open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mononymous person

was the stage name of Jean-Baptiste Poquelin. Nicolas Mignard painted this portrait in 1758]]
, the current Emperor of Japan, does not have a composed name.]]
A **mononymous person** is a person who is known and addressed by only one name. Such names are called s. In some cases, the person was known by a composed name (*polynym*) before, and selected a single name. Today, this is often the case with artists, who select a stage name.

In many cultures, people only had one name. This is the case of Ancient Greece. Composed names were only used to avoid confusion. Both Zeno of Elea and Zeno of Citium were called *Zeno*, but the origin was added to avoid confusing the two. In Ancient Rome, people had a composed name which included a clan name and a family name, which did not change. While we refer to Cicero as Cicero, his real name was *Marcus Tullius Cicero*. Sometimes he is called *Tully* in English. Other people called *Tullius* include Manius Tullius Longus, a Roman consul, about 500 BC, and Quintus Tullius Cicero, one of Caesars generals. Nero was known as *Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus*. 

After the Romans, composed names started to be more commonplace in the Middle Ages. In the Americas, mononyms survived until the early 20th century. Examples include Pocahontas (1595-1617) and Geronimo (1829-1909). Pocahontas married and English settler, and took the name *Rebecca Rolfe* after her marriage.
 
Royals usually adopt a single name. Sometimes, a numeral is added. That way, Elizabeth I (1533-1603) and Elizabeth II (born 1926) both have a surname, but it is not used.

Similarly, popes select a single name, when they are elected. The current pope is called *Jorge Mario Bergoglio*, but since his becoming pope, everyone has called him Pope Francis.

In other cases, a person may select a single name from their polynym or adopt a mononym as a chosen name, pen name, stage name, or regnal name. A popular nickname may effectively become a mononym, in some cases adopted legally. For some historical figures, a mononym is the only name that is still known today.
Sweet Grass, Montana

**Sweet Grass** (also **Sweetgrass**) is an unincorporated community in Toole County, Montana, United States.  It is on the Canada-United States border. It is the northern end of Interstate 15.  Interstate 15 is an important route connecting western Canada, the western United States, and Mexico.

In 2004, a joint border facility opened at the Sweetgrass port of entry and Coutts, Alberta.  It has both Canadian and American federal authorities.

## Notable people
* Earl W. Bascom (1906-1995), "Father of Modern Rodeo" cowboyed in the 1920's on a ranch on Kicking Horse Creek
* Charles M. Russell (1864-1926), cowboy artist and sculptor ranched on Kicking Horse Creek near the Sweetgrass Hills

## References
Reptiles (magazine)

***Reptiles*** is a monthly magazine. It is published in Irvine, California. *Reptiles* magazine is a reptile and amphibian magazine. It talks about keeping and breeding many of their species. The magazine's publisher is BowTie Inc. The first issue of the magazine was in October 1993.
Spadafori, Gina (23 October 1993). Reptiles slither into the animal magazine kingdom, *The Baltimore Sun*
 It was a  magazine for one year. It became a monthly magazine starting with its December 1994 issue. The columns such as "Herptological Queries" and "Veterinarian Q&A" have been in the magazine since it was first released. 

Many reptiles and amphibian species have been talked about in the magazine. Popular pets such as the bearded dragon, red-eared slider, leopard geckos, and ball pythons often appear in the magazine. They consider themselves "The World's Leading Reptile Magazine". Their June 2012 issue celebrated their 20th anniversary. 

## References 
## Other websites
*
Crotalus viridis

***Crotalus viridis*** (commonly known as the **prairie rattlesnake or desert rattlesnake**) is a species of venomous Pit vipers. There is currently only six  subspecies recognized, not including the nominate subspecies like the hopi,  and others.

## Description

File:Crotalus viridis 151463435.jpg|Adult male,    at National park in North America
File:Crotalus viridis 151463461.jpg|Adult,  in National park.
File:Crotalus viridis 70568573.jpg|Crotalus viridis Adulte Weibchen.    This is the new word for German.
File:Crotalus viridis 86493864.jpg|Rattle
File:Crotalus durissus durissus Schauerklapperschlange.jpg|The prairie rattler's cousin,  the cascabel,  is another venomous species.
The Prairie Rattlesnake usually grows up to the length of around 100 centimeters (3.3&nbsp;ft). Prairie Rattlesnakes in Montana can sometimes grow up to the length of 120 centimeters (3.9&nbsp;ft), but the longest ever found was 151.5 centimeters (4.97&nbsp;ft) long. They are usually light brown in color with some patches of dark brown.

## Feeding
Prairie Rattlesnakes eat mainly small mammals like ground squirrels, mice, rats, small rabbits, and prairie dogs. Young Prairie Rattlesnakes eat amphibians, and small reptiles.

## Reproduction
Female  Prairie Rattlesnakes are viviparous, and can give birth to around 3-25 young at a time. The young are born around between August and October.

## Behavior
Prairie Rattlesnake are diurnal in cool weathers, and nocturnal in hot weathers. They have a very powerful and deadly venom which they only use if attacked. Like other rattlesnakes they shake their tail to make a rasping sound which warns enemies.

## Common names
The Prairie Rattlesnake is also called the "Western Rattlesnake", the "Plains Rattlesnake", the "Black Rattler", the "Confluent Rattlesnake", the "Missouri Rattlesnake", the "Spotted Rattlesnake",  the ,  and the "Western Pacific Rattlesnake".

## Where they live
It is also found in southwestern Canada, south to the United States of America, and northern Mexico. In Canada it is found in Alberta, and Saskatchewan, in the United States of America it is found in eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, southern Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and eastern Arizona, in Mexico it is found in northern Coahuila, and northwestern Chihuahua.

## Subspecies
Not including the nominate subspecies, *Crotalus Viridis Viridis*, the Prairie Rattlesnake only has one subspecies: the "*Hopi Rattlesnake*" (Crotalus Viridis Nuntius) which is found in northeastern and north-central Arizona, and New Mexico.

## References
DeJuan Blair

**DeJuan Lamont Blair** (born April 22, 1989

Blair last played for the Austin Spurs of the NBA G League in 2019. He would sign a contract to play for Carpegna Prosciutti Basket Pesaro of the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) in 2019. However, the contract was later terminated. This happened after Blair lost an appeal to FIBA for his two-year suspension because of testing positive for oxymorphone-oxycodone.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bufo apolobambicus

***Bufo apolobambicus*** is a species of toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They live in Bolivia and Peru. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forest. Their population is dying because of habitat loss.

## References
* De La Riva, I. 2006.  Bufo apolobambicus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Amargosa toad

The **Amargosa toad** (*Bufo nelsoni*) is a species of toad. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They were once considered a subspecies of the Western toad.

## References
*  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (*Bufo*). *Evolution* *58*: 2517–2535.

## Other websites
*
*Nevada Fish & Wildlife Office: Amargosa Toad - *website of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Nevada Office*
Western toad

The **Western toad** (*Anaxyrus boreas*) is a species of toads. They are among the largest toads. They can grow up to 5.6 and 13 cm long. They live in western North America.
 
## References
*http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/amphibian/bubo/all.html 

## Books
* (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (*Bufo*). *Evolution* 58: 2517–2535.
*This article is based on a description from *A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Coastal Southern California*, Robert N. Fisher and Ted J. Case, USGS. 

## Other websites
*
Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad

The **Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad** (*Gastrophryne olivacea*) is a species of toads. They belong to the family Microhylidae. They live in south central United States. They can be found in Nebraska, Texas and northern Mexico. They are not "true toads". They are territorial.

## References 
*  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
*Herps of Texas: *Gastrophryne olivacea* 
*Amphibian Species of the World: *Gastrophryne olivacea*
Blush (color)

**Blush** is a medium bright tone of red-violet. 

The first written use of *blush* as a color name in English was in 1590. 
## Meaning of blush
* The color blush represents live theatre because it is a color often used for theatre makeup. 

## Tones of blush color comparison chart
## Related pages
* List of colors

## References
Plains spadefoot toad

The **plains spadefoot toad** (*Spea bombifrons*) is a species of spadefoot toad. They live in southwestern Canada, the Great Plains of the United States and northern Mexico. Like many spadefood toads, they get their name for having spade-like legs. This allows them to dig into sand and soil.

## References 
*Herps of Texas: *Spea bombifrons* 
*Canada's Amphibians: *Spea bombifrons*
Harry Judd

**Harry Judd**  (born 23 December 1985, Chelmsford, Essex) is an English pop/rock musician. He is best known as being the drummer in the band McFly. Judd has made a guest appearance in the Busted video for "Crashed the Wedding" as the drummer. In 2003, he won *Strictly Come Dancing*. In 2004, he got engaged to his long term girlfriend Izzy Johnston. and is now married to her.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Common coquí

The **common coquí** or **coquí** (*Eleutherodactylus coqui*) is a species of frog. They live in Puerto Rico. The coquí is an important symbol of Puerto Rico. They are known for their loud  they make at night. They belong to the genus *Eleutherodactylus*.

## References
## Books
* 

## Other websites
* Control of Coqui Frog in Hawaii
* Eleutherodactylus coqui information from HEAR 
* Children Story About Coqui; El Coqui De Madagascar
American toad

The **American toad** (*Bufo americanus*) is a species of toad. They live in eastern United States and Canada. There are three subspecies: the **eastern American toad**, the **dwarf American toad**, and the rare **Hudson Bay toad**.

## Subspecies 
### Eastern American toad 
The eastern American toad (*A. a. americanus*) is a medium-sized toad. Most of the time, its size is . The biggest one measured was .

### Dwarf American toad 
The dwarf American toad (*A. a. charlesmithi*) is smaller than the eastern American toad. Its size is .

### Hudson Bay toad 
The Hudson Bay toad (*A. a. copei*) is a rare toad. Small groups of them are found in north Ontario.

## Gallery

File:Smallamericantoad.JPG|A young American toad in a hand
File:Top view of an American Toad found in Southeast Idaho.JPG|Adult American toad in a pool skimmer, with leaves showing the toad's size
File:Toadfells.jpg|Back of eastern American toad with markings and warts
File:Bufo americanus Toad.JPG|An eastern American toad close up
File:Red Bufo americanus.JPG|A young American toad
File:Eastern american toad.jpg|Front view of eastern American toad
File:Bufo americanus Side.JPG|Side view of camouflaged eastern American toad
File:Eastern American toad (Sudden Tract).jpg|Eastern American toad in North Dumfries, Ontario
File:American toad shedding skin.JPG|An American toad eating its skin while it sheds
File:American Toad singing.jpg|An American toad singing
File:American Toad 8638.jpg|An American toad with a worm

## References
## Other websites
* B. americanus at the United States Geological Survey site
* B. americanus  at the USDA's Integrated Taxonomic Information System
*Animal Diversity Web: *Bufo americanus*
*Photograph and audio recording of male American toad
Gymnopis syntrema

***Gymnopis syntrema*** is a species of Caecilians. They belong to the family Caeciliidae. They live in Belize, Guatemala and Honduras. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forests. Their populations are dying because of habitat loss.

## References
* Acevedo, M., Lee, J. & Wilkinson, M. 2004.  Gymnopis syntrema.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

## Other websites
*Amphibian Web
Mudpuppy

A **mudpuppy** or **waterdog** is an aquatic salamander. They belong to the family Proteidae. Mudpuppies make a dog-like barking sound, which is why they are called mudpuppies. Mudpuppies belong to the genus *Necturus*. They live in Canada and Midwestern United States.

## Related pages
* Axolotl

## Other websites
* Tree of Life: Proteidae
Dermophis gracilior

***Dermophis gracilior*** is a species of Caecilians. They belong to the family Caeciliidae. They are found in Costa Rica and Panama. Their habitat are subtropical or tropical forests. They like to live in lowland forests and rural places. 

## References
* Solís, F., Ibáñez, R., Chaves, G., Savage, J., Jaramillo, C., Fuenmayor, Q. & Wilkinson, M. 2004.  Dermophis gracilior .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Tyler Posey

**Tyler Posey** (born October 18, 1991) is an actor. He is most famous for his lead role on MTV's *Teen Wolf* series. Posey plays Scott McCall, a teenager whose life was changed by a bite he received in the woods. Posey plays Robert In Without a Trace (2002) & Billy Barrow In Legendary (2010) Tony Toretto In Fast & Furious (2009 movie) Tony Toretto In Fast Five Tony Toretto In Fast & Furious: Spy Racers (2019-2021) White Frog (2012) With Billy Belk In Workaholics (2011) Tony Toretto In Fast & Furious 6 (2013) Films and Television show & Others

## References
## Other websites
Boulengerula taitana

***Boulengerula taitana*** (also known as the **Taita African caecilian**, **Taita Hills caecilian** or **Taita Mountains caecilian**) is a species of caecilians. They belong to the family Caeciliidae. They live in Africa in countries like Kenya. Their habitat is subtropical or tropical forests. Many people mistake them for worms. They lay their eggs in foam nest in water.

## References
*Loader, S. & Measey, J. 2004. Boulengerula taitana. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 6 April 2007.

## Other websites
*A BBC documentary
**New Scientist* article on *Boulengerula taitanus*
*Video of Boulengerula behaviour 
*BBC footage of young caecilians
Coastal Range newt

The **Coastal Range newt** (*Taricha torosa torosa*) is a subspecies of the California newt. They live in California Coast Ranges and San Diego, California.

## References
Yunnan lake newt

The **Yunnan lake newt** (*Cynops wolterstorffi*) was a species of newts. It was part of the family Salamandridae. It was also known as '''Wolterstorff's newt'''. It used to live in China.

## References
* Datong, Y. & Lau, M.W.N. 2004. Cynops wolterstorffi .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Atelopus ignescens

The **Atelopus ignescens** is a species of toad. It is often known as the **Jambato toad** or the **Quito stubfoot toad**. They belong to the family Bufonidae. They live in Ecuador. They were thought to be extinct until some were discovered in 2016.  Their habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude. It was believed to be the closest relative of the Carrikeri Harlequin Frog.

## References 
## Books 
* Ron, S., Coloma, L.A., Lötters, S., Duellman, W., Bustamante, M.R., Bolívar, W. & La Marca, E. 2004.  Atelopus ignescens .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Sylvacaecilia

***Sylvacaecilia grandisonae*** (commonly known as the **Aleku caecilian** or **Ethiopian caecilian**) is a species of caecilians. They belong to the family Indotyphlidae. They live in Ethiopia. Their habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests. They also live near rivers and springs.

## References
* Largen, M., Loader, S. & Wilkinson, M. 2004. *Sylvacaecilia grandisonae*. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
California newt

The **California newt** (*Taricha torosa*) is a species of newts. They are also called the **orange bellied newt**. They can grow to 8 inches (20 cm) in length. They have toxic skin. Because of this, the only predator of the California newt are garter snakes. California newts lives in California.

## Subspecies 
*Sierra newt
*Coastal Range newt

## Other websites 
* San Diego Natural History Museum
* California Newt facts  
* California Newt mating
* Caudata Culture
Black-tailed rattlesnake

The **Black-tailed rattlesnake** (*Crotalus Molossus*) is a species of venomous Pit vipers, found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. There are currently three subspecies recognized.

## Description
Most Black-tailed rattlesnakes grow to the length of . They can be as long as . Females are said to be larger than males.

The Black-tailed rattlesnake is olive green, yellow, brown, or black in color. They are called the "Black-tailed rattlesnake" because of their tail which is the color of black. Like other rattlesnakes the Black-tailed rattlesnake has a rattle on the end of its tail, but its rattle is weak and can be broken. They can shed their skin several times a year.

## Common Names
The Black-tailed rattlesnake is also called the "Green rattler", the "Dog-faced rattlesnake", and the "Mountain Diamondback".

## Where they live
The Black-tailed rattlesnake is found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. In the U.S.A it is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and west and central Texas, in Mexico it is found in Oaxaca. It is also found on islands of the Gulf of California, like San Estèban Island and Tiburòn Island.

## Behavior
In the spring and fall the Black-tailed rattlesnake are diurnal, in the summer they are nocturnal so they can avoid the heat, and in the winter they hibernate in other animals dens. Even though they are okay climbers and good swimmers they are terrestrial. They live in grasslands, deserts, mountain areas, and forests.

### Feeding
Like all rattlesnakes they are carnivores and eat rodents, other small mammals, birds, and small reptiles.

## Reproduction
The Black-tailed rattlesnakes mate in the spring, once they have mated the male stays with the female to stop other males from mating with her. It is in the summer that the female gives birth to her young, the young stay with their mother for around a day or two before leaving by their selves. A female usually mates every year and has 10-12 young at a time. They live for around 15–20 years.

## Subspecies
* San Esteban Island Black-tailed Rattlesnake, *Crotalus Molossus Estebanensis*
* Mexican Black-tailed Rattlesnake, *Crotalus Molossus Nigrescens*
* Oaxacan Black-tailed Rattlesnake, *Crotalus Molossus Oaxacus*

## References
YMCA

, Quebec]]
, 1936]]
The '''Young Men's Christian Association** (or simply the **YCMA** or **Y''') is an organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It was originally meant to put Christian principles into practice. It was founded in 1844 in London, England, United Kingdom. At first, the organization provided beds and shelter to young men leaving the countryside for work in the cities. It promotes Muscular Christianity.

Basketball was invented in an American YMCA. 

The similar Young Women's Christian Association was founded in 1870.

## Other websites 
World Young Men's Christian Association
Allometry

**Allometry** is the study of the relationship of body size to shape. In particular, it refers to the rate of growth of one part of the body compared to other parts. 

In most cases, the relative size of body parts changes as the body grows. Most allometric relationships are adaptive. For example, organs which depend on their surface area (such as the intestine) grow faster as the body weight increases.

Also, there are changes in allometry as a clade evolves. Allometry is an important way to describe changes in gross morphology (body shape) during evolution. Changes in time of development in an evolutionary series or clade are very common. The trend is known as heterochrony.

Allometry was first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, D'Arcy Thompson in 1917, and Julian Huxley in 1932.  The relationship between two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law:
: y = kx^{a} \,\!  
or in a logarithmic form: 
: \log y = a \log x + \log k\,\!
where a is the **scaling exponent** of the law.

## On being the right size 
J.B.S. Haldane's 1926 essay *On being the right size* gives an overview of the way size interacts with body structure. Haldane's thesis is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have:
:*"Insects, being so small, do not have oxygen-carrying bloodstreams. What little oxygen their cells require can be absorbed by simple diffusion of air through their bodies. But being larger means an animal must take on complicated oxygen pumping and distributing systems to reach all the cells".*

Many of his examples are based on the square-cube law. If an animal's length is doubled, its surface area will be squared and its weight cubed. This alone causes allometric changes in any evolutionary lineage where successive species get larger or smaller. There are many such lineages.

## References
Antisocial personality disorder

**Antisocial personality disorder** **(ASPD)** is a personality disorder. A person with ASPD fails to behave the way society says people should behave. People with this disorder often don’t care about society’s rules or the rights of other people. People with Antisocial Personality Disorder are sometimes nicknamed sociopaths or psychopaths but those words aren’t really used in science. 

The ASPD pattern begins in childhood or adolescence and continues into adulthood.  People with ASPD have no conscience or sense of morality, although the large majority know right from wrong. People with ASPD often commit crimes. They can also be impulsive, aggressive, reckless, and destructive. About three percent of men and one percent of women have ASPD.

## References
Polystyrene

**Polystyrene** is a form of chemical compound that is mainly used for a wide variety of packaging. It is an aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is  manufactured from petroleum by the petrochemical industry. Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the scale being several billion kilograms per year.

Polystyrene can be in either a thermoset or a thermoplastic form.
 molecules bond together to make a **polystyrene** molecule. The squiggly lines show that the long polystyrene molecule goes on farther at both ends.|none|thumb|237x237px]]

## References
Causinae

The **Causinae**, commonly known as the "night adders", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa. The family is monotypic, since it only has the genus *Causus*. There are six species.

The night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters (24 to 36 in) long. They are usually dark gray, light gray, light brown, or black in color with gray or black blotches.

Even though they are called the night adders, they are usually active at daytime, but some are active at night. When they are attacked or disturbed, they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off. Some may raise their head and neck off the ground, stick out their tongue and move forward like what a Cobra does. 

They eat mainly toads and frogs, but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food.

## Reproduction
All night adders are oviparous, which means they lay eggs. This is unusual for most vipers, because most vipers are viviparous, they give live birth. They lay around two dozen eggs at a time. These eggs take around four months to hatch, when they hatch the hatchlings are 4-5 inches (10-12.5&nbsp;cm) long. 

## Venom
The night adders have very big venom glands, which are around 10 centimeters long. But even though the venom glands are big, the adders don't always use their venom on their prey. The venom would kill the prey fast enough, but they usually seize their prey and swallow it.
When someone is bitten by a night adder, the venom does not spread around the body, and only causes swelling in the place of the bite. There have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom.

## Species
* Two-striped night adder, *C. bilineatus*
* Snouted night adder, *C. defilippii*
* Lichtenstein's night adder, *C. lichtensteinii*
* West African night adder, *C. maculatus*
* Green night adder, *C. resimus*
* Common night adder, *C. rhombeatus*
Common night adder

The **common night adder** is a species of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa. 

## Description
The common night adder can grow up to around 60 centimeters (24&nbsp;in) long, making it the longest species of the genus *Causus*. The longest ever recorded was a male found in eastern Zimbabwe which was 93 centimeters (around 37 in) long. They are usually olive green, brown, or grayish-brown in color with black rhombic-shaped blotches, but not all have blotches on them.

### Common names
The common night adder is also called the "rhombic night adder", the "demon night adder", the "Cape Viper", and the "African night adder".

### Where they live
The common night adder is found in the savannas of Sub-Saharan Africa, from Nigeria, east to Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya, south to Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland, and eastern South Africa.

## Behavior
The common night adder is a fairly fast species of snake; it can move at the speed of 3.3&nbsp;km per hour. They are usually found on the ground, but they can climb trees and can swim. They are mainly nocturnal, but some have been seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon. When disturbed they coil up, inflate their body (which makes the black blotches on them stand out), and start hissing loudly.
 
Common night adders are oviparous, meaning that they lay eggs, while other vipers are usually viviparous, meaning that they give live birth. Females lay around two dozen eggs at a time, which take around four months to hatch. Once hatched, the young are 10 to 12.5&nbsp;cm long and eat small frogs and toads.

### Feeding
Their diet is made up of mainly frogs and toads, and sometimes small mammals like mice and rats.

## References
Abhinav Bindra

**Abhinav Bindra** (born September 28, 1982, in Dehradun) is an Indian amateur athlete and businessman.  He is best known as the current World and Olympic champion in the 10 m Air Rifle event.

At the Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual Olympic gold medal.

## Early life
He was born in Punjab.  He became interested in shooting a gun as a sport when he was in school in Chandigarh

## International competitions
### Timeline
* **2000**: Summer Olympic Games
* **1998**: Commonwealth Games
* **2002**: Commonwealth Games

## Related pages
* Sports in India
* India at the Olympics

## References 
## Other websites 
* Abhinav Bindra's Profile & Records
Lake Mackay

**Lake Mackay** (Pintupi: *Wilkinkarra*) is a large salt lake in central Australia. It stretches across the border between Western Australia and the Northern Territory. All around it is desert. The Great Sandy Desert is to the northwest, the Tanami Desert is to the northeast, and the Gibson Desert is to the south. There are hundreds of salt lakes along this border area, and Lake Mackay is the largest. It has a surface area of , and is about  long from east to west and north to south. It is the second-largest lake in Australia.

The lake was named after the first European to visit it, Donald George Mackay. The lake is most often dry, because of quick evaporation. Salt and other minerals float on the surface.

Lake Mackay is a central place in dreamtime stories for several Aboriginal groups, especially the Pintupi. The lake forms the centre of the Pintupi ancestral lands. Many sacred paths and tracks come together at the shores of the lake. According to mythology, the lake was formed after a fierce bushfire that ruined the land around it.

## References
Papunya, Northern Territory

**Papunya** is a small community in central Australia. It is about  northwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. The people who live there are Aboriginal people who were forced off their traditional country during the 1930s and 1940s. They are mainly from Pintupi- and Luritja-speaking groups. In the 2006 census, Papunya had a population of 299. The town is now on private Aboriginal land. People visiting or travelling through need a permit.

During the late 1950s, a Lutheran mission was set up at Papunya. In the 1970s, many of the people living here moved back to their homelands as part of the outstation movement. The Pintupi moved back west, closer to their homeland around Lake Mackay. They set up the town of Kintore in 1981, about  west of Papunya. During this time, local painters were slowly forming a new style of art. By the mid-1980s, it became internationally known as Papunya Tula.

## References
Kintore, Northern Territory

**Kintore** (Pintupi: *Waḻungurru*; ) is a remote town in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is about  west of Alice Springs and close to the border with Western Australia. Almost all the people who live there are Aboriginal, and most are Pintupi.

Kintore was founded in 1981. Many Pintupi people who lived in the community of Papunya (to the east) decided to move back to their own country. They had been forced to leave these lands decades before because of weapons testing at Woomera in South Australia. Kintore is a major centre for the Western Desert art movement, which began at Papunya during the 1970s. The paintings made here are visual descriptions of dreamtime stories. They have gained fame around the world. A number of members of the Aboriginal art school Papunya Tula live at Kintore.
Keiko Ikeda

**Keiko Tanaka-Ikeda** (田中-池田 敬子, born **Keiko Tanaka**; November 11, 1933 – May 13, 2023), is a Japanese amateur athlete, coach, university professor and sports administrator.  She is best known as a gymnast who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics, in the 1960 Summer Olympics, and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

She won a gold medal on the balance beam at the 1954 World Gymnastics Championships.  She is the only Japanese woman to win a gold medal in this international competition.
Tanaka-Ikeda died from brain cancer at a nursing home in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, on May 13, 2023, at the age of 89.
## History
### Timeline
* **1954**: World Championships Gold Medal, balance beam
* **1958**: World Championships Bronze Medal, balance beam and floor exercise
* **1962**: World Championships Bronze Medal, balance Beam and team
* **1964**: Olympic Games Bronze Medal, team
* **1966**: World Championships Silver Medal, uneven bars; and Bronze Medal, all-around and team

## Honors
* International Gymnastics Hall of Fame, 2002

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
List of settlements in Burkina Faso

, Capital of Burkina Faso]]
This is a **list of cities and towns in Burkina Faso**.

## 10 largest cities
## References
List of cities in Cambodia

This is a list of cities in Cambodia.

* Battambang
* Kampong Cham
* Kampong Chhnang
* Sihanoukville (Kampong Som)
* Kampong Speu 
* Kampong Thom 
* Kampot
* Koh Kong
* Kratié 
* Mongkol Borei
* Neak Leung
* Pailin
* Phnom Penh
* Poipet
* Preah Net Preah
* Samraong 
* Takéo 
* Prey Veng 
* Pursat
* Siem Reap 
* Sisophon 
* Stung Treng
* Svay Rieng
* Ta Khmau
* Thmar Kol
* Thmar Puok

## 10 largest cities
William Thomas Stead

**William Thomas Stead** (5 July 1849 – 15 April 1912) was a British writer and journalist. He was a pioneer of investigative journalism, and one of the most controversial figures in British journalism during the Victorian era.

His death occurred during the sinking of RMS Titanic.

## Other websites 
*Encyclopedia Titanica: Biography of William Thomas Stead
Ebers papyrus

The **Ebers Papyrus** (c. 1550 BC) is an ancient Egyptian medical treatise.  It covers both practical and magical advice.  There are over 700 different drugs described in the papyrus. Some are useful such as opium for pain.  Other things in the papyrus can seem ridiculous. An example of that is tapping a person on the head with a fish if they have a migraine.  Aside from covering a large number of treatments, the papyrus also has information on a broad range of ailments from intestinal complaints and eye problems to depression or other mental disorders.

## Other websites
Tim Conway

**Thomas Daniel** "**Tim**" **Conway** (December 15, 1933 – May 14, 2019) was an American actor, comedian, writer and director. He has worked in sitcoms, comedy sketches, and in movies. Conway is best known for ''McHale's Navy* as Ensign Charles Parker. He also voiced Barnacle Boy in *SpongeBob SquarePants''.

## Early life
Conway was born **Thomas Daniel Conway** in Willoughby, Ohio on December 15, 1933. His mother was Romanian. He was raised in Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

Conway went to Bowling Green State University.

## Personal life
Conway was married twice: His first marriage was to Mary Anne Dalton in 1961.

Conway and Dalton had six children. One of them is radio host Tim Conway, Jr.. Conway and Dalton divorced in 1978. Conway's second marriage was in 1984 to Charlene Fusco. Conway and Ernest Borgnine were good friends until Borgnine's death in 2012.

Conway died on May 14, 2019, at the age of 85 from complications of normal pressure hydrocephalus.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Q&A with Tim Conway
Cillian Murphy

**Cillian Murphy** (born 25 May 1976) is an Irish actor and producer. Murphy is known for his roles in Christopher Nolan movies such as Scarecrow in *The Dark Knight Trilogy* (2005&ndash;2012). He also appeared in *Inception* and *Dunkirk*. He also plays Tommy Shelby in the BBC drama television series *Peaky Blinders*. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2005 for his role as Patrick/Patricia "Kitty" Braden in *Breakfast on Pluto*. 

In 2023, he played physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer in the Christopher Nolan movie *Oppenheimer* for which he won a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BAFTA Award and the Academy Award for Best Actor.

## Early life
Murphy was born on 25 May 1976 in Douglas, County Cork, Ireland. He was raised in Ballintemple, a suburb of Cork. His father, Brendan Murphy, worked for the Irish Department of Education. His mother is a French teacher. He went to University College Cork.

## Career
Murphy started his career as a rock musician. After he turned down a record deal, he started his acting career in a play in Disco Pigs in 1996. He went on to star in a British and Irish movie and stage production in the late 1990s and early 2000s. His first worldwide role was in 2003 as the hero in the horror movie *28 Days Later*.

Murphy's best-known roles were villains in two blockbusters: Scarecrow in the superhero movie *Batman Begins*, and as Jackson Rippner in the thriller movie *Red Eye*. He also played the Scarecrow in the next two Batman movies: *The Dark Knight* and *The Dark Knight Rises*. He played the orphan teen in the 2005's *Breakfast on Pluto*. For that role, he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. He played a 1920s Irish revolutionary in *The Wind That Shakes the Barley*.

He has also played the main protagonist, Thomas Shelby, in the BBC drama *Peaky Blinders*.

In 2023, he played J. Robert Oppenheimer in the Christopher Nolan movie *Oppenheimer*. To prepare for the role, Murphy lost weight to match Oppenheimer's appearance. He won a Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award a BAFTA  Award, and an Academy Award for this role.           Murphy will next portray fictional secret agent James Bond for Christopher Nolan's Upcoming 007 film.

## Personal life
Murphy lived in London, England from 2001 until 2015 when he moved to Dublin, Ireland. He often works in or near a city. He has no thoughts of moving to Hollywood. He often gives interviews about his movies. He does not give information about his private life.

Murphy married Yvonne McGuinness in 2004. They have two sons; Malachy (b. 2005) and Carrick (b. 2007). He currently lives in Monkstown, Dublin, Ireland.

He was a vegetarian for around 15 years, which he said happened because he was "worried about getting mad cow disease" rather than a moral decision. He also had problems about unhealthy agribusiness practices.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tom Hardy

**Edward Thomas "Tom" Hardy**, CBE, (born 15 September 1977) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor and screenwriter. He is a leading actor in "tough guy" roles on screen and stage.

He is known for his roles in Black Hawk Down, *Star Trek: Nemesis*, *RocknRolla*, *Bronson*, *Inception*, *Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy*, *This Means War*, and the television series *Stuart: A Life Backwards*.

For his work in *Stuart* he earned a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor. He also played Freddie Jackson in Martina Cole's *The Take*. That was a television movie based on Cole's novel of the same name. He played Bane in Christopher Nolan's 2012 movie *The Dark Knight Rises*. Hardy also played Max Rockatansky in *Mad Max: Fury Road* and as Venom in the 2018 movie *Venom*.
Hardy appeared as Farrier in the 2017 Nolan movie *Dunkirk*. 

Hardy created, co-produced, and took the lead in the eight-part historical fiction series *Taboo* (2017) on BBC One and FX.

He was born on 15 September 1977 in Hammersmith, London. and is an only child. His parents were Anne (née Barrett) and Edward "Chips" Hardy. He was raised in East Sheen, London. Hardy went to Reed's School, Tower House School, and the Drama Centre London.

Hardy married Sarah Ward in 1999. They divorced in 2004. He has a son with ex-girlfriend Rachael Speed, Louis Thomas Hardy (born 8 April 2008). Hardy proposed to actress Charlotte Riley, after a year of dating. They were married in 2014.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*Tom Hardy as Freddie Jackson
*Tom Hardy as Bane
Stapleton

**Stapleton** is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 221 people living in Stapleton. It has a church called St Mary.

## References
Matthew Modine

**Matthew Avery Modine** (born March 22, 1959) is an American actor, activist, director, producer, writer and cinematographer. 

His movie roles include Private Joker in Stanley Kubrick's *Full Metal Jacket*, the title character in Alan Parker's *Birdy*, high school wrestler Louden Swain in *Vision Quest*, football star turned spy Alec McCall in *Funcky Monkey* and the oversexed Sullivan Groff in *Weeds*. He appeared in Christopher Nolan's *The Dark Knight Rises* as Officer Peter Foley. He also played Dr. Martin Brenner in Netflix's *Stranger Things*.

He unsuccessfully ran for National President of the SAG-AFTRA two times in 2019 and in 2021.

Modine played Vannevar Bush in the 2023 Christopher Nolan movie *Oppenheimer*.

## Personal life
Modine was born on March 22, 1959 in Loma Linda, California. He is the son of Dolores (née Warner), a bookkeeper, and Mark Alexander Modine, who managed a drive-in theater. He was educated at Brigham Young University. He was raised in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Modine is married to Caridad Rivera since 1980 and have two children. His daughter, Ruby Modine, is an actress and dancer.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*Bicycle for a Day 
*Full Metal Jacket Diary
List of settlements in Bulgaria

This is a complete **list of all cities and towns in Bulgaria** sorted by population. Province capitals are shown in **bold**.

## References
Arjuna Award

The **Arjuna Awards** were established by the government of India in 1961. The honour  "outstanding achievement in sports and games". The award includes a cash prize. The Arjuna Awards  the achievements of the country’s sportsmen.

The  of the award is a small bronze statue of Arjuna with his bow.

## International competitions
The Indian government  Arjuna Award on  athletes who take part in Olympic Games, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, World Cup Championships and sports for the physically challenged.

## References
## Other websites
* List of Arjuna Awardees
Karnam Malleswari

**Karnam Malleswari** (born June 1, 1975) is an Indian athlete.  She is best known as a  weightlifter who won a bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics at Sydney. She became the first Indian woman to stand on an Olympic victor's podium, and she was the only Indian to win a medal in the 2000 olympic  games.

In 1992, Malleswari was the first Indian woman to win a world title in any sport.

## Related pages
* Sports in India
* India at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites
*Images at Olympic.org
Rika Komazawa

is a Japanese women's field hockey player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics and in three Summer Olympic Games.

## Early life
Komazawa was born in Sennan, Osaka.  As a schoolgirl, she became interested in field hockey.  At Tenri University, she played on the school's field hockey team.

## International competitions
### Timeline
* **2004**: 2004 Summer Olympics

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
Onuk Sazan

The **Onuk Sazan** is the first supercar and second sports car made in Turkey. It was developed by Onuk Company (a military and civilian speedboat producer in Turkey) and Renault. Onuk Sazan was designed by Demir Sümer, Gökhan Akış, Eralp Noyan and Jan Nahum. Its name was inspired by the Dr. Ekber Onuk's deceased son's nickname, Sazan (*Carp*). Only 5 of these cars are made each year. Its price is €200000.

## References
Bradley Wiggins

**Sir Bradley Marc Wiggins**, CBE (born 28 April 1980) is a British cyclist. He was born in Ghent, Belgium. He grew up in Kilburn and Maida Vale, London. His mother Linda is English; his father was Australian cyclist Gary Wiggins (1952-2008). 

Wiggins won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, a gold medal, silver medal and bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He won the 2012 Tour de France.

## References 
## Other websites
David Kelly (actor)

**David William Kelly** (July 11, 1929 &ndash; February 12, 2012) was an Irish actor. He acted in several movies and television shows from the 1950s until his death in 2012. Kelly is known in Ireland as Rashers Tierney in *Strumpet City*.

In Britain, he is known as Cousin Edna in *Me Mammy* and as the builder Mr. O'Reilly in *Fawlty Towers*. In the United States, Kelly is known as Grandpa Joe in Tim Burton's *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory*. He is also known as Michael O'Sullivan in *Waking Ned*.

Kelly was born on July 11, 1929 in Dublin, Ireland. He went to The Abbey School of Acting. Kelly was married to Laurie Morton from 1961 until his death in 2012. They had two children; David Kelly, Jr. and Miriam Kelly. Kelly died on February 12, 2012, his cause of death was pneumonia complicated by lung cancer in Dublin, Ireland. He was 82 years old. Kelly was buried at the Mount Jerome Cemetery & Crematorium.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore

**Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore** (born January 29, 1970) Jaisalmer, Rajasthan is an Indian athlete.  He is best known for shooting in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

In the 2004 games, Rathore finished second in the men's double-trap shooting event. He was the first Indian to win an individual silver medal.

## Honours
* Arjuna Award, 2003

## Related pages
* Sports in India
* India at the Olympics

## References 
## Other websites
* Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore at *Time*
Hiroshi Hoketsu

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as an equestrian rider who participated in three Summer Olympic Games.

Hoketsu is the oldest Olympian to compete for Japan. He is the second oldest Olympian after Oscar Swahn who was a 72-year-old Swedish shooter who won bronze medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.

## International competitions
### Timeline
* **1964**: Summer Olympics
* **1988**: Summer Olympics
* **2008**: Summer Olympics 
* **2012**: Summer Olympics

## Related pages
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Hiroshi Hoketsu at *Tokyo Weekender*
Jonathan Frid

**Jonathan Frid** (**John Herbert Frid**; December 2, 1924 &ndash; April 14, 2012) was a Canadian stage, radio, voice, television, and movie actor. He was best known for playing the role of vampire Barnabas Collins on the Gothic American television show *Dark Shadows*. 

Frid was born on December 2, 1924 in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He had Scottish, English, German, and Danish ancestry. He learned how to become an actor in Ontario, New York City, and London. Frid was not married.  

Frid died in the early hours of April 14, 2012 at the Juravinski Hospital in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He died from complications of pneumonia due to a fall he had several days before, he was 87 years old. Frid had a nephew David Howitt, who confirmed his death.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting

The **2012 Aurora shooting** took place in Aurora, Colorado, United States, on 20 July 2012. Gunman James Eagan Holmes shot dead 12 people and wounded 58 others at *The Dark Knight Rises* premiere at a movie theater. He was arrested a few minutes later. 

Holmes was convicted in 2015 of twenty-four counts of first-degree murder, 140 counts of attempted first-degree murder, one count of possessing explosives and a sentence enhancement of a crime of violence. He was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole.

## References
Michael Gough

**Francis Michael Gough** (23 November 1916 – 17 March 2011) was an English character actor who as appeared in over 150 movies. He is perhaps best known world wide for his roles in the Hammer Horror Films from 1958, and for his work as Batman's loyal butler Alfred Pennyworth in *Batman*, *Batman Returns*, *Batman Forever*, and *Batman & Robin*. Gough and actor Pat Hingle are the only two actors to appear in all 4 Batman movies directed by Tim Burton or Joel Schumacher. Gough has also been in some other Tim Burton movies, *Sleepy Hollow*, ''Tim Burton's Corpse Bride*, and *Alice in Wonderland''.

## Early life
Gough was born on 23 November 1916 in Kuala Lumpur, British Malaya. His parents were Frances Atkins (née Baillie) and Frances Berkely Gough.

## Personal life
Gough was married four times; first to Dinan Graves they divorced. Second to Anne Leon in 1950 through 1964. Third to Anneke Wills in 1962 until they divorced in 1979. Lastly to Henrietta Lawrence in 1980 until his death in 2011. Gough had 3 children; Emma, Simon, and Jasper.

### Death
Gough died on 17 March 2011 in his home in Salisbury, Wiltshire from pneumonia complicated from prostate cancer. He was 94 years old. He was cremated. Michael Keaton who played Batman in the first two Batman films, said "To Mick - my butler, my confidant, my friend, my Alfred. I love you. God bless. Michael (Mr. Wayne) Keaton.". Gough was cremated and his ashes were rest at sea.

## Movies
## References 
## Other websites
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