open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1069

## Events 
* Harrying of the North: King William of England (William the Conqueror) reacts to rebellions made by his Anglo Saxon subjects against him. He rides through the north of England with his army and burns houses, crops, cattle and land from York to Durham, which results in the deaths of over 100,000 people, mainly from starvation and winter cold.
* William the Conqueror founds the Norman Selby Abbey.
* Abbad III al-Mu'tamid succeeds his father on the throne of Sevilla.
* Shenzong appoints Wang Anshi as his chief counsellor.
* Wang Anshi, chancellor of the Chinese Song Dynasty, implements the New Policies, which include financial reforms, raising the salaries of officials to reduce corruption, institution of the baojia system, etc.
* Start of Nam tiến, the southward expansion of the territory of Vietnam.
* Magnus II of Norway dies and Olav III becomes sole King of Norway.
* The Seljuk Turks fail to capture Iconium, following a Byzantine counter-attack launched from Syria.

## Deaths 
* Aldred, archbishop of York
* Ibn Hazm, Muslim philosopher and theologian

## References
Auriga (constellation)

**Auriga** is a constellation in the northern sky.  It is the Latin word for "charioteer" - someone who drives a vehicle that is pulled by an animal.  The astronomer Ptolemy listed Auriga in the 2nd century when he was writing a list of 48 constellations.

## References
**Citations**

**References**

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
1063

## Events 
### By area 
#### Europe 
* Successful Pisan naval assault upon Muslim-ruled Palermo led by Giovanni Orlandi to support the ambitions of Roger of Hauteville.
* May 8 &ndash; The allied Muslim and Christian troops of the king of Castile and the emir of Zaragoza, maybe led by El Cid, defeat the Aragonese army at the battle of Graus. The king of Aragon, Ramiro I, is killed, his son succeeds him.
* The River Thames is frozen for 14 weeks.

### By topic 
#### Architecture 
* The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed, standing at a height of 54 m (177 ft) tall.
* The construction of present building of St Mark's Basilica is begun.

#### Religion 
* Anselm, later to become Archbishop of Canterbury, becomes prior at the Abbey of Bec.
* The Bishopric of Olomouc is founded.

## Births 
* Yuanwu Keqin, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1135)
* Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec Lord and founder of the pre-Columbian city of Tututepec.

## Deaths 
* March 21 &ndash; Blessed Richeza of Lotharingia, wife of King Mieszko II of Poland (990&ndash;1034)
* April 30 &ndash; Emperor Renzong of Song (b. 1010)
* August 5 &ndash; Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd
* September 4 &ndash; Toghrül, Turkish conqueror of Persia and Baghdad
* King Bela I of Hungary
* King Ramiro I of Aragon

## References
Boötes

**Boötes**, pronounced with both 'O's as 'boötez', is one of the 88 modern constellations in the northern sky. The name is from the Greek word , which means herdsman  someone who takes care of animals.

## Shape 
The constellation's shape is like a kite.  Boötes has the third brightest star in the night sky, called Arcturus (α Bootis). The astronomer Ptolemy listed it in the 2nd century when he made a list of 48 constellations.

The Cloverleaf quasar is visually in Bootes.

## Main stars 
* α Bootis (Arcturus) is the brightest and most important star of the constellation, with a magnitude of -0.04, the 3rd brightest star of the sky. It is an orange giant star
* β Bootis (Nekkar), yellow giant with magnitude 3.49  and 219 light years from the Earth
* y Bootis (Ceginus), Delta Scuti variable with magnitude 3,04
* δ Bootis (Princeps), another yellow giant.

## Deep-sky objects 
* NGC 5248, spiral galaxy, 10º south of Arcturus
* NGC 5466, globular cluster, 9º northwest of Arcturus, near M3, a globular cluster in the constellation Canes Venatici.

## References
1064

, the great master of simian painting, is invited to the imperial court, but dies soon after.]]

## Events 
### By area 
#### Americas 
* Sunset Crater Volcano (present-day Arizona) first erupts.

#### Asia 
* The Seljuk Turks storm Anatolia, taking Caesarea and Ani, marking the beginning of Turkish invasions into Anatolia.

#### Europe 
* June 9 &ndash; Coimbra is taken by King Ferdinand of Castile.
* European warriors go to Spain to participate to the siege of Barbastro. This expedition is approved by the Pope and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.
* Harold II is shipwrecked at Ponthieu, Normandy and taken captive by Count Guy.
* Construction of the Duomo at Pisa in Tuscany begins.

## Births 
* Borivoj II of Bohemia, a Duke of Bohemia
* Robert Fitz Richard, a Norman landowner in England
* Niels of Denmark, a King of Denmark

## Deaths 
* Abu Muhammad 'Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa`id Ibn Hazm
* Ottokar I of Styria
* Rabbi Yaakov ben Yakar
* Yi Yuanji – Chinese Northern Song painter famous for his realistic paintings of animals (b. 1000)

## References
1059

## Events 
* January 24 &ndash; Pope Nicholas II takes over for Pope Stephen IX as the 155th Pope. He was placed in opposition to Antipope Benedict X.
* August &ndash; Robert Guiscard signs the Treaty of Melfi with Pope Nicholas II.
* Anselm settles at the Benedictine monastery of Le Bec in Normandy.
* The Lateran Council makes the College of Cardinals the sole voters in the election of popes.
* Muhammed ben Da'ud, known as Alp Arslan, becomes second sultan of the Seljuk Turks.
* Peter Krešimir IV is crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia
* Isaac I Comnenus resigns as Byzantine Emperor, appointing Constantine Ducas as his replacement.

## Births 
* Fulcher of Chartres, chronicler historian of the First Crusade

## Deaths 
* August 30 &ndash; Peter Urseolo of Hungary
* Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople

## References
1119

## Events 
### By area 
#### Asia 
* June 28 &ndash; Battle of Ager Sanguinis: Ilghazi, the ruler of Aleppo, wipes out a Crusader army from the Principality of Antioch.
* August 14 &ndash; Battle of Hab: Baldwin II of Jerusalem's Crusaders defeat Ilghazi's army, saving Antioch.

#### Europe 
* August 20 &ndash; Battle of Bremule: Henry I of England routs Louis VI.
* September 19 &ndash; Severe Earthquake in Gloucestershire & Warwickshire, England.
* Robert Bruce, 1st Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, grants and confirms the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg (Middlesbrough) to Whitby.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* February 2 &ndash; Pope Callixtus II succeeds Pope Gelasius II as the 162nd pope.
* Knights Templar Founded by Hugh de Payns.
* Councils of Toulouse and Reims. 
** The archbishop of Tarragona, Oleguer Bonestruga, preaches about a Crusade against the Moors in Catalonia.
** In Toulouse, condemnation by the Church of the Petrobrusian heresy.

#### Technology 
* In his *Pingzhou Table Talks* published in this year, the Song Dynasty Chinese writer Zhu Yu writes of the earliest known use of separate hull compartments in ships.
* Zhu Yu's book is the first to report the use of a magnetic compass for navigation at sea, although the first actual description of the magnetic compass is by another Chinese writer Shen Kuo in his *Dream Pool Essays* published in 1088.

## Births 
* July 7 &ndash; Emperor Sutoku of Japan (d. 1164)
* Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1176)

## Deaths 
* January 24 &ndash; Pope Gelasius II
* July 17 &ndash; Baldwin VII of Flanders
* Alan IV, Duke of Brittany
* Roger of Salerno, regent of Antioch
* Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick

## References
1077

## Events 
### By area 
#### Africa 
* The Almoravids complete the conquest of the Ghana Empire, and reach Spain.

#### Asia 
* The Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea and Jerusalem.
* Suleyman I of Rûm becomes the leader of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in modern Turkey.
* Anush Tigin Gharchai becomes, as a Seljuk vassal, leader of the Khwarezmid Empire.

#### Europe 
* January 26 &ndash; Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication.
* January 28 &ndash; Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is lifted.
* April 3 
** The first Parliament of Friuli is created.
** Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd, Patriarch of Aquileia.
* Robert Curthose starts his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror, in Normandy.
* The kingdom of Duklja is founded.
* The first recorded Trial by combat is held in England.
* Vsevolod of Kiev becomes the prince of Kievan Rus'.
* Alfonso VI of Castile conquers Coria.
* Pope Gregory VII places the island of Corsica under the secular rule of the archbishop of Pisa.
* Hugh of Burgundy supports the king of Aragon in his conquest of the castle of Muñones from the emir of Zaragossa.

### By topic 
#### Arts 
* The *Bayeux Tapestry* is made.

#### Religion 
* The first English Cluniac Benedictine priory is established, at Lewes.
* Paul of Caen becomes Abbot of St Albans in England; the building of St Albans Abbey Church commences.
* Pope Christodolos of Alexandria ends his reign as Coptic Pope.
* Dionysius V Lazaros becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

## Births 
* December 26 &ndash; Baldwin the Monk, Norman priest (died 1184)
* *date unknown*
** King Alexander I of Scotland, Scottish royal (died 1124)
** Joseph ibn Migash, rabbi (died 1141)
** Lady Sybil Corbet, French mistress to King Henry I of England (died 1157)

## Deaths 
* April 25 &ndash; Geza I of Hungary
* Agnes de Poitou, wife of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor and regent (b. 1020)
* King Anawrahta of Burma (b. 1044)
* Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and writer (b. 995)
* Shao Yong, Chinese philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian (b. 1011)
* Zhang Zai, Chinese Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1020)

## References
1057

## Events 
### By place 
#### Africa 
* The Banu Hilal take Kairouan. The Zirid dynasty has to move to Mahdiya.

#### Asia 
* King Anawrahta of Burma takes over Thanton in northern Thailand, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in the country.

#### Europe 
* King Macbeth of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm III of Scotland. He is replaced as King of Scotland by his stepson Lulach.
* William the Conqueror defeats a Franco-Angevin army at the mouth of the Dives River, Normandy in the Battle of Varaville.
* Ferdinand I of Castile takes Lamego and Viseu from Christian lords allied to the Muslim taifas.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* August 2 &ndash; Pope Stephen IX (sometimes referred to as Stephen X) replaces Pope Victor II as the 154th pope.

## Births 
* Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1093)

## Deaths 
* Jōchō, Japanese sculptor
* March 1 &ndash; Ermesinde of Carcassonne, countess and regent of Barcelona (b. 972)
* July 28 &ndash; Pope Victor II
* August 15 &ndash; King Macbeth of Scotland
* Late August &ndash; Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II of England
* August 31 &ndash; Leofric, Earl of Mercia

## References
Robert Eddison

**Robert Leadam Eddison** OBE (10 June 1908 –14 December 1991) was a British actor who was known for his role as the Grail Knight in *Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade*.

Eddison was born on 10 June 1908 in Yokohama, Japan to British parents. His grandparents were from the United States. He was raised in London, England. Eddison died on 14 December 1991 in London, England from pneumonia, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Caelum

**Caelum** is a constellation in the southern sky. It is hard to see because it is not very bright. It means "the chisel" in Latin. Before, people called **Caelum Scalptorium**, which means "the engraver's chisel". It was created and named by the French astronomer named Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 1750s. The brighest star in Caelum has a magnitude of 4.45. This means that all of the stars in Caelum are too dark for people who live in cities to see.

## References
1053

## Events 
* June 18 &ndash; Battle of Civitate: 3,000 horsemen of Norman Count Humphrey defeat the troops of Pope Leo IX.
* Byōdō-in, Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, is built. Heian period (approximate date).
* Jōchō makes Amida Buddha, Byodo-in. Heian period (approximate date).

## Births 
* July 7 &ndash; Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1129)
* St-Hugues, Bishop of Guenette (d. 1132)
* Guibert of Nogent, French historian and theologian (d. 1124)
* Vladimir Monomakh, Prince of Kiev (d. 1125)
* Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona
* Berenguer Ramon II, Count of Barcelona

## Deaths 
* April 15 &ndash; Godwin, Earl of Wessex (b. 1001)
* October 25 &ndash; Count Enguerrand II of Ponthieu

## References
1051

## Events 
* Godwin, Earl of Wessex, is forced to leave England by King Edward the Confessor for refusing to take action against the townspeople of Dover. He returns the following year.
* Hilarion of Kiev becomes the first native metropolitan of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Kievan Rus.
* May 19 &ndash; Henry I of France marries Anne of Kiev at the cathedral of Reims.
* William of Normandy fights for his life and crown in Normandy.
* Heregeld is ended by King Edward the Confessor of England.

## Births 
* Edgar Atheling, uncrowned King of England, 1066, after the Battle of Hastings
* Mi Fu, Chinese poet, painter, and calligrapher (d. 1107)

## Deaths 
* January 22 &ndash; Ælfric Puttoc, archbishop of York
* Bi Sheng, Song Dynasty Chinese inventor of movable type printing
1054

## Events 
* Chinese astronomers see a supernova being created in the Crab Nebula 
* February &ndash; Battle of Mortemer: The Normans defeat a French army as it is caught stealing. King Henry I of France removes his main army from Normandy as a result.
* April 30 &ndash; Rosdalla, Kilbeggan Ireland: Earliest known European tornado.
* July 4 &ndash; The SN 1054 supernova is seen by the Chinese, Arab and possibly Native Americans near the star ζ Tauri. For 23 days it remains bright enough to be seen in daylight. Whats left of it form the Crab Nebula (NGC 1952).
* July 16 &ndash; Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other excommunication. Most historians look to this act as the final step in the initiation of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches. In 1965, those excommunications are cancelled by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras when they meet in the Second Vatican Council. However, to this day each church claims to be the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and each denies the other's right to that name. (See East-West Schism)
* July 27 &ndash; Siward, Earl of Northumbria invades Scotland to support Malcolm Canmore against Macbeth, who took the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, King Duncan. Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.
* Lý Nhật Tôn, third king of the Lý Dynasty, begins to rule in Vietnam and changes the country's official name to Đại Việt.
* East-West Schism in the Christian church, where the churches got separated and became the Catholic and the Orthodox christian churches.

## Deaths 
* February 20 &ndash; Yaroslav the Wise, prince of Kievan Rus
* April 19 &ndash; Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
* September 24 &ndash; Hermannus Contractus

## References
1049

## Events 
### By place 
#### Africa 
* Beginning of the Banu Hilal invasions in the Maghrib. They are organized by the Egyptian Fatimid dynasty to punish their former Zirid vassals.

#### Asia 
* A truce is declared between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks.
* Construction of the large Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng, China, is completed in this year during the Song Dynasty.

#### Europe 
* The Pisans successfully complete the take over of Sardegna upon the Andalusian occupiers.
* Viking Irish raiders ally with Gruffydd ap Rhydderch of Gwent in raiding along the River Usk. Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester, is unsuccessful in driving them off.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* February 12 &ndash; Pope Leo IX replaces Pope Damasus II as the 152nd pope.

## Deaths 
* Eustace I, Count of Boulogne
* Pope Sylvester III (born 1000)

## References
Biotic

**Biotic** means anything living. Animals, plants, and microbes, for example, are all living organisms so they are considered *biotic* parts of the environment.

*Life, the condition of living organisms
*Biology, the study of life
*Biotic components in ecology
*Biotic potential, an organism's reproductive capacity
*Biotic community, all the interacting organisms living together in a specific habitat
Camelopardalis

**Camelopardalis** is a constellation in the northern sky.  It is hard to see because it is not very bright.  It is also very large.  It was created and named by the Dutch astronomer named Petrus Plancius in 1612.  It represents a giraffe.  Its brightest star, β Cam, has a magnitude of only 4.03.  This means that Camelopardalis is very dark.  People who live in cities cannot see Camelopardalis.

## References
1047

## Events 
* Battle of Val-ès-Dunes: William the Conqueror, with assistance from King Henry I of France, takes control of Normandy by defeating the rebel Norman barons at Caen. 
* Harald III becomes sole king of Norway.
* Sweyn II is crowned king of Denmark.
* Pope Clement II is replaced by Pope Benedict IX as the 150th pope.
* Revolt of Leo Tornikios in the Byzantine Empire

## Births 
* Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, French born, English nobleman (died 1101)
* Judith of Swabia, daughter of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

## Deaths 
* October 9 &ndash; Pope Clement II
* October 25 &ndash; King Magnus I of Norway (b. 1024)

## References
Canes Venatici

**Canes Venatici** is a constellation in the northern sky.  It means "the hunting dogs" in Latin.  It was named and created by the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius in 1687.  The astronomer named Ptolemy included it in Ursa Major when he made a list of 48 constellations in the 2nd century.  Canes Venatici is not a very bright constellation.  

## Deep-sky objects
* Messier 3
* Messier 106
* Sunflower Galaxy
* Whirlpool Galaxy

## References
Callinectes exasperatus

***Callinectes exasperatus*** (common name: **rugose swimming crab**) is a species of swimming crab. They can be found in the western Atlantic Ocean. This species of crab mainly only eats carrion (dead bodies of other animals). This species is not commercially fished.  

## References
1044

## Events 
* King Anawrahta takes over the throne of Pagan, Myanmar.
* Benedict IX gives up his role as pope. Sylvester III becomes the new pope after him.
* The Chinese military essay of the *Wujing Zongyao* is written and built by scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德) during the Song Dynasty. It is the first book in history to include formulas for gunpowder and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or trebuchet catapult). It also describes the double-piston pump flamethrower and a thermoremanence compass, a few decades before Shen Kuo wrote of the first known magnetic mariners compass. Although making clear the importance of many weapons, it reserves high respect for the crossbow and ability of crossbowmen to eliminate charging units of nomadic cavalrymen.

## Births 
* Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid (d. 1099)
* Cristina Atheling, daughter of Edward the Exile (died 1123)

## Deaths 
* Gothelo I, Duke of Lotharingia

## References
Callinectes

***Callinectes*** (Blue crabs) is a genus of crabs. Sixteen species are in this genus. These species include the Atlantic blue crab, *C. sapidus*:

**Callinectes affinis* Fausto, 1980
**Callinectes amnicola* (Rochebrune, 1883)
**Callinectes arcuatus* Ordway, 1863
**Callinectes bellicosus* Stimpson, 1859
**Callinectes bocourti* A. Milne-Edwards, 1879
**Callinectes danae* Smith, 1869
**Callinectes diacanthus*
**Callinectes exasperatus* (Gerstaecker, 1856)
**Callinectes gladiator* Benedict, 1893
**Callinectes marginatus* (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861)
**Callinectes ornatus* Ordway, 1863
**Callinectes pallidus* (Rochebrune, 1883)
**Callinectes rathbunae* Contreras, 1930
**Callinectes sapidus* Rathbun, 1896
**Callinectes similis* Williams, 1966
**Callinectes toxotes* Ordway, 1863

## References
## Other websites
1041

## Events 
### By place 
#### Africa 
* The Zirid dynasty turns down Shi'ite obedience and Fatimid rule and recognizes the Abbasids as their overlords.

#### Europe 
* December 10 &ndash; Empress Zoe of Byzantium raises her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V.
* Worcester rebels against the naval taxes of Harthacanute.
* Edward the Confessor returns from exile to inherit Harthacanute. He reduces the Navy from 60 to 32 ships this year due to the tax burden.

#### Asia 
* The number of enlisted soldiers in the Song Dynasty Chinese military reaches well over 1,250,000 troops, an increase since 1022 when there were a million soldiers.

## Deaths 
* December 10 &ndash; Michael IV, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1010)

## References
1043

## Events 
* October 31 &ndash; Venus occults Jupiter
* Rus'-Byzantine War (1043).
* Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.
* Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor marries Agnes de Poitou.
* The revolt of George Maniaces against Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX ends when Maniaces is killed in battle near Thessalonica.
* The Ziyarid dynasty of Persia is destroyed by the Seljuks.
* In Song Dynasty China, the politicians Ouyang Xiu and Fan Zhongyan start the Qingli Reforms, which are halted by 1045.
* The Norman brothers, William Iron Arm and Drogo de Hauteville, take power in Apulia.
* The first king of the Kingdom of Nri, Eze Nri Ìfikuánim is created in West Africa.

## Births 
* Fulk IV, Count of Anjou (died 1109)
* Abu Muhammad Baghawi, Persian traditionalist
* El Cíd Campeador of Castile (died 1099)

## Deaths 
* George Maniaces, Byzantine general
* Gisela of Swabia, Holy Roman Empress (b. 989)

## References
1038

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* The name of Versailles, then a small village, appears for the first time in a Medieval charter.
* In the Muslim kingdom of Zaragoza, the ruling Banu Tujibi family is removed by Suleiman Al-Mustain I ibn Hud who starts the Huddid dynasty which rules over the region for a century (possibly 1039).

#### Asia 
* The Western Xia declare their independence from Liao China.

## Deaths 
* August 15 &ndash; Saint Stephen I, first king of Hungary
* October 29 &ndash; Aethelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury
* Alhazen, Persian mathematician
* William VI of Aquitaine

## References
1037

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* Construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is ended.
* Ferdinand I becomes the king of Castile and Leon.
* Harold I takes control of the crown of England from his half-brother Harthacanute.
* George Maniaces begins a war against the Arabs in Sicily.

#### Asia 
* The Song Dynasty Chinese rime dictionary of the *Jiyun* is published.
* Seljuq dynasty starts.

## Births 
* Su Dongpo, Chinese poet (d. 1101)

## Deaths 
* March 16 &ndash; Robert I, Archbishop of Rouen
* September 4 &ndash; King Bermudo III of León (b. 1010)
* Avicenna, Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist (b. 980)
* Duke Boleslaus III of Bohemia

## References
1032

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* October 21 &ndash; Benedict IX replaces John XIX, as the 145th pope.
* The first mention of the city of Kursk.

## Births 
* February 16 &ndash; Emperor Yingzong of China (d. 1067)
* King Vratislav II of Bohemia (d. 1092)
* Cheng Hao, Song Dynasty China Neo-Confucian philosopher (d. 1085) 

## Deaths 
* October &ndash; Pope John XIX
* Bezprym, duke of Poland (murdered)

## References
1033

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* February 2 &ndash; Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Burgundy.
* Panic spreads throughout Europe that the end of the universe may be near, on the supposed 1,000th anniversary of the crucifixion of Christ, due to some unusually harsh spring weather. The Book of Revelation predicts the end of the earth after a 1000 year period.

## Births 
* Saint Anselm of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1109)
* Cheng Yi, Song Dynasty China Neo-Confucian philosopher (d. 1107)
* King Donald III of Scotland, Scottish royal, brother of King Malcolm III of Scotland (d. 1097)
* *probable*
** Robert I, Count of Flanders, nobleman (d. 1106)

## Deaths 
* Ibno Al-Thahabi, Spanish Moorish encyclopedist
* Queen Cunigunde of Luxemburg

## References
1026

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* Archbishop Ariberto crowns Conrad II King of Italy in Milan.
* Pietro Barbolano becomes Doge of Venice.
* Henry VI becomes king of Bavaria (later Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor).
* The Battle of the Helgeå is fought in Scandinavia.

#### Asia 
* A Zubu revolt against the Liao Dynasty is stopped, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute.

## Births 
* Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria (approximate date) (d. 1066)

## Deaths 
* Henry of Luxemburg, king of Bavaria

## References
1061

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* January &ndash; Robert de Grantmesnil, his nephew Berengar, half-sister Judith (future wife of Roger I of Sicily), and eleven monks of Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche are forced to leave Normandy and head to the Mezzogiorno.
* October 1 &ndash; Pope Alexander II replaces Pope Nicholas II as the 156th pope.
* The Normans take over Messina in Sicily.
* Construction of the Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany, begins.
* Vratislav II becomes duke of Bohemia.
* Most of West Frisia (later part of the county of Holland) is taken over by imperial German armies and given to the Bishop of Utrecht.
* Estonians destroy the castle of Yuryev in Tartu and carry out raids in the Pskov region in Russia.

#### Africa 
* Yusuf ben Tashfin succeeds to the throne of Morocco, following the Almoravid conquest.

## Deaths 
* January 28 &ndash; Duke Spytihněv II of Bohemia (b. 1031)
* July 18 or July 27 &ndash; Pope Nicholas II

## References
1058

## Events 
* March 17 &ndash; King Lulach of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, who later becomes King as Máel Coluim III.
* September 20 &ndash; Agnes de Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary met to talk about the border-zone in present-day Burgenland.
* Antipope Benedict X is crowned pope, but is later removed.
* Pope Nicholas II is elected pope in December and started working in the position the following year.
* Boleslaus II takes office as duke of Poland.
* Construction begins on the Cathedral of Parma, Italy.
* Aldred becomes the first English bishop to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
* The Almoravids take over the Berghouata.

## Births 
* Al-Ghazali, Muslim theologian, jurist and mystic.
* probable year of birth of Godefroy de Bouillon, the main leader of the First Crusade

## Deaths 
* March 17 &ndash; King Lulach of Scotland
* March 29 &ndash; Pope Stephen IX
* Casimir I of Poland (b. 1015)
* Saint Alfwold

## References
1029

## Births 
* July 2 &ndash; Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (d. 1094)
* Alp Arslan, second sultan of the Seljuk dynasty (d. 1072)
* Edith of Wessex, Queen of England (d. 1075)
1023

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* The Judge-Governor of Seville takes advantage of the break up of the Caliphate of Córdoba, and takes power as Abbad I, founding the Abbadid dynasty.
* Abd ar-Rahman V becomes Caliph at Córdoba.

#### Asia 
* The Ghaznavid Empire occupies Transoxiana.

#### Africa 
* Soon after returning from Mecca, the Tarsina king of Zanata, a mountain kingdom between Algeria and Morocco, is killed in battle.

## Births 
* William VII, Duke of Aquitaine (d. 1058)

## Deaths 
* Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York
* Oda of Haldensleben, wife of Mieszko I of Poland
* Llywelyn ap Seisyll, King of Gwynedd
* Sitt al-Mulk, regent of the Fatimid Caliphate (1021 to 1023) for ʻAlī az-Zāhir, the Seventh Caliph (1021 to 1036)
1010

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* The city of Yaroslavl is said to have been founded.
* Hisham II *the Nephast* is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, replacing Muhammad II al-Mahdi.
* Allied to Muslim rebels, the count of Barcelona robs and destroys Cordoba.

#### Asia 
* The Lý Dynasty is started in Vietnam (or 1009) and moves the capital to Hanoi.
* Persian poet Ferdowsi finishes writing *The Shahnameh* (Book of Kings).
* The Goryeo king is unseated in a revolt, resulting in an invasion by the Liao Dynasty and the burning of the Korean capital Gaegyeong in the Second Goryeo-Khitan War.
* Song Zhun of Song Dynasty China completes the work of the earlier geographer Lu Duosun, a huge atlas of China that is written and illustrated in 1,556 chapters, showing maps of each region, city, town, and village. The atlas took 39 years to complete.

#### Americas 
* Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America (approximate date).

### By topic 
#### Art 
* The construction of Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, ends. Chola Dynasty, Early Medieval period.
* Rajaraja I and His Teacher, detail of a wall painting in the Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Chola Dynasty. Early Medieval period (approximate date).

#### Literature 
* Lady Murasaki writes *The Tale of Genji* in Japanese (approximate date).
* *Beowulf* is written by an unknown writer (approximate date).

#### Technology 
* Eilmer of Malmesbury attempts flight in a glider of his own construction.

## Births 
* May 30 &ndash; Emperor Renzong of China (d. 1063)
* June 2 &ndash; Benno, bishop of Meissen (d. 1106)
* King Bermudo III of León (d. 1037)
* Ali Ahmad Nasawi, (d. 1075)
* Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1041)
* Archbishop Gebhard of Salzburg (d. 1088)
* Otto of Savoy (d. 1060)
* Adalbero of Würzburg, Bishop of Würzburg and Count of Lambach-Wels (d. 1090)

## Deaths 
* John Curcuas, Byzantine catepan of Italy
* Ælfric of Eynsham, English abbot
* Aimoin, French monk and chronicler

## References
1022

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* Upon the death of Olof Skötkonung, he is replaced by his son Anund Jakob as king of Sweden.
* Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, marches with his army down the Tyrrhenian coast to lay siege to Capua. The citizens open the gates and surrender the city to the imperial army.

#### Asia 
* Al-Muizz ibn Badis begins to rule Ifriqiya in his own right.
* The Song Dynasty Chinese military has one million registered soldiers, an increase since the turn of the 11th century when the Song military only had nine hundred thousand soldiers.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Aethelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury, is received at Rome.
* Several Catharists are killed in Toulouse.
* The Synod of Pavia issues decrees against non-celibate clergy and against simony.
* Robert II the Pious burns some canons of St. Croix in Orléans, for holding that the world is inherently evil.

## Births 
* Harold Godwinson

## Deaths 
* September 2 &ndash; Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, king of Mide and High King of Ireland
* November 20 &ndash; Bernward of Hildesheim
* December 20 &ndash; Elvira Mendes, queen of Alfonso V of Castile (b. 996)
* Olof Skötkonung, King of Sweden since 995 (b. c. 980)
* Emperor Zhenzong of China

## References
1013

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* July  Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, having invaded England, is declared King within the Danelaw.
* December 25  Sweyn is declared King of England in London, forcing Æthelred the Unready to flee to Normandy.
* Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a peace treaty at Merseburg with Duke Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland who recognizes him as overlord.
* Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, gathers an army at Augsburg to begin his second Italian military campaign.
* The Jews are thrown out of the caliphate of Córdoba.
* The Poles leave from Pomerania (approximate date).

#### Asia 
* Estimation: Kaifeng, capital of China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Córdoba in Al-Andalus.
* The largest of the *Four Great Books of Song*, the Song Dynasty Chinese encyclopedia *Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau* (which had been compiled since 1005), is completed in 1,000 volumes of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Lyfing is appointed by Æthelred the Unready as Archbishop of Canterbury.
* The Al-Hakim Mosque is completed in Cairo.
* Beauvais changes from a county to a bishopric (approximate date).

## Births 
* Sancha of León, wife of Ferdinand I of León
* Rabbi Isaac Alfasi (Rif),Moroccan Talmudist and posek(d. 1103)

## Deaths 
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, scholar of medicine
* Antipope John XVI

## References
1017

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* c. May &ndash; Melus of Bari begins a rebellion, supported by Norman mercenaries. His forces are victorious in three battles against the Byzantine Empire.
* c. July &ndash; Cnut the Great, King of England, marries Emma of Normandy, widow of the monarch known as Æthelred.
* Cnut divides England into the four Earldoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria.

## Births 
* October 29 &ndash; Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056)
* Zhou Dunyi, Neo-Confucian philosopher in Song Dynasty China (d. 1073)

## Deaths 
* July 6 &ndash; Genshin, Japanese schoolar (b. 942)
* Abd-ar-Rahman IV, Umayyad caliph
* Eadric Streona, Earldorman of Mercia
* Elvira of Castile (daughter of García I), Regent of Leon (b. 965)
* Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, (b. 972)

## References
1016

## Events 
### By place 
#### Asia 
* March 10 &ndash; Emperor Sanjō gives up the throne of Japan and soon afterwards is replaced by his cousin Emperor Go-Ichijō, aged about 8.
* Earthquakes partly destroy the Dome of the Rock in the Old City of Jerusalem.

#### Europe 
* March 25 &ndash; Battle of Nesjar (off the coast of Norway): Olaf Haraldsson is victorious over former co-regent Sweyn Haakonsson confirming his status as King of Norway.
* April 23 &ndash; Æthelred, King of England, dies, and is replaced by his son Edmund Ironside.
* c. May &ndash; Battle of Brentford (near London): King Edmund defeats the Danes under Cnut, Prince of Denmark.
* October 18 &ndash; Battle of Ashingdon: Cnut defeats Edmund, leaving the latter as king of Wessex only.
* Melus of Bari makes a second attempt against Byzantine-held Southern Italy. To support his cause, he hires Norman mercenaries, unwittingly triggering the rise of Norman rule over southern Italy.
* Georgius Tzul, ruler of Khazaria, is captured by a combined Byzantine Empire–Kievan Rus' force, which effectively ends Khazaria's existence.

## Births 
* July 26 &ndash; Duke Casimir I of Poland (Polish: Kazimierz I Odnowiciel)

## Deaths 
* April 23 &ndash; Ethelred the Unready, King of England
* November 30 &ndash; Edmund II, King of England
* Emperor Sanjō of Japan
* Badis ibn Mansur, third ruler of the Zirid dynasty in North Africa.

## References
1018

## Events 
### By place 
#### Asia 
* The Liao Dynasty invades Goryeo.
* Largest amphibious invasion force in history at the time. Chola army that invaded Lanka (Sri Lanka) with a massive manpower of 150,000 troops.
* Battle of Kwiju: Korean General Gang Gam-chan gains a victory over Liao Dynasty forces during the Third Goryeo-Khitan War.

#### Europe 
* January 30 &ndash; The Peace of Bautzen is signed between Poland and Germany.
* July 22&ndash;23 &ndash; Bolesław I Chrobry, Duke of Poland, defeats Yaroslav the Wise in the Battle of the River Bug. Yaroslav retreats to Novogrod, abandoning Kiev.
* July 29 &ndash; Dirk III, Count of Holland, defeats an army sent by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the Battle of Vlaardingen.
* August &ndash; Leader of the remaining Bulgarian resistance, Ivats, is blinded and captured by *strategos* Eustathios Daphnomeles, confirming Bulgaria's position as part of the Byzantine Empire.
* August 14 &ndash; Bolesław accepts the surrender of Kiev by the Pechenegs. He reinstates Sviatopolk as Grand Prince of Kiev.
* c. October? &ndash; In Southern Italy, at the second battle of Cannae, the Lombard adventurer Melus of Bari and his Norman mercenaries are defeated by the Byzantine army led by the Catepan Basil Boioannes.
* Probable date
** Battle of Carham: Malcolm II of Scotland and Owen the Bald of Strathclyde are victorious over Eadwulf Cudel, Earl of Bamburgh, confirming Scottish dominance over Lothian.
** Cnut replaces his brother Harald II of Denmark on the Danish throne.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Buckfast Abbey is founded.
* The city of Koblenz is given to the archbishop of Trier.

## Births 
* Harthacanute (or 1019) (d. 1042)
* Michael Psellus, Greek philosopher and historian

## Deaths 
* June 23 &ndash; Margrave Henry I of Austria
* Aeddan ap Blegywryd, King of Gwynedd
* Harald II of Denmark

## References
Canis Minor

**Canis Minor** is a constellation in the northern sky.  It is Latin for "smaller dog" or "the lesser dog".  The astronomer Ptolemy listed it when he made a list of 48 constellations in the 2nd century. Both Canis Minor and Canis Major (which means "larger dog" in Latin) represent dogs that follow the hunter named Orion in Greek Mythology.

The main shape of Canis Minor is made by two stars, which are named Procyon (Alpha Canis Minoris) and Gomeisa (Beta Canis Minoris).  These stars are the only stars in Canis Minor that have a magnitude that is brigher than 4.  Procyon has a magnitude of 0.39, which means that it is the seventh brightest star in the night sky.  It is also very close to Earth, since it is only 11.4 light years away.  Gomeisa has a magnitude of 2.9.  Its temperature is 11,500°K, which means that it is very hot.  It is a blue type B8 main-sequence star.  It is 3 times the mass of the sun and 250 times more luminous than the sun.  

## Notes
## References
1006

## Events 
### By place 
#### Oceania 
* A major eruption of Mount Merapi volcano covers all of central Java with volcanic ash. This caused devastation throughout central Java, and destroyed a Hindu kingdom on the island of Java.

#### Europe 
* Holmgang (dueling) is declared illegal in Iceland.

#### Asia 
* Granaries for famine relief are set up across China.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Aelfheah (St. Alphege) goes to Pope John XVIII at Rome for his pallium and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

#### Astronomy 
* May 1 &ndash; The brightest supernova ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus. It is observed and described in China, Japan, the Middle East, Europe, and elsewhere.

## Births 
* Constantine X, emperor of Byzantium (d. 1067)

## Deaths 
* Gisela of Burgundy

## References
Abraham Cowley

**Abraham Cowley** (1618-1677) was an English writer, a poet and essayist. He wrote and published his first book of poetry at the young age of fifteen years, when he was still at school.

His most famous book was a collection of love poems, *The Mistress* (1647). Later, he also published a collection of essays in 1668, which was also quite popular.
1014

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* February 14 &ndash; Pope Benedict VIII recognizes and crowns Henry of Bavaria (who has ruled since 1003) as King of Germany.
* April 23 &ndash; Battle of Clontarf: Gaelic Irish forces under Brian Boru defeat several allied Viking forces in Ireland, ending their power there but losing Brian in the battle.
* July &ndash; Battle of Salonica fought in Greece between First Bulgarian Empire and Byzantine Empire.
* July 29 &ndash; Battle of Kleidion: Basil II defeats the Bulgarian army. His later blinding of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock. This earns Basil II the name 'Boulgaroktonos' (Bulgar-slayer).
* Following the death of Sweyn I, Ethelred II returns to England and reclaims the English crown.
* Cnut the Great returns to Denmark.
* Holmgang (a type of duel) is declared illegal in Norway.

#### Asia 
* In Kashmir, Abhinavagupta, the teacher of the poet Ksemendra, circulates his Greater commentary on the *Pratyabhijna Darshana*.

#### Africa 
* Hammad ibn Buluggin recognises the Abbasid Caliphate, beginning the split of the Hammadids from the Zirids.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of the Faith is used for the first time during the Roman Mass after Henry II, the newly crowned Holy Roman Emperor, asks the Pope to add it together with the filioque clause. Prior to this date, the Creed was not used at all during the liturgy.
* In England, Archbishop Wulfstan preaches his Latin homily, ''"Wulf's Address to the English"''.

## Births 
* Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī, (d. 1094)
* Princess Constance of France, daughter of Robert II the Pious

## Deaths 
* February 3 &ndash; Sweyn I Haraldsson Forkbeard, king of Denmark
* April 23 &ndash; Brian Boru, high king of Ireland
* June 25 &ndash; Athelstan Aetheling, eldest son of Ethelred the Unready
* October 6 &ndash; Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria
* Sigurd the Stout, Viking earl in Orkney
* King Raja Raja Chola I, of the Chola Empire of southern India and great temple builder of the Chola dynasty

## References
1007

## Events 

### By place 
#### Europe 
* Aethelred buys two years of peace with the Danes for 36,000 pounds of silver.
* One of Mt. Vesuvius's many eruptions.

#### Asia 
* Songjiang County, the later city of Shanghai, is founded (approximate date).
* King Sharaban is killed by his vizier
* Prince Kacalukia becomes king of Persia
* The vizier and his army invaded Babylon, Persia
* Snow falls in the city of Baghdad.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Henry II of Germany founds the Diocese of Bamberg.

## Births 
* Isaac I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (died 1062)
* Gruoch, wife of King Macbeth (died 1060)
* Ouyang Xiu, Chinese historian, essayist and poet (died 1072)
* Saint Paul, founder of Saint Paul's Cathedral in London, England (died 1072)

## Deaths 
*Uno of Greek MIIV

## References
Thomas Fuller

**Thomas Fuller** (1608–1661) was an English writer, historian and clergyman.

After taking a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University he decided to join the church. He used to write to share his ideas with people.

He wrote many books like *The History of the Holy War* (1639), *The Holy State and Profane State* (1642), *Good Thoughts in Bad Times* (1645), *Good Thoughts in Worse Times* (1647), *A History of the University of Cambridge* (1659) and *Mixed Contemplations in Better Times* (1660). 

Thomas Fuller strongly supported the English Royalist party and was very loyal to King Charles I of England. He suffered a lot after his defeat but later on, after the English Restoration, he became Chaplain to King Charles II of England.
Favelas

is the largest hill favela in Rio de Janeiro. Favelas are found in cities all over Brazil, but many of the most famous ones are in Rio.]]
A **favela** () is the term for a slum in Brazil. They are mostly found on the outskirts of urban areas. The people living in the favelas are the poor, and the rich people live in the city. Most of the buildings in favelas are made out of cheap materials, like plastic, wood, glass and scrap. The people usually build their houses themselves and invite their friends to help them build. Crime is not common in favelas,only 1% of residents are criminals or involved in criminal activity. The favelas themselves are also considered illegal, because the people do not pay tax.

## Related pages
* Slum
Men's major golf championships

There are four major championships in men's golf:

*The Open Championship
*U.S. Open (golf)
*PGA Championship
*The Masters Tournament
Mrs. Thomas Gainsborough, nee Margaret Burr

***Mrs. Thomas Gainsborough, nee Margaret Burr*** is an oil painting by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted about 1778. It measures 76.6&nbsp;cm x 63.8&nbsp;cm. It hangs in the Courtauld Institute Galleries in England. The subject is the artist's wife.

## References 
* 

## Other reading 
*
Fourth Geneva Convention

The **Fourth Geneva Convention** (full title: **Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War**) is an international treaty signed in 1949. These treaties are known as Geneva Conventions, because they were originally signed in Geneva. The fourth geneva convention protects civilians in a war zone and prohibit forced migration in general. Currently, 194 countries are party to this treaty of international law.

In 1993, the United Nations Security Council adopted a report from the Secretary-General and a Commission of Experts; this report stated that the Geneva Conventions had passed into the body of customary international law. If this is the case, the treaties are binding even to countries who did not sign them,whenever they engage in armed conflicts.

## References
John Roxborough Norman

**John Roxborough Norman** was a British ichthyologist. He was born in 1898 and died on 26 May 1944 in London.

He started as a clerk in a bank. He was in the military during the First World War. He got rheumatic fever during this time, and had it his whole life. He entered the British Museum in 1921 where he worked for Charles Tate Regan (1878-1943). From 1939 to 1944, he was in charge of the Natural History Museum at Tring. Norman wrote *A History of Fishes* (1931) and *A Draft Synopsis of the Orders, Families and Genera of Recent Fishes* (1957).

## References 
*Aldemaro Romero Home Page (Archived on 14 September 2006)
993

## Events 
### By topic 
#### Religion 
* July 4 &ndash; Saint Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized.
## Births 
* Samuel ibn Naghrela, assistant to the Berber king in Granada

## Deaths 
* King Conrad of Burgundy

## In fiction 
* The fantasy role-playing game *Dragon Warriors* is set in a fantasy world called "Legend" modeled on medieval Europe in an era near this year.
* In the *Harry Potter* series, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is built and founded sometime around this year.

## References
Explanation

An **explanation** is an attempt to  the question "why". Asked of a person, it is a question about motive: "why did you do this?". Asked of a natural event, it is a question about natural causes (causation).

In science, an explanation is the link between an event which is a , and a second event, which is an . The phrase "cause and effect" refers to this. The relationship between the two events is known as causality. The philosopher Mario Bunge said, "We do not rest content with finding facts but wish to know why they should occur rather than not".

As a general rule, explanations move from what we know to what we do not know. This is important because it explains why different kinds of people may need different explanations. "A child, a lay person and an expert may need different explanations of the same thing, since what is already familiar to them will differ".

The asking of questions depends on language, and is peculiar to humans. It starts very soon after a child learns how to speak. A kind of game which young children play with adults is the 'why game'. Every parent gets the experience of their child asking a never-ending stream of why questions, until at last the adult says "Well, it just ***is!***"

There can be plenty of argument about whether or not an explanation is appropriate, and if so, whether it is correct. If one asks why the sun gives out heat and light, to say "because it is daytime" is not appropriate, even if it might indeed be daytime. The real answer was not known until the 20th century. Before then peoples like the ancient Egyptians thought it was caused by a god (Aten).

## Types 
Different kinds of why questions need different kinds of explanations.  including:

### General explanations 
These add something to human knowledge.
* explanations which are based on a principle or theory.
::"It is often said that a key difference between historians and political scientists is that historians tend to construct narrative-based explanations while political scientists ... tend to construct theory-based explanations".

### Personal explanations 
A personal question like "Why did you do that?" clearly asks for an explanation. What that explanation might be depends on context: it all depends on . This type of question about motives only applies to the people concerned.
* explanations which relate to goals or . 
::*Why are you doing that?* Explanation: ''Because I'm going to build a boat''.

Many kinds of explanations are made up of more than one type. An explanation can be  or  or a  of both. Some explanations may appear reasonable, but turn out to be misleading or wrong.

## Related pages
* Argument

## References