Ancient Egyptian royal titles

The **Ancient Egyptian royal titles** were a standard way of naming the pharaohs, the kings of Ancient Egypt. These names and titles showed the king's worldly and religious powers. The names could provide a sort of mission statement for the king. Names and titles sometimes changed during the reign.

By the Middle Kingdom the pharaohs used a set of five titles. The full set of titles, the titulary, using the five names, became the standard and were still in use as late as the Roman Empire.

## Horus name
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The Horus name is the oldest form of the pharaoh's name. It began in the Predynastic Period. Many of the oldest-known Egyptian pharaohs were known only by this title.

The Horus name was usually written inside a serekh. This was a symbol of a palace façade. The name of the pharaoh was written in hieroglyphs inside the serekh. Usually there would be an image of the falcon God Horus on top or beside it. This is often translated as "King of Upper and of Lower Egypt", as the sedge and bee were symbols for Upper and Lower Egypt. Female version of the title - *nsjt-n-tꜣ-šmꜥ bjtjt-n-tꜣ-mḥw* (*nesit Ta-szema bitit Ta-mehu*): "Queen of Upper and [Queen of] Lower Egypt" is attested only for Cleopatra VII.

The term *nsw-bity*  may be from the Berber word for "strong man; ruler".(Schneider 1993)

The epithet *neb tawy*, "Lord of the Two Lands", meaning the valley and delta regions of Egypt was also often used.

## Personal name (*nomen*)
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This was the name given to the pharaoh at birth. The name itself was preceded by the title "Son of Ra". This was written with the hieroglyph of a duck (*za*), a homonym for the word meaning "son" (*za*), next to an image of the sun, a hieroglyph god Ra. It was first introduced to the set of royal titles in the Fourth Dynasty and emphasizes the king's role as a representative of the solar god Ra. When the pharaoh was woman, the preceding title was interpreted as "daughter".

Modern historians usually use this name for the ancient kings of Egypt, adding ordinals (e.g. "II", "III") for different individuals with the same name.

## Examples of the full titulary
### Senusret I

In the Middle Kingdom, the full titulary was sometimes written in a single cartouche. This example is from Senusret I, from Beni Hasan.

### Hatshepsut
The full titulary of Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Hatshepsut. This has a guide to pronunciation and the meanings, and shows the differences when the pharaoh is a woman:
* Praenomen: *Maatkare*, "Truth [Ma'at] is the Ka of Re"
* Nomen: *Khnumt-Amun Hatshepsut*, "Joined with Amun, Foremost of Noble Ladies"
* Horus name: *Wesretkau*, "Mighty of Kas"
* Nebty name: *Wadjrenput*, "She of the Two Ladies, Flourishing of years"
* Golden Horus: *Netjeretkhau*, "Divine of appearance" (*Netjeret* is the feminine form of *netery* meaning 'godly' or 'divine', and *khau*, 'appearances')

### Thutmose III
The full titulary of Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Thutmose III, with a guide to pronunciation and meaning:
* Horus name: *Kanakht Khaemwaset*, "Horus Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes"
* Nebty name: *Wahnesytmireempet*, "He of the Two Ladies, Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven"
* Golden Horus: *Sekhempahtydjeserkhaw*, "Horus of Gold Powerful of strength, Sacred of appearance"
* Praenomen: *Menkheperre*, "He of the Sedge and the Bee, Enduring of form is Re"
* Nomen: *Thutmose Neferkheperu*, "Son of Ra, Thutmose, beautiful of forms"

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## References
## Other websites
* The Gold name ,            the Horus name , the Royal Titulary, the Two Ladies  and Thutmose I  on Digital Egypt.