open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cairo

**Cairo** (, usually transliterated as **Al-Qāhirah**) is the capital and largest city in Egypt. The city name can be translated as *the one who won*. 

Cairo has 7,947,121 people. About 17,290,000 people live in its urban area. This makes it the biggest city of the Arab World. It also is the city with the biggest urban area in Africa. The city is on the Nile River.

## Geography 
### Climate 
The city of Cairo has a hot desert climate (BWh). It has a hot, sunny and dry climate all year long. The city, however, has more humidity than other cities with the hot desert climate (BWh).

## History
The area around the city was an important focal point of Ancient Egypt.

In 968, the Fatimids entered Egypt and they made Cairo the capital of their caliphate.

The Al Azhar mosque and university was made in 972.  This became the world's oldest university.  It is the most widely known seminary in the Islamic world.

In 1992, Cairo was devastated by a 5.8 magnitude earthquake that caused 545 deaths, injuring 6,512, and made 50,000 people homeless, the most destructive since 1847.

## Tourism
The great pyramids of Giza and the step pyramid of Sakkara are just outside of the city.

The Egyptian Museum holds the world’s largest collection of antiquities from the time of the ancient Pharaohs.  Many treasures from the tomb of King Tutankhamun are in this museum.

## Famous Cairenes 
People from Cairo are called 'Cairenes'.
* Abu Sa'id al-Afif - Fifteenth Century Samaritian
* Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Secretary-General of the United Nations
* Naguib Mahfouz, novelist, Nobel Prize in Literature in 1988.
* Mido, Professional soccer player with Middlesbrough F.C
* Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency 2005 Nobel Peace Prize laureate
* Naguib Sawiris, 62nd richest person on earth in a 2007 list of billionaires, reaching US$10.0 billion with his company Orascom Telecom Holding
* Farouk El Baz, a great contributor to NASA
* Sir Magdi Yacoub, leading cardiologist, knight
* Constantin Xenakis (1931) Greek artist
* Voula Zouboulaki (1931) Greek actress

## References
## Sources
* Hedges, Chris. "What's Doing in Cairo," *New York Times.* January 8, 1995.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Cairo information  at yatb.info
* Blog about Cairo
* Places in Cairo 
* Cairo -Citizendium
Vacuum

]]
A **vacuum** is a place where there is no matter, not even air. Sound cannot move in a vacuum. No place has a perfect vacuum, because a small number of particles remain, even in outer space. 

A space where only some of the air is removed is called a "partial vacuum". The space then has lower pressure, even if most of the air remains.

## Common uses 
*A vacuum cleaner works by pumping away some of the air. The air and dirt in a room rush into the vacuum left behind, where the dirt is caught by a filter.
*An automobile engine that burns fuel uses a vacuum to pull in air, which contains oxygen that allows the fuel to burn.
*An incandescent lightbulb has a vacuum inside so the hot filament doesn't burn up.

## Industrial uses 
Vacuum is needed for some kinds of machines used for industrial production.  Vacuum pumps are used to pump air out of a vacuum chamber.  It is not possible to create 100% vacuum, but some vacuum pumps are able to create 99.9999% vacuum.  This is called "hard vacuum".  Most industrial purposes do not need hard vacuum.  

Industrial vacuums are mainly used in:
* Food industry
* Electronics industry
* Packaging
* Manipulation
* Coating and degasing

## Scientific experiments 
Vacuum chambers are also used in many scientific experiments in laboratories.  Some experiments in physics and chemistry need hard vacuum to keep any air or other gases from interfering with delicate surfaces or chemicals that can react.

## Related pages
*Vacuum cleaner

## External links 
* [Vacuum (partial)](https://citizendium.org/wiki/Vacuum_(partial)) -Citizendium
Francis I of France

**Francis I of France** (September 12, 1494 – March 31, 1547) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.

## Birth 
Francis was born in Cognac, France on September 12, 1494. His parents were Charles, Duke of Angoulême and Louise of Savoy.

## Marriage 
Francis I married Claude of France on May 18, 1514. They had seven children, two died before turning eight, two died at the ages of eighteen to twenty-three. Those who lived to adulthood were:
* Henry, *King of France*
* Madeline, *Queen of Scotland*
* Margaret, *Duchess of Berry*

## Art 
Francis was very interested in art and liked the artist Leonardo da Vinci.

## Death 
Francis died on March 31, 1547. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.
Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk

**Lady Frances Brandon** (16 July 1517 – 20 November 1559) was the daughter of Mary Tudor and Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. She was married to Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk and had three daughters: Jane, Mary and Katherine. Her daughter Jane became the Queen of England for nine days.

## Life 
Frances Brandon was a cruel, abusive mother to her children and a bold wife to her husband, Henry Grey. She had spent her childhood with her mother and was very close to Catherine of Aragon, so she was against Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn. In 1533, she married Henry Grey and soon she had two children who died young before having Lady Jane Grey in 1537, Katherine in 1540, and Mary in 1545.
In 1554, just weeks after her daughter Lady Jane Grey's and her husband Henry Grey's execution, Frances married again. This time it was to Adrian Stokes. Many people were shocked about this marriage, because Adrian was far below Frances's status. Historians believe that Frances was pregnant at the time of their marriage because she gave birth to a child about six months later. This child did not survive and Frances had two others. None of these last three children lived past a year.

## Death 
Frances became increasingly large similar to her uncle Henry VIII. Because of this, she died in 1559 and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

## References 
* Frances Brandon A detailed reference to Frances's relationship with her daughter
Henry II of France

**Henry II** (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 1547 until his death in 1559. He was the second son of Francis I and Claude of Brittany, and became Dauphin of France after his older brother, Francis, died in 1536.

As a child, Henry and his brother were taken hostage by Spain for over four years as part of a treaty exchange for their father. During his reign, Henry continued many of his father’s policies, including promoting the arts and engaging in the Italian Wars against the Habsburgs. He also sought to suppress the Protestant Reformation in France, although the number of Huguenots (French Protestants) grew significantly during his rule.

In 1559, Henry signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, which ended the long-running Italian Wars. Although France gave up its claims to Italian territories, it gained control of important areas like the Pale of Calais and the Three Bishoprics, which strengthened its borders. That same year, Henry was fatally injured in a jousting tournament, celebrating the peace treaty. His surgeon, Ambroise Paré, could not save him after a lance pierced his eye, and Henry died ten days later.

Henry's death marked a period of instability for France. He left behind four sons, three of whom became kings, and his widow, Catherine de' Medici, who served as regent. However, the weak reigns of his sons and Catherine’s unpopular regency contributed to the outbreak of the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Protestants. This period ultimately led to the decline of the Valois dynasty.
Madeleine of Valois

Madeleine of Valois (10 August 1520 – 7 July 1537) was a French princess who briefly became Queen of Scotland as the first wife of King James V. Their marriage was part of the Treaty of Rouen, which aimed to strengthen the alliance between France and Scotland. Despite concerns about her poor health, Madeleine and James were married in January 1537 at Notre-Dame de Paris.

After the wedding, Madeleine traveled to Scotland, but her health quickly worsened. Sadly, she passed away in July 1537, just six months after their marriage and less than two months after arriving in Scotland. Because of her short reign, she became known as the "Summer Queen.
Francis II of France

**Francis II of France** (January 19, 1544 – December 5, 1560) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.

## Birth 
Francis was born in Fontainebleau, France, on January 19, 1544. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.

## Marriage 
Francis was married to Mary, Queen of Scots, on April 24, 1558. They had no children.

## Death 
Francis died in Orleans, France, on December 5, 1560 because of an ear infection. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica, next to King Charles IX of France.

## Other websites
Adela of Normandy

**Adela of Normandy** (c. 1067 – c. 8 March 1137) was the daughter of William I of England and Matilda of Flanders. She was married to Stephen, Count of Blois between 1080 and 1084 and became the mother of:
* William, Count of Chartres
* Stephen of England
* Odo of Blois, who died young
* Theobald II of Champagne
* Henry of Blois, who became the Bishop of Winchester

She lived long enough to see her son, Stephen, become King of England, but died soon afterwards.
Stephen, King of England

**Stephen I** (6 June 1092 – 25 October 1154) was the King of England from 1135 until his death in 1154. He became the King after the death of his uncle Henry I. Stephen was the King until his own death in Dover. Stephen was crowned at Westminster Abbey on the 26 December 1135. Stephen is buried at the Clunaic Monastery in Faversham, Kent.

Stephen was born in Blois, France, on 6 June 1092. He was the son of Stephen II, Count of Blois and Adela of Normandy. His mother, Adela, was the daughter of William I of England and Matilda of Flanders. Stephen married Matilda of Boulogne in about 1125. They had five children. He fought a civil war with Henry I's only daughter, Matilda, from 1139 to 1153. This ended with the Treaty of Wallingford in 1153 after the death of Stephen's son and heir, Eustace IV. 

The treaty said that Stephen would be King for the rest of his lifetime. After his death, the throne passed to Henry, son of Matilda, and not Stephen's other son William. Stephen died in Dover, Kent on 25 October 1154, at the age of 62.

## Captured
King Stephen was captured after the Battle of Lincoln in April 1141, he was released later and returned to the throne.

## References
Eleanor of Aquitaine

**Eleanor of Aquitaine** (c. 1122 – March 31, 1204) was the daughter of William X of Aquitaine. She had a younger sister called Petronilla of Aquitaine.  She brought the province of Aquitaine to England when she married Henry II of England. It stayed under English control for 300 years.

## Life
Eleanor inherited land in France at the age of 15. She married Louis VII of France on July 22, 1137, and had two daughters:
* Marie of France
* Alix of France

The marriage was later annulled, as there were no male children.

Eleanor then married Henry II of England on May 18, 1152, and had eight children, including:
* William, who died at the age of 3.
* Henry the Young King
* Richard I of England
* John I of England
* Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony
* Joan/Joanna of England
* Eleanor of England

Eleanor was  greatly known for her work in the Second Crusade, for she inspired many people to join.

Eleanor supported a revolt by her children against their father's rule in 1173. This revolt was unsuccessful, and King Henry II was so angry that he locked her away in a prison. In 1189, after King Henry II died and her son, Richard, came to be the king, Eleanor was freed. Ten years later, in 1199, Richard died so she supported her youngest son John to take the English throne against the claim of her grandson Arthur of Brittany. In 1202 during the campaign at Mairebeau, she continued to oppose Arthur. Upon John’s ascension, Eleanor retired to Aquitaine, spending most of her remaining life at a monastery. She died there on April 1, 1204.

## References
## Other websites
Weekend

The **weekend** is a time when fewer  go to work or school. Traditional Christians believe that Sunday is a day of rest or Sabbath, and Jews believe the day of rest is the seventh day, Saturday, and start the week with Sunday. Friday is also considered the beginning of the weekend, and it is a day of rest for Muslims.
13 (number)

**13** (**thirteen**) is a number. It comes after twelve and before fourteen. It is an odd number.

Many  think thirteen is an lucky number, especially when Friday is the thirteenth day of the month. This is a superstition. There is no  that thirteen is an unlucky number.

Floors in tall buildings often skip floor thirteen, or reserve it for a mechanical floor. The idea of thirteen as an unlucky number is from pagan Norse mythology. It was believed to be unlucky to have thirteen people sitting at a table at a meal, and death is number thirteen in the tarot deck.

In Roman numerals, 13 is written as **XIII**.

## Related pages 
* Triskaidekaphobia
Catherine de' Medici

'''Catherine de'Medici'''(13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was an Italian noblewoman from the powerful Medici family. She became Queen of France as the wife of King Henry II and was the mother of three French kings: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. They were sometimes called "the age of Catherine de poo

Born in Florence, Italy, Catherine married Henry in 1533, arranged by her relative, Pope Clement VII. When Henry became king in 1547, Catherine was pushed aside by his mistress, Diane de Poitiers. But after Henry's death in 1559, Catherine took control as the mother of young King Francis II. After Francis died a year later, she became regent for her second son, Charles IX, and later helped her third son, Henry III, rule as king.

During her time as queen and regent, France was troubled by wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). At first, Catherine tried to make peace with the Protestants, but later turned to harsher measures. She is often blamed for the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572, when thousands of Protestants were killed, though it is unclear how much she was involved.

Despite many difficulties, Catherine kept the French monarchy from collapsing. She was also a supporter of the arts and tried to improve the image of the monarchy through culture and building projects. Many historians consider her one of the most important women in Europe during the 16th century. Without her, the Valois family might not have stayed in power.

## Children 
Catherine de' Medici married Henry, Duke of Orléans, who later became Henry II of France, on 28 October 1533 in Marseille. Together, they had ten children, of which four sons and three daughters survived to marry. Three of her sons became kings of France, while two daughters married kings and one married a duke.

Catherine outlived all her children except Henry III, who died just seven months after her, and Margaret, who inherited her strong health. Among her children, Victoire and Jeanne were twin daughters born in 1556. Unfortunately, Jeanne was stillborn, and Victoire died shortly after birth. The birth nearly killed Catherine, and after this, doctors advised her and Henry to have no more children.

* Francis II, King of France (19 January 1544&nbsp;– 5 December 1560). Married Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1558.
* Elisabeth (2 April 1545 – 3 October 1568). Married Philip II, King of Spain, in 1559.
* Claude (12 November 1547– 21 February 1575). Married Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, in 1559.
* Louis, Duke of Orléans (3 February 1549 – 24 October 1550). Died in infancy.
* Charles IX, King of France (27 June 1550&nbsp;– 30 May 1574). Married Elizabeth of Austria in 1570.
* Henry III, King of France (19 September 1551&nbsp;– 2 August 1589). Married Louise of Lorraine in 1575.
* Margaret (14 May 1553&nbsp;– 27 March 1615). Married Henry, King of Navarre, the future Henry IV of France, in 1572.
* Hercules, Duke of Anjou (18 March 1555&nbsp;– 19 June 1584), renamed Francis when he was confirmed.
* Victoire (24 June 1556&nbsp;– 17 August 1556). Died in infancy.
* Jeanne (24 June 1556). Stillborn

]]

## References
Alexandria

, along the curved coastline.]]

**Alexandria** (Arabic: الإسكندرية) is the second largest city in Egypt. It was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC as Ἀλεξάνδρεια (*Alexandria*). It is on the Mediterranean Sea, only 225&nbsp;km (140 miles) northwest of Cairo.

Alexandria has 3.8 million people. It is the main port of Egypt. It has two airports and three big stadia: Alexandria stadium, Harras el hadoud stadium and Borg el-Arab stadium in the Borg el-Arab industrial city.

The fourth Wikimania was hosted in this city in 2008.

## History 
Alexandria, named after Alexander the Great, was founded around 331 BC. For nearly 300 years, it was the capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Some famous ancient Greek scientists, such as Euclid of Alexandria and Eratosthenes, lived there or studied there. It was home to the largest library in the ancient Western world, the Library of Alexandria. 

It was a wealthy city in its heyday, and remained the main way Egyptian grain went by sea to Ancient Rome. Rome depended greatly on Egyptian grain. Much of Alexandria sank below the sea in the 4th century. Some of her history is in the Mediterranean.

After the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641 AD, they did not want to have their capital at Alexandria, because it was too vulnerable to naval raids. They made a new capital, much farther upriver, on the east side of the Nile, and called it Fustat. Alexandria became less important.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
*Greek Community of Alexandria
Celtic League

The **Celtic League** is a group of people from the six modern Celtic nations: Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall and the Isle of Man. Its members want their countries to be free. All six countries have a native Celtic language, and the Celtic League supports learning of them. The six Celtic languages are Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish and Manx.

## Related pages 
*Pan-Celticism

## References 
* Ellis, Peter Berresford *The Celtic Dawn*
* Tanner, Marcus *Last of the Celts*

## Other websites 
* Celtic League Website 
* Celtic League, American branch  
* Celtic League, International Site  
* Celtic League, Scottish Branch
Kölsch

The word **Kölsch** has several meanings:

* some breweries in the city of Cologne in the West of Germany make a special type of beer: Kölsch (beer)
* people in and around the city of Cologne in the West of Germany speak their own local language: Kölsch (language)
Oprah Winfrey

**Oprah Winfrey** (born **Orpah Gail Winfrey**;

## Early life
Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. Winfrey was named "Orpah" after a character in the Book of Ruth. People made the mistake of calling her "Oprah".

## The Oprah Winfrey Show
In 1986, Winfrey's own talk show *The Oprah Winfrey Show* went on the air. She was liked by audiences for her warmth. She came to own the show.

## Oprah Winfrey Network
Winfrey now runs the Oprah Winfrey Network. On January 15, 2008, Winfrey and Discovery Communications announced plans to change Discovery Health Channel into a new channel called OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. It was scheduled to launch in 2009, but was delayed, and actually launched on January 1, 2011. She also hosts the ''Oprah's Next Chapter* show on the network.

## *Oprah with Meghan and Harry'' 
In 2021, Oprah interviewed Prince Harry and Meghan, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex. They talked about the couple's experience with the British royal family. The interview had mixed reactions across the world, some negative to Meghan and Harry while others were negative towards the royal family.

## Personal life
She endorsed Barack Obama in 2006 for the 2008 election. One estimate said it delivered one million votes in the 2008 Democratic primary race.

Nikyra Rucker loaned Oprah Winfrey money to start her business. Oprah Winfrey now has a lot of money. She gives to many charities. She gives to girls' education in South Africa. In 2013, she was named one of the 400 richest people in the United States. She is the only African-American among this group. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013 and an honorary doctorate degree from Harvard.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* NPR "Oprah: The Billionaire Everywoman". Audio file, video and biography. Accessed September 17, 2010
* 
* Oprah Winfrey  Video produced by *Makers: Women Who Make America*
*
Mark Addy

**Mark Addy** (born 14 January 1965, in York, England) is an English actor. The best known works by Addy are as Detective Boyle in the British sitcom *The Thin Blue Line*, Dave in the movie *The Full Monty*, father Bill Miller in the US sitcom *Still Standing* and more recently as King Robert Baratheon in the HBO fantasy epic *Game of Thrones*.

Addy has played many different roles in both television and in movies. In 2013 he played Hercules, a medieval King, and a modern-day alcoholic with family problems.

Addy received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture for *The Full Monty*.  He was also nominated for a BAFTA, Chlotrudis Award and Satellite Award.  For *Game of Thrones* he was nominated for a Scream Award for Best Ensemble and an ensemble Screen Actors Guild Award.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Tuba

The **tuba** is the biggest of all the brass, string, musical instruments. They are the newest part of the symphony orchestra, first showing up in the mid-19th century. Most orchestras have a tuba now. The standard tuba has about 16 feet of tubes.

Tubas are normally in the key of F, E*b*, CC, or BB*b* and can have 3 to 6 valves. Because they are so big, some tubas have a *compensating system*. This means a fourth, fifth or sixth valve is used to make the instrument sound more in tune - especially the lowest notes. 

It takes a lot of breath to play the tuba. It is one of the loudest instruments in the orchestra but can also play very quietly.

## Use of the tuba
The tuba usually plays the bass (lowest sounding) part even though it can play relatively high as well.

The tuba is used in all sorts of music and can be found in orchestras, wind bands, brass bands, jazz groups, pop groups, brass ensembles and even in tuba quartets (in groups of 4).

## References
.
Garden gnome

**Garden gnomes** are small lawn ornaments, usually placed in gardens or in front of houses. They are small statues, usually between one and two feet tall (30 to 60 centimeters). They depict gnomes, which are short creatures similar to humans.

Garden gnomes have become a popular accessory in many gardens, but they are not loved by all. They can be the target of pranks. People have been known to "return them to the wild", most notably France's "Front de Liberation des Nains de Jardins" and Italy's "MALAG" (Garden Gnome Liberation Front). Some kidnapped garden gnomes have been sent on trips around the world, being passed from person to person and photographed at different famous landmarks, with the photos being returned to the owner. This practice is featured in the 2001 French film, *Amélie* and in an advertising campaign for Travelocity.com. Non-conventional gnome statues have also been made, such as a flashing gnome in a raincoat, or a gnome couple in love.

A sub-culture exists among those who collect garden gnomes. This phenomenon is frequently made fun of in popular culture.

## History 
The first garden gnome was created in Switzerland. It was later introduced to the United Kingdom in 1847 by Sir Charles Isham, when he brought 21 terracotta figures back from a trip to Germany and placed them around the gardens of his home at Lamport Hall in Northamptonshire. Only one of the original batch of gnomes survives. His name is Lampy. He is on display at Lamport Hall, and is insured for one million pounds.

## Other websites
*Garden Gnome - Encyc
Past tense

**Past tense** is a verb form which is marked by time (tense).  

The past tense is used for actions in a time which has already .  In order to explain and understand past tense, it is useful to imagine time as a line on which the past, the present tense and the future tense are .

Words in English have several tenses, including many common past tenses. The two that are used the most are the **simple past tense** and the **perfect tense**

## Simple past tense
The simple past tense is used for action in past time. It usually uses for story telling or there is in narrative and recount text.

Different verbs change in different ways to make the past tense. The most common way is by ending with *ed" or we usually says REGULAR VERB.
Many other verbs are *irregular'', this means that there is no pattern and no easy way to know how the verb changes. 

If we want to make a past sentence, here are the formula:

~Verbal sentence~

(+) S + V2 (past verb) 

(- ) S + did not / didn't + V1 (present verb)

(?) Did + S + V1 (present verb)

~ Nominal sentence~

(+) S + to be ( was / were) +                                                  Noun/adjective/adverb

(- ) S + to be (was / were) + not  +Noun/adjective/adverb

(?) To be (was / were) + Noun/adjective/adverb

Example: 
(+) I went to bandung last week

(- ) I did not go to bandung last week

(? ) did you go to bandung last week?

(+) she was happy this morning

(- ) she was not happy this morning

(?) Was she happy this morning?

## Past tense classified into four types 
# Past Indefinite Tense
# Past Progressive Tense
# Past Perfect Tense
# Past Perfect Progressive Tense

## Perfect tense
The Perfect is about *completion*: actions which are completed. The tense refers to a period in the past. In English the Perfect is made by have + -ed or variations of that form.

*Present perfect refers to a time which begins in the past and continues to the present. Examples: *I **have lived** in  Dover since my birth*. *She **has discovered** it*. *She **has done** it now! We **have seen** the movies since 2011*
*Past perfect, or pluperfect, refers to an action before another action in the past. Examples: *She **had not been** home since her parents divorced*. *I **had discovered** that he had taken my key*. She **had begged** for the job before the interview.
*Present continuous progressive perfect: *She **has been discovering** that grammar is not so easy as she thought*..., They **have** **been lecturing** all day long
*Past continuous progressive perfect: *They **had been finding** it difficult*.
*Future perfect refers to an event before a future event. Examples: *She **will have finished** her report for the next board meeting.* *By now she **will have discovered** the key.*
*Future continuous progressive perfect: ''I'm sure she **will have been looking** for that. It **will have been** **raining** before we get to the party''

Verb endings: **-ed** = finished; **-ing** = continuing

## References
Gary Busey

**William Gary Busey** (born June 29, 1944) is an American actor. He has appeared in many movies and television shows since the 1970s. In 1988, He was involved in a motorcycle accident, but he recovered. He was born in Goose Creek, Texas and grew up in Oklahoma. He was a heavy cocaine user for many years, before giving it up and becoming a born-again Christian. His elder son Jake Busey (born 1971) is also an actor.

Busey was a contestant in two celebrity series of *The Apprentice* (2011 and 2013). He won the August September 2014 series of *Celebrity Big Brother* *UK*.

## References 
## Other websites
*
List of seas

The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth's oceanic waters, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic Oceans. However, the word "sea" can also be used for many specific, much smaller bodies of seawater, such as the North Sea or the Red Sea.There are 78 seas in the world

## List of seas, by ocean 
### Pacific Ocean 
* Bering Sea
* Gulf of Alaska
* Seck Sea (Gulf of California)
* Sea of Okhotsk
* Sea of Japan
* Seto Inland Sea
* East China Sea
* South China Sea
* Beibu Gulf
* Sulu Sea
* Celebes Sea
* Bohol Sea (Mindanao Sea)
* Philippine Sea
* Flores Sea
* Banda Sea
* Arafura Sea
* Tasman Sea
* Yellow Sea
* Bohai Sea
* Coral Sea
* Gulf of Carpentaria
* Salish Sea

### Atlantic Ocean 
* Hudson Bay
* James Bay
* Baffin Bay
* Gulf of St. Lawrence
* Gulf of Guinea
* Caribbean Sea
* Gulf of Mexico
* Sargasso Sea
* North Sea
* Baltic Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Irish Sea
* Celtic Sea
* English Channel
* Mediterranean Sea
* Adriatic Sea
* Aegean Sea
* Black Sea
* Sea of Azov
* Ionian Sea
* Ligurian Sea
* Mirtoon Sea
* Tyrrhenian Sea
* Gulf of Sidra
* Sea of Marmara
* Sea of Crete
* Balearic Sea
* Alboran Sea

### Indian Ocean 
* Red Sea
* Gulf of Aden
* Persian Gulf
* Gulf of Oman
* Arabian Sea
* Bay of Bengal
* Gulf of Thailand
* Java Sea
* Timor Sea
* Gulf of Kutch
* Gulf of Khambhat

### Arctic Ocean 
* Barents Sea
* Kara Sea
* Beaufort Sea
* Amundsen Gulf
* Greenland Sea
* Chukchi Sea
* Laptev Sea
* East Siberian Sea

### Southern Ocean 
* Amundsen Sea
* Weddell Sea
* Ross Sea
* Great Australian Bight
* Gulf St. Vincent
* Spencer Gulf

### Seas which have land around them (these are landlocked) 
* Aral Sea
* Caspian Sea
* Dead Sea
* Sea of Galilee (we call this a sea, but it is really a small freshwater lake)
* Salton Sea

## Seas which are not on Earth 
Lunar maria are very big areas on the Moon. In the past, people thought they were water and called them "seas".

Scientists think that there is liquid water under the ground on some moons, for example Europa.

Scientists also think that there are liquid hydrocarbons on Titan.
Kentucky

**Kentucky** is a state in the United States. Its capital is Frankfort. It touches the states of Missouri (by the Mississippi River), Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia (by the Ohio River), Tennessee and Virginia. There are many rivers in Kentucky.

## History
The first people to settle in Kentucky were Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans. African slaves worked on plantations.

Louisville the main city of Kentucky  until last century, was founded in the XVIII century (around 1778) by George Rogers Clark and some French colonists. 

Some people call it the "Bluegrass State" because of a special kind of grass that grows there. There are also horses in Kentucky that eat this blue grass. Kentucky is very famous for its horse farms. The Kentucky Derby, a well-known horse race. It is held in the city of Louisville, which is also the largest city in the state. Other well-known places are Fort Knox, The Cumberland Gap, Cumberland Falls, Mammoth Cave, Red River gorge, and Land Between the Lakes.

Some well-known towns and cities are Louisville, Lexington, Owensboro, Bowling Green, Covington, Florence, Maysville, Georgetown, Paducah, Murray, Bardstown, Morehead, Midway, Berea, Richmond, Danville, Versailles, Elizabethtown, Radcliff, Corbin, Somerset, Ashland, and Middlesboro.
* Bowling Green: a "historic" sign indicating that Bowling Green was the Confederate capital of Kentucky was removed in August 2020.

In Florence, the Boone County High School mascot was changed. The mascot for the school was Mr. Rebel, a Confederate general who stands tall in a light blue uniform, feathered cap, and English mustache. It was removed in 2017.

Hodgenville, Kentucky is famous for being the birthplace of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.

Kentucky is also famous for KFC an American fast food chain founded by Colonel Sanders in 1930.

Louisville Skyline.jpg|Louisville skyline
2006 Kentucky Derby.jpg|Kentucky Derby

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in Kentucky
* List of counties in Kentucky
* List of rivers of Kentucky

## Notes
## References
## Bibliography
* Channing, Steven. *Kentucky: A Bicentennial History* (1977).
Wool

**Wool** is the hair of certain mammals. Most wool comes from sheep and goats, while also being taken from camels, llamas and certain rabbits. 
Wool is a Natural fibre. People use wool fiber to make clothing, blankets and other items to keep one warm. It is usually used to make outer clothing but is also used to make blankets, socks, sweaters and fine clothing. Rabbit wool is called angora wool. Cashmere wool and mohair come from goats, qiviut from musk oxen and other types of wool from camelids.

## Properties
Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair or fur: it is crimped and elastic. Wool fabrics can be cleaned easily. Wool also absorbs moisture and insulates against heat and cold. Wool can be spun or made into yarn. Wool is usually carded before it is spun. Carding is a way of making the wool straighter, using two brushes.
### Yarn
The yarn is used to weave fabric or material.  The yarn of wool can also be knitted or crocheted into fabric or clothing like jumpers.  Alpaca, mohair, angora, camel, cashmere and vicuna are all separate types of wool. Wool can also be made into felt after it is boiled in hot water and rubbed together.
### Felt
Felt is a kind of fabric that is not woven. Wool can also be needle felted. Felt can be used to make clothes to keep warm in cold weather. Rag is a sturdy wool fiber made into yarn and used in many rugged applications such as gloves. **Worsted** is a strong, long-staple, combed wool yarn with a hard surface. Woolen is a **soft**, short-staple, **carded** wool yarn typically used for knitting.

## Production
Wool is produced by follicles which are small cells located in the skin. These follicles are located in the upper layer of the skin called the epidermis and push down into the second skin layer called the dermis as the wool fibers grow. Follicles can be classed as either primary or secondary follicles. 

Primary follicles produce three types of fiber, Kemp (wool), medullated fibers and true wool fibers. Secondary follicles only produce true wool fibers. Medullated fibers share nearly identical characteristics to hair and are long but lack crimp and elasticity. Kemp fibers are very coarse and shed out. 
### Countries
Australia is the world's largest producer of raw wool, growing about 30 percent of the total world supply. Less wool is produced than in the middle 20th century, because people use more synthetic fibers. Sheep were domesticated (tamed) in southwestern Asia about 11,000 years ago and now about 1 billion are now widely bred around the world.

## References
Tennessee

**Tennessee** (, ), officially the **State of Tennessee**, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The capital and largest city is Nashville, which is the country music center of America. Tennessee borders eight states including Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, Arkansas, and Missouri.

Several professional sports teams play there, including the Tennessee Titans of the NFL, the Memphis Grizzlies of the NBA, the Nashville Predators of the NHL and the Tennessee Volunteers.

Cherokee and other Native American tribes lived in Tennessee before the arrival of Europeans. African American slaves worked on plantations in the state. Tennessee is known for its country music and Southern cuisine.

Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 15th-most populated state and as of 2025, the state's population is around 7.22 million.

In Crossfield, Tennessee, the South Cumberland Elementary School: Murals painted in 2003, one of a large Confederate battle flag and another showing the team's mascot, the Rebel, triumphantly holding a Confederate battle flag while a boy in a blue outfit is being lynched on a tree, were altered/removed in 2018 after it was discovered by the anti-hate organization located in Shelbyville.

In Franklin, the Forrest Crossing Golf Course, owned by the American Golf Corporation, changed its name to the Crossing Golf Course on September 22, 2017. It had been named after Confederate General and Klansman Nathan Bedford Forrest. of 2013. Confederate Park (1908) was renamed Memphis Park; Jefferson Davis Park (1907) was renamed Mississippi River Park; and Forrest Park (1899) was renamed Health Sciences Park. The vote of the City Council was unanimous. At the time the monuments were dedicated, African Americans could not use those parks. Many other monuments have been removed or renamed in Memphis.

## Gallery 

File:Tennessee Bicentennial Mall - carillon pillars.jpg
File:Alcoa-highway-black-friday-tn1.jpg
File:Newfound Gap Road, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN.jpg

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in Tennessee
* List of counties in Tennessee

## References
Saw

A **saw** is a tool used to cut things.

There are many kinds of saw. Some of them are hand tools that work with muscle power, like the saw in the picture. Some saws have other sources of power and can be very powerful, such as a chainsaw that is used to cut down trees.

The work carried out with a saw is usually noisy. Using a saw to cut materials is *dangerous* because of sharp teeth. Care must be taken not to let sharp edges touch the skin. Parts of the material being cut can fly off the work and become a hazard to breathing, to eyes and to the skin.

## Hand saws
Or hand powered saws. These use the motion of a person's arm to make a cut. 

### Push saws
Many saws are designed to cut on the push stroke (when the saw is pushed forward).

### Pull saws
The  is a type of saw used in woodworking. These saws typically cut on the pull stroke (when the saw is pulled backwards).

## Power saws
There are several kinds of mechanically powered saws. Some are powered by electricity from a wall socket. Others are powered by batteries. Still others can be powered by Internal combustion engines, steam, or water power. 

### Chainsaw
A saw designed to cut down trees or cut branches from trees is a chainsaw. A chainsaw is named for the row of teeth attached to a flexible chain. The cut is often very rough and often has splinters.

### Circular saws
Circular saws use a round blade, usually between 7 and 10 inches. They are often very powerful and can cut through hard or soft wood. They use interchangeable round blades. The blade can be designed to cut any of a number of kinds of materials from steel, to wood, to masonry.

### Jig saws
Jig saws move the blade up and down to cut through materials. The stroke (or up and down movement) is usually less than one inch (25.4 mm). These saws are very good for making curved cuts. Jig saws use a variety of interchangeable blades for cutting different materials. Some blades make very smooth cuts.

## References
## Other websites
Mississippi

**Mississippi** is one of the states of the Southern United States. Its capital and largest city is Jackson. The state flower and tree are the magnolia. Other large cities are Biloxi, Greenville, Gulfport, Hattiesburg, Meridian, Pascagoula, Southaven, Tupelo, Starkville, and Vicksburg. It touches Arkansas (by the Mississippi River), Louisiana, Tennessee, and Alabama.

The climate of Mississippi is subtropical.

The first people to settle in Mississippi were Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans. African slaves worked on cotton plantations in the state. Mississippi has the highest percentage of African Americans of any state.
## Related pages
* Mississippi River
* William Faulkner

## References
## Other websites
Delaware

**Delaware** () is a state in the United States. It is sometimes called the *First State* because it was the first colony to accept the new constitution in 1787. Its capital is Dover and its biggest city is Wilmington. It is the 2nd smallest state in the United States. Delaware is divided into three counties.

The Dutch first settled Delaware. The Swedish then took over in the mid-1600s.

## Geography
Delaware is  long and ranges from  to  across, totaling , making it the 2nd-smallest state in the United States after Rhode Island. Delaware is bounded to the north by Pennsylvania; to the east by the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean; and to the west and south by Maryland.

### Topography
Delaware is on a flat plain, with the lowest mean elevation of any state in the nation. Its highest elevation, located at Ebright Azimuth, near Concord High School, is less than  above sea level. In the southern two-thirds of the state are found Middle Atlantic coastal forests.

## Sister cities and states
Delaware's sister state in Japan is Miyagi Prefecture.

## Gallery

Image:Lewes Outer Harbor.JPG|Lewes Outer Harbor
Image:Old Delaware State House 1.jpg|Old DelawareState House
Image:Market Street, Wilmington DE.jpg|Market StreetWilmington, Delaware

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in Delaware
* List of counties in Delaware
* List of numbered routes in Delaware
* List of rivers of Delaware

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Idaho

**Idaho** is a state in the northwestern United States, and was the 43rd state to join the union.

Idaho became a state in 1890, and it is the 11th largest state in land area, and the 14th largest in total area (land and water). Despite this, the population of Idaho was only 1,839,106 in 2020, making it ranked the 38th largest state by population.

Idaho is bordered by Washington and Oregon on the west, Montana and Wyoming on the east, Utah and Nevada on the south and the country of Canada (British Columbia) on the north side. Idaho is known for its vast mountainous landscapes, and it is literally covered from north to south by the Rocky Mountains. Idaho is also home to the massive Snake River, which comes from the Grand Tetons in Wyoming and eventually flows to meld with the Columbia River in Washington state. which lies the state's Oregon border, and flows through south central Idaho. This river provides a fertile plain which is the base for most of the state's agricultural industries,

## Politics 
Today, Idaho is a very conservative state. In the 2024 election, just two counties in Idaho voted for the Democrat, Kamala Harris. Idaho as a whole last voted Democratic in 1964, and that by a narrow margin of less than 2 percent. Both of Idaho's senators (Jim Risch and Mike Crapo) are Republican.

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in Idaho
* List of counties in Idaho
* List of rivers of Idaho

## References
DiC

**DiC Entertainment** (DiC) was an international/Canadian-American movie and television production company founded in 1971 as **D.i.C. Audiovisuel** by Jean Chalopin in France. In 2008 Cookie Jar Group bought out DiC and then merged it with Cookie Jar Entertainment. Dic Entertainment is now owned by DHX Media. In the 1985-1988 DiC theme, the 7th Yamaha DX7 internal factory patch "Marimba" or 7th Yamaha DX7 internal factory patch "Marimba" mixed with the synth noise/noise/Fairlight CMI III (1984-1989) patch "Choir" that is similar to the Roland D-50 synth noise/Roland D-50 noise.

## History 
### 1980s 
Its American arm was started in 1982 as **DiC Enterprises**. The company's United States headquarters were in Burbank, California.

In 1986, Andy Heyward bought the company, making the US headquarters the main base of operations.

### 1990s 
In 1993, DiC Animation City (as it was then known) and Capital Cities/ABC formed DIC Entertainment LP and in 1995 it became a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. He purchased Bain Capital's part in 2004.

In 2003 DiC started a syndicated children's programming block called DiC Kids Network.

In early 2006, DiC Entertainment and CBS Corporation signed a multi-year deal for a new 3-hour long programming block for Saturday mornings on CBS. The resulting *KOL Secret Slumber Party on CBS* was started the following fall.

In April 2007, DiC Entertainment, Corus Entertainment's Nelvana and Sparrowhawk Media Group announced plans to start KidsCo, a new international children's entertainment network.

On June 20, 2008, it was announced that DiC would be bought out by Cookie Jar Group. On July 23, 2008, Cookie Jar completed the buy out of DiC Entertainment, and then it was merged with Cookie Jar Entertainment.

## Productions 
See List of Cookie Jar Entertainment programs

## References 
## Other websites 
* DIC Entertainment (Archive)
* Streaming Episodes 
* DIC Entertainment Cartoons  at the Big Cartoon Database
Manila

**Manila** () is the capital city of the Philippines. It is one of the largest cities in the Philippines. Manila is on the biggest island of the Philippines, Luzon. Manila is by a bay named Manila Bay. The metropolitan area, called Metro Manila, is much larger. It stretches across a thin strip of land (called an isthmus) to a lake called "Laguna de Bay". Manila has a population of 1.78 million people.
Manila, the capital of the Philippines, is a vibrant and culturally rich metropolis located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay. It serves as the political, economic, cultural, and education center of the country. It has many tall buildings and has most of the popular places in the country.  

## Historical significance
Manila has a long and significant history, dating back to its establishment as a Muslim settlement in the 13th century and later as a Spanish colonial city in 1571. 

The city played a vital role during the Spanish colonial period as a major trading hub and the capital of the Spanish East Indies

## Cultural and architectural heritage
Manila showcases a mix of architectural styles, reflecting its diverse cultural influences. Intramuros, the walled city within Manila, contains well-preserved Spanish colonial structures such as Fort Santiago and San Agustin Church  

The city is also home to notable landmarks, including Rizal Park, a national park honoring the country's national hero, Jose Rizal  

## Economic importance
Manila serves as the economic hub of the Philippines, contributing significantly to the country's GDP. It houses numerous multinational companies, financial institutions, and business districts, including the *Makati Central Business District* and *Bonifacio Global City* 

## References
5. "Manila." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/place/Manila 

6. Manila: The Philippines' Proud Capital." Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, vol. 34, no. 4, 2006, pp. 251-272. www.jstor.org/stable/29791861

7. "Rizal Park." National Parks Development Committee, Department of Tourism, www.nationalparks.ph/rizal-park/

8. "Makati Central Business District." Makati City Government, www.makati.gov.ph/portal/makati/article.php?cat=138&id=333