June 28

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
*1098 &ndash; Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
*1243 &ndash; Innocent IV becomes pope.
*1360 &ndash; Muhammed VI, Sultan of Granada becomes the 10th Nasrid King of Granada after killing his brother, Ismail II, Sultan of Granada.
*1389 &ndash; Ottoman Empire defeats Christian Europe army in Kosovo, opening the way for the Ottoman conquest of Southeastern Europe (see Vidovdan).
*1461 &ndash; King Edward IV of England is crowned.
*1519 &ndash; Charles V elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
*1575 &ndash; The Battle of Nagashino takes place in Japan.
*1635 &ndash; Guadeloupe becomes a French colony.
*1651 &ndash; Battle of Beresteczko between Poles and Ukrainians, the biggest battle in the 17th century, starts.
*1709 &ndash; Tsar Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava.
*1745 &ndash; War of the Austrian Succession: A New England colonial army captures Louisbourg, New France, after a 47–day siege.
*1776 &ndash; American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Sullivan's Island becomes the first decisive US victory of the war, over Great Britain.
*1807 &ndash; Second British Invasion of Rio de la Plata: John Whitelock lands at Ensenada in an attempt to recapture Buenos Aires and is defeated by the locals.
*1811 &ndash; Napoleonic Wars: French troops storm the city of Tarragona, Spain and carry out a massacre on citizens who offer strong resistance.
*1838 &ndash; In the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria is officially crowned.
*1841 &ndash; Giselle, a ballet by French composer Adolphe Adam, is first performed in Paris.
*1859 &ndash; The first dog show is held in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
*1865 &ndash; In the US, the Army of the Potomac is disbanded.
*1880 &ndash; Ned Kelly, the Australian bushranger, is captured at Glenrowan.
*1882 &ndash; The Anglo–French Convention of 1882 marks the territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.
*1886 &ndash; The first passenger train of the Canadian Pacific Railway leaves Montreal, Quebec.
*1887 &ndash; Minot, North Dakota is incorporated as a city.
*1894 &ndash; Labor Day becomes an official US holiday.
*1895 &ndash; El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua form the Central American Union.
*1896 &ndash; An explosion in the Newton Coal Company's Twin Shaft Mine in Pattston City, Pennsylvania results in a massive cave–in that kills 58 miners.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
*1902 &ndash; United States Congress passes the Spooner Act, allowing President Theodore Roosevelt to acquire rights from Colombia for the Panama Canal.
*1904 &ndash; The Danish ship SS *Norge* runs aground and sinks off Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean; 625 people are killed.
*1904 &ndash; Helen Keller completes her studies at Radcliffe College.
*1914 &ndash; Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife Sophia are killed by a Serbian nationalist, the *casus belli* of World War I.
*1919 &ndash; The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I with Germany.
*1921 &ndash; King Alexander I of Serbia proclaims the new constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
*1922 &ndash; The Irish Civil War begins with the shelling of the Four Courts in Dublin by Irish Free State forces.
*1926 &ndash; Mercedes-Benz is formed by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz merging their two companies.
*1936 &ndash; The Japanese puppet state of Mengjiang is formed in northern China.
*1938 &ndash; A 450–tonne meteorite struck the earth in an empty field near Chicora, Pennsylvania
*1940 &ndash; Romania cedes Bessarabia (current–day Moldova) to the Soviet Union.
*1948 &ndash; A magnitude 7.3 earthquake in Fukui, Japan, kills 5,390 people.
*1950 &ndash; Seoul is captured by troops from North Korea.
*1960 &ndash; US–owned oil refineries in Cuba confiscated and nationalised.
*1960 &ndash; A gas explosion in a coal mine in Monmouthshire, Wales, kills 37 miners.
*1964 &ndash; Malcolm X forms the Organization of Afro–American Unity.
*1967 &ndash; Israel annexes East Jerusalem.
*1969 &ndash; Stonewall riots in New York City mark the beginning of the modern gay rights era.
*1976 &ndash; An Angolan court sentences US and UK mercenaries to death sentences and prison terms in the Luanda trial.
*1978 &ndash; The United States Supreme Court, in *Regents of the University of California v. Bakke* 438 US 265 1978, bars quota systems in college admissions but affirms constitutionality of programs giving advantage to minorities.
*1981 &ndash; A powerful bomb explodes in Tehran, killing 73 officials of the Islamic Republic Party.
*1983 &ndash; The partial collapse of Connecticut's busy I–95 Mianus River Bridge, killing 3 people.
*1987 &ndash; For the first time in military history a civilian population is targeted for chemical attack when Iraqi warplanes bomb the Iranian town of Sardasht.
*1988 &ndash; Four workers are asphyxiated at a metal–plating plant in Auburn, Indiana, in the worst confined–space industrial accident in U.S. history. A fifth victim dies two days later.
*1990 &ndash; Paperback Software, a company founded by Adam Osborne, found guilty by a U.S. court of copyright violation for copying the appearance and menu system of Lotus 1-2-3 in its competing spreadsheet program.
*1992 &ndash; The Constitution of Estonia is signed into law.
*1994 &ndash; Members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult release sarin gas in Matsumoto, Japan, killing 7 people and injuring 660.
*1996 &ndash; The Constitution of Ukraine is signed into law.
*1997 &ndash; Boxer Mike Tyson is disqualified for biting off part of the ear of his opponent Evander Holyfield.

### From 2001 
*2004 &ndash; Estonia, Lithuania and Slovenia join the ERM II
*2004 &ndash; Sovereign power is handed to the interim government of Iraq by the Coalition Provisional Authority, ending the U.S.–led rule of that nation.
*2006 &ndash; Montenegro becomes a member of the UN.
*2009 &ndash; A political crisis lasting several months begins in Honduras, as President Manuel Zelaya is overthrown by Roberto Micheletti.
*2011 &ndash; Google launches Google+.
*2016 &ndash; At least 41 people are killed in a terrorist attack on Istanbul's Atatürk International Airport.
*2018 &ndash; Five people are shot dead in the Capital Gazette shooting at a newspaper office in Annapolis, Maryland, United States.
*2019 &ndash; 100th anniversary of the signing the Treaty of Versailles.
*2019 &ndash; France records its hottest–ever temperature, at 45.9 degrees Celsius.
*2019 &ndash; The European Union and Mercosur agree a trade deal.

## Births 
### Up to 1900 
* 1170 &ndash; King Valdemar II of Denmark (d. 1241)
* 1243 &ndash; Emperor Go-Fukakusa of Japan (d. 1304)
* 1444 &ndash; Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1487)
* 1476 &ndash; Pope Paul IV (d. 1559)
* 1490 &ndash; Albert of Mainz, bishop and elector of Mainz (d. 1545)
* 1491 &ndash; Henry VIII, King of England (d. 1547)
* 1503 &ndash; Giovanni della Casa, Italian author and poet (d. 1556)
* 1547 &ndash; Cristoforo Malvezzi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1599)
* 1577 &ndash; Peter Paul Rubens, German painter (d. 1640)
* 1653 &ndash; Muhammad Azam Shah, Mughal ruler (d. 1707)
* 1692 &ndash; Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (d. 1718)
* 1703 &ndash; John Wesley, English founder of Methodism (d. 1791)
* 1712 &ndash; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (d. 1778)
* 1719 &ndash; Etienne François, duc de Choiseul, French general and politician (d. 1785)
* 1734 &ndash; Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet-Charpentier, French organist and composer (d. 1778)
* 1794 &ndash; John Biscoe, English explorer (d. 1843)
* 1806 &ndash; Napoléon Coste, French guitarist and composer (d. 1883)
* 1807 &ndash; Anton Philipp Reclam, German publisher (d. 1895)
* 1819 &ndash; Carlotta Grisi, Italian ballerina (d. 1899)
* 1824 &ndash; Paul Broca, French physician (d. 1880)
* 1831 &ndash; Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist (d. 1907)
* 1835 &ndash; John Young Brown, American politician, 31st Governor of Kentucky (d. 1904)
* 1836 &ndash; Lyman J. Gage, American politician (d. 1927)
* 1847 &ndash; Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson, Icelandic composer (d. 1927)
* 1852 &ndash; Charles Cruft, English businessman (d. 1938)
* 1867 &ndash; Luigi Pirandello, Italian dramatist and narrator, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1936)
* 1871 &ndash; Sergei Bulgakov, Russian theologian and philosopher (d. 1944)
* 1873 &ndash; Alexis Carrel, French surgeon, won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1944)
* 1875 &ndash; Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (d. 1941)
* 1876 &ndash; Robert Guérin, French sports official, 1st President of FIFA (d. 1952)
* 1883 &ndash; Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)
* 1884 &ndash; Lamina Sankoh, Sierra Leonean banker and politician (d. 1964)
* 1888 &ndash; George Challenor, Barbadian cricketer (d. 1947)
* 1890 &ndash; Howard Drew, American sprinter (d. 1957)
* 1891 &ndash; Carl Panzram, American serial killer (d. 1930)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
* 1902 &ndash; Richard Rodgers, American composer (d. 1979)
* 1906 &ndash; Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German–American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1972)
* 1912 &ndash; Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker, German physicist and philosopher (d. 2007)
* 1913 &ndash; Franz Antel, Austrian movie maker (d. 2007)
* 1914 &ndash; Lester Flatt, bluegrass musician (d. 1979)
* 1915 &ndash; David Honeyboy Edwards, American blues musician (d. 2011)
* 1917 &ndash; Albert De Cleyn, Belgian footballer (d. 1990)
* 1918 &ndash; William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1999)
* 1921 &ndash; P. V. Narasimha Rao, Prime Minister of India, 1991 &ndash; 1996 (d. 2004)
* 1923 &ndash; Gaye Stewart, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)
* 1923 &ndash; Conte Candoli, American trumpeter (d. 2001)
* 1923 &ndash; Pete Candoli, American trumpeter (d. 2008)
* 1925 &ndash; Giselher Klebe, German composer (d. 2009)
* 1926 &ndash; Mel Brooks, American actor, director and filmmaker
* 1927 &ndash; Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist (d. 2012)
* 1928 &ndash; Hans Blix, Swedish politician and diplomat
* 1930 &ndash; Itamar Franco, former President of Brazil (d. 2011)
* 1930 &ndash; Jack Gold, British movie director (d. 2015)
* 1930 &ndash; William C. Campbell, Irish–American biologist and parasitologist
* 1931 &ndash; Hans Alfredsson, Swedish actor, movie director, writer and comedian
* 1932 &ndash; Pat Morita, American actor (d. 2005)
* 1934 &ndash; Carl Levin, United States Senator (d. 2021)
* 1934 &ndash; Georges Wolinski, French cartoonist (d. 2015)
* 1934 &ndash; Robert Carswell, Baron Carswell, Irish lawyer and judge
* 1935 &ndash; John Inman, English actor and singer (d. 2007)
* 1936 &ndash; Chuck Howley, American football player
* 1938 &ndash; Moy Yat, martial artist
* 1938 &ndash; Leon Panetta, American politician
* 1940 &ndash; Karpal Singh, Malaysian lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
* 1940 &ndash; Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi banker and economist, Nobel Peace Prize winner
* 1941 &ndash; David Lloyd Johnston, 28th Governor General of Canada
* 1941 &ndash; Joseph Goguen, American scientist (d. 2006)
* 1942 &ndash; Chris Hani, South African politician (d. 1993)
* 1942 &ndash; Rupert Sheldrake, British writer, biochemist and parapsychologist
* 1943 &ndash; Klaus von Klitzing, German physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
* 1945 &ndash; Raul Seixas, Brazilian singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer (d. 1989)
* 1946 &ndash; Gilda Radner, American actress and comedienne (d. 1989)
* 1946 &ndash; Jaime Guzman, Chilean politician (d. 1991)
* 1946 &ndash; John Michael Lounge, American astronaut (d. 2011)
* 1947 &ndash; Mark Helprin, American writer
* 1948 &ndash; Kathy Bates, American actress
* 1948 &ndash; Clarence Thomas, United States Supreme Court justice
* 1948 &ndash; Robin Dunbar, British anthropologist and evolutionary biologist

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
* 1951 &ndash; Mark Shand, English conservationist and author, brother of Queen Camilla (d. 2014)
* 1951 &ndash; Lalla Ward, English actress
* 1951 &ndash; Walter Alva, Peruvian archaeologist
* 1952 &ndash; Ray Ashcroft, English actor
* 1952 &ndash; Pietro Mennea, Italian athlete and politician (d. 2013)
* 1952 &ndash; John Patrick Lowrie, American voice actor, actor, musician and author
* 1952 &ndash; Jean-Christophe Rufin, French physician and author
* 1953 &ndash; Gernot Rohr, German footballer and manager
* 1954 &ndash; A. A. Gill, British journalist, author and critic (d. 2016)
* 1954 &ndash; Alice Krige, actress
* 1957 &ndash; Georgi Parvanov, former President of Bulgaria
* 1957 &ndash; Jim Spanarkel, American basketball player and sportscaster
* 1958 &ndash; Donna Edwards, American lawyer, politician and writer
* 1959 &ndash; Clint Boon, English singer and keyboardist
* 1960 &ndash; John Elway, American football player
* 1961 &ndash; Jeff Malone, American basketball player and coach
* 1963 &ndash; Charlie Clouser, American musician (Nine Inch Nails)
* 1964 &ndash; Mark Grace, American Major League Baseball player
* 1964 &ndash; Sabrina Ferilli, Italian actress
* 1964 &ndash; Tommy Lynn Sells, American serial killer (d. 2014)
* 1966 &ndash; John Cusack, American actor
* 1966 &ndash; Mary Stuart Masterson, American actress, director and producer
* 1967 &ndash; Lars Riedel, German athlete
* 1967 &ndash; Leona Aglukkaq, Canadian politician
* 1967 &ndash; Gil Bellows, Canadian actor
* 1968 &ndash; Adam Woodyatt, English actor
* 1969 &ndash; Ayelet Zurer, Israeli actress
* 1969 &ndash; Stéphane Chapuisat, Swiss footballer
* 1971 &ndash; Sean Dyche, English football manager
* 1971 &ndash; Fabien Barthez, French footballer
* 1971 &ndash; Lorenzo Amoruso, Italian footballer
* 1971 &ndash; Bobby Hurley, American basketball player
* 1971 &ndash; Elon Musk, South African–American entrepreneur
* 1971 &ndash; Louise Mensch, English politician and author
* 1972 &ndash; Ngo Bao Chau, Vietnamese mathematician
* 1972 &ndash; Alessandro Nivola, American actor
* 1972 &ndash; Jon Heidenreich, American professional wrestler
* 1973 &ndash; Adrian Annus, hammer thrower
* 1973 &ndash; André Lange, German bobsledder
* 1974 &ndash; Rob Dyrdek, American skateboarder, actor and producer
* 1975 &ndash; Ning Baizura, Malaysian singer and producer

### From 1976 
* 1977 &ndash; Mark Stoermer, American bass player (The Killers)
* 1978 &ndash; Simon Larose, tennis player
* 1979 &ndash; Felicia Day, American actress and writer
* 1979 &ndash; Randy McMichael, American football player
* 1982 &ndash; Ibrahim Camejo, Cuban long jumper
* 1982 &ndash; Irakli Garibashvili, Prime Minister of Georgia
* 1984 &ndash; Tamara Ecclestone, British model and television host
* 1985 &ndash; Phil Bardsley, British footballer
* 1986 &ndash; Kellie Pickler, American country music singer and songwriter
* 1986 &ndash; Suzuko Mimori, Japanese voice actress and singer
* 1987 &ndash; Terrence Williams, American basketball player
* 1988 &ndash; Kanon Wakeshima, Japanese singer and cellist
* 1989 &ndash; Lucy Rose, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1989 &ndash; Mark Edward Fischbach, American actor and comedian
* 1990 &ndash; Nick Purcell, American actor
* 1990 &ndash; Jasmine Richards, Canadian actress
* 1990 &ndash; Daisy Turner, English model and actress
* 1991 &ndash; Seohyun, South Korean singer, dancer and actress (Girls' Generation)
* 1991 &ndash; Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian footballer
* 1993 &ndash; Bradley Beal, American basketball player
* 1994 &ndash; Anish Giri, Russian–Dutch chess player
* 1994 &ndash; Madeline Duggan, English actress
* 1994 &ndash; Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan
* 1995 &ndash; Kare Hedebrandt, Swedish actor

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
* 202 &ndash; Yuan Shao, Chinese warlord
* 548 &ndash; Theodora I, Byzantine Empress (b. 500)
* 572 &ndash; Alboin, Lombard King (b. 530)
* 683 &ndash; Pope Leo II (b. 611)
* 767 &ndash; Pope Paul I (b. 700)
* 928 &ndash; Louis the Blind, King of Provence and Holy Roman Emperor (b. 880)
* 1061 &ndash; Floris I, Count of Holland (b. 1020)
* 1175 &ndash; Andrey Bogolyubsky, Russian saint (b. 1111)
* 1189 &ndash; Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony (b. 1156)
* 1194 &ndash; Emperor Xiaozong of Song of China (b. 1127)
* 1385 &ndash; Andronikos IV Palaiologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1348)
* 1586 &ndash; Primoz Trubar, Slovenian author and reformer (b. 1508)
* 1598 &ndash; Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer (maker of maps) (b. 1527)
* 1716 &ndash; George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (b. 1665)
* 1757 &ndash; Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Queen of Prussia (b. 1687)
* 1813 &ndash; Gerhard Scharnhorst, Prussian general (b. 1755)
* 1834 &ndash; Joseph Bové, Russian architect (b. 1784)
* 1836 &ndash; James Madison, 4th President of the United States (b. 1751)
* 1880 &ndash; Dan Kelly, Steve Hart and Joe Byrne, Australian bushrangers, killed at Glenrowan, Victoria.
* 1880 &ndash; Texas Jack Omohundro, American cowboy and actor (b. 1848)
* 1881 &ndash; Jules Armand Dufaure, 33rd Prime Minister of France (b. 1798)
* 1889 &ndash; Maria Mitchell, American astronomer and Women's Rights activist (b. 1818)
* 1892 &ndash; Harry Atkinson, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1831)
* 1892 &ndash; Alexandros Rhizos Rhankaves, Greek poet and statesman (b. 1810)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1913 &ndash; Manoel Ferraz de Campos Sales, President of Brazil (b. 1811)
* 1914 &ndash; Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (assassination) (b. 1863)
* 1914 &ndash; Archduchess Sophie Chotek, wife of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (b. 1868)
* 1917 &ndash; Sven Berggren, Swedish naturalist and botanist (b. 1837)
* 1928 &ndash; Ida Ferenczy, lady–in–waiting to Elizabeth of Bavaria (b. 1839)
* 1929 &ndash; Edward Carpenter, English poet and philosopher (b. 1844)
* 1935 &ndash; Patriarch Meletius IV of Constantinople (b. 1871)
* 1940 &ndash; Italo Balbo, Italian general and politician (b. 1896)
* 1942 &ndash; Yanka Kupala, Belarussian writer (b. 1882)
* 1960 &ndash; Jake Swirbul, co–founder of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation
* 1962 &ndash; Mickey Cochrane, American Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1903)
* 1965 &ndash; Red Nichols, American jazz musician (b. 1905)
* 1971 &ndash; Franz Stangl, Nazi Concentration camp commandant (b. 1908)
* 1974 &ndash; Frank Sutton, American actor (b. 1923)
* 1975 &ndash; Rod Serling, American scriptwriter, host of *The Twilight Zone* (b. 1924)
* 1976 &ndash; Stanley Baker, Welsh actor and movie producer (b. 1927)
* 1978 &ndash; Clifford Dupont, President of Rhodesia (b. 1905)
* 1980 &ndash; José Iturbi, Spanish musician, conductor (b. 1895)
* 1981 &ndash; Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and cancer activist (b. 1958)
* 1989 &ndash; Joris Ivens, movie maker (b. 1898)
* 1991 &ndash; Henri Lefebvre, French philosopher (b. 1901)
* 1992 &ndash; Mikhail Tal, Latvian chess player (b. 1936)
* 1993 &ndash; GG Allin, American punk rock singer (b. 1956)
* 1997 &ndash; Mrs. Miller, singer (b. 1907)

### From 2001 
* 2001 &ndash; Mortimer Adler, American philosopher (b. 1902)
* 2001 &ndash; Joan Sims, actress (b. 1930)
* 2003 &ndash; Wim Slijkhuis, Dutch athlete (b. 1923)
* 2004 &ndash; Anthony Buckeridge, writer (b. 1912)
* 2007 &ndash; Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1919)
* 2008 &ndash; Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987)
* 2009 &ndash; Billy Mays, American pitchman (b. 1958)
* 2010 &ndash; Robert Byrd, American politician, longest–serving United States Senator (b. 1917)
* 2011 &ndash; Michael Wenning, American minister (b. 1935)
* 2013 &ndash; Peter Lehmann, Australian winemaker (b. 1930)
* 2014 &ndash; Meshach Taylor, American actor (b. 1947)
* 2014 &ndash; Brian Roe, English cricketer (b. 1939)
* 2014 &ndash; Jim Brosnan, American baseball player (b. 1929)
* 2014 &ndash; Julio Silva Solar, Chilean lawyer and politician (b. 1926)
* 2015 &ndash; Todor Slavov, Bulgarian rally driver (b. 1984)
* 2015 &ndash; Jack Carter, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
* 2015 &ndash; Wally Stanowski, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1919)
* 2016 &ndash; Scotty Moore, American guitarist (b. 1931)
* 2016 &ndash; Buddy Ryan, American football coach (b. 1931)
* 2016 &ndash; Pat Summitt, American basketball coach (b. 1952)
* 2016 &ndash; Zurlon Tipton, American football player (b. 1990)
* 2017 &ndash; John Higgins, Scottish footballer (b. 1930)
* 2017 &ndash; Wally O'Connell, Australian rugby league player (b. 1923)
* 2017 &ndash; Ola Mildred Rexroat, American World War II military official (b. 1917)
* 2018 &ndash; Domenico Losurdo, Italian philosopher (b. 1940)
* 2018 &ndash; Rob Hiaasen, American journalist and newspaper editor (b. 1959)
* 2018 &ndash; Denis Akiyama, Canadian actor (b. 1952)
* 2018 &ndash; Christine Nöstlinger, Austrian author (b. 1936)
* 2019 &ndash; Willie Frazer, Northern Irish activist (b. 1960)

## Observances 
* International LGBT Pride Day
* Saint Irenaeus
* Soviet Occupation Day in Moldova
* Observed as Tau Day by opponents of Pi (Mathematics)