open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Buster Posey

**Gerald Dempsey "Buster" Posey III** (born March 27, 1987) is an American professional baseball catcher and first baseman for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. He stands  and weighs . He bats and throws right-handed.

Posey grew up in Leesburg, Georgia. He played four sports in high school; when playing baseball, he was very good at hitting and pitching. He attended Florida State University, where he began playing the catcher position. 

He won the Golden Spikes Award in 2008 and was selected by the Giants with the fifth overall pick in the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft. Posey made his major league start on September 11, 2009. After beginning the 2010 season in the minor leagues, he was called back up to the major leagues in May. He played first base when he came up, but became the Giants' regular catcher at the end of June.

## References
## Other websites
*Florida State Seminoles bio 
*
Dara Singh

**Dara Singh** (19 November 1928&nbsp;– 12 July 2012) was an Indian wrestler and actor. He started acting in 1952. He was the first sportsman to be nominated to the Rajya Sabha. He worked as Hindi and Punjabi movie producer, director and writer. He acted on movie and television. He was known for his roles in *Jab We Met* (2007), *Kal Ho Naa Ho* (2003) and *Mera Naam Joker* (1972).

Singh died on 12 July 2012 at his home in Mumbai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website
*
Cat righting reflex

The **cat righting reflex** is a cat's natural  to turn itself around as it falls so it will land on its feet. This righting reflex starts to happen at 3–4 weeks of age. The cat has entirely learned how to do this by 6–7 weeks. Cats are able to do this because they have a flexible backbone and a clavicle that does not move. The minimum height needed for this to happen safely in most cats is about 12 inches.

Cats without a tail can also do this. This is because a cat mostly moves its hind legs and does not use much angular momentum to set itself up for landing. So a tail is not really needed for this skill.

Using this righting reflex, cats can often land without injury. But, this is not always true, since cats can still break bones or die from   falls. 

In a 1987 study, written in the *Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association*, 132 cats were looked at after having fallen from buildings. The injuries per cat were more, depending on the height fallen; up to seven stories high. Above seven stories, the injuries were less. The study authors think that after falling five stories, the cats reached terminal velocity.  At that time, the cats  and spread their bodies to increase drag.

## How the cat does it 
First, cats decide which is up or down, by looking to see or by using senses in the inner ear. Then, cats manage to twist themselves to face downward, without ever changing their angular momentum. They do this in these steps:
#Bend in the middle so that the front half of their body turns in the opposite direction than the rear half.
#Tuck their front legs in to reduce the moment of inertia of the front half of their body. 
#Stretch out their rear legs to increase the moment of inertia of the rear half of their body. This happens so that they can turn their front half very far (as much as 90°), while the rear half is turning opposite very much less (as little as 10°).
#Extend their front legs and tuck their rear legs; so they can turn their rear half quite far, while their front half turns opposite quite a bit less.
If the cat is not flexible enough (able to bend easily), it may need to do steps two and three again in order to completely right itself.

## Terminal velocity 
Besides this righting reflex, cats have body features that help keep them safe in a fall. Their small size, light bones, and thick fur decrease their terminal velocity. Also, once righted they may also spread out their body to increase drag and slow how fast they are falling. They also  as they fall, which protects them some when they land.

## Related pages 
* Buttered cat paradox

## References 
## Other websites 
*Why cats land on their feet 
*National Geographic video on the cat righting reflex 
*The miracle of the falling cat 
*How do cats always land on their feet? Very slow motion video of the African caracal.
Sydney Roosters

The **Sydney Roosters** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1908. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won 15 premierships, most recently in 2019.

The Sydney Roosters are the only club to take part in every season of top-flight rugby league competition in Australia.

## References
## Other websites
*
Albert Ebossé Bodjongo

**Albert Dominique Ebossé Bodjongo Dika** (6 October 1989 – 23 August 2014) was a Cameroonian soccer player who played for JS Kabylie in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1.

On 23 August 2014 Albert was struck by a projectile thrown by a fan just hours after a matchup between his home team JS Kabylie and USM Alger. The match had ended in a 2-1 defeat and the Cameroonian died of head injury due to the strike. He was aged 24. On 18 December 2014, more results were released after his death. The results said that Bodjongo could have died from a beating instead.

## References
United Party of Canada

The **United Party of Canada** was a political party in Canada. It was a centrist party. It supported education for everyone at the college and trade school levels. It also said that we should make energy from renewable sources, instead of making it from things that go away forever.

## References
Hajo Meyer

**Hajo Meyer** (12 August 1924 &ndash; 23 August 2014) was a German-Dutch physicist and Jewish political activist.
## Family
He was born in Bielefeld. In 1938, Meyer escaped from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands alone, without his parents. He went into hiding in 1943, but was arrested after a year and spent ten months in Auschwitz. His parents, who were deported from Germany. They did not survive.
## Works
After the war, Meyer returned to the Netherlands, and studied theoretical physics. He started working for Philips and eventually became director of the Philips Physics Laboratory (NatLab). After his retirement he took courses in England and worked as a builder of new violins and violas.

On 23 August 2014, Meyer died in his sleep at the age of 90 in The Hague, Netherlands.

## References
## Other websites
Western Block Party

The **Western Block Party** (or **WBP**) was a conservative political party in Canada. It wanted Western Canada to become independent from the rest of Canada. It was founded in 2005. It first ran candidates in the 2006 federal elections. The party's current leader is Paul St. Laurent.

The WBP was not affiliated with some other independent parties in western Canada, such as the Alberta First Party and the Western Independence Party of Saskatchewan.

## Related pages 
* List of political parties in Canada

## References
Voice-tracking

**Voice-tracking** is a technique used by some radio stations in radio broadcasting to make an illusion of a live disc jockey or announcer sitting in the studios of the radio station when one is actually not in the station.

## Background
**Voice-tracking** refers to the process of a disc jockey prerecording the parts when they speak on the radio. It is then mixed with songs, commercials and other elements to make it sound like a live air shift. Voice-tracking is mostly used in radio stations, especially during the night, overnight, weekend, and holiday time periods. Most radio stations also use it as a way to save money instead of having disc jockeys around the clock.

## Variations
Sometimes, voice-tracking is done so that people can do other jobs. For example, a DJ may also have a job as a program director or general manager. Voice-tracking allows that person to record a three-hour shift in less than a half-hour, leaving him or her time to do office work. A popular live weekday morning radio host can record parts for a Saturday show, allowing him or her to be on the air six days a week without spending more time at the station. It is also helpful during holidays such as Christmas or Easter, when people are off spending time with their families.

## Formatics
Different radio stations want their DJs to speak only at certain times. Here is an example:

* At example station ZZZZ, the DJs have to follow certain rules. These rules are called **formatics**.

* DJs have to backsell (or give the name and artist of a song that already played) three songs before playing commercials at 22 minutes past the hour.

* DJs have to read or play a pre-recorded weather forecast at 44 minutes past the hour.

* DJs are allowed to speak only over the instrumental part of the song at the beginning. (As shown below)

As an example, see the picture below:

As one song ends, the next song begins. At this point, the DJ doesn't start talking until the second song starts and he stops at the point where the song's vocals start.
James Hinchcliffe

**James Hinchcliffe** is a Canadian racecar driver. He drives in the IndyCar Series. He was born on December 5, 1986 in Oakville, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto. Hinchcliffe is known for his media personality as well as his racing. He has become a very popular driver. Hinchcliffe named his website "Hinchtown" and he is the town's "mayor".

Hinchcliffe started in IndyCar in 2011. He drove for the Newman/Haas team. He won rookie of the year. Later, his team stopped racing in IndyCar and he had to find a new team. For 2012, he was hired by Andretti Autosport. A year later he had a very successful year. He won three races in St. Petersburg, Brazil, and Iowa. He continued driving for Andretti. In 2015, Hinchcliffe joined Schmidt Peterson Motorsports and replaced Simon Pagenaud. During Monday practice before the 2015 Indianapolis 500, Hinchcliffe suffered serious injuries in a crash.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Dove Cameron

**Dove Olivia Cameron** (born **Chloe Celeste Hosterman**; January 15, 1996), is an American actress. She is known for playing the title characters in the Disney Channel original series *Liv and Maddie*. She also starred in the Disney Channel original movie *Cloud 9* as Kayla Morgan and the DCOM *Descendants* and its sequels as Mal.

## Early life
Chloe Celeste Hosterman was born in Seattle, Washington on January 15, 1996 to Philip Alan Hosterman and Bonnie Wallace. She has one older sister, Claire Hosterman, who was born in 1989. At the age of eight, she began acting in community theater. When Cameron was fourteen she moved to Los Angeles, where she sang in Burbank High School's National Championship Show Choir. The show premiered on . The pilot episode gained 5.8. It was the most-watched in Total Viewers in two and a half years – since November 7, 2010 (*Shake It Up!*). In the episode *Twin-A-Rooney*, Liv shows Maddie a clip from the *Sing It Loud!* finale. In the finale, Liv's character sings a cover of "On Top of the World" by Imagine Dragons. A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron. The song was released by Disney as a single on August 27, 2013. She also starred in Cloud 9 with Luke Benward. Cloud 9 premiered on January 17, 2014. Cameron also starred as Mal in Descendants 1, 2 and 3 along side Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce and Booboo Stewart.

## Filmography
## Discography
### Promotional singles
### Other appearances
## Personal life
Cameron stated that she was bullied through her entire school experience. This experience started in 5th grade to the end of high school. Despite the pressure at school and fitting in, she still stayed focused on her dreams of becoming successful in entertainment. "I became very passionate about [becoming an actress and singer]. I fully immured myself". Dove's father died, when she was just fifteen. She struggled to cope, but knew her father would want her to continue to accomplish her goals. He often said that being a parent was the best thing that ever happened to him, and that the favorite years of his life was raising his girls. Cameron was engaged to *Liv & Maddie* co-star Ryan McCartan, who plays Diggie, since August 9, 2013. Due to personal differences, the pair ended their engagement. Since the split, Cameron fell for her Descendants co-star Thomas Doherty (Harry Hook). They were together for 3 years until they split in October 2020. In November 2023, she began dating Italian singer and frontman of Måneskin  Damiano David. The couple got engaged in October 2025.

## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Time Warner Cable

**Time Warner Cable** was an American cable and telecommunications company. The company served almost 30 states. It was the second-largest cable company behind Comcast.

They offered Cable television and Internet services.

Time Warner Cable was founded in 1973. It was bought by Charter Communications in May 2016.

## References
Golden Spikes Award

The **Golden Spikes Award** is given out every year to the best beginning baseball player in the United States.  The award, created by USA Baseball and sponsored by the Major League Baseball Players Association, was first presented in 1978.  It is given to a beginning player who best exhibits and combines "exceptional on-field ability and excellent sportsmanship."  The award is considered the most important in beginning baseball.

## References
Jindřich Pokorný

**Jindřich Pokorný** (12 April 1927 – 23 August 2014) was a Czech translator (mainly French and German), editor and writer. He translated also in Italian, Latin and Flemish.

He was known for his translation of ''Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac*. Along with the literary historian Frederick Fučík, they wrote a book explaining the origins and meanings of the various sayings and proverbs called *Buried dog*.

In 2009 he published a book *Parsifal''.

## References
Jaume Vallcorba Plana

**Jaume** (or **Santiago**) **Vallcorba Plana** (21 September 1949 &ndash; 23 August 2014) was a Spanish philologist and publisher. He published many studies on aesthetics and literature.

He was born in Tarragona, Spain. He was a professor in Literature at the University of Bordeaux, the University of Lleida, the University of Barcelona and the Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona) but he left university teaching in 2004.

## Other websites
*El País, 14/05/2010 (Interview with Jaume Vallcorba)
In Your House 9: International Incident

**In Your House 9: International Incident** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on July 21, 1996 at General Motors Place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was the ninth pay-per-view to be held under the WWF's In Your House name.

## Results
## References
Dan Magill

**Daniel Hamilton** "**Dan**" **Magill, Jr.** (January 25, 1921 &ndash; August 23, 2014) was an American tennis player and coach. His worked as a Sports Information Director, a Head Tennis Coach, and a Georgia Bulldog Club secretary for the University of Georgia.

Magill was born in Athens, Georgia. He was a U.S. Marine during World War II. He was married to Rosemary Reynaud had three children; Ham, Sharon, and Mollie.

Magill died from natural causes on August 23, 2014 in Athens, Georgia. He was 93.

## References
Marcel Rigout

**Marcel Rigout** (10 May 1928 &ndash; 23 August 2014) was a French politician. He served as the Minister of Vocational Training from 1981 to 1984, under former President François Mitterrand. He was a member of the French Communist Party (PCF; ).

Rigout was born in Verneuil-sur-Vienne. He wrote the novel ''L'autre chance'' in 1983.

Rigout died on 23 August 2014 in Limoges, aged 86.

## References
Black box (disambiguation)

**Black box** has these meanings:

## Technology 
*A black box is an informal term for an engineering box whose content and function is not known.
*Flight recorder or vehicle recorder which stores information.

## Popular culture 
*Black Box (musical group)
Ahti Pekkala

**Ahti Antti Johannes Pekkala** (20 December 1924 &ndash; 23 August 2014) was a Finnish politician for the Centre Party. He served as a deputy speaker of the parliament from 1976 to 1978 and as the speaker from 1978 to 1979. He also served as the Governor of Oulu Province from 1986 until 1991.

Pekkala was born in Haapavesi. Before politics, he was a banker and the manager of a bank from 1952 until 1985.

Pekkala died on 23 August 2014 in Haapavesi, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Ahti Pekkala at the Eduskunta webpage
Philippine de Rothschild

**Philippine Mathilde Camille de Rothschild** (22 November 1933 &ndash; 23 August 2014), also known as **Philippine Pascale**, was a French winemaker and baroness. She was the owner of the French winery Château Mouton Rothschild. She was the only daughter of the vintner Baron Philippe de Rothschild, a member of the Rothschild banking dynasty. In 2013, she was given a lifetime achievement award by the Institute of Masters of Wine.

Rothschild was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris. She was married twice and had three children; Camille, Philippe and Julien. She was made an Officier of the Legion of Honour () in 2007.

Rothschild died on 23 August 2014 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
* Philippine de Rothschild at the Château Mouton Rothschild website
North Queensland Cowboys

The **North Queensland Cowboys** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Townsville, Queensland. They were founded in 1992. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2015 against the Brisbane Broncos.

## Other websites
*
St George Illawarra Dragons

**St George Illawarra Dragons** is an Australian professional rugby league club. It was formed in 1998 by the merger (joining together) of the St George Dragons and the Illawarra Steelers. The team has two home grounds: Jubilee Oval in Kogarah, and WIN Stadium in Wollongong. The Dragons play in the National Rugby League (NRL) competition. They have won the NRL Premiership once, defeating Sydney Roosters in the 2010 Grand Final.

## Other websites
*
Manly Warringah Sea Eagles

The **Manly Warringah Sea Eagles** is an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1946. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won eight premierships, most recently in 2011.

Manly Sea Eagles have won 8 Grand Finals:

* 1972
* 1973
* 1976
* 1978
* 1987
* 1996
* 2008,
* 2011
Their home ground is Brookvale Oval, which is affectionately known by locals as "Fortress Brookie".

## Other websites
* 
*Northern Beaches Council - Brookvale Oval
Magi (manga)

is a Japanese manga series. It was written and illustrated by . The anime version is by A-1 Pictures. Season 1 began in October, 2012 and ended in March, 2013. Season 2 started in October, 2013 and ended in March, 2014. The season 2 title was ***Magi: The Kingdom of Magic***.

## Characters 
;Alibaba Saluja()
:Voice: Yūki Kaji
Alibaba Saluja is the main character of *Magi.* He is a “King Vessel”, a special human that was chosen by a Magi. He is a young man that wants to capture the dungeon in Qishan. After finding his life changing friend Aladdin, he uses this opportunity after watching Aladdin’s genie in action to go together and capture the dungeon. 
;Aladdin()
:Voice: Kaori Ishihara
Aladdin is a main character of *Magi.* He is a “Magi”, a special magician who chooses kings. He is a strange boy who is a traveler and has a flute that has a djinn, or a genie that can be summoned upon blowing on it, along with a magical carpet which he can use to fly.
;Morgiana()
:Voice: Haruka Tomatsu
Morgiana is the heroine of *Magi.* She is a part of Alibaba’s household, gaining some powers from the djinn Amon, which Alibaba has captured. She is a former slave that was tortured, but saved by Alibaba and Aladdin.
;Sinbad()
:Voice: Daisuke Ono
Sinbad is the main character of the spin off series *Adventure of Sinbad* and a special man. He is a first class singularity that captured seven dungeons meaning he has seven djinns.
;Jafar()
:Voice: Takahiro Sakurai
;Masrur()
:Voice: Yoshimasa Hosoya
;Ren Hakuryū()
:Voice: Kenshō Ono
;Ren Hakuei()
:Voice: Nana Mizuki
;Ren Kōgyoku()
:Voice: Kana Hanazawa
;Ren Kōen()
:Voice: Yuichi Nakamura
;Ren Kōha()
:Voice: Tetsuya Kakihara
;Scheherazade()
:Voice: Maaya Sakamoto
;Titus Alexius()
:Voice: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka
;Matal Mogamett()
:Voice: Chō
;Judar()
:Voice: Ryohei Kimura
;Yunan()
:Voice: Akira Ishida

## References 
## Other websites 
*Manga official website  
*Anime official website
New Zealand Warriors

The **New Zealand Warriors** are a New Zealand professional rugby league team. The team is based in Auckland, New Zealand. They were founded in 1995. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have not won any premierships. They are the only non-Australian team in the NRL.

## Other websites
*
Superposition principle

s (diagonal lines) from a distant source and waves from the waves of the ducks. Linearity holds only approximately in water and only for waves with small amplitudes relative to their wavelengths.]]
In physics, the **superposition principle** states that if there are two or more stimuli at a given point in time, the response will be the result of adding all the responses. This only applies to linear systems. Since many systems can be modelled as linear systems, the principle has many applications in physics and engineering.

Superposition principle: The principle states that the total force on a given charge is the vector of the individual forces exerted on the given charge by all other charges. Each individual force between any two charges is calculated from Coulomb's law tattoos and is not affected by the presence of other charges
Black box

A **black box**, in science and engineering, is a box whose inside working is not known.

It is a device, system or object with input and output.  There is no knowledge of its internal workings. The way it works is "opaque" (black).  Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human brain.

Ashby expains that the term arose when a decision had to be made about opening an engineering box. The question was whether to return the box for repair, or just scrap it. Could this be decided without opening the box? There can be many reasons why a complex system cannot be repaired in the field, and even opening up some systems is a big deal. The question also comes up in surgery on brain damage patients. The more that can be discovered before operating, the better.p86

The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic can be seen. It is sometimes known as a clear box, a glass box, or a white box.

## References
Interdisciplinarity

**Interdisciplinarity** is when two or more subjects (academic disciplines) join up. This happens when a problem overlaps traditional academic boundaries. Other terms which mean almost the same thing are **multidisciplinarity** and **crossdisciplinarity**.

An examples makes clear what is meant:

*In order to investigate living cells, these subjects joined together: genetics, physics, chemistry, cytology.

:When they joined up, the field they formed was called cell biology at the level of cells, or molecular biology at the level of macromolecules.

Other examples include artificial intelligence, cultural studies,  cybernetics, computational linguistics, biomedical engineering, and so on. Physical chemistry, biochemistry and astrophysics  must have been some of the first.

In many universities, traditional departments (e.g. botany, zoology) were scrapped, and new broader departments like 'School of biological sciences' were formed. Inside this umbrella, research and teaching teams were based on interdisciplinary problems, such as ecology or cell division or Earth history. There are some necessary specialities which do not fit easily into the new system. Examples are taxonomy (you still need people to identify animals) and areas like parasitology and agricultural botany. 

A system which works in some universities is to appoint staff to the Schools (usually Humanities, Science. Social sciences and Technology) and let the staff join those groups which best fit their expertise.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Holism
Ángel Di Maria

**Ángel Fabián Di María** (; born 14 February 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a right winger or attacking midfielder for Ligade Argentina Club  Rosario Central and the Argentina national team. He is a prolific winger, and can play as either a winger or attacking midfielder.

## Career 
After beginning his career with Rosario Central, Di María moved to Europe in 2007 to play for Benfica of the Portuguese Primeira Liga. He made a €25 million move to Real Madrid three years later, in 2010. After winning the UEFA Champions League with Real Madrid in 2014, he signed for Manchester United in summer 2014 for a national record £59.7 million. 
In summer 2015, he signed a 4 year contract with Paris Saint-Germain for €63 million.

A full international for Argentina since 2008, Di María has earned over 50 caps for his country. He scored the goal that gave Argentina first place at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, and has also represented them at two World Cups and the 2011 Copa América, 2015 Copa América, and the 2016 Copa América Centenario.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
:''Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Di María goal''

## Honours 
**Benfica**
* Primeira Liga: 2009–10
* Taça da Liga: 2008–09, 2009–10
* Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2023

**Real Madrid**
* La Liga: 2011–12
* Copa del Rey: 2010–11, 2013–14
* Supercopa de España: 2012
* UEFA Champions League: 2013–14
* UEFA Super Cup: 2014

**Paris Saint-Germain**
* Ligue 1: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2021–22
* Coupe de France: 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2020–21
* Coupe de la Ligue: 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20
* Trophée des Champions: 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020

**Argentina U20**
* FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2007

**Argentina Olympic**
* Olympic Games: 2008

**Argentina**
* FIFA World Cup: 2022
* Copa América: 2021
* CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions: 2022

**Individual**
* Argentine Footballer of the Year: 2014
* FIFA FIFPro World11: 2014
* FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2014
* IFFHS CONMEBOL Team of the Decade 2011–2020
* UEFA Team of the Year: 2014
* ESM Team of the Year: 2015–16, 2019–20
* UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2013–14
* UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2019–20
*UEFA Europa League top assist provider: 2009–10
* Primeira Liga top assist provider: 2009–10
* La Liga top assist provider: 2013–14
* Ligue 1 top assist provider: 2015–16, 2019–20 2018–19

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Watertown, Massachusetts

**Watertown** is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the greater Boston area. The population was 35,329 at the 2020 census. 

## History 
The area of Watertown was inhabited for thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from England. The tribes of the Pequossette and the Nonantum, had settlements on what is now called the Charles River. The Pequossette built a fishing weir to trap herring. This was at the site of the current Watertown Dam. Every year the alewife and blueback herring swim upstream from their adult home in the sea. this is to spawn in the fresh water where they came from.

The first settlement of Watertown  was at the Saltonstall Plantation in 1630. This was one of the earliest of the Massachusetts Bay settlements. It was begun by a group of settlers led by Richard Saltonstall and the Rev. George Phillips. It was officially incorporated that same year. The alternate spelling "Waterton" is seen in some early documents.

The first buildings were on land that is now in the city of Cambridge. It was known as Gerry's Landing. For its first quarter century Watertown ranked next to Boston in population and area. Since then its city limits have been greatly reduced.

The Stanley Brothers built the first of their steam-powered cars, called Stanley Steamers, in Watertown in 1897.

## References 
## Other websites
* Watertown official website
* Armenian Library and Museum of America 
* Watertown Community Foundation
Antônio Ermírio de Moraes

**Antônio Ermírio de Moraes** (June 4, 1928 – August 24, 2014) was a Brazilian businessman. He was the chairman of the Votorantim Group; one of the country's largest companies, specialized in metals, paper, cement and frozen orange juice. He was the grandfather of IndyCar Series driver Mario Moraes. He ran for governor of São Paulo State in 1986, but lost the elections.

De Moraes died in São Paulo, Brazil from heart failure, aged 86.
Larry Kramer

**Larry Kramer** (June 25, 1935 &ndash; May 27, 2020) was an American screenwriter, film producer, playwright, author, and public health and LGBT rights activist. He began his career rewriting scripts while working for Columbia Pictures. There he wrote the screenplay for the 1969 film *Women in Love*. He earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work.

Kramer was openly gay. In 1988, he was diagnosed with hepatitis B and HIV. He had a liver transplant in 2001.

His brother was Arthur Kramer (1927&ndash;2008), a lawyer.

Kramer died of pneumonia in New York City on May 27, 2020. He was 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gandhi (movie)

***Gandhi*** is a 1982 British and Indian biographical movie based on the life of Indian activist Mohandas Gandhi. It is directed and produced by Richard Attenborough. It was written by John Briley and some of it by Steven Spielberg. The music was composed by Ravi Shankar. The cinematography was by Billy Williams.

It stars Ben Kingsley as Gandhi. Other cast members include Roshan Seth, John Mills, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, Daniel Day-Lewis, Richard Griffiths, Martin Sheen, Nigel Hawthorne, Shane Rimmer, Athol Fugard, John Ratzenberger, Bernard Hill, Shriram Lagoo, Terrence Hardiman, Tom Alter, Om Puri, Alyque Padamsee and Candice Bergen. 

It was released on 30 November 1982 in India, on 2 December 1982 in the United Kingdom, and on 6 December 1982 in the United States. It raised $52,767,889 at the box office. It had a budget of $13 million. 

The movie was nominated for eleven Academy Award, winning eight. It won Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Director. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture and the BAFTA Award for Best Picture.

Attenborough said that the movie was his dream project. 

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* The Gandhi nobody knows  Gandhism.net
* How accurate is the movie Gandhi? Biography.com
Sheila Sim

**Sheila Beryl Grant Attenborough, Lady Attenborough** (5 June 1922 &ndash; 19 January 2016), known professionally by her maiden name **Sheila Sim**, was an English movie and stage actress. She was known for being the widow of the actor and director Richard Attenborough. She was a long-time funder of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. She was born in Liverpool, Lancashire.

Sim died after a two-year battle with dementia at a retirement home in London, England on 19 January 2016 at the age of 93.

## Some movies she was in
* *A Canterbury Tale* (1944)
* *Great Day* (1945)
* *Dancing with Crime* (1947)
* *The Guinea Pig* (1948)
* *Dear Mr. Prohack* (1949)
* *Pandora and the Flying Dutchman* (1951)
* *The Magic Box* (1951)
* *West of Zanzibar* (1954)
* *The Night My Number Came Up* (1955)

## References
## Other websites
* 

## Related pages
* Richard Attenborough
Columbus, Wisconsin

**Columbus** is a city in Columbia and Dodge counties in Wisconsin. It is in the south-central part of Wisconsin. The population was 5,540 at the 2020 census.

## References
Leonid Stadnyk

**Leonid Stepanovych Stadnyk** (; 5 August 1970 – 24 August 2014) was a Ukrainian farmer. He stood at 8 feet 5 inches or 2.57 meters. He was born in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR. Stadnyk was listed as the world's tallest living man according to Guinness World Records. 

Stadnyk died at the age of 44 on August 24, 2014 from a brain hemorrhage.

## References
## Other websites
* The Tallest Man: Leonid Stadnyk
Battering ram

A **battering ram** is a siege engine used in the past. It was used to break open the stone walls of castles or splinter their wooden gates.

In its simplest form, a battering ram is just a large, heavy log carried by several people and banged against an obstacle. The ram  damages the target if the big log hits the target again and again. Later rams were covered in the log with an arrow-proof, fire-resistant canopy mounted on wheels. Inside the canopy, the log was swung from chains or ropes.
 
Rams were great weapons of war against old fashioned wall-building materials such as stone and brick. These walls were weak in tension: they cracked when struck with sufficient force. With many blows, the cracks would grow steadily until a hole was created. Eventually, a breach would appear in the fabric of the wall. It would cause armed attackers to force their way through the gap.

The introduction in the later Middle Ages (around 1400s) of siege cannons causes the end of battering rams and other traditional siege weapons. Much smaller, hand-held versions of battering rams are still used today, however, by law enforcement officers and military personnel to bash open locked doors.
Hashim Khan

**Hashim Khan** (  &ndash; 18 August 2014) was a Pakistani squash player. He won the British Open Squash Championships (BOSC) a total of seven times, from 1951 to 1956, and then again in 1958. During the 1950s, the BOSC was the *de facto* squash world championship. The movie based on Khan's life *Keep Eye on Ball: The Hashim Khan Story* was released in 2009 and was directed by Josh Easdon.

Khan was born in Nawakille, a small village near Peshawar, British Raj (now Pakistan). He family were Pashtuns. During the 1960s, he moved to the United States and lived in Denver, Colorado. He had twelve children.

Khan died from congestive heart failure on 18 August 2014 in Aurora, Colorado. There are many disputes of his exact age but he is believed to have been at least 100.

## References
## Other websites
* Hashim Khan  at Squash Films 
*
Barry Dickins

**Barry Dickins** (born 1949) is an Australian artist and writer of books and plays.

He was born in Reservoir, which is part of Melbourne. He left school early and worked in a factory. Later he painted sets and backgrounds for television programs. His first play, *Ghosts*, was performed in 1974 at La Mama Theatre. He has written many more plays. His play *Remember Ronald Ryan* won the 1995 Victorian Premier's Literary Award. He has also written short stories, biography, other non-fiction and children's books. Barry is known to use many 'half rhymes' in his work.
## Dickins' books and plays 
**Drama**
* *The Banana Bender and The death of Minnie*. (Currency, 1981) 
* *Lennie Lower*. (Yackandandah, 1982) 
* *One woman shoe*. (Yackandandah, 1984) 
* *The Bridal Suite and Mag and Bag: Two plays*. (Yackandandah, 1985)  
* *Beautland*. (Currency, 1985) 
* *The Golden Goldenbergs*. (1986)
* *The Fool’s Shoe Hotel*. (Yackandandah, 1987) 
* *Royboys*. (Currency, 1987) 
* *Remember Ronald Ryan*. (Currency, 1994) 

**Stories**
* *Post Office Restaurant and Other Stories*. (Pascoe, 1992) 

**Non fiction**
* *The Gift of the Gab: Stories from the life of Barry Dickins*. (1981; Penguin, 1987) 
* *What the Dickins! A symposium of pieces from the low life*. (Penguin, 1985) 
* *You’ll Only Go In for Your Mates*. (Allen & Unwin, 1991) 
* *Guts and Pity: The Hanging that ended Capital Punishment in Australia*. (Currency Press, 1996) 
* *Ordinary Heroes: Personal Recollections of Australians at War*. (Hardie Grant Books, 1999) 
* *Articles of Light: Reflections on lowlifes, ratbags and angels*. (Penguin, 2000) 
* *Black and Whiteley: Barry Dickins in search of Brett.* (Hardie Grant Books, 2002)  Review 

'''Children's books'*
* *My grandmother*. (Penguin, 1989) 
* *My grandfather: Years of hope and vigour*. (Penguin, 1993) 
* *Joey: A dog for all seasons*. (Puffin, 1995) 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Interview from *The Age''
* Drawings
* Saint Dymphna's Bells  Poem
Zugzwang

**Zugzwang** is a chess term. It  means a situation where any move by a player will weaken the player's position.  The fact that the player is compelled to move means that their position will become significantly weaker.

For example...

;Black to play
**1. ...  Kd7** and White cannot win:

**2. c6+  Kc7**

**3. Kc5  Kc8**

**4. Kd6  Kd8** (opposing the king)

**5. c7+  Kc8

**6. Kc6** is stalemate

;White to play

But if it is White to play in the original position, he can win by zugzwang:

**1. Kc6!** and now Black must move his king, for example

**1.....  Kd8**

**3. Kb7'''  and queens the pawn.

## Mutual zugzwang 
There are positions where either player to move will lose.

On the following diagram, Whichever king moves, he loses his pawn and the opponent will win the game.

## History 
The concept of zugzwang was known in the old forms of chess, like shatranj. We know this because there are some Arabic chess problems which use the idea.

The term itself comes from the 19th century in a German chess magazine. Its first use in English was in the early 20th century.

## References
Inga Juuso

**Inga Juuso** (5 October 1945 &ndash; 23 August 2014) was a Sami singer and actress from Norway. She appeared and performed in the movie *The Kautokeino Rebellion* (2008). She was known from her own band performances in the genres of jazz and joik. She did recordings and collabs with many Norwegian musicians like Håkon Mjåset Johansen and Jørn Øien.

Juuso was born in Mosjøen. She was a Sámi woman, an ethnic group indigenous to Scandinavia. She was awarded the title of Spellemannprisen in 2011.

Juuso died after a long illness on 23 August 2014, aged 69.

## References
## Other websites
*
Zwischenzug

In chess, **zwischenzug** (German for "intermediate move") is a common tactic : instead of countering a direct threat, which the opponent expects, a move is played which poses an even more devastating threat, often an attack against the queen or the king. The opponent has to counter that threat first, and this will ideally change the situation to his disadvantage.

Borisenkov-Mezenev (diagram, Black to play), went 1... f2, threatening to queen, which White countered with 2. Rg8, intending 3. Rf8+. But White resigned after the zwischenzug 2... Bb1! which allows Black to queen (3. Kb1 f1Q+ or 3. Rf8+ Bf5).
Tumbleweed (band)

**Tumbleweed** is an Australian rock group formed in 1990 in Tarrawanna. Three of their studio albums appeared on the ARIA Albums Chart: *Tumbleweed* (No.&nbsp;48, 13 December 1992), *Galactaphonic* (No.&nbsp;6, May 1995), and *Return to Earth* (No.&nbsp;11, 1 September 1996). Three releases reached the top&nbsp;50 on the related ARIA Singles Chart: "Sundial (Maryjane)" (1993), "Gyroscope" (1994), and "Hang Around" (1995). 

They supported United States grunge group, Nirvana, on their January 1992 tour of Australia, and reached the mainstream with their crunchy-psychedelia style. They also supported tours by Rollins Band (June 1994) and  Monster Magnet (February to March 1996).

## Other websites
* 
* Tumbleweed - Sounds From The Other Side 
* "Tumbleweed" on International Music Concepts website, archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Accessed on 19 October 2013.
* "Tumbleweed : July 2000 Australian tour" profile at National Library of Australia
Ramón Echarren Istúriz

**Ramón Echarren Istúriz** (November 13, 1929 &ndash; August 25, 2014) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop.

Istúriz ordained to the priesthood in 1958. Istúriz was appointed titular bishop of 'Diano' and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid, Spain, in 1969. 

In 1978, he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias and retired in 2005.

## References
Quentin Crisp

**Quentin Crisp** (born **Denis Charles Pratt**, 25 December 1908 – 21 November 1999) was an English writer and actor.

Denis Charles Pratt was born in Sutton, Surrey. She was openly gay and was very camp. She changed her name to Quentin Crisp after leaving home to move to London when she was 21. She was a male prostitute for about six months. In 1942, she started doing life modelling for art students. She wrote about her life, including The Naked Civil Servant. In 1981 she moved to Manhattan.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Tak province

**Tak** () is one of the northern provinces (*changwat*) of Thailand. As of 2013, 532,353 people live there, and it has an area of 16,406.6 km². The Governor is Charoenrit Sa-nguansat.

Tak's neighbouring provinces are (clockwise from north) Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi. The western edge of Tak borders Kayin State of Myanmar.

The highest temperature in Thailand, happened in April 2023: 45.7 degrees Celsius.

## Administrative divisions
Tak has 9 districts (*amphoe*), 63 subdistricts (*tambon*) and 493 villages (*muban*).

## References
Tom Pevsner

**Thomas** "**Tom**" **Pevsner** (2 October 1926 &ndash; 19 August 2014) was a British assistant movie director and producer. His career lasted from 1953 until 1995. His best known movies were *The Ladykillers* (1955), *The Longest Day* (1962) and *The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes* (1970) and *Dracula* (1979). He also worked on a 
number of *James Bond* movies between 1981 and 1995.

Pevsner was born in Dresden, Saxony. His father was the scholar Nikolaus Pevsner. Because they were of Jewish descent the Pevsner family fled to the United Kingdom in 1933.

Pevsner died on 19 August 2014 in London, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
*
Christian Bourquin

**Christian Bourquin** (; 7 October 1954 &ndash; 26 August 2014) was a French politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party. He has been the president of the Regional Council of Languedoc-Roussillon from 2010 until his death in 2014. He served as Mayor of Millas from 1995 through 2001. He was born at Saint-Féliu-d'Amont, Pyrenees-Orientales.

Bourquin died in Montpellier, Hérault, France, aged 59.

## References
## Other websites
* Christian Bourquin official blog
Jason Wingreen

**Jason Wingreen** (October 9, 1920 &ndash; December 25, 2015) was an American actor. Wingreen is best known for his role as Harry Snowden on the television sitcom *All in the Family* and its continuation series, ''Archie Bunker's Place*. He was also known for making the voice of Boba Fett in the 1997 Star Wars movie *The Empire Strikes Back''.

Wingreen died on December 25, 2015 in Los Angeles, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
Carl Vinson

**Carl Vinson** (November 18, 1883 – June 1, 1981) was an American politician. He served as a Representative from Georgia. He was a Democrat. He was the first person to serve for more than 50 years in the United States House of Representatives. He was known as "The Father of the Two-Ocean Navy".

## Other websites
* University of Georgia brief biography 
* University of Georgia Profile of Carl Vinson 
* Congressional Biography
* entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia 
* United States Navy website:  USS CARL VINSON 
* Mercer University Press, "Carl Vinson Patriarch of the Armed Forces," 2004 
* Vinson Institute Press, "Carl Vinson:  A Legacy of Public Service," 2002
Alfredo Martini

**Alfredo Martini** (18 February 1921 &ndash; 25 August 2014) was an Italian cyclist and coach. He won a stage in the 1950 Giro d'Italia. He was a professional cyclist from 1941 until 1957. He was later the coach of the Italian national cycling team from 1975 until 1997.

Martini was born in Florence. He retired from coaching in 1997.

Martini died from natural causes on 25 August 2014 in Sesto Fiorentino, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Alfredo Martini at ProCyclingStats
Ukraine Today

**Ukraine Today** is a satellite television channel from Ukraine. It broadcasts in English. In the future it will broadcast in Russian. It is owned by 1+1 Media Group. The channel's headquarters is in Kyiv.

## Beginning 
Ukraine Today began on the 14th August 2014, live on YouTube and the Eutelsat Hotbird satellite. It showed a testcard and words telling people how to receive the channel. On Independence Day in Ukraine, the 24th August, the channel launch officially, and began to show news.

## Format 
Ukraine Today says that it focuses on Ukrainian current affairs, EU expansion, Russia's relations with Europe and America, and the difficulties of building a country in the 21st century.

Ukraine Today started broadcasting with a *Euronews*-style, with no presenters or studio, just videos of the news. Once more staff are employed, Ukraine Today will become a more traditional channel with a studio and presenters.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*1+1 Media Group page
* 
* 
* 
* Ukraine Today  on VKontakte
Jamie Whitten

**Jamie Lloyd Whitten** (April 18, 1910September 9, 1995) was an American politician. He served as a United States Representative from Mississippi. He was the second-longest serving U.S. Representative ever and the fifth longest serving U.S. member of Congress ever.

## Other websites
*NNDB profile
Regina Cyclone

The **Regina Cyclone** is another name for the tornado that hit Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada on the 30th of June, 1912. It killed 28 people, making it the deadliest Canadian tornado and left about 2,500 people homeless. Starting around 4:50pm, forming 18 kilometres south of the city. The tornado moved 12 kilometres north before vanishing. The Regina Cyclone was rumored to be 150 metres wide. The tornado was estimated to have been an F4 on the Fujita scale, and it was strong enough to cause 4.5 million dollars in damage to the area.

## Related pages
* List of Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
Linear system

In mathematics and systems theory, a **linear system** is one that can be described with linear mappings alone. Most systems found in nature don't have this property, they are called *non-linear*.
Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

***Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare*** is a first person shooter video game. It was developed by Sledgehammer Games. It is published by Activision and Square Enix for Japan. *Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare* was released on November 3, 2014, for people who pre-ordered the game and wish to have "Day Zero Access". It was released on November 4, 2014, for others. The game was released on the Xbox One, PS4, PC, Xbox 360 and PS3. This is the first Call of Duty game that wasn't released on Nintendo systems since Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.

## Gameplay
*Call of Duty Advanced Warfare* will have changes in gameplay. One change is the Exo-Skeleton suit. It gives powers such as Boost Sliding, Dodging, Jumping, and so on. Weapons in multiplayer can be earned through supply drops or by ranking up. The gameplay is very similar to *Black Ops 2*.

The campaign will have an upgradable Exo-Skeleton suit. It can be upgraded with upgrade points. Whenever you complete an exo challenge (getting 500 kills, headshots, etc.), you earn one upgrade point.

## Story 
In 2054, a terrorist group named the KVA makes a worldwide attack. It destroys nuclear reactors of countries, like the United States. Many countries' military and governments including electricity and technology were broken. That keeps the countries from being able to fight the attack made by the KVA. Private militaries have become the new attackers on the enemy. Jack Mitchell (Troy Baker) is a former U.S. Marine. He lost his left arm during a battle in South Korea. He joins Atlas, the world's most powerful private military with the biggest technologies on the planet.

## Making 
Shortly after Sledgehammer Games stopped helping Infinity Ward to finish Modern Warfare 3, Sledgehammer Games started working on Advanced Warfare.