open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Maryland

**Maryland** is a state in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States of America. Its capital is Annapolis, and its most populous city is Baltimore.

The governor of Maryland is Wes Moore. He was elected in the 2022 election. Moore is the first Black governor of Maryland and the third Black governor in United States history.

The state bird is the Baltimore Oriole.  The state flower is the Black-eyed Susan (*Rudbeckia hirta*).  The state reptile is the diamondback terrapin.  The state crustacean is the blue crab.  The state motto is *Fatti maschii, parole femine*, which is Italian for "Manly deeds, womanly words".  Maryland is the only state with a motto in Italian.

Maryland has many places important to the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the American Civil War.  One of these places is Fort McHenry, which defended against the British Empire during the War of 1812.  Another place is the Antietam National Battlefield, where the Battle of Antietam took place in 1862 during the American Civil War.

Silver Spring, Bethesda, Gaithersburg, Rockville, Frederick, Hagerstown, Cumberland, Salisbury, Greenbelt are other cities.

Maryland was founded by English Catholic settlers who wanted a place where they could freely practice Catholicism. It was the seventh state to join the US. Maryland is known as the "Old Line State," named after the Maryland Line, a regiment that fought in the American Revolution. Maryland surrounds most of the Chesapeake Bay, and the state is known for its Crabs and Crab Cakes.

Baltimore, the largest city in Maryland, is a major city that is home to the National Aquarium, Fort McHenry, and the Camden Yards baseball park. Annapolis is very famous for being the home of the United States Naval Academy, one of the flagship service academies in the United States.

Maryland was home to several different Indian tribes when English settlers arrived in the seventeenth century. The Algonquian-speaking Indians of the Chesapeake Bay and coastal areas included the Nanticoke, Piscataway, Assateagues and Pocomoke Indians. Iroquois-speaking groups such as the Susquehannocks lived in the Piedmont and mountains.

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in Maryland
* List of counties in Maryland

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Maryland Office of Tourism
* Energy Data & Statistics for Maryland
* USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Maryland
* U.S. Census Bureau
* Catholic Encyclopedia article
* Maryland State Facts from USDA 
* 
* 
* Maryland State Archives: Special Collections, Map Collections
* Maryland Historical Society: County Maps
* The Huntingfield Map Collection
Billy Paul

**Billy Paul** (**Paul Williams**; December 1, 1934 &ndash; April 24, 2016) was an American R&B singer, songwriter and record producer. His biggest hit was "Me and Mrs. Jones". He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Paul died on the afternoon of April 24, 2016 in Blackwood, New Jersey after suffering from pancreatic cancer at the age of 81.

## References
Rita Coolidge

**Rita Coolidge** (born May 1, 1945) is an American singer.  During the 1970s and 1980s, she charted hits on Billboard's pop, country, adult contemporary and jazz charts.

Coolidge married Tatsuya Suda on June 19, 2012 in the Cook Islands.   Coolidge was married to Kris Kristofferson from 1973 to 1980.

## Discography 
### Albums (North American) 
### Albums with Kris Kristofferson 
### International albums 
## Related pages
*List of country musicians from Tennessee
## References
Crawley

**Crawley** is a town in West Sussex, England, near to Gatwick Airport. Crawley was built into a New Town in 1947. It now has thirteen neighbourhoods. Some famous people from Crawley are the musical group The Cure, Gareth Southgate, an England football player and comedian Romesh Ranganathan. 

## Neighborhoods 
Pound Hill is the largest neighbourhood in Crawley. It is on the east of Crawley. It was the first one to be split into two wards - Pound Hill North and Pound Hill South. Its boundaries go north beyond the main built-up area of Crawley. This makes it also the most northerly neighbourhood in the town.

Furnace Green is a neighbourhood located East of the town centre.
Blue Öyster Cult

**Blue Öyster Cult** is a psychedelic rock band that formed in Long Island, New York in 1971. They have many well-known songs like ''(Don't Fear) The Reaper*, and *Burnin' For You''.

The group's  best known songs are probably: The 1976 single "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" from the album Agents of Fortune (featured in the movie Halloween, and in the TV movie The Stand based on Stephen King's novel of the same name, and in the credits of Peter Jackson's 1996 movie The Frighteners) and the 1981 single "Burnin' for You" from the album Fire of Unknown Origin and "Godzilla" (1977).

## Lineup 
### Current members
The current members of the band are:
*Eric Bloom (1971-present) - lead vocals, guitar
*Buck Dharma (1971-present) - lead guitar, vocals
*Richie Castellano (2004-present) - bass, vocals 
*Jules Rodino (2004-present) - drums
*Rudy Sarzo (2008present)  Bass guitar

### Original members
The original lineup of the band was:
*Eric Bloom - lead vocals, stun guitar 
*Buck Dharma  - lead guitar, vocals 
*Allen Lanier  - keyboards, guitar
*Joe Bouchard - bass, vocals
*Albert Bouchard - drums, vocals

### Former Members 
The former members of the band are as follows:
#### Bass
*Joe Bouchard (1971-1986)
*Jon Rogers (1987-1995)
*Greg Smith (1995)
*Danny Miranda (1995-2004)

#### Drums
*Albert Bouchard (1971-1981, Feb 1985 - Californian tour) 
*Rick Downey (1981-1984) 
*Thommy Price (1985)
*Jimmy Wilcox (1985-1987)
*Ron Riddle (1987-1991)
*Chuck Burgi (1991-1992, 1992-1995, 1996-1997) 
*John Miceli (1992, 1995 and some dates in 2003) 
*John O'Reilly (1995-1996) 
*Bobby Rondinelli (1997-2004)

#### Keyboards
*Tommy Zvonchek (1985-1987) 
*Kasim Sultan (1998) - also guitar (filled in for Lanier during illness)
*Al Pitrelli (1999) - also guitar (filled in for Lanier during illness)
*Allen Lanier  also guitar.

## Discography
* 1972 *Blue Öyster Cult* 
* 1973 *Tyranny and Mutation* 
* 1974 *Secret Treaties* 
* 1976 *Agents of Fortune* 
* 1977 *Spectres* 
* 1979 *Mirrors* 
* 1980 *Cultösaurus Erectus* 
* 1981 *Fire of Unknown Origin* 
* 1983 *The Revölution by Night* 
* 1985 *Club Ninja* 
* 1988 *Imaginos* 
* 1994 *Cult Classic*
* 1998 *Heaven Forbid* 
* 2001 *Curse of the Hidden Mirror*
* 2020 *The Symbol Remains*

## References
Steppenwolf

**Steppenwolf** was a Canadian-American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1967. The band has sold more than 25 million units worldwide, releasing 8 gold albums and 13 Hot 100 singles, including three top-10 hits in "Born to Be Wild", '"Magic Carpet Ride", and "Rock Me".

## Popular culture
* "Born to Be Wild", which has been long associated with motorcycles, has appeared in numerous movies including Easy Rider.
* "Magic Carpet Ride" appears in numerous movie soundtracks, including *Star Trek: First Contact*, *Team America: World Police*, *Apollo 13*, *Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back*, *Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me*, and *Sahara*.
Creedence Clearwater Revival

**Creedence Clearwater Revival** (often made shorter as **CCR** or **Creedence**) was an American rock band from California, United States. They were popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s.  The band has sold 26 million albums in the United States alone.  CCR was inducted into (became part of) the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.

Many people thought they were from the Southeastern United States because the group's music sounded like the country, folk, and blues music of that place.  They liked to sing about bayous, the Mississippi River, catfish, and other things people in the south liked.  They also used instruments and styles that were common in the southeast.

For many people, CCR was the soundtrack of their youth. The documentary " shows CCR was famous worldwide..  In 1969, they made three albums that made the top fifteen. *Cosmos Factory* (1970) sold as many or more albums as the Beatles‘ *Let It Be* and Led Zeppelin‘s *III*.   Their guitar playing and John Fogerty's voice made any CCR song instantly recognizable.

The members of the group were John Fogerty (born 1945), his brother Tom Fogerty (1941-1990), Doug Clifford (born 1945), and Stu Cook (born 1945).

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Creedence Clearwater Revival* (1968)
* *Bayou Country* (1969)
* *Green River* (1969)
* *Willy and the Poor Boys* (1969)
* ''Cosmo's Factory* (1970)
* *Pendulum* (1970)
* *Mardi Gras'' (1972)

## References
## Other websites
* Creedence-Online
* Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Ed Sullivan Show
* Creedence Clearwater Revival at WorldMusicDatabase 
* 
*
Three Dog Night

**Three Dog Night** is an American rock band. They were popular from the late 1960s and early 1970s. They had 21 hit singles and 12 gold albums between 1969 and 1975. 

## Songs
**An Old-Fashioned Love Song* (written by Paul Williams)
**Joy to the World* (written by Hoyt Axton)
**Mama Told Me (Not To Come)* (by Randy Newman)
*''Eli's Comin' * (by Laura Nyro)
**One (Is The Loneliest Number)'' (by Harry Nilsson).
Grand Funk Railroad

**Grand Funk Railroad** were an American rock group from Flint, Michigan. They were popular in the early and mid 1970s.
The Sweet

**The Sweet** (also known as **Sweet**) are a British glam rock band. The group is famous for the songs such as "Ballroom Blitz", "Little Willy", "Fox on the Run" and "Love is Like Oxygen". The group was originally called **Sweetshop**.

## Studio albums 
* Funny How Sweet Co-Co Can Be (1971)
* Sweet Fanny Adams (1974)
* Desolation Boulevard (1974)
* Give Us a Wink (1976)
* Off the Record (1977)
* Level Headed (1978)
* Cut Above the Rest (1979)
* Waters Edge (1980)
* Identity Crisis (1982)
Duane Eddy

**Duane Eddy** (April 26, 1938 &ndash; April 30, 2024) was a Grammy Award-winning American rock guitarist. Many people enjoyed his music and tried to play the same way as he did. He is best known for the music that he played without singing words. He was probably best known for his hit song Rebel Rouser (1958). Released in 1960, Eddy was the first rock and roller to have a signature model guitar.

## References
Ozzy Osbourne

**John Michael** "**Ozzy**" **Osbourne** (3 December 1948 – 22 July 2025), nicknamed **Prince of Darkness**, was an English heavy metal singer, singing for Black Sabbath and on his own. He died in July 2025, seventeen days after his last concert at the age of 76.

## Early life
Osbourne was born in Marston Green Hospital in Marston Green, England. He grew up in Aston, Birmingham, England. He had dyslexia. He was convicted of burglary when he was a teenager, Osbourne was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio in June 1979. However, Daisley states it's about Osbourne’s substance and alcohol abuse. He bit the head off of a bat on stage while on a solo tour in Des Moines, Iowa supporting the Bark at the Moon album believing the bat was fake and made of rubber.

Osbourne released his first solo album, *Blizzard of Ozz* in 1980.

On 5 July 2025, Osbourne performed his final show at the Back to the Beginning concert event, having announced earlier in the year that this would be his last live performance due to his health. The final show was a charity event with £140 million being raised for Parkinson's research and children's hospitals.

## Personal life
He and his wife Sharon had three children together: Aimee, Kelly and Jack. They became more famous when they appeared in a reality show called *The Osbournes* which followed their daily lives, it was made by MTV and ran between 2002 and 2005. He also has three children from his first marriage to Thelma Riley: Elliot, Jessica, and Louis.

## Health and death
 in July 2025]]
Osbourne was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2019, which he publicly revealed in January 2020. 

In 2020, Osbourne also revealed that he had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. 

Osbourne died at the age of 76 on 22 July 2025 at a hospital after being taken from his home in Jordans, Buckinghamshire by air ambulance. The cause of death was a heart attack caused by Parkinson’s disease and coronary artery disease.

## Solo albums
* *Blizzard of Ozz* (1980)
* *Diary of a Madman* (1981)
* *Bark at the Moon* (1983)
* *The Ultimate Sin* (1986)
* *No Rest for the Wicked* (1988)
* *No More Tears* (1991)
* *Ozzmosis* (1995)
* *Down to Earth* (2001)
* *Under Cover* (cover album, 2005)
* *Black Rain* (2007)
* *Scream* (2010)
* *Ordinary Man* (2020)
* *Patient Number 9* (2022)

## Filmography
* *Yakety Yak, Take it Back* (1991) ... Himself

## References
## Other websites
* The Official Ozzy Osbourne Website
* Ozzy Osbourne - Discography
* Metal Storm - Ozzy Osbourne - Discography
Elvis Costello

**Elvis Costello** (born **Declan Patrick MacManus**, 25 August 1954) is an English singer and songwriter. He was born at St Mary’s Hospital in London. He was an important musician in the late 1970s punk rock and new wave music styles. In the 1980s, he played an original style of rock and roll. Later he wrote and performed music in a number of different styles from classical to jazz.

Costello has won multiple awards in his career. These include a Grammy Award. He has twice been nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male. In 2003, Elvis Costello & the Attractions were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, *Rolling Stone* ranked Costello number 80 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.

After two earlier marriages he married jazz pianist Diana Krall in 2003.

## Acting
Costello appeared with his friend Burt Bacharach in the 1999 Austin Powers movie The Spy Who Shagged Me. They played "I'll Never Fall In Love Again" during the scene where Mike Myers danced with Heather Graham.

In 2010, Elvis Costello appeared as himself in David Simon's television series, *Treme*.

In 2011, Elvis Costello appeared as himself on Sesame Street. He did a song with Elmo and Cookie Monster, titled "Monster Went and Ate My Red 2", a play on "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes".

## Studio albums
**My Aim Is True* (1977)
*''This Year's Model* (1978)
**Armed Forces* (1979)
**Get Happy!!* (1980)
**Trust* (1981)
**Almost Blue* (1981)
**Imperial Bedroom* (1982)
**Punch the Clock* (1983)
**Goodbye Cruel World* (1984)
**King of America* (1986)
**Blood & Chocolate* (1986)
**Spike* (1989)
**Mighty Like a Rose* (1991)
**The Juliet Letters* (1993)
**Brutal Youth* (1994)
**Kojak Variety* (1995)
**All This Useless Beauty* (1996)
**When I Was Cruel* (2002)
**North* (2003)
**The Delivery Man* (2004)
**Momofuku* (2008)
**Secret, Profane & Sugarcane* (2009)
**National Ransom* (2010)

Costello has also released studio albums with Richard Harvey, John Harle, Burt Bacharach, Anne Sofie Von Otter, Bill Frisell, Marian McPartland and Allen Toussaint. He also released five live albums: *Live at the El Mocambo*, *Deep Dead Blue*, *Costello & Nieve*, *My Flame Burns Blue*, and *Live at Hollywood High''. There have also been many compilations, box sets, and reissues by record labels such as Rykodisc, Demon, Rhino, and Universal Music Enterprises.

## References
Roy Orbison

**Roy Kelton Orbison** (April 23, 1936 - December 6, 1988) was an American singer. In 1987, he was named into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Orbison was popular in the 1960s. He became less popular in the 1970s, but began to make a career comeback in the 1980s. However, as he was becoming more popular again, he died of a heart attack at the age of 52 in Henderson, Tennessee.

## Discography
;Singles

*"Pretty Paper" (1963)

;Studio albums
**Lonely and Blue* (1960)
**King of Hearts* (1992)

## References
Stephen Stills

**Stephen Arthur Stills** (born January 3, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. He is most famous as a member of the groups Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills & Nash. In 2003, *Rolling Stone* listed him at #28 on a list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

## References
Bryan Adams

**Bryan Guy Adams**  (born November 5, 1959) is a British-Canadian rock musician. He is known for the songs ''Summer of '69* and *(Everything I Do) I Do It For You''.  He has performed with many other musical artists such as Def Leppard, Tina Turner, Sting, Rod Stewart, Bonnie Raitt, Barbra Streisand and Melanie C. His best-selling albums are Reckless, Waking Up the Neighbours and 18 til I Die.

## Discography 
## References
Paul & Paula

**Paul & Paula** (**Ray Hildebrand**, born December 21, 1940, and **Jill Jackson**, born May 20, 1942) are a pop/rock singing duo. They charted three *Billboard* Top 40 singles in 1963.
Seafood

**Seafood** is food made from fish or other sea animals such as shrimp and lobsters. The harvesting (collecting) of seafood is called fishing.

Seafood is rich in protein and is usually thought as healthy food.

## Related pages 
*Aquaculture
Peer review

**Peer review** is a process used when publishing documents where the work is reviewed by the author's peer group (someone in their field). It is a way of checking and reviewing a person's work. It is often used by scientists, scholars, medical professionals, engineers, and in some aspects of government.

For example, scientists report new discoveries through a peer review process. This means that they ask other knowledgeable scientists (peers) to review their report, and check for any problems. The problems must be fixed before the report is released to other scientists. This process helps to maintain the trustworthiness of scientific discoveries.
## Related pages
* arXiv - This is a website that stores scientific papers before peer review approval

## References
Frank Lampard

**Frank James Lampard**  (born 20 June 1978) is an English professional football manager and former player who was most recently caretaker manager of Premier League club Chelsea. And is now the new coventry city head coach. He was known at his playing time at Chelsea. He is the son of Frank Lampard Senior, a former West Ham and England player. Lampard went to Brentwood School in Essex, where amongst other subjects, he studied Latin and gained an A* grade.

He played for England national team and Chelsea. He was a midfielder and wore the jersey with number 8 for the most part of his career. Lampard is Chelsea's all-time highest goalscorer with more than 200 goals, is also the all-time leading goalscoring midfielder in premier league with 177 goals. He has now retired as a player. And is now the current new coventry city manager as of 11th November 2024 due to former coventry boss Mark Robins dismissal

## Playing Career 
Frank Lampard started his footballing career at West Ham United. Lampard joined West Ham, where his father was the assistant coach, as an apprentice in July 1994 as part of their youth system, and signed his professional forms a year later. He was loaned to Division Two team Swansea City in October 1995, and debuted in a 2-0 win over Bradford City. Lampard made nine league appearances for Swansea before returning to West Ham in January 1996, with whom he played his first match at the end of the month against Coventry City F.C., and spent the remainder of the season as a reserve.

The next year, a broken leg suffered in a March game against Aston Villa prematurely put an end to Lampard's 1996-97 season after thirteen appearances. He had to wait until the '97-98 campaign to score his first goal for West Ham, which came in a road victory over Barnsley F.C. He became a regular starter in 1998-99 season and appeared in every match as West Ham finished fifth in the Premiership standings.

Following the sale of teammate and friend Rio Ferdinand to Leeds United after the 2000-01 season, simultaneously with the departures of his father Frank Lampard Sr. and  uncle Redknapp, Lampard followed suit and left West Ham, but chose to stay in London by joining Chelsea for a £11 million fee.

On 24th July, a deal was agreed with New York City FC which would transfer Frank to the team on 1st July.

## Chelsea 
Lampard made his debut for Chelsea on August 19 2001. He was a  first team player at Chelsea till the time he played there.

## Personal life 
Lampard lived in Surrey with his Spanish  Elen Rives and their two daughters Luna and Isla until they separated. Lampard is  to *The One Show* host Christine Bleakley. Lampard still sees his 2 daughters regularly.

## Club career statistics 
## International career statistics 
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||9||1
|-
|2004||13||6
|-
|2005||9||3
|-
|2006||13||2
|-
|2007||9||2
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||10||6
|-
|2010||7||0
|-
|2011||7||3
|-
|2012||3||3
|-
|2013||10||3
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||106||29
|}

## References
Pilgrimage

A **pilgrimage** is when people travel to a place of worship that is usually far away. They may have to go to a different city or country. Usually a pilgrimage is done for spiritual or religious reasons. The purpose of Christian pilgrimage was summarized by Pope Benedict XVI this way:

There are also non-religious pilgrimages; they include for example:
* Seeing the Mausoleum of Vladimir Lenin on the Red Square in Moscow, or 
* Visiting the birthplace of Elvis Presley. 

Image:Pilgrims.jpg|Pilgrims on St. James way to Santiago de Compostela
Image:Pilgrims credencial Credencial de Pergrinos.jpg|Pilgrims credential; all stamps are needed to get a pilgrims certificate.
Image:Tent in annual Luján youth pilgrimage (Argentina, 2013).JPG|Tent in annual Luján youth pilgrimage (Argentina, 2013)
Image:Sikh pilgrims cheering on bus to Manikaran.jpg|Sikh pilgrims on a bus to Manikaran
 

## Related pages
* Holy Land
* World Youth Day
* GoTo Haram

## References
Watermelon

A **watermelon** (*Citrullus lanatus*) is Latin for a plant which was first domesticated in Africa. It is a cultivated edible fruit. It is grown worldwide, there are more than 1000 varieties. 

About 6% of a watermelon is sugar, which gives it a sweet taste. There are many different types of watermelon. Some have a green rind on the outside and a red-pink flesh on the inside, with brown seeds. Some can have yellow flesh, and some can be seedless.  The green rind on the outside is not usually eaten, though it can be used as a vegetable. It can also be stewed or pickled. Most watermelons are oblong or spherical. In Japan, watermelons are grown in different shapes, such as hearts and squares. Watermelon

## Health 
Watermelons are a great source of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B1 and vitamin B6.  They also contain potassium, magnesium, carotenoid antioxidant, and lycopene. The watermelon flesh is healthy to eat.

## References
Monrovia

**Monrovia** (; ) is the capital of Liberia. It is Liberia's most populous city with a population of 1,010,970. The city is named after 5th U.S. President James Monroe.

Monrovia was founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society. They wanted free slaves to have their own home back in Africa.

## References
Paul Anka

**Paul Albert Anka**  (born July 30, 1941)

## Personal life 
Anka was born in Ottawa, Ontario to Camelia and Andrew Emile "Andy" Anka, Sr. They owned a restaurant named the Locanda. His parents were both Antiochian Orthodox Christians in Syria. Anka's mother was Canadian-Lebanese "from a small town of, in Syria " and Anka's father was Syrian.

Anka grew up singing in the St. Elias Antiochian Orthodox Church choir.  He went to Fisher Park High School where he was part of a vocal trio called the *Bobby Soxers*.

He became an American citizen in 1990. He is married to Polish-born Anna Anka.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Site
* CBC Archives
Dian Fossey

**Dian Fossey** (January 16, 1932 – December 26, 1985) was an American zoologist. She is best known for studying gorillas in Rwanda.

Fossey was inspired by a book called *The Mountain Gorilla* by George Schaller. Fossey studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda because of the book. When people want to get close to gorillas and get to know them they have to gain the gorillas trust. Fossey changed her lifestyle to match the gorillas’. She wanted to protect the gorillas from hunters. Hunters were going into places where to one was allowed to hunt. She also wanted to protect the endangered animals in the area, even though some people didn’t agree with her ideas. She is a hero to many people for what she did to help mountain gorillas. There is a movie that was made based on what she experienced in Africa. The movie is called *Gorillas in the Mist*. Her book, also named *Gorillas in the Mist*, is the best-selling book on gorillas of all time.

She is recognized for saving mountain gorillas and starting a successful fund to help raise money for gorillas everywhere.

## Early life 
Fossey was born in San Francisco. She was an only child. She was very lonely as a child. Her parents divorced when she was six years old. Fossey loved animals since childhood but she was never allowed to have a pet.

## Education 
She attended the University of California in Davis. At college she was in a veterinary program. She transferred schools to San Jose State University after two years. Fossey earned a bachelor degree of arts degree in occupational therapy. She became a very good horseback rider in college. She worked at a hospital in Kentucky for disabled children. Fossey was inspired by a book about mountain gorillas. She decided to travel to Africa to study gorillas. She met Louis Leakey who is a famous anthropologist. Leakey hired Fossey to study gorillas. Fossey observed gorillas for many years. Fossey later earned a PhD from Cambridge College in England. The PhD was for her gorilla research.

## Assassination 
Fossey was found dead in her house on December 26, 1985 at the age of 53. Reports think that she was killed by poachers. Her head was cut by a panga, a weapon used by poachers. Fossey was buried at the site she created as a graveyard for the gorillas. 

## Legacy 
Fossey studied the lives of mountain gorillas for 18 years. She was the world’s expert on mountain gorillas. Her dedication allowed for mountain gorillas to continue as a species. Some of the people who lived in the area did not like her because of her thoughts on how the gorillas should be treated. She did not want them to be in zoos, harassed by tourists, harmed or killed for meat.

## References
Cookbook

A **cookbook**, or **cookery book**, is kind of book that tells people how to prepare food for eating using specific instructions called a recipe. Most cookbooks also have tips on how to eat and present the food as well. They usually list the ingredients needed, time needed to cook, and the instructions. They may give other tips too.
Conagra Brands

**Conagra Brands, Inc.** is a food packing company that packs food for supermarkets, restaurants, and other businesses. It is located in North America.

## Sources
## Other websites 
*ConAgra Foods, Inc.
IPod

, iPod Nano, iPod Classic, iPod Touch.]]

The **iPod** is a series of portable music players designed by the company Apple Inc. in California. The iPod comes with computer cables so that the user can put music from their computer onto the iPod, and play music from it using headphones. Newer iPods allow a user to play games, view pictures, watch videos and use the internet, too. 

The first iPod was named the iPod Classic. This iPod was released on October 23, 2001. Apple Inc. made the iPod like this until September 9, 2014.

Apple made a smaller iPod called the iPod mini. It was much smaller than the iPod Classic, but did not hold as many songs. The mini still used a very small hard drive. It was replaced by a version of the iPod called the iPod nano.

Another type of iPod, called the iPod shuffle, was very small, and it used flash memory, like the iPod mini but it had no screen. It was the least expensive iPod.

The most expensive iPod is called the iPod touch. It has a touch screen, like the iPhone. It looks like the iPhone, but it is not a smartphone. The first generation of iPod touch was released on September 5, 2007, it was discontinued on May 10, 2022.

iPods often contain songs downloaded from an online music store, using a program called iTunes. (The name of Apple's music and video store is the iTunes Store.) Songs are sold in AAC file format, not MP3 or WMA. These are popular formats for compressing (making smaller) music until it does not take up much space and can easily be put on a media player such as the iPod.

The App Store is an online shop that is run by Apple Inc. where people can buy software for their iPhone or iPod Touch. It opened on July 11, 2008. Over 2 million applications (or apps for short) are available for people to buy. Some apps are available for free.

## Models 
## Timeline
## References
## Other websites 
* Apple iPod—Official website
* ''Apple's 21st century Walkman*—Brent Schlender, *Fortune*, October 2001
* iPod Nation—Steven Levy, *Newsweek*, July 2004
* *Behind the Music*—Ken Aaron, *Cornell Engineering*, 2005
* The Perfect Thing—Steven Levy, *Wired'', November 2006
Odia Coates

**Odia Coates** (November 13, 1941 – May 19, 1991) was an American singer. She is best remembered for her duet with Paul Anka, "(You're) Having My Baby" from 1974.  The song was #1 on the *Billboard* Top 100 chart for three weeks in 1974.

## References
Amy Grant

**Amy Lee Grant** (November 25, 1960) is an American singer and songwriter. She is known for her Contemporary Christian music, as well as pop music hits. Grant is the best-selling contemporary Christian music singer ever. She released her first album in 1977 at the age of 16.

## Early life
Grant was born in Augusta, Georgia.

## References
## Other websites
* Amy Grant official website
The Bangles

**The Bangles** are an all-female American rock band. The band started in Los Angeles, California in 1981. The Bangles are best known for their hit (popular) songs "Walk Like an Egyptian" (which featured a dance where a person walks by bending the left hand forward and the right hand backward), and "Manic Monday".

## Albums 
* All Over the Place (1984)
* Different Light (1986)
* Everything (1988)
* Doll Revolution (2003)
* Sweetheart of the Sun (2011)
Britcom

"**Britcom**" is short for "British sitcom". It is a situation comedy show produced in the United Kingdom. This is what they are called especially in the United States and Australia, where they have cult followings. Some of them like *Till Death Do Us Part* and *Steptoe and Son* were remade as American comedy TV shows (*All in the Family* and *Sanford and Son*).

## Some famous Britcoms 
* ''Dad's Army*
* *Dinnerladies*
* *Fawlty Towers*
* *The Good Life*
* *Last of the Summer Wine*
* *Mr. Bean*
* *Only Fools and Horses''
Kris Kristofferson

**Kristoffer "Kris" Kristofferson** (June 22, 1936 – September 28, 2024) was an American actor, musician, and writer. He is known for writing country songs for other people or singing them himself. He is also a well-known actor and appeared in films like *Star is Born*, *Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia*, ''Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore*, *Blade*, *He's Just Not That Into You*, and *Planet of the Apes''.

He is the author of a number of country standards, such as "Me and Bobbie McGee" and "Sunday Morning Coming Down". He was born in Brownsville, Texas and was raised in San Mateo, California. He studied at Pomona College and Merton College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar.

He began playing music in 1959, however his career began in Nashville, Tennessee in 1965 after coming back from military service.

Kristofferson was married to Frances Beer from 1960 until they divorced in 1969. He later married singer Rita Coolidge in 1973 and they divorced in 1980. In 1983, he married Lisa Meyers. Kristofferson has eight children.

In January 2021, it was confirmed that Kristofferson had retired from performing and acting.

In 1976, he won a Golden Globe Award for acting and in 2014 he was honored with a Lifetime Grammy Award. In 2004, he was honored into the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum.

Kristofferson died in Maui, Hawaii on September 28, 2024 at the age of 88.

## References
Leaning Tower of Pisa

The **Leaning Tower of Pisa** is a building in Pisa, Italy. It is a bell tower. It is famous for its nearly four-degree lean. In 1990 the tower was leaning at 5.5 degrees and increasing. After that, much restoration work has been done to stop it from falling over completely. There was scaffolding all around the tower for 20 years. On 26 April 2011, the last bit of scaffolding was removed so that the tower can be seen properly again. The Leaning Tower of Pisa has survived four earthquakes since 1080. In the 1990s the tower was closed to the public lest further damage cause it to collapse with people inside.

The height of the tower is about  from the ground. Its weight is about 14,500 tons. The tower has 294 steps.

## History 
The tower construction began in 1173. When the second floor was built in 1178, the tower started to lean. This was because it had a small three-meter foundation in soft soil. The design of this tower was bad from the beginning. Construction was stopped for almost 100 years because the people of Pisa were often at war with Genoa, Lucca and Florence.

There is an old story that Galileo Galilei used the Tower for a physics experiment.

## Photos of the tower 
## Related pages 
* Pisa

## References
Polytheism

]]

**Polytheism** means believing in many gods. A person that believes in polytheism is called a **polytheist**. A religion with polytheism can be called a **polytheistic religion**.

Polytheism is well documented in historical religions of classical antiquity, especially those of Ancient Greeks and Ancient Rome. Other ancient peoples who were polytheists were Germanics, Turkic peoples, Ancient Egyptians, Celts, and the Norse. 

There are various polytheistic religions that are practiced today such as Sanamahism (Meitei paganism), Tengrism, Shinto, Chinese folk religion, Wicca, Druidism, Taoism, Asatru and Candomblé.

Polytheistic religions usually include a set of stories about the gods, which is called mythology. 

The opposite of polytheism is monotheism, which is the belief in only one god and is practiced by Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, etc.
Nelvana

**Nelvana Limited** (; often called **Nelvana International** or simply **Nelvana**) is a Canadian animation studio. Founded in July 30, 1971 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada by Michael Hirsh, Patrick Loubert, and Clive A. Smith. The company is now owned by Corus Entertainment. It is named after a local comic book superheroine of the 1940s.

It specializes mainly in the field of child-friendly television series and movies.

## Notes
* 
* 

## References
## Other websites 
*
Auckland

**Auckland** is the largest city in New Zealand. About 2 million people live in the . For a short time in New Zealand's history it was the capital city. Now Wellington is the capital city.

Auckland is in the north of the North Island. It is on two harbours: the Manukau and Waitemata harbours. It is known as the "City of Sails" because there are many sailing boats in the city. The Hauraki Gulf has many different islands and provides safe anchorage and good sailing that is recognised around the world. It has a temperate oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Köppen climate classification).

Auckland is built on a series of dormant volcanos. The youngest and largest of these is called Rangitoto. Rangitoto is an island just a few kilometres from the city centre. It has many pohutukawas, native trees also known as the New Zealand Christmas tree because of their brilliant red flowers which bloom in December.

In 2010, Len Brown became the 1st Mayor of Auckland. In 2016, he was replaced by Phil Goff.

## Climate
]]
According to the NIWA, Auckland has a subtropical climate, with warm, humid summers and mild, rainy winters. Under Köppen's climate classification, the city has an oceanic climate (*Cfb*). It is the warmest main centre of New Zealand and is also one of the sunniest, with an average of over 2000 sunshine hours per annum. The average daily maximum temperature is  in February and  in July. The absolute maximum recorded temperature is , while the absolute minimum is . and 15 August 2011, although without any accumulation.

The early morning calm on the isthmus during settled weather, before the sea breeze rises, was described as early as 1853: "In all seasons, the beauty of the day is in the early morning. At that time, generally, a solemn stillness holds, and a perfect calm prevails...". Many Aucklanders use this time of day to walk and run in parks.

Auckland occasionally suffers from air pollution due to fine particle emissions. There are also occasional breaches of guideline levels of carbon monoxide. While maritime winds normally disperse the pollution relatively quickly it can sometimes become visible as smog, especially on calm winter days. The west of Auckland is slightly wetter and cooler than the eastern side, with the gulf islands being warmer and drier still.

## Related pages 
* Hobsonville, a part of Auckland

## References
Tower

A **tower** is a tall structure. Towers are different from buildings because people do not live in them. Many castles have towers. Today, towers are very tall. Some things they are used for are to send radio signals, for observation, or to hold up bridges.

## Gallery 

Image:Eiffel Tower from the top of a building located rue de l'Université, Paris January 2005.jpg|The Eiffel Tower is a landmark of Paris.
File:Exterior Catedral de Cádiz 3.jpg|Cathedrals often have towers, this one is in Cadiz
File:Caselles 1.jpg|A church with a well-visible tower.
File:Canton pagoda de las flores.JPG|A pagoda in Guangzhou
File:Wien - Millennium Tower (1).JPG|Skyscrapers are often called towers. This one is in Vienna
File:Fernsehturm Stuttgart (Deutschland)-TV tower Stuttgart (germany).jpg|A tower used for radio and video transmissions
File:Kharanagh-minaret.jpg|The tower on a mosque is called a minaret. This one is in Iran
Mathematical constant

A **mathematical constant** is a number, which has a special meaning for s. For example, the constant &pi; (pronounced "pie") means the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. This value is always the same for any circle. A mathematical constant is often a real, non-integral number of interest.

In contrast to physical constants, mathematical constants do not come from physical measurements.

## Key mathematical constants 
The following table contains some important mathematical constants:

## Constants and series 
The following table contains a list of constants and series in mathematics, with the following columns:
***Value**: Numerical value of the constant.
***LaTeX**: Formula or series in TeX format.
***Formula**: For use in programs such as Mathematica or Wolfram Alpha.
***OEIS**: Link to On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS), where the constants are available with more details.
***Continued fraction**: In the simple form [to integer; frac1, frac2, frac3, ...] (in brackets if periodic)
***Type**:
** R - Rational number
** I - Irrational number
** T - Transcendental number
** C - Complex number
*Note that the list can be ordered correspondingly by clicking on the header title at the top of the table.*

## Related pages 
* Speed of light
* Differentiation
* Constant function
* Quadratic function
* Differential equation
* Multivariable calculus
* List of mathematical symbols
* Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

## References 
## Books 
*

*

*

*

## Online bibliography 
* On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS)
* Simon Plouffe, Tables of Constants 
* Xavier Gourdon and Pascal Sebah's page of numbers, mathematical constants and algorithms
* MathConstants

## Other websites
*WolframAlpha
* Continued Fraction Calculator
* Inverse Symbolic Calculator, Plouffe's Inverter
Chicken

**Chicken** is a hen which refers to a species of poultry. It is raised in many places for its meat and eggs. They are usually kept by humans as livestock. Some breeds of chickens can fly for a short distance. Some sleep in trees (if there are trees around).

A male chicken is called a cock or a rooster. A female chicken is called a hen. A young chicken is called a chick. Like other female birds, hens lay eggs. Chicks hatch out of the eggs.

When raising chickens, a farmer needs a chicken coop (like a little house) for the chickens to roost (sleep) in. They also need a run or yard where they can exercise, take dust baths, eat and drink. The chickens also need to be protected from predators such as foxes, coyotes, and hawks too. Fences are often used for this.

Chickens are also agriculturally farmed intensively. This lets chicken farms make a lot of chicken meats and chicken eggs. 

## Eggs
Chickens are well known for their eggs. Many people eat them for their breakfast. The eggs can be prepared in many different ways, such as boiling them, frying them, etc. 

## Meat 
 Fried chicken served with rice and ketchup in Malaysia]]
Because of their low cost, chicken meat (also called "chicken") is one of the most used kinds of meat in the world. Americans eat 8 billion chickens every year. Some popular dishes with chicken are: Buffalo wings, butter chicken, chicken rice, chicken nuggets, chicken pot pie, chicken soup, fried chicken (see picture), roasted chicken, tandoori chicken.

### Cuts 
There are different cuts of chicken. Chicken meat can also be bought whole. The leanest part is known as the breast. Sliced pieces of the breast are known as the tenderloin. There are also wings, thighs, and legs (also known as drumsticks).

## Chickens and chickenpox 
Chickenpox has nothing to do with chickens. When chickenpox was first described, people thought that the pox spots looked like chickpeas placed upon the skin. The Latin word for chickpeas is *grana*. That is the original word that chickenpox got its name from.

## Gaming 
.]]
In some parts of the world, people breed chickens to fight. They bet money on which of the  two birds will win. In many places, this is illegal.

Wario has a pet hen in the Game Boy Color game *Wario Land II*. Besides the eyelashes, she does not have much difference from real-life hens.

## References 
## Other websites
Floppy disk

The **floppy disk** is a removable magnetic storage medium.  Floppy disks are used for moving information between computers, laptops, or other devices. Some early digital cameras, electronic music instruments and older computer game consoles use floppy disks.  Floppy disks are inserted in to a **floppy disk drive** or simply **floppy drive** to allow data to be read or stored.

Floppy disks store much less data than a CD-ROM disk or USB flash drive. A normal 3 inch disk can store 1.44 megabytes of data.  This is usually enough for simple text documents.

A special type of floppy disk was made in the late 1980s.  It could store 2.88 MB of data.  They did not become popular. Larger size floppy disks became available in the 1990s.  The two most popular were the Zip drive and the Jaz drive, both made by Iomega.

Floppy disk technology has been around since the early 1970s (the 8-inch floppy was the first). Today, floppy disks have been replaced by other storage media, like USB flash drives. Floppy disks and drives are no longer manufactured, but are still widely-available as new old stock.

In 2024, authorities in Japan stopped asking people to give documents to the government using floppy disks, because they have been replaced.  Starting in Spring 2025, at least one bank will say no to getting floppy disks from customers of the bank.

## The floppy drive 
 floppy drive. This one can be plugged into any modern computer.]]

A **floppy drive** (often called drives “A” and “B” on a computer running DOS or Windows) can be connected to or installed in a personal computer (PC). It is the part of a computer that reads and writes the disk that can be removed. A disk, often called a *floppy disk*, is used to store files and carry them from one computer to another by using the floppy drive. The floppy drive reads the disk (or diskette) and the user is then able to open and change the files saved on the disk.

## Capacities 
## References
Voice of America

The **Voice of America** (VOA) is the official broadcasting service of the United States government. It is one of the best-known stations in international broadcasting. Along with English, VOA broadcasts in many other languages. VOA's broadcasts are made to share a positive view of the United States with the world. Americans in the United States are not part of VOA's intended audience, but many Americans do listen to the program.

## History 
VOA was organized in 1942 under the Office of War Information with news programs aimed at Europe and North Africa occupied by Germany. VOA began broadcasting on February 24, 1942, but VOA noted in its site that it began broadcasting on February 1, 1942. Transmitters used by VOA came from shortwave transmitters used by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) and National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Voice of America began to transmit radio broadcasts into the Soviet Union on February 17, 1947.

During the Cold War, VOA's budget was reduced. On August 1, 1953, VOA was separated from the Department of State and it was included under the Information Agency. VOA moved its headquarters from New York to Washington, DC. next year. This program continued for 40 years, and its record remains at the National Museum of American History, also known as "Smithsonian".

## Languages
The Voice of America broadcasts in 46 different languages. Television broadcasts are marked with a star:

## Related pages
*Special English

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Voice of America website
464 BC

**464 BC** is a year in the pre-Julian Roman calendar. It was at the time known as year 290.
## Events 
* A very large earthquake happened in Sparta killing many people.
Diphthong

A **diphthong** (pronounced "DIF-thong" or "DIP-thong") is a vowel where the speaker has to move their mouth into two different positions to make. It is a vowel where two different vowel qualities can be heard. Examples are:
waist, die, noise, road, house, fierce, bear, sure. Each of these is a different vowel sound.

A **monophthong** is a simple vowel sound that a person does not have to move his or her mouth to make, like the "oo" sound in "book." In a diphthong, the person combines two different monophthongs, as with the "oi" sound in the word "oil". The speaker starts with the mouth in the position to make an "o" sound, then quickly moves the mouth to make a hard "e" sound. Another example is the "ou" sound in the word "house". The mouth starts out making a sound like the soft "a" sound in "flat", then moves to make the hard "oo" sound like the one in "caboose".

Just like with every other part of language, the exact way to pronounce a diphthong is a little different for different accents.

The word **diphthong** is derived from the old Greek language. Here, *di* means *two* or *double*, while the part *-phthong* means *sound* or *tone*, from the basic word *phthalein*, which means *speak*, *creating sound by the voice*. 

A **diphthong** can be a lexeme of a language and as such it may be one syllable, but rarely. 

## References