open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2000s (U.S.)

This article is about the American '**Billboard* Hot 100 chart held during the 2000s*'.

The *Billboard* Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles of the United States. Published by *Billboard* magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, and airplay.

A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public weekly every Thursday on the edition of Billboard's music magazine and on the website of the magazine. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday two weeks after.

## Number ones 
;Key
: &ndash; Number-one single of the year

 had the largest number of hits in the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 2000s (7 songs).]]
" was the song which remained the longest at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 2000s (14 weeks)]]
 remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 36 weeks and had 5 different number-one hits on the Hot 100 chart during the 2000s.]]
 was the female artist with second-longest most cumulative run at number one (22 weeks) during the 2000s.]]

## Statistics by decade 
### Artists by total number of weeks at number one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.

### By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 2000s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

### Top 10 songs 
The following ten songs were rated by *Billboard* as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 2000s.

### Songs by total number of weeks at number one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 2000s.

## References
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1990s (U.S.)

This article is about the American '**Billboard* Hot 100 chart held during the 1990s*'.

The *Billboard* Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the *Billboard* magazine. During the 1990s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

## Number ones 
;Key
: &ndash; Number-one single of the year

", performed by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men, remained the longest at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 1990s (16 weeks).  In addition, Carey also has the highest number of top hits at the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 1990s (14 songs). In addition, Carey also remained the longest at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 1990s (60 weeks)]]
 remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 50 weeks during the 1990s.]]
's cover version of the song "I Will Always Love You" spent 14 weeks at the top of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, which at the time was a record.]]

## Statistics by decade 
### By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1990s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

### Artists by total number of weeks at number one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.

### Top 10 songs 
The following ten songs were rated by *Billboard* as the best-selling and most-played songs in the US during the 1990s.

### Songs by total number of weeks at number one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1990s.

## References
Type 14 105 mm cannon

The , also known as a "10-cm" gun, was a cannon used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA). It was used during for long-range fire.

This artillery piece was the first medium caliber cannon which was Japanese designed.  It the first with a split trail carriage. It was used Imperial Japanese Army but was not considered successful. It was replaced by the Type 92 105 mm cannon.

## History
Before World War I, the Imperial Japanese Army mainly had Krupp cannons from Germany. After the Versailles Treaty, the Japanese considered other options including cannon designed by Schneider et Cie from France.

In 1925, IJA began to use the "Type 14" which was based on Schneider designs; however, the Type 14 was not considered successful.

## Combat record
Type 14s were used for training units in the Japanese home islands.

## Related pages 
* Artillery of Japan
* List of field guns

## References
## Other websites
* Type 14 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page 
* US Technical Manual E 30-480
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s (U.S.)

This article is about the American '**Billboard* Hot 100 chart held during the 1980s*'.

The *Billboard* Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the *Billboard* magazine. During the 1980s the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

## Number ones 
;Key
: &ndash; Number-one single of the year

 had the highest number of top hits at the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 1980s (9 songs) in addition, Jackson remained the longest at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 1980s (27 weeks).]]
 was one of the most successful artists of the Billboard Hot 100 during the 1980s, with five number-one singles as a solo artist, three with Wham! and one as a duet with Aretha Franklin. In total George Michael remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 21 weeks during the decade.]]
's song "Physical", was the song which remained the longest at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart during the 1980s (10 weeks).]]

## Statistics by decade 
### By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1980s.

### Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s.

### Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1980s.

## References
M110 howitzer

The **M110 howitzer** was the largest available self-propelled howitzer in the United States Army's inventory. 

## History 
The M110 first entered service with the US Army in 1963. It was retired in the early 1990s. 

## Related pages
* List of howitzers
* Artillery of Japan 

## References
## Other websites 
* Federation of American Scientists (FAS), M110A2 Self-Propelled Howitzer 
* PrimePortal.net, M110 howitzer. walk-around 360° images
Tengi

was a  after *Eishō* and before *Kōhei.*  This period started in January 1053 and ended in August 1058. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Tengi* Era
* **1056** (*Tengi 4, 7th-8th months*): A star with the shape of a broom was observed in the east at daybreak.
* **1057** (*Tengi 5, 9th month*): Abe no Yoritoki was killed in battle by a stray arrow.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kōhei

was a  after *Tengi* and before *Jiryaku.*  This period started in August 1058 and ended in August 1065. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kōhei* Era
* **1060** (*Kōhei 3, 27th day of the 11th month*): A broom star was observed in the south for seven nights.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Sengoku period

or "Warring States period" in Japanese history was a time in which there was little social or political . There was nearly constant military conflict which started in the middle of the 15th century and ended at the end of the 16th century. 

The name "Sengoku" was adopted by Japanese historians.  The Sengoku period in Japan  the Warring States period in Chinese history.

The Sengoku period would  a process of  and the end of Japan's medieval period.

## Important people during the Sengoku period
Three important and powerful daimyo were Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. These three leaders did the most to bring Japan together as one country. Other important leaders include Date Masamune and Akechi Mitsuhide.

## Related pages
*History of Japan
*Oda Nobunaga
*Toyotomi Hideyoshi

## References
## Other websites
List of Billboard number-one singles of the 1940s

This article is about the **US number-one songs chart held during the 1940s**.

*Billboard* number-one singles chart (which preceded the Billboard Hot 100 chart), which was updated weekly by the *Billboard* magazine, was the main singles chart of the American music industry since 1940 and until the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established in 1958.

Before the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established (in August 1958), which would solely be based on the sales data and airplay on American radio stations, the *Billboard* magazine used to published several weekly charts every time. Throughout most of the 1950s the magazine published the following three charts:

**Best Sellers in Stores* – ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country.
**Most Played by Jockeys* – ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys and radio stations.
**Most Played in Jukeboxes* – ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. At that time, this chart used to be one of the most important channels for measuring the popularity of a song among the younger generation of listeners, as many US radio stations resisted adding rock 'n roll music to their playlists for many years.

The list below includes the *Best Sellers in Stores* singles chart only (for the expanded detailed lists of the three charts, see articles of individual years in the Billboard charts).

## Number ones 
;Key
: &ndash; Number-one single of the year

 had the highest number of hits at the top of the Billboard number-one singles chart during the 1940s (9 songs). In addition, Crosby remained the longest at the top of the Billboard number-one singles chart during the 1940s (55 weeks).]]
 remained at the top of the Billboard number-one singles chart for 32 weeks.]]
 remained at the top of the Billboard number-one singles chart for 31 weeks.]]

## Statistics by decade 
### By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during the 1940s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

### Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s.

### Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during the 1940s.

## References
Eishō (Heian period)

was a  after *Kantoku* and before *Tengi.*  This period started in April 1046 and ended in January 1053.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Eishō* Era
* **1046** (*Eishō 1*): Minamoto no Yorinobu wrote about the spirit of Emperor Ojin and Iwashimizu Hachiman.
* **1048** (*Eishō 3*): Yorinobu died at the age of 81.
* **1051** (*Eishō 6*): In Michinoku, Minamoto no Yoriyoshi was appointed governor; and he was named *chinjufu shōgun.*

The 11th reconstruction of the Kasuga Shrine in Nara was finished.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Flyball

**Flyball** is a relay race between two teams of dogs. Each team is made up of four dogs and handlers and a ball loader. There are also two reserve dogs and handlers who can be swapped between legs. Each race consists of three legs.

## Other websites
*
Mitochondrial DNA

**Mitochondrial DNA** (**mtDNA** or **mDNA**) is the DNA in mitochondria. It is inherited only from mothers, though there are a few rare exceptions.

Mitochondria are cellular organelles in eukaryotic cells. They convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is only a small part of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell. Most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus on chromosomes. In plants, the chloroplasts have DNA as well.

In humans, mitochondrial DNA codes for 37 genes and with about 16,600 base pairs in a circle. Human mitochondrial DNA was the first significant part of the human genome to be sequenced. The mtDNA in plants is much larger: for example, *Arabidopsis* has about 368,000 base pairs.

## References
Girl Gone Wild

"**Girl Gone Wild**" is the name of the second single, which is coming out in 2012 from Madonna's album *MDNA*. Jenson Vaughan, Madonna, and her producers wrote the song together. Benny Benassi and Alle Benassi produced the song with Madonna. The song was released for digital download on March 2, 2012.

## References
Pinkie

***Pinkie*** (1794) is a painting by Thomas Lawrence.  It depicts Sarah Barrett Moulton. She was born in 1783 in Jamaica. Her father was a rich plantation owner. The painting was commissioned at the time Sarah left Jamaica to complete her education in England. Sarah's nickname was "Pinkie". She died in 1795, one year after the painting was completed. The painting is in the Huntington Library at San Marino, California. It hangs near *The Blue Boy* by Thomas Gainsborough. *Pinkie* and *The Blue Boy* are used as set decorations for many episodes of the television show, *Leave It to Beaver*.  

## Other websites 
*Arts: Pinkie. Time.com 
*MSN Travel
Thomas Lawrence

**Thomas Lawrence** (13 April 1769 – 7 January 1830) was an English portrait painter. He was born in Bristol. He was a child prodigy. His father was an innkeeper. When Lawrence was 10 years old he was supporting his family with his pastel portraits. He went to London when he was 18. He soon was well known as a portrait painter in oils. His first royal commission was a portrait of Queen Charlotte in 1790. He became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1791, a full member in 1794, and president in 1820. In 1810 he received the patronage of the Prince Regent. He died at age 60 in 1830. At his death, Lawrence was the most fashionable portrait painter in Europe. He is remembered today as the Romanticism portraitist of the British Regency.

## Related pages
* *Pinkie*

## Gallery 

File:Alexander MacKenzie by Thomas Lawrence (c.1800).jpg|*Alexander MacKenzie,* c.1800
File:Thomas Lawrence - Portrait of the Honorable Mrs. Seymour Bathurst.JPG|*Portrait of the Honorable Mrs. Seymour Bathurst*, 1828 
File:Thomas Lawrence (1769-1830) - George IV (1762-1830) - RCIN 405918 - Royal Collection.jpg|*George IV*
File:Thomas Lawrence Master Lambton.jpg|*Master Lambton*
File:Colonel Thomas Wildman (1787-1859) by Thomas Lawrence.jpg|*Colonel Thomas Wildman*
File:Marguerite, Countess of Blessington.jpg|*Maguerite, Countess of Blessington*, 1822  

## References 
* D. Goldring. 1951. *Regency portrait painter: the life of Sir Thomas Lawrence, P.R.A*. London: Macdonald.
* M. Levey. 2005. *Sir Thomas Lawrence*. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

## Other websites 
*Thomas Lawrence: Regency Power and Brilliance  exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery
* "Thomas Lawrence: the new romantic - review" Richard Holmes reviews the National Portrait Gallery exhibition, *The Guardian*, 16 October 2010
* "Gainsborough's forgotten rival is recognised at last" Jerome Taylor,* The Independent*, 5 August 2010
Jiryaku

was a  after *Kōhei* and before *Enkyū.*  This period started in August 1065 and ended in April 1069.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Jiryaku* Era
* **3 April 1066** (*Jiryaku 2, 6th day of the 3rd month*): A broom star appeared in the east at first light.

* **1068** (*Jiryaku 4, 14th day of the 8th month*): Ceremonies for starting construction on rebuilding the Coronation Hall which had been damaged by fire. 

* **1068** (*Jiryaku 4, 19th day of the 4th month*): In the 4th year of Emperor Go-Reizei's reign, the emperor died at age 44; and the succession (*senso*) was received by a his son.  Shortly thereafter, Go-Sanjō accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (*sokui*).  This was  in ceremonies.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Enkyū

was a  after *Jiryaku* and before *Jōhō.*  This period started in April 1069 and ended in August 1074.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Enkyū* Era
* **1069** (*Enkyū 1*): The emperor's consort was raised to the status of *chūgū*.
* **1072** (*Enkyū 4, 8th day of the 12th month*): In the 6th year of Go-Sanjō's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (*senso*) was received by his son.  Soon after, Emperor Shirakawa accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (*sokui*).  This was  in ceremonies.

* **1073** (*Enkyū 5, 21st day of the 4th month*): Go-Sanjō entered the Buddhist priesthood; and his priestly name was Kongō-gyō.

* **1073** (*Enkyū 5, 7th day of the 5th month*): Go-Sanjō died at the age of 40.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Jōhō

was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) after *Enkyū* and before *Jōryaku.*  This period started in August 1074 and ended in November 1077. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Jōhō* Era
* **1074** (*Jōhō 1, 1st month*): Minamoto no Takakune retired from court; and he wrote a book about the history of Japan.

* **7 March 1074** (*Jōhō 1, 7th day of the 2nd month*): Fujiwara Yorimichi died at the age of 83; and Yorimichi's sister, the widow of Emperor Ichijo, died at the age of 87.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Leave It to Beaver

***Leave It to Beaver*** is an American television sitcom series. It first aired from October 4, 1957 to June 20, 1963.  The series stars Jerry Mathers as "Beaver"; Tony Dow as his older brother Wally; Barbara Billingsley as his mother June Cleaver; and Hugh Beaumont as his father Ward Cleaver.

Semi-regulars include Ken Osmond as Wally's friend Eddie Haskell; Frank Bank as Wally's other friend Lumpy; Burt Mustin as Gus the fireman; Sue Randall as Beaver's teacher Miss Landers; Rusty Stevens as Beaver's friend Larry Mondello; and Jerry Weil as Beaver's mean little schoolmate Judy Hensler.

The series is about Beaver's adventures at home, in school, and around his neighborhood. Writers Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly based Beaver's adventures on the exploits of their own children.  In most episodes, Beaver would get into trouble. His parents would speak to him and explain what he had done wrong. They would hope that he had learned a lesson.

Various critics and television viewers adored the series, with *Variety* comparing the series to *Tom Sawyer*. Websites like Time and Bravo placed the series at the top of their "best of television" lists. In 1999, *TV Guide* ranked Eddie Haskell number 20 on its "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time" list. In 1997, a movie based on *Leave It to Beaver* opened in theaters, of the same name.

## Notes 
## References 
* 
*
Alannah Myles

**Alannah Myles** (born December 25, 1955, Toronto) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and producer. She began her career as an actress. Myles began singing professionally around 1979 but was rejected by all record labels in Canada. After recording 3 masters and a video of "Just One Kiss" with Christopher Ward and David Tyson for her first album, she was immediately signed to an 8 album international contract by the head of A&R, Tunc Erim. Her first album was released on April 6, 1989. The first two singles released at the same time in Canada. They were "Love Is" and "Black Velvet". "Love Is" was released in the mainly English speaking west. It went to number one in the charts. "Black Velvet" was released in Quebec and went to number one on French Canadian radio. "Black Velvet" was released internationally in 1990. It reached number one in many places. It stayed at number one for two weeks in the United Kingdom. "Black Velvet" was a hit song released in the United States on Jan 9, 1990 as a single. This made Myles eligible for a Grammy Award. She won the award in 1991 for "Best Rock Vocal Performance-Female".

## References
MDNA (album)

***MDNA*** is the name of an album by the recording artist and actress Madonna. The album was her debut release from her 360-degree record deal from Live Nation Entertainment, in partnership with Interscope Records. The album was released on March 23, 2012 and featured production from Madonna herself, Benny Benassi, William Orbit, Benny's brother Alle Benassi and Martin Solveig. The lead single from the album, "Give Me All Your Luvin'" was released on February 3, 2012 and features M.I.A. and Nicki Minaj. The second single, "Girl Gone Wild", had its lyric video premiere on February 27, 2012 and was available as a single on March 2, 2012. The album was also her first release not to be associated with Warner Bros.

## References
Henry IV, Pt. 1

, 1623]]

***Henry IV, Part 1*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It was likely written no later than 1597. Shakespeare probably read Holinshed's *Chronicles* for background. The play was first printed in quarto in 1598 by Andrew Wise. The play was Shakespeare's most popular printed text. It is the second of Shakespeare's three plays about the reigns of Richard II, Henry IV (two plays), and Henry V. It has always been a popular play with audiences and with critics. Sir John Falstaff is one of Shakespeare's greatest and most popular characters.

## Other websites 
**King Henry IV Part 1* Audio and Text 
**The First Part of Henry the Fourth*  A modern version of unspecified provenance.
*Henry the Fourth part 1  – Project Gutenberg's transcription from the First Folio.
Portland Winterhawks

The **Portland Winterhawks** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1976. They currently play in the Western Hockey League. They play their home games in Portland, Oregon at both the Memorial Coliseum and Rose Garden arenas. They have won 2 Memorial Cups in 1982 and 1997. They have also won 2 President's Cups in 1981 and 1997. They were originally known as the **Portland Winter Hawks** until May 2009 when they took out the space.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
MDNA

**MDNA** may refer to:

* Mitochondrial DNA, called mDNA or mtDNA, is the DNA inside a mitochondrion.
* *MDNA* (album), the name of an album by Madonna
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

The **Federal University of Rio de Janeiro** (, **UFRJ**) is the largest federal university of Brazil. It has a central campus in the city of Rio de Janeiro and two smaller ones. It was established in 1792 as a military college, and became a university in 1920. It is one the country's most prestigious universities.

The Federal University owns several hospitals and several museums including the National Museum of Brazil.

## References 
## Other websites 
* UFRJ Official website
Bal du moulin de la Galette

***Bal du moulin de la Galette*** () (1876) is a painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It is in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. The painting depicts a typical Sunday afternoon at Moulin de la Galette in the district of Montmartre. In the late 19th century, working class Parisians would dress up and spend time there dancing, drinking, and eating galettes into the evening. *Bal du moulin de la Galette* is a typical Impressionist snapshot of real life. It shows a richness of form, a fluidity of brush stroke, and a flickering light. The French painter Gustave Caillebotte owned the painting for about 20 years. When he died it became the property of the French Republic. From 1896 to 1929 the painting hung in the Musée du Luxembourg. From 1929 it hung in the Musée du Louvre. It was sent to the Musée d'Orsay in 1986. Renoir painted a smaller version of the picture with the same title. This painting is in a private collection. For many years it was owned by John Hay Whitney. On May 17, 1990, his widow sold it for US$78 million at Sotheby's in New York City. It was one of the most expensive artworks ever sold.

## Other websites 
*Top Ten Most Expensive Paintings Sold At Auction 
*Details, Musée d'Orsay
Matilda (1996 movie)

***Matilda*** is a fictional movie directed by Danny DeVito, based on the classic novel Matilda by Roald Dahl. It was first released July 28, 1996 by TriStar Pictures. Starring Mara Wilson, Danny DeVito, Rhea Perlman, Embeth Davidtz, and Pam Ferris, it features the 7-year-old Matilda, a brilliant girl with extraordinary powers that uses them to fight back against her abusive parents, rebel and overthrow the tyrannical headmistress of her school, and save her kindhearted teacher from poverty.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
*
Switching Channels

***Switching Channels*** is a 1988 comedy starring Kathleen Turner, Burt Reynolds and Christopher Reeve. This movie got mixed reviews and was a commercial failure when it came out. This movie was like *The Front Page*, which was remade as *His Girl Friday*. This was released in March of 1988.

The movie got mixed reviews from the critics.

The movie was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards: Burt Reynolds for Worst Actor and Christopher Reeve for Worst Supporting Actor.
Bride of Frankenstein

***Bride of Frankenstein*** (sometimes ***The Bride of Frankenstein***) is a 1935 Universal Pictures science fiction horror movie. It is a sequel to Universal's *Frankenstein* (1931). *Bride* was directed by James Whale. It stars Boris Karloff, Elsa Lanchester, Colin Clive and Ernest Thesiger.

The movie is based on a subplot in the book *Frankenstein* by Mary Shelley. It picks up where the movie *Frankenstein* leaves off.  In *Bride*, Henry Frankenstein drops his work in the laboratory. The Monster wants a mate. He forces Henry to create one.

Preparations for making *Bride* began shortly after *Frankenstein* opened in theaters.  Photography started in January 1935. Many of the actors and crew from *Frankenstein* returned for *Bride*. Critics and audiences loved the movie, but the censors found fault.

Today, the movie is considered Whale's masterpiece. The director and others involved in the production were homosexuals. Some viewers detect a gay sensibility in the movie. Some of Whale's associates have dismissed the idea.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
W. G. Grace

**W. G. Grace** MRCS, LRCP (William Gilbert Grace, 18 July 1848 – 23 October 1915) was an English physician and cricketer.

Grace, always known as 'WG', was one of the greatest players, and was important in the development of the sport. He played first-class cricket for a record-equalling 44 seasons, from 1865 to 1908, during which he captained England, Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, the Gentlemen, MCC, the United South of England Eleven and several other teams. He came from a cricketing family. In 1880, WG with E. M. Grace, one of his elder brothers, and Fred Grace, his younger brother, played together in a Test match.

Right-handed as both batsman and bowler, Grace dominated the sport during his career. His technical innovations and enormous influence had a lasting effect. An outstanding all-rounder, he excelled at batting, bowling and fielding. It is for his batting that he is most renowned. Usually opening the innings, he was admired for his mastery of all strokes: his level of expertise was said by contemporary reviewers to be unique. He generally captained the teams he played for at all levels because of his skill and tactical know-how, and his dominant personality.

Grace qualified as a medical practitioner in 1879. Because of his medical profession, he was nominally an amateur cricketer but he is said to have made more money from cricket than any professional. He was a very competitive player. Although he was one of the most famous men in England, he was also one of the most controversial on account of his gamesmanship and his financial skill.

He took part in other sports: as a young man he was a champion 440 yard hurdler, and also played football for the Wanderers.  In later life, he developed enthusiasm for golf, lawn bowls and curling.

Test cricket began in 1877, when Grace was already 28. He made his debut in 1880, scoring England's first-ever Test century against Australia. He played for England in 22 Tests through the 1880s and 1890s, all of them against Australia. He was an automatic selection for England at home, but his only Test-playing tour of Australia was that of 1891–92.

Grace's most significant Test was England v Australia in 1882 at The Oval. Thanks to Spofforth, the 'demon bowler', who took 14 wickets in the match, Australia won by 7 runs and the legend of The Ashes was born. Grace scored only 4 and 32, and he was held responsible for "firing up" Spofforth. This came about through a piece of gamesmanship by Grace when he made an unsporting, but legal, run out of one of the Australian batsmen.p137 Grace died of a heart attack.

## References
Plan 9 from Outer Space

***Plan 9 from Outer Space*** (1959) is a science fiction movie.  It was written and directed by Ed Wood and shot in 1957.  It stars Gregory Walcott, Mona McKinnon, Lyle Talbot, Tor Johnson, Maila Nurmi (Vampira), and Criswell. Some footage of Bela Lugosi as the "Old Man" was edited into the movie after Lugosi's death.

The movie is about aliens who want to stop humans from creating a weapon that will destroy the universe. To do this, the aliens put their "Plan 9" in operation. This is a scheme to bring Earth's dead back to life. This plan will get Earth's attention and chaos will follow.

For years, the movie was aired on television without much notice. In 1980 authors Michael Medved and Harry Medved called *Plan 9 from Outer Space* the "worst movie ever made". They posthumously awarded their Golden Turkey Award to Wood as the worst director ever.

## Cast 
### Earthlings
* Gregory Walcott as Jeff Trent, an airline pilot 
* Mona McKinnon as Paula Trent, Jeff's wife
* Lyle Talbot as General Roberts
* Duke Moore as Lt. John Harper 
* Tom Keene as Col. Tom Edwards
* Tor Johnson as Insp. Dan Clay
* Carl Anthony as Patrolman Larry 
* Paul Marco as Patrolman Kelton  
* Conrad Brooks as Patrolman Jamie

### Aliens
* Dudley Manlove as Eros, an alien 
* Joanna Lee as Tanna, an alien 
* John Breckinridge as The Ruler, an alien

### Ghouls
* Bela Lugosi as Old Man / Ghoul Man
* Maila Nurmi (Vampira) as Old Man's wife / Vampire Girl 
* Criswell as Himself / Narrator

## Other websites 
*
*
*
*The Second Supper Cult Classics Review 
**Plan 9 from Outer Space* at YouTube
Eihō

was a  after *Jōryaku* and before *Ōtoku.*  This period started in February 1081 and ended in April 1084.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Eihō* Era
* **26 May 1081** (*Eihō 1, 15th day of the 4th month*):  The Buddhist Temple of Miidera was set on fire by the monks of a rival sect.

* **12 July 1081** (*Eihō 1, 4th day of the 6th month*): Miidera was burned again by monks from Mt. Hiei.

* **1083** (*Eihō 3, 10th month*): At Hosshō-ji, construction begins on a nine-story pagoda.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Ōtoku

was a  after *Eihō* and before *Kanji.*  This period spanned the years from February 1084 through April 1087.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Ōtoku* Era
* **1084** (*Ōtoku 1, 9th month*): The emperor's principal consort, died; and Shirakawa's grief overwhelmed him.

* **1084** (*Ōtoku 3, 9th month*): Shirakawa announced his intention to abdicate in favor of his son. and he took the title *Daijō-tennō.*  This was  in ceremonies.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kanji (era)

was a  after *Ōtoku* and before *Kahō.*  This period started in April 1087 and ended in December 1094. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kanji* era
* **1087** (*Kanji 1, 5th month*):  Former emperor Shirakawa retired to Uji.

* **1088** (*Kanji 2, 1st month*): Emperor Horikawa visited his father's home in Uji.

* **1088** (*Kanji 2, 10th month*): Shirakawa visited the temples at Mt. Hiei.

* **1089** (*Kanji 3, 5th month*): Shirakawa again visits Mt. Hiei; and this time, he stayed seven days.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Galette

A **galette** is a term used in French cuisine for various types of flat, round or freeform crusty cakes.

One notable type is the *galette des Rois* ('King cake') eaten on the day of Epiphany. In Quebec, the term *galette* is usually applied to pastries best described as large cookies.

Galette is also the name given in most French *crêperies* to savoury buckwheat flour pancakes. Those made from wheat flour, much smaller in size and mostly served with a sweet filling, are called crêpes.

## References
The Wild One

***The Wild One*** (1953) is an outlaw biker movie. The movie was based on a short story that told of the damage done to a small California town in 1947 by thousands of rowdy outlaw bikers. The movie was directed by László Benedek. It stars Marlon Brando and Lee Marvin (in his movie debut) as rival biker gang leaders. It is the first outlaw biker movie. Critics and teenagers liked the movie. It inspired fads such as sideburns.

## Background
The movie was based on the short story "The Cyclists' Raid" by Frank Rooney. Rooney wrote the story after seeing photos in a *Life* magazine showing the damage done by 4,000 bikers to a small town in California after a weekend spree of violence in 1947.

The story was published in ''Harper's Magazine* in 1951. Kramer bought the sceen rights. Brando was leery about taking on the role of a lowlife bully after playing Stanley Kowalski in *A Streetcar Named Desire''. He accepted though because he liked the director and the movie's social commentary. *Variety* noted that the film "is long on suspense, brutality and sadism ... All performances are highly competent."

The Catholic Legion of Decency objected to the "excessive brutality, lack of moral compensation and suggestiveness" in *The Wild One*. One French journalist described the movie as "the most unpleasant American movie ever seen." The magazine *Positif* described the movie as a masterpiece and "the [movie] of the year".

Brando has written: "The public's reaction to *The Wild One* was, I believe, a product of its time and circumstances. It was only seventy-nine minutes long, short by modern standards, and it looks dated and corny now; I don't think it has aged well."

## Popular reaction
Brando's sideburns inspired a fad. James Dean and Elvis Presley wore them. James Dean bought a Triumph TR5 Trophy motorcycle like Brando's Triumph Thunderbird 6T motorcycle. For 2010, Triumph motorcycles introduced a range of clothing and promotional items inspired by Brando's image from *The Wild One*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Tim Dirks reviews *The Wild One*
* The Wild One Banned in UK
Terry Crews

**Terrence Alan Crews** (born July 30, 1968 His great aunt gave him a flute, so Terrence took lessons for eight years. He played football at Western Michigan University (WMU) in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* 
* BET Shows - The Family Crews Website
* Squeegee Lo Website 
* NFL stats at Databasefootball.com
* Terry Crews reality show - The Family Crews
Jōryaku

was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) after *Jōhō* and before *Eihō.*  This period started in November 1077 and ended in February 1081.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Jōryaku* Era
* **1077** (*Jōryaku 1, 1st month*): Shirakawa  went to the Kamo Shrines.  Also, he visited Kiyomizu-dera and other Buddhist temples.
* **1077** (*Jōryaku 1, 2nd month*): Minamoto no Morofusa died at the age of 70.  He had held the office of Minister of the Right (*udaijin*).
* **1079** (*Jōryaku 3, 10th month*): The emperor visited the Fushimi Inari-taisha at the foot of Mount Fushimi; and he went to the Yasaka Shrine.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
New Girl

**New Girl** is an American television sitcom set in Los Angeles. It began on September 20, 2011 and is shown on Star World Comedy Central Fox. It stars Zooey Deschanel as Jess Day, a teacher who moves in with three young men she meets on the Internet after separating from her partner with whom she lived.

## Other websites 
*
*Official website
Oppuurs

**Oppuurs** is a small town in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It is a part of the municipality of Sint-Amands. Oppuurs has 2028 inhabitants . Oppuurs has an area of .

## History 
The first mention of Oppuurs was in 1414, then called *Oppuedersel*. In the 15th century, it was owned by the family Van der Calsteren. Later, Joost Snoy became the owner. In 1664, it got the title of barony. Later, in 1777 the properties were bought by Philippe Ghislain Snoy, who therefore became baron. On the 7th of mai 1818, Idisbalda-Ghislain Snoy was appointed to mayor by the king. 

Oppuurs belonged to the parish of Puurs and was separated in 1803. It was an independent municipality until 1976. Then, it became, along with Lippelo, part of the municipality of Sint-Amands.

The title of ''Baron Snoy et d'Oppuers'' still exists today.

## Demography 
### Evolution of the population
#### 19th century 
#### 20th century  until 1976
List of bridges in the United Kingdom

**List of main bridges in the United Kingdom** is a work in progress. 
;England
* Albert Bridge, in London
* Clifton Suspension Bridge, in Bristol.
* Grosvenor Bridge, in London
* Hungerford Bridge, in London
* London Bridge, in London
* Millennium Bridge, in London
* Tower Bridge, in London
* Vauxhall Bridge, in London
* Waterloo Bridge, in London
* Westminster Bridge, in London
* Windsor Railway Bridge, in Berkshire
;Wales
* Second Severn Crossing, in Wales
* Menai Suspension Bridge in North Wales
;Scotland
* Forth Rail Bridge, Firth of Forth
* Forth Road Bridge, Firth of Forth
* Loch Ness footbridge in Inverness, 
* Perth Bridge, in Perth
* Tay Rail Bridge, Dundee
* Tradeston Bridge, in Glasgow

## Related pages
*List of bridges
Kahō

was a  after *Kanji* and before *Eichō.*  This period started in December 1094 and ended in December 1096. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kahō* Era
* **1095** (*Kahō 2, 4th month*): Emperor Horikawa paid visits to the Iwashimizu Shrine and to the  Kamo Shrines.

* **1095** (*Kahō 2, 8th month*): The emperor was stricken with fevers; and he recovered.

* **26 November 1096** (*Kahō 3, 9th day of the 11th month*): Former-Emperor Shirakawa entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of 44.

## Related pages
* Heian period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
École des Ponts ParisTech

The '*** (officially ***', literally "National school of Bridges and Roads") was founded in 1747.  It is one of the oldest engineering schools in France.

The school has different programs including an executive Master of Business Administration in aviation management In Morocco ( in partnership with the ''Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile'' and the French Civil Aviation University) and China (in partnership with Tsinghua University and ENAC).

The school trains the Corps of Bridges and Roads.

## Select alumni
Notable students at the school include
* Henri Becquerel, physicist
* Augustin-Louis Cauchy, mathematician and physicist
* Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of France (1887-1894)

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles from 1958 to 1969

This article is about the American '**Billboard* Hot 100 chart held from 1958–1969*'.

The *Billboard* Hot 100 chart is the main song chart of the American music industry and is updated every week by the *Billboard* magazine. During 1958–1969 the chart was based collectively on each single's weekly physical sales figures and airplay on American radio stations.

## Number ones 
;Key
: &ndash; Number-one single of the year

 had the highest number of top hits at the Billboard Hot 100 chart during 1958–1969 (18 songs). In addition, The Beatles remained the longest at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart during 1958–1969 (55 weeks).]]
 remained at the top of the Billboard number-one singles chart for 22 weeks during 1958–1969.]]
 remained at the top of the Billboard number-one singles chart for 22 weeks during 1958–1969.]]

## Statistics by decade 
### By artist 
The following artists achieved four or more number-one hits during 1958–1969. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.

### Artists by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following artists were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969.

### Songs by total number of weeks at number-one 
The following songs were featured in top of the chart for the highest total number of weeks during 1958–1969.

## References
The Blob

***The Blob*** is a 1958 American science fiction horror movie. It was directed by Irvin Yeaworth. It was produced by Jack H. Harris.  Paramount Pictures released the movie. The movie is about a giant jelly-like blob that terrorizes a small town. *The Blob* marked Steve McQueen's movie debut. The movie's theme song, "Beware of the Blob", was written by Burt Bacharach and Mack David. It was remade in 1988.

## Cast 
* Steve McQueen as Steve Andrews
* Aneta Corsaut as Jane Martin
* Hugh Graham as Mr. Andrews, Steve's father
* Elbert Smith as Henry Martin, Jane's father
* Earl Rowe as Lt. Dave
* John Benson as Sgt. Jim Bert
* Olin Howland as Old Man

## Story 
Teenagers Steve and Jane are loitering in a Lover's Lane. They see an object in the night sky crash-land nearby. They investigate. It is The Blob, a jelly-like thing from Outer Space that consumes flesh. It kills an old man, a doctor, and a nurse. It doubles in size after each feeding. Steve and Jane report their findings to the police. They are dismissed as crazy teenagers. In the meantime, The Blob has consumed many others.

Steve and Jane are cornered by The Blob in the grocery store. They seek refuge in the walk-in refrigerator. The Blob tries to ooze in under the door. It retreats. Steve and Jane escape. They set off the town's fire and air-raid alarms. The Blob enters the movie theatre. The customers run away screaming.  The Blob oozes out of the theater. Jane's little brother runs into a diner. Jane and Steve follow him. They become trapped in the diner along with the owner and a waitress.

The Blob – now a huge mass – engulfs the diner. It begins to ooze in through the windows. The occupants go to the cellar. The police try to kill The Blob by dropping a power line onto it. This attempt fails. It only serves to set the diner ablaze. Inside, the diner's owner uses a CO2 fire extinguisher to try to put out the fire. This causes The Blob to recoil. The Blob cannot stand cold. The town's teenagers gather all the fire extinguishers they can find.  They use them to freeze The Blob. The United States Air Force sends in a jet to carry The Blob to the North Pole. It will remain frozen forever.
Japanese clock

clock in collection of Tokyo National Science Museum.]]

The **Japanese clock** is a device made to tell the time according to Japanese tradition.

These clocks were introduced to Japan via Jesuit missionaries in the 16th century.

## References
Akita (city)

is a Japanese city in Akita Prefecture on the island of Honshu.  It is the capital city of the prefecture.

## History
Akita has been one of the most important cities in the Tōhoku region since ancient times.

The Akita clan (Ando clan) held this part of northern Japan (Mutsu Province) in the 15-16th centuries.

The Satake clan built Kubota Castle in 1604.

The modern city of Akita was established on April 1, 1889.

## Geography
Akita is the largest city on the western coast of the Tōhoku region.

### Neighboring cities
*Kitaakita
*Katagami
*Yurihonjō
*Daisen
*Minami-Akita District: Gojōme, Ikawa
*Kita-Akita District: Kamikoani
*Senboku District: Nishiki

## Education
*Akita University
*Akita Prefectural University, a public university, is in the city.
*Akita International University is a public university outside of town. Classes are taught only in English.
*North Asia University
*Seirei Women's Junior College
*Akita Nutrition Junior College
*Misono Gakuen Junior College
*Open University of Japan Akita learning center

## Local foods and products
*Kiritampo – baked rice
*Sasamaki – rice wrapped in bamboo grass
*Iwagaki – a kind of oyster
*Iburi-gakko – a kind of pickle

## Sister / friendship cities
### International sister / friendship cities
* August 5, 1982: Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
* April 8, 1984: Passau, Germany
* July 15, 1987: Malabon City, Philippines 
* January 22, 1992: Kenai, Alaska, United States of America
* 1993: St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States of America (with Yūwa, Akita, which merged into Akita, Akita)
* June 29, 1992: Vladivostok, Russia

### Sister cities in Japan
*Hitachiōta, Ibaraki
*Daigo, Ibaraki

## Famous people
*Yukio Endo
*Shingo Kumabayashi

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.city.akita.akita.jp/en/default.htm ;  
* Voting Figures in National Elections in Akita Prefecture, 1928-1942
Polonaises Op. 40 (Chopin)

The **Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1** (nicknamed the "Military" Polonaise) is a piece of music for solo piano. It was composed by Frédéric Chopin.  It was published in 1838, with the Polonaise in C minor, Op. 40, No. 2. Anton Rubinstein wrote that the Polonaise in A major is the symbol of Polish glory, while the Polonaise in C minor is the symbol of Polish tragedy.

The polonaise is a Polish dance in 3/4 time. It has a distinctive rhythmic pattern which this polonaise follows unflinchingly. The A major Polonaise is written in an A-B-A form, with the B section being a "Trio". The polonaise opens with an A major chord. It continues in a vigorously masculine manner. The tempo indication is Allegro con brio (Fast, with bravura). The trio section begins in D major. The short passage following the first section of the trio is distinguished with trills for both hands on low C-sharps an octave apart. These trills suggest drum rolls. 

Charles Rosen writes, "Polonaises had been written by many composers before, including Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven; Schubert, in fact, wrote lots of them. But nothing like the violence of Chopin’s military polonaises, ... The military polonaises were certainly understood as political statements of patriotism for his country, which was struggling to obtain its freedom ... these military polonaises have a decidedly popular character ..."

## References 
## Other websites 
* Polonaises sheet music available at Musopen:
**No. 1
**No. 2
IONIS School of Technology and Management

**IONIS School of Technology and Management** (**IONIS STM**) is a French private graduate school in information technology, computer science, energy, biotechnology and management.
It was made in 2009 and is in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.

The school delivers 14 Master of Business Administration (MBA) recognized by French State and can teach both technical and management aspects.

## Bibliography 
* *La double compétence : l’antidote à l’obsolescence professionnelle*, Ivry-sur-Seine, FYP Éditions, 2019, 192 p. (ISBN 978-2-36405-176-8)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website