open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
VK (company)

**Mail.Ru Group** (London Stock Exchange listed since November 5, 2010) is a Russian Internet company. It was started in 1998 as an e-mail service and went on to become a major corporate figure in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet. As of 2013, according to comScore, websites owned by Mail.ru collectively had the largest audience in Russia and captured the most screen time. Mail.Ru's sites reach approximately 86% of Russian Internet users on a monthly basis and the company is in the top 5 of largest Internet companies, based on the number of total pages viewed. Mail.ru controls the 3 largest Russian social networking sites.  It operates the second and third most popular Russian social networking sites, Odnoklassniki and Moy Mir, respectively. Mail.ru holds 100% of shares of Russia's most popular social network VK   and minority stakes in Qiwi, formerly OE Investments (15.04%). It also operates two instant messaging networks (Mail.Ru Agent and ICQ), an e-mail service and Internet portal Mail.ru, as well as a number of online games.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Millennium Development Goals

The **Millennium Development Goals** (**MDGs**) are the eight  targets of the United Nations. They were decided in 2000. All 189 United Nations member states (there are 193 now), and at least 23 international organizations, said they would try to help achieve the goals by 2015:

# To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 
# To achieve universal primary education 
# To promote gender equality
# To reduce child mortality
# To improve maternal health
# To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
# To ensure environmental sustainability.
# To develop a global partnership for development.

Each goal had specific targets, and dates for reaching those targets. To help progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55&nbsp;billion in debt owed by poor countries. This was to allow them to use resources  for improving health, education and reducing poverty.

Developed countries' aid for the MDGs rose during the period. More than half went for debt relief. Much of the rest went towards natural disaster relief and military aid, instead of development.

## References
Spacetoon Plus

**Spacetoon Plus** is an Indonesian television channel. It specializes in anime and children programs. Spacetoon Group has 3 channels in Indonesia: Spacetoon, Spacetoon 2 and the now-defunct Spacetoon (Indonesia) today.

## History
The channel began broadcasting in April 2005. It has two primary headquarters. One opened in 2009 in Jakarta.

## Anime programming
* *Judo Boy*
* *Go For Speed*
* *Blazing Teens*
* *Mechadoc*
* *Robin Hood*
* *Tokyo Mew Mew*
* *Inakappe Taisho*
* *Gatchaman*
* *Captain Tsubasa*
* *Futari wa Pretty Cure*

## Cartoon programming
* *Ben 10*
* *Fraggle Rock
* *Mr. Men Show*
* *Teen Titans*
* *Pole Position*
* *Code Lyoko*
* *Dragons Defenders of Berk*
* *Angry Birds Stella*
* *Adventure Time*
* *Steven Universe*
* *The Smurfs 2*

## Non-anime and non-cartoon programming
* *Fraggle Rock*
* *Kids Incorporated*
* *The Kidsongs Television Show*

## Upcoming programming
* *CDLN Adventures*

## Movies
* *Cars*
* *Cars 2''
Tiffany & Co.

, a 128-carat stone cut in a modified cushion-shape featuring 90 facets instead of the 57 or 58 of a standard brilliant cut. The stone, discovered in 1878, has never been sold.]]
**Tiffany & Company** (better known as Tiffany or Tiffany's) is an American luxury goods company. Their main store is in New York City.

Tiffany sells jewelry, sterling silver, china, crystal,  perfumes, watches and personal accessories, as well as some leather goods. Many of these goods are sold through direct-mail as well as at Tiffany stores. Tiffany is particularly known for its diamond jewelry. Tiffany markets itself as an judge of taste and style.

Founded in New York City in 1837,  the store sold a wide variety of items as "Tiffany, Young and Ellis" in Manhattan. The name was shortened to Tiffany & Company in 1853 when Charles Tiffany took control. He established the firm's emphasis on jewelry.

## Related pages 
*Tiffany lamp

## References 
## Other websites
*Tiffany & Company official website
Francine Hughes

**Francine Hughes** (August 17, 1947 – March 22, 2017) is an American woman who suffered domestic abuse from her ex-husband named Mickey Hughes. She ended up killing him by setting fire to his bed on March 9, 1977. Mickey was killed and the house was destroyed in the fire. The story was made into a book and a movie. In No Child of Mine (where 35 year old Linda abused everyone), 35 year old Linda was acting like Mickey who lived with 13 year old Kerry (who didn't do anything wrong) in and for 13 years.

## Background 
Hughes had suffered over a decade of beatings and verbal abuse from her husband. She divorced him, but every time she tried to keep him out of the house, he kept beating her. 

After Mickey was in a serious car accident, she visited him in the hospital. She then allowed him back in the house to recover from his injuries. 

Francine Hughes' story was made into a book by Faith McNulty. It was later made into a movie in 1984 titled *The Burning Bed*.
 
## References
## Other websites 
* Dansville, Michigan: The Burning Bed
* "The Burning Bed": A turning point in fight against domestic violence
Linköping Arena

The **Linköping Arena** is an association football stadium in the town of Linköping in Sweden. It was opened in 2013 and has a capacity of 8 500 and hosted four games during the UEFA Women's Euro 2013 tournament. The stadium became home to Linköpings FC women's association football team after that tournament. The name was discussed for a while and the project was named the **Arena Linköping** before the name was changed to Linköping Arena.

## References 
## Other websites
*Linköping Arena
Tiffany

**Tiffany (given name)** is a feminine given name.

**Tiffany** might also refer to:

## People 
*Tiffany Young, an American singer based in South Korea
*Tiffany Darwish, an American singer known by her stage name "Tiffany"
*Tiffany Evans, American musician
*Tiffany Thornton, American actress

## Other 
*Tiffany & Co.
*Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor, an American military decoration
*Tiffany lamp
Matt Bevin

**Matthew Griswold "Matt" Bevin** (born January 9, 1967) is an American businessman and politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He became the Governor of Kentucky on December 8, 2015. He left office on December 10, 2019.

## Career
Bevin became the President of Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company in 2011.

In Kentucky's 2014 Senate election, Bevin was a Republican candidate and primary challenger to Mitch McConnell. At that time, McConnell was the Senate Minority Leader.

On November 3, 2015, Bevin was elected Governor of Kentucky.

On November 5, 2019, Bevin lost his re-election bid to State Attorney General Andy Beshear by less than 5,000.

## References
## Other websites
*Waycross Partners business website
*Matt Bevin for Governor 
*
Andrzej Ciechanowiecki

**Andrew Stanislaus (Andrzej Stanisław) Ciechanowiecki** (28 September 1924 – 2 November 2015) was a Polish art historian, philanthropist, art collector, and antique dealer. 

He is the founder of the Ciechanowiecki Foundation at the Royal Castle in Warsaw (1986). He was an Honorary Professor of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was honored with the Order of the White Eagle in 1998, Grand Cross of Polonia Restituta, war medals, Gloria Artis Gold Medal and other awards.

Ciechanowiecki died in London at the age of 91.

## References
Bill Saluga

**William "Bill" Saluga** (September 16, 1937 &ndash; March 28, 2023) was an American comedian. He was born in Youngstown, Ohio. He was a founding member, along with Fred Willard, Michael Mislove,  George Memmoli, and Patti Deutsch of the improvisational comedy troupe Ace Trucking Company. 

Saluga was best known for his cigar-smoking, zoot-suit-wearing television character “Raymond J. Johnson, Jr.”. He was famous for his catchphrase "You can call me Ray, or you can call me Jay, or you can call me Raymond J. Johnson, but you doesn't hasta call me Johnson!" 

Saluga died of cardiopulmonary arrest in Los Angeles, California on March 28, 2023, at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Universal Kids

**Universal Kids** was a brand for preschool-oriented programmes distributed by DreamWorks Animation, satellite and television network owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal, itself a division of Comcast.
Pete du Pont

**Pierre Samuel "Pete" du Pont IV** (January 22, 1935 &ndash; May 8, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician. He was born in Wilmington, Delaware.

He was the United States Representative for Delaware's at-large congressional district from 1971 to 1977. He then served as the 68th Governor of Delaware from 1977 to 1985. He is a member of the Republican Party.

du Pont ran for President of the United States in the 1988 U.S. presidential election. He lost the primaries to Vice President George H. W. Bush.

du Pont died on May 8, 2021 in Wilmington at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
* Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States  
* 
* Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 
* Delaware's Governors 
* Political Graveyard 
* OpinionJournal.com: Who we are 
* Delaware Historical Society; website ; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655–7161
* University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831–2965
A Fall of Moondust

***A Fall of Moondust*** is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke. It was first published in 1961 and has been reprinted many times.

## Plot 
The story takes place on the Moon in the near future. A group of tourists are travelling on the surface of the moon, which is covered by a thin layer of very fine dust, a fine powder drier (it contains less water) than a desert on Earth. The tourists are travelling in a vessel called  *Selene*, that skims along the surface.

A 'moonquake' (similar to an earthquake) causes the dust to collapse, and *Selene* sinks below the surface. They cannot make contact with Control to call for help, and they only have enough air for a few days. The people are also generating heat, which is dangerous.

Captain Pat Harris and his stewardess Sue Wilkins try to keep the passengers occupied while waiting to be rescued. They are helped by a retired explorer, Commodore Hansteen.

Back at control, Chief Engineer Lawrence prepares to search for the lost tourists, although he doesn't think it can be done in time.  But the trail left by Selene is seen by telescope from a satellite high above the Moon. The rescue attempt goes ahead.

Lawrence and his team do find the sunken ship and dig down through the dust to cut a hole in the hull. The tourists are able to climb out to safety, but with seconds to spare before Selene fills with dust and also catches fire.

Pat Harris and Sue Wilkins get married.
Ahmed Chalabi

**Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi** (&lrm;; 30 October 1944 – 3 November 2015) was an Iraqi politician. He was interim Minister of Oil in Iraq serving from  16 April 2005 to 1 January 2006. He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1 May 2005 to 20 May 2006. Chalabi failed to win a seat in parliament in the December 2005 elections.

Chalabi died on 3 November 2015 from a heart attack at his home in Kadhimiya, Baghdad, aged 71.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Asia

## References
## Other websites
*
We Shall Overcome (Bernie Sanders album)

***We Shall Overcome*** is an album of folk music recorded and released by Bernie Sanders in 1987. It was done when he was mayor of Burlington, Vermont. The album has since been released on iTunes and has attained a new wave of popularity as a result of Sanders' ongoing presidential campaign.

## Background
In 1987, Burlington-based musician Todd Lockwood was sipping coffee at Leunig's Bistro when he came up with the idea to ask the city's mayor, Bernie Sanders, to record a musical project at his studio, White Crow Audio. Lockwood called the mayor's office and left Sanders a message with a secretary.

## List of songs
## References
## Other websites
* Video of Bernie Sanders singing 'This Land Is Your Land' at YouTube.com
DJ Jazzy Jeff

**Jeffrey Allen Townes** (born January 22, 1965), also known as **DJ Jazzy Jeff**, is an American record producer of hip hop and R&B. He is best known for taking part at the beginning of his career with Will Smith as DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince.

DJ Jazzy Jeff graduated from the John Bartram High School in Philadelphia where his name is inscribed as one of the students outstanding.

DJ Jazzy Jeff is not to be confused with MC Jazzy Jeff, which, in fact, filed and won a lawsuit over the name Jazzy Jeff against Jeff Townes when Jive Records signed DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince.

He also participated in the series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as Jazz, making an appearance in several chapters.

## Personal life 
Jeff married Lynette C. Jackson on July 31, 2010. He has two sons.

## References
## Other websites 
* – official site
*
*
Charles Rangel

**Charles Bernard "Charlie" Rangel** (; June 11, 1930 &ndash; May 26, 2025) was an American politician. He served as the U.S. Representative for .  A member of the Democratic Party, he was the second-longest serving member of the House of Representatives. He served from 1971 to 2017.

Rangel was born in Harlem in Upper Manhattan. He earned a Purple Heart and a Bronze Star for his service in the United States Army during the Korean War.

Rangel graduated from New York University in 1957 and St. John's University School of Law in 1960. He worked as a private lawyer, assistant U.S. attorney, and legal counsel during the early-mid-1960s. He was in the New York State Assembly from 1967 to 1971 and beat long-time incumbent Congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr. in a primary challenge on his way to being elected to the House of Representatives.

In 2007, Rangel became the first African-American Chair of the important House Ways and Means Committee. Rangel left office at the expiration of his term on January 3, 2017.

In 2020, Rangel endorsed former Vice President Joe Biden for president during the 2020 presidential election.

Rangel died at a hospital in New York City on May 26, 2025, at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*Charlie Rangel for Congress  
*
*
*
*Charlie Rangel's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
Nintendo entertainment system clone

**Nintendo entertainment system clone**s are hardware clones of the Nintendo Entertainment System and are rarely licensed. Nintendo has been cracking down on their production. Most of these consoles are manufactured in east Asia and are only sold in certain stores depending on their legality level. For example,a clone with pirated software built in is only sold at places like malls and flea markets. Ones that have original software built in are sold in places like dollar stores and pharmacies. Consoles that have no software built in and are intended to be a non-collector alternative to retro gamers are sold at used game stores.

## Manufacturers
*Sinango
*DreamGEAR, LLC
*Qishenglong
*Trump grand
*Subor
*ABL
Razem

**Partia Razem** (, eng. *Together Party, also just Razem, eng. Together*) is a left-wing Polish political party created in May 2015. It is one of the many parties that were involved in the Polish parliamentary election of 2015. The party supports labor rights and is against deregulation. It is democratically socialist and socialdemocratic. During the 2015 elections it has achieved 3.62% of the votes, but that was not enough to gain a seat in the parliament.

The colour of the party is red-violet (alizarin carmine)
 

During the 2019 general elections, the Together party introduced its first electoral representatives to the Sejm, running in coalition with the New Left and other smaller parties. The same happened in the 2023 elections, but then the Together Party introduced more electoral representatives. It then operated as Left Together. In 2024, it withdrew from the coalition with New Left and reverted to the name Together Party. In 2025, it fielded its presidential candidate, who was Together Party founder and co-chairman Adrian Zandberg. He outperformed the New Left candidate in this election and thus achieved the best result among all candidates of the left, receiving 4.86 % of the vote, bringing his result close to the electoral threshold for the Sejm, which is 5 %. Since the 2025 presidential campaign, the party has seen an increase in popularity and membership from around 3,000 to several thousand members. Shortly after the presidential election, in which the Together Party recorded a huge increase in popularity on social media, a record number of people willing to become Party members signed up to the Party. In just a few weeks, several thousand people expressed their desire to do so, which is a record for the Third Republic of Poland. Currently, the party's support is oscillating around the 5% electoral threshold and they are experiencing a steady increase in popularity, with the New Left stagnating or even (according to some polls) declining. They are preparing to run in 2027.
Sebastian Nerz

**Sebastian Matthias Nerz** (born 13 July 1983) is a German politician and bioinformatician. He was the leader of the Pirate Party Germany (Piratenpartei Deutschland) from May 2011 to April 2012. He left the Pirate Party Germany in February 2014. He has since joined the Free Democratic Party.

## Biography
Nerz is the son of the physicians Rolf-Dieter and Christiane Uta Nerz, née Fiedler. He finished his high school education at Geschwister-Scholl-Schule in 2002. Nerz began his studies of bioinformatics at University of Tübingen in 2003 after finishing his mandatory civil service. In 2001 he became a member of the German Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in Tübingen, which he left in 2009. In June 2009 before the German federal election, he joined the Pirate Party, becoming a board member of its then newly founded Tübingen district assembly (). He also became the coordinator for regional politics in the Baden-Württemberg party association. From April 2010 to May 2011 he was the head of the regional party association. In 2010, he graduated with a diploma in bioinformatics. Nerz was elected the head of the party in May 2011. He was succeeded by Bernd Schlömer on April 28, 2012. Nerz left the Pirate Party Germany in February 2014.

## References
## Other websites 
*Sebastian Nerz verlässt die Piratenpartei
Warren Commission

'''The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy**, known unofficially as **the Warren Commission''', was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963. Its purpose was to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963. 

## Commission report 
The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren. According to published Transcripts of Johnson's presidential telephone conversations, some major officials did not want to form this commission. Also that several commission members took part only reluctantly.
Its 889-page final  was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964. It was made public three days later. It d that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. They also stated that Oswald acted entirely alone. The Commission's findings have proven controversial. They have been both d and ed by later studies.

## Members
;Committee
*Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (chairman) (1891–1974)
*Richard Russell, Jr. (D-Georgia), U.S. Senator, (1897–1971)
*John Sherman Cooper (R-Kentucky), U.S. Senator (1901–1991)
*Hale Boggs (D-Louisiana), U.S. Representative, House Majority Whip (1914–1972)
*Gerald Ford (R-Michigan), U.S. Representative (later 38th President of the United States), House Minority Leader (1913-2006)
*Allen Welsh Dulles, former Director of Central Intelligence and head of the Central Intelligence Agency (1893–1969)
*John J. McCloy, former President of the World Bank (1895–1989)

;General counsel
*J. Lee Rankin (1907-1996)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
* The Truth Behind JFK's Assassination, Newsweek
Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

The **Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées** is a public university in Toulouse. UFTMP has 14 schools and it has 15 academic departments and gives much importance to scientific and technological research.

## Schools 
* Université Toulouse 1 Capitole
* Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès
* Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
* Institut national polytechnique de Toulouse
* Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
* Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
* Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse
* Centre universitaire Jean-François-Champollion
* École nationale supérieure des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
* École nationale de l'aviation civile
* École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse
* École nationale supérieure de formation de l’enseignement agricole
* Toulouse Business School
* Institut catholique d'arts et métiers

## Other websites
* UFTMP, official web site

## References
Adam Wylie

**Adam Augustus Wylie** (born May 23, 1984) is an American actor, voice actor, singer, Broadway musical performer and a former Crayola spokesman. He's known for voicing Peter Pan in *Jake and the Never Land Pirates*.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Television films
### Other appearances
Howard Coble

**John Howard Coble** (March 18, 1931 – November 3, 2015) was an American politician. He served as a U.S. Representative for , serving from 1985 to 2015. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Coble had skin cancer for many years. He was admitted to ICU in September 2015 after complications from skin cancer surgery. Coble died on November 3, 2015, in Greensboro, North Carolina at the age of 84 from complications of the surgery.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Profile  at SourceWatch
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology

**Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology (TJHSST, TJ, Jefferson)** is a high school in Virginia, United States. The school is a public school. It is part of the Fairfax Country Public Schools (FCPS). TJHSST is a selective school, which means that only a small group of people can go to the school. To decide who can go to the school, applicants (people who wants to go to the school) need to take an admission test, get a teacher recommendation, write essays, write a resume (a paper telling about who you are), and have good grades before. TJHSST is a very good school. *U.S. News & World Report* said that the school was the best public high school in the country from 2007 to 2013. In 2014 and 2015, TJHSST was first place again in Newsweek's "America's Top Schools" ranking.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Lindsey, Drew. "Success Factory: Inside America’s Best High School", *Washingtonian*, October 1, 2009.

## Other websites 
*TJHSST Homepage
Legal proceeding

A l**egal proceeding** is any legal matter that is before a judge or tribunal. Legal proceedings refer to all parts of a trial or hearing. 

Legal proceedings for United States courts of appeals are called the **Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure**. They apply to all courts of appeal and since December 4, 1967 to the United States Supreme Court.

## References
Meningococcal disease

**Meningococcal disease**, also called **meningococcal meningitis**, is infections caused by the bacterium meningococcus (*Neisseria meningitidis*). If left untreated, the death rate is high. However, it can be prevented by vaccines. The disease is best known for causing meningitis. It also causes blood infection, which then leads to sepsis.

There are over 2,600 cases of bacterial meningitis in the United States per year. In developing countries, there are over 333,000 cases per year. The case death rate is between ten and twenty percent.

Meningococcal disease is not as spreadable as the common cold. However, it can be passed between people through saliva.
Garret Dillahunt

**Garret L. Dillahunt** (born November 24, 1964) is an American actor. He has played the role of Burt Chance on the Fox sitcom *Raising Hope*. Dillahunt played the role of Ty Walker in the sixth season of *Justified*.

## Biography 
Dillahunt was born on November 24, 1964 in Castro Valley, California. He grew up in Washington State. Dillahunt was a journalism major at the University of Washington. 

Dillahunt began acting in television in the early 1990s. He made several guest appearances in programs such as 
*NYPD Blue* and *The X-Files*. He later got a regular role playing two different characters on the HBO Network show *Deadwood*. Dillahunt was cast to play Jesus Christ in the series *The Book of Daniel*.

## References
Molecular geometry

. The octahedron has eight faces, hence the prefix 'octa'.]]

**Molecular geometry** is the way atoms are arranged in a molecule. The three-dimensional arrangement determines many properties of that molecule. There are many different molecular structures. They are organised by the number of atoms involved and the angles between the bonds.

## Types of molecular geometry
]]
The wide variety of different molecular structures depends on the number of atoms involved as well as the number of electron pairs, and these also determine the bond angles of the atoms. For example, a linear molecule will have a bond angle of 180° because the two atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule are separated at a maximum angle of 180° equally opposite to each other. Bent molecules will have a bond angle of less than 180° but still have only two atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule. That is because bent molecules have got electron pairs in the central atom that count as the electrons that will be separated from other atoms bonded to it.

Other shapes include:

*Trigonal planar – three atoms and no electron pairs.
*Trigonal pyramidal – three atoms and one electron pair.
*T-shaped – three atoms and two electron pairs.
*Tetrahedral – four atoms and no electron pairs.
*Trigonal bipyramidal – five atoms and no electron pairs.
*Square pyramidal – five atoms and one electron pair.
*Pentagonal planar – five atoms and two electron pairs.
*Octahedral – six atoms and no electron pairs.

## References
Eric Hobsbawm

**Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm**, CH, FBA, FRSL (; 9 June 1917 – 1 October 2012) was a British Marxist historian. He worked on the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism, and nationalism. His best-known works include his trilogy about what he called the "long 19th century" (*The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848*, *The Age of Capital: 1848–1875* and *The Age of Empire: 1875–1914*), *The Age of Extremes*.

## Other websites
* 
* Eric Hobsbawm page  at David Higham.
* Profile in the London Review of Books
* Maya Jaggi, "A question of faith", *The Guardian*, 14 September 2002.
* Richard W. Slatta, "Eric J. Hobsbawm’s Social Bandit: A Critique and Revision" , *A Contracorriente*, 2004.
* http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=7315 
* Interview with Eric Hobsbawm and Donald Sassoon: European Identity and Diversity in Dialogue , Barcelona Metropolis, Spring 2008.
* Eric Hobsbawm interviewed by Alan Macfarlane , 13 September 2009 (film).
* Where have the rebels gone? An interview with Eric Hobsbawm (video), *Books & Ideas*, 21 January 2010.
* World Distempers: interview with Eric Hobsbawm, *New Left Review 61*, January–February 2010.
* Brief bio and links to articles, Spartacus Educational
* "Professor Eric Hobsbawm" on *Desert Island Discs*, 10 March 1995.
* Remembering Eric Hobsbawm, Historian for Social Justice. Eric Foner for *The Nation.* 1 October 2012.
René Girard

**René Noël Théophile Girard** (; ; December 25, 1923 – November 4, 2015) was a French-American historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science. His writings were based on anthropological philosophy. Girard was the author of nearly thirty books with his writings spanning many academic domains. His work was based on literary criticism, critical theory, anthropology, theology, psychology, mythology, sociology, economics, cultural studies, and philosophy.

## References
## Other websites
* Colloquium on Violence & Religion 
* , founded in 2006.
* Imitatio , founded in 2008. Accessed 24 November 2008 
* The Raven Foundation. This foundation "seeks to promote healing, hope, reconciliation and peace by offering insight into the dynamics of conflict and violence".
*Theology and Peace, founded in 2008. "An emerging movement seeking the transformation of theological practice through the application of mimetic theory".
*Preaching Peace founded in 2002 as a website exploring the Christian lectionary from a mimetic theoretical perspective, 2007 organized as a non-profit in Pennsylvania committed to "Educating the church in Jesus' vision of peace."
Christmas carol

A **Christmas carol** (also called a **noël**, from the French word meaning "Christmas") is a carol (song or hymn) whose lyrics are on the theme of Christmas. They are traditionally sung on Christmas itself or during the surrounding holiday season. 

## History 
Carols were first sung thousands of years ago in Europe. They were sung by pagans at the celebration of the Winter solstice. As they are known today, Christmas carols date back to about the 19th century. The tradition of going from house to house was not a part of Christmas caroling at first. It dates back further to Anglo-Saxon traditions. the word *wassail* comes from the Anglo-Saxon toast *Wæs þu hæl*, meaning "be in good health". Wassailing likely predates the Norman conquest in 1066. The wishing of good fortune to neighbors produced the song "Here We Come-A-Wassailing". Another song, "We Wish You a Merry Christmas", also comes from the Wassailing tradition. The two forms, singing and wassailing, came together during the Victorian era in England. They produced the modern custom of Christmas caroling. Today Christmas carols are a very known tradition.

## Christmas carols in classical music
In the 1680s and 1690s, two French composers added carols into their works. Louis-Claude Daquin wrote 12 noels for the organ. Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote a few instrumental versions of noels, plus one major choral work "Messe de minuit pour Noël". Other examples include:

*Ralph Vaughan Williams: *Fantasia on Christmas Carols*, 1912.
*Victor Hely-Hutchinson: *Carol Symphony*, 1927.
*Benjamin Britten: *A Ceremony of Carols* (for choir and harp), 1942
*Christina Rossetti's poem "In the Bleak Midwinter" has been set to music by (amongst others) Gustav Holst (1905) and Harold Darke (1911).
*Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki s the Christmas carol "Silent Night" in his Second Symphony, nicknamed the *Christmas Symphony*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Here We Come a-wassailing, YouTube
* 30 Favourite Christmas Carols - Their Origins and History
We Bare Bears

***We Bare Bears*** is a children's TV show created by Daniel Chong. It premiered on Cartoon Network.

It is about 3 bear brothers: Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear (voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at communication with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. This series is Cartoon Network's first original series based on a comic. On August 12, 2015, Cartoon Network renewed the series for a second season.

## Grizzly 
'*Grizzly "*Grizz*" Bear*' is a fictional character.  Grizzly is an anthropomorphic grizzly bear. His entire body is completely covered in brown fur. Grizzly is has a bubbly and hyperactive personality His is loud and talkative. He is an older brother of Panda Bear and Ice Bear. He is voiced by Eric Edelstein. 

### Appearance
His entire body is covered in brown fur. Grizz is in the middle in terms of height, he is taller than Panda but shorter than Ice Bear.

### History 
Not much is known about Grizzly's past, though what is known is he was parentless from a very young age. It is unknown what happened to his parents or who they were.

### Personality
Grizzly is characterized as bubbly, hyperactive, loud, and talkative. 

### Reception
The character recived mixed to negative reception.

## Panda 
**Panda Bear** or Pan Pan is one of the protagonists of *We Bare Bears* created by Daniel Chong. Panda is voiced by Bobby Moynihan. He is a middle brother of Grizzly Bear and Ice Bear. 

### Appearance
Being a panda, his body is covered in black and white fur on his head (excluding the ears) and a stripe across his belly. He is shorter than his brothers, with a wider frame than both. He is shown to have small black eyes surrounded by black fur.
### History
### Personality 
Panda is characterized as neurotic, artistic, and something of a drama queen.

### Reception
Panda’s characterisim receive positive reviews from Fans who considered him an icon.

## Ice Bear
**Ice Bear** is one of the protagonist of the show We Bare Bears created by Daniel Chong. Ice Bear is voiced by Demetri Martin. He is a younger brother of Grizzly and Panda.
### Appearance
### History
### Personality
### Reception
Ice Bear’s Character received Universal Acclaim 

## References
Stade Vélodrome

before a match against PSG, on the 5 April, 2015.]]

The **Stade Vélodrome** is an association football stadium. It is in Marseille, France. It can hold 67,000 people. It was built in 1937 for the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France. It has been worked on many times, and has slowly turned into the stadium it is today. It is almost always used for Olympique Marseille matches. It was also used for the UEFA Euro 2016 in France.

## References
Jessie Hill

**Jessie Hill** (December 9, 1932 – September 17, 1996)   singer and songwriter. He was best known for his popular call and response song "Ooh Poo Pah Doo". As a singer, he recorded a successful single.  In addition to his original, there have been over 100 cover versions made by other artists.

## Early life 
Hill was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. While still a teenager, he played drums in local bands. In 1951, while still drumming, he started his own group, the House Rockers. At first, Professor Longhair played piano, then later it was Huey "Piano" Smith.  Hill got different musicians for the House Rockers in 1958, and started singing. and reached the Top 5 in the US *Billboard* R&B chart. It was in the Top 30 in the *Billboard* Hot 100 pop chart as well.   A third grandson, Travis "Trumpet Black" Hill, also performed as a trumpet player in New Orleans. He died from an infection while on tour in Tokyo on May 4, 2015.

## References
Adriana Campos

**Adriana Campos** (February 27, 1979 – November 3, 2015), was a Colombian television, movie and stage actress. She worked with RCN Televisión and Caracol Televisión as an actress of telenovelas. She was known for her role as Nicole Aguilar in *Vecinos*.

Campos died in a car accident in Salgar, Antioquia with her husband, aged 36.

## References
## Other websites
*
Melissa Mathison

**Melissa Marie Mathison** (June 3, 1950 &ndash; November 4, 2015) was an American movie and television screenwriter and an activist for Tibetan freedom. Her last movie produced and written was Disney's *The BFG* (2016).

She was best known for writing the screenplays for the movies *The Black Stallion* (1979); *E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial* (1982), for which she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay; and *Kundun* (1997), a biographical-drama movie about the Dalai Lama, the exiled political and spiritual leader of Tibet.

From 1983 to 2004, Mathison was married to Harrison Ford. She died on November 4, 2015 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 65 from neuroendocrine cancer, a rare form of pancreatic cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*
George Barris

**George Barris** (November 20, 1925 – November 5, 2015) was an American designer. He build many famous Hollywood custom cars, most notably the Munster Koach and 1966 Batmobile.

Barris was married to Shirley Nahas from 1958 until her death in 2001. They had two children. He died on November 5, 2015, in his sleep at his home in Encino, California from cancer, at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*
Woodbridge Township, New Jersey

**Woodbridge Township, New Jersey** is a township in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

On February 6, 1951, 85 people died when a train derailed in the town. It was one of the United States' deadliest rail accidents.

## References
## Other websites
*
List of NFL teams that finished a season at 1–15

This is a list of the National Football League teams that finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses. 11 teams finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses.

## Teams 
### Notes 
The 1980 Saints and the 2016 Browns started 0–14 before recording their first win. The 2007 Dolphins started 0–13 before recording their first win. The 2000 Chargers started 0–11 before recording their first win. The 2001 Panthers and the 2020 Jaguars won their season opener before losing 15 straight. The 2020 Jaguars was the last instance of an NFL team finishing 1–15, as the NFL expanded to a 17-game season starting in 2021.

## References
Nora Brockstedt

**Nora Brockstedt** (20 January 1923 &ndash; 5 November 2015) was a Norwegian singer. She was born in Oslo. Brockstedt represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1960 and 1961, with the memorable songs "Voi-voi" and ["summer in Palma"] "Sommer i Palma".

Brockstedt died in hospital in Oslo from a long illness, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Short recording of Nora Brockstedt singing
Toms River, New Jersey

**Toms River, New Jersey** is a township in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is the county seat of Ocean County.

Toms River was originally known as Dover Township. It was called Toms River so much that they voted to officially change the name of the town on November 7, 2006.

## References
Alfonso und Estrella

***Alfonso und Estrella*** (*Alfonso and Estrella*), D. 732, is an German opera with music by Franz Schubert, and libretto by Franz von Schober. It was composed on 1821-22 in Vienna. And later was first performed in Weimar, on June 24, 1854.

## Principal characters
* Alfonso - tenor
* Estrella - soprano
* King Froila - baritone
* Mauregato - baritone

## Discography
* 1978: Peter Schreier (Alfonso), Edith Mathis (Estrella), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Froila), Hermann Prey (Mauregato); Rundfunkchor Berlin, Staatskapelle Berlin, Otmar Suitner - (EMI Classics/Berlin Classics)
* 2004: Rainer Trost (Alfonso), Eva Mei (Estrella), Markus Werba (Frolia), Jochen Schmeckenbecher (Mauregato); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro Lirico di Cagliari, Gérard Korsten - (Dynamic)

## Sources
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Paris-Saclay University

The **University of Paris-Saclay** (**UPSaclay**) is a public university in Paris, France. UPSaclay has nine schools and two colleges. The university also has seven research departments. Called a mega-university, their goal is to reach the same level of excellence as MIT, Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Universities. It is a center for scientific and technological research. UPSaclay students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards. The university was started in 2014. It is one of the most selective universities. The most popular major is engineering. It has already been called the "French Silicon Valley".

## References
## Other websites
* UPS, official web site
Mating

(*Austrogomphus guerini*) mating]]

**Mating** is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphrodite organisms. It is usually for sexual reproduction. Some definitions limit the term to pairing between animals. Other definitions extend the term to crossing in plants and fungi. It is usual for mating in plants or fungi to be called cross-fertilization, or "crossing" if the offspring have DNA from both genetic sources. 

Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for internal fertilization. Fertilization is the actual fusion of gametes.

Mating may also lead to external fertilization. This is done by amphibians, most fish, many lower animals, and plants. Many aquatic species just spread their eggs and sperm in the water at one specific time of year. That time varies between species. 

For some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not needed because the parent organism can self-fertilize (autogamy). In some flowering plants self-pollination can happen within the same flower, and some hermaphrodite animals self-fertilize. Many gastropods are hermaphrodite, and do simultaneous copulation in pairs. So do earthworms. 

In some birds, mating includes behaviors such as nest-building and feeding offspring. The human practice of artificial insemination of domesticated animals is part of animal husbandry.

## References
Gene editing

**Gene editing** may refer to:

*Genetic engineering of any organism by genome editing
*Genome editing, a type of genetic engineering
*Gene therapy, the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a way to treat disease
*CRISPR gene editing, a genetic engineering technique
*Zinc finger editing, using nucleases
Shafiqa Quraishi

**Shafiqa Quraishi** is an Afghan activist for women's rights. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life 
Shafiqa Quraishi graduated from the police academy in Kabul in 1982. In 2002, she started to rise inside the police department, after the fall of the Taliban.

Quraishi did not work from 1996 until 2001. Because of the Taliban in Afghanistan, women could not work.

## Work 
In 2010, Quraishi became a police colonel and the director of Gender, Human and Child Rights in the Ministry of the Interior of Afghanistan. 

Quraishi started a group on the Afghan National Gender Recruitment Strategy.  The goal of the group is to get 5,000 women to work in the Ministry of the Interior. 

She also worked to help women with child care, health care, maternity care, security, and skills training. Quraishi got promotions for women in the Afghan National Police who were unfairly passed over for years.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Pledge of Allegiance

The **Pledge of Allegiance** of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Colonel George Balch in 1887. It was changed by Francis Bellamy in 1892. It was formally adopted by the Congress as the pledge in 1942.
## References
Liberty, Indiana

**Liberty** is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,000. It is the county seat of Union County.

## References
Harjit Sajjan

**Harjit Singh Sajjan** PC&nbsp;OMM&nbsp;MSM&nbsp;CD&nbsp;MP (born September 6, 1970) is a Canadian Liberal politician. He was the Canadian Minister of National Defence. Sajjan is also a Member of Parliament representing the Vancouver South riding. He was a decorated lieutenant-colonel in the Canadian Armed Forces. Before becoming a politician he spent 11 years as a police officer and detective.

As a teenager, Sajjan was baptised as a Sikh.

## References
Genome editing

**Genome editing**  is a type of genetic engineering.

DNA is inserted, replaced, or removed from a genome using artificially engineered nucleases, or "molecular scissors". The nucleases make specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) at desired places in the genome. The cell’s own mechanisms repair the induced break(s) by natural processes. 

At present there are four families of engineered nucleases being used.

To understand the function of a gene or a protein one interferes with it in a sequence-specific way, and watches its effects on the organism. However, in some organisms it is difficult or impossible to do site-specific mutation. Therefore more indirect methods have to be used. Examples are: 

*Silencing the gene of interest by short RNA interference (siRNA). Yet gene disruption by siRNA can be variable and incomplete. 

*Genome editing with nucleases such as ZFN. This is different from siRNA. The engineered nuclease (the enzyme which cuts the DNA) is able to modify DNA-binding. This way it can (in principle) cut any targeted position in the genome, and introduce change in sequences for genes which cannot be specifically targeted  by conventional RNAi. 

Genome editing was chosen by Nature Methods as the 2011 Method of the Year. The technique is already being used, but implanting modified embryos into a woman is not yet permitted.

## The CRISPR/Cas9 method 
In 2017 this system was announced as one of the biggest scientific achievements of the year. Cas9 is an enzyme which, with a guide RNA, can put a new sequence of DNA into a genome. Sir John Skehel said "That might allow you to knock out a particular gene in a cell, or introduce a particular gene, or correct a particular mutated gene that you want to work better".

## References
Small interfering RNA

**Small interfering RNA** (**siRNA**) is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 base pairs long. 

siRNA plays many roles, but it is most notable in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, where it interferes with the expression of certain genes. Genes are only affected if they have nucleotide sequences complementary to those of the siRNA. 

siRNA functions by breaking down mRNA after transcription. This prevents   translation of the gene into protein. siRNA also acts in RNAi-related pathways, e.g., as an antiviral mechanism or in shaping the chromatin structure of a genome. The complexity of these pathways is only now being worked out.
## Notes 
## References
Hans Mommsen

**Hans Mommsen** (5 November 1930 – 5 November 2015) was a German historian. He was the twin brother of historian Wolfgang Mommsen. Mommsen was known for his studies in German social history, and for his opinions of the Third Reich. He argued that Hitler was a "weak dictator". He also studied the Holocaust.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1993.

## Other websites
**The Genesis of the Holocaust: An Assessment of the Functionalist School of Historiography*, Jacqueline Bird
*Portrait of Hans Mommsen
*An Interview with Professor Hans Mommsen

## References