open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
John Dowland

**John Dowland** (born 1563; buried 20 February 1626) was an English composer and lutenist. He is best known for some beautiful songs which express his unhappiness such as "Come, heavy sleep", "Come Again, Sweet Love" and "Flow my tears".  His instrumental music became very popular again in the 20th century.

## Life 
We hardly know anything about Dowland's early life. He was probably born in London. He went to Paris in 1580 where he worked for the ambassador to the French court. He became a Roman Catholic at this time.

In 1594, the job of royal lutenist to Queen Elizabeth I became available. Dowland did not get the job. He said later that it was because he was a Catholic, but there were other Catholic musicians at the English court, so that may not have been the real reason.

Dowland continued to work in Europe instead. He worked for the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Wolfenbüttel. He went to Italy where he wanted to study with Luca Marenzio in Rome. He went to Venice and Florence but never got as far as Rome. He published a book of lute music in 1597 which made him the most important English composer for the lute. However, he still did not get a job at the English court so he went to Denmark where he worked for King Christian IV of Denmark who paid him very well.

Dowland seems to have been married and he had children, although we do not know how many. His wife and family always stayed in England.

Dowland returned to England in 1606 and in 1612 got the job as one of James I's lutenists. Strangely, he does not seem to have composed anything between that time and his death in London in 1626.  We do not know the date he died, but we do know the date when he was buried.

## His Music
Most of Dowland's music is for his own instrument, the lute. It includes several books of music for solo lute, songs for one voice and lute, part-songs with lute accompaniment, and several pieces for viol consort with lute. 

Many of his best-known songs are full of sadness. One lute song is called "Flow My Tears". A very well-known instrumental work is *Lachrimae* (the Latin word for "tears"), a set of seven songs for five viols and lute, each based on the tune of his song "Flow My Tears." It became one of the best known pieces of consort music in his own time. His pavane "Lachrymae antiquae" was also one of the big hits of the seventeenth century.

Dowland's music often shows the melancholia that was so fashionable in music at that time. He wrote a consort piece called *Semper Dowland, semper dolens* (always Dowland, always unhappy).

Many later musicians have been inspired by Dowland's music, including Benjamin Britten and the pop musician Sting.

## References
* Peter Holman/Paul O'Dette: "John Dowland", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 5 May 2008), (subscription access)
Cologne Cathedral

at the top of the picture.]]

**Cologne Cathedral** (German: *Hohe Domkirche St. Petrus* or commonly *Kölner Dom*) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Cologne, Germany. It is the cathedral church for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne.

The cathedral has a height of 157.25 metres. This makes it the second-highest in Germany and the third-highest in the world. The cathedral in Ulm, the Ulm Minster at 161 metres is the highest in the world. The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro is also higher, at 158 metres, but it only has the status of a minor basilica, it is not a cathedral.
The cathedral is also the third-biggest church, built in Gothic architecture. The Seville Cathedral in Seville, Spain, and the Milan Cathedral in Milan, Italy are bigger. 

The Cologne Cathedral was built in Gothic style from 15 August 1248. It was planned to make the cathedral like the one in Amiens. The choir was consecrated in 1322. The first bell could be hung in one of the towers shortly after 1410. Around 1510, the construction was stopped, because people had lost interest. The last payment for its construction was made in 1560.

For 300 years, Cologne had an unfinished cathedral. The cathedral was finished in 1880, still following the original plans.

The cathedral became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. 

The cathedral is one of the most popular sights in Germany. In 2001, there were five million visitors, in 2004, there were six million visitors. Pope Benedict XVI visited the cathedral in 2005.

## Images of the Cologne Cathedral 

Image:Hasak - Der Dom zu Köln - Bild 22 1824.jpg|The unfinished cathedral, around 1824
Image:Kölner Dom um 1900.jpg|The cathedral, around 1900
Image:Koelner Dom Innenraum.jpg|With a length of 144m, and a height of 43m, the cathedral has one of the biggest vaults in the world
Image:Kölner Dom - Spitze des Nordtumes 1881.jpg|The peak of the north tower, with a man beside it, for scale. The photo was taken in 1881.
File:Cologne Cathedral board.JPG|A board in Cologne Cathedral
File:Kölner Dom - Westfassade 2022 ohne Gerüst-0968.jpg|The cathedral, seen from the west.

## References
Toilet paper

**Toilet paper** is soft paper, used to wipe urine or feces after using the toilet. It is usually sold in white rolls, made up of square sheets. Modern toilet paper is very absorbent (and also very thin) and is designed to break up in the sewage system. The paper is often available in different textures and colours. One square sheet of toilet paper is called a "ply". 4-ply toilet paper has a thickness of 4 square sheets of toilet paper.
There was a shortage in 2020 because of the COVID-19 virus, its shortage was also caused by people rushing to buy toilet paper.

## History 
In former times people had no toilet paper and used other things. The Greeks, for example, used stones or human hair, Germans used leaves and straw. Some people used maize leaves. Some used sand instead of toilet paper.
In the Middle Ages people used moss and the rich ones preferred sheep wool. In the 6th century AD, people in China were the first to use paper for hygiene, but at the time it wasn't specially designed to clean feces. The first toilet paper was produced in China in the 14th century. In 1857 Colton Blakeslee produced toilet paper in cartons in the USA. The first rolls of toilet paper were produced in 1890 in Great Britain. In many parts of the world, newspaper is used instead of toilet paper.

## References
Fox Interactive

**Fox Interactive** was a video game publisher and developer that made games based on 20th Century Fox works, such as *The Simpsons*. The company was founded in December 1994. It went out of business in 2006.
Commensalism

s get transport on a fly (*Pseudolynchia canariensis*)]]

**Commensalism** is a type of relationship between two organisms. In commensalism, one organism is helped while the other is not affected. In practice, it is difficult to show that the passive organism is not harmed. For example, some birds live in holes in trees. Does this damage the tree? Mites, which cannot fly, often hitch a ride on insects. Does this affect the
insect's fitness? There is no definite answer to such questions.  

Orchids, mosses, and lichens all grow on tropical trees. They need sunlight, and by being higher up they get to the sunlight. All that can be said for sure is that the trees continue to live and reproduce, and so it is assumed that these epiphytes do not affect their host plant.

Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (18091894) introduced the term into evolutionary biology and ecology in the 1870s.

## Amensalism 
Amensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed or inhibited and the other is unaffected. Examples of amensalism include the shading out of one plant by a taller and wider one and the inhibition of one plant by the secretions of another (known as allelopathy). 

## Related pages 
*Mutualism
*Symbiosis
*Parasitism

## References
Bursa, Turkey

**Bursa** is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat of Bursa Province. The population of city is about 2 million. It has a mixed humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: *Cfa*) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: *Csa*). Bursa is the fourth largest city, and also one of the most industrialized cities in the country. Sometimes the city is called "Yeşil Bursa" which means "Green Bursa" because of the large parks, forests and gardens in the urban area of the city. Bursa is home of Uludağ University. Uludağ is an important ski resort in Turkey and is a national park to protect the nature in the mountainous area.
Heinrich Schliemann

of Heinrich Schliemann]]
', discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876.]]

**Heinrich Schliemann** (January 6, 1822, in Neubukowin, Germany - December 26, 1890, in Naples) was a German archaeologist. He is famous for his work in discovering the ancient city of Troy.

## Life 
Heinrich Schliemann was born in Neubukowin, Germany. His father, Ernst Schliemann, was a minister. His mother, Luise Therese Sophie Schliemann, died in 1831 when Heinrich was 9 years old. When his mother died, Heinrich lived with his uncle in Neustrelitz. He went to a grammar school in the town for about a year. His father paid the school fees. Heinrich was very interested in history and was encouraged by his father to read history books. After he left school, he worked in a shop in Fürstenberg for about five years. He worked hard as an apprentice, but he continued to read in his spare time.

He was not able to work as an archaeologist at this time, so he moved to a company which imported and exported products. In this job, he visited many different countries around the world, and learnt to speak English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish. His ability to speak languages was very important in his job. He later studied Latin and Ancient Greek in Paris.

In 1850, Heinrich's brother, Ludwig Schliemann, died, having got rich in the California Gold Rush. He moved to Sacramento, where he opened a bank, just like his brother. The new bank bought gold dust and sold it on to make money. In six months, the bank bought and sold millions of dollars' worth of gold dust.

Heinrich married his wife, Ekaterina, in 1852, but the marriage was troubled. Ekaterina kept encouraging her husband to make more money, but Heinrich felt that they were rich enough.

## His work 
Nobody knows how Heinrich became an archaeologist, but he continued to travel to see famous historical icons around the world. He even disguised himself to get into Mecca, the holy Muslim city. He became very interested in Troy, which was involved in a big dispute at the time. He was inspired by many people in the city, especially Ferdinand Fouqué and Frank Calvert, who he met in 1868.

Many reports have said Heinrich buried a 'treasure' he found in Troy, dubbed Priam's gold.

## References
2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries

**The Democratic Party presidential primaries of 2008** was an American political event. In various states, various Democratic candidates asked people and delegates to vote for them in primaries and caucuses. Candidates won delegates based on a percentage of votes (in primaries). There were 4,233 delegates. A candidate would have to get 2,110 delegates to win the nomination. The two front-runners of the campaign were New York Senator Hillary Clinton and Illinois Senator Barack Obama. Although Clinton led in the beginning, Obama soon gained the lead. Obama went on to become the first African-American presidential candidate in American history.
Theodor Schwann

**Theodor Schwann** (7 December 1800 – 11 January 1880) was a english scientist who isolated and named the enzyme  He also played a key role in promoting the idea of the cell as the foundation of, and discovered pepsin in 1836. His work on the cell has recently been re-assessed, because the idea had been discussed before him.

## Cell history 
Cells were discovered by  (1635–1703). He used a compound microscope with two to look at the structure of cork, and to look at leaves and some insects. He did this from about 1660, and reported it in his book *Micrographica* in 1665. 

Many other naturalists and philosophers tried out the new instrument. The structure of plants was investigated by Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) and Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694). Grew's major work was *The anatomy of plants* (1682). It is not clear who first saw animal cells, Malpighi, Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) or Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723). the cell theory includes these important ideas:
# All living things are made of cells.
# The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms.
# Every cell comes from another cell that lived before it.
# The nucleus is the core element of the cell.

The key works of Schwann and Schleiden were published in 1838 and 1839.
These ideas still are the basic ideas of cell theory.

## References
Blockade

A **blockade** is a physical blockage of a port or other place. Usually used of enemy ships surrounding a port.

By extension, a blockade is any effort to make sure that supplies, , information or aid do not reach an opposing force. Blockades are used in nearly all military campaigns and the tool of choice for economic warfare on an opposing nation. The International Criminal Court planned to include blockades against coasts and ports in its list of acts of war in 2009.

## Historical blockades 
Historical blockades include:
* The Spartan blockade of Athens following the Battle of Aegospotami, depriving Athens of the ability to import grain or communicate with its empire.
* The Dutch Republic's blockade of the Scheldt between 1585  and 1792, denying Spanish-ruled Antwerp's access to international trade and shifting much of its trade to Amsterdam.
* British blockade of France and its allies during the French Revolutionary War and Napoleonic War
* British blockade of the United States east coast during the War of 1812
* Union Blockade – the Union blockading the coasts of the Confederacy as part of the Anaconda Plan during the American Civil War
* Battle of Iquique during the War of the Pacific
* British blockade of Germany during World War I as a part of the First Battle of the Atlantic resulted in many deaths
*The Second Battle of the Atlantic during World War II
* United States blockade of Japan during World War II
* The German blockade of the Scheldt between September 1944 and November 1944, denying to allied shipping use of the port of Antwerp. (See Battle of the Scheldt).
* Soviet land blockade of West Berlin, 1948–1949, known as the Berlin Blockade.
* Egyptian blockades of the Straits of Tiran prior to the 1956 Suez War and the 1967 Arab-Israeli War.
* United States blockade of Cuba during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962
* India blockade of East Pakistan during the 1971 Bangladesh War
* NATO blockade of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1993–1996 during Operation Sharp Guard
* Israeli sea and land blockade of the Gaza Strip since the outbreak of the Second Intifada (2000) and up to the present.
* Israeli blockades of some or all the shores of Lebanon at various times during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), the 1982 Lebanon War, and the 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict – resumed during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.

## Related pages 
* Siege
Dubbo

**Dubbo** () is a large town in the central west area of New South Wales, Australia. Dubbo has a campus of the Charles Sturt University. A major tourist attraction in Dubbo is the Taronga Western Plains Zoo. There are passenger trains to and from Sydney and buses to and from Broken Hill.

## References
Antiwar.com

**Antiwar.com** is an English language website containing news and opinions related to the opposition to war. The site was founded in December of 1995, as a response to the Bosnian War.

Justin Raimondo is a founder and editorial director.

## Other websites
* Antiwar.com
Barium chloride

**Barium chloride** is a chemical substance. It is among the most important salts of barium. It is soluble in water. It is a poison. When it is heated, it gives a yellow or green color to the flame. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it attracts water from the air. It is mainly used to purify brine but applications include fireworks. 

Barium chloride is toxic. Sodium sulfate may be an antidote.

## References
North Atlantic Treaty

The **North Atlantic Treaty** is the treaty that founded NATO. It was signed in Washington, DC on April 4, 1949. 
## Members
The original twelve nations that signed it and thus became the founding members of NATO were the following:

Later the following nations joined:

When Germany was reunified in 1990, the country as a whole became a member of NATO.
## Article V
The key section of the treaty was Article V which says that each member state has to consider an armed attack against one state to be an armed attack against all states.  The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind, but Article V was never used during the Cold War. It was used for the first time in 2001 when the September 11, 2001 attacks against the World Trade Center and The Pentagon had taken place.
## US ratification
In the United States, the treaty was approved by the Senate in a vote of 82 to 13 on July 21, 1949.

## Related pages
*NATO
*Warsaw Pact

## Other websites
*Text of the North Atlantic Treaty
Silesian Voivodeship

**Silesian Voivodeship** **Silesia Province** is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the south Poland and in east Silesia (called Upper Silesia). The capital city is Katowice. 

## References
First Battle of the Atlantic

The **First Battle of the Atlantic** (1914–1918) was a naval campaign of World War I, largely fought in the seas around the British Isles and in the Atlantic Ocean. Both the German Empire and United Kingdom relied heavily on imports to feed their population and supply their war industry; thus both aimed to blockade each other. The British had the Royal Navy which was superior in numbers and could operate within the British Empire. The German Navy could not destroy the British Navy, as seen at the Battle of Jutland.

The German fleet mainly used unrestricted submarine warfare. Neutral countries disliked the blockades and the sinking of RMS Lusitania especially angered the United States. The successful blockade of Germany contributed to its military defeat in 1918, and still in effect, enforced also the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in mid-1919.

 *U 14*]]

## The Battle in Numbers 
### Allied and Neutral Tonnage sunk by submarines in World War I 
**Grand Total** 12,850,814 gross tons

Note that unrestricted submarine warfare was resumed in February 1917 and the British began full-scale convoying in September 1917. The heaviest losses were suffered in April 1917 when a record 881,027 tons were sunk by the U-boats.

Source: Fayle, C. Ernest, *Seaborn Trade*, Vol. 3, p. 465, Table I[a]; London: John Murray, 1924.

### German Submarine Force 1914-1918 
*Total operational boats: 351
*Total sunk in combat (50%): 178
*Other losses (11%): 39
*Completed after Armistice: 45
*Surrendered to Allied: 179

## Other websites 
* World's Navies in World War 1, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses
Sukhoi

**Sukhoi** is a company that primarily makes fighter jets for the Russian Air Force, and many other countries like China, India, Algeria, and Malaysia. Sukhoi has made some of the world's most popular fighter jets, mainly the Su-27. Most of Sukhoi's shareholdings belong in other countries than Russia.

The United States has bought aircraft from Sukhoi for aggressive training operations. However, Sukhoi sold aircraft to Iran, and thus the United States banned Sukhoi from ever doing business with them again.

## References
Biomedical engineering

**Biomedical engineering** is the study of medical equipment used in an environment of care or training and how this equipment interfaces with the human body. ***BE applies electrical, mechanical, optical, chemical, & other engineering principles to understand, modify, or control biological systems***.**]]

***Biomedical engineers* design, test, modify, recommend modification of, and''' evaluate all medical equipment used to interface or interact with the human body. In addition to these functions, clinical engineers usually supervise the biomedical equipment maintenance function within an environment of care.

The medical devices include man-made hands, arms, and legs to replace lost ones and, also, Dialysis machines which clean the blood of a person with damaged kidneys.

The beginning of the modern era of bioengineering was marked by the introduction of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970’s as (DNA produced artificially in the lab.)

## Other websites
* BioMedical Engineering OnLine
* The Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program (UCLA) 

## Notes
Kroppenstedt

**Kroppenstedt** is a town in the Börde district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is southwest of Magdeburg. It is part of the *Verwaltungsgemeinschaft* ("collective municipality").

## References
## Other websites
Righteousness

**Righteousness** is the quality of a person being morally right or justifiable. It is an important concept and theological concept. It is a concept in Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and also in Dharmic traditions. The quality of true righteousness is pleasing to God. It is a concept similar to integrity. Perfect righteousness is who God is. (See Psalm 30:4) 

## References
I Decided

"**I Decided**" is the first single released by Solange Knowles from her album *Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams*. The single was released as a digital download to both iTunes and Amazon.com on April 22, 2008.
Social equality

**Social equality** is a state where people are treated fairly and given equal chances without any discrimination.

## Related pages
* Affirmative action
* Anti-capitalism
* Civil rights
* Constitution
* Constitutional economics
* Equality before the law
* Egalitarianism
* Gender equality
* Political economy
* Social justice
* Social inequality
* Equality Act 2010
JavaServer Pages

**JavaServer Pages** (**JSP java**) is a programming language used by server applications. It was created by Sun Microsystems. A software server such as Apache is needed to run it. JSP works in a similar way to PHP but is written using the Java programming language.
Institute in Basic Life Principles

, the founder of **IBLP**]]
The **Institute in Basic Life Principles** (**IBLP**) is Christian organization in Oak Brook, Illinois. It was founded by Bill Gothard in 1964.

## Other websites 
* Official *IBLP* website
Master of Arts

(Graphic Design) granted by the University of Derby in 2018]]
A **Master of Arts** (Latin:*Magister Artium*) is a postgraduate academic master's degree given by universities and colleges in many countries.

Often called an **MA**, students can earn this certificate after completing their bachelor's degree. It is usually awarded when one has studied subjects such as literature, history, sociology, education, political science, social sciences, social work, design or art.
American Fork River

The **American Fork River**, in Utah, leaves the Wasatch Mountains out of American Fork Canyon about  southeast of Salt Lake City. The river starts on Mount Timpanogos and the river runs down through American Fork Canyon. On the way it goes through the Uinta National Forest and Timpanogos Cave National Monument. Leaving the canyon, the river runs through northern Utah County and empties into Utah Lake on the north shore.

## References
Alma mater

]]
**Alma mater** is the singular form of the Latin word for "nourishing mother". It was used in ancient Rome as a title for the mother goddess, and in Medieval Christianity for the Virgin Mary. In current days, it is most often used to refer to the university or college a person went to. However, it may also refer to the song or hymn of a college or university.

The term alma mater can be traced back to eleventh-century Europe. The first known use of the term in reference to university was in 1088. The University of Bologna coined their motto “Alma Mater Studiorum,” (translated: “nourishing mother of studies”). 

## Related pages 
* List of Latin phrases (A)

## References
Frank O'Connor

'''Charles Francis O'Connor** (September 22, 1897 – November 9 1979), called **Frank O'Connor''', was an American actor and painter. He was the husband of writer Ayn Rand.

## Biography 
O'Connor and Rand met on a movie set, in the years of silent movies. They were appearing as extras. Rand was also writing scripts, and O'Connor building a movie and stage career. Rand admired O'Connor's looks, and tripped him on the set, to get him to notice her. They married in 1929. 

To make sure they had enough income to succeed, O'Connor let his acting career go, becoming a rancher so Rand could succeed as an author, which was her ambition. He appeared in a presentation of her play *Night of January 16th*, after she became better known. O'Connor also proposed the name "Atlas Shrugged" for Rand's book, which she formerly called "The Strike" before publication. 

The couple had no children, but were friends with some college students and young professionals, including Nathaniel Branden (who later wrote psychology books, including important works on self-esteem), Alan Greenspan (economist, who was Federal Reserve chairman for the United States government) and Leonard Peikoff (later author of philosophy works, and editor of Rand's works). O'Connor "played host" to many discussions and forums about human interaction, relationships and societies, while wife Rand led the conversations.

He found a new pursuit, as he developed a talent for painting.  Some of Rand's books used his paintings for book covers. 

Actor Peter Fonda appeared as O'Connor in a 1999 television movie, *The Passion of Ayn Rand*, which also starred Helen Mirren.

## Other websites 
*
Biberach (district)

**Biberach** (IPA: ['bi:bərax]; Alemannic German: *Landchrais Bibra*) is a district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is surrounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Ravensburg, Sigmaringen, Reutlingen and Alb-Donau, and the Bavarian districts Neu-Ulm, Unterallgäu and the district-free city Memmingen. The most important towns in the district of Biberach are Biberach (Riß), Riedlingen, Ochsenhausen and Laupheim.

## Geography 
The district has hilly countryside between the rivers of the Danube and the Iller. The Danube crosses the district in its westernmost part from south to north. The Iller forms the eastern border of the district. Another river is the Riß, an affluent of the Danube (the river Riß goes into the Danube). It goes across the district from south to north.

The Federsee is a small lake in the southwest of the district. Its area is only 1.4 km², but it is famous for Neolithic findings and birds that are not seen a lot.

## Media 
The local newspaper is the *Schwäbische Zeitung* ("Swabian Newspaper"). The Biberach Independent Film Festival focusses on experimental shorts and documentaries. The festival starts at the end of October and runs into November.

## Coat of arms 
The imperial eagle symbolizes the imperial city of Biberach. At first, the coat of arms of the city showed an eagle as well as a beaver as a canting symbol. In 1488 the coat of arms of the city was changed to show only the beaver. The crosier symbolises the monasteries of the area.

## Cities and towns 
## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website of the district of Biberach (German)
*Huge private website about the town of Biberach (German and (in parts) other languages.)
*Federsee Neolithic Museum (German, English)
*Federsee Nature Reserve (German)
*Biberach Independent Film Festival  (German)
Hugh Orde

**Hugh Stephen Orde** OBE was the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland. He became the Chief Constable on 29 May 2002 and was it until 2009. His first police job was in 1977 at the Metropolitan Police Service. He was made a member of the Order of the British Empire in 2001, and was given a knighthood in 2005.

## References
Sam Allardyce

**Samuel Allardyce** (born: 19 October 1954) is an English football manager and former football player.

## Career statistics
### Club
Source:

:A.&nbsp; The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the League Cup, Football League Trophy, and Full Members Cup.

### Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Bolton Wanderers**
*Football League Second Division: 1977–78

**Preston North End**
*Football League Fourth Division promotion: 1986–87

**Individual**
*PFA Team of the Year: 1986–87 Fourth Division

### Manager
**Limerick**
*League of Ireland First Division: 1991–92

**Notts County**
*Football League Third Division: 1997–98

**Bolton Wanderers**
*Football League First Division play-offs: 2001

**Individual**
*Football League First Division Manager of the Month: January 2001
*Premier League Manager of the Month: August 2001, November 2003, January 2004, December 2006, February 2014, October 2014

## References
Say It Right

"**Say It Right**" is an R&B song performed by Nelly Furtado. It has background vocals by Timbaland. The song is from Nelly Furtado's album *Loose*. It was written by Nelly Furtado, Tim Mosley, Nate Hills. It was released on March 5, 2007 as a single and digital download in the United Kingdom. It was very successful worldwide reaching number one in many countries. The song is 3 minutes and 43 seconds long.
Greater Poland Voivodeship

**Greater Poland Voivodeship** is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the western part of Poland. It is mostly in the historical land Greater Poland. The capital of the Voivodeship is Poznań.

It was created on 1 January 1999.

## Protected areas
]]
Protected areas in Greater Poland Voivodeship include two National Parks and 12 Landscape Parks. These are listed below.
*Drawno National Park (partly in Lubusz and West Pomeranian Voivodeships)
*Greater Poland National Park
*Barycz Valley Landscape Park (partly in Lower Silesian Voivodeship)
*Chłapowski Landscape Park
*Lednica Landscape Park
*Powidz Landscape Park
*Promno Landscape Park
*Przemęt Landscape Park (partly in Lubusz Voivodeship)
*Pszczew Landscape Park (partly in Lubusz Voivodeship)
*Puszcza Zielonka Landscape Park
*Rogalin Landscape Park
*Sieraków Landscape Park
*Warta Landscape Park
*Żerków-Czeszewo Landscape Park
Hanging (death)

, 1436–1438]]

**Hanging** is caused when a person is held by a rope around the neck. The *Oxford English Dictionary* says that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death by suspension by the neck". Hanging is often used as a form of execution or suicide. 

The first known account of execution by hanging was in Homer's *Odyssey* (Book XXII). In this meaning of the common word *hang*, the past and past participle is *hanged* instead of *hung*.

As a form of death penalty, it is still used in Japan and certain African countries.

## Differences between long and short drop 
Long drop is when the condemned is dropped from a trapdoor a few feet above the ground and mostly causes the dislocation of the neck, resulting in almost instant death.

Short drop is when the condemned is made to stand on an object, then the object is taken from under them and they die from strangulation.

## References
Amplitude modulation

**Amplitude Modulation**, usually shortened to **AM**, is a simple way to send a radio signal. The signal can travel long distances, and appear in faraway places, because of the earth's ionosphere. 

Amplitude is the height of a wave. A  is  (changed) by adding audio. The combined signal is  over a frequency. AM signals can be received by a crystal-powered radio set, that needs no batteries or electrical . Many early radios were homemade, and used .

AM signals are mostly sent out on  and  frequencies. They do not carry high fidelity sound, but the sound is good enough to hear most things. Analog signals can fade in and out, or have interference from  and power stations. Sunspot activity can also weaken signals.

In the early years of commercial broadcasting in the 1920s, medium wave AM (from 540 to 1600 ) was the only kind of radio widely used. Radio programs were much like today's television programs, including news, sports, drama, music, comedy, and other entertainment.

Later Frequency Modulation (FM) radio was developed. It had better , but the signals could not travel as far, so AM was still important. After television became common in the 1950s, AM became a major format for popular music. As FM became common in the 1970s, AM stations featured more news, and talk shows.

Shortwave radio signals (from 3000 to 30,000 kilocycles) can travel around the world, and are used by countries to send programs to distant places. These programs feature news about the country, examples of their native culture and history, and sometimes  lessons.

## References
Match

]]

]]
A **match** is a tool for making fire under controlled circumstances. Most often, it is a small piece of wood, or hardened paper. At one end, the match is coated with a material that will ignite from friction. The lighting end of a match is known as the match "head". It contains **an oxidizing agent such as potassium chlorate, mixed with sulfur, fillers and glass powder** as the active ingredient and gelatin as a binder. Matches are sold in multiples, packaged together either in a box, or in matchbooks. There are two main types of matches: **safety matches**, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface; and **strike-anywhere matches**, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used.

There are also electric matches, which use electricity and not friction to produce a fire.

## Early matches
Matches that used sulfur were mentioned by Martial in ancient Rome. He called them *sulphurata*.

Around the year 1530, Matches appeared in Europe. The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by K. Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris, though. The head of the match was made of a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, sugar, and rubber. They were ignited by dipping the tip of the match in a small asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acid. This kind of match was quite expensive and its usage was dangerous, so Chancel's matches never gained much popularity.

## Special-purpose matches
**Storm matches,** also known as lifeboat matches or flare matches, have an easy to strike tip like a normal match, but much of the stick is coated with a combustible compound which will keep burning even in a strong wind. They have a wax coating to make them waterproof. They are a component of many survival kits. This particular match was used in the first mass-produced Molotov cocktails.

**"Bengal matches"** are actually small hand-held fireworks akin to sparklers. They are similar to storm matches in form, but they include compounds of strontium or barium in the compound on the stick to produce a red or green flame respectively.

## References
## Related pages
**The Little Match Girl*

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* A site  demonstrating jet propulsion using matches and foil
MP3 player

An **MP3 player** is a portable audio player people can use to listen to songs saved in the MP3 format.  They can use USB cords or Wi-Fi to connect the device to computers, so that computer files can be transferred to players internal memory.

MP3s are audio files that have been made smaller by removing sounds that the human ear cannot hear. Many newer MP3 players can also be used to view images or movies, or play games, and can also play other formats, such as FLAC and MPEG-4 AAC. The most well-known MP3 player is the iPod. MP3 players can also be built-into a car or home stereo. 

They were popular around the early 2000s, replacing the earlier Walkman tape players. They slowly lost popularity to the introduction to smartphones and apps like Spotify. They are still made today and can even connect to those music platforms.
James Horner

**James Roy Horner** (August 14, 1953 &ndash; June 22, 2015) was an American music composer and conductor. He scored the music for the 1997 movie *Titanic*. He won two Academy Awards in 1998. Horner was born on August 14, 1953 in Los Angeles, California.

Horner was killed in a plane crash near Los Padres National Forest, California, aged 61. 

## Awards and nominations
Horner won two Academy Awards, both in 1998:
* Best Original Dramatic Score, for *Titanic*
* Best Original Song, for "My Heart Will Go On" from *Titanic*

Horner also won two Golden Globe Awards,

In October 2013, Horner received the Max Steiner Award at the Hollywood in Vienna Gala. That award is given for extraordinary achievements in the music for movies.
## List of actors
### 1990s
### 2000s
## References
## Other websites
*
Wi-Fi Protected Access

**Wi-Fi Protected Access** (also known as **WPA** and **WPA2**) is the name for a number of standards to use encryption on a Wireless LAN. They were made because people found many weaknesses in  Wired Equivalent Privacy, the standard that came before WPA.  

Products that have the label *WPA* were made to work with most cards, even those that came out before there was WPA. This is not true for access points.

Products with the *WPA2* use all of the standard. This started in 2004 and is more secure, but it may not work with some older hardware. 

There are two types of WPA. They are called *WPA Personal* and *WPA Enterprise.* WPA Personal is used a lot in casual places like people's homes.  To connect, you enter a password. WPA Enterprise is used for bigger networks like businesses. To connect, you must enter a username and password given to you by the people in charge of the network.
Wired Equivalent Privacy

**Wired Equivalent Privacy** (also known as **WEP**) is a standard to use encryption in Wireless LANs. It was introduced in 1999. 

In 2001, mathematicians showed that WEP is not very strong. A WEP connection could be decoded, with software that can be easily found, within minutes.  Because of this finding, IEEE created a new 802.11i group to fix the problems. By 2003, the Wi-Fi Alliance announced that Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) would replace WEP, which was a subset of then upcoming 802.11i amendment.  Finally in 2004, they made it official and said that it would go ahead.  It was part of the full 802.11i standard (also known as WPA2), the IEEE declared that both WEP-40 and WEP-104 are not recommended because they are not secure enough. 

Even though it only offers low security, WEP is still widely in use. WEP is often the first security choice presented to users by router configuration tools even. Today, WEP provides a level of security that deters only accidental use.  As a result, people can invade and enter the network.

People sometimes call it *Wireless Encryption Protocol*, which is wrong.

## References
Congress of Vienna

, 1819.]]
The **Congress of Vienna** was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe. 
It was held in Vienna from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815. The chairman was the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. 

Its purpose was to decide about the political situation in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. 
To be precise there was never *one* "Congress of Vienna". Instead, there were discussions in informal sessions among the Great Powers. 

The Congress was concerned with determining the entire shape of Europe after the Napoleonic wars, with the exception of the terms of peace with France, which had already been decided by the Treaty of Paris, signed a few months earlier, on May 30, 1814.

The four victorious powers (the Concert of Europe) hoped to exclude the French from participation in the negotiations, but Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord managed to get into "her inner councils" in the first weeks of negotiations.
.]]

## Other websites 
* French text of the act of the Congress of Vienna 
* Animated map of Europe at the time of the Congress of Vienna
Candy Lo

**Candy Lo** (born October 18, 1974) is a C-rock singer-songwriter and actress from Hong Kong. She has released 9 studio albums, over 40 singles, 2 compilations, 1 live album and 1 EP with Sony Music to date.  On June 11 she released her first EP on her new label WOW Music.
Northumbria

The Kingdom of **Northumbria** (), was a medieval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now northern England and south-east Scotland. It later became an earldom in the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of England. The name reflects the southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the River Humber.

## History 
Northumbria was formed in the  early 7th century by Athelfrith, King of Bernicia.  He conquered the kingdom of Deira and several British kingdoms and combined them under his rule. The kingdom of Northumbria also included Lindsey at times. Northumbria was a part of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. At its greatest the kingdom extended at least from just south of the Humber river, to the River Mersey and to the Forth (roughly, Sheffield to Runcorn to Edinburgh). The name 'Northumbria' wasn't in common use until the time of Ecgfrith, King of Northumbria. The name Northumbria was still used during the reigns of Kings Canute and Edward the Confessor. Yorkshire became the new name for the heartlands of the former kingdom. The northern part (which had been Bernicia) was a kingdom for a short time but under the Danish kingdom it also became an earldom. Some of this land was claimed by both England and Scotland. The Earldom of Northumbria was later a part of England by the Anglo-Scottish Treaty of York in 1237. On the northern border, Berwick-upon-Tweed, which is north of the Tweed but had changed hands many times, was defined as subject to the laws of England by the Wales and Berwick Act 1746. The land once part of Northumbria at its peak is now divided by modern administrative boundaries:

* North East England includes Anglian Bernicia
* Yorkshire and the Humber includes Anglian Deira and Celtic Elmet
* North West England includes Cumbria
* Scottish Borders, West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian and East Lothian cover the extreme north

## References
La Grange, Illinois

**La Grange** is a village in Cook County, in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is a suburb of Chicago. The population was 16,321 at the 2020 census. The name *La Grange* is French for "the barn."

## References
## Other websites
Moons of Mars

**Mars** has two little **moons** called Phobos and Deimos. They are thought to be captured asteroids. They were found by Asaph Hall in 1877.

## Moons
## References
Blood Red Shoes

**Blood Red Shoes** are an indie music band from Brighton, England. Blood Red Shoes's first album was *Box of Secrets*. There are two members: Laura-Mary Carter and Steven Ansell. They are often compared to "The White Stripes" due to the boy-girl drum-guitar setup, but they dislike this comparison and, indeed, the White Stripes themselves.  Laura-Mary  plays guitar while Steven plays drums.

## Discography 
### Singles 
### Albums 
### Compilations 
* "I'll Be Your Eyes" - (V2 Records) 25 June 2007
All We Know

"**All We Know**" is a 2006 song by Paramore, off the album *All We Know is Falling*. It was the last single released off the album.
Misery Business

"**Misery Business**" is a 2007 song by the band Paramore. It is from the album *RIOT!*. The song was released on June 18, 2007. The video features the band playing in a room filled with the graffiti found on the bands album cover, and a person being mean at a school.

At the end of the video, singer Hayley wipes off the other girls makeup and takes something out from under her shirt exposing the girl for what she really is.

This song was controversial. Hayley did regret the use of God in the chorus and said she did not want people to use his name wrongly.
Wesfarmers

**Wesfarmers** is an Australian company headquartered in Perth, Western Australia, Australia. It was founded in 1914 as Westralian Farmers Limited. It is one of the two largest retailers in Australia. The other is Woolworths. It used to own Coles Supermarkets (demerged in 2018 and it has now sold off most of its shareholding in Coles), K-Mart, Target Bunnings Warehouse and Bi-Lo Supermarkets.

Wesfarmers employs approximately 114,000 people, operates mostly in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. It is also listed on the Australian Securities Exchange under the code WES.

## References
Pressure (Paramore song)

"**Pressure**" is the first single from the album *All We Know is Falling*, by the band Paramore. The song was ranked #62 on the *Billboard* Hot Digital Songs in 2007.

## References
Focus on the Family

.]]
**Focus on the Family** (**FOTF**, or **FotF**) is an American evangelical group. The non-profit organization was founded in 1977 by James Dobson, and is based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. They have started several ministries, such as Adventures in Odyssey, and Focus on the Family Action.

## Other websites 
**Focus on the Family* official website
Hasselt

**Hasselt** is a municipality in Belgium. It is the capital of the Belgian province Limburg. It lies about half way between Liège and Antwerp. The city is at the river demer and the albertchannel. The city has city privileges since 1232. Today, about 79.089 people live there, the people who live there are called Hasselaars.Most of them are native Dutch speakers.

Well-known people from Hasselt include Hendrick van Veldeke, probably one of the first writers who did no longer write in Latin, but rather used the German of the time, 12th century. Willy Claes, who was NATO secretary in 1994 and 1995, and Axelle Red a contemporary singer-songwriter.

It is located at 50° 55 North, 05° 20 East.

## References
Eurovision Song Contest 2008

**The Eurovision Song Contest 2008** was a talent contest hosted in Belgrade, Serbia. It was won by Dima Bilan of Russia, singing the song "Believe". It was a big television event, watched by 250 million people around the world.

In 2008 the contest was split into two semifinals, with 19 countries in each semifinal. The first semifinal was held on May 20, second semifinal on May 22, and the final on May 24.

## Semi-finals 
### Semi-final 1 
* The first semi-final round was held on 20 May 2008
* the color peach shows which countries qualified for the final
* Flax shows the entry chosen by the jury to go to the final

### Semi-final 2 
* The second semi-final round was held on 22 May 2008
* the color peach shows which countries qualified for the final
* Flax shows the entry chosen by the jury to go to the final

## Final 
The final was held on 24 May 2008.

## Notes
Coin collecting

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**Coin collecting** is the hobby of keeping different coins.  Some people do it just for pleasure, while others collect coins for the history of the coins. People can collect coins that are old, rare, beautiful, investing or just interesting. 

Coin collecting is a very old hobby.  Even Julius Caesar collected coins. Some coins are very expensive, because more people want them than there are copies of the coin. Some coin collectors like to collect one coin of each date, or one coin of each King or Queen of a country.

The condition of a coin is very important in finding the value of the coin for collectors.  Some coins which are worth almost nothing in poor condition can be worth thousands of times as much in new condition. The term *"mint condition"* means the coin has never been used ("in circulation"), just like it came out of the mint where it was made.  

The largest group of American coin collectors is the American Numismatic Association,  while the Royal Numismatic Society, which was started in 1826, is one of the largest societies outside the US. 

Many catalogs are produced around the world, generally for the coins of the country where the catalog is produced.  In the U.S., one guide, the "Red Book" has been produced annually since 1946.   In the U.K., the coin dealer Seaby produced catalogs on U.K. coins as well as ancient coins.  The catalogs were purchased by Spink's in 1996 and are continuing under the Spink's name. Spink's was founded in 1666.

## Related pages 
*Numismatics
*Stamp collector

## References