open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ploidy

copies of each chromosome.]] 

**Ploidy** is a term from genetics and cell biology. It is used to indicate the number of chromosome sets in a cell. Most eukaryotes have either one set (called haploid) or two sets (called **diploid**). Some other organisms are polyploid, they have more than two sets of chromosomes. Some amphibians are **triploid**, with three sets. The endosperm cells in the seeds of many plants are also triploid. Some kinds of trout or salmon have four sets (*tetraploid*). Other examples:
*wheat: 6 sets (*hectaploid*)
*certain sturgeons: 8 sets (*octoploid*) 
*strawberries: 8 sets (*octoploid*)
*plumed cockscomb (a plant, *Celosia argentea*): 12 sets (*dodecaploid*)
*Bryophytes: body has one set; sporophyte has two sets.

Sex cells (gametes) are almost always haploid. If the reproductive stage (adult) is polyploid, then the gametes will have half the ploidy number of chromosomes. 

There are some variations of ploidy which are not discussed here. Some plant species with certain types of polyploidy do not use sexual reproduction, but survive with asexual methods.

## Polyploidy 
**Polyploidy** occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

Most organisms are normally **diploid**, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes — one set inherited from each parent. Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division. It is most commonly found in plants, but it does sometimes happen in animals. Some estimates suggest that 30-80% of living plant species are polyploid, and many lineages show evidence of ancient polyploidy (paleopolyploidy) in their genomes. Huge increases in angiosperm (flowering plants) diversity have coincided with the timing of ancient genome duplications shared by many species. 15% of angiosperm and 31% of fern speciation events are accompanied by ploidy increase.

Polyploid plants arise spontaneously in nature. Many polyploids are fitter than their parental species, and may display novel variation or morphologies that contribute to speciation and eco-niche exploitation. 

Polyploidy may occur in one generation, and is an exception to the principle that evolution occurs gradually. There may, however, be many genetic changes in the species after polyploidy has taken place. 

## Gametes 
The gametes of polyploids are unusual, because they may carry several sets of chromosomes. For example, common wheat is a polyploid with six sets of chromosomes, two sets coming originally from each of three different species. So there are six sets of chromosomes in most cells, and three sets of chromosomes in the gametes.

## Related pages
* Aneuploidy, one or a few chromosomes more or less than the usual number in the species.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Karyotype
*Haplodiploidy
Gimli

**Gimli** can mean:

* Gimli, Manitoba, Canada, a rural municipality in Manitoba
** Gimli (electoral district), a provincial riding (or electoral district) in Manitoba, Canada
** Gimli Glider, nickname of an aircraft involved in a fuel exhaustion incident
* Gimli son of Glóin, a dwarf in J. R. R. Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings*
Risso's dolphin

The '''Risso's dolphin** (***Grampus griseus***) is a species of dolphin, and the only species of dolphin in the genus ***Grampus*'''. He is related to the Pygmy killer whales. Large specimens measures 3 meters (10 ft) in lenght. This species dives to a depth of 600 meters (2,000 ft).

## References
Ric Flair

**Richard Morgan Fliehr** (born February 25, 1949 in Memphis, Tennessee

It was reported that Flair wrestled his last match at age 73. On July 31, 2022, at Starrcast V from the Nashville Municipal Auditorium, Flair teamed with his son-in-law Andrade El Idolo. They defeated the team of Jay Lethal and Jeff Jarrett.
***International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame**
**Class of 2021
* **George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame**
** Class of 2013
* **Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling/Jim Crockett Promotions/World Championship Wrestling**
**WCW World Heavyweight Championship (7 times)
** WCW International World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
** NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
** NWA (Mid Atlantic)/NWA Television Championship (2 times)
** NWA (Mid Atlantic)/WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (6 times)
** NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Rip Hawk (1), Greg Valentine (1), and Big John Studd (1)
** NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) (3 times) – with Greg Valentine (2) and Blackjack Mulligan (1)
** First WCW Triple Crown Champion
* **National Wrestling Alliance**
**NWA World Heavyweight Championship (9 times)
** NWA Hall of Fame (class of 2008)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Feud of the Year (1987) The Four Horsemen vs. The Super Powers and The Road Warriors
** Feud of the Year (1988, 1990)  vs. Lex Luger
** Ranked No. 3 of the top 500 wrestlers in the *PWI* 500 in 1991, 1992, and 1994
** Ranked No. 2 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the *PWI Years* in 2003
* **Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum**
** Class of 2006
* **St. Louis Wrestling Club**
** NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame**
** Class of 2007
* **World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE**
**WWF World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
** WWE Intercontinental Championship (1 time)
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Best Heel (1990)
** Best Interviews (1991, 1992, 1994)
** Hardest Worker (1982,1984-1988)
** Feud of the Year (1989) vs. Terry Funk 
** Match of the Year (1983) vs. Harley Race in a steel cage match at Starrcade
** Match of the Year (1986) vs. Barry Windham at Battle of the Belts II on February 14
** Match of the Year (1988) vs. Sting at Clash of the Champions I 
** Match of the Year (1989) vs. Ricky Steamboat at Clash of the Champions VI: Ragin' Cajun
** Most Charismatic (1980, 1982–1984, 1993)
** Most Outstanding (1986, 1987, 1989)
** Readers' Favorite Wrestler (1984–1993, 1996)
** Worst Feud of the Year (1990) vs. The Junkyard Dog
** Worst Worked Match of the Year (1996) with Arn Anderson, Meng, The Barbarian, Lex Luger, Kevin Sullivan, Z-Gangsta, and The Ultimate Solution vs. Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage in a Towers of Doom match at Uncensored
** Wrestler of the Year (1982–1986, 1989, 1990, 1992)
** Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (1994) Retirement angle
** Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

## Footnotes
## References
One Laptop Per Child

**One Laptop Per Child** is an organization founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is a non-profit organization. From 2004 to 2014 it made cheap laptops so that children in less rich countries without as much technology can also use a computer to learn. Their XO laptop had an operating system called sugar based on GNU/Linux. It also ran Windows.

Since 2014, the organization mainly gives out Chromebooks.

## References
Malvaceae

**Malvaceae** is a family of flowering plants. The family includes about 1,000 species in 75 genera. Malvaceae are found in tropical and temperate regions. They are not found very often in places such as the Antarctica because those places are too cold for Malvaceae plants.
## Examples
Okra is one example: it is called the ''lady's finger* or *gumbo''.
Ekiga

**Ekiga** (formerly called **GnomeMeeting**) is a free and open source VoIP and video conferencing computer application for GNOME and Windows. Ekiga supports both the SIP and H.323 (based on OpenH323) protocols and is fully interoperable with any other SIP compliant application and with Microsoft NetMeeting. It supports many high-quality audio and video codecs.

Ekiga was initially made by Damien Sandras in order to graduate from the Université catholique de Louvain. It is currently developed by a community-based team led by Sandras. The logo was designed based on his concept by Andreas Kwiatkowski, an open source enthusiast and a friend of his.

## Features 
### Integration 
* LDAP and ILS directories registration and browsing
* Integration with Novell Evolution so that contacts are shared between both programs
* ZeroConf (Apple Bonjour) support
* External configuration with GConf, including ability for administrators to block certain settings
* Device auto-detection, including:
** ALSA and legacy OSS soundcard support, through plugins
** Video4linux and FireWire camera support, through plugins

### User interface 
* Addressbook with speed dials
* SIP URLs and H.323/callto
* Dialpad
* Advanced call history
* Full-screen videoconferencing
* In call Instant-Apply support for settings
* Auto Answer and Do Not Disturb modes

### Technical 
* Call forwarding on busy, no answer, always (SIP and H.323)
* Call transfer (SIP and H.323)
* Call Hold (SIP and H.323)
* DTMFs support (SIP and H.323)
* Basic Instant Messaging (SIP)
* Text Chat (SIP and H.323)
* Possibility to register to several registrars (SIP) and gatekeepers (H.323)
* Possibility to use an outbound proxy (SIP) or a gateway (H.323)
* Message Waiting Indications (SIP)
* Audio AND Video (SIP and H.323)
* STUN support (SIP and H.323)
* LDAP support

### Incoming new features 
*SIMPLE
*SRTP
*ZRTP
*H263, H264

Roadmap 

## Notes
Poales

**Poales** is a taxonomic order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons. The order includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges.

Most Poales are wind-pollinated, and so lack the colour and scents of most flowering plants. The bromeliads, however, produce large fruits which are eaten by animals and so act as seed-spreaders.

The earliest fossils of Poales date to the late Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago. Some suggest the origin of the group may be 115 million years ago in South America. The earliest known fossils include pollen and fruits.

The flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts, and arranged in inflorescences (except in the  genus *Mayaca*, with solitary terminal flowers). The flowers of most species are wind pollinated. The seeds usually contain starch.

Among monocots, the Poales come second to the orchids in number of species. But in economic terms, they are far more important. In fact, the true grasses (Poaceae) produce by far the most important grains eaten by humans and other animals.

One recent classification lists these families: 
* order Poales
*: family Anarthriaceae
*: family Bromeliaceae
*: family Centrolepidaceae
*: family Cyperaceae
*: family Ecdeiocoleaceae
*: family Eriocaulaceae
*: family Flagellariaceae
*: family Joinvilleaceae
*: family Juncaceae
*: family Mayacaceae
*: family Poaceae
*: family Rapateaceae
*: family Restionaceae
*: family Thurniaceae
*: family Typhaceae
*: family Xyridaceae

## Diversity and uses 
The Poales are the most economically important order of monocots and possibly the most important order of plants in general. Within the order, by far the most important family economically is the family of grasses (Poaceae, syn. Gramineae), which includes barley, maize, millet, rice, and wheat. It is also the largest family in the order, far outnumbering the other families:
* Poaceae: 12,070 species
* Cyperaceae: 5,500 species
* Bromeliaceae: 3,170 species
* Eriocaulaceae: 1,150 species

## References
Omega SA

**Omega SA** is Swiss watch manufacturer. It belongs to the Swatch Group of companies. It is in Biel-Bienne (Switzerland). Omega SA produces watches of a high standard. It was founded in 1848 by Louis Brandt in La Chaux-de-Fonds (Switzerland). There are many famous people that promote Omega SA including Michael Schuhmacher, George Clooney, Cindy Crawford and Nicole Kidman.

## History 
The beginning of Omega was 1848 in La Chaux-de-Fonds. Louis Brandt opened a factory that produced watches. The watches made there carried the name Louis Brandt. After the death of Brandt, his sons transferred the production to Biel/Bienne (Switzerland). There, they started to produce their watches industrially. In 1898, "Louis Brandt & frères" employed more than 500 workers.

In 1894 they changed their name to Omega, named after their first watch.

In 1904, the Brandt brothers died, and the company came into the hands of their children. In the following years, Omega became a highly prestigious watch manufacturer. In 1925, Omega started to work with Tissot, another watch manufacturer.

Today Omega belongs to the Swatch Group.

## Advertising 
### James Bond
Many filmmakers have Omega watches in their movies. For example, Pierce Brosnan wore an Omega Seamaster Quartz Professional in *James Bond* movies starting with the movie "Golden Eye". In all later movies, Brosnan wore an Omega Seamaster Professional Chronometer.

Daniel Craig also wears Omega in his *James Bond* movies. He even mentions the watch manufacturer by name in the movie.

### Sports
At the moment, Omega SA is the official timekeeper for the Olympic Games. Their first time was 1932 at Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. They were the timekeeper in the 2006 Winter Olympics, and in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

As a sponsor for the Emirates Team New Zealand, Omega introduced the Seamaster NZL-32 chronograph in 2007. The name is the same as the name of the boat that won the America's Cup in 1995.

## Other websites
*
Hakan Yakin

**Hakan Yakin** () (born 22 February 1977 in Basel, Switzerland) is a Swiss former football player and current manager of Turkish origin. He is the brother of Murat Yakin and half-brother of former Swiss football professional Ertan Irizik.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International goals
:''Scores and results list Switzerland's goal tally first.''

### Managerial
## Honours
### Club
**Grasshoppers**
* Swiss Super League: 2000–01

**Basel**
* Swiss Super League: 2001–02
* Swiss Cup: 2001–02, 2002–03
* Uhrencup: 2003

**Galatasaray**
* Turkish Cup: 2004–05

**Young Boys**
* Uhrencup: 2007

### Individual 
* Axpo Swiss Super League Player of the Year: 2003, 2008
* Swiss Super League top scorer: 2007–08 (24 goals)

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*Profile at Swiss Football League Website 
*Official Yakin brothers website 
* 
*123 Football profile
*
*
Lyss

**Lyss** is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the Canton of Bern in Switzerland. It has a population of 11,000 people. About 84% of these people are Swiss German. Politically, Lyss can be called a city. The name "Lyss" comes from the local river Lyssbach.

On 1 January 2011, the old municipality of Busswil bei Büren was combined with Lyss.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official municipality website
Globi

**Globi** is a Swiss cartoon character. He is often called the Swiss Mickey Mouse. Globi is one of the most famous cartoon figures in the Swiss-German part of Switzerland. It was created in 1932 by the Globus department store chain for advertising. It is a blue human-like parrot with a black beret and trousers in black and red. It was so much liked by the children in Switzerland that it got published independently in 1944. There are a many Globi cartoon books and tapes in Switzerland today. Its appearance has changed several times since his development.

## History 
Globi was created in 1932 by the Globus stores as a media vehicle for children. They wanted to address Globi to children. First, the figure was named "Kimbukku". Because the people of the canton of Bale named the Globus warehouse "Globi", they thought would be a better name than Kimbukku. The figure was well liked by the young customers from the beginning. First "Globi" appeared as a comic strip in the magazine "der Globi". In 1935, the first book *Globi the Childfriend* appeared. This book has sold over a million copies. It was only really successful in Switzerland. Until today, 79 illustrated classic books have been published. The Globi books were always successful, but in the 1970s they were criticized because of the racism, sexism and violence in books of the 1940s and 1950s. Today, Globi is seen as politically correct. It started to be interested in ecology and animal protection and became more of a role model. For example, in a newer volume, Globi goes with the small rhino named Najma to Africa. The readers learn about the problems of life in the savanna of Africa for rhinos. There was also a movie with Globi in the cinemas in 2005.

## Publisher 
Because of the big success of Globi, the costs for the warehouse became too big. Because of this, Globi Publisher AG was founded in 1944. Since 1 January 2007, the Globi Publisher AG has been owned by Orell Füssli Publisher. The publisher is active in the Swiss market. In addition to books, they sell other Globi merchandise. These include dishes, cutlery, watches and alarm clocks, plush toys, drapery, lamps, card games and foods. There are also tourist attractions such as Globi hotel, a trail and a bus. In December 2008, a Globi winter park was built in Engelberg. In addition to Globi, other characters including Papa-Moll and Glöbeli exist. Yearly, over 80,000 Globi comic books, 40,000 educational Globi books, between 25,000 and 30,000 Papa-Moll books and 100,000 cassettes are sold.

Today Globi Publisher employs 4 permanent employee, 2 exponents, 3-4 graphic artists and bookkeepers and about 10-12 illustrators and writers.

## Book list of most important and best-sold books 
*Globi’s Worldtour
*Globi the Childfriend
*Globi and Pinoccio in Venice
*Globi and it’s Swiss adventure travel
*Globi the farmer
*Globi the soldier
*Globi the postman
*Globi the fireman
*Globi in the Zoo
*Globi and the railroad
*Globi and panda
*Globi and the madagaskarbird
*Globi the knight
*Globi in Paris
*Globi and his adventures at the sea bottom

## References
Second Coming

In Christianity, the **Second Coming** is a time when Jesus Christ will come back to earth. The Apostles Creed and the Nicene Creed state that "Christ will come again". This coming is to judge the living and the dead. Throughout history, there have been different ideas about the details of this event. These disagreements are related to the Millennium which is described in the Book of Revelation as a 1,000 year reign of Christ on the earth. 

There are four primary views about the return of Jesus Christ among believing Christians. Some Christians, called Amillennialists, believe that the millennial reign of Christ began at the cross and will continue until a period of rebellion against God, which will be followed by the final resurrection and judgment of all people and God's eternal kingdom. In this view, the removal of Christians from the earth, the judgment of the wicked, and Christ's literal return are all viewed as one single event. Others, called Postmillennialists think that Jesus will return physically to earth only after Christianity has been predominant for the 1,000 years. This may be a real 1,000 years or an indefinitely long time. This postmillennial view was common among America's Founding Fathers. 

In recent times, many Christians, especially in the United States, have believed that there will be a Rapture of the Christians.  This means that at a certain time all Christians will go up to heaven to be with Jesus.  After seven years of trouble on earth, Jesus will return with all the Christians to defeat the Antichrist and rule on earth for 1,000 literal years. Others who believe in the rapture put it at in the middle or at the end of the seven years (the latter view is known as historic premillennialism because many of the Early Church Fathers believed it). 

These different views come mainly from the Book of Revelation, but other Old Testament and New Testament books, including the Book of Daniel and Jesus' Olivet Discourse in Matthew 24, Mark 13 and Luke 21, are also used to develop the different views. Since the Book of Revelation uses highly symbolic language, it can be understood in different ways. 

All Christians agree that Jesus Christ will return to earth literally and physically, end all evil, and establish a world order based on righteousness. 

## References
## Related pages
*Acts
*Book of Revelation
Beret

private wearing a **beret**]]

A **beret** is a soft, round type of hat. They are similar to caps, but without the peak at the front. Berets are usually made of felt or a similar material.  Berets are often worn in France.  

Berets are worn as part of the uniform of many military and police units across the world.  Many other organizations also wear berets for different purposes.

## References
Pantropical spotted dolphin

The **pantropical spotted dolphin** (*Stenella attenuata*) is an oceanic dolphin. It is found in all the world's temperate and tropical oceans. The species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines (fishing). The 1980s saw the rise of "dolphin-friendly" tuna capture methods in order to save millions of the species in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Araceae

(*Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum*) clearly showing the characteristic spadix and spathe.]]

**Araceae** are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a 'spathe' or leaf-like bract. 

Also known as the Arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroid. This family of 107 genera and over 3700 species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and north temperate regions.

These plants often have rhizomes or tubers with calcium oxalate crystals or 'raphides' and commonly with milky sap. The leaves are alternate, simple or compound, petiolate, sometimes very large, and usually with a sheathing base.

Some genera of araceae include:
* *Anthurium*
* *Dieffenbachia*
* *Dracunculus*
* *Monstera*
* *Philodendron*
* *Colocasia*
* *Arum*

## References
Bierhübeli

**Bierhübeli-oder auch Sahli genannt** is the name of a concert hall in the center of Berne, Switzerland. Many famous artists from all around the world have played there including Sugarhill Gang, Adam Green, Sportfreunde Stiller, Wir sind Helden, Joy Denalane and Bad Religion. 

## History
From 1729 there has been a restaurant there called *Bierhübeli*.  In 1847 the *Bierhübeli* restaurant burned down. After that, they decided to build a hall as well as rebuilding the restaurant. It was finished in 1912. The hall was named after the restaurant. 

Many styles of music are played there, ranging from rock and metal to rap and hip-hop. 

The stage, the walls and the floor are made of wood. There is also a bar in the hall. In the hall, the audience feels very close to the artist. The sound in the hall is very rich, because of the shape and the way the building was made.
Eye of GNOME

**Eye of GNOME** is the official image viewer for the GNOME desktop environment. Unlike some other image viewers, Eye of GNOME will only view images. It does, however, provide basic effects for improved viewing, such as zooming, fullscreen, rotation, and transparent image background control.

## File formats 
Eye of GNOME supports the following file formats:

* ANI - Animation
* BMP - Windows Bitmap
* Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
* ICO - Windows Icon
* JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
* PCX - PC Paintbrush
* Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
* PNM - Portable Anymap from the PPM Toolkit
* RAS - Sun Raster
* Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
* TGA - Targa
* Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
* Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format (WBMP)
* X BitMap (XBM)
* X PixMap (XPM)
Martin O'Neill

'''Martin Hugh Michael O'Neill, OBE''' (b. 1 March 1952) is an Northern Irish football manager. He is currently the manager of Sunderland F.C., and has previously managed Celtic F.C.. and Aston Villa F.C. O'Neill was born in Kilrea, Northern Ireland.

## References
Metadata

**Metadata** (also *Meta data*) is data about data, that is information about other information. This is often useful. Libraries usually group books by subject and keep a catalog of the books. In that context the metadata in the catalog include various pieces of information including the author and the subject it is classified under. The index and table of contents of a book also present metadata.

Digital cameras allow people to take pictures. Here the data is the picture taken, and the metadata is information about the picture taken, like when (the date and time), photographic exposure, focal length and other technical details about how the camera made the picture. Some cameras, especially smartphones, have GPS and can include the location in metadata.

## References
Tibetan blue bear

The **Tibetan bear** or **Tibetan blue bear** (*Ursus arctos pruinosus*) is a subspecies of the brown bear (*Ursus arctos*). It is found in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.(In the Himalayas).
Tibetan red deer

The **Tibetan red deer** (*Cervus affinis affinis* or *Cervus affinis wallichi*), also known as **shou**, is a subspecies of Central Asian Red Deer that is native to the Tibetan highlands of Central Asia.
Wild goat

The **wild goat** (*Capra aegagrus*) is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.
The wild goat is a widespread species, with a distribution ranging from Europe and Asia Minor to central Asia and the Middle East.

The wild goat is an ancestor of the domestic goat.
Wild goats do not rely on humans for shelter, food or medical care.

## References
Asiatic wildcat

The **Asiatic wildcat** (*Felis silvestris ornata*) is also known as the **Asian Steppe wildcat** or **Indian Desert cat**. It is a subspecies of the Wildcat. 

It lives mainly in the Thar Desert, and the Rann of Kutch in India and Pakistan. It is about the size of a domestic cat, with a pale yellowish body marked with black spots.

## References
## Other websites
*IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: *Asiatic Wildcat*
Western woolly flying squirrel

The **woolly flying squirrel** (*Eupetaurus cinereus*) is a squirrel. It is the only species of the genus *Eupetaurus*. 

Until recently scientific knowledge of this rare species was limited to 11 skins collected in the late nineteenth century. However, recent research has confirmed that it is still extant in Pakistan-administered Kashmir (P.A.K). It is the longest member of the family Sciuridae and the most massive gliding animal known, but observations confirm that despite its size, it does glide effectively like other flying squirrels.

## References
Wild yak

The **wild yak** (*Bos mutus*) is a large wild bovid native to the Himalayas in Central Asia. It is the ancestor of the domestic yak (*Bos grunniens*).

Most yaks are domestic, which means they live on  farms run by people. There are a few wild yak but there are not many left and are in danger of extinction. There may be as few as 100 yak left in the wild. All kinds of yaks have horns. The closest relatives of yaks are considered to be bison, which have historically been considered members of their own titular genus, rendering the genus *Bos* paraphyletic. 

## Life 
Yaks are herd animals. This means they live in groups called *herds*.  Yaks are *herbivores*, they don't eat meat. The oldest yaks can live up to 25 years.

## References
Failure rate

**Failure rate** is the frequency with which an engineered system or component fails. Usually it is expressed in a number of failures per time period, like failures per hour. It is often written as the Greek letter λ (lambda) and is important in reliability theory. In practice, the closely related Mean Time Between Failures is more commonly expressed and used for high quality components or systems.

Failure rate usually increases with time. For example, a car failure rate in its fifth year of service may be many times greater than in the first year of service. Nobody expects to replace an exhaust pipe or worn brake pads in a new car.

Mean Time Between Failures is closely related to failure rate.  If the likelihood of failure is constant with respect to time (for example, in some product like a brick or protected steel beam), and ignoring the time to recover from failure, failure rate is simply the inverse of the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF).  MTBF is an important specification parameter in all aspects of high importance engineering design–such as naval architecture, aerospace engineering, automotive design, etc.–in short, any task where failure in a key part or of the whole of a system needs be minimized and stopped, particularly where lives might be lost if such factors are not taken into account. These factors account for many safety and maintenance practices in engineering and  industry practices and government regulations, such as how often inspections and overhauls are required on an aircraft.

A similar ratio used in the transport industries, especially in railways and trucking is '**Mean Distance Between Failure**', a variation which attempts to correlate actual loaded distances to similar reliability needs and practices.

Failure rates are important factors in insurance, business, and regulation practices as well as fundamental to design of safe systems throughout a national or international economy.
BBC Scotland

**BBC Scotland** is a part of the BBC in Scotland. It operates the television and radio channels in Scotland.

## Related pages
*BBC Radio Scotland
Jim Duffy

**James Duffy** (born 27 April 1959) is a former Scottish football player and manager.

## Achievements
### Honours
#### Player
;Greenock Morton
*Scottish First Division: 1983–84

#### Manager
;Greenock Morton
*Scottish League One : 2014–15

;Dumbarton
*Scottish League One play-offs : 2020–21

### Individual
***Greenock Morton**
**Scottish PFA Players' Player of the Year: 1984–85
**SPFL League One Manager of the Month: November 2014
**SPFL Championship Manager of the Month: November 2016
**PFA Scotland Manager of the Year: 2016-17 (nominee)
**Ladbrokes Championship Manager of the Season: 2016-17
***Dundee**
**SPL Manager of the Month: January 2003
**SPL Manager of the Month: March 2003
**SPL Manager of the Month: January 2004
***Clyde**
**SPFL League Two Manager of the Month: October 2013

## Managerial statistics
:*As of match played 19 May 2023*

* Initially caretaker and appointed permanently on 1 October 2021
* Ayr United statistics include 3-0 forfeit Challenge Cup defeat to Rangers B (ineligible player in an initial 3–0 win).

## References
STV (TV channel)

**STV** is a free television channel in Scotland. It is part of the ITV network. It is one of the five main channels in Northern and Central Scotland. It started in 2006, when the old Grampian Television (Northern Scotland) and Scottish Television (Central Scotland) were merged. STV has the channel 3 licence in these areas. In the Scottish Borders, ITV is shown. STV's director is Gordon MacMillan.

## References
Daily Record

The ***Daily Record*** is a Scottish newspaper printed in Glasgow. For many years, it had been the best-selling daily paper in Scotland, with average sales of 363,411 as of April 2008.

## References
Common krait

The **Common Krait** (*Bungarus caeruleus*) is a type of snake that is found in the jungles of India. This snake is a very poisonous. It is one of the "big four" snakes in India.
University of California, Berkeley

and Mount Tamalpais.]]
The **University of California, Berkeley** (also referred to as **Cal**, **Berkeley** and **UC Berkeley**) is a major university in Berkeley, California, United States. The oldest of the ten major campuses affiliated with the University of California, Berkeley offers some 300 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. The university occupies  with the central campus resting on approximately .

The university was founded in 1868 when the private College of California and the public Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College merged. Berkeley was a founding member of the Association of American Universities and 61 Nobel Laureates have been affiliated with the university as faculty, researchers and alumni. Berkeley physicists worked on the Manhattan Project during World War II and the university now manages the nation's two principal nuclear weapons laboratories: *Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory* and *Los Alamos National Laboratory*. UC Berkeley has admitted both men and women since 1871.

Berkeley student-athletes compete intercollegiately as the *California Golden Bears*. The Cal Bears are a member of both the Atlantic Coast Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in the NCAA, and have won national titles in many sports, including football, men's basketball, baseball, softball, water polo, rugby and crew. In addition, they have won over 100 Olympic medals. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are Berkeley blue and California gold.

## Other websites
*University of California, Berkeley official website
*California Golden Bears official website

## Notes
Geoclemys hamiltonii

**Black Pond turtle** or **Spotted Pond turtle** *Geoclemys hamiltonii* is a species of turtle found in South Asia.

## Sources
Daboia

***Daboia*** is an  Old World venomous vipers. It was named after Patrick Russell (1726-1805). Patrick Russell was a Scottish
herpetologist, who studied many Indian snakes. The Russell's Viper is one of the four most venomous snakes in India, and it causes the most deaths of all the venomous snakes. 

## Description
Russell's vipers can grow up to the length of 166 centimeters (5.5&nbsp;ft), but they are usually around the length of 120 centimeters (4&nbsp;ft). The Russell's viper is usually dark yellow or brown in colour with many black spots. The viper is found in Asia.

Russell's Viper is found in open grassy and bushy areas, farmlands, coastal lowlands, plains and hills. 

## Behavior
The Russell's Viper is Terrestrial (lives on the ground) and is usually nocturnal, but in cool weathers it is diurnal. When threaten it raises its head and makes a hissing noise which is said to be louder than other snakes. Their bite may sometimes be a simple snap, or sometimes the jaws hang on to the enemy for a few seconds. Adults are said to be slow and sluggish but when disturbed they become aggressive. Since of its aggressiveness and venom many animals and people are scared of this snake. That is why another snake, Rough-scaled Sand Boa, mimics the color pattern of the Russell's Viper so it looks like the Russell's Viper, but it is actually harmless. Adult's venom glands hold around 21–268&nbsp;mg of venom, while young one's venom glands hold around 8–79&nbsp;mg of venom.

### Feeding
The Russell's Viper eats rodents such as rats, mice, and squirrels, land crabs, lizards, shrews, scorpions and other arthropods. Young Russell's Vipers are said to be cannibals, meaning they eat each other.

## Reproduction
The Russell's Viper is viviparous: they give live birth. They mate early in the year and a female is pregnant for around six months before giving birth to her young in May to November, but usually in June or July. A female gives birth to around 20-40 young at a time, and the young are around 215-260 millimeters long when they are born. A Russell's Viper becomes mature after around 2–3 years.

## Subspecies
Not including the nominate subspecies, the Indian Russell's Viper (*D. r. russelii*), there is only one subspecies, the Eastern Russell's Viper (*D. r. siamensis*).
Atomicity

Modern database systems are governed by the ACID principle. In that context, several operations can be grouped into what is called a transaction. From the outside, there are two points in time: before the transaction, and after the transaction. If one operation of this transaction fails, the whole transaction will. In other words: Either all the operations are done, or none is. An example of an atomic transaction is a monetary transfer from bank account A to account B.  

## References
GNU Parted

**GNU Parted** is a free computer program for creating, destroying, resizing, checking, and copying partitions, and the file systems on them. This is useful for creating space for new operating systems, reorganising hard disk usage, copying data between hard disks, and disk imaging. It was written by Andrew Clausen and Lennert Buytenhek.

## Graphical frontends 
 uses GNU Parted in the backend]]
GParted is a graphical program using the parted libraries. It is adapted for GTK+. It is often included as utility on many live CD distributions to make partitioning easier.
Continuum (album)

***Continuum*** is the 3rd studio album by rock musician John Mayer. The album was released in September 2006. The album holds singles by *John Mayer* like "Waiting on the World to Change", "Gravity", and "Belief".

## Album 
The album features mainly new songs, though "Gravity" and "Vultures" are available in live versions from John Mayer Trio's *Try!*, and "Bold as Love", which is a Jimi Hendrix cover: the first Hendrix cover that Mayer has ever recorded as a studio release (although Mayer has recorded other Hendrix songs over time in live settings such as "The Wind Cries Mary" and "Wait Until Tomorrow"). (Mayer had played "Bold as Love" live many times prior to the release of *Continuum* such as on the televised *Tsunami Aid: A Concert of Hope* which aired on January 15, 2005.) The album contains a collaboration between Mayer and 8-string guitarist Charlie Hunter on the song "In Repair".

## Singles 
* "Dreaming With a Broken Heart" (2007)
* "Waiting on the World to Change" (2007)
* "Gravity" (2007)
* "Belief" (2006)
* "Say" (only on the re-release) (2008)

## Track listing 
# "Waiting on the World to Change" - 3:20
# "I Don't Trust Myself (With Loving You)" - 4:52
# "Belief" - 4:02
# "Gravity" - 4:05
# "The Heart of Life" - 3:18
# "Vultures" - 4:10
# "Stop This Train" - 4:45
# "Slow Dancing in a Burning Room" - 4:02
# "Bold as Love" - 4:18
# "Dreaming With a Broken Heart" - 4:05
# "In Repair" - 6:00
# "I'm Gonna Find Another You" - 2:43

## Discography 
**Album**
* 2002 - *Room for Squares*
* 2003 - *Heavier Things*
* 2006 - *Continuum*

### Charts and certifications 
## References
Boiga

***Boiga*** is a large genus of mildly venomous, rear-fanged, colubrid snakes typically known as the cat-eyed snakes or just cat snakes. 

## Species
**Boiga andamanensis* (Wall, 1909) - Andaman Cat Snake
**Boiga angulata* (Peters, 1861) - Leyte Cat Snake
**Boiga barnesii* (Günther, 1869)
**Boiga beddomei* (Wall, 1909) - Beddome's Cat Snake
**Boiga bengkuluensis* (Orlov, Kudryavtzev, Ryabov & Shumakov, 2003)
**Boiga blandingii* (Hallowell, 1844) - Blandings Tree Snake
**Boiga bourreti* (Tillack, Ziegler & Le Khac Quyet, 2004)
**Boiga ceylonensis* (Günther, 1858) - Sri Lanka Cat Snake
**Boiga cyanea* (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) - Green Cat Snake
**Boiga cynodon* (Boie, 1827) - Dog-toothed Cat Snake
**Boiga dendrophila* - Gold-ringed Cat Snake or Mangrove Snake
***Boiga dendrophila annectens* (Boulenger, 1896)
***Boiga dendrophila dendrophila* (Boie, 1827)
***Boiga dendrophila divergens* (Taylor, 1922)
***Boiga dendrophila gemmicincta* (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854)
***Boiga dendrophila latifasciata* (Boulenger, 1896)
***Boiga dendrophila levitoni* (Gaulke, Demegillo & Vogel, 2005)
***Boiga dendrophila melanota* (Boulenger, 1896)
***Boiga dendrophila multicincta* (Boulenger, 1896)
***Boiga dendrophila occidentalis* (Brongersma, 1934) 
**Boiga dightoni* (Boulenger, 1894) - Pirmad Cat Snake
**Boiga drapiezii* (Boie & Boie, 1827) - White-spotted Cat Snake
**Boiga forsteni* (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) - Forsten's Cat Snake
**Boiga gokool* (Gray, 1835) - Arrowback Tree Snake
**Boiga guangxiensis* (Wen, 1998)
**Boiga irregularis* (Merrem, 1802) - Brown Tree Snake
**Boiga jaspidea* (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) - Jasper Cat Snake
**Boiga kraepelini* (Stejneger, 1902) - Kelung Cat Snake
**Boiga multifasciata* (Blyth, 1861) - Many-banded Tree Snake
**Boiga multomaculata* (Boie, 1827) - Many-spotted Cat Snake
**Boiga nigriceps* (Günther, 1863) - Black-headed Cat Snake
**Boiga nuchalis* (Günther, 1875)
**Boiga ochracea* (Günther, 1868) - Tawny Cat Snake
**Boiga philippina* (Peters, 1867) - Philippine Cat Snake
**Boiga pulverulenta* (Fischer, 1856) - Fischer's Cat Snake
**Boiga quincunciata* (Wall, 1908)
**Boiga saengsomi* (Nutafand, 1985) - Banded Cat Snake
**Boiga schultzei* (Taylor, 1923)
**Boiga siamensis* (Nootpand, 1971) - Gray Cat Snake
**Boiga tanahjampeana* (Orlov & Ryabov, 2002)
**Boiga trigonata* - Indian Gamma Snake
***Boiga trigonata trigonata* (Schneider, 1802)
***Boiga trigonata melanocephala* (Annandale, 1904)
**Boiga wallachi* (Das, 1998) - Nicobar Cat Snake
**Boiga ranawanei* (Samarawickrama, Samarawickrama, Wijesena & Orlov, 2006 (2005)) - Ranawana's Golden Cat Snake

## Other websites 
*Boiga* at The Reptile Database
Hoatzin

The **hoatzin** (*Opisthocomus hoazin*) is a tropical bird found in swamps, river forests, and mangroves of the Amazon and the Orinoco delta in South America.

They are the only bird which eats leaves as a main part of their diet. Their gut has special adaptations which help their digestion.

The hoatzin is also notable for having young with claws on two of their wing digits. They are the only living member of the family Opisthocomidae. Its close relatives probably died out long ago. There has been much debate about the hoatzin's relationships with other birds.

## Life-style 
Hoatzin chicks are born with hooks on their wings. They use the hooks to climb around in the trees before they are large enough to fly. Hoatzins can fly only short distances even when they are fully grown, so they usually climb. Their odor has been compared to fresh cow dung. The odor is caused by their digestive system.

The hoatzin eats the leaves and some fruits and flowers of plants which grow in the wet habitats where it lives. It clambers around clumsily among the branches. Once it was thought that the species only could eat the leaves of  arums and mangroves, but the species does eat the leaves of more than fifty species. One study undertaken in Venezuela found that the hoatzin diet was 82% leaves, 10% flowers, and 8% fruit.
 
One of this species' many peculiarities is that it has a digestive system unique amongst birds. Hoatzins use bacterial fermentation in the front part of the gut to break down the vegetable material, much as cattle and other ruminants do. Unlike ruminants, however, which have the rumen (a specialized stomach for bacterial fermentation), the hoatzin has an unusually large crop, folded in two chambers, and a large, multi-chambered lower oesophagus. Its stomach chamber and gizzard are much smaller than in other birds.

The crop of the hoatzin is so large that it displaces the flight muscles and keel of the sternum. This is why they fly so poorly. Because of aromatic compounds in the leaves they eat, and the bacterial fermentation, the bird has a disagreeable, manure-like odor. It is only hunted by humans for food in times of great need. If the bird feeds on insects or other animal matter, that is purely accidental.

## Relationships 
So far (2015) very few birds have had their total genome analysed. More recently, a start was made to sequence the entire genome of the hoatzin.  As of 2011, it was reported that more than 1.4 billion base pairs of hoatzin DNA had been sequenced, roughly equal to its entire haploid genome, but that only about 2.4% of its genome had yet been assembled. Of birds, the genomes of only four species have been sequenced. Much might be learned by coordinating these efforts with analysing the hoatzin foregut ruminant bacterial microflora. At present, the nearest relatives of the hoatzin are not known. There is a fossil record which suggests its lineage is fairly ancient.

## References
Dannii Minogue

**Danielle Jane "Dannii" Minogue** (born 20 October 1971) is an Australian pop singer, actress, presenter and model. She is the sister of Kylie Minogue. Her most successful hit was "Who Do You Love Now". Other than singing, she is known for her television appearances in Australia and the United Kingdom.

She was a judge on the British television programme *The X Factor* from 2007 to 2010. She was also a judge on the first three seasons of the Australian *Masked Singer* and on the Australian version of *X Factor.*

## Personal life 
She was born Danielle Jane Minogue in Melbourne on 20 October 1971 to a Welsh immigrant mother and Irish-Australian father. 

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
*
Shayne Ward

**Shayne Ward** (16 October 1984) is an English singer. He was born in Clayton, Greater Manchester. He won the 2005 UK series of television programme *The X Factor*. He has released four studio albums.

## Early life 
Shayne Ward was born in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England on 16 October 1984 to Irish parents who moved to the United Kingdom. He went to St. Peter’s RC High School in Manchester. Before *X Factor* Ward was a member of a band called *Destiny* with two women named Tracy Murphy and Tracey Lyle.

## Career 
In 2005, Ward auditioned for the second series of *The X Factor*, he went on to win the competition, after winning he signed a recording contract with Simon Cowell's company Syco Music. He released his winner's single "That's My Goal", the songreached number one on the UK Singles Chart. He released his debut self-titled studio album in April 2006, the album reached number one on the UK Albums Chart, the album includes the singles "That's My Goal", "No Promises" and "Stand by Me". His second album *Breathless* was released in November 2007, peaking at number two on the UK Albums Chart and included the singles "If That's OK with You", "No U Hang Up" and "Breathless". In November 2010, he released his third studio album *Obsession*, the album peaked at number fifteen on the UK Albums Chart and included the singles "Gotta Be Somebody" and "Obsession". In April 2011 he was dropped by Syco Records. He released his fourth studio album *Closer* in April 2015, peaking at number seventeen on the UK Albums Chart, the album includes the singles "My Heart Would Take You Back", "The Way You Were" and "Moving Target".

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
### Box set 
### Singles 
;As lead artist

;As featured artist

;Promotional singles

## Other websites 
*

## References
Martin Cash

**Martin Cash** (baptised 10 October 1808 – 26 August 1877) was a famous Australian bushranger. He was one of the few people who escaped from the prison at Port Arthur, Tasmania. In 1870 he wrote a book (autobiography) about his life.

## Early life
Cash was born at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland. As a boy he worked on a farm at Wexford. In March 1827, he was convicted of stealing from houses. In his book, Cash says he shot a man in the bottom (buttocks). The man had been kissing and hugging Cash's mistress. He was sentenced to seven years transportation to Australia.

## Convict
Cash was sent as a convict to Sydney, sailing in the ship *Marquis of Huntley*. He was sent to work for George Bowman in the Hunter River area. After being set free, he continued to work for Bowman. On July 14, 1843, the government offered a reward of 100 sovereigns or 100 acres of land for help in capturing Cash.

Cash thought that Bessie Clifford was with another man. He went to Hobart in August 1843, but was captured. During his capture he shot and killed a policeman. Cash was sentenced to death by hanging. At the last minute, the lieutenant-governor changed the punishment to prison for life. Cash was sent to Norfolk Island for ten years. He became a well-behaved prisoner and given some important jobs, such as looking after the young boys.

## Farmer and Author
In March 1854, he was able to marry Mary Bennett (1824–1914), a convict from County Clare. He was let out of prison and went back to Tasmania. He worked in the gardens in the government Domain, Hobart. In May 1856, he went to New Zealand, but came back to Tasmania four years later. He bought a hop farm at Glenorchy. Cash told the story of his life to James Lester Burke, an Irish ex-convict. Burke wrote down the story which was published in Hobart in 1870. It has been reprinted many times. Martin Cash died on August 27, 1877.

## References
* F. Clune, Martin Cash (Syd, 1955); M. Cash, Martin Cash: The Bushranger of Van Diemen's Land in 1843-4: A Personal Narrative of His Exploits in the Bush and His Experiences at Port Arthur and Norfolk Island (Hob, 1961)
* L. L. Robson, Russel Ward, 'Cash, Martin (1808–1877)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbourne University Press, 1966, pp 214–215.