open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iragna

**Iragna** was a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged into the new municipality of Riviera.

## References 
## Other websites
Iseo, Switzerland

**Iseo** was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was incorporated into the *comune* of Bioggio in 2008.

## Other websites
*
Lavertezzo

**Lavertezzo** is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*Officail website of the municipality Lavertezzo (Italian)
Lavizzara

**Lavizzara** is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

The municipality was created in 2004 by a merger of Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, Peccia and Prato-Sornico.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Ligornetto

**Ligornetto** was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Official website
ACF Fiorentina

**ACF Fiorentina** *(Associazione Calcio Fiorentina)*, often called **Fiorentina**, is an Italian professional football club from Florence, Tuscany, and was founded in 1926.

## History 
Fiorentina have won the Serie A twice, first in 1955/56 then again in 1968/69, as well as winning six Coppa Italia trophies. On the European stage Fiorentina have won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1960/61, they finished runners-up  in the UEFA Cup 1989/90 and they also came close to winning the biggest European prize, finishing as runners-up in the European Cup during 1956/57.
### Current squad
## Name 
* 1926-2002 **AC Fiorentina**
* 2002-2003 **Florentia Viola**
* 2003-present **ACF Fiorentina**

### Nickname 
Fiorentina is known by the nickname *La viola*; a reference to their distinctive purple colours.

## History 
August 26 1926 - With the fusion of *Palestra Ginnastica Fiorentina (P.G.F.) Libertas* and *Club Sportivo Firenze*, Fiorentina was born.

1939 - 1940 - Fiorentina wins their first cup, the Coppa Italia.

1955 - 1956 - FIorentina win their first "Scudetto", (the Italian championship).

1920 - 1961 - 2th "Scudetto" is won by Fiorentina.

After the second "Scudetto", Fiorentina won the Cup Winners' Cup.

1960 - the club win the "Coppa Italia" and the Mitropa Cup

1974 - the *Viola* win the Anglo-Italian League Cup.

1975 - the team won another "Coppa Italia".

1993 - 1994 - Fiorentina were relegated to the Serie B (second division).

Afterwards the team return to the Serie A

1996 - Fiorentina gained their 3rd "Coppa Italia".

2000 - Fiorentina win the "Italian Super Coppa".

2001 -2005 - The team is struck by financial problems, and are moved to the bottom of Italian Football.  They then work their way back up to the Serie A.

## Titles won 
* Serie A : 2
** 1955/56, 1968/69
* Coppa Italia : 6
** 1939/40, 1960/61, 1965/66, 1974/75, 1995/96, 2000/01
* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup : 1
** 1960/61

## League positions from 2000-2009 
### League positions from 1929-1999 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Sito ufficiale
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)

The **Federal Ministry of Education and Research** () (BMBF) is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The headquarters of the Ministry are in the so-called "cross buildings" (Kreuzbauten) in Bonn, a second office is in Berlin.

## History 
The Federal Ministry of Education and Science was founded as the *Federal Ministry for Nuclear Affairs* on October 20, 1955. It was renamed the *Federal Ministry of Nuclear Affairs and Water-supply and Distribution* in 1957, and again in 1962 to Federal Ministry of Scientific Research.

It became the *Federal Ministry for Education and Science* in 1969 which it kept 1994 up to the reunification with the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology.
The Federal Ministry of Research and Technology had been founded only 1972.

The Ministry got its present name in 1998.

## Federal Ministers 
## References 
*Peter Weingart: *Das Wissensministerium : ein halbes Jahrhundert Forschungs- und Bildungspolitik in Deutschland* VelbruÌck Wiss., Weilerswist 2006,
Locarno

**Locarno** is the capital of the Locarno district in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

## References 
## Other websites
* The city of Locarno official website
* Locarno Informations
Touchpad

A **touchpad** (also called a **trackpad**) is a type of input device for computers that does the same things as a computer mouse. It is made up of a flat, touch-sensitive surface which the user  one or more fingers on to move the cursor on the screen. Next to the touchpad are push-buttons that work just like mouse buttons, including left-clicking and right-clicking. In some newer touchpads, there are no actual buttons, and clicking is done by pushing near the button of the touchpad itself.

Unlike computer mice, touchpads stay in one place when they are being used. This makes it easy to build them into hardware. They are mostly found on laptop computers because, when the user is traveling, sometimes they cannot use a mouse. However, most laptops do allow the user to connect a separate mouse. Besides laptops, touchpads are also more and more used on mobile devices with a GUI, including MP3 players (a well-known one being the iPod) and mobile phones (such as the BlackBerry). However, touchpads on today's mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers have been replaced with the touchscreen. The touchscreen is used much like a touchpad, except the screen is built into the touch-sensitive surface itself so that no mouse cursor is needed. One can just touch anywhere on the surface to choose what is on the screen at that part.

Most touchpads have the function of tapping, which imitates the left-click button on a mouse. New models of touchpads often do more things because they can respond to the pressure of more than one finger. This is called multi-touch and makes it possible to do things like  though,  in and out, and  a page or part of the screen. The user can choose and change which functions happen if the user does certain moves. For example, the normal function for tapping on the pad is the left-click on the mouse. The user can change it in the settings section to the right-click of the mouse, if the user likes it better.

## Related pages
* Computer mouse
* Touchscreen
* Input device
Deceiver

***Deceiver*** is the fourth album by American musician Chris Thile, which was released in 2004. The album uses thirty-nine different instruments, which were all played by Thile alone. Some of the instruments played on the album include mandolin, piano, bass guitar, electric guitar, violin, and different types of percussion instruments. In 2005, the album was nominated a Grammy Award, for "Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical" to *Deceiver*'s engineers, Thile and Gary Paczosa.

## Musical style 
In an interview from 2007, Chris Thile described what he had in plan for *Deceiver*: 

## Track listing 
# "Wrong Idea" - 2:37
# "On Ice" - 3:52
# "Locking Doors" - 2:44
# "Waltz For Dewayne Pomeroy" - 3:03
# "Empire Falls" - 2:58
# "I'm Nowhere and You're Everything" - 5:54
# "Jessamyn's Reel" - 1:54
# "The Believer" - 2:35
# "This Is All Real" - 3:27
# "Ready For Anything" - 5:15

All songs on *Deceiver* were written by Chris Thile.

## Personnel 
* Chris Thile - Music, Arranger, Producer, Art Direction, Design
* Gary Paczosa - Producer, Engineer
* Wendy Stamberger - Art Direction

## References
Eurotrash (term)

**Eurotrash** is an American English slang term to describe stereotypical Europeans. These words will cause rage to some Europeans, while other Europeans embrace the label as an ironic humourous way to refer to themself.

## Examples 
*Broken English speaker
*Racist
*Metrosexual
Mỹ Trạch massacre

Park with the Memorial Stele to the victims of My Trach Massacre in My Thuy Commune, Le Thuy District, Quang Binh Province]]
The **My Trach Massacre** was the murder of many people in My Trach Village, My Thuy Commune, Le Thuy District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. The massacre took place on 29 November 1947 between 2:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m.  Soldiers of the French army killed nearly half of the 320 people who lived in the village. Many of the civilians who were killed were women, old people and children.
Virgin Islands (disambiguation)

The **Virgin Islands** are an island group in the Caribbean. It could also mean:

*British Virgin Islands
*United States Virgin Islands
List of leaders of dependent territories

This page lists the main **local rulers**: rulers of **dependencies** and of the **main administrative divisions** (autonomous regions, insular or peninsular regions, successors of historical regions or regions with strong identity, regions in the news, etc.)

For **national rulers**, i.e. heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions or prime ministers who are not heads of government...) of the **194 states** usually recognized like that (192 UN members + Vatican City + Taiwan), of **10 other national entities** (quasi and unrecognized states), and of **7 in exile and/or alternative governments** (only in exile governments that exercised power or succeeded governments that exercised power) : 

## Dependencies
## Autonomous regions and particular administrative divisions - A-L
## Autonomous regions and particular administrative divisions - M-Z
## Uncertain status autonomous regions
## Autonomous subdivisions, etc.
## Notes
## References
* rulers.org
Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net

The **Anti-submarine boom net** was used to stop enemy submarines entering Sydney Harbour during World War II. The net went all the way across the harbour from Green Point, Watson's Bay to Georges Head on the other side. The boom was part of the Sydney Harbour defences which also included artillery batteries and patrol boats.

## History
In January 1942, the Australian defence forces began to build the anti-submarine boom net; it was finished in August 1942. For more than three years, entry by boats, ships and ferries into Sydney Harbour was through one of three different gates that were a part of the anti-submarine boom net.

On 31 May 1942, during WWII, three Japanese submarines tried to get into the harbour. The first submarine to try and come in was the M27. Lieutenant Jahai Chuma was the man in charge of this submarine. The M27 followed a Sydney ferry through the gate on its way to Manly, but it got caught in the western end of the net's middle section. Lieutenant Chuma, tried to free his submarine by using a special tool that cuts metal, but this only made things worse. By 8:30pm the watchman for the Maritime Service Board, James Cargill, went to see what was happening. He used a boat to row across to where the submarine was stuck. Very surprised at finding a Japanese submarine, Cargill called naval headquarters with his two way radio. At first the navy did not believe that there was a Japanese Midget submarine caught in the boom net. It took him two hours to get them to believe him.

By 10:27pm, Chuma knew that he had been discovered, so he blew up the submarine using bombs, killing himself and his crew. The two other submarines got through the boom net, which at the time was not quite finished. They attacked shipping for many hours before they were destroyed as well.

In August 1945, the boom net was taken away. By early 1946, only the dolphin structure was left. The base of the winch house is the only remaining part of the anti-submarine boom net. It can still be seen at Green Point.

## References
Hair straightening

**Hair straightening** is when a person makes their hair straighter. Their hair may be curly, wavy, or almost straight. There are methods to make even very curly hair straighter.

There are two different types of straightening: temporary and permanent. Temporary hair straightening keeps the hair straight until it gets wet or damp again, so only lasts for up to a few days. Permanent hair straightening keeps the hair straight for up to a few months, even when the hair gets wet.

A person can temporarily straighten their hair using:
*Hair irons, tongs use heat to make the hair straight.
*Hot combs, combs that use heat to make the hair straight
*Hairdryer, a machine that blows air over the hair to dry it quickly, so that combs can be used to style the hair straight.
*Hair cremes, cremes that help hold the hair in place more, but do not completely straighten the hair.

A person can permanently straighten their hair using:
*Chemical relaxers
*Japanese hair straightening
*Brazilian hair straightening
*Brazilian blowout

## Related pages
*Hair iron
*GHD
Geographer

]]
A **geographer** is a scientist whose area of study is geography.

That is the study of Earth's physical environment and human habitat. 

Geographers are historically known as people who make maps. Nowadays map making is the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. The geographer studies not only the physical details of the environment. They look at the influence of this physical environment as well. Therefore they look at human and wildlife ecologies, weather and climate patterns, economics, and culture. They will concentrate on the influence space has for relationships between these elements. 

The National Geographic Society sees five broad key themes for geographers:
**location
**place
**human-environment interaction
**movement
**regions

## References
Rod

**Rod** may mean:
*Rod (geometry), a straight and slender stick; a wand; a cylinder; hence, any slender bar
*Rod cell, a cell found in the retina that is sensitive to light/dark (black/white)
*Rod (unit), an Imperial unit of length, also known as the *pole* or *perch*
*Rod (cryptozoology), observational artifacts produced by rapidly flying animals
*Rod (god), a Slavic god
*Rod (publisher), a music label from 1950s and 1960s Louisiana
*Rods (Tarot Suit)
*Railway Operating Division
*Fishing rod
*Lightning rod
*Connecting rod, in an internal combustion engine
*Divining rod, two rods believed by some to find water in a practice known as dowsing
*Birch rod, made out of twigs from birch or other trees for corporal punishment
*Switch (rod), a piece of wood as used as a staff or for corporal punishment, or a bundle of such switches

**Rod** may also be:
*Eubacterium with the shape of a rod
*Penis (slang)
*Gun (slang)

## People with the given name Rod
Often as an abbreviation of such names as **Roderick** and **Rodney**:

*Rod Stewart, rock musician
*Rod Laver (born 1938), Australian former tennis player
*Rod Steiger (1925–2002), American actor
*Rod Flanders, a fictional character on *The Simpsons*
*Rod From Avenue Q, a character in the stage musical Avenue Q
*Rod Whittaker, a fictional camp character from the late 80's
*Rod Serling, Creator of the 1960s show *The Twilight Zone*
## People with the surname Rod
*Edouard Rod, French-Swiss novelist, 1857-1910
*Johnny Rod, American bass guitar player

## Related pages
*Hrod
*Rob
*Roth
*Dowel
*Hot rod, often also referred to as 'rod'
*Rebar
*Rood, an old English unit equal to quarter an acre
*Stick, any long object
*Structural steel
*R.O.D., an acronym for the Read or Die anime
Intel Core

**Intel Core** is the name of a family of x86 multi-core microprocessors. It was made by the technology company Intel. Intel Core processors are based on Pentium M technology. Those processors are more advanced than Intel P6 processors. This architecture, or way to build a processor, is now replaced by Core 2 microarchitecture. In the Core family, there are two groups: the Duo (with two cores) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core). The Solo line replaced the Pentium M one-core processor.

In September of 2006 and January of 2008, Core CPUs stopped selling as much, as Intel released CPUs with newer technology.

## Yonah
Yonah is a company name for Intel's first generation of microprocessors for mobile computers. The Core Duo was released on 5 January 2006. It was the first Intel processor to be used in Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computers. Yonah does not have 64-bit function.

The **Intel Core Duo** has two cores, 2 Mebibytes of L2 cache for both cores, and an arbiter bus that controls the L2 cache and front side bus access.

The **Intel Core Solo** uses two-cores die as a Core Duo, but one core is turned off.

### Technical specifications
* 151 million transistors, with 2 MiB L2 cache.
* 2.33 – 2.50&nbsp;GHz
* front side bus (FSB) is 667 MT/s (per second)
* supported by the 945GM, 945PM, 945GT, 965GM, 965PM, and 965GT chipsets

### Advantages and shortcomings
The duo version of Intel Core (Yonah) has two cores, which give performance per watt almost as good as single-core processors. In computer machines operating with batteries, this means getting as much total work done in one battery charge like in old computers.

The shortcomings of Intel Core (Yonah) are:
* 64-bit is not supported.
* Limited FPU (Floating Point Unit) throughput (amount of data computed in a certain time) for non-parallel (not at the same time) computations or single processes.
* "Performance per watt" is not better or even worse than older processors.

Core-based processor Intel Xeon Sossaman LV (low-voltage), for servers also does not have the Intel 64-bit function. All new server systems have support for x86-64, and Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 even requires a 64-bit processor to run.

On July 27, 2006, Intel released newer Core version Intel Core 2.

## Related pages 
* Intel
* FSB
* Multi-core processor

## References
## Other websites
*Intel Core Duo Web page
*Intel Core Solo Web page
*Processor comparison table
*Intel Core technical specifications 
*techPowerUp! CPU Database
*Tested  against AMD's 64 X2 line and Intel's own Pentium M
*Intel® Centrino® Duo Mobile Technology papers
Chakra

A **chakra** is an energy center in the human body as taught in Indian yoga and some related cultures. Chakras are also believed in by some New Age adherents. Chakra means ‘Aneel or wheel' in Sanskrit.

According to people who believe in their existence, a chakra is an area in the body connected with life energy. They say that there are seven chakras in the body - each is an interface for the flow of life energy. They say that a chakra vitalizes a physical body and is associated with interactions of a physical or mental nature. They also say that current science is not able to detect or measure chakras.

## Definitions 
Although there are various interpretations as to what exactly a chakra is, the following features are common in all systems:
* They form part of a subtle energy body, along with the energy channels, or nadis, and the subtle winds, or pranas.
* They are located along a central nadi, Sushumna, which runs either alongside or inside the spine.
* Two other nadis, Ida and Pingala, also run through the chakras, and alongside Sushumna. They occasionally cross Sushumna at the location of the chakras.
* They possess a number of 'petals' or 'spokes'. In some traditions, such as the Tibetan, these spokes branch off into the thousands of nadis that run throughout the human body.
* They are generally associated with a mantra seed-syllable, and often with a variety of colours and deities.

## Types of Chakras
The seven main chakras are described as being present in an ascending column from the base of the spine to the head. The chakras are usually connected with a certain color. Each chakra is also connected with some part of consciousness.

The following seven primary chakras are commonly described:

# Muladhara (, Thai: มูลาธาระ) Base or Root Chakra (ovaries/prostate)
# Swadhisthana (Sanskrit: स्वाधिष्ठान, , Thai: สฺวาธิษฺฐานะ) Sacral Chakra (last bone in spinal cord, the coccyx)
# Manipura (Sanskrit: मणिपूर, , Thai: มณีปูระ) Solar Plexus Chakra (navel area)
# Anahata (, Thai: อนาหะตะ) Heart Chakra (heart area)
# Vishuddha (, Thai: วิศุทฺธะ) Throat Chakra (throat and neck area)
# Ajna (, Thai: อาชฺญา) Brow or Third Eye Chakra (pineal gland or third eye)
# Sahasrara (, Thai: สหัสฺราระ) Crown Chakra (top of the head; 'soft spot' of a newborn)

File:Muladhara.svg|Muladhara
File:Swadhisthana.svg|Swadhisthana
File:Manipura2.svg|Manipura
File:Anahata green.svg|Anahata
File:Vishuddha blue.svg|Vishuddha
File:Ajna chakra.svg|Ajna
File:Sahasrara.svg|Sahasrara

* Root chakra *(Muladhara)*
* Navel chakra *(Swadhisthana)*
* Solar plexus chakra *(Manipura)*
* Heart chakra *(Anahata)*
* Throat chakra *(Vishuddha)*
* Third eye chakra *(Ajna)*
* Crown chakra *(Sahasrara)*

## Related pages
* Esotericism
* Kundalini
* Occultism

## References
* Introduction to Chakras from Kheper.net
* 
*
Maltese

**Maltese** might mean:

*Anything related to Malta
*Maltese language
*Maltese people
*Maltese (dog), a dog breed
*Maltese (goat), a goat breed
Perm (hairstyle)

A **permanent wave**, commonly called a **perm**, is the chemical treatment of hair to produce .

The first chemical treatment for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in the year 1906 by the German hairdresser Karl Nessler (1872-1951). He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use on human skin.

## References
* 
* 

## Other websites
*Pictures of Nessler's permanent curling machine
*Disulphide bonds in hair 
*The chemistry of a permanent wave
*Old advertisement for Toni brand perm 
*Getting a perm in 1950 (demonstration)
Audiophile

An **audiophile** is a person who cares about how good music sounds on a stereo or other high fidelity sound system. An audiophile is interested in how to improve the sound quality of sound recordings, such as vinyl records and compact discs, as well as the equipment used to listen to recordings such as CD players, amplifiers and loudspeakers.

Audiophiles are always looking for ways to improve their sound system. There are discussion forums, magazines and clubs for audiophiles to share their ideas. 

Some audiophiles believe that differences should be able to be measured in a scientific way. This type of audiophile is called an "objectivist".

Other audiophiles believe that "what sounds better" or "more musical" may not be measurable. They rely mostly on their own ears and preferences. This type of audiophile is called a "subjectivist".

**Audiophile** is also used as an adjective in descriptions of audio equipment and recorded music, where it is intended to imply high quality.

## References 
## Other websites
* *The Audio Critic* - Thirty-year publication, now online only, with in-depth independent verification of vendors' claims. 
* *The Audio Press* - Criticism of industry, magazines, and reviewers.
* *Audiophilia* - Online magazine featuring high-end audio equipment and music reviews.
* Enjoy the Music.com - High-end audio equipment, music reviews, show reports, and information.
* Positive Feedback Online - Print magazine that merged with *audioMUSINGS* and morphed into an online forum for the audio arts.
* Science and Subjectivism in Audio   Technically-detailed article by Douglas Self.
* 6Moons.com - Online magazine.
* *StereoTimes*  - Equipment reviews and articles of general interest to audiophiles.
* TNT-Audio - Non-profit, Internet high-fidelity review.
Scalp

:*For other uses of the word, see Scalp (disambiguation)*

The **scalp** is the anatomical area between the face and the neck. 

## Layers 
It is usually described as having five layers, which can be remembered with the mnemonic "SCALP":

* S: The skin on the head from which head hair grows. It is richly supplied with blood vessels.
* C: Connective tissue. a thin layer of fat and fibrous tissue lies beneath the skin
* A: The aponeurosis (or Epicranial aponeurosis) is the next layer. It is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue
* L: The *loose areolar connective tissue* layer provides an easy plane of separation between the upper three layers and the *pericranium*.  In scalping the scalp is torn off through this layer.  
* P: The pericranium is the periosteum of the skull bones and provides nutrition to the bone and the capacity for repair.  It may be lifted from the bone to allow removal of bone windows (craniotomy).

## References
Barbelo

**Barbelo** is a goddess in Gnosticsm. She is also called Thought, Providence, Forethought, or Foreknowledge. She is believed to be the first emanation of Bythos. In the Apocryphon of John, a writing in the Nag Hammadi Library, Barbelo is described as, "The first power, the glory, Barbelo, the perfect glory in the aions, the glory of the revelation."

The Apocryphon of John continues:

"This is the first thought, his image; she became the womb of everything, for it is she who is prior to them all, the Mother-Father, the first man (Anthropos), the holy Spirit, the thrice-male, the thrice-powerful, the thrice-named androgynous one, and the eternal aeon among the invisible ones, and the first to come forth."

## Relation to other systems of thought
The Gnostic account of Barbelo is quite similar to Tantric thought. In Kashmir Shaivism, Shakti is similarly the second Tattva or first emanation of Shiva.

## References
* The Nag Hammadi Library. The Apocryphon of John Retrieved Oct. 21, 2004.
Bodhicitta

In Buddhist thought, **bodhicitta** is the motivation of a bodhisattva. The word *bodhicitta* combines the words for enlightenment *(Bodhi)* and  mind *(Citta)*. It is sometimes translated as *mind of enlightenment*.

Bodhicitta is taught to be the intent to become enlightened, not for oneself, but for the benefit of *all* beings.
Perm (disambiguation)

**Perm** may mean:
* Perm, a city in Russia
* Perm Krai, a federal subject of Russia
* Perm Oblast, a former federal subject of Russia
* Permian, a geologic period
* Permanent wave, a hair treatment
* **Perm**, a historic region in Russia, approximately comprising the modern Perm Krai and the Komi Republic, between the 13th and 17th centuries
* Permutation (mathematics)
* PERM, an early computer
* Perm (unit), a unit of permeance (gas or vapor transmission) in materials and membranes.
* PERM, Form ETA 9089, the permanent labor certification issued by the U.S. Department of Labor which allows an employer to hire a foreign worker to work permanently in the United States. Replaces the old Labor Certification, Form ETA 750 A and B.
Gnosticism

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**Gnosticism** is a modern form of Egyptian religion that is a group of religious ideas from around the 1st century. "''''*" is the ancient Greek word for "knowledge", but now more closely means "esoteric knowledge". Gnostic ideas were a main part of early Christianity before being persecuted by other Christians. Gnostic ideas are also found in sects of Judaism and Islam, as well as in alchemy and other kinds of esotericism.

The word "Gnostic" was mostly used by people who were against these ideas. For this reason, some researchers have said that Gnosticism is a  of many separate religious movements. There are many problems for people who research Gnosticism:
# Many Gnostic teachings were esoteric, meaning they were kept secret or hidden
# A lot of what is known about Gnostic beliefs came from attacks written by non-Gnostic Christians
# Almost all Gnostic writings were destroyed by non-Gnostic Christians who wanted to wipe them out

## Beliefs 
Gnosticism says that humans are divine souls trapped in the ordinary physical (or *material*) world.  They say that the world was made by an imperfect spirit.

The imperfect spirit is thought to be the same as the God of Abraham. The imperfect spirit may be seen as evil, or sometimes just not perfect but doing the best it can.  

The real God who is good, is distant and not easy to know. In order to get free from the material world, a person has to get *gnosis*.  That is the special secret knowledge given only to a few special people. 

Some Gnostic groups saw Jesus as sent by the supreme being, to bring *gnosis'' to the Earth.

## References 
## Other websites 
; Ancient Gnosticism
* Religious Tolerance  - A survey of Gnosticism
* Sacred Wisdom  - Gnosticism and Christian Esotericism
* Early Christian Writings - primary texts
* The Gnostic Society Library
* Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism
* Introduction to Gnosticism 
* Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism
* Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John
* Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics 
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism

; Contemporary Gnosticism
* The Alexandrian Gnostic Church 
* Apostolic Johannite Church
* Ecclesia Gnostica (Gnosis Archive)
Dakini

。]]
）源平盛衰記人品箋 1840年]]
In Hinduism and Buddhism, a **dakini** is a female being like a goddess. They are mostly found in Tibetan Buddhism.Chinese: 空行母, Pinyin: Kōngxíng Mǔ and 狐仙,Pinyin:Hú xian ;明妃,Pinyin:Míng fēi｝ The dakini inspires spiritual practice. A dakini is often depicted as beautiful and naked. The nakedness represents the freedom of the mind.

The Chinese and Tibetan terms for *dakini* literally mean "she who travels in the sky"; this is sometimes written poetically as "sky dancer". Their bodies are depicted curved in sinuous dance poses.

Dakinis are associated with energy. They are linked with the revelation of the path of transformation. They help people to change the energy of negative emotions, called poisons *(kleshas)*, into enlightened awareness.

## Appearance 
Images tend to show the dakini as a young, naked figure in a dancing posture, often holding a skull cup filled with menstrual blood or the elixir of life in one hand, and a curved knife in the other. She may wear a garland of human skulls, with a trident staff leaning against her shoulder. Her hair is usually wild and hanging down her back, and her face often wrathful in expression, as she dances on top of a corpse, which represents her complete mastery over ego and ignorance.

## Events 
Tibetan Buddhists believe that a Dakini gave a black hat to the third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje (1284 - 1339), when he was three years old. The Black Crown became the emblem of this Tibetan lineage known as the Karma Kagyu.

## Notes 
## References 
* Beyer, Stephen (1973). *The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet*. University of California Press. 
* English, Elizabeth (2002). *Vajrayogini: Her Visualizations, Rituals, and Forms*. Wisdom Publications. 
* Norbu, Thinley (1981). *Magic Dance: The Display of the Self Nature of the Five Wisdom Dakinis*. Jewel Publishing House, 2nd edition. 
* Padmasambhava, translated by Erik Pema Kunsang (1999) *Dakini Teachings*. Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2nd edition. 
* Simmer-Brown, Judith (2001). ''Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism*. Shambhala Publications. 
* Yeshe, Lama (2001). *Introduction to Tantra : The Transformation of Desire*. Wisdom Publications, revised edition. 

## Other websites 
* Dakini and the Female Spirit 
* *Dakini'' on khandro.net
Perm, Russia

. View of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki (1910)]]

**Perm** (, pronounced:pʲɛrʲmʲ) is a city and administrative center of *Perm Krai*, Russia. It lies on the banks of the Kama River, at the foot of the Ural Mountains.

Perm is one of the largest cities in Russia, with 976,116 (2006 est.) inhabitants, fewer than the 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census and 1,090,944 recorded in the 1989 Census.

In geology, the Permian period takes its name from the region.

## History 
From 1940 until 1957, the city was named Molotov (), after Vyacheslav Molotov. In 2021, six people were killed in a mass shooting.

## Administrative divisions 
Perm is divided into seven city districts:

## Modern city 
The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

There is one international airport in Perm Bolshoye Savino (Big Savino).
Perm is also served by the smaller airport "Bakharevka".

Perm's public transit network includes streetcar (tram), bus, and trolleybus routes.

## Sister cities 
Perm is the sister city of (twinned with):
*  Louisville, Kentucky, United States (1994)
*  Oxford, United Kingdom (1995)
*  Duisburg, Germany (2007)

## Sport 
* FC Amkar Perm, the football club based in Perm, playing in the Russian Premier League
* Molot-Prikame Perm, ice hockey club playing in the Russian Hockey Super League
* PBC Ural Great, the basketball club based in Perm, playing in the Russian Basketball Super League

## Other websites 
* Official website
* Perm regional server 
* The Official Website of the Perm Municipal Duma 
* The heritage of Perm Region 
* Perm Chamber of Commerce and Industry 
* The Western Ural Photographic Album 
* History of Perm 
* Perm and Perm Region Information on Kommersant Publishing webpage (also, see all other Russian subjects of the Federation) 
* The city of Perm - The poem of the town 
* Perm State University 
* Perm for travelers Sights of Perm and Perm's region
* General info on the city of Perm
Hermeticism

**Hermeticism **is the study and practice of occult philosophy and magic. The name comes from the fact that the first books about Hermeticism  are said to have been written by the god Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice-Greatest Hermes"), who combines aspects of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth.  

Hermeticism is also connected with astrology and alchemy.  These beliefs were strong in Europe during the Renaissance. The Hermetic Corpus was translated by Marsilio Ficino in 1463 and published in 1471. At this time, the Hermetic Corpus was thought to be older than both Plato and Pythagoras.

In 1614, Isaac Causabon showed that the texts were actually written sometime between 200 and 300 AD. This view was based on careful study of the way language was used in the original writings.

Hermeticism was revived in the 19th century in Western Europe. The most famous group involved in this revival was the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

## Related page 
*Supernatural
Grimoire

comes from the *Black Pullet* grimoire.]]
**Grimoire** is a book of witchcraft or paranormal magic. The word is pronounced "grim-warr".

The word is a mistaken way of saying *grammar*. It probably started being used in a time when not many people could read. Then any book might be thought to contain instructions for magic.

In the religion of Wicca and other forms of Neopaganism, such a book is sometimes called a "Book of Shadows".
Gela

**Gela** is a city in the Italian region of Sicily. It is in the province of Caltanissetta in the south of Sicily. The city is at about 84km from the province's capital of Caltanissetta, on the Mediterranean Sea. The city has a larger population than the capital and is second largest in land area.

Gela is an important industrial city and port town. One important industry that is located here is that of petroleum refinery. The city can be reached from other cities, like Syracuse and Caltanissetta, by train.

## References
Kama Sutra

***Kamasutra*** (), also known in Western countries as the ***Kama Sutra***, is an ancient Indian book on love. It was written by Mallanaga Vatsyayana. Part of the book deals with human sexual activity.

## References
Wolfenstein 3D

***Wolfenstein 3D*** is a 1992 first person shooter computer video game. The game was created by id Software. It was released for the PC on May 5, 1992. It was later released for many other systems including Apple computers and Nintendo's SNES console and Game Boy Advance handheld system. *Wolfenstein 3D* was one of the first first person shooter games. It is said to have created much of the popularity in this type of game. The game was based on the 1980s Muse Software computer games *Castle Wolfenstein* and *Beyond Castle Wolfenstein*.

## Story
In *Wolfenstein 3D*, the player controls an American soldier named BJ Blazkowicz. The player is trying to get out of a building controlled by Nazis during World War II. The player must avoid guards and dogs while looking for the way out. Food, medical supplies, ammunition and weapons can be found along the way to help the player.

## Gameplay
There are four types of weapons in the game:
* **Knife**: this weapon is usually only used if the player does not have ammunition for his guns. It can only hurt people standing very close to the character.
* **Pistol**: this gun is small and weak. It is the gun the player starts with.
* **Machine Gun**: this is like the pistol except it shoots faster.
* **Chaingun**: this gun shoots very quickly.

## Controversy
Because of the use of Nazi symbols and music in the game, *Wolfenstein 3D* was banned in Germany. This was because it broke German laws. People also complained about the player having to shoot dogs in the game.

## Other websites
* Official website
Australian Open

The **Australian Open** is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is the first one of the year. It is played in Melbourne, Australia. The Australian Open has been played on  grass and three variations of hardcourts:
*Grass (1905–1987)
*Rebound Ace (hard court, 1988–2007)
*Plexicushion (hard court, 2008–2019)
*GreenSet (hard court, 2020-present)

Before 1983, many of the best tennis players did not play at the tournament. This was because the Australian Open was far away from Europe and North America and was not considered as important as the other Grand Slam tournaments. 

## Heat policy
The tournament is played in January, during the Australian summer. In 1998 an extreme heat rule was brought in. It is the only major tournament that has a heat policy. In 2007 the temperature on the courts reached 50 degrees Celsius. and Li Na
* 2013 Novak Djokovic and Victoria Azarenka
* 2012 Novak Djokovic and Victoria Azarenka
* 2011 Novak Djokovic and Kim Clijsters
* 2010 Roger Federer and Serena Williams
* 2009 Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova 
* 2007 Roger Federer 
* 2005 Marat Safin and Serena Williams

## References
## Other websites
* Australian Open website
Sydney Harbour

**Sydney Harbour** (also called **Port Jackson**) is a natural harbour on the East Coast of Australia in Sydney. It is the location of the  Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge.
## History 
Before the arrival of European settlers, the area surrounding Sydney Harbour was home to a variety of aboriginal tribes, including members of the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, Eora and Wanegal tribes. It is believed that the Gadigal people once lived in the area heading from the south side of Port Jackson (South Head, Watsons Bay) and west in a semi circle through Petersham. The Cammeraygal tribe lived on the northern side of Sydney Harbour and the Wanegal tribe owned the area on the southern side of the Parramatta River, just west of Petersham and through to Rose Hill. The Eora tribe lived on the southern side of Sydney Harbour, not far from where the First Fleet set up camp.
 and Sydney Harbour Bridge are both on the shores of Sydney Harbour]]
In 1770, shortly after he left Botany Bay (Kurnell Peninsula), Lt James Cook became the first non-Aboriginal person to visit Sydney Harbour. Cook named it Sydney Harbour after Sir George Jackson. He did not go into the harbour, but sailed past the entrance (Sydney Heads) on his way north up the East Coast of Australia. 

European settlement started on January 26, 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet arrived from England. Phillip brought 732 convicts (prisoners) and a small group of soldiers to start a penal colony. They landed at a small inlet which they called Sydney Cove after Lord Sydney, who was the British government's Home Secretary.

## Islands 
There are lots of islands inside Sydney Harbour, including Shark Island, Clark Island, Fort Denison, Goat Island, Cockatoo Island, Spectacle Island, Snapper Island and Rodd Island. Some other former islands, including Bennelong Island, Garden Island and Berry Island are now connected to the mainland by bridge or by landfill. There are several islands only accessible by boat, for example Fort Denison and Cockatoo Island. Boat hire operators offer charter trips or self-drive options to these locations.

## References 
## Other websites
*A Living Harbour A history of Sydney Harbour from ABC Radio National
Adrian Willaert

**Adrian Willaert** (pronounce: AH-dree-ahn VIL-art), (born Flanders about 1490; died Venice, 7 December  1562) was a Flemish composer in the Renaissance period.  He was one of the most important composers of his time.  He went to Italy when he was young and spent the rest of his life there.  He belonged to the group of composers who lived and worked in Venice at the time, and who were known as the “Venetian School”.

## Life 
He may have been born in Bruges which is now in Belgium, although we are not sure.  One of his students, Gioseffo Zarlino, who became a well-known music theorist, said that Willaert went to Paris first to study law, but then decided to study music.  In Paris he met Jean Mouton, the main composer of the French royal chapel, and studied with him.  Mouton taught him to write music in the style of Josquin, whose music was very polyphonic with the voices imitating one another a lot.

Sometime around 1515 Willaert first went to Rome.  There is a story, which is probably true, that Willaert was surprised to find the Pope’s choir singing something he had composed.  The choir thought it had been composed by Josquin, who was very famous by then.  When the young Willaert told them that he himself was the composer, the choir did not believe the young man, and refused to sing it again.

In July 1515, Willaert worked for the Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este of Ferrara.  Ippolito liked to travel, and he often took Willaert and other musicians with him to places such as Hungary, where he probably spent two years, from 1517 to 1519.  When Ippolito died in 1520, Willaert worked for Duke Alfonso d'Este of Ferrara.  In 1522 Willaert had a job at the court chapel of Duke Alfonso; he stayed there until 1525.

Willaert then got the most important musical job in the whole of Europe at that time: he became maestro di cappella (director of music) at the church of St. Mark's at Venice.  The director who had been there before had not been very good, so Willaert made the music in that church really great again.  He stayed in that job until his death.  He was very famous and young composers came from all over Europe to study with him and learn how to be a composer.

## Musical style and influence 
Willaert was one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance and the most important composer in Europe between the death of Josquin and the time of Palestrina.

He wrote music in lots of forms, especially church music, madrigals and instrumental pieces called ricercar.

## References 
* *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
Vex

**Vex** may refer to:

* Vex, a robotic construction kit
* Vex, a fictional character in the Sackboy franchise
*FIRST Vex Challenge, a robotics competition
* Vex, Switzerland
* *Vex (album)*, an album by Steel Pulse
**Vex (brachiopod)*, a brachiopod genus.
* Vex Red, an English rock band
* The Vex, a music club started by Self-Help Graphics & Art, Inc
* Z.Vex Fuzz Factory, a brand of fuzz box used for musical effects
* Virgin Express, an airline created by the Virgin Group
Billy Ray Cyrus

**Billy Ray Cyrus** (born August 25, 1961) is an American singer, songwriter and actor.

He is best known for his popular single "Achy Breaky Heart" (1992).

From 2001 to 2004, Cyrus starred in the television series *Doc*. The series was about a country doctor who moved from Montana to New York City. He was in the Disney Channel series, *Hannah Montana*, which he co-starred with his daughter Miley Cyrus.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Billy Ray Cyrus at CMT.com
* 
* 
* Archive of  .
Yantra

.]]
**Yantra** literally means loom, instrument or machine. In actual practice, a yantra is a symbol which represents aspects of the divine, such as the Mother Goddess or Durga. It is made of interlocking geometric figures, circles, triangles and floral shapes that form a pattern. Though drawn in two dimensions, a yantra can represent a three dimensional sacred object. The yantra is primarily a meditation tool. Yantras function as revelatory symbols of cosmic truths.

## Gallery

File:Sri Yantra Correct Colors Johari 1974.jpg|  sri chakra
File:Ashtamatrika yantra.jpg| ashta matruka yantra 
File:Bhagalamukhi yantra color.jpg| bahalamukhu yantra
File:Bhuvaneswari yantra color.jpg| bhuvaneswari yantra
| antargata yoga yaMtra
File:Kali yantra color.jpg| kali yantra
File:Tripura-bhairavi yantra color.jpg| tripurabhairava yantra
File:Kamala_yantra_color.jpg| kamana yantra
File:Chinnamasta_yantra_color.jpg| chinnamasta yantra
File:Dhumavati_yantra_color.jpg| dhoomavathi yantra

## Related pages
* Mandala
* Tantra

## References
* Khanna, Madhu (1979). *Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity*. Thames and Hudson, first paperback edition, 1981. 

## Other websites
* An Introduction to Yantras, What They Are and How to Use Them For Meditation
* Yantras - The Mystic Power 
* High Resolution Yantras Dasa Maha Vidya, The 15 Nityas and other yantras, printable.
Sri Yantra

The **Shri Yantra** or **Sri Chakra** of Tripura Sundari is a yantra or mandala formed by nine interlocking triangles surrounding a dot in the center called a bindu.  Four of these triangles are upright representing Shiva or the Masculine.  Five of these triangles are inverted representing Shakti or the Feminine. Because it is composed of nine triangles, it is also known as the *navayoni chakra*.

Together the nine triangles are interlaced in such a way as to form 43 smaller triangles in a web symbolic of the entire cosmos or a womb symbolic of creation. Together they express Advaita-ism or non-duality. This is surrounded by a lotus of eight petals, a lotus of sixteen petals, and an earthsquare resembling a temple with four doors.

## References
## Other websites
*Lalita Tripurasundari, the Red Goddess
*Shri Narmadeshwar Shri Laxmi Yantra Mandir 
*Sri Yantra 
*How to Draw a Sri Chakra 
*How to draw Sri Yantra