open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sibiu

**Sibiu** (IPA , German: *Hermannstadt*, Hungarian: *Nagyszeben*) is a city in Transylvania, Romania. About 170,000 people live there. The Cibin River, a tributary of the Olt River flows through the city.  It is the capital of Sibiu County.

## Twinned towns 
*  Bauru, Brazil since 1995.
*  Columbia, Missouri, USA since 1994.
*  Deventer, Netherlands since 2007.
*  Klagenfurt, Austria since 1990.
*  Landshut, Germany since 2002.
*  Marburg, Germany since 2005.
*  Mechelen, Belgium since 1996.
*  Rennes, France since 1999.
*  Valencia, Venezuela since 1993.
*  Wirral, UK since 1994.

## References
Graphic design

used for graphic design.]]
**Graphic design** is a practical art which helps in communication. Visual information is formed in a way that produces a message.  This can be done by placing words and pictures in ways that will get the attention of others.  People who do graphic design as work are called *graphic designers*.  In printed media, graphic design includes typography, organising illustration, book design, page layout, specifying print.

Graphic design can be done in different media.  These include paper, video, labels, and web sites. 

Graphic designers use many skills, rules and techniques to provide the right information.  They must combine artistic expression and media relations.  Skills include the ability to look at the whole picture, color theory, design principles, understanding of art, etc.

Graphic design today is heavily used in all types of media, magazine articles, internet and especially in advertising. Almost every marketing effort utilizes graphic design for brochures, business cards, websites, logo design and corporate identity. 

Contemporary graphic designs tend to feature modern geometric forms and shapes and bold typefaces. They emphasize making the message easy to read and comprehend and also grab attention and make memorable.
 
Graphic Designers are people who convert ideas and layout design of print, web or digital media, conceptualized and created by copywriters (people who write the written or textual content) and visualizers (people who originally conceive the look of the final layout) into visually appealing text, images, videos, illustrations, line arts or other forms of drawings or art. It is only after the work of graphic designers that the content becomes appealing and relatively much more attractive to the viewer than was originally made. The degree to which this can be made attractive to the audience depends to a large extent on the skill and proficiency of the Graphic Designer.

## References
## Related pages
*Graphic arts
Vaquita

The **vaquita** (*Phocoena sinus*) is a rare type of porpoise. It lives only in the Gulf of California. It is the world's smallest cetacean and most endangered marine mammal. The Vaquita is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union of Conservation of Nature. Forty years ago, the Vaquita population was estimated to have 1000 living individuals.  Current research has shown that from 1990 to now (2021), the population has dropped from close to 500 individuals down to 20 or less.

## Look 
Vaquita have a dark coloring around the eyes and mouth. The upper side of the body is medium to dark gray. The underside is off-white to light gray. It has a rather large fin on its back for its size.
The Vaquita is the smallest type of porpoise in the world, growing up to 5 feet long and weighing up to 120 pounds.

## Feeding 
Vaquitas usually eat small fish, crustaceans (such as shrimp), and cephalopods (such as squid and octopuses).

## Life 
They live alone or in small groups, usually of about three, but sometimes they live in groups of up to ten.

## References
 Rodríguez-Félix. (2021). Viability of the vaquita, Phocoena sinus (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) population, threatened by poaching of Totoaba macdonaldi (Perciformes: Sciaenidae). Revista de Biología Tropical., 69(2), 588–600.
Dave Jauss

**Dave Jauss** (born January 16, 1957) is the bench coach for the New York Mets. He has also been the bench coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Baltimore Orioles.

## References
Cluj-Napoca

**Cluj-Napoca** (pronunciation in Romanian: ; ; ; ; ), until 1974 *Cluj*, is the third biggest city in Romania, and is the capital city of Cluj County, in the north-western part of Transylvania. Bucharest is about 330 kilometers away from Cluj-Napoca. About 330,000 people live in the city. It also has some famous universities and a rich history as the capital city of Transylvania.

In the west of Cluj-Napoca is the Hoia-Baciu Forest. There is a bicycle park and other sport activities like paintball, airsoft or archery.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Website of Cluj-Napoca  (Romanian)
* Hungarian website of Kolozsvár 
* Virtual trip of Cluj-Napoca 
* Cluj-Napoca Hotels
* Events in Cluj-Napoca (Romanian)
* Mobile webcam offering a good panorama over Cluj-Napoca 
* A virtual guide into the history,culture and sightseeing of Cluj-Napoca,the city in the heart of Transylvania, Romania  (English)
La Rochelle

**La Rochelle** is a city in the Charente-Maritime department and a seaport in western France near the Bay of Biscay. The Huguenots there rebelled in 1627 and 1628.
La Rochelle is a coastal city in southwestern France and capital of the Charente-Maritime department. It has been a center for fishing and trade since the 12th century, a maritime tradition that's reflected in its Vieux Port (old harbor) and huge, modern Les Minimes marina. The old town has half-timbered medieval houses and Renaissance architecture, including passageways covered by 17th-century arches. 

La Rochelle Business School is in the city.

## Sister cities
La Rochelle is twinned with:
*  Lübeck, Germany, since 1988
*  New Rochelle, United States, since 1910
*  Newport, Rhode Island, United States
*  Acre, Israel, since 1972
*  Essaouira, Morocco, since 1999
*  Santiago de Figueiró, Portugal, since 2003
*  Petrozavodsk, Russia, since 1973

## Other websites
Combustion

, a hydrocarbon ]]
**Combustion** is the process of burning. **Combustion** is a reaction of a fuel with an oxidant to give out heat. The release of heat can produce light in the form of a flame.

Car engines and rocket engines both work by combustion. Combustion in a Ferrari car motor is different from combustion in a rocket engine. Car combustion is gas burning and exploding in cylinders called pistons again and again to push them up and down, making the car move. Rocket combustion is made by rocket fuel exploding out of the back of the rocket moving it up. The burning of most substances is bad for the environment and the ozone layer because it can let off greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Hydrogen burns cleanly and gives off a lot of heat, but it does not produce much power, and is highly explosive.

The fire tetrahedron (contains oxygen fuel heat and chemical chain reaction) show the components of combustion. During combustion, fuel reacts with oxygen and heat, then releases energy. Complete combustion happens in a plentiful supply of oxygen. Complete combustion releases more energy than incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air is limited, or poor. Incomplete combustion also creates carbon monoxide, and even soot. Several factors must be considered when choosing the best fuel for a particular purpose. Fuels are substances that react with oxygen to release useful energy. Most of the energy is released as heat, but light energy is also released. About 21 per cent of the air is oxygen. When a fuel burns in plenty of air, it receives enough oxygen for complete combustion. Complete combustion needs a plentiful supply of air so that the elements in the fuel react fully with oxygen. Fuels such as natural gas and petrol contain hydrocarbons. These are compounds of hydrogen and carbon only. Combustion is a high-temperature oxidation reaction.

## Related pages 
* Exothermic
* Phlogiston theory

## Other websites
Zygote

A **zygote** is the fertilized cell that will grow into a new animal or plant. When a female's ovum and a male's sperm cell join, the cell that results is called the zygote. The zygote then multiplies, and grows into an embryo. So, a zygote is formed from the union of two gametes, and is the first stage in a human organism's development. Zygotes are produced by fertilization between two haploid cells, the ovum and the sperm cells, which make a diploid cell. Diploid cells have copies of both parents' chromosomes and DNA. At conception it has all the necessary properties to create a fully formed human being. Life until death is a series of many different stages of development.  

Some animals keep the zygote in their bodies until it is a full-grown baby. The time between the forming of the zygote and the baby's birth is called pregnancy. Other animals do not keep the zygote in their bodies, but lay an egg. The zygote grows inside the egg until it is ready and a larva or baby animal hatches.
Caterpillar

*]]
A **caterpillar** is a young butterfly or moth that has just hatched out of its egg. A caterpillar is a kind of larva. When it is older, the caterpillar will turn into a pupa (also known as a chrysalis), and then later the pupa will turn into a butterfly.

Caterpillars usually have three pairs of small, but noticeable, true legs at the front and up to 5 pairs of fleshy false legs at the back.

Caterpillars are commonly found feeding on leaves, but they are also found inside living stems and branches or on the roots of plants and dead wood.

Most caterpillars are shades of green or brown and are relatively hairless, although in many families caterpillars are very hairy and often brightly coloured. Some species are pests of growing plants, carpets, woollens, organic fabrics and stored food products.

Caterpillars are an important source of food for birds and other invertebrates and many species help dead animals and plants decompose.

## Gallery 
Examples of different kinds of caterpillars.

Image:Pyrrharctia isabella (caterpillar) 2009.jpg
Image:Caterpillar 2 (aka).jpg
Image:Macrothylacia rubi (xndr).JPG
Image: Sphinx ligustri01.jpg|*Sphinx ligustri''
Nanometre

The **nanometre** (symbol: **nm**) is a unit used to measure length in the metric system. It is equal to one billionth of a metre () and for kilometre, it is equal to one trillionth of a kilometre (1 km / 1,000,000,000,000). The name combines the SI prefix *nano-* (from the Ancient Greek , ''*, "dwarf") with the parent unit name *metre'' (from Greek , '**, "unit of measurement"). It can be written in scientific notation as 1&times;10&minus;9&nbsp;m.

The nanometre is often used to express very tiny dimensions, such as measuring atoms. The nanometre is also commonly used to measure the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation near the part of the spectrum that can be seen by humans. Visible light ranges from around 400 to 800&nbsp;nm.

The nanometre was formerly called the **millimicrometre** (or the **millimicron**). This is because it is 1/1000 of a micrometre, and was written with the symbol **mµ** (or sometimes **µµ''').

## Related pages
* Angstrom
* Nanotechnology
* Quantum dot

## References
Cable car

A **cable car** is a type of car that runs on cables above the car.  The machines that drive the cables are in the two "winding houses".  One winding house is at the bottom and one at the top.  It is used much in areas where there are a lot of mountains.

The construction of the longest cable way in the world was finished in 16th October 2010 in Armenia. Its name is Wings of Tatev and has length of 5.7&nbsp;km.

Some cable cars run on railway tracks, pulled by a cable.

## Related pages
*Gondola lift

## Other websites 
* A picture of a typical cable car
Phnom Penh

at the Royal Palace, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.]]**Phnom Penh** (; official Romanization: Phnum Pénh; IPA: [pʰnum peːɲ]) is the capital of Cambodia. It is the largest and most populous city in the country. It is also the capital of the Phnom Penh administrative city. 
## Overview
On April 17, 1975, it was seized by the Khmer Rouge who soon forced everyone to leave. It was later retaken from the Khmer Rouge by the Vietnamese Army in January 1979.
## Related pages
* Pol Pot
* Lon Nol
* Vietnam War
* Cambodian genocide

## Other websites
Take Me Out to the Ball Game

"**Take Me Out to the Ball Game**" is a 1908 Tin Pan Alley song. The words were written by Jack Norworth. The music was written by Albert Von Tilzer. Neither of the writers had been to a baseball game. The song has become the unofficial anthem of baseball. 

The chorus is traditionally sung during the seventh-inning stretch of a baseball game. Fans are generally encouraged to sing along. At some ballparks, the words "home team" are replaced with the team name, as is the case with the Houston Astros, San Francisco Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, Philadelphia Phillies, Toronto Blue Jays, Miami Marlins, Colorado Rockies, Detroit Tigers and several other Major League Baseball teams.

The first recorded version of the song was made by Edward Meeker.  Meeker's recording was selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry. The Registry picks recordings once a year that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## Words
## Notes
Bielsko-Biała

**Bielsko-Biała** is a city in southern Poland with 180,000 inhabitants. Its size is . The city is in the Beskidy mountains.

## Related pages
*Museum in Bielsko-Biała
Xia dynasty

**Xia dynasty** (Chinese: 夏朝; Pinyin: xià cháo; Wade–Giles: Hsia-ch'ao) was the first dynasty of China. It was founded in 2100 BC and ended in 1600 BC. Until archaeologists dug at Erlitou in Henan Province, many scientists were not sure if the Xia Dynasty was real or a myth. The last king was Jie who was said to be cruel and greedy. He was defeated by T'ang, the king of the Shang people from the east.

## Kings of the Xia dynasty
Dictator

The word **dictator** or **despot** in modern times is used to describe an absolute ruler of a country (other than a king). A dictator uses force and fear to keep themself, their friends, and their allies in authority.

They can effectively make laws all by themself. A country that is ruled by a dictator is called a *dictatorship*.

## History 
The word "dictator" comes from the Roman Republic, where a man would be given absolute power for six to twelve months to handle an emergency. Julius Caesar was the last Roman Dictator.

Some dictators in history have gained political power through by violently taking over the existing government (for example, in a military coup, civil war or revolution). Others won an election, but once in power, they cancelled new elections or changed how they were run to make them unfair for opponents.

Mao Zedong, Muammar Gaddafi, Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler are four of the deadliest dictators in history. Pol Pot was perhaps the deadliest: his Cambodian genocide killed nearly a quarter of the people under his rule.

## A Comparison Of Monarchs and Dictators 
Monarchs, often called kings, queens, and emperors are similar to dictators in quite a few ways, including the usage of force and fear too rule over a country. Both dictators and monarchs often start wars and/or kill millions to expand or gain power.

Often times these groups overlap, with many dictatorships having a monarchy structure where the next of kin will become the next dictator upon death of the current dictator.

Many monarchs throughout history fall under dictatorships as they rule with absolute power and authority with no regard for laws. Though this does not mean all monarchs are automatically dictators.

Dictatorships often also have little to no acceptance throughout history, whereas monarchs often are seen as okay as long as they're not ruling with absolute authority and attempting to help their people.

## Related pages 
*Despotism
*Dictatorship
*Junta
Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ

The **Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ** was a 1954 battle between Vietnamese and French forces. Vietnam won, which made the French give up in the First Indochina War. The independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was secured, and Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.

With the launch of Operation Castor, French soldiers were dropped from the Red River Delta by air, deep into the northwestern hills of Vietnam, into Việt Minh territory. They established a well-fortified garrison at Ðiện Biên Phủ, alongside an airstrip to supply their troops. That was an attempt to lure the Vietnamese guerrilla fighters, commanded by General Võ Nguyên Giáp, into an all-out firefight to inflict devastating losses in which the French would use their heavy artillery and superior firepower. 

However, the Việt Minh did not take the bait but brought Chinese-funded heavy artillery into this difficult area, much to French surprise. The Việt Minh also used its superior numbers in human wave tactics to overwhelm the French. Next, the Việt Minh dug deep trenches and used its artillery to shoot down any French airplanes, destroy the French airstrip, and bombard the French troops into submission. The French surrendered in May 1954 after two months of fighting. The number of French soldiers at the garrison had increased from 12,000 to over 15,000. After years of fighting and this defeat, the French no longer wanted to continue fighting.

It was the first time an Asian colonial army defeated the army of a European power by military might. That was considered to be a surprise disaster for the French and a blow to the Western world. The French no longer wanted to maintain French Indochina, so they negotiated and later withdrew from Indochina. The Second Indochinese War later was fought between both Vietnams

French colonies in Africa also revolted, most famously during the Algerian War. By 1967, most of the French colonial empire was gone.

## References
Laxoox

**Laxoox** (pronounced 'la-hoh') in Somalia, or **Canjeera** is a flat bread, a kind of pancake served in Somaliland, Somalia, Yemen and parts of Djibouti. It is frequently seen in the kitchens of northern East Africa. 

## Variants
Laxoox bread is very similar to *injera*, made in Ethiopian and Eritrea, but is much thinner and smaller in size. However, laxoox  is always made with wheat flour, while the injera is made from teff (which can be made with flour of other cereals). 

## Preparation
The bread is made with a mixture of sorghum flour, all-purpose flour, yeast (optional), warm water and a small portion of salt. The mixture is stirred by hand until it becomes creamy and smooth, and is left to ferment. If yeast is not being added, the batter is made in the afternoon and left to ferment overnight.

The laxoox is traditionally cooked in a circular metal plate called Daawa. Somalis living in exile, without access to a Daawa, use a normal pan instead. 

Traditionally, laxoox is served as a breakfast with tea and *subag* (ghee butter) or *saliid* *macraso* (sesame oil). Laxoox is also served with stir-fried liver, scrambled eggs, minced meat, beans, hummus, soup or camel milk.
August Revolution

The **August Revolution**, also known as the **Vietnamese Revolution** happened in Vietnam in August 1945.  It was an uprising for independence after the Japanese lost World War II in Asia.

It led to the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945.

The independence war against the French would soon follow.
Khmer language

**Khmer** is the official language of Cambodia.
## Overview
The Khmer is spoken by the Khmer people, who live in Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam and many other countries. Its script was the base for the Thai script, although Thai does not use subscript consonants. 

One thing that makes it particularly difficult for many foreigners to learn is that Khmer words are not separated in a sentence and the sounds are quite hard for foreigners to repeat. But still each word in the sentence can be distinguished. Also, there is not much material on Khmer, although this situation is changing.

## Writing
The Khmer script is based on an ancient Indian alphabet. It is written from left to right. There are 35 consonants, some of which can be written under other consonants (2 consonants are not used anymore). Vowels are combined with the consonants to make a sound.

For instance, the "*t*" sound ត can be combined with the "-*ah*" sound ា to make the word តា (*tah*, which means grandfather). The Khmer writing script also has its own special way of writing numbers. The Khmer numerals are ០១២៣៤៥៦៧៨៩.

## Grammar
The language has a subject-verb-object order, just like English. Pronouns change based on who you are speaking to. For instance, if you are not a monk and you are speaking to a monk, you would call him "ព្រះតេជព្រះគុណ".

## Examples
ខ្ញុំមិនចង់បានទេ
"I don't want it."

អ្នកចង់ទៅលេងសៀមរាបទេ
"Do you want to go to Siem Reap?"
## Related pages
* History of Asia
* Austronesian peoples
* Austroasiatic languages

## References
Blue cheese

**Blue cheese** is a type of cheese with a fungus called *Penicillium* added to it. The mold makes patches or veins of it look blue. The cheese can be made from cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk. Types of it include Roquefort cheese, Stilton cheese, and Gorgonzola cheese. These names should only be used for cheeses that are made in certain areas and are protected by the European Union.

## Uses 
Blue cheese is commonly used in salad dressing, or Salad. It is not commonly used in sandwiches. 

## Gallery 

File:Blue Cheese plate from Nicholini's.jpg
File:A Blue Cheese from Holiday Inn Goldmile.jpg
File:A Plate of Blue Cheese at Lighthouse Cafe.jpg
File:WikiCheese - Bleu du Vercors 04.jpg
File:Orange and Grand Marnier cheese in the cheese corner at Grand Cafe.jpg
File:A Blue Stilton at Cheese corner in Grand Cafe.jpg
File:Aged Blue cheese with red passito wine at the cheese corner in Grand Cafe.jpg
File:Blue Stilton 02.jpg

## References
Aardwolf

The **aardwolf** (*Proteles cristata*) is a small, insectivorous mammal, native to East Africa and Southern Africa. Its name means "earth wolf" in the Afrikaans / Dutch language. It is also called "maanhaar jackal" in Afrikaans, or *civet hyena*, based on the secretions (civet) from their anal glands.

The aardwolf is in the same family as the hyenas. Unlike many of its relatives in the order Carnivora, the aardwolf does not hunt large animals, or even eat meat on a regular basis; instead it eats insects, mainly termites – one aardwolf can eat about 250,000 termites during a single night by using its long, sticky tongue to capture them.

The aardwolf lives in the scrublands of eastern and southern Africa – these are open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs. The aardwolf is nocturnal, resting in burrows during the day and coming out at night to eat.

Anal gland scent-marking plays an important role in mating-season in both sexes as it is the primary communication method.

## References
Colon (anatomy)

The **colon** is a part of the large intestine. It is between the cecum and the rectum. The colon takes water from the feces that goes through it. The colon in mammals can be divided into four sections:
* the ascending colon
* the transverse colon
* the descending colon
* the sigmoid colon

## Ascending colon
This part of the colon goes from the cecum (where the small intestine  ends) up the right hand side of the abdomen. It travels down the left side of the abdomen. It is possible to have medical problems with the descending colon including ulcers, cancer and Crohn's disease.

## Sigmoid colon
This is the small "S" shaped part of the colon, about 40&nbsp;cm in length, which goes from the bottom of the descending colon into the centre of the pelvis to the rectum.

## References
## Other websites 
* Overview and diagrams at seer.cancer.gov 
* Video: What is Colorectal Cancer?
Nerve impulse

A **nerve impulse** are the series of electrical signals that is generated in the neurons (nerve cells) in a response to stimulus.

## Mechanism of Conduction 
### Polarisation 
When a neuron is not conducting or is in a resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to K+ ions and impermeable to Na+ ions. The sodium-potassium pump actively pumps out 3Na+ ions to the extracellular fluid and takes in 2K+ ions into the cell. Due to the imbalance in charge, a potential difference is developed across the axonal membrane, also known as the **resting potential** (-70mV). The outer side of the membrane will have a positive charge while the inner side will have a negative charge.

### Depolarisation 
When a stimulus (chemical, mechanical or electrical) is applied to the membrane, the sodium-potassium pump stops working. The Na+ ions will rush inside the cell followed by the reversal of polarity of the axonal membrane. It is also called depolarisation of the nerve fibre. The electric potential difference at the site of stimulus is called the **action potential** (+40mV). When an action potential reaches such a synapse, the ionic currents cross the two cell membranes and enter the postsynaptic cell through pores known as connexons. Thus, presynaptic action potential directly stimulates the postsynaptic cell.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Interactive Synapse at LearnBio.org.
Elektra (disambiguation)

**Elektra** (or **Electra**) can mean:

* **Elektra**: several people from Greek mythology, most often the daughter of Agamemnon and Klytaimnestra (Clytemnestra).
**On spelling: the Greek alphabet does not have a '**C**', so they spelled the name with a 'K'.

## Drama 
The myth was the subject of at least two Greek tragedies:
*Elektra (Sophocles) c. 401 BC: When King Agamemnon returns from the Trojan War with his new concubine, Cassandra, his wife Clytemnestra (who has taken Agamemnon's cousin Aegisthus as a lover) kills them. Clytemnestra believes the murder was justified. Agamemnon had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia before the war, as commanded by the gods. Electra, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, rescued her young, twin brother Orestes from her mother by sending him to Strophius of Phocis. The play begins years later when Orestes has returned as a grown man with a plot for revenge, as well as to claim the throne.
 
*Elektra (Euripides) c. 415: Years before, near the start of the Trojan War, the Greek general Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigeneia in order to appease the goddess Artemis and allow the Greek army to set sail for Troy. His wife Clytemnestra never forgave him, and when he returned from the war ten years later, she and her lover Aegisthus murdered Agamemnon. There follows the reuniting of the brother, Orestes, and sister, Elektra, and their conspiracy to murder their mother and her lover.

The original creator of this kind of tragedy was Aeschylus with his *Oresteia* trilogy, 485 BC.

## Astronomy 
* **130 Elektra**, an asteroid
* **Electra** is the star 17 Tauri
Insulin

bridges (chemical).]]

**Insulin** is a hormone made by the pancreas in the body that controls the glucose level in the blood.

Insulin promotes the absorption of sugar from the blood. The sugar is stored as fat cells. People who cannot make insulin in their bodies, or enough for their needs, have the disease diabetes.

When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the human body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis. This process breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose which can then be used as an energy source. Insulin is a central metabolic control mechanism. Insulin is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body.

Human insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produces insulin. The name comes from the Latin *insula* for "island". Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version. So, people with diabetes can take in insulin got from pigs instead of producing their own insulin.

## History
Nicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology was the first to isolate insulin. He did that in 1916. He called it pancrein. He isolated it by developing a pancreatic extract which, when injected into a diabetic dog, proved to have a normalizing effect on blood sugar levels. He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I. In early 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog. Later that year, he published an extensive paper on the effect of the pancreatic extract injected into a diabetic animal. The title was: "Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation", published 22 June 1921 by the "Archives Internationales de Physiologie",

Frederick Banting did similar experiments while trying to find a cure for diabetes. In these experiments he also used dogs.  He first knew insulin would control diabetes in a person when he injected some insulin into a 14-year-old boy named Leonard Thompson, who was dying of diabetes. After the injection he survived. Banting won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with John Macleod, for the discovery of insulin.

The first genetically engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Herbert Boyer using E. coli.

## Related pages
*Peptide hormone

## References
ESSEC Business School

The **ESSEC** is an important school teaching business to adults in France. It was created in 1907 in Paris, but it has moved to Cergy-Pontoise, a city west of Paris, in 1973. 

In 2006, ESSEC set up a campus in Singapore, Asia. Twice a year, about 50 ESSEC students go and study there.

ESSEC is now one of the most famous Business Schools and Grandes Écoles in France. ESSEC is frequently ranked second nationally.

## Other websites 
*ESSEC Business School Paris Singapore website in English
Hare

in winter coat]]

A **hare** (*Lepus*), also known as a **jackrabbit**, is a mammal of the order Lagomorpha, in the same family as the rabbit. They are larger than rabbits and have black tipped ears. Their diet (the food they eat) resembles what rabbits eat; they eat ruttabaga and lettuce. They graze on grass and leafy weeds.

Hares are very fast-running animals. The European brown hare (*Lepus europaeus*) runs at speeds up to . The five species of hare found in central and western North America can run at , and can leap up to 3m (ten feet) at a time. They live  or in pairs; "a drove" is the name for a group of hares.

## Mating season 
Normally a shy animal, they change their behaviour in spring, when hares chase one another around meadows. This may be competition between males to attain dominance (and hence more access to breeding females). During this spring frenzy, hares can be seen "boxing"; one hare striking another with its paws (probably the origin of the term "mad as a March hare"). For a long time, this was thought to be intermale competition, but closer observation has shown it is usually a female hitting a male to prevent copulation. When a doe is ready to mate, she runs across the countryside, starting a chase that tests the stamina of the following males. When only the fittest male remains, the female stops and allows him to copulate.

## Snowshoe hare 
This is a species of hare found in cold climates in North America. As with the Arctic fox, its hair is white in winter, and brown in the summer. These are different morphs. This ability gives it camouflage, which it needs because it is the favourite food of the Canadian lynx.

## References
Computer bus

A **computer bus** (often simply called **bus**) is part of most computers. Its role is to transfer data, signals, or power between some of the components that make up a computer. 

The *size* or *width* of a bus is how many bits it carries in parallel. Common bus sizes are: 4 bits, 8 bits, 12 bits, 16 bits, 24 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits, 80 bits, 96 bits, and 128 bits.

Computers use such buses to link:
* CPU to on-board memory;
* multiple CPUs in a multi-CPU system;
* arithmetic logic unit to the rest of the CPU;
* hard drives, graphics cards, etc. to the main system.

Drives are usually connected by Serial ATA or the earlier ATAPI bus. USB and Firewire connections go to printers and other peripheral devices.
Diego Ramírez Islands

The **Diego Ramírez Islands** are a group of islands. They are in the Drake Passage, about 100&nbsp;km southwest of Cape Horn. The Ildefonso Islands are 93&nbsp;km to the north-northwest. There is a group of 6 islands to the north, then there is a waterway of 3&nbsp;km, then there is another group to the south. There is a weather station in one of the islands. The islands are an important nesting place for birds.

The islands belong to Chile, and are named after Diego Ramírez. They were first sighted on 12 February 1619 by Marco Ramirez of the Garcia de Nodal expedition, and named after the cosmographer of the expedition. They were the southernmost landmass known at the time. They kept this status for 156 years. In 1775, James Cook discovered the South Sandwich Islands, which are much farther south.

The Chilean Navy built a meteorological station above *Caleta Condell*, a small cove on the northeast side of *Isla Gonzalo* (Gonzalo Island), in 1957, and resupply it several times each year. This is the southernmost manned outpost of South America (including islands), even if the South Sandwich Islands are regarded as part of South America. The Argentinian station on Thule Island was taken down in June 1982  after the Falklands War. The next southerly manned outpost of South America is the lighthouse of Cape Horn. Cruise ships sometimes pass by on their way to and from Antarctica.

Image:Diego Ramirez Islands.jpg|General impression of the islands
Image:Diego Ramirez station.jpg|Weather station with beacon at the highest point. This is on Isla Gonzalo.

The archipelago has 2 groups. The North group is smaller and is named as *Rocas del Norte*. There are 5 islands in this group, *Islote Cabezas*, *Islote Peñailillo*, *Isla Norte*, *Islote Martínez* and *Islote Mendoza*. In the South group are many islands, for example; *Islote Santander*, *Islotes Vergara*, *Isla Bartolomé* (the principal island), *Islote Pontevedra*, *Islote García*, *Isla Gonzalo* (the second longest) and *Islote Ester*.

All the islands have moss on the ground, and they have a cold climate all year, with much rain every month. Because of how far south they are, there is a strong wind from the west.

## References
Spotted hyena

The **spotted hyena** (*Crocuta crocuta*) is a species of hyena (or "hyaena" in British English). They are often called the **laughing hyena**. They are found almost everywhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. There are between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals, though their population is  in the wild. This is because of habitat loss and illegal hunting. They lived in Europe for at least a million years until the end of the Pleistocene.

The spotted hyena is the largest member of the Hyaenidae. They are the most social Carnivora animals, take with prey blue wildebeests, and plains zebras, Thomson's gazelle, topi, and group behavior kills me, then escapelied various to kill then, then they want to animals hunting died, at then Bushbuck, gerenuks, sheeps, goats, and cattles, are likely prey hunting upon in Northern Africa. with various group sizes. Hyenas are pack hunters. Their behaviors are still not well understand. However, their social system is not  but . Females take care of their own cubs only, and males are not interested in helping females with their cubs. Females are larger than males and they can control them. The females are the only mammalian species not to have a vaginal opening.

The spotted hyena is a successful scavenger as well as hunter They can eat skin, bone and other animal waste. Spotted hyenas hunt with a family group of about two to five other hyenas. The family lives in large communities (called "clans") which may have up to 80 individuals.

They  run around herds of animals and choose one to attack. After they have selected their prey, they  chase them for a long time. They can run at speeds up to 60&nbsp;km/h. Humans have known spotted hyenas for a long time. In the Upper Paleolithic, humans made paintings of hyenas in caves. Spotted hyenas have a negative reputation in Western culture and African folklore. In African folklore, spotted hyenas are described as ugly and scared animals. In Western culture, they are seen as , stupid, , powerful and a dangerous animal.

## Books 
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## References 
## Other websites 
* The IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group page on spotted hyena 
*Davis, Delbert Dwight & Story, Harriette Elizabeth (1949), *The female external genitalia of the spotted hyena*, Fieldiana: Zoology, vol. 31, no. 33, Chicago Natural History Museum
* McPherson, Jamie The Good, the Bad and the Hyena , *BBC Wildlife*, Summer 2008.
Grave

awaiting coffin]]
A **grave**, or **burial spot** is where somebody or something is buried after they have died. Graves are usually placed in a graveyard, with a headstone used to identify the dead person. A funeral will occur if the family has enough money. If they do not, there will not be a proper funeral. The name on the grave is of the dead person. For example, William Shakespeare was buried in England.

## Related pages 
*Tomb

## Other websites
Performing music from memory

**Performing music from memory** means knowing a piece of music well enough to be able to play or sing it without the written music.    

Although some people can learn music by ear, most people who are taught to play musical instruments learn new pieces by reading the printed music which is in front of them on a music stand.  When someone has learned to play a piece of music well enough to perform it, it is good if they can learn to play it without the printed music.  This is called “playing from memory” or “playing by heart”.  When a musician is practising a piece of music so that it can be played from memory this is called **memorizing** the music.

Most Classical musicians will agree that it is good to play from memory when performing as a soloist.  It means that the player understands the music really well, and he is able to concentrate completely on the way he plays the music (the interpretation).  In some music competitions the competitors are expected to play from memory.  A pianist playing a recital will usually play everything from memory.  It is particularly important for singers who are performing songs (Lieder) to sing without music because they can then communicate directly with the audience using the expression on their faces.  Some conductors conduct from memory.  If they do, they ought to know every single note for every single instrument from memory. There are some conductors who have such amazing memories that they can do this.

Some people find it easier to memorize music than others.  There are different ways of practising to help memorize music: by memorizing a few bars at a time, by studying the printed music away from the instrument, or by “thinking” through the piece away from the instrument.

Some people have a “photographic memory” and can see in their mind the music as printed on the paper.  Some people rely on aural memory (hearing it in one’s imagination).  There is also muscular memory (the fingers "knowing" what to do).  Probably most people use some combination of all these methods.

When people perform from memory they are often worried that they might have a memory lapse (forget how the music goes).  It can happen, of course, even to the greatest musicians.  The famous violinist Bronislaw Huberman and the pianist  Eugen d’Albert were once performing Beethoven's *Kreutzer Sonata*.  Both were playing from memory.  One of them kept going wrong in the same place, playing something that had happened earlier, so that they played the middle bit three times before eventually managing to finish the piece.  However, this is quite common, and can happen to anyone. 

People who learn musical instruments should try to memorize some of their pieces. Many famous musicians have a large repertoire (a collection) of pieces that they can play from memory.

## Sources
"Pianoforte Diplomas" by Geoffrey Tankard (Sevenoaks 1973)
Theme Hospital

***Theme Hospital*** is a simulation computer game developed by Bullfrog and EA Games. It was published in 1997. The game is quite humorous. 

## Gameplay
In the game, the player must build and operate a hospital. There are different rooms you can build. These are to diagnose the  and to treat the illness.

Some illnesses are quite unusual. One is the bloaty head disease where the patient's head blows up. Another is the slack tongue disease, where the patient has an unusually long tongue.

## Other websites
* Theme Hospital Clinic  (a fansite and strategy guide)
Pontin's

'''Pontin's''' is a holiday company which was founded by Fred Pontin in 1946. It is now owned by Trevor Hemmings and has eight centres in England and Wales.

## Other websites 
* Pontin's official website
Twin prime conjecture

The **twin prime conjecture** is a mathematical theory. It asks if there are infinitely many twin primes.

Twin primes are prime numbers that differ by two. For example, 3 and 5 are both prime and differ by two. They are twin primes. 23 is prime, but it is not a twin prime. The primes nearest to 23 are 19 and 29. de Polignac made the general conjecture in 1849.

## References
The Zutons

**The Zutons** are a rock band from Liverpool, England. They formed in 2001. They are on the Deltasonic record label. The band were nominated for the British Breakthrough Act award at the 2005 BRIT Awards.

## Members
The band has 5 people in it:
*David McCabe – lead vocals, guitar 
*Boyan Chowdhury – lead guitar, vocals 
*Abi Harding – saxophone, vocals
*Sean Payne – drums, percussion, vocals 
*Russell Pritchard – bass guitar, vocals

## Albums
Their first album, *Who Killed...... The Zutons?*, was released on 18 October 2004, and got to number 9 in the United Kingdom album chart. It came with a printed 3-D cover, and special glasses to view the cover. Many fans wore the glasses to concerts. The album was a nominee for the 2004 Mercury Music Prize.

The new album Tired of Hanging Around was released on April 17, 2006 and reached 2 in the UK album charts. The band went around the UK doing concerts in May 2006 following the release of this album. Their second UK tour will begin in November 2006.
Dwarf planet

**Dwarf planet** is the name used to classify some objects in the solar system. This definition was made on August 24, 2006, by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and can be described as; *a dwarf planet is a body orbiting the Sun that is big enough to round itself by its own gravity, but has not cleared its orbital path of other rival bodies*. At the same meeting the IAU also defined the term planet for the first time. Some astronomers think that the term "dwarf planet" is too confusing and needs to be changed. 

The number of dwarf planets is unknown,  since only a few are bright enough to be discovered as yet.  They will be up to 300 in the Kuiper belt, but 13,000 beyond it. The consensus among astronomers consider nine dwarf planets. In order of present distance from the Sun, they are: Ceres, Pluto, Orcus, Haumea, Makemake, Quaoar, Sedna, Gonggong, and Eris. The dwarf planets, unlike the terrestrial and giant planets (Gas giants and ice giants), are in more than one region of the solar system. Ceres is in the asteroid belt. The high orbital eccentricity of Pluto puts it mostly outside Neptune's orbit, but partly inside. The others are in the trans-Neptune region.

NASA's *Dawn* and *New Horizons* missions reached Ceres and Pluto, respectively, in 2015. *Dawn* had already orbited and observed Vesta in 2011.

There are many other dwarf planets in the Solar System. Most of them are also KBOs. The biggest debate was of Pluto, which was considered the 9th planet, and of Eris, informally known as Xena, or 2003 UB313 by its codename.

## Discovery
* Ceres was found by Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801. Classified as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.
* Pluto was found by Clyde W. Tombaugh on February 18, 1930. Reclassified as a dwarf planet on August 24, 2006
* Orcus was found by a team led by Mike Brown in February 18, 2004.
* Haumea was found by a team led by Mike Brown on December 28, 2004. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 17, 2008.
* Eris was found by Mike Brown and his science team on January 5, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.
* Makemake was found by a team led by Mike Brown on March 31, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on July 11, 2008.
* Quaoar was found by a team led by Mike Brown on February 7, 2002. Accepted as a dwarf planet in December 8, 2023.
* Sedna was found by a team led by Mike Brown in October 28, 2003.
* Gonggong was found by a team led by Mike Brown on July 7, 2007.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Dwarf planet Citizendium
Blue peafowl

The **blue peafowl** or **Indian peafowl** (*Pavo cristatus*) is a bird native to the Indian subcontinent.

There is a noticeable sexual dimorphism in the Indian peafowl. Best renowned for their lengthy train, the vividly colored male features a blue head with a fan-shaped crest. Long upper-tail covert feathers with colorful eyespots make up the train. During courtship, these rigid feathers are lifted into a fan and trembled in a show. The peahen lacks the ornate train and is primarily brown in color, with a white face and an iridescent green lower neck. The leucistic white peafowl is one of the several color variations of the Indian peafowl.

## References
Green peafowl

The **green peafowl** (*Pavo muticus*) is an endangered bird that is native to Southeast Asia.

## References
Mud

]]

**Mud** is soil, silt, loam or clay, mixed with water. It is a type of soil that is also called "clay soil".  Others include the sandy soil, or sand, and garden soil.  Wet mud has a soft wet texture. 

Young children sometimes play in puddles of mud.  Mud is usually brown.  
Some animals including worms, frogs, snails, clams, and crayfish live in mud.  Pigs and elephants use it to cool themselves in hot weather.  Some people enjoy making mud pies out of mud. 

Great river systems like the Amazon bring down to the delta immense amounts of mud which ends up in the sea outside the fan of the river mouth. Mudrock is what the mud may become millions of years later. Mudrocks make up fifty percent of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily *the most widespread deposits on Earth*.

## Related pages
*Mudstone

## References