open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Flag of the United Arab Emirates

The **flag of the United Arab Emirates** () is used to represent, or show, the United Arab Emirates. It contains the Pan-Arab colors, which are red, green, white, and black, to show Arab unity. The Flag was designed by a Young Emirati boy named as Abdullah Mohammed Al Maainah  in 1971.

## Red 
Red represents hardiness, bravery, strength and courage. The vertical red band can also be interpreted as binding all the other meanings together in unity.

## Green 
Green represents hope, joy, optimism, and love. It can also symbolize the countries prosperity.

## White 
White represents peace and honesty. White is the purest colour, and is interpreted by some to symbolise cleanliness.

## Black 
Black is the colour of solidarity and also the colour of mental strength. It signifies the defeat of enemies. 

## References
The Donna Reed Show

***The Donna Reed Show*** is an American sitcom television series. It aired on ABC from 1958 to 1966. The show stars Donna Reed as Donna Stone, a housewife, Carl Betz as Alex Stone, a pediatrician (baby doctor), Shelley Fabares as their teenage daughter Mary, and Paul Petersen as their son Jeff. Mary left for college in the show's fifth year and Paul Petersen's real life little sister Patty Petersen joined the show as Trisha, a child the Stones adopt. Bob Crane and Ann McCrea joined the show in its last years as Stone family friends Dave and Midge Kelsey.

The show is about an upper middle class American family. Donna is a somewhat idealized housewife who capably handles any problems or situations that come her way. The show had many famous guest stars: singers James Darren and Lesley Gore, actor George Hamilton, swimmer and actress Esther Williams, Lassie as her TV character, sports stars Don Drysdale and Willie Mays, Buster Keaton, and Jay North as his TV character Dennis the Menace. Reed won the 1963 Golden Globe Best Female TV Star Award.

## Other websites 
*
Binomial distribution

In probability and statistics, the **binomial distribution** is a probability distribution which models the probabilities of having a certain number of successes among *n* identical trials (each having *p* as the probability of success). It is also written as \operatorname{Bin}(n, p). The variables n and p are thus the two parameters of a binomial distribution.

The binomial distribution has discrete values. It counts the number of successes in yes/no-type experiments. Each of these experiment, also called Bernoulli trial, either results in success or failure. Examples of binomial distribution include:
* Tossing a coin 10 times, and counting the number of *face-up*s. (n=10, p=1/2)
* Rolling a dice 10 times, and counting the number of sixes. (n=10, p=1/6)
* Counting the number of green-eyed people among 500 randomly chosen people (assuming that 5% of all people have green eyes). (n=500, p=0.05)
In order to use the binomial distribution, the following must be true about the problem:
# The outcomes are **mutually exclusive**, that is, there are two possible outcomes which cannot occur simultaneously (for example. in flipping a coin, there are two possible outcomes: **heads** or **tails**. It is always one or the other, never both or a mix of outcomes).
# The probability of a success (p) is consistent throughout the problem (for example, a basketball player makes 85% of his free throws. Each time the player attempts a free throw, 85% is assumed to be the likelihood of a made shot).
# The trials are **independent** of each other (for example, on the second flip of a coin, the first outcome does not impact the chance of the next toss: the chance of tossing a heads (or tails) is still 50%).

## Related pages 
* Bernoulli distribution
* Poisson distribution

## References
Exponential distribution

The **exponential distribution** with rate \lambda, written \operatorname{Exp}(\lambda), is a probability distribution defined only on the positive real numbers. It is the continuous analogue of geometric distribution. Exponential distribution is used in reliability applications, and its main use is to assess the duration of random time intervals. Examples where it can be used include:
*Time length of a telephone call
*How long does it take to perform a service (for example, to fix something at a service point)
*Amount of time between two phone calls
*Half life of atoms (radioactive decay)
*Expected lifetime of electronic (or other) parts, if wearing is not considered (this is called *Mean Time Between Failures*, *MTBF*)
*Age of plants or animals
*Very simple model used by insurance companies

## Related pages 
* Normal distribution

## References 
## Other websites
*Online calculator of Exponential Distribution
Probability distribution

, often called the "bell curve"]]
**Probability distribution** is a term from mathematics. Suppose there are many events with random outcomes. A probability distribution is the theoretical counterpart to the frequency distribution. A frequency distribution simply shows how many times a certain event occurred. A probability distribution says how many times it *should* have occurred in the long run (that is, its probability). The probability distribution of a random variable X is often written as f_X(x) (or simply f(x)). Such a distribution can either be discrete, taking a discrete (or countable) amount of values, or continuous, taking an uncountable amount of values (as from a continuous interval).

As an example, the probability distribution for a single roll of a normal 6-sided dice can be presented by:

where result is the outcome of the dice roll, and the probability shows the chances of that result occurring. If we roll a dice 60 times, then in the long run, we should expect to have each side appear 10 times on average. 

There are different probability distributions. Each of them has its use, its benefits and its drawbacks. Some common probability distributions include:

* Binomial distribution
* Cauchy distribution
* Chi-square distribution
* Exponential distribution
* Gumbel distribution
* Normal distribution 
* Poisson distribution
* Student's t-distribution

## Related pages 
* Probability density function

## References
Null hypothesis

In statistics, a **null hypothesis**, often written as H_0, is a statement assumed to be true unless it can be shown to be incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt. The idea is that the null hypothesis generally assumes that there is nothing new or surprising in the population. The most common null hypothesis is the "no-change" or "no-difference" hypothesis (as in "there is no difference between a sample mean and a population mean"). When testing whether something works, one would start with the null hypothesis that it will not work. The term was first used by Ronald Fisher in his book *The Design of Experiments*.

Every experiment has a null hypothesis. For example: 
* When performing an experiment to see if a medicine works, the null hypothesis is that it does not work.
* When performing an experiment to see if people prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream, the null hypothesis is that people like them equally.
* When performing an experiment to see if either boys or girls can play piano better, the null hypothesis is that boys and girls are equally good at playing the piano.

The opposite of a null hypothesis is an **alternative hypothesis**. Some examples of alternative hypotheses are:
* This medicine makes people healthier.
* People like chocolate ice cream better than vanilla.
* Boys are better at playing the piano than girls.

## Related pages 
* Statistical hypothesis test
* Statistical significance

## References
Team Milram

(2006) 4. left: Alessandro Petacchi, right: Erik Zabel]]

**Team Milram** is an Italian-registered UCI ProTeam established in 2006. The team is often called a German team because its main sponsor is Milram, part of the Nordmilch company  from the German state of Bremen.

Milram took over the ProTeam licence of Domina Vacanze. Erik Zabel and Alessandro Petacchi are the team’s top cyclists. There are 25 other riders, mainly from Germany and Italy. Milram is the third team in the UCI ProTour with a German main sponsor.

The team manager is led by Italian Gianluigi Stanga, who has been a team manager in professional cycling since 1983. The directeurs sportifs (*Sports Directors*) are the Italians Vittorio Algeri, Antonio Bevilacqua and Oscar Pellicioli . Gerry van Gerwen from the Netherlands is the commercial manager.

Milram only joined the UCI ProTour in 2006.  Since then they have won 88 podium positions (that is, finished a race either first, second, or third) (24 first, 29&nbsp;second, 35 third ).

Team MILRAM reorganised itself for its second season. Five new riders joined and eight riders left the team. The most prominent new rider is Igor Astarloa, 2003 World Champion from Spain. Additionally, the team added Brett Lancaster, the up-and-coming riders Marcel Sieberg and Niki Terpstra, as well as neo pro Sebastian Schwager. After breaking his kneecap in 2006, Alessandro Petacchi regained his top form and won some races.

There is a MILRAM Continental Circuit Team, and those young riders and those from other U23 teams are helped so they can develop their skills

## 2007 season 
### Results in the Continental Tour 
## 2007 ProTeam
As of January 5, 2007.

## References
## Other websites
* Official page
Timothy Leary

**Timothy Francis Leary**, (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer and psychologist from Springfield, Massachusetts. He is seen as a modern pioneer. He was in favor of  research on psychedelic drugs and their use. He was one of the first people whose remains have been sent into space. As an icon of the counterculture of the 1960s, he is most famous as a person who stood in for the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of using LSD. He coined and popularized the catch phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."

## Death 
Leary died of prostate cancer.

## References
Rock band

A **rock band** is a group (a band) of musicians who play rock music. The standard line up for a rock band is four musicians playing lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums. One or more of the band can sing. This was the line up used by the Beatles. Especially rock band music in Romania.

## Related pages
*Rock and roll

## Other websites
* Rock Hall of Fame
* Virtual Rock Band 
* San Francisco Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Book of the Dead

The ***Book of the Dead*** is a name for an Egyptian text. It is also known as ***The Book of Coming ***[or ***Going***] *** Forth By Day***, or as the papyrus of Ani. It contains a number of texts, and spells. These allow the dead person to safely get to the place of the afterlife.

The book of the dead was most commonly written on a papyrus scroll. It was placed in the coffin of the dead person, or their burial chamber. The book of the dead in its most familiar form was first used in the New Kingdom, but many of the spells had their origins in the funerary texts of the Old and Middle Kingdoms.

The name "Book of the Dead" was the invention of the German Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius, who published a selection of the texts in 1842.

Missing sections of the book were found in the Queensland Museum in 2012. Historians are hoping that the missing pieces will give them a copy of the complete book.

## References
Chi-square distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the **chi-square distribution** (also **chi-squared** or **\chi^2&nbsp; distribution**) is one of the most widely used theoretical probability distributions. Chi-square distribution with \nu degrees of freedom is written as \chi^2(\nu). It is a special case of gamma distribution.

Chi-square distribution is primarily used in statistical significance tests and confidence intervals. It is useful, because it is relatively easy to show that certain probability distributions come close to it, under certain conditions. One of these conditions is that the null hypothesis must be true. Another one is that the different random variables (or observations) must be independent of each other.

## Related pages 
* Chi-squared test

## References 
{{Probability distribution|
  name       =chi-square|
  type       =density|
  pdf_image  =|
  cdf_image  =|
  parameters =k > 0\, degrees of freedom|
  support    =x \in [0; +\infty)\,|
  pdf        =\frac{(1/2)^{k/2}}{\Gamma(k/2)} x^{k/2 - 1} e^{-x/2}\,|
  cdf        =\frac{\gamma(k/2,x/2)}{\Gamma(k/2)}\,|
  mean       =k\,|
  median     =approximately k-2/3\,|
  mode       =k-2\, if k\geq 2\,|
  variance   =2\,k\,|
  skewness   =\sqrt{8/k}\,|
  kurtosis   =12/k\,|
  entropy    =\frac{k}{2}\!+\!\ln(2\Gamma(k/2))\!+\!(1\!-\!k/2)\psi(k/2)|
  mgf        =(1-2\,t)^{-k/2} for 2\,t|
  char       =(1-2\,i\,t)^{-k/2}\,
}}
## Other websites
*Chi-Square Tutorial by Khan Academy
Devanagari

, example of abugida script]]
**Devanāgarī** (देवनागरी) is an abugida and brahmic script used to write many North Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Nepal Bhasa and Nepali from Nepal and sometimes Kashmiri or Sindhi. About a hundred smaller languages also use Devanāgarī.

## Other websites 
* Unicode
Continental circuits

The UCI ProTour is the series of races for the top cycling teams.  The **Continental circuits** are for teams that are not so good.

Some teams, such as Team Milram, have one team on the ProTour, a team of younger riders on the continental circuit as well as being linked with U23 teams.  In this way teams can spot talented riders.

There are five circuits, one each for
*Africa
*America
*Australasia
*Europe
*Oceania

Usually organisers of a ProTour event can invite one or two teams from the continental circuit to compete.  Also a ProTour team might decide to compete in a continental circuit race
2006–07 UCI Oceania Tour

The **2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour** is the third season of the UCI Oceania Tour of professional road bicycle racing held in various countries throughout the Oceania region. The season begins with the Jayco Herald Sun Tour stage race in October 2006 and runs until September 2007.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Oceania Tour cycling jersey. The final points leader is crowned the 2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour champion. Gordon McCauley is the 2005-2006 champion of the UCI Oceania Tour.

## Events 
The **UCI Oceania Tour** consists of the following one-day races and stage races:
### October 2006 
### November 2006 
### January 2007 
### May 2007 
### June 2007 
### July 2007 
### September 2007
## Point standings 
(As of : 25 June 2007)

| valign="top" |

| valign="top" |

|}

## Related pages 
*Continental circuits

## Other websites 
* UCI Oceania Tour
Team Gerolsteiner

(2005)]]
Team **Gerolsteiner** (*UCI Team Code:* **GST**) is a German road bicycle racing team in the UCI ProTour.  It is sponsored by the drinks company Gerolsteiner Brunnen and the bike company "Specialized".

The team was founded in 1998 with manager Hans-Michael Holczer and sports directors Rolf Gölz and Christian Henn.  The contract with Georg Totschnig in 2001 helped make the team enter Division I.  In 2003 the team participated in the Tour de France for the first time.  

The Leader is Georg Totschnig, who has finished in the top 10 in the Tour de France and is an excellent climber. In 2005, Totschnig won stage 14 of the Tour, showing his skill on the 15km long climb up the Port de Pailhères (2000m at 8.2%). He was the first Austrian to win a tour stage since Max Bulla in 1931. In 2007, Georg Totschnig retired and Levi Leipheimer moved to the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team. The team used  youngsters Markus Fothen and Stefan Schumacher to captain the team in the 2007 Tour de France.

In September 2007 Gerolsteiner said it would not renew its sponsorship.
## Team honours 
* 1st, Team classification, Deutschland Tour 2006
* 1st, 2005 Eindhoven Team Time Trial

## 2007 ProTeam 
As of January 1, 2007

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Ralph Metzner

**Ralph Metzner** (May 18, 1936 – March 14, 2019) was an American psychologist, and writer. He was born in 1936, in Germany. With Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert he was involved in a series of tests done at Harvard University, in the 1960s. These tests involved psychedelic drugs.

In the 1960s, professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert collaborated on a book titled *The Psychedelic Experience*, which adapted portions of the *Tibetan Book of the Dead* as a guide for use in LSD experiences. They hoped to give users of LSD a simulation of death and rebirth, to "liberate" them from past problems or mistakes in their lives.

## References
Zac Efron

**Zachary David Alexander "Zac" Efron** (18 October 1987) is an American actor and singer. He is most famous for his role in the *High School Musical* series. Other movies including *17 Again* and *Charlie St. Cloud*.

## Personal life
 2012]]
His mother, Starla Baskett, is a former secretary and his father, David is engineer. He is the older of two sons. He has a little brother, Dylan. He was dating Vanessa Hudgens.

## Filmography
*''Melinda's World* (2003) - *Stuart Wasser*
**Miracle Run* (2004) - *Steven Morgan*
**The Derby Stallion* (2005) - *Patrick McCardle*
**High School Musical* (2006) - *Troy Bolton*
**Hairspray* (2007) - *Link Larkin*
**High School Musical 2* (2007) - *Troy Bolton*
**High School Musical 3: Senior Year* (2008) - *Troy Bolton*
**17 Again* (2009) - *Mike O'Donnell (teen)*
**Me and Orson Welles* (2010) - *Richard Samuels*
**Easy A* (2010) - *Himself/Zac Efron*
**Charlie St. Cloud* (2010) - *Charlie St. Cloud*
**Dr. Seuss' The Lorax* (2012) - *Ted Wiggins*
**That Awkward Moment* (2014) - *Jason*
**Neighbours (2014) - *Teddy Sanders*
**Neighbours 2: Soroity Rising (2016) - *Teddy Sanders*
**Baywatch* (2017) - Matt Brody
**Scoob!'' (2020) - Fred Jones

## Awards and nominations
## References
Dan Castellaneta

**Daniel Louis Castellaneta** (born October 29, 1957) is an Emmy award-winning American actor, voice actor, comedian and screenwriter best known for providing the voice of Homer Simpson and other characters on the long-running FOX animated series *The Simpsons*. As well as being a voice actor for *The Simpsons*, Dan Castellaneta has also written a few episodes of *The Simpsons* along with his wife, Deb Lacusta.

## Full list of Simpsons Characters Voiced By Dan Castellaneta 
* Homer Simpson
* Abraham Simpson
* Krusty the Clown
* Barney Gumble
* Groundskeeper Willie
* Mayor Quimby
* Hans Moleman
* Sideshow Mel
* Itchy
* Kodos
* Gil Gunderson
* Squeaky-Voiced Teen
* Blue-Haired Lawyer
* Rich Texan
* Louie
* Bill
* Arnie Pye
* Mr. Teeny
* Yes Guy
* Scott Christian
* Assistant Superintendent Leopold
* Rabbi Krustofsky
* Charlie
* Gary
* Santa's Little Helper
* Frankie the Squealer

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Music videos
### Video games
* *The Simpsons* (1991) - Homer Simpson
* *The Simpsons Cartoon Studio* (1996) - Various characters
* *Toonstruck* (1996) - Flux Wildly
* *Virtual Springfield* (1997) - Various characters
* ''Herc's Adventures* (1997) - Hercules
* *ClayFighter 63 1/3* (1997) - Earthworm Jim, Boogerman
* *Driver* (1998) - Answering machine callers
* *Planescape: Torment* (1999) - Nordom
* *Y2K: The Game* (1999) - Additional voices
* *Earthworm Jim 3D* (1999) - Earthworm Jim
* *The Simpsons Bowling* (1999) - Various characters
* *Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge* (2001) - Genie
* *The Simpsons Wrestling* (2001) - Various characters
* *The Simpsons: Road Rage* (2001) - Various characters
* *Kingdom Hearts* (2002) - Genie
* *The Simpsons Skateboarding* (2002) - Various characters
* *The Simpsons: Hit & Run* (2003) - Various characters
* *Metal Arms: Glitch in the System* (2003) - Krunk
* *Kingdom Hearts II* (2005) - Genie
* *Cartoon Network Racing* (2006) - Earl
* *Happy Feet* (2006) - Ramon, Elephant seal #1
* *The Simpsons Game* (2007) - Various characters
* *Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories* (2008) - (archived voice acting)
* *BioShock* (2007) - Toasty splicer
* *Bioshock 2* (2010) - Toasty splicer
* *The Simpsons: Tapped Out* (2012) - Various characters
* *Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix* (2013) - Genie
* *Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix* (2014) - Genie (*Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix*)
* *Lego Dimensions* (2015) - Homer Simpson, Krusty the Clown (archived voice acting)
* *Kingdom Hearts III* (2019) - Genie

### Theater
* *American Splendor* - Harvey Pekar

### Theme park
* *The Simpsons Ride'' (2008) - Homer Simpson, Various characters

## References
Hardanger fiddle

A **hardanger fiddle** or **hardingfele** in Norwegian, is a traditional string instrument used mainly in the south west of Norway. It is similar to the violin, but it has eight or nine strings and the wood is thinner. Four of the strings are strung and played like a violin, while the other strings are sympathetic strings (they vibrate when the others are played).  

The hardingfele is used for dancing.  The player stamps his foot loudly while playing.  It was the Norwegian tradition for a  bridal procession to be led to the church by a hardanger fiddler.

The instrument has a lot of decoration, with a carved animal (usually the Lion of Norway) or a carved woman's head as part of the scroll at the top of the pegbox, mother of pearl in the tailpiece and fingerboard, and black ink decorations called 'rosing' on the body of the instrument.  Sometimes pieces of bone are used to decorate the pegs and the edges of the instrument.

The earliest known instrument is dated 1651 although we do not know whether this date is correct. By 1850 it had developed into the hardanger fiddle known today. 

The hrdanger fiddle can be tuned in lot of different ways, depending on the music to be played.  The Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg liked Norwegian folk music.  When he wrote the famous tune “Morning” for the music for *Peer Gynt* he was thinking of the notes that would be played on the hardanger fiddle.

In the 20th century the hardanger fiddle has become very popular in Norway through competitions. The players have to play in the style of the area they come from.

## Other websites 
* The Norwegian Collection of Folk Music  The Fiddle Volumes: Hardingfeleslåtter (University of Oslo, Department of Musicology)
Fiddle

The word **fiddle** refers to a violin when used in folk music. Many people also use it simply as a fun word for "violin". Someone who plays the fiddle is a "fiddler". The bow is sometimes called a "fiddling stick". **Fiddle playing**, or **fiddling**, is a style of folk music.

The word *fiddle* is also used for instruments of several hundred years ago which developed into the violin. These instruments varied a lot from one country to another and one time to another. They were of different shapes and sizes, and even had many different names. Often they were held against the chest instead of being tucked under the chin. In the Middle Ages a small, narrow violin called a kit was often used by dancing masters. It was small enough to be put in a pocket. In south eastern Europe there was even a fiddle with a belly (the front of the instrument) made of skin. Fiddle strings were usually made of gut.

Many fiddles have bridges which are flatter on top than those of classical violins. The flatter bridges makes it easier to play chords and to bow quickly from one string to another. The strings are tuned in a variety of ways. A player might even change the tuning for playing different pieces of music. Tunings other than the regular G-D-A-E tuning, such as G-D-G-D or A-E-A-E, are common. One, two or three of the strings may have been used for a drone (continuous note) while playing the tune on the top string(s).

Many fiddlers have not received classical training but have learned by listening to other fiddlers and copying them. The music they play is dance music. Classical violin playing developed out of country fiddle playing. Most fiddlers use bows which are the same as violin bows, but in some countries such as Hungary they use shorter, heavier bows with horse hair that is tied around the frog (the heel of the bow). With this type of bow the player tightens the hair by squeezing it while playing.

Fiddles were played by people from all areas of society: from noble people to simple peasants. Many of them were minstrels who entertained important people. Some of them may have been able to read music, but many would have learned by copying other players and memorizing the music. At important feasts the minstrels may have played music while walking up to the high table when the food was brought in. They played to accompany dancers and singers, and even acrobats. We can see from old paintings that they sometimes played with other instruments such as trumpets, drums or percussion. We do not know the music they played because it was never written down, but some tunes we still hear today may have come from those old tunes, since some people still learn tunes by ear, from people who learned them by ear, and so on. Some American "old-time" tunes, and some Breton tunes may have come to us in this way, for example. 

## Related pages
* Violin
* Rebec
* Hardanger fiddle
Auguste Rodin

in sculpture]]
**Auguste Rodin** (born **François-Auguste-René Rodin**; 12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917) was a French sculptor. Rodin was born in Paris. He made solid objects from stone or clay. His most famous works are 'The Thinker' and 'The Kiss'.

Although Rodin is generally considered the start of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past. His training was old-school. He took a craftsman-like approach to his work, but he was rejected three times to Paris's foremost school of art.

Rodin had a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surface in clay. Many of his most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime. They clashed with the sculpture tradition, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic.

Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory. He modelled the human body with realism, with individual character and physicality. Rodin refused to change his style. Gradually there came increasing favour from the government and the artistic community.

His statue of writer Honoré de Balzac for the *Société des Gens des Lettres* was heavily criticised. Rather than try to convince skeptics of its merit, Rodin repaid the Société his commission and moved the figure to his own garden. After this experience, Rodin did not complete another public commission. Only in 1939 was Monument to Balzac cast in bronze. It is now thought to be a masterpiece.

Rodin's reputation grew, and he became the top French sculptor of his time. By 1900, he was a world-renowned artist. Rich private clients sought Rodin's work after his 1900 World's Fair exhibit. For example, a Japanese patron, Matsukata Kojiro, paid for some of Rodin's best castings, including "The Gates of Hell."

Rodin kept company with a variety of high-profile intellectuals and artists. He married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives.

His sculpture suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917.

## Gallery 

File:Auguste Rodin - Grubleren 2005-02.jpg|The Thinker
File:RodinGates1252.jpg|Detail of "The Gates of Hell"
File:Jean dAire p1070100.jpg|Head of Jean d'Aire
File:Rodin - The Call to Arms CPLH 1940.138 1.JPG|The Call to Arms
File:Rodin Eve bronze Nasher Dallas 1.jpg|Eve, discovering shame. Another version is in the background.
File:Burghers of Calais London 50593.jpg|The Burghers of Calais in Westminster, London. The statue commemorates six merchants of Calais who offered themselves as hostages to Edward III after he had besieged their town for nearly a year in 1347.

## Other websites 
* Musée Rodin, Paris
* Rodin Museum, Philadelphia
* Views of the Musée Rodin 
* Rodin-Web.org: Academic site on Rodin
* Biography resources dedicated to Auguste Rodin 
* 

## References
Rebec

.]]

The **rebec** is a bowed string musical instrument that was played many hundreds of years ago. It was either held under the chin, like a violin, or held against the arm. The name “rebec” was spelt in a variety of ways.

## Origins 
The rebec dates back to the Middle Ages and was particularly popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. The instrument is European, but probably developed from the Afghan instrument called the “rebab”. Instruments like the rebec were being played in the 10th century.

## Tuning 
The rebec can have any number of strings from one to five, although three is the most common number. The strings are often tuned in fifths. The instrument played high notes like the violin, but in later years bigger rebecs were made that played lower notes.

## Use of the rebec 
The rebec was mostly used for dance music. Dancing masters often used a kind of pocket-sized rebec called a “kit”.

The rebec was also used in folk music, especially in eastern Europe, Spain and North Africa.

In medieval and Renaissance times the rebec in Europe was played by minstrels. They dressed in special livery and played at important feasts and in processions. They were also played by cowherds. King Henry VIII has several rebec players at his court.

Today many Middle Ages re-enactors like to play rebec since it is an authentic Medieval instrument.
Resonator

A **resonator** is something that resonates.  This may make a particular frequency of a sound or other vibration become bigger.

## Electromagnetics
In electromagnetics a **cavity resonator** is a resonator composed of a space that is usually surrounded by a dielectric or metal which allows standing wave patterns at particular frequencies, eigenmodes, correlated to their size, shape, and material.

## Music
Most musical instruments have resonators.  They are the parts which makes the sound louder.  A vibraphone, for example, has long tubes underneath the keys.  It also has a special effect: a mechanism which, when it is turned on, opens and shuts the resonators very quickly so that a trembling sound is heard.

The body of a violin is a resonator: without the body the sound of the string vibrating would hardly be heard, just as the sound of an elastic band stretched between two fingers can hardly be heard.
Elastic modulus

An **elastic modulus**, or **modulus of elasticity**, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e. non-permanently) when a force is applied to it.  

The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region:

:\lambda \ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\  \frac {\text{stress}} {\text{strain}}

where λ is the elastic modulus; stress is the force that causes the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied; and strain is the ratio of the change caused by the stress to the original state of the object. 
 
If one specifies how stress and strain are to be measured, that allows for many types of elastic moduli to be defined.

## Related pages
* Elasticity (physics)
* Tensile strength
Joe Cole

**Joseph John Cole** (born 8 November 1981) is an English football coach and former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or winger. 

Cole was born in Paddington. He was adopted. He was raised in Somers Town, London.

Joe Cole trained at West Ham United at the start of his career. He moved to Chelsea in 2003 for a prize of £6,600,00 and scored 10 goals for Chelsea in the 2004/05 season.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cole goal''.

## Honours
**West Ham United**
*UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1999

**Chelsea**
*Premier League: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10
*FA Cup: 2006–07, 2009–10
*Football League Cup: 2004–05
*Premier League Player of the Month: March 2005
*Chelsea Player of the Year: 2008
*NASL Best XI: 2016

## References
Lira da braccio

The ***lira da braccio*** was a European string instrument that was played with a bow.  It was used during the Renaissance. Italian poet-musicians in court in the 15th and 16th centuries often played it to accompany the poems they were reading.  The lira da braccio was very similar to the medieval fiddle.  Changes continued to be made to the way the lira da braccio was made until the end of the 16th century.  In paintings it is often seen being played by the gods Orpheus and Apollo. Sometimes it was used in groups of instruments.

The instrument was a similar shape to a violin, but with a wider fingerboard and flatter bridge. It usually had seven strings, five of them tuned like a violin with a low D added to the bottom, and two other strings for drones.  It is likely that the player often played the tune on the top strings and chords on the lower strings.

The lira da braccio was very popular at court.  Later, in the 16th century, the madrigal became very popular and also the violin, so the lira da braccio was used less.  It continued to be used in plays, especially when it was associated with Apollo.  By the middle of the 17th century people no longer played it.

## References
## Other websites
Atlas (missile)

**Atlas** was a missile built by the *Convair* Division of *General Dynamics*.

It was originally designed as an ICBM in the late 1950s. It launched the Mercury project space capsules and became the foundation for a family of successful space launch vehicles now built by *United Launch Alliance*. The Atlas rocket family is today used as a launch platform for commercial and military satellites, and other spacecraft.

## History 
The Atlas, first tested in 1957, was the United States' first successful ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile).

Atlas, named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, got its start in 1946 with the award of a United States Army Air Force research contract to Convair for the study of a 1,500 to 5,000&nbsp;mi. (2,400 to 8,000&nbsp;km) range nuclear armed missile.

The missile was originally given the military designation "XB-65", thus making it a bomber; from 1955 it was redesignated "SM-65" and, from 1962, it became "CGM-16". This letter "C" stood for "coffin" or "Container", because the rocket was stored in a semi-hardened container; it was prepared for launch by being raised and fueled in the open. The Atlas-F (HGM-16) was stored vertically underground, but launched after being lifted to the surface.
 family of launch vehicles (US Govt).]]

## Current Atlas Family 
*Atlas II
*Atlas III
*Atlas V

## References 
* Gunston, Bill (1979). ''Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Rockets & Missiles.* London: Salamander Books. 
* Walker, Chuck, & Powell, Joel (2005). *Atlas The Ultimate Weapon'' Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Appogee Books. 

## Other websites 
*Video of an early Atlas launch in 1960
* bio Karel J. Bossart 
* Karel Jan Bossart, Ir.
* Atlas launch vehicle profile
* 1958 Video of "Atlas in Orbit" Newsreel 
* Atlas D from Encyclopedia Astronautica
* Atlas ICBM History site 
* Atlas ICBM Launch on 5/23/1960  Video
* Atlas ICBM Information/History
Flag of Dominican Republic

The Dominican Constitution says that the **flag of the Dominican Republic** has a white cross in the centre; the arms of the cross get to the sides of the flag and divides the flag into four rectangles —the left rectangles are blue (top) and red (bottom), and the right ones are red (top) and blue (bottom). The width of the white cross is half the height of one of the rectangles.

The National Flag, like the state and war flags of other Latin American countries, has a small coat of arms in the centre of the white cross but there is not a coat of arms in the ensign (the flag used by commercial ships).

The Dominican flag was created the first day of Independence (27 February 1844); it was created from the Haitian flag but with a white cross; that is, two blue rectangles on the top and two red rectangles on the bottom. The colors are from the French flag. That was the *First National Flag*.

The first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 did not say anything about the distribution of the rectangles but from the start the flag was represented with alternation of the colors (that is, blue and red on top and red and blue on bottom); this is the *Second National Flag*. Only the Constitution of 1908 is specific about the color distribution.

Image:Civil Ensign of the Dominican Republic.svg| Civil flag and ensign
Image:Flag of the Dominican Republic (up to 1844).svg|First National Flag

## References
Lhasa Apso

The **Lhasa Apso** is a small breed of dog. It originated in Lhasa, Tibet, which it is named after. Male Lhasas generally weigh about 14 to 18 pounds, and female Lhasas weigh 12 to 14 pounds. Lhasas have developed a thick coat of fur because they were bred in Tibet, which can get very cold. Their coat comes in many different colors, and they usually have dark brown eyes and a black nose. Lhasas generally live long lives, some surviving into their twenties. Lhasa Apsos do tend to develop arthritis in their legs, which is due to the fact they are excitable, energetic dogs.

Behavior problems are minimal, but the Lhasa Apso can be a little headstrong and stubborn, which may make it slightly difficult to train. The coat can also require a lot of effort to maintain.

## Other websites 
* Lhasa World Forum
Jimmy Finlayson

**James Henderson "Jimmy" Finlayson** (August 27, 1887 – October 9, 1953) was a Scottish-American actor who worked in both silent and sound comedies. Finlayson was bald, with a fake moustache, and had many trademark comic mannerisms and is famous for his squinting, outrageous "double-take, "fade away" head reaction, and characteristic expression ''D'oh!''.

## Other websites 
* 
* James Finlayson Biography
* Yes Yes Nanette Public domain short comedy for free download
Middle age

:*For the time in history, see Middle Ages.*

**Middle age** is the period of life between youth and before old age. There is no fixed age, but most people think it begins when someone is about 40 years old, until the person is about 60 years old.

In most countries, people that think that by middle age, people should be mature, perhaps with a good, steady job and a family. Due to promotion, middle age is sometimes a time when adults have greater wealth and influence than earlier in their careers, although they may have less disposable income due to having children. However, it is also common for some adults to suffer from mid-life crisis, helped moslty by widespread and socially accepted ageism, when they are unsure about their life and sometimes become depressed because of it. Women and men often have different experiences of middle age partly depending on whether they choose to work or care for their family full-time.

## Health 
Middle-aged people begin to look older, with more wrinkles in their skin, and start to have grey hair. They become less fit and usually gain more weight. 

Middle-aged females find it harder to become pregnant. If they do have a baby, there is a higher chance that it will have a genetic disease (Down syndrome, for example). Females usually have their menopause in middle age, when they stop bleeding every month. When that happens, they cannot have children anymore.
Southampton

**Southampton** is a city in the United Kingdom. The city is in Hampshire. It is about in the middle of the south coast of England. Southampton is the largest city on the south coast.

It is an important port. It is the nearest city to the New Forest. In 1912, the RMS Titanic sailed from there as was common with most ocean liners at the time. It contains several memorials and museum exhibitions related with the doomed ship.

## Places in Southampton 
### Bargate 
Southampton has lots of landmarks, of which one is the Bargate. This is the old main gate of the city wall of Southampton, and nowadays is used as the beginning of the guided tour of Southampton, *Walk the Walls*. In medieval Southampton, a bell was rung at dusk every day to tell people that the gates would shortly be locked.

Today, the Bargate Shopping Centre is nearby.

### The Mayflower 
Named after *The Mayflower*, which set sail from Southampton to the "New World" (via Plymouth), the Mayflower is the theatre in Southampton. It was built in 1928.

### Docks 
Southampton is home to many cruise ships and ocean liners, including the *Queen Victoria* and the *Queen Mary 2*.

There is also a regular ferry service to Hythe (a small village on the other side of Southampton Water), which leaves every half hour.

## Sport 
Southampton has a football team Southampton F.C., which is nicknamed "The Saints". In 2001, the team moved stadiums, from "The Dell", to St. Mary's Football Stadium. The club was founded in 1885, and has been playing ever since.

## Twinned Cities 
Southampton is twinned with:
* Le Havre, France (since 1973)
* Rems-Murr-Kreis, Germany (since 1991)
* Miami, USA

Southampton is also sister cities with
* Hampton, Virginia
* Qingdao, China (since 1998)

## References
Brandy Norwood

**Brandy Rayana Norwood** (born February 11, 1979),  known mononymously as **Brandy**, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, model, dancer, and actress. 

Brandy became famous as a teenager in the early 90s with the debut *Brandy* which received a platinum certification in the US. In 1997 she became the first African American in history to play the role of Cinderella in the movie with the same title. Her second album *Never Say Never* followed which sold over 16 million copies worldwide. A couple of highly successful singles were released from the record, including "The Boy Is Mine", a duet with Monica, which spent 13 weeks at number one on the US singles chart. In 1999 Brandy starred in the horror movie *I Still Know What You Did Last Summer*. Brandy earned the title "Princess of R&B" due to her success in the 1990s.  She starred in the sitcom *Moesha* as the title character.

Her third album *Full Moon* was released in 2002. The album went platinum a month after its release. The follow-up titled *Afrodisiac* was released in 2004. Thereafter Brandy's career suffered from several setbacks, most notably the 2006 car accident where another driver was killed. The singer's sixth album was expected for release in 2012. 

To date, Brandy has sold over 30 million records worldwide which makes her one of the best-selling female artists in she is top teen music history. In 2010 she was ranked amongst the 50 most successful teenagers in American history.

Brandy was a contestant in the late 2010 season of *Dancing with the Stars*.

## Discography
### Albums
* 1994: *Brandy*
* 1998: *Never Say Never*
* 2002: *Full Moon*
* 2004: *Afrodisiac*
* 2008: *Human*
* 2012: *Two Eleven*
* 2020: *B7*

### Additional releases
* 1999: ''U Don't Know Me...Like U Used To*  (EP) 
* 2000: *The Videos*  (Video DVD) 
* 2005: *The Best of Brandy*  (Compilation album) 
* 2011: *A Family Business''  (Album together with Ray J and Willie Norwood) 

## References
States and territories of Australia

## States and territories of Australia 
### States 
### Territories
#### Mainland
From 1926 to 1931, Central Australia existed as a separate territory between the 20th and 26th parallels of latitude, before again being conquered and becoming a part of the Northern Territory again.

#### Overseas territories
*  Ashmore and Cartier Islands
*  Australian Antarctic Territory
*  Norfolk Island
*  Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
*  Coral Sea Islands
*  Heard and McDonald Islands

#### Former 
* Territory of North Australia (1927-31)
* Territory of Central Australia (1927-31)
* Territory of Papua (1902-49)
* Territory of New Guinea (1920-49)
* Territory of Papua and New Guinea (1949-72)

## Background and overview 
The states started as separate British colonies before Federation (in 1901). Their powers are protected by the Australian constitution. The territories are under the control of the Commonwealth government. The Australian Parliament has powers to create laws in the territories that it does not have in the states.

Most of the territories are directly administered by the Commonwealth government. Three of the territories (the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and Norfolk Island) administer themselves. In the territories that govern themselves, the Australian Parliament has the power to govern, and can override laws made by the territorial governments. It has done this at times, but it is rare that it happens. The Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are usually treated as states.

Each state has a governor. This governor is chosen by the King of the UK, but he chooses the person on the advice of the state Premier. The Administrators of the Northern Territory and of Norfolk Island are chosen by the Governor-General. The Australian Capital Territory is governed by the Governor-General.

The head of government of each state is called the Premier. This person is chosen by the state's Governor. Normally the Governor will select as Premier whoever leads the lower house of the state Parliament. However, the Governor can chose someone else as Premier. The head of government of the self-governing mainland territories is called the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, who normally whoever controls the Legislative Assembly, is appointed by the Administrator.

## Statistics 
## Other websites 
* Maps of Australia 
* CityMayors article
Tribute

A **tribute** (from Latin *tribulum*, contribution) is when one party gives something to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical situations, of submission or loyalty.

This is trade between the parties under a contractual relationship formed upon pressure, and based upon the possibility of threats if improved relationships did not happen.

## Imperial China 
In Imperial China, the term "tribute" is used to describe a kind of  trade in goods and services between China (the only great power in East Asia) and other trading partners.

Despite the term "tribute" state, China did not get  in the domestic affairs and diplomacy of its trading partners, such as Joseon, Japan, Siam, Cochinchina and the Ryūkyū Kingdom.
* 1403: The Ming Dynasty emperor of China gave a patent and a gold seal to  Taejong of Joseon.  This  his legal status as the ruler of the Korean peninsula.  This is a  of the Chinese tribute system.

## Musical tribute
In music, a tribute is when a singer, musician or band plays the music of another musical group. These artists may make an entire album called a "tribute album" that is nothing but songs that were first played by other musicians. A "tribute band" is a band that only plays songs that were made famous by one other band. They will often dress like that band and try to look like them as they perform. For example, a Kiss tribute band will only play songs by the band Kiss. They will also dress like the band and use the same makeup designs as members of the bands.

## Related pages
* Tributary state
* Diplomacy

## Notes
## References
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Component

**Component** could mean:
* Electronic component, part of electronic circuits
* Component ingredient, the main ingredient in a food
* Component video, a type of analog video information that is sent or stored as two or more separate signals
* Symmetrical component, in electrical engineering, analysis of unbalanced three-phase power systems
* Component-based software engineering, a field of study within software engineering dealing with software components, reusable software elements with a specification
* Component (thermodynamics), a chemically distinct part of a phase of a system
* Component (VTA), a light-rail station in San Jose, California
*Lumped component, a model of spatially distributed systems

## In math
* Component (group theory), a quasisimple subnormal subgroup
* Connected component (analysis), a maximal set where there exists a path between any two elements, also known as a *path component*
* Connected component (graph theory), a maximal connected subgraph
* Connected component (topology), a maximal connected subspace of a topological space
* Vector component, a term in the breaking down of a vector into various directions such as axial, radial or tangential
Post (album)

***Post*** is the second studio album by Icelandic rock singer Björk. She sent it out on June 7, 1995. It includes a mix of electronic and dance styles such as techno, trip hop and house but also ambient, jazz, industrial, and experimental music.

Post was one of the most popular albums of Björk. It was ranked #26 in *Spin* magazine's "100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005".

## Related pages 
* Media studies
* Contemporary art