open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
French Polynesia

**French Polynesia** (, Tahitian: *Porinetia Farani*) is a French "overseas collectivity" (French: ''collectivité d'outre mer*, or COM) with the particular designation of "overseas country" (French: *pays d'outre-mer*, or *POM*) in the southern Pacific Ocean.

The country is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands. The most well-known is Tahiti, the most populous island, which is in the Society Islands group. The capital of the territory, Papeete, is also there.

Although it does not really belong in the territory, French Polynesia is in charge of affairs for Clipperton Island.

Other island groups include:
*Austral Islands
*Bass Islands *often considered part of the Austral Islands*
*Gambier Islands *often considered part of the Tuamotu Archipelago''
*Marquesas Islands
*Society Islands (including Tahiti)
*Tuamotu Archipelago

Aside from Tahiti, some other important atolls, islands, and island groups in French Polynesia are: Ahe, Bora Bora, Hiva `Oa, Huahine, Maiao, Maupiti, Mehetia, Moorea, Nuku Hiva, Raiatea, Tahaa, Tetiaroa, Tubuai, and Tupai.

## References
**Notes**
Koala

.]]

**Koala** (*Phascolarctos cinereus*) is a plant-eating marsupial. They live in the eucalyptus forests of eastern Australia. They are related to the wombats.

Koalas are often called *koala bears*, because a koala looks like a small bear or teddy bear. However, it is not a bear, it is quite a different type of animal. Koalas sleep 20 hours a day due to their low-energy diet, the toxic eucalyptus leaves.

## Appearance 
Koalas have brownish-grey or silver-grey fur, and a big pink, dark red or/and black nose. They have sharp claws which help them to climb.

Koalas also have finger prints which look the same as human finger prints. Finger print experts have had difficulty in being able to tell if the prints are from a human or koala. there are over 500 types of gum trees in the world, however, koalas only eat the 4-6 types that they prefer. 

## Chlamydia
Many koalas are infected with Chlamydia. This is affecting the survival of the species. Koalas on French Island do not have the disease, and so groups of them are often moved to the mainland to repopulate some areas. The disease can cause blindness, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and reproductive tract infections. 

Additionally, Scientists have been testing new vaccines that help protect koalas from Chlamydia. These usually show promising results in field trials. The data and monitoring of these koalas have allowed a new find in science that contributes to lowering risk of koalas being infected with such disease. 

## References
## Other websites
* The Aussie Koala Ark Conservation Project
Flashlight

]]
A **flashlight** (in American English) or **torch** (in Commonwealth countries) is a small, portable spotlight. Its function is a beam of light which helps to see. It usually requires batteries.

The light is made by a small light bulb.  In the 20th century, it was usually an incandescent bulb.  Nowadays most use LEDs, which work slightly differently.  In 1896, the first dry cell battery was invented. Unlike previous batteries, it used a paste electrolyte instead of a liquid. This was the first battery suitable for portable electrical devices, as it did not spill or break easily and worked in any orientation.  Sometimes the electricity comes from a small generator instead of a battery.

The torch can also refer to a flammable stick that is lit on fire to provide light and (or) heat. 

## Origin 
Hundreds of years ago, people used candles or oil lamps for indoor light. Candles were expensive, and once the candle was gone, you would have to buy or make a new one or be stuck in the dark. When electricity was discovered and the light bulb was invented, David Misell, a British man working in Hubert's New York shop in 1898, came up with the idea of a light bulb that you could take with you, anywhere you wanted to go. Then, the torch was invented. The first flashlight has three D batteries which powered a small incandescent bulb. The bulbs would glow with a simple ON/OFF switch.

## References
Discrimination

**Discrimination** is when someone is treated unfairly or differently because the person is one of a particular group. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms that all persons must be protected against any kind of discrimination, or even its inciting.
## Overview
A person might be discriminated against because of their race, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, caste, the way they look, a past criminal record, the person's lifestyle, their choice of clothing, their age or their disabilities, whether they are a member of or fit in with a social clique (group), social class, social status or caste, and many other reasons.
## Forms
Discrimination can take many forms. It can include being fired from a job, not being able to be hired for a job, being paid less money than others at the same job, being refused a home or apartment, teasing, harassment, or simply being treated differently than other people. Laws known as "equal opportunity legislation" protect people from discrimination. 

They say people should be employed whatever their race, age, sex or religion. There should be reasonable care for people with disabilities or accessibility. Two people in the same position must be paid the same wage if they have exactly the same job.

## Legality
In some countries, discrimination against somebody on the basis of race, sex, religion, sexual orientation, age, or disability is illegal. Even in those countries where discrimination is unlawful, it still takes place because there is a world of difference between the law and its application.

In some other countries, discrimination against somebody is legal or even official government policy. This especially takes place in countries in which there is an official religion, and people of other religions are discriminated against.

## Related pages
* Sexism
* Racism
* Ageism
* Ableism
* Antiziganism
* Antisemitism
* Intersectionality
* Homophobia
* Transphobia
John Adams (composer)

**John Coolidge Adams** is an American composer. He was born in 1947. He was born in Worchester, Massachusetts. His music often uses minimalism with large orchestras and lots of different sounds. He was named after John Adams, the 2nd President of the United States. 
## Life
He studied music at Harvard University. After he graduated from Harvard, he went to California. Soon, he became part of the musical community of San Francisco. He listened to the music of minimalist composers like John Cage, Terry Riley and Morton Feldman. By the mid-1980s he was working as composer and conductor. The piece that made him famous was called *Harmonium*. *Harmonium* is made to sound like a harmonium, but the title also refers to "harmony". This shows that he is writing tonal music, unlike some composers at the time whose music was getting more difficult to understand because it was not in any key.

Adams wrote several short pieces such as *Short Ride in a Fast Machine* and *The Chairman Dances*. This last piece is music from his opera *Nixon in China.* It was performed many times, but made some people angry because the Chinese leaders Chou En-lai and Mao Tse-tung are shown in it as human beings who deserve sympathy.

Adam's Violin Concerto has been performed over 100 times by many of the world's famous violinists. Adam's song, *The Chairman Dances*, was put in the game Civilization IV.

## References
Ellipsoid

An **ellipsoid** is a shape like a sphere, but prolate (longer in one or more directions) like a rugby ball, or like an egg. It is the 3 dimensional analogue of an ellipse.

The Earth is shaped slightly like an ellipsoid. Its shape is called an oblate spheroid. An ellipsoid shaped like the Earth, called a reference ellipsoid, is often preferred to the geoid because it makes calculations simpler.

## Related pages 
*Ellipse
*Oblate spheroid
*Geoid
Frédéric Chopin

**Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin** (1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849; pronounced SHOH-pen) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist. He is considered one of the greatest Romantic piano composers. Later in Paris he preferred an instrument from Pleyel. Both of these instruments were recreated in the 21st century to help listeners hear Chopin's works played on pianos that they were written for. 

## Death 
Chopin suffered from poor health most of his life and died of tuberculosis in Paris in 1849 at age 39.

## References
## Other websites
*Chopin biography 
*Our Chopin
Ernest Rutherford

**Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson ** OM PC FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British scientist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his work on nuclear physics, and for his theory of the structure of the atom.

## Career 
Rutherford was one of the first researchers in nuclear physics, after the discovery of radiation by the French physicist Henri Becquerel in 1896. Rutherford discovered the radioactive half-life, and the three parts of radiation which he named Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. He also discovered that alpha particles were the nuclei of Helium. Rutherford's Geiger–Marsden experiment led to what we know today about the atomic structure, where the atom is a nucleus and electrons orbit around it.

In 1919, Rutherford made the world's first artificial nuclear reaction, where he put alpha particles with nitrogen gas and created particles of oxygen isotopes and protons. This was nuclear transmutation, changing nitrogen gas into oxygen gas.

Rutherford was the leader of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He proved the existence of the nucleus and that is was composed of protons and neutrons. In 1932 James Chadwick made an experiment at the Cavendish Lab that showed Rutherford was right.

Rutherford College, a school in Auckland, New Zealand, was named after him.

## Related pages 
*List of scientists from Oceania

## Other websites 
* The Rutherford Museum
* Rutherford Scientist Supreme
* Ernest Rutherford  @ nobel.se
* "Ernest Rutherford 1871–1937". A Science Odyssey, pbs.org.
Tasmanian devil

The **Tasmanian devil** '*(*Sarcophilus harrisii*)*' is a meat eating mammal. It is a marsupial, which means it has a small pouch to carry its babies. It is the largest meat eating marsupial in the world. It is nocturnal, which means it sleeps during the day and is awake during the night. Tasmanian devils now live only in Tasmania, an island state of Australia.

The devil is the same size as a small dog with a wide head and a short tail. Male devils can weigh 12 kg and be 30 cm tall. It has black fur and makes a loud and very scary screeching noise. It will hunt other animals and also feed on dead animals. The devil has strong teeth and jaws and will eat all its prey, even bones and fur. In the places where the tumours were seen first, devil numbers have dropped by 95%.

## Genetics
 of male Tasmanian devil.]]

The devils have a low genetic diversity which is consistent with a 'founder effect'. What this means is: a small number colonised Tasmania from Australia at some stage. So their genetic variety was much less than the parent population. Disease like the present may have happened before, and reduced the population to a small number. These events are called 'population bottlenecks'. A small population which carries less variation is always vulnerable to extinction, because none of the animals may be resistant to the infection.

Its genome was sequenced in 2010 by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. There is some hope for their survival because, since 2005, three females have been found that are partially resistant to the disease.

## Images

File:Tasmanian Devil Tumour Map.png|Spread of tumours shown in red
File:Baby Tasmanian Devil.jpg|Baby Tasmanian Devil

## References 
## Other websites
* The Aussie Devil Ark Conservation Project
Joseph Haydn

**Franz Joseph Haydn** (31 March 1732 – 31 May 1809) was an Austrian composer. He was one of the most famous composers in the Classical music period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony." He also taught Ludwig van Beethoven and a friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Mozart considered him a mentor).

## Life 
Haydn's father made wheels for a living. He had the skills of a blacksmith, stonemason, and carpenter. He used that skill in his spare time to make musical instruments for his family to play. The Haydn family would give informal weekend concerts. One of Joseph's relatives thought that Joseph had a great singing voice and should go with him to a boarding school where he would start studying to become a priest.

Haydn did not like it very much at the boarding school, but his voice developed to a point where he was selected to be a part of the Boy's Choir of the Vienna Cathedral. He stayed there until his voice changed. Haydn made a living teaching lessons and playing in the streets for handouts until he met Nicola Porpora, who hired Haydn as an accompanist and general servant. 

Eventually Haydn got a job working for Nicholas Esterhazy. He worked for the Esterhazys for over 30 years. He wrote symphonies, string quartets, operas, piano sonatas, and other pieces.

After he was released from his duties with the Esterhazys, Haydn travelled to London. Even at the age of 60 he was still active and wrote some of his most famous symphonies there. While in London, he heard Handel's Messiah, and was inspired to write two oratorios of his own, The Seasons and The Creation. While working on these oratorios in Vienna, Haydn gave lessons to Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven had first wanted to study with Mozart, but by the time Beethoven was ready to study in Vienna, Mozart had died.

The house in Vienna where Haydn wrote his oratorios has been turned into a museum called 'Haydnhaus'. There visitors can see the piano by Anton Walter that composer was using for writing music. Haydn was so well-respected in Vienna that he was known as "Papa Haydn" and his influence on music was profound and great.
Orthology (language)

:*For the use in evolutionary biology, see Orthology (biology)*
**Orthology** is the study of the right use of words in language. The word comes from Greek *ortho*- ("correct") and -*logy* ("science of"). This science is a place where psychology, philosophy, linguistics, and many otherwife fields of learning come together. The most noted use of *Orthology* is for the selection of words 
for the language of Basic English by the Orthological Institute.

The book, *The Meaning of Meaning*, by C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards, is an important book dealing with orthology. The term *Orthology* comes from the book *The Grammar of Science* by Karl Pearson.

## References
1712

**1712** (MDCCXII) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* January 26 – Tuscarora War: More than half of the Native Americans in Colonel John Barnwell's Carolina militia desert during the crossing of the Cape Fear River.
* January 29 – Tuscarora War: Colonel John Barnwell's Carolina militia attack the sprawling Tuscarora farming community of Torhunta by focusing on Fort Narhantes. Many Tuscarora captives are enslaved.
Toei Company

**Toei Company, Ltd.** (東映株式会社 *Tōei Kabushiki-gaisha* (pronounced *toe ay*) is a Japanese film, television production, and  distribution corporation. Based in Tokyo, Toei owns and operates thirty-four movie theaters across Japan, studios at Tokyo and Kyoto; and is a shareholder in several television companies. It is notable for anime franchises such as *Dragon Ball Z*, *One Piece* and *Sailor Moon*, and live action dramas known as tokusatsu, and jidaigeki historical dramas.

## History 
**Tokyo-Yokohama Films** (東横映画 *Tō-Yoko Eiga*, incorporated in 1938, had previously erected its facilities immediately east of the Tōkyū Tōyoko Line, they managed the Tōkyū Shibuya Yokohama studio system prior to V-J Day. From 1945 through the Toei merger, Tokyo-Yokohama Films leased from the Daiei Motion Picture Company a second studio in Kyoto. Through the merger, they gained the combined talents and experience of different actors. On October 1, 1950, the **Tokyo Film Distribution Company** was incorporated; in 1951 the company purchased **Ōizumi Films**.

In 1956, Toei established an animation division, Toei Animation at the former Tokyo-Ōizumi animation studio, purchasing the assets of **Japan Animated Films** (originally founded in 1948)

Toei was a pioneer in the use of transformation in live-action martial-arts dramas, a technique developed for the *Kamen Rider*, *Metal Heroes* and *Super Sentai* series; The genre currently continues with *Kamen Rider* and *Super Sentai*.

On April 6, 2020, Toei created their official YouTube channel and uploaded some of their oldest tokusatsu series (from the 50s to 90s).

## References 
## Other websites 
* toei.co.jp - Company webpage
Naoko Takeuchi

**Naoko Takeuchi** (武内直子, *Takeuchi Naoko*; born 15 March 1967), is a manga artist from Japan. She lives in Tokyo. She wrote the manga Sailor Moon, which was so popular it was made into an anime, musicals, video games and more. Her husband, Yoshihiro Togashi, is the creator of *YuYu Hakusho* and *Hunter × Hunter*.

In Kappa Rivista Italiana #62, she interviewed the creator of *Silent Möbius*, Kia Asamiya.

## References
Kimigayo

"**Kimigayo**" (Kanji: 君が代, Hiragana: きみがよ, , meaning "His Imperial Majesty's Reign") is the national anthem of Japan. The anthem is based on a poem written by an unknown poet from Japan about one thousand years ago. The music was composed more recently, about two hundred years ago; however, it had to be rewritten shortly afterwards, because the original tune was unpopular.

Although popular for a long period and sung in situations where people from other countries would usually sing their country's national anthem, "Kimigayo" was only considered as Japan's official national anthem in 1999. The law that stated this also defined the Flag of Japan in a similar way.

The national anthem of Japan is one of the shortest national anthems in the world, containing only thirty-two syllables. Because it is so short, the anthem is normally played very slowly.

## Lyrics
## References
## Other websites 
* Listen to Kimi ga yo  (.ra format)
April Fools' Day

'''April Fools' Day'* is celebrated in many countries on April 1 every year. On this day, practical jokes (or *April Fools*) are played on friends and family. The jokes are done to embarrass them. In some countries, April Fools only last until noon, and if someone plays a joke after, they are an April Fool.

## Origins
### Classical antiquity
People have set aside a special day for playing jokes for centuries. The ancient Romans had a holiday called *Hilaria''.

### Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, New Year's Day was celebrated on March 25 in most European towns. In some areas of France, New Year's was a week-long holiday ending on April 1. Some people think that April Fools' started because those who celebrated on January 1 made fun of those who celebrated on other dates.

## Long standing customs
### United Kingdom
This custom makes no sense at all until one remembers how much colder the climate was before the 20th century. Great rivers like the Thames were frozen over in the winter, and young people used to skate on them in wintertime. In the United Kingdom, a person playing a joke would yell "April Fool!" at the recipient. According to tradition, the joking was supposed to stop at midday.

#### Scotland
In Scotland, April Fools' Day used to be for two days. One of them was called Gowk’s Day. "Gowk" in Scots can mean either a cuckoo or a fool. Playing pranks on someone on April Fools’ Day was called "hunting the gowk." A classic prank was to ask someone to deliver a closed letter with a note inside. This note would tell the receiver to send the messenger on another silly task, then another... until someone felt sorry for them.

### Nordic countries
In the Nordic countries, many news outlets would publish or broadcast a fake news story on April 1. 

### France
In France, an April fools joke is called a "Poisson d'Avril" (April fish). One tradition there is to try and stick a paper fish on one's friends back, and shout "Poisson d'Avril!" when it is discovered.

## Media outlets
Sometimes a large media corporation would broadcast or publish a fake news story on April 1. For example, in 1957 the BBC broadcast a story about spaghetti trees. According to the story, people in Switzerland grew spaghetti on trees. Later, many people called the BBC asking how they could get a spaghetti tree.

## Notes
## Other websites
Pentagram

Cathedral]]

A **pentagram** is a five-pointed star that is a type of pentagon. It is also called a 'pentangle', 'star pentagon', or 'pentalpha'. A pentagram is regular if it has all lines the same length and all angles the same.

The word *pentacle* originally meant 'any symbol that defies against pureness spirits'. There are many of such symbols, only a few of which include a pentagram. During the modern age of Wicca, the word 'pentacle' acquired a second definition, due to sounding similar to the word 'pentagram', and the fact that wiccan pentacles use a pentagram. That second definition of 'pentacle' is 'a circumscribed pentagram', which means 'a pentagram drawn inside a circle so that the points of the pentagram touch the circle'.

The pentagram has been portrayed as a satanic symbol in popular media.

## Religious meanings
In ancient times, the pentagram was used as a Christian symbol. It stood for the five wounds that Jesus Christ received during his crucifixion (the nails in each hand and foot, and the spear wound in his side).

In the past, the pentagram was commonly seen as a symbol for good and for protection against evil.

One of the earliest recorded uses for the pentagram was by the Pythagoreans as a sign of initiation for its mathematical relation to the golden ratio and common presence in naturally occurring shapes. 

In Taoism, a pentagram shows how the five classical oriental elements (earth, water, wood, fire, and metal) are related.

Today, the pentacle, commonly mistaken as a pentagram, is the most commonly used symbol of Wicca. Some post-Gardnerian wiccans, imitating Taoism, associate the five points of the pentagram with the four classical Greek elements (fire, water, earth, and air) and spirit. (A 'sigil' is a symbol of a supernatural being). It was originally the influential 1800s French occultist Eliphas Levi who associated the pentagram with the goat-headed baphomet, by drawing a pentagram on the baphomet's forehead. Anton LaVey, who created the Church of Satan in 1966, took the idea from Levi.

## The pentagram in literature
In *Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,* a 14th century romance story, the pentagram is mentioned as a symbol for Gawain's good character and truth.

More recently, the meaning of the pentagram was discussed in *The Da Vinci Code* by Dan Brown. According to the book, the pentagram actually belonged to the ancient religion of Pagan Sun Worship, and was tied to the female planet Venus: every 8 years Venus traces a perfect pentagram across the sky. The book says that the pentagram was a symbol for the sacred female, but was later taken by Christianity and said to mean the devil in order to destroy beliefs that females were sacred.

## References
Canyon

A **canyon** (or **gorge**) is a big and deep crack in the ground, or a  very deep valley. Most canyons are made by rivers. A few are made by earthquakes. They can be big, like the Grand Canyon, or small.

Canyons can be formed by erosion by running water which will take rocks and soil away.

## References
Mikhail Glinka

**Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka** (1804–1857) was a Russian composer, regarded as the first to become very famous.

Russia is a very large country. In the 18th century there was a lot of music in Europe, but Russian people had not yet heard it. A lot of them were very poor and modern transport did not exist. By the time Glinka was born Russian people in the large towns like Saint Petersburg were becoming very interested in European music.

Mikhail Glinka was born in a little village called Novospasskoye. His father was a rich landowner. Glinka was brought up by his grandmother who looked after him very carefully. She was always afraid he would be cold, so she wrapped him up in a fur coat in a room which was kept at 77&nbsp;°F. He was not often allowed to play in the fresh air. Later in his life Glinka was always worrying about his health.

It was a long way to the big cities from where the child lived. There was no radio in those days, and no CDs. The only music he heard was the church bells, and the singing of the peasants (the simple people who worked on the land). They sang folksongs and made up harmony underneath the tunes.

After his grandmother died he was allowed to travel 6&nbsp;miles to his uncle’s home. His uncle had a group of musicians who played music by European composers like Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. He had never heard such music before.

When he was 13 he went to school in St Petersburg. Now he could hear lots of music and meet some good musicians. He had piano lessons and spent a lot of time at parties. He started to compose some songs.

In 1830 he went to Italy. Italy was famous for its music, especially for opera. Glinka met famous composers like Mendelssohn and Berlioz as well as Italian composers like Donizetti and Bellini. He like their music, and decided he wanted to write opera as well, but he wanted to make his music sound very Russian.

Glinka went back to Russia. He wrote two great operas. The first one was called *Ivan Susanin*. The story of the opera, set in 1612, is about a poor peasant Ivan Susanin who dies to save the life of the Tsar (the Tsar was the ruler of Russia, like a king or emperor). The Tsar liked the opera and thought that it should be called *A Life for the Tsar*. It was a big success when it was first performed in 1836.

He soon wrote his second opera: *Ruslan and Lyudmila*. The story comes from a tale by the famous Russian poet Pushkin. The man who wrote the words for him did it very quickly while he was drunk, so the story is a bit muddled, but the music is wonderful. It is a fairy tale about a nasty dwarf Chernomor who has taken away a princess called Lyudmila. In the end Ruslan, the hero, rescues her. Some of the music sounds quite oriental. The overture that starts the opera is very famous.

Glinka also wrote piano music, songs and chamber music.

Glinka’s music is important because he was the first Russian composer to write music that sounded Russian. Later composers like Tchaikovsky were influenced by his music.

## References 
* David Brown: *Mikhail Glinka, a biographical and critical study* London OUP1974 

## Other websites
1510

## Events 
* January 23 – Henry VIII of England, then 18 years-old, appears incognito in the lists at Richmond, and is applauded for his jousting before he reveals himself.
* Conquest of Pskov by Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy.
* Formation of the Holy League to defend the Italian States.
* Peter Henlein builds the first pocketwatch.
* End of the War of the League of Cambrai (started 1508)
* Start of the War of the Holy League (ended 1513)

## Births 
* March 30 – Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (died 1566)
* April 2 – Ashikaga Yoshiharu, Japanese shogun (died 1550)
* July 22 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (died 1537)
* October 6 – Rowland Taylor, English pastor (executed 1555)
* November 6 – John Caius, English physician (d. 1573)
* Mikael Agricola, Finnish scholar (died 1557)
* Francis Borgia, General of the Jesuits (died 1572)
* Jörg Breu the Younger, German painter (died 1547)
* Ferenc Dávid, Hungarian religious reformer (died 1579)
* Andrea Gabrieli, Italian composer and organist (died 1586)
* Claude Goudimel, French composer and music theorist (died 1572)
* Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese warlord (died 1577)
* Aloysius Lilius, Italian inventor of the Gregorian calendar (died 1576)
* Solomon Luria, Polish-born Kabbalist (died 1574)
* Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (died 1586)
* Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (died 1551)
* Bernard de Palissy, French potter and writer
* Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (died 1590)
* Guillaume Postel, linguist (died 1581)
* Renee of France, daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany (died 1575)
* Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist and writer
* Lawrence Sheriff, Elizabethan gentleman and grocer (died 1567)
* Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Spanish explorer (died 1554)
* Claudio Veggio, Italian composer
* Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (died 1571)

## Deaths 
* February 28 – Juan de la Cosa, Spanish mapmaker and explorer (born c. 1460)
* March 1 – Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese soldier and explorer (born c. 1450)
* March 10 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, German preacher (born 1445)
* May 17 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (born 1445)
* August 17 – Edmund Dudley, English statesman
* December 14 – Friedrich of Saxony (b. 1473)
* December 31 – Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza of Milan and wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1472)
* Agueybana, Taino chief
* Ambrogio Calepino, Italian lexicographer (born 1450)
* Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (born 1454)
* Richard Empson, English statesman
* Giorgione, Italian painter (born c. 1477)
* Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian writer (born 1461)
* Florian Zamoyski, Polish nobleman
Pattern language

**Pattern language** is used to mean a system of patterns that have a certain meaning other than just the pattern.

## Method 
The pattern can be a pattern which has a hidden meaning shown through any sense like sight, sound, touch, taste and smell.

## Sight
The most obvious form of sight-based pattern language comes in the form of writing. Nearly every language has a unique written form, which grammatically follows the spoken form.
Mutual assured destruction

**Mutual assured destruction** (**MAD**) is a military strategy in which two opposing military forces are powerful enough to completely destroy each other. It should help to avoid a nuclear war.  This usually happens when both forces have nuclear weapons.  If a state attacks another with nuclear weapons, the state attacked will potentially be able to attack back. The attacker must think that he will be destroyed with his victim if he attacks. The theory is that no state would start an attack if attacking its enemy means its own destruction.

The concept was first discussed by the futurist, theorist and military strategist Herman Kahn, the founder of the Hudson Institute, who first used the term "mutual assured destruction" in 1962 during the height of the Cold War. The acronym "MAD", was used by Donald Brennan, a strategist working in Kahn's Hudson Institute, in 1962. Brennan used the acronym cynically, spelling out the English word "mad" to argue that holding weapons capable of destroying society was irrational.

## References
Stairway to Heaven

**Stairway to Heaven** was a 1971 song by Led Zeppelin. It was on the album Led Zeppelin IV.

## Hidden Satanic message 
Some listeners claim that by reversing the song, a hidden Satanic message is revealed. The message is:

Oh, here's to my sweet Satan
The one whose little path would make me sad whose power is Satan
He'll give, he'll give you 666
There was a little toolshed where he made us suffer, sad Satan

It's unlikely such a message was intentionally hidden in the song; rather, it is just a bizarre coincidence.

Robert Plant later adressed this claim with the quote "we were too pissed of to play it normally at the time, let alone play it backwards"

## Other websites 
* Stairway to Heaven songfacts, tabs, videos and audio , at the Stairway to Heaven website.
National Maritime Day

In the United States, **National Maritime Day** is held every May 22 to honor people who have served in the United States Merchant Marine service.

The first National Maritime Day was May 22, 1933, based on a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress on May 20, 1933. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first President to issue a proclamation about the day.

The biggest National Maritime Day celebration was in 1946, the first National Maritime Day after the Allied Powers won World War II. That year, governors of many U.S. states also officially named the day National Maritime Day or *Maritime Day* for their state. The first National Maritime Day after the end of the Korean War, in 1954, was also more widely celebrated than most.

In the 2006 annual proclamation by president George W. Bush, he made special mention of the Merchant Marine service's hurricane aid work following Hurricane Katrina and the other hurricanes of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.

## References
*Joint Resolution of Congress text 
*List of 1946 state and city proclamations 
*Text of Bush proclamation
Thin Lizzy

**Thin Lizzy** are an Irish hard rock band that started in Dublin in 1969. Up to 1984 the band were led by bassist, songwriter, and singer Phil Lynott (1949-1986). The band's famous song "The Boys Are Back in Town" is still played a lot on classic rock radio stations.  Since Lynott's death, other former members have carried on using the band name.

Phil Lynott wrote most of the band's songs. The band's music showed many musical styles including: country music, psychedelic rock, Celtic music, and folk music which Lynott mixed with hard rock and heavy metal styles.

Thin Lizzy were listed at number 51 on VH1's *100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock*.

## Notes
Bilbo Baggins

**Bilbo Baggins** is a Hobbit from *The Hobbit* and *The Lord of the Rings*. He is a major protagonist of *The Hobbit* and a minor protagonist of *The Lord of the Rings*.

## Fictional biography
Bilbo Baggins was greeted by Gandalf the Grey and a group of 13 Dwarves known as the Company of Thorin Oakenshield. He was offered to help them to take back Erebor from the dragon Smaug. At the Misty Mountain, he landed at a cave and met Gollum. He took Gollum's One Ring and went back to his Company. Decades after returning from Erebor, he celebrated his 111th birthday as well as his nephew Frodo's birthday. He wanted to keep the One Ring.

## Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012-2014)
In Peter Jackson's movie adaptations of both books, Bilbo was played by Martin Freeman when he was younger and Ian Holm when he was older.
Concertmaster

The **Concertmaster** (American English) or **leader** (British English) is the most important violinist in an orchestra.  He or she will sit in the front seat, by the conductor's left.  The word *concertmaster* comes from the German *Konzertmeister*.

The leader will be the highest paid member of the orchestra.  He has to decide how the violins will play the music and write in the bowing.  He will decide where each member of the violins should sit.  He will probably also interview them and offer them the job in the orchestra.  He will talk to the conductor about anything the orchestra are not happy about (he may have to remind the conductor when it is time to stop the rehearsal!).  If part of the music is marked "solo" then he will play it as a solo while the other violins stop playing.

In the United States it is usual for the concertmaster to be on the platform before the concert and to tell the orchestra to tune their instruments, playing on his A string to give them the correct pitch.  In European orchestras it is usually the oboe that gives an A for tuning.  In Britain the leader usually comes on stage after the orchestra have tuned, and gets an applause.

## Some famous orchestral leaders
*of the past:*
*Arnold Rosé (Vienna Philharmonic)
*
*of today*:
*Gordan Nikolitch (London Symphony Orchestra)
*Glenn Dicterow (New York Philharmonic Orchestra)
*Peter Manning ( Royal Opera House Orchestra Covent Garden  )
Middle-earth

**Middle-earth** is a fictional fantasy world invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. Several of his books take place there, such as *The Hobbit* and *The Lord of the Rings*. It is supposed to be a long gone mythological time of our earth.

Although Middle-earth is only one continent in Tolkien's world, it is often used for the whole fictional world and all stories Tolkien invented for it. Tolkien created and worked on Middle-earth through most of his life, and it is this creation for which he is most famous.

Middle-earth has its own geography, several different species and peoples (elves, dwarves, humans, hobbits), their languages, and a history that spans thousands of years. The stories of Middle-earth are also a kind of 'artificial myth'.

"Middle-earth" is called *Endor* (or *Endóre*) and *Ennor* in the fictional Elvish languages **Quenya** and **Sindarin**.

## Peoples 
The oldest people of Middle-earth are the immortal **Elves**. Second were the **Dwarves**. After them came mortal **Men**. In the Third Age, there appeared another people, the **Hobbits**. There are also the tree-like **Ents**.

## Chronology 
The history of the Middle-earth world is thousands of years long. Sometimes, when big historical events happen, a new *Age* is begun, which starts counting again with the year 1.

* **First Age**: The First Age can be divided into the "First Age of the Trees" and the "First Age of the Sun". Saying a year and "First Age" often means a year in the "First Age of the Sun". 
** *First Age of the Trees*: Begins at the creation of the Two Trees. During it are the Awakening of the Elves and the Dwarves. It ends with the destruction of the Two Trees.
** *First Age of the Sun* (590 years): Begins with the creation of the Sun and Moon, and ends with the *War of Wrath*, the final imprisonment of Morgoth and the destruction of Beleriand.
* **Second Age** (S.A., 3441 years): Begins after the end of the *War of Wrath*. During it is the destruction of Númenor (T.A. 3319). Ends with the defeat of Sauron in the *War of the Last Alliance*.
* **Third Age** (T.A., 3021 years): Begins after the Last Alliance defeated Sauron. During it are the events of *The Hobbit* (T.A. 2941) and the War of the Ring (T.A. 3018-3019). Ends with the destruction of the One Ring and the defeat of Sauron.
* **Fourth Age**: Follows the defeat of Sauron and the One Ring, but starts officially when the Bearers of the Rings left for the West. During this Age the Elves become less and leave, while the humans become the dominant people of Middle-earth. 

## Related pages
*Middle-earth characters
*Middle-earth languages
*Middle-earth locations

## References
10s

The **10s** were a decade that began on 1 January 10 and ended on 31 December 19.

## Important people 
* Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – 14).
* Tiberius, Roman Emperor (14–37).
* Germanicus, Roman General
40s

## Events 
* The Roman emperor Caligula assassinated (41), succeeded by his uncle Claudius
* Roman conquest of Britain begins under Aulus Plautius, 43
Pontiac Silverdome

The **Pontiac Silverdome** was a domed stadium in the town of Pontiac, Michigan, near Detroit. It opened in 1975 and closed in 2007. The largest crowds to come to the stadium were for WrestleMania III on March 29, 1987, where the main event was a match between Hulk Hogan and André the Giant. The crowd attendance for that night reached 93,173, which is also the record for indoor attendance. The Detroit Lions NFL team played at the stadium from 1975 until 2001.

## References
10s BC

## Significant people 
* Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor (27 BC – 14).

## Deaths 
* Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Nuclear fusion

generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium. In its core, the Sun fuses 620 million metric tons of hydrogen each second.]]
**Nuclear fusion**            is the process of making a single heavy nucleus (part of an atom) from two lighter nuclei. This process is called a nuclear reaction. It releases a large amount of energy.

The nucleus made by fusion is heavier than either of the starting nuclei. However, it is not as heavy as the combination of the original mass of the starting nuclei (atoms). This lost mass is changed into lots of energy. This is shown in Einstein's famous *E=mc2* equation.

Fusion happens in the middle of stars, like the Sun. Hydrogen atoms are fused together to make helium. This releases lots of energy. This energy powers the heat and light of the star.
Not all elements can be joined. Heavier elements are less easily joined than lighter ones. Iron (a metal) cannot fuse with other atoms. This is what causes stars to die. Stars join all of their atoms together to make heavier atoms of different types, until they make iron. The iron nucleus cannot fuse further because of its high nuclear binding energy. The reactions stop. The star eventually cools and dies.

On Earth it is very difficult to start nuclear fusion reactions that release more energy than is needed to start the reaction.  The reason is that fusion reactions only happen at high temperature and pressure, like in the Sun, because both nuclei have a positive charge, and positive repels positive.  The only way to stop the repulsion is to make the nuclei hit each other at very high speeds.  They only do that at high pressure and temperature.  The only successful approach so far has been in nuclear weapons.  The hydrogen bomb uses an atomic (fission) bomb to start fusion reactions.  Scientists and engineers have been trying for decades to find a safe and working way of  and  fusion reactions to generate electricity.  They still have many challenges to overcome before fusion power can be used as a clean source of energy.

## Related pages 
*Stellar nucleosynthesis
*Supernova

## Notes
Giovanni Gabrieli

**Giovanni Gabrieli** (probably born Venice (date unknown), about 1553 - 57; died 21 August 1612, in Venice) was an Italian organist and composer. 

He was very famous in his day and composed a great deal of church music; motets and madrigals. He lived at the end of the Renaissance period and beginning of the Baroque.

About 1575, Giovanni began working for Orlando di Lasso at the Bavarian court, as his uncle Andres Gabrieli had before him. Little is known of his time in Munich, and he left in 1579 after the death of his patron, Duke Albrecht. There is no record of Gabrieli's activities until 1584 when he'd returned to Venice. That year he replaced organist Claudio Merulo at Basilica di San Marco, church of Venice's patron saint. Due to Merulo's resignation, a contest was eventually held January 1, 1585 to fill his post, which Gabrieli won, having already occupied the position anyway. Giovanni and his uncle, who had raised him and taught him music, worked together only a short time at the church before Andres died in August 1585. Giovanni held his post until he died in 1612.

Also in 1585, Giovanni had been appointed as organist of Scuola Grande di San Rocco, where he composed ceremonial music.

During all this, he was also a music teacher. Heinrich Schutz was one of his students.

Giovanni is well known for being one of the first composers who specified volume markings and instrumentation in music.

## Other websites
*http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/history/composers/10946.php 
*http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/composers/G/GiovanniGabrieli.html
François Couperin

**François Couperin** (born in Paris on 10 November 1668; died in Paris, on 12 September 1733) was a French composer who lived in the Baroque period. Many of his relatives were composers. He is often called *François Couperin le Grand* (The Great) because he was the most famous of the Couperin family. He is best known today for his harpsichord music. He wrote several pieces which he called *Ordres* meaning the same as the word *suite* i.e. a collection of dance movements. Sometimes these movements have strange titles and we cannot always be sure what they mean. Some of them may have been nicknames of people he knew. He also wrote important organ music. He never had a family of his own before he died.
Christoph Willibald von Gluck

, dated 1775 (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)]]

**Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck** (born in Erasbach, July 2, 1714; died in Vienna, November 15, 1787) was a German composer. He is famous for his operas which were written in a new and exciting way. He was not interested in writing operas which were just a series of songs for singers to show off.  He wanted to make his operas into good pieces of drama. His operas had a big influence on later composers like Mozart, Weber and Wagner. He wrote Italian operas and French operas.
Frederick Delius

**Frederick Delius** (b.Bradford, 29 Jan.1862; d.Grez-sur-Loing, 10 June 1934) was an English composer. At first his parents did not let him study music, so he went off to Florida to work on an orange plantation. He later returned, studied music, and settled in France for the rest of his life. His music is often quite gentle and atmospheric, with chords that shift about in unusual ways. One of his best known orchestral works is *On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring*. In his last years he was very ill, but he still wanted to compose, so he dictated the music he heard in his head to a man called Eric Fenby.
Hobbit

**Hobbits** are a fictional race in the Middle-earth world invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, also often called *halflings*.

They appeared in the books *The Hobbit* and *The Lord of the Rings*. Several important main characters in those books are hobbits, such as Bilbo Baggins and Frodo Baggins. 

Hobbits (or similar beings) have become very popular and are now often used in fantasy fiction and (video) games.

## Appearance 
Hobbits are like small humans between two and four foot tall (between 60 and 120 centimeters). They have hair/fur on the top side of their feet, leathery foot-soles, and slightly pointed ears. They tend to be stout and often have brown and curly hair. Male hobbits do not have beards. Hobbits live longer compared to humans, and many hobbits reach the age of 100.

## Culture 
Hobbits are a peaceful people and live a simple, pre-industrial life in the land which they call The Shire, and also in Bree-land.

A typical hobbit-house has a long hallway with rooms on both sides, and round doors and windows. Originally these were underground in hills, then the house was called a *smial*; but this architecture(style of building) is also used for 'normal' houses above ground.

## Related pages
* *The Hobbit*
* *The Lord of the Rings*
* Middle-earth
Charlie Kaufman

**Charles Stuart "Charlie" Kaufman** (born November 1, 1958) is an American screenwriter.  Some of the movies he wrote screenplays for are *Being John Malkovich*, *Adaptation*, *Human Nature*, and *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind*.  Charlie Kaufman is known for writing very surreal movies - that is, movies where the plot has things in it that could never happen in real life, or that make the audience notice that they are watching a movie.

He is one of the most celebrated screenwriters for now.

## References
80s

The **80s** was the decade that started on January 1, 80 AD, and ended on December 31, 89 AD. During the 80s, the 9th decade began on January 1, 81 AD which is the 9th decade of the 1st century and the 1st millennium.

## Important people
*Titus Flavius Vespasianus, Roman Emperor (79–81).
*Titus Flavius Domitianus, Roman Emperor (81–96)