open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
2020 in movies

**2020 in movies** is a history of events, which includes the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies, critics' lists of the best films of 2020, festivals, a list of country-specific lists of films released, and notable deaths.

## Evaluation of the Year
TBA

## Highest-grossing movies
The top films released in 2020 by worldwide gross are as follows

## Events
TBA

## Awards
TBA

## 2020 films
TBA

## Deaths
TBA

## Debuts
TBA
2019 in movies

**2019 in movies** is a overview of events, including the highest-grossing movies, award ceremonies, critics' lists of the best movies of 2019, festivals, a list of country-specific lists of movies released, and movie programming.

## Highest-grossing movies
The top movies released in 2019 by worldwide gross are as follows
South Melbourne FC

**South Melbourne Football Club**, formerly called **South Melbourne Hellas**, is an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in Albert Park, a suburb of Melbourne. The currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Victoria (NPL Victoria), and plays its home games at Lakeside Stadium.

South Melbourne was founded in 1959 by Greek Australians and has strong connections to Melbourne's Greek community, which is the largest in the world outside Greece.

During the National Soccer League (NSL) era between 1977 and 2007, South Melbourne were a very successful club. South Melbourne was one of only two clubs that competed in every season of the NSL (the other being Marconi Stallions). South Melbourne won the NSL four times, as well as many Dockerty Cups and Victorian State League titles. South Melbourne represented the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) at the first ever FIFA Club World Cup, held in 2000 in Brazil.

South Melbourne was chosen by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS) as the Oceanian Club of the 20th Century.

In 2023, South Melbourne was announced as one of the eight clubs that will compete in the first ever season of the National Second Division (NSD), the upcoming second level of the Australian soccer league system, in 2025.

## References
Balistes vetula

***Balistes vetula***, the **queen triggerfish** or **cochino**, is a species of triggerfish in the genus *Balistes*. This fish's coloration is a combination of blue, purple, turquoise, green, yellow, and light blue. It preys on invertebrates, notably sea urchins. In aquariums, it will often eat shrimp, squid, clams, octopuses, scallops, and crabs.

## Gallery 
## References 
# Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). "*Balistes vetula*" in FishBase. June 2012 version.
Cliff Cash

**Clifton Freeman Cash** (born June 19 1980) is an American stand-up comedian, Social media personality, and photographer, he was born in North Carolina, United States.

## Personal life
Cash was born in June 19, 1980,  He has a brother named Wiley Cash and they grew up in Gastonia, North Carolina.

## Comedy Special 
Cliff Cash released a comedy special called The Long Road in 2024.

## References
Ange Postecoglou

**Angelos** "**Ange**" **Postecoglou** ( ; , *Angelos Postekoglou*; born 27 August 1965) is a Greek-born Australian Football manager and former player. His last job was as manager of Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur.

Postecoglou was born in Nea Filadelfeia in Athens, but grew up in Melbourne. He spent most of his club career playing as a defender for South Melbourne Hellas, and played four games for the Australian national team (nicknamed the "Socceroos"). Postecoglou became the manager of South Melbourne in 1996, leading the club to win two National Soccer League (NSL) titles and the Oceania Club Championship in 1999. He then led the men's national under-17 and under-20 teams.

Postecoglou managed Brisbane Roar and later Melbourne Victory in the A-League. He led Brisbane Roar to win the Premiership in 2011 and the Championship in 2011 and 2012. He managed the Socceroos from 2013 until 2017, leading the Socceroos to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and later to win the 2015 AFC Asian Cup. Two weeks after Australia qualified for the 2018 World Cup, Postecoglou resigned as manager of the team.

Postecoglou later managed J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos, leading them to win the league in 2019. He then led Scottish Premiership club Celtic to win five trophies (including two league titles) in two seasons. In 2023, he became head coach of Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur.

## References
Mayor of Faisalabad

Nazim-e-Faisalabad is the mayor who heads the Faisalabad Municipal Corporation (FMC) which controls the local government of Faisalabad. Chairman District Council Faisalabad

## References
Ethel Caterham

**Ethel May Caterham** (née **Collins**; born 21 August 1909) is a British supercentenarian who is the oldest verified living person since 30 April 2025. She is also the oldest living person in the United Kingdom and the last surviving subject of Edward VII. She is also the oldest living European following the death of Maria Branyas Morera.

## Personal life 
Ethel May Caterham was born in Shipton Bellinger, Hampshire on 21 August 1909 as the second-youngest of eight children, and was raised in Tidworth. Her sister, Gladys Babilas (1897–2002), lived to 104. In 1931, she went back to England and met her future husband Norman Caterham at a party. They later married in Salisbury Cathedral, where Norman had been a choirboy. and played contract bridge in her centenarian years.

## Health and longevity 
Caterham survived COVID-19 in 2020, aged 110. On her 111th birthday in August 2020, she was visited by the mayor of Surrey Heath, Shortly before her 111th birthday, she and her granddaughter were interviewed by BBC Radio Surrey, where she said that the secret to her longevity was "taking everything in my stride, the highs and the lows." Caterham became the oldest living person in the United Kingdom. She turned 114 in August 2023, the first British resident to do so since Ethel Lang in 2014.

As of , Caterham is the oldest living person in the world after the death of the Brazilian Inah Canabarro Lucas and the oldest living European person since the death of Maria Branyas Morera.

## Related pages 
* Oldest people
* List of British supercentenarians

## References
Wieprz

The **Wieprz** is a river in central-eastern Poland, and a tributary of the Vistula. It is the country's ninth longest river, with a total length of 349&nbsp;km and a catchment area of 10,497&nbsp;km2, all within Poland. Its course near the town of Łęczna includes the protected area known as Wieprz Landscape Park.

The river has its source in Lake Wieprz, in Wieprzów Tarnawacki near Tomaszów Lubelski, and flows into the Vistula near Dęblin. The Wieprz is connected to another river, the Krzna, through the 140-kilometer Wieprz-Krzna Canal, built in 1954-1961. Because the Wieprz with its wide valley has not been regulated, its nature is very diverse. The meandering river with its oxbow lakes is inhabited by numerous birds, European otters and Eurasian beavers.

## References
Hassanally Abdul Rahman

**Hassanally Aabdul Rahman** or **Hassan Ali Abdul Rahman** ( ) was a lawyer and politician born in Karachi, Sindh. He lived from 1909 to 1986. 

## Early life 
He was born to a family of legal professionals, government officers, and people active in the education sector. His father was the late and influential Karachi citizen, Barrister Abdurrahman. He received his barrister-at-law from Middle Temple, England in 1934. 

He was one of the founding architects along with his younger brother Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman of the Sindh Muslim Government Law College in Karachi. He also served as the first principal of the college. Known as a social and community leader, Rahman was the vice chancellor of Sindh University, Jamshoro, where he served twice in the same capacity.

## Career 
He was the treasurer of the Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, Secretary General of All Pakistan Educational Society, and President/Board Member Sindh Muslim Law College (S.M. Law College). In 1952, he led the Pakistani delegation to UNESCO. In 1953, he represented the country at the Commonwealth University Conference.

Rahman was the older brother of Justice Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman, who also served as Attorney General of Pakistan and the Chief Justice of Sindh and Balochistan High Courts. Tufail Ali Abdul Rehman was also the presiding judge who sat on the Hamoodur Rahman commission post 1971 civil war between then West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).

The two brothers were the only founding members of the Sindh Muslim Law College. Rahman’s father Barrister Abdul Rahman was a barrister-at-law of the Subcontinent and was affiliated with the Queens Council.

In addition, Rahman served as one of the founding members of Karachi University. In 1967 he was removed from that position because of political discontent.

Rahman became a barrister and was also politically active in the British Raj. He along with other fellow barristers worked with Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan.

## References
## Other websites
*My father  sherryrehman.com
*Hassanally Rahman (1904-1986) Prabook
*Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers Volume 1, Issue 1
Imtiaz Qureshi

**Imtiaz Qureshi** (2 February 1931 – 16 February 2024) was an Indian chef. He was known for reviving the *Dum Pukht* cooking tradition and creating restaurant brands including *Bukhara* and *Dum Pukht*. He was a master chef at ITC Hotels, an Indian luxury hotel chain. Qureshi is credited with the popularization of Awadhi cuisine with some of his popular dishes including *Dal Bukhara*, *Dum Pukht Biryani*, *Kakori Kebab*, *Warqi Paratha,* and *Garlic Kheer*.

In 2016, Qureshi received the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honor, for his culinary contributions. He was the first chef to win this award in this category. He died in Mumbai on 16 February 2024, two weeks after his 93rd birthday.

## Notes
Bourbonnella

*]]
*To see this article, you can check out the Related pages section of List of prehistoric bony fish genera.*

***Bourbonnella*** is an extinct genus of freshwater ray-finned fish from the Mississippian.

It has the following species:

* †*Bourbonnella guilloti* Heyler, 1967 (type species)
* †*Bourbonnella fourrieri* Poplin, 2001
* †*Bourbonnella hirsuta* Štamberg, 2007
* †*Bourbonnella jocelynae* Mickle, 2011
* †*Bourbonnella sottyi*

## Description 
This fish had a deep, fusiform body. It had an area of small scales supporting the dorsal fin. The smallest was *Bourbonnella guilloti*, which was about 15 cm, while the largest was *Bourbonnella fourrieri* of 30 cm.

## References 
# Poplin, Ćecile (2001). "Le genre *Bourbonnella'' (Actinopterygii, Aeduellidae) : révision et description d'une nouvelle espèce du Stéphanien (Carbonifère supérieur) de Montceau-les-Mines (Massif Central, France)". Retrieved 15 February 2001.

## Other websites 
* Media related to *Bourbonnella* at Wikimedia Commons
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University

**Maria Curie-Sklodowska University**  is a public research university, in Lublin, Poland. It is named after Marie Curie-Sklodowska.

It was started on October 23, 1944, by the Lublin Committee during the Second World War. It is now the largest university in Eastern Poland, with  in Lublin, and a satellite campus in Puławy. The University has nearly 16,000 students, who study in over 90 disciplines. Out of those 16,000, over 1,600 are international students from about 45 different countries.

## Faculties 
* Arts
* Biology and Biotechnology
* Chemistry
* Economics
* Languages, Literatures, and Cultures
* Philosophy and Sociology
* Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science
* Earth Sciences and Spatial Management
* Education and Psychology
* Political Science and Journalism
* Law and Administration

## References
Puławy

**Puławy**  is a town in eastern Poland, in Lesser Poland's Lublin Voivodeship, where the Vistula and Kurówka rivers meet. Puławy is the capital of Puławy County. 47,417 people lived there in 2019. Its coat of arms is based on the coat of arms of Lithuania.

Puławy was first mentioned in documents of the 15th century. At that time it was spelled *Pollavy*, its name probably came from a Vistula River ford. The town is a local center of science, industry and tourism, together with nearby Nałęczów and Kazimierz Dolny. Puławy is home to Poland's first permanent museum, the Czartoryskich Palace.  It is a Vistula River port.  It is  a center of higher education.

The town has two bridges and four rail stations, and serves as a road junction. Nearby Dęblin has a military airport.
Strunius

***Strunius*** is an extinct genus of lobe-finned fish from the Devonian of Germany and Latvia. Although it was a lobe-finned fish, the fins of *Strunius* were supported by fin rays, which are more associated with ray-finned fish. It had a short and stubby body.

## Gallery 

File:Strunius.jpg
File:2Strunius.jpg|Restoration of a pair

## Related pages 
* Rhizodus
* Bluefieldius
* Hemorrhoid
* Titan triggerfish

## References 
# Upeniece, Ieva. "A new species of Strunius (Sarcopterygii; Onychodontida) from Latvia; Lode quarry (Upper Devonian)". *ReaserchGate*.
Fear conditioning

**Fear conditioning** is a  process that helps our brain learn to associate certain things with fear. This mechanism plays a crucial role in how we respond to potentially threatening situations.
 studies.]]

## What is fear conditioning? 
Fear conditioning is a type of learning where our brain associates a neutral stimulus with a fearful experience. In simple terms, it is like our brain creating a connection between something ordinary and something scary.

### The process 
* Neutral stimulus:
Imagine you hear a specific sound, like a bell ringing. At first, this sound means nothing to 
you; it's neutral and doesn't provoke any fear. 
* Fearful experience:
Now, let's say that every time the bell rings, something scary happens, like a loud noise or a sudden shock. Your brain starts connecting the neutral sound (bell) with the frightening experience.
* Association:
After repeated pairings of the bell and the scary event, your brain starts associating the bell with fear. Now, even if the scary event doesn't happen, just hearing the bell can make you feel afraid.

### The brain's role 
The amygdala, a small almond-shaped structure in the brain, is the key player in fear conditioning. It processes emotions, including fear, and helps us respond appropriately to potential threats. When the neutral stimulus becomes associated with fear, the amygdala signals our body to react, preparing us to face the perceived danger.

## Real-life examples 
### Pavlov's dogs 
A classic example of conditioning to a neutral stimulus is 
Pavlov's experiment with dogs. He paired the sound of a bell with the presentation of food. Eventually, the dogs started salivating at the sound of the bell alone, anticipating the food.
* Implications for humans:
Understanding fear conditioning helps us comprehend how phobias and anxiety disorders may develop. Traumatic experiences can lead to the association of neutral stimuli with fear, contributing to the persistence of irrational fears.

## Conclusion 
Fear conditioning is a fundamental process that allows our brains to adapt and respond to potential threats. By associating neutral stimuli with fear, our brain learns to recognize and react to situations that may be harmful. This simple yet powerful mechanism is crucial for our survival and shapes our emotional responses to the world around us.

## References
Anita Falieros

**Anita Falieros** is an Australian former taekwondo martial artist. She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, where taekwondo was a demonstration sport, in the flyweight event. 

At the 1987 World Taekwondo Championships she won the bronze medal in the -47 kg category. She won at the European Taekwondo Championships the silver medal in 1990 and the bronze medal in 1992.

## References
Rubab

The **Rubab** (Pashto: رُباب), also known as **Robab** or **Rabab**, is a musical instrument a bit like a guitar. It is mostly played by the Pashtun, Baluch and Kho people of Pakistan and Afghanistan. There are different kinds of Rubabs, like the *Kabuli rebab*, the *Rawap*, the *Pamiri rubab*, and the *seni rebab*. People in many parts of Asia, including Central, South, and Southeast Asia, play the Rubab. The word "Rubab" comes from the Arabic word *"rebab"*. In Central and South Asia, people play it by plucking its strings, but in other places, they use a bow.

## History 
 Persia.]]
The rubab has been around since the 7th century CE. It's mentioned in old Persian books, and many Sufi poets talk about it in their poems. It's a traditional instrument and its types are used a lot in countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and even in the Xinjiang province of northwest China.

The rubab was also the first instrument used in Sikhism. Bhai Mardana, a Muslim friend of the first guru, Guru Nanak, used to play it. Whenever a shabad (holy song) was revealed to Guru Nanak, he would sing it, and Bhai Mardana would play the rubab. He was known as a rababi. The tradition of playing the rubab is still carried on by Punjabi Sikhs and Muslims.

## Variants 
The seni rebab was first made during the Mughal Empire. It has a special hook at the back of its head, which makes it easy for musicians to carry it on their shoulders and play while walking. Another kind of Rubab, called the Punjabi rabab or 'Firandia' rabab, is popular in Punjab.

In Tajikistan and northern Pakistan, there's a similar instrument called the rubab-i-pamir (Pamiri rubab). It looks a bit different, with a shallower body and neck and six gut strings. There's also one string attached partway down the neck, which is similar to the fifth string of the American banjo.

## Shape and features 
The rubab's body is made from one piece of wood, with a head that covers a hollow bowl where the sound comes from. The bridge sits on the skin and stays in place because of the tightness of the strings. It usually has three melody strings tuned in fourths, two or three drone strings, and sometimes up to 15 sympathetic strings. The instrument is usually made from the trunk of a mulberry tree, the head from animal skin like goat, and the strings from either the intestines of young goats (gut) or nylon.

### Strings 
## Size variants 
## References
Krk

**Krk** (; ; ) is an Adriatic island in Croatia. It is near Rijeka in the Bay of Kvarner and part of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. Krk is together with Cres as the largest Adriatic island. It is mostly rocky.

Krk is the name of the main settlement of the island.

## References
TVP Info

**TVP Info** is a Polish free-to-air television news channel, run by the public state broadcaster TVP. It mostly broadcasts nationwide news bulletins. Until 20 December 2023, its main offices were in  Warsaw Uprising Square. Since 29 December 2023 they are in the main TVP building on Woronicza Street, Warsaw.

During the rule of the Law and Justice-majority government from 2015 to 2023, the channel was  criticized by the opposition and external observers for airing government propaganda.

On December 19, 2023, Bartłomiej Sienkiewicz, the Minister of Culture and National Heritage in Poland, dismissed the media directors and their supervisory boards, most notably those of TVP, appointing new ones in their place. The move was met with criticism and accusations of illegality by the dismissed management and the opposition Law and Justice party.   Prime Minister Donald Tusk said this was done to restore legal order and decency in public life.

Paweł Moskalewicz was appointed to run it by Tusk.

## References
Krk (town)

**Krk** () is a town in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia. It is the main settlement of the island of Krk. In 2021, 6,816 people lived there. It is on the southwest coast of the island and is the historical seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Krk.

## References
Teulat

**Teulat** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Tarn department in south France.

## Monuments 

Teulat - La mairie.jpg| Town hall
Teulat - Chapelle saint Martin.jpg|Chapel of St. Martin
Teulat - Chapelle saint Martin - le clocher-mur.jpg|Bell gable

## References
Ahrar al-Jazeera

**Ahrar al-Jaazera** was a rebel group that fought in the Syrian Civil War and was important at the start of the war which resulted in the taking over of Yaroubiya in March of 2013 (with help from other rebel groups). The group also worked with anti-Kurdish groups in the Battle of Ras al-Ayn which spanned from 2012-2013. However the group was forcibly removed from power in Yaroubiya in October of 2013, after the Al-Nusra Front took power and claimed to be corrupt by Daesh and Al-Nusra.

## References
Guarabira

**Guarabira** is an Brazilian city in the state of Paraíba. In 2020, 59,115 people lived here and its area is 162,387&nbsp;km².
Rhizodus

***Rhizodus*** (meaning "root tooth") is an extinct genus of giant freshwater lobe-finned fish belonging to the group Rhizodontida. It was even bigger than the beluga sturgeon, making it the largest freshwater fish to have ever existed. Carbon-dated fossils show that *Rhizodus* went extinct 290 million years ago.

The two species are:

* *Rhizodus hibberti* Owen, 1840 (type species)
* *Rhizodus serpukhovensis* Smirnova, 2022

## Description 
What makes *Rhizodus* so unique among other large rhizodonts such as *Barameda* were the massive 22 cm (8.7 in) teeth. They were used to crunch and kill prey into digestible bits, rather than swallowing them whole. This prehistoric monstrosity weighed 4,000 kg and resembled a hulking acanthodian with ginormous teeth. On its body were large plates.

## Taxonomy 
*Rhizodus* is the type genus of the Rhizodontida, a group of lobe-finned fishes.

## Species info 
### *Rhizodus hibberti* 
*Rhizodus hibberti* is the type species of *Rhizodus* and is from the Viséan stage of the United Kingdom. 

### *Rhizodus serpukhovensis* 
*Rhizodus serpukhovensis* is from the Serpukhovian of Russia. However, it is not well known.

## What it ate 
The diet of *Rhizodus* included medium-sized fish and other tetrapods. *Rhizodus* lunged at terrestrial prey like a crocodile.
## Some images 
## Related pages 
* Strunius
* Balistes vegai
* Eusthenopteron
* List of prehistoric bony fish genera

## References 
# "Rhizodus hibberti". *www.europeana.eu*. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
# "Rhizodus". *Prehistoric Wildlife*.

## Other websites 
* Media related to *Rhizodus* at Wikimedia Commons
Type design

**Type design** is the process of creating different styles of letters and symbols used in writing. These letters and symbols, known as glyphs, when grouped together, form what we call typefaces or fonts. Fonts are commonly seen in books, websites, advertisements, and various other forms of visual communication.

## History 
The history of type design stretches back many years. In ancient times, people would carve letters into materials like stone or wood. With the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, the creation of letters became easier, leading to the establishment of the first type foundries where fonts were made and sold.

Type design, a subset of graphic design, is an essential aspect of visual communication. Whether in print or digital form, the fonts we encounter shape our reading experience and contribute to the overall effectiveness of communication. Type designers use a combination of creativity and technical skill to craft fonts that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional.

## Process 
Today, type designers, who are a type of graphic designers, use computer software to create fonts. Factors like the width of the strokes, spacing between letters, and presence of serifs (little lines on letters) are taken into consideration during the design process. Type design, a subset of graphic design, is an essential aspect of visual communication.

Whether in print or digital form, the fonts we encounter shape our reading experience and contribute to the overall effectiveness of communication. Type designers use a combination of creativity and technical skill to craft fonts that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional.

## Notable Designers 
Throughout history, there have been many notable type designers who have made significant contributions to the field. Early pioneers like Johannes Gutenberg introduced movable type to Europe, while modern designers such as Adrian Frutiger and Jessica Hische have left their mark on contemporary type design.
Visual communication

**Visual communication** is the sharing of information using pictures, drawings, or symbols rather than just words. It is a method of message passing through images and it is widely used in various aspects of daily life, including books, advertisements, and digital media.

Visual communication involves the use of visual elements such as images, diagrams, charts, and symbols to convey information. Instead of relying solely on text, visual communication relies on the power of images to communicate ideas and messages effectively.

Visual communication is essential because it helps people understand information quickly and easily. Images can often convey complex ideas more efficiently than words alone, making visual communication a valuable tool in various fields, including education, marketing, and design.

## Applications 
Visual communication is utilized in numerous fields and industries, including:

* **Graphic Design** Graphic designers use visual elements to create visually appealing designs for various purposes, such as magazines, packages, logos, and websites.
* **Advertising and Marketing** Visual communication is crucial in advertising and marketing campaigns to attract and engage audiences effectively.
* **Education** Teachers use visual aids such as diagrams, charts, and videos to facilitate learning and enhance understanding among students.
* **Media Production** Visual communication plays a significant role in film, television and social media, where images and visuals are used to tell stories and convey messages.

## Examples 
Examples of visual communication include:

* **Photographs** Capturing images through photography is a common form of visual communication used in various contexts, from personal documentation to professional advertising.
* **Infographics** Infographics are visual representations of information, data, or knowledge designed to present complex information quickly and clearly.
* **Illustrations** Illustrations are drawings, paintings, or sketches used to convey ideas or enhance storytelling in various media formats.
* **Videos** Videos combine moving images, sound, and sometimes text to communicate messages effectively and engage audiences.
Ioannis Kapodistrias

'***

Count **Ioannis Kapodistrias*' (1776-1831) was an important political leader and diplomat from Greece in the early 1800s. He was born in Corfu when it was ruled by Venice. His family was well-known, with his father being a nobleman and artist. He started his career in politics in Corfu and later became Modern Greece's first Governor after the Greek War of Independence in 1821.

Before becoming Governor, Kapodistrias worked for Russian Empire's government and helped Greece gain independence. He was good at diplomacy and had big ideas for how to run a country. His diplomatic skills earned him admiration and recognition.

He didn't just influence Greece though. He also helped Switzerland become neutral and organized its government. His efforts in shaping the destinies of both Greece and Switzerland demonstrate his influence and legacy. The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens is named after him. Statues of Ioannis Kapodistrias can be found in Athens, Saint Petersburg and Lausanne. He was also featured on the 500 drachma banknote in recent years before Greece switched to using the euro on January 1, 2002.

However, he faced opposition during his time in office, which ultimately led to his assassination in 1831 while he was still serving as Governor in Nafplio. He is buried in his hometown of Corfu.

## References
## Related pages 
* Greek War of Independence

## Other websites 
* Capodistrias Museum

*
Polish cuisine

**Polish cuisine** is a style of food preparation originating in and widely popular in Poland. Due to Poland's history, Polish cuisine has evolved over the centuries. It has borrowed many other national cuisines. 

Polish cuisine is rich in meat, especially pork, chicken and game, and a wide range of vegetables, spices, fungi and mushrooms, and herbs. There are a lot of different kinds of pasta, cereals, grains and pulses.  Polish cuisine makes extensive use of butter, cream, eggs, and seasoning. Traditional dishes often need a lot of preparation. Many Poles take time to serve and enjoy their festive meals, especially Christmas Eve dinner () on December 24, or Easter breakfast, both of which could take several days to prepare.

Among popular Polish national dishes are  ,  , ,   (pork loin breaded cutlet),   (stuffed cabbage leaves),   (roulade),   (sour cucumber soup),   (mushroom soup),   (tomato soup),   (meat broth),   (sour rye soup),   (tripe soup), and red beetroot soup  .

A traditional Polish dinner has three courses, beginning with a soup. In restaurants, soups are followed by an appetizer such as herring (prepared with either cream, oil, or in aspic), or other cured meats and chopped raw vegetable salads. The main course usually includes meat, such as a roast, breaded pork cutlet, or chicken, with a coleslaw-like  (), shredded root vegetables with lemon and sugar (carrot, celeriac, cooked beetroot), sauerkraut, or  salad. The side dishes are usually boiled potatoes, grain, or less commonly, rice. Meals often end with a dessert of either a fruit compote,  a  pastry, cream pie,  mille-feuille, or  cheesecake.

If a Polish culinary tradition is used in other cuisines, it is referred to as *à la polonaise*, from the French, meaning 'Polish-style.' In French cuisine, this term is used for techniques like using butter instead of cooking oil; frying vegetables with buttered breadcrumbs; using minced parsley and boiled eggs (Polonaise garnish); and adding horseradish, lemon juice, or sour cream to sauces like velouté.
## References
Course (food)

A **course** is a set of food items served together during a meal, all at the same time. A course may include multiple dishes including side dishes or only one, and often includes items with some variety of flavors. A hamburger served with French fries would be considered a single course and might constitute the entire meal. Larger meals might include many courses, such as a course where a soup is served by itself, a course when cordon bleu is served at the same time as a side dish of vegetables, and finally a dessert such as a pumpkin pie. Courses may vary in size as well as number depending on the culture where the meal takes place. 

When dishes are served mostly in a single course, this is known in formal terms as service à la française; when dishes are served mostly in separate courses, this is called service à la russe.
## References
Tableware

]]
, (18th–19th century fashion)]]

**Tableware** are the dishes and cutlery used for setting a table, serving food, and dining. Tableware includes cutlery, glassware, serving dishes, serving utensils, and other items used for cooking as well as for decoration. The objects vary according to culture, religion, number of people, and cuisine. Middle Eastern, South Asian or Polynesian food culture may only use serving dishes, using bread or leaves as individual plates, and often with no cutlery. Special events may  have higher quality tableware.
 	
Cutlery is more commonly known as *silverware* or *flatware* in the United States. *Dinnerware* is another word used for tableware, another word *crockery* means ceramic tableware, porcelain or bone china. In Ireland, they are normally called *delph*, the word being an English language phonetic spelling of the word *Delft*, the town from which so much delftware came.

## References
Sincerity

'***

**Sincerity*' is a moral value and means being real and honest in how someone acts and talks. It's about not pretending to be someone you're not. When someone is sincere, they say and do things truthfully, and others trust them for it. Being sincere helps build good relationships because people feel they can rely on you. Sincere people are respected because they stay true to themselves and treat others with honesty and kindness.

## Related pages
*Virtue
*Loyalty

## Other websites
* 

## References
Barameda

***Barameda*** (Indigenous Australian language: "fish trap") is an extinct genus of rhizodont from the Tournaisian of Australia.

The species:

* †*Barameda decipiens*
* †*Barameda mitchelli*

## Description 
*Barameda* had an elongated and thick body typical of Carboniferous rhizodonts, for powerful swimming and out-powering any prey larger than itself. It was covered with moderately thin, cycloidal scales.

## Paleoecology 
*Barameda* was probably a benthic ambush predator, attacking other fishes and possibly early tetrapods. It used a grab-and-drag strategy, using its fangs to snag prey and either thrash them, or simply drag them down into the water.

## References 
# Long, John A. (1989-03-30). . *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology*. Retrieved 1 August 1986.
Type foundry

A **type foundry** is a company that makes different styles of letters and symbols for writing. In the past, people used to carve these letters, known as glyphs, into metal or wood by hand. But nowadays, they use computers to design and publish various fonts. These fonts can be used in books, websites, and other places where words are written.

Creating a font involves carefully designing each letter, number, and symbol using special computer programs. Designers adjust things like size, shape, and spacing to make sure the letters look good together. Once a font is finished, it can be sold or licensed to people who need it for their projects.

## Related pages
* Typography
* Type design
* Typeface
Kickers Offenbach

**Offenbacher Fußball-Club Kickers**, also known as **Kickers Offenbach**, is a German football club from Offenbach am Main, Hesse.

## Other websites 
*
List of New York City Subway R-type contracts

This is a list of all R-type contracts in the New York City Subway.

## 1930–1950 
## 1951–1970 
## 1971–1988 
## 1989–1999 
## 2000–2019 
All passenger rolling stock made in this time period are New Technology Trains.

## 2020–present 
* Car types that currently have CBTC: R143, R160, R188, and R211.
* Car types that will have CBTC in the future: R142, R142A, R179, R262, and R268.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Sansone, Gene. ''Evolution of New York City subways: An illustrated history of New York City's transit cars, 1867–1997*. New York Transit Museum Press, New York, 1997. .
* Kramer, Frederick A. *Building the Independent Subway*. Quadrant Press, Inc.; New York, 1990. 
* Cudahy, Brian J. *Under the Sidewalks of New York: The Story of the Greatest Subway System in the World, 2nd Revised Edition*. Fordham University Press, New York, 1995. 
* Dougherty, Peter J. *Tracks of the New York City Subway, version 4.2''. 2007

## Other websites 
* nycsubway.org New York City Subway Cars
* Pre-Unification Cars (BMT)
* Pre-Unification Cars (IRT)
* R-Type Cars 1932 to 1987
* R-Type Cars 1999 to Present (NTT)
* 'R' Type Roster (includes non-train contracts)
* Roster of Rolling Stock Contracts
* NYCTA Work Cars 2013
* 
* 
*
András Bozóki

**András Bozóki** (born 23 January 1959) is a Hungarian sociologist and politician. He served as Minister of Education between 2005 and 2006. He is professor of political science at Central European University. His research areas are political change, political systems, Central European politics, political ideologies, the history of ideas and the political role of the intelligentsia.

## Academics 
He studied at Eötvös Loránd University and obtained a Doctor Juris in law in 1983 and a Master of Arts in sociology in 1985. After graduation, he got a teaching position at the university, where he taught at the Department of Sociology and Law (since 2013 named as Department of Legal and Social Theory). In 1988-89, he was a fellow at UCLA's Department of Sociology. In 1992, he defended his doctoral dissertation in political science at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. the Wisschenschaftskolleg in Berlin (Andrew Mellon Fellow, 1993-1994), the European Institute of Sussex University (1998), the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) (1998), the European University Institute (EUI) (Jean Monnet Fellow, 2000-2001 and Fernand Braudel Fellow, 2012), and Södertörns University in Stockholm (2008).

## Politics 
In 1985, he participated in the opposition event of the European Cultural Forum. In 1987 he was at the Lakitelek meeting. In May 1988 he was the founder of the Free Initiatives Network. In 1989, he participated in the National Round Table negotiations, where he represented the Opposition Round Table and was a member of the working committee dealing with the creation of legal guarantees excluding violent solutions. 

Between 1988-1993 he was a member of Fidesz. From January to May 1990, he was the spokesperson of Fidesz. In 1991-1992 he was an expert of the party's parliamentary faction. In 1993 he left Fidesz. 

Between 2003 and 2004, he was a member of the advisory board of Prime Minister Péter Medgyessy. From February 2005 to June 2006, he was Minister of Education in the first Ferenc Gyurcsány government.

## Media 
Between 1989-1992 he worked as the founding editor of newspaper *Magyar Narancs*. In the 2000s, he was a columnist for *Magyar Hírlap* and then *Figyelő*.

## References
Polypedates impresus

The **concave-crowned tree frog** or **Yunnan whipping frog** (*Polypedates impresus*) is a frog.  It lives in China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.  People have seen it between 600 and 1000 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in grass on hills.

Scientists believe this frog is not in danger of dying out because it lives in such a large place.
## First paper
*

## References
The Healing Process

***The Healing Process*** is the second studio album by Canadian deathcore band Despised Icon. The album was released on April 5, 2005 through Century Media Records.

## Track listing
## References
Gladiator 2

***Gladiator 2*** is an American-British epic historical drama movie. It was released on November 22, 2024 in North America. It is the sequel to the 2000 movie *Gladiator*. It was directed by Ridley Scott. Scott also directed the original *Gladiator* movie.

## Production
Principal photography for the movie started in Ouarzazate, Morocco on June 7, 2023 and ended on January 24, 2024. Filming was delayed because of the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike.

## Plot
The movie follows Lucius Verus, the son of Lucilla. Having lived in the wilderness for around 15 years, he is now grown up and estranged from his mother. He heads to Rome to try and build a better life.

## Cast 
* Paul Mescal as Lucius Verus
* Denzel Washington
* Pedro Pascal
* Joseph Quinn as Geta
* Fred Hechinger as Caracalla
* May Calamawy
* Connie Nielsen as Lucilla
* Derek Jacobi as Senator Gracchus
* Lior Raz
* Peter Mensah
* Matt Lucas
* Tim McInnerny

## References
## Other websites
*
List of invasions in the 21st century

This is the military invasions to take place during the 21st century.

*2024 invasion of Babanusa
*2023 invasion of the Gaza Strip
*2023 Afghanistan invasion of Iran
*2023 invasion of Buulo Mareer
*2023 invasion of Sudan
*2022 invasion of Yangtse
*2022 invasion of Runirgod District
*2022 invasion of Balad, Somalia
*2022 invasion of Kyrgyzstan
*2022 invasion of Armenia
*2022 invasion of Ukraine
*2022 invasion of Bambui, Cameroon
*2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
*2022 invasion of Moura, Mali
*2021 invasion of Afghanistan
*2021 invasion of Aguililla
*2019 invasion of Syria
*2018 invasion of Socotra
*2018 invasion of Syria
*2017 invasion of the Gambia
*2016 invasion of Syria
*2014 invasion of Gaza
*2014 invasion of Ukraine
*2011 invasion of Somalia
*2008 invasion of Gaza
*2008 invasion of Georgia
*2008 invasion of Anjouan
*2006 invasion of Somalia
*2006 invasion of Lebanon
*2006 Hezbollah invasion of Israel
*2005 invasion of Al-Qurnah, Iraq
*2004 invasion of Gaza
*2003 invasion of Iraq
*2002 invasion of West Bank
*2001 invasion of Afghanistan
Jebel Sahaba

**Jebel Sahaba** is an archaeological site where a prehistoric massacre occurred. It is between Sudan and Egypt, close to the Aswan High Dam. At this site, archaeologists found 61 remains from early hunter-gatherers, including men, women, and children. The victims did not include young men, who may have escaped or survived. 

Before the discovery in 1960, many experts believed that prehistoric people did not fight each other. This idea changed when Fred Wendorf found bones from the 12th millennium B.C., which showed a large number of injuries, damaged bones, and pieces of flint arrows.

## Studies 
Wendorf and his team discovered the prehistoric massacre site in the 1960s. Then in 2014, Isabelle Crevecoeur from the French National Center for Scientific Research discovered over 100 more signs of trauma and injuries on the Jebel Sahaba remains.  

For example, the victims' hands and forearms were damaged from trying to ward off blows.  Some victims' back-sided ribs had sharp cuts, maybe because they died trying to escape. A pregnant woman had her hands twisted together, suggesting that she might have been tied up. These medieval-like actions were very surprising for archaeologists and scientists. 

## References
Type designer

'***

A **type designer*', also known as typeface designer, is someone who design fonts. Fonts are the different styles of letters and numbers that we see in books, signs, advertisements and websites. Type designers create these fonts by designing common characters like punctuation marks, accents, ligatures, asterisks, quotation marks and diacritics. All these are called glyphs. They publish their creations in various file formats, accompanied with a license. for use on computers.

Type designers use their creativity and skills to make alphabets that look good and are easy to read. They think about how each letter will fit together with the others to form words and sentences. They also consider things like spacing, size and style to make sure that the font is legible and pleasing to the eye.

Type design is considered an academic discipline.To become a type designer, people often need to study graphic design, typography or graphic arts. Some type designers work as freelancers, creating fonts for their own projects or for sale to others. Others may work for companies called type foundries that specialize in creating fonts for web design and printing.

Type designers use various tecnhiques and software to create fonts. They usually start by drawing out ideas on paper. This profession plays an important role in shaping the way people communicate through written language.

## Related pages 
*Graphic designer
*Printer (publishing)
*Helvetica
*Times New Roman
*Webdings

## Other websites
* 

## References
McPlant

''''''
 from McDonald's]]
The **McPlant** is a sandwich from McDonald's fast food chain. Its main difference from a common hamburger is that it doesn't meat. Instead, it has a patty made from plants. It was created in collaboration with *Beyond Meat*, a company that makes plant-based meat. The patty is made from things like peas, rice and potatoes instead of beef or chicken. The main ingredients are onions, pickles, lettuce, tomato, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise and cheese. The McPlant is an option for people who avoid eating meat or vegans.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ruald Strydom

**Ruald Strydom** GCOB (born 1985) is a South African entrepreneur and philanthropist. He started CEO GOLF.

In 2023, Strydom received the Order of the Baobab (Grand Counsellor of the Baobab) from the President of South Africa, Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa. This award recognized his important work as a philanthropist globally. The Order of the Baobab is a prestigious honor in South Africa. It is given to individuals who have made significant contributions to democracy and the betterment of South African lives.

## Early life and education 
Strydom went to Barberton Primary School and Barberton High School.

## Awards and recognition 
South African National Order; The Order of the Baobab (GCOB) (2023).

## References
McMuffin

'''''' from McDonald's]]
A **McMuffin** is a breakfast sandwich from McDonald's, a popular fast food chain. The main one is the Egg McMuffin, made by Herb Peterson in 1972. It looks like eggs benedict, a classic American breakfast with English muffins, ham, eggs, and hollandaise sauce. The Egg McMuffin has a cracked Grade A egg on a toasted English muffin with real butter, Canadian bacon, and American cheese.

The Egg McMuffin is a quick breakfast to eat, with 310 calories. Even though it seems simple, it actually has nearly 50 ingredients.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website

*
Aspirated consonant

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath.

In dialects with aspiration, to feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say spin [spɪn] and then pin [pʰɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin.

## References 
*
Structuralism (psychology)

**Structuralism** is the first formal and foundational school of thought in psychology that emerged in the late 19th century. It aimed to understand the human mind by breaking down mental processes into basic components and exploring their interrelationships. This approach marked a significant departure from earlier philosophical and 
introspective methods, laying the groundwork for the scientific study of psychology.
## Historical background 
Structuralism gained prominence in the late 1800s, a time when psychology was transitioning from philosophy and speculation to a more empirical and scientific discipline. Wilhelm Wundt, a German psychologist, is often considered the father of structuralism. In 1879, he established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, where he conducted experiments to explore the structure of human consciousness.

Edward B. Titchener, a British psychologist who studied under Wilhelm Wundt in Germany, played a significant role in the development of Structuralism in psychology. After returning to the United States, Titchener established the psychological school known as structuralism at Cornell University. He further advanced and popularized the structuralist approach, emphasizing the importance of introspection as a method to analyze and describe the structure of the mind. Titchener's work and teachings had a profound influence on the early development of psychology in the United States, contributing to the spread and prominence of structuralism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

## Conclusion 
In summary, structuralism in psychology was a pioneering movement that aimed to understand the human mind by dissecting mental experiences into their elemental components. Although it eventually gave way to other schools of thought, its impact on the field is undeniable, shaping the way psychologists approached the study of consciousness and laying the groundwork for the scientific methodology that defines modern psychology.

## References