open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Barium iodate

**Barium iodate** is an ionic compound made of barium and iodate ions. The chemical formula is . The molar mass is around 487.13 g/mol. It can form the monohydrate salt when exposed to moisture or water. It can be made when barium (metal or basic compound) reacts with iodic acid.

## Formation and decomposition of barium iodate
It is usually made when barium chlorate reacts with potassium iodate to make barium iodate and potassium chlorate.
:The balanced chemical equation is:
:

It can also be made when barium hydroxide reacts with iodic acid to make barium iodate and water.
:The balanced chemical equation is:
:

It decomposes around 580&nbsp;°C or above (it is known as Rammelsberg's reaction):
:The balanced chemical equation is:
:

## Related pages
*Barium iodide
Parizad Shaikh

**Parizad Shaikh** is an Indian and Australian writer and teacher. She is a teacher in the Technical and Further Education (TAFE) system and has worked at Monash University. Her notable book are *Kimaya* and *Almo*.

## Early life and career 
Parizad was born in Navi Mumbai, India. She grew up there and studied biotechnology, mathematics, and education in college.

Parizad started writing during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. She has written two books. Her book *Kimaya was* published in 2023*,* which is a memoir about her life and her recovery from personal problems.

## References
Tushar Durgeshbhai Shukla

**Tushar Durgeshbhai Shukla** (born 29 June 1955) is an Indian poet, writer, and media personality. He is known for his work in Gujarati literature and for promoting Gujarati language and culture. In 2025, he received the Padma Shri, one of India’s highest civilian awards, for his contribution to literature and education.

## Early life and education
Tushar Shukla was born into a family with a strong interest in literature. His father, Durgesh Shukla, was a Gujarati playwright, writer, and poet. He studied in the Gujarati medium at Swastik Shishu Vihar School in Ahmedabad. He later studied Gujarati and English literature at St. Xavier’s College, Ahmedabad, and completed a master’s degree at the School of Languages, Gujarat University. He also earned a law degree (LLB), but did not work as a lawyer.

## Selected works 
* *Tari Hatheli Ne* (Poetry)
* *Maaro Varsad* (Poetry)
* *Puchhine Thay Nahi Prem* (Poetry)

## References
Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid

**Pandit Ganeshwar Shastri Dravid** is an Indian Vedic scholar, astrologer, and Sanskrit teacher from Kashi (Varanasi) in Uttar Pradesh. He is known for his work in Vedic studies, Hindu rituals, and astrology. In 2025, he received the Padma Shri, india’s 4th highest civilian awards, for his contribution to literature and education.

## References
Extraterrestrials in Meitei culture

, is said to have spread on Earth prior to the creation of human beings. This narrative aligns with the concept of directed panspermia, wherein life is seeded on Earth by advanced extraterrestrial beings.

The puyas mention terms such as “Aatinga Koilou Sitapa” and “Talang Aatingpapu Eepung Loinapa Aapakpana talang malangna Im oina haina humna asumna leilingeita”, describing a cosmic being residing in infinite space-time, who orchestrated the emergence of terrestrial life. Life on Earth, including plants, animals, and humans, is depicted as being purposefully created to preserve and propagate the Lai race’s species.

## Role of the Laiyam 
The Laiyam are credited with introducing human civilization to Earth. The puyas describe Salailel Sitapa instructing his son Konsen Tulei Sengpa (Sanamahi) to begin the creation of life, including humans, in specific regions known as the chaks. These beings spread life across the planet, ensuring species survival and continuity, and left knowledge of the cosmos for humanity to preserve.

The texts further indicate that the Laiyam monitored and managed early life, intervening when intelligent beings threatened the balance or exhibited destructive tendencies. One such account involves the annihilation of the Saloi Phulup, an earlier humanoid race, suggesting that the Laiyam maintained order and prevented interference with their cosmic plan.

## Extraterrestrial origins of knowledge and life 
In the Meitei worldview, the alphabet, human bloodlines, and natural resources are all seen as extensions of the cosmic order established by the Laiyam. The Eyek Epee Mayek/Laiyek, representing the seven bloodline lineages (Yek Salai/Meitei confederacy), and the concepts of Aatinga (Meitei letter for "A"), the cheising eyek Ama (Meitei numeral one) are symbolic of life originating from the sky or outer space.

The puyas emphasize the responsibility of humans to preserve life, knowledge, and the planet, reflecting the purposes of the Laiyam in seeding Earth with intelligent life. Human civilization, according to these texts, is both a vessel for the continuation of life and a repository of cosmic knowledge.

## Importance in Meitei culture 
 is one of the Ancient Meitei scriptures that mention about the extraterrestrial life.]]

The accounts of extraterrestrial intervention in the Meitei puyas serve as an early conceptualization of life originating from beyond Earth. The Laiyam, through their descent from the sky, are central to the Meitei understanding of creation, human responsibility, and the transmission of knowledge. Rituals such as Lai Haraoba commemorate these acts, preserving narratives of the cosmic origins of life and civilization.

## Related pages 
* Ancient Meitei literature
* Ancient Meitei religion
* Meitei deities
* Ancient Meitei hymns
* Meitei ritual songs
* Meitei astronomy
* Leichillon
* Meitei philosophy
* Meitei mythology
* Meitei folklore
* Meitei folktales

## Bibliography 
* 
* 
## References
Alien: Specimen

***Alien: Specimen***, originally ***Alien: The Greenhouse Effect***, is a short film based on the science fiction action media franchise *Alien*. Released via *IGN* on April 5, 2019 for the 40th anniversary of the franchise, the film was written by Federico Fracchia and directed by Kelsey Taylor, through Tongal Studios and 20th Century Fox. Starring Jolene Andersen, Goose, and Aubrey Wakeling, the film follows botanist Julie and her dog Maggie as they attempt to escape a xenomorph facehugger. 

*Alien: Specimen* received generally good reviews from critics.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* *Alien: Specimen* at IGN
* *Alien: Specimen* at Tongal Studios
* *Alien: Specimen* at 20th Century Fox YouTube
Vladimir-Suzdal

The **Grand Principality of Vladimir** (before 1157 the **Principality of Suzdal**), also known as Vladimir-Suzdal, was a medieval principality established after the dissolution of Kievan Rus'. In historical terms, the territory of this grand principality is also known as **northeast Rus**'.

The principality was formed in the 12th century, centered in Suzdal and then Vladimir. Over time, it evolved into a Grand Principality divided into several smaller principalities. After being conquered by the Mongol Empire, it became an autonomous state led by its nobility. However, the Golden Horde's Khan (jarlig) granted the ruler from any of the smaller principalities' noble families.

Vladimir-Suzdal is traditionally considered the origin of the Russian, and gradually developed into the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

The following is the list of the Grand Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal:

* 1168 - 1174: Andrey Bogolyubsky, First Grand Prince of Vladimir, son of Yuri Dolgorouki

* 1174 - 1176: Michel Ier, son of Yuri Dolgorouki

* 1176 - 1212: Vsevolod III Yuryevich, eleventh son of Yuri Dolgorouki

* 1212 - 1216: Yuri II, third son of Vsevolod the Great

* 1216 - 1218: Constantine I, eldest son of Vsevolod the Great

* 1218 - 1238: Yuri II

* 1238 - 1246: Yaroslav II, fourth son of Vsevolod the Great

* 1246 - 1248: Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich, sixth son of Vsevolod the Great

* 1248 - 1249: Mikhail Yaroslavich Khorobrit, known as "The Thief," the eldest son of Yaroslav II

* 1249 - 1252: Andrey Yaroslavich, the third son of Yaroslav II

* 1252 - 1263: Alexander Nevsky, the fourth son of Yaroslav II of Russia

* 1264 - 1271: Yaroslav III, son of Yaroslav II

* 1272 - 1277: Vassili I of Kostroma, son of Yaroslav II

* 1277 - 1294: Dimitri I of Pereslavl, the second son of Alexander Nevsky

* 1294 - 1304: Andrey Alexandrovich, son of Alexander Nevsky

* 1304 - 1318: Michael III of Tver, the second son of Yaroslav III

* 1318 - 1322: Yuri III of Moscow

* 1322 - 1325: Dimitri II of Tver

* 1326 - 1327: Alexander II of Tver

* 1328 - 1341: Ivan I of Moscow

* 1341 - 1353: Simeon of Moscow

* 1353 - 1359: Ivan II of Moscow

* 1359 - 1362: Dimitri III Constantinovich
Unqork

**Unqork** is an American software company based in New York City. It develops a no-code development platform that allows users to build business applications without writing computer code. The platform is mainly used by companies in finance, insurance, healthcare, and government.

## History 
Unqork was founded in 2017 by Gary Hoberman, a former technology executive at MetLife.

In 2020, the company completed several large funding rounds and became valued at more than $2 billion.

## Platform 
The Unqork platform lets users create software by using a visual interface instead of traditional programming. It includes tools for integration with other systems and online services.

## References
Shuraa

**Shuraa Management & Consultancy** (often called **Shuraa**) is a business services company based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The company helps people and organizations start and manage businesses in the UAE. Its main services include company formation, business licensing, visa processing, and office support.

## History 
Shuraa was founded on 23 September 2001 by Emirati entrepreneur Saeed Khalifa Mohammed Al Fuqaei.

The company expanded over the years and opened business centers in different areas of Dubai. In 2023, Shuraa reported that it had helped to set up more than 4,000 companies in Dubai.

## Services 
Shuraa provides services for new and existing businesses. These include company registration, trade license support, visa and PRO services, tax and accounting assistance, and help with bank account opening.

## References
Spidertracks

**Spidertracks** was a technology company from New Zealand that created tracking and communication systems for the aviation industry. Its products were mainly used by general aviation pilots and aircraft operators.

## History 
The company was founded in 2007 by James McCarthy. Spidertracks developed small GPS tracking devices that could send real-time flight information through the Iridium satellite constellation.

In 2020, Spidertracks launched a new device called Spider X.
In 2023, Spidertracks merged with the aviation software company Air Maestro to create a combined business focused on aviation safety and operations. In early 2025, Spidertracks became part of Vellox Group.

## References
Alien: Night Shift

***Alien: Night Shift*** is a short film based on the science fiction action media franchise *Alien*. Released via *IGN* on April 12, 2019 for the 40th anniversary of the franchise, the film was written and directed by Aidan Brezonick, through Tongal Studios and 20th Century Fox. Starring Amber Gaston, Terrance Keith Richardson, Christopher Murray, and Tanner Rittenhouse, the film follows the residents of the mining colony as they find themselves in the midst of a xenomorph outbreak. A director's cut was then released on November 24, 2020.

*Alien: Night Shift* received good reviews from its critics.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* *Alien: Night Shift* at IGN
* *Alien: Night Shift* at 20th Century Fox YouTube
Likewise, Inc.

**Likewise, Inc.** is an American technology company that operates a social platform for recommendations. Users can find and save suggestions for movies, TV shows, books, and podcasts.

## History 
The company was founded in 2017 by former Microsoft employees Larry Cohen, Ian Morris, and Michael Dix. The project received early support from the private office of Bill Gates.

Likewise launched publicly in 2018. During 2020, the platform grew quickly and reached more than one million users.

## Applications 
Likewise is available as a mobile application for Android and iOS. It also offers applications for smart TV platforms that help users organize content across different streaming services.

## References
Alien: Harvest

***Alien: Harvest*** is a short film based on the science fiction action media franchise *Alien*. Released via *IGN* on April 19, 2019 for the 40th anniversary of the franchise, the film was written by Craig Dewey and directed by Benjamin Howdeshell, through Tongal Studios and 20th Century Fox. Starring Agnes Albright, Jessica Clark, Adam Sinclair and James C. Burns, the film follows four survivors of a crippled vessel locked on a collision course with a comet, as they must contend with the Xenomorph loose on board.

*Alien: Harvest* received a generally positive critical reception.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* *Alien: Harvest* at IGN
* *Alien: Harvest* at 20th Century Fox YouTube
* *Alien: Harvest* at Tongal Studios YouTube
Wasl (company)

**Wasl** (Arabic: وصل, meaning “connection”) is a semi-government real estate management and development company based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is one of the largest property development and management organizations in Dubai.

## History 
Wasl was established on May 25, 2008 by the Dubai Real Estate Corporation (DREC). The company was created after the merger of two public sector bodies: the Dubai Development Board and the Dubai Real Estate Department.

Sheikh Maktoum Bin Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum was appointed chairman of Wasl. Hesham Abdulla Al Qassim became the vice chairman and chief executive officer.

In 2017, Wasl entered a partnership with the Dubai Integrated Economic Zones Authority to develop Dubai CommerCity, a specialized e-commerce free zone project.

## Activities 
Wasl develops and manages residential, commercial, and mixed-use properties across Dubai. The company is responsible for large housing communities, office buildings, hotels, and retail centers.

Through its subsidiaries, Wasl manages many well-known projects and properties in Dubai, including Wasl Properties, Wasl Hospitality & Leisure, and Dubai Golf.

## Subsidiaries 
One of the main divisions of Wasl is **Wasl Properties**. It manages tens of thousands of apartments and commercial units in different parts of Dubai, such as Deira, Bur Dubai, Jumeirah, and Al Barsha.

Wasl is also involved in hospitality and leisure projects, including hotels, golf courses, and tourism developments.

## References
ESIM

An **eSIM** (**embedded subscriber identity module**) is a form of SIM card that is used directly into a device onto an eUICC chip. It connects mobile network operators via remote SIM provisioning and users can change mobile network operators without needing to physically swap a SIM from the device. Most mobile phones released in 2018 or later have eSIM technology. Users can change plans or cellulars at any time online.

## History 
In February 2016, the Samsung Gear S2 Classic 3G was the first device to have an eSIM. In September 2022, the iPhone 14 series were the first iPhone models to replace the physical SIM card with eSIM in the United States.

On 9 September 2025, the iPhone 17, iPhone 17 Pro and iPhone 17 Pro Max were the first iPhone models to replace the physical SIM card with eSIM in 11 conturies such as Bahrain, Canada, Guam, Japan, Kuwait, Mexico, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and U.S. Virgin Islands. The iPhone Air was the first iPhone model to have eSIM-only in worldwide.

## References
North Yemen

**North Yemen** refers to the former Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990) and the Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962). It was located in what is now modern-day northern Yemen, in southern Arabian Peninsula.

Although the two nations never officially used the name "North Yemen", but this name was starting to be used to distinguish the two terrorities since 1967. Before 1967, North Yemen was simply called "Yemen". In 1970, South Yemen changed its name to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the two territories were called both North and South Yemen. They will eventually be unified in 1990, becoming a single nation.

In 1962, a civil war broke out in North Yemen, it lasted for 8 years between the royalists of the Kingdom of Yemen and the republicans of the Yemen Arab Republic. The republicans won and ruled the country until 1990 (unification).

## References
Huawei Mate 50

The **Huawei Mate 50** is a series of EMUI-based smartphone developed by Huawei. 

They were announced on September 6, 2022 and released on September 28, 2022.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Imperial Guard

**The Imperial Guard** of Government of Japan has been two separate organizations dedicated to the protection of the Japanese Imperial Family.

## History 
The Japanese Imperial Guard of the Imperial Japanese Army was formed in 1867. It became the foundation of the Imperial Japanese Army after the Emperor assumed all the powers of state during the Meiji Restoration.

In 1947, it was reorganized into the Imperial Guard Bureau of the National Police Department.

## References
Ferenc Machos

**Ferenc Machos** (30 June 1932 – 3 December 2006) was a Hungarian footballer. He was capped 29 times for Hungary, and played for them at the 1954 FIFA World Cup.

## References
## Other websites
*
Philosophy of Sanamahism

finds its explanation in the holy and sacred Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya text. is a religious aspect of Meitei philosophy. It focuses on the origin of life, the role of blood, and the spiritual traditions of the Meitei people of ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur).

## Life and blood 
Sanamahism emphasizes that blood (Ee) is essential for life. Blood is considered the origin of all living beings on Earth. This life-blood is called Sitapa Mapu, Ama, Yaibiren Sitapa, or Epuroi Sitapa. It flows through all living beings and is also manifested as Sanamahi, who is referred to as Sanamahi Mahirel. The Lai Haraoba dancing, dramatic (theatrical) and musical performances illustrate the development of a human body in the womb, showing early knowledge of fetal development and reproduction.

### Numerals and the concept of zero 
The Meitei numeral system reflects the development of life from Ama to birth. Phoon (zero) represents the empty womb after the creation of a new life, symbolizing the start of a new life cycle.

These ceremonies shows the sanctity of life, the role of blood, and the responsibility of humans to protect the planet.

## Related pages 
* Extraterrestrials in Meitei culture
* Ancient Meitei literature
* Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba
* Sanamahi Laihui
* Sanamahi Kachin
* Chang Thokpa
* Nongkhong Koiba
* Ngamu Usin
* Langlon
* Shintha Lamlen

## References
Destin Daniel Cretton

]]
**Destin Yori Daniel Cretton** (Born November 23, 1978) is an American filmmaker and director, known for his work on emotionally compelling and socially conscious films. He gained recognition with movies like *Short Term 12* (2013), which was critically acclaimed and showcased his talent for storytelling and character development. Cretton has also directed *The Glass Castle* (2017), an adaptation of Jeannette Walls' memoir, and *Just Mercy* (2019), a legal drama starring Michael B. Jordan and Jamie Foxx, based on the true story of Bryan Stevenson’s work to combat wrongful convictions. He is also best known for directing the Marvel Studios movie *Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings* (2021) and the upcoming *Spider-Man: Brand New Day* (2026).
Disappearance of Amy Billig

**Amy Billig** (January 9. 1957 – disappeared March 5, 1974) was an American high school student who disappeared while hitchhiking to her father's art studio in Coconut Grove, Florida, on March 5, 1957 at the age of 17.

## References
Police Federation of England and Wales

The **Police Federation of England and Wales** (**PFEW**) is the main staff association for police constables, sergeants, inspectors, chief inspectors and special constables in the 43 territorial police forces in England and Wales. 

Under UK labour law, the police cannot join ordinary trade unions to defend pay or working conditions, by the Police Act 1996, because of the idea that a police strike could pose a very high public safety risk. 

The PFEW was originally established by the Police Act 1919 as an alternative system, which would serve to represent staff, and where disputes could be resolved through arbitration so long as the government continued to bargain in good faith. 

The Federation is not a trade union, but operates similarly to one in practice, bargaining collectively with police forces and the Home Office.

## References
South Yemen Civil War

The **South Yemen Civil War** was a short, brief civil war occurred in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1986. It was between the supporters of Abdel Fattah lslaim and supporters of Ali Nasir Muhammad. It lasted for 11 days and killed 4,000 to 10,000 people (including Islami) and led to the fall of Ali Nasir. He was replaced by Haider Aboubaker al-Attas, a close partner with Islami. Around 60,000 people fled to North Yemen including Ali Nasir himself.
Gakuheitai

The ***Gakuheitai*** (額兵隊, "Western-style Army/Forehead Army) was a rifle unit with Western-style weapons, training, and uniforms founded in 1868 in the Sendai Domain, serving during the Boshin War on the side of the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei.

## Background 
Following the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei's defeat at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, the Sendai Domain, which had joined the faction due to its historical loyalty to the Shogun and its will to protect regional interests, found itself in danger. It was clear that it needed to intervene quickly if it wanted to survive the war. The Sendai Domain then began investing in equipping, training, and mobilizing its army. 

Samurai and Confucian scholar Hoshi Juntarō, who had studied Western infantry and artillery tactics under shogunate retainers was recalled and given the task of forming a new army adapted for modern warfare.

## The Gakuheitai 
The unit contained six platoons of roughly 800 men, composed of the second and third sons of various samurai clans. The unit was armed with British Sider-Enfield rifles, several field guns, and a howitzer purchased from arms dealers in Yokohama, where Hoshi had been stationed before being recalled. It was trained in linear formations and volley fire.

The unit also had engineers and a military band attached to it. The Gakuheitai wore distinct reversible red and black wool tunics inspired by the uniforms of the British Army and wore French-style kepis as headgear.

## In the Boshin War 
After the Sendai Domain surrendered in September 1868, Hoshi refused to do so, and the Gakuheitai marched to Sōma Nakamura Castle and occupied it. After being pleaded with by the Daimy*ō* of the Sendai Domain, Date Yoshikuni, to leave the castle, they complied, potentially preventing a fight.

After rumors spread that Hoshi had been assassinated by Yoshikuni, many members of the Gakuheitai deserted, causing a significant decrease in the unit's strength.

Enomoto Takeaki, who was an admiral of the Shogunate's navy at the time, anchored in Matsushima Bay and persuaded Hoshi to board his ship and sail to Ezo. About 250 members of the Gakuheitai followed Hoshi and sailed north to Hakodate, where the Gakuheitai had participated in the siege of Matsumae and the pursuit of Esashi. And later fighting, many to their deaths, in the Battle of Hakodate, most notably in Kikonai and Yabura.

The Gakuheitai were disbanded on May 18th 1869.

## References 
• Yoshikawa Kobunkan, Records of the Words and Deeds of Famous Generals of the Early Modern Era, 1934.

• Takahashi Korekiyo, Korekiyo's Testament: A Testament to the Japanese People, Mikasa Shobo, 1936.

• Ryoichi Hoshi, "Sendai Boshin War History: The Heroes Who Aimed for a Northern Government", 2008. ISBN 9784384041996.

• Kahoku Shimpo, The Honor of Ouu: 150 Years Since the Boshin War, 2019.
Trescasas

**Trescasas**, is a village of Spain located in the Province of Segovia, autonomous community of Castile and León.

In 2025 it had 1130 inhabitants and is located very close to the historic city of Segovia. It has two outlying districts: Sonsoto and La Atalaya.

## References
Yousef Aymen

**Yousef Aymen** (, born 21 March 1999) is a professional footballer. He plays as a center-back for Al Duhail. Born in Egypt, he plays for the Qatar national team.

Aymen has been capped 10 times for Qatar. He made his debut on 15 June 2023, in a 2–1 friendly win against Jamaica. He scored his first goal on 11 June 2024, in a 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification match against India. He was part of Qatar's team at the 2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

## Career statistics
### International goals
:''Scores and results list Qatar's goal tally first.''

## Honours
;Al-Duhail
*Qatar Stars League: 2016–17, 2022–23
*Qatari Stars Cup: 2022–23
*Qatar Cup: 2023
*Sheikh Jassim Cup: 2016

;Al Ahly
*Egyptian Super Cup: 2024
* FIFA African–Asian–Pacific Cup: 2024

## References
## Other websites
*
Adenomera simonstuarti

***Adenomera simonstuarti*** is a frog.  It lives in Peru and Brazil. Scientists think it may also live in  Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, and Venezuela.

## Body
The adult male frog is 26.2 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 25.2 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is gray-brown in color with darker marks from the middle of the back to the rear end. There is a tan-orange line from each eye to near the rear end. There is a dark stripe on each side of the body with a light stripe next to it. There are two dark marks under each eye. There are white spots on the mouth. The upper skin of the front feet are orange-red in color.  The belly is gray-white in color.

## Home
This frog lives on the ground and dead leaves on the ground in Amazon forests that have never been cut down and forests that are growing back. This frog can live in places that people have changed, for example cacao farms and places where people cut down some trees but not all of them. Scientists have seen this frog between  meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen these frogs in a protected places.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. In some places, human beings change the places where the frogs live to make farms, get wood to use, dig for oil and natural gas, and make places for animals to eat grass.

## First paper
*

## References
Arab Cold War

The **Arab Cold War** (Arabic: الحرب العربية الباردة ‎ al-Harb al-`Arabiyah al-bārdah) were series of conflicts in the Arab world between the new founded republics led by Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt backed by the Soviet Union and Arab nationalists, Arab socialists and Pan-Arabists against the traditional monarchists/kingdoms, which were supported by the United States and led by Faisal of Saudi Arabia. Early conflict happened after the 1952 Egyptian Revolution and the rise to power of Nasser, it lasted until the 1970s when he died.

## Related pages 
* Cold War
* Arab Spring
* Arab Revolt
* Arab Winter
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
Ángel Coerezza

**Ángel Norberto Coerezza** (24 October 1933 – 7 January 2026) was an Argentine football referee. He was a referee for the Argentine Football Association between 1953 and 1978. He also refereed matches at the 1970 and 1978 FIFA World Cups and the 1976 Summer Olympics, and was an assistant referee for the 1970 FIFA World Cup final.

Coerezza died on 7 January 2026, at the age of 92.

## References
Invermere

**Invermere** is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the Columbia Valley and is in East Kootenay regional district.

The population of Invermere was 3,917 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census. Invermere is known for its mountain scenery and closeness to Lake Windermere. Popular things to do are skiing and snowboarding on the Lake Windermere Whiteway and the Panorama Mountain Resort. Forestry and tourism are the main industries for the district.

Before Europeans, Kootenay and Secwépemc peoples in the area for years. Invermere is named after the Kyanuqǂiʔit word for "Prairie on a Hill".

## References 
## Other websites
*
Lantzville

**Lantzville** is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located on Vancouver Island and is in Nanaimo regional district.

The population of Lantzville was 3,817 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census. 

Before Europeans, members of the Snuneymuxw and Nanoose First Nations lived in the area for thousands of years. In 1916, Jack Grant's Nanoose Collieries Company discovered coal in the area and started to mine for it at Grant's Mine. In 1920, American company Nanoose-Wellington Collieries Company bough Grant's Mine. The name of the community was named Lantzville after the company's director Fraser Lantz. The mine was later shut down after the coal ran out. The district of Lantzville holds an annual event in town known as Minetown Days which celebrates the history of Lantzville.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Mackenzie, British Columbia

**Mackenzie** is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the Fraser–Fort George regional district.

The population of Mackenzie was 3,281 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census. Mackenzie is known for its important forestry, logging and lumber industries.

Before Europeans, members of the Tsay Keh Dene First Nation, McLeod Lake Indian Band, and Kaska Dena peoples lived in the area for thousands of years. They were present for the signing of Treaty 8, which was an agreement signed by both the British Crown and First Nations committed to peace and sharing. European contact came in the 1820s when the Hudson's Bay Company created a trading post in the area. After the Cariboo Gold Rush in 1870, the area saw an influx of settlers which boomed the population.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Peachland

**Peachland** is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the Central Okanagan regional district.

The population of Peachland was 5,789 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census. Right across from Peachland is Rattlesnake Island. The island doesn't have any rattlesnakes but is said to be the home to the legendary lake monster Ogopogo. The beach along Okanagan Lake is also a popular spot for people to visit.

Before Europeans, Syilx peoples lived in the area for hundreds of years. European contact was made in 1812 when settlers visited the area while on an expedition through the Okanagan. In 1884, Charles Lambly built a ranch and grow crops in the area. The area was then named Lambly’s Landing after him. Gus Hewitt decided to open the Gladstone Mine and it was then bought by J.M. Robinson. Robinson admired Lambly and his ranch, especially the many peaches that grew from the trees on his ranch. He decided to name the town Peachland after Lambly's peaches in 1898. Forestry and logging eventually took over mining as the town's main industries. In 1909, Peachland became a district municipality.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Special constable

A **special constable (SC)** can refer either to an auxiliary or part-time law enforcement officer; or a person who is granted certain (special) police powers.

, a special constabulary responsible for transit policing]]

In some jurisdictions, police forces are helped by a special constabulary, whose volunteer members have full police powers and hold the office of constable. In other jurisdictions, specifically Canada and parts of Australia, special constables are sworn peace officers granted police powers to enforce specific legislation in a distinct context or geographic area. 

In the past, and in different contexts, special constables have been paid or volunteer members of an ad-hoc reserve force or a permanent auxiliary, and have ranged from unarmed patrols to armed paramilitaries.

## References
Spallumcheen

**Spallumcheen** is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the Okanagan Valley and is in North Okanagan regional district. Spallumcheen is located between Vernon and Enderby.

The population of Spallumcheen was 5,307 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census. Spallumcheen is known for its many farmlands and important agricultural history in the district. Wheat, corn, barley, triticale and oat crops are regularly frown on the farmlands in the area.

In the 1860s, European contact was made during the Cariboo Gold Rush and they settled in the area. Many farmers in the area began to drain the swamplands in the area and used the soil for growing produce. On July 21, 1892, the district municipality of Spallumcheen was incorporated. The name Spallumcheen comes from the Shuswap word, meaning "beautiful valley." In 1907, many Chinese immigrants began to move to Spallumcheen who also began to build farms.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Port Hardy

**Port Hardy** is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located on Vancouver Island and is in Mount Waddington regional district.

The population of Port Hardy was 3,902 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census. 

Before Europeans, Kwakwakaʼwakw peoples lived in the area for years. They built Beaver Cove and it is the oldest known site of human habitation on Vancouver Island. In 1836, European contact was made when people aboard the steamship S.S. *Beaver* arrived. The Hudson Bay Company built Beaver Harbour, a fortified trading post in the area. They named it for Prince Rupert of the Rhine, who created the company. The fort has since been torn down. They named the area Port Hardy after HMS *Victory*'s Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Ahmed Moujahid

**Ahmed Moujahid** (; died 3 January 2026) was a Moroccan footballer. He was part of the Morocco team that won the 1976 African Cup of Nations. He also helped Wydad Casablanca win the Botola in the 1976–77 season.

Moujahid died on 3 January 2026.

## References
## Other websites
*
Algerian Civil War

The **civil war in Algeria** (1992–2002) was an internal armed conflict in Algeria which began in 1992 and ended in 2002. In this war, the country's government, founded after a coup d'état, faced Islamic militias/rebels.

## Why it happened 
In the late 1990s, President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid began a process of reforming the nation, which was already binded by the one-party system, led by the National Liberation Front, to a multi-party system.

The first round of the 1991 Algerian parliamentary election had shown the strong rising movement of Muslim groups, especially the Islamic Salvation Front.

On 11 January 1992, the election results were cancelled, some military generals (*janviéristes*) began a coup d'état, forcing Bendjedid to resign. The country's leadership was given to a military dictatorship led by Mohamed Boudiaf and another government body led by Prime Minister Sid Ahmed Ghozali. By declaring national emergency, the government suspended constitutional rights: every protest was surpressed in blood; many international organisation like Amnesty International, had reported human rights violations systematically and regular tortures.

After the Islamic Salvation Front's dissolution, according to an official order on 4 March, many Islamic groups created the terrorist Armed Islamic Group (*al-Jamāʿa al-Islāmiyya al-Musallaḥa*). The group's military action led to the hijacking event of Air France Flight 8969 at Houari Boumediene Airport in 1994 and the systemic murder of thousands of civilians.

President Boudiaf, who was assassinated on 29 June 1992, was succeeded by Ali Kafi.

## References
Sparwood

**Sparwood** is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located in both the Elk Valley and East Kootenay and is also in East Kootenay regional district.

The population of Sparwood was 3,990 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census. Sparwood is known for its important coal mining industry. It is home to the Terex Titan, the largest haul truck in the world at one point.

During the late 1800s-early 1900s, the coal industry was growing even more and because of this, three new communities were built: Michel, Natal and Sparwood. The area started as a stop for the railroad since before 1900. They named the area Sparwood because of the trees in the area were shipped and turned into spars for boats. By 1966, the Villages of Natal and Michel were contaminated by dust from coal and people abandoned the town to move to Sparwood.

On October 17, 2017, an ammonia leak at the Fernie Memorial Arena in Fernie killed three workers. The Fernie Ghostriders of the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League (KIJHL) decided to relocate to Sparwood and played in the Elk Valley Leisure Centre for the rest of the 2017–18 season.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Northern Rockies Regional Municipality

**Northern Rockies Regional Municipality** (**NRRM**) is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located in northeastern British Columbia and has its administrative office in Fort Nelson.

The population of NRRM was 3,947 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census. The NRRM is known for its important coal mining industry. 

Before Europeans, many tribes of indigenous peoples including the Dene, Cree, and Dane-zaa settled in the area for tens of thousands of years. They were present for the signing of Treaty 8, which was an agreement signed by both the British Crown and First Nations committed to peace and sharing. The Peace River-Liard Regional District was a regional district that divided to become a part of the **Fort Nelson-Liard Regional District** on October 31, 1987 and then eventually merged to become part of NRRM. It is the first regional municipality in the province of British Columbia.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict

The **Iraqi–Kurdish conflict** is an ongoing armed conflict between Iraq and the Kurdish people, it began in the 20th century immediately after the Ottoman Empire lost the First World War until the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, though smaller clashes are still occurring. Some pointed that Mahmud Barzanji's efforts to create an independent Kurdish kingdom as the start of the conflict but others think that it was in 1961 with a revolt by Barzanis.

## References
Atomic Age

of several writings including the Smyth report  — where the date 1946 precedes the mention "Year I of the Atomic Age".]]
The **Atomic Age** refers to the era that humans develop nuclear weapons and test it in the atmosphere and undergrounds. It began in 1942 with the Manhattan Project putting in place, including the ending of the Second World War by dropping two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and later on the Cold War.

This era can be ended by signing the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty which were signed by most countries on 24 September 1996. Though only three countries never signed it (North Korea, India and Pakistan) and another five nations who had signed but not ratified (China, Egypt, the United States, Iran and Israel).

## Notes
Second Empire of Haiti

**Second Empire of Haiti** was a former country that existed during 1849–1859 under rule of Faustin I.

On August 20, 1849 Haitian parliament proclaimed the president Faustin Soulouque emperor of Haiti. On September 20, 1849 the constitution was adopted. Emperor Faustin attempted to conquer Dominican Republic, which resulted a failure. Emperor had to abdicate because of uprising under lead of Fabbre Geffrard and monarchy got abolished on January 15, 1859. Geffrard has been elected president.

## References
Metchosin

**Metchosin** is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the Okanagan Valley and is in North Okanagan regional district.

The population of Metchosin was 5,067 as reported by the 2021 Canadian census. 

Before Europeans, members of the Scia’new First Nation lived in the area for thousands of years. The name Metchosin comes from the North Straits Salish language word *smets-shosin*, meaning "place of stinking fish". In 1790, European contact was made when the Spanish explorer Manuel Quimper arrived in the area while he was on his exploration of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. In 1861, the village built the Race Rocks Lighthouse. During the early 1880s, the Canadian federal government built a quarantine station on Albert Head and William Head to help fight against infectious diseases. The government used Bentinck Island as a colony for people who were suffering from leprosy. After the colony, the station was turned into the William Head Institution, a minimum-security prison. It was later shut down in 1999. Amber Head was taken over by the Royal Canadian Navy and they made it a part of CFB Esquimalt.

## References 
## Other websites
*
International mobile subscriber identity

The **international mobile subscriber identity** is a number, that uniquely identifies a device on a mobile network. The name is often shortened to IMSI. The device will send this number to identify itself on a mobile network. One occasions when it does this is when it is powered on. The number is stored on a special microchip, which is called SIM card. These numbers are unique, and they are not linked to the phone number the device uses. The microchip will store the number securely. It also has cryptographic functioons: It can generate public and private keys to use for communication. In total, an IMSI has a length of 64 bit. Usually, this ocrresponds to a 14 or 15 digit number. They have apredefined form, certain positions n the number have a special meaning. That way, the three digits at the start of the number identify the country. The next two or three digits identify the network provider, the telecommunications company. The rest of the number is used to identify the subscriber. 

There is another number, the  Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which is commonly used in communication. Much like the IMSI, it allows to identify a subscribner. It is not a number that is unique world-wide. It only has a limited time of validity. In the easiest case, it is randomly generated. The most common use of the TMSI is for paging a mobile device.
Antony Gormley

**Antony Gormley** (born 30 August 1950 in London) is a British sculptor. He is known for his public art sculptures, one of the most famous being *Angel of the North* (1998), of great dimensions. His public sculpture questions the relationship between his art, often representing the human body, and space.

## References
Leléka

**Leléka** is a Ukrainian-German folk jazz group that were founded in 2016 in Berlin, Germany, made up of four members, , Thomas Kolyarchyk, Jakob Hegner and Povel Widestrand. They will  in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 with the song "", they will perform in the second semi-final which will take place on 14 May 2026.

## Members
### Current
*  – vocals
* Thomas Kolyarchyk – double bass
* Jakob Hegner – drums
* Povel Widestrand – piano

### Former
* Robert Wienröder – piano

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
## References
Masala dosa

**Masala dosa** is a dish from Mangalore in Indian subcontinent. It is made by fermenting rice overnight into a batter, but can also be made by using semolina. The batter is put on a heated pan, beaten into a circular or triangular shape, smeared optionally with potato filling, red chilli Chutney and served hot along with sambar and coconut chutney.

Masala dosa, also called masala dosa, is a staple diet in South India, but can also be found all across the Indian subcontinent.

## References
Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory

The **Zionist Occupation Government** is a conspiracy theory claiming that zionists control the government of the United States. The expression has been used by white supremacists, white nationalists, and the far-right. They often view the Anti-Defamation League as a leading example of ZOG.

## References
Section 230

**Section 230** is a section of the Communications Act of 1934 that was enacted as part of the Communications Decency Act of 1996. This law generally protects online platforms from being sued for content posted by their users.

## References
Adenomera saci

***Adenomera saci*** is a frog.  It lives in  Brazil.

## Body
Each frog has 4-6 rows of dark spots on its back.

## Home
This frog is awake at night. It lives in rocky fields on mountains and in low, grassy places. There are usually wet palm groves called veredas nearby. Scientists have seen this frog between  meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen these frogs in protected places: Área de Presenvação Ambiental das Nascentes do Rio Vermelho, Área de Presenvação Ambiental do Planalto Central, Área de Presenvação Ambiental Ilha do Bananal/Cantão, Área de Presenvação Ambiental Jalapão, Área de Presenvação Ambiental Pouso Alto, Área de Presenvação Ambiental Serra do Lajeado, Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins, Parque Estadual do Araguaia, Parque Estadual do Jalapão, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, and Parque Nacional do Araguaia.

## Young
The male frog sits underground or on grass and calls to the female frogs. Its voice sounds like a whistle. Scientists think the young hatch out of their eggs as tadpoles.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Scientists do not know if it is good at living in places that humans have changed.

## References
Usha Yadav

**Usha Yadav** (born 1948) is an Indian teacher and Hindi writer. She writes novels, short stories, poems, plays, and books for children.

## Early life and education 
Usha Yadav was born in Kanpur, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. She began writing while she was still in school. Her first writing was published in a school magazine. She studied Hindi and History. Later, she completed a Ph.D. and a D.Litt.

## Career 
Usha Yadav worked as a teacher at several educational institutions. She taught Hindi and related subjects at universities and language institutes in India, including institutions in Agra.

## Books 
Some of her books are:

* *Tukde-Tukde Sukh*
* *Sapnon Ka Indradhanush*
* *Prakash Ki Or*
* *Aankhon Ka Akash*

## Awards and recognition 
In 2021, the Government of India awarded Usha Yadav the Padma Shri in the field of Literature and Education.

She has also received other literary awards for her writing, including awards for children’s literature from Hindi literary organisations in India.

## References
Najma Akhtar

**Najma Akhtar** (born 1953) is an Indian academic and university administrator. She was the Vice-Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia. She was the first woman to hold this position at the university.

In 2022, she received the Padma Shri, an Indian civilian award, from the Government of India.

## Early life and education 
Akhtar studied at Aligarh Muslim University. She was a gold medalist and received a National Science Talent Scholarship. Akhtar earned a PhD in Education from Kurukshetra University. She later received a Commonwealth Fellowship to study university administration at the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom. 

## Career 
Akhtar worked for 15 years at the National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration. There, she led training courses for senior officials from more than 130 countries.

She has worked as a consultant for international organisations, including UNESCO, UNICEF, and DANIDA. In April 2019, the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind, approved her appointment as Vice-Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia. She was appointed for a five-year term or until the age of 70, whichever came first. She served in this role until 12 November 2023.

## References
Yemeni Civil War (1994)

The **1994 Yemeni Civil War** was a brief civil war in Yemen, it happened because people in the former South Yemeni nation were not happy about the distribution of power after Yemen's unification so they declared South Yemen independent under the name Democratic Republic of Yemen. The civil war was won by Yemen and again reunified, but a civil war later emerged in 2014.

## Related pages 
* North Yemen Civil War
* South Yemen Civil War
* Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)

## References
List of lakes of Belgium

This is a **list of lakes of Belgium**, along with brief details, including their names in French, Dutch and German.

## Lakes 
## Related pages 
* List of rivers of Belgium