open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Barbie Girl

**"Barbie Girl"** is a dance-pop hit song from the Danish music group Aqua. The single was released in 1997. Its lyrics are about Barbie and Ken, the toys from Mattel. 

The song was very popular. It was #1 across the music charts of certain countries. It was in the Top 20 charts in the United States. 

*Barbie Girl* also caused controversy at various times, and in 1998 Mattel sued Aqua's record company for copyright infringement. 

## References
Mount Monadnock

**Mount Monadnock**, or **Grand Monadnock**, is a mountain in the New England state of New Hampshire. Authors such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau wrote about the mountain, so it is well-known. It is the highest mountain  between the White Mountains of New Hampshire and the Massachusetts Berkshires. It is the highest point in Cheshire County, New Hampshire. Monadnock is one of the most popular mountains to climb in the world.

At , Mount Monadnock is nearly 1,000 feet (300 m) higher than any mountain within . It is 2,000 feet (600 m) above the nearby land. Mount Monadnock is in the towns of Jaffrey and Dublin, New Hampshire.

The term "monadnock" is used by American geologists to describe any single mountain formed when erosion removes softer rock and leaves harder rock behind. This is called an *inselberg* in other parts of the world.

Monadnock's bare, isolated, and rocky summit gives people wide, clear views. The mountain is clear mostly because of fires set by early settlers. The first major fire in 1800 cleared trees the lower parts of the mountain to make pasture for animals. More fires and hurricane damaged the forest more. Between 1810 and 1820, local farmers thought that wolves were living in the forest and set the mountain on fire again. The fire burned hot and powerfully for weeks. It destroyed the topsoil and removed trees and plants mountain above .

## Name
The word "monadnock" comes from the Abenaki language. It means something like "mountain that stands alone."

## Trails
Mount Monadnock has many miles of clearly marked hiking trails. Two trails are most popular. The *White Dot Trail,*  is the shortest but steepest way to the top. It starts from the Monadnock State Park headquarters and campground on the southeast side of the mountain. The *White Arrow Trail,*  is the easier way to the top. There are also several other trails. The Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests prints a complete guidebook with maps, trail descriptions, history, geology, ecology, and other information about the mountain. The state and the town of Jaffrey also own portions of the mountain.

## References
## Other websites
* NH Division of Parks & Recreation: Monadnock State Park 
* Mount Monadnock State Park Trail Map 
* Monadnock Conservancy
* Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests
* 
* U.S. Congress *New England National Scenic Trail Designation Act* 
* Antioch University New England's Monadnock Ecological Research and Education Project
* History, photos, trails and points of interest on the mountain. 

### Trails
* Metacomet-Monadnock Trail 
* Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway Trail Club
* Maps, Trails and More Information
Watchmaker analogy

The **Watchmaker analogy** is a teleological argument. In simple terms, it states that because there is a design, there must be a designer. The analogy is important in natural theology where it is used to show the existence of God as well as supporting the idea of intelligent design. William Paley (1743 – 1805) gave one of the best known explanations for this in his book *Natural Theology*, published in 1802: "Anyone finding a pocket watch in a field will recognise that it was designed intelligently; living beings are similarly complex, and must be the work of an intelligent designer". In 1859, Charles Darwin provided another explanation for this complexity; according to Darwin, this complexity is a result of continuing adaptation. Paley was not the first to use the analogy, though. Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle is generally credited for this, when he used it in his work *Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds*, published in 1686.

There are three main points of criticism against the Watchmaker analogy: 
#Complexity does not necessarily require a designer; it can also come from *mindless* natural processes. David Hume gives the examples of a snowflake, and of the generation of crystals. These are mentioned in his works *Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion* and *An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding*. Other people have mentioned the Infinite monkey theorem.
#The watch is a bad analogy.
#The watchmaker is more complex than the watch. If complexity proves intelligent design, then the question arises who designed such a complex watchmaker.
Nikolai Evreinov

(1915)]]
**Nikolai Nikolayevich Evreinov** (; February 13, 1879 - September 7, 1953) was a Russian theatre director, dramatist and theatre practitioner. He was associated with the art movement known as Russian Symbolism.

## *The Storming of the Winter Palace* 
In 1920, Evreinov organised the mass spectacle *The Storming of the Winter Palace*.

## Other websites
Chantal Kreviazuk

**Chantal Jennifer Kreviazuk** (May 18, 1973, Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and recording artist. She has had many high charting songs in Canada and some in the United States. She also writes songs for others.

## Other websites
Jamaican Patois

**Jamaican Patois**, known as Patwa, Jamaican Creole or simply Jamaican, is an English-African Creole language spoken mostly in Jamaica and among the Jamaican diaspora.

## Formation of the language 
Jamaican Patois was developed in the 17th century with the arrival of West African slaves. Once they arrived in the island, they had to quickly learn and neutralize the dialectal forms of the English language. The slaves, just like in any region of the Caribbean rather speak their original tongue than learn the proper forms of the European languages of their masters.

### Irish influence 
Jamaican Creole draws an Irish phonetic sounds in some areas of Jamaica, however, the schools and education in Jamaica are based on the British English in the writing, reading and speech.

### African influence 
Jamaican Patois has African influences dating back to the 17th century. Its syntax, sounds, phonetics, grammar, and plenty of words show African influence in every aspect.

### Chinese and East Indian influence 
The Jamaican language has hundreds or thousands of words with origins of the Cantonese and the Indian languages, such as "Ganja" (Mariguana).

## References
Lou Rawls

**Louis Allen "Lou" Rawls** (December 1, 1933 - January 6, 2006) was an American singer. He made over 60 albums. He sold over 40 million copies of them. Rawls was born in Chicago. He was associated with a huge number of rhythm and blues songs.

## References
Don Rickles

**Donald Jay** "**Don**" **Rickles** (May 8, 1926 – April 6, 2017) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and author, best known for his role as Mr. Potato Head in *Toy Story*, *Toy Story 2*, and *Toy Story 3*. He was also known for being an on *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson*, and in *The Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts*.

## Early life
Rickles was born in Queens, New York on May 8, 1926 to Max Rickles, who immigrated to the United States in 1902, and to Etta (née Feldman), who was from New York City. Rickles' parents were of Jewish ancestry. Rickles was educated at American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

## Career
Rickles' career began in 1958 in *Run, Silent, Run Deep*. Since then Rickles has appeared in movies such as *Casino*, *Toy Story*, *Toy Story 2*, *Denice the Menace Strikes Again*, *Toy Story 3*, *Zookeeper*, *Toy Story 3*, and *Small Fry*.

### Influences and influenced
Rickles' primary influence was Milton Berle. Rickles and Berle appeared in *The Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts*. Rickles influenced Jay Leno, David Letterman, Dana Snyder, Howard Stern, Russell Peters, Dave Attell, Lisa Lampanelli, Jerry Seinfeld, Norm Macdonald, and Larry the Cable Guy.

## Personal life
Rickles married Barbara Sklar in 1965. They have two children; Larry Rickles (who died in 2011), and Mindy. Rickles also has 2 grandchildren who enjoy his role of Mr. Potato Head more than any other role Rickles ever had. Rickles currently lived in Los Angeles, California. He was a lifelong supporter of the Democratic Party.

### Death
Rickles died on April 6, 2017 of kidney failure in his home in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 90.

## Some movies he was in
* *The Rat Race* (1960)
* *Pajama Party* (1964)
* ''Kelly's Heroes* (1970)
* *Innocent Blood* (1992)
* *Toy Story* (1995) ... Mr. Potato Head (voice)
* *Dirty Work* (1998)
* *Quest for Camelot* (1998) ... Cornwall (voice)
* *Dennis the Menace Strikes Again* (1998)
* *Toy Story 2* (1999) ... Mr. Potato Head (voice)
* *Looney Tunes: Back in Action* (2003) ... Cornwall (voice)
* *Night of the Country* (2004)
* *The Last Laugh* (2006) (documentary)
* *Toy Story 3* (2010) ... Mr. Potato Head (voice)
* *Zookeeper* (2011) Jim the Bullfrog (voice)
* *Small Fry* (2011) (short movie) ... Mr. Potato Head (voice)
* *Toy Story 4* (2019) ... Mr. Potato Head (voice)

## Books
* *Rickles' Book: A Memoir by Don Rickles and David Ritz* (2007)
* *Rickles' Letters by Don Rickles and David Ritz* (2008)

## Discography
* *Hello Dummy!* (1968)
* *Don Rickles Speaks!'' (1969)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
*
Heather Tom

**Heather Marie Tom** (born November 4, 1975 in Illinois) is an American actress who acts primarily in soap operas. She represented Victoria Newman in the CBS soap *The Young and the Restless*. She also acted in other soap operas.

In August 2011, Tom said she was engaged to her partner of 15 years, James Achor. On September 17, 2011, the pair married. On May 19, 2012, it was said that the couple was expecting their first child together. Tom later said she was due around October and was expecting a boy.

Her sister, Nicholle Tom, is also an actress. Heather Tom was born in Hinsdale, Illinois.

## Filmography
## Awards (Won) 
### Daytime Emmy Awards
* (2012) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for *The Bold and the Beautiful*
* (2011) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for *The Bold and the Beautiful*
* (1999) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for *The Young and the Restless*
* (1993) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for *The Young and the Restless*

### Soap Opera Digest Awards
*(1997) Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Younger Lead Actress'* for *The Young and the Restless*

## Award (Nominated) 
### Daytime Emmy Awards
*(2008) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for *The Bold and the Beautiful*
*(2007) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for *One Life to Live
*(2005) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for *One Life to Live*
*(2004) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for *The Young and the Restless*
*(2000) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for *The Young and the Restless*
*(1998) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for *The Young and the Restless*
*(1997) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for *The Young and the Restless*
*(1996) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for *The Young and the Restless*
*(1995) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for *The Young and the Restless*
*(1994) Daytime Emmy Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series for *The Young and the Restless*

## References
Marla Gibbs

**Marla Gibbs** (born June 14, 1931 in Chicago) is an American comedian and actress. She played Florence Johnston on *The Jeffersons*. Then she played Mary Jenkins on the sitcom *227*. She also acts in movies.

## References
Everything She Wants

**"Everything She Wants"** is a 1984 song by music group Wham!. The song is about a man having trouble trying to satisfy the woman with whom he is having a relationship. The song has several versions, one lasting six and a half minutes. It has been sampled for other songs and covered by other musicians since its 1984 release.

## Track listing 
* Also released in a limited edition with a 1985 calendar (WQTA 4949)

*Note: Track 1 plays 7" remix but is labelled only as "Remix"

## Charts
### Weekly charts 
### Certifications and sales
## References
Soupy Sales

**Soupy Sales** (born **Milton Supman** January 8, 1926  October 22, 2009) was an American comedian and actor, who is best known for his role in the television series *Lunch With Soupy Sales* that lasted for a short moment. And from 1968 through 1975 Sales is known a regular rival in ''What's My Line?*. 

## Early life
Sales was born on January 8, 1926 in Franklinton, North Carolina to Irving and Sadie Supman. Sales had two brothers; Leonard Supman (dead), and Jack Supman. Sales was educated at Marshall College.

## Career
In 1949, Sales moved to Cincinnati, Ohio from where his career began in 1949 and since then he had appeared in over 100 television shows or radio broadcastings, and went on tours around the country and the world.

## Personal life and Death
Sales was married to Barbara Fox since 1950 until they divorced in 1970. Lastly he married Trudy Wilson since 1980 until his death in 2009. Sales had two children; Tony and Hunt Sales who are both rock musicians.

## Movies
* *The Two Little Bears* (1961)
* *Critic's Choice* (1963)
* *Birds Do It* (1966)
* *Don't Push It, I'll Charge When I'M Ready* (1977)
* *Superman II* (1983) (cameo appearance)
* *Saturday Supercade* (1983) (voice only)
* *And God Spoke: The Making Of...* (1993)
* *Palmer's Pick Up* (1999)
* *A Little Bit of Lipstick* (2000)
* *Behind the Seams* (2000)
* *This Train* (2001)
* *The Innocent and the Damned* (2005)
* *Angels with Angels'' (2005)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Louis Pierre Vieillot

**Louis Pierre Vieillot** (10 May 1748, Yvetot - 1831, Rouen) was a French ornithologist.

Vieillot  a large number of birds for the first time. These included birds he saw during the time he spent in the West Indies and North America. 26 genera and 32 species of North American birds were first described by him. Most of the well-known North American birds, such as the Wild Turkey, the Pintail, the Cedar Waxwing, and the Scarlet Tanager, were given their scientific names by him.

## References
Heinrich Boie

**Heinrich Boie** (May 4, 1784, Meldorf, Holstein – September 4, 1827) was a German zoologist. He and his brother Friedrich Boie  49 new species of reptiles and several new species of amphibians.

Boie studied law at Kiel and Göttingen. At university he became interested in natural history through the lectures of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and Friedrich Tiedemann. He became Coenraad Jacob Temminck's assistant at Leiden. In 1825 he traveled to Java with Salomon Muller to collect  for the museum. He died there of gall fever.

## References
* Husson, A.M., L.B. Holthuis, 1955, *The dates of publication of "Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen" edited by C. J. Temminck*, Zoologische Mededelingen, Vol. 34, p.&nbsp;17-24 PDF
Old World warbler

An "**Old World warbler**" is the name used to  one of a large group of birds that used to be in the bird family **Sylviidae**. The family held over 400 species in over 70 genera, and was the source of much taxonomic . Two families were separated later, the Cisticolidae and the Regulidae. In the past ten years they have been  and many species are now put into other families. These families include the Acrocephalidae, Cettiidae, Phylloscopidae, and Megaluridae.

## Characteristics
Most Old World warblers are of generally unseparate appearances. The sexes are often . However, some may be different, especially in the genus *Sylvia*. They are of small to medium size, from 9 to 16 centimeters in length. Their bills are small and pointed. Almost all species are mostly insectivorous. However, some will also eat fruit, nectar, or small seeds.

Most of the species are monogamous and build simple, cup-shaped nests in plants. They lay between two and six eggs each time, depending on species. Both parents help in raising the young, which are able to fly at around two weeks of age.

## References
Roscoe Lee Browne

**Roscoe Lee Browne** (May 2, 1922 &ndash; April 11, 2007) was an American television, stage, voice, and movie actor, narrator, and director. He was known for his deep voice.

## Early life
Browne was born in Woodbury, New Jersey. His parents were Sylvanus S. Browne and Lovie Lee Usher. He was African American. Browne was educated at Lincoln University, an historically black university. He graduated in 1946.

## Career
Browne's career began in 1964 in the movie *Black Like Me*. His career has lasted 43 years. He has appeared in over 100 movies.

## Death
Browne was never married. He died on April 11, 2007, from stomach cancer in Los Angeles, California.

## Movies
* *Black Like Me* (1964)
* ''Graham Greene's The Comedians* (1967)
* *Up Tight!* (1968)
* *Topaz* (1969)
* *The Liberation of L.B. Jones* (1970)
* *The Cowboys* (1972)
* *Cisco Pike* (1972)
* *The World's Greatest Athlete* (1973)
* *Super Fly T.N.T.* (1973)
* *Uptown Saturday Night* (1974)
* *Logan's Run* (1976)
* *Twilight's Last Gleaming* (1977)
* *Nothing Personal* (1980)
* *Legal Eagles* (1986)
* *Jumpin' Jack Flash* (1986)
* *Moon 44* (1990)
* *The Mamboo Kings* (1992)
* *Naked in New York* (1993)
* *Hamlet* (2000)
* *Morgan's Ferry* (2001)
* *Treasure Planet* (2002)
* *Unchained Memories'' (2003)

## Awards and honors
* Obie Award (1965) for Best Performance.
* Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Awards (1970) for Best Actor.
* Emmy Award (1986) for Best Guest Star
* Browne was added to the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame in 1977.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Paik Sun-yup

**Paik Sun-yup** (, Hanja 白善燁, November 23, 1920 &ndash; July 10, 2020) was a South Korean soldier, politician and diplomat.

Paik was an army commander in the Korean War.

Paik died on July 10, 2020 in Seoul at the age of 99.

## References 
## Further reading
*Paik, Sun Yup. ''From Pusan to Panmunjom: Wartime Memoirs of the Republic of Korea's First Four-Star General.'' Riverside, New Jersey: Brassey 

## Other websites
* http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b09b0802a
The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne

***The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne***, or just ***The Natural History of Selborne*** is a book written by pioneering English naturalist and ornithologist Gilbert White. It was first published in 1789. It has continued to be printed since then, with nearly 300 editions up to Thames & Hudson's *The Illustrated Natural History of Selborne* in 2007.

## References
Lesser roadrunner

The **lesser roadrunner** (*Geococcyx velox*) is one of the two species of roadrunner. It looks a lot like the other roadrunner species, the greater roadrunner, but is smaller and has a shorter beak. It is found in Mexico and Central America. 

It is large and slender and has long legs. The lesser roadrunner's wings and tail are covered with black, brown and white feathers, and it has a yellowish-white belly. It is 12 to 20 inches in length, and weighs around 8 to 15 ounces. The lesser roadrunner has zygodactyl feet, meaning it has two toes on the back of its feet and two toes on the front.

## Where they live
The lesser roadrunner is found in deserts of southwestern Mexico, and northern Central America.

## Behavior
Even though the lesser roadrunner can fly, it spends most of its time on the ground. Sometimes it flies to escape predators. It can run up to 20 miles per hour (32 km per hour). The lesser roadrunner makes its nest out of sticks and leaves, and sometimes snakeskin. It lays around 2-6 eggs at a time. Both parents, the mother and the father, take care of the nest and feed the hatchlings, but the males guard the nest at night time and the females guard the nest are day. Once the young hatch they stay with their parents for around 1 to 2 weeks. Then they leave by themselves and never return to the nest.

## Feeding
The lesser roadrunner is an omnivore, meaning it eats both meat and plants. They eat mainly seeds,fruits, reptiles like lizards and snakes, insects like grasshoppers and beetles, rodents and other small mammals, scorpions, spiders, frogs, other birds and eggs. Since it is very fast the lesser roadrunner is one of the very few animals which eat rattlesnakes.
Wheatus

**Wheatus** is an American alternative rock band from Northport, New York. Wheatus has six members in the band; the current band members are Brendan B. Brown, Matthew Milligan, Kevin Joaquin Garcia, Karlie Bruce, Gabrielle Aimée Sterbenz and Mark Palmer.

The band was formed in 1995 by lead singer Brendan B. Brown. The band is probably best known for their 2000 hit song, "Teenage Dirtbag" from their self-titled debut album. Their song "Punk Ass Bitch" was also used as the ending theme for Jackie Chan Adventures. They released their self-titled debut album "*Wheatus*" on August 15, 2000. They are currently signed to Montauk Mantis which the band created after leaving Sony Records. They released their third studio album "*Too Soon Monsoon*" on October 18, 2005.

## Band members
;Current
*Brendan B. Brown – lead vocals, guitar (1995-present)
*Matthew Milligan – bass guitar (2006-present)
*Kevin Joaquin Garcia – drums (2006-present)
*Karlie Bruce – backing vocals (2008-2011, 2011-present)
*Gabrielle Aimée Sterbenz – backing vocals (2011-present)
*Mark Palmer - keyboards (2011-present)

;Former
*Peter McCarrick Brown – drums (1995–2006)
*Philip Jimenez – keyboards, percussion (1995-2003)
*Rich Liegey – bass (1995-2000)
*Mike Joseph McCabe – bass (2000–2005)
*Elizabeth Grace Brown – backing vocals (2002-2007)
*Kathryn Elizabeth Froggatt – backing vocals (2002-2006)
*Shannon Patrick Harris – keyboards (2002–2004)
*Vanessa Jimenez – backing vocals (2003)
*Michael Bellar – keyboards (2004–2005)
*Nicolas diPierro – bass (2005–2006)
*Gerard Charles Hoffmann – keyboards (2005–2011)
*Constance Renda – backing vocals (2006)
*Melissa "Missy" Heselton – backing vocals (2006-2007)
*Johanna Cranitch – backing vocals (2007-2011)
*Georgia Haege – backing vocals (2007-2008)
*Ken Flagg – keyboards (2011)
*Delaney Gibson – backing vocals (2011)
*Dani Elliott – backing vocals (2011)

## Discography
### Studio albums
**Wheatus* (2000)
**Hand Over Your Loved Ones* (2003)
**Too Soon Monsoon* (2005)
**The Valentine LP* (2013)

### EPs
**Lemonade* (2004)
**Live at XM* (2004)
**Pop, Songs & Death* (2009)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Kitty Wells

**Ellen Muriel Deason**, known by professional name **Kitty Wells** (August 30, 1919 – July 16, 2012), was an American country singer from Nashville who went under the nickname **The Queen of Country Music**. She had many country singles that hit number 1 on charts. One of them is from 1952, called "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels". Wells' death in 2012 was due to complications of a stroke.
Tarantula hawk

The **Tarantula hawk** is a type of spider wasp which hunts tarantulas as food for its larvae. The Tarantula hawk is any type of spider wasp which is in the genera *Pepsis* and *Hemipepsis* in the family Pompilidae (spider wasps).

## Description
Most species of Tarantula hawks are around 5 cm (2 inches) long, making it the largest type of wasp. They usually have a blue-black body and reddish-orange wings, but some have black wings. The color on their wings tells  predators that they are dangerous (aposematism). They have long legs which have hooked claws that are used for grabbing their prey. The sting of a female Tarantula hawk can be as long as 7 mm long; the stinger is said to be the second  most painful insect sting in the world.

## Behavior
When a female Tarantula hawk finds a tarantula it stings and paralyzes the tarantula. Then the wasp drags the tarantula to her burrow or takes it to a specially made nest, where it lays a single egg on the tarantula's abdomen. Once the egg hatches the larva makes a hole in the tarantula's abdomen. It then crawls into the tarantula and feeds on the insides. After a few weeks the larva pupates. After a while the wasp turns into an adult and comes out of the tarantula's abdomen. Tarantula hawks are also nectarivores, meaning they eat the nectar of flowers. Unlike the females, males do not hunt at tarantulas. Instead they feed on the nectar of flowers of milkweeds, western soapberry trees, or mesquite trees, which the females also feed on.

## Where they live
Tarantula hawks are found in India, southeast Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas. In the Americas they can be found as far north as Salt Lake City, Utah in the U.S.A to as far south as Argentina in South America. 250 species are found in South America, while many other species have been found in deserts of southwestern U.S.A.

## Sting 
The sting of this wasp is said to be the most painful insect sting in the world, but the pain lasts for only a few minutes. Not many people have been stung by a Tarantula hawk but people who have say that it is so painful that they can not think of doing anything but scream. Not many animals eat them, but one that can is the roadrunner. Many animals avoid Tarantula hawks because of their sting, so some insects mimic their looks. Many types of wasps, bees, flies, moths and beetles mimic the looks of the Tarantula hawk.
Under Siege

***Under Siege*** is a 1992 American military action thriller movie. It stars Tommy Lee Jones and Steven Seagal, the latter of whom stars as a Navy SEAL. *Under Siege* received very strong reception by critics: it brought Seagal right into the mainstream. It was released October 9, 1992. It's sequel is the 1995 movie *Under Siege 2: Dark Territory* also starring Seagal. 

## References
Marvin Hamlisch

**Marvin Frederick Hamlisch** (June 2, 1944 &ndash; August 6, 2012) was an American composer. He was born in Manhattan, New York City. He arranged the scores of lots of movies, including *The Sting* and ''Sophie's Choice*. He won an Academy Award, an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award, Grammy Awards, a Tony Award and a Pulitzer Prize. 

Hamlisch died from respiratory arrest complicated by hypertension in Los Angeles, California on August 6, 2012 at the age of 68.

## Awards
### Pulitzer Prize 
* 1975 Winner, *A Chorus Line* (Pulitzer Prize for Drama)

### Academy Awards 
* 1974 Winner, Best Original Dramatic Score – *The Way We Were*
* 1974 Winner, Best Original Song Score and/or Adaptation – *The Sting*
* 1974 Winner, Best Original Song – "The Way We Were" from *The Way We Were''

In 1974, Hamlisch became the second person to win three Academy Awards in the same evening, following Billy Wilder in 1961.

## References
Charlie Callas

**Charles Callas** (December 20, 1927  January 27, 2011) was an American actor and comedian. He worked with Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Mel Brooks, Dom DeLuise, Jerry Lewis, Milton Berle, and Don Rickles.

## Early life and career
Callas was born on December 20, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York. He served in the United States Army during World War II. After the war, Callas began his career in 1950. He appeared in over 100 television programs and 50 movies.

## Personal life
Callas was married to Evelyn Callas until her death in 2010. Callas had two sons, Mark Callas and Larry Callas.

### Death
Callas died on January 27, 2011 from natural causes in his Las Vegas, Nevada home. He was 83 years old. Callas is survived by his 2 sons. His remains were cremated.

## Filmography
* *The Big Mouth* (1967)
* *Switch* (TV) (1975  1977)
* *Silent Movie* (1976)
* ''Pete's Dragon* (voice) (1977)
* *High Anxiety* (1977)
* *The Carpenters...Space Encounters* (1978)
* *Legends of the Superheroes* (1979)
* *History of the World: Part 1* (1981)
* *Rooster* (1982)
* *Hysterical* (1983)
* *The Dom DeLuise Show* (TV) (1987)
* *Amazon Women on the Moon* (1987)
* *Silk Stalkings* (TV) (1993)
* *Dracula: Dead and Loving It* (1995)
* *Horrorween'' (2010)

## References
## Other websites
*
List of settlements in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

]]
]]
 city port in 1965]]

This is a list of **cities** and **towns** in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## References
Yuki Nagasato

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team. She used her name **Yuki Ogimi** (大儀見 優季) from 2012 to 2016. Her brother Genki Nagasato and sister Asano Nagasato are former footballers.

## Biography
Nagasato was born in Atsugi on July 15, 1987. In 2001, she was promoted to Nippon TV Beleza from the youth team. In the 2002 season, she debuted in Nadeshiko League. She became one of the division's top scorers in 2006 season. She also won the league championship 6 times (2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008). In 2010, Nagasato moved to Turbine Potsdam in Germany, where she won the Bundesliga's leading goal-scorer award. She also won the UEFA Champions League with that team. In 2013, she transferred to the English FA WSL club Chelsea. She joined Wolfsburg in early 2015 to play in a stronger league for the 2015 World Cup. In August 2015, Nagasato joined Frankfurt. On May 24, 2017 it was announced that she had signed with the Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), she appeared in only 6 games in 2017 due to injury. In 2018 she was named Player of the Week for week 10. In October 2018, Nagasato signed with Brisbane Roar on loan for the 2018–19 season. On September 10, 2020, Nagasato made history by becoming the first woman to play for Hayabusa Eleven, a men's team in the Kanagawa Prefecture League; she joined on loan until prior to the beginning of the 2021 NWSL season. On October 26, 2020, newly-formed club Racing Louisville FC announced Nagasato as one of their first signings for the 2021 season.

In April 2004, Nagasato was selected the Japan national team for Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament qualification. At this competition, on April 22, she debuted against Thailand. She was also part of Japan's 2008 Summer Olympic team and 2007 World Cup. Nagasato was part of the Japan squad that won the 2011 World Cup. She played as a substitute in the final against the United States. The game went to penalties and Nagasato had her penalty saved by Hope Solo, but Japan still emerged victorious.

Since 2016, she wore the number 10 shirt for Japan, after Homare Sawa retired at 2016 Summer Olympics qualifying. After the tournament, new Japan's manager Asako Takakura gave the number 10 to Mizuho Sakaguchi and Nagasato wore the number 9.

## Personal life
Nagasato married in July 2011 and changed her registered name from "Nagasato" to "Ogimi" before the 2012 Summer Olympics. Upon her divorce in 2016, she re-assumed her maiden name.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
List of cities in Costa Rica

]]
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This is a **list of cities in Costa Rica**.

## List of cities and towns by alphabetical order
## References
John Aniston

**John Aniston** (born **Yannis Anastasakis**; July 24, 1933 – November 11, 2022) was a Greek-American television and movie actor. He was the father of actress Jennifer Aniston. He is best known for his role as Victor Kiriakis in *Days of our Lives*. That started in 1985. Aniston's career lasted 60 years. He appeared in over 100 television programs and movies.

## Early life
Aniston was born in Chania, Crete, Greece to Stella Jones and to Antonios Anastasakis. Aniston went to Pennsylvania State University.

## Marriage and family
Aniston was married to Nancy Dow from 1965 until they divorced in 1980. Aniston has been married to Sherry Rooney since 1984. With Dow, Aniston had 1 daughter, Jennifer Aniston. With Rooney he had a son, Alexander Rooney.

## Selected filmography
**Starred in:**
* *Love of Life* (TV) (1975)
* *Search for Tomorrow* (TV) (1978  1974)
* *Days of Our Lives* (1985  2022)

**Guest starred in:**
* *Gilmore Girls*
* *Airwolf*
* *Combat*
* *My Big Fat Greek Life*
* *Star Trek: Voyager*
* *Mission: Impossible*
* *Mad Men*

## References
## Other websites
*
2012 Summer Olympics medal table

The **2012 Summer Olympics medal table** is a list of the medals won by athletes in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

## Medal table 
;Key
 Changes in medal standings (see below)

## References
## Other websites
* London 2012 – Official website 
* London 2012 Olympics – Official Medal Standings 
*London 2012 Olympics – Interactive Medal Standings (by country, sport, event, medal & athlete) from “The Hive Group”
Valmont

***Valmont*** is a 1989 drama movie starring Annette Bening. It is based on the French book ''''. This movie received an Academy Award nomination for the Best Costume Design.

## Sources
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Saki Kumagai

is a Japanese footballer. She plays for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Kumagai was born in Sapporo on October 17, 1990. After graduating from Tokiwagi Gakuen High School, she joined for Urawa Reds in 2009. The club won Nadeshiko League championship in 2009 season. In July 2011, she moved to German Bundesliga club Frankfurt. After she played 2 season, she moved to French Division 1 Feminine club Olympique Lyonnais in June 2013. Kumagai scored the decisive penalty for Lyon in the 2016 UEFA Champions League Final, following a player-of-the-match performance.

On March 7, 2008, when Kumagai was 17 years old, she debuted for the Japan national team against Canada. In August, Kumagai was selected for the Japan U-20 national team at the 2008 U-20 World Cup. In 2010, she played for the U-20 team as captain during the 2010 U-20 World Cup. In 2011, she was part of Japan's World Cup-winning team, scoring the winning penalty in the final against the United States. She was also in the squad at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2015 World Cup. Japan came second at both competitions. In January 2017, she was named Japan's captain by manager Asako Takakura. In 2018, Japan won the 2018 Asian Cup. She has played more than 100 games for Japan. On November 10, 2019, Kumagai scored her first ever goal in a friendly match for Japan in a 2–0 win against South Africa.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
List of cities in Colombia

, Capital of Colombia]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
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This article lists cities and towns in Colombia:

## References
Aya Sameshima

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
After playing for the Japan U-20 national team at the 2006 AFC U-19 Championship in 2006, Sameshima made her the full international debut on March 10, 2008, against Russia, and played in the 2008 Asian Cup that year, scoring the first goal in an 11–0 win over Chinese Taipei. In 2010, she played in the 2010 Asian Games, winning a gold medal as Japan won the tournament. In 2011, she was part of the Japan squad for the 2011 World Cup, playing in every match for the World Cup Champion Japanese team. She was part of the Japanese team that won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She also played in the 2015 World Cup and Japan won 2nd place. In 2018, she played at 2018 Asian Cup and won the championship. She played 103 games and scored 5 goals for Japan until 2019.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
Terraforming of Mars

The **terraforming of Mars** is an idea that humans can change the climate and surface of Mars. They would do this to make Mars a place where humans and other life forms from Earth could live. The project will  on the idea that the environment of a planet can be changed through artificial . There are a number of proposed s.

## Reasons for terraforming 
Mars is the most earthlike of all the other planets in our Solar System. It is also believed that Mars once had an Earth-like environment early in its history. Mars once had a thicker atmosphere and water. However, it disappeared over the course of hundreds of millions of years.

Future population growth and the demand for resources is necessary for human colonization of objects other than Earth, such as Mars and the Moon, and nearby planets. Space colonization will help harvest the Solar System's energy and material resources.

The terraforming of Mars can also be helpful in the survival of the human race. Many  extinction events could occur on Earth, such as the meteor thought to have killed off the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Earth's species, including humans, could live on Mars instead.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Recent Arthur C Clarke interview mentions terraforming 
*Red Colony
*Terraformers Society of Canada 
*Research Paper: Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars
*Peter Ahrens The Terraformation of Worlds 
*MARSDRIVE: Colonizing Mars. Red Colony parent organization planning the future exploration and colonization of planet Mars.
Jessica Capshaw

**Jessica Capshaw** (born August 9, 1976, Missouri) is an American movie actress. She is the stepdaughter of Steven Spielberg. She appeared in the ABC TV-series ''Grey's Anatomy''.

## References
## Other websites
*
Miho Fukumoto

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Fukumoto was born in Ibusuki on October 2, 1983. She joined for Okayama Yunogo Belle in 2001. She was selected Best Eleven 3 times (2006, 2012 and 2014). She played 259 matches for the club. In August 2016, she moved to INAC Kobe Leonessa. However she could hardly play in the match. In 2019, she moved to Chifure AS Elfen Saitama. In 2021, she moved to new club, Sanfrecce Hiroshima Regina.

In August 2002, Fukumoto was selected by the Japan U-20 national team for the 2002 U-19 World Championship. In October, she was selected by the Japan national team for the 2002 Asian Games. At this competition, on October 4, she debuted against Vietnam. She played in the World Cup 3 times (2007, 2011 and 2015) and at the Summer Olympics 2 times (2008 and 2012). Japan won the championship at the 2011 World Cup, came second in the 2015 World Cup and got a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. She played 81 games for Japan until 2016.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
Mars flyby

's flyby on a modern map]]
A **Mars flyby** is when a spacecraft passes near the planet Mars, but does not enter orbit or land on it. Unmanned (no humans on board) space probes have used this  to collect data on Mars

## List of Mars flybys
*Dawn, closest approach (2009) was 549&nbsp;km.
*Rosetta within 250 km
*Nozomi
*Mariner program spacecraft
**Mariner 4 (1965, the first successful Mars flyby), Mariner 6, and Mariner 7 returned data from Mars flybys
*Mars program spacecraft
**Two Mars flyby attempts were made in 1960 under Mars 1M (Mars 1960A and Mars 1960B). 
**The third attempt at a Mars flyby was the Soviet Mars 2MV-4 No.1,  also called Mars 1962A or Sputnik 22, which launched in 1962 as part of the Mars program. but it was destroyed in low Earth orbit due to rocket failure. 
**Mars 1 also launched in 1962 but communications failed before it reached Mars. 
**Mars 4 achieved a flyby in 1974 and detected a night-side ionosphere, although by that time Mars was already orbited by other spacecraft.

## References 
## Other websites
*Astronautix - Mars flyby
*Mars by Rosetta
Magellan (spacecraft)

The **Magellan spacecraft**, also called the **Venus Radar Mapper**, was a NASA spaceprobe designed to explore the Venus planet. It was launched on May 4, 1989, and reached Venus on August 10, 1990. It was in orbit around Venus for four years making detailed maps of the surface using radar and measuring the planet's gravity. Because of the thick atmosphere around the planet, the information from Magellan provided scientists with their first views of the surface of Venus. On October 12, 1994, the Magellan spacecraft was crashed into the planet on purpose.

The Magellan was the first spacecraft to be launched from a Space Shuttle, the Atlantis. It was also the first spacecraft to be deliberately crashed. Magellan was made from parts left over from other space exploration programs, including the Voyager program. 

The Magellan was named after the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521). 

## References
List of cities in Cuba

, Capital of Cuba]]
]]
]]
The nation of Cuba has several cities. 

## Largest cities
These are the largest cities in Cuba.  Beside each city in the list below is the number of people who live in the city. All numbers are from 2003.

* Havana, 2,201,610
* Santiago de Cuba, 423,392
* Camagüey, 301,574
* Holguín, 269,618
* Santa Clara, 210,220
* Guantánamo, 208,145
* Bayamo, 144,664
* Las Tunas, 143,582
* Cienfuegos, 140,734
* Pinar del Río,139,336 
* Matanzas, 127,287
* Ciego de Avila, 106,225
* Sancti Spiritus, 98,283
* Manzanillo, 97,038
* Cardenas, 80,832
* Palma Soriano, 76,169
* Moa, 57,652

## Other cities
These are other important cities.

* Morón, 53,551 (second city in the Ciego de Avila Province)
* Nueva Gerona, 46,923 (Capital of the Isle of Youth Special Municipality)
* Contramaestre, 44,752
* Colón, 44,520
* Artemisa, 43,427 (Capital of the new Artemisa Province, 2011)
* Güines, 42,801 (most populated city of the new Mayabeque Province, 2011)
* Sagua La Grande, 41,756 (second city of the Villa Clara Province)
* Trinidad, 41,293 (second city of the Sancti Spiritus Province, historical city, one of the seven initial towns in Cuba, tourist attraction)
* Placetas, 40,982 
* Baracoa, 39,190 (The second most populated city in Guantanamo Province, the first town founded in Cuba by Spaniards)
* Nuevitas, 38,995 (important industrial city and port in Camaguey)
* San José de las Lajas, 33233 (capital of the new Mayabeque Province, 2011)
* Mayarí, 29,027
Azusa Iwashimizu

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Iwashimizu was born in Takizawa on October 14, 1986. In 2003, she was promoted to Nippon TV Beleza (later *Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza*) from the youth team. She played 287 matches in Nadeshiko League until 2019. She was elected Best Eleven for 12 years in a row (2006-2017).

On February 18, 2006, when Iwashimizu was 19 years old, she debuted for the Japan national team against Russia. She has played in the 2007, 2011 and 2015 World Cups, winning the 2011 World Cup and winning a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. In the final minute of extra time in the 2011 World Cup Final, she was sent off after receiving a red card for slide tackling Alex Morgan. Japan would go on to win the match in the penalty shootout that followed.

Iwashimizu was instrumental in Japan's victory at the 2014 Asian Cup, scoring the winning goal in both the semifinal against China and the final against Australia. She played 122 games and scored 11 goals for Japan until 2016.

## Personal life
Iwashimizu got married in October 2019 and she bore a child in March 2020. So, she took maternity leave in 2019 and 2020 season.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
List of cities in the Czech Republic

, Capital of the Czech Republic]]
]]
]]
]]

This is a list of cities in the Czech Republic.

## List of cities (*statutární město* in Czech) 
## References
List of cities in Denmark

This is a **list of cities in Denmark**. 

, Capital of Denmark]]
]]
]]
]]

1 = All cities with a population of 20,000 or more.
2 = Ølstykke-Stenløse is a new city, created by conurbation between Ølstykke and Stenløse on 2010-01-01.
3 = The city *Hørsholm* is a part of several municipalities.
a = Part of the Urban Copenhagen (da: *Hovedstadsområdet*).
b = Part of the Aalborg urban area.

## References
List of cities in the Dominican Republic

This is a list of **Cities in the Dominican Republic**.  Only cities with more than 10,000 people are listed.

## References
List of cities in Ecuador

This is a list of cities in Ecuador.

]]

* Ambato
* Arajuno
* Babahoyo
* Bahía de Caráquez
* Baños de Agua Santa
* Cuenca
* Durán
* Esmeraldas
* Guaranda
* Guayaquil
* Ibarra
* La Libertad
* Latacunga
* Loja
* Macas
* Machala
* Manta
* Milagro
* Nueva Loja
* Portoviejo
* Piñas
* Pintag
* Quevedo
* Quito (capital)
* Riobamba
* Santo Domingo de los Colorados
* Salinas
* Shell Mera
* Tulcán

## Cities in order of population
Near-threatened species

A **near-threatened species** is a conservation status given to species or lower taxa that may be endangered in the near future. However, it does not mean that the species is .

The Near Threatened taxa usually includes the Vulnerable species.

## Mammal
Here is a list of nearly threatened mammals. They are:

*Japanese weasel
*Maned wolf
*Mountain weasel

## Bird
Here is a list of nearly threatened birds. They are:
* Atoll fruit dove
* Whistling fruit dove
* White-crowned pigeon

## References 
## Related pages
*:Category:IUCN Red List near threatened species for an alphabetical list

## Other websites 
*List of Near Threatened species as identified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Sternum

The **sternum** or **breastbone**, in vertebrate anatomy, is a flat bone.  In amphibians and reptiles it is normally shaped like a shield, often made of cartilage.  It is  in both turtles and snakes. In birds it is larger, and has large flight muscles attached to it.  Only in mammals does the sternum take on the longer form seen in humans.

## References
List of cities in Egypt

This is a list of the most important and largest cities and towns in Egypt.

]]
]]
]]
]]

## Other websites 
* Map of Egypt (World Gazetteer)
* Egypt's New Urban Communities
* New Urban Communities Authority - Contact Page
Space colonization

's plan to grow food on Mars]]
 such as O'Neill cylinder space settlements, as the one shown here]]

**Space colonization** is the idea of humans living outside of Earth permanently. At present, there are no space colonies. However, many people have put forward ideas and thought about the first space colony. Some national space programs see space colonization as a long-term goal.

Building colonies in space would require access to water, food, space, people, building materials, energy, transportation, communications, life support, simulated gravity, radiation protection and money. Launching things from Earth is expensive, so it is better if the materials come from the place of the colony.

Possible sites for space colonies include the Moon, Mars, asteroids and big, free-floating space stations.  Resources, such as solar energy and water, are available from or on the Moon, Mars, near-Earth asteroids or other planetary bodies.  People could use them to build the space colony and live there. 

Mars is the most Earth-like planet known, so the colonization of Mars may be first. Some celestial bodies might be terraformed. This means changing a body's atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology to be similar to the biosphere of Earth, so that humans can live there.

## Notes
## References
IPhone 3GS

The **iPhone 3GS** is a smartphone made by Apple Inc. It is the third generation iPhone, coming after iPhone 3G. It was introduced on June 8, 2009, It was released on June 19, 2009. The iPhone 3GS has better performance, allowing it to run faster and more efficiently.  The iPhone 3GS can also support faster downloading. 

It was released in the United States, Canada, and six European countries on June 19, 2009, in Australia and Japan on June 26, and worldwide in July and August 2009.

## References
## Other websites
Nadeshiko

The Japanese word **Nadeshiko** may mean:
* *Dianthus superbus* (also known as "large pinks"), a special kind of wild pink flowers which are native to the Japanese islands 
* *Nadashiko* Japan is the name of the women's national football team
* *Yamato nadeshiko*, a Japanese term for a traditional ideal women or daughter of Japan
Tree stump

The **stump** or **tree stump** is a small remaining part of the trunk with the roots still in the ground. Stumps may show the ages of a tree through its rings. The study of these rings is known as dendrochronology. Sometimes stumps are able to grow again into new trees. Sometimes a tree is cut to a stump on purpose to grow again. This is known as "coppicing".

## References 
* Buckley, G.P. 1992. Ecology and Management of Coppice Woodlands. *Springer* 336 pages,, .
* Schenk, H.J., and R.B. Jackson. 2002. The global biogeography of roots. *Ecological Monographs* **72** (3): 311-328.

## Other websites 
* Stump harvesting in Sweden
* Regeneration after stump harvesting 
* Stumps as a resource in Finland
* Stump harvesting and forest decomposers