Nickname

A **nickname** is a word used to substitute for a person's birth name. The term comes from the Middle English word *ekename,* which means “also-name." 

Nicknames are not legal names. They are often given by friends or family members. 

## Types 
There are many types of nicknames. Below are a few examples.
, went by Jackie Robinson]]

### Shortened names 
Some nicknames are shortened or different versions of a birth name. For example:

* U.S. President James Earl Carter called himself Jimmy Carter, even as president
* Baseball player Alex Rodriguez is nicknamed "A-Rod," a contraction of his name
* English writer John Ronald Reuel Tolkien went by J.R.R. Tolkien
* Famous actor Alfredo James Pacino uses the name Al Pacino

### Affectionate names 
Some nicknames are affectionate or given to honor a person. For example:

* *Honest Abe* for U.S. President Abraham Lincoln

* *The Bard* for Shakespeare
* *El Libertador* (The Liberator) for Simon Bolivar

Affectionate nicknames are common in sports.  For example:

* Pele was nicknamed *O Rei* (The King) because he was one of the greatest players in the history of football
* Michael Jordan was nicknamed *Air Jordan* to point out how high he could jump
* Nolan Ryan (a baseball pitcher who threw extremely fast) was nicknamed *The Express* to highlight his pitching speed

### Descriptive names 
Some nicknames are descriptions. For example:

* *Red* for someone who has red hair
* *Doc* for a doctor
* *Shorty* for a short person
Using descriptive nicknames is more accepted in some cultures than others. In Thailand, people are often given nicknames based on how they look. For example, someone can be called ผู้ชายสูง (phuchay sung), which means being tall. In some Spanish-speaking countries, calling a child or partner *Gordo/a or Gordito/a* is an accepted way to express affection.

### Unkind names 
 is called the Sunshine State because of its weather]]
Nicknames can be unkind, mocking, and/or bullying. For example:
* *Fatso, Loser,* or *Four Eyes* are common childhood insults
* Kamala Harris has been called *Comrade Kamala* to compare her policies to communism
* President Martin van Buren's critics called him Martin van Ruin because the economy was failing

### Place names 
Places can have nicknames too. For example:

* *The Windy City* for Chicago, Illinois
**Sin City* for Las Vegas, Nevada
**Southie* for South Boston, Massachusetts
Sometimes people or groups get nicknames based on where they live. For example, people from the northern United States (or, overseas, people from anywhere in the United States) are sometimes called *Yankees*. Nicknames can also be given to tribes. For example, the Dhulbahante tribe are often called *reer Darawiish* because the former anti-colonial Dervish state was a Dhulbahante state.

### Epithets 
Epithets, also called bynames, are descriptive words added with a name.

* Ivan the Terrible
* Alexander the Great
* Bloody Mary

### Political nicknames 
* Haitian dictator Francois Duvalier called himself *Papa Doc*; his son Jean-Claude, who succeeded him, was *Baby Doc*
* U.K. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was nicknamed *The Iron Lady* for her strong leadership
* *Uncle Sam* is a nickname for the United States government
* Ratko Mladić, a Bosnian Serb general, was called *The Butcher of Bosnia* because he participated in the Bosnian genocide

## References