open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
W. Edwards Deming

**William Edwards Deming** (October 14, 1900 – December 20, 1993) was an American engineer who improved how companies manage making products. He was a statistician,  professor, author, lecturer, and consultant. He is perhaps best known for his work in Japan. Starting in 1950, he taught top Japanese business managers how to improve design, product quality, testing and sales. He taught the importance of using Statistical Process Control (SPC), to manage quality by measuring, or counting, many steps of complex manufacturing and services, in order to reduce the variation in results. This should reduce defects and errors. Deming described periodic monitoring, by repeating the steps of Plan-Do-Check-Act, known as the Deming Cycle.

## Early life
### Education
He went to triton central highschool. He entered the University of Wyoming at Laramie in 1917 and graduated in 1921. He earned a BSc in electrical engineering. He then went to graduate school. In 1925, he received an M.S. from the University of Colorado. In 1928, he received a Ph.D. from Yale University. Both graduate degrees were in mathematics and mathematical physics.

## References
Yo-yo

The **yo-yo** is a popular toy made with of a length of string tied at one end to a flat spool. It is used by holding the free end of the string (usually by inserting one finger in a slip knot) and pulling at it so as to cause the spool to turn while it is hanging in mid-air, either winding or unwinding the string.  It first became popular in the 1920s.

In the simplest play, the string is wound on the spool by hand. The yo-yo is then thrown downwards, so that it goes down and unwinds the string. It then (by inertia) climbs back, winding the string up. Finally the yo-yo is grabbed, ready to be thrown again. Many other trick plays exist, most based on the basic "sleeper" trick.
One of the most famous tricks on the yoyo is "walk the dog". This is done by throwing a strong sleeper and allowing the yoyo to roll across the floor.

English historical names for the yo-yo include *bandalore* (from French) and  *quiz*.  French historical terms include *bandalore*, *incroyable*, *de Coblenz*, *emigrette*, and *joujou de Normandie* (*joujou* meaning little toy).

## History 
 kylix, ca. 440 BC, Antikensammlung Berlin (F 2549)]]

The earliest surviving yo-yo dates to 500 BC and was made using terra cotta (clay) disks. A Greek vase painting from this date shows a boy playing yo-yo. Greek records from this time describe toys made out of wood, metal, or painted terra cotta. The terra cotta disks were used to ceremonially offer the toys of youth to certain gods when a child came of age. Disks of other materials were used for actual play. 

Philippine historical records show that 16th century hunters hiding in trees used a rock tied to a string up to 20 feet in length to throw at wild animals beneath them. The string meant they could get the rock back without having to come down from the tree.

## References
Gastritis

**Gastritis** is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It has many possible causes. The main causes are drinking too much alcohol, or using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (also known as NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen for too long.  Sometimes gastritis starts after major surgery, serious injury, burns, or infections.  People who have had weight loss surgery may also get gastritis.  Long term causes are infection with bacteria, mainly *Helicobacter pylori*.  Certain diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic bile reflux, stress and certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well.  The most common symptom is abdominal pain. Other symptoms are indigestion, abdominal bloating, nausea, and vomiting.  Some may have a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen.  A gastroscopy, blood test, complete blood count test, or a faeces test may be used to diagnose gastritis.  Treatment includes taking antacids or other medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods.  For those with pernicious anemia, B12 injections are given.

## References
Met Office

The **Met Office** (now the official name for the Meteorological Office) is the United Kingdom's national weather service.

More than 50% of its revenue comes from goods and services. This is why it is a 'trading fund' of the Ministry of Defence.

Part of the Met Office headquarters at Exeter in Devon is the Met Office College. This does the training for internal personnel and many forecasters from around the world.

## Forecasts 
### Shipping Forecast 
One of the British stalwarts, the Shipping Forecast, is produced by the Met Office and broadcast on BBC Radio 4. The Shipping Forecast has long been vital to the safety of mariners on the seas around the British Isles.

### Weather forecasting and warnings 
The Met Office is responsible for issuing Severe Weather Warnings for the United Kingdom through the National Severe Weather Warning Service (NSWWS). These warn of weather which may affect transport and lives. In March 2008, the system was improved and a new stage of warning was introduced, the 'Advisory'.

### Weather prediction models 
Its main role is to produce forecast models. It gathers information from weather satellites in space and observations on earth. The information is fed into two IBM supercomputers. The computers use models based on a software package known as the Unified Model. The principal weather products for UK customers are 36-hour forecasts from the newly operational 1.5&nbsp;km resolution UKV model covering the UK and surroundings (replacing the 4&nbsp;km model); 48-hour forecasts from the 12&nbsp;km resolution NAE model covering Europe and the North Atlantic; and 144-hour forecasts from the 25&nbsp;km resolution global model (replacing the 40&nbsp;km global model). A wide range of other products for other regions of the globe are sold to customers abroad. They are used by MOD operations abroad or provided free to developing countries in Africa. If necessary, forecasters may make adjustments to the computer forecasts.

## Related pages
*BBC Weather
*Numerical weather prediction
*Tropical cyclone forecast model

## References
Monitoring

**To monitor** or **monitoring** generally means to be aware of the state of a system. Below are some examples:
* to observe a situation for any changes which may occur over time, using a **monitor** or a *measuring device* of some kind:
**Baby monitor, medical monitor, Heart rate monitor
**Biomonitoring
**Cure monitoring for composite materials manufacturing
**Deformation monitoring
**Election monitoring
**Mining monitoring
**Natural hazard monitoring
**Network monitoring
**Structural monitoring
**System monitoring
**Website monitoring
**Futures monitoring, Media monitoring
* to observe the behaviour or communications of individuals or groups (see: surveillance)
* Clinical monitoring, for use of new medical drugs
The Medical Journal of Australia

***The Medical Journal of Australia*** is a peer-reviewed medical journal. It is the official journal of the Australian Medical Association and began in 1914. It is published by the Australasian Medical Publishing Company Proprietary Limited (AMPCo). 

The journal publishes editorials, articles, case reports, and letters. The full text of every issue since January 2002 is available on their website.

## Related pages
* *British Medical Journal*
**The Lancet*

## References 
## Other websites
*
Statistician

A **statistician** is someone who works with theoretical or applied statistics. The profession exists in both the private and public sectors. The core of that work is to measure, interpret, and describe some events in the world and spot patterns within them. The field shares much common history with social science, but often with a greater view on complex mathematical methods. Statisticians commonly have higher college degrees or other credentials as proof that they are qualified for the job.

It is common to combine statistical knowledge with expertise in other subjects. The applications are varied. Statisticians apply their knowledge to production, research, finance, medicine, insurance, census-taking, government, etc. They often are employed to support managerial decisions or to supervise quality control in manufacturing. 

## Nature of the work
According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2008, there were 22,600 jobs listed as *statistician* in the United States. Of these people, approximately 30% worked for governments (federal, state, or local). Additionally, there are substantial numbers of persons who use statistics in their work but have job titles other than *statistician*. The job of statistician is considered a profession. Most statisticians work in offices and have regular working hours and can therefore be considered to be white-collar workers. A lower number of statisticians are self-employed as statistical consultants.

Most employment as a statistician requires a minimum of a masters degree in statistics or a related field. Many professional statisticians have a PhD.

## History
Civilizations have used the work of statisticians for thousands of years. Statistics was employed in ancient Egypt in censuses of population and cattle. Typical work might involve developing a model and sampling plans, analyzing survey results, or making agricultural or econometric forecasts.

## Related pages
*Statistical Process Control

## References
## Other websites
*Statistician entry, Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 
*Careers Center, American Statistical Association 
*Careers information, Royal Statistical Society  (UK)  
*Listing of tasks and duties - The International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)
*Listings of nature of work etc - O*NET
Consultant

A **consultant** (from the Latin *consultare* meaning "to discuss" also the basis of words such as *consul* and *counsel*) is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular area of expertise. Various consultants offer advice in management, accountancy, the environment, entertainment, technology, law (tax law, in particular), human resources, marketing, emergency management, food production, medicine, finance, statistics, software, life management, economics, public affairs, communication, engineering, sound system design, graphic design, or waste management.

A consultant is usually an expert or a professional, in a specific field, who also has a wide knowledge of the subject matter. A consultant usually works for a consultancy firm or is self-employed, and engages with multiple and changing clients. Thus, clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be feasible for them to retain in-house, and may purchase only as much service from the outside consultant as desired.

'Consultant' is also the term used to denote the most senior medical position in the United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland (e.g., a consultant surgeon).

## Ways in which consultants work
Some consultants are employed by a consult staffing company, a company that provides consultants to clients.  This is particularly common in the technology sector.  Consultants are often called contractors in the technology sector in reference to their employment contract.

Strategy consultants are common in upper management in many industries. There are also independent consultants who act as interim executives with decision-making power under corporate policies or statutes. They may sit on specially constituted boards or committees.

Consultants work at client places on behalf of a consultancy or Billing company.

## References
The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James

**The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James** is a popular pilgrimage route in Eastern Europe. This route was created in Poland. It starts in the city of Sandomierz, and end sin the city of Krakow. It began in medieval times when many pilgrims travelled through Europe to Santiago de Compostela. The other places on The Lesser Polish Way are: Klimontów, Szczaworyż, Wiślica, and Więcławice.

## Other websites 
* Website of parish of St. James in Więcławice with description of the route in Polish
* Possible accommodation 
* Facebook Funpage
Christian Klien

**Christian Klien** (born 7 February 1983 in Hohenems, Vorarlberg) is an Austrian Formula One racing driver. In total he has scored 14 points in Formula One.

## Racing career 
 at the  Belgian Grand Prix.]]
Klien started his motorsport career in his early teens. He raced in karting championships in both Austria and Switzerland. He moved up to Formula BMW. He won several titles in lower Formula series. Klien moved into Formula One in . He drove for  the Jaguar Racing team, alongside Mark Webber. At the end of 2004, Jaguar sold its Formula One team to Red Bull. The team was renamed *Red Bull Racing*. Klien shared a race seat with Italian Vitantonio Liuzzi. He stayed at Red Bull for  season. 

In , Klien was replaced by Mark Webber. He was the test driver for Honda. For  and , he was the reserve and test driver for BMW Sauber.

In , Klien moved to become the test driver for HRT. For the Singapore Grand Prix Kling replaced Sakon Yamamoto. HRT reported that Yamamoto was sick from food posining. For the Brazilian Grand Prix, HRT announced that  Klien would race in place of Yamamoto. No reason was given.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress

### Complete Formula One results 
(key)

 Season in progress.

## References 

All Formula One race and championship results are taken from:
* *Official Formula 1 Website. Archive: Results for 2004 – Present seasons* www.formula1.com  Retrieved 6 June 2006

## Other websites 
* Christian Klien Official website
* Christian Klien profile and statistics 
* Christian Klien statistics
* Christian Klien statistics at Driver Database. (includes pre-F1 career)
Wonderwall

**Wonderwall** may mean one of the following:

**Wonderwall* (movie), a 1968 movie.
**Wonderwall Music*, George Harrison's soundtrack to the *Wonderwall* movie.
*"Wonderwall" (song), a song by the  band Oasis, from their 1995 album ''(What's the Story) Morning Glory?*.
*Wonderwall (band), a German pop band.
*"The Wonderwall", the bonus round on the game show *Winning Lines''.
Novella

A **novella**, also called a **novellette**, is a book shorter than a novel but longer than a short story.

## Examples
* *Flatland* by Edwin A. Abbot (1884)
* *Of Mice and Men* by John Steinbeck (1937)
Bignoniaceae

**Bignoniaceae** or the **Trumpet creeper** or catalpa family of the mint order of flowering plants. It contains about 112 genera and more than 725 species of trees, shrubs, and, most commonly, vines, chiefly of tropical America, tropical Africa, and the Indo-Malayan region. They form an important part of the tropical forest vegetation because of the numerous climbing vines. A few are found in temperate regions, notably the catalpa tree (*Catalpa*), the trumpet creeper (*Campsis*), and the cross vine (*Bignonia*).
Alvin and the Chipmunks (movie series)

The fictional animated singing group **Alvin and the Chipmunks** created by Ross Bagdasarian have appeared in eight feature-length movies since their debut.

## Movies
### *Alvin and the Chipmunks* (2007)
In a tree farm, three musically inclined chipmunks, Alvin (Justin Long), the mischievous troublemaker, Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler), the smart one in the trio, and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) the chubby sweethearted chipmunk, find their tree cut down and are transported to Los Angeles. Once there, they meet frustrated songwriter David Seville (Jason Lee), and despite a poor house-wrecking first impression, they impress him with their singing talent. Seeing the opportunity for success, both human and chipmunks make a pact for them to sing his songs. While that ambition proves a frustrating struggle with the difficult trio, the dream does come true after all. However, that success presents its own trials as their unscrupulous record executive, Ian Hawke (David Cross), plans to break up this family to exploit the boys. Can Dave and the Chipmunks discover what they really value amid the superficial glamour around them?

### *Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel* (2009)
Pop sensations Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) end up in the care of Dave Seville (Jason Lee)'s twenty-something cousin Toby (Zachary Levi). The boys must put aside music super stardom to return to school, and are tasked with saving the school's music program by winning the $25,000 prize in a battle of the bands. But the Chipmunks unexpectedly meet their match in three singing chipmunks known as The Chipettes—Brittany (Christina Applegate), Jeanette (Anna Faris) and Eleanor (Amy Poehler). Romantic and musical sparks are ignited when the Chipmunks and Chipettes square off.

### *Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked* (2011)
Dave (Jason Lee), the Chipmunks, and the Chipettes enjoy fun and mischief on a luxury cruise before their seafaring vacation takes an unexpected detour to an uncharted island. Now, the harder Alvin (Justin Long) and friends search for a way back to civilization, the more obvious it becomes that they aren't alone on this secluded island paradise.

### *Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip* (2015)
Through a series of misunderstandings, Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) come to believe that Dave (Jason Lee) is going to propose to his new girlfriend in Miami...and dump them. They have three days to get to him and stop the proposal, saving themselves not only from losing Dave but possibly from gaining a terrible stepbrother.
Polite society

**Polite society**, often shortened to **society**, is a euphemism for the upper class.

It can also refer to:

*Polite society, the etiquette of the upper class
*Polite society, the manners of the upper class
**Polite Society*, a 1995 novel by Melanie Sumner, winner of that year's Whiting Writers' Award
*The Polite Society, an American organization that holds shooting events
Compromise

To **compromise** is to make a deal where one person gives up part of his or her demand. In arguments, *compromise* is a concept of finding agreement through communication, through a mutual acceptance of terms, while often involving variations from an original goal or desire.

Extremism is often considered as antonym to compromise, which, depending on context, may be associated with concepts of balance or tolerance. In the negative connotation, compromise may be referred to as *capitulation*, referring to a "surrender" of objectives, principles, or material, in the process of negotiating an agreement.

In human relationships, "compromise" is frequently said to be an agreement that no party is happy with, this is because the parties involved often feel that they either gave away too much or that they received too little.
 
From cultural background and influences, the meaning and perception of the word "compromise" may be different: In the UK, Ireland and Commonwealth countries, the word "compromise" has a positive meaning (as a consent, an agreement where both parties win something); in the U.S., it can have rather negative connotations, as in "compromising principles" as a sell-out of basic beliefs.

## Academic research
Defining and finding the best possible compromise is an important problem in fields, such as game theory and the voting system.

Research has indicated that less-than-optimal compromises are often the result of negotiators failing to realize when they have interests that are completely compatible with those of the other party, and hence, they settle for suboptimal agreements. Mutually-better outcomes can often be found by careful study of both parties' interests, especially if done early in negotiations. 

## Related pages
* Constitution
* Interpersonal relationship
* Compromise of 1850 (USA)
* Missouri Compromise (USA)
* Three-Fifths Compromise (USA)

## References
Aram Khachaturian

**Aram Ilyich Khachaturian** (,  in Tiflis – 1 May 1978 in Moscow) was a significant Soviet-Armenian composer. He studied the cello in the 1920s and went to the Moscow Conservatory in 1929. He composed several symphonies and a ballet called Gayane. His music was largely influenced by the folk music of Armenia. His most popular piece, the "Sabre Dance" from *Gayane*, has been used extensively in popular culture and has been covered by a number of musicians worldwide.

## References
Alan Rickman

**Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman** (21 February 1946 &ndash; 14 January 2016) was an English actor and theatre director. He was a well known stage actor in modern and classical productions and he used to be a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Rickman was known for being in movies.

## Personal life
Rickman was born on 21 February 1946 in Acton, London. He studied in London at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. Rickman married his partner of 50 years, Rima Horton, in 2012. He lived in London and in Los Angeles, California.

Rickman died in a hospital in London from pancreatic cancer on 14 January 2016 at the age of 69. He was cremated in the West London Crematorium in Kensal Green on February 3, 2016. His widow, Rima Horton, kept his ashes.

## Movie roles
* Hans Gruber in *Die Hard*
* Severus Snape in the Harry Potter movie series
* Eamon de Valera in *Michael Collins*
* Phil Allen in *Blow Dry*
* Alexander Dane in *Galaxy Quest*
* Colonel Brandon in *Sense and Sensibility*
* Harry in *Love Actually*
* Judge Turpin in *Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street*
* Absolem the Caterpillar in *Alice in Wonderland* and in *Alice Through the Looking Glass*
* Sheriff of Nottingham in *Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves*
* President Ronald Reagan in *The Butler*

## Harry Potter
In ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'', Rickman portrays Severus Snape, a cold and angry professor in Hogwarts who hates Harry. This is because Severus hated James Potter, Harry's father, because James and his best friend Sirius bullied him when they were both in Hogwarts in their younger years and he sees qualities of his father in Harry. Another reason he hated Harry's father is because he loved a girl called Lily who James took and later becomes Harry's mother. However, in *Deathly Hallows Part 2,* it is revealed that Snape is in fact a hero. He sacrifices himself to save the wizarding world. Harry recognizes this and names a child after him in honor of his bravery.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
* Alan Rickman at Emmys.com
Gunnysacking

**Gunnysacking** is a metaphor, used in conflict resolution, which involves the act of "storing up" grievances acquired in the course of a relationship, rather than resolve them when they first occurred. The word is based on the idea of using a gunny sack (burlap bag) storing a number of items.

A typical example might occur in a marriage facing occasional difficulty. Partners may have small grievances or annoyances, which by themselves are not critical. However, over time one partner gets less happy and more annoyed. Then some incident occurs, and a full-blown argument follows. By analogy, this is the gunny sack bursting, with an 'overblown reaction'.

The term may also refer to bringing up past grievances when trying to resolve some present problem in a relationship. In which case, gunnysacking (as a tactic) has the dual effect of raising additional problems (in what is typically already a volatile, difficult situation) and presents a side-track obstacle to dealing with the current issues. Additionally, once the practice becomes a familiar pattern used by one person in a relationship, other persons may avoid reporting new issues or problems for the sake of avoiding a repeat of the gunnysacking behavior.

## References
Bent Larsen

**Jørgen Bent Larsen** (4 March 1935–9 September 2010) was a Danish chess Grandmaster. He was a six-time Danish champion, and a candidate for the World Chess Championship on four occasions: 1965, 1968, 1971, and 1977. He won three Interzonal tournaments: Amsterdam 1964, Sousse 1967, and Biel 1976. Larsen won several dozen major international tournaments during his career, and was awarded the first Chess Oscar in 1967. At his best he was rated (FIDE rating list) fourth in the world.

Larsen was the strongest chess player born in Denmark, and the strongest Scandinavian until the emergence of Magnus Carlsen. From the early 1970s, he lived for part of the year in Las Palmas, and in Buenos Aires, with his Argentinian-born wife.

## Olympiad performances 
Bent represented Denmark six times in Chess Olympiads, always on first board, and compiled an aggregate score of 75/109 (+61 =28 −20), for 68.8%, according to olimpbase.org. He always played a very high number of games, almost all of the rounds, and won three board medals, one gold and two bronze.

* Amsterdam 1954, board one, 13½/19 (+11 =5 −3), board bronze medal;
* Moscow 1956, board one, 14/18 (+11 =6 −1), board gold medal;
* Munich 1958, board one, 13/19 (+11 =4 −4);
* Havana 1966, board one, 11/18 (+9 =4 −5);
* Lugano 1968, board one, 10½/18 (+8 =5 −5);
* Siegen 1970, board one, 13/17 (+11 =4 −2), board bronze medal.

## Disaster in Denver 
The worst result of his career was his 6–0 defeat by Bobby Fischer in the semi-finals of the Candidates matches in 1971. The match was played in Denver, Colorado. Larsen later claimed in a Kasparov.com interview (1998) that his one-sided loss to Fischer was due in part to his condition during the match: "The organizers chose the wrong time for this match. I was languid with the heat and Fischer was better prepared for such exceptional circumstances... I saw chess pieces through a mist and, thus, my level of playing was not good". Fischer was the great player of the day, and went on to beat Spassky in 1972 for the World Championship.

*Bent Larsen 1970. ''Larsen's selected games of chess''. Bell, London.

## Other websites 
*Lubomir Kavalek: Chess great Bent Larsen dies

## References
Centenary Medal

The **Centenary Medal** is an award given by the Australian Government in 2001. It was set up to celebrate the Centenary of Federation of Australia and to honour people who have made a contribution to Australian society or government. Possible winners were studied by a group headed by the historian Professor Geoffrey Blainey.

## Design 
### Award 
The front of the medal has a seven-pointed Commonwealth Star, for the six Australian states, with the seventh point for Australia's territories. At the centre of the star is an image showing the Indigenous Australian traditions at the heart of the continent. Around the edge are 100 dots for 100 years of federation. The other side has a seven pointed star, with the words "For Contribution Made to Australian Society" around the edge.

### Bar and Ribbon 
The colours in the ribbon are crimson, which represents federation, and blue and gold for the beginning of the 21st Century. The seven gold and red lines signify the states' pathways to federation. The bar and ribbon are the same so that a person with the award can be recognized easily.

## Some medal winners
* Jack Brabham, motor sport
* Barry Marshall, Nobel Prize winner

## References
Australian Sports Medal

The **Australian Sports Medal** was an award given during 2000 to recognise achievements in Australian sport.

Winners of the award included competitors, coaches, sports scientists, office holders, and people who maintained sporting facilities and services.  Over 18,000 Medals were awarded.

## Description
* The medal is circular and made of nickel-silver with a highly polished finish. The front design symbolises Australian sport showing the stars of the Southern Cross, and lines representing the athletics track at the Australian Sports Stadium.
* The other side has the same lines as the front, and the words ‘to commemorate Australian sporting achievement’ appearing in the raised edge of the medal. It is also marked with the year ‘2000’.
* The medal hangs from a 32&nbsp;mm ribbon by a connector piece and ring. The ribbon’s colours are Australia’s national colours green and yellow.

## Other websites
*It's an Honour  - Australian Government site
*http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=969978&search_type=simple&showInd=true  - Stanley Brooks (Australian Government Site)
Usage share of web browsers

The **usage share of web browsers** is the percentage (%) of viewers at a group of websites who use a particular web browser. For example, when it is said that Google Chrome has 64% usage share (May 2022), it means that all versions of Chrome (including the related Chromium) are used by 64 of every 100 visitors who visit a  set of websites.

## Other websites
*Chuck Upsdell's Browser Stats  lists web stats from many different stats sources and gives the approximate current usage share of the most popular layout engines.
*W3Schools' Browser Statistics lists the web stats only from the W3 Schools site, which gives the approximate usage share of browsers among "people with an interest for web technologies."
*Wikimedia's most recent squid report  lists web stats for Wikipedia and its sister projects.
Marin Mersenne

**Marin Mersenne**, (born 8 September 1588, in modern-day Sarthe, died 1 September 1648, in Paris) was a French theologian and mathematician. He developed the first laws of acoustics, which was known by his name for a long time. Today, he is mainly remembered for the Mersenne primes. Together with Galileo Galilei he built the laws which describe how a mass falls in an empty space. He was in favour of modern science, and did not agree with "occultist" movements. 

He often travelled to meet great scientists, which made him an important mediator. This is especially true for mathematicians such as Pierre Gassendi, Gilles Personne de Roberval, Blaise Pascal und Pierre de Fermat. To tell Mersenne of a discovery was like publishing it. He told Gassendi to reply to the *Meditations* of Descartes. Mersenne gave Huygens the idea of using a pendulum to measure time. This led to the development of pendulum clocks.
Plumbaginaceae

**Plumbaginaceae** is a family of flowering plants are about 560 species in 10 genera found all over the world. They are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs and climbers. Thrift (*Armeria*) and Sea Lavender (*Limonium*), have small flowers in dense clusters. They are generally grown for garden decoration or as cut flowers, either fresh or dried, and medicinal extracts are obtained from some species.
Charles

**Charles** is a boy's name of German origin.  There are many famous people named Charles:

* Charles Aznavour, Armenian-French singer
* Charles Babbage, English inventor
* Charles Barkley, American basketball player
* Charles Blanvillain, French rapper
* Charles Bronson, American actor
* Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence
* Charles Chaplin, American actor
* Charles Chesnutt, American author
* Charles Colson, American lawyer
* Charles Cornwallis, British general and politician
* Charles Court, Australian politician
* Charles Curtis, Vice-President of the United States
* Charles Darwin, who came up with the theory of evolution
* Charles G. Dawes, Nobel Laureate and Vice-President of the United States
* Charles Ellis, English physicist
* Charles de Gaulle, French general and President
* Charles Dickens, English author
* Charles Ebbets, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers
* Charles Foster, Ohio Congressman
* Charles Gounod, French composer
* Charles Hendry, British MP
* Charles Higounet, French historian
* Charles Hoare, English computer scientist
* Charles Evans Hughes, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
* Charles Ives, American composer
* Charles Lindbergh, American pilot
* Charles Lummis, American author and historian
* Charles-Louis Montesquieu, French philosopher
* Charles Spurgeon, British preacher
* Charles de Tornaco, Belgian racecar driver
* Charles Doolittle Walcott, American paleontologist
* Charles Frederick Worth, fashion designer

## Rulers and noblemen named Charles
* Charles I of England, King of England, 1625-49
* Charles II of England, King of England, 1660-85
* Charles IV of France, King of France, 1322-28
* Charles I of Spain, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-58
* Charles IV of Spains, King of Spain 1788-1808 
* Charles, Duke of Berry, grandson of Louis XIV
* Charles, Duke of Guelders, Dutch nobleman
* Charles I of Austria , final monarch of AUSTROHUNGARIAN KINGDOM
* Charles Edward Stuart, a.k.a. Bonnie Prince Charlie, Jacobin pretender
* Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675
* Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia 1730-1773
* Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, King of Sardinia 1796-1802
* Charles Felix of Sardinia, King of Sardinia 1821-1831
* Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, British PM 
* Charles, Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne
Polygonaceae

**Polygonaceae** is a family of flowering plants are herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees comprising about 30 genera and 1,000 species. The leaves are simple, alternate or rarely opposite, and usually stipulate. Some well known members include buckwheat (*Fagopyrum*), sorrel (*Rumex*), rhubarb (*Rheum*), and knotweed (*Polygonum*).
Land Transport Authority

The **Land Transport Authority** (Abbreviation: **LTA**; Chinese: 陆路交通管理局 (shortform: 陆交局); Malay: Penguasa Pengangkutan Darat; ) of Singapore is a statutory board of the Ministry of Transport. It was founded in 1 September 1995, by merging four agencies, which are Registry of Vehicles, Mass Rapid Transit Corporation, Roads & Transportation Division of the Public Works Department of Singapore and Land Transport Division of the then-Ministry of Communications. LTA leads the development of land transport in Singapore.

## References
## Other websites 
.]]

* Official website
Tinamou

A **tinamou** is one of an family of birds called the **Tinamidae**. They are the only species within the family. There are 47 species of tinamou in Central and South America. They are one of the most ancient living groups of bird, and are related to the ratites. Generally ground dwelling, they are found in a range of habitats.

## Taxonomy and evolution 
Of Gondwanan origin, tinamous are related to the ratites. Although the fossil record in South America is poor, the known tinamiform fossil record goes back 10 million years. Together with the ratites, they make up Palaeognathae ("old jaws"), while all other living birds are members of Neognathae ("new jaws"). Unlike the other palaeognaths, tinamous do have a keeled sternum. Like the other palaeognaths, they also have a distinctive palate (thin bony plate at top of mouth).

Recent phylogenetic studies place tinamids as the sister group of Australasian/Oceanian ratites. Those are the (cassowaries, emus, and kiwi). South American ratites (rheas) and African ratites (ostriches) are also related, but more distantly. Tinamous themselves are monophyletic.

## References
Musette

**Musette** is the French word for small bellows played bagpipes. Some composers liked to use a drone (especially one in fifths) to make it sound like bagpipes or other folk instruments. Johann Sebastian Bach, François Couperin and other Baroque composers often called such pieces "Musette". Sometimes they did this in orchestral music: Joseph Haydn used a drone in the last part of his Symphony No. 104 to accompany a folk tune.

## Other websites
List of Latin phrases

__NOTOC__
This page lists direct English translations of **common Latin phrases**, such as *veni, vidi, vici|veni vidi vici* and *et cetera*. Some of the phrases are translations of Greek phrases, as Greek rhetoric and literature were appreciated in ancient Rome, when Latin rhetoric and literature were still developing.

## Features
It is important to note that the Latin letter *i* can serve as either a vowel or a consonant. When used as a consonant, it is often replaced by the letter *j*, which was originally an orthographic long *i* in initial positions and when it occurred between two other vowels. This medieval convention is most commonly preserved in Latin legal terminology – phrases like *de iure* are often spelled *de jure*. 

## Lists in alphabetical order
In the following list, the more common form will be the one a phrase is listed under: *de jure* is used instead of *de iure*, and *alea iacta est* instead of *alea jacta est*.

* List of Latin phrases (A)
* List of Latin phrases (B)
* List of Latin phrases (C)
* List of Latin phrases (D)
* List of Latin phrases (E)

* List of Latin phrases (I)
* List of Latin phrases (L)
* List of Latin phrases (N)
* List of Latin phrases (Q)
* List of Latin phrases (V)

## Related pages
* Latin
* Vulgate
* Vulgar Latin
* Classical Latin
* Roman Empire
* Romance languages
* Indo-European languages

## Other websites
* Latin abbreviations
* Latin quote ideas 
* Latin sayings & Latin phrases , organized by topic
Gram-Schmidt process

**The Gram-Schmidt process** is a way of converting one set of vectors that forms a basis into another, more friendly one.

Suppose we have a set of vectors \{v_{1},...,v_{n}\} that form a basis for R^{n}, and that we wish to convert these into a "friendly" basis which is easier to work with later. We begin by finding out which component of a vector is being unfriendly to a second vector, which we may do with inner products. If we have two vectors u,v, then we may find the component of u being unfriendly to v with proj_{u}(v)=\frac{}{}u. By subtracting this from v, we get the component friendly to u. By returning to our abstract set \{v_{1},...,v_{n}\}, we may make use of this observation to construct a general algorithm to convert an arbitrary basis into a friendly basis.  Like from our original set, each time we use the process on a new vector, it is guaranteed to be mutually friendly with all the previous vectors.

Define:

w_{1} = v_{1}

w_{2} = v_{2} - proj_{w_{1}}v_{2}

et cetera, with the general term:

w_{n}=v_{n}-\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}{proj_{w_{i}}v_{n}}

Should we wish to make this a friendly and cute basis, we can simply make each new element of the basis cute, by replacing both v_{n} with \frac{v_{n}}.
Nickel (United States coin)

A **nickel** is a coin. It is in the United States . It is worth 5 . It is made of *cupronickel*, an alloy of copper and nickel. It is 75% copper, and 25% nickel. So, it is made primarily of copper, not nickel.

## Related pages
*Penny
*Dime
Umbrella insurance

***Umbrella insurance*** protects all items of economic value and future income. It is also known as a type of liability insurance. A liability is a legal debt or obligation. The umbrella refers to how the policy shields insured assets. It covers damages caused by you and your dependents. People who have large sums of money usually have this type of insurance because they have high premiums. Premiums are the total cost of the policy. It guarantees you higher liability limits. It provides additional limits of coverage if you are at risk of being sued.

The umbrella policy is there to fill the gaps in other insurance policies. Where one policy does not cover, the umbrella policy picks up where it doesn’t cover. The umbrella policy covers all insurances such as house, car, etc. The umbrella policy covers in increments of 1,000,000 dollars. So if you had car insurance that only covered 200,000 dollars, the coverage would then be 1,200,000 dollars. The same goes for home owners insurance, if you had 500,000 dollars in coverage the total coverage would become 1,500,000 dollars in coverage.

## References
Vehicle insurance

**Vehicle insurance** (also called **auto insurance** or **car insurance**) is a kind of insurance that protects people if they have a car accident. Somebody with vehicle insurance would not have to pay the entire cost of damage a car accident causes. In many places, it is against the law to drive without vehicle insurance.

The driver pays a premium to the car insurance company. In exchange, the company covers the potential cost of damages and financial loss that are a result of driving. 

The bare minimum everyday driver should require to purchase liability coverage. It varies from state to state and it is important to have the minimum amount as required by law. You can receive a ticket, have your driver's license revoked, or even be arrested. 

Liability is there to protect the other drivers on the road from the damages you cause. 

Insurance prices vary a lot by the company. The car you drive can affect your auto insurance rates. If you get in an accident the repairs on the car may be different from others. 

## Premium
Somebody with vehicle insurance would pay what is called a *premium*  (perhaps every month). The insurance company would decide how big the premium is and might consider several factors. These include some of the following: 

*Age 
*Type of car
*Type of job
*Gender
*Home
*History of insurance
*Past accidents
When you pay a premium, the insurance company agrees to pay your losses as outlined in your policy. Depending on different factors, the insurance company may not pay all or any of your losses.

## References
For introductory articles on vehicle Insurance cost analysis Know The Factors Determine Your Car Insurance Cost
Nichrome

**Nichrome** is an alloy. It is made of nickel and chromium. It has an 80/20% composition. It is used as a . It gets hot when electricity goes through it. It is normally silver in colour and a wire.

## Related pages
*Cupronickel
Cupronickel

**Cupronickel** is an alloy. It is made of copper and nickel. It is used in nickels, the US coins. It does not corrode. It is silvery in color. It has 75% copper and 25% nickel.

## Related pages
*Nichrome
Argument from false premises

An **argument from false premises** is a line of reasoning which can lead to wrong results. A **false premise** is an untrue proposition that forms part of the basis of a *logical syllogism*.  Since the premise (assumption) is not correct, the conclusion drawn may also be wrong. 

However, it should be noted that whether or not an argument is "valid" does not depend on whether its premises are true. It rather depends on whether the conclusion follows from them, which is to say, on whether *under the assumption* that the premises are true, the conclusion must be true as well.

For example, consider this syllogism:

* If the streets are wet, it has rained recently. (premise)
* The streets are wet. (premise)
* Therefore, it has rained recently. (conclusion)

This argument is logically valid. But its premises are not always true. The first premise can be false – someone could have hosed down the streets, a street cleaner could have passed, the local river could have flooded, and so on.  A simple logical analysis will not reveal the error in this argument, since that analysis assumes that all the argument's premises are true.  For this reason, an argument based on false premises can be much more difficult to refute, or even discuss, than one featuring a normal logical error, as the truth of its premises must be established to the satisfaction of all parties.

Another feature of an argument based on false premises that can bedevil critics, is that its conclusion can in fact be true.  Consider the above example again.  It may well be that it has recently rained, and that the streets are wet.  This of course does nothing to prove the first premise, but can make its claims more difficult to refute.

A false premise can also be a premise that is poorly defined, which makes the conclusion questionable.  The following joke from *Plato and a Platypus Walk Into a Bar* illustrates the point: "An old cowboy goes into a bar and orders a drink.  As he sits there sipping his whiskey, a young lady sits down next to him.  ... She says, 'I'm a lesbian.  I spend my whole day thinking about women. ...' A little while later, a couple sits down next to the old cowboy and asks him, 'Are you a real cowboy?' He replies, 'I always thought I was, but I just found out I'm a lesbian'."  The mistake the cowboy makes is that he assumes that the definition of a lesbian is somebody who spends the "whole day thinking about women", without including the fact that a lesbian is a homosexual female.  The cowboy is neither homosexual nor female; therefore, he is not a lesbian.

## Related pages
* Predicate logic

## References
Nickel oxide

**Nickel oxide** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

*Nickel(II) oxide, green
*Nickel(III) oxide, black
Nickel(II) oxide

**Nickel(II) oxide**, also known as **nickelous oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NiO. It contains nickel in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

## Properties
Nickel(II) oxide is a light green solid. It does not dissolve in water. Sometimes it is gray because all of the nickel is not in the +2 oxidation state. It reacts with acids to make nickel(II) salts. For example, it reacts with hydrochloric acid to make nickel(II) chloride. It does not react with bases easily.

## Preparation
Nickel(II) oxide can be made by heating nickel powder in air at . This normally makes a black nickel oxide. It also can be made by reacting nickel with water at . The simplest way to make it is to heat nickel(II) hydroxide, nickel(II) carbonate, or nickel(II) nitrate.

## Uses
It is used to make alloys. It is also used in ceramics. It is used to make other nickel compounds.

## Safety
Nickel(II) oxide can irritate skin and make problems when breathed in.

## Related pages
*Nickel(II) sulfate
Margaret Cho

**Margaret Cho** (born ***Moran Cho*** on 5 December 1968) is an American comedian and actress. She was born in San Francisco, California. She is bisexual and liberal.

## References
## Other websites
*
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

The **Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation** (FDIC) aims to keep people’s money safe. Specifically, the money people put into American banks. If money is lost they will replace it. The FDIC will replace up to $250,000 per person, per bank.  the FDIC insured 7,895 different banks or institutions. The FDIC also watches banks or institutions for problems or failings.

The FDIC was made during the Great Depression by President Franklin Roosevelt in June 1933. This is an important occurrence in United States history because it guaranteed people their money. This also helped people feel safer when using banks in the United States.

## Sources
## Other websites
* Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (official website)
* FDIC Statistics at a Glance  (FDIC.gov)
* FDIC List of Failed Banks
* The Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Conforming Amendments Act of 2005
* History including Boards of Directors 
* 60 Minutes - Your Bank Has Failed: What Happens Next?
Pigeonhole principle

The **pigeonhole principle** explains that when there are (n) pigeon-sized holes in a pigeon container, then it's impossible to fit more than (n) pigeons in that container, without having at least one hole containing more than one. The pigeons are used here as an example for anything that can be put into containers or subdivisions.

This theorem is important in computer science and mathematics, especially in graph theory.

## Example
In one suitcase there are 12 blue socks and 18 black socks. If we close our eyes, how many socks must we pull out to be sure we have a pair of the same color?

If we think of the colors as *holes* or categories, we have 2 holes, so (n) = 2. If we pull three socks from the suitcase, at least two of them must be the same color, because 3 is a number greater than 2. So the correct answer here is **three.**