open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pyramid (game show)

***Pyramid*** is a game show which was shown on television. Many different versions of the show have been made. The current show is on GSN. on 1973 Present Until 1989 on ABC Game Show Network CBS Call NBC on New 2012 or 2016 in Match Game Wheel of Fortune & Jeopardy Game Show Network GSN (1994 Present) in 2001

## History
### *$10,000 Pyramid*
The first version of the game was called the *$10,000 Pyramid*. It was hosted by Dick Clark. The game show offered the largest prize on television at the time.

### Other versions
The show ran for other versions. Some versions offered $25,000 as the prize. Others offered $100,000 as the prize.

### *The Pyramid*
In 2012, GSN premiered a new version called *The Pyramid*. The show is based on the format of the old ones. This version premiered on September 3, 2012. It is hosted by Mike Richards. In this version, getting all 7 words right won the contestant $500, and the amount they would play for in the Winner's Circle went up by $5,000.

## Gameplay
There are two halves of the game. The first and second halves are almost equal. In the first half, normal people team with famous people. One of the teams will try to describe a word to the other. There are seven words in each round. There are six total rounds in the first half. At the end of the half the team with the most points moves on. They go to the "Winner's Circle". In the Winner's Circle, one player will use short phrases to tell the other a category. There are six categories for the Winner's Circle. If the team guesses all six correct in one minute they win the prize money. For the second half the players switch famous people. The gameplay is the same in the second half.

### Bonus cards
There have been many bonuses offered on the show. Some of the bonus cards are:
*7/11: This was hidden under one of the first round subjects. The player would get $1,100 if they answered all 7 right in time.
*Mystery 7: The player would get a surprise if they guessed all 7 words right in time. Prizes included trips, computers, and other items.
Aberdeen (disambiguation)

**Aberdeen** is a city in Scotland, United Kingdom.

**Aberdeen** may also be:

## Aberdeen, Scotland 
Aberdeen, Scotland, is home of:

* Aberdeen F.C.
* Aberdeen railway station

## North America
;United States of America

* Aberdeen, Idaho

* Aberdeen, Ohio

* Aberdeen, Washington
XYZ Affair

The **XYZ Affair** was a political affair in 1797 and 1798 when John Adams was president. The affair involved the United States and the French First Republic. This affair led to the Quasi-War.

President John Adams wanted to avoid a war with France, so he sent diplomats to find a solution. The diplomats were approached by three French agents, who insisted a loan and a bribe. The Americans refused the bribe. John Adams called the Frenchmen as X, Y, and Z. This led to its name.

Americans were angry at the bribe. The situation led to the Quasi-War, where war was prepared, but not declared

## Reaction in the United States 
Americans were angry at France for the XYZ Affair. “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute” became a slogan by the Federalists. Because of the XYZ affair, the Federalists gained more power in the House of Representatives.

## References
Hoplite

red-figure vase, ~460 BC. The shield has a curtain as a protection from arrows]]

A **hoplite** was a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek city-states. A hoplite's main weapon was his spear. They fought close together in what was called a phalanx formation. In a phalanx, each man's shield protected himself and also gave some protection to the right arm of the man on his left. 

The word "*hoplite*" comes from  the type of the shield used by the soldiers. In later texts, the term *hoplite* is used to denote any armoured infantry, regardless of armament or ethnicity.

The armour of a hoplite included:
#helmet with face covered
#shield
#body armour
#greaves (leg armour)
#sword
#spear

A hoplite was usually a free citizen who supplied his own armour and weapons. In most Greek city-states citizens received basic military training and served in the standing army for a specified time, participating in any military campaign undertaken during that period. The citizens of Sparta were renowned for their lifelong combat training and military prowess. Their great adversaries, the Athenians, were exempted from service after the 60th year of life.

The phalanx trained to work as a team eight rows or more deep. The first row would stab at their opponents while trying to maintain close formation. The ranks behind would support them with their spears and gently push them with their shields, not to force them into the enemy but to keep them steady and in position. Upon command of an officer, the phalanx  would take a certain number of steps forward. 

Phalanxes tended to drift right in battle as each hoplite sought to keep his right arm behind the shield of his neighbour. Also, the right side of the phalanx, where right arms were unprotected by neighboring shields, was more vulnerable than the left. Thus the most experienced hoplites were often placed on the right side of the phalanx to counteract these problems.

## Notes 
Cat:Ancient Greece
Deep Space Network

The **Deep Space Network** (or DSN) is NASA's group of large antennae at three stations around world. They are at Madrid, California, and Canberra,https://web.archive.org/web/20120608040231/http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/ about 120 degrees apart around the Earth. They communicate with satellites and probes in space. The antennas are also used as radio telescopes to learn about stars and other natural things in space.

The DSN is NASA’s international array of giant radio antennas. It supports interplanetary spacecraft missions, plus a few that orbit Earth. It also provides radar and radio astronomy observations that improve the understanding of the solar system and the larger universe.

According to NASA, "The antennas of the Deep Space Network are the indispensable link to explorers venturing beyond Earth. They provide the crucial connection for commanding our spacecraft and receiving their never-before-seen images and scientific information on Earth, propelling our understanding of the universe, our solar system and ultimately, our place within it."
## References
Edwin M. Stanton

**Edwin McMasters Stanton** (December 19, 1814 &ndash; December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the United States Secretary of War under Abraham Lincoln administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory under the command by Ulysses S. Grant.

## Early life
Stanton was born in Steubenville, Ohio, the eldest of four children to David and Lucy Norman Stanton. Throughout his childhood and adult life Stanton suffered from asthma. Stanton studied at Kenyon College. He was also from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## Personal life
He was married to Mary Lamson from 1836 until her death in 1844. They had two children; Lucy Lamson and Edwin Lamson. Then he was married to Ellen Hutchinson. His brother David committed suicide in 1846. Stanton died on December 24, 1869 in Washington, D.C. from respiratory failure, aged 55.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography from "Impeach Andrew Johnson".
*Mr. Lincoln and Friends: Edwin M. Stanton Biography. 
*Mr. Lincoln's White House: Edwin M. Stanton Biography.
Samuel J. Tilden

**Samuel Jones Tilden** (February 19, 1814 &ndash; August 14, 1886) was the candidate for U.S. president of the Democratic Party in 1876; he narrowly lost to Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican Party's candidate, in one of the country's most dispiuted, closest-run, and violent elections. Tilden was also the governor of New York from January 1, 1875 to December 31, 1876. 

## Life 
Tilden was born on February 19, 1814 in New Lebanon, New York. He studied at Yale University and at New York University. Tilden never married and had no children. He died on August 4, 1886 in Yonkers, New York, from natural causes at the age of 72. His gravestone has the phrase "I still trust the people" on it.

## References
## Other websites
*Samuel Tilden.com 
*Hayes-Tilden election described in detail, compared to Bush-Gore election
*
Horatio Seymour

**Horatio Seymour** (May 31, 1810 &ndash; February 12, 1886) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the twentieth Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and the twenty-fourth governor from 1863 to 1864. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the presidential election of 1868, but lost the election to Republican and former Union General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant.

Seymour was born in Pompey Hill, New York on May 31, 1810. He studied at Geneva College. He was married to Mary Bleecker. They had no children. Seymour died on February 12, 1886 from an illness, aged 75. His wife, Mary Bleecker died a month later also from an illness.

## References
## Other websites
*Mr. Lincoln and New York: Horatio Seymour 
*First Edition 1862 Report on Horatio Seymour Winning New York Governor's Race.
Stephen A. Douglas

**Stephen Arnold Douglas** (April 23, 1813 &ndash; June 3, 1861) was an American politician from Illinois. He was a U.S. Representative, a U.S. Senator, and the Northern Democratic Party nominee for President in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln.

Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because though short in physical stature, he was a forceful and even dominant figure in politics.

Douglas was born on April 23, 1813 in Brandon, Vermont. He was raised in Jacksonville, Illinois. He was married to Martha Martin from 1847 until her death in 1853. They had three children. Then he was married to Adele Cutts from 1856 until his death in 1861. They had one child. Douglas died from pneumonia caused by Typhoid fever in Chicago, Illinois on June 3, 1861, aged 48.

## References
## Other websites
*Project Gutenberg text of Life of Stephen A. Douglas by William Gardner
*Page images of two Speeches made by Douglas, one on the Compromise of 1850
Phaistos disc

The **Phaistos disc** is a bronze age artifact. The disc  is about  in diameter and is made of clay. It is covered with many symbols. It is from the civilization of Minoa on the Greek island of Crete, possibly from the 2nd millennium BC. 

The symbols cover both sides of the disc. They show everyday things. They were stamped onto the disc, pressed into the clay when it was still soft. They run in a spiral. This disc is the first known "printed" work in history; in the sense that there was a re-usable set of characters and drawings. It is the only artefact of its kind. Many questions have been asked about the disc, about its purpose, and if the signs shown actually represent writing.

In total, there are 242 tokens on the disc, taken from a set of  45 unique signs. There are arranged in 61 groups, separated by lines. Groups are between two and seven stamps long. Because the "text" is very short, and the disc is unique, it is likely that it will not be deciphered. 

## References
Oh-My-God particle

The **Oh-My-God particle** was a really tiny portion of matter or energy (undefined) moving incredibly fast. It was first spotted on the evening of 15 October 1991 over Dugway Proving Ground in Utah and shocked many astrophysicists. It has an estimated energy of  (50&nbsp;J)&mdash;in other words, a subatomic particle with kinetic energy equal to that of a baseball () traveling at about . That amount of energy is also 50 times the energy that a collision in the Large Hadron Collider would have.

The speed of the particle was almost the speed of light. If a year were to pass in a race between a ray of light and the particle the distance will be 0.00000046 millimetre or be behind 0.00000000000000015 seconds.

There have been at least 15 similar events recorded.

## References
Chris Pratt

**Christopher Michael  Pratt** (born June 21, 1979) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Harold Brighton "Bright" Abbott in the series *Everwood,* Ché in *The O.C.* (2003), and Andy Dwyer and *Parks and Recreation* (2009), a role which garnered him a Critics' Choice nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2013.  He was also the voice of Emmet in the 2014 animated film *The Lego Movie* and its sequel *The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part* (2019) and Otis in the 2026 upcoming CGI animated film based on *Garfield* franchise.  

In recent years, Pratt is known for his role as Owen in the *Jurassic Park* series beginning in the 2015 film *Jurassic World,* in *Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom* (2018), and in Jurassic World Dominion (2022) and Mercy (2026).

## Personal life
Pratt was born in Virginia, Minnesota on June 21, 1979. He was raised in Lake Stevens, Washington. He married Anna Faris in 2009. Their son, Jack Pratt, was born August 25, 2012. In 2017, Pratt and Faris legally separated and divorced in 2018. He later married author Katherine Schwarzenegger in 2019. They have two daughters.

## Filmography 
## References
## Other websites
*
Jiddu Krishnamurti

**Jiddu Krishnamurti** (11 May 1895 – 17 February 1986) was an Indian-born speaker on philosophical and spiritual subjects. His career had two clearly distinct stages. In the first, he was the pupil and eventually leader of the new religious movement known as Theosophy. In the second part he rejected Theosophy and every belief associated with it, saying: "I maintain that truth is a pathless land, and you cannot approach it by any path whatsoever, by any religion, by any sect".

## Theosophy 
Krishnamurti was born into a Brahmin family in what was then British India. In early adolescence, he had a chance encounter with prominent occultist and high-ranking theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater in the grounds of the Theosophical Society headquarters at Adyar in Madras (now Chennai). He was subsequently raised by Annie Besant and Leadbeater, leaders of the Society at the time. They believed him to be a "vehicle" for an expected World Teacher. While he was young, Besant had control over his life, and won a court case for custody of Krishnamurti and his brother.

## Freedom 
As a young man, Krishnamurti disavowed Theosophy and dissolved the worldwide organization (the Order of the Star in the East) established to support it. He resigned from the various trusts and other organizations which were affiliated with Order of the Star, and the Theosophical Society. He returned the monies and properties donated to the Order, among them a castle in the Netherlands and  of land, to their donors.

From then on he claimed allegiance to no nationality, caste, religion, or philosophy. He spent the rest of his life travelling the world, speaking to large and small groups and individuals. He authored many books, among them *The First and Last Freedom*,  *The Only Revolution*, and ''Krishnamurti's Notebook''. Many of his talks and discussions have been published.

Krishnamurti did not accept followers nor worshippers. He thought the relationship between disciple and guru encouraged dependency and exploitation. He accepted gifts and financial support freely offered to him by people inspired by his work, and continued with lecture tours and the publication of books and talk transcripts for more than half a century.

He constantly urged people to think independently, and he invited them to explore and discuss specific topics together with him. His subject matter included: psychological revolution, the nature of mind, meditation, inquiry, human relationships, and bringing about change in society. He stressed the need for a revolution in the psyche of every human being and emphasized that such revolution cannot be brought about by any external entity, be it religious, political, or social.

His supporters, working through non-profit foundations in India, Great Britain and the United States, oversee several independent schools based on his views on education. They continue to transcribe and distribute his thousands of talks, group and individual discussions, and writings by use of a variety of media formats and languages.

## References
Rosario Couture

**Joseph Albert Rosario "Rosie, Lolo" Couture** (July 24, 1905 – March 1, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 8 seasons in the NHL; 7 seasons for the Chicago Black Hawks and 1 season for the Montreal Canadiens.

Couture won the Stanley Cup with the Black Hawks in 1934. Couture along with Leroy Goldsworthy were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August 1934. 

## Other websites
*
*
Robert Osborne

**Robert Jolin Osborne Jr.** (May 3, 1932 &ndash; March 6, 2017) was an American movie, stage, voice, television actor and movie historian who was known for hosting the Turner Classic Movies channel from the 1990s until his retirement in early 2016.

Osborne was born on May 3, 1932 in Colfax, Washington. He was raised in Whitman County, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. Osborne was gay. His life partner was David Staller from 1996 until his death in 2017.

Osborne died in New York City, New York on March 6, 2017 from complications of kidney failure, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Robert Osborne's column  in *The Hollywood Reporter*
*
*
Angélique Kidjo

**Angélique Kpasseloko Hinto Hounsinou Kandjo Manta Zogbin Kidjo**, *The Guardian* listed her as one of their Top 100 Most Inspiring Women in the World. She was the first woman to be listed on "The 40 Most Powerful Celebrities In Africa" by *Forbes Magazine*.

She had a number one album on Billboard's World music charts, as late as 2014.

## Discography
**Pretty* (1988) (African release only)
**Parakou* (1990)
**Logozo* (1991)
**Ayé* (1994)
**Fifa* (1996)
**Oremi* (1998)
**Keep On Moving: The Best Of Angelique Kidjo* (2001)
**Black Ivory Soul* (2002)
**Oyaya!* (2004)
**Djin Djin* (2007)
**Õÿö* (2010)
**Spirit Rising (Live)* (2012)

## Awards
* Danish Music Awards: Best Female Singer (Denmark, 1995)
* Kora Music Awards: Best African Female artist (Africa, 1997)
* Mobo Awards for Best World Music Act (UK, 2002)
* Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2008)
* Commander of the National Order of Benin (Benin, 2008)
* Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary World Music Album (USA, 2011)

## References
Wally Badarou

**Wally Badarou** (born **Waliou Jacques Daniel Isheola Badarou**, 22 March 1955, Paris, France) is a musician from Benin.  Badarou played with the British band Level 42.

Badarou helped organise the Kora All Africa Music Awards in 1997.  He co-wrote and produced *So Why*, a charity album for the ICRC.

## Discography
### Solo
*1979: *Back to Scales Tonight*
*1984: *Echoes*
*1985: *Chief Inspector* (EP)
*1989: *Words of a Mountain*
*1997: *So Why*
*2001: *Colors of Silence : Musical poetry for Yoga*
*2009: *The Unnamed Trilogy*

### Movie scores
*1981: Dickie Jobson: *Countryman*
*1982: Nathalie Delon & Yves Deschamps: *They Called It an Accident*
*1985: Hector Babenco: *Kiss Of The SpiderWoman* (additional music)
*1991: Lol Creme: *The Lunatic*
*1997: Idrissa Ouedraogo: *Kini & Adams*
*1997: Don Letts & Rick Elgood: *DanceHall Queen*
*1999: Chris Browne: *Third World Cop*
*2000: John Berry: *Boesman & Lena*

### Producer (and co-producer)
*1979: Janic Prévost - ''J'veux d'la Tendresse*
*1981: Alain Chamfort - *Amour Année Zéro*
*1983: Marianne Faithfull - *A Child's Adventure* (& co-writer)
*1985: Level 42 - *World Machine* (& co-writer)
*1986: Alain Chamfort - *Tendres Fièvres* (& co-writer)
*1986: Fela Ransome Kuti - *Teacher Don't Teach Me NonSense*
*1987: Level 42 - *Running in the Family* (& co-writer)
*1988: Level 42 - *Staring at the Sun* (& co-writer)
*1990: Level 42 - *Guaranteed* (& co-writer)
*1993: Level 42 - *Forever Now* (& co-writer)
*1995: Salif Keita - *Folon*
*1996: Carlinhos Brown - *AlfaGamaBetizado*
*1998: Yannick Noah & Zam Zam - *Zam Zam*
*1998: Wasis Diop - *Toxu*
*2000: Trilok Gurtu  -*The Beat Of Love* (& co-writer)
*2001: i Muvrini - *Umani''

## References
Don't Break the Oath

'''''Don't Break the Oath''''' is the second studio album by Mercyful Fate, a heavy metal band from Denmark.  Some people who make music and people who talk about music think it is one of the best heavy metal albums ever.

__TOC__

## History
In the 1980s, there were a lot of bands in Europe playing heavy metal.  Many of them were playing music like bands from the United Kingdom, in a way that was called the New Wave of British Heavy Metal (or NWOBHM for short).  There were a lot of hard rock bands, too, and there were a lot of things hard rock bands and NWOBHM bands both did.  Mercyful Fate was one of the first few NWOBHM bands to be different from hard rock bands on purpose.

King Diamond, the singer and leader of Mercyful Fate, painted his face with upside-down crosses and wrote lyrics about Satan, Hell, and things like that.  Hank Shermann, the band's guitarist, played very fast and with a lot of guitar solos to help make the band sound evil.  Mercyful Fate had already started to do these things in 1983 with their last album, *Melissa*.

## Sound
### How they played their instruments
Hank Shermann and Michael Denner wrote the songs in a way that fit well with King Diamond's singing.  Like on *Melissa*, King Diamond sang in a high-pitched way that was different from other heavy metal singers.

### What the songs are about
All of the ideas in all of the songs are evil.  They talk about things like bringing back people from the dead, casting black magic, and witches and demons.  Worshipping Satan is a special subject, and is talked about on almost every song.

## Song list
# "A Dangerous Meeting" – 5:12
# "Nightmare" – 6:21
# "Desecration of Souls" – 4:57
# "Night of the Unborn" – 5:02
# "The Oath" – 7:34
# "Gypsy" – 3:10
# "Welcome Princess of Hell" – 4:06
# "To One Far Away" – 1:31
# "Come to the Sabbath" – 5:18

## People who made the album
;People who played music on the album
*King Diamond – singing, keyboards
*Hank Shermann – guitar
*Michael Denner – guitar
*Timi "Grabber" Hansen – bass
*Kim Ruzz – drums

;People who helped make the album sound right
*Bill Turjancik – producer
*Henrik Lund - producer, engineer
*Niels Erik Otto – engineer
Gnonnas Pedro

**Gnonnan Sossou Pierre Kouassivi**, known by the stage name **Gnonnas Pedro** was a singer and musician from Lokossa, Benin. He is best known as the lead singer of Africando between 1995 and his death in 2004.

Gnonnas Pedro died August 12, 2004, age 61 of prostate cancer in a hospital of Cotonou, Benin.

## Discography
### Solo
* Dadjes: The Band Of Africa (1975)
* Gnonnas Pedro (Disco Stock, 1979)
* El Cochechivo (Ledoux, 1981)
* Agbadja (Syllart, 1999)
* Irma koi (Syllart, 1999)
* The best of Gnonnas Pedro (2003)

### With Africando
* Gombo Salsa (Stern's Africa STCD1071, 1996)
* Baloba (Stern's Africa STCD1082, 1998)
* Mandali (Stern's Africa STCD1092, 2000) Credited to Africando All Stars. Released in France as Betece
* Live! (Sono CDS8907, double CD, 2001) Out of print
* Martina (Stern's Africa STCD1096, 2003)
* Ketukuba (Stern's Africa STCD1103, 2006) Released after his death.

## References
Zam Zama

**Zam Zama** or **Zam-zammah** also often called the 'terror of Northern India' is an old cannon. It was made of brass and was made in Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1762, on the orders of the Afghan king. Ahmad Shah Durrani. It was of great size and had tremendous fire-power. All armies opposing the Afghans were terrified of it in the region. 

The cannon was later damaged in a military campaign and sank to the bottom of the Chenab River from where it was recovered and captured by the victorious Sikh *Khalsa* forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. After that, the Punjab region fell under Sikh rule, giving birth to the superstition that 'whoever holds Zam Zama holds the Punjab'.

The cannon was later taken to Delhi but brought back to Lahore in 1870 and installed outside the old Lahore Museum and then later on shifted outside the present museum building in the 1890s, opposite to the old campus of the University of the Punjab. It was later restored and cleaned up in the 1990s. During the period of British India, Zam Zama achieved special fame when the writer Rudyard Kipling mentioned in the opening pages of *Kim (book)*, published in 1901.

## References
Henna

**Henna**, also known as mehandi or mendhi is a flowering plant. It has been used since ancient times to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather, cotton, wool and other fabrics. The name is also used for the dye or color preparation derived from the plant, and for the art of making temporary tattoos or designs from these dyes. These henna tattoos are often used in wedding ceremonies. 

In addition, the name is also sometimes used, wrongly, for other chemical preparations and dyes that are in fact not made from this plant. 

The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic  (or colloquially , loosely pronounced /ħinna/). The natural dye is still mostly used in Arabia, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan.

## References
List of New England Patriots players

This is a **list of New England Patriots players**.

*Tom Brady, QB
*Brian Hoyer, QB
*James White, RB
*Dion Lewis, RB
*Rex Burkhead, RB
People of the Dominican Republic

**Dominicans** () are inhabitants or citizens of the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic is a multi-ethnic country in the Caribbean basin which is home to people of many different racial, ethnic, national and cultural backgrounds which has often become a great pride for many Dominicans.

## The people and the race
It is estimated that some 894,000 enslaved Africans were brought to Dominican Republic between 1717 and 1870 (and more before 1717). The slaves came from various West African regions, but the majority came from primarily the Congo region (present-day Angola, Congo, Gabon, and Cameroon) and the gold coast/Guinean (present-day Ghana and Guinea).

In addition, many immigrants arrived from other places around the world. After the last smuggled slave ship that arrived in 1898, many Chinese people came to the island due to the Chinese Revolution, along with the Arabs of North Africa (Morocco or Algeria) and Indians. Immigration from Europe, most notably Spaniards, Italians and Germans occurred during the later parts of the nineteenth century into the beginning of the twentieth century, mostly settling in Santo Domingo and in rural areas in the Cibao valley alike. During World War II, the Dominican Republic became the only nation to take in Jewish refugees by orders from then president Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. Nearly 800 German and Austrian Jews settled in the town of Sosua, Puerto Plata.

Today, much of the contemporary Dominican population is largely Black and Mulatto. The Dominican Republic itself is 45% Mulatto,  40% Black, and 15% White. Studies have indicated that up to 15% of all Dominicans carry maternal Taino-Arawak lineage, figures which are higher in rural areas. Other studies often indicate that the average Dominican is 60% African , 35% European (Mostly Spanish) and 5% Taino-Arawak, but these figures also vary by region as the purest Blacks is lives mostly in the Coastal lowland  regions of the country.

## References
Dhobi Ghat

**Dhobi Ghat** or **Dhoby Ghaut** is a word used in various parts of South Asia. It means a place where the traditional *dhobi* caste of washermen and women go to wash clothes. The word usually means a place near a river or stream, in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a *Dhobi Ghat*  doesn't necessarily have to be near a source of natural water. 

The world's largest *Dhobi Ghat* is said to be in Mumbai, India. It figured in the famous  *Dhobi Ghat* (2010).
Bodo nationalism

**Bodo nationalism** is an ideology that supports self-determination for the Bodo people. The Bodo people are said to be persecuted and discriminated against by Muslim groups in the Indian state of Assam.

## References
Ghost Dance

**Ghost Dance** was a new religious movement among Native Americans. It was active from about 1860 to about 1890. 

At the time, Native Americans had been forced to change their ways of life drastically, and had lost much of their culture and identity. The Ghost Dance movement promised them that if they performed the "Dance" and lived the right way, they would get back most of the things they had lost to white people. They could also re-unite the living and the dead, and the people who had caused them such misery would be driven away from their land. 

Members also used other dance rituals to represent their spiritual path.

## First & second wave 
The Ghost Dance was most active during two time periods: the first time around 1860, and the second time around 1890. 

### 1860 - 1872 
Around 1860, a member of the Paiute Native American tribe called *Wodziwob* had a vision. He saw that the white people would be driven away, and the people would be reunited with their ancestors' spirits, called "ghosts". The vision also told him how to do the Ghost Dance ritual. 

The movement spread rapidly. Each tribe added its own elements into the Ghost Dance. However, the movement was ultimately unsuccessful and ended around 1872. At this point, Wodzivob had said that he might have been wrong.

### 1889 and after 
The second wave was started about twenty years later by a man called Wovoka, who worked at an LDS Mormon ranch. He was influenced by the new faith and some of its ideas, like sending apostles to spread the faith. 

This movement spread wider, and was again adapted to each tribe's culture. The Lakota also adopted the idea of a messiah. The Lakota lived on a reservation, and when local authorities saw 25,000 natives dance together, they saw it as a threat. This led to the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, where the United States Army killed up to 300 Native Americans. This massacre effectively ended the Ghost Dance movement.

Wovoka wrote a letter in 1892 to the other tribes telling them that Jesus had just returned to earth that year, and that if they lived good lives, they would someday get back their lands and culture, and the dead would live. 

Wovoka stayed out of public sight for the rest of his life after giving this message, and lived until the 1930s.

## References
Suiko period

The **Suiko period**  was an era of 25 years during the Asuka period of Japanese history.  This period  all but 7 years of Empress Suiko's reign (604-628) or it is used as a synonym for her reign (593-628).

## Calendar
The  adoption of the sexegenary cycle calendar (*Jikkan Jūnishi*) was a significant event in the reign of Empress Suiko.  This pre-dates the system of  which was started in 645.

## Events of the *Suiko* period
* **604**:  In the 12th year of Suiko's reign, Japan organized its earliest Imperial calendar, also known as the "Suiko period".
* **628**: In the 35th year of Suiko, the empress abdicated; and the period ended.

## Related pages
* Regnal name
* List of Japanese eras

## Notes
## References
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). *Japan encyclopedia.* Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128
* Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). *Annales des empereurs du Japon* (*Nihon Odai Ichiran*).  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
* Tsuchihashi, Paul, S.J. (1952). .  Tokyo: Sophia University. OCLC 001291275
* Zöllner, Reinhard. (2003). *Japanische Zeitrechnung: ein Handbuch* Munich: Iudicium Verlag. ; OCLC 249297777

## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Lahore Museum

The **Lahore Museum** or **Ajaib Ghar** (Urdu: Wonder House) is a museum in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. It is the largest museum of Pakistan.

## History
The original old Lahore Museum was made during British Indian times in the 1860s, in what had been the old 'Punjab Exhibition Hall' and the famous gun Zam Zama was installed outside it in 1870. This old museum, along with the Punjab School of Arts (later the Mayo College of Arts) was looked after by John Lockwood Kipling (1837-1911) father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who mentioned the museum and Zam Zama in his *Kim (book)* (1901). In 1894, the museum's new building was completed and it moved there the same year, right opposite the old campus of the University of the Punjab, on the Mall.

## Collection
The Lahore Museum is set in its beautiful grounds and has one of the best collections of arts and artifacts in its galleries in South Asia. Especially notable are: 

* ancient Gandhara Buddhist sculptures
* Tibetan and Hill States collection
* collection of miniature paintings from the Mughal Empire and the *Pahari* school 
* collection of contemporary paintings by some of Pakistan's most prominent artists such as Ustad Allah Bux, A.R. Chughtai, Shakir Ali, Sadequain, Gulgee and others.

## References
## Further reading
* 
* 

## Other websites
*Lahore Museum as it looked in 1900
Somme River

The **Somme** is a river in the north of France, in the  Hauts-de-France region, and gives its name to the department called Somme.

The name of the river is of Celtic origins, and refers to the tranquility of the river over much of its course. The river is known for the Battle of the Somme, which was an important battle of the First World War.

## Geography
The Somme river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

### Course
The source of the Somme is in the Fonsomme *commune* (Aisne), at an altitude of about .

The Somme passes through the departments and cities of:
* Aisne : Fonsomme, Saint-Quentin 
* Somme : Ham, Péronne, Corbie, Amiens, Abbeville, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme

The Somme river flows through 49 *communes*.

Finally, it flows into the English Channel near Saint-Valery-sur-Somme.

## Main tributaries
* Left tributaries
** Avre - 66.2&nbsp;km;
** Selle - 38.9&nbsp;km;
** Saint-Landon - 13.2&nbsp;km;
** Airaines - 12.8&nbsp;km;
* Right tributaries
** Omignon - 32&nbsp;km;
** Cologne - 23.2&nbsp;km;
** Tortille - 16.1&nbsp;km;
** Ancre - 37.4&nbsp;km;
** Hallue - 15.8&nbsp;km;
** Nièvre - 22&nbsp;km;
** Scardon - 12.4&nbsp;km;

## Archaeology
Different archeological finds have been discovered in its valley: The Acheulean culture is named after Saint-Acheul, a suburb of Amiens. Hand axes from the Palaeolithic period were found there, and gave this name to the respective period.

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## References
## Other websites
* Banque Hydro - MEDDE, «Synthèse de la Banque Hydro»
Ustad Allah Bux

**Ustad Allah Baksh **(1895-1978; ) was a very well known early modern artist and painter of Pakistan. He is best known today for his depictions of rural life in the country and for subjects from Hindu and Persian mythology.Whenever Pakistan's folk culture and life will be talked about, the name of Ustad (ustad means a maestro) Allah Baksh will stand out prominently. He was the man who immortalized our rural life, and specially of the Punjab – the land where he was born in 1885 in the small town of Wazirabad, Punjab. His very near-to-life life-size paintings are full of colour, life and people that forces an onlooker to stop in his tracks and appreciate his masterly work of art. He died in October 1978. His grave can be found at Muslim Town graveyard, Lahore. His son is buried next to him.  

Ustad Allah Bakhsh was lucky to have found Master Abdullah, a great maestro of his own time and a master of miniature art. He started learning from his ustad at the age of five and by the age of fourteen he had become an artist of his own style. He also learnt the art of painting from Master Meeran Bakhsh Naqash, a known teacher and painter and was also the Vice Principal of the Mayo School of Arts, now the National College of Arts Lahore.

His art treasure has been preserved in the National art gallery is an exclusive corner attributed to one of the great master painters of Pakistan and Indo-Pak subcontinent. Besides, his studio where he used to spend most of his time has been converted into an academy "Allah Bux Academy" which is now serving as a learning ground for those who wants to excel in this great master's style.

## Sources
Christiana Guinle

**Christiana Guinle** is a Brazilian producer and actress of stage, movies and television. She graduated from the Royal Shakespeare Company.

## Career
### Theater Actress
* Homer's Odissey – won Mambembe best actress award
* O Ateneu, by Raul Pompéia - won Mambembe best new actress award
* Medea, by Eurípedes
* LuLu, by Frank Wedekind
* The Blind, by Ghelderode – Shell best actress award nominee
* Raised in Captivity, by Nicky Silver

### Theater Actress and Producer
* Hell is Other People, based on Jean-Paul Sartre's Huis-Clos – Molière best actress award nominee
* O Anjo Negro (The Dark Angel), by Nelson Rodrigues – won A.P.C.A. best actress award
* The Lady from the Sea, by Ibsen – won Shell best actress award
* God, by Woody Allen

### Cinema
* A Espera (The Wait), by Luiz Fernando Carvalho – the film won Gramado best film award
* Mil e Uma (One Thousand and One), by Suzana Morais about Marcel Duchamp's work
* Metalguru, by Flavio Colker – won Berlin's alternative festival best actress award

### Television
* Chiquinha Gonzaga, by Manoel Carlos – television miniseries about the life of Chiquinha Gonzaga (Brazilian composer, pianist, and conductor), broadcast by Rede Globo Network
* A Casa das Sete Mulheres (The House of Seven Women), by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries broadcast by Rede Globo Network
* Um Só Coração (Just One Heart), by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries broadcast by Rede Globo Network
* JK, by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries about the life of Juscelino Kubitschek (President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961),  broadcast by Rede Globo Network

## References
Djimon Hounsou

**Djimon Gaston Hounsou** (born April 24, 1964) is a Beninese-American actor and model. As an actor, Hounsou has been nominated for two Academy Awards.

In 1987, he became a model and started a career in Paris. He moved to the United States in 1990.

In the Marvel Cinematic Universe he plays the role of Korath the Pursuer in *Guardians of the Galaxy* (2014) and in *Captain Marvel* (2019). Also, in the DC Extended Universe, he played the role of the Fisherman King in *Aquaman* (2018), and the wizard Shazam in *Shazam!* (2019).

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
Didier Demazière

**Didier Demazière** is a French sociologist specialized in the study of unemployment. He is senior researcher at  French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS).

## Bibliography 
* ''L'injonction au professionnalisme. Analyse d'une dynamique plurielle* (The injunction professionalism. Dynamic analysis of a plural), with Valérie Boussard and Philip Milburn, (2010).
* *Sociologie des groupes professionnels. Acquis récents, nouveaux défis* (Sociology of professional groups. Recent achievements, new challenges), with Charles Gadéa, (2009).
* *Sociologie des chômeurs* (Sociology of unemployed), (2006), ()
* *Analyses textuelles en sociologie. Logiciels, méthodes, usages* (Textual analysis in sociology. Software, methods, uses), (2006).
* *Analyser les entretiens biographiques* (Analyze the biographical interviews), with Claude Dubar, 2004. ()
* *Le chômage. Comment peut-on être chômeur ?* (Unemployment. How can you be unemployed?), (2003).
* *Chômeurs: du silence à la révolte. Sociologie d'une action collective* (Unemployed: from silence to revolt. Sociology of collective action), with Maria Teresa Pignoni, (1999).
* *Le chômage de longue durée* (The long-term unemployment), (1995).
* *La sociologie du chômage* (The sociology of unemployment), (1995).
* *Longue durée. Vivre en chômage* (Long-term. Living in unemployment), with Marc Helleboid and Jacques Mondoloni, (1994).
* *Le chômage en crise? La négociation des identités des chômeurs de longue durée'' (Unemployment crisis? Negotiation of identities of long-term unemployed), (1992)

## References
Ballast tamper

A **ballast tamper** is a machine used to make railway tracks level. It is like the railway version of a road roller but instead of only squashing the high parts, it also lifts the track out of dips. .]] Before tamping machines were made, tamping was done by lots of people with shovels. The machines make tamping quicker and the track is more level than if tamping is done by hand. Also, some new tracks and sleepers are too heavy to be lifted by hand, so a tamper has to be used.

New tampers can also move the track from side to side to make it smoother.

## References
WFMU

**WFMU** is a listener-supported, radio station based in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States. It uses a freeform radio program format. This means each personality or disc jockey who goes on the air, gets to decide what music to play.  WFMU is the longest-running freeform radio station in the U.S.

## Other websites
Official Homepage The official site of *WFMU*.
Alan Cumming

**Alan Cumming** OBE (born 27 January 1965) is a Scottish and American actor who is known for his roles in *The Smurfs*, *Spy Kids*, *Son of the Mask*, and in *X2*. He has won a Drama Desk Award and an Tony Award.

Cumming was born on 27 January 1965 in Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scotland. He studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. Cumming is openly bisexual. He was married to Hilary Lyon from 1985 until they divorced in 1993. He had been in a civil partnership with Grant Shaffer since 2007. 

Cumming gained American citizenship in 2008; he has been a dual British-American citizen since then. Cumming said he wanted to become an American citizen so he could vote for President Barack Obama, though he did not end up getting his citizenship in time to do so.

At a 2025 fundraising event for WNET, the American public broadcasting service in the New York area, he stated "I will always be an American" despite political differences with the American government.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
River Phoenix

**River Jude Phoenix** (August 23, 1970 &ndash; October 31, 1993) was an American movie, television, stage, voice actor, musician, and activist who is known for his roles in *The Thing Called Love*, *Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade*, *Dark Blood*, *My Own Private Idaho*, *I Love You To Death* and in *Stand by Me*. His brother was actor Joaquin Phoenix.

Phoenix was born on August 23, 1970 in Madras, Oregon to Arlyn Sharon Dunetz and to John Lee Botton. He was the oldest of five. Phoenix never married and had no children. Phoenix died on October 31, 1993 in West Hollywood, California from a drug overdose and heart failure, aged 23.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Jackie Earle Haley

**Jack "Jackie" Earle Haley** (born July 14, 1961) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in *Little Children*, *Nightmare on Elm Street*, *Watchmen*, *Human Target*, *Dark Shadows*, *Lincoln*, *London Has Fallen* and *Alita: Battle Angel*.

Haley was born on July 14, 1961 in Northridge, California. He was married three times, both ended in divorce. He was married to Amelia Cruz since 2004. He has a son, Christopher, and a daughter, Olivia.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
National College of Arts

The **National College of Arts** in  Lahore, Pakistan is usually referred to by its acronym **NCA**. It is the oldest fine arts training institute in the country and one of the oldest and best in all of Asia.  

The NCA has a rich historical tradition dating back to the days of the British Raj. During the 1860s, it was established in Lahore, in the Punjab region, as the 'Punjab School of Arts' and was then renamed the 'Mayo School of Arts, Lahore', after Lord Mayo, a Viceroy of India. In the 1890s, it moved to its present location next to the Lahore Museum and became the 'Mayo College of Arts' and after Partition and Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was formally designated as the 'National College of Arts'. 

The old Mayo School and College had the unique distinction of having as its first principal and head, Mr John Lockwood Kipling, father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who was also Curator of the Lahore Museum simultaneously.
John Lockwood Kipling

**John Lockwood Kipling** (6 July 1837 – 26 January 1911) was an English art teacher, illustrator, and museum curator, who spent most of his career in British India. He was the father of the famous writer  Rudyard Kipling. Most of the original illustrations for Rudyard's renowned *Kim (book)* (1901) were made by John Lockwood.
Arkalochori Axe

The **Arkalochori Axe** is a bronze double axe, probably from the 17th century BC. The axe was found in a cave on Crete, in 1934.  Other items were also found together with the axe. Possibly, there was an earthquake which rendered the cave inaccessible, at the end of the period SM I. The axe was probably used for a reliious ritual. The axe is inscribed with fifteen symbols. It has been suggested that these might be Linear A but Professor Glanville Price agrees with Louis Godart that "the characters on the axe are no more than a '-inscription' engraved by an  in uncomprehending imitation of  Linear A characters on other similar axes." The axe and the Phaistos Disc are conserved in the Iraklion Archaeological Museum.

## Description
The cave where the axe was found was used from about 2500 BC onwards. In 1912, 53 bronze swords, and 19 double axes were found there; one of the axes is made of silver. Such axes often appear on items which have been attributed to the Minoan or Mycenean culture. One example is the Hagia Triada sarcophagus, which has been dated to the 14th century BC.

When the cave was searched again in 1934, a bigger double axe, made of bronze was found. This axe is about 30 centimetres wide. It is special because it bears an inscription. The symbols on the axe are aligned in three columns. These characters have been compared to both Linear A and the stamps on the Phaistos disc. As of 2012, the writing is unreadable. Among the axes found, there are a golden axe, and one made of sivler; either axe is only about 5&nbsp;cm wide.

Reading right to left, top to bottom, the symbols are as follows.

## References
Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu

**Prince Chichibu** (Chichibu-no-miya Yasuhito Shinnō) (25 June 1902 – 4 January 1953), also known as Prince Yasuhito, was the second son of Emperor Taishō and a younger brother of the Emperor Shōwa. 

As a member of the Imperial House of Japan, he was the patron of various sporting, medical, and international exchange organizations. As an English-speaking prince he played a significant role in post-World War 2 Japan's reconstruction. However, he died tragically early due to Tuberculosis.

The Prince was married to the Princess Chichibu.
Setsuko, Princess Chichibu

**Princess Chichibu** (Yasuhito Shinnōhi Setsuko, née Setsuko Matsudaira) ( 9 September 1909 – 25 August 1995) was the wife of Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito) of Japan, the second son of Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei. She was, therefore, a sister-in-law of Emperor Shōwa and an aunt of the present Emperor, Akihito. 

After her husband's death from  Tuberculosis in 1953, Princess Chichibu became president of the Japanese Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, honorary president of the Britain-Japan Society, the Sweden-Japan Society, and an honorary vice president of the Japanese Red Cross. She also maintained close links with old friends active in similar social service ventures around the world. 

She died in August 1995 of heart failure.
Guelma

**Guelma** () is the capital of Guelma Province and Guelma District. It is in northeastern Algeria, about  from the Mediterranean coast.

## History
The town of Guelma was created in 1836; and the modern city was established in 1974.

## References
## Other websites
* Office de Tourisme de Guelma