open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of governors of Indiana

The Governor of Indiana is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Indiana. The governor is the head of the executive branch of Indiana's state government and is charged with enforcing state laws.

## Governors
### Governors of the Territory of Indiana
Indiana Territory was formed on July 4, 1800, from the Northwest Territory. Despite remaining a territory for nearly 16 years, it had only two governors appointed by the President of the United States before it became a state.

### Governors of the State of Indiana
Indiana was admitted to the Union on December 11, 1816.

The original 1816 Constitution of Indiana provided for the election of a governor and a lieutenant governor every three years, limited to six years out of any nine-year period. The second and current constitution of 1851 lengthened terms to four years and set the commencement of the governor's term on the second Monday in the January following the election. Governors were allowed to serve for four years in any eight-year period, Should the office of governor become vacant, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If the office of lieutenant governor is vacant, the president *pro tempore* of the Indiana Senate becomes governor;

## Notes
## References
Trevor Cherry

**Trevor John Cherry** (23 February 1948 – 29 April 2020) was an English footballer and manager. He played as a defender.

Cherry was born in Huddersfield. He played for Huddersfield Town, Leeds United and Bradford City. He made a total of 27 international caps for the England national team. He was the third England international to be shown a red card. He later managed Bradford City from 1982 to 1987. While he was manager, Valley Parade, Bradford's home ground, was the scene of a fire. 56 people died, with at least 265 injured.

Cherry died on 29 April 2020 at the age of 72.

## References
List of governors of Kentucky

The Governor of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of Kentucky's state government. Here is the list of individuals who became Governor. 

## List of governors
## Notes
## References
Brereton C. Jones

**Brereton Chandler Jones** (June 27, 1939 &ndash; September 18, 2023) was an American politician. From 1987 to 1991, he was the 50th lieutenant governor of Kentucky and from 1991 to 1995, he was the state's 58th governor.

Jones died on September 18, 2023 at his farm in Midway, Kentucky from a long-illness at the age of 84.

## References
William Donald Schaefer

**William Donald Schaefer** (November 2, 1921 – April 18, 2011) was an American politician. He was a Democrat. He was the 44th Mayor of Baltimore from December 1971 to January 1987, the 58th Governor of Maryland from January 21, 1987 to January 18, 1995. He also was the 32nd Comptroller of Maryland from January 20, 1999 to January 17, 2007.  

On September 12, 2006, Schaefer lost his reelection bid for a third term as Comptroller by Maryland Delegate Peter Franchot in the Democratic Party primary.

## References
Catonsville, Maryland

**Catonsville** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The population was 44,701 at the 2020 census.

## References
Gallipolis, Ohio

**Gallipolis** ( ) is a chartered village in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Gallia County. The population was 3,313 at the 2020 census. 

## References
Gallia County, Ohio

**Gallia County** (pronunciation: *GAL-yuh*) is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 29,220. Its county seat is Gallipolis.

## References
List of governors of Minnesota

The following is a list of governors of the State of Minnesota and Minnesota Territory, United States.

## Territorial governors
## State governors
;Parties

## Notes
List of governors of Maryland

The governor of Maryland heads the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of Maryland and is commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor is the highest-ranking official in the state, and the constitutional powers of Maryland's governors make them among the most powerful governors in the United States.

## List of Governors
## References
Richard Codey

**Richard James Codey** (November 27, 1946 &ndash; January 11, 2025) was an American Democratic Party politician. He was the 53rd Governor of New Jersey from 2004 to 2006. He was in the New Jersey Senate from 1982 until 2024 and was the President of the Senate from 2002 to 2010.

Codey died from short-illness at his home in Roseland, New Jersey on January 11, 2026, at the age of 79.

## References
List of governors of New York

This is a list of people who served as the governor of New York.

## List of governors 
## Notes 
## References
List of governors of New Jersey

The **Governor of New Jersey** is the head of the executive branch of New Jersey's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.

## List
## Notes
## References
List of governors of Tennessee

This is a list of people who have served as Governor of Tennessee.

## Southwest Territory
The Territory South of the River Ohio, commonly called the Southwest Territory, was formed in 1790 from lands ceded by North Carolina to the United States government. The territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Tennessee in 1796.

; Parties

## State of Tennessee
; Parties 
 

## References
List of governors of New Hampshire

This is a **list of governors of New Hampshire**, in the United States.

## List of governors
The last of the colonial governors of New Hampshire fled in 1775.

; Parties

## Notes
## References
List of governors of Vermont

Here is the list of individuals who became the Governor of Vermont.

## List
### As the independent Vermont Republic
### As a U.S. state
;Political party
 (6)
 (6)
 (3)
 (1)
 (2)
 (54)
 (8)

## References
Jukka Rasila

**Jukka Rasila** (born August 12, 1969) is a Finnish actor and voice actor.

## Selected filmography
### Anime roles 
* *Digimon Adventure* – Motimon, Tentomon, Kabuterimon, AtlurKabuterimon, Gennai, Andromon, Etemon, MetalEtemon, MetalSeadramon, Mugendramon, Wizarmon, Meramon, DeathMeramon, Additional Voices

### Animated roles
* ''Disney's House of Mouse* – Donald Duck
* *DuckTales* – Donald Duck
* *Lilo & Stitch: The Series* – Stitch / "Experiment 626"
* *Quack Pack* – Donald Duck
* *Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!* – Otto
* *The Legend of Tarzan* – Merkus, Additional Voices
* *The Powerpuff Girls* – Additional Voices

### Film roles
* *A Bug's Life* – Slim
* *Atlantis: The Lost Empire* – Gaetan Moliere
* *Bee Movie* – Mooseblood the Mosquito
* *Help! I'm a Fish* – Shark
* *Lilo & Stitch* – Stitch / "Experiment 626"
* *Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch* – Stitch / "Experiment 626"
* *Monsters, Inc.* – Additional Voices
* *Shrek* – Donkey
* *Shrek 2* – Donkey
* *Shrek the Third* – Donkey
* *Stitch! The Movie* – Stitch / "Experiment 626"
* *The Simpsons Movie* – Groundskeeper Willie
* *Toy Story'' – Additional Voices
List of governors of Texas

The **governor of Texas** is the chief executive of the U.S. State of Texas, the presiding officer over the executive branch of the Government of Texas, and the commander-in-chief of the Texas National Guard, the state's militia.

## Governors of Texas 
## References
List of governors of Wisconsin

The **Governor of Wisconsin** is the head of the executive branch of Wisconsin's state government  and the commander-in-chief of the state's army and air forces.

## List
; Parties

## Notes
## References
List of governors of Puerto Rico

The following list are the people who became the Governor of Puerto Rico.

## List of Governors of Puerto Rico 
### Governors under Spanish Crown 
### Governors under U.S. colonial administration 
#### Military government
#### Post-Foraker Act of 1900
### Governors under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico 
 (8)
 (3)
 (1)

## Notes
## References
Oghlan Bakhshi

**Oghlan Bakhshi** (born **Mohammad Geldi Geldi Nejad**, in 1993, in Gonbad-e Kavus, Iran) is a Turkmen musician. He started learning music alongside his father, Adbol-Ghaffar Geldi Nejad, who was director of a musical school. He was taught by Chari Sahetmuradov, Akmurad Chariev, and Osman Gujimov.

## Early life and career
Geldi Nejad began playing music when he was 6 years old. When he was 9 years old, Turkmen music professors granted him the title Oghlan Bakhshi(Turkmen: Oglan bagşy). 

In Turkmen music, "Bakhshi" is a person who can masterfully perform the dutar and sing, and "Oghlan" means child. Therefore, Oghlan Bakhshi () is a person who has mastered the Dutar and singing as a child.

## Awards and recognition
In June 2004, Goldi Nejad won first place in the Shiraz Arts Festival. In February 2005, he won the title of the "best selection of the festival" at the Fajr International Music Festival.

In 2005 he won first prize at the 6th Iranian regional music festival. 

## Publications
In 2015 his performance was  published in the book called *The Music of Central Asia*, page 119-120 of the book, the title "The Art of the Turkmen Bagshy" (Chapter 7).

## References
Wave elections in the United States

In political science, a **wave election** is one in which a political party wins a lot more than the other. In the United States, there is no agreement of how many wins are needed to be called a wave election.

Congressional incumbents in the United States have an advantage over challengers, but a wave election often helps challengers. This results in many more incumbents losing than usual during wave elections.

## Related pages
* Landslide victory

## References
Clash by Night

***Clash by Night*** is a 1952 film noir drama movie. It was directed by Fritz Lang. The movie is based on the play of the same name by Clifford Odets. It stars Marilyn Monroe, Barbara Stanwyck, Robert Ryan, and Keith Andres. It was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.

## Other websites
* 
*
Brian Brown (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral **Sir Brian Thomas Brown**,  (31 August 1934 – 27 April 2020) was a British senior Royal Navy officer. He was Second Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Personnel from 1988 to 1991. Brown was born in Fratton, Portsmouth.

Brown died on 27 April 2020, aged 85.

## References
Michael Layard

Admiral **Sir Michael Henry Gordon Layard**,  (born 3 January 1936) is a retired senior Royal Navy officer. He was the Second Sea Lord from 1992 to 1995. He was Governor of Pangbourne College.

He studied at Pangbourne College and the Britannia Royal Naval College. Layard was commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1954. Layard became Commander of RNAS *Culdrose* in 1982.

## References
List of governors of North Carolina

Here is the list of individuals who became the Governor of North Carolina.

## List
; Political party

## References
Belles on Their Toes (movie)

***Belles on Their Toes*** is a 1952 American autobiographical comedy drama movie. It was directed by Henry Levin. It is the sequel to *Cheaper by the Dozen*. Actors include Myrna Loy, Jeanne Crain, Barbara Bates, Debra Paget, Robert Arthur, Carol Nugent, Tommy Ivo, Jimmy Hunt, and Anthony Sydes. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*  
* 
*
The Pride of St. Louis

***The Pride of St. Louis*** is a 1952 American biographical drama movie. It was directed by Harmon Jones. It stars Dan Dailey, Joanne Dru, and Richard Crenna. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

*The Pride of St. Louis* was nominated for an Academy Award in 1953.

## Other websites
*
Retreat, Hell!

***Retreat, Hell!*** is a 1952 American Korean War drama movie. It was directed by Joseph H. Lewis. Actors include Frank Lovejoy, Richard Carlson, Anita Louise, Russ Tamblyn, Lamont Johnson, Dorothy Patrick, and Nedrick Young. It was distributed by Warner Bros..

## Other websites
*
Young Guns of Texas

***Young Guns of Texas*** is a 1962 American western movie. It was directed by Maury Dexter. Actors include James Mitchum, Alana Ladd, Jody McCrea, Gary Conway, and Chill Wills. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
* 
*
2018 United States elections

The **2018 United States elections** were held Tuesday, November 6, 2018. These midterm elections happened during the presidency of Republican Donald Trump. Thirty-five of the 100 seats in the United States Senate and all 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives were in the elections. Thirty-nine state and territorial governorships as well as many state and local elections were also in the elections.

Democrats net gained of 41 seats in the United States House of Representatives, gaining a majority in the chamber. This ended the control that the Republican Party had over the entire legislature. The Republican Party  kept control of the United States Senate, making a net gain of two seats and defeating four Democratic incumbents in states that had voted for Trump in 2016. In the state elections, Democrats gained seven state governorships, control of at least 350 state legislative seats, and control of six state legislative chambers.
 
The elections had the highest voter turnout seen in midterm elections since 1914. This election was believed to be a "blue wave" election for the House and the states, but not the Senate.

## Turnout 
On November 6, the *United States Election Project* estimated that 40 million early voters cast ballots on November 6, breaking the record for the number of early votes.

50.3 percent of eligible voters voted in 2018. In 2014, only 36.7 percent of eligible voters voted. The 2018 elections had highest turnout of any mid-term election held since the 1914 elections.

## Results table
## Number of people who watched it on television 
**Legend**

**Total television viewers8:00 to 11:00 PM Eastern**

**Television viewers 25 to 548:00 to 11:00 PM Eastern**

## Notes
## Reference
Ambush at Cimarron Pass

***Ambush at Cimarron Pass*** is a 1958 American western movie directed by Jodie Copelan and stars Scott Brady, Clint Eastwood, Margia Dean, Irving Bacon and distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
* 
*
The Young Lions

***The Young Lions*** is a 1958 American World War II drama movie directed by Edward Dmytryk and based on the 1948 novel of the same name by Irwin Shaw. It stars Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, Dean Martin, Hope Lange, Barbara Rush, Maximillian Schell, Lee Van Cleef and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards in 1959.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Apache Rifles

***Apache Rifles*** is a 1964 American western movie directed by William Witney and starring Audie Murphy, Linda Lawson, Ken Lynch, L. Q. Jones, Michael Dante. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*
The Way West

***The Way West*** is a 1967 American western movie by Andrew V. McLaglen and based on the 1949 novel of the same name by A. B. Guthrie. It stars Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, Richard Widmark, Sally Field, Lola Albright, Sam Elliott and distributed by United Artists.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
The Viking Queen

***The Viking Queen*** is a 1967 British Hammer adventure movie directed by Don Chaffey and stars Don Murray, Donald Houston, Adrienne Corri, Andrew Keir, Patrick Troughton, Sean Caffrey. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox

## Other websites
*
Jim Ryun

**James Ronald "Jim" Ryun** (born April 29, 1947) is an American politician and Olympic track and field athlete. He won a silver medal in the 1500 m at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Ryun later was in the United States House of Representatives from 1996 to 2007, representing Kansas' 2nd congressional district for the Republican Party.

## References
## Other websites
*National Track & Field Hall of Fame entry
*Kansas Sports Hall of Fame entry
*
*
*
*
James P. Gray

**James Polin** "**Jim**" **Gray** (born February 14, 1945) is an American jurist and writer.  He was the presiding judge of the Superior Court of Orange County, California. Gray was the 2012 Libertarian Party vice presidential nominee, as well as the party's 2004 candidate for the United States Senate in California. 

In 2012, Gray was nominated by Libertarian Party convention delegates as the running mate of former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson.

On April 13, 2020 Gray announced his plans to run for the Libertarian Party nomination for President with Larry Sharpe as his running mate in the 2020 presidential election.

## References
The Queen's Guards

'''''The Queen's Guards''''' is a 1961 British drama movie. It was directed by Michael Powell. Actors include Daniel Massey, Raymond Massey, Ursula Jeans, Frank Lawton, Robert Stephens, and Elizabeth Shepherd. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Herd immunity

**Herd immunity** (also called **herd effect**, **community immunity**, **population immunity**, or **social immunity**) is a form of protection from infectious disease. This happens when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination.

When many individuals have immunity, they do not spread the disease any more. This either stops or slows the spread of disease.

While not every single individual may be immune, the group as a whole has protection. This is because there are fewer high-risk people overall. The infection rates drop, and the disease peters out.

Herd immunity protects at-risk populations. These include babies and those whose immune systems are weak and can’t get resistance on their own.

## References
Buck O'Neil

'''Buck O'Neil'* *(né* *'John Jordan O'Neil Jr.'''; November 13, 1911 – October 6, 2006)  was an American first baseman and manager in the Negro American League, mostly with the Kansas City Monarchs.  He became the first African American coach in Major League Baseball. He was important in the creation of Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in Kansas City, Missouri.

On October 6, O'Neil died at the age of 94 due to heart failure and bone marrow cancer in Kansas City, Missouri.

## References
Pooja Hegde

**Pooja Hegde** (born 13 October 1990) is an Indian model and actress. She was crowned as the second runner-up at the Miss Universe India 2010 competition. Her first movie was in the Tamil superhero movie *Mugamoodi* (2012). She then featured in the Telugu movies *Oka Laila Kosam* and *Mukunda* (2014). She also starred in Ashutosh Gowariker's *Mohenjo Daro* (2016) along with Hrithik Roshan.

In 13 April 2022, she made her comeback to Tamil cinema after a 9-year hiatus with her second film of the year, "Beast," directed by Nelson and starring alongside Vijay.

Hegde supports various causes through her foundation, "All About Love", which focuses on providing education and healthcare support to underprivileged children across India.

## References
Cherickal

**Cherickal** is a village near Pandalam, Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state,India.

## Demographics
Malayalam is the native language of Cherickal.

## Politics
Cherickal is of the Pathanamthitta Loksabha constituency. Mr. Anto Antony is the current Member of Parliament of the constituency.

## Climate
The climate of the place is moderate and pleasant. Tropical climate is prevailed here throughout the year.

## Transportation
The major transportation service of this place is provided by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC).

## References
Namrata Singh Gujral

**Namrata Singh Gujral** (born February 26, 1976) is an Indian-born American director, producer and actress. 

Her best known roles were in *Training Day* (2001), *House of Sand and Fog* (2003), *Dragnet* (2004), *Family Law* (2001), *Passions* (2001–2005), *The Agency* (2001–2002), *The Agency* (2001–2002), *Mitsein* (2009), *Ultimate Survivor* (2015), *You Can Thrive* (2016), and *Destination Survival* (2016) and *5 Weddings* (2018).

Gujral is a breast cancer and lymphoma survivor.

## References
COVID-19 testing

**COVID-19 testing** can help find the SARS-CoV-2 virus. There are two types of test; one can find the virus (i.e. Polymerase chain reaction, also called PCR) and the other that can find antibodies produced in response to infection.

An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be found from the results of these tests. However, it is still not known how long immunity will last, and how effective it will be.

Due to limited testing, as of March 2020, no countries had reliable data of the virus.

## Test methods

File:Infektionsschutzzentrum im Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Köln-6313 (cropped).jpg|Demonstration of a nose swab (nasopharyngeal swab) for COVID‑19 testing
File:Infektionsschutzzentrum im Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Köln-6306 (cropped).jpg|Demonstration of a throat swab for COVID‑19 testing
File:Cycler offen.JPG|A PCR machine

## Detection Timing
# Viral burden (the amount of virus) measured in the respiratory tract declines after the start of illness.
# At this time, replication-competent virus has not been successfully cultured more than nine days after the illness.
# As isolating replication-competent virus lowers, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG can be found in an increasing number of persons recovering from infection.
# Attempts to grow the virus from upper respiratory specimens have been largely unsuccessful
# Following recovery from the illness, many patients no longer have detectable viral RNA in upper respiratory.
# No clear link has been seen between length of illness and length of recovery. 
# Infectious virus has not been grown from urine or feces; these possible sources have a very small risk of spreading infection.

## WHO methods
As of 7 April 2020, the WHO had accepted two diagnostic tests under the Emergency Use Listing procedure (EUL) for use during the COVID‑19 pandemic. Both in vitro diagnostics, the tests are genesig Real-Time PCR Coronavirus (COVID‑19) created by Primerdesign, and cobas SARS-CoV-2 Qualitative assay for use on the cobas® 6800/8800 Systems by Roche Molecular Systems. Approval means that these tests can also be given away by the United Nations.

## Accuracy
In March 2020 China reported problems with accuracy in their test kits.

In the United States, the test kits developed by the CDC had "flaws".

80% of test kits the Czech Republic purchased from China gave wrong results.

## Inventions
A group of scientists from Hokkaido University developed an antibody test that could detect avian flu antibodies in only 20&nbsp;minutes.  They said their test could be changed to detect SARS-CoV-2.

## Related pages 
* Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
* Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
* Alveolus (lung component)
* HIV Drug Resistance Database

## References
Danielle Campbell

**Danielle Marie Campbell** (born January 30, 1995) is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles as Jessica Olson in the 2010 Disney Channel Original Movie *Starstruck*, Simone Daniels in the 2011 Disney movie *Prom*, Davina Claire in the 2013 CW television drama series *The Originals* and Kayla Powell in the 2018 CBS All Access television psychological thriller series *Tell Me a Story*.

## References
Danna Paola

**Danna Paola Rivera Munguía** (born 23 June 1995),  better known as ** Danna Paola**, is a Mexican actress, singer and model.

In 2004, she was chosen as the lead in the successful children's series, *Amy, la niña de la mochila azul*. She starred in multiple television series produced by Televisa.

In 2009, she was cast as "Patito" in *Atrévete a Soñar*, the Mexican remake of the popular Argentine children's telenovela, Patito Feo. 

In late 2010, she voiced "Rapunzel" for the Latin American Spanish-language dubbing of the Disney movie *Tangled*.

## References
Chittar

**Chittar** is a village in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state, India. It is a Panchayat in the Ranni Taluk. Chittar was given the Nirmal Gram award from Pratibha Patil, the former President of India.

## Economy 
Chittar is a plantation township.The main crops grown here are rubber, pineapple, tapioca, nuts, ginger, and pepper. It was once a part of the demolished Nilakkal trade centre.

## Location 
Chittar lies in the eastern part of Pathanamthitta district.

## Administration 
The panchayath of Chittar was formed in 30 September 1970 by partitioning the Vadaseerikkara and Seethathodu panchayaths in Ranni taluk. The panchayath is divided into 13 wards.

### Wards
#Pambini
#Panniyar
#Manakkayam
#Chittar
#Chittar thottam
#Meenkuzhi
#Kulangaravali
#Vayyattupuzha
#Manpilavu
#Neelipilavu
#Vaiga
#Chittar thekkekkara
#Kodumudi

## Educational institutions
### Schools
*Govt. L.P.S. Chittar Estate
*L.P.School Neeliplavu,
*Holy Family Public School,
*Govt. H. S. S., Chittar,
*Govt. Model L. P. S., Chittar,
*V. K. N. M. V. H. S. S, Vayyattupuzha
*Komala Vilasm School, Padayanippara
*Little Angels English Medium High School 
*Royal Parallel College, Chittar
*Santhinikethan  College chittar.

### Colleges
*SNDP  Arts College, Ettichuvadu - Meenkuzhi, chittar
*Caarmel Engineering College, R-Perunad
*Ideal Parallel College, Chittar
*Musalliar Engineering College, *Malayalappuzha
*Mount Zion Engineering College, Kadammanitta
*Pushpagiri Medical College, Tiruvalla
*Muthoot Nursing College, Pathanamthitta
*St. Thomas College, Ranni,
*Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta
*Mar Ivanios ITC, Seethathodu

## People
The people of Chittar are mainly farmers and plantation workers. People began settling down in Chittar about 75 years ago.  India census, Chittar had a population of 33977 with 16498 males and 17479 females.

## Related pages
* Angamoozhy
* Plappally
* Ranni
* Vayyattupuzha
* Vadaserikara
* Maniyar
* Nilakkal
* Konni

## References
Chunkappara

**Chunkappara** is a small town in the Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state, India. 

## Schools
*St. George High School, Kottangal.
*C.M.S. L.P. School
*Christu Raja English Medium School
*St.Joseph U.P School
*Alaprakkad govt Lps
*Kottangal govt Lps
*Al Hind public school
*St.Joseph HS, Kulathoor
*Assisi Center, For mentally retarded Children .

## Transport
The main roads passing through 

**Distance between Chunkappara and nearby towns**:

*Manimala - 8&nbsp;km
*Mallapally - 14&nbsp;km
*Ranni - 14&nbsp;km
*Erumely - 15&nbsp;km
*Kozhenchery - 18&nbsp;km
*Kanjirappally - 21&nbsp;km
*Ponkunnam - 22&nbsp;km
*Chengannur - 24&nbsp;km
*Thiruvalla - 26&nbsp;km
*Pathanamthitta - 29&nbsp;km
*Changanassery - 30&nbsp;km
*Kottayam - 35&nbsp;km
*Palai - 45&nbsp;km
*Kochi - 110&nbsp;km.

## Hospitals
* Shareena Medical Centre, Ponthanpuzha road, Chunkappara
* Anugraha Hospital, Ponthenpuzha Road, Chunkkapara
* Government Hospital, Thundiapara Junction, Kadikavu Road, Chunkappara
* Government Homeo Hospital, Perumpetty Road, Chunkappara

## Places for worship
*Kottangal devi temple 
*Little flower church
*St. George Malankara church
*Marthoma church, Alaprakadu church
*Kottangal church
*Chunkappara Juma masjid
*Kottangal Jumah Masjid (Vettukallummuri Jumah Masjid)
*Perumpetty Mahadeva temple 
*Alapra Jumah Masjid (Urumbath Palli)
The Comancheros (movie)

***The Comancheros*** is a 1961 American western movie directed by Michael Curtiz. It was based on the 1952 novel of the same name by Paul Wellman. It stars John Wayne, Stuart Whitman, Lee Marvin, Nehemiah Persoff, Patrick Wayne, Bruce Cabot, Joan O'Brien and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
The Bad Sleep Well

***The Bad Sleep Well*** is a 1960 Japanese crime drama movie directed by Akira Kurosawa and stars Toshiro Mifune, Masayuki Mori, Tatsuya Mihashi, Kyōto Kagawa, Kō Nishimura. It was distributed by Toho.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* *The Bad Sleep Well*  at the Japanese Movie Database
North West Frontier (movie)

***North West Frontier*** (USA: ***Flame Over India***; Australia: ***Empress of India***) is a 1959 British adventure movie directed by J. Lee Thompson and stars Kenneth More, Lauren Bacall, Herbert Lom, Ursula Jeans, Wilfrid Hyde-White, I. S. Johar. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for 3 BAFTAS in 1960.

## Other websites
* 
*
Pandalam

**Pandalam** is a town in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India.

## Literacy
In 2011, literacy rate of Pandalam village was 96.74%. In Pandalam, male literacy rate was 97.84% while female literacy rate was 95.80%.

## Colleges
* NSS College Pandalam
* Mannam Ayurveda Co-operative Medical College, Pandalam
* NSS Polytechnic College, Pandalam
* NSS Training College, Pandalam
* NSS Nursing College, Pandalam

## Schools 
* NSS Higher Secondary School
* NSS High School for Girls
* NSS LP & UP School
* Govt Higher Secondary School, Thottakkonam
* Eminence Public School
* St. Thomas English Medium High School
* Govt LP School, Poozhikkad
*Amrita Vidyalayam, Kurampala
*St.John's school Thumpamon

## Hospitals 
* NSS Medical Mission Hospital
* CM Hospital
* Chitra Multi-Speciality Hospital
* Mannam Ayurveda Hospital

## Landmarks 
### Pandalam Bridge 
Pandalam Bridge, popularly known as *Kurunthottayam Bridge*, is at Pandalam junction.

### Pandalam Suspension Bridge
Pandalam Suspension Bridge, is a suspension bridge in Pandalam, that connects Pandalam with Kulanada.

### Pandalam Palace
Pandalam Palace, placed on the banks of Achankovil river, was home to the royal family of Pandalam.

## Notable people
*Pandalam Kerala Varma: Poet
*M. N. Govindan Nair: Former State Secretary of CPI, Former State Cabinet Minister and MP
*V. S. Valiathan: Artist
*Benyamin: Novelist
*Dr. Biju: Film director
*P. K. Manthri: Cartoonist
*Kadammanitta Vasudevan Pillai: Padayani artist
*Pandalam Sudhakaran: Former Kerala minister

## Gallery 

File:Pandalam kshethram1.JPG|Valiyakoikkal Temple
File:പന്തളംപുഴ.JPG|Achankovil river
File:Pandalam palace2.JPG|Pandalam Palace
File:പന്തളം കൊട്ടാരം.JPG|Pandalam Palace

## References
## Other websites
* Information portal about Pandalam
Michael Seater

**Michael Bruce Patrick Seater** (born January 15, 1987) is a Canadian actor who is known for his roles as "Derek Venturi" in the Canadian series *Life with Derek*. He is close friends with his television co-star Ashley Leggat. He has one confirmed older brother. He is also a supporter of anti-bullying along with Ashley Leggat.

Besides acting, Seater has also worked in filmmaking. He wrote, directed, and co-produced two independent movies: People Hold On (2015) and Sadie's Last Days on Earth (2016).

## References
Streets of Rage 3

***Streets of Rage 3*** is a beat 'em up video game. It was released in Japan as . In Europe it was d ***Streets of Rage III***. The game was made and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis in 1994.

It is the third game in the *Streets of Rage* series. It is a sequel to *Streets of Rage 2* (released in 1992) and it is followed by *Streets of Rage 4* (released in 2020).

## References
Streets of Rage 4

***Streets of Rage 4*** is a beat 'em up video game. It was released in Japan and Asia as . It was made by Lizardcube, Guard Crush Games and Dotemu and published by Sega and Dotemu in 2020. The game can be run on Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch.

It is the fourth game in the *Streets of Rage* series. It is a sequel to *Streets of Rage 3*.

## References 
## Other websites
*
City of Bad Men

***City of Bad Men*** is a 1953 American romantic western movie directed by Harmon Jones and starring Dale Robertson, Jeanne Crain, Richard Boone, Lloyd Bridges, Carole Matthews, Rodolfo Acosta. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## References
## Other websites
*
Down Among the Sheltering Palms (movie)

***Down Among the Sheltering Palms*** is a 1953 American musical comedy movie directed by Edmund Goulding and starring David Wayne, Mitzi Gaynor, William Lundigan, Jane Greer, Gloria DeHaven. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nanook of the North

***Nanook of the North*** (also known as ***Nanook of the North: A Story Of Life and Love In the Actual Arctic***) is a 1922 American silent documentary movie directed by Robert J. Flaherty set in the Canadian Arctic. It was one of the first twenty-five films included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 1989.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Twirlywoos

***Twirlywoos*** is an educational children's television series that uses a hybrid of live action and stop-motion animation. The series was created by Shaun Johnson and Bill Banks, aired on CBeebies on , and was produced by Ragdoll Productions and DHX Media Toronto. In Canada, it was acquired by Family Jr. on September 5, 2015.

## Premise
The series centres around on the Big Red Boat which is manned by the Hooter and three Quacky Birds. The narrator announces this because they introduce Great Big Hoo, Toodloo, Chickedy, and Chick, a family of four plush bird-like creatures and one sort of sea urchin named Peekaboo. When the episode starts, they will be introduced and once the Hooter sounds, they fly off into the real world. Here they will watch a live action human, from hiding, do something and learn about a concept, they will often cause chaos once the human has left.

When the Twirlywoos go home to the Big Red Boat, they learn more about the concept in a short animated section. At the end of the segment, the Twirly Rings appear and Twirlywoos sit in them. Then, the red boat heads to the ocean before the credits roll.

## Characters
* Great Big Hoo (voiced by Marc Silk) is the biggest-sized male blue Twirlywoo. He has an inquisitive nature. He can often be found exploring new objects, and trying to find out how they work. His size sometimes makes it difficult for him to hide, but he is surprisingly strong and fat.
* Toodloo (voiced by Maria Darling) is a female middle-sized red Twirlywoo. She is a flamboyant performer. She can often be seen singing and dancing exuberantly. She is impulsive and likely to dive head-first into a situation.
* Chickedy and Chick (voiced by Maria Darling) are the smallest yellow Twirlywoos, are an inseparable pair who are always seen together. They move at great speeds, and are filled with boundless energy and enthusiasm.
* Peekaboo is a sea urchin like creature. He can be seen by the audience but never by the Twirlywoos. He is a mysterious creature who has stowed away on The Big Red Boat. He keeps himself hidden from the Twirlywoos, but can be spotted while they are away. He hoards strange and interesting objects in his home in the walls of The Big Red Boat. He sometimes leaves things for the Twirlywoos to discover, including the Screen, which he paints on the wall with his own special ink.
* The Very Important Lady (vocal provided by Maria Darling) is a tall and regal character who sings with a high note.
* The Stop-Go Car is a cheeky vehicle that likes to play games with the Twirlywoos.
* The Twirly Rings are these inflatable rings that belong to the Twirlywoos with each colour at the end of the episode.
* The Big Red Boat is a manned red toy boat by the Hooter and three Quacky Birds.
* Three Quacky Birds are the brightest yellow coloured birds who take over the land and a sea and they can fly south.

## Episodes
## References
Foolish Wives

***Foolish Wives*** is a 1922 American silent erotic drama movie. It was directed by Erich von Stroheim (who also stars) and starring Maude George, Miss DuPont, Mae Busch, Dale Fuller, Rudolph Christians. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. It was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress in 2008 as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## References
## Other websites
*
The Last Metro

***The Last Metro*** () is a 1980 French romance movie directed by François Truffaut. It stars Gérard Depardieu, Catherine Deneuve, Jean Poiret, Jean-Louis Richard, Heinz Bennent, and Richard Bohringer. It was distributed by Gaumount and was nominated for Academy Award in 1981.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Tonight We Sing

***Tonight We Sing*** is a 1953 American biographical musical movie directed by Mitchell Leisen and based on the 1946 novel *Impresario*. It stars David Wayne, Ezio Pinza, Roberta Peters, Anne Bancroft, Tamara Toumanova and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*
Lady in the Iron Mask

***Lady in the Iron Mask*** is a 1952 American adventure movie directed by Ralph Murphy. It is based on the last section of the novel *The Vicomte de Bragelonne* by Alexandre Dumas, père. It stars Louis Hayward, Patricia Medina, Alan Hale Jr., Judd Holdren and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## References
## Other websites
*
Streets of Rage

***Streets of Rage*** is a series of beat 'em ups. It was made and published by Sega for various consoles.

## List of video games 
* *Streets of Rage* (1991)
* *Streets of Rage 2* (1992)
* *Streets of Rage 3* (1994)
* *Streets of Rage 4* (2020)

## References
The Garden of Aunt Isabel

***The Garden of Aunt Isabel*** (Spanish: ***El jardín de la tía Isabel***) is a 1971 Mexican movie directed by Felipe Cazals. It stars Jorge Martínez de Hoyos, Claudio Brook, Ofelia Guilmáin, Gregorio Casal, Alfonso Arau, Claudio Obregón, Aarón Hernánn and was distributed by Películas Mexicanas,Luis Del Rio Santoyo.

## Other websites
*
Apolinar

***Apolinar*** is a 1972 Mexican fantasy drama movie directed by Julio Castillo and starring Aarón Hernán, Bertha Moss, Abel Woolrich, Ofelia Medina, Enrique Rocha, and Sergio Kleiner.

## Other websites
*
Vampire Circus

***Vampire Circus*** is a 1972 British Hammer horror movie directed by Robert Young and starring Adrienne Corri, Thorley Walters, Anthony Higgins, John Moulder-Brown, Lynne Frederick, Lalla Ward, Robin Sachs. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*
Lao script

**Lao script** is the writing system used to write the Lao language. It is based on the Khmer script. Since the Thai script was also based on the Khmer script, Lao script is very similar. Like Thai, it is an abugida, it has tone markers, and it has three classes of consonants that decides the tone of syllables. However, it is different from the Thai script because it has fewer consonants and the characters are much curvier than Thai, which are more angular. It also does not have the extra letters from Sanskrit and Pali like Thai does. The Lao script has 27 consonant letters, 7 consonant ligatures, 33 vowel markers, and 4 tone markers.
## References
Khmer script

**Khmer script** is the writing system used to write the Khmer (Cambodian) language. The script is an abugida. This is a special type of writing system where consonants are changed to make a sound. The Khmer writing system came from other writing systems in India. It was the writing system that Thai and Lao are based on. However, Thai and Lao added tone markers to better suit their own languages, since Thai and Lao are tonal, while Khmer is not. 

## Letters 
### Consonants 
Khmer has 35 consonants, but 2 of them are not used anymore. There are two categories of consonants: A-series and O-series. The A-series consonants end with an -*aw* sound (/ɑː/ in IPA) but the O-series consonants end with an -*oh* sound (/ɔː/ in IPA). For instance, ក (/kɑː/, "neck") is pronounced *kaw* and គ (/kɔː/, "mute") is pronounced *koh*. Both of them have the "k" sound but they end in different sounds because ក is A-series while គ is O-series.

One key feature that Khmer has, while Thai and Lao do not, is that consonant letters have subscript forms. Subscript forms are forms of consonant letters that are written underneath other letters. Similar to how different letters in the Latin alphabet have capital or lowercase forms that look different from each other, consonants in Khmer have standard and subscript forms. These are used to write consonant strings. For example, in the word Khmer (ខ្មែរ), the "kh + m" consonant string is written as ខ្ម. By themselves, the consonants that make up the "kh + m" cluster would be written as ខ and ម, but since the "m" consonant is the second part of a consonant string, it is written differently under the first consonant in the cluster ខ. So ្ម is the subscript form of  ម.

#### Dependent Vowels 
Dependent vowels must be combined with a consonant to make a sound. Different sounds are made depending on whether or not a consonant is voiced or voiceless.

For example, the A-series consonant ត is pronounced *taw* by itself. However, when combined with the vowel ា (which makes an -*ah* sound when added to an A-series consonant), it becomes តា (*tah*, which means "grandfather").

However, the O-series consonant ទ (pronounced like the English *toe*) combined with the vowel ា makes the word ទា (tee-ah) and means "duck".

#### Independent Vowels 
There are independent vowels that do not need to be combined with a consonant. These are usually used to used to write words from Sanskrit and Pali. An example is ឧសភា (oo-sa-PEE-ah, "May"), where ឧ makes a sound like *oo* in b*oo*t.

## Numbers 
Khmer has its own way of writing numbers. The numbers in Khmer are ០១២៣៤៥៦៧៨៩. For instance, 2022 in Khmer would be ២០២២.

## References
Arturo Mercado

**Arturo Mercado** (born December 7, 1940) is a Mexican voice actor.
His son Arturo Mercado Jr. is a voice actor as well.
## Filmography
### Animated roles
* ''Disney's House of Mouse* - Jiminy Cricket, Ludwig Von Drake
* *DuckTales* - Uncle Scrooge McDuck
* *Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!* - Shaggy Rogers
* *The New Scooby-Doo Movies* - Robin
* *The Smurfs* - Grandpa Smurf, Hefty Smurf, Jokey Smurf, Peewit

### Film roles
* *A Bug's Life* - Mr. Soil
* *Anastasia* - Czar Nicholas II
* *Atlantis: The Lost Empire* - Gaetan Moliere, Atlantean #7, Squad Leader
* *Babe* - Ferdinand, Rex
* *Bambi* - Flower (adult)
* *Beauty and the Beast* - Beast
* *Bedknobs and Broomsticks* - Colonel Heller, Secretary Bird, Swinburne
* *Cars* - Mack, Auto
* *Finding Nemo* - Gill
* *Hercules* - Amphitryon
* *Home on the Range* - Man on Train
* *James and the Giant Peach* - Beat Cop
* *Little Shop of Horrors* - Orin Scrivello
* *Mary Poppins* - Bert, Mr. Dawes Sr.
* *Muppet Treasure Island* - Long John Silver, Waldorf
* *Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End* - Governor Wetherby Swann, Parrot
* *Ratatouille* - Mustafa, Dining Patron
* *Robin Hood* - Nutsy
* *Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron* - Sgt. Adams
* *Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi* - Yoda
* *Tarzan* - Tantor, Elephant #1
* *The Emperor's New Groove* - Villager #4
* *The Fox and the Hound* - Adult Copper
* *The Great Mouse Detective* - Fidget
* *The Incredibles* - Elderly Spectator #1, Principal, Guard #2
* *The Lion King* - Simba (adult)
* *The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh* - Gopher
* *The Muppets' Wizard of Oz* - Clifford, Sal Minella, Waldorf as Kalidah Critic
* *The Nightmare Before Christmas* - Dr. Finkelstein
* *The Rescuers* - Luke, The Chairman
* *The Simpsons Movie* - Tom Hanks
* *Tom and Jerry: The Movie* - Tom
* *Toy Story* - Hamm, Aliens, Alien, Robot, Mr. Spell
* *Toy Story 2* - Hamm, Mr. Konishi, Passenger #2, Green Army Man #3
* *Treasure Planet* - Grewnge
* *Up'' - Construction Foreman Tom
Jacques Kazadi

**Jacques Kazadi** (23 December 1936 – 23 April 2020) was a Congolese economist, professor, and politician. He was born in Luluabourg, Belgian Congo.

Kazadi taught at several universities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and abroad, including the University of Kinshasa and the University of Michigan. He was then appointed at the first black Dean of the Faculté des Sciences Économiques, and later the first President of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) from 1973 to 1976. CODESRIA is the largest organization of African social science workers on the continent.

During the 1970s, Kazadi became a member of the Popular Movement of the Revolution, ruling party of the one-party state regime instilled by Mobutu Sese Seko. He was Secretary of the Treasury until the National Conference of 24 April 1990, when he left the party.

Kazadi died on 23 April 2020 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo at the age of 83.

## References
Young Jessie

**Obediah Donnell "Obie" Jessie** (December 28, 1936 &ndash; April 27, 2020) was an American R&B, rock and roll and jazz singer-songwriter.  He recorded as **Young Jessie** in the 1950s and 1960s. He was known for his solo career, work with The Flairs and for a short time, with The Coasters.  He later performed and recorded jazz as **Obie Jessie**. He was born in Dallas, Texas.

He died on April 27, 2020, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
*Young Jessie on Myspace
*Young Jessie discography 
*The Coasters Web Site
*Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks - The Flairs
The Quiller Memorandum

***The Quiller Memorandum*** is a 1966 American British spy drama movie directed by Michael Anderson and based on the 1965 novel *The Berlin Memorandum* by Elleston Trevor. It stars George Segal, Alec Guinness, Max von Sydow, Senta Berger, George Sanders, Philip Madoc and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for 3 BAFTAS in 1967.

## Other websites
* 
*
Bobby Lewis

**Robert Alan Lewis** (February 9, 1925 – April 28, 2020) was an American rock and roll and rhythm and blues singer. He was best known for his 1961 hit singles "Tossin' and Turnin'" and "One Track Mind". He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana.

He died on April 28, 2020, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
* Oldies
Riverdale, Illinois

**Riverdale** is a village and a south suburb of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 10,663 at the 2020 census.

## References
Germano Celant

**Germano Celant** (11 September 1940 – 29 April 2020) was an Italian art historian, critic and curator. He invented the term "Arte Povera" (poor art) in 1967 and wrote many articles and books on the subject. He was born in Genoa, Italy. 

## Early life and career 
In 1974, Celant edited and curated the Catalogue Raisonné of Italian artist Piero Manzoni. He curated many exhibitions on Italian art, including "Identité italienne. L'art en Italie depuis 1959" (Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1981), "Italian art, 1900-1945" (Palazzo Grassi, Venice, 1989; with Pontus Hultén), and "Italian Metamorphosis 1943-1968" (Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1994). 

In 1997, he was the director of the Venice Biennale and in 2004, he curated the exhibition "Art and Architecture" in Genoa. From 1977, he was a contributing editor to *Artforum* and from 1991 he was a contributing editor to *Interview*.

In 1988, Celant was appointed Senior Curator of Contemporary Art at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City.

On 29 April 2020, Celant died of COVID-19 in Milan, aged 80.

## References
Yahya Hassan

**Yahya Hassan** (19 May 1995 –&nbsp;29 April 2020) was a Danish poet and political activist. He was known for his criticism of Islam in Denmark. He was born in Aarhus, Denmark. His most known work, *Yahya Hassan*, as of 2013 was the best-selling debut poetry collection in Denmark. It printed in more than 120,000 copies (middle of 2015).

Hassan was found dead in his apartment in Aarhus on 29 April 2020, aged 24.

## Related pages
*List of Danish writers

## References
The Carpetbaggers

***The Carpetbaggers*** is a 1964 American drama movie directed by Edward Dmytryk and based on the novel of the same name by Harold Robbins. It stars George Peppard, Alan Ladd, Bob Cummings, Elizabeth Ashley, Lew Ayers, Leif Erickson, Carroll Baker, Martha Hyer and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. Steve McQueen appears in the 1966 prequel movie *Nevada Smith*.

## Other websites
*
*
Tony Allen (musician)

**Tony Oladipo Allen** (July 20, 1940 &ndash; April 30, 2020) was a Nigerian drummer, composer, and songwriter. He lived and worked in Paris. Allen was the drummer and musical director of Fela Kuti's band Africa '70 from 1968 to 1979, and was one of the primary co-founders of the genre of Afrobeat music. He was born in Lagos.

Allen died on April 30, 2020 in Paris from an aortic aneurysm, aged 79.

## References
Kundanika Kapadia

**Kundanika Kapadia ** (11 January 1927 – 30 April 2020) was a Gujarati novelist, story writer and essayist. She was born in Limbdi, Wadhwan State, British India but was raised in Gujarat. Snehdhan was her pen name. *Parodh Thata Pahela* (1968) was her first novel followed by *Agnipipasa* (1972). She wrote *Sat Pagala Akashma* (Seven Steps in the Sky, 1984).

Kapadia died on 30 April 2020 in Gujarat of colorectal cancer, aged 93.

## References
The Innocents (movie)

***The Innocents*** is a 1961 British psychological horror movie directed by Jack Clayton and based on the novella *The Turn of the Screw* by Henry James. It stars Deborah Kerr, Michael Redgrave, Peter Wyngarde, Pamela Franklin, Isla Cameron and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*
*