open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Germany at the Olympics

**German** athletes have been a part of most of the **Olympic Games** since the first modern Games in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Germany is GER.

## History
Germany has hosted three Olympic Games. They hosted both the Winter and Summer Games in 1936. They also hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics. Germany was also to be the host of the 1916 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics. Neither of these were held because of World War I and World War II. After these wars, Germans were not allowed to be a part of the Olympics in 1920, 1924 and 1948. From after World War II until 1990, the country was divided and took part in the Olympics separately. Each of the two German states boycotted the Summer Games. West Germany was one of 65 countries that did not go to Moscow in 1980. This boycott was because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In 1984 East Germany joined the Soviet boycott of the Summer Games in Los Angeles.

German athletes have won 1618 medals. . They have won 528 gold, 542 silver and 548 bronze medals.

## German post-WW2 division until 1990
German organisations were ended by the Allies in 194. In 1950 the IOC accepted the Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland for all of Germany. It was in (West) Germany.

Due to the Cold War, the (German Democratic Republic) was created in October 1949. A National Olympic Committee (NOC) for East Germany was created in 1951. It was not accepted by the IOC at first. Until 1965, athletes of the NOC of East Germany had to join the German team represented by the NOC of (West) Germany. This team took part in the Olympics from 1956 to 1964. It is now called the United Team of Germany (*EUA*, "Equipe Unifiée Allemande"), but was Germany (*GER*) then. Because of Germany being divided, from 1968 to 1990 two teams took part in each of the Games. Their designations were *GER* for the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and *GDR* for the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). In 1980 the West German code was changed to *FRG*. After the East Germany became a part of Germany again in 1990, Germany had a single team. It was designated *GER*.

In the early 1950s the French-controlled Saar had its own NOC. It took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics. It became a part of the German Olympic team in 1956.

## Medals
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Germany profile at London2012.com
Fenius Farsaid

**Fenius Farsaid** was a King in Irish mythology. He was King of Scythia when the Tower of Babel was being built, and one of 72 chieftains working for King Nimrod to build it. He managed to keep his language alive even after Babel confused languages and this eventually became Irish according to the myth. His son Nel married Scota, the daughter of King Cingris of Egypt. From his son the Gaels supposedly descended. He is mentioned in *Lebor Gabala Erenn* and *Auraicept na en-Eces*.
Weston, Illinois (McLean County)

**Weston, Illinois** is an unincorporated community in McLean County, Illinois. It is on U.S. Route 24.

## History
On 26 August 1867, W. F. Bryan laid out Weston. The Original Town included 288 small lots, five blocks that were not subdivided and a Public Park. The depot and town hall were on the south side of the tracks. The station was for the Toledo Peoria and Western Railroad. In 1895 there were four churches. Just east of town, Western Cemetery has an area of natural tall grass prairie.

## References
Ansei

was a  after *Kaei* and before ''Man'en*.  This period started in November 1854 and ended in March 1860.  During this time, the emperor was . 

The *nengō* *Ansei* means "tranquil government".

## Events of the *Ansei* era 
* **1854** (*Ansei 1*): The Ansei-Tōkai Quake (安政東海地震, *Ansei Tōkai Jishin*) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 23, 1854. The epicenter ranged from Suruga Bay to the deep ocean, and struck primarily in the Tōkai region, but destroyed houses as far away as in Edo. The accompanying tsunami caused damage along the entire coast from the Bōsō Peninsula in modern-day Chiba prefecture to Tosa province (modern-day Kōchi prefecture)

* **1854** (*Ansei 1*): The Ansei-Nankai Quake (安政南海地震, *Ansei Nankai Jishin*) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 24, 1854. Over 10,000 people from the Tōkai region down to Kyushu were killed.

* **1855** (*Ansei 2, 21st day of the 11th month*): The emperor moved in a grand procession from the Katsura Palace to the newly completed palace in Kyoto.  Epicenter -- (Latitude: 36.000/Longitude: 140.000), 6.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale.

* **15 November 1857** (*Ansei 4*): Nagasaki Medical School was opened.  Dr. Pompe van Meerdevoort gave the first formal public lecture at the new school.

* **1858-1860** (*Ansei 4-Ansei 6*): Cholera killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people in Edo.

* **1858** (*Ansei 5*): Establishment of Keio University.

* **29 July 1959** (*Ansei 5*):  Ii Naosuke signs Japanese-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce (also known as the "Harris Treaty").

* **1858** (*Ansei 5*): Beginning of Ansei Purge which was ordered by Ii Naosuke.

* **March 24, 1860** (*Ansei 7''):  Ii Naosuke was assassinated, also known as the "Sakurada-mon Incident"

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* National Diet Library, Photograph of Sakurada-mon (1909)
Man'en

was a  after *Ansei* and before *Bunkyū*.  This period started in March 1860 and ended in February 1861.  During this time, the emperor was . 

The *nengō* *Tenpō* means "Ten Thousand Years Prolonged"

## Events of the ''Man'en* era
* **1860** (*Man'en 1*): First Western professional photographer to live in Japan was Orrin Freeman in Yokohama. 

* **1860** (*Man'en 1''): First diplomatic mission from modern Japan to the United States.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" Link to historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: A

This is a partial list of famous people who are confirmed to be gay, lesbian or bisexual. Famous people who are rumored to be gay, lesbian or bisexual, are not listed. The definition of sexual orientation varies and has changed over time; for example the word "gay" was not used to describe a person's sexual orientation until the mid 20th century. However, there has been a number of different words or slangs that have been used to describe sexual orientations since the mid-19th century. Several studies have found that much of the research about sexual orientation has failed to define the term at all, which made it difficult to find results of different studies. 

The high numbers of people from the West on this list may be due to societies attitudes toward homosexuality. The Pew Research Center's 2003 Global Attitudes Survey found that "[p]eople in Africa and the Middle East strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality. But there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Opinion in Europe is split between West and East. Majorities in every Western European nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagree. Americans are divided; a narrow majority (51 percent) believe homosexuality should be accepted, while 42 percent disagree."

## A
]]
]]
]]
]]

File:Tracey adams0001.jpg|Porn performer Tracey Adams
File:AntinousPalazzoAltempsVariant2.jpg|Bust of the Emperor Hadrian's beloved, Antinous
File:Kwame Anthony Appiah by David Shankbone.jpg|Philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah
File:TitianFirstAretinoPortrait.jpg|Writer Pietro Aretino, as painted by Titian

## Related pages
*List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: W–Z

## References
Euro disco

**Euro disco** is a form of disco-based dance music which originated in the late-1970s in Europe, as a more European variant of disco music. Euro disco was based on disco music, yet it was a more encompassing genre which borrowed influences from pop, rock and New Wave music. In such a way, it was more pop-friendly and less "gritty" than regular disco music. It often included synthesizers within its composition.

Euro disco, as the term suggests, was popular in Europe. Nevertheless, it also achieved popularity in the United States through artists such as Donna Summer. Some regard Kraftwerk as the first Euro disco group. Furthermore,  Giorgio Moroder was also a major force within the Euro disco scene.

## References
Wilson's bird-of-paradise

The '''Wilson's bird-of-paradise''' is a small bird of the Paradisaeidae family.

## Description 
The male is a red and black bird-of-paradise with a yellow mantle on its neck, a light-green mouth, blue feet and two curved violet tail feathers. The head is naked blue with a black double cross pattern on it. 

As so often with birds in general, and paradise birds in particular, the female is not showy. It is a brownish bird, though it does have a bare blue crown.

## Diet 
Wilson's bird-of-paradise eat usually fruit or small insects.

## References
Woodpecker finch

The **Woodpecker Finch** is a species of birds in the family Fringillidae. They live in the Galapagos Islands and are named for their habit of eating grubs that live in the woods. But the woodpecker finch, unlike woodpeckers, does not have a long tongue or a bill that is suitable for getting hold of the grubs. Instead, it uses a cactus spine or twig that is the right shape to dig grubs out. 

## References
Taishō era

The , also known as the **Taishō era**, was a  after *Meiji* and before *Shōwa.*  This period started on July 30, 1912 and it ended on December 25, 1926. During this time, the emperor was .

The *nengō* *Taishō* means "Great Justice"
* **1920** (*Taishō 9*): First census of Japan, population 77 million
* **1921** (*Taishō 10*): Prince Hirohito was made regent (*sesshō*)
* **1912** (*Taishō 1*): Katsura Tarō became 15th Prime Minister of Japan
* **1913** (*Taishō 2*): Yamamoto Gonbee became 16th Prime Minister
* **1914** (*Taishō 3*): Ōkuma Shigenobu became 17th Prime Minister
* **1916** (*Taishō 5*): Terauchi Masatake became 18th Prime Minister
* **1918** (*Taishō 7*): Hara Takashi became 19th Prime Minister
* **1921** (*Taishō 10*): Takahashi Korekiyo became 20th Prime Minister
* **1922** (*Taishō 11*): Katō Tomosaburō became 21st Prime Minister
* **1923** (*Taishō 12*): Yamamoto became 22nd Prime Minister
* **1924** (*Taishō 13*): Kiyoura Keigo became 23rd Prime Minister
* **1924** (*Taishō 13*): Katō Takaaki became 24th Prime Minister
* **1926** (*Taishō 15*):Wakatsuki Reijirō became 25th Prime Minister

## Gallery

File:HIH the Prince Regent viewing devastated Yokohama-restored.jpg|Prince Regent Hirohito visits Yokohama after 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
File:Ginza after Great Kanto earthquake.JPG|The Ginza in Tokyo after 1923 earthquake

## Related pages 
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese era name

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

**Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator** (**EDSAC**) was an early British computer. It was made by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England.  EDSAC was the first stored-program electronic computer. It was also the first to run a computer game.

Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a British company. They were rewarded with the first commercial computer, LEO I. LEO I was based on the EDSAC design.  EDSAC ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it calculated a table of square numbers and a list of prime numbers.

## References
Voting age

**Voting age** is the age when a person is allowed to vote in political elections by governments. 

Most countries set it at 18. Ages ranging from 16 to 21 exist. Iran is the only sovereignty to ever have a voting age below 16 in recent history. They set it at 15 until it was raised to 18 recently. 

When the voting age was first established it was usually set at 21. In the later twentieth century most countries, including the United States, lowered it to 18. A few jurisdictions today, such as Austria and the Isle of Man, have lowered it to 16. 

This topic connects up with various other age-related permissions, such as age limit on purchasing alcohol, and age of possible marriage. Use of terms such as "teenager" needs to be clear as to what the term covers.
Secretarybird

The **secretarybird** (*Sagittarius serpentarius*) is a large  bird of prey. It is usually found in African savannas and open grasslands.

Unlike most birds of prey, the secretarybird hunts its prey on foot. Adults hunt in pairs and sometimes as family flocks. They stalk through the grass with long strides. Prey includes insects, mammals from mice to hares and mongoose, crabs, lizards, snakes, tortoises, young birds, bird eggs, and sometimes dead animals killed in grass or bushfires.

The bird is famous for hunting snakes. It even hunts venomous cobras and other reptiles. Its claws are weak and , so to make a kill, it stomps on its victim, breaking its back.

It is put in its own family on the basis of molecular sequence analysis.

## Size 
Standing up, the secretarybird is nearly 4.5 feet (1.3 m) tall.

## References
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas

***Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas*** is a television Christmas special that was first shown on the American television network ABC on Thursday, November 24, 2011. It is based on characters from the movie *Ice Age*. The entire cast from the movies all play the same characters; Ciara Bravo is the voice of Peaches, who is now a young kid. There are new characters voiced by Billy Gardell, T. J. Miller, and Judah Friedlander.

## Premieres 
## Plot
In the middle of decorating for the holiday season, Sid the *Megatherium* accidentally destroys Manny the Mammoth's favorite decoration, the traditional Christmas rock by accident. Sid, convinced by Manny that he's now on Santa's naughty list, takes off with Crash, Eddie, and Peaches — who's still a young child — for the North Pole to get him off the naughty list. On their journey, they befriend one of Santa's *Megaloceroses* named Prancer.

When they arrive at the North Pole, Sid and his crew accidentally destroy Santa's workshop. When Manny, Ellie, and Diego (worried over Peaches' safety) arrive at the North Pole, they reunite to save Christmas. With the help of an army of mini-sized *Paramylodons*, the Sub-Zero Heroes make enough new toys for every child on Earth. Santa is then able to distribute presents on a worldwide basis after Prancer and his whole family volunteer to pull his sleigh. Santa has also left Scrat a present: A small acorn, which he then loses again.

## Voice cast
* Ray Romano as Manny, a helpful mammoth.
* John Leguizamo as Sid, a megathere.
* Denis Leary as Diego, a smilodont.
* Queen Latifah as Ellie, another friendly mammoth.
* Seann William Scott as Crash
* Josh Peck as Eddie
* Ciara Bravo as Peaches
* Chris Wedge as Scrat
* Billy Gardell as Santa Claus
* T. J. Miller as Prancer, a Megaloceros.
* Judah Friedlander as Head Mini-Paramylodon
* Frank Welker as Animals' vocal effects (uncredited)

## Welcoming
*Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas* was positively welcomed from audience.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mick Wingert

**Michael "Mick" Wingert** (born July 4, 1974) is an American stand-up comedian, voice actor, comedian, and actor. He is best known as the new voice of Master Po in *Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness*. He took over from Po's original voice actor Jack Black.

And he's also the Theme song singer of: *Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness*.

## Early life
Wingert was born **Michael Wingert** in Lemoore, California. 

## Filmography
## Video games
## References
## Other websites
*
Camposaurus

:*Not to be confused with Camptosaurus.*

***Camposaurus*** is a dinosaur from the Late Triassic of North America. It is a relative of *Coelophysis*. This relationship was upheld by a recent phylogenetic anlysis. 

A study of *Camposaurus arizoniensis* by Ezcurra and Brusatte discovered two unique features. This meant the specimen was a valid genus and species. *Camposaurus* is definitely a neotheropod. Based on phylogenetic analysis, its closest known relative is *Megapnosaurus rhodensis*, because they share similarities in the tibia, and ankle.

## References
Staurikosaurus

***Staurikosaurus*** is a genus of Upper Triassic theropod dinosaurs found in Brazil. It was a small, lightly built carnivore.

The rarity of *Staurikosaurus* remains may be a result of it being uncommon while alive, or because it lived in an environment such as a forest, where fossils rarely form. 80&nbsp;centimetres tall (31&nbsp;in), and weighing just 30&nbsp;kilograms (66&nbsp;lb), *Staurikosaurus* was small in comparison to later theropods like *Megalosaurus*. *Staurikosaurus* and the related *Herrerasaurus* are definitely theropods and evolved after the sauropod line had split from the theropods.

The fossil record of *Staurikosaurus* is poor, but the skeletal structure of the legs is known. *Staurikosaurus* was a quick runner for its size. It also had just two vertebrae joining the pelvis to the spine, a distinctly primitive arrangement.

The available teeth for Staurikosaurus strongly suggest a carnivorous diet.

### Tail 
The tail of *Staurikosaurus* was relatively long (with more than 40 vertebrae) compared to the rest of its body and was held straight and off the ground as it ran.  The rear part of *Staurikosaurus*'s tail is stiffened by features of the tail vertebrae.  Ostrom thought this was a dynamic stabilizer to help balance while leaping and running.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Dinosaurs of Rio grande do Sul.
Lanarkshire derby

The **Lanarkshire Derby** is a football rivalry in Lanarkshire, Scotland, and matches are played between two of Motherwell, Hamilton Academical, Airdrie United and Albion Rovers.

## Motherwell vs Airdrie
This game is the biggest Lanarkshire derby, and big crowds usually come to watch this match, at either Fir Park or Excelsior Stadium. For a very long time, Motherwell and Airdrieonians were the two biggest teams in Lanarkshire, up until Airdrie went out of business in 2002. There has only been one game between these two teams since Airdrie re-formed as Airdrie United, in the 2007 Scottish Cup. A Richie Foran goal won it for Motherwell that day, in front of a crowd of 5,924, the highest ever for an Airdrie United match. Also, this match had often been the final of the Lanarkshire Cup, a competition where teams from all-over Lanarkshire played in. This competition stopped in 1996.

## Motherwell vs Hamilton Academical
This game is the second-biggest Lanarkshire derby, and the most Southern of all the derbies. Up until 2008, both teams were mostly in different divisions. Then Hamilton got promoted to the SPL and both teams were to play each other a lot. This ended when Hamilton got relegated in 2011, meaning that Motherwell are now the only SPL team in Lanarkshire.

## Hamilton Academical vs Airdrie
This game is between the two middle-rated teams in Lanarkshire, and is not as big as when one of the teams play Motherwell. Both teams have usually been in a league lower than the SPL, this has became fiercely contested in recent years between both fanbases with both clubs playing in and around a similar tier of football. 

## Airdrie vs Albion Rovers
This game is big for both teams, as they were both in the Monklands area, until Airdrie moved to a new stadium in the Petersburn area in 1998. The first match between Albion and Airdrie (as United), was in 2010, when Airdrie beat Albion Rovers 1-0 at Cliftonhill. Since that game, both teams are in the same division in the 2011-12 season.

## Albion Rovers vs Hamilton Academical
This is not a big derby match, as both teams have been in different divisions for most of their existence. They were in the same league in 2001, but have not met each other since, making this derby the smallest. Coatbridge and Hamilton are 6 miles apart.

## Albion Rovers vs Motherwell
This is the least remembered of the derbies, as Albion have been in the lower divisions for most of their existence, whilst Motherwell have been in the top division. There is also no bad feeling between the two, as a few young Motherwell players have gone out on loan to Albion Rovers over the years.

## References
Christina Crawford (wrestler)

**Christina Crawford** On November 20 that she made her first wrestling appearance using the new ring name Caylee Turner. It was a 6 diva tag team match with Rosa Mendes and Aksana. Her team lost the match to AJ Lee, Kaitlyn and Naomi Knight.

#### Tough Enough (2011)
In March 2011, Crawford was listed as one of the fourteen people on the new version of  *Tough Enough*. On the May 16th edition of *Tough Enough*, Christina was in a match with A.J. Kirsch where she hurt her ankle.

#### Return to Florida Championship Wrestling and release (2011–2012)
After leaving *Tough Enough*, Crawford went back to work for FCW. On June 22, 2011, she teamed up with Leah West to face Audrey Marie and Sonia in a tag team match but lost. On the August 7, 2011 episode of FCW television, she teamed up with A.J. and Kaitlyn. They beat the team of Sonia, Audrey Marie, and Raquel Diaz. On August 14 edition of FCW, Caylee teamed up with Naomi to defeat the team of Kaitlyn & Audrey Marie. On August 14, 2012, WWE released Crawford from her contract.

## Personal life
Crawford is of  African American descent. She  from the University of Central Florida in 2011. She studied interpersonal communications.

## References
## Other websites
*FCW profile
*Online World of Wrestling profile
*
Basal

'**Basal**' is a term in biology for 'primitive' or 'ancestral'. Basal is preferred because it is neutral and non-judgmental. This terminology came into use with cladistics. The term is used in evolution and classification to mean the group which gave rise to later forms. It is a term which works at any level: a basal species gives rise to **derived** species, and a basal group gives rise to derived groups.

'**Derived**' is the correct term in biology for *specialised* or *advanced*. It is used for groups which have evolved from a more basal group. A **derived trait** is a trait that is present in an organism, but was not in the last common ancestor of the group being considered. Simplicity is often secondarily derived. For example, no mitochondria in the anaerobic protist *Entamoeba histolytica* is a result of their secondary loss.

;General view –
*Basal group
**Derived group
**Derived group
**Derived group

;Example –
*Early primates
**Monkeys
***Apes
*****Homo*

In the last example, note that apes are *derived* from monkeys but *basal* with respect to our own genus. The status of being basal or derived is relative, though living species can only be derived. In any basal-derived pair, the basal member must have evolved before the derived member, with evidence that some of its species gave rise to (evolved into) the derived member.

## Other terms
See also Wiley *et al.* 1991.
*Ancestral taxon = basal group
*Characters or attributes:
**Plesiomorphy = ancestral trait inherited from earlier forms.
**Apomorphy =  trait or innovation derived from a plesiomorphic character. It may define a clade.
**Synapomorphy = a trait or character of a whole clade.

## References
Lucy Liu

**Lucy Liu** (born December 2, 1968) is an American actress. She was born in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City. Her parents parents originally came from Beijing and Shanghai and immigrated to Taiwan as adults before meeting in New York. Liu has been in many movies and many television programs.

## Filmography 
### Film
### Television
### Video games
### Documentary
### Director
## Art exhibitions
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Bohemia at the Olympics

**Kingdom of Bohemia**, took part in some of the early modern **Olympic Games**.  It was an autonomous part of Austria-Hungary until 1918. The team began taking part in the Olympics at the 1900 Summer Olympics.  After World War I, Bohemia became part of Czechoslovakia. Bohemian athletes competed for Czechoslovakia at the Olympics.  After Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Bohemian athletes competed for the Czech Republic at the Olympics.  Bohemian athletes have missed only three Olympics: the first in 1896, the 1904 Summer Olympics (the first not to take place in Europe)  and the boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics.

## List of medalists
Hedwiga Rosenbaumová also won a bronze medal with Archibald Warden of Great Britain (GBR) in the mixed doubles event in tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics.  This medal is listed as being won by a mixed team instead of split between Bohemia and Great Britain.

## Medals by Games
## References
*
An Outcast of the Islands

***An Outcast of the Islands*** is the second novel by Joseph Conrad. It was published in 1896. It was based on Conrad's experience working on a steamer (ship), the *Vigar*.

The novel tells about the fall of Peter Willems. He is a bad man, and has a bad reputation. On the run from a scandal in Makassar, he finds a place to hide in a hidden native village. However, he betrays the people who are helping him, because of lust for the tribal chief's daughter. The story features the character Tom Lingard, who Conrad uses lots, and also appears in ''Almayer's Folly* (1895) and *The Rescue'' (1920). It shares other characters with those novels.

This novel was made into a movie in 1952 by director Carol Reed, starring Trevor Howard as Willems, Ralph Richardson as Lingard, Robert Morley, and Wendy Hiller.

The work was quoted in T. S. Eliot's *The Hollow Men*: "Life is very long.".
Scipionyx

***Scipionyx samniticus*** is one of the most important recent dinosaur finds. It is a tiny theropod (meat-eater) fossil found in Cretaceous limestone in southern Italy near Naples. Although it was unearthed thirty years ago in 1981, its true importance was not realized until 1994. It is a very important specimen in that it has fossilized remains of many of its internal organs and muscles. This type of detail is rare in fossils since the soft tissues from an animal do not usually fossilize; they almost always rot before mineral replacement can take place. This new fossil will yield a lot of information about dinosaurs' anatomy and physiology as it is studied.

The fossil is a theropod, perhaps a compsognathid (related to *Compsognathus*). It is a hatchling 9.5 inches (24 cm) long. It is from 113 million years ago (during the Cretaceous period) and has been named *Scipionyx samniticus*. During the Cretaceous period it lived near a shallow lagoon.
Battle of Messines

The **Battle of Messines** was a battle which happened in the Western front of the First World War. It began on 7 June 1917 when the British Second Army, which was commanded by General Herbert Plumer, attacked near the village of Mesen (Messines) in West Flanders, Belgium. The attack was meant to capture a ridge which ran north from Messines village, past Wytschaete village. This ridge was a natural place where  you could keep safe southeast of Ypres. One thing which happened during the battle which was unusual was that 19 mines were set off just before the infantry attack. This was a tactic which made German defences disorganised. This allowed the troops to do what they were supposed to do very quickly. The attack also came before the much larger battle, the Third Battle of Ypres, usually known as Passchendaele, which began on 31 July 1917.

## References
Heisei era

, also known as the **Heisei era**, is the  after *Shōwa and before Reiwa*. This period started in February 1989 and ended on April 30, 2019 with the emperor's abdication. During this time, the emperor was ,  

## Events of the Heisei period
The years in which Akihito has been the Japanese monarch  this period or era.
* **1990** (*Heisei 2*): Expo 1990 in Hyōgo Prefecture
* **1992** (*Heisei 4*): Emperor Akihito traveled to China, the first time a Japanese monarch to visit.
* **1993** (*Heisei 5*): 19th G7 summit in Tokyo
* **1998** (*Heisei 10*): 1998 Winter Olympics
* **2000** (*Heisei 12*): 26th G8 summit in Okinawa 
* **2008** (*Heisei 20*): 34th G8 summit in Hokkaido

## Disasters
* **January 17, 1995** (*Heisei 7, 17th day of the 1st month*): Kobe Earthquake.

* **11 March 2011** (*Heisei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month*): A magnitude 9.0 earthquake caused a great tsunami, known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and consequently created the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

* **15 March 2011** (*Heisei 23, 15th day of the 3rd month*): Emperor Akihito made his first national television address. He said, "I hope from the bottom of my heart that the people will, hand in hand, treat each other with compassion and overcome these difficult times."

### Politics
* **1989** (*Heisei 1*): Emperor Shōwa died; and Noboru Takeshita was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
* **1989** (*Heisei 1*): Sosuke Uno became 75th Prime Minister
* **1989** (*Heisei 1*): Toshiki Kaifu became 76th Prime Minister
* **1990** (*Heisei 2*): Kaifu became 77th Prime Minister
* **1991** (*Heisei 3*): Kiichi Miyazawa became 78th Prime Minister
* **1993** (*Heisei 5*): Morihiro Hosokawa became 79th Prime Minister
* **2008** (*Heisei 20*): Taro Aso became 92nd Prime Minister
* **2011** (*Heisei 23*): Yoshihiko Noda became 95th Prime Minister
* **2012** (*Heisei 24*): Shinzo Abe became 96th Prime Minister
* **2013** (*Heisei 25*) Abe is the prime minister.
* **2014** (*Heisei 26*) Abe is the prime minister.
* **2015** (*Heisei 27*) Abe is the prime minister.
* **2016** (*Heisei 28*) Abe is the prime minister.
* **2017** (*Heisei 29*) Abe is the prime minister.
* **2018** (*Heisei 30*) Abe is the prime minister.
* **2019** (*Heisei 31*) Abe is the prime minister.

## Gallery

File:Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko to watch Special Parade of the Ceremonial Horse-Drawn Carriages.JPG|The Empress and The Emperor in an informal moment at a parade in 2009
File:Hanshin expressway model.png|Re-creation of the fallen Hanshin Expressway in Kobe at the Nojima Fault Preservation Museum
File:NaganoOlympic5000.jpg|A special coin that was minted for the 1998 Winter Olympics
File:Newspapers of Japan 20090831.jpg|Newspapers report results of the 2009 general election

## Related pages 
* 100 Landscapes of Japan (Heisei period)
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese era name

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Taisho

**Taisho** may neab
* Taishō period, a Japanese era name (1912-1926)
* Emperor Taishō, the 123rd Emperor of Japan, known posthumously as Emperor Taishō
Shotoku

**Shotoku** or **Shōtoku** may mean

* Prince Shōtoku, a Japanese political leader of the 6th-century Asuka period

* Empress Shōtoku, the 48th monarch of Japan, known posthumously as Empress Shōtoku

* Shōtoku (era), a Japanese era name (1711-1716)
Macron

A **macron** ( ¯ ), from the Greek  (*makrón*), meaning "long", is a diacritic mark commonly placed above a single character or symbol (particularly vowels).

## Usage
In the romanization of Japanese, a letter with macron represents a long vowel.
*For example, in the Hepburn romanization system
** *kōtsū* () means "traffic" 
** *kotsu* () means "bone" or "knack"

In the written Hawaiian language, the *kahakō* is shown by a macron.

In mathematics, a macron (or overline) is often placed above a symbol to refer to a complex conjugate, a sample mean and a logical negation.  
## Related pages 
*Tilde
*Vinculum (symbol)

## References
E pluribus unum

.]]
"**E pluribus unum**" is a traditional motto of the United States and of Mongaguá. It means "out of many, one" in Latin. It has been placed on the U.S. dollar bill, and other related items.

The motto was suggested by the first Great Seal committee in 1776. Consultant and artist Pierre Du Simitière chose the Latin motto, and his design expresses this theme.

This motto was well known to literate Americans of the 18th century. It had appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine, published monthly in London since 1731, with copies reaching the colonies. The legend "E pluribus unum" was used on the title pages of the magazine's annual compilation volumes.

In Thomson's 1782 sketch, for the final design, Charles Thomson put this motto on a scroll held in the bald eagle's beak.

"E pluribus unum" is a clear reference to the Thirteen Colonies united into one nation – symbolized by the shield on the eagle's breast. As explained in the official description of the Great Seal, the thirteen vertical stripes "represent the several states all joined in one solid compact entire, supporting a Chief, which unites the whole & represents Congress. The Motto alludes to this union."

## References
Bulgaria at the Olympics

**Bulgaria** was first at the **Olympic Games** at the very first Games in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Bulgaria is BUL.

## History
The Bulgarian Olympic Committee was formed in 1923.  They first sent a team to the Summer Olympic Games in 1924. The nation has been in every Summer Games since except for 1932 (during the Great Depression), 1948 (after World War II), and 1984. Bulgaria was first in the Winter Olympic Games in 1936, and has been in every Winter Games since then.

Bulgarian athletes have won a total of 218 medals, with wrestling and weightlifting the most.
## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by sport
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites 
* Bulgaria profile at London2012.com 
* Bulgaria at Olympics.org
Shōwa (Kamakura period)

was a  after *Ōchō* and before *Bunpō.*  This period spanned the years from March 1312 through February 1317. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Shōwa* era
* **1313** (*Shōwa 2, 10th month*): Former Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk.

* **1314** (*Shōwa 3, 11th month*): Hōjō Sadaaki returned from Kyoto to Kamakura.

* **1315** (*Shōwa 4, 7th month*): Hōjō Hirotoki died in Kamakura; and  Hōjō Sadaaki and Hōjō Mototoki share power.

* **1315** (*Shōwa 4, 10th month*): Hōjō Tokiatsu became *Rokuhara Tandai* in Kyoto.

* **1316** (*Shōwa 5, 7th month*): Hōjō Tokiatsu, who is the son of Hōjō Sadaaki, became Shikken.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References 
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Phantom island

may be the source of phantom islands in the Atlantic, the Aurora Islands.]]
A **phantom island** is an island that was thought to exist at some point in time. Because of this, the island was shown on a map. Later, the islands were removed from maps. Some islands are described and later on change their name, or with the description given it is possible to associate a real island. Other islands sink below sea level because of natural causes such as erosion. Such islands still exist. Two examples are Earnest Legouve Reef and Maria-Theresa Reef in the South Pacific. Because they are far away from ships' routes, their existence can not be proved so far. In the year 1908, Robert Peary claimed to have found a lost continent, called Crocker Land. 

People such as João Vaz Corte-Real were rewarded for finding islands that turned out to be phantom islands. In the case given, the phantom island was Bacalao. The island showed up on maps in the early 16th century. Baccalieu Island is probably named after the phantom island.

Some phantom islands were later *found*. That way Baja California was first thought to be an island. Later, people found it was in fact a peninsula. Thule was discovered in antiquity; in modern times, people who found it may have talked about Norway, the Orkney Islands, Shetland or Scandinavia. Other interpretations include Iceland, Greenland, or the island Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea.

Other phantom islands may exist because of mistakes in navigation, or optical illusions, such as superior mirage. One example of this is New South Greenland, which was observed in the Weddell Sea in 1823, and has not been seen since. 

Some phantom islands may have existed, but they have been destroyed, or are no longer above the water line. These include Thompson Island in the South Atlantic, and Bermeja, off the coast of Yucatán.
Enkyō (Edo period)

was a  after *Kanpō* and before ''Kan'en.*  This period started in February 1744 and ended in July 1748. During this time the, emperors were   and .

## Events of *Enkyō* era
* **1744** (*Enkyō 1*): Great comet was visible in sky for many months; this comet is now identified as C/1743 X1 (De Cheseaux).

* **1745** (*Enkyō 2*): Tokugawa Ieshige became shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

* **1745** (*Enkyō 2''): First market fair in the capital region.

## Related pages 
* Edo period
* Enkyō (Kamakura period), 1308-1311

## Notes
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Aerogel

**Aerogel** is a gel in which the liquid part has been replaced with a gas (usually air). It was invented in 1931 by Samuel Stephens Kistler. The most common type of aerogel is silica aerogel, which is made from the same molecule as glass. It is a solid material that is almost as light as air. It is the world's lightest material. Its melting point is 1200 degrees Celsius, which is comparable to crocidolite asbestos. Aerogel is the best thermal insulator available and can be used in construction in place of fiberglass insulation. It allows better insulation with less material, although it is much more expensive than fiberglass. It is also brittle, making it more difficult to install than fiberglass. Most aerogel is not water-resistant, and even small amounts of water can destroy it. It is also safer than fiberglass or asbestos because it is not known to cause cancer if inhaled into the lungs. Some aerogel insulation, however, contains fiberglass to increase its flexibility.

## References
## Other websites
Enkyo

"Enkyō" may mean
* , a Japanese era name in the Kamakura period (1308-1311) 
* , a Japanese era name in the Edo period (1744-1748)
Red Bull GmbH

**Red Bull GmbH** is an Austrian company that sells the Red Bull energy drink. Billions of cans are sold in over 161 countries. The company has 7,758 employees and earned 3.78 billion euros in 2010. The headquarters of Red Bull GmbH are in Fuschl am See, Austria.

## History
Dietrich Mateschitz started the company with Chaleo Yoovidhya. The company brought the energy drink Krating Daeng from Thailand to Europe and around the world. Krating Daeng means "red bull" in Thai.  Mateschitz runs the company and Yoovidhya and his son are silent partners. Red Bull GmbH made a new “Austrian” Red Bull drink in 1987. It is carbonated and not as sweet as the Thai drink. The Austrian version of the drink has almost half of the U.S. market for energy drinks. It has up to 80% of the market in some other countries.

## Marketing
The company supports many sports teams. It also puts its logos on many airplanes and sports cars to attract attention.

## References
## Other websites
* Red Bull official website
Kanpō

, also known as **Kampō**, was a , also known as **Kampō**, after *Genbun* and before *Enkyō.*  This period started in February 1741 and ended in February 1744.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Kanpō* Era
* **1742** (*Kanpō 2*): A comet was seen in the sky.

* **1742** (*Kanpō 2, 8th month*): Flooding in the provinces of Musashi, Kōzuke, Shimotsuke, and Shinano.  In Heian-kyō, the Sanjo Bridge is washed away.

* **1743** (*Kanpō 3, 11th month*): A comet was sighted in the night sky. This comet is likely to have been what is today identified as C/1743 C1 (De-Cheseaux).

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Döbereiner's lamp

'''Döbereiner's lamp'* is one of the first lighters. It was developed in 1823 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner. The lighter was produced until around 1880. The Heidelberg Castle and also the Deutsches Museum (*German Museum*) still have original Döbereiner lamps to show.

The lighter works based on a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. In the glass cylinder (*a* in the picture on the right) is sulfuric acid. In the open bottle (*b*) is zinc and at the top is a valve. With the lever (*f''), the bottle will be opened. Then, the sulfuric acid flows into the bottle. When it reaches the Zinc, a reaction starts. It produces hydrogen.

\mathrm{Zn + H_2SO_4 \longrightarrow Zn^{2+} + SO_4^{2-} + H_2 \uparrow}

The hydrogen can go out of the bottle at the top. Next to the valve, there is platinum. The hydrogen gas has to bypass the platinum. The hydrogen and the oxygen from the air react because of the catalytic effect of platinum. The gas mixture (called oxyhydrogen) then burns, because the reaction is exothermic, and produces water.

\mathrm{ 2\ H_2 + O_2 \longrightarrow 2\ H_2O}

To stop this reaction, the bottle only needs to be closed, that means the lever needs to be released. The hydrogen can no longer go out of the bottle and pushes the sulfuric acid back into the glass cylinder.

## References
Madison

**James Madison** was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Many things were named for him:

## People 
* Madison (name), a given name and a surname

## Place names 
* Madison, Wisconsin, the largest city with this name and the state capital of Wisconsin
* Madison, Alabama
* Madison, Arkansas
* Madison, California
* Madison, Connecticut
* Madison, Florida
* Madison, Georgia
* Madison, Illinois
* Madison, Indiana
* Madison, Kansas
* Madison, Maine
** Madison (CDP), Maine, census-designated place in the town of Madison
* Madison, Minnesota
* Madison, Mississippi
* Madison, Missouri
* Madison, Nebraska
* Madison, New Hampshire
* Madison, New Jersey
* Madison (town), New York
** Madison (village), New York, in the town of Madison
* Madison, North Carolina
* Madison, Ohio
* Madison, Pennsylvania
* Madison, South Dakota
* Madison, Tennessee
* Madison, Virginia
* Madison, West Virginia
* Madison (town), Wisconsin, adjacent to the city of Madison
* Madison Lake, Minnesota
* Madison Park, Seattle, Washington State

## Streets 
* Madison Avenue (Manhattan), a famous avenue in New York City
* Madison Street (Chicago), a major thoroughfare
* Madison Street (Manhattan)

## Green places 
* Madison Blue Springs State Park
* Madison River, in Wyoming and Montana
* Madison Square, a public park in New York City
* Mount Madison, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire

## Buildings 
* Madison Square Garden
* Madison Carnegie Library
* Milton-Madison Bridge
* Hamilton-Madison House

## Education 
* University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
* James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia
* James Madison College, Michigan State University
* Madison University, Mississippi
Weston

**Weston** might refer to:

## People
* Weston (surname)

## Places
### Australia
* Weston, Australian Capital Territory
* Weston Creek, Canberra
* Weston Park, Canberra
* Weston, New South Wales, a suburb of the City of Cessnock

### Canada
* Weston, Nova Scotia
* Weston, Ontario
** Weston GO Station, a station in the GO Transit network located in the community

### Ireland
* Weston Airport, Dublin

### Malaysia
* Weston, Sabah

### New Zealand
* Weston, New Zealand

### United Kingdom
**England**

* Weston, Berkshire
* Weston, Cheshire
* Weston, Cornwall
* Weston-on-Trent, Derbyshire
* Weston, Devon
* Weston, Dorset
* Weston, Halton
* Weston, East Hampshire, Hampshire (near Petersfield)
* Weston, Southampton, Hampshire
* Weston, Herefordshire
* Weston under Penyard, Herefordshire (near Ross-on-Wye) 
* Weston, Hertfordshire
* Weston, Leicestershire
* Weston, Lincolnshire
* Weston Longville, Norfolk
* Weston, Bath, Somerset
* Weston in Gordano, Somerset
* Weston-super-Mare, Somerset
* Weston, North Yorkshire
* Weston, Northamptonshire
* Weston, Nottinghamshire
* Weston, Shropshire
* Weston-under-Redcastle, Shropshire
* Weston, Staffordshire (near Stafford)
* Weston-under-Lizard, Staffordshire
* Weston, Suffolk

**Scotland**

* Weston, Highland
* Weston, Moray
* Weston, South Lanarkshire

**Wales**

* Weston, Pembrokeshire, also called Sir Benfro

### United States
* Weston, Colorado
* Weston, Connecticut
* Weston, Florida
* Weston, Georgia
* Weston, Idaho
* Weston, Illinois (DuPage County), renamed "Fermilab Village", now the grounds of Fermilab
* Weston, Illinois (McLean County)
* Weston, Iowa
* Weston, Louisiana
* Weston, Maine
* Weston, Maryland
* Weston, Massachusetts
* Weston, Missouri
* Weston, Nebraska
* Weston, New Jersey
* Weston Mills, New York
* New Weston, Ohio
* Weston, Ohio
* Weston, Oregon
* Weston, Texas
* Weston, Vermont
* Weston, Washington
* Weston, West Virginia
* Weston, Wisconsin, a village
* Weston (town), Wisconsin
* Weston, Wyoming
* Weston County, Wyoming

## Companies
* George Weston Limited, a Canadian food production and distribution company
* J. M. Weston, a French shoe company
* Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, Newark, N.J., an US American and British manufacturer of various electrical instruments including exposure meters, founded by Edward Weston

## Other
* Weston film speed ratings, an old scale for measuring film speed, superseded by the similar American Standards Association (ASA) system, which is now incorporated into the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) system
* Weston (band), a pop-punk/indie band from Pennsylvania
* Weston-super-Mare A.F.C., a semi-professional football club based in Weston-super-Mare in Somerset, England
* Weston Workers Bears FC, a football club based in Weston in New South Wales, Australia
* Weston cell, an electrochemical element

## Related pages
*
Corvette (disambiguation)

**Corvette** may mean:

* Corvette, a military ship
* Chevrolet Corvette, a sports car
* Aérospatiale Corvette, a business jet
Crocker Land

and Bradley Land sighted by Frederick Cook]]
**Crocker Land** is the name for a supposed eighth continent in the Arctic Ocean. In the year 1906, Robert Peary thought he had seen a landmass, which he named after George Crocker, a member of Peary Arctic Club. He thought that the land was about 130 miles (210&nbsp;km) north of Ellesmere Island, at 83 degrees north and 100 degrees west. 

In 1913, the Crocker Land expedition started, to find Crocker Land. This expedition turned out to be a failure. The captain of the first ship became drunk and ran aground on the rocks. Later an Inuit guide was deliberately shot and killed by one of the expedition members under suspicious circumstances. The expedition eventually became stranded and was not rescued until four years later.

The MacGregor Arctic Expedition in 1937–1938 also took aerial photographs. These show that there is no land at that location. Despite this, some pseudo-scientific organizations still try to present a case for its possible existence.

The expedition did not find Crocker Land. Later, satellite images showed that the continent did not exist, and could not be found. Today, it is believed that what Peary saw, was a fata morgana mirage.

## References
Kan'en

was a  after *Enkyō* and before *Hōreki.*  This period started in July 1748 and ended in October 1751. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the ''Kan'en* Era 
* **1748** (*Kan'en 1*): The first performance of the puppet play *Kanadehon Chushingura*, which presents a classic story of samurai revenge.

* **1748** (*Kan'en 1*): Ambassadors from the Korea and from the Ryukyu Islands were received in Edo.

* **7 October 1749** (*Kan'en 2, 26th day of the 8th month*): Nijō Castle was burnt after it was struck by lightning.

* **28 May 1750** (*Kan'en 2, 13th day of the 4th month''): Former-Emperor Sakuramachi died.

## Related pages 
* Edo period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection