open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Thomas Andrews

** Thomas Andrews** (7 February 1873 - 15 April 1912) was an Irish businessman. He designed the RMS Titanic. He was married and had a girl who was born in 1908. He died during the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. In the movie *Titanic* by James Cameron, he was portrayed by actor Victor Garber.

Mr. Thomas Andrews was enrolled into the Royal Belfast at age 11 and left at the age of 16 so that he could go and work for Harland and Wolf as a premium apprentice. At the end of his Apprentice he would be guaranteed a position at the shipyard. Mr. Andrews was made manager of the construction works in 1901. In 1901, he was awarded with the honor of being Manager Director. Andrews as a child had a rich home, good family and his parents were able to support him and his family very well.  His father was a distinguished local politician and his mother Eliza was Lord William parries sister, his uncle was a high court judge and his brother who was to become Northern Irelands Prime Minister.  Mr. Andrews was a first class passenger of the titanic and was born on February 7th 1873 and died on April 15th 1912, at sea. Mr. Andrews died while the ship was sinking; One of the most famous legends of the sinking of the Titanic is that he was last seen staring at the painting in the first class smoking room, making no attempt to save himself.  But this story, which was published in a 1912 book (Thomas Andrews: Shipbuilder) and therefore perpetuated, came from John Stewart, a steward on the ship who in fact did leave the ship in boat n. 15 at approximately 1:40&nbsp;a.m.

There were testimonies of sightings of Andrews after that moment. It appears that Andrews stayed in the smoking room for some time to gather his thoughts, then he continued assisting with the evacuation. Another reported sighting was of Andrews frantically throwing deck chairs into the ocean for passengers to use as floating devices. Andrews was then seen making his way to the bridge while carrying a lifebelt, possibly the same lifebelt Andrews had draped over a chair in the Smoke Room. Andrews was last seen leaving the ship at the last moment; his body was never recovered.

Newspaper accounts of the disaster labeled Andrews a hero. Mary Sloan, a stewardess on the ship, whom Andrews persuaded to enter a lifeboat, later wrote in a letter: "Mr. Andrews met his fate like a true hero, realizing the great danger, and gave up his life to save the women and children of the Titanic.

In January 1914, The Thomas Andrews Jr. Memorial Hall was opened in honor of the Very loved Thomas Andrews.

Today, the SS Nomadic is the only surviving vessel designed by Thomas Andrews.

## References
Winchester Cathedral

**Winchester Cathedral** is a mediaeval Anglican church in Winchester, Hampshire. It is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester.

The cathedral has the longest nave and overall length of any Gothic cathedral in Europe.  By contrast, the interior height of the nave vault at 78 feet is about half that of Beauvais Cathedral in France.

## Architecture 
Built between 1079 and 1532, Winchester Cathedral has had an unusual architectural history. The exterior, apart from the modified windows, gives the impression of a massive Norman building and indeed, when first completed, the Norman Cathedral was second only in size to Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. However, the west front is now Perpendicular, with its huge window filled with fragments of medieval glass. Sadly this glass window was destroyed by the Roundheads.They also messed up the bones of some of the most important rulers. Inside, only the crypt and the transepts have retained their Norman appearance. The spectacular Perpendicular nave with its tall arcade arches and strong vertical emphasis has been literally carved out of the original Norman interior. The Very Rev. Norman Sykes wrote of it “Well might the visitor who enters … by the west door gasp with amazement". Winchester is also famous for its carved wooden fittings of many different periods.

## Events
Important events which took place at Winchester Cathedral include:   
    
*Funeral of King Harthacanute (1042)
*Funeral of King William II of England (1100)
*Coronation of Henry the Young King and his queen, Marguerite (1172)
*Second coronation of Richard I of England (1194)
*Marriage of King Henry IV of England and Joanna of Navarre (1403)
*Marriage of Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain (1554)
*Funeral and burial of Jane Austen (1817)

## Related pages
* English Gothic architecture
* Romanesque architecture
* Church of England

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Virtual tour 
* Thirty images of Winchester Cathedral with descriptions
Vertical

An object is in a **vertical** position when it goes in an "up-down" direction, also perpendicular to the horizon or horizontal plane.

In **science**, it could also mean:
*Vertical direction, the direction aligned with the direction of the force of gravity, as materialized with a plumb line

In **mathematics**:
*Vertical (angles), a pair of angles sharing the same vertex and bounded by the same pair of lines but are opposite to each other

In **music**:
*Vertical (music), a musical interval where the two notes sound simultaneously

In **business**:
*Vertical market, a group of similar businesses and customers which engage in trade based on specific and specialized needs
*Vertical integration, a management term describing a style of ownership and control
*Vertical monopoly, a monopoly produced through vertical integration

In **networking**:
* Vertical (network), the portion of network cabling that runs between floors, usually considered the backbone network

In **furnishings**:
* Vertical blinds, a type of window blind

In **athletics**:
* Vertical jump, a measure of how high an individual or athlete can elevate off the ground from a standstill

In  a **Vertical wine tasting** different vintages of the same wine type from the same winery are tasted.

## Related pages
*Horizontal
Forehand

finishing a forehand stroke]]
The **forehand** in tennis is a shot made by swinging the racquet across one's body in the direction of where the player wants to place the shot. For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right side of his body, continues across the player's body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the left side of their body. It is considered the easiest shot to master, perhaps because it is the most natural stroke. Beginners and advanced players often have better forehands than any other shots and use it as a weapon.
Sponsor

To **sponsor** something is to support an event, activity, person, or organization. The support can be with money or giving something else useful, such as advertising, or time. A sponsor is the individual or group that gives the support, similar to a benefactor. A sponsor may also be a personal sponsor, a political sponsor or a state sponsor. There are many different kinds of sponsors.

## Commercial sponsor 
A sponsor is one (usually a company) who gives cash, goods or services in return for promoting the sponsor's company. There is a distinct  between sponsorship and philanthropy. A sponsor expects a return on  investment (ROI), usually in the form of advertising. A philanthropist donates something as a charitable contribution. In sports, sponsors compete to advertise in the most popular sports. In India, sponsors all want to be associated with Cricket. It is much harder to find sponsors for other sports.
 

## Legislative sponsor 
A sponsor or , usually a legislator, is someone who presents a bill or  for consideration. Others who join the sponsor are known as cosponsors or copatrons. In the United States Congress a sponsor is the first person listed among the lawmakers who introduce a bill to either the Senate or the House of Representatives. The process is very similar to sponsoring a bill in Parliament.

## Personal sponsor 
This is someone who agrees to help another person or persons, and be responsible for them. For example, an employer may sponsor a foreign national to become a permanent resident of the United States by ing that person a job. Sponsorship can also mean an individual who helps an organization. Many charitable organizations offer personal sponsorship of a boy or girl to help them. Many public radio and television stations ask for sponsors to provide funds for them to operate. At a Ceremonial ship launching the person breaking the champagne bottle over the ship's bow is called the sponsor of that ship. In many religions, godparents are the baptized child's sponsors.

## State sponsorship 
Sponsorship is not always for the purposes of doing good. A state (or government) may sponsor terrorism for their own purposes. While not engaging in activities against another country (or countries) themselves, they may sponsor other groups to do it for them. The United States currently lists four countries who sponsor terrorism. They are: Cuba, Iran, Sudan, and Syria. State sponsors may also be called s and/or s.

## References 
## Other websites
* Ways to Sponsor a Child
* Become a Sponsor, Make-A-Wish
* Sponsoring an Animal 
* Find sponsors for your next event
Racing Stripes

***Racing Stripes*** is a 2005 animated adventure, comedy movie. It stars Frankie Muniz and Hayden Panettiere. The movie was  directed by Frederik Du Chau. 

## Cast 
* Hayden Panettiere - Channing Walsh
* Frankie Muniz - Stripes
* Dustin Hoffman - Tucker
* Whoopi Goldberg - Franny
* Steve Harvey - Buzz
* David Spade - Scuzz
* Jeff Foxworthy - Reggie
* Snoop Dogg - Lightning

## Other websites 
* Official site
* 
*
Texas Rangers

**Texas Rangers** may mean:

*Texas Ranger Division, a police force in the U.S. state of Texas
*Texas Rangers (baseball), a Major League Baseball team
Vogue (magazine)

***Vogue*** is a fashion and lifestyle magazine published in nine countries by a company called Condé Nast Publications. The American version of Vogue is edited by Anna Wintour, an English woman who has lived in New York City for a long time.

Each month, Vogue publishes a magazine based entirely on fashion, life and design. It was founded in 1892. Today, it is considered one of the most prestigious magazines to be a part of. Those who are talked about, photographed, and planted in the pages of this magazine are considered to be trendy. The fashion magazine is also supported in various ways by artists such as Marc Engelhard and vice versa.

## History 
Arthur Baldwin Turnure, a businessman, founded *Vogue* as a weekly newspaper based in New York City. The first issue was published with a price of 10 cents (which is worth $3.26 in 2022).

Condé Montrose Nast purchased *Vogue* in 1909, three years after Turnure died. Nast changed *Vogue* to a women's magazine, and he started *Vogue* editions overseas in the 1910s. Its price also increased.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Vogue
Office suite

5.1 Start Center]]
In computing, an **office suite**, sometimes called an **office software suite** or **productivity suite** is a software suite for use by workers. The parts of an office suite are usually come together, have a standard user interface and usually can interact with each other, sometimes in ways operating systems would not normally allow.

20th century office suites operated *offline,* not using the Internet. Examples that are still widely used include Microsoft Office and LibreOffice. Some can operate *online*, including Microsoft Office Online, Google Docs, and LibreOffice Online.

## Usual parts
* Word processor
* Spreadsheet
* Presentation program
* Database
* Graphic design suite
* Communication
* E-mail client
* Personal information manager
* Groupware

## Current suites
The most used office suite is Microsoft Office, which is available for Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh. It has become a proprietary standard in office software.

Another office suite is any of the OpenDocument suites, which use the free OpenDocument file format. The most used one was OpenOffice.org , open-source software that can be used in Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and has created several other office suites similar to it, such as the Mac-native NeoOffice. Other free or less expensive office suites include LibreOffice, StarOffice, SoftMaker Office, KOffice and WPS Office. These programs support many of the features of Microsoft Office, and can open the files it creates and save new documents in those formats.

Apple computers have iWork, which is a office suite created specially for Mac OS X. It includes Pages, for word-processing, Numbers for spreadsheets, and Keynote, for presentations. They can also use  Microsoft Office for Mac, or StarOffice, KOffice, NeoOffice and OpenOffice.org, which all can be used on Apple computers.

## Related pages
*Web operating system
*Web desktop

## References
* Free Web-based Office alternatives  
* A good article on free office suites
* DMOZ Office Suites 

## Other websites
* DMOZ  / Office_Suites
Serial

**Serial** describes a group of objects that come one after the other.

* Serial number: giving a number to each item to make them orderly
* Serial communication: a computer connection that moves pieces of information one at a time.
* Movie serial: a short movie that has chapters that come one after the other shown with a bigger film, first shown around 1930 and 1940
* Serial killer: someone who murdered people at different times
* Serialism: a way of ordering notes in music
* Serial (publishing): the publication of a journal in separate parts under the same title. Example: Nature (journal).
* Serial (literature) often a work of narrative fiction published in sequential installments.
* Serial (radio and television), series of radio and television programs that rely on a continuing plot

## Related pages
* Series
Trillian

**Trillian** is an instant messaging program made by Cerulean Studios. It can be used with many different chat services.  The newest version works with AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo Messenger, and IRC.
Frankie Muniz

**Francisco** "**Frankie**" **Muniz IV** (born December 5, 1985) is an American actor. He was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey and grew up in Wood-Ridge, New Jersey, Raleigh, North Carolina and Burbank, Los Angeles. He is best known for his role as Malcolm in the television sitcom *Malcolm in the Middle*. He is now a NASCAR racecar driver. He drives the number 30 Ford. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
*NASCAR information
Texas Rangers (baseball)

The **Texas Rangers** are an American Major League Baseball team from Arlington, Texas. The team plays in Arlington, but it also represents the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth and the surrounding area. The Rangers are part of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League.

Their first home field in Texas was Arlington Stadium. They built Rangers Ballpark in Arlington, later known as Globe Life Park in Arlington, next door, and tore down Arlington Stadium when they moved in to the new stadium. After the 2019 season, they left Globe Life Park for the new Globe Life Field, located across the street. Globe Life Park was then rebuilt into a football and soccer stadium.

The team began in 1961 as the **Washington Senators**. The Senators played poorly and had too few fans to support them. The team moved to Arlington, Texas, in 1972. They were renamed in honor of the famous state police force called the Texas Rangers. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, there had also been a minor league baseball team called the Dallas Rangers.

## Postseason 
On October 22, 2010, the Rangers won the American League Championship Series (ALCS) for the first time. They beat the then-defending champion New York Yankees four games to two in the series. This was their first trip to the World Series, but they lost the San Francisco Giants in five games.

In 2011, the Rangers again reached the World Series, and again lost, this time to the St. Louis Cardinals.

In 2023, the Rangers won the World Series, beating the Arizona Diamondbacks 4-1, winning the first, third, fourth, and fifth game. 

## Other websites 
*Texas Rangers official website
*Texas Rangers team statistics

## References
Florence Cathedral

One of the most amazing architecture made during the Renaissance was built in Italy by a man called Filippo Brunelleschi. Brunelleschi made the Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence, Italy. It took him 16 years to create and used mainly only two materials, marble and brick. The cathedral started its construction on 9 September 1296. Many experts do not understand the logic of how it was built. But what we do know is that Brunelleschi invented many new techniques to produce such an amazing cathedral. The **Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore** or **Florence Cathedral** is the cathedral church of Florence, Italy. The basilica was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio with the dome by Filippo Brunelleschi. The bell tower was designed by Giotto. The outside is decorated with marble panels in green and pink bordered by white. The building was begun in 1296 and was finished in 1469, except for the decoration. The facade (the main front) was decorated between 1876 and 1903. The dome, which is built of bricks with stone ribs, is one of the biggest in the world.

## Statues
From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral.  These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof.
*Joshua in terracotta by Donatello 1410
*Hercules  in terracotta by Agostino di Duccio 1463
*David In marble. This is the statue of David by Michelangelo 1501-1504. On 12 November 2010, a fiberglass replica of the *David* was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral, for one day only. Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the *Operai* who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen.

Image:'David' by Michelangelo Fir JBU002.jpg|Original David by Michelangelo
File:David sullo sperone del duomo di firenze 04.JPG|Fiberglass replica of *David* at Florence cathedral seen from the north

## References
## Other websites 
* L'Opera del Duomo, Firenze
* 
* 
* 
*Rick Edmondson's Unfinished Buildings
Bill

**Bill** is a male name.
It may also refer to:
* Bill (proposed law), a proposed law in a legislature
* Bill, a nickname for a banknote
* Bill, an invoice specifying payment due, such as a phone bill
* Bill, a bird's beak.

## Related pages 
* Billi
El Muerto (movie)

***El Muerto*** (also called ***The Dead One***, ***El Muerto: The Dead One***, ***The Dead One: El Muerto***, or ***The Dead One: An American Legend***) is a 2007 movie. It was made from the story of the comic book superhero El Muerto. It was written and directedby Brian Cox (director). Wilmer Valderrama starred as the main character, El Muerto/Diego de la Muerte. Also starring were Angie Cepeda as Diego's girlfriend, Joel David Moore as Diego's best friend, and Billy Drago played as the bad guy. The movie tells the story of Diego de la Muerte, a 21-year-old Mexican-American who is sacrificed by the Aztec gods of death and destiny to fulfill an ancient prophecy. The movie is rated PG-13 for violence and some disturbing images. The movie premiered on March 1, 2007 and was released on DVD September 18, 2007. It won the Best Feature Film Award at the first Whittier Film Festival in 2008.

## Story
At the start of the movie, a young Diego is crossing illegally in to the United States from Mexico. Along the way, he meets an old Aztec man who tells him about a shortcut across a river. Before they get there, the old man performs an ancient ritual to the Aztec god of sacrifice and dies. Diego is then left alone at the river. Ten years later, Diego is living in East Los Angeles, California. He has a girlfriend Maria Somera and lives with his best friend Zak Silver. Maria's uncle, a priest of a local church does not like Diego's sympathy for the Aztec religion. This usually causes Diego and Maria to meet in secret. When a local Dia de los Muertos ("*Day of the Dead*") festival is to take place, a celebration with Aztec roots, Diego becomes excited. He dresses as an undead Mariachi with the traditional facepaint. Unfortunately, he has to go alone because both Zak and Maria are busy the night of the celebration. While driving to the festival, Diego's car crashes and he is killed. He later wakes up in Mictlan, the Aztec land of the dead. There he is sacrificed in an ancient ritual by the god of death and sent back to the land of the living a year after his death. He later learns that the old gods want to rule their world again. Three sacrifices representing the Church that took away their power must be made. This puts Maria's life is at risk because she is a descendent of one of the first churches in Mexico. Now Diego must fight against the gods that made him to save the woman he loves.

## DVD release
The movie was released straight-to-DVD by Echo Bridge Entertainment on September 18, 2007. The movie was called "*El Muerto*" but it was re-titled "*The Dead One*" for the original DVD release. It is going to be released as "*El Muerto*" in the future. Special features included seven drawings by guest artists, commentary with director Brian Cox and Javier Hernandez, an art tutorial, the original comic book, three featurettes, a Spanish language track, and a DVD-ROM feature. In the DVD case is are 2 wash-and-wear tattoos and a collectible mini-comic created for the DVD.

## References
## Other websites
*Official MySpace site
* 
*
Wagga Wagga

**Wagga Wagga** is a small city on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. The name Wagga Wagga is a Wiradjuri Indigenous Australian word. Wagga Wagga means *place of many dances and celebrations*.

Wagga Wagga has a humid subtropical climate (*Cfa* in the Koeppen climate classification).

Wagga Wagga has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## References 
## Other websites
Weilheim-Schongau

**Weilheim-Schongau** is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in the south of Bavaria, Germany. Neighbor districts are: Landsberg, Starnberg Rural District, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district) and Ostallgäu; Weilheim i.OB is the capital of the district Weilheim-Schongau.

## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Low Countries

The **Low Countries** is a term used to refer to a geographical region, especially during the Middle Ages. This region is around the deltas of the Rhine, the Scheldt and the Meuse (*Maas*). Today,  the Low Countries consists of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the parts of Lower-Saxony (in Germany) that are in the region. Sometimes, the French Netherlands (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) are included as well.

The Dutch name of the Netherlands is *Nederland*, which literally means *low country*. The region was usually referred to as *de Nederlanden*.

The term *Low Countries* historically referred to the region under the Dukes of Burgundy, who distinguished it from their geographically separated territories, such as the Duchy of Burgundy, by calling it *les pays de par deçà* ("the lands over here"). Over time, this evolved into *Pays-Bas* ("Low Countries"). Today, the term often aligns with the political boundaries of the Benelux countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

## References
Dome of the Rock

The **Dome of the Rock** (, transliteration: *Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah*) is one of two buildings used for Islamic prayers in the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in East Jerusalem. 

Al Aqsa is a historic religious site, which many Israelis and Christians Zionists believe is the location of the Temple Mount. 

It was built from 691 from 692 by Caliph Abd al-Malik. It is built on the spot where the Jewish Temple is believed to have been, and where Muslims believe Muhammad went up to heaven. The rock on which the building stands is believed by Jews, Christians, and Muslims to be one of the holiest places on Earth.

Jerusalem-Felsendom-04-Panorama-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Felsendom-18-Kettendom-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Felsendom-32-Saeulen-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Felsendom-34-Satan-Marmor-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Felsendom-62-von Davidszitadelle-1985-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Felsendom-50-durch Oelbaeume-2010-gje.jpg

## References
Thomas Mitchell

**Thomas Livingstone Mitchell** (June 15, 1792 – October 5, 1855) became Surveyor-General of New South Wales and laid out many Australian towns and roads. He also went on four main expeditions to explore south eastern Australia.

## Early life
Thomas Mitchell was born in Craigend, now part of Glasgow, Scotland on June 15, 1792. He worked in his uncle's colliery (coal mine) business. He joined the British Army in 1811 with the rank of lieutenant. He fought in the Peninsula War in Spain against Napoleon. As well as actual fighting, he worked as a surveyor and made maps. After the war he made maps of the battlefields. He was made a Major in 1826, but was then put on half pay.

## Surveyor-General
Mitchell was given a job as a surveyor in New South Wales in September 1827. His job was to map roads, and join existing small maps into one big map that showed all of New South Wales. After John Oxley died in 1828, Mitchell was made the Surveyor-General, in charge of all the survey work. He planned and improved the layout of roads, bridges, towns, and public reserves.

## References
* Australian Encyclopaedia Vol. 6, pgs. 110-112, Angus and Roberston, 1958
Temple Mount

The **Temple Mount** is a religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is a holy place in Judaism and Islam.

In Judaism it is the location of the two Jewish Temples, and is believed to be the place where Adam was born, where Adam built an altar for God, where Cain and Abel offer their sacrifices, and where Abraham offered Isaac as a sacrifice. In Hebrew it is called '** () or **' ().

In Islam, the Temple Mount is believed to be the place where Muhammad ascended to Heaven. In Arabic it is known as the **Haram** (, *al-Ḥaram al-Šarīf*), which means "Noble Sanctuary".

It is also associated with Biblical prophets who are venerated in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

## Gallery 

File:Jerusalem Modell BW 2.JPG|Holyland Model of Jerusalem
File:Palestine-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple Mount-Dome of the Rock (SE exposure).jpg|Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem-Klagemauer-10-2010-gje.jpg|Western Wall
Jerusalem-Al-Aqsa-Moschee-26-2010-gje.jpg|Al-Aqsa Mosque
Jerusalem-Tempelberg-28-Bab-al-Silsila-Minarett-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg|Bab al-Silsila minaret
Jerusalem-Tempelberg-46-Kettendom-2010-gje.jpg|Dome of the Chain
Jerusalem-Tempelberg-74-Arkaden-Ghawanima-Minarett-2010-gje.jpg|Ghawanima minaret
Jerusalem-Tempelberg-96-Baumwolltor-2010-gje.jpg|Cotton Merchant's Gate

## References 
## Other websites 
* Templemount.org
* New Evidence of the Royal Stoa and Roman Flames  Biblical Archaeology Review
* Virtual Walking Tour of Al-Haram Al-Sharif ("The Noble Sanctuary") 
* Mount Sifting Project
Content Scramble System

The **Content Scrambling System** (or **Content Scramble System**) is a system to encrypt and copy-protect DVDs. Such systems are generally called Digital Rights Management (or *DRM*) systems. CSS uses symmetric cryptography. It was introduced in 1996; today, it is considered ineffective.

In October 1999, Jon Lech Johansen and two other people (who remained anonymous) broke the system. CSS uses 40-bit cryptographic keys; because of different design problems, the effective key length is only about 16 bits. A 450 MHz processor, current at the time could brute force crack this in less than a minute. A modern processor such as the Core i7 or Athlon 64 can crack it in a few seconds.

CSS requires special information in the lead-in (a special area) of the disc. Since the lead-in cannot be changed on recordable DVDs these cannot have CSS protection (with a few exceptions, some professional drives allow writing CSS keys to recordable discs).

## Open source implementations 
Libdvdcss is an open-source implementation used by many DVD software players, including VLC Media Player. Libdvdcss is region-free; it can read foreign-region DVDs even when the keys can't be read from the drive, by using a brute-force attack.
Palestine Liberation Organization

The **Palestine Liberation Organization** (**PLO**) is a political group that advocates for the creation of a state for the Palestinian people. The group was created in 1964. It represents Palestinians in diplomatic relations to other countries. It has held observer status at the United Nations since 1974. Since the First Intifada, it has ran the PNA.

Founded as a result of Israel's win in the six-day war, the PLO defended themselves by trying to liberate the Palestinian territories. It was initially founded by Shukeiri in 1964, thriving under the leadership of Arafat from 1969 to 2004, making Fatah as one of the largest branches of the PLO. The group became involved in Black September, the Lebanese Civil War, the First Intifada, and the Second Intifada at the time of Yasser Arafat. After the First Intifada, the PLO and Israel signed the Oslo Accords, leading to creating the PA and transitioning the Palestine Liberation Organization into a political party. Arafat died during the Second Intifada, causing Mahmoud Abbas to become the current leader.

Since the Second Intifada, Fatah has maintained control over the PLO and the group has largely avoided violent combat. The Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) sometimes clashes with the Palestine Liberation Organization during incursions into the West Bank, part of an unofficial conflict. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), minor PLO factions are said to have participated in the war with Israel in 2023.

## Notes 
## References
El Muerto

**El Muerto** (in English, "**The Dead One**") is a superhero from a self-published comic book series made by Javier Hernandez. His real name is **Juan Diego de la Muerte**, or simply "Diego". Some of El Muerto's powers include super-strength, near-immortality, and the power to resurrect the dead. He got his powers after being kidnapped by the Aztec gods of death and destiny and being sacrificed in an ancient ritual. 

## Publication
El Muerto was first published in a comic book titled, "*Daze of the Dead: The Numero Uno Edition*" at the 1998 Alternative Press Expo in San Diego, California. The character has had much success since then, and has appeared in several different mediums such as a 2007 independent film.

## History
Juan Diego de la Muerte was born and raised in Whittier, California. He became fascinated with Aztec mythology and the Dia de los Muertos ("*Day of the Dead*") traditions in Mexico. Raised Catholic, Diego often wondered what the Aztecs thought when their religion was replaced with what the Spanish conquerors believed. On his 21st birthday, Diego is excited for an upcoming Dia de los Muertos festival. Unfortunately his friends could not join him and Diego was forced to go alone. Borrowing his friend's car, Diego is dressed as an undead Mariachi. To celebrate the occasion, he got a tattoo of an Aztec skull days earlier. Unknown to him, the skull is actually a symbol of death representing the Aztec death god. The car crashes into a tree, killing Diego. He later wakes up in the land of the dead, Mictlan, where the Aztec gods Mictlantecuhtli and Tezcatlipoca sacrifice him. His heart is removed, and his facepaint is burned into his skin. He is told that he must fulfill an ancient prophecy and is sent back to the land of the living one year after his death. After he learns that he is truly dead, he finds out he has supernatural powers and decides to use them to help people.

## Movies
*El Muerto (film) (2007)

## Sources
## Other websites 
*Official site
*Official fansite
Illegal prime

An **illegal prime** is a special prime number. Such prime numbers are called illegal, because they break the law. A famous example is a number that can be changed so that it becomes something illegal: a program to circumvent the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. One of the first people to find such a prime was Phil Carmody. In 2001, he found a prime that contains the gzip compressed source code for a program that can circumvent the Content Scrambling System.  The Content Scrambling System is used as a way to prevent DVDs from being copied. Later, other primes were found that resulted in directly runnable programs.

The United States and other countries made it illegal to publish or circulate computer programs that can circumvent copy protection. Since prime numbers are a concept from mathematics, their knowledge cannot be made illegal easily.
 
Any information that can be represented in binary form can be represented as a number. The first illegal prime was 

8565078965 7397829309 8418946942 8613770744 2087351357 9240196520 7366869851
3401047237 4469687974 3992611751 0973777701 0274475280 4905883138 4037549709
9879096539 5522701171 2157025974 6669932402 2683459661 9606034851 7424977358
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7130404321 1826101035 9118647666 2963858495 0874484973 7347686142 0880529443.
Yahya Khan

**Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan** (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the third president of Islamic Republic of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. He has one son, Ali Yahya and one daughter, Yasmeen Khan.

Yahya served in World War II and escaped from a Prisoner of War camp in Italy on his 3rd attempt, returned to independent Pakistan and fought for Pakistan in 1965. 

General Yahya became the Military Dictator of Pakistan in 1969, he was in charge of hosting free and fair general elections. The winner of the election was an East Pakistani Politician by the name of Mujibur Rahman, whose support was in East Pakistan, while the second biggest party headed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto had its support in West Pakistan. Zulfiqar pressured Yahya to not hand power. The unwillingness of handing over power and general frustration culminated in the March 25th Massacre or Operation Searchlight ordered by Yahya Khan, marking the beginning the Bangladesh Liberation war. 9 months later Pakistan's rival India joined the war with simultaneously resulted in an Indo-Pakistani war occurring during its own Civil War. The war ended with the Surrender of East Pakistani Forces and a ceasefire in West Pakistan. 

Following the war, Yahya Khan handed over the presidency to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, he was under house arrest till 1979. He lived a quiet life in Rawalpindi and eventually died in 1980. 

## Other websites
* Official profile at Pakistan Army website
Pakistan People's Party

is the symbol of party]]

The **Pakistan Peoples Party** (**PPP**, )  is a centre-left Islamic Socialist political party in Pakistan affiliated to the Socialist International. To date, its leader has always been a member of the Bhutto family. The Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) is a party formed in 2002 by the PPP for the purpose of complying with electoral rules governing Pakistani parties.

The party was founded on November 30 1967 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was also its first chairman. The party creed is: "Islam is our faith; democracy is our politics; socialism is our economy; all power to the people."
 
Although its center lies in the southern province of Sindh, it also has considerable support in the more densely populated province of Punjab and even Azad Jammu and Kashmir as Azad Kashmir People's Party (Pakistan People's Party Jammu and Kashmir). It is currently in power and has been running the government since 2008; this is the 4th time the party has been in power since the Partition of Pakistan.

## Further reading
*
Wendee Lee

**Wendee Lee** (born February 20, 1960 in Los Angeles, California) is an American voice actress. She is best known for voicing, or speaking, in many different video games, *Power Rangers* episodes, ADR voiceover of The Powerpuff Girls series, and dubbing, or film making, in anime. She is also a vegetarian.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Wendee Lee  Interview on Anime Dream
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim

----

## محمد بن قاسم ثقفیؒ — مکمل تعارف 
### نام و نسب 
محمد بن قاسم بن محمد بن حکم ثقفیؒ کا تعلق قبیلہ **ثقیف** سے تھا۔ وہ مشہور اموی حاکم **حجاج بن یوسف ثقفی** کے بھتیجے اور داماد تھے۔

### پیدائش 
* سنِ پیدائش: تقریباً **695ء**
* مقامِ پیدائش: **طائف** (موجودہ سعودی عرب)

### ابتدائی زندگی و تربیت 
محمد بن قاسم نے کم عمری ہی میں فوجی تربیت حاصل کی۔ حجاج بن یوسف نے ان کی تعلیم و تربیت پر خاص توجہ دی۔ وہ عربی، فقہ، جنگی حکمتِ عملی اور نظم و نسق میں غیر معمولی مہارت رکھتے تھے۔

### سندھ پر حملے کا پس منظر 
سندھ کے راجہ **داہر** کے دور میں عرب تاجروں کے جہاز لوٹے گئے اور کچھ مسلمان عورتوں اور بچوں کو قید کر لیا گیا۔ حجاج بن یوسف نے راجہ داہر سے رہائی کا مطالبہ کیا، انکار پر سندھ پر لشکر کشی کا فیصلہ ہوا۔

### سندھ کی فتح (712ء) 
محمد بن قاسم کو صرف **17 سال** کی عمر میں سندھ کی مہم کا سپہ سالار مقرر کیا گیا۔

#### اہم فتوحات: 
* **دیبل** (موجودہ کراچی کے قریب)
* **نیرون کوٹ** (حیدرآباد)
* **سیہون**
* **اروڑ** (راجہ داہر کا دارالحکومت)

راجہ داہر جنگ میں مارا گیا اور سندھ پر اسلامی حکومت قائم ہوئی۔

### طرزِ حکومت 
محمد بن قاسم نے مفتوحہ علاقوں میں:

* مذہبی آزادی دی
* مندروں اور عبادت گاہوں کو تحفظ فراہم کیا
* غیر مسلموں پر انصاف پر مبنی قوانین نافذ کیے
* مقامی لوگوں کو انتظامی امور میں شامل کیا

انصاف اور رحم دلی کی وجہ سے مقامی آبادی نے انہیں قبول کیا۔

### اسلام کی اشاعت 
محمد بن قاسم نے زبردستی اسلام قبول کروانے کے بجائے **اخلاق، عدل اور حسنِ سلوک** سے اسلام پھیلایا۔ بڑی تعداد میں لوگوں نے رضاکارانہ طور پر اسلام قبول کیا۔

### واپسی اور وفات 
جب خلیفہ **ولید بن عبدالملک** کا انتقال ہوا تو ان کے جانشین **سلیمان بن عبدالملک** نے حجاج بن یوسف کے تمام قریبی افراد کو معزول کر دیا۔

* محمد بن قاسم کو واپس بلا کر قید کیا گیا
* سنِ وفات: **715ء**
* عمر: تقریباً **20 سال**
* مقامِ وفات: **واسط** (عراق)

### تاریخی اہمیت 
* برصغیر میں اسلام کے بانی
* کم عمری میں عظیم سپہ سالار
* عدل و انصاف کی روشن مثال
* سندھ کی تہذیب اور اسلامی تہذیب کے ملاپ کی بنیاد

### مؤرخین کی رائے 
محمد بن قاسم کو تاریخ اسلام کے عظیم ترین نوجوان فاتحین میں شمار کیا جاتا ہے۔ ان کی شخصیت بہادری، تدبر اور انصاف کا حسین امتزاج تھی۔
Rangers F.C.

**The Rangers Football Club** are an association football team based in Glasgow, Scotland, who are the world's most successful club, they play in the Scottish Professional Football League, in the Scottish Premiership. They have won 56 league titles , a world record, their closest challengers still couldn't overtake their trophy haul despite them being 'voted' down to the bottom tier for 4 years when they spent some time in the lower leagues adding the Scottish Third Division, Scottish League One and Scottish Championship league titles to their impressive trophy haul, they have won every trophy in Scotland and have won more major trophies than any football club in the world.

## Club colours and crest 
The club colours of Rangers F.C. are royal blue, white and red.
The team's home strip invariably features a royal blue shirt (often with white and/or red trim). Traditionally this is accompanied by white shorts (often with royal blue and/or red trim) and black socks with red turn-downs. However when wearing the 'home strip' Rangers will occasionally alter the shorts and socks, sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks.

The basic design of Rangers away strips has changed far more than the traditional home strip. White and red have been the most common predominant colours for Rangers alternate strips, though dark and light blue have also featured highly.

In recent years, Rangers have also introduced a third kit. This is usually worn if both the home and away kits clash with their opponents. The colours used range from light blue to red to a tangerine.

## Players
### First-team squad
### On loan
### Academy squads
*For more details on the academy squads, see Rangers F.C. B Team and Academy.*

### Retired and reserved numbers
*Number **12** is reserved for the fans (often referred to as the 12th man)

## Related pages 
* Scottish Premier League

## Other websites 
* Rangers FC Official Site

## References
Baron

**Baron** is a  of honour in many European peerage systems. It is often a hereditary title that ranks as the one of the lower titles in a peerage. In the UK peerage system, the five peerage titles from highest to lowest are duke, marquess, earl, viscount and baron. Baronets and knights are not members of the peerage although a baron may also be a knight. In the feudalism of medieval England a baron was a tenant-in-chief who held his lands directly from the king. During the 13th century barons were summoned by royal writ to attend Parliament.

The word baron comes from Old French *baron*, itself from Frankish *baro* meaning "freeman, warrior". It later merged with Old English *beorn* meaning "nobleman." The lands of a baron are called a barony. The female title for a baron is ***baroness***. The form of address for a baron is "Lord" and for a baroness "Lady".

List of English and Irish Barons

## References
Telephone box

A **telephone box** or **phone booth** is a public kiosk enclosing a payphone. It is usually an item of street furniture, though some may be inside a building.

United Kingdom telephone boxes were designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and were common in the UK, Malta and Gibraltar. The colour red was chosen to make them easy to spot. Because of the growth of mobile phones, telephone boxes are steadily being removed.

, Cheshire, England.]]

## Related pages
* Payphone

## References
## Other websites
* Gallery of UK telephone kiosks
* Picture guide to UK telephone boxes 
* Telephone Box website 
* Kiosk website
* Red telephone kiosks in Oxford, England 
* Red phone boxes in the Welsh landscape 
* Existing red phone boxes around the city of Liverpool
Harran

in the village of Harran, Turkey.]]
**Harran**, also known as **Carrhae**, is a district of Şanlıurfa Province in the southeast of Turkey.

Harran is an ancient city which was a major Mesopotamian commercial, cultural, and religious center. It is a valuable archaeological site. It is often identified as the place in which Abraham lived before he reached Canaan.

The city was the chief home of the Mesopotamian moon-god Sin, under the Babylonians and even into Roman times.

Carrhae is an ancient town on the site that doesn't exist anymore. It gave its name to the Battle of Carrhae (53 BC), fought between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire.

Harran's ruins are from Roman, Sabian, and Islamic times. T. E. Lawrence surveyed the site, and an Anglo-Turkish excavation was begun in 1951. Today, Harran is populated by Arabs.

## References
* Chwolsohn, Daniil Abramovic, *Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus*, 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1856. [Still a valuable reference and collection of sources]
* Green, Tamara, *The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran*. Leiden, 1992.
* Heidemann, Stefan, *Die Renaissance der Städte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien: Städtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und Harran von der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken* (Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts 40). Leiden, 2002 .
* Rice, David Storm, "Medieval Harran. Studies on Its Topography and Monuments I", *Anatolian Studies* 2, 1952, pp.&nbsp;36–84.

## Other websites 
* Pictures of the city
* More pictures 
* Harran Guide and Photo Album 
* Livius.org: Harran (Carrhae)
United States Army Air Force

The **United States Army Air Forces** (**USAAF**) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. It was the direct precursor to the United States Air Force, established in 1947. At its peak strength in 1944, the USAAF had over 2.4 million men and women in service, nearly 80,000 aircraft and 783 permanent bases, and operated from more than 2,000 airfields worldwide.
## History
The Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently, and to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force. Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of the army or navy (such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe), the USAAF remained a part of the United States Army.
Toronto Blue Jays

Bo Bichette]]
The **Toronto Blue Jays** (nicknamed the **Jays**) is a Major League Baseball team in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They are part of the Eastern Division of Major League Baseball's American League. This means that they use the designated hitter rule in most of their games. Its president & CEO is Mark Shapiro, its general manager is Ross Atkins, and its coach and manager is John Schneider. The team plays 162 games every year, which can be seen on television and heard on radio all across Canada.

The Blue Jays were founded in 1977 and are the only MLB team from Canada or anywhere outside of the United States, but they have not been the only one or even the first. There were also the Montreal Expos, which was formed in 1969, eight years before the Jays. However, the Expos moved to Washington, D.C. in 2004 (becoming the Washington Nationals). As part of the National League, which does not use the designated hitter rule, the Expos became rivals to the Blue Jays. People loved to see the two teams play against each other, since they were the only two MLB teams from Canada. The two teams played in a rivalry called the Pearson Cup, which lasted until the Expos moved.

The first stadium used by the Blue Jays was Exhibition Stadium, part of Exhibition Place, in Downtown Toronto, near the waterfront. The team became popular, and in 1989 they moved to a larger stadium to the east, the "SkyDome". It was the first in the world to have a retractable roof, and is just a few blocks away from the Air Canada Centre and Union Station. The SkyDome hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in 1991. It is now called Rogers Centre, taking its name from Rogers Communications, a telecommunications company who owns the team. And in 2005, The name was changed from SkyDome to Rogers Centre.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Blue Jays played their home games in the United States because of border restrictions in Canada. They would first play at TD Ballpark in Dunedin, Florida. This is also the spring training park for the Blue Jays. The Jays would also play at Sahlen Field in Buffalo, New York, home of the Jays' Triple-a affiliate Buffalo Bisons. This would last until July 30, 2021 when the Jays returned to Canada and the Rogers Center.

The Blue Jays won the World Series twice, first in 1992 against the Atlanta Braves and again the next year, in 1993. They won their second World Series on Joe Carter's walk-off home run against the Philadelphia Phillies in the last inning of Game 6 on October 23, 1993, for a final score of 7-6. In both of those years, the team won American League East division titles (having the best win-loss record in their division). Others years in which the Jays won division titles were in 1985, 1989, 1991, 2015 and most recently in 2025. They also went to the playoffs as a wild card team in 2016, 2020, 2022, and 2023. The Blue Jays lost to the LA Dodgers in the 2025 MLB World Series.

## References
## Other websites
*