open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Duke of Marlborough (title)

**Duke of Marlborough** is a  in the Peerage of England. It was created by Queen Anne in 1702 for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. The name of the dukedom refers to Marlborough in Wiltshire. It is the only current dukedom in the Peerages of England, Great Britain or the United Kingdom that can pass to a woman and through a woman. The family have long been involved with the politics of the day. They are also famous for their traditional home which is *Blenheim Palace*. This is the only -royal palace in the United Kingdom. The family still live at the palace. The duke is entitled to the style of address of Your Grace. 

## List of Dukes
# John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. (1650–1722), soldier and statesman.
# Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough (1681–1733), eldest daughter of the 1st Duke, succeeded her father by Act of Parliament (1706).
# Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough (1706–1758).
# George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough (1739–1817), elder son of the 3rd Duke.
# George Spencer-Churchill, 5th Duke of Marlborough (1766–1840), elder son of the 4th Duke.
# George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough (1793–1857), eldest son of the 5th Duke.
# John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke (1822–1883), eldest son of the 6th Duke and paternal grandfather of Winston Churchill.
# George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke (1844–1892), eldest son of the 7th Duke.
# Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill, 9th Duke (1871–1934), only son of the 8th Duke.
# John Albert William Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke (1897–1972), elder son of the 9th Duke.
# John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke (1926–2014), elder son of the 10th Duke.
# Charles James Spencer-Churchill, 12th Duke (b. 1955), eldest surviving son of the 11th Duke.

The heir apparent to the Dukedom is George Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford (b. 1992). He is the eldest son of the 12th Duke.

## References
Korat

The **Korat** is a natural breed of cat. It is also one of the oldest cat breeds. It first lived in Thailand. It is named after a province named "Korat" by the local people. The Korat is known as one of the "good luck cats".

## Appearance 
The **Korat** is a blue-gray colour with a small to medium stocky or "cobby" body. It can be surprisingly heavy for its size. It is intelligent, active, playful and likes to be with people. It has a heart-shaped head and large green eyes.

The Korat's colour is actually a silver blue that looks like it is shimmering. The people of Thailand call the colour "rain-cloud gray," and the shimmer "sea foam." This cat has one coat of fur that is short. The roots of the fur are a lighter silver blue. The colour along the fur increases to deeper blue and the tips are silver, especially on the muzzle and toes. This is the only colour allowed for a Korat.  The eyes are large and peridot green in an adult cat. Kittens have amber or golden-green eyes which gradually change as they become adults, at two to four years.  

Korats may rarely have some white markings or spots, or even pale gray stripes. Sometimes these spots increase in size as the cat gets older.  These are flaws in the colour, and these cats are not allowed in cat shows. Even though the colour is wrong, they are still healthy cats. 

## History 
The first time the Korat breed was written about in books was in a poem written in Thailand, between 1350 and 1767 AD. The book is now in the national library in Bangkok. But the drawing of the Korat in this book did not have enough detail to positively say it is this breed. In more recent years, the Korat was pictured on a postage stamp in Thailand. 

A Korat cat first appeared in Britain with the name "Blue Siamese" in 1889 and 1896. But these solid blue cats did not meet the cat show standards for a Siamese cat, so they disappeared by 1901. 

In the United States, a Korat first appeared in the 1950s. In 1959, Cedar Glen cattery was the first to import a pair of Korats to the U.S. for breeding. They were a male named Nara and a female named Darra. In 1966, the Korat was first allowed to be shown for championship status, by a breeder from Maryland.  

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Korat and Thai Registration policy
The Chronic

***The Chronic*** is the first studio album from Dr. Dre. Snoop Doggy Dogg performs on the album. The album is named for a slang term for high-grade marijuana. It was released on Dre's Death Row Records. The album included the single "Let Me Ride".

The album got to #3 on the *Billboard* 200 in the United States. It sold about three million records. 

It was released on December 15, 1992.
James Tolkan

**James Stewart Tolkan** (June 20, 1931 &ndash; March 26, 2026) was an American actor. He was often cast as a strict, overbearing, bald-headed authority figure. He was known for his role as Mr. Strickland in all three of *Back to the Future movie series*; *Back to the Future*, *Back to the Future Part II*, and in *Back to the Future Part III*.

Tolkan died at his home in Saranac Lake, New York on March 26, 2026, at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Tolkan Donates Scripts, Memorabilia To UNA
Guido Gezelle

**Guido Gezelle** (1 May 1830 – 27 November 1899) was a Roman Catholic priest from Belgium. He was also a writer, translator and poet.

Gezelle was born and died in Bruges. He became priest in 1854.

Gezelle's parents were Pieter Jan Gezelle and Monica Devrieze. He was an uncle of the Flemish writer Stijn Streuvels.

Gezelle is still famous now for his translation of *The Song of Hiawatha* by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.

## Bibliography 
*Kerkhofblommen (1858)
*Vlaemsche Dichtoefeningen (1858)
*Kleengedichtjes (1860)
*Gedichten, Gezangen en Gebeden (1862)
*Longfellows Song of Hiawatha (translation, 1886)
*Tijdkrans (1893)
*Rijmsnoer (1897)
*Laatste Verzen (1901)
Ghulam Azam

**Ghulam Azam** (; 7 November 1922 – 23 October 2014) was the Ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until 2000. Azam hated the idea of independence of Bangladesh during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Azam was convicted for war crimes in July 2013.

Azam died in Dhaka, Bangladesh from a stroke, aged 91.

## References
Reyhaneh Jabbari

**Reyhaneh Jabari** (Persian: ریحانه جباری c. 1988 - October 25, 2014) was a Iranian woman convicted of murdering a former intelligence officer, Morteza Abdolali Sarbandi, in Iran. She said she killed Sarbandi because he was sexually assaulting her.

She was in prison from 2007 until her execution by hanging in October 2014 for killing Sarbandi.  She published her story about what happened to her in prison. Her lawyer published her story in his blog.

Jabbari was executed by hanging on 25 October 2014 at dawn at the Gohardasht Prison, north of Karaj, aged 26.

## References
New Play Control!

was a series of Nintendo GameCube games re-released for the Nintendo Wii. They were remade with Wii controls, and a 16:9 aspect ratio (instead of 4:3). Only 6 **New Play Control** games were released (7 in Japan).

## Games
* Chibi-Robo! &ndash; Japan only 
* Donkey Kong Jungle Beat 
* Mario Power Tennis 
* Metroid Prime 
* Metroid Prime 2: Echoes  
* Pikmin 
* Pikmin 2 
Note: Metroid Prime and Metroid Prime 2 were not available by themselves outside of Japan.
 
## References
Lorenzo Albacete

**Monsignor Lorenzo Albacete** (January 7, 1941 – October 24, 2014) was an American theologian, Roman Catholic priest, scientist and author. A New York Times Magazine contributor, Albacete was one of the leaders in the United States for the international Catholic movement Communion and Liberation. He was the Chairman of the Board of Advisors of Crossroads Cultural Center.

## References
1,000,000,000

**1,000,000,000** is the natural number after 999,999,999 and before 1,000,000,001. In the short scale, it is called one billion, but in the long scale, it is called one thousand million or one milliard (oo yard). One billion is sometimes written as **B** or **bn**. And is a 1k×1m

## Referenced
André Piters

**André Piters** (18 January 1931 – 23 October 2014) was a Belgian footballer. He played as a striker. Piters played club football for Standard Liège and Olympic de Charleroi. He earned a total of 23 caps for Belgium between 1955 and 1961, four of which came in FIFA World Cup qualifying matches. He scored seven goals in his international career.

Piters died on 23 October 2014 in Brussels, Belgium, aged 83.

## References
Hugo Carvana

**Hugo Carvana** (4 June 1937 &ndash; 4 October 2014) was a Brazilian movie and television actor and director. He appeared in 65 movie since 1955. He was known for his roles in *Entranced Earth* and in *Antonio das Mortes*. He was also known for directing *Casa da Mãe Joana*.

Carvana died of an illness in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
*
Igor Mitoraj

**Igor Mitoraj** (March 26, 1944 – October 6, 2014) was a Polish artist. He was born in Oederan, Germany. Mitoraj studied painting at the Kraków Academy of Art under Tadeusz Kantor. 

After graduating, he had several exhibitions. He held his first solo exhibition in 1967 at the Krzysztofory Gallery in Poland. In 1968, he moved to Paris to continue his studies at the National School of Art.

Mitoraj worked with terracotta and bronze. In 1979, he began to use marble for most of his works. In 1983, he set up a studio in Pietrasanta. In 2006, he created the new bronze doors and a statue of John the Baptist for the basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Rome.

Mitoraj died in Paris, France, aged 70.

## References
## Other websites
Andrea de Cesaris

**Andrea de Cesaris** (31 May 19595 October 2014) was an Italian racing driver. He started 208 Formula One Grands Prix but never won, holding the record for the longest career without a race victory. 

He was in many car accidents during his career. That earned him the nickname "Andrea de Crasheris". He became known for being very fast but also wild. The nickname stuck, though he went on to become a calmer, more mature driver in his later career. In 2005 and 2006 he competed in the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired F1 drivers.

de Cesaris died on 5 October 2014 after losing control of his motorcycle on Rome's Grande Raccordo Anulare motorway, aged 55.

## References
Alfonso VII of León and Castile

**Alfonso VII** (1 March 1105 – 21 August 1157), born **Alfonso Raimúndez**, he was called **the Emperor** (*el Emperador*). He was given rule in Galacia alongside his mother Urraca of León in 1107. Alfonso became the King of Galicia in 1111. In 1135 in a ceremony at the court of Leon he was  recognize as Emperor. He was the son of Urraca of León and Raymond of Burgundy. He was the first of the House of Burgundy to rule in the Iberian peninsula. During his rule Portugal declared independence, in 1128. It was recognized as being independent in 1143. 

## References
Patricia Roc

**Patricia Roc** (7 June 1915 &ndash; 30 December 2003), born **Felicia Miriam Ursula Herold**, was a British movie actress. She was popular in the Gainsborough melodramas such as *Madonna of the Seven Moons* (1945) and *The Wicked Lady* (1945). She only made one movie in Hollywood, *Canyon Passage* (1946).  

She also appeared in *Millions Like Us* (1943), *Jassy* (1945), *The Brothers* (1947) and *When the Bough Breaks* (1947).

## Affair with Ronald Reagan
She met Ronald Reagan over lunch in 1945. They had an intense affair. Reagan, at the time, was married to Jane Wyman. Reagan wanted to marry her, but their relationship ended in 1947. Before her death, she kept a picture of Reagan and herself in the drawing-room of her Swiss home at ­Minusio, overlooking Lake Maggiore. It showed them gazing deeply into each other’s eyes.

## Death
Roc died of kidney failure in her home in Locarno, Switzerland, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Freshman Father

***Freshman Father*** is an English 2010 romantic drama made for television movie from the Hallmark Movie Channel. It was directed by Michael Scott. It is based on a true story. It is rated PG.

## Story 
A prom queen gets pregnant so she can stay with her boyfriend when he goes to Harvard. She goes with him, but she is homesick and cannot stand the pressure. When she leaves, he is left with the baby. The plot is about the way he tries to balance his time between his son and his exams.

## Actors 
* Drew Seeley
* Britt Irvin

## The theme song 
The theme song is called "Best At the Time".

## Other websites 
* 
* http://www.hallmarkchanneleverywhere.com/Movies/Details?NodeID=28&TVEMovieID=5296 
* https://nypost.com/2010/06/04/dad-grad/
* http://letlifespeakforitself.blogspot.com/2012/06/freshman-father-based-on-true-story_16.html
*
Rio Grande (Brazil)

**Rio Grande** is a Brazilian municipality located in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In 2014 its population is estimated to be 207,036 people.

## References
Creampie (sexual act)

A **creampie** is a term used in pornography. It is when a person's penis ejaculates semen inside their partner's vagina or anus and the semen leaks out, looking like the cream filling of a pie.   

Creampies are risky because they can result in unwanted pregnancy (vaginal, if the receiving partner is not using contraception) or transmission of STDs (vaginal or anal).

## References
Jack Bruce

**John Symon Asher "Jack" Bruce** (14 May 1943 – 25 October 2014) was a Scottish musician and composer. He was known as a founder member of the British psychedelic rock power trio, Cream, in the late 1960s.  Whilst in the band, Bruce played a fretless bass guitar.

Bruce died on 25 October 2014 from liver disease in Suffolk, England, aged 71.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Original Smiles & Grins Jack Bruce Club 
*
Panglao Island

**Panglao** is a small island in the north Bohol Sea, in the Central Visayas Region of the Visayas island group, in the south-central Philippines.

The island is an important touristic place because of the beaches found here and the presence of coral reefs near the island.

## Geography
The island of Panglao has an area of . The island had a population, as of 2010, of 68,051, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The island is in the northern part of the Bohol Sea (or *Mindanao Sea*), to the southwest of the island of Bohol and to the east of the island of Cebu. Panglao is separated from the Bohol island by a narrow strait, the Tagbilaran Strait, and two bridges connect the island with the city of Tagbilaran.

There are several smaller islands close to Panglao, such as Gak-ang, Pontod, and Balicasag.

Panglao has a terrain that range from plain, hilly to mountainous, composed by a limestone that is soluble and that causes the formation of caves and sinkholes. One interesting geological feature of the island is the *Hinagdanan Cave* which has an underground water source; because there no rivers or lakes in the island, the cave is an important water source.

## Biodiversity
During the works of the Panglao Marine Biodiversity Project, about 250 new species of crustaceans and 1,500-2,500 new species of mollusks were found in the waters of Panglao and Balicasag. The project found that Panglao alone has more marine biodiversity than Japan and the Mediterranean sea.

Because of this biodiversity, the island was proposed in 2006 as a World Heritage Site by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources of the Philippines.

## Administrative divisions
The island of Panglao is within the Bohol province, and is divided into 2 municipalties and 22 barangays (like neighbourhoods).

## Related pages
* Central Visayas
* Bohol island
* Bohol province

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Panglao - Tourism informations
* Dauis - Tourism informations
* Panglao Island Diving
Ray Stantz

**Raymond "Ray" Stantz**, Ph.D. is a fictional character from the *Ghostbusters* franchise. He appears in the movies *Ghostbusters*, *Ghostbusters II*, *Casper*, and the animated television series *The Real Ghostbusters*. 

In both live action movies, he was portrayed by Dan Aykroyd, and was voiced by Frank Welker. He is a member of the Ghostbusters and one of the three doctors of parapsychology, along with Dr. Peter Venkman and Dr. Egon Spengler.
Winston Zeddemore

**Winston Zeddemore** is a fictional character appearing in the *Ghostbusters* movies, TV series, and video games. He was played by Ernie Hudson in both movies and was voiced by Arsenio Hall in the first two seasons of *The Real Ghostbusters*. 

Buster Jones provided Winston's voice in the remaining seasons, and he reprised the role in a cameo on *Extreme Ghostbusters*. Hudson returned to provide his appearance and voice to Zeddemore in 2009's *Ghostbusters: The Video Game*.

Unlike the other Ghostbusters, Zeddemore is not a doctor and sometimes does not appear with the group.
Ghostbusters II

***Ghostbusters II*** is a 1989 American supernatural fantasy comedy movie and the sequel to the 1984 movie *Ghostbusters*. It is produced and directed by Ivan Reitman.

It stars Bill Murray, Sigourney Weaver, Harold Ramis, Dan Aykroyd, Ernie Hudson, Annie Potts, Peter MacNicol, Wilhelm von Homburg and Rick Moranis.

It follows the further adventures of the four parapsychologists and their organization fighting paranormal activities. It was released on June 16, 1989. The movie earned $215 million at the box office and received mixed reviews.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Egon Spengler

**Egon Spengler**, Ph.D. is a fictional character from the *Ghostbusters* franchise. He appears in the movies *Ghostbusters* and *Ghostbusters II*, in the animated television series *The Real Ghostbusters*, and later in *Extreme Ghostbusters*. 

Spengler was played by Harold Ramis in the movies and voiced by him in *Ghostbusters: The Video Game*, and voiced by Maurice LaMarche in the cartoon series. He is a member of the Ghostbusters and one of the three doctors of parapsychology, along with Dr. Peter Venkman and Dr. Raymond Stantz.
Tagbilaran

**Tagbilaran** is the capital and main city of the Bohol province, in the Bohol island, Philippines. Because of the Tagbilaran Airport, the city is an important way for tourists to start trips through the rest of the island and neighboring islands.

The inhabitants of this city are known as *tagbilaranons*.

## History
In 1565, a Spanish explorer named Miguel López de Legazpi came to Bohol looking for spices and gold. He made a peace pact with Datu Sikatuna in a place called **Bool**, now a district of Tagbilaran. This pact was signed with a blood pact between the two men.

On 9 February 1742, the Governor of the Visayas Francisco Antonio Calderon de la Barca separated Tagbilaran from Baclayon and made it a town with the name of *San Jose de Tagbilaran* and dedicated to St. Joseph the Worker. Since then, it was part of the province of Bohol and became officially a component city (a city that is part of a province) on 1 July 1966 by the Republic Act No. 4660.

## Geography
Tagbilaran is in the southwestern part of the island of Bohol, in front of the smaller island of Panglao; between the two islands is the Tagbilaran Strait.

The city is  southeast of the national capital of Manila and  south of the regional capital, Cebu City.

It has a total area of , but the total land area, without the parts that are in the sea, is .

Tagbilaran borders with the municipalities of Cortes (north), Corella (northeast) and Baclayon  (east). To the south is the *Tagbilaran Strait* and the Panglao island, and to the west is the *Maribojoc Bay* (part of the Cebu Strait).

With a population of 96,792, Tagbilaran has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

### Climate
Tagbilaran has, like the rest of the Philippines, a tropical climate. The average temperature is high and the humidity is also high. The dry and the wet seasons are very similar.

## Administrative divisions
The city of Tagbilaran is divided into 15 barangays (like neighbourhoods).

## Gallery

File:Tagbilaran view.JPG|View of the city of Tagbilaran
File:Tagbilaran, Banat-i Hill.jpg|Banat-i Hill
File:Bohol Capitol.jpg|Provincial Capitol of Bohol, Tagbilaran
File:Bohol,Cebu and Laguna Vacation 026.jpg|Facade of the Saint Joseph the Worker Cathedral
File:Tagbilaranchurch01.jpg|Saint Joseph the Worker Cathedral

## Related pages
* Bohol island
* Bohol province

## References
## Other websites
* City Government of Tagbilaran - official website
Battle of Kasserine Pass

The **Battle of the Kasserine Pass** was a battle fought in Tunisia. It was part of the North African Campaign. The battle took place from 19 February 1943 to 24 February 1943.

The Axis forces were commanded by Erwin Rommel. They were mostly made from the Afrika Korps and The Italian Centauro Armoured Division. They also included some divisions from the German 5th Panzer Army. The Americans and the II Corps of the U.S Army were led by Lloyd Fredendall. The British 1st Army was led by Kenneth Anderson.

This battle is remembered for being the first major battle between the Americans and Germans in World War Two.

It was the first battle in which the Americans soldiers fought an enemy with better organization and experienced soldiers. The battle at the beginning was very costly for the Americans. They were forced to retreat  from their starting position at the Faid Pass. The Americans were soon reinforced with both American and British reinforcements. They forced Rommel to retreat to better positions.

This battle caused a change in American military organization, to better prepare the army for the war in North Africa. Major General Lloyd Fredendal was sent home to the United States. When Rommel and the Americans fought again weeks later, the American improvements were seen in battle.

## References
Anselme Payen

**Anselme Payen** (6 January 1795 &ndash; 12 May 1878) was a French chemist. 

Payen discovered the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833. He is also known for isolating and naming the carbohydrate cellulose.

## References
Bernard Mayes

**Anthony Bernard Duncan Mayes** (October 10, 1929 – October 23, 2014) was a British-born American broadcaster, university dean and author. He was known for being the founder of America's first suicide prevention hotline. Mayes was gay and was also known for being a gay rights activist.

## References
## Other websites
* Bernard Mayes's personal web site at the University of Virginia 
* Escaping God's Closet (limited preview at Google Book Search
Raphael Ravenscroft

**Raphael Ravenscroft** (4 June 1954&nbsp;– 19 October 2014) was a British musician, composer and author. He was known for playing the saxophone. Ravenscroft was known for performing in Gerry Rafferty's first song "Baker Street".

Ravenscroft died on 19 October 2014 at a hospital in Exeter, England from a suspected heart attack, aged 60.

## References
## Other websites
*
Carlos Morales Troncoso

**Carlos Morales Troncoso** (29 September 1940 &ndash; 25 October 2014) was a Dominican politician. He served as Vice–President of the Dominican Republic from 1986 to 1994, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Dominican Republic from 2004 to 2014.

Troncoso died in Houston, Texas, United States from leukemia, aged 74.

## References
Pavle Merkù

**Pavle Merkù** (12 July 1927 – 20 October 2014) was a Slovene composer, ethnomusicologist, Slovene specialist, and etymologist. Merkù received the Prešeren Award for lifetime achievement in 2014. He was known for composing *Ljudsko izročilo Slovencev v Italiji* (Slovene Folk Heritage in Italy).

Merkù died in his birthplace in Trieste, Italy, aged 87.

## References
Title (album)

***Title*** is the debut major-label album from American singer and songwriter Meghan Trainor. It was released on January 9, 2015.

## Track listing
## References
List of Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain

This is a list of Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain.

## List 
Cathedrals of the Roman Catholic Church in Spain:
, showing Gothic architecture in Spain.]]

 is the Romanesque-Gothic Cathedral of the town of Manresa.]]
 Cathedral of Spain]]

## References
Diastase

**Diastases** are a group of enzymes which break down starch into the sugar maltose. Diastase was the first enzyme discovered. It was got from  malt solution in 1833 by Anselme Payen and Jean-François Persoz, chemists at a French sugar factory.

The name "diastase" comes from the Greek word διάστασις (diastasis). It means a parting or separation. The enzymes simply split the starch molecule. Today, diastase means any α-, β-, or γ-amylase that can break down carbohydrates.

The commonly used -ase suffix for naming enzymes was derived from the name diastase. The breakdown of starches follows a general diastase-catalysed reaction:

A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H

## References
Ontario Highway 401

**Ontario Highway 401**, also called '''King's Highway 401''', is a provincial highway in southern Ontario, Canada. It is 828.0 kilometres (514.5 miles) long. It starts near Ontario's border with Quebec, where the road is called Quebec Autoroute 20. The western end of the highway is in Windsor.

Construction on the highway started in 1947. By 1952, three different parts of the highway were finished, with the three parts connected by 1964. In 2013, another part of the highway was started. This part would extend the highway to the Gordie Howe International Bridge at the Canadian-U.S. border near Detroit.

In 2008, part of the highway between Trenton and Toronto was called the "Highway of Heroes". This was because many Canadian soldiers who were killed overseas arrived at the Trenton airforce base. Their bodies were then transported along the highway to Toronto.

This highway has a collector-express system in the Greater Toronto Area, with 12-18 lanes, making it the widest highway in the world. It reaches its maximum width between Dixie Road and the Highway 403/410 interchange in Mississauga.

## Sources
Vadakkangara

**Vadakkangara** is a village in the Malappuram district in Kerala, India. The Village has small areas including Vadakke kulambu, Kizhakke kulambu, Tadathil kundu, Kalavu. India census, Vadakkangara had a population of 18702 with 8920 males and 9782 females.

## References
Iridescence

s]]
]]

**Iridescence** is a thing about some surfaces. If a surface looks like its colour changes as the light moves, then it is iridescent.

There are many iridescent things in nature. Soap bubbles, butterfly wings and sea shells, and some minerals are iridescent. They have tiny structures that affect the light.

The physical process which causes iridescence is usually interference.
Specialized High Schools Admissions Test

The **Specialized High Schools Admissions Test** (SHSAT) is a test given to eighth and ninth grade students living in New York City. Students take this test if they want to get into Specialized high schools in New York City. About 30,000 students take the test but only 3,000 can be accepted. According to U.S. News & World Report the eight specialized schools that use the SHSAT for admissions are among the top 200 high schools in the US. 

## The schools 
The SHSAT is used to get into any of the following eight specialized high schools.
* Bronx High School of Science
* Brooklyn Latin School
* Brooklyn Technical High School
* High School of American Studies at Lehman College
* High School for Math, Science and Engineering at City College
* Queens High School for the Sciences at York College
* Staten Island Technical High School
* Stuyvesant High School

## Examination format 
The SHSAT has equal English and math questions. Both sections are made up of multiple-choice questions. The amount of time normally given for the exam is 3 hours but students with accommodations can get 6 hours. Students can use the time to do the test in any order they want. There is no break in between the sections. Calculators cannot be used in the test.
### Verbal
57 Multiple Choice Questions
*Between 9 to 19 revising and editing questions
*Between 38 to 48 reading comprehension questions

### Mathematics 
57 Multiple Choice Questions
*Many math topics tested
:Basic math
::Algebra
::Factoring
::Substitution
::Geometry 
::Basic Coordinate Graphing 
::Logic
::Word Problems

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* SHSAT Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) 
* Specialized High School SHSAT Cutoff Scores for 2014
Festus Mogae

**Festus Gontebanye Mogae** (born 21 August 1939) is a Motswana politician. He served as President of Botswana from 1998 to 2008. He succeeded Quett Masire as President in 1998 and was reelected in October 2004. After being president for ten years, he stepped down in 2008 and was succeeded by Lieutenant General Ian Khama.

## References
## Other websites
Guyle Fielder

**Guyle Abner Fielder** (21 November 1930 – 21 February 2026) was an American-born Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played 9 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, and the Boston Bruins. Fielder is the third-leading scorer in professional hockey history, behind Wayne Gretzky and Gordie Howe. He was one of only three hockey players to pass 2000 points in their playing career. He also holds the records as the leading games played, career assists and career points in minor league hockey history. 

## Personal life
Fielder was born in Potlatch, Idaho but he moved to Nipawin, Saskatchewan with his Canadian parents at an early age and grew up there.

Fielder died on 21 February 2026 in Arizona from problems caused by a stroke at the age of 95.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Fielder played 2 seasons of with the Lethbridge Native Sons of the Western Canadian Junior Hockey League (WCJHL).

On March 9, 1951, Fielder signed a contract with the Chicago Black Hawks as a free agent. The Black Hawks loaned Fielder to the New Westminster Royals of the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL) for cash in August, 1951. On September 23, 1952, the Black Hawks traded Fielder along with Steve Hrymnak and Red Almas to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for cash. He was claimed off of waivers by the New York Rangers on September 29, 1953. The Rangers traded him to the Seattle Americans of the Western Hockey League (WHL) for the rights to Lee Hyssop in October 1953. Fielder's NHL rights were traded to the Boston Bruins by the Americans for cash in October 1953. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1973.

## Awards and accomplishments
* Ed Bruchet Trophy (awarded to the MVP of the WCJHL) (1949–50)
* WHL Rookie Of The Year (1951–52)
* Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award winner; awarded to the AHL Rookie Of The Year (1952–53)
* 9x WHL Leading Scorer: 1953-54, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67
* 6x George Leader Cup winner (awarded to the WHL MVP): 1956-57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1963–64, 1966–67
* 3x Fred J. Hume Cup winner; awarded to the most gentlemanly player in the WHL, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69
* AHL First All-Star Team (1953)
* WHL First All-Star Team (1954, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1967)
* WHL Second All-Star Team (1961, 1965, 1966, 1968)

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Lubrication

crankshaft. The two bottles of lubricant are attached to the piston and move while the engine is operating.]]

**Lubrication** is a physical process which allows surfaces to move smoothly against each other. A thin film of lubricant put between the surfaces reduces friction and wear on the surfaces, and keeps temperatures from rising too far. The lubricant film can be a solid/liquid dispersion, a liquid, a liquid-liquid dispersion (a grease) or, exceptionally, a solid or gas.

Examples are the use of oil in machinery, the function of tears in eyes and synovial fluid in joints.

## Related pages 
*Lubricant
Gaolese Kent Koma

**Gaolese Kent Koma** (7 December 1918 &ndash; 9 March 2006) was a Botswana politician, statesman, and businessman. He was in the National Assembly as Member of Parliament for Mahalapye village from 1965 to 1994.

Koma died on 9 March 2006 in Gaborone, Botswana from complications following a stroke, aged 87.

## References
Thomas Tlou

**Thomas Tlou** (1 June 1932 – 28 June 2010) was a Botswana academic and historian. Tlou was the first Motswana (Botswana citizen) to be vice-chancellor of the University of Botswana, serving from 1985 to 1998. After, he continued at the university as professor of history, finally retiring in 2005.

Tlou died in Gaborone, Botswana from a heart attack, aged 78.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Africa

## More reading
* 
* 
*
Flag of Botswana

The **flag of Botswana** shows two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top and bottom) and a white and black line in the middle. The flag was adopted in 1996.

## References
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School

**Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts** is a high school that teaches visual and performing arts. It is located near the Lincoln Center and the Juilliard School in Manhattan, New York City. The school is operated by the New York City Department of Education.

The school prepares high school students for professional careers and conservatory study. This is for careers in dance, drama, the visual arts, music and theatre. It is informally known as LaGuardia Arts, or LaGuardia High School. It is the only school among the nine specialized high schools in New York City that receives special funding from the New York State legislature. They have a teacher–student ratio of 1:15.

## References
Ingrid Pitt

**Ingrid Pitt** (21 November 1937 – 23 November 2010) was a Polish-British actress and novelist. She acted in horror movies in the 1960s and 1970s. She played Alice Allison in *Nobody Ordered Love*. She also played Heidi in *Where Eagles Dare*.

Pitt was born Ingoushka Petrov in Warsaw, Poland. She died in a London hospital several days after collapsing. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Gustav Adolf Church, Hamburg

The **Gustav Adolf Church** (, ) is a church building in Hamburg-Neustadt in Germany. The church belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was built between 1906 and 1907.

## References 
## Other websites
*Church of Sweden in Hamburg
Michael Dingake

**Michael Kitso Dingake** (born 11 February 1928, Bobonong, died 7 April 2024) was a Botswana political activist and writer. In 1966 he was sentenced to 15 years on Robben Island. He was released in 1981. He worked at the University of Botswana. 

In 1992 he entered national politics, becoming vice-president of the Botswana National Front in 1993 and entering the National Assembly as MP for Gaborone Central in 1994. In 1998 he led the breakaway Botswana Congress Party, but lost his seat to Margaret Nasha of the Botswana Democratic Party in 1999. 

He retired from politics in 2004. Since then, he became a weekly columnist for the newspaper *Mmegi*.

Dingake died on 7 April 2024, at the age of 96.

## References
Huddinge HK

**Huddinge HK** is a handball club in Huddinge in Sweden. The club was established on 27 March 1971. The women's team has played in the Swedish top division.

## References 
## Other websites
*official website
The Division Bell

***The Division Bell*** is the fourteenth studio album by Pink Floyd. The album was released in April 5, 1994.

## References
Seretse Khama

**Sir Seretse Khama**, KBE (July 1, 1921&nbsp;–  July 13, 1980) was a Botswana statesman from Botswana. He founded the Botswana Democratic Party in 1962. He became Prime Minister in 1965. In 1966, Botswana gained independence and Khama became its first president. During his presidency, the country underwent rapid economic and social progress.

Khama died of pancreatic cancer in Gaborone, Botswana, aged 59. His son, Ian Khama, was the fourth  President of Botswana.

## References
2. https://obama.artifacts.archives.gov/people/15393/president-seretse-khama-ian-khama#:~:text=Seretse%20Khama%20Ian%20Khama%20is,2008%20to%20April%201%2C%202018.(https://obama.artifacts.archives.gov/people/15393/president-seretse-khama-ian-khama#:~:text=Seretse%20Khama%20Ian%20Khama%20is,2008%20to%20April%201%2C%202018.)
Oscar Taveras

**Oscar Francisco Taveras** (June 19, 1992 &ndash; October 26, 2014) was a Canadian–Dominican professional baseball outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Cardinals signed him as an undrafted free agent in 2008. 

Taveras made his MLB debut in 2014 after batting .321 with a .519 slugging percentage over six minor league seasons. He played all three outfield positions while spending most of the time in center field.

On Sunday, October 26, 2014, Taveras and his girlfriend died in a car accident in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, aged 22. Taveras was travelling from Jamao al Norte to Sosúa, his hometown.

## References
Crest of a Knave

***Crest of a Knave*** is the seventeenth studio album by Jethro Tull. The album was released on September 16, 1987.

## References
Växjö HF

**Växjö HF** is a handball club in Växjö i nSweden. The club was established 1972 out of Växjö BK. The men's team played three seasons in the Swedish top division during the early 1990s.

The men's junior team won the Swedish national championship in the year 2000. In 2003, the girls' team won the Swedish national championship. It is the mother club of Swedish player Jonas Källman.

## References 
## Other websites
*official website
Ho-Chunk

The **Ho-Chunk**, also called **Winnebago**, are a Siouan-speaking tribe of Native Americans. Their homeland was in the present-day state of Wisconsin. In the 19th century they were removed to reservations in Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa and South Dakota. 

## References
False positives and false negatives

**False positives** and **negatives** are words related with practical testing. When performing a practical test, there is the possibility that the result of the test does not show the real situation.

In a test,  a **false positive** is when a test result shows that a condition is present  but it is not. A **false negative** is when a test result shows a condition is *not* present when in fact it *is* present.

## Related pages 
* Type I and type II errors describe the same condition when it occurs in a statistical test
Hartola Church

**Hartola Church** (, ) is a church building in Hartola, Finland.

Construction begun in 1911. The church was opened on 16 December 1913. Architect was Josef Stenbäck.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Hotline Miami

**Hotline Miami** is a violent 2D top-down shooter indie video game developed by Dennaton Games and published by Devolver Digital. The game was inspired by the 2011 film *Drive* and the 2006 film *Cocaine Cowboys*.  

## Development
The developers said that they "wanted it to be disturbing and we wanted people to feel the violence". They made the graphics pixel art to make sure the game was not . A developer, Jonatan Söderström started making a game called **Super Carnage**, which was very similar to Hotline Miami. The aim of the game was to kill as many people as possible. The game was left unfinished because of difficulties coding the AI.  

Before starting development, the developers wanted inspiration, so they watched some movies like Kick-Ass, Drive and Cocaine Cowboys. They wanted to raise questions about what it meant to kill a virtual person in a video game. Mid-way through development, Söderström worried that he was running out of money, so he started **Hotline Miami**. They spent 9 months in an apartment coding the game. Dennis Wedin said this about the development of the game: *It was fucking hard...*. 

Söderström said that he created Hotline Miami with Games Maker, because it let him make the game fast. He also said that it doesn't need that much programming knowledge to use. He said it was a lot slower than other engines, and is quite limited. They had some problems with Games Maker, because they were using an old version. Weldin claimed he liked games that were just games, but Söderström wanted the player to think about the game's meaning. 

The developers said that the AI was the hardest thing to create in the game.
## Story and Gameplay
The player controls an un-named hero (who fans call Jacket), who's gradually losing his mind. The objective of each level is to kill all enemies in the room, and go to the next one. After every job, the player goes to the same store to order a pizza. The player then return to your safehouse.

## Characters
* **Jacket** - The game's first playable character
* **Biker** - The game's second playable character
* **Richter**
* **Richard**
* **Rasmus**
* **Don Juan**
* **Hooker**
* **Beard**

## Masks
There are unlockable masks in Hotline Miami, each have their own abilities.

* Richard - Rooster
* Rasmus - Owl
* Tony - Tiger
* Aubrey - Pig
* Don Juan - Horse
* Graham - Rabbit
* Dennis - Wolf
* Jones - Alligator 
* George - Giraffe
* Ted - Dog

* Rufus - Elephant 
* Carl - Grasshopper
* Rami - Camel
* Willem - Monkey
* Jake - Snake
* Peter - Unicorn
* Zack - Frog
* Richter - Rat
* Oscar - Mole
* Rick - Fox

* Charlie - Octopus
* Brandon - Panther
* Phil - Fish
* Louie - Chameleon
* Nigel - Bat
* Russell - Bull (PlayStation 3/Vita only) 

## Soundtrack
## Sequel 
A sequel to *Hotline Miami*, called *Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number* was released on March 10, 2015. It was originally going to be DLC for the main game, but this was changed. 

## Reviews
The game got very good reviews, with IGN praising its "striking blend of fast ultraviolence, a dense, challenging story and brilliant presentation". They given the game a final score of 8.8/10.  

## References
Skellefteå IBK

**Skellefteå IBK ** is a floorball club in Skellefteå in Sweden, established 1985. The men's team played six seasons in the Swedish top division, starting with the 1989-1990 season.

## References
## Other websites
*official website
Sonic Rush

is a platformer video game in the *Sonic Rush* series. It was only ever released for the Nintendo DS in 2005. The game eventually got a sequel *Sonic Rush Adventure*, which was released in 2007. In the game, you can play as Sonic the Hedgehog and Blaze the Cat. The game is 2D, but the characters are 3D, making the game look 2.5D.

## Reception
The game got excellent reviews, including a 9/10 from IGN,  and an average of 82/100 from Metacritic. 

## References
Scott Darling

**Scott Darling** (born December 22, 1988) is an American ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Darling played 2 years of college hockey with the University of Maine Black Bears. He was drafted 153rd overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.

On July 1, 2014, he was signed to a one-year deal as a free agent by the Chicago Blackhawks. On October 26, 2014, Darling made his first start in goal for the Blackhawks. He also recorded his first NHL win in the same game, winning 2–1.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Jan Öjlers

**Jan Öjlers** was a dansband from Sweden. The band scored several Svensktoppen hit songs.

## Svensktoppen hit songs
*"Natten har tusen ögon - 1968
*Bara dig vill jag ha - 1969
*En skön liten sång - 1971
*Lycka till med nästa kille - 1973
*Maria dansar - 1978

## References
Beauvau family

The **House of Beauvau** was a noble family that originated from Anjou a region of France. The Beauvau du Rivau branch was rooted in Brittany. It produced two bishops of Nantes. The Craon (**Prince of Craon**) branch was established in Lorraine. This branch was intimate with the then reigning ducal family.

## Brief history
Of knightly extraction, it has proofs of its nobility going back as far as 1265. The title of marquis of Beauvau was granted to the head of the family by Louis XIV in 1664. The family also had rights to the prestigious title of "cousin du Roi", reserved for a few families with an alliance with the royal house. Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1679–1754) was entitled prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1722, and it was under this title that the family was admitted to the "honneurs de la Cour" in 1775.

## Princes of Craon
The princely title of Prince of Craon was a title used by the Beauvau family using their status as Prince of the Holy Roman Empire which was gained in 1722. This was later fully recognised by Louis XV of France in 1755. The title was inherited by male offspring. It became extinct in 1982. These princes were sometimes but also known as the **Prince of Beauvau**.

# 1722&ndash;1754: Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1679&ndash;1754), also a Grandee of Spain
# 1754&ndash;1793: Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1720&ndash;1793), also Marshal of France
# 1793&ndash;1849: Marc Étienne de Beauvau, Prince of Craon (1773&ndash;1849) better known as the Prince of Beauvau. 
# 1849&ndash;1864: Charles de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1793&ndash;1864)
# 1864&ndash;1883: Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1816&ndash;1883)
# 1883&ndash;1942: Charles Louis de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1878&ndash;1942)
# 1942&ndash;1982: Marc de Beauvau, Prince of Beauvau (1921-1982) (1921&ndash;1982)

## In Lorraine
.]]
The Beauvau family later enjoyed close relations with the then ducal family of Lorraine even going so far as to name one of their sons after a son of the Duke. They had a townhouse in Nancy, itself the capital of Lorraine. The townhouse was called the *Hôtel de Craon*. The family also had a residence in Paris named the *Hôtel de Beauvau*.

## Other websites
*
Further information on the family
Hemlock

**Hemlock** is a herbal poison got from several related plants in the Apiaceae family. The toxic chemicals differ in each plant, but there is a general similarity in the way they work.

**Conium*, two species. An extract of *Conium maculatum* was used to execute Socrates. This is the plant most often referred to as hemlock. There are eight alkaloids found in *Conium maculatum*. Two of them, gamma-coniceine and coniine  account for most of the plant's toxicity. Coniine disrupts the workings of the central nervous system by blocking the neuromuscular junction in a manner similar to curare. These alkaloids are made by the plant, and are no doubt effective to stop herbivores eating the plant.
**Cicuta* water hemlock or cowbane: highly poisonous. Water hemlock is one of North America's most toxic plants, being highly poisonous to humans. Three members of the genus contain a toxin, cicutoxin, which causes central nervous system stimulation including seizures.
**Oenanthe crocata*  and several other species of the water dropwort are extremely poisonous. It has been referred to as the most poisonous of all British plants, and is considered particularly dangerous because of its similarity to several edible plants. The active poison is oenanthotoxin. The poison produces the "sardonic grin" a spasm of the facial muscles that produces what appears to be a grin. The poison was said to be used in ancient  Phoenician Sardinia to kill old people who could no longer support themselves.

## References
Felix Timmermans

**Felix Timmermans** (5 July 1886 – 24 January 1947) was a writer, poet, and drawer from Belgium.

Timmermans was born in Lier, a Belgian city, near Antwerp.

## Bibliography (selection) 
* Pallieter (1916)
* Het kindeke Jezus in Vlaanderen (1919)
* De pastoor uit den bloeyenden wijngaerdt (1924)
* Pieter Bruegel, zoo heb ik uit uwe werken geroken (1928)
* De harp van Sint-Franciscus (1932)
* Boerenpsalm (1935)
* De familie Hernat (1941)
* Een lepel herinneringen (1943)
* Adriaan Brouwer (1948)

## Translations 
Some of his books were translated and published in English, French, German, Lithuanian, and Italian.

## Filmography 
* Boerenpsalm (1989)
* Pallieter (1975)
* Little Baby Jesus of Flandr (2010)
Mo Collins (American football)

**Damon Jamal Collins** (September 22, 1976 – October 26, 2014), nicknamed **Mo Collins**, was an American college and professional football player. He was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons during the 1990s and early 2000s. 

Collins played college football for the University of Florida, and was a member of a national championship team. The Oakland Raiders selected him in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft, and he played his entire professional career for the Raiders. 

Collins died of kidney failure in Charlotte, North Carolina, aged 38.

## References
Senzo Meyiwa

**Senzo Robert Meyiwa** (24 September 1987 – 26 October 2014) was a South African footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for Orlando Pirates in the Premier Soccer League, and for the South Africa national team. He was the captain of both.

Meyiwa was killed when two people broke into his house and shot him in Vosloorus, South Africa, aged 27. South African President Jacob Zuma led tributes to Meyiwa.

## References