open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems

, Michael Schumacher scored 144 from a maximum of 170 Championship points. (2004 car pictured)]]

This is a **Formula One World Championship scoring system** used by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The FIA uses this system to decide the FIA World Drivers' and Constructors' Championships since the  season. The Championships are awarded to the driver and constructor (car builder) who score the most points over the course of the season.

From  through , a championship point was awarded to the driver (and team starting in ) that set the fastest lap.

In some seasons, not all race results would be counted towards the World Championship. Only a certain number of a driver's best results would count. In  this caused a very unusual result. Alain Prost and Ayrton Senna were the drivers for McLaren. They were the best two drivers of that year. There were 16 races that year, but only the best 11 results counted towards the championship. Prost won seven races and finished seven races in second place. He scored a total of 105 points, but only 87 of them counted for the championship. Senna won eight races and finished second in three, giving him 90 points for the championship and 94 for the season. This resulted in the strange event where Prost took a record number of points, yet Senna won the champion. A new system counting all races was introduced in . One additional point was also awarded to the race winner.

The current system was introduced for the  season. It was designed to allow more teams and drivers to score points. 

The most dominant Drivers' Champion in terms of points scored is Jim Clark. Clark scored the maximum of 54 points (6 wins) in both 1963 and 1965. In recent years, Michael Schumacher finished on the podium (one of the top three finishers) in every race of the 2002 season. Schumacher scored 144 of a maximum 170 points. The most dominant Constructors' Champion in recent times was McLaren in 1988. McLaren scored 199 of a maximum 240 points available. McLaren finished 134 points ahead of the second place team. In , Ferrari scored 221 points of a maximum 340 points available. Ferrari finished 129 points ahead of the second place team.

## Pointscoring systems 
## Notes 
## References 
*
Good Morning Good Morning

"**Good Morning Good Morning**" is a song written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon/McCartney) and performed by The Beatles on the 1967 ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' album.

## Lyrical inspiration
Inspiration for the song came to Lennon from a television commercial for Kellogg's Corn Flakes. The jingle went: "Good morning, good morning, The best to you each morning, Sunshine Breakfast, Kellogg's Corn Flakes, Crisp and full of fun".

The line "''It's time for tea and Meet the Wife*" refers to a BBC sitcom, *Meet the Wife''.

## Recording
The track was recorded on 8 February 1967, with overdubs (extra music that's recorded into the song) on 16 February (bass and vocals), 13 March (brass section), 28 March (backing vocals and guitar solo), and 29 March (animal noises). The guitar solo was played by Paul McCartney.

At Lennon's request, George Martin brought in Sounds Incorporated to play the brass section with their signature saxophone sound.

Lennon asked engineer Geoff Emerick to arrange the animal noises heard at beginning as well as the end of the song so that the animal heard was one capable of devouring or frightening the animal that came before it.

The final sound effect of a chicken clucking was so placed that it transforms into the guitar on the following track, "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)".

In the mono version, the length is 2:35, whereas in the stereo version, the length is 2:41 because there are more animal noises.

## Personnel
*John Lennon – double-tracked vocal, rhythm guitar
*Paul McCartney – backing vocal, lead guitar, bass
*George Harrison – backing vocal, lead guitar
*Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine
*Barrie Cameron – saxophone
*David Glyde – saxophone
*Alan Holmes – saxophone
*John Lee – trombone
*Unknown – trombone
*Unknown – french horn
*Sounds Incorporated – brass
*Geoff Emerick – engineer
*George Martin – producer
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

## Notes
## References
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Climbing harness

A **climbing harness** (or simply **harness**) is used by rock climbers. It is used to secure the climber to a piece of rope. It is one of the basic parts of the rock climbing equipment.

## Types 
There are different types of harnesses.
* A **sit string harness** looks like a belt, which is connected to two loops. The belt is worn around the waist and the loops are worn at the legs the connection is worn in the front. This connection is called *belay loop*. In this connection usually the knots are tied. Also it's used to belay the climber, with a knot or a securing device, like the Grigri. This is the most common type of climbing harnesses.
* A **chest harness** is worn around the shoulders. It's additionally worn with the sit string harness. It's used to climb with a backpack.
* A **full-body harness** is a combination of both. The chest harness and the sit string harness are connected. It's mostly worn by little children instead of a sit string harness. Workers who need to be secured of falling also usually wear this kind of harness.

## References
Alcester

**Alcester** is a Roman market town in Warwickshire, England. It is about 8 miles west of Stratford-upon-Avon. In 2001, 6,214 people lived there.

The River Alne joins with the River Arrow at Alcester.

## Other websites 
* alcester.co.uk
Computer vision syndrome

**Computer vision syndrome** or **CVS** is when someone's sight goes blurry because they have been looking at a computer screen for too long.

Sometimes, simply changing a work environment to have better ergonomics is all that needs to be done to reduce eye strain and other vision problems related to CVS. In some cases, a good pair of computer eyeglasses may help someone see better at the right distance range needed for looking at a computer screen.

A way of preventing CVS is to take breaks while using computers.

## References
Aldeburgh

**Aldeburgh** is a coastal town in the English county of Suffolk. It is on the Alde river.

## Popular tourist attractions 
Many people take a weekend trip to Aldeburgh. One of the main attractions is Moot Hall. Other attractions include a Napoleonic era defensive fort (known as a Martello tower), a sheltered yachting marina, and two Fish and chips shops

## Other websites 
* Welcome to Aldeburgh
Dale Jarrett

**Dale Arnold Jarrett** (born November 26, 1956) is a retired American racecar driver. Jarret used to drive in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. He won the 1999 Winston Cup championship and the 1993 Daytona 500. Jarrett has been called one of NASCAR's 50 greatest drivers. Jarrett retired in 2008  and now does Commentary for NBC. His father is NASCAR legend Ned Jarrett.

## References
2007 Formula One espionage controversy

The **2007 Formula One espionage controversy,** also known as "Spygate," or "Stepneygate" involves the claim that the teams passed confidential technical information. It was claimed that McLaren Formula One had information from the Ferrari team. Then, it was claimed that Renault F1 had information from the McLaren team.

## Overview
The case involved Nigel Stepney, who used to work for Ferrari and at the time for McLaren. It also included Mike Coughlan, who was working for McLaren and his wife Trudy Coughlan. Ferrari claimed that Stepney stole confidential technical information. This became the subject of legal action in Italy and an FIA investigation. The case in England was dropped after Ferrari reached an agreement with the Coughlans.

The FIA penalized McLaren. The biggest penalty was that McLaren excluded (not allowed to compete) from the  Constructors' Championship. They were also fined a record-breaking $100 million (USD). Then, the FIA claimed Renault F1 had information about the 2006 and 2007 McLaren cars. Renault were found guilty of breaking the same regulation as McLaren, but Renault was not punished.

## Details
### Allegations against Stepney
 with Jean Todt.]]

Nigel Stepney was working at Ferrari with Jean Todt, Ross Brawn and Rory Byrne. Michael Schumacher was their superstar driver. They were part of the team given the credit for changing the fortunes of Ferrari in the late 1990s. 

In February 2007, Stepney said he was unhappy with some management changes made at Ferrari. On 3 July 2007, *Gazzetta dello Sport* reported that Ferrari had fired Stepney as a result of an internal investigation. 

### Allegations against Mike Coughlan
The same day Ferrari fired Stepney, they announced taking action against an engineer from McLaren, later named as Mike Coughlan. Coughlan was suspended by McLaren as a result. Court details released say that Mike Coughlan is accused to be in possession of Ferrari documentation, and that his wife is accused of photocopying them.

### Honda involvement
On July 6, 2007, Honda Racing F1 released a statement to confirm that Stepney and Coughlan approached the team regarding "job opportunities" in June 2007. Honda said that no confidential information had been offered or received.

### Allegations against Renault F1
On November 8, 2007, the FIA announced that the Renault F1 team would need to answer a charge of possession of confidential information relating to the 2006 and 2007 McLaren Formula One cars. The statement issued by the FIA states that Renault F1 was found to have information used by the 2006 and 2007 McLaren F1 cars.  

## References
A Day in the Life

"**A Day in the Life**" is a song by the English rock group The Beatles. It is the last song on the group's 1967 album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''. It is a very famous song.

## Inspiration
Many people think that the first verse was written about the death of Tara Browne, the 21-year-old heir to the Guinness fortune and close friend of Lennon and McCartney, who had crashed his Lotus Elan on 18 December 1966 when a Volkswagen pulled out of a side street into his path in Redcliffe Gardens, Earls Court. In many interviews, Lennon said this was the verse's main inspiration. However, George Martin thinks that it is a drug reference (as is the line "I'd love to turn you on" and other passages from the song) and while writing the lyrics Lennon and McCartney were imagining a stoned politician who had stopped at a set of traffic lights.

The description of the accident in "A Day in the Life" was not a literal description of Browne's fatal accident. Lennon said, "I didn't copy the accident. Tara didn't blow his mind out, but it was in my mind when I was writing that verse. The details of the accident in the song&nbsp;— not noticing traffic lights and a crowd forming at the scene&nbsp;— were similarly part of the fiction."

The final verse was inspired by an article in the *Daily Mail* in January 1967 regarding a substantial number of potholes in Blackburn, a town in Lancashire. However, he had a problem with the words of the final verse, not being able to think of how to connect "Now they know how many holes it takes to" and "the Albert Hall". His friend Terry Doran suggested that they would "fill" the Albert Hall.

## Personnel
* John Lennon – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, maracas, piano (final chord)
* Paul McCartney – piano, lead vocals, bass guitar
* George Harrison – maracas
* Ringo Starr – drums, congas, piano (final chord)
* George Martin – harmonium (final chord) and producer
* Mal Evans – alarm clock, counting, piano (final chord)
* Geoff Emerick – engineering and mixing
* Orchestrated by George Martin, John Lennon and Paul McCartney
* Conducted by George Martin and Paul McCartney
* John Marston – harp
* Erich Gruenberg, Granville Jones, Bill Monro, Jurgen Hess,Hans Geiger, D. Bradley, Lionel Bentley, David McCallum, Donald Weekes, Henry Datyner,Sidney Sax, Ernest Scott – violin
* John Underwood, Gwynne Edwards, Bernard Davis, John Meek – viola
* Francisco Gabarro, Dennis Vigay, Alan Delziel, Alex Nifosi – cello
* Cyril Mac Arther, Gordon Pearce – double bass
* Roger Lord – oboe
* Basil Tschaikov, Jack Brymer – clarinet
* N. Fawcett, Alfred Waters – bassoon
* Clifford Seville, David Sandeman – flute
* Alan Civil, Neil Sanders – french horn
* David Mason, Monty Montgomery, Harold Jackson – trumpet
* Raymond Brown, Raymond Premru, T. Moore – trombone
* Michael Barnes – tuba
* Tristan Fry – timpani

## Notes
## Other websites
*
Lithium oxide

**Lithium oxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2O. It contains lithium and oxide ions.

## Properties
Lithium oxide is a white solid. It is a strong base. It is corrosive when dissolved in water. Lithium oxide dissolves in water to make lithium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make lithium salts. It reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate. Lithium carbonate is much less corrosive. It makes a red color in a flame.

## Preparation
When lithium is burned to air, it forms lithium oxide. This reaction also makes lithium nitride. It can also be made by heating lithium peroxide.

## Uses
It is used as a  in glazing ceramics. It can be used in scientific research. It could also be used in lithium ion batteries.

## Safety
Lithium oxide is very corrosive. It reacts with water to make lithium hydroxide. It is toxic because of its strong alkalinity (being a base).

## Related pages
*Lithium nitrate
*Lithium chloride
Maks Ćatović

**Maks Ćatović** (born October 9, 1950 in Despotovac, Serbia, fomer Yugoslavia) is a movie producer who used to be the President of Komuna Belgrade, Serbia. 

From 1985 he is owner and CEO of Komuna, working for movies including *Underground* Palme dOr winner (2005) and *Black Cat, White Cat* Silver Lion winner in Venice (2008). 

Catovic worked as a concert promoter for bands who were performing in Serbia and Montenegro, including Luciano Pavarotti, Madonna, AC/DC, Sting, and Metallica.

## Filmography 
**Letete S Rossinant* (2007) by Georgi Stoev
**Balkanska Braca* (2005) by Bozidar 'Bota' Nikolic
**The Red Colored Gray Truck* (2004) by Srdjan Koljevic
**Margina* (2003) by Andrej Acin
**The State Of The Dead* (2002) by Zika Pavlovic
**Normalni Ljudi* (2001) by Oleg Novkovic
**Tajna Porodicnog Blaga* (2000) by Aleksandar Djordjevic
**Lajanje Na Zvezde* (1998) by Zdravko Sotra
**Black Cat, White Cat* (1998) by Emir Kusturica
**My Contry* (1997) by Milos Radovic
**Underground* (1995) by Emir Kusturica
**Pjevam Danju, Pjevam Nocu* (1978) by Jovan Ristic
***TV Serials
**Stizu Dolari*
**Porodicno Blago*
**Neki novi klinci*
**Lisice*
**Svastara Duska Radovica*
**Bila Jednom Jedna Zemlja*
**Lola*
**Novogodisnje Vencanje''

## Other websites
* IMDB
Lithium carbonate

**Lithium carbonate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2CO3. It contains lithium and carbonate ions.

## Properties
Lithium carbonate is a white solid. It dissolves in water, although not as much as sodium carbonate. It reacts with acids to make carbon dioxide. It can react with carbon dioxide temporarily to make the bicarbonate. lithium carbonate is basic in nature.

## Preparation
It can be made by mixing lithium oxide or lithium hydroxide and carbon dioxide.

## Production 
Lithium is extracted from two main sources: pegmatite crystals and lithium compounds from brine pools. It is also found in the rare mineral zabuyelite.

## Uses
Lithium carbonate is used in various medications for treating bipolar disorder. It is also used in fireworks to make a bright red color. It is used in processing metal oxides. It can be used to make glass. It is used to glaze ceramics. It can also be used to dry cement. It is used in making lithium ion batteries. It is used in carbon dioxide detectors. It is also used make the cathodes of most lithium-ion batteries, which are made from lithium cobalt oxide.
## Safety
Lithium carbonate is somewhat toxic. It is a base, and reacts with strong acids.

## References
## Related pages
*Lithium nitride
*Lithium nitrate
Lithium chloride

**Lithium chloride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiCl. It contains lithium and chloride ions.

## Properties
Lithium chloride is a colorless solid. It makes a bright red color in a flame. It absorbs water, unlike other alkali metal chlorides. It also dissolves more easily in water than other alkali metal chlorides.

## Preparation
Lithium chloride can be made by igniting lithium and chlorine, but it is  because the reaction is . This makes the anhydrous (without water attached) form. Another way is mixing lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, or lithium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. This makes the hydrate (water attached to the molecule). The hydrous form can be dried to the anhydrous form by heating it with hydrogen chloride gas.

## Uses
Lithium chloride is used to make lithium metal. Lithium chloride is melted and electrolyzed. This makes liquid lithium metal. It is used to dry air. It is also used as a  for aluminium. It can be used in making organic compounds. It can be used to color flames red.

## Safety
Lithium chloride is somewhat toxic. It was going to be used as a salt substitute but people found that it is toxic. It affects the central nervous system.

## References
## Related pages
*Lithium nitrate
*Lithium nitride
Reduction (chemistry)

**Reduction** is a chemical reaction that involves the gaining of electrons by one of the atoms involved in the reaction between two chemicals. The term refers to the element that accepts electrons, as the oxidation state of the element that gains electrons is lowered. 

An example of a reduction is when iron reacts with oxygen, forming iron oxides such as those called rust.  The iron is oxidized and the oxygen is reduced. This is called redox. A blast furnace reverses that reaction, using carbon monoxide as a reducing agent to reduce the iron.

## Related pages 
* Oxidation
* Oxidizing agent
* Reducing agent

## References
Reducing agent

A **reducing agent** is a chemical that gives away electrons to another chemical compound. A chemical gaining electrons is called reduction. A chemical that gains electrons is said to be **reduced by** the reducing agent.  At the same time, the reducing agent loses electrons, which is called oxidation. The whole chemical reaction is called redox.

Carbon, hydrogen, and reactive metals like magnesium are common reducing agents. Using carbon as a reducing agent is called a carbothermic reaction, and is a way of smelting ores into pure metal. Some types of sugar are reducing agents, so they are called reducing sugars. Glucose is a reducing sugar in cellular respiration.

## Examples
*Tin(II) chloride
*Zinc
*Aluminum
*Alkali metal
*Sulfur
*Hydrogen

## Sources
Electroplating

**Electroplating** is the  of an object with a metal. It is done by  the object and a bar of the metal in a solution containing the metal ions. Electric current is then applied; the positive goes to the metal and the negative goes to the object. The metal bar dissolves in the solution and plates out on the object, forming a thin but durable coating of metal. It is often used to gold-plate objects for  or to stop corrosion. Normally the metal becomes fragile, and is only used for display.
Elena Kagan

**Elena Kagan** (born April 28, 1960)  is an American lawyer and judge. She is a United States Supreme Court Justice. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 5, 2010. She is one of four women on the court. Kagan is the only Supreme Court Justice who had never been a judge before becoming a Justice. Before being a Justice, she was Solicitor General and dean of Harvard Law School. Kagan was born and raised in New York City and is Jewish.

## References
Elverta, California

**Elverta** is an unincorporated community northwest of Sacramento, California. It was named after Elverta Dike, whose husband donated property to a nearby church. It is in Sacramento County, California. The postal code of the city is 95626. In 2020 there were 5,435 people living in Elverta. Elverta is about  from Sacramento, California,  miles from Rio Linda, California,  from Roseville, California, and  from Antelope, California.

## History 
It was named after Elverta Dike, whose husband donated property to a nearby church.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the unincorporated community has a total area of 8.8 square miles (22.9 square kilometers).

## Notes 
## Other websites 
*Official website of Elverta - Rio Linda on Sacramento County Website 
*Elverta Joint Elementary School District 
*First Baptist Church of Elverta 
*Zip Code 95626 Detailed Profile
*Elverta, California Information *Epodunk.com* 
*Elverta, CA Zip Code 95626
Functional group

In organic chemistry, a **functional group** is a piece of a molecule that helps determine how it reacts with other chemicals. Having specific functional groups is what defines a family of organic chemicals.

Functional groups are usually specific arrangements of specific atoms, but can also be grouped into families with similar structures and reactinos (like methyl  and ethyl  both being in the alkyl family).

Molecules can have more than one functional group and belong to multiple families. Some families, like amino acids, are defined by having multiple functional groups. A molecule with two functional groups is **bifunctional**, and a molecule with more is **polyfunctional**.

## Examples
## References
Calcium chloride

**Calcium chloride** is a chemical compound made of calcium and chlorine atoms. It has the formula of CaCl2. It absorbs water from the air and releases heat when it is dissolved in water. It is used as a de-icer on roads to melt the ice. It can be formed by mixture of calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid, but this produces a version that is hydrated (has water molecules attached to it). The anhydrous (no water molecules attached) form is needed most of the time. Calcium chloride is melted at a high temperature and electrolyzed to produce calcium metal.
Suzanne Collins

**Suzanne Collins** (born 1962) is a writer from the U.S. state of Connecticut. She is known for writing in the fantasy and science fiction genre.

Collins started her writing career in 1991. She wrote for some television series. Later she wrote a couple of picture books and a five part series called *The Underland Chronicles*. In 2008, Collins published the first book of the science fiction trilogy, *The Hunger Games*. Soon after her publications of *The Hunger Games*, this trilogy became a series of movies.

## Publications 
In 2003, Collins published the first book of her five book series called *The Underland Chronicles*. The books in the series are *Gregor the Overlander*, *Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane*, *Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods*, *Gregor and the Marks of Secret*, and *Gregor and the Code of Claw*.

In 2008 she published the science fiction novel *The Hunger Games*. This was the first part of a trilogy. The other two books are *Catching Fire* (2009) and *Mockingjay* (2010). The first book was a *New York Times* best seller. It was named in *Publishers Weekly*'s "Best Books of the Year" in 2008.  Lions Gate Entertainment made a movie of the book. The movie received positive reviews from Stephen King and Stephenie Meyer. The first movie was released in 2012. It became very popular.  Lions Gate Entertainment decided to make movies of the two other books. *Catching Fire* (the movie) was released in 2014. The first part of the movie *Mockingjay* came out in late 2014.

In 2013, Collins published the book *Year of the Jungle*.

## References
*Cech, John. “Collins, Suzanne”. World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. 
*"Suzanne Collins." Newsmakers. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

## Other websites
*Official website
Bob Probert

**Robert Alan Probert** (June 5, 1965 – July 5, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. Probert played a total of 1,016 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks. Probert was known for being a fighter and enforcer, as well as being one half of the "Bruise Brothers" with teammate Joey Kocur, during the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Probert retired from playing ice hockey in 2002 to join the Blackhawks radio broadcasting team. He finished his career fourth on the NHL's all-time list with 3,300 penalty minutes notched.

After his retirement, Probert ran into drug and legal problems. On February 05, 2003, he entered rehab to try and beat his addiction. He was arrested on June 4, 2004 after he allegedly parked his BMW SUV on the wrong side of the street and got into an altercation over drugs with bystanders. Many police officers got involved and Probert had to be subdued with a taser and stun guns.

On July 5, 2010, while boating on Lake St. Clair with his children, father-in-law, and mother-in-law, Probert experienced "severe chest pain" and collapsed. His father-in-law Dan Parkinson, the Cornwall, Ontario, chief of police, attempted CPR to save his life. He was taken to Windsor Regional Hospital's Metropolitan Campus and was pronounced dead. His funeral services were held July 9, 2010, in Windsor, Ontario. It was attended by many of his former teammates and rivals including Dino Ciccarelli, Tie Domi, Gerard Gallant, Doug Gilmour, Stu Grimson, Joey Kocur, Brad McCrimmon, Darren McCarty and Steve Yzerman, as well as the Red Wings general manager Ken Holland and owners Mike and Marian Ilitch. His eulogy was delivered by Yzerman. His brain was donated to the Sports Legacy Institute to help researchers that are studying the effects of concussions and other sports-related head injuries. In February 2011, the researchers announced at Boston University that they had found evidence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in Probert's brain.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Vampires Suck

***Vampires Suck*** is a 2010 American parody movie directed and written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer. It is a parody of Stephenie Meyer's series, *Twilight*. The movie was be released in North America on August 8, 2010, August 26, 2010 in Australia and October 15, 2010 in the United Kingdom. *Vampires Suck* achieved $4 million at the box office.

## Ratings 
*Vampires Suck* gained strong negative reviews:

* Rotten Tomatoes - 3%
* Metacritic - 21% out of 100%
* IMDB - 3.8 out of 10

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Vampires Suck website
Invertible matrix

In linear algebra, there are certain matrices which have the property that when they are multiplied with another matrix, the result is the identity matrix I (the matrix with ones on its main diagonal and 0 everywhere). If A is such a matrix, then A is called invertible and its inverse is called A^{-1}, with:
:A \cdot A^{-1} = A^{-1} \cdot A = I
There are algorithms for calculating the inverse of a matrix, with Gaussian elimination being a common example. The problem is that finding the inverse is relatively *expensive* to do for big matrices. Matrix inversion is used extensively in computer graphics.

## Related pages 
* Determinant
* Inverse function
* Inverse (mathematics)

## References
Oxidizing agent

**Oxidizing agent** can have two meanings. It can be a chemical that releases oxygen atoms. For example, potassium chlorate has a chemical formula of KClO3. When it oxidizes a reducing agent, such as powdered aluminium metal, it loses its oxygen to the aluminium and becomes potassium chloride, KCl. 

Another definition is a chemical that accepts electrons from a reducing agent. For example, potassium permanganate has an oxidation state of +7. In an acid solution, it gains 5 electrons (e-). It becomes a manganese compound with an oxidation state of +2. Most oxidizing agents of the second definition have oxygen, but not all. For example, fluorine (F2) does not have any oxygen in it. It is also the most powerful oxidizing agent. When it acts as an oxidizing agent, it gains an electron to transfer from an oxidation state of 0 to an oxidation state of -1. 

## Examples
*Fluorine
*Chlorine
*Potassium nitrate
*Nitric acid
*Potassium chlorate

## Related pages
*Oxidation
*Reduction
*Reducing agent

## References
Pontiac Sunfire

The **Pontiac Sunfire** was a car produced by Pontiac from 1995 through 2005. The Sunfire succeeded the Pontiac Sunbird and was succeeded by the Pontiac G5 (a rebadged Chevrolet Cobalt). The Sunfire was also purchased in a sedan, convertible or coupe. Much like its twin the Cavalier the Sunfire also fared poor in the offset test by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

## First release 
The first Pontiac Sunfire became the successor of the Pontiac Sunbird after it got cancelled in 1990s. The Pontiac received a minor facelift in the early 2000s.
Flag of New Mexico

The **Flag of the State of New Mexico** has the red sun symbol of the Zia people in the middle and has a yellow background. 

In 1920, Dr. Harry Mera, an archaeologist, won a contest to design a new state flag and chose the Zia sun symbol because he was familiar with it. It was used in Zia Pueblo on a 19th century pot. There is four points in the symbol because four is a sacred number to the Zia. To the Zia, it is the Circle of Life: four winds, four seasons, four directions, and four sacred obligations. New Mexico was the 48th state and it was founded in 1912.
Kardinal Offishall

**Jason Drew Harrow** (born May 12, 1976), better known by his stage name **Kardinal Offishall** is a Canadian rapper, record producer, DJ, and record executive. 

Offishall has won many awards including 3 Juno Awards, 4 MuchMusic Video Awards, 3 SOCAN Awards and 1 Canadian Urban Music Award.

## Discography
Kardinal Offishall has released 5 studio albums and 1 EP:
### Albums
### EP's
## References
## Other websites
*Kardinal Offisha's Official website
Michael Cera

**Michael Austin Cera** (born June 7, 1988 in Brampton, Ontario) is a Canadian actor who made his big screen debut in the 2000 movie Frequency as Gordy Jr., (Age 10) but first starred in the TV movie, Switching Goals as Taylor.

He was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2009.

## Filmography 
### Television
## Awards
*2005 Best Actor Award - Darling, Darling at the San Gio Festival
*2007 Breakthrough Artist Award - Austin Film Critics Association
*2008 Canadian Comedy Award for Best Actor - Superbad
*2008 Canadian Comedy Awards for Best Actor - Juno (nomination)
*2009 BAFTA Rising Star Award - (nomination)
Potassium hydroxide

**Potassium hydroxide** is a chemical compound. The chemical formula is KOH. It has potassium and hydroxide ions.

## Properties
It is a white powder. It dissolves easily in water to make a basic solution. It is corrosive to skin. It reacts with acids to give potassium salts. It is less common than sodium hydroxide. About 700,000 tons are made each year. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it absorbs water from the air and forms a solution. It is very hard to get the water out again. It releases heat when it is dissolved in water, similar to sodium hydroxide. It gradually reacts with carbon dioxide in the air to form potassium bicarbonate. It melts easily. It feels greasy when it gets on the skin because it makes soap from the fat in your skin. It is made when potassium reacts with water.

## Preparation
It is made by electrolysis of a potassium chloride solution. It can also be made by reacting calcium hydroxide solution (limewater or slaked lime) with potassium carbonate. The calcium carbonate precipitates and is filtered, leaving potassium hydroxide in solution.

## Uses
It is used to make soap. It is also used in organic chemistry. It can be used to make fertilizers and other potassium compounds. It is used to make diesel from plants. It is used in alkaline cells and nicads as an electrolyte. It can be used to identify mushrooms.

## Related pages
*Lithium hydroxide
*Sodium hydroxide
Laurasia

**Laurasia**  was a supercontinent. It had been the northern part of the Pangaea global supercontinent. Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwana to the south during the Jurassic period. 

Laurasia included most of the landmasses which make up today's continents of the northern hemisphere, chiefly Laurentia (the name given to the North American craton), Europe, Scandinavia, western Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, and China.

Laurasia's name combines the names of Laurentia and Eurasia.

Although Laurasia is known as a Mesozoic phenomenon, today it is believed that the same continents that formed Laurasia also existed as a coherent continent after the breakup of Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. To avoid confusion with Laurasia, that continent is referred to as **Proto-Laurasia**.

## Notes
Sonia Sotomayor

**Sonia Sotomayor** (born: June 25, 1954) is a United States Supreme Court justice.  She has been on the Court since 2009, and was on a lower court before that.  When on the lower court, she ended the 1994 baseball strike. She is the first and only Latina (Hispanic woman) on the Court. Sotomayor is Puerto Rican and is from the Bronx.

Sotomayor was born in New York City to parents who were from Puerto Rico. As a child, she was interested in reading the Nancy Drew series and other detective stories. She had a rough childhood since her alcoholic father died when she was nine. Throughout her time in high school and at Princeton, Sotomayor was a charismatic and inspirational leader. She graduated Princeton with a history degree, went to Yale University to study law and then served as a U.S District Court judge and judge for U.S Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

President Barack Obama appointed her to the Supreme Court. She is considered one of the more liberal judges.

## References
## Sources
*Hutchinson, Dennis J. "Sotomayor, Sonia."  World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web.  8 May 2015.   
*"Sonia Sotomayor." Newsmakers. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Biography in Context. Web. 8 May 2023
Dangerous (Kardinal Offishall song)

**Dangerous** is a 2008 R&B song by Kardinal Offishall and featured R&B singer Akon. The song was released March 2008 on the radio and April 1, 2008 on iTunes. The song is from Kardinal Offishall's 2008 album, Not 4 Sale. 

The song won Single of the Year at the 2009 Juno Awards and was certified 3x Platinum by the CRIA.
Justin Upton

**Justin Irvin Upton** (born August 25, 1987) is an American professional baseball player. He plays as a outfielder for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball (MLB). Upton has also played for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Atlanta Braves, San Diego Padres and the Detrit Tigers. He was selected first overall by the Diamondbacks in the 2005 MLB Draft and was the Youngest Player in the National League in 2007. Upton was selected in 2009 for his first All-Star selection.

On December 19, 2014, the Braves traded Upton along with Aaron Northcraft to the San Diego Padres in exchange for Max Fried, Jace Peterson, Dustin Peterson, and Mallex Smith.

Upton signed a six-year contract with the Detroit Tigers prior to the 2016 season. He was traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on August 31, 2017.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tetris DS

***Tetris DS*** is a 2006 puzzle game that was developed and published by Nintendo and was distributed by Nintendo. It was released on March 20, 2006 in North America, April 13, 2006 in Australasia, April 21, 2006 in Europe, April 27, 2006 in Japan and July 7, 2007 in South Korea. The game has Nintendo themed levels: Balloon Fight, Super Mario Bros., Metroid, The Legend of Zelda, Donkey Kong, and Yoshi's Cookie and the game received mostly positive reviews, selling over 2.05 million copies worldwide.

## Ratings 
*Tetris DS* has been rated very well by many top ranking sites:

*IGN - 9/10
*GamePro - 5/5
*Nintendo Power - 9.5/10
*1UP.com - 9/10
*Gamespot - 7.5/10
*Game Informer - 9.25/10
*GameSpy - 9/10
*Nintendo World Report - 9/10
*Official Nintendo Magazine - 82%
*Metacritic - 84%
*Game Rankings - 87%

## Other websites 
* Tetris DS' Official website
Bromide

**Bromide** is the reduced form of the chemical element bromine. It is a bromine atom with one extra electron, making an anion. The bromide anion is written with the chemical formula . Salts of the bromide ion and covalent compounds between bromine and most other elements are also called bromides. Bromide is not toxic in small amounts, but consuming too much can cause a disease called bromism.

## Preparation 
Bromide salts are normally made by reaction of hydrobromic acid, but can also be made by reduction of elemental bromine.

## Sources
Sodium bromide

**Sodium bromide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBr. It is made of sodium and bromide ions.

## Properties
Sodium bromide is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. When it is heated very strongly in air, it makes bromine gas. It also reacts with chlorine to make liquid bromine. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting hydrogen bromide with sodium hydroxide. It can be made by mixing sodium and bromine, although this reaction is very violent. 

## Uses
It was used in medicine as a hypnotic and sedative. Potassium bromide is also used for this purpose. It is used to make other bromine compounds that are organic. It was used to make silver bromide. It can be used as a disinfectant with chlorine in pools. It can be used to make dense fluids for drilling oil wells.

## Safety
Sodium bromide is only toxic in large amounts, like sodium chloride.

## References 
## Related pages
*Sodium fluoride
*Sodium chloride
*Sodium iodide
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4

'''''Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4''''' is a 2002 skateboarding game that was developed by Neversoft, Vicarious Visions, Babaroga and Aspyr Media and was published by Activision. It is the fourth game in the Tony Hawk's series. It was released on October 23, 2002 for the GameCube, Playstation, Playstation 2 and the Xbox and October 28, 2002 for the Game Boy Advance and August 27, 2003 for the PC in North America and November 15, 2002 for the GameCube, Playstation, Playstation 2, Xbox and November 22, 2002 for the Game Boy Advance and August 27, 2003 in the PAL region.

The fifth sequels, called ''Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 5'' released in 2015.

## Reviews
* IGN - 9.3/10 (PS2), 9.2/10 (PC), 9/10 (Xbox), 9.2/10 (GBA), 9.1/10 (GC)
* GameSpot - 9.5/10 (PS2), 8.7/10 (PC), 9.3/10 (Xbox), 9.2/10 (GC), 8.8 (GBA)
* Metacritic - 94/100 (PS2), 85/100 (GBA)

## Other websites 
* Official website
* 
*
Iron(III) oxide

**Iron(III) oxide**, also known as **rust**, is a reddish substance, an iron oxide. It has a chemical formula of Fe2O3. It is made by the reaction of iron with oxygen.  It is found naturally in the ground as hematite, the major ore which blast furnaces use to smelt iron.  It dissolves in acids. It can be mixed with fine powdered granules of aluminum in a 27:80 ratio to form thermite, a semi-explosive powder.

The iron is in the +3 oxidation state, which is what the III means. If the iron was in the +2 oxidation state, it would be iron(II) oxide.

## Related pages
* Rust
* Hematite
Index on Censorship

**Index on Censorship** is a publishing organisation campaigning for freedom of expression. It produces an award-winning quarterly magazine of the same name. It is based in London. 

## Other websites
**Index on Censorship* website
Iron(II) oxide

**Iron(II) oxide** is an chemical compound composed of iron in the +2 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms. It easily converts to a mixture of iron and iron(II,III) oxide at room temperature. It is stable though when it is very hot. It is a black powder. If it gets hydrated (bonded to extra water molecules), it turns green. The green chemical, named iron(II) hydroxide, gets oxidized by oxygen to a reddish color of iron(III) oxide.

Iron(II) oxide is very rare in nature because of how easily it converts to other iron oxides. Natural samples are called **wüstite**.

## Related pages 
* Iron(II,III) oxide
Iron(II) hydroxide

**Iron(II) hydroxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Fe(OH)2. It has iron and hydroxide ions in it. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
When pure, it is a white solid. It very easily turns dark green in air, which is its normal form. It then reacts with more oxygen to turn brown as iron(III) oxide is formed. It is a reducing agent. 

## Preparation
It can be formed by electrolysis of water with a piece of iron metal as the anode (positive connector). A green slime will appear around it, and hydrogen will be released at the cathode (negative connector). It is normally made by reacting iron(II) sulfate with sodium hydroxide.

## Uses
It was being investigated as a detoxifier in wetlands. Some wetlands have toxic selenite and selenate ions in them. Iron(II) hydroxide reduces them to selenium, which is much less toxic. It is also used in the nickel-iron battery.

## Related pages
*Iron(II) oxide
*Iron(II) chloride
Gary Veneruzzo

**Gary Raymond Veneruzzo** (born June 28, 1943) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played seven games in the National Hockey League and 348 games in the World Hockey Association. Veneruzzo played for with the St. Louis Blues, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, Baltimore Blades, Cincinnati Stingers, Phoenix Roadrunners, and San Diego Mariners. Veneruzzo was born in Fort William, Ontario.

NHL Career ST. Louis Blues Forward 1967-68 Record

## Other websites
*
Jimmy Ward

**James William Ward** (September 1, 1906 – November 15, 1990) was a right winger in the NHL from 1928 - 1939. Jimmy Ward's son, Pete Ward, played nine seasons of professional baseball, winning TSN Rookie Of The Year honors in 1963 while playing for the Chicago White Sox.

## Playing career
He played his entire NHL career in Montreal. It began in the 1928 season with the Montreal Maroons. He would stay with the English Montreal team until they folded following the 1938 season. Along the way he scored 10 or more goals in 10 of 11 seasons during a time when the regular season was only 48 games long. He won the Stanley Cup in 1935. He played in the Ace Bailey Benefit Game in 1934 and the Howie Morenz Memorial Game in 1937. When the Maroons folded he joined the rival Montreal Canadiens for the 1939 season.

## Coaching career
In 1940 he served as a player/coach of the New Haven Eagles of the IAHL. He would later serve as head coach of the PCHL's Portland Eagles and Portland Penguins.

## Awards and achievements
*Played in Ace Bailey Benefit Game
*Played in Howie Morenz Memorial Game

## Career statistics
## Other websites
*
Sodium bicarbonate

**Sodium bicarbonate**, also known as **sodium hydrogen carbonate**, **baking soda**, **bicarb**, or **bicarbonate of soda** is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaHCO3. The elements within it are sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen. It is a white crystalline  powder. 

Sodium bicarbonate is an antacid. It is sometimes used to relieve acid indigestion, a sickness caused by lots of acid in one's stomach. This was usually done by mixing sodium bicarbonate with water and drinking it.  When there is too much acid, it causes heartburn, an uncomfortable feeling in the stomach. It reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas. It also reacts with bases to reduce their harmful effects.

When sodium bicarbonate is heated, it releases carbon dioxide and water vapor (gas) and turns into sodium carbonate.

The balanced chemical equation is:

2NaHCO3 —> Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Baking soda is rarely found in the earth. It can be manufactured artificially, though.
Heartburn

**Heartburn** is an  feeling in the chest that happens when acids from the stomach travel up the esophagus (the tube leading from the mouth to the stomach). When stomach acids hurt the lining of the esophagus, the feeling is a symptom. 

The burning sensation is commonly called "heartburn," but it has nothing to do with the heart.

The symptom may be helped by taking antacids, such as calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.

## Related pages
* Gastroesophageal reflux disease

## References
## Other websites 
* MedicineNet, GERD
* National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC), GERD 
* MedlinePlus, GERD
Nitrogen triiodide

**Nitrogen triiodide** is an extremely sensitive contact explosive. It is synthesised using ammonia and iodine. When touched, it detonates, releasing a cloud of  iodine vapor.
Saratoga Trunk

***Saratoga Trunk*** is a 1945 American romance movie directed by Sam Wood and written by Edna Ferber and Casey Robinson. Flora Robson who played Ingrid Bergman's servant in the movie was nominated for a Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

## Cast
*Gary Cooper as **Colonel Clint Maroon**
*Ingrid Bergman as **Clio Dulaine**
*Flora Robson as **Angelique Buiton**
*Jerry Austin as **Cupidon**
*John Warburton as **Bartholomew Van Steed**
*Florence Bates as **Sophie Bellop**
*Curt Bois as **Augustin Haussy**
*John Abbott as **Roscoe Bean**

## Other websites
*Saratoga Trunk at TCM Movie Database
NFPA 704

**NFPA 704**, also known as a **Safety Square**, is a tilted square-shaped sign or picture that tells people about the  of a chemical compound. It was designed in 1960 by the National Fire Protection Association, as a way of quickly telling firefighters and other emergency workers what kind of dangers might be nearby.

The sign is made of four smaller diamonds: a red one on top, a yellow one on the right, a white one on the bottom, and a blue one on the left. Numbers or symbols in these boxes tell how dangerous the chemical is.  

The red diamond tells how flammable the chemical compound is: how easily it catches fire. The yellow diamond tells about reactivity: how quickly the compound reacts with other materials. (For example, some chemicals, like ammonium nitrate, explode when they touch water; this is an example of reactivity.) The blue diamond tells how dangerous the chemical is to a person's health. Each of these three diamonds - red, yellow, and blue - are given a score between 0 and 4. A score of 0 means there is no danger. A score of 4 means there is the worst possible danger.

The white diamond has codes for "special hazards." For example, if a chemical like ammonium nitrate should not touch water because it will explode, a W with a line through it will be written in the white diamond.

## Codes
## Related pages
*Material Data Safety Sheet

## References
Fluoridation

**Fluoridation** is the adding of fluorine compounds (fluorides) to various substances, especially toothpaste and drinking water. Government officials, scientists, and doctors say that Fluoridation helps prevent tooth decay and cavities, but it also has harmful effects in larger doses, creating a controversy over whether water should be fluoridated.

## Related pages
*Fluoride
*Fluorine
*Fluorite
Vic Venasky

**Victor William Venasky** (born March 6, 1951 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player. After playing college hockey at the University of Denver, Venasky went on to play 430 games in the National Hockey League with the Los Angeles Kings.  He now coaches youth hockey in Southern California.

## Awards and honours
## References
## Other websites
*
Fluoride

**Fluoride** is the reduced form of fluorine. When fluorine gains an electron by taking it from another substance (oxidizing it), it converts into fluoride. Fluoride is found in toothpaste and helps prevent tooth . Fluoride is added artificially to drinking water in some places and has caused a controversy over the harmful effects versus the benefits of fluoridation.

## Related pages
*Fluorine
*Fluorite, a natural fluoride
*Fluoridation
Beck, Bogert & Appice (album)

***Beck, Bogert & Appice*** is the first album by the '70s band Beck, Bogert & Appice.

## Songs in the album
## Personnel 
* Jeff Beck: guitar and vocals
* Tim Bogert: bass and vocals
* Carmine Appice: drums and vocals