open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ernst Kummer

**Ernst Eduard Kummer** (born 29 January 1810, Sorau, Brandenburg; died  14 May 1893 Berlin) was a German mathematician.  At first he was a school teacher, teaching in a German high school gymnasium, where he inspired the  Leopold Kronecker to become a mathematician.  He became professor of mathematics in Breslau and then in Berlin.  He is famous for several mathematical discoveries, including his work on number fields.  Several mathematical ideas are named after him.

## References
* Eric Temple Bell, *Men of Mathematics*, Pelican 1953
Leopold Kronecker

**Leopold Kronecker** (7 December 1823 Liegnitz, Prussia - 29 December 1891) was a German mathematician of Jewish descent.

At first he was a business man and earned a lot of money.  Then he devoted himself to mathematics.  He is famous for his work on number theory, determinant and algebra.  He criticized Cantor's work on set theory.  He was a pupil and lifelong friend of Ernst Kummer.

## References
* Eric Temple Bell, 1986. *Men of Mathematics*, Penguin books 1953.
List of American movies of 1991

A list of **American** movies released in **1991**. 
*The Silence of the Lambs* won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

## Highest earning films
# ***Terminator 2: Judgment Day***
# ***Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves***
# ***Beauty and the Beast***
# ***The Addams Family***
# ***City Slickers***
# ***Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country***
# ***Thelma & Louise***
# ***Fried Green Tomatoes***
# ***Hot Shots!***
# ***JFK***

### A-Z
## Other websites 
* American movies of 1991 at the Internet Movie Database
Gradualism

**Gradualism** is a process of change by gradual, slow stages. In politics, it is the opposite of revolutions and rapid change. "Gradualism is... sometimes associated with social democracy."

In geology, it is in tune with uniformitarianism and against catastrophism. In biology it is in tune with Darwinian ideas of slowly changing species as opposed to large rapid changes

## Politics and society
Gradualism is one of the defining features of political liberalism and reformism. It is against abrupt strokes such as revolutions or uprisings. Instead, change ought to be brought about in small  steps.

Martin Luther King, Jr., was opposed to the idea of gradualism as a method of eliminating racial segregation. The government wanted to try to integrate African-Americans and European-Americans slowly into the same society, but many believed it was a way for the government to put off actually doing anything about racial segregation:

This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.— Martin Luther King Jr.'s *I Have a Dream* speech, delivered August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC

Charles Lindblom was an influential professor and author who believed in muddling through ("incrementalism") as the right way to go. He pointed out the connexions between the political system, the market-place and democratic freedom.

## Geology and biology
In the natural sciences, gradualism is a theory that profound change is the product of slow but continuous processes. It is often contrasted with catastrophism. Gradualism was proposed in 1795 by James Hutton to explain geology, and was later was the basis for Charles Lyell's *Principles of Geology*. William Whewell called the idea 'uniformitarianism'. It formed the basis of early evolutionary theory.

Charles Darwin was influenced by Lyell's *Principles of Geology*. Everything we see from the past is explained by processes we can see going on today. The present is key to the past. So Darwin thought evolutionary must occur gradually, not in jumps ('saltations'), since we do not see big changes going on today. Extreme and rapid changes in an organism would be most likely to be fatal. It is almost universally agreed that complex organs such as the eye must have evolved by many small steps rather than by one or two mutations.

"Phyletic gradualism" is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium. They proposed that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability or stasis, punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. Their idea is less accepted today.

## References
Hokurikudō

is a Japanese term for an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region. 

## History
*Hokurikudō* was one of the main circuits of the Gokishichidō system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the *Gokishichido* became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including *Hokurikudō*, remained cultural markers.

The *Hokurikudō* road connected the capitals of the provinces in this region.

## Geography
When the Gokishichidō system was initially established after the Taika reforms, the region consisted of just two provinces: Wakasa and Koshi. During the reign of Emperor Temmu, Koshi was divided into three provinces: Echizen, Etchū and Echigo and Sado Island was added as a fifth province. Later, Noto and Kaga were carved out of Echizen.

*Hokurikudō* has parts of seven ancient provinces.

## Related pages 
* Tōhoku region
* Comparison of regions of Japan

## References
Campagnola Cremasca

**Campagnola Cremasca** is a *comune* (township) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 40&nbsp;km east of Milan and about 40&nbsp;km northwest of Cremona.

Campagnola Cremasca is on the edge of the following townships: Capralba, Casaletto Vaprio, Crema, Cremosano, Pianengo, Sergnano.

## References
List of municipalities of the Province of Pavia

This is a list of the 190 comuni (townships) of the Province of Pavia, in Lombardy, Italy.

## References
Circuit (political division)

A **circuit** ( ; Chinese: **dào**; Japanese: **dō**) was a historical political division of Tang China and Japan and Korea. In Korean, the same word () is translated as "province".

## China 
Emperor Taizong divided China into parts which were called "circuits".

The organization of government and geography in Tang China were merged into provinces (*dao* ) which were ten natural regions.  In part, Tang history is about the changing balance between the provinces and a strong central government.

## Japan 
During the pre-modern era, Japan was divided into a central region and seven provincial regions or "circuits", including
* , 7&nbsp;provinces (*kuni*)
* , 6&nbsp;provinces
* , 8&nbsp;provinces
* , 8&nbsp;provinces
* , 8&nbsp;provinces
* , 15&nbsp;provinces 
* , 13&nbsp;provinces

In the mid-19th century, the northern island of Ezo was settled, and renamed .

Hokkaido did not develop as a "circuit" in the traditional way.  It became a prefecture. It had a name that was different from the other prefectures because of the suffix *-dō*.

## Korea 
After the late-10th century, the province (*do*) was the main subdivision of Korea.

## Related pages
* Prefectures of Japan
* Provinces of Japan

## References
Alagna

**Alagna** is a *comune* (township) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 40&nbsp;km southwest of Milan and about 20&nbsp;km west of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had 876 people and an area of 8.6&nbsp;km².

Alagna is on the edge of the following townships: Dorno, Garlasco, Tromello, Valeggio.

## Demographic change 

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## References
Maggie Gyllenhaal

**Margaret Ruth** "**Maggie**" **Gyllenhaal** (born November 16, 1977) is an American actress. She is the daughter of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and screenwriter Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal. She is the sister of actor Jake Gyllenhaal. Maggie got many awards for her 2002 movie *Secretary*.

## Early life 
Maggie was born in New York City to Stephen and Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal. Her parents, who married in 1977, filed for divorce in October 2008. Her father is director Stephen Gyllenhaal, who was raised as a Swedenborgian, is of Swedish, French, German, Swiss, Welsh and English descent, and is a descendant of the Swedish noble Gyllenhaal family. Maggie’s last ancestor to be born in Sweden was her great-great-grandfather, Anders Leonard Gyllenhaal. Her mother is Jewish; she was born in New York City, to a family from Russia, Latvia and Poland.

Gyllenhaal grew up in Los Angeles. She studied at the Harvard-Westlake School prep school. In 1995, she went to New York to attend Columbia University. Here, she studied literature and Eastern religions. She graduated in 1999. Hence, she got a Bachelor of Arts degree.

## Personal Life 
Gyllenhaal started dating actor Peter Sarsgaard in 2002. They got engaged in April 2006. 3 years later, they got married.They have 2 children 

## Movies 
## References
## Other websites
*
The Battle for Wesnoth

***The Battle for Wesnoth*** (or just ***Wesnoth***) is a strategy video game. It is designed by David White and the first released was made in June 2003.
The game is available under the GPL license. The 1.14.5 version is the last release and was made the 18 September 2018.

## Development 
The game is programmed in C++. It is cross-platform and runs on AmigaOS 4, BeOS, FreeBSD, Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, MorphOS, NetBSD, OpenBSD, RISC OS, iOS, Solaris and Android.

The project has a very big community and counts many contributors too. Some developers are well-known authors of other free and open-source projects. For example, there are Eric S. Raymond or Rusty Russell.

The game is translated in more than 50 languages. In 10 of them, the game is very well translated (These languages have more than 95% of messages translated).

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Mimi Rogers

**Miriam "Mimi" Rogers** (née **Spickler**; born January 27, 1956) is an American movie actress and poker player. She has been in many television program, including the series ''Dawson's Creek''.

## References
Mortal Thoughts

***Mortal Thoughts*** is a 1991 American mystery crime thriller movie which stars Demi Moore, Bruce Willis and Harvey Keitel. Willis plays a deranged and violent husband who is murdered one night; Moore plays Cynthia (who gets interrogated); Keitel plays a detective in this movie.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Albaredo Arnaboldi

**Albaredo Arnaboldi** is a *comune* (township) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 40&nbsp;km south of Milan and about 12&nbsp;km southeast of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had 200 people and an area of 9.2&nbsp;km².

Albaredo Arnaboldi is on the edge of the following townships: Barbianello, Belgioioso, Broni, Campospinoso, Casanova Lonati, Linarolo, Mezzanino, San Cipriano Po.

## Demographic evolution 

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## References
French Academy of Sciences

The **French Academy of Sciences** (*French*: **Académie des sciences**) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV. Its aim was to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was involved with many of the important scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.
It is one of the earliest academies of sciences.

 in Paris where the academy is housed]]

## People of the Academy 
Here are some incomplete lists of the officers of the academy.

### Presidents
* 1801–1814 Napoleon Bonaparte
* 1952–1962 Albert Caquot
* Currently Jean Salençon

### Treasurers
* -1788 Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
* 1788–1791 Mathieu Tillet

### Permanent secretaries
* December 1666 – April 1668 Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
* April 1668 – December 1669 Jean Gallois
* January 1670 – January 1697 Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
* January 1697 – December 1740 Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (nominated by the king in January 1699)
* January 1741 – August 1743 Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan
* September 1743 – July 1776 Jean-Paul Grandjean de Fouchy
* August 1777 – August 1793 Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet

### Mathematical Sciences and then Mathematical Sciences and Physics 
* 1801–1822 Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
* 1822–1830 Joseph Fourier
* 1830–1853 François Arago
* 1853–1874 Léonce Élie de Beaumont
* 1874–1900 Joseph Bertrand
* 1900–1917 Gaston Darboux
* 1917–1942 Émile Picard
* 1942–1975 Louis de Broglie
* 1975–1996 Paul Germain
* Currently: Jean Dercourt

### Physical Sciences
* 1795–1803 Bernard Germain de Lacépède
* 1803–1832 Georges Cuvier
* 1832–1833 Pierre-Louis Dulong
* 1833–1868 Pierre Flourens
* 1868–1884 Jean-Baptiste Dumas
* 1884–1886 Jules Jamin
* 1886–1887 Alfred Vulpian
* 1887–1889 Louis Pasteur
* 1889–1907 Marcelin Berthelot
* 1907 Albert de Lapparent
* 1908 Henri Becquerel
* 1908–1914 Philippe van Tieghem
* 1914–1948 Alfred Lacroix

### Chemistry and Biology 
* 1948–1986 Robert Courrier
* 1986–1991 Alfred Jost
* 1991–2001 François Gros
* 2001–2006 Nicole Le Douarin
* Currently Jean-François Bach
Frascarolo

**Frascarolo** is a *comune* (township) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, which is about 60&nbsp;km southwest of Milan and about 40&nbsp;km southwest of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had 1,277 people and an area of 23.4&nbsp;km².

Frascarolo is on the edge of the following townships: Bassignana, Gambarana, Mede, Suardi, Torre Beretti e Castellaro, Valenza.

## Demographic change 

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## References
Fiat Palio

The **Fiat Palio** is a car produced by Fiat. It has been produced in various countries. It replaced the Fiat Duna in 1996.

## Engines 
* *1.2 8V* 44 kW (60 hp) and 54 kW (73 hp)
* *1.2 16V* 59 kW (80 hp)
* *1.6 16V* 74 kW (101 hp) and 76 kW (103 hp)
* *1.7 TD* 51 kW (69 hp)
* *1.9 D* 46 kW (63 hp)
* *1.9 JTD* 59 kW (80 hp)

## Other websites
*
The Sword of Truth

***The Sword of Truth*** is a series of thirteen epic fantasy novels written by Terry Goodkind. The book tells the story of Richard Rahl, Kahlan Amnell and Zeddicus Zu'l Zorander.

The series is published in more than 20 languages.

## Books 
There is two prequels:
* *The First Confessor: The Legend of Magda Searus*, where the story takes place several hundred years before the main series.
* *Debt of Bones*, where the story takes place before the events related by the main series.

The main series is composed of:
# ''Wizard's First Rule*
# *Stone of Tears*
# *Blood of the Fold*
# *Temple of the Winds*
# *Soul of the Fire*
# *Faith of the Fallen*
# *The Pillars of Creation*
# *Naked Empire*
# *Chainfire*
# *Phantom*
# *Confessor*

A second series, which is the suite of the first (events in the series take place directly after the end of *Confessor*):
# *The Omen Machine*
# *The Third Kingdom''

## References 
## Other websites 
* Terry Goodkind — official website of the author
Kunio Kishida

was a Japanese dramatist and writer.  He is known as one of the founders of modern Japanese drama.

## Early life
Kishida studied French literature and modern drama at Tokyo Imperial University. In 1920, he went to Paris and studied the history of French drama.

## Career
In the 1920s, Kishida wrote dramas and novels.

In 1937, he founded the Literature Theatre Company (*Bungaku-za*).

His name was given to the most famous prize for drama in Japan—the annual Kunio Kishida Award (*Kishida Kunio Gikyoku-shô*).

## Major works
### Drama
**Old Toys* (1924)
**Autumn in Tirol* (1924)
**Paper Balloon* (1926)
**The Shower* (1926)
**Diary of Falling Leaves* (1927)
**Two Daughters of Mr. Sawa* (1935)
**A Warm Current* (1943)
**Hayamizu Girls School* (1948)

## References
## Further reading
*Rimer, J. Thomas. (1974). *Toward a modern Japanese theatre: Kishida Kunio.* Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jerry Maguire

***Jerry Maguire*** is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama sports movie written and directed by Cameron Crowe, and starring Tom Cruise, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Renée Zellweger. This movie got very positive reviews and became a strong success in the box office.

## Plot 
Jerry Maguire, a successful sports agent, has a life-changing realization about the dishonesty in his industry and decides to write a mission statement advocating for better client relationships. His company, Sports Management International (SMI), fires him, and Jerry and his protégé, Bob Sugar, compete to retain their clients. Jerry starts his own agency with the support of single mother Dorothy Boyd, but loses a top quarterback prospect to SMI. Jerry's relationship with his fiancée ends, and he grows closer to Dorothy and her son, Ray. Despite facing difficulties, Jerry focuses on his remaining client, Rod Tidwell, and eventually helps him secure an $11.2 million contract. The film ends with Jerry realizing Ray's potential in the sports industry and expressing his love for Dorothy.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Vigevano

**Vigevano** (**Avgevan** in the local variety of Western Lombard) is a city and *comune* (township) in the province of Pavia, Lombardy, northern Italy, which has many treasures and a huge industrial business. It is in the middle of a district called Lomellina, a great rice-growing centre. Vigevano received the honorary title of city with a declaration of Duke Francis II Sforza on February 2, 1532. Vigevano is well known for its beautiful Renaissance "*Piazza Ducale*", in the middle of the town.

## History
Vigevano dates back to the 10th century AD, when it was one of Lombard king Arduin's favourite places because of the good hunting.

Vigevano was a Ghibelline township, favoring the Emperor and was therefore invaded and taken by the Milanese in 1201 and again in 1275. In 1328 it finally gave itself up to Azzone Visconti, after which it shared the fortunes of Milan. The Church of S. Pietro Martire (St. Peter Martyr) was built, with the neighbouring Dominican convent, by Filippo Maria Visconti in 1445. In the last years of Visconti's control it kept a siege by Francesco Sforza. Once he was settled in power in Lombardy, Sforza made Vigevano the seat of a bishop and provided its revenues.

## Main sights
### Castello Sforzesco
Vigevano is crowned by the Castello Sforzesco, a stronghold rebuilt 1492&ndash;94 for Ludovico Maria Sforza (Ludovico il Moro), the great patron born in the town, who changed the fortification/hunting lodge of Luchino Visconti (who in turn had re-used a Lombard fortress) into a rich noble residence, at the cusp of Gothic and Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci was his guest at Vigevano, as was Bramante, who is credited with the tall tower that watches over the piazza from the Castello Sforzesco. The old castle has a unique raised covered road, high enough for horsemen to ride through, that travels between the new palace and the old fortifications; there is a Falconry, an elegant loggiato supported by 48 columns, and, in the rear area of the mastio, the Ladies' Loggia made for Duchess Beatrice d'Este.

## Notable Vigevanesi 
* Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280 - c. 1349), physician and inventor
* Ludovico Sforza (1452–1508), known as Ludovico il Moro, "The Moor", Duke of Milan.
* Eleonora Duse (1858–1924), Italian actress, often known simply as Duse, was born in Vigevano.
* Gian Carlo Rota (1932–1999), mathematician and philosopher, was born in Vigevano.
* Margie Santimaria (born 1989), a professional triathlete

## Gallery 

File:Vigevano0002.jpg|Bramante's Tower, Castello Sforzesco of Vigevano
File:Vigevano01.jpg|Court of the Castello Sforzesco

## References
*
LGBT rights in the Republic of China

The Republic of China (Taiwan) is one of Asia's most tolerant countries as far as **lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights** are concerned.

## Living conditions
## References
## Other websites
*Taiwan Pride
List of rivers of Montenegro

This is a list of rivers in Montenegro:

*Bijela
*Bistrica
*Bukovica
*Bojana
*Cijevna
*Ćehotina
*Grnčar
*Ibar
*Komarnica
*Lim
*Lješnica
*Ljuboviđa
*Ljuča
*Mala rijeka
*Morača
*Mrtvica
*Ospanica
*Piva
*Ribnica
*Sitnica (Morača)
*Šavnik
*Tara
*Trebišnjica
*Veruša
*Vrmoša
*Zeta
List of rivers of Myanmar

This is a **list of rivers in Burma (Myanmar)**. This list is arranged by where the river drains. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.

The longest river of Myanmar is the Irrawaddy River. This river begins where the N'mai River and Mali River join.

## Indian Ocean
* Nāf River
* Kaladan River
* Lemro River
* Mayu River
* Kaleindaung River
* Pathein River (Bassein River)
** Dagā River
* Pyanmalot River (Pyamalaw River)
* Irrawaddy River (Ayeyarwady River)
** Yin River
** Mon River
** Yaw River
*** Kyaw River
** Chindwin River
*** Myittha River
**** Manipur River
*** Uyu River
*** Tizu River
** Mu River
** Myitnge River
*** Zawgyi River
** Shweli River
** Taping River
** N'Mai River
** Mali River
* Thandi River
* Yangon River (Rangoon River) (Hlaing River) (Myint ma kha River)
** Bago River (Pegu River)
** Myitmaka River
* Sittaung River
* Bilin River
* Salween River (Thanlwin River)
** Ataran River
*** Zami River
*** Winyaw River
** Gyaing River
*** Haungtharaw River
** Yunzalin River
** Moei River (Thaungyin River)
** Nam Pang River
** Pawn River
*** Pilu River
** Pai River
** Teng River
** Hsim River
** Pāng River
** Nam River
** Nanding River
* Ye River
* Heinze River
* Dawei River (Tavoy River)
* Great Tenasserim River (Tanintharyi River)
* Lenya River
* Kraburi River (Pakchan River)
* Dapein River
* Tarpein River
* Paung Laung River
* Chaungmagyi River

## Pacific Ocean
* Mekong
** Kok River
** Ruak River
** Loi River

## Others
* Maykha River
* Malikha River

## References
* Rand McNally, *The New International Atlas*, 1993.

## Other websites
* Arakanrivers
List of rivers of Morocco

This is a **list of streams and rivers in Morocco**

## A 
*El-Abid River
*Azul River

## B 
*Baht River 
*Bou Regreg

## C 
*Chaaba River

## D 
*Dadès River
*Draa River

## F 
*Fes River

## I 
*Imini River 
*Inaouen River

## K 
*Ksob River

## L 
*Lakhdar River
*Laou River (Wad Laou/Law)
*Loukkos River

## M 
*Makhazen River
*Massa River
*Moulouya River

## N 
*Noun River

## O 
*Ouarzazate River  
*Ouergha River 
*Oum Er-Rbia River
*Ourika River

## S 
*Sebou River
*Sous River

## T 
*Tamri River
*Tensift 
*Tessaoute River
*Todra River
*Tit River

## Z 
*Ziz River
Competition (economics)

In economics, the word **competition** means that there are at least two competitors (¨players¨) who want to get a share of a market. The market is divided between all the economic players; this means that if a player gets a higher market share, another player will get a smaller share of the market. In his work, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith says that all players uses the resources they have so that they will get the most profit from these resources. According to Smith, this encourages efficiency. 
Game theory looks at competition, from a mathematical point of view.

## Different forms of competition
# Products that perform the same function, and that are interchangeable, compete against each other; this is known as **Direct competition**
# Products that are substitutes compete; an example might be butter competing with margarine
# The broadest form is usually called budget competition: People have an amount of money they can spend each month; all the different products the consumers spend their money on, in a given month compete with each other.

## Limiting competition
Note that competition does not necessarily involve different companies; in the 1920s, General Motors had divisions that overlapped, and that competed for resources. Procter & Gamble introduced the competition between different brands in the 1930s.

Also note that competition is limited: In some areas, there are monopolies, often granted by the state. The state may also apply taxes or pay subsidies as a way to protect its own economy.

Other factors that limit competition include the existence of cartels.

## Related pages 
*Competition law
List of rivers of Mozambique

This is a **list of streams and rivers in Mozambique**

## B 
Buzi River

## C 
Chindi River

## K 
Komati River

## L 
Limpopo River -
Luambala River -
Luangwa River -
Lugenda River -
Licungo River - 
Ligonha River -
Lurio River

## M 
Maputo River - Mazowe River - Manisi River - Messalo River - Matola River

## P 
Pungwe River

## R 
Ruvuma River

## S 
Save River (Africa) - Shire River

## Z 
Zambezi River
Greater flamingo

The **greater flamingo** (*Phoenicopterus roseus*) is the most widespread species of the flamingo family. It is found in the wetlands areas of Africa, southwest Europe, and South Asia. This is the largest species of flamingo, averaging up to 5 feet tall, and weighing 8 lbs. Their wingspan is 4 to 6 feet. Greater flamingos live up to 20 years in the wild. Their diet consists of seeds, algae, and small invertebrates.

The bird lives in mudflats and shallow coastal lagoons with salt water. Using its feet, the bird stirs up the mud, then sucks water through its bill and filters out small shrimp, seeds, blue-green algae, microscopic organisms and molluscs. The greater flamingo feeds with its head down. Its upper jaw is movable and not rigidly fixed to its skull. It was the state bird of Junagadh State.

## References
Bar-headed goose

The **bar-headed goose** (*Anser indicus*) is a type of goose that lives in wetland areas in Central Asia. It has a light grey body, broad wings, and a white face and neck. Its name comes from the two stripes (or "bars") of dark feathers that wrap around the back of its head. Like other geese, its feet are webbed. They can get up to 2.5 feet long and weigh 6.5 pounds. They eat mainly grass, wheat, barley and rice.

## Physiology 
The main physiological challenge of bar-headed geese is getting oxygen from thin air  to their aerobic muscle fibres so they can fly at high altitudes. Flight is very metabolically costly at high-altitudes because birds need to flap harder in thin air to generate lift. 

Studies have found that bar-headed geese breathe more deeply and efficiently under low oxygen conditions, which serves to increase oxygen uptake from the environment. The haemoglobin of their blood has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to low-altitude geese.

Bar-headed geese have a slightly larger wing area for their weight than other geese, which is believed to help them fly at high altitudes. Birds at high-altitude still need to flap harder than lowland birds.

All this is relevant, since they fly through the high passes in the Himalayas when they migrate to & from the Indian subcontinent.

## References
Müller's Bornean gibbon

The '''Müller's Bornean gibbon'* (*Hylobates muelleri''), also known as the **grey gibbon**, is a primate in the Hylobatidae family. The Muller's gibbon ranks among the smallest gibbons, weighing . It is about  tall. The grey gibbons can live more than 40 years in captivity. They eat primarily fruit, leaves, flowers, and invertebrates.

## Range
Muller's gibbons can only be found in the tropical rainforest of the island Borneo.

## References
Jorge Ricardo

**Jorge Ricardo** (born September 30, 1961 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a jockey of Thoroughbred horse racing, actually riding in Argentina, who became the all-time winningest rider in history on February 5, 2007. He has since been passed by Canadian-born, California-based rider Russell Baze.

## Sources
* Ricardo sets new world record
* Ricardo x Baze
* Story on Ricardo's pursuit of 10,000 victories.
* February 6, 2007 ESPN article *Brazilian passes Baze to take record -- for now*
* Profile of Jorge Ricardo at JockeysRoom.com
Grey bamboo lemur

The **grey bamboo lemur** is also called the **grey gentle lemur**, or the **eastern lesser bamboo lemur** (*Hapalemur griseus*). This is the smallest of the bamboo lemurs. It lives mostly in bamboo forests in eastern Madagascar. It is normally active at dusk, eating bamboo leaves and shoots.

## Appearance 
Grey bamboo lemurs grow up to  long and weigh up to . The eastern lesser bamboo lemur has a dense, woolly coat that is grey to olive-grey on the upperparts, with chestnut-brown tinges on the head, shoulders, and sometimes the back.

## References
Angola colobus

The **Angola colobus** (*Colobus angolensis*) is an arboreal monkey that belongs to the *Colobus* genus. They have no thumbs, which is not normal among primates. This allows them to shape their fingers into a winging hook. They eat leaves, fruit, and seeds.

## Appearance 
Angolan colobus monkeys have glossy, black fur covers much of the body, but contrasts with short, white hair surrounding the face, a u-shaped, cape-like mantle of long white hair that extends down the shoulders and across the lower back, and a bushy white tuft to the tip of the tail. Colobus monkeys typically can weigh 2 lbs and grow over 2 feet long. Their lifespan is 20 to 30 years in the wild.

## Habitat and distribution 
Colobus monkeys live in the trees of the African savannah and tropical forests.

## References
Léon: The Professional

***Léon*** (full name ***Léon: The Professional***) is a 1994 French action thriller movie directed by Luc Besson. The focus of *Léon* is assassination and the Mafia. The movie is set in New York City. Jean Reno plays the title role, a hitman. Natalie Portman co-stars as Matilda, a girl who is being taught to become an assassin. Gary Oldman plays the main villain Norman Stansfield, a corrupt cop in the Drug Enforcement Administration and mafia leader who kills Matilda's family. *Léon* was released in the United States on November 18, 1994.

## Other websites 
*
Chris Evert

**Christine Marie "Chris" Evert** (born 21 December 1954) is an American retired tennis player. 

Evert was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, a daughter of tennis player and coach Jimmy Evert.

Evert turned professional in 1972. In singles, she won the Australian Open in 1982 and 1984. She won the French Open in 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985 and 1986. She won Wimbledon in 1974, 1976 and 1981. She won the US Open in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980 and 1982. In doubles, she won the French Open in 1974 and 1975, as well as Wimbledon in 1976. She retired in 1989.

She was engaged to Jimmy Connors in 1974. She married John Lloyd in 1979; they divorced in 1987. She married Andy Mill in 1988; they had three sons. She divorced him in 2006. She married Greg Norman in 2008; they divorced in 2009. She lives in Boca Raton, Florida.
Senate of Chile

The **Senate of Chile** is the upper house of Chile's bicameral National Congress established in the Chilean constitution.

## Related pages 
* President of the Senate of Chile
* National Congress of Chile
* Chamber of Deputies of Chile

## Other websites 
* The Official website of the Chilean Senate
List of rivers of Namibia

This is a **list of streams and rivers in Namibia**.  They are arranged by where the river drains.  There is list by letter at the end.

## Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean 
*Kunene River
*Ugab River
*Omaruru River
*Swakop River
**Khan River
*Kuiseb River
*Orange River
**Fish River
***Molopo River (South Africa, Botswana)*
***Nossob River 
## Flowing into the Indian Ocean 
*Zambezi River
**Kwando River (or Linyanti River or Chobe River)

## Flowing into endorheic basins 
### Etosha Pan 
*Ekuma River
*Oshigambo River
### Okavango Delta 
*Okavango River
### Sossusvlei 
*Tsauchab

## List by letter 
* Ekuma River
* Fish River
* Khan River 
* Kuiseb River 
* Kunene River 
* Kwando River
* Nossob River
* Okavango River
* Omaruru River 
* Orange River 
* Oshigambo River
* Swakop River
* Tsauchab
* Ugab River
* Zambezi River
Robert Herbert

**Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert** (1831-1905) was the first Premier of Queensland. He was premier twice, the first time when Queensland became an independent colony, from 10 December 1859 to 1 February 1866 and then again from 20 July 1866 to 7 August 1866.

He was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford.

## References
Lara Giddings

**Larissa Tahireh Giddings** (born 14 November 1972) was the 44th Premier of Tasmania. She became premier on 24 January 2011 when David Bartlett resigned. She is the first woman to be Premier of Tasmania, as well as the youngest woman elected to an Australian parliament.

On 15 March 2014, in the Tasmanian state election the Labor government led by Lara Giddings was defeated by the Liberals led by Will Hodgman.

## References
Laurie Metcalf

**Laura Elizabeth "Laurie" Metcalf** (born June 16, 1955) is an American movie and television series actress. She played Jackie Harris in the sitcom *Roseanne*. She played Carolyn Bigsby in the sitcom *Desperate Housewives* She played Debbie Salt in *Scream 2*. She played one of the characters in the *Toy Story* franchise. Metcalf received three Emmy Awards for her performance. She was born in Carbondale, Illinois. She was married to Jeff Perry. In 2018, she won a Tony Award.
Bother (song)

"**Bother**" is the second single from the alternative metal band Stone Sour's first album *Stone Sour*. It was originally released as a solo song by frontman Corey Taylor, but the billing was later changed to Stone Sour. The song was one of Stone Sour's first songs to put them into the mainstream. The cover features Taylor's hands and rings, one of them being a Spider-Man ring which is a reference to the song being featured on the soundtrack to the film *Spider-Man* (although the track is credited to Taylor as the performer not Stone Sour) and to Taylor being a fan of Spider-Man. The other has the number 8 on it, representing Taylor's number in Slipknot. Taylor has stated that the song is about when he moved back to Des Moines from Denver, where he hoped to try to move forward with his music.
Croup

**Croup** (or **laryngotracheobronchitis**) is a disease caused by a virus and leads to swelling inside the throat. It is possible that, in the past, it was called **ascension of the lights**. This swelling causes problems with normal breathing. People with croup can have a "barking"cough, stridor (a high-pitched wheezing sound), and hoarseness.  Croup often gets worse at night. Taking steroids by mouth can treat the condition. Sometimes epinephrine is used in more severe cases. Hospitalization is rarely required.

Doctors decide if a person has croup after they have eliminated other possibilities (for example, something in the throat). Blood tests, X-rays, and cultures are not needed. Croup is common. About 15% of children between 6 months and 5–6 years old get croup. Teenagers and adults rarely get croup.

## Signs and symptoms
The "barking" cough can sound like a seal or sea lion. Drooling or a sick appearance can mean a different illness. Points are given for five factors: level of consciousness, cyanosis (blue skin coloring), stridor (wheezing), air entry, and skin on the chest pulling in.

Corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone and budesonide, can be used to treat croup. People begin to improve a lot within six hours after taking steroids.

Moderate to severe croup can be helped with nebulized epinephrine(an inhaled solution that widens the airway). While epinephrine reduces croup severity within 10–30 minutes, the benefits last for only about 2 hours. Medical professionals do not want people to use cough medicines, which containdextromethorphan and/or guiafenesin. Since most cases of croup are viral diseases, antibiotics are not used unless bacteria are also suspected.

## Epidemiology
About 15% of children between the ages of 6 months and 5–6 years will get croup. Diphtheritic croup has been known since the time of Homer's Ancient Greece. In 1826, Bretonneau distinguished croup from a virus and croup due to diphtheria. The French called croup from a virus "faux-croup," using "croup" for a disease caused by the diphtheria bacteria. Croup due to diphtheria is now nearly unknown since most people are immunized.

## References
List of rivers of Mongolia

]]
This is a list of notable rivers of Mongolia.  They are arranged geographically by river basin.

## Longest rivers
# Orkhon River - 
# Kherlen River - 
# Tuul River - 
# Zavkhan River - 
# Selenge River - 
# Tes River - 
# Hovd River - 
# Eg River - 
# Ider River - 
# Delgermörön - 

## Flowing into the Arctic Ocean
**Yenisei River (Russia)*
***Angara River (Russia)*, flowing out of Lake Baikal
***Selenge River (Сэлэнгэ мөрөн in Sükhbaatar) flowing into Lake Baikal
****Chikoy River
*****Menza River
*****Katantsa River
*****Jida or Dzhida River (Russia)*
*****Zhelter River (Зэлтэр гол)
****Orkhon River (Орхон гол in Kharkhorin, Bulgan)
*****Tuul River (Туул гол in Ulaanbaatar)
*****Tamir River (Тамир гол at Arkhangai)
*****Kharaa River (Хараа гол at Selenge)
****Eg River (in Khatgal)
*****Üür River (at Khövsgöl)
******Uilgan River (at Khövsgöl)
******Arigiin River 
*****Tarvagatai River 
****Khanui River ( at Arkhangai)
****Ider River (Идэр гол at Khövsgöl)
*****Chuluut River (at Arkhangai)
******Suman River (at Arkhangai)
****Delgermörön River (Дэлгэрмөрөн in Mörön)
*****Beltes River 
*****Bügsiin River 
***Lesser Yenisei (Russia)*
***Kyzyl-Khem (Кызыл-Хем)
****Büsein River 
****Shishged River (Шишгэд гол)
*****Sharga River 
*****Tengis River
******River

## Flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk (Pacific Ocean)
**Amur River (Russia/China)*
***Shilka River (Russia)*
***Onon River (Онон гол)
## Flowing into endorheic basins 
### Hulun Lake
*Kherlen River (Хэрлэн гол)
### Ulaan Lake 
*Ongi River
### Great Lakes Depression 
#### Khar-Us Lake 
*Khovd River
#### Uvs Nuur Basin
Rivers draining into endorheic Uvs Lake, forming the drainage of the Uvs Lake Basin
* Kharkhiraa River
*Sangil gol
*Turuun River 
*Nariin gol
*Tes River
**Shavar River
**Tsereg River
**Khachig River
**Erzin River
#### Khyargas Lake 
*Zavkhan River
#### Dörgön Lake 
*Teeliin gol, flowing out of Khar Lake
**Chono Kharaikh gol, draining into Khar Lake

### Ulungur Lake 
*Bulgan River (Ulungur River)
List of rivers of Nicaragua

, south of Lake Cocibolca, next to the Río San Juan on the east.]]
Most of the **rivers in Nicaragua** are on the Caribbean coast and empty out into the Caribbean Sea. The Río San Juan is one of the most important rivers in Nicaragua. It borders Costa Rica and connects the Caribbean Sea to Lake Cocibolca which flows out to the Pacific Ocean.

This list is arranged by where the river drains. Tributaries are indented under each larger stream's name.

## Atlantic Ocean
*Coco River (Segovia River) (Wanki River)
**Waspuk River
**Lakus River
**Bocay River
***Amaka River
**El Jicaro River
**Estili River
*Ulang River
*Wawa River (Huahua River)
**Likus River
*Kukalaya River
*Layasiksa River
*Prinzapolka River
**Bambana River
**Yaoya River
**Uli River
**Wani River
*Río Grande de Matagalpa
**Tuma River
***Iyás River
***Yaosca River
**Murra River
**Olama River
*Kurinwás River
*Wawasang River
*Escondido River
**Kama River
**Mahogany River
**Rama River
***Plata River
**Mico River
**Siquia River
*Kukra River
*Punta Gorda River
*Maíz River
*Indio River
*San Juan River
**Sábalos River
**Lake Nicaragua
***Tule River
***Canastro River
***Tepenaguasapa River
***Oyate River
***Ojocuapa River
****Acoyapa River
***Mayales River
****Cuisalá River
***Malacatoya River
***Tipitapa River
****Lake Managua
*****Viejo River (Grande River)
*****Sinecapa River
***Ochomogo River
***Sapoá River
***Niño River (Pizote River)
***Papaturro River
***Zapote River
***Frío River

## Pacific Ocean
*Río Negro
*Estero Real River
**Tecomapa River
*Tamarindo River
*Tecolapa River
*Casares River
*Escalante River

## References
*Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
*CIA map, 1997.
*UN map, 2004.
*Weller Cartographic Services map, 1998.
*Instituto Nicaragüense de Estudio Territoriales department maps , 2001. (in Spanish)
Christopher Showerman

**Christopher Frederick Showerman** (born June 24, 1971) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing George in *George of the Jungle 2*, taking over from Brendan Fraser.

## Other websites
* Official site
* 
* Interview for "The Land That Time Forgot"
* Actors Life 
* Shorrisfilm.com
San'yōdō

is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region. 

## History
''San'yōdō* was one of the main circuits of the *Gokishichidō* system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the *Gokishichido* became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including *San'yōdō*, remained cultural markers.

## Geography
*San'yōdō* is the southern part of southern Honshū.  The region is on the Seto Inland Sea.  It has includes eight ancient provinces,  including
*Aki 
*Bingo
*Bitchū
*Bizen
*Harima
*Mimasaka
*Nagato
*Suō

The lands of four prefectures is in the region of *San'yōdō'': Hiroshima, Hyōgo, Okayama and Yamaguchi.

The modern national highway, Route 2, the San'yō Expressway, and the San'yō Main Line of the West Japan Railway Company, follow the approximate route of the San'yōdō.

## Related pages
* Chūgoku region
* Comparison of regions of Japan

## References
List of rivers of Norway

The following are the 20 longest rivers of Norway ranked by length (in miles):

# Glomma (373)
# Pasvikelva and Ivalojoki (236) (86 in Norway, 149 in Finland)
# Numedalslågen (218)
# Gudbrandsdalslågen and Vorma (218)
# Tanaelva (216)
# Drammensvassdraget (Drammenselva) (187)
# Skiensvassdraget (155)
# Begna (155)
# Otra (152)
# Trysilelva (144)
# Altaelva (142)
# Namsen (141)
# Hallingdalselva and Snarumselva (136)
# Arendalsvassdraget (Nidelva (Aust-Agder)) (129)
# Orklaelva (106)
# Renaelva (102)
# Vefsna (101)
# Nea-Nidelvvassdraget (96)
# Karasjohka (96)
# Gaula (90)

## Other rivers
Other rivers include:
*Akerselva
*Flakstadelva

## References 
* De lengste elvene i Norge  ("*The longest rivers in Norway*" (*Norwegian*) from the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate)
List of rivers of Nigeria

This is a **list of rivers in Nigeria**

## A
*Aba River – Anambra River
*Agulu lake

## B
Benue River – Bonny River

## C
Calabar River – Chanomi Creek – Cross River

## D
Donga River

## E
Ekulu River – Escravos River

## F
Forcados River

## G
Gadar Tamburawa River – Gongola River – Goulbi de Maradi River – Great Kwa River

## H
Hadejia River

## I
Imo River

## J
Jama'are River

## K
Ka River – Kaduna River – Katsina Ala River – Kwa Ibo River

## N
New Calabar River – Ngadda River – Niger River – Nun River

## O
Ogun River – Ogunpa River – Oramiriukwa River – Oshun River – Otamiri River – Ouémé River

## R
Rima River

## S
Sokoto River

## T
Taraba River

## Y
Yobe River

## Z
Zamfara River