blood Cells in the Human Body. The average male adult has about **5 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter** of blood, while the average female adult has about **4.5 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood**. This may vary by about 300,000 to 500,000 red blood cells.

## Function 
The most important function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen (O2) to the tissues. The hemoglobin  oxygen in the lungs. Then it travels through blood vessels and brings oxygen to all other cells via the heart. The blood cells go through the lungs (to collect oxygen), through the heart (to give all cells oxygen). They go back to the heart to be re-pumped to the lungs (to again collect oxygen), so the blood in your body travels in a double circuit, going through your heart twice before it completes one full circulation of the body.

Red blood cells are doughnut-shaped, but without the hole. This shape is called a bi-concave disc. However, hereditary diseases such as sickle-cell disease can cause them to change shapes and stop blood flow in capillaries and veins. Plasma is got from whole blood. To prevent clotting, an anticoagulant (such as citrate) is added to the blood immediately after it is taken.   

## Discovery 
Jan Swammerdam a scientist from the Netherlands was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, another scientist from the Netherlands, was the first to draw an illustration of "Red Blood Cells".

## Discussion 
Mammalian RBCs are unique in that they have no cell nucleus in their mature form. These cells have nuclei during development, but push them out as they mature. This gives more space for haemoglobin. Mammalian RBCs also lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. All other vertebrates have nucleated red blood cells.

As a result of not having mitochondria, the cells use none of the oxygen they carry. Instead they produce the energy carrier ATP. Because they lack nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA. They cannot divide, and have limited repair capabilities. This also makes sure no virus can target mammalian red blood cells. 

## Transport of CO2 in the blood 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in blood in three different ways. The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood.
* Most of it (about 68% to 83%) is converted to bicarbonate ions  by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells. by the reaction CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H+ + .
* 5% – 10% is dissolved in the blood plasma.
* 5% – 10% is bound to haemoglobin as carbamino compounds.
## References
Jöns Jakob Berzelius

**Jöns Jakob Berzelius** (20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. He invented the modern chemical notation. Berzelius, John Dalton and Antoine Lavoisier are said to be the fathers of modern chemistry.

Berzelius was born in Linköping in Östergötland in Sweden. He graduated from Uppsala University as a physician. He became a professor in medicine and surgery at the Stockholm School of Surgery in 1807. In 1810, this became part of Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet (later the Karolinska Institute) and Berzelius became a professor of chemistry and pharmacy.

Not long after going to Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students. While doing experiments for the textbook, he found that inorganic compounds are made of different elements in proportion by weight. Based on this, in 1828, he created a table of relative atomic weights. On this table, oxygen was set to 100. The table had all of the elements known at the time. This work gave evidence of the atomic hypothesis that 
chemical compounds are made of atoms combined in whole number amounts. 

In order to help his experiments, Berzelius created a system of chemical notation. In this notation, the elements were given simple written , for example, O for oxygen, or Fe for iron. The proportions of the elements was shown by numbers. This is the same basic system used today. The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today (for example, H2O), Berzelius used a superscript.

Berzelius found the chemical elements silicon, selenium, thorium, and cerium. Students working in Berzelius laboratory also found lithium and vanadium.

Berzelius was the first person to show the difference between organic compounds (those made with carbon), and inorganic compounds. He helped Gerhardus Johannes Mulder in his analysis of organic compounds such as coffee, tea and many proteins. The term "protein" itself was created by Berzelius, after Mulder noticed that all proteins seemed to have the same formula and might be made of a single type of a (very large) molecule.

Berzelius wrote a great deal. He helped many leading scientists (such as Mulder, Claude Louis Berthollet, Humphry Davy, Friedrich Wöhler and Eilhard Mitscherlich), and many less-notable scientists.

## Summary of achievements 
*Law of definte proportions
*Chemical formula
*Discovered chemical elements
*Recognised organic compounds; named proteins.

## Sources 
*Crosland M.P. 1962. *Historical studies in the language of chemistry*.  Chapter 4: The symbols of Berzelius. London: Heinemann.
*von Meyer, Ernst 1906. *A history of chemistry from the earliest times to the present day*. p212 et seq: Berzelius: a survey of his work. London: Macmillan.
*Partington J.R. 1964 *History of chemistry*, vol 4. London: Macmillan; pp.&nbsp;142–77.
*Leicester, Henry 1970–80. Berzelius, Jöns Jacob. In *Dictionary of scientific biography*, vol 2, p90–97. New York: Scribners. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9
Quizmania

***Quizmania*** was a quiz television show on ITV Play. Viewers at home phoned in to guess answers to questions to win money.

*Quizmania* was on ITV from 2005 to 2007. It has been online since 2008.

## Presenters
* Debbie King
* Greg Scott
* Lee Baldry
* Nigel Mitchell
* Chuck Thomas
* Lottie Mayor
* Tim Lichfield
* Stuart Headlam
* Kirsty Duffy
* Lee Clark
Davina McCall

**Davina Lucy Pascale McCall** (born 16 October 1967) is an English-French television presenter. She is best known for having presented the early seasons of  *Big Brother UK* through its time on Channel 4.

She was born in London to a French mother and British father. She is the presenter of quiz show *The Million Pound Drop Live.* She is also currently a judge on the UK *Masked Singer*.

## References 
*The real mcCall
*Profile Davina McCall

## Other websites 
*
Noel Edmonds

**Noel Ernest Edmonds** (born 22 December 1948) is an English television presenter. He is best known for hosting the television programmes *Multi-Coloured Swap Shop*, ''Noel's House Party, Noel's Knocking Shop* and *Deal or No Deal?*. Edmonds is host of a TV game show called *Are You Smarter Than A Ten-Year-Old?* (the British version of *Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?*). 

He was a DJ on BBC Radio 1 during the 1970s. 

## Personal life
Edmonds was married to Gillian Slater in 1971. The marriage ended in divorce after eleven years. In July 1986, he married Helen Soby.  They have four daughters: Charlotte, Lorna, Olivia and Alice. The couple bought an  estate at Jacobstowe, near Okehampton, Devon, as a family home. In 2004, he and Soby divorced.  There was much tabloid publicity because of her extramarital affair.

It was reported Edmonds was involved with English teacher and former Miss England Pauline Bull. 

On July 23, 2009 Edmonds married his third wife, Liz Davies.  She was a make-up artist on the programme Deal or No Deal?. 

As a result of his success on *Deal or No Deal?'', Edmonds purchased a new home in Devon, a £1.7 million Grade-II manor house.

Edmonds was one of the trio Brown Sauce, along with Maggie Philbin and Keith Chegwin.  They released the single "I Wanna Be a Winner" in 1981.  It reached number 15 in the UK singles chart.

## References
Odd-toed ungulate

**Odd-toed ungulates** are the **Perissodactyla**, an order of mammals. 

Odd-toed ungulates have an uneven number of toes: Horses have only one toe, rhinoceros have three toes, and tapirs have four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet.

Their digestive system is more basic than the even-toed ungulates. A key difference between the two is that odd-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers as the even-toed ungulates do.

Horses, for example, get much less nutrition out of grass than bovines do. This has the consequence that horses have to stop and feed more often, which in turn makes them more liable to predators. However, horses are very well-adapted for running, more so than many oxen or other Artiodactyls.

The living ungulates are a much-reduced group: the horses (including zebras), the tapirs and the rhinoceros.

## Taxonomy
* Order **Perissodactyla**
** Family Rhinocerotidae
** Family Tapiridae
** Family Equidae

## References
Condor

**Condor** is the name for two species of New World vultures. Each is the only species in its genus. They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere. They are:

* The Andean Condor (*Vultur gryphus*), which lives over the Andes.
* The California Condor (*Gymnogyps californianus*), now found only on the western coastal mountains of the United States and Mexico.

Condors are part of the family Cathartidae, whereas the 15 species of Old World vultures are in the family Accipitridae, that also includes falcons, hawks, and eagles. The New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors. 

Condors are scavengers. They feed on carrion (dead animals). Their distinctive bare heads are an adaptation to their feeding method. It helps to keep them clean as they feed inside a carcass.

The Andean Condor has a wingspan of between 274 and 310&nbsp;cm, and weights around 11–15&nbsp;kg. The California Condor is smaller.

## Fossil record 
Fossils from the Pleistocene era have been found in various parts of North America, including New York and Florida. California Condors or their ancestors once lived on the west coast of North America as well as all the way to the eastern coast. An ancient relative of the condor, *Argentavis magnificens* from South America, may have been the largest flying bird ever with a wingspan of .

## References 
## Other websites 
*Andean Condor postage stamps 
*Californian Condor stamps
Carrion

]]
 ]]
**Carrion** is the carcass of a dead animal. There are several kinds of animal that feed on such meat, such as vultures, hyenas, condors, or Tasmanian Devils. Carrion is an important source of food for several kinds of carnivores and omnivores. 

The Carrion beetles also feed on it. Some plants fake the smell of carrion (they smell like carrion), so that they will attract insects they eat. Predators do not normally feed on carrion- they hunt and kill the animals they eat.
Artiodactyl

The **Artiodactyla** are **even-toed ungulates**, an order of mammals. They have an even number of toes: two or four. For example, camelids or animals of the Giraffidae family have two toes, but hippopotami have four toes.

Cetartiodactyla is a proposed superorder of mammals Containing the orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea. Right now, Cetartiodactyla is just a synonym.

## Digestion 
Some artiodactyls are ruminants (Ruminantia and Tylopoda). They ruminate their food—they regurgitate and re-chew it. This is a very important evolutionary advance.  Their stomachs are divided into three to four sections. 

After eating, the food re-enters the mouth, where it is chewed again.  The food passes to the "fermentation chamber" (rumen and reticulum), where microbes (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi) help to break down the cellulose found in plant material.

## Taxonomy 
* Order **Artiodactyla**
** Suborder Suina
*** Family Suidae
*** Family Tayassuidae
*** Family Hippopotamidae
**** Subfamily Maiaboarinae
** Suborder Tylopoda
*** Family Camelidae
** Suborder Ruminantia
*** Family Tragulidae
*** Family Moschidae
*** Family Cervidae
*** Family Giraffidae
*** Family Antilocapridae
*** Family Bovidae

## Related pages
*Odd-toed ungulate

## References
## Other websites
Bologna

**Bologna** (Emilian and Romagnol: *Bulåggna*) is the capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. It has about 400,000 inhabitants.
## History
Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name *Felsina* (c. 534 BC) and became a Roman colony in 189 BC.

In the 11th century Bologna began to grow again as a free commune, joining the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164.

The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in Europe.

After being crushed in the Battle of Zappolino by the Modenese in 1325, Bologna began to decay and asked the protection of the Pope at the beginning of the 14th century.

In 1980, 85 people were killed in a bombing at Bologna Centrale railway station. This was the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.

## Weather
Bologna has a humid subtropical climate (*Cfa* in the Koeppen climate classification).
Anura

has smooth (soft) wet skin.]]
 has rough (hard) dry skin.]]

The mirorder **Anura** includes the **frogs** and **toads**. They are one of the most successful living amphibia, judged by number of species. There are about 7400 different species of amphibians, and about 6500 are in the Anura.

There is no fundamental difference between frogs and toads. Frogs have a short body, webbed digits (fingers or toes), protruding eyes, forked tongue and no tail. They are exceptional jumpers: many of their features, particularly their long, powerful legs, are adaptations to improve jumping performance. They often live in semi-aquatic or humid areas.

Frogs have  skin, while toads have  skin. Frogs need their skin to be wet in order for them to get oxygen.p6 Frogs and toads have  heads and  bodies.p6 They have short fore limbs and long webbed hind feet. This helps them to move and swim in water. They can also use their legs to ,  and . Frogs are good jumpers, and some can leap up to six feet in the air. Tree frogs can climb on any surfaces, they use their sticky hands to do this. The tympanum membrane can only be seen on frogs. The tympanum membrane can be found between the frog's ears and eyes.p22 Others such as tree frogs and poison dart frogs lives in forests. Frogs and toads can be found almost everywhere except Antarctica.p223

Toads spend most of their time on land, while frogs spend most of their time in the water.p6 Tailed frogs looks similar to toads because of their hard skin. A tailed frogs "tail" is really an organ they use to release sperm in fast-moving waters. They are the only frogs with this organ.p199 The genus *Eleutherodactylus* are terrestrial frogs. This means that they lay eggs on land. Spadefoot toads make crying sounds during a rainstorm.

## Species 
There are over 400 species of "true" toads, the Bufonidae. The marine toads are the only toads which live in Australia, where they were introduced by people. True toads have poison parotoid glands that can paralyze or even kill dogs. However, some other animals eat true toads without ill effects. Toad poisons are secreted by warts. Touching them is not harmful to humans.p202

There are over 400 species of tree frogs, many of which can change the color of their skin.p220 Tree frogs have sticky feet, which helps them to climb and hang on to the big leaves. "True frogs", the Ranidae, are found in every continent except Antarctica. The family has over 700 species.p224  The feet of burrowing frogs feet help them to dig.

## References 
## Books 
*  
*  
*  
*  
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1088

## Events 
* Succession of Pope Urban II (1088-1099)
* Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny
* Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux.
* Mansur ibn Nasir succeeds Nasir ibn Alnas as ruler of the Hammadid dynasty
* University of Bologna was founded.

## Deaths 
* January 6 – Berengar of Tours, French theologian
* July 3 – Robert of Rhuddlan, Norman ruler of most of North Wales
* Naser Khosrow, Persian theologian
* William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, Norman aristocrat
Pieve Ligure

**Pieve Ligure** is an Italian town in the region of Liguria in the province of Genoa. The population in *Pieve Ligure* is 2,458.

Pieve has a sea and hill environment. There are no beaches on the coast, but only rocks which people swim and free divew forom. The wildlife there is very varied from young catfish to octopus. The highest place of the town is S. Croce (516 m). The economy is based on agriculture and tourism.
Gamal Abdel Nasser

**Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein** (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second president of Egypt from 1956 until his death. This change made Egypt a more socialist and modern country. In 1954 the Muslim Brotherhood tried to kill Nasser. He promoted pan-Arab nationalism, including a union with Syria that did not last very long.

Nasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in modern Arab history and politics. Under his leadership, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and other industries. He also became important in stopping imperialism in the Arab World and Africa. He was also important in starting the Non-Aligned Movement. Nasser's version of pan-Arabism, which is often called "*Nasserism*", was very popular in the Arab world during the 1950s and 1960s. Even after the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War damaged the way the public saw him, many Arabs still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom. He died in 1970 after suffering a heart attack.

## References