open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
A (disambiguation)

**A** is the first letter of the alphabet. It may also refer to:

*In English, it is one of the articles (grammar)
* In measurement, A is a symbol for area.
* In medicine, A is one of the human blood types.
* In music, A is a note.
* In school, an A is the highest grade you can get
* In transport, A is the international license plate code for Austria.
*In the Cyrillic Script, А is the first letter.
* Ampere (A), a unit of electric current
* Are (a), a unit of area
* Annum (a), a unit of time
Democratic socialism

**Democratic socialism** is a variant of socialism where the government is organised by democracy with elements of socialism. In short, it believes that social and economic decisions should be made by those whom they most affect whilst also achieving a mandate. 

The combination of the two ideologies of democracy and socialism make democratic socialism. Democratic socialists believe that both the economy and society should be run democratically—to meet public needs, not to make profits for a few. To achieve a more just society, many structures of the government and economy must be radically transformed through greater economic and social democracy so that ordinary citizens can participate in the many decisions that affect their lives. Democratic socialists do not want to create an all-powerful government bureaucracy, but at the same time do not want big corporate bureaucracies to control our society either.  

Examples of democratic socialists include Salvador Allende, the democratically elected President of Chile who was overthrown by a US-backed coup; Evo Morales, Mayor of New York City Zohran Mamdani, U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders, English author and journalist George Orwell, the former president of Bolivia; and the United Kingdom Parliament's former Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.

Democratic socialism is different from Marxism-Leninism, which believes in single party rule, contrasted to the democratic policies of democratic socialism. It is also different than social democracy, which calls for keynesian capitalism, where a competitive, capitalist economy exists, but with the government stepping in to protect consumers, as well as state-controlled programs like welfare and universal healthcare.

## References
## Related pages 
* socialism
*social democracy (do not confuse with democratic socialism)
Golden dart frog

The **golden dart frog** (*Phyllobates terribilis*) is a poison dart frog. It lives in the Pacific coast of Colombia.

In captivity, poison dart frogs are not poisonous. It is in the wild where they are poisonous because of what they eat. This amphibian of the Dendrobatidae family is considered the most poisonous vertebrate in the world.  The optimal habitat of *P. terribilis* is the rainforest with high rain rates (5 m. or more), altitude between 100-200 m, temperature of 26&nbsp;°C, and relative humidity of 80-90%.

:"In a 20-gram white mouse, the minimal lethal dose of batrachotoxin/homobatrachotoxin is about 0.05 µg, when injected subcutaneously. Thus, one frog,* P. terribilis*, with typical 1100 µg of these compounds, contains enough poison to kill more than 20,000 mice. Although extrapolating toxicity parameters from mouse to man has errors, if we suppose that man is at least as susceptible as mice to these compounds, the lethal dose is about 180 µg for a person. Larger animals are often more susceptible to toxins that smaller organisms, so that the lethal dose for man may be even less. Myers et al. [1] anticipated a lethal dose of batrachotoxin for man of only 2.0 to 7.5 µg, when administered by injection. 
:"The oral potency of batrachotoxin is much lower; therefore, Indians can eat animals captured by their darts without of risk of intoxication. In additions, the small amount of poison used is metabolized and the metabolites are not poisonous; most importantly, cooking may also destroy the toxins, although not all toxins are heat labile".

The high toxicity of *P. terribilis* may be due to eating small insects or other arthropods, and one of these may truly be the most poisonous creature on Earth. Scientists have suggested the crucial insect may be a small beetle from the family Melyridae. At least one species of these beetles produces the same toxin found in *P. terribilis*. Their relatives in Colombian rainforests could be the source of the batrachotoxins found in the highly toxic *Phyllobates* frogs of that region.

## References
Poison dart frog

]]

**Poison dart frog** is the common name of a group of frogs in the family **Dendrobatidae**. They are native to Central and South America. 

Unlike many frogs, poison dart frogs are active during the day. They often have brightly-coloured bodies, which act as warning colouration. All dendrobatids are at least somewhat toxic. In the wild, frogs of different species and in different places may have very different levels of toxicity. Many species are critically endangered. 

Poison dart frogs are poisonous because they eat ants and other small insects that have toxins in their bodies. If an animal eats the frog, it will become very sick. 

## Toxicity 
Many poison dart frogs secrete alkaloid toxins through their skin. Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation. This lets them be active alongside potential predators during the day. About 28 structural classes of alkaloids are known in poison frogs. The most toxic species of poison dart frog is *Phyllobates terribilis*.

Poison dart frogs do not make their own poisons, but keep (sequester) the chemicals from arthropod prey, such as ants, centipedes and mites. This is the diet-toxicity hypothesis. Because of this, captive-bred animals do not have significant levels of toxins: they are reared on diets that do not have the alkaloids used by wild populations. Nonetheless, the captive-bred frogs can store up alkaloids if their diet has alkaloids. 

Most wild species are not lethal to their predators, but rather taste foul enough that the predators release the frogs. Despite this, some predators can withstand the toxins used by some poison dart frogs. One is the snake *Leimadophis epinephelus*, which has developed immunity to the poison.

## Taxonomy
Dart frogs are the focus of many studies. Their scientific names may sometimes change. Family Dendrobatidae was revised in 2006 and now has 12 genera, with about 170 species.

### Color morphs
Some poison dart frog species include a number of color morphs that evolved as recently as 6,000 years ago. 

Predation does affect the evolution of polymorphism, for example, in *O. granulifera*. Sexual selection has contributed to differentiation among the Bocas del Toro populations of *Oophaga pumilio*.

## References
*Grant, Taran. "Poison dart frog." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013.Web. 10 Jan. 2013.

## Other websites 
Dyeing Poison Frog. ARKive, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. .
Mercedes-Benz R-Class

**Mercedes-Benz R-Class** is a car made by Mercedes-Benz introduced in 2005. The model wasn't a strong seller for Mecedes-Benz and was discontinued in 2012 without a replacement. 

Image:Mercedes-Benz R 350.jpg|Pre-Facelifted model.
Image:Mercedes R320CDI L AMG-Sportpaket front.JPG|2007 changed model with AMG Sport pack.
Image:2010 Mercedes-Benz R350L Grand Edition CDi Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|2011 R-Class

## Other websites 
*
Rubens Barrichello

**Rubens Gonçalves "Rubinho" Barrichello** (born May 23, 1972 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian Formula One racing driver. He raced for Jordan Grand Prix (1993-1996), Stewart Grand Prix (1997-1999), Scuderia Ferrari (2000-2005) Finishing second in the Drivers Championship twice, behind teammate Michael Schumacher, Honda Racing F1 Team (2006-20008).  Driving for the Brawn GP team, Barrichello finished third in the 2009 championship. He raced for WilliamsF1 in 2010 and 2011.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races 
in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

## References
Ford F-Series

The **Ford F-Series** is a series of pickup trucks produced by Ford Motor Company since 1948. It is currently in its fourteenth generation. The most popular variant of the F-Series is the **F-150**. It was the best-selling vehicle of its time, the most popular pickup truck for 23 years and the most popular truck for 33 years. This does not include combined sales of General Motors pickup trucks. Millions of the F-Series trucks were sold in the United States and other parts of the world, including Europe, Asia and Australia. For the 2010 model year, the **SVT Raptor** high-performance truck was introduced. Unlike its Lightning predecessor, it was a vehicle meant for off-road driving.

## The F-Series through time

File:Ford F-Series.jpg|First Generation
File:1955 Ford F-100 front.jpg|Second Generation
File:1959 and 1954 Ford F-100.jpg|Third Generation (left)
File:1963 Ford F-100.jpg|Fourth Generation
File:Ford F-Series 1968.jpg|Fifth Generation
File:73-77 Ford F-150 Explorer.jpg|Sixth Generation
File:1985f250.JPG|Seventh Generation
File:Ford F Series.JPG|Eighth Generation
File:92-96 Ford-F150.jpg|Ninth Generation
File:Ford F-150 XL regular cab.jpg|Tenth Generation
File:Ford F-150 XL.jpg|Eleventh Generation
File:2009 Ford F-150 XLT.jpg|Twelfth Generation
File:2015-17 Ford F-150 Double Cab.jpg|Thirteenth generation
File:2024 Ford F-150 King Ranch front view.jpg|Fourteenth generation

## References
European Council

The **European Council** (referred to as a **European Summit**) is the highest political body of the European Union. It is made of all the heads of state or government of the Union's member states and with the President of the European Commission. The country which holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union also leads its assemblies.

The Council has no formal executive or legislative powers. It is an institution that deals with very important issues and any decisions made are "a major impetus in defining the general political guidelines of the European Union". The Council meets at least twice a year; usually in the Justus Lipsius building, the quarters of the Council of the European Union (Consilium) of Brussels. 

## References
Joe Jonas

**Joseph Adam Jonas** (born August 15, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter, and actor. He became known as a member of the pop rock band the Jonas Brothers, alongside his brothers Kevin and Nick.

He starred in *Camp Rock* (2008) and its sequel *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam* (2010) as well as two television series, *Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream* (2008–2010) and *Jonas* (2009–2010).

After the Jonas Brothers officially split-up, Jonas formed the funk-pop band DNCE in 2015. The group became well known for their debut single "Cake by the Ocean", which peaked at number 9 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart in the United States.

In 2019, he married English actress Sophie Turner and they have two daughters together. On September 5, 2023, Jonas filed for divorce from Turner.

## References
CFP franc

The **CFP franc** (usually just called *franc*) is the currency used in some of France's overseas colonies (French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna). It was created in December 1945. The initials *CFP* originally stood for *Colonies françaises du Pacifique* ("French colonies of the Pacific") but now officially stand for *Change Franc Pacifique* ("Pacific Franc Exchange"). There are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 CFP franc coins and 500, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 CFP franc banknotes. An ordinance of September 15, 2021, which entered into force on February 26, 2022, defines the name CFP franc as the "franc of the French communities of the Pacific".https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000044060532.

Image:20 F Pacifique - Nouvelle Caledonie.jpg|20 franc coin (New Caledonia).
Image:50 F Pacifique - Nouvelle Caledonie.jpg|50 franc coin (New Caledonia).
Image:Common Face - 10-20-50-100 XPF.jpg|Common sides of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 CFP franc coins.
Pierre Corneille

**Pierre Corneille** (6 June 1606 – 1 October 1684) was a French playwright. He is one of the most famous 17th century French dramatists. Some others are Molière and Racine. He has been called “the founder of French tragedy” and produced plays for nearly forty years. 

## Works
* *Mélite* (1629)
* *Clitandre* (1630–31)
* *la Veuve* (1631)
* *la Galerie du Palais* (1631–32)
* *La Place royale* (1633–34)
* ''l'Illusion comique* (1636)
* *Médée* (1635)
* *le Cid* (1637)
* *Horace* (1640)
* *Cinna* (1641)
* *Polyeucte* (1642)
* *La Mort de Pompée* (1643)
* *Le Menteur* (1643)
* *Rodogune* (1644)
* *Héraclius* (1647)
* *Don Sanche d'Aragon* (1650)
* *Andromède*, (1650)
* *Nicomède*, (1651)
* *Pertharite*, (1651)
* *l'Imitation de Jésus-Christ* (1656)
* *Oedipe* (1659)
* *Trois Discours sur le poème dramatique* (1660)
* *La Toison d'or* (1660)
* *Sertorius* (1662)
* *Othon* (1664)
* *Agésilas* (1666)
* *Attila* (1667)
* *Tite et Bérénice* (1670)
* *Psyché* (w/ Molière and Philippe Quinault,1671)
* *Suréna'' (1674)
Mercedes-Benz C-Class

**Mercedes-Benz C-Class** is a luxury car made by Mercedes-Benz since 1993. It is currently in its fourth generation. The C-Class is the most popular Mercedes-Benz. It is the main competitor of the BMW 3 Series and Audi A4. The interior is made up of soft-touch leather and aluminium. It is priced in between the A-Class and the E–Class. To be more specific, a base model C-Class can be priced at around 41,000 dollars.

## Gallery

Image:93-97 Mercedes-Benz C-Class.jpg|First Generation
Image:06-07 Mercedes-Benz C350.jpg|Second Generation
Image:2008 Mercedes-Benz C300 Sport 1.jpg|Third Generation with Sport pack
Image:Mercedes-Benz C 220 BlueTEC Avantgarde (W 205) – Frontansicht, 20. Juni 2014, Düsseldorf.jpg|Fourth Generation
Image:Mercedes-Benz W206 IMG 5254.jpg|Fifth Generation

## Other websites
*
Jean Racine

.]]
**Jean Racine** (22 December 1639 – 21 April 1699) was a French playwright. He was one of the most famous of the 17th century in France (with Molière and Corneille). Racine was mostly a tragedian, even though he did write one comedy.

## Works 
* La Thébaïde (1664)
* Alexandre le Grand (1665)
* Andromaque (1667)
* Les Plaideurs (1668)
* Britannicus (1669)
* Bérénice (1670)
* Bajazet (1672)
* Mithridate (1673)
* Iphigénie (1674)
* Phèdre (1677)
* Esther (drama) (1689)
* Athalie (1691)
INSEE

**INSEE** () is the French national institute for Statistics and Economic studies. The INSEE was created in 1946. It replaced the National Statistics Service (SNS) which was created under the *Vichy government* during World War II.

## INSEE Code 
**INSEE codes** (or **COG**) are given to Communes in France. They consist of 8 digits (numbers) but there is a simple version with 5 digits. The first two digits (3 for Overseas France) are the number of the department. The other 2 (or 3) numbers are the number of the commune. The INSEE code is not the same as the postcode.
Iranian

**Iranian** may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Iran, a country in West Asia.
* One of the Iranian languages.  See also Languages of Iran.
* Iranians, persons from Iran, or of Iranian descent. For more information about the Iranian people, see Demographics of Iran and Culture of Iran. 
** Iranian peoples, various ethnic groups originating in or associated with Iran 
** Iranian diaspora
** For specific persons, see List of Iranians
Analog-to-digital converter

placed on a X-Fi Fatal1ty Pro sound card.]]

An **analog-to-digital converter** (abbreviated **ADC**, **A/D** or **A to D**) is an electronic integrated circuit that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete time digital number. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (**DAC**).

Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number. The size of the number grows with an increase in the input voltage or current.  However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs.

## References 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## More websites
* Counting Type ADC  A simple tutorial showing how to build your first ADC.
* An Introduction to Delta Sigma Converters A very nice overview of Delta-Sigma converter theory.
* Digital Dynamic Analysis of A/D Conversion Systems through Evaluation Software based on FFT/DFT Analysis RF Expo East, 1987
* Which ADC Architecture Is Right for Your Application?  article by Walt Kester
* AN71 - The Care and Feeding of High Performance ADCs Real world circuit and layout advice
* ADC and DAC Glossary  Defines commonly used technical terms.
* Signal processing and system aspects of time-interleaved ADCs. 
* Introduction to ADC in AVR - Analog to digital conversion with Atmel microcontrollers
Cinderella

's opera Cendrillon]]

"**Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper**"  is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was first published anonymously in Paris in 1697  in *Histoires ou contes du temps passé* (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault.

The story is about a girl who was treated badly. Her fairy godmother helps her travel to a dancing party in a pumpkin coach.  She leaves the ball at midnight and loses her glass slipper. A prince, who has fallen in love with her, finds her lost slipper and uses it later to find her.

Similar European tales are found in Bonaventure des Periers's *New Recreations and Joyous Games* (1558) and Giambattista Basile's *Pentamerone* (1634-6). The Brothers Grimm included their version, "Aschenputtel", in ''Children's and Household Tales'' (1812). Tales similar to "Cinderella" exist in Chinese, Indian, African, Javanese, Australian, and Japanese literature and folklore. The tale has been adapted to the stage, movies, television, and other media.

## Story 
A widower marries a very proud woman. She already has two daughters. They despise the man's daughter by his first marriage, but she is gentle and beautiful, They treat her meanly. She is told to do all the housework and sleeps in the attic. Cinderella's step-mother gave her that name because she sits in the chimney corner. 

A prince gives a ball and all the high-status ladies are invited. Cinderella's stepsisters go to the ball. Cinderella stays at home crying. Her fairy godmother appears and changes a pumpkin into a golden coach to take Cinderella to the ball. The fairy turns mice, lizards, and a rat into horses and coachmen by waving her wand. She gives Cinderella a gown of gold and silver and slippers made of glass. She orders Cinderella to return home by midnight because that's when the charm ends. Cinderella goes to the ball. Everyone is amazed. The prince gives her special attention. Her stepsisters do not recognize her. She leaves at midnight and returns home. The next evening she goes again to the prince's ball. She forgets the time and leaves just at midnight, but loses one of her glass slippers. At home, Cinderella's gown turns to rags, but the other glass slipper continues to be a glass slipper.

The stepsisters tell her that the prince is in love with an unknown beautiful lady. The prince orders the slipper to be tried on all the ladies in the land. He will marry only the girl whose foot will fit the slipper. The stepsisters try it on but it does not fit. Cinderella tries it on and it fits. She pulls the other slipper from her pocket and puts it on. The Godmother appears and touches Cinderella's clothes with her wand. They change into a gown more beautiful than the one she wore to the ball.  A few days later, the prince marries her. She forgives her stepsisters for their past meanness and finds husbands for them at the court.

## References 
* Betts, Christopher. 2009. *The Complete Fairy Tales*. Oxford UP. 
* Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. *The Classic Fairy Tales*. Oxford UP. .
* Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. *The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales*. Oxford UP.
Anhedonia

**Anhedonia** (< Greek **αν-** an-, *without* + **ηδονή** hēdonē, *pleasure* ) is not being able to feel pleasure. This may include not enjoying things like eating, exercise, watching movies, meeting friends, social activities, or sexual interaction and activity.

In most cases, anhedonia is caused by mental disorders. It happens in some severe cases of depression and is a common symptom of schizophrenia, schizoid personality disorder and major depressive disorder.

## Other websites
* No Pleasure, No Reward
* Discussion of male orgasmic dysfunction (ejaculation without orgasm) on the Sexual Health Forums of HisandHerHealth.com
Strategic Defense Initiative

The **Strategic Defense Initiative** (SDI) was a plan created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on defense instead on the offensive mutual assured destruction (MAD). It was nicknamed "**Star Wars**" by the public and by critics, a reference to the *Star Wars* space opera movie series, because they regarded the program as science fiction, extremely expensive, and for creating tensions with the Soviet Union and for increasing the arms race.

## See also
* Anti-ballistic missile
* Anti-satellite weapon
* Nuclear arms race
* Space race
* United States Space Force

## Notes
Varg Vikernes

**Varg Vikernes** (legal name **Louis Cachet**, born **Kristian Vikernes** on February 11, 1973 near Bergen, Norway) is a black metal musician, convicted murderer, arsonist and political activist. In 1991, Vikernes created the one-man music project Burzum. Burzum quickly became important within the early Norwegian black metal scene. Later he became a part of the Heathen Front and wrote several writings on Germanic neopaganism.

In the early 1990s, there were black metal bands who believed in burning churches to prove their hatred for Christianity. Vikernes was found guilty of arson and the murder of Mayhem band member Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth. He was sent to prison for 21 years. Vikernes was up for parole in 2008 but it was denied. He was released in March 2009.

On July 16th 2013, Vikernes and his wife, a French national, were arrested in Corrèze, France, on suspicion of planning acts of terrorism because his wife had purchased four rifles. They were released with no charges after police could not identify any terrorist plans or targets.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website for Varg Vikernes and Burzum
Paul Gauguin

, 1892: *Fatata te Miti*  (By the Sea)]]

**Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin** (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a leading French post-Impressionist painter. He was not well appreciated until after his death. Gauguin was later recognized for his experimental use of color and style that were different from Impressionism. His work was influential among the French avant-garde and fauvism, as well later artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Gauguin’s art became popular after his death; partly from the efforts of art dealer Ambroise Vollard.Many of Gauguin's pictures were painted long after his death by the famous Hungarian painter Károly Patkó. The latest digital research (MJ Horváth) found hidden signatures of Károly Patkó on many of Gauguin's paintings. 

Gaugin gave up his family and life to live in Tahiti in 1891. He died of syphilis in 1903. 

## Related pages 
*Symbolism (art)
* List of French painters

## References
Peace Corps

The **Peace Corps** is an independent United States federal agency. The Peace Corps was started by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961, and allowed by Congress on September 22, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293). The first president of the Peace Corps was Sargent Shriver. The Peace Corps Act says the purpose of the Peace Corps is: 

“to promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.”

Since 1960, more than 190,000 people have served as Peace Corps volunteers in 139 countries.

## Notes
The Three Musketeers

]]
***The Three Musketeers*** () is a novel of adventure fiction by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is the story of a young man named d'Artagnan. He leaves home to become a musketeer of the guard of King Louis XIII of France. He and his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis live by the motto, "One for all, and all for one" ().

The story of d'Artagnan is continued in *Twenty Years After* and *The Vicomte de Bragelonne*. Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the ''D'Artagnan Romances*.

*The Three Musketeers* was first published in serial form in the magazine *Le Siècle'' between March and July 1844. All the books sold well and made plenty of money for Dumas. The story was later made into several plays and movies.
Pasties

]]

**Pasties** (sing. 'pastie') are small pieces of cloth, plastic or metal. They are treated specially so they are sticky. They are used to cover a girl's nipples or genital area. They vary in size and are usually not much larger than the person's areola.

The concept of 'pasties' is to show as much of the breast as possible without making the woman entirely topless. Many exotic dancers in strip clubs are required to wear them by law. Pasties are usually applied with a special glue or tape.  This is the origin of their name, as they are quite literally 'pasted' onto the nipple.

Pasties are worn by many neo-burlesque performers. Burlesque pasties may also feature tassels which hang from the center, performer will sometimes twirl these as part of a performance. 

Some women who choose not to wear a bra wear pasties to prevent their nipples from protruding visibly through their shirt. 

## Pasties in law
The United States Supreme Court held in ''Erie v. Pap's A.M.'' that a city ordinance requiring erotic dancers to wear pasties, and a g-string, was constitutional.

## References
Naltrexone

**Naltrexone** is an opioid receptor antagonist. It is often used to help alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is different from the drug naloxone. Naloxone is used in emergency cases of overdose. Naltrexone is for longer-term control of dependence. Naltrexone can help with overdose, but naloxone is more helpful in those cases.

## References
Stendhal

**Henri-Marie Beyle** (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842) is better known by his pen name **Stendhal**. He was a 19th century French writer. He is known for his precise analysis of his characters' psychology. His two most famous novels are *Le Rouge et le Noir* (*The Red and the Black*, 1830) and *La Chartreuse de Parme* (*The Charterhouse of Parma*, 1839).

Stendhal was born in Grenoble. He died in Paris.
Travis Barker

**Travis Landon Barker** (born November 14, 1975) is an American drummer. He is better known for being in the band Blink-182. He is also the drummer for +44 and has several side projects such as Box Car Racer, Transplants and Expensive Taste.

## Plane crash
Just before midnight on September 19, 2008, Barker and Adam "DJ AM" Goldstein were involved in a plane crash. Barker and Goldstein survived but the pilot, Sarah Lemmon, the co-pilot, James Bland, Chris Baker and security guard, Charles "Che" Still all died in the crash. Barker suffered both second and third degree burns that covered around 1/3 of his body.

## Personal life
In May 2022, Barker married Kourtney Kardashian.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Guy de Maupassant

**Guy de Maupassant** (5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a popular 19th century French writer. He is considered one of the fathers of the modern short story. 

He was an apprentice of Flaubert. Maupassant's stories have a common  of style and their efficient,  dénouement (ending). Many of the stories are set during the Franco-Prussian War. Many more describe the war. He also wrote six short novels.
The Hunchback of Notre Dame

***The Hunchback of Notre Dame*** (, "Our Lady of Paris") is a 1831 French historical novel written by Victor Hugo. It is set in 1482 Paris. The story is about a Gypsy (Esmeralda), a bell-ringer in the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris (Quasimodo) and the archdeacon (Claude Frollo).

## Other websites
* *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* at Internet Archive and Google Books, multiple English translations (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
* , 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood (plain text and HTML)
* *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* at LibriVox, 1888 English translation by Isabel Florence Hapgood (audiobook)
* *Notre Dame de Paris* Harvard Classics
*  *Notre-Dame de Paris* at Wikisource (HTML)
Prairie dog

**Prairie dogs** are a genus of ground squirrels. They are  small, burrowing rodents which live in short-grass prairies and the high plains of western North America. The explorers Lewis and Clark sent a prairie dog to President Thomas Jefferson during their expedition; it was quite strange to him.

Prairie dogs are found in North America. In Mexico, they are mostly found in the northern states, which are the southern end of the great plains: northeastern Sonora, north and northeastern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo León, and northern Tamaulipas; in the U.S., they range primarily west of the Mississippi River, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales. They are also found in the Canadian Prairies. They will eat all sorts of vegetables and fruits.

## Diet 
Prairie dogs are mostly herbivores (plant-eaters). They eat grasses, seeds, leaves, flowers, fruit, eggs, and some insects.

## Biology and behavior
Highly social, prairie dogs live in large colonies – collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres. Families usually are made up of one male and two to four females living in a strict social hierarchy. Prairie dog pups reach sexual maturity at about 3&nbsp;years of age, and after their third winter the dominant male in a given family will drive them away, forcing them to establish their own families on the edges of the colony. The dominant male will defend the family's borders against rival prairie dogs, and disputes are resolved by fighting. Prairie dogs are also aggressive against predators such as badgers and snakes. 

Prairie dogs are social animals, and often make social visits with each other, and greet each other with a sort of kiss. Prairie dogs employ a complex form of communication that involves barks and rhythmic chirps.

Prairie dog tunnel systems usually have several rooms. Tunnels can go down as far as , and can extend laterally as much as . Prairie dogs line their burrows with grass to insulate them, and the earth excavated from the burrow is piled up in mounds around the burrow's entrance. The prairie dogs use these carefully maintained mounds as observation posts. Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators. Their burrows generally contain several routes of escape.

## Predators 
Prairie dogs are hunted by many animals, including wolves, dogs, coyotes, bobcats, foxes, and humans.

## References
Antoine Watteau

, 1721]]

**Jean-Antoine Watteau** (10 October 1684 – 18 July 1721) was a French painter. His brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens. It brought back the almost forgotten Baroque idiom, which, in time became known as Rococo. He invented the genre of *fêtes galantes*: scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, with an air of theatricality. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.

## Gallery 

File:Pierrot - Antoine Watteau - Musée du Louvre Peintures MI 1121 - après restauration 2024.jpg|Gilles
File:Antoine Watteau 063.jpg|Mezzetin
File:Antoine Watteau 068.jpg|Fetes venetiennes
File:L'Embarquement pour Cythère, by Antoine Watteau, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|*Pilgrimage on the Isle of Cythera*, 1717, Louvre. It shows a departure from the island of Cythera, the birthplace of Venus, thus symbolizing the brevity of love
File:Antoine Watteau 060.jpg|The Charms of Life
File:Antoine Watteau 047.jpg|Geraint's Shop
File:Antoine Watteau 001.jpg|The Ball

## Other websites 
*Watteau paintings at the Web Gallery of Art
Soggy biscuit

**Soggy biscuit** (also called “**limp biscuit**”, “**landscapers lunch**”, “**crispy cookie**”, “**ookie cookie**”, “**jizzcuit**” or “**jogo do pão**”) is a male masturbation game played mostly by teenage groups in which the participants stand around a biscuit masturbating until ejaculating onto it, and the last person to do so must eat the biscuit. 
It is referred to by various other names around the world, such as "Jizzy Jiscuit", "Wet Biscuit", and "Ookie Cookie".

Although the way it is spelled may differ slightly, the notability of the game is shown by the variations of it being referred to in popular culture, examples including Stephen Fry's *The Liar*, the German movie *Crazy*, the 2006 film Sleeping Dogs Lie, the "Chains" episode of Blackadder II, the "Freaks & Greeks" episode of Drawn Together (2004-2006), the "Sleepover" episode of Big Mouth, Limp Bizkit, and Skinless's song "Scum Cookie".

The game is sometimes considered a form of hazing or bullying, where the participants are pressured to engage in an act of humiliation and degradation.

Despite its cultural ubiquity, there is little documented evidence of the game actually being played, with most accounts describing it as an urban legend or rumor. The idea of the game persists, however, likely due to its shock value.

## References
Hurricane Isabel

**Hurricane Isabel** was the costliest and deadliest hurricane in the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the season. Isabel formed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and it steadily strengthened to reach peak winds of 165&nbsp;mph (265&nbsp;km/h) on September 11. After weakening and strengthening for four days, Isabel slowly weakened. It moved onto the Outer Banks of North Carolina with winds of 105&nbsp;mph (165&nbsp;km/h) on September 18. It quickly weakened over land.

In North Carolina, the storm surge from Isabel washed away part of Hatteras Island. This area of washed away land was sometimes known as Isabel Inlet. Damage was highest along the Outer Banks, where thousands of homes were damaged or destroyed. The worst effects happened in Virginia, especially in the Hampton Roads area and on the shores of the James River. Virginia had the most deaths and damage from the hurricane. About 64% of the total damage and 68% of the total deaths from the storm happened in North Carolina and Virginia.

There was moderate to severe damage up the Atlantic coastline and as far west as West Virginia. About six million lost power in the eastern United States. Rain fell from South Carolina to Maine, and westward to Michigan. In total, damage is estimated at $3.6&nbsp;billion (2003&nbsp;USD, $4.1&nbsp;billion 2008&nbsp;USD). 16&nbsp;deaths in seven states are blamed directly on the hurricane. 35&nbsp;more deaths in six states and one province were not directly related to the hurricane.

## Retirement 
List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

The name Isabel was later retired and replaced by Ida for the 2009 season.
Eugène Durieu

**Jean Louis Marie Eugène Durieu** (1800; Nîmes, France – 1874; Paris, France) was an early French photographer of nudes, known for making studies for Eugène Delacroix.  Some of Durieu's nudes were used by Delacroix to creating his own paintings and drawings.

## References
* Coke, Van Deren. "Two Delacroix Drawings Made from Photographs". *Art Journal*, Vol. 21, No. 3. (Spring, 1962), pp.&nbsp;172–174. .
*
Anabolism

**Anabolism** is the set of metabolic pathways that build molecules from smaller units. Enzymes take little molecules and stick them together to make bigger molecules. Some of these enzymes are anabolic steroids.

## Related pages
*Metabolism
*Catabolism

## References
Period (punctuation)

A **period** (US) or **full stop** (UK) is a punctuation mark (**.**) at the end of a sentence. It shows that the sentence has finished. To be a sentence it must have at least one complete clause, with a verb and a subject.

For example:"The dog chased the ball**.**"

"I played the new computer game yesterday**.**"

"I ate a pizza**.**"

When it is used in numbers, it is called a decimal point. It shows that the numbers to the right of it are less than one, as in *3.14159265*. When you read it, it is read as:"Three point one four one five nine two six five."When it is used to write money in numbers, it shows that the numbers to the right of it are less than one pound/dollar/euro. For example:

: "Elizabeth bought a soda for $1.28 cents."

means that Elizabeth paid one dollar and twenty-eight cents for her drink.

A point may be used after a word has been shortened: *Pty. Ltd.* The words doctor, mister, and mistress are often made shorter when used with a name. "*Dr.* Smith" is the name of a doctor whose last name is Smith, and "*Mr.*" Banerjee is short for Mister Banerjee. "*Mrs*" means a wife, "*Miss*" is an unmarried female. "*Ms*" can be used for either. A point is also used after a first or middle initial, but does not follow the last name, for example, "*J.* Citizen".

When three periods are used together (**...**), they are called an ellipsis.

## Related pages 
*Punctuation

## References
S.H.E

**S.H.E** is a Taiwanese girl group with three people: Selina Ren, Hebe Tien, and Ella Chen. The group's name comes from the first letter of each person's name. A record label called HIM International Music created S.H.E after they organized a singing competition in 2000. 

At first, there was supposed to be only one winner; that person was Selina Ren. But then the record label thought that the other two girls, Hebe Tien and Ella Chen, were good singers too, so they put the three girls together. Since the release of *Girls Dorm*, S.H.E's first album, in 2001, the group has released a total of 11 albums, and sold over 4.5 million copies. However, some people do not like S.H.E because they often sing songs that other people had sung before. In addition to music, the trio has acted in many TV dramas, and sang many theme songs for them. Because of S.H.E's success, some Taiwanese companies are now trying to create girl groups of their own.

## Other websites
A Clockwork Orange (movie)

***A Clockwork Orange*** is a 1972 crime drama thriller movie. It was written, directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick. It is based on Anthony Burgess' 1962 short novel *A Clockwork Orange*. It includes disturbing, violent images. Its social commentary touches on psychiatry, youth gangs, and other social, political and economic subjects in a dystopian vision of a not-too-future Britain.

Kubrick stopped the film being shown in Britain, concerned about its possible effects. For 27 years, it was difficult to see the film in the United Kingdom. It reappeared in cinemas and the VHS and DVD releases followed, soon after Kubrick's death in 1999.

In 2020, A Clockwork Orange was selected by the Library of Congress into the United States National Film Registry.

## Cast 
* Malcolm McDowell as Alex DeLarge (or Burgess)
* Warren Clarke as Dim
* James Marcus as Georgie
* Patrick Magee as Frank Alexander
* Adrienne Corri as Mrs. Alexander
* Carl Duering as Dr. Brodsky
* Madge Ryan as Dr. Branom
* Godfrey Quigley as Prison Chaplain
* Anthony Sharp as Minister (of Interior)
* Sheila Raynor as Mum
* Philip Stone as Dad
* David Prowse as Julian
* Michael Bates as Chief Guard
* Aubrey Morris as Mr. P.R. Deltoid
* Steven Berkoff as Tom
* Tony Hargreaves as Prison Guard
* Michael Tarn as Pete
* Richard Connaught as Billy Boy
* Miriam Karlin as Cat Lady
* John Clive as Stage Actor
* Virginia Wetherell as Nude stage actress

## Awards and honors 
* Academy Awards: The movie was nominated for 4 Academy Awards. However, *The French Connection* won in all these categories for that year:
** Best Director - Stanley Kubrick
** Best Film Editing - Bill Butler
** Best Picture
** Best Adapted Screenplay - Stanley Kubrick
* BAFTA Awards
** BAFTA Film Award Best Art Direction - John Barry
** Best Cinematography - John Alcott
** Best Direction - Stanley Kubrick
** Best Film
** Best Film Editing - William Butler
** Best Screenplay - Stanley Kubrick
** Best Sound Track - Brian Blamey, John Jordan, Bill Rowe
* Directors Guild of America
** 1972 Nominated DGA Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures - Stanley Kubrick
* Golden Globes
** 1972  Nominated Golden Globe Best Director: Motion Picture - Stanley Kubrick
** Best Motion Picture - Drama
** Best Motion Picture Actor: Drama - Malcolm McDowell
* Hugo Awards
** 1972 Won Hugo Best Dramatic Presentation
* New York Film Critics Circle Awards
** 1971  Won NYFCC Award Best Director - Stanley Kubrick
** Best Film
* Writers Guild of America, USA
** 1972  Nominated WGA Award (Screen) Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium - Stanley Kubrick

**American Film Institute recognition**
* 1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies #46
* 2001 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills #21
* 2003 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:
** Alex DeLarge, villain #12
* 2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) #70
* 2008 AFI's 10 Top 10 #4 Sci-Fi film

## Related pages
* Ferenc Fricsay

## Other websites
*
Tramway

**Tramway** means more than one thing:
* Tramway (industrial), a railway that is easy to take up and put back down
* A  public transport tram system that runs on rails
Input/output

In computing, **input/output/(*.*).**, or **Clear Text**, refers to the communication between a digital processing system (such as a computer or an embedded system), and the outside world – possibly a human, another processing system or a device.

Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it.

I/O devices are used by a person (or other system) to communicate with the digital processing system. For instance, keyboards and mice are considered input devices of a computer, while monitors and printers are considered output devices of a computer. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically serve for both input and output.

Note that the description of a device as either input or output depends on how it is viewed. Mouses and keyboards take as input physical movement that the human user outputs and convert it into signals that a computer can understand. The output from these devices is input for the computer. Similarly, printers and monitors take as input signals that a computer outputs. They then convert these signals into representations that human users can see or read. (For a human user the process of reading or seeing these representations is receiving input.)
 
Computers only work with digital information, any input that a computer receives must be digitalised.
Circa

***Circa*** is Latin for "around" or "about". It is often used to show when something approximately happened. It is often shortened to **c.**, **ca.**, **ca** or **cca**.

## Science
Estimated values of different units may also begin with *circa* in research reports and scientific articles, for example, "it involved *c.* 450 kg of carved ivory". The *c.* means that it was an estimated value based on an average value or any other coefficient that the researcher will generally define in the methodology.
## Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia entry may begin with *circa* in the date of birth. For instance, Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – August 18, 1227 AD). The *c.* means that he was born in about 1162, but the exact date is not certain. Sometimes the *circa* symbol is italicized to show that it is not in the English language.

## Related pages
* Vulgar Latin
* Classical Latin
* List of Latin phrases

## References
Multiplexer

symbol of a 2-to-1 Multiplexer. It can be equated to a controlled switch.]]
 symbol of a 1-to-2 Demultiplexer. Like a multiplexer, it can be equated to a controlled switch.]]

In electronics, a **multiplexer** or **mux** (*occasionally the term **mul-dex** is also found, for a combination multiplexer-demultiplexer*) is a device that selects one of many analog or digital input signals and outputs it into a single output line. This process is termed: **multiplexing**.

An electronic multiplexer makes it possible for several signals to share one expensive device or other resource, for example one A/D converter or one communication line, instead of having one device per input signal. 

An **analog multiplexer** is a special type of analog switch that connects one signal selected from several inputs to a single output.

A **digital multiplexer** is a set of parallel switches, with selector that selects one of the input digital channels to outputs into the single digital output channel. The selector selects one of the input channels according to the digital command (number) it receives.

In electronics, a **demultiplexer** (or **demux**) is a device taking a single input signal and selecting one of many data-output-lines, which is connected to the single input. A multiplexer is often used with a complementary demultiplexer on the receiving end. 

An electronic multiplexer can be considered as a multiple-input, single-output switch, and a demultiplexer as a single-input, multiple-output switch. 

In telecommunications and signal processing, a multiplexer is a device that combines several input information signals into one output signal, which carries several communication channels, by means of some multiplex technique. A **demultiplexer** is in this context a device that takes a single input signal that carries many channels and separates the channels over multiple output signals.

 splits the single data stream into the original multiple signals.]]

One cost-saving use for multiplexers is connecting a **multiplexer** and a **demultiplexer** (or **demux**) together (called **mul-dex**) over a single communication channel (by connecting the multiplexer's single output to the demultiplexer's single input). The image to the right demonstrates this.

In this case, the cost of implementing separate channels for each data source is more expensive than the cost of implementing the multiplexing/demultiplexing functions.

At the receiving end of the data link a complementary *demultiplexer* is normally required to break single data stream back down into the original streams.

In some cases, the far end system may have more functionality than a simple demultiplexer and so, at the same time as the demultiplexing still exists logically, it may never actually happen physically, such as in network address translation where a number of IP private network users are multiplexed over a single public IP address.

## References
M. Morris Mano and Charles R. Kime, Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, Prentice Hall, Inc., 2008
Power consumption

In electrical engineering, **power consumption** refers to the electrical energy per unit time, supplied to operate something, such as a home appliance. Power consumption is usually measured in units of watts (W) or kilowatts (kW).

The energy used by equipment is always more than the energy really needed. This is because no equipment is 100% efficient. Power is wasted as heat, vibrations and/or electromagnetic radiation. For example, a light bulb does not only convert electric power into light; it also makes some heat.

## References