open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Silence in Black and White

***The Silence in Black and White*** is the first studio album by Hawthorne Heights. It was released on June 8, 2004. It was released by Victory Records. On Monday, June 27, 2005 the 2 disc special edition CD/DVD was released. The CD contains acoustic versions of most of the songs. It also contains a DVD containing live performances and many other features. It was produced by Sean O'Keefe. The album takes its title from a line in the song Niki FM. *The Silence in Black and White* has sold 816,483 in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

## Track listing
# Life on Standby – 4:11
# Dissolve and Decay – 3:44
# Niki FM – 4:00
# The Transition – 4:05
# Blue Burns Orange – 3:20
# Silver Bullet – 4:03
# Screenwriting an Apology – 3:43
# Ohio Is for Lovers – 4:05
# Wake Up Call – 4:02
# Sandpaper and Silk – 3:37
# Speeding Up the Octaves – 4:11

## CD/DVD
**CD**
# Life On Standby
# Dissolve and Decay
# Niki FM
# The Transition
# Blue Burns Orange
# Silver Bullet
# Screenwriting An Apology
# Ohio Is for Lovers
# Wake Up Call
# Sandpaper and Silk
# Speeding Up the Octaves
# Silver Bullet (Demo)
# Niki FM (Demo)
# Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo)
# Ohio Is for Lovers (Live Acoustic On Q101)
# The Transition (Live Acoustic On Q101)
# Silver Bullet (Acoustic In The Studio)
# Apparently Hover Boards Don't Work On Water (As a Day In the Life)

**DVD**
# Life On Standby (Live)
# Silver Bullet (Live)
# Niki FM (Live)
# The Transition (Live)
# Ohio Is for Lovers (Live)
# Speeding Up the Octaves (Live)
# Signing Footage
# Interview With Hawthorne Heights
# Yahoo! Music Interview
# Yahoo! Music - Ohio Is for Lovers
# Ohio Is for Lovers (Music Video)
# Seven Commercial Spots
# Speeding Up the Octaves (Demo Video)
# Audio Commentary On **Ohio Is for Lovers**
# Victory Van Raiders Featuring Silverstein
# Bus Tour With J.T. of Hawthorne Heights
# Fans of Hawthorne Heights Montage

## References
The Gamblers

***The Gamblers*** is a German drama movie directed and written by Sebastian Bieniek. The movie was first released on June 20, 2007 in Shanghai.

## Other websites 
* Official Webpage 
*
Maleeha Lodhi

**Dr. Maleeha Lodhi**, HI, is a journalist, academic, and diplomat from Pakistan. Till recently, she was the high commissioner of Pakistan to the United Kingdom.  She was ambassador from Pakistan to the United States from 1994-1997 and 1999-2002.

At present she is a Fellow at the Institute of Politics, Kennedy School, Harvard University. She has also been a member of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament.
Mediterranean region

The **Mediterranean region** is the region surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. This includes places from southern Europe, North Africa and western Asia. Most of the region has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot, dry summers and cool to mild, wet winters. Plants that grow there are short trees and shrubs which survive the yearly drought during summer. It is a popular vacation spot.

The Mediterranean Region is so called because the largest stretch of area here lies along the margins of the Mediterranean Sea.The regions having similarities with the Mediterranean Region are located on the western margins of continents in the latitudinal belt between 30° and 45° North and South latitudes. Therefore, these regions are known by the common name of the Mediterranean region of the world.

## Area
# Europe: Greece, Italy, Spain, and Malta.
# Asia: Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and parts of western and southern coastal Turkey.
# Africa: The coastal area of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya.
Civil disobedience

in 1955. She became famous for refusing to obey set regulations. Her individual action of civil disobedience started the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which is one of the largest movements against racial segregation. In addition, this launched Martin Luther King, Jr., who was involved with the boycott, to prominence in the civil rights movement]]**Civil disobedience** is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical violence. It is one of the primary tactics of nonviolent resistance.

The American author Henry David Thoreau pioneered the modern theory behind this practice in his 1849 essay *Civil Disobedience*, originally titled "Resistance to Civil Government".

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as Mahatma Gandhi) used non-violent civil disobedience in South Africa in a campaign for civil rights for the people who came from India and lived in South Africa. This campaign was from 1893 to 1914. When Gandhi returned to India, he used civil disobedience in the campaign for the independence of India in 1930 from the British rule, when India was a British colony.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, and young activists in the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s also adopted civil disobedience techniques, during and after the Vietnam War.
Turkic languages

The **Turkic languages** are a language family of some thirty languages. They are spoken by Turkic peoples across an area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western and Northern China. Traditionally, people think that they are part of the Altaic languages.

Turkic languages are spoken by some 150 million people as a native language; and the total number of Turkic speakers is about 180 million, including speakers as a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is the Turkish, or Anatolian Turkish. Its speakers are about 40% of all Turkic-speakers.

## Classification
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

## Languages by native speakers
The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35  documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

## Further reading
* Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp.&nbsp;81–125.
* Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: *Encyclopaedia Britannica*. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.
* Menges, K. H. 1968. *The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies*. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
## Other websites
*Turkic Languages: Resources - University of Michigan
*Map of Turkic languages
*Classification of Turkic Languages 
*Online Uyghur-English Dictionary
*

## References
Albertville

**Albertville** is a French commune in the Savoie department. Its population is about 17,300 (1999 census). The commune hosted the Winter Olympic Games in 1992.
Shin (letter)

**Shin** (also spelled **Šin** (*šīn*) or **Sheen**) is the twenty-first letter of the Semitc languages, including Phoenician *šīn* 𐤔, Hebrew *šīn* (ש or שׁ), Aramaic *šīn* 𐡔, Syriac *šīn* ܫ, and Arabic *sīn* س . Its sound is a voiceless sibilant, [ʃ] or [s]. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Sigma (Σ) (which in turn gave and Cyrillic С), the Hebrew letter **Sin** שׂ (also can be spelled **Seen**) and the letter *Sha* in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts (Ш).
Merrie Melodies

***Merrie Melodies*** is the name of a series of animated cartoons distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures between 1931 and 1969. The sister series to Warner's *Looney Tunes*, *Merrie Melodies* were originally one-shot musical cartoon shorts before gradually featuring recurring characters. 
By 1944, no distinctions existed between the two series.

Originally produced by Harman-Ising Pictures, *Merrie Melodies* were produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions from 1933 to 1944. Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, and the newly renamed Warner Bros. Cartoons continued production until 1963, ''What's Up Doc?* (1950)

## Other websites 
* The Big Cartoon Database entry for *Merrie Melodies''
Kansas Turnpike

The **Kansas Turnpike** is a road in Kansas, part of the United States. The road is a *turnpike*—a payment must be made to use it. The road is 236 miles, or 380 kilometers, long. It starts at the line between Kansas and Oklahoma, and goes to Kansas City. It runs through many important cities in Kansas, including Wichita, Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City. The Kansas Turnpike is owned and repaired by the Kansas Turnpike Authority (KTA), which is based in Wichita.

The Kansas Turnpike was built between 1954 and 1956. It was built before the Interstate Highway System. The turnpike was not part of the Interstate System at first. However, it became part of the system in 1956. Parts of the turnpike also are parts of four Interstate Highways: I-35, **I-335**, I-470, and I-70.

Around 120,000 people use the Kansas Turnpike every day. KTA helps users by running a radio station about the road. It has also built places called *service areas* where people can stop and rest, and buy gasoline and things to eat. One service area has a memorial to American football coach Knute Rockne, who died near the turnpike.

The Kansas Turnpike Authority does not need tax money to pay for repairs to the road. The payments from users are used to pay for the repairs instead.

## References
Subscript and superscript

**Subscript** is the text which a small letter/number is written after a particular letter/number. It hangs below its letter or number. It is used when writing chemical compounds. An example of subscript is N2.

**Superscript** is the small letter / number above a particular letter / number. An example of superscript is 25. The number 5 above the number 2 is an example of superscript. Superscript can be used for exponents in mathematics.

## Typing subscripts
In word-processing computer programs like Microsoft Word, the shortcut key for subscripts is Ctrl+= .
You can use SuperScript Generator and Small Font Generator to turn regular text into super/subscript.
Bleed American

***Bleed American*** is the fourth album released by Jimmy Eat World and was made available in 2001. They had to change the title in stores to *Salt Sweat Sugar* because they were scared *Bleed American* would be taken the wrong way, possibly in an offensive way due to the September 11 attacks.

## Songs
# Bleed American (some copies list it as "Salt Sweat Sugar")
# Praise Chorus
# The Middle
# Your House
# Sweetness
# Hear You Me
# If You Don't Don't
# Get It Faster
# Cautioners
# The Authority Song
# My Sundown

## Trivia 
On the second song, "Praise chorus" they mention old songs such as our house in the middle of the street. Davey Von Bohlen from The promise ring does some of the vocals for the song.

"Hear you me" is believed to be written for two fans who died, it's also referring to the weezer song

"The authority song" makes certain references to the Pop culture - the dj never has it, j.a.m.c automatic, if those were roys headphones, you'd bet he play what goes on.
"Roy's headphones" is referring to Roy Miranda, a popular artist/dj in Arizona.
The Middle

"**The Middle**" is a 2001 song released by Jimmy Eat World from their album, *Bleed American*. It is the third song from their album.

The song is not what is usually heard from the band. It is one of the more straightforward, upbeat songs, its also one of their most well-known singles.

There is electric guitar, drums and vocals used in this song, typical for a punk/rock song.

## Music video
The band are featured in this music video. It also shows girls in their bikinis and a swimming pool, and someone goes into it during the guitar solo so for a moment its kinda faded out, but then he goes back to the surface. At the start of this video, two people in a car get out and go inside to the party.

## Live performance
Taylor Swift and Jim Adkins performed the song together twice. The first time was on Swift's Speak Now World Tour during the Glendale, Arizona show on October 22, 2011.

## References
Chamonix

**Chamonix** is a French commune next to Mont Blanc, in the French Alps. It is in the Haute-Savoie department. The Winter Olympic Games were there in 1924.
"Charmonix" is actually French for dining room. it was named this for its irregular shape, which to many looks like a dining room
Territorial collectivity

A **Territorial collectivity** ('*** or sometimes called ***collectivité locale'''*) in France is a name for all dependent areas. They have an elected local government and (per article #72 of the French constitution) a "certain freedom of administration". In 2015, the Lyon Metropolis became the first *collectivité territoriale'' in metropolitan France, followed in 2018 by Corsica and in 2021 by the European Collectivity of Alsace.
Cleartext

In telecommunications, **cleartext** is the form of a message or data which is in a form that is immediately understandable to a human being without additional processing. In particular, it implies that this message is sent or stored without cryptographic protection. The phrases, "in clear", "en clair" and "in the clear" are the same. 

It is close to, but not entirely the same as, the term "plaintext". Formally, plaintext is information that is fed as an input to a coding process, while  ciphertext is what comes out of that process.  Plaintext might be compressed, coded, or otherwise changed before it is converted to ciphertext, so it is quite common to find plaintext that is not cleartext.

Websites using insecure HTTP send using cleartext, with all data supplied (including usernames and passwords) being sent from the user's computer through the internet using cleartext. Anyone with access to the medium used to carry the data (the routers, computers, telecommunications equipment, wireless transmissions, and so on) may read the password, username, and anything else sent to the website.

## Related pages
* Plaintext
* Ciphertext

## References
Ancient Church of the East

The **Ancient Church of the East** is an Assyrian church.

The church separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. This happened because Mar Shimun XXIII, the patriarch of Assyrian Church of the East introduced reforms which were not supported.  These reforms included changes such as those of using the new Roman calendar rather than the old calendar.  The people who did not support the changes thought they were opposed to the sanctity of being one of the oldest Christian churches in the world. For this reason, the followers of the Ancient Church of the East resisted the changes made to the church. Mar Thoma Darmo, a native of Mesopotamia, who was Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East in India from 1952 to 1968, based at Trichur separated from the Assyrian Church of the East. He became the head of the Ancient Church of the East in October 1968 and moved to Baghdad. He died the following year. After his death, Mar Addai II was elected to replace him.

Since January 2011 the synod of the Ancient Church of the East has split between those accepting the Patriarchate of Mar Addai II and those Old Calendarists rejecting it. 

## References
Network Time Protocol

The **Network Time Protocol** (**NTP**) is a protocol for distributing the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over IP networks. 

NTP is one of the oldest Internet Protocols still in use (since before 1985) and uses UDP port 123. 

## References
* 

## Other websites
* NTP Public Services Project This is the home for the NTP (Network Time Protocol) Public Services Project which provides public support for the NTP Project and the IETF NTP Working Group.  Also a Wiki with lists of NTP servers.   
* IETF NTP working group
* David Mills' NTP project page
* NTP version 4 Release Notes
* Time and NTP paper
* NTP Articles and News  - A collection of NTP related articles and news
* NTP Survey 2005 
* Network Time Protocol  - National Research Council of Canada
* Network Time Server - NTP time server software for Windows
* Online NTP Test Utility - Tests a NTP Server which is public to the internet
* A Brief Guide to NTP  - Google Knol on NTP
* Time Synchronisation Blog 

### Other time synchronization protocols
* Daytime protocol DAYTIME synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 13
* ICMP protocol Time synchronization with ICMP timestamps (basis for timed  )
* HTTP Time Protocol (HTP) Time synchronization with HTTP headers
* Reference-Broadcast Synchronization  (RBS)  Time synchronization for wireless networks
* Time protocol Time synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 37
Print server

A **print server**, or **printer server**, is a computer or device that is connected to one or more printers and to a network. It accepts print jobs from client computers, then prints the jobs on the requested printer.

**The term can refer to:**
# A computer running any of the printing servers software; implementing any of the **network printing protocols**.
# A dedicated device that connects one or more printers to a local area network (LAN).  It typically has a single LAN connector, such as an RJ-45 socket or a wireless connection,and one or more physical ports (e.g. serial, parallel or Universal Serial Bus (USB) ) to provide connections to printers. Such dedicated device converts **network printing protocols** from what was sent by client computers to what the printers can understand. 

## Notes
*The term **print server** usually refers to (1) above, while **print server device** or **print server appliance** usually refers to (2).
*Some printers have built-in print server's capabilities and can connect direct to the network.

## References
John Dewey

**John Dewey** (20 October 1859 - June 1st 1952) was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was born in Burlington, Vermont. Dewey  from the University of Vermont. He later taught at many schools. In September 1882, Dewey went to the Johns Hopkins University and studied philosophy and psychology and published the paper, "The New Psychology" in the *Andover Review* in 1884.  Afterwards, he taught psychology at universities and later on, got married to his former student Alice Chipman.  In 1886, he started a new school which came to be known as the "Laboratory School" or "Dewey School".  This school taught pragmatism, which says that a school's curriculum should be based on everyday life, lessons, and focuses on hands-on activities to better help students learn. His wife Alice was principal of the "Dewey School" from 1901 to 1904.  After he retired as a teacher, he continued watching and figuring the society and politics.  John Dewey died in 1952.

## Theory
John Dewey believed in the "theory of inquiry", which shows how animals survived in their environment. He used the theory in the way he taught.  He said that children learn best with real-life problems and hands-on activities.  His most well-known essay was "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896) which created the stimulus that became the response, which later became known as social behaviorism.  For example, a person focuses on something, decides what to do, then acts on the decision.

## References
## Other websites
Session key

A **session key** is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session. A closely related term is **traffic encryption key** or **TEK**, which refers to any symmetric key that is used to encrypt traffic messages. Typically **TEK**s are changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message.

Session keys introduce complexities in a cryptosystem. However, they also help with some real problems, which is why they are used. There are two primary reasons for using **session keys**:
 
*First, several cryptanalytic attacks are made easier as more ciphertext encrypted with a specific key is available. By limiting the number of messages encrypted using a single key, those attacks are made more difficult. 
* Second, many otherwise good encryption algorithms require that keys be distributed securely before encryption can be used. All symmetric secret key algorithms have this undesirable property. There are other algorithms which don't require secure distribution of secret keys, but they are too slow to be practical for encrypting long messages (see Public-key cryptography). By using one of these "asymmetric" algorithms to distribute an encrypted secret key for another, faster, symmetric-key algorithm, it's possible to improve overall performance considerably. 

Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker. In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly. Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem.
Pierre de Coubertin

**Pierre de Coubertin** (French: [pjɛʁ də kubɛʁtɛ̃]; 1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937) was a French teacher and historian. He was very interested in physical education and he loved the idea of a gymnasium as the ancient Greeks had, were young and old learned and sported together. He is the founder of the International Olympic Committee.

## Other websites
:
:
*The International Pierre De Coubertin Committee (CIPC) – Lausanne
*Coubertin reader of Flaubert 
*The Wenlock Olympian Society 
*Discourse of Pierre de Coubertin at Sorbonne announcing the restoring of the Olympic games (in french, audio)  
*
Synchronization (computer science)

In computer science, **synchronization** refers to one of two different but related concepts: synchronization of processes, and synchronization of data. 

* **Process synchronization** refers to the idea that multiple processes are to link or handshake at a certain point, so as to reach an agreement or commit to a certain sequence of action. 
* **Data synchronization** refers to the idea of keeping multiple copies of a dataset in coherence (in-constancy) with one another, or to maintain data integrity. 

**Process synchronization** is commonly used to implement **Data synchronization**.

## Other websites 
* Anatomy of Linux synchronization methods at IBM developerWorks
The Kite Runner

***The Kite Runner*** is a 2003 book written by Afghan-American Khaled Hosseini.

In *The Kite Runner*, Amir and Hassan grow up together in Afghanistan like brothers, although they could not be more different. Amir is the son of a rich  businessman, a Sunni Muslim, a Pashtun. He is educated and loves to read and write. Hassan's father Ali is a servant to Amir's father. Hassan is a Sh'ia Muslim and a Hazara. He can not read and has a harelip. Neither boy has a mother, although Baba's friend, Rahim Kahn, has a close friendship with Amir. They spend their boyhoods roaming the streets of Kabul together. Amir is a selfish friend to Hassan, who is devoted and loyal to Amir. One day, he hides in fear as Hassan is beaten and raped by three bullies, led by a boy called Assef, when Hassan refuses to give them a kite that he found for Amir. After this, he cannot bear to talk to Hassan and pretends to his father that Hassan stole his watch so that Hassan will be sent away. Although his father forgives Hassan, Ali and Hassan decide to leave.  The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sends Amir and his father escaping to the United States, because Amir's father has been known to curse the Communists and had a strong admiration on Ronald Reagan. Amir is called back to Afghanistan, by a terminally ill Rahim Kahn, as an adult during the Taliban rule to rescue Hassan's son Sohrab, when Rahim tells him that he and Hassan are actually half-brothers because his father secretly had sex with Hassan's mother. When rescuing Sohrab, Amir has to confront Assef who is now a leader of the Taliban. He gets severely beaten by Assef and Sohrab eventually saves him by firing a slingshot at Assef's eye. He goes home with Amir to live with him and his wife Soraya, but does not talk or play. Eventually, Amir gets Sohrab to smile when he teaches him to fly a kite.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of author Khaled Hosseini
* Khaled Hosseini discusses *The Kite Runner* on the BBC *World Book Club*
* Article on the novel at ''Let's Talk about Bollywood*
* Excerpts: Excerpt at ereader.com Excerpt at litstudies.org Excerpt at today.com
* Book Drum illustrated profile of *The Kite Runner''
Opel Agila

**Opel Agila** was a car from the Japanese carmaker Suzuki with partnership from the German carmaker Opel from 2000 to 2015.

## Suzuki Wagon R+ and Splash 
The Suzuki Wagon R+ and Chevrolet MW are badge engineered versions of the Agila. It was replaced by the Splash in 2008 in Europe, however it is still available in countries such as Japan.
Hawk Nelson

**Hawk Nelson** is a Christian rock band from Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. The band was started in 2003. The band has released three albums and several EPs. Their latest album is *Hawk Nelson Is My Friend*. 

As a band Hawk Nelson have toured much. In the spring of 2008, they were the main band on the Green T-tour along with the bands Capital Lights and Run Kid Run.

Hawk Nelson played music without help when they first started. They later signed to the record label Tooth & Nail Records. The band became quite popular in their music scene and have some charted singles.

A good amount of their music was made with help from Trevor McNevan from Fm static

## Albums
## EPs
## References
Zoo Entertainment

**Zoo Entertainment** was an American record label, and a part of BMG. The label was created in the early 1990s by Lou Maglia, the former president of Island Records. It is now out of operation. Maglia and former BMG executive Kevin Czinger ran Zoo Entertainment and its successor company Volcano Entertainment. When money ran out, Volcano's owners sold the company to Zomba Records. Zomba later entered into a joint venture with Bernstein & Mensch, the rock management company. Zoo is best known for releasing three multi-platinum Tool albums.

## References
Project Athena

**Project Athena** was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM.  It was launched in 1983, and research and development continued until June 30, 1991, eight years after it began. It is widely believed that the goals were to create a computing environment that would utilize up to 1,000 workstations but in fact, the goal was to improve the quality of education delivered by the Institute.

The concept that a user could go to any workstation and access any files or applications without finding major differences in the user interface and service, just like browsing the Internet today.

The project created  many technologies that are widely used today, such as the X Window System and Kerberos.

## References 
* Treese, G. Winfield, Berkeley UNIX on 1000 Workstations: Athena Changes to 4.3 BSD *USENIX Association*, February 1988.
* Arfman, J. M.; Roden, Peter. Project Athena: Supporting distributed computing at MIT *IBM Systems Journal* Volume 31, Number 3, 1992.
* Champine, George (1991). *MIT Project Athena: A Model for Distributed Campus Computing*, Digital Press, .
* Avril, C. R.; Orcutt, Ron L.  Athena: MIT's Once and Future Distributed Computing Project, *Information Technology Quarterly* (Fall 1990).
* Athena at MIT (mit.edu) http://web.mit.edu/is/topics/athena/ 

## Other websites
* Athena at MIT 
* Project Glue at UMD College Park
Luxembourg (disambiguation)

**Luxembourg** can mean:

* Luxembourg, a small country in Western Europe
* Luxembourg Franc, the currency Luxembourg used to use
* Luxembourgish language, the main language in Luxembourg
* Luxembourg (city), the capital of Luxembourg
* Luxembourg (province), a province in Belgium
Wingfield, Wiltshire

**Wingfield** is a village in the county of Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom.

## Location 
Wingfield is two miles west of the town of Trowbridge.

## Other websites 
*Wingfield on Genuki
*www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Wingfield and surrounding area
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck

**Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck** (born 21 February 1980) is the son of Jigme Singye Wangchuck and the 5th and current reigning Dragon King (Druk Gyalpo) of the Kingdom of Bhutan. He became king on 9 December 2006. He was officially crowned on 1 November 2008.

## References
Barangay Santa Clara, Santa Maria, Bulacan

**Santa Clara** is one of the twenty-four barangays composing the municipality of Santa Maria, Bulacan, in the Philippines. It is bordered by Barangay Lalakhan on the southwest, Bagbaguin on the south, Poblacion on the east, Sta. Cruz on the north and Barangay Tambubong in Bocaue on the west.

## Geography
### Area and Location
Sta. Clara is the 17th largest barangay in Santa Maria with a land area of 214.70 hectares or 2.1470 km2, slightly smaller than the barangay of Poblacion.

Sta. Clara is located on the south-west portion of Sta. Maria and thirty-three kilometers north from Manila.

### Climate
The prevailing climatic conditions in the barangay are categorized into two types: dry and wet season.

The annual mean temperature in the area is 27℃.  The warmest month is May with a mean temperature of 29.9℃ while the coldest is January at 25.2℃.

The mean annual relative humidity in the Barangay is 77% which is not high. The mean monthly relative humidity is lowest in March at 64% and highest in September at 84%

### Demographics
As of 2022 census, Sta. Clara has a population of 14,535 people with a density of 4,682 person per km2. The projected population of the barangay by 2010 is 11,080 with a growth rate of 3.3%

### Population Projection
This is the projected population of the barangay by the next few years:

* 2008 - 10,384
* 2009 - 10,726
* 2010 - 11,080
* 2011 - 11,446
* 2012 - 11,824
* 2013 - 12,214
* 2014 - 12,617
* 2015 - 13,033
* 2020 - 15,330
* 2030 - 21,210

## Barangay officials
* Danilo "Anyeng" Perez, Barangay Captain

;Members of the Sangguniang Barangay:

* Orlando R. Salvador
* Danilo C. Barcial
* Manolito DR. Loreto
* Reynaldo C. Sioson
* Reynan C. Castillo
* Juanito J. Lopez
* Roberto A. Domingo
* SK Juan Carlo C. Cruz
* Sec. Abegail Marie SM. Del Rosario
* Treas. Monina A. Babaan

### Vision Mission
VISION: A self-reliant, industrialized, commercialized, environment friendly barangay, accessible roads, discipline and morally upright citizenhood and a place where you can say "I BELONG"

MISSION: "Discipline and Determination" by discharging responsible services to the needs of people and continuing communication.

### Health Care
Barangay Sta. Clara is a sub-center of RHU-I. This center serves the total population of 10,052 of the barangay.

The Health Center is open daily except on Weekends.

It is currently headed by Ms. Catalina C. Policarpio.

### Schools
* Sta. Clara Elementary school
* Global Seed Academy
* Joseph Arimathea School
* Estrella Academy of Sta. Clara Inc.

## Transportation and Communication
### Transportation
Public vehicles such as buses, jeepneys, and tricycles are the means of transportation in the barangay. Tricycles are available for 24 hours.

### Main roads
* Narra St./J.P Rizal St.
* Sta. Clara By-Pass Road
* Tindalo St.
* Yakal St./Luwasan

## Other websites
* Official Website of Barangay Sta. Clara SMB
* Official Website of Santa Maria, Bulacan
* NSCB Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Lapis lazuli

**Lapis lazuli** is a rock, and a gemstone. It is formed as a metamorphic rock of the limestone type.

Lapis is famous for its beautiful blue colour: its name means "stone of blue". Lapis Lazuli has been used for many things. Its has been made into beads and used in jewellery since Prehistoric times. It can be carved into statuettes (little sculptures). The major use was as a pigment (colour) in artists' paint. During Medieval and Renaissance times, lapis was ground into powder, and mixed with oil. It was used as the colour for painting the sky, and blue clothes. It can be seen in the fresco paintings of Giotto and the tempera paintings of Fra Angelico.

## Sources 
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock made from several minerals, but mainly Lazurite. 
Lazurite has been mined for over 6,000 years in Iran. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; at Mount Vesuvius in Italy; in Burma; Canada; and the United States.

Iran was the source of lapis for the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as the Ancient Greeks and Romans. During the height of the Indus Valley civilization about 2000 BC, the Harappan colony now known as Shortugai was established near the lapis mines.

In addition to the Persian deposits, lapis has been extracted for many years in the Andes (near Ovalle, Chile), the Lake Baikal region of Russia; Siberia; Angola; Argentina; Burma; Pakistan; Canada; India; and in the USA in California and Colorado.

### Alternatives
Lapis lazuli is commercially "synthesized" (actually simulated) by a chemical process, using artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc phosphates. There are also various substitutes for lapis.

## References
* Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, *Manual of Mineralogy*, 20th ed., Wiley, 

## Other websites 
* Mindat with location data
* Mineral galleries 
* Webmineral data

Image:Egypte louvre 091 faucon.jpg|This piece of jewellery from ancient Egypt has the head of a ram and the body of a falcon. It has Lapis lazuli set in its wings.
Image:Lapis.elephant.800pix.060203.jpg|This statuette carved in Lapis lazuli was possibly made in India. 
Image:Giotto Crucifixion.jpg|In this fresco by Giotto, the blue background and robe of the Virgin Mary were painted using Lapis lazuli.
Heatseekers Albums

**Heatseekers Albums** (formerly **Top Heatseekers**) is a weekly music chart for albums introduced by *Billboard* in 1993. It was created to publish sales by new and developing musical recording artists.  Albums that appear on Top Heatseekers may also appear on the *Billboard* 200 at the same time.

Top Heatseekers contains fifty chart positions.  Although the chart's rules have changed a little bit over the years, its current rules for an album to be allowed to enter *Top Heatseekers* say it needs to be one of the best-selling albums by a new or developing act (a band or musical artist), meaning an act that has never appeared in the top 100 of the *Billboard* 200.  If an album on Heatseekers does enter the top 100 of the *Billboard* 200, it and any albums  the act later releases are not eligible to appear on the Heatseekers chart. Many artists have bypassed Top Heatseekers because their first chart entry  on the *Billboard* 200 at position 100 or above.

## References
Artificial language

An **artificial language** is a language specially made for a purpose. These languages can be based on an existing natural language or can be artificial.

Some types of artificial languages are:

* **Constructed languages** take the place of natural languages. They make  human communication simpler, or make fictional worlds believable. Basic English, Esperanto, Tolkien's Quenya, and Lojban are examples.

* **Formal languages** are tools in mathematical logic and computer science where the terms are very precise and clearly defined.

* **Computer languages** are formal languages used by humans to program computers or for communication among computers.  **Programming languages** and **markup languages** are types of computer languages.

## Related pages
* Constructed language
* Natural language
* Computer language
Subculture

model pictured in June 2008]]
A **subculture** is a group of people involved in a community of some sort. Subcultures can be hobbies, groups or communities. A **subculture** is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which makes them different from the larger culture that they belong to, known as the "dominant" culture. If a subculture is described as opposing the dominant culture, it may be described as a counterculture. As Ken Gelder notes, subcultures are social, with their own shared rules, values and rituals, but they can also seem self-involved — another thing that makes them different from countercultures.

## Identifying subcultures 
Subcultures can be identified by the members' age, race, ethnicity, social class, location, or gender.  The qualities that distinguish among subcultures may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors.  Members of a subculture often signal each other through the use of fashion style, stereotypical behaviors, and use of a secret language created to prevent outsiders from understanding them (this is known as Argot).  They also live out particular relations to places: Ken Gelder talks about 'subcultural geographies' along these lines.

The study of subcultures often involves the study of symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible things by members of subcultures, and also the ways that these same symbols are seen and understood by members of the dominate culture. Subcultures have been documented by others for a long time. In some cases—such as homeless people, criminal gangs or skateboarders—subcultures have had laws created to control or end their activities. But subcultures also talk about themselves, very often.

## Related pages 
*Folklore
*Popular culture

## References
I Am... Sasha Fierce

***I Am... Sasha Fierce*** is the third studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on November 12, 2008 by Columbia Records. It featured a more of a pop and R&B sound with heavy usage of dance music and ballads in its musical direction.

## Background 
Knowles worked on the album for almost one year. This is longer than she had spent on her previous solo albums and records with her old group Destiny's Child. She said that she has co-written and co-produced over 70 songs.

In a statement released on Knowles official website, she wrote: 
I am in a different place right now and I wanted people to see the many sides of me.  The music is upbeat for the dance, fun side and it is reflective, passionate and serious for the personal side.  I have taken risks here.  I am not afraid and my music will explain it all.  There is no label or tag on my sound.  It's me and I am so excited to share it with the world on November 18.

## Track listing 
### Platinum edition
In September 2009, an enhanced two-disc version of the album was released, its first disc featuring 16 tracks from the original version with four bonus audio tracks, and its second disc, the video collection from *Above and Beyoncé*, including seven music videos.

### The Bonus Tracks EP
## Singles 
## References
Gary Shearston

**Gary Reht Shearston** (born January 9, 1939) is an Australian singer and songwriter. He was a leading figure of the folk music scene of the 1960s. He is important as a singer of Australian traditional folk songs. He scored a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom in 1974 with version of the Cole Porter classic "I Get A Kick Out Of You".

## Early life
Shearston was born in Inverell. His father served in World War II so Shearston and his mother lived with his grandparents at Tenterfield. At the age of 11 his family moved to Sydney. He attended Newington College from 1950 to 1955.

## Working life
Shearston began work as a newspaper writer with United Press. His first show business job was with the Tintookies, the Australian travelling puppet show. He joined the Hayes Gordon Ensemble Theatre working as an actor and stage manager. He was the host of a children's quiz show on television called *Name That Tune.*

## Music career
Shearston played guitar and sang English, American and Australian folk songs. At 19 he become a full time singer. He worked in hotels and sang at *The Folksinger*. He sang with the American gospel and blues singer Brother John Sellers. In 1962 Shearston signed a recording contract with *Leedon*. The next year Leedon's distributor, *Festival*, signed him to CBS. In March 1965 Sydney radio stations started playing a song from his record, *Australian Broadside*. His song *Sydney Town* hit the Top 10 in his home city. In 1966 and 1967, Shearston was Australia's biggest selling folk singer. He had his own national television show, *Just Folk*. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded a song he wrote called *Sometime Lovin*. They invited Gary to go to America. He spent a year in London and then 4 years on the East Coast of the United States of America. In 1972 he went back to England and recorded some songs for the album *Dingo*. He had big hit with his deadpan (flat, no emotion) version of Cole Porter's *I Get A Kick Out Of You*. In 1990 he received the Tamworth Songwriters' Association's prize for "Bush Ballad of the Year".

## Church career
Shearston returned to Australia in 1989. He is now an Anglican Church minister in country Australia.

## Selected recordings
* Sometime Lovin' - 1965 
* Sydney Town - 1965 
* I Get A Kick Out Of You - 1974 

## Other websites
* Gary Shearston's Official Website
* Howlspace article 
* Pop Archives – I Get A Kick Out of You feature 
* Undercover Music
* SMH Album Review 3 August 2007
* /Photo of Gary Shearston

## References
The Flame in All of Us

***The Flame in All of Us*** is the fifth studio album by Thousand Foot Krutch. It was released on September 18, 2007. It has more of a rock sound than earlier albums, but also has some softer songs. The band recorded with producer Ken Andrews in the spring of 2007. The album began at #58 on The Billboard 200 charts.

Five songs from *The Flame in All of Us* were put on the internet before the album actually released. One of them, Falls Apart was a single for the band.

## Track listing
## References
Falls Apart

"**Falls Apart**" was a single released by Thousand Foot Krutch in 2007. It was made available online in July 2007. It is on their album The Flame in All of Us.

## Music video 
The "Falls Apart" video starts off showing the band in a dark wood room, with lots of rope around them. The members only have enough room to play their instruments. Eventually a man and a woman are shown and they are being held together by ropes. The man walks over to the woman and puts his arm around her. After a while she gets up and starts walking away, but then the ropes come off around everyone (the band and the couple alike). Because of this all of the body parts of the couple lie on the floor. But the man's hand crawls to the woman's hand and they hold each other while the band ends the song.
Network computing

**Network computing** is when computers work together over a network. Network computing is "*Storing and/or running applications in servers in a network*" This means that the network may use the power from all the networked computers to perform complex tasks. The network could also be for sharing files so that they can be looked at on any computer in the network easily.

Network computing is the opposite to *Stand-alone computing*. This is where computers are not connect to a network. Most laptops and home computers do their jobs alone and are stand-alone computers.

## References
*Network Computing  at network-computing.net
Benozzo Gozzoli

**Benozzo Gozzoli**  (4 October 1497) was an Italian Renaissance painter. He is most famous for a small chapel that he decorated with frescos of the *Procession of the Magi*.

## Life 
Benozzo was born in Florence in about 1420. Nothing is known about his parents, or how he started training as an artist. The first that is known of him is that in 1444 he was working with the famous sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, who was making the bronze doors for the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral.

In 1447 he started working with the painter Fra Angelico. He went to Rome with Fra Angelico to help paint the Chapel of Pope Nicholas V in the Vatican. In 1449 he was working in his own studio.

## Works 
For many years Benozzo worked as an assistant to other artists. At that time, he had to make his style match the style of the master, so it is hard to tell his art works apart. When Benozzo painted on his own, his pictures are rich with many details in the clothing, the buildings and the landscape. He was extremely good at painting faces, and many of the people in his pictures seem to be portraits of real people.

* In 1450 he had two important jobs. The first was to paint the *Life of St Francis of Assisi* in the town of Montefalco.
* In Florence, a new palace had been built for Cosimo Medici. Benozzo got the job of decorating the walls with frescos. The paintings are the *Procession of the Magi*. "The Magi" is a term used for the wise men who, in the Gospel of Matthew, came to visit Jesus as a young child. They are often also called "The Three Kings". The Palace is called the Riccardi-Medici Palace.
:Benozzo painted a great procession going around the walls of the chapel, with well-known people painted as the Kings, and members of the Medici family and their friends in the procession. The painting is brightly coloured and full all many interesting details. It is his most famous work.
*Benozzo also worked in the city of San Gimignano. In the Collegiate Church, where there were already many frescoes, he painted a picture of Saint Sebastian.
:At St. Augustine's Church, he painted another picture of Saint Sebastian. Saint Sebastian was the saint who people asked to help when plague was making people in the town sick.
:Benozzo then painted one of his most important works, a series of frescos in the "chancel" (main chapel) of the church, showing the life of Saint Augustine. There are 17 large pictures, each one telling a scene from the saint's life.

## Gallery 
 
Image:Montefalco z03.jpg|The Madonna and Child with St. Francis of Assisi and St. Bernadino 
Image:Benozzo Gozzoli, lorenzo il magnifico, cappella dei Magi.jpg|One of the Three Kings is Lorenzo Medici 
Image:Sant'agostino, cappella 2 s.g..jpg|One wall of the chapel showing stories of St. Augustine of Hippo.
Image:TolleLege.jpg|St. Augustine studying the Bible 

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters

## References 
* Rosella Vantaggi, *San Gimignano, Town of the Fine Towers*, Plurigraf (1979)
* Diane Davies (editor), ''Harrap's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists*, Harrap (1990). 
* Ilan Rachum, *The Renaissance, and Illustrated Encyclopedia'', Octopus (1979).
Bandwidth (computing)

In computer network and computer science, **digital bandwidth** or just **bandwidth** means the amount of data that can be sent from one point to another in a certain period of time. It is measured as a bit rate expressed in bits per second (bits/s) or multiples of it (kbit/s Mbit/s etc.)

Web hosting companies often quote a **monthly data transfer** for a website, for example 500 gigabytes per month. If the total amount of data downloaded from the website in a particular month reaches this limit, the hosting company may shut off further public access to the site.

## Internet connections bandwidths 
### Broadband
Sometimes, the word "broadband" is used to mean "high-speed", especially with high-speed internet connections.  "Broadband" means "wide band", and suggests high-speed.  However, the term is not clear;  "high-speed" is more clear. A dial-up telephone connection is most often thought to be low-speed, at less than 56,000 bit/s (bits per second). High-speed is usually 200,000 bit/s or faster. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or Cable modem connections are usually high-speed.

## References 
## Other websites 
Bandwidth -Citizendium
Niki FM

"**Niki FM**" is a song by Hawthorne Heights. It is one of their most famous songs, and their second hit.

The band's singer, JT, says it is his most personal song from the album *The Silence in Black and White*, and is his favourite song to perform live in concert. They still play it at concerts, although without the harsh vocals that are on the single.

## Music video
The music video for Niki FM starts with a room with a lot of people in. JT is at the front, and someone in the audience is touching someone's leg. The video also includes JT being kissed by another woman. It shows him in a room tearing a picture in two and he stares at it. He has a radio and goes outside the young woman's house to match with the lyrics "I'm outside of your window, with my radio". The girl walks away and leaves him, and the song finishes.

## References