open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
British Rail Class 85

The British Rail **Class 85** is an electric locomotive built during the early 1960s, as part of BR's policy to develop a standard electric locomotive. Five prototype classes (81-85) were built and evaluated, which eventually led to the development of the Class 86 locomotive. The locomotives of Class 85 were Originally fitted with germanium rectifiers which were eventually replaced by silicon rectifiers. Forty of these locomotives were built from 1961-64 by BR at Doncaster Works. The class were used to haul trains on the then newly electrified West Coast Main Line, from Birmingham,  to Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool and later Preston. By 1965, electrification had spread south to London Euston.

Under the earlier BR classification, the type was given the designation **AL5** (meaning the 5th design of 25 kV AC Locomotive), and locomotives were numbered E3056-E3095. In 1968, this was changed to Class 85, when BR introduced a new computer numbering system. From 1971 onwards, locomotives were progressively renumbered into the 85001-040 series. Fifteen locomotives were converted for freight only use, numbered in the 85/1 series. These locomotives were restricted to 80&nbsp;mph.
British Rail Class 88

The **British Rail Class 88** is an electro-diesel locomotive. It is designed to pull both passenger and freight trains. It was made by  and later  for use in the United Kingdom.

The type is similar to the Class 68 diesel locomotive. The Class 88 has a smaller diesel engine and is powered by electricity from the overhead wires. The two locomotive types also share many parts with each other.

## Background 
In 2014,  introduced the Class 68. These diesel locomotives proved to be highly effective machines. DRS then thought of an electric locomotive with an onboard diesel engine. This ability allowed the locomotive to run a short distance beyond the electric wires.

The Class 88s share a lot of parts with the Class 68s. These included driver's cabs, bodyshell, traction motors, bogies, and others.

## Production and delivery 
During September 2013, DRS announced that it had placed an order for ten locomotives. These were designated as Class 88. In April 2016, 88001, the first of its class, was sent to the Czech Republic. While in the Czech Republic, 88001 underwent a number of tests. *Rail* reported that the trials were deemed a success. In June 2017, the Class 88s had entered service. Not every driver was trained to operate the Class 88s. As a result, the use their onboard diesel engines went unused for a while. Vossloh was also making some small changes to the Class 88s at the time.

## Operation 
The Class 88 locomotives primarily served DRS's freight trains on electrified lines. This way, DRS did not have to hire electric locomotives from other operators. Before the delivery of the Class 88s, DRS borrowed Class 92 locomotives from  to pull container trains on the West Coast Main Line.

When the type entered service, DRS put the Class 88s on Daventry and  freight trains on behalf of Tesco. The Class 88s would also replace diesel locomotives on trains that run under electric wires.

## Names 
All ten Class 88s received names. The names given are as follows:

Eight of the Class 88s have names previously belonged to Class 76 and 77 electric locomotives. 88002 was named after Class 76 E26055. The other seven were named after the seven Class 77s. DRS did this to attract more railway enthusiasts.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
British Rail Class 70

The **British Rail class 70** was a class of three 3rd rail Co-Co electric locomotives. The initial two were built by the Southern Railway at Ashford Works in 1941 and 1945 and were numbered CC1 and CC2.  Electrical equipment was designed by Alfred Raworth and the body by Oliver Bulleid.  CC2 was modified slightly from the original design by C. M. Cock who had succeeded Raworth as Electrical Engineer. The third was built by British Railways in 1948 and numbered 20003.
British Rail Class 90

The British Rail **Class 90** electric locomotives are electric locomotives that were built by BREL at Crewe from 1987-1990. Each locomotive weighs 84.5 tonnes and has a top speed of . They operate from 25 kV AC overhead wires and produce . The class is employed on both express passenger services and heavy freight trains.
Japan Cup

The **Japan Cup** is the most important horse race in Japan. It is held at the end of November in the Tokyo Racecourse. The race is 2400 metres long and the winner gets about ¥533 million (about US $4.6 million) as an award (the highest reward for horse racing in the world).

## Winners 

 The 2002 race took place at Nakayama Racecourse over a distance of 2,200 metres.

## References
List of British Rail unbuilt locomotive classes

There have been a number of TOPS class numbers assigned to proposed locomotives that have not been built for one reason or another.

## Diesel locomotives
### Type 1 locomotives
*Class 18 - A proposed new Type 1 locomotive proposed in the mid 1980s. No prototype model was ever produced.
### Type 3 locomotives
*Class 38 - Projected classification for new generation of Type 3 freight locomotives in the 1980s. The Class 38 was dropped in favour of the Class 60.
### Type 4 locomotives
*Class 41 - The second use of Class 41 was for a proposed class of Class 60 locomotives with 2,500&nbsp;hp engines in the early 1990s.
*Class 48 - The second use of Class 48 was for a new class of freight locomotive in the mid 1980s.

### Type 5 locomotives
*Class 51 - Projected classification for the proposed "Super Deltic" locomotive intended as a follow on from the Class 50 and Class 55.
*Class 62 - Projected classification for proposed Type 5 coal train locomotives in the early 1990s.
*Class 65 - Projected classification for proposed 4,000&nbsp;hp freight working locomotive intended for liner trains.

## Electro-diesel locomotives
*Class 75 - Spare classification for projected "super electro-diesel" follow on from Class 73 and Class 74.
## Electric locomotives
*Class 88 - First use of the Class 88 designation. Proposed electric version of the Class 58, powered through 25 kV AC from overhead wires.
*Class 93 - Proposed electric locomotive for use on the West Coast Main Line as part of the InterCity 250 project.

## Other websites
*UK Traction Classification - Locomotives
British Rail Class 91

The British Rail **Class 91** is a class of 140&nbsp;mph, 6,300&nbsp;hp electric locomotives ordered specifically for the East Coast Main Line modernisation and electrification programme of the late 1980s. Built to replace the previous British Rail Class 43 (also called the InterCity 125) and British Rail Class 55, the Class&nbsp;91s were given the auxiliary name of **InterCity 225** to indicate their status as a new version of the 125 and their envisaged top speed of 225&nbsp;km/h (140&nbsp;mph). The other end of the InterCity 225 train set is formed of a Driving Van Trailer, built with a similar bodyshell to the Class 91 locomotives.

## Notes
## References
British Rail Class 92

The **Class 92** is a dual-voltage British railway locomotive which can run on 25 kV AC from overhead lines or 750 V DC from a third rail. It was designed specifically to operate services through the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France. Eurotunnel indicates the Class 92 locomotive as the reference for other locomotives which railway undertakings might want to get certified for usage in the Channel tunnel.

## References
British Rail Class 93

**Class 93** is the traction classification assigned to the electric locomotives that were to enter service as part of British Rail's *InterCity 250* project on the West Coast Main Line. They would have been derived from the Class 91 locomotives that entered service on the East Coast Main Line in 1989. The locomotive would have been used along with a train of up to nine Mark 5 coaches and a DVT, similar to the *InterCity 225* sets. The locomotives would have been capable of up to 155 mph. Tenders to construct the locomotives and rolling stock were issued in March 1991, with an expected in service date of 1995; it was envisaged that up to 30 complete trains would be initially required, with a total cost estimated at £380 million. However, the InterCity 250 project was canceled in 1992, so the rolling stock orders were never made.  Here  is a picture of what the cab may have looked like.
East Coast Main Line

**East Coast Main Line** is an electrified main line between London and Edinburgh in United Kingdom. The trains on this line are operated by a number of train companies. 

## Stops
*Starting point at London King's Cross railway station
*Stevenage
*Peterborough
*Grantham
*Newark North Gate
*Retford
*Doncaster
*York
*Northallerton
*Darlington
*Durham
*Newcastle Central
*Morpeth
*Alnmouth
*Berwick-upon-Tweed
*Dunbar
*Finishing point at Edinburgh Waverley
Georg Michaelis

**Georg Michaelis** (8 September 1857 – 24 July 24 1936) became the first Chancellor of Germany with a non-noble background.

## Early life
Michaelis was born at Haynau in Silesia. He studied law in Breslau, Leipzig and Wurzburg. He graduated from Göttingen University in 1884.

## Career
He was invited by the Japanese government to teach at the German school of law in Tokyo from 1885 to 1889.

When he returned to Germany, he joined the civil service.  The Emperor appointed him Reich Chancellor (*Reichskanzler*) from July to November 1917.

## Related pages
* Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan

## References
## Other websites
British Rail Class 87

The British Rail **Class 87** is a type of electric locomotive built from 1973 to 1975 by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL). 36 of these locomotives were built to work passenger services over the West Coast Main Line (WCML). They were the flagships of British Rail's electric locomotive fleet until the late 1980s, when the Class 90s started to come onstream. The privatisation of British Rail saw all but one of the fleet transferred to Virgin Trains; they continued their duties until the advent of the new Pendolino trains, when they were transferred to other operators or withdrawn. The last Class 87 in UK mainline use was withdrawn from service on 31 December 2007. Most have now been sold for reuse in Bulgaria.
British Rail Class 100

The British Rail **Class 100** diesel multiple units were built by Gloucester Railway Carriage & Wagon Company Limited from 1956 to 1958, designed and built in collaboration with the Transport Sales Dept. of T.I. (Group Services) Ltd.
British Rail Class 89

The **Class 89** is a prototype design for an electric locomotive.  Only one unit was built, no. 89001, which was officially named *Avocet* by the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on January 16 1989 at Sandy, Bedfordshire - the home of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (whose logo is an avocet).  It was built in 1986, by BREL at their Crewe Works, and was used on test-trains on both the West Coast Main Line and East Coast Main Line. It was fitted with advanced power control systems and develops over 6,000 bhp (4,500 kW). It was given the nickname "Aardvark" although the railfans used to call it "The Badger" owing to its sloping front ends.
Enchanted

***Enchanted*** is a 2007 American fantasy romantic comedy musical movie. It was produced and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in association with Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment. The story is about Giselle, a typical Disney Princess, who is forced from her traditional animated world into the live-action world of New York City.

The movie was first shown on October 20, 2007, at the London Film Festival. It released on November 21, 2007 in the United States. *Enchanted* was well-received critically. It won the 2007 Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Motion Picture, received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three nominations at the 80th Academy Awards. The movie earned more than $340 million worldwide at the box office.

## Cast
* Amy Adams as Giselle
* Patrick Dempsey as Robert
* James Marsden as Prince Edward
* Timothy Spall as Nathaniel
* Idina Menzel as Nancy Tremaine, Robert's fiancée
* Rachel Covey as Morgan. Morgan is Robert's six-year-old daughter.
* Susan Sarandon as Queen Narissa.
* Jeff Bennett and Kevin Lima as Pip
* Jon McLaughlin as Himself, singing "So Close" at the ball while Robert and Giselle dance together as do Edward and Nancy
* Fred Tatasciore as the Troll
* Several actresses who have played characters in Disney movies have cameos:
** Paige O'Hara as Angela, a soap opera character. O'Hara was the speaking and singing voice of Belle in *Beauty and the Beast*.
** Jodi Benson as Sam, Robert's secretary. Benson was the speaking and singing voice of Ariel in *The Little Mermaid*. She also voiced the Barbie dolls in *Toy Story 2* and *Toy Story 3*.
** Judy Kuhn as Pregnant Woman with Kids. Kuhn was the singing voice of the title character in *Pocahontas* and its sequel.

Julie Andrews was the narrator of the story.

## Video game
A video game based on the movie was developed by Altron for Nintendo DS. It was released by Disney Interactive on November 7, 2007.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
West Coast Main Line

The **West Coast Main Line** is a main railway line in the United Kingdom between London and Glasgow. 

As of 2025, train services are currently operated by Avanti West Coast and CrossCountry.

## Stops
*Starting point at London Euston
*Watford Junction
*Milton Keynes Central
*Rugby
*Nuneaton
*Tamworth
*Lichfield Trent Valley
*Stafford
*Crewe
*Warrington Bank Quay
*Wigan North Western
*Preston
*Lancaster
*Oxenholme Lake District
*Penrith
*Carlisle
*Lockerbie
*Carstairs
*Motherwell
*Finishing point at Glasgow Central
British Rail Class 105

The British Rail **Class 105** diesel multiple units were built by Cravens Ltd. of Sheffield from 1956 to 1959. The class were built with a side profile identical to British Railways Mark 1 carriage stock, using the same doors and windows.  None were selected for refurbishment. The last passenger car was withdrawn from service in 1988.
British Rail Class 104

The British Rail **Class 104** diesel multiple units were built by Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company from 1957 to 1959.

The first units ordered were for the London Midland Region, with the majority of the class for use in North West of England with sets also in Tyneside (being made redundant by the opening of the Tyne & Wear Metro in 1980). In the mid-1980s a few units reallocated to Scotland, with one unit being repainted in a unique maroon and white livery for services to Oban - it became known as the "Mexican Bean". Other vehicles spent time in London and the last vehicles could be found there in the early 1990s.

The class was gradually taken of service from the early 1980s. The final vehicles were withdrawn in 1995.
British Rail Class 109

The British Rail **Class 109** is a class of 2-car diesel multiple units built in 1957 by Wickham & Co.  Five two-car units were built featuring an unusual body design.

The units soon became non-standard and two were sold back to the manufacturer who exported them to Trinidad and Tobago.  Another unit was converted into departmental service, and survived in BR ownership until the early 1980s.
British Rail Class 110

The **Class 110** DMUs were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company in conjunction with the Drewry Car Co. to operate services on the former Lancashire and Yorkshire main line, and spent their entire careers based around this same area. This earned them the name of the 'Calder Valley' sets.  They were an updated version of the Class 104, with a revised cab design and raised bodyside window frames.
British Rail Class 111

The **Class 111** DMUs were based on Class 101/2s, but with different engines. The only external body difference was on the final batch of cars where a four character headcode box was fitted above the front cab Windows with the destination indicator on top of a reduced height centre window.

The first cars built, part of an order for 339 Met-Camm cars, were 4 power/trailer sets for the LMR Manchester area built in early 1957. One of these had supercharged 230 hp 6-cylinder engines. This was followed by ten 3-car sets comprising DMBS/TS/DMC for the NER at Bradford, then a further twenty 3-car sets.
British Rail Class 112

The **Class 112** DMUs used the standard Cravens body used for Class 105s but had a single Rolls-Royce engine of 238 hp per car, and they were all formed into 'power twins'- two car sets with both vehicles powered.

There were two batches built, the first 50 vehicles (25 sets) had standard mechanical transmission via a gearbox and were allocated the Class 112. The second batch of 50 cars (25 sets) had hydraulic transmission, and became Class 113s.

The cars were built for services in the LMR Central Division and in the Liverpool - St Helens area, where the gradients in the Lancashire & Yorkshire area required more power. Both types also spent some time working from Cricklewood.

The gross weight of a set with all seats occupied was approximately 70 tons, giving 6.8 hp per ton. Empty, it was 8.1 hp/ton, which compared favourably with 5.7 hp/ton that the Cravens power/trailer had. Its sister class is the Class 113
British Rail Class 114

The British Rail **Class 114** diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1956 to 1957. Forty-nine 2-car units were built, numbered 50001-49 for driving motors (later renumbered 53001-49) and 56001-49 for driving trailers (later renumbered 54001-49). The units were used on services in the West Midlands, Lincolnshire and Humberside.
Red giant

is the sun the way it is now. The large red star on the right is what the sun will look like when it turns into a red giant.]]
A **red giant** is a  giant star that has the mass of about one-half to ten times the mass of our Sun. Red giants get their name because they appear to be colored red and they are very large. Many red giants could fit thousands and thousands of suns like ours inside of them. 

Right now, our Sun is a main-sequence star, not a red giant. However, five billion years from now, scientists believe our sun will become a red giant. It will be about 200 times bigger in diameter than it is now. It will become so big it will swallow up Mercury, Venus and possibly the Earth.

## How a star becomes a red giant 
### Hydrogen to helium 
All new stars change hydrogen to helium through nuclear fusion. This creates a lot of energy (e.g. light and heat). In a normal star, like our Sun and all other main sequence stars, this change happens at the very center of the star. Sooner or later, almost all of the hydrogen at the center has changed to helium. This causes the nuclear reaction to stop. The center will start to get smaller due to the star's gravity. This makes the layer just outside the center get hotter. This layer still has hydrogen. This hydrogen will fuse to make helium.

With this new source of power, the outer layers of the star will get much, much bigger. The star will get brighter, sometimes as much as ten thousand times as bright as when it was on the main sequence.  Since the outside of the star is bigger, the energy will be spread over a much larger area. Because of this, the temperature of the surface will go down and the color will change to red or orange.

### Stages 
There are often three main parts of a red giant stage.

Firstly, the red giant's center is plain helium while the layer outside it has hydrogen fusing into helium. This is called the red giant branch or RGB phase of the star. Eventually, the helium in the center will ignite and start to turn into carbon. This ignition is called the helium flash, and after this happens, the red giant branch star becomes a horizontal branch star. 

For stars with the same mass than the Sun, the horizontal branch phase is called the red clump phase. Red clump stars are smaller and hotter than red giant branch stars, and can appear yellow or orange in color. For stars more massive than the Sun, they become much hotter so that their color will change from red, to yellow, and then to blue-white. Their horizontal branch phase is called a blue loop.

### Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) 
* Mira
* Alpha Herculis
* Chi Cygni
* Rho Persei

## Related pages
* Stellar evolution
* Main sequence
* White dwarf
* Red dwarf

## References
British Rail Class 101

departmental unit no. 960001 at Norwich on 31 January 2004. This unit was rebuilt as an Ultrasonic Test Train in 1986, and is pictured here in Railtrack blue/lime green livery.]]
]]

The British Rail **Class 101** diesel multiple units were built by Metro-Cammell at Washwood Heath in Birmingham from 1956 to 1959, following the construction of a series of prototype units. This class proved to be the most successful and longest-lived of all BR's *First Generation* DMUs, with the final five units being withdrawn on 24 December 2003. The oldest set was, by then just over 47 years old.
British Rail Class 107

The British Rail **Class 107** diesel multiple units were built by the Derby Works of British Railways and were introduced in 1960. The class looked similar to the later Class 108 units, but were heavier - having been built out of steel.
Shiver (Coldplay song)

"**Shiver**" is a single released by rock band Coldplay. "Shiver" was released off the album *Parachutes* in March 2000. A re-release was released a year later in February 2001. 

## Format
The format of the single by Coldplay is a CD. It plays as an Extended Play (or EP).
Don't Panic (Coldplay song)

'''"Don't Panic"'* is a single by British rock band Coldplay.

The single was recorded in 1996. Coldplay released the single off the hit studio album called *Parachutes'' which was released on July 10, 2000.
In My Place

"**In My Place**" was released on 5 August 2002. The single was released off the hit album *A Rush of Blood to the Head* released by rock band Coldplay in 2002. "In My Place" was well received by critics. The song was praised for its music and the deep meaning of its words. "In My Place" won Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 45th Grammy Awards. The music video was nominated for two MuchMusic Video Awards in 2003 in the categories of Best international video–group and People's Choice: Favorite international group. It begins with one crash of a cymbal. After that, there are two bars of 4/4 drumming, then a sad three-note guitar line, and Chris Martin's singing.

## References
List of video games featuring Mario

Over the years, *Mario* has become a famous video game character. He stars in many video games and even has his own series of video games and its spinoff series, the *Donkey Kong,* *Yoshi*, and *Wario* series. The following course of video games Mario has appeared in over the years is listed below:

## Home consoles 
### Nintendo Entertainment System 
### Super Nintendo Entertainment System 
### Nintendo 64
### GameCube
### Wii
### Wii U
## Handheld consoles 
### Game Boy 
### Game Boy Color
### Game Boy Advance
### Nintendo DS
### Nintendo 3DS
## Digital Platforms
### Nintendo e-Shop
### WiiWare
### DSiWare
Târgovişte

**Târgovişte** is a city in the Dâmboviţa County of Romania.  About 89,000 people lived in Târgovişte as of the year 2003.

## Twin cities 
*  **Kazanlak**, Bulgaria
*  **Targovishte**, Bulgaria
*  **Trakai**, Lithuania
*  **Orvault**, France
*  ** Miami**, United States
*  **Corbetta**, Italy
*  **Santarem**, Portugal
*  **Vellinge**, Sweden
*  **Castellon de la Plana**, Spain
British Rail Class 103

The British Rail **Class 103** diesel multiple units were built by Park Royal Vehicles with diesel engines by British United Traction (BUT).  Ordered in the first half of 1955, 20 of these sets were built by Park Royal at the Crossley Motors works in Stockport of the ACV Group. They consisted of a power car and a driving trailer. Standard BUT equipment was fitted, with 'A' type engines.

A two-car set with 16 first class and 100 second class seats weighed just under 60 long tons, representing 1,150 lb (520 kg) a seat and had 5 hp per ton of empty weight or 4.35 hp per ton when full.
Antonio Machado

**Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz**, known as **Antonio Machado** (July 26, 1875 – February 22, 1939), was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of '98.

## Major publications
* *Soledades* (1903)
* *Soledades, Galerías y Otros poemas* (1907)
* *Campos de Castilla* (1912)
* *Poesías completas* (1917)
* *Nuevas canciones* (1924)
* *Poesías completas* (1936, 4th edition)
* *Juan de Mairena* (1936)
Nepenthes

***Nepenthes***, often known as **tropical pitcher plants or monkey cups**, is a genus of carnivorous plants in the  family of the **Nepenthaceae** consisting of about 120 species (this number is fast increasing, with one to two new species being described each year). Many hybrids exist, both natural and created by humans. These plants come from  South China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines; westward to Madagascar and the Seychelles ; southward to Australia and New Caledonia ; and northward to India and Sri Lanka . Many are plants from hot humid lowland areas, but the majority are from high in the mountains where nights are cold.  Nepenthes are often categorized as being lowland or highland varieties, depending on how high they live above sea level.  Lowland varieties usually require high temperature and humidity levels.  Highland varieties usually require warm days but cold and humid nights. The name *Nepenthes* was first published in 1737 in Carolus Linnaeus's *Hortus Cliffortianus*.

Nepenthes traps contain a fluid of the plant's own production, which may be watery or syrupy and is used to drown prey. The trapping efficiency of this fluid remains high, even when significantly diluted by water, as inevitably happens in wet conditions. Many species of *Nepenthes* produce two different forms of pitchers. Near the base of the plant are the large lower traps, which usually sit on the ground, while the upper pitchers may be smaller, coloured differently, and have different shapes and features than the lower pitchers. 

The lower part of the trap contains glands which take nutrients from captured insects.

One of the earliest pictures of *Nepenthes* appears in Leonard Plukenet's *Almagestum Botanicum* of 1696. The plant, called *Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium*, is without doubt a *N. distillatoria*.

## Related pages
* List of Nepenthes natural hybrids

## References 
## Other websites
* Botanical Society of America: *Nepenthes* - the Monkey Cups 
* The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: *Nepenthes*

* and other species]]
*]]
'']]
British Rail Class 108

The British Rail **Class 108** diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles.

These units stayed in were used till the 1990s after which they were  from traffic.

 on 15 October 2004. This unit is preserved on the Severn Valley Railway.]]

## References
British Rail Class 115

These 41 high density sets operated the outer-suburban services from Marylebone usually to destinations such as High Wycombe, Aylesbury and Banbury which are on the Chiltern Main Line and Great Central Main Line (now the London to Aylesbury Line). Sometimes, these sets used to operate 8-12 car long expresses to Nottingham Victoria in the final years of the GCML. Coincidentally, the 115 were under Table 115 in the British Rail timetable.

Based on the basic Derby high density design, the sets are similar to Class 127 but were internally superior as the class had larger windows, better furnishings, lighting and wall surfaces. 

Some sets were also built for the CLC line between Liverpool and Manchester. These were later transferred to Marylebone. They also worked from Tyseley in the later years.

The Marylebone sets, which were later transferred to Bletchley but remained on Chiltern Line duties, were declared surplus after the introduction of Class 165s, from 1991 onwards. While at Bletchley depot the class was also used on the Gospel Oak to Barking Line, units being formed as power twins.  They were in turn replaced on this line by class 117 power twins. 

The final Class 115 working out of Marylebone was in July 1992. The Tyseley sets survived a bit longer, until February 1994.
Pomaia

**Pomaia** is a little village (it: *frazione*), near the city of (it: *comune*) Santa Luce, in the Province of Pisa, Tuscany, Italy. The village is a very important point for Buddhism in Italy. In Pomaia, one of biggest Tibetan monasteries, called the "Lama Zong Khapa Institute", can be seen.

## Economy
Pomaia has an economy based on agriculture and tourism.

## Tourism
On April in Pomaia there is a *Sagra*, a local festival about broad beans, followed by a lot of people and many tourists. Many tourists come in Pomaia, for to see the Buddhist manifestations in the Buddhist Monastery of Pomaia. 

## Other websites
* Website of Lama Zong Khapa Institute
Morellino di Scansano

**Morellino di Scansano DOCG** is an Italian red wine made in the hills of the village of Scansano (province of Grosseto), in the Maremma, which includes a part of the coast of southern Tuscany. Morellino is the local name for the Sangiovese grape varietal.

The wine, which gained the DOC status in 1978, and upgraded to DOCG status from the 2007 vintage, is made from of 85% Sangiovese (which is also the base of the tuscan wines: Chianti, Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano). The remaining 0–15% of any non aromatic black grape varieties included in a list made and periodically updated by the local authorities.

## Other websites
* Consorzio di Tutela del Morellino di Scansano
Vino Nobile di Montepulciano

**Vino Nobile di Montepulciano** (in English lit. Noble Wine of Montepulciano) is a red wine with Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita status produced in the vineyards in the town of Montepulciano, Tuscany, Italy.  The wine is made for the main part from the Sangiovese grape varietal (minimum 70%), blended with Canaiolo Nero (10%–20%)  and small add of other local varieties such as Mammolo.  The wine is aged in oak barrels for 2 years; three years if it is a riserva. The wine should not be confused with Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, a red wine made from the Montepulciano grape in the Abruzzo region of east-central Italy.

## Wines made in Montepulciano 
The industry in the wine-producing town of Montepulciano produces a number of different wines:
* Novello (produced not only in this region)
* Rosso di Montepulciano (Red of Montepulciano)
* Nobile di Montepulciano (Noble of Montepulciano)
* Nobile di Montepulciano Riserva (Noble of Montepulciano *Riserva*)

Some wineries, in addition to wines, also produce Grappa. By Italian law, the same company cannot be both a certified winery and a certified distillery, therefore, the Grappa is produced in cooperation, but, is usually sold by the winery and bears the winery name on its label.

## Other websites
# Official site of the Consorzio del Vino Nobile
# Official site of the local Wine Route Organization - Strada del Vino Nobile di Montepulciano
Hypergiant

]]

A **hypergiant** (luminosity class **0**) is a star with an enormous mass and luminosity, It shows signs of a very high rate of mass loss. The exact definition is not yet settled.

Hypergiants are the largest stars in the universe, usually larger and brighter than supergiants.  

Another large hypergiant is VY Canis Majoris, about 1,420 times wider than the Sun. It is one of the extreme luminous supergiant stars. 

Just as supergiants evolve from massive stars that were once main sequence stars (between 8 to 22 solar masses, one solar mass being the mass of the Sun), hypergiants were once main-sequence stars that were more massive.

Hypergiants are very hard to find and they have a short lifespan because of their size. While the Sun has a lifespan of around 10 billion years, hypergiants will only exist for a few million years.

## Spectrum 
: false-color image of the LBV Pistol Star and the Pistol Nebula]]

There are two special groups: luminous blue variables (LBV), and yellow hypergiants. Both of these types are very rare, with only a few examples in the Milky Way galaxy. Their rareness is probably because each type passes through this stage quite rapidly.

## Stability 
As luminosity of stars increases greatly with mass, the luminosity of hypergiants often lies very close to the Eddington limit. This is the luminosity at which the force of the star's gravity equals the radiation pressure outward. 

This means that the radiative flux passing through the photosphere of a hypergiant may be nearly strong enough to lift away the photosphere. Above the Eddington limit, the star would generate so much radiation that parts of its outer layers would be thrown off in massive outbursts. This would effectively restrict the star from shining at higher luminosities for longer periods.

A good candidate for hosting a continuum-driven wind is Eta Carinae, one of the most massive stars ever observed. Its mass is about 130 solar masses and its luminosity four million times that of the Sun. Eta Carinae may occasionally exceed the Eddington limit. The last time might have been outbursts observed in 1840–1860. These reached mass loss rates much higher than stellar winds would normally allow.

Another theory to explain the massive outbursts of Eta Carinae is the idea of a deeply situated hydrodynamic explosion, blasting off parts of the star’s outer layers. The idea is that the star, even at luminosities below the Eddington limit, would have insufficient heat convection in the inner layers, resulting in a density inversion potentially leading to a massive explosion. The theory has, however, not been explored very much, and it is uncertain whether this really can happen.

## Examples 
### Blue hypergiants 
* Zeta1 Scorpii
* BP Crucis
* Pistol Star
* Eta Carinae

### Luminous blue variables (LBVs) 
* P Cygni
* S Doradus
* LBV 1806-20
* AG Carinae

### Yellow hypergiants 
* Rho Cassiopeiae
* V509 Cassiopeiae
* HR 5171
* V382 Carinae

### Red hypergiants 
* Mu Cephei (the Garnet Star)
* NML Cygni
* VV Cephei A
* VY Canis Majoris
* WOH G64
* RW Cephei
* VX Sagitarii
* Stephenson 2-18

## Related pages 
*List of largest stars

## References
Brunello di Montalcino

**Brunello di Montalcino** is a red Italian wine. It is made in the vineyards surrounding the town of Montalcino about  southwest of Florence, Tuscany, Italy. Brunello, roughly translated  as "nice dark one" in the local dialect, is the unofficial name of the clone of Sangiovese (also known as *Sangiovese Grosso*) grown in the Montalcino region. In 1980, the Brunello di Montalcino was awarded the first *Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita* (DOCG) designation and today is one of the Italy's best-known and most expensive wines.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Map highlighting the Montalcino region 
* Above 90 Montalcino wine tour
Borodin Quartet

The **Borodin Quartet** is a string quartet that was founded in 1945 in what was then the Soviet Union. The four players have not always been the same people: there have been some changes to the group, but it is one of the world's longest lasting string quartets. In 2005, they celebrated their 60th anniversary. Until he retired in 2007, the cellist Valentin Berlinsky had almost always been the cellist of the quartet.

When they started they were known as the Moscow Philharmonic Quartet. In 1955, the quartet changed its name to Borodin Quartet, named after the composer Alexander Borodin who composed two famous string quartets.

They often got invitations to play in the West, but the Soviet communist government would not allow them to travel out of their country. The quartet had to accept the concerts that their government allowed them to do. They played at the funerals of the dictator Stalin and the composer Sergei Prokofiev which were on the same day (both men died on 5 March 1953. However, they were not paid anything for either event.

The quartet knew the composer Dmitri Shostakovich very well. They performed his quartets, and Shostakovich often listened to them practising and discussed with them the way he wanted them to be played. The quartet often played piano quintets with the pianist Sviatoslav Richter.

When they started in 1945, their cellist was Mstislav Rostropovich. Rudolf Barshai was their viola player. Very soon afterwards Rostropovich found he had too many other engagements, so he got Valentin Berlinsky to be their cellist. The four men who then formed the quartet signed an oath in their own blood that they would be faithful and stay together as a group. They stayed together for 20 years. Then Rostislav Dubinsky, the first violinist, defected to the West and the second violinist, Jaroslav Alexandrov, retired because of bad health. With two new players, the quartet spend two years practising together before they performed again in public.

When Communism collapsed and the Soviet Union broke up, the quartet still continued to be very famous. They travelled abroad a lot, performing in places such as London. 

They have made many recordings including all Shostakovich's string quartets and all Beethoven quartets.

## Other websites
* The Borodin Quartet Official Website
Pienza

**Pienza**, a town  (it: *commune*) in the province of Siena, in the Val d'Orcia in Tuscany (central Italy), between the towns of Montepulciano and Montalcino, is the "touchstone of Renaissance urbanism."

In 1996, UNESCO put the town his list as a World Heritage Site, and in 2004 the all valley, the ''Val d'Orcia'', was put on the list of UNESCO's World Cultural Landscapes.

## History 
Pienza was rebuilt from a village called **Corsignano**, which was the birthplace (1405) of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini (Italian: Enea Silvio Piccolomini), a Renaissance humanist born into an exiled Sienese family, who later became Pope Pius II.  Once he became Pope, Piccolomini had the entire village rebuilt as an ideal Renaissance town.  Intended as a retreat from Rome, it represents the first application of humanist urban planning concepts.The rebuilding was done by Florentine architect Bernardo Gambarelli (known as Bernardo Rossellino).

## Important Places and Monuments in Pienza 
### Palazzo Piccolomini 
The piazza is made by four buildings. The principal residence, *Palazzo Piccolomini*, is on the west side.
### The Duomo 
The *Duomo* (Cathedral), which dominates the center of the piazza, has a façade that is one of the earliest designed in the Renaissance manner. Artworks in the Duomo include five altar paintings from the Sienese School. The Baptistry, dedicated as usual to *San Giovanni*.
### Palazzo Borgia 
The *Palazzo Borgia*, on the third side of the piazza, was built as the palace to house the bishops who would travel to Pienza to attend the Pope. Inside the palace there is the Diocesan Museum, and the Museo della Cattedrale.  The collection includes a lot of religious artifacts. Paintings include a 7th-century painting of *Christ on the Cross* (*La Croce*), 14th century works by Pietro Lorenzetti (*Madonna with Child*) and Bartolo di Fredi (*Madonna della Misericordia*).  There are also important works from the 14th and 15th centuries, including a Madonna attributed to Luca Signorelli.
### Palazzo Comunale 
Across from the church is the town hall. Since Corsigniano was originally a village without a town governance, before the transformations there was no town hall. But when Corsigniano was given the status of an official city, a *Palazzo Comunale* was required. A third floor was added in 1599. The *Palazzo Comunale* was probably also designed by Rossellino.

### Other buildings 
* *Ammannati* Palace
* The *Gonzaga* Palace
* The *Palazzo del Cardinale Atrebatense*
* The *Pieve* of Corsignano, in the neighbourhood, is one of the most important Romanesque monuments of the area.

## Related pages
* Province of Siena

## References 
* 
* 
* 

## Notes 
## Other websites
* Piazza Pio II 
* Hometown Pope Makes Good (Pope Pius II and Pienza) by Charles T. Downey (Ionarts, 24 August 2006)
Interactive whiteboard

An **interactive whiteboard** is a large, interactive screen that connects a computer and a projector. The projector projects the computer's desktop onto the screen of the interactive whiteboard. The user can control the computer by using a special pen, finger or another tool to touch the screen of the interactive whiteboard. Normally, interactive whiteboards are fixed on walls. However, there are some mobile interactive whiteboards. Interactive whiteboards are used in many different places such as in classrooms, in work groups and in training rooms for professional coaching. Interactive whiteboards are the modern version of the traditional whiteboards used in schools.

## Operation 
The interactive whiteboard must be connected to a computer.  Most whiteboards are connected to the computer's Serial port or to a USB port.  Some newer systems can use a wireless connection to the computer.
	
The summary of use the interactive whiteboard includes three words: controlling, translation and presentation.

* Controlling the PC means you can use the projection field like the desktop of the PC, and the pen or the finger is the computer mouse.
* Most whiteboards translate the hand written notes on the board into standard computer text, so you can see your text clearly and save it as a file.
* Another use for interactive whiteboards is for presentations.  You can start and control your presentation while standing in front of the whiteboard and you are not depending on a keyboard.

## Using interactive whiteboards 
**Teachers:** 
* They can write onto the board and save it as a document for use in the other lessons . You can also send the whole lesson or the documents via e-mail to pupils who were absent.
* Interactive whiteboard makes it easy to demonsate how to use new software
* Videos can be shown

**For students:**
* Fixing and changing ideas of a brainstorming easily is an resource which students can use to reach a success faster. When student can use modern technology they are more interested in learning.

## Projection Systems 
**Front-projection:**
In this system the projector is placed in front of the whiteboard. Either the projector is fixed on the whiteboard or it hangs on the ceiling.

*Pros*

Compared to the rear projection this system is much cheaper

*Cons*

The teacher or the student must stand in front of the whiteboard and sometimes their body will cast a shadow.

**Rear-projection:**
In the rear-projection system the projector is placed behind the whiteboard.

*Pros*

The teacher does not cast a shadow and does not look into the projector light while speaking to the students.

*Cons*

This system is very expensive.
Sue (dinosaur)

**"Sue"** is the nickname given to FMNH PR 2081, one of the largest, most complete and best preserved *Tyrannosaurus rex* fossil ever found. 

Sue was discovered in the summer of 1990 by Sue Hendrickson, a paleontologist, and was named after her. She contacted the Black Hills Institute, whose staff retrieved and prepared the bones.

First, ownership disputes were settled in court. There was a long dispute between the owners of the land, the Sioux tribe, the  United States Department of the Interior, and the Black Hills Institute, whose staff had done the work.

The fossil was then  auctioned in October 1997 for US$8.36 million, the highest amount ever paid for a dinosaur fossil.

After preparation, the skeleton became a permanent feature at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. The money had been raised by public subscription.

## Gout 
Some researchers think the skeleton shows evidence that Sue suffered from the painful condition known as gout.
## Distorted roar 
Sue's roars were created with input from Sue using various animal sounds which were altered. Some of the roars were reused for Godzilla thirty years later in the short film *Mega-Godzilla: King of the Universe*. Several roars were reused for Alex the Lion thirty-one years later in the animated recap The Ultimate "Madagascar" Recap Cartoon.
## References
Karpenisi

**Karpenisi** is a mountainous Greek city. It is a small city in Eyritania district. Karpenisi is the capital of Eyritania prefecture. Eyritania prefecture has the most mountains of any other prefecture of Greece. There are mountains everywhere in the Eyritania prefecture. The highest point of Karpenisi is at the top of the Tymphristos Mountain, which is 2,315 meters high. Around 7,300 people live in Karpenisi, says the census taken in 2001. Karpenisi is built at an altitude of 960 meters.  It sits on the slopes of the Tymphristos mountain. Lamia is east of Karpenisi. Karpenisi is smaller town than Lamia. Lamia also serves the district of Karpenisi. 

## Winter resort
Today, Karpenisi is one of the most important winter resorts in Greece. In winter, many Greeks go there in order to do winter sports. The people visiting go skiing and hiking in the forests of Karpenisi. Karpenisi is surrounded by a fir forest.
American Hockey Association

There were two different **American Hockey Associations**:

* American Hockey Association (1926–1942) – A minor pro league existing between 1926 and 1942.

* American Hockey Association (1992–1993) – A minor pro league existing between 1992 and 1993.
American Hockey Association (1926–1942)

The **American Hockey Association** was a small professional ice hockey league. It was active between 1926 and 1942.

## Teams
* Buffalo Majors (1930-31 to 1931-32)
* Chicago Cardinals (1926-27)
* Chicago Shamrocks (1930-31 to 1931-32)
* Dallas Texans (1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
* Detroit Greyhounds (1926-27)
* Duluth Hornets (1926-27 to 1932-33)
* Fort Worth Rangers (1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
* Kansas City Americans (1940-41 to 1941-42)
* Kansas City Greyhounds (1932-33 to 1939-40)
* Kansas City Pla-Mors (1927-28 to 1931-32; joins USHL in 1945)
* Minneapolis Millers (1926-27 to 1930-31; 1936-37 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
* Minneapolis Warriors (1935-36)
* Oklahoma City Warriors (1933-34 to 1935-36)
* Omaha Knights (1939-40 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
* St. Louis Flyers (1928-29 to 1941-42)
* St. Paul Saints (1926-27 to 1929-30; 1932-33; 1935-36 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
* Tulsa Oilers (1928-29 to 1931-32; 1932-33 to 1941-42; joins USHL in 1945)
* Wichita Blue Jays (1932-33)
* Wichita Skyhawks (1935-36 to 1939-40)
* Wichita Vikings (1933-34)
* Winnipeg Maroons (1926-27 to 1927-28)

## Champions
The Harry F. Sinclair Trophy was awarded to the league champions.

* 1926-27 — Duluth Hornets
* 1927-28 — Minneapolis Millers
* 1928-29 — Tulsa Oilers
* 1929-30 — Kansas City Pla-Mors
* 1930-31 — Tulsa Oilers
* 1931-32 — Chicago Shamrocks
* 1932-33 — Kansas City Greyhounds
* 1933-34 — Kansas City Greyhounds
* 1934-35 — St. Louis Flyers
* 1935-36 — St. Louis Flyers
* 1936-37 — Minneapolis Millers
* 1937-38 — St. Louis Flyers
* 1938-39 — St. Louis Flyers
* 1939-40 — Omaha Knights
* 1940-41 — St. Louis Flyers
* 1941-42 — Omaha Knights