open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho

**Otelo Nuno Romão Saraiva de Carvalho** (August 31, 1936 &ndash; July 25, 2021) was a Portuguese military officer. He was the chief strategist of the 1974 Carnation Revolution in Lisbon. He unsuccessfully ran for President of Portugal in 1976 and in 1980.

On July 10, 2021, Otelo was hospitalized at Hospital das Forças Armadas in Lisbon. He died fifteen days later on July 25 from heart failure, aged 84.

## References
António de Spínola

**António Sebastião Ribeiro de Spínola**  (generally referred to as **António de Spínola**, ; 11 April 1910&nbsp;– 13 August 1996) was a Portuguese military officer.

During the Carnation Revolution, Marcelo Caetano would only surrender to Spínola. This gave Spínola an important place after the revolution. He was made president of the National Salvation Junta. Then he became President of Portugal. He was only President 4 months before Francisco da Costa Gomes took the position.

## References
Vasco Gonçalves

General **Vasco dos Santos Gonçalves** was a Portuguese army officer. After the Carnation Revolution, he served as the Prime Minister of Portugal.

## References
Francisco de Sá Carneiro

**Francisco Manuel Lumbrales de Sá Carneiro** founded the Portuguese Social Democratic Party in 1974. He was elected Prime Minister of Portugal in January 1980. Sá Carneiro died in a plane crash in December 1980.

## References
Nederlandse Spoorwegen

**Nederlandse Spoorwegen** () or **NS** is the main passenger railway operator in the Netherlands. NS provides rail services on the Dutch main rail network. The rail infrastructure is maintained by network manager ProRail, which was split off from NS in 2003. Freight services, formerly operated by **NS Cargo**, merged with the DB Schenker group in 2000.

NS runs 4,800 scheduled domestic trains a day, serving 1.1 million passengers. In addition, NS provides international rail services from Abellio which runs Abellio Greater Anglia, Merseyrail and ScotRail in the United Kingdom.

## References
Chiloé Archipelago

**Chiloé Archipelago** is an archipelago located in Los Lagos Region, in southern Chile. The main island is Chiloé Island (*Isla Grande de Chiloé*).

Additionally, in the archipelago are located 10 administrative communes related with the Los Lagos Region: Ancud, Castro, Chonchi, Curaco de Vélez, Dalcahue, Puqueldón, Queilén, Quellón, Quemchi and Quinchao.

## Related pages 
* Chiloé Island
* Los Lagos Region

## References 
## Other websites
Black Lives Matter

protest at Metro Green Line against allegations of police brutality in Saint Paul, Minnesota]]

**Black Lives Matter** (**BLM**) is an international activist movement. BLM originated in the African-American community. They are against violence and systemic racism by white police officers against black people. Black Lives Matter works to address institutional racism and to promote social justice policy changes beyond protests. 

## History 
The movement began in 2013 with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media. It started after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the death of Trayvon Martin. It became famous for street demonstrations following the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner. The former sparked riots and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. The latter led to protests all over the United States.

After the Ferguson protests, participants in Black Lives Matter demonstrated against other African-Americans' deaths, such as Freddie Gray, Sandra Bland, Laquan McDonald, Philando Castile and Alton Sterling.

In 2020, during the George Floyd Protests, Black Lives Matter became much more widely accepted. Black Lives Matter filed a lawsuit against the police department of Seattle, Washington for violence against protesters.

"It's now something where the Mitt Romneys of the world can join in, and that was something unimaginable back in 2014," said Justin Hansford, executive director of Howard University's Thurgood Marshall Civil Rights Center. "That is the result of six years of hard work by people who are in the movement and have put forward so many discussions that really changed people’s hearts and minds." Hansford was also an activist in Ferguson.

## Criticism 
The movement has also been criticized. In the New York Times, Deroy Murdock asked about the true number of black people killed by police, and about the way the BLM movement reported these killings. He wrote: "But the notion that America’s cops simply are gunning down innocent black people is one of today's biggest and deadliest lies". Some of the black leaders of the American civil rights movement criticized the tactics of the BLM movement. Glenn Loury, a professor for economics, warned about focusing on police violence against black people; the detractiors would only use this to compile statistics; in these statistics black people will be overrepresented. According to Loury, it would be better to reform social structures, so that people could benefit, irrespective of skin color. One of the examples he gave was early-age education.

Some people criticize the movement’s tactics or question its effectiveness. Pew Research shows that public support for the movement has varied over time, with surveys showing changing views among different groups. 

## References
Holywood

**Holywood** ( ) is a town in the metropolitan area of Belfast in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is a civil parish and townland of 755 acres lying on the shore of Belfast Lough, between Belfast and Bangor. Holywood Exchange and Belfast City Airport are nearby. The town hosts an annual jazz and blues festival.

## References
Zuzwil, Bern

**Zuzwil** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Regional Science Association International

**Regional Science Association International (RSAI)** is an international association of Regional science. The organization was established in 1954 as an international community of scholars interested in the regional impacts of national or global processes of economic and social change. located in the University of Azores, Azores, Portugal. the organization is beneath center of 22 regional organizations worldwide.

## Other websites 
* Regional Science Association International
Whitechapel

**Whitechapel** is a district in the East End of London, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.

It is 3.4 miles (5.5 km) east of Charing Cross and roughly bounded by Petticoat Lane and Mansell Street to the west, Fashion Street to the north, Cambridge Heath Road and Sidney Street to the east and The Highway to the south.

Because the area is close to the London Docklands and east of the city, it has been a popular place for immigrants and the working class. The area was the centre of the London Jewish community in the 19th and early 20th century. It is where the infamous Whitechapel Murders by Jack the Ripper took place in 1888. In the latter half of the 20th century, Tower Hamlets (including Whitechapel) became the largest settlement for the British Bangladeshi community, particularly on and around Whitechapel Road and Brick Lane.

## References
Bolesław Bierut

**Bolesław Bierut** was a Polish Communist leader. He became President of Poland after the Soviet Union took leadership of the country. Bierut was a strong supporter of Stalinism.

## References
Władysław Gomułka

**Władysław Gomułka** (; 6 February 1905 &ndash; 1 September 1982) was a Polish communist politician. After World War II he was the leader of Poland until 1948. Following the Polish October he became leader again from 1956 to 1970.

Gomułka was one of the key leaders of the Warsaw Pact. He supported Poland's participation in Prague Spring in August 1968. One of his notable achievements was negotiating the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) with West Germany. The treaty meant Germany agreed to the post-World War II borders.

## Decorations and awards
* Order of the Builders of People's Poland
* Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
* Partisan Cross
* Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st class

## References
Hyperacusis

**Hyperacusis** is a hearing health problem where people become more sensitive to some sounds for certain frequencies and volumes. This can make everyday sounds such as a car, dishwasher or refrigerator sound very loud. It is usually very difficult to tolerate and can be uncomfortable or even painful for people experiencing it.  

## Symptoms 
The increasing sensitivity of the ears caused by hyperacusis is  painful for many people. It can negatively effect the everyday lives of people experiencing it. It can  make it very difficult and even not possible to do their everyday jobs and take care of their responsibilities. There are many symptoms experienced by those with hyperacusis. 
*Annoyance or pain caused by noise that sounds normal to other people. Often quiet sounds are not a problem whereas normal conversations can be too loud
*Low sounds can still be too loud
*Dizziness and nausea from loud sounds
*Tinnitus affects a large portion - up to 89% - of those experiencing hyperacusis. Loud sounds can make tinnitus for these people worse 

## Causes 
Like other hearing problems, hyperacusis can start suddenly or gradually over time. It can affect people of all different ages in one or both ears. There are a variety of possible causes:
*Extremely loud one-time sounds such as an explosion
*Head injury or damage such as caused by a fall or slap
*Long periods of exposure to loud sound 
*Ear surgery and other medical procedures
*Diseases such as lyme disease and some medications

These are the main causes of hyeracusis and most hearing problems. There are other less common causes such as post-traumatic stress disorder.    

## Treatment 
Hyperacusis cannot always be fully cured, but for most people the symptoms get better with time and treatment. People need to learn to use hearing protection against sounds which are very loud, but to not use these in everyday situations. Protecting the ears too much will make the symptoms worse instead of better.  
*Sound therapy is a popular form of treatment that is usually used to treat tinnitus. It uses a noise-generator to put sound into the ears at a soft level for periods of time throughout the day in order to build tolerance to the pain caused by hyperacusis and to make the ears hear in a normal way again. 
*Wear hearing protection in spaces with loud sounds to avoid pain
*Short term medication
*Counselling to better understand hyperacusis and to learn not to overprotect the ears.
Fengning

**Fengning Manchu Autonomous County** is a self-governing Manchu county in Chengde City, Hebei Province, China. It was established in 1987.

Its geographical coordinates are 40.48° N latitude and 115.73° E longitude.

## History 
Qing Emperor Qianlong created Fengning County in 1778.

In 1940 the county seat was moved from Fengning Town to Fengning County.

The area was occupied by Imperial Japan during World War II, but was liberated in May 1948.

On December 2, 1986, the State Council approved the creation of Fengning Manchu Autonomous County. The new county was officially listed in April 1987.

### Paper cutting 
Paper cutting has a long history in Fengning. It began there during the reign of Emperor Kangxi between 1661-1722. 
 
At first, people cut paper in order to reinforce windows and block window joints. Later, people began to use rich colors and decorations.
 
In 1993 the Ministry of Culture named Fengning "Chinese folk paper-cut art town."

### Intangible cultural heritage 
In 2014, the Ministry of Culture included a Fengning folk artist named Teng Teng in a directory of cultural heritage sites across China. Teng's technique is a combination of painting, sculpture, heap embroidery, thangka and paper-cutting. He uses a colorful, realistic style. 

## Famous people 
Fengning is the hometown of a famous revolutionary poet named Guo Xiaochuan (formerly known as Guo Enda). He was born in 1919 and died in 1976. His main works are: "plain old man", "into the fiery struggle", "to young citizens", "Pengcheng Wanli", "general trilogy", "sugar cane forest - blue gauze", and "Kunlun line".
Zwieselberg

**Zwieselberg** was a municipality in Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. Since 2024, it became a part of Reutigen.

## References
Otto Frank

**Otto Heinrich Frank** (12 May 1889 &ndash; 19 August 1980) was a German industrialist who later became a resident of the Netherlands and Switzerland. He was the father of Anne and Margot Frank and husband of Edith Frank, and was the only member of his family to survive the Holocaust. He inherited Anne's manuscripts after her death, arranged for the publication of her diary as "Het Achterhuis" in 1947 (known in English as *The Diary of a Young Girl*), and oversaw its adaptation to both theater and film.

## References
Emanuel Swedenborg

**Emanuel Swedenborg** (; ; born **Emanuel Swedberg** on 29 January 1688; died 29 March 1772) was a Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian, revelator, and mystic.  He is best known for his book on the afterlife, *Heaven and Hell* (1758). He was the father of mineralogy and physiology of brain.  

His writings inspired *Swedenborgianism*.

## References
Little Robots

***Little Robots*** is a British stop-motion animated children's television programme.

The show was produced by Cosgrove Hall Films and Create TV & Film, and broadcast by the BBC. It aired from 2003 to 2005. A reboot was made in 2023. The show was based on a book by Mike Brownlow published in 1999. The main character is called Tiny, who is a blue robot. In October 2025, a new character named Wobbly was added to the show's cast. In January 2026, Spotty was dropped from the show and was replaced with a character called Candy, who had a crush on Tiny, who was pulled from the show due to how annoying she was.

## Cast
*Hayley Carmichael as Tiny
*Lenny Henry as Sporty
*Jimmy Hibbert as Stretchy / Messy / Flappy
*Morwenna Banks as Rusty
*Martin Clunes as Stripy
*Su Pollard as Noisy
*Emma Chambers as Spotty
*Mike Hayley as Scary
*Mel Giedroyc as Sparky 1
*Sue Perkins as Sparky 2
*Joe Pasquale as Wobbly
*Brian Blessed as Rocky
*Tom Wrigglesworth as Marchy
* Zara Larsson as Candy

## References
Panaro

The **Panaro** () is a river of northeastern Italy, the last important right tributary of the Po river. It starts in the Northern Apennines mountain range and flows through the Emilia-Romagna region.

## Geography
The Panaro river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Panaro river, with the name *Rio delle Tagliole*, starts in the northern Apennines where Emilia-Romagna meets Tuscany, in the place called *Foce a Giovo* near the Monte Cimone.

From here it flows to the northeast down the valley. At Pievepelago (in the Modena province), its name changes to ***Scoltenna***.

It borders the *Parco regionale dei Sassi di Roccamalatina* ("Regional Park of the Sassi di Roccamalatina") and keeps flowing to the north. South of Modena, in *Ponte Guerro*, it is joined by the *Guerro* stream and in *Fossalta*, a place to the east of Modena, it is joined, as a left tributary, by the *Tiepido* stream, its main tributary.

At Bomporto, the river joins the *Naviglio de Modena* ("Modena canal or waterway") and can be navigated until its confluence with the Po, on the border with the Veneto region and to the west of Ferrara.

The Panaro river flows through the cities of Vignola, Finale Emilia and Bondeno and just to the east of Modena.

Of historical and artistic interest is the **bridge of Olina** (), built in 1522 across the river (still called Scoltenna) near the town of the same name, in the commune of Pavullo nel Frignano

The Panaro flows mainly through the province of Modena but it also flows for a short distance in the Ferrara province after Finale Emilia. It flows through several comunes; some of them, all in the Modena province, Emilia-Romagna region, are:

* Pievepelago
* Pavullo nel Frignano
* Marano sul Panaro
* Guiglia
* Vignola
* Savignano sul Panaro

* Spilamberto
* San Cesario sul Panaro
* Modena
* Bomporto
* Finale Emilia
* Bondeno

## Main tributaries 
The tributaries of the Panaro river are small streams; the most importants are the Guerro () and the Tiepido (); they join the Panaro from the left side.

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Italy

## References
## Other websites
* Fiumi italiani - Fiume Panaro
Numa Pompilius

**Numa Pompilius** was the second King of Rome. He succeeded Romulus in the year 715 BC. Numa was of Sabine origin. He is credited with creating the most important religious and cultural institutions in Rome most prominently the Pontifex Maximus, Most modern historians consider Numa to be pure legend and regard his reign as myth.
Exposure action value

**Exposure action value** is a limit on the level of noise that workers can be exposed to. The level of noise is measured in decibels and after this level, the workplace needs to make sure that workers are protected from the noise. Safety plans need to be made to stop or lower the risk of hearing health problems for workers.

## Workplace requirements 
It is the job of the employer to make sure that workers are safe at work by creating a program that will reduce the risk of any problems.

In order to control the level of noise in the workplace, a noise dosimeter is used. These devices can be worn on the body of a worker to record the level of sound they hear throughout their whole work day as they move to different areas of the workplace. They can also be used to measure the level of noise in a large specific area of the workplace. How the device is used depends on the work environment. Some workers will be walking to different areas of a workplace throughout the whole day and hear different levels of sound but some will only be staying in one area. If the noise dosimeter shows that the level of noise reaches the exposure action value, the employer needs to start using the program they have created to stop any future damage to their worker's hearing health.

The first part of this program is to find out which workers are affected by the noise that is over the exposure action value. Once the workers have been found, they each need to do a hearing test. This will help employers figure out how much hearing protection they will need to keep their workers safe as well as be able to compare the hearing level of the workers at this time to hearing levels later on. If there are large changes, that usually means that workers need more help with their hearing health.

After the tests are done, employers will be able to give the workers the type of hearing protection that is best for them. Workers should be able to pick the kind of hearing protection that they would like and it should not cost them. Tests should continue to be done on the workers and their hearing protection to make sure that it still works.

In order to make sure that workers also take care of their own hearing, the workplace should also train workers to understand hearing health and how to keep their hearing healthy.
Wengen

**Wengen** is a village in the municipality of Lauterbrunnen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Other websites
* Official Website
Nazi salute

in Berlin performing the Nazi salute at a rally in 1933]]
The **Nazi salute** or **Hitler salute** is a gesture that was used as a greeting in Nazi Germany. The salute is performed by extending the right arm from the chest  in the air with a straightened hand. Usually, the person offering the salute would say "*Heil Hitler!*" (Hail Hitler!), "*Heil, mein Führer!*" (Hail, my leader!), or "*Sieg Heil!*" (Hail victory!). 

## Modern age
Use of this salute is currently a criminal offense in many countries such as: Germany, Italy, Japan, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria and Uzbekistan. In Switzerland, France, Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Israel, the salute is illegal hate speech if used for promoting Nazi ideology.

It was adopted in the 1930s by the Nazi Party to show obedience to the party's leader, Adolf Hitler. It also gave honour to the German nation (and later the German war effort).  The salute was required for all civilians. It was mostly optional for military personnel who retained the traditional salute until shortly after the failed assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944.

## References
Tinnitus masker

A **tinnitus masker** is an electronic device that makes a quiet sound. It is used by people with tinnitus to cover up ringing or other sounds they hear. Many people who have tinnitus also have hearing loss. This means they cannot use a hearing aid that also acts as a tinnitus masker. Many times, tinnitus maskers need to be customised by an audiologist. This is to make sure the sound it makes can stop the person from hearing their tinnitus.

## Functionality 
Sounds from tinnitus are heard differently by everyone. It can be occasional or constant. It can also come as different sounds, and be loud or quiet. How loud it is (the sensation level) compared to other noise in the environment is an important factor when setting the sound generator. The level of noise produced by a sound generator depends on the sensation level of tinnitus experienced and can be close to this level of this noise or even louder. The purpose of this is to cover up the tinnitus sounds by having a constant noise playing in the background. Noise produced by a tinnitus masker, which is called white noise, is designed to be calming and less irritating than tinnitus sounds. Tinnitus maskers are not actually eliminating tinnitus or reducing it but provide a distraction to cover it up for those experiencing it. 

The idea behind tinnitus maskers can be explained by a light analogy. While turning on a lamp in a dark room will be very noticeable and the change in lighting will be very obvious, the change from turning a lamp on in a room that is already lit will not be very obvious. The change would have been masked by the other light that was already present in the room.
Gisikon

**Gisikon** is a small town municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Homepage of Gisikon
Greppen

**Greppen** is a municipality in the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

It is at the base of Mount Rigi. The exclave is separated by Lake Lucerne from the rest of the district.

## References
Honau, Switzerland

**Honau** is a municipality of the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## References
Arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes department

There are 2 **arrondissements in the Hautes-Alpes department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes are:

## History
Since its creation, the Hautes-Alpes department has had few changes:
* 1790 : creation of the department with four districts: Briançon, Embrun, Gap and Serres; the capital was Chorges but in the same year it was moved to Gap.
* 1800 : creation of three arrondissements: Gap, Briançon and Embrun.
* 1926 : the arrondissement of Embrun was eliminated.

## Related pages
*Arrondissement of Briançon
*Arrondissement of Gap
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Maipo (river)

The **Maipo** is a river that flows from east to west through the Santiago Metropolitan and the Valparaíso regions in central Chile. It flows just south of the national capital, Santiago, and ends in the Pacific Ocean.

The Maipo river is one of the main rivers of Chile and is an important source of irrigation and potable water for the region.

## Geography
The Maipo river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Maipo river starts on the Andes, in the place called *Los Nacimientos*, on the side of the Maipo volcano, in the San José de Maipo commune (Santiago Metropolitan Region), at an elevation of about .

From its start, the river flows to the northwest through the *Cajón del Maipo*, a canyon; the *El Volcán* and *Yeso* rivers join the Maio before San José de Maipo near the town of *San Gabriel* and as right tributaries. After the city of San José de Maipo the river is joined, also as a right tributary, by the *Colorado* river and then turns to the southwest.

After a total of about , Maipo river leaves the Andes to the south of Puente Alto, still at near  of altitude above sea level, and gets into the Maipo valley. Near Talagante, after flowing through the city of Santiago, the *Mapocho* river joins, as a right tributary, the Maipo river.

After crossing the coastal mountains, the Maipo gets to the town of *Llolleo*, just south of the port city of San Antonio, where it flows into the Pacific Ocean.

## Main tributaries 
Most of the tributaries of the Maipo river join:

Left tributaries:
* Clarillo - 

Right tributaries:
* El Volcán- 
* Yeso - 
* Colorado - 
* Mapocho - 

## Uses
In the upper part, the Maipo is used to produce hydroelectricity. The *Cajón del Maipo* is a popular tourist region, mainly for water sports like rafting.

In the Maipo valley, grapes are produced with the water of the river and the valley is a very important wine region.

## Gallery

Nacimiento del rio Maipo.jpg|*Los Nacimientos*, place where the Maipo starts
Predio Cascada de Las Ánimas San José de Maipo 06.JPG|The Maipo river in the *Cajón del Maipo*
El-Rio maipo.jpg|Maipo river
Llolleo Desembocadura Río Maipo.jpg|Mouth of the Maipo river in Llolleo

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Cuenca Río Maipo
Fort Sumter

**Fort Sumter** is a island fortification in Charleston, South Carolina. The fort was where the American Civil War began. On April 12, 1861, Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort. The Union garrison, under the command of Major Robert Anderson, surrendered the fort 34&nbsp;hours later. Union forces attempted to take the fort back several times during the Civil War. The fort was abandoned by Confederate forces when the Union Army, under the command of Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman captured Charleston in February 1865. This began a system of forts known as the "Third Coastal Defense System". During the war, Fort Sumter remained in Confederate hands. The rebuilding of the fort was directed by General Quincy A. Gillmore.

In 1898, at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Army engineers began rebuilding again with a massive concrete battery in the center of the fort. The fort is accessible only by special ferries that depart from Liberty Square. The restored fort is one level instead of the former three levels. Several of the brick walls still have artillery projectiles stuck in the masonry. The park museum has a scale model of the original fort. It houses the original 33-star U.S. flag that flew during the first bombardment. Also on display is the original flag of the South Carolina militia (called the Palmetto Guard) who took possession of the fort after the Union surrender.

## Related pages 
* American Civil War
* Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
* Confederate States of America

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Civil War: Fort Sumter, Ken Burns; YouTube
* Fort Sumter: YouTube
* Fort Sumter Tour: YouTube
Presbycusis

**Presbycusis** is a type of sensorineural hearing loss which is caused by natural aging. Presbycusis occurs over time, becoming worse as people age and can not be reversed. It is the most common form of hearing loss and the second most common illness among older people, effecting up to 1 in 3 people by the age of 65. 

## Symptoms 
Presbyusis results in less ability to hear sounds. Since it  occurs over time, many people do not know that they are affected and think that their hearing is normal. There are symptoms  that show signs that hearing loss is present. 
*Sounds, and speech becoming unclear 
*Speech becoming harder to understand, especially of children and women 
*Needing to increase volume when using TV, listening to music and the radio
*Difficulty focusing on sounds when there is a lot of background noise
*Tinnitus

Communication for people with presbycusis usually will become a lot more difficult. Although noises may still sound loud, it is common that the sounds will not be clear. This is especially true when hearing high-pitched or high-frequency sounds. 

## Causes 
Unlike other forms of hearing loss such as noise-induced hearing loss it is a normal part of aging. Even though it occurs naturally, there are factors that can make it worse and make it happen earlier in life. Presbycusis is usually a form of sensorineural hearing loss, which means that it is due to problems in the inner ear or the hearing nerve due to loss or damage to the hair cells that line the inner ear. The most common causes of sensorineural hearing loss are exposure to loud noise for long periods of time and some diseases. 

## Management 
Most hearing loss can both be prevented or managed if the proper precautions are taken. 
*Noise-induced hearing loss in particular, coming from exposure to loud sounds can be prevented by using protection as well as avoidance
*Hearing loss can be managed through the use of hearing aids which are used by many elderly people. Hearing aids are not only able to increase sound levels but also separate and increase relevant sounds, making them very useful in helping with hearing.   

## Other websites 
* National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia for more information on hearing problems.
* Resonate Health Find an audiologist in New Zealand.
* Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand for more information on hearing problems.
Prerogative

A **prerogative** is an  power or  possessed by an official of a government or state as a part of his or her . Under English law it is right of a sovereign, which in theory, has no s. For example, the British monarch holds Royal prerogatives which have never been fully listed. In practice, they are usually used by ministers on behalf of the monarch. Presidents use these powers to manage  or to resolve disputes. Although nothing in the Constitution specifically gave him the power to do it, George Washington used executive prerogative to declare neutrality in the 1790s dispute between Great Britain and France. Thomas Jefferson used it to make the Louisiana Purchase. Abraham Lincoln used it many times during the American Civil War.

## References
Soledad Giménez

**Soledad Giménez Muñoz**, also known as **Sole Giménez** (February 27, 1963 in Paris, Île-de-France) is a Spanish-French singer-songwriter. From 1983 until 2006, she was the leader of the jazz group Presuntos Implicados. Some of her best known songs are *Alma de blues*, *Mi pequeño tesoro*, and *Cómo hemos cambiado*.

Throughout her career, she has performed with such artists as Joaquín Sabina, María Dolores Pradera, Joan Manuel Serrat, Herbie Hancock, Milton Nascimento, Randy Crawford, Armando Manzanero, Pancho Céspedes, Ana Torroja, Miguel Ríos, Ana Belén, Revólver, Los Piratas, Los Sabandeños, Dúo Dinámico, and Enrique Heredia.

## Biography 
### Early life 
Giménez was born and raised in Paris, France, where she lived until she was 5 years old. In 1968, she moved to Yecla, Region of Murcia, Spain, where her parents were from. Today she lives with her family in Valencia, Spain. 

### Education 
In 1974, she became member of the Purisima's Basilica girls choir of Yecla.

In 1981, she moved to Valencia, where she began to study fine arts at Facultad de San Carlos. At that time, there were eleven people in the band.

As a professional singer, she was hired by the U.S. label RCA. Her first singles were *Miss Circuitos* and *Te voy a provocar*, and her first LP album was *Danzad, danzad malditos*.

In 2003, she left Presuntos Implicados and began her career as soloist. In 2004, she released her first solo album, *Ojalá*.

## Discography 
### With Presuntos Implicados 
### As soloist 
## References 
## Other websites
* Sole Giménez's website
Connecticut Compromise

The **Connecticut Compromise** (also known as the **Great Compromise of 1787** or '''Sherman's Compromise''') was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that  established a two-house legislature under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation in the lower house. It required the upper house, United States Senate, to have two members from each state. The lower house, or House of Representatives, would have representation based on the population of a state. 

The Virginia Plan would have created 3 branches of government and 2 houses in the legislative branch with the amount of representatives depending on the population of the state. The New Jersey Plan would have created 3 branches of government and 1 house in the legislative branch with a representative for each state. The Great Compromise (kind of a combination of the NJ Plan and VA Plan) has 2 representatives for each state, the Senate (upper house), and the House of Representatives, which depends on the population of each state.

## References
T2 phage

**T2 phage** is more properly called ***Enterobacteria phage T2***. It is a virulent bacteriophage which infects *Escherichia coli* bacteria. 
It contains linear double-stranded DNA, and is covered by a protective protein coat. T2 is a 'tailed phage', one of a group known as the 'T4-like viruses'.

The DNA of the phage is injected into *E. coli* cells. It quickly turns the *E. coli* cell into a T2-producing factory. New phages are released when the cell ruptures. 

The Hershey–Chase experiments, done by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, showed how the DNA of viruses is injected into the bacterial cells, while most of the viral proteins stay outside. The injected DNA molecules cause the bacterial cells to produce more viral DNA and proteins. These discoveries showed that DNA, rather than proteins, is the hereditary material.

## References
Ottava rima

**Ottava rima** is a stanza of eight lines with the rhyme-scheme a-b-a-b-a-b-c-c.

\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{c}-\mathrm{c}

Ottava rima is of Italian origin. It was used by many poets in Italy, Spain and Portugal in 15th and 16th centuries. Some of the poets to use this form were Ludovico Ariosto, Torquato Tasso, Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga and Luís Vaz de Camões. In England it was not so popular at that time. Later Lord Byron wrote *Don Juan* in ottava rima. An example can be found in Emma Lazarus's poetry:

: *Master and Sage, greetings and health to thee,*
: *From thy most meek disciple! Deign once more*
: *Endure me at thy feet, enlighten me,*
: *As when upon my boyish head of yore,*
: *Midst the rapt circle gathered round thy knee*
: *Thy sacred vials of learning thou didst pour.*
: *By the large lustre of thy wisdom orbed*
: *Be my black doubts illumined and absorbed.*

## References
## Bibliography 
*Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, *Art of Versification*. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.
Agnes Nixon

**Agnes Nixon** (December 10, 1922 - September 28, 2016) was an American actress, writer and producer. She was best known as the creator of soap operas, such as *All My Children*, *One Life to Live* and *Loving*. Nixon was also writer for *As the World Turns*. She was the head-writer for *Guiding Light* and *Another World*. Nixon was a  in including subjects that were socially  into daytime television.

## References
Cultured meat

**Cultured meat**, also called **cultivated meat**, is meat grown in cell culture instead of inside animals. It is a form of cellular agriculture.  Cultured meat is produced using many of the same tissue engineering s used in regenerative medicine. Until now, the cost to produce cultured meat has been extremely high. The first cultured burger , created by Dr. Mark Post at Maastricht University, was eaten in August 2013, at a demonstration for the press in London.

Cultured meat is believed to be something that can help solve concerns about the environment, animal welfare, food security, and human health.

## References
Uranium trioxide

**Uranium trioxide (UO3)**, also called **uranyl oxide**, **uranium(VI) oxide**, and **uranic oxide**, is an oxide of uranium. UO3 is a hexavalent oxide, which means that the uranium in the compound has an oxidation state of +6. It can be formed by heating uranyl nitrate to 400&nbsp;°C.

UO3 is a poisonous and slightly radioactive substance. It can be harmful if it is breathed in, ingested, or makes contact with skin.

## References
Umutsuz Ev Kadınları

**Umutsuz Ev Kadınları**, is a Turkish comedy drama TV series, based on the American comedy drama TV series Desperate Housewives.
Richard Aldington

**Richard Aldington** (8 July 1892 – 27 July 1962), born **Edward Godfree Aldington**, was an English writer and poet.

Aldington was known best for his World War I poetry and the 1929 novel, *Death of a Hero*. He was met with controversy from his 1955 *Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry*. His 1946 biography, *Wellington*, was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

He met the poet Hilda Doolittle in 1911 and they married two years later. They divorced in 1938.

Aldington joined the British Army in 1916. He served in the Royal Sussex Regiment. He was wounded on the Western Front.

## References
## Other websites
*
Horw

**Horw** (Swiss German: *Horb*) is a municipality in Lucerne-Land in the Swiss canton of Lucerne.

]]

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Horw
Arrondissement of Briançon

The **arrondissement of Briançon** is a French arrondissement in the Hautes-Alpes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Briançon.

## History
When the Hautes-Alpes department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Briançon was part of that original department.

## Geography
The *arrondissement* of Briançon is the most northern of the Hautes-Alpes department. It is bordered to the east by the Piedmont region (Italy), to the southeast by the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, to the south by the Gap *arrondissement*, to the west by the Drôme department and to the north by the Savoie department.

The *arrondissement* of Briançon is the smallest of the two *arrondissements* of the department both in area, , and population (35,752 inhabitants).

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

There are four cantons in the *arrondissement* of Briançon and all have their communes in the *arrondissement*:

# L'Argentière-la-Bessée (0501) (8 communes)
# Briançon-1 (0502) (9 communes and part of Briançon)
# Briançon-2 (0503) (3 communes and part of Briançon)
# Guillestre (0510) (16 communes)

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Briançon has 37 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

# Abriès (05001)
# Aiguilles (05003)
# L'Argentière-la-Bessée (05006)
# Arvieux (05007)
# Briançon (05023)
# Ceillac (05026)
# Cervières (05027)
# Champcella (05031)
# Château-Ville-Vieille (05038)
# Eygliers (05052)
# Freissinières (05058)
# La Grave (05063)
# Guillestre (05065)
# Molines-en-Queyras (05077)
# Le Monêtier-les-Bains (05079)
# Mont-Dauphin (05082)
# Montgenèvre (05085)
# Névache (05093)
# Puy-Saint-André (05107)
# Puy-Saint-Pierre (05109)
# Puy-Saint-Vincent (05110)
# Réotier (05116)
# Risoul (05119)
# Ristolas (05120)
# La Roche-de-Rame (05122)
# Saint-Chaffrey (05133)
# Saint-Clément-sur-Durance (05134)
# Saint-Crépin (05136)
# Saint-Martin-de-Queyrières (05151)
# Saint-Véran (05157)
# La Salle-les-Alpes (05161)
# Val-des-Prés (05174)
# Vallouise-Pelvoux (05101)
# Vars (05177)
# Les Vigneaux (05180)
# Villar-d'Arêne (05181)
# Villar-Saint-Pancrace (05183)

The *communes* with more inhabitants in the *arrondissement* are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Kriens

**Kriens** is a municipality in Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Kriens
Barre des Écrins

The **Barre des Écrins** is a mountain in the French Alps. It is the highest peak of the *Massif des Écrins* and of the Dauphiné Alps mountain range. It is in the Écrins National Park (), one of the ten French national parks.

It is the only mountain  or higher in France that is outside the Mont Blanc Massif. Before the annexation of Savoy, that was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860, it was the highest mountain in France.

## Geography
Barre des Écrins is in the northeast of the Hautes-Alpes department (commune of Pelvoux), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France.

The south side of the mountain is rocky while the soil of the north side is covered with ice because here starts a glacier, the *Glacier Blanc*.

Barre des Écrins is surrounded by four glaciers:
# *Glacier Blanc*, on the north side. It is  long.
# *Glacier Noir*; its northern part is on the southwestern side of the mountain. It is  long.
# *Glacier de la Pilatte*, or *Glacier du Vallon de la Pillate*, on the western side. It is short,  long, and divided now in three parts.
# *Glacier de Bonne Pierre*, to the northwest of the mountain. It is  long.

## History
The first recorded ascension of the peak was made on 25 June 1864 by the Englishmen Adolphus Warburton Moore, Horace Walker and Edward Whymper, guided by Michel Croz from Chamonix and Christian Almer from Switzerland.

William Auguste Coolidge, a mountain climber from United States made the first direct climb up the north side of the Barre des Ecrins in July 1870.

## References
## Other websites
* Barre des Écrins at Altituderando.com
Slime Rancher

***Slime Rancher*** is an first person life simulation game video game made by Monomi Park. The game was put on Steam Early Access on January 14, 2016, and released on August 1, 2017, supporting Windows, OS X, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.

## Gameplay 
The player controls a character called Beatrix LeBeau, a rancher who moves to another planet. The player must build their ranch to collect, raise and feed slimes who are Living creatures. The game is based around feeding slimes so they make "plorts" which the player can sell for Newbucks. Newbucks are used for lots of things like, upgrading the players ranch and Upgrading the player. The player uses their Vacpack which is used to store a certain amount of items.

### Favorite foods 
Different slimes have different favorite foods.  If you feed them their favorite foods they will drop more plorts.  All foods can be grown including meats such as hen hens and other types of poultry.  In order for you to grow meat you have to have a farm where the animals can reproduce.  All vegetation can be grown on your land along with the animals.

A sequel named Slime Rancher 2 is in early access.

## Reception 
Reviews of this game have talked highly of it for its joyful atmosphere and bright colors. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
Francisco de Sá de Miranda

**Francisco de Sá de Miranda** (28 August 1481 – 17 May 1558) was a Portuguese poet.

Sá de Miranda was the first author of Renaissance in Portugal. He was born in Coimbra. His best known poem is the sonnet ''O sol é grande, caem co'a calma as aves*. It was translated into English by John Adamson in *Lusitania illustrata''.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Aubrey F.G. Bell, Studies in Portuguese literature, B.H. Blackwell, Oxford 1914.
*
Alicia Machado

**Alicia Machado** (born December 6, 1976) is a Venezuelan-born American beauty pageant winner, singer and actress. She was Miss Universe 1996. She was the fourth woman from Venezuela to win the Miss Universe.

Before she was Miss Universe 1996, she was Miss Venezuela 1995.

In 2016, Machado became a United States citizen. Also in 2016, Machado spoke out against Donald Trump. She said that he had called her "Miss Piggy" because of her weight during her year as Miss Universe. She said that Trump also called her "Miss Housekeeping" because she was Latina.

## References
Gregorio Honasan

**Gregorio Ballesteros Honasan II**, better known as **Gringo Honasan**, is a retired Philippine Army officer. He led an unsuccessful coups d'état against President Corazon Aquino. He played a key role in the 1986 People Power Revolution that ended the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos.

President Fidel Ramos granted Honasan amnesty in 1992 for his actions against President Aquino. He entered politics and became a senator. In 2016 he ran unsuccessfully for vice president of the Philippines as Jejomar Binay's running-mate.

## References
Nur Misuari

**Nur Misuari**, born **Nurallaji Pinang Misuari**, is a Moro revolutionary and politician. He is the founder and leader of the Moro National Liberation Front.

## References
Ryder Cup

The **Ryder Cup** is a golf tournament. It is held between the United States and Europe every 2 years. 

The tournament was first held in 1927. The current venue is Hazeltine National Golf Club in Minnesota, USA.

## Other websites
*Official page
Indie game

An **indie game**, short for **independent video game** generally refers to a video game made by a single developer or small team without the support from a large video game company. Some indie games have become very successful like Minecraft. 

## Overview 
Indie game has no true definition, but has certain features, they are often made by one person or a small team, often smaller than mainstream titles, often not getting money from a publisher. But being without a publisher means that they have no-one telling them what they can and can't do, giving them much more freedom to make a game they want to make. But making a Indie game does not mean they have no publisher. Indie game developers often go to crowd-funding sites to help fund the game, but often make very little profit.

## History 
Indie games started on PCs 

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Creativity of Indie Video Games
Edwin Atherstone

(1829), inspired by Edwin Atherstone's poem]]
**Edwin Atherstone** (1788-1872) was an English writer, poet and playwright.

## Biography 
Edwin Atherstone was born in Nottingham on 17 April 1788. He was one of fifteenth children of Hugh Atherstone and Ann Green.

## References 
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource

## Bibliography 
* Herbert F. Tucker, ''Epic. Britain's Heroic Muse 1790-1910'', Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008.

## Other websites 
* Poems by Edwin Atherstone at PoemHunter.
Oscar Stanton De Priest

**Oscar Stanton De Priest** was an American Republican politician and civil rights advocate. He served as a U.S. Representative from the state of Illinois. During his three terms, he was the only African American serving in Congress.

De Priest proposed a law barring discrimination in the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The CCC was program of the New Deal to employ people across the country in building infrastructure. His proposal was made a law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

In 1929, De Priest made national news. First Lady Lou Hoover invited his wife, Jessie, to a traditional tea for congressional wives at the White House. In reaction several newspapers published a racist poem called *Niggers in the White House*. The poem was first published when Booker T. Washington dined with President Theodore Roosevelt.

## References
Littau

**Littau** was a municipality in Lucerne in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010, the former municipality of Littau merged into the city of Lucerne.

## Other websites
Malters

**Malters** is a municipality in the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Nevinnomyssk

**Nevinnomyssk** () is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia. It is occupies both bank (geography)s of the Kuban River at its confluence with the Bolshoy Zelenchuk River,  south of Stavropol. Population: 113,112 (2025); 132,141 (2002 Census); 92,000 (1973); 40,000 (1959).

## References