open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Don Meredith

**"Dandy Don" Meredith** (April 10, 1938 - December 5, 2010) was an American football player. He was born in Mount Vernon, Texas (about 100 miles east of Dallas. He died in Santa Fe, New Mexico from a brain hemorrhage. He was 72 years old. Meredith was a quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1968. In 1970 he became a television broadcaster when he joined the Monday Night Football crew.

## Football career 
Meredith studied at Southern Methodist University (SMU). He played quarterback for SMU for three years. He was selected as an All-America in 1958 and 1959. In 1960, he was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the third round. He was then traded to the Dallas Cowboys for future draft picks. In 1960, the Cowboys were a newly formed *expansion* team.

Meredith played quarterback for the Cowboys from 1960 to 1968. In 1965, he became the starting quarterback. In 1966, he led the Cowboys to their first winning season, with a record of ten wins, three losses, and one tie. He threw a career-high 2,805 yards and 24 touchdown passes. He was named NFL Player of the Year and selected to the Pro Bowl.

Meredith was inducted to Cowboys *Ring of Honor* in 1976. He and Don Perkins were the second and third players added to the ring.

## References
Ron Talakoski

**Ronald Paul Isaac Talakoski** (June 1, 1962 – July 6, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played nine games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers between 1986 and 1988.

Talakoski spent four years at the University of Manitoba. In October, 1986 he signed as a free agent with the New York Rangers and played three games for the club that season. The rest of his rookie year was spent in the American Hockey League (AHL) and the International Hockey League (IHL). In 1987-88 he played a six games for the Rangers then scored 24 goals for the IHL's Colorado Rangers before retiring. Talakoski also served as a firefighter in Thunder Bay, Ontario for 18 years. Talakoski was found dead by Thunder Bay Fire and Rescue Services after a short search near Pier 3 in Thunder Bay, after having been reported missing from his residence. He is reported to have suffered from Shy-Drager syndrome.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bismuth(III) sulfide

**Bismuth(III) sulfide**, also known as **bismuth sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Bi2S3. It has bismuth and sulfide ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties and preparation
Bismuth(III) sulfide is a brown solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with a bismuth compound like bismuth(III) chloride.

## Occurrence
It is found as the mineral **bismuthinite**. Bismuthinite is lead-gray to tin-white, with an iridescent tarnish. It is an important ore of bismuth. It has a metallic color. It was first found in Bolivia. Its specific gravity is around 6.8.

## Related pages
*Bismuth(III) oxide
*Bismuth(V) oxide
*Bismuth(III) bromide
Bismuth(III) iodide

**Bismuth(III) iodide**, also known as **bismuth triiodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiI3. It has bismuth and iodide ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Bismuth(III) iodide is a dark gray solid. It is sometimes pale yellow, though. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with other iodides to make iodobismuth(III) ions, BiI52-.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth powder with iodine. It is also made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydroiodic acid. It can also be made by reacting bismuth(III) chloride with any iodide such as potassium iodide.

## Uses
It was used in a test for bismuth ions. Bismuth ions form a dark gray precipitate when reacted with potassium iodide because bismuth(III) iodide was made.

## Related pages
*Bismuth(III) bromide
*Bismuth(V) fluoride
*Sodium bismuthate
*Zinc iodide
Bismuth(III) oxide

**Bismuth(III) oxide**, also known as **bismite** and **bismuth trioxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Bi2O3. It has bismuth and oxide ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Bismuth(III) oxide is a pale yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It dissolves in acids to make other bismuth(III) salts. When it is electrolyzed, it makes a bright red solid, bismuth(V) oxide. It has several different crystal structures that have been studied. It reacts with rare earth metal oxides and the products are being studied.

## Occurrence
**Bismite** is the mineral form of bismuth(III) oxide. It is an ore of bismuth. Its Mohs hardness is 4.5 to 5 and its specific gravity is quite high, around 8 or 9. It is made when bismuthinite is oxidized. It was first found in Nevada in 1868.

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting sodium hydroxide with a bismuth(III) salt such as bismuth(III) chloride. It can also be made by igniting powdered bismuth metal. Another way of making it is to react bismuth nitrate (made by dissolving bismuth in nitric acid) with concentrated sodium hydroxide.

## Uses
Bismuth(III) oxide is used in pyrotechnics to make fireworks that burn with an effect called "dragon's eggs". Lead(II,IV) oxide was used for this in the past, but now is considered too toxic to use. It is also used in research and the making of other bismuth compounds.

## Related pages
*Bismuth compounds
Pharmacoepidemiology

**Pharmacoepidemiology** studies the use and effects of drugs on large groups of people. It assesses good and bad effects, and risks for humans while using a particular drug. 

Pharmacoepidemiology bridges pharmacology and epidemiology and borrows methodology from both of them. It uses **descriptive** epidemiological method by describing exposure to a drug and by calculating rates, e.g., incidence and prevalence. This produces a hypothesis about the drug, but does not test it. Pharmacoepidemiology also uses **analytic** epidemiological method by means of observation (case-control and cohort studies) and clinical trials. The analytic study compares an exposed group with a control group and tests the hypothesis.  

Pharmacoepidemiology provides **pharmacovigilance.**  That  is  continual monitoring of unwanted effects and other safety-related aspects of drugs.  Pharmacovigilance is conducted by reporting systems through health care professionals who report adverse drug reactions to the central agency. The central agency combines reports from many sources to produce a more informative profile for drug products.
Tufa

, California.]]

**Tufa** is a  variety of limestone. It is formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from water at normal temperatures.

Geothermally heated hot springs sometimes produce similar (but less porous) carbonate deposits known as travertine.

Do not confuse with the rock made of volcanic ash, which is called tuff.
Lifeboat (shipboard)

)]]
A **lifeboat**, also known as a **liferaft**, is a small, stiff or inflatable boat carried for emergencies in the event of a disaster on a ship. Lifeboats are required by law to be on larger ships.

When steamships became commonplace in the 19th century, so did lifeboats. At the beginning of the 20th century larger ships meant that more people could travel, but rules about lifeboats were often overlooked. After the RMS Titanic sank on April 15, 1912, people realized that bigger ships need more lifeboats. The Titanic's lifeboats were only capable of carrying 1,178 people, even though the Titanic could carry as much as 3,320 people.

Because many lifeboats were needed on the decks of passenger ships this led to the use of most of the deck space being used for lifeboats which created the problem of narrow passageways. This was fixed by using inflatable boats.

## References
Ian Curtis

**Ian Kevin Curtis** (15 July 1956 – 18 May 1980) was the singer of the post-punk band Joy Division. He was born in Stretford, Lancashire and grew up in Macclesfield, Cheshire. He suffered with epilepsy and committed suicide by hanging in Macclesfield in May 1980, aged 23, after the illness became severe. After this, Joy Division broke up. In 2007, a film about Curtis' life, named *Control*, was released. It made $8,159,508 and won five British Independent Film Awards.

## References
Carrying capacity

In ecology, the **carrying capacity** of an environment is the number of organisms of a particular species that can live there depending on the amount of resources it has. If too many organisms live in an environment, it is called overpopulation.

The carrying capacity of an environment can change, and humans can have an effect on the carrying capacity. For example, agriculture and irrigation allow feeding more people; meaning the human carrying capacity is increased.

Some things that can change an environment's carrying capacity are pollution and the use of natural resources.

## Related pages
*Population

## References
Gordon Freeman

**Gordon Freeman** is the main hero of the *Half-Life* video game series. He is a theoretical physicist from MIT. During the series, Gordon must win in hard situations, often without backup. To try to make the game more believable, the character never speaks, and there are no cut scenes, all action is seen as if the player was Gordon, with the player being in control of Gordon's actions at nearly all times. 

The character is seen first as a theoretical physicist working at Black Mesa Research Facility and working in an experiment which accidentally opens an portal, releasing confused, harmful aliens into Black Mesa. In the first *Half-Life*, Gordon Freeman fights through the facility with other workers, fighting the aliens as well as a military unit sent in to stop the incident and silence any surviving witnesses. In the second game, *Half-Life 2*, Gordon is introduced to a military world years after the Black Mesa incident, along with a force known as the Combine that took over the world.
Renault Espace

The **Renault Espace** is an MPV produced by Renault since 1984. It is available with up to seven seats and with 4- and 6-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. The Espace was Europes first MPV and debuted shortly after the Dodge Caravan in the US. The first generation was made from 1984 to 1991. The second generation was made between 1991 and 1996. The third generation was made from 1996 to 2002 and was the first to offer a bigger version called the Grand Espace. The fourth generation was the longest running model sold between 2002 and 2014 and received facelifts in 2006 and 2012. It is currently in its fifth generation launched in early 2015 but this version is not sold in the UK with right-hand drive. In 2023, Espace VI, a 7-seater Austral is due to take over.

## Generations

File:Renault Espace1 1984 front 20140122.jpg|First Generation
Renault Espace front 20080215.jpg|Second Generation
2002 Renault Espace Expression DCi 2.2 Front.jpg|Third Generation
Renault Espace IV Phase II 2.0 dCi.JPG|Fourth Generation
Renault Espace Intens ENERGY dCi 160 EDC (V) – Frontansicht, 2. Mai 2015, Düsseldorf.jpg|Fifth generation
Renault Espace VI Automesse Ludwigsburg 2023 1X7A0010.jpg|Sixth generation
Egyptian Museum of Berlin

) ]]
The **Egyptian Museum of Berlin** () is home to one of the world's most important collections of Ancient Egyptian artifacts. 
The collection is part of the Neues Museum.

 and the children.]]
Red Spooner

'''Andrew George 'Red' Spooner''' (August 24, 1910 — May 7, 1984) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in one National Hockey League game for the Pittsburgh Pirates during the 1929–30 NHL season.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Joe Tallari

**Joe Tallari** (born October 5, 1980 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player.

## Playing career 
In 2001 Tallari began his career playing for Niagara University where he was team's senior captain. Tallari moved to the Hartford Wolf Pack, the farm team for the New York Rangers. He stayed for just one season before moving to the Johnstown Chiefs of the ECHL, where he again topped the 50 point mark.

Over the following three seasons, Tallari switched between teams in the ECHL and the AHL, spending time with the Cleveland Barons, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers (on two occasions) and the Las Vegas Wranglers.  He then moved to Europe, signing with the Manchester Phoenix in the summer of 2007 to play under Tony Hand.  Tallari finished the season as the EIHL's second highest goal scorer, with 55 goals and 38 assists in 59 games.  This performance won Tallari the 'Best Newcomer' award at the 2008 Man of Ice Awards and ensured his selection for the 2007-08 EIHL All-Star team.

In April 2008 it was announced that Tallari would leave Manchester to sign for the Hockey Club Pustertal-Val Pusteria in order to try and qualify for the Italian national team. On 07 May 2009 he left Hockey Club Pustertal-Val Pusteria and signed a contract with HC Eppan Pirats Internorm.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*Arrivederci Joe, Tallari Lands Italian Dream   EIHL Official Website, 11/04/08.
Chloroflexi

**Chloroflexi** is one of four classes of bacteria that produce energy from light and are named for their green pigment, usually found in photosynthetic bodies. 

Chloroflexi are typically filamentous (they look like microscopic strings), and can move about through bacterial gliding. They are facultatively aerobic (they can survive with oxygen or without it), but do not produce oxygen in the process of producing energy from light, or phototrophy. Additionally Chloroflexi have a different method of phototrophy (photoheterotrophy) than true photosynthetic bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis (looking at DNA) indicates that they had a separate origin.
Perfume (Japanese band)

is a Japanese female electropop group from Hiroshima, Japan. The members are Ayano Ōmoto, Yuka Kashino and Ayaka Nishiwaki.  They started in 2001 and joined a major label in 2005. As of June 2009, the group had released nine major label singles to great success.

Since 2003, Perfume has been produced by Yasutaka Nakata, founder of the group Capsule and the Contemode label. The group's original sound changed to electronic, dance and pop music taking on Auto-Tune and electro house when they joined major label.

## Profile
**Yuka Kashino (Kashiyuka)**

Birth: 1988.12.23

Hobbies and favorite things: 
Ice cream, hair care, sparkling jewelry, photography, memorizing lines of commercials.

**Ayano Omoto (Nocchi)**

Birth: 1988.9.20

Hobbies: Sleeping, watching TV and movies, reading books, making Misanga, aroma, photography, shopping

Special skills: Working hard and detailed, puzzles.

**Ayaka Nishiwaki (A-chan)**

Birth: 1989.2.15

Hobbies and favorite things: Flower pattern design, lace, sparkling things, mascara, pink pajamas

Special skills: Health and fitness enthusiast.

## History
Perfume formed in 2000. In 2003 in Tokyo, they met someone who would become a crucial to their success - Capsule's Yasutaka Nakata, who is the main producer for them.
 
They released Linear Motor girl, which managed to chart on the oricon chart on September 21, 2005. They released two other singles, "Computer City" and "Electro World" in 2006. In 2008, they released "Polyrhythm", which Perfume is famous for. It reached #7 on oricon chart. In 2011 Perfume switched labels, and their single Spring of Life was their first under Universal Music Japan.

## Discography
These are some of Perfume's singles.

Indie Singles

*2002.03.21 Omajinai★Perori (OMAJINAI★ペロリ)
*2002.11.01 Kareshi Boshūchū (彼氏募集中)
*2003.08.06 Sweet Donuts (スウィートドーナッツ)
*2004.03.17 Monochrome Effect (モノクロームエフェクト)
*2004.09.08 Vitamin Drop (ビタミンドロップ)

Major Singles
*2005.09.21 Linear Motor Girl (リニアモーターガール)
*2006.01.11 Computer City (コンピューターシティ)
*2006.06.28 Electro World (エレクトロ・ワールド)
*2007.02.14 Fan Service [sweet] (ファン・サーヴィス[sweet])
*2007.09.12 Polyrhythm (ポリリズム)
*2008.01.16 Baby cruising Love/Macaroni (Baby cruising Love/マカロニ)
*2008.07.09 love the world
*2008.11.19 Dream Fighter
*2009.03.25 One Room Disco (ワンルーム・ディスコ)
*2010.04.14 Fushizenna Girl / Natural ni Koishite (不自然なガール / ナチュラルに恋して)
*2010.08.11 VOICE
* 2010.11.10 Nee (ねぇ)
* 2011.05.18 Laser Beam / Kasukana Kaori (レーザービーム / 微かなカオリ)
* 2011.11.02 Spice (スパイス)
* 2012.04.11 Spring of Life
* 2012.08.15 Spending all my time
* 2013.02.27 Mirai no Museum (未来のミュージアム)
* 2013.05.22 Magic of Love
* 2013.11.27 Sweet Refrain
* 2014.07.16 Cling Cling
* 2015.04.29 Relax in the City / Pick Me Up
* 2015.10.28 STAR TRAIN
* 2016.03.16 FLASH

## References
## Other websites
*Perfume global site
*Perfume official site: Biography
Grey's Anatomy

'''''Grey's Anatomy'''* is an American television series. It is a story about surgeons at the fictional Seattle Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital (previously Seattle Grace-Mercy West Hospital and Seattle Grace Hospital). The show was created by Shonda Rhimes. It has been on ABC (American Broadcasting Company) since March 2005.

 in 2008]]

## About the series
This successful television series is about surgeons in a hospital in Seattle. They do surgeries on patients with different health issues which are hard to solve. Even with their busy lives, the doctors become good friends and sometimes even fall in love with each other.

The American show was created by Shonda Rhimes. It was mostly filmed in Los Angeles, California and has been shown on ABC since March 27, 2005.

The series has had much success with 19 seasons and 421 episodes. A new twentieth season started showing on March 14, 2024. The TV show won a Golden Globe Award in 2007 for the best dramatic TV series, and it also has been awarded two nominations at the Emmy Awards for the same reason. This dramatic medical comedy has been produced in many languages and countries, like Belgium, France, and Switzerland.

*Grey’s Anatomy* got its name from a textbook by Henry Gray, written in 1858, which reached its 40th edition in 2008. The title of the text is *Anatomy of the Human Body''. It has many surgical applications and is a medicinal classic of the human anatomy.

## Cast
## References 
## Notes 
## Other websites
* 
* Answers website: "Henry Gray"
Masai Mara

**Masai Mara National Reserve**  is a National Park in Kenya, East Africa. It was established in 1948 as a wildlife sanctuary, and has been made larger since then.

Masai Mara is a game reserve type of park, meant to protect the animals on the savannah of the Serengeti. It is named after the Maasi people, who are the traditional people of the area. Big as it is, the Masai Mara National Reserve is only a fraction of the Greater Mara Ecosystem.

The Mara is effectively the northern continuation of the Serengeti National Park game reserve in Tanzania.

## The Great Migration 
This natural event is famous for involving a great population of large mammals. Huge numbers of herbivores migrate each year, followed by the big cats. The Grant's zebras, Thomson's gazelle, Blue wildebeest, Common elands, African buffalos, Masai giraffes, african bush elephants, and larger white rhinoceros, or Black rhinoceros, and others arrive to eat fresh grass after the rain, and later move on. Lions, leopards, East African cheetahs, follow, and also vultures and Spotted hyenas. hippos and Nile crocodiles are in the rivers. It is called *The Great Migration*.

The Great Migration is one of the most impressive natural events worldwide. Taking part each year are some 1,300,000 Blue wildebeests, 500,000 Thomson's gazelles, 97,000 Topi, 18,000 eland, Thomson's gazelle, 400,000 and 200,000 Grant's zebras. These plant-eating migrants are followed along their annual, circular route by hungry predators, most notably hunting they killed lions leopards and spotted hyena.

More than 470 species of birds have been identified in the park, many of which are migrants. Almost 60 species are raptors (birds of prey). Birds that call this area home for at least part of the year include: vultures, marabou storks, secretary birds, hornbills, crowned cranes, ostriches, long-crested Eagles, African pygmy-falcons and the lilac-breasted roller, which is the national bird of Kenya

## References
Ray Crawford

**Ray Crawford** (October 26, 1915 - February 1, 1996) was an American racecar driver.

Crawford was born in Roswell, New Mexico. He died in Los Angeles, California.  He drove in the American Automobile Association and United States Automobile Club Championship Car series, racing in the 1954-1959 seasons with 13 starts, including the Indianapolis 500 races in 1955-1956, and 1959.  He finished in the top ten 6 times.

## References
Baryon

**Baryons** are composite subatomic particles made of an odd number of valence quarks (at least three quarks). The most familiar baryons are the protons and neutrons which make up most of the visible matter in the universe. Electrons (the other major component of the atom) are leptons.

Since all quarks have a spin of 1/2, all baryons have a spin of 1/2 or 3/2 (the spins can cancel out). 1/2 spin baryons have the lowest energy state. 3/2 spin baryons are extremely unstable, and only live for 10-23 seconds. After that, they jump down to a lower energy state by releasing photons containing energy. These 3/2 spin baryons are known as higher energy resonances.

All particles with 1/2 spin (or 3/2 spin) are called fermions, and obey Fermi-Dirac statistics. This means that no two fermions can be in the same point in space at the same time. This is not true for the other type of subatomic particle, called a boson. More than one boson—like a photon—can exist in the same point in space at the same time. 

Baryons are one of two types of hadrons, which are particles made of quarks. The other type of hadron is called a meson.

The name **baryon** comes from Greek "barys," meaning heavy.

## References
Helen Hayes

**Helen Hayes Brown** (October 10, 1900 – March 17, 1993) was an American actress. Her career lasted for almost 70 years. Known as the "First Lady of the American Theatre", she is one of only twenty one  people to win all four main American entertainment awards - Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony. Hayes also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1986, the National Medal of Arts in 1988 and was awarded at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1981. Two Broadway theaters are named after her.

## Early life 
Hayes was born in Washington D.C. on October 10, 1890. She was an only child. Her mother, Catherine Estelle Hayes, was an actress of Irish ancestry. Her father, Francis van Arnum Brown, was a meat salesman. 

Hayes was an accomplished child. She went to a dancing school and sang very well. She began a stage career at the age of five, pushed by her mother. She also took her mother's maiden name as her stage name. By the age of ten, she had made a short movie. In 1917 Hayes graduated from the Academy of the Sacred Heart Convent in Washington.

## Career 
Her first sound movie *The Sin of Madelon Claudet* (1931) brought her Academy Award for Best Actress. The part she played in it was written by her husband, Charles MacArthur. Among her other successful movies of that time were *Arrowsmith* (1931), *A Farewell to Arms* (1932), *What Every Woman Knows* (1934).

Hayes liked working in theatre. Her most famous performance on Broadway was  the role of Queen Victoria in a play *Victoria Regina* (1938). She played leading parts in *Coquette* (1928) and *Mary Of Scotland* (1933) as well. *Harvey* (1970) became her last hit on stage. Hayes had to retire from theatre because of her asthma condition.

She continued her work in movies. Hayes won her second Academy Award in 1970 for *Airport*. This time for Supporting role. During the later part of her career she was often in series and movies made for television. She successfully portrayed legendary character Miss Marple in several movies in 80s.

## Personal life 
Hayes met her husband, Charles MacArthur, a playwright, in 1927. They married in August 1928. They had a daughter, Mary, born in 1930. She became involved in acting, but died from polio at age 19. In 1938 Hayes and Charles adopted a son, James MacArthur, who grew up to be an actor. 

Charles MacArthur died in 1956. He had many years of illness and grief caused by his daughter's untimely death. Hayes never married again. 

She published four autobiographies: *A Gift of Joy* (1965), *On Reflection* (1968), *Twice Over Lightly* (1972), and *My Life in Three Acts* (1990).

## Death 
Hayes died on March 17, 1993 from heart failure in the hospital of Nyack, New York. She was 92. She was buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery, next to her husband and daughter.

## Movies 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Official site
Amoebiasis

. This early cyst has only one nucleus and a glycogen mass can be seen (brown stain)]]

**Amoebiasis**, also known as **amebiasis** or **entamoebiasis**, is an  intestinal infection caused by  amoebas of the *Entamoeba* group. The infection is usually caused by *Entamoeba histolytica*. The infection is normally got when someone drinks water with the parasite in it.

In some cases, the parasite lives in a person's large intestine and does not cause any symptoms. Symptoms vary from serious to none at all. There may be abdominal pain, mild diarrhoea, bloody diarrhoea or severe colitis with tissue death and perforation. This last complication may cause peritonitis. People affected may develop anaemia due to loss of blood.

Amoebic dysentery is often confused with "traveller's diarrhoea" because of its prevalence in developing nations. In fact, most traveller's diarrhoea is bacterial or viral in origin.

*E. histolytica* infections occur in both the intestine and (in people with symptoms) in tissue of the intestine and/or liver. So, two different classes of drugs are needed to treat the infection, one for each location. Such anti-amoebic drugs are known as *amoebicides*.

## References
Upper Triassic

*, one of the first dinosaurs, appeared in the Upper Triassic epoch.]]

The **Upper Triassic** is the last epoch in the Triassic period. It began 237 million years ago and ended 201.3 million years ago. It happened after the Middle Triassic epoch and before the Lower Jurassic epoch.

Many early dinosaur species appeared for the first time during the Upper Triassic such as *Plateosaurus*, *Coelophysis*, and *Eoraptor*. The discovery of *Herrerasaurus'' makes it quite clear that the dinosaurs were taking hold of the land environments.

Pterosaurs were common in the air, and ichthyosaurs dominated the seas.

At the end of the Upper Triassic, some event or events caused the extinction of many animal species worldwide during the end–Triassic extinction event. It was similar to the more famous event that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs. No one knows for sure what caused the event. 

## Carnian Pluvial Event 
Although the Triassic period was, in general, a dry period with the inland areas often being deserts, the Upper Triassic epoch saw a big change.

The Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE) was a major global climate change and biotic turnover with many extinctions. It was early in the Upper Triassic, about 230 million years ago. Shifts in carbon and oxygen isotopes suggest a global warming. 

Major changes in organisms responsible for calcium carbonate production occurred during the CPE. Carbonate sedimentation stopped in deep water settings of Southern Italy. 

High extinction rates occurred among ammonoids, conodonts, bryozoa and crinoids. Major evolutionary innovations followed the CPE. The dinosaurs became established (dominant). In the seas there were calcareous nanofossils and scleractinian corals.

## References
Steve Berry (novelist)

**Steve Berry** (born in 1955) is an American author, professor and former attorney currently living in St. Augustine, Florida.

Steve Berry first appeared in print with his historical books *The Amber Room* and *The Romanov Prophecy* in 2003 and 2004. Berry had been writing since 1990, and it took him 12 years and 85 rejections (over five different editions) to finally sell a manuscript to Ballantine Books. Berry focuses his time on writing or planning new novels, teaching writing to people all over the world, golfing or spending time on the beach.

## References 
## Other websites
Aga Khan II

**Aga Khan II** (; ) the formal name for **Aqa Ali Shah** (. He was born in 1830 in Mahallat, Iran and died in August 1885 in Pune, India). He was a Muslim leader. He was the 47th Imam of a religious group called Nizari Ismaili Muslims. He became the Imam in 1881. He was a member of the Iranian royal family. He worked to improve his own community and the Muslim community in India. He really enjoyed sports and hunting.

## Early life
Aqa Ali Shah was the oldest son of Aga Khan I. He was an Iranian Prince. He was also a descendent of the Prophet Muhammad. The Prophet's daughter Fatima and son-in-law Ali b. Abi Talib were Aqa Ali Shah's ancestors. He lived in Iraq, Persia, and India during his childhood.

## The Ismaili Imamat 
Aqa Ali Shah became Imam of the Ismailis when his father died in 1881,. He also got his father's title of Aga Khan. Aga Khan II continued a good relationship with the British.

He opened several schools for his followers in Bombay and other places.

When he died in 1885, his 7-year-old son became Imam, Aga Khan III.

## Sports and hobbies 
The first Aga Khan owned some of the best Arabian horses in the world. Aqa Ali Shah kept these horses too. He was good at riding them. He liked other sports and hunting very much. He was famous for hunting tigers in India. Sometimes he chased tigers on foot. He was so good at shooting guns that he killed at least forty tigers that way.

## References
Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna

***Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna*** (Sometimes called ***Anastasia: The Story of Anna***) is a 1986 Golden Globe and Emmy Award-winning TV movie, starring Amy Irving, Olivia de Havilland, Omar Sharif and Christian Bale. The movie was loosely based on the story of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia and the novel *The Riddle of Anna Anderson* by Peter Kurth. It was Christian Bale's first movie and was originally broadcast in two parts.

## Plot 
The movie is about Anna Anderson, who believes that she is Anastasia, daughter of Nicholas II of Russia. Anna first tells her story in the 1920s when she is at a Berlin psychiatric hospital. Her story of escape from the Bolsheviks who killed the rest of her family in 1918 seems so vivid that many Russians believe her. She slowly gains more , but the Romanov family does not believe her. The movie never reveals if Anna really is Anastasia.

## Awards
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Hallux valgus

A **hallux valgus**, also called **bunion**, is when the bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe becomes larger. The big toe (hallux) may turn in toward the second toe, and the tissues around it can become swollen and red.
Megaupload

**Megaupload** was a website that allowed people to upload and download files.  It had several sister websites including Megavideo, Megapix, Megalive and others. It is based in Hong Kong.

It allowed users who do not have an account to upload and download files up to 1 GB. People with free accounts got 200 GB of space. People with paid accounts had unlimited space. After uploading a file, a URL can be used to access and download it.

It would stay there for
* Users without accounts - 21 days.
* Free accounts - 90 days
* Paid accounts - forever

## Legal case
On 19 January 2012 the United States Department of Justice seized and shut down the file hosting site Megaupload.com and commenced criminal cases against its owners and others. Worldwide, the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested Kim Schmitz (Founder), Finn Batato (CMO), Mathias Ortmann (CTO and co-founder), with Bram van der Kolk arrested by the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand.  Their bail request was denied in New Zealand court as it was opposed by US authorities on the case. On January 20 Hong Kong Customs froze more than HK$300 million (US$39 million) in assets belonging to the company.

The case drew particular public attention because the arrests were on the day after a large protest of proposed legislation to expand United States legal authority against foreign piracy websites. Shortly afterward, the Department of Justice's website and a number of other organisations' websites were taken offline following concerted denial of service attacks from activist group *Anonymous*.

s]]
A group spokesperson described the attacks as "the single largest Internet attack in [the group's] history" in an interview, adding that it was "a terrible case of happenstance that federal agents went after Megaupload only hours after the thousands of sites protesting in an anti-SOPA blackout went back online. Web surfers were by-and-far ready to defend an open Internet ... the feds 'could not have chosen a worse time to take down Megaupload'."  He noted that from commencement until the point the government's web servers were offline was a mere 70 minutes. 
 
On 19 January 2012 Anonymous released a statement on Pastebin.com accepting responsibility of the mass attacks on websites including those of RIAA, MPAA, BMI, FBI and others.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Felix Yusupov

**Prince Felix Felixovich Yusupov, Count Sumarokov-Elston** (; March 23, 1887, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – September 27, 1967, Paris, France), was best known for murdering Grigori Rasputin. Rasputin was the faith healer who was said to have influenced Tsar Nicholas II and Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna in their decisions. Felix Yusupov was never punished for this murder.

## References
Gulzar

**Sampooran Singh Kalra**, known as **Gulzar** (born 18 August 1936) is a songwriter, poet and movie director from India. He has written songs for many Hindi movies.

Gulzar co-wrote the song "Jai Ho" for the movie *Slumdog Millionaire*. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

## References
Vishal Bhardwaj

**Vishal Bhardwaj** (born 4 August 1965) is an Indian Hindi movie director. He has also composed music for many Hindi movies.

## Personal life
Bhardwaj was born on 4 August 1965, in Chandpur city in District Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh. His mother Satya Bhardwaj was a homemaker, and his father Ram Bhardwaj was a sugarcane inspector. His father also wrote poetry and lyrics for Hindi films. He and his family lived in Najibabad until he completed class five in school. They later moved to Meerut, where he played cricket for the state's under-19 team. His thumb broke during a practice session one day before an inter-university tournament, leaving him unable to play for the year. The same year, his father died, leaving him unable to continue his cricket career. 

## References
Turtle ship

The **turtle ship** was a type of warship built in Korea. It was used by the Koreans during the Japanese invasion of Korea in the 16th century. It was used to defeat the Japanese Navy. Because it looked like a turtle, it was called turtle ship.

## Shape 
### Outside 
It has a dragon-shaped head, which can fire cannons through its mouth. Its tail can also fire artillery. Turtle ships have 12 cannons on each side. In total there are 24 cannons. As lots of iron nails are stuck in its back, nobody can approach it easily. Moreover, people who are in turtle ships can see the outside, while  people cannot look into it.

### Inside 
Its inside is divided into two floors, one of which is the place where cannons are and the other is where people can row. There are twenty four rooms. Nineteen of them are where soldiers can take a rest. Three of them are where  weapons, such as swords, arrows and spears, are. In the other three rooms, iron goods can be stored. On the bottom, there is a huge water tank, which can make float and sink.

## Scale 
At first, turtle ships were small warships which could hold about 100~150 soldiers. However, after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, it expanded from a two-storied warship to a three-storied one and the hull was longer.

## Performance 
### Offensive Disposition 
It has several cannons from front to back and side to side, including a dragon-shaped head. Therefore, it take an important role in breaking through the enemy lines at the head of fleets. In addition, it is assumed that iron nails stuck in its back might hit and sink enemy ships with the water tank full.

### Defensive Disposition 
Because it has iron nails and wooden boxes covered with swords in the back, it is distinguished in warding off attacks against enemies.

### Maneuverability 
It has ten paddles in each side, and four rowers are arranged to one paddle. As its bottom is flat-shaped, it's really easy to maneuver in large tidal ranges, such as The West Sea and The South Sea of Korean Peninsula. It's also possible to do a half-turn in the middle of moving. 

## References 
* http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?gs=ws&gd=&cd=&d=&k=&inqr=&indme=&p=1&q=%B0%C5%BA%CF%BC%B1&masterno=7510&contentno=7510
* http://www.gbsun.com/index_151.htm
Qin dynasty

The **Qin dynasty** ( ) ruled in China from 221 BC to 206 BC (15 years).  It was created by the warlord Qin Shi Huang during the Warring States Period and defeated several other states in the area to unite China.  The Qin ruled China for only a very short time, during which they built both the Terracotta Army and parts of the Great Wall of China.

The second, and final emperor, Qin Er Shi, was overthrown by a popular rebellion after the first Qin emperor died.  It was followed by the Han dynasty.  The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang in 202 BC. 

## References 
## Other websites
Mattress

A **mattress** is a mat or pad, usually placed on top of a bed, where somebody sleeps or lies on. It usually contains compliant stuffing such as feathers, cotton and foam rubber. Many have springs inside.

The word *mattress* came from Arabic words meaning "to throw" and "place where something is thrown" or "mat, cushion." During the Crusades, Europeans slept on cushions thrown on the floor, and the word *materas* eventually became Middle English through the Romance languages.

## History 
The earliest known form of a mattress dates back to approximately 77,000 years ago.  It was discovered by archaeologists in a rock shelter located in Sibudu, South Africa.  It was full of various types of grass and leaves, some of which were natural insect repellent to combat nuisances like mosquitos and other insects.

Between 3000 and 1000 BCE, other cultures in early history began to adopt elevated sleeping surfaces as humans and civilizations evolved. In ancient Egypt, these raised beds were typically made from wood for protection from snakes and rodents. Raised beds were also helpful as a way of regulating temperature and to protect against cold and heat.

Beds became simpler in the 19th century, with four-posters falling out of style. Mattresses were transformed when coil springs were introduced in the 1870s, and metal frames became more common. At the beginning of the 20th century, beds and mattresses could be mass produced for the first time, making them more accessible. As more companies began making mattresses, buying a mattress became much more about comfort and preference, which remains the case today.

## References
Foot-and-mouth disease

**Foot-and-mouth disease** (FMD) is one of the acute infectious diseases (highly contagious disease) of animals. Foot-and-mouth disease virus causes the disease which can infect domestic animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and deer. Generally, it is believed that FMD is not very contagious to humans. However, humans can spread FMD by carrying the virus on their clothes and body. FMD breaks out all over the globe, because it is highly contagious to many animals. The earliest description of FMD was that by Hieronymi Fracastorii (1546). He described the disease, as being unusual and affecting only cattle, when it occurred in northern Italy in 1514.

## Where FMD Occurs
While the disease is widespread around the world, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Chile, and many countries in Europe are considered free of FMD. Various types of FMD virus have been found in Africa, South America, Asia, and some parts of Europe.

## Symptoms
The most obvious signs of Foot and Mouth Disease are excessive slobbering (letting liquid fall from their mouth), a lack of appetite and lameness (unable to walk properly because of damage to one or both of their legs). Affected animals may experience a sudden rise in temperature, sores in the mouth or other areas.

## Signs of Foot and Mouth in cattle
* Slobbering and smacking lips 
* Shivering 
* Tender and sore feet 
* Reduced milk yield 
* Sores and blisters on feet 
* Raised temperature

## Signs of Foot and Mouth in pigs
* Sudden lameness 
* Prefers to lie down 
* Sore on the upper edge of the hoof, where the skin and horn meet, and on the heels

## Causes
FMD is caused by a virus. Signs of illness can appear after an incubation period (the time from the moment of exposure to an infectious agent until signs and symptoms of the disease appear) of one to eight days, but often develop within three days. Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRMForProducers/English/FADs/FMD_checklist.pdf
* http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/fs_foot_mouth_disease07.pdf 
* http://www.fmdinfo.org/uDocs/pdfofbookforweb767.pdf 
* http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2007/09/12/105713/Foot-and-Mouth-Symptoms.htm
* http://www2.asg.wur.nl/UK/products/Vaccines_and.../FMD/FMDHistory/
* http://www.rmla.com/FMD.htm 
* http://www.sunflower-health.com/fmd220803/fmdoutbreaks.htm
Daejeon

**Daejeon** () is a city in South Korea It is in the middle of the southern Korean peninsula. *Daejeon* means "a grand field".

Its official name is “**Daejeon metropolitan city**”. The population in Daejeon is around 1,480,000 people. There are 5 districts (, *Gu*) in the city.

Daejeon started as a small village called **Hanbat**. Daejeon started to grow into a large city during the Japanese occupation period. Because Geungbu railroad the Honam railroad was opened in 1914. In 1949, Daejeon was no longer a part of Chungcheong province. It became an independent metropolitan city. It has the same role as a province.

Today, the city is important as a local self-governing city in Korea. As the population of the city grew, the first subway station in Daejeon was opened in 2006. The formal president Noh Mu Hyun once planned to move some of the public administration buildings in Seoul to Daejeon.

Daejeon is seen as a city of science and technology. It has Daedeock science research town, National Science Museum. It was built to support scientists and researchers in Daejeon. In 1993, the city held the Daejeon Expo Festival.

Daejeon attractions include the O-world, the Expo Science Park, Hanbat Arboretum, Roots Park, Gyejoksan Hwangtogil , Daecheong, Jangtaesan recreational forest, Mountain pass around Daejeon, Daejeon Culture and Arts Center, Dongchundang, Euneungjeonge Culture Street,  Famous people from Daejeon are Park Se Ri, a world famous golfer, and celebrities such as Kwon Sang Woo and Park Hae Mi.
Ted Tucker

**Edward William Tucker** (born May 7, 1949 in Fort William, Ontario), is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey  goaltender who briefly played for the California Golden Seals of the National Hockey League.

## Career statistics
### Regular season
### Playoffs
## Other websites
*
Oh Se-hoon

**Oh Se-hoon** ( born 4 January 1961, Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean politician. He became the mayor of Seoul  in 2021. He was also the mayor from 2006 to 2011. He was an unsuccessful candidate for President of South Korea in 2025.

## Education
When he was young, his family was very poor. He hasa said that he would need to finish his homework before sunset This was because it was very hard for his family to use electricity. After he graduated from high school, he entered Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. He studied Law. During his second year, he moved from HUFS to Korea University. In 1984, he passed the 26th Korean bar examination.

## Political career
Oh served the military as an officer soon after graduating from law school. After finishing his military service, he worked as a lawyer in Seoul for about 15 years. He appeared on television programs about law many times. That made him become very famous, so he campaigned to being a politician. In 2000, he was elected as a member of the National Assembly, belonging to Grand National Party. As a young politician, he tried to break and change the old and conservative image of Grand National Party. After completing the four years of his term as a member of the National Assembly, he went back to being a lawyer.

Though he had left the political world, he was still preferred by many people. He was even favoured as the next mayor of Seoul, because the former mayor Lee Myung-bak was running for the President. At first, he consistently denied running for the mayor of Seoul. But as he was considered the best candidate for the mayor in many polls, and as Grand National Party persuaded him to run for the mayor, he finally decided to run.

### As mayor
Even before the election, he always won in many polls. As a result, he got over 60% in the 2006 election and became the mayor of Seoul easily. In this election, he promised to remove Dongdaemun Stadium, redevelop about 50 towns, encourage people to learn English, and change diesel buses to natural-gas buses.

In 2010, he tried to be re-elected as mayor. He was expected to easily defeat other candidates again. But in the vote counting, he was about to lose. The gap between him and the second candidate, Han Myeong-sook was just about 0.6%.  He decided to quit after winning the election.

He was criticized because in his last 5 years in office the debt of Seoul tripled.

## References
Hyundai Engineering and Construction

**Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. (HDEC)** was founded by Chung Ju-young in 1947 as the name of Hyundai Civil Works Company and a major company of the Hyundai Group. 
The company completed restoration of Han River Pedestrian Bridge in 1958 and Seoul-Busan Expressway the main artery of Korean economy in 1970. 
HECD became the first Korean construction company entered overseas market among through the winning order for Pattani Narathiwat highway project in Thailand in 1965. 
The company was separated from the Hyundai Group and under the creditor’s management in 2001, as a liquidity crisis. Hyundai Group and Hyundai Motor Group took bid war though eventually Hyundai Group was named the preferred bidder for HDEC in 16th Nov 2010. 

The Head Office is in Key-dong, Chongro-ku, Seoul, Korea. The company has overseas branch offices in 14 countries including U.A.E.

The company has owned 7 subsidiary company which are Hyundai Engineering Co., Ltd., Hyundai Equipment & Steel Industries, Hyundai Design, Hyundai Farm, Hyundai CNI, Hyundai Hillstate and Hyundai Education. 

The company largely has 5 business fields which are Plant Construction, Power Plant Construction, Civil Works, Building Works and Nuclear Power Plants.