open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Instruction set

An **instruction set,** or **instruction set architecture** (ISA),  is a list of all the commands (instructions), with all their variations, that a processor can execute.

Instructions include:

* Arithmetic such as **add** and **subtract**
* Logic instructions such as **and**, **or**, and **not**
* Data instructions such as **move**, **input**, **output**, **load**, and **store**
* Control flow instructions such as **goto**, **if ... goto**, **call**, and **return**.

**Instruction set architecture** is distinguished from **microarchitecture**. Microarchitecture is the detailed description of the system that is enough for completely describing the operation of all parts of the computing system, as well as how they are inter-connected and inter-operate to implement the ISA. An **instruction set** is the part of the computer architecture related to programming. An ISA includes a specification set of opcodes (machine language), which are the native commands implemented in a particular central processing unit design. There are 2 variations of the instruction set, CISC and RISC.

Computers with different microarchitectures can share a common instruction set. For example, the Intel Pentium and the AMD Athlon implement nearly identical versions of the x86 instruction set, but they are very different in internal designs.

## Related pages
* CISC
* RISC
* VLIW
* MISC
* digital signal processor
* graphics processing unit
* central processing unit
* microcontroller
* microprocessor
* Computer architecture

## Other websites
*Mark Smotherman's Historical Computer Designs Page
*Microprocessor Instruction Set Cards
*A Set of Standard Microprocessor Programming Cards by Jonathan Bowen
*Randy Hyde's discussion on ISA
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

The **Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)**, (राष्ट्रीय स्वयंसेवक संघ, lit. "National Volunteer Union" or "National Volunteer Corps") is an Indian far right-wing Hindutva volunteer paramilitary organisation. It leads a group of affiliated organisations called the Sangh Parivar ("Sangh family"), which have a presence across Indian society. This network includes the Bharatiya Janata Party, the current ruling party under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Mohan Bhagwat has been the Sarsanghchalak (सरसंघचालक, Chief leader) of the RSS since March 2009.

The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) was founded on 27 September 1925 with the aim of providing character training and promoting "Hindu discipline" to unite the Hindu community and establish a Hindu Rashtra (Hindu nation). It works to spread the ideology of Hindutva and emphasizes the preservation of Indian culture and civilizational values. However, RSS has been a subject of debate and criticism. Some describe it as being founded on Hindu supremacy and have accused it of intolerance toward minorities, particularly in relation to anti-Muslim activities. The organization's role in Indian politics and society continues to be widely discussed and interpreted from different perspectives.

The RSS did not participate in the Indian independence movement and has been criticised for its ties to the British colonial administration. After India's independence, it grew into a major Hindu nationalist organisation, establishing schools, charities, and affiliated groups to promote its ideology. The RSS was banned multiple times by the Indian government. The first ban was in 1948 after Nathuram Godse, a former RSS member, assassinated Mahatma Gandhi. It was banned again during the Emergency (1975–1977) and a third time following the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992.Today, the RSS is considered the world's largest far-right organization by membership. However, it has faced criticism, with scholars arguing that it spreads hatred and promotes violence. Its role in Indian politics and society remains a subject of ongoing debate.

## References
Phetchabun

**Phetchabun** is a town in the northeastern and the central part of Thailand. 
It is about  in size. The distance from the east to the west is . The distance from the north to the south is . The height above sea level is . Phetchabun is  from Bangkok.

## Administrative division 
The administrative distributes to are 11 districts (amphur), 117 subdistricts (tumbol), and 1261 villages (muban).

## The boundaries
* Loei borders Phetchabun to the north.
* Lopburi borders Phetchabun to the south.
* Khon Kaen and Chaiyaphum borders Phethabun to the east.
* Phitsanulok Nakhonsawan and Phichit borders Phetchabun to the west.

## History
Phetchabun is ancient. It is unclear who founded it. Krom Phraya Dhamlong Racha Nupap says that Phetchabun established for 2 periods in the same relic of Buddha temple and ancient temple. At first age, built when the northland is Sukhothai city or Phitsanulok is the capital. There is the waterway in a public city.
The second period built in, Narai's period. There was a river at the center of a city. In the north side had a wall for Guading the enemies. In the south there was a field.
An archeologist discovered the evidence in Si Thep city. The evidence was over 1000 years old. Phetchabun was built in the same time as Phimai, Lopburi.

## The park 
* Khao Khor national park ()
* Tad Mok national park ()
* Nam Nao national park ()
* Si Thep Historical park ()

## References
Hindutva

**Hindutva**, which means "Hinduness", is a kind of nationalism in India. 

## Origin
*Hindutva* was made popular by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1923. Groups that believe in Hindutva include but not limited to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), and the Sangh Parivar. Hindutva considers Hinduism better than other religions and cultures. Because of this, some people accuse Hindutva of being a "fascist" idea,

## Reception
### Christophe Jaffrelot
As per Christophe Jaffrelot, a political scientist specializing in South Asia, the Hindutva ideology has roots in an era where the fiction in ancient Indian mythology and the Vedics  was thought to be valid. This fiction was used to "give sustenance to Hindu ethnic consciousness". Its strategy emulated the Muslim identity politics of the Khilafat movement after World War I, and borrowed political concepts from the West –&nbsp;mainly Germany.

### Anthony Parel
As per Anthony Parel, a historian and political scientist, V. D. Savarkar's *Hindutva, Who is a Hindu?* (1923) is a fundamental text of Hindutva ideology. He comments on Savarkar's summary of Hindu culture "as a self-sufficient culture, not needing any input from other cultures" by saying that this is "an unhistorical, narcissistic and false account of India's past".

### Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad
Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad, a fellow of the British Academy and a scholar of Politics and Philosophy of Religion, says that Hindutva is a form of nationalism that is seen differently by its opponents and its supporters. The Hindutva ideology according to Savarkar, states Ram-Prasad, is based on  "geography, race, and culture".

## References
Hyphen

The **hyphen**  is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. The use of hyphens is called **hyphenation**. A **hyphen** looks like this: **-**. Hyphens have many uses in writing.

*Son-in-law* is an example of a hyphenated word. The hyphen is sometimes confused with dashes which are longer and have different uses, or with the minus sign. The hyphen is the shortest of these signs.

* Some words can have a hyphen added to change the meaning. For example, *re-form* means "start again" but *reform* means "change". A re-formed group is different from a reformed group.
* A hyphen is used to spell out some numbers (thirty-two, forty-nine, eighty-six).
* When a name for a material such as "stainless steel" is used with a word for a thing made of that material, a hyphen may be used, as in "stainless-steel knife".
* Some words have letters at the beginning, or prefixes, these can sometimes use hyphens: un-American, anti-pollution, non-proliferation
* When spelling out a word: H-Y-P-H-E-N
* In some cases, when putting two words together would be hard to understand. For example, if something is **l**ike a she*ll*, writing it as "shelllike" is hard to read with so many uses of the letter 'l'. It is better to use "shell-like."
* When writing words that someone has spoken when that person has difficulty speaking, as in: "I reached for the w-w-w-watering can." This is called a stammer.
* When adding words that already have a hyphen. For example: *two* to *year-old* as in: "He was a two- or three-year-old dog."
* If a word for a person (a name or proper noun) is used with another name, a hyphen is used, such as "the Merriam-Webster dictionary" or "the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact."
* Some people take a name from the family names of both parents, or from the last name of their father and husband. For example: "John Rees-Williams". This is not always the case, for example: "Hillary Rodham Clinton".
* A hyphen is also used when a word is too long to fit in one row of writing. This is often done in books, magazines and newspapers to save space and paper. A long word is broken into two parts, of nearly the same length, with a hyphen at the end of the first part. The normal way is to make the first part of the word as much of a complete word as possible. For example:

## Related pages
* Punctuation

## References
Eugène Delacroix

**Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix** (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott, and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on color and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.

However, Delacroix was given neither to sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."

Delacroix was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. This group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.

## References
Minimal instruction set computer

**Minimal Instruction Set Computer** (**MISC**) is a processor architecture with a very small number of basic instruction operations and corresponding opcodes.  As a result of this is a smaller instruction set, a smaller and faster instruction set decode unit, and faster operation of individual instructions.  The disadvantage is that smaller instruction set always have more sequential dependencies, reducing instruction-level parallelism.  

## Related pages
* Complex instruction set computer (CISC)
* Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
* Very long instruction word (VLIW)

## Other websites
*Forth MISC chip designs
*seaForth-24  - the latest multi-core MISC design from Chuck Moore
Nick Jonas

**Nicholas Jerry Jonas** (born September 16, 1992) is an American singer-songwriter and actor.

Jonas formed a band with his older brothers, Joe and Kevin, known as the Jonas Brothers. The group released their debut studio album ''It's About Time*. The band became a Disney favorite and later starred in *Camp Rock* (2008) and its sequel *Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam* (2010) as well as two of their own series, *Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream* (2008–2010) and *Jonas* (2009–2010).

In 2017, Jonas appeared in the adventure comedy movie *Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle*.

Jonas is married to Indian actress and singer Priyanka Chopra. In January 2022, the couple had their first child, via surrogacy.

## Television
* *The Voice* (2020-2021) - Coach

## Discography
**Solo albums**
* *Nicholas Jonas* (2005)
* *Nick Jonas* (2014)
* *Last Year Was Complicated* (2016)
* *Spaceman* (2021)

**with The Administration**
* *Who I Am* (2010)

**with the Jonas Brothers**
**It's About Time* (2006)
**Jonas Brothers* (2007)
**A Little Bit Longer* (2008)
**Lines, Vines and Trying Times* (2009)
**Happiness Begins'' (2019)

## Acting credits
### Theatre
### Movies
### Television
### Web
### Music videos
## Tours
;Headlining
* Who I Am Tour (2010)
* Nick Jonas 2011 Tour (2011)
* Nick Jonas Live (2014)
* Nick Jonas Live in Concert (2015)

;Co-headlining
* Future Now Tour (with Demi Lovato) (2016)

;Opening act
* Maroon V Tour  (2015)
* 24K Magic World Tour  (2018)

## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Sukhoi Su-30

**Sukhoi Su-30** is a Russian fighter aircraft. It is developed by Sukhoi Aviation Corporation. It is a 4.5-generation jet fighter aircraft. The aircraft is used by these air forces:

*Algerian Air Force
*Angolan Air Force
*People's Liberation Army Air Force
*Indian Air Force
*Indonesian Air Force
*Kazakh Air Force
*Royal Malaysian Air Force
*Russian Air Force
*Uganda Air Force
*Venezuelan Air Force
*Vietnam People's Air Force

## Versions 
**Su-30K**

Export version of the basic Su-30

**Su-30MKI**

Version for India

**Su-30SM**

Version of the Su-30MKI for Russia
One instruction set computer

A **One Instruction Set Computer** (**OISC**) is an abstract computer that uses only one instruction (with no need for a machine language opcode). Such computers are the extreme case or the logical conclusion of Reduced instruction set computers, although the concept has been used only in academic circles, as a teaching aid like the URISC.

The **Ultimate RISC** (**URISC**) is the name given by researchers at the University of Waterloo in the city of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, to their implementation of a single-instruction computer. URISC allows complete description of a fully functional computer, in only a few pages. 

## References 
* The Retrocomputing Museum
* MAXQ product line homepage 
* OISC Implementation with subleq 
* Univ. of Waterloo URISC: F. Mavaddat and B. Parhami, URISC: The Ultimate Reduced Instruction Set Computer, ''Int'l J. Electrical Engineering Education'', Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 327-334, October 1988.
* Univ. of Iowa Ultimate: RISC (Accessed November 2008).

## Other websites 
* Mark II OISC Self-Interpreter Possibly the first-ever OISC self-interpreter.
* SBN Computer
* SUBLEQ compiler and emulator 
* http://esolangs.org/wiki/Subleq
* BitBitJump - the simplest OISC
Phetchabun province

**Phetchabun** () is one of the northern provinces (*changwat*) of Thailand. As of 2000, 965,784 people live there, and has an area of 12,668.4km². The Governor is Direk Thuengfang.

## Administrative divisions
The province has  11 districts (*amphoe*); 117 subdistricts (*tambon*) and 1261 villages (*muban*).
Zero instruction set computer

In computer science, **ZISC** stands for **Zero Instruction Set Computer**, which refers to a chip technology based on pure pattern matching and absence of micro-instructions. 

The name **ZISC** was derived from RISC.

## Other websites
*From CISC to RISC to ZISC by S. Liebman on lsmarketing.com
*Neural Networks on Silicon  at aboutAI.net
*Open Directory: Hardware: Components: Processors: ZISC
*Recognetics Home of CogniMem the successor of ZISC
Greco-Roman world

The **Greco-Roman** or **Graeco-Roman world**, refers to geographical regions and countries who had the language, culture, government or religion of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

## Other websites
*Greek influence
Lotus (genus)

***Lotus*** is a genus of the Pea family. This genus includes 125-180 species. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*Birdsfoot trefoil
Zoophilia

on the Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho, north of India. That temple was built around 950-1000 AD.]]
]]
 and the swan is a painting by Michelangelo from the 16th century]]
**Zoophilia** is a type of paraphilia. People who have it feel sexually or romantically attracted to animals. These people are called **zoophiles**. Richard von Krafft-Ebing first used the term 1886. In his work *Psychopathia sexualis*, Krafft-Ebing talks about the *abuse of animals*,which he also calls bestiality. He also talks about *zoophilia erotica*, which he defines as being sexually attracted to animal hide or fur. Today, the term bestiality is used to refer to sexual activity with animals.  It is illegal in many countries.  Zoophilia is a mental disorder in the DSM.

## Occurence
The Kinsey Reports, which were published in 1948 and 1953, found that 8% of males, and 3.7% of females had had sexual relations with animals. According to these reports, with people living on farms these numbers rose to between 40% and 50%. The problem with the Kinsey Reports is that most people who took part were convicts, the sample does not represent all of the population, which is known as selection bias. Martin Duberman, who continued Kinsey's work removed the convicts from the samples, but he didn't find a significant change in the results. 

In a 1974 study, 4.9% of males said they had had sexual interactions with animals. In 1974, the possibility to live with animals on a farm had decreased by 80%.  The 1974 study found that the numbers almost halved: 4.9% of men indicated they had had sexual relations with animals, in comparison to the 8% of the Kinsey Reports of 1948; similarly, 1.9% of women indicated that choice, compared to the 3.6% of the Kinsey Reports of 1953. According to Miletski, this isn't due to less interest, but simply because people have less opportunity.

In 1973, Nancy Friday published the book called *My Secret Garden*. In it, she describes about 190 sexual fantasies of women; 23 of these fantasies include sexual activities with animals. 

People who are hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital have a higher reported prevalence of zoosexuality/zoophilia than the normal population (55%; 45% real sexual contacts, 30% sexual fantasies, compared to  the 10% in the control group and 15% of hospital staff). 

Having sexual fantasies about sex with animals also occur in people who do not show any interest in copulating with animals in real life. According to  Nancy Friday this might be a way to flee from cultural expectations and limitations as to what kind of sexual activity is permissible in a society. 

Studies have found, that women watching movies which include Bonobos copulating have shown greater vaginal reactions than those who watched movies without such sexual stimuli.

Zoophilia is a phenomenon that occurs in many different groups: It occurs with "White people, black people, Asians, Mormons, Amish, Catholics, atheists, pagans, jews, men and women". People who "grow up in a region with animals dont become zoophile more often than those who grow up in a region without them, such as a city".

## References
Defecation

**Defecation** is when poop comes out of the anus. It is the act of taking away solid, semisolid or liquid waste from the body, known as "Faeces (American spelling, *Feces*)".
Regina Spektor

**Regina Spektor** (born February 18, 1980) is a Russian-American singer-songwriter and pianist.  She was born in Moscow, Russia, but moved to The Bronx in New York City as a child.

She has released eight studio albums. She released her first album *11:11* in 2001. In 2002 she released her second album *Songs*. Spektor's third album *Soviet Kitsch* was her first album to be released on a record label. Three singles were released from the album. In 2009 Spektor released her fourth album *Far*. *What We Saw from the Cheap Seats* was released in 2012. 

She usually sings in English but has used other languages in her songs including Latin, French, and Russian.

Spektor sings the theme song of Orange is the New Black, "You've Got Time". The song was nominated for the award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 2013 Grammy Awards.

## Personal life
Spektor married Jack Dishel in 2011.

She gave birth to a baby boy in 2014.

## Other websites
*Official website

## References
Flag of Turkey

The **flag of Turkey** () has a white crescent moon and a star on a red background. The flag is called *Ay Yıldız* (literally, moon star) or *Alsancak* (red banner) in Turkish. 

The flag has a complex origin since it is an ancient design, and uses the same symbols of the late flag of the Ottoman Empire which was adopted in 1844 with the Tanzimat reforms; though the shape, placement and shade of the color varies. The geometric proportions of the flag were legally standardized with the Turkish Flag Law in 1936. The shade of red used in the flag is approximated by Pantone 186, or RGB (227, 10, 23).
Bulldog

The **bulldog**, known as the **British Bulldog** or **English Bulldog**, is a medium-size breed of dog from England. 

People originally bred bulldogs to fight bulls during the 1600s. The dog's mouth was designed to bite a bull's nose and not let go.

The bulldog is recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC).

## Description 
### Size 
Bulldogs are medium in size. They are wide and compact with large, thick heads. Their muzzle (nose and mouth) is short, like a pug's.  

They generally weigh . They are usually  tall at the shoulders. 

They have stocky legs at each corner of their muscular body, so when they walk, they take short steps and swing their body from side to side. 

### Fur 
Their fur comes in many colors, including light brown, white, black or mixed (brindle). Black is not a desired color at dog shows, but black bulldogs can compete.  

## Temperament 
Bulldogs are good family pets. They are also brave and are good guard dogs. 

Bulldogs need a lot of human attention to be happy. They do not need much exercise or grooming except for the face, which should be wiped daily in the face folds with a damp cloth. 

## References
Coat of arms of Saudi Arabia

The **Saudi Arabian coat of arms** () is a coat of arms that was adopted in 1950. According to the Saudi Constitution it is made of two crossed swords with a palm tree in the open upper space between the blades. Each of the swords represents the two kingdoms which founded modern day Saudi Arabia, the Kingdom of Hejaz and the Sultanate of Najd.

The date palm tree represents vitality and growth.
The crossed Shamshir symbolize justice and strength rooted in faith.

## References
Hawk Nelson Is My Friend

***Hawk Nelson is my Friend*** is an album by Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on April 1, 2008.

The title was taken because they find it funny - some people still think of Hawk Nelson as a person instead of a band. It was also chosen because, Hawk Nelson like to connect with , and make friends with them.

## Songs 
# "You Have What I Need" – 2:34
# "Friend Like That" – 2:49
# "Turn It On" – 3:09
# "One Little Miracle" – 2:58
# "Let's Dance" – 3:09
# "Ancient History" – 3:11
# "Somebody Else" – 3:18
# "Arms Around Me" – 3:31
# "Just Like Me" – 2:39
# "Not The Same" – 3:30
# "Words We Speak" – 2:54
# "I Still Miss You" – 3:51

It also includes a special edition CD/DVD with extra tracks and a paper board game. Also including a video showing how the music video for "Friend Like That" was made. It has four other videos from the band.

## Singles 
"Friend Like That" was the only single from this album. It was first made available on music programmes such as Itunes. It was announced a while before, and was available on Christmas Eve 2007. However, it was taken early on websites such as YouTube.
Flag of Saudi Arabia

The **flag of Saudi Arabia** is the flag used by the government of Saudi Arabia since March 15, 1973. It is a green flag featuring in white an Arabic inscription and a sword. 

The script on the flag is written in the *Thuluth* script. It is the *shahadah* or Islamic declaration of faith: 

:لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله
:*la ilaha ill allah muhammadun rasul allah*
:"There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his final Messenger"

The sword, symbolizes the importance of the inscription by underlining it.

Green flags with this or other Arabic scripts are commonly seen in Islam. They should not be confused with the Saudi national flag. These other flags normally do not have the sword symbol. 

The flag is made so that the *shahada* reads correctly, from right to left, from either side. The sword points from hoist to fly on both sides. The flag is sinister hoisted. This means that the obverse side (front) has the hoist side (flagpole side) to the right.
Peoples Temple

**Peoples Temple** was an organization founded in 1955 by Jim Jones that, by the mid-1970s, possessed over a dozen locations in California including its headquarters in San Francisco. It is best known for the death of over 900 of its members on November 18, 1978 in Guyana, at the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project (informally called "Jonestown"), a nearby airstrip at Port Kaituma, and Georgetown.

## Related pages
*For details of the event, see Jim Jones
Child grooming

**Child grooming** is a term which describes when an adult becomes "friends" with a child to lower the s of the child sometimes to prepare for sexual abuse. So, any action taken by an adult to form a trusting relationship with a child, with the intent of later having sexual contact, is 'child grooming'.

The act of grooming a child may include activities that are legal, but later lead to sexual contact. The grooming is done to gain the child's trust, and the trust of those responsible for the child. Children are less likely to report a crime if it involves someone the child knows, trusts, and cares about. Also, a relationship with the family means the child's parents will be less likely to believe any accusations.

## Examples of  grooming 
* Taking interest in someone's child (having a "special" friend)
* Giving gifts or money to the child for no obvious reason
* Showing pornography to the child - this is illegal in many countries
* Talking about sexual topics that are not age-appropriate
* Invading the child's privacy (e.g. walking in on him/her in the bathroom)
* Hugging, kissing, or other physical contact if the child does not want this attention
* Allowing the child to get away with behavior that is not right.
* Talking to the child about problems that would normally be discussed with adults (e.g. marriage problems).

### Child grooming on the internet 
Sexual grooming of children also occurs on the internet. Some abusers pose as children online and make arrangements to meet with them in person.

In 2003, MSN implemented restrictions in their chat rooms purportedly intended to help protect children from adults seeking sexual conversations with them. In 2005, Yahoo! chat rooms were investigated by the New York State attorney general's office for allowing users to create rooms whose names suggested that they were being used for this purpose. That October, Yahoo! agreed to "implement policies and procedures designed to ensure" that such rooms would not be allowed.

Another software company in the UK has developed a program that hold as competitor to Crisp, called Sentry Parental Controls . It was launched by television personality Coleen Nolan and is supported by Mark Williams-Thomas, a leading expert in child protection.

## References
Samekh

**Samekh** or **Simketh** is the fifteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, representing .

The Phoenician letter is where the Greek Xi (Ξ, ξ) comes from.

## Hebrew Samekh
Samekh represents , a voiceless alveolar fricative. Unlike most Semitic consonants, the pronunciation of  remains constant between vowels and before voiced consonants.

Samekh in gematria has the value 60.

Samekh and Mem form the abbreviation for the Angel of Death, whose name in Hebrew is *Samael*. It also stands for centimetre.

## References
Aleph

**Aleph** is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

## Modern uses 
* In mathematics, Georg Cantor decided to use alephs to determine the cardinality of infinite sets. These are called aleph numbers, with some of the most notable ones being aleph null (\aleph_0) and aleph one (\aleph_1).

## Hebrew alphabet 
Aleph ("a" pronounced as "father") has a mute sound and is represented by the symbol "א".

## Related pages 
* Bet (letter)
* Cardinal number

## References
Thee Michelle Gun Elephant

**Thee Michelle Gun Elephant** (or **TMGE**) was a Japanese punk band. The band was started in 1991 when the members were students at a university near Tokyo. They released their first big label album in 1995. TMGE has released a total of 16 singles and 8 albums. In October 2003, the band said they were breaking up. 

## Members
*Yusuke Chiba, singer - July 10, 1968
*Futoshi Abe, guitarist - December 16, 1966
*Kouji Ueno, bassist - March 27, 1968
*Kazuyuki Kuhara, drummer - April 3, 1969

## Recordings 
### Singles 
# '''World's End** (世界の終わり) 1 Feb. 1996, CODA-836
# **Candy House** (キャンディ・ハウス) 1 Aug. 1996, COCA-13546, COKA-5
# **Lily** (リリィ) 19 Oct. 1996, CODA-1042, COKA-6
# **Culture** (カルチャー) 1 May 1997, COCA-14100, COKA-7
# **Get Up Lucy** (ゲット・アップ・ルーシー) 1 Aug. 1997, COCA-14327, COJA-9189
# **The Birdmen** (バードメン) 21 Oct. 1997, CODA-1335, COKA-12
# **VIBE ON/Anta no dorei no mama de ii** (VIBE ON!/あんたのどれいのままでいい) 1 Jul. 1998, TERNG-008
# **G.W.D** 1 Aug. 1998, CODA-1632, COKA-14
# **Out Blues** (アウト・ブルーズ) 1 Sep. 1998, CODA-1633, COKA-15
# **Smokin' Billy** (スモーキン・ビリー) 3 Nov. 1998, CODA-1639, COKA-16
# **GT400**  2 Feb. 2000, CODA-50209, COKA-50237
# **Stardust Baby** (ベイビー・スターダスト) 27 Sept. 2000, COCA-50382, COJA-50386
# **The Exposed World** (暴かれた世界) 22 Mar. 2001, CODA-50472, COKA-50473
# **Grabbed the Sun** (太陽をつかんでしまった) CD: 25 Dec. 2002, UPCH-5150 Vinyl: 22 Jan. 2003, UPJH-1031
# **Girl Friend** （CLub pre-release: 7 April 2003, TERNG-043 / Regular: 21 June 2003, TERNG-043i, ITERNG-044
# **Electric Circus''' (エレクトリック・サーカス) CD: 11 Oct. 2003, UPCH-5215 / Vinyl: 3 Dec. 2003, UPJH-1040

## Other websites
* English language fan page
* Thee Michelle Gun Elephant Bio  on VH1.com
Gauri Khan

**Gauri Khan** () (née Chibber, born 8 October 1970) is an Indian movie producer. A Hindu of Punjabi Mohyal origin, born in New Delhi, India, she graduated from Modern School, New Delhi and has a degree in History from Lady Sriram College. She is married to Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan. She has produced some of the movies with her husband as the main actor, including Paheli (an unsuccessful  Indian submission to the Oscars in 2005), Main Hoon Na, and Om Shanti Om. She also made a short guest appearance in Om Shanti Om.
   
She used to host a weekly Hindi music countdown show, "Oye", for a music channel in the 1990s. She is the face of the fashion line, *Aftershock*.  She was on the January 2008 cover of the Indian edition of Vogue magazine.

Together with Shahrukh Khan, Gauri is part-owner and part-producer of the production company, Red Chillies Entertainment (RCE). Shah Rukh started the company for his friend and colleague, director-choreographer Farah Khan. With the backing of RCE, Farah launched her directorial career with the movie, Main Hoon Na (2004).

Gauri has three children: Aryan Khan, born 12 November 1997, Suhana Khan, born 23 May 2000 and AbRam Khan, born in 2013.

She was also crowned the queen of Bollywood at the Zee Cine Awards in 2008.

## References
## Other websites
Computer performance

**Computer performance** is the amount of useful work that a computer system can  compared to the time it takes to perform this work. Less time and fast response time mean higher performance.

## Related pages
* Computer architecture
* Network performance
* Optimization (computer science)
Needham-Schroeder protocol

The term **Needham-Schroeder protocol** can refer to one of two communication protocols intended for use over an insecure network, both protocols designed by Roger Needham and Michael Schroeder. 

The two protocols are:
# The **Needham-Schroeder Symmetric Key Protocol** is based on a symmetric encryption algorithm. It forms the basis for the Kerberos protocol. This protocol aims to establish a session key between two parties on a network to protect their communication.
# The **Needham-Schroeder Public-Key Protocol**, based on public-key cryptography. This is intended to provide mutual authentication between two parties communicating on a network, but in its proposed form it is not secure.

## Related pages
* Kerberos (protocol)

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/spore/nspk.html - description of the Public-key protocol
* http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/spore/nssk.html - the Symmetric-key protocol
* http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/spore/nspkLowe.html - the public-key protocol amended by Lowe
Key distribution center

In cryptography, a **key distribution center** (**KDC**) is part of a cryptosystem intended to minimize the risks of exchanging keys and shared secrets.

KDCs often operate in systems when some users may have permission to use certain resources at some times but not at any times.

***Benefits:** Easier key distribution and scalability.
***Drawbacks:** A KDC can become a single point of failure and every user must trust the KDC administrators

## Other websites
* Kerberos 5 KDC operation
Alonzo Church

**Alonzo Church** (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for the lambda calculus, Church's thesis and the Church-Rosser theorem.
Software suite

A **software suite** or **application suite**, is a collection of computer programs —usually application software or programming software— of related functionality, often sharing a more-or-less common user interface and some ability to smoothly exchange data with each other. .

Sometimes software "suites" are at a lower price than buying each of "suite" programs.

## Examples
*Office suite
*SeaMonkey
Dalet

**Dalet** (also spelled  or **Daleth**) is the fourth letter of the Hebrew alphabet. In set theory, mathematicians originally intended to use daleth to represent the fourth transfinite cardinal numbers. The name "dalet" is connected to the word "delet", meaning "door". It also corresponds to the letter "delta" in the Greek alphabet.

## Related pages 
* Hebrew numerals

## References
Bet (letter)

**Bet**, **Beth**, or **Vet** is the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet. It is represented by "ב".

In set theory, the letter \beth is used to represent a series of infinite cardinal numbers (called beth numbers).

The Hebrew alphabet is often called "aleph-bet", because of its first two letters.

## Related pages 
* Aleph
* Hebrew numerals

## References
Gimel

**Gimel** is the third letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek gamma (Γ), the Latin C, G and F, and the Cyrillic Г.

In set theory (particularly in the theory of infinite cardinal numbers), the \gimel symbol is used to represent the gimel function. The Hebrew gimel corresponds to the letter G in English.

## Related pages 
* Hebrew numerals

## References
Pornographic movie actor

, during a live show. The actress masturbates with a fan, and presents herself to the public.]]
A **pornographic actor/actress** or a **porn star** is somebody who appears in pornographic movies.

Jenna Jameson, Ron Jeremy, Marilyn Chambers and Linda Lovelace are some famous porn stars.
Friend Like That

**Friend Like That** is a Pop punk song released by the band Hawk Nelson. Made available on Christmas Eve on iTunes and other websites.

It's a song with simplicity and slightly silly but meaningful lyrics and the second song you will hear from their new album.

## Music video 
The music video for Friend Like That shows the band in a cartoon world. The singer, Jason Dunn is running while other members of the band wait patiently for him to reach them. Then they get into the bus and drive. During the breakdown, some of them are singing in the van. They get off the van and go through a door, to find themselves playing a live concert on stage.
Nonviolence

in Paris against nuclear weapons testing, 1995]]
 against attacks on civilians in Gaza, 2014]]
**Nonviolence** is a philosophy that rejects the use of physical violence. People who practice nonviolence when expressing their beliefs may use methods like education, persuasion, civil disobedience, and conscientious objection to military service. 
A demonstration  by a group of people in a public place, to show their support or to protest, is permitted on the condition that it remain nonviolent. Sometimes the demonstrators are nonviolent but other people who oppose them will come to the demonstration and behave violently to show their opposition.

Some religious movements, such as the Society of Friends (Quakers) and Jainism with Ahimsa, are known for the practice of nonviolence. There are people who adopt nonviolence in midlife, such as St. Francis of Assisi. 

People who eat a vegetarian or vegan diet, and those who support animal rights, usually oppose any violence by humans against animals.

## Famous leaders who practiced nonviolence
*Mahatma Gandhi
*Martin Luther King, Jr.
*John Lewis

## Related page
*Anti-war movement
*Pacifism
*Peace
*Satyagraha
Abolitionism

done in 1849.]]
**Abolitionism** was a movement that wanted to end the practice of slavery in Christian countries and was active mainly during the 18th and the 19th centuries. Until the 18th century, few people criticized slavery, but thinkers of the Enlightenment started to criticize it because they viewed it as against human rights. Communities like the Quakers thought that slavery was against Christianity.

In the early 19th century, several countries abolished the Atlantic slave trade and later in the century, they abolished slavery itself.

## Slavery in the Americas 
Race-based slavery was established in the Americas in the early 16th century by the Portuguese and Spanish Empires.  It soon spread to the parts of British North America, New France, and New Spain that would later become the United States.  By the early 18th century, enslavement of black Africans was powering the economy in those areas. Most opposition to slavery was from the slaves themselves.

During the American Revolution, which began in 1775, the governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, promised freedom to Virginia slaves and endentured servants who were "able and willing to take up arms" with the British.  The proclamation would give freedom to indentured servants and slaves held by the rebelling colonists but not those held by the Loyalists.  Many of the former slaves would die of disease; in fact, eight times more blacks died of disease than in battle.  When the American Revolutionary War ended, most of those who had decided to fight with the British were returned to slavery.  Some black Loyalists were taken to what is now Canada and elsewhere.

The Continental Army contained many blacks, most of them coming from New England.  The most significant black regiment was the 1st Rhode Island.  It was created in 1778 and consisted of mostly blacks.  Upon joining the regiment, any slave was released from servitude by the commander, Colonel Christopher Greene.

When the new United States Constitution was instituted, most blacks in the country were slaves.  Slavery began to decline.  Most of the Northern United States outlawed the practice shortly after the American Revolution started, and in the Southern United States, tobacco, the primary cash crop, was losing value

However, in 1794, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. The new invention helped to increase the profitability of cotton by mechanically removing its seeds. After 1800 the amount of cotton produced in the United States would double every 10 years. By the mid-19th century, the United States produced three quarters of the world's cotton. That made slavery much more profitable and common.

The Haitian Revolution, a slave rebellion that lasted from 1791 to 1804, changed the whole direction of the slave system. In the next 100 years, slavery would be legally abolished in many of the colonies controlled by European empires.

## References
The Outsiders (novel)

***The Outsiders*** is a novel by S. E. Hinton, first published in 1967 by Viking Press. Hinton was 15 when she began writing the novel and 17 when it was published. *The Outsiders* is the life story of fourteen-year-old Ponyboy Michael Curtis. Hinton explores many themes in the story, such as friendship, and coming of age. They are seen by following two rival groups, the Greasers and the Socs (pronounced "soashes" by the author, short for *Socials*), who are separated by status.

The book's story is set in Tulsa, Oklahoma. This is never said in the book. The book was made into a movie in 1983. It was also made into a television series in 1990.

## Summary
The Guthery Family was the inspiration for S.E. Hintons novel  "The Outsiders." & The Famous American Classic film Directed by Francis Ford Coppola. 

The author S.E.Hinton.was a famiy friend and neighbor as children in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The characters in the novel were based on Donnie Guthery, Terry Guthery, Bobbie Guthery & S.E Hilton’s cousin James. 

A wondeful thought provoking book & required reading in schools across the country. 

- Stay Gold- James,Terry, Donnie,and Bobbie,

Photos of Donnie & Terry Guthery with S.E. Hinton coming soon.

Ponyboy and Johnny ran away to the park, after Ponyboy was late for curfew and Darry hit him. Bob and Randy get drunk and find Ponyboy and Johnny then they try to kill Ponyboy and Johnny. Bob tries to drown ponyboy and then Johnny kills Bob.   Ponyboy and Johnny go hide in a church in another town with the help of Dally. While they are at a restaurant with Dally the church catches on fire and Ponyboy and Johnny go inside of the burning church and save the kids who are trapped inside. Johnny breaks his back in the church and goes to the Hospital and dies a few days later. Dally is so sad that Johnny is dead, that he robs a store.  He points an unloaded firearm at the police and gets shot and killed by the police, as Ponyboy and the rest of the Greasers watch. Ponyboy chooses to write his homework about the things that happened in the book.

## References
Cynic

in Rome. This statue is a Roman-era copy of an earlier Greek statue from the 3rd century BCE. The scroll in his right hand is an 18th century restoration.]]

The **Cynics** (, ) were an important group of philosophers from the ancient school of Cynicism. Their philosophy taught that the purpose of life was to live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature.  This meant rejecting all the usual desires for wealth, power, health, and fame, and by living a life free from all possessions. People are reasoning creatures. They could therefore gain happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which was natural for humans. They believed that the world belonged equally to everyone, and that suffering was caused by false judgments of what was valuable and by the worthless customs and conventions which surrounded society. Many of these thoughts were later absorbed into Stoicism.

The first philosopher to outline these themes was Antisthenes, who had been a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BCE. He was followed by Diogenes of Sinope, who lived in a tub on the streets of Athens, took Cynicism to its logical extremes, and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher. He was followed by Crates of Thebes who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens. Cynicism spread with the rise of Imperial Rome in the 1st century, and Cynics could be found begging and preaching throughout the cities of the Empire. It finally disappeared in the late 5th century, although many of its ascetic and rhetorical ideas were adopted by early Christians.

## References
Henry David Thoreau

**Henry David Thoreau** (July 12, 1817May 6, 1862) was an American author, naturalist and philosopher. His friend, Ralph Waldo Emerson had a great impact on him, and supported him in many ways. Emerson provided a place for Thoreau to live at Walden Pond, which inspired his book, *Walden*. He is best known for his book, *Walden*, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, *Civil Disobedience*, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state. 

## Early life
Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. He spent his childhood with his three brothers and sisters: John, Helen, and younger sister Sophia. His father owned a local pencil factory, and his mother rented out parts of the family home to boarders - people who come from other places. Thoreau received his education at the public school in Concord, the private Concord Academy, and graduated from Harvard College.
## Protest against the government 
As the government needed money for the Mexican-American War, Henry David Thoreau refused to pay a direct tax for the war. This was his first protest against the government. He thought war was a bad thing, so it was necessary to resist government.  That led to him being put into jail. Although people gave him advice to pay the tax, he still didn't pay it. He didn't fear the government and at the same time inspired other people to join this protest. The night in the jail allowed him to start writing his essay, *Civil Disobedience*, In the notes, he talked about the thought process of active, stated refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws or demands, orders of the state, and commands of a government. After twenty years, the notes were printed into a book by the same name, and read by many people, including Martin Luther King Jr.

## Later years 
On May 6, 1862, Thoreau died of tuberculosis, a disease, which had been affecting him for many years. After he died, he left behind many unfinished notes. Some of them were later printed.

## Major works 
*Walden* was printed in 1854, and it seemed to be one of the most well-liked books during that time. The book is about his stay in the woods by a pond in 1845 for two years, two months, two weeks, and two days. During this time, he learned many things like how to get in touch with nature and spend time with himself. The books, *The Maine Woods*, *A Week on the Concord,* and *Merrimack Rivers* also supported these ideas of trying to have a more natural and non-material life-style.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Saying Sorry

"**Saying Sorry**" is a song by Hawthorne Heights. It was released in 2006 from their second album, *If Only You Were Lonely*. It was their first single to reach the Top 10.

While in the music video the band all wears white, it can also be seen on the back of the album cover.

## References
## Other websites
*
Love Parade

(2004)]]
The **Love Parade** was a big festival centered around Techno music in Germany. Trucks with loudspeakers and deejays played loud music and passersby danced to it. The festival began in Berlin in 1989. It had been held most years in different locations. In 2004 and 2005, there were no Love Parades. The first Love Parade was held with about 150 people in 1989. In 1999, there were about 1.5 million people. In 2007, there were 1.2 million people and in 2008, there were 1.6 million people. The last Love Parade was held in 2010, at which 21 people were crushed to death.

## Similar events 
The following are similar events in Germany:
* Union Move in Munich
* Generation Move in Hamburg or Kiel
* Reincarnation in Hanover
* Vision Parade in Bremen
* Nachttanzdemo in Frankfurt am Main
* Zug der Liebe in Berlin

The following are similar events in other countries:
* Street Parade in Zürich
* Lake Parade in Geneva
* Techno Parade in Paris
* LovEvolution in San Francisco

There are also protest parades, like the Fuckparade in Berlin, and the *Antiparade* in Zürich.