open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Video Relay Service

**VRS** or **Video Relay Service** is a service by which deaf people can use sign language on phone calls. In some countries it has largely replaced the use of TTY for this purpose.

VRS uses a video camera and a high-speed Internet connection, to let people call friends, family, and business associates. A deaf or hard of hearing person can use a remote control and call an interpreter. When interpreter comes on their screen, the caller can call any hearing person and have a phone conversation through the interpreter.

VRS was invented in the 1990s in Sweden. In the early 21st century it became available in the United States. A person in the United States, can make calls to, or receive calls from, anybody in the world via VRS.

## Other websites
* Pinky tells the Real Story Video Relay Service VRS 
* Proud Geek presents: List of Video Relay Services
Cyanobacteria

. Red and green lines represent the range of the estimates while time is measured in billions of years ago.]]
" of cyanobacteria, in a pond]]

**Cyanobacteria** are a taxon of bacteria which conduct photosynthesis. They are not algae, though they were once called **blue-green algae**. It is a phylum of bacteria, with about 1500 species. In endosymbiont theory, chloroplasts (plastids) are descended from cyanobacteria. Their DNA profile is evidence for this.

Cyanobacteria have an extremely long fossil record, starting  at least 3.5 billion years ago. They were the main organisms in the stromatolites of the Archaean and Proterozoic eons.

The ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is highly significant. The early atmosphere on Earth was largely reducing, that is, without oxygen. The cyanobacteria in stromatolites were the first known organisms to photosynthesize and produce free oxygen. After about a billion years, the effect of this photosynthesis began a huge change in the atmosphere. The process, called the Great Oxygenation Event, took a long time. Eventually, it killed off most of the organisms which could not live in oxygen, and led to the kinds of environment we know today, where most organisms use and need oxygen.

## Light detection 
Cyanobacteria have a way of detecting light. Conrad Mullineaux, of Queen Mary University of London, said, "It has a way of detecting where the light is; we know that because of the direction that it moves".
:"In a single-celled pond slime, they observed how incoming rays are bent by the bug's spherical surface and focused in a spot on the far side of the cell. By shuffling along in the opposite direction to that bright spot, the microbe moves towards the light".

## Related pages
* Ice algae

## References
Joseph Priestley

, Birmingham on 14 July 1791|300px|alt=Burning three-story house, surrounded by a mob. People are throwing things out of the windows and belongings are scattered on the street.]]

**Joseph Priestley** (13 March 1733 – 8 February 1804) was an English chemist, philosopher, clergyman, and teacher.  He is known as the discoverer of oxygen. He was a Unitarian.

On 1 August 1774, Priestly identified oxygen in his laboratory at Bowood House in Wiltshire, England.

## The Priestley Riots 
The **Priestley Riots** (or the Birmingham Riots of 1791) took place from 14 July to 17 July 1791 in Birmingham, England. 

The rioters' main targets were religious dissenters, led by Priestley.  Both local and national issues stirred the rioters. But at the heart was the Dissenters' attempts to gain full civil rights, and their support of the French Revolution (though not its methods).

The riots started with an attack on the Royal Hotel, Birmingham. There a banquet was organised in sympathy with the French Revolution.  Then, beginning with Priestley's church and home, the rioters attacked or burned four Dissenting chapels, twenty-seven houses, and several businesses. Many of them were drunk. They had found liquor while looting, or with which they were bribed. A small core could not be bribed, however, and stayed sober. The rioters burned not only the homes and chapels of the Dissenters, but also the homes of people they associated with Dissenters, such as members of the scientific Lunar Society.

## References
## Other websites 
* The Priestley Society
*A short biography  at the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
*Memorial essay (1874) on Priestley
Teletypewriter

A **teletypewriter** (TTY; also called a **teletype** or **teleprinter**) is a device that sends a typed message to another place. A teletypewriter has a typewriter keyboard, a local printer (so the user can see what has been typed) and a transmitter. Messages can be sent over wires or radio waves. Teletypes were used mostly in the early to mid-20th century. They were developed to improve telegraphs, some of which also used keyboards, though not typewriter keyboards.

Though teleprinters have been replaced by other technologies, TDDs (Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf), which are based on the idea and design of teletypes, are still used these days. Not all people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech-impaired have switched to using instant messaging or texting or other modern services. Many still type messages back and forth to one another by TDD.

## Related pages
* Video Relay Service

## Other websites
* About the TTY
Of Montreal

**of Montreal** is an American indie pop band. The band was formed in Athens, Georgia. The lead singer of the band is Kevin Barnes. He started the group as the only member. It was one of the second wave of groups to come from The Elephant 6 Recording Company. They have released twelve studio albums.

## Albums 
** *Cherry Peel* (Bar/None, 1997)
** *The Bedside Drama: A Petite Tragedy* (Kindercore, 1998)
** *The Gay Parade* (Bar/None, 1999)
** *Coquelicot Asleep in the Poppies: A Variety of Whimsical Verse* (Kindercore, 2001)
** *Aldhils Arboretum* (Kindercore, 2002)
** *Satanic Panic in the Attic* (Polyvinyl, 2004)
** *The Sunlandic Twins* (Polyvinyl, 2005)
** *Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?* (Polyvinyl, 2007) – No. 72 US
** *Skeletal Lamping* (Polyvinyl, 2008) – No. 38 US
** *False Priest* (Polyvinyl, 2010) – No. 34 US
** *Paralytic Stalks* (Polyvinyl, 2012) – No. 121 US
** *Lousy With Sylvianbriar* (Polyvinyl, 2013) – No. 115 US
** *Aureate Gloom* (Polyvinyl, 2015)
** *Innocence Reaches* (Polyvinyl, 2016)
** *White Is Relic/Irrealis Mood* (Polyvinyl, 2018)
** *Ur Fun* (Polyvinyl, 2020)
** *I Feel Safe with You, Trash* (Sybaritic Peer, 2021)
** *Freewave Lucifer Fck* (Polyvinyl, 2022)
** *Lady on the Cusp* (Polyvinyl, 2024)

## Other websites 
*Of Montreal's official site
*Of Montreal's fan page
*Of Montreal on Elephant6.com 
*Artwork by David Barnes 
*Of Montreal discussion board 
*Of Montreal on National Public Radio
*Lazy-i Interview from April 2004
*View the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. commercials featuring music from Of Montreal
*Listen to *Hissing Fauna, Are You the Destroyer?* 
*Interview with the Cornell Daily Sun
Alpine newt

The **alpine newt** (*Ichthyosaura alpestris*) is an amphibian. It is a  Salamander (Urodela or Caudata). The alpine newt is one of five newts in Germany.

## Description 
Early in the year, alpine newts mate. During that time, the males have a blue color on their sides but not too much to overlap their white-black-spotted flank. Their belly is a bright orange.
The females are more camouflaged to their marshy environment. They are a mottled brown with barely visible, black spots.

The biggest of the males can reach up to nine, and the females up to twelve centimeters in length. After the mating season, they return to their natural color of the mottled brown.

## Life and habitat 
The alpine newt typically lives in forests with good access to water in hilly to mountainous regions. They are mostly absent in forest-poor areas. They often occur   in thick deciduous forests, as well as parland and natural gardens. Outside the spawning season, the Alpine Newt is a land animal. During the day it stays in all kinds of undergrowth, but during the mating season in cool water (forest pools, artificial pools). After the adults come out of winter dormancy, the alpine newts immediately take themselves to the spawning pools.

## Location 
The spread of the alpine newt is constricted to Central Europe and parts of mountainous Southern Europe as well as an isolated area on the Iberian Peninsula.

There is also some introduced wild populations in the UK

## Endangerment 
After a steep decrease in the alpine newt population in the 1960s-70s, they have recovered their numbers a bit. Surveillance in the surrounding area of Cologne (approximately 50m above sea level) showed an increase in alpine newt numbers, but the numbers of newts in breeding pools seemed to decline. In home gardens, newts are settling in pools in which there may be a high reproduction rate. If fish are in these ponds, the population will be completely wiped out. However, a small pool of 150 litres volume had more than 60 alpine newt tadpoles of different sizes at the beginning of July 2003. They were likely spawned from just one female.

## Taxonomy 
The alpine newt has been usually placed into the *Triturus* genus. García-París | display-authors = etal split the genus Triturus into three, and placed the alpine newt into its own genus *Mesotriton*. Also the subspecies *T. a. inexpectatus* was elevated to species status. However this split has not been completely accepted yet. Originally 9 subspecies of the alpine newt were recognized.

## References
Alcalá de Henares

**Alcalá de Henares** is a city in the Community of Madrid, Spain. It is  from Madrid. It has about 200,000 people. There is a university. Miguel de Cervantes, an important Spanish writer, the author of the "Don Quixote", was born there.

## Flag
The **flag of Alcalá de Henares** () is colored red. It has a coat of arms in the center. The emblem has a diameter of three-quarters the width of the center. The ratio of the flag is 2:3.

## References
Differential equation

A **differential equation** is a mathematical equation that involves variables like x or y, as well as the rate at which those variables change. Differential equations are special because the solution of a differential equation is itself a function instead of a number.

In applications of mathematics, problems often arise in which the dependence of one parameter on another is unknown, but it is possible to write an expression for the rate of change of one parameter relative to another (derivative). In this case, the problem is reduced to finding a function by its derivative related to some other expressions.

## Types of differential equations
If a differential equation only involves x and its derivative, the rate at which x changes, then it is called a first order differential equation. A higher-order differential equation has derivatives of other derivatives. If there are more variables than just x and y, then it is said to be a partial differential equation. Sometimes, something will obey several differential equations at the same time. These are said to be modeled by coupled differential equations.

Some differential equations can be solved exactly, and some cannot. Sometimes one can only be estimated, and a computer program can do this very fast. Although they may seem overly-complicated to someone who has not studied differential equations before, the people who use differential equations tell us that they would not be able to figure important things out without them. Most scientists and engineers (as well as mathematicians) take at least one course in differential equations while in college. Some mathematicians devote their career to investigating differential equations that are difficult to solve.

## Uses 
Differential equations are used in many fields of science since they describe real-world things:
* In physics for various forms of movement, or oscillations
* Radioactive decay is calculated using differential equations.
* Isaac Newton's Second law of motion 
* Newton's Law of Cooling
* The wave equation
* Laplace's equation
* The Navier–Stokes equations described the movement of fluids
* The Hamiltonian equations for general mechanics

## People who studied about differential equations
* Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
* Hiroshi Umemura
* Israel Gelfand
* Peter Lax
* Ryogo Hirota
* Sofya Kovalevskaya
* Vladimir Arnold

## Related pages
* Finite element method
* Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
* Numerical methods for partial differential equations
Windhoek

**Windhoek** () is the capital city of Namibia. It has a population of 230,000 people. Windhoek is the trade center for sheep skins.  The area was controlled by Germany in 1885. It became the capital of the German colony, German South-West Africa, in 1892. During World War I, Windhoek was captured by South Africa. It was the capital of South West Africa (Namibia) under South African control until the independence of Namibia in 1990. 

Windhoek has a semi-desert climate.

Windhoek is known to be among the cleanest cities in Africa.

## Gallery
## References
## Other websites 
* Official homepage of the City of Windhoek - Windhuk 
* WebCams showing Windhoek

;News
* Republikein, Namibian newspaper (Afrikaans)
* Allgemeine Zeitung Namibias, Namibian newspaper (German)
* The Namibian, newspaper (English)
Ouagadougou

**Ouagadougou** (, is the capital of Burkina Faso. It is also the country's biggest city. In Ouagadougou, people mainly make clothing and food. Ouagadougou's mayor is chosen every five years. Ouagadougou is near the equator. It is always warm. In Ouagadougou, people speak Mooré and French. The city has ten universities.

## Economy 
Informal trade is widespread in the streets.

Maman dans les rues de Ouagadougou.jpg
Poultry strapped to a motorbike in Burkina Faso, 2009 (1).jpg
Man riding with his commodities.jpg
Commerçante ambulante de poissons2.jpg
Transport de bidons à vélo.jpg

## Terrorism
Jihadist insurgents carried out major attacks in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

## International relations
### Twin towns – Sister cities
Ouagadougou is twinned with following cities:

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website of the government of Ouagadougou 
* The plan of Ouagdougou
* Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages
Home directory

In computing, a **home directory** is a special directory (or location in the File system, Apple calls directories *folders*). Very often, there is one such home directory per user. Some users, which were created by the system and usually do not log in, do not have such a home directory.

A home directory is used to store personal files of the respective user, including written documents and settings for programs.

## Different Implementations
### Unix and Linux
On Unix and Linux-like operating systems, the directory is usually called like the username. It is usually in the */home* hierarchy. A user *fred* would therefore his home directory in */home/fred*.

It can be written as *~*.

### Microsoft Windows
Since Windows 95 there is a directory called *My Documents*. It was introduced together with *My Computer*. It helps the users locate their files. Since Windows 2000 it is in the user's profile directory *Documents and Settings\username*. So a user *fred* will find his files in *Documents and Settings\fred\My Documents*. In Windows Vista the directory has lost the *My*, and is simply called *Documents*.  Other directories, which are similar, may exist. They are called *My Music*, *My pictures* and *My videos*. Since Windows 7 files of a user can be found at *\Users\(username)\*.

### Mac OS X
In Mac OS X, the home directory is in */Users*.
Venetian language

The **Venetian language** (in Venetian: '''') is a Romance language.

It was the language once spoken in the Republic of Venice.
## Today
In the present day, it is spoken in the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, in Slovenia and in Croatia. It is also spoken in Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states) and Mexico (town of Chipilo) by the descendants of Italian immigrants.

## References
Yamoussoukro

**Yamoussoukro** is the capital city of Côte d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast). About 200,000 people live in this city. Yamoussoukro became the capital in 1983. Abidjan was the capital before that.

## History of Yamoussoukro 
Before the Second World War, Yamoussoukro was a small city. It was mainly made up of farms. In 1964, the president of Côte d'Ivoire decided to make Yamoussoukro the capital because it was where he grew up. In 1983, Yamoussoukro became the capital of Ivory Coast. In 1990, the Pope opened the biggest church in the world. It is called Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. In 2004, Yamoussoukro's airport was attacked by France because airplanes from that airport had killed 9 people from France. 

## Important things in Yamoussoukro 
Yamoussoukro is famous for the biggest church in the world, The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro. Also, it is very tall. 

## Other websites
Jack Black

**Thomas Jacob Black** (born August 28, 1969) is an American actor, comedian and musician. He is an important member of the Frat Pack, a name used by members of the media for a group of comedians active in today's Hollywood movies. Black is also in order for some of Hollywood's largest movies and smallest indie films. He and Kyle Gass make up the comedy-rock duo Tenacious D. Black starred in the movie *Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny*, which is based on a true story. He also starred in the 2008 movie *Tropic Thunder*. He also started The Minecraft movie in 2025.

## Early and personal life
Black was born on August 28, 1969, in Santa Monica, California to Thomas Black and Judith Cohen. His father is of English, French, German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh descent. His mother is Jewish and of Russian descent. Since March 14, 2006, he is married to Tanya Haden. They have two sons.

## Filmography
## References
Muffin

A **muffin** is a small bread- or cake-like baked food. Muffins are similar to cupcakes: they have round bases, rounded tops, and are usually sweet, but there are also savory kinds (like cornbread muffins). A *muffin* can also mean a different baked food, the smaller, disk-shaped English muffin, although this is not common outside Britain. In Britain, the term can mean either type of muffin. Muffins can also have extra ingredients to its flavour, such as blueberries or chocolate chips. Muffins are usually eaten at breakfast but can be eaten at any other meal. It is usually served with tea.
English muffin

An **English muffin** (known as a **muffin** or **breakfast muffin** in the United Kingdom) is a round, flat bread made from a dough with yeast and enriched with butter and milk. It is often served toasted at breakfast in the UK, US, Canada and Australia.

## Cooking
English muffins are made using a dough that is cooked on a griddle in rings. They are then allowed to cool, and are often split open, allowing them to be toasted and buttered.
Curry

**Curry** (from Tamil *kari*) is the English word for any of a general variety of spiced dishes, best known in cuisines from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand, and other parts of Southeast Asia. 

## History 
Curry first came from India. In the 18th century, British colonialists in India brought the idea of curry to the Western world.

## In the West 
Curry has been adopted into many other cuisines. Dishes that are often called curries in Europe and America are rarely called curries in their native languages.

In the United Kingdom and Jamaica, curry is usually eaten with Basmati rice or naan, a type of flat bread.

A curry dish called Balti, which may have originated in Birmingham, United Kingdom, has been dubbed Britain’s de facto national dish.

## Related pages
*Masala

## References
Atlanta Thrashers

played at Philips Arena on September 22, 2007]]
The **Atlanta Thrashers** were an American professional ice hockey team that played in Atlanta, Georgia. They played in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Thrashers played their home games at Philips Arena. The team played in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference.

They only made the NHL playoffs once, in the 2006–2007 season.

On May 31, 2011, investors named True North Sports and Entertainment purchased the Atlanta Thrashers. The sale was approved by the National Hockey League on June 21, 2011.

## 2007–08 season 
The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.

## 2008–09 season 
The Thrashers did not qualify for the playoffs.

## 2009–10 season 
## References
Shore

A **shore** or **shoreline** is the land at the edge of a large body of water, such as an ocean or river. Where the water is a sea, the shore is also called a "coast".

Shores are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape, as well as by erosion caused by water, such as waves.  The geological makeup of rock and soil controls the type of shore which is created.  Erosion of sedimentary soils can make a sandy or pebbly shore, usually called a beach. 

A shore includes the intertidal zone that is alternately exposed and covered by waves and tides.

A shore will often have a lighthouse on it to help ships in the sea.
Cupcake

Small, individual cakes called **cupcakes** are usually prepared in muffin tins and decorated with frosting or other toppings. They are available in an array of flavors, from the traditional combos of chocolate and vanilla to more complex ones like red velvet or lemon raspberry. Cupcakes are a popular dessert for every occasion as well as for festivities and parties. They are often baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup. Like larger cakes, frosting and other cake decorations, such as sprinkles, are common on cupcakes. They are often sweet and include frosting. Some specialized bakeries sell only cupcakes.

## History
 Cupcake]]
The first cupcake could be traced back to 1796. A recipe for "a cake to be baked in small cups" was written in *American Cookery* by Amelia Simmons. The earliest use of the term *cupcake* was in “Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats” in 1828 in Eliza Leslie's *Recipes* cookbook.

In the early 19th century, there were two different uses for the name *cup cake* or *cupcake*. Before muffin tins were widely available, the cakes were often baked in individual pottery cups, ramekins, or molds. They got their name from the cups they were baked in. The name "fairy cake" is a description of its size. It would be appropriate for a party of small fairies to share a fairy cake. English *fairy cakes* vary in size more than American cupcakes. They are normally smaller and are rarely topped with much icing.

The other kind of "cup cake" referred to a cake whose ingredients were measured by volume. They were measured using a standard-sized cup instead of being weighed. Recipes with ingredients that were measured using a standard-sized cup could also be baked in cups. They were more commonly baked in tins. In later years, when the use of volume measurements was more used in home kitchens, these recipes became known as *1234 cakes* or *quarter cakes*. They were called this because they are made up of four ingredients: one cup of butter, two cups of sugar, three cups of flour, and four eggs. They are plain yellow cakes that are less rich and less expensive than pound cake. This is because they use about half as much butter and eggs compared to pound cake. The names of these two major classes of cakes were to tell the baker whether to measure by volume or weight.

## References
Stick

A **stick** is a long, slender piece of wood, usually a branch from a tree without the leaves.

**Stick** may mean:
*Chopsticks, an eating utensil
*Rod, cane, or hickory stick, disciplinary implements
*Pointing stick, an indicator
*Swagger stick, a formal attribute
*Club (weapon) or staff (stick), weapons
*Tally sticks, a marking medium
*Walking stick, a mobility aid
*Fire stick, a stick for making fire

In **objects of similar shape**:
*A stick of dynamite
*Joystick, a computer game controller
*Prayer stick
*Polo stick, hockey stick, lacrosse stick, etc. in sports
*Memory stick, a device for storing digital information
*Stick shift, automobile transmission

**Stick** may also mean:
* Stick (unit), an ancient unit of length (2 inch ≈ 5 cm), cfr. in yard
* Silver Stick and Gold Stick, certain functions named after a ceremonial attribute
* Stick (comics), a character in Marvel Comics, predominantly Daredevil
* Stick-Eastlake, a type of Victorian architecture
* *Stick* (film), a movie featuring Burt Reynolds and music by Anne Murray

In **nicknames**:
* *Sticks* for the Led Zeppelin album *Led Zeppelin IV*
* Sticks for Stephen Kernahan, former Australian rules football champion with the Carlton Football Club
* Stick for Gene Michael, former baseball infielder and manager 
* Candlestick Park, the home stadium of the San Francisco 49ers, now known as Monster Park

In **music**:
* Clapstick, a musical instrument that traditionally accompanies the didgeridoo
* Chapman Stick, a musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s

## Related pages 
* Pogo Stick, pole with a spring up its botttom
* Poohsticks, a game
* Styx (band) and Styx (album), an American rock group and their debut album
* Stick insect or "walking stick", an insect
* Stick figure, also known as a stick man
Whyalla, South Australia

**Whyalla** is a city on the Eyre Peninsula, on the shore of Spencer Gulf, South Australia.

Its main industries are associated with the iron ore mines. Whyalla acted as the port for the export of iron ore. 

To get the renewal of the mining lease, BHP had to build a blast furnace to smelt the ore into pig iron. This led to the establishment of steel making, and ship building industries, which were very active during the period 19601980.

The viability of these industries so far from markets declined. This led to the closure of many operations and a decline in the local population. At its peak, during the mid-1980s, about 35,000 people lived there.

## References
Ron Paul

**Ronald Ernest "Ron" Paul** (born August 20, 1935) is an American Libertarian. He was formerly a Congressman from the state of Texas. He is retired but still travels around giving speeches about his beliefs.

## Career
He ran for President of the United States in 1988, 2008, and 2012 but he was defeated all three times. He has called himself a lifetime member of the Libertarian Party.

He is for reducing or removing most taxes and removing many government rules about how people may live and spend their money. He does not want the United States military going into or attacking other countries, but instead wants it to only stop others from attacking the United States. He also believes that the United States currency should not be controlled by the Federal Reserve, which is the central bank of the United States. He wants people to be allowed to use any currency they want when buying and selling.

## Family
His son Rand Paul is a U.S. Senator from Kentucky and 2016 presidential candidate.

## Health
In September 2020, Paul was hospitalized after having a minor stroke while livestreaming online in Texas.

## References
## Other websites
* Presidential Campaign Website 
* U.S. House of Representatives Office of Ron Paul
Djibouti (city)

The city of **Djibouti** is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Djibouti. It lies on a peninsula between the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Tadjoura. Djibouti is home to about  400,000 people.

Features of Djibouti include beaches, a large Central Market, the national stadium Stade du Ville, the Presidential Palace and Hamouli Mosque. The Djibouti-Addis Ababa Railway runs from the city to Addis Ababa. Djubouti is also home to the Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport.

## History 
Djibouti was  as a seaport in 1888. The city became the capital of French Somaliland in 1891. It replaced Tadjourah as the capital.

The peninsula was chosen because it is a natural port. It was attacked during WW2 by the Italians and later by the British.
Markus Näslund

**Markus Näslund** (born July 30, 1973) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey left winger. He played sixteen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Vancouver Canucks, and New York Rangers. He was born in Ornskoldsvik, Sweden. He was considered very skilled and valuable and he was given the Lester B. Pearson award for the Most Outstanding Player in 2004.

## Playing career 
Naslund began his career in Sweden, playing for Team Modo Hockey. Naslund was still quite young at that time. He played very well and was drafted by the NHL. In 1994, after being drafted by the NHL, he was taken in by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He started his rookie NHL years here. He did not play many games as he was not seen to be a great player at that time. Finally, the manager of the Penguins traded him to the Vancouver Canucks.

After being traded to the Canucks, Naslund was not used in games. The Vancouver coach thought that he was not very good, so Naslund asked to be traded. But he was not.
Suddenly, he was put in the lineup and did quite well compared to the rest of the team, which were struggling. In 2000, he was put with Todd Bertuzzi and they scored many goals together. Naslund was now a superstar and in 2004 he reached career highs and the NHL gave him the Lester B. Pearson award.
But in the 2006-2007 season, he struggled because Bertuzzi was traded away and it was much harder for him to score. But in the playoffs that year, he scored many goals in a short period of time. Naslund promised he would be much better next year. In the 2008 offseason, the Rangers signed Naslund to a two-year, $8 million contract. Naslund has spent most of his time with the Rangers playing on the team's first line with Scott Gomez as his center. On May 4, 2009 he announced his retirement from professional hockey.

## Other websites
* 
*
Pier Gerlofs Donia

. The line of text on the foot of the statue simply reads in Friese "Grutte Pier".]]

**Pier Gerlofs Donia** (1480 - 1520) fought for the independence of Friesland (which is now part of the Netherlands). He also was a pirate. During his lifetime, he fought against people from Holland, Germany, and the Duchy of Burgundy. 

Pier was a very big man. Some sources say he was 213&nbsp;cm tall (almost seven feet). He was known as "Big Lad Pier" in the Frisian language (**Grutte Pier)** and in Dutch **(Grote Pier)**. He was also nicknamed *The Giant of Kimswerd*. One legend says he was strong enough to bend a coin between his forefinger and thumb.

Pier was the uncle of the warrior Wijerd Jelckama.

## Military successes 
Pier was strong enough to behead several people with a single blow. This meant he could kill many enemies at the same time during battle, and gave him an excellent advantage over his opponents.

According to legend, Pier forced his prisoners to repeat a special phrase which was hard for non-Frisians to pronounce:

:''Bûter, brea en griene tsiis: wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries.*

In English, this means:

:*Butter, rye-bread, and young cheese: whoever cannot say that is not a true Frisian.*

This allowed Pier to distinguish Frisians from Dutch and Low Germans. Prisoners who could not pronounce the phrase in proper Frisian had their heads cut off by Donia himself. 

## Retirement & death 
Despite his many successes, Pier could not defeat the Burgundian/Hapsburg armies. He retired disillusioned in 1519. 

Pier died peacefully in bed in the Frisian town of Sneek on October 28, 1520. His last words were spoken to his lifetime enemy, the count of Nychlenborch. The count asked Pier where he wanted to go after he died, and Pier replied "*Nea myn Heer ta*" ("*To my Lord''"). He then died. 

After Pier's death, Friesland never again earned its freedom. It remains a province of the Netherlands.

## References
Jamestown, Saint Helena

**Jamestown** is a harbour and the capital of the British island of Saint Helena. It was founded in 1659 by the East India Company. It's also famous for being the place where the famous French emperor, Napoleon lived when he was exiled to St. Helena. The town has a population of about 1,000 people. 

The town's most known feature is Jacob's Ladder. It is a walkway up the mountains with 699 steps. The ladder was built in 1829 to connect Jamestown to the military base on Ladder Hill. The ladder is very popular with tourists. It is beautifully lit at night. Each year, people come from all over the world to take part in a timed run up the ladder.

Many buildings in the city are built out of volcanic rock from the local area. The town is has a church, and port for unloading items delivered to the island.

## Other websites 
* St Helena - Jamestown
* Pictures of Jamestown
Elfstedentocht

The **Elfstedentocht**, Dutch for "*Eleven cities tour*" is a race for people on ice skates. The race takes place on canals in Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. The route of the race goes through eleven towns and is nearly 200 kilometers long. It can only be held in winters when it has been cold enough to freeze the canals to enough depth to make it safe for skating on.

The race starts and finishes in Leeuwarden, the capital city of Friesland. The route goes through all eleven places in Friesland which are officially called "towns". The race has been held 15 times. The first year it took place was 1909. The most recent race was on 4 January 1997. The ice on the canals has to be at least 15&nbsp;cm thick for the race to take place. It is a very tough race, although some years the race has been tougher than others, depending on the weather conditions. 1963 was an extremely cold winter. That year only one in 100 people who took part managed to finish the race.

Medals are given to the first 11 men and the first 5 women.
Sneek

**Sneek** (**Frisian**: *Snits*) is a city in Friesland, in the Netherlands. In history, it is well known. The legendary warrior Pier Gerlofs Donia, fought a battle there. He is buried in the town in the Grote of Martinikerk. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân.
Bloemfontein

**Bloemfontein** is one of the three capital cites of South Africa. It is the law capital of South Africa, as the Supreme Court is there. In Afrikaans and Dutch, Bloemfontein means "Spring of Bloem (Bloom)". It is also known as the city of roses. There are a lot of flowers in Bloemfontein.

## History 
Bloemfontein was founded by Major H. Douglas Warden in 1846. It was created as both a fort and a place to live. It became the center of government of the British-controlled Orange River Sovereignty (1848–54) and of the Orange Free State (later known as just Free State).

Bloemfontein became the judicial capital of South Africa in 1910. It is a place where the government works. It has a lot of hospitals and schools.

## Geography 
Bloemfontein is in central South Africa. It is dry in this part of South Africa. There are a few hills around Bloemfontein. Grass mostly grows around Bloemfontein. The summers are hot, and the winters are cool, but it snowed in August 2006.

## Economy 
Much of the economy of the city is based on canned fruit, glass products, furniture, plastics, and railway engineering. The city saw a large economic growth in the mid-20th century because of the Free State goldfields 160 km (100 mi) northeast of the city. The Orange River project also helped the city grow economically. It is a major source both of hydroelectricity and of water for irrigation and human uses.

## Sports 
The most popular sports in Bloemfontein are football, rugby, and cricket. In 2010, Bloemfontein will host some FIFA World Cup matches, at Free State Stadium.

## Famous people from Bloemfontein 
* Zola Budd, a famous athlete
* J. R. R. Tolkien, philologist and author of *The Lord of the Rings*
Richard Dawkins

**Clinton Richard Dawkins** DSc, FRS, FRSL (born Nairobi, 26 March 1941) is an English  biologist and writer. He is an emeritus Fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxford's Simonyi Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008.

Dawkins is an atheist, a vice president of the British Humanist Association, and a supporter of the Brights movement. He is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design. In his 2006 book *The God Delusion*, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion, i.e. "a fixed false belief". As of January 2010, the English-language version had sold more than two million copies and had been translated into 31 languages. Dawkins' ideas on evolution were heavily influenced by W.D. Hamilton. The influence can be seen throughout Dawkins' book *The Selfish Gene*.

## Works
### Books
* "*The Selfish Gene*" (1976)
* "*The Extended Phenotype*" (1982)
* "*The Blind Watchmaker*" (1986)
* "*River Out of Eden*" (1995)
* "*Climbing Mount Improbable*" (1996)
* "*Unweaving the Rainbow*" (1998)
* "''A Devil's Chaplain*" (2003)
* "*The Ancestor's Tale*" (2004)
* "*The God Delusion*" (2006)
* "*The Magic of Reality: How We Know What's Really True*" (2011)
* *An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist* (2013)
* "*The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution*" (2009)

### Documentaries
* "*Nice Guys Finish First*" (1987)
* "*The Blind Watchmaker*" (1987)
* "*Growing Up in the Universe*" (1991)
* "*Break the Science Barrier*" (1996)
* "*The Root of All Evil?*" (2006)
* "*The Enemies of Reason*" (2007)
* "*The Genius of Charles Darwin''" (2008)
* Sex, Death and the Meaning of Life (2012)
* Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008)
* Faith School Menace? (2010) 
* Beautiful Minds (2012)
* The Unbelievers (2013)

## Related pages
*Botany
*Religion
*Christianity
*Malacology
*Ichthyology
*Ornithology
*Entomology
*Primatology
*Systematics
*Sociobiology
*Francis Crick
* James D. Watson
*List of Nobel laureates by country
*List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine

## References
Sophora

***Sophora*** is a genus of about 45 species of small trees and shrubs. It is in the subfamily *Faboideae* of the pea family *Fabaceae*. Many students see Sophora as three genera: *Sophora*, *Calia* (S. secundiflora) and *Styphnolobium* (S. japonica).

## Related pages
* Sophora davidii
* Sophora macnabiana
* Kowhai
*Māmane
Slayer (disambiguation)

A **slayer** is someone who kills animals or people. The past tense of the verb "slay" is "slew" or "slain".

**Slayer** could also mean:
**Buffy the Vampire Slayer* is the name of a movie and a television show where the main character, Buffy, kills vampires. 
**Slayers*, an anime where Lina uses her magical powers to slay bad demons.
*A skill in Runescape.
* Slayer the heavy metal band.
Ranma ½

**Ranma ½** is an anime based on a manga by Rumiko Takahashi. It is 36 volumes long.

## Story 
Ranma Saotome is the main character, who is 16 and good at martial arts. He learned from his father, a martial artist. Ranma was training with his father, Genma Saotome, when he falls into a spring which turns him into a girl from then on whenever cold water is poured on him. Genma fell into the spring of the panda, so he turns into a panda. Hot water makes them turn back.

After this both visit Soun Tendo, Genma's friend from a long time ago and his fighting . Soun teaches at his martial arts school. Soun tells Genma that he needs a  to carry on the school, so he needs his daughter, Akane Tendo, to marry to get a child, who would receive an inheritance from him. Genma then says that Akane could marry Ranma, and so they become engaged.

Ranma and Akane don't get along at first but they become more friendly.

## Characters 
**Ryoga Hibiki**
One of Ranma's enemies. He and Ranma went to same school when they were children, but never got 
along.

## References
Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau

**Enrique Lucio Eugenio Gaspar y Rimbau** (Madrid, March 2, 1842 – Olorón, September 7, 1902) was a Spanish diplomat and writer. Gaspar y Rimbau wrote plays, *zarzuelas* (light operas), and novels.
Laksa

**Laksa** is a popular spicy noodle soup from Peranakan culture. **Curry laksa** (sometimes called just *laksa*) is a coconut soup made with prawns, beef, bean sprouts and chili. It is very spicy but can be made milder by leaving out some of the chilis.

Laksa is a popular food in Malaysia. A well-known **Asam Laksa** can be found in Air Itam, Penang.
Scarface (1983 movie)

***Scarface*** is a 1983 American crime action thriller movie. It was directed by Brian De Palma, written by Oliver Stone, produced by Martin Bregman and stars Al Pacino. The story is about Tony Montana, a Cuban criminal who moves to Miami, Florida and creates his own cocaine business. It is a loose remake of the 1932 movie *Scarface*. The movie made $85 million.

## Story 
Tony Montana is a prisoner from Cuba who is coming to the United States on a boat to escape the oppressive Communist government. Once there, he works for Frank Lopez, a Miami drug lord.

Soon, Tony kills Frank and takes over his business. He also marries Elvira, Frank's girlfriend who at first refused to go out with Tony because of Frank. Soon, Tony becomes very rich and powerful because of his growing cocaine empire. He meets Alejandro Sosa, a powerful Bolivian drug lord. Elvira later leaves Tony because she feels that despite all of their money and power, Tony's criminal lifestyle and drug problems make them losers.

Tony is eventually arrested for not paying taxes and even though he would be able to bribe some of the judges, he will still have to go to jail for three years. Sosa offers to have one of his contacts in the Justice Department write off Tony's charges if Tony helps kill a journalist who is going to make a speech against Sosa to the United Nations. One of Soza's men plants a bomb on the target's car, but when Tony sees the journalist's family inside it, he prevents the explosion of the bomb. Tony later visits his best friend, Manny, but when he sees his sister, Gina, with him, he kills him. Gina reveals that she and Manny got married a few days earlier and wanted to surprise Tony. Tony, feeling extreme guilt for killing his friend and ruining his sister's life, withdraws to his mansion and begins to snort large amounts of cocaine. Sosa gets angry and sends many men to Miami to kill Tony. When the men enter Tony's mansion, they kill Gina and most of his men. Angry and sad at the death of his sister, Tony singlehandedly kills many of Sosa's men in a major shootout. Tony is then shot in the back by an assassin with a shotgun, and falls into his fountain below, dead.

## References
* 
* Scarface wallpapers
Contract killing

**Contract killing** is murder where a person or group is paid (usually money) to murder someone else. Someone who does this is known as a *hit man* (also *hitman*), or *assassin*. Contract killing is illegal, and is punishable, sometimes by death. Contract killing is often used by the mafia and drug cartels.
Sanjaya Malakar

**Sanjaya Joseph Malakar** (; ; born September 10, 1989) is an American singer. He is best known for being on the sixth season of *American Idol*. He was not well liked by the program's judges, mainly Simon Cowell. He was voted off after the top 7 participants.

## References
Pangolin

**Pangolins** (or **scaly anteaters**) are mammals which live in Africa and Asia. They have scales on their skin. They are the only mammals which have this adaptation.

There are three genera of pangolin, all of which eat ants and termites. They catch their food using their tongues, and they do not eat anything else. These scaled mammals are one of the most threatened groups of mammals. 
Unfortunately we know very little of their distribution in West African countries. Evidence of the white bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) has been found. No evidence of the giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantic) was found. Perhaps the giant pangolin no longer appears in West Africa.

Pangolins have features of armadillos (long, ant eating tongue and broad tail) and sloths (claws), but the pangolin is in a completely different order. The pangolin belongs to the order **Pholidota**.

Pangolins have large, hardened, overlapping plate-like scales. The pangolin scales are made of keratin. and are attached to muscles under the skin. and can be moved to point towards predators. Hair grows between the scales and near the rear of the animal.

The pangolin's scaled body is a bit like a pine cone or globe artichoke. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting like armour while it tucks its face under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defence from predators.

A pangolin's main predators are wild cats, hyenas and humans.
A mother pangolin's gestation period is between 120 and 180 days. Young pangolin are born with scales, and they harden by the second day the pangopup is out of the womb.

Sometimes pangolins are smuggled into China on the black market. Their scales are used as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
* A photograph of a pangolin
* Paul Kuniholm Pangolin Mural
Eastern Catholic churches

The **Eastern Catholic Churches** are autocephalous (autonomous) Christian churches that recognise the Bishop of Rome as their spiritual leader like other Catholics. They differ on ideas as how the Mass should be organised or the prayers that are more important than the others. Most of them have much in common with Eastern Othodoxy. 

In total, there are 23 such churches. Probably, the best known are listed below:

* Coptic Catholic Church
* Maronite Church
* Armenian Catholic Church
* Chaldean Catholic Church
* Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
* Syro-Malankara Catholic Church

## Related pages 
* Eastern Christianity

## Other websites
### General
* *Orientale Lumen* - Apostolic Letter of Pope John Paul II on the Eastern Churches
* Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium - original text of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, with concordance
* Code of canons of the Oriental Churchs - defective English translation, with concordance
* Instruction for Applying the Liturgical Prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches  - Instruction by Congregation for the Eastern Churches
* What All Catholics Should Know About Eastern Catholic Churches 
* Eastern Catholics in the United States of America - adapted from a similar publication by the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference

### Individual Churches
* Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchate —Official Website
* Maronite Patriarchate —Official Website
* Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church —Official Website
* Syro Malankara Catholic Church International Homepage —Official Website
* Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
* Byzantine Catholic Church in America—Information and Messageboards
* Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh—Official Website
Alex (parrot)

**Alex** (1976–2007) was an African grey parrot. 

## Purpose 
He was part of a study under animal psychologist Irene Pepperberg since 1977 at two different universities: Brandeis University in Massachusetts and before that, University of Arizona. He died on Sept 7, 2007, of yet unknown causes. He knew about 100 words as of 2000, and was not ordinary because he appeared to understand what he said. For example, when Alex was shown an object and was asked about its shape, color, or material, he could label it correctly. If he was asked the difference between two things, he would also answer that, but if there was no difference between the things, he would say “none.”

Alex's name is an acronym. ALEX is short for **A**vian **L**earning **EX**periment.

## Other websites
*Alex Foundation
*