open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Joey King

**Joey Lynn King** (born on July 30, 1999 in Los Angeles, California) is an American teen movie, television, voice actress, singer and model. She is perhaps best known for her roles as Ramona Quimby in *Ramona and Beezus* and Poppy in *Despicable Me 4*. King also appeared in *The Dark Knight Rises*, *Oz the Great and Powerful*, *Family Weekend*, *White House Down*, and in *The Conjuring*. She has won a Young Artist Award. Her entire showbiz and entertainment career officially began in 2002. She had also begun by appearing in several commercial ads at such a young age of 4.

King was born on July 30, 1999 in Los Angeles, California. She was raised in Los Angeles, California. King has also stated that she is "part Jewish and part Christian, but she's more and mostly Jewish".

## Awards and Nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
Katsuyama, Fukui

is a city in Fukui Prefecture, Japan.

## Geography
### Surrounding municipalities
* Fukui Prefecture
** Eiheiji
** Fukui
** Ōno
** Sakai
* Ishikawa Prefecture
** Hakusan
** Kaga
** Komatsu

## Population
From the Japanese census data, 

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Rick Baker

**Richard A. "Rick" Baker** (born December 8, 1950) is an American special makeup effects artist known for his creature effect makeup. He has won seven Academy Awards.

Baker was born in Binghamton, New York on December 8, 1950. He studied at the Academy of Art University.

## References
## Other websites
*
Vin Diesel

**Vin Diesel** (born **Mark Sinclair Vincent**; July 18, 1967) is an American actor, director, producer and screenwriter. He is known for his roles in the movies *The Fast and the Furious* series, *The Chronicles of Riddick* trilogy, the voice of Groot in the *Marvel Cinematic Universe* and in *XXX*.

Diesel was born in Alameda County, California. He studied at Hunter College. He is partners with Paloma Jimenez. His father is African-American and his mother is of English, German, Irish and Scottish descent.

## References
## Other websites
*
Juno Temple

**Juno Violet Temple** (born 21 July 1989) is an English movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles in *Atonement*, *Dirty Girl*, ''St Trinian's*, *Killer Joe* and in *The Dark Knight Rises''.

Temple was born on 21 July 1989 in London, England to Amanda Pirie and to Julien Temple. She studied at Enmore Primary School, Bedales School, and at King's College.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sylvia Kristel

, in 1990]]

**Sylvia Maria Kristel** (28 September 1952  18 October 2012) was a Dutch erotic actress who acted in many movies. She was most notable for her role in the *Emmanuelle* movies from the 1970s through to the early 1990s.

The most successful film in her career was *Private Lessons* (1981). She played the housekeeper who initiates a 15-year-old to the wonders of sex. The film grossed over $50,000,000 worldwide.

Kristel was born on 28 September 1952 in Utrecht, Netherlands. She died on the afternoon of 18 October 2012 in Amsterdam, Netherlands from oesophageal and lung cancer, aged 60. She is survived by her son.

In September 2006, Kristel's autobiography *Nue* (*Nude*) was published in France. It was translated into English as *Undressing Emmanuelle: a memoir*, by Fourth Estate, 2007. . She told of her turbulent personal life blighted by addictions to drugs and alcohol. Her quest for a father figure led to some destructive relationships with older men. The book received some positive reviews.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum

is a museum in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. It is one of many museums supported by prefectures in Japan. The museum is in the Nagaoyama Park in the city of Katsuyama.

Because of a number of dinosaur fossils found here, the whole city of Katsuyama was called “Dinosaur Valley Fukui Katsuyama Geopark” in 2008.

Guide tours are held here during warm seasons. It is said to be one of the Three Greatest Dinosaur Museums with The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Canada and The Zigong Dinosaur Museum in China.

As of 2020, more than 11 milion people visited the museum in total. 

## History
The museum was opened in 2000, close to a real dinosaur remains site. It was built in Katsuyama because a lot of fossils have been found there since 1989. Famous fossils such as Fukuiraptor and Fukuisaurus are also showed in this museum.

The building was designed by Kisho Kurokawa.

The building was made in a dome shape.

The cost of the construction was about 14 billion Japanese Yen. 

In 2014, a dinosaur building was opened outside, in which people can experience digging fossil as they look at the remains. 

## Exhibits 
The exhibition is divided into 5 zones: "Dino Street", "World of Dinosaurs", "Science of the Earth", "History of Life", and "Dino Lab". 44 skeletons of dinosaurs including 10 original fossils are displayed in the "World of Dinosaurs" zone. 

The “Science of the Earth” zone shows the earth from two points of view--“Water and the Earth” and “Fire and the Earth”. People can see how active the Earth is by observing its sediments, rocks, and minerals. 

The “History of Life” zone shows the origin of life and vertebrates, and how they have evolved for 4.6 billion years. Organisms on the Earth have evolved through a repeated cycle of evolution and extinction. As living organisms and environment influenced each other, the present Earth environment was formed. You can read the story of life as told by these fossils. 

## References
## Other websites
* Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum website
* Dinosaur Valley Fukui Katsuyama Geopark website 
* Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum on Japan National Tourism Organization website
List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language

The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Tamil is an official or language of government.

## Sovereign Countries 
## Dependent entities where Tamil is an official language
## Recognized as minority language
## Partially recognized and unrecognized territories
## Former territories resp. dependent entities where Tamil was an official language 
## Countries where Tamil is used and has cultural impact but not official 
## References 
## Other websites 
* tamilNet.com
* tamilfunda.com
* tamilsiragugal.com
Tamil Eelam

**Tamil Eelam** is a proposed state for Tamils in Sri Lanka. It was one of the reasons for the Sri Lankan Civil War. The main leader was Velupillai Prabhakaran, the leader of the Tamil Tigers.

Tamils number just over 11 percent of the Sri Lankan population. They live mostly in the coastal regions of north, east and west Sri Lanka. The dominant Sinhalese people are just under 75% of the population.

## Related pages
* Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

## Other websites
*Articles about Tamil Eelam at *Times of India*
Self-organization

created by wind or water is an example of an emergent structure in nature.]]
 in Northern Ireland is an example of a complex emergent structure created by natural processes]]

**Self-organization** is a process where some form of order  arises out of a random system. The process is : it happens on its own. It is not directed or controlled by any agent inside or outside the system.

Self-organization occurs in a variety of physical, chemical, biological, social and cognitive systems. A common example is crystallization. An example from biological chemistry is the lipid bilayer, which is the basis of the cell membrane, and so is of great importance.

Many self-organizing things have properties which are "emergent". What this means is that one can't predict what will happen, usually because the possibilities are too many to study. Some examples:
#Protein folding: after RNA translation, proteins fold themselves up into their working shape. For every protein there are one or two shapes which are stable, but it is almost impossible to predict the folding from the sequence of amino acids.
#Liberal economic theory argues that free market economies create a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve". Friedrich Hayek. This is the concept of the "invisible hand" (Adam Smith in *The Wealth of Nations*). By acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than is possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of the whole society.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Autopoiesis
*Complex system
*Cybernetics
*Self-replication
*Swarm intelligence
*Teleology
Denmark at the 1972 Summer Paralympics

**Denmark** sent a team for the **1972 Summer Paralympics** in Heidelberg, West Germany. They sent ten athletes, eight male and two female.

## Disability classifications
Athletes at the Paralympics in 1972 were all afflicted by spinal cord injuries. They were also required the use of a wheelchair. This is different from later Paralympics that include events for participants that fit into any of five different disability categories; amputation, either congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. 

Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications. It depends upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters. It describes the type of event and classification of the athletes competing.

## References
Thomas Cech

**Thomas Robert Cech** (born December 8, 1947 in Chicago) is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman. They discovered that RNA was a catalyst. Cech discovered that RNA could itself cut strands of RNA, which showed that life could have started as RNA.

## Career 
Cech also studied telomeres, and his lab discovered an enzyme, TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase), which helps to restore telomeres after they are shortened during cell division. 

As president of Howard Hughes Medical Institute, he promoted science education, and he teaches an undergraduate chemistry course at the University of Colorado.

He was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea in 1999.

## Research
Cech's main research area is transcription in the nucleus of cells. He studies how the genetic code of DNA is transcribed into RNA. In the 1970s, Cech discovered that an unprocessed RNA molecule could splice itself. 

In 1982, Cech became the first to show that RNA molecules are not restricted to being passive carriers of genetic information  they can have catalytic functions and can take part in cellular reactions. RNA-processing reactions and protein synthesis on ribosomes are catalysed by RNA. RNA enzymes are known as ribozymes and are now used for gene technology. They also cut and destroy invading viral RNAs.

## References
## Other websites
* Tom Cech iBioMagazine talk: "Discovering Ribozymes" 
* Chemical and Engineering News
* The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989: Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech
* The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989: Illustrated Presentation
* Nobel autobiography
Renato Dulbecco

**Renato Dulbecco** (February 22, 1914 – February 19, 2012) was an Italian-born American virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on oncogenes. Oncogenes are genes in viruses that cause cancer when they infect animal cells. 

The prize was shared with Howard Temin and David Baltimore.
Dulbecco studied at the University of Turin under Giuseppe Levi. His fellow students Salvador Luria and Rita Levi-Montalcini also moved to the U.S. with him and won Nobel prizes. He was drafted into the Italian army in World War II, but later joined the resistance.

## References
WorldCat

**WorldCat** is a very big online catalog, a list of books and things like books in tens of thousands of libraries in many countries.

WorldCat was built by OCLC, which is an organization of libraries. WorldCat is maintained by the group of libraries in OCLC. 

## History
In the 1970s, OCLC grew from a regional computer system for 54 Ohio colleges into an international network.

In 1979, the first Canadian and the first international library joined OCLC. 

* 1975 – Library and Archives Canada begins adding records
* 1978 – *Koninklijke Bibliotheek* (National Library of the Netherlands) begins to participate
* 1985 – British Library begins adding UKMARC records
* 1987 – National Library of Scotland begins adding 
* 1987 – National Library of Wales begins contributing 
* 1987 – National Central Library, Taiwan begins adding 
* 1991 – Six staff members from the National Library of China help OCLC to add a computerized catalog of Chinese books
* 1991 – National Library of Turkey becomes an OCLC member
* 1992 – The National Library of Australia begins contributing 
* 1992 – National and University Library of Iceland begins adding 
* 1995 – National Library of the Czech Republic begins contributing 
* 1997 – National Library of New Zealand begins contributing
* 1998 – National Library of Ireland begins adding
* 1999 – National Diet Library of Japan begins adding records for Western-language materials 
* 1999 – National Library of Lithuania begins contributing 
* 1999 – National Library of South Africa begins adding 
* 2002 – Singapore National Union Catalog is added 
* 2003 – *Deutsche Nationalbibliothek* (German National Library), the Library of Congress and OCLC agree to develop a Virtual International Authority File
* 2003 – Chilean Directorate of Libraries, Archives, and Museums (DIBAM) of the National Library begin contributing
* 2004 – *Bibliothèque nationale de France* begins contributing
* 2005 – National Library of Finland begins adding
* 2005 – Iraqi National Library and Archive begins adding 
* 2006 – *Deutsche Nationalbibliothek* adds 4 million new records 
* 2006 – Dutch Union Catalog is added
* 2007 – National Library of Mexico begins adding
* 2007 – Swiss National Library adds
* 2007 – *Kungliga biblioteket* (National Library of Sweden) adds
* 2008 – National Library Service, Barbados adds
* 2008 – National Library of Israel adds 
* 2008 – National Library of Spain adds
* 2008 – Royal Library of Denmark and Danish Bibliographic Centre add
* 2009 – National and University Library of Slovenia begins adding 
* 2010 – National Library of Serbia begins adding
* 2012 – National Library of Norway begins adding

## References 
## More reading 
* 

## Other websites 
* WorldCat website
* WorldCat Identities
* What is OCLC?
Somapura Mahavihara

**Somapura Mahavihara** (Sanskrit;  *Shompur Môhabihar*) in Paharpur, Badalgachhi Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh is among the best known Buddhist viharas in the Indian subcontinent. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in the country. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.
Paul Berg

**Paul Berg** (June 30, 1926 &ndash; February 15, 2023) was an American biochemist (a person who studies chemistry in living things).  He was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. The award recognized their contributions to basic research on nucleic acids.  

## Early life
Berg was born in New York City. He received his undergraduate education at Penn State University, where he majored in biochemistry.  He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952.  

## Career
After 1959 Berg worked at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.  There he taught biochemistry from 1959 until 2000. He served as director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine from 1985 until 2000.  He is now professor emeritus at Stanford University.

In addition to the Nobel Prize, Berg was given with the National Medal of Science in 1983 and the National Library of Medicine Medal in 1986.

Berg was famous for his pioneering work involving recombinant DNA, the process of inserting DNA from another species into a molecule, leading to the development of modern genetic engineering.  After developing the technique, Berg used it for his studies of viral genomes.

## Death
Berg died on February 15, 2023 at his home in Stanford, California at the age of 96.

## References
Hinglaj Shakti Peeth

]]
**Hinglaj Shakti Peeth** is a place of worship and pilgrimage of Hindu religion. It is located in Kadasar village, Surendranagar District, Rajkot, Gujarat. Also known by the names such as Hingdaj, Bhavani and Hingraj Mata.

## History
To stop the divine dance (Tandava) of Lord Shiva after the death of Dakshayani, Lord Vishnu scattered Shiva's remains over many places on the Indian subcontinent. It is said that the head fell at Hingula or Hinglaj. Because of this, this place is considered the most important of the 51 Shakti Peeths. At each of the Peeths, Bhairava (a manifestation of Shiva) accompanies the relics. The Bhairava at Hinglaj is called Bhimalochana. It is in Koteshwar, Kutch. The Sanskrittexts mention the part as 'Brahmadreya' or vital essence.

Shri Hingdaj Mata brought from Pakistan (Balochistan) to Kadasar village. Kadasar is in Rajkot, Gujarat.

Historically, this area is called Saurashtra. It is the worship place for Mata Hingdaj. One day, Harsidhhi Mata and Vikram Raja came to Hingdaj ‘*Shakti Peeth’*.

## Kuldevi
Hinglaj is worshiped as Kuldevi by many Kshatriya, Bhavsar, Barot and Rao of India.

## Temples
*Hinglaj Mata Temple also known as Hingdaj Mata, Hingraj Mata Temple in India.
*Hinglaj Mata Temple in Mahesana (hinglajpura), Gujarat.
*Shri Hinglaj Mata Temple at Rajula, Gujarat(MAHUVA RAJULA ROAD).
*Hinglaj Mata Temple at Rajasthan, India.
*Hinglaj Mata Temple at Pakistan (Balochistan)
*Hinglaj Mata Temple at Tikamgarh, Madhya Pradesh
*Hinglaj Mata Mandir (Bhuti)Takhatgarh, Rajasthan
*Hinglaj Mata Mandir at Mumbai.
*Shree Hinglaj Mata (Hingula Mata) Temple at Talcher, Orissa, Puri
*Hingdaj Mataji temple at Bapunagar, Ahmedabad.
*Hinglaj mataji Temple at Ambada, India.

## References
Stephen Turnbull

**Stephen Richard Turnbull** (born 6 February 1948) is a British academic, historian and writer. He is a specialist in Far Eastern military history.  He is best known for his writing about the samurai of Japan.

## Early life
Turnbull earned a degree at Cambridge University.

Further studies led to his earning an MA in Theology and an MA in Military History.  He was awarded a PhD from the University of Leeds.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Louis-Frédéric, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 100+ works in 400+ publications in 15 languages and 15,000+ library holdings. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*

* *Samurai armies, 1550–1615,* 1979
* *The Mongols,* 1980
* *The Book of the Samurai,* 1982
* *The Book of the Medieval Knight,* 1985
* *Samurai Warriors,* 1987
* *Samurai Warlords: The Book of the Daimyō,* 1989
* ''Ninja: The True Story of Japan's Secret Warrior Cult,* 1991
* *The Samurai: A Military History,* 1996
* *Samurai Warfare,* 1997
* *The Samurai Sourcebook,* 1998
* *Nagashino 1575: Slaughter at the Barricades,* 2000
* *Ashigaru 1467–1649: Weapons, Armour, Tactics,* 2001
* *The Knight Triumphant: The High Middle Ages, 1314–1485,* 2001
* *Samurai Heraldry,* 2002
* *Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War, 1592–1598,* 2002
* *War in Japan: 1467–1615,* 2002
* *Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400,* 2003
* *Japanese castles, 1540–1640,* 2003
* *Japanese Warrior Monks AD 949–1603,* 2003
* *Kawanakajima 1553–1564: Samurai Power Struggle,* 2003
* *Ninja AD 1460–1650,* 2003
* *Tannenberg 1410: Disaster for the Teutonic Knights,* 2003
* *The Walls of Constantinople: AD 324–1453,* 2004
* *Warriors of Medieval Japan,* 2005
* *Samurai Commanders,* 2005
* *Samurai: the world of the warrior,* 2006
* *The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War,'' 2008

## Honors
* British Association for Japanese Studies, Cannon Prize.

## References
## Other websites
* Turnbull, Stephen R. at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Reverse transcriptase

reverse transcriptase. The P51 subunit is green and the P66 subunit is cyan.]] reverse transcriptase. ]]

A **reverse transcriptase** is an enzyme which works 'backwards' from RNA to DNA. Normal transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA; reverse transcription is the *reverse* of this. It is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA. It also synthesizes a second strand of DNA complementary to the reverse-transcribed single-stranded cDNA. 

Well studied reverse transcriptases include:
* HIV-1 reverse transcriptase from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ()
* M-MLV reverse transcriptase from the Moloney murine leukemia virus
* AMV reverse transcriptase from the avian myeloblastosis virus
* Telomerase reverse transcriptase that maintains the telomeres of eukaryotic chromosomes

## History 
Reverse transcriptase was discovered by Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in a cancer virus. It was independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970 at MIT from two RNA tumour viruses. For their achievements, they shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Renato Dulbecco).

The idea of reverse transcription was very unpopular at first because it contradicted the central dogma of molecular biology. This states that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins. However, in 1970 when Howard Temin and David Baltimore both independently discovered the enzyme responsible for reverse transcription, the possibility that genetic information could be passed on in this manner was finally accepted.

Out of this work has come the idea that the first genomes were made of RNA genes. The RNA genes surviving today might be all that remain of this early condition. Reverse transcriptase might be the remnant of a stage when DNA genes were made by copying RNA genes. This theory is relevant to the earliest stages of evolution. Reverse transcription is also used by various semi-independent elements called transposons.

## Related pages 
*  RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase), PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction test), RAT (Rapid Antigen Test)

## References
Ludovico Ariosto

**Ludovico Ariosto** (Reggio Emilia, 8 September 1474 – Ferrara 6 July 1533) was an Italian poet. He is best known as the author of the romance epic *Orlando Furioso* (1516). The poem is a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's *Orlando Innamorato*. It tells about the adventures of Charlemagne, Orlando, and the Franks as they fight the Saracens with diversions into many side plots. Ariosto composed the poem in the ottava rima rhyme scheme and introduced narrative commentary throughout the work.

Ariosto spent the greater part of his life at Ferrara including many years in the service of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este and then of Duke Alfonso I. His poem *Orlando Furioso* is designed to exalt the Este family; in its final form it was first published in 1532. It is the greatest of the Italian romantic epics. Ariosto also wrote lyric poetry in Italian and Latin, some satires and four comedies.

;Minor works
* *La Tragedia di Tisbe* (1493) 
* *La Cassaria* (1508) 
* *I Suppositi* (1509) 
* *Il Negromante* (1520) 
* *La Lena* (1528) 
* *Studenti* (1518)

## References
Islam in the Maldives

Islam is the state religion of Maldives, and adherence to it is legally required of citizens by a revision of the constitution in 2008: Article 9, Section D *states that a non-Muslim may not become a citizen of the Maldives.*
Javier Bardem

**Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem** (born 1 March 1969) is a Spanish actor. He is known for his roles in *Skyfall*, *No Country for Old Men*, *Biutiful*, *Vicky Cristina Barcelona*, *Before Night Falls*, *Jamón, jamón*, *Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales* and *Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile*. He has won an Golden Globe Award, an BAFTA Award, and an Academy Award. 

In 2021, he played Desi Arnaz in *Being the Ricardos*. He also appeared in Denis Villeneuve's science fiction movies *Dune* (2021) and *Dune: Part Two* (2024), and Disney's live-action remake *The Little Mermaid* (2023).

In 2024, he starred as Jose Menéndez, the father of Lyle and Erik Menéndez, in Netflix's *Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story*.

## Life
Bardem was born on 1 March 1969 in Las Palmas of the Canary Islands. His parents were Pilar Bardem and José Carlos Encinas Doussinague. He has been married to Penélope Cruz since 2010. They have two children.

## References
## Other websites
*
Queen Heonae

**Queen Heonae** (; 962-1029) was a queen of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. She was also a politician. She was the second wife of the 5th king, Gyungjong. She was also mother of the 7th king, Mokjong, and the elder sister of the 6th king, Seongjong. Heonae ruled as Regent from 997 to 999 during the early years of her son King Mokjong's reign.

## Other websites 
* Queen Heonae:Navercast 
* 남성우월 시각이 만든 ‘음탕한 천추태후’ 중앙일보 2009.02.20 
* 헌애·헌정 자매의 싸움… 고려 王씨 왕조가 김씨 왕조가 될 뻔 조선일보 2009.09.19
Defense of Marriage Act

The **Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)** was a U.S. law passed by a Republican Congress and signed into law by Democratic President Bill Clinton on September 21, 1996. The law defended traditional marriage by enabling each state to refuse to recognize another state's grant of gay marriages. The no longer effective Section 3 clarified that the U.S. federal government didn't recognize gay marriages at all, even if recognized by one of the states. This law was meant to ensure 2 things: No state was required to recognize a gay marriage performed in another state under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution. The federal government couldn't recognize any gay marriages. At the time, it was thought that the first effect was most important, and it appears first in the law. Over 10 years later, the second effect has emerged as most important, and in early 2009 a lawsuit was filed in Massachusetts to force the federal government to recognize gay marriages performed there. The DOMA was supported by many candidates both Democrat and Republican, many of whom on both sides (more Democrats though) would later flipflop on the issue 10–20 years later, likely due to the polls in order to be elected. Many of these, including Hillary Clinton, try to deny or at least come up with excuses for their inconsistent position.  

After the passage of DOMA in 1996, many state legislators enacted state statutes, nicknamed mini-DOMAs, that ban gay marriage. 30 out of 50 states had constitutional provisions defining and limiting marriage as between a man and a woman. Prior to the 2012 general election, traditional marriage had been affirmed in all 32 states in which it was put to a popular vote. The states lacking protection of marriage in their constitutions are the 13 northeastern states and territory (D.C.) beginning with West Virginia (but not including Virginia); in the Midwest the states of Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois and Indiana, and in the West the states of Colorado, New Mexico and Washington. Several of these states instead had state laws prohibiting gay marriage. As of August 3, 2010, 7 states had judicially declared or legislatively enacted gay marriage laws: Massachusetts, California, Iowa, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire. Proposition 8 modified California's constitution in 2008 to protect the sanctity of marriage, and Maine Question 1 which was a People's Veto of a gay marriage law passed by the legislature was approved. In the 2012 general election 3 states (Maine, Maryland, and Washington) legalized gay marriage after a popular vote and an amendment to Minnesota's Constitution that would've recognized marriage only as a union of one man and one woman failed in its referendum.  

On June 26, 2013, Section 3 of the act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. On December 13, 2022, it was officially repealed and replaced by the Respect for Marriage Act. 

## References 
## Other page 
*Same-sex marriage in the United States
Blake Lively

**Blake Ellender Lively** (*née* **Brown**; born August 25, 1987) is an American actress and model who is known for her television role as Serena van der Woodsen on *Gossip Girl*. She is also known for her roles in *Accepted*, *The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants*, *The Private Lives of Pippa Lee*, *The Town*, *Green Lantern*, *The Age of Adaline*, *Savages* and *Deadpool & Wolverine*

## Filmography
### Movie
### Television
### Music videos
## Personal life 
Blake Ellender Brown was born on August 25, 1987 in Tarzana, California. She studied at Beverly Hills High School. She married Ryan Reynolds in September 2012 and shares four children with him. 

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
State of Judea

The **State of Judea** (, '''') is a proposed halachic state in the West Bank, forward by Israeli Jewish settlers. After the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) declared the existence of a Palestinian state in 1988, some settler activists (primarily Kahanists) feared international pressure would cause Israel to withdraw from the West Bank and sought to lay the groundwork for an Orthodox Jewish state in the West Bank and Gaza if this came to pass. The declaration of independence of this state was announced in a Jerusalem hotel on December 27th, 1988. Notorious Kahanist, Michael Ben-Horin was declared the president of the free state of Judea. In January 1989, several hundred activists met together and announced their intention to create the infrastructure of such a state if Israel ever withdrew.

The idea was revived in the wake of the unilateral disengagement plan which resulted in the forcible eviction of most Jewish settlers from the Gaza strip by the IDF in 2005. In 2007, Shalom Dov Wolpo suggested the establishment of a new Jewish state in the West Bank if Israel withdrew. 

## Flag
The flag of the state of Judea is nearly the same as the flag of the state of Israel. Like the flag of Israel, it has a blue symbol on a white background, between two horizontal blue stripes, but unlike the flag of Israel the symbol is a Temple menorah instead of a Star of David. Another version has a Star of David of a different sort than appears on the flag of Israel, together with some other symbols.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stanford R. Ovshinsky

**Stanford Robert Ovshinsky** (November 24, 1922 – October 17, 2012) was an American inventor and scientist. He had well over 400 patents over fifty years. Most of these were in the areas of energy and information.  Many of his inventions have had many uses. Among the most important are: 
*An environmentally friendly nickel-metal hydride battery. These are used in laptop computers, digital cameras, cell phones, and electric and hybrid cars
*solar energy laminates and panels
*Flat screen liquid crystal displays
*Rewritable CD and DVD discs
*Hydrogen fuel cells
*Nonvolatile phase-change memory.

## References
Wilhelm Wulff

**Wilhelm Theodor H. Wulff** (27 March 1892 – 9 June 1979) was a German-Austrian astrologer and writer. He is best known for the 1973 book *Zodiac and Swastika*. The book tells about his time as an astrologer in Nazi Germany near the end of World War II. He was Heinrich Himmler's astrologer.

## References
Islam in Lebanon

.]]

**Islam in Lebanon** is divided between four Muslim sects; Shias, Sunnis, Alawites, and Ismailis including the Druze. 
Muslims (including Druze) account for 59% of the total population of Lebanon, where 39% are Christian. Shiites - about 27%  of the total population of Lebanon - live mostly in the northern area of the Beqaa Valley, Southern Lebanon and southern areas of Beirut. About 26% of the Lebanese population is Sunni, concentrated largely in coastal cities like west Beirut, Tripoli and Sidon.  The Druze account for 5% of the population.

## References
Jada Pinkett Smith

**Jada Koren Pinkett Smith** (born September 18, 1971) is an American movie, television, voice actress, movie produer and director, singer-songwriter, writers, and businesswoman. She is known for her roles as Carla Purty in *The Nutty Professor* and as Gloria the Hippo in *Madagascar*, *Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa*, and in ''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted''. Jada was also entangled with August Alsina in 2016. She won an Image Award in 2010.

Smith was born on September 18, 1971 in Baltimore, Maryland. She studied at the Baltimore School for the Arts and at North Carolina School for the Arts. Smith was married to Will Smith since 1997. They have three children. Some says she suffered from cancer but some says she has alopecia areata. She has not been shy to speak about the health challenges as Proof  by Cariddean.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
John Carradine

**John Carradine** (**Richmond Reed Carradine**; February 5, 1906 &ndash; November 27, 1988) was an American movie, television, voice, stage, and radio actor who is known for his roles in *House of Dracula*, *House of Frankenstein*, *The Grapes Wrath*, *Stagecoach*, *Billy the Kid vs. Dracula*, and in *House of the Long Shadows*. He has won an Daytime Emmy Award.

Carradine was born on February 5, 1906 in New York City, New York. Carradine was married to Ardanelle McCool from 1935 until they divorced in 1944. Then he was married to Sonia Sorel from 1944 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Doris Rich from 1957 until her death in 1971. Then he was last married to Emily Cisneros from 1975 until his death in 1988. He has five children, Bruce (his McCool's son whom he adopted), David, Christopher, Keith and Robert.

Carradine died on November 27, 1988 in Milan, Italy from multiple organ failure, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Buddha Dhatu Jadi

The **Buddha Dhatu Jadi** (; also known as the **Bandarban Golden Temple**) is a Buddhist temple. It is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Skandha or Dhatu means material remains of a holy person. In this temple, the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple with the second largest Buddha statue in Bangladesh.

The Bandaban Golden Temple belongs to the Theravada Buddhism order, which is practiced by the Chittagonian tribal people, a dominant ethnic group of Bandarban. It was built in 2000 in Arakanese architecture, an adoption of South East Asia style.

## Gallery

File:Swarno Mandir.JPG|Buddha Dhatu Jadi
File:BuddhaDhatuJadi.jpg|Long shot view of Buddha Dhatu Jadi
File:BuddhaDhatuJadi3.jpg|Surrounded by natural beauty
File:BuddhaDhatuJadi1.jpg|Side View of Buddha Dhatu Jadi
File:BuddhaDhatuJadi4.jpg|Night Sky
File:BuddhaDhatuJadi5.jpg|Pillars of Ashoka
File:Architectural Detail with Bodhisattva Figure - Dhatu Jadi Temple - Near Bandarban - Chittagong Hill Tracts - Bangladesh (13240392033).jpg|Buddha Statue
File:Buddha Dhatu Jadi (04).jpg
Buddha Dhatu Jadi (01).jpg
An umbrella of Saturn, Buddha Dhatu Jadi (03).jpg
File:Buddha Dhatu Jadi,Bandarban.jpg|Buddha Dhatu Jadi,Bandarban
Statue of Buddha at Buddha Dhatu Jadi, Bandarban.jpg|Statue of Buddha 1
Statue of Buddha at Buddha Dhatu Jadi.jpg|Statue of Buddha 2
Statue of Gautam Buddha at Buddha Dhatu Jadi.jpg|Statue of Buddha 3
Statue of Shakyamuni at Buddha Dhatu Jadi.jpg|Statue of Shakyamuni

## References
Purity

**Purity** means that a substance is all the same. There are no contaminants or other things added. The word also means no badness in a person's character.

Purity may also refer to:
*An indication of the amount of other gases in a particular gas
**Purity*, a 1916 movie.
*A measure of correlation between a system and its environment,
*"Purity", a song by Slipknot on their debut self-titled album
*Purity in Buddhism, a spiritual purity of character or essence
*Purity Dairies, a dairy company in Nashville, Tennessee, United States
*Purity Factories, a food processing company in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
*Purity Distilling Company, an alcohol manufacturer involved in the Boston Molasses Disaster in the United States
*Black oil (also known as Purity), a fictional alien virus in the TV series *The X-Files*
*Purity, a former supermarket brand owned by Woolworths Limited
*Purity, the colorfulness of a light source.
Mitch McConnell

**Addison Mitchell** "**Mitch**" **McConnell, Jr.** (born February 20, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from Kentucky. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was the Minority Leader of the Senate. He is the longest-serving U.S. Senator in Kentucky history. McConnell holds conservative positions, despite regarding as a moderate Republican early in his career.

## Early life
Mitch McConnell was born to Julia (née Shockley) and Addison Mitchell McConnell at Helen Keller Memorial Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama on February 20, 1942. He grew up in segregated Athens, Alabama. They moved to southern Louisville, Kentucky and McConnell attended the duPont Manual High School. In 1964, he graduated with honors from the University of Louisville with a B.A. in political science. He graduated in 1967 from the University of Kentucky College of Law.

## Career
In 1984, McConnell ran for the United States Senate against two-term Democratic incumbent Walter "Dee" Huddleston. The election race wasn't decided until the last polls returned came in, and McConnell won by a thin margin—only 5,200 votes out of more than 1.8 million votes cast, just over 0.4%. 

McConnell was the only Republican Senate challenger to win that year, despite Ronald Reagan's landslide victory in the presidential election. Part of McConnell's success came from a series of television campaign spots called "Where's Dee", which featured a group of bloodhounds trying to find Huddleston, implying that Huddleston's attendance record in the Senate was less than stellar. It is likely that he was helped by Ronald Reagan's 21-point win in Kentucky that year. His campaign bumper stickers and television ads asked voters to "Switch to Mitch".

McConnell has repeatedly been found to have the lowest home state approval rating of any sitting senator.

In February 2025, McConnell announced that he would not run for re-election in 2026.

## Personal life
McConnell is a member of the Baptist Church. His first wife was Sherrill Redmon, from whom he was later divorced; they have three daughters.  His second wife, whom he married in 1993, is Elaine Chao, the Secretary of Transportation under Donald Trump and the former Secretary of Labor under George W. Bush (the first Asian American woman to serve in the Cabinet).

Senator McConnell's personal fortune was between $9,839,049 to $44,587,000 in 2010 and he was ranked as the 10th wealthiest member of the U.S. Senate.

In October 2024, the first autobiographical book, "The Price of Power: How Mitch McConnell Mastered the Senate, Changed America, and Lost His Party", about Mitch McConnell, will be released in the United States.

## References
## Other websites
* Senator Mitch McConnell *official U.S. Senate site*
* Mitch McConnell For U.S. Senate *official campaign site*
Peter Mark Richman

**Peter Mark Richman** (born **Marvin Jack Richman**, April 16, 1927 &ndash; January 14, 2021) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who was known for his roles in productions like *Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan*, *The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear*, *Friendly Persuasion*, *Agent for H.A.R.M* and *Dark Intruder*. He also provided his voice in cartoons such as *Spider-Man: The Animated Series*. His career began in 1949.

Richman was born on April 16, 1927 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Yetta Dora Peck and to Benjamin Richman. Richman studied at the Actors Studio. He married to Helen Richman in 1953. They had five children. Richman died of natural causes on January 14, 2021 at his Los Angeles home, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Peter Mark Richman Official Site
Larry Hankin

**Larry Hankin** (born December 7, 1937) is an American movie, television, radio, stage, and voice actor. He is best known for his role as Mr. Heckles in *Friends*.

Hankin was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Syracuse University.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
*
* YouTube page
Nadir

. Note that the zenith is opposite the nadir.]]
In astronomy, the **nadir** is a point "below" a particular location. "Below" means in the same direction of gravity at that location. The nadir is the opposite of the zenith.  The nadir is not a real point.  It is used as a reference for the location of other things.

## Related pages
*Zenith

## References
*
*
*
Herman Bing

**Herman Bing** (March 30, 1889 – January 9, 1947) was a German-American character actor and voice actor. He was the brother of Gus Bing (1893–1967).
He shot himself on 9 January, 1947.
## Other websites
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Jonathan Harris

**Jonathan Harris** (**Jonathan Charasuchin**; November 6, 1914 &ndash; November 3, 2002) was an American movie, television, radio, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Dr. Zachary Smith in *Lost in Space*.

Harris was born on November 6, 1914 in The Bronx, New York City, New York. He studied at James Monroe High School. Harris was married to Gertrude Bregman from 1938 until his death in 2002. Harris died on November 3, 2002 in Encino, Los Angeles, California from heart failure, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Transfection

**Transfection** is the process of deliberately introducing DNA or RNA into cells. The word is formed from
transformation and infection. 
The term is used for:
#Transformation of bacterial cells with viral nucleic acids
#Transformation of animals cells in tissue culture with purified DNA. The DNA is added to the cells' genome.
#Transformation of cells or embryos with single or double-stranded RNA. This causes the building of particular proteins, or the silencing of particular genes. 
#Gene therapy using a modified virus as a vector.

Transfection can result in unexpected morphologies and abnormalities in target cells. Transfection with RNA molecules produces changes which cannot be permanently transmitted down a line of cells.

## DNA constructs 
A DNA construct is an artificially constructed bit of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell. It may include a **DNA insert**, which contains the gene sequence coding for a protein of interest.

The DNA insert is the heart of the molecular biology vector. This is a general term for a vehicle used to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. Transfection of animal cells usually involves opening temporary pores (holes) in the cell membrane, to allow the cells to take up the vector.

## References
Pitchblende

**Pitchblende** is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore. It has a chemical composition that is largely UO2, but also contains UO3 and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earth elements. It is known as pitchblende due to its black color and high density. It is also commonly referred to as **Uraninite**.  

The mineral has been known at least since the 15th century from silver mines in the Ore Mountains, on the German/Czech border.  Pitchblende found in Germany was used by M. Klaproth in 1789 to discover the element uranium.

Pitchblende contains a small amount of radium as a radioactive decay product of uranium. Because the uranium isotopes 238U and 235U will decay to form the lead isotopes 206Pb and 207Pb, pitchblende also always has small amounts of lead. Small amounts of helium are also present in pitchblend as a result of alpha decay. 

Helium was first found on Earth in pitchblende after having been discovered  in the Sun's atmosphere.

## Occurrence
 (size: 2.7×2.4×1.4 cm)]]

Pitchblende is a major ore of uranium. 

Some of the highest grade uranium ores in the world were found in the Shinkolobwe mine in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the initial source for the Manhattan Project) and in the Athabasca Basin in northern Canada.  

Another important source of pitchblende is at Great Bear Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada, where it is found in large quantities associated with silver. It also occurs in Australia, Germany, England, and South Africa. In the United States it can be found in the states of New Hampshire, Connecticut, North Carolina, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico.

Uranium ore is generally processed close to the mine into yellowcake, which is an intermediate step in the processing of uranium.

## Related pages
*List of minerals
*Uranium
*Uranium 235

## References
## Other websites
Theodore Roethke

**Theodore Huebner Roethke** ( ; May 25, 1908 &ndash; August 1, 1963) was an American poet.

Roethke's parents were German immigrants, who settled in Michigan and started a highly prosperous floral business. He was born in Michigan. He grew up in an atmosphere of greenhouses and plants. These images stayed with him, and he often alluded to it in his work. 

He was educated at Michigan State University and then Harvard. He became a teacher and sports coach. He began to publish his poetry later, around 1941, with the publication of *Open House*. However, according to critics and scholars, he really began to "mature" with his second book, *The Lost Son and Other Poems* (1948). It was followed by other critically acclaimed volumes. 

Roethke joined the University of Washington as a lecturer in 1947. He stayed there until his sudden death in 1963. 

Among other prizes and awards, he won the Pulitzer Prize (1953), the Bollinger Prize (1958), and a posthumous National Book Award (1964).

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Abdul Majid Khan Tarin

**Khan Abdul Majid Khan Tarin**, Khan Sahib, OBE (1877–1939) was a prominent magistrate, judge and later MLA, of the NWFP assembly, in British India. 

## Background 
He was the son of a tribal Tarin (or Tareen) chieftain and cavalry officer, Sardar Habib Khan (1829–1888), Nawab-Bahadur, Risaldar; and was born in Talokar village, near Haripur,  in what was later to be the Hazara area of the NWFP, in British India. After his father's death he was educated by English tutors and then sent to Aitchison College, Lahore for studies. Later, he was sent to England and became a Barrister.

## Career 
Abdul Majid Khan Tarin was a Magistrate and Judge in the Punjab service from 1902 to 1934 and then, after his retirement, he joined the All India Muslim League. In 1937 he was elected an MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) of the North-West Frontier Province but could not complete his tenure there as he died in September 1939, after a short illness.

## Legacy 
His son Khan Abdus Salim Khan was a Pakistani diplomat who was ambassador in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Japan, USA and the UK and his daughter-in-law Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan was later Pakistan's first woman minister during the regime of General Ayub Khan. One of his great-grandsons is the Pakistani poet and scholar, Omer Tarin.

Majid Khan Tarin was also a very active early philanthropist of his area and opened many educational institutions and set up a medical ward for Tuberculosis patients at the Haripur government hospital. His family has continued this charitable tradition.

## References
Joyce Cary

**Joyce Cary** (born **Arthur Joyce Lunel Cary**; December 7, 1888 – March 29, 1957) was an Irish novelist and writer, who was born in Donegal, Ireland. 

He studied at Clifton and Trinity College, Oxford. Afterwards, he also spent some time learning art at Edinburgh and Paris. In 1913, he joined the Nigerian Political Service, under the British colonial system and was posted out to Nigeria. While working there, he also fought in the First World War, with the local Nigerian Regiment. After the end of the war, he returned to politics. However, he was becoming very sick, and was advised to retire and go back home.

After retiring back to Britain, he began to write seriously and full-time. His first novel, *Aissa Saved*, was published in 1932. He published several other works after this, including *The Captive and the Free*, *Herself Surprised*, *A Fearful Joy*, ''The Horse's Mouth*, *To be a Pilgrim'' and others.

He died in March 1957.