open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
North Waziristan District

**North Waziristan** () is the northern part of Waziristan, a mountainous region of northwest Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan and covering some 11 585&nbsp;km² (4,473&nbsp;mi²). It comprises the area west and south-west of Peshawar between the Tochi river to the north and the Gomal river to the south, forming part of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Miran Shah is capital of North Waziristan and (FATA). The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa lies immediately to the east. The region was an independent tribal territory from 1893, remaining outside of the British empire and Afghanistan. Tribal raiding into British territory was a constant problem for the British, requiring frequent punitive expeditions between 1860 and 1945. The region became part of Pakistan on independence in 1947.

## Related pages
* Ghulam Khan Tehsil
* Mir Ali Tehsil
* Miran Shah capital city (Tehsil)
* Razmak Tehsil
National Football League playoffs

.]]
The **National Football League (NFL) playoffs** are a single-elimination tournament that happen at the end of the 17-game regular season. The team who  wins all these playoff games is the NFL champion.  

## Other websites 
* Super Bowl History
* Pro-Football-Reference.com - Large online database of NFL data and statistics.  Many of the game scores and records in this article can be found there.
List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks

These are lists of **active and all-time National Hockey League** (NHL) franchise post-season appearance, post-season series win, Stanley Cup Final and Stanley Cup streaks up to and including the 2017–18 NHL season and subsequent 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs. These lists do not include the canceled 2004–05 NHL season.

## Longest active streaks
### Post-season appearance streaks
A post-season appearance streak is continued by making the NHL playoffs in consecutive years after the regular season. Since the first round of the playoffs consists of 8 series, there will always be 16 teams in this list (of the 31 teams in the NHL). 

### Post-season series win streaks
This is a list of teams that have active post-season series win streaks. A post-season series win streak is continued by making the post-season and winning at least the first round series of the playoffs. Since the first round of the playoffs consists of 16 teams in 8 series, there will always be 8 teams in this list, the winners of those series.

## Longest all-time streaks
### Post-season appearance streaks
This section has been updated to include teams who appeared in the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs.

:1 The Bruins' 29 consecutive is the second longest post-season streak in North American major professional sports history, and the longest of the "Big 4".  This compares to the CFL's Edmonton Eskimos 34 consecutive, the NBA's Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers 22 consecutive, the MLB's Atlanta Braves 14 consecutive, the MLS' LA Galaxy 10 consecutive, and the NFL's 9 consecutive shared by two teams.
:2 The nickname of the Chicago team was the "Black Hawks" for the majority of the streak – 17 of the 28 seasons. They were renamed the "Blackhawks" in 1986.
:3 The Montreal Canadiens only missed the playoffs once – by a tie-breaker – in the 46 seasons from 1948–49 to 1993–94. In the 1969–70 season, they tied for fourth and last playoff spot with the New York Rangers, but were eliminated on total goals scored tiebreak (they scored 244 goals to New York's 246).
:4 Includes 5 seasons as the Atlanta Flames (1975–76 through 1979–80), and 11 seasons as the Calgary Flames (1980–81 through 1990–91)
:5 The Edmonton Oilers streak is the longest run from the NHL debut of a franchise, starting from the first year they were in the NHL (1979–80); although they aren't included in the NHL streak, they also made the WHA playoffs the preceding 4 seasons (1975–76 through 1978–79), for a streak of 17 consecutive playoff appearances in major professional hockey.
:6 Includes 1 season as the Quebec Nordiques (1994–95), and 10 seasons as the Colorado Avalanche (1995–96 through 2005–06)
:7 No post season occurred in 2005 due to the season long NHL lockout.

### Post-season series win streaks
Consecutive seasons with at least one series victory.

### Stanley Cup Final appearance streaks
### Stanley Cup win streaks
:1 Not the current Ottawa franchise. This franchise, an original member of the NHL, folded following the 1934–35 NHL season after playing one year as the St. Louis Eagles.

## References
Mohmand District

The **Mohmand Agency** () was created in 1951 before which the Mohmand Tribes were administered by the Deputy Commissioner based in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. However it was not until 1973 that the headquarters of the Mohmand agency were moved from Peshawar to Ekkagund. Now, the permanent agency headquarters is at Ghalanai, deep in the Mohmand agency. There is scant rainfall and little irrigated land, a factor responsible for the large demographic movements of the Mohmands to the fertile lands of Charsadda and Mardan districts to the east.

Sher Alam Mahsud is the "political agent" (or governor) of Mohmand as of July 2007

* Halimzai Tehsil
* Pindiali Tehsil
* Pringar Tehsil
* Safi Tehsil
* Upper Mohmand Tehsil
* Utman Khel (Ambar) Tehsil
* Yake Ghund Tehsil
Linux distribution

**Linux distributions** (often abbreviated as **distros**) are made of the Linux kernel and a collection of applications. The operating system will be made up of the Linux kernel and, usually, a set of libraries and utilities from the GNU project, with graphics that come from the X Window System. Small distributions may not contain big window systems full of features like KDE or GNOME, but use small window systems like busybox, uclibc or dietlibc. There are more than three hundred Linux distributions. Most of them are still in development, constantly being improved and changed.

## History 
Before the first Linux distributions, a user needed to be an expert on UNIX, knowing what libraries and executables were needed to get the system to boot and run.

Linux distributions started to form after the Linux kernel began to be used by people besides the first Linux programmers.

Early distributions included: 

* H J Lu's "Boot-root" a two disk pair with the kernel and the absolute minimal tools to get started.
* MCC Interim Linux, which was made available to the public for download on the FTP server of University of Manchester in February, 1992;
* TAMU, created by individuals at Texas A&M University about the same time, and 
* SLS (Softlanding Linux System). 
* Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X, created the first CD-ROM based Linux distribution.

SLS was not well-maintained, so Patrick Volkerding created a distribution based on SLS, which he called *Slackware*; released July 16, 1993. This is the oldest being developed.

People who used computers wanted to use Linux distributions as replacements to Microsoft Windows operating systems on the PC, Mac OS on the Apple Macintosh and proprietary versions of Unix.

### Package management 
Distributions are normally split into **packages**. Each package has a certain application or service. Examples of packages include a collection of fonts, or a web browser.

The package is usually given as compiled code, with installation and removal of packages done by a package management system. 
Linux distributions usually contain much more software than Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X.

## Popular distributions 
Well-known Linux distributions include: 	 

* Debian	 
* Arch	 
* Fedora 
* Gentoo
* Knoppix, a Live CD 
* Mandriva
* openSUSE
* PCLinuxOS 
* Slackware
* Ubuntu

## Tools for choosing a Linux distribution
There are tools available to help people make the decision easier. 

## Screenshots of common distributions
A few screenshots of common distributions just after installation: 

Image:Mandriva Linux.png|Mandriva  2008.1 Spring
Image:Fedora.png|Fedora 9
Image:Ubuntu 9.10.png|Ubuntu 9.10
Image:Debian-8-desktop-background.png|Debian GNU/Linux 4.0
Image:Super OS.png|Super OS 9.04

## Related pages
* List of Linux distributions
* Live CD

## References 
## Other websites 
* Distribution Reviews
* Hardware support by Linux distribution 
* Linux Distribution Chooser  by Zegenie Studios
* The Linux Mirror Project  Download Linux Distributions over BitTorrent
1981–82 NHL season

The **1981–82 NHL season** was the 65th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The William M. Jennings Trophy made its debut this year as the trophy for the goaltenders from the team with the fewest goals against. The New York Islanders won their third straight Stanley Cup by beating the Vancouver Canucks in four games.

Prior to the start of the season, the divisions of the league were re-aligned to better reflect the locations of the teams. The Patrick Division, which had been in the Clarence Campbell Conference, switched to the Prince of Wales Conference, while the Norris Division went the other way, going from the Wales Conference to the Campbell Conference. This divisional alignment existed until the 1993-94 season, at which point both the divisions and the conferences of the league were renamed to reflect geography.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*
#### Prince of Wales Conference
#### Clarence Campbell Conference
### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
### Finals
**New York Islanders** vs. **Vancouver Canucks**

*New York wins the series 4–0.*

## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1981–82 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
* Jiri Bubla, Vancouver Canucks
* Garth Butcher*, Vancouver Canucks
* Bob Carpenter, Washington Capitals
* Gaetan Duchesne, Washington Capitals
* Ron Francis, Hartford Whalers
* Grant Fuhr, Edmonton Oilers
* Randy Gregg*, Edmonton Oilers
* Dale Hawerchuk, Winnipeg Jets
* Ivan Hlinka, Vancouver Canucks
* Tim Hunter, Calgary Flames
* Pelle Lindbergh, Philadelphia Flyers
* Al MacInnis, Calgary Flames
* Troy Murray, Chicago Black Hawks
* Bernie Nicholls, Los Angeles Kings
* Marian Stastny, Quebec Nordiques
* Thomas Steen, Winnipeg Jets
* Tony Tanti, Chicago Black Hawks
* John Vanbiesbrouck, New York Rangers

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1981–82 (listed with their last team):
* Don Marcotte, Boston Bruins
* Rogie Vachon, Boston Bruins
* Bill Clement, Calgary Flames
* Eric Vail, Detroit Red Wings
* Dave Keon, Hartford Whalers
* Paul Shmyr, Hartford Whalers
* Rick Martin, Los Angeles Kings
* Steve Vickers, New York Rangers
* Bob Dailey, Philadelphia Flyers
* Jimmy Watson, Philadelphia Flyers
* Don Luce, Toronto Maple Leafs
* Rene Robert, Toronto Maple Leafs
* Jean Pronovost, Washington Capitals

## References
* Hockey Database
* NHL.com
Bajaur District

]]

**Bajaur District** () is a district of the Malakand Division in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of  Pakistan. It used to be part of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) until this was merged with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It was the smallest of the agencies (districts) in FATA, it has a hilly terrain. According to the 1998 census, 595,227 people lived there. It borders Afghanistan's Kunar Province.

## Subdivisions
Bajaur District is currently subdivided into seven tehsils (sub-districts), details from the 2023 census which show area and the literacy rate are in the table below:

## References
Catch Me If You Can (book)

***Catch Me If You Can*** is a 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.  It talks about the four years that Abagnale was a con artist.  Abagnale sold the rights to make a movie before writing the book.  He wrote the book with a person named Stan Redding. The movie *Catch Me If You Can* was released in 2002.
Franz Xaver Süßmayr

**Franz Xaver Süßmayr** (also spelled *Süssmayr*, born Schwanenstadt, Austria, 1766; died Vienna,  17 September 1803) was an Austrian composer.  He is often remembered for finishing Mozart’s Requiem which Mozart had not finished when he died.

His father was a sacristan and teacher. His mother died when he was 6, and he left home at 13. He went to Kremsmünster to study in a Benedictine monastery. When his voice changed, he became a member of the orchestra as a violinist.

The abbey performed operas and Singspiele, so he had the opportunity to study the operas of Christoph Willibald Gluck and Antonio Salieri. He composed a number of stage works and a good deal of church music for the abbey.

After 1787 he became a student of Salieri in Vienna. In 1792 he also became the vice-director and composer at the Kärntnertortheater.

He helped Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart  by copying out the music for *La clemenza di Tito* and *Die Zauberflöte* in 1791.   In the same year Mozart died.  He had not finished composing his  Requiem.  Süssmayr finished composing it and handed the completed work to Constanze, Mozart’s widow.

He composed Singspiele (German operas with spoken dialogue), and became Kapellmeister at the National Theater  From this time until 1800, he was very successful and popular on the Viennese music scene. However, he became ill with tuberculosis and had to stop work.  He died three years later in 1803.
Pantomime

bookcover, 1890]]

**Pantomime** (often called **panto**) is a kind of theatre entertainment usually performed around Christmas and the New Year in Britain and a few other English-speaking countries.  It must not be confused with mime (acting with gestures but no speech). It is known for its comedy and audience participation. Pantomimes are usually meant for children-however they can be directed at adults.

## History
A *pantomimos* in Ancient Greece used to be an entertainment performed by a solo dancer.  In the Middle Ages a form of theatre developed called Commedia dell'arte.  This was similar to a pantomime.  They told a story which had certain fixed characters: the lovers, the father, the servants etc.

The pantomime first arrived in England as a short entertainment (entr'acte) between opera pieces.  Eventually it became a separate show.

## The pantomime today
Today the pantomime is traditionally performed at Christmas.  It is a show for children, but grownups like it as well.  Usually a well-known story is told, e.g. Cinderella, Jack and the Beanstalk, Pinocchio, The Three Little Pigs, Puss in Boots, The Musicians of Bremen, Little Red Riding Hood and Goldilocks and the Three Bears and Snow White etc.  There is a lot of spoken dialogue but there are also songs, and sometimes the audience join in.  There are many traditions in pantomime.  These are some of the main ones:

*The main young man in the play (the principal boy) may be played by a young woman, and usually in tight-fitting male clothes (such as breeches).
*An older woman (the pantomime dame – often the hero's mother) is usually played by a man dressed as a woman.
*Risqué (double entendre) jokes, meaning that perfectly ordinary words make people think of a naughty (sexy) meaning. Often the children do not understand these jokes. The jokes are intended for adults.
*The audience take part (audience participation).  For example, they call "look behind you!" (or "he's behind you!"), and "Oh, yes it is!" or "Oh, no it is not!" The audience is always encouraged to "Boo" the villain, and "Awwwww" the poor victims, such as the rejected dame, who usually fancies the prince.
*A song combining a well-known tune with different words.
*The animal, played by an actor in "animal skin" or animal costume. It is often a pantomime horse or cow, played by two actors in a single costume, one as the head and front legs, the other as the body and back legs.
*The good fairy always enters from stage right and the evil villain enters from stage left. In Commedia dell'arte the right side of the stage symbolized Heaven and the left side symbolized Hell.
*The members of the cast throw out sweets to the children in the audience, or choose a few to come on stage and ask them questions.
*Sometimes the story villain will squirt members of the audience with water guns or pretend to throw a bucket of "water" at the audience that is actually full of something harmless such as streamers.
*Sometimes the comedy is slapstick, e.g. the actors throw custard pies in one another's faces.
*Sometimes there is a celebrity guest star.

## Related pages
*Mime
Saturn V

**Saturn V** was the launch vehicle used by NASA in the Apollo program.  The Saturn V carried Apollo 11 to the Moon in 1969, after years of trial, study, and research into its design.  Much of the rocket was designed by German engineer and scientist Wernher von Braun, who had previously created the V2 rocket under Nazi Germany.  32 Saturn-model rockets were sent up into space in total, with the launches split between the smaller Saturn I, and its bigger sibling, the Saturn V.  15 Saturn V rockets were made, and 13 were sent up to space for missions.

## Related pages 
* Apollo program
* NASA

## Notes 
## References
## Other websites
### NASA sites 
* Three Saturn Vs on Display Teach Lessons in Space History 
* Apollo Lunar Surface Journal 
* Declassified 1964 NASA technical memo on Saturn Rockets Note that this is a large PDF file (61 Megabytes)
* Launch complex 39 facility description from 1966 (10 Megabyte PDF file)
* Exploring the Unknown  Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program

### Other websites 
* Apollo Saturn Reference Page
* Project Apollo Archive
* Apollo/Saturn V Development ApolloTV.net Video
* Saturn I-IVB Stage
* xkcd:Up Goer Five
Michael Collins (astronaut)

**Michael Collins** (October 31, 1930 – April 28, 2021) was born in Italy, but moved to the U.S. He was an American astronaut and test pilot. He was the pilot of the Apollo 11 mission to the moon. 

## Air force pilot 
Collins went to the United States Military Academy and received a bachelor in military science in 1952. After training, he joined the United States Air Force. He flew F-86s at Chambley-Bussieres Air Base, France. He got into the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in 1960. He tried to get into the second astronaut training group but he was not accepted. He did get into the third group.

## Astronaut 
Collins joined the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963. He had 2 space flights. His first spaceflight was in Gemini 10. With John Young they joined up in space with two different spacecraft. Collins also did two space walks. 

His second space flight was in *Apollo 11* where he was the command module pilot. While he kept going around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the lunar surface. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon.

## Later life and death 
Collins left NASA in 1970. He took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs during the Richard Nixon presidency. A year later he became the director of the National Air and Space Museum. He did this job until 1978. He then became the undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1980 he took the job as Vice President of LTV Aerospace. He left in 1985 to start his own business.

He was married to Patricia. They have three children: Kate, Ann and Michael, Jr. Kate is an actress, best known for her role as Natalie Marlowe Dillon in the daytime television drama *All My Children.*

Collins died of cancer in Naples, Florida on April 28, 2021 at the age of 90. 

## References
Michael Collins

There are several people named **Michael Collins**:

* Michael Collins (Irish leader), Irish partisan
** *Michael Collins* (movie), about the Irish partisan
* Michael Collins (astronaut), pilot of Apollo 11
Kajaani

**Kajaani** () is a town in the region of Kainuu, Finland. In 2009, it had a population of about 38,000. It covers an area of .

The forestry and lumber industries are important in Kajaani.

The former municipality of Vuolijoki was merged with Kajaani in 2007.

## References
## Other websites 
* The official Kajaani page
Sophora davidii

**Sophora davidii**  is a deciduous shrub from south-west China. It can grow up to 3 metres tall. It has blue and white pea flowers and is also known a David mountain laurel. It has been gathered in Texas.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Two New Members of the Callerya Group (Fabaceae) 
*New Aspects in Floral Development of Papilionoideae
**S. viciifolia* Hance var. *chuansiensis* C.Y.Ma
Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award

The **Super Bowl Most Valuable Player** or **Super Bowl MVP**, is an award given at the end of the Super Bowl, the National Football League's championship game, to the player who was the best in the game.

## List of Super Bowl MVPs
## Related pages
*Super Bowl

## References
## Other websites
*Official website of the Super Bowl MVP
Dalhem

**Dalhem** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 6585 people lived there.

It is at 50° 42 North, 05° 43 East.

## References
Daverdisse

**Daverdisse** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

In 2007, 1372 people lived there.

It is at 50° 01 North, 05° 07 East.

## References
De Haan, Belgium

**De Haan** is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.

In 2007, 12177 people lived there.

It is at 51° 16 North, 03° 01 East.

## References
Josef Manner & Comp AG

, Vienna]]

**Josef Manner & Comp&nbsp;AG** is an Austrian company that is known for its sweets. It is the biggest Austrian producer of sweets. Today, they are present in over 60 countries. They are best known for their wafers filled with chocolate-hazelnut cream (called *Manner-schnitten*).

Its headquarters are in Vienna.
Denderleeuw

**Denderleeuw** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 17493 people lived there.

It is at 50° 53 North, 04° 05 East.

## References
Dessel

**Dessel** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 8865 people lived there.

It is at 51° 14 North, 05° 06 East.

## References
Destelbergen

**Destelbergen** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007 its population was 17239.

It is at 51° 03 North, 03° 48 East.

## References
Diepenbeek

**Diepenbeek** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.

In 2007, 17874 people lived there.

It is at 50° 54 North, 05° 25 East.

## References
Deinze

**Deinze** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. On 1 January 2019, the municipality of Nevele was merged into Deinze.

In 2007 its population was 28593.

## References
Diest

**Diest** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 22845 people lived there.

It is at 50° 59 North, 05° 03 East.

## References
Dinant

river]]

**Dinant** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.
In 2007, 13143 people lived there.

It is at 50° 15 North, 04° 54 East.

## Sisters cities
* Dinan, France
* Caldas da Rainha, Portugal
* Hoddesdon, England
* Chios, Greece
* Cagayan de Oro, Philippines

## References
Happy Meal

]]
A **Happy Meal** is a meal made by McDonald's, it is aimed at children. It has been made from June 1979 to the present day.

## About 
They come in a cardboard box, containing a main meal, usually a hamburger, cheeseburger, or McNuggets; french fries; a small drink; and a toy.  Sometimes the toy ties in with a movie release.

## Notable toys 
Partial list.

* Batman Car Figures
* Disney
** *The Lion King*
** *Cinderella*
** *Frozen II*
** *Little Mermaid*
** *The Lion King*
** *Mickey Mouse*
** Pocahontas
** Snow White
* Garfield Vehicles
* Hot Wheels (collection)
* Marvels movie (collection)
* My Little Pony (collection)
* Muppet Babies
* Play-Doh (Hasbro)
* Roblox
** Adopt Me! (collection)
** Pet Simulator (collection)
* Teenie Beanie Babies (collection)
* Squishmallow Surprise (collection)

## References
## Other websites
*
Dison

**Dison** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2018, 15,405 people lived there.

It is at 50° 36 North, 05° 51 East.

## References
Dour

**Dour** is a municipality found in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, its population was 16882.

It is found at 50° 23 North, 03° 46 East.

## References
Duffel

**Duffel** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 16,140 people lived there.

It is at 51° 05 North, 04° 30 East.

## References
Durbuy

**Durbuy** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

In 2007, 10633 people lived there.

It is at 50° 21 North, 05° 27 East.

## References
Ecaussinnes

**Ecaussinnes** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 10042 people lived there.

It is at 50° 34 North, 04° 10 East.

## References
Eeklo

**Eeklo** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 19645 people lived there.

It is at 51° 11 North, 03° 34 East.

## References
Ixelles

]]

**Ixelles** (in French) or **Elsene** (in Dutch) is a municipality in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.

In 2007, 78088 people lived there.

It is at 50° 49 North, 04° 22 East.

## Related pages 
* Ixelles Ponds

## References 
## Other websites
Erpe-Mere

**Erpe-Mere** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007 its population was 19056.

It is at 50° 56 North, 03° 58 East.

## References
Eupen

**Eupen** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège. The old French name of the town was *Néau*.

In 2007, 18,313 people lived there.

It is at 50° 37 North, 06° 02 East.

Most people in Eupen speak German, with French or Dutch as second language.

## References
Esneux

**Esneux** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 13073 people lived there.

It is at 50° 32 North, 05° 34 East.

## References
Essen, Belgium

**Essen** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality includes the towns of Essen Centrum, Heikant, Horendonk, Wildert, Statie en Hoek. On January 1, 2007 Essen had a total population of 17,143. The total area is 47.48&nbsp;km² which gives a population density of 358 inhabitants per km².

The town is near the border with the Netherlands. Its train station is the last one in Belgium, the next station is Roosendaal, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands.

## Notable living inhabitants
* Raf and Mich Walschaerts, cabaret duo (Kommil Foo)
* Frank Focketyn, actor
* Zdeněk Štybar, Czech cyclist
* Tom Meeusen, cyclist
* Bart Aernouts, cyclist

File:Essen Belgium 1.JPG|Essen
File:Essen Belgium 2.JPG|Essen
File:Horendonk Essen.JPG|Horendonk
File:Wildert Essen.JPG|Wildert

## Other websites
*  Official website
Evere

**Evere** is a municipality in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.

In 2007, 34128 people lived there.

It is at 50° 52 North, 04° 24 East.

## References
Étalle

**Etalle** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

In 2007, 5389 people lived there.

It is at 49° 40 North, 05° 36 East.

## References
Fleurus

**Fleurus** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 22272 people lived there.

It is at 50° 29 North, 04° 33 East.

## References
Flobecq

**Flobecq** () is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 3270 people lived there.

It is at 50° 44 North, 03° 44 East.

## References
Floreffe

**Floreffe** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.

In 2007, 7506 people lived there.

It is at 50° 26 North, 04° 45 East.

## References
Fontaine-l'Evêque

'''Fontaine-l'Evêque''' is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, it had 16754 people.

It is at 50° 24 North, 04° 19 East.

## References
Galmaarden

**Galmaarden** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 8158 people lived there.

It is at 50° 45 North, 03° 58 East.

## References
Gavere

**Gavere** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 12179 people lived there.

It is at 50° 55 North, 03° 39 East.

## References
Geel

**Geel** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp. In 2007, there were 35,502 living there.

It is at 51° 09 North, 04° 59 East.

## References
Geer

**Geer** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 2946 people lived there.

It is at 50° 40 North, 05° 10 East.

## References
Isaac (disambiguation)

**Isaac** is a person in the Abrahamic religions.

It can also refer to other things:

## People 
**Isaac** is a popular given name, generally in reference to the Biblical person. Some famous people named Isaac are:

### Given name 
* Isaac Albéniz, composer
* Isaac of Antioch, 5th century Christian writer
* Isaac Asimov, writer
* Major-General Sir Isaac Brock 
* Isaac Brock (musician), lead singer of the band Modest Mouse
* Isaac Hanson, musician, guitarist of the band Hanson
* Isaac Hayes, singer
* Isaac Isaacs, politician
* Isaac Mizrahi, fashion designer
** *Isaac* (TV show), his eponymous TV show on the Style Network
* Isaac Newton, physicist
* Isaac of Nineveh, 7th century Christian writer
* Isaac Peral, Spanish scientist, sailor and inventor of the Peral Submarine 
* Itzhak Perlman, violinist
* Yitzhak Rabin, prime minister of Israel
* Yitzhak Shamir, prime minister of Israel
* Isaac Singer, inventor
* Isaac Bashevis Singer, author, photographer
* Isaac Slade, lead singer of the band The Fray
* Isaac Smith (multiple people)
* Isaac Stern, violinist
* Isaac Watts, hymn-writer
* Isaac Sprague, American performer

### Surname 
* Arthur Isaac, English cricketer
* Bobby Isaac, American racing driver
* Chris Isaak, American musician
* Glynn Isaac, South African archaeologist
* Ugonis, Henricus, Heinrich or Arrigo Issac or Ysaac,  Franco-Flemish composer
* John Isaac, English cricketer
* Luis Isaac, Puerto Rican baseball player
* Oscar Isaac, American actor
* Rhys L. Isaac, American historian
* Robert M. Isaac, mayor of Colorado Springs

## Other meanings 
* Isaac, a main character in Nintendo's *Golden Sun* series.
* Isaac, a main character in Edmund McMillen's game, The Binding of Isaac
* Isaac, a fictional country in the *Fire Emblem* video-game universe
* Isaac Mendez, fictional character from the television series *Heroes*
* ISAAC (cipher), a cryptographically secure number generator
* Sacrifice of Isaac (Caravaggio), two paintings by master artist Caravaggio depicting the Biblical scene of the binding of Isaac
Genk

**Genk** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg. It is known for its football club K.R.C. Genk.

In 2007, 64,095 people lived there.

It is at 50° 57 North, 05° 30 East.

## References
Genappe

**Genappe** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.

In 2007, 14277 people lived there.

It is at 50° 36 North, 04° 27 East.

## References
Ghent

**Gent** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. In 2019, 262,219 people lived there.

It is at .

Ghent is known for its cultural landmarks and punk rock music industry. 

## Related pages 
* Treaty of Ghent

## References
Gerpinnes

**Gerpinnes** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 12064 people lived there.

It is at 50° 20 North, 04° 31 East.

## References
Gistel

**Gistel** is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.

In 2007, 11170 people lived there.

It is at 51° 09 North, 02° 58 East.

## References
Glabbeek

**Glabbeek** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 5216 people lived there.

It is at 50° 52 North, 04° 56 East.

## References
Gouvy

**Gouvy** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

In 2007, 4780 people lived there.

It is at 50° 11 North, 05° 56 East.

## References
Grobbendonk

**Grobbendonk** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 10801 people lived there.

It is at 51° 11 North, 04° 44 East.

## References
Haaltert

**Haaltert** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 17442 people lived there.

It is at 50° 54 North, 04° 00 East.

## References
Halen

**Halen** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.

In 2007, 8678 people lived there.

It is at 50° 56 North, 05° 06 East.

## References
Halle, Belgium

**Halle** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2017, 38,680 people lived there.

It is at 50° 44 North, 04° 14 East.

It is known for the Hallerbos forest.

## References
Hamoir

**Hamoir** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 3616 people lived there.

It is at 50° 25 North, 05° 32 East.

## References
Hamois

**Hamois** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.

In 2007, 6692 people lived there.

It is at 50° 20 North, 05° 09 East.

## References
Harelbeke

**Harelbeke** is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.

In 2007, 26294 people lived there.

It is at 50° 51 North, 03° 18 East.

## References
Hastière

**Hastière** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur. The area has seven sub-municipalities. They are called Hastière-Lavaux, Hermeton-sur-Meuse, Waulsort, Hastière-par-delà, Blaimont, Heer, and Agimont.

In 2007, 5278 people lived there. This grew to 5979 by 2018.

It is at 50° 13 North, 04° 49 East.

Hastière is on the River Meuse, and its attractions include a church, gardens and the Castle of Freÿr.

## References
Hélécine

**Hélécine** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.

In 2007, 3109 people lived there.

It is at 50° 45 North, 04° 59 East.

## References
Heist-op-den-Berg

**Heist-op-den-Berg** () is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 38721 people lived there.

It is at 51° 04 North, 04° 43 East.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official city website
Hensies

**Hensies** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 6731 people lived there.

It is at 39° 23 North, 69° 21 East.

## References
Herbeumont

**Herbeumont** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

In 2007, 1536 people lived there.

It is at 49° 46 North, 05° 14 East.

## References
Hemiksem

**Hemiksem** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 9755 people lived there.

It is at 51° 08 North, 04° 20 East.

## References
Herent

**Herent** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 19395 people lived there.

It is at 50° 54 North, 04° 40 East.

## References
Herk-de-Stad

**Herk-de-Stad** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.

In 2007, 11874 people lived there.

It is at 50° 56 North, 05° 10 East.

## References
Herstal

**Herstal** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 37720 people lived there.

It is at 50° 39 North, 05° 37 East.

## References
Herzele

**Herzele** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 16822 people lived there.

It is at 50° 53 North, 03° 53 East.

## References
Heuvelland

**Heuvelland** is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.

In 2007, 8177 people lived there.

It is at 50° 47 North, 02° 49 East.

## References
Grez-Doiceau

**Grez-Doiceau** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.

In 2007, 12473 people lived there.

It is at 50° 44 North, 04° 41 East.

## References
Houyet

**Houyet** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.

In 2007, 4471 people lived there.

It is at 50° 11 North, 05° 00 East.

## References
Huy

**Huy** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007 its population was 20232.

It is at 50° 31 North, 05° 14 East.

## References
Ypres

**Ypres** () is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality is made up of the city of Ypres and the villages of Boezinge, Brielen, Dikkebus, Elverdinge, Hollebeke, Sint-Jan, Vlamertinge, Voormezele, Zillebeke, and Zuidschote. In 2007, 34919 people lived in the municipality. It is at 50° 51 North, 02° 53 East. Poison gas was first used here, in the Second Battle of Ypres in 1917.

## References
Jemeppe-sur-Sambre

**Jemeppe-sur-Sambre** () is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.

In 2007, 18056 people lived there.

It is at 50° 28 North, 04° 40 East.

## References
Jette

**Jette** is a municipality in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.

In 2007, 43564 people lived there.

It is at 50° 52 North, 04° 20 East.

## References
Juprelle

**Juprelle** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 8492 people lived there.

It is at 50° 42 North, 05° 31 East.

## References
Jurbise

**Jurbise** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 9695 people lived there.

It is at 50° 32 North, 03° 54 East.

## References
Kalmthout

**Kalmthout** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 17504 people lived there.

It is at 51° 23 North, 04° 28 East.

## References
Kampenhout

**Kampenhout** () is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 11060 people lived there.

It is at 50° 56 North, 04° 33 East.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*Homepage of Kampenhout
* Gazetteer Entry
Kapelle-op-den-Bos

**Kapelle-op-den-Bos** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 8916 people lived there.

It is at 51° 00 North, 04° 21 East.

## References
Kaprijke

**Kaprijke** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 6171 people lived there.

It is at 51° 13 North, 03° 37 East.

## References
Kelmis

**Kelmis** or **La Calamine** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 10472 people lived there.

It is at 50° 43 North, 06° 00 East.

## References
Kinrooi

**Kinrooi** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.

In 2007, 12,098 people lived there.

It is at 51° 08 North, 05° 44 East.

## References
Knesselare

**Knesselare** is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. On 1 January 2019, the municipality was merged into Aalter.

In 2007, 7894 people lived there.

It is at 51° 08 North, 03° 24 East.

## References
Knokke-Heist

**Knokke-Heist** is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.

In 2007, 34,132 people lived there.

It is at 51° 20 North, 03° 17 East.

## References
Koekelberg

**Koekelberg** is a municipality in the Belgian Brussels-Capital Region.

In 2007, 18,541 people lived there.

It is at 50° 51 North, 04° 19 East.

## References
Kasterlee

**Kasterlee** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 17988 people lived there.

It is at 51° 14 North, 04° 58 East.

## References
Ittre

**Ittre** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.

In 2007, 6087 people lived there.

It is at 50° 39 North, 04° 15 East.

## References
Kortrijk

**Kortrijk** or **Courtray** (Courtrai in French) is a city in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The city is located along the river Leie (Lys). The centre is a well preserved historic area with a lot of shops and nice squares. The Beguinage (Begijnhof in Dutch) is a very well known historic part of the centre with well preserved medieval streets, houses, squares and alleys and was declared UNESCO World Heritage.

## General information 
In 2010, some 75,000 (74,911) people lived there. (number of inhabitants in 2007)

It is situated at 50° 49 North, 03° 16 East.

## References
Kruibeke

**Kruibeke** () is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 15,328 people lived there.

It is at 51° 10 North, 04° 18 East.

## References
Kruishoutem

**Kruishoutem** is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. On 1 January 2019, Kruishoutem and Zingem were merged into the new municipality of Kruisem. In 2007, there were 8,152 people living there.

It is at 50° 54 North, 03° 31 East.

## References
La Bruyère

**La Bruyère** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Namur.

In 2007, 8,379 people lived there.

It is at 50° 33 North, 04° 48 East.

## References
La Roche-en-Ardenne

**La Roche-en-Ardenne** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

In 2007, 4348 people lived there.

It is at 50° 11 North, 05° 34 East.

## References
Laarne

**Laarne** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. In 2007, 11,768 people lived there. It is at 51° 01 North, 03° 51 East.

## References
Lanaken

**Lanaken** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg. In 2007 there were 24,724 people living in Lanaken. It is at 50° 53 North, 05° 39 East.

## References
Landen

**Landen** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 14876 people lived there.

It is at 50° 45 North, 05° 04 East.

## References
Langemark-Poelkapelle

**Langemark-Poelkapelle** is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.

In 2007, 7774 people lived there.

It is at 50° 54 North, 02° 55 East.

## References
Lasne

**Lasne** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.

In 2007, 13994 people lived there.

It is at 50° 41 North, 04° 29 East.

## References
Lebbeke

**Lebbeke** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007 its population was 17643.

It is at 51° 00 North, 04° 07 East.

## References
Leopoldsburg

**Leopoldsburg** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.

In 2007, 14472 people lived there.

It is at 51° 07 North, 05° 15 East.

## References
Les Bons Villers

**Les Bons Villers** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 8932 people lived there.

It is at 50° 32 North, 04° 26 East.

## References
Libramont-Chevigny

**Libramont-Chevigny** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

In 2007, 9981 people lived there.

It is at 49° 55 North, 05° 22 East.

## References
Leuven

**Leuven** () or **Louvain** (, ; ) is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 91,942 people lived there.

It is at 50° 52 North, 04° 42 East.

Leuven hosts Belgium's biggest university - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. So, Leuven is very young populated city, and there were more than 45,000 students in Leuven in 2012.

Leuven also has a long history. The town hall in the city centre dates from the Middle Ages.

## International relations
### Twin towns/sister cities
Leuven is twinned with:
* 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
* Kraków, Poland
* Lüdenscheid, Germany
* Rennes, France
* Tainan, Taiwan

### Friendly relations
Aside from the aforementioned cities, Leuven has friendly relations with: 
* Cristian, Romania
* New Delhi, India
* Stellenbosch, South Africa

## References
Karyotype

A **karyotype** is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryote cell. The term is also used of the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism. It describes the number of chromosomes, and what they look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics. The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics (cytology and genetics).

 

The basic number of chromosomes in the somatic (body) cells of an individual or a species is called the *somatic number* and is designated *2n*. Thus, in humans 2n = 46. In the sex cells the chromosome number is *n* (humans: n = 23).

So, in normal diploid organisms, chromosomes are present in two copies. There may, or may not, be sex chromosomes. Polyploid cells have multiple copies of chromosomes and haploid cells have single copies. The study of whole sets of chromosomes is sometimes known as *karyology*. 

The chromosomes are depicted (by rearranging a microphotograph) in a standard format known as a *karyogram* or *idiogram*: in pairs, ordered by size and position of centromere for chromosomes of the same size. This may be used for many purposes; such as, to show genetic disease, what sex the animal is and its diploid number. In humans, cytologists have used karyotypes to help identify genetic abnormalities a baby might have before it is born.

Karyotypes may be studied to gather information about past evolutionary events, such as polyploidy.

*Sex determination

## References
Lincent

**Lincent** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 3055 people lived there.

It is at 50° 42 North, 05° 01 East.

## References
Lierde

**Lierde** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 6454 people lived there.

It is at 50° 49 North, 03° 50 East.

## References
Linter

**Linter** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 7038 people lived there.

It is at 50° 50 North, 05° 02 East.

## References
Lo-Reninge

**Lo-Reninge** is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.

In 2007, 3317 people lived there.

It is at 50° 58 North, 02° 45 East.

## References
Liège

**Liège** ( , , ;  ;  ;  ; ) is a city in Belgium. It is the cultural centre of the Walloon region of Belgium and the capital of the province of Liège. Liège is also seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. In 2007, 188,907 people lived there.

It is at 50° 38 North, 05° 34 East.

The first written trace of the city was found in 558 as *Leodicum* or *Vicus Leodicus*. From 717, Liege was made the seat of a bishopric and became a cultural centre in the Middle Ages. These bishops ruled the city as Prince-Bishops until the 1790s. In the French Revolution, the cathedral was damaged, partially burned down and then completely destroyed. In the 19th century, the city lived on coal-mining, steel industry and trade. The region was the second biggest economic center in Europe after the UK in the 19th century.

Today Liege is a major educational hub, with a university and many high schools. It is a crossing point in Europe, Liège has the second biggest inner harbour and the 8th biggest cargo airport in Europe (Liège Airport). The city, that had a lot of problems since the 1970s because of the end of the steel industry and coal-mining, is now having a good economy thanks to the logistics and high tech industry (biotechnology, space industry, IT).

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website of the city of Liège
* Liège congrès 
* Christmas market of Liège
Lokeren

**Lokeren** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2023, 43065 people lived there.

It is at 51° 06 North, 03° 59 East.

## References
Lommel

**Lommel** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.

In 2007, 32141 people lived there.

It is at 51° 13 North, 05° 18 East.

## References
Lobbes

**Lobbes** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 5515 people lived there.

It is at 50° 20 North, 04° 16 East.

## References
Lovendegem

**Lovendegem** is a former municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders. On 1 January 2019, Lovendegem, Waarschoot and Zomergem were merged into the new municipality of Lievegem.

In 2007, 9393 people lived there.

It is at 51° 05 North, 03° 36 East.

## References
Lier, Belgium

**Lier** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 33,259 people lived there.

It is at 51° 07 North, 04° 34 East.

## References
Maarkedal

**Maarkedal** is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 6460 people lived there.

It is at 50° 49 North, 03° 39 East.

## References
Machelen

**Machelen** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 12792 people lived there.

It is at 50° 54 North, 04° 26 East.

## References
Malle

**Malle** () is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 14158 people lived there.

It is at 51° 17 North, 04° 41 East.

## References
Malmedy

**Malmedy** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 11878 people lived there.

It is at 50° 25 North, 06° 01 East.

## References
Manhay

**Manhay** is a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

In 2007, 3185 people lived there.

It is at 50° 17 North, 05° 40 East.

## References
Lierneux

**Lierneux** () is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 3337 people lived there.

It is at 50° 17 North, 05° 47 East.

## References
Mechelen

**Mechelen** is a municipality in the south part of the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 78,900 people lived there. In 2008: 80,176.

It is at 51° 01 North, 04° 28 East.

## References
Meeuwen-Gruitrode

**Meeuwen-Gruitrode** is a former municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg. On 1 January 2019, Meeuwen-Gruitrode and Opglabbeek were merged into the new municipality of Oudsbergen.

In 2007, 12611 people lived there.

It is at 51° 05 North, 05° 31 East.

## References