open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Polish Aviation Museum

]] 

The **Polish Aviation Museum** () is a big museum of old airplanes and airplane engines. It is in Kraków, Poland. It is in place of the no-longer used Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport.

Museum shows to people over 200 planes, and plane engines. Some of them one can see only there.

## List of things shown in museum
### Planes with wings and engine
* Aero Ae-145
* Aero L-60 Brigadýr
* Albatros B.II
* Albatros C.I
* Albatros H.1
* Avia B.33 (Czech-built Ilyushin Il-10)
* Aviatik C.III
* Bleriot XI (copy)
* Bücker Bü 131B Jungmann
* Cessna A-37B Dragonfly
* Cessna UC-78A Bobcat
* Curtiss Export Hawk II
* Dassault Mirage 5
* De Havilland 82A Tiger Moth II
* DFW C.V
* Farman IV
* Grigorovich M-15
* Halberstadt CL.II
* Ilyushin Il-14S (VEB)
* Ilyushin Il-28R
* Ilyushin Il-28U
* Yakovlev Yak-11
* Yakovlev Yak-12
* Yakovlev Yak-17UTI (Jak-17W)
* Yakovlev Yak-18
* Yakovlev Yak-23
* Yakovlev Yak-42
* Let L-200A Morava
* Levavasseur Antoinette
* LFG Roland D.VI
* Lisunov Li-2
* LVG B.II
* LWD Szpak-2
* LWD Żuraw 
* The MAK - 30 flying target which can fly faster than sound
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 PM
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 F-13
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 MF
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 bis
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PF
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PFM
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 R
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 U
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 UM
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 US
* Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 MF
* North American T-6G Texan
* Northrop F-5E Tiger II
* Piper L-4A Grasshopper
* Polikarpov Po-2 LNB
* PWS-26
* WSK-Mielec M-15 Belphegor
* PZL M-4 Tarpan
* PZL P.11c
* PZL S-4 Kania 3
* PZL Szpak 4T
* PZL-104 Wilga
* PZL-105 Flaming
* PZL-106A Kruk
* PZL-130 Orlik
* RWD-13
* RWD-21
* Saab J 35J Draken
* Saab JASF37 Viggen
* Sopwith F.1 Camel
* Sukhoi Su-7 BKL
* Sukhoi Su-7 BM
* Sukhoi Su-7 UM
* Sukhoi Su-20
* Sukhoi Su-22 M4
* Supermarine Spitfire LF Mk XVIE
* Tupolev Tu-134A
* Tupolev Tu-2S
* WSK Lim-1
* WSK Lim-2
* WSK Lim-5
* WSK Lim-6bis
* WSK Lim-6M
* WSK Lim-6MR
* WSK MD-12F
* WSK SB Lim-2
* WSK SB Lim-2A
* TS-11 Iskra bis B
* TS-8 Bies
* WSK TS-9 Junak 3
* Zlin Z-26 Trener

### Flying machines which do not have engine
* IS-1 Sęp bis
* IS-3 ABC
* IS-4 Jastrząb
* IS-A Salamandra
* IS-B Komar 49
* IS-C Żuraw
* S-1 Swift
* SZD-6X Nietoperz
* SZD-8 bis Jaskółka
* SZD-9 bis Bocian 1A
* SZD-10 bis Czapla
* SZD-12 Mucha 100
* SZD-15 Sroka
* SZD-17X Jaskółka L
* SZD-18 Czajka
* SZD-19-2A Zefir 2A
* SZD-21 Kobuz 3
* SZD-22 Mucha Standard
* SZD-25A Lis
* SZD-43 Orion
* WWS Wrona bis
* WWS-2 Żaba

### Motor gliders
*HWL Pegaz (SP-590)

### Flying machines which do not have wings
* BŻ-1 GIL
* BŻ-4 Żuk
* JK-1 Trzmiel
* Mil Mi-4 A
* Mil Mi-4 ME
* WSK Mi-2 URP
* WSK Mi-2Ch
* WSK SM-1 (licence Mil Mi-1)
* WSK SM-2

### Engines
## Related pages
* glider
* helicopter

## Other websites
*Official www page of the museum (in English and Polish)
*Satellite image from WikiMapia
*Images from the museum on www.airliners.net
Monstera

**Monstera** is a genus of flowering plants. There are about 60 species in the genus. The genus belongs to the family Araceae. Originally, the plants occur in the tropical regions of Central and South America. 

The plants are herbs or evergreen vines. They climb other trees. They can grow to a height of about 20m. The plants also have aerial roots. These can act as hooks on branches of the tree that the plant is climbing. They grow down into the ground to support the plant. The leaves are leather, dark green, and often have holes in them. The flowers grow on a special inflorescence called a spadix.   Some species have edible fruit.

Many people grow some of these species (esp. *Monstera deliciosa*) indoors as a houseplant. *Monstera deliciosa* is sometimes also grown for its fruit, which tastes somewhere between a banana and a pineapple.

In some parts of the world (other than Tropical America), some plants started to grow in the wild. This is the case for example in Portugal, on Madeira, Morocco, some parts of India and Malaysia as well as in Florida.

## Other websites
* Entry at *GRIN Taxonomy for Plants* 
*Classification from the International Association for Plant Taxonomy
Vine

A **vine** is a climbing plant which use stems or runners. These runners trail on the ground, and will climb up when it is possible. It is a growth habit or life habit which makes use of trees to reach light in natural habitats. 

In the United Kingdom, the term "vine" applies almost exclusively to the **grapevine**, whereas the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.  The grapevine, genus ***Vitis***, carries berries which can be made into wine. 

In the United States, all climbing plants are called vines or ivies or sometimes creepers (like the Virigina Creeper). 

Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or lianas, such as wisteria, kiwifruit, and common ivy, and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as morning glory.

## References
Australian Air Force Cadets

The **Australian Air Force Cadets** (**AAFC**) is a youth organisation in Australia. The goal of the organisation it to help prepare young people for adult life. It was first created on July 11, 1941 with the name Air Training Corps. It was created to give training to young men (ages 14 to 20) who were interested in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The name was changed in 2001.

## Other websites 
* Official AAFC website
Aerial root

excelsa*), Mount Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand]]
 National Park, Indonesia. Notice the aerial roots]]

An **Aerial root** is a root which is above the ground. Different plants have grown them. They can have different functions:
*For support: Sometimes such roots are grown for support. Ivy plants have them to cling to structures, such as stone walls, or other trees. The Banyan tree (also known as *strangler fig'') grows them downward from branches into the forest floor. Eventually, the host tree dies. 
*Roots for breathing: Some plants grow in environments where there is much water in the soil. They may then grow such roots (upwards) to breathe air. Black mangroves have such roots, for example.
*As a parasite. Parasites sometimes grow these, into the host to get nutrients. One example of this is the mistletoe.
*Roots to propagate: Some plants have above-ground roots. In some places, little plants (with leaves and roots) develop. They will drop off at some point, and develop into new plants (that are clones of the parent). Examples for this are strawberries or the spider plant.

## Images

Image:Ficus mauritiana.JPG|A Fig has its fruits on an aerial root
Image:Pohutukawabranches.jpg|Another Pōhutukawa tree with an aerial root coming from a branch
Image:PohutuAerialroot.jpg|Close-up of the aerial root

## References
Brownsville, Texas

**Brownsville** is a city in the southern tip of Texas. As of 2020, 186,738 people lived there.

## References
Agar

s]]

**Agar** is a jelly-like substance made from red algae. It consists of agarose and a mixture of molecules known as agaropectin.

You can grow bacteria on agar plates: that is how bacteria are laid out for testing in hospital pathology departments. It is used as a place to grow bacteria in an microbiology laboratory. 

Domestically, it is used to make desserts, as a laxative, and in the process of brewing. 

The word "agar" comes from the Malay word **agar-agar**, a word which is used for "red algae", where the jelly comes from.

## References
Cable

A communication **cable** is made of many wires or optical fibers  together to make a larger wire. Each of these wires may be covered. Some cables contain both electrical wires and optical fibers. There are many kinds of cables, including coaxial cables which block out radio or magnetic interference from other wires or cables, by having one wire inside an insulated tube surrounded by a second wire, acting as a metal tube along the same axis.  

Electrical cables are usually made of copper, because electricity moves well through copper, but it is not as expensive as silver or other better conductors. Cables are sometimes made of aluminium because it is cheaper than copper.

The word "cable" is also used as ellipsis, or a short form, for "cable TV". 

Wire ropes are a common type of cable. A cable car is a trolley pulled by a cable.

## Related pages
* Cable television
Yellow jersey

The Yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune [majo ʒoːn]) is the jersey worn by the leader of many multi-day (or *stage*) bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. It allows the rider who was in the overall lead at the end of the previous day to be easily identified.

Because the Tour de France was the first to use a coloured jersey to identify the leader many newer races have chosen the same colour, for example the Tour of Germany. Other tours and races use other colours, sometimes because of the .

The Giro d'Italia, Tour of Italy, have a pink jersey (maglia rosa). The race's original sponsor was the sports newspaper (La Gazzetta dello Sport) which printed on pink paper, like many European sports newspapers.

The leader in the Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain) wears a red jersey (called "La Roja"). From 1998 to 2010 the Vuelta leader's jersey was gold in color.

Sometimes a rider will get three yellow jerseys. 
# In front of the press and spectators They are presented a special one that zips up at the back to make the presentation easier.
# An ordinary jersey to wear during the race the next day.
# An unused jersey to keep as a memento.
They will sometimes also autograph many copies of the jersey that are given out to VIPs with the race and their team.
Rainbow jersey

The **Rainbow jersey** is a special jersey worn by world champion cyclists during races.

It is mainly white with five horizontal bands in the UCI colours around the chest. From the bottom up the colours are: green, yellow, black, red and blue, the same colours that appear in the rings on the olympic flag. There are different jerseys for each discipline (road racing, track racing, cyclo-cross, BMX, and the types of mountain biking).

A cyclist must wear the jersey when competing in the same discipline, category and speciality that he is world champion for. For example, the world road race champion would wear the jersey while competing in stage races and one-day races, but would not during time trials. Similarly, on the track, the world individual pursuit champion would only wear the jersey when competing in other individual pursuit events.

A champion who does not wear the rainbow jersey can be fined 2500 to 5000 Swiss francs.

The team's sponsor pays a lot of money to have their name on each rider's jersey.  They can still put their names on the world champion's jersey, but probably smaller because there is less space.  Sponsors do not mind because the world champion gets a lot more publicity than ordinary riders.

A world champion who is leading a stage race wears the race-leader's jersey, not the world champion's, but only while he is the leader.

## References
Green jersey

In road bicycle racing, and especially the three Grand Tour stage races Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a Espana, the **Green jersey** is the name given to a cycling jersey worn by the leader in a subsidiary competition.

For example, while the overall race leader in the Tour de France will wear the yellow jersey, or "maillot jaune", the green jersey ("maillot vert") will be worn by the leader in the points competition for sprinters.

In the Vuelta a Espana, the green jersey is worn by the "King of the Mountains", the leader in the competition for the best climber. The Giro d'Italia also used a green jersey for its "King of the Mountains" from 1974 to 2011, but that jersey was changed to a blue jersey,  starting in 2012.

## Classification Guide 
### Overall Leader 
The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification by time
(*incomplete listing*)
* To Be Determined

### Points Competition Leader 
The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification by points (often known as the sprinters competition):

(*incomplete listing*)
* Tour de France (known as the maillot vert)
* Dauphiné Libéré
* Tour de l'Avenir
* Tour de Georgia

### King of the Mountains 
The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification of the best climber :

(*incomplete listing*)
* Tour of Poland (*Polish*: known as the *najlepszy góral* or *Klasyfikacja Górska*)

#### Former use
* Giro d'Italia (*Italian*: known as the maglia verde) – Used from 1974 to 2011; a blue jersey (*maglia azzurra*) is now used instead.
Derny race

A **derny race** is a race in which the cyclists are paced by someone riding a derny.

A **Derny** is a motorised bicycle designed and built for motor-paced cycling events (e.g.: motor-paced races in six-day and Keirin racing) or motor-paced road races. 

The first Dernys were built by "Roger Derny et Fils" of Paris, France in 1938. That firm is no longer in business and any motorised bicycle for pacing is called a "Derny".

The rider of the derny usually sits upright, this makes it easier for the cyclist by reducing wind resistance. 

The photographers' motorbikes used to help riders in ordinary races. That is why they were banned from riding in front of the cyclists.
Escopetarra

Headquarters.]]
An ***escopetarra*** is a guitar made from a rifle; it is used as a symbol of peace. The name is a  combination of the Spanish words *escopeta* (meaning shotgun/rifle) and *guitarra* (meaning guitar). 

*Escopetarras* were invented in 2003 by a Colombian peace activist named César López. At a gathering after the El Nogal Club bombing in Bogotá, he noticed a soldier holding a gun like a guitar and got the idea for it. The first *escopetarra* in 2003 was made from a Winchester rifle and a Stratocaster electric guitar.

López made five *escopetarras*, four of which were given to Colombian musician Juanes, Argentine musician Fito Páez, the United Nations Development Program, and the city  government of Bogotá, while one was kept for himself. Juanes later sold his *escopetarra* for US$17,000 at a Beverly Hills fundraiser held to help victims of anti-personnel mines, while the *escopetarra* given to the UN was exhibited at the June 2006 of the UN Conference on Disarmament. 

In 2006, López got 12 more decommissioned AK-47s from Colombia's peace commissioner's office. After they are turned into guitars, he plans to give them to popular musicians such as Shakira, Carlos Santana, and Paul McCartney, as well as political figures such as the Dalai Lama. However, a member of the Dalai Lama's staff rejected López' offer, saying it is not appropriate to give a weapon as a gift; López has said he will try to explain his purpose more clearly.

## References
Sylvère Maes

**Sylvère Maes** (born August 27, 1909 in Zevekote – died December 5, 1966 in Ostend) was a Belgian cyclist, who is most famous for winning the Tour de France in 1936 and 1939.

## References
* Profile
Henri Cornet

**Henri Cornet** (born **Henri Jardry** 4 August 1884 - 18 March 1941) was a French cyclist who won the second Tour de France in 1904. 

Born in Desvres, Pas-de-Calais, France, he was 18 years old when he raced in the Tour de France. The race was spoiled by many problems including irate spectators throwing nails on the road in the final stage that forced Henri Cornet to ride the last 40 kilometres with two flat tyres. There were a lot of complaints about cheating, the top four finishers were disqualified by a special committee of the French cycling union.  Although his overall time was three hours behind the first place rider, race officials declared Henri Cornet the winner in November 1903, when he was 19 years and 3 months old. He is the youngest ever winner.

Such was the commotion over the 1904 race that Tour founder Henri Desgrange said it was probably the last time the race would ever be run.   The race winner Maurice Garin was suspended from competition for two years (he retired), and the second place finisher was banned for life. In all
nine cyclists were excluded because of illegal use of cars or trains and all of the stage winners were disqualified because of illegal agreements about allowing people to win.

After 1904 Cornet never again had any great success in any race.  He abandoned the 1905 Tour de France in the 4th stage. He won the 1906 Paris-Roubaix race, but could not start the 1906 Tour de France, and had to abandon it again in 1907, but did manage 8th place finish in 1908. Extremely fast in what today are called time trials, he won the final leg of the 1908 race. A special timed lap run at a velodrome racetrack in Paris, the event was not counted as an official stage or towards the overall classification. Cornet competed in his last Tour de France in 1912, finishing 28th.  

He died in 1941 at the age of 56 in Prunay-le-Gillon, Eure-et-Loir.
Maurice Garin

**Maurice Garin** (March 3, 1871 - February 19, 1957) was a road bicycle racer. He is best known for winning the 1903 Tour de France - the very first running of the race.  

Garin was born in Arvier in the Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. He became a naturalized French citizen only in December 1901, when he was already a champion cyclist, winner of the second Paris-Roubaix.

He was declared the winner of the 1904 Tour de France, but was later disqualified. The Tour de France organisation and the French cycling authorities have not said why.  They were said to have taken a train through part of the route. In the early days stages were much longer than today, sometimes starting in the dark.

When he retired from professional cycling he ran a small garage in Lens until his death.

He is buried in the Cimetière Est in the neighbouring suburb of Sallaumines

## Major Wins 
;1897
:Paris-Roubaix
;1898
:Paris-Roubaix
;1902
:Bordeaux-Paris
;1903
:Tour de France
::Winner overall classification
::Winner 3 stages

## Other websites
*http://www.lepays.net/jdj/01/02/20/MA/article_1.html
Spiracle

Insects have small holes in their bodies that allow them to breathe. These holes are called **spiracles**. Air comes in the spiracles and goes to invertebrate trachea, or tubes. 

These tubes take the oxygen to other parts of the insect body. Because insects have no lungs, air comes in and goes out of the spiracles passively (by itself). Some insects can open and close the spiracles to keep water out.

Some spiders also have spiracles.

Sharks and rays have a spiracle behind each eye. When the shark is not moving, the spiracle helps the shark to breathe.
Mongoose

A **mongoose** (plural mongooses, alternatively mongeese) is a small terrestrial carnivoran mammal of the family **Herpestidae**, a family of small cat-like carnivores. Mongooses are widely distributed in Asia, Africa the Caribbean, and southern Europe.

## In popular culture 
A well-known mongoose written in fiction is Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, who has a short story of the same title in *The Jungle Book* (1894) by Rudyard Kipling. In this story set in India, the young mongoose saves his family from a krait and from two cobras, named Nag and Nagaina. This story was later made into several movies, and also a song by Donovan.

There is a Mongoose fictional character in Bram Stoker's novel, *The Lair of the White Worm.* The main character, Adam Salton, buys one to hunt snakes. 

Game Freak's Pokémon media franchise has a Pokémon named Zangoose, named after the mongoose.
Paris-Roubaix

**Paris-Roubaix** is a famous single-day professional bicycle road race held in northern France starting in Compiègne and finishing in Roubaix, near the Belgian frontier.  It was one of the ten UCI Road World Cup races and became part of the UCI ProTour. It is one of the 'Classic cycle races' has the nickname *The Hell of the North* .

## History 
Paris-Roubaix is one of the oldest professional bicycle races. Théo Vienne and Maurice Perez got the idea to run the race and in 1896, the sports newspaper Le Vélo worked out original route between Paris and Roubaix. The race has been contested every year since 1896, stopped only by the two World wars.

The first edition of the race was held at Easter, April 19 1896, so it got the nickname of *La Pascale*(English: *The Easter*).

188 competitors left the Bois de Boulogne park in Paris and raced almost 300&nbsp;kilometres to Roubaix. Josef Fischer, the winner of this first edition, received 1000 francs.

The race is now organised by the media group Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO) who also run the Tour de France.

Riders are often covered from head to toe in mud and grit, and race over the cobblestoned roads and hard rutted tracks of northern France.  However, the race got the nickname ''l'enfer du Nord*, or the *Hell of the North* from journalists who watched the race after world war I, and saw it  pass through many of the ruins, craters, and destruction along the way.

Originally, the race was from Paris to Roubaix, but in 1966 the starting location was moved to Chantilly, 50&nbsp;kilometres to the north of Paris, to be moved in 1977 to Compiègne, approximately 80&nbsp;kilometres to the north of Paris. Famous for rough terrain, the route of Paris-Roubaix is adjusted slightly from year to year as the older roads are resurfaced and the race organisers seek to replace them with other challenging cobbles, to maintain the character of the race - in 2005, for example, the race included 54.7&nbsp;kilometres of cobbled sections. The race finishes  with 750&nbsp;meters on the smooth concrete expanses of the large outdoor velodrome in Roubaix.

## The bicycles of Paris-Roubaix 
Due to its challenging course, and poor weather conditions, Paris-Roubaix presents a challenge to riders, team support personnel, and equipment alike.  Special frames and wheels are often used specifically for Paris-Roubaix, in various configurations depending on the weather conditions.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Philippe Bouvet (with Pierre Callewaert, Jean-Luc Gatellier, Laget Serge): *Paris-Roubaix: A Journey Through Hell''  VeloPress, . The inside story of the race, its great riders, its traditions, and its secrets

## Winners 
## References
Patina

A **patina** is a  of various chemical compounds such as oxides or carbonates formed on the surface of metal or other material. Often this is due to exposure to weather. The word "patina" comes from the Latin word meaning "shallow dish". For many works of art the patina adds to its value. In many cases, the artist wanted the work to acquire a patina over time. Early civilizations used bronze extensively. The Bronze Age is named for it. In the United States, bronze was rarely used in buildings before the American Civil War. 

Often,  and well-used firearms will develop a patina on the steel after the bluing, parkerizing, or other finish has worn off. Firearms in this condition are generally considered more valuable than ones that have been re-blued or parkerized. The patina protects the firearm from the more damaging rust that would occur if the patina were polished off. Rust is sometimes valued as a patina. Examples are rat rods, custom cars and meant to look like early 1940s hot rods. They glorify rusted hot rods that have an almost cartoonish appearance. Some are actually rusted metal while others have a faux (false) finish intended to look like rust.

## Faux patinas 
Copper items, lamps, fixtures and outdoor projects can be made to look weathered by use of paints or chemicals. For example, a 50/50 mix of ammonia and white vinegar will give copper an aged patina. Architects and craftspeople use copper sulfate on copper items to make them look old. Patina Green is another product used to give copper an instant aged look. Woodworkers and wood finishers mix their own wood stains. This is to match finishes on wood furniture to the same color, tone and patina of the original finish.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Metallic Finishes & Effects - DIY
* Shabby Chic - Patina 1937 Ford Three-Window
Stage race

A bicycle **stage race** is a race held over several days.  Each day's race is called a *stage*.  Many countries have a racing tour of their country, for example the Deutschland Tour and the Tour of Britain.  The oldest and most famous stage race is the Tour de France.

A stage race does not have to be tour of a country.  The Bayern Rundfahrt is a stage race in Bavaria, Germany. In contrast the ENECO Tour  is a stage race around Belgium and the Netherlands.
Richmond, Victoria

**Richmond** is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is only 3&nbsp;km (2 miles) south-east of Melbourne's business district. Richmond's population was 26,121 in the 2011 census.

The older suburb has been rebuilt with more expensive houses and stores. This removal of run-down areas started in the early 1990s. Richmond now has many homes for the wealthy that were once warehouses. There are also public housing high-rise flats for the poor and row houses from the Victorian-era. There are also many shops, restaurants and bars. 

Richmond has a popular active Vietnamese living area along Victoria Street. The area is also well known for the illegal drug trade (especially heroin) that happens both in the streets and inside homes.

## Transport
Richmond has a train station, called the Richmond Train Station, which has 10 tracks and 10 platforms. The Richmond Railway Station is on the following train lines: Alamein, Bairnsdale, Belgrave, Cranbourne, Frankston, Glen Waverley, Lilydale, Pakenham and Sandringham.

## In popular culture 
The 1980s cult punk movie Dogs in Space made by Richard Lowenstein and starring Michael Hutchence was made in Richmond.

Songwriter Paul Kelly's song "Leaps and Bounds" mentions Richmond's 'clock on the silo'. Its real name is the Nylex Clock.

## References
Eneco Tour of Benelux

The **Eneco Tour of Benelux** is a UCI ProTour bicycle stage race. Its name refers to its main sponsor, the energy company Eneco Energie. The first Eneco Tour of Benelux took place from August 3 to August 10 2005

## History 
The Tour of the Netherlands began on 6 May 1948, but only became an annual event in 1975. From about 2000 it was known as the Eneco tour. The start of the UCI's ProTour in 2005 saw the tour reorganised.

## Organization 
The then UCI president Hein Verbruggen wanted to keep the Tour of the Netherlands for "marketing reasons". (Part of the UCI's job is to make cycling more popular).    The Dutch Tour organisation got a better sponsor (ENECO Energie). But because the race was not difficult enough for the new ProTourthe race organisers asked the organisers of the Tour of Belgium and the Tour de Luxembourg. The idea was a Tour of the Benelux that would replace the three.  The Tours of Belgium and Luxembourg will carry on. The organisers of the Tour of Luxembourg did not want to join the new big race, so the Eneco tour only covers Belgium and the Netherlands.

## Winners 
### General classification 
The overall winner of the race by time wears a *red jersey* (Dutch: *Rode trui* or French: *Maillot rouge*).

### Points classification 
In 2005, the overall winner of the race by points (Dutch: *Puntenklassement*) wears a *blue jersey* (Dutch: *Blauwe trui* or French: *Maillot bleu*). This was changed to a white jersey however in 2006.

### Mountains classification 
No jersey is awarded for leading this classification.

### Young rider classification 
Before 2007, the best young (under 25) rider of the race got to wear a *yellow jersey*. (Dutch: *Gele trui* or French: *Maillot jaune*).

### Team classification 
## Most Stage Wins 
## References 
*  Graat, John (August 3 2005). '''Fantastische' Pro Tour zegen voor profronde''. Trouw (Dutch newspaper), p.&nbsp;13.

## Other websites 
* Official homepage
Maki

**Maki** can mean:

* Maki Fumihiko, an architect and Pritzker Prize winner
* Maki Goto, a Japanese pop singer
* Maki Horikita, a Japanese actress
* Maki Ichinose, a fictional character in the anime and manga series *BLEACH*
* Maki Kagura, a video game character from the *King of Fighters* series
* Maki Seiichiro, a Japanese soccer player
* Makizushi, a variety of sushi
* Markie (real name 翁長麻紀 Maki Onaga), the lead singer of HIGH and MIGHTY COLOR
* Ziro Maki, physicist
Edwards v. Aguillard

**Edwards v. Aguillard** was a 1987 United States Supreme Court case that said that creationism was not science. The Supreme Court said that it was religion, and could not be taught in American schools, because the United States Constitution (the set of rules that all American government must follow) does not allow the government to support one religion more than other religions, and so schools run by the government cannot teach religion as being true. This rule is known as the Establishment Clause.

## References
*Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987) US Supreme Court. Available at: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1986/85-1566 (Accessed: 5 Dec 2024).

## Related pages
*Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, a similar court case
Frýdlant

**Frýdlant** (-Czech, German: *Friedland*) is a town in the Czech Republic. About 7,600 people live there. It is located in the north of the historical region Bohemia.

Image:Frydlant Rathaus.JPG|Town hall of Frýdlant
Image:Frydlant BurgSchloss.JPG|Castle Frýdlant

## References
Crux

**Crux**, commonly known as the **Southern Cross**, is a constellation that can be seen by people in the Southern Hemisphere. Its four brightest stars are in the shape of a cross. The name *Crux* is the Latin word for a cross. It is a small constellation, but the four main stars are bright, so the cross shape is easily seen in the sky. Each of the four stars has an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8. The four stars point approximately in the directions of north, south, east and west.

Crux was first described by the Italian navigator Andrea Corsali in 1515. In the past, sailors used Crux to help with navigating across oceans.

The Southern Cross is used as a symbol in many Southern Hemisphere countries and states. It appears on the flags of Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Samoa.

It was used on the flag flown by miners in Ballarat, Victoria, during the 1854 rebellion known as the Eureka Stockade. The flag has been used as a symbol of protest in Australia since then.

## Related pages
* Northern Cross

## References
Deutschland Tour

The **Deutschland Tour** (English: *Tour of Germany* and sometimes *Deutschland-Rundfahrt* in German) is the most important stage race in Germany. Initially the race was held in May/June. Since 2005, it has been part of the UCI ProTour and has been moved to August.

## History
Already in 1911, a "national" cycling race of over 1,500&nbsp;km was held in the German Empire (Germany was then lots of more or less independent kingdoms, duchies, and other little countries ). Until 1931 several Tours were held, organised by different groups. In 1931 the first *Deutschlandtour* was held.  The race was well organised and exciting between 1937 and 1939, but stopped again at the start of World War II.

There was not a lot of road cycling in Germany, and the tour's popularity depended on German riders doing well in other races.   This resulted in several parallel tours of West Germany.

But after Jan Ullrich's 1997 Tour de France victory, cycling became more popular. Partly as because of Germany's new-found cycling enthusiasm, the *Bund Deutscher Radfahrer e.V.* (German Cyclists' Federation) and the company Upsolut founded the Deutschland Tour *gmbh* (Ltd) 1999 the *Deutschlandtour* restarted, but has not been run since 2008 because of a lack of interest from TV sponsors.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Site
*Deutchland Tour at Cyclingpost
Psychometrics

**Psychometrics** is a science that tries to measure educational and psychological levels of people and groups of people. Areas that are studied in people include intelligence, skills, and personality traits. The science is mainly a part of the science of psychology.

## Related pages 
*Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
*Data mining
*Educational psychology
*Factor analysis
*Standardized test
Drag (physics)

In fluid dynamics, **drag** (sometimes called **resistance**) is a force which tends to slow the movement of an object through a liquid or gas.
As a moving object pushes the liquid or gas out of its way, the fluid pushes back on the object. This drag force is always opposite to the object's motion, and unlike friction between solid surfaces, the drag force increases as the object moves faster.

Air resistance, also known as drag, is a force that is caused by air, the force acts in the opposite direction to an object moving through the air. It is where air particles hit the front of the object slowing it down. The more surface area, the more air particles hit it and the greater the resistance.

Things are often shaped to make less drag. That's called streamlining. For example, a truck with a flat front will experience high air resistance while a sports car with a curved shape will experience lower air resistance, allowing the car to go faster; because the air has less surface area to push against and therefore moves more smoothly across it. This is why airplanes and other fast machines are streamlined, and the same is true of fish. A snowflake falls more slowly than does a drop of water of the same weight.

Drag can affect the quickest falling speed (the terminal velocity) of an object. The higher the drag, the slower the object falls.

## References
Natural history

in the Amazon]]

 went round the world on this ship. He found his wife in Sydney, Australia]]

**Natural history** is the study of plants and animals in the wild, and the environments they live in. This includes the geology of the places in which they live.

The work of naturalists is observation, interpretation, collecting and classification, rather than experiments. People who study natural history are called **naturalists**. They were among the first to explore the world. They were the first to study the Amazon and other tropical places. Naturalists find new species and classify plants and animals. They study ecology.

Naturalists developed some theoretical ideas which were valuable. They noticed that living things fitted the lives they led. This was adaptation. They noticed a struggle for existence between animals. They thought they could see a chain of being from lower animals to higher, which they thought was the work of God. The idea that such things might happen by natural means began to surface in the 18th century, and become the majority view in time of Charles Darwin.

Before Darwin, most naturalists did not think of themselves as scientists. When they looked at nature, perhaps as explorers, they looked at everything. They looked at the land, the people, the plants and animals. After Darwin, they did see themselves as scientists. Early on, Darwin called himself a geologist. Thomas Henry Huxley was an anatomist. Joseph Dalton Hooker was a botanist. Charles Lyell was a geologist. They changed the way in which they were educated as well. They often took degrees in science. That sort of education was rare before Darwin.

Naturalists were educated amateurs; scientists are trained professionals. The change happened slowly, during the 19th century. The very word *scientist* was invented in 1837 by William Whewell. Before then, the term was *natural philosopher* (for the physical sciences) or *natural historian* (for the biological sciences and geology). *Naturalist* is short for *natural historian*.

## Important naturalists 
Some of the people who are important because they were interested in natural history are:

*Aristotle
*Pliny the Elder
*Conrad Gessner
*John Ray 
*Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 
*Gilbert White 
*Alexander von Humboldt 
*Charles Darwin 
*Alfred Russel Wallace

## References
Consolevania

***Consolevania*** is an internet television program that is about video games. It also has funny stories, although not all of these are about games.  It is made by Rab Florence and Ryan Mcleod in Glasgow, Scotland. *Consolevania* must be downloaded from the internet rather than watching it on a television set. *Consolevania* is named after a video game called *Castlevania* on the Super Nitendo video game console.

Rab and Ryan, also made a normal television show for BBC Scotland, called *videoGaiden*.  It has less swearing in it.

Some of the funny characters in *Consolevania* are:

* John Gacy - A clown who pretends not to kill children
* Sammy Miller - A man who tries to make the show safer but ends up hurting himself
* Hitler - The Hitler in *Consolevania* is angry about losing the war and tries to stop the show

*Consolevania* has a good reputation because the presenters care about video games and they sometimes makes fun of certain people who make video games. People also like the funny stories and swearing.

## Other websites 
* Consolevania  - The *Consolevania* website
Livermorium

**Livermorium** is a radioactive chemical element that has the chemical symbol **Lv** and the atomic number 116. Its longest half-life lasts only 47 milliseconds. 
The element is named in honor of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

It was first discovered in 2000 by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia. Its name was originally "Ununhexium" (Uuh) as a placeholder name meaning "one-one-six-ium" in Latin, but it changed on May 30st, 2012, when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry changed it. 

## Uses 
It currently has no use as chemists are researching it now.

## Other websites 
*WebElements.com - Livermorium
*Apsidium - Livermorium 
*Second postcard from the island of stability 

## References
UCI ProTour

The **UCI ProTour** is a series of bicycle road races organised by the world governing body the International Cycling Federation (*Union Cycliste Internationale* - the UCI)

The ProTour is the top grade of races for the top 20 cycling teams.

The ProTour includes one day races, time trials, and stage races. It started in 2005 and replaced the old world championship series which did not include stage races.

All of the ProTour races are in Europe, but the teams come from Europe and the United States. At the moment it is hard to move up from the Continental circuits to the ProTour, but in the future teams from Africa, Australia or Asia could take part in the ProTour.

## List of current UCI ProTour teams 
|-
!style="background:#ccf;"|

|- style="text-align:center;"
|
2005&nbsp;|
2006&nbsp;|
2007

Paris-Nice&nbsp;|
Tirreno-Adriatico&nbsp;|
Milan-Sanremo&nbsp;|
Ronde&nbsp;van&nbsp;Vlaanderen&nbsp;|
Vuelta&nbsp;al&nbsp;País Vasco&nbsp;|
Gent-Wevelgem&nbsp;|
Paris-Roubaix&nbsp;|
Amstel&nbsp;Gold&nbsp;Race&nbsp;|
La&nbsp;Flèche&nbsp;Wallonne&nbsp;|
Liège-Bastogne-Liège&nbsp;|
Tour&nbsp;de&nbsp;Romandie&nbsp;|
Giro&nbsp;d'Italia&nbsp;|
Volta&nbsp;a&nbsp;Catalunya&nbsp;|
Critérium&nbsp;du&nbsp;Dauphiné&nbsp;Libéré&nbsp;|
Tour&nbsp;de&nbsp;Suisse&nbsp;|
Eindhoven&nbsp;TTT&nbsp;|
Tour&nbsp;de&nbsp;France&nbsp;|
Clásica&nbsp;de&nbsp;San&nbsp;Sebastián&nbsp;|
Deutschland&nbsp;Tour&nbsp;|
Vattenfall&nbsp;Cyclassics&nbsp;|
Eneco&nbsp;Tour&nbsp;of&nbsp;Benelux&nbsp;|
Vuelta&nbsp;a&nbsp;España&nbsp;|
GP&nbsp;Ouest-France&nbsp;|
Tour&nbsp;de&nbsp;Pologne&nbsp;|
Züri-Metzgete&nbsp;|
Paris-Tours&nbsp;|
Giro&nbsp;di&nbsp;Lombardia
Queer

The term **queer** is a word that describes any person who does not fit into what is considered normal by society when talking about their gender and/or sexuality.

It is a word that has been  by social and political LGBT rights activists and is the word that a lot of academic studies use to describe non-heterosexual identities. It is also used as a word which talks about someone's sexuality or gender in a deliberately non-specific way.

Queer is mostly used by younger LGBT people to describe themselves and is usually described as a "fluid" label. Many people like the term in the LGBT community as it focuses on what that community has in common and not its differences. But many older LGBT people may find the term "queer" to be offensive due to its use as a homophobic insult. The word was used a lot in the 20th century to refer to gay men, as it still does a lot today.

## Related pages 
*Queer anarchism

## References
Ohana

**Ohana** is an idea in Hawaiian culture.  The word *ohana* means family in the Hawaiian language, but in a much wider sense, to include not only one's closer relatives, but also one's cousins, in-laws, friends, race, and other neighbours.  The idea is also that family and friends are bound together and everyone must work together and not forget each other.

## Origin 
The word is related to the word *whānau* meaning the same, used by the Maori of New Zealand.  It comes from the Hawaiian word *ohā* meaning the root of the taro plant, the most important plant in Hawaiian culture. 

## Popular culture 
*Ohana* is also one of the main ideas of the Disney animated movie Lilo & Stitch. ("Ohana *means family, and family means nobody gets left behind. Or forgotten.*") The director of the movie, Dean DeBlois, says the movie's makers learned about this from their tour guide when they went to Hawaii to get ideas for the movie.  He said that everywhere they went, the guide seemed to know people, and that he explained about *ohana* to them.  They liked the idea so much that it became one of the main ideas for the story, the one thing that changes the character of Stitch, even though he was created to destroy.

"Ohana API" is a US website with the goal of extending the concept of "Ohana" to the larger context of the US as a whole. This is relevant and important because Hawaii and the Hawaiian culture is an integral part of the cultural diversity and interconnection that exists and is a very unique and cherished part and benefit of the great and expanding intermingled cultures that embody the United States of America.
Right-wing politics

**Right-wing politics** is a kind of politics that supports social or economic conservatism. 

## Beliefs 
Someone who is "right-wing" usually supports tradition and keeping things the way that they already are. The right-wing supports tradition and authority.  The right-wing in some countries, like the United States, often supports social conservatism and a capitalist economy where the government has little influence.  Usually the right-wing thinks of society as similar to a living thing, what is called "organic society".  They believe that society's customs and traditions are a collection of things that we have learned from the past and are useful and should be maintained as much as possible.

## Types 
People who are very right-wing are called "reactionary", and want to either return to the way things were before, such as neoreaction, or more often start as a reaction against left-wing ideas which are spreading in a country or two.

## Famous right-wing politicians 
* Silvio Berlusconi
* Boris Johnson
* Giorgia Meloni
* Benjamin Netanyahu
* Ronald Reagan
* Margaret Thatcher
* Donald Trump
* Janez Janša
* Jair Bolsonaro
* Rishi Sunak
* Narendra Modi

## Related pages 
* Centrism
* Fascism
* Left-wing politics
* Nationalism
* Neoconservatism
* Paleoconservatism
Polka dot jersey

The **polka dot jersey** is the special cycling jersey given to the "King of the Mountains" in the Tour de France. The jersey is white with red spots, called polka dots. There is also space for the logo of the cycling team the winner belongs to.

The King of the Mountains is the rider who has collected the most points in the hill-climbing sections of each stage. Points are given to the first riders to reach the top. More points are given for difficult climbs. Difficulty is judged by the length of the climb and the average steepness of the climb. 

The King of the Mountains competition at the Tour de France was started in 1933. The polka dot jersey for the winner was introduced in 1975.

Richard Virenque has won the jersey seven times, more than any other cyclist. In 2014 the winner was Rafał Majka. In 2015 an Eritrean rider, Daniel Teklehaimanot, became the first African who won a Polka dot jersey.

## References
Abdus Salam

**Mohammad Abdus Salam**  (29 January 1926; Santokdas, Sahiwal Punjab – 21 November 1996; Oxford, England) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist. He was awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics, and the 1990 Copley Medal.

He was initially educated at the Government College Lahore and the University of the Punjab, Lahore. For a time also worked at the Government College as a lecturer, adding considerably to its intellectual life. Later he went to Cambridge University, England for PhD studies. In 1951 he returned to Pakistan, but he found that he was cut off from the rest of the scientific world there. In 1953, he again went to England where he started to teach and research, having interest in the Grand Unified Theory.

He believed that if the Creator of the universe was one then the origin of all the forces had to be single also. He then set off to unify the electromagnetic and the weak nuclear force.
According to another scientist, Peter Higgs, a field existed i.e. the Higgs field. Salam successfully showed that weak nuclear forces are not really different from electromagnetic forces, and two could inter-convert. Salam provided a theory that shows the unification of two fundamental forces of nature, weak nuclear forces and the electromagnetic forces, one into another.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Ram Dass

Dr. **Richard Alpert** (April 6, 1931 &ndash; December 22, 2019), also known as **Baba Ram Dass**, was a spiritual teacher. He was the writer of *Be Here Now*, the bestseller book of 1971.

In the 1960s, professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert collaborated on a book titled *The Psychedelic Experience*, which adapted portions of the *Tibetan Book of the Dead* as a guide for use in LSD experiences. They hoped to give users of LSD a simulation of death and rebirth, to "liberate" them from past problems or mistakes in their lives. 

Dass died on December 22, 2019 in Maui, Hawaii at the age of 88.

## References
Pleistocene

:*"The Ice Age" redirects here. For other uses, see Ice Age (disambiguation).*
 - an old type of an animal related to the armadillo. It lived in South America during the Pleistocene.]]
 - a hairy elephant that lived in the frozen north. The last mammoth died about 4,500 years ago.]]

The **Pleistocene** stage or epoch was a long period of time. It stretched from 2.58 million years ago to 11,700 years ago. It is the first epoch of the Quaternary period and the sixth in the Cainozoic. It came after the Pliocene epoch, and before the modern-day Holocene. 

## Ice ages 
The Pleistocene was a time of ice ages: cold glacial periods with shorter, warmer, interglacials. During these ice ages, the world became much colder for a long time. 

For much of the 20th century, geologists believed there were four "major" ice ages. Nowadays scientists think there were at least five. 

During these glaciations, much of the world we know was covered by ice: North America down to and past the Great Lakes; all of northern Russia and Europe; and England down to the Thames.

## Animals 
Many animals that lived during the Pleistocene have become extinct because of climate change and hunting by humans.  

Many Pleistocene mammals were larger, cold-adapted versions of animals that live now. Mammoths were a species of elephant in the ice age. Their popular name of woolly mammoth suggests the long hair which was an adaptation to the cold. 

Glyptodon was something like a giant armadillo.  

## Ancient humans 
Ancient human species lived during the Pleistocene. In Europe and Asia the large-brained Neanderthal (*Homo neanderthalensis*) lived until about 30,000 years ago. Modern man did not descend from Neanderthals, but originated in Africa from another branch of the genus *Homo*.

## Related pages 
* Ice age
* Global warming
* Human evolution
* Human timeline
* Palaeolithic

## References