open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wear (erosion)

In materials science, **wear** is the erosion of material from a solid surface by the action of another solid. The study of the processes of wear is part of the discipline of tribology.
There are four principal wear processes:

#Adhesive wear
#Abrasive wear
#Corrosive wear
#Surface fatigue

## Explanation 
The definition of wear does not include loss of dimension from plastic deformation, although wear can happen without loss of material. Also this definition does not include impact wear where there is no sliding motion or cavitation  (also corrosion) where counterbody is  a fluid..

Wear, along with other aging processes such as fatigue, creep, and fracture toughness, causes progressive degradation of materials with time leading to failure of material at an advanced age. Under normal circumstances, the property changes during usage normally occur in three different stages as follows:-
•	Primary or early stage or run-in period, where rate of changes can be high. 
•	Secondary or mid-age process where a steady rate of aging process is                                                      maintained. The useful or working life is at this stage.
•	Tertiary or old-age stage, where rapid rate of aging leads to early failure.

With increasing severity of environmental conditions, such as, higher temperatures, strain rates, stress and sliding velocities, the secondary stage is shortened and the primary stage tends to merge with the tertiary stage, thus drastically reducing the working life. Surface engineering processes are used to minimize wear and extend working life of material.

## Adhesive wear
Adhesive wear is also known as scoring, galling, or seizing. It happens when two solid surfaces slide over one another under pressure.

## Abrasive wear
This happens when material is removed by contact with hard particles. The particles either may be present at the surface of a second material or may exist as loose particles between two surfaces. 
Abrasive wear can be measured as loss of mass by the Taber Abrasion Test according to ISO 9352 or ASTM D 1044.

## Corrosive wear
Often referred to simply as “corrosion”, corrosive wear is deterioration of useful properties in a material due to reactions with its environment.

## Surface fatigue
Surface fatigue is a how the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading, which is one type of general material fatigue.

## References 
*R.Chattopadhyay; *Surface Wear- Analysis, Treatment, and Prevention*, ASM-International, OH, USA, 2001, ..
*R.Chattopadhyay, *Advanced Thermally Assisted Surface Engineering Processes* Kluwer Academic Publishers, MA, USA (now Springer, NY), 2004, , E-.
Weinfelden

**Weinfelden** is a municipality in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.  It is the capital of the district of the same name.

In December 2004 it had about 9500 people.  Since it is in the middle of the canton, part of the canton's government is in the town. The Thurgau cantonal bank is also there. The grand council of the canton meets in Weinfelden during the winter.

## History 
### Early history 
Already in the year 124 AD, there was a Roman bridge over the Thur at Weinfelden. The name *Weinfelden* is first documented in 838.

Weinfelden was by far the biggest town in the canton of Thurgau. In 1798, Paul Reinhart and his committee led the area to freedom from the domination of the *Eidgenossen*. In 1803, Thurgau became an independent canton, through the mediation of Napoleon, with Frauenfeld as capital.

### Modern history 
In 1830, Thomas Bornhauser spoke to a large crowd in Weinfelden, demanding a liberal constitution for the canton. It is one of the first (if not the first) such document.

Portraits of both Paul Reinhart and Thomas Bornhauser hang in the *Rathaus*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Bernardino de Sahagún

**Bernardino de Sahagún** (1499 – October 23 1590) was a Spanish Franciscan missionary and priest to the Aztec (Nahua) people of Mexico. He is best known as the compiler of the *Florentine Codex,* also known as ''* (*General History of the Things of New Spain'').
Wound

In medicine, a **wound** is a type of physical injury where in the skin is torn, cut or punctured (an *open* wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a bruise (a *closed* wound). In pathology, it specifically means a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin. A **mortal wound** is one that  leads directly to the death of the victim.

## Healing 
To heal a wound, the body undertakes a series of actions collectively known as the wound healing process.

## Related pages
*Injury

Image:wound sewed.jpg|Wound, sewed with four stitches
Image:Cut, leg.jpg|A laceration to the leg
Image:Abrasion.jpg|An abrasion

## References 
## Other websites 
*WOUNDS, online open-access journal featuring articles about wound care and related research.
*Ostomy Wound Management, online open-access journal featuring articles about wound care, ostomy care, incontinence care and nutrition
*Journal of Burns and Wounds , online open-access journal featuring articles about wound care and related research
Leopoldo Alas

**Leopoldo Alas y Ureña** (25 April 1851 – 13 May 1901), also known as **Clarín**, was a Spanish realist writer born in Zamora. He died in Oviedo on 13 May 1901.

Clarin lived in León and Guadalajara in his childhood, then he moved to Oviedo in 1865. There he studied *at* high school and he started his law career. He lived in Madrid from 1871 to 1878, where he started his career as a journalist and he graduated with the thesis *Law and Morality*. He taught in Zaragoza from 1882 to 1883. In 1883 he returned to Oviedo to take up a position as teacher of Roman law.

His books include *La Regenta*. It is a long work, similar to Flaubert's *Madame Bovary*, one of the books that helped to inspire it. Other influences included Naturalism and *Kraussism*, a philosophical trend which made cultural and moral change in Spain.  He also wrote Nuevo viaje al Parnaso and La Literatura en 1881 (1882), working with Armando Palacio Valdes.

*La Regenta* is special for its great number of characters and other stories around the main story of the novel. The main character is shown in a way that is not very clear. The downfall of the provincial lady who is between two very different men who want to marry her: the most handsome man in the city, who is the winner in the end, and the cathedral's priest. The way the priest is shown is a very important part of the book.

For the description of the provincial setting and the city's collective life, Clarín used styles such as the internal monologue or the free indirect style, which makes the story be told by the characters, not the narrator.

In 1890, he published a new novel, *Su único hijo*. Most critics do not think it is as good as *La Regenta*. *Su único hijo* was originally meant to be the first of a series of three books, but these were not written. The only parts of them that exist are an outline and a few fragments of two of the novels. *Su único hijo* was Clarín's last long book.

Clarín also wrote some stories and some journalistic articles.

Clarin remains a rather unknown figure in the Spanish literary world. He searched for God and was Humanist at the same time. This strange mix has led to there being different views on the meaning of his writings. *La Regenta* in particular has many different views on what it could mean.

## Works
**La Regenta* (The Regent's Wife) (1884–85) [Novel]
**Su único hijo* (His Only Son) (1890) [Novel]
**Doña Berta* (1892)
**¡Adiós, Cordera!* (1892)
**Cuentos morales* (Moral Stories) (1896)
**El gallo de Sócrates* (Socrates' Rooster) (1900)

### Essays
* *Solos de Clarín* (1881)
* *La literatura en 1881* (1882)
* *Sermón perdido* (1885)
* *Nueva campaña* (1887)
* *Ensayos y revistas* (1892)
* *Palique* (1894)
Pasiphaë (moon)

**Pasiphaë** is one of Jupiter's moons. It was found in 1908 by Philibert Jacques Melotte and was named after Pasiphaë from Greek mythology, the wife of Minos and mother of Minotaur.

## References
Benito Jeronimo Feijoo

**Benito Jerónimo Feijoo y Montenegro** (8 October 1676 - 26 September 1764) was a Galician neoclassical monk and scholar noted for encouraging scientific thought in Galicia and Spain.

He was born in Casdemiro, and joined the Benedictines at the age of 12, and had taken classes in Galicia, León, and Salamanca. He later taught theology and philosophy at the university of Oviedo, and died at Oviedo. Padre Feijoo studied in Salamanca, Spain, at the University of Oviedo, earning a professorship in theology.  Feijoo was a prominent essayist for the Spanish, and his critiques, letters, and plays helped change the steadfast beliefs of many during the 18th century.

His two famous multi-volume collection of essays, *Teatro critico universal* (1726-1739) and *Cartas eruditas y curiosas* cover a range of subjects, from education, law, and medicine, to superstitions and popular beliefs. 

Father Feijoo was a debunker of myths. He had great interest in natural science and many of his essays touch on topics related to this subject and to the many myths about creatures and lands that abounded at that time. One example of how far his naturalistic bent went can be found in a story told by Julio A. Feijoo, one of his descendents, born in Cuba in 1910. Father Feijoo believed that demonic possession was a psychological phenomenon. Once he was called upon to perform an exorcism, and in order to demonstrate that this phenomenon was more due to suggestibility than anything else, in performing a spurious exorcism on the "possessed" subject, he read from Bocaccio's famous bawdy work the *Decameron*. Upon hearing the Latin lines, the "possessed" individual settled down and declared himself to be free of demonic influence.
Kiviuq (moon)

**Kiviuq** is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman in 2000, and given the designation **S/2000&nbsp;S&nbsp;5**.

It was named in 2003 after a "giant" of Inuit mythology. Kiviuq (also spelled Keeveeok, Qiviuq or Kivioq) is a legendary and heroic Inuk, a sort of Inuit Odysseus. He has lived very long (or has had several lives), has wandered and journeyed, living all sorts of adventures whose details depend on the story-teller's local tradition.

Kiviuq is about 16 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 11.1 million kilometers in 450 days. It is a member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.

Kiviuq displays *light-red* colours and the infrared spectrum very similar to Siarnaq and Paaliaq, further supporting the thesis of a possible common origin of the Inuit group in the break-up of a bigger body.

## Other websites
*David Jewitt pages
Bruise

A **bruise**, also called a **contusion** or an **ecchymosis**, is a visible bluish or purplish mark or  appearing beneath the surface of the skin, resulting from blood that  out of the deeper layers of the tissues. Bruises are usually caused by insult or trauma (getting hit). Some people may bruise more easily, including with certain medical conditions or high or low blood pressure. In older people, bruises may also occur without a special reason.

Bruises often cause pain but are normally not dangerous. Sometimes bruises can be serious and lead to other more life-threatening forms of hematoma, or they can be associated with serious injuries such as fractures and internal bleeding. Minor bruises may be easily recognized, in people with light skin color, by their characteristic blue or purple appearance (idiomatically described as "black and blue") in the days following the injury.

## How long do bruises last? 
Bruises change color over time. That is because the body is fixing the bruise by breaking down and  the blood, which makes the bruise to go through many colors before it later disappears. The age of a bruise can be guessed by looking at its color. If the massage is painful, it will not help the healing process. As for most injuries, these techniques should not be applied until at least three days after the initial damage to ensure all internal bleeding has stopped. Increasing blood flow will allow more healing factors into the area and encourage drainage, but if the injury is still bleeding this will also allow more blood to seep out of the wound and cause the bruise to become worse. In most cases, hematomas spontaneously revert. In cases of large hematomas or those localized in certain organs (e.g., the brain), a physician may perform a puncture of the hematoma to allow the blood to exit.

## Bruises as a sign of other conditions
Bruises that do not result from the application of force (blunt trauma) may be a symptom for other conditions. People with such bruises often have a problem with their blood. Platelet or coagulation disorders often lead to the increased bruising. Unexplained bruising may be a warning sign of child abuse, domestic abuse, or serious medical problems such as leukemia or meningoccocal infection. Unexplained bruising can also indicate internal bleeding or certain types of cancer.

During an autopsy, bruises accompanying abrasions indicate the abrasions occurred while the person was alive, as opposed to damage that occurred after death

## References 
## Other websites 
* https://sapidandchic.com/home-remedies-for-bruises/  - Home Remedies For Bruise
* Firstaidweb on bruises 
* What is a bruise? for kids
* Bruises in sports 
* Fake bruises as fashion
Kreuzlingen

**Kreuzlingen** is a municipality in the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. It is the second largest city of the canton, after Frauenfeld, with a population of over 18,000. 

In 1874, the municipality of Egelshofen was renamed *Kreuzlingen*. It reached the present size with the adding of Kurzrickenbach in 1927 and Emmishofen in 1928.

## Geography
It is located on Lake Constance.  It is halfway between Schaffhausen and Rorschach.

## History
The name of the municipality stems from the Augustinian monastery *Crucelin*, which was later renamed Kreuzlingen Abbey. It was built in 1125 by the Bishop of Constance, Ulrich I. In the Swabian War and the 30 Years' War after the siege of Constance by Swedish troops, Kreuzlingen Abbey was burned down by the people of Constance. The monks were blamed for having supported the enemy. In 1650, the monastery was rebuilt in its present location. Because of secularization in 1848, the buildings became a school. The chapel became a Catholic church

People already lived in the  area during the Bronze Age. Celtic and Roman coins and artifacts show that people were settled in the area pre-writing. Kurzrickenbach is first mentioned as *Rihinbah* in 830, Egelshofen is mentioned as *Eigolteshoven* in 1125, and Emmishofen is mentioned as *Eminshoven* in 1159. The territory,  except for the Augustinian monastery, belonged to the Bishop of Constance. 

Until the beginning of the 19th century, the  centre of Kreuzlingen was still largely agricultural. The first steamboats began to operate on Lake Constance in 1824. The first train line to Romanshorn was finished in 1871, and the second to Etzwilen in 1875. This brought commerce and industry to the area. In 1874, Kreuzlingen became the capital of the district, instead of the previous capital, Gottlieben. However, until World War I, Kreuzlingen was a kind of suburb of Constance. Most of its profits went to German firms. The war made Kreuzlingen more independent.

The Sanatorium of Bellevue (1857-1980), which occupied part of the old monastery, played an important role in the history of Kreuzlingen. In 1842, a man called Ignaz Vanotti from Constance bought a large area of land and constructed a building to house the emigrant press of Bellevue in 1843, which had been in Römerburg. In 1857, Ludwig Binswanger, a psychiatrist from Münsterlingen bought the property and opened a private sanatorium. The clinic was very modern and stayed in the control of the Binswanger family for nearly 120 years. Important psychiatric discoveries, particularly under the founder's grandson's control, especially in the development of existential psychotherapy, were made at the sanatorium. However, few of its buildings remain.

## Economy
Most of the people in Kreuzlingen made a living in the wine industry. However, because of diseases and bad harvests, the last wine grapes were raised in Kreuzlingen in 1938.

Today, the local economy is mostly shopping and handcraft, with the largest employer being a clothing maker.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.kreuzlingen.ch
Ijiraq (moon)

**Ijiraq** is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by the team of
Brett Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, *et al.* in 2000, and given the designation ''''''.

## Orbit 
 (blue) and Gallic (red)]]
Ijiraq orbits Saturn at an average distance of 11,100,000 km in 451 days on an orbit very similar to Kiviuq's. The diagram illustrates its orbit in relation to other non-spherical moons of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

## Physical characteristics 
While Ijiraq is a member of the Inuit group non-spherical moons, recent observations revealed that Ijiraq is redder than Paaliaq, Siarnaq and Kiviuq.

## Name 
Kavelaars, an astronomer at McMaster University, suggested this name to help astronomical nomenclature to get out of its Greco-Romano-Renaissance rut. He spent several months trying to find names that were both multi-cultural and Canadian, consulting Amerindian scholars without finding a name that seemed good. In March 2001, he was reading an Inuit story to his children and had a revelation. The ijiraq plays at hide-and-seek, which is what these small moons of Saturn do: they are hard to find, and cold like the Canadian Arctic (the team of discoverers includes Canadians, Norwegians and Icelandic's—Nordicity is their common trait). Kavelaars contacted the author of the tale, Michael Kusugak, to get his assent, and the latter also suggested the names for Kiviuq and 90377 Sedna.

## Other websites 
* David Jewitt pages
Akershus

**Akershus** is a county of Norway. It became a county again, in 2024.

It is bordered by Buskerud, Oslo and Østfold and former counties Hedmark and Oppland.

It has a short border with Sweden. Akershus was the second largest county in population after Oslo. 

It has more than half a million people living in it.

The county administration is in Oslo, which was not part of the county.

Animal life: Wolves exist in the county. The government has no policy for causing extinction, but at least two wolves were killed in 2024.

The county is named after Akershus Fortress.

## Geography 
Most of the county is in the districts Follo and Romerike. There are also the two smaller districts of Asker and Bærum which are west of Oslo.

Akershus includes some of the lake Mjøsa and some of the river Glomma. Because it includes many suburbs of Oslo, notably Bærum, Akershus has a large number of people living in a small area. The main national railway lines into Oslo run through Akershus with many stations such as Asker, Ullensaker, Ski and Lillestrøm.

The county includes the historical place Eidsvoll, 48&nbsp;km north of Oslo. This is where the National assembly voted the Norwegian constitution in 1814. South of Eidsvoll is the international airport of Oslo Airport at Gardermoen. The home of the crown prince is in Asker.

## Buildings 
The county has a major international airport, the Oslo Airport. It also has two university hospitals, Akershus University Hospital and Sunnaas Hospital.

## History 
Akershus became a fief in the 16th century. At that time it included the current counties of Hedmark, Oppland, Buskerud and Oslo. It also included municipalities of Askim, Eidsberg and Trøgstad in the county of Østfold. In 1685 Buskerud was separated from Akershus. In 1768 Hedmark and Oppland were also separated from Akershus. In 1842 Christiania (Oslo) was made separate as well. In 1948 Aker was transferred to the county of Oslo.

On 1 January 2020 the county merged with Buskerud and Østfold to the current county of Viken.

## Origin 
The county is named after Akershus Fortress. The fortress was built in 1299. Its name means "the (fortified) house of (the district) Aker". 

## Municipalities 
# Asker
# Aurskog-Høland
# Bærum
# Eidsvoll
# Enebakk
# Fet
# Frogn
# Gjerdrum
# Hurdal
# Lørenskog
# Nannestad
# Nes
# Nesodden
# Nittedal
# Oppegård
# Rælingen
# Skedsmo
# Ski
# Sørum
# Ullensaker
# Vestby
# Ås

## References 
## Other websites 
* Akershus county website
Paaliaq (moon)

**Paaliaq** is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit, Hans Scholl, Matthew J. Holman, Brian G. Marsden,
Philip D. Nicholson and Joseph A. Burns in early October 2000, and given the designation **S/2000&nbsp;S&nbsp;2**. It was named in August 2003 after a fictional shaman in the book *The Curse of the Shaman,* written by Michael Kusugak, who supplied Kavelaars with the names of giants from Inuit mythology that were used for other Saturnian moons. 

Paaliaq is thought to be about 22 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 15,200,000 km in 687 days. It is a member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.

Together with Kiviuq and Siarnaq, Paaliaq has *light-red* colours, further supporting that the Inuit group might have been formed when a bigger body broken up.

## Other websites 
*David Jewitt pages
*Scott Sheppard pages
Frauenfeld District

**Frauenfeld** is a district of the canton of Thurgau. The capital city, and the capital of Thurgau, is the city of Frauenfeld.

These municipalities are in the district:
Skathi (moon)

**Skathi** or **Saturn&nbsp;XXVII**, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett Gladman, Kavelaars, et al. in 2000, and given the designation **S/2000&nbsp;S&nbsp;8**.

Skathi is about 6.4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 15,576,000&nbsp;km in 725.784 days, at an inclination of 149° to the ecliptic (150° to Saturn's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.246.

Skathi may have been formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe by big impacts at some point in the solar system's history.

Its name comes from Norse mythology, where Skaði is a giantess (female giant) who is the wife of the Vanir god Njord.
Hebrew Bible

]]

The **Hebrew Bible**, which is also called the **Tanakh** is the Biblical canon of Hebrew scriptures, including the Torah, Nevi'im and Ketuvim. These texts are almost exclusively in Hebrew, with a few passages in Aramaic.

It means the same as the Jewish Tanakh and the Protestant Old Testament, but does not include the deuterocanonical portions of the Roman Catholic Old Testament and is meant for the text only, not for naming, numbering or ordering of books (what both Tanakh and Old Testament do).

The "Tawrat" () is the Arabic name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book believed by Muslims to be given by God (Allah) to prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel, and often refers to the entire Hebrew Bible.

## Usage 
On the one hand, the term "Hebrew Bible" is not often used among adherents of either Judaism or Christianity. On the other hand, it is widely used in academic writing and interfaith discussion.

## Written versions 
In Judaism, the version used today is the Masoretic Text. It was put together between the 6th and 10th centuries. Another version is the Septuagint, which was translated from Hebrew into Greek. The Septuagint was started between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE.

## References
## Further reading 
*
* Kuntz, John Kenneth. *The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought*, Harper and Row, 1974. 
**Nothing old about it* by Shmuley Boteach (Jerusalem Post, November 28, 2007).

## Other websites
*A Hebrew Bible from around the year 1300
Department store

A **department store** is a store that sells many different products. It does not sell the products of only one company, as some other stores do. In a department store a person can usually buy clothing, furniture, electronics, and sometimes paint, hardware, toiletries, cosmetics, photographic equipment, jewellery, toys, and Sports equipment. Department stores are often upmarket places. 

Some department stores sell products cheaper than other stores. They are then called discount department stores.
Targum

A **targum** (, plural: *targumim*) is an Aramaic translation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) that was written or compiled in Israel or in Babylonia from the Second Temple period until the early Middle Ages (late first millennium). 

Targum also means translation or interpretation. In Arabic Targem (verb) means to translate or interpret. (Mutargem = Translator/Interpreter).

## Other websites 
* Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and Targum Onkelos at the Newsletter for Targumic and Cognate Studies - English translations by J.W. Etheridge
* The Aramaic Targum to Psalms  - a translation of the targum to Psalms by Edward M. Cook
* The Aramaic Targum to the Song of Songs - a translation of the targum to Shir HaShirim by Jay C. Treat
* The Aramaic Targum to Ruth - a translation of the targum to Ruth by Samson H. Levey
* The Aramaic Targum to Lamentations - a translation of the targum to Lamentations by C.M.M. Brady
* The Jewish Encyclopedia Entry on Targum
* The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon  - contains critical editions of all the *targumim* along with lexical tools and grammatical analysis.
* Targum - Catholic Encyclopedia article
Adam Gilchrist

**Adam Craig Gilchrist** (born 14 November 1971 in Bellingen, New South Wales) is a former Australian cricketer. He was a wicket keeper and a left handed batsman. In his test career, Gilchrist hit 100 sixes, something nobody else in history has done. He holds the record of the second fastest century maker in history.
Bughouse chess

***Bughouse chess*** (also known as **transfer chess** or **exchanged chess**) is a version of the game chess. It is played by four people in two teams. Each team has two players. Teammates sit next to each other, and use opposite coloured pieces. (This means that one player on a team will have white pieces and the other will have black pieces.) The game is played on two chessboards. Two chess clocks can also be used. Two games of chess are played in at the same time. If a player one game captures a piece, following the regular rules of chess, they give that piece to their partner to use in the other game. The partner can put the piece on the board instead of making a normal move. Pawns can not be placed on their first or eighth row, but other pieces can be placed in any empty square on the board. 

If one player wins, that team wins the match.

The game is usually played with a clock, which is often set from as short as one minute (usually when played online) to five minutes or longer. If a player runs out of time, that player's team loses.

There are many variations in how to play bughouse; most of these variations have to do with pawns.

## Related pages
*Crazyhouse
Maiasaura

***Maiasaura*** was a large, plant-eating, duck-billed dinosaur. *Maiasaura* was the first dinosaur which was found alongside its young, eggs, and nests. This suggests that *Maiasaura* nurtured its young.

## About *Maiasaura* 
*Maiasaura* lived about 80 to 65 million years ago in the Upper Cretaceous period. It ate plants, leaves and berries. Its name *Maiasaura* means “Good Mother Lizard”. The name refers to the find of nests with eggs, embryos and young animals, in a nesting colony. These showed that Maiasaura fed its young while they were in the nest. It was the first time such evidence was got for a dinosaur. 

Fully grown *Maiasaura* measured about 9&nbsp;metres long, 2-2.5 metres tall and weighed around 1800 kg.

## Where they lived 
*Maiasaursa* fossils have been found in Montana, United States, and Alberta, Canada.

## References
Anthe (moon)

**Anthe** is a very small moon of Saturn between the orbits of Mimas and Enceladus. It is also known as **Saturn XLIX** and its designation was **S/2007 S 4**. It is named after one of the Alkyonides; the name means *flowery*.

It was found by the Cassini Imaging Team in images taken on May 30, 2007. Once the find was made, a search of older Cassini images showed this small moon in observations from as far back as June 2004. It was first announced on July 18, 2007.
Tusk

**Tusks** are very long teeth that some animals have. Tusks are made of ivory. Ivory is very rare and expensive. Many warthog, walrus, mammoth, and elephants are killed for their tusks. One third of a tusk is in the walrus and elephant’s head.

## Other websites 
* Carved Ivory Tusk
Bill Richardson

**William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III** (November 15, 1947 &ndash; September 1, 2023) was an American politician. He was the Governor of the United States state of New Mexico from 2003 until 2011. He was a candidate for President of the United States in the 2008 election. He was U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary in the Clinton administration. He was a Democrat.

Richardson died at his summer home in Chatham, Massachusetts, on September 1, 2023, at the age of 75.

## References
Harry Kewell

**Harry Kewell** (born 22 September 1978 in Sydney) is a former Australian football player. He has played for the Australia men's national soccer team.

He used to play for Leeds United in the Championship and then Galatasaray in the Süper Lig. His junior club was Marconi Stallions. He played as a midfielder, a striker or a wing.

## Career 
Harry Kewell started playing for Liverpool in 2003 before that he played for Leeds United. He was offered more money at other clubs such as Arsenal, Chelsea, Milan, Manchester United, Barcelona, Juventus and Real Madrid but eventually he chose to play at Liverpool. And Now Galatasaray

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:Source:

:Source:

## Managerial statistics
## References
Manchukuo

**Manchukuo** was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in China and Inner Mongolia from 1932 to 1945. It was first a republic, but in 1934. it became a constitutional monarchy. It had little international recognition and was under the *de facto* control of Japan. Japan also took Inner Mongolia in 1936 and renamed it Mengjiang in 1936.

## Names 
Manchukuo means Manchuria in Japanese 満州国 (*Manchukoku*). The Mongolians called it (Mongolian : Манеж-Го, *Manjugo*). The Soviets called it (Russian : Маньчжоу-Го, *Man’chzhou-Go*). The Chinese called it (Chinese : 满洲国, *mǎnzhōuguó*). The Koreans called it (Korean : 만주국, *Manjugug*).

## History 
Manchuria was the place of the Manchus, including the kings of the Qing dynasty. In 1931, Japan occupied Manchuria after the Mukden Incident.  A pro-Japanese government was created one year later, and Puyi, the last Qing emperor, was the nominal regent and later emperor. 

Manchukuo's government was removed in 1945 at the end of World War II. The Soviet Union invaded in August 1945 and formally transferred the territory to Chinese administration in the following year. 

Although the territories came under the jurisdiction of the Nationalist government, the brief Soviet occupation helped make the region a base for the Chinese Communist troops led by Mao Zedong. The People's Liberation Army got Japanese equipment and a strategic advantage against the National Revolutionary Army, led by Chiang Kai-shek.

Manchus were a minority in Manchukuo, and the largest ethnic group were Han Chinese. The number of Koreans increased in Manchukuo, and there were also Japanese, Mongols, White Army Russians, and other minorities. The southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula was ruled by Japan as the Kwantung Leased Territory. 

Manchukuo had a Japanese death camp, called Unit 731, where up to half a million died from medical experiments and other causes. That is similar to the Nazi concentration camp of Auschwitz, in German-occupied Poland. 

In August 1945 Stalin invaded Manchukuo, Mengjiang, and norhern Korea. America occupied southern Korea since the two large countries had divided Korea into two. The Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, controlled Manchuria until 1946. The same year, Stalin began to help Mao win the Second Chinese Civil War (1946-1949).

## References
Albiorix (moon)

**Albiorix** is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Holman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation **S/2000&nbsp;S&nbsp;11**.

Albiorix is the biggest member of the Gallic group of non-spherical moons.

It was named in August 2003 from one of the Celtic names for the god of tribal unity, better known as Toutatis.

Albiorix orbits Saturn at a distance of about 16,000,000 km and its diameter is estimated at 32 kilometers, assuming an albedo of 0.04. A day on Albiorix is 13 hours and 19 minutes long. 

The diagram illustrates its orbit in relation to other prograde non-spherical moons of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre. 

Different colours seen recently suggest a possibility of a big crater, suggesting that Erriapo and Tarvos could be pieces of Albiorix following a near break-up collision with another body.

## Other websites 
* David Jewitt pages
Bebhionn (moon)

**Bebhionn** or **Saturn XXXVII** (provisional designation **S/2004 S 11**) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 9, 2005.

Bebhionn is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 16,898,000&nbsp;km in 820.130 days, at an inclination of 41° to the ecliptic (18° to Saturn's equator), and with an eccentricity of 0.333.

It was named in April 2007 after Bébinn, an early Irish mythology goddess of birth, renowned for her beauty.

## References
* Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
* Jewitt's New Satellites of Saturn page
* IAUC 8523: *New Satellites of Saturn* May 4 2005 (discovery)
* MPEC 2005-J13: *Twelve New Satellites of  Saturn* May 3, 2005 (discovery and ephemeris)
* IAUC 8826: *Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn* (subscription-only) 2007 April 5 (naming the moon)
S/2007 S 2

**S/2007 S 2** is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 1, 2007, from observations taken between January 18 and April 19, 2007. Telescope used is the Subaru 8.3-m optical infrared telescope at Mauna Kea.

## Overview 
S/2007 S2 is theorized to have a mean radius of 1.9 miles, assuming an albedo of 0.04. It is 6 kilometres in diameter and orbits Saturn at an eccentricity of about 0.218 and an inclination of about 176.68° at a mean distance of 10.4 million miles (average distance of 16,560,00 million kilometres) from Saturn. The satellite was first thought to be orbiting for about 793 Earth days from its first discovery. The satellite takes about 808 Earth days to complete one orbit.

Like Saturn's other irregular moons, S/2007 S2 is thought to be an object that was captured by Saturn's gravity, rather than having accreted from the dusty disk that surrounded the newly formed planet as the regular satellites are thought to have done.

## References
## Other websites 
* Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
* MPEC 2007-J09: *S/2007 S 2, S/2007 S 3* May 1, 2007 (discovery and ephemeris)
* IAUC 8836: *S/2007 S 1, S/2007 S 2, and S/2007 S 3* (subscription-only) May 11, 2007 (discovery)
Erriapus (moon)

**Erriapus** or **Saturn&nbsp;XXVIII**, is non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett Gladman, John J. Kavelaars, et al. in 2000, and given the designation **S/2000&nbsp;S&nbsp;10**. It was named in August 2003 after Erriapo, a giant in Gaulish mythology. Later, the spelling was corrected to *Erriapus*.

Erriapus is about 10 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 17,300,000&nbsp;km in 871 days.

Erriapus is a member of the Gallic group of non-spherical, sharing a similar orbit and displaying a similar *light-red* colour, Erriapus is thought to have been formed in a break-up of a bigger body.

## Other websites 
* David Jewitt pages
Skoll (moon)

**Skoll** or **Saturn XLVII** (provisional designation **S/2006 S 8**) is non-spherical moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt and Jan Kleyna on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January 5 and April 30, 2006.

Skoll is about 6 kilometres in diameter (assuming an albedo of 0.04), and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 17,600,000 km in 869 days, following a highly eccentric and inclined orbit.

It was named in April 2007 after Sköll, a giant wolf from Norse mythology, son of Fenrisulfr and twin brother of Hati.

## Other websites 
* David Jewitt's pages
Siarnaq (moon)

**Siarnaq** or **Saturn&nbsp;XXIX**, is a non-spherical moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2000 and given the designation **S/2000&nbsp;S&nbsp;3**.

It was named in August 2003 after the giant Siarnaq (also known as Sedna) in Inuit mythology, it is the biggest member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.

Siarnaq is thought to be about 40 kilometres in diameter and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 17,500,000 km in 895 days.

The diagram illustrates its orbit in relation to other prograde non-spherical moons of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.

Siarnaq has light-red colours very similar to Paaliaq and Kiviuq, supporting that the moons formed during a break up of a bigger body.

## Other websites 
* David Jewitt pages
* Scott Sheppard pages
Tarqeq (moon)

**Tarqeq** or **Saturn LII** (provisional designation **S/2007 S 1**) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on April 13, 2007, from observations taken between January 5, 2006 and March 22, 2007.

The semi-major axis of Tarqeq is 17,910,000&nbsp;km and it orbits Saturn in 894.86 days. The orbit is at an inclination of 49.90° (to the ecliptic; 49.77°to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1081. The diameter of the moon is 7&nbsp;km. It is a member of the Inuit group of non-spherical moons.

Tarqeq is named after Tarqeq, the Inuit moon god.
Brunswick, Georgia

**Brunswick** is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia and the county seat of Glynn County. In 2020, the city had an population of 15,210 and a metropolitan population of 113,495. Brunswick is the principal city of the *Brunswick, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area*, which is often called *Metropolitan Brunswick*.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Brunswick website
* Brunswick CVB 
* The Brunswick News
* Downtown Development District 
* Sidney Lanier
* Sidney Lanier Bridge 
* Coastal Georgia Community College
* Historical markers in Glynn County 
* Liberty ship marker and model 
* Master list of Liberty ships
* History of Brunswick 
* Ships for Victory"  Photograph collection at the Brunswick-Glynn County Library that depict World War II cargo ship building activities from 1943 to 1945.
Santee River

The **Santee River** is a river of South Carolina in the United States, 143&nbsp;mi (230&nbsp;km long). The Santee and its tributaries give the main drainage and navigation for the central coastal plain of South Carolina, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean about 440&nbsp;mi (710&nbsp;km) from its farthest headwater on the Catawba River in North Carolina. Much of the upper river is in the expansive horn-shaped Lake Marion reservoir.  The reservoir is made by the 8&nbsp;mi (13&nbsp;km) long Santee Dam.  The dam was built during the 1930s as a WPA project to give a major source of hydroelectric power for the state.

## Other websites
* South Carolina Dept. of Health and Environmental Control: Santee Basin
* Santee Nation History
* Santee Cooper Lake System 
* Old Santee Canal Park 
* Carolina Living: History of the Carolina Lakes
* Santee Canal (PDF)
Federal Emergency Management Agency

The **Federal Emergency Management Agency**, or **FEMA**, is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The purpose of FEMA (begun by Presidential Order on March 30, 1979)

is to coordinate the response to a disaster which has occurred in the United States and which overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities.  The governor of the state in which the disaster occurred must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the President that FEMA and the federal government respond to the disaster. The only exception is when an emergency or disaster occurs on federal property or to a federal asset, for example, the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the 1995 bombing, or the Space Shuttle Columbia in the 2003 return-flight disaster.

## References
## Other websites
* DHS organization 
* FEMA Field Operations Guide  Including descriptions of markings on evacuated and searched buildings
* FEMA website
* A History of FEMA
Utahraptor

***Utahraptor*** was a large mid-Cretaceous dromaeosaurid predator with 9-15 inch (23-38 cm) middle-toe claws. 

It was a large, agile, bipedal (walked on two legs), bird-like dinosaur. It had a curved, flexible neck and a big head. Sharp, serrated teeth were set into very powerful jaws. Each of its three fingers on each arm had large, sharp, curved claw.

It had four-toed feet; the second toe had a 9-15 inch (23-38 cm) sickle-like claw and the other toes had smaller claws. Its long tail had bony rods running along the spine giving it rigidity; the tail was used for balance and fast turning ability. 

It had a relatively large brain and large, keen, eyes. Utahraptor was 16-23 feet (5-7 m) long and may have weighed about .5 ton.
Albertosaurus

***Albertosaurus*** was a relative of *Tyrannosaurus*. It was smaller than *T. rex* and lived a few million years earlier. *Albertosaurus* walked on two legs and had a large head with sharp, saw-toothed teeth. It had two-fingered hands on short arms. Its long tail provided balance and quick turning. It had powerful back legs with clawed, three-toed feet.

*Albertosaurus* was about 30 feet (9 m) long, about 11 feet (3.4 m) tall at the hips, and up to 3 tons in weight (averaging roughly 2500 kg). Its lower jaw had 14 to 16 teeth; the upper jaw had 17-19 teeth. It had one row of teeth in each jaw and had at least one replacement tooth growing up under each working tooth.

*Albertosaurus* was more lightly built than *Tyrannosaurus*. Most *Albertosaurus* specimens were found in a single place. 

Compared with the robust tyrannosaurines (such as *Tarbosaurus* and *Tyrannosaurus*), albertosaurines had slender builds, with proportionately smaller skulls and longer bones of the lower leg (tibia) and feet (metatarsals and phalanges). That suggests they were taking smaller or younger prey than *Tyrannosaurus*, and were able to run faster to do so.

## References
Michael Clarke

**Michael John Clarke**, also nicknamed "Pup" or "Clarkey" (born 2 April, 1981 in Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales) is the former captain of the Australian cricket team. He is a right-handed batsman, highly-regarded fielder and occasional left-arm orthodox spin bowler, who used to lead the Australian team to a 5-0 whitewash in the 2013 Ashes series.

## References
## Further reading
*Brettig, Daniel. "It's now about gaining respect as a leader" Interview ESPNcricinfo. 18 April 2011. 'It's now about gaining respect as a leader'

## Other websites
*
Rudy Giuliani

**Rudolph William Louis** "**Rudy**" **Giuliani**  (born May 28, 1944) is a politician from New York in the United States. He is a Republican and campaigned to become President of the United States in 2008. Giuliani was mayor of New York City from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2001. Giuliani became more well known during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. In 2001, *Time* magazine named him "Person of the Year" and he received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in 2002, and acclaimed as one of the greatest mayors in American history.

Rudy was campaigning in 1993 with the show *Seinfeld* where he appeared as the NYC Mayor candidate as the "over count" cholesterol man by eating too much yogurt. This "product placement" of Mayor Giuliani is often referred to as an excellent example of electioneering and boosted his popularity accordingly.

On January 12, 2017, President-elect Donald Trump named Giuliani his Cyber Security Adviser. Giuliani was also an important person in the Trump–Ukraine scandal, where he was accused of being one of the people who asked the Ukrainian government to investigate Joe Biden.

## References
## Other websites 
*Joinrudy2008.com  - Presidential campaign site
Greip (moon)

**Greip** or **Saturn LI** (provisional designation **S/2006 S 4**) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January 5 and May 1, 2006.

Greip is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,066,000&nbsp;km in 906.556 days, at an inclination of 172.7° to the ecliptic (159.2° to Saturn's equator), and with an eccentricity of 0.3735.

It is named after Greip, a giantess (female giant) in Norse mythology.

## References 
* Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
* IAUC 8727: *Satellites of Saturn* 2006 June 30 (discovery)
* MPEC 2006-M45: *Eight New Satellites of Saturn* 2006 June 26 (discovery and ephemeris)
* IAUC 8873: *Satellites of Saturn* (subscription-only) 2007 September 20 (naming)
Hyrrokkin (moon)

**Hyrrokkin** or **Saturn XLIV** (provisional designation **S/2004 S 19**) is a moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and April 30, 2006.

Hyrrokkin is about 8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,168,300&nbsp;km in 914.292 days, at an inclination of 153.3° to the ecliptic (154.3° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.3604.

It was named in April 2007 after Hyrrokkin, a giantess (female giant) from Norse mythology, who launched Hringhorni, Baldr's funeral ship. It was originally listed as being spelled *Hyrokkin*, but the spelling was later corrected.

## References 
* Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
* IAUC 8727: *Satellites of Saturn* 2006 June 30 (discovery)
* MPEC 2006-M44: *S/2004 S 19* 2006 June 26 (discovery and ephemeris)
* IAUC 8826: *Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn* (subscription-only) 2007 April 5 (Naming the moon)
* IAUC 8860: *Saturn XLIV (Hyrrokkin)* (subscription-only) 2007 July 31 (correcting the name)
1450

## Events 
* May 8 – Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.
* June 18 – rebels are driven from London by loyal troops, bringing about the collapse of the rebellion.
* Wolves enter Paris and kill 40 citizens
* Age of Discovery starts.
* A revolt ends Mayapan's rule over all of the Yucatán.

## Births 
* Bartolomeu Dias, Portuguese explorer (d. 1500)
Dennis Kucinich

**Dennis John Kucinich** (born October 8, 1946) is a United States Representative from Ohio. He was a hopeful for President of the United States in 2008. He is a Democrat. Kucinich was raised in Cleveland, and was elected Mayor of the city in 1977. His tenure as mayor was a hard one, and he lost reelection to Republican challenger George Voinovich in 1979. Kucinich got back into politics in the 1990s, and became a member of the United States House of Representatives in the 1994 elections. A political progressive, he ran for president twice in 2004 and 2008.

In December 2020, Kucinich filed paperwork to run for Mayor of Cleveland in the 2021 election. He finished in 3rd place with 16.54%.

## References
Yippee

***Yippee*** is a 2006 documentary movie created by Jewish-American director Paul Mazursky. The movie follows a Jewish pilgrimage to the town of Uman in Ukraine on Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year. The city is the burial site of the founder of Bratslav Hasidism, Rabbi Nachman.

## Other websites 
*Haaretz.com - Hollywood director films Jewish pilgrimage to the Ukraine 
*