open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Uniform number (Major League Baseball)

**Uniform numbers** are used to identify different baseball players and coaches. Over time, numbers can have much more meaning to the player and fans. A number can be symbolic of a player's legacy, and has resulted in all kinds of superstition (or rumors). Uniform numbers are put on the backs of baseball uniforms.

## Retired numbers in Major League Baseball
Many teams retire numbers of important players who used to play for their team. Retiring a number means that nobody on that team can use that number anymore. Players' numbers are not retired while they are still playing baseball.

The number "42" was retired by all of Major League Baseball in 1997 because it was used by Jackie Robinson, who was the first black player in Major League Baseball. Players who were already wearing #42 were allowed to keep using the number, but nobody else could use it. As of 2010, New York Yankees pitcher Mariano Rivera was the last player using #42.
New York Knickerbockers (baseball)

The **New York Knickerbockers** were one of the first organized baseball teams who played with the baseball rules that are still used today. The team was started by Alexander Cartwright, who is said to be one of the original developers of modern baseball.

In 1849, the New York Knickerbockers wore the first ever recorded baseball uniform. Their uniforms were pants made of blue wool, white flannel shirts and straw hats.

The team was based in New York City. It was established in 1845 and disestablished in the 1870s.

## References 
*Orem, Preston D. (1961), *Baseball (1845-1881) From the Newspaper Accounts*, Altadena, CA: Self-published ASIN B0007HTB88
*Peterson, Harold (1969, 1973), *The Man Who Invented Baseball*, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 

## Other websites 
*"The Knickerbocker Base Ball Club" at Hickoksports.com 
*"The History of Baseball – Alexander Cartwright"  at About.com
Oakland Athletics

The **Oakland Athletics**, also known as the '''Oakland A's''', were a professional Major League Baseball team based in Oakland, California. The Athletics are a member of the Western Division of the American League. From  to , the Athletics have played in Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum.

The Athletics were an original member of the American League in 1901, playing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The name "Athletics" had been used by several other Philadelphia teams dating back to the 1860s. Most of the various "Athletics" teams wore a Gothic or Old English letter "A" on their uniforms. The current Athletics still often wear that old-style "A" or "A's" on their uniforms.

The old Athletics were very successful, winning several World Series championships. By the early 1950s, they were not playing well and the fans were no longer supporting them. So after over 50 years in Philadelphia, the Athletics moved to Kansas City, Missouri, in 1955. They were not very successful there, either. They moved again, to Oakland, in 1968. As the Oakland A's, they have won several World Series.

On November 16, 2023, MLB owners came together and approved a relocation of the Athletics to Las Vegas. A 33,000 seat domed ballpark is expected to be built in 2028 and the team will move in after its completion and replaced the land after the Tropicana Las Vegas was destroyed  and torn down.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
* Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society 
* Oakland Athletics stats and minor league statistics 
* Sports E-Cyclopedia 
* Eddie Plank 
* Oakball Forums 
* Oakland A's Minor League Information
Pittsburgh Pirates

The **Pittsburgh Pirates** are a professional Major League Baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  They play in the Central Division of the National League. They have won five World Series championships. The Pirates are also often called the **Bucs** or the **Buccos**. This is because the word "buccaneer" is  for pirate.

The Pirates had  in the early 1990s. However, between 1993 and 2012, the Pirates did not have a winning season.

## PNC Park
The Pirates play their home games at PNC Park in Pittsburgh. PNC Park is next to the Allegheny River, and downtown Pittsburgh can be seen from the stadium.

## History
The Pittsburgh Pirates were formed in 1882. They first played their games across the river from downtown Pittsburgh, in an area that was then a separate city called Allegheny. The team was also called Allegheny, or "the Alleghenys". Around 1890, the city of Pittsburgh annexed Allegheny. The team was then renamed "Pittsburgh", with no nickname yet.

In 1891, the Pittsburgh team signed a contract with a player who had belonged to a team in another league. They were accused of "pirating" the player's contract. Soon after, the fans started calling the team "the Pirates". Later the team adopted the name as their official team name, the Pittsburgh Pirates.

The Pirates have won five World Series. They won their first in 1909, beating the Detroit Tigers. The Pirates also won World Series titles in 1925, 1960, 1971, and 1979. 

Some famous players for the Pirates have been Honus Wagner, Ralph Kiner, Roberto Clemente and Willie Stargell.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Website
* Pittsburgh Tribune-Review - Pittsburgh Pirates
* Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Pittsburgh Pirates
* Pittsburgh Lumber Co. - Pirates Blog 
* Sportsocracy
Rent (musical)

***Rent*** is a rock musical. The music and lyrics were written by Jonathan Larson. The musical is based on the Italian opera, *La bohème*. The musical opened on Broadway at the Nederlander Theatre on 29 April 1996.  It closed on 7 September 2008 after a run of 5,123 performances. It opened on the West End in 2008. In 2005, it was adapted to a movie. *Rent* won the Tony Award for Best Musical and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.

## Other websites 
* Official Rent musical site
* Rent Musical on Broadway.com
Coach

**Coach** could mean:

## Transportation 
* Coach (carriage), a horse-drawn carriage
* Stagecoach, An early form of long distance public transport
* Coach (vehicle), a type of passenger-carrying road vehicle.
* Coach (rail) a type of passenger car used in rail transport.
* Economy class in travel can be referred to as "coach"

## Coaching 
* Coach (sport), the director of athletes' activities in sports
** Head coach
** Coach (baseball), includes manager, assistant coaches, on-field coaches, and specialized coaches
** Coach (hockey), head coach or assistant coaches
**Coaching
**dating coaching
*Co-coaching

## Popular media 
**Coach (TV series)*, an American sitcom starring Craig T. Nelson
*Coach (comics), a Marvel Comics character in X-Force

## Corporations 
*Coach Inc., an American leather goods company famous for its handbags
*Coach Canada, an inter-city coach company in Canada
*Coach USA, a bus transport company in the United States

## People 
* Jonathan Coachman, World Wrestling Entertainment personality a.k.a. "The Coach"
* Coach Ernie Pantusso, the character played by Nicholas Colasanto on the sitcom *Cheers*
* Mike Ditka, former head coach of the Chicago Bears and New Orleans Saints head coach, a.k.a. "Da Coach"
Coach (sport)

In sports, a **coach** or **manager** is a person who directs and trains a sports team or sportsperson. Sometimes a coach will train the players and a manager will look after the business aspects of the team.

## Other websites 
*Coaching Certification.
Leica

**Leica** could mean:
*Leica Camera, a German camera manufacturer
*Leica Geosystems AG, a company in eastern Switzerland that makes surveying and geomatics equipment
*Leica Microsystems GmbH, a German company that makes microscopes and other precision optics
Alfonso Soriano

.]]
**Alfonso Guilleard Soriano** (born January 7, 1976) is a Dominican Republican professional Major League Baseball player. He currently is a free agent.  He has used to play with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp, New York Yankees, Texas Rangers and Washington Nationals before the Cubs. He played as a second baseman for the Yankees and Rangers. He bats right-handed and has batted as a lead-off hitter for most of his career.

## Statistics 
### Batting
### Fielding
## Related pages
## Other websites 
* Baseball Prospectus: Alfonso Soriano
Manny Ramirez

**Manuel Aristides "Manny" Ramírez Onelcida** (born May 30, 1972 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is a former American Major League Baseball player. The Boston Red Sox traded Ramirez to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Jason Bay on July 31, 2008. He signed with the Tampa Bay Rays in 2011.  He retired on April 8, 2011.

He is a nine-time Silver Slugger and one of twenty-four people to have hit over 500 career home runs. He is well recognized for his strong offensive abilities. Ramirez has the most career grand slams of any active baseball player, and has led the American League is three key batting measures: batting average, home runs and runs batted in. For the past ten years, Ramírez has been a fixture in the Midsummer Classic, and is an eleven-time All-Star. In 2004, he was named the Most Valuable Player of the World Series after helping the Red Sox win their first World Series championship in over 85 years.

## Statistics 
Statistics of Ramirez as of June 6, 2008:

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Home Page 
*
Keep Holding On

"**Keep Holding On**" is a 2006 song by Avril Lavigne. It was on the *Eragon* soundtrack, as well as the album *The Best Damn Thing*. It was Avril Lavigne's first CD song (but not CD single) released in North America since "Fall to Pieces". It was released in Australia on the iTunes Store as a digital download.

## References
MEPIS

**MEPIS** (pronunciation: meh-pis) is a set of Linux Distributions distributed as Live CDs. The most popular of these distributions is SimplyMEPIS. MEPIS distributions are based on Debian, some of them indirectly. For example, SimplyMEPIS 7.0 is based mainly on Debian, with additional source code from Ubuntu (which is also based on Debian). MEPIS distributions are created by Warren Woodford.

It can either be installed onto a hard drive or used as a Live CD, which makes it a boot disc for troubleshooting many operating systems. It includes KDE, the K Desktop Environment.

## History 
MEPIS was designed as an alternative to SUSE Linux, Red Hat Linux, and Mandriva Linux (formerly Mandrake) which, in the creator Warren Woodford's opinion, were too difficult for the average user. MEPIS's first official release was on May 10, 2003.

## Distributions
The most popular MEPIS distribution, SimplyMEPIS, is designed for everyday desktop and laptop computing. SimplyMEPIS 7.0 contains several new packages and features. It contains Linux 2.6.22 and OpenOffice.org 2.3.0. It was released on 2007-12-23.

## Related pages
* NeXT

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site
* MEPIS Community Forum , main community site
* antiX , a fast, lightweight and easy to install Linux distribution live CD based on MEPIS

### Reviews
*SimplyMEPIS 7.0 is a keeper
*Review: SimplyMepis 7.0 
*SimplyMEPIS 7.0 Beta 6
*antiX M-7, The Fat-free Mepis
*MEPIS AntiX on 450MHz K6-2, 256Mb
Maemo

**maemo** (properly not capitalized ) is a project that oversees the development of the Internet Tablet OS and the maemo application development platform. The maemo project is paid for by Nokia.

## maemo SDK 
The maemo SDK is based around the Debian-oriented Scratchbox Cross Compilation Toolkit, which provides a  sandbox environment in which development may take place. Scratchbox uses Qemu to emulate an ARMEL processor or sbrsh to remotely execute instructions. Scratchbox-compatible rootstraps are available for both x86 and ARMEL, so the majority of development and debugging takes place on x86, with final packaging being for ARMEL.

## Related pages
* Openmoko
* LiMo Foundation
* Hildon
* Android (mobile phone platform)

## References 
## Other websites 
* maemo.org 
* maemo wiki  (old one)
* maemo planet 
* maemo Bugzilla 
* maemo in freedesktop.org
* Scratchbox Cross Compilation Toolkit 
* [irc://irc.freenode.net/maemo #maemo] on freenode
* Material for Nokia's own introductory course on maemo
St. Louis Cardinals

The **St. Louis Cardinals** (also called "the **Cards**" or "the **Redbirds**") are a Major League Baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. They are part of the Central Division in the National League. The Cardinals have won a National League record 11 World Series championships, second in Major League Baseball for most championships behind the New York Yankees, who have 27. They last won a World Series in 2011.

The Cardinals were started by the American Association in 1882 as the St. Louis Brown Stockings, who got their name from an earlier National League team. They joined the National League in 1892 and have been known as the Cardinals ever since 1900. The Cardinals began play in the current Busch Stadium in 2006, becoming the first team since 1923 to win the World Series in their first season in a new ballpark. They are the oldest current professional sports franchise west of the Mississippi River. The Cardinals have a strong rivalry with the Chicago Cubs that began in 1885.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Current records and standings
* St. Louis Cardinals Team Index at Baseball Reference
* St. Louis Cardinals Team Page at Scout.com
NepaLinux

**NepaLinux** is a Debian and Morphix based Linux distribution focused on desktop usage in Nepali language computing.

It contains applications for desktop users like OpenOffice.org, Nepali GNOME and KDE desktops, and a way for people to type Nepali text.
The development and distribution of NepaLinux is done by Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya.  Version 1.0 was produced as part of the PAN Localization Project, with the support of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada. NepaLinux is an effort of promoting Free and Open Source Software in Nepal.

In October 2007, NepaLinux was the joint recipient of the Association for Progressive Communications' annual APC FOSS prize.

## References
## Other websites 
* The official site for NepaLinux
* *A look into NepaLinux*, Kantipur daily newspaper, Kathmandu, Nepal
Durango

**Durango** is a state in north central Mexico. About 1,510,000 people live there. Its capital is Victoria de Durango.

## References
Moca, Dominican Republic

The Dominican city of **Moca** is the head municipality of the Espaillat province.

It is in the Cibao Valley, south of the *Cordillera Septentrional* (English: *Northern mountain range*), in the southern part of the province.

## History
People began to live in Moca during the first years of the 18th century, when the eastern part of the Hispaniola was the Spanish colony of "Santo Domingo".

After the Haitian independence, Jean Jacques Dessalines tried to get the eastern part of the island, that had been given by Spain to France. He tried for three weeks but could not take the city of Santo Domingo and so he came back to Haiti.

Those troops that went back to north Haiti, on 3 April 1805, kill all the inhabitants of Moca, except two persons, and burned completely the town.

## Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 94,981: 47,569 men and 47,569 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The municipality of Moca has the municipality of Jamao al Norte to the north, the Hermanas Mirabal province to the east, the La Vega province to the south, the Santiago province to the west and the Puerto Plata province to the northwest.

### Climate
Moca has a tropical wet climate (Köppen climate classification : **Af**) with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by October with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is March with an average of  and the second is February with .

Moca is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is June with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 

## Administrative division
The municipality of Moca has eight municipal districts:

## Economy 
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantain, cassava, coffee and cacao.

Poultry raising, for both eggs and meat is also very important. Pigs are also raised in this municipality.

## References
Girlfriend (disambiguation)

A **girlfriend** is a female friend or romantic partner.

**Girlfriend** may also mean:
## Music 
* Girlfriend (band)
* *Girlfriend* (album), an album by Matthew Sweet
* Girl Friends, a Korean pop duo
### Songs 
* "Girlfriend" (Michael Jackson song)
* "Girlfriend" (Pebbles song)
* "Girlfriend" (Matthew Sweet song)
* "Girlfriend" (The Pillows song)
* "Girlfriend" (Billie song)
* "Girlfriend" (Alicia Keys song)
* "Girlfriend" ('N Sync song)
* "Girlfriend" (The Darkness song)
* "Girlfriend" (Avril Lavigne song)
* "Girlfriend" (Bow Wow and Omarion song)
* "Girlfriend" (Wings song)
* A song by B2K on the album *Pandemonium!*

## Television 
* *Girlfriends*, an American television show
* "Girlfriends" (*Flight of the Conchords*), a television episode
* Doctor Girlfriend, a character from the animated series *The Venture Bros.*

## Other meanings 
* *Girlfriend* (magazine)
* *Girlfriends* (1978 film)
Rudi Dutschke

**Rudi Dutschke** born **Alfred Willi Rudi Dutschke** (7 March 1940 – 24 December 1979, Århus, Denmark) was a spokesperson of the left-wing German student movement of the 1960s. He famously split from those who went on to form the violent Red Army Faction. Instead he wanted to have 'a long march through the institutions' of power to create radical change from within government and society by becoming an important part of the machinery. This was an idea he took up from Antonio Gramsci and the Frankfurt School of Cultural Marxism.

In 1968, he survived an assassination attempt which seriously injured him. He had to re-learn how to speak altogether. Because of this attempt, he developed epilepsy. He drowned in his bath tub 12 years later. This was caused by an epileptic seizure.

## References
Los Angeles Dodgers

The **Los Angeles Dodgers** or **LA Dodgers** are the professional baseball team based in Los Angeles, California. They complete in Major League Baseball (MLB). The team played in the West Division of the National League. They play in Dodger Stadium. The team began play in Brooklyn, New York, starting in 1883. The team had several informal nicknames over the years, including the "Atlantics", the "Bridegrooms", the "Superbas" and the "Robins". The name "Dodgers" was first used in the 1890s. It was short for "Trolley Dodgers".

The **Brooklyn Dodgers** played in several ballparks. The most famous of them was Ebbets Field, their home from 1913 through 1957. In 1958 they moved to Los Angeles. They played in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for four years. In 1962 they opened Dodger Stadium, and have played there ever since.

The Dodgers have been to the World Series 22 times, and won it eight times: 1955, 1959, 1963, 1965, 1981, 1988, 2020, 2024 and 2025. Most recently, they were in the World Series in 2017, 2018, and 2020 and lost the first two times to the Houston Astros and the Boston Red Sox, respectively. They defeated the Tampa Bay Rays in the 2020 World Series. They defeated the New York Yankees in the 2024 World Series and defeated the Toronto Blue Jays in 2025 World Series.

Many famous baseball players have played for the Dodgers, including:

*Jackie Robinson, the first African-American in the modern Major Leagues
*Roy Campanella
*Don Newcombe
*Maury Wills
*Sandy Koufax
*Don Drysdale
*Pee Wee Reese
*Fernando Valenzuela
*Kirk Gibson
*Steve Garvey
*Dusty Baker
*Orel Hershiser
*Darryl Strawberry
*Mike Piazza
*Pedro Martinez
*Gary Sheffield
*Adrian Beltre
*Dave Roberts
*Fred McGriff
*Shawn Green
*Eric Gagne
*Luis Gonzolez
*Andre Ethier
*Manny Ramirez
*Carl Crawford
*Yasiel Puig
*Matt Kemp
*Hanley Ramirez
*Adrian Gonzalez 
*Clayton Kershaw
*Mookie Betts
*Shohei Ohtani

## Other websites 
* Official  website of the Los Angeles Dodgers
* Los Angeles Dodgers Opening Day Lineups 
* Dodgers Blog 
* Photograph of Boys of Summer  that appeared in SPORT magazine.
* Los Angeles Team Building - Dodger's Mentoring
* Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball Reference
UMD

**UMD** could mean:

*Universal Media Disc, a disc format created by Sony for the PlayStation Portable.
*Under Monitor Display, a display used in television production galleries to indicate the source displayed above it.
*United Macedonian Diaspora, a Washington, D.C. based organization addressing the interests and needs of ethnic Macedonians.
*Unified Medical Dictionary: Arabic electronic medical dictionary; (English - French - Arabic)

**Universities**:
*University of Maryland
*University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, a campus of the University of Massachusetts
*University of Michigan-Dearborn, a campus of the University of Michigan
*University of Minnesota Duluth, a regional university of the University of Minnesota
*United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, now part of King's College London
School of Rock

***School of Rock*** is a 2003 American musical comedy movie starring Jack Black.

## Plot 
Dewey Finn (Black) has been kicked out of his band. His roommate is a substitute teacher. Finn finds one of his requests for a private school and goes in his roommate's place as he needs the money for rent. He soon finds out that the school, in Woodbury, New York, has music lessons, so he enlists the class to become his band. They plan to perform at Battle of the Bands. However, his roommate's girlfriend finds out that Finn was impersonating her boyfriend and gets him kicked off the job. Finn is down until the kids get their own school bus, pick Finn up, and play at the concert. The band loses to another one, but Finn establishes a school for rock, and the kids come over to his place to take lessons.

## Sequel 
On July 14, 2008, the *School of Rock 2* sequel was confirmed. In 2012, Jack Black said that a sequel is unlikely.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Betty Davis

**Betty Davis** (July 26, 1944 &ndash; February 9, 2022) was an American funk-soul singer, famous in the 1970s. She was married to Miles Davis.

Davis died on February 9, 2022 at her home in Homestead, Pennsylvania from cancer at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites 
* The Sound of Young America: Betty Davis Interview – June 21, 2007: Betty Davis gives her first radio interview in 30 years.
* Betty Davis: Betty Davis – Album review
Let Go

***Let Go*** is singer Avril Lavigne's first album. It was released on June 4, 2002. It has sold 16 million copies, making it Lavigne's best-selling album so far.

## Track listing
;Original Edition
#"Losing Grip" (Avril Lavigne/Clif Magness) – 3:53
#"Complicated" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 4:05
#"Sk8er Boi" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:23
#"I'm with You" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:44
#"Mobile" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:31
#"Unwanted"  (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:40
#"Tomorrow" (Lavigne/Curtis Frasca/Sabelle Breer) – 3:48
#"Anything but Ordinary" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 4:12
#"Things I'll Never Say" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:44
#"My World" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:27
#"Nobody's Fool" (Lavigne/Peter Zizzo) – 3:57
#"Too Much to Ask" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:46
#"Naked" (Lavigne/Frasca/Breer) – 3:27

;Japan Tour Special Limited Version (with a bonus DVD)
# "Why" – 4:00
# "Complicated" (Video)
# "Sk8er Boi" (Video)
# "I'm with You" (Video)
# "A Day in the Life" (NYC EPK)

;Tour Edition
# "Get Over It" ("Sk8er Boi" B-side)
# "Why" ("Complicated" B-side)
# "Unwanted" (Live)
# "I'm with You" (Live)
# "Nobody's Fool" (Live)

;Standard AU CD Enhanced Media Content
*Bio
*Video: "Complicated" - 4:12
*EPK - 5:55
*Bonus track: "I Don't Give"
*Lyrics (plays song in background)
**"Complicated"
**"Sk8er Boi"
**"Mobile"
**"Unwanted"

## References
Anshan (Persia)

**Anshan** (or **Anzan**, , modern: Tal-i Malyan) was an ancient town in what was then Elam empire (today's Iran) in the province Fars. The oldest settlement may have been as early as 5500 BC.

## History 
Anshan was later ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty and became one of the primary cities of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Persian prince Teispes (675-640 BC) conquered the city and called himself "king of the city of Anshan"

Anshan is a big archaeological place today containing around 200 hectares. Excavations (digs) carried out by the University of Pennsylvania took place in 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978.
Bay Area Rapid Transit

**Bay Area Rapid Transit** (**BART**) is a heavy rail public rapid transit system that serves the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. It joins the cities of the East Bay, including Oakland, with San Francisco. Construction began in 1964. The first trains began running on September 11, 1972.

## Lines
As of 2022, there are five main lines on the system. There are  of track (using a wider-than-normal gauge of ). There are 50 stations. Like other rapid transit systems in the world, tracks are in underground tunnels in inner cities, and on elevated viaducts in suburban areas. In some places, they are in the middle of freeways. The busiest part of the system is the Transbay Tube, a  underwater tunnel under the San Francisco Bay. Almost 150,000 people pass through the tube every day.

## Fare
The fare which people pay to ride BART depends on how far they go. They first buy paper magnetic stripe cards inside the station. Then they insert this ticket into the gate, walk through the gate, and take the ticket out. They then get on board the train. Sometimes they have to change from one train to another to get to where they want to go. After they leave the train at their destination, they insert their ticket into the fare gate again to exit the station. Printed numbers on the card show how much money is left on the ticket. A passenger who enters and exits the same station will be charged an "excursion fare". , the fare was $6.75.

## Expansion
In the 2000s, BART was expanded to reach San Francisco International Airport. It now goes as far as Millbrae. Two other branch lines have opened since then. In 2014, BART opened a short line to Oakland International Airport that uses trains pulled by cables. An extension of the Pittsburg line to Antioch, which opened in 2018, uses diesel multiple units on standard gauge tracks instead of the electric, broad-gauge trains used on the main lines. A project is also going on to expand the southern main line into San Jose. The entire extension was supposed to be completed in 2018. Instead, the first new stations were opened on June 13, 2020 after breakdowns in communication and testing with the line.

## References
## Other websites
*
University of Maryland, College Park

The **University of Maryland, College Park**, often called simply the **University of Maryland**, is a public university in College Park, Maryland. It is the largest university in a group called the "University System of Maryland."

## History 
In 1856, the Maryland Agricultural College was . Sixty years later, the state of Maryland took control of the college and renamed it Maryland State University. In 1920, it joined several professional schools in the area to become the University of Maryland. It joined the Association of American Universities in 1925.

## References
## Other websites 
* University of Maryland - Official website
Clubhouse Games

***Clubhouse Games*** is a 2006 video game published by Nintendo and developed by Agenda. It features 42 parlor games. It is for the Nintendo DS game console.

## Other websites 
* Clubhouse Games Nintendo site
Halifax Explosion

The **Halifax explosion** took place on December 6, 1917 when the SS *Mont-Blanc*, a French cargo ship loaded with explosives collided with the SS *Imo*, a Norwegian ship in the harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1,782 people were killed and over 9,000 people were injured. This was the largest man-made explosion in history until July 1945 when the first atomic bomb blew up. It is still the largest accidental explosion in history. People were said to hear it from over 100km away.

File:Halifax explosion - Imo.jpg|SS Imo
File:SS Mont Blanc, in 1899.png|SS Mont Blanc
File:Sketch of munition loading of SS Mont Blanc.png|Sketch of munition loading of SS Mont Blanc

## References
## Other websites
*CBC website about the Halifax Explosion
Mario Strikers Charged

***Mario Strikers Charged Football*** (called ***Mario Strikers Charged*** in North America) is a 2007 football video game made by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Wii game console.
Another Code: Two Memories

***Another Code: Two Memories*** (called ***Trace Memory*** in North America) is an adventure video game made by CING and published by Nintendo on the Nintendo DS handheld.

## Summary 
*Another Code* is about a 13-year-old girl called Ashley Mizuki Robbins who goes to an island called "Blood Edward Island", an island near Washington after her dad sent her a package with a machine in it two days before her 14th birthday. She goes with her aunt Jessica, who raised her when her parents disappeared. When her dad is not there, Jessica goes looking for him, and Ashley eventually has to find them both. She meets a ghost named "D", and joins with him to search a mansion on the island.
Kassite dynasty

The **Kassite dynasty** was ruled by the Kassites. They were an obscure mountain tribe who came to power in Babylon after the collapse of the First Dynasty of Babylon in 1595 BC following a Hittite sack of the city, and became rulers of northern Babylonia. 

## The Kassites 
The **Kassites** (Persian: کاسی‌ها) were an ancient people from Zagros mountains. Kassites were a federation of several nomadic tribes living in the Zagros mountains, in modern Loristan (Iran).

In the 18th century BCE, the Kassites started to infiltrate Mesopotamia, which was ruled by the successors of the famous king Hammurabi of Babylon (1792–1750). Kassites threatened Babylonia, which they captured in 1750 BC.

The Kassite dynasty dominated Mesopotamia from the 16th to the 12th century BC.

## Importance of this empire 
By turning southern Mesopotamia into a state, instead of a group of temple-cities, the Kassites made Babylonia an international power. They ruled Babylonia almost without interruption for about four hundred years — the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history.

Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria, Egypt, Elam and the Hittites. The Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities. Babylonian merchants traded from Egypt (a source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. Kassite weights and seals, the tools of trade, have been found in Thebes in Greece, in southern Armenia, and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of today's Turkey.

The Kassite kings set up a network of provinces administered by governors. Nippur, a formerly great city, had been virtually abandoned. It was rebuilt in the Kassite period, and became the most important provincial center. Under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur ruled as a secondary (lesser) king. Some 13th century BC Kassite kings even took the title 'Governor of Nippur' for themselves.

The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he died. However, Kassites survived as a distinct ethnic group in the mountains of Lorestan long after the Kassite state collapsed.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum"
More Brain Training from Dr. Kawashima: How Old Is Your Brain?

***More Brain Training from Dr. Kawashima: How Old Is Your Brain?*** (known as ***Brain Age 2: More Training in Minutes a Day!***) is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo on the Nintendo DS handheld. It's one of the best-selling DS games.
Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain?

'''''Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain?*** (known as ***Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!'''*) is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo on the Nintendo DS handheld. It was released in 2006. It is one of the best-selling DS games. A second game: *More Brain Training from Dr. Kawashima: How Old Is Your Brain?*, was released in 2007.

## Gameplay
*Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain?'' uses educational puzzles that are math, word games, memorization games, and other kinds of games. The point of the game is to keep the player's brain young using these educational puzzles. The player is supposed to try and keep their brain at 20, which the game says is the perfect age. It's based on a book by Ryuta Kawashima. The DS is held like a book on its side with the top screen on the left and the bottom screen on the right (opposite for lefties).

### Brain Age Check
The Brain Age Check lets the player check how old he or she is by doing puzzles.

### Training
The Training mode lets the player play most of the puzzles without doing a Brain Age Check.

### Sudoku
The Sudoku mode was added to the non-Japanese versions of the game since it was so popular.

## Reception
*Brain Age* was a popular game, and sold more than 3 million in Japan, 1 million in the United States, and 2 million in PAL regions.
Caricature

.]]
. Pompeii vanished in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, A.D. 79. ]]
A **caricature** (from the Italian *caricatura*, which means "loaded portrait") is a portrait or drawing of a person that exaggerates the way they look, usually to create a humorous effect, or a political statement.

## Other websites 
*Celebrity Caricature 
*Caricature
Cincinnati Red Stockings

The **Cincinnati Red Stockings** of 1869 were baseball's first all-professional team. The team is in Cincinnati, Ohio.   The **Cincinnati Base Ball Club** started in 1866 and played teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players 1867 to 1870. In 1969, Major League Baseball played those events officially by starting professional baseball.

The Red Stockings established styles in team uniforms and team nicknames that have some currency even in the 21st century. They also have a particular color, red, as the color of Cincinnati (and serve as the use of "Red Sox" in Boston as well).

## Other websites 
*1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Club
***19c Base Ball**
Rhythm Heaven

***Rhythm Heaven*** is a music video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It is the sequel to *Rhythm Tengoku*.

## Gameplay 
*Rhythm Heaven* only uses the touch screen on the DS to play the stages. In the stages, the player has to do what the game wants him or her to, like in a level where the player has a song in the background, and has to fill robots with a liquid to send it off. The robot goes on a conveyer belt, and the player has to drop the nozzle to the beat of the music and try to get it to land on its head. Then, the player has to hold it there until the robot fills up and flies away. If the player does it right, he or she gets a perfect hit. If the player overfills, underfills, or barely misses, it's a half-hit. If the player misses completely, it's a miss. At the end, the player is ranked, either getting a Perfect Level, Mediocre, or a Miss. The touch screen can do a lot of stuff, like a "flick" motion where the player flicks in a direction with the stylus or just touch the screen. The first stage has the player flicking a screw using a spring to the beat of the music. At the right moment, the player has to flick the screw into two squares as they roll down the level at the right time to make them come together. 

There's a mode called Guitar Lessons that's like the Drum Lessons in *Rhythm Tengoku*.

## Music 
Like in *Rhythm Tengoku*, Tsunku made the music for this game. A soundtrack released on October 15, 2008 with 140 songs from this game and *Rhythm Tengoku*, which came before this game.
Eddie Gaedel

**Edward Carl "Eddie" Gaedel** (June 8, 1925– June 18, 1961) is a former professional baseball player. Gaedel played in his only major league game on August 19, 1951, against the Detroit Tigers. He got walked on four pitches in a row and was taken out of the game. Gaedel was officially listed as standing  and weighing .

## References
## Other websites 
*MLB
*Eddie Gaedel at Baseball Library.com 
*ESPN.com article: "Short on size, long on history"
*Box score for the Gaedel game
Pho

**Pho**  is a traditional Vietnamese rice-noodle soup dish. It is served in a bowl. It has white rice noodles in beef broth with thin cuts of beef, vegetable, and spice such as chili or chili sauce. Sometimes, tendon, tripe, meatballs, chicken leg, chicken breast, or other organs (heart, liver, etc.) are also available. Pho that is cooked with chicken instead of beef is called phở gà.

Pho is a very popular food in Vietnam. It was brought to many other countries when Vietnamese immigrants and refugees moved to those places.

## Making pho 
### Noodles 
A special kind of noodle called *bánh phở* that is made from rice is used to make pho. It is flat and white.

### Broth 
The broth is usually made from beef bones. Meat can also be used to make the broth. Also there are many spices (ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, star anise, clove) that are boiled too to make the broth.

### Vegetables 
Onions, basil, chilis, and other vegetables can be added.

### Sauces 
Sriracha (chili) sauce and hoisin sauce can be added to the pho. Some people also like to squeeze lime juice into their pho.

## Other websites 
* Lam, Andrew. "Pho," *All Things Considered*, National Public Radio, September 2, 1999 Surprising locations to find *pho*
* Norris, Michele. "From Pho to Fast Food, an Immigrant's Tale," *All Things Considered*, National Public Radio, February 6, 2007 Biography of Bich Minh Nguyen
* Prakash, Snigdha. "Pho Sells," *Morning Edition*, National Public Radio, June 3, 2002. *Campbell* soup markets *pho*
* Sullivan, Michael. "Vietnamese Pho Chain Takes on U.S. Competition," *Morning Edition*, National Public Radio, March 20, 2007. Introduction of chain restaurant in the USA
Anti-social behaviour order

Graffiti]]
An **ASBO**, or an **A**nti**s**ocial **b**ehaviour **o**rder, is a British legal term for an order that is sometimes served on people who often behave badly and have many complaints made against them because of their behaviour. The order is designed to stop them from being anti-social, which means causing distress or alarm (among other things) to other people that do not live in the same place as themselves, according to the Crime & Disorder Act. 1998. ASBO's were ended and replaced with "Injunctions" in 2015

Some types of anti-social behaviour are:
*Hurting people
*Damaging things/Graffiti
*Using bad words, sometimes directed at minorities
*Dropping rubbish
*Hanging around
*Being very drunk
*Dealing drugs
*Stealing
*Being noisy
*Scaring and threatening people (attempting to produce fear)
*Starting fires
*Spitting
*Streaking
*Going places where you're not allowed to go

An ASBO prohibits people from doing certain things, in certain times, in certain places. For instance, it might ban a person from gathering with certain friends in the park after 8 o'clock if that group of people have previously caused trouble together.

There is also something called an **ABC**, which stands for an **A**cceptable **B**ehaviour **C**ontract, and are often used to make sure people try to be "nice". It is flexible, and can be used in serious situations as well as low key ones.
*Wearing one golf glove
*Playing Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?", stomping and dropping objects
*Being sarcastic
*Attending meetings that deal with anti-social behaviour

## References
Kochi, India

**Kochi** is a city in the state of Kerala, in India. It used to be called **Cochin**. It is also called the "Queen of the Arabian Sea". 
## Geography
The city has the second-highest population in the state after the capital city of Kerala, Trivandrum. Kochi is the financial and commercial hub of the state. 

Kochi has a very old synagogue. It is usually called by the name Ernakulam, which is the mainland part of the city. 

Most regions in Kochi are at sea level. It has a coastline of almost . Kochi is the seat of the High Court of Kerala. 
## History
Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward, and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era. Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503, Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India. It remained the main seat of Portuguese India until 1530, when Goa was chosen instead. The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British, with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state. 
## Tourism
Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala. The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine. 
## Economy
Kochi was one of the 28 Indian cities among the emerging 440 global cities that will contribute 50% of the world GDP by the year 2025, in a 2011 study done by the McKinsey Global Institute. In July 2018, Kochi was ranked the topmost emerging future megacity in India by global professional services firm JLL.
Objectivism (Ayn Rand)

**Objectivism** is a philosophy that was started by Ayn Rand. It has four main ideas:

1. Everything that exists has an identity meaning something about it that makes it what it is no matter how people think about it or talk about it. This is also true for things like feelings or ideas. It says that a thing is the thing which it is, or "A is A." What people learn about the things that exist comes both from the identity of the things themselves and from the way that people observe (see) and think about what they have observed.

2. Reason is how a person knows that what he thinks or believes is true. A person cannot make something true just by wanting it to be true or by mysticism. Only rational, logical thinking can produce the best outcome. This means recognizing that a thing is the thing it is, and to not confuse it with things which it is not.

3. It is good to be happy, and it is good for a person to try to be happy. People should always try to improve their lives and be happy in the long term, so that they are happy now and in the future. People should not hurt others to try to be happy, but they also should not hurt themselves to try to make other people happy. People should also not make themselves less happy to help something like God. Ayn Rand called this "rational self-interest".

4. If governments or criminals take things away from people, or try to make people do things they do not want to do, it does damage to everybody. Ayn Rand thought that governments should only be able to protect people from violence, theft, fraud, and other actions that go against people's rights. This includes laissez-faire capitalism and is sometimes called libertarianism.

She first told people these ideas in her novels *The Fountainhead* and *Atlas Shrugged*. She talked about them more in *The Objectivist Newsletter*, *The Objectivist*, *The Ayn Rand Letter*, *Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology* and *The Virtue of Selfishness*.
Dalmatia

. It does not include Neum (Bosnia) and Kotor region (Montenegro).]]
**Dalmatia** is a region of the Balkan Peninsula along the Adriatic Sea. It mostly belongs to Croatia. It goes from the island of Pag in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor (in Montenegro) in the southeast. 
 
## Related pages
*Dalmatian Italians
*Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
*Italian language in Croatia
*Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
*List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
*Venice and Dalmatia

## References
Virtualization

uses *virtualization*]]
**Virtualization** (or **Virtualisation**) is a word used in computing. Virtualization means that the users (programs, or real people) only see an abstraction of a computer resource. Virtualization can be done in software, or with hardware. 
* RAID. RAID is used to virtualize computer storage. A RAID system appears as one "disk". The fact that it is made of several disks that work together is hidden. 
* Virtual memory makes it possible to use more memory than is physically in the computer. The computer figures out a way to write contents of certain memory blocks to disk.
*Storage virtualization takes the ideas developed by RAID further. This is what Storage area networks commonly use. All the storage appears as a single big disk. Certain administrators can specify that this large disk is made of "data pools" (which are also virtual). The disk pools are made of single physical disks (or RAID arrays). 
*Some computers (mostly mainframes) allow to run several operating systems at the same time. Each operating system believes it is the only one running.
*Data virtualization is used by businesses to put together data from a few sources in one place. This helps applications, reporting tools and end users to access data with no need in details about the source structure, location and original data.

## References
Chukar

The **chukar** (*Alectoris chukar*) is a Eurasian upland gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. Other common names of this bird include 'Chukker' (sometimes misspelled as 'Chuker'), 'Chukar Partridge', 'Red-legged Partridge', 'Rock Partridge', 'Indian Hill Partridge', 'Chukka', 'Chukkar', 'Chukor', 'Chukore', 'Chikone', 'Kabk', 'Kau-Kau', and 'Keklik'.

## Distribution
This partridge has its native range in Asia from Kashmir in the east to southeastern Europe in the west, and is closely related and similar to its western equivalent, the red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa. It has been introduced widely, and became established in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Hawaii. In Great Britain, hybrids between this species and the also introduced red-legged partridge are common.

The Chukar is the national bird of Pakistan.

## References
Soral

**Soral** is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official Website
AFL–CIO

in Washington DC]]
The **American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations**, called the **AFL-CIO**, is a group of labor unions in the United States and Canada. There are 54 national different unions in the group, and they speak for over 10 million workers. It was started in 1955, when the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations joined after a long argument. From 1955 to 2005, almost all union workers in the U.S. were part of the AFL-CIO. However, in 2005, some large unions (like the Teamsters) left the AFL-CIO.

The president of the AFL-CIO, Richard Trumka served from 2009 until his death on August 5, 2021.

## Other websites 
* AFL-CIO official website
** List of AFL-CIO affiliated unions 
** Speeches from the 2005 AFL-CIO convention 
* Teamsters' Disaffiliation letter to John Sweeney, President AFL-CIO 2005 
* Workers Independent News 

## References
Get Smart

***Get Smart*** was a television series that was shown on NBC from September 18, 1965 to April 12, 1969. It was then shown on CBS from September 26, 1969, to September 11, 1970. It made fun of the secret agent genre. It starred Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as the chief. Max Smart worked for a secret organization called CONTROL. Their enemy was KOAS. In 1980, a movie *The Nude Bomb* was released in theaters. In 1989, a television movie was shown called, *Get Smart, Again!*. Because of the good success of the movie, FOX created a new TV series called *Get Smart*, which featured Don Adams as Max Smart, now chief of CONTROL. A movie based on the series was released on June 20, 2008. It starred Steve Carell as Max Smart, Anne Hathaway as Agent 99 and Alan Arkin as the chief.  Roger Ebert gave it good reviews.

## Other websites 
* 
* The Get Smart Wiki