April 9

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
*193 &ndash; Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum.
*1241 &ndash; Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol Empire forces defeat the German and Polish armies.
*1388 &ndash; Despite being outnumbered 16 to 1, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious over the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Nafels.
*1413 &ndash; King Henry V of England is crowned.
*1440 &ndash; Christopher of Bavaria is appointed King of Denmark.
*1454 &ndash; The Treaty of Lodi is signed, establishing a balance of power among the northern Italian city states for almost 50 years.
*1511 &ndash; Saint John's College, Cambridge, receives its charter.
*1609 &ndash; Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp.
*1682 &ndash; Robert Cavelier de La Salle discovers the mouth of the Mississippi River.
*1860 &ndash; On his phonautograph machine, Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville makes the oldest–known recording of an audible human voice.
*1865 &ndash; The American Civil War ends, as Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.
*1867 &ndash; By a single vote, the United States Senate approves the treaty with Russia for the purchase of Russian America, present–day Alaska.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
*1914 &ndash; Mexican Revolution: One of the world's first naval/air skirmishes takes place off the coast of western Mexico. 
*1916 &ndash; World War I: Battle of Verdun – German forces launch their third offensive of the battle.
*1917 &ndash; World War I: Battle of Arras – The battle begins when Canadian corps execute a massive assault on the Vimy Ridge.
*1918 &ndash; The National Council of Bessarabia, in present–day Moldova, proclaims a union with Romania.
*1939 &ndash; Marian Anderson sings at the Lincoln Memorial, after being denied the right to sing at Constitution Hall.
*1940 &ndash; World War II: The Nazis invade Denmark and Norway.
*1940 &ndash; World War II: Vidkun Quisling seizes power in Norway.
*1942 &ndash; World War II: Bataan Death March – US forces surrender on the Bataan Peninsula.
*1945 &ndash; World War II: The Battle of Königsberg, in East Prussia, ends.
*1945 &ndash; The United States Atomic Energy Commission is formed.
*1947 &ndash; The Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes kill 181 people in Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas.
*1948 &ndash; President of Colombia Jorge Eliecer Gaitan is assassinated.
*1948 &ndash; Fighters from the Irgun and Lehi Zionist paramilitary groups attack the Arab village of Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, killing over 100 people.
*1952 &ndash; Hugo Gallivan's government is overthrown by the Bolivian National Revolution.
*1957 &ndash; The Suez Canal opens to shipping.
*1959 &ndash; Project Mercury: NASA announces the selection of the first seven US astronauts.
*1961 &ndash; The Pacific Electric Railway in Los Angeles ends operations.
*1963 &ndash; Winston Churchill becomes an honorary US citizen, becoming the first non–American to be given this honour.
*1965 &ndash; The first indoor game of baseball is played.
*1967 &ndash; The Boeing 737 makes its first flight.
*1969 &ndash; The "Chicago Eight" plead not guilty to federal charges of conspiracy to incite a riot at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.
*1975 &ndash; The first game of the Philippine Basketball Association is played.
*1981 &ndash; United States Navy nuclear submarine USS *George Washington (SSBN-598)* accidentally collides with *Nissho Maru*, a Japanese cargo ship, sinking it.
*1989 &ndash; April 9 tragedy: In Tbilisi, in the then–Soviet Republic of Georgia, a peaceful pro–independence demonstration is broken up by the Soviet army, killing 20 people, and injuring hundreds.
*1991 &ndash; The Republic of Georgia, under Zviad Gamsakhurdia, declares independence from the Soviet Union.
*1992 &ndash; The British Conservative Party under John Major, wins a fourth term in office in the United Kingdom, defeating Neil Kinnock of the Labour Party. Kinnock resigns shortly after.
*1992 &ndash; A US Federal Court finds Panama's former military leader Manuel Noriega guilty of drug and racketeering offences.
*1999 &ndash; Niger's President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara is overthrown, and killed at Niamey airport.

### From 2001 
*2003 &ndash; Baghdad falls to US forces, as Saddam Hussein's regime crumbles, while a statue of him is torn down in the centre of the city.
*2005 &ndash; Charles, Prince of Wales marries Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. Their wedding had been postponed from the previous day, for the funeral of Pope John Paul II.
*2009 &ndash; In Tbilisi, 60,000 people gather to protest against the Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili.
*2011 &ndash; Seven people, including the gunman, are killed in a shooting at a mall, in Alphen an den Rijn, in the Netherlands.
*2013 &ndash; Thirteen people are shot dead in a shooting rampage in a village south of Belgrade, Serbia.
*2013 &ndash; Uhuru Kenyatta is formally sworn in as President of Kenya.
*2017 &ndash; 2017 Palm Sunday church bombings occur in Tanta and Alexandria, Egypt, killing 45 people.
*2019 &ndash; An election is held for the Israeli Knesset, with Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu looking for a record fifth term in office.

## Births 
### Up to 1900 
*1283 &ndash; Margaret, Maid of Norway (d. 1290)
*1336 &ndash; Tamerlane, also known as Timur, Turkic conqueror, in Transoxiana (d. 1405)
*1498 &ndash; Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine (d. 1550)
*1597 &ndash; John Davenport, English clergyman (d. 1670)
*1686 &ndash; James Craggs the Younger, British politician (d. 1721)
*1770 &ndash; Thomas Johann Seebeck, German physicist (d. 1831)
*1773 &ndash; Étienne Aignan, translator, political writer, librettist, playwright, member of the Académie française (d. 1824)
*1794 &ndash; Theobald Boehm, inventor of the modern flute.
*1802 &ndash; Elias Lönnrot, Finnish physician and writer (d. 1884)
*1806 &ndash; Isambard Kingdom Brunel, British engineer (d. 1859)
*1816 &ndash; Charles-Eugene Delaunay, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1872)
*1817 &ndash; Alexander Thomson, Scottish architect (d. 1895)
*1821 &ndash; Charles Baudelaire, French poet (d. 1867)
*1830 &ndash; Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer, movie pioneer (d. 1904)
*1834 &ndash; Edmond Laguerre, French mathematician (d. 1886)
*1835 &ndash; King Leopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
*1846 &ndash; Paolo Tosti, Italian composer (d. 1916)
*1848 &ndash; Helene Lange, German teacher (d. 1930)
*1865 &ndash; Charles Proteus Steinmetz, German–born engineer and mathematician (d. 1923)
*1865 &ndash; Adela Florence Nicolson, English poet (d. 1904)
*1865 &ndash; Erich Ludendorff, German general in World War I (d. 1937)
*1867 &ndash; Chris Watson, third Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1941)
*1867 &ndash; Charles Winckler, Danish tug of war competitor (d. 1932)
*1869 &ndash; Élie Cartan, French mathematician (d. 1951)
*1872 &ndash; Léon Blum, Prime Minister of France (d. 1950)
*1880 &ndash; Jan Letzel, Czech architect (d. 1925)
*1882 &ndash; Frederick Francis IV, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1945)
*1883 &ndash; Frank King, American cartoonist (d. 1969)
*1888 &ndash; Sol Hurok, American impresario (d. 1974)
*1889 &ndash; Efrem Zimbalist, Russian violinist (d. 1985)
*1893 &ndash; Charles E. Burchfield, American painter (d. 1967)
*1893 &ndash; Rahul Sankrityanan, Indian travel writer and scholar (d. 1962)
*1895 &ndash; Michel Simon, French actor (d. 1975)
*1897 &ndash; John B. Gambling, radio talk–show host (d. 1974)
*1897 &ndash; Fred G. Aandahl, 23rd Governor of North Dakota (d. 1966)
*1898 &ndash; Paul Robeson, American singer and political activist (d. 1976)
*1898 &ndash; Curly Lambeau, American football coach, executive (d. 1965)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
*1902 &ndash; Theodore Monod, French naturalist, explorer and scholar (d. 2000)
*1903 &ndash; Ward Bond, actor (d. 1960) 
*1904 &ndash; Sharkey Bonano, jazz musician (d. 1972)
*1905 &ndash; J. William Fulbright, former Senator from Arkansas (d. 1995)
*1906 &ndash; Hugh Gaitskell, British politician (d. 1963)
*1906 &ndash; Rafaela Aparicio, Spanish actress (d. 1996)
*1906 &ndash; Antal Dorati, Hungarian conductor (d. 1988)
*1908 &ndash; Victor Vasarely, painter (d. 1997)
*1910 &ndash; Abraham Ribicoff, American politician (d. 1998)
*1912 &ndash; Lev Kopelev, Russian writer and humanist (d. 1997)
*1914 &ndash; Koichi Oita, Japanese footballer (d. 1996)
*1915 &ndash; Daniel Johnson, Sr., Canadian politician, 20th Premier of Quebec (d. 1968)
*1917 &ndash; Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002)
*1917 &ndash; Johannes Bobrowski, German poet (d. 1965)
*1917 &ndash; Rolf Kauka, German comics creator and publisher (d. 2000)
*1918 &ndash; Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (d. 2008)
*1919 &ndash; J. Presper Eckert, inventor of the ENIAC computer (d. 1995)
*1920 &ndash; Jorge Pacheco Areco, President of Uruguay (d. 1998)
*1921 &ndash; Yitzhak Navon, 5th President of Israel (d. 2015)
*1921 &ndash; Frankie Thomas, American actor (d. 2006)
*1925 &ndash; Heinz Nixdorf, industrialist (d. 1985)
*1925 &ndash; Virginia Gibson, American actress, singer and dancer (d. 2013)
*1925 &ndash; Art Kane, American photographer (d. 1995)
*1926 &ndash; Hugh Hefner, American editor and publisher (d. 2017)
*1928 &ndash; Tom Lehrer, American musician, mathematician and satirist
*1928 &ndash; Aubrey Woods, American actor and singer (d. 2013)
*1929 &ndash; Manuel Jiménez de Parga, Spanish politician (d. 2014) 
*1930 &ndash; Wallace McCain, Canadian businessman (d. 2001)
*1930 &ndash; Alphonse Alley, President of Benin (d. 1987)
*1930 &ndash; Nathaniel Branden, Canadian–American psychologist (d. 2014)
*1931 &ndash; Leone Frollo, Italian comic book artist (d. 2018)
*1931 &ndash; Richard Hatfield, Canadian politician, 26th Premier of New Brunswick (d. 1991) 
*1932 &ndash; Carl Perkins, country and rockabilly musician (d. 1998)
*1932 &ndash; Jim Fowler, American naturalist
*1933 &ndash; Jean-Paul Belmondo, French actor
*1933 &ndash; René Burri, Swiss photographer (d. 2014)
*1935 &ndash; Avery Schreiber, actor (d. 2002)
*1935 &ndash; Josef Fritzl, Austrian criminal
*1936 &ndash; Valerie Solanas, American feminist writer (d. 1988)
*1937 &ndash; Valerie Singleton, British television presenter
*1937 &ndash; Marty Krofft, children's television producer
*1938 &ndash; Aziz Asli, Iranian footballer (d. 2015)
*1938 &ndash; Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician (d. 2010)
*1939 &ndash; Michael Learned, American actress
*1940 &ndash; Jimmy Roberts, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
*1941 &ndash; Hannah Gordon, Scottish actress
*1942 &ndash; Brandon De Wilde, American actor (d. 1972)
*1942 &ndash; Petar Nadoveza, Croatian footballer
*1945 &ndash; Peter Gammons, American baseball sportswriter, journalist
*1945 &ndash; Steve Gadd, American musician
*1946 &ndash; Sara Parkin, Scottish activist and politician
*1948 &ndash; Jaya Bachchan, Indian actress and politician
*1948 &ndash; Michel Parizeau, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
*1948 &ndash; Patty Pravo, Italian singer

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
*1952 &ndash; Jerzy Szmajdzinski, Polish politician (d. 2010)
*1953 &ndash; Hal Ketchum, American country musician
*1954 &ndash; Dennis Quaid, actor (*The Right Stuff*, *Any Given Sunday*, *Traffic*)
*1954 &ndash; Iain Duncan Smith, British politician
*1955 &ndash; Yanina Benguigui, French director and politician
*1956 &ndash; Michael Hashim, American saxophonist
*1956 &ndash; Miguel Angel Russo, Argentine footballer and coach
*1956 &ndash; Marina Zueva, Russian ice dancer and coach
*1957 &ndash; Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer (d. 2011)
*1958 &ndash; Nigel Slater, English chef and cookery writer
*1959 &ndash; Bernard Jenkin, English politician
*1962 &ndash; Jeff Turner, American basketball player and broadcasting announcer
*1963 &ndash; Marc Jacobs, American fashion designer
*1964 &ndash; Doug Ducey, American politician, 23rd Governor of Arizona
*1964 &ndash; Akihiro Nagashima, Japanese footballer
*1965 &ndash; Paulina Porizkova, Czech–American actress and model
*1965 &ndash; Jeff Zucker, American television executive
*1965 &ndash; Mark Pellegrino, American actor
*1966 &ndash; John Hammond, English weather presenter
*1966 &ndash; Cynthia Nixon, American actress
*1967 &ndash; Sam Harris, American philosopher and writer
*1970 &ndash; Tricia Penrose, English actress and singer
*1971 &ndash; Jacques Villeneuve, French–Canadian racing driver
*1972 &ndash; Alain Berset, Swiss politician
*1972 &ndash; Neve McIntosh, Scottish actress
*1973 &ndash; Spencer Rice, Canadian actor, director, producer and screenwriter
*1974 &ndash; Alexander Pichushkin, Russian serial killer
*1974 &ndash; Jenna Jameson, American pornographic actress
*1975 &ndash; Robbie Fowler, English footballer (soccer)
*1975 &ndash; Balzhinima Tsyrempilov, Russian archer

### From 1976 
*1977 &ndash; Gerard Way, American rock band frontman (My Chemical Romance)
*1978 &ndash; Jorge Andrade, Portuguese footballer
*1978 &ndash; Rachel Stevens, English singer
*1979 &ndash; Keshia Knight Pulliam, American actress (Rudy Huxtable, The Cosby Show)
*1979 &ndash; Mario Matt, Austrian skier
*1979 &ndash; Albert Hammond, Jr., American guitarist (The Strokes)
*1980 &ndash; Jerko Leko, Croatian footballer
*1980 &ndash; Isabelle Severino, French gymnast and actress
*1980 &ndash; Rachel Specter, American actress
*1981 &ndash; Ireneusz Jelen, Polish footballer
*1981 &ndash; Eric Harris, one of the gunmen at Columbine (d. April 20 1999)
*1981 &ndash; Albin Pelak, Bosnian footballer
*1982 &ndash; Jay Maruchel, Canadian actor, filmmaker and musician
*1985 &ndash; Antonio Nocerino, Italian footballer
*1985 &ndash; Nichole Arsenault, model
*1986 &ndash; Leighton Meester, American actress
*1986 &ndash; Brian Larsen, American singer, musician and record producer
*1987 &ndash; Jesse McCartney, American actor and singer
*1990 &ndash; Kristen Stewart, American actress
*1998 &ndash; Elle Fanning, American actress
*1999 &ndash; Isaac Hempstead Wright, English actor
*2000 &ndash; Jackie Evancho, American singer
*2002 &ndash; Marko Suvajac, Serbo Slovenian poet

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
*585 &ndash; Emperor Jimmu of Japan
*93 &ndash; Yuan An, Chinese statesman
*436 &ndash; Tan Daoji, Chinese statesman
*491 &ndash; Zeno, Byzantine Emperor
*654 &ndash; Matei Basarab, Romanian prince (b. 1588)
*715 &ndash; Pope Constantine
*1024 &ndash; Pope Benedict VIII
*1137 &ndash; William X, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 1099)
*1483 &ndash; King Edward IV of England (b. 1442)
*1484 &ndash; Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales (b. 1473)
*1492 &ndash; Lorenzo de' Medici, Italian statesman (b. 1449)
*1553 &ndash; François Rabelais, French writer
*1557 &ndash; Mikael Agricola, Finnish scholar (b. 1510)
*1626 &ndash; Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher, statesman, and essayist (b. 1561)
*1693 &ndash; Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy, French writer (b. 1618)
*1739 &ndash; Nicolas Saunderson, English scientist and mathematician (b. 1682)
*1747 &ndash; Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, Scottish clan chief
*1754 &ndash; Christian Wolff, German philosopher (b. 1679)
*1761 &ndash; William Law, English minister (b. 1686)
*1768 &ndash; Sarah Fielding, British writer (b. 1710)
*1804 &ndash; Jacques Necker, French statesman (b. 1732)
*1806 &ndash; William V of Orange, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic
*1872 &ndash; Erastus Corning, American businessman and politician (b. 1794)
*1876 &ndash; Charles Goodyear, American politician (b. 1804)
*1882 &ndash; Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English painter, illustrator and poet (b. 1828)
*1889 &ndash; Michel Eugène Chevreul, French chemist (b. 1786)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
*1917 &ndash; James Hope Moulton, English scholar of Classical Greek (b. 1863)
*1936 &ndash; Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist (b. 1855)
*1940 &ndash; Mrs. Patrick Campbell, English actress (b. 1865)
*1944 &ndash; Evgeniya Rudneva, Russian World War II heroine (executed) (b. 1920)
*1945 &ndash; German resistance activists executed:
**Wilhelm Canaris, German admiral (b. 1887)
**Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (executed) (b. 1906)
**Hans von Dohnanyi, German jurist (b. 1902)
**Georg Elser, German carpenter (b. 1903)
**Hans Oster, German army general (b. 1887)
**Karl Sack, German jurist (b. 1896)
*1948 &ndash; Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian politician (b. 1903).
*1948 &ndash; George Carpenter, 5th General of the Salvation Army (b. 1872)
*1959 &ndash; Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect (b. 1867)
*1961 &ndash; King Zog of Albania (b. 1895)
*1963 &ndash; Eddie Edwards, American jazz trombonist (b. 1891)
*1970 &ndash; Gustaf Tenggren, Swedish–American illustrator (b. 1896)
*1976 &ndash; Phil Ochs, American singer (b. 1940)
*1980 &ndash; Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Iraqi cleric and philosopher (b. 1935)
*1982 &ndash; Wilfrid Pelletier, Canadian conductor (b. 1896)
*1988 &ndash; Brook Benton, American actor (b. 1931)
*1991 &ndash; Martin Hannett, record producer (b. 1948)
*1996 &ndash; Richard Condon, American novelist (b. 1915)
*1996 &ndash; James W. Rouse, American real estate developer, activist, and philanthropist (b. 1914)
*1997 &ndash; Laura Nyro, American singer and songwriter (b. 1947)
*1999 &ndash; Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, Niger politician and general (b. 1949)

### From 2001 
*2001 &ndash; Willie Stargell, American baseball player (b. 1940)
*2002 &ndash; Leopold Vietoris, Austrian mathematician (b. 1891)
*2002 &ndash; Pat Flaherty, American racing driver (b. 1926)
*2004 &ndash; Harry Babbitt, American singer (b. 1933)
*2005 &ndash; Andrea Dworkin, American feminist and writer (b. 1946)
*2009 &ndash; Nick Adenhart, American baseball player (b. 1986)
*2010 &ndash; Meinhardt Raabe, American actor (b. 1915)
*2011 &ndash; Sidney Lumet, American movie director (b. 1924)
*2011 &ndash; Daniel Catan, Mexican composer (b. 1949)
*2013 &ndash; Paolo Soleri, Italian–American architect (b. 1919)
*2014 &ndash; A. N. R. Robinson, 3rd President of Trinidad and Tobago (b. 1926)
*2014 &ndash; Norman Girvan, Jamaican economist, educator and politician (b. 1941)
*2014 &ndash; Jos Chabert, Belgian politician (b. 1933)
*2015 &ndash; Nina Companeez, French movie director and screenwriter (b. 1937)
*2015 &ndash; Paul Almond, Canadian moviemaker (b. 1931)
*2015 &ndash; Alexander Dalgarno, British physicist (b. 1928)
*2015 &ndash; John Toohey, Australian judge (b. 1930)
*2016 &ndash; Arthur Anderson, American voice actor (b. 1922)
*2016 &ndash; Duane Clarridge, American spy (b. 1932)
*2016 &ndash; Tony Conrad, American musician, composer, video artist and professor (b. 1940)
*2016 &ndash; Juris Ekmanis, Latvian academic (b. 1941)
*2016 &ndash; Will Smith, American football player (b. 1981)
*2017 &ndash; Knut Borge, Norwegian journalist (b. 1949)
*2017 &ndash; Peter Hansen, American actor (b. 1921)
*2017 &ndash; Harry Huskey, American computer scientist (b. 1916)
*2017 &ndash; Kim Young-ae, South Korean actress (b. 1951)
*2017 &ndash; Dieter Kottysch, German boxer (b. 1943)
*2017 &ndash; John Clarke, New Zealand–Australian novelist, actor, screenwriter, comedian and satirist (b. 1948)
*2017 &ndash; Carme Chacón, Spanish politician (b. 1971)
*2017 &ndash; Jean Périmony, French actor and theatre director (b. 1931)
*2018 &ndash; Felix Chen, Taiwanese conductor (b. 1942)
*2018 &ndash; Edelgard Huber von Gersdorff, German supercentenarian (b. 1905)
*2019 &ndash; Richard E. Cole, American Air Force officer (b. 1915)
*2019 &ndash; Nikolai Gorbachev, Belarussian sprint canoeist (b. 1948)
*2019 &ndash; Leif Haraldseth, Norwegian trade unionist and politician (b. 1929)
*2019 &ndash; James D. Hudnall, American comic book writer (b. 1957)
*2019 &ndash; K. M. Mani, Indian politician (b. 1933)
*2019 &ndash; Marilynn Smith, American golfer (b. 1929)
*2019 &ndash; Charles Van Doren, American educator, writer and television quiz show contestant (b. 1926)
*2021 &ndash; Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, member of the British royal family and consort of Queen Elizabeth II (b.1921)

## Observances 
* Martyrs' Day (Tunisia)
* Day of National Unity in Georgia
* Day of the Finnish language
* Day of Valour (Philippines)
* Constitution Day (Kosovo)
* Vimy Ridge Day (Canada)