open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Anus

The **anus** is the opening in the human body that is between the buttocks. It is at the end of the gastrointestinal system (including the organs that digest food), where feces or *stool* comes out of the body. 

## Related pages
* Anal fissure
* Hemorrhoid

## Gallery

File:Female anus closeup.jpg|The anus of a female human
Prostate

The **prostate** is a gland of the male body that adds part of the fluid to semen and acts as the valve between semen and urine. It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder and squeezes the urinary tract shut. The prostate is a valve that is almost always on. It works by squeezing tight around the urinary tract to close the path for urine to escape into the penile urethra, which is a good thing. The penile urethra has no valve to stop fluids from leaking out, so the prostate has to control the flow of urine and semen.  A healthy human prostate is slightly larger than a walnut. 

The prostate leaks semen, prejaculate, ejaculate, and seminal fluid from ducts into the penile urethra for the vagina. Semen  of sperm and seminal fluid. Prejaculate is not urine, but its own  fluid. In the past it probably was called phlegm (one of the four humors).

Females do not have prostates. They have a version of the prostate which does the same thing (the homologous version of a prostate) called the clitoris. The Skene's gland (women reproductive system) also secretes mucus.

## Conditions 
Prostate issues can cause urinary  and impotence (not being able to ejaculate, or sometimes get an erection, and lower sex drive). It might cause testosterone levels to decrease, which affects the reproductive system. In addition to impotence it may cause apathy.

Conditions are sometimes common. Age-related conditions involving the prostate occur with age naturally including smaller prostate size. This includes cancer and it is important for all men to have their prostate checked at a certain age. Conditions caused by having the prostate shrink involve the common urinary problems. Prostate issues can happen with surgery including the positive outcomes. These problems are caused by completely removing the prostate, which is sometimes medically required.

## Cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting elderly men in developed (also known as first world) countries and a major cause of death. Regular rectal exams are recommended for older men to detect prostate cancer early. 

Prostate cyst is very common in men. With age, the risk increases significantly. This means that they are more likely to develop the disease as they get older. A cyst is a kind of cavity formed from the tissue of the prostate itself. These cysts may  to where they become very full.

## G-spot
The prostate is often referred to as the male G-spot, which is a spot inside the female vagina that causes intense pleasure when it is stimulated. The prostate can be massaged by using a finger or during anal sex. Some males are able to orgasm with prostate stimulation alone.

## Related pages 
* G-spot 
* Orgasm

## Other websites 
* University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo  This article includes general information on the prostate, related medical conditions, and information on stimulating the prostate for sexual pleasure.
H. P. Lovecraft

**Howard Phillips Lovecraft** (August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American writer of fantasy, horror and science fiction. 

He wrote many scary short stories. These often were about odd creatures that Lovecraft made up by himself or with his friends, including August Derleth, who wrote mysteries. The creatures did not really care about human people at all, so they were not out to hurt people, but if they did, they did not care. They looked at us like we would be ants. Their behaviour, attitude and look also tended to make people go crazy.

One of his most famous creations was Cthulhu, a giant and powerful alien being that some humans worship as a god. He also made up many other strange alien gods, like Yog-Sothoth, Nyarlathotep, and Azathoth. Together his works and ideas about these characters are called the **Cthulhu Mythos**.

Lovecraft's stories were inspiration for lots of other writers.The spirit of his works, presenting a world that does not care, is present in many works of fiction.

Lovecraft was born in Providence, Rhode Island on August 20, 1890. He was the only child in the family. He died of small intestine cancer there. 

## Works 
## Other websites
Mandriva Linux

*For the type of plant, see Mandrake*

**Mandriva** (formerly Mandrake Linux) is a Linux distribution.

The last release was the 2011 version released in August that year. Most Mandriva Linux developers who were laid off went to Mageia.

In May 2015, Mandriva went into administration. 

## Brief history 
Mandriva was first made public by a French software company MandrakeSoft. Its first release was based on Red Hat Linux 5.1 and was released in July 1998. Mandriva Linux was originated by Gaël Duval, and intended to focus on ease of use for new users.

From its first release to version 8.0, Mandrake named its flagship distribution *Linux-Mandrake*. From version 8.1 to 9.2 it was called *Mandrake Linux*.

In February 2004, MandrakeSoft lost a court case for infringement. It renamed its products. Starting from version 10.0, Mandrake Linux became known as *Mandrakelinux*, and its logo changed accordingly. Similarly, MandrakeMove became Mandrakemove.

In April 2005, Mandrakesoft announced the corporate acquisition of Conectiva,. As a result of this acquisition and the legal dispute with Hearst Corporation, Mandrakesoft announced that the company was changing its name to Mandriva, and that their Linux distribution *Mandrake Linux* would henceforward be known as Mandriva Linux.

## Versions
Since 2007, Mandriva was released on a 6-month fixed-release cycle, similar to Ubuntu and Fedora. However, while newer features are added during each release, the timing of the Spring release stays the same as the first release, so as to ensure stability each year.

### Latest version
The latest stable version is Mandriva Linux 2011.0 (2011.0), released on 2011-08-28.

### Development version
The development tree of Mandriva Linux has always been known as *Cooker*. This tree is directly released as a new stable version.

The current release is named 2009.1 and was released in April 2009.

### Table of versions
## Related pages
*List of Linux distributions

## References 
## Other websites 
*Mandriva Official website 
*Mandriva Community Wiki 
*Mandriva Development Community Wiki (Cooker)
Action theory

**Action theory** is an area in philosophy that talks about theories about the processes that cause intentional (willful) human body movements.

## The philosophy of action
Some Philosophers ask the question 'What is an action?' or 'What makes somebody do an action?'. Here are two theories.

### The belief-desire (want-think) theory
Some philosophers say that an action is caused by a person wanting something and thinking that by doing that action they can get it. For example, if I want an apple and think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get one, then I will walk to the table. It is important to have both a want (desire) and a thought about how to get it (belief).
If I think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get an apple, but want an orange and not an apple, then I will not walk to the table. If I want an apple, but think that the table across the room is just a picture of a table, then I will not walk to the table.

### The neurological (brain) theory
Other philosophers say that the want-think theory is not true. They say that it is my brain and my nerves that causes an action. They see the brain as working like a computer that directs small electric packages from some nerves to other nerves and stores some for a while in memory. These packages cannot be named, they are just like computer bits and bytes. These philosophers say that we talk about what we want and what we think because the brain is very complicated and we do not understand it yet.

These questions form part of the philosophy of mind.
Xiangqi

**Xiangqi** is a board game from China. In English, it is also known as **Chinese chess**.

Though derived from the original Indian Chaturanga, Chinese chess is quite different from modern international chess. The board is different, there are different pieces, and they have different moves. The *general* and his *mandarin* may not leave the nine-pointed fortress; they have only limited movement. Clearly, this is more similar to the old Indo-Arabic game than to modern chess.

Xiangqi is a chess game for two people to play. Each player's *palaces* are located at the back row of their side with an X shaped. Each player has 16 pieces to move on the board. One player's set is red, and the other is black. The way to win is to checkmate or stalemate the other player's King. Each kind of piece has different ways to move. Xiangqi is one of the most  chess games in China.p78

## Pieces
*General (King)
*Advisor (Guard)
*Elephant (Bishop)
*Horse (Knight)
*Chariot (Rook)
*Cannon
*Soldier (Pawn)

## Movement
*General: Moves one step vertically or horizontally and it only stays inside the palace.
*Advisor: Moves one step diagonally and it only stays inside the palace.
*Elephant: Moves exactly two steps diagonally and it cannot jump over a piece or cross the river.
*Horse: Moves like the knight in chess, but it cannot jump over a piece vertically or horizontally (diagonals are fine). It is known as blocking the horse leg.
*Chariot: Moves like the rook in chess and it cannot jump over a piece.
*Cannon: Moves the same as the Chariot but to capture, the cannon needs to jump over exactly one piece and then land on the other side.
*Soldier: Moves one step forward and after it crosses the river, the soldier can also move sideways.

## Points
*General: Infinite points
*Chariot: Nine points
*Cannon: 4.5 points in opening and four points in endgame, because the cannon in the endgame has less pieces to jump for capturing.
*Horse: Four points in opening and 4.5 points in endgame, because it can be more easily blocked (mostly in crowded positions) in the opening than in the endgame.
*Elephant: Two points in opening and 2.5 points in endgame, because the elephant in the opening can be blocked in the opening than the endgame.
*Advisor: Two points
*Soldier: One point before it crosses the river and two points after it crosses the river.

## Special rules
*Flying General: Generals cannot stand on the same column unless there is one piece between them.
*Stalemate: A stalemate in Xiangqi is not a draw, but a lost for the player that gets stalemated.

## Related pages
* History of chess
* Shogi
* Janggi

## References
Governor

A **governor** is a leader of some kind. In some federations, the governor is the leader of a state or a province of the country.  

For example, in the United States, each of the 50 states has a governor, who is elected by its own people. While the president is the leader of the whole country, a governor is the leader of the people living in or visiting a state. The governor is the executive for the state's administrative processes. 

In other countries, a governor is the title of the viceroy. That is the case in Australia, Canada, and other Commonwealth realms, where the governor (or governor-general) represents the monarch in ceremonies. In many countries such as Pakistan, a provincial governor is appointed by the central government and acts as the ceremonial head of the provinces. 

Territories still under British rule have a governor, who represents the monarch in that area.
Testosterone

**Testosterone** is an androgen sex hormone. A hormone is one that is made from cholesterol. A sex hormone is one that regulates sexual changes in the body. An androgen is the male type of sex hormone. It may cause extreme hair loss if high proportions of active testosterone are found in the blood. Proportionally, sex rates also increase as testosterone increases. Pairing creatine with a high testosterone may elevate rape rates per 100. Most Pure Gyms are found to spray diffused creatine in the air. [5]

The testicles of men make lots of testosterone. Ovaries and adrenal glands make testosterone too. But they make much less than the testicles do. So men have much higher testosterone levels than women. The process takes place during the ages of puberty for both males and females

Testosterone has two different kinds of effects. One effect is anabolic. This effect causes growth of muscle and bone. The other effect of testosterone is androgenic. These effects make the body look male. This includes the effects that boys have at puberty: growing a beard, making the penis and testicles bigger [verification needed] and making the voice deeper.

## Biochemistry
, showing testosterone near bottom]]

## Related pages
*List of chemicals in doping cases in sport

## References
Touch

:*This article is about one of the five main senses. For other uses, see Touch (disambiguation)*

**Touch** is one of the five main senses that animals have. It can be called the **sense of body** or the **sense of touch**. The system also has internal sensory receptors, and includes sensing temperature and pain. There is a special area in the brain used to processing input of touch. It is in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

An animal knows if something is against a part of its body. This is called the sense of touch. The process of touching something may be called feeling.

Tiny touch sense organs under the skin help animals feel hardness, softness, and sharpness, for example. Animals also have sense organs which feel temperature and pain. Some parts of the body, such as fingertips have many more sense organs than others.

When animals touch things, nerve fibres attached to the sense organ sends messages to the brain through the central nervous system. The brain  the messages, and animals feel things.

## Touch as communication 
Humans, and mammals in general, often touch each other. Touch is a kind of non-verbal communication. Behaviours based on touch are very important for keeping family and group members together ('bonding'). It is part of the 'glue' of their social life. Monkeys grooming each other's fur is a good example.

## Related pages 
* Braille
* Proprioception
* Touchscreen

## References
Moai

**Moai** are stone statues on Easter Island. Each moai is made out of one large stone but some have an extra stone on top of the head. Most were made from the volcanic rock in the Rano Raraku area of the island. Moai are sometimes called "heads" but they do have shoulders, arms, and a body but these are usually too small for the head, also some of the best known ones had been partly buried over the years and only the heads were showing. Most moai are between 2.5 and 10 metres high and, usually, weigh 14 tonnes. There are about 1000 moai placed mainly around the coast of the island plus nearly 400 more which were left not yet finished at Rano Raraku.

)]]
When, why, and how they were made is still a mystery today. It is believed that they were made almost 1000 years ago by Polynesians, who lived there at the time and were made to honour their ancestors (older family members long dead) and bring good luck. Making the statues would have needed a lot of time and effort. To move them, they may have used wooden sledges or rollers or even "walked" them by rocking the moai along. The youngest moai found was built around 1350. It is believed that, around that time, there began a time of cold weather, little food, and war between the peoples. By the 19th century, all the moai had been pushed over. Today, some have been restored.

## References
*Grant McCall (1995). "Rapanui (Easter Island) ." *Pacific Islands Year Book* 17th Edition. Fiji Times. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
*Thor Heyerdahl, Arne Skjølsvold, and Pavel Pavel  The "Walking" Moai of Easter Island. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
*Kathy Pelta (2001). *Rediscovering Easter Island*. North Minneapolis, USA:Lerner Publications. .
*Rupert Matthews (1988). *Ancient Mysteries*. East Sussex, England:Wayland. .

## Other websites 
*Unofficial Easter Island Homepage 
*PBS NOVA: Secrets of Easter Island
*PBS NOVA: Secrets of Lost Empires: Easter Island
* How to make Walking Moai: A hypothesis about transportation method on Easter island
Diogenes of Sinope

**Diogenes of Sinope** (or **Diogenes the Cynic**) was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in the town of Sinope (now called Sinop, Turkey) around the year 412 BC and died in the city of Corinth, Greece, in the year 323 BC.

After being exiled for debasing the currency, he moved to Athens. He had a simple lifestyle and behaviour. That gave him a basis to criticize the social values and institutions of the corrupt and confused society that he saw around him.

Diogenes made a virtue of poverty. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar in the marketplace. He became notorious for his philosophical stunts. He used to carry a lamp during the day and claimed he was looking for an honest man.

Diogenes criticized Plato and disputed his interpretation of Socrates. He sabotaged Plato's lectures by distracting attenders by bringing food and eating during the discussions. He was also noted for having publicly mocked Alexander the Great.

Diogenes helped Antisthenes create cynicism, a philosophy that focuses on living a simple life without the need for money, fame, power, or possessions. He also made a notion of "cosmopolitan" on world citizenship first time in history.

Diogenes was captured by pirates and sold into slavery. Eventually, he settled in Corinth. There he explained cynicism to Crates, who taught it to Zeno of Citium. Zeno worked on stoicism, which became one of the main schools of Greek philosophy.

None of Diogenes' writings survived, but there are some details of his life from anecdotes that come from Diogenes Laërtius' book *Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers* and some other sources.

## References
Toad the Wet Sprocket

**Toad the Wet Sprocket** is an American alternative rock band from California. They formed in 1986, while they were in high school. Their name comes from a monologue (one person doing all the talking) performed by Eric Idle, called "Rock Notes" on the 1980 album, ''Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album''.
Boyz II Men

**Boyz II Men** is an American boy band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They were popular in the early 1990s. Founded in 1988 as a quintet (group of five people), Boyz II Men found fame as a quartet (group of four), with members Nathan Morris, Michael McCary, Shawn Stockman, and Wanya Morris, on Motown Records during the early 1990s.

Based on sales, Boyz II Men is the most successful R&B male vocal group of all time. It has recorded five #1 R&B hits between 1992 and 1997 and has since sold more than 90 million albums and 50 million singles. Three of its #1 hits, "End of the Road", "I'll Make Love to You", and "One Sweet Day" (with Mariah Carey), set and broke records for the longest period of time a single remained at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Johnny Nash

**John Lester "Johnny" Nash Jr.** (August 19, 1940 &ndash; October 6, 2020) was an American reggae and soul singer. His best known singles were "I Can See Clearly Now", "Hold Me Tight" and "Tears on My Pillow". 

## Career
His biggest hit was "I Can See Clearly Now" in 1972.

In his late teens Johnny Nash came to the attention of Arthur Godfrey and put in many appearances on his TV show. He also had a featured role in the motion picture "Take A Giant Step". Johnny began recording for the ABC Paramount label, and under the guidance of arranger producer Don Costa, he made a number of albums of standards. Including "Johnny Nash", "Let's Get Lost", "The Quiet Hour", "Studio Time" and "I Got Rhythm". Even though he possessed a superb singing voice, it seems that in the early 1960s, all young black male ballad singers were overshadowed by another Johnny. Johnny Mathis. Johnny Nash never really came into the forefront of pop music. He made a couple of obscure jazz tinged albums for the Argo label. Then after being off the scene for a couple of years, he emerged with a new music genre, the reggae, soul and caribbean type song stylings. This was the mid 70's and he found new fans and a new popularity.

On June 25, 2019, *The New York Times* listed Johnny Nash among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

## Personal life
Nash was born in Houston, Texas. He died on October 6, 2020 in Houston at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Linda Ronstadt

**Linda Ronstadt** (born July 15, 1946) is an American singer. She was born in Tucson, Arizona. She has won ten Grammy Awards and many other awards.

Ronstadt has never been married. She has an adopted daughter and adopted son. She has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Her autobiography was published in 2013.

## Related pages
*List of country musicians from Arizona

## References
Rainbow flag

The  **rainbow flag** is a multi-colored flag consisting of stripes in the colors of the rainbow that is displayed in many cultures around the world as a sign of diversity and inclusiveness. The German pastor Thomas Müntzer used a rainbow flag as a symbol of solidarity as early as the German Peasants' War of the 16th century. It is common as a symbol of the Peace movement, first used this way in a peace march in Italy in 1961.

## Meher Baba (1924)
In 1924 the Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba designed a rainbow flag. It is flown each year near his tomb near Ahmednagar, India during the anniversary of his death on January 31, 1969. Baba explained the symbolism, saying, "The colors in the flag signify man's rise from the grossest of impressions of lust and anger – symbolized by red – to the culmination in the highest state of spirituality and oneness with God – symbolized by sky blue."  

## Cursillo (1944)
The rainbow is also a symbol in the Christian and Jewish Bible. It shows God's promise to Noah and his family to never cover the world in water again.

A Christian movement known as Cursillo, founded in 1944, uses these traditional rainbow symbols, including flags.  Their version can have 5 to 7 colors, with red at the top, blue or purple at the bottom, and the Spanish words *De Colores!* ("of colors") in large letters on the front.

## Peace movement (1961)
This rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961, inspired by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear weapons. The most common variety has seven colours, purple, blue, light blue, green, yellow, orange and red, and is emblazoned in bold with the Italian word *PACE*, meaning "peace".  

## Gay pride movement (1978)
It has also been the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community since its creation in 1978. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.' The flag was created by Gilbert Baker of San Francisco, California in 1978.

## References
Vomit

casanatensis (14th century)]]
 that is vomiting on grass]]

**Vomiting**, also called **puking** or **emesis**, is emptying the contents of stomach through mouth. It can be either food or liquid in the stomach. It can be from infection, contaminated food or drink (food poisoning), foul smells or foul-tasting food, the brain being injured, a block in the small intestines so food and liquid cannot go through, too much alcohol or other drugs. Also, people can make themselves **vomit** (self-induced) which is called purging. Usually, people who have eaten or drunk poison are made to vomit any residual (leftover) poison. Excessive vomiting may lead to dehydration, which can be dangerous, if not fatal as it will shut down a person's organs and twist the intestines.
; Color of vomit
* Bright red in the vomit suggests bleeding from the esophagus.
* Dark red vomit with liver-like clots suggests bleeding in the stomach, such as from a perforated ulcer
* Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood
* Yellow vomit suggests bile, indicating that the pyloric valve is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum (this is more common in older people)

## Related pages
**E. coli*
Dualism

described dualism as follows. The senses capture stimuli, which reach the pineal gland in the brain. From there, they act upon the mind]]

**Dualism** is the idea or theory that something (an object, an idea, or the whole world) is split into two parts. The parts are separate from each other, and the thing cannot be divided up in any other way.

That contrasts with the idea or theory that something cannot be split into any parts, which is called monism, and with the idea or theory that something can be split into many parts, which is called pluralism.

In philosophy, there are many kinds of dualism.
* In the philosophy of mind dualism means that the mind and the body are two very different things. Nothing that is part of the body can be part of the mind, and nothing that is part of the mind can be part of the body. People like that sort of dualism because they think that the mind is too important or too strange to be part of the body. A contrasting idea is that the mind and the body are the same thing or that mind is just another word for the brain. (See also René Descartes.)
* In epistemology, dualism means that there is a barrier between a person and the world around them. The barrier splits the world into two for that person, into "myself" and "the world." Each person can see, hear, taste, smell and touch the world but cannot know it directly. For example, somebody cannot know just by looking that things are made up of many atoms. This means that something could happen in the world that we would not know about because we could not see, hear, taste, smell or touch it. A non-dualist idea is that a person is just another part of the world and that there is no barrier. For example, it could be said that if we cannot see, hear, taste, touch or smell something, it does not affect us.

Dualism is also a common sense idea. For example, it is a form of dualism to say that a thing is hot or cold, good or bad, mine or somebody else's. That has no allowance for possible states in between.

## Ditheism
In theology, dualism, also called *duotheism*, *bitheism*, or *ditheism*, refers to the doctrine or the belief that there are two independent divine beings or eternal principles: one good and the other evil. Examples of ditheism include Zoroastrianism, Wicca, and Marcionism. The Bible mentions Satan, but that is not ditheism since he is not equal to God but merely an angel (see Jude 6).

Ditheism is not the same as dualism, but they are similar. Ditheism implies (at least) two gods, but moral dualism does not imply any theism (belief in a god). The old dualist religion of the Roma people, Romanipen, is a simple belief in *Devla* *(*God) and *Beng* (Satan).

## References
LGBT

***LGBT*** is an initialism that means **l**esbian, **g**ay, **b**isexual, and **t**ransgender. It refers to the  community of people who are not heterosexual, which means to be attracted to the other gender, or cisgender, which means to identify as the gender you were born as.
* **P**ansexual
* **D**emisexual

Not everyone is in agreement what should or should not be covered in the acronym, or which order the letters should go in. It is an umbrella term because it is about many different kinds of people: A gay man and a trans woman, for example, are both MOGAI.

## Related pages
* Bisexuality
* Declaration of Montreal
* Gay
* Homosexuality
* Lesbian
* LGBT community
* Non-binary gender
* Rainbow flag (LGBT)
* Queer

## References 
## Other websites
* GLBTQ &nbsp;— Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer encyclopaedia
* Directory of U.S. and international LGBT Community Centres 
* American Psychological Association's Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Concerns Office
Blood vessel

A **blood vessel** is a tube that carries blood in the circulatory system. Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Blood vessels that take blood back to the heart are veins. Capillaries are between veins and arteries and they supply tissue with blood. 

The heart plus all of the blood vessels in the body together are called the circulatory system. Blood is moved by the pumping of the heart and carries oxygen to the tissues. 

The expansion of blood vessels is called vasodilation, it helps the body to get rid of heat energy (*vas-* in Latin means "container" or "vessel").
The constriction of blood vessels is called vasoconstriction, it prevents the body from losing warmth. 

Originally, August Krogh estimated that there was 100,000 km (60,000 miles) of combined blood vessels in the human body. However, his figure was based off of incorrect assumptions assuming that the density of blood vessels in the human body was significantly more than what we know today. He based his calculations on the assumption of a 143kg body with 50kg of pure muscle, an unrealistic body, leading to unrealistic estimations. A new study determined that the actual is somewhere between 9,000 km - 19,000 km (5,600 miles - 11,800 miles).

Growing new blood vessels is called angiogenesis.

## Structure 
Different parts of the body have different kinds of blood vessels for different parts of their work.  The vessel wall consists of three shells:

* inner - represented by the endothelium (single-layer squamous epithelium), which is built of elongated endothelial cells located on the basement membrane, and the subendothelial layer, which is based on loose fibrous connective tissue;
* middle - consists of circular bundles of smooth muscle cells with layers of elastic fibers;
* external - is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue, which contains a lot of blood vessels and nerve fibers.
The structure of the vessel wall depends on hemodynamic conditions: blood flow velocity, volume and blood pressure. Arteries located close to the heart are characterized by a predominance of elastic elements that are able to counteract high hemodynamic parameters. As you move away from the heart, hemodynamic values decrease, the caliber of blood vessels decreases and the number of muscle elements in their walls increases, which are able to create additional force to push blood into the network of the smallest vessels.

## References
Jana Gana Mana

, the author and composer of the national anthems of India and Bangladesh.]]

"**Jana Gana Mana**" (; ; ; ) is the national anthem of India. The original words were written in the Bengali language. It was originally a five-verse poem created in 1911 by Rabindranath Tagore—the same author for the Bangladeshi anthem. In January 1950, just the first verse was made to be officially part of the national anthem of India per the Constituent Assembly of India. In addition, the lyrics now contain many words of Sanskrit origin.

## Lyrics
;Transcriptions
The parenthesis mean that the vowel in them is not usually pronounced (sounded out) in regular speech, but is the case when singing, such as in this song. The title "Jana Gana Mana" is usually just pronounced as "Jan Gan Man"—the short *a* is pronounced like the ''* in the English word *bout*. The *ā* (*a* with a line above it, or long *a*), on the other hand, shows that the *a* is pronounced like the *a* in the English word *fther''.

### In state languages
## References 
## Other websites
*
*
*Second Option of Performance at YouTube
Pink triangle

The **pink triangle** is one of the two big symbols of the LGBT community. The other is the rainbow flag.
The pink triangle was first used in Nazi Germany to mark homosexual prisoners. There was also a *black triangle* that marked *anti-social women*. Many but not all of these women were lesbians. Jews were made to wear the famous yellow star of David. If a male prisoner was both Jewish and gay, they were made to wear a yellow triangle overlapped by a pink triangle, creating a star of David.

Homosexuality was illegal in Nazi Germany under a law called *Paragraph 175*, which made it a felony. About 100,000 people were arrested, with about 50,000 sent to prison. Some were sent to mental hospitals. Some were castrated. Some homosexual men were also sent to concentration camps, especially Jewish homosexuals. Between 15,000 and 600,000 homosexual men were sent to concentration camps. Most of them died there. We are not sure of the real number. Prisoners who were Jewish and homosexual may not have been counted as homosexual.

Homosexual prisoners were treated worse than other prisoners. Their death rates were higher than other *anti-social* groups. One story by a gay man who lived in a concentration camp shows how it was. Pierre Seel was sent to the Schirmeck concentration camp. The Nazis said a public execution would happen. A man was brought out. Seel saw that the man was his 18 year old lover. The Nazis took all the clothes of Seel's lover and put a bucket over his head. Then Seel had to watch as the Nazis let German Shepherds (dogs) maul his lover to death.

After World War II, homosexual men were still not treated well in Germany. The law continued. It was used to hurt homosexuals and to put them in prison. Many spent years in prison.

The pink triangle observes the memory of the homosexual people who died in the Holocaust. It is important not to ignore these deaths. The killing of homosexuals both during World War 2 *and* *after* World War 2 ended is the secret story of the Holocaust. Using the pink triangle symbol puts these victims in the public view. It is in respect for those who died.

## References
Chat room

A **chat room** is a virtual place on the Internet where people can get together and type messages to each other using text. People use programs like IRC to join a chat room and type messages or send pictures to the other people within that chat. There are also other programs called instant messengers to stay in contact with friends, colleagues and other people. Websites on the Internet often have types of chat rooms built into them, and lots of chat rooms also use .

Chat rooms are normally used as tools to talk with people that are far away, but many people still use them to talk to people who live near them, because it's very convenient. The first chat system was used by the U.S. government in 1971.

## Related pages 
* Chat
North Dakota

**North Dakota** is a state in the United States. About 780,000 people lived in North Dakota in the year 2020.  The capital and seat of government is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo.

## Geography 
North Dakota is south of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, east of Montana, north of South Dakota, and west of Minnesota. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are provinces - part of Canada.  Montana, South Dakota,  and Minnesota are other states of the United States.

## Weather 
North Dakota is not close to any big bodies of water (oceans or seas). Because of this, temperatures in North Dakota are *very* hot in the summer and *very* cold in the winter. In the summer, there are sometimes *strong* thunderstorms. These storms can have tornadoes and hail.

## History 
 Native American woman who guided Lewis and Clark when they mapped the Missouri River]]
Before European people came, Native American people lived in the area now called North Dakota. One important tribe was the Mandan.

North Dakota was one of the last US states to be *settled* by people of European ancestry. (To have people go there to make homes and live.) On November 2, 1889, North Dakota (and South Dakota) became part of the United States.

## Economy 
Most of the economy is based on agriculture. The most important agricultural crops are durum, a type of wheat, which is grown all across the state.  In the Red River Valley, there is more rain, and maize (corn) and sugar beets are grown as well.  In the Badlands, there is less rain, and more cattle are raised than crops.

North Dakota has the only bank in the United States that is *owned* by the state. The Bank of North Dakota is where all of the money from all government agencies is held. Most banks in the United States are guaranteed by the FDIC (acronym for Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.) The FDIC guarantees that people will not lose money if a bank fails. But the Bank of North Dakota is insured by the *state* of North Dakota.

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in North Dakota
* List of counties in North Dakota

## References
Alan Wake

***Alan Wake*** is a video game made by Remedy Entertainment. It is a "thriller" game and was voted best game of E3 in 2005. It was released on Xbox 360 in May 2010 and Microsoft Windows on February 16, 2012.

A sequel, *Alan Wake 2*, was released in 2023.

## Other websites 
* Official site
* Official forums. .
* Official Community site. .
Devil May Cry 4

***Devil May Cry 4*** is the fourth video game in the series of *Devil May Cry*.  It was released on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on February 5 2008.  Before to this game, all *Devil May Cry* games had only been released on the PlayStation video game consoles.  This one was the first game to be released on the Xbox as well as The PlayStation.  In January, gamers could download a demo at the PlayStation Store and Xbox Live Marketplace .

One big difference in this game is that Dante is no longer the main character.  A new character named Nero is the new hero.  Lady and Trish from older games return in this game.  This game has more new characters, such as Kyrie, Credo, Agnus, Gloria, and Sanctus and new demons and bosses for the player to fight.

This game is just like the first games.  It follows the usual *Devil May Cry* gameplay using a variety of melee and long-range weapons

## References
50 Cent

**Curtis James Jackson III** (born July 6, 1975) known by his professional name **50 Cent** is an American rapper, actor, and businessman.

## Early life 
He was born in the South Jamaica neighborhood of the borough of Queens, New York City on July 6, 1975. Growing up, he never knew his father and his mother was murdered when he was just 8 years old. He grew up in a neighborhood called STP. He learned how to play basketball and football. In 2000, he got shot nine times by an attacker. Before becoming a rapper he was a drug dealer. His stage name is a tribute to New York City criminal Kelvin Martin (also known as 50 Cent).

## Career 
50 Cent first appeared on Onyx's 1998 single "React". In 1999, he recorded the single "How to Rob" for the soundtrack of *In Too Deep*. *Power of the Dollar* was supposed to be 50 Cent's first album which included "How to Rob". He became successful in rap music in 2002. He was helped by his fellow gang boss Rijaan D. M. (the same person who helped him release track "Wanksta"). Since then, he has sold millions of records. His first album, "Get Rich or Die Tryin'" broke music records and went multi-platinum. It was number one right away on the *Billboard* 200. It sold 872,000 copies in the first four days. 50 and the album both won an American Music Award. He won the first Sound of... award by the BBC for new artists. He also won the BET Award for Best New Artist.

In the summer of 2005, 50 Cent had a fight (or "*beef*") with The Game, a rapper in his G-Unit group. After this, The Game left G-Unit, and made some diss songs about 50 Cent. 50 Cent answered with songs like "Mr. Potato Head" and "300 shots" featuring G-Unit. 50 Cent was also the first to sign onto a joint effort between Eminem's Shady Records and Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment. 50 Cent also mentions Rijaan D.M. in many of his tracks e.g. *Candy Shop*, 'Down On Me FT Jeremih' etc. As a teen. 50 Cent's role model was Tupac Shakur so, from the start his ambition was to be a gangster rapper. 50 Cent rapped on Michael Jackson's 2010 single "Monster" from Jackson's album *Michael*.

## Albums 
* 2003: ''Get Rich or Die Tryin'*
* 2005: *The Massacre*
* 2007: *Curtis*
* 2009: *Before I Self Destruct*
* 2014: *Animal Ambition*
* 2017: *Street King Immortal* (scrapped)

### Collaborative albums 
* *Beg for Mercy* (with G-Unit) (2003)
* *T·O·S (Terminate on Sight)'' (with G-Unit) (2008)

## Awards 
### Grammy Awards
50 Cent has been nominated 14 times and won once.

### World Music Awards
50 Cent has won six awards.

## Filmography
## Television 
;Appearances

### Video games 
## References
## Other websites
* 50 Cent (Note: needs Adobe Flash)
* 50 Cent
Learning English

**Learning English** is what people do when they want to use the English language. In language learning, we often talk about language skills and language systems. Language skills include: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Language systems include vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and discourse.

A lot of people learn English at school, where English is a common subjects. Many people also want to spend their own personal time to learn English. Some of these people may not know any English, where others will have learned some English in school, and will want to advance their knowledge of it.

## Learning in schools
English is taught in many schools. It may be a required course for graduation, or students may choose to study it. For profit language schools are also common in many countries. These businesses sell English lessons.

English taught in community settings, for adult immigrants to English-speaking countries, is often referred to as ESOL (English for speakers of other languages).

## Individual learning
Other people try to learn English on their own, or in a less formal setting than in a group of people with a teacher.

People might meet with others who are trying to learn English, in order to practice speaking.

People can also listen to radio broadcasts in English, or watch television programmes in English to help them improve their listening ability.  A popular channel to listen to the radio on is broadcast by the BBC, called the BBC World Service .

People can also study English by reading books, or listening to English courses on recorded CDs or cassettes.

## Online learning
The internet boom has created lot of avenues for learning. People can get lot of ideas on how to improve English communication skills using search engines like Google, Yahoo, etc. Especially during the lockdown due to COVID-19, online classes and courses became a main source of learning. The BBC World Service has a free website for people who are learning English as a second or foreign language called BBC Learning English.

Duolingo is a popular language-learning app that offers gamified lessons to help users improve their English skills through interactive exercises. It provides a fun and engaging way to practice vocabulary, grammar, listening, and speaking.

## Testing 
Major tests of English language proficiency include TOEFL, IELTS, TOEIC, Pearson English Test, Cambridge Assessment English, and the Duolingo English Test.

## Related pages 
* English as an additional language
* Wikipedia: Basic English picture wordlist, 200 words in Basic English with pictures

## References
## Other websites 
* BBC English learning center
Alien

**Alien** might mean:
* Extraterrestrial life, a living being that is not from Earth, appearing in fiction
* *Alien* (movie), a movie by Ridley Scott
* Another term for "foreigner"
Subject (school)

**Subjects** are the parts into which learning can be divided. At school, each lesson usually covers one subject only. Some of the most common subjects at school are Language arts, history, mathematics, physical education and science.

## Examples 
Primary school subjects: (ages 4–11)
* Art
* Citizenship
* Geography
* History
* Languages (French, German, Spanish) 
* Literacy
* Music 
* Natural history
* Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
* Science
* Arithmetic
*Social Studies
*Reading
*Writing
*Math

Secondary school subjects: (ages 11–16)
* Art
* Business studies
* Citizenship
* Critical reading
* Dance
* Design & technology
* Drama
* English
* Geography
* History
* Information and communication technology (ICT)
* Languages
* Mathematics
* Modern studies
* Music
* PE: Physical education
* P.S.H.E: Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
* RE: Religious education
* Science
* Study skills

Other subjects include: 
* Ancient Greek
* Animal husbandry
* Art
* Biology
* Chemistry
* Commerce
* Computer studies. 
* Design technology
* Drama
* Ethic(s)
* Food technology
* Foreign languages: Spanish, French, German, Mandarin, Irish, Welsh, Italian, Japanese, etc.
* Geography
* Health and hygiene
* Home economics
* Latin
* Literature
* Music
* Physics
* Psychology
* Religion
* Sociology
* Woodwork
*Design Technology (Paper and Board, Resistant Materials, Food Technology, Textiles)

## Other websites
* 
*
Dildo

]]
A **dildo** is a sex toy. It is most often used in place of an actual penis for sexual reasons. Dildos come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials (most often glass, plastic, rubber, metal, or wood) for different looks and feels, different uses, and to provide the best stimulation for different people. Some dildos vibrate and pivot for extra pleasure.

## Uses 
Both men and women can use dildos. They are most often put into the vagina or anus, but are sometimes used in oral sex. Since dildos are very simple toys, they can be used in many different ways. They can produce arousal to the point of an orgasm. For this reason, dildos are commonly used for masturbation.

## Other websites 
* SexInfo's "Guide to Dildos and Anal Plugs"
Economy of India

, in Mumbai, is Asia's oldest and India's largest stock exchange.]]
The **economy of India** is the fifth largest in the world with a GDP (a year's goods and services) of US$3.94 trillion. If considered PPP (purchasing power parity (how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is the third largest (worth US$12.51 trillion).  Measured by population it was 125th in the world in 2022.

India's economy includes agriculture, handicrafts, industries, and a lot of services. The service sector is the main source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of Indian people earn their living directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent times, due to its many well-educated people who can speak English, India became a pioneer in information technology.

For most of India's independent history, it had strict government controls in many areas such as telecommunications (communication over long distances), banking and foreign direct investment. In 1967 70% of the people earned less than 150 rupees a month. Since the early 1990s, India has slowly opened up its markets by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment. This was started by Manmohan Singh under the leadership of P. V. Narasimha Rao. From then, the Indian Economy grew at a rapid pace.

The Indian rupee (₹) is the money in India.  In 1947 an American dollar was worth about 3 rupees. In 2022 it was worth about 75 rupees.

The social and economic problems India faces are the increasing population, poverty, lack of infrastructure (buildings, roads, etc.) and growing unemployment.

## References