open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bean machine

The **bean machine**, also known as the **quincunx** or **Galton box**, is a machine invented by Sir Francis Galton to demonstrate the law of error and the normal distribution.

The machine consists of a vertical board with interleaved rows of pins. Balls are dropped from the top, and bounce left and right as they hit the pins. Eventually, they are collected into one-ball-wide bins at the bottom. The height of ball columns in the bins approximates a bell curve.

Overlaying Pascal's triangle onto the pins shows the number of different paths that can be taken to get to each pin. 

A large-scale working model of this device can be seen at the Museum of Science, Boston.
Regression analysis

**Regression analysis** is a field of statistics. It is a tool to show the relationship between the inputs and the outputs of a system. Regression analysis is often used for prediction of trends. It is also used for studying whether one thing causes another.  

The first type of regression analysis was linear regression. The method of least squares was first published by Legendre in 1805 and in 1809 by Gauss. Both used the method to predict the movement of planets around the sun. Gauss published an improved method in 1821. 
## Related pages 
* Correlation
* Regression toward the mean

## References
North Carolina State University

**North Carolina State University** is a public college in Raleigh, North Carolina. It has about 31,000 students. It is the largest public college in North Carolina and the flagship school for engineering, design, and agriculture. 

## History
The university was started in 1887. It was called the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.

## Sports
NC State sports date back to 1900. The student body (which includes athletes!) is known as the "Wolfpack". This is because the students who watch the games are said to be rabid with support, like a pack of wolves! 

NC State boasts the largest public stadium in the North Carolina. Carter Finley Stadium routinely packs in over 50,000. 

The three most popular sports to watch around the school and around Raleigh are Wolfpack Women's Basketball, Wolfpack Men's Basketball, and Wolfpack football. The three most hated sports are UNC basketball, UNC football, and Duke basketball.  

## Famous people who went to North Carolina State
*John Edwards, who was a United States Senator from North Carolina and ran for Vice President in 2004
*Philip Rivers, former quarterback of the San Diego Chargers
*Russel Wilson, former quarterback for the Wisconsin Badgers, Seattle Seahawks
*Zach Galafanakis, Comedian (*Last Man On Earth, Between Two Ferns, The Hangover)*
*Christina Koch, Astronaut (Outer Space)
*Bill Burr, Comedian

## References
## Other websites
*
Monash Freeway

The **Monash Freeway** is a major freeway in Melbourne. It lets cars drive from the CBD to the south-eastern suburbs.

## Exits and intersections
Fingerprint

A **fingerprint** is a trace of a human finger left on a surface. Human fingers have small structures on them (like mountains and valleys). These structures are unique in every human; they can be used as means of identification.

There are many different ways to take fingerprints. Forensic scientists use these techniques to identify a person.

Electronic fingerprint scanners became widespread in the early 21st century.

## Related pages
* Face detection
Princes Freeway

**The Princes Freeway** is a freeway in Victoria, Australia. It links Geelong, Victoria to Traralgon, Victoria, via Melbourne, Victoria.

## Interchanges 
### Western section
### Eastern section
Sewall Wright

**Sewall Green Wright** (21 December 1889 – 3 March 1988) was an American geneticist. He was a founder of population genetics, and contributed to evolutionary theory. He also did original work in statistics in a field called path analysis. 

With R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane, he was a founder of theoretical population genetics. He is the discoverer of the inbreeding coefficient and of methods of computing it in pedigrees. He extended this work to populations, calculating the degree of inbreeding of members of populations as a result of random genetic drift. Together with Fisher, he pioneered methods for calculating the distribution of gene frequencies among  populations as a result of the interaction of natural selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift.  The work of Fisher, Wright, and Haldane on theoretical population genetics was a major step in the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis of genetics with evolution. Wright also made contributions to mammalian genetics and biochemical genetics.

## Genetic drift 
What appears to happen in evolution is that the rate of change in any organism varies a lot. There seem to be times when change is rapid, and times when almost no change occurs. 
Wright tried to explain *stasis*, which is when no visible change occurs. His explanation was that organisms come to occupy *adaptive peaks*. In order to evolve to another, higher peak, the species would first have to pass through a valley of maladaptive intermediate stages. In other words, they get stuck on one peak, and can't get to another because getting there would make them less competitive.

Wright though getting to another peak might be possible. It might happen by genetic drift if the population is small enough. If a species was divided into small populations, some could find higher peaks. If there was some gene flow between the populations, these adaptations could spread to the rest of the species. This was Wright's *shifting balance theory* of evolution. There has been much skepticism among evolutionary biologists as to whether this happens in natural populations. Wright had a long standing and sometimes bitter debate about this with R.A. Fisher, who felt that most populations in nature were too large for the effects of genetic drift to be important. Research by Dobzhansky and E.B. Ford showed that natural selection in the field was a much stronger force that Wright had expected. Wright's own biographer now doubts the validity of Wright's idea.

## Anecdote 
An anecdote about Wright, disclaimed by Wright himself, describes a lecture during which Wright tucked an unruly guinea pig under his armpit, where he usually held a chalkboard eraser: at the end of the lecture, Wright absent-mindedly erased the blackboard with the guinea pig.

## References 
* Wright, Sewall. 1984. *Evolution and the genetics of populations: genetics and biometric foundations*, 4 volumes. Chicago.
Tartan

**Tartan** is a pattern that has criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in many different colors.

## Related pages
*Tartan Day, is a day set aside for the celebration of the Scottish influence on North America, Australia and New Zealand, but not celebrated in Scotland itself. It is the anniversary of the Declaration of Arbroath.
*Tartanry

## Other websites 
* Online Tartan Designer Online photorealistic tartan designer
* Kilts & Tartan Made Easy , free ebook by Nicholas Fiddes
* Scottish Tartans Authority, an industry-supported Scottish charity
* Tartan Finder all recorded and woven tartans, search by name or color
* Online Tartan Creator
* Online Tartan Designer
Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth

is an adventure video game that Capcom released for the Nintendo DS game console. It is a spin-off of the *Ace Attorney* games starring Miles Edgeworth and Dick Gumshoe, two main characters in the series.

## Gameplay 
*Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth* plays differently from the other games. The games in the *Ace Attorney* series are courtroom dramas, but *Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth* focuses on pointing and clicking around the area, moving Edgeworth around the crime scenes to find evidence.

## Development 
When it was being developed, it was called *NEW Gyakuten NOT Saiban* because it used the same setting and characters, but different gameplay. It is being directed by Tsuyoshi Yamazaki instead of Shu Takumi, who directed the other games were. By April 2008, they said that the game was 40% complete.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Gyakuten Kenji's official web site
The Art of War

***The Art of War*** () is an ancient Chinese military text that was written by Sun Tzu, a high-ranking military general, strategist, and Taoist philosopher over 2,500 years ago. The text contains 13 chapters, each of which covers an aspect of warfare.

It is one of the earliest books on Chinese warfare. It remains one of the best known and most influential books ever written. 

Translations of the book were first read in Japan and Korea. The oldest copy from Japan dates to the 8th century. *The Art of War* was first translated into Russian in 1950. The Russians' knowledge of French culture makes it probable that they had copies in French much earlier.

## Changing rules 
When Sun Tzu first wrote *The Art of War*, it was not the first book on military tactics. He quotes from *The Book of Military Administration* by Chun Cheng. The quote is limited to the use of signal flags and drums to move soldiers. Chun's book has not d and so little is known of what else was in it. The rules were based on chivalry.

Sun Tzu refused to see war as a sport. He used Taoist principles and applied them to warfare. In doing this he changed the rules of war. Unlike generals who enjoyed long campaigns, he understood that war is serious. Sun Tzu believed that once a war started, the goal was to defeat the enemy. Sun Tzu was  in that he did not follow the prevailing wisdom of his time. Other generals were simply unprepared for Sun Tzu's s. Sun Tzu mastered the art of being  in warfare.

## David and Goliath 
In situations where a smaller weaker force is faced with a stronger larger force, Sun Tzu's tactics are very often successful. David and Goliath is a Biblical story of a weaker shepherd boy facing a giant who is a skilled warrior. David uses an unconventional weapon and slays Goliath. David refused to fight by Goliath's rules. The political scientist Ivan Arreguín-Toft did s on wars. He discovered that about a third of the time the weaker country actually wins.

*The Art of War* is credited by Mao Zedong as having helped him defeat Chiang Kai-Shek during the Chinese Civil War. Ho Chi Minh was a fan of Sun Tzu. He led communist North Vietnam in their fight against American-backed South Vietnam. American Generals Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. and Colin Powell followed Sun Tzu's princples during the Gulf War.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Art of War by Sun Tzu, Translated by Lionel Giles 
* The Art of War, Facts and Significance
* *The Art of War on Modern World*, by Edward Rico M. Tj on r2plan.com
Super Metroid

is an adventure video game developed by R&D1 and Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Super NES game console. It's the third game released in the *Metroid* series.
Jeff Tesreau

**Charles Monroe "Jeff" Tesreau** (March 5, 1888 - October 24, 1946) was an American baseball player. Tesreau signed with a Minor League Baseball team of the St. Louis Browns in 1909.  In 1911, his contract was bought by the New York Giants where he played Major League Baseball with.

## Other websites 
*Biography of Jeff Tesreau
Rock Band (video game)

***Rock Band*** is a music video game developed by Harmonix Music Systems, published by MTV Games, and distributed by EA Distribution. It was released on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, and the Wii.

This game comes with a guitar controller, a drum set, and a microphone. Up to four people can play the game on the screen, playing drums, vocals, bass, keyboard and guitar.

## References
University at Buffalo

The **State University of New York at Buffalo** is a public university in Buffalo, New York. It is the largest university in a group called the "State University of New York" or "SUNY."

## Sports
The Buffalo Bulls are the sports teams that play for the university at Buffalo. The NCAA Division I teams play in the Mid-American Conference. Their colors are blue and white. The mascot name is Victor E. Bull.

The football team plays in UB Stadium. Basketball plays in Alumni Arena. Baseball is played at Amherst Audubon Field.

## References
*
Excelsior of Brooklyn

The **Brooklyn Excelsiors** were an amateur baseball team that played in Brooklyn, New York. They formed in 1854.

## Other websites 
*19th Century Baseball
*BR Bullpen
Heiko Westermann

**Heiko Westermann** (born August 14, 1983 in Wasserlos, Germany) is a former German footballer.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Westermann goal.''

## Honours
**Ajax**
* UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2017

**Germany**
* UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008

## References
Procyonidae

**Procyonidae** is a family of the order Carnivora. The **Procyonids** originally lived in the Americas.

## Taxonomy
* Family **Procyonidae**
** Subfamily **Potosinae**
*** Genus *Potos*: Kinkajous
**** Kinkajou, *Potos flavus*
*** Genus *Bassaricyon*: Olingos
**** Allen's Olingo, *Bassaricyon alleni*
**** Beddard's Olingo, *Bassaricyon beddardi*
**** Bushy-tailed Olingo or Gabbi's Olingo, *Bassaricyon gabbii*
**** Harris's Olingo, *Bassaricyon lasius*
**** Chiriqui Olingo, *Bassaricyon pauli*
** Subfamily **Procyoninae**
*** Genus *Procyon*: Raccoons
**** Crab-eating Raccoon, *Procyon cancrivorus*
**** Tres Marias Raccoon, *Procyon insularis*
**** Common Raccoon, *Procyon lotor*
*** Genus *Nasua*: Coatis
**** Coatimundi or Ringtailed Coati, *Nasua nasua*
**** White-nosed Coati, *Nasua narica*
**** Cozumel Island Coati, *Nasua nelsoni*
*** Genus *Nasuella*: Mountain Coatis
**** Mountain Coati, *Nasuella olivacea*
*** Genus *Bassariscus*: Ringtails and Cacomistles
**** Ringtail, *Bassariscus astutus*
**** Cacomistle, *Bassariscus sumichrasti*

## Other websites
Caniformia

**Caniformia** is a suborder of the order Carnivora. It contains all the dog-like mammals: Unlike the cat-like Feliformia, these animals have claws that are unable to contract. This group contains bears, seals, and true dogs, and more. 

The other suborder of Carnivora is the cat-like Feliformia.

## Classification 
* Suborder **Caniformia** ("dog-like")
** Infraorder Cynoidea
*** Family Canidae Dogs,wolves, and foxes
**Infraorder Arctoidea
*** Family Ursidae: Bears
*** Parvorder Mustelida 
**** Superfamily Musteloidea
***** Family Ailuridae: Red Panda
***** Family Mephitidae: Skunks
***** Family Mustelidae: Weasels, Otters, and Badgers
***** Family Procyonidae: Raccoons
**** Clade Pinnipedia
***** Superfamily Otarioidea
****** Family Odobenidae: Walruses
****** Family Otariidae: Eared seals
***** Family Phocidae: Earless seals

### Cladogram 
## Other websites 
* Taxonomicon
Attribute-value system

An **attribute-value system** is a basic knowledge representation framework comprising a table with **columns** designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions," "characteristics" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and **rows** designating "objects" (also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements" or "dependent variables.").  Each table cell therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object.

## Example of attribute-value system
Below is a sample attribute-value system.  It represents 10 objects (rows) and five features (columns).  In this example, the table contains only integer values.  In general, an attribute-value system may contain any kind of data, numeric or otherwise.  An attribute-value system is distinguished from a simple "feature list" representation in that each feature in an attribute-value system may possess a range of values (e.g., feature P_{1} below, which has domain of {0,1,2}), rather than simply being *present* or *absent* 

:

## Other terms used for "attribute-value system"
Attribute-value systems are pervasive throughout many different literatures, and have been discussed under many different names:
**Flat data*
**Spreadsheet*
**Attribute-value system* (Ziarko & Shan 1996)
**Information system* (Pawlak 1981)
**Classification system* (Ziarko 1998)
**Knowledge representation system* (Wong & Ziarko 1986)
**Information table* (Yao & Yao 2002)
**Object-predicate table* (Watanabe 1985)
**Aristotelian table* (Watanabe 1985)
**Simple frames* 
**First normal form* database

## Related pages
*Bayes networks
*Entity-Attribute-Value model
*Joint distribution
*Knowledge representation
*Optimal classification
*Rough set

## References 
* 

*

*

*

*

*

*

*
Ormuri

**Ormuri** () is an East Iranian language spoken in the city of Kaniguram in Pakistan. It may also be spoken by a few people in Logar, Afghanistan. It is notable for its unusual sound . This includes a voiceless alveolar trill and voiced and unvoiced alveolo-palatal fricatives.

## References
Sindhi language

**Sindhi** (سنڌي, *Sindhī*) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Sindh region of the Indian subcontinent, which is a province of Pakistan. It is spoken by about 41 million people in Pakistan and 2 million in the Republic of India.

## Dialects 
Sindhi has many dialects like:

* **Uttaradi**: spoken in Uttar north region of Sindh.
* **Vicholi**: spoken in central region of Sindh. It is the standard and literary dialect of Sindhi.
* **Lari**: it is spoken in "Lar" region of Sindh.
* **Lasi**: spoken mainly in Lasbela district of balochistan, also spoken in Kirthar mountains of Sindh, in Sindh it is called as Kohistani. 
* **Siroli/Siraiki**: it is spoken in small numbers throughout Sindh, but mainly in northmost Sindh districts along the border of South Punjab. 
* **Thareli**: spoken north eastern thar desert called Nara desert, but mainly spoken in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India. 
* **Jadgali**: this dialect of Sindhi is spoken in balochistan region of Pakistan and Iran, while some speakers are also found in Oman. 

## Related pages
*Languages of Pakistan

## References
## Other websites 
* Sindhi Tutorial 
* SindhiLanguage.com
* Sindhi Script History and Script
* Daily Sindh Hyderabad A Newspaper in sindhi Language
Pope Pius XII

**Pope Pius XII** (; ), born **Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli** (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 261st Pope from 1939 to 1958.

## Early life 
Pacelli was born on 2 March 1876 in Rome, Italy. He studied at the Capranica Seminary and the Pontifical Gregorian University. In 1895, he earned a degree in Theology.

## Priest
Pacelli was ordained as a priest on 2 April 1899. In 1904, he was raised to the rank of Monsignor.  He worked at the Office of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs.

In February 1930, Cardinal Pacelli became the Vatican Secretary of State.

## Pope
Cardinal Pacelli was elected Pope on 2 March 1939, which was his 63th birthday.

Pius  XII wrote forty-one official papal letters (encylicals).

Pius XII named forty-two new cardinals.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites 
* Vatican webpage, Pius XII biography 
* Critical Online Edition of the Nuncial Reports of Eugenio Pacelli (1917–1929) 
* Tomb of Pius XII
* Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Pacelli
Firozpur district

**Ferozepur** () founded by Firuz Shah Tughluq is a district in the Indian state of Punjab. The district is the oldest British district of Punjab. It was created in 1833 as district headquarters and was part of the earstwhile Lahore Division (now in Pakistan). 

Ferozepur has easy access by road and rail to other places such as Lahore, Okara, Kasur, Multan. The area is a center of many holy shrines and historic places. At the city of Zira, a Jain Swetambar Temple with very old brass icons and  wall murals is located.

In addition to cotton and grain cultivation and agriculture-related services, Firozpur has some light manufacturing. Commercial progress is limited because it is very near the border between India and Pakistan. 

## Administration
The district is administratively divided into the following tehsils:

* Guru Har Sahai Tehsil
* Firozpur Tehsil
* Zira Tehsil
Tamburello

**Tamburello** or **pallatamburello** is a traditional sport of Italy since 16th century. It has this name because they play with a roundish and oval tool named *tamburello* or *tambourine* in English language. Various forms of tamburello are popular in several nations of the world currently.

## Forms
### Tamburello open 
This form is also named *classic* and each team regularly has 5 players in open playing field 80 metres long and 20 large. Players use roundish tambourines during actions and they serve with oval tambourines. A rubber ball of 88 grams is used and the team which wins 13 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Professional Italian tamburello league is top level of competitions: in 2002 14 teams competed. A variant is played in a kind of stadium, with lateral wall, named *sferisterio* or *sferodromo* in Italian language.

### Tamburello indoor 
Three players regularly form a side in indoor shorted courts.

### Tambutennis 
Two players regularly form a side in courts divided by a net like tennis.

### Tambeach 
One or two players regularly form a side on beach courts divided by a net like beach tennis.

## Related pages
*Palla

## References 
## Other websites 
*Italian manufacturer of tambourines  

### Video 
*Open or 5 players a side 
*Indoor or 3 players a side 
*Tambutennis or 2 players a side
*Tambeach
Yonex

() is a Japanese maker of  sporting equipment for badminton, golf and tennis, making racquets, clubs, shoes, shuttlecocks, and other equipment for those sports.

## Other websites 
*Official company website
Bangladesh Liberation War

The **Bangladesh Liberation War** ( *Muktijuddho*) was a revolutionary war for the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. The war was between East Pakistan (later with the help of India) and West Pakistan and lasted nine months. West Pakistan is called Pakistan today.

Because of the war, 10 million refugees left the country and 30 million people left their homes. Between 300,000 and 3 million people were killed, majority of them civilians, by the Pakistan Army. Many Bengali women were raped, and there are documented cases of forced prostitution. Between 200,000  and 400,000 Bengali women were raped. Pakistan's leaders openly supported the crime by labelling Bengali freedom fighters as "Hindus" and Bengali women as "the booty of war". But in reality, more than 80 percent of the Bengali people were Muslim at that time. The Pakistani Army committed genocide on larger parts of the Bengali population. This is known as the 1971 Bangladesh genocide today. The Bengali Hindus bore the brunt of the massacres committed by the Pakistan Army as they began systemically targeting and exterminating Hindu villages.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's party won the Pakistan elections of 1970 and the military junta that ruled the country decided he must not be Prime Minister. The resulting war started on 26 March 1971 and finished on 16 December. A category 3 cyclone also happened during the war.

Ghulam Azam and Motiur Rahman Nizami were convicted for war crimes. Azam died before a final hearing. Nizami was executed for his crimes in May 2016.

## Sources 
----
Toray Pan Pacific Open

The **Toray Pan Pacific Open** (東レ・パン・パシフィック・テニス) is a WTA Tour of tennis tournaments for women. It is held every year since 1984 in Tokyo, Japan. 

## Past finals 
### Singles 
### Doubles
## Other websites 
*Official tournament website
Tim Henman

in 2006]]
**Timothy Henry "Tim" Henman** OBE (born 6 September 1974) is an English retired tennis player, born in Oxford.

He reached the semi finals of Wimbledon many times, the first British tennis player to do so since the 1970s. He reached six grand slam semi finals and won eleven titles in his career. He once was ranked number four in the world.

## Personal life 
Henman comes from a sporting family. His mother and father were both interested in tennis and his grandfather played at Wimbledon in the 1940s and 50s. His grandmother also played mixed doubles at Wimbledon with his grandfather on two occasions.
By 1996 he was in the top thirty. In 1995 he became the first player ever to be  from the Wimbledon tournament. Because he was  during a match he hit the ball very hard at a ball girl and it hit her on the head.

In 1998, he was ranked one of the ten best tennis players in the world. In the same year he also reached the Wimbledon semi-final. In 2001 he had a good year at Wimbledon beating Roger Federer in four sets. He reached the semi final only to be beaten by eventual winner Goran Ivanišević. In 2004 he reached the semi finals of Roland Garros in France but lost to Guillermo Coria. Towards the end of his career Henman did not play so well. He ended up falling to 63 in the world rankings. In 2005 he was knocked out of the second round of Wimbledon by Roger Federer. He also had a lot of injuries at this time, including many at important points in matches.

He got an OBE in 2003 and was painted by royal artist Christian Furr in 2005.

Henman's last Wimbledon was a disappointment. He went out in the second round to Feliciano López of Spain. Shortly after he announced his retirement. He had a press conference on 23 August 2007 to make it official.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Site 
* Picture of Henman
Muscovy duck

The **Muscovy duck** (*Cairina moschata*) is a duck from the Americas, from Texas in the north to Uruguay in the south. Feral Muscovy ducks are found in New Zealand, Australia, and in Central and Eastern Europe.

## Ecology 
The Muscovy duck is non-migratory species which normally lives in forested swamps, lakes, streams, nearby grassland, and farm crops, and usually roost in trees at nighttime. The duck's diet consists of roots, stems, leaves, seeds of aquatic plants and grasses as well as terrestrial plants including agricultural crops obtained by grazing or dabbling in shallow water. It may also eat small fish, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, insects, millipedes, and worms. The Muscovy is an aggressive duck; males tend to fight over food, territory or mates. The females fight with each other less often. Some adults will peck at the ducklings if they are eating at the same food source.

## References
West Pakistan

The province of **West Pakistan** was created on 14 October 1955 by the merger of the provinces, states and tribal areas of the western wing. The province was composed of twelve divisions and the provincial capital was established at Lahore. The province of East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan with the provincial capital at Dacca. The federal government moved in 1959 from Karachi to Rawalpindi (provisional capital until Islamabad was finished), whilst the federal legislature moved to DACCA.

West Pakistan formed a block whose people seemed homogeneous (similar to each other). However, the new region included people of different ethnicities and languages. The "One Unit Policy" was regarded as a rational administrative reform which would reduce spending and eliminate provincial prejudices. However with the military coup of 1958, trouble loomed for the province when the office of Chief Minister was abolished and the President took over executive powers for West Pakistan. The province of West Pakistan was dissolved in July 1970 by President Yahya Khan.

General elections held in December 1970 saw the Awami League under Mujibur Rahman win an overall majority of seats in parliament (all but two of the 162 seats allocated to East Pakistan). The Awami League advocated greater autonomy (or self-rule) for East Pakistan, but the military government did not permit Mujibur Rahman to form a government.

Stamp showing both the East and west divisions of Pakistan Before the secession of Bangladesh. On March 25th 1971, West Pakistan began a civil war to subdue the democratic victory of East Pakistanis. This began the war between the Pakistani military and the Mukhti Bahini. The resulting refugee crisis led to the intervention by India, eventually leading to the surrender of the Pakistani Army. East Pakistan suffered a genocide of its Bengali population. East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971. The term West Pakistan became redundant.

## Related pages
* Dominion of Pakistan

## References
Soaring

**Soaring** might mean:
* Lift (soaring)
* Gliding
* Hang gliding
* Paragliding
* *Soaring* (magazine), published by the Soaring Society of America

## Related pages
*Bird flight
Crack

**Crack** frequently refers to: 

* Crack, a fracture or discontinuation in a body
* Crack, in geology, a fracture (geology) in a rock
* Crack, short for crack cocaine, the freebase form of cocaine that can be smoked

## Other uses
* Cracking (chemistry), the process whereby complex organic molecules are broken down into simpler molecules
Eared seal

An **eared seal** or **otariid **is Phocidae's family **Otariidae**.

## Taxonomy 
*Family **Otariidae** (Eared seals)
**Genus *Arctocephalus* (Fur seals)
**Genus *Callorhinus*
***Northern Fur Seal (*Callorhinus ursinus*)
**Genus *Eumetopias*
***Steller Sea Lion or Northern Sea Lion (*Eumetopias jubatus*)
**Genus *Neophoca*
***Australian Sea Lion (*Neophoca cinerea*) 
**Genus *Otaria*
***South American sea lion or Southern Sea Lion (*Otaria flavescens*, formerly *Otaria byronia*)
****Otaria fischeri*
**Genus *Phocarctos*
***New Zealand Sea Lion (*Phocarctos hookeri*)
**Genus *Zalophus*
***California Sea Lion (*Zalophus californianus*)

## Other websites
Association of American Universities

The **Association of American Universities** (**AAU**) is a group of the leading research and education universities. Its members are 69 universities in the United States (both public and private) and two universities in Canada.

This is a list of colleges and universities in the Association of American Universities:

## Public
.]]
*University of Arizona
*Arizona State University
*University at Buffalo
*University of California, Berkeley
*University of California, Davis
*University of California, Irvine
*University of California, Los Angeles
*University of California, Riverside
*University of California, San Diego
*University of California, Santa Barbara
*University of California, Santa Cruz
*University of Colorado Boulder
*University of Florida
*Georgia Institute of Technology
*University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
*Indiana University Bloomington
*University of Iowa
*University of Kansas
*McGill University (Canada)
*University of Maryland
*University of Michigan
*Michigan State University
*University of Minnesota
*University of Missouri
*University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
*Ohio State University
*University of Oregon
*Pennsylvania State University
*University of Pittsburgh
*Purdue University
*Rutgers University
*University of South Florida
*Stony Brook University
*University of Texas at Austin
*Texas A&M University
*University of Toronto (Canada)
*University of Utah
*University of Virginia
*University of Washington
*University of Wisconsin–Madison

## Private
.]]
*Boston University
*Brandeis University
*Brown University
*California Institute of Technology
*Carnegie Mellon University
*Case Western Reserve University
*University of Chicago
*Columbia University
*Cornell University
*Dartmouth College
*Duke University
*Emory University
*George Washington University
*Harvard University
*Johns Hopkins University
*Massachusetts Institute of Technology
*University of Miami
*New York University
*Northwestern University
*University of Notre Dame
*University of Pennsylvania
*Princeton University
*Rice University
*University of Rochester
*University of Southern California
*Stanford University
*Tufts University
*Tulane University
*Vanderbilt University
*Washington University in St. Louis
*Yale University

## References
*
Peter Potamus

***Peter Potamus*** is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera.  It was first shown on television on September 16, 1964. The main characters are a friendly purple hippopotamus called Peter Potamus and his friend So-So the monkey.  Together they explore the world in a time-traveling hot-air balloon.  Peter has a special "Hippo Hurricane Holler" that helps him blow away his enemies.

## References
*
Ovis

***Ovis*** is a genus of the subfamily Caprinae, of the family Bovidae. The wild sheep and domestic sheep and other animals like it belong to this genus. There are 5 or more animals in this genus. 

## Taxonomy 
* Genus ***Ovis***
** *Ovis orientalis* group
*** *Ovis orientalis*
**** Mouflon (*Ovis orientalis orientalis* group)
***** Domestic sheep (*Ovis aries* or *Ovis orientalis aries*)
**** Urial (*Ovis orientalis vignei* group)
*** Argali or mountain sheep (*Ovis ammon*)
** *Ovis canadensis* group
*** Snow sheep (*Ovis nivicola*)
*** Thinhorn sheep (*Ovis dalli*)
****Dall sheep (*Ovis dalli dalli*)
****Stone sheep (*Ovis dalli stonei*)
*** Bighorn sheep (*Ovis canadensis*)

These are the main species of ovis. 

## References 
## Other websites
Hino

**Hino** could mean:
*Hino, Shiga
*Hino, Tokyo
*Hino, Tottori
*Hino District, Tottori
*Hino Motors, Ltd.
*Lake Hino in Estonia
Feliformia

**Feliformia** is a suborder in the mammal order Carnivora. It contains all the Felidae, which are cat-like animals. The suborder also contains the relatives of the cats, which includes hyaenas, civets, Asiatic linsangs, and more. There are six families, twelve subfamilies, 56 genera and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder now.

Molecular phylogeny shows the Feliformia is monophyletic. The other suborder of Carnivora is the dog-like Caniformia.

## Taxonomy 
* Suborder **Feliformia** ("cat-like")
** Family Eupleridae: *Fossa* and others
** Family Felidae: Cats
*** Subfamily Felinae
*** Subfamily Pantherinae
** Family Nandiniidae:
*** Genus *Nandinia*: African palm civet
** Family Viverridae: Civet cats, Genets etc.
** Family Hyaenidae: Hyaenas
*** Subfamily Hyaeninae
*** Subfamily Protelinae
** Family Herpestidae: Mongooses
** Family Primodontidae: Asiatic linsang
** Family Eupleridae: Varied group, endemic to Madagascar

* †Barbourofelidae: Miocene "false" sabre-tooths 
* †Nimravidae: "false" sabre-tooths, from Eocene to end Miocene.
* †Stenoplesictidae: Civet-like animals
* †Percrocutidae: hyaena-like forms from the Miocene to later Pliocene

### Cladogram 
## References 

:1. Taxonomic references extant species (a); supporting descriptive information and pictures: Diversity Web (online) - Feliformia.
:2. Taxonomic references extant species (b): ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System
:3. Fossil record data (with taxonomic references) extant and extinct species: The Paleaobiology Database 
:4. Supporting taxonomic references extant and extinct species: Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Suborder Feliformia 
:5. Gina D. Wesley-Hunt and John J. Flynn 2005: Phylogeny of The Carnivora
:6a. Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora 
:6b. Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature
:7. Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?

## Other websites
Soar

**Soar** could mean:
*Soaring, a mode of flight
**Soar* (album), the second album (released 1991) by the American band Samiam
*Hank Soar (1914–2001), an American football player, baseball umpire and basketball coach
*Soar (cognitive architecture)
*160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), a US Army regiment
*Soap on a Rope (SoaR), a webcomic
*Smalltalk on a RISC, a project to develop a specialized RISC CPU for the execution of Smalltalk bytecode
*Safe Operating Area, typically used to describe power limitations of electronic components
*Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope
*SOAR (camp), a Girl Guide camp held in British Columbia every three years
*Any of several places in the United Kingdom:
**The River Soar, a river in the English East Midlands
**Soar, Anglesey, Wales
**Soar, Nottinghamshire, England
**Soar, Devon, England
**Soar, Gwynedd, Wales
**Soar, Powys, Wales
**Old Soar Manor, England
Ernst Mayr

**Ernst Walter Mayr** (July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany – February 3, 2005, Bedford, Massachusetts), was a German American scientist. He was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a well-known taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist. He was a leading contributor to the modern evolutionary synthesis. He was especially interested in how new species formed.

Mayr joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1953, where he also served as director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. He retired in 1975 as emeritus professor of zoology, showered with honors.

After his retirement, he went on to publish more than 200 articles, in a variety of journals—more than some reputable scientists publish in their entire careers; 14 of his 25 books were published after he was 65. Even as a centenarian, he continued to write books.

Mayr was awarded the Linnean Society's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958. He was never awarded a Nobel Prize, because there is no such prize for evolutionary biology. He commented that Darwin would not have received one, either. Mayr did win a 1999 Crafoord Prize. That prize honors basic research in fields that do not qualify for Nobel awards, and is administered by the same organization as the Nobel Prize.

## Speciation 
Neither Darwin nor anyone else in his time knew the answer to the *species problem*: how species could evolve from a single common ancestor.

Ernst Mayr approached the problem with a definition for the concept **species**. He wrote that a species is not just a group of individuals that look similar, but a group that can breed only among themselves.

When populations of organisms get isolated, the sub-populations will start to differ as time goes by. This way, they will evolve into new species. The most rapid genetic reorganization occurs in small populations which have been isolated. This happens if a species gets trapped on an island, for example. Or, perhaps, if the species lives in more than one environment.

Today, it is accepted that reproductive isolation is by far the most frequent cause of species splitting, and that geographical separation is the most frequent cause of this isolation. This was Mayr's most characteristic idea. Debate continues over the extent to which speciation occurs when a population is not so isolated.

### Some books 
* 
* 
* 
* Mayr, Ernst and William B. Provine (eds) 1980. *The evolutionary synthesis*. Harvard University Press, reprinted 1998 with new preface as .
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## References
Defender (association football)

is a former Italian defender, who played for Juventus.]]
A **defender** in association football is a player that plays in at the back of the formation. There are many positions classed as a defender, mainly:
* Left back
* Central defender
* Right back
* Sweeper
* Full back
* Wing back

The defenders are the first number when referring to formations, for example:

* **4-3-3** is the formation. This formation shows that there are four **defenders**, three midfielders and three attackers.
* **4-4-2** is the formation. This formation shows that there are four **defenders**, four midfielders and two attackers.
* **3-4-3** is the formation. This formation shows that there are three **defenders**, four midfielders and three attackers.

## Famous defenders
Pope Pius XI

**Pope Pius XI** (; , 31 May 1857–10 February 1939),  born **Achille Ratti**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 260th Pope from 1922 to 1939.

## Priest
Ratti was ordained as a priest in 1875.

Father Ratti was a professor at the Padua Seminary from 1882 to 1888. He worked at Ambrosian Library of Milan from 1888 to 1911; and at the Vatican Library from 1911-1914.

In 1921, Benedict named him Archbishop of Milan.

## Pope
Cardinal Ratti was elected pope on February 6, 1922; and he chose the name Pope Pius XI.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites 
* Vatican webpage, Pius XI biography 
* Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XI
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Ratti
Earless seal

The **earless seals** or **true seals** are Otariidae's family **Phocidae**, one of the three pinniped families.

## Taxonomy 
* Family **Phocidae**
** Subfamily **Monachinae**
*** Tribe **Monachini**
**** Genus *Monachus*
***** Mediterranean Monk Seal (*Monachus monachus*)
***** Hawaiian Monk Seal (*Monachus schauinslandi*)
***** Caribbean Monk Seal (*Monachus tropicalis*) †
**** Genus *Mirounga*: Elephant seals
***** Northern Elephant Seal (*Mirounga angustirostris*)
***** Southern Elephant Seal (*Mirounga leonina*)
*** Tribe **Lobodontini**
**** Genus *Ommatophoca*
***** Ross Seal (*Ommatophoca rossii*)
**** Genus *Lobodon*
***** Crabeater Seal (*Lobodon carcinophagus*)
**** Genus *Hydrurga*
***** Leopard Seal (*Hydrurga leptonyx*)
**** Genus *Leptonychotes*
***** Weddell Seal (*Leptonychotes weddellii*)
** Subfamily **Phocinae**
*** Genus *Cystophora*
**** Hooded Seal (*Cystophora cristata*)
*** Genus *Erignathus*
**** Bearded Seal (*Erignathus barbatus*)
*** Genus *Histriophoca*
**** Ribbon Seal (*Histriophoca fasciata*)
*** Genus *Phoca*
**** Spotted Seal (*Phoca largha*)
**** Common Seal or Harbor Seal (*Phoca vitulina*)
**** Harp Seal (*Phoca groenlandica*, formerly *Pagophilus groenlandicus*)
*** Genus *Pusa*
**** Ringed Seal (*Pusa hispida*, formerly *Phoca hispida*)
**** Caspian Seal (*Pusa caspica*, formerly *Phoca caspica*)
**** Nerpa or Baikal Seal (*Pusa sibirica*, formerly *Phoca sibirica*)
*** Genus *Halichoerus*
**** Grey Seal (*Halichoerus grypus*)

## Other websites
Defender

A **defender** is usually somebody who participates in a legal defense (legal).

**Defender** can also refer to:

* Defender (football), a position in association football (soccer)
* Defendant, in Scots law for civil cases
* Public defender, in American law
* Windows Defender, an anti-spyware technology

## Related pages 
* 
* Defenceman
* Defender of the Faith
Midfielder

was lauded for his range of passing, vision, crossing ability and bending free-kicks, which enabled him to create chances for teammates or score goals.]]

A **midfielder** in football is a player who usually plays in the centre of the field. There are usually a number of midfielders in each team of football, and are normally split into three: attacking; central; and defending.

The midfielders are always the middle parts of the formation numbers, for example:

An **attacking midfielder** is a midfielder who is often positioned between the central midfielders and the forwards. They often have a primarily offensive role. **Playmakers** are a type of attacking midfielders. Some famous Attacking Midfielders include Kaká, Diego Maradona, Zico, and Zinedine Zidane.

A **winger** is a type of midfielder. They often join the strikers when the team creates attacks. Wide midfielders are a variation of a winger. Some famous wingers include Neymar, Arjen Robben, Ronaldinho, and Lionel Messi

## References
Gunnar Nordström

**Gunnar Nordström** (12 March 1881, Helsinki – 24 December 1923, Helsinki) was a Finnish physicist. He is best known for his theory of gravitation, which was a competitor of Albert Einstein's general relativity. In 1914, Nordström added a space dimension to his theory. This described gravity and electromagnetism at the same time. Unluckily, Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein have got most attention on this subject. Nordström is not well known in his own home country, but what he has done is known well in other countries. Some Finnish authors call Nordström as *Finnish Einstein*.

Nordström was born in Helsinki, the capital of Finland during the time when Finland was part of Russian Empire). He studied at University of Helsinki and completed his dissertation in 1908. Before this, he studied for some time in Göttingen where he met the world's best scientists. After this, he became a professor at the university. In 1910, he started his trip in Europe. He visited at Zürich, Berlin, Vienna, and Leyden. During his time in the Netherlands, he married Cornelia van Leeuwen. They had three children. 

Nordström was very close friend to Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. He died at Helsinki in 1923 because of radioactivity. In that time, radioactivity was thought to have healing effects.
Forward

A **forward** (or **striker**) is a football player who is the closest to the other team's goal. The forwards are the players that are known to score the most goals.

Coaches usually send a forward that scores all the goals (*the centre forward*) and sends another forward that makes the assists (*second striker*).

The attackers are normally the last part of the formation numbers, for example:

* **4-3-3** is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, three midfielders and three **attackers**.
* **4-4-2** is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, four midfielders and two **attackers**.
* **3-4-3** is the formation. This formation shows that there are three defenders, four midfielders and three **attackers**.
## Famous strikers
***German Bundesliga:**
**Gerd Müller: 365 goals
**Klaus Fischer: 265 goals
**Jupp Heynckes: 220 goals
***Premier League:**
** Alan Shearer: 260 goals
** Andrew Cole: 187 goals
** Thierry Henry: 174 goals
***La Liga (Spain):**
**Hugo Sánchez: 234 goals
** Raúl: 228 goals
* **Ligue 1 (France)**:
** Carlos Bianchi: 179 goals
***FIFA World Cup**
**Miroslav Klose (Germany): 16 goals
**Ronaldo (Brazil): 15 goals
**Gerd Müller (Germany): 14 goals
***UEFA Champions League**
**Raúl: 71 goals
**Ruud van Nistelrooy: 60 goals
**Andriy Shevchenko: 59 goals
**Thierry Henry: 51 goals
**Alfredo Di Stéfano: 49 goals
Banbury

**Banbury** is a market town on the River Cherwell in northern Oxfordshire, England.  It had a population of 43,867 at the 2001 census. Although this figure has increased greatly in recent years.  Banbury is part of the Cherwell district. The Member of Parliament for Banbury is Victoria Prentis. Banbury played an important part in the English Civil War prior to the Battle of Edge Hill, as shown by The Reindeer inn (December 2005).

Heavy clay and Ironstone deposits surround Banbury. 

The Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway (the O.I.R.) was the local railway line from Banbury to the nearby ironstone quarry at Wroxton. It was open from 1917 to 1967.

## Gallery

Image:Banbury 1.jpg|The Castle Quay Shopping, alongside the Oxford Canal and Banbury Museum in the background.

Image:Banbury from the air.jpg|The land around Banbury as seen from above, looking north-west.

Image:Banbury town hall 1.jpg|Banbury Town Hall at night.
File:Banbury market Mk1 8.png|Banbury Market.

File:Banbury towm Mk 3  (6).png|Banbury town in 2001.

File:Banbury towm Mk 3 (16).png|Princess Diana Park, in Banbury's Bretch Hill.

File:BanburyStation.jpg|The booking hall and main entrance Banbury railway station, managed by Chiltern Railways.

File:Banbury31.jpg| A picture of the Hardwick estate, Banbury in the early 2000s. 
 

## References 
## Other websites
Lollywood

**Lollywood** () is the name of Pakistani movie industry that is based in the city of Lahore. The name is a combination of the city's first letter with the name "Hollywood". The word "Lollywood" was first used in the summer of 1989.

## Languages used in Lollywood movies
The movies made in Lollywood are usually in Urdu. Some are made in Punjabi, which is the main and official language of the province of Punjab, where Lollywood is located. Some are also in English.

## Related pages
* Bollywood ("Indian Hollywood" - Hindi, Urdu and Marathi cinema)
* Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema)
* Mollywood (Malayalam cinema)
* Tollywood (Telugu cinema)
* Hollywood

## Other websites
* IMDb - A database of Pakistani movies 
* IMDb - A database of Urdu language movies 
* IMDb - A database of Punjabi language movies 
* IMDb - A database of Pashtu language movies 
* IMDb - A database of Sindhi language movies 
* IMDb - A database of Balochi language movies
* IMDb - A database of Kashmiri language movies