open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dagestan

**Dagestan** is a federal subject of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus region. Dagestan has a population of nearly 3 million, and its people are known as *Dagestani*. Its capital city is Makhachkala.

## Etymology 
The name comes from two combined Turkic and Persian words, *dag* which means mountain in the Turkic languages, and *stan* which means land in the Persian language. Therefore, the literal translation of Dagestan is **Land of the Mountains**.

## People 
Dagestan has the status of "republic" in Russia and has its own constitution and official languages. Republics in Russia are the home of its ethnic minorities (those who are not Russians), and usually one or two nationalities have a majority of the population in each republic. But in Dagestan, there are over 30 different nationalities (the largest of which are the Avar, Dargwa, Lak, Lezgian, Rutulians, Tabasaran), and none of these form a majority. This is because the mountains in the region make it hard for people to move around. These people speak 30 different languages, but use Russian as their lingua franca to communicate between each other.

Most people of Dagestan are Muslim and belong to the Shafi`i school of Sunni Islam.

### Famous people 
* Rasul Gamzatov
* Imam Shamil
* Shaykh Said afandi al-Chirkawi
* Khabib Abdulmanapovich Nurmagomedov
* Islam Ramazanovich Makhachev

## Sources 
* Islam in Dagestan
* Official website of Dagestani government 

## References
Organic reaction

**Organic reactions** are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions build new organic molecules. Organic reactions produce many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, and fabrics.

## More websites
*Organic reactions @ Synarchive.com 
*Organic reaction flashcards from OSU 
*list of named reactions from UConn 
*organic reactions 
*Organic chemistry help-Best of the Web 2008 
*Organic chemistry help-Electronic Flashcards
*Study-Organic-Chemistry.com
*organic-reaction.com

## References
HOMO/LUMO

**HOMO** stands for **highest occupied molecular orbital**. **LUMO** stands for **lowest unoccupied molecular orbital**. The energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO is termed the HOMO-LUMO gap. HOMO and LUMO are sometimes referred to as **frontier orbitals**.

Each molecular orbital has a calculated energy level. Chemists sort the molecular orbitals (MOs) by energy levels. Chemists assume that the electrons will occupy the lowest energy level MOs first. For example, if a molecule has enough electrons to fill 15 MOs, the 15 MOs with the lowest energy levels will be occupied. The 15th MO on the list would be called the "highest occupied molecular orbital" (HOMO) and the 16th MO on the list would be the "lowest unoccupied molecular orbital" (LUMO). The difference in the HOMO's energy level and the LUMO's energy level is called the band gap. The band gap can sometimes serve as a measure of the excitability of the molecule: the smaller the energy, the more easily a molecule's electrons will be excited. For example, this can help predict whether a substance will have luminescence.

## SOMO
A **SOMO** is a *singly occupied molecular orbital* such as half-filled HOMO of a radical.

## Related pages
* Diels–Alder reaction
* Electron configuration
* Ligand
* Organic semiconductor

## References
Roald Hoffmann

**Roald Hoffmann** (born July 18, 1937) is a Ukrainian-American theoretical chemist of Jewish descent. He won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He currently teaches at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

He was born in Zloczov, Poland (now Ukraine)

Hoffmann survived The Holocaust and moved to the United States in 1949.

## References
Substituent

In organic chemistry and biochemistry, **substituent** is the name for a single atom or for a group of atoms that take the position of another atom in a molecule. They replace this atom. This reaction is called a substitution reaction. The atom or group of atoms that gets replaced is called the leaving group.
 
The terms **substituent**, **side chain**, **group**, **branch**, or **pendant group** are used in the same way to describe branches from a parent structure. These terms have different meanings in polymer chemistry.  In polymers, side chains extend from a backbone structure, while they are  to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino acid backbone in proteins. 

Organic chemistry has rules for naming compounds with substituent groups. The substituent group is listed first with a suffix to describe how it is attached to the main carbon chain. The suffix **-yl** is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond replacing one hydrogen. **-ylidene** and **-ylidyne** are used for double bonds and triple bonds respectively. When naming hydrocarbons that contain a substituent, position numbers may be used. These number will indicate which carbon atom the substituent is attached to. One case where this information is needed is that of isomers.

The phrases **most-substituted** and **least-substituted** are often used to describe molecules and predict their products. For example:

*  Markovnikov's rule predicts that the hydrogen adds to the carbon of the alkene functional group that has the greater number of hydrogen substituents.
*  Zaitsev's rule predicts that the major reaction product is the alkene with the more highly substituted (more stable) double bond.
## Structures 
In a structural diagram or formula, the letters R or X are used to represent a substituent group. An organic substituent such as methyl, ethyl, aryl can be written as **R** (or R1, R2, etc.)  This is a generic placeholder. The *R* derived from *radical* or *rest*. The R can represent as many atoms as the author wants. The first to use this symbol was Charles Frédéric Gerhardt in 1844.

The symbol **X** can represent electronegative substituents such as the halides.

## Related pages 
*Side chain
* Functional groups are a subset of substituents

## References
Bongo

**Bongo** may mean:

In **nature**:
*Bongo (antelope), a species of forest antelope from Africa

In **geography**:
*Bongo Country, the name of several places in Africa
*Bongo (Grand-Bassam), Ivory Coast

In **entertainment**:
*Bongo drum, a percussion instrument made up of two small drums attached to each other
*The Bongos, an America pop music band
*Music Man Bongo, a model of bass guitar
*DK Bongos, a video game controller

In **vehicles**:
*Kia Bongo, an automobile
*Mazda Bongo, a van

In **fiction**:
*Bongo Comics, a comic book publishing company
*Bongo (*Dragon Ball*) or Krillin, a character in *Dragon Ball* media

In **other uses**:
*Bongo people (Gabon), a forest people
*Bongo people (Sudan), an ethnic group in Sudan
**Bongo language, their language, of the Bongo-Baka branch of Central Sudanic languages 

## People with the family name
*Omar Bongo (1935–2009), former president of Gabon
*Ali Bongo (1929–2009), British comedy magician
*Ali Bongo Ondimba (born 1959), Current president of Gabon and son of Omar Bongo
Greater rhea

The **greater rhea**, *Rhea americana*, is a flightless bird found in South America. The greater rhea is also known as **grey**, **common rhea**, or the **American rhea**. The species, first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

The greater rhea takes its scientific name from the Greek goddess Rhea and the Latin word for "America".

It has a length of  and a wingspan of . Weighing , the greater rhea is the largest bird in South America.

## References
Petr Kalandra

**Petr Kalandra** (10 March 1950 – 7 September 1995) was a Czech musician, guitarist, harmonica player, vocalist and songwriter. He was member of A.S.P.M., Blues Session and Marsyas. He died in September 1995. In 2006, he was inducted into the Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).

## References
Beatová síň slávy

**Beatová síň slávy** (**Beat Hall of Fame** or shortly **BSS**) is something like the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Czech Radio Beat honors the greatest legends of Czech rock music.

## Categories 
* Musician
* Dead Musician
* Band

## Induction 
## Multiple inductees 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Beatová síň slávy
Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks

'''Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks'* (German: *Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche'') is a very well-known piece of music for orchestra by Richard Strauss.  It is a tone poem (a piece of music which tells some kind of story).  In this work, Richard Strauss describes the adventures of Till Eulenspiegel who was the character in a series of stories written in Germany many years ago.  Till Eulenspiegel was a kind of folk hero.  He was a naughty boy who got up to all kinds of tricks.  The music is very humorous and describes his adventures.

The music is played by a large orchestra.  There is a small clarinet (normally an E flat clarinet, although in Strauss's day he used a D clarinet) that describes the character of Till.  Till is also represented by a French horn.

## The music
The music starts with the main theme, which is like saying: 'Once upon a time'.  The horn plays one of Till's themes and this is taken up by the orchestra.  The small clarinet is then heard, sounding like Till laughing.  He rides his horse through the market and knocks lots of things off the stalls, then flirts with the girls (the first violin plays a theme which suggests love).

Till gets on his horse again.  Then suddenly there is a funeral march.  Till has been caught and he is sentenced to death.  Till pleads to be let free and tries to joke his way out of his troubles, but the executioner takes no notice.  Till is taken to the gallows (small clarinet), the flutes rattle as he reaches the top.  The small clarinet describes his death scream, and then he is executed (strings playing pizzicato.  There is a short silence, then the music returns to the opening 'Once upon a Time' theme, but the music finishes with a little joke, as if saying that someone like Till can never be destroyed.
Extranet

The **extranet** is a part of intranet that selected people outside the company can use.

## Related pages
* Internet
* Intranet
Mack Robinson (athlete)

**Matthew MacKenzie Robinson** (July 18, 1914 – March 12, 2000) was an American track athlete. He was the older brother of professional baseball player Jackie Robinson.   

Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia. He moved to Pasadena, California when he was young and lived there most of his life.   

## Athletic career 
Robinson ran track in high school and college. While at Pasadena City College, he set junior college records in several events.   

He won a silver medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He came in second to Jesse Owens in the 200m.   

Robinson later ran for the University of Oregon. While there, he won National Collegiate Athletic Association and Amateur Athletic Union titles. He is a member of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame.   

## Later years 
Robinson spent his later years working for the city of Pasadena as a garbage collector and mailman. He tried to stop crime in the black neighborhoods of Pasadena. He died in Pasadena in 2000.   

Several landmarks in Pasadena, including the stadium at Pasadena City College, honor both Jackie and Mack Robinson.  

## References
Diene

]]

In organic chemistry, a **diene** ( ) or **diolefin** ( ) is a hydrocarbon that contains two carbon pi bonds. 
Conjugated dienes are functional groups, with a general formula of CnH2n-2. Dienes and alkynes are functional isomers. Dienes occur occasionally in nature but are widely used in the polymer industry.

## Classification
Dienes can be divided into three classes, depending on the relative location of the double bonds: 
#**Cumulated dienes** have the double bonds sharing a common atom as in a group of compounds called allenes.
#**Conjugated dienes** have conjugated double bonds separated by one single bond.
#**Unconjugated dienes** have the double bonds separated by two or more single bonds. They are usually less stable than isomeric conjugated dienes. 

Compounds that contain more than two double bonds are called polyenes. Polyenes and dienes, share many of their properties.

, is the simplest cumulated diene. **B**: Isoprene, also known as 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, the precursor to natural rubber. **C**: 1,3-Butadiene, a  precursor to synthetic polymers.  **D**: 1,5-Cyclooctadiene, an unconjugated diene (notice that each double bond is two carbons away from the other). **E**: Norbornadiene, a strained bicyclic and unconjugated  diene.  **F**: Dicyclopentadiene.  **G**: Linoleic acid, a fatty acid that is required in the human diet.]]

## Cycloaddition
An important reaction for conjugated dienes is the Diels–Alder reaction.  Many specialized dienes have been developed to exploit this reactivity for the synthesis of natural products, e.g. Danishefsky’s diene.

## Other websites
*IUPACs Gold Book definition of dienes *dienes* PDF
Thomson's gazelle

The '''Thomson's gazelle'* (*Gazella thomsonii'') is the most common gazelle in East Africa. It is a kind of small antelope. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and, as a result, is sometimes referred to as a "tommie". They can be found on ranches and farmland throughout East Africa, and survive long after other species have been killed off or migrated away.

## Description 
Thomson's gazelles are commonly referred to as "tommies". Tommies stand at about half a meter (22-26 inches) tall and weigh in between 15 and 25 kilograms (35-55 pounds). Although very similar in appearance to the Grant's gazelle, they have some distinguishing features.

## Predators 
The tommy has adapted to drier life on the open grass plains of East Africa, mainly southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. Although tommies have many predators, including cheetahs, lions, leopards, crocodiles and hyenas, they are frequently the last animals left on an abandoned ranch or farmland. 

Their major predators are cheetahs, which can run faster, but gazelles can outlast them in long chases and are able to make turns more speedily. This small antelope-gazelle can run extremely fast, from , to 96&nbsp;km/h (60&nbsp;mph) and zigzag, a peculiarity which often saves it from predators. 

Sometimes they are also chased by leopards, lions and hyenas, but the gazelles are faster and more agile; these predators attack especially the young or infirm individuals. They can also be devoured by crocodiles and pythons, and their fawns are sometimes the prey of eagles, jackals, and baboons. A noticeable behaviour of Thomson's gazelles is their bounding leap, known as stotting or pronking, used to startle predators and display strength.

## References
Prince Fielder

**Prince Semien Fielder** (born May 9, 1984 in Ontario, California) is an American former Major League Baseball player. He currently plays for the Texas Rangers. He debuted in the MLB for the Milwaukee Brewers on June 13, 2005 when he was called up from the minor league Nashville Sounds. He was sent back down but was called up again on August 17, 2005 where he finished the season with the Brewers and was used as a pinch-hitter. Fielder is a 3-time All Star and is also one of 26 players in the 50 home run club.

## Other websites 
* Prince Fielder's MLB player profile
Kenichi Fukui

**Kenichi Fukui** (October 4, 1918–January 9, 1998) was a Japanese chemist. He won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

## Early life
Fukui was the oldest of three sons of Ryokichi Fukui, who was a merchant. He was born in Nara, Japan.

## Honors
* Japan Academy Medal, 1962 
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1981 
* Order of Culture, 1981 
* Order of the Rising Sun, Grand Cordon, 1988 
* Royal Society (UK), foreign member, 1989

## Related pages 
* List of Nobel Prize winners by country

## References
Kurt Alder

**Kurt Alder** (July 10, 1902 – June 20, 1958) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate.

## Biography
Alder was born in the industrial area of Königshütte, Silesia (modern day Chorzów). He received his early schooling there. Alder left the area for political reasons when Königshütte became part of Poland in 1922. He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin from 1922, and later at the University of Kiel where his earned a PhD in 1926 for work supervised by Diels.

In 1930 Alder was appointed reader for chemistry at Kiel, and promoted to lecturer in 1934. In 1936 he left Kiel to join I G Farben Industrie at Leverkusen, where he worked on synthetic rubber. In 1940, he was appointed Professor of Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Technology at the  University of Cologne and Director of the Institute of Chemistry there. Throughout this time and despite the many obstacles to original research in Europe at the time, he continued a systematic program of investigations of his particular interests in the synthesis of organic compounds. In all he published more than 151 papers in this field.

Alder received several honorary degrees and other awards, most famously the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry which he shared with his teacher Diels for their work on what is now known as the Diels–Alder reaction. The lunar crater Alder is named in his honour. The insecticide aldrin, created through a Diels–Alder reaction, is also named for him.

## References
*
*

## Other websites
*Nobel Prize biography
Shikasta (novel)

***Shikasta*** is a 1979 science fiction novel. The full title is ***Re: Colonised Planet 5, Shikasta***. British Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Doris Lessing wrote it as the first book in her five-book *Canopus in Argos* series. Alfred A. Knopf published it first in the United States in October 1979. Jonathan Cape published the book in the United Kingdom in November 1979. Shikasta is also the name of the fictional planet featured in the novel.

The book has a subtitle, *"Personal, psychological, historical documents relating to visit by Johor (George Sherban) Emissary (Grade 9) 87th of the Period of the Last Days"*. 'The novel is the history of the planet Shikasta under the influence of three galactic empires: Canopus, Sirius, and their shared enemy, Puttiora. The book is a series of reports by Canopean visitors to Shikasta. They record what happens on the planet which is very similar to Earth. The novel shows the Earth's prehistory, how things became worse, the "Century of Destruction" (the 20th-century), and the Apocalypse (World War III).

*Shikasta* uses stories and images from the Old Testament and is influenced by spiritual and mystical themes in Sufism. Lessing had become interested in this Islamic belief system in the mid-1960s. The book was a major shift of focus in Lessing's writing, from realism to science fiction. Many of her readers were unhappy with the change. Critics gave the book both good and bad reviews. Some were impressed by the way the book showed a wide view of humanity and the universe. One reviewer called it a brave "and disturbing work from one of the world's great living writers". Others reviewers disliked the novel because it was depressing and humanity had no free will. People's lives were controlled by galactic empires.

The story of Shikasta is retold in the third book of the *Canopus* series, *The Sirian Experiments* (1980). In that book, the story is told from the point of view of Sirius. Shikasta appears again in the fourth book in the series, *The Making of the Representative for Planet 8* (1982). The Zones that are briefly mentioned in *Shikasta* are the subject of the second book in the series, *The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five* (1980).

## References
Spined pygmy shark

The **spined pygmy shark** (*Squaliolus laticaudus*) is one of the smallest sharks in the world. It is only seven to eight inches long on average. Spined pygmy sharks are dark gray or black on top. Their bellies  in the dark. These sharks live very deep in the water (down to 6,500 feet) but they migrate up to about 650 feet at night, to hunt.

Spined pygmy sharks are harmless to humans.

## References
Woodward's rules

'''Woodward's rules** are a set of rules about how organic chemical compounds absorb ultraviolet light.

They give information about the wavelength of the absorption maximum (symbol λmax ) in an ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectrum of a compound.  The rules are named after Robert Burns Woodward. He was a Harvard University professor who won the 1965 Nobel Prize in chemistry. The rules are sometimes called the **Woodward-Fieser rules''', to also honor Louis Fieser. 

The rules build the prediction on the type of chromophores present, the substituents on the chromophores, and changes due to the solvent. Examples are conjugated carbonyl compounds, conjugated dienes, and polyenes.

In the compound on the left the base value is 214 nm (a heteroannular diene). This diene group has 4 alkyl substituents (labeled 1,2,3,4) and the double bond in one ring is exocyclic to the other (adding 5 nm for an exocyclic double bond). In the compound on the right, the diene is homoannular with 4 alkyl substituents. Both double bonds in the central B ring are exocyclic with respect to rings A and C.

## References
Conjugated system

, a type of phenolic compound with a conjugated system]]
]]
In chemistry, a **conjugated system** is a system of continuous and parallel p-orbitals with delocalized electrons. Conjugated systems are created by several multiple bonds, each separated by single bonds. In general, conjugated systems may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase how steady it is. They can contain lone pairs, radicals or carbonium ions. The compound may be cyclic, acyclic, linear or mixed. In most cases, the atoms in a molecule are held together by single bonds (where orbitals from adjacent atoms overlap).  Molecules which have a conjugated system have unique properties different from normal compounds created by the sharing of the delocalized electrons among many atoms.

**Conjugation** is the overlap of one p-orbital with another across a sigma bond (or single bond) that is in between. (The d-orbitals of larger atoms can also contribute to a conjugated system).

A conjugated system has a region of overlapping p-orbitals, bridging the single bonds that are between. They allow a delocalization of pi electrons across all the adjacent aligned p-orbitals. The pi electrons do not belong to a single bond or atom, but rather to a group of atoms.

The **largest** conjugated systems (with the greatest number of shared electrons) are in graphite, conductive polymers, and carbon nanotubes.

## Mechanism
Different types of molecular structures can result in conjugation. For conjugation, all the  atoms in a chain must have an available p-orbital. In many cases, conjugated systems are a series of a single bonds each followed by a double bond. Other systems exist. For example, furan (see picture) is a five-membered ring with two alternating double bonds and an oxygen in position 1. The Oxygen in furan has two lone pairs, one of which fills a p-orbital on that position. The lone pair electron makes conjugation possible on a five-membered ring. The presence of a nitrogen in the ring can be a source of pi orbitals needed for conjugation. Also, pi orbitals needed for conjugation can come from substituent groups α to the ring like: a carbonyl group (C=O), an imine group (C=N), a vinyl group (C=C), or an anion.

### Chromophores
Conjugated systems are the main things that make up chromophores. Chromophores are light-absorbing parts of a molecule that can cause a compound to have a visible color. Chromophores are often present in organic compounds and sometimes present in polymers that are colored or glow in the dark. Chromophores often consist of a series of conjugated bonds and/or ring systems, which can include C-C, C=C, C=O, or N=N bonds. Many times, chromophores have aromatic rings.

. The eleven conjugated double bonds that form the chromophore of the molecule are highlighted in red.]]

## Common examples
*Diene
*Vitamin D
*Vitamin A
*Benzene
*Conjugated linoleic acid

## Related pages
*Resonance (chemistry)
*Hyperconjugation
*Cross-conjugation
*Polyene

## References
Tiger beetle

'' from India, showing the large eyes and mandibles]]

The **tiger beetles** are a large group of beetles in the family Carabidae. About 2,600 species and subspecies are known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics.

All tiger beetles are . 
They are known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest species of tiger beetle can run at a speed of 9&nbsp;km/h (5.6&nbsp;mph), which, relative to its body length, is about 22 times the speed of an Olympic sprinter, the equivalent of a human running at . 

Tiger beetles live everywhere in the world except the Antarctic and Tasmania. They have powerful jaws, called mandibles, which they use to hold and crush their prey. They have long legs, big eyes, and a wide head. All are colourful.  Their elytra are usually bright and have  markings.

## References
Vratislav Brabenec

**Vratislav Brabenec** (born April 28, 1943, Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech musician, saxophonist, clarinetist a vocalist. He is member of Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. Brabanec joined the Plastic People in 1972. He insisted that they no longer play songs by groups like the Velvet Underground. Brabenec wanted them to play their own songs and perform them in the Czech language. The band became famous in 1972 when some of the members were put in prison by the communist government. Brabenec was sent to prison for eight months because his music was "antisocial", he was disturbing the peace, and he his music was corrupting Czech youth.
## References
## Other websites
*Plastic People of the Universe official site
Robert Fripp

**Robert Fripp** (born 16 May 1946, Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England) is an English guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He was ranked 42 on *Rolling Stone* magazine's 2003 list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". He is founder member of rock band King Crimson.

Fripp has been married to Toyah Willcox since 1986. His uncle was Alfie Fripp.

## References
The Plastic People of the Universe

**The Plastic People of the Universe** (or shortly **PPU**) is a rock band from Prague, Czechoslovakia (Today Czech Republic). In 60s and 70s was frontman bass player Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa (*1951-†2001) and current frontman is saxophonist Vratislav Brabenec (*1943). On his "debut" album ''Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned*, the group set to music poems by Egon Bondy. The band became famous when it was put in prison by the communist government.

## Selected discography
#*Muž bez uší* (live recordings 1969-72)
#*Vožralej jak slíva* (live recordings 1973-75)
#*Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned* (1974)
#*Ach to státu hanobení* (live recordings 1976-77)
#*Pašijové hry velikonoční* (1978)
#*Jak bude po smrti* (1979)
#*Co znamená vésti koně* (1981)
#*Kolejnice duní* (1977–82)
#*Hovězí porážka* (1983–84)
#*Půlnoční myš* (1985–86)
#*Líně s tebou spím - Lazy Love / In Memoriam Mejla Hlavsa* (2001)
#*Pašijové hry / Passion Play (with Agon Orchestra)* (2004)
#*Maska za maskou* (The Mask Behind the Mask) (2009)
# *Non Stop Opera* (2011)
#*Co znamená vésti koně'' (2017)

## References
## Other websites
*Plastic People official site
*
*Article from Prague Life
*Interview with Paul Wilson
*Interview/profile from the Washington Post's Express
Karel Kryl

**Karel Kryl** (April 12, 1944 Kroměříž, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic – March 3, 1994 Passau, Germany) was a Czech singer-songwriter and poet. Kryl is sometimes called a "Básník s kytarou" *(poet with a guitar)*.

## Other websites
*Karel Kryl official website
U.S. Route 4

**U.S. Route 4** is a highway in the United States. It travels from East Greenbush, New York, near Albany to Portsmouth, New Hampshire.  It passes through the state of Vermont.  It has a total length of 250 miles.  Before being a US highway, Route 4 was part of several New England highways.

## References
U.S. Route 40

**Ohio. Route 40** is a federal highway from Park City, Utah to Atlantic City, New Jersey.  It is 2,286 miles long and passes through twelve states.  It used to go from Park City to Reno, Nevada and San Francisco, California, but that route is now part of Interstate 80.  Much of the eastern part of U.S. Route 40, from Vandalia, Illinois to Cumberland, Maryland (or from St. Louis, Missouri to Baltimore) was part of the **National Road**.  This part has been around since 1839.  Part of U.S. Route 40 was also called the "Lincoln Highway".

U.S. Route 40 passes or passed through many cities.  Some of these are:

The current capitals are Denver, Topeka, Indianapolis, and Columbus. Vandalia was a former capital of Illinois, Zanesville was a former capital of Ohio, and Wheeling was a former capital of West Virginia. 
## Cities
### Current
*Park City, Utah
*Vernal, Utah
*Craig, Colorado
*Denver, Colorado
*Oakley, Kansas
*Hays, Kansas
*Salina, Kansas
*Topeka, Kansas
*Lawrence, Kansas
*Kansas City, Kansas
*Kansas City, Missouri
*Warrensburg, Missouri
*Columbia, Missouri
*St. Louis, Missouri
*Vandalia, Illinois
*Effingham, Illinois
*Terre Haute, Indiana
*Indianapolis, Indiana
*Richmond, Indiana
*Dayton, Ohio
*Vandalia, Ohio
*Springfield, Ohio
*Columbus, Ohio
*Zanesville, Ohio
*Wheeling, West Virginia
*Washington, Pennsylvania
*Cumberland, Maryland
*Hagerstown, Maryland
*Baltimore, Maryland
*Wilmington, Delaware
*Atlantic City, New Jersey 
### Former
*San Francisco, California
*Oakland, California
*Sacramento, California
*Reno, Nevada
*Winnemucca, Nevada
*Elko, Nevada
*Salt Lake City, Utah

## References
Audi Cup 2011

The **Audi Cup 2011** (the second edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Munich, Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, S.C. Internacional, FC Bayern Munich and FC Barcelona. The winners of the tournament were FC Barcelona, defeating Bayern Munich 2-0. S.C. Internacional took third place, defeating AC Milan 2(2) - 2(0).

## Matches
Juanes

, Germany ]]
, Germany ]]

**Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez** (born 9 August 1972), known as **Juanes**, is a one-time Grammy Award-winning and nineteen-time Latin Grammy Award-winning Colombian singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer. He was a member of heavy metal band Ekhymosis and is now a solo artist. Juanes has sold more than 15 million albums worldwide.

Raised in Medellín, Colombia, Juanes began playing guitar at age seven.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Fíjate Bien* (2000)
* *Un Día Normal* (2002)
* *Mi Sangre* (2004)
* *La Vida... Es un Ratico* (2007)
* *P.A.R.C.E.* (2010)

;Live albums
* *Juanes MTV Unplugged* (2012)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website 
**English version
*Juanes to Twitter in Cuba Despite Exiles By Alfredo Prieto, *Havana Times,* August 26, 2009
*Official Universal Music Latino Website 
*Mi Sangre Foundation website 
*
*Juanes Interview
*Juanes Interview on CorrienteLatina.com 
*English version
Vector calculus

**Vector calculus** is a branch of mathematics that investigates vector fields and how they change over time. Vector calculus usually studies two- or three-dimensional vector fields, but can be used in higher dimensions, too. It is a part of the study of multivariable calculus. Vector calculus is useful in physics and engineering because of how it can look at *electromagnetic* and *gravitational* fields.

## Related pages 
*Curl
*Divergence
*Gradient
UEFA Euro 2008

The **2008 UEFA European Football Championship** (or the **Euro 2008**) was the 13th UEFA European Championships. It was hosted by Austria and Switzerland during June 7 and June 29, 2008. The winners were Spain, defeating Germany 1-0. Spain was also the first team since Germany in 1996, to win undefeated.

Greece, the UEFA Euro 2004 champions, recorded the worst finish in the UEFA Euro 2008. They got the least amount of money, and no points for the Group Stage.

## Qualifying groups
*Teams highlighted in green qualified for the finals.

### Group A
### Group B
### Group C
### Group E
### Group G
## Qualified Teams 
The teams that qualified were:

*Austria
*Switzerland
*Poland
*Portugal
*Italy
*France
*Greece
*Turkey
*Czech Republic
*Germany
*Croatia
*Russia
*Spain
*Sweden
*Romania
*Netherlands

## Final 
## Final rankings 
Rankings are based on performance, not team skill. Also, these rankings are unofficial and are **not based on head-to-head record**.
Vector field

A **vector field** is a function that assigns to every point in space a vector. It can be imagined as a collection of arrows, each one attached to a different point in space. For example, the wind (the velocity of air) can be represented by a vector field. This is because in every point one can write an arrow showing the direction of the wind and its strength. 

Vector calculus is the study of vector fields.

## Physical examples 
In everyday life, gravity is the force that makes objects fall down. More generally, it is the force that pulls objects towards each other. If we describe for each point in space the direction and strength of the earth's pull, we will get a gravity vector field for the Earth.  

The theory dealing with electricity and magnetism in physics is called electromagnetism. One of the basic assumptions is that there are two vector fields in all space which govern electric and magnetic forces. One is the electric field, which is often written as \vec{E} and the second is the magnetic field, which is often written as \vec{B}.

Atmospheric circulation can be represented by a vector field. The more precisely the vector field describes the actual flow, the better the resulting weather forecast.
Nico

**Nico** (born **Christa Päffgen**; 16 October 1938 – 18 July 1988) was a German singer, songwriter, actress, and Warhol Superstar. She is featured on the first album by the New York rock band The Velvet Underground, *The Velvet Underground & Nico*.

She was born in Cologne. She grew up in Brandenburg and Berlin.

She made seven studio albums.

She died on holiday in the Spanish island of Ibiza, of a cerebral hemorrhage while riding her bicycle.

Nico was born Christa Päffgen. When she was 16 the photographer Herbert Tobias gave her the name Nico. Nico moved to Paris and began working for Vogue, Tempo, Vie Nuove, Mascotte Spettacolo, Camera, Elle, and other fashion magazines.

## Discography
### Studio albums
## References
PFC CSKA Moscow

**PFC CSKA Moscow** (Russian: Профессиональный футбольный клуб - ЦСКА, or English: Professional Football Club — Central Sports Club of Army [Moscow]) is a Russian football club from the capital city of Moscow. The team was more successful during the Soviet Union. Their biggest rival is Spartak Moscow. But PFC CSKA Moscow has the most fans. PFC CSKA Moscow was also the first Russian team to win the UEFA Cup (UEFA Europa League).

## Past Names of the Club 
1911-1922 - *Общество Любителей Лыжного Спорта (English: Amateur Society of Skiing Sports)*

1923 - *Russian: Опытно-Показательная Площадка Всеобуча) (English: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Education Association)*

1924-1927 - *Опытно-Показательная Площадка Военведа (English: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Administration)*

1928-1950 - *Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Красной Армии (English: Sports Club of Central House of the Red Army)*

1951-1956 - *Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Советской Армии (English: Sports Club of Central House of the Soviet Army)*

1957-1959 - *Центральный Спортивный Клуб Министерства Обороны (English: Central Sports Club of the Ministry of Defense)*

1960–Present — *Центральный Спортивный Клуб Армии (English: Central Sports Club of Army)*

## Titles 
## Related pages
2011–12 PFC CSKA Moscow season
Ozone depletion

ozone hole ever recorded (September 2006).]]
Ozone is a Gas that is present in the ozone layer in the stratosphere of the Earth. There, it absorbs almost all ultraviolet light which is harmful to many organisms. The term **Ozone depletion** can refer to a number of distinct, but related phenomena:
* Since the 1970s, there has been a decrease in total volume of the Ozone in the ozone layer, of about 4%, per decade.
* There are seasonal variations in the ozone layers; in springtime, there is less ozone in the ozone layer over the polar regions, esp. the south pole. This is generally known as **ozone hole**.
* In addition to these well-known stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events.

## Causes 
The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens. The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants (CFCs, freons, halons.) These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface.
Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of Halocarbons increased.

CFCs and other substances contributing to this effect are referred to as **ozone-depleting substances** (**ODS**). Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern. As a result, the Montreal Protocol has been adopted. The treaty bans the production of CFCs, halons as and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane. The biological consequences of this change in ozone levels may include increases in skin cancer, cataracts, damage to plants, and the reduction of plankton populations in the ocean.

## Regeneration of the ozone hole 
Estimates of how quickly the ozone layer will regenerate vary by about two decades. NASA estimated in 2006, that it will take to 2068 for the ozone layer in Antarctica to recover to the level before human-induced thinning.  According to the World Meteorological Organization, the state of the ozone layer over Antarctica will not change noticeably in the next twenty years. The state before 1980 will be reached between 2060 and 2075, 25 years later than predicted in 2002. Over the Arctic, there will be bigger losses in ozone over the next fifteen years, especially in cold winters. For the Arctic regions, the state before 1980 will be reached around 2050.

## References
Loudoun County, Virginia

**Loudoun County** ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is part of the Washington Metropolitan Area. The 2020 U.S. Census said 420,959 people live there.  Its county seat is Leesburg.

The number of people grew 84 percent from 2000 to 2010, and 34 percent from 2010 to 2020.

As of 2022, Loudoun County has the highest median household income of any county in the United States ($170,463). This is higher than nearby Falls Church, Virginia ($164,536).

## References
F.C. Saturn Ramenskoye

**FC Saturn Ramenskoye** (, or English: State-Owned Enterprise of the Moscow Region Football Club Saturn Moscow Region) is a Russian football team near the Moscow area of Ramenskoye. It was also known as FC Saturn Moscow Region. In 2006, the club broke the record for the most draws in a Russian Premier League season, 16 draws. The club closed down in 2011, as there were bad financial problems. However, it was revived on the base of their former farm club FC Saturn-2 Moscow Region.

The club's past names were Krylya Sovetov (1946-1957), Trud (1958-1959) and Saturn Ren-Tv (2002-2004). 

## Titles
PFC CSKA Sofia

**PFC CSKA Sofia** (), commonly known as CSKA or CSKA Sofia, is a Bulgarian football team from Sofia, Bulgaria. Since CSKA Sofia was created, the club has won 31 A PFG titles, more than any team in Bulgaria, ever. Also, CSKA Sofia has reached two European Cup semi-finals, four European Cup quarter-finals and one Cup Winners' Cup semi-final, making the team the best in Bulgaria.

## Titles
FC Rubin Kazan

**FC Rubin Kazan** (Russian: Футбольный клуб Рубин Казань, or English: "A Ruby") is a Russian football team from Kazan. Rubin only won the Russian Premier League in 2008 and 2009.

Rubin was previously called Iskra (1958 - 1964) and Rubin-TAN (1992 - 1993).

Rubin never played in the Soviet Top League, but went to the Russian First Division in 1992, and then went to Russian Second Division in 1994. The mayor of that time, purchased the team, and the on the same year Rubin won the Second Division in 1997. Rubin then went back to Russian First Division and the games went on until Rubin was promoted to the Russian Premier League in 2003.

## Titles 
## References
Luzhniki Stadium

The **Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex** (, also known as the **Luzhniki Stadium**) is the biggest sports stadium in Russia. The stadium is in Moscow.
Multivariable calculus

In calculus, **multivariable calculus** or **multivariate calculus** is the extension of regular, one-dimensional calculus to more than one dimension. Most of the concepts from calculus, such as continuity and chain rule, still work in more than one dimension, though sometimes with greater complexity and counter-intuitive result. 

Special multivariable uses include *partial derivatives*, or differentiation with only one dimension at a time, and *multiple integration*, or integrating over more than one dimension. The gradient operator \nabla, defined in terms of partial derivatives, is used to define higher concepts such as Laplace operator, divergence and curl. By integrating a multivariable function over several variables, one can define an integral over an area, surface or volume as well.

## Related pages 
* Vector calculus

## References
Leopard seal

The **leopard seal** (*Hydrurga leptonyx*), also known as the **sea leopard**, is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the Southern Elephant Seal). It is most common in the southern hemisphere along the coast of Antarctica and on most sub-Antarctic islands, but can also be found on the coasts of southern Australia, Tasmania, South Africa, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Tierra del Fuego, the Cook Islands, and the Atlantic coast of South America. It can live twenty-six years, possibly more. Killer whales, and large sharks are the only natural predators of leopard seals. They eat Crabeater seals, consuming 80% of their young. They are large and strong. They have a dark grey back and a light grey stomach. Its neck is a little bit white with black spots, which is the pattern of a leopard's coat. That is how it got its name. Leopard seals are carnivores. It eats penguins, seagulls, fish, squid, octopuses, krill, shrimps, crabs and even other seals. They are the only species of seals who eat warm-blooded prey.

They are the most formidable hunters of all the seals and the only ones that feed on warm-blooded prey. Leopard seals hunt alone, and they are ferocious solitary animals. They do not do well with other leopard seals and usually end up in a fight. 

They are very aggressive, and their only predator is the killer whale. Their mouths can open 160° and clamp down with incredible force and can quickly emerge from the water to snatch prey, such as penguins on the ice's edge. Leopard seals can easily rip penguins and baby seals to shreds by jerking their heads from side to side. They have incredibly long teeth, up to one inch long. Also, they have spotted grey skin and are 10-12 feet long and have a slender bodies.

They can hold their breath for 15 minutes and are the second-largest type of seal in Antarctica and the third-largest worldwide. Leopard seals can even sing and smile underwater! They communicate by using clicking or trilling noises. When interacting with humans in the water, they are more curious than aggressive. They have a thick layer of fat called blubber under their skin to keep them warm under the icy freezing water. They weigh between 800 and 1,300 pounds which are heavier than a horse. They stay in Antarctica and sometimes come to New Zealand during the hot summer. Male seals are called bulls, females are called cows, and babies are called pups.
Elze

**Elze** is a town in district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is next to the river Leine, approximately 15 km (9.3 miles) west of Hildesheim. Elze is also one oldest city in the area, and its name comes from Latin : *aula caesaris*

## Notable people 
* Justus Gesenius (1601-1673), Lutheran theologian
* Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger (1857-1923), mathematician
* Philipp Furtwängler, (1800-1867), organ builder, 
* Philipp Furtwängler, (1869-1940), mathematician (number theorist)
* Günter Halm, (born 1922), bearer of the Knight's Cross and Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

## Twin town 
* Écouché, France since 1972

## References
FC Spartak Moscow

**FC Spartak Moscow** (Russian: Футбольный клуб Спартак Москва) is a Russian football club from Moscow. The club is the most successful in Russia, winning 9 or 19 of the Russian Premier League championships. The team used to be part of the Spartak Moscow sports society, but left and declared to be an independent organization. Their biggest rival is PFC CSKA Moscow. Spartak won their last championship at 2017. 

## Titles
Kreayshawn

**Natassia Gail Zolot** (born September 24, 1989 in San Francisco, California), known by her stage name, **Kreayshawn**, is an American rapper, editor and music video director. She has directed videos for rapper Lil B and is also a member of the group White Girl Mob. She is known for the song "Gucci Gucci" which gained three million YouTube views in just three weeks. She is currently signed to Columbia Records. She is set to direct the music video for "The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie" which is the first song by Red Hot Chili Peppers on their album, I'm with You. She is nominated for "Best New Artist" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.

## Discography 
### Albums 
Kreayshawn has released 2 albums:

## References
## Other websites
* Kreayshawn's Tumblr
Rostislav Olesz

**Rostislav Olesz** (born October 10, 1985 in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia) is a professional Czech ice hockey left winger and center. He currently plays for SC Bern of the National League A (NLA).

He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 7th overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the NHL for the Florida Panthers for 6 seasons. He was traded by the Florida Panthers to the Chicago Blackhawks for defenceman Brian Campbell on June 24, 2011.

He played 6 games with the Blackhawks and played a season with their AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. On July 5, 2013, Olesz signed a 1-year deal with the New Jersey Devils. On November 21, 2013, he signed a contract with SC Bern of the NLA.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Jamal Mayers

**Jamal Mayers** (born October 24, 1974 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a total of 15 seasons in the NHL. He currently works as an analyst for the NHL Network.

He was drafted with the 89th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Blues during 1998-99 NHL season. He went on to play 10 seasons with the St. Louis Blues before he was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a 3rd round pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

He played 2 seasons with the Maple Leafs before being traded to the Calgary Flames along with Matt Stajan, Niklas Hagman and Ian White in exchange for Dion Phaneuf, Fredrik Sjöström and prospect Keith Aulie. At the end of the 2009-10 he signed a one-year contract with the San Jose Sharks.

He was not resigned by the Sharks for the 2011–2012 season and he signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks on July 1, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

On December 13, 2013, he announced that he was retiring from the National Hockey League.

## References
## Other websites
*
27 Club

The **27 club** is the name given to a group of musicians, artists, actors and other celebrities who died at age 27.  The members or number of members of this group is not fixed.

## Musicians often included in the 27 Club
## References