open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Entomology

collection]]
**Entomology** is the science of insects. People who study insects are called entomologists. Insects have been studied since prehistoric times, but it was not until as early as the 16th century that insects were scientifically studied.

Some entomologists study how insects are related to each other. Others study how insects live and reproduce because we do not know very much about some kinds of insects. Other entomologists study ways to keep insects away from crops that people use for food. There are billions of unknown species throughout the world and taxonomists categorize the newly found.

Entomologists meet to talk about their study of insects and to share ideas, just as all scientists do.

## Related pages 
* Arachnology
Manioc

**Manioc** (or **Cassava**, or **Yuca**, especially in Latin America) is a shrub. It belongs to the Spurge family of plants and it grows in tropical climates. It is cultivated for its edible root. The manioc must be cooked properly to detoxify it before it is eaten as it contains cyanide, and can be used in dumplings, soups, stews and gravies.

Image:Iwata kenichi cassava.jpg
Image:Manihot esculenta dsc07325.jpg
Image:Dried manioc.jpg
File:Manihot esculenta MHNT.BOT.2004.0.508.jpg|Manihot esculenta - Museum specimen
Manioc is a plant grown for its big white root. The root is an important food source for people in many tropical countries. Such countries are like Africa, South America and Asia. It is a tall, shrubby plant that grows to about 4-6 meters tall. It has large green leaves. The root of the plant is long and white. It is usually about 15 centimeters wide.

The root of the manioc plant is rich in carbohydrates. It also contains other important nutrients, such as vitamin C and iron. 100 grams of manioc root contains around 130 calories, 30 grams of carbohydrates, 2 grams of fiber, 1.6 gram of protein, and negligible amount of fat.

To eat the root, it must be cleaned, peeled, and sometimes grated. It can be cooked in different ways, like fry, boil, or bake. It is used to make different foods like cakes, bread, and fufu.

Manioc is also used to make flour and other food products. The flour is gluten-free. The it can be used for baking and making different dishes. It is commonly used to thicken sauces and soups. Tapioca the popular ingredient in many dishes also made with manioc.

People eat leaves of manioc as a vegetable. People also used the young shoots in salads or cooked as a green.

However, it is important to note that it contains a toxic chemical called linamarin. It needs to be removed before eating. This is done by grating, soaking and cooking the root. If it's not done well, it can make sick.

In some places, people make a drink from the root called "cassava beer". Also, it is used as food for animals, and its leaves as forage.

Manioc can be grown with little care and few things, making it a good crop for small farmers. It can also be grown on the same land for a few years in a row.

## Related pages
* Kinako

## References
Siberian Husky

The **Siberian Husky** is a medium-sized working dog. It is quick and graceful. They have a  and furry body, pointed ears, and a bushy tail. The husky is a sled dog. It is used for carrying a light load over great distances. Huskies show a balance of power, speed and endurance. Male huskies are usually thicker in appearance than female huskies.

The personality of the Siberian Husky is friendly and gentle. They are also alert and outgoing. They do not act possessive like a guard dog. They are curious, but they are not usually aggressive with other dogs. A husky's intelligence, and friendly behavior make them a companion.
They usually have long fur.

## Famous Siberians
Siberians gained in popularity with the story of the "Great Race of Mercy," the 1925 serum run to Nome.  This made dogs Balto and Togo famous. Several purebred Siberian Huskies played the part of the "half-wolf" companion in the television series *Due South*.

## Related page
* Alaskan Malamute

## References
Henry III of England

**Henry III** (1 October 1207 — 16 November 1272), also known as **Henry of Winchester** and nicknamed **the Pious**, **the Wise** and later **the Saint**. was the King of England from 1216 until his death in 1272. He was considered one of England's best kings. His long and mostly-successful 56-year reign was the longest in mediaeval English history.

Throughout his reign, England would experience peace, stability and prosperity. Henry was extremely helpful, pious, and religious. He helped the poor people in England. He upgraded Westminster Abbey and reisssued Magna Carta. However in 1258, Henry became unpopular, as the barons forced him to give up some of his power to them. In 1263, Simon de Montfort, a baron who was Henry's brother-in-law by he married one of Henry's sisters, defeated and imprisoned him and became the disputed ruler of the country. However, Henry, with the help of his son, Crown Prince Edward, managed to escape captivity, and Montfort was killed. Henry regained his powers from the barons, which made him popular again. However, in 1264, the barons rebelled against him and started the Second Barons' War. However, Henry defeated the barons again in 1267.

Henry continued to be helpful, pious and religious by continuing to help the poor. He continued to rebuild Westminster Abbey and to improve life and health care in England.

In early 1272, Henry's health started to decline, and in November of that year, he died at the age of 65. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.

Because Henry was such a religious person, he was canonised only two months after his death on 26 February 1273 by Pope Gregory X. Many historians view Henry as a weak but great king overall.
Cell nucleus

stained for DNA with the blue Hoechst dye. The middle and right cells are in interphase, so their entire nuclei are labeled. On the left, a cell is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed, ready for division]]
 
2.Nucleus
3.Ribosomes 
4.Vesicle
5. rough endoplasmic reticulum 
6.Golgi apparatus 
7.Cytoskeleton
8. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
9.Mitochondrion
10.Vacuole
11.Cytosol
12.Lysosome
13.Centriole
14.Cell membrane]]
-dotted double membranes of the nuclear envelope, the DNA complex, and the nucleolus]]

The **cell nucleus** (plural: cell nuclei) contains the cell's genes and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. It has a double layered nuclear membrane round it. The nucleus is usually the most prominent organelle in a cell. The nucleus is small and round, and works as the cell's control center. It contains chromosomes which house the DNA. The human body contains billions of cells, most of which have a nucleus. 

All eukaryote organisms have nuclei in their cells, even the many eukaryotes that are single-celled. Bacteria and Archaea, which are prokaryotes, are single-celled organisms of a different type and do not have nuclei. Cell nuclei were first found by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century.

The nucleus has a membrane around it but the things inside it do not. Inside it are many proteins, RNA molecules, chromosomes and the nucleolus. In the nucleolus ribosomes are put together. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA into proteins.

When a cell is dividing or preparing to divide, the chromosomes become visible with a light microscope. At other times when the chromosomes are not visible, the nucleolus will be visible.

## Nuclear membrane 
Large molecules cannot get through the double-layer nuclear membrane. However, nuclear pores exist. They control the movement of molecules across the membrane. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel. The larger molecules are actively transported by carrier proteins, and there is free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes.

## Nucleolus 
Within the nucleus is a structure called a nucleolus. It is made at a nucleolus organizer region (NOR). This is a chromosomal region around which the nucleolus forms. Inside the nucleolus ribosomes are made. These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm. There they  work to build proteins. They become attached to the endoplasmic reticulum if they are making membrane proteins.

## References
Buckingham Palace

, the East Front; originally constructed by Edward Blore and completed in 1850. It was remodelled in 1913 by Sir Aston Webb.]]

**Buckingham Palace** is a palace in London. It is in the City of Westminster, in central London.

The Palace is the main official residence where the British monarch lives and works. The palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.

Buckingham Palace was built in 1703 by John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normandy, as a townhouse residence in London. It was bought by the British royal family in 1761. It became the official London home of the family in 1837 and was greatly expanded in the 19th century. It has 775 rooms, 19 staterooms, and 79 bathrooms. Leading up to it is a ceremonial road called The Mall. A German bomb damaged the Palace during the London blitz.

The Palace's guard is changed every day at 11:01am.

## References
Amherst, Massachusetts

**Amherst** is a town in the American state of Massachusetts. It is in Hampshire County. There are three colleges in Amherst. It is named after Sir Jeffrey Amherst. It has a population of about 40,000 people.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Town of Amherst Official Site
*University of Massachusetts Amherst
*Amherst College
*Hampshire College
*Amherst Bulletin newspaper
*Amherst Area Chamber of Commerce
Conservative (disambiguation)

**Conservative** means wishing or tending to save something old. Thus, culturally conservative is saving cultural heritage. Other kinds of conservative include:
*Conservative, political view.
**Conservatism
**Conservative Party (Empire of Brazil)
**Conservative Party (UK)
**Conservatives in the United States
**Conservative Party of Canada
Scotland Yard

**Scotland Yard** (officially **New Scotland Yard**) is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. 

## Duties
This police force is responsible for the security in Greater London. They are not responsible for the square mile of the City of London, which is covered by the City of London Police. Also, they are not responsible for the London Underground and National Rail networks, which are the responsibility of the British Transport Police. 

The name "New Scotland Yard" comes from the original Metropolitan Police headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place. This had a rear entrance on a street called Great Scotland Yard. The Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to the police station, and over time the street and the Metropolitan Police became synonymous. 

*The New York Times* wrote that, just as Wall Street gave its name to New York's financial district, Scotland Yard became the name for police activity in London.

## Buildings
The force moved from Great Scotland Yard in 1890 to a newly completed building on the Victoria Embankment right next to the Ministry of Defence. The name "New Scotland Yard" was adopted for the new headquarters. An adjacent building was completed in 1906. A third building was added in 1940. 

In 1967, the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) moved its headquarters from the three-building complex to a tall, newly constructed building on Broadway in Victoria. In summer 2013, it was announced that the force would move to a building on New Scotland Yard's previous site (1890–1967). The headquarters were renamed as 'Scotland Yard.' In November 2016, MPS moved to its new headquarters. 
The words "New Scotland Yard" (in tall letters) can be seen in a photograph of the front of the building. 

## History
### 4 Whitehall Place
The Metropolitan Police was formed by Robert Peel with the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act, passed by Parliament in 1829. Peel selected the original site on Whitehall Place for the new police headquarters. Previously a private house, 4 Whitehall Place () backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard.

New Scotland Yard is in a 20-storey office block on Broadway and Victoria Street in Westminster, about 450 metres away from the Houses of Parliament. The famous rotating sign, which is seen on television and in films, is outside the main doors on Broadway.

## References
Pierre de Fermat

**Pierre de Fermat** (17 August 1601 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the *Parlement* of Toulouse, southern France, and a mathematician. Many people see him as the father of modern calculus.

His method of finding the biggest and smallest ordinates of curved lines also makes him a contributor to differential calculus, which was not known at that time. His studies in the theory of numbers give him the rank of the founder of the modern theory. He also made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability and optics.

He is also famous for making a simple mathematical statement (known as Fermat's Last Theorem) that he said he could prove, but he never wrote down his proof. Mathematicians tried to prove it for hundreds of years before finally managing it. Fermat probably did not really have a proof for this theorem, and only thought he did.

He proposed his principle on light which states that light selects the path which takes least time to travel.This principle was famous as Fermat principle.
Optimism

**Optimism** is a philosophy and a way of life. Optimists believe that the world is generally a positive place to be in. In the view of an optimist, people and things are good. Many liberal optimists do not believe in original sin. 

Optimism basically looks on the positive side, believing things will work out in the end. When a person is optimistic, it doesn't mean that they never doubt themselves. They might have a bad day or two. They recognize that they can make things better; there is a lesson to be learned from this, and they will move on. 

The opposing theory is called pessimism. Gottfried Leibnitz was a famous optimist. Arthur Schopenhauer is often considered to be a famous pessimist.

Optimism is associated with the idea of a glass looking "half full", instead of looking "Half empty". Optimism is also a habit of looking on the bright side of a situation.
2008 Summer Olympics

The **2008 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXIX Olympiad**, were celebrated in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24. The opening ceremony began at 08:08:08&nbsp;pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, People's Republic of China. During the games, 10,500 athletes competed in 302  in 28 sports.

The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after a  of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13 2001. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylised calligraphic character *jīng* (京, meaning *capital*), meaning the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, *One World, One Dream*, calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several new NOCs were also recognised by the IOC.

The Chinese government used the games to promote China as an important and powerful country, and spent a lot of money on building new  and transportation systems for the games. The events were held in 37 venues, including 12 newly built buildings. In 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch said that he thinks that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history". Although there was some  about having the games in China, the IOC's former president Jacques Rogge said that the IOC has "absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.

## Medal table 
At the end of the Olympics, China won the total gold medal count, while the United States led the grand total medal count.

Here is the top of the medal table at the end of the games.

Medal numbers shown in **bold** are the highest in their section. China, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.

## Notes
## References
Pessimism

**Pessimism** is an  of mind and a way to look at life. Pessimists believe that generally things are bad, and the world people live in is the worst possible world.

Someone who uses the philosophy is called a pessimist, they are the opposite of an optimist.

An example of pessimism is seeing that a glass of water is "half empty", not "half full".

## Related pages
*Antinatalism
*Childfree
**Ecclesiastes*
*Existential crisis
*Emil Cioran
*Giacomo Leopardi
*Arthur Schopenhauer
*Misanthropy
*Nihilism
Gottfried Leibniz

**Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz** (also *Leibnitz* or *von Leibniz*) 1 July 1 (21 June OS) 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a German intellectual who wrote mostly in French and Latin.
He played an important role in both philosophy and mathematics. He invented calculus independently of Newton, and his notation for derivatives is the one in general use since then. He also invented the binary system, foundation of modern computers.
## Works
He was taught law and philosophy. He served as secretary to two major German noble houses: one became the British royal family while he served it. Leibniz played a major role in the European politics and diplomacy of his day.
### Philosophy
In philosophy, he is most remembered for optimism. He thought our universe is the best possible one God could have made. He was one of the great 17th century rationalists. René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza are the other two. His philosophy also both looks back to the Scholastic tradition and anticipates modern logic and analysis.
### Technology
Leibniz also made contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated ideas which surfaced much later in biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, and information science. He wrote on politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology. Sometimes, he even wrote in verse. His contributions are scattered in journals and in tens of thousands of letters and unpublished manuscripts. There is no complete edition of Leibniz's writings, and a complete account of his accomplishments is not yet possible. Leibniz is sometimes known as the last "universal genius".
Leibniz is perhaps most famous for his involvement in development of calculus independent of Isaac Newton and creation of Leibniz Notation which is the standard form of calculus today.

## Related pages 
* German philosophy

## References 
## More reading 
* 
* Cerqueiro Daniel, *Leibnitz y la ciencia del infinito,* Buenos Aires 2014, Pequeña Venecia .
Fenrir

, Fenrisulfr bites off the 
hand of Týr (John Bauer, 1911)]]

In Norse mythology, **Fenrir** (Old Norse: “he who dwells in the marshes”), also known as **Fenrisúlfr** (Old Norse: “Fenrir's wolf”), or **Vanargand** ("Monster of the River Van"), is a giant, monstrous wolf, son of Loki and the giantess Angrboða, and the brother of Hel and Jörmungandr. 

Fenrir was tied up by the gods but was destined to break free from his bonds and devour Odin during Ragnarök, after which he is killed by Odin's son, Víðarr. 

Fenrir has two sons, Hati ('hate') and Skoll.

## The Legend of Fenrir
Odin found out about a prophecy that the children of Loki and Angora would cause trouble for the gods. He had Fenrir brought to him along with its brother Jörmungandr and its sister Hel. 

After throwing Jörmungandr into the sea and sending Hel into the land of the dead, Odin had the wolf raised among the Æsir. Only the god Týr was brave enough to feed the growing monster. The wolf got stronger and stronger. The gods were scared that he would eventually destroy them. They tried to chain it up. He agreed to be chained two times. Both times he easily broke the chains. 

Odin had the dwarfs make the chain Gleipnir ("deceiver" or "entangler"). It looked like a silken ribbon but was made of six magical ingredients: the sound of a cat's step, the beard of a woman, the roots of a mountain, bear's sensibility, fish's breath, and bird's spittle.

The gods challenged Fenrir to break this chain as well. The wolf saw how thin and well made Gleipnir was and thought it was a trick. He agreed to try and break the chain, but only if one of the gods would put his hand in the wolf's mouth. He believed this would force them to free him if he could not break the chain. Only Týr was willing to put his hand in the wolf's mouth. Fenrir tried to break the chain. The more he tried, the tighter the chain held him. When the gods would not free him, the wolf bit off Týr's hand at the wrist. 

It is said that at Ragnarök, the wolf will break free. He will join forces with the enemies of the gods and will then eat Odin. After that Viðarr, Odin's son, will slay that wolf to avenge his father's death.

## Other names and spellings
*Fenrisúlfr
*Vanargand, (anglicized), "Monster of The River" 
*Hróðvitnir, 'the famous wolf'
*Fenris Wolf (an English translation of *Fenrisulfr*)
*Fenrisulf (an Anglicized form)
*Fenris (not found in the Old Norse sources)
*Fenrisulven (modern Norwegian, Swedish and Danish form)pir
*Fenrisúlvur (Faroese)
Renin

**Renin** is an enzyme that is made by the kidneys. It is released into the circulatory system to raise blood pressure. This causes more blood to be sent to the kidneys.

## Related pages
*Peptide hormone
Kuiper belt

The **Kuiper belt** is an area of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune (at 30 astronomical units) to 50 AU from the Sun. 

The objects within the Kuiper Belt together with the members of the *scattered disk* beyond, are together called trans-Neptunian.

Many objects such as dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt are much bigger than the ones in the asteroid belt and are round. At least some Kuiper belt objects are icebound.

The first objects in the Kuiper belt to be found were Pluto and Charon but the belt was only identified and named in 1992 when more **Kuiper belt objects** (**KBOs**) were found. A few thousand have since been discovered and more than 70,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are thought to exist.
Knight

granting the Black Prince the principality of Aquitaine]]A **knight** is a person who is given an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch, church, or country.

During the Middle Ages, knights were professional heavy cavalry soldiers.  Knights were the best soldiers in the kingdom. They fought for lords or nobles, and got land in return. They thought honour was very important, and they had a code of honour called chivalry.  A knight usually had a coat of arms, also called an armorial achievement.

Although they no longer fight as elite warriors, knights still exist. Today, King Charles III names Knights of the Commonwealth Realms.  

## Knights in the Middle Ages 
Knights were first used in the 8th century in the late Roman armies.[*citation needed*] The era of the knights lasted until the 16th century.  After that, national armies replaced feudal armies. Many knights were recruited as officers in the new armies.

## Knights today 
Modern-day Knights of the Commonwealth Realms are named by the British monarch, King Charles III.  To knight a person, he taps their shoulders with the flat side of a sword during a ceremony.  Bill Gates, Clint Eastwood, Michael Caine, Elton John, and George H.W. Bush have all been knighted.

Some British orders of knighthood still exist, like the Order of the British Empire. Today, knights are called “Sir” followed by their first name.

Many members of nobility are descended from knights. For example, Wijerd Jelckama is descended from a knight who died at the siege of Antioch in 1199.

## Related pages
* Heraldry
* Knight Bachelor
* Order of the Garter
* Feudalism
* Manorialism

## References
Mole

**Moles** are small mammals adapted to a burrowing (under the ground) lifestyle. This lifestyle is called *fossorial*.

Moles are found in North America, Europe and Asia. They eat insects, larvae or worms. Moles have velvety, soft fur. They have powerful front paws so they can dig. A mole has an extra thumb.

The family includes the shrew moles and the desmans. There are 
three subfamilies, 17 genera and 46 species in total in this very common group of mammals. Moles have poor vision.

The largest type of mole is the Russian desman. The smallest type of mole is the American shrew mole.

## Related pages 
* Marsupial mole
Fritz Lang

**Fritz Lang** (5 December 1890 – 2 August 1976) was an Austrian director, screenwriter, and movie producer. His movies include *Metropolis* and *M*. He is one of the most famous German expressionist filmmakers.

Lang was born in Vienna. He died in Beverly Hills, California.

## Other websites 
*
* Biographie
* Senses of Cinema - Biography
* Lang and Metropolis - the first Science Fiction film 
* Interview with Fritz Lang from 1967 

## References
Scattered disc

, the biggest minor planet in the scattered disc]]
The **scattered disc** (or **scattered disk**) is a distant part of the solar system. The area has small icy minor planets known as **scattered disc objects** (SDOs).  The part of the scattered disc closest to the sun is in an area of space called the Kuiper belt. The Oort cloud lies beyond the scattered disc. The first SDO was found in 1995 by Spacewatch.

The scattered disc is still not understood well. Astronomers believe that it was created when objects in the Kuiper belt were "" by the gravity of the outer planets, mainly Neptune. Unlike most objects in the Solar System which move in a round and flat path, scattered disc objects go every which way. Different SDOs have different orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.

## References
Terence Tao

**Terence Chi-Shen Tao**  (born 17 July 1975) is a Chinese-Australian mathematician who currently resides in the United States. In 2006, Tao won the Fields Medal for his work in number theory. Tao shared the award with three other mathematicians. He also won the FRS in 2007. He is known for his studies in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, combinatorics, analytic number theory and representation theory. Tao teaches math at UCLA.

## Life 
Tao was born in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. His parents are Han. Tao is the youngest person to be in the International Mathematical Olympiad.

Ever since he was a young child he had shown great skills in mathematics and logic.
His father claimed that at the age of 2, during a family gathering, the infant Tao taught a 5-year-old child mathematics and English. According to Smithsonian Online Magazine, Tao taught himself arithmetic by the age of two. When asked by his father how he knew numbers and letters, he said he learned them from "Sesame Street". Aside from English, Tao speaks fluent Cantonese, but does not write Chinese. He was promoted to a full professor at age 24. He currently lives with his wife and son in Los Angeles, California.

## Other websites 
* Terence Tao's home page
* Clay Research Award Announcement 
* Australian wins highest maths prize , by Charisse Ede, August 22, 2006, from AAP
* BBC story
* New York Times story
* Mozart of Maths, Sydney Morning Herald, Deborah Smith, August 26, 2006.
* Maths Architect of Beauty , Seed Magazine, by Jordan Ellenberg, Posted September 21, 2006
Trematode

The **Trematodes** are a class of flatworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes. They are called **flukes**, and are internal parasites of molluscs and vertebrates. Most trematodes have a complex life cycle with at least two hosts. The primary host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. The intermediate host, which is the agent of dispersal, is usually a snail.

The trematodes or flukes are estimated to include 18,000 to 24,000 species.

## References
Fluke

**Fluke** can refer to different things:
*A type of flatfish, esp. the flounder
*A type of flatworm, the Trematodes
*The tail of a whale, porpoise, or dolphin
*An unusual outcome or event that is unlikely to happen again, such as a bad player scoring an unexpected goal, or something unknown making a science experiment give a strange result.
Flatworm

**Flatworms** (**Platyhelminthes**, Greek "platy"': flat; "helminth": worm) are a phylum of invertebrates. They are relatively simple animals. They have  bodies. 

With about 25,000 known species, they are the largest phylum of animals without a body cavity.  Flatworms can be found in marine, freshwater, and even damp terrestrial environments. 

A troublesome terrestrial example is the New Zealand flatworm, *Arthurdendyus triangulatus*.  It is an invasive species which colonized large areas of Ireland and Scotland. It was brought there by accident in the 1960s. Since then, it has destroyed most of the indigenous earthworms.

Most free-living flatworms found in Britain are very small ranging from 5mm to less than 1&nbsp;cm. They are usually black and can easily be mistaken for debris. These are mostly found in freshwater rivers or streams and are of the Turbellaria class.

Most flatworms (over 50%) are parasitic on other animals. There are four classes: 
*Trematoda (Flukes): internal parasites.
*Cestoda (Tapeworms): internal parasites.
*Monogenea: external parasites.
and 
*Turbellaria: free-living flatworms, sometimes called 'Planarians'. *Planaria* is actually a genus.

Flatworms are one of the invertebrate groups which are studied in school biology. The main reason for this is that they may infect humans, pets and farmyard animals. Some do enormous harm to humans and their livestock. Schistosomiasis, caused by one genus of trematodes, is the second most devastating of all human diseases caused by parasites, surpassed only by malaria.  Effective treatments are now available for these infections. Also, in first-world countries, regulations on domestic cattle prevent infected meat from reaching the human hosts.

## Related pages 
* List of animal phyla
**Fasciola hepatica*
**Planaria*

## References
Turbellaria

**Turbellaria** are a class of free-living flatworms. Most of them are carnivores. They actively search for food. Most of them are small, less than 60 cm in size. Almost all of them are aquatic. Some also live on land, in damp places.
Russell Crowe

**Russell Ira Crowe** (born 7 April 1964) is an actor with New Zealand citizenship who lives in Australia. He is most well known for the movie *Gladiator*. This movie gave him his fame in America. He won the academy award (Oscar) for Best actor in 2001, for acting in *Gladiator*. He also starred as Jor-El in the 2013 movie *Man of Steel*.

Crowe had attended Auckland Grammar School before moving to Australia.

He is married to Danielle Spencer. She is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress. They have two sons, Charles Spencer Crowe (born 2003) and Tennyson Spencer Crowe (born 2006). 

## Other websites 
*
Bifröst

stands before the rainbow bridge while blowing a horn (1905) by Emil Doepler.]]
In Norse mythology, **Bifröst** is the bridge between the land of mortals, Midgard, and the land of the gods, Asgard. The gods cross it every day to meet and decide things at Urdarbrunn (Well of Urd) under the tree Yggdrasill. The bridge is a rainbow. It was built by the Æsir and is guarded by the god Heimdall.

Only the thunder god Thor was not allowed to use the rainbow, because he may break it. The bridge will be destroyed at the end of the world, Ragnarök, when the relentless army of giants and the dead run on it to attack Asgard.

Alternative names: **Bilröst**, **Ásbrú**, **Bifrost**.
Mendoza Province

]]

**Mendoza** is a Province of Argentina. It is in the region called Cuyo. The province borders San Juan in the north, San Luis and La Pampa in the east, Neuquén in the south, and Chile to the west.

It is the major wine producer of Argentina and has many other crops. It has the highest mountain in the country, Aconcagua.

Mendoza has a population of 1,579,651 people (2001). Spanish is the main language but many people also speak English, Italian and Portuguese.

## Other websites 
* Official site  
* Mendoza Ministry of Tourism and Culture  
* Discover Mendoza - Turism in Mendoza 
* Universidad Nacional de Cuyo  
* Map of Mendoza
* Pictures of Mendoza 
* Mendoza at the Great Wine Capitals
Dosimeter

A **dosimeter** is a tool that can measure different levels of hazardous environments. Common dosimeters are those used for sound (They measure how loud a certain noise is) and radiation (they measure how much radiation there is in an environment).

There are many uses for dosimeters. For example, workers in nuclear power plants use them to track their radiation exposure. Doctors, especially ones using X-rays, use them too.

## Related pages
* Geiger counter
Wide area network

A **worldwide area network**, or **WAN**, is made up of several computer networks connected together, often over the Internet. In most cases, the networks in WANs all belong to the all same company or school.
## Usage
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods. Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today (with upgrades) by Frame Relay.

## Studies
Academic research into wide area networks can be broken down into three areas: mathematical models, network emulation and network simulation.

## Improvements
Performance improvements are sometimes delivered via WAFS or WAN optimization.
Geiger counter

A **Geiger counter** (sometimes called **Geiger-Müller counter**) is an instrument that measures ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. It is best known as a hand held radiation survey instrument, but it can also be used as a bench instrument or permanently installed.

The original operating principle was discovered in 1908 and since the subsequent development of the Geiger-Müller tube in 1928 the counter has been a very popular instrument due to its robust sensing detector and element and relatively low cost.

## Principle of operation
The radiation sensor is a Geiger-Müller tube which gives out an electronic signal when radiation is present. 
The readout is counts or radiation dose. The counts display is commonly "counts per second". Radiation dose rate is displayed in a unit such as the sievert.

The readout can be analogue or digital, and modern instruments have communications with a computer or network.

There is usually an option to produce audible clicks representing the radiation intensity. This allows the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument without looking at the display.

## Types and applications
For alpha particles and low energy beta particles the "end window" type of GM tube is used as these particles have a limited range even in free air and are easily stopped by a solid material.

Geiger counters can be used to detect gamma radiation, and for this the windowless tube is used. A special type of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons.

### Physical design
For hand-held units there are two fundamental physical configurations: the "integral" unit, with both detector and electronics in the same unit, and the "two-piece" design which has a separate detector probe and an electronics module connected by a short cable. 
There is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a "hot spot" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. These are used to measure  high radiation gamma locations whilst protecting the operator by means of distance shielding.

## History
In 1908 Hans Geiger, developed a technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used in the Geiger-Müller tube. This counter was only capable of detecting alpha particles but in 1928 Geiger and Walther Müller developed the sealed Geiger-Müller tube which could detect more types of ionizing radiation and it became a practical radiation sensor. Once this was available, Geiger counter instruments could be produced relatively cheaply.

## Related pages
* Dosimeter - Device used by personnel to measure radiation dose they have received
* Radioactive decay - Description of where much radiation originates from

## References
## Other websites 
* How a Geiger counter works.
Gaia Online

**Gaia Online** is a website created around anime and chatting. In Gaia, users can work on an online economy, chat with other people with the same interests, and even play online games found around the site. Also, you have to be 13 and older to join.

## Other websites 
* Gaia Online
Disk

A **disc** or **disk** generally refers to a round flat object, although the usage varies between different variants of English. Common types of disc include:

* Flying disc or, more specifically, a Frisbee, a disk-shaped toy
* Intervertebral disc, between the bones in the spines of vertebrates
* Parking disc, or parking disc machine
* Tax disc, a vehicle licence

## Audio and video recording media
* transcription disc (gramophone record or "phonograph record" in U.S. English)
* Optical disc, the most common of which are:
** Compact Disc
** Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc (DVD)
* Blu-ray Disc
* HD DVD

## Magnetic recording media
* Hard disk, also known as a *hard drive*
* Floppy disk, or *diskette*
* RAM disk
* Laserdisc
* MiniDisc
* Also (perhaps erroneously) to refer to tape drives and flash memory cards for both music and computer data

## Science
* Accretion disk, in astrophysics
* Protoplanetary disk
* Debris Disk
* Scattered disc
* Disc (galaxy)

## Acronyms
* The DISC assessment (or personal profile system), a psychological test
* DISCs  - *Domestic International Sales Corporations* in US law
* Death Inducing Signaling Complex
* DİSK, the Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey

## Related pages
* Discus throw
* Disco
* Disc jockey
* Disc brake, a type of brake
Noodle

**Noodles** are thin strips of pasta which are made from dough. The dough for the noodles can be made in different ways:
* *Egg noodles* are made of eggs and wheat flour. Asian egg noodles, Italian type pastas or Reshteh are made this way.
* *Wheat noodles*- Mee pok, Lamian, Ramen, Udon, Champon, and Yakisoba-type noodles
* *Rice noodles* - Asian bihun, Vietnamese Pho
* *Glass noodles* are made of Mung bean or potato starch
* *Buckweat noodles* - Japanese Soba
* *Ba mee* - a noodle dish from Thailand

Noodles are usually cooked in boiling water. Sometimes, after boiling, noodles are fried in a pan with other ingredients while being moved around in order to be mixed well, which is called stir frying. 

## Kinds of noodles (especially in Japan)
*Ramen
*Udon chicken chow mein 
*Spaghetti
*Linguine
*Soba
*Somen
*Tsukemen
*Cup noodle

## References
## Noodles gallery 

File:Misua noodle making Taiwan.jpg|Taiwanese Misua
File:Chicken Chow Mien Chicken Chowmien Noodles.jpg|Chicken Chow Mien
File:Lobster with soup yi fu noodles.jpg|Lobster Yimein
File:(Pasta) by David Adam Kess (pic.2).jpg|Pastas
File:The local style meat sauce pasta.jpg|Spaghetti
File:A Two box of Pasta on the On Hing Noodle Shop in Tuen Mun.jpg|A Pasta
File:Two of Italian Pasta at Pasta noodle station in Conrad Hong Kong.jpg|Spaghetti
File:A Box Shahe Fen on the Noodle Shop at San Hui Market.jpg|Shehe Fen
File:A Six boxes Chinese Noodles on the Noodles Shop in Cheung Chau.jpg|Cart Noodles
File:Mushroom with chinese noodles in home.jpg|Shrimp Noodle
File:Chinese mix noodles in hk.jpg|La Mein
File:A Some bag of Chinese White Noodles in Tsuen Wan.jpg|Chinese White Noodle
File:Fried noodles at Chinese Food Shop in Yuen Long Market.jpg|Che Chai Noodle and Chow Mein
File:White noodle rolls and sha ho fan in Ng Pik Kee Noodle Shop.jpg|Rice Noodle Rolls and Sha He Fens and
File:Chow mein noodle and white rice noodle rolls on vegetarian restaurant.jpg|Chow Mein
File:茂名的香油捞粉皮.jpg|Fen Pi
File:Three things on the red boxes from Man Fung Noodle Shop in Tsuen Wan.jpg|Some Chinese Noodles
File:Fong Chi Red Potato Noodles at Siu Fong Shopping Mall in Tuen Mun.jpg|link=|Chinese Sweet Potato Noodles
Monogenea

**Monogenea** are a type of flatworm. They are parasites which means that they always need another creature to live on. They live on the outside of their host. Some parasites, like tapeworms, live on the inside of a larger creature. 

## Ecology and life cycle 
Monogenea are especially common on the skin, fins and gills of fish. Less commonly, they can be found in the urinary bladder and rectum of cold-blooded vertebrates. No types of Monogenea infect birds, but one (*Oculotrema hippopotami*) infects mammals. It is a parasite in the eye of a hippopotamus. 

Monogenea are usually hermaphrodites. This means that they have both sexes. First they are males, and only later do they become females as well. They have direct life-cycles with no asexual reproduction (unlike the Digenea). In those types of Monogenea that lay eggs, the young ones grow to a larval stage called an *oncomiracidium*. It is at the *larva* stage that they are able to travel from one host creature to another. When they are adults, Monogenea eat the blood, mucus, and epithelial cells of their host creature.
Paramaribo

**Paramaribo** (, nickname: **Par′bo**) is the capital city of Suriname. About 250,000 people live in the city. It is at the Suriname River about 15 km before the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Paramirbo used to be called in French "Bourg nommé des Juifs" because so many Jewish people lived there.

Image:Paramaribo-Waterkant.jpg|Paramarimbo
Image:Paramaribo 55.20082W 5.85569N.jpg|A place at Paramarimbo

## References
## Other websites
Erwin Schrödinger

**Erwin Schrödinger** (Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger, 12 August 1887, Vienna-Erdberg  4 January 1961, Vienna) was an Austrian physicist and theoretical physicist and biologist. He was one of the founding fathers of quantum theory and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.

## Life 
Schrödinger went to the Academic Gymnasium from 1898 to 1906.
Afterwards he studied mathematics and physics in Vienna and wrote his habilitation up from 1910.

He was a soldier in World War I. Afterwards he got professorships in Zürich, Jena, Breslau and Stuttgart. In 1920 he married.
In 1927 he went to Berlin to fellow Max Planck.

After the take-over of power by the Nazis, Schrödinger left Germany and got a new professorship in Oxford.
In 1933 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Three years later he returned to Austria and became professor in Graz.
In 1938 he had to leave Austria, because the Nazis had taken over government.
He went to Dublin and became director of the School for Theoretical Physics.

In 1956 he returned to Vienna and got a professorship for Theoretical Physics.
He died of tuberculosis in 1961.

## Important work 
Schrödinger's most important work is the wave mechanics – a formulation of quantum mechanics, and especially the Schrödinger equation. He also worked on the field of biophysics. He invented the concept of negentropy and helped to develop molecular biology.

## Related pages 
* Schrödinger's cat

## Other websites 
* Biography in the Österreichische Zentralbibliothek für Physik (Austrian Central Library of Physics) 
* Original sound from the Austrian Mediathek: Erwin Schrödinger, Was ist Materie?
* Are there quantum jumps? (Schrödingers opinion on quantum physics 1950)
Dioxin

, a dioxin, was the main chemical involved in the Seveso disaster.]]

**Dioxins** are a group of organic compounds. They have an aromatic ring where two carbon atoms have been replaced by oxygen atoms. The simplest compound, 1,4-dioxin, is very unstable, but related chemicals with more rings are more stable. The name "dioxins" in common use means these chemicals, more accurately called **dioxins and dioxin-like compounds**, especially **polychlorinated dibenzodioxins**, which are a notable environmental pollutant and carcinogen.

Dioxins have few uses and are mostly made as a byproduct of making other organochlorides, or burning organic material that was mixed with chlorine compounds like bleach. The main historical source of dioxins was Examples where dioxins can result are the production of PVC or the bleaching of paper. In nature, they are produced in volcanoes and forest fires.

A chemical accident where a lot of dioxin was released was the Seveso disaster.
Princess Leia

**Princess Leia Organa**, born **Leia Amidala Skywalker**, is a character from the *Star Wars* universe. Leia was played by Carrie Fisher in the original three *Star Wars* movies: *A New Hope*, *The Empire Strikes Back*, and *Return of the Jedi*. She is also a main character in many novels that are set in the *Star Wars* universe.

## Character history
Organa is the daughter of Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker. She has a twin brother, Luke Skywalker. Her mother died giving birth to her and her brother. The twins were taken at birth and given to different families to raise. Leia was raised by the family of Alderaan's Senator Bail Organa as his daughter. 

Leia was in a romantic relationship with Han Solo and both have a child Ben Solo. Kylo Ren becomes evil and becomes the main villain in Star Wars sequel trilogy.
Roman Vishniac

**Roman Vishniac** (; ; August 19, 1897 – January 22, 1990) was a Russian-American photographer and a biologist. He is well known for taking pictures of Jewish culture in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. Many of these pictures are in his book, *A Vanished World*, published in 1983.

## Other websites