open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ogden, Utah

**Ogden, Utah** is a city in Weber County, Utah, USA with a population of 87,321 as of the 2020 census. Ogden was originally named Fort Buenaventura. Fort Buenaventura was the first permanent settlement by people whose families came from Europe in the U.S. state now known as Utah. A trapper named Miles Goodyear established it in 1846 a mile west of present downtown Ogden. Then a year later, the fort was bought by Mormon settlers for about $2,000. Brownsville is another name that was once used for the settlement. When the area was renamed, it was named after Peter Skene Ogden, a Hudson Bay Company leader who trapped animals for fur in the Weber Valley.

Ogden is the county seat of Weber County. It lies to the east of the Great Salt Lake, the west of the Wasatch Front mountain range, and is basically north of Salt Lake City.

Weber State University is located in Ogden. Damian Lillard, an NBA player on the Portland Trailblazers, played basketball in college for the Weber State Wildcats.

## References
Chelsea Grin (band)

**Chelsea Grin** is an American deathcore band from Salt Lake City, Utah.

The band was originally called *Ahaziah* before the name of the band was changed to *Chelsea Grin*, named after the torture method known as the "*Glasgow Smile*".

The band has released 3 albums, "*Desolation of Eden*, 'My Damnation*, and "Ashes to Ashes" and one ep "*Chelsea Grin EP"*. "*Desolation of Eden''" reached number 21 on The Billboard Top Heatseekers Chart.

## Band members
;Current
*Tom Barber – Vocals (2018–present)
*Josh "Baby J" Miller – Drums (2024–present)
*David Flinn – Bass (2009–present)
*Stephen Rutishauser – Guitar (2015–present)

File:13-04-27 Groezrock Chelsea Grin 03.jpg|David Flinn

;Former
*Chris Kilbourn - guitar (2008–2009)
*Davis Pugh - bass guitar (2009)
*Austin Marticorena - bass guitar (2008)
*Kory Shilling - drums (2009)
*Michael Stafford – guitar (2007-2011)

## Discography
;Studio albums

;EPs

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Macleans College

**Macleans College** is a secondary school in Bucklands Beach, Auckland, New Zealand. The school was opened in 1980 by  the Governor General Sir David Beattie. The current principal is Byron J Bentley. Over 2,500 students go to this school. Students have a choice of which qualifications they want to do - NCEA (National Certificate of Educational Achievement), and CIE (Cambridge International Examinations). 

## House system
Macleans was the first public school in New Zealand to use the "Whanau House System". This is dividing the school up into nine 'houses'. Each house contains about 300 students in total, with two classes of 30 students in each year. These nine houses are named after some famous people from New Zealand. The names are: Batten, Mansfield, Nieto, Rutherford, Kupe, Hillary, Te Kanawa, Snell and Upham. The school began with only 4 of these houses, but has got bigger over the years. The newest house is Upham house, which opened in 2003.

## Teachers 
Some of the teachers at Macleans College are Dr Holborow (Physics Teacher). Mr Fletcher (History and Social Sciences teacher). Mrs Bungay (Computing and Information Management teacher). Mr Davidson (Social Sciences). Mr Edwards (Mathematics). Mrs Woodhead (English). Mrs Gill (English). Dr Kleinmans (Science and Chemistry). Ms Power (Science). Mr Tai (Science). 

## Other websites
*Macleans College website

## Reference
Garfield and Friends

***Garfield and Friends*** is an animated television show that is based on the comic strip *Garfield*. The show aired on CBS from 1988 to 1994 on Saturday mornings. Then reran on Cartoon Network from 1995 to 1997, Nickelodeon from 1997 to 2000, Freeform (then known as ABC Family) from 2001 to 2002, Toon Disney from 2003 to 2006, and Boomerang from 2006 to 2007. In addition to *Garfield* cartoons, it also features cartoons based on *U.S. Acres*, another comic strip created by Jim Davis.

## Characters
* Garfield: A very fat, lazy, orange-skinned, cat. He loves eating, sleeping, and watching television.
* Jon: Garfield and Odie's nerdy owner. He is very loyal to them. He goes on dates and later gets dumped by girls.
* Odie: A yellow-skinned dog. He is very dumb and easily annoys Garfield.
* Nermal: A cute, gray-skinned cat.  She annoys Garfield more than anybody.
Argentinosaurus

***Argentinosaurus*** was a titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur. It was an enormous, long-necked, long-tailed, quadrupedal, plant-eater from Argentina, South America during the Cretaceous period.

*Argentinosaurus* meaning "Argentina lizard", was named by paleontologists Coria & José Bonaparte in 1993. It is known from fossilized back vertebrae, tibia, ribs and sacrum, found in Neuquén Province. It may be the largest dinosaur, but its remains are so incomplete that palaeontologists prefer to use *Saltasaurus* for their calculations. An accurate estimate was got for the much more complete sub-adult *Dreadnoughtus*.

## Rough estimates 
The following shows the disagreement on estimates of size:
*Thomas Holtz: 120 feet (36.6 meters)?
*Mickey Mortimer: 22 - 26 meters.

## References
Marc Ferrez

(Brasil)Marc Ferrez - 1870]]
**Marc Ferrez** (December 7, 1843 – January 12, 1923) was a Brazilian photographer born in Rio de Janeiro.

Ferrez's life was dedicated to the art of photography and he is considered one of the greatest photographers of his time. His production was massive, and his photographs document the consolidation of Brazil as a nation and Rio de Janeiro as a metropolis. His career was energized when he made part of Professor Charles Hartt's Geological Commission which covered the north and south of the country.

In 1865, Ferrez opened his own studio at Rua São José, in the center of Rio de Janeiro. He was made *Photographo da Marinha Imperial* and his work with images increased through his life. He photographed Brazil from south to north, but paid more attention to his home city, Rio de Janeiro. His masterpieces are the great albums of railway constructions and the great panoramic views of the city of Rio de Janeiro and its quick development.

Ferrez died in 1923 and left thousands of pictures and reproductions of his works.
XSLT

**XSLT**, which stands for *Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations* is a programming language. XSLT is based on XML. It is part of XSL, and is used for transforming XML documents, most of the time. The language is Turing complete. This means that anything that can be computed by a Turing machine can also be done in XSLT. 

Uses for XSLT include:
**Presentation-oriented publishing* (POP): A transformation is done for presentation purposes. Examples of such transformations include the generation of XHTML, SVG and Docbook.
**Message-oriented Middleware* (MOM): A transformation is done to make communication between two different systems possible. This allows to exchange data between both systems.
Blood and soil

**Blood and soil** is a concept first developed in the 19th century. It looks at a person's blood, to see where they come from, and who their ancestors were. It also looks at the soil a person is working on, to make a claim that they should indeed work and occupy that land. In the nineteenth century, the idea was linked to racism and to nationalism. 
One of the first to use *Blut und Boden*, or *blood and soil* was Oswald Spengler in his book *Der Untergang des Abendlandes*. In the book, Spengler talks about the *struggle of blood and soil about the inner form of a relocated species of animal and man*. Walther Darré took the phrase and established the link. In his book "Neuadel aus Blut und Boden" (New nobility from blood and soil) he tries to show the relation between economic and agrarian policies, as well as racial ones.

Another idea of the blood and soil ideology comes from Lamarckism: The ethnic characteristics of a population are linked to the geographical regions it inhabits; only in this region will it be able to fully live up to its potential.

There is also a literary genre called *blood and soil*. In it, it shows an agrarian society living up to this ideals. People writing in this style were Gerhard Schumann and Herbert Böhme. The ideas are also sometimes shown in artworks. Artists included Adolf Ziegler, Arthur Kampf, Arno Breker and Josef Thorak. Very often, such artworks were seen as degenerate art when the Nazi party came to power. Artists had to flee, many died in exile.

Today, the phrase is associated with Nazi ideology. White supremacist gathers at the 2017 Charlottesville riots were heard chanting "blood and soil", presumably to align themselves with Nazism.

## References
Avimimus

***Avimimus*** (meaning "bird mimic") was a recently discovered maniraptoran. It was a very fast moving, light-weight, bird-like theropod dinosaur that lived in the late Cretaceous in what is now Mongolia, around 70 million years ago. that may have had feathers. There are two known species, ***Avimimus portentosus*** and ***Avimimus nemegtensis***.

## Flight? 
The forelimbs were relatively short. The bones of the hand were fused together, as in modern birds, and a ridge on the ulna (lower arm bone) was interpreted as an attachment point for feathers by Kurzanov. Kurzanov, in 1987, also reported the presence of quill knobs, and while Chiappe confirmed the presence of bumps on the ulna, their function remained unclear. Kurzanov was so convinced they were attachment points for feathers that he concluded that *Avimimus* may have been capable of weak flight. The presence of feathers is now widely accepted, but most paleontologists do not believe *Avimimus* could fly.

## References
Hattusili III

**Hattusili III** was a king of the Hittite empire around 1267–1237 BC. He was the fourth and last son of Mursili II. 

Hattusili led the Hittite forces in the Battle of Kadesh against Egypt in 1274 BC. Hattusili and the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II later made a peace treaty. This is the earliest treaty which has survived to the present day. Apparently, it was based upon previous Hittite models. The treaty set up a long-lasting peace between the two rival empires. Ramesses married Hattusili's daughter, and years later he married another Hittite princess.

## References
Merv Griffin

**Mervyn Edward "Merv" Griffin, Jr.** (July 6, 1925 &ndash; August 12, 2007) was the creator of many famous game shows like *Jeopardy!* and *Wheel of Fortune*. He worked from 1944 until his death in 2007.

Griffin was born July 6, 1925, in San Mateo, California to an Irish-American family. He was married to Julann Wright from 1958 until they divorced in 1976. They had one son, Tony Griffin. Griffin died on August 12, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from prostate cancer, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* He Had a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts at the *Wall Street Journal*
* Merv Griffin tribute from ABC, from YouTube
*
Segnosaurus

***Segnosaurus*** (meaning "slow lizard") was a herbivorous theropod dinosaur that lived during the late Upper Cretaceous, about 93 million years ago. It was a rather large Therizinosaur. This is a family of theropods which were herbivores. They changed from the usual carnivorous lifestyle of their ancestors.

Four partial skeletons of *Segnosaurus* have been found in Mongolia. It had a long flexible neck, long head, three-toed feet, a broad strong pelvis, stocky legs with clawed fingers and toes, and a short tail. In 2010 Gregory Paul estimated the body length at six metres, the weight at 1.3 tonnes. 

## References
Thescelosaurus

***Thescelosaurus*** was a medium-sized plant-eating dinosaur. It lived in forests during the late Cretaceous period in North America, about 68 to 65 million years ago.  

One complete specimen and eight incomplete *Thescelosaurus* skeletons, including skin impressions, are known. They have been found in Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota in the USA, and in Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada.

True *Thescelosaurus* remains are known definitely only from late Maastrichtian-age rocks, from  Canada, Wyoming, Montana (Hell Creek), and Colorado (Laramie Formation), USA. 

With the exception of birds, it was one of the last genera of dinosaurs. Its remains were found three meters from the boundary clay containing the iridium layer that marks the end of the Cretaceous.

## References
Goo Ha-ra

**Goo Ha-ra** (; January 3, 1991 – November 24, 2019) was a South Korean singer, known for being a member of girl group Kara formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007.

## Early life
Goo Ha-ra was born on January 3, 1991, in Gwangju, South Korea. Before debuting, she participated in the SM's youth appearance tournament in 2005. In 2007, she auditioned for JYP, however, she lost the runoff.

She was also an online shopping mall model, having been scouted after her photos were uploaded onto DSP's homepage. Thus, Goo Hara became a member of Kara. Currently, she postponed going to university in order to concentrate on her career.

## Career
### Kara
Kara debuted on March 29, 2007. In 2008, however, a member, Kim Sunghee, left the group. DSP Entertainment replaced her with two new members, Goo Hara and Kang Jiyoung, and Kara made a comeback with Rock U, which changed their image from "Hip-hop" to "cute and playful".

In December 4, 2008, Kara started their comeback on M! Countdown with "Pretty Girl". In February 2009, Kara released their second mini-album "Honey". "Honey" became the group's first #1 single when it was at the top of the *M! Countdown* and The Music Trend.

In late July 2009, Kara revealed their second album named "Revolution". Due to the popularity of their songs Wanna and Mister, Kara's overall popularity increased. Kara recently started promotions with their third mini-album "Lupin".

### Solo activities
In late 2008, she appeared along with the other Kara members in an episode of MBC sitcom *That Person is Coming*, having the most prominent role as a female gang leader.

She joined MBC's *Hunters*, along with SS501's Kim Hyun Joong, Jung Yong Hwa, Lee Hwi Jae, Shin Jung Hwan and two professional hunters to catch overpopulated wild boars that have become a dangerous threat to people and crops. The first episode aired on December 6, 2009. However, due to complaints about animal rights after the first episode, the show's format was quickly changed to *Eco House*; Goo Hara does not appear in the new show.

In October 2009, she became a cast member in KBS reality show *Invincible Youth* ("청춘불패"). In January 2015, she became a co-host in KBS *A Style For You* along with Hani.

## Death
On May 26, 2019, Goo tried to kill herself in her apartment and was hospitalized.

On November 24, Goo was found dead at her home in Cheongdam-dong, Gangnam. Police investigation said suicide is the likely cause of death.

## Filmography 
## References
## Other websites
*Kara Official website 
* Official Cyworld page
Riojasaurus

***Riojasaurus*** was a herbivorous prosauropod dinosaur. It was one of the earliest of the large, plant-eating dinosaurs. *Riojasaurus* lived during the Upper Triassic, roughly 225 to 219 million years ago. Fossils have been found in La Rioja Province in Argentina. There are include incomplete skeletons from about 20 individuals.

*Riojasaurus* had a heavy body, bulky legs, and a long neck and tail. Its leg bones were dense and massive for a prosauropod. By contrast, its vertebrae were lightened by hollow cavities, and unlike most prosauropods, *Riojasaurus* had four sacral vertebrae instead of three. The nearly equal length of the fore and hindlimbs is also suggestive of a quadrupedal animal.

## References
German philosophy

**German philosophy** refers to philosophy written in German or by German philosophers. It started in the 17th century during the Age of Enlightenment, from Leibniz and Wolff through Kant, Schelling, Fichte, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Marx, Engels, and into the times of Nietzsche and Wittgenstein.

## 17th century 
The philosophy that dominated this century was the school of German philosopher and mathematican Gottfred Leibniz, later expanded by his follower, Christian Wolff. Leibniz thought that knowledge comes from reason alone.

## 18th century 
On the wake of the Enlightenment, a new philosophy called "critical philosophy" developed in Germany. It combined the ideals of philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) of France and Switzerland and David Hume (1711-1776) of Scotland, and rationalism and empiricism. The founder of this school was Immanuel Kant. He published three "critiques", the most revolutionary being *Critique of Pure Reason* (1781), the other two being, *Critique of Practical Reason* and *Critique of Judgement*. Two followers of Kant, Schelling and Fichte, thought that Kant's system had some errors and sought to improve it. A third philosopher, Hegel (1770-1831), developed his own kind of German idealism. His books are often difficult to read, and his ideas influenced many people, including those who agreed with him, and those who did not.
Ghee

**Ghee** is a product made from animal milk. It is used in India, Nepal and Pakistani cookings as a form of oil or cooking fat. It is made by boiling butter until all the water has evaporated out and the milk solids have settled to the bottom. 

## Types of Ghee 
Ghee can be made out of many different kinds of milk like cow, sheep, and buffalo milk. Ghee aged 10 to 100 years, called *Kumbhiighrta*, is believed to have medicinal properties. Ghee which is washed for 100 times is called *Shata Dhauta Ghrita* and considered as the oldest Ayurvedic cream.    

## Composition 
Composition of Ghee depends on the type of animal milk used. Palmitic acid and Oleic acid are the main fatty acids found in ghee prepared from cow and sheep milk.

## References
Constitution of the United Kingdom

(the Great Charter), the first document beginning the UK's constitution]]
The **Constitution of the United Kingdom** is a set of laws and rules in the United Kingdom that s how the country is  and the basic rights and freedoms of the people.

The UK's constitution is not written in one single  like many other countries' are. In fact, the UK's constitution is not completely written down at all. Some of it can be found in writing, starting with Magna Carta of 1215 and the Bill of Rights Act 1689 and including more modern Acts of Parliament. Other parts of it are considered common law and are made up of the decisions of judges over many hundreds of years in a system called legal or judicial precedence. Because of this, some people say that the United Kingdom has a *de facto* or "unwritten" constitution.

Using the word "unwritten" is a problem, because most British laws and rules are written as statutes, or court judgments, the law of equity and in various treaties. Most of these laws come from the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Because most of the constitution is written down in this way, it is not  correct to call it "unwritten" or "*de facto*". However, these words are still used. The Constitution of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is even more different to most other constitutions in that it is just a normal set of laws, and not a "higher" law that the government cannot easily change. The constitution has no more authority than any other law in the UK, and the government can change it just by passing a new Act.  

## Constitutional principles
### Parliamentary sovereignty 
Parliamentary sovereignty means that the UK Parliament can pass, change and remove any law it wants. Countries with codified ("written") constitutions usually have a set of rules that make it harder for legislatures to change the constitution. In the UK, the constitution can be changed with a new Act. 

### Rule of law 
The United Kingdom has rule of law. This means that everyone, including important government officials, has to follow the law. The rule of law also means that people can't be punished for doing something that isn't illegal.

### Constitutional monarchy 
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. This means it has a Queen or a King. The Queen or King is decided by whether or not their parents, or other close relative, were King or Queen. Oldest brothers used to get to be King first, then the next brother, and so on, turning only to daughters when there were no sons. Queen Elizabeth II changed this, however, and rewrote the law so that the eldest child now becomes the next monarch no matter what that person’s gender is.

## Related pages
*Constitution
*Constitutionalism
*Constitutional economics

## References
## Other websites
* Ministry of Justice - Governance of Britain 
* The Constitution Society - Charity founded in order to promote public understanding of the British Constitution
Upper Volta

**Upper Volta** was a territory belonging to France from 1919 to 1932 and later from 1947 to 1958. In 1958, Upper Volta became a republic. Until 1960, it was still part of the French Community. In 1960, Upper Volta gained independence from France. In 1984, it became the country now known as Burkina Faso.

## References 
* Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) at Nations Encyclopedia
Orochimaru (Naruto)

**Orochimaru** is a fictional character of the manga Naruto. He is one of the greatest villain of the story, as well as a very powerful and dangerous ninja. He was formerly a ninja of Konoha, but defected 10 years before the beginning of the story, because his research about a technique which could allow Orochimaru to become immortal was discovered by Konoha officials and the Third Hokage. He then created his own village, Otogakure, and vowed to destroy his former home. When he was a ninja of Konoha, he was the most brilliant pupil of the Third Hokage, the leader of the village, and was considered to be one of the most powerful ninja of the entire village. The Third Hokage even wanted Orochimaru to succeed him as the Fourth Hokage but the title was later given to Minato Namikaze, Naruto's father and Jiraiya's pupil.  

In the first part of the series, Orochimaru tried to destroy his former home, invading it with an army of ninja, and killed his former master, but failed to destroy completely the village. He later took Sasuke Uchiha as his apprentice, but was betrayed by him after training him during two and a half years. Sasuke attacked Orochimaru when he was close to death, but Sasuke could not kill him and absorbed him in his body instead. 

During the fight between Sasuke and his brother Itachi, Orochimaru was able to come out of Sasuke's body, but was quickly defeated by Itachi, who imprisoned him in a eternal illusion. Orochimaru was later reincarnated by Sasuke Uchiha in order to revive the first 4 Hokage. Orochimaru later participated in the Fourth Shinobi World War against Madara Uchiha and Obito Uchiha. Orochimaru had a son named Mitsuki who is the same age as Boruto Uzumaki, the son of Naruto Uzumaki and Hinata Hyuga.  Mitsuki the son of ordinary is part of the new team 7 sarda boruto mitsuki  

The Uzamaki Clan was later reformed to the Senjuists.
Oxford spelling

**Oxford spelling** is the spelling found in the Oxford English Dictionary. One example would be "colour" instead of "color". 

More exactly, Oxford spelling is the headwords used in their dictionaries. In the full entries other variations are listed.

Most people in Britain use spellings like "organise" and "realise", but Oxford spelling uses "organize" and "realize". Those alternatives are both correct in British English.
National Public Radio

**National Public Radio** (**NPR**) is an American non-profit media organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States. It differs from other non-profit membership media organizations, such as the Associated Press, in that it was established by an act of Congress.  

## Shows
The following shows are made by NPR in their studios in Washington, DC and Los Angeles:

**Morning Edition*, two-hour morning news show 
***Weekend Edition*, weekend version of Morning Edition
**All Things Considered*, two-hour afternoon news show
***Weekend All Things Considered*
**Talk of the Nation*, npr news call-in show
***Science Friday*, the Friday Talk of the Nation, which's all about science
*''Wait Wait Don't Tell Me*, a weekend news quiz show
**All Songs Considered*, a music podcast
**Thistle and Shamrock*, a Celtic music show

The following shows are produced by other people & distributed by npr
**Car Talk*, a weekly call-in show about auto repair
**Fresh Air*, a talk show featuring interviews with celebs & entertainment reviews
**Latino USA*, a weekly 30 minutes show about Latino issues
**On the Media'', a weekly show 'bout journalism, the Internet and free speech

## NPR and the Gettysburg Address 
William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of the Gettysburg Address to have left an  recording of what he remembered. 1 year before he died in '39, Rathvon's remarks were rec. at Feb 12, '38. It incl. his reading the address itself. The title of the rec. was "I Heard Lincoln That Day - William R. Rathvon, TR Productions". NPR found a copy during a "Quest for Sound" project in '99. NPR allows people to hear the rec. around Lincoln's birthday.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Martin Niemöller

**Emil Gustav Emile Friedrich Martin Niemöller** (14 January 1892 – 6 March 1984) was an Evangelical German pastor who opposed the Nazis. At first he supported Hitler, but when Nazis tried to control the churches he helped to form the Confessing Church, an association of anti-Nazi churches. Because of his beliefs, he was imprisoned in concentration camps, and almost got executed. Niemöller is best known because he wrote the poem *First they came...*.

He was born in Lippstadt. He died in Wiesbaden, aged 92.

## References 
* Martin Niemöller: Biography on United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Chanelle Hayes

**Chanelle Hayes** (born 11 November 1987) is a British television personality and pop singer.

She was born in Styal prison, Cheshire. She was adopted and raised in Wakefield, West Yorkshire. She has been active since 2007 when she left voluntarily left the Big Brother house in week 9. She has had a single entitled "I Want It" charted at number 63 in the UK, number 33 in Republic of Ireland, number 7 in Turkey and number 5 in Russia.

Hayes has modelled many times for Diva Corsets. She regularly appears in the media promoting the Michelle for George lingerie line. After leaving the big brother house, Hayes has been in numerous Lad's mags, such as nuts magazine and zoo magazine as a glamour model. In October 2011, Hayes appeared fully topless for the first time in Zoo magazine.

## Personal life
Hayes dated Middlesbrough football player Matthew Bates for several months in 2009. On 6 August 2009, Hayes was rushed to hospital after trying suicide by taking an overdose of paracetamol and red wine. On 20 January 2010, it was reported that she was expecting her first child with Bates, a boy. She gave birth to her son Blakely Hayes-Bates on 20 July 2010.

Hayes started dating Jack Tweed at the beginning of April 2010. She said they split on 1 July 2010.

## References
JavaScript engine

A **JavaScript engine** is a program that runs JavaScript code. Web Browsers often have a JavaScript engine. It can also be used outside of web browsers, such as running services in Node.js or apps in the electron framework.

## Design 
JavaScript was originally created as a scripting language to allow web pages to have changing, or dynamic, elements. Early Javascript engines were created as interpreters, programs that simply read the script and execute the instructions without analyzing it any more.

As JavaScript started being used more and more as a general-purpose language, execution speed, or how quickly the code is run, became more important for JavaScript engines. In response, many engines, such as V8 (Used in Chrome and Chromium) and SpiderMonkey (used in Firefox), started using Just-In-Time Compilation. In this method, it starts by compiling all of the code to optimized machine code, which is typically faster than interpretation, then running the result.

## References
First they came...

The poem **First they came...** was written by Martin Niemöller. It is a criticism of the way people in Nazi Germany did not stop the Nazi Party from treating other people poorly.

The poem is as follows:

::First they came for the Communists,
::  and I didn’t speak up,
::  because I wasn’t a Communist.
::Then they came for the Jews,
::  and I didn’t speak up,
::  because I wasn’t a Jew.
::Then they came for the Catholics,
::  and I didn’t speak up,
::  because I was a Protestant.
::Then they came for me,
::  and by that time there was no one
::  left to speak up for me.

## References
A36 steel

**A36 steel** is a standard steel alloy which is commonly used in the United States. It is a standard carbon steel. 

## References
Headingley railway station

**Headingley railway station** is a commuter railway station in the Headingley area of Leeds, West Yorkshire. The only train that operates at this station is Northern Rail. This station is on the line from Leeds City Centre to Harrogate and is two stops away from Leeds City Station.  Headingley Stadium is a rugby and cricket stadium that is near to this station.
Yorkshire men's cricket team

The **Yorkshire** men's cricket team is based at Headingley in Leeds. It represents the traditional English county of Yorkshire. Teams called Yorkshire have been active since 1833. Until 1863, the county name was used solely by the Sheffield Cricket Club for their matches against county teams, including Lancashire. Yorkshire County Cricket Club was formed in 1863 to take over the organisation of the county team. Yorkshire have won the County Championship a record 32 times, most recently in 2015. The team has played at numerous grounds around the county, the main ones being Headingley Stadium in Leeds, North Marine Road in Scarborough, and (formerly) Bramall Lane in Sheffield. Many great players have represented Yorkshire, including George Hirst, Wilfred Rhodes, Herbert Sutcliffe, Hedley Verity, Len Hutton, Fred Trueman, Ray Illingworth, Sachin Tendulkar, and Joe Root.

## References
## Bibliography
*
The Leeds Studios

**The Leeds Studios** are a complex of television studios in the Burley area of Leeds, West Yorkshire.  They are used as the headquarters of Yorkshire Television and also for other ITV filming purposes.  Until 2009, when it moved to The Manchester Studios, Countdown was filmed here by Yorkshire Television for Channel 4.

File:Calendar (News) Studios.JPG|The Calendar building
File:Countdownset.jpg|Countdown set
File:Studio audience entrance at the Leeds Studios.jpg|Studio audience entrance
File:Yorkshire Television Studios, Kirkstall Road, Leeds - geograph.org.uk - 104650.jpg|The main building
North Marine Road

**North Marine Road** is a cricket ground in Scarborough, North Yorkshire. It belongs to Scarborough Cricket Club, and hosts the annual Scarborough Festival. It is the second ground of Yorkshire County Cricket Club, after Headingley Stadium in Leeds. North Marine Road has a record attendance of 22,946—for a match against Derbyshire in 1947. For safety reasons, the current capacity is 9,000.

## References
Headingley Stadium

**Headingley Stadium** is in Leeds, West Yorkshire. It has two international sporting venues, either side of a grandstand. One side is a cricket ground, and the other side is a rugby league ground. The cricket ground opened in 1890 and became a regular Test venue from 1899. The Yorkshire and Yorkshire Women teams both use Headingley as their home ground. The rugby league ground is the home of Leeds Rhinos.

Headingley was first used for a County Championship match on 24 August 1891, when Yorkshire played Kent. Headingley's international debut was on 29 June 1899, when it staged the third Test of that season's series between England and Australia. The match was drawn after the final day was rained off. The first Women's Test at Headingley was between England Women and New Zealand Women in June 1954. Yorkshire Women first played at Headingley in June 1937, against the touring Australia Women.

## References
Mouse deer

The **chevrotain**, also known as **mouse deer**, is a small even-toed ungulate that make up the family **Tragulidae**

Mouse deer live in Asia. They are about the size of a hare, with short, thin legs. They are the smallest animal with hooves. They stamp their small feet to signal to each other. Mouse deer are extremely nervous. Mouse deer have little fangs. When they are surprised, they freeze immediately, and then run away in a zig-zag through the forest. Most species of mouse deer only eat plants, but one species of mouse deer, called the water chevrotain, sometimes eats bugs or meat that they find.

## References
Crab spider

**Crab spiders** are the *Thomisidae* family of spiders. The group has 170 genera with over 2000 species.

They have two front pairs of legs angled outward and bodies that are flattened and often angular. Also, like crabs, Thomisidae spiders can move sideways or backwards. 

Crab spiders are hunters and ambushers. Some species sit on or among flowers, bark, fruit or leaves where they grab visiting insects. Crab spiders use their powerful front legs to grab and hold onto prey while paralyzing it with a venomous bite.

They are camouflaged: several different types are known. Even at a close range, it is difficult to see the spider. Some species are  as birds' droppings resting on a leaf.  Crab spiders live in rainforests all over the world. They get their name from the way they scuttle around like small crabs.

## Images

File:The butterfly which was caught by a Crab spider.jpg|Crab spider's yellow legs can be seen; it has grabbed the butterfly.
File:Twin lantana camara edit.jpg|A crab spider hiding in the Twin Lantana
File:Araneomorphae.jpg|Crab spider with fly prey

## References
Dino Bravo

**Adolfo Bresciano** (August 6, 1948 – March 10, 1993) was an Italian-born Canadian professional wrestler. He was better known by his ring name **Dino Bravo**. He was self-proclaimed as "Canada's Strongest Man" and later the "World's Strongest Man". Bravo is best known for his time wrestling in World Wrestling Federation (WWF). During his time there, Bravo was a one-time WWWF World Tag Team Champion with Dominic DeNucci and was the only wrestler to ever hold the short-lived WWF Canadian Champion.

On March 10, 1993, Bravo was found dead in his apartment by his wife. Bravo was hit by 17 bullets, 7 to the head and 10 to the torso, while he was watching ice hockey in his Vimont, Laval, Quebec home. He had an alleged role in illegal cigarette smuggling in Canada which is what is popularly believed to have led to his unsolved murder.

## References
Pythagorean triple

In mathematics, a **Pythagorean triple** is a set of three positive integers which satisfy the equation (make the equation work):
:a^2 + b^2 = c^2
This equation is known as  the Diophantine equation, and is related to Pythagoras' theorem.
The lowest **Pythagorean triple** is [3, 4, 5] because:
:3^2 + 4^2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5^2
: So, 3^2 + 4^2 = 5^2
The next highest triple is [5, 12, 13] then [7, 24, 25], and so on.
There is an infinite number of Pythagorean triples.

A Pythagorean triple always consists of: 

•	all even numbers, or

•	two odd numbers and an even number.

A Pythagorean triple can never be made up of all odd numbers or two even numbers and one odd number.
Summer of 4 Ft. 2

"**Summer of 4 Ft. 2**" is the 25th and last episode of the 7th season of *The Simpsons*. It was first shown on television on May 19, 1996. In this episode, Ned Flanders has to do jury duty, and therefore can't go to his beach house. He allows the Simpsons to use it for 2 weeks. Lisa, realizing that she is unpopular in Springfield, decides to try to make friends in this new place. After getting a new wardrobe, she meets some new kids and befriends them by not being herself. Bart, jealous of Lisa's new popularity, shows her new friends that Lisa is not cool. Lisa is very angry at Bart, but gets happier when her friends accept her for who she is.

## Other websites 
*
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Council of Constance

The **Council of Constance** was a council in the 15th century. It was held between 1414 and 1418. It took place in Constance (today known as Konstanz) in Switzerland. 

The result of this ecumenical council by the Roman Catholic Church was a new Pope. His name was Pope Martin V. 

## References 
## Other websites
Katie Weatherston

**Katherine Marie Weatherston** (born April 6, 1983) is a Canadian women's ice hockey player.

## Playing career
Born in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Weatherston played for Dartmouth College in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) from 2002 to 2007. She began playing international hockey for Canada at the 2004 Four Nations Cup. She played for Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics, held in Torino, Italy.

### Hockey Canada
## Awards and honours
* 2003 ECAC All-Rookie Team
* 2003 All-Ivy Rookie Team
* 2003 ECAC All-Star Honourable Mention
* New England Writers Association Team, 2004–2005
* Second team All-Ivy, 2004–2005
* Third team All-USCHO, 2004–2005
* 2006-07 ECAC Coaches Preseason All-League Selection
* 2006-07 ECAC Media Preseason All-League Selection
* Canadian Women's Hockey League Eastern Division All-Star (2008)
* Canadian Women's Hockey League All-Rookie Team (2008)
* 2007 ECAC Tournament Most Valuable Player

## References
Our Lady Peace

**Our Lady Peace** is a Canadian alternative rock band. They formed in 1992 in Toronto. The members of the group are Raine Maida, the singer, who also plays the rhythm guitar, Jason Pierce, who plays the drums, Duncan Coutts, who plays the bass guitar and backing vocals and Steve Mazur, who plays the guitar and backing vocals. *A Decade* is the name of their greatest hits album. They have a live audience DVD out also. They have many Billboard awards.

## Discography
### Studio albums
*1994: *Naveed*
*1997: *Clumsy*
*1999: *Happiness... Is Not a Fish That You Can Catch*
*2000: *Spiritual Machines*
*2002: *Gravity*
*2005: *Healthy in Paranoid Times*
*2009: *Burn Burn*
*2012: *Curve*
*2018: *Somethingness*
*2021: *Spiritual Machines 2*

### Live and compilation albums
* 2003: *Live*
* 2006: *A Decade*
* 2009: *The Very Best of Our Lady Peace*

## Other websites
*Our Lady Peace's official website
Homerpalooza

"**Homerpalooza**" is the 24th episode of the 7th season of *The Simpsons*. It was first shown on television on May 19, 1996.

In this episode, Otto, the school bus driver, accidentally crashes the bus. Homer starts driving a carpool for the school kids. After Bart complains about his music tastes and a disappointing trip to the music store, Homer decides to try to become more in touch with music by taking the kids to Hullapaloosa. After getting hit by an inflatable pig, Homer is recruited in the freak show to get blasted by cannonballs. After touring for a while successfully, Homer feels sick right before a performance for Springfield. He finds out that he could die if he gets hit by one more cannonball. Homer, determined to perform, decides to do it anyway. However, right before the cannonball hits him, he jumps out of the way. He is booed by the crowd, but his family is happy.

## Other websites 
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Vivisection

was given to this sand frog so that it would not feel pain.]]

**Vivisection** (from Latin *vivus* ("alive") + *sectio* ("cutting")) is a doing a surgery as an experiment on a living organism, usually animals. It is sometimes used to mean animal testing itself (see animal testing). The word is often used by people or organizations who dislike animal experimentation

## References 
## More reading 
* Yarri, Donna. The Ethics of Animal Experimentation, Oxford University Press U.S., 2005
Jens Böhrnsen

**Jens Böhrnsen** (born 12 June 1949 in Bremen) is a German politician of the SPD. From 2005 to 2015, he served as the President of the Senate and Mayor of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, that is, the head of government of the city-state of Bremen. He became President of the Federal Council in 2009, and as such, he was acting head of state (31 May - 30 June 2010) following the resignation of German President Horst Köhler .

He is a lawyer by profession and served as a judge in Bremen from 1978 to 1995, when he became a full-time politician.
Claude Bernard

**Claude Bernard** (12 July 1813 – 10 February 1878) was a French physiologist. He has been called "one of the greatest of all men of science". He was one of the first to suggest blind experiments to get scientific observations more free of bias. He was the first to define the term *milieu interieur*, which is now known as homeostasis, a later term coined by Walter Cannon.

Bernard made animal experimentation a part of the standard scientific method. He famously wrote in 1865 that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lit hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen".

He was born in 1813 in Saint-Julien near Villefranche-sur-Saône. He wrote comedies and other plays. When he was 21 he went to Paris with his play and went to a critic. But the critic suggested for him to study medicine instead of literature.

In 1845 Bernard married Françoise Marie (Fanny) Martin for her money. Her money helped him in his experiments, but she was firmly against his methods, and founded the first French society for anti-vivisectionists. When he died Bernard was given a public funeral. This was something which had never been given by France to a man of science before.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
United States presidential doctrines

The **United States presidential doctrines** are policy decisions toward other countries made by Presidents.

## Examples of Presidential Doctrines 
The first and most important presidential doctrine was the Monroe Doctrine by President James Monroe stated that the United States declared the right to have influence over Latin America and the U.S. threatened war to any European country which interfered.
 
President Theodore Roosevelt expanded on the Monroe Doctrine with the Roosevelt Corollary.

The Truman Doctrine by President Harry Truman during the Cold War stated that the United States will give aid to Turkey and Greece to help them resist the spread of communism.

The Carter Doctrine by President Jimmy Carter stated that the U.S. would use military force to protect its interests in the Persian Gulf.

The Reagan Doctrine was the name for Reagan's policy of giving weapons and money t who wanted to fight against communism.

President George W. Bush's policy of invading Iraq without being provoked was called the Bush Doctrine.=
Wednesday Morning, 3 AM

***Wednesday Morning, 3 AM*** is the name of the first album by Simon and Garfunkel. It came out in 1964. Some of the songs on the album were written by Paul Simon, but others were written by other people. The songs "Wednesday Morning, 3 AM", "The Sounds of Silence", "Bleecker Street" and Bob Dylan's "The Times They Are a-Changin'" are on the album. The album did not sell well, though the song "The Sounds of Silence" was later released as a successful single in 1966.

## Track listing
## Personnel
* Paul Simon – acoustic guitar, banjo on "Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream", vocals
* Art Garfunkel – vocals
* Barry Kornfeld – acoustic guitar
* Bill Lee – double bass

## Charts
## References
Three 6 Mafia

**Three 6 Mafia** is a rap group from Memphis, Tennessee. They became a band under the name **Triple 6 Mafia** in 1991 and released their first studio album *Mystic Stylez* in 1995. They are signed to Sony Music Entertainment, Hypnotize Minds and Columbia Records. Their song "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2006. The song "Somebody's Gonna Get It" is the current entrance theme song of WWE superstar Mark Henry.

## Studio albums 
* *Mystic Stylez* (1995)
* *Chapter 1: The End* (1996)
* *Chapter 2: World Domination* (1997)
* *When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1* (2000)
* *Choices: The Album* (2001)
* *Da Unbreakables* (2003)
* *Choices II: The Setup* (2005)
* *Most Known Unknown* (2005)
* *Last 2 Walk* (2008)
* *Laws of Power* (2014)

## References
## Other websites 
Three 6 Mafia's Official website
Hotspot (geology)

(in yellow) with magma rising from the mantle (in red).]]

In geology, a **hotspot** or **hot spot** is a portion of the Earth's surface which is volcanic. This may be caused by a rising **mantle plume** or some other cause. Hotspots may be far from tectonic plate boundaries. 

A volcanic hotspot is where magma pushes up from deep in the Earth's crust or mantle, and creates a volcano. The Earth's plates may move along, creating a new volcano above the hotspot while moving the older volcanoes away. This creates a chain of islands, such as in Hawaii.

## Discussion 
### Standard account of volcanic activity 
Most volcanoes are explained by the collision or splitting apart of continental plates. This explains the long mountain ranges which have many volcanoes, such as the western edge of the Americas. It also explains the huge rift valleys such as the East African Rift Valley. Most Earth scientists accept that the cause of these great features is plate tectonics. 

The problem arises with volcanoes which are not at the edges of plates. In the United States, the Yellowstone Caldera is obviously active. It has geysers caused by constant geothermal energy activity, and the floor of the crater moves up and down as much as 50 meters in a few years. The Pacific Ocean has six or seven chains of islands formed by volcanic activity. Most of these cannot be explained simply as being on the edge of two or three plates.

### Hotspot theory 
J. Tuzo Wilson suggested in 1963 that volcanic chains like the Hawaiian Islands result from the slow movement of a tectonic plate across a fixed hot spot deep beneath the surface of the planet. Hotspots are thought to be caused by a narrow stream of hot mantle convecting up from the Earth's core–mantle boundary called a mantle plume. 

Other geologists think it is not high temperature that causes the volcanism. They think lithospheric extension (stretching of the Earth's crust) allows melted mantle to rise from shallow depths.

Geologists have identified some 40–50 such hotspots around the globe. Those under Hawaii, Réunion, and Yellowstone are the most active at present.

## References
Teimour Radjabov

**Teimour Radjabov**, born 12 March 1987 in Baku, Azerbaijan, is the leading Azerbaijani chess player. 

Radjabov earned the title of Grandmaster in March 2001 at the age of 14, making him the second-youngest grandmaster in history at that time (to Bu Xiangzhi).  Radjabov's playing style has been described as attacking and tactically influenced.

Radjabov came second in the FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2010, qualifying him for the Candidates tournament for the World Chess Championship of 2012.

Radjabov is the youngest player ever to make the FIDE Top 100 Players list.  His rating of 2599 in January 2002 ranked 93rd in the world while he was still 14 years old.

In 2003, Radjabov defeated Garry Kasparov, Viswanathan Anand, and Ruslan Ponomariov with the black pieces.  He is probably the first player ever to beat three former and reigning FIDE World Chess Champions with the black pieces in one year.

Radjabov reached the semi-finals (earning a bronze medal) at the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004.

## Position from Kasparov  Rajabov 
In this key position play went:
:**21... Ngxe5!?**
:**22. Qe3 Nd7 **
:**23. Qxe6 Bh4 **
:**24. Qg4 g5 **
:**25. Bd2 Rde8** and Black eventually won.

If Kasparov had taken the knight play would have gone:
:**22. Bxe5 Nxe5**
:**23. dxe5 d4!**
and Black comes through the centre.

## References
Ace

**Ace**, **Aces**, **ACE** or **ACES** may refer to:
* Flying ace, a military pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in air combat
* Ace (*Doctor Who*), a character in the *Doctor Who* television series
* Ace Frehley (born 1951), rock and roll guitarist and former member of the rock band Kiss
* Ace, a slang term for asexuality
* Ace (card), a card in a pack of playing cards.

## Related pages
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