open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chalo Chatu

**Chalo Chatu** is an Internet encyclopedia project in the English language that is documenting the entire Zambia only covering historical events and current events, notable public figures, companies, organizations, websites, national monuments and other notable key features of Zambia. The website is free of charge: users do not pay but they can choose to donate to the Chalo Chatu Foundation. It is "open content", this means anyone can copy it. It is also the largest and only online encyclopedia in Zambia. The name Chalo Chatu translated as our world in the Zambian local language. Chalo Chatu was started on June 1, 2016 by Jason Mulikita. Chalo Chatu is owned by a Zambian organization, Chalo Chatu Foundation, which is in Lusaka.

## History
Chalo Chatu was launched on June 1, 2016. It was launched as an English-language at www.chalochatu.org and has been active since. Chalo Chatu was launched under ther policy of well written, balanced, neutral, and encyclopedic.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Website 
* Official Facebook Page
* Official YouTube Channel
* Official Twitter Account
Tracheid

shows pits along the walls]]

**Tracheids** are long cells in the xylem of vascular plants. They  transport water and mineral salts. Tracheids are one of two types of elements in the xylem, vessel elements being the other. Tracheids do not have perforation plates; vessel elements do. These define vascular plants, as opposed to  non-vascular plants.

All tracheary elements get a thick lignified cell wall. When the plant is mature, the protoplast has broken down and disappeared.  Tracheids have two functions. They transport material and provide structural support.

The secondary walls have thickenings in various forms: rings, spirals, networks or as extensive thickenings except where there are pits. Tracheids provide most of the structural support in softwoods, where they are the major cell type.

Because tracheids have a much larger surface area to volume ratio compared to vessel elements, they hold water against gravity (by adhesion) when transpiration is not occurring. This mechanism helps plants prevent air embolisms.

The term "tracheid" was introduced by Carl Sanio in 1863, originally as *Tracheide*, in German.

## References
Inonge Wina

**Inonge Mutukwa Wina** (born April 2, 1941) is a Zambian politician and former Vice President of Zambia from 2015 until 2021. She is the first woman to hold the position in Zambia, making her the highest ranking woman in the history of the Zambian government.

## Personal life
She was married to Arthur Wina, an independence fighter, former minister and academic who died on 3 September 1995.
## References
Robert Towne

**Robert Towne** (born **Robert Bertram Schwartz**; November 23, 1934 &ndash; July 1, 2024) was an American screenwriter, producer, director and actor. 

Towne was part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. He is best known for his Academy Award-winning original screenplay for Roman Polanski's *Chinatown* (1974). Towne also wrote the sequel, *The Two Jakes* (1990).

Towne was also known for his screenplays for *The Last Detail* (1973) and *Shampoo* (1975); and the first two *Mission: Impossible* movies.

Towne directed the sports dramas *Personal Best* (1982) and *Without Limits* (1998), the crime thriller *Tequila Sunrise* (1988), and the romantic crime drama *Ask the Dust* (2006).

Towne died on July 1, 2024 at the age of 89, at his home in Los Angeles, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
Emiliano Mondonico

**Emiliano Mondonico** (9 March 1947 – 29 March 2018) was an Italian professional footballer and coach. He played as a winger. In 1966 he was signed by Cremonese, with whom he played one season in Serie D and one season.

Mondonico began his managerial career with the Cremonese youth team in 1979. In 1981, he became manager of the senior team.

In 1990, he joined Torino, where he won the Mitropa Cup over Pisa and finished in fifth-place in the league during the 1990–91 season.

In 2012, Mondonico was fired as head coach by Novara and later retired.

Mondonico died on 29 March 2018 from stomach cancer in Milan at the age of 71.

## References
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

***The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals*** is Charles Darwin's third major work of evolutionary theory, following *On the Origin of Species* (1859) and *The Descent of Man* (1871).

Darwin had intended it as a section of *The Descent of Man*. However, that book was already quite long: it was published in two volumes. So the *Expression of the Emotions* was published separately in 1872.

The book is about the way emotional life is shown by the faces and actions of man and other mammals. Darwin sets out ideas that our systems of emotions are inherited, and have evolved in a similar way to the more familiar structural aspects of man and animals.

He explores the origins of such human characteristics as the lifting of the eyebrows in moments of surprise and the mental confusion which typically accompanies blushing. The book is very notable for being the first book to use photographs as the main way of showing scientific evidence. The field of study is now called *behavioural genetics*. One line of evidence he uses is the way many different peoples in different parts of the world have similar facial and emotional reactions.

Darwin's basic points were: a single origin for the entire human species, and universal human expressions. Also, there are obvious links between the way human emotions are shown and the way other mammals show their emotions. Our emotional displays are adapted from a more basic set of emotional displays common to many mammals. The emotional displays are inherited, automatic and are difficult to control with our conscious mind. They are operated by the more ancient unconscious mind. Modern research has shown that it is extremely difficult to avoid giving signs of our emotions.

A German translation of *The Expression* appeared in 1872; Dutch and French versions followed in 1873 and 1874. A second edition of the book, with only minor alterations, was published in 1890.

)]]

## References
José Hugo Garaycoa Hawkins

**José Hugo Garaycoa Hawkins** (2 June 1930 – 27 March 2018) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic bishop.

Garaycoa Hawkins was born in Callao, Peru and was ordained to the priesthood in 1961. He served as titular bishop oh Horæa and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lima, Peru, from 1982 to 1991. He then served as Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tacna y Moquegua, Peru, from 1991 to 2006.

Garaycoa Hawkins died on 27 March 2018 in Lima, Peru at the age of 87.

## References
Kirchheim unter Teck

**Kirchheim unter Teck** () is a town in southern Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It has 40,000 people. It is named after the mountain Teck. It isn't far away from Stuttgart. It is in a mountain group named Schwäbische Alb.

## References
John W. Vogt

**John Willard Vogt** (December 28, 1936 – March 21, 2018) was an American engineer and politician. He was born in Lake Wales, Florida. He studied at the University of Florida. He served in the Florida Senate from 1972 to 1988. Vogt was a member of the Democratic Party.

Vogt died on March 21, 2018 at the age of 81 from pulmonary fibrosis in Tallahassee, Florida.

## References
James C. Irwin

**James Clarence Irwin** (June 7, 1929 &ndash; March 21, 2018) was an American military personnel. He was a retired vice admiral in the United States Coast Guard. He was Vice Commandant from 1986 to 1988. Irwin was born in Des Moines, Iowa.

Irwin died on March 21, 2018 of Alzheimer's disease in Chandler, Arizona at the age of 88.

## References
Eugène Van Roosbroeck

**Eugène Van Roosbroeck** (13 May 1928 – 28 March 2018) was a Belgian racing cyclist. He was born in Noorderwijk (Antwerp province). He won a gold medal in team road race at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, together with Lode Wouters and Leon De Lathouwer.

Roosbroeck died on 28 March 2018 in Noorderwijk at the age of 89.

## References
Stephen Reinhardt

**Stephen Roy Reinhardt** (March 27, 1931 – March 29, 2018) was an American circuit judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit serving from 1980 until his death in 2018. He was the last federal appeals court judge in active service to have been appointed by President Jimmy Carter. He was a Democrat. Reinhardt was born in New York City.

Reinhardt died in Los Angeles, California on March 29, 2018 from a heart attack at the age of 87.

## References
Mike Harrison (musician)

**Mike Harrison** (3 September 1945 – 25 March 2018) was an English musician and singer. He was known as a principal lead singer of Spooky Tooth.  He has also been the lead singer in The V.I.P.s, Art and the Hamburg Blues Band, among others.

Harrison died in Carlisle, Cumbria on 25 March 2018 at the age of 72.

## References
## Other websites
* Spooky Tooth Official Website
Alanna Ubach

**Alanna Noel Ubach** (born October 3, 1975) is an actress, vocal artist and singer of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Spanish descent. She is known for her roles in *Coco* as Mama Imelda, *Legally Blonde* as Serena McGuire, *Meet the Fockers* as Isabel Villalobos. She played Jeanine Pirro in the 2019 movie *Bombshell* and Suze Howard in the HBO series *Euphoria*. She is also known for singing "La Llorona" and "La Bruja" in *Coco Live at the Hollywood Bowl*.

## References
## Other websites
*
*"BroadwayWorld.com" interview with Alanna Ubach, May 31, 2008
Melrose Park, Illinois

**Melrose Park** is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago, 14 miles by road. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 24,796.

The suburb was the home of Kiddieland Amusement Park from 1929 until 2010 (it closed in September 2009 before it was demolished), the Shrine of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel, and Stern Pinball, Inc., which is now the world's last manufacturer of coin-operated pinball machines.

## References
## Other websites
*Village of Melrose Park official website
Downey, California

**Downey** is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States,  southeast of Los Angeles. It is thought to be part of the Gateway Cities.

The city is the birthplace of the Apollo space program, and is the hometown of Richard and Karen Carpenter. It is also the home of the oldest still operational McDonald's restaurant in the world. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 114,355.

Downey is sister cities with Guadalajara, Mexico; San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico; Ensenada, Mexico; Fresnillo, Mexico; and Alajuela, Costa Rica.

## References
## Other websites
*
Elmarie Wendel

**Elmarie Louise Wendel** (November 23, 1928 &ndash; July 21, 2018) was an American actress and singer. She was known for her roles as Mrs. Dubcek on *3rd Rock from the Sun* and as Gina, an assembly line worker at the aviation factory on *The George Lopez Show*.

Wendel died on July 21, 2018 at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tullimonstrum

***Tullimonstrum***, colloquially known as the **Tully Monster**, is an extinct bilaterian animal that lived in shallow tropical coastal waters of muddy estuaries during the Pennsylvanian geological period, about 300 million years ago. A single species, T. gregarium, is known. Its classification has been the subject of controversy, and interpretations of the fossil likened it to molluscs, arthropods, conodonts, worms, and vertebrates. It is unknown whether *Tullimonstrum* was a vertebrate or an invertebrate.
Oldest dated rocks

from the site of the Earth's oldest dated rocks (the Acasta River area of Canada). This sample has been dated at 4.03 billion years old.]]

The **oldest dated rocks** on Earth are of several different types.

1. There are early rocks recovered from the Moon. This is relevant because the Moon was once part of the Earth: see giant impact hypothesis. During Apollo 16, Lunar sample 67215, dated at 4.46 billion years, was brought back. Lunar sample 67215 is the oldest known rock on Earth, even though it came from the Moon.

2. The oldest material of terrestrial origin that has been dated is a zircon mineral 4.404 ±0.008 billion years old. It was in the Jack Hills  of Western Australia. The  oldest consistently-dated zircon is closer to 4.35 billion years ago. 

3. The oldest rock formation on Earth may be the Acasta Gneiss in the Canadian Shield in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is composed of the Archaean igneous and gneissic cores of ancient mountain chains that have been exposed by glacial action. Again it was dated by analysis of zircons in the rocks.

## References
André Bo-Boliko Lokonga

**André Bo-Boliko Lokonga Monse Mihambo** (15 August 1934 – 30 March 2018) was a Congolese politician. He served as the First State Commissioner of Zaire from 6 March 1979 to 27 August 1980. From 1967 to 1980, he was secretary-general of the National Union of Zairian Workers.

In 1990 he joined Joseph Iléo in founding the Democratic Social Christian Party.

## References
My Dear Melancholy,

***My Dear Melancholy,*** is an extended play released by Canadian singer-songwriter The Weeknd.  It was released on March 30, 2018, through his label, XO, along with Republic Records.  The EP contains six songs. It has so far topped the iTunes Album chart in over 40 countries.

## Track listing 
## References
Prince George's County, Maryland

in January 2009.]]
'''Prince George's County** (short **PG County''') is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland. It borders the eastern part of Washington, D.C. As of the 2020 census, 967,201 people lived there. That was the second-highest population of any county in Maryland, behind only Montgomery County. The county seat is Upper Marlboro.

## References
Luminous red nova

might be a luminous red nova]]

A **luminous red nova** (*LRN*) is an explosion in space. It is probably caused when two stars  to become one. Their red colour is distinctive. The light curve near the star stays in the infared. Luminous red novae are different from normal novae. Those are explosions on the surface of white dwarf stars.

## History and discovery
The first luminous red nova found was in the Messier 85 galaxy. It was discovered when people working at the Rickett Observatory were searching for supernovas. Astronomers from U.C. Berkeley and Caltech d it. They found that it was different from normal novae and thermal pulses. Afterwards, they announced that luminous red novae are a new type of star explosion.

More luminous red novae were found after the discovery. Researchers found V1309 Scorpii in 2008. The star system was a contact binary. Researchers were studying it for six years before it merged and exploded. In 2015, two different luminous red novae were found. One was in the Andromeda galaxy, and the other was in the Pinwheel galaxy. Astronomers think that in 2022, KIC 9832227 will merge and become a new luminous red nova. This star system is 1800 light years away from the Sun. A team from Calvin College found that the orbital period of the star system was slowing down and that the stars were coming closer to each other.

## Traits
Luminous red novae have these traits:
* The luminosity of the explosion is between that of a supernova and that of a nova.
* The light of the explosion stays for a few weeks or a few months. It gradually becomes darker.
* These stars may not be as hot as normal stars.

## References
## Other websites
* Press release by Caltech "Caltech and Berkeley Astronomers Identify a New Class of Cosmic Explosions"
Htin Kyaw

** Htin Kyaw** (,  or ; born 20 July 1946) is a Burmese politician, writer and scholar who served as the ninth President of Myanmar from 30 March 2016 to 21 March 2018. He was the first elected president to hold the office with no ties to the military since the 
1962 coup d'état. The second son of scholar Min Thu Wun, Htin Kyaw had held various positions in the education, planning and treasury ministries in prior governments.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Win Myint

**Win Myint** ( ; born 8 November 1951) is a Burmese politician and former political prisoner. He was the 10th President of Myanmar from 29 March 2018 until a coup removed him from power on 1 February 2021. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Myanmar from 2016 to 2018. He also served as MP for House of Representatives from 2012 to 2018. 

## References
Huntington Park, California

**Huntington Park** is a city in the Gateway Cities district of southeastern Los Angeles County, California.

As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 54,883.

Huntington Park was made in 1906 as a streetcar suburb for workers in the rapidly expanding industries to the southeast of downtown Los Angeles. To this day, about 30% of its residents work at factories in nearby Vernon and Commerce.

## References
## Other websites
*
Robert Freeman Smith

**Robert Freeman Smith** (June 16, 1931 &ndash; September 21, 2020) was an American politician. Smith, a Republican, was a United States Congressman from Oregon's 2nd congressional district from 1983 to 1995. After a brief retirement, he returned to Congress in 1997.

Smith died on September 21, 2020 in Medford, Oregon at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bob Ptacek

**Robert James "Bob" Ptacek, Jr.** (born April 23, 1937) is a former professional American and Canadian football player. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He holds the CFL record for most fumble returns in a playoff season with three in 1963.

Ptacek played college football at the halfback and quarterback positions for the University of Michigan from 1956 to 1958. He later played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cleveland Browns in 1959 and in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Saskatchewan Roughriders from 1960 to 1965.

## References
Murray S. Hoffman

**Murray Stanley Hoffman**  (April 15, 1924 &ndash; March 23, 2018) was an American cardiologist, educator and diplomat of the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Board of Cardiovascular Disease, a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology. He was a member of the Council on Clinical Cardiology (CLCD) of the American Heart Association. He was born in Denver, Colorado. He retired in 2002.

Hoffman died at a hospital in Denver on March 23, 2018 at the age of 93.

## References
Michael Rennie

**Michael Rennie** (born **Eric Alexander Rennie**; 25 August 1909 &ndash; 10 June 1971) was an English actor. He is best known for his starring role as the space visitor Klaatu in the science fiction movie *The Day the Earth Stood Still* (1951).

## Other websites
* 
* 
* The Complete Michael Rennie  – Fan site
Billy Gray (actor)

**William Thomas "Billy" Gray** (born January 13, 1938) is an American former actor and motorcyclist. He was known primarily for his role as James "Bud" Anderson, Jr., in 193 episodes of the situation comedy *Father Knows Best* and as an alien in the movie *The Day the Earth Stood Still*.

## Other websites
*
The Day the Earth Stood Still

***The Day the Earth Stood Still*** (a.k.a. ***Farewell to the Master*** and ***Journey to the World***) is a 1951 American black-and-white science fiction movie from 20th Century Fox. It was produced by Julian Blaustein, directed by Robert Wise and stars Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal, Billy Gray, Hugh Marlowe, and Sam Jaffe.

The screenplay was written by Edmund H. North. It is based on the 1940 science fiction short story "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates. The score was composed by Bernard Herrmann.

In 1995, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## References
Sam Jaffe

**Sam Jaffe** (born **Shalom Jaffe**, March 10, 1891 – March 24, 1984) was an American actor, teacher, writer, musician, and engineer.

In 1951, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in *The Asphalt Jungle* (1950). He also starred in *Ben-Hur* (1959) and *The Day the Earth Stood Still* (1951). He may be best remembered for playing the title role in *Gunga Din* (1939) and the High Lama in *Lost Horizon* (1937).

also played Admiral Richter in the 1976 tv show season 2 pt 3 of Bionic Woman (kill oscar)

## References
## Other websites
*
Hugh Marlowe

**Hugh Marlowe** (born **Hugh Herbert Hipple**, January 30, 1911 &ndash; May 2, 1982) was an American movie, television, stage and radio actor.

Marlowe was known for his works with 20th Century Fox, appearing in ''Twelve O'Clock High* (1949), *All About Eve* (1950), *Night and the City* (1950), *The Day the Earth Stood Still* (1951), *Rawhide'' (1951), and Howard Hawks' *Monkey Business* (1952). 

His later movies include  *Earth vs. the Flying Saucers* (1956), *Elmer Gantry* (1960), *Birdman of Alcatraz* (1962), and *Seven Days in May* (1964).

## References
## Other websites
*
Hoosiers

***Hoosiers*** is a 1986 sports movie about a high school basketball team from a small town in Indiana that wins their state championship. It written by Angelo Pizzo and directed by David Anspaugh. The story comes from a team at Milan High School that won the 1954 state championship.

Gene Hackman played Norman Dale, a new coach but who had problems in his past. Other stars include Barbara Hershey and Dennis Hopper (he would earn a Oscar nomination for his role). The music also got Jerry Goldsmith a nomination for an Academy Award. In 2001, *Hoosiers* was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## References
Kankai Municipality

**Kankai Municipality** is a municipality in Jhapa District of Nepal. In May 2014 two village development committees, Surunga and Ghailadubba joined together to form this municipality.

Surunga, Ghailadubba, Laxmipur and Durgapur are major places for trade in this municipality.
## References
Robert Whittaker

**Robert Harding Whittaker** (December 27, 1920 – October 20, 1980) was a distinguished American plant ecologist

In 1969 Whittaker proposed a "five kingdom" system in which three kingdoms were added to the animals and plants: Monera, Protista, and Fungi. Whittaker defined the kingdoms by a number of special characteristics.

## References
Prince Sanggye

**Prince Sanggye** (January 21, 1769 - November 20, 1786) or **Crown Prince Wanpung** was a royal family member of the Joseon dynasty in Korea.

He was the first son of Prince Eunjeon. Euneon was a  son of Crown Prince Sado.  His mother was Lady Song of Sangsan.

## References
Than Shwe

**Than Shwe** (; ; born 2 February 1933) is a Burmese army general and politician. He was the commander-in-chief and military ruler of Burma (Myanmar) until 2010. 

Than Shwe was the head of state of Burma from 1992 to 2011 as Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). He held key positions, including Prime Minister of Myanmar, Commander-in-chief of Myanmar Defense Services, and head of the Union Solidarity and Development Association. He faced criticism for perceived undemocratic practices. 

In March 2011, Than Shwe officially stepped down as head of state. He gave control over the government to his chosen successor, Thein Sein. As the head of the Armed Forces, he was succeeded by Senior General Min Aung Hlaing. He continues to have significant influence within the military.

Than Shwe is suffering from diabetes and he is rumored to have colorectal cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*Than Shwe at WN
Sandra Peabody

**Sandra Peabody** (born January 11, 1948 in Portland, Oregon) is an American actress, writer, producer, and acting coach. She is best known for her role as Mari Collingwood in Wes Craven's 1972 horror movie *The Last House on the Left*. She is known for her roles in horror movies such as *Voices of Desire* (1972), *Massage Parlor Murders!* (1973), and *Legacy of Satan* (1974). Peabody quit acting in the mid 1970s and now works as an acting coach, writer, and producer.

## Movie
Crown Prince Uiso

**Crown Prince Uiso** (; 27 September 1750 - 17 April 1752) 
He died when he was three years old.

## References
Surunga

**Surunga** is a center for trade in Kankai Municipality of Jhapa District in Nepal. Kankai river flows from the western side of this place. The name Surunga came from word "surung" which means tunnel. It is believed that five brothers in mahabharat made a tunnel till there for escape.
## References
Luluwa

**Luluwa** "Pearl" was the first daughter of Adam and Eve in some traditions of the Abrahamic religions. She is sometimes called **Aclima** or **Kalmana**. She was also the sister and wife of Abel. Luluwa was married to Abel, then when Abel died she married Cain.

She is not mentioned in the writings that became the Bible.

## References
Script.NET

**Script.NET** or **S#** is a programming language that provides scripting functionality in Microsoft .NET applications. The syntax of Script.NET is similar to JavaScript. It is designed to be a simple and efficient scripting language allowing to customize .NET applications. The language has a true runtime interpreter, and it is executed without generating additional in-memory assemblies. 

Script.NET is an open-source project.

## External References 
ScriptDotNet.Homepage
Kankai River

The **Kankai River** (also known as Mai Khola) () is a river flowing from North to south in eastern part of Nepal. It flows through Ilam District and Jhapa District of Nepal. The name **Kankai**  came from 'KANAKA' a Sanskrit word in which it means gold. It is also considered to be a sacred river for Hindus. The bank of Kankai river is popular for holy bath and worshiping.
## References
Ghailadubba

**Ghailadubba** is a small town in Kankai Municipality of Jhapa District in Nepal. In 2014 it joined with Surunga to form Kankai Municipality.

Jute, animals and Food grains are the major products traded in this town.
## References
Adair County, Kentucky

**Adair County** is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 18,903. The county seat is Columbia.

## References
Serif

with serifs in red, a serif typeface and a sans-serif typeface]]

A **serif** is a term in typography. If a letter is made of a line or lines, a serif is a tiny decorative line on the ends of letter's 'limbs'. Thus, in the illustration on the right, each serif letter has a serif on the end of its lines. Alphabetic typefaces either have serifs or not. Those without are called sans-serif.

The design of our typefaces started in the 15th century, when the early printers used moulds from which letters made of lead were produced.

However, the original source of the serif may be in monumental inscriptions. Serifs are on the letters at the base of Trajan's column (built 107~113 AD), and are clearly illustrated in standard textbooks on typography.

## Related pages 
*Typography
*Sans serif
*Font

## References
420 (cannabis culture)

**420**, **4:20**, or **4/20**  (pronounced **four-twenty**) is a code word used by people who smoke cannabis to talk about the drug. It is especially used to talk about smoking cannabis at 4:20pm (16:20) in the afternoon, and for the day April 20 (4/20 in the American calendar).

The term appeared in 1971 from five American high school students in California.

April 20 became the day of cannabis-related events, celebrations, and protests.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ali ibn Musa

**Ali ibn Musa** (), also known by his title **Ar-Ridha** (*the contented*), was the eighth Shia Imam, after his father Musa al-Kadhim, and before his son Muhammad al-Jawad. He was an Imam of knowledge according to the Zaydi (Fiver) Shia school and Sufis. He lived in a period when Abbasid caliphs were facing many difficulties, the most important of which was Shia revolts. The Caliph Al-Mamun tried to fix this problem by appointing Al-Ridha as the next caliph, however, according to the Shia view, when Al-Ma'mun saw that the Imam gained even more popularity, he decided to correct his mistake by poisoning him. The Imam was buried in a village in Khorasan, which afterwards gained the name Mashhad, meaning the place of martyrdom. Today the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad occupies a total area of 598,657 square meters (147.931 acres).

## Works
Following works are attributed to him.
* Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah (The Golden Treatise)
* Sahifa Al-Ridha
* Uyun al Akhbar Al-Ridha
* Fiqh Al-Ridha (Al-Ridha's Jurisprudence)

## References
Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Sifang C151C

The **Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang C151C** is the sixth generation of rolling stock to be introduced on the East West Line and North South Line of Singapore. 12 trains were purchased and were delivered between 2017 and 2019, where the trains were tested before starting full service in 2019.
The first of the 12 trains was delivered on 27 October 2017. The interior design was shown on 28 February 2018 at the Tuas Depot with two trains on display. When all trainsets start running it will bring the total number of trains running on the NSEWL to 198 trainsets, up from the previous 186 trainsets. The first 3 C151C trainsets started running on 30 September 2018 on the North-South Line. 3 more commenced service by end-2018, and the remaining 6 started services in early 2019.

## Design 
The C151C will be the first  Mass Rapid Transit rolling stock on the NSEWL to be fitted with fold-up seats, and a new Route Map Display also found in the CT251 on the Thomson-East Coast Line. 

The C151C retains most of the features of the C151B trains but with a different livery. It's the second train to follow the LTA's livery rules (the first was the C951) and the first train on the North South & East West Lines to use it. Unlike the C151B before it , it is finished in black for the upper body and white for the lower body, separated by a red and green stripe, which are the NSEWL colours. Unlike the C151A and C151B which has the SMRT Logos on the front, the C151C trains has the Land Transport Authority logos on its body. The front headlights have been replaced by LEDs but retained the placement like the C151B, but the C151C sports a black front from the older trains before C151A trains, albeit in a straight line like the C751B for the C151C.

## Train Formation 
The configuration of a C151C in revenue service is DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT

The car numbers of the trains range from x701 to x724, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars have a 4 digit serial number. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer (DT) and two motor cars (M1 & M2) permanently coupled together. For example, set 705/706 consists of carriages 3705, 1705, 2705, 2706, 1706 and 3706.

* The first digit identifies the car number, where the first car has a 3, the second has a 1 & the third has a 2.
* The second digit is always a 7, part of the identification numbers
* The third digit and fourth digit are the train identification numbers. A full length train of 6 cars have 2 different identification numbers. For example, 705/706 (normal coupling) or 705/720 (cross coupling).
** Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang built sets 701-724.

## Related pages
*Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 
*Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A 
*Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B
*Siemens C651
*Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo C751B

## References
Léon Kengo wa Dondo

**Léon Kengo wa Dondo** (born **Leon Lubicz**, 22 May 1935) is a Congolese politician. He served as the "first state commissioner" (prime minister) several times under Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaïre. Since 2007, he has been President of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bhang

, Rajasthan]]
 and bhang in Guwahati, Assam, India]]

**Bhang** () is food made from cannabis. It was used in food and drink as early as 1000 B.C. in India. By tradition, people drink bhang during the spring festival of Holi.

## References
Sun Kosi

The **Sun Kosi** is a river that flows from Tibet to Nepal. It is a part of Kosi River which flows into India. The name 'Sun Kosi' comes from the Nepali word 'sun' which means gold and 'kosi' which means river. Many people go to this river for rafting in Nepal.

## References
International Lefthanders Day

**International Lefthanders Day** is on August 13. It was created in 1976, for people who are lefties. It was first observed on the 13th of August 1976. It is meant to promote awareness of the inconveniences faced by left-handers in a predominantly right-handed world.

## References 
## Website 
*
Arun River

The **Arun River** () is a river that flows from Tibet to Nepal. It is a part of Koshi River which flows into India. It is known as **Phung Chu** or **Bum-chu** at Tibet, from where it starts. Around 37 percent of the total water of Koshi River comes from this river.

## References
Tamur River

The **Tamur River** is a river that flows in estern part of Nepal. Its source is near the Kanchenjunga mountain. Tamur and Arun River joins the Sun Kosi to form Koshi River which flows into India.

## References
Lock-in amplifier

A **lock-in amplifier** is a type of amplifier that can extract a  with a known carrier wave from an extremely noisy environment.
Indravati River, Nepal

The **Indravati River** () is a river in Nepal. It is a tributary of Sun Kosi river which later joins Koshi River. It is also known as 'Melamchi khola'.
## References
9ice

**Abolore Akande** (born January 17, 1980), popularly known as **9ice** is a Nigerian hip-hop singer and politician. 9ice became popular after releasing the album *Kongo Aso* in 2008. That same year, he won the MTV Africa Music Awards for Best Hip Hop Artist and the  Music Of Black Origin (MOBO) Award for Best African Act category. In 2015, he was named as Special Adviser to Abiola Ajimobi, the governor of Oyo State.

## Background 
9ice grew up in Lagos state, Nigeria in shomolu Bariga suburbs. 9ice had always dreamed of being a musician. His parents support him while discovering that he has a singing talent.

## Career 
9ice released the single *Gongo Aso song in 2008 where the* song start gaining popularity,
9ice perform at the Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribert in London, United Kingdom in same year, June 2008.

## References
Oyo State

**Oyo State** is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. It is located in south-west part of Nigeria and its capital is Ibadan, the largest city in Nigeria.

## History 
It was created from Western States and included Osun State, which later splitted in 1991.

## References
Abiola Ajimobi

**Isiaka Abiola Ajimobi** (16 December 1949 – 25 June 2020) was a Nigerian politician from Oyo State. He was elected in 2003 as a Senator of the Republic of Nigeria representing Oyo South Senatorial District on the platform of the Alliance for Democracy (AD). After one term in the senate, he contested in 2007 the governorship of Oyo state under the banner of the All Nigeria People's Party, a bid which he lost. He was also an oil businessman.

He died from COVID-19 on 25 June 2020, aged 70.

## References
Living things (song)

**Living things** is a song written and recorded by the Nigerian Hip-Hop singer, Abolore Akande.  It was produced by Young John as a single from the studio album *ID Cabasa*. On 12th January 2018, the song won the SoundcityMVP Awards for Viewer Choice category. 
The song have been strongly criticized for promoting internet fraud.

## References
Fula people

**Fula** or **Fulani people** are ethnic groups in West Africa. They are mostly cattle herders and traders. Their native language is called Fulfulde.

## References
Imja Khola

The **Imja Khola** () is a tributary of Dudh Kosi river which flows in estern part of Nepal. This river is on the trekking  Which passes through the Rhododendron forest in Everest base camp region.

Chhukung Ri-202-Tal-Gletscher-Imja Khola-2007-gje.jpg
Chhukung Ri-238-Imja Khola-Dingboche-2007-gje.jpg
Dingboche to Pangboche-08-Bergrutsch-2007-gje.jpg
Dingboche to Pangboche-12-Imja Khola-Weg-2007-gje.jpg
Dingboche to Pangboche-58-Imja Khola-2007-gje.jpg

## References
Bagmati River

The **Bagmati River** is a river in Bagmati Zone of Nepal. It is a holy river for both Hindus and Buddhists. This river flows through Kathmandu valley. Many temples can be seen in the bank of this river. Pashupatinath temple is also at the bank of this river. Due to large population of the cities this river is very polluted.

## References
Dudh Kosi

**Dudh Kosi** (दुधकोशी नदी, *Milk-Kosi River*) is a river that flows from north to south in eastern Nepal. It is one of the rivers that joins to form Kosi River. The name 'Dudh Kosi' comes from Nepali word 'Dudh' which means milk, and 'kosi' which means river.

Machhermo to Gokyo-38-Bach-2007-gje.jpg
Dhole to Machhermo-24-Siedlungen-2007-gje.jpg
Phakding-Namche-63a-Larja-Bruecke-2007-gje.jpg
Jorsale-06-Dudh Koshi-2007-gje.jpg

## References
Gandaki River

The **Gandaki River** is one of the major rivers of Nepal. It is the deepest river of Nepal. It is a tributary of Ganges in India. Ammonite fossils found at the bank of this river are called 'Shaligrams'. They are black, hard stones which represents Vishnu, a Hindu god.

Mustang-Lo Manthang to Tibetan border-16-Fluss-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Tsele-10-Kali Gandaki-Packpferde-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Chhusang to Tsele-06-Kali Gandaki-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Chhusang to Tsele-40-Trockenrisse-Boden-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Chhusang-02-Kali Gandaki-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Tangbe to Chhusang-08-Kali Gandaki-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Kagbeni to Tangbe-14-Kali Gandaki-Tirigaon-2015-gje.jpg
Mustang-Jomsom to Kagbeni-14-Kali Gandaki-2015-gje.jpg

## References
Celestine (mineral)

**Celestine**, also known as **celestite**, is a blue mineral which is the main source of the element strontium. It is found as strontium sulfate (SrSO4), which is commonly used in fireworks and in some metal alloys. Often occuring in crystallized formation, celestine derives its name from the Latin word for celestial, *caelestis*.

## References
Walter Pérez Villamonte

**Walter Pérez Villamonte** (3 November 1936 – 29 March 2018) was a Bolivian Roman Catholic bishop.

Pérez Villamonte was ordained to the priesthood in 1962. He served as titular bishop of *Churbis* and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Sucre, Bolivia, from 1995 to 1998. He then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Potosí, Bolivia, from 1998 to 2009.

Pérez Villamonte died on 29 March 2018 at the age of 81.

## References
Tarasp

**Tarasp** was a municipality in the district of Inn in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. Its eleven settlements are situated within the Lower Engadin valley along the Inn River, at the foot of the Sesvenna Range. On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Ardez, Guarda, Tarasp, Ftan and Sent merged into the municipality of Scuol.

Originally a Romansh language area, the majority of the population today speaks High Alemannic German. Unlike the surrounding municipalities, the Tarasp parish is mainly Catholic.

## History 
Tarasp was also a Lordship of the Holy Roman Empire, which joined the Austrian Imperial Circle in 1512 and was passed to the Princes of Dietrichstein in 1683.

Tarasp was an Austrian enclave inside the Free State of the Three Leagues, an associate of the Old Swiss Confederacy until 1809, when Austria ceded the territory to Revolutionary France, who subsequently passed it to Graubünden.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
Lavau-sur-Loire

**Lavau-sur-Loire** is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. In 2015, 761 people lived there.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Loire-Atlantique department
Trishuli River

The **Trishuli River** is one of the major rivers of Nepal. It is a tributary of Narayani River of Nepal. It originates from the Tibet region of China. The name of the river came from 'Trishula' a weapon carried by Hindu god Shiva.
## References
Seti Gandaki River

The **Seti Gandaki River (Nepali:सेती गण्डकी नदि)** is a river at western part of Nepal. It is a tributary of Trishuli River. It is one of the holy river in Hindu religion. It is worshipped as a form of Vishnu. It flows south and south-east past Pokhara and Damauli to join the Trishuli River near Devghat.

In May 2012 a flood on the river killed more than 60 people north of Pokhara. It also changed the course of the river.

## References
Lhotse

**Lhotse** is the fourth tallest mountain of the world. It's height is  above sea level. The summit of this mountain is in the border of Tibet and Nepal.

Flight Kathmandu-Himalayas-18-Nuptse-Everest-Lhotse-2014-gje.jpg
Kala Patthar-48-Gipfel-Everest-Lhotse-2007-gje.jpg
Gorak Shep-32-Everest-Lhotse-2007-gje.jpg
Lobuche to Gorak Shep-86-Anstieg-Lhotse-2007-gje.jpg
Namche to Dhole-04-Choerte-Everest-Nuptse-Lhotse-2007-gje.jpg
Tengboche-Namche Bazaar-80-Everest-Lhotse-2007-gje.jpg

## References
Vedic period

The **Vedic period** or **Vedic civilization** (c. 1500 – c. 600 BC) is a period in the history of the Indian subcontinent between the end of the Indus Valley Civilization, and about  BC. It gets its name from the *Vedas*, which are religious texts. They contain some details of life during this period. They are the main sources for understanding this period. 

The *Vedas* were composed and orally transmitted by speakers of an Old Indo-Aryan language. They had migrated into the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period. The associated Vedic culture was tribal and pastoral until  c. 1200 or 1100 BC, and centered in the Punjab region. 

The society then spread eastward to the Ganges Plain, becoming more agricultural and settled. The Vedic period saw the emergence of social classes, and developed into kingdoms known as the Janapada. Archaeological cultures show phases of Vedic culture such as the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, the Gandhara Grave culture, the Black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture.

## References
Sven-Olov Sjödelius

**Sven-Olov Sjödelius** (13 June 1933 &ndash; 29 March 2018) was a Swedish sprint canoeist who competed from the early 1950s to the early 1960s. He won two gold medals in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics, as well as three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships.

Sjödelius died of respiratory failure on 30 March 2018 at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
*Sven-Olov Sjödelius. Swedish Olympic Committee
*Sports-reference.com profile
Makalu

**Makalu** is the fifth tallest mountain of the world. Its height is  above sea level. Its shape is like a pyramid with four sides. It is located in the border of Nepal and China.
## References
Michel Sénéchal

**Michel Sénéchal** (11 February 1927 &ndash; 1 April 2018) was a French tenor. He worked with French and Italian character roles in a repertory ranging from Baroque to contemporary works. Sénéchal was born in Paris, France.

Sénéchal also appeared regularly in operettas, especially by Offenbach, such as *Orphée aux enfers*, *La Vie parisienne*, *La Périchole*, where his comic talent was shown to fine effect. As the years went by Sénéchal started concentrating on character roles such as Basilio in *Nozze di Figaro*, Goro in *Madama Butterfly*, the innocent in *Boris Godunov*, Monsieur Triquet in *Eugene Onegin*, and the four servants in ''Les contes d'Hoffmann'', which were his debut roles at the Metropolitan Opera on 8 March 1982.

Sénéchal died on 1 April 2018 in Paris at the age of 91.

## References
Edward Seaga

**Edward Philip George Seaga** ( or ; ON, PC; 28 May 1930 &ndash; 28 May 2019) was a Jamaican politician. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1980 to 1989, and the leader of the Jamaica Labour Party from 1974 to 2005. He served as leader of the opposition from 1974 to 1980, and again from 1989 until January 2005.

Seaga died on 28 May 2019 at a hospital in Miami, Florida from cancer on his 89th birthday.

## References
Avichai Rontzki

**Avichai Rontzki** (, October 10, 1951 – April 1, 2018) was the Chief Military Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces. He served in the position from 2006 to 2010, with a rank of Brigadier General.

His predecessor in that position was Rabbi Israel Weiss. Rontzki was also the rosh yeshiva of the Hesder Yeshiva in the West Bank settlement Itamar.

His four years in office have led to several controversies. Some of his statements upset not only secular Israelis, but led many organizations outside of Israel to accuse him of inciting terrorism.

## References
Abdul Latif Dayfallah

**Abdul Latif Dayfallah** () (1 January 1930 – 27 March 2019) was a Yemeni military officer and politician. He joined the Yemeni Army and received military training at the Egyptian Military Academy in Cairo where he acquired Nasserist sympathies. In the September 1962 coup, he held the rank of Major General and served as Director of Signals in the Yemeni military.

Dayfallah was the Prime Minister of the Yemen Arab Republic for 26 April to 5 October 1963, under President Abdullah as-Sallal.

## References
P. J. Patterson

**Percival Noel James Patterson**, ON, PC, QC (born 10 April 1935), is a Jamaican politician. He served as the sixth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1992 to 2006. He was the leader of the People's National Party from 1992 to 2006 and as the Member of Parliament (MP) from 1970 to 1980 when he lost to the Jamaica Labour Party Euphemia Williams, and again from 1989 to 1993.  He served as the MP for Westmoreland Eastern from 1993 to 2006. He retired in March 2006.

## References
Andrew Holness

**Andrew Michael Holness**, ON, MP  (born 22 July 1972) is a Jamaican politician. He is the 9th and current Prime Minister of Jamaica since 3 March 2016. Holness previously served as Prime Minister from October 2011 to January 5, 2012. He succeeded Bruce Golding as Prime minister, and decided to go to the polls in the 2011 Jamaican general election in an attempt to get his own mandate from the Jamaican electorate.   

## Early life 
Andrew Michael Holness was born on 22 July 1972 in Spanish Town, St. Catherine Jamaica to Working class Parents, Father Morris Holness and Mother Sonia Harvey. Holness attended Primary school on 1 January 1979 and graduated in November 1984. 

## Career 
He failed in that bid, however, losing to the People’s National Party (PNP) led by Portia Simpson-Miller, with the PNP gaining 42 seats to the Jamaican Labour Party (JLP) 21. Following the 2011 election defeat, Holness served as Leader of the opposition (Jamaica) from 6 January 2012 to 3 March 2016, when he once again assume the Position of Prime minister. 2021 Jamaica general election.  

Holness is the youngest person to have become Prime Minister in Jamaica's history, as well as the Country’s ninth Prime minister overall. He is also the first Prime Minister to have been born after Jamaica gained independence in 1962.

In 2022, during Prince William's visit to Jamaica, Holness told Prince William that Jamaica would become a republic by 2025.

## References
Patrick Allen (politician)

**Sir Patrick Linton Allen** ON GCMG CD KStJ (born 7 February 1951) is a Jamaican politician. He is the sixth and current Governor-General of Jamaica since 26 February 2009.

## References
Edward Zacca

The Right Honourable **Sir Edward Zacca**, KCMG, OJ, PC (26 July 1931 &ndash; 11 November 2019) was a Jamaican politician. He was Chief Justice of the Jamaican Supreme Court from 1985 to 1996. He served as acting Governor-General. Zacca served in that capacity from March to August 1991. He served as President of the Court of Appeal of the Bahamas from March 2000 to July 2001.

Zacca was a member of the Order of Jamaica. He died on 11 November 2019 at the age of 88.

## References
Thomas Remengesau Sr.

**Thomas Ongelibel Remengesau** (28 November 1929 &ndash; 3 August 2019), also known **Thomas Remengesau Sr.**, was a Palau politician. He was Vice President of Palau from 1985 to 1988, and acting President of Palau twice (1985 and 1988&ndash;1989), following the violent deaths of two presidents.

After the shooting of President Lazarus Salii in August 1988, Remengesau became the President of Palau until Ngiratkel Etpison was sworn in January 1989.

## References