open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Keel-billed toucan

The **keel-billed toucan** (*Ramphastos sulfuratus*), also known as **sulfur-breasted toucan** or **rainbow-billed toucan**, is a colorful Latin American member of the toucan family. It is the national bird of Belize.

The keel-billed toucan can be found from Southern Mexico to Venezuela and Colombia.   

Like many toucans, keel-billed is a very social bird, rarely seen alone. It travels in small flocks of about six to twelve individuals through lowland rainforests. It is a poor flyer, and moves mostly by hopping through trees.

## Description 
]]
Including its bill, the keel-billed toucans ranges in length from around . Their large and colorful bill averages around .  This is about one-third of its length. It weighs about .  While the bill seems large and weighty, it is in fact a spongy, hollow bone covered in keratin, a very light and hard protein. 

The feathers of the keel-billed toucan are mostly black with a yellow neck and chest. Molting happens once per year. It has blue feet and red feathers at the tip of its tail. The bill is mostly green with a red tip and orange sides.

Keel-billed toucans have two toes that face forward and two that face back. Because toucans spend a large part of time in the trees, this helps the birds to stay on the branches of the trees and hop from one branch to another.

## Food and feeding 
Keel-billed toucans eat mostly a wide range of fruit, but may also eat insects, eggs, and reptiles.  When eating fruit, it uses its bill to take apart the fruit, and then tosses its head back to swallow the fruit whole.

### Breeding
The female keel-billed toucan lays  1-4  white eggs in a natural or already-made tree cavity. The male and female share in the caring of the eggs, both taking turns incubating. The eggs hatch about 15–20 days after being laid.  After hatching, the male and female take turns feeding the chicks.  When the chicks hatch, they have no feathers, and have their eyes closed for about 3 weeks. The chicks stay in their nest for eight to nine weeks while their bills develop fully.

## References
Kim Hwang-sik

**Kim Hwang-sik** (; ; born 9 August 1948) is a South Korean lawyer and politician. He is the Prime Minister of South Korea. Before he became Prime Minister, he was Chairperson of the Board of Audit and Inspection. He was born in Jangseong, studied law at Marburg University (Germany) and graduated from Seoul National University.
Once Caldas

**Corporación Deportiva Once Caldas** is a Colombian association football team, based in Manizales. In 2004 they won the Copa Libertadores de América, the main South American football competition.
Angela Fong

**Angela Carolyn Fong** (born February 3, 1985) is a Canadian former professional wrestler and actress. She is best known for her time at World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). She was known by the ring name **Miss Angela** during her time at Florida Championship Wrestling. She was later known by the name **Savannah** when she was the ring announcer for ECW on SyFy and the official ring announcer for season one of WWE NXT. Fong was also a cheerleader for the Canadian Football League's BC Lions.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Online World Of Wrestling profile
Boidae

**Boidae**, commonly known as **boa** or **boas**, is a family of nonvenomous snakes that includes the boa constrictor and anaconda. Most are found in America but some are in Africa, Europe, Asia and on some Pacific islands. Their common names are boas or boids. 

Adults are medium to large in size, with females usually larger than the males. There are two subfamilies with eight genera and 43 species. 

## References
Loquat

A **loquat** is a tropical fruit that grows on a tree. Since it is tropical, it will only grow in a warm, wet climate. It grows in Spain, Italy, Portugal, Turkey, Pakistan, India and Iran. 

Loquats are yellow or orange and contain large brown seeds.  People eat the skin or peel the fruit.
Bit (horse)

A **bit** is a type of equipment that is put in a horse's mouth to help control it. It is attached to a bridle to hold it on the horse's head, and to reins which the rider holds and allows them to control and cue the horse. The mouthpiece of the bit is the part that goes into the horses mouth. It is usually made of metal, but may also be made of plastic or rubber.

There are many different types of bits, including snaffles, pelhams, and curb bits. They all work a little differently. Some bits are "softer" than others, meaning that a pull on it is gentler to the horse than a "harsh" bit. For example, bits with a smooth mouthpiece are soften than those with a twisted mouthpiece. Bits are not cruel when used correctly, but a rider that pulls too hard can hurt a horse's mouth, especially if they use a harsh bit. If a rider is inexperienced, they should ride with a softer bit so when they make mistakes they do not hurt the horse. Experienced riders who can follow the horse's mouth as the horse moves and give very slight cues can use bits that are harsher. They have the skill to use the bits for very fine control over the horse, without hurting it. 

Certain bits are commonly used in certain horse activities. For example, western style riding usually uses a curb bit. English style usually uses a type of snaffle, although certain horses may be put in a different type of bit. Saddleseat riding and high levels of dressage riding use a double bridle. This is a bridle that holds 2 bits. Each bit works a little differently so the rider can cue the horse to do different things. The rider must ride with 2 reins in each hand. This requires the rider to be skilled so they can handle both reins without confusing the horse.
Niger Basin Authority

The **Niger Basin Authority** is an intergovernmental organisation in West Africa.  They manage and develop the resources of the basin of the Niger River. The group is called by both French and English acronyms, **NBA** or **ABN**.

The organisation was founded in 1964 as the **River Niger Commission**.  On 21 November 1980, it was refounded as the **Niger Basin Authority**.

Nine nations are members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Nigeria.  While a small area of Algeria is in the Niger Basin, it is not a member of the NBA. The organisation is based in Niamey.  They work in both French and English.

## References
French Dahomey

**Dahomey** was a French colony. It was part of French West Africa from 1904 to 1958. In 1947, Dahomey became part of the French Union and had more freedom. On 11 December 1958, the French Fifth Republic was started. The colony became the self-governing Republic of Dahomey. Two years later on 1 August 1960 the country had full independence. In 1975 it changed its name to Benin.
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

**Francophonie** is an international organization of politics and governments with French as the main language.  The countries have a large number of people who are francophones (French speakers), or where there is a notable affiliation with the French language or culture.

It used to be called the ***Organisation internationale de la francophonie*** (**OIF**) or the **International Organization of the Francophonie**. There are 56 member states and governments, 3 associate members, and 19 observers. The modern organization was created in 1970. Its motto is "equality, complementarity, and solidarity". Its present Secretary General is Louise Mushikiwabo since 2019

French geographer Onésime Reclus made the word *Francophonie* in 1880.  It is used to refer to the community of people and countries using the French language.

## References
Flag of Benin

The national **flag of Benin** was adopted in 1959. It was changed after the Marxist regime started in 1975.  When that regime ended the old design was reintroduced on August 1, 1990. The colours are the traditional Pan-African colours : green symbolizes hope, yellow symbolizes wealth and red symbolizes courage.
Community of Sahel-Saharan States

The **Community of Sahel-Saharan States** (CEN-SAD) aims to create a free trade area.

CEN-SAD was started in February 1998 by six countries.  Since then its membership has grown to 29. One of its main goals is to get economic unity through the free movement of people and goods.  This is to make the member states a free trade area.

## List of members 
**Founding members:**
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

**Countries that joined later:**
*  (1999)
*  (1999)
*  (2000)
*  (2000)
*  (2000)
*  (2001)
*  (2001)
*  (2001)
*  (2001)
*  (2001)
*  (2002)
*  (2002)
*  (2004)
*  (2004)
*  (2004)
*  (2005)
*  (2005)
*  (2007)
*  (2007)

## References
Coat of arms of Benin

**The coat of arms of Benin**, was introduced in 1964.  It was replaced in 1975.  Then it was readopted in 1990.

At the top of the emblem is the national crest that has two horns with corn in the ear and filled with sand.  These are to stand for prosperity.  Below the crest is a shield that has the actual coat of arms of Benin.  

The shield is broken into four quadrants.  The top left quadrant has a castle in the style of the Somba.  This is for the history of Benin.  In the top right quadrant, is the Star of Benin.  This is the highest award of the nation.  Below this is a ship, that stands for the arrival of Europeans in Benin.  In the lower left quadrant is a palm tree.

The shield is supported by a pair of leopards, the national animal of Benin.  Below the shield is the motto of Benin (Fellowship, Justice, Work) in French.
L'Aube nouvelle

"'''L'Aube Nouvelle'''" is the national anthem of Benin. In English, the name is "The Dawn of a New Day". It was written and composed by Gilbert Jean Dagnon. It was adopted when the Republic of Dahomey became independent from France in 1960.

When Dahomey became Benin in 1975, the anthem was kept, with small changes to the words to fit the new name of the country.

## Lyrics 
### French original 
### In local languages 
## References
Mont Sokbaro

**Mont Sokbaro** is the highest point of Benin.  The altitude is . It is on the border between Benin and Togo.
John Lawrence

Sir **John Laird Mair Lawrence**, 1st Baron Lawrence, GCB, GCSI, PC (4 March 1811 – 27 June 1879), better known as **Lawrence of the Punjab**  was a famous British colonial officer, administrator and statesman in British India. He had the distinction of serving as the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab and later Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869. He was the younger brother of Sir Henry Lawrence. 

The Lawrence Gardens, Lahore (now renamed *Bagh i Jinnah*) were originally named after John Lawrence.
People's Republic of Benin

The '''People's Republic of Benin''' was a socialist state in the Gulf of Guinea on the African continent.  It became present-day Benin. The People's Republic was started on November 30, 1975, after the 1972 coup d'état in the Republic of Dahomey. It lasted until March 1, 1990, with a new constitution.  The end of Marxism-Leninism in the nation was in 1989.

## References
Pendjari National Park

The **Pendjari National Park** is in north western Benin.  It is next to the Arli National Park in Burkina Faso.  It is named for the Pendjari River.  The national park is known for its wildlife and is home to some of the last populations of big game like elephants, West African lions, hippopotamuses, buffalo and various antelopes in West Africa. The Park is also famous for its variety of birds.

The Pendjari National Park has an area of 2755 square kilometres. The park is part of the WAP complex.  The WAP complex is the W, Arli and Pendjari parks. This is a large protected area in Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger.
Nkroful

**Nkroful** is a village in Ghana. The village is known because it was the birthplace of Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana who led the country to independence from the United Kingdom. He is also buried there. 

The local language spoken in Nkroful is the Akan language dialect Nzema but Fante is also spoken.
Mazie Hirono

**Mazie Keiko Hirono** (born November 3, 1947) is an American politician.  She is best known as the first Asian-American woman elected to the US Senate.

## Early life
Hirono was born in Fukushima, Japan.  At the age of 8, she emigrated to Hawaii with her mother.  She became a US citizen in 1959.

## Career
Hirono was elected three times to the US House of Representatives.  She was a member of Congress for Hawaii's 2nd congressional district before she was elected to the US Senate in 2012.

## References
African Petroleum Producers Association

**African Petroleum Producers Association** is an organisation of African countries that produce petroleum. It was founded in 1986. The headquarters of the organisation are in Brazzaville in the Congo.

## Membership 
The members of the African Petroleum Producers Association:

## References
Cult suicide

In a **cult suicide**, all members of a cult kill themselves.  Often, these are arranged mass suicides where all (or nearly all) members kill themselves at the same time and place.

Mass suicides among members of Heaven's Gate, Order of the Solar Temple, and the Peoples Temple have been called cult suicides. There have also been other cults (like the Filippians ) which supported mass suicide, but did not encourage all of its members to kill themselves.

## References
## Related pages
* Destructive cult
* Doomsday cult
* Mass suicide
* Puputan

## Other websites
* "Global charts" World Health Organisation
* "The Creativity Movement"  ReligiousTolerance.org
* "From Silver Lake to Suicide: One Family's Secret History of the Jonestown Massacre"  by Barry Isaacson
Destructive cult

A **destructive cult** is a cult or other religious movement which has caused harm to its members or other people, or which will likely do so. 

## Definitions 
Scholars do not agree on what *harm* really means in this context. For most researchers, it includes *physical harm*, so organisations who injure or kill their members qualify.

Some researchers also include mental abuse in this notion of harm. For example, Steven Hasaan wrote:A destructive cult is a pyramid-shaped authoritarian regime with a person or group of people that have dictatorial control. It uses deception in recruiting new members (for example, people are not told up front what the group is, what the group actually believes and what will be expected of them if they become members). Psychologist Michael Langone defines a destructive cult as "a highly manipulative group which exploits and sometimes physically and/or psychologically damages members and recruits". 

Lifton's "Eight criteria for thought reform" are also criteria to identify a destructive cult.

## Criticism 
The use of the term "destructive cult" has been criticised. According to some researchers, the term has been used to describe groups which are not necessarily harmful to themselves or others. The term may be used too widely, and equated with the deaths of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown.  

Others complain that the term has been used to discredit groups. Lorne L. Dawson writes that though the Unification Church "has not been shown to be violent or volatile," it has been described as a destructive cult by "anticult crusaders".

The German Federal Constitutional Court ruled in 2002 that the German government defamed the Osho movement by referring to it, among other things, as a "destructive cult". The court decided that "destructive cult" and other expressions employed by the government to describe the group had no factual basis to justify their use.

## References
Spring (device)

models the properties of springs for small changes in length]]
 or *coil* springs designed for tension]]

A **spring** is a device typically made of metal, usually steel.

The metal can be compressed (squeezed). When the compression force is removed, the spring returns to its original length. The metal is usually spring steel, and it is wound tightly. There is lot of varitions with size and type, example some springs have designed for pulling, not pushing. Gas-springs are often used with vehicles tailgate.

## History
Simple non-coiled springs were used throughout human history e.g., the bow. In the Bronze Age more advanced spring devices were used, as shown by the spread of tweezers in many cultures. Ctesibius of Alexandria developed a method for making bronze with spring-like characteristics by producing an alloy of bronze with an increased proportion of tin, and then hardening it by hammering after it is cast.

Coiled springs appeared early in the 15th century, in door locks.  The first spring powered-clocks appeared in that century. They evolved into the first large watches by the 16th century.

In 1676 British physicist Robert Hooke discovered the principle behind springs' action, that the force it exerts is proportional to its extension, now called Hooke's law.

## References
Richard Hildreth

**Richard Hildreth** (June 28, 1807 – July 11, 1865), was an American journalist, author and historian.  He is best known for writing his six-volume *History of the United States of America, 1849-1853.*

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Hildreth, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 270 works in 870+ publications in 11 languages and 12,800+ library holdings. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* *Archy Moore, the white slave; or, Memoirs of a fugitive,* 1836
* *The history of banks; to which is added a demonstration of the advantages and necessity of free competition in the business of banking,* 1837 
* *Theory of morals an inquiry concerning the law of moral distinctions and the variations and contradictions of ethical codes,* 1844
* *Theory of politics; an inquiry into the foundations of governments and the causes and progress of political revolutions.* 1853 
* *Despotism in America: an inquiry into the nature, results, and legal basis of the slave-holding system in the United States,* 1854 
* *The history of the United States of America,* 1854 
* *Japan as it was and is,* 1855

## References
## Further reading
* Emerson, Donald E. (1946). *Richard Hildreth* Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
George H. Kerr

**George H. Kerr** (November 7, 1911 &ndash; August 27, 1992), also known in Taiwan as 葛超智 (or 柯喬治), was an American diplomat, author and academic.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Kerr, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 270 works in 870+ publications in 11 languages and 12,800+ library holdings. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*

* *Du Pont romance, a reminiscent narrative of E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and company,* 1938
* *Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945,* 1953 
* *Okinawa, the history of an island people,* 1958
* *Formosa betrayed,* 1965 
* *Formosa: licensed revolution and the home rule movement, 1895-1945,* 1974
* *Bibliography of the Ryukyus,* 1961 
* 琉球文献目錄 (*Bibliography of the Ryukyus*), 1962
* *The Taiwan confrontation crisis,* 1985

## Notes
## Other websites
* George H. Kerr Papers at the Online archive of California
* Formosa Betrayed full text in PDF
George Kerr

**George Kerr** may mean

* George H. Kerr, American diplomat, author and academic
* George Kerr (athlete), Olympic athlete from the British West Indies
W National Park

The **W Regional Park** is a major national park in West Africa.  It is formed around a meander in the River Niger shaped like a "W". The park includes areas of the three countries Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso.

The W National Park of Niger was formed by decree on 4 August 1954.  In 1996 it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  

In the three nations, the Regional park covers about 10,000&nbsp;km².  Almost no people live in this area.

## Fauna
The park is known for its large mammals, including aardvarks, baboons, buffalo, caracal, cheetahs, elephants, hippopotamuses, leopards, lions, serval and warthogs.  The park has a home for some of West Africa's last wild African Elephants. The W Park used to have packs of the endangered Painted Hunting Dog.  The National Park is one of the last strongholds for the Northwest African cheetah. There is a small but increasing population of at least 15-25 animals of this rare cat in the park.  

The W area is also known for its bird populations.  There are over 350 species identified in the park.

## References
## Other websites
New religious movement

A **new religious movement** is a religious or spiritual group that developed after the 19th century. These groups are usually small and have short histories. They are not mainstream religions.

According to Encyclopedia Britannica: "The term *new religious movement* has been applied to all new faiths that have arisen worldwide over the past several centuries."

## Characteristics 
In most new religious movements:
*Most people in the movement converted from another religion.
*The members are all part of the same social group (for example, the new middle class).
*There is a charismatic leader.

## Names 
New religious movements have also been called sects and cults. These terms are problematic, though, because they have a negative .  

New religious movements that have been called cults include Scientology, Transcendental Meditation, Unification Church, Family International (also called *Children of God)*, the Branch Davidians, Heaven's Gate and Wicca. 

## References
Richard Mason

**Richard Mason** may refer to:

* Richard Mason (historian), also known as R.H.P. Mason
* Richard Mason (novelist), English author of *The World of Suzie Wong*
Richard Mason (novelist)

**Richard Mason** (16 May 1919-13 October 1997) was a British novelist and screenwriter.  He is best known for writing *The World of Suzie Wong*. The book was adapted into a Broadway play in 1958.  Mason's work became the basis for the 1960 film starring William Holden and Nancy Kwan.

Among Mason's film screenplays was *At Town Like Alice*. His work was nominated for the 1956 BAFTA British screenplay award.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Mason, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 20+ works in 180+ publications in 15 languages and 1,400+ library holdings. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* *The Wind Cannot Read,* 1946
* *The Shadow and the Peak,* 1949
* *The World of Suzie Wong,* 1957
* *The Passionate Summer,* 1958
* *The Fever Tree,* 1962

## References
## Other websites
* Richard Mason at IMDb
Jacques Prévert

**Jacques Prévert** (; 4 February 1900 – 11 April 1977) was a French poet and screenwriter. who wrote the screnario of *Les Enfants du Paradis*.

His parents were André Prévert and Suzanne Catusse. **Jacques Prévert** was married to Simone Dienne (1925 – 1946) then divorced and remarried to Janine Tricotet (1947 – 1977).

## References
## Other websites
* Prévert, Jacques, 1900-1977 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) 
* 
* Podcast: Audio reading of the poem "Barbara"  
* http://vieadeux.biotope.ca/?p=63
Slave Coast

The **Slave Coast** was a name for the coastal areas of present Togo, Benin (formerly Dahomey) and western Nigeria.  This is a fertile region of coastal Western Africa along the Bight of Benin.  In pre-colonial times it was one of the most densely populated parts of Africa. It was one of the most important places for the Atlantic slave trade from the early 16th century to the 19th century.

The slave trade became so large in the 18th and 19th centuries that an “Atlantic community” was formed. Slaves went to the New World, mostly to Brazil and the Caribbean. Ports that exported these slaves from Africa include Ouidah, Lagos, Aného (Little Popo), Grand-Popo, Agoué, Jakin, Porto-Novo, and Badagry.

Researchers think that between 2 and 3 million slaves were exported out of this region.  They were traded for goods like alcohol and tobacco from the Americas and textiles from Europe. Religions, architectural styles, languages, knowledge, and other new goods were mixed at this time.

After slavery was ended by European countries, the slave trade continued for a time with independent traders (instead of government agents).

## Notes
## References
*Law, Robin. The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550-1750: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991.
*Law, Robin and Kristin Mann. “African and American Atlantic Worlds.” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., 56:2 Apr. 1999, pp307–334.
*Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2nd Edition, MacMillan Publishers Limited, NY USA 2005.
*St Clair, William. The Door of No Return: The History of Cape Coast Castle and the Atlantic Slave Trade. BlueBridge.
Acephalgic migraine

of *Acephalgic migraine*;head pain is not.]]
An **Acephalgic migraine**( also known as a 'Silent migraine') is a kind of migraine without the head pain.  Acephalgic is Latin for "without head pain"). Most kinds of migraines start before a person is 30-years-old but this kind of migraine usually starts sometime during middle-age, which is after 40-years-old, and becomes more common as a person gets older. Unlike other migraines, males have Acephalgic migraines more often then women do.

An acephalgic migraine may cause *neurologic dysfunction* in some people, which is when parts of the brain does not function right, and causes different kinds of problems, such as seeing flashing lights or having blind spots, where nothing can be seen. These kinds of *neurologic dysfunction* are known as an aura.

## References
Anal stricture

s; usually after surgery to remove hemohorrhoids.]]
**Anal stricture** (also called *anal stenosis*) is a medical problem that is not common; it may be *congenital* (a baby is born with a medical problem), but usually if it does happen it is after *anorectal surgery*, which is surgery in the area of the rectum and anus. This may cause *stricture* (when a passage in the body becomes too narrow) of the anal canal, which leads to hard or painful bowel movements.   When anal stenosis does occur it is usually after a *hemorrhoidectomy,* which is the surgical removal of hemorrhoids; this is the cause in 90% of cases of anal stenosis.

Mild stenosis can be treated with stool softeners or fiber (which come from plant foods) supplements (in pill or powder form). When the narrowing of the anal canal is not too much, an operation called a *sphincterotomy* can be done to correct the problem. This is an operation done on the internal anal sphincter muscle, a round muscle inside the anal canal.  In cases where the anal canal becomes very narrow, an operation called an *anoplasty* is done. This is *reconstructive surgery* (also known as *plastic surgery*) of the anus.

## References
Zinc finger

**Zinc finger nucleases** (or **ZFN**) was a tool used to target genes and change DNA. It was one of three methods of changing the genome with engineered nucleases. It is now superseded. The zinc atom binds the proteins and makes them more stable. ZFNs bind to DNA base pairs. One zinc finger can bind about 3 base pairs by itself.   

### ZFN function 
Zinc finger nucleases are made with 3-6 zinc fingers. ZFNs have two important domains: a DNA-binding domain and a DNA-cleavage domain. The DNA-cleavage domain uses an enzyme called *Fokl* that breaks DNA. 

ZFN’s can only change DNA sequences they are designed for. The DNA-binding domain binds to a specific DNA sequence. Two ZFN’s designed for the same DNA sequence are needed change one gene. The DNA-binding domains bind to both strands on the DNA double helix. DNA-cleaving domains break the DNA strand and cut the gene base pairs out. Cells fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair. Deletion mutations result from missing base pairs after DNA repair. 

The length of target gene sequence can also be specified. A minimum of 9 base pairs can be changed using 3 zinc fingers. This is useful for removing and inserting very short DNA sequences and determining their effect on the target gene. Also large sequences can be changed using more than one ZFN. 

## Use of ZFNs
ZFNs were used to discover gene functions in many genetics studies. ZFNs could be used to change DNA on any species. Another feature of ZFNs is that they can be used *in vivo* (in living organisms). They were used on model organisms: plants, insects, and fish. 

### Problems using ZFNs 
The biggest issue with ZFNs was accidentally altering genes besides the target gene. A ZFN must be made to find the right base pairs on the target gene. These base pairs are chosen so only the target gene will have them. DNA-cleavage domains work on any DNA sequence so binding to a wrong gene sequence will change it instead. ZFNs that knock out base pairs for more than one gene are not considered accurate.

## Superseded 
ZFNs have now been superseded by techniques called CRISPR. Crisper techniques are easier to use, less costly and have a much wider range of uses.

## References
Mughal dynasty

The **Mughal dynasty** (; ) was an Indian imperial dynasty, which comprised the members of the imperial **House of Babur** (; ), also known as the **Gurkanis** (; ). They ruled the Mughal Empire from  to 1857.

The Mughals are a branch of the Timurid dynasty. The emperors are generally categorised as either one of the early Great Mughals or the later Lesser Mughals.

## Early or Great Mughals
* Babur (reigned 1526-1530), who founded the dynasty
* Humayun (r: 1530–1540, then interregnum, then back in 1555-1556)
* Akbar the Great (1556-1605)
* Jahangir (1606-1627)
* Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
* Aurangzeb *Alamgir* (1658-1707), who brought the dynasty to its historical zenith

## Later or Lesser Mughals
* Shah Alam Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712)
* Jahandar Shah (1712-1713)
* Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719)
* Muhammad Shah *Rangeela* (1719-1748)
* Ahmad Shah (1748-1754)
* Alamgir II (1754-1759)
* Shah Alam II (1759-1806)
* Akbar (Shah) II (1806-1837)
* Bahadur Shah Zaffar II (1837-1858), the last emperor, deposed by the British

## Related pages
*Timurid dynasty

## References
D. H. Lawrence

**David Herbert Lawrence** (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer. He was born in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire. He wrote under the pen name **D. H. Lawrence**. He wrote *Sons and Lovers*, *The Rainbow*, *Odour of Chrysanthemums*, *The Virgin and The Gypsy*, *Women in Love* and ''Lady Chatterley's Lover''. He died of tuberculosis in Vence, France.

He also did some poetry and one of his poems was "Last Lesson of the Afternoon."
Corps of Guides

The **Corps of Guides** was a regiment of the British Indian Army which was formed and served mostly in the North-West Frontier Province of British India. It had a unique composition of being part infantry and part cavalry.

The idea for raising such a body of troops was Sir Henry Lawrence's. He appointed a young officer,  Lt. Harry Lumsden as its commandant and on 6 February 1847 Lumsden took over his famous command. The class or tribal composition of the men recruited for 'The Guides' was mostly of Pathans of the region. The headquarters of the Guides was at Mardan (now in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan). 

After 1947 and the independence of Pakistan, the Guides regiment became part of the Pakistan Army. Its infantry section was incorporated into the Frontier Force Regiment while its cavalry side became the Guides Cavalry.
Wah Cantonment

**Wah Cantonment**, also known as **Wah** or **Wah Cantt** (Punjabi, Urdu: واہ) is a city in the Rawalpindi District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a military garrison city that sprung up around the Pakistan Ordnance Factory and a cantonment with Pakistan Army barracks and other facilities. It has a proper market, hospital, schools, colleges and other civic facilities, and many areas for people to live. 

It is near the much older Wah village, along the Grand Trunk Road  (GT Road). Wah villiage is a small but scenic and historical place. It is the birthplace of a famous Punjabi leader and statesman, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, Khattar.
Louis Cullen

**Louis Michael Cullen** (born 1932) is an Irish diplomat, academic, historian, author and Japanologist.  He is Professor of Modern Irish History at Trinity College in Dublin.

## Early life
Cullen's family came from New Ross in County Wexford. He earned a Master's degree at University College Galway.  he was awarded a doctorate at the London School of Economics. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* *Anglo-Irish Trade 1600-1800,* 1968
* *The Formation of the Irish Economy,* 1969
* *An Economic History of Ireland Since 1660,* 1972
* ''Négoce et industrie en France et en Irlande aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: actes du Colloque franco-irlandais d'histoire, Bordeaux, mai, 1978,* 1980
* *The Emergence of Modern Ireland 1600-1900,* 1981
* *The Hidden Ireland: Reassesment of a Concept,* 1988
* *Hidden Ireland: Reassessment of a Concept,* 1988
* *Culture et pratiques politiques en France et en Irlande XVIe-XVIIIe siècle: actes colloque de Marseille 28 septembre-2 octobre 1988,* 1990 
* *A History of Japan 1582-1941: Internal and Eexternal Worlds,''  2003

## Notes
## Other websites
* Cullen, L.M. (Louis M.) at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Louis Cavagnari

Sir **Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari**,  KCB CSI (1841–1879), was a British military administrator in British India. He was the son of Count Louis Adolphus Cavagnari, from Parma, Italy, 

He later obtained naturalization as a British citizen, and entered the military service of the East India Company.In 1861 he was appointed an assistant commissioner in the Punjab region of British India, and in 1877 became deputy commissioner of Peshawar (now in Pakistan) and took part in several expeditions against the Pathan tribes.

In September 1878 he was attached to the staff of a British mission to Kabul, Afghanistan, which the Afghans refused to accept on their soil. In May 1879, after the British-Indian forces had invaded Afghanistan, and the death of Afghan Emir Sher, Cavagnari negotiated and signed the Treaty of Gandamak with Sher Ali's son and successor, Yaqub Khan. With this treaty, the Afghans agreed to admit a British representative to Kabul. The post was conferred on Cavagnari. He took up his residence in July 1879. However, on 3 September 1879, Cavagnari and the other European members of the mission, along with their guards who were made up of soldiers of the Corps of Guides, were killed after Afghan troops mutinied against them.
Veterinary medicine

by an army veterinarian]]
**Veterinary medicine** is a branch of medicine that deals with the health of animals. It is the study and practice of preventing, diagnosing and treating disease and injuries in animals. Veterinary medicine covers all species of animals, including both domesticated animals and wild animals.

People who study and practice veterinary medicine professionally are called veterinarians (often known as "vets").

Veterinary science tries to help human health by monitoring and controlling zoonotic diseases (infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans).

## Related pages
* Animal welfare
* Zoology
Shōtōkai

is a martial arts organisation  to teach and spread the art of karate.  Gichin Funakoshi was the leader who was most responsible for its beginning in 1936.

## References
## Other websites 
* Shotokai Encyclopedia
* *Karate-do shotokai* Europe (KDSE)
* *Nihon Karate-do shotokai*, Japan
Ryan O'Marra

'''Ryan O'Marra''' (born June 9, 1987) is a Japanese-born Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a 33 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.

O'Marra was drafted 15th overall in the 2005 NHL Entry draft by the New York Islanders but never played a game with them although he did play 8 games with their AHL farm team, Bridgeport Sound Tigers. O'Marra was born in Tokyo, Japan to Irish Canadian parents. He moved to Canada when he was one year old.

On March 26, 2015, O'Marra announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Doomsday cult

A **doomsday cult** is a new religious movement or cult that says that the world is about to end. According to these cults, the world's end will be a , and the only way to be saved is by joining the group and by doing what it says.  

John Lofland first used the term in 1966, in a study of the Unification Church. Some researchers believe that the term should not be used by mass media or by governments, because it will reinforce the beliefs of the respective group, and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. 

## Examples 
Examples of groups said to be doomsday cults include the Peoples Temple, Aum Shinrikyo, and the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God.  

### The People's Temple 
''See the main articles: The People's Temple and Jim Jones''

The People's Temple was a doomsday cult founded by Jim Jones in 1955. He took a group of his followers to Guyana to start a new society. However, according to one source:Jonestown sounded more like a slave camp than a religious center. There was talk of beatings, forced labor and imprisonments, the use of drugs to control behavior, suspicious deaths, and even rehearsals for a mass suicide.In the fall of 1978, United States Congressman Leo Ryan traveled to Guyana to investigate these allegations. Cult leaders murdered him; then, before the murder could be found out, Jim Jones ordered all 900 members at the compound to drink beverage with cyanide in it.Surrounded by armed guards, residents were given a choice: They could die by bullet or they could die by poison. Life was never an option.Over 900 men, women, and children died in this massive murder-suicide.  

### The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments 
In Uganda, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments predicted the world would end on the 31st December 1999.  When this did not happen, people in the movement became skeptical. They had donated property to the church leader, and wanted it back.   

At a religious service on 17th March 2000, the church where the service was held was lit on fire, and 530 people died.  During the inquiry, the police found other people dead at the properties owned by the movement. These individuals had likely been poisoned. In total, over 1000 people had died. The leader of the movement survived, and has not been seen since then.  

### Others 
Followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh have used of salmonella as a poison. 

## References
Kumagaya

is a Japanese city in Saitama Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

It has been  as a special city since 2009.

The city has an estimated population of 153,392 (as of 1 June 2012) and the density of  1,270.8 people per km².
 
## Geography
Kumagaya has a total area is 159.88&nbsp;km².

## References
## Other websites
* Kumagaya City website
Palin, Arunachal Pradesh

**Palin** is a hillstation town in the Kurung Kumey district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is inhabited by Nyishi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. It has a population of around 20,000 (2011 census).

The town has an average elevation of .

## Climate
Palin has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are warm with very high rainfall. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. It has very hilly and high geographical terrain. Most of time it is covered by clouds. The area is windy in nature.

## Culture
Palin and the areas around it are mainly populated by people of the Nyishi tribe. Nyokum, an agricultural festival of the Nyishis, is the main festival celebrated in the town. Beside Nyokum, Christmas,Diwali and Dusherra are also celebrated with great pomp and Joy.

The town's has a Roman Catholic church called the Holy Rosary Church. It was consecrated by the Bishop of Itanagar. It reflects the extensive Christian influence and provides good views of Palin and the surrounding countryside.

## Places of Interest
**Holy Rosay Catholic Churh** is one of largest Catholic Church in the state. It is located at the hilltop in the town.

**Palin river** one of the tributaries of River Subansiri flows through this town .The river ideal for river rafting,fishing and for picnics.

From here tourist places like Ziro, Parshuram Kund(in Lohit), Malinithan(in Siang), Bhishmak Nagar (in Dibang Valley) are also easily accessible by roads.

## Demographics
 India census, Palin has a population of 11251.
The Nyishis are the indegenious inhabitants of the area.

## Communication
Palin is situated at mid-northern part of Arunachal Pradesh. The District Highway connect Palin to the other part of Arunachal and India. Regular Bus and Tata sumo services are available from Itanagar, Ziro etc. 

## References
## Other websites 
*PALIN by India travel portal
*1962 Border War between India and China(Henderson brook report) 
*Contact List for all Important Government Officials in Itanagar Includes Police, Telephone, Electricity and more
Jeffrey Mass

**Jeffrey Paul Mass** (June 29, 1940 – March 30, 2001) was an American academic, historian, author and Japanologist.  He was Yamato Ichihashi Professor of Japanese History at Stanford University.

## Early life
Mass was born in New York City in 1940. He earned a BA degree in history from Hamilton College in 1961. He received his PhD. in history from Yale University in 1971.

## Career
Mass joined the Stanford University faculty in 1973.  He became a full professor in 1981. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* *Warrior government in early medieval Japan: a study of the Kamakura Bakufu, shugo and jitō,* 1974
* *The Kamakura bakufu: a study in documents,* 1976
* *The development of Kamakura rule, 1180-1250: a history with documents,* 1979
* *Court and Bakufu in Japan: essays in Kamakura history,* 1982 
* *The Bakufu in Japanese history,* 1985
* *Lordship and inheritance in Early Medieval Japan: a study of the Kamakura Soryō system,* 1989
* *Antiquity and anachronism in Japanese history,* 1992
* ''The origins of Japan's medieval world: courtiers, clerics, warriors, and peasants in the fourteenth century,* 1997 
* *Yoritomo and the founding of the first Bakufu: the origins of dual government in Japan,'' 1999

## References
## Other websites
* Mass, Jeffrey P., 1940-2001 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) 
* Jeffrey P. Mass, 1940-2001 at MeijiGakuin.ac.jp
Birdy (singer)

**Jasmine van den Bogaerde** (born 15 May 1996), also known by her stage name **Birdy**,  is an English singer-songwriter and musician. 

## Early life
Birdy was born on 15 May 1996, in Lymington, England. Her father is Rupert Oliver Benjamin van den Bogaerde, a writer; her mother is Sophie Patricia (née Roper-Curzon). At an early age, she listened to classical music. Her parents were married in 1995 and have two other children: Jake, born in 1997, and Caitlin in 1999. She also has two elder half-brothers, Moses and Sam, from her father's first marriage.

## Career
Birdy won the music competition Open Mic UK in 2008, at the age of 12. Her version of Bon Iver's "Skinny Love" was successful, peaking inside the top twenty of the charts in her native United Kingdom and in some other European countries. Her eponymous first album *Birdy* was released on 7 November 2011. the album peaked at No. 13 in the UK and in the top 5 in France, Belgium and the Netherlands and number 1 in Australia. Her second album *Fire Within *was released 23 September 2013 in the UK. 

Birdy's music has appeared in the movies and on the soundtracks of *The Hunger Games* (2012), *Brave* (2012), *The Fault in Our Stars* (2014), *Beyond the Lights* (2014) and *The Edge of Seventeen* (2016).

## References 
## Other websites
*
Staphylococcal infection

]]

A **staphylococcal infection** (also called **staph infection**) is an infection caused by a *Staphylococcus* bacterium. Staphylococcus can cause many different infections. It can also cause food poisoning.

## *Staphylococcus aureus*
*Staphylococcus aureus* is a staphylococcus bacterium that can cause dangerous or even fatal diseases. Because *Staphylococcus aureus* can live on dry surfaces, such as doorknobs or tables, for longer than most bacteria, someone can get sick from *Staphylococcus aureus* from touching one of those surfaces if someone with a staphylococcal infection has touched it even if there is nobody who has a staphylococcal infection near them. *Staphylococcus aureus* can also cause toxic shock syndrome by releasing toxins into the bloodstream.

### Methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*
Methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus* is *Staphylococcus aureus* that is not cured by the antibiotic Methicillin or any other penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics. This is called antibiotic resistance. Because penicillin and cephalosporin are the most important drugs that doctors use to treat *Staphylococcus aureus* infections, doctors may not be able to cure people with MRSA.

## Types of staph infections
## Other *Staphylococcus* bacteria
Other *Staphylococcus* bacteria can cause infections, including *Staphylococcus epidermidis* and *Staphylococcus saprophyticus*. *Staphylococcus epidermidis* is a bacterium that is normally on the skin. If someone has a disease that makes his or her immune system work badly, this bacterium might give him or her an infection. *Staphylococcus saprophyticus* can cause urinary tract infections in women.
Richard Mason (historian)

**Richard Henry Pitt Mason** (3 March 1934 – 27 June 2009), also known as **R.H.P. Mason**, was an Australian academic, historian and Japanologist.  He was a professor at the Australian National University in Canberra.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Mason, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 10+ works in 50+ publications in 5 languages and 1,900+ library holdings. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* *A history of Japan,* 1972 (with J.G. Caiger)
* ''Japan's first general election, 1890,* 1962
* *Saigyō,* 1979 
* 日本の第一回総選挙, 1973 
* 日本の歴史, 1997 
* *A map guide to Japan,'' 1968

## References
## Other websites
* Mason, R.H.P at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Gichin Funakoshi

was the founder of Shotokan, which is the most widely known school or style of karate.  He is known as the "father of modern karate".

Funakoshi died on 26 April 1957 in Tokyo of colon cancer, aged 88.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Funakoshi, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 60+ publications in 8 languages and 1,800+ library holdings. 
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* 唐手術: 錬胆護身, 1925 
* 空手道教範, 1935 
* 空手道一路, 1956
* *Karate-Do Kyohan: The Master Text,* 1973
* *The Twenty Guiding Principles of Karate: The Spiritual Legacy of the Master,* 1975
* *Karate-Do: My Way of Life,* 1975
* *Karate-Do Nyumon: The Master Introductory Text.* 1988
* *Karate Jutsu: The Original Teachings of Master Funakoshi,* 2001
* *The Essence of Karate,* 2010

## References
## Other websites
* Funakoshi, Gichin, 1870-1956 at Virtual International Authority File
Brian Cox (actor)

**Brian Denis Cox**, CBE (born 1 June 1946) is a Scottish actor who is best known for his roles in *Manhunter*, *Rushmore*, *X2*, *Troy*, and in *RED*. He has won an Emmy Award and an BAFTA Award. In 2018, he began playing Logan Roy in the television series *Succession*.

Cox was born on 1 June 1946 in Dundee, Scotland. He studied at the Dundee Repertory Theatre and at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Cox was married to Caroline Burt from 1968 until they divorced in 1986. He married Nicole Ansari in 2002. With Burt, he had four children, two who were stillborn. With Ansari, he has two sons.

## References
 cox voiced Emperor Nero for heirloom audios production adaptation of G.A henty's beric the Briton to radio. He has also appeared in Braveheart, rob Roy and bourne identity.

## Other websites
*
Mizo National Front

**Mizo National Front (MNF)** is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. It held a major uprising in 1966. In 1986, it signed the Mizo Accord with the Government of India, ending the violence.

## References
Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher

**Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Fürst von Wahlstatt** (; December 16, 1742 – September 12, 1819) was a Prussian general who went to war against Napoleon. A bust in the German Walhalla temple near Regensburg was sculpted in his honour.

For his military service, a statue was built in his name in Breslau (now Warsaw).

## References
## Other websites 
*von Blucher at thefreedictionary.com
João Goulart

**João Belchior Marques Goulart** (March 1, 1918 – December 6, 1976) was the 24th President of Brazil. He was deposed by a coup d'état in April 1, 1964.

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