open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sugarland

**Sugarland** is a country music duet from the Southern United States. They've had many #1 hits on record charts in the United States. The group consist of Jennifer Nettles (lead vocals) and Kristian Bush (vocals, guitar, mandolin). At first, Kristen Hall (vocals, guitar) was also a member, making the group a trio.

## Discography
* *Twice the Speed of Life* (2004)
* *Enjoy the Ride* (2006)
* *Love on the Inside* (2008)
* *The Incredible Machine* (2010)
* *Bigger* (2018)

## References
Yuko Kavaguti

**Yuko Kavaguti** , born November 20, 1981– ),  also known as , is a Japanese-Russian Olympic athlete and international ice skating competitor.

In December 2008, she became a Russian citizen and her Russian name is Kavaguti. Kawaguchi gave up her Japanese citizenship.

## Early life 
Kawaguchi was born in Funabashi, Chiba in Japan.  She began skating at the age of five because her mother was a fan of ice dancing.

She studied international relations at St. Petersburg State University, completing her degree in June 2007.

## Career 
In international competition, Kavaguti is pairs skater.  She represents Russia with Alexander Smirnov.

Kavaguti became a Russian citizen so that she would qualify for a spot on the Russian Olympic team.

### Kawaguchi
As a Japanese citizen, Kawaguchi competed as a singles skater. She switched to pairs after the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.

### Kavaguti
As a Russian citizen, Kavagui has won many medals, including gold  at 2008 Skate Canada International.

;2010
Kavaguti was a partner in the pairs team which won the 2010 European Figure Skating Championships,  Kavaguti and Smirnov won the 2010 Cup of Russia,  They placed third in the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships.

;2011
Kavaguti and her partner won the 2011 Cup of China  and the 2011 NHK Trophy.

## Awards and titles
* Order of the President of the Russian Federation *’For services to the development of physical culture and sports, high athletic achievements at the XXI Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver’* (March 5, 2010) 
* The Best in the Sport of St. Petersburg (February 2010) 
* Honored Master of Sports of Russia (2009) 

## Related pages
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites 
* Yuko Kavaguti at International Skating Union (ISU)
Amy Poehler

**Amy Meredith Poehler** (; born September 16, 1971) is an American actress, comedian, director, producer and writer. She was a cast member of the television program *Saturday Night Live* between 2001 and 2008.

## Early life
Poehler was born in Newton, Massachusetts. Her parents are high school teachers Eileen Frances (née Milmore) and William Grinstead Poehler. She grew up in nearby Burlington. Her father is of German, Irish, Portuguese, and English ancestry. Her mother is of Irish ancestry. Poehler was raised in the Catholic faith. She graduated from Burlington High School in 1989. She studied at Boston College and at The Second City.

## Marriage and family
Poehler was married to Will Arnett in 2003. They have two children. In September 2012, Poehler and Arnett separated. The divorce was finalized in 2016.

## Filmography
### Movies
### Television
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
*
* in 2009
* Amy Poehler named one of ''Men's Vogue's'' 2008 Visionaries 
* TODAY talent are on People magazine annual list of 100, led by Applegate 
* Amy Poehler at Emmys.com
List of harmonicists

The list consists of blues musicians whose main or only instrument is the harmonica.
## Blues harmonica players
Big Bang (disambiguation)

**Big Bang** is the name of a scientific theory that explains how the Universe started and made the groups of stars, called galaxies, we see today.

"**Big Bang**" may also refer to:

*Big Bang (British band), a British electronic synthpop duo started in 1988
*Bigbang (Norwegian band), a Norwegian rock trio started in 1992
* BigBang (South Korean band), a South Korean boy band started in 2006
** *Big Bang (BigBang album)*, their second Japanese album
** *Big Bang 2 (album)*, their third Japanese album

* *The Big Bang Theory*, an American situation comedy TV series
Boron carbide

**Boron carbide** is a chemical compound with the formula B4C. It is an extremely hard ceramic. It is often used as an abrasive, as armor, as a scratch-proof coating, as a neutron absorber in the control rods of nuclear reactors, and as an additive in the cut-resistant shackle in some padlocks.
Carbon diet

**Carbon diet** is the process of reducing the production of greenhouse gas, primarily carbon dioxide, to reduce effects on climate change and global warming.

Carbon dioxide is produced from heating, driving and consuming products.

The production of carbon dioxide can be reduced by decreasing the intake of carbon, and eventually reduces the effects of climate change.

According to Deborah Jones, her family undergoes carbon diet. They are already in week two of the Globe and Mail assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to see how her family can reduces the emissions of greenhouse gas to reach the provincial goal of 33 percent reduction. It is different from a low carbon diet which is done by choosing what to eat to reduce greenhouse gas discharge.

## Etymology 
Carbon is from Latin word carbo "coal" is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years.

The term "carbon diet" is used in book Gore:A Political Life. There are steps in carbon diet:
* Calculate a carbon footprint to understand the amount of carbon dioxide emissions
 
* Measure the carbon footprint against peers (e.g., similar company size or for individuals, a national average)
 
* Determine the ideal carbon footprint
 
* Identify the source of the most significant carbon dioxide emissions [3]
 
* Reduce carbon dioxide emissions by starting with the most significant sources first

## References 
* Zelnick, Robert (1999). Gore: a political life. Washington, DC: Regnery Pub.. pp.&nbsp;330. ISBN 0-89526-326-2.
* Deborah Jones, "Stepping Towards Greener Pastures: Part 2 of BC family's carbon diet focuses on transportation," The Globe and Mail, March 30, 2007
* Data and studies on CO2 emissions from common goods and services are at CO2List.org
Big Bang (BigBang album)

***BIGBANG*** is a name of the album in Japanese released by Big Bang in Japan. Big Bang is a boy band that comes from South Korea. Bigbang sings hip hop and R&B. This album was released on August 19, 2009.

## Track listing
## References
Crowbar

A **crowbar** is a metal tool used mainly to  things open. It is usually hook shaped. Sometimes the bottom is slightly curved to allow for better leverage. Some crowbars have a notched end for removing nails. Crowbars are often made of carbon steel. They can also be made of titanium which is lighter and non-magnetic. The first known use of the word was somewhere in the 1400s where they were simply called crows or iron crows.

It is used as a lever either to force apart two objects or to remove nails. Crowbars are commonly used to open nailed wooden crates. Common uses for larger crowbars are: removing nails, prying apart boards, and generally breaking things. Crowbars can be used as any of the three lever classes but the curved end is usually used as a first-class lever, and the flat end as a second class lever. In mining, crowbars are used to break blasted rocks and to remove loose rock on roof sides and the working face, but not much in modern mining.

The Crowbar is also a popular melee weapon, and has, as a result, been used in many forms of media. Most notably, it is the melee weapon of choice for Gordon Freeman, the protagonist of the Half-Life game series.
Numerical control

**Numerical Control** (**NC**) is a way to automate machines. In numerical control, the commands these machines come from a storage medium; they are not controlled and operated manually. The first such machines were Jacquard looms controlled by punched cards. Machine tools for cutting metal were built in the 1940s and 1950s. They were controlled by punched tape instructions. Soon, the tools were changed, to use computers. Numerical control with computers is known as **Computer Numerical Control**, or **CNC**.

Nowadays, it is possible to make a program that can run such machine tools, based on a CAD drawing of the piece to be produced.

Attempts to automate machines in the 19th century, for example copying-lathes, used cams. These are basically wheels that change the position of notches to control a machine. The basic difference to modern NC is that these cams only automated one given task; modern NC and CNC machines can be programmed to a greater extent.

## History of the NC 
The invention of numerical control has been due to the pioneering works of John T. Parsons in the year 1940, when he tried to generate a curve automatically by milling cutters by providing coordinate motions.  In the late 1940s Parsons conceived the method of using punched cards containing coordinate position system to control a machine tool.  The machine directed to move in small increments and generate the desired finish.  In 1948, Parsons demonstrated this concept to the US Air Force, who sponsored the series of project at laboratories of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  After research MIT was able to demonstrate first NC prototype in 1952 and in the next year they were able to prove the potential applications of the NC.

## CNC Milling Materials 
One of the most usual material types for milling are metals, and there are many to select from.

* Aluminum - Aluminum 2024, 6061, 70775 are the most widely used CNC milling material, for both mechanical and aspect components.  Aluminum is generally able to be machined quicker than other metals, making it the most economically viable.
* Stainless Steel - Stainless steel alloys can be heat treated and supply corrosion resistant properties.  Uses include surgical equipment, electronics hardware, and other parts that need formability and weldability.
* Titanium - What makes titanium unique is its high temperature melting point, making it useful for many industries and applications.  It’s considered to be corrosion resistant, and impervious to ductile, salt, and water.  Despite being biocompatible and lightweight, titanium material provides strength and sturdiness that makes it well-suited for applications like medical implants, aircraft components, and even jewelry.

## References
Surface-area-to-volume ratio

The **surface area to volume ratio** of an object is the relationship between two measurements. It is the ratio of Surface area to volume.  It shows the comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside. Small or thin objects have a large surface area compared to the volume. This gives them a large ratio of surface to volume. Larger objects have small surface area compared to the volume so they have a small surface area to volume ratio. A large lump, for example, has a small ratio, and may be smashed into powder to give it a large surface to volume ratio.

Two common ways of writing it are **sa/vol** or **SA:V**. Either of these say to divide the surface area by the volume. This shows how much surface area is required for each unit of volume. 

## Example
Honda Accord

The , also known as the  in Japan and China for certain generations, is a midsize car that is built by the Honda company. The car has changed over time by design. It has had ten different basic designs. The Honda Accord has been made and sold since 1976. The car later spawned a station wagon crossover SUV called the Crosstour in 2009. However, very low sales made Honda discontinue the Crosstour in 2015.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

]]

. It is a popular destination for tourists in Iceland.]]

The **Mid-Atlantic Ridge** is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. It is part of a world-wide system of mid-ocean ridges. They make up the longest mountain ranges in the world, all underwater except for short stretches like Iceland, where the ridge reaches the surface. Seafloor spreading takes place at the ridge.

The ridge separates oceanic tectonic plates and moves the plates apart at about 2.5&nbsp;cm per year.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep rift valley which runs along the middle of the ridge along almost its entire length. At the rift, the boundary between tectonic plates, magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor. New magma emerges onto the ocean floor near the ridge axis. The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt and gabbro.

## History 
The ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS *Challenger* in 1872. A team of scientists on board discovered a large rise in the middle of the Atlantic. They were planning the future location for a transatlantic telegraph cable. The existence of such a ridge was confirmed by sonar in 1925

In the 1950s, mapping of the Earth’s ocean floors showed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to have valleys and ridges. Its central valley is seismologically active and the epicentre of many earthquakes. Ewing and Heezen discovered the ridge to be part of a 40,000-km essentiallycontinuous system of mid-ocean ridges on the floors of all the Earth’s oceans. The discovery of the worldwide ridge system led to the theory of seafloor spreading and the general acceptance of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift and expansion as plate tectonics.

## Geology 
The ridge started forming in at the end of the Triassic period, and was responsible for the separation of the Americas from Africa and Europe with the breakup of Pangaea.

The ridge sits atop a geologic feature known as the **Mid-Atlantic Rise**, a progressive bulge that runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean, with the ridge resting on the highest point of this linear bulge. This bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing up the oceanic crust and lithosphere.

## References
Punched card

punched card from the mid-twentieth century]]

A **punched card** (also **punch card** or **punched-card**) is a piece of card stock that stores digital data using punched holes. Punched cards were once common in data processing and the control of automated machines.

Punched cards were widely used in the 20th century, where unit record machines, organized into data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage. The IBM 12-row/80-column punched card format came to dominate the industry. Many early digital computers used punched cards as the primary medium for input of both computer programs and data.

Data can be entered onto a punched card using a keypunch.

While punched cards are now obsolete as a storage medium, as of 2012, some voting machines still used punched cards to record votes. At least one company still uses punched cards for accounting. Punched cards also had a significant cultural impact in the 20th century.

's chain, constructed using 8 × 26 hole punched cards]]

## References
Sri Lanka at the Olympics

**Sri Lanka** first took part in the **Olympic Games** in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Sri Lanka is SRI.  In 1964, it was CEY for Ceylon.

## History
Teams took part in all Summer Olympic Games since then, but not the 1976 Games.  Sri Lanka never took part in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Sri Lanka was formed in 1937 and  by the International Olympic Committee the same year.  The nation was called *Ceylon* until 1972.

## List of medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Further reading
* 

## Other websites 
* Sri Lanka profile at London2012.com
Pope Innocent XI

**Pope Innocent XI** (; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born **Benedetto Odescalchi**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 240th Pope from 1676 to 1689.

## Early life
Benedetto Odescalchi was born at Como in 1611. He was the son of a Como nobleman, Livio Odescalchi

## Cardinal
In 1645, Pope Innocent X raised Odescalchi to the rank of cardinal. and he chose to be called Innocent XI.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes,

In December 1688, Innocent received the diplomatic mission sent to the Vatican by Narai, the King of Siam.

### After his death
After Innocent XI in 1689, he was buried in St. Peter's Basilica.

## Related pages 
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XI
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Odescalchi 
* Video footage showing the beatification of Pope Innocent XI
Syria at the Olympics

**Syria** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1948.  The nation came back to the Games in 1968.  They also missed the 1976 Games.  The nation has not been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Syria was formed in 1948.

## List of medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Syrian Arab Republic profile at London2012.com
Chinese Taipei at the Olympics

**Chinese Taipei** has been in many Olympic Games.  The country first competed with the *Chinese National Olympic Committee*.  From 1960 to now the country now takes part as the *Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee*

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Taipei (Chinese Taipei) profile at London2012.com
Tajikistan at the Olympics

**Tajikistan** was first at the **Olympic Games** as an  nation in 1996.  They have been to every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has been at the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

Before, Tajik athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics until 1988. Tajikistan was part of the Unified Team in 1992.

The National Olympic Committee for Tajikistan was formed in 1992 and   by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

## Medalists
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Tajikistan profile at London2012.com
Nakagin Capsule Tower

The  is a building designed by architect Kisho Kurokawa. It has apartments and offices in it. The tower is in Shimbashi, Tokyo, Japan. Nakagin Capsule Tower is an example of the Metabolism style of architecture. It was the first modular capsule building.

## Design and construction
The building is actually two towers. One is eleven and the other is thirteen floors. These towers are the utility cores. They have the elevators, stairs, electric, and water services in them. They also support the whole building. 140 capsules are attached to the two cores. Each capsule unit is one apartment or office. They are  ×  ×  and have one round window. Just four bolts connect each unit to a tower. The units are made from lightweight steel. They were built in Shiga Prefecture and brought to Tokyo on trucks. The capsules are not connected to each other, so any capsule can be removed or replaced without moving the others.

The towers are the permanent part of the building and the capsules were temporary. Kurokawa planned for new units to be built to replace old ones. As building technology improved, better units could be added. Also, units could be changed as people moved in or out. Capsules could even be moved from one building to another. This part of the plan never happened. No new capsules were ever built.

Residents plan to tear down the building. They say there are problems with asbestos and that the building is too old and has not been repaired well. Kurokawa and other architects want to keep the building as an historic example.

## References
The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword

***The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword*** is a video game made in 2011 for the Wii. Unlike the other *Legend of Zelda* games, it focuses more on combat, keeping the role-playing and puzzle elements seen in earlier games. The story is connected with the rest of the *Legend of Zelda* series, and the story is about how the master sword was created. The player travels between two worlds: Skyloft, an island in the sky which is the main area in the game, and Hyrule, which is located on the Earth. It makes use of the Wii MotionPlus add-on for the Wii Remote. The player uses the Wii Remote to swing Link's sword.

Link is the hero in this game. Zelda is Link's childhood friend, and the heroine in the story. Ghirahim is the main villain who schemes to revive an ancient evil. In this game, you can go to four different "realms", such as the Faron, Eldin, and the Lanyuru, as well as Skyloft.

A limited edition bundle with a gold  Wii MotionPlus and a CD with orchestrated versions of the series' well-known music tracks was sold to mark the 25th anniversary of *The Legend of Zelda*.

A port, titled ***The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword HD***, was released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on July 16, 2021.
Gary Mason

**Gary Mason** (15 December 1962 - 6 January 2011) was a boxer. He was born in Jamaica, but later lived in England. He had been a British heavyweight champion. He had 37 wins in his career. 34 of those were knockouts. He lost only once. Lennox Lewis beat him in 1991. Mason died after being hit by a van while riding his bicycle in London.

## References
Citroën Saxo

The **Citroën Saxo** is a car produced by Citroën. It is based on the Peugeot 106. It replaced the Citroën AX in 1996 and featured 3 and 5 door versions. It received a facelift in late 1999. It was replaced by the Citroën C3 and C2 in 2002 and 2003 respectively. 

## Engines 
* *1.0i* 33 kW (45 hp) and 37 kW (50 hp)
* *1.1i* 40 kW (54 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
* *1.4i* 55 kW (75 hp)
* *1.6i* 65 kW (88 hp) and 72 kW (98 hp)
* *1.6i 16V* 87 kW (118 hp)
* *1.5 D* 40 kW (54 hp) and 42 kW (57 hp)
Australia at the Olympics

**Australia at the Olympics** is a history which includes 45 games in 22 countries and 3,000+ athletes. Since 1895, Australia has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Australia is AUS.

## History
The Australia National Olympic Committee was formed in 1895.  It was  by the International Olympic Committee in 1895.

Afghanistan's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

## Host country
 in Queensland was the beginning of the 1956 Olympic torch relay]]
Australia has hosted the Olympics twice:

The 1956 Summer Olympics were at Melbourne in Victoria.

The 2000 Summer Olympics were at Sydney in New South Wales.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games
### Medals by Winter Games
### Medals by sport (both Summer and Winter)
## References
## Other websites
* Australian Olympic Committee 
* Australia profile at London2012.com
Timor-Leste at the Olympics

The **Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste** was first at the Olympic Games in 2000.  They have not won any medals.

The National Olympic Committee was formed in 2003.  It is called *Comitê Olímpico Nacional de Timor-Leste*.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References
## Other websites
* Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste profile at London2012.com
Metabolism (architecture)

**Metabolism** is a kind of architecture that began in Japan around 1960. This way of designing buildings came out of the rebuilding of Japan after World War II. Members of the group include: Kiyoshi Awazu, Noboru Kawazoe, Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Masato Otaka, and Kenzō Tange. They wrote a short book in English and Japanese called *"The proposals for a New Urbanism"* for the World Design Conference in 1960. Many Metabolist projects or designs were very large city plans called *megastructures*. The members thought of cities as living things that changed over long periods of time.

These architects were interested in building housing for large numbers of people. They often planned buildings that could be changed. One example is the Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kurokawa (1972). Each apartment was a rectangular block with one round window. These blocks could be added, moved, or removed as needed. It was a *"plug-in building"*. Kurokawa planned for new, better capsules to be added to replace old ones. However, the tower was broken apart in 2022.

## References
Naypyidaw

**Naypyidaw** (), also known **Nay Pyi Taw** or **Naypyitaw**, is the capital city of Myanmar, also known as Burma. 

Construction in the planned city is on-going.

## History
In 2005, the capital of Myanmar was officially moved inland and away from the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Sea.

## Geography
The former capital, Yangon (Rangoon), is about 385 kilometers (240 miles) south of the new city.

The new capital is located between middle mountain range of Bago Yoma and eastern mountain range of Shan Yoma. Naypyidaw covers an area of 7,054.37 square-km.

## References
## More reading
* "Welcome to Naypyidaw, Madam Secretary; Hillary Clinton visits Myanmar's Potemkin capital,"  *Foreign Policy* (US). December 1, 2011.
* McElroy, Damien. "Burma: welcome to Naypyidaw - the home of kings - and the world's weirdest capital city," *The Telegraph* (UK). 18 November 2011.

## Other websites
* Global Security.org, Naypyidaw 
* "Naypyidaw, An Unconventional Capital," 2011
Gas discharge lamp

s are simple low pressure mercury vapor dischargers]]
**Gas discharge lamps** are a family of artificial light sources (or lamps). These lamps produce light by sending electricity through an ionized gas. Most of these lamps use a noble gas (often argon or neon gas), or a combination of noble gases, but they often contain other materials, such as mercury, sodium or metal halides. The gases in these lamps are ionized in operation. This means that there are free electrons. When an electric current is sent through the gas, electrons collide with atoms of the gas and the metals. This will mean that some reach a higher energy state. When they fall back into the lower energy state, they will emit the energy in the form of light. 

The fluorescent lamp is probably the best known gas discharge lamp. Sodium vapor lamps are commonplace as streetlights. Neon lamps are used in advertising.

Gas-discharge lamps have a long life and a high efficiency, but they are more complicated to manufacture, which makes them more expensive to buy than incandescent lamps. Due to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps replaced incandescent light bulbs for many purposes in the late 20th century. Early in the 21st century, light-emitting diodes improved, with even higher efficiency. They began to replace some gas discharge lamps.
Nineveh

**Nineveh** was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern side of the Tigris River. It was the capital of the Assyrian Empire. Its ruins are across the river from the modern-day city of Mosul, Iraq.

The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive stone and mudbrick wall dating from about 700&nbsp;BC. The wall was bout 12&nbsp;km in length. The stone retaining wall had projecting stone towers spaced about every 18&nbsp;m. The stone wall and towers were topped by three-step parapets.

The city wall had fifteen monumental gateways. They were checkpoints for people entering and exiting the city. They probably had barracks and armouries. With the inner and outer doors shut, the gateways were fortresses. The gateways had passages and interior chambers lined with finely cut stone. A stairway led from one of the interior chambers to the top of the mudbrick wall.

The city wall was destroyed by ISIS by February 2015 during an effort to destroy historical buildings and monuments in the province by the jihadist rebel group.

## References
Adela Noriega

** Adela Noriega ** (), born **Adela Amalia Noriega Méndez** on October 24, 1969, in Mexico City, Mexico, is a Mexican television actress. Noriega gained popularity as a teenager participating in telenovelas as a lead actress. Some of her most famous works include *Quinceañera* (1987), *Dulce Desafío* (1989), *María Isabel* (1997), *El Privilegio de Amar* (1999), *El Manantial* (2001) and *Amor Real* (2003). She is known as the "Queen of telenovelas".

## Personal life 
Noriega was born in Mexico City, Mexico, on October 24, 1969. At the age of 12, she was discovered by a talent scout. She started working as a child model and appearing in commercials and music videos. Her father died when Noriega was in her early adolescence. Her mother died in 1995 from cancer. She has two siblings; an older sister, Reyna, and a younger brother, Alejandro. She lives in the United States.

## Career 
Noriega made her television debut at the age of 14 in the telenovela, *Principessa*. Soon after, she appeared in another telenovela, *Juana Iris*, and on a comic show, *Cachún cachún ra ra!*. In 1986, she got her first leading role in the telenovela *Yesenia* where she played a role of a young gypsy. Shortly after, she starred as a leading character of *Quinceañera*. A year after, she played the leading female character in *El Privilegio de Amar*, the highest rated television program in Mexico to date.

In 2001, Noriega played the leading role in *El Manantial*. In 2003, she portrayed an aristocrat, Matilde Peñalver y Beristáin, in *Amor Real*. This historical telenovela received critical acclaim and was highly successful.  In 2005, she played the leading role in *La esposa virgen*. Her most recent starring role was in the telenovela, *Fuego en la sangre*, from 2008.

## Filmography
## Awards and nominations
The following table shows some of the nominations and wins for Adela Noriega.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites
***Adela Noriega ** – official website 
*
Charged particle

A **charged particle**, also called an ion, is an atom with a positive or negative charge. This happens whenever something called an ionic bond forms. Two particles that have different numbers of electrons (the smallest particle in an atom which is negative) start reacting to each other. The particle that has the greater amount of electrons steals the other particle's electrons. One becomes positive because it lost an electron, and the other negative because it got another electron. The two particles become attracted to each other and mix together, making a new kind of particle.

## References
Pope Innocent XII

**Pope Innocent XII** (; 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700), born **Antonio Pignatelli**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 243rd Pope from 1691 to 1700.

## Early life
Pignatelli was born at Spinazzola in Puglia.

He was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome.

He gained administrative experience when he was governor of Perugia.

### After his death
The tomb of Innocent XII at St. Peter's Basilica was sculpted by Filippo della Valle.

## Related pages 
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Pignatellit
Authors of the Bible

of the Book of Isaiah, found among the Dead Sea scrolls]]

The Bible is a collection of texts that are commonly referred to as books. Many of these books have the name of only one person. There is a controversy about how the texts of these books were fabricated. For example, there is a discussion if all the Pauline epistles have been written by Paul the Apostle.
Big Mama Thornton

**Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton** (November 12, 1926, Montgomery, Alabama &ndash; July 25, 1984 in Los Angeles, California) was an American blues singer, harp player and songwriter. 

Thornton was the first who recorded "Hound Dog" by Leiber and Stoller. Another song which is often covered is "Ball ´n Chain". It is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame list of the "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll".  It is one of her best-known songs because of being performed and recorded by Janis Joplin.

## Career
She was born in Montgomery, Alabama. She got her musical education in a Baptist church, where her father was a minister and her mother a choir singer. At the age of 14 she joined Sammy Green's Georgia-based Hot Harlem Revue and toured the south. She was also a self-taught drummer and harmonica player. She often played each instrument onstage.

Thornton settled in Houston in 1948. In 1951, she signed a recording contract with Peacock Records. For this label, she recorded "Hound Dog" which became #1 in the Rhythm and Blues charts. Then she toured with Junior Parker and Esther Phillips. At the end of the 1950s, her career faded. She relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area, where she mostly played local blues clubs.

In 1966 she recorded *Big Mama Thornton With The Muddy Waters Blues Band* featuring Muddy Waters (guitar), Sammy Lawhorn (guitar), James Cotton (harmonica), Otis Spann (piano), Luther Johnson (bass guitar), and Francis Clay (drums). Her ''Ball 'n' Chain'' album in 1968 with Lightnin' Hopkins (guitar) and Larry Williams (vocals), included the songs "Hound Dog", "Wade in the Water", "Little Red Rooster", "Ball 'n' Chain", "Money Taker", and "Prison Blues".

One of Thornton's last albums was *Jail* (1975) for Vanguard Records.The album was recorded in the mid-1970s at two prisons. She became the leader of a blues ensemble. Thornton performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1966 and 1968, and at the San Francisco Blues Festival in 1979. In 1965 she performed with the American Folk Blues Festival package in Europe where she recorded her album *Big Mama Thornton in Europe* and followed it up the next year in San Francisco with *Big Mama Thornton with the Chicago Blues Band*. Both albums came out on the Arhoolie label. Thornton continued to record for Vanguard, Mercury, and other small labels in the 1970s and to work the blues festival circuit until her death in 1984. She was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1984.

Thornton died of a heart attack in Los Angeles on 25 July 1984 at the age of 57.

## Selected discography
* 1965  *Big Mama Thornton in Europe*  Arhoolie
* 1967  *Big Mama the Queen at Monterey*  MCA
* 1968  ''She's Back*
* 1969  *Stronger Than Dirt*
* 1970  *Maybe*  Roulette Records
* 1970  *The Way It Is*  Mercury
* 1973  *Saved*  Pentagram Records
* 1975  *Jail*  Vanguard
* 1975  *Sassy Mama!*
* 1978  *Mama's Pride''  Vanguard

## References
## Other websites
*
Martine Aubry

**Martine Aubry** (born 8 August 1950) is a French politician. She was born in Paris and is the daughter of Jacques Delors (1925–2023).  She wanted to be the Socialist candidate to the 2012 presidential election but François Hollande defeated her.

## References
Hurricane Roxanne

**Hurricane Roxanne** was a destructive storm that hit the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula during October 1995. The hurricane had winds next to 115 miles per hour when it hit. Because of its impact, the name **Roxanne** was later retired and replaced by **Rebekah**.
Pope Innocent XIII

**Pope Innocent XIII** (; 13 May 1655 &ndash; 7 March 1724), born **Michelangelo Conti**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 245th Pope from 1721 until his death.

Michelangelo Conti was born in Poli, near Rome.

Conti was born into a family that included several popes including Pope Innocent III. (1198–1216), he was a member of the family of the counts and dukes of Segni.

## Bishop
In 1695, Conti was made Archbishop of Tarsus.

## Cardinal
In 1706, Pope Clement XI raised Conti to the rank of cardinal.

## Pope 
Cardinal Conti was elected pope on May 8, 1721; and he chose to be called Innocent XIII.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Conti family

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XIII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Conti
M. H. de Young Memorial Museum

The **M. H. de Young Memorial Museum** is an art museum in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. It is often called  just the **de Young Museum**. It is named for early San Francisco newspaper publisher M. H. de Young. The museum opened in 1895. It was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. A new museum building opened in 2005.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
List of most visited art museums in the world

This article **lists the most visited art museums in the world**. This list of 100 is based on an attendance survey compiled by *The Art Newspaper* published in April 2013.

The country with the highest number of visitors in the top 100 is the United Kingdom. The country with the most museums appearing in the list is the United States.

The list also includes exhibition centers organizing temporary art displays. Several major art museums, such as the Palace Museum in Beijing, which annually draw close to 12 million visitors, the Museo del Prado in Madrid, with 2,800,000 visitors in 2012, and the National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico City, with 1,767,092 visitors in 2011, were not included.

Annual fluctuations occur due to the popularity of special exhibitions and improved collections. For example, the National Gallery of Victoria 2,800,000 visitors in 2017, placing it well into the top 20.

## References
White asbestos

**White asbestos**, also called **chrysotile asbestos** or **serpentine asbestos**, is one of the six types of asbestos. About 95% of asbestos found in buildings is white asbestos. It is considered by experts to be less dangerous than the other types of asbestos, but it is still a major health hazard and exposure can cause cancer and asbestosis.

Chryso*til*e should not be confused with chryso*lit*e, which refers to peridot and several other non-asbestos-like minerals.

## References
Piano concerto

A **piano concerto** is a concerto written for piano and orchestra.

## Characteristics
### Form
A classical piano concerto is often in three movements.

#A quick opening movement in sonata form including a cadenza (which may be improvised by the soloist).
#A slow, free expressive movement
#A faster rondo

Examples by Mozart and Beethoven follow this model, but there are many others which do not. Beethoven's fourth piano concerto includes a last-movement cadenza, and many composers have made innovations – for example Liszt's single-movement concerti.

## Other websites 
*Classical and Romantic Piano Concertos , a list of Classical and Romantic piano concertos, and other music for piano and orchestra from the same period.
Shōchō

was a  after *Ōei* and before *Eikyō*.  This period started in April 1428 and ended in September 1429. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the *Shōchō* era
 ]]
* **3 February 1428** (*Shōchō 1, 18th day of the 1st month*): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimochi died at the age of 43.

* **30 August 1428** (*Shōchō 1, 20th day of the 7th month*): Emperor Shōkō died at he age of 27.  

* **8 September 1428** (*Shōchō 1, 29th day of the 7th month*): Emperor Go-Hanazono is  on the throne at age 10.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Ōei

was a  after *Meitoku* and before *Shōchō.* This period started in July 1394 and ended in April 1428. During this time, the  emperors were   and .

## Events of the *Ōei* era
]]
* **27 August 1394** (*Ōei 1, 1st day of the 7th month*): Former-Emperor Chōkei died.
* **1398** (*Ōei 5*): Kinkaku-ji or "Gold Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
* **September 1398** (*Ōei 5, 8th month*): In the 6th year of the  of King Taejong of Joseon, a Korean diplomatic mission was  in Japan.
* **1399** (*Ōei 6*):  began. Ōuchi Yoshiharu raised an army against Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
* **1402** (*Ōei 9*): A letter from the emperor of China was  by Yoshimitsu; and this formal communication mistakenly gives the title "king of Japan" to the Japanese shogun.
* **1419** (*Ōei 26*) :  was a Joseon military action in Tsushima Province (Tsushima Island).  More than 200 ships and 17,000 fighting men took part in this military expedition.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Shakin' Stevens

'''Shakin' Stevens**, sometimes called "**Shaky**" (born **Michael Barratt''', 4 March 1948) is a platinum selling Welsh rock and roll singer and songwriter. He was the UK's biggest-selling singles artist of the 1980s. His recording and performing career began in the late 1960s, but he was not very successful in the UK until 1980. In the UK alone, Stevens has had at least 33 top 40 hit singles in the sales charts.

## References
Kyōtoku

was a   after *Hōtoku* and before *Kosho.*  This period started in July 1452 and ended in July 1455.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Kyōtoku* era 
* **1454** (*Kyōtoku 3*): Ashikaga Shigeuji caused the killing of Uesugi Noritada; and this event is known as the *Kyōtoku no Ran*.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Hōtoku

was a  after ''Bun'an* and before *Kyotoku.*  This period started in July 1449 and ended in July 1452.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Hōtoku* era
* **8 May 1449** (*Hōtoku 1, 16th day of the 4th month*): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa is honored with the gift of a sword from the emperor.
* **1451** (*Hōtoku 3, 7th month *): A diplomatic mission from the Ryukyu Islands is  for the first time in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).
* **1451** (*Hōtoku 3, 8th month ''): Shogun Yoshimasa sent a letter to the Emperor of China.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* Okinawa Prefectural Archives, http://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/publication/2009/04/post-168.html
Kōshō

was a  after *Kyōtoku* and before *Chōroku.*  This period started in July 1455 and ended in September 1457. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Kōshō* era 
* **1456** (*Kōshō 2, 3rd month*): Ashikaga Yoshimasa visited Iwashimizu Shrine; and all the officials of the *Daijō-kan* joined him at the shrine.
* **1456** (*Kōshō 2, 8th month*): The father of Emperor Go-Hanazono died at age 85.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kanshō

was a  after *Chōroku* and before *Bunshō.*  This period started in December 1460 and ended in February 1466. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the *Kanshō* era 
* **1460** (*Kanshō 1, 9th month*): Wakae Castle in Kawachi Province was destroyed when  was forced out of it.
* **21 August 1464** (*Kanshō 5, 19th day of the 7th month*): Go-Hanazono .  He abdication caused the Imperial succession to pass to his son who would be known as Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Chōroku

was a  after *Kōshō* and before *Kanshō.*  This period started in September 1457 and ended in December 1460.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Chōroku* era 
* **1458** (*Chōroku 2, 8th month*):  The stolen Sacred Jewel was returned to the emperor.

* **1459** (*Chōroku 3*): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa provided a new *mikoshi* and a complete set of robes as part of repairs to the Atsuta Shrine.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Fashion Bug

**Fashion Bug** is a women's clothing retailer.  It owned by the Lane Bryant company.  Like Lane Bryant, it is focused on clothing for larger women. 

## History
Fashion Bug was founded in 1960.  It is headquartered in Margate, Florida.
Bunshō

was a  after *Kanshō* and before *Ōnin*. The period started in February 1466 and ended in March 1467. During this time, the emperor during this period was .

## Events of the *Bunshō* era
* **1466** (*Bunshō 1*): At Nara, Kinpusen-ji's Nio Gate (*niomon*) was built.
* **1466** (*Bunshō 1, 1st month*): Ashikaga Yoshimi, brother of the Shogun, was promoted to the second rank of the second class in the Imperial court hierarchy.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Unilineal evolution

**Unilineal evolution**, also called **classical social evolution**, was  a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures. 

There were different theories by various sociologists and anthropologists. However, they all believed that Western culture is the peak of social evolution. Social status is seen as a single line that goes from most primitive to most civilized. This theory is now generally considered  in universities.
Ōnin

was a  after *Bunshō* and before *Bunmei*. This period started in March 1467 and ended in April 1469. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Ōnin* era
In the *Ōnin* era, the emperor gave Yoshimasa's villa with a special name -- *Higashiyama-dono*.,

### Ōnin War 
The *Ōnin* War started in 1467.  This conflict is called *Ōnin no ran* because of the nengō in which it began.
* **1467** (*Ōnin 1, 1st month*): Yamana Souzen and Hatakeyama Yoshinari took up positions around *Muromachi-dono* in Heian-kyo.  This was the headquarters of the Ashikaga Shogunate.
Rival groups of daimyo fought for military supremacy. In the end, there was no winner. The war stopped because the factions simply  themselves.

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" &ndash; historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kakitsu

was a  after *Eikyō* and before ''Bun'an.*  This period started in February 1441 and ended in February 1444. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Kakitsu* era
* **12 July 1441** (*Kakitsu 1, 24th day of the 6th month*): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori was murdered at age 48.
* **1443** (*Kakitsu 3*): A Japanese-Korean diplomatic agreement (sometimes called the "Kakitsu treaty") was about on pirates (*wakō*) in the sea between Japan and Korea.
* **16 August 1443** (*Kakitsu 3, 21st day of the 7th month''): Shogun Yoshikatsu died after a fall from a horse.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" &ndash; historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Bunmei

was a  after *Ōnin* and before *Chōkyō*. This period started in April 1469 and ended in July 1487.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Bunmei* era
* **18 January 1471** (*Bunmei 2, 27th day of the 12th month *): The former-Emperor Go-Hanazono died at age 52.

* **16 April 1473** (*Bunmei 5, on the 19th day of the 3rd month*):  Yamana Sōzen died at age 70.

* **1478** (*Bunmei 10*): The philosopher Ichijō Kanera (1402–1481) published *Bummei ittō-ki* (*On the Unity of Knowledge and Culture*) which is about political ethics.

* **21 February 1482** (*Bummei 14, 4th day of the 2nd month*): Construction of Ashikaga Yoshimasa's Silver Pavilion was started.

* **1484** (*Bunmei 16*): Ginkaku-ji or "Silver Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimasa

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Bun'an

was a  after *Kakitsu* and before *Hotoku.*  This period started in February 1444 and ended in July 1449.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the ''Bun'an* era
* **1444** (*Bun'an 1, 4th month''): Kitano Tenman-gū and much of western Kyoto was  by fire.

## Related pages 
* Muromachi period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" &ndash; historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection