open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
London Gatwick Airport

**London Gatwick Airport**  is London's second largest airport and the second busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. It is the world's 22nd busiest airport in terms of passengers per year (7th in terms of international passengers). It is also often quoted as the world's busiest single runway airport, although strictly speaking it now has a second 'stand-by' runway, which can only be used when the main runway is out of use. 

## Overview 
Gatwick is in Crawley, West Sussex (it used to be Charlwood, Surrey) 5&nbsp;km (3&nbsp;miles) north of the town centre, 46&nbsp;km (28&nbsp;miles) south of London and 40&nbsp;km (25&nbsp;miles) north of Brighton.

Gatwick is owned and operated by a group of companies, led by Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), after it's previous owner BAA was forced to sell the airport by the Competition Commission due to its dominance in London and the South East, also owning Heathrow Airport.

With about 200 destinations, the airport handled over 34 million passengers with 263,363 aircraft movements in 2006. It was said that during 2007 Gatwick broke through the 35 million barrier for the first time in its history.

Usually, Charter airlines do not operate from Heathrow and therefore use Gatwick as their main base for London and the South East.

For the past 30 years, many flights to and from the USA have also used Gatwick because of the restrictions on access to Heathrow that were enshrined in the 1977 Bermuda II bilateral air services agreement between the UK and the US.

The airport is a major operational base for British Airways, easyJet and Virgin Atlantic. The airport is also a major base for a number of charter airlines including First Choice Airways, Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomsonfly and XL Airways. Runway 8L/26R is mostly used as a taxiway. 

London Gatwick has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P528) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Gatwick Airport
London Luton Airport

**London Luton Airport**  (previously called **Luton International Airport**) is an international airport on the edge of the town of Luton, Bedfordshire, England approximately  north of London.  The airport is 2 miles (3&nbsp;km) from junction 10a of the M1 motorway. It is the fourth largest airport serving the London area after Heathrow, Gatwick and Stansted and is one of London's five international airports along with London City Airport.

In 2007, total passengers at London Luton increased by 5.3% to 9,927,321  making it the fifth busiest airport in the UK.  The airport serves as a hub for easyJet, TUI, Wizz Air and Ryanair. Most of the routes served are within Europe.

London Luton Airport is widely known as a result of the *Airline* and *Luton Airport* television series.

## References
2002–03 NHL season

The **2002–03 NHL season** was the 86th regular season of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the New Jersey Devils, who won the best of seven series 4–3 against the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. This was the last season before the NHL switched home and away jerseys.

## Regular season
### Final standings
***Note:** W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points*

#### Eastern Conference
#### Western Conference
### Scoring leaders
***Note:** GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points*

## Stanley Cup Playoffs
**]]
***Note:*' All dates in 2003.*
### Playoff bracket
### Conference Quarterfinals
#### Eastern Conference Quarterfinals
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1As of 2008, this playoff game is the 19th longest NHL overtime game ever. 53 minutes and 34 seconds of overtime were played before Mark Recchi scored the game-winning goal.

#### Western Conference Quarterfinals
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### Conference Semifinals
#### Eastern Conference Semifinals
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#### Western Conference Semifinals
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2As of 2006, this playoff game is the 4th longest NHL overtime game. 80 minutes and 48 seconds of overtime were played before Petr Sykora scored the game-winning goal.

### Conference Finals
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### Finals
### Scoring leaders
***Note:**'' GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points

## NHL awards
The **NHL Awards** presentation took place in Toronto.

### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 2002–03 (listed with their first team):
*Martin Gerber, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
*Tim Thomas, Boston Bruins
*Ryan Miller, Buffalo Sabres
*Jordan Leopold, Calgary Flames
*Rick Nash, Columbus Blue Jackets
*Steve Ott, Dallas Stars
*Henrik Zetterberg, Detroit Red Wings
*Ales Hemsky, Edmonton Oilers
*Fernando Pisani, Edmonton Oilers
*Jarret Stoll, Edmonton Oilers
*Marc-Andre Bergeron, Edmonton Oilers
*Jay Bouwmeester, Florida Panthers
*Alexander Frolov, Los Angeles Kings
*Cristobal Huet, Los Angeles Kings
*Joe Corvo, Los Angeles Kings
*Mike Cammalleri, Los Angeles Kings
*Pierre-Marc Bouchard, Minnesota Wild
*Francois Beauchemin, Montreal Canadiens
*Vernon Fiddler, Nashville Predators
*Anton Volchenkov, Ottawa Senators
*Jason Spezza, Ottawa Senators
*Ray Emery, Ottawa Senators
*Jonathan Cheechoo, San Jose Sharks
*Christian Backman, St. Louis Blues
*Petr Cajanek, St. Louis Blues

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 2002–03 (listed with their last team):
*Theoren Fleury, Chicago Blackhawks
*Claude Lemieux, Dallas Stars
*Mike Richter, New York Rangers
*Pavel Bure, New York Rangers
*Adam Graves, San Jose Sharks
*Phil Housley, Toronto Maple Leafs
*Doug Gilmour, Toronto Maple Leafs

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL Official Website
London City Airport

makes its steep approach to LCY from the west as another London City Airways DHC-7 prepares to leave for Amsterdam.]]

**London City Airport**  is a single-runway airport, intended for use by STOL (short take-off and landing) planes, mainly serving the financial districts of London. It is on a former Docklands site, in the London Borough of Newham in East London. It is near Canary Wharf and the O2 arena in an area called Silvertown.

The airport serves European destinations, though there is one flight to New York JFK airport.

The airport has tough rules to limit the noise from aircraft operations. This limits the aircraft types that can be used, and so does the length of the runway and the steep glideslope. The steep 5.5 degree approache requires special training for crew. Only multi-engine, fixed-wing aircraft with special crew and aircraft certification can operate at London City Airport. London City Airport has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P728). 

London City Airport was developed by the engineering company Mowlem in 1986/87. It is the fifth-largest international airport in size serving the London area, after Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton. London City Airport claims lower check-in times than any other airport in London.

The airport has produced a master plan outlining their vision for growth up to 2030. The plan shows a phased expansion of the airport to a maximum capacity of 8 million passengers per annum, without the addition of a second runway, or significant expansion of the current airport boundaries.

London City Airport was purchased in October 2006 by a consortium comprising AIG Financial Products Corp. and Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP) for an undisclosed sum. Speculation suggests the sale was valued at over £750 million. In 2007, London City Airport had 2.9 million passengers; by 2017 this had risen to 4,530,439.

*Helicopters use another airport called London Heliport.

## References
1999–2000 NHL season

The **1999–2000 NHL season** was the 83rd regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-eight teams each played 82 games. The New Jersey Devils defeated the defending champion Dallas Stars for their second Stanley Cup championship. During the regular season, no player reached the 100-point plateau - the first time this had happened in a non-lockout season since 1967-68.

## Regular season 
### Final standings 
***Note:** W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes.*

#### Eastern Conference 
#### Western Conference 
### Scoring leaders 
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

## Stanley Cup playoffs 
### Playoff bracket 
***Note:** W = Wins, G = Goals Scored*

#### Eastern Conference Final 
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#### Western Conference Final 
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#### Finals 
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## NHL awards 
### All-Star teams 
## First games 
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1999–2000 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
* Patrick Stefan, Atlanta Thrashers
* John Grahame, Boston Bruins
* Maxim Afinogenov, Buffalo Sabres
* Robyn Regehr, Calgary Flames
* Alex Tanguay, Colorado Avalanche
* Martin Skoula, Colorado Avalanche
* Brenden Morrow, Dallas Stars
* Mike Ribeiro, Montreal Canadiens
* Brian Rafalski, New Jersey Devils
* Scott Gomez, New Jersey Devils
* Willie Mitchell, New Jersey Devils
* Roberto Luongo, New York Islanders
* Tim Connolly, New York Islanders
* Mike Fisher, Ottawa Senators
* Brian Boucher, Philadelphia Flyers
* Simon Gagne, Philadelphia Flyers
* Brad Stuart, San Jose Sharks
* Evgeni Nabokov, San Jose Sharks
* Ladislav Nagy, St. Louis Blues
* Nik Antropov, Toronto Maple Leafs

## Last games 
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1999–2000 (listed with their last team):
* Marty McSorley, Boston Bruins
* Grant Fuhr, Calgary Flames
* Steve Smith, Calgary Flames
* Guy Carbonneau, Dallas Stars
* Esa Tikkanen, Florida Panthers
* Wendel Clark, Toronto Maple Leafs

## References 
* Hockey Database
* http://nhl.com/
Bagh District

**Bagh District** () is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The district, which had been part of Poonch District, was created in 1988. The district is bordered by Muzaffarabad District to the north, by Punjab in the east. It also borders the divided district of Poonch, to the south is the Poonch District of Azad Kashmir and to the east is the Poonch District of India's Jammu and Kashmir state. The total area of the district is 1,368 square kilometers. Bagh District is linked to Muzaffarabad by two roads, one via Sudhan Gali (80&nbsp;km) and the other through Kohala (97&nbsp;km). It is 46&nbsp;km from Rawalakot. The district is well known for its confectionery and bakery products.

## People
The total population of the district according to the 1998 census was 395,000 which is estimated to have increased to 434,000 in 2003, with an annual growth rate of 2%.

## Administration
The district is divided into 3 tehsils:

* Bagh Tehsil
* Dheerkot Tehsil
* Hari Ghel Tehseel
2000–01 NHL season

The **2000–01 NHL season** was the 84th regular season of the National Hockey League. Thirty teams each played 82 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Colorado Avalanche, who won the best of seven series 4–3 against the New Jersey Devils. The focus of Colorado's Stanley Cup run was on defenceman Raymond Bourque who was on a quest to win his first Stanley Cup championship in his 22-year career.

## Regular season
### Final standings
***Note:** W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points*

#### Eastern Conference
#### Western Conference
### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

### Leading goaltenders
Wins: Martin Brodeur (42);
Shutouts: Dominik Hasek (11);
GAA: Roman Cechmanek (2.01);
SV%: Sean Burke (.922)

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
### Conference quarterfinals
#### Eastern Conference
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#### Western Conference
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### Conference semifinals
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### Conference finals
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### Finals
### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

## NHL Awards
The **NHL Awards** presentation took place in Toronto.

### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 2000–01 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
*Andy McDonald, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
*Andrew Raycroft, Boston Bruins
*Samuel Pahlsson, Boston Bruins
*David Vyborny, Columbus Blue Jackets
*Jody Shelley, Columbus Blue Jackets
*Marty Turco, Dallas Stars
*Mike Comrie, Edmonton Oilers
*Shawn Horcoff, Edmonton Oilers
*Lubomir Visnovsky, Los Angeles Kings
*Marian Gaborik, Minnesota Wild
*Mathieu Garon, Montreal Canadiens
*Andrei Markov, Montreal Canadiens
*Rick DiPietro, New York Islanders
*Martin Havlat, Ottawa Senators
*Justin Williams, Philadelphia Flyers
*Miikka Kiprusoff, San Jose Sharks
*Mikael Samuelsson, San Jose Sharks
*Brad Richards, Tampa Bay Lightning
*Daniel Sedin, Vancouver Canucks
*Henrik Sedin, Vancouver Canucks

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 2000–01 (listed with their last team):
*Paul Coffey, Boston Bruins
*Ray Bourque, Colorado Avalanche
*Larry Murphy, Detroit Red Wings
*Joe Murphy, Washington Capitals

## References
*Hockey Database
*http://nhl.com/
Kotli District

**Kotli** () is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Kotli is the capital city of the district. Kotli used to be a small town between Mirpur and Muzaffarabad, but has recently grown in size.

## Meaning of name
There are two theories about the origin of the name "Kotli". One is that in ancient times Prince Raja Shahswar Khan built a small house here and called it "Kot", which became "Kotli". Another theory is that the name is derived from the Sanskrit word Kotli which means to *reside* or to *live in*. At one time the area was inhabited by the Mangran and Solhan peoples, and was called Kotli Solwhan. The modern town of Kotli was built in the 14th century by Raja Agar Khan.

## Administration
The district of Kotli used to be a sub-division of Mirpur District until 1975. Before 1947, it was a part of the Jammu area. The district is bounded by the Indian part of Kashmir in the east, and by Mirpur District in the south and Rawalakot to its north. The district is divided into three tehsils (sub-divisions)

* Kotli Tehsil
* Khuiratta Tehsil
* Fatehpur Tehsil
* Nakyal Tehsil
* Sehnsa Tehsil

The district covers a total area of 1862 square kilometres. Kotli is now the largest city by population, (656,000).

Before the division of Kashmir in 1947, Nakyal was part of Mehndar sub-division of Poonch.
Muzaffarabad District

**Muzafarabad district** () of Pakistan is on the banks of the Jhelum and the Neelum rivers. The district is bounded to Pakistan in the west and to Kupwara and Baramulla districts of Indian Kashmir in the east and Neelum District fall on the northeast of the district. Total area of the district is 6117 square kilometres. The total population of the district according to the 1998 census was 725,000 and according to 1999 projection its population stands at 741,000. The district is administratively subdivided into three tehsils and fifty one Union Councils. Muzaffarabad city in the district serves as capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

It was part of Muzaffarabad Division.

* Tithwal Tehsil
* Muzaffarabad Tehsil
* Hattian Tehsil
Poonch district, India

]]
**Poonch () District** is a district of Kashmir that is divided between Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan's Azad Kashmir. The Pakistani part of Poonch District is part of its Azad Kashmir territory, whilst Indian Poonch is part of its Jammu and Kashmir.
1998–99 NHL season

The **1998–99 NHL season** was the 82nd regular season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-seven teams played 82 games each. 

The Dallas Stars finished first in regular season play. They won the Stanley Cup Championship over the Buffalo Sabres with a disputed overtime goal by Brett Hull. 

Goaltenders continued to rule the league; only two teams, the Toronto Maple Leafs and the New Jersey Devils, averaged more than three goals scored per game. In addition, no player reached the 50-goal plateau. A total of 160 shutouts were recorded for the second-straight regular season.

## Regular season
### Final standings
#### Eastern Conference
#### Western Conference
### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

## Postseason
### Playoff bracket
#### Eastern Conference Quarterfinals
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#### Western Conference Quarterfinals
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#### Eastern Conference Semifinals
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#### Western Conference Semifinals
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#### Eastern Conference Final
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#### Western Conference Final
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#### Finals
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## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1998–99 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
*Martin St. Louis, Calgary Flames
*Jean-Pierre Dumont, Chicago Blackhawks
*Chris Drury, Colorado Avalanche
*Milan Hejduk, Colorado Avalanche
*Tom Poti, Edmonton Oilers
*Dan Boyle, Florida Panthers
*Jason Blake, Los Angeles Kings
*David Legwand, Nashville Predators
*Karlis Skrastins, Nashville Predators
*Kimmo Timonen, Nashville Predators
*John Madden, New Jersey Devils
*Eric Brewer, New York Islanders
*Sami Salo, Ottawa Senators
*Vincent Lecavalier, Tampa Bay Lightning
*Tomas Kaberle, Toronto Maple Leafs

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1998–99 (listed with their last team):
*Dale Hunter, Colorado Avalanche
*Wayne Gretzky, New York Rangers
*Ron Hextall, Philadelphia Flyers

## References
*Hockey Database
*http://nhl.com/
Baramulla District

]]
**Baramulla** () is a district in Kashmir.

## Tehsils of Baramullah
* Bandipora Tehsil
* Baramulla Tehsil
* Pattan Tehsil
* Sopore Tehsil
* Tanghmarg Tehsil
* Rohama Tehsil (Rafiabad)
* Uri Tehsil
Budgam district

**Badgam district** () is one of the twenty districts in Indian administered Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

## Geography
Badgam is located at 34.63° N 76.04° E. It has an average elevation of .

## Tehsils of Budgam
Budgam district comprise of 9 tehsils namely Beerwah Tehsil, Budgam Tehsil, Chadoora Tehsil, Khansahib Tehsil Charisharif Tehsil, Khag Tehsil, Magam Tehsil, Narbal Tehsil and BK Pora Tehsil.

## References
International Opium Convention

The **International Opium Convention** was the first drug control treaty (or agreement).  It was signed at The Hague in The Netherlands on January 23, 1912.  The United States organised a conference between 13 countries called the International Opium Commission in 1909 in Shanghai, China because people complained more and more about opium trade. The treaty was signed by Germany, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Russia, and Siam. The Convention said that "The contracting Powers shall use their best endeavours to control, or to cause to be controlled, all persons manufacturing, importing, selling, distributing, and exporting morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts, as well as the buildings in which these persons carry such an industry or trade."

The Convention was implemented in 1915 by the United States, Netherlands, China, Honduras, and Norway. It went into force around the world in 1919 when it became part of the Treaty of Versailles.

A modified International Opium Convention was signed on February 19, 1925, which started on September 25, 1928. It introduced control system to be looked after by a Permanent Central Opium Board, part of the League of Nations. Egypt, with support from 
China and United States, recommended that a ban on hashish be added to the Convention.

India and other countries did not agree, saying social and religious customs and that wild-growing cannabis plants being available in many places, that would make it difficult to enforce, so this never made it into the final treaty. A compromise was made that banned the export of *Indian hemp* to countries that have banned its use.  Importing countries were made to issue certificates approving the import and stating that the shipment was required "exclusively for medical or scientific purposes." It also required Parties to "exercise an effective control of such a nature as to prevent the illicit international traffic in Indian hemp and especially in the resin." These restrictions still made it easy for countries to allow production, internal trade, and use of cannabis for recreational purposes.

The Convention was superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.

## References
Jammu district

]]
**Jammu District** () is a district in Jammu and Kashmir. 

## Tehsils of Jammu
* Akhnoor Tehsil
* Bishnah Tehsil
* Samba Tehsil
* R S Pura Tehsil
* Jammu City
Doda district

]]
**Doda** () is a district of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the third largest district in Jammu and Kashmir after Leh and Kargil.

## Tehsils of Doda
* Banihal Tehsil
* Bhaderwah Tehsil
* Doda Tehsil
* Gandoh Tehsil
* Kishtwar Tehsil
* Ramban Tehsil
* Thathri Tehsil

## Related pages
*Chinta Valley
*Chenab River
Kupwara district

]]
**Kupwara** () is a district of India. It is in Jammu and Kashmir.

## Tehsils of Kupwara
* Handwara Tehsil
* Karnah Tehsil
* Kupwara Tehsil
* Trehgam Tehsil

## Tourist destinations
* BANGUS VALLEY
* LOLAB VALLEY
* RESHWARI
* KANDI
Bhimber District

**Bhimber** () is the southernmost of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, the district is between Latitude: 32-48 to 33-34 and Longitude: 73.55 to 74-45, and has an area of 1516&nbsp;km². The chief town is Bhimber.

## History
The area is very rich in archaeological remains because of its location. The Mughal Emperors used to travel through the area quite a lot to visit the Kashmir Valley.

Until 1995 Bhimber was a sub-division (tehsil) of Mirpur District. In 1996 the tehsil of Bhimber was removed from Mirpur and made into a separate district.

## Location
The district is bounded by Mirpur District to the northwest (and is 50&nbsp;km from Mirpur city), and Punjab province in the west and south. It also shares borders with Indian Kashmir to the east.

## Administration
The total area of the district is 1516 square kilometres and is divided into three tehsils.

* Barnala Tehsil
* Bhimber Tehsil
* Samahni Tehsil

## People
According to the 1998 census, 297,000 people lived there. According to a 1999 estimate, it was 303,000. Latest figures show that 350,000 people live there. The Jaats are the biggest tribe in the region. The main language is Mirpuri.
Pulwama district

]]
**Pulwama** () is a district in Indian-occupied Kashmir.

## Tehsils of Pulwama
* Pampore Tehsil
* Pulwama Tehsil
* Tral Tehsil
* Shopian Tehsil
Leh district

]]
**Leh** is one of the two districts in the Indian union territory of Ladakh, the other being the Kargil District to the west. It is bounded on the north by Ghanche District (Northern Areas), a small border with Xinjiang, China, via the Karakoram Pass which is part of the district. Aksai Chin and Tibet is to the east. Kargil district to the west, and lahul and spiti to the south. The district headquarters is based in Leh. It lies between 32 to 36 degree North latitude and 75 to 80 degree East longitude. As of 2001 the district has a population of 117,637.

The whole of Ladakh was under the administration of Leh district until July 1, 1979, when Kargil district was bifurcated from Leh district. About 84% of the district population are followers of Tibetan Buddhism, with much of the remainder being followers of Shi'a Islam, and the rest being Sunni and Nurbakhshi Muslims. Religion has been the source of grievances between Buddhists and Muslims since the late 20th century.

According to the 2001 census Total fertility rate in Leh district is the lowest in all of India at 1.3 per women. In neighbouring Kargil district, TFR is 3.4 The Total Birth Rate was 10.02 per 1000 people in 1995-2000 period. The Natural Growth Rate was 0.62% per year implying a Total Death Rate of 3.78 per 1000 people. The Birth Rate in some remote areas have plummeted to lowest anywhere in the world. For example in the village Diggar in the Nubra Valley, only 5 children were born during 1998-2002 period for a Total population of 700 people, implying a Total Birth Rate of just 1.79 per 1000 people per year. The lowest birth rate recorded is for German city of Cottbus in 2005, with 6.20 births per 1000 people.

## Tehsils
*Nubra Tehsil
*Khalsi Tehsil
*Leh Tehsil
*Kharo Tehsil
*Durubk Tehsil
*Nyoma Tehsil
Kargil district

**Kargil** is a district that forms part of the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir, currently administered by India as part of the Union Territory of Ladakh. It lies close to the Line of Control and is bordered by Pakistan-administered Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, the Kashmir Valley and Jammu to the west, Leh district to the east, and Himachal Pradesh to the south.

Administratively, Kargil is divided into nine blocks: Kargil, Drass, Sankoo, Taisuru, Shargole, Shakar-Chiktan, Zanskar, GM Pore/Trespone, and Lungnak. The district has three tehsils—Kargil, Zanskar, and Sankoo. Zanskar and Drass also function as sub-divisions, each headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate.

## Name 
The name **Kargil** is said to derive from the Balti-Tibetan words *Khar* and *Rkil*. *Khar* means "Castle" and *rkil* means "Centre" - thus a place between castles (as the place lay between many kingdoms). The ancient name of Kargil was *Purig*.

## Demographics 
With a population of 140,000, Kargil is the only Muslim majority district in Ladakh. Of the total population, 85% are Muslim, of which 73% follow Shia Islam. Most of the district's Muslims are found in Kargil town, Drass, Wakha and the lower Suru valley. The remainder 14% are followers of Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, mostly found in Zanskar with small populations in the upper Suru valley (Rangdum) and around Shergol and Mulbekh. Another 1% of the population follow Hinduism and Sikhism.

Purig and Balti people of Tibetan origin (converting from Buddhism to Islam in the 16th Century) mainly live in  Kargil. They have mixed with the Dard, Mon and other Aryan people. The mainly Muslim Dards live in the valley of Drass and speak Shina. A small number of Buddhist Dard, known as Brokpa, live in the Dha-Hanu region near the Lamayuru monastery. Some Arghons also live in Kargil Town. Later, immigrants from Kashmir and Hindus Jammu have come to live in Kargil.

## Gallery 

Girls in Kargil.jpg|Local girls in Kargil
Folk dance, Kargil.jpg|buddhist girl dancing on a folk song
The Eurassian Magpie - A common sight in Kargil.jpg
Marmot - Found in wild in Ladakh.jpg
Suru Valley - Kargil (LADAKH).jpg|View of Suru Valley
Kargil town, India panorama.jpg|Panorama of Kargil Town
Zoji La - Jammu And Kasmir.jpg|Lifeline of Ladakh region - the Zoji La
Kargil town on the banks of suru river 327.jpg|Poyen Village
Kargil sunset.jpg|Sunset in the mountains
Winter in Kargil.jpg|Kargil in the winter
Kargil's Kun and Nun mountain.jpg|The Kun and Nun mountain range in Kargil.
Chortens col.jpg|Row of chortens (or stupas) at the village of Purne. Each of the elements that constitute these edifices, as well as their colour, has a symbolic meaning in Tibetan Buddhism.
Kargil economy.jpg|Farmland in Kargil lies straddled below the mountains and above a flowing stream.

## References 
## Other websites 
* "District Kargil", Official Kargil Site
* Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil
Srinagar district

**Srinagar**  is at the center of the Valley of Kashmir. It is the most populous district in the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The largest city is Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. The capital moves to Jammu city in the winter.  It is also home to the scenic Dal Lake, a popular tourist destination.

Srinagar District is made up of two administrative tehsils: North Srinagar and South Srinagar.

## References
Udhampur district

]]
**Udhampur** () is a district in Jammu and Kashmir. The town of Udhampur is the headquarters of this district.

The 2001 census indicates the population of the district to be just over 700,000. There are 871 females for every 1000 males in the district. The overall literacy rate is at 54.16%, with 66.43% for males and 39.89% for females. Majority of the population of the district practise Hinduism. Majority are of Dogras in this district.There are a large number of nomadic Gujjar's and Bakarwal's present in the district as well.

The major languages spoken in the district are Punjabi and Kashmiri. Kashmiri language used by people migrated from Kashmir known as Kashmiri pandits which are in very good number as well.

## Tehsils of Udhampur
* Chenani Tehsil
* Basantgarh Tehsil
* Moungri Tehsil
* Majalta Tehsil
* Ramnagar Tehsil
* Latti-Marothi Tehsil
* Udhampur Tehsil
* Panchari Tehsil
Rajouri district

]]
**Rajouri** () is a District in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It borders the Islamic Republic of Pakistan's side of the Line of Control. Rajouri district is also notable for the presence of many Gujjar and Bakerwal villages, particularly towards the Pir Panjal mountain range.

The District has 7 Tehsils (towns) namely Rajouri Tehsil, Darhal Tehsil, Nowshera Tehsil, Sunderbani Tehsil, Kalakote Tehsil, Budhal Tehsil and Thannamandi Tehsil and 7 Blocks of Rajouri, Manjakote, Darhal, Budhal, Kalakote, Sunderbani and Nowshera. In  1981 estimates, the population as divided by religion was 97% Muslim, 2% Sikh and 1% Hindu. Rajouri district is famous for its local cheese all over the state along with milk products. One of the famous dishes in Rajouri is "makki ni roti" (maize bread) which is consumed best with a fresh cup of tea (*chaa*). Most of the people are farmers and they do subsistence farming.

## Tehsils of Rajouri
* Darhal Tehsil
* Budhal Tehsil
* Kalakote Tehsil
* Nowshera Tehsil
* Rajouri Tehsil
* Sunderbani Tehsil
* Thanamandi Tehsil
Sudhnoti District

**Sudhanoti** () is a district of Azad Kashmir in Pakistan.

**Sudhanoti** was the main site from where struggle against dogras and British imperialists was made. It remained the capital of Azad Kashmir and Jammu before it was shifted to Muzaffarabad. It was named Sudhanoti in 2000, as a new district of Azad Kashmir and Jammu in the honor of the Sudhan tribe.

## Administration
The district is divided into four tehsils

* Balouch Tehsil
* Trarkhal Tehsil
* Mang Tehsil
* Palandri Tehsil

## Notable people
*Kiran Imran Dar, Member National Assembly (MNA) Pakistan 

*Aziz Khan, General of the Pakistan Army and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
* Khan Muhammad Khan, Politician and the Chairman of the War Council during the 1947 Poonch Rebellion

## Population
Sudhanoti has a population of 242,000.
Kiyani/Gakhhars, Awan, Khwaja, Sudhan, Qureshi, Mughal and Dar are main tribes of this area.

## References
Kaffir

**Kaffir** may be meaning:
## Islam 
* Kafir, an Islamic term usually translated as *unbeliever* similar to the Christian word *pagan* or Hebrew word *koffer*.

## Africa 
* The Nguni languages, called the Kaffa languages in the 19th century.
* Fanagalo, a Zulu based pidgin language once referred to as *Kitchen Kaffir*.
* Kaffraria or British Kaffraria, a former designation for King William's Town and East London, South Africa.
* Kaffir boom, a species of tree in the Fabaceae family.
* South African ethnic slur for a black person. Thought to be borrowed from the language of the Cape Malay, who are an Islamic people.

## South Asia 
*Sri Lanka Kaffir people, an ethnic group
*Sri Lanka Kaffir language, a creole spoken by that people
## Middle East 
*Kafiristan, the historic name for the Nuristan Province in Afghanistan
* The Nuristani people descendants of the Hindukush Kafir people
* The Nuristani languages once called Kafiiri or Kafiristani
* Kafir harp
## Botany 
*Kaffir lime, a variety of lime native to Indonesia also known as a *makrut* lime.
*Kaffir lily, one of two flowers found in southern Africa
**Clivia miniata
**Hesperantha coccinea

## Other 
*Sunbeam Kaffir, an engine from the Sunbeam Car Company
*Kefir or Kephir, a fermented milk drink from the Caucasus region
Kongo language

**Kikongo** or **Kongo** is the Bantu language spoken by the Bakongo and Bandundu people in the tropical forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Angola.

## Other websites 
* Ethnologue entry for the Kongo language
* Kongo - English Dictionary
Latvian language

**Latvian** (Latvian: *latviešu valoda*), also called **Lettish** or **Lettisch**, is the official state language of Latvia. It is estimated that it has 1.75 million native speakers in Latvia.

The Latvian alphabet has 33 letters. The letters are based on the Latin alphabet. Along with the Lithuanian language, Latvian is the only living Baltic language.
## Related pages
* Riga
* Baltic states
* Eastern Europe
* Uralic languages
* Roma people in Latvia
* Balto-Slavic languages

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The Latvian Alphabet 
* Examples of Latvian words and phrases (with sound) 
* Latvian for beginners
* ok-board.com  Latvian online transliteration
Amphisbaenia

**Amphisbaenia** are a suborder of Squamata. 

Amphisbaenians have features that link them to both lizards and snakes, but they have enough of their own features to be a separate suborder. Amphisbaenians can live both above and below the ground. 

There are four families, made up of 18 genera, and about 160 species. 

## Famililes 
* Amphisbaenidae 
* Bipedidae 
* Rhineuridae
* Trogonphidae
Karen languages

The **Karen languages** are tonal languages spoken by the Karen people, who live in Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand. They are part of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

## References 
## Other websites 
*A non-profit web portal on the Karen peoples 
*The first and only Karen language news outlet online based in Mergui/Tavoy District of Kawthoolei
Tropic

A **tropic** may be meaning:

In geography:
*either of two circles of latitude:
**Tropic of Cancer, at 23° 26' 22" N
**Tropic of Capricorn, at 23° 26' 22" S

*Tropics, referring to the tropical regions of the world.
*Tropic, Florida, a town in the United States
*Tropic, Utah, a town in the United States

In transportation:
*SS *Tropic* (1871)
*SS *Tropic* (1904)
Wig

A **wig** is an artificial covering of hair. The word is short for **periwig** and appeared in the English language around 1675. Some people wear wigs to hide the fact that they are bald, which means they have very little or no scalp hair. Actors often wear wigs to disguise their appearance or get into character. In Britain and other Commonwealth nations, some public employees, such as judges and barristers, wear wigs. 

Many composers during the 18th century wore wigs.

Image:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart 1.jpg|Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wearing a wig.
Image:Bach.jpg|Johann Sebastian Bach wearing a wig.
Image:George Frideric Handel by Balthasar Denner.jpg|George Frideric Handel wearing a wig.
Image:LARGILLIÈRE man in purper.jpg|A portrait by Nicolas de Largillière, a French painter. He painted a man with a wig.
Image:1707 Self-Portrait of Nicolas de Largillière.jpg|Largillière (self-portrait) did not have much hair, so he often wore wigs.
Neelum District

The **Neelum District** () is one of the eight districts of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Until recently it was part of Muzaffarabad District. It is bounded by the Gilgit (Northern Areas) to the North, with Kupwara and Baramulla Districts of Jammu and Kashmir to the South and Southeast, Muzaffarabad District to the Southwest and Mansehra District to the West. The district was badly affected by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake.

## Subdivisions 
The district is administratively subdivided into two tehsils:

* Athmuuqaam Tehsil
* Sharda Tehsil

## Pakistani Languages 
Many languages are spoken in the district. Hindko however, is the predominant language and is spoken mostly in the west, southwest and central regions. Shina and Kashmiri are spoken in the Northeast towards the border with Baramulla and Astore District and also in the far north on the cease-fire Line with Diamir District. Pashto is also spoken in a few villages on the Line of Conflict with Baramulla.

## Other websites 
*Map of Neelum
Euarchontoglires

**Euarchontoglires** (synonymous with **Supraprimates**) is a taxonomic superorder, within Placentalia. It includes the rodents and the primates.

Placentalia (Eutheria)
* Afrotheria
* Exafroplacentalia
** Xenarthra
** Boreoeutheria
*** Laurasiatheria
*** Euarchontoglires

## Orders
*Glires
***Rodentia - rodents
***Lagomorpha - rabbits, hares and pikas
*Euarchonta
**Dermoptera - colugos
**Primatomorpha
***Scandentia - treeshrews
***Primates - monkeys, apes and humans
The Great American Bash (2008)

**The Great American Bash (2008)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on July 20, 2008 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York. It was the fifth Great American Bash event held by WWE and the 19th Great American Bash event overall.

The event featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. It was the last PPV of the Ruthless Aggression Era, as all WWE in-ring programming was rated TV-PG two days after the event.

## Background 
The main feud going into the Great American Bash on the SmackDown brand was between Triple H and Edge. They had been feuding over the WWE Championship. On the July 4 edition of *SmackDown*, General Manager Vickie Guerrero said that they would wrestle each other for the WWE Championship at The Great American Bash.

The main feud on the Raw brand was between CM Punk and Batista, who feuded over the World Heavyweight Championship. On July 7, Batista became the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship after defeating Kane, JBL, and John Cena in a fatal four-way match.

## Results 
## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Great American Bash website
Ontology

was among the first to propose an ontological characterization of the fundamental nature of reality]]

**Ontology** is the philosophical study of the nature of *being, *becoming*, existence*, or *reality*. It is part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics. 

Ontology deals with questions about what things exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped according to similarities and differences. 

## Etymology 
The word *ontology* ('study of being') comes from
:*-* (Greek: ;  ) and
:''* ().

## Overview 
Ontology asks whether "categories of being" are fundamental. 

Some philosophers, of the Platonic school, say that all nouns (including abstract nouns) refer to actual entities. Other philosophers contend that nouns do not always name entities. They think some are a kind of shorthand for a collection of either objects or events. 

In this view, *mind*, instead of referring to an entity, refers to a collection of *mental events* experienced by a *person*. *Society* refers to a collection of *persons* with some shared characteristics, and *geometry'' refers to a collection of a specific kind of intellectual activity. 

Between these poles, called realism and nominalism, are other positions. Any ontology must give an account of which words refer to entities, which do not, why, and what categories result.

## Notes
## References
Pegasus Airlines

**Pegasus airlines** is a Turkish airline company based in Turkey. Pegasus Airlines flies to 100 destinations in 17 countries.

Countries to which Pegasus fly are:
*Austria
*Germany
*Denmark
*United Kingdom
*Netherlands
*Iran
*Italy
*Switzerland
*Northern Cyprus
*Scotland

## Other websites
* Official website
Ethiopian Airlines

**Ethiopian Airlines** is an airline based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is the national airline of Ethiopia, operating scheduled international passenger and freight services to 80 destinations world-wide, as well as domestic services to 28 destinations and passenger and cargo charter flights. Its main hub is Bole International Airport, Addis Ababa.

## History
Ethiopian Airlines began on December 30, 1945. It was set up by Emperor Haile Selassie. It has codeshare agreements with South African Airways, Lufthansa, TAAG Air Angola, Gulf Air, Air One, Brussels Airlines, British Midland Airways Limited, Rwanda Air, and Saudi Arabian Airways.

## References
Thomas Brezina

**Thomas Brezina** (born January 30, 1963, in Vienna) is an Austrian writer of children's books. He is famous for his series *The Knickerbocker Gang* and his stories about the talking bike *Tom Turbo*.
Bass

__NOTOC__
**Bass** or **Basses** may mean:

## Music and other sound
* Low frequency part of the sound spectrum (see also Low Frequency Effects, (LFE))
* Bass (sound), describing bass in terms of tone and musicality

### Musical instruments
* Double bass, the largest and lowest pitched bowed string instrument
* Electric upright bass, the electric version of a double bass
* Bass guitar, generally with a solid body
* Acoustic bass guitar, with a hollow body
* Bass drum, a large drum
* Tuba, often called "the bass" in the context of brass instruments
* Bass clarinet a clarinet with a lower sound
* Bass cornett, a low pitched wind instrument
* Bass flute, an instrument one octave lower than a flute
* Bass sarrusophone, a low pitched double reed instrument
* Bass saxophone

### Musical genres
* Drum and bass, a type of electronic dance music
* Miami bass, a type of hip hop music
* Ghettotech, or Detroit Bass, a form of electronic dance music
* Techno Bass, a blend of Miami bass and Detroit techno
* Drill 'n bass, a form of electronic dance music

### Other musical areas
* Bass (vocal range), a male singer who sings in the deepest vocal range
* Figured bass, a kind of integer musical notation
* F clef or bass clef
* Bass note, the lowest note in a chord
* Bassline, an instrumental part which is in the bass range
* "Basses", is the third movement of Mike Oldfield's *Tubular Bells 2003* album

## People with the surname Bass
*Fontella Bass, was an American singer.
*Lance Bass, is an American pop singer, actor, and producer.
*Saul Bass, was an American graphic designer.
*Charles Bass, is an American politician.

## Places
* Bass Rock, wildlife sanctuary off the coast of Scotland
* Bass, Victoria, a town in Australia
* Division of Bass, a federal electoral division, in Australia
* Division of Bass (state), state electoral division, in Australia
* Bass Strait, in Australia
* Bass Pyramid, island in Bass Strait
* Basses, Vienne a Commune of the Vienne department in France
* Bass, West Virginia
* Bass River (disambiguation)

## Other
* Bass (fish), various freshwater and saltwater species
* Bass (beer), a British brand of beer
* Beneath a Steel Sky, a videogame
* Bass diffusion model, a mathematical marketing model
* Bass (Mega Man), a character in the video game Mega Man
* Bass Armstrong, a character from the video game *Dead or Alive*
* G. H. Bass, a shoemaker, especially of loafers
* Bass Anglers Sportsmen Society (B.A.S.S.)
Singlish

**Singlish** is a language used mostly in Singapore. It is the first language of many younger Singaporeans, especially those whose parents do not share a native language or dialect, and is the second language of nearly all the rest of the country's residents.

The vocabulary of Singlish consists of words originating from English, Malay (mainly Bahasa Melayu rather than Indonesian), Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Tamil and to a lesser extent various other European, Indic and Sinitic languages, while Singlish syntax resembles southern varieties of Chinese. Also, elements of American and Australian slang have come through from imported television series. To date, other Asian languages like Japanese, Korean and other lesser known Chinese dialects such as Shanghainese have also been incorporated into Singlish. Recently, because Mandarin is taught to all Singaporean Chinese in school, Mandarin words have also become a part of Singlish.  Singlish is a creole of English.

Singlish is closely related to Manglish of the nearby country Malaysia.

The Singaporean government wants people to use Singapore Standard English instead of Singlish because it believes in that Singaporeans need to be able to effectively communicate with the other English users in the world.  The government runs the Speak Good English Movement to emphasise the point.

## References
## Other websites 
*Singapore Speak Good English Movement 
*The Coxford Singlish Dictionary @ Talkingcock.com
*A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English
*Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish) 
*An Annotated Bibliography of Works on Singapore English 
*The NIE Corpus of Spoken Singapore English 
*The Lim Siew Lwee Corpus of Informal Singapore Speech 
*Taiwanese Celebrities Criticize Singaporean English
Singapore dollar

The **Singapore Dollar** is the official currency or money of Singapore. The symbol of the Singapore Dollar when written is **$**. 1 Singapore Dollar is divided into 100 cents. There are 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 dollar notes and 5¢, 10¢, 20¢, 50¢, and $1 coins in use.

## Ways of writing 
* **$**1 - means one dollar
* **S$** 1 - means one **Singapore** dollar
* **SGD** 1 - means one **Singapore** dollar without the dollar sign (used most in foreign exchanges)

## Usage 
The Singapore Dollar can be used in Singapore.

However, the Singapore Dollar can also be used in Brunei due to an agreement signed between the Singapore government and the Brunei government. Both the Singapore Dollar (SGD) and the Brunei Dollar (BND) are accepted in stores of Singapore and Brunei.
Çanakkale

**Çanakkale** is a city in  western Turkey. In World War I, Çanakkale was a major battle area during the Gallipoli Campaign launched by British and French forces against Turkey. Troy, an ancient Greek city was in the area of Çanakkale Province.

## References