open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kolding

**Kolding** is a Danish seaport found at the head of Kolding Fjord in Region Syddanmark (*Region of Southern Denmark*). Kolding is a transportation, commercial, and manufacturing centre, and has many industrial companies.

With a population of 86,000 inhabitants, Kolding is the seventh largest in Denmark.

 church in Kolding]]

## History
### Battles of Kolding
#### 1658
In the Battle of Kolding on December 25, 1658, the alliance of Polish and Danish forces under hetman Stefan Czarniecki defeated the Swedish forces of Charles X Gustav of Sweden.

#### 1849
A battle between German and Danish troops in the town on April 23 1849 during the First War of Schleswig.

## The fireworks accident in Seest
On November 3, 2004, N. P. Johnsen's Fireworksfactory in Seest exploded. One firefighter died, 85 people were injured, and around 2000 people were evacuated during this accident in Kolding,.

## Important places in Kolding
* The Museet på Koldinghus, the museum of the city. It has a collection of Danish art from the late Middle Ages to the 1940s, and a very large collection of items in gold and silver.
* The Trapholt art museum.
* The Designskolen Kolding, a university school of design

## Sister cities
The following cities are sisters of Kolding:
*  Anjo, Japan (since 1997)
*  Delmenhorst, Germany (since 1979)
*  Drammen, Norway (since 1946)
*  Huéscar, Spain (since 1982)
*  Lappeenranta, Finland (since 1947)
*  Panevėžys, Lithuania (since 2000)
*  Pisa, Italy (since 2007)http://www.kolding.dk/data/0048197.asp?sid=20505&uid=20936 
*  Stykkishólmur, Iceland (since 1979)
*  Szombathely, Hungary (since 1991)
*  Örebro, Sweden (since 1946)

## Notes
## Other websites
* Official English homepage of Kolding municipality 
* Official site of Koldinghus castle
* Kolding Museum
Nennigkofen

**Nennigkofen** was a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Lüsslingen and Nennigkofen merged to form the new municipality of Lüsslingen-Nennigkofen.

## References 
## Other websites
Bergstraße

**Bergstraße** or **Bergstrasse** can mean many things, including:

*Bergstraße Route – The Mountain route in the Odenwald of Baden-Württemberg and Hesse
*Kreis Bergstraße – A rural district in Hesse
*Hessische Bergstraße – A Hessian winegrowing region
*Badische Bergstraße – A winegrowing region in Baden-Württemberg
Black bread mold

**Black bread molds** (*Rhizopus stolonifer*) is a common type of fungus. 

It grows and reproduces the same way that most molds do. In asexual reproduction, the mold makes spores inside a *sporangium*. When the spores are ready to leave and spread more mold, the sporangium breaks open door and lets the spores float out of the world. 

In sexual reproduction its hyphaes touch the hyphae of another *Rhizopus* mycelium. When they fuse, they make round balls called *zygospores*. After some time, the zygospore makes another sporangium, which then makes spores. During this sexual  process, genetic recombination takes place, as with all eukaryotes.

When the spores land on a suitable place, they begin to grow. They very quickly start making *hyphae*, small tendrils that look like roots. Hyphae are part of the mycelium. The mycelium is the main part of the mold, and grows inside the bread. Black bread mold grows fast when the temperature is higher than 15 degrees Celsius and lower than 5°C.

Black bread mold is found in all countries of the world. It is often found growing on bread and on soft fruits such as bananas and grapes. Because the mold spores are airborne.

## Related pages 
* Mycorrhiza
* Mould
* Fungus

## References
## Other websites
* Time lapse video of *Rhizopus stolonifer* attacking strawberries  at the Cornell Mushroom Blog.
* Black mold - Ill health effects & its removal- A DIY Guide Toronto
Toyota Tundra

The **Toyota Tundra** is a full-size pickup truck. It is sold by Toyota in the United States, Turkey, and Canada.   The Tundra was first sold in 2000. The truck is bigger than the Toyota Tacoma. There are four different versions of the Tundra. These are the original, "base", version and the "SR5", "Grade", and "CrewMax" versions. The Tundra is made in San Antonio, Texas. The design of the truck was changed in 2007 and 2021. The Tundra was a replacement for the Toyota T100 pickup, a bigger version of the Toyota Hi-Lux.

## References
Dentistry

**Dentistry** is a specialty in medicine, which is practiced by a dentist. Dentists find out what's wrong, fix, and help prevent problems with teeth. A dentist has other people that help him with their job. Dental hygienists help people keep their teeth clean. A dental assistant helps the dentist when they are treating a patient. Dental surgeons will perform surgery to fix large or dangerous problems with people's teeth. There are also dentists called orthodontists, who can move people's teeth using braces. Dental surgeons and orthodontists are called specialists.

## Dental specialties
* Dental public health - The study of dental epidemiology and social health.
* Endodontics - The study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp.
* Oral pathology - The study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.
* Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology - The study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
* Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Tooth extractions, dental implants, and facial surgery.
* Orthodontics - The straightening of teeth.
* Periodontics - Dentists which specialize in the treatment of periodontal (gum) disease
* Pediatric dentistry - Dentistry for children...
* Prosthodontics - Dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants. Some prosthodontists train more in "oral and maxillofacial prosthodontics", to learn how to replace missing facial parts, such as ears, eyes, noses, etc.

## Other websites
*The History of Dentistry
*Qualitymanagement für dentistry
*Information for UK dental professionals
*The American Dental Association
*Good Smile Dental
*National Dentist Registry 

## References
Qualification

The term **qualification** may mean:
*Professional certification (also called simply *qualification*)
*A certificate of having passed a course such as a GCSE.
*Product certification (also called *product qualification*)
*A process of deciding the running order in many racing events, and other sport.
*Qualification problem of non-monotonic logic.
Wealth

can count as a type of wealth or money due to its status as a precious metal]]
 (either as cash or in bank accounts) is the most usual kind of wealth people have today]]
**Wealth** often means that much money is available. But there are several other aspects that can be more important. If one thinks of single persons one will look at their personal property or assets like land and livestock. Looking at countries one thinks of GDP per capita and of natural capital. 

The original meaning of the old English word for "weal", where wealth comes from, was "well-being" or welfare. (It was an adjective.)

Wealth, in the traditional sense, refers to the accumulation of valuable resources or assets. This includes tangible items such as real estate, valuable commodities, stocks, bonds, and savings. 

For individuals, wealth is often measured by the total value of their assets minus liabilities. 

For countries, wealth is assessed by factors like national resources, infrastructure, and the overall economic output. Wealth can also be influenced by factors such as access to capital, natural resources, and human labor, which contribute to a nation's ability to produce goods and services and sustain economic growth over time.

## Related pages
*Capital accumulation
*Constitution
*Constitutional economics
*Household income in the United States
*Poverty
Professional certification

**Professional certification**, or **professional designation**, often called simply *certification* or *qualification*, is a certification a person gets to assure that he/she is qualified to perform a job or task.

Certifications are very common in aviation, construction, technology and other industrial sectors, as well as health care and finance.

## Other websites 
* ABA Standing Committee on Specialization 
* Association of Professionals in Business Management (APBM)
* American College of Forensic Examiners Institute (ACFEI)
Darmstadt (region)

**Darmstadt** (German: *Regierungsbezirk Darmstadt*, Hessian: *Regierungsbezirk Damstadt*) is one of the three Regierungsbezirk of Hesse, Germany. It is in the south of the state.

## Places 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Database schema

]]
In computer science a *schema* or **database schema** describes the structure of a database in a formal language that is supported by the database management system. Using the database schema, it is possible to create a blueprint of the database. This blueprint will not contain any data. The database schema uses logical formulas to create integrity constraints. It is not possible to insert data into the database that violates these integrity constraints. All contraints use the same language. 

There are different kinds of database schemas:
*The **conceptual schema** expresses the concepts in the database, and how they relate to each other
*The **logical schema** is a mapping of entities with their attributes, and the respective relations
*The **physical schema** is a particular implementation of a logical schema.

Ideally, a database schema should have the following properties:
*It should be *complete*: all information in the source should be included.
*It should be *minimal*: it should not be possible to leave out a relation, without losing information
*It should be *normalized*: A certain piece of information should be in the schema only once.
Rhythmic gymnastics

) performing her ribbon routine at 2005 World Games.]]**Rhythmic gymnastics** (short: RG) is a type of gymnastics. Rhythmic gymnasts perform on a floor with an apparatus, accompanied by music, in individual or group events. Gymnasts manipulate one or two apparatus: rope, hoop, ball, clubs, and ribbon. Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that combines elements of gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The victor is the participant who earns the most points, determined by a panel of judges, for leaps, balances, pirouettes, flexibility, apparatus handling, execution, and artistic effect.

Rhythmic gymnastics developed from other sports. It is influenced by group gymnastics, classical ballet, German apparatus work, and the Swedish free exercise method.

International competitions are split between juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, World Championships, and World Cups.

Rhythmic gymnastics was officially recognized by FIG in 1963. The first time rhythmic gymnastics was in the Olympics was in 1984 in Los Angeles. That year, a Canadian gymnast called Lori Fung won the individual competition. In 1996, rhythmic gymnastics group competitions were added to the Olympics.

## Rope 
The length of the rope depends on how tall the gymnast using it is. They swing the rope, throw and catch the rope, make figure-eights, and more. They also leap and jump through the rope while they are holding it.

## Hoop 
The hoop is made of wood. Gymnasts toss it and catch it, spin it, swing it, and roll it in many different ways.

## Ball 
Balls used in rhythmic gymnastics are made with rubber or soft plastic. Gymnasts throw balls and catch them, bounce and roll them, balance the ball on their hand, and do waves and circles.

## Clubs 
The clubs are another piece of equipment that rhythmic gymnasts use. The clubs look similar to bowling pins or bottles. They are made of wood or plastic. Gymnasts use the clubs to do circles, throws, swings, plus tapping.

## Group 
The group routine is a little bit different. It’s not a piece of equipment; it’s just a different kind of routine. In the group event, five rhythmic gymnasts will do a routine together. The gymnasts have to work together to make the routine work. In a group routine, gymnasts will exchange whatever equipment they are using with each other.

## References 
*Rhythmic Gymnastics. Plymouth State University, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. 
*Rhythmic Gymnastics.  USA Gymnastics, n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. 
*Rhythmic Gymnastics Equipment and History. Olympic.org, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

## Other websites 
* Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique 
* Rhythmic Gymnastics 
* The Art of Gymnastics - The Israeli site of Rhythmic Gymnastics  
* Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics 
* More on rhythmic gymnastics
Lunar eclipse

occurs in the daytime at the new moon when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon]]
A **lunar eclipse** is an astronomical phenomenon. It happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth. Lunar eclipses happen about twice a year, unlike total solar eclipses that are sometimes more than a year apart. They can be seen from a much larger portion of the Earth compared to solar eclipses. Lunar eclipses can last for a few hours, but total solar eclipses last only a few minutes. 

During a lunar eclipse, the Moon looks red brown. It may be thought that the Moon is completely black because of the Earth's shadow, but no. The reddish-brown colour is because some of the Sun's light bends through the Earth's atmosphere and shines on the Moon. Refraction is greater for red light rays than for others, so red is what strikes the Moon.

Like solar eclipses, there are different types of lunar eclipses. There are total eclipses, where the moon passes completely through Earth's shadow and all of the moon appears reddish-brown. A partial eclipse occurs when only part of the moon passes through Earth's shadow and so only part of the moon appears reddish.

Lunar eclipses are safe to view with your naked eyes and also with telescopes.

Although it is safe to see the lunar eclipse with your naked eyes one should never see a solar eclipse with the naked eyes as the rays damage the retina of the eye.

A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters the shadow of the earth, while revolving around it. At this time, it is necessary that the earth is between the sun and the moon, and all three of them are in the same plane. On a full moon day, the moon's path of revolution passes thought the thick shadow of the earth.

If the moon is totally hidden within the shadow, we see a total lunar eclipse and if only a part of the moon is in the shadow, we see a partial lunar eclipse.
Ernst Haeckel

**Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel** (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was an influential German zoologist, naturalist, and artist. He was also a philosopher and physician, but in those fields he is not regarded as particularly notable. He was an atheist. He left the Lutheran church in 1910. He is regarded as a pioneer of eugenics and Nazi eugenics in Germany.
## Works
Haekel was professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Jena, where he worked for 47 years, from 1862 to 1909. Haekel discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a tree of life relating all life forms. He coined many terms in biology, including *ecology*, *phylum*, *phylogeny*,  *stem cell*, and the kingdom *Protista.* Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"). This claimed that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development.

The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures. As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote *Die Welträtsel* (1895–1899, *The Riddle of the Universe*, 1901), and *Freedom in Science and Teaching* to support teaching evolution.

Haeckel was a member of the nationalist and antisemitic Pan-German League (German: *Altdeutscher Verband*) and of the peace organization Verband für internationale Verständigung.

## Books 
Haekel wrote many books, some of them in multi-volumes. Among the most notable are:

**Die Radiolarien*, four parts in five volumes. 18621888. (Rhizopoda Radiaria) Eine Monographie. Georg Reimer, Berlin.
**Generelle Morphologie der Organismen*. 1866. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. Georg Reimer, Berlin.
**Das Protistenreich*. 1878. Eine populäre Uebersicht über das Formengebiet der niedersten Lebewesen. Mit einem wissenschaftlichen Anhange: System der Protisten. Mit zahlreichen Holzschnitten. Ernst Günther’s Verlag, Leipzig.
**Monographie der Medusen*. Six parts, some in two volumes. Gustav Fischer, Jena 1879–1881.
**The history of creation* (1868) 1993, translated by E. Ray Lankester, Kegan Paul, Trench, London, 3rd edition, volume 1. His best-known work, translated into English.
**Art forms from the ocean: the Radiolarian atlas of 1862*. Prestel Verlag, 2005. A reprint of his artwork for the Radiolaria. 

## Related pages
*List of ecologists

## References
Weimar Constitution

The **Constitution of the German Reich** (German: *Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches*), usually known as the **Weimar Constitution** (*Weimarer Verfassung*) was the constitution that governed the Weimar Republic (1919-1933).  The constitution technically remained in effect during the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945.

The German state's official name was *Deutsches Reich* until the adoption of the 1949 constitution.  

## Origin 
Following the end of World War I, a German National Assembly gathered in the town of Weimar, in the state of Thuringia, in January 1919 to write a constitution for the *Reich*. The nation was to be a democratic federal republic, governed by a president and parliament.

The constitution was drafted by the lawyer and liberal politician *Hugo Preuss*, who was then state secretary in the Ministry of the Interior and later became Minister of the Interior.

## Other websites
* Selected Articles: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob13.html 
* Entire Constitution: http://www.zum.de/psm/weimar/weimar_vve.php
* The Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar constitution) of 11th August 1919, in full text 
* The portion of a series of lecture on German history pertaining to the Weimar Republic 
* Additional info is here: http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar2.htm
Guitar Hero III Mobile

***Guitar Hero III Mobile*** is a music video game for mobile phones. It was made by MachineWorks Northwest LLC and sold by Hands-On Mobile. It is the newest game in the *Guitar Hero* series, and was released on December 20, 2007, in North America for people using Verizon Wireless.

## Making the game
*Guitar Hero III Mobile* was programmed by Robinson Technologies **(shortened to RTSoft)**, with help from MachineWorks Northwest LLC. The graphics for the game were made by Anthem Game Group.

## Gameplay
Playing *Guitar Hero III Mobile* is similar to playing other games in the *Guitar Hero* series. *Mobile* uses 3 frets instead of 5. Each column of numbered keys on a phone's keypad is a fret. The numbered keys used are "1", "4", and "7" for green notes, "2", "5", and "8" for red notes, and "3", "6", and "9" for yellow notes. Once the note(s) reach the bottom, the player must play the note(s) by pressing or holding down the number key(s) in order to score points. Players can turn on Star Power to get more points by the "*" (star) button on the keypad or the "OK" button in the center of the directional pad.

## Soundtrack 
*Guitar Hero III Mobile* has 15 songs to play from *Guitar Hero II* and *Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock*. Every month, more songs can be downloaded.

## References 
## Other websites
* Hands-On Mobile 
* *Guitar Hero III Mobile* product detail page 
* MachineWorks Northwest LLC
Hafiz (Qur'an)

**Hafith** or **Hafiz** (Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ, plural *huffaz*), literally meaning 'guardian', is a term used by Muslims for people who have learnt completely the Qur'an by heart. 

## Overview 
The Islamic prophet Muhammad lived in the 7th century CE, in Arabia. In those times, many people were not literate. The Arabs preserved their histories, genealogies, and poetry by memory alone. When Muhammad proclaimed the verses later collected as the Qur'an, his followers naturally learnt the words by heart.

## Related pages
* Qur'an

## Other websites 
* Qur'an and Hafiz Number on islam101.com 
* Qur'an recitation on YouTube
* Qur'an recitation by a Muslim child on YouTube
* Recitation by Sh. Abu Bakr ash-Shatry
Social class

In sociology, **Social class** refers to the hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups in societies or cultures.

There are various ways to divide classes. The *working class* do hard work for others. Where money is used, they are paid for it, but they seldom have much money. Where money is used little, as in feudalism, or not at all, as in the Inca Empire there are still classes.

Historians usually see two other groups - people who are rich or have a lot of influence, called the *upper class*, and all the remaining people who are in between, called the *middle class*.

Not all societies have social classes. Scientists have found no proof for hierarchical power structures during the Stone Age.

## Determinants of class
In societies where classes exist, one's class is determined largely by:
* occupation
* education and qualifications
* income, personal, household and per capita
* wealth, including the ownership of land, property, means of production,  et cetera
* family background.

In the United Kingdom there are upper class, middle class, working class and underclass people.

## Related pages
*Bohemianism
*Caste
*Constitution
*Constitutional economics
*Class struggle
*Clergy
*Household income in the United States
*Social status
*Social structure
*Working class
*Upper class

## References
## Further reading
* Marx, Karl & Engels, Frederick; *The Communist Manifesto*, (1848). (The key statement of class conflict as the driver of historical change).
* Savage, Mike; *Class Analysis and Social Transformation* (London: Open University Press, 2000). 
* Sennett, Richard & Cobb, Jonathan;  *The Hidden Injuries of Class*, (Vintage, 1972) (classic study of the subjective experience of class).
* Wlkowitz, Daniel J.; *Working with Class: Social Workers and the Politics of Middle-Class Identity* (University of North Carolina Press, 1999).  
* "Class, Status and Party", Max Weber, in e.g. Gerth, Hans and C. Wright Mills, *From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology*, (Oxford University Press, 1958). (Weber's key statement of the multiple nature of stratification).
* Wright, Erik Olin; *Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis* (Cambridge University Press, 1997)

## Other websites
**Class Action*: 
* http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/IL06Ag01.html  Dargin, Justin, The Birth of Russia's New Energy Class. The Asia Times (Dec. 6, 2007)
**Dictionary of the history of ideas*:  Class
**Charles Dunoyer And The Theory Of Industrialism* and *Comte And Dunoyer After The 1830 Revolution: The Impact Of Their Ideas*  in *The Radical Liberalism Of Charles Comte And Charles Dunoyer*  by David M. Hart.
**Marxist and Austrian Class Analysis* (PDF) by Hans-Hermann Hoppe
**Classical Liberal Roots of the Marxist Doctrine of Classes*  (PDF document), *Classical Liberal Roots of Marxist Class Analysis*  (MP3 audio file), lecture by Ralph Raico.
*Rethinking Cultural and Economic Capital  - Jan Rupp
Avicenna

**Ibn Sina** (Persian/Tajik: ابن سینا; 980 – June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as **Avicenna**, was a Persian polymath and the most important doctor and Islamic philosopher of his time.

He wrote about 450  on a wide range of subjects, and about 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.

His most famous works are *The Book of Healing*&nbsp;– a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and *The Canon of Medicine*&nbsp;– a medical encyclopedia.

He is also known as **Pour Sina** (), which means "Son of Sina" in English. His full name in Arabic is ''''* (). In English, he is usually called *Avicenna* (), his Latinized name. Among his followers, he was/is known as *'al-Sheikh al-Ra'is'''.

## Early life 
Avicenna was born near Bukhara, At 20, he was regarded as one of the wisest people of his time.

## Writings 
Besides philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's works includes writings on astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics and poetry.

## Later life 
From 1015 to 1022, Avicenna was a high official and doctor to the ruler of Hamedan in western Iran. After the ruler of Hamedan died Avicenna was put in prison. He was released four months later when Hamadan was captured by Alā al-Dawla, the ruler of Isfahan. Alā al-Dawla only captured Hamadan for a short period of time.  Avicenna escaped, disguised as a dervish, to Isfahan to work for Alā al-Dawla as a doctor.  In 1030, the Ghaznavids attacked Isfahan and some of Avicenna's work was lost and possibly stolen. He died during an attack on the city of Hamedan.

## References 
## More reading 
* *Avicenna* by Lenn E. Goodman (Cornell University Press: 1992, updated edition 2006) – A good introduction to his life and philosophical thought.

## Other websites 
* Avicenna an article by Seyyed Hossein Nasr on Encyclopedia Britannica Online
* *Philosophy Bites* podcast interview with Peter Adamson on Avicenna .
* Avicenna  An article by encyclopedia Iranica
* Biography & Works from Routledge
* Ibn Sina (Islamic Philosophy Online)
* Ibn Sina from the Encyclopedia of Islam
* Avicenna/Ibn Sina at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* Physician's Day in Iran: A Reference Article on Pur Sina (Avicenna) by Manouchehr Saadat Noury 
* Biography of Avicenna (in English) 
* Biography of Avicenna 
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Avicenna
Max Weber

**Maximilian Carl Emil Weber** (pronounced: maks ˈveːbɐ) (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration. 
## Works
He began his career at the University of Berlin, and later worked at Freiburg University, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna and University of Munich. He had influence on German politics of his time, because he was an advisor to Germany's  at the Treaty of Versailles and to the commission that drafted the Weimar Constitution.

Weber is known for his work in the sociology of religion. His most famous work is his essay *The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism*.

He disagreed with Karl Marx's view that class structure was the way to view how society worked. He believed that human values affected how people acted throughout history.

## Related pages
*List of sociologists from Europe

## Other websites 
;Texts of Weber works:
* Large collection of the German original texts
* Large collection of the German original texts 
* Large collection of English translations 
* Another collection of English translations 
* A comprehensive collection of English translations and secondary literature 
* English translations of many of Weber's works, merged into one very long unformatted file 
* Max Weber Reference Archive

; About Weber:
* Biography entry and link section 
* Weber on Ideal Types 
* Max Weber – The person 
* More of Weber on Ideal Types 
* An essay on Max Weber's View of Objectivity in Social Science
* Max Weber: On Capitalism As above, but on capitalism 
* Some of Weber concepts in the form of a list 
* Max Weber's HomePage "A site for undergraduates" 
* Mises versus Weber on Bureaucracy and Sociological Method by William P. Anderson
* Weber My Premium Essay  by William P. Anderson
Alina Kabayeva

**Alina Kabaeva** (; born 12 May 1983) is a Russian former rhythmic gymnast. She started competing since she was 12, and retired when she was 24. She won many medals at World Championships, two Olympic medals (one bronze, one gold) and she came up with some of the flexibility-required moves in the sport. She was trained by Irina Viner. Now she works for State Duma.

Kabayeva is rumored to be Russian President Vladimir Putin's girlfriend.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mike Marshall

**Mike Marshall** (born 1957) is an American mandolinist. Over the years, he has worked with artists such as Chris Thile and David Grisman.

## Other websites
*Official website

## References
Punch Brothers

**Punch Brothers** is an American bluegrass band. Its members include Chris Thile (mandolin), Gabe Witcher (fiddle), Chris Eldridge (guitar), Greg Garrison (bass), and Noam Pikelny (banjo). They have made one album, *Punch*, which was released on February 26, 2008 on Nonesuch Records.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Edgar Meyer

**Edgar Meyer** is an American Grammy Award-winning double bassist. Over the years, he has worked with classical and bluegrass artists such as Joshua Bell, Yo-Yo Ma, Béla Fleck, Sam Bush, James Taylor, Jerry Douglas, Mike Marshall, Mark O'Connor, Alison Krauss, the members of Nickel Creek, and Mary Chapin Carpenter.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Jerry Douglas

**Jerry Douglas** (born May 28, 1956) is an American Grammy Award-winning dobro player. He was born in Warren, Ohio. Over the years, he has worked with musicians including Ray Charles, Peter Rowan, Béla Fleck, Emmylou Harris, Phish, Chris Thile, Dolly Parton, Paul Simon, Ricky Skaggs, Bill Frisell, John Fogerty, Nanci Griffith, Tony Rice, and James Taylor.

## Other websites
*Official website
2-1-1

**2-1-1** is a special telephone number in the United States and Canada. It was made to be easy to remember. Calling the number lets people get information quickly about health organizations. It can also be called in an emergency.

## History
New York Telephone (now part of Verizon) used the 2-1-1 number for many years. It was an automatic, meaning it worked by itself, number for phone numbers that were dialed wrongly. 2-1-1 was used this way from the 1970s through the early 2000s. 

The city of Atlanta started a new way of using 2-1-1 in 1997. This new way of using it was similar to how it is used now. After Atlanta, many other cities and states started to use it as a special number to call in an emergency. 5-1-1 is also used for this.

## Other websites
*Canada
**211Canada.ca
**211 Canada Information Weblog 
**211 Halton Region (Ontario, Canada)
**211 Niagara Region (Ontario, Canada) 
**211 Simcoe County (Ontario, Canada) 
**211 Toronto (Ontario, Canada)
**211 Calgary (Alberta, Canada)
**Windsor and Essex County (Ontario, Canada) 
**CRTC Decision 2001-475 establishing use of 2-1-1 in Canada 
**InformCanada National Association
**InformOntario Provincial Association
**2-1-1 Edmonton 
*United States
**211 status in the U.S. 
**Alliance of Information & Referral Systems
**Atlanta United Way page on 2-1-1 
**FCC fact sheet on 2-1-1 
**National 211.org site homepage
**2-1-1 Virginia 
**211 Palm Beach/Treasure Coast
**2-1-1 Big Bend Inc.
**2-1-1 Los Angeles County
**2-1-1 San Luis Obispo County 
**2-1-1 NW Oregon & SW Washington
**2-1-1 Missouri
3-1-1

**3-1-1** is a special telephone number used for non-emergency call to municipal services. It is used in several cities in Canada and the United States. 3-1-1 was created to receive many of the calls which commonly were made to 9-1-1 which were common questions and not emergencies. 

## Availability 
### United States 
3-1-1 is available in several major American cities, including: Akron, Albuquerque, Austin,  Baltimore, Charlotte, Chattanooga, Chicago, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Hartford, Houston, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Mobile, Nashville, New York City, Rochester, Orlando, Pittsburgh, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Jose, Somerville, and Washington, D.C..

### Canada 
The service is available in the following communities (with starting date):

* Calgary, Alberta (18 May 2005)
* Gatineau, Quebec (22 June 2005)
* Windsor, Ontario (22 August 2005)
* Ottawa, Ontario (19 September 2005)
* St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (27 June 2006)
* Fort St. John, British Columbia (14 November 2006)
* Greater Sudbury, Ontario (12 February 2007)
* Laval, Quebec (3 October 2007)
* Montreal, Quebec (mid-December 2007)

Other Canadian municipalities are expected to use 3-1-1 in the near future. These include Edmonton, Winnipeg and Toronto.
Aon Center (Chicago)

**Aon Center** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 346 meters (1,136 feet) tall and has 83 floors.  It was built in 1973 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world and the third tallest in Chicago.

At first it was named the **Standard Oil Building**, but when the name of the company changed in 1985 it became the **Amoco Building**.  The building was sold and became the Aon Center in 1999.

## Photo Gallery 

Image:2004-07-14 1880x2820 chicago aon looking up.jpg
Image:Aon Center (Chicago).jpg
Image:Aon Center 051015.jpg
Image:Aon Center (Chicago), north face.jpg
Image:2Prud.jpg
Image:Aon and Blue Cross Blue Shield.jpg

## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in Chicago
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites 
* Emporis.com - Aon Center
* SkycraperPage.com – Aon Center
Oleander

**Oleander**, *Nerium oleander*, is a poisonous shrub. It is commonly used in gardens because of its pink colored flowers. *Nerium oleander* is native to northern Africa, the eastern Mediterranean basin and southeast Asia. Oleander prefers dry, warm climates and may naturalize in such areas. Recently, scientific studies on cardenolide oleandrin show that it may be used to prevent mutagenesis.

## References
875 North Michigan Avenue

**875 North Michigan Avenue** is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It was formerly known as the **John Hancock Center**. It is 344 meters (1,127 feet) tall and has 100 floors, including an observation deck on the 94th floor (1,000&nbsp;ft). It was built in 1969 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Name change
On February 12, 2018, John Hancock Insurance requested that its name and logos throughout the building's interior be removed immediately; John Hancock had not had a naming-rights deal with the skyscraper's owners since 2013. Until a new naming-rights deal is finalized, the skyscraper will be known as "875 North Michigan Avenue".

## Features
From the 95th-floor restaurant, diners can look out at Chicago and Lake Michigan. It has an observatory floor known as 360 Chicago. 360 Chicago is home to TILT, a moving platform that leans visitors over the edge of the skyscraper to a 30-degree angle. It also has a full bar, and Chicago's only open-air Sky Walk, and also has free interactive high-definition touchscreens in six languages. 

The 44th-floor sky lobby features the highest indoor swimming pool in the United States.

On its 44th floor, the building has a  grocery store accessible only to apartment residents and office tenants.

## Photo Gallery 

Image:Chicago 2007-7.jpg
Image:John Hancock Center 031130.jpg
Image:Hancock from Navy Pier.jpg
Image:HancockCenterBraces.JPG
Image:Sears tower fg03.jpg

## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in Chicago
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Hancock Observatory 
* Emporis.com - Aon Center
* SkycraperPage.com – Aon Center
Gabe Witcher

**Gabe Witcher** is a United States fiddle player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Punch Brothers. Witcher has also toured with artists such as Jerry Douglas.

## Other websites
* Punch Brothers official website
Bryan Sutton

**Bryan Sutton** is a United States guitarist. He also plays many other instruments including mandolin, banjo, and electric guitar. He has performed or recorded with artists such as Ricky Skaggs, Dixie Chicks, Jerry Douglas, Sam Bush, Béla Fleck, Hot Rize, Chris Thile, and Tony Rice.

## Discography
### Solo albums
Toltec

.]]
**Toltec** is used by historians in different ways. It is either used to refer to certain people that lived in what is Mexico today, before Christopher Columbus came there. Some scholars also use the word to refer to the people that later developed into the Aztec civilisation. These people are only known from Aztec stories. It is not known if they actually formed one people or not. 

## References
Noam Pikelny

**Noam Pikelny** is a United States banjo player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Leftover Salmon and Punch Brothers. Pikelny lives in Brooklyn, New York.

## Biography 
Pikelny started playing the banjo when he was 8 years old. He took lessons at the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago. In high school, he studied with Greg Cahill from the Chicago bluegrass band The Special Consensus.  In 2002, Pikelny joined the band Leftover Salmon, but left in 2004 to play with the John Cowan Band until 2006. He played on their album New Tattoo. That same year, Punch Brothers was formed. Chris Thile from Nickel Creek wanted to start a string quintet and already knew he wanted fiddler Gabe Witcher in the group. After a jam session with Witcher, Pikelny, bassist Greg Garrison, and guitarist Chris Eldridge, Thile decided to form a band. At first, they were called The How to Grow a Band and played on Thile’s solo album How to Grow a Woman from the Ground. In 2007, during Nickel Creek’s farewell tour, the band briefly changed their name to Tensions Mountain Boys, and then to Punch Brothers (named after a short story by Mark Twain).  

Their first official album, Punch, was released on February 26, 2008, by Nonesuch Records. Pikelny used to live in Skokie, Illinois, and now lives in Nashville, Tennessee.  

## Other websites 
*Official website
*Official MySpace site
*Punch Brothers official website
*Leftover Salmon official website

## References
Tabari

**Tabari** might mean:

*Something from the region of Tabaristan
*Mazandarani language, also called *Tabari*
*Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

'''Abi Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari''' (838-923 أبي جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري) was one of the earliest, most important and famous Persian historians and explainers of the Qur'an, most famous for his *Tarikh al-Tabari* (*History of the Prophets and Kings*) and *Tafsir al-Tabari*.

## Abu Ja'afar Muhammad Ibn Jarir Al-Tabari 
Tabari (Persian: طبری), Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari, His name means "father of Jafar, named after the Prophet Muhammad, son of Jarir, from the province of Tabaristan".

## Biography 
He was born in Amol, Tabaristan, some twenty kilometres south of the Caspian Sea, in the winter of 838-9. He was precocious. He left home to study in A.H. 236  (850-1) when he was twelve. He retained close ties to his home town. He did return at least twice, the last time in A.H. 290 (903) when his outspokenness caused some uneasiness and led to his quick departure.

## Related pages
*List of historians by continent

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Bosworth, C.E., *Encyclopedia of Islam*, "Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid"
* Rosenthal, Franz, "The Life and Works of al-Tabari" pp.&nbsp;5–134 of volume one of the English translation of the *History*.

## Other websites 
* http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=114 
* http://www.answering-ansar.org/biographies/abu_jaffar_muhammad_tabari/ 
Tafseer Al-Tabari 13 volume Set By Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari  2025-03-27 aljannahbooks.com
Seikan Tunnel

The **Seikan Tunnel**（Ja:青函トンネル）is a railway tunnel in Japan. It connects Hokkaido to Aomori Prefecture. This tunnel is the second longest transport tunnel in the world. The tunnel is 53.85 km (33.49 miles) long. 23.3&nbsp;km (14.5 mile) of the tunnel is underwater.  There are two stations in the tunnel.

## History
The means of transportation from Hokkaido to Honshu was the Seikan ship until Seikan tunnel was completed. It took about 3 hours. However, it had some troubles. For example, the sea route was not safe. The Toyamaru accident in 1954 had 1155 dead and some missing people, caused by Typhoon Number 15 Roke. because of that reason, the plan that constructing Seikan Tunnel from Hokkaido to Honshu was becoming a reality. At first, the east route and west route was considered. In the west route, the deepest depth of water was 140 meters and the nature of the soil was easy to drill rocks, so west route was then chosen.

## Techniques
The tunnel can be entered by the Shinkansen (bullet train). The inner structure of the tunnel was planned to have three bullet train's rails. Because half of this tunnel is under the bottom of the sea, the workers who built this tunnel were worried about seawater. So, they used new construction techniques. For example, laser measurement, 2150m horizontal drilling, pouring water glass and cement into soft bedrock. These techniques were paid attention to by all of the world at that time. There is still much water, so the seawater that is collected is placed in the tunnel and is pumped out of the tunnel.

## Stations
There are two stations in Seikan tunnel. Tappikaitei Station opened in Aza-Minmayatatsuhama, Sotogahama-machi, Higashitsugaru-gun, Aomori on March 13, 1988.  And Yoshiokakaitei Station opened in Tatesaki, Fukushima-cho, Matsumae-gun, Hokkaido on March 13, 1988. If passengers have a special ticket, they can get off the train at the stations to look around. These are located in 149.5 meters under the seabed and there are 2247 steps of stairs to the surface. Also, these stations have shelters for train fires and blackouts. Tappikaitei Station and Yoshiokakaitei Station became the service stop each on November 10, 2013 and August 27, 2013. However, these stations were closed on March 15, 2014, because the number of passengers who used these stations, was not a lot.

## References
## Other websites 
*Tunnel Website
Slavic

**Slavic** might mean:

*Slavic peoples, the largest ethno-lingustic group in Europe. They live in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeastern Europe
*Slavic languages
Parliamentary system

s with a non-royal head of state). States in **green** have the head of state and head of government in one office, filled by parliament's choice and elected separately]]

A **parliamentary system** of government means that the executive branch of government has the direct or indirect support of the parliament. 

Parliamentary systems often work where the head of government is the leader of the political party with the most members in the parliament.

This support is usually shown by a vote of confidence.  A balanced relationship between the executive and the legislature in a parliamentary system is called responsible government.

The separation of powers between the executive and law making branches is not as obvious as it is in a presidential system. There are different ways of balancing power between the three branches which govern the country (the executive (or ministers), the law makers and the judges).

Parliamentary systems usually have a *head of government* and a *head of state*. They change after their terms are over.  The head of government is the prime minister, who has the real power.  The head of state may be an elected president or, in the case of a constitutional monarchy, hereditary.

Examples of a few countries which practice parliamentary systems are India, Italy, Japan, Germany, and Latvia. Parliament is different in every country.  

## References
Giessen (district)

**Gießen** () is a *Kreis* (district) in the middle of Hesse, Germany.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website (German)
Neuendorf-Sachsenbande

**Neuendorf-Sachsenbande** is a municipality in Wilstermarsch, in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The municipality has an area of . On 31 December 2006, 493 people lived there. The town has the lowest point in Germany, which is below sea level.

## History 
The town was made on April 15, 2003, when the municipalities of *Neuendorf bei Wilster*, *Sachsenbande*, and *Bredensee* were all joined together.

## References
## Other websites
Giessen (region)

**Gießen** is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of Hesse, Germany.  It is in the middle of the state.

## Other websites
*Official website
Political asylum

s by the country they have come from.

]]
**Political asylum** may be asked for when people are frightened to live in or oppressed in their own country. They then go to another country. If they are allowed to live in the new country, that is called *political asylum*.

People who seek asylum say that they are victims of threats, physical harm or denigration of their human dignity as violations of their human rights.

Political asylum is one of the human rights affirmed by Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and rules of international human rights law.  Every country that has agreed to the *United Nations Conventions Relating to the Status of Refugees* must let in people who qualify.

People who qualify for asylum are those who can show that they might be badly treated in their own country for these reasons:
 
* Religion 
* Political opinions
* Membership of a particular social group or social activities
* Personal lifestyle and sexual orientation.

People often confuse exiling individuals from their home country as migration to a political asylum, but that is not as it seems. Migrating with one's own will for personal reasons may be a political migration but not under government.

Those who are given political asylum are called refugees. They are often confused with "economic refugees," who move from a poor country to a richer one so that they may work and make more money, often to send back to their families.

## Related pages
* Deportation
* Exile
* Refugee
* Sanctuary
* United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

## References
5-1-1

**5-1-1** is a special telephone number in the United States and some parts of Canada. It is made to be easy to remember. People can dial the number on a landline phone or on a mobile phone to get information about traffic and travel. 

## History
In March 2001, there were more than three hundred phone numbers about traffic and travel. This was confusing to many people, because so many numbers existed, or were there, for the same thing. To fix this, the United States Department of Transportation (called the USDOT) asked the Federal Communications Commission (called the FCC) for a special N11 code. On July 21, 2000, the FCC made 5-1-1 the national telephone number for travel information.

## References
## Other websites
### 5-1-1 numbers for specific places
*Arizona
*San Francisco Bay Area
*San Diego 
*Florida
*Florida - Tampa Bay Area  
*Florida - Southwest Florida Area 
*Georgia
*Kansas 
*Kentucky 
*Louisiana
*Massachusetts
*Minnesota
*Montana
*Nebraska
*North Carolina 
*North Dakota 
*Northern New England – Vermont
*Nevada 
*Northern New England – New Hampshire 
*Northern New England – Maine
*Oregon
*Southwest Ohio - Cincinnati, Northern Kentucky
*South Dakota 
*Tennessee
*Virginia
6-1-1

**6-1-1** is a special telephone number in the United States and Canada. It is the number to call for phone service customers when there is a problem with phones in an area, or when a payphone is not working properly. Many mobile phone service providers use 6-1-1 as a customer service number. 

The Federal Communications Commission did not officially decide that the 6-1-1 number should be used for this. They decided to let it stay because it had already been accepted, or chosen, by the North America Numbering Plan.
Kassel (region)

**Kassel** is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of Hesse, Germany, in the north of the country. It was created in 1866 when Prussia took over the area to form the new province Hesse-Nassau. Altogether it consists of 138 municipalities.

## Other websites 
* Official website