open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Karl Albrecht

**Karl Hans Albrecht** (20 February 1920 &ndash; 16 July 2014) was a German entrepreneur. He founded the supermarket chain Aldi with his brother Theo. In October 2012, Albrecht was listed as one of the richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$22.6 billion.

## Biography 
Albrecht was born on 20 February 1920 in Essen, Germany. The Albrecht brothers took over a shop run by their mother when she died.

In 1960, the brother disagreed about whether to sell cigarettes in their stops. The brothers split the business in two.

## Personal life 
He was married. He has two children. Albrecht lived in Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany.

Previously, Forbes listed him as one of richest men in the world, with an estimated net worth in 2011 of US$25.4 billion. That made him 10th in the 2012 Forbes list of billionaires. He was the oldest billionaire in the Top 20 list.

Albrecht died in Essen, Germany from natural causes, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
*Forbes topic page on Karl Albrecht
Human Nature (Madonna song)

**"Human Nature"** is a single from American singer-songwriter Madonna. It is from her album *Bedtime Stories*, which was released in Autumn 1994. The song was written and produced by Madonna and released in June 1995. The song is about humor, sex and sarcasm. It was written in response to the huge backlash to her 1992 record *Erotica* and her coffee table book *Sex*.

This single got mixed reviews by the critics, although it was a moderate hit in America, Australia and the United Kingdom. There are many versions of this song.
Chill-out music

**Chill-out music** began in Europe during the early-1990s. It includes different types of electronic music that are meant to have a mellow style as well as mid-tempo beats. Ambient, ambient house, trip-hop, nu jazz, Chillow pop, New Age and some other sub-genres of downtempo are mainly associated with chill-out music.

This genre of music is played in "chill rooms" at dance clubs to allow dancers a chance to relax and take a break from the more vigorous and fast-tempo type of music that is played on the main dance floor. In 1992, a UK regulation required dance clubs to have chill-out rooms and free water because of a number of Ecstasy-related injuries and deaths.

## References
Orbital inclination

**Orbital inclination** is a term for the angle between two orbital planes. It is often used to describe the movement of celestial bodies such as stars and planets. 

One of the planes is the standard, or reference. The galactic plane of a galaxy is often used as the reference. 
''
*For a planet's orbit, the *inclination* is the *angle to the ecliptic plane*. 
*For a moon, an inclination of 0 degrees means the orbiting body orbits the planet in its equatorial plane, in the same direction as the planet rotates.
FC Biel-Bienne

**FC Biel-Bienne** is the most successful football club in the city of Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. The club was founded on 13 November 1896. The club played in a stadium called ‘Jardin Anglais’ at the beginning. They went to the Gurzelen Stadium in the year 1913. There they still play today. The Gurzelen Stadium has a capacity of 15,000.

The club got the name FC Biel-Bienne in 1911. Before they were called ‘Football-Club de Bienne’. During World War I they didn’t play in the league but they did a lot of charity projects.
FC Biel-Bienne plays in the Challenge League today. The second best football league in Switzerland.

They moved to the First League in the season 1989/90. This is the best League of Amateur-football in Switzerland. They went to the Challenge League again in 2008.
Because the Gurzelen Stadium is very old, FC Biel/Bienne has to play on the ‘Maladière Stadium’ in Neuenburg. But the club can come back in 2014 because the new stadium is going to be built. It will be opened in 2015.

## Today 
The president of the FC Biel-Bienne is Jean-Marc Hofstetter. He became president in 2013.
Before it was Jean-Pierre Senn.
The coach of the club is Phillipe Perret.

## Achievements 
In 1947 they became Swiss Champion. In 1961 they reached the final of the Swiss Cup. In 2011 they reached they reached the semifinal of the Swiss Cup. In 1968 they won the Uhrencup.
Smuggling

**Smuggling** means illegal transport of goods, objects substances or information across state, national or international borders.  Smugglers do this for various reasons including avoiding tariffs.

## Related pages 
* Black market
* Human trafficking
* Drug trafficking
* Arms trafficking
Nitro compound

A **nitro compound** is a molecule that has the nitro group. The nitro group is made of one nitrogen atom connected with two oxygen atoms (-NO2). The nitrogen is also bonded to the rest of the molecule.

Nitrogen normally has only three bonds. In a nitro group, the bond is considered positively charged. Then one bond of the oxygen is negatively charged, and the other has a double bond. In reality, the best way to represent the nitro group is to consider it to have delocalized electrons. Then all three atoms are sp2 hybridised.

## Reaction 
Nitro compounds are very explosive. This is because, at high temperature, nitro compounds can decompose and release nitrogen gas. This reaction is very exothermic (gives out a lot of energy). Many explosives have nitro groups, for example trinitrotoluene (TNT).
André Le Nôtre

**André Le Nôtre** (12 March 1613 &ndash; 15 September 1700) was a French landscape architect and gardener serving King Louis XVI of France. He designed and constructed the formal gardens at the Palace of Versailles. Other gardens and parks in France he designed include those of Vaux-le-Vicomte, Chantilly, Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and the Tuileries. Le Notre's style of garden design was widely imitated in Europe, but without his taste and sound professional judgement. In the 18th century, his designs at Versailles influenced the master plan for Washington, D.C. 

## Gallery

File:Vaux-le-Vicomte Garten.jpg|Vaux-le-Vicomte 
File:Chantilly-Le-Nostre.jpg|Chantilly

## References
Dallas (2012 TV series)

***Dallas*** is an American television soap opera. The show airs on TNT. It started on June 13, 2012. It is a revival of the 1978-1991 television series of the same name. It continues from where the original series left off. The cast includes Patrick Duffy, Larry Hagman, Linda Gray, Josh Henderson, and Jesse Metcalfe.

The series was cancelled on October 3, 2014.

Like the original series, *Dallas* is about the Ewings, a family from Texas involved in oil and cattle ranching. The new series focuses on the next generation of the Ewings. The next generation of the Ewings are the children who were born during the original series. As grown-ups, the children have become a lot like their parents. Three characters from the original series, Bobby, J.R., and Sue Ellen, return as main characters.

## Other websites
*
Eric Koston

**Eric Koston** (born April 29, 1975)  is an American professional skateboarder. He was born in Bangkok, Thailand. Now he is living in California in the United States. 

Eric grew up in San Bernardino in California. He started to skateboard in 1986 at the age of 11 years old when his brother gave him his old skateboard. He picked up skateboarding quickly and later went to a skate camp where he met Eddie Elguera, who realized his potential as a professional skateboarder. He was in grade 10 when he dropped out of school to become a full-time skateboarder. 

In 1992, Koston moved to Los Angeles where Natas Kaupas got him into the 101 team. In 101, he established himself as a leading switch stance skateboarder. He did many switch tricks like the nollie flip nose slide and the switch kick flip backside tail slide. He also took a switch 360 flip down the Embarcadero 7. He was finally sponsored and became a pro-skater in 1993 when he joined the H-Street Team and moved into the team house. Later, in 1993, he created the Fourstar clothing company. He also invented many skateboard tricks. Even though he didn't invent it himself, Koston's main signature trick is the "K Grind" (for Koston) after mastering it and showing it on a video. The "K Grind" is only a crooked grind. His stance is goofy, but he is known for his ability to skate switch. He possesses the technical skill and commitment to create the practice of new tricks, either on the streets, or in competition. He is known for commercializing the competitive, HORSE-derivative game of S.K.A.T.E. Eric Koston appears in the Electronic Arts (EA games) video games Skate 2 and Skate 3. He also is in the Laikai video named Fully Flared where he does a perfect fakie 360 flip down the four stairs. Eric Koston is still skateboarding. He can be seen at the Battle of the Berrics which are games of S.K.A.T.E. in their co-own skate park. 

## References 
* http://www.nike.com/us/en_us/c/skateboarding/stories/2012/08/nike-skateboarding-team-eric-koston 
* http://skateboard.about.com/od/proskaterbios/p/ProEricKoston.htm 
* http://espn.go.com/action/athlete/_/id/1016/eric-koston
* http://www.oakley.com/sports/skate/athletes/556 
* http://www.kidzworld.com/article/5512-eric-koston-biography
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 4

'''''Britain's Next top Model, Cycle 4'''* is the fourth season of *Britain's Next Top Model*. This cycle includes 14 contestants. The winner was 18-year old Alex Evans.

## Contestants
(*ages stated are at time of contest*)

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Models 1
* A Revlon Cosmetics Campaign
* A spread & cover in *Company* Magazine

## Episodes
1.
*casting episode''

2.
*Best: Rachael Cairns
*Worst: Aaron Hunt & Sophie Roberts
*Eliminated: Sophie Roberts

3.
*Best: Lisa Fowler
*Worst: Alex Evans & Musayeroh Barrie
*Eliminated: Musayeroh Barrie

4.
*Best: Rachael Cairns
*Worst: Louise Heywood & Lauren Donaldson-Stanley
*Eliminated: Louise Heywood

5.
*Best: Charlotte Denton
*Worst: Lisa Fowler & Lauren Donaldson-Stanley
*Eliminated: Lauren Donaldson-Stanley

6.
*Best: Stefanie Wilson
*Worst: Lisa Fowler & Lynzi Arnott
*Eliminated: Lynzi Arnott

7.
*Best: Leanne Nagle
*Worst: Lisa Fowler & Charlotte Denton
*Eliminated: Lisa Fowler

8.
*Best: Catherine Thomas
*Worst: Leanne Nagle & Martha Braddell
*Eliminated: Leanne Nagle & Martha Braddell

9.
*Best: Stefanie Wilson
*Worst: Charlotte Denton & Aaron Hunt
*Eliminated: Aaron Hunt

10.
*Best: Alex Evans
*Worst: Charlotte Denton & Stefanie Wilson
*Eliminated: Charlotte Denton

11.
*Best: Rachael Cairns
*Worst: Alex Evans & Catherine Thomas
*Eliminated: None

12.
*Best: Alex Evans
*Worst: Rachael Cairns & Stefanie Wilson
*Eliminated: Rachael Cairns

13.
*Final Three: Alex Evans, Catherine Thomas & Stefanie Wilson
*Eliminated: Stefanie Wilson

*Final Two: Alex Evans & Catherine Thomas
*Winner: Alex Evans
Julio César Rodríguez

**Julio César Rodríguez** (born on 1969 in Hualpén) is a Chilean journalist and television presenter.

## Television 
**TVN**
* *Rojo VIP* (2005)
* *La Tele o Yo* (2005)

**Zona Latina**
* *Sin Dios ni Late* (2008-2011)

**Canal 13**
* *Bienvenidos* (2011-2012)
* *No Basta con Ser Bella* (2012)

**Vive Deportes**
* *Siganme los Buenos* (2011-present)

**Chilevisión**
* *SQP* (2004, 2013-present)
**YouTube**

* *LaJunta* (2020-present)

## Sources 
*
Inclosure Act 1773

The **Inclosure Act 1773** (13 Geo 3. c. 81) (also known as the Enclosure Act 1773) is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act is still in force in the United Kingdom. It created a law that allowed landowners to enclose land and remove the right of commoners to use the land. This act was a big part of the agrarian revolution.

## Sources
Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange

**Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange** (given names: *Catharina-Amalia Beatrix Carmen Victoria*; born 7 December 2003) is the oldest child of King Willem-Alexander

## Birth and baptism
Princess Catharina-Amalia was born on 7 December 2003 at HMC Bronovo in The Hague.  On 12 June 2004, Catharina-Amalia was baptized by Reverend Carel ter Linden in the Grote, or St. Jacob's, Church in The Hague.

## Childhood 
Princess Catharina-Amalia was enrolled in Bloemcamp school in Wassenaar on 10 December 2007. Her birthdays are usually celebrated with a concert at Kloosterkerk, The Hague. The concerts are attended by ambassadors and members of the royal household and the Council of State of the Netherlands. On her seventh birthday, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain once owned by her great-grandfather Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, was named after Catharina-Amalia by Peter Hartman. The princess herself did not go to the naming ceremony because of school obligations.

On 28 January 2013, it was stated that Queen Beatrix would abdicate on 30 April. Because of this, Princess Catharina-Amalia, as the heiress apparent to her father, would take the title of Princess of Orange. She is the first person to have this title. After her father became king, she still lives in Wassenaar, but will eventually move with her family to Huis ten Bosch. Princess Catharina-Amalia has had a seat in the Advisory Division of the Council of State of the Netherlands since she turned 18-years-old (age of majority).

## Honours
;Dutch orders and decorations
As a daughter of one of the 2 Heads of the House, when she becomes 18 years old, she *will become* :
*  :  Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion  (7 December 2021) 
* Netherlands: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (7 December 2021)
* Foreign Honours 
* Oman: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Renaissance (Oman) (15 April 2025)
* Portugal: Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ (10 December 2024) 
* Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic (10 April 2024)

## References
## Other websites
* Royal House of the Netherlands 

|-
Leper window

A **leper window** was a window built low in the chancel wall of some medieval churches. It was usually iron barred and shuttered. Lepers stood outside and watched Mass through this window.

## References 
* Broderick, R. C. *The Catholic Concise Encyclopedia*. 1952. Simon & Schuster. p. 222. 
* Dictionary: Leper window
Eurocopter EC120 Colibri

The **Eurocopter EC120 Colibri** is a light helicopter designed and built in France and Germany, with help of China and Singapore. The name of Colibri is the french translation for hummingbird. It is built by Eurocopter in Marignane. Its first flight was in 1995. Some are used by the Chinese, French and Spanish air forces mainly for training.

## References
Karen Doggenweiler

**Karen Sylvia Doggenweiler Lapuente** (born August 27, 1969 in Puerto Varas) is a popular Chilean journalist and TV presenter.

She is married to the Chilean politician Marco Enríquez-Ominami.

## Television 
**TVN**

* *24 Horas* (1991–1995)
* *NBA JAM deportivo* (1997)
* *Pase lo que Pase* (1998–2001)
* *Super Salvaje* (animales) (2002)
* *La Gran Sorpresa* (2002)
* *Tocando las Estrellas* (2003)
* *Buenos días a todos* (2002–2004, 2011-present)
* *Chile Elige* (2006)
* *El Baile en TVN* (2006–2008)
* *Viña Tiene Festival* (2008)
* *La Familia del Último Pasajero* (2008)
* *Estrellas en el hielo: El baile* (2008)
* *Calle 7* (2009)
* *Todos a Coro* (2009)
* *Pelotón III* (2009)
* *Abre los Ojos* (2009-2010)
* *Fuerza Chile* (2010)
* *Circo de Estrellas* (2010)
* *Circo, Detrás de la Magia* (2010)
* *Halcón y Camaleón* (2010)
* *Pelotón V* (2010)
* *Animal Nocturno* (2010-2011)
* *Mamá a los 15* (2011-2012)
* *Factor X* (2011-2012)
* *Dime por qué?* (2011)
* *La dieta del Lagarto* (2011)

## Sources 
*
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 2

'''''Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 2'''* is the second season of *Britain's Next Top Model''. This cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner was 18-year old Lianna Fowler from Derby, England.

## Contestants
(In alphabetical order)

* Abigail Clancy
* Amber Niemann
* Asha Hibbert
* Georgina Edewor-Thorley
* Jasmia Robinson
* Lianna Fowler
* Lucy Flower
* Nina Malone
* Samantha Gerrard
* Sarah Butler
* Sophia Price
* Tamar Higgs
* Yvette Stubbs

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Models 1
* A campaign in Ford Fiesta
* A cover & spread in Company Magazine 

## Episodes
1.
*Best: Sarah Butler
*Worst: Jasmia Robinson & Yvette Stubbs
*Eliminated: Yvette Stubbs

2.
*Best: Sophia Price
*Worst: Nina Malone & Lianna Fowler
*Eliminated: Nina Malone

3.
*Best: Abbey Clancy
*Worst: Asha Hibbert & Amber Niemann
*Eliminated: Asha Hibbert

4.
*Best: Sarah Butler
*Worst: Lucy Flower & Tamar Higgs
*Eliminated: Lucy Flower

5.
*Best: Lianna Fowler
*Worst: Abbey Clancy & Sophia Price
*Eliminated: Sophia Price

6.
*Best: Tamar Higgs
*Worst: Sarah Butler & Samantha Gerrard
*Eliminated: Samantha Gerrard

7.
*Best: Jasmia Robinson 
*Worst/Eliminated: Georgina Edewor-Thorley & Tamar Higgs

8.
*Best: Amber Niemann
*Worst: Sarah Butler & Lianna Fowler
*Eliminated: Sarah Butler

9.
*Best: Jasmia Robinson 
*Worst: Amber Niemann & Lianna Fowler
*Eliminated: Amber Niemann

10.
*Best: Lianna Fowler
*Worst: Abbey Clancy & Jasmia Robinson 
*Eliminated: Jasmia Robinson 

*Final Two: Abbey Clancy & Lianna Fowler
*Winner: Lianna Fowler
Women's Rights National Historical Park

'''Women's Rights National Historical Park''' (est.1980) consists of four historical properties in Seneca Falls and Waterloo, New York. These properties are important to women's rights. They are the Wesleyan Chapel (the site of the first Women's Rights Convention); the Elizabeth Cady Stanton House; the M'Clintock House; and the Richard Hunt House. The park consists of 6.83 acres (27,600 m²). It includes a visitor center and an education and cultural center.  

The **Votes For Women History Trail** (est. 2009) is administered through the Park. It is a motor vehicle route of sites in upstate New York important to women's rights. Sites include the Susan B. Anthony House; the Mount Hope Cemetery; Antoinette Louisa Brown Blackwell Childhood Home; the M'Clintock House; and The Women's Rights National Historic Park itself.

## Gallery

File:WesleyanChapel.JPG|Remains of the Wesleyan Chapel
File:ECStanton house2.jpg|Elizabeth Cady Stanton House
File:HUNT HOUSE.jpg|M'Clintock House
File:JANE HUNT HOUSE.jpg|Hunt House

## Other websites
* Women's Rights National Historic Park
Gennevilliers

line in Gennevilliers, front of Saint Marie Madeleine's church.]]
.]]
 in the *Port de Gennevilliers*.]]

**Gennevilliers**  is a town in France near Paris. It is in the region Île-de-France and the department of Hauts-de-Seine. About 41,000 people live there.

## Administration 
Gennevilliers has a town hall, two fire stations, a police station, three post office, and a customs station.

## Culture & monuments 
Gennevilliers has an old church from 17th century called Saint Marie Madeleine.
At least Gennevilliers has got a movie theatre, a modern theatre, a music school, and a fine art school.

## Sport 
The main sports played in Gennevilliers are : Football, rugby, swimming, dance, archery, and kayak

## Transport 
Gennevilliers is famous for his port, the Port de Gennevilliers, one of the most important in France, and the first one on the river Seine. Gennevilliers has 3 stations of the Paris Métro Line 13 : *Gabriel Péri*, *Les Agnettes*, and *Les Courtilles*. Urban train line C come to Gennevilliers. City is also served by 6 tram stations : *Parc des Chantereine*, *Gare de Gennevilliers*, *Timbaud*, *Le Village*, *Le Luth*, and *Les Courtilles*. Two highways converge in Gennevilliers, the *A15* and *A86*.

## Twin town 
*  England : Wirral.
*  Germany : Bergkamen.
*  Italy : Imola
*  Palestine : al-Bireh
*  Poland : Ostrowiec
*  Spain : La Bañeza.
TV Azteca

**TV Azteca**, is a Mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by Grupo Salinas. It is the second-largest mass media company in Mexico after Televisa. As of 2017, it competes in Mexico with Televisa.

It operates two television networks in Mexico: Azteca 7 and Azteca Uno. It also operates repeaters and affiliate stations in most major and minor cities.

## History 
's Logo]]

In the 1990s, during the presidency of Carlos Salinas de Gortari, several companies were privatized, including Imevisión (Spanish: *Instituto Mexicano de Televisión*; English *Mexican Television Institute*), which owned two channels (Red Nacional 7 and Red Nacional 13), which after its privatization, it would be renamed *Televisión Azteca, S.A de C.V* (except Canal 22 would pass under the power of Conaculta).

## References 
## Other websites 
* TVAzteca.com
Dulwich College

**Dulwich College** is a boarding school for boys aged 718 in Dulwich in south London. It is one of the largest fee-paying schools in England. It was started in 1619 by Edward Alleyn. In 2013 88% of students got 100% A*/A in their A Levels. It is a member of the Eton Group.

Amongst the many famous pupils was Joseph Bazalgette, who cleaned the London water supply, and was knighted in 1875.

## Other websites
*Dulwich College website
DeWitt Clinton

]]

**DeWitt Clinton** (March 2, 1769 – February 11, 1828) was an early American politician. 

Clinton was born in Little Britain, New York. He married Maria Franklin in 1796. They had ten children, but only three survived. She died in 1818, and Clinton was then married Catharine Jones from 1819 to his death. His son, George William Clinton, served as mayor of Buffalo, New York.

He graduated in law from Columbia University in 1790. From 1790 to 1795, he served as private secretary to his uncle, George Clinton.

He served in the New York State Assembly (1797–1798) and the New York State Senate (1798–1802), the US Senate (1802–1803), and ten terms as mayor of New York City (1803–1815). As mayor, he promoted public education, city planning, public sanitation, and relief for the poor. 

Clinton also held office as state senator (1806–1811) and lieutenant governor (1811–1813). From 1810 to 1824, he served as New York Canal Commissioner. In 1812, he lost the race for president of the United States to James Madison. He was the seventh governor of New York from 1817 to 1823 and the ninth governor from 1825 to 1829. 

He supported a plan to build a canal through Upstate New York to connect the Eastern United States with the Midwest. He became such a strong supporter of the New York plan that his opponents, who thatought that it was a waste of money, called it "Clinton's Ditch." He is sometimes known as the "Father of the Erie Canal." 

Clinton died from heart failure in Albany, New York, at the age of 58.

## References 
* DeWitt Clinton
* New Netherland Institute: DeWitt Clinton
Boston National Historical Park

The **Boston National Historical Park**  (est. October 1, 1974) is a group of eight sites in Boston, Massachusetts associated with the American Revolutionary War: the Bunker Hill Monument; Charlestown Navy Yard; Dorchester Heights; Faneuil Hall; Old North Church; Old South Meeting House; Old State House; and the Paul Revere House.

## Gallery

File:Bunker hill 2009.JPG|Bunker Hill Monument
File:Faneuil Hall Boston Massachusetts.JPG|Faneuil Hall
File:Old State House Boston Massachusetts2.jpg|Old State House  
File:Old South Meeting House in Boston MA.jpg|Old South Meeting House
Italophilia

**Italophilia** is the admiration, general appreciation or love of Italy, its culture, society, arts and people. It is often related to the emulation of Italy's ideals and civilization.

## Characteristics
, as can be seen even for the 2006 WorldCup celebrations of the Italian soccer team victory.]]
The term is used in two basic contexts: in international politics and in cultural context.

"Italophilia", "Italophile", and "Italophilic" are the terms used to denote pro-Italian sentiments, usually in politics and literature.

A huge italophilia started to develop in Europe during the centuries of the Italian Renaissance.

Actually one of the main reasons of Italophilia in the world is that Italy is home to more World Heritage Sites than any other nation in the world. These sites are culturally important and value according to UNESCO. Indeed about 60% of the works of art of the world are in Italy.

Another reason is the worlwide appreciation for Italian culinary and foods. Italy is also a big wine producer. In 2005 it made over 5 million tonnes, and many italian wines are very famous in the world, like the "Chianti".

Indeed in the American countries with a huge Italian emigration in the last centuries, there it is a widespread italophilia: Argentina, Brasil, Uruguay, Venezuela, Canada and the USA have millions of Italian descendants who promote in their society the love and appreciation for Italy.

Actually Giorgio Silvestri (director of the "Assemblea legislativa della Liguria") has calculated that there are nearly 250 million italophiles in the world.

## References
## Bibliography
* Barzini, Luigi. *The Italians*. Hamilton. London, 1987
* Sells, Lytton. *The Italian influence in English Poetry* Allen &Unwin ed. London, 1955

## Related pages
* Italy
* Italians
Alba Quezada

**Alba Quezada** (born **Alba Pilar Fuenzalida Figueroa** on August 28, 1985 in Chillán) is a Chilean model and television presenter.

## Filmography 
### Television 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Biographie de Alba Quezada
Ingrid Cruz

**Ingrid Elena Cruz Toro** (born 1 July 1975 in Antofagasta) is a Chilean actress.

## Filmography 
### Cinema 
### Television 
#### Telenovelas 
## Sources 
## Other websites
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park

**Cumberland Gap National Historical Park** (est. June 11, 1940) is a United States National Historical Park at the borders Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia.  The park covers . It includes a visitors' center, museum, and gift shop.

The Cumberland Gap is a large natural break in the Appalachian Mountains. Historically, the gap was fertile hunting ground used by Native Americans. About 1775, it became the main route for settlers moving west into Kentucky.  Between 1775 and 1810 as many as 300,000 settlers may have used the gap. Tours are led to the park's Hensley Settlement, an early 20th century Kentucky mountain community, and trips are made to Gap Cave which was once used for shelter by traveling Indians and settlers. Appalachian music festivals and concerts are held in the park.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
*Cumberland Gap  at American Byways
*Guide to records (administrative files) from the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
Lucía Hiriart

, a municipality in Santiago) in support of Chilean military personnel accused of human rights offenses.]]
**María Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez** (10 December 1923 &ndash; 16 December 2021), also known as **Lucía Hiriart de Pinochet**, was the wife of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. She was First Lady of Chile from 1973 to 1990. She was born in Antofagasta, Chile.

On 30 December 2018, Hiriart was hospitalized after falling at her home in Santiago de Chile. She fractured her arm and multiple ribs.

Hiriart died in Santiago de Chile on 16 December 2021 from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by heart disease, six days after her 98th birthday.

## References
## Other websites
*Analysis of her arrest
Carolina Mestrovic

**Carolina Verónica Mestrovic Moroni** (born 20 July 1991, in Arica) is a Chilean singer, actress and television presenter.

## Filmografía 
### Programas de televisión 
#### Participante 
#### Hostess 
### Telenovelas 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (series 7)

'''''Britain's & Ireland's Next Topmodel, Cycle 7'''* is the seventh season of *Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model*. Tis cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner was 20-year-old Jade Thompson from Stoke on Trent, England.

## Contestants
*(ages stated are at time of contest)*

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Models 1
* A spread & cover in *Company* Magazine
* A £100,000 contract with *Revlon* Cosmetics
* An international campaign with Miss Selfridge
* A new Peugeot RCZ

## Episodes
1.-4.
*casting episodes*

5.
*Best: Holly Higgins
*Worst: Anastasija Bogatirijova, Joanne Northey & Kimberleigh Spreadbury
*Eliminated: Joanne Northey & Kimberleigh Spreadbury

6.
*Best: Jessica Abbide
*Worst: Stacey Haskins & Ufuoma Itoje
*Eliminated: Ufuoma Itoje

7.
*Best: Jade Thompson
*Worst: Hannah Devane & Amy Woodman
*Eliminated: Hannah Devane

8.
*Best: Anastasija Bogatirijova
*Worst: Amy Woodman, Holly Higgins & Jade Thompson
*Eliminated: Amy Woodman & Holly Higgins

9.
*Best: Jade Thompson
*Worst: Tanya Mihalovic, Stacey Haskins & Imogen Leaver
*Eliminated: Tanya Mihalovic & Stacey Haskins

10.
*recap episode''

11.
*Best: Justė Juozapaitytė
*Worst: Jessica Abbide & Anastasija Bogatirijova
*Eliminated: Jessica Abbide

12.
*Best: Justė Juozapaitytė & Jade Thompson
*Eliminated: Anastasija Bogatirijova & Imogen Leaver

13.
*Final Two: Justė Juozapaitytė & Jade Thompson
*Winner: Jade Thompson

## References
## Other websites
*
Amanda Bresnan

**Amanda Bresnan** (born 4 December 1971) is an Australian politician. She is a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly. Bresnan was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly from the electorate of Brindabella in the 2008 election. She was defeated at the 2012 election

## Early life and education
Bresnan grew up in Brisbane. She studied at Griffith University.

In the 2007, Bresnan ran for the House of Representatives seat of Canberra.  In June 2008, the ACT Greens said that Bresnan would stand for election in Brindabella.

## Parliamentary career
Bresnan main interest dealth with Health, Mental Health, Transport, Disability, Housing, Ageing, Multicultural Affairs, Industrial Relations and Corrections. She is also the ACT Greens' Party Whip.

## References
## Other websites
* Amanda Bresnan: Official Website and Newsfeed
* Amanda Bresnan: Parliamentary Website and Information 
* Amanda Bresnan's Inaugural Speech
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 5

'''''Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 5'''* is the fifth season of *Britain's Next Top Model*. This cycle includes 13 contestants. The winner 19-year-old was Mecia Simson from Plymouth, England.

## Contestants
*(ages stated are at time of contest)*

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Models 1
* A campaign with Max Factor
* A spread & cover in *Company'' Magazine

## Episodes
1.
*Best: Mecia Simson
*Worst: Rebecca Ball, Ashley Brown, & Nell Naberro
*Eliminated: Rebecca Ball & Nell Naberro

2.
*Best: Kasey Wynter
*Worst: Lisa-Ann Hillman & Sophie Sumner
*Eliminated: Lisa-Ann Hillman

3.
*Best: Kasey Wynter
*Worst: Ashley Brown & Chloe Cummings
*Eliminated: None

4.
*Best: Sophie Sumner
*Worst: Kasey Wynter & Lauren Wee
*Eliminated: Lauren Wee

5.
*Best: Jade McSorley
*Worst: Chloe Cummings & Kasey Wynter
*Eliminated: Chloe Cummings & Kasey Wynter

6.
*Best/Immune: Daisy Payne
*Worst: Madeleine Wheatley & Annaliese Dayes
*Eliminated: Madeleine Wheatley

7.
*Best: Jade McSorley
*Worst: Hayley Buchanan & Daisy Payne
*Eliminated: Hayley Buchanan

8.
*Best: Mecia Simson
*Worst: Sophie Sumner & Annaliese Dayes
*Eliminated: Annaliese Dayes

9.
*Best: Jade McSorley
*Worst: Ashley Brown & Daisy Payne
*Eliminated: Daisy Payne

10.
*Best: Sophie Sumner
*Worst: Ashley Brown & Viola Szekely
*Eliminated: Viola Szekely

11.
*Best: Jade McSorley
*Worst: Ashley Brown & Mecia Simson
*Eliminated: Ashley Brown

12.
*Final Three: Jade McSorley, Mecia Simson & Sophie Sumner
*Eliminated: Jade McSorley

13.
*Final Two: Sophie Sumner & Mecia Simson
*Winner: Mecia Simson
Queen Liliʻuokalani

**Queen Liliʻuokalani** (September 2, 1838-November 11, 1917) was the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii.  She was well educated and traveled widely.  She married John Owen Dominis on September 16, 1862.  He became the Governor of Oahu and Maui.  The couple had no children. She was an accomplished musician. "Aloha ʻOe" is her best-known composition.

In 1891, Liliʻuokalani became Queen of Hawaii when her brother, the king, died.  In 1893, she wanted a new constitution.  This caused the American minister in Hawaii great concern. American soldiers took over the ʻIolani Palace and other government buildings. In 1894, they removed Queen Liliʻuokalani as queen.  The United States set up a provisional government. It became the Republic of Hawaii.

The Hawaiian people were on the side of their Queen. President Grover Cleveland offered to return the throne if she granted amnesty to all involved in the takeover of her kingdom.  She refused, but then changed her mind and agreed. She was denied her reinstatement by the Provisional Government.  On July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaii began. Liliʻuokalani died on November 11, 1917 following a stroke.

## References
* National Women's History Museum: Queen Liliʻuokalani
The Pink Panther 2

***The Pink Panther 2*** is a comedy movie released in 2009. It is the sequel to the movie *The Pink Panther*. In this movie, Inspector Jacques Clouseau (Steve Martin) is assigned to catch a burglar called "The Tornado". The Tornado has stolen the famous Pink Panther Diamond.

This movie also stars Kevin Kline, Beyoncé Knowles, and Jean Reno.

## Cast 
* Steve Martin as Inspector Jacques Clouseau
* Jean Reno as Gendarme Gilbert Ponton 
* Alfred Molina as Chief Inspector Randall Pepperidge 
* Emily Mortimer as Nicole Nuveau Durant 
* Aishwarya Rai Bachchan as Sonia Solandres
* Andy García as Inspector Vicenzo Roccara Squarcialupi Brancaleone
* Yuki Matsuzaki as Kenji Mazuto
* Lily Tomlin as Yvette Berenger
* John Cleese as Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus

## References
Couleur

**Couleur** (from French, in English *colour*, or in American English *color*) is the word which is used for the headgear and ribbons worn by members of some Central European student societies (Studentenverbindungen).

## Ribbon
## Headgear
### Cap
### Tönnchen
#### Straßencerevis
## Further reading
* Peter Krause: *O alte Burschenherrlichkeit - Die Studenten und ihr Brauchtum*, Graz, Wien, Köln 1979 (German), 
* Peter Krause: *O alte Burschenherrlichkeit - Die Studenten und ihr Brauchtum*, 5. verb. Auflage, Graz, Wien, Köln 1997 (German), 
* Paulgerhard Gladen: *Gaudeamus igitur - Die studentischen Verbindungen einst und jetzt*, Köln 2001 (German),
* Edgar Hunger / Curt Meyer: *Studentisches Brauchtum*, Bonn, Stuttgart 1958 (German)
Zirkel

**Zirkel** may refer to:

*Ferdinand Zirkel (1838–1912), German geologist and petrographer
*USS *Zirkel* (ID-3407), a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919
*Zirkel (Studentenverbindung), a symbol used in European Studentenverbindungen
*Albert Zirkel (1885–?), American wrestler who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics
*Mount Zirkel
*Dorsum Zirkel, a wrinkle ridge in Mare Imbrium on the Moon. It is 193 km long and was named after Ferdinand Zirkel in 1976
Masha Rasputina

**Masha Rasputina** (, born *Alla Ageeva*, 13 May 1965, Urop, Belovsky District, Kemerovo Oblast) is a Russian pop singer. She is known for her over-the-top, husky vocal style, fiery stage persona and flamboyant image.

Rasputina has been married twice. She has two daughters, Lidia Yermakova and Maria Zakharova (born 8 September 2000).

## Discography 
### Albums 
* Городская сумасшедшая (''A Town's Mad Girl*, 1991)
* Я родилась в Сибири (*I Was Born in Siberia*, 1993)
* Синий понедельничек (*Blue Monday*, 1994)
* Я была на Венере (*I Visited Venus*, 1995)
* Ты меня не буди (*Don't Wake Me Up*, 1999)
* Поцелуй меня при всех (*Kiss Me in Public*, 2000)
* Живи, страна! (*Live, My Country*, 2001)
* Роза чайная (*Rose Tea Room*, 2003)
* Маша Распутина. The Best (*The Best of Masha Rasputina'', compilation, 2008)

## References 
## Other websites  
* Оfficial site
* Fan site
* persona.rin.ru: Маша Распутина
* all-biography.ru Маша Распутина
* shalala.ru Маша Распутина
Zirkel (Studentenverbindung)

A **Zirkel** is a symbol used in Central European student societies (Studentenverbindungen).

## Look and meaning 
A *Zirkel* consists of interwined lines, mostly followed by an exclamation mark. The lines mostly show the first letters of the name of the *Studentenverbindung* and/or the letters v, c, f or e, f, v.

;Examples

File:Zirkel_1927.JPG | Zirkel of *Corps Germania* in Munich
File:Zirkel_Gothia.jpg | Zirkel of *Akademisches Corps Gothia* in Innsbruck
File:Zirkel_stpauli_jena.svg | Zirkel of *Sängerschaft zu St. Pauli* in Jena
File:Zirkel_Ascania_Köln.png | Zirkel of *Burschenschaft Ascania* in Cologne
File:Zirkel_Arminia_Leipzig.tif | Zirkel of *Burschenschaft Arminia* in Leipzig
File:Zirkel der Landsmannschaft Schottland zu Tübingen.png | Zirkel of *Landsmannschaft Schottland* in Tübingen

Meaning of v-c-f:
* *Vivant fratres coniuncti* ("the joined brothers should live") or
* *Vivat circulus fratrum* ("the circle of brothers should live")

Meaning of e-f-v:
* *Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland* ("Honour, Freedom, Fatherland").

The meaning of the exclamation mark is not quite clear.

## Using 
The members of the *Studentenverbindung* use the *Zirkel* as sign on Couleur or other things (such as beer glasses, etc). If a member signs in affairs of its *Studentenverbindung* it places the *Zirkel* after its signature. This use is similar to the use of postnominals in Anglo-Saxon countries.

;Examples

File:Strassencerevis_Rhen_Sil.jpg | *Straßencerevis* with embroidered *Zirkel* and oak leaves
File:AKV_Alemannia_Alemannkrug_1.JPG | beer mug and *Zipfel* with *Zirkel*

## References
## Further reading
* Peter Krause: *O alte Burschenherrlichkeit - Die Studenten und ihr Brauchtum*, Graz, Wien, Köln 1979 (German), 
* Peter Krause: *O alte Burschenherrlichkeit - Die Studenten und ihr Brauchtum*, 5. verb. Auflage, Graz, Wien, Köln 1997 (German), 
* Paulgerhard Gladen: *Gaudeamus igitur - Die studentischen Verbindungen einst und jetzt*, Köln 2001 (German)  
* Edgar Hunger / Curt Meyer: *Studentisches Brauchtum*, Bonn, Stuttgart 1958 (German)
Alla Pugacheva

**Alla Borisovna Pugacheva** (, or **Pugachova**, ), born 15 April 1949), is а Russian singer. She has a "clear mezzosoprano and a full display of sincere emotions". She is the most successful Soviet and Russian performer in terms of record sales and popularity. She became a Meritorious Artist of the Russian SFSR in 1980, People's Artist of the Russian SFSR in 1985 and People's Artist of the USSR in 1991. She is the mother of actress and singer, Kristina Orbakaitė.

## Notes and references
## Other websites
*Alla Pugacheva fan club  
*Russian Music on the net: Info on Alla Pugacheva with lyrics translated to English
*
*Videos of Alla Pugacheva's Concert in Kremlin
*Alla Pugacheva on YouTube
Trams in Biel

There was a **tram system** in Biel, Switzerland, from 1877 to 1948. As the idea of having trams was not popular, there was only one route from Bözingen to Nidau.
The tram was originally a horse carriage on rails. There were only a few carriages from other tram systems. Although it was very small there were summer and winter carriages.
After Biel City bought the system in 1901, it became electrical with more carriages and a bigger route. The tram was not very popular and the owner did not earn much money. This was the reason why only very few routes were built.
All the four routes started at the train station in Biel, today known as ‘Zentralplatz’. The tram to Meinisberg went through Mett but because there was a big distance between Biel and Meinisberg, there were only a few stations.
Biel City started to reduced the system in 1930. First, route 1 and 2 became route 1. Then, in 1940, routes 2 and 3 were replaced by buses and finally, route 1 became a bus route, too.

## Today 
Biel has a well-organized bus system since 1948. It grew more and more and is quite large, with over 15 different routes today. Some of them use the old tram routes but more were added, especially in the last 20 years. There are also different bus types today. Some are electrical, others run on fuel.
Renault Master

The **Renault Master** is a series of light trucks and minibuses produced by French manufacturer Renault from 1980 to present.

Opel and Vauxhall did make the same vehicle until 2022 but with different names, the names are: **Opel Movano** and **Vauxhall Movano**. These names were later reused in 2022 for a rebadged Fiat Ducato.

Heavier duty models of the Master were also sold by Renault Trucks as the **B series**, later as the **Messenger** and the **Mascott**.

File:Renault Master 01.jpg|First generation (before improvements)
File:1997 Renault Master 2.5 T35B lwb.jpg|First generation (after improvements)
File:1992-1999 Renault Messenger B120 (fl).jpg|Messenger
File:Renault Master front 20080326.jpg|Second generation (before improvements)
File:Renault master.JPG|Second generation (after improvements)
File:Renault Master Mascott (52383048489).jpg|Mascott
File:Renault Master III front 20100501.jpg|Third generation
File:2015 Renault Master LM35 Business Energy dCi - 2298cc 2.3 (135PS) Diesel - White - 11-2024, Front.jpg|Third generation (first improvement)
File:2020 Renault Master LN35 Business+ facelift 2.3.jpg|Third generation (second improvement)
File:Renault Master, IAA 2024, Hanover (P1200076).jpg|Fourth generation

## Other websites
*
*
*
Bieler Braderie

The **Braderie** (, ) is a festival celebrated every year in Biel, Switzerland at the end of June. In 2013, the festival will start on 28 June and end on 30 June.

## Location 
The main part of the festival takes place between the train station Biel and the Nidaugasse. There are over 100 stalls every year, which sell different things. The shops in Biel usually do their sales in this week, because many people are in the streets during the festival. A stage is set up in the front of the Apollo Cinema. Bands and singers present their music on this stage. The Braderie is known for a lot of famous Swiss stars, for example, Stress, DJ Antoine and Pegasus.

## History 
The Braderie began in 1936. Since 1930 and the big economic crisis, the people of Biel were searching for a way to improve the economy of Biel. The festival was started by Miggi Tièche and Carlo Schneeberger. The first Braderie was a big success. Originally known simply as a solution for the crisis, the Braderie began to be a part of Biel's calendar. There were three Braderies between 1937 and 1939. During World War II, they had to stop the Braderie. The break ended only in 1947, and then the Braderie started again, and it was known as "Bieler Sommerfest" (Biel Summer Celebration). Because of the long history from the Braderie, it is common today for most of the stores in Biel to make their sales during the Braderie.

## Other websites
*Official website  
*General information
Aloha ʻOe

"**Aloha ʻOe**" (*Farewell to Thee*) is a song by Queen Lili'uokalani, the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii. It was written in 1878. The song tells of a farewell between two lovers. 

## References
* Aloha Oe
Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 3

'''''Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 3'''* is the third season of *Britain's Next Top Model*. This cycle includes 12 contestants. The winner was 18-year-old Lauren McAvoy.

## Contestants
(*ages stated are at time of contest*)

## Prizes
* A modeling contract with Models 1
* A contarct with Ruby & Millie Cosmetics
* A cover and spread in *Company'' Magazine

## Episodes
1.
*Best: Lucy Benett
*Worst: Abigail Galatia & Dani Lawrence
*Eliminated: Dani Lawrence

2.
*Best: Rebecca White
*Worst: Krystal Hancok & Carly Thompson
*Eliminated: Krystal Hancok

3.
*Best: Louise Watts
*Worst: Stefanie Webber & Abigail  Galatia
*Eliminated: Abigail Galatia

4.
*Best: Carly Thompson
*Worst: Lauren McAvoy & Natalie Nwagbo
*Eliminated: Natalie Nwagbo

5.
*Best: Stefanie Webber
*Worst: Holly Alexander Richie & Carly Thompson 
*Eliminated: Holly Alexander Richie

6.
*Best: Rebecca White
*Worst: Louise Watts & Carly Thompson
*Eliminated: Carly Thompson

7.
*Best: Louise Watts
*Worst: Stefanie Webber & Sherece Champell 
*Eliminated: Sherece Champell

8.
*Best: Rebecca White
*Worst: Lucy Benett & Louise Watts
*Eliminated: Lucy Benett

9.
*Best: Louise Watts
*Worst: Lauren McAvoy & Stefanie Webber
*Eliminated: Stefanie Webber

10.
*Best: Louise Watts
*Worst: Lauren McAvoy & Rebecca White
*Eliminated: Rebecca White

*Final Two: Lauren McAvoy & Louise Watts
*Winner: Lauren McAvoy
2012–13 UEFA Champions League

The **2012–13 UEFA Champions League** was the 58th season of Europe's top club football competition organized by UEFA. It was the 21st season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the **UEFA Champions League**.

The final match took place at Wembley Stadium in London, England, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of England's Football Association. Bayern Munich won the final by beating Borussia Dortmund 2–1 with a late goal from Arjen Robben. It was Bayern's 10th final, their first European Cup title in 12 years, and their fifth overall. This was also the first final featuring two German teams and the fourth final with teams from the same association.

Chelsea, the previous champions, were eliminated in the group stage which was a first for title holders. However, they went on to win the 2013 UEFA Europa League, becoming the first team to hold both the Europa League and Champions League titles at the same time.

## Group stage 
### Group A 
### Group B 
### Group C 
### Group D 
### Group E 
### Group F 
### Group G 
### Group H 
## Knockout Stage
### Round of 16 
|}

### Quarter Finals 
|}

### Semi Finals 
|}

### Final
The final was played on 25 May 2013 at Wembley Stadium in London, England.

## Statistics 
### Hat-tricks 
4Player scored four goals.

## References
Jorge Drexler

**Jorge Drexler** (born **Jorge Abner Drexler Prada**; 21 September 1964) is an Uruguayan musician, actor, and doctor.

In 2004, Drexler become the first Uruguayan ever to win an Academy Award.  He won for composing the song "Al Otro Lado del Río" from *The Motorcycle Diaries*.

## Discography
**La luz que sabe robar* (Ayui, 1992)
**Radar* (Ayui, 1994)
**Vaivén* (Virgin, 1996)
**Llueve* (Virgin, 1997)
**Frontera* (Virgin, 1999)
**Sea* (Virgin, 2001)
**Eco* (Dro, 2004)
**Eco2* (includes 3 *bonus tracks* + DVD) (Dro, 2005)
**12 Segundos de Oscuridad* (2006)
**La Edad del Cielo (iTunes release)* (2007)
**Cara B*(2008)
**Amar la Trama* (2010)

## Other websites
*Jorge Drexler's official site
*Jorge Drexler's Official Label Site - Free music online
Sofía Castro

**Angélica Sofía Castro Rivera** (born October 30, 1994 in Mexico City) is a Mexican actress and model. Her step-father is the current President of Mexico and her mother is an actress.

## Filmography 
### Telenovelas 
### TV Series 
## Sources 
*
2011–12 UEFA Champions League

The **2011–12 UEFA Champions League** was the 57th **UEFA Champions League**. The champions were Chelsea. No third place match was played, as usual, but the teams defeated in the semi-finals were Real Madrid and FC Barcelona. FC Barcelona was the defending champions, but they were eliminated in the semi finals.

FC Bayern Munich defeated Real Madrid 3-3 (penalties) in aggregate. FC Barcelona were defeated by Chelsea 3-2 in aggregate.

Chelsea defeated FC Bayern Munich 1-1 (4-3 with penalties).

## Knockout stage
### Round of 16
|}

### Quarter-finals
|}

### Semi-finals
|}

### Final
## Statistics
### Hat-tricks
4Player scored four goals.
5Player scored five goals.
Mike Gray

**Michael "Mike" Gray** (October 26, 1935 &ndash; April 30, 2013) was an American writer, screenwriter, activist, cinematographer, movie producer and director. He was known for making many documentaries about drugs and war. He was also the screenwriter for *Star Trek: The Next Generation* and *The China Syndrome* for which he was nominated for an Academy Award.

Gray was born on October 26, 1935 in Darlington, Indiana. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Gray studied at Purdue University.

He was married to Carol Gray until his death in 2013. They had one son, Lucas Gray who is a storyboard writer for *The Simpsons*. Gray died from unknown causes in his home in Los Angeles, California, aged 77.

Gray won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Drama and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, and for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Mike Gray
* Drug Crazy
* Film Group Collection, 1966-1969