open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Common and rare elements on Earth

or more.]]

Earth is made of many chemical elements. The **most common elements** are iron, oxygen, silicon, and magnesium. The **most rare elements** are thallium and bismuth. Earth also has very small amounts of rarer elements like astatine, but these are radioactive elements that do not last long enough to be part of chemicals or minerals without radioactive decay changing them into more common elements.

## Layers 
Elements are not spread equally out through the Earth. Most of Earth's iron is found in Earth's core, along with many other elements called siderophiles or "iron lovers", which prefer to mix with iron in the core, instead of reacting with oxygen or sulfur to form minerals in the crust or mantle. Elements that react with oxygen easily are called lithophiles or "rock lovers", while elements that prefer to react with sulfur are called chalcophiles or "ore lovers".

To show how elements associate with each other, scientists divide the Earth into parts called compositional layers based on the chemicals in them. The simplest of these divisions separates Earth's core, Earth's mantle, Earth's crust, the ocean or Earth's hydrosphere, and Earth's atmosphere. The mantle and crust are more similar to each other than the core, so they are sometimes combined into the silicate Earth.

The most common elements are not always the easiest elements to use. Elements in the core or mantle are not accessible for mining, while elements in the atmosphere or ocean need to be separated from mixtures or solutions. Most elements are found in chemical compounds that need to be smelted or otherwise refined to make the pure element.

### Earth's crust 
The most common elements in the crust are oxygen,  silicon, and aluminium. Elements that react with oxygen and silicon to make silicate minerals are called lithophiles. These minerals are less dense than the ones found in the mantle, so they float on top to make the crust.

s of that element can be found for every million atoms of silicon, on a logarithmic scale.]]

### Earth's mantle 
The most common elements in the mantle are oxygen, magnesium, and silicon. Almost all of Earth's magnesium is found as magnesium oxide minerals in the mantle.

### Earth's core 
Earth's core is mostly made of iron. It contains other elements that dissolve easily in iron, called siderophiles. It also has most of Earth's sulfur and elements that react with sulfur (chalcophiles).

## Sources
Orange Days (film)

***Orange Days*** is a 2017 Iranian drama film directed by Arash Lahoti.

## Plot 
The film is about Aban,who is a 45-year-old woman. She is the only female contractor in the orange harvesting industry, because it is full of men. To win the offer for the area's biggest orange orchard, she sacrifices everything, even her own home.

However, her male rivals tries to stop her contract, and she faces losses at every turn. The film follows Aban's journey as she fights against these unfair people to prove her worth and complete the harvest with her crew of seasonal female workers.

## Cast 
* Hediyeh Tehrani as Aban
* Ali Mosaffa as Majid
* Mehran Ahmadi as Kazem
* Alireza Ostadi as Yaghub
* Zhila Shahi as Firuzeh
* Lili Farhadpour as Leila
* Sadaf Asgari as Maryam

## Awards 
## References 
## External links 
*
David Barnea

**David "Dadi" Barnea** (Hebrew: דוד (דדי) ברנע; born 29 March 1965) is an Israeli intelligence chief who is the current director of the Mossad from 1 June 2021.
Stringybark

'']]
A **stringybark** is a type of eucalyptus tree that has thick, stringy bark. All stringybarks are part of the myrtle (Myrtaceae) family.

## Name
The names "stringybark" and "eucalyptus" come from a tree found during Captain James Cook's third trip to Bruny Island near Tasmania. A specimen of the tree was sent to the British Museum in London. In 1788, a French botanist, Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle, named it *Eucalyptus obliqua*. This tree is also called "messmate stringybark" and is the main example for all eucalyptus trees. It has thick, stringy bark on its trunk, which is why it is called stringybark. The reason for the name "messmate" is not known, and it is used for other eucalyptus trees too.

## Description
"Stringybark" is a simple name for many eucalyptus trees with thick, stringy bark.

In very good soil, some stringybark trees like the messmate stringybark (*Eucalyptus obliqua*), can grow very tall, over . Also, *Eucalyptus acmenoides* is part of a different group called "mahogany" because its gumnuts are different, even though its bark is a bit stringy.

## Use
For thousands of years, Aboriginal Australians have used stringybark trees for many things, including medicine.

The Worimi people from the coast of New South Wales used stringybark trees to make canoes called "Kuueeyung". 

Early European settlers often used stringybark bark to build roofs and walls for their huts.

## Types
*]]
There are many kinds of stringybark trees, such as:
* Blue-leaved stringybark (*Eucalyptus agglomerata*)
* Brown stringybark (*Eucalyptus baxteri*, *Eucalyptus laevopinea*)
* Darwin stringybark or messmate (*Eucalyptus tetrodonta*)
* Mealy or silver stringybark (*Eucalyptus cephalocarpa*)
* Narrow-leaved stringybark (*Eucalyptus tenella*)
* Messmate stringybark (*Eucalyptus obliqua* or *Eucalyptus tetrodonta*)
* Privet-leaved stringybark (*Eucalyptus ligustrina*)
* Red stringybark (*Eucalyptus macrorhyncha*)
* Thin-leaved stringybark (*Eucalyptus eugenioides'')
* Tindale's stringybark (*Eucalyptus tindaliae*)
* White stringybark (*Eucalyptus globoidea*, also called *Eucalyptus oblonga*)
* Wollemi stringybark (*Eucalyptus expressa*)
* Yellow stringybark (*Eucalyptus acmenoides*, *Eucalyptus muelleriana*, *Eucalyptus umbra*)

## References
Human Rights Activists in Iran

**Human Rights Activists in Iran** (or **HRA**, **HRAI**) is a non-profit non-governmental organization dedicated to the cause of human rights within Iran, the organization is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia, United States. It is also known by the name of its news agency as the **Human Rights Activists News Agency** (or **HRANA**). It was established in 2006.
Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch

**Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch** (September 8, 1867 - November 15, 1951) was an advocate for the poor of New York City and an important person in the fight for affordable housing in America. She was one of the first settlement-house workers in the city. 

Simkhovitch was born  Mary Kingsbury in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.   She graduated from Newton High School in 1886.  Then she went to Boston University.  While at that university, she often went to the settlement house, Denison House.  She became interested in the problems of slums.  She then taught Latin in Somerville, Massachusetts.  After that, she took graduate courses in social sciences at Harvard Annex (later Radcliffe College).  In 1893, she studied in Berlin, Germany.  Then she returned to the United States and studied at Columbia University. 

In 1897 Mary Kingsbury applied the social support ideas from her studies by becoming the head resident at the College Settlement House  in New York City.  At the College Settlement House, she "met social reformers and settlement house leaders from other parts of the city, who gave her valuable ideas. She worked with tenants on housing reform and with the Outdoor Recreation League begun at the College Settlement House."  The next year, she worked as the chief resident of the Friendly Aid House in New York City.  She held that position for three years.   She also founded, in 1903, and led Greenwich House in Greenwich Village.  At Greenwich House, she brought together the labor movement with community involvement.  She worked there for a long time, retiring in 1946.

"In 1899 she married a fellow reformer, Russian-born Vladimir Simkhovitch, a professor of economic history at Columbia University, whom she had first met in Berlin."

Mary Kingsbury Simkhovitch continued to work for social betterment, including advocating for better housing.  She was active in the movement for women's suffrage. From 1931 to 1943, she was president of the Public Housing Conference, advocating for  getting a provision for money for housing for people with low incomes into the National Industrial Recovery Act that the president of the country, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was proposing. In 1934, she was made vice chairman of the New York Housing Authority.  In this position, she worked on writing the national Wagner-Steagall Housing Act, which called for building public housing.

Simkhovitz kept academic contacts as well.  She taught at "Barnard College from 1907 to 1910, at Teachers College, Columbia University from 1910 to 1913, and at Columbia University in 1929."

## References 
## Publications 
* The City Worker's World in America (1917)
* The Red Festival (1934)
* Neighborhood:  My Story of Greenwich House (1938)
* Quicksand:  The Way of Life in the Slums (1942)
* Here Is God's Plenty (1949)

## Further reading 
* Caroli, Betty Boyd. 2026. *A Slumless America. Mary K. Simkhovitch and the Dream of Affordable Housing*.  Oxford University Press.
* Freeman, Joshua. 2026. "A Worker's City," *The Nation* April, pp. 60-62, 64.
Batman: Resurrection

***Batman: Resurrection*** is an American superhero novel written by John Jackson Miller that serves as a direct sequel to Tim Burton’s 1989 *Batman* movie. It bridges the gap between the original movie and its 1992 sequel, *Batman Returns*. It was released on October 15, 2024, by Penguin Random House.

## Plot 
The story picks up roughly six months after The Joker’s death. While Gotham City is no longer under the immediate threat of the "Clown Prince of Crime," his legacy continues to haunt the city.

* **The Smylex Crisis:** Many citizens are still suffering from the effects of the Joker's Smylex gas, living in a dedicated "Smylex Ward" at Gotham General Hospital.

* **The Last Laughs:** A new gang of arsonists, inspired by the Joker’s ideology, is terrorizing the city.

* **The Big Mystery:** Bruce Wayne / Batman is plagued by nightmares and growing evidence—including a disturbed grave—that suggests the Joker may have somehow survived his fall from the cathedral.

## Notable characters 
The novel integrates characters from both films while introducing classic comic book villains into the "Burtonverse" aesthetic:

* **Max Shreck:** The corrupt mogul from *Batman Returns* appears here as a rising power player who exploits the city's chaos.

* **Dr. Hugo Strange:** Appearing under the alias "Dr. Hugh Auslander," he leads the research into a Smylex cure but harbors his own sinister motives.

* **Basil Karlo (Clayface):** The novel provides a grounded, "Burton-esque" origin story for Karlo, reimagining him within this cinematic universe.

* **Returning favorites:** Characters like Vicki Vale, Alexander Knox, Alfred Pennyworth, and Commissioner Gordon play significant roles.

## Sequel 
A follow-up titled ***Batman: Revolution*** was released in late 2025.
Squatting (Australian history)

, a squatter in the colony of New South Wales, silhouette by W.H. Fernyhough, 1836]]
In Australian history, **squatting** means living on and using land owned by the government (called Crown land) to raise animals like sheep or cattle. At first, most squatters did not have legal rights to use the land. But over time, the government accepted many squatters as the rightful owners because they were often the first white settlers in those areas. The word "squattocracy" was made to describe squatters as a powerful social class, like aristocrats.

## Name
The word "squatter" originally meant someone who lived somewhere without legal rights. When British people first settled in Australia, it meant someone who used land without permission from the government. In 1853 a Melbourne newspaper reported a squatter could have a farm as large as .

A squatter became a person with high social status. They raised many animals on large land areas, whether they owned the land or leased it. Today, "squatter" still means a big landowner in rural Australia. The word "squattocracy" was used as a joke or insult to show how powerful squatters were, like a ruling class.

## References
Batman '66

'''''Batman '66'''* is an American superhero comic book series published by the comic book publishing company DC Comics that expands on the popular 1960s *Batman* TV show starring Adam West. The comics capture the campy, humorous, and colorful style of the original series, featuring Batman, Robin, and iconic villains like the Joker, Penguin, and Riddler. The series often includes fun, retro-inspired storylines and vibrant artwork that pays homage to the classic Batman era. It published 30 issues from 2013 to 2016.

The setting has been used in crossovers since 2016: *Batman '66 Meets the Green Hornet*, *Batman '66 Meets the Man from U.N.C.L.E.*, *Batman '66 Meets Steed and Mrs. Peel*, *Batman '66 Meets Wonder Woman '77*, and *Archie Meets Batman '66''.
Zara Larsson

**Zara Maria Larsson** (born 16 December 1997) is a Swedish singer. 

She rose to prominence in 2008 after winning the second season of *Talang*, the Swedish version of *Got Talent*.

Larsson is known for songs such as "Lush Life" and "Never Forget You" (with MNEK). She also collaborated with Clean Bandit on the 2017 single "Symphony". Her albums include *So Good* and *Midnight Sun*.

In 2025, she collaborated with British singer PinkPantheress on the song "Stateside", which peaked at number one on the Billboard Global chart and number six on the Billboard Hot 100.
Ordinary (Alex Warren song)

"Ordinary" is a 2025 song by American singer-songwriter Alex Warren. It is from his debut album "You'll Be Alright, Kid". The song topped the charts in many countries.
Ring Ring Ring

"**Ring Ring Ring**" is a song by American rapper Tyler, the Creator from his ninth album ''Don't Tap the Glass'' (2025). It contains a sample from the song "All in the Way You Get Down" by Ray Parker Jr. and Raydio.

This song peaked at number 44 on the Billboard Hot 100 and soon ended up charting within the top 10 of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart the in the United States and the New Zealand Hot Singles chart.

The song has an mix of pop, R&B, old school music, disco and a bit of funk.
Cloud physics

**Cloud physics** is the study of how clouds are formed in the atmosphere. Clouds can be droplets of water, ice crystals or both, along with dust or smoke particles onto which water or ice can condense.

## History 
In the 17th century, a German scientist called Otto von Guericke suggested that clouds were made of water bubbles. Modern cloud physics started in the 19th century.

## Cloud formation 
As water evaporates from the Earth's surface, it makes the air moist. Moist air is lighter than dry air, so it rises into the atmosphere. It doesn't mix with the surrounding air and forms clouds.

Water vapour is invisible, but as the air rises, it cools to its dew point through a process called adiabatic cooling. Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, so the rising air expands and cools, causing water vapour to condense into clouds. Water vapour is attracted to dust or smoke particles in the air to form small droplets that may collide to form larger droplets, which fall as precipitation when they are heavy enough.

In addition to adiabatic cooling, other processes that cause air to rise and cool to its dew point include frontal and cyclonic lift, convective lift, and orographic lift. Conductive cooling happens when warmer air comes into contact with a colder surface, as when warmer air from the sea moves across a colder land area. Radiational cooling is caused by infrared radiation and is common during the night when the sky is clear. Evaporative cooling happens when moisture is added to the air through evaporation.

## Ice clouds 
The Bergeron process states that the amount of water vapour that air can hold depends on what the vapour is interacting with and that it is lower for ice than for water.

## References
2026–27 UEFA Champions League

The **2026–27 UEFA Champions League** will be the 72nd season of Europe's top club football tournament organised by UEFA and the 35th season since it was rebranded from the European Cup to the UEFA Champions League. The final will be played on 5 June 2027 at the Metropolitano Stadium in Madrid, Spain.

## Schedule
The schedule of the competition is as follows.

## References
## External links
*
2026–27 UEFA Europa League

The **2026–27 UEFA Europa League** will be 56th season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA. It will be the 18th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League. The final will be played at the  in Frankfurt, Germany.

## Schedule
The schedule of the competition is as follows.

## References
2026–27 UEFA Conference League

The **2026–27 UEFA Conference League** will be the sixth season of the UEFA Conference League, Europe's tertiary club football tournament organised by UEFA. The final will be played on 2 June 2027 at the Beşiktaş Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey.

## Schedule
The schedule of the competition is as follows.

## References
Wonder Woman '77

'''''Wonder Woman '77'''* is a comic book series published by DC Comics that serves as a continuation and expansion of the classic *Wonder Woman* TV series from the late 1970s, starring Lynda Carter. The series is set in the same universe as the TV show and features stories that capture the nostalgic feel of the original series while introducing new adventures for Wonder Woman.

It was followed by *'''Batman '66 Meets Wonder Woman '77*** and ***Wonder Woman '77 Meets the Bionic Woman'''''.
The Magic Flute (1954 film)

***A Nightingale Music*** is a 1954 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. The 17th Disney animated feature film, it is based on the 1971 fairy tale "The Nightingale" by Hans Christian Andersen. The film was directed by Clyde Geronimi, Wilfred Jackson, and Hamilton Luske, and features the voices of Ilene Woods, Bill Thompson, Bill Shirley, Verna Felton, and Hans Conried.
Stadio comunale "Nino Laveneziana"

**Stadio comunale "Nino Laveneziana"** is an Italian sports venue located in Ostuni, Apulia. This stadium has a capacity of 2,200. In 2018 was named in honour of Vincenzo Laveneziana, *Nino* nicknamed.
Abstract Wikipedia

**Abstract Wikipedia** is a new project of the Wikimedia Foundation. It aims to use Wikifunctions to create a version of Wikipedia that can be read in any language. 

It was proposed in 2020, and launched on 20&nbsp;March 2026.

## Related pages 
* Semantic Web
* IEML

## References 
## External links 
* 
*  on Meta-Wiki up to January 2024
* Project updates on Wikifunctions
Fixation (psychology)

In psychology a **fixation** is the presence of certain sexual traits. Sigmund Freud used the term in 1905. In German, the word is *Fixierung*. In this context, a sexual trait is something that causes sexual attraction. Freud developed a theory of child sexuality. He thought that there were different phases in the sexual development of children. According to his theory, a traumatic experience may cause a person to stay trapped in a given phase.

Today, the term is used for object relationships with attachments to people or things in general persisting from childhood into adult life.

## References
VEXAIL

**John Ealy** (born June 23, 2010), better known by his stage name **Vexail**, is an American singer and songwriter. He became well known in early 2026 when he put out his song "Wickedest." He made this song with dancehall singers Spice and DJ MAC.
## Early life and school 
John Ealy was born on June 23, 2010, in Norfolk, Virginia. His family comes from different backgrounds, and he has said he is part Indian, Zulu, and Igbo. Because he grew up in the United States and not South Africa, he has said he does not know everything about Zulu culture. However, he speaks the Igbo language very well. Ealy went to public schools in Norfolk. He went to Lake Taylor Middle School and later went to Booker T. Washington High School. In high school, other students said he was quiet and kept to himself. But because of his unique look and his growing fame in music, many people at his school knew who he was.
## Music career 
Vexail's music started to become popular in March 2026 when he released the song "Wickedest." Working with the famous dancehall singer Spice and music maker DJ MAC helped many more people learn about him and his music. After the success of "Wickedest," Vexail put out another song called "Better Days." He made this song with the music group Bees and Honey, which helped him become even more known in the music world.
## Songs 
### Singles 
* "Wickedest" (with Spice and DJ MAC) (2026)

* "Better Days" (with Bees and Honey) (2026)
## References
That's My Boy

'''''That's My Boy''''' is a 2012 American romance comedy movie directed by San Andres, written by David Caspe, and produced by Adam Sandler and Allen Covert.
Myanmar Civil War (2021–present)

The **Myanmar Civil War** (Burmese:၂၀၂၁-၂၀၂၃ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ပြည်သူ့ခုခံတွန်းလှန်စစ်), also known as the **Myanmar Spring Revolution** and the '''People's War of Defense''', is an ongoing civil war began after various unrests in Myanmar which escalated after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and later its political violence during the Myanmar protests from 2021 onwards.

## Notes 
## References
Back pain

**Back pain** is a pain or ache in the back. It can happen to anyone for lots of reasons, but it is also common in some occupations (jobs) or hobbies, such as in warehouse workers or bodybuilders or strongmen athletes. 

Back pain can be with or without "radiation". When the pain radiates out and makes more of the body ache it is back pain with radiation, otherwise its back pain without. having the object in front of the body, close to the body, and lifting without twisting. Most importantly, lifting with the legs (not the back) helps prevent sudden "snaps" and serious back pain. 

Lifting with the back straight with the knees bent from a low level, and using slight bends of the back at the start of lifting, not during, is helpful. The thing that needs to be lifted should have a place to go before starting to lift it, and it should be lifted using both hands. Making sure the feet are placed firmly on the ground (while lifting things) and walking in a calm way, with one foot going in front of the other is helpful.

If back pain caused by a job is caused by the employer not training their employees, they can be sued in court, and damage caused to the person because of this is usually paid to the victim by the person that made them do the jobs in the first place. This is because back pain could harm the body, as well as back pain while it is happening usually makes it so a person can not work and earn money. 

## Treatment
A common treatment for back pain are opioids like codeine or oxycontin. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are also useful in treating back pain. Sometimes back pain is the symptom of other more serious problems, and treatment for those might be rest (from work or exercise) and physiotherapy (slowly getting used to using the back again) to make the back as strong as it was before without causing damage.

## Related pages 
* Hernia 
* Abdominal pain

## References
2027 UEFA Conference League final

The **2027 UEFA Conference League final** will be the final match of the 2026–27 UEFA Conference League, the sixth season of Europe's tertiary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the third season since it was renamed from the UEFA Europa Conference League to the UEFA Conference League. The final will be played at the Beşiktaş Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey. The winners will qualify for the league phase of the 2027–28 UEFA Europa League, unless they have already qualified for the Champions League or Europa League through their league performance (in which case the access list will be rebalanced).

## Match
### Details
The winner of semi-final 1 will be designated as the "home" team for administrative purposes.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stephanie Sanditz

**Stephanie Sanditz** is an American writer, director, producer, and actress. She is based in Los Angeles.

## Career 
Sanditz has written and developed projects for film and television. She wrote the screenplay for the film Perfect Addiction. News publications such as Deadline and Variety have reported on projects related to her work. She has also worked as a director and showrunner. She created and directed the pilot The High Life, which screened at film festivals.

## References 
## Other website 
 is on Imdb.
Coming In for the Kill

***Coming In for the Kill*** is the second and last studio album by British pop duo Climie Fisher. The album was released in 9 October 1989.

## Track listing
# "Facts of Love" – 3:43
# "Fire on the Ocean" – 4:17
# "It's Not Supposed to Be That Way" – 3:48
# "Hold on Through the Night" – 3:53
# "Buried Treasure" – 4:33
# "Power of the Dreamworld" – 5:14
# "The Best Part of Living" – 3:51
# "Coming In for the Kill" – 4:13
# "Don't Mess Around" – 3:35
# "You Keep Me Coming Back for More..." – 4:08
# "Memories (If I Could Relive Your Love)" – 5:57

## References
Pleurodema marmoratum

The **marbled four-eyed frog** (*Pleurodema marmoratum*) is a frog.  It lives in Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and Argentina.

## Body
The adult male frog is  27.9 mm  long from nose to rear end and adult female frog is 31.8 mm. The skin of the frog's back is tan and can have darker brown marks. The male frog's male organs are very large for its size and can be one third of the inside of its body.

## Name
Scientists used to call this frog *Phrynopus spectabilis*. *Spectabilis* is Latin for "remarkable." 

## Home
This frog lives on the ground on mountains. People see it under rocks near bogs, water from melting ice walls, and bodies of water that are not there all year. Scientists have seen it between  above sea level.

Scientists have seen the frog in protected places: Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Apolobamba, Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa, Parque Nacional y Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Cotapata, Parque Nacionale Carrasco, Parque Nacionale Sajama, Reserva Nacional Salinas y Aguada Blanca, Reserva Nacional Pampa Galeras, Área de Conservación Regional Bosque de Puya Raimondi Titankayocc, Santuario Histórico de la Pampa de Ayacucho, Reserva de la Biósfera Laguna de Pozuelos, Parque Nacional Lauca, and Parque Nacional Isluga.

## Young
This frog has many young at the same time. The female frog puts eggs in ponds and streams with slow water. People have also seen it in farmland with water on it.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in some danger of dying out. Climate change can hurt this frog. People set fires so they can change the frog's home into a good place for animals to eat grass. Scientists have found the dangerous fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis* on some of the frogs, but they do not know if chytridiomycosis kills the frog.

## References
Turoyo language

**Turoyo** (Syriac:  ܛܽܘܪܳܝܳܐ), commonly called *Suryoyo* or *Surayt*, is a Central Neo-Aramaic language spoken by Arameans from the Tur Abdin region in southeastern Turkey and northeastern Syria. Most speakers belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church. It was originally spoken only in Tur Abdin, but today most speakers live in the diaspora. Turoyo is considered an endangered language.

Turoyo developed from everyday Eastern Aramaic speech that has been used in Tur Abdin and nearby areas for over a thousand years, after Aramaic first spread into the region. It was also shaped by Classical Syriac, a related form of Aramaic spoken in Edessa (modern Şanlıurfa). Because Tur Abdin is so close to Edessa and the languages share the same roots, Turoyo is more similar to Classical Syriac than many other Neo-Aramaic dialects.

In daily life, especially among older generations and early Aramean migrants in the diaspora, Turoyo was mainly spoken rather than written, and it was passed down by speaking, not through books. In church, some parts of the service, like readings, were sometimes explained in Turoyo, which made people feel the church should help teach it. However, church schools mainly taught Classical Syriac for religious use, not Turoyo itself. Over time, many speakers from Tur Abdin left the region, and today most live in Europe. In these communities, Turoyo is often a second language, and UNESCO considers it endangered, although efforts are made to keep it alive through family use and community programs.

For a long time, Turoyo did not have a standard writing system, while Classical Syriac was used for writing and worship. In the late 19th century, some attempts were made to write Turoyo using the Syriac alphabet in different scripts. There have also been discussions about writing it with Latin letters, especially singe many young people cannot read Syriac script.

## Sources
Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich)

**Symphony No. 11 in G minor**, Op. 103, by Dmitri Shostakovich was first played by the USSR Symphony Orchestra on 30 October 1957. Natan Rakhlin was the conductor.

## Form 
The symphony has four parts, also called movements: 

## Instruments
The symphony is written for an orchestra with:

;Woodwinds:
:Piccolo
:3 Flutes
:3 Oboes
:3 Clarinets in B and A
:3 Bassoons
 

;Brass:
:4 Horns
:3 Trumpets
:3 Trombones
: Tuba

;Percussion:
:Timpani
:Snare drum
:Bass drum
:Cymbals
:Triangle
:Tam-tam
:Tubular bells
:Xylophone

;Strings:
:1st Violins
:2nd Violins
:Violas
:Cellos
:Double basses
:2 Harps

## References
## Other websites
*
Empire of Atlantium

The **Empire of Atlantium** is a micronation and secular,
pluralist progressive lobby group based in New South Wales, Australia.

*Micronations: The Lonely Planet Guide to Home-Made Nations* described Atlantium in 2006 as "a refreshing antidote to the reactionary self-aggrandisement of so many micronations", and "an extremely sophisticated nation-state experiment, as well as an entirely serious claimant to legitimate statehood". The book's entry on Atlantium notes its espousal of "progressive, liberal policies" and characterises it as a "secular humanist utopia".

Among the causes Atlantium supports are the right to unrestricted international freedom of movement, the right to abortion, the right to assisted suicide and decimal calendar reform.

In 2015, the micronation had almost 3,000 "citizens", most of whom signed up online from over a hundred countries, and have never been to Atlantium.

## History
Atlantium was established in 1981 by three Sydney teenagers&nbsp;– George Francis Cruickshank, Geoffrey John Duggan and Claire Marie Coulter (née Duggan). The three claimed a  "provisional territory" in the southern suburb of Narwee as Atlantium's first capital, and declared Cruickshank to be Sovereign head of state, with the title "Emperor George II". Geoffrey Duggan was elected as prime minister in 1982, serving until 1986. Damian Scott held the position from 1986 to 1988 and Kevin Fanucchi became Prime Minister in 1988, but by 1990, when the original group members had graduated from university and moved away, the group ceased to be active.

In 1999 Cruickshank purchased an apartment in the inner Sydney suburb of Potts Point, and soon after revived Atlantium, launching a website, which was instrumental in attracting new members. The  apartment, known as the Imperium Proper, became the second capital of Atlantium.

## References 
## External links
*Official website
*Atlantium Paper Money
Symphony No. 12 (Shostakovich)

**Symphony No. 12 in D minor**, Op. 112, by Dmitri Shostakovich was first played in Leningrad by the Leningrad Philharmonic on 1 October 1961. Yevgeny Mravinsky was the conductor.

## Form 
The symphony has four parts, also called movements, played without stopping. It takes around 39 minutes to play the symphony. 

## Instruments
The symphony is written for an orchestra with:

;Woodwinds
: 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo)
: 3 oboes
: 3 clarinets (B♭ and A)
: 3 bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon)
;Brass
: 4 horns
: 3 trumpets (B♭)
: 3 trombones
: tuba

;Percussion

: timpani
: bass drum
: triangle
: snare drum
: cymbals
: tam-tam

;Strings

: 1st violins
: 2nd violins
: violas
: cellos
: double basses

## References
## Other websites
*
Pleurodema nebulosum

The **Mendoza four-eyed frog** (*Pleurodema nebulosum*) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Home
People see this frog in grassy places and open scrubland. People see adults under rocks or in holes where rodents used to live. People see it on farms. Scientists have seen it between  above sea level.

Scientists have seen the frog in protected places: Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, Reserva Provincial Telteca, Parque Provincial Ischigualasto, and Reserva Ñacuñán.

## Young
This frog has many young at the same time during November and December. The male and female frog make a nest out of bubbles that floats in bodies of water that will later dry up.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out.

## References
George Cruickshank

**George Francis Cruickshank II** (born 7 December 1966), also known as **George Francis Cruickshank** or **Emperor George II**, is  the current Emperor of Atlantium and the head of the House of Cruikshank. He is an active micronationalist.

## Early life
George II was was born in Darlinghurst, Sydney on 7 December 1966, and was the eldest child of his father of Scottish heritage and Egyptian-born mother of Maltese heritage.

He was raised with two siblings in the lower middle class south western Sydney suburbs of Panania and Narwee, where he attended local Catholic junior and secondary schools.

## Personal life
He attended Charles Sturt University and completed an Arts degree in 1987.

He has worked for Worldcom/UUNET and AAPT Telecommunications, and is a member of the Australian Institute of Management. 

He founded and became Emperor of the Empire of Atlantium on 27 November 1981.

## References
Arthur Laing Bridge

The **Arthur Laing Bridge** is a cantilever bridge that crosses over the North Arm of the Fraser River. It goes from South Vancouver neighbourhood of Marpole to Sea Island in Richmond, British Columbia. It connects Grant McConachie Way and SW Marine Drive. It is both owned and maintained by the Vancouver International Airport (YVR).

Before the building of the bridge, the Marpole Bridge served as the bridge between Marpole and Richmond. After the populations of the nearby areas increased over the years, more traffic followed with it. The increasing congestion, along with structural deterioration and multiple boat crashes caused the Government of British Columbia to replace the bridge with the Oak Street Bridge which opened on June 29, 1957.

In 1963, the Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources Arthur Laing annonunced a new toll bridge to be built on the site of the old bridge. On September 6, 1974, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau officially named the bridge the **Arthur Laing Bridge** after Laing. On August 27, 1975, the bridge was opened to vehicle traffic.

## References
## Other websites
Brent Johnson

**Brent Spencer Johnson** (born March 12, 1977) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the St. Louis Blues, Phoenix Coyotes, Washington Capitals, and Pittsburgh Penguins.

He currently works for Monumental Sports Network as a studio analyst.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Johnson played parts of three seasons with the Owen Sound Platers of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). 

He was drafted 129th overall by the Colorado Avalanche in the 1995 NHL entry draft. He never played a game for the Avalanche. During the 1998–99 season, Johnson joined the St. Louis Blues. He was sent down to play for thier AHL-affiliate Worcester IceCats. 

On February 15, 1999, the Blues called him up and Johnson made his NHL debut in relief of Evgeni Nabokov, stopping all 10 shots he faced in a 8–1 win against the Vancouver Canucks. On October 13, 2000, Johnson stopped all 16 shots he faced in a 2–0 win against the Minnesota Wild to record his first NHL shutout. On August 2, Johnson signed a two-year contract to stay with the Blues. 

On June 27, 2002, the Blues exercised their option on Johnson's contract. The NHL named Johnson as the Player of the Week for the week of December 30.

On March 4, 2004, the Blues traded Johnson to the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for Mike Sillinger. On July 1, 2004, Johnson signed a one-year contract to stay with the Coyotes.

On September 1, 2005, Johnson signed a one-year contract with the Vancouver Canucks. He never played a game with the Canucks and they waived his contract. On October 4, Johnson's contract was picked up by the Washington Capitals. On July 1, 2006, Johnson signed a contract to stay with the Capitals and then signed a contract two-year, $1.6 million extension on January 12, 2007.

On July 21, 2009, Johnson signed a one-year, $525,000 contract to join the Pittsburgh Penguins. The Penguins signed Johnson to be the backup goaltender for Marc-André Fleury. He played parts of three seasons with the Penguins.

Johnson retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2012.

## Personal life
Johnson's grandfather Sid Abel was a three-time Stanley Cup champion and is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. Johnson's father Bob Johnson also played 23 regular season games in the NHL.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Burrard Bridge

The **Burrard Street Bridge** (also known simply as **Burrard Bridge**) is a truss bridge that crosses over False Creek. It contains four lanes of Burrard Street and goes from downtown Vancouver to the neighbourhood of Kitsilano. It is both owned and maintained by the City of Vancouver.

During the building of the city, they put the 1928–1929 Bartholomew Plan into place, which was the first comprehensive city plan for Vancouver. One of the key parts of the plan was to create a bridge to cross False Creek and be able to handle the traffic to the new residential area in Point Grey, as well as, the new University of British Columbia campus. John R. Grant was hired to design the bridge, which he decided to do so in an Art Deco-style along with a Charles Marega sculpture of Sir Harry Burrard-Neale. Construction on the bridge started in 1930 and ended in 1932. On July 1, 1932, the bridge was opened by Vancouver mayor L. D. Taylor.

## References
## Other websites
Tamizhaga vazhvurimai katchi

**Tamilaga Vazhvurimai Katchi** (TVK) is a regional political party in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, founded in 2012 by T. Velmurugan. The party focuses on issues related to Tamil identity, social justice, and regional development.

## History 
Tamilaga Vazhvurimai Katchi was founded in January 2012 by T. Velmurugan following his expulsion from the Pattali Makkal Katchi. The party was formally launched in Chennai during the Pongal festival.

The party was established with the objective of promoting the rights, identity, and livelihood of Tamil people.

Since its formation, the party has participated in electoral politics in Tamil Nadu and has been involved in alliances with other political parties.

In the run-up to the 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections, the party exited the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)-led alliance citing disagreements over seat-sharing arrangements.

The party has also been involved in political discourse and public issues in Tamil Nadu, including responding to controversies and engaging with the state government.

## Ideology 
The party is associated with Tamil nationalist ideology and emphasizes social justice, regional development, and the protection of Tamil language and identity.

## Leadership 
* T. Velmurugan – Founder and leader
* Mahendran H – State secretary

## Electoral performance 
The party has contested elections in Tamil Nadu, both independently and as part of alliances.

## Alliances 
Tamilaga Vazhvurimai Katchi has been part of political alliances in Tamil Nadu, including the DMK-led alliance, which it exited ahead of the 2026 elections.

## See also 
* Politics of Tamil Nadu
* Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Pattali Makkal Katchi
* Naam Tamilar Katchi

## References 
## External links 
* Official website
Byron Dafoe

**Byron Dafoe** (born February 25, 1971) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Washington Capitals, Los Angeles Kings, Boston Bruins, and Atlanta Thrashers.

He currently works for Monumental Sports Network as a studio analyst.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Dafoe played parts of three seasons with the Portland Winter Hawks and one season with the Prince Albert Raiders of the Western Hockey League (WHL). 

He was drafted 35th overall by the Washington Capitals in the 1989 NHL entry draft. After finishing his junior career, he was sent down to play for the Capitals's ECHL and AHL-affiliates Hampton Roads Admirals, Baltimore Skipjacks, and New Haven Nighthawks. 

On November 11, 1992, the Capitals called him up and Johnson made his NHL debut, in relief of Jim Hrivnak in a 7–4 win against the New York Rangers. He played 11 regular season games over three seasons with the Capitals.

On July 8, 1995, the Capitals traded Dafoe along with Dmitri Khristich to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for a 1996 first- and fourth round draft pick. He played parts of two seasons with the Kings.

On August 29, 1997, the Kings traded Dafoe along with Dmitri Khristich again to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Jozef Stümpel, Sandy Moger, and a 1998 fourth-round draft pick. Dafoe had a very productive 1998–99 season. He finished the season by posting a 32–23–11 record with a 2.00 goals against average and a .926 save percentage. For his efforts, the NHL named him the Player of the Month for the month of April and also named him to the Second All-Star Team. The next season, Dafoe had a falling out with Bruins general manager Harry Sinden over his contract, with Dafoe holding out from playing games until it was settled. On October 29, 1999, Dafoe signed a three-year, $9.4 million contract to end his holdout and stay with the Bruins.

On November 19, 2002, Dafoe signed a two-year contract to join the Atlanta Thrashers. On June 18, 2003, the Thrashers exercised their option on Dafoe's contract. On July 1, 2004, the Thrashers left Dafoe's contract run out and he became a free agent.

Dafoe retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2004.

## Personal life
Dafoe was born in Worthing, England but he was raised in Comox, British Columbia where his family moved when he was 2 months old.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Cambie Bridge

The **Cambie Street Bridge** (also known simply as **Cambie Bridge**) is a girder bridge that crosses over False Creek. It contains five lanes of Cambie Street to both Nelson and Smithe Streets in the downtown peninsula. It is both owned and maintained by the City of Vancouver.

Before the current version of the Cambie Bridge existed, there was a small wooden trestle bridge which was built in 1891 and served the area

On May 24, 1911, the city completed the construction of a new bridge to replace the first one. Construction on the bridge cost $740,000. It was originally named the Connaught Bridge after Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, whom was in attendance for its opening on September 20, 1912.

On April 29, 1915, a fire broke out on both the Connaught and Granville Street Bridges which was believed to be an arson attack. There were four Germans who were arrested and detained for the crime.

From 1983 until 1985, a new bridge was built to replace the aging old one. The new bridge had six lanes of traffic, with 14-foot walkway for pedestrians and measured in at 1,100 metres long. The name of the bridge was changed to the "Cambie Street Bridge" since many liked the name more and had colloquially called it that anyways.

From June 7, 2021 until August 2023, an interactive augmented reality mural titled *Voxel Bridge* was installed under the bridge.

## References
## Other websites
Cam Ward (ice hockey)

**Cameron Kenneth Ward** (born February 29, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Carolina Hurricanes and the Chicago Blackhawks.

Ward is a one-time Stanley Cup champion, winning with the Hurricanes in 2006. He is also a one-time Conn Smythe Trophy winner in 2006 and a one-time All-Star, being named one in 2011.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Ward played parts of four seasons with the Red Deer Rebels of Western Hockey League (WHL). He had a successful time with the Rebels. He was named to the WHL East First All-Star Team and the CHL First Team All-Star. He was also a two-time winner of the Del Wilson Trophy for being the WHL's best goaltender and was the winner of the Four Broncos Memorial Trophy for WHL's Player of the Year.

He was drafted 25th overall by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2002 NHL entry draft. On May 13, 2004, Ward signed a multi-year entry-level contract to join the Hurricanes. He was immediately sent down to play for their AHL-affiliate Lowell Lock Monsters. On October 5, 2005, the Hurricanes called him up and Ward made his NHL debut, replacing the injured Martin Gerber and stopping 10 of 11 shots in a 5–2 loss against the Tampa Bay Lightning. Two days later on October 7, he stopped 28 of 30 shots in a 3–2 shootout win against the Pittsburgh Penguins to earn his first NHL victory. On November 9, 2006, Ward stopped all 20 shots he faced in a 5–0 win against the Washington Capitals to record his first NHL shutout. On May 31, 2007, Ward signed a three-year, $8 million contract to stay with the Hurricanes. On September 30, 2009, Ward signed a six-year, $37.8-million contract to stay with the Hurricanes. On December 26, 2011, Ward was able to score an empty-net goal against the New Jersey Devils, becoming only the tenth goaltender in NHL history to score a goal. He helped the Hurricanes when they went on a run in the playoffs. They defeated the Montreal Canadiens, New Jersey Devils, and Buffalo Sabres. They went on to defeat the Edmonton Oilers four games to three in the Final to win the first Stanley Cup in Hurricanes franchise history. On January 29, 2011, Ward was selected 1st overall by Hurricanes teammate Eric Staal to play in his first All-Star game.

On July 1, 2018, Ward left the Hurricanes after fourteen seasons and signed a one-year, $3 million contract to join the Chicago Blackhawks. He played one season with the Blackhawks, posting a 16–12–4 record with a 3.67 goals against average and a .897 save percentage.

On August 28, 2019, Ward signed a one-day contract with the Hurricanes and then announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

## Personal life
Ward was raised as a Christian and his family baptized him at 8 years old in an outdoor lake.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Ito Kagame

**Ito Kagame** (born Muhammad Luqman Hafizi bin Sufri) is a Bruneian micronationalist who formerly served as the 3rd Prime Minister of Slowjamastan from 2025 to 2026. He was succeeded by Edward Carlos.

## See also 
* Republic of Slowjamastan

## References 
## External links 
* Ito Kagame in TikTok
Coast Meridian Overpass

The **Coast Meridian Overpass** is a cable-stayed bridge that crosses over the Canadian Pacific railyard. It contains four lanes of Coast Meridian Road and connects the northern residential areas of Port Coquitlam to the southern industrial and business areas of the city. It is both owned and maintained by the City of Port Coquitlam. It was built to help with traffic that started to build because of the CP railyard cutting off the north and south areas of the city.

During the construction of the bridge, it was one of the longest in North America at 125 m. The designing of the bridge was handled by Canadian engineering company SNC-Lavalin and costs for construction were $132 million.

The bridge was opened on March 7, 2010.

## References