open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

The '''*Jyllands-Posten* Muhammad cartoons controversy'* is a  about a series of cartoons. They were first published in a Danish newspaper. The publication led to an outcry, and sparked violent protests in the Islamic world, with many people dying. The cartoons were drawn and created by Kurt Westergaard.

The crisis began after cartoons depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad were published in the Danish newspaper *Jyllands-Posten'' on September 30, 2005. Danish Muslim organizations staged protests in response. As the controversy has grown, some or all of the cartoons have been reprinted in newspapers in more than fifty other countries. The protests got worse when fake cartoons were released.

One of the cartoons showed Muhammad with a bomb in his turban. Some people thought this was saying that all Muslims are terrorists. But other cartoons made fun of the Jyllands-Posten newspaper. One insulted the editors of the newspaper, by using the language Farsi. 

Critics claims that the cartoons are culturally insulting, Islamophobic, blasphemous, and intended to humiliate a "marginalized" minority. However, supporters of the cartoons claim they illustrate an important issue and their publication exercises the right of free speech. They have also claimed that similar cartoons are made relative to other religions, arguing that Islam and its followers have not been targeted in a discriminatory way. 

## Related pages
*Jesus with erection

## References
## Other websites
* The page that contains Muhammad cartoons
Blasphemy

* (The Ship of Fools); woodcut attributed to Albrecht Dürer]]
.]]
**Blasphemy** is a word that means *speaking badly about a religion*, or *insulting a god*. Some religions see blasphemy as a religious crime. Many countries with a state religion have laws that make blasphemy a crime. For example, blasphemy can be punished with the death penalty in Saudi Arabia or Pakistan. In other countries, the punishment for the crime is a fine, or imprisonment.

Some countries do not have laws against blasphemy. For example, after the French Revolution, France made blasphemy legal to make sure people would have freedom of religion and the freedom of the press.

The United States, Canada, and many European countries, have laws to protect people who speak badly about religion. Sometimes people do this in a satirical way, like with a movie that makes fun of a religion. In these countries, profanity is often protected by freedom of speech as well.

## Related pages
*Heresy
*Profanity
*Sacrilege

## References 
**Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression*  (ISSN US 0363-3659)
*Levy, L. *Blasphemy*. Chapel Hill, 1993.
*Dartevelle, P., S Borg, Denis, Ph., Robyn, J. (eds.). *Blasphèmes et libertés.* Paris: CERF, 1993
*Plate, S. Brent *Blasphemy: Art that Offends'' (London: Black Dog Publishing, 2006) []

## Other websites
*Catholic Encyclopedia: Blasphemy
*Jewish Encyclopedia: Blasphemy
* Comprehensive academic study comparing global legal approaches to blasphemy in light of the Jyllands-Posten controversy 
*The Rational Response Squad: The Blasphemy Challenge 
*A More4 news film report on how insulting the prophet Mohammed in Pakistan is a capital offence, and defiling the Koran carries life imprisonment.
1180s

The **1180s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1180 and ended on 31 December 1189. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***119th decade*** which began on January 1, 1181 and ended on December 31, 1190.
## Events and trends 
* September 1, 1181 - Pope Lucius III becomes 171st pope
* June 25, 1183 - Frederick I and the Lombard League sign the Peace of Constance
* 1183 - Saladin takes over Syria and becomes sultan
* November 25, 1185 - Pope Urban III becomes 172nd pope
* October 21, 1187 - Pope Gregory VIII becomes 173rd pope
Avian influenza

**Avian influenza** (**bird flu**,  or **avian flu**), is an illness caused by a virus. The virus, called *influenza A* or *type A*, usually lives in birds. Sometimes it infects mammals, like humans.

There are many types of influenza A. It was first found in a bird in Italy in 1878. Most types have weak symptoms like conjunctivitis and afluenza-like symptoms. Also breathing problems, like the common cold. It often mutates. 

But some types kill birds, and a few kill humans and other mammals. One type of bird flu, called *Spanish flu*, killed 50 to 100 million people  in 1918/1920. Another type, called *Asian Flu* killed one million in 1957. Another, called *Hong Kong Flu*, killed one million people in 1968.

A subtype, called *H5N1*, killed six people in Hong Kong in 1997, but did not kill again until 2003, this time in China. Until the middle of 2005, it was primarily found in southeast Asia but since then has spread to parts of Africa and Europe. It has killed tens of millions of birds and resulted in the slaughter of hundreds of millions of other birds to limit its spread. So far it is mostly a bird disease and rarely infects humans. The concern about H5N1 is that it is constantly evolving at a very fast rate. It might create a human flu pandemic. Governments around the world are spending money to deal with this problem: studying H5N1, creating vaccines, conducting pandemic practice exercises, stockpiling useful flu medication, and many other activities.

## 2020s spread 
### United States 
The CDC says farm workers wear personal protective equipment, like N95s, when with sick farm animals. The sick farm animals could have H5N1, which could spread the virus. Yet, workers keep getting sick. This may be due to workers' fear of losing their job. This may also be due to employers and state officials not letting CDC inspectors into dairy farms.

As of July 2024, 11 humans sick with H5N1 were found in the USA. All of the sick humans found were dairy farm workers.

## References
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

]]

**Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord** (2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838) was a French diplomat. 

He was a bishop and worked successfully for Louis XVI. He changed sides and served the French Revolution and Napoleon I. When Napoleon started losing his wars, Talleyrand changed sides again and served  Louis XVIII. He represented France at the Congress of Vienna. He changed sides once more and served Louis Philippe I. Since the beginning of the 19th century he was known simply as *Talleyrand*. He is widely seen as one of the most pragmatic and influential diplomats in European history. He was known to accept bribes from other European powers, especially while he served under Napoleon.

## Related pages
* A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
* Mary Wollstonecraft

## Other websites 
* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigord 1754-1838
* Society of friends of Talleyrand 
* Career of Mme Grand, Talleyrand's wife
Bic Runga

**Bic Runga** (born January 13, 1976) is a singer from New Zealand. She was born in Christchurch. She has sold lots of albums in New Zealand.

The names of her albums are:
**Drive*
**Beautiful Collision*
**Live in Concert (With the Christchurch Symphony)*
**Birds*
Soft cheese

**Soft cheese** (in French: *Fromage à pate molle*) is any kind of cheese that does not get heated during production.

An example of soft cheese would be Brie.
The Cult

**The Cult** are a English rock band. They formed in 1981 under the name **Southern Death Cult,** later renamed to **Death Cult** in 1983, then were again renamed to their current name **The Cult** in 1984.

## Studio albums 
* Dreamtime (1984)
* Love (1985)
* Electric (1987)
* Sonic Temple (1989)
* Ceremony (1991)
* The Cult (1994)
* Beyond Good and Evil (2001)
* Born into This (2007)
* Choice of Weapon (2012)
* Hidden City (2016)
1028

## Events 
* November 12 – Dying Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire marries his daughter Zoe of Byzantium to his chosen heir Romanus Argyrus.
* November 15 – Romanus Argyrus becomes Eastern Roman Emperor as Romanus III.
1056

## Events 
* Anselm of Canterbury leaves Italy.
* Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Germany.
* Ottokar, Count of Steyr, becomes Margrave of the Karantanian March, later known as Styria
Sputnik programme

]]
The **Sputnik programme** was a Soviet Union spacecraft programme. This was the first man-made satellite ever to enter orbit. This was when the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States began.

## Etymology 
The word *Sputnik* comes from the ,
 or , not .

## References
## Other websites 
* Sputnik, Citizendium
1150s

The **1150s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1150, and ended on 31 December 1159. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***116th decade*** which began on January 1, 1151 and ended on December 31, 1160.
## Events 
* King Sverker I of Sweden is killed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden.
* Eric IX of Sweden tries to conquer Finland 
* The first fire insurance policy is issued. It is in Iceland.
* Church of Ireland starts obeying the Pope.
* Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry II of England and brings the province of Aquitaine to English control.

## Births 
* Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury 
* Alfonso II of Aragon

## Deaths 
* Suryavarman II, Khmer king, builder of Angkor Wat
* King David I of Scotland
Asatru

**Asatru** (Icelandic: **Ásatrú**, Norwegian: **Åsatru**, Swedish: **Asatro**) is a religion which involves the worship of  Germanic and Scandinavian Viking spirits and gods. It received official legal establishment in 1970s in Iceland through the efforts of Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson and other Icelanders. The current recognized national organization of Asatru in Iceland is Ásatrúarfélagið. The name is derived from two Old Norse words. It means "faith in the Æsir," the Old Norse gods.

A person who practices Asatru is called an *Asatruar*, and is sometimes referred to as a Heathen. Asatru is also called Wodanism, Wotanism or Germanic paganism.

Common books that describe the knowledge in depth include the Sagas and the Eddas.

## Gods and Goddesses 
Asatru is a polytheistic religion in which various goddesses and gods are worshiped. The most prominent are Thor, Odin, Freyja, Frigg, Freyr, Tyr, Loki, and Heimdall.

## References
Chandigarh

**Chandigarh**, also called "The City of Beauty", is a city in India. It is a union territory, because it is the capital of two Indian states: Punjab and Haryana. As a territory it does not belong to either state. Before 1 November 1966 it was the capital of East Punjab, but after formation of Haryana on 1 November 1966 it become a union territory. There are many tourism places in Chandigarh like Rock garden, Rose garden and Sukhna lake.

Chandigarh came into existence in 1952 when its first stone was laid. It is one of the modern cities of India, designed by a French architect Le Corbusier. It was the dream city of India's first Prime Minister, Sh. Jawahar Lal Nehru.

It is well known for its mixed cultural background and its fast development in the field of Information Technology. It has outlets of many famous multinational companies established here and is emerging as a hub for business development. The territory covers an area of 44 mi² or 114 km², it is bigger than Montserrat but smaller than Jersey. 

*Chandi* means 'good', and *ghar* means 'home', so the literal meaning of the city's name can mean "Good Home".

## Territorial symbols of Chandigarh

File:Indian Grey Hornbill I IMG 4051.jpg|Indian Grey Hornbill, territorial bird
File:Herpestes edwardsii at Hyderaba.jpg|Herpestes edwardsii, territorial animal
File:Mangifera indica. Tropical Brazil.JPG|Mangifera indica, territorial tree
File:STS 001 Butea monosperma.jpg|Butea monosperma, territorial flower

## Main Attractions Located within Chandigarh City Itself 

File:Rock Garden, Chandigarh 2.jpg|alt=Rock Garden, Chandigarh|**Rock Garden**, created by Nek Chand, this iconic garden is made of recycled materials and features unique sculptures and artistic pathways.
File:Sukhna Lake Chandigarh Evening.jpg|alt=Sukhna Lake Chandigarh|**Sukhna Lake**, a tranquil man-made lake perfect for morning walks, boating, or simply relaxing.
File:Zakir Hussain Rose Garden 20180907 155327.jpg|alt=Rose Garden (Zakir Hussain Rose Garden)|**Rose Garden (Zakir Hussain Rose Garden)**, Asia's largest rose garden, located in Sector 16, Chandigarh showcasing over 1,600 varieties of roses.
File:Rooster Fountain, Sector 17 Chandigarh.jpg|alt=Sector 17 Plaza, Chandigarh|**Sector 17 Plaza**, known as the heart of Chandigarh, this bustling commercial center offers high-end shopping, dining, and vibrant energy.
Chipmunk

A **chipmunk** is a small squirrel-like rodent. It is in the Sciuridae family. About twenty-three species fall under this title, with one species in North America.

The name may have originally been spelled "chitmunk" (perhaps from a Native American word meaning "red squirrel", or different Native American word meaning "one who descends trees headlong"). However, the earliest form comes from the Oxford English Dictionary (in 1842) as "chipmonk". Other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck". 

Chipmunks are hoarders, meaning they store food for winter.

## Popular culture 
Chip 'n Dale, two Disney cartoon characters, are famous chipmunks in pop culture. Another such trio is Alvin, Simon and Theodore (created by Ross Bagdasarian).

## Diet 
Chipmunks eat seeds, nuts, fruit, grass, shoots, and lots of other plants.They also mushrooms, insects, small frogs, worms, and bird eggs. They will also some times eat newly hatched baby birds. When near where humans live, chipmunks can eat grains and vegetables, and plants from their farms and gardens, so they are sometimes considered pests. Chipmunks mostly look for food on the ground, but they climb trees to obtain nuts like acorns. At the beginning of autumn, many chipmunks begin to hoard foods that wont go bad for winter. They mostly put their foods in a special room their burrows and stay in their nests until spring. Cheek pouches allow chipmunks to carry food items to their burrows to store or to eat.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Vicente Mondéjar Piccio

Major General **Vicente Mondéjar Piccio** (1 March 1927 – 28 April 2015) was a Filipino soldier. He was Chief of the Philippine Air Force during the last years of the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, notably during the 1986 People Power Revolution.

## Other websites
*Biography from the Philippine Air Force website
Brie

**Brie** is a type of soft cheese with a yellowish interior and a white layer (the "rind") on the outside of the cheese. 

The rind is eaten as well as the inside of this cheese. Like other cheeses, Brie is a dairy product made from cows' milk. Brie cheese may be served with fruit as a dessert at the end of a meal, or with a relish.

The cheese is sometimes served slightly melted or baked, in a round, lidded ceramic dish, and topped with nuts or fruit, or both.

## How it is made 
Brie is a French cheese, and protected by AOC (''Appellation d'origine contrôlée*). This means only this cheese from this region (near Paris) can properly call itself "brie". This is ignored by some countries outside Europe, but the system of AOC is used in the wine business, so many parts of the world do honour it, and have similar arrangements.

The milk of soft cheeses (*à pate molle* in French) is not heated during the production of the cheese. Talleyrand said about this kind of cheese that it was the *king of cheeses*. He said that in the 19th century. This kind of cheese has been made for at least 1000 years.

In Europe this cheese is usually not treated chemically, so it might change in consistency or color. It will go bad if it is not kept cool. If that means it is kept in a refrigerator, note that it should not be eaten that cold. It is best eaten when it is somewhat below normal room temperature. In most countries, brie-style cheeses are made with Pasteurized milk.

Brie can be aged, that is, carefully treated for up to a year. Then it has a darker colour and a stronger taste. This is rarely seen outside of France.

## Types of Brie
The following kinds of Brie exist:

* Brie de Meaux, from Champagne (region), AOC since 1986. The 1998 production was 7683 tonnes.
* Brie de Melun, from Ile-de-France, AOC since 1980. 264 tonnes produced in 1998.

Other French *Bries'' are:

* Brie fermier, Île-de-France
* Brie de Melun bleu
* Brie petit moulé
* Brie laitier
* Brie de Coulommiers

Bries from outside France:

* Somerset Brie, England
* Brie Manoir, Québec
* Bleubrie, Québec

## Brie de Meaux
Cheeses are made into round loaves, of about 36&nbsp;cm in diameter. The cheeses then weight about 2.5 kilograms. It is best tasted from April to October, after a ripening period of 8 to 10 weeks. About 2% of the production occurs on farms.

## Brie de Melun
The Brie de Melun is smaller than the Brie de Meaux, but more salt is added to it. The ripening period is 10 weeks. It is best consumed April to September, but it can be found March to November, in some locations. About 5% of production occurs on farms.

## What Brie should look like
When people buy Brie, they should make sure that it has the following traits:
*It is soft.
*Brie is covered in a white layer. There may be reddish patches in the layer.
*The interior of the cheese should be yellowish.
*The cheese has a distinct smell which is often considered to be good.
*It should taste slightly nutty.
James A. Michener

**James Albert Michener** ( or ; February 3, 1907 – October 16, 1997) was an American writer. His books include *Tales of the South Pacific*, *Hawaii*, *The Drifters*, *Texas*, and *Poland*. Most of his 40 books are very large sagas. They are about the lives of many generations in a particular place. His non-fiction writings include the 1992 book *The World is My Home* and *Sports in America*.

Michener wrote that he did not know who his parents were or exactly when and where he was born. He was raised by an adoptive mother, Mabel Michener, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Some have argued that Mabel was his birth mother. He graduated from Swarthmore College, where he played basketball, in 1929. He later studied at the Colorado State Teachers College. He taught there for several years. He also taught at Harvard University. 

His writing career began during World War II. He was assigned to the South Pacific Ocean as a naval historian. He used his time there as the basis for *Tales of the South Pacific*, his first book. This book was the basis for the musical *South Pacific*.

Michener met his wife Mari while in Japan. His novel *Sayonara* is autobiographical.

On January 10, 1977, he was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Gerald R. Ford.

In his final years, he lived in Austin, Texas, where he died of kidney failure on October 16, 1997 at the age of 90.

## Books by James A. Michener 
* *Alaska*
* *The Bridge at Andau*
* *The Bridges at Toko-Ri*
* *Caravans*
* *Caribbean*
* *Centennial*
* *A Century of Sonnets*
* *Chesapeake*
* *Collectors, Forgers - And A Writer: A Memoir*
* *The Covenant*
* *Creatures of the Kingdom*
* *The Drifters*
* *The Eagle and The Raven*
* *The Fires of Spring*
* *The Floating World*
* *Hawaii*
* *Iberia*
* *Japanese Prints*
* *Journey*
* *Kent State: What Happened and Why*
* *Legacy*
* *Literary Reflections*
* *Mexico*
* *Miracle in Seville*
* *The Novel*
* *Pilgrimage: A Memoir of Poland and Rome*
* *Poland*
* *Presidential Lottery*
* *The Quality of Life*
* *Rascals in Paradise*
* *Recessional*
* *Return to Paradise*
* *Sayonara*
* *Six Days in Havana*
* *The Source*
* *Space*
* *Sports in America*
* *Tales of the South Pacific*
* *Texas*
* *The World is My Home*
* *This Noble Land*
* *Ventures in Editing*
* *The Voice of Asia*
* *Years of Infamy*

## References
War of 1812

The **War of 1812** was fought between the British Empire and the United States from 1812 to 1815 in North America and at sea. The British forces were helped by Canadian militia (volunteers) and Native Americans because British soldiers were busy fighting Napoleon I in Europe.

In nearly every battle, the British defeated the attacking American forces.  The war increased nationalism in both Canada and the United States.

## Causes 
One reason given by Americans for declaring war was that the British were bothering American ships. The British claimed to be looking for British sailors who had deserted. It was the practice of the British to arrest any man they found on a street and to force him to serve on their ships. The British were also seizing American sailors at sea and forcing them to serve in the navy.

The numbers of American seamen pressed into British service is not well known and may have been greatly exaggerated. That made 10,000 Native Americans fight for the British.

In 1814, Napoleon I abdicated the French throne. That freed up experienced British troops to be sent to North America. The poem was later used to give the words to a song that later became the US national anthem: "The Star Spangled Banner." The British attacked New Orleans but were stopped by the Americans under General Andrew Jackson. The British remembered it as the Americans trying to take advantage of their being involved in a war against the French Empire and paid no attention to American grievances. It concerned the distant capitals of Washington, DC, and London, not them. In Lower Canada, now Quebec, it was considered an Anglo-Saxon war. The average American remembers very little about the war.

The few British who knew about the little war felt that they had won, no matter what  Americans thought. Canadians kept their independence from the US, and so felt that they had won. The Americans felt they won although they lost in Canada since they lost none of their territory, repelled the invasion of Maryland, were free to fight the Native Americans without British interference, and were no longer impressed on the high seas. Of all three, the British are perhaps the happiest because they have completely forgotten about the war.

## Other websites 
* War of 1812 -Citizendium

## References
Piccio

The **Piccio family** is a family of Portuguese Jewish origin. The family's name is an Italianisation of the original Portuguese **Figo**.

## People
*Efrem Piccio, Venetian rabbi
*Lazzaro Piccio, Venetian rabbi
*Vicente Mondéjar Piccio, a general in the Philippine air force

## References
Montevideo

**Montevideo** is the capital and the largest city in Uruguay. It was founded by the Portuguese in 1717. Its best neighbourhood is called Carrasco. This neighbourhood is very exclusive due to its architectural styles.

## References
## Other websites
Clay

**Clay**  can be molded into a dildo and used to masturbate with in 1790s.n clay from the Quaternary epoch]]

**Clay** is a fine-grained silicate mineral made when rocks break down. Wet clay is soft and can be shaped to make pottery, bricks and other things. When it is shaped and then fired in a kiln to make it hard, it becomes pottery.

Clay often contains some water because the water molecules stick to the tiny grains. There may also be some organic materials in the clay.

There are 35 recognized clay mineral species on Earth, they make muds stick together ('cohesive'), or able to flow ('plastic'). The thixotropy of clay sometimes causes landslides.

Quartz, feldspars, iron oxides, and carbonates can weather to sizes of a typical clay mineral. The formation of clay is well understood.  It can come from soil, volcanic ash, and glaciation.  Ancient mudrocks are another source, because they weather and disintegrate easily. Where the grains are more than a few millimeters wide, the material is called silt, not clay.

## References
1748

**1748** (MDCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* July 25 - A Solar eclipse happened.  It was one of the reasons Charles Messier became an astrologer.

* February 15 &ndash; Jeremy Bentham
Rifle

The **rifle** is a gun with a stock to brace against the shoulder and a barrel with twisting grooves.  The grooves are called rifling and make bullets spin as they fly through the air. Rifles are made to shoot many different sizes of bullets using different amounts of gunpowder.  Rifles are usually made to be able to hit targets at long ranges. Modern rifles are made for many different purposes. Some are made for hunting animals. Some are made for soldiers to use in war. Others are made for police to have in case they need them. Some rifles are made for target shooting. 

## Types 
Rifles can work in different ways. Some rifles have what is called a bolt action. A small  is used to move a part of the rifle called a "bolt". By moving the bolt backward, then forward, allows the shooter put a bullet in the chamber ready for firing. It also s any spent shells still in the chamber from any previously fired rounds. The rifle in the picture above is a bolt action. Some rifles are semi-automatics, where a bullet is loaded (automatically) and fired each time the trigger is pulled. Some are fully automatic, which work like semi-automatics but allow the shooter to fire more than one bullet at a time by holding down the trigger. The automatic rifle stops firing when the trigger is released or it runs out of ammunition.

## Related pages
*Assault rifle
*Battle rifle
*CornerShot

## References 
## Other websites 
*Quick Guide to Olympic Shooting
*Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Bolt Action Rifles 
*Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Automatic Rifles 
*UK Air Rifles 
*Israeli Special Forces Rifles at isayeret.com
*On the AK-47's social and military effect on history  
*WW2-era Small Arms
*ShootingWiki.org Competition Arms Database
Convection

**Convection** is the movement of heat because of the movement of warm matter. Convection is defined as the method of heat transfer through a fluid from places of higher temperature to lower temperature by the movement of the molecules due to their different densities. 

For example, atmospheric circulation moves warm air to cool places, causing wind. Wind, in turn, can enter and cool a room if the window is open. The movement of the clouds, the ocean currents and many types of heaters are examples of convection.

## Forced convection and natural convection 
Convection can happen naturally ("**natural convection**") or because of a moving device ("**forced convection**").

The fan is a device that moves air artificially. The air in this case is moving because of the rotation of the fan. This is an example of "forced convection".

Natural convection happens because a fluid is lighter when hot and heavier when cold. Thus, if a fluid has a hot part and a cold part, the hot part naturally moves upward and the cold part naturally moves downward. For example, if the water in a pot is hotter near the bottom because of the fire, it rises from the bottom to the surface. At the same time the water near the surface is colder so it sinks to the bottom.

## Convection currents 
Convection currents occur when there are significant differences in temperature between two parts of a fluid. When this happens, hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink. This causes movements or currents in the fluid. Atmospheric circulation, for example, is made by convection currents.

## Related pages 
* Heat transfer
* Heat conduction
* Thermal radiation

## References
1717

## Events 
*January 4 — The Netherlands, Britain & France sign the Triple Alliance.
*February 26-March 6 What is now the northeastern United States was paralyzed by a series of blizzards that buried the region.
* March 2 — Dancer John Weaver performs in the first ballet in Britain shown in Drury Lane  *The Loves of Mars and Venus*.
* March 31 – Bishop Benjamin Hoadly, acting on the advice of King George begins the Bangorian Controversy by saying that God favors churches with no government.
* June 24 — The Premier Grand Lodge of England (UGLE), a branch of Freemasonry, is started in London.
*September: The first known Druid revival ceremony is held by John Toland at Primrose Hill, in London, at the Autumnal Equinox, to found the Mother Grove, what is later to become the Ancient Order of Druids (AOD).
* December 24/25 A disastrous storm flood hits the North Sea coast between the Netherlands and Denmark. Thousands die or lose their houses.
* Voltaire is sentenced to Bastille for a year because of his satirical writings.
* Spain unites its South American colonies as New Grenada.
*Montevideo, Uruguay, founded by Portuguese.
* A rift between George I of Great Britain and his son the Prince of Wales leads to the latter being thrown out of the royal household.

## Births 
*December 25 – Pope Pius VI, Roman Catholic pope during the French revolution. (d. 1799)

## References 
## Other websites
Nicobar Islands

The **Nicobar Islands** are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are part of India.

The Nicobar islands include 22 islands of different sizes. The largest one is Great Nicobar. The total land area of the chain is 1841&nbsp;km². The highest point on the **Nicobars** is Mount Thullier at 642 m. The population of the islands was 42,026 in 2001, roughly 65% of whom are indigenous peoples (the Nicobarese and Shompen peoples, listed among the Scheduled Tribes of India), and 35% migrants from India and Sri Lanka.

The Nicobars are located southeast of the Indian subcontinent. They are separated form the subcontinent by the Bay of Bengal by about 1,300&nbsp;km and are separated from the Andaman Islands to the north by the 150&nbsp;km wide Ten Degree Channel and are 189&nbsp;km from the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southeast. The Andaman and Nicobar islands separate the Bay of Bengal from the Andaman Sea. Until the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Indira Point, south of Great Nicobar, was the southernmost point in India.

The islands cluster into three groups. The northern group includes Car Nicobar (127&nbsp;km²) and uninhabited Batti Malv (2&nbsp;km²). The central group includes Chowra (8&nbsp;km²), Teressa (101&nbsp;km²), Poahat (13.3&nbsp;km²), Katchal (174&nbsp;km²), Camorta (188&nbsp;km²), Nancowry (67&nbsp;km²), and Trinket (86&nbsp;km²); the Isle of Man and Tillangchong (17&nbsp;km²) are uninhabited. Tillangchong is a wildlife sanctuary. The southern group includes Great Nicobar (1045&nbsp;km²), Little Nicobar (157&nbsp;km²), Kondul (4&nbsp;km²) and Pulomilo (1&nbsp;km²); the islets of Meroe, Trak, Treis, Menchal, Cubra, Pigeon, and Megapod are uninhabited. Megapod is a wildlife sanctuary.

Administratively the Islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union territory of India. The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory is Port Blair on South Andaman. The Union Territory is divided into two districts, Andaman district and Nicobar district (the latter encompassing all of the Nicobars). The Indian Government presently restricts access to the Nicobars by special permit, and in general non-Indian citizens are forbidden from visiting the Nicobar Islands.
1247

1247 was a Year starting on a Tuesday of the Julian Calendar

## Births 
* Angelo da Clareno, Italian priest and religious leader (d. 1337)
* Isabelle of Luxembourg, countess of Flanders (d. 1298)
* John II Avesnes, count of Hainaut and Holland (d. 1304)
* John of Montecorvino, Italian diplomat and bishop (d. 1328)
* Philippe de Rémi, French official and seneschal (d. 1296)
* Rashid al-Din, Persian statesman and historian (d. 1318)
* Robert FitzWalter, English nobleman and knight (d. 1326)
* Todros ben Judah Halevi Abulafia, Castilian Jewish poet
* Yishan Yining, Chinese monk and calligrapher (d. 1317)
* Yolande II of Nevers, French noblewoman (d. 1280)

## Deaths 
* February 12 – Ermesinde, countess of Luxembourg (b. 1186)
* February 16 – Henry Raspe, landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1204)
* February 25 – Henry IV, duke of Limburg (House of Limburg)
* May 9 – Richard de Bures, French knight and Grand Master
* June 10 – Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, Spanish bishop (b. 1170)
* July 8 – Mōri Suemitsu, Japanese nobleman and samurai (b. 1202)
* August 31 – Konrad I of Masovia, Polish nobleman (House of Piast)
* November 5 – Ogasawara Nagatsune, Japanese samurai (b. 1179)
* December 21 – Roger of Salisbury, bishop of Bath and Wells
* December 24 – Shōkū, Japanese Buddhist disciple (b. 1177)
* Helen of Sweden (or **Helena**), Swedish princess and abbess
* Śārṅgadeva, Indian scholar, musicologist and writer (b. 1175)
* Tomoe Gozen, Japanese female samurai warrior (b. 1157)
* William de Ferrers, English nobleman and knight (b. 1168)
Deuterocanonical books

**Deuterocanonical books** means "second canon" in Greek. It usually means the parts of the Bible that are only used by some Christian churches (mostly Roman Catholic and Orthodox). The books only exist in Greek language manuscripts that were written by the Jewish people living in Greek speaking areas of the Mediterranean Sea between 250 and 50 BC, as were all of the books of the Old Testament. 

The books are not part of the Jewish Tanakh (also called the *Hebrew Bible*), although they were quoted as Scripture well into the Middle Ages as is found in the Jewish Mishna and later Rabbinical writings, even into the 6th century AD. The current Jewish canon was closed by the time of the Masoretic Text in the 10th century AD. 

Some books considered deuterocanonical by Catholics are:

* The *Book of Tobit*
* The *Book of Judith*
* The *First Book of Maccabees*, also called *1 Maccabees*
* The *Second Book of Maccabees*, also called *2 Maccabees*
* The *Wisdom of Solomon*, also called The *Book of Wisdom*
* The *Book of Sirach*, also called *Ecclesiasticus*
* The *Book of Baruch*, with the *Letter of Jeremiah* as its last chapter

The *Book of Daniel* and the *Book of Esther* are longer in Catholic Bibles than in Protestant Bibles because they have more stories.

Many, but not all Protestant churches do not accept these books as inspired by God and use the derogatory term for them: Apocrypha. Martin Luther considered these books good to read while John Calvin read and studied them but did not think they should be part of the Bible.(except Baruch which Calvin accepted) The Church of England says that "The other Books the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine.
Kazan

**Kazan** (; ) is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture. Kazan lies at the meeting of the Volga (İdel) and Kazanka (Qazansu) rivers in central European Russia.

## Name 
The origin of the name is unclear. The literal translation of Tatar **qazan** is **a boiler** or **cauldron**. Or, it may have come from **qazğan**, Tatar for *dug [ditch]*.

"Qazan" is originally a name for a special cooking pan, a kind of a wok, but heavier. It was believed that the city of Kazan is named after this object because of its geographical similarity with a "qazan"-pan; namely the city is in a U - shape lowland.

Another, more romantic legend tells a story of a Tatar princess Söyembikä, who dropped a golden dish (golden qazan) into the river on which the city is located while washing it.

Nevertheless, Chuvash legends refer to Bulgarian prince *Khusan* (Chuvash rendering of Muslim name Hassan) and Chuvashes call this city Хусан after the name of this prince.

## History 
In 2021, nine people were killed in a mass shooting.

## Images 

Image:KazanAyvazovskiyStreet.jpg|One of the first (wooden) houses in Kazan
Image:Kazan_Center_from_Fizkorpus.jpg|Kremlin and City center, as seen from the State University

## References
## Other websites
Jurist

of Roman jurist Valerio Petroniano (315–320)]]
A **jurist** (from medieval Latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law).

## References
Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The **Andaman and Nicobar Islands** are a union territory of India. The name is often shortened to **A & N Islands**, or **ANI**.

The islands are in the Indian Ocean, in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal. The capital of this territory is the Andamanese town of Port Blair.

It is made of two island groups - the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands - separating the Andaman Sea to the east, from the Indian Ocean. These two groups are separated by the 10° N parallel, the Andamans lying to the north of this latitude, and the Nicobars to the south. The channel that separates ANI is the 10° degree channel. This islands have the only active volcano in India, Barren Island. These islands are also uninhabitated. It also has the lowest point in India, The Indira Point

The territory's population in the last (2001) census of India was 356,152. Added together, the total land area of the territory is around 6,496 km² or 2,508 mi², it is larger than the Palestinian territories but smaller than Georgia territory of Abkhazia.

## Territorial symbols of Andaman and Nicobar

File:ColumbaPalumboides.jpg|Columba palumboides, provincial bird
File:Manatee.jpg|Manatee, provincial animal
File:Phalaenopsis speciosa 1.jpg|Phalaenopsis speciosa, provincial flower
File:Pterocarpus dalbergioides.jpg|Pterocarpus dalbergioides, provincial tree

## References
By-product

A **by-product** is something that is made or produced while a product is manufactured in a factory. Usually, the by-product is not used, and it becomes waste that is put in a landfill or garbage dump. Sometimes by-products are toxic materials which are dangerous to humans, animals, and plants. 

Some companies are trying to find ways to reuse or recycle the by-products, instead of putting them into landfill or garbage dumps as waste.

Animal *by-products* are produced by slaughterhouses (places designed to kill animals for food). Animal by-products are the parts of the animals that cannot be eaten by humans. Animal by-products are sometimes included in non-human foods, such as pet food or animal feed (for farm animals).

## In chemistry 
In the chemical industry, a byproduct is usually any product other than the main reason for performing a chemical reaction. Chemists often use "byproduct" only to mean those chemicals that directly come from making the main product, and "side product" for products from alternative side reactions.

For example, a chemist might want to make chloromethane. The reaction for producing this is
:
The hydrogen chloride is a byproduct, because it comes directly from the reaction that makes the main product. However, it's hard to make this reaction stop at just chloromethane, and some of that product will react with extra chlorine gas:
:
This dichloromethane would be called a side product, because in theory this second reaction doesn't need to happen to make chloromethane.
Space Runaway Ideon

***Space Runaway Ideon*** was an animated television series from May 8, 1980 to January 30, 1981. It lasted for 39 episodes before being canceled. It was originally aired in Japan, where it was well known. It also had two movies called *A Contact* and *Be Invoked*.
Comic book

**Comic books** are books with comics, with pictures that make a story. 

## History 
### 19th century 
Comics were started in the 19th century after the development of modern colour printing and many other inventions. Woodcut engraving was a cheaper type of illustration widely used in the 19th century. 

These are important because they created an understanding that illustrations are sometimes just as important as words. The first comic strip appeared in France in 1889, and in the U.S.A. in 1897.

### 20th century 
Since the middle 20th century DC Comics and Marvel Comics have introduced superheroes such as Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk and the X-Men. Very often, characters in books, video games, movies and television appear in comics, and sometimes comic book characters are used in movies, TV shows or video games.

Comic books are published in three different forms.
* Single issues that are usually 32 pages long are called comic books. These are printed and bound like a magazine, with the pages folded and stapled together through the centerfold.
* Several comics may be put together in a trade paperback. These have spines like a book and are glued together.
* A bigger comic book that is bound like a trade paperback but is all new, instead of collecting older comics, is called a graphic novel.

## American comics 
American comics are usually about superheroes. The first American comic book was made in 1933.

## East Asian comics 
### Japanese manga 
Japanese comics are called manga () and they are read from right to left.

### Korean manhwa 
Manhwa () are comic books or graphic novels originating from Korea.

## Examples 
The list of famous superhero comics are:
* Superman
* Batman
* Spider-Man
* Wonder Woman
* Supergirl
* Batgirl
* Hulk
* Thor
* Captain America
* Green Lantern
* Aquaman
* Fantastic Four
* X-Men
* The Flash
* Captain Marvel
* Iron Man

Some famous manga are:
* Naruto
* Dragon Ball
* Astro Boy
* Sailor Moon
* Death Note

## References
Peanuts

***Peanuts*** was a comic strip. It was written and drawn by Charles M. Schulz. It was about a boy named "Charlie Brown", his dog named "Snoopy" and the lives of their best friends, which include Linus, Schroeder, Sally (Charlie Brown's little sister), Lucy (Linus' big sister), Peppermint Patty, Marcie, Franklin, Pigpen and Woodstock. It started in 1950 and ended in 2000 when Schulz died before 2022. The Peanuts characters and concepts were adapted to several half-hour animated television programs over the years.

## Characters
### Charlie Brown
#### First Appearance: July 30 8967
**Charlie Francis Brown** is the principal character of the comic strip, Peanuts. He is "The  one who suffers, Charlie Brown does not like president" .  He suffers the lack-convince stuff

Jim Davis credited Charles M. Shultz from Mental Floss to get himself a new cartoon character, Linus Van Pelt

### Linus Van Pelt and Lucy Van Pelt
#### First Appearance: August 3 9876
**Lucille "Lucy" Van Pelt** is a bossy, selfish, tomboyish, girl who said "Lucy is a crabby, tomboy who says to her Dutch brother, Linus"

**Linus Van Pelt** is Lucy's brother in help who says "Linus is a lumpy, masculine who is known as Sherman Joseph Van Pelt"

### Peppermint Patty and Marcie
#### First Appearance: February 11 456
**Patricia "Patty" Reinhardt** is a 10-year-old girl of her life of in the special, A Happiness Blanket Of Charlie Brown aired on FOX Broadcasting 

**Michelle "Marcie" Plepler** is Shermy's ten-year-old sister with help of her bookish problem, Shultz funded Jim Davis to his Garfield

### Shermy Plepler
#### First Appearance: December 31 6789
**Sherman Michael Norman Plepler** is the brother of Marcie and Patty. When he is up to something, He said "Shermy is the character in the whole anxiety"

## Secondary characters
### Snoopy
#### First Appearance: July 4 7890
**Snoopy** is Charlie Brown's pet beagle instead, He is a anthropomorphic dog that he chose he was president though. He appears in other television specials

### Mr. David
#### First Appearance: May 15 7543
Mr. David is the teacher with a "Wa Wa Wa Wa" voice while the art teacher is away. He is a waing teacher who talks in the television special, He's A Bully, Charlie Brown

### The Mayor
#### First Appearance: November 30 7686
The Mayor is the character in needs to demonstrate his changes, He has a singing voice on the television special, Charlie Brown's All Stars

### Sally Brown
#### First Appearance: December 25 8923
**Sally Christina Brown** is Charlie Brown's 19-year-old sister who like disguises and donuts. She was known for her friends independently in "the tyranny of adults"

## Other websites
* Snoopy.com: Official *Peanuts* Website
* Snoopy's Home: Charles M. Schulz's home page
* *Peanuts* Collector Club
* *Peanuts* Collectible Ornaments Guide 
* AAUGH.com: *Peanuts* Book Collecting Guide
* *Peanuts* Animation and Reprints Page
* Charles M. Schulz Museum website
* NCS Awards
* Fantagraphics Books - *The Complete Peanuts* series 
* *Peanuts Gang* Wikia
Eddie Cantor

**Eddie Cantor** (born **Isidore Itzkowitz**; January 31, 1892 - October 10, 1964) was an American comedian, singer, actor, songwriter. Familiar to Broadway, radio and early television audiences, this "Apostle of Pep" was regarded almost as a family member by millions because his top-rated radio shows revealed intimate stories and amusing anecdotes about his wife Ida and five daughters. His eye-rolling song-and-dance routines eventually led to his nickname, **Banjo Eyes**, and in 1933, the artist Frederick J. Garner caricatured Cantor with large round and white eyes resembling the drum-like pot of a banjo. Cantor's eyes became his trademark, often exaggerated in illustrations, and leading to his appearance on Broadway in the musical *Banjo Eyes* (1941). He was the original singer of 1929 hit song "Makin' Whoopie".

## References
Days of Our Lives

***Days of Our Lives*** is a popular American television show on the NBC television network. It is one hour long and is broadcast during the day. Betty and Ted Corday made the show in 1965. Two companies, Corday Productions and Universal Television make *Days of Our Lives*. In November 2015, the show celebrated 50 years on TV. It is currently in its 59th season with 15,175 episodes (as of July 25, 2025). They began filming the show in HD in 2010.

*Days of Our Lives* takes place in the city of Salem. The main families on the show are the Bradys, the DiMeras and the Hortons. Many good and bad things happened to the Brady family and the Horton family. One character named "Stefano DiMera" does some of the bad things that happen to characters on this show.

## Characters
* Stefano DiMera is the head of the DiMera family. He is the villain in Salem and has done many bad deeds to the Brady family, mainly Marlena.
* Maggie Simmons Horton has been played by actress Suzanne Rogers since August 20, 1973. Maggie was created by scriptwriter William J. Bell, and executive producer Betty Corday.
*Marlena Evans, mother of DJ, Sami, Eric and Belle. She has been taken over by the Devil twice and everyone thought she was a serial killer in 2004. 
* Sami Brady, daughter of Roman and Marlena Brady. She has a twin brother Eric, and her half sister is Carrie. She is the mother of Will, Allie, Johnny and Sydney, and she believed that Grace as she had been swapped at birth.

### Couples
Here is a list of some of the main couples on the show:
* John and Marlena Black
* Bo and Hope Brady
* Abe and Lexie Carver
* Stefano and Kate DiMera 
* Jack and Jennifer Devereux
* Austin and Carrie Reed (Austin is Kate's son, Carrie is Roman's daughter)
* EJ DiMera and Nicole Walker 
*Ciara Brady and Ben Weston

## References
1067

## Events 
* On the death of her husband Constantine X, Eudocia Macrembolitissa becomes regent of the Byzantine Empire.
* Work begins on the building of the Tower of London.
* Trencavel family takes over in Carcassonne.
* The Wartburg castle, according to Legend, built in Thuringia.
* Winchester Castle built
* Vorša was first mentioned in the chronicles.
Adolphe Sax

**Antoine-Joseph** (known as **Adolphe**) **Sax** (6 November 1814 – 7 February 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who played the flute and clarinet. He is best known for inventing the saxophone.

## Bio
Adolphe Sax was born in Dinant in Wallonia, Belgium. Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age. He entered two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of fifteen. He studied those two instruments at the Royal School of Singing in Brussels.

Adolphe's first important invention was an improvement of the bass clarinet design. He patented this at the age of twenty-four. In 1841, Sax moved to Paris. Around this time he invented the saxophone.

He got a job teaching at the Paris Conservatoire starting in 1867.
 
Sax suffered from lip cancer between 1853 and 1858 but made a full recovery. He died in 1894 in Paris.

## Books about Adolphe Sax
* *Adolphe Sax, sa vie son oeuvre*, Malou Haine, Brussel University Press, Brussel, 1980
* *Sax, Mule & Co*, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, H & D, Paris, 2004
Unforgiven

***Unforgiven*** is a 1992 American western movie directed by Clint Eastwood. It stars Eastwood, Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman and Richard Harris. It ranks #98 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies and won the Best Picture Academy Award. It is set in the 1880s in Wyoming and Kansas about an aging outlaw and killer. The movie is 130 minutes long. It is rated R.

## Other websites 
*
Tocantins

**Tocantins** can refer to: 
* Tocantins (state), a state of Brazil
* Tocantins River, a river in Brazil