open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sarah Frey

**Sarah Frey** (born July 24, 1976) is an American farmer, writer and businesswoman. She is the CEO and owner of Frey Farms. She founded the company at age sixteen.

## Personal life
Frey was born on July 24, 1976. In her memoir, Frey wrote that at age seven she was sexually abused by a farmhand. She bought her family farm, near Mount Vernon, Illinois, at age 18. In 2018, Frey created another company called Sarah's Homegrown that focused on agua frescas and fresh produce. 

Frey is on the United Fresh Government Relations Council and the National Watermelon Promotion Board. She is also a member of the Illinois Agriculture Coalition committee.

## Politics
In 2019, some Republican congress officials wanted Frey to run for office to replace Republican Representative John Shimkus after he announced his retirement but decided not to run.

In November 2024, it was reported that President-elect Donald Trump was thinking about nominating Frey to serve as the United States Secretary of Agriculture for his second administration.

## Written works
**For the Love of Pumpkins: A Visual Guide to Fall Decorating with Pumpkins and Ornamentals* (2007) 
**The Growing Season: How I Built a New Life--and Saved an American Farm* (2020) 

## References
## Other websites
*
Arleen Sorkin

**Arleen Frances Sorkin** (October 14, 1955 – August 24, 2023) was an American actress, screenwriter, television presenter and comedian. Sorkin is known for playing Calliope Jones on the NBC daytime series *Days of Our Lives* and for being the real-life inspiration and voice for DC Comics character Harley Quinn on *Batman: The Animated Series*.

Sorkin died in Los Angeles, California on August 24, 2023 from problems caused by pneumonia and multiple sclerosis at the age of 67.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eileen Kramer

**Eileen Kramer** (8 November 1964 &ndash; 15 November 2004) was an Australian dancer, artist, performer, choreographer and supercentenarian. Kramer was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Kramer began her career by performing with the Bodenwieser Ballet in 1980. She toured around Australia, France and the United States for the next 40 years, before returning to Australia where she remained active in the arts until her death.

Kramer died on 15 November 2004 in New South Wales, a week after her 40th birthday.

## References
## Other websites
* One Plus One - ABC News
* The Art of Now: Breath is Life - Eileen Kramer - BBC Radio 4
* Studio 10 interview - YouTube
Tyler Hoechlin

**Tyler Lee Hoechlin** (; born September 11, 1987) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Michael Sullivan Jr. in the 2002 movie *Road to Perdition*, Gerry in *Hall Pass* (2011), Martin Brewer in the television series *7th Heaven* (2003&ndash;2007), Shawn Hodges in *CSI: Miami* (2007), Superman in *Arrow* (2018-2020), Derek Hale on *Teen Wolf* (20112014; 2017) and Superman in The CW's *Supergirl* (20162019) and *Superman & Lois* (2021present).

Hoechlin was born in Corona, California, on September 11, 1987.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* UC Irvine player biography
Elizabeth Henstridge

**Elizabeth Frances Henstridge** (born 11 September 1987) is an English actress, model and director. She is known for playing Jemma Simmons in the ABC superhero action drama series *Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.* (2013–2020).

## References
## Other websites
*
D. John Sauer

**Dean John Sauer** (born November 13, 1974) is an American lawyer and politician who has been the 49th Solicitor General of the United States since 2025. He was the Solicitor General of Missouri from 2017 to 2023. He also represented former President Donald Trump in his successful appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court in *Trump v. United States*.

## Early life
Sauer was born on November 13, 1974. He was raised in Creve Coeur, Missouri. Sauer graduated from Duke University in 1997. He then studied at Oriel College at the University of Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship. He later went to University of Notre Dame and then Harvard Law School.

## Legal career
Sauer worked as a litigation associate at Cooper & Kirk and then became an Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri.

In 2015, Sauer successfully vindicated a priest who had been falsely accused of sexually abusing children.

In January 2017, then-Missouri Attorney General Josh Hawley made Sauer Solicitor General of Missouri.

On January 9, 2024, he represented former President Donald Trump in oral arguments before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit about the issue of presidential immunity in the criminal case of *United States of America v. Donald J. Trump*. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on April 4, 2025, by a vote of 52–45. He took office the same day.

In May, 2025, Sauer asked the Supreme Court of the United States to include DOGE as a "presidential advisory body" within the Executive Office of the President.

## References
## Other websites
* Appearances at the U.S. Supreme Court from the Oyez Project
Barry Jordan

**Barry Jordan** (17 December 1957 — 13 November 2024) was a South African church musician. He was the organist and cantor of the Magdeburg Cathedral in Germany for almost 30 years.

## Biography
Jordan was born in Gqeberha, South Africa on 17 December 1957. He studied music at the University of Cape Town from 1976 to 1979. He was also organ scholar at the St. George’s Cathedral. He obtained his Master of Music in composition in 1985. He studied composition with Francis Burt from 1986 to 1988 and organ with Martin Haselböck. In 1988 he received his "Konzertexamen" in 1992 his church music diplomas A and 1994 his diplomas B. He worked at the St. Nikolai in Kiel, as the assistant of Hans Gebhard. Afterwards he was cantor-organist at the Osterkirche. In 1994 he was appointed cantor-organist of the Magdeburg Cathedral. Between 2003 and 2006 Jorsan was also organ teacher af the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig. In 2004 he was awarded the honorary title of Kirchenmusikdirektor. He retired as the cantor-organist of Magdeburg Cathedral in December 2023.

Jordan has performed regularly as a concert organist. Mainly in Germany but also in other countries. Recordings of his playing have appeared on labels including, Prospect, IFO, and Querstand. He was also active as a composer for organ and other ensembles.

Jordan died on 13 November 2024, at the age of 66 years old.

## References
New Great Migration

The New Great Migration refers to the demographic shift that has occurred from 1970 to the present, marking a reversal of the preceding 60-year trend of African American migration within the United States.

Since 1970, various factors have contributed to the migration of African Americans to the Southern United States. These include the deindustrialization of cities in the Northeastern and Midwestern regions, the emergence of job opportunities in the "New South" characterized by lower living costs, a desire to reconnect with family, strong cultural ties, a perceived reduction in discrimination, and religious affiliations. 

## References
Oljas Bektenov

**Oljas Abaiūly Bektenov** (born 13 December 1980) is a Kazakh politician. He has been the prime minister of Kazakhstan since 2024. 

## References
Gullah language

**Gullah** is a creole language spoken by the Gullah community, also called "Geechees" among its members. This African American population lives in the coastal areas of South Carolina and Georgia, which cover urban centers such as Charleston and Savannah, as well as the far northeastern part of Florida and the southeastern tip of North Carolina.
## References
Americo-Liberians

**Americo-Liberians** constitute an ethnic group in Liberia, originating from African American, Afro-Caribbean, and liberated African backgrounds. Their lineage can be traced back to free-born individuals and formerly enslaved African Americans who migrated to Liberia in the 19th century, playing a pivotal role in establishing the nation. This group identifies itself as Americo-Liberians.

## References
African-American dance

**African-American dance** is a distinctive form of dance. It originated from Africans in the Diaspora, particularly within the United States. This dance style has evolved in various environments throughout African-American communities, rather than in traditional studios, educational institutions, or professional companies. The dances primarily focus on folk and social dance practices, although elements of performance dance often enhance these forms. Emphasizing the importance of improvisation, African-American dance is marked by continuous transformation and evolution. Several prominent African-American modern dance companies draw inspiration from this cultural dance, including the Whitey's Lindy Hoppers, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Dance Theatre of Harlem, and the Katherine Dunham Company. Additionally, Hollywood and Broadway have created platforms for African-American artists to showcase their talents and for audiences to engage with their work.

## References
Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir

**Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir** (born 4 October 1965) is an Icelandic politician. She has been chairwoman of the Liberal Reform Party since 2017. Þorgerður was deputy chairwoman of the Independence Party from 2005 to 2010. 

Þorgerður was the Minister of Education, Science and Culture from 31 December 2003 to 1 February 2009. She left the Independence Party in 2016 and joined the newly founded Reform Party. She was Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture in 2017.

In December 2024, she became the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

## References
## Other websites
*A biography at Althingi
Czesław Kaczmarek

**Czesław Kaczmarek** (April 16, 1895 – August 26, 1963) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Kielce, known for his firm stance against Communism and his persecution under the Polish People's Republic. As a prominent church leader, he faced significant oppression, including arrest and imprisonment, due to his outspoken opposition to the state's policies regarding religion and human rights.

## References 
## Other website 
* Official Website of the Diocese of Kielce
Charter school

A **charter school**  is a school that is given government funding but works independently from a state school system in which it is located. It is independent as they work under the simple charter.

## References
Seeing Allah

**Seeing Allah** (Arabic: رؤية الله) is a much-discussed and controversial topic in Islam. There are various interpretations in the Quran and Hadith regarding whether the Islamic prophet Muhammad saw Allah during the ascension and in a dream. The disagreements over these interpretations have often led to extremist conflicts, with Islamic sects sometimes declaring each other as infidels. However, most Sunni scholars agree that Allah will be seen on the Day of Judgment.
## References
Marianne Bernadotte

**Gullan Marianne, Princess Bernadotte, Countess of Wisborg** (née **Lindberg**, later **Tchang**; 15 July 1924 &ndash; 16 May 2025), also known as **Princess Marianne Bernadotte**, was a Swedish actress and philanthropist.

In 1961, she married Sigvard Bernadotte, the second son of Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden. 

Since the death of Gunnila Bernadotte in 2016, she is the last surviving aunt of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and Queen Anne-Marie of Greece. On 15 July 2024, she became the first official member of the Swedish Royal Family to turn 100 years old.

Bernadotte died at a retirement home in Stockholm, on 16 May 2025, at the age of 100.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
*
*
Tiszaeszlár

**Tiszaeszlár** (Old form: *Tisza-Eszlár*) is a village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Hungary.

## References
Loek Dijkman

**Lodewijk Theodorus Lambertus "Loek" Dijkman** (22 February 1942 – 1 November 2024) was a Dutch business person and philanthropist.

Dijkman was the founder of the music centre  in the Parkkerk, Amsterdam. He also ensured the preservation of the Arboretum , which he took over from the Wageningen University and started the statue galary   there. On the  in Leiden, Stichting Utopa that was founded by Dijkman, owns the historic Holy Spirit Orphanage, the oldest parts of which date back to the fifteenth century. After a thorough renovation, the building has been used by Stichting Utopa as the Utopa Orphanage/Children's Rights House since 2010.

He has been awarded several times for his commitment to art and culture in the Netherlands, including the  in 2008.

Dijkman died in Leiden on 1 November 2024, at the age of 82.

## References
Peter Sinfield

**Peter John Sinfield** (27 December 1943 &ndash; 14 November 2024) was an English rock singer-songwriter, guitarist and poet. He was best known as a co-founder and lyricist of King Crimson. He also wrote songs for artists such as Celine Dion, Cher, Cliff Richard, Leo Sayer, Five Star, and Bucks Fizz.

Sinfield died on 14 November 2024 in London, England from a long-illness at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Song Soup On Sea  – Official website of Peter Sinfield.
* 
*  of 2002 interview by Todd Kennedy.
Flag of Burgos, Spain

The **flag of Burgos** () has two horizontal stripes of red and brown with the coat of arms of Burgos. It was adopted on 4 May 2021.

## References
István Nemere

**István Nemere** (8 November 1944 – 15 November 2024) was a Hungarian novelist, Esperantist, and translator. He wrote 744 published books, mostly in Hungarian, over twenty novels in Esperanto. Nemere said that the movie *Demolition Man* was plagiarized from one of his novels. He was born in Pécs, Hungary. His first book was published in 1974.

On 8 November 2024, Nemere was hospitalized for a heart attack on his 80th birthday in Tiszaeszlár, Hungary. He died one week later on 15 November, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
*István Nemere website
*
Colin Moulding

**Colin Ivor Moulding** (born 17 August 1955) is an English bassist, singer, and songwriter who was one of the core members of the rock band XTC. Moulding wrote their first three charting UK singles: "Life Begins at the Hop" (1979), "Making Plans for Nigel" (1979) and "Generals and Majors" (1980).
René Henry Gracida

**René Henry Gracida** (born June 9, 1923) is an American Roman Catholic prelate. He was the Bishop of Corpus Christi from 1983 to 1997. He was also the Bishop of Pensacola-Tallahassee from 1975 to 1983. Gracida was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Miami from 1971 to 1975.

## Catholic prelate career
Gracida became a priest for the Order of St. Benedict on May 23, 1959.

On December 6, 1971, Gracida was made by Pope Paul VI as auxiliary bishop of Miami and titular bishop of Masuccaba. On May 19, 1983 Pope John Paul II appointed Gracida as the bishop of Corpus Christi. He took office on July 11, 1983.

In January 1989, Gracida called for a boycott of all Pepsi-Cola products because of one of their commercials used the song "Like a Prayer" by the singer Madonna. Gracida and other religious leaders saw as sacrilegious. Pepsi eventually stopped showing the ads and canceled its contract with Madonna.

During his time as Bishop of Corpus Christi, many priests were accused of sexual abuse of minors. Pope John Paul II accepted Gracida's resignation on April 1, 1997.

## Personal life
Gracida was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. During World War II, Gracida flew 32 missions in the US Army Air Corps. He studied at the University of Houston.

Gracida turned 100 on June 9, 2023.

## References
## Other websites
*"Abyssus Abyssum Invocat: Commentary on all things Catholic, Roman, that is!" (blog maintained by Bishop Gracida)
*Roman Catholic Diocese of Corpus Christi
*Roman Catholic Diocese of Pensacola–Tallahassee
*Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami
Flag of Cangas de Morrazo

The **flag of Cangas de Morrazo** () is colored blue and the sun in the center. The emblem has a diameter of three-quarters the width of the center. The ratio of the flag is 2:3.

## References
! (disambiguation)

! is a punctuation mark called the **exclamation mark**.

**!** can also mean:

## Science
* Factorial: a function in mathematics
** Derangement

### Logic
* Negation

## Other
!, the IPA symbol for postalveolar click in speech
Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)

In physics, Wave absorption is the transfer of energy from a wave to a medium. A medium is a solid, liquid, or gas. Wave absorption occurs when a wave such as a sound or light hits a medium or object and travels through the medium. The wave then transfers its energy to the object.

## Related pages
*Absorption spectroscopy
*Albedo
*Attenuation
*Electromagnetic absorption by water
*Hydroxyl ion absorption
*Optoelectronics
*Photoelectric effect
*Photosynthesis
*Solar cell
*Spectral line
*Total absorption spectroscopy
*Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
Honda Passport

The **Honda Passport** is a mid-sized four-door crossover sport utility vehicle made by Honda. It was first made in 1994 and replaced in 2002 by Pilot. In 2018, Passport name returned as a two-row mid-size SUV slotted between the CR-V and Pilot.   

## First generation (C58; 1993-1997) 

File:1st-Honda-Passport.jpg|Front view

## Second generation (CK58/CM58/DM58; 1997-2002) 

File:1999 Honda Passport LX in Cream White, front left, 11-21-2021.jpg|Front view
File:1999 Honda Passport LX in Cream White, rear right, 11-21-2021.jpg|Rear view

## Third generation (YF7/8; 2019-2025) 

File:2019 Honda Passport EX-L 3.5L, front 8.27.19.jpg|Front view
File:2019 Honda Passport EX-L 3.5L, rear 8.27.19.jpg|Rear view
File:2022 Honda Passport TrailSport, front 6.1.22.jpg|Front view (facelift)
File:2022 Honda Passport TrailSport, rear 6.1.22.jpg|Rear view (facelift)

## Fourth generation (2025)
Hendrix College

**Hendrix College** is a private liberal arts college in Conway, Arkansas. Founded in 1876, Hendrix is known for its rigorous academic programs, commitment to the liberal arts, and affiliation with the United Methodist Church. The college consistently ranks among the top liberal arts institutions in the United States.

## History 
Hendrix College was established in 1876 as a primary school called *Central Institute* in Altus, Arkansas. In 1884, it was renamed Hendrix College in honor of Eugene Russell Hendrix, a Methodist bishop who supported the institution. The college moved to its current location in Conway in 1890 to accommodate its growing student body and ambitions.

Throughout its history, Hendrix has maintained a strong focus on the liberal arts and a commitment to educating the "whole person," integrating intellectual, social, and spiritual growth.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
Ectopoglossus saxatilis

***Ectopoglossus saxatilis*** is a frog.  It lives in Colombia. Scientists think it could also live in Panama.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. Scientists have only seen this frog in Cerro Tacarcuna. They found it near streams, near waterfalls, and in one cave. They saw the frog about 1100 meters above sea level.

Scientists have not seen the frogs inside any protected parks, but they have seen it near two protected parks: Parque Nacional Los Katios in Colombia and Darien National Park in Panama.

## Danger
Scientists do not know whether the frog is in danger of dying out, but the place where it lives is far from where humans go. Scientists looked for the fungal disease chytridiomycosis in other frogs that live nearby, but they did not find it.

## First paper
*

## References
Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies

The **Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies** is an internationally recognized research center dedicated to the life, works, and legacy of American author John Steinbeck. Located at San José State University in San José, California, it houses an extensive archive of Steinbeck's manuscripts, letters, and memorabilia, making it the largest Steinbeck collection in the world.

## History 
The center was established in 1971 by Martha Heasley Cox, a professor of English at San José State University, with the mission to preserve and promote the study of Steinbeck’s works. Over the years, it has become a hub for scholars, educators, and readers interested in Steinbeck’s contributions to literature and culture.

In 1998, the center was officially named after its founder in recognition of her significant contributions to its development.

## Related pages 
* John Steinbeck
* San José State University
* American literature

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
* National Steinbeck Center
Flag of Cuautitlán de García Barragán

The **flag of Cuautitlán de García Barragán** () It is colored blue and yellow and the coat of arms in the center. The emblem has a diameter of three-quarters the width of three diagonal stripes. The ratio of the flag is 4:7.

## Design and symbolism
The meaning of the colors of the state flag are as follows:

## References
Najran

**Najran** (Arabic: نجران *Najrān*), is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia. It is the capital of Najran Province. Designated as a new town, Najran is one of the fastest-growing cities in the kingdom. Its population grew from 47,500 in 1974 to 90,983 in 1992, 246,880 in 2004, and 381,431 in 2021. The city's population mostly originates from the ancient tribes of Hamdan (Wailh & Yam).

Najranis are Muslims, with Ismailis forming a plurality. Hanbali, Shafi'i, and Maliki Sunnis form the second-largest religious group in the city.

The Arabic term *Najrān* meaning: As Local tradition claims that the land derived its name from the first man to settle in the area, Najran ibn Yahjub ibn Yarub ibn Qahtan ibn houd.

Najran was a centre of cloth-making, and the *kiswah,* or the cloth of the Ka'aba, was originally made there. Najran were always a center for religious beliefs, following the three main religions consecutively. Firstly, A Jewish community then later on A Christian community existed in Najran. According to Najran Jewish tradition, the Jews of Najran traced their origin to the Ten Tribes. Najran was also an important stopping hub on the incense trade route.
Ameerega

***Ameerega*** is a group of poison dart frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. These frogs live around rocks that are near streams. They are found in central South America north to Panama.

## Species
*]]
*]]
These species are in *Ameerega*:

## References
President of Somaliland

The **president of Somaliland** is the head of state and head of government of Somaliland. The president is also commander-in-chief of the Somaliland Armed Forces.

## List of officeholders 
; Political parties

; Symbols
 Died in office

## References
Dahir Riyale Kahin

**Dahir Riyale Kahin ** (born 12 March 1952) is a Somaliland politician. He was President of Somaliland from 2002 to 2010. He was Vice President of Somaliland from 1997 to 2002.

## References
Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur

**Abdirahman Ahmed Ali Tuur** (November 6, 1931 - November 8, 2003) was a Somali politician. He was the first President of Somaliland from 1991 to 1993. Tuur was the Chairman of the Somali National Movement from 1990 to 1991. He also was the Vice President of Somaliland from 1993 to 1995.

## References
Muse Bihi Abdi

**Musa Bihi Abdi** (born 1948) is a Somaliland politician and former military officer. He has been President of Somaliland since December 2017.

On 21 November 2017, Muse Bihi was announced the winner of the 2017 presidential election. He officially became the President of Somaliland on 13 December 2017.

## References
Brandon Williams (politician)

**Brandon McDonald Williams** (born May 22, 1967) is an American politician, farmer, and businessman who has been the United States Under Secretary of Energy for Nuclear Security since 2025. He was the U.S. representative for New York's 22nd congressional district from 2023 to 2025. He is a member of the Republican Party.

On August 22, 2023, Williams announced that he was running for a second term in 2024. He lost the November 5, 2024, election to Democratic state Senator John Mannion.

On January 16, 2025, President-elect Donald Trump nominated Williams to be the next Under Secretary for Nuclear Security. His nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on a 51-47 vote on September 18, 2025.

## References
## Other websites
* Congressman Brandon Williams  official U.S. House website
* Brandon Williams for Congress 

*
BitLocker

**BitLocker** is an full volume encryption feature included with Microsoft Windows versions starting with Windows Vista. It is designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes. By default, it uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in cipher block chaining (CBC) or "xor–encrypt–xor (XEX)-based Tweaked codebook mode with ciphertext Stealing" (XTS) mode with a 128-bit or 256-bit key. CBC is not used over the whole disk; it is applied to each individual sector.

## Other websites
* [BitLocker Drive Encryption Technical Overview](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/cc732774(v=ws.11))
* System Integrity Team Blog

## References
Vincent Ball

**Vincent Martin Ball**,  (born 4 December 1923) is an Australian retired actor and writer. He was born in Wee Waa, New South Wales. 

His career began in 1949 and he retired in 2015. Ball is best known for his movie roles in British and Australian movies, including *A Town Like Alice*, *Breaker Morant*, *Phar Lap*, ''Muriel's Wedding* and *The Man Who Sued God*. He also had television roles in *Crossroads*, *Rush*, *The Young Doctors*, *A Country Practice* and *Home and Away''.

Ball was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2016 Australia Day Honours.

Ball turned 100 in December 2023.

## References
## Other websites
*
Datura

***Datura*** is a kind of plant. It is a  genus of nine species of very poisonous, vespertine-flowering plants belonging to the nightshade family (Solanaceae).

## Sources
Proposal for Arabic as state language of Pakistan

After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, among the various opinions on the question of the state language, many recommended Arabic to be **the state language of Pakistan**, Which was later supported and repeated by many, but the proposal ultimately did not gain the public support and popularity it had hoped for.
## Proposals 
### From Mohammad Shahidullah 
According to Badruddin Umar, this proposal was first made by Muhammad Shahidullah on behalf of the East Pakistan Arabic Language Association in December 1949.
Muhammad Shahidullah believed that Bengalis could learn Urdu as well as English, and he also believed that: "The day Arabic becomes the state language of Pakistan, the creation of the state of Pakistan will be justified." Therefore, in December 1949, he assumed the presidency of the East Pakistan Arabic Language Association for this purpose, and approved a draft memorandum to be presented to the People's Assembly, recommending that Arabic be made the state language of Pakistan and requesting the government to provide 'Darse Quran' or Quran education in various city centers and districts.

### Ayub Khan 
Ayub Khan emphasized in his education plan the adoption of Urdu and English as the primary state languages of Pakistan and Arabic as a secondary language.

### Rajshahi college 
On January 18, 1950, some students of Rajshahi College called a meeting demanding that Arabic be made the state language.

### State Bank Governor Zahid Hossain 
3 State Bank Governor Zahid Hossain proposed to make Arabic the state language, and this proposal was supported by Syed Akbar Shah, then a member of the Sindh Legislative Council and Vice-Chancellor of Sindh Arabic University.

## Opposition 
On February 10, 1951, Rabindranath Burmi, Secretary of the Pakistan Buddhist League, issued a statement opposing these proposals to make Arabic the state language, in which he supported Urdu instead of Arabic.
## Results 
These proposals to make Arabic the state language did not gain much support in any part of Pakistan. However, according to Badruddin Umar, since this demand is related to the question of the development of Islamic culture, it indirectly strengthens the demand in some quarters for the introduction of Arabic script in the state language Urdu and Bengali.
## See more 
* Arabic language in Islam
* Arabization
* Islamization
* Bengali writing in Arabic script
* Romanization of Bengali
* Bengali Language Movement
* Language Movement of East Bengal and politics of the time
* Modern Standard Arabic
* Quranic Arabic
* Arabic grammar
* Interpretation
* Roman Urdu
* Romanization of Arabic
* Devanagari transliteration
* Maltese language - a Romanized form of Ancient Arabic
* Fiji Hindi - a Romanized form of Hindi

## References
Alone (Marshmello song)

"**Alone**" is a 2016 song by American DJ and record producer Marshmello. It was released in May 2016, On June, 17, 2016 it was released as a digital download on iTunes and for streaming on Spotify.

It was at number 56 on the Canadian Hot 100 and number 60 on the US *Billboard* Hot 100. In February 2019, it went to number 28 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 because Marshmello played a virtual live concert in the video game *Fortnite*.

It is the first and only Monstercat song to be certified Platinum (or higher) by the RIAA.

## Track listing
## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## Certifications
## Release history
## References
## Other websites
*Original music video
Rúben Neves

**Rúben Diogo da Silva Neves** (, born 13 March 1997) is Portuguese professional footballers, He currently play Al Hilal for the Saudi Professional League and Portugal national football team.

## Club Career
### Porto
Neves grew up supporting and joined Porto is club youth system at the 8 years old He played a first club in his senior career.

In 2014-15 season, he played his first matches in UEFA Champions League. He became a youngest footballer captain in the world. At age of 17, he made his Primeira Liga debut where he started and scored in a 2–0 home matches beat a Marítimo.

### Wolverhampton Wanderers
 in August 2021]]
On 8 July 2017, Neves signed for EFL Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers for an fee, believed to be in the region of £15.8 million, a club and league record fee. On October 16, 2022, Neves scored a penalty kick and results 1-0 and Wolverhampton Wanderers beat Nottingham Forest.

### Al Hilal
On 23 June 2023 Neves joined Al Hilal for 47 million euro transfer fee.

## International Career
Neves played a 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar but defeat by Morocco in quarter final, Portugal was eliminated in semi-final

In 2019 UFEA Nations League Finals on home soil, he played semi finals match and beat Switzerland 3-1 but was taken out of the starting lineup for the final against the Netherlands and replaced with more defensive Danilo.

Neves played Portugal at the 2014 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, helped the team reaching the semi-finals as his captain. Because how well a played matches, he was named the top ten talents of the tournament by UEFA reporters.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
### Wolverhampton Wanderers
*EFL Championship: 2017–18
### Al Hilal
*Saudi Pro League: 2023-24
*King Cup: 2023-24
*Saudi Super Cup: 2023, 2024
### Portugal U21
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship Runner Up: 2015
### Portugal
*UEFA Nations League: 2018-19
### Individual
* UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2014
* Confederação do Desporto de Portugal Young Prospect of the Year: 2015
* EFL Championship Team of the Season: 2017–18
* EFL Team of the Season: 2017–18
* PFA Team of the Year: 2017–18 Championship

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
*
List of All-Pac-12 Conference men's basketball teams

The '''All-Pac-12 Conference men's basketball teams''' recognize the top players in men's basketball in the Pac-12 Conference. Established in 1955, the awards have been given annually to outstanding performers, as voted on by the league's head coaches. Initially named the All-Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) teams, they were rebranded in 1959 following the conference's reorganization as the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), later evolving into the Pac-12.

## History 
The All-Pac-12 teams have been a hallmark of the conference since their inception. Originally created to honor the top players in the Pacific Coast Conference, the awards transitioned through the AAWU, the Pac-8, Pac-10, and ultimately, the Pac-12. The honors have highlighted numerous players who went on to have professional careers in the NBA and internationally.

## Selection process 
* First Team
* Second Team
* Honorable Mentions (as of 1990)
* All-Defensive Team (introduced in 1984)
* All-Freshman Team (introduced in 1986)

## Notable recipients 
* Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (formerly Lew Alcindor) – UCLA
* Bill Walton – UCLA
* James Harden – Arizona State
* Jason Kidd – California
* Damian Lillard – Weber State (Pac-12 competitor)
* Deandre Ayton – Arizona

## References 
## Other websites 
* Pac-12 Men's Basketball Official Page
* Sports-Reference Pac-12 Basketball Page
Microsoft Surface

**Microsoft Surface** is a series of touchscreen personal computers, tablets, and interactive whiteboards made and developed by Microsoft, most of them running the Windows operating system. It comprises several generations of hybrid tablets, 2-in-1 detachable notebooks, a convertible desktop all-in-one, an interactive whiteboard, and many accessories, many with unique form factors. The majority of devices in the Microsoft Surface lineup are based on Intel processors and running with Windows 10 or Windows 11.

## Devices 
The Surface family currently has a ten main lines of devices:

* The **Surface Go** line of compact-sized hybrid tablets, with optional detachable keyboard accessories and optional digital pen.
* The **Surface Pro** line of hybrid tablets, slightly larger and more powerful than Surface Go, with similar, optional detachable keyboard accessories and optional digital pen.
* The **Surface Laptop**, a classic notebook with a 13.5-inch or 15-inch touchscreen aimed at students. For example:
** The **Surface Laptop Go**, marketed as a more cheaper alternative to the brand's premium laptops.
** The **Surface Laptop SE**, an cheapest laptop targeted at the education market, designed to be easier to repair by service partners for on-site repair.
** The **Surface Laptop Studio**, a notebook with dual-pivoting screen to change into tablet mode.
* The **Surface Book**, a notebook with a detachable tablet screen. Some variants of the base include discrete graphics.
* The **Surface Studio**, a 28-inch all-in-one desktop that adjusts into a digital drafting table with stylus and on-screen Surface Dial support.
* The **Surface Hub**, a touch screen interactive whiteboard designed for collaboration.
* The **Surface Duo**, a dual-screen foldable smartphone, running Android unlike the other Surface devices.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai

the 2022 eruption of the Tongan seamount, Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai was a very powerful volcanic eruption that began in December 2021 and reached its climax in mid-January 2022. the eruption was rated a 5-6 on the volcanic explosivity index and is the most recent VEI 6 eruption so far. The eruption killed 6 people in total and caused a tsunami that reached as far east as Peru, north as Japan, and northeast as the gulf of Alaska.

the eruption caused an atmospheric disturbance rivalled by no eruption in recent times except the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa.

## Timeline of the eruption 
the eruption began on the 20th December 2022 when the submarine seamount suddenly began violently sending particulates into the atmosphere followed by a huge ash cloud that was visible from Nukuʻalofa, the capital city of Tonga. this initial eruption ended by 02:00 on 21 December 2022. 8-to-14-kilometre-high (5.0 to 8.7 mi) plumes containing sulfur dioxide drifted to the north-north-east and spread over the Niuatoputapu, Haʻapai and Vavaʻu island groups. The steam and gas emissions reached altitudes of 10.3–12.2 kilometres within 3-6 days of the next stage of the eruption. On 25 December 2022, satellite imagery revealed that the island had increased in size by 300–600 metres (980–1,970 ft) on its eastern side and ash plumes by the end of December had disrupted many airlines to and from Tonga.
Vacuum casting

Vacuum casting is a manufacturing process used to make small batches of parts. It starts with a master model (like a prototype) to create a silicone mold. Liquid material, usually plastic, is poured into the mold under a vacuum to remove air bubbles and ensure a smooth, detailed part.  It's commonly used in industries like automotive, electronics, and medical devices to test designs or make small amounts of final products.

## Process 
* **Master Model**: Start with a high-quality model, often made by 3D printing or CNC machining.
* **Silicone Mold**: Cover the master model with liquid silicone to create a mold, then let it harden.
* **Remove the Model**: Cut the silicone to take out the master model, leaving a cavity shaped like the part.
* **Pour the Material**: Pour liquid plastic or resin into the mold under vacuum to remove air bubbles.
* **Cure the Part**: Let the material harden, then remove the finished part from the mold.

## Materials 
Vacuum casting is mostly used with polyurethane resins, which can look and feel like rubber or strong plastic. Some resins can also copy the properties of materials like ABS or PP. Sometimes, colored dyes are added to the resin to match the look of the final product.

## Advantages 
* Low cost for small quantities.
* Good surface finish and fine details.
* Fast production time (usually a few days).
* Useful for making prototypes or testing parts before mass production.

## Limitations 
* Not suitable for very large parts.
* The silicone mold wears out after 20–25 uses.
* Less strong than injection molded parts.
* Limited material options compared to other processes.

## Common Uses 
Vacuum casting is often used in:
* **Prototyping**: to test product shapes, designs, or functions.
* **Pre-production**: samples: to show customers or test in the field.
* **Bridge production**: small batches before switching to mass production.
* **Design and fit checks**: when checking how parts will connect or fit into a product.

## References
Deandre Ayton

**Deandre Edoneille Ayton Sr.** (born July 23, 1998) is a Bahamian professional basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Arizona Wildcats and was the first overall pick in the 2018 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns. Ayton is known for his size, athleticism, and versatility as a center.

## Early life and high school career 
Deandre Ayton was born in Nassau, Bahamas. He moved to the United States as a teenager to pursue basketball. Ayton attended multiple high schools, including Balboa City School in San Diego and Hillcrest Prep Academy in Phoenix, Arizona. At Hillcrest, he became the No. 1 recruit in the nation.

## College career 
Ayton played one season of college basketball at the University of Arizona (2017–18). He averaged 20.1 points, 11.6 rebounds, and 1.9 blocks per game, leading the Wildcats to a Pac-12 championship. Ayton was named the Pac-12 Player of the Year, Freshman of the Year, and a consensus first-team All-American. After one season, he declared for the 2018 NBA draft.

## NBA career 
### Phoenix Suns (2018–2023) 
Ayton was selected as the first overall pick in the 2018 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns. He made an immediate impact as a rookie, averaging 16.3 points and 10.3 rebounds per game, earning a spot on the NBA All-Rookie First Team.

During the 2020–21 season, Ayton played a pivotal role in the Suns' run to the 2021 NBA Finals, where they ultimately fell to the Milwaukee Bucks. His defensive presence and rebounding were crucial throughout the postseason.

### Portland Trail Blazers (2023–present) 
In September 2023, Ayton was traded to the Portland Trail Blazers as part of a three-team deal that sent Damian Lillard to the Milwaukee Bucks.

## National team career 
Ayton has expressed interest in representing the Bahamas men's national basketball team. In 2023, he joined the team and contributed to their success in regional tournaments.

## Career statistics 
### NBA regular season 
## References 
## Other websites 
* NBA.com profile
* Basketball-Reference profile
Wannie Sterken

**Wannie Sterken** (27 April 1943 – November 2024) was a Dutch professional football player. He played as a midfielder or forward. 

Sterken was most known for playing with PEC Zwolle during the 1960s. He was topscorer of the club in 1964. Next to the 19 goals in competition, he also scored at the KNVB Cup. As midfielder he was known for passing great assists. 

## References
## Other websites
*Newspaper image of Sterken
*Image of Sterken
Lamine Yamal

**Lamine Yamal Nasraoui Ebana** (born 13 July 2007) is a Spanish professional football player. He is currently playing Barcelona in the La Liga and the Spain national football team.

## Club career
In the first match of the 2024–25 La Liga season, Yamal gets assisted Lewandowski to help Barcelona score against Valencia before Lewandowski takes a penalty kick in the second half and helps the matches to beat Valencia 2-1.

## International career
Yamal won Spain in UEFA Euro 2024 Germany. He set a record of winning UEFA Euro 2024 after the UEFA Euro 2024 final match against England and 2-1 to beat England.

As the 16 year old, Yamal was called up for his first senior international match on 1 September 2023 by Luis de la Fuente, manager for the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifiers against Georgia and Cyprus. Made his senior debut against the former opponent on 8 September 2023, scoring in the 74th minute of a 3–1 win against Cyprus and a 4-1 win against Georgia in UEFA Euro 2024 Germany.

Yamal scored a goal in 21 minutes of match time against France, and 1-2 to beat France in the UEFA Euro 2024 Germany quarterfinal, he reached a final in UEFA Euro 2024 Germany.

## Style of play
Yamal is a left-footed forward with more passing. He can create scoring chances. He can play as a center forward, attacking midfielder, or winger, usually on the right side; as a right winger, he can curve the ball to the goal.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:*Spain score listed first, score column indicates score after each Yamal goal.*

## Honours
### Barcelona
*La Liga: 2022–23

### Spain
*UEFA European Championship: 2024

### Individual
*UEFA European Championship Young Player of the Tournament: 2024
*UEFA European Championship Goal of the Tournament: 2024
*La Liga U23 Player of the Season: 2023–24
*La Liga Player of the Month: September 2024
*La Liga U23 Player of the Month: August 2023, August 2024
*La Liga Goal of the Month: March 2024
*Kopa Trophy: 2024
*''Tuttosport's'' The Youngest Award: 2023
*Globe Soccer Awards – Emerging Player: 2024
*UEFA European Under-17 Championship top scorer: 2023 (4 goals)
* UEFA European Championship top assist provider: 2024 (4 assists)
*UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2024
*IFFHS Men's Youth (U20) UEFA Team: 2023
*UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2023
*Kopa Trophy: 2025

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Svetlana Svetlichnaya

**Svetlana Afanasyevna Svetlichnaya** (15 May 1940 &ndash; 16 November 2024) was a Soviet and Russian actress. She was known for her role as Anna Sergeyevna in *The Diamond Arm* (1968). She also appeared in *Anna Pavlova* (1983) and *Goddess: How I fell in Love* (2004). She was born in present-day Gyumri, Soviet Union.

Svetlichnaya died on 16 November 2024 from a long-illness in Moscow, Russia at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eddie Sheldrake

**Harvey Edward Sheldrake Jr.** (born October 25, 1926) is an American restaurateur and former basketball player. He played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins and later competed in the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU). Known for his height of 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m), Sheldrake was an accomplished guard who earned multiple accolades during his college career. After basketball, he established a successful career in the restaurant industry, co-founding the Polly's Pies chain and opening several KFC locations.

## Early life 
Sheldrake grew up in southwest Los Angeles, attending George Washington High School. Although he initially played on the school's "B" basketball team due to his modest weight of 110 pounds, he became a standout player by his senior year. After serving as an aviation mechanic in the Navy, he enrolled at the UCLA in 1947.

## College basketball career 
Sheldrake joined the UCLA basketball team in 1948, where he captained the freshman team, breaking its season scoring record. Under the coaching of John Wooden, Sheldrake became a key player for the Bruins, helping the team secure multiple Southern Division championships in the Pacific Coast Conference. 

In the 1950–51 season, Sheldrake was named team captain and set a UCLA single-game scoring record with 38 points against Stanford. He earned honorable mentions for the All-America team and was recognized as a Little All-American by the United Press.

## References
CompuServe

**CompuServe** (*CompuServe Information Service*, abbreviation: **CIS**) was the first large company that was an Internet service provider, in the United States.

**CompuServe** was the first large commercial provider of online services in the United States. It was created in 1969. It introduced the GIF format for pictures and a system for exchanging GIF files.

## Other websites 
* CompuServe website
* CompuServe UK 
* CompuServe Canada 
* CompuServe Pacific
* CompuServe Switzerland  (in German)
* CompuServe Germany  (in German)
* CompuServe France  (in French)
* Aviation Special Interest Group
* CompuServe Brings The Information Age Home
* CompuServe Services & Forums list (circa February 2000) 

## References
Chris Philp

**Christopher Ian Brian Mynott Philp** (born 6 July 1976) is a British politician and businessman. He has been the Shadow Home Secretary since November 2024. He also was the Minister of State for Crime, Policing and Fire from October 2022 to July 2024. Philp is a member of the Conservative Party. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Croydon South since 2015.

## Notes
## References