open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Viljandi

**Viljandi** (, ) is a town and municipality in southern Estonia. As of 2012, 19,150 people lived there. It is the capital of Viljandi County. The town was first mentioned in 1283, after being given its town charter by Villekinus de Endorpe.

Viljandi ordulinnuse varemed.jpg|
Viljandi Jaani kirik1.jpg|
Viljandi Pauluse kirik 31-08-2012.jpg|
Viljandi mõisa peahoone.jpg|
Elamu Viljandis Tallinna 16.jpg|
Elamu Viljandis Pikk 4.jpg|
Cookstown

**Cookstown** is a small town in Northern Ireland which is in the United Kingdom. 10646 people live in the town. The main street in Cookstown is the longest and widest in Ireland.
## Population facts
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found out that there were 10,646 people living in Cookstown. They also found that:
* 26.0% of the people were less than 16 years old and 15.6% were over 60 years old
* 49.7% of the people were males and 50.3% were females
* 52.8% were from a Roman Catholic background and 45.1% were from a Protestant background
* 3.9% of people aged from 16 to 74 had no job.
## References
Physical constant

In science, a **physical constant** is a number (physical quantity) that does not change. This is different from a mathematical constant, which is not based on a real measurement.

There are many physical constants in science. Some famous ones are the speed of light, Planck's constant, the gravitational constant, and Avogadro's number. Some scientists think that physical constants may decrease as the universe gets older. There has been no evidence to support this yet. 

Constants that do not have units (like length or speed) are called fundamental physical constants. Some believe that if the physical constants were different, there would be no life in the universe. They say that the universe seems to be fine-tuned for intelligent life.

## Table of physical constants 
## Related pages
* physical law
Coagh

**Coagh** is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.
## Population facts
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 545 people living in Coagh. They also found that:
* 20.9% of people in Coagh were under 16 years old and 20.4% were over 60 years old
* 48.3% were male and 51.7% were female
* 26.4% were from a Roman Catholic background and 72.8% were from a Protestant background
* 2.3% of people aged 16–74 had no job.
## References
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

**Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God** is famous sermon that was preached by Jonathan Edwards in 1741. He was an important Calvinist minister. The sermon is often used in American high schools and college English classes as an example of the Puritan writings.

Edwards taught the sermon many times. The first time was in Northampton, Massachusetts, but it did not get much . But on the second time in Enfield, Connecticut, it made many people weep, swoon, cry out, and have convulsions.

Deuteronomy 32:35 says, "Their foot shall slide in due time." That verse was the main focus of the beginning of the sermon. As was normal in 18th century New England, the sermon was printed and many copies were made. It has proven to be the main reason of his theology and preaching that was taught by many people in the first Great Awakening.

## Other websites 
*Original Sermon
Stewartstown

**Stewartstown** is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is 5 miles from Cookstown and 7 miles from Dungannon.
## Population facts
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 608 people living in Stewartstown. They also found that:
*25.3% of people in Stewartstown were over 16 years old and 14.8% were over 60 years old
*46.7% were male and 53.3% were female
*72.9% were from a Roman Catholic background and 26.2% were from a Protestant background
*5.1% of people aged 16–74 were no job
## References
Magherafelt

**Magherafelt** is a small town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.
## Population facts
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 8,372 people living in Magherafelt. They also found that:
*27.1% of people living in Magherafelt were less than 16 years old and 13.7% were over 60 years old
*48.7% were male and 51.3% were female
*56.2% were from a Roman Catholic background and 41.8% were from a Protestant background
## References
## Other websites
Society of St. John the Evangelist

The **Society of St. John the Evangelist** is an Anglican order. The monks make a vow: They say they want to live in poverty and that they will not marry anyone. The order was founded by Father Richard Meux Benson, an Anglican priest in 1866. Because they were founded in Cowley, near Oxford in England they are also known as the **Cowley fathers**. 

It has two branches, the original one in England, and one in the United States. The house in the United States was founded around the year 1874. The American branch of the society has 2 houses for their monks. Today, there are monasteries in Scotland, India, South Africa, Japan, and Canada. 

The monks live under The Rule of the Society of Saint John the Evangelist. The monks spend a lot of time in prayer and they also go on missions. They are one of the first monasteries founded after the Protestant Reformation.

## The Fellowship of Saint John
The fellowship of the Society of St.John the Evangelist is a group of people who want to live there lives in close a relation with the monks at the society. They give money to the society and pray for the monks there. They make a rule of life that is similar to The Rule of the Society of St.John the Evangelist. There are about 1,000 men and woman who are apart of the fellowship. One of the most famous members is Frank Griswold.
Leyton Orient F.C.

**Leyton Orient F.C.** are an English football club.  They started in 1881 and are based in Leyton, London.  Their nickname is "The O's" and they play their home games at a stadium called Brisbane Road.

## Name
*1881-1946 **Clapton Orient F.C.**
*1946-1966 **Leyton Orient F.C.**
*1966-1987 **Orient F.C.**
*1987-present **Leyton Orient F.C.**

## League position
### Former position
Northampton Town F.C.

**Northampton Town F.C.** is an English football club.  They started in 1897 and are based in Northampton in the county of Northamptonshire.  They play their home games at a stadium called Sixfields Stadium and are nicknamed "The Cobblers".

## League position
### Former position
Ballymena

**Ballymena** is a town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. The actor Liam Neeson and the politician and church minister Ian Paisley used to live in the town.

## Population facts 
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that there were 28,717 people living in Ballymena. They also found that:
*21.6% of people living in Ballymena were over 16 years old and 19.6% were over 60 years old
*47.5% were male and 52.5% were female
*24.2% were from a Roman Catholic background and 72.2% were from a Protestant background.
*3.9% of people aged from 16 to 74 had no job.

## Images

Ballymena (1).jpg|Ballymena signal box
Charter train, Ballymena - geograph.org.uk - 1085965.jpg|Ballymena railway bridge crossing the Galgorm road with a brick building to the right which no longer exists
Ballymena railway station - geograph.org.uk - 2357186.jpg|Old train station at Ballymena
Ballymena (2).jpg|New Ballymena train station

## References 
## Other websites
Hit record

A **hit record** is a recording (either a single or an album) that becomes very popular, through large sales of copies, repeated airplay on the radio. or presence in the media. One aspect usually promotes one or more of the others.

The Beatles, Elvis Presley, The Eagles and Michael Jackson all had many hit records. They are among the biggest-selling musical acts of all time. Not every recording artist has a hit record. Many artists and groups lose their recording contracts, if their records do not become hits.

Not all hit records feature music. Some spoken word records also become hits, including comedy recordings. Bill Cosby, George Carlin, and Cheech & Chong are comedians who have all had hit records. A recording of speeches by the late American President John F. Kennedy became one of the biggest-selling albums of the 1960s.

## References
Brian Clough

**Brian Howard Clough**  ( ; 21 March 1935 – 20 September 2004) was an English footballer turned manager. During his career he was in charge of Hartlepool United, Derby County F.C., Brighton & Hove Albion, Leeds United and most notably Nottingham Forest F.C.  He won a lot of trophies, including the European Cup with Nottingham Forest F.C. in 1979 and 1980.

Clough was an alcoholic. He had a liver transplant in 2003. He died of stomach cancer.

## International career statistics 
|-
|1959||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

## References
Irish national grid reference system

The **Irish national grid reference system** is the system of grid references used in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It overlaps the British national grid reference system. In the grid references, Ireland is divided into 20 squares, of 100 kilometres length and 100 kilometres width. Each grid square is given a letter as its name.
## References 
* Ordnance Survey Ireland - History and overview of the system
Post town

In the United Kingdom, a **post town** is the town that you must write on a letter if you want it to go to that area. There are around 1500 post towns in the United Kingdom.
## References
Districts of Northern Ireland

Since 1 October 1973, Northern Ireland is made of 26 districts. Each district has a council which looks after local services. The 26 districts are made of 582 wards. Each ward elects 1 councillor. There 582 councillors in Northern Ireland and there is an election every 4 years. The voting system used to elect each councillor is Single Transferable Vote. Some of the councils are known as "Borough" or "City" councils. Every year, each council elects a chairman. In "Borough" and "City" councils, the chairman is called the Mayor. In Belfast City Council, the chairman is called the Lord Mayor. In "Borough" and "City" councils, up to 25% of councillors are given the title Alderman.
## Districts
## References
Nottingham Forest F.C.

**Nottingham Forest F.C.** is an English football club.  They are based in Nottingham in the county of Nottinghamshire and started in 1865.  They play their home matches at a stadium called 'City Ground'.  Brian Clough was one of their managers and when he was in charge, Nottingham Forest won two European Cups and four League Cups. Since then they have dropped down to the 3rd division and back up to the Premier League, they have had managers like Gary Megson, Joe Kinnear, David Platt and Frank Clark. Their current manager is Nuno Espírito Santo and their owner is Evangelos Marinakis.

## League position
### Former position
Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service

The **Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service** **(NIFRS)** is the fire service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. 2000 people work for the NIFRS. There are 67 fire stations in Northern Ireland. Sometimes bad people throw stones at the firemen. Some firemen were killed in the Troubles.

## References
BT postcode area

The **BT postcode area** (also called the Belfast postcode area) is how each area in Northern Ireland has postcodes. Northern Ireland was the last part of the United Kingdom to get post codes. The BT postcode area was made between 1970 and 1974. 

## Belfast
The Belfast post town districts are BT1 to BT17, BT58 and part of BT29. "BT" is short way of saying "Belfast". The postcode for Belfast city centre starts *BT1*. The Royal Mail office in Belfast has a postcode of BT1 1AA. 

## Rest of Northern Ireland
The rest of Northern Ireland has 43 other post towns. The post town districts for the 43 post towns are BT18 to BT57, BT60 to BT82, BT92 to BT94 and part of BT29.
Hudson Motor Car Company

The **Hudson Motor Car Company** was an American automobile manufacturer, founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1909. They were well known for producing low-priced cars of good quality. They also  safety features in their cars, like dashboard  lights for oil pressure and generator power. Hudson's production peak was in 1929, with 300,000 cars built in their factories in America, Belgium and England.

In 1954, Hudson merged with the Nash-Kelvinator Company, to form American Motors Corporation. American Motors (also known as AMC) became famous for their line of Jeep vehicles (a  version of military Jeeps), and later Ramblers, Gremlins, and Pacer cars. AMC was finally bought out by the Chrysler Corporation, which still makes Jeep brand vehicles.

## In popular culture
Jack Kerouac's novel *On the Road* describes road trips made by Kerouac and his friend Neal Cassady, driving a 1949 Hudson automobile. (Cassady ruined his car, driving cross-country at speeds over 100 miles per hour, without giving the car the maintenance it needed.)

## Gallery

Hudson Super Six Phaeton 1929.jpg|Hudson Super Six Phaeton 1929 
Hudson 8 Coupe 1931.jpg|Hudson Series T Coupé 1931
Hudson Terraplane 4-D Sedan 1938.jpg|Hudson Terraplane 4-Door Sedan 1938 
Hudson 112 Series 90 Convertible Coupe 1939.jpg|Hudson 112 Series 90 Convertible Coupé 1939
Hudson 112 Touring Sedan 1939.jpg|Hudson 112 Series 90 4-Door Touring Sedan 1939
Hudson Pacemaker Series 91 Coupe 1939.jpg|Hudson Pacemaker Series 91 Coupé 1939 
Hudson Business Coupe 1940.jpg|Hudson Business Coupé 1940 
Hudson 4-D Sedan 1947.jpg|Hudson 4-Door Sedan 1947
Hudson Hornet Convertible 1951.jpg|Hudson Hornet Convertible 1951 
Hudsonb.jpg|Hudson Coupé 
Hudson Hornet 4-D Sedan 1952.jpg|Hudson Hornet 4-Door Sedan 1952
Namibia Aus Hudson-Terraplane.jpg|Hudson Terraplane 1934, wreck in Namibia
Dungannon

**Dungannon** is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.

## Population facts 
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and found that were 11,139 people living in Dungannon. Of these:
*24.0% were under 16 years old and 17.8% were over 60 years old
*47.4% of the people were male and 52.7% were female
*57.6% were from a Roman Catholic background and 40.3% were from a Protestant background
*3.7% of people aged 16-74 had no job. 

## References 
## Other websites
Police Service of Northern Ireland

The **Police Service of Northern Ireland** (**PSNI**) () is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. It was started on 4 November 2001. The old police service for Northern Ireland was the Royal Ulster Constabulary. The service is based in Cherryvalley, east Belfast. The current Chief Constable is Simon Byrne. The old Chief Constables were Sir Hugh Orde OBE,Sir Ronnie Flanagan OBE and Colin Cramphorn.

## Support for the police 
All the big political parties in Northern Ireland support the PSNI. Earlier, the political party Sinn Féin, who have many supporters, did not support the police. But after the St Andrews Agreement they decided to support them after a  special Ard Fheis about the police on 28 January 2007.
In September 2005 the PSNI started the Historical Enquiries Team to help solve 3,269  murders that happened during the Troubles. The Northern Ireland Policing Board make sure that the PSNI are fair and do a good job. The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland investigates complaints about the police. The current Police Ombudsman is Al Hutchinson. The last Ombudsman was Nuala O'Loan. She was the Ombudsman until November 2007.
## Number of Roman Catholics in the PSNI 
The PSNI gives 50% of its jobs to Roman Catholics and 50% of its jobs to people who are not Roman Catholic. This is because many people think there are not enough Roman Catholics in the PSNI. By 2006, 20% of PSNI policemen were Roman Catholic. Only 8.3% of policemen in the old Royal Ulster Constabulary were Roman Catholic. About 30% of the force will be Roman Catholics by 2011. 
## Uniform and symbols 
The colour of the PSNI uniform is green. The PSNI badge has Saint Patrick's saltire on it and six other symbols. They are the scales of justice, the harp, the torch, the olive branch, the shamrock and a crown.
The flag of the PSNI is the badge in the centre of a dark green field.

## Related pages
*Police force statistics for Northern Ireland

## References 
## Other websites 
*Police Service of Northern Ireland
*Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland website
*PSNI Roll of Honour
BT

**BT** is an abbreviation and can stand for:
* Bhutan, a country in South Asia by ISO code
* The BT postcode area of Belfast in Northern Ireland
* BT Group, now known as British Telecom
* B.T., a Danish newspaper
2001 United Kingdom census

On Sunday 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom Government held a census. This was the 19th UK Census. **United Kingdom Census 2001** was started by the Office for National Statistics in England and Wales, the General Register Office for Scotland and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. It was the first census to ask people in England, Scotland and Wales about their religion.

## References
## Other websites 
*Census 2001 website (England and Wales)
*Scotland 
*Northern Ireland  
*The Census Order 2000 (England and Wales)
Hug

A **hug** is an  between two or more people. It is usually a sign of  or love or sympathy.

In several cases observed by psychologists around the globe, hugs are often used to solidify relationships in both sexual and platonic cases and often lead to further physical encounters.

## Health
A hug is very good for people. Hugging can release a chemical called Oxytocin, which helps make a person feel less stressed. It also helps a person's immune system and makes them feel less pain. Hugs can even help a person stay calm in a stressful situation. 

## Related pages
* Kiss
* Nonverbal communication

## References
Counties of Northern Ireland

There are six counties which make up Northern Ireland. They are County Antrim, County Armagh, County Down, County Fermanagh, County Londonderry and County Tyrone. The six counties in Northern Ireland and the 26 counties in the Republic of Ireland make up the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

## References
Northern Ireland Ambulance Service

The **Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS)** is the ambulance service for Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. It was created on 1 April 1995. Around 1000 people work for the NIAS.

## Related pages
* Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom

## References
List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom (2004–2009)

This is a list of Members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom who were voted to serve from 2004 to 2009.

__TOC__

## Current members
*This table can be sorted by constituency, party or party group: click the symbol at the top of the appropriate column.*

## Former members
## Notes
Rickenbach

**Rickenbach** can be the name of any of the following places:

**In Germany**:
* Rickenbach, Baden-Württemberg
* Rickenbach, Bavaria

**In Switzerland**:
* Rickenbach, Basel-Country
* Rickenbach, Lucerne
* Rickenbach, Solothurn
* Rickenbach, Thurgau
* Rickenbach, Zürich
Rickenbach, Solothurn

**Rickenbach** is a municipality in the Olten district in Solothurn canton in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Northern Ireland (European Parliament constituency)

**Northern Ireland** was a constituency of the European Parliament. The Northern Ireland members of the European Parliament were chosen using Single Transferable Vote. The constituency was all of Northern Ireland.

## Members of the European Parliament 
## Election results
## References
Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus

**Feldbrunnen-St.Niklaus** is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website 
*
John Silver

**Jonathan "John" Silver** (born 1950) was the second drummer for the English rock band Genesis. He replaced Chris Stewart in the summer of 1968. Silver left the band in August 1969. He was replaced by John Mayhew. Silver appears on the band's first full length album, *From Genesis to Revelation* and on the *Genesis Archive 1967-75* box set. 

Silver lives in London with his wife, Lucy, and children, Leo, Max, and Libby.
Chris Stewart

**Christopher Stewart** (born 27 March 1951) is an English musician and writer. He was the first drummer for rock band Genesis. He is now a writer and a farmer.

Stewart went to school with Tony Banks, Peter Gabriel, Mike Rutherford, and Anthony Phillips. The five of them formed a band called Anon. This band eventually became Genesis in January 1967. Stewart appears on the band's first two singles, "The Silent Sun"/"That's Me" and "A Winter's Tale"/"One-Eyed Hound".

Stewart was asked to leave the band in the summer of 1968 because he was not skilled enough. He was replaced by John Silver. After traveling and working throughout Europe, Stewart settled and bought a farm named "El Valero" in Andalusia, Spain.

He is now better known for his autobiograpical books: *Driving Over Lemons: An Optimist in Andalucia* (1999, ) and the sequels, *A Parrot In The Pepper Tree* () and *The Almond Blossom Appreciation Society* (2006, ). They are all about his work farming in Spain.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Biography and news
*
John Mayhew

**John Mayhew** (27 March 1947 – 26 March 2009) was an English musician. He was the third drummer for the progressive rock band Genesis. Mayhew was a part of the band from September 1969 until July 1970.  He replaced John Silver as the drummer for the band in August 1969 .  Mayhew appears on the album *Trespass* and the *Genesis Archive 1967-75* box set.  He was replaced in 1970 by Phil Collins.

For many years Mayhew's life after playing for Genesis was a  to most .  It was said that his *Trespass* royaltycheque had gone unclaimed. There were  that he was dead or missing.  In 1979, he moved to Australia. He eventually found work as a carpenter. He is now an Australian citizen. In 2006, Mayhew attended the Genesis Convention in London along with Anthony Phillips and Steve Hackett. He even played drums for a tribute band's performance of "The Knife" (from *Trespass*). He died a day before his birthday from a heart attack.

## References
Louise Goodman

**Louise Goodman** is one of two pitlane reporters for ITV's Formula One coverage. Before this she worked in marketing for the Jordan team. She started television broadcast in 1997.

She is said to be the first woman of Formula One live coverage. Louise Goodman has been ITV's roving pitlane reporter since ITV took the broadcast in 1997. She usually does driver interviews, while Ted Kravitz brings news from the teams about technical or tactical matters. She is taller than many F1 drivers, and is known for wearing much jewellery on her arm.

Goodman became the first female to be part of a pit stop when she removed the left rear tire in a Midland pit stop for Tiago Monteiro in 2006 British Grand Prix.

During Q3 in Hungaroring 2006 she interviewed David Coulthard. Coulthard had been knocked out in Q2. She asked him how the cold weather was affecting him. He answered," Ummm...well, it’s a lot nicer to look at you in your tight t-shirts first out." Goodman sounded startled when she replied, " Thank you so much DC. I'll have a word with you later." They then went back to the main commentary team who also sounded rather .

In 2007, she became the presenter of ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her co-presenter was Ted Kravitz.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site
* Louise Goodman  at ITV.com
Larch

**Larches** are conifers in the genus ***Larix***. They grow on the northern hemisphere. Unlike other conifers, larches lose their leaves during autumn and winter.
## Species 
There are 10–14 species, for example the **European Larch**, the **North American Larch** and the **Japanese Larch**. Scientists usually divide them into two main groups, **New World** species (North America) and **Old World** species (Europe and Asia). Inside this one, there are two more groups, **Northern** (Central Europe, Siberia, Japan, north of China) and **Southern** (south of China, Himalaya, Myanmar).

### Eurasian 
#### Northern 
*Larix decidua* or *Larix europaea* European Larch.
*Larix sibirica* Siberian Larch.
*Larix gmelinii* Dahurian Larch.
*Larix kaempferi* or *Larix leptolepis* Japanese Larch.
*Larix principis-rupprechtii* Prince Ruppretch's larch.

#### Southern 
*Larix potaminii* Chinese Larch.
*Larix himalaica* Langtang Larch.
*Larix mastersiana* Masters' Larch.
*Larix speciosa* Yunnan Larch.
*Larix griffithii* or *Larix griffithiana* Himalayan Larch.

### North American 
*Larix laricina* Tamarack Larch or American Larch.
*Larix lyallii* Subalpine Larch.
*Larix occidentalis* Western Larch.

There is also a hybrid, the Dunkeld Larch, which is a mix of the European Larch and the Japanese Larch.

## Uses 
Larch wood is very valuable because it is resistant and it grows quickly. It is used for boats as well as houses.
Larches are also used in herbal medicine and in bonsai.
The tree appeared in many Monty Python sketches as a joke.

## Gallery 

Image:Siberian-larch.jpg|Siberian larch
Image:Flowers of Japanese larch emerging.jpg|Male (above) and female (below right) cones of Japanese Larch emerging in spring
Image:Larix decidua0.jpg|European Larch foliage and cones
Second Epistle to the Corinthians

The **Second Epistle to the Corinthians** is one of the books in the New Testament.  It is an epistle (letter) written to the Church at Corinth by the Apostle Paul.

## The Letter 
Paul begins by greeting the people in Corinth and reminding them that he is serving the Lord Jesus Christ.  He then spends a lot of time explaining to the people why he is an apostle.  Some of the people are mad at him because in 1st Corinthians he told them to stop doing bad things. He explains that he told them to stop because he loved them. He also teaches them that it is very important to forgive others.

This epistle is said to show Paul's individuality more than any other.

## References
Visby

**Visby** is the only city on the Swedish island of Gotland. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2005, its population is 22,236.

## References
Kollam

**Kollam **(Malayalam:കൊല്ലം) (known to the Portuguese as **Quilon**, pronounced *koy-lon*) is a city and a municipal corporation in Kollam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is  north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum). It is also the headquarters of the Kollam District, one among the 14 districts in Kerala. To the south is Thiruvananthapuram district, to the north is Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha, to the east is Tamil Nadu and to the west by the Arabian Sea.
Communes of France

A ***commune*** is the lowest administrative division in France. It represents all parts of a town or a village under the same name, for example Paris, Bordeaux or Rennes. As of January 1, 2008, there were 36,781 communes in France; 36,569 of them are in metropolitan France and 212 of them are in overseas France.

This is much more than in any other European country. Every commune in France elects a mayor. The French word *commune* was first used in the 12th century[*source?*], from Medieval Latin *communia*, meaning a small gathering of people sharing a common life, from Latin *communis*, things held in common.[*source?*]

## References
Cantons of France

The **cantons of France** are area divisions of the French Republic's 341 arrondissements and 100 departments. 

## Related pages
* Lists of cantons of France
Arrondissements of France

The 101 French departments are divided into 342 ***arrondissements***.  This means ***districts*** in English.  Most departments in France only have 3 or 4 arrondissements, but some may have more or less than this.

## Related pages
* List of arrondissements of France
Polygamy

(allowed by law) are shown in green.]]
**Polygamy** is a word that comes from late Greek. It can be translated as *many marriages*. It refers to any form of marriage where a person has *more than one spouse*. There is also a concept called **group marriage**. In group marriage, all the (adult) members of the group are responsible for all the children.
 
A man being married to more than one woman at the same time is called **polygyny**. A woman being married to more than one man at the same time is called **polyandry**. 
**These terms are used in zoology*. They are under the titles: Polygyny in animals and Polyandry in animals.

Both forms have occurred in humans. Polygyny is much more common, and is practised by millions of people, mostly in Muslim and African countries. According to Muslim 
Sharia law, a man can have up to four wives at the same time. In many African Pagan religions, polygamy is a common custom, and there is often no limit to the number of women a man can marry. In most non-Muslim and non-African countries, polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy. Some countries, including India, only permit Muslims to be polygamous.

## The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 
Polygamy was practiced by early members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as Mormons). There is evidence that the movement's founder, Joseph Smith, was married to as many as 33 women, though many of these were not conventional marriages and some were never consummated. In 1890 the Church officially stopped polygamous marriages. Church members who continue to practice plural marriage are excommunicated from the church, though it is practiced today in some small splinter groups.

## Sethepu/Isithembu 
Isithembu (Sethepu) is the African practice of a man being able to have more than one wife at the same time.  A man may marry again if his current wife or wives cannot have children. He keeps his current wife or wives as divorce is not allowed. Woman should have children, which is normal for them.

## References
Cantons of the Ain department

This is a list of the 43 **cantons of the Ain department**, in France, by arrondissement:

## Arrondissement of Belley (9 cantons)
* Ambérieu-en-Bugey
* Belley
* Champagne-en-Valromey
* Hauteville-Lompnes
* Lagnieu
* Lhuis
* Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey
* Seyssel
* Virieu-le-Grand

## Arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse (24 cantons)
* Bâgé-le-Châtel
* Bourg-en-Bresse-Est
* Bourg-en-Bresse-Nord-Centre
* Bourg-en-Bresse-Sud
* Ceyzériat
* Chalamont
* Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne
* Coligny
* Meximieux
* Miribel
* Montluel
* Montrevel-en-Bresse
* Péronnas
* Pont-d'Ain
* Pont-de-Vaux
* Pont-de-Veyle
* Reyrieux
* Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes
* Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans
* Thoissey
* Treffort-Cuisiat
* Trévoux
* Villars-les-Dombes
* Viriat

## Arrondissement of Gex (3 cantons)
* Collonges
* Ferney-Voltaire
* Gex

## Arrondissement of Nantua (7 cantons)
* Bellegarde-sur-Valserine
* Brénod
* Izernore
* Nantua
* Oyonnax-Nord
* Oyonnax-Sud
* Poncin
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

**Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh** (born **Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark**; 10 June 1921)  was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. He was originally a Prince of Greece and Denmark. He was born on the dining room table in a villa on the Greek island of Corfu, on 10 June 1921. He was the only son and fifth and final child of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg.

## Early life
Prince Philip was on active service in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War. At the end of the war he was on the destroyer *HMS Whelp* in the Pacific, and was in Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945. 

After he changed his nationality, he became known as Philip Mountbatten. His cousin was Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma.

On 19 November 1947, he was made a Knight of the Garter, and given the style of "Royal Highness". 

## Consort to Queen Elizabeth II
On 20 November 1947, he married Princess Elizabeth, the heiress presumptive to King George VI, he became the Duke of Edinburgh. On 23 February 2021 it was announced that he had an infection.

On 9 April 2021, it was announced by Buckingham Palace that Prince Phillip had died inside his home at Windsor Castle. An official statement by Buckingham Palace was released on Twitter.

"It is with deep sorrow that Her Majesty The Queen has announced the death of her beloved husband, His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. His Royal Highness passed away peacefully this morning at Windsor Castle."

His funeral was held on 17 April 2021 and he was buried at St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle that same day.

## References
;Notes
George IV

**George IV** (born as **George Augustus Frederick** on 12 August 1762, died on 26 June 1830) was king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death. The Regency, George's nine-year time as "Prince Regent", which started in 1811 and ended with George III's death in 1820, included winning the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. George IV's only daughter died before he did, so his younger brother became King William IV of the United Kingdom.

## Early life 
George IV was born on August 12, 1762, in London. His parents were George III and Charlotte Sophia. He enjoyed fun activities such as racing and dancing.

## Reign 
George IV became king on January 29, 1820. Prior to that, he served as regent from February 5, 1811, because his father, George III, was unwell.

## Personal life 
George IV led a lavish lifestyle. He had strained relationships with his father and his wife, Caroline. He secretly married Maria Fitzherbert, but their marriage was not recognized. Eventually, he married his cousin, Caroline.

## Death 
George IV passed away on June 26, 1830. His health suffered due to excessive drinking and being overweight. He spent his final years in seclusion at Windsor Castle.

## Ancestors 
## Other websites
Riedholz

**Riedholz** is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. In 2011 Niederwil merged into Riedholz.

## References 
## Other websites
List of cantons of France

The following is a **list of cantons of France**, within each department:

**Overseas departments of France**
Energy (society)

The use of **energy** is important to human  for handling problems in the environment. Developed societies use energy resources for agriculture, transportation, garbage collection, information technology and human communication. The use of energy has increased since the Industrial Revolution. This has brought a number of serious problems such as global warming.

Production and use of energy  is important to the economy of the world. Making sure energy is used well is needed for any society.

Energy is needed for the smooth running of activities in our society which makes it wanted in a high alarming rate and is extremely expensive.

## Related pages 
*Energy policy
Cantons of the Aisne department

This is a list of the 42 **cantons of the Aisne department**, in France, by arrondissement:

## Arrondissement of Château-Thierry (5 cantons) 
* Charly-sur-Marne
* Château-Thierry
* Condé-en-Brie
* Fère-en-Tardenois
* Neuilly-Saint-Front

## Arrondissement of Laon (13 cantons) 
* Anizy-le-Château
* Chauny
* Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique
* Craonne
* Crécy-sur-Serre
* La Fère
* Laon-Nord
* Laon-Sud
* Marle
* Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne
* Rozoy-sur-Serre
* Sissonne
* Tergnier

## Arrondissement of Saint-Quentin (9 cantons) 
* Bohain-en-Vermandois
* Le Catelet
* Moÿ-de-l'Aisne
* Ribemont
* Saint-Quentin-Centre
* Saint-Quentin-Nord
* Saint-Quentin-Sud
* Saint-Simon
* Vermand

## Arrondissement of Soissons (7 cantons) 
* Braine
* Oulchy-le-Château
* Soissons-Nord
* Soissons-Sud
* Vailly-sur-Aisne
* Vic-sur-Aisne
* Villers-Cotterêts

## Arrondissement of Vervins (8 cantons) 
* Aubenton
* La Capelle
* Guise
* Hirson
* Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache
* Sains-Richaumont
* Vervins
* Wassigny
Ballycastle, County Antrim

**Ballycastle** is a small town in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom.
## Population facts
On 29 April 2001, the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 5,089 people living in Ballycastle. They also saw that:
*25.3% of people were under 16 years old and 18.7% were over 60 years old
*46.8% of people were male and 53.2% were female
*77.7% of people were from a Roman Catholic background and 20.5% were from a Protestant background.
*5.5% of people aged 16–74 had no job.
## References
Bangor, County Down

**Bangor** is a city in County Down, Northern Ireland.

## Population facts 
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 58,388 people living in Bangor. They also saw that:
* 20.2% of people in Bangor were under 16 years old and 20.3% were over 60 years old
* 47.7% of people were male and 52.3% were female
* 82.7% were from a Protestant background and 10.6% were from a Roman Catholic background
## References
Nice (disambiguation)

**Nice** can be any of the following:

## Places 
* Nice (pronounced ), a city found in the south of France
** Arrondissement of Nice
** OGC Nice, a French football club found in Nice
** Treaty of Nice, a treaty taken in Nice by the European Council 
* Nicaea (İznik, Turkey), place of the First Council of Nicaea and the Second Council of Nicaea
* Nice, California, a small town in the United States

## In computers 
* Nice (programming language), an object-oriented programming language

## Related pages
* NICE (disambiguation)
Munich (district)

**Munich** () is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany. However the district does not include the city of Munich, which it partially  and which is an urban district itself.

## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
*Official website (German)
*Regional news portal for the Landkreis München (German)
Ebersberg (district)

**Ebersberg** is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities
**Unincorporated Areas**
#Anzinger Forst
#Ebersberger Forst
#Eglhartinger Forst

## References
Freising (district)

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]]
]]
]]

**Freising** is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
*
*Official website (German)
*Freising County Flag
Berchtesgadener Land

**Berchtesgadener Land** (Central Bavarian: *Berchtsgoana Land*) is a rural district in Upper Bavaria, in southern Bavaria, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities 
## References
List of arrondissements of France

The following is the current **list of arrondissements of France** with their INSEE codes, the chief town (or capital), the 2013 population, the area, the population density and the number of communes. The chief town of an arrondissement is the seat of a prefecture or subprefecture.

## Complete list 
## Lists by departments
**Overseas departments of France**

Mayotte has no arrondissements.

## References
Banne

**Banne** is a town and commune of the Ardèche *département*, in southern France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Ardèche department
Acts of Union 1800

The **Acts of Union 1800** (or sometimes **Acts of Union 1801**) (Irish: *Acht an Aontais 1800*) is used to describe two Acts are meant. Their official titles are the **Union with Ireland Act 1800** (1800 c.67 39 and 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, and the **Act of Union (Ireland) 1800** (1800 c.38 40 Geo 3), an Act of the Parliament of Ireland.

These two Acts  the Kingdom of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain, (being itself a merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Acts of Union 1707), to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

## The Union Flag
The flag created as a consequence of the merger combined the flags of England and Scotland with "St Patrick's Cross" to represent Ireland. Wales is not included on the Union Flag, as when the original Union Flag was devised Wales was a part of the Kingdom of England.

## References
## Sources
*Ward, Alan J. *The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782-1992*. Irish Academic Press, 1994.
*Lalor, Brian (ed). *The Encyclopaedia of Ireland*. Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, Ireland, 2003. , p7

## Other websites
* Act of Union - Virtual Library 
* Acts of Union - complete original text
Transformer

A **transformer** is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another, without sharing any wires. This happens because the first circuit creates a magnetic field as its power rises and falls. The energy of the second circuit rises and falls with the first circuit, so there is no change in frequency between them. Transformers are an important part of electrical systems.  

Transformers are made in many different sizes, from a very small coupling transformer inside a stage microphone to big units that carry hundreds of MVA used in power grids.

The main reason to use a transformer is to make power of one voltage level into power of another voltage level. High voltage is easier to send a long distance, but less voltage is easier and safer to use in the office or home.
Transformers are used to increase or decrease alternating current (AC) voltage in circuits. The transformer is usually built with two coils around the same core. The primary coil or input coil is connected to supply side while secondary coil supplies power to load. The secondary coil is called the output coil. Energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary by electromagnetic induction. In power grids many transformers are used. These are networks for delivering electricity from the generator and to the user. 

The transformers in your neighborhood, on electricity poles, or the ones connected to underground wires, usually transform high voltage of 7,200 volts to 220-240 volts of electricity to power lights and appliances such as refrigerators in homes and businesses. Some countries, such as America use different voltages in homes, such as 120 volts.  Transformers cannot increase power, so if the voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered. If the voltage is lowered, the current is proportionally increased.

Transformers inside electronics equipment provide the kinds of electricity the various parts need. 

There are several basic types of transformers:
* Step-up transformer: the voltage output is greater than the voltage input.
* Step-down transformer: the voltage input is greater than the voltage output.
* Some transformers have the same output voltage as input voltage and are used to electrically isolate two electrical circuits.

## Gallery 

File:Utility pole transformers.jpg|Utility pole transformers
File:Transformer in Melbourne.jpg|Transformer in Melbourne, Australia
File:Taiwan Power Company Grid.jpg|Distribution transformer in Taiwan

## References
William IV of the United Kingdom

**William IV** (William Henry; 21 August 1764 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. William, the third son of George III of the United Kingdom and younger brother and successor to George IV was the last person to rule both the United Kingdom and Hanover. His niece, Victoria, ruled only the United Kingdom, not Hanover.

He lived for 20 years with Dorothea Jordan. They had ten children.

## Early life
William, Henry was born in 21 August 1765 to the king of England, George III at Buckingham House. He was baptized on 20 September 1765. He joined the royal navy at the age of 13, as a midshipman. He served in the battle of Cape St. Vincent.

In 1785, he became a lieutenant and was transferred to the West Indies. He wanted to be a duke like his older brothers, but his father refused. He had an affair with a woman named Doro Jordan from 1791, and she mothered 10 children of his.  In 1820 when his father died he became second in line for him to be king. In 1827, he became the first when his older brother died. And in 1830 June 26th when one of his older brothers died too, he became king and was crowned in 8 September, 1831.

## Ancestors 
## Other websites
Arrondissements of the Ardèche department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Ardèche department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Ardèche are:

## History
Since its creation, the Ardèche department has had few changes:
* 1790 : creation of the department with seven districts: Annonay, Aubenas, L'Argentière, Privas, Tournon, Vernoux and Villeneuve-de-Berg; the capital was Privas alternating with Annonay, Aubenas, Le Bourg(-Saint-Andéol) and Tournon. In August of that year, the number of districts was reduced to three: Mézenc, Aubenas and Tanargue. In September, Privas became the only capital of the department.
* 1800 : creation of three arrondissements: Privas, L'Argentière and Tournon.
* 1988 : Tournon changed its name to Tournon-sur-Rhône.

## Related pages
*Arrondissement of Largentière
*Arrondissement of Privas
*Arrondissement of Tournon-sur-Rhône
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
John Keats

**John Keats** (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821) was an English poet. He is often ranked as one of the five most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature; the other four are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Though Keats was the youngest of these poets, he also died before the others: he suffered from tuberculosis and died in Rome at the age of 25.

Keats was the son of an inn-keeper Thomas Keats, who died when Keats was nine years old and Frances Keats; and his mother died of tuberculosis in 1810. The young Keats began studying to be a surgeon, though his interest in literature grew stronger than his interest in medicine. He became a friend and follower of the poet and editor James Henry Leigh Hunt, and made his first attempts to write his own poetry. Keats's active writing life lasted only about six years, from the spring of 1814 through 1819. 

His short life meant that he wrote less than many other poets. His longest poems, *Endymion* and *Hyperion*, tell stories from ancient Greek mythology. Many of his shorter poems are among the best known in English literature, including the ballad "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and his sonnets and odes.

Keats was an active letter-writer throughout his life, like many people of his time. Hundreds of his letters to friends and relatives have survived, and Keats is often called one of the great letter writers in the English language.

## References 
## Other websites
**The poetical works* of John Keats, edited by William T. Arnold, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., London 1884.
Endymion (poem)

***Endymion*** is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. It is his longest poem. Keats wrote the poem in 1817, and it was printed in a book in 1818. The poem's opening line is one of the most famous lines of poetry in English literature:

:A* thing of beauty is a joy forever.*

Keats called the poem "A Poetical Romance." He wrote in four sections or "Books," and each section is about a thousand lines long. The poem is written in a form called rhymed couplets, which means that every two lines rhyme together. The story is based on the tale of Endymion from Greek mythology.

*Endymion* was criticized harshly when it was first published. Some of Keats's friends and admirers, like the poet Shelley, believed that the stress of this hostile reaction had a bad effect on Keats's mind, and partly caused his early death from tuberculosis at the age of 25. But most modern critics and scholars of English literature do not think this is true.