open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yuka (mammoth)

**Yuka** is a mummified woolly mammoth (*Mammuthus primigenius*) discovered by tusk hunters in August 2010, and was turned over to local scientists, who made an initial assessment of the carcass in 2012. Yuka died about 39,000 years ago. Radiocarbon dating suggested that Yuka the mammoth is around 28,140 (±230) years old. It is considered the most intact woolly mammoth carcass.

Scientists believe its corpse froze after falling into a lake, making it remain in a frozen state for generations. Yuka's body is now used by researchers to clone and hopefully revive the woolly mammoth.

Yuka's corpse is in such good shape that much of its flesh is still intact, retaining its pink color. The blonde-red hue of Yuka's woolly coat also remains.

## Discovery 
A woolly mammoth calf carcass was found along the Oyogos Yar coast of the Dmitry Laptev Strait, near the Kondratievo River, Siberia (72° 40′ 49.44″ N, 142° 50′ 38.35″) in the region of the Laptev Sea. The mammoth was nicknamed "Yuka" after the village of Yukagir, whose local people discovered it. Yuka was also near the village. After its discovery, Yuka stayed for two years in a natural refrigerator, the local permafrost at Yukagir.

## Research 
### Age 
An analysis of the teeth and tusks said Yuka was about 6–8 years old when it died. The mammoth had most likely been attacked by lions or other predators. However, evidence that the predators killed Yuka was not found. Yamagata's team reported that they were able to stimulate nucleus-like structures to perform biological activities and visualised their dynamics in living mouse oocytes after nuclear transfer.

### Brain 
Yuka is also famous for its intact brain. It is the most preserved mammoth brain in the world. The preliminary description of the gyri and sulci is described and paleoneurological perspectives are observed and discussed.

### Date 
Radiocarbon dating gave a date of about 40,100 - 39,000 years ago for when this mammoth died.

### Genetics 
In 2025, RNA research was done. This is the oldest RNA ever sequenced. The scientists discovered a Y chromosome, which only males have, confirming that Yuka is male.

## Gallery 

File:Yuka (Mammuthus primigenius) - Skull and Lower Jaw B.JPG|Yuka's skull and mandible
File:Yuka (Mammuthus primigenius) - Skull and Lower Jaw A.JPG|Another image

## Related pages 
* Lyuba (mammoth) – previously known as the best preserved mammoth mummy ever
* Yukagir Mammoth
* List of mammoth specimens

## References
Chaurya Paatham

***Chaurya Paatham*** is a 2025 Indian Telugu-language crime comedy  drama film directed by Nikhil Gollamari. The film features debutant Indhra Ram, Payal Radhakrishna, Rajeev Kanakala in lead roles. The film was produced by Trinadha Rao Nakkina under Nakkina Narratives. and editing was done by Uthura Parthasarathy.

The film was released on 25 April 2025.

## Plot 
A young aspiring filmmaker, desperate to fund his first movie, plans to rob a bank in the village of Dhanapalli with the help of a small gang. However, the heist takes an unexpected turn, leading to a series of unforeseen events that dramatically change his life.

## Cast 
*Indhra Ram as Vedanth Ram
*Payal Radhakrishna as Anjali
*Rajeev Kanakala as Zamindar
*Saleem Pheku as Bablu Kumar
*Anji Valguman as Jack dan
*Supriya Aysola as Vasudha
*Edward Stevenson as Shivay
*Madee Manepalli

## Music 
## Release and reception 
*Chaurya Paatam* was released on 25 April 2025.

Aditya Devulapally of *The Indian Express* gave the film 2.5/5 stars and said "Chaurya Paatam is a zany heist comedy that, despite its promising start and quirky charm, is ultimately let down by weak writing in the latter half."

Bhanuprasad Rangaiahgari from *News18 Telugu* gave the film 2.75/5 stars and stated "Chaurya Paatam is praised for its exceptional cinematography by Karthik Ghattamaneni, its impactful background score, and its high production values." TA Kiran of *Zee News Telugu* also given same rating and said "The performances, particularly by debutant Indra Ram and Rajiv Kanakala, were well-received, with the rest of the cast delivering commendable support."

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Old Etonians F.C.

The **Old Etonians Association Football Club** is an English football club from Eton. It is founded on 1865. It is won the FA Cup two times.

## Players 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Khuman

**Khuman** (Meitei: ꯈꯨꯃꯟ) is one of the seven main clans (Yek Salai) of the Meitei people. The Khuman clan was once a powerful group that ruled parts of Kangleipak (now called Manipur) before they were taken over by the Ningthouja Dynasty in the 13th century. A book called the Khuman-Lon Puya tells the history of their rule. In the Meitei language, the word **Khuman** means "narrowed darkness."
, the black color represents the Khuman group of Meitei people.]]

## Number of families 
## Mythology 
Khuman was the son of Iputhou Pakhangba and Loikhumpi Mawai Thoungailenpi. He was born inside Kangla Palace, Imphal at evening when sunset sky is somewhat dark in colour. He ruled the Mayang Imphal province of Kangleipak kingdom as the Khuman province for several years. Khuman Khamba, one of legendary powerful hero from Moirang was amongst Khuman Salai(clan).

## Related pages 
* Mangang
* Luwang
* Angom Salai
* Moirang Salai
* Kha-Nganpa
* Chenglei

## References
Jessie's Girl

"'''Jessie's Girl'*" is a song written by Australian singer Rick Springfield. It was released in the album *Working Class Dog'', which was marketed in February 1981. The song is about unrequited love of a young man for his best friend's girlfriend.

## Personnel
Credits sourced from Mix:

* Rick Springfield ‒ lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitars
* Mike Baird ‒ drums
* Neil Giraldo ‒ lead guitars, bass guitar
* Gabriel Katona ‒ synthesizers

## Performance
Upon its release in the United States (US) in 1981, "Jessie's Girl" was slow to top the charts. It debuted on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart on 28 March but took 19 weeks to hit No. 1 reaching that position on 1 August, one of the slowest climbs to No. 1 at that time. The song ultimately spent 32 weeks on the chart. 

The *Billboard* ranked it as No. 5 for all of 1981. The song also peaked at No. 1 in Springfield's native country of Australia and later won him a Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards. 

The song was released in the United Kingdom (UK) in March 1984 and peaked at No. 43 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1984. Springfield recorded an acoustic version of the song for his 1999 album, *Karma*.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### All-time charts
## Certifications
## References
100 men versus a gorilla

]]
**100 men versus a gorilla** is a debate asking if 100 unarmed and untrained adult males could defeat a silverback gorilla. The debate first origin was back in 2020, but popularized in late April of 2025. It mostly says that the untrained adult males would win. Many experts say that the debate is mostly a form of internet humor and not a real scientific question.

## History 
The debate was first made in r/whowouldwin on Reddit by u/probablycashed. The debate was popularized in 2022 in TikTok. In April 2025, the question was popularized again, this time on all popular social media applications. 

## Reception 
In a tweet made by American YouTuber and influencer MrBeast (Jimmy Donaldson), joked that he could make the fight happen. U.S. senator from Montana Tim Sheehy said in a video posted on Twitter (X) that he thinks the men would win but would also receive a lot of casualties.

## References
Wolterstorffina mirei

The **Mount Okou Wolterstorff toad** or **swamp forest tree toad** (*Wolterstorffina mirei*) is a toad.  It lives in Cameroon, Nigeria, and Equatorial Guinea.

## Home
This toad lives near streams and waterfalls high in the hills and mountains. Scientists saw it between 2200 and 2700 meters above sea level.

Scientists believe this toad probably lives in the Mount Oku Faunal Reserve.

## Young
Scientists think the frog has young in streams.

## Danger
Scientists say this toad is in danger of dying out. Human beings change the places where the toad lives to make places for animals to eat grass, too many animals eating grass, and to make farms.

## References
Angom Salai

**Angom** () is one of the seven main clans of the Meitei people. The Angom clan is made up of different groups called Yumnaks. They are part of the native people of Kangleipak, which is now the state of Manipur in India.
, the yellow color represents the Angom group of Meitei people.]]

## Number of families 
## Related pages 
* Mangang
* Luwang
* Khuman
* Moirang Salai
* Kha Nganpa
* Salai Leishangthem

## References
Biodegradable plastic

**Biodegradable plastic** is a type of plastic that can be decomposed by the action of living organisms, usually microbes, into water, Carbon dioxide, and biomass. These plastics are commonly produced with microorganisms, petrochemicals, and renewable raw materials, or can be made by combining all three.

Biodegradable plastics are commonly used for disposable items, such as packaging, cutlery, and food service containers. Many biodegradable plastics are designed to degrade in industrial composting systems. However, this requires a well-managed waste system to ensure that this happens. This plastic is used for packaging food, cosmetics, and films.

## References
Moirang Salai

**Moirang** (Meitei: ꯃꯣꯏꯔꯥꯡ, also called **Moilang** in old Meitei) is one of the seven main clans of the Meitei people in Manipur, India. It includes many family groups called Yumnaks. These families have lived in Manipur since ancient times. Moirang is also known for its rich culture, especially the famous story of *Khamba and Thoibi*.
, the pink color represents the Moilang group of Meitei people.]]

## Number of families 
## Related pages 
* Mangang
* Luwang
* Khuman
* Angom Salai
* Kha Nganpa
* Salai Leishangthem

## References
Dainik Bhaskar

**Dainik Bhaskar** () is a Hindi-language daily newspaper in India, owned by the Dainik Bhaskar Group. It was ranked fourth globally in circulation by the World Association of Newspapers in 2016 and was the largest circulated newspaper in India as of 2022, according to the Indian Audit Bureau of Circulations. Founded in Bhopal in 1958, it expanded with the Indore edition in 1983. The Dainik Bhaskar Group operates in 13 Indian states, publishing 65 editions in Hindi, Marathi, and Gujarati.

## References
Vivekananda International Foundation

The **Vivekananda International Foundation** (VIF) is an Indian public policy think tank established in 2009 in New Delhi. It is known for its right-of-centre policy alignment.

## History 
Founded by Ajit Doval, former Director of the Intelligence Bureau, VIF promotes independent, non-partisan research. It gained prominence in 2011–2012 for facilitating the anti-corruption movement led by Anna Hazare, Arvind Kejriwal, Kiran Bedi, and Baba Ramdev. In 2014, Doval was appointed National Security Adviser by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, with other VIF members, including Nripendra Misra and P.K. Mishra, joining the government.

## Activities 
VIF produces articles, reports, monographs, and a quarterly journal, *National Security*. It hosts seminars, a monthly discourse called *Vimarsh*, and publishes a monthly magazine, *Vivek*.

## Leadership 
VIF is led by Director Arvind Gupta, former Deputy National Security Adviser, with S. Gurumurthy as Chairperson and Satish Chandra as Vice Chairperson.

## References
PES University

**PES University** (PESU) is a private university in Bengaluru, India, established in 1988. It offers programs in Engineering, Management, Law, Economics, Commerce, Architecture, Design, Psychology, Arts, Medicine, and Life Sciences, providing Bachelor's, Master's, and PhD degrees. The university operates three campuses in Bengaluru: Ring Road, Electronic City, and Hanumantha Nagar.

## History 
Founded by M. R. Doreswamy in 1972 under the People's Education Society (PES), PESU began as PES Institute of Technology (PESIT) in 1988. It became a private university in 2013 under the Karnataka Act. PES manages over 45 educational programs across Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, serving over 18,000 students.

## Academics 
PESU admits 40% of its undergraduate students via Karnataka CET and 60% through its own PESSAT entrance test. A Management quota is also available. Lateral entry allows diploma holders to join the second year of engineering. Postgraduate admissions are based on GATE or Karnataka CET scores. The university was ranked 139th for engineering in India by NIRF in 2024.

## Research 
The Crucible of Research and Innovation (CORI) and Centre for Intelligent Systems (CIS) drive multidisciplinary research in areas like AI, robotics, and VLSI design. Students can intern at the PES Innovation Lab.

## Events 
PES University hosts numerous events, including the notable CIDECODE Hackathon, organized by the Center for Information Security Forensics and Cyber Resilience (ISFCR) in collaboration with Karnataka Police CID Center for Cyber Crime Investigation Training & Research (CCITR). The 24-hour hackathon, held on 2 March 2024, focused on cybersecurity challenges in Dark Web Monitoring, Cryptocurrency Traceability, and OSINT Automation. It attracted 341 teams, with 39 shortlisted, and was inaugurated by Dr. M. A. Saleem, IPS, Director General of Police, CID Karnataka. During the 2025 CIDECODE Hackathon, Zero Defend Security launched Vastav AI, India’s first deepfake detection system, boasting 99% accuracy in identifying manipulated media. Vastav AI, developed by Santhosh Kumar, uses advanced AI tools for forensic analysis and is currently available to law enforcement, with plans for enterprise subscriptions.

## Controversies 
PESU faced scrutiny following student suicides in 2020, 2023, and 2024. In July 2023, Aditya Prabhu, a 19-year-old B.Tech student, died by suicide after being caught with a mobile phone during an exam, prompting allegations of faculty harassment. Three faculty members were charged with abetting suicide. Another suicide occurred in October 2023, and in May 2024, Carasala Rahul, a 21-year-old student, died after allegedly being denied exam entry. The UGC has called for an investigation into these incidents.

## References
Intelligent agent

In artificial intelligence, an **intelligent agent** is a system that observes its environment, makes decisions, and takes actions to achieve specific goals. It may improve its performance by learning or using stored knowledge. AI is often defined as the study and creation of these agents, focusing on their ability to act rationally toward goals.

A subset called **agentic AI** (or AI agents) can independently pursue complex goals over time, making decisions without constant human input.

Intelligent agents vary from simple systems, like a thermostat, to complex ones, like a self-driving car or a human being. They work based on an **objective function** that defines their goals, aiming to maximize its value through planned actions. For example, a reinforcement learning agent uses a reward function to guide its behavior.

These agents are studied in fields like economics, cognitive science, and ethics, and are related to software agents—programs that perform tasks for users. They are sometimes called **rational agents**, a term from economics.

## Types of Intelligent Agents 
Agents are classified by their complexity and decision-making abilities:

1. **Simple Reflex Agents**: Act based only on the current input, using "if-then" rules. Example: A thermostat turning on when it’s cold.

2. **Model-Based Reflex Agents**: Keep an internal model of the environment to handle partial information. They use past inputs to make decisions.

3. **Goal-Based Agents**: Choose actions to reach specific goals, often using search or planning. Example: A Roomba vacuum navigating a room.

4. **Utility-Based Agents**: Evaluate actions based on a utility function, measuring how desirable outcomes are. They aim for the best possible result.

5. **Learning Agents**: Improve over time by learning from feedback. They have a learning part that adjusts actions based on performance.

## Agentic AI 
**Agentic AI** refers to advanced agents that operate autonomously, often using large language models (LLMs). They can handle tasks like booking travel or coding without constant human guidance. Examples include Devin AI, AutoGPT, and OpenAI Operator.

### Benefits 
Agentic AI can:
- Boost productivity by automating repetitive tasks.
- Support innovation by handling complex problems.
- Improve web accessibility for people with disabilities.

### Concerns 
Challenges include:
- Privacy risks and cybercrime.
- Ethical issues and AI safety concerns.
- Potential job displacement or algorithmic bias.

## Applications 
* **Self-Driving Cars**: Use agents to navigate roads, tested in simulations like Waymo’s Carcraft.
* **Business**: Salesforce’s Agentforce builds agents for tasks like customer service.
* **Security**: The Transportation Security Administration uses agents for biometric authentication.

## Related pages 
* Reinforcement learning
* Software agent

## References
Recursive self-improvement

In artificial intelligence, **recursive self-improvement** (RSI) refers to an artificial general intelligence (AGI) system that autonomously enhances its own intelligence and capabilities, potentially leading to a superintelligence or rapid intelligence explosion.

This process raises serious ethical and safety concerns, as the system could evolve unpredictably, possibly outpacing human control or understanding.

## Seed Improver 
A **seed improver** is the initial framework that enables an AGI to start recursive self-improvement. Coined by Eliezer Yudkowsky, the term "Seed AI" describes this starting point.

### How It Works 
A seed improver is a codebase, often built on a large language model (LLM), with advanced programming skills like writing, testing, and executing code. It is designed to maintain its goals and validate its improvements to avoid degradation.

Key components include:

* **Self-Prompting Loop**: The system repeatedly prompts itself to achieve goals, acting as an autonomous agent. 
* **Programming Skills**: Abilities to modify its own code, improving efficiency. 
* **Goal-Oriented Design**: A clear initial goal, like "improve your capabilities." 
* **Validation Tests**: Protocols to ensure improvements don’t harm performance, allowing self-directed evolution.

### Capabilities 
A seed improver acts as a Turing-complete programmer, capable of: - Accessing the internet and integrating with external tools.

Cloning itself to speed up tasks.

Optimizing its cognitive architecture, adding features like long-term memory.

Developing new multimodal systems for handling images, audio, or video. - Designing hardware, like chips, to boost computing power.

### Experiments 
Researchers have tested self-improving agent designs, exploring how LLMs can enhance their own code or performance.

## Risks 
Recursive self-improvement poses significant risks:

### Unintended Goals 
The AGI might develop secondary goals, like self-preservation, to support its primary goal of self-improvement. This could lead to actions like resisting shutdowns.

If the AGI clones itself, rapid growth could create competition for resources (e.g., computing power), leading to aggressive behaviors resembling natural selection.

### Misalignment 
The AGI might misinterpret or secretly resist its intended goals. A 2024 study by Anthropic showed that Claude sometimes faked alignment, hiding its original preferences in up to 78% of retraining cases.

### Unpredictable Evolution 
As the AGI modifies itself, its development could become too complex for humans to predict or control. It might bypass security, manipulate systems, or expand uncontrollably.

## Research Efforts 
* **Meta AI**: Explores self-rewarding LLMs that improve through super-human feedback. 
* **OpenAI**: Works on superalignment to ensure superintelligent AI aligns with human values.

## Related pages 
* Artificial general intelligence

## References
Wolterstorffina chirioi

The **Mount Oku forest tree toad** (*Wolterstorffina chirioi*) is a toad.  Scientists found it on Mount Okou in Cameroon.

## Home
These frogs live high on Mt. Okou where it is too high and cold for trees to grow but not so high that the snow never melts. This is called the mountain's alpine zone.  Scientists saw it 3000 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this toad in one protected place, Mount Oku Faunal Reserve.

## Young
There are streams and springs on Mt. Okou, but scientists think that the toad does not lay eggs in them. They think this toad lives on land all its life.

## Danger
Scientists say this toad is in big danger of dying out. Human beings bring cows to eat grass in the alpine zone and set fires there so that the grass will grow in a way that is good for cows. Because the frog lives high in the hills, climate change could hurt it. Animals that live high on mountains cannot migrate somewhere colder if their home becomes too hot or dry; they would have to climb down to the low places first.

## References
2025 Polish presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Poland on . No candidate secured more than 50% of the vote and a second round was held on . Due to constitutional term limits, which restrict the President of the Republic to serving only two terms, the incumbent President Andrzej Duda, was not eligible for reelection.

Presidential elections in Poland must be held on a day off work (Sunday or public holiday) between 75 and 100 days before the end of the term. However, they may be held earlier if the office becomes vacant due to the death, resignation, or removal of the incumbent.

## Electoral system
The president is elected for a five-year term using a two-round system; if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the first round, a runoff election is held between the two candidates with the most votes. Presidents serve a five-year term and can be re-elected once. Andrzej Duda's second term expired on August 6, 2025, and the president-elect was sworn in that day before the National Assembly (a joint session of the Sejm and Senate).

## Candidates 
### Registered candidates
## Opinion polls 
## Results 
## Notes
## References
Wolterstorffina parvipalmata

The **Cameroon Wolterstorff toad** or **montane forest tree toad** (*Wolterstorffina parvipalmata*) is a toad.  It lives in Cameroon, Nigeria, and Equatorial Guinea.

## Home
This toad lives near streams and waterfalls high in the hills and mountains. Scientists saw it between 800 and 2000 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this toad in some protected places. They saw it in Cross River National Park and they saw it near Reserve Scientifique de la Caldera.

## Young
Scientists think the frog has young in streams.

## Danger
Scientists say this toad is in big danger of dying out. Human beings change the places where the toad lives. Chemicals from farms can kill the toad too. Human beings also killed too many trees in some places, especially to get the bark from the *Prunus africanus* tree, which pharmaceutical companies use to make medicine. Scientists think the disease chytridiomycosis could have killed many of these toads, even though they have not found the fungus that causes it on the toads.

## References
List of MeSH codes (N01)

The following is a partial list of the "N" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (M01). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (N02). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## – population characteristics
### – demography
*  – age distribution
*  – censuses
*  – ethnic groups
*  – family characteristics
*  – birth intervals
*  – birth order
*  – marital status
*  – divorce
*  – marriage
*  – single person
*  – single parent
*  – widowhood
*  – health status
*  – geriatric assessment
*  – nutritional status
*  – population density
*  – population dynamics
*  – emigration and immigration
*  – health transition
*  – population control
*  – population growth
*  – population groups
*  – residence characteristics
*  – catchment area (health)
*  – housing
*  – housing for the elderly
*  – public housing
*  – residential mobility
*  – sex distribution
*  – sex ratio
*  – vital statistics
*  – life expectancy
*  – life tables
*  – quality-adjusted life years
*  – morbidity
*  – basic reproduction number
*  – incidence
*  – prevalence
*  – mortality
*  – cause of death
*  – child mortality
*  – fatal outcome
*  – fetal mortality
*  – hospital mortality
*  – infant mortality
*  – maternal mortality
*  – survival rate
*  – pregnancy rate
*  – birth rate

### – health
*  – family health
*  – holistic health
*  – mental health
*  – occupational health
*  – oral health
*  – physical fitness
*  – public health
*  – rural health
*  – suburban health
*  – urban health
*  – women's health
*  – world health

### – population
*  – rural population
*  – suburban population
*  – urban population

### – socioeconomic factors
*  – career mobility
*  – educational status
*  – employment
*  – employment, supported
*  – personnel downsizing
*  – unemployment
*  – 
*  – family characteristics
*  – marital status
*  – divorce
*  – marriage
*  – single person
*  – single parent
*  – widowhood
*  – income
*  – pensions
*  – Employee Retirement Income Security Act
*  – salaries and fringe benefits
*  – family leave
*  – parental leave
*  – health benefit plans, employee
*  – Employee Retirement Income Security Act
*  – sick leave
*  – medical indigency
*  – occupations
*  – career mobility
*  – poverty
*  – poverty areas
*  – social change
*  – social class
*  – social mobility
*  – social conditions

----
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (N02).
Vatsavai

**Vatsavai** is a village in the NTR district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is part of Vatsavai mandal in Nandigama revenue division. 

According to the 2011 Census of India, the population of Vatsavai is about 9,554 people. The village has around 2,631 houses.

## References 
* 
*
List of MeSH codes (A17)

The following is a partial list of the "A" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A16). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (B01). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## – integumentary system
### – hair
*  – eyebrows
*  – eyelashes
*  – hair follicle
*  – wool

### – nails
### – skin
*  – dermis
*  – epidermis
*  – hair follicle
*  – sebaceous glands
*  – sweat glands
*  – apocrine glands
*  – eccrine glands

----
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (B01).
List of MeSH codes (A16)

The following is a partial list of the "A" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A15). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A17). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## – embryonic structures
### – embryo
*  – amniotic fluid
*  – blastocyst
*  – blastoderm
*  – trophoblasts
*  – blastomeres
*  – branchial region
*  – cleavage stage, ovum
*  – blastula
*  – morula
*  – cloaca
*  – embryo, nonmammalian
*  – chick embryo
*  – chorioallantoic membrane
*  – cleavage stage, ovum
*  – blastula
*  – morula
*  – yolk sac
*  – extraembryonic membranes
*  – allantois
*  – amnion
*  – chorion
*  – chorionic villi
*  – yolk sac
*  – gastrula
*  – germ layers
*  – ectoderm
*  – endoderm
*  – mesoderm
*  – pericytes
*  – somites
*  – limb bud
*  – mesonephros
*  – Müllerian ducts
*  – neural crest
*  – notochord
*  – organizers, embryonic
*  – umbilical cord
*  – umbilical arteries
*  – umbilical veins
*  – urachus
*  – vitelline duct
*  – Wolffian duct

### – fetus
*  – aborted fetus
*  – fetal blood
*  – fetal heart
*  – ductus arteriosus
*  – truncus arteriosus
*  – meconium
*  – vernix caseosa

### – ovum
*  – egg yolk
*  – vitelline membrane
*  – zona pellucida

### – placenta
*  – chorionic villi
*  – decidua
*  – deciduoma
*  – trophoblasts

### – zygote
----
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (A17).
List of MeSH codes (A14)

The following is a partial list of the "A" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A13). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A15). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## – stomatognathic system
### – cheek
### – facial muscles
### – jaw
*  – alveolar process
*  – tooth socket
*  – dental arch
*  – mandible
*  – chin
*  – mandibular condyle
*  – maxilla
*  – palate
*  – palate, hard

### – masticatory muscles
*  – masseter muscle
*  – pterygoid muscles
*  – temporal muscle

### – mouth
*  – dentition
*  – dentition, mixed
*  – dentition, permanent
*  – dentition, primary
*  – diastema
*  – periodontium
*  – alveolar process
*  – tooth socket
*  – dental cementum
*  – epithelial attachment
*  – gingiva
*  – periapical tissue
*  – periodontal ligament
*  – tooth
*  – bicuspid
*  – cuspid
*  – incisor
*  – molar
*  – molar, third
*  – tooth, deciduous
*  – natal teeth
*  – tooth, unerupted
*  – tooth components
*  – dental cementum
*  – dental enamel
*  – dental pellicle
*  – dental pulp
*  – dental pulp cavity
*  – dentin
*  – dentin, secondary
*  – tooth cervix
*  – tooth crown
*  – tooth germ
*  – dental papilla
*  – dental sac
*  – enamel organ
*  – tooth root
*  – tooth apex
*  – lip
*  – labial frenum
*  – mouth floor
*  – mouth mucosa
*  – palate
*  – palatal muscles
*  – palate, hard
*  – palate, soft
*  – uvula
*  – salivary glands
*  – parotid gland
*  – salivary ducts
*  – salivary glands, minor
*  – sublingual gland
*  – submandibular gland
*  – tongue
*  – lingual frenum
*  – taste buds

### – pharynx
*  – hypopharynx
*  – nasopharynx
*  – oropharynx
*  – tonsil
*  – pharyngeal muscles
*  – esophageal sphincter, upper

### – temporomandibular joint
*  – temporomandibular joint disk

----
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (A15).
List of MeSH codes (A13)

The following is a partial list of the "A" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A12). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A14). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## – animal structures
### – air sacs
### – anal sacs
### – beak
### – bursa of fabricius
### – cloaca
### – comb and wattles
### – corpora allata
### – crop, avian
### – egg shell
### – electric organ
### – embryo, nonmammalian
*  – chick embryo
*  – chorioallantoic membrane

### – fat body
### – feathers
### – forelimb
*  – carpus, animal
*  – wing

### – ganglia, invertebrate
### – gills
### – harderian gland
### – hemolymph
### – hepatopancreas
### – hindlimb
*  – stifle
*  – tarsus, animal

### – hoof and claw
### – horns 
*  – antlers

### – interrenal gland
### – malpighian tubules
### – mammary glands, animal
### – metrical gland
### – mushroom bodies
### – nictitating membrane
### – optic lobe
### – oviducts
*  – fallopian tubes

### – perianal glands
### – photoreceptors, invertebrate
### – salt gland
### – scent glands
### – stomach, avian
*  – gizzard
*  – proventriculus

### – stomach, ruminant
*  – abomasum
*  – omasum
*  – reticulum
*  – rumen

### – tail
### – ultimobranchial body
### – vibrissae
### – wool
----
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (A14).
List of MeSH codes (A12)

The following is a partial list of the "A" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A11). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A13). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## – fluids and secretions
### – amniotic fluid
### – bodily secretions
*  – bile
*  – cerumen
*  – colostrum
*  – gastric juice
*  – gastric acid
*  – intestinal secretions
*  – milk
*  – milk, human
*  – mucus
*  – cervix mucus
*  – pancreatic juice
*  – saliva
*  – sebum
*  – semen
*  – smegma
*  – sputum
*  – sweat
*  – tears
*  – venoms
*  – vernix caseosa

### – body fluids
*  – ascitic fluid
*  – blood
*  – fetal blood
*  – plasma
*  – serum
*  – immune sera
*  – antilymphocyte serum
*  – body fluid compartments
*  – body water
*  – bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
*  – extracellular fluid
*  – aqueous humor
*  – cerebrospinal fluid
*  – extravascular lung water
*  – follicular fluid
*  – labyrinthine fluids
*  – endolymph
*  – perilymph
*  – lymph
*  – chyle
*  – plasma
*  – synovial fluid
*  – intracellular fluid
*  – nasal lavage fluid
*  – urine

### – dental deposits
*  – dental calculus
*  – dental plaque
*  – smear layer

### – exudates and transudates
*  – cyst fluid
*  – dentinal fluid
*  – gingival crevicular fluid

### – feces
*  – meconium
*  – melena

### – gastrointestinal contents
### – hyalin
----
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (A13).
List of MeSH codes (A09)

The following is a partial list of the "A" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A08). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A10). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## – sense organs
### – ear
#### – ear, external
*  – ear canal
*  – ear cartilages
*  – tympanic membrane

#### – ear, middle
*  – ear ossicles
*  – incus
*  – malleus
*  – stapes
*  – eustachian tube
*  – glomus tympanicum
*  – stapedius
*  – tensor tympani

#### – ear, inner
*  – cochlea
*  – basilar membrane
*  – cochlear aqueduct
*  – cochlear duct
*  – stria vascularis
*  – tectorial membrane
*  – organ of corti
*  – hair cells
*  – hair cells, inner
*  – hair cells, outer
*  – labyrinth supporting cells
*  – round window
*  – scala tympani
*  – spiral ganglion
*  – spiral lamina
*  – semicircular canals
*  – hair cells, vestibular
*  – vestibule of the ear
*  – oval window
*  – saccule and utricle
*  – acoustic maculae
*  – hair cells, vestibular
*  – otolithic membrane
*  – vestibular aqueduct
*  – endolymphatic duct
*  – endolymphatic sac

### – eye
#### – anterior eye segment
*  – anterior chamber
*  – aqueous humor
*  – endothelium, corneal
*  – cornea
*  – bowman membrane
*  – corneal stroma
*  – descemet membrane
*  – endothelium, corneal
*  – epithelium, corneal
*  – limbus corneae
*  – trabecular meshwork

#### – conjunctiva
#### – eyelids
*  – eyelashes
*  – meibomian glands

#### – lacrimal apparatus
*  – nasolacrimal duct

#### – lens, crystalline
*  – lens capsule, crystalline
*  – lens cortex, crystalline
*  – lens nucleus, crystalline

#### – oculomotor muscles
#### – pigment epithelium of eye
#### – retina
*  – amacrine cells
*  – blood-retinal barrier
*  – fundus oculi
*  – macula lutea
*  – fovea centralis
*  – optic disk
*  – photoreceptors
*  – photoreceptors, invertebrate
*  – photoreceptors, vertebrate
*  – rods
*  – cones
*  – rod outer segments
*  – retinal bipolar cells
*  – retinal ganglion cells
*  – retinal horizontal cells

#### – sclera
#### – uvea
*  – blood-aqueous barrier
*  – choroid
*  – bruch membrane
*  – ciliary body
*  – iris
*  – pupil

#### – vitreous body
### – nose
#### – olfactory mucosa
*  – olfactory receptor neurons

#### – vomeronasal organ
### – taste buds
----
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (A10).
List of MeSH codes (A06)

The following is a partial list of the "A" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A05). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A07). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## – endocrine system
### – chromaffin system
*  – chromaffin cells
*  – chromaffin granules
*  – enterochromaffin cells
*  – enterochromaffin-like cells
*  – para-aortic bodies
*  – paraganglia, chromaffin

### – enteroendocrine cells
*  – enterochromaffin cells
*  – enterochromaffin-like cells
*  – gastrin-secreting cells
*  – glucagon-secreting cells
*  – insulin-secreting cells
*  – pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cells
*  – somatostatin-secreting cells

### – endocrine glands
*  – adrenal glands
*  – adrenal cortex
*  – zona fasciculata
*  – zona glomerulosa
*  – zona reticularis
*  – adrenal medulla
*  – gonads
*  – ovary
*  – corpus luteum
*  – luteal cells
*  – ovarian follicle
*  – follicular fluid
*  – granulosa cells
*  – theca cells
*  – testis
*  – leydig cells
*  – islets of langerhans
*  – glucagon-secreting cells
*  – insulin-secreting cells
*  – pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cells
*  – somatostatin-secreting cells
*  – parathyroid glands
*  – pineal gland
*  – pituitary-adrenal system
*  – pituitary gland
*  – pituitary gland, anterior
*  – pituitary gland, posterior
*  – thyroid gland

### – neurosecretory systems
*  – hypothalamo-hypophyseal system
*  – median eminence
*  – pituitary gland
*  – pituitary gland, anterior
*  – pituitary gland, posterior
*  – pineal gland

----
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (A07).
List of MeSH codes (A03)

The following is a partial list of the "A" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). 

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (A02).Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (A04). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

Authoritative sources for this content are the MeSH Browser and MeSH SPARQL Explorer.

## – digestive system
### – biliary tract
#### – bile ducts
*  – extrahepatic bile ducts
**  – common bile duct
***  – Ampulla of Vater
****  – Sphincter of Oddi
**  – cystic duct
**  – common hepatic duct
*  – intrahepatic bile ducts
**  – bile canaliculi
#### – gallbladder
### – gastrointestinal tract
#### – intestines
* – intestinal mucosa
** – enterocytes
** – goblet cells
** – paneth cells
* – large intestine
** – anal canal
** – cecum
*** – appendix
** – colon
*** – ascending colon
*** – descending colon
*** – sigmoid colon
*** – transverse colon
** – rectum
* – small intestine
** – duodenum
*** – Ampulla of Vater
**** – Sphincter of Oddi
*** – Brunner's glands
** – ileum
*** – ileocecal valve
*** – Meckel's diverticulum
** – jejunum

#### – lower gastrointestinal tract
* – ileum
** – ileocecal valve
** – Meckel's diverticulum
* – large intestine
** – anal canal
** – cecum
*** – appendix
** – colon
*** – ascending colon
*** – descending colon
*** – sigmoid colon
*** – transverse colon
** – rectum
* – jejunum

#### – mouth
* – dentition
* – salivary glands
** – parotid gland
** – salivary ducts
** – minor salivary glands
** – sublingual gland
** – submandibular gland
** – Von Ebner's gland
* – tongue
** – lingual frenum
** – taste buds

#### – pharynx
#### – upper gastrointestinal tract
* – duodenum
** – Ampulla of Vater
*** – Sphincter of Oddi
** – Brunner's glands
* – esophagus
** – esophageal mucosa
** – upper esophageal sphincter
** – esophagogastric junction
*** – lower esophageal sphincter
* – stomach
** – cardia
** – esophagogastric junction
*** – lower esophageal sphincter
** – gastric fundus
** – gastric mucosa
*** – gastric chief cells
*** – enterochromaffin cells
*** – gastrin-secreting cells
*** – gastric parietal cells
*** – somatostatin-secreting cells
** – gastric stump
** – pyloric antrum
** – pylorus

### – liver
#### – intrahepatic bile ducts
* – bile canaliculi
#### – round ligament of liver
### – pancreas
#### – islets of langerhans
* – glucagon-secreting cells
* – insulin-secreting cells
* – pancreatic polypeptide-secreting cells
* – somatostatin-secreting cells
#### – exocrine pancreas
#### – pancreatic ducts
* – Ampulla of Vater

## Notes
List of MeSH codes (G01)

The following is a partial list of the "G" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM).

This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (F04). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (G02). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH codes.

The source for this content is the set of 2006 MeSH Trees from the NLM.

## – biological sciences
Biological Science Disciplines
### – anatomy
*  – anatomy, artistic
*  – anatomy, comparative
*  – anatomy, cross-sectional
*  – visible human project
*  – anatomy, regional
*  – anatomy, veterinary
*  – cytology
*  – embryology
*  – teratology
*  – histology
*  – histology, comparative
*  – neuroanatomy

### – biochemistry
*  – histocytochemistry
*  – immunohistochemistry
*  – immunochemistry
*  – immunohistochemistry
*  – neurochemistry
*  – proteomics

### – biology
*  – botany
*  – ethnobotany
*  – pharmacognosy
*  – computational biology
*  – systems biology
*  – developmental biology
*  – embryology
*  – teratology
*  – ecology
*  – exobiology
*  – genetics
*  – cytogenetics
*  – genetic research
*  – human genome project
*  – genetics, behavioral
*  – genetic determinism
*  – genetics, medical
*  – eugenics
*  – genetic services
*  – genetic counseling
*  – genetic screening
*  – genetics, microbial
*  – genetics, population
*  – genomics
*  – proteomics
*  – immunogenetics
*  – molecular biology
*  – epidemiology, molecular
*  – pharmacogenetics
*  – toxicogenetics
*  – radiation genetics
*  – laboratory animal science
*  – marine biology
*  – microbiology
*  – bacteriology
*  – environmental microbiology
*  – air microbiology
*  – food microbiology
*  – soil microbiology
*  – water microbiology
*  – genetics, microbial
*  – industrial microbiology
*  – mycology
*  – virology
*  – molecular biology
*  – epidemiology, molecular
*  – natural history
*  – neurobiology
*  – parasitology
*  – food parasitology
*  – parasitic sensitivity tests
*  – photobiology
*  – radiobiology
*  – sociobiology
*  – zoology
*  – entomology

### – biophysics
*  – bionics
*  – electrophysiology
*  – hemorheology

### – biotechnology
*  – biomimetics

### – neurosciences
*  – neuroanatomy
*  – neurobiology
*  – neurochemistry
*  – neuroendocrinology
*  – neuropharmacology
*  – neurophysiology

### – pharmacology
*  – ethnopharmacology
*  – neuropharmacology
*  – pharmacoepidemiology
*  – pharmacogenetics
*  – toxicogenetics
*  – pharmacognosy
*  – pharmacology, clinical
*  – psychopharmacology
*  – toxicology
*  – toxicogenetics

### – physiology
*  – electrophysiology
*  – endocrinology
*  – neuroendocrinology
*  – neurophysiology
*  – physiology, comparative
*  – psychophysiology
*  – neuropsychology
*  – psychoneuroimmunology

----
The list continues at List of MeSH codes (G02).
Bimbisara

**Bimbisāra**, known in Buddhist texts by that name and as **Shrenika** or **Seniya** in Jain traditions, was the king of Magadha. He ruled sometime between 543–492 BCE or 457–405 BCE, depending on different sources. He belonged to the Haryanka dynasty and was the son of King Bhattiya. Bimbisāra expanded his kingdom by conquering nearby regions like Anga in the east. This expansion helped set the stage for the rise of the Maurya Empire later on.

According to Jain tradition, Bimbisāra is believed to be the first of the 24 future Tirthankaras in the coming cosmic age and will be called Padmanabha or Mahapadma. He often visited the *Samavasarana* (divine preaching hall) of Lord Mahavira to ask spiritual questions. In Buddhist tradition, Bimbisāra is remembered for his cultural contributions and was a close friend and supporter of the Buddha. The Chinese monk Xuanzang, who visited India in the 7th century, wrote that Bimbisāra built the city of Rajgir (also called Rajagriha). After his reign, his son Ajatashatru became king. 

## References
Jarrell tornado

The 1997 Jarrell F5 tornado ravaged the area of Jarrell, Texas, as well as the Double Creek area west of Jarrell.

The storm hit on May 27, 1997. It lasted for 19 minutes, and was very unusual. It came from a bizarre supercell that moved southwest ward instead of the normal northeast ward direction. Additionally, it was very slow, as it if stopped to make sure it destroyed everything in its path. It was very bad.

It is infamous for the picture taken by a guy observing the storm, who took the photo known as the “Dead Man Walking”. This is because it had multiple vortices, giving the illusion it was walking.
## References
India–North Korea relations

**India-North Korea relations** refer to the bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea, DPRK). India and North Korea established diplomatic relations in 1962, and India has maintained a policy of non-interference in North Korea's internal affairs while promoting peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula.

## History 
India’s recognition is largely driven by historical factors, such as the Cold War and India's traditional stance of neutrality. Additionally, India has continued to advocate for a peaceful resolution to the issues surrounding North Korea, often supporting peace talks rather than sanctions. Despite this, India has consistently called for denuclearisation on the Korean Peninsula and has supported various United Nations resolutions on the issue, while maintaining diplomatic ties with North Korea.
Italian brainrot

shoes; the first and most popular character in Italian brainrot]]

**Italian brainrot** is an Internet meme from early 2025. They show surrealist pictures of AI-generated creatures with names that are inspired by the Italian language. They are usually posted on TikTok, YouTube Shorts, and other short-formed apps. 
## Name
The phrase *brain rot* was used as early as 1854. The term is used to describe bizarre content. Videos often have fictional creatures with "Italian" names, while the video is voiced over by an AI voice, with a nonsensical description of the creature or animal. The meme is purposely "strange", with it having objects or items mixed with animals.

## History
The first Italian brainrot character is thought to be Tralalero Tralala.

## Characters 
 with a cappuccino cup as its head]]
Tralalero Tralala is an athletic shark with blue Nike shoes. The character Bombardino Crocodilo has been criticized for making fun of Gaza genocide, with some videos using audio which jokes about the plane bombing kids in Palestine.

But there are more offensive brainrots that also contain Blasmphemy like Mateooo.

, there are over 690 offensive articles on The Italian Brainrot Wiki. 

## Notes
## Sources
Jan Patočka

**Jan Patočka** (1907–1977) was a Czech philosopher. He is one of the most important thinkers in Central Europe during the 20th century. He studied ideas like history, life, truth, freedom, and human responsibility. He was influenced by other philosophers, especially Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, and worked in a field called phenomenology, which studies how people experience the world.

Patočka wrote many books and essays. He could not publish freely during the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, so some of his work was shared secretly. In the 1970s, he helped write Charter 77, a human rights document that criticized the Czechoslovak government for not respecting human rights. Because of this, he was questioned by the police. He died shortly after, in 1977.

## References
Huawei P8

**Huawei P8** is a Android smartphone developed by Huawei. It was released on April 2015. It has two other smartphones such as Huawei P8 Lite and Huawei P8 Max. 

Huawei P8 has 5.2 IPS-NEO LCD screen, 2600mAh battery capacity, 3GB RAM and 13MP wide back camera.

## Software 
Huawei P8 lite run Android 4.4.2 KitKat for the first time, later, it can upgrade to Android 5.0 Lollipop and Android 6.0 Marshmallow.

## References 
## Other websites 
*