open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Marashiyan

]]
**Marashiyan** or **Marashis** (in Mazandarani language: مرعشیون) is one of the Arab dynasties in Iran. Marashiyan ruled from 1359 to 1582 in Tabarestan (northern Iran). This is Islamic government. Mirbozorg is founder of the Marashiyans.

## References 
* Marʿas̲h̲is

## Other websites
Henry IV

**Henry IV** could mean:
*Henry IV of England (1367–1413), English king
**Henry IV, Pt. 1*, a play by William Shakespeare
**Henry IV, Pt. 2*, a play by William Shakespeare, sequel to the one above
*Henry IV of France (1553–1610), French king
*Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1050–1106), German king and Holy Roman Emperor
*Henry IV Probus (c. 1258–1290), a Silesian duke
Afrikaner nationalism

Broederbond in 1918.]]

**Afrikaner nationalism** (Afrikaans: *Afrikanernasionalisme*) is an ethnonationalist ideology originated in 19th-century South Africa among a White South African ethnic group called the Afrikaners, who descended from Dutch settlers.

## Overview
 of blue is darker. It is also known as the "Oranje-Blanje-Blou".]] that states the beach is for whites only under section 37 of the Durban beach by-laws. The languages are English, Afrikaans and Zulu (the language of the black population group in the Durban area), 1989.]] – territories set aside for Black South Africans during the apartheid – in South Africa and South West Africa (Namibia).]] South Africans in Durban, 1963.]]-South African girl in front of a parade of the South African Police in Pietermaritzburg (Natal), 1987.]]

Afrikaner nationalism is the idea that Afrikaners are the chosen people and that Afrikaners who speak their language should unite to fight off foreign influences from Jews, English-speaking White settlers of South Africa, Black people and Indian people. Other groups that supported the Afrikaner nationalist ideology included but not limited to the Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations (*Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge *, FAK), the Institute for Christian National Education (NE) and the White Workers' Protection Association (WWPA).

## Academic views
The historian T. Dunbar Moodie described Afrikaner nationalism as a type of civil religion that had combined the history of the Afrikaners, their language and Afrikaner Calvinism as key symbols.

## References
List of counties in Maryland

There are twenty-three counties and Baltimore City in the U.S. state of Maryland. Though an independent city rather than a county, the City of Baltimore by some is considered the equal of a county for most purposes and is a county-equivalent. 

## Alphabetical listing
|}

## Map 
## Former counties 
## References
Maribyrnong River Viaduct

The **Maribyrnong River Viaduct** (also known as the **Quarter Mile Bridge**) is a railway bridge across the Maribyrnong River in the western suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. It is near the E.J. Whitten Bridge, and is almost 400 metres long (hence the quarter mile name). The Albion-Jacana railway line uses the bridge, which is mainly used for freight. It also carries the Melbourne to Sydney NSW TrainLink XPT. It is the second highest bridge in Victoria, only behind the West Gate Bridge (58 metres). At a height of 180 feet (54.86 m) above the water, it is even higher than the Sydney Harbour Bridge (52 metres). The bridge is 1257 feet (383.13 m) long It is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and employed 200 people during construction, with one fatality.  

## References 
* City of Moonee Valley Gap Heritage Study 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Images from the construction of the bridge, 1928
List of counties in Michigan

There are 83 counties in the U.S. state of Michigan.

## List of counties
|}

## Former counties
* Brown County: formed in 1818 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Brown County, Wisconsin.
* Keskkauko County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Renamed Charlevoix County in 1843. Annexed to Emmet County in 1853. Reformed as Charlevoix County from Emmet County in 1869.
* Crawford County: formed in 1818 from unorganized territory when Michigan Territory was expanded to include area west of Lake Michigan upon formation of ths state of Illinois. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Crawford County, Wisconsin.
* Des Moines County: formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Des Moines County, Iowa.
* Dubuque County: formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Dubuque County, Iowa.
* Iowa County: formed in 1830 from part of Crawford County. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Iowa County, Wisconsin.
* Isle Royale County: formed in 1875 from part of Keweenaw County. Returned to it in 1897.
* Manitou County: formed in 1855 from parts of Emmet County and Leelenau County. County was ended in 1895 and added to Charlevoix County and Leelanau County.
* Milwaukee County: formed in 1834 from part of Brown County. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
* Omeena County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Added to Grand Traverse County in 1853.
* Wyandot County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Added to Cheboygan County in 1853.

## References
### More reading
* 
* County histories published in *Michigan History Magazine*. Some back issues that include these histories are still available for purchase.
* 
* 
*  at Google books
* 
* 
*
Numerical analysis

is four sexagesimal figures, which is about six decimal figures. 1+24/60+51/60^2+10/60^3\approx1.41421296]]

**Numerical analysis** studies different algorithms to get approximations for  problems of mathematical analysis. Approximations are used for the following reasons:
# There are no known ways to solve a problem using calculus. Examples for such problems are the Navier–Stokes equations or the Three-body problem
# There is a way to solve a problem using calculus. Getting an exact solution is impractical though, because it requires a long time, or many resources. An example for this is calculating power series.

One of the earliest known uses of numerical analysis is a Babylonian clay tablet, which approximates the square root of 2. In a unit square, the diagonal has this length. Being able to compute the sides of a triangle is extremely important, for instance, in carpentry and construction.

Numerical analysis continues this long tradition of practical mathematical calculations. Much like the Babylonian approximation of \sqrt2, modern numerical analysis does not seek exact answers, because exact answers are often impossible to obtain in practice. Instead, much of numerical analysis is concerned with obtaining approximate solutions while maintaining reasonable bounds on errors.

Numerical analysis naturally finds applications in all fields of engineering and the physical sciences, but in the 21st&nbsp;century, the life sciences and even the arts have adopted elements of scientific computations. Ordinary differential equations appear in star movement; optimization occurs in portfolio management; numerical linear algebra is important for data analysis; stochastic differential equations and Markov chains are essential in simulating living cells for medicine and biology.

Computers greatly helped this task. Before there were computers, numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables. Since the mid 20th century, computers calculate the required functions instead. These same interpolation formulas nevertheless continue to be used as part of the software algorithms for solving differential equations.
## Famous numerical software
In order to support numerical analysts, many kinds of numerical software has been created:
* MatLab - made by MathWorks
** GNU Octave, Scilab - open source versions of MATLAB
* SageMath
* SciPy
* Wolfram Mathematica - made by Wolfram Research

## References
## Researchers
## Other websites 
* Numerical analysis -Citizendium

## Related pages
## Further reading
Barbara Windsor

**Dame Barbara Windsor** DBE (born **Barbara Ann Deeks**; 6 August 1937 – 10 December 2020) was an English actress. She was best known for her roles in the *Carry On films* and as Peggy Mitchell in the BBC One soap opera *EastEnders*. She joined the cast in 1994, and she left the show in 2016 when her character was killed off.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Jonathan Nolan

**Jonathan Nolan** (born 6 June 1976) is a British-American author and screenwriter. He is the brother of movie director Christopher Nolan. Jonathan Nolan's story *Memento Mori* was made into a critically acclaimed movie *Memento*. He has also co-written screenplays for  *The Prestige* and *The Dark Knight Trilogy*, with his brother. In movie credits, his name has appeared as Jonah.

## Early life
He was born in London, England, to an English father and American mother. He was raised in the Chicago area. Nolan attended Loyola Academy in Illinois. He graduated from there in 1994, and then graduated from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1999. In this university, he studied English and was a staff writer for *The Hoya*.

His brother, Christopher, speaks with a British English accent, but Jonathan speaks with an American English accent.

## Career
Nolan tells about successful work relationship with his brother in the production notes of *The Prestige*: "I’ve always suspected that it has something to do with the fact that he’s left-handed and I’m right-handed, because he’s somehow able to look at my ideas and flip them around in a way that’s just a little bit more twisted and interesting. It’s great to be able to work with him like that."

On March 23, 2007, it was announced he would pen *Interstellar*, a science fiction film. It is based on the theories of Kip Thorne, a theoretical physicist who is known for his theories in gravitation physics and astrophysics and for having trained a generation of scientists. The film was first reported to be directed by Steven Spielberg and eventually settled with Christopher Nolan as director and is released in 2014.

Nolan worked on *The Dark Knight Rises*. It is the third Batman movie in *The Dark Knight Trilogy*.

On February 10, 2011, Nolan's TV pilot *Person of Interest* had been picked up by CBS and plan was to make it in a TV show. The show was officially picked up by CBS on May 13, 2011, and will star Michael Emerson, Jim Caviezel, and Taraji P. Henson. It will be produced by J. J. Abrams. His company Bad Robot Productions will produce it. Nolan will be the executive producer.

## Works of fiction
**"Memento Mori" (2001 Short Story) the basis of *Memento*
**The Prestige* (2006) - screenplay (with Christopher Nolan)
**The Dark Knight* (2008) - screenplay (with Christopher Nolan)
**Person Of Interest* (TV Series 2011–2016) - creator/writer
**The Dark Knight Rises'' (2012) - screenplay (with Christopher Nolan)

## References
## Other websites
*
Ryōgoku Bridge

, c. 1856-1858]]

 connected  Musashi Province and Shimōsa Province in the Edo period of Japan.  The bridge crossed the Sumida River in the area of modern Tokyo. 

## History
### Timeline
* **1659** (*Manji 2*): Building began on the Ryōgoku Bridge.
* **September 1, 1923** (*Taishō 12, 1st day of the 9th month*):  The bridge was damaged during the Great Kantō earthquake.
* **1932** (*Shōwa 7*): Bridge re-building completed.

## References
List of counties in Nebraska

There are 93 counties in the U.S. state of Nebraska.

Nebraska's postal abbreviation is **NE** and its FIPS state code is **31**.

## County list
|}

## Former counties of Nebraska
* Clay (1855-64) Formed from un-organized and dissolved into Gage and Lancaster County.
* Jackson (1855-6) Formed from un-organized and dissolved to the Fillmore County and un-organized.
* Johnson (1855-6) Formed from un-organized and dissolved to un-organized
* Blackbird (1855-88) Formed from Burt County and dissolved to Thurston County
* Loup (1855-6) Formed from Burt and un-organized and then dissolved Madison, Monroe and Platte Counties
* Jones (1856-66) Formed from un-organized and dissolved into Jefferson County.
* Grant, Harrison, Jackson, Lynn, Monroe and Taylor counties listed in 1870 (But no proof on where)

## Notes
List of counties in Ohio

There are eighty-eight counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. The elected county officials include three commissioners, a sheriff (the highest law enforcement officer in the county); prosecutor (equivalent of a district attorney in other states); coroner, engineer, auditor, treasurer and clerk of courts.

## List of counties
## References
* 
*  Other editions available at  and Google Books
* 
*
List of counties in Tennessee

There are 95 counties in the State of Tennessee. A county is a local level of government smaller than a state and typically larger than a city or town.

## Alphabetical list 
Click on the double triangles at the top of a column to sort the table by that column.

|}

## Former counties
There are two former counties in Tennessee:
* James County (1870&ndash;1919) - Now part of Hamilton County. The county seat was Ooltewah. 
* Tennessee County (1788&ndash;1796) - When Tennessee achieved statehood, the previous Tennessee County in North Carolina became Tennessee County, Tennessee, and was divided into Montgomery and Robertson Counties.

## Consolidated counties
Three Tennessee counties operate under consolidated city-county governments, a city and county that have been merged into one jurisdiction. As such, these governments are simultaneously a city, which is a municipal corporation, and a county, which is an administrative division of a state.
* City of Nashville and Davidson County
* City of Lynchburg and Moore County
* City of Hartsville and Trousdale County

## References
List of cities and counties in Virginia

The Commonwealth of Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 independent cities, which are considered county-equivalents for census purposes. Some of the cities are the same size as a county.

In Virginia, cities are separate from counties, but towns are inside counties. For a list of towns, see List of towns in Virginia.

## Clickable map
## List of counties
|}

## List of independent cities
|}

## Other maps
## References
List of counties in Missouri

There are 114 counties and one independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri.

In Missouri, the county level of government level comes between those of the city and the state. Its main responsibilities include maintaining roads, providing security, prosecuting criminals, and collecting taxes. Elected officials at this level include a sheriff, prosecuting attorney, and assessor.

The city of St. Louis is an independent city, and is not within the limits of a county. Its residents voted to secede from Saint Louis County in 1876. Throughout the United States, St. Louis is one of three independent cities outside the state of Virginia (the other two are Baltimore, Maryland and Carson City, Nevada).

## Counties
|}

## Former county names
## References
List of counties in Texas

The state of Texas is divided into 254 counties.  This is more than any other U.S. state. 

## List
|}

## References
* - *Counties, county seats, county formation, and areas*
* - *populations*
* - *official sites*
List of counties in New York

There are 62 counties in the State of New York. Five of New York's counties constitute the five boroughs of New York City and do not have functioning county governments, except for a few borough officials. New York City is considered the county seat of these five counties: New York County (Manhattan), Kings County (Brooklyn), Bronx County (The Bronx), Richmond County (Staten Island), and Queens County (Queens). 

## Alphabetical list 
## Defunct counties 
## Proposed new counties 
## References
Dorothy Gish

**Dorothy Elizabeth Gish** (March 11, 1898 – June 4, 1968) was an American actress. She was born in Dayton, Ohio. She was very young when her father abandoned the family. Dorothy, her older sister Lillian, and their mother entered the theatrical profession to support themselves.

In 1912, actress Mary Pickford introduced them to director D. W. Griffith. The sisters began acting at Biograph Studios. Dorothy and Lillian Gish both debuted in Griffith's *An Unseen Enemy*. Dorothy would star in over 100 short movies and feature movies.

Dorothy married actor James Rennie in 1920. They divorced in 1935. Dorothy never remarried. She died in 1968 from bronchial pneumonia in Rapallo, Liguria, Italy. She was laid to rest in Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City.

Her sister Lillian was later laid to rest beside her. Dorothy Gish was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6385 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, California. Dorothy and Lillian both appeared in D. W. Griffith's *Orphans of the Storm* in 1921.

## Sources 
* David W. Menefee, *The First Female Stars: Women of the Silent Era* (Connecticut: Praeger, 2004) 
* Harold Casselton (ed.),*Remembering Dorothy Gish* (Minneapolis: The Society for Cinephiles, 1986)
* Homer Croy, *Star Maker: The Story of D. W. Griffith* (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1959)
* Dorothy Gish, "And So I am a Comedienne", *Ladies Home Journal* (July 1925)
* Lillian Gish, *Dorothy and Lillian Gish* (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973)
* Lillian Gish, *The Movies, Mr. Griffith, and Me* (New York: Prentice Hall, 1969)
* Anthony Slide, *The Griffith Actresses* (New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1973)
* Margaret L. Talmadge, *The Talmadge Sisters* (New York: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1924)

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
* The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Film Theater 
* Extensive Dorothy Gish gallery
* The Dorothy Gish Project
List of counties in Pennsylvania

There are sixty-seven counties of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States of America. The city of Philadelphia shares boundaries with Philadelphia County, and governmental functions have been shared since 1854.

## FIPS code
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. FIPS codes are five digit numbers, for Pennsylvania the codes start with 42 and are completed with the three digit county code. The FIPS code for each county in the table links to census data for that county.

## Alphabetical list
## References
Nihonbashi

, c. 1833-1834]]

, also romanized as **Nihombashi**, is a business district of Chūō in Tokyo, Japan. The district grew up around the bridge of the same name. The bridge connects two sides of the Nihonbashi River.  A series of bridges at the same site have had the same name since the 17th century.

## History
 of Nihonbashi]]
In the Edo period, the Nihonbashi Bridge was the start of Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto. The earliest Nihonbashi Bridge was made of wood.  It was completed in 1603. The current bridge is made of stone.  It was completed in 1911.

### Timeline
* **1603** (*Keichō 8*): Wooden bridge built. 
* **1911** (*Meiji 44*): Bridge was re-built using stone.

## Related pages
* Nihombashi Station
* *The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō*
* List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō

## References
## Other websites
List of counties in North Dakota

There are 53 counties in the U.S. state of North Dakota. 

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, which is used by the United States government to uniquely identify states and counties, is provided with each entry. North Dakota's code is 38, which when combined with any county code would be written as 38XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county. 

## List
|}

## References
Boyzone

**Boyzone** are an Irish boy band. The group is a quartet, its members are Keith Duffy (born 1974), Mikey Graham (born 1972), Ronan Keating (born 1977) and Shane Lynch (born 1976). Stephen Gately (1976-2009) was also a member until his death. The band were formed in Dublin by Louis Walsh in 1993. They split in 2000 and reformed in 2007.
## Personnel
;Final lineup
* Keith Duffy (1993-2000, 2007-2019)
* Mikey Graham (1993-2000, 2007-2019)
* Ronan Keating (1993-2000, 2007-2019)
* Shane Lynch (1993-2000, 2007-2019)

;Former members
* Stephen Gately (1993-2000, 2007-2009; died 2009)

## Other websites 
*Official website
List of counties in South Dakota

There are 66 counties in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

Todd County and Oglala Lakota County are two counties in South Dakota that do not have their own county seat. Hot Springs in Fall River County is the administrative center of Oglala Lakota County. Winner in Tripp County is the administrative center of Todd County. 

South Dakota's postal abbreviation is **SD** and its FIPS state code is **46**.

## Table of counties 
|}

## Former names 
* Shannon County: renamed Oglala Lakota County in 2015

## Former counties 
* Armstrong County (1883–1952): Created by Dakota Territory as Pyatt County in 1883 from Cheyenne, Rusk (Dewey), and Stanely Counties. Renamed Armstrong in 1895. Dissolved into Dewey in 1952.
* Boreman County (1873–1909): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands in 1873. Lost territory to North Dakota when South Dakota became a state in 1889. Ended in 1909 when it became part of Corson County.
* Lugenbeel County (1875–1909): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands and Meyer and Pratt Counties in 1875. Ended in 1909 when it became part of Bennett and Todd Counties.
* Nowlin County (1883–1898): Created by Dakota Territory in 1883 from Cheyenne and White River Counties. Ended in 1898 when it became part of Lyman and Stanley Counties.
* Pyatt County (1883–1895): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands in 1883. Renamed Armstrong in 1895.
* Schnasse County (1883–1911): Created by Dakota Territory from unorganized lands and part of Boreman County in 1883. Lost territory to North Dakota when South Dakota became a state. Ended in 1911 when it became part of Ziebach County.
* Sterling County (1883–1911): Created by Dakota Territory from Cheyenne County. Ended in 1911 when it became part of Ziebach County.
* Washabaugh County (1883–1983): South Dakota's most recent county to be eliminated. Created by Dakota Territory in 1883. Endd in 1983 when it was merged with Jackson County.
* Washington County (1888-1943): Ended in 1943 when it was merged into Jackson, Pennington and Shannon Counties.

## References 
* 
*
List of counties in Montana

There are 56 counties in the U.S. state of Montana. Montana has two consolidated city-counties&mdash;Anaconda with Deer Lodge County and Butte with Silver Bow County.  The portion of Yellowstone National Park that is in Montana was not part of any county until 1978.  Then part of it was added to Gallatin County, and the rest of it to Park County.

Montana's postal abbreviation is **MT** and its FIPS state code is **30**.

## Counties
|}

## References
Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)

***The Afternoon of a Faun*** () is a modern  ballet. It was choreographed by Nijinsky to a short symphonic work by Claude Debussy called ''Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune*. Both the music and the ballet were inspired by the poem *L'après-midi d'un faune'' by Stéphane Mallarmé. It was Nijinsky's first choreographed work. The ballet was first performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 29 May 1912. The costumes and sets were designed by Léon Bakst. Nijinsky danced the role of the faun. 

Grace Robert writes in *The Borzoi Book of Ballet* that Bakst was responsible for the choreography. Nijinsky simply carried out his directions. However, Nijinsky's sister alleged that Bakst and Diaghilev were not involved with the choreography and were admitted to rehearsals only in the last stages. The truth will never be known; those involved are dead. The choreography however caused a scandal, especially the ending. Here, the Faun appears to climax upon a Nymph's scarf. Gaston Calmette, the editor of *Le Figaro*, attacked the choreography on moral grounds. Sculptor Auguste Rodin defended it. The furor assured the public's interest in the ballet, then and now. 

The first American performance occurred in New York City on January 17, 1916. The Catholic Theatre Movement decided the ending should be modified. The ending was duly altered. Diaghilev told the head of the Metropolitan Opera House, "America is saved." Thereafter, the ballet saw a variety of manifestations until 1936 when a close facsimile of the original was presented at the Metropolitan by Colonel W. de Basil's Ballets Russes. Grace Robert believes the original ballet was produced as an aesthetic antidote to Isadore Duncan's copycats and their Greek dances.

## Story 
Lincoln Kirstein describes the story: "A faun lolls on a hillock ... Seven nymphs in chain step shuffle past him ... Curious, the Faun descends to watch. Curious, then alarmed, they flee, to return shyly. The Faun tries to play with them, but they are frightened by this half-boy, half-beast. The least shy ... returns; they link arms. Contact frightens her; she escapes, dropping her scarf ... she is eager to stay, but the creature seems too theatening. Leaping onto his rock, he carries her scarf ... Arching his body, he thrusts his length into it."

## References 
* Robert, Grace. 2005. *The Borzoi Book of Ballet*. Kessinger Publishing.  
* Kirstein, Lincoln. 1984. *Four Centuries of Ballet: Fifty Masterworks*. Dover. 

## Other websites 
*http://www.oraculartree.com/nijinsky_LeApresMidiDunFaun.jpg , http://www.nypl.org/research/lpa/nijinsky/full/7506_005.html, http://www.nypl.org/research/lpa/nijinsky/full/1-Fanne.html, http://www.cmi.univ-mrs.fr/~esouche/dance/Images/Faune.jpg : Nijinsky as the faun, photographs by Adolf de Meyer.
Kintai Bridge

is in Iwakuni.  The bridge crosses the Nishiki River in Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan.

## History
The Kintai Bridge was built in 1673.  It has five wooden arches at the base of Mount Yokoyama.

The bridge was eclared a National Treasure in 1922.

Kikkou Park, which includes the bridge and Iwakuni Castle, is a popular tourist destinations.

In 2009, the Kintai Bridge was  as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show  Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

## References
## Other websites
* Iwami-kanko.jp, Kintai Bridge 
* Kintaikyo.jp, *Kintai-kyō* 
* Iwami-kanko.com, Kintai Bridge
Civil religion

As per Jean-Jacques Rousseau, **civil religion** is the foundation that keeps modern society together. It provides the state with sacred authority. In his book *The Social Contract* Rousseau states the dogma of civil religion:

# Deity
# life to come
# the reward of virtue and the punishment of vice
# the exclusion of religious intolerance.

## References
Gay icon

A **gay icon** is a prominent person (either living or dead) who is liked by a lot of the gay community. Gay icons are seen as nice looking and are sometimes seen as colorful by some people. They try to show their strength through their hard work. A lot of the time they show a mix of male and female traits. Sometimes they show no gender traits at all. Gay icons can say they are male or female. They can be gay, straight, bisexual, or asexual. If they are gay, they can be publicly gay or not. Sometimes living gay icons support LGBT causes, sometimes they do not. Some gay icons from history are seen as tragic figures like Saint Sebastian, Oscar Wilde, or Judy Garland. Some more modern gay icons are entertainers like Ellen DeGeneres, Beyoncé, Lady Gaga,Cher, Barbra Streisand, Liza Minnelli, and Freddie Mercury.

## Related pages
* Judy Garland as gay icon

## Other websites 
* GLBT Historical Society
* Gay men and women should just be themselves
* Christina up close
* Sophie Morris. *From the tragic to the bland* // *New Statesman*, August 1, 2005 
* "Pink doesn't mean fluffy" John Howard. *The Independent*, (UK), August 4, 2005
List of counties in Oregon

There are 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. 

Oregon's postal abbreviation is **OR** and its FIPS state code is **41**.

## County information
## References
List of counties in New Mexico

There are 33 counties in the U.S. state of New Mexico. First there were nine counties formed in 1852. 

The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify states and counties, is provided with each entry. New Mexico's code is 35. When added with any county code it would be written as 35XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county. 

## List
## References
List of counties in Utah

There are 29 counties in the U.S. state of Utah.  

## Counties
|}

## Former counties
There were ten counties in the Territory of Utah that were added into other states or Utah counties.

## References
Sanjō Ōhashi Bridge

, c. 1830s]] 

 is in Kyoto.  The bridge connects two sides of the Kamo River in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan.  The bridge is part of Sanjō-dōri (三条大通り *Third Avenue*). 

## History
In the Edo period, the Sanjō Ōhashi Bridge Bridge was the end of Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

The current concrete bridge is made of concrete.  It was built in 1950.

## Related pages
* List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō
**The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō*

## References
## Other websites
List of counties in Washington

There are 39 counties in the U.S. state of Washington. Washington came from the western part of Washington Territory.  It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. The first counties were created from unorganized territory in 1845.
* Slaughter County, originally named for Lieutenant William A. Slaughter who was killed during the Indian Wars, was renamed Kitsap County in 1857.

## Former counties 
* Ferguson County, named for Washington legislator James L. Ferguson, was formed on January 23, 1863 from Walla Walla County and ended on January 18, 1865. Yakima County was formed in its place.

## References 
**Works**
* 
* 
* 
*
List of counties in South Carolina

The U.S. state of South Carolina is made up of 46 counties.  This is the maximum allowable by state law.

## History
In the colonial period, the land around the coast was divided into parishes.  The parishes matched the Church of England. There were also several counties that had judicial and electoral functions. As people settled the backcountry, judicial districts and additional counties were formed. This structure continued and grew after the Revolutionary War. In 1800, all counties were renamed as districts. In 1868, the districts were changed back to counties. The South Carolina Department of Archives and History has maps that show the boundaries of counties, districts, and parishes starting in 1682.

## Alphabetical list
|}

## Former parishes, counties and districts
### Parishes
* St. Luke's Parish formed by the Colonial Assembly on 23 May 1767, located on Hilton Head Island and the adjacent mainland.

### Counties
* Craven County formed in 1682 by the Lords Proprietors
* Granville County formed in 1686 by the Lords Proprietors
* Orange County (1785-1791)
* Lewisburg County (1785-1791)
* Winton County is present-day Barnwell County
* Liberty County is present-day Marion County
* Winyah County is the former name of Georgetown County
* Claremont County
* Salem County

### Districts
* Cheraw District formed in 1769
* Camden District formed in 1769
* Ninety-Six District formed in 1769
* Pinckney District (1791-1798)
* Washington District (1785-1798)
* Pendleton District formed in 1789 from Cherokee lands

## References
Ragheb Harb

**Ragheb Harb** (1952-1984) was one of the Shia resistance leaders in Lebanon against Israel's occupation in Southern Lebanon. He was assassinated by Israelis on 16 February 1984.

He was one of the founders of Hezbollah.

## References
List of counties in Nevada

There are sixteen counties and one independent city in the U.S. state of Nevada. On November 25, 1861, the first Nevada Territorial Legislature formed nine counties. When Nevada joined the United States on October 31, 1864 it had eleven counties. 

## Alphabetical list
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## Former counties
* Bullfrog County, Nevada, formed in 1987 from part of Nye county. Creation declared unconstitutional and it was ended in 1989.
* Lake County, Nevada, one of the original nine counties formed in 1861. Renamed Roop county in 1862. Part became Lassen County, California in 1864. The rest was added in 1883 to Washoe county.
* Ormsby County, Nevada, one of the original nine counties formed in 1861. In 1969 added to Carson City, Nevada.  It formed an independent city.

## References
List of counties in New Hampshire

There are 10 counties in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. Five of the counties were formed in 1769.  This was when New Hampshire was still an English colony and not a state. 

The FIPS county code is the five-digit Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code which uniquely identifies counties and county equivalents in the United States.  The three-digit number is unique to each individual county within a state. The code for New Hampshire is 33. The links in the column "FIPS County Code" are to the Census Bureau Info page for that county.

## List
|}

## References
Chillin

"**Chillin**'" is the first single by rapper Wale from his first album *Attention Deficit*. It features guest vocals from Lady Gaga. The song reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart and number 99 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

## Charts
## Release history
## References
List of counties in Rhode Island

This is a list of the five counties in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. Rhode Island is tied with Hawaii for having the second lowest number of counties of any U.S. state. Delaware has fewer, with three counties. Although Rhode Island is divided into counties, it does not have any local government at the county level. It has a rich history, and is known as The Plantation State, The Ocean State, or Little Rhody.

Within Rhode Island, Washington County is often referred to as South County.

The colony of Rhode Island was formed in the 17th century.  It was the first of the thirteen original American colonies to declare independence from British rule in 1776.  The counties were all established before the Declaration of Independence. Rhode Island's code is 44. When combined with any county code is written as 44XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county. 

## Alphabetical list
|}

## References
Federal University of Minas Gerais

**Federal University of Minas Gerais** (*Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais*, short **UFMG**) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Established in 1927, it is the largest university in Minas Gerais as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.
Federal University of Bahia

**Federal University of Bahia** (*Universidade Federal da Bahia*, short **UFBA**) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Bahia. Established in 1946, it is the largest university in Bahia as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.
State University of Feira de Santana

**State University of Feira de Santana** (*Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana*, short **UEFS**) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Bahia. Established in 1976, it is the second largest university in Bahia as well as one the most prestigious universities in this state.
Serial Mom

***Serial Mom*** is a 1994 dark comedy that stars Kathleen Turner as the "serial mom", Sam Waterston as husband Eugene, Matthew Lillard as Chip and Ricki Lake as Misty. It was released April 13, 1994. The "serial mom", named Beverly, is a typical housewife from Baltimore raising her kids, although she tends to kill on just the mildest criticism or the slightest insult. She also performs obscene telephone calls. *Serial Mom* got mixed reviews, though it has become a cult classic over the years. *Serial Mom* was directed by John Waters.
Oresund Bridge

The **Øresund Bridge** (, , joint hybrid name: *Øresundsbron*) is a bridge and tunnel across the Øresund strait. It connects Denmark and Sweden.

## History 
The construction of the Øresund Bridge began in 1995.  When it was finished in 1999, Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark and Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden met in the middle.

The official opening was on 1 July 2000. Queen Margrethe II and King Carl XVI Gustaf led the ceremonies together.

## Related pages
*Great Belt Bridge

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Øresundsbron* website  
* Structurae, Øresund Bridge, Øresund Tunnel
* Road Traffic Technology, Øresund bridge project information
List of counties in New Jersey

There are 21 counties in the U.S. state of New Jersey. These counties together have 564 municipalities, or administrative entities composed of clearly defined territory; 253 boroughs, 52 cities, 15 towns, 241 townships, and 3 villages. In New Jersey, a county is a local level of government between the state and municipalities. County government in New Jersey includes a Board of Chosen Freeholders, sheriff, clerk, and surrogate (responsible for uncontested and routine probate),. All of these jobs are elected officials.  Counties are responsible for the maintenance of jails, parks, and certain roads. The site of a county's administration and courts is called the county seat.

## FIPS code
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. FIPS codes are five digit numbers. For New Jersey the codes start with 34 and are completed with the three digit county code. The FIPS code for each county in the table links to census data for that county.

## Counties
## References
Great Belt Fixed Link

The **Great Belt Fixed Link** (also called the **Great Belt Bridge**) (), is the bridge and tunnel across the strait between the main Danish islands of Zealand (*Sjælland*) and Funen (*Fyn*).

This waters between the two Danish islands is called the Great Belt ().

## Related pages
*Oresund Bridge

## Notes 
## Other websites
*http://www.storebaelt.dk/english , http://www.storebaelt.dk/omstorebaelt 
*Structurae, Great Belt East Bridge, East Tunnel, West Bridge
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge

The **Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge** (also referred to as the **Verrazzano Bridge**, locally as the **Verrazzano**, and formerly as the **Verrazano-Narrows Bridge** or **Narrows Bridge**) is a suspension bridge in New York City.  It connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn.

The bridge is named for the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano.  His ship was the first to enter New York Harbor.

When construction was finished, the Verrazzano-Narrows was the longest suspension bridge in the world. It was the longest until the Humber Bridge surpassed that length in 1981. 

The bridge's construction history is the subject of one of the main chapters in Gay Talese's 1970 Fame and Obscurity: A Book About New York, a Bridge, and Celebrities on the Edge.

## References
## Other websites
* New York City MTA, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge 
* Structurae, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
* Transportation Alternatives, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, bike-pedestrian path
Théâtre du Châtelet

The **Théâtre du Châtelet** () is a theatre and opera house in Paris seating 2,500 people. It was designed by Gabriel Davioud. 
## History
It was built between 1860 and 1862. It was named the *Théâtre Impérial du Châtelet*. It was built on a site where a châtelet (small castle) once stood. The theatre has undergone remodeling and name changes over the years. The theatre sits on the Place du Châtelet facing the Théâtre de la Ville. At the centre of the plaza is a fountain is a sphinx fountain, erected in 1808, which celebrates Napoleon's victory in Egypt.

The Théâtre du Châtelet was originally used for drama performances.  In April 1876, the stage version of *Around the World in Eighty Days* began a run spanning sixty-four years and 2195 performances. The theatre was used for operettas, variety and ballet performances, and for concerts. It was also, for a time, a movie theatre.  *Petrouchka* premiered in the theatre on 13 June 1911, and *Parade* on 18 May 1917. Tchaikovsky, Mahler, and Richard Strauss made appearances here.

The theatre has been operated by the City of Paris since 1979. It has undergone a major restoration. It re-opened under the name of the *Théâtre Musical de Paris* in 1980. It was acoustically re-modeled again in 1989. It returned to the *Théâtre du Châtelet* name. In 1995, the theatre received additional improvements in acoustics and sightlines. Today, the theatre is mainly used for opera performances and concerts.

## Sources 
*Allison, John, ed.(2003). *Great Opera Houses of the World*, supplement to *Opera* Magazine, London.
* Wild, Nicole (1989). *Dictionnaire des théâtres parisiens au XIXe siècle: les théâtres et la musique*. Paris: Aux Amateurs de livres. .  (paperback).

## Other websites 
*Official website
*Floormic Profile
List of counties in Wyoming

There are 23 counties in the U.S. state of Wyoming. First there were five counties in the Wyoming Territory.  They were Laramie and Carter, formed in 1867; Carbon and Albany formed in 1868; and Uinta, an added portion of Utah and Idaho, extending from Montana (including Yellowstone Park) to the Wyoming-Utah boundary. On July 10, 1890, Wyoming was admitted to the Union with thirteen counties. Wyoming's code is 56.  When combined with any county code it would be written as 56XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.

## List
## References
Bleeding

bleeding, 5th August 2010]]

**Bleeding**, technically known as **haemorrhaging** (Brit.) or **hemorrhaging** (US) is the loss of blood or blood escape from the circulatory system. 

Bleeding can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body, or externally, either through a natural opening such as the vagina, mouth, nose, ear or anus, or through a break in the skin.

**Desanguination** is a major blood loss.  Exsanguination is losing enough blood to cause death.  A person does not have to lose all of their blood to die.  People can die from losing half to two-thirds of their blood.

Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total blood volume without serious medical difficulties, and blood donation typically takes 8–10% of the donor's blood volume.

The World Health Organization (WHO) established a scale to measure different degrees of blood loss, from level 0 to 4. Level 0 indicates no blood loss, whilst level 4 represents the highest level of hemorrhaging, with a risk of fatality.

## Related pages 
* Aneurysm
* Autohemorrhaging
* Anemia
* Coagulation
* Contusion
* Exsanguination
* Hematophagy
* Hemophilia
* Hematoma
* Istihadha

## References 
## Other websites
Morell Bridge

The **Morell Bridge** is a bridge over the Yarra River in South Yarra, Melbourne, Australia. It was built in 1899 by John Monash and J. T. N. Anderson. It was the first bridge in Victoria to be built using reinforced concrete.

It has decorations on the three arch spans, including large dragons, and Victorian era lighting. The drains on the bridge are cobbled bluestone, with a single vehicle lane in the middle. The bridge is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. It was built on dry land, and the course of the Yarra River was later changed to flow under the bridge.
who was Lord Mayor of Melbourne between 1926 and 1928.

On June 7, 1998 the bridge was closed to motor vehicles as part of the CityLink project. It is now used by cyclists and people, joining the Royal Botanic Gardens to the Olympic Park areas.

## References
Guru Har Krishan

**Guru Har Krishan** ( ; 23 July 1656&nbsp;– 30 March 1664) was the eighth of the ten gurus of Sikhism. He became Guru on 7 October 1661, on the death of his father, Guru Har Rai. Due to the smallpox epidemic that was happening at that time, Guru Har Krishan died at the young age of 7. His grand-uncle, Guru Tegh Bahadur, became the next Guru of the Sikhs.
Edward Thorndike

**Edward Lee "Ted" Thorndike** (August 31, 1874 – August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist. He spent most of entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University. He worked on ethology and the learning process, which led to the theory of connectionism and helped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology.

Thorndike also worked on industrial problems, such as employee exams and testing. He was a member of the board of the Psychological Corporation and served as president of the American Psychological Association in 1912.

## Thorndike's law 
Thorndike's  **law of effect** basically states that “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation”.

## Books 
Thorndike's textbooks were widely used in psychology courses for teacher training in the first part of the 20th century:

*1903 *Educational psychology*. New York, Lemcke & Buechner. Revised and enlarged 1910, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York.
*1904 *Introduction to the theory of mental and social measurements*. New York: Science Press. 
*1905  *The elements of psychology*. New York: Seiler.
*1911. *Animal intelligence: experimental studies*. New York: Macmillan. 
*1913. *Education psychology: briefer course*. New York: Routledge.
*1921 ''The teacher's word book*. 1932 *A teacher's word book of the twenty thousand words found most frequently and widely in general reading for children and young people''. 1944 (with J.E. Lorge) The teacher's word book of 30,000 Words.
*1922 *The psychology of arithmetic*. New York, Macmillan. 
*1927 *The measurement of intelligence*. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University.
*1931. *Human learning*. New York, Century.
*1932 *The fundamentals of learning*. New York, Teachers College, Columbia University.

## References
Adachi, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards within Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Adachi City" in English.

## Geography
Adachi is in northern Tokyo. It borders Arakawa on the south.  Kita is on the ward's western border. Saitama Prefecture is on the norther border.
Katsushika is on the east.

## Related pages 
* List of special wards of Tokyo
* Capital of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Adachi website 
* Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards
Argentan

**Argentan** is a French city in the Orne department, in Normandy. 17 327 people live there. The size is . The river Orne flows through Argentan. The forests of Gouffern and Ecouves are nearby.

Argentan was built at the beginning of the 12th century by Henry II. Henry was a Normandy duke and also the king of England.

There are three churches: Saint Martin, Saint Germain and Saint Michel.