open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
West Ham

**West Ham** is an area of East London, located  east of Charing Cross. The place name can apply to a large district forming the western part of the modern London Borough of Newham, or simply to the central locality of that district. Neither the wider nor the central district are current administrative units but there is a West Ham electoral ward covering part of the central area. West Ham lies within the traditional boundaries of the county of Essex. It became part of the London Borough of Newham in 1965.

## Related pages
* West Ham station
* West Ham United F.C.
Silvertown

**Silvertown** is a district of the London Borough of Newham, in East London, England. It forms part of the Port of London. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames. A major £3.5billion redevelopment of the area was approved in 2015. It was named after Samuel Winkworth Silver's former rubber factory which opened in 1852. The area is now dominated by the Tate & Lyle sugar refinery and the John Knight ABP animal rendering plant.

## References
Royal Docks

**Royal Docks** is an area in the London Borough of Newham in the London Docklands in East London, England. Royal Docks is also a ward of the London Borough of Newham. At the 2011 Census the ward had a population of 10,679. North Woolwich is part of Royal Docks ward.

## History
The area is named after three docks – the **Royal Albert Dock**, the **Royal Victoria Dock** and the **King George V Dock**. They are more correctly called the **Royal Group of Docks** to distinguish them from the Royal Dockyards. The docks are called "Royal" because they are named after royal personages, not because they are in Crown ownership. The three docks together formed the largest enclosed docks in the world, with a water area of nearly  and an overall estate of . This is equivalent to the whole of central London from Hyde Park to Tower Bridge.

## Redevelopment
The area was designated a special enterprise zone in 2012.

## References
In My Feelings

"**In My Feelings**" is a song recorded by Canadian rapper Drake from his sixth studio album, *Scorpion*.  It is the ninth track on the B-side of the album.  It was released as the album's third single on July 10, 2018.  It reached number one on the US *Billboard* Hot 100, becoming his sixth US number-one hit. Drake became only the fourth artist to replace themselves at the top of the chart twice (after the Beatles, Usher, and Justin Bieber) when the song replaced "Nice for What" at the top.  "Nice for What" replaced "God's Plan" at number one earlier in 2018.

The song inspired the #InMyFeelingsChallenge, also known as the #ShiggyChallenge, which became viral.  It involves people dancing to the verse of the song beginning with, "Keke, do you love me?"

## References
Matthew Waterhouse

**Matthew Waterhouse** (born 19 December 1961) is an English actor and writer. He is best known for his role as Adric in the BBC science fiction television series *Doctor Who* from 1980 to 1982. Waterhouse is openly gay.

## Other websites 
*
Tsukemono

**Tsukemono** is a traditional Japanese food made by pickling vegetables in salt or brine for a few days to several decades. Tsukemono resembles western pickled cucumbers, but are usually eaten with rice.

## References
Oyaki

**Oyaki** (おやき) is a Japanese dumpling made from fermented buckwheat dough wrapped around a stuffing of Japanese vegetables, fruit, or anko bean paste and then roasted on an iron pan. Oyaki are popular and widely available in Nagano Prefecture, which is famous for the dish.

## Other websites 
* My Home Town and Local Food  English language web page describing how oyaki are made at Oyaki Village in Ogawa Village, Nagano Prefecture.
* Oyaki Village website
Goheimochi

**Goheimochi** is a local cuisine made in the mountains in the Chūbu region of Japan. It started in the Edo period, when rice was very valuable. Pounded rice is wrapped around a thin wooden stick, then grilled with miso, sugar, and mirin. Soy sauce, sesame, and walnuts can also be used. It is particularly famous in Nagano Prefecture where it is shaped like dango or traditional Japanese straw sandals called *waraji*.

## References
Sekihan

**Sekihan** () means “red rice”, and is a traditional Japanese food usually eaten on important days. It was originally brought from China during the Jōmon period and used red rice. In modern times, it is made by steaming sticky rice and red beans. It is typically served in a bowl or in bento. Local specialty ingredients are often added to make it sweeter, such as peanuts in Chiba Prefecture, nattō in Yamanashi Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture, and sweet beans in Nagano Prefecture. It has declared November 23rd each year as *Sekihan* Day.

## References
Punch (drink)

**Punch** refers to many drinks made from fruit or fruit juice and sometimes alcohol. The drink was started in India, then was brought to the United Kingdom in the early 1600s. The drink spread to other countries. Punch is usually served at parties in large bowls known as *punch bowls*.

In fact, the word “punch” is thought to derive from the Hindi word for “five,” as the original drink was frequently made with just five ingredients: alcohol (usually rum, brandy, or arack), sugar, juice (from either a lime or a lemon), water, and spices (like nutmeg). Others believe the word originates from the English “puncheon,” which was a volumetric description for certain sized barrels used to transport alcohol on ships.

## References
Chirashizushi

**Chirashizushi** (ちらし寿司, "scattered sushi", also referred to as *barazushi*) is a traditional Japanese food made with rice mixed with vinegar. It has several ingredients on top, such as egg, bamboo shoots, seafood, and nori.
V838 Monocerotis

**V838 Monocerotis** is a red giant star in the Monoceros constellation. It is famous for undergoing a sudden growth in size in the year 2002. When it happened, the star became 3,190 times bigger than the Sun. However, it shrunk in size - bringing its size to only 380 times bigger than the Sun. It is 20,000 times brighter than the Sun.

## Sources
https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_784.html
Pitsunda

**Pitsunda** or **Bichvinta** () is a town in the *Gagra district* of the disputed territory of Abkhazia.

## Gallery

2014 Picunda, Sobór św. Andrzeja (07).jpg|Pitsunda temple
Pitsunda shore (2).jpg|Pitsunda shore
PitsundaPineGrove.jpg|Pine grove

Pension_Mayak_of_Pitsunda.jpg|Hotel *Mayak* (*Lighthouse*)
Скульптурная композиция называется «Море».jpg| *The Sea* (the sculptural composition)

]]

## Related pages 
* Abkhazia
* Gagra

## References
Narazuke

**Narazuke** (ならづけ、奈良漬) is a type of traditional pickle produced in Nara Prefecture, Japan. Making pickles using the byproduct of alcohol.  

It is a pickle made from fresh fruit or vegetables that are soaked in salt and sake-no-kasu. Sake-no-kasu is a kind of waste from making sake, so that sake itself is not used. Making good quality narazuke takes a very long time. Some certain expert say it take at least 3 to 4 years.

 

## References
Sannzoku-yaki

**Sannzoku-yaki** is a dish made of chicken, especially chicken thighs, from Nagano Prefecture, Japan. It is fried or baked, and served with cabbage.

## References
Chikuzenni

**Chikuzenni** (筑前煮 *chikuzen-ni*) is a dish that comes from northern Kyushu, Japan. It is made of chicken and vegetables. It is often eaten when bringing in the new year in Japan.
Yaki Manju

**Yaki Manju** (grilled manju) is a crispy dough made from miso used for baking sweets in Japan. Yaki-manju is a traditional local food in Gunma. It began in the Edo period and was first made by a shop called Harashimaya in Maebashi, Gunma. Manju usually has miso paste on the outside and Azuki bean inside, which gives it a salty and sweet flavor, as well as a crispy texture on the outside and soft texture on the inside. It is sold at shops or festivals. It is a cheap, large, and filling snack. Making it requires flour, sugar, yeast, lukewarm water, salad oil and salt in a bowl. The dough is kneaded and steamed. Third, they are shaped round and put on a skewer. Finally, they are baked with miso paste.

Isesaki, Gunma holds a Yakimanju festival in January. This main event is making very big yakimanju. Its size is 20 meters. A lot of people participate in this festival.

## References
Yashouma

**Yashouma** is traditional and colorful food in northern Nagano Prefecture made from rice flour.

## References
Gokabo

**Gokabo** (五家宝) is a Japanese sweet produced and sold in Saitama, especially Kumagaya city. It is one of the top three sweets in Saitama, along with Soka rice cake (*Senbei*) of Soka city and potato sweets (*Imogashi*) of Kawagoe city.

They are manufactured by hand. A starch-like core is placed in a pan and wrapped with starch syrup. Then, soybean powder (*Kinako*) is placed on the surface. They can be made in different colors by using different-colored soybeans, such as blue soybeans. It was introduced 140 years ago and was sold at Tadenji Temple in Fudogaoka. It was sold under the name of "5 rice bar" during the Edo period.  It is occasionally served in school meals for public elementary and junior high schools in modern times. It costs about 400 yen for twelve pieces.

## References
1977 Birmingham tornado

The **1977 Birmingham tornado** was a violent tornado that moved through the northern suburbs of Birmingham, Alabama during the afternoon of April 4, 1977.

## The Birmingham tornado 
Beginning a few miles north of Birmingham, it passed through Jefferson County, causing **F5** damage in Smithfield. The tornado caused 22 deaths and 125 injuries as well as $25 million in damage. Hundreds of homes were damaged or destroyed. Two trucks were thrown into the air. Daniel Payne College suffered extensive damage, and it was closed permanently.

## Other tornadoes 
Other tornadoes broke out in Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and North Carolina. One tornado killed one person in Georgia, while another person was killed east of Birmingham. The severe weather on April 4 contributed to the crash of an Southern Airways plane, killing 70 people.

The tornado was the second tornado to affect Birmingham since 1956. The next tornado struck in 1998 and killed 32 people, and in 2011, a tornado killed 64 people.
Suryavanshi

**Suryavanshi** Kshatriya refer to the Solar Dynasty of Rajputs or the descendants of the Hindu God Surya. The term comes from Sanskrit (सूर्यवंशी) *Sūryavanśī* literally meaning *descendants of the Sun*.     

## References
Lunar dynasty

**Lunar dynasty** also known as **Chandravanshi, Somavanshi** or **Chandravamsa** was a mythological dynasty in ancient Indian texts. They are said to be descendants from the moon god Chandra. The Lunar dynasty was established by the Pururavas, who was the first ruler of the lunar dynasty, and he was a common ancestor of both the Kauravas and Pandavas. 

According to the *Shatapatha Brahmana*, Pururavas was the son of Budha (himself often described as the son of Soma) and the gender-switching deity Ila (born as the daughter of Manu).

Ila's descendants were also known as the Ailas In Hindu texts, the Kurukshetra war that forms the subject of the Indian epic *Mahabharata*, was largely fought between rival branches of the Lunar dynasty, famously resulting in the hesitation of Arjuna away from war and the reprimand of his mentor Krishna. Krishna reminds Arjuna that dharma stands above everything and the text forms an integral cultural cornerstone for all four Kshatriya houses.

By the conclusion of the Kurukshetra war most of the Yadhuvanshi lineage is in peril. The sinking of Dwarka sees the destruction of the entire Yaduvanshi lineage with the exception of Vajranabh who was saved by Arjuna and later becomes the king of Mathura.

## References
She's All That

'''''She's All That''''' is a 1999 American teen romantic comedy movie directed by Robert Iscove. It stars Freddie Prinze Jr., Rachael Leigh Cook, Matthew Lillard, and Paul Walker. The story is a modern retelling of George Bernard Shaw's play *Pygmalion* and George Cukor's 1964 movie *My Fair Lady*. It was one of the most popular teen movies of the late 1990s and reached No. 1 at the box office in its first week of release. Fleming said Shyamalan wrote the line "Am I a fucking bet?".

Director Robert Iscove wanted his movie to be like the old movies of John Hughes, but different and for the teenagers of the 1990s. The highschool scenes were shot at Torrance High School, where Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Beverly Hills, 90210 had also filmed. Shankman also worked with Owen Wilson on his dance scenes.

## Critics 
Critics gave the movie mixed reviews. On Metacritic the movie has a score of 51% based 32 reviews.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Parmar

**Parmar** also known as **Panwar** or **Pawar** may refer to clans of various Indian communities: It is found among the Jats, Rajputs, Gurjar, Koli and some other communities.

## Related pages
*Pawar
*Pawar Koli

## References
Agnivansha

**Agnivanshi** is a person who belongs to the Fire Dynasty of the Rajputs. 

## Origin
According to Bhavishya Purana, When Parshurama destroyed all the Kshatriyas in the land, the Brahmin priests, headed by Sage Vasishtha, kindled a sacrificial fire at Mount Abu and prayed that they be granted protection by being given some warriors. In answer to their prayer, four heroes came out of the sacrificial fire-pit and these were the ancestors of the chief Rajput Clans - the Parmaras, the Pratiharas, the Chauhanas and the Chalukyas.

The Four Agnivanshi clans are :
* Parmar
* Pratihar
* Chauhan
* Bundela
* Baghela
* Dogra
* Solanki or the Chalukyas
Canadian Tire Centre

**Canadian Tire Centre** () is an indoor arena in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, located in the western suburb of Kanata. It can be used for many purposes. 

It opened in January 1996 as **The Palladium** and was also known as **Corel Centre** from 1996 to 2006 and **Scotiabank Place** from 2006 to 2013. The Ottawa Senators play hockey here.

On June 23, 2022, a proposal was accepted that would build a new arena in the LeBreton Flats area of downtown Ottawa. The arena will replace the Canadian Tire Centre as the new home arena for the Senators when it's built.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
*Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame
Charles Nicoletti

**Charles "Chuckie" Anthony Nicoletti** (December 3, 1916 &ndash; March 29, 1977), also known as "The Typewriter" and "Chuckie Typewriter", was an American mobster. He was born in Chicago. He was a top Chicago Outfit hitman under Outfit boss Sam Giancana before and after Giancana's rise and fall.

On March 29, 1977, Nicoletti was shot three times in the back of his head in the parking lot in suburban Northlake, Illinois, aged 60.

In 2010, *Playboy* magazine published an article by Hillel Levin in which Nicoletti was suspected in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy by James Files.

## References
## Other websites
*Charles Nicoletti at Find a Grave
Induction coil

An **induction coil** or "spark coil" is a type of electrical transformer. It is used to produce high-voltage pulses from a low-voltage direct current (DC) supply.  To create the flux changes necessary to induce voltage in the secondary coil, the direct current in the primary coil is repeatedly interrupted by a vibrating mechanical contact called an interrupter. spark-gap radio transmitters,  arc lighting and quack medical devices from the 1880s to the 1920s.  Today its only common use is for **ignition coils** in internal combustion engines and in physics education to demonstrate induction.

## Key to diagram
* A = Armature
* B = Battery
* C = Capacitor
* G = Spark gap
* K = Interrupter
* M = Iron core
* P = Primary coil
* S = Secondary coil

## References
Matthew Flinders

**Matthew Flinders**  (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was an English navigator and cartographer. He was the leader of the first circumnavigation of Australia and identified it as a continent.

Flinders made three voyages to the southern ocean between 1791 and 1810. In the second voyage, George Bass and Flinders confirmed that Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) was an island. In the third voyage, Flinders circumnavigated the mainland of what was to be called Australia, along with Aboriginal man Bungaree.

Heading back to England in 1803, Flinders' vessel needed urgent repairs at Isle de France (Mauritius). Although Britain and France were at war, Flinders thought the scientific nature of his work would ensure safe passage, but a suspicious governor kept him under arrest for more than six years. In captivity, he recorded details of his voyages for future publication, and put forward his rationale for naming the new continent 'Australia', as an umbrella term for New Holland and New South Wales – a suggestion taken up later by Governor Macquarie.

Flinders' health had suffered, however, and although he reached home in 1810, he did not live to see the publication of his widely praised book and atlas, *A Voyage to Terra Australis*.
Vacation

.]]
A **vacation** (American English) or **holiday** (British English) is a time for people to relax and take a break from whatever they usually do. People spend their vacation time in different ways. For many, it is a time for tourism. They might go backpacking to a holiday camp, or stay in a trailer, hostel, or hotel. Families often take a vacation together. Because the cost of many things is becoming higher, some people are giving up going on vacation to other countries, and are staying in their home country and finding interesting places to go there. This type of trip is known colloquially as a "staycation".

Vacations are usually taken when somebody has time off of work or school. This means that many people go on vacation during religious or national holidays. Many jobs allow for workers to have several days off during which they will still be paid. This practice, known as annual leave, is another common time for people to go on vacation.

## References
Violence against women

'' is a drawing by Francisco de Goya. He made it in 1797 or 1798.]]
**Violence against women** (**VAW** in short), also called **gender-based violence**, is violent acts mostly against women and girls. It is sometimes considered a hate crime. The reason for that is such acts of violence are done against women and girls mainly because they're female.

The United Nations' Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women says: "violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power of relations between men and women."

Violence against women has several broad categories: murder, rape, sexual harassment, domestic violence, sexual violence, forced marriage and female genital mutilation are among those categories.

On 11 May 2011, Council of Europe has adopted Istanbul Convention against domestic violence and violence against women.

## References
## Related page 
*Misogyny
*Sexism
*Women's rights movement
Frodsham

**Frodsham** is a small market town in the county of Cheshire in the north west of England, north west of Chester, on the River Weaver, and overlooking the River Mersey estuary.

The town is of Saxon origin, its 11th century church is mentioned in the Domesday Book. When a salt refinery was opened in 1964, salt was brought by river from Northwich.

## References
Filip Vujanović

**Filip Vujanović** (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Филип Вујановић, ) (born 1 September 1954 ; in Belgrade,SFR Yugoslavia) is a Montenegrin politician. He was the 3rd President of Montenegro from 2003 to 2018. He was the country's first president since its independence in June 2006. 

## Biography 
In 1978, he graduated from the Law Faculty of the University of Belgrade.

From March 1978 to November 1980, he was an employee of the municipal and district prosecutor's office in Belgrade.

From November 1980 to January 1981, he worked as a court clerk at the District Court of Titograd.

In 1982-1993 he was engaged in advocacy.

From March 1993 to May 1995, Minister of Justice of Montenegro.

1995-1998, Minister of Internal Affairs of Montenegro.

From February 5, 1998, to November 5, 2002, Chairman of the Government of Montenegro as part of Yugoslavia.

Since November 5, 2002, Chairman of the Assembly of the Union Republic of Montenegro. 

Since November 25, 2002, after the resignation of Milo Djukanovic he became acting president.

May 11, 2003 elected President of Montenegro; the inauguration took place on 22 May.

He was a supporter of NATO integration of Montenegro. 

## President 
On 5 November 2002, he became speaker of the Montenegrin parliament, and from 25 November 2002, he served as Acting President after Đukanović's resignation.  Vujanović ran in the December 2002 presidential elections but the result was invalid due to low turnout. The elections were repeated in February 2003, with Vujanović winning again, but turnout was still below 50%.  A third election was held on 11 May 2003, with the minimum turnout rule abolished, and Vujanović won with 63% of the vote.

On 14 December 2006, he signed an agreement to join NATO's "Partnership for Peace" program, making Montenegro a member. After that, President Vujanović and NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer held a press conference, where Scheffer praised Montenegro's choice to move towards European integration.

## References
Thriller (album)

***Thriller*** is the sixth studio album by the American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson. It was released in 1982 and is the biggest-selling album of all time. Seven singles were released from the album. It won eight Grammy Awards, the most anyone has won at once.

In 1979, Jackson released *Off the Wall*. It was very successful. However, Jackson was not happy. At the 1980 Grammys, he won one Grammy from the album. It was the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for the single "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Jackson said that "It was totally unfair that it didn't get Record of the Year and it can never happen again". When Jackson made *Thriller* he wanted it to be more successful than *Off the Wall*. *Thriller* won Record of the Year.
 
In October 2001, a special edition of the album was released. It has an extra twelve tracks.

## Thriller 25
In 2008, twenty-five years after its release the album was released again as *Thriller 25*. It had seven extra songs: a new song, "For All Time", five remixes with Fergie, will.i.am, Kanye West, and Akon, and a clip from Vincent Price's spoken bit in the song "Thriller". Jackson was the album's executive producer.
Jackson died in 2009. This made people buy more of his music. In 2009 *Thriller* sold 1.27 million copies in the US. This made it the 14th best-selling album of the year.

*Thriller 25th Anniversary: The Book, Celebrating the Biggest Selling Album of All Time* was published.

## Singles
"The Girl Is Mine" was released as the album's first single. It reached number two in the *Billboard* 100. By 1985, it had sold 1.3 million copies.

"Billie Jean" was released as the second single. It was number one in the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain and Switzerland. It won two Grammy Awards.

The album's third single "Beat It" reached number one in the *Billboard* 100. It won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance. It also won two American Music Awards.

"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" reached number five in the *Billboard* 100. The song was nominated for "Best R&B Song" at the 1984 Grammy Awards. "Billie Jean" won the award instead.

"Human Nature" was released as the fifth single. It reached number seven in the Hot 100.

"P.Y.T (Pretty Young Thing)" was *Thriller*'s sixth single. It reached number ten in the Hot 100.

## Track listing
# "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" (Michael Jackson) – 6:02
# "Baby Be Mine" (Rod Temperton) – 4:20
# "The Girl Is Mine" (featuring Paul McCartney) (Jackson) – 3:42
# "Thriller" (Temperton) – 5:57
# "Beat It" (Jackson) – 4:19
# "Billie Jean" (Jackson) – 4:54
# "Human Nature" (Steve Porcaro, John Bettis) – 4:05
# "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" (James Ingram, Quincy Jones) – 3:58
# "The Lady in My Life" (Temperton) – 4:59

## References
Duško Marković

**Duško Marković** (Cyrillic: Душко Марковић; born 6 July 1959) is a Montenegrin politician. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Montenegro from 28 November 2016 to 4 December 2020.

## References
Igor Lukšić

**Igor Lukšić** (Cyrillic alphabet: Игор Лукшић), , born birth 14 June 1976) is a Montenegrin politician. He became acting Prime Minister of Montenegro with the resignation of Milo Đukanović. He was elected as Đukanović's official replacement on 29 December 2010. He became Prime Minister on 4 December 2012 and was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2016. He plans to become Secretary General of the Regional Cooperation Council in January 2022.

## Early life 
Lukšić was born in Bar, Montenegro (then Yugoslavia). He finished elementary school and high school in his hometown. 

## References
South Western Railway (train operating company)

**South Western Railway** (SWR) was an English train operating company owned by FirstGroup (70%) and MTR Corporation (30%) that operated the South Western franchise. It operated commuter services from its Central London terminus at London Waterloo to South West London.  SWR provided suburban and regional services in the counties of Surrey, Hampshire and Dorset, as well as regional services in Devon, Somerset, Berkshire and Wiltshire. Its subsidiary Island Line operated services on the Isle of Wight.

## References
Great Western main line

The **Great Western main line** is a main line railway in England, that runs westwards from London Paddington to .

It opened in 1841 and was the original route of the old Great Western Railway. In 1948 it became the Western Region of British Railways. It is now part of the national rail system managed by Network Rail.

## Electrification
The line was electrified from Paddington to Heathrow Airport in the late 1990s. Work to electrify the rest of the route started in 2011. The aim was to complete the work all the way to Bristol by 2016. Parts of the programme have been deferred because costs have tripled. The four sections deferred are: Didcot to Oxford, Bristol Parkway to Bristol Temple Meads, Royal Wootton Bassett Junction to Bristol Temple Meads and the Thames Valley branches to Henley-on-Thames and Windsor.

## Train services
Most trains are operated by Great Western Railway.

## References
Hans Kronberger

**Hans Kronberger** (May 9, 1951 in Hall bei Admont, Styria – July 14, 2018 in Vienna) was an Austrian politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament from Austria. He was a parliamentary member of the Freedom Party of Austria. He served as an MEP from 1996 to 2004.

## References
Gary Beach

**Gary Beach** (October 10, 1947 – July 17, 2018) was an American actor and singer. He was born in Alexandria, Virginia. Beach was best known for the role of Roger De Bris in both the stage and movie productions of *The Producers*. He won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical and Drama Desk Award in 2001.

Beach died on July 17, 2018 in Palm Springs, California at the age of 70.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*Gary Beach - *Downstage Center* 2005 interview at American Theatre Wing.org
João Semedo

**João Pedro Furtado da Cunha Semedo** (20 June 1951 &ndash; 17 July 2018), was a Portuguese physician and politician. He was a member of Assembly of the Republic from March 2006 to March 2015. He was born in Lisbon.

Semedo died on 17 July 2018 in Lisbon at the age of 67.

## References
Momir Bulatović

**Momir Bulatović** (Cyrillic: Момир Булатовић; 21 September 1956 &ndash; 30 June 2019) became the first President of Montenegro in 1990 and was president until 1998. He was also Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1998–2000).

Bulatović died on 30 June 2019 in Raći, Podgorica, Montenegro from a heart attack at the age of 62.

## References
Adrian Cronauer

**Adrian Cronauer** (September 8, 1938 – July 18, 2018) was a United States Air Force sergeant and radio personality. His work as a disc jockey on American Forces Network during the Vietnam War inspired the 1987 movie *Good Morning, Vietnam*. He was played by Robin Williams.

Cronauer died on July 18, 2018, at his home in Troutville, Virginia after a long illness, aged 79.

## References
Gopaldas Neeraj

'''Gopaldas Saxena 'Neeraj** (popularly known as **Niraj** or **Neeraj'''; 4 January 1925 – 18 July 2018) was an Indian poet and author. He was also a famous poet of Hindi Kavi sammelan. He was born in the village of Puravali near Mahewa of Etawah in Uttar Pradesh, India.

He wrote under the pen name "Neeraj". His style is easy to understand and thought to be high quality Hindi literature. He was awarded Padma Shri in 1991 and Padma Bhushan in 2007.

On 18 July 2018, Neeraj died from a respiratory tract infection at a Delhi hospital, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Get All Poems of Gopaldas Neeraj at Hindi Sahitya
Burton Richter

**Burton Richter** (March 22, 1931 – July 18, 2018) was an American physicist. He was a Nobel Prize winner. He led the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) team. He co-discovered the J/ψ meson in 1974. This discovery was part of the so-called November Revolution of particle physics. He was the SLAC director from 1984 to 1999.

Richter died on July 18, 2018 in Palo Alto, California at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*Nobelprize.org autobiography 
*Nobel Lecture  (PDF format)
*The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 
*Richter Burton,  Nobel Luminaries Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 
*SLAC press image
*Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
Geoffrey Wellum

Squadron Leader ** Geoffrey Harris Augustus Wellum** DFC (4 August 1921—18 July 2018) was a British Battle of Britain fighter pilot and author. 

Wellum suffered severe sinusitis and battle fatigue after three years' intensive frontline flying. He returned from Malta to Britain, becoming a test pilot on the Hawker Typhoon, based at Gloster Aircraft.

He finished the war as a gunnery instructor, staying in the RAF, first as a staff officer in West Germany, followed by a four-year tour with 192 Squadron. He married Grace, his wartime girlfriend, and they had three children.

## References
President of Montenegro

The **President of Montenegro** (Montenegrin: *Predsjednik Crne Gore*, *Predśednik Crne Gore*) is the head of state of Montenegro. The current president is Jakov Milatović, who was elected in 2023. The official residence of the President is the Blue Palace located in the former royal capital Cetinje.

Each president has a term of 5 years in office. The president can call elections for the Assembly. If the president is removed from office, a special election is held to select a replacement.

## Living former presidents 
Radivoje Brajović ( years) 

**Miodrag Vlahović (** years)

**Filip Vujanović (** years)

**Milo Đukanović (** years)

## List of presidents
### Before independence 
## List of Presidents of Socialist Montenegro
### Socialist Republic
|- align="center" 
| colspan=7| '''President of the Anti-Fascist Council of People's Liberation of Montenegro and the Boka (ZAVNOCGB)**1943–1944

|- align="center" 
| colspan=7| **President of the Montenegrin Anti-Fascist Assembly of People's Liberation (CASNO)**1944–1946

|-align="center" 
| colspan=7| **President of the Presidium of the Constitutional Assembly**1946–1947

|-align="center" 
| colspan=7| **Presidents of the Presidium of the People's Assembly**1947–1953

|- align="center" 
| colspan=7| **Presidents of the People's Assembly**1953–1974

|- align="center" 
| colspan=7| **Presidents of the Presidency**1974–1990

|- align="center" 
| colspan=7| **Presidents of Republic'''1990–1992

### Republic
## Notes 
## Other websites
*President of Montenegro
Marko Orlandić

**Marko Orlandić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Марко Орландић) (28 September 1930 &ndash; 20 December 2019) was a Montenegrin politician active during the 1970s and 1980s. In two terms, 1969–1971 and 1971–1974, he was a member of the Federal Executive Council. He was the Prime Minister from May 1974 to May 1978 and President of Montenegro from May 1983 to May 1984.

From 1979 to 1982, he served as Ambassador of SFRY in Soviet Union (USSR). He was one of the figures who called for Montenegro's independence.

After the breakup of SFR Yugoslavia, a new Yugoslavia was formed with only Serbia and Montenegro. Orlandić supported full independence for Montenegro. He wrote three books in Serbo-Croatian: *U Vrtlogu* (1997), *U Predvečerje Sloma* (2002), and *Crnogorsko Posrtanje* (2005). 

Orlandić died in Podgorica on 20 December 2019 at the age of 89.

## References
The President's Keeper

'''''The President's Keepers: Those Keeping Zuma in Power and out of Prison''''' is a book by an investigative journalist from South Africa about allegedly corrupt and compromised power networks in the government of President Jacob Zuma. It was written and published in 2017.

## Sources
Variscan orogeny

The **Variscan orogeny** (Hercynian orogeny) is an ancient mountain-building event in the late Palaeozoic era. It was caused by a continental collision between Euramerica (Laurussia) and Gondwana to form the supercontinent of Pangaea.

It explains many older features of the present-day world. The Appalachians in North America and the Massif Central in France are two examples. Other examples are the Pyrenees, Sardinia, the Rhine Massif, the Anti-Atlas in Morocco. To the east, the Variscan caused the Urals, the Pamir, the Tian Shan mountains. 

This geologic mountain-building event took place mostly in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods. By then Pangaea was more or less complete. In the Triassic period of the Mesozoic, there was land between Siberia over the North Pole to Antarctica over the South Pole. Later in the Mesozoic, the opening of the Atlantic split Pangea. The various parts of the huge mountain belts ended up widely apart on the modern globe.

Higher mountain chains on present-day Earth are the product of a later episode of mountain-building known as the Alpine orogeny.

## References
Rayo de Jalisco Sr.

**Máximino "Max" Linares Moreno** (November 22, 1932 – July 19, 2018) was a Mexican *luchador* (professional wrestler). He was better known under the ring name **Rayo de Jalisco** ("The Lightning Bolt from Jalisco"). He was thought to be one of the best wrestlers of his generation.

During his career, Linares held the NWA World Middleweight Championship three times as well as the Mexican National Tag Team Championship with *lucha libre* icon El Santo. He was added into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996 and the AAA Hall of Fame in 2014.

Linares died of congestive heart failure in Mexico City on July 19, 2018, aged 85.

## References
Denis Ten

**Denis Yuryevich Ten** (; 13 June 1993 – 19 July 2018) was a Kazakh figure skater. 

Ten was the 2014 Olympic bronze medalist, a two-time World medalist (silver in 2013, bronze in 2015), the 2015 Four Continents champion, the 2017 Winter Universiade champion, and a five-time national champion of Kazakhstan.

On 19 July 2018, Ten was stabbed in the thigh by two men who were trying to steal his car mirrors.

## References
Veljko Bulajić

**Veljko Bulajić** (22 March 1928 &ndash; 3 April 2024) was a Croatian Montenegrin movie director.

Bulajić was a resistance fighter in World War II having joined the Yugoslav Partisans  group at the age of 13. 

Some of his best known movies were *Kozara* and *Battle of Neretva*. According to the Croatian Public Broadcasting Company, his movies have reached an audience of 500 million viewers worldwide. The top four most viewed Yugoslav films of all time were all directed by Bulajic.

Bulajić died on 3 April 2024 in Zagreb, Croatia at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Luís Vaz de Torres

**Luís Vaz de Torres** was a Spanish explorer. Sometimes his name is spelled **Luis Váez de Torres**. He was born around the year 1565, and died in 1607. Today, he is noted for the first recorded European navigation of the strait which separates the continent of Australia from the island of New Guinea. The strait is now named after him (Torres Strait).

## Origins and early life
Captain Luis Váez de Torres undertook a voyage from 1606 to 1607. In this voyage, the crew called him a "Breton" in reports. One of the reports points to an origin in the northwest province of Spain, that is Galicia. Historians accept this as evidence of his origins. The year and exact place of his birth are unknown but he was likely born around 1565.

Torres has been presented as Portuguese, without any evidence other than his name. He is never called a Portuguese in the records but they note remarks made by crew members of the Portuguese origins of Pedro Fernandes de Queirós.

Torres entered the navy of the Spanish Crown and found his way to its South American colonies. By late 1605 he first entered the historical record as the nominated commander of the second ship in an expedition to the Pacific. The Portuguese born navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós proposed him for the position.

## References
Jon Schnepp

**Jonathan D. "Jon" Schnepp** (May 16, 1967 – July 19, 2018) was an American producer, director, voice actor, editor, writer, cartoonist, animator, and cinematographer. His documentary movie *The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened?* (2015) was one of his best works. He regularly made appearances on *Collider Movie Talk* and *Collider Nightmares*, and hosted *Collider Heroes* each week.

Schnepp was also known for directing *Metalocalypse*.

On July 12, 2018, Schnepp suffered a massive stroke that left him under life-support. He died of complications of the illness a week later on July 19, aged 51.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Jon's Twitter
Jean-Loup Dabadie

**Jean-Loup Dabadie** (27 September 1938 &ndash; 24 May 2020) was a French journalist, writer, lyricist, and screenwriter. He was born in Paris. Dabadie was a member of the Académie française. Dabadie was known for his works in *Anna* (1967), *Such a Gorgeous Kid Like Me* (1972), ''Courage - Let's Run* (1979), *Clara et les Chics Types* (1981) and *Get Well Soon'' (2014).

Dabadie died at a Paris hospital on 24 May 2020, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*  L'Académie française
*
Loading gauge

A **Loading gauge** defines the maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads to ensure safe passage through bridges, tunnels and other structures. Classification systems vary between different countries and gauges may vary across a network, even if the track gauge remains constant.

## References
L’Malouma Said

**L’Malouma Said** (; born 1972) is a politician and activist from Mauritania. In 2018, she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S Department of State.

## Life
L’Malouma Said was born a slave in Boutilmitt, Mauritania.  She was a leader in the El Hor movement (Movement for the liberation of Haratines) in Mauritania.  She helped to start the Mauritanian anti-slavery organization S.O.S. Esclaves.  She is married to Boubacar Messaoud, the current leader of S.O.S. Esclaves.

She was elected to the National Assembly of the Parliament of Mauritania in 2006 and 2013. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2017 and 2018  International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award 2018 (U.S. Department of State)
*S.O.S. Esclaves Mauritanie (in French, archived)
Silvia Bel

**Silvia Bel** (Catalan: **Sílvia Bel i Busquet**) (born June 24, 1970) is a Spanish actor of theater, film, and television.  She is known for the films Painless, The Next Skin, and Com si fos ahir. In 2012 she received the Margarita Xirgu Memorial Award for the best female performance of the Barcelona theater season for her part in "La Ciutat".

## Life 
Bel was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, in Spain.  She was married to actor Karra Elejalde.  They had one daughter.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sílvia Bel
Titot

**Titot** or **Francesc Ribera i Toneu** (born June 26, 1967) is a musician and Catalan politician.

## Life 
Titot was born in Berga, Berguedà, in central Catalonia, Spain. He started the musical group Brams in 1990. In 2000, he started the group Mesclat. In 2006, he started the group Aramateix.

## Books 
*Ribera, Francesc. Entestat en la independència. Ara Llibres, 2008. ISBN 9788492406234.
*Ribera, Francesc; Creus, Jordi. Història de Catalunya al revés. La Magrana, 2012. ISBN 9788482643946.
*Ribera, Francesc. L'assassinat de Guillem de Berguedà. Ara Llibres, 2015. ISBN 9788415645634.

## References
Prime Minister of Montenegro

The **Prime Minister of Montenegro** (Montenegrin: *Premijer Crne Gore*) (*Premier of Montenegro*), is the head of the Government of Montenegro. The role of the Prime Minister is to follow and lead the work of the Government, and to submit to the Parliament the Government's Program.

The current Prime Minister, Milojko Spajić is the member of Europe Now! party and became prime minister in October 2023.

## List of prime ministers
## References
## Other websites
* Prime Minister of Montenegro
Pomarkku

**Pomarkku** () is a municipality in Satakunta in Finland. It's nearby Pori and Kankaanpää. The municipality has a population of 2,196 (31 August 2017).

In the civil war, Pomarkku had a big battle with several deads.

## Other websites 
* Municipality of Pomarkku – Official website
Anna Sahun

**Anna Sahun** or **Anna Sahun Martí** (born March 13, 1975) is a Catalonian actor. Sahun is known for the movies "Agnosia", "The Hours of the Day", and "Temps de Silenci".  She is also known for playing the part of Lídia Almeda in the television series "La Riera".

Anna Sahun was born in Barcelona. She studied theater at the Institut del Teatre in Barcelona.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Official website for Anna Sahun
Telling You

***Telling You***, also known as ***Love Sucks***, is a 1998 romantic comedy movie directed by Robert DeFranco and starring Peter Facinelli, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Matthew Lillard, Judge Reinhold and Dash Mihok. It was distributed by Miramax. Its filming location finds place in North Hollywood. It was released on August 7, 1998.

## Plot
Three college graduates find themselves back home in New Jersey stuck behind the counter of a pizza parlor and frustrated about their life's perspectives, while their friends move on, struggle to find a new direction for their lives. Dennis feels overtaken by those he outstripped at high school while Phil re-encounters an ex-girlfriend who is Tony's sister he left behind. In the meantime, dealing with problems created by some money missing from the restaurant, the trio begin meeting old acquaintances and trying to pull themselves up and reorganise their plans for the future.

## Cast
*Peter Facinelli as Phil Fazzulo
*Jennifer Love Hewitt as Deb Freidman
*Matthew Lillard as Tony Friedman (Deb's brother)
*Judge Reinhold as Adam Ginesberg
*Dash Mihok as Dennis Nolan
*Andy Berman as Howard Gurtler
*Robert DeFranco as Steve Fagan
*Gary Wolf as John Foley
*Richard Libertini as Mr. P
*Gina Philips as Kristen Barrett
*Jennifer Jostyn as Beth Taylor
*Frank Medrano as Sal Lombardo
*Jensen Daggett as Susan
*Shanna Moakler as Cheryl Tangeray
*Charlotte Ayanna as Allison Fazio (as Charlotte Lopez)
*Marc Bossley as Tommy Spahn
*Stephanie Brown as Michelle Itzo
*Gerald Jennke as Michelle Itzo's Neighbor
*Michelle Burke as Kristen's Friend (as Michelle Thomas)
*Andrea Tiano as Maria (Sal's Sister)
*Mike Muldoon as Jerry (Sal's Brother-in-Law)
*Jack Rourke as Murph
*Rick Rossovich as McQueeney (uncredited)
*Lorin Eric Salm as Lettuce Man
*John Bachelder as John Batchelder
*Stephen 'Bundy' DeFranco as Bundy
*Paul Anthony as Rough Stranger
*Kerri Kleiner as Allison's Friend
*Liz Reese as Telephone Montage
*Jennifer Foley as Amy
*Jon Cellini as the tough guy
*Joe Crusco as the Police Officer

## Other websites
* 
*
NGK (movie)

***NGK*** (which is a abbreviation for Nandha Gopalan Kumaran) is an Indian Tamil language political drama movie. It was written and directed by Selvaraghavan. This was his first time working with Suriya. Yuvan Shankar Raja is the music composer. The movie was produced by S. R. Prakashbabu and S. R. Prabhu of Dream Warrior Pictures.

The movie stars Suriya, Rakul Preet Singh and Sai Pallavi in the lead roles. The project was officially announced in November 2017 after completion of *Thaanaa Serndha Kootam*. The movie's pre-production began in January 2018. Principal photography began on 22 January 2018. It was released on 31 May 2019. The first look of the movie and title *NGK* were unveiled on 5 March 2018.

## Songs 
*
*

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Prestel

**Prestel** was the brand name for the United Kingdom Post Office's Viewdata technology, It was an interactive videotex system developed during the late 1970s and commercially launched in 1979. It achieved a maximum of 90,000 subscribers in the UK and was eventually sold by BT in 1994.

The technology was a forerunner of on-line services today. Instead of a computer, a television set hooked to a dedicated terminal was used to receive information from a remote database via a telephone line. The service offered thousands of pages ranging from consumer information to financial data but with limited graphics.

## Related pages
* Minitel
Nice for What

"**Nice for What**" is the second single off of Canadian rapper Drake's fifth studio album *Scorpion*. The song was released on April 6, 2018. The song samples the 1998 song "Ex-Factor" by Lauren Hill.

On April 8, 2018, a music video for the song was released. The music video was directed by Karena Evans. It features multiple women doing different activities in their daily lives. Different celebrities made appearances in the video such as Olivia Wilde and Tiffany Haddish.

## References
## Other websites
*"Nice for What" on YouTube
Dizzee Rascal

**Dylan Mills** (born 18 September 1984, better known as **Dizzee Rascal**) is a British rapper. He has made many types of music, such as hip hop, R&B, and UK garage. He helped make grime music, which is a type of electronic dance music. He is also known for being on pirate radio stations. His music is a combination of both garage and hip-hop beats, with his own style of rapping.

Dizzee Rascal has made many popular songs, such as "Dance wiv Me", "Bonkers", "Holiday", "Dirtee Disco" and "Shout".

## History 
Dizzee Rascal's first single was "I Luv U". The song is about accidental teenage pregnancy. He released his first album, *Boy in da Corner*, in 2003. Many music critics gave it good reviews.

Dizzee Rascal was stabbed in Ayia Napa in 2003. Some newspapers thought it happened because of problems between Dizzee and a UK-based hip-hop group named So Solid Crew. He also worked on Basement Jaxx's third album, *Kish Kash* (2003). He helped make the track "Lucky Star".

## References
Manoj Katuwal

**Manoj Katuwal** (born 14 March 1985) is a Nepalese cricketer. He is a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper. He played for the Nepal national cricket team between 2002 and 2006 including the two first-class matches.

## References
Skyscraper (2018 movie)

***Skyscraper*** is an action movie. It has Dwayne Johnson acting as a FBI agent who has to rescue his family from a very tall skyscraper in Hong Kong, after it is set on fire. The movie was written and directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber and was released in the United States on July 13, 2018.

## References
SMS Helgoland

'*SMS *Helgoland'''*, the lead ship of her class, was a dreadnought battleship of the German Imperial Navy. *Helgoland*&#x27;s design was an improvement on the earlier *Nassau class*. One change was adding bigger main guns. Construction began on 11 November 1908 at the Howaldtswerke shipyards in Kiel. *Helgoland* was launched on 25 September 1909  and was commissioned on 23 August 1911.

*Helgoland'' saw some action against Britain's Royal Navy during World War I. The ship was part of the I Scouting Group in the North Sea. She also served in the Baltic Sea against the Russian Navy, including the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915. *Helgoland* was at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May&nbsp;– 1 June 1916. She was given to Great Britain at the end of the war and broken up for scrap in the early 1920s. Her coat of arms is now in the Military History Museum of the Bundeswehr in Dresden.

## Other websites 
## References