open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jedi Mind Tricks

**Jedi Mind Tricks** is a hip hop group from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Jedi Mind Tricks formed when Vinnie Paz and Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind were in high school and Jus Allah later joined in 1999. They debuted when they released their first EP, called *Amber Probe*.

## Members 
;Current
* Vinnie Paz (1993–*present*)
* Stoupe (1993 - *present*)
* DJ Kwestion (1997–*present*)

;Former
* Jus Allah (1998–2002, 2005–2015)

## Discography
### Albums 
* *The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness* (1997)
* *Violent by Design* (2000)
* *Visions of Gandhi* (2003)
* *Legacy of Blood* (2004)
* *Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell* (2006)
* A History of Violence (2008)
* Violence Begets Violence (2011)

## Other websites 
*Official website
Shotgun cartridge

A **shotgun cartridge**, or **shell** is the standard type of ammunition for a shotgun. It is fired after being loaded into the chamber of a shotgun. The cartridge is  in shape and is normally between  and  long. It holds a charge of gunpowder and either lead shot or a shotgun slug made to be fired from the shotgun. Shotgun cartridges are usually mostly plastic but have thin brass at the base, though they can be made of solid brass, paper, or other combinations of these materials.

A shotgun cartridge's size is usually measured in gauge (also known as bore). The most common size of cartridge is the **12-gauge**. When measuring gauge, a smaller number means a larger cartridge: 12-gauge is larger than 20-gauge. Cartridge gauge is an old measurement. Except for the .410 bore or gauge, which is not a gauge at all but a caliber, 
the gauge of a shotgun was equal to the number of lead balls that added up to . rubber slugs, beanbags, or salt.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Shotgun Gauges Explained - Shotguns 101 #3; YouTube
* Less Than Lethal Shotgun vs Ribs, Rock Salt & Bean Bags; YouTube
Magazine (firearms)

A **magazine** is a feeding device for firearms that contains ammunition. For artillery it can be a special warehouse or a special room in a warship. 

In firearms, a **magazine** (often incorrectly called a "clip") is a container that holds ammunition for a firearm. There are two main types of magazines. An external magazine, also known as a box magazine, is a formed piece of sheet metal or plastic, usually polymer, that contains a spring and a follower. Rounds are inserted via the top, either from directly pushing them in, or sliding them under the feed lips, pushing down on the follower that is attached to the spring. As the box magazine is emptied, the follower and spring maintain pressure on the rounds and force them upwards to be grabbed by the firearms bolt. The other type of magazine, an internal magazine is built into the gun and is not meant to be quickly replaced like an external magazine. Internal magazines are common in bolt action rifles, older semi-automatic rifles, such as the M1 Garand, and tube-fed shotguns. These are usually loaded with individual rounds or via a stripper clip, a small piece of formed sheet metal that holds anywhere from 5-10 rounds via the extraction groove. 

Box magazines come in many different capacities. The standard being 30 rounds, but some hold as little as 3, and others up to 150. Other external magazine types include drum magazines, which are circular in design with the rounds parallel with each other and fed into a singular point. Pan magazines are also circular, but the rounds all point to the center of the circle and are fed into the firearm as the pan spins upon the gun. 

Magazines may also be what is know as single, double, or quadruple stacked. Single stack magazines are when the rounds sit directly on top of one another, with no offset. Double stack magazines, quickly becoming the most popular method, are two columns of rounds stacked so that each round is offset left or right of the one above and below it. This method maximizes capacity and size of the magazine. Finally, quadruple stacked magazines, are essentially two double stacked magazines next to each other in one magazine. These often hold 40 rounds or more, but are prone to feeding issues as the rounds often get stuck on each other.
Eric Carr

**Paul Charles Caravello** (July 12, 1950 – November 24, 1991), better known as **Eric Carr**, was an American rock drummer. He was a member of the rock band Kiss from 1981 to 1991.

## Early career 
One of Carr's first bands was Salt & Pepper. They played covers of songs by other artists. They had success in the 1970s playing in small clubs. The band continued playing for nine years. Salt & Pepper became the opening act for artists such as Stevie Wonder and Nina Simone. The group changed their name to "Creation" in 1973 and began to play disco music. 

## Kiss 
In 1981, Carr replaced Peter Criss on drums in the hard rock band Kiss. Carr brought a heavy metal style to the band. The band's first album with Carr was *Music from The Elder*, released on November 16, 1981. Carr co-wrote some songs on the album. He co-wrote "Escape from the Island" with Ace Frehley, and "Under the Rose" with Gene Simmons. Other albums with Kiss were *Creatures of the Night*, *Lick It Up*, *Animalize*, and *Hot in the Shade*.

Carr's last public appearance with Kiss was at the MTV Video Music Awards in September 1991. Carr died of heart cancer on November 24, 1991 at age 41.

## References 
*The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches, by Jeremy Simmonds
*Kiss Members: Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Ace Frehley, Peter Criss, Eric Carr, Vinnie Vincent, Bruce Kulick, Eric Singer, Mark St. John, by General Books LLC, 2010

## Other websites
*
*Eric Carr: The Memorial Tribute 
*
*Eric Carr Photo Gallery & Information Centre
Leo (astrology)

|alt=The majestic lion]]

**Leo **is the fifth astrological Zodiac sign, starting from the constellation of Leo. Leo is considered to be a "feminist ", positive (extrovert) sign. It is also considered a fire sign and is one of four fixed signs  ruled by the Sun. Being the fifth sign of the zodiac, Leo has been associated with the astrological fifth house.

Individuals born when the Sun is in this sign are considered Leo individuals.  In the tropical zodiac, Leo is roughly from July 23 to August 22. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is currently there roughly from August 10 to September 15.

## Bethel
*See Leo (constellation) *
## References
Celestial sphere

rotating within a relatively small-diameter Earth-centered **celestial sphere**. Depicted here are stars (white), the ecliptic (red), and lines of right ascension and declination (green) of the equatorial coordinate system]]
]]

In astronomy and navigation, the **celestial sphere** is an imaginary sphere (*ball*) of a very large unspecified size. The earth and the sphere have the same centre: they are *concentric*. They also rotate upon the same axis. All objects in the sky can be thought of as projected (*drawn, written*) upon the celestial sphere. This imaginary sphere is a very practical tool for positional astronomy.

## Celestial hemispheres
The equator divides the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Similarly, the celestial sphere is divided by projecting the equator into space. This divides the sphere into the north celestial hemisphere and the south celestial hemisphere. One can also locate the Celestial Tropic of Cancer, Celestial Tropic of Capricorn, North Celestial Pole, and South Celestial Pole.

## Sidereal time
The Earth rotates from west to east around its axis in slightly less than 24 hours. The celestial sphere and all objects on it appear to rotate from east to west around the celestial poles in the same time. This is the diurnal motion (*daily motion*). This is why stars will rise in the east and set in the west, (unless a star is circumpolar). On the next night a particular star will rise again, but with our normal clocks running a 24-hour 0-minute cycle, it will do so slightly less than 4 minutes earlier. By the following night the difference will be 8 minutes, and so forth with every following night (or day).

The reason for this is that the Sun does not stand still on the celestial sphere, and the stars do (except for a tiny proper motion). The sun moves about 1° per day eastwards over a great circle known as the ecliptic (which is 360° or a full circle in one year, the annual motion of the Sun). As an angle of 1° corresponds to 4 minutes in time (360° = 24 hours), we need therefore four extra minutes of diurnal motion to see the Sun back on the same meridian again, making the duration of one rotation just 24 hours exactly (on the average, ignoring small seasonal variations, see equation of time)

Normal clocks therefore indicate solar time. Astronomers studying the movements of stars may want clocks indicating sidereal time, going around once in 23h56m (solar time units).

## Star globe
 (1594)]]

A celestial sphere can also refer to a physical model of the celestial sphere or celestial globe.
Such globes map the constellations on the *outside* of a sphere, resulting in a mirror image of the constellations as seen from Earth. The oldest surviving example of such an artefact is the globe of the Farnese Atlas sculpture, a 2nd-century copy of an older (Hellenistic period, ca. 120 BC) work.

## References
*
*

## Other websites 
* SkyandTelescope.com SkyChart
* Monthly skymaps for every location on Earth 
* Fixed pattern of distant stars, part of elementary astronomy course From Stargazers to Starships
Royal Canadian Navy

The **Royal Canadian Navy** (RCN) was the navy of Canada from 1911 to 1968.

From 4 May 1910 to 29 August 1911, the navy was known officially as the *Naval Service of Canada* and operationally as Canadian Naval Forces.

During the early years of the 20th century, there was a lot of talk in the British Empire as to the role the Dominions would play in defence and foreign affairs.  Because of the developing naval arms race with Germany, a key part of this discussion focused on naval issues.

In Canada, the naval debate came down to a choice between two options: either the young country could provide funds, support and manpower to the Royal Navy, or it could form its own navy, which could help support the Royal Navy if necessary.  After extensive political debates, Canadian politicians chose to set up their own navy.

The Royal Canadian Navy Served with the Royal Navy in World Wars I and II, but during the Suez Crisis of the 1950s Canada and the United Kingdom had different political views.  Coupled with mutinies in 1949, partly linked to old British ways the Canadian government started looking at making sure the Canadian Navy had a very separate identity from the Royal Navy. In August of 2011 the three services were once again separated, ending decades of confusion and low morale. The Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force were reinstated.

## References
Barbary falcon

The **Barbary falcon** (*Falco pelegrinoides*) is a species of bird. It is a medium-sized falcon about the size of a crow. This bird of prey breeds in the Canary Islands and on the coasts of North Africa. It is mainly resident. It is thought to be related to the peregrine falcon.
L-DOPA

**Levodopa**, or **L-DOPA** is an amino acid. In the body of mammals, it is made from Tyrosine in a process named synthesis. It also occurs in different plants. As such it can be used as a dietary supplement. L-Dopa is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepiphedrine and epiphedrine, which are part of a group known as Catecholamines. L-dopa can also be used as a drug for diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The substance used in the drug is usually called *Levodopa*, and the naturally occurring substance is called *L-Dopa*.

Swedish scientist Arvid Carlsson first saw that the substance could be used as a drug in 1957. It was first introduced as *Madopar*, by Hoffmann-La Roche, in 1973, as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. The WHO has put it on the list of essential medicines. Because the drug has side-effects, when taken for a longer period of time, people often try to replace it with other drugs, especially in younger patients.
Austrobaileyales

**Austrobaileyales** is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants. There are about 100 species of woody plants, perhaps the most famous of which is the spice star anise, from *Illicium verum*. 

The APG system, of 1998, did not recognize such an order. However, the APG II system, of 2003, did accept this order and placed it among the basal angiosperms. 

## References
Peter Criss

**George Peter John Criscuola**, also known as Peter Criss and by his stage name The Catman, (born December 20, 1945, in Brooklyn, New York) is an American drummer. Criss is known for being the drummer in the original lineup of New York Glam metal band Kiss (band) during the 1970s before being replaced by Eric Carr in 1981. 

## Biography 
Criss was born **George Peter John Criscuola**. He is of Italian descent. His parents were Joseph and Loretta Criscuolo. Criss was a student of art and jazz. He got his start in  music in the pop rock group Chelsea. They recorded an album in 1970.
## Kiss 
In 1972 Peter began his career in the band Kiss. The band included Paul Stanley on guitar and Gene Simmons on bass, and Ace Frehley as a first guitar. With the painted faces, in 1973 released their first album Kiss. The album was very successful.  Peter Criss proved to be a good singer. He wrote and sang the ballad "Beth". On the band's third album, *Dressed to Kill* (1975), Criss sang the song "Getaway", written by Ace Frehley. In 1980 Peter Criss released his last album as the drummer of Kiss *Unmasked*. Criss was fired from Kiss on May 18, 1980. This hit the band hard and again in the following years with the loss of original lead guitarist Ace Frehley. In 1981 he was replaced by drummer Eric Carr.

In 1996, Criss returned to the band to record some acoustic tracks on the album *Unplugged and* for their highly sucessful 1996-7 Alive/Worldwide Reunion Tour, which grossed $43.7 million Peter Criss left the band again in 2004. He was then replaced later by Eric Singer. 

## References 
* 

## Other websites
* Peter Criss - The Official Website
* Interview with Peter Criss 
* Second interview with Peter Criss 
* Billboard.com article by Greg Prato
Kamaboko

, also known as **surimi**' is a cured, processed seafood product of Japan. It is made of puréed white fish, formed into different shapes including semi-cylinder loafs, and steamed until it becomes firm. Some *kamaboko* known as *narutomaki* is made with a swirl pattern in the center of each slice, named after the famous tidal whirlpool in the Japanese city Naruto. Outside of Japan, *kamaboko* is often referred to as fish cake.

*Kamaboko* has been made in Japan since the 14th century CE and has become commonly available in many other countries. One example that can be found in the West is *kanikama* (also known as *kani kamaboko*), or imitation crab. This variation of *surimi* is quite common in the West as it is a cheap substitute for real crab meat.

In Japan, *kamaboko* can often be seen served as a topping over ramen or udon. It is also commonly sold at convenience stores as *chikama* (*kamaboko* and cheese).
Banga Sena

The **Banga Sena** (**Bengal Army**) is a separatist Hindu organisation, which supports the making of a Bangabhumi/separate homeland for Bengali Hindus in the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The group is led by Kalidas Baidya.

## References
Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan

**Bangabhumi** (, meaning the land of Bengal) also known as **Bir Bango** (), is a separatist movement to create a Hindu country using southwestern East Bengal envisioned by Banga Sena of Bangladesh.

The movement was founded in 1973 in the Republic of India soon after Bangladeshi independence to support the Hindu refugees from Bangladesh, who were targeted by the Pakistani army in the 1971 Bangladesh genocide based on ideas of reconquest. However, this movement did not receive much support at that time. In an interview with BBC in 2001, Chittaranjan Sutar, one of the alleged organisers of the movement, denied any existence of the movement at that time. The movement openly became active again on 2003 when it declared the independence of Hindu Republic of Bangabhumi. Since 2021, the Bangabhumi movement appeared to die out in Bangladesh. Groups with a similar goal formed  in West Bengal and neighboring states in India. None of them gained much success.

## References
1985 Mexico City earthquake

The **1985 Mexico City earthquake** was an earthquake that happened in Mexico City on September 19, 1985. It had a magnitude of 8.1, and the number of people killed was around 10,000.

## Related pages
*2017 Puebla earthquake
SV Ried

**SV Ried** is a footballclub from Ried, Upper Austria, playing in the Bundesliga, the highest class in Austria.

## History
The club was founded in 1912 and played till 1955 in Upper Austrias footballleague. With some up and downs they reached the 1. Landesliga(highest class in Upper Austrian football) in 1976. 1988 and 1990 they won the Championship but failed to reach the 2. Division(at that time second level in Austrian football). 1991 they promoted after the third title to the 2.Division. 
After four years in this class they promoted to the highest class in Austrian football. From 1995 to 2003 they played in the Bundesliga, but in the season 2002/2003 they only reached the 10th place and were relegated to the First Division. 2005 they reached the title of the second league and came back to the Bundesliga. 77 points are a all-time point record for the second level in Austrian football. They stayed until 2016/17 in the league and since 2020-21 they are playing again in the Bundesliga. In the 2022/23 season the club was relegated. Only one season later they were promoted again.

2007 they were runner-up in the Bundesliga and 1998 and 2011 they won the Austrian Cup. In the Cup Winners Cup 1998/1999 they reached the 3rd round.

File:Paul Gludovatz - SV Ried (hoch).jpg|Paul Gludowatz longtime  coach of SV Ried
File:SVR FCB Stadion.JPG|Keine Sorgen Arena Ried-homeground of SV Ried
File:Cupfinale 2011 SV Ried(1).jpg|Players celebrate winning the Austrian Cup, 2011

## Current squad 
## Coaching staff
*Maximilian Senft - head coach	
* Moritz Kossmann - assistant coach		
* Eduard Buxmann - assistant coach	
* Emmanuel Faloba - assistant coach			
*Wolfgang Wiener - goalkeeper coach

## Coaching history (21st century)
## Honours 
* **Austrian Cup** 1998, 2011
* **3rd round** Cup Winners Cup 1998/1999
* **1st round** UEFA-Cup 2006/2007
* **Bundesliga Runner Up** 2006/2007

## Other websites
*Official website
*SV Ried at transfermarkt.at

## References
Warkany syndrome 2

**Warkany syndrome 2**, also known as **chromosome 8 trisomy syndrome** or **trisomy 8**, is a condition where chromosome 8 in humans has three sets of chromosomes, as opposed to the normal two. This condition is called "trisomy", and is where Warkany syndrome 2 derives its  names. People born with Warkany syndrome 2 typically have mental retardation and renal or skeletal s.

## References
Yothu Yindi

**Yothu Yindi** was the first major indigenous band in Australia. They released many hits and albums such as "One Blood", "Treaty", "Garma", "Homeland Movement" and "Birrkuda". The name Yothu Yindi translates from 'yolngo matha' to English as "child and mother". This term refers to the connection the tribe has to their land.

## Achievements
Some of their achievements include spending 22 weeks in the national charts for their single "Treaty", the prime minister Paul Keating awarded them with $30000.

## Mandawuy Yunupingu
Mandawuy is a crocodile man and also lead singer and song writer with the band Yothu Yindi. He is very kind and inspirational as well as he is strongly Aboriginal. His brother won The Australian of the Year.
Creodont

* from the American Museum of Natural History.]]

The **Creodonta** are, traditionally, an extinct order of mammals which lived from the Palaeocene to the Miocene epoch. They are distant relatives of the Carnivora. However, the carnassial teeth of modern carnivores and both groups of creodonts are not formed from the same teeth. This evolutionary convergence suggests the creodonts are *not* the ancestors of modern carnivores. 

Also, they are perhaps not a natural group. However, a phylogenetic analysis of Paleocene mammals published in 2015 supported the monophyly of Creodonta, and put the group as relatives of pangolins. There is an extensive literature on the subject.

 eothen*.]]

Creodonts were the dominant group of carnivorous mammals from 55 to 35 million years ago (mya) in the ecosystems of Africa, Eurasia and North America. They competed with the Mesonychids and the Entelodonts and ultimately outlasted them. In Oligocene Africa, they were the dominant predatory group.  

At last, they lost ground to the Carnivora. The Carnivora are the only group to survive today. The last creodont genus went extinct eight million years ago, and modern carnivores now occupy their ecological niches.

The first creodont fossils were in the Palaeocene, about 60 million years ago (mya), and the last *Dissopsalis*, perhaps eight mya. So, the creodonts lasted for at least 50 million years.

## Adaptations 
Creodonts show various adaptations to their carnivorous life-style, and show convergent evolution with modern carnivores. They share, for example, the carnassial shear, a modification of teeth that sliced meat like scissors.

The Carnivora also developed larger brains and more efficient running. Once forest and woodland was partly replaced by grassland, in the Miocene, the true carnivores had the advantage, and the creodonts lost ground and eventually became extinct.

## References
Juan Miranda

**Juan Miguel Miranda** (born April 25, 1983 in Consolación del Sur, Cuba) is an Cuban Major League Baseball first baseman who currently plays for the Arizona Diamondbacks. Miranda also played for the New York Yankees from 2008 to 2010 before being traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Scott Allen.

## Other websites 
*Juan Miranda's MLB player profile
Enver Galim

**Enver Galim** (March 15, 1915, Kazan, Russian Empire – March 2, 1988, New York, US), Tatar writer and journalist, was one of the translators of the Bible into the Tatar language.

After graduating from the Institute of the Tatar Language and Literature in 1938, Enver Galim worked as a school teacher and a journalist.  He was drafted into the Soviet Army in 1941 and sent to the front to fight against Nazi Germany.  A year later he was severely wounded and captured by German soldiers.  After spending a few months in the POW camp Enver Galim was released.  Fearing repression in Stalinist Russia, he decided to stay in Germany.  To avoid deportation, he applied for Turkish citizenship and after receiving it, changed his name to Enver Galimoglu.

After the war, he continued his career as a journalist, writing articles for the magazine *Azad Vatan* and other publications.  Between 1953 and 1988 Enver Galim worked for the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty. After 1968 he was Radio Liberty's correspondent based in New York. He contributed numerous articles and analyses to *Problems of the Peoples of the USSR*, the Turkish-language magazine  *Dergi* and the Russian-language newspaper *Vestnik.*  One of his major works was the translation of the Bible into the Tatar language.

## Sources
WrestleMania XXVIII

**WrestleMania XXVIII** was the twenty-eighth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by WWE. It took place on April 1, 2012 at Sun Life Stadium in the Miami suburb of Miami Gardens, Florida.

Nine matches happened on the card, with one being a pre-show match that was streamed on YouTube. The main event saw The Rock defeat John Cena and was a year in the making, being set up in the main event of the previous year's WrestleMania XXVII. In other matches, The Undertaker defeated Triple H in a Hell in a Cell match with Shawn Michaels as the special guest referee, CM Punk defeated Chris Jericho to keep his WWE Championship, Big Show defeated Cody Rhodes to win the WWE Intercontinental Championship, and in the opening match, Sheamus defeated Daniel Bryan to win the World Heavyweight Championship in an 18-second match.

## Production
The city of Miami was one of the two major contenders for hosting WrestleMania XXVII along with Atlanta, Georgia. In the end in February 2010, Atlanta was awarded the right to host the event. According to the Miami-Dade Sports Commission, WWE management felt that Miami's planning for the event would have been too hectic with many other sporting events held in the area around the same time of the planning, such as Super Bowl XLIV. Other cities in mind for WrestleMania XXVIII were Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York City, Toronto, Detroit, Tampa, Vancouver, St. Louis, Jacksonville, Orlando and Houston.

## Matches 
## References
## Other websites
*Official WrestleMania website
Heckler & Koch

**Heckler & Koch** (**H&K**, *Heckler und Koch*) is a German firearm manufacturing company. They make many guns such as the MP5 series submachine gun and the rifle G3. Heckler and Koch are one of the most famous weapon manufacturers and deliver weapons to many government agencies such as the German Armed Forces and US Army.

The company is in Oberndorf in the state of Baden-Württemberg, but also has locations in the United Kingdom, France and the United States.  The company motto is "*Keine Kompromisse!*" (No Compromise!).  H&K makes firearms for many military and paramilitary units and counter-terrorism and hostage rescue teams.

## Products
*Pistols: VP70, P9, P8, P7, USP, Mk23, P2000, P30
*Rifles: G11, G3, G36, XM8, HK416, HK417, PSG-1, G28
*Submachine guns: MP5, MP7, UMP
*Machine guns: LMG36, MG4, HK21
*Grenade launchers: GMG/GMW, HK69, AG36, HK P2A1

## References
## Other websites
*H&K Global website
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties

***Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties*** is a 2006 British-American live-action/animated comedy movie that was produced by John Davis, Michele Imperato and Brian Manis and was directed by Tim Hill. *Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties* was released on June 16, 2006 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 37 out of 100 from Metacritic.

This movie is a sequel to *Garfield: The Movie*. A third film, Garfield Gets Real, was released a year later in 2007.

## Cast 
* Bill Murray as Garfield (voice)
* Tim Curry as Prince (voice)
* Billy Connolly as Lord Dargis
* Breckin Meyer as Jon Arbuckle
* Matthew Lillard as Edward Arbuckle (Jon's brother)
* Jennifer Love Hewitt as Dr. Liz Wilson
* Bob Hoskins as Winston (Voice)
* Ian Abercrombie as Smithee
* Roger Rees as Mr. Hobbs
* Lucy Davis as Ms. Abby Westminister
* Rhys Ifans as McBunny (Voice)
* Oliver Muirhead as Mr. Greene
* Vinnie Jones as Rommel (Voice)
* Joe Pasquale as Claudius (Voice)

Odie is play by a real dog despite Garfield is animated with the computer motion capture.

## Other websites
*Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties' Official website 
*
Ritchie Blackmore

**Ritchie Blackmore** (born 14 April 1945) is an English guitarist. He is former member and founder of British hard rock band Deep Purple.

## Early life 
Blackmore was born in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset. His family moved to Heston, Middlesex when he was two.

## Career 
In the 1950s, Blackmore played with small bands. In 1968, Blackmore, with keyboardist Jon Lord, singer Rod Evans, bassist Nick Simper and drummer Ian Paice created the band Deep Purple. Deep Purple had a hit song in the United States with "Hush". Although they were doing well, Ritchie Blackmore and Deep Purple decided to get a different singer. They replaced Evans with Ian Gillan from the band Episode 6. They also replaced the bass player (Nick Simper) with  another Episode 6 member, Roger Glover. The band's album *Deep Purple In Rock* was released in 1970. In 1972, Deep Purple made the album *Machine Head*. It included one of their most popular songs, "Smoke on the Water. In 1972, they recorded the live album *Made in Japan*. Gillan and Glover left the group in 1973. They were replaced with singer David Coverdale and bassist Glenn Hughes. The new Deep Purple released two albums *Burn* (1974) and *Stormbringer* (1974). Blackmore left the band soon after these albums were released.

In 1984, Blackmore got back together with Gillan, Glover, Lord and Paice and made the album *Perfect Strangers*. The album had many successes with the songs "Knocking at Your Back Door" and "Perfect Strangers". After recording the album *The Battle Rages On*, Blackmore left the band in 1993.

## The Rainbow  
]]
In 1975, Blackmore founded the band The Rainbow. The band included Ronnie James Dio as singer, Craig Gruber on bass, Micky Lee Soule on keyboards, and Gary Driscoll on drums. The band's first album, ''Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow*, was released August 4, 1975. It was followed by *Long Live Rock 'n' Roll* in 1978, with Cozy Powell in drums. On *Difficult to Cure* (1981), The band included the vocalist Joe Lynn Turner, replacing Dio. After several changes in its members, Blackmore disbanded the band in 1997.

## Discography
### Deep Purple 
;Studio albums
# *Shades of Deep Purple* (1968)
# *The Book of Taliesyn* (1968)
# *Deep Purple* (1969)
# *Deep Purple in Rock* (1970)
# *Fireball* (1971)
# *Machine Head* (1972)
# *Who Do We Think We Are* (1973)
# *Burn* (1974)
# *Stormbringer* (1974)
# *Perfect Strangers* (1984)
# *The House of Blue Light* (1987)
# *Slaves and Masters* (1990)
# *The Battle Rages On...'' (1993)

## References 
* Legends of rock guitar: the essential reference of rock's greatest guitarists, by Pete Prown,Harvey P. Newquist,Jon F. Eiche
* The British Invasion: The Music, the Times, the Era, by Barry Miles

## Other websites
* The Official Ritchie Blackmore and Blackmore's Night website
* 1975 Interview with Ritchie Blackmore on *Modern Guitars* Magazine 
* Interview with Ritchie Blackmore
* Interview with Ritchie Blackmore about acoustic renaissance work 
* First Ritchie Blackmore Fanclub on the net in English with many infos and a community
Hop (movie)

***Hop*** is a 2011 Easter-themed comedy movie that was produced by Chris Meledandri and was directed by Tim Hill. Hop was released on April 1, 2011 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 23% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 41 out of 100 from Metacritic. Even though the movie got bad reviews, it opened at #1 at the Friday box office in the US, earning $11.4 million and also topped the weekend box office with $38.1 million, which made it the highest opening weekend so far in 2011.

## Cast 
* Russell Brand as E.B. (Voice)
* James Marsden as Fred O'Hare
* Kaley Cuoco as Samantha "Sam" O'Hare
* Hank Azaria as Carlos and Phil (Voice)
* Tiffany Espensen as Alex O'Hare
* Gary Cole as Henry O'Hare
* Elizabeth Perkins as Bonnie O'Hare
* Chelsea Handler as Mrs. Beck
* David Hasselhoff as Himself
* Russell Brand as a "Hoff Knows Talent" production assistant.
* Hugh Hefner as Himself
* Dustin Ybarra as Cody
* Hugh Laurie as The Easter Bunny (Voice)
* John Cohen as the other Easter Chicks and the other Easter Bunnies. (Voice)
* Janet Healy as The Pink Berets (Fluffy, Patch, and Bit) (Voice)

## Other websites
*Hop's Official website 
*
Microsoft Publisher

**Microsoft Publisher** is a desktop publishing application (program). It is made by Microsoft and it is part of Microsoft Office. Publisher is similar to Word except that it places the emphasis on page layout and design (rather than writing text and proof reading). With Publisher, you can create a variety of publication types. For example, you can make brochures, newsletters, postcards and  greeting cards as well as normal, 'Word-like' documents. Publisher's file extension is *.pub*.

## References and notes
Clint Mansell

**Clinton Darryl "Clint" Mansell** (born 7 January 1963 in Coventry, England) is an English musician, composer, and was also the lead singer and guitarist of the band Pop Will Eat Itself. He is known for scores on movies. Some of the most famous movies that he has scored are Requiem for a Dream, The Fountain, Moon, Smokin' Aces, The Wrestler, and Black Swan. His composition has become very popular and has been used in many advertisements and movie trailers.

## Scoring credits
Mansell has scored many movies:

## Other websites
*Clint Mansell at the Internet Movie Database
Daily Express

The ***Daily Express*** is a British newspaper. It is published daily and it is a tabloid. It was founded in 1900.
A History of Violence (album)

***A History of Violence*** is the sixth studio album by American hip hop group, Jedi Mind Tricks. It was released on November 11, 2008. The producer of the album was Stoupe. The first single off the album is "Monolith".

## Songs
## References
Garfield: The Movie

***Garfield: The Movie*** is an 2004 animated comedy movie that was produced by John Davis, John Kilkenny, Michele Imperato, Neil A. Machlis and Brian Manis and was directed by Peter Hewitt. Garfield: The Movie was released on June 11, 2004 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 14% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 27 out of 100 from Metacritic. A sequel to the movie was released in 2006 and was called, Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties.

## Cast 
* Bill Murray as Garfield (voice)
* Breckin Meyer as Jon Arbuckle
* Matthew Lillard as Edward Arbuckle, (Jon's brother)
* Stephen Tobolowsky as Happy Chapman
* Stephen Tobolowsky as Happy's brother
* Evan Arnold as Wendall
* Jennifer Love Hewitt as Dr. Liz Wilson
* Eve Brent Ashe as Mrs. Baker
* Juliette Goglia as Little Girl
* Joe Bays as Raccoon Lodge Member
* Leyna Nguyen as News Reporter
* Joe Ochman as Engineer
* Jim Davis as a drunken conventioner (uncredited)
* Bill Murray as Garfield (Voice)
* Gregg Berger as Odie the Dog (Voice)
* Nick Cannon as Louis (Voice)
* Alan Cumming as Persnikitty/Sir Roland (Voice)
* David Eigenberg as Nermal (Voice)
* Brad Garrett as Luca (Voice)
* Debra Messing as Arlene (Voice)
* Richard Kind as Dad Rat (Voice)
* Debra Jo Rupp as Mom Rat (Voice)
* Wyatt Smith as Kid Rat #1 (Voice)
* Jordan Kaiser as Kid Rat #2 (Voice)
* Alyson Stoner as Kid Rat #3 (Voice)
* Billy West as Dog (Voice)
* Jimmy Kimmel as Spanky (Voice)
* Mo'Nique as a rat. Her part was deleted in the final cut of the movie.  (Voice)

## Credits 
### Directed by 
* Peter Hewitt
### Produced by 
* John Davis
### Written by 
* Joel Cohen
* Alec Solokow
### Music by 
* Christophe Beck
* Tim Boland
### Visual Development Artists 
* Seth MacFarlane
* Angus MacLane
* Michael Maltese
* Mike Manley 
* Jeff "Swampy" Marsh
* Glenn McCoy
* Craig McCracken
* Christopher McCulloch
* Tom McGrath 
* Patrick McHale 
* Will Meugniot
* Harold Michelson
* Chris Miller 
* Greg Miller 
* Dan Mills
* Mike Milo
* Tom Minton
* Zac Moncrief
* Lauren Montgomery
* Jesse Moynihan
* Kevin Munroe
* Adam Muto
* Raymie Muzquiz
### Story Atists 
* Izzy Ellis
* Peter Emmerich
* Darrel Rooney
* Andy Engman
* Joseph L. Erbr
### Additional Story Artists 
* Paul Fierlinger
* Dave Filoni
* Will Finn
* Christine Lawrence Finney
* Dave Fleischer
* Lou Fleischer
* Max Fleischer
* Greg Ford
* Ernie Fosselius

## Other websites 
* 
*
Persian and Urdu

The **Persian language** influenced the formation of many modern languages of the Greater Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asian regions, including **Urdu**. 

Following the Turko-Persian Mahmud of Ghazni's Ghaznavid conquest of South Asia, an influenced language of Turkish, Arabic and Persian and local dialects began to form, one that would eventually be known as Urdu. This language was called *Zaban-e-Ordu* ('language of the army'), the court language, and was later shortened to just Urdu. In the indigenous literature and spoken name, it was/is called *Lashkari* or *Lashkari Zaban* in the long form. It grew from the interaction of Persian and Turkish speaking Muslim soldiers and the native peoples. Under Persian influence from the state, the Persian script and Nasta'liq form of cursive writing was adopted, with additional figures added to accommodate the Indic phonetic system. The national anthem of Pakistan is highly Persianized.

Urdu is a morpho-syntax/grammatically a Persian-Turkish written in the Persia-Arabic script, and contains literary conventions and specialised vocabulary largely from Persian. Some grammatical elements peculiar to Persian, such as the enclitic *ezāfe*, and the use of the *takhallus*, were readily absorbed into Urdu literature both religious and secular.

Urdu soon gained distinction in literary and cultural spheres because of the hybrid nature of the language. Many distinctly Persian forms of literature, such as Ghazal, Qasida, Marsia and Nazms, caried over into Urdu literature, producing a distinct melding of Iranian and South Asian heritages. A famous cross-over writer was Amir Khusro, whose Persian and Urdu couplets are to this day read in South Asia-Central Asia.

## References
Sindhi people

**Sindhis** (; Sindhī) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group originating from and native to Sindh, a region of Pakistan, who share a common Sindhi culture, history, ancestry, and language. Today Sindhis mostly practice Islam, but historically they practised Buddhism and Hinduism also a large minority of them still do today. The original inhabitants of ancient Sindh were believed to be aboriginal tribes speaking languages of the Indus Valley civilization around 3000 BC. This population then mixed with the Aryans that arrived later on which created the modern Sindhi ethnic group.

In the book Kitab-ul-Hind, the Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (Al-Beruni) declared that even before the advent of Islam into Sindh (711 A.D.), the Sindhi language was prevalent in Sindh.

## Religion
Sindh was the first place in the Indian subcontinent to be conquered by a Muslim state and the first to have a significant Muslim population.  Islam arrived in Sindh after the Umayyad conquest and annexation of Sindh in the year 711 AD led by the Arab general Muhammad ibn Qasim.  Sindh became the easternmost province of the Muslim Caliphate. The second significant religion of the Sindhis is Hinduism which is the historical religion of Sindhi people as it was practised before the Muslim conquest.  Today, Sindhi Hindus make up about 20% of the total ethnic Sindhi population worldwide.  Sindhi Hindus also revere the Sikh gurus and especially the first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak. 

Every year for 30 years during the early 20th century, Sikh missionary groups were sent to work among Sindhis.  Because of this, the number of Sindhi Sikhs increased from 1000 in 1901 to over 39,000 in 1941.  During the Partition of former British India in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs left for India.  They settled in Mumbai, New Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat.  Later, a small number of them decided to settle in the Punjab State of India.  Their main centers of pilgrimage are Sadhu Bela, an Udasi sect shrine built in 1823 in Sukkur District.  They also visit the Sikh shrines of Nankana Sahib, Panja Sahib, and Dehra Sahib in Punjab Province of Pakistan.  Today, there is still a large Sindhi Hindu minority in the Sindh province of Pakistan. However, the majority of Sindhi Hindus live in India as their forefathers migrated there during partition.

## Notes
## References
Russian Far East

(in red)]]

The **Russian Far East** is a geographical term that describes the eastern section of Russia.

Although traditionally considered part of Siberia, the Russian Far East is categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes, which covers a smaller territory called the Siberian Federal District.

This was also true during the Soviet era when it was also categorized separately and called the **Soviet Far East**.

The Russian Far East covers the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District. The southernmost part is Primorsky Krai.
Diagnosis

A **diagnosis** is an accurate and precise account of the nature or  of something. 

Medical diagnosis is the best-known field, but diagnosis can be applied to any subject. Whereas a doctor diagnoses what is wrong with a patient, a motor mechanic can diagnose the  in a car. In all cases they replace a vague query, such as "My car will not start", with an exact analysis, such as "It's out of petrol". Notice the diagnosis is precise enough so the solution can be seen.

These ideas work even in more subtle cases. A boy brings an insect in a box to a natural history museum. He asks an expert "What is this?" The expert says "You mean, apart from it being a beetle?" When the boy nods, the expert looks at the insect under a magnifying glass, or a binocular microscope. Chances are, it is a common beetle, and the expert can give the boy quite a lot of information about it. 

But if it is not known to the expert, a much longer study is needed. Large reference books will be consulted; trays of similar insects will be taken out of store to be compared. A full diagnosis needs at least the genus and species. If the species is unknown, the detailed work of description is needed for publication.

## Related concepts 
Mostly, in biological taxonomy, the adjective "diagnostic" is used for any distinctive trait which places the specimen in a precise category. For example, A single bone making up the lower jaw is *diagnostic* of a mammal.

"Diagnostics" is the name given to procedures which spell out what to do to find the cause of a fault. This term is used a lot in computer systems.

## Related pages
*Symptom
Agoraphobia

]]
**Agoraphobia** is a medical condition that causes anxiety. Sufferers are afraid of large open spaces, crowds, and new places. These places make them feel unsafe and increase their feelings of anxiety and panic. They may be afraid they might lose control and  themselves. They worry that they may not be able to get away, or find help if they have a panic attack. The word *agoraphobia* means "fear of the market place". People with agoraphobia often believe that their home is the only safe place. Extreme sufferers may be unable to leave their homes for months or in some cases years.

Agoraphobia is sometimes treated successfully with medication and cognitive behavioral therapy, but some people never recover.

## Symptoms
People with agoraphobia may show these signs and symptoms:
* Anxiety in "unsafe" places
* Being short of breath
* Sweating
* Dizziness
* Fast heartbeat
* Nausea
* Feelings of extreme fear
* Feeling anxious if they know they will have to leave their safe place (such as their home)
* Low self-esteem
* Loss of self-confidence 
* Do not want to visit new places
* Depression

## Causes of Agoraphobia 
* Although the precise causes of agoraphobia are unknown, there are some risk factors that could raise your risk of getting this disorder. They consist of:

# Having a different anxiety disorder, such as **social anxiety or generalized anxiety disorder.**
# One more phobia.
# A history of agoraphobia in the family.
# Maltreatment or trauma in the past.
# Cognitive chemistry.
# Depression or low self-esteem.

* Moreover, learned associations may contribute to the emergence of agoraphobia.
* The concern that a panic attack may happen again in the future can develop after having one in a particular circumstance or place.
* In some circumstances, agoraphobia can be exacerbated by **post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).**
* Following a traumatic experience, PTSD can develop and cause feelings of **anxiety and hypervigilance,** which can trigger the development of agoraphobia.
* The risk of acquiring agoraphobia may be increased by prolonged solitude.
* For instance, the terror brought on by the **COVID-19 pandemic** paired with the isolation brought on by social exclusion and quarantines has made many Americans more anxious.
* According to mental health professionals, the effects of these incidents could continue for years and affect both grown-up and children's well-being.

## References
Imperial Japanese Army

, also known as the **IJA**, was the army of Imperial Japan from 1868 to 1945. The army was under the command of Emperor Meiji from 1868-1912, Emperor Taishō from 1912-1926, Emperor Hirohito from 1926-1945, and Hideki Tōjō from 1884-1948.

The IJA was started after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, replacing the Samurai. It was abolished at the end of World War II in 1945. 

The army was involved in many Wars : Boshin War (1868-1869) Invasion Of Taiwan (1874) Shinpuren Rebellion (1876) Satsuma Rebellion (1877) First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Invasion Of Taiwan (1895) Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) World War 1 (1914-1918) Siberian Intervention (1918-1922) Japanese Invasion Of Manchuria (1931) Soviet-Japanese Border Conflict (1932-1939) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Battle of Khalkhin Gol (1939) World War 2 (1941-1945)    .  

## Legacy
Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan prohibits the use of aggressive force as a means for settling international disputes.

In order to defend Japan, if necessary, the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) was formed.

The ground-reach of JSDF is the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).

## Related pages
* Imperial Japanese Navy

## References 
## Other websites
* AxisHistory.com, Japanese Army
* Imperial Japanese Army -Citizendium
Civilian

during the Syrian civil war, October 2012]]

A **civilian** in time of war is a person who is not a member of a country's military and any other fighting group. This is what the word means under the laws of war. Civilians are the opposite of soldiers and combatants, who fight in wars.

In an international armed conflict, civilians are generally protected by international humanitarian law from being harmed except: 

*Nationals under their own state authority except for refugees of the occupying power living in occupied territory prior to hostilities as long they don't commit crimes after hostilities or that violate their own laws which are also ordinary criminal offenses under the law of the occupied state.

*Nationals of a neutral state who find themselves in a recognized territory of a belligerent nation as long their state maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent country

*Nationals of a co-belligerent (i.e., allied) state as long their state maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent nation

The treatment of protected civilians in an international armed conflict is covered by the Fourth Geneva Convention. Prisoners are covered by the Third Convention.
* Many modern wars are civil wars. In a civil war, it can be difficult to make the distinction between the different parties at war, and it can also be difficult to make a difference between a civilian and a soldier. 

* Guerilla warfare and terrorism rely on the fact that the people taking part cannot be distinguished from civilians; they look like civilians, and not like soldiers.
* Depleting the resources of the enemy has long been a method of war. Crops are burned and supplies blockaded so all, including enemy troops, will starve. In modern times strategic bombing may attack weapons factories, transport, and cities.

## References