open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tacitus (disambiguation)

**Tacitus** was a Roman historian. Other people and things named *Tacitus* include:

*Marcus Claudius Tacitus, emperor of Rome 275–276
*Asteroid 3097 Tacitus, named after the historian.
*Tacitus, a fictional data matrix from the Command & Conquer series of computer games.
Connotation

**Connotation** is a meaning that is suggested or implied, as opposed to a denotation, or literal definition. 

## Usage
Today the word has different meanings, but it is always used for the contrast of a word or phrase with its primary, literal meaning (known as a denotation). That can be an implied value judgement or feelings.

*A stubborn person may be described as being either *strong-willed* or *pig-headed*. Although these have the same literal meaning (i.e. *stubborn*), *strong-willed* connotes admiration for the level of someone's will, while *pig-headed* **connotes** frustration in dealing with someone. Likewise, *used car* and *previously owned car* have the same literal meaning, but many dealerships prefer the latter, since it is thought to have fewer *negative* *connotations*.
*It is often useful to avoid words with strong connotations (especially negative ones) when striving to achieve a neutral point of view. A desire for more positive connotations, or fewer negative ones, is one of the main reasons for using euphemisms.

## Other websites 
* Connotations of problem solving
Tacitus

**Publius** (or **Gaius**) **Cornelius Tacitus** (ca. 56 – ca. 117) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving parts of his two major works—the *Annals* and the *Histories*—report about the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.

## Works 
's 1598 edition of the complete works of Tacitus, bearing the stamps of the *Bibliotheca Comunale* in Empoli, Italy.]]

Experts believe Tacitus wrote these five works that have survived. The dates are approximate:

* (98) *De vita Iulii Agricolae* (*The Life of Julius Agricola*)
* (98) *De origine et situ Germanorum* (*The Germania*)
* (102) *Dialogus de oratoribus* (*Dialogue on Oratory*)
* (105) *Historiae* (*Histories*)
* (117) *Ab excessu divi Augusti* (*Annals*)

## References 
* Haynes, Holly. *The History of Make-Believe: Tacitus on imperial Rome* (Berkeley, Calif.; London: University of California Press, 2003) 
* Syme, Ronald. *Tacitus*, Volumes 1 and 2. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958) (reprinted in 1985 by the same publisher, with the ) is the definitive study of his life and works.
* Syme, Ronald. *Ten Studies in Tacitus*. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970) 
* Talbert, R.J.A. "Tacitus and the Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone patre". *The American Journal of Philology*, Vol. 120, No. 1 (1999), pp.&nbsp;89–97.
* Woodman, Anthony John. *Tacitus Reviewed* (Oxford: Oxford University Press,  1998) 

## Other websites 
* Bibliography on Tacitus  (from Rutgers University Classics Department)
* **Texts by Tacitus**:
** 
** [Works by Tacitus](https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator:(cornelius+tacitus)) at the Internet Archive
** At Perseus Project: Works by Tacitus in English and/or Latin
** At "The Online Books Page": Online e-texts of Tacitus' works
** At "Romansonline" (Latin text can be displayed side by side to translation): Works by Tacitus 
** At "The Internet Sacred Text Archive": Parallel English and Latin text of the complete works of Tacitus
** Works by Tacitus: text, concordances and frequency list
** About Tacitus' Agrippina on QueenDido.org
Meppel

**Meppel** is a city and a municipality in the north east of the Netherlands (in the province Drenthe). On January 1, 2007 it had about 31,063 inhabitants. It has a density of 558/km² (1,445.2/sq mi). The timezone in Meppel is CET.

## History
Meppel received city rights in 1644. It is the oldest town of Drenthe.

In the World War II almost all the Jews of Meppel were killed. 232 of the 250 were killed, so 18 survived it. Now there is a monument in Meppel for all those who died.

## Municipality
These are the cities in the municipality of Meppel.
Margrave

A **Margrave** () is a German nobleman.  

Originally the Holy Roman Emperor would give a Markgraf an area of the borders (the Marches or ) to look after.  The Margrave would have to protect the people in the area from invaders, and at the same time protect the empire. 

A Markgraf ranked higher than a graf, but lower than a duke.  The Margraves of Brandenburg were in control of such an important area that they were made Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, which was the highest honour in the Imperial Parliament.  There were no Kings in the Empire, so when the Margraves of Brandenburg took control of some territory outside the empire as well, they could call themselves King in Prussia.

As the Middle Ages ended and Europe and the Holy Roman Empire became more secure the military importance of the Margraves became less.  At the end of the German Empire in 1918, there were no Markgrafs left.  All had been given higher title, but may have kept the Markgraf title as an extra.  The Kings of Prussia, for example, always kept the lower title Margraves of Brandenburg.
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar

:*For the Spanish painter, see Diego Velázquez.*

**Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar** (1465 - 1524) was a Spanish soldier and colonial administrator (a *Conquistador*).He conquered and governed Cuba for Spain. He is often called *Diego de Velázquez* by Dominican historians (that is the name used in the Appleton's Cyclopedia ).

He was born in Cuéllar, near Segovia, Spain. He came to America in the second voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1493. He spent 17 years in the Hispaniola, living most of the time in the southwestern region of the island.

He worked together with the Spanish governor Nicolás de Ovando in the fight against the Taíno Indians of the region. He founded and governed several towns: Azua de Compostela (1504), San Juan de la Maguana (1503), Bánica (1504), Salvatierra de la Sabana (1504, now Les Cayes, Haiti), Santa María de la Verapaz (near the present Port-au-Prince, Haiti), Villanueva de Yáquimo (now Jacmel, Haiti).

In 1511, he left from Salvatierra de la Sabana with 300 men and three or four ships to the island of Cuba to conquer that island. He was the first governor of the island and he founded several cities, Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Baracoa (the first European city in Cuba and its first capital) in 1511, San Salvador del Bayamo (1513), Santiago de Cuba in 1514 and Havana in 1515.

In 1517 he sent Juan de Grijalva to explore the coast of Mexico and in 1518 he sent Francisco Hernández de Córdoba to explore the coast of Yucatán. Then in 1519 he sent his secretary, Hernán Cortés, to conquer Mexico with about 450 soldiers but when Cortés got to México (in Veracruz), he broke all relations with Velázquez.

Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar died in Santiago de Cuba in 1524.

## References
## Other websites
* Enciclopedia Libre Universal 
* Biography , with a bibliography
*Short biography
* Encarta
Denotation

:*For the opposite of Denotation see Connotation.*

*In logic, linguistics and semiotics, a **denotation** of a word or phrase is a part of its meaning. 

## Examples
In order to understand fully the difference between denotation and connotation in the media studies and semiotics uses it is necessary to become familiar with some examples:
:

## Different aspects of meaning 
Several parts of meaning may be called denotation. That depends on the contrast being drawn.
** *Connotation and denotation* are either
***in basic semantics and literary theory, the *figurative* and *literal* meanings of a word, or
***in philosophy, logic and parts of linguistics, the intension and extension of a word
** *Denotation* can be synonymous with **reference** in the sense and reference in philosophy of language.

* In Computer science, denotational semantics is contrasted with operational semantics.

* In Semiotics, denotation also has its own meaning.

*In media-studies terminology, **denotation** is the first level of analysis: what the audience can visually see on a page. Denotation often refers to something literal, and avoids being a metaphor. Here it is usually coupled with connotation which is the second level of analysis, being what the denotation represents

In logic and semantics, denotational always attracts the extension meaning "in the pair", but the other element genuinely varies. See intension for some more discussion.

A denotation is the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or colour. 

Denotation often links with symbolism, as the denotation of a particular media text often represents something further; a hidden meaning (or an Engima Code) is often encoded into a media text (such as the images below).

## Other websites
* Semiotics for Beginners
* VirtuaLit Elements of Poetry
Doner kebab

]]
**Doner kebab** (also spelled **döner kebab**) (, ;  or  ) is a fast food dish. A Doner can be made from bread, salad, lamb, chicken or beef. It is cooked on a vertical rotisserie then thinly sliced. When bought from kebab shops it usually comes with salad or french fries. 

Doners are often eaten as take-away food on the way home after a night out. There are several common ways in which doner kebabs are served.

* Wrapped in pita bread (the most common)
* On pita bread
* Served as a dish of "doner meat" (and maybe chips), typically including salad
* Often preferred to be garnished with a range of sauces such as tomato ketchup, mayonnaise, chili sauce, mint or garlic sauce.

It is a very popular Turkish fast food. The Döner was introduced to the Germans in the 1970s.

## In the UK
 are listed on a separate page in the menu of a Turkish restaurant in Ankara. The "kebap" dishes have a separate page.]]

Kebabs are very much part of the Friday and Saturday night culture in the UK rather than breakfast or lunchtime food. UK *doner kebab* often uses a different mixture of spices, because immigrants from Cyprus run many of the shops. They may offer doner, shish (lamb and chicken) and kofte kebabs, with a 'special' including some of each with bread and chips.

## References
Meredith Monroe

**Meredith Monroe** (born December 30, 1968) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Andie McPhee on ''Dawson's Creek'' from 1998 to 2000. She's currently part of the CBS program *NCIS*.

Monroe was a series regular in Seasons 2–3, appearing in several episodes at the beginning and end of season 4, and was a special guest star in the final series episode in Season 6, though these scenes were cut from the televised episode.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
Michelle Williams (actress)

**Michelle Williams** (born September 9, 1980) is an Academy Award-nominated American actress. Williams first appeared in the teen series ''Dawson's Creek* and later acted in full length movies, such as *Brokeback Mountain*, for which she was nominated for an Oscar as Best Supporting Actress.

In 2018, Williams was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her role as Gail Getty in *All the Money in the World*.

In 2023, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in *The Fabelmans''.

She was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2006.

## References
Pernilla Wiberg

**Pernilla Wiberg** (born October 15, 1970 in Norrköping) is one of the most successful Swedish alpine skiers. She won the giant slalom in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and the Alpine combination at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer as well as 24 wins in the Alpine skiing World Cup between 1991 and 1999. She was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee in 2002. In club competitions, she represented Norrköpings SK.

## References
Howard University

**Howard University** is a private historically black university in Washington, D.C.. The university was founded in 1867.

## Other websites
*Howard University
Liberty

is a popular icon of liberty]]
**Liberty** means the condition in which an individual has the ability to act following his or her own will and alternatively, achieve their potential, within the context of other words like political freedom.  It is a term that has contested meanings.

Communism and socialism claim to have something defined as liberty for them because of their social equality ideals. Libertarians and classical liberals think communism is against Liberty because communism is most of the times against the individual basic rights (life, freedom and property).

Classical liberalism conceptions of liberty conceive mainly of the freedom of the individual from outside compulsion in terms of freedom from restraint and social liberalist perspective, on the other hand, highlights the need for social and economic equality, as in the power and resources to fulfill one's potential.  As such, a social connects liberty (i.e. freedom) to the equal distribution of political power (i.e. democracy) in the sense of positive liberty. They argue that liberty without equality means the domination of the most powerful. Thus, freedom and democracy are seen as connected and ultimately, antagonistic.

John Stuart Mill, in his work, *On Liberty*, was the first to recognize the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as not being forced to do something.  Mill also sought to define the "nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual” and as such, he describes an inherent and continuous antagonism between liberty and authority and thus, the prevailing question becomes "how to make the fitting adjustment between individual independence and social control".

## Types of freedom 
There are mainly ten types of Freedom. They are:

*Freedom of association
*Freedom of belief

*Freedom of the press

*Freedom of religion
*Freedom from bondage and slavery
*Freedom of movement
*Freedom of education
*Freedom of marriage
*Freedom of rebellion
*The civil constitutions of each country have different definitions of the freedoms allowed to the citizens. It has been argued that any law and any government limits freedom, since it sets limits on what people may do.

## Related pages
* Human rights
* Justice
* Constitutional economics
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* European Convention on Human Rights

## References
Megalibgwilia

***Megalibgwilia*** is a genus of echidna only known from fossils from Australia, it contains the oldest known echidna species.

## References 
* Long, J., Archer, M., Flannery, T. and Hand, S. 2002. *Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution*. Johns Hopkins University Press.  pp 45–47. 
* Griffiths, M., Wells, R.T., and Barrie, D.J. 1991. Observations on the skulls of fossil and extant echidnas (Monotremata:Tachyglossidae),. *Australian Mammalology* 14:87-101
Phoenicia

**Phoenicia** was a civilization to the north of Canaan. that existed from 1200 to 900 BC. People from Phoenicia had their own language, Phoenician, which is the origin of most of the world's alphabets.

Phoenicians set up colonies in the Mediterranean region and beyond, Carthage being one of them. Phoenician traders went as far as the British Isles to buy tin.

## References
Ajax the Great

]]
**Ajax the Great** or **Aias** () son of Telamon, was a hero from the Trojan War. He was a cousin of Achilles. Ajax died by suicide. This happened after Achilles died and Ajax was in a contest with Odysseus to see who would receive Achilles's armour. Ajax lost the contest.

## Related pages
* Ajax the Lesser

## References
Seattle Seahawks

The **Seattle Seahawks** are a professional American football team in Seattle, Washington, USA. They started playing football in 1976. They are currently members of the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Seahawks have played in four Super Bowls, winning two of them. The Seahawks have retired five jersey numbers: #80, #71, #96, #45, and #12. The number 12 was retired in honor of the Seahawks fans, often referred to as the 12th Man, while the other four were retired in honor of former players. The Seahawks play their home games at Lumen Field (formerly known as Seahawks Stadium, Qwest Field, and CenturyLink Field).
, holder of many Seahawks records.]]

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Salisbury

**Salisbury** is a city in Wiltshire, South West England. It is the only city in Wiltshire and is its second largest settlement.  It sits at the joining of five rivers: the Nadder, Ebble, Wylye, and Bourne, which are tributaries to the Hampshire Avon, which flows to the south coast and into the sea at Christchurch in Dorset.

To the north of Salisbury is an old settlement surrounded by mounds and ditches for protection. It is called Old Sarum. Today there are only a few ruined stone foundations. This was the original town that was first occupied about 5,000 years ago. Experts think it was built there because it was close to the River Avon for water and it was near major trackways across the country.

Salisbury Cathedral has a copy of Magna Carta. 

Salisbury has 45,000 people. Salisbury is about 15 kilometers (9.5 miles) from Stonehenge.

## References
Lincoln, England

**Lincoln** is an old city in Lincolnshire, England. Lincoln has a population of about 100,000 people. It is the county town of Lincolnshire, in the East Midlands of England.

Lincoln developed from the Roman town of *Lindum Colonia*. Before then it was an Iron Age settlement. Lincoln's major landmarks are Lincoln Cathedral, a famous example of English Gothic architecture, and Lincoln Castle, an 11th-century Norman castle.

The city has the University of Lincoln and Bishop Grosseteste University. Lincoln is north of London, and by the River Witham, in the East Midlands.

## References
Coelacanth

A **coelacanth** is a type of fish in the Sarcopterygii, the lobe-finned fishes. They are a sister group to those fish which evolved into tetrapods. Their fossil record goes back 400 million years, before any land vertebrates had evolved.

There are at least two species of coelacanths living in the Indian Ocean. Scientists thought they had been extinct for 80 million years until one was caught off the east African  in 1938. However, fisherman in the Comoros islands had been catching it for a very long time and called it *gombesa*.

#### Scientific study 
*Latimeria* was first found by scientists in 1938 by Marjorie Courtenay Latimer, the curator of a small museum in the South African port town of East London. She was visiting a fisherman who would let her search through his boat's catch for interesting specimens. Another one was found off the Comoros islands in 1952. The largest specimen was about 1.8 metres (~6&nbsp;ft). 

## References
Tent city

]]
A **tent city** is used to describe a variety of temporary housing facilities made using tents. Informal tent cities may be set up without authorization by homeless people or protesters. As well, state governments or military organizations set up tent cities to house refugees, evacuees, or soldiers. Tent cities set up by homeless people may be similar to shanty towns, which are informal settlements in which the buildings are made from of scrap building materials.

## Environmental disasters and homeless people 
Since Hurricane Katrina made landfall in August of 2005, the term has been used to describe temporary housing sites set up for Gulf Coast residents who were left homeless by the storm. Some of the tents that were built by Seabees and funded by FEMA are wooden structures covered by tents. With the exception of indoor plumbing, most of the tents have heat, air, and lights. The tent city can hold as many as 250 occupants. Displaced residents are only expected to stay for three to six months. In late December 2006, the St. Vincent de Paul Society in Saint Petersburg, Florida established an encampment on their property when dozens of homeless moved off of public land across the street from the society. In early January 2007, city officials noted city codes that prohibit living in tents and gave the society one week to evict the occupants of the tent city.

## For travelers on The Hajj to Mecca 
Every year, the Saudi Arabian government's Ministry of Hajj sets up a tent city to support Muslim pilgrims in the village of Mina, where the ritual Stoning of the Devil takes place as part of the overall Hajj pilgrimage to Meccahttp://www.hajinformation.com/main/j50.htm. A tent city is also established annually at Mount Arafat, another essential stop during the Hajj http://www.hajinformation.com/main/j30.htm . Because up to four million pilgrims may be performing the Hajj annually, the tent cities are densely inhabited with 20-40 people per tent. As such, fire and disease outbreaks are constant concerns. Since the late 1990s, Saudi authorities have started using fireproof tents to reduce the risks of a major fire.

## Military uses 
In the military, the term "tent city" usually refers to temporary living quarters erected on deployed military bases, such as those found in Bosnia or Iraq. Depending on the branch of service and the length the tent city has been in place, the living space may have most modern amenities. For sanitary reasons, military tent cities place toilet, shower, and laundry facilities at least 50 feet (15m) from living quarters. Also, tents are typically divided into clusters of 8-10 to prevent the rapid spread of fire, which is of utmost concern because of the tent and bedding materials.

## References
Burj el-Barajneh

**Burj el-Barajneh** is a settlement in Beirut, Lebanon. It was set up as a Palestine refugee camp in 1948. It was laid siege to by the Israeli army and local Christian Phalangists during 1982, after Israel invaded Lebanon earlier that year.
 
## Other websites
* Burj el-Barajneh Camp: A Photo Essay . Alternative Media Centre of Québec (CMAQ), 7 November 2005.
* UN.org profile of Burj el-Barajneh refugee camp
* February 23, 1987 *TIME* article 
* Burj el-Barajneh Camp: A Photo Essay
Norwegian Refugee Council

**The Norwegian Refugee Council** (NRC) (Norwegian: *Flyktninghjelpen*) is an independent, non-governmental organisation in Norway which helps refugees and internally displaced persons around the world.
 
The NRC protects the rights of people who have been forced to leave their countries, or their homes within their countries. It is the only Norwegian group that specialises in international efforts for these types of people. 
 
The NRC was established in 1946 with the name "Aid to Europe", to help refugees in Europe after World War II. Today, the NRC is an independent, private organisation. It works closely with the United Nations and other organisations around the world, as well as in Norway.
 
## What the NRC does
The group focuses on five main activities:

* Building homes and schools
* Giving food and non-food relief items
* Giving information, counselling and legal assistance
* Camp management
* Education

## Other websites
*Official website (English version)
List of German presidents and chancellors by age

This is a list of German Presidents (since 1919) and Chancellors (since 1871) by age at death.

Where the person in question is still alive, the age is worked out up to .

## Presidents 
## Chancellors
Boscobel House

**Boscobel House** is a house on the Shropshire/Staffordshire border, near Wolverhamptonand Albrighton, England. It was built around 1632 when landowner John Gifford of White Ladies Priory turned a farmhouse into a hunting lodge. Charles II famously hid in a tree at the Boscobel House to escape discovery by Parliamentary soldiers after the Battle of Worcester in 1651.  The tree became known as the Royal Oak

42 days after the Battle of Worcester, Charles escaped to France on a coal ship called *Surprise*. Nine years later, Charles ll was invited back to England to become king. In 1660, he came back to England to be the king and Charles named that day "Oak apple day".

## Related pages
*Escape of Charles II

## Other websites
*BBC on Boscobel House
*English Heritage entry: Boscobel House
*Roland Film's Documentary on the Restoration of Boscobel House
*Postcard images from a personal site
Euphemism

**Euphemism** is the use of a word (or phrase) that replaces another one that one thinks to be too offensive or vulgar.

It also may be a replacement of a name or a word, that could reveal a secret or holy and sacred names to the uninitiated. It may also be used to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. A well known example for many is the replacement of ''Lord Voldemort's* name by "You-Know-Who" or "He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named" in Harry Potter. Some euphemisms are intended to be humorous.

## Usage 
When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it often becomes a metaphor whose literal meaning is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to hide unpleasant or disturbing ideas, even when the literal term for them is not necessarily offensive. This type of euphemism is used in politics.

## Common examples 
Examples for euphemisms are:
* *restroom* for *toilet* (the word *toilet* was itself originally a euphemism). This is an Americanism.
* *making love to*, *doing it*, or *sleeping with* for having sex
* *mature* or * golden years* for old age or elderly
* *police action* for undeclared war
* *in the club* for pregnant 
* *tired and emotional* for drunk (mostly British)
* *self-charging hybrid* for a hybrid vehicle without the ability to charge the battery from an external power source.
** All plug-In hybrids are also self-charging hybrids, just like  all squares are rectangles, but not the other way around.
* *unibody* = Non-replaceable mobile phone battery.
* *passed away'' for died

## Related pages 
* Dysphemism
* Metaphor

## References
Wismar

**Wismar** () is a town in northern Germany. It is on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It is about  east of Lübeck, and  north of Schwerin. It has a university and a harbor.

Till September 4, 2011, Wismar was an urban district.

## References
## Other websites
Dysphemism

**Dysphemism** means using of an harsh or rude word or phrase instead of a polite one. It is more or less the opposite of euphemism.

Examples of dysphemism are “dead tree edition” for the paper version of an online magazine, or the American soldiers calling their common breakfast of creamed chipped beef on toast “shit on a shingle”.

## Etymology 
The word *dysphemism* came from the Greek elements *dys* δύς "mis-" and *pheme* φήμη "speech, voice, reputation" in the late 19th century. Related terms can include *malphemism* (from the Latin *malus* "bad"), and *cacophemism* (from the Greek *kakos* κακός "bad")

## Usage 
A dysphemism is a marked form (standing out as unusual or divergent) which expresses a speaker's view or attitude towards the listener or group.

## Related pages
* Hyperbole
* Metaphor
* Euphemism

## References
Jan Ullrich

**Jan Ullrich** (born 2 December 1973 in Rostock, Germany) is a retired German bicycle rider. He was very good in riding in the mountains. In Individual time trials he was one of the best cyclists at his time. He won the Tour de France in 1997. Jan Ullrich is the only German athlete who has won this event. 
## Beginning 
Jan Ullrich started cycling early. When he was ten years old, he won his first race. After Germany's reunification he went to a club in Hamburg. In 1993, when Ullrich was 19 years old, he won the World Amateur Road Race championship in Oslo, Norway. In this year Lance Armstrong won the Professional World Race championchip. The year after, he became third in the Individual Time Race championchip. After this succes he became a professional member of the German Team "Team-Telekom".

## Tour de France 
Jan Ullrich first rode the Tour de France in 1996. There he won a stage and became overall second, after his teammate Bjarne Riis. Some experts say, Jan Ullrich could have won the Tour the France that year, but he did not because he helped his team-mate over the Tour.

In 2007 Bjarne Riis said that he used drugs to win the 1996 Tour. In 1997 Jan Ullrich won the Tour the France, when he was 23 years old (fourth youngest winner of the Tour since 1947). During this year he won the Tour de Suisse, German-Tour and HEW-Cyclassics. At the end of the year, he was elected as the "sports person of the year" in Germany.

## Doping
Many of Jan Ullrichs Team-members said, he was taking drugs in the 90. In 2002 he tested positive for amphetamine. He said he took pills in a disco, without knowing that they were an illegal substance. He was suspended for 6 months. In 2006, Ullrich was suspected to be a client of Fuentes. In 2007, a DNA-test gave the evidence that he was one, and that he was planning to use the illegal blood doping. Ullrich denied using drugs for a long time. In 2013, Ullrich decided to tell the truth. He admitted he used illegal substances during his career.

## Palmarès 
;1993
: Amateur World Road Race Cycling Champion
;1995
: National Time Trial Champion
;1996
:Tour de France
:: 2nd place overall
:: Winner white jersey
:: Winner stage 20
:Regio Tour
;1997
:Tour de France
:: Winner yellow jersey
:: Winner white jersey
:: Winner stages 10 and 12
: National Road Race Champion
:Luk Cup, à Bühl
:HEW Cyclassics
;1998
:Tour de France
:: 2nd place overall
:: Winner white jersey
:: Winner stages 7, 16 and 20
:Rund um Berlin
:Rund um die Nürnberger Altstadt
;1999
: World Time Trial Cycling Champion
:Winner Vuelta a España
;2000
:Summer Olympics Road Race Champion
:Tour de France: 2nd place
:Coppa Agostini
;2001
: World Time Trial Cycling Champion
: National Road Race Champion
:Tour de France: 2nd place
:Giro dell'Emilia
:Versatel Classic
;2003
:Tour de France
:: 2nd place
:: Winner stage 12
:Rund um Köln (Tour of Cologne)
;2004
:Tour de France: 4th place
:Tour de Suisse: winner
:Coppa Sabatini
;2005
:Tour de France: 3rd place
;2006
:Tour de Suisse: winner

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Homepage
* Jan Ullrich at the Internet Movie Database
Caper story

The **caper story** is a special sort of  crime story.  In the typical caper story,  one or more crimes happen (especially thefts, swindles, or occasionally kidnappings) in full view of the reader.  The actions of the police or detectives may also be told, but  are not that important for the story.

The typical elements of caper stories are humor, adventure, or unusual  or . 

## Examples of the caper story 
The *Dortmunder* stories of *Donald E. Westlake* are very funny tales where unusual thefts happen; in another story, Dortmunder's gang steals the same gem several times, steals an entire branch bank, and kidnaps someone from an asylum by driving a stolen train onto the property.  

### Television
* *Firefly*, created by Joss Whedon, particularly the episodes "Serenity", "The Train Job", "Ariel" and "Trash" (2002 - 2003)
Prose

**Prose** is the ordinary form of the written, or spoken, language. It is not poetry. On the written page it looks like a cluster of paragraphs. It does not need any special format, such as lists and tables. In writing, it is without special rhythm. It is similar to everyday communication. That is what makes it different from poetry and from theatrical works such as plays.
## Origin
*Prose* comes from the Latin word *prosa*, meaning straightforward. Prose writing is usually used to describe facts or to discuss whatever one's thoughts are in free flowing speech. It may be used for newspapers, novels, magazines, encyclopedias, letters, stories, history, philosophy and biography.
## Forms
Prose generally has no formal structure, like meter or rhyme, that is often found in poetry. Therefore, it is used to describe literature which is non-poetic, and non-theatrical. There is, however, a blend of the two forms of literature known as *prose poetry*.

## References
City of Wakefield

The **City of Wakefield** is in West Yorkshire, England. As well as Wakefield there are five other medium-sized towns - Normanton, Pontefract, Featherstone, Castleford and Knottingley - and some smaller towns in the City area. Most people who live in those towns will tell other people that they live in those towns, instead of telling them that they live in Wakefield. The City of Wakefield has a population of about 320,000 people.

There is a mulberry tree in the exercise yard of the Wakefield Prison. It is believed that the prisoners made up the song "Here we go round the mulberry bush" as they walked around and around the tree.

## References
Io (moon)

**Io** is a moon of the planet Jupiter. It is Jupiter's third biggest moon with a diameter of 3642&nbsp;km, slightly bigger than Earth's moon. 

Io has about 400 active volcanos. It is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System. This is due to tidal heating because of friction between Jupiter and the other moons, Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa. Volcanoes erupt massive volumes of silicate lava, sulphur and sulphur dioxide. This constantly changes Io's appearance.  

The picture of Jupiter's moon Io was produced by combining the best images from both the Voyager 1 and Galileo Missions. Superbly detailed Voyager 1 images cover longitudes from 240 W to 40 W and the nearby southern latitudes.

Io has highest density of any moon, the strongest surface gravity of any moon, and the lowest amount of water of any known astronomical object in the Solar System.

Due to the same tidal locking that makes the Moon have the same side always facing Earth, Io always has the same side facing Jupiter. Io is a prolate spheroid, pulled out of round by tidal stress from Jupiter’s gravity.

## References
14 BC

Year **14 BC** was either a common year starting on Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Lentulus**.

## Events 
* Augsburg is founded by the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus
* Beeroth (modern Beirut) becomes a colonia

## Births 
* Agrippina the elder, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (approximate date) (d. AD 33)
* Claudia Pulchra, daughter of Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and Claudia Marcella Minor (d. AD 26)
* Ma Yuan, Chinese general of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 49)
Beth Phoenix

**Beth Copeland** ( **Kociański**; born November 24, 1980), better known by her ring name **Beth Phoenix**, is an American professional wrestler and commentator. She works for WWE as a color commentator. 

Phoenix is a former 3-time WWE Women's Champion and won a Slammy Award in 2008 for *Diva of the Year*. She is the actual WWE Divas Champion, she defeated to Kelly Kelly with her "Glam Slam" at Hell in a Cell 2011.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website 
*
* OVW Profile
Cormorant

**Cormorants** are a family of seabirds. There are about 40 different species of Cormorants. In some areas, they are also known as **shags**.
## Description
Cormorants range in size from as little as 45 cm (18 in) and 340 g (12 oz) to a maximum size 100 cm (40 in) and 5 kg (11 lbs). Most cormorants, including nearly all northern hemisphere species, have mainly dark feathers. Some southern hemisphere species are black and white. A few species are very colorful. Many species have areas of colored skin on the face. These areas can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow. They usually become more brightly colored in the breeding season. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet have webbing between all four toes.
Cormorants can dive for 4 minutes looking for food.
## Habitat
Cormorants breed on rocky headlands and islands as well as near inland lakes, marshes and reservoirs. The birds spend the winter on coasts, estuaries, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
## Related pages
*Great cormorant
*Indian cormorant
*Little cormorant
*Pygmy cormorant
Mantle

**Mantle** is a word with various meanings:

*Mantle (geology) = Earth's mantle, below crust, above core
*Mantle (vesture) = Ecclesiastic cloak
*Mantle (mollusc) = Cloak-like part of molluscan anatomy
Hong Kong Island

**Hong Kong Island** is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Region). Most of the city of Hong Kong was built on the island. Hong Kong Island is  in size.

In 2008, 1,289,500 people lived on Hong Kong Island (16,390 people per square kilometre). Years ago, when the British first took over Hong Kong Island, 3,000 people were living there in fishing villages. China officially gave the island to the United Kingdom in 1842. The British built a city on it, which they called the city of Victoria.

The northern part of the island has the southern shore of Victoria Harbour.  This area is the historical, political, and economic centre of Hong Kong. The northern part of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon form the central urban area of Hong Kong. The island also includes the area of Aberdeen.

There are many famous places on the island, like Victoria Peak and Repulse Bay. There are places that are important to history and large shopping centres. People like to hike on the mountains around the island.

## References
2006 Tour de France

The **2006 Tour de France** was the ***93rd Tour de France***. It took place from 1 to 23 July 2006. The winner was Óscar Pereiro. Floyd Landis was the first person to finish the race, but was disqualified on 20 September 2007 for taking the drug testosterone during the 17th stage of the race.

The Tour began in Strasbourg, on the French-German border. It ended Sunday 23 July in Paris. The distance of the race was 3657 km (2272 mi). The race was the third fastest in average speed. Along the way, the cyclists passed through six different countries including France, The Netherlands (a stop at Valkenburg in Stage 3), Belgium (at Huy, Stages 3 and 4), Luxembourg (at Esch-sur-Alzette, Stages 2 and 3), Germany (though not stopping there, Stage 1) and Spain (Pla-de-Beret, Stage 11). For the first time since the 1999 race, there was no team time trial.

One day before the start of the Tour, there was a doping scandal. 13 racers were removed from the Tour, because it was believed that they were getting drugs from a doctor named Fuentes. Two of the 13 riders were the expected to do well in the race. They were Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso.

## Overall standings 
### General Classification 
: *See the section on Finishing times for full details.*

### Points Classification 
### King of the Mountains classification 
### Young Riders' Classification 
### Teams Classification 
### Finishing times 
### Withdrawals 
## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Official page
* Official Tour de France press releases on Strasbourg
* 2006 Tour de France coverage on RoadCycling.com 
* Press release  
* http://www.cycling.tv  for the live TdF news show everyday.
* Tour de France race news from Bicycling Magazine
Shalom

**Shalom** (שלום) is a Hebrew word which means "peace". It is also used as a method of greeting like "hello" and "goodbye".

Similar to its use in English, it can mean peace between two persons or entities. It also means inner peace, being calm or the quietness of a person, well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group.

The root of the word "shalom" can be related to "*shalem*" which means "wholeness", or to *le-shalem* which means "to complete, to reward, to pay, to compensate". This means that it is more than the absence of conflict or struggle or the breaking of unfriendliness: It also means a return to the balance, to justice, and to the complete equality.

In general, one uses the word "shalom" as the short form of the sentence "Shalom Aleichem" (exactly  "Peace is with you") that can be translated as "good day (morning, afternoon, high noon,...)" (a greeting). This is very similar to the Arabic phrase "Salam Alaykum" (سلام عليكم) which is again a greeting meaning "Peace be with you". When someone says "Shalom Aleichem", they say Aleichem Shalom which means (Unto to you peace) back to them. This is due to the Talmud saying that anybody who does not at least say the greeting back is a considered a thief in traditional Jewish laws.

## Related pages 
* Salam, the Arabic version of Shalom
* As-salamu alaykum, the Arabic version of Shalom Aleichem

## References
Villa Gordiani

**Villa Gordiani** is a park in Rome. Several Roman ruins, some of them still well preserved, are in the park.

## Photos 

File:Villa Gordiani - Park of Rome a.jpg|The "Mausoleum" of Villa Gordiani, the best preserved monument of the park.
File:Villa Gordiani c.jpg|Panorama of the park
File:Villa Gordiani b.jpg|The "Torrione" (the big tower), an imposing Roman ruin
File:A child running.jpg|A child running in the park
File:Villa Gordiani.JPG|A corner of the park
About a Girl (TV series)

***About a Girl*** is a Canadian comedy television series, which was first shown on October 5, 2007 on The N in the United States, and Global in Canada. It is the first scripted comedy for The N. On February 25, 2008, actor Sandy Robson announced that the show was getting cancelled. The show ended with 13 episodes in one season.

## Plot 
The series centers around Amy, a young college student who moves in an apartment off campus with four guys, when she finds out her dorm room is a uninhabitable sty. Her new roommates are wild, unpredictable, and...kind of hot.

## Characters 
* **Amy** - A major overachiever, Amy thought college would be just a walk in the park, but when she's forced to move in with four guys, instead of the mess they called a dorm, things get a little complicated for her.
* **Jason** - The hottie that Amy has a thing for. He's the loveable-commiment phobe. If he does not like how a relationship is going, he tries to "fizzle" things out. He's hot, he's super hot, and did we mention...he hot?
* **Dude** - Flaky and easy-going. What more can a dude ask for? Dude has many words to live by. He's full of advice for his roommates, even though they might not know what he's talking about. He's afraid of pelicans, because of their "big flapping beaks", and he does not like chiuahuas, because "they shake".
* **McRitchie** - Ever stereotypical, McRitchie is a manly stud. He's adventurous and does not think about the consequences of his actions.
* **Benny** - As the youngest, smartest, and *neatest* roommate, Benny kind of ignores the pigsty he lives in. He figures his little crush on Amy will never work out.
* **Erin** - As Amy's best friend, Erin is always there to give Amy the other point of view...usually the boy crazy, sorority-member point of view.

## Cast 
* Chiara Zanni - Amy
* Jesse Hutch - Jason
* Sandy Robson - Dude
* Braden Williams - McRitchie
* Marshall Porter - Benny
* Kristie Mardsen - Erin

## Episodes 
### Season 1 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Giordano Bruno

**Giordano Bruno** (January 1548 – 17 February 1600) was an Italian friar of the Dominican Order.  He was also a philosopher and mathematician. He is best known for believing in the infinity of the universe.  His cosmological theories went beyond the Copernican model. 

Bruno thought the Sun was just one of an infinite number of independently moving heavenly bodies. He is the first man to have thought the stars we see at night are identical in nature to the Sun. For publishing beliefs contrary to Roman Catholic dogma about transubstantiation, trinity and other matters, he was burnt at the stake as a heretic by the Inquisition of the Roman Catholic Church.

Bruno also wrote extensive works on the art of memory, a loosely organized group of mnemonic techniques and principles.

## The charges 
The Catholic Church made the following  against Bruno:
* Holding opinions contrary to the Catholic Faith and speaking against it and its ministers.
* Holding wrong opinions about the Trinity, about Christ's divinity and Incarnation.
* Holding wrong opinions about Christ.
* Holding wrong opinions about Transubstantiation and Mass.
* Claiming the existence of a plurality of worlds and their eternity.
* Believing in the transmigration of the human soul into brutes.
* Dealing in magics and divination.
* Denying the Virginity of Mary.

Bruno did accept and promote Copernicus' idea that the Earth revolves round the Sun. Many believe this was one of main reasons for his downfall; others think his theological beliefs were more critical. In 1584 he published two dialogues which argued for his idea on astronomy. Eight years later he was arrested, and his trial took another eight years. His accusers demanded complete recantation of all his 'erroneous' beliefs. He refused, and went to his death. Later the Inquisition used his example to terrify Galileo into withdrawing his works from publication.

## Related pages 
* Galileo Galilei
* Heliocentrism
* Nicolaus Copernicus

## References
Number line

A **number line** is a line with integers (simply ordinary numbers, ...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...) on it extending forever in both directions. Usually, zero (0) is placed in the middle of the line. The numbers have an equal space from each other. Other numbers in between the numbers on the line represent rational, irrational, and other types of real numbers.

There is another **number line**, equally valid and useful, that extends vertically through 0 (the origin) at right angles to our traditional number line and uses imaginary numbers (*i*). These so-called **imaginary numbers** extend above and below the traditional number line and are used in very real calculations in many areas of science and technology and also extend in both directions forever (into infinity).

## Different forms
A number line is usually drawn as a simple  line. Another form is the helical number line. If the line of numbers is wrapped around a cylinder following an upward helical path, it becomes a helical number line.
If the circumference of the cylinder is equal to the length occupied by ten numbers on the number line, it then becomes a decimal helical number line, and the numbers arrange themselves into columns, each number in a particular column having the same number ending.

## Related pages
* Real number
* Complex plane
Tatar language

The **Tatar language** is a Turkic language that is spoken by the Tatar people, and is the official language of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia.

## Alphabets
Like many other Turkic languages, different alphabets are used to write the Tatar language.

### Cyrillic
In Russia, the Tatar alphabet is Cyrillic by a federal government law passed in 2002. It has 39 letters, of which 33 are the same as in Russian. The other 6 (and their positions in the alphabet) are:
*Ә (after А)
*Җ (after Ж)
*Ң (after Н)
*Ө (after О)
*Ү (after У)
*Һ (after Х )

### Latin
In 2001, the government of the Republic of Tatarstan created a Latin alphabet for the Tatar language called *Zamanälif*. But the next year, the federal government did not allow it to be made official. The *Zamanälif* alphabet has these 35 letters:

A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z

#### Yañalif
There was another Latin alphabet for Tatar called **Jaьjalif**, **Yangalif** or **Yañalif** (Tatar: jaьja əlifba/yaña älifba → jaьjalif/yañalif, Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") which is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages. It replaced the Yaña imlâ Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928, and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938–1940. After their own independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with some differences to Jaьjalif.

There are 33 letters in Jaьjalif, nine of which are vowels. The apostrophe (') is used for the glottal stop (həmzə or hämzä) and is sometimes thought of as a letter for the purposes of alphabetic sorting. Other characters may also be used in spelling foreign names. The lowercase form of the letter B is ʙ (small caps B), to prevent confusion with Ь ь (I with bowl). Letter No. 33, similar to Zhuang Ƅ, is not currently available as a Latin letter in Unicode, but it looks exactly like Cyrillic soft sign (Ь). Capital Ə (schwa) also looks like Russian/Cyrillic Э in some fonts. There is also a digraph in Jaьjalif (Ьj ьj).

### Arabic
There have been two Arabic alphabets used to write Tatar: *İske imlâ* and *Yaña imlâ*. *İske imlâ* is the older of the two and was used until 1920, when it was changed to become *Yaña imlâ* and remained in use until it was replaced by the Latin *Yañalif* alphabet. However, Tatars in China still use *İske imlâ*.

Since 2012, it is possible for people and organizations to write to the Tatarstan government in either the Latin or Arabic scripts, but the government has to answer in Cyrillic.

## References