open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Loïc Vadelorge

**Loïc Vadelorge** (born 26 November 1964) is a French historian, teacher of at the Paris 13 University and former teacher  at the *Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines* (1998 to 2009) and at the University of Rouen from 1992 to 1994.

He obtained a PhD in 1996. Member of the Research Centre Economies, Societies, Cultures, his research focuses on the history of cultural policies, the history of cities and equipment.

## Further reading
* *Rouen sous la IIIe République. Politiques et pratiques culturelles* (Rouen under the Third Republic. Cultural policies and practices), Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2005, 441 p. ().
* With Philippe Poirrier, *Pour une histoire des politiques du patrimoine* (For a history of heritage policies), Paris, ''La Documentation française / Ministère de la Culture, Comité d'Histoire*, 2003
* « *La Mémoire des villes nouvelles* » (Memory of new towns), *Ethnologie Française*, 1, 2003
* *Éléments pour une histoire des villes nouvelles* (Elements for a history of new towns), Paris, Manuscrit.com, *collection Manuscrit Université*, 2004
* *Gouverner les villes nouvelles. L’État et les collectivités locales (1960-2005)* (Manage the new towns. State and local governments (1960-2005)), Paris, Manuscrit.com, collection Manuscrit Université, 2005
* *L’action culturelle dans les villes nouvelles* (Cultural action in the new towns), Paris, *La Documentation française, Comité d’histoire du ministère de la Culture, Programme interministériel d’histoire et d’évaluation des villes nouvelles*, 2005
* *Habiter les villes nouvelles'' (Living the new cities), Paris, manuscrit.com, 2006

## References
Teacher's Pet (2004 movie)

'''''Teacher's Pet''''' is a 2004 animated musical movie.  It is based on the television series of the same name. The movie ends the central storyline of the series. The movie released theatrically on January 16, 2004.

## Cast
* Nathan Lane as Spot Helperman / Scott Leadready II / Scott Manly-Manning
* Shaun Fleming as Leonard Amadeus Helperman
* Debra Jo Rupp as Mary Lou Moira Angela Darling Helperman
* Kelsey Grammer as Dr. Ivan Krank
* David Ogden Stiers as Mr. Jolly
* Jerry Stiller as Pretty Boy
* Paul Reubens as Dennis
* Megan Mullally as Adele
* Wallace Shawn as Principal Crosby Strickler
* Rob Paulsen as Ian Wazselewski
* Estelle Harris as Mrs. Boogin
* Jay Thomas as Barry Anger
* Rosalyn Landor as The Blue Fairy
* Genie Ann Francis as Marsha / Marcia
* Anthony Geary as John / Juan
* Mae Whitman as Leslie Dunkling
* Lauren Tom as Younghee
* Pamela S. Adlon as Trevor / Taylor / Tyler
* Timothy Stack as Father
* Emma Steinkellner as Little girl
* Ken Swofford as Officer White
* Kevin M. Richardson as Conductor
* David Maples as Beefeater
Thaíde

**Thaíde** is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil on November 5, 1967.

## Recent events
In April 2009, he took over the program Manos e Minas, the TV Cultura, leaving the program a year later. Signed to TV Bandeirantes in 2010 and currently presents the program "A Liga" on this same station, along with Lobão, Caze Peçanha, Débora Vilalba and Sophia Reis program* and Metro Black Radio* Metropolitana FM of São Paulo along with Marcela Rocha.

## References
Xis

**Xis** is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil on November 24, 1972.

## Recent events
He participated in the second edition of Casa dos Artistas in 2002 in SBT. However, at 21 days of confinement, left home due to new program participants. In the same year, he won his second trophy* "Best Video Rap"* in VMB.

## References
The Game of the District Messenger Boy

***The Game of the District Messenger Boy; or, Merit Rewarded*** is a board game published by McLoughlin Brothers in 1886. Players race their tokens around a track as lowly messenger boys. The first player to reach the Head of the Firm space at track's end is the winner. The game is one of the earliest American games to insinuate (suggest as truth) that social status is increased with the accumulation of wealth. Prior to its publication, Christian virtue as a means to a better life was the focus of American board games such as *The Mansion of Happiness*. Variants of *District Messenger Boy* include *The Game of the Messenger Boy.* Competitive, materialsitic board games culminated in 1935 with *Monopoly*.

## Related pages
* Horatio Alger, Jr.

## Notes
Warta

The **Warta** (; ) is a river in western-central Poland. It is a tributary of the Oder river. It is about  long. The Warta is Poland's third longest river. Its river basin is . It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (*Kanał Bydgoski*) near Bydgoszcz. 

## Course 
The Warta river starts in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland at Kromołów near Zawiercie in the Silesian Voivodeship. It  through Łódź Voivodeship, Greater Poland (Wielkopolska), and Lubusz Voivodeship. It empties into the Oder river in a town called Kostrzyn nad Odrą, on the border with Germany.

The Warta's river basis was the original territory of Poland. The Polans tribe () lived there starting in the 8th century (700 CE). The Polish national anthem, *Mazurek Dąbrowskiego*, mentions the Warta in its second verse.

## Cities 
The Warta river runs through many different cities and towns:

* Zawiercie
* Myszków
* Częstochowa
* Działoszyn
* Sieradz
* Warta
* Uniejów
* Koło
* Konin
* Pyzdry
* Śrem
* Mosina
* Puszczykowo
* Luboń
* Poznań
* Oborniki
* Obrzycko
* Wronki
* Sieraków
* Międzychód
* Skwierzyna
* Gorzów Wielkopolski
* Kostrzyn nad Odrą

## Right tributaries 
* Widawka
* Ner
* Wełna
* Noteć

## Left tributaries 
* Liswarta
* Prosna
* Obra
* Postomia

## Related pages
* List of Rivers of Poland
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

***Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World*** is a 1998 direct-to-video sequel to the 1995 Disney movie *Pocahontas*.  The movie is inspired by true events in the life of Pocahontas.  These events take place several years after meeting John Smith and the founders of Jamestown.  The first movie was about her romance with John Smith.  This movie is about her romance with the Englishman she married in real life, John Rolfe.

All the returning characters from the first movie keep the same voice actors, except for Captain John Smith who is voiced by Donal Gibson.
Tracey Walter

**Tracey Walter** (born November 25, 1947) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Bob the Goon in Tim Burton's 1989 movie *Batman*. He won a Saturn Award in 1984.

Walter was born on November 25, 1947 in Jersey City, New Jersey.

## References
## Other websites
*Tracey Walter Online 
*
Montgomery Clift

**Montgomery Edward "Monty" Clift** (October 17, 1920 &ndash; July 23, 1966) was an American movie, television, radio, and stage actor who is known for his roles in *From Here to Eternity*, *A Place in the Sun*, *The Misfits*, *Red River*, and in *Judgement at Nuremberg*. He was nominated four times for an Academy Award. His great-great-grandfather was politician Francis Preston Blair.

Clift was born on October 17, 1920, in Omaha, Nebraska. He was raised in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City. He began his career in Broadway in 1935 when he was only 13 years old. He worked with many famous actors such as Marlon Brando and Elizabeth Taylor.

He was never married and had no children. He was homosexual. He had a boyfriend with Maurice Leonard. Clift died on July 23, 1966 in New York City from a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease, aged 45.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
League of Legends

***League of Legends*** (LoL) is a multiplayer online battle arena video game. It was created by Riot Games. People can play the game on Microsoft Windows and macOS. The game is free-to-play, meaning people do not need to pay money to play the game. The game uses a freemium way to make money. League of Legends was  by *Defense of the Ancients* (*DotA*).

As of 2013, it is the most played computer game in the world with over 32 million active users per month. It is currently the most played game in the world by active users per month. The game is very popular  for professional competitions.

## Gameplay
In League of Legends, the player who is called a "summoner" selects a “champion” from a pool of 163 (As of November 2023) possible choices, each with their own set of unique abilities. Each player plays in a team with 4 other summoners against another 5 person team. The goal of the team is to make it to the opposite team’s base, called a *nexus*, and destroy it in one of 3 battle arenas, called maps. However, to accomplish this, teams must first destroy 3 *towers* and an *inhibitor* in at least one *lane*. The Nexus also spawns AI-controlled minions for each team, that move forward and attack the first enemy champion, minion, or turret they see. The most popular map, Summoner's Rift, is split into three lanes that each have three turrets and an inhibitor.  Players can kill minions, or other enemy players to gain gold which can be spent on items to make their champion stronger.

Between each lane are paths where neutral monsters spawn, called the *jungle*. Either side can kill these monsters to gain gold, experience and buffs.

Each champion has three normal abilities and an ultimate ability. Killing minions, jungle monsters and enemy champions gives experience and when a certain amount is reached the champion 'levels up' and the player can spend a point to improve one of their abilities. There are 18 levels and points can be spent in any order. However, these points can only be used to buy a champion's ultimate ability and it's improvements at levels 6, 11 and 16.

Player experience and intelligence points are earned by playing matches over time. Player accounts begin at level one. There is no level cap, but some of the game modes are not unlocked until level 30. Some players create secondary accounts, known as smurf accounts, to play at lower levels or against less experienced players. They also unlock abilities called summoner spells that can be used in game, as well as Runes. These provide small bonuses during the game.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eupleridae

The family **Eupleridae** is a group of carnivores found in Madagascar. The family has of eight species and seven genera in two subfamilies. They live in a variety of habitats, from humid forests, marshes, bogs, and swamps, to deserts and savannas.

The Euplerids are a clade. They are descendents of ancestors which rafted over from Africa about 20 million years ago (mya). They are closely related to mongooses. The fossa and the Malagasy civet (*Fossa fossana*) are believed to be the most ancient surviving species in this group.
 
Euplerids usually have slender bodies with relatively small heads. Head and body length ranges from 250&nbsp;mm to 800&nbsp;mm. Euplerids are primarily carnivorous, eating small mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. *Fossa fossana* and *Galidia elegans* may also eat some fruit.

## Reproduction
Fossas form monogamous pairs, while species in the genera *Galidia*, *Mungotictis*, and *Salanoia* live alone or in pairs, suggesting that they are monogamous for one breeding season only. *Mungotictis* individuals live in small groups with several adults of each sex, but it is not known if all of the adults in a group breed. *Cryptoprocta* only live alone, suggesting a polygynous or polygynandrous mating system.

Euplerids have definite breeding seasons. Each species' season is different and lasts from two to eight months. Gestation lasts around three months. Usually, just one or two young are born per litter, though Cryptoprocta can have up to four. Weaning takes place between two and four and a half months.

## Conservation status 
All species in this family are threatened. The main causes are loss of habitat and hunting by humans or dogs. (IUCN 2006)

## References
Katherine LaNasa

**Katherine LaNasa** (born December 1, 1966 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American movie and TV actress and dancer. She has acted in many television programs and movies. LaNasa was married to actors Dennis Hopper, French Stewart and Grant Show.

## References
Ryūsaku Tsunoda

was a Japan academic and Japanologist.  He is known as the "father of Japanese studies" at Columbia University.

## Career
Tsunoda was responsible for the early growth of the Japanese language and  literature collection at Columbia's library. 
 
Tsunoda's best known students was Donald Keene.   Keene's opinion of Tsunoda was explaind in a lecture given at Waseda University in 1994:
:"His vocation was teaching, not writing. His joy as a teacher lay in communicating knowledge directly and enthusiastically to his students.... "

According to Sir George Sansom, Tsunoda was the "father of Japanese studies in America".

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Tsunoda, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 50 works in 100+2 publications in 4 languages and 2,000+ library holdings. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*

* *Japan in the Chinese Dynastic Histories,* 1951 (with L. Carrington Goodrich)
* *Sources of Japanese Tradition,* Vols. I-II, 1958 (with William Theodore de Bary and Donald Keene)

## References
## Other websites
* Tsunoda, Ryūsaku at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) 
* Waseda University: "Tsunoda Ryūsaku -- his life as a bridge between Japan and America," 2008.
Ibn ul-Arabi

Hazrat Sheikh **Mohye-ed-din Ibn ul-Arabī ** (Arabic: ابن عربي) (July 28, 1165 – November 10, 1240) was an Arab Andalusian Sufi mystic, poet and philosopher. 

He is renowned in the Muslim world as *Sheikh ul Akbar* (The Greatest Sheikh), for his famous explanation of the concept of *Tawhid*  (Oneness of God) through the concept or perception of the idea of *Wahdat ul Wajood* (Oneness of Being).

He was born in Murcia. When he was a child his family moved to Seville. Despite living in Spain, he visited North Africa a lot. In 1202 he visited Mecca, as part of his Hajj. He lived in Mecca for three years. He also visited Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Palestine. He would eventually move to Damascus. He died there in 1240. 

His most famous book is called *The Meccan Revelations* (*Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya* in Arabic). It has 560 chapters. In the book, he writes about cosmology, metaphysics, religion, and Islam. 

## References
Lionel Logue

**Lionel George Logue** (26 February 1880 – 12 April 1953) was an Australian speech therapist, scientist, and stage actor who successfully treated King George VI, who had a pronounced stammer. Logue was married to Myrtle Gruenert from 1907 until her death in 1945. They had three children.

Before he ascended the throne, Albert, Duke of York hated public speaking because he suffered from a severe stammer. His closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925 proved that to the speaker and listeners alike. The experience left the Duke resolved to find a way to manage his stammer, so he engaged Logue in 1926.

Diagnosing poor co-ordination between the Duke's larynx and thoracic diaphragm, Logue prescribed a daily hour of vocal exercises. Logue's treatment gave the Duke the confidence to relax and avoid tension-induced muscle spasms. As a result, he suffered only the occasional hesitancy in speech. By 1927, he was speaking confidently and managed his address at the opening of the Old Parliament House in Canberra without stammering.

Logue worked with the Duke through the 1930s and 40s. He used tongue-twisters to help his patient rehearse for major speeches, his coronation, and his radio broadcasts to the British Empire throughout the Second World War. The two men remained friends until the King's death.

Logue died in London, England on 12 April 1953, aged 73 from natural causes. His funeral was held on 17 April 1953 in Holy Trinity, Brompton before his body was cremated.
## Movies
He was played by actor Geoffrey Rush in Tom Hooper's 2010 movie, ''The King's Speech.

## References
## Other websites
*"Lionel Logue 'never swore in front of King George VI'", BBC Radio Leicester
* Bowen, C. (2002). *Lionel Logue: Pioneer speech therapist.* Retrieved 1 January 2011
Tempel 1

**Tempel 1** is a comet which orbits the sun every 5.5 years. It was discovered in 1867 by the astronomer Ernest Tempel. On July 4, 2005, NASA fired a spacecraft from Deep Impact into its surface creating a spectacular explosion. Scientists were able to study the debris from the explosion to discover what the comet was made from. They discovered that part of the comet was covered in water ice which made it like a  skating rink. This was the first time that evidence of water had been found on a comet.

## References
Positronium

**Positronium** is an onium, a type of exotic atom that is made of a particle and its antiparticle. In Positronium, one positron and one electron are bonded together. The positron replaces a proton that would normally be present in a Hydrogen atom. They both stay in the same orbital.  The atom is unstable, and a few nanoseconds after it is created, the positron and the electron collide, destroying the Positronium and forming two gamma rays.

## Positronium molecules 
Positronium can form molecules, like normal atoms. It can bond with both other exotic atoms and normal atoms.

### Di-positronium 
Di-positronium is a simple molecule made from two positronium atoms bonded together. It was predicted in 1946 by John Archibald Wheeler, but was discovered in 2007 by David Cassidy and Allen Mills, when they fired positrons at molecules of silicon dioxide.

### Positronium hydride 
Positronium hydride, also called hydrogen positride, is an exotic molecule made of an atom of hydrogen bonded to a positronium atom. It was predicted in 1951 by A Ore, but was not discovered until 1990 by R. Pareja and R. Gonzalez, who discovered it when they trapped positronium in hydrogen-magnesia crystals.
Belize Barrier Reef

The **Belize Barrier Reef** is a series of coral reefs.  It goes along the coast of Belize, about  offshore in the north and  in the south. The Belize Barrier Reef is a  long section of the  long Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System.  The reef system runs continuous from Cancún on the northeast tip of the Yucatán Peninsula through the Riviera Maya down to Honduras.  This makes it one of the largest coral reef systems in the world, after the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the New Caledonia Barrier Reef. 

Charles Darwin described it as "the most remarkable reef in the West Indies" in 1842.

## Species
The Belize Barrier Reef is home to many different plants and animals. There are:
*70 hard coral species
*36 soft coral species
*500 species of fish
*hundreds of invertebrate species
About 90% of the reef still needs to be researched.  It is thought that only 10% of all species have been discovered.

## References
San Ignacio, Belize

**San Ignacio** is a town in western Belize. It is the capital of Cayo District. The town grew from Mahogany and chicle production during British rule.  

San Ignacio is on the banks of the Macal and Mopan Rivers.
Deep Impact (space mission)

**Deep Impact** was a NASA space probe to study comets. It was sent out to meet Comet Tempel 1, and to crash a smaller space rocket deep into the comet's surface. 

Deep Impact was launched on January 12, 2005 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The rocket used was Delta II. It reached the comet in July 2005,  from Earth. After taking photos, the  impactor spacecraft was sent to crash into the surface on July 4, 2005. They were able to work out the comet was formed in the area between Uranus and Neptune.

After the mission, NASA decided to send Deep Impact to study the Comet 85P/Boethin. However the comet did not return on its expected 11 year path around the sun, and has not been seen since.

## References
Benque Viejo del Carmen

**Benque Viejo del Carmen** (usually shortened to "Benque") is a town in the country of Belize. It is in the Cayo District.  The northern edge of the town is along the Mopan River.  The river also forms the border with Guatemala. Benque Viejo is a growing town rich with culture and activities. It is a short 5 minute walk to the famous Xunantunich ruins. It also is home to Actun Chapat, a large underground cave system, popular with tourists. An addition of a new Municipal market in Sept 6 2014 . A new hotel the Benque Resort. The addition of Tropic Air extending flights to Maya Flats, has increased the interest and visitors to Benque. Benque is experiencing a growing expat population of retirees, as it was voted cleanest and safest town in Belize.
Once a bustling center of trade for logwood and chicle, Benque is now experiencing growth in tourism, and the addition of a Free trade zone has contributed to the growth and prosperity of the town. Residents enjoy a variety of activities in the town, one of the most popular is river tubing. Leaving from the dock at the Benque Resort on Riverside, visitors and residents, can enjoy the beautiful greenish/blue waters of the Mopan River and float downstream to the Mayan ruins of Xunantunich, a popular tourist destination, which features one of the largest pyramids in Belize. A popular House of Culture features a Marimba academy,art classes,dance and music classes to residents and visitors alike. A 100-acre Art park Poustinia on the outskirts of Benque features fabulous works, created by groups and students from all over the world. A publishing house, Cubola books, and a recording studio, Stonetree records, have made this town popular amongst artists from all over the world. The addition of Cave Garden coffee house and resident artist and world renowned master flutist Pablo Collado has entertained countless groups and dignitaries.
Belize dollar

The **Belizean dollar** is the official currency in Belize. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign *$*.  It is sometimes written as *BZ$* to be different from other dollars. It is divided into 100 cents.
Open Database License

The **Open Database License** (ODbL) is a copyright license for sharing database contents.  The ODbL is "copyleft" because it makes the copyrighted work easier to share.

The license is provided by the Open Knowledge Foundation.

In September 2012 the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project moved from a Creative Commons license to ODbL. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Open Data Commons, Open Database License
MV Bill

**Alex Pereira Barbosa** better known as **MV Bill** is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on January 3, 1974.

Alongside the career of rapper*,* MV Bill launched in 2005, along with Celso Athayde, the book* Head Pig*. The following year,* Falcon - Traffic Kids*, available in book and DVD, which became known nationally after viewing the program Fantasy, the Globo.

## References
Cross Country Cycling Classic

The **Holy Saturday Cross Country Cycling Classic** is a one-day amateur cycling race in Belize. It happens every year during the Easter holidays. It is Belize's biggest cycling event and it has begun to be recognized internationally. The name is usually shortened to the Cross Country Cycling Classic or "Cross Country" for short. The race is about 140 miles long.
Venison

**Venison** is the meat of a game animal, normally a  elk or deer.

Venison may be eaten as steaks, tenderloins, roasts, sausages, jerky and minced meat. Venison has less fat than similar cuts of beef.  However, like beef, leaner cuts can be tougher as well.  Venison can be kosher.

## References
Prosthechea cochleata

***Prosthechea cochleata*** is an orchid that lives in Central America, the West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, and southern Florida. It is commonly called the **Cockleshell Orchid** or **Clamshell Orchid**

*Prosthechea cochleata* is the national flower of Belize, where it is known as the **Black Orchid**.

## References
## Other websites
Big leaf mahogany

**Big leaf mahogany** (*Swietenia macrophylla*) is a species of plant in the Meliaceae family. It is one of two species with genuine mahogany timber.

The species is also known under other common names, including broad-leaved mahogany, Brazilian mahogany, Honduras mahogany, large-leaved mahogany, genuine mahogany, sky fruit, and tropical American mahogany, among others.

The plant lives in North and South America, and the Caribbean.
San Pedro Town

**San Pedro** is a town in Belize.  It is on the southern part of the island of Ambergris Caye. English is the main language spoken, however many people speak Spanish.

One of the main industries in the town is tourism, most notably scuba diving. Ambergis Museum is in the town.
Cape Canaveral Space Force Base

The **Cape Canaveral Space Force Station** (CCSFS) is (a former name of a) part of the United States Air Force Space Command. The Space Command's 45th Space Wing is based at the nearby Patrick Air Force Base. The CCSFS is at Cape Canaveral, Florida. It is next to the Kennedy Space Center which is on Merritt Island. The two facilities have access to the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Skid Strip which is a large  runway for military aircraft bringing heavy and  loads. the CCSFS has four active launch pads for space rockets.

Many space missions have been launched from CCSFS. For example:
* Explorer 1 the first U.S. earth satellite (1958)
* MR-3 with Alan Shepard, the first U.S. astronaut (1961)
* Mercury-Atlas 6 with John Glenn, the first U.S. astronaut in orbit (1962)
* Gemini 3, the first two-man U.S. spacecraft (1965)
* Surveyor 1, the first U.S. unmanned lunar landing (1966)
* Apollo 7, the first three-man U.S. spacecraft (1968)
* Mariner 9, the first spacecraft to orbit Mars (1971)
* Mars Pathfinder, the first mission to roam the surface of Mars (1996)
* Pioneer program, the first American spacecraft to orbit and land on Venus (1978)
* Cassini−Huygens, the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn (2004)
* MESSENGER which orbited Mercury (2011).

## Related pages 
* Baikonur Cosmodrome
* Kennedy Space Center
* NASA

## References
Paca

The genus ***Cuniculus*** has the two species of paca. 

*Lowland Paca, *Cuniculus paca*
*Mountain Paca, *Cuniculus taczanowskii*

Pacas are found from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. They are a source of meat in many places.

Both species of paca eat mainly fruit. Other foods include roots, seeds, leaves, buds, and flowers. In the wild, pacas are herbivores, meaning they eat only plants. In captivity, they are omnivores, meaning they eat both plants and flesh. Pacas in zoos eat fruits, vegetables, raw meat, lizards, and insects.
Habanero chili

The **habanero chili** is a type of chili pepper. Unripe habaneros are green. They gain color as they mature. Common colors are orange and red, but white, brown, and pink habanero chilis are also seen. Typically a ripe habanero chili is  long. Habanero chilis are very spicy; they are rated 100,000–350,000 on the Scoville scale.

The habanero chili comes from the Amazon basin. From there, it was spread in Mexico. The habanero is a perennial flowering plant. With proper care and growing conditions, it can produce flowers (and thus fruit) for many years.

## References
Sauli Niinistö

**Sauli Väinämö Niinistö** (born 24 August 1948) is a former Finnish president. He was President of Finland from 2012 until 2024.

A lawyer by education, Niinistö was Minister of Finance from 1996 to 2003 and the National Coalition Party candidate in the 2006 presidential election. He served as the Speaker of the Parliament of Finland from 2007 to 2011 and has been the Honorary President of the European People's Party (EPP) since 2002.

Niinistö was the National Coalition Party candidate in the 2012 presidential election, beating Pekka Haavisto of the Green League with 62.6% of the vote in the decisive second round. Niinistö assumed office on 1 March 2012, and is the first president from the National Coalition Party since Juho Kusti Paasikivi, who left office in 1956.

Niinistö served on the municipal council of Salo from 1977 to 1992 and was elected a Member of the Finnish Parliament (Eduskunta) from the district of Finland Proper in 1987. In 1994 he was chosen to lead the National Coalition Party as the party chairman

Niinistö's first wife Marja-Leena Niinistö died in a car accident in 1995. Niinistö married his second wife Jenni Haukio (born 1977) in January 2009.Sale on Kona ukko

## References
Atacama Large Millimeter Array

The **Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array** (**ALMA**) is an array of radio telescopes in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile.  A high and dry site is very important for millimeter wavelength work.  ALMA is being built on the Chajnantor plateau at 5000&nbsp;metres altitude.  It has 66 12-meter and 7-meter diameter radio telescopes observing at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths. ALMA is expected to help scientists understand how stars were created during the early universe. It will also provide detailed imaging of local star and planet formation. 

ALMA is being built by Europe, the United States, Canada, East Asia and the Republic of Chile.  Costing more than a billion US dollars, it is the worlds's most expensive ground-based telescope. ALMA began scientific observations in the second half of 2011 and the first images were released to the press on 3 October 2011. The project has been fully operational since March 2013.

## References
Delta II

**Delta II** was a rocket used to launch various projects into space. The Delta series of rockets were first designed and made by McDonnell Douglas. This company joined with Boeing in 1997. Delta II rockets had been made since 2006 by United Launch Alliance, which is a joint company owned by Boeing and Lockheed Martin to supply launch rockets to the US government. Boeing Launch Services supplied Delta II rockets to private companies.

The Delta II rockets were based on the Thor rockets built in the 1950's. These were first made to be intercontinental ballistic missiles. The first Thor was launched on January 26, 1957. The Delta II rocket was first launched on 14 February 1989.

## References
## Related pages 
* Delta IV
Halo 4

***Halo 4*** is a first-person shooter video game made by 343 Industries. It is published by Microsoft Studios and is available for Xbox 360.

The game was announced at E3 2011 on June 4, 2011. Halo 4 sees the return of Master Chief and Cortana. On September 26, 2012, Halo 4 was announced that it had completed development and the game was released worldwide (except Japan) on November 6, 2012. Halo 4 was released in Japan on November 8, 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*Halo official website 
*Halo Waypoint on 343 Industries
Bell's palsy

'''Bell's palsy''' is a  paralysis of the face on one side. It is caused by inflammation of a facial nerve. The sufferer cannot move the muscles on the affected side of the face.  

Several conditions can cause facial paralysis, such as brain tumors, strokes, and Lyme disease. Bell's palsy is named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell. Bell first described the disease. It is the most common acute disease involving only one nerve, and it is the most common cause of sudden facial nerve paralysis.

Bell's palsy involves a rapid start of partial or complete paralysis that often occurs overnight. Scientists believe that inflammation leads to swelling of the facial nerve. The nerve travels through the skull in a narrow bone canal beneath the ear. Nerve swelling and compression in the narrow bone canal are thought to stop the nerve from working. At times of lowered immunity, a dormant (sleeping) virus, usually the chicken pox or cold sore virus, can wake up and attack the nerve causing it to swell. The main symptoms of Bell's palsy are one-sided facial paralysis, jaw pain, dizziness, strengthened hearing in one ear, and weakened taste sense.

Bell's palsy usually  itself, sometimes in a few weeks. Corticosteroids (cortisone steroids) have been found to improve the condition while anti-viral drugs have not. Early treatment is necessary for steroids or drugs to be effective, but it is controversial wether or not they work.  Most people recover spontaneously and achieve near-normal to normal functions. Some people however will never regain full facial movement, or it may take a longer time. Many show signs of improvement as early as 10 days after the onset, even without treatment.

Often those suffering from Bell's palsy cannot open the eye in the affected side. The eye must be protected from drying up, or the cornea may be permanently damaged. The affected eye may need to be taped shut when sleeping.

## References
Claude Dubar

**Claude Dubar** (born 11 December 1945) is an academic French sociologist.

## Biography 
After his teaching experience at Beirut, Lebanon in 1974, he became professor at the Lille University of Science and Technology in 1977. His thesis focuses on vocational training in France

In 1988, he joined the ''Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications* (Centre for Studies and Research on Qualifications) in Paris, researching relations between the sociology of education and work, and especially the sociology of professional identities.

Since 1993 till ???, he has been a sociology teacher at the *Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines*. In 2012, he is *Emeritus Professor* (retired, with an honorific position given by Université).

## Further reading 
* *Faire de la sociologie, un parcours d'enquêtes* (Doing sociology, a survey path), 2006.
* *Sociologie des professions* (Sociology of professions), 2005.
* *Analyser les entretiens biographiques* (Analyze the biographical interviews), with Didier Demazière, 2004. ()
* *La Socialisation, construction des identités sociales et professionnelles* (Socialization, construction of social and professional identities), 2002, Armand Colin. ()
* *La Crise des identités* (Crisis of Identity), 2001. (), 2010, PUF. ()
* *La Promotion sociale en France* (Social Promotion in France), with Charles Gadea, 1999.
* *Genèse et dynamique des groupes professionnels* (Genesis and dynamic professional groups), with Yvette Lucas, 1994.
* *La Formation professionnelle continue'' (Continuing Professional Education), thesis, 1984.

## References
Dundalk F.C.

**Dundalk Football Club** () is a professional  Irish football club based in Dundalk, County Louth. The club currently play in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland. Founded in 1903, they are the second most successful team, in terms of trophies won, in the history of the League of Ireland. The traditional colours of the club are white jerseys with black shorts. Due to their white jerseys, they have been nicknamed **the Lilywhites**. They play their home games in Oriel Park.
Virgil Goode

**Virgil Hamlin Goode, Jr.** (, born October 17, 1946) is an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2009, first as a Democrat; in 2000 he switched to the Republican Party. He represented the 5th congressional district of Virginia. He lost his seat in the 2008 election to Democrat Tom Perriello. Goode subsequently joined the Constitution Party. He was the party's 2012 presidential nominee.

## References
## Other websites 
* Virgil Goode for President 2012  official campaign website

* Audio from Goode's August 9, 2006 debate with Al Weed
Watatsu Shrine

is a Japanese Shinto shrine at Sado, Niigata, which is an island in the Sea of Japan. 

## History
The shrine was established before the 10th century.  This place is special to the *kami* named  .  Isonotakeru is said to have taught people shipbuilding and how to use ships.

Each year in late-April, horseback archery (*yabusame*) takes place at the branch  Hachimangū of Watatsu Shrine in the town of Hamochi.

Watatsu was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of the old Sado Province on Sado Island.  It serves today as one of the *ichinomiya* of Niigata Prefecture.  

In the modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines, Watatsu was listed among the 3rd class of nationally significant shrines or .

## References
## Other websites
James Murdoch

**James Rupert Jacob Murdoch** (born 13 December 1972) is a British-American businessman.

## Early life
Murdoch was born in the United Kingdom. He is the younger son of Rupert Murdoch.

At age 13, young James' citizenship changed. In 1985, his father gave up his Australian citizenship to become a citizen of the United States.

## Career
He has worked in his family's international businesses.

## References
## Other websites
*James Murdoch at *Forbes*
James Murdoch (disambiguation)

**James Murdoch** may mean

* James Murdoch, Australian businessman, son of Rupert Murdoch
* James Murdoch (journalist) (1856–1921), Scottish scholar, author, journalist and teacher

## Related pages
* James Murdock (1871–1949), Canadian politician
Mass production

for cars]]
If an item is produced in large quantities, this is usually called **mass production**. The item produced is called product, and it is usually made in a factory. The items produced will all be the same type. The process of making large quantities will usually require the use of standardized products or product groups. It also depends heavily on interchangeable parts.

Today, machines are often used to mass produce such items. Using division of labour, a greater number of items can be produced. Adam Smith used the example of a needle: With division of labour, it is possible to produce more needles in the same time. Frederick Winslow Taylor, the father of Taylorism also used the division of labour: he wanted to divide the tasks into planning tasks, and execution.

## References
Grus

***Grus*** is a genus of large birds in the crane family.

## Species
* Common crane, *Grus grus*
* Sandhill crane, *Grus canadensis*
** Lesser sandhill crane or Little Brown Crane, *Grus (canadensis) canadensis*
** Greater sandhill crane, *Grus (canadensis) pratensis*
* Whooping crane, *Grus americana*
* Sarus crane, *Grus antigone*
* Brolga, *Grus rubicunda*
* Siberian crane, *Grus leucogeranus*
* White-naped crane, *Grus vipio*
* Hooded crane, *Grus monacha*
* Black-necked crane, *Grus nigricollis*
* Red-crowned crane, *Grus japonensis*
Edmund Papinot

**Jacques Edmund-Joseph Papinot** (1860-1942) was a French Roman Catholic priest, academic, historian, editor, Japanologist.

Papinot is best known for creating an *Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan* which was first published in French in 1899.  The work was published in English in 1906.

## Career
Papinot first arrived in Japan in 1886.  He taught at the Tokyo Theological Seminary for 15 years while working on his ''Dictionnaire japonais-français des noms principaux de l'histoire et de la géographie de Japon*.

In 1911, he left Japan for China.  He returned to France in 1920. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* *Dictionnaire japonais-français des noms principaux de l'histoire et de la géographie de Japon,* 1899 
* *Historical and geographical dictionary of Japan,* 1906
* *Nihon seiei* (*Japanese hymns''), 1922 (with J. Lemaréchal)

## References
## Other websites
* Papinot, Edmund at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Schlumbergera

**Schlumbergera** is a genus of cacti. The genus includes six species, originally found in south-eastern Brazil. These cacti, along with a number of cultivars are common houseplants. They are also known as *Christmas Cactus* or *Thanksgiving Cactus*. This name refers to the time of the year when the cacti flourish, in Europe. In the wild, the cacti grow on trees as epiphytes or rocks, and can form shrubss up to  high. The cacti do not have leaves, the green stem segments do photosynthesis. Charles Lemaire first described them in 1858. It is named after Frédéric Schlumberger a cactus collector and plant breeder.
James Murdoch (journalist)

**James Murdoch** (27 September 1856 – 30 October 1921) was a Scottish-Australian academic, journalist, translator, editor and Japanologist.  He is best known for writing a three-volume *A History of Japan*.  It was the first history of Japan published in the English.

## Early life
Murdoch was born in Stonehaven, near Aberdeen, in Scotland. At the University of Aberdeen, he earned a bachelor's and master's degree. He also studied at Oxford University. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.* 
* *A history of constitutional reform in Great Britain and Ireland : with full account of the three great measures of 1832, 1867 and 1884,* 1885
* *The narrative of a Japanese; what he has seen and the people he has met in the course of the last forty years,* 1890 (with Joseph Heco)
* *Ayame-san, a Japanese romance of the 23rd year of Meiji (1890),* 1892
* *From Australia and Japan,* 1892
* *The Nikkō district,* 1893
* *Scenes from the Chiushingura and the story of the forty-seven Rōnin,* 1893
* *A history of Japan,* 1903 
* *Scenes from open air life in Japan,* 1910 (with W. K Burton)

## References
## Other websites
* Murdoch, James, 1856-1921 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) 
*James Murdoch at Kyushu Instittue of Technology 
*Ayame-san
*Scenes From the Chiushingura and the Story of Forty-Seven Ronin
*The 47 Rônin are Introduced to the World
Doyle's Delight

'''Doyle's Delight''' is the highest peak in Belize.  It is 1124 m high. 

The name Doyle's Delight was first used by Sharon Matola in a 1989 report. The name is based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's book *The Lost World* (1912).  The book has the quote "there must be something wild and wonderful in a country such as this, and we're the men to find it out!".

## References
Jill Stein

**Jill Ellen Stein** (born May 14, 1950) is an American physician specializing in Internal Medicine. She was the nominee of the Green Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. Stein was a candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in the 2002 and the 2010 elections. She was the Green Party nomination for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential elections. She was the campaign manager of Cornel West's 2024 presidential campaign. In November 2023, Stein announced that she would run for the Green Party nomination for president in the 2024 presidential election.

## Related pages 
* Jill Stein 2012 presidential campaign
* Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign
* Jill Stein 2024 presidential campaign

## References
Telek

**George Mamua Telek** (born 1969), commonly known simply as **Telek**, is a musician from Papua New Guinea. He is one of the country's most successful musicians, and his music is well known in Australia and the Pacific Islands. Telek was born in Raluana, a village near Rabaul in New Britain. He sings in his native language, Kuanua, and also in Tok Pisin.

Telek sang with various bands in Papua New Guinea early in his career, most notably with the group Painim Wok, famous in the 1980s. Telek met Australian musician David Bridie in Rabaul in the mid-1980s. Together they recorded the very successful album *Tabaran*.

Telek recorded his first solo album, *Telek*, outside Papua New Guinea in 1997. This album won an ARIA award for Best World Music Album. He recorded his second international album *Serious Tam* in 2000 at Peter Gabriel's studios in London. The next album he released was *Amette*, in 2004. He recorded it in Bridie's studio in Melbourne. His most recent album *Akave* was released through the Wantok Music-label.

## References
Fon language

**Fon** is part of the Gbe language cluster. Fon is spoken mainly in Benin.  There are about 1.7 million speakers.  Like the other Gbe languages, Fon has a subject–verb–object word order.

## References
Yoruba language

The **Yoruba language** is a Niger-Congo language spoken in West Africa. The number of speakers of Yoruba was thought to be 20 million in the 1990s.  It is one of the languages in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo and in communities in other parts of Africa, Europe and the Americas.

## References
South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

Fernando Henrique Cardoso speaks at the ZPCAS Summit held in Brasília.]]

The **South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone** was formed in 1986 by the United Nations. There goal is to promote cooperation and peace and security in the South Atlantic region. It especially wanted to limit nuclear weapons in these countries.  

## Members
## References
Kang Gyeong-ae

**Kang Kyŏng-ae** (20 April 1906 &ndash; 26 April 1944)  (, 姜敬愛) was a Korean novelist, poet and feminist. She was a labor activist and a writer for the political kind of  resistance movement.

## Works 
* The Broken Geomungo (Pageum)
* Vegetable Garden (Chaejeon)
* Football Game (Chukgu jeon)
* Mother and Child (Moja)
* Mothers and Daughters (Eomeoni wa ttal)
* The Human Problem (Ingan munje)
* Salt (Sogom 1934)

## Related pages 
* Feminism
* Activism

## References 
* 억압받는 하층여성을 대변하는 식민지시기 최고의 소설가 - 강경애 
* 이영아의 여론 女論 강경애가 경성 문단을 떠난 이유 중앙일보 2012.06.04 
* 한국의 여성운동가들 5 강경애 
* "3월 문화인물 소설가 강경애는 김좌진장군 암살교사범 동거녀" 조선일보 2005.01.17 
* 강경애(1907-1943) 여성문제를 인간문제로 파악한 문학인
First order logic

**First order logic** is a type of logic which is used in certain branches of mathematics and philosophy. First order logic enables the definition of a syntax which is independent of the mathematical or logical terms. 

In first order logic, reasoning can be done from two points of view: either using syntax alone, or including semantic terms. First order logic is different from propositional logic: In first order logic, there are *quantifiers*, called *for all* (written as \forall) and *there is at least one* (written as \exists). Negation, conjunction, inclusive disjunction, exclusive disjunction and implication are all defined the same way as in propositional logic. Because of that, first order logic can be thought of as an extension of propositional logic. 

The completeness of first order logic, the result which asserts the equivalence between valid formulas and formal theorems, is established by Gödel. Together with Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, first order logic is the foundation of many branches of modern mathematics.

## Related pages 
* Gödel's incompleteness theorems
* Propositional logic
* Predicate logic

## References
Richard P. Barth

**Richard P. Barth** is the current Dean of the University of Maryland in Baltimore. He has been the school's dean, since 2006. He is also a founder and president of the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare, which was formed in 2009.

Dean Barth wrote the book *Social and Cognitive Treatment of Children and Adolescents* (1986). Moreover, he has also co-written nine other books *Preventing Adolescent Abuse* (1992), *From Child Abuse to Permanency Planning: Pathways Through Child Welfare Services* (1992), *Families Living with Drugs and HIV* (1993), *The Tender Years: Toward Developmentally-Sensitive Child Welfare Services* (1998), *The Child Welfare Challenge* (1992, 2000), and *Beyond Common Sense: Child Welfare, Child-Well-Being, and the Evidence for Policy Reform* (2006).
Amy B. Smith

**Amy Smith** is an American inventor, educator, and founder of D-Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Her work focuses on development of appropriate technologies.  Appropriate technologies are technologies that use readily available local resources to solve problems in developing countries.

Amy Smith was born in Lexington, Massachusetts, on 4 November 1962. 

## References