open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Échallens (district)

**Echallens** was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Echallens. As of 2006 it is part of the Gros-de-Vaud District.

It contained the following municipalities:

* Assens 
* Bercher 
* Bioley-Orjulaz
* Bottens
* Bretigny-sur-Morrens 
* Cugy
* Dommartin 
* Echallens 
* Eclagnens 
* Essertines-sur-Yverdon 
* Etagnières 
* Fey 
* Froideville 
* Goumoens-la-Ville 
* Goumoens-le-Jux 
* Malapalud 
* Morrens 
* Naz
* Oulens-sous-Echallens 
* Pailly 
* Penthéréaz 
* Poliez-le-Grand 
* Poliez-Pittet 
* Rueyres 
* Saint-Barthélemy
* Sugnens
* Villars-le-Terroir 
* Villars-Tiercelin 
* Vuarrens
Diminutive

A **diminutive** is a formation of a word used to express the smallness of an object or quality.

## Examples in English 
Diminutives are common in most dialects of English. Terms such as "undies" for underwear and "movie" for "moving picture" are frequently heard terms in English. 

Common diminutives are:
* -ey/-ie/-y: dearie, doggy, kitty (this is also the basis of the naming of Brittany, as Minor Britain in reference to its cultural ties to the Celts of Great Britain)
* -ette: diskette, cigarette, kitchenette, suffragette (suffrage)
* -let: piglet, chicklet, applet, eyelet, gauntlet, tablet
* -ling: duckling, gosling
* -s(y): "Wills", Becks
* -a: Macca, Gazza
* -o: Kiddo (small child)
Theodosius I

**Theodosius I** (11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called **Theodosius the Great**, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. He was a general in the Roman army and the son of another general, Theodosius the Elder. When the emperor Valens died in battle fighting the Goths, Valens' nephew, the emperor Gratian, made Theodosius emperor. Theodosius married Gratian's sister. While emperor, Theodosius overcame three civil wars in the empire. Gratian and his brother the emperor Valentinian II both died young, and Theodosius made his own sons Arcadius and Honorius emperors. Theodosius made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire and made other religions illegal.

## Life 
### Early life 
Where Theodosius () was born is unknown. According to Hydatius and Zosimus, Theodosius was born in what is now Coca, Spain. However, Marcellinus Comes writes that he was from Italica, Hispania (now in Spain). His father was a military officer.

### Death 
Theodosius died in Milan on January 17, 395. When he died he was made into a god. Parts of the Christian Church name Theodosius a saint.

## Christianity as religion of Roman Empire 
Theodosius made the Nicene Creed the official belief system of the Roman Empire. Prior to that, many different creeds were believed. The Nicene Creed states that Jesus, the Son, is equal to God the Father. Other people, such as Arius, said that Jesus was inferior to the Father. Theodosius affirmed the faith that the Council of Nicea agreed on.

## References
## Other websites 
* De Imperatoribus Romanis, Theodosius I
Basadingen-Schlattingen

**Basadingen-Schlattingen** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website of Basadingen-Schlattingen
Philophrosyne (moon)

**Philophrosyne** is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, *et al.* in 2003. It was called '''''' until 2019. 

Philophrosyne is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,721,000&nbsp;km in 699.676 days, at an inclination of 142° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.0932.

It is a member of the Pasiphae group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 22,600,000 and  24,300,000&nbsp;km, at inclinations between 141.5° and 157.3°.

## References
Jupiter LV

**Jupiter LV**, also called '''''', is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman in 2003.

Jupiter LV is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,813,000&nbsp;km in 569.728 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1570.

It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000&nbsp;km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## References
Eustreptospondylus

**Eustreptospondylus** (meaning "well-reversed vertebrae") was a megalosaurid tetanuran theropod (a large, bipedal meat-eater) about 23-30 ft (7-9 m) long, weighing about 440-550 pounds (200 kg to 250 kg), and was 10-12 ft (3-3.7 m) tall. This predator had a large head, long, sharp serrated teeth, short arms and a primitive hip structure. It lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 165 million years ago. Incomplete fossils have been found in England. Eustreptospondylus was named by Richard Owen in 1841. The type species is *E. oxoniensis*, which was named by C. A. Walker in 1964.
S/2003 J 23

''''* is a moon of Jupiter. A team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard *et al.'' found it in 2004 in pictures taken in 2003.

 is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,740,000&nbsp;km in 700.538 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3931.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000&nbsp;km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

## References
2005 TN53

'''''' is a possible Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2005. Only five others are known: , 385571 Otrera, 385695 Clete,  and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.
Gravity wave

:*Do not confuse with gravitational wave*.
In fluid dynamics, **gravity waves** are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two mediums (e.g. the atmosphere or ocean) which has the restoring force of gravity or buoyancy.

## Other websites
* Gallery of cloud gravity waves over Iowa
* Time-lapse video of gravity waves over Iowa
* Water Waves Wiki
Megaraptor

***Megaraptor*** was a large 26 feet (8 m) long late Cretaceous dinosaur. It had two large sickle-like claws on each hand. It was a lightly built biped, with a large head and sharp, serrated teeth in powerful jaws.

The first fossil of *Megaraptor* to be discovered was one of its claws. As they strongly resembled the claws seen in Dromeosaurs, it was thought that Megaraptor was a large member of that family. Later, a complete hand was discovered, revealing the main claw was on its thumb.

It is now classified either as a allosauroid carnosaur, related to *Neovenator*, or right over on the other side of the Theropoda as a tyrannosauroid coelurosaur.

## References
Accretion disk

system with one black hole and one main sequence star.]]

An **accretion disk** (or **disc**) is an astronomical term. It describes a disc of material being drawn in by gravity to a centre of mass, such as a star or black hole. As the material comes in, it spins round the central body and radiates energy.

The central body is typically either a young star, a protostar, a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. As the material moves in, gravitational energy released in that process is transformed into heat and rotational movement. 

The energy emitted at the disk surface is in form of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency range of that radiation depends on the central object. Accretion discs of young stars and protostars radiate in the infrared, those around neutron stars and black  holes in the X-ray part of the spectrum.

## Other websites
* Professor John F. Hawley homepage 
* Nonradiative Black Hole Accretion 
* Accretion Discs on Scholarpedia
* Magnetic fields snare black holes' food - New Scientist
(613490) 2006 RJ103

'''''' is a Neptune Trojan discovered by the SDSS Collaboration in 2006. Only four others are known: , 385571 Oterea,  and 385695 Clete. They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L4 Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.

## References
Victoria Beckham

**Victoria Caroline, Lady Beckham** (née Adams; born 17 April 1974) is an English singer, songwriter, fashion designer and businesswoman. She was a member of a pop group called the Spice Girls. Her nickname in the group was **Posh Spice**. She is the wife of former football player David Beckham. 

## Birth 
Victoria Caroline Adams was born at Princess Alexandra Hospital in Harlow, Essex on 17 April 1974. She is the eldest child of Antony Adams and Jacqueline Cannon.

## Career 
Victoria Adams was a member of the popular girl group Spice Girls. While in the group, her nickname was Posh Spice.

She had a short solo career after leaving the Spice Girls in 2001, unlike her fellow members, she didn't have a solo No.1. She stopped her music career and became a fashion designer and started clothes and perfume businesses with her husband.

## Marriage to David Beckham 
She married David Beckham in July 1999. The couple have four children, three sons and their youngest child is a daughter.

* Brooklyn Joseph (born March 1999) 
* Romeo Beckham (born September 2002) 
* Cruz David (born February 2005)
* Harper Seven (born July 2011).

She reunited with the Spice Girls for a world tour in 2007.

## Filmography
## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
## References
Head tie

A **head tie** is a  women’s head scarf which is used a lot in west and southern Africa, and among American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS). 

The purpose of the head tie worn by enslaved African women was to protect their hair as they labored (or did heavy work). 

The head tie worn by West African women has been worn since the 1960s. 

The name of the head tie varies according to region and historical context. These names have included: ***tignon*** (United States), ***dhuku*** (Zimbabwe), ***tukwi*** (Botswana) and ***doek*** (South Africa and Namibia).

## Related pages
*Head scarf
*Hijab

## References
Charles XII of Sweden

**Charles XII** (Swedish: **Karl XII**) or **Carolus Rex** was the king of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He was born on June 27, 1682.

During his time as a king, he tried to  Sweden's empire. He took part in the Nordic War (1700-1721), in which his enemies were Denmark, Poland and Russia. England and the Netherlands supported him and his armies won over the Danes during a sea battle. He also beat Peter I Russian Tsar. 

After these successes, he attacked Poland, where during this time Augustus II the Strong was the king. This war was closed by the peace of Altranstadt. 

Charles attacked Russia again in 1707 with the Ukrainian leader, hetman Mazeppa. After more than a 1000&nbsp;km walk in 1709, the Swedish king suffered a defeat from the Tsar. Charles had to flee to Turkey. He could only return to Sweden in 1714. He tried to compensate for the lost territories by a war against Norway. During the battle he was shot in the head and died in 1718. The wars of Charles XII made Sweden weaker.

## References
Dia (moon)

**Dia** (S/2000 J 11) ls the second-outermost prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000.

Dia is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 12,555,000&nbsp;km in 287 days, at an inclination of 28° (to Jupiter's equator), and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.248.

The moon is included in the Himalia group. After discovery it was lost for ten years because the orbit was poorly known. Recovery allowed much better precision.

## References 
# Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
# Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites 
* David Jewitt pages
* Scott Sheppard pages
Izanagi

to the right, Izanami to the left.]]
 is a deity of kami who was a child of the seven divine generations in Japanese mythology and Shintoism, and is also referred to in the roughly translated Kojiki as "male who invites", or **Izanagi-no-mikoto**.

He and his wife Izanami are said to have created many islands, deities, and forefathers of Japan. When Izanami died while giving birth to a child, Izanagi tried (but failed) to retrieve her from Yomi (the underworld). In the cleansing rite after his return, he created Amaterasu (the sun goddess) from his left eye, Tsukuyomi (the moon god) from his right eye, and Susanoo (tempest or storm god) from his nose.
When Izanagi looks at his wife in Yomi, he sees her monstrous and hellish state and she is ashamed and angry. She chases him in order to kill him. She fails, but promises to kill a thousand of his people every day. Izanagi says that he will create a thousand and five hundred every day.
Spice (album)

***Spice*** was the first album by English girl group the Spice Girls. It was released in Japan, Canada and the United Kingdom in 1996, and later in the United States in 1997. It was the most successful album by a girl group ever. It sold 23 million copies around the world.

There were five songs that were very successful from this album. The most successful was "Wannabe", which went to No. 1 on many music charts around the world.

## Reference
S/2003 J 12

'''''' is a moon of Jupiter, and is one of the smallest known. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003.

 is about 1 kilometre in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 17,740,000&nbsp;km in 482.691 days, at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4449.

It is the closest of the farther non-spherical retrograde moons of Jupiter, and does not seem to belong to any group.

## References
Dupatta

, India wearing Salwar kameez and  dupatta ]]

**Dupatta** (, ) is a long scarf that is an important part of many South Asian women's suits. Some "dupatta suits" include the salwar kameez, the trouser suit, and the kurta. The dupatta is also worn over the Hindu outfit of lehenga or ghaghra- choli. The dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty in South Asian dress. It is traditionally worn across both shoulders. However, the dupatta can also be worn like a cape around the entire torso. The material for the dupatta varies according to the suit: cotton, georgette, silk, chiffon, and more. The other names for dupatta are chunri and chunni (sometimes shortened to 'unni' by many Gujaratis).

There are various modes of wearing the unsewn dupatta. When not draped over the head in the traditional style, it is usually worn with the middle portion of the dupatta resting on the chest like a garland with both ends thrown over each respective shoulder. When the dupatta resting is worn along with the salwar-kameez it is casually allowed to flow down the front and back.

The use of the dupatta has definitely undergone a metamorphosis over time. In current fashions, the dupatta is frequently draped over one shoulder, and even over just the arms. Another recent trend is the short dupatta often seen with kurtas and Indo-Western clothing. Essentially, the dupatta is often treated as an accessory in current urban fashion. Nevertheless, the dupatta remains an integral part of Indian clothing and Pakistani clothing. Its nowadays a blend of fashion with the tradionalism. 

## Other websites
* Article about Dupatta at indiaprofile.com
Sinope (moon)

**Sinope** is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory in 1914, and is named after Sinope of Greek mythology.

Sinope did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as ''''''. It was sometimes called "Hades" between 1955 and 1975.

Sinope was the farthest known moon of Jupiter until the discovery of Megaclite in 2000.  The farthest moon of Jupiter now known is .

## Orbit 
Sinope orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. However, given its mean inclination and different colour, Sinope could be also an independent object, captured independently, unrelated to the collision and break-up at the origin of the group. The diagram illustrates Sinope's orbital elements in relation to other moons of the group.

## Physical characteristics 
Sinope has an estimated diameter of 38&nbsp;km (assuming an albedo of 0.04) These dissimilarities of the physical parameters suggest a different origin from the core members of the group.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Sinope Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
*David Jewitt pages
*Scott Sheppard pages
Ananke (moon)

**Ananke** is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1951 and is named after the mythological Ananke, the mother of Adrastea by Jupiter. The adjectival form of the name is *Anankean*.

Ananke did not get its old name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as ''''''. It was sometimes called "Adrastea" between 1955 and 1975. Note that Adrastea is now the name of another moon of Jupiter.

Ananke gives its name to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000&nbsp;km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## Orbit
Ananke orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit. Eight non-spherical moons found since 2000 follow similar orbits. of an original break-up forming the Ananke group.

## Physical characteristics
In the visible spectrum, Ananke appears grey to light-red.

## References

# Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES

## Other websites
*Ananke Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
*David Jewitt pages
*Scott Sheppard pages
Leda (moon)

**Leda** or '''''', is a moon of Jupiter. Unlike many moons, it is not a sphere. Charles T. Kowal found it working at the Mount Palomar Observatory on September 14, 1974. He took photographs for three nights September 11 through 13. Leda is in all of the photographs. The moon'S name come from Leda in Greek mythology. She was one of Zeus's lovers. Zeus is the Greek equivalent of Jupiter. Zeus came to Leda in the shape of a swan. Kowal suggested the name and the IAU supported it in 1975.

Leda belongs to the Himalia group. They are five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000&nbsp;km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. The orbital elements given here are as of January 2000, but they are changing a lot because gravity effects from the sun and planets.

## References
## Other websites
*Leda Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
*David Jewitt pages
*Scott Sheppard pages
Lysithea (moon)

**Lysithea** ( ,  ; ) is a prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson in 1938 at Mount Wilson Observatory

Lysithea did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as ''''''. It was sometimes called "Demeter" from 1955 to 1975.

It belongs to the Himalia group, five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000&nbsp;km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 28.3°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

## References
## Other websites
*Lysithea Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
*David Jewitt pages
*Scott Sheppard pages
Grind

**Grind** might mean:

*The grind of a blade is the cross-section of the blade
*To finely grate something, like coffee beans
*In skateboarding,  a grind is a trick on a skateboard
*grinding your teeth together
Camptosaurus

***Camptosaurus*** (meaning "bent lizard") was a plant-eater from the Upper Jurassic (about 156 to 145 million years ago). It is related to Iguanodon. 

It was a heavy ornithischian dinosaur that was about 16-23 feet (5-7 m) long and 3-4 feet (1 m) high at the hips, weighing roughly 2,200 pounds (1000 kg). It had a long snout, hundreds of teeth and a horny beak. Its legs were longer than its arms; it had four-toed feet and five-fingered arms, all with hooves. It could walk on two or four legs, it probably went on all four to graze for low-lying plants.
Pax Romana

The **Pax Romana** was a period when there was a lot of peace in the Roman Empire. "Pax" means "peace" in the Latin language; "Romana" means "Roman" in Latin.  So, "Pax Romana" means "Roman peace."

the Pax Romana lasted from 27 BC until 180 AD.  It started when Augustus was Emperor (ruler) of the Roman Empire. The Pax Romana is called a good time period because: 
#There were not many wars. 
#There was a lot of trade. ("Trade" means the buying and selling of goods.  Goods are things that can be bought or sold.)

The Emperors of the Pax Romana were:
* Augustus: (27 BC  14 AD) Augustus was the first leader, He was the adopted son and great nephew of Julius Caesar.

*Nerva: (96–98 AD) Nerva changed land laws to help the poor and changed tax rules.
*Trajan: Trajan built many new public works projects such as bath-houses and roads. The empire grew to its biggest size while Trajan was leader.
*Hadrian: Hadrian built Hadrian's Wall in Britain (at the time called Britannia). He also made Roman laws easier to understand.
*Antoninus Pius: Antonius promoted art and science. He also built new public works, and passed laws to help orphans.

The Pax Romana, which in Latin means *Roman Peace*, was a period from about 2000 to about 1800 years ago when the Roman Empire had reached the height of its size and had few military conflicts.  The Pax Romana was not always totally peaceful, as a transition within government could lead to chaos, but is remembered as a golden age for Rome where the empire grew wealthy and no threats challenged Roman dominance in Europe, northern Africa, or the Middle East. During this time period, they grew tremendously in architecture, science, and mathematics.
Terabyte

The **terabyte** (symbol: **TB**) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. One terabyte is equal to 1000 gigabytes (GB) or one trillion (1 000 000 000 000) bytes, and 1000 terabytes make one petabyte.  

Large organizations use terabytes of storage to hold massive amounts of data. People at home might use terabytes for backups. An external hard drive can be several terabytes.

## References
Veto

A right of **veto** means that somebody can stop decisions or legislation.  

For example, the President of the United States has veto power over the USA's Congress.  This can stop legislation from being passed.  If the President vetoes a bill passed by the Congress, it only becomes a law if Congress passes it again, this time with at least twice as many members of each of the two houses voting for it than voting against it.

Similarly, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (the United States of America, the United Kingdom, China, Russia and France) each has veto power.  Using this, they can stop the Security Council's decisions from being passed and becoming resolutions unless they all agree to them.  These vetoes cannot be overturned by any more voting on that resolution; if there is a need to address the same issue again in the future, a new and separate resolution must be written, passed, and not vetoed.

The veto was invented in ancient times for the Roman tribunes so they could protect the people from bad laws made by the Roman Senate.

## Related pages 
* Line-item veto

## Other websites 
* Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: An Overview (report) by Kevin R. Kosar
* Senate Reference Webpage on Vetoes, which includes lists of vetoes from 1789 to the current day.
Bettwiesen

**Bettwiesen** is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in northeast Switzerland, near Germany.

## References
Bell UH-1 Iroquois

UH-1]]

The **UH-1 Iroquois** (although known mainly as the **Huey**) was a helicopter made by Bell Helicopters. It first flew in 1956 and was introduced in 1959. It was known for being in the Vietnam War. It could be used for transporting soldiers, cargo, support, helping lost soldiers or pilots, or attacking enemies. One version, the UH-1V was made just for helping hurt people getting to hospitals. Some Hueys were given to civilians to for business travel, forest fire fighters, and police stations.. Now, the UH-60 Black Hawk is mainly used, but the Huey is still in service with countries.

## Related pages 
* Bell AH-1 Cobra

## References
Birwinken

**Birwinken** is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Elbridge Gerry

**Elbridge Thomas Gerry** (July 17, 1744 – November 23, 1814) was an American politician from Massachusetts. As a Democratic-Republican, he was elected the fifth vice president of the United States and served serving under President James Madison, from March 4, 1813 to his death, a year and a half later.

Gerry was a member of the Continental Congress and was a signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation.

He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 but did not sign the Constitiution.

Gerry was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and served there from 1789 to 1793.

Gerry was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1810 and served for two years. While serving as governor, Gerry supported a plan that would change the voting districts in Massachusetts to give more power to his Democratic-Republican Party. "Gerrymandering" is named after him and is a word that is now used when a political party tries to create more favourable voting districts.

Gerry became vice president under Madison but died in office on November 23, 1814.
Dozwil

**Dozwil** is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
Carme (moon)

**Carme** is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in  California in July 1938. before then, it was simply known as ''''''. It was sometimes called "Pan" between 1955 and 1975. Note that Pan is now the name of a moon of Saturn.

It gives its name to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000&nbsp;km and at an inclination of about 165°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Carme Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
* David Jewitt pages
* Scott Sheppard pages
Meteora (album)

***Meteora*** is the second studio album by Linkin Park. Linkin Park is an American rock band. The band released the album on March 25, 2003. Over 5.5 million copies of the album have been sold in the United States. Over 15 million copies of it have been sold overall. The band recorded the album for almost a year.

*Meteora* was number one on the *Billboard* 200. The album had many singles. The RIAA gave the album a platinum certification. In 2023, Linkin Park released a new version of *Meteora*. They did this for the album's 20th anniversary.

## List of songs
#"Foreword"
#"Don't Stay"
#"Somewhere I Belong"
#"Lying from You"
#"Hit the Floor"
#"Easier to Run"
#"Faint"
#"Figure.09"
#"Breaking the Habit"
#"From the Inside"
#"Nobody's Listening"
#"Session"
#"Numb"

## References
Rust Belt

.]]
The **Rust Belt** is a term that refers to an area of the northern United States. The area is mostly the states near the Great Lakes, and some of them are considered to be Midwest states. This area was once known for steel production and heavy industry. That industry has greatly decreased since the middle of the 20th century. As the name might imply, the area has sort of turned to "rust", like what happens to old steel. Much of this decrease in industry is because of the United States using manufacturers from other countries. It became an Industrial hub because of its proximity to The Great Lakes, canals, and rivers which companies used to access raw materials and ship out products.  

Most Rust Belt cities, for example, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Youngstown, Ohio, have had a very large decrease in their population since the 1950s and 1960s. 

Some "Rust Belt" cities include:

*Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
*Erie, Pennsylvania
*Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
*Youngstown, Ohio
*Canton, Ohio
*Cleveland, Ohio
*Steubenville, Ohio
*Toledo, Ohio
*Columbus, Ohio
*Gary, Indiana
*Flint, Michigan
*McKeesport, Pennsylvania
*Wheeling, West Virginia
*Detroit, Michigan
*Milwaukee, Wisconsin
*Buffalo, New York
*Rock Island, Illinois
*Niagara Falls, New York
*Rochester, New York
*Grand Rapids, Michigan
*South Bend, Indiana
*Chicago, Illinois
*Charleston, West Virginia
*St. Louis, Missouri
*Camden, New Jersey
*Trenton, New Jersey
*Lansing, Michigan
*Newark, New Jersey
*Jersey City, New Jersey
*Fort Wayne, Indiana
*Springfield, Illinois
*Watertown, New York
*Akron, Ohio
*Warren, Ohio
*Ann Arbor, Michigan
*Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
*Scranton, Pennsylvania
*Anderson, Indiana
Say My Name

"**Say My Name**" is a number-one single by American R&B group Destiny's Child for the Columbia Records label, released in early 2000. The single was the third of four singles from the group's 1999 album ''The Writing's On The Wall'', and the most successful of the four. It is considered to be one of their signature songs. It won a Grammy and an MTV Video Music Award.

## Formats and remixes
Several remixes of "Say My Name" were issued alongside the original version. The two most notable alternate versions are a remix by Timbaland, which features different vocals and a guest appearance from Static of Playa; and the "Nitro Remix" (featuring Nitro and Chief, with production by Mista Maze), which uses the original vocals over a bass music-styled backing track.

* "Say My Name" (Acapella)
* "Say My Name" (Daddy D Remix)
* "Say My Name" (Digital Black & Groove Club Mix)
* "Say My Name" (Dreem Teem Club Mix)
* "Say My Name" (Instrumental)
* "Say My Name" (Jazzy Bass Remix)
* "Say My Name" (Maurice's Bass 2000 Mix)
* "Say My Name" (Maurice's Millenium Mix)
* "Say My Name" (Maurice's Old Skool Dub Mix)
* "Say My Name" (Nitro Remix) (feat Nitro & Chief of Mob Playas)
* "Say My Name" (Radio Edit)
* "Say My Name" (Noodles Mix)
* "Say My Name" (Remix) (feat Kobe Bryant)
* "Say My Name" (Sidney's 2step RMX)
* "Say My Name" (Storm Mix By Tariq)
* "Say My Name" (Timbaland Remix) (feat Static)

## Chart performances
Piltdown Man

**Piltdown Man** (*Eoanthropus dawsoni*) was once thought to be a "missing link" between man and ape. The first Piltdown fragments were discovered in 1912. Thereafter, over 500 scientific essays were written on the Piltdown Man in a 40-year period. The discovery was proven to be a deliberate hoax in 1953.

## The fossil remains 
The Piltdown remains were purposefully scattered around a quarry in Piltdown, England, so that they could be "discovered" later as evidence for evolution and the development of man from ape. 

All of the fossil remains were stained with an iron sulfate solution. 

### Skulls 
The Piltdown fragments included two human skulls, both around 620 years old, according to Sir Kenneth Oakley. They had been treated with acid.

They may have belonged to Ona Indians from Patagonia, as the skulls were unusually thick. Thick skulls are a common trait among Ona Indians.

### Other bones 
The Piltdown fragments also consisted of:

* An orangutan jaw, around 500 years old, perhaps from Sarawak
* An elephant molar, thought to be from Tunisia, which was filed down
* A hippopotamus tooth, thought to have come from Malta or Sicily
* A canine tooth from a Pleistocene chimpanzee, painted brown and patched with bubble gum

The portion of the orangutan jaw that connected the jaw to its skull was carefully broken so as not to show evidence that this jaw did not belong to a human skull.

## The perpetrators 
The Piltdown Man hoax is thought to have been perpetrated by Charles Dawson, an archaeologist, geologist and fossil collector for the British Museum. However, no one is quite certain who was involved. There are a number of other suspects, including Sir Arthur Smith Woodward, Keeper of the British Museum's Natural History department, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, a paleontologist and Jesuit theologian.

## References 
* The Times, November 21, 1953; November 23, 1953
* The hoax exposed: The Piltdown Forgery by Joseph Weiner 1954
* The case against Smith: The Piltdown Man by Ronald Millar 1972
* The Dawson evidence: Unraveling Piltdown by John Evangelist Walsh 1996
TNT

The letters **TNT** can mean many things:
* TNT, the explosive substance, is trinitrotoluene
* TNT (band), a hard rock band
* TNT (couriers), a delivery company
* Tuesday Night Titans, a 1980s-era World Wrestling Federation TV show (1984-1986)
* TNT (channel), an American cable television channel
Gachnang

**Gachnang** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
Count Olaf

**Count Olaf** is the principal villain, antihero and primary character from Lemony Snicket's *A Series of Unfortunate Events*. His main goal throughout the series is to inherit or steal the Baudelaire fortune. He attempts numerous acts to try to get that fortune, such as trying to marry Violet, kidnap Sunny, and trip Klaus to have him fall and break his glasses (Miserable Mill) etc. He has a tattoo of an eye on his left ankle.
Warhammer 40,000

***Warhammer 40,000*** also called **Warhammer 40K** is a tabletop game. Model armies fight each other on miniature terrain. The armies include: Necrons, Tyranids, Space Marines, Chaos Space Marines, Orks, Eldar, Dark Eldar, Tau and Imperial Guard. Players roll dice to find out which army wins the battle. A ruler shows how far a unit moves. Two or more players are needed for a game. Each player takes it turns to move, shoot, charge, then fight. 

Each army has different kinds of weapons. Weapons have different strength and armor piercing value. Each army has different kinds of units. Each unit has a rating for strength, toughness, armor save, leadership, weapon and combat skill. These ratings are important for winning or losing.
Hauptwil-Gottshaus

**Hauptwil-Gottshaus** is a municipality in the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Hefenhofen

**Hefenhofen** is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
TNT (couriers)

**TNT**(reformed as PostNL just in this year) is a delivery company that delivers packages either world-wide or within a country by couriers. The company picks up parcels from the sender and then delivers them to the addressee. TNT Airways, based in Liège Airport, is the airline of TNT, using more than 40 planes to reach 70 destinations in Europe every night.

## Company overview 
TNT N.V., through its two divisions, Express and Mail, is part of the global transportation and distribution industry, and dedicated to providing delivery solutions to its customers. TNT serves more than 200 countries and employs around 160,000 people.

Over 2009, TNT reported €10.4 billion in revenues, an operating income of €648 million and cash from operating activities of €1 billion. TNT N.V. is listed and traded on Euronext Amsterdam by NYSE Euronext (ticker "TNT").

TNT has a history spanning more than 250 years. Its Dutch roots can be traced back to 1752. But it wasn’t until 1946 that the company known as TNT was born, on the other side of the world, in Australia. In the 60 years since then, TNT has grown into a global enterprise, even operating its own aircraft. Much of this growth has come from take-overs and acquisitions. In 1996, TNT was acquired by the Dutch company KPN (formerly PTT Post).

## System 
All packages are delivered to a local warehouse. A courier collects the packages from the warehouse and delivers them to the address on the package. Couriers will also collect packages from a certain area and take them to the warehouse where they can be sorted and sent to the warehouse nearest the receiver’s address.

In the United Kingdom, couriers are often part-time workers, delivering packages using their own cars. They collect and deliver packages to any house in a certain postcode area. This way, the TNT company can be sure of delivering to any house in the area.

## Other websites 
*
Termen

**Termen** is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
1447

## Events of 1447 
*March 6 – Pope Nicholas V succeeds Pope Eugene IV as the 208th pope.
*December – Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated. Vladislav II succeeds him with the assistance of John Hunyadi.

## Births 
*December 9 – Chenghua Emperor of China (died 1487)
**date unknown*
**Piero Capponi, Italian soldier. (died 1496)
**Philippe de Commines, Flemish historian (died 1511)
**Catherine of Genoa, woman mystic (died 1510) 
*Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Italian sculptor (died 1522)
*Bayezid II, Ottoman Sultan (died 1512)

## Deaths 
*February 23
**Pope Eugene IV (born 1383)
**Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (born 1390)
*March 12 – Shah Rukh, ruler of Persia and Transoxonia (born 1377)
*April 11 – Henry Cardinal Beaufort, Lord Chancellor of England (born 1377)
*August 13 – Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (born 1392)
*December – Vlad II Dracul, Prince of Wallachia
**date unknown* 
**John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (born 1395)
Mitte (locality)

**Mitte** was the most central  of Berlin (*Mitte* is German for centre). It was set up in 1920, when Groß-Berlin was set up, and in 2001 it was joined with Wedding and Tiergarten to make a new borough called Bezirk Mitte.

Mitte was in East Berlin, and had a lot of Berlin's historic sites. The Pergamon Museum, Unter den Linden and the Brandenburg Gate were in Mitte.

In 2001, Mitte was joined with two boroughs from West Berlin. This helped to break down the idea of a divided city, and put the important tourist centre of Berlin under one local government.

## Related pages
* Berlin-Mitte
1268

## Events 
### Europe 
#### War and politics 
* February 18 – The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are defeated by Dovmont of Pskov in the Battle of Rakovor.
* October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic church.
* King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.
* The county of Wernigerode become a vassal state of the margrave of Brandenburg.
* The House of Bourbon first rises to prominence with the marriage of Robert, Count of Clermont to King Louis IX of France's daughter, Beatrice of Burgundy, heiress to the lordship of Bourbon.
* New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families.
* Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.

#### Culture 
* Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit at the Duomo di Siena.
* The carnival in Venice is first recorded.
* In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.
* In Slovakia, Guta was founded (currently Kolárovo).

### Asia 
* May 18 – The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch; Baibars' destruction of the city of Antioch was so great as to permanently negate the city's importance.
* The Battle of Xiangyang, a six-year battle between the Chinese Song Dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.
* An earthquake in Cilicia kills about 60,000 people.

## Births 
* Mahaut of Artois (died 1327)
* Emperor Duanzong of China (died 1278)
* Philip IV of France (died 1314)

## Deaths 
* October 29 – Conradin, Duke of Swabia (executed) (born 1252)
* October 29 – Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (executed) (born 1249)
* November 29 – Pope Clement IV
* December 9 – Vaisvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia
* Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily
* Henry de Bracton, English jurist
* Peter II of Savoy (born 1203)
Pardon

A **pardon** is a decision that absolves a convicted person of a criminal conviction. A pardon may be *full* or *partial*:

*A **full pardon** removes all of the consequences of conviction.
*A **partial pardon** does not fully absolve a person of the conviction. For example, a partial pardon may not set aside a finding of guilt, or may not fully restore the rights of the person who received the pardon
*An **Amnesty** is given to a group of people, usually for a political offence.

Pardons are sometimes given to people who are wrongly convicted. In that case, the person is cleared of that conviction, as if never convicted.

The practice varies greatly between countries. In the United States a pardon for a federal conviction may be granted by the President, while pardons for state convictions may be granted by state governors.

## References
Sean Watkins

**Sean Watkins** (b. February 18, 1977) is an American guitarist. He is best known as a member of the Californian acoustic trio Nickel Creek. 

## Discography
**Let It Fall* (2001)
**26 Miles* (2003)
**Blinders On* (2006)

## References
Sara Watkins

**Sara Watkins** (born June 8, 1981) is an American violinist. She is most famous as a member of Californian bluegrass band Nickel Creek. 

## Discography
## References
Elara (moon)

**Elara**  is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by  Charles Dillon Perrine at Lick Observatory in 1905

Elara did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as ''''''. It was sometimes called "Hera" between 1955 and 1975.

Elara belongs to the Himalia group, five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000&nbsp;km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. Its orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

## New Horizons encounter
In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft to Pluto made a number of pictures of Elara, culminating in photos from a distance of five million miles.

## References
## Other websites
*Elara Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
*David Jewitt pages
*Scott Sheppard pages
Dsungaripterus

***Dsungaripterus*** ("Wing of Junggar Basin") was a pterosaur with a wingspan of 10 feet (3 m). It had an unusual bony crest running along its snout and long, narrow, curved jaws with a pointed tip. The crest may have acted as a rudder when flying or may have been a secondary sex characteristic.

*Dsungaripterus*'s head and neck were together almost a metre long. Its most notable feature are its long, narrow, upcurved jaws with a pointed tip, making the animal look like a pair of flying tweezers. It had no teeth in the front part of its jaws, which were probably used to remove shellfish and worms from cracks in rocks or from sandy, muddy beaches. It had knobbly flat teeth more to the back of the jaw that were well suited for crushing shellfish.

## References
Daspletosaurus

***Daspletosaurus*** was a large meat-eating dinosaur that was 26-33 feet (8-10 m) long and weighed perhaps 2-3 tons (3000 kg). 

It had tiny, horn-like ornaments behind its eyes, and its arms were a bit longer than those of its more famous relative *T. rex*. It may have been an ancestor of *Tyrannosaurus*. This bipedal hunter lived in marshes by streams in what is now Alberta, Canada, during the Middle Cretaceous period, 76-72 million years ago. It may have preyed upon Triceratops. It was named by D.A. Russell in 1970. In both Dinosaur Planet and Planet Dinosaur, *Daspletosaurus* was identified as its original species, *Daspletosaurus horneri*. In the Dinosaur King television series, it was named as *Daspletosaurus torosus*.

## Popular media 
*Daspletosaurus* has appeared in some TV series, novels and movies for a long time. For example, it appeared in Planet Dinosaur, where it was inaccurately portrayed as a medium-sized dinosaur. Also to this, it appeared both in Dinosaur Planet and Dinosaur King. It also appeared in another series, Primal, where it was called as a *Tyrannosaurus* and named Fang. 

*Daspletosaurus* has appeared in movies such as The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration, where in those movies, is also named as *Tyrannosaurus*. It has appeared inactive in novels such as Carnosaur, Bones of the Earth, Journey to the Center of the Earth and The Lost World.

## Other websites 
*It is possible to buy an original skeleton legally. *Dinosaur sanctuary*. http://dinosaursanctuary.com/saurischian.html
Brachychiton

***Brachychiton*** (also known as the **bottletree** or **kurrajong**) is a genus of 31 species of trees and large shrubs. They grow naturally in Australia and New Guinea. Fossils from New South Wales and New Zealand are believed to be 50 million years old. The name *Brachychiton* is comes from the Greek *brachys*, meaning "short", and *chiton*, meaning "tunic". This refers to its loose seed coverings.

They grow to 4–30m tall. All species have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. The female flowers have five separate carpels that can each form a woody fruit that has several seeds.
Themisto (moon)

**Themisto** or '***, is a small prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found in 1975, lost, and then refound in 2000.

## Discovery and naming 
Themisto was first found by Charles T. Kowal and Elizabeth Roemer on September 30, 1975, reported on October 3, 1975 and designated ****. However, not enough observations were made to establish an orbit and it was subsequently lost.

Themisto appeared as a footnote in astronomy textbooks into the 1980s. Then, in 2000, a seemingly new moon was found by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Yanga R. Fernández and Eugene A. Magnier, and was designated ***'. It was soon confirmed that this was the same as the 1975 object. The Sheppard et al. announcement was immediately correlated with an August 6 2000 observation by the team of Brett J. Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, Hans Scholl, Matthew J. Holman, Brian G. Marsden, Philip D. Nicholson and Joseph A. Burns — an observation that was reported to the Minor Planet Center but not published as an IAU Circular (IAUC).

In October 2002 it was officially named after Themisto, daughter of the river god Inachus by Zeus (Jupiter) in Greek mythology.

## Characteristics 
, the moons beneath it are retrograde. The yellow segments extend from the pericentre to the apocentre, showing the orbital eccentricity. ]]
Themisto's orbit is unusual. Unlike most of Jupiter's moons, which orbit in groups, Themisto orbits alone, midway between the Galilean moons and the first group of prograde irregulars.

Themisto is about 8 kilometers in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04)

## References 
# Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
# Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL

## Other websites 
* David Jewitt's pages
* Scott Sheppard's pages
Crochet hook

.]]
A **crochet hook** is a tool used for making crochet fabric.  The hook at the end is used to grab yarn.  The tool also has a flat part for fingers to hold during work.  Crochet hooks come in different sizes for different sizes of yarn.

## Other websites
*About crochet hook parts 
*Using crochet hooks