open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tortoise

A **tortoise** is a reptile of the order Testudines which lives on land.  Like their aquatic cousins, the sea turtles, tortoises are shielded from predators by a shell. Most are quite small, but island tortoises have several times evolved to a large size: those on the Galapagos are famous. Darwin made one of his rare mistakes when he did not note which island each of them came from. Later it became clear that they were slightly different on different islands. The name may have it's etymology from Tartarus for its deep origin

tortoise shells take really long time to decompose 

## Further reading 
* Chambers, Paul. *A sheltered life: the unexpected history of the giant tortoise*. John Murray (Publishers), London. 2004. .
* Gerlach, Justin.  Giant tortoises of the Indian Ocean.  Chimiara publishers, Frankfurt.  2004

## Gallery 

Image:Tortoise-Hatchling.jpg|A baby *Testudo marginata* emerges from its shell 
Image:aldabra.giant.tortoise.arp.jpg|Aldabra Giant Tortoise *Geochelone gigantea*
File:Gigantic Turtle on the Island of Santa Cruz in the Galapagos.JPG |Galápagos tortoise on Santa Cruz Island, *Galápagos Islands*
File:Gigantic galapagos turtle on the island of santa cruz.JPG|Gigantic galapagos turtle, Chelonoidis nigra on the island of Santa Cruz

## Related pages
* Turtle
* Sea turtle

## References 
## Other websites 
* Gulf Coast Turtle and Tortoise Society* Tortoise World - Several Types of Tortoises 
* Chelonia: Conservation and Care of Turtles.
* Infotortuga
Kinder Scout

**Kinder Scout** is a plateau in Derbyshire, England. It is about 600 metres above sea level. It is near Hayfield to the west, Edale to the southeast, and the town of Glossop to the northwest.

The gritstone rock under the plateau is covered by a thick layer of peat, cut by a dense network of streams which flow off it. One of the main streams is the Kinder River, which drops off the Western edge at Kinder Downfall. Plants on the plateau are mainly heather, with some mosses and bilberry. Bracken grows on the slopes around the plateau. The highest point is Kinder Low at .

It can be approached from the southeast up a steep track called Jacobs Ladder. It is crossed by the  Pennine Way long-distance footpath which starts in nearby Edale. Several sections of the path have been surfaced with large stone slabs in this area, to try to reduce environmental damage to the delicate moorland ecosystem by the large number of hikers it attracts all year round.

In the 1930s, Kinder Scout was the scene of the first mass trespasses by ramblers  on Sunday, 24 April 1932 protesting at the lack of public access to the open moorland in many parts of northern England, which were then kept for grouse shooting by the estates of a number of stately homes. Public rights of way were established later, and the 2000 Countryside and Rights of Way Act set a new legal framework in which the bulk of Kinder Scout is now "Access Land" where the public has a right to roam freely.

## References
Tortoise (disambiguation)

**Tortoise** may mean:

* Tortoise, a large land-dwelling reptile protected by a shell
* TortoiseCVS, a GUI integrated CVS client for the Microsoft Windows platform
* TortoiseHg, a GUI integrated Mercurial client for the Microsoft Windows platform
* TortoiseSVN, a GUI integrated Subversion client for the Microsoft Windows platform
* TortoiseGIT, a GUI integrated GIT client for the Microsoft Windows platform
* Tortoise (band), a US post-rock band formed in 1990
* Tortoise (tank), a British heavy assault gun
* Tortoise formation, a defensive formation employed in ancient and mediaeval warfare
* Tortoise, a derogatory name for the Ford Taurus automobile
* Tortoise, a popular brand of Turnout Motor for Model Railways
* Tortoises, a 1921 short volume of poetry by D H Lawrence containing poems later collected in Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923). 

## Also see 
*Hare (disambiguation), for *Tortoise and Hare* stories
Stern (disambiguation)

The **stern** is the rear part of a ship or boat.

**Stern** could also mean:
* Stern (name), a family name (and list of people with that name)
* Stern (gaming company)
* *Stern* (magazine), a weekly news magazine in Germany
* Stern School of Business at New York University
* Lehi (group) or the Stern gang
* Stern Review
Urbain Le Verrier

**Urbain Le Verrier** (March 11, 1811 – September 23, 1877) was a French astronomer and mathematician specializing in celestial mechanics who was famous for co-discovering the planet, Neptune.

## References
John Malkovich

**John Gavin Malkovich** (born December 9, 1953) is an American actor, producer and director. He was nominated for the Academy Award, and he also won an Emmy Award.

He was in the Robert Zemeckis' movie, *Beowulf*. That movie also starred Anthony Hopkins and Angelina Jolie.

Malkovich was married to actress Glenne Headly from 1982 until they divorced in 1988.

On June 6, 2013 in Toronto, Malkovich rescued a man after he was sliced in the neck. Malkovich helped the man until the paramedics arrived.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Fisk:Why does John Malkovich want to kill me? 
* Profile: John Malkovich
* Life and taxes
* Finch and Partners (John's Management in the UK)
* John's official clothing design web site 
* Photographs of John Malkovich
Drumstick (disambiguation)

**Drumstick** can mean:

* Drum stick, a tool for playing drums
* Drumstick (vegetable)
* Drumstick (ice cream), a brand of ice cream
* Drumstick (poultry), the leg bone of a chicken
* Drumstick (video game character), a video game character found in *Diddy Kong Racing*
Glenn Close

**Glenn Close** (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress. She has been nominated for and won many awards in her career, for her acting in both movies and theater.

## Awards 
### Oscar Nominations 
* 1983 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, *The World According to Garp*
* 1984 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, *The Big Chill*
* 1985 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, *The Natural*
* 1988 Best Actress in a Leading Role, *Fatal Attraction*
* 1989 Best Actress in a Leading Role, *Dangerous Liaisons*

### Emmy Award/Nominations 
* 1995 Emmy Award: Lead Actress/ Miniseries - Serving in Silence
* 2002 Emmy Nomination: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, *Will & Grace*

### Golden Globe 
* 2005 Golden Globe Award: Best Actress/ Miniseries - The Lion in Winter

### Tony Awards 
* 1984 Best Actress/ Play - The Real Thing
* 1992 Best Actress/ Play - Death and the Maiden
* 1995 Best Actress/ Musical - Sunset Boulevard

### Other 
* 1988 People's Choice Award - Favorite Motion Picture Actress
* 1992 Golden Camera/ Germany - Best International Actress
* 2005 Screen Actors Guild Award/ Outstanding Actress, Television - The Lion in Winter

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Glenn Close  biography at thespiannet
* Performance  *Working in the Theatre* seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
* Performance  *Working in the Theatre* seminar video atAmerican Theatre Wing.org, April 1986
* TonyAwards.com Interview with Glenn Close
Blaqk Audio

**Blaqk Audio** is an electronic band, made by Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI. Blaqk Audio features Davey Havok as lyricist and vocalist, with Jade Puget writing all music and programming the synthesizers. Blaqk Audio was recently signed to Interscope Records, and their first album, *CexCells*, was released on August 14, 2007. The band describes themselves as "*Two boys in love with synthesizers and software*".

## Related pages
* AFI (band)

## References
## Other websites
* Official Blaqk Audio Website 
* Official Interscope Blaqk Audio Site 
* Official Blaqk Audio MySpace
* Jade Puget's blog
James Caan

**James Langston Edmund Caan** (March 26, 1940 &ndash; July 6, 2022) was an American movie, stage and television actor. He was best known for his role of Sonny Corleone in 1972's *The Godfather* and for his role as Ed Deline on *Las Vegas*. He was nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe. He also played Frank in *Thief*, Paul Sheldon in *Misery* and Walter Hobbs in *Elf*.

Caan was the son of Sophie (née Falkenstein) and Arthur Caan, Jewish immigrants from Germany. He was a conservative and supported Donald Trump.

Caan died on July 6, 2022 at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
James Coburn

**James Harrison Coburn** (August 31, 1928 – November 18, 2002) was an American actor. He became famous in the 1960s when he made many Western movies, such as *The Magnificent Seven*. But after that, he acted in other different types of roles, and became a more complete and successful actor. He was very ill in the 1980s and he almost did not make any more movies in that decade. However, he got better and started acting again in the 1990s. He won an Academy Award in 1998.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Find-A-Grave profile for James Coburn
* *Gesprengte Ketten - The Great Escape, Behind the scenes *, Photographs of cameraman Walter Riml. Helma Türk & Christian Riml, eds. House Publishing 2013, English/German
Exploration of Neptune

The **Exploration of Neptune** started on August 25, 1989, when *Voyager 2* became the first and so-far only spacecraft to visit the planet. Like the other gas giants, Neptune has no solid land on its surface so landing on Neptune would be impossible. 

NASA is thinking to send another spacecraft known as the *Neptune Orbiter* to study more about Neptune; the spacecraft is planned to be probably launched on 2035. It would release atmospheric probes, and possibly release a Triton Lander. NASA has said the earliest possible launch date is 2030. Budget cuts may eliminate this proposal.

## Voyager 2
In Voyager 2's last visit with a planet before leaving the solar system, Voyager 2 came 3000 miles (5000 km) above Neptune's north pole, the closest approach it made to any planet after it left Earth. Voyager 2 studied Neptune's atmosphere, its rings, its magnetosphere, and its moons. Several discoveries were made, including the discovery of the Great Dark Spot and Triton's geysers.

Voyager 2 found that Neptune's atmosphere was very active, even though it gets only 3% of the sunlight Jupiter receives. Voyager 2 discovered an anticyclone called the Great Dark Spot, similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. However, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the Great Dark Spot had disappeared. Also seen in Neptune's atmosphere at that time was an almond-shaped spot called "*D2*", and a bright, quickly moving cloud high above the cloud decks named Scooter.

Voyager 2 also found four rings of Neptune and found proof for ring arcs, or incomplete rings around Neptune. Neptune's magnetosphere was also studied by Voyager 2. The planetary radio astronomy instrument found that Neptune's day is sixteen hours, seven minutes. Voyager 2 also discovered auroras, like on Earth, but much more complicated.

Voyager 2 discovered six moons orbiting Neptune, but only three were photographed in detail: Proteus, Nereid, and Triton. Proteus turned out to be an ellipsoid, as large as an ellipsoid could become without turning into a sphere. Proteus is very dark in color. Nereid, although discovered in 1949, is still not well known even after Voyager 2 passed by. Triton was flown by at about 25,000 miles (40,000 km) away, and became the last object Voyager 2 would ever explore. Triton was shown to have extraordinary active geysers and polar caps. A very thin atmosphere was found, as well as thin clouds.

## Related pages
* Neptune (planet)
* Voyager 2
* NASA

## Other websites
* NASA Voyager website
* More information on the Neptune Orbiter
Sex symbol

, one of the most famous female sex symbols.]]
A **sex symbol** is a famous or notable person, male or female, who is found sexually attractive by many people. Many actors, actresses, and popular musicians are considered to be sex symbols by their fans and the public.

## Examples of sex symbols
* Brigitte Bardot
* Alain Delon
* Jean-Claude Van Damme 
* Johnny Depp
* Pamela Anderson
* Tom Cruise
* Denzel Washington
* Bruce Lee

## References
## Other websites 
* BBC: Men pip for the Posh type
* Google Zeitgeist  has a list of the most searched for female celebrities on Google
Breakfast cereal

.]]
**Breakfast cereal** is a breakfast food made from cereal grains.It is a common breakfast . This is made of grain, and usually eaten with milk in the United States. It is often sweetened with sugar, syrup, or fruit.

This brought up the creation of Granula. The name *Granula* comes from *granulates*, formed of grain. In 1863 this became the first breakfast cereal and included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour. The cereal had to be soaked overnight before being eaten. Simply pouring milk over it was not enough to make it eatable.

The cereals eaten today grew out of a health campaign that began in the 1860s. Thin baked dough served to patients in hospitals inspired two men, C.W. Post and W. K. Kellogg. These two men started their own companies, named them after themselves.

## Related pages
* Corn
* Wheat
* Grain

## References 
## Other websites 
* Cereal site - All About Cereal
* Cereals  by the Vegetarian Society
* Nutrition Facts on hundreds of cereals
Animal liberation movement

The **animal liberation movement** or **animal rights movement** (sometimes called the **animal personhood movement** or **animal advocacy movement**), is a social movement. It is made up of activists, academics, lawyers, campaigns, and organized groups who oppose the use of non-human animals for any reason (in research, as food, as clothing, or as entertainment). 

## History 
In some form or another, the concept of animal rights has been around for thousands of years. 

### Eastern world 
*Ahiṃsā*, meaning non-violence, is a central principle of Eastern religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Jainism. 

Jainism stresses non-cruelty towards animals. It doesn't allow its followers to  work at zoos, cut trees, or use any fabrics which are produced through harming other living beings (including silk). 

In Islam, cruelty towards any animal is a punishable sin.

### Western world 
Within Europe and North America, there were many precursors of the modern-day animal rights movement. 

The first animal cruelty legislation was passed in 1635. The law made it illegal to tear wool off of living sheep. 

In 1822 Richard Martin, known as “Humanity Dick”, passed Martin’s Act aimed at preventing cruelty towards cattle. Martin went on to be one of the founding members of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the world’s first animal welfare charity, in 1824.

## References
## Further reading 
* , undated, retrieved September 4, 2005
* "Burning Rage"  by Ed Bradley, CBS *60 Minutes*, November 5, 2005
* "FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism", by Terry Frieden, CNN, May 19, 2005
* Animal Liberation Through Trade Unions? 
* Allegations of sexism within the animal liberation movement 
* Lawrence Finsen and Susan Finsen, *The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect* (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994). 
* Gary L. Francione, *Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement* (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996). 
* Harold D. Guither, *Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement* (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998). 
* James M. Jasper and Dorothy Nelkin, *The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest* (New York: The Free Press, 1992). 
* Peter Singer, *Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement* (Lanham, MD: Bowman & Littlefield, 1998). 
* 

## Other websites
* Brute Ethics:  animal ethics encyclopedia
* Cruelty-Free Kitty a website that discusses products and weather or not they test on animals or not
Cheerios

**Cheerios** is a popular brand of cereal. It is manufactured by General Mills. It was founded in 1941 as **CheeriOats**, the first ready-to-eat oat cereal. They are still making cereal, and it is produced worldwide.

## References
## Other websites
*Cheerios Official Site
*Cheerios Ratings for Health, Environmental and Social Impact on GoodGuide
Stern

'', by Jean Bérain the Elder.]]
The **stern** is the rear part of a ship or boat. 

The stern area has always been the place near the steering apparatus (rudder,  tiller, ship's wheel, etc.), and by extension became the domain of the ship's captain and other officers. In particular, the stern was the location of the officers' quarters, and during the age of sail became the most luxurious part of the ship, with rows of windows, galleries, walkways, and fine decorations. That meant that this part was rather vulnerable, and the goal of much maneuvering in battle was to achieve the stern rake, in which a ship would pour its entire broadside into the stern.

Other features of the stern included lanterns and the ensign.

## Gallery 

Image:lifeboat.stern.17-31.arp.jpg|Stern of a Severn class lifeboat (UK)
Image:US Navy 040617-N-7188W-006 Sailors aboard the Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruiser USS Mobile Bay (CG 53), man the rails as the ship heads for the Coronado Bridge.jpg|Stern of a *Ticonderoga*-class guided missile cruiser *Mobile Bay*

## Related pages
*Bow
Rehearsal

A **rehearsal** is a practice before a concert or play in a theatre or some other . The group of  will get together to **rehearse**. They may rehearse together many times before the performance so that they get used to performing with one another.

A **dress rehearsal** is the last rehearsal before the performance. It is called a 'dress rehearsal' because in a theatre the actors will be wearing their costumes. When an orchestra or other music group have a 'dress rehearsal' this does not mean that they have to dress up. It simply means that it is the last rehearsal, and it will be in the hall where they are going to perform so that everything is as it will be for the performance.

Orchestras often have **section rehearsal**s or **sectional**s. This means that each group of instruments rehearse separately, e.g. the string sectional will be all the string instruments rehearsing together. This can be useful because they can concentrate on the bits which are particularly difficult for them: the string instruments can talk about the bowing etc.

An **open rehearsal** is a rehearsal that the public can come and watch. In opera houses the dress rehearsal is often an open rehearsal. The entry may be free or the audience may have to pay, but not as much as for a ticket for a performance. The audience will have to understand that the performance may be stopped if something goes wrong and needs to be rehearsed. Singers will often save their voices by not singing as loudly as they will in the performance (this is called "marking").

A **technical rehearsal** in a theatre is a rehearsal for practising things such as lighting and using props.
Obtuse angle

An **obtuse angle** is an angle of greater than 90° (π/2 radians) and less than 180° (π radians). It is bigger than an acute angle. It is smaller than a straight angle, which measures 180°. It falls in Quadrant II on a graph. 

## Related pages
* Acute angle
* Right angle
* Reflex angle
London Symphony Orchestra

The **London Symphony Orchestra** (**LSO**) is one of the most famous orchestras of the world.  They are based in London's Barbican Centre, but they often tour to lots of different countries.

The LSO started in 1904.  Most of the players had been members of Henry Wood's Queen's Hall orchestra.  They left that orchestra when Henry Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts.  The LSO was set up as a self governing organization.  This means that the players themselves organize everything: they decide how much they are going to be paid, who can be in the orchestra, etc.

The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904 with Hans Richter conducting. He was principal (main) conductor until 1911, when Edward Elgar took over for a year.  Some of the world's most famous conductors have conducted the orchestra.  Since January 2007 Valery Gergiev has been the LSO's Principal Conductor.  André Previn is the Conductor Laureate (Honorary conductor).  In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor together with Michael Tilson Thomas.  Richard Hickox is the Associate Guest Conductor of the LSO.  The leader of the orchestra is Gordan Nikolitch.

The LSO was the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906. The LSO players all came close to death in 1912 because they were due to sail on the RMS *Titanic* for a concert in New York.  Fortunately they had to change the booking at the last minute.  They did tour the USA and Canada that year, and were the first British orchestra to do so.

In 1966 the London Symphony Chorus (LSC) was formed to join the LSO for works with choirs.

For many years the LSO refused to allow women to become members because they thought the sound would not be so good. 

The LSO made their first gramophone recording in 1920.  Since then they have made many recordings.

## Principal Conductors
London Philharmonic Orchestra

The **London Philharmonic Orchestra** (**LPO**) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. It is based in the Royal Festival Hall, London.

The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7, 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London. The associate conductor at the time was Malcolm Sargent.

At one of the orchestra's early concerts in November 1932 the sixteen-year old Yehudi Menuhin played a programme of violin concertos including the concerto by Elgar which the composer himself conducted.

In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there. Beecham made many recordings with the orchestra.

In 1939 the orchestra's sponsors stopped giving money to the orchestra. The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.

During the Second World War they went round the country playing in places where people would not otherwise hear music.
Many of the players' instruments were destroyed when the Queen's Hall was bombed in May 1941, but lots of people gave money for them to buy new instruments.
 
After the war, Beecham returned to the LPO for eighteen months, but left to start a new orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic. The orchestra continued to play with several guest conductors until Eduard van Beinum was appointed. When he became ill they appointed Sir Adrian Boult who stayed until 1956, although he continued to work with the orchestra and became its President in 1965.

Through the late 1950s the orchestra did not have much money and had to stop paying the players regular salaries. They only got paid for the work they did. In 1958 the LPO appointed William Steinberg as chief conductor. He helped the orchestra to become better again.

In 1964 the LPO became the resident orchestra for Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the summer. They continue to do this today.

In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor. He stayed with the orchestra for 12 years and was followed by Sir Georg Solti.

Vladimir Jurowski is now the principal conductor.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Symphonic Music of Yes* (1993)

## Principal Conductors
*Sir Thomas Beecham (1932–1939)
*Eduard van Beinum (1947–1950)
*Sir Adrian Boult (1950–1957)
*William Steinberg (1958–1960)
*Sir John Pritchard (1962–1966)
*Bernard Haitink (1967–1979)
*Sir Georg Solti (1979–1983)
*Klaus Tennstedt (1983–1990)
*Franz Welser-Möst (1990–1996)
*Kurt Masur (2000-2007)
*Vladimir Jurowski (since 2007)

## Other websites
*London Philharmonic Orchestra official website
Pim Fortuyn

**Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn**, known as **Pim Fortuyn** (, 19 February 1948 – 6 May 2002) was a Dutch sociologist and politician. Born in Driehuis, he was the leader of the LPF (*Lijst Pim Fortuyn*), a right-wing political party. He was very popular and was expected to win the 2002 elections. Fortuyn did not agree with some things the religion of Islam does, and did not want to let criminal Muslims from other countries come to the Netherlands. He was Roman Catholic and openly gay.

Nine days before the elections, he was murdered during the 2002 Dutch national election campaign by Volkert van der Graaf, who is an extreme environmentalist and animal rights activist. In court at his trial, van der Graaf said he murdered Fortuyn to stop him from exploiting Muslims as "scapegoats" and targeting "the weak members of society" in seeking political power.

## Early life and education
Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn was born on 19 February 1948 in Driehuis, as the third child to a Catholic family. His father worked as a salesman and his mother was a housewife. In 1967 he began to study sociology at the University of Amsterdam but transferred after a few months to the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. In 1971 he ended his study with the Academic degree Doctorandus. In 1981 he received a doctorate in sociology at the University of Groningen as a Doctor of Philosophy.

## Death
On May 6, 2002, Fortuyn was shot in the head, neck and chest in a car park outside a radio studio where he had just given an interview to Ruud de Wild at 3FM by 32-year-old, Volkert van der Graaf. He was pronounced dead at the scene. The attacker was pursued by Fortuyn's driver, Hans Smolders; he was arrested shortly afterwards while still in possession of the handgun used to kill Fortuyn.

## Related pages
*List of sociologists from Europe

## References 
## Other websites
*  Bio at Parlement.com
Cyrus the Great

]]
." in Old Persian, Elamite and Akkadian languages. It is carved in a column in Pasargadae]]
**Cyrus the Great** (, Kurush-e Bozorg, c. 590 BC or 576 – August 530 BC), was the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in today's Iran. He was chosen as the leader of Persian people in Anshan, he defeated the Medes and was chosen as the Shah of the Persian Empire in 559 BC. Cyrus fought with the Lydian Empire and the Babylonian Empire. Before leaving Babylon, Cyrus also freed the Israelites who were imprisoned by Babylonians and allowed Jews to return to their native land.

He wrote the Cyrus Cylinder outlining his actions and policies.  Cyrus died, probably in battle, in Pasargadae.  His tomb remains in Pasargadae in Iran.  Cyrus was famous for justice and kindness.

## References
Rafał Wiechecki

**Rafał Sylwester Wiechecki** (born September 25, 1978 in Piotrków Trybunalski) is a Polish politician.

He is member of the League of Polish Families. From May 5, 2006 to August 13, 2007, he was the minister of Polish government. He was the youngest cabinet minister in Polish history.

## Other websites 
* Rafał Wiechecki
Relative density

**Relative density** is the ratio of the densities of two materials.   The term **specific gravity** is similar but not the same.  In specific gravity, the reference material is water. Mathematically, relative density is found with:
:
G = \frac{\rho_\mathrm{object}}{\rho_\mathrm{reference}}\,

## Other websites 
*Weight Per Cubic Foot And Specific Gravity
Satsuma

**Satsuma** / sat-soo-muh/ **.n**. is a variety of tangerine with a loose skin. 
It is named after the former Satsuma Province of Japan.  In the United Kingdom it is often associated with Christmas.

## Footnotes 
## Other websites 
* The Satsuma Tangerine - University of Florida 
* *PLANTanswers* - Texas Cooperative Extension
Sexual attraction

]]

**Sexual attraction** is an attraction to other members of the same species for sexual or erotic activity. In many species this does not always mean a sexual act; indeed, some sexual behavior among primates is mostly a social activity.

## In humans 
What is sexually attractive to humans may change by culture or place. The sexual attraction of one person to another depends on both people. 

Much of human sexual attractiveness is physical (see beauty). This involves the impact one's appearance has on the senses, especially in the beginning of a relationship:

* Visual perception (how the other looks); 
* Olfaction (how the other smells, naturally or artificially; the wrong smell may be repellent);
* Audition (how the other's voice and/or movements sound).
* Vibes, sensory perception (generally biased) of another person based on one's own view or from influence from others. (negative or positive).

## Types
*Heterosexuality
*Homosexuality
*Gay
*Lesbian
*Bisexuality
*Pansexuality

## Related pages
*Casual sex
*Human bonding
*Human sexuality
*Interpersonal relationship
*Intimacy
*Love
*Lust
*Sexual arousal

## References
## Other websites 
* Sexual Attraction Among Humans 
* FaceResearch  – Scientific research and online studies on the role of faces in sexual attraction
* Reunions Set Off Sex Urges, Article on sexual attraction among birth relatives.
* www.lookism.info  deconstruction of attraction and beauty standards
Relief

**Relief** is a type of sculpture or carving. The worker creating the piece starts with a flat base, usually stone or wood, and takes small parts of the surface away until the desired image has been made.

Reliefs are found around the world. They can be used to decorate buildings, such as temples. Usually the artist makes reliefs of figures, such as people or animals.

 Hetaera, Relief, around 2nd century, Head is missing]]

In bas-relief, only a bit of the base is taken away.  The figure is quite flat and this is especially common in friezes. An alto-relief is where the artist takes away a lot of the base material. This can be very detailed.

## Famous reliefs
Famous reliefs include:

* Great Altar of Pergamon, now at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin
* Lions and dragons from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon
* Temple of Karnak in Egypt
* Angkor Wat in Cambodia
* Lion Capital of Ashoka, the national symbol of India
* glyphs and artwork of the Maya civilization
* The monument to the Confederacy at Stone Mountain, Georgia
* Borobudur temple, Java, Indonesia
* The Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon now housed at the British Museum.
* The representation of Monticello on a US nickel.

## Gallery

Image:Greek couple.jpg|Greek couple in high relief
Image:Palmyra woman.jpg|Palmyra Figure in British Museum
Image:Qajari relief.jpg|Persian relief from Qajar era in the style of Persepolis, located at Tangeh Savashi.
Image:Clonfert angels-north (ajusted) 20006-06-21.jpg|Angels from Clonfert Cathedral, Co Galway, Ireland (adjusted to highlight relief)
Relief (disambiguation)

A **relief** is a sculptured artwork where a modeled form projects out from a flat background.

**Relief** could also mean:
*Relief (music), the curvature of the neck of a guitar or similar instrument
*Relief print, art techniques in printmaking
*Relief map, a map depicting elevation
*Relief pitcher, a baseball pitcher who is brought into a game in progress
* Six ships of the US Navy, listed at *USS Relief*

## Other 
* Analgesic
* Humanitarian aid
Frieze

.]]

In architecture, the **frieze** is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain or– in the Ionic or Corinthian order – decorated with bas-reliefs.  

, UK. Architectural detail of the frieze showing the alternating triglyphs and decorative emblems. John Wood, architect.]]
Frieze (disambiguation)

**Frieze** has two major, totally unrelated meanings:
*In architecture, the frieze is the wide central section part of an entablature: see Frieze, Parthenon Frieze.

*In textiles, frieze ("Frisian woolen cloth") is a napped woollen cloth:  see Frieze (textile).

See also:
*the London art fair: see Frieze Art Fair.
*the mathematical concept frieze group.
Entablature

An **entablature** (IPA [ɛnˈtæblətʃə]; Latin, *and tabula*, *a tablet*) is a major piece of classical architecture. It is the big part of the building made of moldings and bands that sits flat above the columns, resting on their capitals (tops).  

An entablature is made of three parts: 
* the architrave - the bottom part which runs right above the wall or columns below
* the frieze – an unmolded strip that may or may not be decorated
* the cornice - the top part which sticks out below the pediment.

The entabulature is an improvement on the older and less advanced lintel, which also sits between two posts and holds up roof rafters.
## Related pages
* Frieze

## References
*
Norton AntiVirus

**Norton AntiVirus** (**NAV**) is a popular product of Symantec Corporation. It is one of the most widely used antivirus programs. Norton AntiVirus is sold as a standalone product. It is also included as part of Norton Internet Security and Norton SystemWorks. There is also a standalone corporate edition version called Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Haemophilia

**Haemophilia** is a blood condition that means bleeding does not stop. A person with haemophilia is called a haemophiliac.

 in the X chromosome]]

People with hemophilia lack proteins in the blood that make scabs and blood clots. For example, a child with haemophilia A does not enough clotting factor VIII (8) in their blood. A child with haemophilia B does not have enough clotting factor IX (9) in their blood. 

## Symptoms 
The main symptom is bleeding that does not stop. People with haemophilia may have:

The concern is when there is bleeding into joints, particularly in the ankles, knees, and elbows, which is called hemarthrosis.  Hemarthrosis can cause an inflammatory process to begin in which the joints become painfully swollen and eventually limit motion. Bleeding into muscle tissue from minor traumas can result in anemia and compression of vital structures and nerves leading to compartment syndrome. Bleeding less frequently occurs in the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. These patients are at significant risk of intracranial bleeds which would be a life-threatening emergency. Haemophilia B happens in about 1 in every 20,000–34,000 male births. If there's no family history of haemophilia, it's usually diagnosed when a child begins to walk or crawl. 30% of hemophilia A and B cases are the first person in their family to have hemophilia which is the result of an unexpected mutation (this means that there is an unexpected change in the body).

If you received a blood transfusion or blood products before 1996, there's a chance you may have been given infected blood (HIV, Hepatitis).
## References
Guacamole

**Guacamole** (called **guacamol** in Central America and Cuba) is a Mexican dip made of avocados, salt and sometimes tomatoes. 

Various herbs may be added, such as chives. It is a green, creamy dip or garnish. It is often served as a dip or garnish with Mexican foods such as tacos and tortilla chips.

In addition to its use in modern Mexican cuisine, it has become part of international cuisine as a dip, condiment, and salad ingredient.

## Related pages 
* Wasakaka

## Other websites
*Guacamole recipes and avocado information
Baykal (port)

**Baykal (port)** () is a rural locality in Russia, Irkutsk oblast, Sliudanskyy region.

## Geography
The village is near Lake Baikal and is setted on the left coast of the river, Angara. In the right coast is Listvianka. The administrative centre Irkutsk is 60 kilometers north. There is an automobile ferry to Listvianka.

## Population
In 2005, there were 400 people living in Baikal village. In USSR times there were about 10000 humans.
1085

## Events 
* Start of reign of Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I, Seljuk Ruler in Syria

## Deaths 
* May 25 - Emperor Shenzong of China (b 1048)
* May 25 - Pope Gregory VII
* July 15 - Robert Guiscard, Norman adventurer.
Literal translation

**Literal translation** is the translation of text from one language to another "word-for-word", rather than giving the sense of the original. For this reason, literal translations usually mis-translate idioms. 

For example, a literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "garden of children", but in American English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade. The history of the word may also help. It was coined in 1840 by Friedrich Fröbel in the metaphorical sense of “place where children can grow in a natural way”, not in the literal sense of “garden”.

## Related pages
*Machine translation
*Interlinear text
* Literal translation
* Example of a literal translation of bible text compared with normal translation (at the right) (pdf)
Flickr

**Flickr** is a photo sharing website and web services suite. It was founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake in 2002.It is also an online community platform, which is considered an early example of a Web 2.0 application.

Users can upload any photo to their website. The user will then be asked to release the photo under many licenses available. Some licenses allow other people to reuse it, which makes it possible for Wikimedia Commons to transfer free files from Flickr to their website.

Any person that has a Yahoo! ID can register their Flickr account in a few seconds.

## Service 
Flickr provides a free service for users to share their photos online with other people. However, free users have a limit of 300 MB of uploads per month, 15 MB per photo and 150 MB per video. However, users can upgrade to the pro account where they can get unlimited uploads at $24.95 per month.

## Tools 
Flickr also has a set of tools for users to upload their photos from their desktops. However, they can only be used on Windows and Mac computers.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Flickr
*FlickrBlog 
*Ludicorp corporate website 
*Flickrbits, a repository for third party plug-ins and API-based tools
786

## Events 
* A council is organized in Constantinople, but disturbed by soldiers
* Beatus of Liébana, Spanish monk, publishes his *Commentary on the Apocalypse.*
* September 14 — Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad upon the death of his brother al-Hadi, and appoints Salim Yunisi as the Abbasid governor of Sindh and the Indus Valley. Harun al-Rashid rules until 809.

## Births 
* Emperor Saga, emperor of Japan
* Emperor Junna, emperor of Japan
* Hirohito, emperor of Japan
Interlinear text

**Interlinear text** is text on several lines where additional lines  give explanations of the main text.  That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.

Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text. It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature. Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.

## Related pages
*Literal translation

## Other websites
* Example of interlinear text (Matthew) (pdf)
* Interlinear Glossed Text Standards (E-MELD)
* Interlinear Glossed Text Levels (E-MELD)
* Toward a General Model of Interlinear Text (E-MELD)
* Interlinear Morphemic Glosses 
* The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses 
* Online Interlinear of Biblical Greek Scriptures (New Testament) text - Requires Adobe Acrobat
Transcription

**Transcription** may mean:

*Transcription (linguistics), the conversion of spoken words into written language.  Also the conversion of handwriting, or a photograph of text into pure text
*Transcription (genetics), the process of copying DNA to RNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (RNAP)
*Transcription (music), either notating an unnotated piece, common in ethnomusicology, or rewriting a piece, either simply recopying (as for clarity), or as an arrangement for another instrument
*Medical transcription, documentation of patients medical records
*Piano transcription, a piece of music played on one or more pianos that is an approximation of a source piece of music
*in computer speech recognition, transcription is the process of having a speech recognition system/software listen to prerecorded voice and then make it insert the recognizable words into a document for later correction

## Related pages 
*Transcript (disambiguation)
Machine translation

**Machine translation**, sometimes referred to by the acronym **MT**, is part of computational linguistics. It is the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another. 

At its basic level, MT changes words words in one natural language for words in another. That is literal translation.

Present machine translation software adapts the translation to the subject. For example, weather reports improve output by limiting the substitutions. This technique is very effective in domains where specialised formal language is used. It follows then that machine translation of government and legal documents more often produces usable output than conversation or less standardised text.

## Quotes 
In the words of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT):

## History 
The origins of machine translation can be traced back to the work of Al-Kindi, a ninth-century Arabic cryptographer. He developed techniques for systemic language translation. He was aware of cryptanalysis, frequency analysis, probability and statistics, which are all used in modern machine translation. 

An idea related to machine translation appeared in the 17th century. In 1629, René Descartes proposed a universal language, where equivalent ideas shared a symbol.

The idea of using digital computers for translation of natural languages was proposed in 1947 by England's A.D. Booth and Warren Weaver at Rockefeller Foundation in the same year. "The memorandum written by Warren Weaver in 1949 is perhaps the single most influential publication in the earliest days of machine translation". 

Others followed. One example was reading and composing Braille texts by computer.

## Related pages
* Translation
* Literal translation

## References 
## References 
# 

## Other websites 
* International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)
* Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)
* European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)
* Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation (APAMT)
* Association for Computational Linguistics
* Machine Translation, an introductory guide to MT by D.J.Arnold et al. (1994)
* Machine Translation Archive  by John Hutchins. An electronic repository (and bibliography) of articles, books and papers in the field of machine translation and computer-based translation technology
* Machine translation (computer-based translation)  — Publications by John Hutchins (includes PDFs of several books on machine translation)
* NIST 2006 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results 
* NIST 2005 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results 
* Machine Translation and Minority Languages 
* John Hutchins 1999 
* SMT  An article on statistical machine translation in general and Language Weaver in particular
* Free online machine translation powered by PROMT Supports 24 language directions and the following languages: English, Russian, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese.
* How the Computer Translates  An article on machine translation from the founder of PROMT . **broken link**
Sumgait pogrom

The **Sumgait pogrom** was a pogrom by the local Azerbaijanis that targeted the Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani seaside town of Sumgait on February 1988. An estimated 30 were killed. But most say 200.

## Related pages
*Anti-Armenianism
*Kirovabad pogrom
*Khojaly Massacre
*Maraghar Massacre
*Nagorno-Karabakh War

## Other websites 
*Sumqait.com  , 
*Aslan İsmayılov. Sumqayıt — SSRİ-nin süqutunun başlanğıcı. Bakı: Çaşıoğlu. 2010. 204 səhifə .  
*Aslan Ismayilov. Sumgayit — Beginning of the Collapse of the USSR. Baku: Çaşıoğlu. 2010.  
*Аслан Исмаилов. Сумгаит — начало распада СССР. Баку: Чашыоглу. 2010. 220 стр .  
*Уголовное Дело № 18/55461-88. Сумгаит. 1989. (I)  
*Уголовное Дело № 18/55461-88. Сумгаит. 1989. (II)  
*Həsənova Rəna, Cəfərova Nazxanım. **Sumqayıt danışan tariximizdir.** *Sumqayıt şəhərinin 60 illik yubileyinə həsr olunmuş Biblioqrafik göstərici*. Sumqayıt-2009.  
*sumgayit1988.com
*Vladimir Kryuchkov. Hardline Soviet Communist who became head of the KGB and led a failed plot to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev 
*Incomplete list of victims of the massacre
710

## Events 
*End of the Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period and beginning of the Nara period in Japan; Heijō-kyō (Nara) becomes the capital of Japan.
*April 5 — During the Cold Food Festival, Chinese Emperor Zhongzong of Tang had his chief ministers of court, sons-in-law, and high-ranking military officers engage in the festive game of tug of war within a palace of Chang'an City. The Emperor purportedly laughed when two older ministers fell over during the game.
*Founding of the Muslim Kingdom of Nekor in Morocco.
*Muslim army invited into Ceuta by its governor, Count Julian, who, being an opponent of Roderick, encourages them to invade the Iberian peninsula.
*Roderick deposes Achila to become king of the Visigoths.
*The first (wooden) Al-Aqsa Mosque is finished.

## Deaths 
*Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, Japanese poet
*Saint Adalbert of Egmond
*Emperor Zhongzong of Tang China (assassinated, b. 656)
*Shangguan Wan'er, female Chinese poet and official of the Tang Dynasty (born 664)
784

## Events 
* The Japanese capital moved away from Nara. End of the Nara period.
* The Chinese engineer and prince Li Gao invents a successful model of a paddle-wheel ship.
* August 31—Paul IV abdicates as Patriarch of Constantinople
* December 25—Tarasius elected Patriarch of Constantinople
Gordan Nikolitch

**Gordan Nikolitch** (born 1968) is a Serbian violinist.  He is the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.

Gordan Nikolitch began playing the violin when he was seven.  He studied at the Musikhochschule (music conservatoire) in Basel, Switzerland.  He worked with many famous people including the composers Witold Lutosławski and György Kurtág.  He became particularly interested in Baroque music and  music.

Gordan has been the leader of the Orchestre d’Auvergne and the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne before becoming the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.  He has made many recordings, especially of violin music which is not well known.  He often plays chamber music.  The violin he plays was made in Cremona in 1776 by a violin maker called Lorenzo Storioni.

## Other websites
*Home website
825

## Events 
*Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia at Ellandun. Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex submit to Wessex and East Anglia acknowledges Egbert as overlord.
*Emperor Louis the Pious of the Franks wars against the Wends and Sorbs.

## Births 
*Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 875)

## Deaths
880

## Events 
* Oldest known mention of the city of Dortmund
* Pope John VIII issued the Bill "Industriae Tuae", creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Saint Methodius as its head. The Old Church Slavonic was recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
*Bishopric established in Nitro.

## Births
* Fujiwara no Tadahira, Japanese regent
* Louis the Blind, King of Provence (r. 887 &ndash; 900), King of Italy (r. 900 &ndash; 901), and Holy Roman Emperor (r. 901 &ndash; 905)

## Deaths
*Carloman, King of Bavaria
*Emperor Seiwa of Japan
842

## Events 
* February 14 – Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty.
* Oaths of Strasbourg — alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar — sworn and recorded in vernacular languages.
* Ramiro I succeeds Alfonso II as king of Asturias.
* Uurad is succeeded by Bred, then Ciniod.
* Charles the Bald marries Ermentrude.
* Three year old Michael III succeeds Theophilus (emperor) as emperor of Byzantium.
* End of the reign of caliph Moqtasim.
* Uyghurs leave the Mongolian plateau.

## Deaths 
* January 5 — Al-Mu'tasim, Abbasid caliph (b. 794)
* Emperor Saga of Japan (b. 786)
* Alfonso II of Asturias (b. 759)
* Theophilus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 813)
* Liu Yuxi, Chinese poet, philosopher, and essayist (born 772)