open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mario Clash

is a 1995 action video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Virtual Boy. It is the first stereoscopic 3D *Mario* game, and is based on *Mario Bros.* The game got mixed reception.

## Gameplay
*Mario Clash* is a 3D reimagining of the original *Mario Bros.* arcade game. The player's goal is to knock all the enemies off of ledges. Players control Mario to do that. Mario can travel to the background and from the background by jumping forward or backward. The enemies travel between the foreground and the background through different pipes. Each level has a different set of pipes, platforms, and enemies. The game has 99 levels, although the player can only choose to start on one of the first forty of them. The game does not allow players to save their progress through the games, or save their high scores, once the game is turned off.

## Development
*Mario Clash* was developed by Nintendo R&D1, with director Gunpei Yokoi. This was the same team that developed the Virtual Boy itself. Shigeru Miyamoto, one of the *Mario* series' creators, helped make the game. The game was originally developed as a remake of the original *Mario Bros.*, and was titled *Mario Bros. VB*.

## Reception
The game received mixed reception when it was released. Almost all of *GameFan Magazine*s staff chose *Mario Clash* as their favorite Virtual Boy game because of its combination of platform gameplay with 3D effects. One reviewer praised the game's 3D effects, while both reviewers thought that it became tedious over time. *GamePro*s brief review praised how the game used the Virtual Boy's 3D feature. *Electronic Gaming Monthly*s four reviewers were divided: Andrew Baran and Mike Desmond complained that the game's control was loose, making it harder to jump on enemies, and thought that the game is "okay" but becomes boring after a short while, whereas Mark Lefebvre and Sushi-X thought that the simple gameplay is addictive and that the game makes perfect use of the Virtual Boy hardware.

Reviews written years later were also mixed. *Nintendo Life* thought that the game's sprites were "boring" and "flat," and criticized the game's lack of a save function. However, they did think that players would find it challenging if they kept playing for long enough. UGO Networks' Marissa Meli felt that the game's font made it look rushed. UGO Networks also, in a different article, said that *Mario Clash* was the low point of the *Mario* series. Allgame's Scott Alan Marriott said the 3D design gives the game more depth than the original *Mario Bros.*, but also said that the gameplay is repetitive. *IGN* called it a somewhat clever game but complained about the lack of a save feature for high scores, the Virtual Boy's "awkward" controller, and the console's red-and-black display. 

Several critics have suggested that *Mario Clash* should have been remade on the Nintendo 3DS. *IGN* named it one of the five 3D games of Nintendo's past that were most deserving of a rerelease on the 3DS, and 1UP.com staff said that it was a good game that would be made better on the 3DS.

## Notes
## References
Leucostethus fugax

The **Pastaza rocket frog** (*Leucostethus fugax*) is a frog.  It lives in Ecuador.

## Body
The adult male frog is about 17.9–19.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is about 19.3–20.1 mm long.  The belly is cream-white in color. There is a line down each side of the body starting at the eye. There are some marks on the chest and throat.

## Name
Scientists gave this frog the name *fugax* because that is the Latin word for "fugitive," or "runaway." They gave it this name because the frogs jumped out of the scientists' hands, especially Juan A. Rivero's.

## Home
Scientists saw this frog in tropical forests on hills, forest that has never been cut down and in forest that has been cut down and is growing back. They saw it  between 210 and 700 meters above sea level.

The frog lives near a protected place, Reserva Biológica El Quimi, and scientists think the frog might live inside it.

## Young
Scientists did not see the female frog lay eggs, but they think the tadpoles swim in streams because that is what other tadpoles in *Leucostethus* do.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out. People change the places where it lives to farms and places for animals to eat grass and to cut wood to build with. People also dig into the ground for copper and cold. This stops forests and makes bad chemicals that can hurt the frog and other living things.

## References
47171 Lempo

**47171 Lempo** or as trinary **47171 Lempo/Hiisi/Paha** (previously known by its designation **1999 TC36**) is a plutino and a possible dwarf planet. It was found in 1 October 1999 by a team led. Like Pluto and other Trans-Neptunian objects, it stays in 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune. It has a diameter of 272 km, while Hiisi has one of 252 km, and Paha has one of 206 km. It was named after Lempo, a finnish god of fertility and love in the underworld.

## Discovery
Lempo was discovered by a team led by Mike Brown on 1 October 1999.
## Hiisi
Hiisi orbits the Trans-Neptunian object itself. It has a diameter of 252 km.

## Paha
Paha orbits the Trans-Neptunian object itself. It has a diameter of 202 km.

## Related pages
* 38628 Huya
* (15874) 1996 TL66
* (15789) 1993 SC
* 79360 Sila-Nunam
* 541132 Leleākūhonua
* 148780 Altjira
* 65489 Ceto
* 53311 Deucalion
* 2011 KT19
* 15760 Albion
Chopsticks landing

A **chopsticks landing** is a way to catch and land a very big rocket. It was first done by SpaceX with their SpaceX Starship rocket in 2024. The name "chopsticks" comes from the two big arms that catch the rocket, which look a bit like chopsticks used for eating.

## How it works 
In a chopsticks landing, two big metal arms catch the rocket as it comes back to Earth. These arms are part of a tall tower. They move to grab the rocket and slow it down. This is different from how rockets used to land, which was often on their own legs or in the sea.

The chopsticks can also lift the rocket and put it on the launch pad. This makes it easier to use the rocket again.

## Alternate names 
This method is also called the **Mechazilla catch** or the **booster catching system**. Some people call it the **catching arms landing** or **mechanical arm recovery** because the arms do the job of catching. Others may call it the **tower catch landing** or the **Super Heavy catch system** since it involves the tower catching the Super Heavy Booster. All these names describe the same idea of using arms to safely land the rocket without legs.

## First chopsticks landing 
SpaceX, a company that makes rockets, did the first chopsticks landing with their Starship rocket. This happened on October 13, 2024. It was a big step for space travel because it showed a new way to land very big rockets.

## Why it matters 
Chopsticks landings are important for a few reasons:
* They can catch bigger rockets than before.
* They make it easier to use rockets again.
* They might make space travel cheaper.

## References
Mike Jackson (British Army officer)

General **Sir Michael David Jackson**,  (21 March 1944 &ndash; 15 October 2024) was a British Army officer. He was one of its most high-profile generals since the Second World War.

## Written works
* 

## References
## Other websites
Fadaei

**Ashkan Saranjam** (Persian: اشکان سرانجام; born 5 December 1989), known professionally as **Fadaei** (Persian: فدائی), is an Iranian rapper, singer, and songwriter. He is member of Moltafet music group. Fadaei's songs often have political and anti-Islamic Republic of Iran themes.

## Career 
He started his work by releasing "Iran Iran" a year after the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests mentioning the killing of Neda Agha-Soltan and the 2009 Kahrizak Detention Center disaster.

## Discography 
### Albums 
* *Adl (2012)*
* *Hagh (2022)*
* *Eshgh (2024)*

## References
Claudia De la Cruz 2024 presidential campaign

Claudia De la Cruz, a leftist activist from New York, announced her campaign for president of the United States in the 2024 presidential election on September 7, 2023. She and running mate Karina Garcia are the presidential ticket for the Party for Socialism and Liberation (PSL), a Marxist–Leninist party.

The campaign promises to support reparations for Black Americans, push for a single-payer healthcare system, end all U.S aid to Israel, forgive all student loan debt, fully recognize Native American sovereignty and honor treaty rights, cut the U.S. military budget by 90%, nationalize the 100 largest US corporations, expand access to public transportation, and use taxation to end billionaires.

For the 2024 election, Democrats have been working to keep De la Cruz along with other third-party candidates such as Cornel West off of ballots, while Republicans have tried to keep De la Cruz and West on ballots to take votes away from Vice President Kamala Harris's campaign.

## References
Ashley Gardner

**Ashley Gardner** is an American actress. She has done acting in movies, television, stage plays, and voice acting. She is best known for her role in voicing the characters Nancy Hicks-Gribble and Didi Hill in the animated sitcom *King of the Hill*. She has also voiced characters in *Beavis and Butt-Head*.

Her first television role was as Marion in the *Seinfeld* episode "The Library".

## References
## Other websites
*
To Serve Them All My Days (TV series)

***To Serve Them All My Days*** is a British drama television series based on the 1972 novel by R. F. Delderfield. It ran for 13 episodes on BBC One in 1980 and 1981. It stars John Duttine, Frank Middlemass, Alan MacNaughtan, Patricia Lawerence, Susan Jameson, Nicholas Lyndhurst.

## Other websites
*
Toby Huss

**Tobias Huss** (born December 9, 1966) is an American actor. He has done acting in movies, television, and voice acting. He is best known for his roles as Artie in the Nickelodeon series *The Adventures of Pete & Pete*, Felix "Stumpy" Dreifuss in *Carnivàle*, and John Bosworth in *Halt and Catch Fire*. In voice acting, he is best known for voicing the characters Kahn Souphanousinphone and Cotton Hill in *King of the Hill*.

He has also had notable television roles as The Wiz in the *Seinfeld* episode "The Junk Mail" and Big Mike in *Reno 911!*. Earlier in his career, Huss used to play a character called Ol' Two Eyes and sang jazz versions of songs such as "Insane in the Brain" "Dre Day" and "Jeremy" for MTV promos.

## References
## Other websites
*
Joseph F. Ada

**Joseph Franklin Ada** (born December 3, 1943), better known as **Joseph F. Ada**, is an American politician. He was the 5th Governor of Guam from 1987 to 1995. He was the 3rd Lieutenant Governor of Guam from 1979 to 1983. He is a member of the Republican Party of Guam.

## References
## Other websites
* Joseph F. Ada Bio at Guampedia, Guam's Online Encyclopedia
Felix Perez Camacho

**Felix James Pérez Camacho** (born October 30, 1957) is an American politician and businessman. He was the 7th Governor of Guam from 2003 to 2011. He is a member of the Republican Party of Guam. He was a member of the Guam Legislature from 1993 to 2003. 

His father, Carlos G. Camacho, was the 1st Governor of Guam from 1969 to 1975. 

Camacho unsuccessfully ran for Governor again in the 2022 Guamanian election, losing to incumbent Democrat Lou Leon Guerrero.

## References
Carl Gutierrez

**Carl Tommy Cruz Gutierrez** (born October 15, 1941) is an American politician. He was the 6th Governor of Guam from 1995 to 2003. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

## References
Victor Aaron

**Victor Aaron** (born **Victor Aaron Ramirez**; September 11, 1956 – September 4, 1996) was an American actor. He acted in movies, television, and voice acting. He was best known for his role in voicing the character John Redcorn in the animated sitcom *King of the Hill* where he appeared in the first two episodes. His role would be taken over by Jonathan Joss after Aaron died.

Aaron also played the role of Ulzana in the 1993 historical Western movie *Geronimo: An American Legend*. Aaron was of Yaqui decent. 

On September 4, 1996, Aaron was killed in a car accident after another driver ran through a red light and struck him. The *King of the Hill* episode "The Order of the Straight Arrow" was dedicated to him.

## References
## Other websites
*
Romano Schmid

**Romano Christian Schmid** (born January 27, 2000 in Graz) is an Austrian football player. The midfielder plays for Werder Bremen in the German Bundesliga. He also plays for the Austria national football team.
## Career 
Schmid began his career at USV Vasoldsberg. In 2009 he moved to SK Sturm Graz. After playing in the academy, he made his debut for SK Sturm Graz II in the regional league in March 2016. He was in the starting line-up against Annabichler SV . Schmid moved to the professional squad for the 2016/17 season. He  made his Bundesliga debut in May 2017. He came in as a substitute for Fabian Koch in the 75th minute on matchday 36 of that season against Wolfsberger AC. Through that effort, Schmid became the first player in the Bundesliga to be born after January 1, 2000. With his goal in a 3-2 win against FK Austria Wien in July 2017, he also became the first player to score a goal in the Bundesliga who was born this date.

In January 2019, Schmid moved to the German Bundesliga club Werder Bremen.  Werder Bremen also announced that they wanted to loan him out immediately for 18 months. In February 2019 he was loaned out to the Austrian Bundesliga club Wolfsberger AC for six months. After the season, the midfielder remained in Wolfsberg after extending his loan contract for another year.  During the one and a half year loan he made 37 appearances in the Bundesliga and scored three goals. For the 2020/21 season, Schmid joined  Bremens Bundesliga squad.He made his Bundesliga debut on December 6, 2020 (10th matchday) in the 1-2 defeat in the home game against VfB Stuttgart.
## International 
Schmid played for an Austrian youth national team for the first time in November 2014. In September 2015 he made his first appearance for the U16 team. In March 2016 he made his debut for the Austrian U17 team against Iceland. In April 2017 he played for the U18 team for the first time. In August 2017 he made his debut for the U19 team against Norway. He scored his first goal for them in August 2018 in a friendly against Cyprus. In March 2019 he played for the U20 for the first time against Norway. In September 2019 he made his debut against Andorra for the U21 team. He played 16 times until 2022.

In September 2022, Schmid was called up to the senior national team squad for the first time. He then made his debut in the same month against France in the UEFA Nations League. In May 2024 he was named to Austria's preliminary squad for the 2024 European Championship. He made it into the final squad.
## International matches 
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each  Schmid goal.''

## References
Paul Scheer

**Paul Christian Scheer** (born January 31, 1976) is an American comedian, actor, filmmaker, and podcaster. Scheer is best known for his roles in FX/FXX's *The League* and Showtime's comedy series *Black Monday*. Scheer also co-created and starred in MTV's *Human Giant* and Adult Swim's series *NTSF:SD:SUV::*.

He also had roles in *Fresh Off the Boat* and HBO's *Veep*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Pycnodus

***Pycnodus*** is an extinct genus of pycnodont that lived during the Eocene. The only species is ***P. apodus***, meaning it is a monotypic genus. It is also the type genus of the Pycnodontiformes.

## Description 
### Physical appearance 
According to the fossils, *Pycnodus* could've been 30.6 cm (10 in) long. It looked like a righteye flounder, but it was not related to them. It had a hump on its back, behind which the dorsal fin began. Like most genera, it had large, rounded teeth to crush mollusks.

### Where it is from 
It is only known from the Monte Bolca lagerstätte.

## Habitat 
Species once included in the genus are found in what is now India, North Africa, Belgium, England, regions corresponding with the Tethys Ocean.

## Gallery 

File:Pycnodus apodus.jpg|Another fossil
File:Pycnodus gibbus 343.JPG
File:FMIB 47044 Pycnodus rhombus, a Ganoid from the Upper Oolite.jpeg|*Pycnodus rhombus*

## References 
## Other websites
Typhoon Gerald

**Typhoon Gerald**, known in the Philippines as **Typhoon Neneng**, was a category 3 typhoon that affected Philippines, Taiwan and China in September 1987.
Peter Sonski

**Peter Sonski** (born July 11, 1962) is an American former radio host and politician. He was an elected member of Connecticut's Regional School District 17 Board of Education. He was also the director of the Knights of Columbus Museum. He is a member of the American Solidarity Party.

In June 2023, Sonski was nominated as the American Solidarity Party nominee for president in the 2024 presidential election.

## References
## Other websites
* Peter Sonski 2024
Peter Sonski 2024 presidential campaign

The American Solidarity Party (ASP) candidate for 2024 is Peter Sonski, a former radio host, journalist and marine. Sonski won the ASP primary and nomination of the party for President of the United States on June 3, 2023. The primary was through online. The vice presidential nominee, Lauren Onak, was selected by Sonski before the national convention in early July. 

 the party is on the ballot in Arkansas, Alaska, Florida, Ohio, Hawaii, Louisiana and Mississippi and is a registered write in a further 36 states.

## References
Ashraf Ali Thanwi

**Ashraf Ali Thanvi** was a scholar of the Deobandi movement who was one of the central figures of religious life in South Asia and continues to be highly influential. He wrote many works such as *Amal e-Qurani*, a famous book that features Qur'an-based spells such as one to cause separation and dislike for two people.

He was a graduate of Darul Uloom Deoband, where he studied the Hanafi madhab and Sufism. That ended in him becoming one of the top scholars of the Deobandi movement. After his studies at at the seminary, he moved to Kanpur and then to Thana Bhawan, where he died.

## References
Leucostethus jota

***Leucostethus jota*** is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

This frog has straight, light-colored stripes on the sides of its body. The male frog's male organs are white in color.

## References
Leucostethus bilsa

The **Bilsa white-chested frog** (*Leucostethus bilsa*) is a frog.  It lives in Ecuador.

## Body
The adult male frog is 21.7–24.2 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is about 27.4–28.2 mm. The skin of the frog's back is brown in color, darker brown to gray with some black marks. The sides are brown to black in color with a cream-white stripe on each side from the middle of the body to the rear end. The black color stops at a stripe between the white belly and the yellow color where the legs (all four) meet the body). The adult frog has a white belly, but it can have gray spots on the throat and chest. The male frog's male organs can be white or gray in color. The upper lip is cream-white in color with some light gray. The upper parts of the feet are brown in color with three dark brown bands and one line.The bottoms of the feet are yellow. Other parts of the frog are light brown in color. The iris of the eye is yellow-gold in color with some copper or brown, with some small black marks.

## Name
Scientists named this frog for the place where they saw it: Bilsa Biological Reserve. People named the reserve for the Bilsa River.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. Scientists saw it in forests that had never been cut down and forests that had been cut down and are growing back. They saw the frog on the dead leaves on the ground, near streams.  Scientists saw it in the Bilsa Biological Reserve. Scientists saw them between 426 and 515 meters above sea level.

## Young
After the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the tadpoles to streams. Scientists see the tadpoles in the water from August to June, so they think the frog lays eggs all year.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in big danger of dying out. They think it only lives in one small piece of forest. Human beings cut down the rest of the forest to get wood to build with, to make palm oil farms, and make places for cows to eat grass.

## First paper
*

## References
The Cutting Edge: Fire and Ice

***The Cutting Edge: Fire and Ice*** is a 2010 American sports-romantic drama television movie, the sequel to *The Cutting Edge: Chasing the Dream* (2008), and the fourth and final installment (as of 2023) in *The Cutting Edge* movie series.
The Cutting Edge: Going for the Gold

***The Cutting Edge: Going for the Gold*** is a 2006 American sports-romantic drama film, the sequel to *The Cutting Edge* (1992), and the second installment in *The Cutting Edge* film series.
The Cutting Edge: Chasing the Dream

***The Cutting Edge: Chasing the Dream*** is a 2008 sports-romantic drama television film, and the third installment in *The Cutting Edge* film series.
Christoph Baumgartner

**Christoph Baumgartner** (born August 1, 1999 in Horn) is an Austrian football player. He plays as midfielder for RB Leipzig in the German Bundesliga. He also plays for the Austria national football team.
## Career 
Baumgartner began his career at SV Horn. Then he moved to the  Football academy of St. Pölten. There he played in all age groups.
For the 2017/18 season he moved to Germany to join the U-19 team of TSG 1899 Hoffenheim.  In August 2017 he was in the Hoffenheim second team squad for the first time against TSV Schott Mainz. In the same month he made his debut for Hoffenheim in the A-Junior Bundesliga against 1. FC Heidenheim. He also scored his first goal in this game. He ended the season with the club as champion of the South/Southwest group and  took part in the championship finals. They were eliminated in the first round against FC Schalke 04.

For the 2018/19 season, Baumgartner moved into the Hoffenheim second team squad. In January 2019 he was promoted to Hoffenheim's professional squad. In May 2019 he made his debut for Hoffenheim in the Bundesliga against Werder Bremen. In the following 2019/20 season became  an important player for the team. He scored seven goals and six assists in 28 matches. Baumgartner was voted TSG player of the season in August 2020 He played 138 games for Hoffenheim in the Bundesliga, DFB Cup and UEFA Europa League. There he scored 30 goals and assisting 22 goals.  Baumgartner moved to RB Leipzig for the 2023/24 season. 
## Internationall 
Baumgartner played 51 matches  and scored 17 goals for an Austrian youth national team (U15 - U21). 2016 he took part in the European Championships with the U-17 national team, where they reached  the quarter-finals. In August 2020 he was called up to the senior national team squad for the first time.  In September 2020, he was in the starting line-up in the UEFA Nations League against Norway and made his debut for the national team. In May 2021, he was named to the squad for the 2021 European Championship. He made it to the round of 16. 

In a friendly on March 23, 2024, he set a new world record for the fastest goal ever scored in an international match. After 6.3 seconds he scored 1-0 against Slovakia.  In May 2024, he was named to the squad for the 2024 European Championship. 

## References
Soulja Boy discography

The is the discography of American rapper and producer Soulja Boy.

## Albums
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Mixtapes
## Extended plays
## Singles
### As lead artist 
### As featured artist 
### Promotional singles 
## Other charted songs 
## Music videos
### Studio album music videos
### Mixtapes music videos
### Miscellaneous music videos
## Guest appearances
## Production discography
## Notes
## References
Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School

**Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School** is a public high school located in the United States. It serves students in grades 9-12. It is a zoned high school, with around 3,700 students and it has 280,717 sq ft of space. It was established in 1965. It was named after Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, who served from 1933 to 1945. The school is located in New York City, New York. It has a large campus with various facilities, including classrooms, science labs, a library, a gymnasium, and outdoor sports fields.

## References
Shirley Weber

**Shirley Weber** (née Nash; born September 20, 1948) is an American academic and politician. she is the first African American to serve as secretary of state. Weber was sworn in on January 29, 2021, having been confirmed unanimously by the state senate the day before. As secretary of state, Weber played a central role in administering the 2021 California gubernatorial recall election that targeted Newsom.

## References
Gernot Trauner

**Gernot Trauner** (born March 25, 1992 in Linz) is an Austrian football player . He plays as central defender for Feyenoord Rotterdam in the  Eredivisie. He also plays for the Austria national football team.
## Career 
Trauner began his career at SV Kematen. He started playing football in 1997 and remained in the club's various youth teams until 2006. He then moved to the Linz Football Academy. There he played through all teams from the U15 to the U19. 

After a good first half of the season with the Linz Academy's U19s, he was signed by LASK in February 2010. Trauner played for the LASK Juniors in the Upper Austrian league. In the 2010/11 season, Trauner was brought into the Linz first team. He made his debut in the Bundesliga on July 31, 2010 in the Upper Austria derby against SV Ried. 

In the summer of 2012 he moved to Bundesliga club SV Ried. He  made his debut in a 0-1 home defeat against SK Sturm Graz on September 1, 2012. In 2013 and 2014 he was thrown back by injuries. But gradually he establish himself as a regular player for Ried. Gernot Trauner scored his first Bundesliga goal on March 7, 2015 in the match against SV Grödig (2-1).  After Rieder was relegated to the second division, he returned to Bundesliga club LASK for the 2017/18 season. In four years at LASK he made a total of 158  appearances. From the 2018/19 season he was also captain of the team. In July 2021, Trauner moved to Feyenoord Rotterdam .
## International 
Trauner played for Austrias U18, U19 and U21 team 14 matches and scored 2 gols. In October 2018 he was called up to the senior national team squad for the first time. In the same month he made his debut  in a friendly against Denmark.  2024 he was in the squad for the 2024 European Championship. He scored his team's first goal in this tournament in a 3-1 win against Poland (1-0). 
### International statistics 
:''Scores and results list Austria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Trauner goal.''

## Honours 
*Dutch Champion:  2023
* Dutch Cupː  2024

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Coat of arms of Aguascalientes

The **coat of arms of Aguascalientes** (*Escudo de Aguascalientes*, lit. "state shield of Aguascalientes") is a symbol of the Free and Sovereign State of Aguascalientes.

## References
## Other websites
Israel Kirzner

**Israel Meir Kirzner** (also **Yisroel Mayer Kirzner** ; born February 13, 1930) is a British-born American economist, historian and rabbi. His economic thought is Austrian School.

Kirzner is emeritus professor of economics at New York University and writes about Ludwig von Mises's thinking and methodology in economics. Kirzner's research on entrepreneurship economics is very well known.

## References
## Other websites
* Israel Kirzner's Faculty Page 
* First volume of Israel M. Kirzner's Collected Works edited by Peter Boettke and Frederic Sautet published in 2009 by Liberty Fund
* Causa Liberal's Collection of Kirzner essay links 
* An Interview with Israel M. Kirzner: *Between Mises and Keynes*
* Article "Azione e funzione imprenditoriale: Kirzner e i suoi critici", by Adriano Gianturco Gulisano , *Nuova civilità delle macchine. Liberalismo e anarcocapitalismo*, n° 1–2, 2011, pp.&nbsp;371–396. (in Italian)
* 
*
Ska Studios

**Ska Studios** is an indie games studio founded by James Silva in 2007. It was founded as a result of winning a contract to publish *The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai* to Xbox Live Arcade. Ska Studios has released four Metacritic-aggregated console games since then, more than any similarly-sized studio.

The studio is well known for their art style, which is described as *cartoonish, grim, and gory*, and their games "tight controls." Many of the studio's games are highly inspired by modern action games such as *Devil May Cry*, *Ninja Gaiden Black*, and *Dark Souls*.

## Games 
''.|alt=Four characters stand at the center of a bar, fighting off zombies and ninjas coming towards them from both sides. One of the characters has grabbed a zombie and is on the way down from a pile-driver move.]]

## History 
James Silva began making games as a hobby in 2001, starting with Zombie Smashers X, a River City Ransom-style beat-em'-up game, however this game wasn't successful, it sold less than 100 units. James went on to develop more similarly unsuccessful titles, including Blood Zero, Zombie Smashers X2, and Survival Crisis Z, but never got anywhere until 2009's *The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai*.

## Development 
All of Ska Studios' games are made using the XNA framework or its open-source cross platform counterpart, MonoGame. When Xbox One launched with no XNA support, Ska Studios made the switch to PlayStation 4, with *Salt and Sanctuary* being the studio's first title available on a non-Microsoft console. Regarding the change, James said:"The engineering side of it was an issue. All of our code is .NET/XNA, and, even though XNA support has ended, .NET games can use open source wrappers like MonoGame and FNA to carry the torch. But Xbox One has no .NET support. PS4 does, with titles like *Towerfall: Ascension* and *Transistor* using MonoGame in one form or another to deploy to PS4."

## References 
## Other websites 
*
European Manipuri Association

The **European Manipuri Association** *(EMA, )* is a non-profit organization representing the Meitei diaspora (Manipuri diaspora) in Europe. Founded to promote cultural, social, and humanitarian interests of people of Manipuri origin, EMA organizes community events, engages in advocacy on issues affecting Manipur, and provides a platform for the diaspora to maintain cultural identity.

### Memorandum on Manipur Violence (2024) 
In July 2024, EMA submitted a memorandum to Vikram K. Doraiswami, the Indian High Commissioner to the UK, highlighting the ongoing ethnic violence in Manipur between Meitei and Kuki communities. EMA demanded:

* Immediate clean-up operations.

* Water quality monitoring and public health assessments.

* Legal action against responsible parties.

* Public awareness campaigns on environmental protection.

### Ningol Chakouba celebrations 
* November 4, 2024: EMA hosted Ningol Chakouba in Flaunden Village, Hertfordshire, UK, bringing together Manipuris from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The event included traditional food, cultural performances, and messages promoting peace and harmony among communities.

## Annual social gatherings 
EMA hosts annual gatherings across Europe featuring cultural, social, and sports activities:

; 2013 (Worcester, UK): EMA held a three-day Annual Social Gathering and General Body Meeting (25–27 May), including:

* Introduction sessions and patriotic Manipuri songs

* Traditional food prepared by members

* Football matches and hill walks

* Exhibitions of classical and contemporary Manipuri photography

* Discussions on community development and inclusivity featured:

* Traditional Manipuri cuisine

* Sports events including football matches and Thabal Chongba

* Fundraising campaigns for orphans in Manipur

* Annual General Body Meeting and election of new executive committee

* Cultural exhibitions and educational programs for children

## Community development 
EMA supports diaspora members in need and encourages initiatives for social welfare, environmental protection, and youth engagement. Programs include:

* Educational workshops for children

* Fundraising campaigns for humanitarian causes in Manipur

* Environmental clean-up drives

## Related pages 
* Meitei people in the United Kingdom
* Meitei people in the United States
* Meitei people in Canada
* Meitei people in Australia

## References
Association of Meiteis in the Americas

The **Association of Meiteis in the Americas** *(, abbreviated AMA)* is a community organization representing members of the Meitei diaspora living in North and South America. The association promotes cultural preservation, academic research, and peace initiatives related to the Indian state of Manipur.

## Research endowment 
In 2025, the AMA Research Endowment announced a call for research proposals for the 2025–26 cycle. The program offers small grants ranging from ₹45,000 to ₹1 lakh for projects lasting between six and twelve months.

The endowment supports research that advances knowledge, preservation, and public understanding of Manipur. Eligible applicants include graduate students, academics, independent researchers, and NGO teams, with preference given to early-career scholars based in Manipur.

More than 70 Meiteis, including 10 children, participated in the event. They travelled from various parts of the United States, including Illinois, Ohio, North Carolina, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Despite continuous rain throughout the day, the participants held the demonstration clad in ponchos and umbrellas.

* “Proud Meitei, Proud Indian”

* “Peace is possible”

* “Strongly condemn the violence”

The statement read:

The AMA added that a comprehensive disarmament strategy would enable the people of Manipur to live without fear and contribute to lasting peace and prosperity.

## Related pages 
* European Manipuri Association

## References
All Assam Manipuri Students' Union

'''All Assam Manipuri Students' Union (AAMSU, )''' is a group that works for the development of students of Meitei ethnicity (also called Manipuri ethnicity) living in the Indian state of Assam.
It represents the interests of Manipuri students and works for the cultural, educational, and social development of the Manipuri community across the state.

## History 
The union was established in 1978 with the goal of promoting education and safeguarding the rights of Manipuri students in Assam. Since its formation, AAMSU has organized social, educational, and cultural programs to strengthen community identity and unity.

## Activities 
### Educational and cultural advocacy 
AAMSU works to promote Manipuri language and education in Assam. The union has repeatedly appealed to the state government for better facilities in Manipuri-medium schools and for recognition of Manipuri as an official language of Assam.

## Political and social engagement 
AAMSU has been involved in various movements related to community rights. In 2016, three of its members were arrested and later released following protests demanding the inclusion of Manipuri as a regional language option in government recruitment examinations.
In 2023, the union participated in a peace rally in Hojai, calling for peace in Manipur and highlighting concerns over demographic changes in Northeast India due to cross-border migration.

## Relations and clarifications 
In July 2023, AAMSU issued and later withdrew a statement that was misinterpreted as a “quit notice” to Mizo residents in Barak Valley. The union clarified that it only advised caution following tensions between communities and reaffirmed its commitment to peaceful coexistence.

## Meeting with the Chief Minister 
On 12 February 2024, an AAMSU delegation met Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma to discuss issues related to the Manipuri community. The delegation proposed upgrading the Manipuri Boys’ Hostel in Silchar and requested inclusion of Manipuri among the official languages of Assam. The Chief Minister assured government support for these proposals.

## Related pages 
* Meitei people in Assam
* Meitei language in Assam

## References
Swatting

**Swatting** is a form of cybercrime. It involves calling the police on someone and claiming that they are going to commit a crime. Swatting can result in death.

Countermeasures: In 2023, the FBI said that it would create a database (about swatting incidents, or) to track swattings. The FBI was also said it would improve information-sharing with local police agencies (or police departments).

On July 17, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump signed legislation which increased  penalties for individuals who commit swatting offenses. For instance, individuals who are caught making more than 10 false 9/11 calls can face a mandatory minimum 10 years in prison. For people who call in fake bomb threats, they can face up to 20 years in federal prison. For swatting incidents which result in seriously bodily injury to death, individuals can face a minimum of 50 years up to a maximum of life in prison.

## References
Tetrachloroiodic acid

**Tetrachloroiodic acid**  is an inorganic compound, a polyhalide acid with the formula HICl4.  In addition to an anhydrous form, an orange crystalline tetrahydrate is known.  It is unstable in air.

## Synthesis
Tetrachloroiodic acid may be formed by dissolution of iodine trichloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid:

:

Tetrachloroiodic acid may also be made by passing chlorine through a solution of iodine in concentrated hydrochloric acid :

:

## Physical propieties
Tetrachloroiodic acid forms a crystal hydrate which has orange crystals that are unstable in air and melt by dissolving in their own water of crystallization at 19 °C.

Corrodes skin, paper, etc.

## Related pages
*Iodine trichloride

## References
Diiodine tetroxide

**Diiodine tetraoxide**, I2O4, is a chemical compound of oxygen and iodine. It belongs to the class of iodine oxides, and is a mixed oxide, consisting of iodine(III) and iodine(V) oxidation states.

## Synthesis
The oxide is formed by the reaction of hot concentrated sulfuric acid on iodic acid for several days.
:

It is formed from diiodine pentoxide and iodine in concentrated sulfuric acid or iodosyl sulfate (IO)2SO4 added to water:

:

## Physical properties
Diiodine tetraoxide is a yellow, granular powder, at 25°C at standard atmosphere (a pressure). At temperatures above 85 °C it decomposes to diiodine pentoxide and iodine:

## Reactions
Diiodine tetroxide oxidises hydrochloric acid:

:

## References
Kujula Kadphises' invasion of Anxi

'''Kujula Kadphises' invasion of Ansi** or **Kujula Kadphises' invasion of Anxi''' was an invasion against Indo-Parthia: 
The Kushans displaced and conquered the regions from the Parthians who retreated to Southern Afghanistan.

## References
1922 France–Czechoslovakia women's athletics match

The '''1922 France–Czechoslovakia women's athletics match''' was an international women's athletics match where a national team of French athletes competed against a national team of Czechosolvak athletes. It took place on 21 May 1922 at Stade Pershing in Paris, France.

It was the second international match organized by the F.S.F.S.F. after the 1921 France–Great Britain women's athletics match, and was the first international women's athletcs match between France and Czechoslovakia.

The competition was won by Czechoslovakia with 41 points ahead of France with 34 points.

### 83 metres hurdles 
### Shot put 
The score was the total of a throw with both arms.

### High jump 
### 200 metres 
### Long jump 
### 4 x 100 metres relay 
## Overall classification 
## References
Toshiyuki Nishida

was a Japanese actor. He won two Japanese Academy Awards for best actor, for *The Silk Road* (1988) and *Tsuribaka Nisshi 6* (1993). Nishida was born in Koriyama, Japan.

Nishida also won the Blue Ribbon Award for Best Actor for *Get Up!* and *Tsuribaka Nisshi 14* (2003). He was best known for his role as Pigsy (Cho Hakkai) in *Monkey*. He received the Order of the Rising Sun in 2018. 

Nishida was found dead in his home in Setagaya, Tokyo on October 17, 2024, aged 76.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Official website (in Japanese)
Nobuyo Ōyama

, known professionally as , was a Japanese actress, screenwriter, singer, essayist, and television personality. Her husband was the late television personality Keisuke Sagawa. 

Nobuyo was best known for voicing the main character in the *Doraemon* anime series that ran from 1979 to 2005. She also voiced Monokuma, the main villain from the *Danganronpa* video-game series, from 2010 to 2016 and in *Danganronpa: The Animation*.

In May 2015, it was announced that Nobuyo had dementia and living in a retirement home in Tokyo. She died from the disease on September 29, 2024 at the age of 90.
                                                                              
## References
## Other websites
* Official agency profile
Phillipp Mwene

**Phillipp Mwene** (born January 29, 1994 in Vienna) is an Austrian-Kenyan footballer. He plays as defender for 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the German Bundesliga. He also plays for the Austrian national football team.
## Career 
Phillipp Mwene started playing for FK Austria Wien. In 2010 he moved from Austria to the youth academy of VfB Stuttgart. After playing in the U-17 and U-19 teams, he debuted on April 20, 2013 forVfB Stuttgart II versus Wacker Burghausen. On June 26, 2013, Mwene signed a contract with VfB Stuttgart that runs until June 2016. At the end of the 2015-16 season VfB II was relegated. So he left the club.

Phillipp Mwene moved to the second division club 1. FC Kaiserslautern. He scored his first second division goal on February 21, 2018 in the  against SV Darmstadt 98. He scored the 2-0 in the 61st minute of the game. On the last matchday of the season he scored two goals and added the third goal in a 3-1 away win against FC Ingolstadt. After FCK was relegated, Mwene joined 1. FSV Mainz 05. In total, he played 30 Bundesliga games for Mainz. He scored one goal. He rejected a new contract offer from the club in May 2021.

He then moved to PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands. In two years at PSV he made 73 competitive appearances. 44  were in the Eredivisie. With Eindhoven he won the Cup twice and the Super Cup three times. In August 2023, Mwene returned to Mainz. He made his comeback for Mainz 05 on matchday 1 of the 2023/24 season against Eintracht Frankfurt. After suffering a knee injury in September and October, Mwene then earned a regular place for the rest of the season.
## International 
Mwene went through all Austrian youth national teams from U-16 to U-21. He was named to Austria's provisional squad for the European Championships in May 2021. He did not make it into the final squad. In September 2021 he finally made his debut for the senior national team in the World Cup qualifiers against Israel. In May 2024 he was again appointed to Austria's provisional squad for the 2024 European Championship. This time he  made it into the final squad.
## International statistics 
## References
Edmund Baidoo

**Edmund Baidoo** (born 30 January 2006) is a Ghanaian professional footballer. He plays as a Forward for Austrian Bundesliga club Red Bull Salzburg. He also plays for the U19 team of Salzburg in the UEFA Youth League.
## Career 
Baidoo started his career at *AsanSka FC*. In March 2024 he moved to Sogndal Fotball in Norways second division . He made his debut in April 2024. In total he made 19 second division appearances for Sogndal. There he scored seven goals.

After five months in Norway, Baidoo moved to the Austrian Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg in August 2024.  He made his debut for Salzburg on September, 25th in the Cupmatch versus Wiener Viktoria. In minute 3 he scored his first goal for the team. 

## References
Rubidium carbonate

**Rubidium carbonate**, Rb2CO3, is a simple to use compound of rubidium; it is stable, it does not react a lot, and dissolves in water. 

It is how most rubidium is sold in.

## Production (or ways to make it) 
This can be made by putting ammonium carbonate to rubidium hydroxide.

## Uses 
It is used in some types of glass-making by making glass more stable and durable as well as making electricity flow through it harder. It is also used to prepare chains of short alcohols from feed gas by increasing the rate which it reacts.

## References
4Music

**4Music** was a British music channel owned by Channel 4. The channel replaced The Hits on 15 August 2008 showing music and entertainment. On 29 June 2022, 4Music got replaced by E4 Extra, and Box Hits was replaced by 4Music. Entertainment was moved to E4 Extra.

4Music closed on 1 July 2024. Its last song was Raise Your Glass by Pink.

## References
Man Singh's campaigns against the Yusufzai Afghans

'''Man Singh's campaigns against the Yusufzai clan''' was a military engagement that took place during the reign of  King Akbar of Hindustan, Who  sent Raja Man Singh and Todarmal to occupy Kabul and subdue the Afghans.

## Backround
Akbar was willing to invade one of the Yousufzai country "Afghania". Akbar laid a siege to invade the Yousafzai country but Mughals army was failed. The siege took more than two months. Akbar then sent one of his most intelligent and closest Minister whose name was Raja Birbal. But the Yousufzai tribesmen defeated the Mughal forces led by Birbal and Shujat Khan. This was the biggest Disaster to Mughal Empire in the reign of Akbar. According to Mughal historian Khafi Khan, more than 40,000 Mughals soldiers and officers were killed by Yousufzai Afghans while Abd al-Qadir Badayuni's claims more than 8,000 Indian soldiers and officers were killed at the Karakar and Malandari Pass. It was considered one of the greatest military losses to Akbar and in Mughal History. Due to this disaster, Akbar fell into grief and did not eat or drink for two days.

## Battle
Akbar learned about the disaster two days later and an army under Rajah Todar Mal set off on 19 February to exact retribution against the Yusufzais, killing some of them and selling many survivors to Turan and Persia, as "the countries of Swat, Bajaur and Buner were cleansed of evildoers." The battle looked promising when the Mughals entered Kabul, but were ambushed quickly which was a Mughal retreat.

## Aftermath
Kabul remained part of Afghania for centuries after..

## References
Ion Brătianu

**Ion Constantin Brătianu** (June 2, 1821 – 16 May, 1891) was a Romanian politician. He is considered the greatest Romanian politician of the 19th century, and was Prime-Minister of Romania for 12 years (1876-1881 and 1881-1888). He was the father of Ion I. C. Brătianu.

## References
5Star

**5Star** is a British channel owned by Channel 5, a channel owned by Paramount Global. It launched as Five Life on 15 October 2006. It changed to Fiver on April 28 2008, then to 5* on 7 March 2011 then finally 5Star on 11 February 2016.

## References
5Action

**5Action** is a British action channel. The channel was originally called Paramount Network but was later changed to 5Action.

Paramount Network launched July 4th 2018. On 7 January 2020, 5Spike closed and most of it's shows moved to Paramount Network. On 19 January 2022, Paramount Network changed to 5Action to stop confusion with Paramount+.

## Sources
Kusinara

**Kusinara** or **Kushinagara** is a town in Uttar Pradesh, India with a population of 22,214. The town got its name because of the amount of  kusha grass in the area.

## References
Giant barb

The **giant barb** (*Catlocarpio siamensis*), also called a **Siamese giant carp**, is the biggest cyprinid in the world. It is found in the Mae Klong, Mekong, and Chao Phraya Rivers. Due to overfishing and habitat loss, it is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List.

## Description 
### Physical appearance 
One of the largest freshwater fish. The world record for its weight was when an angler caught a giant barb that weighed a whopping 105 kg and 231 lb.

### Distribution/Habitat 
Giant barbs live in the edges of large rivers and youngsters are found in tributaries and swamps.

## Related pages 
* Tor putitora

## References 
## Other websites
Council of Nicaea

**Council of Nicaea** can refer to:

* First Council of Nicaea in AD 325
* Second Council of Nicaea in AD 787
* *The Council of Nicaea* (painting)