open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mass surveillance in the United States

The practice of **mass surveillance in the United States** dates back to wartime monitoring and censorship of international communications from, to, or which passed through the United States. 

After the First World War and the Second World War, the surveillance continued, by programs such as the Black Chamber and Project SHAMROCK. The formation and growth of federal law-enforcement and intelligence agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and NSA helped surveillance, such as the COINTELPRO projects which currently exist in secret. 

A series of media reports in 2013 revealed more recent programs and techniques employed by the US intelligence community. Advances in computer and information technology allow the creation of huge national databases that facilitate mass surveillance in the United States.

## References
Civil liberties

**Civil liberties** are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot have too much control of a single person's life, either by law or by judicial interpretation.

Civil liberties include the freedom from torture, freedom from forced disappearance, freedom of conscience, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, the right to security and liberty, freedom of speech, the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment under the law and due process, the right to a fair trial, and the right to life.

## Related pages
* Human rights
* Civil rights
NRA

**NRA** may refer to:

*National Recovery Administration, an agency in the Government of the United States in the 1930s
*National Rifle Association of America, American non-profit organization that works for gun rights
*National Rifle Association of Australia, governing body for fullbore rifle shooting in Australia, member of ICFRA
*National Rifle Association of New Zealand, governing body for fullbore rifle shooting in New Zealand, member of ICFRA
*National Rifle Association (United Kingdom), governing body for fullbore rifle shooting in the United Kingdom, member of ICFRA
* Narrandera Airport, has the IATA airport code "NRA"
Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010

The **Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010** was passed by the United States Congress on December 16, 2010 and signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 17, 2010. It helped cut taxes and create more jobs for the United States.

## References
Kratos (God of War)

of Kratos at the New York City Comic Con, October 2018.]]
**Kratos**, the "Ghost of Sparta", is a video game character from Sony Santa Monica Studio's God of War series, which is loosely based on Greek mythology. Kratos first appeared in the 2005 video game God of War, which led to the development of six additional games featuring the character as the protagonist. Kratos also appears as the protagonist of the God of War comic series and novels. He has been consistently voiced by Terrence C. Carson, and Antony Del Rio voiced the character as a child in God of War: Ghost of Sparta. Christopher Judge was Kratos' voice actor in God of War (2018) and God of War: Ragnarök. Kratos is depicted as a Spartan warrior in Ancient Greece and son of Zeus (thus making him a demigod) who, after being manipulated into killing his own family by the war god Ares, goes on a crusade in search of revenge.
Christopher Browning

**Christopher Robert Browning** (born May 22, 1944) is an American historian of the Holocaust. Browning received his bachelor's degree from Oberlin College in 1968. He received his doctorate from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1975. He taught at Pacific Lutheran University from 1974 to 1999, eventually becoming a Distinguished Professor. In 1999, he moved to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to accept an appointment as Frank Porter Graham Professor of History. Browning was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006. Browning retired from teaching in the spring of 2014.

## References
1. FFC Turbine Potsdam

**1. FFC Turbine Potsdam** is a German women's association football club from Potsdam, Germany. The club plays in the Frauen-Bundesliga and is one of the most successful teams in Germany.

The club was made in 1971 in East Germany. The club was one of the most successful teams in East Germany. The club also is the only team from East Germany to have won the Frauen-Bundesliga. The team has also won the UEFA Women's Champions League twice.

## Other websites 
*Official website 

## References
Laura, Saskatchewan

**Laura** is a hamlet in the Rural Municipality of Montrose No. 315, Saskatchewan, Canada. It previously held the status of village until December 31, 1954 and again at an unknown date but was restructured back to hamlet status on December 28, 1978. The town used to have a bank, a school and a grain elevator. Now, no businesses are left. Even the post office closed. The grain elevator was burned down by its owner. Except for a few people who still live there, it is a now ghost town.

## References
James C. Weaver

**James C. Weaver** (March 5, 1945 – July 2, 2015) was an American college athletics administrator and former American football player and coach. He most recently served as the athletics director at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, from 1997 to 2014.

Weaver was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He died of Parkinson's disease in Blacksburg, Virginia, aged 70.

## References
Val Doonican

**Michael Valentine Doonican** (3 February 1927 &ndash; 1 July 2015) was an Irish singer and television presenter. He sang traditional pop music and swing. Doonican was born in Waterford, Irish Free State.

He was well known for his novelty stylised songs. His career began in 1951.From 1965 to 1986 he was a regular fixture on the BBC Television's schedule with *The Val Doonican Show*, which featured his own singing performances and a variety of guest artists. He retired in 2009.

Doonican died at a nursing home in Buckinghamshire, England, at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Val Doonican's appearance on This Is Your Life
Jim Webb 2016 presidential campaign

The **2016 presidential campaign** of **Jim Webb** was officially launched when Webb,  United States Senator from Virginia and former Secretary of the Navy, announced his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016 on July 2, 2015. The headquarters of the campaign is in Burke, Virginia.

## Background
On November 19, 2014, Webb announced the formation of an exploratory committee in preparation for a possible bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination. He reaffirmed his moderate stances as a strength to a potential candidacy, including some criticisms of the Affordable Care Act despite having voted for it, and emphasized his belief that the Democratic Party had been neglecting the "white, working-class" vote in favor of pandering to minorities.

## Campaign
Webb formally announced his candidacy on July 2, 2015 via his campaign website.

## References
Jacobo Zabludovsky

**Jacobo Zabludovsky Kraveski** (May 24, 1928 &ndash; July 2, 2015) was a Mexican journalist. He was the first anchorman in Mexican television and his TV news program, *24 Horas* (*24 Hours*) was for decades the most important in the country.

Zabludovsky died of a stroke in Mexico City, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
*Video of Jacobo Zabludovsky and Salvador Dalí (1971)
How to Eat Fried Worms (movie)

**How to Eat Fried Worms** is an American comedy movie. It was based on the children's book of the same name written by Thomas Rockwell. Parents were warned the movie was "gross" but had a worthwhile moral. The movie was rated PG.

## Plot 
The movie centers around an 11-year-old male friends . Billy Forrester has to eat 15 worms in 15 days for $50.

## Critical reception 
Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a mild 61%. They said only 47% of audiences liked the movie. He commented "Worms goes light (but not too light) on the gore and the goo." Joanne Kaufman of The Wall Street Journal said "After the first bit of fish bait is consumed, actually even before, this one-trick movie is a tough slog."

## Cast
* Luke Benward as Billy "Wormboy" Forrester 
* Hallie Kate Eisenberg as Erika "Erk" Tansy
* Adam Hicks as Joe Guire
* Tom Cavanagh as Mitch Forrester
* Kimberly Williams-Paisley as Helen Forrester
* Austin Rogers as Adam
* Alexander Gould as Twitch
* Ryan Malgarini as Benjamin "Benjy" Renfro
* Philip Daniel Bolden as Bradley
* Clint Howard as Uncle Ed
* Ty Panitz as Woody Forrester
* James Rebhorn as Principal Nelson "Boilerhead" Burdock
* Andrew Gillingham as Techno Mouth
* Blake Garrett as Plug
* Alexander Agate as Donny
* Nick Krause as Nigel Guire
* Andrea Martin as Mrs. Bommley
* David Bewley as Rob Simon
* Karen Wacker as Mrs. Simon
* Simone White as Woody's teacher

## Awards
## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest

***The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest*** is an American animated action-adventure television series. It is produced by Hanna-Barbera. It was broadcast on Cartoon Network from August 26, 1996 to April 16, 1997. It was a continuation of the *Jonny Quest* (1964) series. It features teenage adventurers Jonny Quest, Hadji Singh, and Jessie Bannon. They, Dr. Benton Quest, and bodyguard Race Bannon investigate strange phenomena, legends, and mysteries. Action also takes place in the virtual realm of QuestWorld, a three-dimensional cyberspace domain rendered with computer animation.
Patty Murray

**Patricia Lynn** "**Patty**" **Murray** (née **Johns**; October 11, 1950) is an American politician who has been the senior United States Senator from Washington since 1993. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Before, she was a member of the Washington State Senate from 1989 to 1993. Murray was the President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 2023 until 2025, being the first female to hold this role. the most senior Senate Democrat, the longest-serving female senator ever, and the dean of Washington's congressional delegation.

## Early life
Murray and raised in Bothell, Washington. She graduated from Washington State University with a degree in physical education. She worked as a pre-school teacher and, later, as a parenting teacher at Shoreline Community College. 

## Political career
Murray began her political career by focusing on environmental and education issues. She was elected to serve on her local school board in King County. She ran for the Washington State Senate in 1988, and beat two-term incumbent Bill Kiskaddon. She served one term before launching a campaign for the United States Senate in 1992. She has been re-elected five times.

With Patrick Leahy's retirement, Murray became the Senate President pro tempore in the 118th Congress, becoming the first female to hold the position in history. She is also the youngest senator to hold the office of president pro tempore in more than fifty years.

In August 2006, *The New York Times* wrote that in 1994, Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina tried to grope Murray. *The Seattle Post-Intelligencer* reported that Murray asked for, and received, an apology and she has not spoken more about the incident since.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Senator Patty Murray official U.S. Senate site
* Patty Murray for Senate
* 
*
Charlie Sanders

**Charles Alvin Sanders** (August 25, 1946 &ndash; July 2, 2015) was an American football player. He played tight end for the Detroit Lions from 1968 to 1977. Sanders was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2007. He was born in Richlands, North Carolina.

Sanders died on July 2, 2015 from cancer in Detroit, Michigan, aged 68.

## References
Phil Walsh (Australian footballer)

**Phillip** "**Phil**" **Walsh** (15 March 1960 &ndash; 3 July 2015) was an Australian rules footballer and coach. He played for Collingwood, Richmond and the Brisbane Bears in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1980s. He also had assistant coaching roles at Geelong, West Coast, and Port Adelaide. He was later the head coach of the Adelaide Football Club for the 2015 season. He was born in Hamilton, Victoria.

Walsh was stabbed to death on 3 July 2015 in Somerton Park, South Australia. He was 55. His son was arrested for the murder.

## References
Czesław Olech

**Czesław Olech** (May 22, 1931 – July 1, 2015) was a Polish mathematician. He was a representative of the Kraków school of mathematics, especially the differential equations school of Tadeusz Ważewski.

## Some of his works
**A talk on the occasion of receiving an honorary degree*. (Polish) Wiadom. Mat. 42 (2006), 55—58.
**On the Ważewski equation*. Proceedings of the Conference *Topological Methods in Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems (Kraków-Przegorzaƚy, 1996)*. Univ. Iagel. Acta Math. No. 36 (1998), 55—64.
**My contacts with Professor Kuratowski, 1970--1980.* (Polish) X School of the history of mathematics (Międzyzdroje, 1996). Zesz. Nauk. Uniw. Opol. Mat. 30 (1997), 109—114.
*with Janas, J. ; Szafraniec, F. H. *Wƚodzimierz Mlak (1931--1994). Volume dedicated to the memory of Wƚodzimierz Mlak*. Ann. Polon. Math. 66 (1997), 1--9.
*with Meisters, Gary H. *Global stability, injectivity, and the Jacobian conjecture*. World Congress of Nonlinear Analysts '92, Vol. I--IV (Tampa, FL, 1992), 1059—1072, de Gruyter, Berlin, 1996.
* with Meisters, Gary H. *Power-exact, nilpotent, homogeneous matrices*. Linear and Multilinear Algebra 35 (1993), no. 3-4, 225—236.
**Introduction. New directions in differential equations and dynamical systems*, viii—x, Royal Soc. Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 1991.
*with Meisters, Gary H. *Strong nilpotence holds in dimensions up to five only*. Linear and Multilinear Algebra 30 (1991), no. 4, 231—255.
*with Parthasarathy, T. ; Ravindran, G. *Almost N-matrices and linear complementarity* . Linear Algebra Appl. 145 (1991), 107—125.
Rudy Gobert

**Rudy Gobert** (born June 26, 1992) is a French professional basketball player. He plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the Utah Jazz.

He also plays on the French national basketball team in the international competitions.

On March 11, 2020, it was discovered that Gobert tested positive for the Coronavirus disease 2019.

On July 6, 2022, the Jazz traded Gobert to the Minnesota Timberwolves in exchange for Patrick Beverley, Malik Beasley, Jarred Vanderbilt, Leandro Bolmaro, and the rights to Walker Kessler along with four first-round picks and a 2026 first-round pick swap.

## References
Vermont's at-large congressional district

**Vermont** has been represented in the United States House of Representatives by a single at-large congressional district since the 1930 census, when the state lost its second seat. 

There were once six districts in Vermont. Bernie Sanders (Independent) held the seat from 1991 until 2007, when he became a U.S. Senator. Democrat Peter Welch represented the state from 2007 to 2023. Becca Balint has represented this district since 2023.

## Election results
## References
Smooth muscle

**Smooth muscle** is muscle inside the body and not attached to bones. It is not under conscious control. Its function is to help the inner workings of the body.

There are three distinct types of muscle: skeletal muscle, cardiac or heart muscle, and smooth muscle. Muscles provide strength, balance, posture, movement, and heat for the body to keep warm.

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels, vessels of the lymphatic system, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, most ducts, and a number of other places such as the iris.

The smooth muscle looks different from the skeletal muscle, and works differently. It can  slowly, and move in waves along a duct. Most types of smooth muscle squeeze gently for a long time, and use little energy. Some smooth muscle squeezes quickly and relaxes in phases.

## Related pages
* Heart muscle
* Skeletal muscle (striated muscle)
* Stomach

## References
Slavko Avsenik

**Slavko Avsenik** (November 26, 1929 – July 2, 2015) was a Slovene composer and musician. Since 1953, Avsenik produced more than 1,000 songs and enjoyed success both in Slovenia and in other parts of Europe and America. He was viewed as a Slovenian cultural icon.

The ensemble, initially popular in Slovenia, gained international fame with their 1954 hit "Na Golici," which led to a recording contract and success across Europe. By the 1960s, they had toured worldwide, performed for large audiences, and appeared on television, cementing their legacy in European music history. 

## References
## Other websites
* The Avsenik brothers' website
* Avsenik videos
Charles Mound

**Charles Mound** is a gentle,  high hill in northern Jo Daviess County, Illinois, near the small town of Scales Mound and  northeast of Galena. It is the highest point of the state.

Elijah Charles, the namesake of the mound, was one of the region's first permanent settlers, arrived in 1828 and settled at the base of the mound.

## References
György Szabad

**György Szabad** (4 August 1924 – 3 July 2015) was a Hungarian politician and historian. He was the Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary between 1990 and 1994. He was a member of the Batthyány Society of Professors. He was born in Arad, Romania.

Szabad died in Budapest, Hungary, aged 90.

## References
Marianne Verville

**Marianne Verville** (born 28 May 1994) is an actress from Saint-Lambert, Quebec. She is Pierre Verville's daughter.

She is known for her role as "Aurélie Laflamme" in the movie adaptations of the novels, ''Le Journal d'Aurélie Laflamme*, by India Desjardins. She has also participated with her father in an advertisement for Le Lait. She played the role of Violette in Mauvais Karma show at Radio-Canada.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
* 2008 : *J’ai tué ma mère* (Student)
* 2010 : *Le Journal d'Aurélie Laflamme* (Aurélie Laflamme)
* 2012 : *22h20, Heure de l’Est* (Anne)
* 2015 : *Aurélie Laflamme - Les pieds sur terre* (Aurélie Laflamme)

### Television 
* 2010 - 2012 : *Mauvais Karma* (Violette)
* 2011 : *Amanda* (Amanda)
* 2012 - 2013 : *Tactik* (Marjorie) (5th & 6th seasons)
* 2016: District 31 (Melissa)

## References
## Other websites 
*  on the *Internet Movie Database''
Chile men's national water polo team

'''Chile men's national water polo team''' represents Chile in international men's water polo competitions.

## Tournaments 
### Olympic Games 
*1900 — *Did not participate*
*1904 — *Did not participate*
*1908 — *Did not participate*
*1912 — *Did not participate*
*1920 — *Did not participate*
*1924 — *Did not participate*
*1928 — *Did not participate*
*1932 — *Did not participate*
*1936 — *Did not participate*
*1948 — First round
*1952 — *Did not participate*
*1956 — *Did not participate*
*1960 — *Did not participate*
*1964 — *Did not participate*
*1968 — *Did not participate*
*1972 — *Did not participate*
*1976 — *Did not participate*
*1980 — *Did not participate*
*1984 — *Did not participate*
*1988 — *Did not participate*
*1992 — *Did not participate*
*1996 — *Did not participate*
*2000 — *Did not participate*
*2004 — *Did not participate*
*2008 — *Did not participate*

## Other websites 
* HistoFINA (VIII volume)
Chile men's national volleyball team

'''Chile men's national volleyball team''' represents Chile in international men's volleyball competitions.

## Tournaments 
### South American Championship 
*1961, Lima — Silver, 2nd place
*1967, Santos — Bronze, 3rd place
*1981, Santiago — Bronze, 3rd place
*1983, São Paulo — Bronze, 3rd place
*1993, Córdoba — Bronze, 3rd place

## Other websites 
* Official Website
Bronchopneumonia

**Bronchopneumonia** or **bronchial pneumonia** or **Bronchogenic pneumonia** is the acute inflammation of the walls of the bronchioles. It is a type of pneumonia which affects one or more pulmonary lobules. It is one of two types of bacterial pneumonia, the other being *lobar pneumonia*.

## References
Brigham City, Utah

**Brigham City** is a city in Box Elder County, Utah, United States. The population was 19,650 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Box Elder County.

## References
## Other websites
* Brigham City official website 
* Self-guided tour of Brigham City historic sites
Epoxy

**Epoxy** is the end product of **epoxy resins**.

It is also a common name for the epoxide functional group, and a common name for a type of strong adhesive used for sticking things together. Typically, two resins need to be mixed together before use. 

Epoxy resins are a class of reactive polymers which contain epoxide groups.  Their co-reactants are often called 'hardeners' or 'curatives', and the cross-linking reaction is referred to as 'curing'.  The reaction forms a thermosetting polymer, often with strong mechanical properties as well as high temperature and chemical resistance.  Epoxy has a wide range of industrial applications.

*Superglue is another strong adhesive, made of cyanoacrylate.

## Notes
Kenan Thompson

**Kenan Stacy Thompson** (born May 10, 1978) is an American actor and comedian. 

He is known for his work as a cast member of NBC's *Saturday Night Live* since 2003, and remains the show's longest running cast member.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Kenan Thompson at the Notable Names Database
Kate McKinnon

**Kate McKinnon Berthold** (born January 6, 1984), commonly known as **Kate McKinnon**, is an American actress, voice actress, and comedian. She is best known for her sketch comedy work as a cast member on *Saturday Night Live* (2012-2022) and *The Big Gay Sketch Show*.

## Career 
McKinnon is known for her impersonations of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Ellen DeGeneres, Justin Bieber, Attorney General Jeff Sessions, Chancellor Angela Merkel, Trump advisor Kellyanne Conway, Mayor Rudy Giuliani, U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos and Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

McKinnon is *SNL* first openly lesbian cast member. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Florac

**Florac** is a former French commune, a *subprefecture* of the Lozère department, in the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the *arrondissement* of Florac. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Florac Trois Rivières.

The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as *Floracois* (women: *Floracoises*).

## Geography
Florac is in the valley of the Tarnon river, a small river that flows through the Lozère department before joining the Tarn river. The *commune* is found at the start of the Gorges du Tarn (a canyon formed by the Tarn river).

The city and the Tarnon valley are within the Cévennes National Park but they are not part of the park.

The *commune* of Florac has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The *commune* is surrounded by the *communes* Quézac, Bédouès, La Salle-Prunet, Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves, Vebron and Montbrun.

The climate in Prades in the Köppen climate classification is **Cfb** - Oceanic climate with template summers.

## Population
With a population of 1,958, its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

Florac is the third smallest subprefecture of France, after Castellane in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department (1,557 inhabitants) and Largentière in the Ardèche department (1,789 inhabitants).

## Twinned and partner towns
Prades is twinned with:
*  L'Anse-Saint-Jean, Quebec, Canada
*  Arbúcies, Catalonia, Spain

## Gallery

FR-48-Florac10.JPG|Florac City hall
FR-48-Florac02.JPG|Protestant temple, Florac
Florac-St Martin chevet.jpg|Saint-Martin church
France Lozère Florac Château 5.jpg|Florac castle

## Related pages
* Arrondissement of Florac
* Communes of the Lozère department

## References
## Other websites
* Mairie de Florac website
Cecily Strong

**Cecily Strong** (born February 8, 1984) is an American actress and comedian. She is former a cast member of *Saturday Night Live*, joining the show in 2012, and left in December 2022.

## References
Jim Lehrer

**James Charles "Jim" Lehrer** (;born May 19, 1934 &ndash; January 23, 2020) was an American journalist and novelist.

## Life
Lehrer was born in Wichita, Kansas. He was the executive editor and a former news anchor for the *PBS NewsHour* on PBS. Lehrer was also known for his role as a debate moderator in U.S. presidential election campaigns. He was an author of a number of fiction and nonfiction books. 

From 1960 until his death, he was married to novelist Kate Staples. They had three children.

Lehrer died at his home in Washington, D.C. on January 23, 2020 from a heart attack at age 85.

## Awards 
Lehrer has received two Emmy Awards, the Fred Friendly First Amendment Award and the George Foster Peabody Award. He has received the William Allen White Foundation Award for Journalistic Merit and the University of Missouri School of Journalism's Honor Medal. Lehrer was honored in 1999 with the National Humanities Medal. It was given by President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. He has been inducted into the Television Hall of Fame and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Lehrer has received honorary degrees from 42 universities and colleges.

## References
Michael Che

**Michael Che** (born **Michael Che Campbell**; May 19, 1983) is an American comedian, writer, and actor. He was briefly a correspondent for *The Daily Show with Jon Stewart*, and has previously worked as a writer for *Saturday Night Live*. At the end of September 2014, he became a *Weekend Update* co-anchor for the 40th season of *Saturday Night Live*, alongside Colin Jost.

## References
Nedelcho Beronov

**Nedelcho Krumov Beronov** () (22 July 1928 &ndash; 4 July 2015) was a Bulgarian jurist, right-wing politician and Constitutional Court chairman. He was a presidential candidate in the 2006 presidential elections.

## Other websites
* Official website of Beronov's presidential nomination
PBS News Hour

The ***PBS News Hour*** is an American evening television news program that is broadcast seven nights a week on more than 300 PBS stations.

The weekday program is one hour-long.  It is co-anchored by Amna Nawaz and Geoff Bennett.  It is produced by WETA-TV, the flagship public media station for Washington, D.C..  The **PBS News Weekend** is 30 minutes long.  It is anchored by John Yang and also produced by WETA-TV.  As the nation's first hour-long broadcast of nightly news, the PBS News Hour is known for its in-depth coverage of issues and current events.

## References
Colin Jost

**Colin Kelly Jost** (born June 29, 1982) is an American comedian and screenwriter. He is the head writer for the television program *Saturday Night Live*. In 2014, Jost became a cast member and became the co-anchor of *Weekend Update* alongside Michael Che.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dudley Dudley

**Dudley Webster Dudley** (born **Dudley Webster**; August 4, 1936) is a political activist in the American state of New Hampshire. Dudley was born in Exeter, New Hampshire. Dudley is known for her legislation that stopped Aristotle Onassis from building an oil refinery in Durham, New Hampshire in 1974. 

In 1976, Dudley became the first woman elected to the New Hampshire Executive Council. She served for four terms. In 1984, she won the Democratic primary to represent New Hampshire’s first Congressional District. She was defeated by Republican Bob Smith. Dudley has served as a trustee of the University of New Hampshire. She served on the board of directors for the UNH Alumni Association. 

Dudley inherited her first name from her grandmother’s maiden name. This is how she got her last name, Dudley.

## References
Pontiac Montana

The **Pontiac Montana** was a minivan sold by the Pontiac Motor Division of General Motors. Before the 1999 model year, it was known as The Pontiac Trans Sport. Since 1997, its most popular trim package had been the 'Montana sport package'. It gave the minivan more SUV-like features. In 1999 Pontiac changed the name of the car line to the 'Pontiac Montana'. Pontiac wanted to change to a more  performance image. But the change put it in direct competition with the Oldsmobile Silhouette and the Chevrolet Venture. 
 
No more improvements were made to the Montana models after the 2005 model year. Pontiac stopped selling them after the 2006 model year in the United States. They continued to be sold in Canada and Mexico until the 2009 model year. GM discontinued the Pontiac division after the 2010 model year. The Pontiac minivans were General Motors' most popular minivans in Canada. The Doraville, Georgia assembly plant which produced the Montana closed on September 26, 2009. It was available with front-wheel drive. There are two wheelbase models. The regular wheelbase is  and the extended wheelbase version at .
 
***2000**, engine  to a 3.4L V6 engine and 26 mpg EPA rated highway mileage.

***2001**, improvements include a new grille, OnStar, and 3rd row flat-folding seats.

***2002**, models now have 'Versatrak' all-wheel-drive in the extended models. The short wheelbase models still come with front-wheel-drive only. ABS brakes are now standard (except the value trim model).  

***2004**, drops the 'Special Value' model. Versatrak all-wheel drive is now available on all Montana models. Other new options include MP3 players and XM Satellite Radio.

## Safety criticism 
A crash test on the 1997-2004 Montana resulted in criticism because of severe damage at the speed of 40 mph (64 km/h). The minivan received a "Poor" Rating by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) some comments made by the IIHS where

* Major collapse of the occupant compartment left little survival space for the driver
* Extreme steering wheel movement snapped the dummy's head backward. 
* The unnatural position of the dummy's left foot indicates that an occupant's left leg would have been seriously injured in a real-world crash of this severity. 
* The forces on the left lower leg were so high that the dummy's metal foot broke off at the ankle.

### References
Cheri Oteri

**Cheri Oteri** (born **Cheryl Ann Oteri**; September 19, 1962) is an American comic actress. She is best known for her roles as a cast member on *Saturday Night Live* from 1995 to 2000. notable voice roles in some animation studio companies such as Nickelodeon from *The Fairly OddParents* and *Bunsen is a Beast*, Disney from *Hercules The Animated Series*, *Big City Greens* and *The 7D*, Cartoon Network Studios from ''Dexter's Lab* reboot, *Close Enough*, etc., Lionsgate Television from *Nutri Ventures*, PBS, ABC, Warner Bros. Animation, Netflix Animation, MGM, Universal Animation Studios, DreamWorks Animation, etc.                                                                                                                                       

## Works 
### Voice Roles 
* *Hercules: The Animated Series -* Lavina
* *The Fairly OddParents* - Connie, Additional voices
* *Saturday Night Live* - Barbara Walters
* *The Ant Bully -* Doreen 
* *Shrek The Third -* Sleeping Beauty, Stage Actress
* *Sit Down, Shut Up -* Helen Klench 
* *The Powerpuff Girls -* Darcy (cameo, uncredited: deleted scene Powerpuff Girls Rule)
* *Nutri Ventures: The Series*  - Brown Guga, Additional voices
* *The 7D -* Gingersnaps
* *The Buglys -* Barbie                                                                                                                         
* *The Life and Times of Tim -* Additional voices
* *Bunsen Is a Beast -* Ms. Flap, Additional voices
* *Puppy Dog Pals* - Esther, Mouse walla
* *Home: Adventures with Tip and Oh* - Pauline
* *The Boss Baby: Back in Business* - Multi-Multi-Task
* *Close Enough (2020) -* Additional voices
* *Inside Job (2021) -*  Additional voices
* *Dexter's Laboratory Chapter 1: The First Time (2027) -* Midge 
* *Spidey and his Amazing Friends* -  Additional voices
* *The Tom and Jerry Show, Tom and Jerry in New York* - Additional voices
* *Big City Greens* - Gwendolyn Zapp
* *Nutri Ventures 2023 (2023, Unaired) -* Additional voices
* *Where's Waldo -* Wizard Corridale
* *The Buglys* *(2014 series, Unaired)* - Barbie, Additional voices
* *Untitled* *Powerpuff Girls animated reboot series (TBA, 2026)* - Martha Utonium
* *Tom and Jerry Time (TBA, 2023)* - Additional voices
* *Fairfax* - Additional voices                                                                                                                                                                                                        
* *Kid Cosmic (2020) -*  Additional voices
* *The Adventures of Bunny Bravo (2023) -* Additional voices
* *Tom and Jerry: Where's That the Dinosaurs Forgot (2024)*                                                                                                                                               
* *Big City Greens: Mooncation (2024)*
* *Dog-Man (2025)* - Mayor    
* *Untitled Tom and Jerry direct-to-video crossover with Looney Tunes (2026)''

## Other websites
*
Patricia Marmont

**Patricia Marmont** (born 9 August 1921)  is an American actress. She is the daughter of Percy Marmont and was married to Nigel Green. She is known for her role as Andromache in the 1956 movie *Helen of Troy*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Diana Douglas

**Diana Love Dill** (January 22, 1923 &ndash; July 3, 2015) was a Bermudian-born American actress who was professionally known as **Diana Douglas**.

Dill was known for her marriage to Kirk Douglas which lasted from 1943 until their divorce in 1951. She was the mother of actors Michael and Joel Douglas.

## Early life
Douglas was born **Diana Love Dill** in the Devonshire Parish in Bermuda to a British father who was a colonel and an American mother. 

## Career
Douglas began her career as an actress in 1942. Since then, she has appeared in over 50 movies. Some of her well-known roles were as Susan Rogers in the 1955 movie *The Indian Fighter* (co-starring Kirk Douglas) and as Peg in the 1987 comedy movie *Planes, Trains and Automobiles*. She was also known for her recurring role as Martha Evans on *Days of Our Lives* (1977-1979, 1982). 

She appeared in *It Runs in the Family* with her son Michael and her ex-husband Kirk. She retired in 2008.

## Death
Douglas died on July 3, 2015 from cancer at her home in Woodland Hills, California, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
*All Movie Biography and Filmography
*Cover, *Life*, 3 May 1943.
*Bernews Profile: Diana Dill 
*Essay on Bermuda Militia Artillery, by Jennifer Hind, which makes frequent mention of father, TM Dill
*Roots Web: Portrait of father, T.M. Dill
*Hello Magazine: Michael Douglas' Mum Weds at 79
Darrell Hammond

**Darrell Clayton Hammond** (born October 8, 1955) is an American actor, stand-up comedian and impressionist. He was a regular on *Saturday Night Live* from 1995 until 2009, the longest term of any cast member in the show's history, until his record was passed by Kenan Thompson in 2017.

In 2014, he became the official announcer of SNL after the death of Don Pardo. He is known for playing Bill Clinton, Colonel Sanders, Sean Connery, and Donald Trump.

## Other websites
* 
* Darrell Hammond: 12 years on SNL
Jacques Sernas

**Jacques Sernas** (; sometimes credited as **Jack Sernas**; 30 July 1925 – 3 July 2015) was a Lithuanian-born French actor with an international movie career. He was known for his roles in *Lost Youth*, *Helen of Troy*, *The Dirty Game*, and in *Midas Run*.

## References
## Other websites
*
University Fermín Toro

The **University Fermín Toro** (UFT) is a private university. It is in Cabudare, Lara, Venezuela It was ed on 9 May 1989 according to the decree Number 168 of the National Executive. The Founder was Dr. Raúl Quero Silva, President of the Upper Council of the institution and of the Educational Complex "Antonio José of Sucre". The institution started in Cabudare, but also has campuses in Barquisimeto. The university has a library, bookshop, a clinic and computer laboratory. Students have email and access to the  Internet. 

## Faculties 
### Engineering 
* Engineering in Computation
* Engineering in Mechanical Maintenance
* Electrical engineering
* Engineering of Telecommunications

### Economic and Social sciences 
* Administration
* Social communication
* Industrial relations

### Juridical and Political sciences 
* Political sciences
* Right

## Headquarters 
* Barinas (State Barinas)
* Cabudare (State Lara)
* Barquisimeto (State Lara)
* Acarigua (Been Portuguese)
* Guanare (Been Portuguese)
* The Lookout (State Mérida)

## Other websites
* Official page of the UFT
* Universia Venezuela
Cape flower region

at the Cape Peninsula, South Africa]]

The **Cape flower region** is a nature area near the south end of South Africa. 

The region is the smallest of the six "flower kingdoms" of the world, as recognised by Ronald Good. Its formal title is the Cape (South Africa) Floristic Region.

The region has very high diversity. Many kinds of plants are found there. Most of them are unique. There are more than 9,000 vascular plant species. Sixty-nine of them are found only there. 

Much of this diversity is because of the fynbos, a Mediterranean-type shrubland that can easily be destroyed by wildfires.

## References
## Other websites 
* Conservation International: Cape floristic Region - biodiversity hotspot
* Conservation International:  Cape floristic Region (*Hotspots revisited*) 
* Cape Action: the Cape floristic Region
History of Florida

The **history of Florida** began when the first Native Americans came to live in the peninsula about 14,000 years ago. They left behind artifacts and archeological evidence. 

Written history begins with the arrival of Europeans to Florida. In 1513, the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León  kept the first records. Florida was the first part of the United States to be settled by Europeans.    

St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest continually occupied settlement in the United States. From 1565, it was founded by European and African-American settlers. But the site is even older as St. Augustine was built where there had been an ancient Native American village. 

In 1763, to settle the Seven Years' War, Spain gave Florida to the British Empire in return for the British giving back Cuba. Britain divided Florida into East Florida and West Florida, but gave it back to Spain in 1783 to settle the American Revolutionary War. Escaped slaves and other illegal immigrants settled there. Revolts against Spanish authority, military invasions and other problems led Spain to give the Floridas to the United States. West Florida is now mostly in the states of Mississippi and Alabama; East Florida with some of West Florida became the modern state of Florida. 

## References
Gornji Karin

**Gornji Karin **is a seaside town in Croatia, which is located on the coast of Karin sea (Bay of the Adriatic Sea). Administratively belongs to the town of Obrovac.Gornji Karin has about 1700 inhabitants (2021). 

## Tourism 
Gornji Karin has several attractions. The main attraction is the spacious beach with palm and olive trees. At sea there are the water sports (water trampoline, water bicycles, etc.). For families with children there are also roundabouts near the beach. The village has several restaurants, cafes and bars.

50 km west is one of the most popular tourist destinations of Croatia - Zadar. 70 km southeast there is another attractive tourist town of Šibenik. Near Gornji Karin there is a canyon of rivers Krka and Zrmanja rivers and waterfalls Bijela, natural mud and Velebit Nature Park.
Laika & the Cosmonauts

**Laika & the Cosmonauts** were a Finnish rock band.  They were named for the Soviet Union space dog, Laika.

The band's genre was surf rock. A *Boston Globe* reviewer said their sound was "far beyond the limitations of any specific genre." They played mostly Finnish *rautalanka* (instrumental traditional) music. 

Laika & the Cosmonauts were not well known in the United States. They were well-liked by many musicians. These include Mike Campbell and Benmont Tench of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Mike Palm of the band, Agent Orange, and an early surf rock musician, Dick Dale.  Al Jourgensen of Ministry said they are "the best f**king band in the world."  

## History 
The band began in 1987. They still had the same members when they stopped making records in 2008. They toured the United States and Europe several times. The band also played several times on European television.

Laika & the Cosmonauts said in an email on April 23, 2008, that they were quitting after a twenty-year career. They ended with an American tour. The last shows were at the Continental Club in Austin, Texas in the autumn of 2008.   A compilation album, *Cosmopolis*, was released at the same time as the tour.

## Discography
*''C'mon Do the Laika* 1988
**Surfs You Right* 1990
**Instruments of Terror* 1992
**The Amazing Colossal Band* 1995
**Zero Gravity* (US compilation) 1996
**Absurdistan* 1997
**Laika Sex Machine* (live) 2000
**Local Warming* 2004
**Cosmopolis'' 2008  (Compilation)
## References 
## Other websites 
*2004 NPR interview
*Finpop.net interview with Matti Pitsinki 
*Review of band's live album from *Atomic Magazine*
*mySpace - Laika & the Cosmonauts
*Laika & the Cosmonauts Allmusic
*Laika & the Cosmonauts MTV
Florida (disambiguation)

**Florida** is one of the states in the United States. It might also refer to:

*Florida, Chile
*Florida, Missouri
*University of Florida
Black rat snake

The **black rat snake** (*Pantherophis obsoletus*), also known as the **western rat snake**, **pilot black snake**, or **black snake**, is a kind of snake. They can grow up to eight feet in length. They are found in North America.

## Other websites
* FusionTheme page about Black Rat Snakes
Jessie (2011 TV series)

***Jessie*** is an American sitcom that originally aired on Disney Channel from September 30, 2011 to October 16, 2015. The series was created and executive produced by Pamela Eells O'Connell. It stars Debby Ryan, Peyton List, Cameron Boyce, Karan Brar, Skai Jackson and Kevin Chamberlin. In 2013, an Indian adaption of the show was made and it was called **Oye Jassie**.

## Plot
The series follows Jessie Prescott, a young woman from a small town in Texas. She has big dreams. She moves to New York City to be an actress. She becomes a nanny for the Ross kids: Emma, Luke, Ravi and Zuri. They live in a multi-million dollar penthouse on the Upper West Side. With Bertram the butler, Tony the doorman, and the Ross kids, she has a lot of adventures.

## Production
The show went straight to series. There was no pilot. The show is taped at Hollywood Centre Studios in Los Angeles. Season 4 began production in the summer of 2014 and ended in March 2015.

## Series overview

## Cast and characters
* *Debby Ryan* as **Jessie Prescott** - the nanny of the crazy Ross kids.
* *Peyton List* as **Emma Ross** - the older Ross kid, and only the biological child, she loves fashion.
* *Cameron Boyce* as **Luke Ross** - He was born in Detroit, he is lazy and likes to be cool.
* *Karan Brar* as **Ravi Ross** - He is from India, smart and he doesn't have freinds.
* *Skai Jackson* as **Zuri Ross** - Cute and small girl who was brought to NYC from her birth country, Uganda, Africa.
* *Kevin Chamberlin* as **Bertram Winkle** - The lazy butler, he really works when the Ross parents come home.

## Soundtrack
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Bill Nye–Ken Ham debate

The **debate between Bill Nye and Ken Ham** on the question "Is Creation A Viable Model of Origins?" was held February 4, 2014. The event took place at the Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky. Ham is the er and chief executive officer of the Young Earth creationist (YEC) ministry Answers in Genesis (AiG). He challenged Nye, science educator. Nye is best known for hosting the 1990s television series *Bill Nye the Science Guy*. This happened after Ham took exception to a YouTube video. Nye was worried that a large number of people in the US do not accept the theory of evolution. Tickets to the event sold out within minutes. The televised event drew over three million viewers. Debates such as this one have been going on since Charles Darwin published *On the Origin of Species* in 1859.

## The debate 
Nye stepped onto the stage in front of a hostile audience. It wasn't Nye's first time debating. Since his show on PBS ended in 1998, he has been making speaking tours at colleges and universities. He argued the Bible was the ultimate authority on natural history. During the debate, Ham talked about his model of the universe's origins. Nye cited observations from a variety of scientific fields to defend the majority scientific consensus that the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old.

### Science versus creationism 
Bill Nye said that "Creation is bad for science." Ken Ham then referred to several scientists who were young earth creationists. Ham asked Nye how he could explain the laws of logic and physics in a naturalistic worldview. Ham asked Nye for an example of something that could only have been invented from an evolutionary worldview. He also showed the difference between what's called historical science and observational science. Ham gave an example of biological adaptation. He brought up *Tiktaalik* as an example of a scientific prediction. Nye also offered radiometric and carbon-14 dating to show that a young earth view is wrong. Ham disagreed; he called radioactive dating "assumptions".
 He said the only authority was the word of God, the Bible. The second he termed “historical science" meaning fossil records and similar artifacts. They claimed his participation in the debate gave Ham's views undeserved legitimacy. Two humanist groups—the American Humanist Association and the Center for Inquiry praised Nye's decision. Scientists from both camps generally agreed that Nye won the debate. However they did not agree on how convincing the victory was.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Bill Nye Debates Ken Ham - YouTube
Bill Nye the Science Guy

***Bill Nye the Science Guy*** is an American live action educational children's television series. It originally aired from April 14, 1993 to February 5, 1999. The program was hosted by Bill Nye. It was produced by Buena Vista Television. The series aired on PBS Kids and was also syndicated to local stations. Each of the 100 half-hour episodes aims to teach a specific topic in a natural science to a preteen audience. In 1999, the program received a public service award from the National Science Board "For its masterful presentations of the sciences to the younger generation..." The show won a total of 19 Emmy Awards during the five years it was broadcast. Nye won seven Emmys for his performing, writing and producing the program. He also has been posted on Miles Nye The Science guy YouTube page.

## References
Hungry Hungry Hippos

**Hungry Hungry Hippos** is a tabletop game made for 2-4 s. It is made by Hasbro subsidiary Milton Bradley. The idea for the game was published in 1967 by toy inventor Fred Kroll and it was introduced in 1978. The purpose of the game is for each player to collect as many marbles as possible with his or her 'hippo' (a toy hippo model). The game is marketed under the "Elefun and Friends" banner, along with Elefun, Mouse Trap and Gator Golf.

## References
Muhammad Najibullah

**Dr. Muhammad Najibullah Ahmadzai** (; August 6, 1947 – September 27, 1996), commonly known as Najibullah or Najib, was President of Afghanistan from 1987 until 1992, when the Mujahideen took over Kabul. Killed by Talibans in 1996.