open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Culture shock

**Culture shock** is a feeling that some people have when they are in a new place or experiencing a culture that is different from their own. It can cause confusion, feeling out of place, anxiety, and homesickness. These feelings come from adjusting to the new culture or place, which can be very difficult.  

Adjustment is especially hard when the change of environment and culture is in a foreign country. It is difficult for people to know what is appropriate and what is not in an unfamiliar place. 

## Signs and symptoms 
* Frustration
* Tiring easily and sleeping a lot

* Feelings of loneliness and not feeling motivated

* Negative attitude towards host culture

* Extreme homesickness

## Dealing with culture shock 
It is important to understand and identify the symptoms of culture shock so that it can be worked through. 

The feelings and symptoms that result from culture shock can be caused by a single event, or many. Often, it is more than one event over time that leads to overwhelming feelings and emotions. Sometimes it is difficult to identify feelings and emotions as symptoms of culture shock because they can often be confused with other things. 

There are some different strategies for coping and working through culture shock. Keeping active, making friends with the host country’s locals, and staying positive are all good methods to deal with culture shock.

## Reverse culture shock 
Reverse culture shock is like culture shock, but is experienced when someone returns to their original home after being away for a long period of time. Reverse culture shock can be unexpected because people expect their home to be the same as when they left. This makes it harder for them to readjust to the change in their home culture and environment. 

Usually, a longer period of time spent away from home means a longer adjustment period after returning home. Reverse culture shock can be worked through by talking with others, doing things that are a reminder of the foreign place or culture, and staying positive.

## References
Epik High

**Epik High** is a South Korean hip hop music group. They are well known for having combined genres and different styles of hip-hop throughout their career and for the quality of their music and the lyrics to their songs. Group members are Tablo, DJ Tukutz and Mithra Jin. They made their first recording in 2003, and started their own music label, Map the Soul, in 2009. They went on a World Tour to Japan, Korea and U.S.A. (April 26 ,2009 ~ May 23, 2009). The label was acquired by Woolim Entertainment, their former label. But soon the contract between them and their company ended and they are now the members of 
YG Entertainment.

## Members 
* **Tablo** (Lee Seon-woong , or "Supreme T")
* **DJ Tukutz** (Kim Jeong-sik , or "Street T")
* **Mithra Jin** (Choi Jin , or "Sleeping M")

## Recordings  
*2003 *Map of the Human Soul* 
*2004 *High Society* 
*2005 *Swan Songs* 
*2006 *Black Swan Songs* 
*2007 *Remapping the Human Soul* 
*2008 *Pieces, Part One* 
*2008 *Lovescream* 
*2009 魂: *Map the Soul*
*2009 *Remixing The Human Soul*
*2009 *[e]*
*2010 *epilogue* 
*2012 "99"
*Other: *Rideback* ライドバック Soundtrack (Japanese anime)

## Awards 
### 2005 
*Mnet KM Music Festival Best Hip Hop Award 
*Golden Disk Awards Best Hip Hop Award 
*KBS Artist of the Year 
*SBS Best Hip Hop Award 

### 2007 
*Mnet KM Music Festival Album of the Year, Best Hip Hop Award 
*Golden Disk Awards Artist of the Year 
*KBS Artist of the Year 

### 2008 
*Mnet KM Music Festival Best Hip Hop Award, Best Lyricist Award 
*Seoul Music Awards Album of the Year, Artist of the Year 
*Korea Music Awards Hip Hop Album of the Year, Viewer's Choice Award

## References 
* http://www.ygfamily.com
Yonsei University

:*This article is about the Korean university.  For other uses, see Yonsei.*
**Yonsei University** (연세대학교,延世大學校) is one of the top three universities in South Korea. It is privately-owned, and one of the oldest universities in the country.

## History
Yonsei University was started by a Christian missionary named Horace Underwood. The university included older schools. One was *Yonhi College* and another was *Severance Hospital*. Severance Hospital had a medical school called *Gwanghyewon* which opened in 1885. Therefore, Yonsei University states that it started in 1885.

## Geography
The main buildings are in Sinchon in Seoul, but there are also students in Wonju in Gangwon province.

The university offers courses in economics, business, and medical majors. Severance Hospital is still the medical center of Yonsei University. Yonsei University's school color is blue.

## References
Joseph-Armand Bombardier

**Joseph-Armand Bombardier** (April 16, 1907 – February 18, 1964) was a Canadian inventor famous for inventing the snowmobile. In 2000, Joseph-Armand Bombardier was honored by the government of Canada with his image on a postage stamp.He died at 57 years of age. 

## Childhood
Joseph-Armand was born in 1907 in Valcourt, Quebec. As a child he loved to take things apart and put them back together. He was very good at building mechanical things. He built his first moving toy at the age of 13. His father had to hide the family car from him because he liked to take apart and re-build the motor. To keep him away from the family car, his father gave him an old car that didn't work. Joseph-Armand fixed the motor, and put it on old sleds and created the first snow vehicle.

When he was 17 years old he convinced his father to let him quit college and become a mechanic. He continued to study mechanics and electrical engineering at night school.

## Inventions
His first patent was for a sprocket wheel and track system in 1937, this system would help him to make the first snowmobile the B7. These first snowmobiles were used by doctors, veterinarians, innkeepers and funeral directors to get around in the winter. Bombardier went on to design bigger snowmobiles that would carry up to 12 people.

During the War, he made snowmobiles and armoured tracked vehicles for the Canadian Government. 

 Because of this, his company began to grow. In the 1970s, it began making airplanes and trains and became the large multi-national corporation now called Bombardier Inc.

He is a member of the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame.

## Further reading
* 

## Related pages
* Bombardier Recreational Products
* Snowmobile

## References
## Other websites
* J. Armand Bombardier Museum
* Joseph-Armand Bombardier  at The Canadian Encyclopedia
* CBC's Bombardier: The Snowmobile Legacy
* Heritage Minute about Joseph-Armand Bombardier
American Embassy School

The **American Embassy School** is an international school in New Delhi, India. The campus is twelve acres large, and it contains 34 faculty families on campus. The school, despite its large area, is  being expanded to include additional students. The school accepts students from nursery to twelfth grade. 

All lessons, except for special language classes, are taught in English. There are about 1,500 students in the school, and although 35% of them are Americans, the rest of the students come from 53 different nationalities. The school's motto is "Enter to learn... Leave to serve." 

## Curriculum 
The curriculum at AES follows the college preparatory program that are used in American private schools. At high school, students have the opportunity to take the program of either International Baccalaureate  or Advanced Placement as well as a regular high school program. 

## Other websites 
*The school homepage
Bungee jumping

**Bungee jumping** is an adventurous sport in which people jump from higher ground such as a bridge with an elastic rope tied to their ankles to stop them from hitting the ground. The rope is designed to stretch, not break. When the rope has stretched all the way, the jumper bounces back up. When people jump they wear safety equipment like helmets and a harness.

## History
It started as the coming-of-age ceremony in a small                          village on South Pentecost Island in Vanuatu. The young men jump from the top of a 30 meter high tree to demonstrate their courage as an adult. They tied jungle vines around their ankles so that they would not hit the ground.And from then it started to become a sport in which people take part and it was named bungee jumping .

## Modern bungee jumping
Modern bungee jumping began when four British men jumped off  the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. In 1987 A.J.Hackett became world famous when he jumped from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Later he set up the Kawarau Bridge in New Zealand, with a height of 47 meters, as a commercial bungee jumping area. People could pay money for the fun of jumping. The idea quickly spread around the world. 

## Safety
Bungee jumping has several dangers. The rope has to be the right size for your weight, or it may break. The safety harness has to fit properly or the force of the drop could cause a person's bones to break. The rope has to be the right length or a person could hit the ground before being stopped by the rope. And it always needs to be supervised by an professional. 

## References
## Other websites
* AJ Hacketts official website
Blast fishing

**Blast fishing** or **dynamite fishing** is the use of dynamite or homemade bombs to kill or stun many fish at once. This makes the fish easier to catch. It kills many fish, and damages where they live. The explosions often destroys the habitat (such as coral reefs) which supports the fish. 

The explosives are also dangerous for the fishermen, causing accidents and injuries. The practice is illegal in many places.

## References
Nam June Paik

**Nam June Paik** (July 20, 1932 – January 29, 2006) was a Korean-born American artist. He is often thought to be the first video artist.

In 1971, he made a cello out of three television sets and some cello strings. Then he got a famous cellist to play the cello.

Starting with his debut, he started the neo-dadaism movement. In 2006, he died of natural causes.

## References
Arirang (2011 movie)

***Arirang*** is a 2011 South Korean movie. It is about the revolutionist Kim San. It is also about the sadness and pain of the Korean people under the rule of the Japanese.

In the story, a female reporter Nim Wales meets Kim San in Yanan City in China. She listens to Kim San about his thoughts of revolution and freedom of his home country Korea.  The Japanese rule at that time was very strict and violent. The people wanted independence of Korea from Japan. Many Koreans, like Kim, were forced to leave their own country. When Kim met Nim Wales in Yanan, he joined the revolution in China against Japan's aggressive war.

In this movie, the main theme is revolution and Independence of Korea. It is also about Kim San's mind to his mother country and his own life.
Hélio Castroneves

]]
**Hélio Castroneves** (born **Hélio Castro Neves**; May 10, 1975) is a Brazilian racecar driver. Until 2020, Castroneves raced for Team Penske in the IndyCar Series. He has won the Indy 500 four times. Castroneves won *Dancing with the Stars* in 2007 with his partner Julianne Hough. Castroneves drove for Team Penske since he entered the Indycar series in the late 1990s. Even though he has many race wins, Castroneves has never won an IndyCar Series championship. Castroneves lives in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

## Racing Career 
Castroneves was born and raised in Brazil and was successful in karting there. He moved to Europe to keep racing and was a top driver in British Formula 3, which many racing experts say is a "stepping stone" to a career in a higher series such as F1 or IndyCar. He began racing in the United States in what was then the CART series in the late 1990s and struggled at first. However, in 2000, he got a big break when Team Penske signed him after Greg Moore, who the team originally wanted to drive for them, died in a racing accident in 1999. He joined the team in 2000 and has remained there ever since. In 2001, he won the Indianapolis 500, one of the most important events in the racing world. At the event, he famously climbed the protective fence at the side of the track. The following year he won again in a very controversial finish where it wasn't clear whether Castroneves or rival Paul Tracy had won. Castroneves was declared the winner, but many people believe Tracy was the rightful winner. Tracy has not gotten along with Castroneves since then and has called him a "two time winner", leaving out his 2002 win. Castroneves has always been a top driver and finished second in IndyCar Series points in 2008. The following year he won the Indy 500 for a third time. In 2009, the IRS charged Castroneves with tax evasion. After a trial, Castroneves was acquitted by a jury.
## References
BigBang (South Korean band)

**BIGBANG** (; ) is a South Korean boy band under the label YG Entertainment. The current members of the group are G-Dragon, Taeyang and Daesung. Former member Seungri left the group and the entertainment industry in 2019 and former member T.O.P left in 2023. Since their debut in 2006, they have become one of the most popular groups in Korea. BIGBANG has been praised numerous times for their musical talent. The group was planning a comeback in 2020 with a performance at the Coachella festival, however it was cancelled because of the Coronavirus.

## Members
### Current
* **G-Dragon** (Kwon Jiyong ) – Leader, main rapper, vocalist, dancer, face of the group
* **Taeyang** (Dong Young-bae ) – Main vocalist, main dancer
* **Daesung** (Kang Daesung ) – Vocalist

### Past
* **T.O.P** (Choi Seung-hyun ) – Lead rapploler, vocalist, visual (active 2006–2023)
* **Seungri** (Lee Seung-hyun ) – Lead Vocalist, lead dancer, youngest (active 2006–2019)

## Discography
### Singles
*"First Single"  - August 28, 2006
*"BigBang is V.I.P"  - September 28, 2006
*"Bigbang 03"  - November 21, 2006
*"My Heaven"  - June 24, 2009
*"Gara Gara GO!!"  - July 8, 2009
*"Let Me Hear Your Voice"  - November 4, 2009
*"Tell Me Goodbye"  - June 9, 2010
*"Beautiful Hangover"  - August 25, 2010
*"Alive"  - March 28, 2012

### EPs (mini albums)
**Always*  - August 16, 2007
**Hot Issue*  - November 22, 2007
**For The World*  - January 4, 2008
**With U*  - May 28, 2008
**Stand Up*  - August 8, 2008
**Tonight*  - February 24, 2011
**Alive*  - February 29, 2012

### Albums
**Bigbang Vol.1*  - December 21, 2006
**Number 1*  - October 22, 2008
**Remember*  - November 5, 2008
**Big Bang (BigBang album)*  - August 19, 2009
**Big Bang 2 (album)*  - May 12, 2011
**Alive*  - March 28, 2012

### Concert albums
**1st Live Concert Album - The Real* - February 8, 2007
**2nd Live Concert Album - The Great* - February 29, 2008
**2009 Big Bang Concert Live Album - Big Show* - April 22, 2009
**2010 Big Bang Concert Live Album - Big Show* - June 23, 2010
*MADE -2015

## References
## Other websites 
*  
*  
* Information about Korean artists 
* 
* Big Bang's channel on YouTube
Archway tube station

**Archway tube station** is a London Underground station in north London, underneath the Archway Tower, at the intersection of Holloway Road, Highgate Hill and Junction Road in the area known as Archway.

It is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line, between Highgate and Tufnell Park. It is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3.

## Gallery

Image:Archway station southbound look south.JPG|Southbound platform looking south
Image:Archway station northbound look north.JPG|Northbound platform looking north
Image:Archway station roundel.JPG|Roundel on southbound platform
Image:Archway Tower and tube station 2005.jpg|The station lies at the base of Archway Tower, here viewed from Junction Road
Image:Archway station side entrance.JPG|Side entrance on Highgate Hill

## References
## Other websites
* London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
** 
** 
** 
** 
* Archway station on Multimap
Cuba libre

The **Cuba libre** (IPA /'kuβ̞a'liβ̞ɾe/ in Spanish, kjuːbʌ liːbɹeɪ/ in English, "Free Cuba") is a cocktail made of Cola, rum, and lime. Also referred as Rum and Coke in United States and Canada, it is usually served in a highball glass. The exact recipe of the drink is 2 oz of light rum, juice of 1/2 limes, and cola, although variation in rum is possible according to taste. After pouring the lime juice into the highball glass, add rum, fill the rest of the glass with cola, and then stir. 

The exact history of Cuba libre is uncertain. Generally accepted theory is that the drink was invented in Havana, Cuba around 1900, after Cuba’s liberation and when Coke was first introduced to Cuba.
Nanta

, 2009]]
**Nanta** is a popular Korean musical. It is a non-verbal performance using the traditional Korean "Samulnori" rhythm. 

Nanta is presented through music and motions, so there is no language barrier. This musical combines traditional rhythms of Korean samulnori with modern musical forms including rock music and jazz. This musical creates unique but familiar experience to a world audience. It is a comedy where everyone in the audience can join in the performance. The audience interacts with the performers in many ways.

## References
## Other websites
* The official web site
Seo Tai-ji

**Seo Tai-ji** (b. February 21, 1972) is a South Korean singer. He was a member of the group Seo Tai Ji and Boys. The songs and performances of this group were very good at that time. However, Seo Tai Ji and Boys broke up. This many fans. After a few years, Seo Tai Ji released a new solo album. He introduced many new forms of music to South Korea after his comeback.

Until even now Seo Tai Ji has a large effect on the singers and other people in South Korea. Fans of Seo Tai Ji call him **Daejang** which is the word for "captain" in Korean. He is also called the ‘President of Culture.’

## References
Cyworld

**Cyworld** is a social networking service created by SK communications. 
The name can be interpreted in two ways. The first meaning is simply short for "cyber world" and the second meaning is "사이(Korean word for relationship) world."
In Cyworld, making the raltionship as friends is called "being 1chon". 1chon means very very close relative like family in Korea.   

The users can easily update pictures, videos clips, and blogs and share them with other users through what is called "minihompy." It is similar to that of Facebook or Myspace in U.S. 

The statistics shows that there are about 22,000,000 users in South Korea, which is about the half of the population of South Korea. Although it is mainly used by Koreans, the SK communications has expanded the cyworld services into other countries, such as China, Japan, Vietnam, and U.S.A starting on 2005.
Arnos Grove tube station

**Arnos Grove** is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly line between Bounds Green and Southgate. The station is in Travelcard Zone 4 and is in Arnos Grove - near Arnos Park on Bowes Road, London. The station and the surrounding neighbourhood of Arnos Grove take their names from the Arnos Grove estate, which was north of the station. The station is the first surface station north after the long tunnelled section from Barons Court via Central London.

## Related pages
* List of London Underground stations
* Piccadilly line

## References
## Other websites 
* London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
** 
** 
** 
** 
** 
* Charles Holden.com - Early image of Arnos Grove tube station 
* 
* The Guardian's Great Modern Buildings Series 
* Arnos Grove 3D model for Google Earth
Ji Kang Hun

**Ji Kang Hun** (1954~October 15th 1988) was an escapee from prison in Seoul. 

Ji became well known to Koreans, along with those who escaped with him, as their hostage taking was broadcast live all over Korea. Ji became famous for his saying “If you have money, non-guilty. If you don't have money, guilty.” The phrase criticized social and income inequality of the 1980s Korean society. Also, it raised the issue of “Preventive Custody Policy,” which separated prisoners from the society for a while even after their prison term was over in a preventative approach to potential crimes.

## The Escape
On October 8, 1988, 12 prisoners from Youngdeungpo Prison escaped into Seoul city during their transfer to Kongju Prison. Although they were known to Koreans as cruel and inhumane criminals, they were actually accused of robbery and other small crimes. They escaped because they were enraged by the idea of “Preventive Custody Policy,” and that trials were conducted unfairly to the poor. Their prison term for stealing 5,000,000 won was longer than that of Jun Kyung Hwan, brother of the former Korean president, who had embezzled approximately 60,000,000,000 won.
Among the 12 escapees, 4 out of 5 managed to stay unarrested until the very end. They are Ji Kang Hun (35 years old), An Kwang Sul (22), Kang Young Il (21), and Han E-Chul (20). They moved in search of shelters from houses to houses in Seoul. On October 15th, they smuggled into Koh Yong-suh’s house in Seodaemungu Bukjakadong and took hostage of his family. This hostage taking was broadcasted live on television. Koh managed to sneak out from the house at 4:00 AM in the morning and informed the police. The house was surrounded immediately by more than 1000 police force. The standoff between the escapees and the police started from 4:40 AM. At about 12:00 PM, Kang Young Il came out of the house in an effort to negotiate with the police. He tried to get back to the house, but was stopped by Ji who shot a gun before Kang’s feet. Ji stated that this was his last gift to Kang. Then, two of other escapees, An Kwang Sul and Han E-Chul committed suicide in the other room. Ji asked the police for a cassette tape, Holiday by Beegees. He shouted out to the reporters, policemen, and those who were at the scene, “If you have money, non-guilty. If you don't have money, guilty.” He tried to kill himself by stabbing his throat with a piece of glass that he had shattered from the window while listening to Holiday. During the process of rescuing the hostages, Ji was shot two times by the Special Squad in the house. He died the same day at the hospital for excessive loss of blood.

## Influence
To this day, the phrase “If you have money, non-guilty. If you don’t have money, guilty” is used to criticize politicians or elites in corporations who get away with bribery and embezzlement. 

A movie based on his escape, “Holiday,” was made in Korea in 2006. The title was named after a song by Beegees, which Ji Kang Hun asked for at the hostage taking scene

## Other websites 
* "Hostage Taking on Sunday" video from MBC iMTV 
* October 16th 1988 News from MBC
Commercial Act of South Korea

The **Commercial Act of South Korea**  is the law that controls commerce in South Korea. It was originally enacted on 1 January 1963. It currently consists of 5 main chapters: General Provisions, Commercial Transactions, Company, Insurance, and Maritime Commerce.

Amendments (changes) were made in 1963, 1984, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2008 and 2009. The biggest changes were made to comply with rules made by the International Monetary Fund. These changes were made during South Korea's foreign currency crisis in 1998. They were  to support corporate restructuring and improving accountability and transparency of management through efficient monitoring.

The concept of directors' duty of loyalty was introduced in the Commercial Act and was imposed as a statutory obligation of directors of stock companies. The Commercial Act also  included the concept of *de facto* directors liable for damages under certain circumstances.  The Commercial Act holds "owners", who do not hold any official corporate directorship, liable for mis-management and misconduct. Additionally, through the introduction of the shareholder proposal rights, the status of minority shareholders improved. They have opportunities to propose certain issues to the board of directors and the general shareholders' meeting.

## More reading 
* Hwa-Jin Kim (1999) "Living with the IMF: a New Approach to Corporate Governance and Regulation of Financial Institutions in Korea", 17 Berkeley *Journal International Law*. 
* The Korean Commerce Code (상법/商法): § 382-3, 401-2, 363-2
Ben Foster (footballer)

**Ben Foster** (born 3 April 1983) is an English footballer. He is a former England national team goalkeeper who has now retired . He holds the record for having done the most number of saves (1178) in premier league history.

Foster started his football career at Racing Club Warwick and in 2001, secured his first transfer to Stoke City. Although considered promising, Foster struggled and could not get regular game-time in his youth days.

In 2005, he departed, without playing a single match, from Stoke City after a series of loan  and joined Manchester United where he played as a back-up to Edwin van der Sar. He was loaned twice, consecutively, for the years 2005-06 and 2006-07 to Watford before spending three more seasons at Manchester United as a substitute goalkeeper. He finally left Manchester United for Birmingham City in 2010.

It was from this time that Foster started to get regular starts in all the teams he played till now. At Birmingham City, he instantly established himself in the main eleven for the 2010-11 season. The next season, West Bromwich Albion successfully managed to seal a loan deal with Birmingham City for Foster before finalising the transfer in 2012. He spent a total of seasons at West Brom before leaving the club for Watford in 2018. Since joining Watford, he has been praised several times by analysts for his calm presence in the goal behind a considerably weak Watford defense and has won back-to-back Premier league goalkeeper of the year awards at the *London Football Awards*.

## Personal life
Born in Leamington Spa, Ben Foster used to work as a chef before he started his career as a footballer. He is currently married to Kate Foster with whom he has 2 children. The family lives in a self-designed house at Tiddington, Warwickshire. Besides football, Foster has deep interest in cycling and has taken part in various cycling tours.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
Source:

## Honours
**Wrexham**
*Football League Trophy: 2004–05

**Watford**
*Football League Championship play-offs: 2006
*FA Cup runner-up: 2018–19

**Manchester United**
*Football League Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10

**Birmingham City**
*Football League Cup: 2010–11

**Individual**
*Watford Player of the Season: 2006–07
*Alan Hardaker Trophy: 2009, 2011
*Birmingham City Player of the Season: 2010–11
*Birmingham City Players' Player of the Season: 2010–11
*West Bromwich Albion Supporters' Player of the Season: 2011–12, 2013–14
*West Bromwich Albion Players' Player of the Season: 2011–12, 2013–14
*London Football Awards Goalkeeper of the Year: 2018, 2019

## References
## Other websites
*Profile  at the Watford F.C. website
Men at Work

**Men at Work** is an Australian reggae-influenced rock band that formed in 1979 in St. Kilda, a suburb of Melbourne. Men at Work often used woodwind and brass instruments. In 1986, they disbanded, but in 1996 they reformed and are still playing. Their biggest success they had in the 1980s. Their biggest hit song was "Down Under" which went to Number 1 on the charts in the USA and UK. They are the only Australian band to have both a single and an album at No 1. on the US charts at the same time.

## References
Dilation and curettage

**Dilation and curettage (D&C)** is a type of surgery used to diagnose and treat problems with woman's uterus.

During a D&C, a doctor will do these things:
* Give the woman anesthesia
* Slowly dilate (widen) the cervix
* Put a *curette* (a spoon-shaped tool with a sharp edge) into the uterus through the cervix
* Use the curette to take out parts of the lining of the uterus.

A D&C can be used for many reasons.  For example:
* To take tumors out of the uterus
* To diagnose problems like cancer of the uterus
* To take out tissues from a fetus or placenta, after a miscarriage or a medical abortion, which will stop bleeding

## References
Visual kei

of visual kei band Malice Mizer]]
**Visual kei** (aka **visual rock**) is a Japanese musical style that started in the late 1980s. Visual kei was influenced by glam rock. Visual kei artists use striking fashion and theatrical performances to highlight their music.

Early visual kei bands were strongly influenced by glam rock and heavy metal. Over time, visual kei has changed to meet the consumers' taste for music. Today, visual kei music includes goth, industrial, J-pop, and hip hop. Sometimes it is called "neo-visual kei".

Visual kei influenced the gothic lolita fashion trend. Visual kei artists often have wild dress, androgynous looks, jewelry, dyed hair, and thick make-up. Gothic lolita dressers say that they are inspired by their favorite visual kei bands.

X Japan and Buck-Tick are widely seen as the first visual kei bands. Other well-known bands that helped to increase visual kei's popularity include Malice Mizer, Luna Sea, and Dir en grey.

## References 
*http://www.furinkan.com/tomobiki/waguku.visual.htm
*VisualKei.com
Dilation and evacuation

**Dilation and evacuation** (or "D&E") is a medical procedure. It may be used as a method of abortion when a woman is in her second trimester (between 12–32 weeks pregnant). This procedure also may be used after a woman has a miscarriage, to make sure that the uterus is emptied out completely.  If tissue is left behind in a woman's uterus after a miscarriage, she can get an infection.

The second step of the D&E procedure is to evacuate, or remove, everything inside of the uterus. The woman is given a local anesthetic to numb part of her body or a general anesthetic to put her to sleep. The doctor will then put a cannula (a medical tube) into the uterus, through the vagina. The cannula is attached to a bottle and a pump that create a vacuum. The cannula is used to vacuum (or ) out everything that is in the uterus, including the fetus. 

The doctor may use forceps to take out any tissue that is still in the uterus. The doctor may also use a curette to scrape out the lining of the uterus. The vacuum can then be used again to make sure that the uterus is completely empty. This is to prevent infection from tissue left behind by accident. However, sometime during the second trimester, it becomes very difficult to do this procedure without dilating the cervix first. At this point, a full dilation and extraction is needed.

A complete D&E usually takes 10 to 20 minutes. Often, women are able to go home on the same day as the procedure, without staying overnight in a hospital.

Most abortions are done much earlier on in the pregnancy, so a full dilation and extraction is usually not needed.

## Related pages
* Abortion
* Miscarriage

## References
Entrena

**Entrena** is a municipality in the autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. The population of the town is 1.488 (2009). Entrena is located near Logroño.
Brahui people

The **Brahui people** (Brahui: بروہی) are the only Dravidian-speaking ethnic group in Pakistan. There are around 2.2 million Brahuis, most live in Baluchistan, where they are native. They are closely linked to the Balochs with whom they have intermingled, and whose cultural traits they have absorbed. The Brahui people are believed to be a remnant of the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization. The Brahui language, also called **Brahvi**, is a Dravidian language.

DNA studies suggest that the Brahui are most closely related to the ancient Dravidian people, which are descedants of neolithic farmers inhabiting the area between the Zagros mountains area in modern-day Iran and Indus Valley Plains in Pakistan 

## References
Chittagonian peoples

The **Chittagonian peoples** are groups of Bengali ethnocultural group native to the Chittagong District and Cox's Bazar District of Bangladesh.
Chittagonian peoples also speak Bengali and tribal languages of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

Chittagongian people speak the Chittagongian language, which is an Indo-Aryan language of Assamese-Bengali group. It is considered a dialect of Bengali by the Bangladeshi government though they are not mutually intelligible.

They live in the Chittagong division of south-eastern Bangladesh. They are predominantly Muslim, but there are sizeable Hindus, Buddhist and Christians.

## References
Shan

**Shan** may refer to:

## People
*The Shan people, Southeast Asian ethnic group inhabiting Myanmar
**The Shan language
*Dai people, also known as Shan, ethnic group in China
*Shanrong (山戎), term for "mountain barbarian" in Shanxi, Hubei in northern China
*Shan (surname), or 单 in Chinese, a Chinese surname
*Shan, a variant of the Welsh given name usually spelt Siân
*Darren Shan, children's author
*MC Shan, rapper

## Places
*Shan State of Myanmar
*Shaanxi, abbreviated as Shan (陕), province of the People's Republic of China
*Shan County, Shandong, county in Shandong, China
*Shan County, Henan, in Sanmenxia, China
*Shantou, or Shan (汕), a city in Guangdong, China
*Shan (剡), river name in Zhejiang Province of PRC
*Shan (鄯), name for a region in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 
*Shan (鄯), the name of ancient Western Regions (西域)
*山, *shan*, Chinese for "mountains" or "mountain range"
*Mount Shani or Gora Shan, a mountain in the Caucasus

## Other uses
*Shan Foods, a brand of Pakistani cuisine spice mixes
*Insect from Shaggai, or Shan, a fictional alien race in the writings of Ramsey Campbell
International Year of Astronomy

The year 2009 was named **The International Year of Astronomy** by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and UNESCO. It was a celebration of astronomy around the world with 141 countries taking part. "The Universe, Yours to Discover" was the official slogan. The idea was to promote astronomy worldwide and get young people interested in it. The year 2009 is special to astronomers, as it is the 400th anniversary since the first astronomical telescope by Galileo Galilei was used. 

Activities run during the year included observatory tours, shows, and photograph displays. People could get involved in many of these activities online with a computer.
Marketing mix

The **marketing mix** is the combination of elements necessary to the planning and execution of a total marketing operation. The total marketing operation mainly consists of three processes: Analyzing the situation of companies, STP, and **Marketing mix**. Marketing managers first analyze the situation of the company and then conduct STP: Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning. In STP, they segment the market, choose the target market in which the company can have competitive advantages and determine what is to be their products' position in the market, and then they design the marketing mix. In the process, marketing managers should design an internally consistent and mutually supportive marketing mix.

It was specifically divided into the 4Ps: Product, Placement, Price and Promotion by E.Jerome McCarthy in 1960, and from then it has been dealt with various variables. These variables include not only goods and services but usage, value, image and so on.

## Relative importance among 4Ps
In devising the marketing strategy it is usually said that getting a competitive advantage should be considered important than any other factors. Product and price is first determined. Decision-making about place and promotion is considered  later after determining the strategic position of the products by comparing rival products and then giving relative quality of products, price of products to the market. 

## References
* Kotler, Philip (2003) "Marketing Management", Prentice Hall, .
* Chae Seo Il (2007) "Marketing", B&M Books, 
* Silbiger, Steven (2005) "The Ten-day MBA", HarperCollins,
Yoo Young-chul

**Yoo Young Chul** is a South Korean criminal. He is a thief, burglar, robber, fraudster, batterer and serial killer. He murdered 21 women from September 2003 to July 2004 in Seoul, the capital of South Korea. The victims were all women, including a bride who was going to marry the next day. After he was arrested on July 18th 2004, he claimed that he had killed 26 people. However, according to investigation done by The Korea Public Prosecutor’s Office, it was found that he murdered 21 people. The judge gave him the death penalty on December 13rd, 2004, instead of life imprisonment because of the cruelty of his murders. The judge considered Yoo Young Chul’s statement that if he wasn’t arrested, he would have chopped even 100 people into pieces. The chief judge said “considering the pain the victims’ family suffered and panic prevailed in the society, he cannot avoid the top penalty.” He is living on death row, as South Korea has not carried out any executions since 1997.

He said that he started murdering because of hatred toward women caused by his divorce. He got a score of 38 on psychopath test where the maximum score is 40. The closer the score is to 40, the more likely that the test-taker is a psychopath. But, psychiatrists made a diagnosis that he was normal and that he could act according to his own true will. So, the fact that he was psychopath could not justify the crime he committed. This shocking event made many people in Korea pay attention to psychopath and this criminal case was made into a movie named "Chu-Gyuk-Ja" which means "The Chaser" in English.

## References 
## Other websites
*http://sstv.freechal.com/News/Detail.aspx?cSn=1&pSn=41787
*http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=038&aid=0000262424
*http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=032&aid=0000098551
*http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=052&aid=0000060752&
*http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=052&aid=0000060617&
*http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=087&aid=0000024041
*http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=055&aid=0000034349&
*http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=032&aid=0000098363
*http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=034&aid=0000157809
*http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0000850683
Infiltration tactics

Willy Rohr developed successful in 1915 the *Shock-Troops-Taktiks* in the Western Front. They had been used in the Battle of Verdun. His Bataillon became independent and was first named as *Sturmbataillon Rohr* and became about one year later renamed by the *Prussian Minister of War* to *Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr)*.

Oskar von Hutier was another one of Germany's most successful and innovative generals of World War I. He did the same for the Eastern Front

After rising to army command early in 1917, Hutier began to apply the lessons learned from his three years of commanding troops, along with his study of tactics used by other armies. He devised a new strategy for the Germans to break the stalemate of trench warfare. These tactics were to prove so successful in 1917 and 1918 that the French dubbed them "Hutier tactics", although the more commonly used term today is "infiltration tactics".

## Operation Michael
In the Spring Offensive of 1918 the first of five parts was called Michael.  At the beginning on 21 March 1918, thee Germans launched an attack with three armies, for a total of 42 divisions. The aim was to break through the salient at the junction point between the French forces (south) and the English (north), with operations between Bapaume and Saint Simon, intending to then create a wedge between the two contingents, pushing the British Expeditionary Force out towards the sea. On the first day the defensive lines were already smashed against both Allies, and the Germans completely succeeded in advancing 65 kilometers long into a salient of approximately 80 km. In their sweeping advance the German troops met greater resistance against the English than the French. But although the Germans were successful at first, after a few days the German offensive was suddenly exhausted, and beginning March 27, when the French began to engage their strategic reserve near Amiens, the Germans had no more substantial territorial gain. So the Germans failed to achieve a strategically important victory, and indeed, it had lengthened the battle line and created a salient exposed to Allied counter-offensives.
Clarity Act

The **Clarity Act** (known as **Bill C-20** before it became law) was a law passed by Canadian Government in 1999.

## Other websites 
* Text of the Clarity Act
* Full text of the Reference re Secession of Quebec
* 1995 Act Respecting the Future of Quebec
* Open letter in support of the democratic right to self-determination for Quebec 
*Debates - Issue 44 - April 6, 2000 (Senate's Second Reading debate about the passage of specific powers to the House of Commons; notable because the Senate is a co-equal body) 
* CBC report on introduction of Clarity Bill
Mongolian hamster

The **Mongolian hamster** (*Allocricetulus curtatus*) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in China and Mongolia.
Ashkenazi Jews

**Ashkenazi Jews** are a group of Jews who, following the involuntary displacement from Judea in c. AD 70, lived in Central and Eastern Europe.

## Name
In Hebrew and Yiddish, **Ashkenaz** means **German**.

## History
### Classical antiquity
It is believed that after the Jews were expelled from the Land of Israel (Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, pronunciation: ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl / Eretz Yisrael) by the Romans, they were abducted to Italy as slaves, while some believe that they went there for trade. 

### Middle Ages
After a few centuries, a founding group emigrated into Central Europe where a genetic bottleneck occurred, and then later into Eastern Europe and Russia, and most Ashkenazim can consider themselves the descendants of these few founding members. The language of the West Knaanic Jews had been Slavic.

### Modern age
In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe. After that, two terms, Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, became commonly used: The former indicates the Jews who worshiped in the German way and spoke Yiddish, the latter indicates the Jews who worshiped in the Spanish way and spoke the Ladino language. They differ in language, cultural tradition and worship style, yet both are closely related in terms of genetics.

### 20th century
During World War II, at least 6,000,000 Jews, 4,000,000 of whom were Ashkenazim, were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust destroyed the once large Jewish communities and the Yiddish language in Europe. 

Many of the surviving Ashkenazi Jews emigrated to countries such as Israel, Canada, Argentina, Australia and the United States after the war. As of 2018, Ashkenazim are around 75% of the 12.2 Million Jews of the world. They are also the mainstream of Israeli politics. Famous Ashkenazim include Albert Einstein, George Gershwin, Gustav Mahler and Franz Kafka.

## Related pages
* Mizrahi Jews
* Sephardi Jews
* Maghrebi Jews

## Footnotes
## References
*
Nell

**Nell** (Hangul: ) is a South Korean alternative rock band. They formed in 1999, but debuted in 2001. It consists of Kim Jong-wan, Lee-Jae-kyung and Lee Jung-hun. Jung Jae-won was the fourth member, but he left the band in June 2023. The band's name comes from a 1994 movie of the same name. Nell is one of the few rock bands who gained mainstream popularity in South Korea. They also have been nominated for several musical awards.

## History 
Nell was formed in 1999. They began playing at live clubs around Hongik University, and were spotted by Seo tai ji, who signed them to his private record company. In July 2006, Nell left Seo Tai Ji Company and joined Woolim Entertainment.

Nell is one of the few rock bands that have achieved mainstream success in the country. Their 2007 'Welcome Home' tour sold out in two minutes. Nell has also participated in the annual ETPFEST in 2002, and the Myspace Secret Show November 28th, 2008.

The band stopped performing after their nomination at the Golden Disk Awards on December 11th, 2008, because of the members' departure for the compulsory South Korean military service. The band got back together with "Slip Away" when their term was over.

## Members 
**Current members**
*Kim Jong-wan () – vocals, guitar, keyboard, drums
*Lee Jae-kyung () – lead guitar
*Lee Jung-hoon () – bass guitar, tambourine, keyboard, chorus

**Past members**
*Jung Jae-won () – drums

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
**Indie**
* *Reflection of* (Jan 2001)
* *Speechless* (Sept 2001)
**Major**
* *Let It Rain* (2003)
* *Walk Through Me* (2004)
* *Healing Process* (2006)
* *Separation Anxiety* (2008)
* *Slip Away* (2012)
* ''Newton's Apple* (2014)
* *C* (2016)
* *Let's Part* (2018)
* *Colors in Black* (2019)
* *Moments in Between* (2021)
### Extended plays 
* *Let's Take a Walk* (Re-arranged album) (2007)
* *The Trace* (Live album)  (2008)
* *Escaping Gravity* (2013)
### Single albums 
* *Holding onto Gravity* (2012)
### Soundtrack appearances 
* *Run* (*Two Weeks* OST) (2013)
* *Waiting for You* (*Beautiful Gong Shim* movie OST) (2016)
* *Breath* (*The Good Wife* OST) (2016)
* *Blue Moon* (*Tale of the Nine Tailed'' OST) (2020)

## References 
* biography on Naver.com
* biography on Woolliment.com 

## Other websites 
* Official Website(Korean) 
* Official Fansite(Korean)
* Official Myspace
Turkish hamster

The **Turkish hamster** (*Mesocricetus brandti*) is a species of hamster closely related to the Syrian hamster. It is used as a laboratory animal in scientific research, but is not widely available on the pet market.

## References
The Hallé

**The Hallé** is an orchestra based in Manchester, England. It is the UK's oldest symphony orchestra and the fourth oldest in the world.  Since 1996 its home is in the Bridgewater Hall, Manchester.

## History
 who started the orchestra]].

The orchestra gave its first concert on 30 January 1858.  It had been started by Hallé  the year before to play at an exhibition.  The orchestra gave its concerts in the Free Trade Hall.

One of the most famous conductors the orchestra had was Hans Richter who was music director from 1899 to 1911.  During this time the orchestra gave the first performance of  *Symphony No. 1* by Sir Edward Elgar.

The orchestra suffered during the economic crisis of the 1930s and when World War II started.  At that time it was sharing many of its players with the BBC.  There were only 30 players left.  A new conductor was appointed in 1943: John Barbirolli.  He was the musical director for 27 years.  During this time the orchestra rose to international fame.  

Kent Nagano was principal conductor of the orchestra from 1992 to 1999.  The orchestra moved from the Free Trade Hall to the Bridgewater Hall in 1996.  Nagano was criticized for putting on concerts that cost a lot of money, and charging high fees for himself.  The orchestra started to be in financial problems and nearly went bankrupt.  Then changes were made and the orchestra were more secure financially.

## The Hallé today
In September 2000, Mark Elder took over as musical director.  He has made the orchestra into an excellent orchestra again.

In 2006 a new job of guest conductor was given to Cristian Mandeal.  From 2009 the guest conductor will be Markus Stenz.  The leader of the orchestra is Lyn Fletcher.

The Hallé also has a choir which was started in 1858 by Sir Charles Hallé.  They give about twenty concerts a year.  Their conductor is James Burton who also conducts the Hallé Youth Choir.   There is a Hallé Youth Orchestra which is conducted by Ewa Strusinska.  There is now also a Hallé Children’s Choir, conducted by Shirley Court.  The Hallé  also have their own CD label since 2008.

## Principal conductors
*1858–1895 Sir Charles Hallé
*1895–1899 Sir Frederic Cowen
*1899–1911 Hans Richter
*1912–1914 Michael Balling
*1915–1920 Sir Thomas Beecham (musical adviser)
*1920–1934 Sir Hamilton Harty

*1939–1942 Sir Malcolm Sargent (conductor-in-chief)
*1943–1970 Sir John Barbirolli
*1972–1983 James Loughran
*1983–1992 Stanisław Skrowaczewski
*1992–1999 Kent Nagano
*2000–*present* Sir Mark Elder

## Other websites
* The Hallé official website
Chinese striped hamster

The **Chinese striped hamster** (*Cricetulus barabensis*), also known as the **striped dwarf hamster**, is a species of hamster. It is distributed across northern Asia, from southern Siberia through Mongolia and northeastern China to northern North Korea.
Kam dwarf hamster

The **Kam dwarf hamster** (*Cricetulus kamensis*) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found only in China.

## Other websites