open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Batala

**Batala** is a city in Punjab, India. It's the eighth largest city in the state and has a rich history. Batala is an important place for Sikhs because Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, got married here in 1485. Many temples and gurdwaras related to Guru Nanak's marriage attract visitors. Every year, people celebrate the anniversary of Guru Nanak's marriage at Gurudwara Kandh Sahib. Batala is also home to other historical gurdwaras, including Satkartarian Sahib, which is related to Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru. 

## History
Batala was founded in 1465 by Abhay Pratap Bal, a ruler from Kapurthala. At that time, the city was under the control of Sultan Bahlul Lodi. Later, during the Mughal Empire, Akbar gave the city to his foster brother, Shamsher Khan. In the 16th century, Batala was a famous city in the Punjab region, just like Lahore and Jalandhar. The city was surrounded by a fort with 12 gates, which still exist today, although some are in need of repair.

In 1785, After defeating Jai Singh Kanhaiya, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia made Batala his capital.

## Demographics 
According to the 2011 census, Batala had a population of 158,404 people. This included 83,536 men and 74,868 women. About 85.28% of the people in Batala could read and write.

The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Batala city and their gender ratio, based on the 2011 census.

## References
Direct object

e, the direct object marker is a word in the Toki Pona language. It can be put before a word in the sentence to show that is the direct object.

e.g. mi moku **e** telo - I drink **the** water.

e.g. ona li moku **e** kili - He eats **a** vegetable

as you can see from the examples above, it shows that the word after it is a direct object.

## References
Balaji Baji Rao

Balaji Baji Rao (8 December 1720 – 23 June 1761), often referred to as Nana Saheb I, was the 8th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy.

.]]
## References
In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida

**In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida** is a music album by American rock band Iron Butterfly. It was written by Doug Ingle and released in 1968.

It has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide.

## References
Flugplatz Olten

The **Flugplatz Olten** is a private runway in Olten, Switzerland. It has a grass-paved runway and gliders usually take off from the airport. Sometimes, small sized planes also take off.

## Other websites 
* https://www.sgolten.ch/fliegen-lernen/besucher/
Identity function

An **identity function** is a function which maps a set S to itself. In particular, a function *id* maps any element (such as numbers) to themselves.

Written another way, is the function from X → X, f(x) = x, which maps every element x to itself.

In elementary math, the main example is f(x) = x with the set of numbers.

## Notation 
The function *idS* typically denotes the identify function of a set S, the S in the subscript denotes the set S.

## Algebraic properties 
Given two sets X and Y with function f from X → Y, we have the two identities *idX* and *idY*, as well, having "○" denote function composition. We have the following

f\circ id_X=f=id_Y\circ f
Emily Armstrong

**Emily Marcia Armstrong** (born May 6, 1986) is an American singer and co-founder of the band Dead Sara. In September 2024, she became the lead singer of Linkin Park, after Chester Bennington, who passed away in 2017.

## Discography 
**With Dead Sara**
* *The Airport Sessions* (2008)
* *Dead Sara* (2012)
* *Pleasure to Meet You* (2015)
* *The Covers* (2017)
* *Temporary Things Taking Up Space* (2018)
* ''Ain't It Tragic* (2021)

**With Linkin Park**

* *From Zero'' (2024)

## References
Jun Hong Lu

**Richard Jun Hong Lu** (4 August 1959 – 10 November 2021), also known as **Lu Tai Zhang**, was a Chinese-born Australian Buddhist faith healer. He was the founder of the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door, a religious movement. He was a controversial figure as some religious leaders thought he mislead other Buddhists.

## Career and beliefs
Lu created the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door in 2006.

Lu had three main beliefs. The first was reciting Buddhist Sutras/mantras would bring "blessings of the Buddhas" and it would help get rid of one's negative karma. The second was practicing life liberation and to respect life of all living things. The third was making great vows, which is said to bring strong energy to a person's life.

In May 2017, Lu was invited to give a keynote speech at the United Nations Day of Vesak Commemoration at the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris.

## Personal life
Lu was born on 4 August 1959 in Shanghai, China. He graduated from the Shanghai Theatre Academy. He then studied at UNSW Business School in Australia between 1989 and 1995. He became an Australian citizen in 1995.

Lu died on 10 November 2021 in Sydney, Australia at the age of 62.

## References
## Other websites
* Guan Yin Citta: Biography of Lu 
* Official Website
Mahieddine Khalef

**Mahieddine Khalef** (17 January 1944 – 10 December 2024) was an Algerian football player and manager. He managed the Algeria national football team from 1979 to 1984. Before, he played for IZ Khemisset from 1961 to 1967. Khalef was born in Mechra Bel Ksiri, French protectorate in Morocco. His career began in 1960 and he retired in 2001.

Khalef died in Algiers, Algeria on 10 December 2024, at the age of 80.

## References
Mohammed al-Bashir

**Mohammed al-Bashir** (born 1983) is a Syrian engineer and politician. He became the 70th prime minister of Syria and the Prime Minister of the Syrian Transitional Government on 9 December 2024. He has also been the Prime Minister of the Syrian Salvation Government since 13 January 2024.

## References
Michelle Strinden

**Michelle Strinden** is an American politician who has been the 40th lieutenant governor of North Dakota since 2024. She was a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives from the 41st district from 2018 to 2024.

## References
Shovel Knight Showdown

***Shovel Knight Showdown*** is a 2019 fighting video game made by Yacht Club Games. It is an add-on to the platform game *Shovel Knight*. Players battle using one of twenty fighters. Each fighter has its own moves and fighting styles. The game features several modes. One mode is "Treasure Clash", where players battle each other to collect the most gems, to a free for all battle to the death. In the story mode, a single player battles against AI-controlled opponents in several stages before facing a boss. When the player completes this mode with each fighter, the player can unlock new stages and fighters. 

Yacht Club Games imagined *Showdown* as a small minigame, similar to minigames in *Mega Man 7* (1995) and *Super Mario Bros. 3* (1988). The developers eventually built a more complicated title which they compared to a party game. *Showdown* was released for Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, and Wii U on December 10, 2019. It was launched along with the *Shovel Knight* add-on campaign *King of Cards*. The game received average reviews on release. Players liked the characters and multiplayer gameplay, but people didn't like the single-player mode because of its difficulty balancing.

## Gameplay 
Each fighter in *Showdown* has a basic attack, a special attack, a movement skill, and the ability to parry. Some playable characters are Shovel Knight, who attacks with a shovel or magic wand,

## References
Brocket, North Dakota

**Brocket** is a city in Ramsey County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 34 at the 2020 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

## References
Dalton Trevisan

**Dalton Jérson Trevisan** (14 June 1925 – 9 December 2024) was a Brazilian writer. He wrote many short stories. Most of them were popular dramas." Trevisan won the 2012 Prémio Camões. He was born in Curitiba, Brazil. He was nicknamed "**The Vampire of Curitiba**" because he did not like to go out in public and for living a long life. Only two of his books have been translated into English, *Novels Not at All Exemplary* and *The Vampire of Curitiba*, both in 1972.

Trevisan died in Curitiba on 9 December 2024 at the age of 99.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Projeto Releitura  (in Portuguese)
* Oxford Anthology of the Brazilian Short Story
Daphne (name)

**Daphne** is a female given name in Greek origin. It refers to laurel.  The name is from Greek mythology. *Daphne* entered popular use in the late 1800s. In the United States, the name was used for women from Africa that lived in slavery. Such women were classified as Daphne by the enslavers. The enslavers used names from Ancient Greek or Roman classics for that population to show their educations the contemporaries.

United States census records from the 19th century showed most of the females named Daphne before or during the American Civil War were African American and black. Daphne for a name was used also in the United Kingdom in the late 18th to early 19th centuries. That's where a working mother and daughter in Scotland were both named Daphne. The name became popular later for daughters born in Britain to aristocratic families.

Daphne the name is also popular in Canada, France and the Netherlands.

## References
Loy Krathong

**Loy Krathong** is a special day in some countries. In Thailand, the festival is called *Loy Krathong* or *Loi Krathong*.

The day happens once every year. In the evening, part of what happens, is that crowds of people go to temples and beaches. (Note: temples often have a small pond or pool; those pools are not for swimming.) At beaches and temples, many individuals have (each) one hand-held float that has a candle that is lit. The float is placed into the water (at a beach or in the pond at the temples). The floats are then (let go or) released into the water.

The day is a custom.

## References
Hugo Verbrugh

**Hugo Stephan Verbrugh** (22 August 1937 – 4 December 2024) was a Dutch physician, philosopher and columnist. 

From 1967 to 2002 he was a lecturer in medicine and philosophy at the Medical Faculty Rotterdam (since 2002 called Erasmus MC). Verbrugh conducted epistemological research into the relationship between regular and non-regular medicine. He also sought a scientific reflection of reincarnation. In the 1970s he was a columnist for *NRC Handelsblad*, wrote several books and gave lectures. In the 1970s and 1980s Verbrugh was also a columnist for the anthroposophical monthly ''*. From 1980 to 1985 he worked as an anthroposophical physician in Delft. In addition, Verbrugh was a columnist for "*De Ster van Kralingen''". On several occasions Verbrugh publicly sought intellectual confrontations on subjects related to alternative medicine, reincarnation and anthroposophy. Since his retirement in 2002 he has been a guest lecturer at the Faculty of Social Sciences, psychology department of the Erasmus University Rotterdam.

## References
Ameerega berohoka

***Ameerega berohoka*** is a frog.  It lives in Matto Grosso Brazil.

## Body
The adult male frog is 19.2 to 23.4 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 21.9 to 24.3 mm long. There are disks on the toes for climbing. There is no webbed skin on the feet. There are bright orange spots on the back legs and near where the legs meet the body. There are light yellow stripes on both sides of the body. The sides of the body are black in color and the belly is white or blue in color. Scientists say this color tells animals that want to eat the frog that the frog has poison in its skin. The pupil of the eye is round in shape.

## Name
The name *berohoka* means "big river" in the Karajas language.

## Home
This frog lives in Cerrado places. People have seen it in forests, on farms, and in other places. People especially see it in places below the Araguaia River. People have seen it between 200 and 500 meters above sea level.

The frog lives in one protected park, Parque Estadual Serra Azul. It also lives near Emas National Park.

## Young
Scientists think that this frog has young the way other frogs in *Ameerega* do: The female frog lays eggs on dead leaves on the ground. After the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the tadpoles to water.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out.  Human beings change the places where the frog lives to make dams for electricity, make farms, make places for animals to eat grass, and make charcoal.

## First paper
*

## References
Jan Schmeitz

**Jan Schmeitz** (c. 1953 – 5 December 2024) was a Dutch journalist. Schmeitz worked for IKON, VARA, *Trouw* and *De Tijd*.

Schmeitz was correspondent in Central America based in Managua, Nicaragua. In July 1979, when the American State Department called on journalists to leave Managua, he didn't leave for journalistic reasons. In 1989 he was in El Salvador at the time the Santa Rita massacre took place, where four Dutch jouranlist were killed. Schmeitz started his own investigation into the massacre. He received death threats and fled to the Netherlands. He was subsequently closely involved in the investigation into the murder case. In 2024, 42 years after the massacre, the trial took place.

Schmeitz became head of foreign affairs at VARA radio and after that editor-in-chief of the weekly television program "Kenmerk" at IKON. Later he became head of IKON televsision.

Schmeitz died in Mexico on 5 December 2024, at the age of 71.

## References
Michael Cole (actor)

**Michael Cole** (July 3, 1940 – December 10, 2024) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Pete Cochran on the television crime drama *The Mod Squad* (1968–1973). He was born in Madison, Wisconsin.

Cole died on December 10, 2024 at a hospital in Tarzana, California at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sara Facio

**Sara Facio** (18 April 1932 – 18 June 2024) was an Argentine photojournalist and publisher. She was best known for having photographed many Argentine writers such as Julio Cortázar, María Elena Walsh and Alejandra Pizarnik. She co-founded the publishing house "La Azotea".

Facio was a lesbian. Her partner was María Elena Walsh, from 1978 until her death in 2011.

Facio died in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 18 June 2024, at the age of 92.

## References
María Elena Walsh

**María Elena Walsh** (1 February 1930 – 10 January 2011) was an Argentine poet, novelist, musician, playwright, writer and composer. She was known for her songs and books for children.

Walsh's partner from 1978 until her death in 2011 was Sara Facio, an Argentine photographer.

Walsh died of bone cancer in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 10 January 2011 at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography at the Ministry of Education of Argentina (Spanish)
*"María Elena Walsh y la opinión urgente", ensayistas.org; accessed 2 January 2018.
*Interview with Sara Facio, escritorasunidas.blogspot.com, April 2011
* Obituaries: BA Times, ABC News, LAHT 
*Videos editados en 3D y otros desde Youtube (Spanish)
*
F sharp

The **F sharp** is a functional programming language created by Microsoft. It shares the "sharp" with Microsoft's other programming language C sharp. However, it is more focused on functional programming as opposed to C# which is object oriented.

## References
Alina Habba

**Alina Saad Habba** (born March 25, 1984) is an Iraqi-American lawyer. She is the managing partner of Habba, Madaio & Associates. Since 2021, Habba has been a legal spokesperson for former U.S. president Donald Trump.

In December 2024, Trump named Habba as his counselor to the president.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kim Yu-jin (taekwondo, born 2000)

**Kim Yu-jin** (; born 17 October 2000) is a South Korean taekwondo practitioner. She won a gold medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics and other medals at other competitions. She competes in the  category (group of people of the same weight).

## Related pages 
* Nahid Kiani – another taekwondo practitioner in the  category

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Homeland Security Advisor

The **Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism**, also known as **Homeland Security Advisor**, is a senior aide in the National Security Council. They are the principal advisor to the President of the United States on homeland security and counterterrorism issues.

## List of homeland security advisors
## References
Xdinary Heroes

**Xdinary Heroes** () is a South Korean rock band. They are from the JYP Entertainment's subside label Studio J. They started on December 6, 2021. The band is made of Gun-il, Jungsu, Gaon, O.de, Jun Han, and Jooyeon. All of these six members make the songs. The band name Xdinary Heroes is shortened from the phrase "Extraordinary Heroes"; its meaningis "anyone can become a hero".

## Members 
* Gunil () – leader, drums, vocals
* Jungsu () – vocals, keyboards
* Gaon () – rap, vocals, guitars
* O.de () – rap, vocals, synthesizers, keyboards
* Jun Han () – guitars, vocals
* Jooyeon () – vocals, bass

## Discography 
### Studio Albums 
*Troubleshooting* - Released: April 30, 2024
# No Matter
# Little Things (어리고 부끄럽고 바보 같은)
# Undefined
# Paint It
# Money on My Mind
# Dreaming Girl (꿈을 꾸는 소녀)
# Until the End of Time
# Walking to the Moon
# Moneyball
# Night of Fireworks (불꽃놀이의 밤)

### Extended Plays 
*Hello, World!* - Released: July 20, 2022
# Test Me
# Knock Down
# Sucker Punch!
# Strawberry Cake
# Pirates
# Test Me (Inst.)

*Overload* - Released: November 11, 2022
# Zzz.. (잠꼬대)
# Hair Cut
# Lunatic
# Crack in the Mirror
# Ghost
# X-mas
# Hair Cut (Inst.)

*Deadlock* - Released: April 26, 2023
# Come Into My Head
# Freakin’ Bad
# Bicycle
# Checkmate
# Good Enough
# Man in the Box
# Dear H.

*Livelock* - Released: October 11, 2023
# Freddy
# Break the Brake
# PLUTO
# Enemy
# Bad Chemical
# Paranoid
# AGAIN? AGAIN!

*Live and Fall* - Released: October 14, 2024
# XH_World_75
# Night Before the End
# Save me
# Boy Comics
# iNSTEAD! (feat. Yoon Do-Hyun)
# Feeling Nice
# XYMPHONY
# Love and Fear

### Singles 
* "Happy Death Day" (2021)
* "Test Me" (2022)
* "Strawberry Cake" (2022)
* "Hair Cut" (2022)
* "Freakin' Bad " (2023)
* "Break the Brake" (2023)
* "Dreaming Girl (꿈을 꾸는 소녀)" (2024)
* "Little Things (어리고 부끄럽고 바보 같은)" (2024)
* "Boy Comics (소년만화)" (2024)
* "Love and Fear" (2024)
* "Save me" (2024)
* "iNSTEAD!" (feat. Yoon Do-Hyun) (2024)
* "Night Before the End - 2024

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall

**Elizabeth D. Sherwood-Randall** (born October 4, 1959) is an American politician and writer. She was the 11th United States Homeland Security Advisor to President Joe Biden from 2021 until 2025. She was the 18th United States Deputy Secretary of Energy from 2014 to 2017. Afterwards, she taught at Harvard University and at the Georgia Institute of Technology.   

## References
## Other websites
*Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall Deputy Secretary of Energy on Energy.gov
*Senate hearing for Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall's nomination for Deputy Secretary of Energy on energy.senate.gov.
*
Kia Telluride

The **Kia Telluride** is a mid-size SUV produced by Kia since 2019 it is the largest vehicle kia has produced in the United States the vehicle is positioned above the Kia Sorento.

## History and Features 
The Kia Telluride made its debut as a production model at the 2019 North American International Auto Show in January 2019. Before this, a unique version of the vehicle was showcased at New York Fashion Week in September 2018, designed in collaboration with fashion designer Brandon Maxwell and reflecting a Texas-themed collection.

The Kia Telluride also shares many parts with the Hyundai Palisade the Telluride is also the first Kia made mainly for The American market and was designed at the Kia design Center in irvine, the vehicle is powered by a 3.8-liter Lambda II V6 Atkinson cycle gasoline engine of 291 hp and equipied with a 8 speed automatic transmision and also have front-wheel drive (fwd) or all wheel 
drive (awd) versions In 2023 it received a facelift the facelift has features such as a 12.3 inch instrument panel with changes on the headlights front grille and front bumper.

File:0 Kia Telluride 1.jpg|2023 Kia Telluride

## Concept 
The Kia Telluride concept was shown at the North American International Auto Show in 2016. It was built using a modified Kia Sorento chassis and had a 3.5-liter V6 engine with 270 horsepower, plus an electric motor with 130 horsepower, giving the concept a total of 400 horsepower. 

The car had a boxy design and was painted in dark pyrite color. It had 22-inch wheels, a big tiger nose grille, and LED headlights, following Kia's design style of 2016. The concept had suicide doors that opened 90 degrees in opposite directions, 
Some interior parts were made using 3D printing, which was new for Kia. The concept was designed by Tom Kearns from the Kia Design Center America.

## Markets 
The Kia Telluride was made mainly for the American market it is also sold in Canada Mexico and Middle East it is not sold in South Korea instead its sister model the Hyundai Palisade is sold there.
## References
Andrew N. Ferguson

**Andrew N. Ferguson** is an American lawyer and Republican politician who has been the Chair of the Federal Trade Commission since 2025. He has been a commissioner of the Federal Trade Commission since 2024. He was the solicitor general of Virginia from 2022 to 2024.

In December 2024, President-elect Donald Trump nominated Ferguson to be the Chair of the Federal Trade Commission.

## References
Frances Townsend

**Frances M.** "**Fran**" **Fragos Townsend** (born December 28, 1961) is an American lawyer, politician and businesswoman. She was the Homeland Security Advisor to U.S. President George W. Bush from 2004 to 2007. She was compliance chief officer for Activision Blizzard, until September 2022. 

Townsend was also Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Combating Terrorism. In 2008, Townsend joined CNN as a contributor. She later began working for CBS.

## References
## Other websites
* White House bio
*  
** C-SPAN *Q&A* interview with Townsend, February 10, 2008
Tom Bossert

**Thomas P. Bossert** (born March 25, 1975) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the Homeland Security Advisor to U.S. President Donald Trump from 2017 to 2018. 

Bossert is an ABC News Homeland Security analyst.

## References
Lancia Musa

The **Lancia Musa** is a Compact MPV made by Lancia from 2004 to 2012. The car shares its platform with the Fiat Idea.

## History 
The Lancia Musa was first shown at the Geneva Motor Show in 2004. Sales started in Europe in October of the same year. The Musa has a similar design to the Lancia Ypsilon. It also uses the same headlights. 

The Musa is part of the B-segment in the European car market. It came with 1.4 FIRE petrol engines and 1.3 or 1.9 diesel engines. In 2007, the car was updated with a facelift.

## Markets
The Lancia Musa was mainly sold in European Market in all its production however it was not sold outside Europe.
## Discontinuation
The Lancia Musa was discontinued in 2012, without a successor.
## References
Breathe (Pink Floyd song)

"**Breathe**" sometimes credited as "**Breathe in the Air**" is a 1973 song by Pink Floyd. It is the second track from their eighth studio album *The Dark Side of the Moon*.

## References
Agnès Teppe

**Agnès Teppe** (born 4 May 1968 in Bourg-en-Bresse) is a former French athlete. She does discus throw.

Agnès won French championship names in 1990 and 1994. She set a French discus record in 1991 and in 1992.

Agnès was given a medal at the 1991 Mediterranean Games in Athens. She won the 1989 Games of La Francophonie and got the silver medal in 2005.

She is the older sister of Nathalie Teppe, who does heptathlon.

## References 
## Other websites
Counselor to the President

**Counselor to the President** is a title used by important political advisors to the president of the United States and senior members of the White House Office.

## List of counselors to the president
### Counselors to President Richard Nixon (1969–1974) 
All of President Nixon's counselors were members of his Cabinet during their respective tenures.

### Counselors to President Gerald Ford (1974–1977) 
All of President Ford's's counselors were members of his Cabinet during their respective tenures.

### Counselors to President Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) 
President Carter did not appoint any counselors during his tenure in the White House.

### Counselors to President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) 
". From left to right: White House Chief of Staff James Baker, Counselor to the President Ed Meese and White House Deputy Chief of Staff Michael Deaver at the White House, December 2, 1981.]]

President Reagan only appointed a counselor during his first term in the White House.

### Counselors to President George H.W. Bush (1989–1993) 
President Bush only appointed a counselor, who was a member of his Cabinet during the last 11 months of his single term in the White House. The position was vacant for the first 3 years of his presidency.

### Counselors to President Bill Clinton (1993–2001) 
President Clinton did not appoint a counselor for the first 5 months of his first term. He was the first president in over 20 years whose counselors were not members of his Cabinet.

### Counselors to President George W. Bush (2001–2009) 
 and First Lady Laura Bush, June 28, 2002.]]

 (right) and Chief of Staff to the Vice President David Addington review a document, December 5, 2007.]]

President Bush did not appoint a counselor for the last 2 1/2 years of his first term. He continued predecessors footsteps to not include his counselors as members of his Cabinet.

### Counselors to President Barack Obama (2009–2017) 
, White House Chief of Staff Denis McDonough and Vice President Joe Biden talk with President Barack Obama, April 2, 2013.]]

President Obama did not appoint a counselor for the first 2 years of his first term and did not have one for the last 2 years of his second term. He continued predecessors' footsteps to not include his counselors as members of his Cabinet.

### Counselors to President Donald Trump (2017–2021) 
 at the 2017 Conservative Political Action Conference.]]

President Trump was the first president since President Gerald Ford to have a counselor throughout the entirety of his tenure.

### Counselors to President Joe Biden (2021–2025) 
 (right) meets with White House Chief of Staff Ron Klain and President Joe Biden in the Oval Office, October 2021.]]

### Counselors to President Donald Trump (2025–present) 
## References
Mu (Application)

The **Mu** is an app where one can code with the programming language Python. It is an app made for beginners. It has a couple of in-built modes like the Pygame Zero, and the Raspberry Pi.

## Other Websites 
* codewith.mu
Pygame Zero

**Pygame Zero** is a framework that uses Python. It is meant for teaching, as Pygame Zero does not use certain loop programs that other Python frameworks would otherwise use.

## Other Websites 
* pygame-zero.readthedocs.io
* pypi.org
Raghoji Bhangre

]]

The **Raghojirao Ramjirao Bhangre** also spell **Bhangaria** (8 November 1805 – 2 May 1848) was an Indian revolutionary who challenged and defied British rule in the Bombay Presidency. He was the son of Ramji Bhangare, a Koli who also resisted the British rule and was subsequently hanged in Cellular Jail. He was only ten years old when he took up arms against British rule in Maharashtra.

Raghoji Bhangare turned to rebellion after his mother was tortured by British officials with the assistance of some Marwadis of village.

The Indian social activist, thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer from Maharashtra Jyotirao Phule may have been inspired by the revolts of Raghoji Bhangre, among others. The revolts of Raghoji Bhangare are considered as highly significant in the history of Maharashtra. Compared to the revolts made by Raghoji Bhangre,  the other revolts were not very significant though they continued to take place until 1946-47.

Raghoji Bhangre became known by the honorific title **Bandkari** for his exploits. Bandkari means leader of rebellions in the Marathi language.

## Early life 
Raghoji was born in 1805 to Ramjirao Bhangre in Deogaon of Akole in Western Ghat of Maharashtra in British India. His family members included Mahadev Koli who was active in the Indian independence movement. His father Ramji Bhangre also served as Jamadar in the British Police though he later gave up the job and revolted against British government. After death of his father, he succeeded his father as Patil of Devgam and head of family.

## Revolutionary activities 
In 1818, the Maratha Empire  was defeated by British in the Battle of Koregaon. After that the tribals of Maharashtra took to slavery and Raghoji Rao raised against British rule in the minor age. He captured the British treasure and he was declared as an Outlaw. After that he resisted the government in Poona. In 1844, Raghoji along with his brother Bapuji Bhangre led the anti-british uprisings in Ahmednagar, Nashik and Pune district. Raghoji with his brother Bapuji Bhangre cut off the noses of british officers, Sahukars and Zamidars. After that the Captain Giberne seized a party of rebels. At 20 September 1844, Raghuji killed an officer and ten constables in the hills. In 1845, his rebellion spread over Pune, Satara and Purandar. A reward of five thousands rupees was announced for the capture of Raghoji.

## Death 
On 2 May 1848, Bhangre was caught by Lieutenant-General Gell and hanged.

## Tribute 
In 2014, The Chief minister of Maharashtra, Prithviraj Chavan inaugurated a Circuit House in Thane named after Raghoji.

## References 
## Further reading 
*
Hyundai County

The **Hyundai County** is a minibus made by Hyundai. It was launched in 1998 as a successor to the Chorus. It is primarily used as city buses and tourist buses. 

## History 
The Hyundai County was first made in 1998 to replace the Hyundai Chorus. The first County was built from 1998 to 2004. A new version called the e-County was made in 2004. The bus got a  in 2008, and a small update in 2012. An electric version, called the County Electric, was shown at the Hyundai Truck & Bus Business Fair in 2019. A new facelift version, the County New Breeze, was made in 2020.

## Markets
The Hyundai County is mainly sold in South Korea where it is popular as a city bus and tourist bus the Hyundai County is also sold in some African countries Middle East and Southeast Asia.
## References
Latinas

A **Latina** is a woman or girl who was born in or lives in South America, Central America or Mexico or a woman or girl in the United States whose family is originally from South America, Central America, or Mexico.
## References
Maratha Conquest of Bhopal (1807–1816)

The Nagpur Faction and Scindia Faction of the Maratha Empire formed an alliance against Bhopal State in 1807 the Conflict lasted till 1816 with Bhopal state taken in British Protection.

 as a part of the Central India Agency.]]
## Background
During the Second Maratha War, the Nawab of Bhopal had a chance to take control of some land that belonged to Daulat Rao and the Raja of Berar, including the important area of Hoshangabad. Wazir Mohammad, the leader of Bhopal, formed an alliance with the Pindari leader Karim Khan after the war. To resolve issues in Bhopal, Daulat Rao  cindia three battalions and some cavalry.
## References
Kundu (surname)

**Kundu** is a common Hindu Jat and Sikh surname found among the landholding communities. As per some histologic studies their origin dated back to an ancient household such as the **Kunda** after the collapse of Kunda dynasty.   

## References 
‌
Tinus Naber

**Jantinus "Tinus" Naber** (18 July 1936 – 3 December 2024) was a Dutch horse breeder.

Together with his wife Geesje and cousin Bertus, Naber built up a breeding business on their farm in Vredenheim, a hamlet in Drenthe. The foundation of the business were two special mares: the star preferent Fabiola and the preferent model mare Ocoba. They bred the Dutch Warmblood (KWPN) approved stallions Foundation (by United), Nick Wimphof (by Just Wimphof), Kaiman (by Dark Pleasure), Redford (by Krack C) and Johnny Depp (by Bordeaux). Their horses includes Grand Prix dressage horses and winners in other disciplines. They became in 2021 KWPN Breeder of the Year.

Naber died in Assen on 3 December 2024, at the age of 88.

## References
Leunus van Lieren

**Leunus van Lieren** (6 October 1953 – 6 December 2024) was a Dutch horse breeder and dressage horse trainer.

Van Lieren was born in Wissenkerke in 1953. He started his business in 1980 and built so his horse stable "Hexagon" in Schore. He has bred many Grand Prix level horses. His most famous horse was Rubiquil. In 2017 he became KWPN Breeder of the Year.

In July 2024, Van Lieren had a serious accident after he fell from a horse. He died from an illness (not related to the accident) on 6 December 2024, at the age of 71 years old.

## References
Bernville, Pennsylvania

**Bernville** (Pennsylvania Dutch: *Bannwill*) is a borough in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 905 at the 2020 census.

## References
National Viewers' and Listeners' Association

**Mediawatch-UK** which used to be called the '''National Viewers' and Listeners' Association''' was a group against the broadcast of media that was found to be offensive, such as sex, violence, and cursing. 

## History 
NVLA was created by Mary Whitehouse. It was made after the Clean-up TV Campaign she had made the year before with her husband. The vice president was a Christian activist named Charles Oxley. Whitehouse was the leader of NVLA until 1994. Johns Beyer became the leader after. Their name was changed to Mediawatch-UK in 2001.

The group would monitor broadcasts to see if any offensive content was being shown. They also talked to the government about issues on social media and TV.

The group closed down in September 2021.
Khalil Haqqani

**Khalil Rahman Haqqani** (1966 – 11 December 2024) was an Afghan Pashtun warlord, Mujahideen leader and politician. He was the acting Minister of Refugee and Repatriation from 7 September 2021 until his death. He was a well known member of the Haqqani network.

On December 11, 2024, a suicide bomber killed Haqqani and four others at his Ministry of Refugee and Repatriation office in Kabul.

## References
Brian Thompson (businessman)

**Brian Robert Thompson** (July10, 1974December4, 2024) was an American businessman. He was the chief executive officer (CEO) of UnitedHealthcare from April 2021 until his assassination in December 2024.

## Biography 
Brian Robert Thompson was born in Ames, Iowa. He studied at the University of Iowa.

Thompson became manager at PwC in 1997. He worked there until 2004, when he then moved to UnitedHealth Group. During his time as CEO of UnitedHealth Group, there was an increase in insurance claims getting rejected. In 2021 the American Hospital Association criticized Thompson for planning to deny insurance payment for non-critical visits to hospital emergency rooms.

In May 2024, the Hollywood, Florida Firefighters' Pension Fund sued Thompson and two UnitedHealth Group executives for possible fraud and insider trading. UnitedHealthcare has denied the allegations and insisted its actions were in compliance with stage and federal laws.  

## Assassination 
On December 4, 2024, Thompson disappeared and was gunned down while walking outside his hotel in New York City. He was 50 years old. Luigi Mangione has been indicted as the shooter.

## References
Zhuchengtyrannus

***Zhuchengtyrannus*** (meaning "Zhucheng tyrant") was a genus of tyrannosaurids that lived in the Late Cretaceous of Shandong, China. Its only species is ***Zhuchengtyrannus magnus***.

## Description 
.]]
*Zhuchengtyrannus*, a large theropod, is estimated to be comparable in size to both *Tarbosaurus* and *Tyrannosaurus*.

The size of *Zhuchengtyrannus* is estimates in 10 and 11 meters (33 to 36 ft) in lenght, with a weight of 4.1 and 5 metric tons (5.9-6 shorts tons). A specimen recently discovered in 2025, containing a vertebra that appears to belong to *Z. magnus*, is comparable in size to large *Tyrannosaurus* *rex* specimens. It is estimated to have measured 12 meters (39 ft) and weighed 8 tonnes (8.5 short tons).

*Zhuchengtyrannus* is often depicted in life as resembling its close relatives, such as the Asian *Tarbosaurus* and the North American *T. rex*.

## Classification 
 of the holotype.]]
The firts fossil of *Zhuchengtyrannus* was been found in China, in Zhucheng Formation. He was named firts as a species of *Tyrannosaurus* genus, like *Tyrannosaurus zhuchengensis*.

In 2010, the same discoverer renamed it *Tarbosaurus zhuchengensis*, considering it a second species within the same genus. However, that same year, it was reclassified as a species belonging to a new genus, and thus *Zhuchengtyrannus magnus* was born.

He is believed to belong to the family Tyrannosauridae, belonging to the tribe Tyranosaurini, which includes *T. rex* itself and its closest relatives.

## References
Niglo

**Hočiwiči** or **niglo** is a Romani (Gypsy) dish made from hedgehog meat. It is eaten in France and England and is seasoned with thyme, wild garlic and rosemary.
## References
Lode Wils

**Lodewijk "Lode" Jan Wils** (19 March 1929 – 10 December 2024) was a Belgian university professor and historian. 

Wils studied law and history at the Catholic University of Leuven (later KU Leuven). He became a professor of history at the same university and taught there until 1995. He published on nation-building, Christian democracy and the Flemish Movement, including groundbreaking and award-winning works. One of his main works includes the biography of Frans Van Cauwelaert. His last work *Vlaamse beweging, sociale beweging* was published in 2023. Wils is known for his strong opinions.

Wils died on 10 December 2024, at the age of 95.

## References
Curtis Jones (minister)

**Curtis Fairchild Jones** (born May 31, 1986), now a Christian minister, is the youngest person in the United States to have been tried as an adult and convicted of murder at the time of his conviction.

## References
Luigi Mangione

**Luigi Nicholas Mangione** (; born May 6, 1998, is an American man suspected of killing Brian Thompson, the CEO of United Healthcare. 

Mangione was arrested in Altoona, Pennsylvania, on December 9, 2024. He appeared in a federal court in New York City on December 19. On December 23, Mangione pleaded not guilty to his state murder charges. Mangione has been indicted on eleven state charges and faces four federal charges. The Attorney General of the United States has requested that the federal prosecutor ask that the court sentence Mangione to death (if found guilty).

Since his arrest, Mangione has received support online. Some have called him a folk hero. The support for Mangione is connected with the public's view of the health insurance industry and unfair claim denial practices. The case has resulted in some calls for health insurance reform.

Other info: The federal murder by firearm charge makes him eligible for the death penalty.

## References
Climate of India

**India** is a very big country. Because of this, it has many kinds of climates. In the north, it is usually colder. In Central India, it is usually dry and arid. In South India, it is wet with rainforests one the west and dry lands on the west. Northeast India is somewhat similar to South India. 

## Other websites 
*Climate of India)
*Climate Knowledge Portal
Homo longi

***Homo longi***, also called the "DragonMan", was a proposed species of extinct human. The species was proposed based on the **Harbin cranium**, a fossil skull found in China. 

## Discovery & controversy 
In two papers published almost at the same time, Ji and his colleagues claimed that the Harbin skull represented a new species. They named it "Homo longi," or Dragon Man. "*Long*, the dragon" is a symbol of Chinese nationalism. 

However, the naming of *Homo longi* was controversial because the classification was based only on the Harbin skull, not on DNA evidence. Paleoanthropologist María Martinón-Torres said: “It’s premature to name a new species, especially a fossil with no context”.

In June 2025, Chinese scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences analyzed the Harbin cranium's mitochondrial DNA and endogenous proteins. They found that the fossil belonged to a Denisovan, another species of extinct human. The individual had a large brain, similar to modern humans and Neanderthals. 

## References
Nahid Kiani

**Nahid Kiani Chandeh** (, born 1 August 1998) is an Iranian taekwondo practitioner. She won a silver medal at the 2024 Summer Olympics and other medals at other competitions. In the 2024 Summer Olympics, she won a silver medal in the  category.

## Related pages 
* Kim Yu-jin – another taekwondo practitioner in the  category

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Nakuru Boys High School

**Nakuru Boys High School** is an all-boys high school in Nakuru, Kenya.  It is among the 17 traditional national schools of Kenya, that have been in existence for more than 30 years.

## References
Moi High School - Kabarak

**Moi High School - Kabarak** is located 20km from Nakuru city, in Kenya's Rift Valley Province along the Nakuru - Eldama Ravine road. It shares the same compound with Kabarak University. It was established by the late President Daniel Toroitich Moi in 1979.

## References
Opiyo Wandayi

**James Opiyo Wandayi** (born 22 June 1972)  MGH, CBS is an agricultural and development economist and a Kenyan politician currently serving as the Cabinet Secretary of Energy and Petroleum.

## References
Moses Lake, Washington

**Moses Lake** is a city in Grant County, Washington, United States. The population was 25,146 as of the 2020 census. 

## References
Ephrata, Washington

**Ephrata** ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Grant County, Washington, United States. Its population was 8,477 at the 2020 census.

## References
Ameerega shihuemoy

***Ameerega shihuemoy*** is a frog.  It lives in Peru.

## Body
The adult male frog is 19.2 to 21.8  mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 21.5 to 25.7 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is black in color with bumps and some copper-brown color near the middle of the back. There is a stripe or orange spot from the rear end to the tops of the back legs. The stripe then goes over the eye to the nose. The sides of the body can be blue-green or black in color. There is a white stripe from the mouth over the eyes and nose to where the front leg meets the body. The tops of the legs are brown in color with some black and green. The frog's belly and bottoms of the legs and feet are blue with some black marks or black with blue marks.

## Home
This frog lives in forests in low places and on hills. It lives in forests that have never been cut down and in forests that were gone and are growing back. People see it near rocky streams and near water that is not there all year.  This frog hides in holes, between big rocks, and under roots.   People have seen it between 340 and 850 meters above sea level.

The frog lives near one protected park, Manu Biosphere Reserve.

## Young
The male frog sits on top of a rock or on the dead leaves on the ground and calls to the female frogs.  He does this all year.  The female frog lays eggs in holes in rocks. She lays 22-25 eggs at a time. The male frog watches the eggs. After the eggs hatch, he carries the tadpoles to water that does not move fast.

The tadpoles are dark brown in color with black spots. Their tails are clear with dark spots.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in danger of dying out.  Human beings change the places where the frog lives to make farms to grow their own food, to build roads, to get wood to build with even though this is against the law, and to dig good rocks out of the ground. Some of the digs are legal and some are against the law.

## First paper
*

## References
Killing of Brian Thompson

On December 4, 2024, Brian Thompson, CEO of the UnitedHealthcare company since 2021, disappeared and was assassinated by Luigi Mangione outside the New York Hilton Midtown hotel in Manhattan, New York City. Thompson was in the city for an investors meeting for UnitedHealth Group. 
## Background
Thompson had been criticized because UnitedHealthcare's would reject many insurance claims, and his family reported that he had received death threats in the past. Luigi Mangione was arrested five days later and charged with the crime. 
## Aftermath
### Responses
Thompson's death received mixed reactions. People who criticized the health care system in the United States showed their anger about how Thompson would constantly deny insurance claims.
### Suspect
The suspect, Luigi Mangione, age 26, was arrested in Altoona, Pennsylvania, on December 9 and charged with Thompson's murder in a Manhattan court the same day. Police said Mangione was carrying a 3D-printed pistol and a 3D-printed suppressor. Mangione is detained as of 23 December 2024.

### Analysis
Possible motives, according to media:
* Corporate greed
* Revenge on the UnitedHealthcare and American health insurance industry

## References
Linguistic relativity

**Linguistic relativity** (also called the **Sapir–Whorf hypothesis**) is a term used by linguists to describe the way that language influences thought. According to linguistic relativity, the language that you know affects the way you think. There are many languages in the world and each one uses different words. This means that people who speak different languages use different words and concepts to think about the world around them. Because of this people think differently from those who speak different languages.

## History 
Linguistic relativity is based on the work of two linguists named Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf. Edward Sapir was a German anthropologist and linguist who worked with Franz Boas. While Sapir was working with Boas he became interested in the connection between language, culture and thought. Sapir studied North American indigenous languages. With Boas, Sapir used comparative linguistics (a type of linguistics that focuses on comparing different languages). He helped prove that indigenous languages were not primitive compared to European languages. Boas published an academic article titled "On Alternating Sounds" in 1889 based on this research. "On Alternating Sounds" became very important to linguistics, especially phonology.
Benjamin Whorf was a student of Edward Sapir. He studied the language of the Hopi, a tribe of Native Americans from northwest Arizona. Whorf added to and proposed the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis based on the connection between language, culture, and thought that Sapir had researched.

## Examples 
The Himba are a tribe of people from South Africa. The language that the Himba speak does not have a word for the color blue. As part of a study, linguists showed a group of Himba many different colors. The Himba people told the linguists that the color called "blue" in English is a shade of green in their language. The color did not change, but in one language it is called blue and in another it is called green. This means that people who speak English see the sky and think "the sky is blue". People who speak the Himba language see the sky and think "the sky is green". Both of the people are correct.

In Guugu Yimithirr, a language spoken by an indigenous tribe of Australia, compass directions like North, South, East, and West are used instead of Left, Right, in front of, or behind. A linguist named John Haviland found that people who speak Guugu Yimithirr are able to know which direction they are facing without a compass. People who speak English were not able to tell whether they were facing north, south, east, or west.

## References