open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
History of technology

. This example is from Boxgrove quarry]]
 tablet sent by the high-priest Lu’enna to the king of Lagash It tells the king of his son's death in combat. The script is cuneiform, the date ~2400 BC]]

The **history of technology** is the history of the invention of tools and techniques, and is similar in many ways to the history of humanity. 

People make new things and, conversely, many scientific endeavors are possible through technologies. Technology lets us travel to places we could not otherwise go, and probe the nature of the universe in more detail than our natural senses allow.

Technological artifacts are products of an economy, a force for economic growth, and a large part of everyday life. Technological innovations affect, and are affected by, a society's cultural traditions. They also are a means to develop and project military power.

What are the great technologies?
*The hand axe: used for about 1.5 million years, from *Homo erectus* to neolithic man. Basically a tool for butchering large animals which were probably killed by wooden spears. Not for nothing did a curator at the British Museum use the phrase *Man the Toolmaker*.
*Fire, which would have occurred naturally in the drier environments of the savannah. The date of the first deliberate use of fire for warmth, protection and cooking is not known.
*The city: we can date this to about 8,000 years ago in the fertile crescent.
*Writing: the means of trade, education and cultural transmission from one generation to another. About 3300 BC.

## References
Ignition (Remix)

"**Ignition (Remix)**" is a song by R&B singer R. Kelly. It was released as a single in 2003. It peaked at number two in the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 and number one in the UK Singles Chart. It also peaked at number one in some other countries. The song has been received quite well and was a commercial success. It is ranked as one of the best songs ever by *Rolling Stone*.
North Savo

**Northern Savonia** or **North Savo** () is a region in eastern Finland. The largest city in the region is Kuopio.

Neighbouring regions are Central Finland, Northern Ostrobothnia, Kainuu, North Karelia and Southern Savonia.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Brad Maddox

**Tyler Kluttz** (born May 4, 1984 in Tega Cay, South Carolina) is an American professional wrestler and referee. He is best known for his time working for the WWE under the ring name **Brad Maddox**. He acted as the General Manager of *Raw*.

## Career
On the August 20, 2012 episode of *Raw*, Kluttz debuted on the main roster and refereed a Divas battle royal. At Hell in a Cell, he refereed the main event between CM Punk and Ryback for the WWE Championship. Maddox turned heel for the first time when he gave Ryback a low blow and then fast-counted a pin for Punk which helped Punk retain his title.

On the July 8 episode of *Raw*, Vickie Guerrero was fired when the fans voted that she had failed in her role of Raw Managing Supervisor. Maddox was then named as the new General Manager of Raw.

## Championships
***Florida Championship Wrestling**
**FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Briley Pierce (one) and Rick Victor (one))
**FCW 15 Championship (one time)
**OVW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

## References
## Other websites
*
I Believe I Can Fly

"**I Believe I Can Fly**" is a song written, produced, and performed by American R&B musician R. Kelly. It was originally released on November 26, 1996. It was also featured on the soundtrack to the movie *Space Jam* in 1996. It later appeared in Kelly's album *R.* in 1998. The song peaked at number one in many countries around the world. The song won three Grammy Awards out of five nominations.

## Background and composition
In a 2013 interview with The Boombox, R. Kelly was asked about the creative process behind the song: "When I met Michael Jordan on a basketball court at an athletic club — we hooped together in Chicago — he came to me and asked me if I wanted to do a song for his upcoming movie," Kelly said. "I was like, 'Yeah!' I didn't even ask what it was. [Eventually] he let me know what it was, we went to a screening to watch it and that's when I ended up coming up with 'I Believe I Can Fly'. I knew from the first melody that was gonna be the song that was gonna take me out of R&B and into another genre of music." "I Believe I Can Fly" has a moderately slow tempo of 60 beats per minute, based on common time, and is written in the key of C major (with a key change to D major). Kelly's vocal range spans from the low note of E3 to the high note of A4.

## Track listing
## Parodies
*In the 1999 episode "The Best of Both Worlds" of the Nickelodeon animated television series *KaBlam!*, in the *Life with Loopy* segment, the song was spoofed - in name only - as "I (Don't) Believe I Can Fly." 
*In the 2012 episode "Food Battle 2012" of the webseries *Smosh*, the song was spoofed as "I Believe I’m Able to Fly." It also appeared on the 2015 episode "EVERY CAT EVER".
*In 2013, the song was parodied by sports radio show *Tim & Sid*, spoofing the song as "I Believe in Masai", in reference to Toronto Raptors General Manager Masai Ujiri.
*In 2016, the song was parodied as "I'm Convinced I Can Swim" by "Art Smelly" from the soundtrack to the hit film *Earth Jelly* in an episode of *Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt*.

## References
Alan Parsons

**Alan Parsons** (born 20 December 1948) is an English audio engineer, musician, and record producer. In 1975 he started a progressive rock band called The Alan Parsons Project.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Alan Parsons Music Official Site
* Alan Parsons Project Official Site
* The Avenue, The Official Alan Parsons Fan Club
* *Crawdaddy!* "Parsons Knows: The Tale of Alan Parsons and Edgar Allan Poe" 
*Alan Parsons Project official website
John Eleuthère du Pont

**John Eleuthère du Pont** (22 November 1938 – 9 December 2010) was an American convicted murderer. He was a multimillionaire and member of the prominent du Pont family.

## Personal life
John E. du Pont married Gale Wenk in 1983. They annulled their marriage ninety days later.

## Death
John E. du Pont died on 9 December 2010 in Somerset, Pennsylvania from COPD, aged 72. Du Pont was buried in his red Foxcatcher wrestling singlet, in accordance with his will.

## Pop culture
J. E. du Pont is portrayed by Steve Carell in the 2014 movie *Foxcatcher*.

## References
## Other websites
*"LIFE photos" , LIFE, US Olympic pentathlete, August 1967.
*"flickr", Collector, May 2008.
* "How About At Your Place?" Said the Colonel", *LIFE*, Aug 4, 1967
Style (form of address)

A **style** is referring to how you address a person in a formal manner. It varies on the status of a person. For example a married woman would be addressed as *Mrs* (). A prince would be addressed as His Royal Highness. A male (regardless of being married) would be addressed as *Mr*.

## Examples
*Mrs Smith.
*Mr Smith
*Master Smith (Master is usually used by the oldest son in this case the oldest son of the Smith family).
*His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales.
*His Serene Highness The Prince of Monaco. 
*Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia.
*His Holiness Pope Leo XIV.

## Other styles of address
*Your Lordship or your Ladyship is how minor members of nobility are addressed.
*The Right Honourable is traditionally used by Prime Ministers, members of the peerage, and members of the Privy Council.
**His Grace* The Duke of placename. A style used by English/British Dukes.

## Related pages 
* Highness
* Honorific
* Diplomacy
* Protocol (diplomacy)

## Notes 
## References
Paul Heyman

**Paul Heyman** (born September 11, 1965) is an American professional wrestling manager. He is currently working for WWE. He has also worked as a promoter, commentator, and journalist.

He is best known as the owner and creator of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). He also worked in World Championship Wrestling (WCW).

## Career
On the May 7, 2012 episode of *Raw*, Heyman returned to the WWE as Brock Lesnar's legal advisor. When Lesnar left, Heyman aligned himself with CM Punk on the September 3 episode of *Raw* when he was seen driving a car which Punk entered. He managed Punk until Money in the Bank when Heyman turned on Punk by smashing him with a ladder while he was climbing up another ladder. He returned on the December 30th edition of Raw and returned to being the manager of Brock Lesnar.

On April 6, 2014, Heyman was the manager of Lesnar when Lesnar conquered The Undertaker's undefeated streak at WrestleMania XXX. This was the first loss at WrestleMania. Paul Heyman also became the manager of Cesaro, who revealed himself to be a "Paul Heyman guy" on the following episode of *Raw*.

When Roman Reigns returned at SummerSlam 2020, **Paul Heyman** decided that he was siding with him on the following *SmackDown* episode. Reigns accepted, but only if Reigns signed the contract and defeated both Bray Wyatt and Braun Strowman in a Triple Threat match for the Universal Championship at Payback, then Paul would be officially Roman Reigns' **Special Council** or **Wise Man.** Reigns won the match and the title. To this day, Paul Heyman is still Reigns' Wise Man.

On April 5, 2024, Heyman was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Roman Reigns.

## Awards and accomplishments 
 in 2024]]

* ***Inside The Ropes Magazine***
** Manager of the Year (2020)
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Faction of the Year (2022) – with The Bloodline
** Manager of the Year (1992)
* **WWE**
** WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2024)
** WWE Year-End Award (1 time)
*** Best on the Mic (2018)
** Slammy Award (1 time)
*** Mic Drop of the Year (2024) – 
* ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
** Feud of the Year (2023) 
** Best Color Commentator (1991)
** Best Booker (1994–1997, 2002)
** Best on Interviews (2013–2014)
** Best Non-Wrestler (2001, 2002, 2004, 2012–2014, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2024)
** Best Non-Wrestler of the Decade (2010s)
** Best on Interviews of the Decade (2010s)
** Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (2012) Angle with CM Punk, exploiting Jerry Lawler's real-life heart attack, playing footage of him near death
** Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)

## References 
## Other websites
*WWE profile
*
Ramona, South Dakota

**Ramona** is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Lake County, and 159 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## References
Short-track speed skating

]]
**Short-track speed skating** is a type of ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters (usually between four and six) skate on an oval ice track. The track is 111.12&nbsp;metres all the way around. The rink itself measures 60&nbsp;m by 30&nbsp;m.

World Championships have been held since 1981. It has been a Winter Olympic sport since 1992.

## Other websites
Skeleton (sport)

**Skeleton** is a winter sport in which a person rides a small sled down a frozen track. The person lays face down on the sled, and rides head forward. It had been played at the Winter Olympics since 2002; before that, it had also been played in the 1928 and 1948 Games.

Skeleton is a dangerous sport. Riders can reach speeds of .

## Related pages 
* Bobsled

## Other websites 
* Federation Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Toboganning (FIBT) World governing body.
2013 El Reno tornado

The **2013 El Reno tornado** happened on May 31, 2013. It happened close to the city of El Reno, Oklahoma in central Oklahoma. It was the widest tornado ever recorded. This tornado also was found to have some of the strongest winds ever found. One mobile Doppler weather radar found very high winds of 296 miles per hour.

## Notes
*Correction to Note above: ''"...so while the winds align with the '**EF0**' category..." should read "...so while the winds align with the '**EF5**' category..."''

## References
Division of Fadden

The **Division of Fadden** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1977 and is named after Sir Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister of Australia in 1941.

## Members
David Cameron lost his seat in the 1983 election, but was elected to the Division of Moreton in a by-election. David Beddall did not stand for Fadden in 1984, but changed to the Division of Rankin. David Jull was Minister for Administrative Services at the start of the Howard Government.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Fadden (Qld) &mdash; Australian Electoral Commission
* Stuart Rpbert's website
Highness

**Highness** is a style of address historically used for princes and princesses of minor nobility. As such it is much lower in terms of  when compared to Royal Highness and Imperial Highness.

Highness is literally and, historically, the quality of being lofty or above. It is used as a term to evoke dignity or honour, and to acknowledge the importance or high rank of the person being addressed. The short way to write it is *HH*. However it is outranked by *Grand Ducal Highness*. The style was often used by low-level nobility of the Holy Roman Empire.

## Historical examples
**His Highness* The Duke of Aosta. A future King of Sardinia who was known as the Duke of Aosta prior to succession. Known as this from 27 April 1701 – 22 March 1715. 
**His Highness* The Prince of Piedmont, Later used Royal Highness after his father was created a King. 

## Related pages
*Titles of European royal heirs
Sacco and Vanzetti

**Nicola Sacco** (22 April 1891&nbsp;– 23 August 1927) and **Bartolomeo Vanzetti** (11 June 1888&nbsp;– 23 August 1927) were two Italian anarchists who were convicted of murder in the United States in 1920. They were executed on August 23, 1927.

Their trial has been called "one of the most divisive in the history of the United States." Many people have argued that the two men were innocent and were wrongfully convicted because of their political beliefs.  

## Background 
Sacco and Vanzetti immigrated from Italy to the United States in 1908. Sacco became a shoemaker, and Vanzetti sold fish. 

As anarchists, they opposed World War I. To avoid being drafted into the United States Army, they fled to Mexico in 1917. Later they returned to the United States, but risked being deported because of their actions. Some believe the two were wrongfully convicted; To explain why they were carrying weapons when they were arrested, the men had to describe their anarchist beliefs in court. This may have also prejudiced the jury. 

In addition, Sacco and Vanzetti did not speak English and could not afford to hire an attorney to defend them. 
 (1921)]]

### Protests 
The case drew attention from around the world. Many people believed the two were put on trial because of their political beliefs. In Philadelphia and New York City, bombs were set off. (This was the 50th anniversary of their execution day.)

The Proclamation acknowledged that Sacco and Vanzetti had not received a fair trial. It also said:*The atmosphere of their trial and appeals was  by prejudice against foreigners and hostility towards unorthodox political views ... any stigma and disgrace should be forever removed from [their] names[.]*

## Related pages 
* Anarchism
* Xenophobia
* First Red Scare

## References
Liev Schreiber

**Liev Isaac Schreiber** (; born October 4, 1967) is an American actor, producer, director, and screenwriter. He was known for his role in *Scream*, *Phantoms*, *The Sum of All Fears*,  *X-Men Origins: Wolverine*, *Salt*, *Taking Woodstock*, and in *The Butler*.

Schreiber was born on October 4, 1967 in San Francisco, California.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Interview with *Details* 
* Interview with ''Men's Vogue* 
* Interview with *W'' magazine
Henry Heimlich

**Henry Judah Heimlich** (February 3, 1920 &ndash; December 17, 2016) was an American thoracic surgeon. He is known as the inventor of the Heimlich maneuver.  It is a technique of abdominal thrusts for stopping choking.

Heimlich, born in Wilmington, Delaware on February 3, 1920. He died from complications from a heart attack in Cincinnati, Ohio, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography page  at the Heimlich Institute
* Henry Heimlich Archival Collection Finding Aid
* Outmaneuvered: How We Busted the Heimlich Medical Frauds by Peter M. Heimlich
Ranjit Bhatia

**Ranjit Bhatia** OBE (c. 1936 – 9 February 2014) was an Indian athlete. He ran in the marathon and 5000 meters events at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. 

Bhatia studied at the Lawrence School, Sanawar. He was then a Rhodes scholar at Oxford University, matriculating at Jesus College in 1957. He retired as Reader in Mathematics from St. Stephen's College, Delhi. 

Bhatia died on 9 February 2014 at the age of 77.

## References
Eileen Atkins

**Dame Eileen June Atkins**, DBE (born 16 June 1934) is an English actress and occasional screenwriter. She has worked in the theatre, movies, and television consistently since 1953.

She has been nominated for many awards such as a BAFTA Award. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1990 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2001.

## Other websites
*
*
*Eileen Atkins interviewed by Beth Stevens about performing in Doubt on Broadway
*Eileen Atkins interviewed on Theater Talk about performing in Doubt on Broadway 
*Performance details listed at the Theatre Collection archive, University of Bristol
Clarence Williams III

**Clarence Williams III** (August 21, 1939 &ndash; June 4, 2021) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as "Linc Hayes" on the iconic "hippie" cop show *The Mod Squad* (1968-1973). He was nominated for a Tony Award. His last movie role was in the 2013 movie *The Butler*.

Williams III was born on August 21, 1939 in New York City. He died of colon cancer on June 4, 2021 in Los Angeles, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Clarence Williams III at AllMovie
*
David Oyelowo

**David Oyetokunbo Oyelowo** (born 1 April 1976) is a British actor, director and producer. He portrayed Louis Gaines in Lee Daniels' 2013 movie *The Butler*. He also provided the voice of Scar in *The Lion Guard*.

## Life
Oyelowo lives in Los Angeles, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dado Cavalcanti

**Luis Eduardo Barros Cavalcanti**, or simply **Dado Cavalcanti** (born July 9, 1981 in Arcoverde) is a Brazilian football manager.

## Coaching statistics
## Honours
### Manager
;Ulbra Ji-Paraná
*Campeonato Rondoniense: 2006, 2007

;Santa Cruz
*Copa Pernambuco: 2009

;Luverdense
*Campeonato Mato-Grossense: 2012

;Paysandu
*Campeonato Paraense: 2016, 2018
*Copa Verde: 2016, 2018

;Bahia
*Copa do Nordeste: 2021

### Individual
*Best head coach of Campeonato Pernambucano: 2010
*Best head coach of Campeonato Paulista: 2013

## References
Grace (style)

***His Grace*** or ***Her Grace*** is a style of address used for various high-ranking persons. It was the style used to address the King or Queen of Scots up to the Act of Union of 1707.  It was also used to address monarchs of England before Henry VIII. Today, the style is used when referring to dukes and duchesses in the United Kingdom, who are not members of the royal family. *Your Grace* would be used in spoken or written address. Royal dukes, for example The Duke of York, are addressed with their higher royal title, *Royal Highness*.

## Examples
* *His Grace* The Duke of Ormonde. 
**His Grace* The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
**His Grace* The Duke of Marlborough. The title of the Spencer-Churchill family from which Winston Churchill descends.
**His Grace* The Duke of Bedford.

## Ecclesiastical usage
The style "His Grace" and "Your Grace" is used in England and other English-speaking countries to address Roman Catholic archbishops. This is not common in other countries (for example in France and the United States Roman Catholic bishops are addressed using the style "Excellency"). In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is used for bishops and abbots. The style is also used for an archbishop and some bishops in the Anglican Church.  In the United Methodist Church in the United States, bishops are addressed "Your Grace" (spoken style, and "His/Her Grace" (reference style). In the Church of God in Christ, the Presiding Bishop's style is "His Holy Grace" and "Your Holy Grace". The bishop's reference style is "His Eminence" and the spoken style is "Your Eminence". 

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON—Hare Krishna) devotees prefix the name of their founder, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, with "His Divine Grace".

In Islam several Sufi orders (such as the Qadrianis and Hawariyun) may refer to their spiritual Grand Masters with the epithet "(Most) Graceful ..." or "His Grace" in reference style while the spoken style is "(Most) Graceful".

## Other British dukedoms that use the style
*Lennox
*Rutland
*Richmond
*Rutland
*Norfolk
*Portland
*Grafton
*Devonshire
*Somerset
*Westminster
*Bedford

## Notes 
## References
Yusuf Lule

**Yusuf Kironde Lule** (10 April 1912 &ndash; 21 January 1985) was a Ugandan politician. He was the President of Uganda. He served as president from 13 April and 20 June 1979. His name is sometimes spelled **Yusufu**.

Lule died on 21 January 1985 at Hammersmith Hospital in London of kidney failure.

## References
Jessica Oyelowo

**Jessica Oyelowo** (born **Jessica Watson** in 1978) is an English actress. She is known for her roles in ''Murphy's Law*, *Mayo*, and in *Hex''. 

She studied at Woodbridge School. She was a member of the National Youth Music Theatre. She lives in Los Angeles with her husband, actor David Oyelowo, and their three sons.

## Other websites
*BBC Mayo
*tv.com 
*
Glynis Johns

**Glynis Margaret Payne Johns** (5 October 1923 &ndash; 4 January 2024) was a British stage and movie actress, dancer, pianist and singer. She was the daughter of Welsh actor Mervyn Johns. 

She was best known for her role as Desiree Armfeldt in *A Little Night Music* on Broadway. She won a Tony Award for this role. She played Winifred Banks in Walt Disney's musical motion picture box office smash, *Mary Poppins*.

On 5 October 2023, Glynis Johns turned 100. She died three months later at a nursing home in Los Angeles, California on 4 January 2024.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Glynis Johns images
* Glynis Johns at the Disney Legends website
The Frozen Ground

***The Frozen Ground*** is a 2013 American crime movie based on a true story. It tells the story of a woman who helped to catch serial killer Robert Hansen in 1983. Hansen murdered 17 young women, and kidnapped and raped at least 30 others, in Alaska during the 1970s and early 1980s.

The movie guest stars James Maslow as Daniel O' Brian and Kendall Schmidt as Riley McKessie.

The movie was released August 23, 2013 in North America. The reviews of the movie were mixed.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Frits Thors

**Alexander Frederik Paul** "**Frits**" **Thors** (13 September 1909 &ndash; 19 April 2014) was a Dutch journalist and television and news anchor. He was best known for being the newscaster of the NTS-Journaal from 1965 until 1972.

Thors was born in on 13 September 1909 in Amsterdam, North Holland. He retired in 1979.

Thors died from natural causes on 19 April 2014 in Laren, North Holland. He was 104.

## References
Saint Valentine's Day massacre

The '''Saint Valentine's Day massacre''' was a mass murder that took place in Chicago, Illinois, United States, on the morning of 14 February 1929. It was the most infamous event in the history of crime in the United States.

## Background 
Al Capone was the most powerful bootlegger in Chicago. By 1929 he had eliminated several of his rival crime bosses. The last one on his "list" was Bugs Moran. Capone was trying to appear as if he was retired to Florida. So Capone didn't want to be seen as starting another gang war. Seven of Moran's men were there to inspect the load. A police car pulled up outside the building and several of Capone's men dressed in Chicago police uniforms went in and pretended to arrest Moran's men. Moran himself was just arriving when he saw the police car and escaped. Most of the killers McGurn hired were from out of town. Police departments from different cities rarely could work together to solve crimes at that time. So the killers knew if they simply left Chicago after the massacre nobody could touch them. These were complete with detailed photographs of the murders. At first many thought the Chicago police had committed the massacre. But most people in Chicago thought Al Capone was behind the murders. Capone was sent to Alcatraz for eleven years. When he was finally released he was too sick to continue his crime career. He died in 1947. Prohibition was repealed in 1933 which almost stopped bootlegging.

## Notes 
## References
Pope Alexander I

**Alexander I** served as the sixth Pope of the Catholic Church; the official title is the Bishop of Rome.  His years of service can only be approximated to be ca. 109-116 C.E.  

Early sixth-century writings attribute Alexander with inserting the words now used in the Holy Eurachist or Holy Communion of the Catholic Mass.  These words are taken from the New Testament and are said to be the words of Jesus Christ at the Last Supper.  He is also said to have started the practice of the blessing of homes with holy water, water blessed by the Pope or any priest.

He was made a Saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on May 3.

## Reference
Pope Sixtus I

Pope **Sixtus I** (also known as Xystus) was the sixth successor to Saint Peter as the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.  He served from approximately 116-125 C.E.

He decreed that the people should chant with the priest during the Sanctus at the Holy Communion section of the Catholic Mass.

He is considered a Saint by the Catholic Church.  He died a martyr.  His feast day is April 3 or 6.

## Reference
William Roache

**William Patrick Roache** OBE (born 25 April 1932) is an English actor. He is best known for portraying the role of Ken Barlow in the British ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* since its first episode on 9 December 1960.

## Early life
Roache was born in Basford, Nottinghamshire. He grew up in Ilkeston, Derbyshire.

## Career
Roache played the leading role in a Granada Television play called *Marking Time*. It was shown on ITV in 1961. In a 2007 interview, Roache said, "Tony Warren, who created *Coronation Street*, saw it and thought I was right for Ken Barlow." In 2008, Roache's autobiography *Soul on the Street* was published.

## Personal life
Roache lives in Wilmslow, Cheshire. He supports the Conservative Party.

## Sex crime charges
On 1 May 2013, Roache was arrested at his home on suspicion of raping a 15-year-old girl in the 1960s.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mad Men

***Mad Men*** (July 19, 2007 &ndash; May 17, 2015) is an American television drama series created and produced by Matthew Weiner. The series premiered on July 19, 2007 on the American cable television network AMC. The seventh and final season had 14 episodes that will be split into two seven-episode parts. These begin airing in early 2014 and early 2015. The first half of the final season premiered on April 13, 2014, and the second half of the final season ended on May 17, 2015. 

*Mad Men* is set in the 1960s. The scene is the fictional Sterling Cooper advertising agency on Madison Avenue in New York City. Later it becomes the newly created company, Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (later Sterling Cooper & Partners). According to the show's pilot, the phrase "Mad men" was a slang term started in the 1950s by advertisers working on Madison Avenue to refer to themselves. This claim has since been denied. The main character is Don Draper (Jon Hamm), creative director at Sterling Cooper and a founding partner at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. The plot focuses on the business of the advertising agency as well as the personal lives of the characters.

*Mad Men* has received widespread critical acclaim, particularly for its historical authenticity, visual style, costume design, acting, writing, and directing. The show has won many awards, including fifteen Emmys and four Golden Globes. It is the first basic cable series to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, winning it in each of its first four seasons. In 2013, *TV Guide* ranked it sixth in its list of the sixty greatest dramas of all time. It was ranked seventh in a list of the 101 best-written TV series of all time by the Writers Guild of America.

## References
North Ostrobothnia

**Northern Ostrobothnia**, *Pohjois-Pohjanmaa* is a region in Finland. Regions around of Northern Ostrobothnia are Finnish Lapland, Kainuu, Northern Savonia, Central Finland and Central Ostrobothnia.

As of November 2013 there were over 400,000 people living there. It is one of the largest regions in Finland.

## Other websites 
* Webpages
Kymenlaakso

**Kymenlaakso** is a region in Finland. As of November 2013, there were over 180,000 people living there. Neighbouring regions are Uusimaa, Päijänne Tavastia, Southern Savonia and South Karelia.

Municipalities in the region are Hamina, Iitti, Kotka, Kouvola, Miehikkälä, Pyhtää and Virolahti. Kymenlaakso was one most earliest industrialized areas in Finland, since around the 1800s.

## Other websites 
* Webpages
Rum-running

:*This article is about the transportation of illegal liquor. For the computer use of the term bootlegging see Copyright infringement of software.*

**Rum-running**, or **bootlegging**, is the illegal business of taking alcoholic beverages where they are against the law. It is usually done to evade taxation or prohibition laws.

*Rum-running* usually means smuggling over water. The term is thought to come from the start of the Prohibition era in the United States. This is when ships from Bimini in the western Bahamas transported cheap rum to Florida to be sold illegally. But there was little profit in cheap rum. They soon started smuggling Canadian whisky, French champagne, and English gin to major cities like New York City and Boston. This gave them a high profit. It was said that some ships carried $200,000 worth of alcohol in a single trip.

*Bootlegging* usually means smuggling over land. It is thought the term "bootlegging" started during the American Civil War. Soldiers would sneak liquor into army camps by hiding bottles of liquor in their boots or under their trouser legs.

## References
South Savo

**Southern Savonia** or **South Savo** is a region in Finland. Neighbouring regions are Central Finland, Päijänne Tavastia, Northern Savonia, North Karelia, Kymenlaakso and South Karelia.

There are three cities in Southern Savonia: Mikkeli, Pieksämäki and Savonlinna.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Satakunta

**Satakunta** is a region in western Finland. As of November 2013, there were almost 225,000 people living there. Neighbouring regions are Southwest Finland, Pirkanmaa, Southern Ostrobothnia and  Ostrobothnia.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Burnaby

**Burnaby** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The population of Burnaby was 249,125 in 2021. The mayor of Burnaby is Mike Hurley.

The city was named after Robert Burnaby, a legislator, speaker, Freemason and explorer. The largest commercial mall in British Columbia, is Metropolis at Metrotown is located in Burnaby.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Árpád Prandler

**Árpád Prandler** (23 February 1930 &ndash; 5 February 2014) was a Hungarian professor of international law and a jurist. From 1952 he taught at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest. He served as an ad litem Judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (2006–2013). The court is based in The Hague, Netherlands. Prandler died on 5 February 2014, at the age of 83.

## Diplomat 
Between 1963 and 1968 Prandler was the counselor to the Hungarian delegation to the United Nations in New York. From 1976 he was appointed a special ambassador. From 1995 to 2002 he was a leader of the Hungarian delegation. He took part in the in the International Criminal Court. He was elected to the UN General Assembly and was the chairman of the legal committee. In 2005 UN General Assembly established a committee to investigate war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia. Prandler was a key part of the process.

## Selected works
**Az ENSZ Biztonsági Tanácsa.* Budapest: Közgazdasági és Jogi. 1974.
**Nemzetközi szervezetek és intézmények.* ed. Prandler, Árpád. Budapest: Aula. 2001.  (co-author)
**Nemzetközi szervezetek és intézmények.* ed. Prandler, Árpád. Second edition. Budapest: Aula. 2005.  (co-author)

## References
### Sources
*MTI Ki Kicsoda 2006, Magyar Távirati Iroda, Budapest, 2005, p.&nbsp;1390.
*Prandler Árpád életrajta a Nemzetközi Törvényszék honlapján
*Az Index cikke Prandler hágai bíróvá történt megválasztásáról
Joseph Stiglitz

**Joseph Eugene Stiglitz**, ForMemRS, FBA (born February 9, 1943) is an American economist and a professor of Jewish descent. He works at Columbia University.

He won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) and the John Bates Clark Medal (1979). He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank, and is a former member, and Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. He won the Nobel Prize for discovering that some things happen in the economy because some people know more things than others.

He is known for his critical view of the management of globalization, free-market economists (whom he calls "free market fundamentalists"), and some international institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

## References
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites
* josephstiglitz.com
* Joseph E. Stiglitz at Columbia University
** Joseph Stiglitz  committee chair profile at Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University
* Information and the Change in the Paradigm in Economics 2001 lecture at NobelPrize.org
* Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
* Publications at the National Bureau of Economic Research
Robert Horton

**Robert Horton** (**Meade Howard Horton, Jr.**, July 29, 1924 &ndash; March 9, 2016) was an American television actor. Horton was known for his role as Flint McCullough in the NBC western show *Wagon Train*. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Horton died at a clinic in Los Angeles, California on March 9, 2016. He was aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Official site
Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)

**Stuart McPhail Hall** (3 February 1932 – 10 February 2014) was a Jamaican-born cultural theorist and sociologist.

Hall, with Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams, was one of the founding figures of British Cultural Studies. He was President of the British Sociological Association 1995–97. In the 1950s Hall was a founder of the influential *New Left Review*.

Hall become a Professor of Sociology at the Open University. Hall retired from the Open University in 1997 and was a Professor Emeritus. British newspaper *The Observer* called him "one of the country's leading cultural theorists".

Hall died on 10 February 2014, from complications following kidney failure a week after his eighty second birthday.

## Related pages
*List of sociologists from Europe

## References
## Other websites
* Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson
* John O'Hara interview with Stuart Hall for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Doubletake program, originally broadcast 5 May 1983: *The Narrative Construction of Reality - Stuart Hall *. Republished in centerforbookculture.org's "Context" online edition, No. 10. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
* Mitchell, Don. Chapter 24: Stuart Hall. In: *Key Thinkers on Space and Place*. Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin, Gill Valentine (2004), pp.&nbsp;160ff. .
* Marxist Media Theory
* A brief biography
Antonio Gramsci

**Antonio Gramsci** (; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian writer, politician, political theorist, philosopher, sociologist, and linguist. He was a founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime.

Gramsci was one of the most important Marxist thinkers in the 20th century. He is a notable figure within modern European thought and his writings analyze culture and political leadership called "hegemony". He is known for his theory of cultural hegemony, which describes how states use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist societies.

## Related pages
*List of sociologists from Europe

## References
## Other websites
* Gramsci's writings at MIA
* The International Gramsci Society
* "Notes on Language". *TELOS*
* Fondazione Instituto Gramsci
* Special issue of International Socialism journal with a collection on Gramsci's legacy 
* Roberto Robaina: Gramsci and revolution: a necessary clarification
* Dan Jakopovich: Revolution and the Party in Gramsci's Thought: A Modern Application
Raymond Williams

**Raymond Henry Williams** (31 August 1921 &ndash; 26 January 1988) was a Welsh academic, novelist and critic.

He was an important person in the New Left movement and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the mass media and literature are a significant contribution to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts.

Some 750,000 copies of his books have sold in UK editions alone and there are many translations available. His work laid the foundations for the field of cultural studies and the cultural materialist approach.

## References
## Further reading
* Pinkney, Tony, editor. *Raymond Williams*. Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan, England: Seren Books, 1991.
* Politics and Letters (London, New Left Books, 1979) gives the author's own account of his life and work
* Smith, Dai. ''Raymond Williams: A Warrior's Tale*. Cardigan: Parthian, 2008.
* Stevenson, Nick. *Culture, Ideology, and Socialism: Raymond Williams and E.P. Thompson*. Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1995.
*Tredell, Nicolas. *Uncancelled Challenge: the work of Raymond Williams''. Nottingham: Paupers' Press, 1990. 
* Ward, J. P.  *Raymond Williams* in the Writers of Wales series.  University of Wales Press, 1981.
* Williams, Daniel, editor. *Who Speaks for Wales?: Nation, Culture, Identity*, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003.

## Other websites
*The Raymond Williams Society
*Museum of Broadcast Communications article about Raymond Williams 
*Maurice Cowling on Raymond Williams
*Selections from *Keywords* 
*Raymond Williams Centre for Recovery Research
*Raymond Williams page at *The Literary Encyclopedia*
*Raymond Williams Worldcat Identity
Yelburga

**Yelburga** is a panchayat town in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is part of the Koppal district. Yelburga is located in the northern part of Karnataka. The town is known for its agriculture and many people here grow crops like jowar, groundnut and cotton. It has a mix of rural and semi-urban features, with small markets and schools.

The town also has some historical temples and structures, which show the cultural heritage of the area. People in Yelburga mostly speak Kannada, the official language of Karnataka.

In the 2001 census of India, Yelburga had a population of 11,437. Over the years, the population has increased, and the town has developed better roads, schools and public services.

Yelburga is connected to other towns and cities by road and Koppal is the nearest major town for trade education and healthcare.

Villages in Yelburga include:
* Vangera
* Vanjabhavi
* Watparvi
* Yadiapur
* Yapaldinni
* Yarihanchinal
* Yeddoni

## References
Kushtagi

**Kushtagi**  is a municipality in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is part of the Koppal district.  

Historically city gets its name by a disease called kushta roga in Kannada. It is believed British rulers used this village as a camp to separate out and keep the deceased people here.

In the 2001 census, Kushtagi had a population of 21,180.

Kushtagi is well connected by road to Bangalore, Hubli, Raichur, Bagalkot and other major cities. The nearest major airport is in Hubli. Koppal and Hospet have the nearest railway stations to Kushtagi.

Villages in the Kushtagi area include:
* Vanageri
* Varikal
* Virupapur
* Yelbunchi
* Yelburthi
* Yerigeri
* Zhoolkunti
* Zhunjalkoppa

Though India got independence from British. It was under Nizams of Hyderabad when rest of the India was struggling for independence. Nizams continued to rule it even post Independent India And kushtagi had to carry a seperate fight to get its independence.

## References
Koppal

**Koppal** () is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the capital of the 
Koppal district. Koppal was an important town in the history of Karnataka. It contains historical temples and ruins.

Koppal is surrounded by many smaller villages, such as Wanballary, Yettinhatti and Yelamgera.

## References
Pål Skjønberg

**Pål Eugen Bucher Skjønberg** (20 October 1919 &ndash; 3 February 2014) was a Norwegian actor. He was born in Stavanger. He was the son of actors Eugen and Henny Skjønberg. He started acting in 1946. He retired in 1991.

Skjønberg died on 3 February 2014, aged 94. He was outlived by his two children with actress, Elisabeth Bang.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gangawati

**Gangawati** (or **Gangavati**, ) is a town, municipality and taluk in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is part of the Koppal district.

In the 2001 census of India, Gangawati had a population of 93,249. Over the years, the town has grown significantly, with improvements in education, business and infrastructure.

Gangawati is known for being close to Hampi, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Hampi was once the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire and is famous for its ancient temples and monuments. It is located about 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) south-west of Gangawati, making the town an important stop for tourists visiting Hampi.

The economy of Gangawati is mainly based on agriculture, especially the cultivation of paddy (rice), cotton, and pulses. The area has many rice mills and is a trading hub for nearby villages and farmers.

Villages in Gangawati include:
* Varankhed
* Vipra
* Virupapuragaddi
* Yemmigudda
These villages contribute to the rural economy and culture of the region. Gangawati also has a mix of Kannada and Telugu-speaking communities and festivals like Dasara, Deepavali and Ugadi are celebrated widely.

## References
Shirley Temple (drink)

A **Shirley Temple** is a non-alcoholic mixed drink made with lemon lime soda and a splash of ginger and  grenadine, mixed with a maraschino cherry. Modern Shirley Temple recipes may substitute lemon-lime soda in part, or in whole, for ginger ale. Shirley Temples are often served to children dining with adults in lieu of real cocktails, as is the similar Roy Rogers.

The cocktail may have been invented in the 1930s by a bartender at Chasen's, a restaurant in Beverly Hills, California, to serve then child actress Shirley Temple (1928&ndash;2014). However, other claims to its origin have been made. For the cocktail version of this, Shirley Temple Black (after she got married), replace ginger ale with alcoholic ginger beer, and add dark rum (or white rum and Maraschino liqueur).

## References
North Karelia

**North Karelia** () is a part of Karelia and a region in eastern Finland. Neighbouring regions are Northern Savonia, Southern Savonia, Kainuu and  South Karelia.

There is lot of fresh water in this region. Pielinen is the largest lake.

## Municipalities 
Pohjois-Karjala has 13 municipalities. 5 of those are cities (marked bold).

* Heinävesi
* Ilomantsi
* **Joensuu**
* Juuka
* **Kitee**
* Kontiolahti
* **Lieksa**
* Liperi
* **Nurmes**
* **Outokumpu**
* Polvijärvi
* Rääkkylä
* Tohmajärvi

## Other websites 
* Official website
Team Dresch

**Team Dresch** is an American punk rock band. Donna Dresch started the band in 1993. In 1995 they released their first album *Personal Best*. In 1996 they released their second album *Captain My Captain*. After this Kaia Wilson and Melissa York left the band to start another band called The Butchies.

The band broke up in 1998. In 2004 they got back together. In May 2010 the band played two shows at Ladyfest Brazil.

All of the members have been openly lesbian since the band started.
South Karelia

**South Karelia** () is a part of Karelia and a region in Finland. Neighbouring regions are Kymenlaakso, Southern Savonia, and North Karelia.

Transportation: Freight trains from Russia are coming (as of 2024) thru the border village Vainikkala.

## Municipalitiest 
Etelä-Karjala has 9 municipalities. 2 of those are cities (marked bold).
* **Imatra**
* Parikkala
* Rautjärvi
* Ruokolahti
* **Lappeenranta**
* Lemi
* Luumäki
* Savitaipale
* Taipalsaari

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Pelkosenniemi

**Pelkosenniemi** is a municipality in Finnish Lapland, Finland. It had almost 1,000 people living there in August 2013. It has the smallest population among municipalities in Lapland. The municipalities next to it are Kemijärvi, Rovaniemi, Salla, Savukoski, and Sodankylä.

## Villages
Aapajärvi, Arvospuoli, Kairala, Kiemunkivaara, Luiro, Pelkosenniemi, Pyhäjärvi, Saunavaara and Suvanto.

## Other websites 
* The official Pelkosenniemi page
Harriet Martineau

**Harriet Martineau** (12 June 1802 – 27 June 1876) was an English social theorist and writer. She is often called the first female sociologist.

She wrote only one book, but many essays. The essays were sociological,  religious, domestic, sexual themes, with a feminine perspective. She also translated various works from Auguste Comte. She earned enough to be supported entirely by her writing.

A young Princess Victoria, (later Queen Victoria), enjoyed reading Martineaus's publications. The Queen invited Martineau to her coronation in 1838 – an event which Martineau described, in great and amusing detail, to her many readers. Martineau has said of her own approach to writing: "when one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious, and social institutions". She believed a thorough analysis was necessary to understand woman's status under men.

One writer said "as a born lecturer and politician she [Martineau] was less affected by her sex than perhaps any other, male or female, of her generation". Often described as having a masculine intellect and body, Martineau introduced feminist perspectives in her writing on otherwise overlooked issues such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.

## Related pages
*List of sociologists from Europe

## References
Josephine Butler

**Josephine Elizabeth Butler** (*née* **Grey**; 13 April 1828 – 30 December 1906) was an English feminist and social reformer in the Victorian era. She campaigned for women's suffrage, the right of women to better education, the end of coverture in British law, the abolition of child prostitution, and an end to human trafficking of young women and children into European prostitution.

## Personal life
She was a Christian. Josephine married George Butler in 1852.

## References
Kuhmo

**Kuhmo** is a town in the region of Kainuu, Finland. In August 2013, it had a population of about 9,200.

## Other websites 
* The official Kuhmo page
Ondřej Pavelec

**Ondřej Pavelec** (born August 31, 1987) is a Czech former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of eleven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Atlanta Thrashers, Winnipeg Jets, and New York Rangers.

He also played for Bílí Tygři Liberec of the Czech Extraliga (ELH) and Lahti Pelicans of the Liiga (SM-l).

## Career
Before playing the NHL, Pavelec played 2 seasons with the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). During his time with Cape Breton, Pavelec was able to win the Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy for having the lowest GAA in the league, the Raymond Lagacé Trophy for defensive rookie of the year and the RDS Cup for rookie of the year.

He was drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers with the 41st overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. He played 7 games with the Thrashers and was sent down to their AHL affiliate team, the Chicago Wolves. During that season with the Wolves, Pavelec helped them win a Calder Cup. He spent 5 seasons between both the Wolves and Thrashers.

On October 8, 2010, during a game against the Washington Capitals, Pavelec collapsed and lost consciousness. He was stretchered off the ice and was taken to the hospital. The doctors said that the cause of the collapse was neurocardiogenic syncope and that he had suffered a concussion when his head hit the ice earlier. He was released from the hospital on October 11, 2010.

On 20 September 2018, Pavelec announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites
*