open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Amazing Race

***The Amazing Race*** is an American reality television/game show. It is broadcast on CBS, there is also an Australian version that is broadcast in Australia on Network 10.

## The Race 
In *The Amazing Race*, 11 or 12 teams of two people race around the world for $1,000,000, with information provided by "clues", or Route Info. There are certain "legs" of the race, culminated by "Pit Stops". At Pit Stops, teams check in for a mandatory 12 hour rest period, although sometimes the period can be 24 hours, 36 hours, or even once 60.  Usually, the first team to arrive at a Pit Stop will receive a prize, such as a trip to a Caribbean country.  On most of the Pit Stops on the race, the last team to arrive is eliminated from the race.  However, two or three of those points are non-elimination.  In Seasons 1-4, there was no penalty for coming in last in a non-elimination.  From Seasons 5-9, teams had to give up all of their money and start the next leg without money.  Even stricter, in Seasons 7-9, teams had to turn over all of their luggage.  In Seasons 10 and 11, teams would start the next leg "Marked for Elimination".  That meant that if they did not come in first at the next Pit Stop, they would have to wait out a 30-minute penalty.  Starting from Season 12, teams coming in last on Non-Eliminations have to do a Speed Bump.  A Speed Bump is a task that no other teams have to do.

## Tasks 
*The Amazing Race* has several different tasks that teams must complete.  
### Detour 
.]]
A Detour is a choice between two tasks.  The team can choose which one it wants to complete.  Teams are allowed to switch between Detour choices, in the American version there is a harsh 6-hour penalty if you quit a Detour, in the Australian version it is only 1 hour.

### Roadbock 
A Roadbock is a task where only one member of the team can perform. Teams cannot switch the member performing the task. There is a 4-hour penalty if teams quit.
### Fast Forward 
A Fast Forward is a task in order for a team to skip tasks and head directly to the Pit Stop.

## History 
*The Amazing Race* was created by Bertram van Munster and Elise Doganieri in 2001.  It has been airing from 2001 to present.
## Production 
*The Amazing Race* is seen as hard to produce.  Producers need to find places, come up with tasks and pick teams.  Cameramen have to keep up with the teams, and people are not allowed to give away the results.  However, *The Amazing Race* has won 6 Emmy awards.

## Versions 
Besides the original American version, *The Amazing Race* has generated several versions from around the world.
*Australia (with New Zealand included in 2014 Season)
*Asia
*Central Europe (cancelled)
*Brazil
*China
*France
*Israel
*Latin America
*Norway
*Philippines
*Vietnam
*Ukraine

## References
The Police

**The Police** was a British rock band who played a style of rock music that was influenced by jazz, punk and reggae music. As of 2008, The Police are one of the most successful bands in the world having sold over 40,000,000 records worldwide. The Police, along with The Clash, are notable for using reggae as a major part of their musical form.

*Rolling Stone* ranked The Police number 70 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.

The Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2003.

## History
The Police formed with Stewart Copeland in late 1976 as drummer, Sting as the singer-bassist and Henry Padovani as the guitarist. In early 1977 they recorded their first single, "Fall Out"/"Nothing Achieving,".

## Band members
### Line-ups
## Discography
### Studio albums
* ''Outlandos d'Amour* - November, 1978 - UK #6; US #23 - US sales: Platinum
* *Reggatta de Blanc* - October, 1979 - UK #1; US #25 - US sales: Platinum
* *Zenyattà Mondatta* - October, 1980 - UK #1; US #5 - US sales: 2x Platinum
* *Ghost in the Machine* - October, 1981 - UK #1; US #2 - US sales: 3x Platinum
* *Synchronicity* - June, 1983 - UK #1; US #1 - US sales: 8x Platinum

### Live albums
* *Live!* - (1995) US sales: Platinum
* *The Police: Certifiable* - (November 11, 2008) - Live CD of 2007/08 Reunion Tour recorded in Buenos Aires, Argentina (packaged with DVD or Blu-ray, Also a *Best Buy* Exclusive.)

### Compilation albums
### Box sets
*The *Six Pack'' collection was listed as a hit single for The Police in 1980 (under 2021 Official Chart rules it would be now categorised as an album)

### Extended plays
### Singles
## Awards
### BRIT Awards
*1982 – Best British Group
*1985 – Outstanding Contribution To Music

### Grammy Awards
*1980 – Best Rock Instrumental Performance for "Reggatta de Blanc"
*1981 – Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "Don't Stand So Close to Me"
*1981 – Best Rock Instrumental Performance for "Behind My Camel"
*1983 – Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take" (awarded to Sting)
*1983 – Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "Every Breath You Take"
*1983 – Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for *Synchronicity*

## References 
## Other websites
*The Police - official website
*UnRated Magazine Review of The Police - Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out
*http://www.jambase.com/(http://www.jambase.com/headsup.asp?storyID=9947) - Stewart Copeland Interview
Triple DES

, C is the Ciphertext and {k1, k2, k3} is the set of the three encryption keys.]]
In cryptography, **Triple DES** is a block cipher created from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher by using it three times. Triple DES is also known as **TDES** or, more standard, **TDEA** (Triple Data Encryption Algorithm ).

When it was discovered that a 56-bit key of DES is not enough to protect from brute force attacks, TDES was chosen as a simple way to enlarge the key space without a need to switch to a new algorithm. The use of three steps is essential to prevent meet-in-the-middle attacks that are effective against double DES encryption.

In general TDES with three different keys (3-key {k1, k2, k3} TDES) has a key length of 168 bits: three 56-bit DES keys (with parity bits 3-key TDES has the total storage length of 192 bits), but due to the meet-in-the-middle attack the effective security it provides is only 112 bits. Another version, called two-key TDES (2-key TDES), uses k1 = k3, thus reducing the key size to 112 bits and the storage length to 128 bits. However, this mode can be taken advantage of through certain chosen-plaintext or known-plaintext attacks  and so TDES is treated by NIST to have only 80 bits of security.

By design, DES and therefore TDES, suffer from slow performance in software. TDES is better suited to hardware implementations, which are many of the places it is still used.

TDES is slowly disappearing from use, largely replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). One large-scale exception is within the electronic payments industry, which still uses 2TDES extensively and continues to develop and spread standards based upon it (e.g. EMV, the standard for inter-operation of IC cards; also called *"Chip cards"*,  and IC capable POS terminals and ATM's).  This guarantees that TDES will remain an active cryptographic standard well into the future.

## Related pages
* DES-X
* Data Encryption Standard (DES)
* Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

## References
Skid Row (American band)

**Skid Row** is a Hard rock band from Toms River, New Jersey. They were active from 1986 to 1996, then reunited in 1999.

## Discography 
Skid Row have released 5 albums:

## Other websites
* Skid Row's Official website
Shōnen manga

**Shōnen** is a type of manga or anime meant for young teen boys usually between the ages of about 12 and 18. It often refers to manga. Examples include *Dragon Ball*, *Bleach*, *One Piece*, *InuYasha*, Detective Conan, *Naruto*, *YuYu Hakusho*, *Yu-Gi-Oh!*, ''JoJo's Bizarre Adventure*, *JuJutsu Kaisen'',  and  Fairy Tail

Shounen is usually noticed by its high amounts of fighting. It often has humorous plots with male characters. It often has themes of friendship. Fighting teams and similar groups are often shown. Attractive  female characters are also common, but not always present. The art style of shounen is usually less pretty than shōjo.

Beyond shōnen manga, manga for men (age 18+) is called seinen manga. Very few seinen manga have been published outside of Japan. In Japan, many older men read shounen magazines. Because of this, in Japan, shounen manga magazines are the most popular manga magazines.

## Other websites 
* The Girls of Shonen Manga  by Shaenon K. Garrity
United States Secretary of War

The **Secretary of War** was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War," was appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789.  Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position. When Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving. 

The Secretary of War led the War Department. At first, he was responsible for all military affairs. In 1798, the Secretary of the Navy was added to the cabinet, and the scope of this office was reduced to a general concern with the Army. In 1947, the departments were recombined under the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of War was replaced by the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Air Force, non-Cabinet positions under the Secretary of Defense.

In 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order authorizing the use of Secretary of War as a secondary title for the secretary of defense, though an act of Congress would be required to change the official title.

## Secretaries of War
## References
Detritivore

]]
 in tree bark]]
 (Escherichia coli cells magnified 25,000 times)]]

Detritivores are animals that eat dead plants and animals. They also eat waste from other animals. They help to break down dead things and turn them into soil. This helps plants to grow. Detritivores are important for the environment. Some examples of detritivores are earthworms, millipedes, and woodlice, they live in the soil and eat dead leaves and other things. In the ocean, there are also detritivores like crabs and sea cucumbers, they eat dead things on the bottom of the ocean.

## Difference from Decomposers 
Detritivores are different from decomposers. Decomposers are things like bacteria and fungi. They break down dead things by absorbing them. Detritivores eat the dead things and break them down inside their bodies.

## Importance 
Detritivores are important for recycling nutrients in the environment. Detritivores also play an important role in food webs. They eat dead things and turn them into nutrients for plants. Then, herbivores eat the plants and get energy from them. Carnivores eat the herbivores and get energy from them. This is how energy flows through a food web. They also help to keep the soil healthy and help to clean up dead things, so they don't spread disease.

## Eating Habits 
Detritivores also have different ways of finding food. Some, like earthworms, use their sense of touch to find food in the soil. Others, like crabs, use their sense of smell to find food in the water.

Detritivores have different ways of eating dead things. Earthworms swallow the dead things whole. Others, like millipedes, have special mouthparts to chew the dead things. Some detritivores, like woodlice, can even eat cellulose, which is a tough part of plants.

## Reference 
[1] Merriam-Webster (n.d.). *Detritivore Definition & Meaning*. 

[2] BD Editors. (2019, March 27). Detritivore - Definition, Function and Examples | Biology Dictionary. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/detritivore/

[3] Kanchwala, H. (2019, March 23). Detritivore: Definition, Function and Examples. Science ABC. https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/what-are-detritivores.html

[4] Detritivore | Definition, Role, & Examples. (n.d.). Tutors.com. https://tutors.com/lesson/detritivore-definition-examples
White House Chief of Staff

The **White House Chief of Staff** is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior  to the President. The CoS does things previously done by the President's private secretary. Susie Wiles became White House Chief of Staff on January 20, 2025.

## List of White House chiefs of staff
## Living former White House Chiefs of Staff 
As of November 2025, there are twenty-two living former White House Chiefs of Staff, the oldest being James A. Baker III, who served under President Ronald Reagan from 1981-1985 and under President George H. W. Bush from 1992-1993. The most recent death of a former White House Chief of Staff was that of Dick Cheney, who served under President Gerald Ford from 1975-1977, on November 3, 2025.

## Notes
John R. Steelman

**John Roy Steelman** (June 23, 1900 – July 14, 1999) was the first Assistant to the President of the United States serving President Harry S. Truman from 1946 to 1953. The office later became the White House Chief of Staff.
Edmund Randolph

**Edmund Jennings Randolph** (August 10, 1753 September 12, 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States, attorney, and the seventh Governor of Virginia. As a delegate from Virginia, he attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving on its Committee of Detail. He was appointed the first United States Attorney General by George Washington and subsequently served as the second Secretary of State during the Washington administration. 

In 1775, with the start of the American Revolution,  Randolph's father, an active Loyalist, fled with his family to Britain. Son Edmund stayed in America, where he joined the Continental Army as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington.
## References
Ronaldinho

**Ronaldo de Assis Moreira** (born 21 March 1980)**,** more commonly known as **Ronaldinho**, or **Ronaldinho Gaúcho**, is a retired Brazilian footballer. Considered the best player in world football for several years, Ronaldinho is widely regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time, and by some, as the greatest ever. He was known for his dribbling, passing, flair, skills, and ability to create and score goals, all prominent characteristics of his early-age background playing futsal. He is the only player ever to have won a World Cup, a Copa América, a Confederations Cup, a Champions League, a Copa Libertadores and a Ballon d'Or.
At club level, he is best known for playing for F.C. Barcelona (2003-2008). 

During his career, he was one of the most valuable footballers in the world. In 2009, he was voted "World Player of the Decade 2000s", ahead of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo. His admirers and supporters call him "***O Bruxo***" ("The Wizard").

## Club career statistics 
## International career statistics 
**Source:**

|-
|1999||13||7
|-
|2000||5||1
|-
|2001||4||1
|-
|2002||10||4
|-
|2003||8||2
|-
|2004||10||6
|-
|2005||12||6
|-
|2006||9||0
|-
|2007||11||5
|-
|2008||2||0
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2011||5||1
|-
|2012||1||0
|-
|2013||3||0
|-
!Total||97||33
|}

### International goals 
: ''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first.''

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Tactical Profile – Football-Lineups.com
* European Champions Cup/UEFA Champions League Winning Squads
*  
* Ronaldinho profile at the official FC Barcelona website
* 
*
United States Postmaster General

The **United States Postmaster General** is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. The office, in one form or another, is older than both the United States Constitution and the United States Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Franklin was appointed by the Continental Congress as the first Postmaster General, serving slightly longer than 15 months.

In 1971, the United States Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch. Thus, the Postmaster General is no longer a member of the Cabinet and is no longer in line to be President.

## Postmasters General under the Continental Congress 
 was the first Postmaster General under the U.S. Constitution.]]

## Postmasters General under the U.S. Constitution, 1789–1971 
### Cabinet-level Postmasters General 
## Postmasters general of the U.S. Postal Service, 1971–present
## References
National Library of China

The **National Library of China** is one of the world's largest libraries found in Beijing, China.  It has a large collection of ancient Chinese documents and books, as well as  literature.

## References
## Other websites 
*National Library of China
Teddy Sheringham

**Teddy Sheringham** (born 2 April 1966) is an English professional footballer turned manager. He is best known as an association football player. He has played for England national team.

## Career
In 2009, Sheringham was named to the English Football Hall of Fame.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1983–84||rowspan="2"|Millwall||rowspan="2"|Third Division||7||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1
|-
|1984–85||0||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1984–85||Aldershot||Fourth Division||5||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0

|-
|1985||Djurgården||Division 1||21||13||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||13

|-
|1985–86||rowspan="6"|Millwall||rowspan="3"|Second Division||18||4||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||4
|-
|1986–87||42||13||3||0||3||2||colspan="2"|-||48||15
|-
|1987–88||43||22||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||48||22
|-
|1988–89||rowspan="2"|First Division||33||11||2||1||3||3||colspan="2"|-||38||15
|-
|1989–90||31||9||3||2||3||1||colspan="2"|-||37||12
|-
|1990–91||Second Division||46||33||3||2||3||2||colspan="2"|-||52||37
|-
|1991–92||rowspan="2"|Nottingham Forest||First Division||39||13||4||2||10||5||colspan="2"|-||53||20
|-
|1992–93||Premier League||3||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||1
|-
|1992–93||rowspan="5"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="5"|Premier League||38||21||5||4||4||3||colspan="2"|-||47||28
|-
|1993–94||19||13||0||0||2||2||colspan="2"|-||21||15
|-
|1994–95||42||18||6||4||2||1||colspan="2"|-||50||23
|-
|1995–96||38||16||6||5||3||3||colspan="2"|-||47||24
|-
|1996–97||29||7||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||32||8
|-
|1997–98||rowspan="4"|Manchester United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||31||9||3||3||0||0||7||2||41||14
|-
|1998–99||17||2||4||1||1||1||4||1||26||5
|-
|1999–00||27||5||0||0||0||0||9||1||36||6
|-
|2000–01||29||15||2||1||0||0||11||5||42||21
|-
|2001–02||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||34||10||2||1||6||2||colspan="2"|-||42||13
|-
|2002–03||36||12||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||38||13
|-
|2003–04||Portsmouth||Premier League||32||9||3||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||38||10
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="3"|West Ham United||League Championship||33||20||2||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||36||21
|-
|2005–06||rowspan="2"|Premier League||26||6||4||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||7
|-
|2006–07||17||2||1||0||1||0||1||0||20||2
|-
|2007–08||Colchester United||League Championship||19||3||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||4
734||275||56||30||55||27||32||9||877||341
21||13||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||13
755||288||56||30||55||27||32||9||898||354
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1993||2||0
|-
|1994||3||0
|-
|1995||7||2
|-
|1996||9||3
|-
|1997||8||3
|-
|1998||8||1
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||4||2
|-
|2002||8||0
|-
!Total||51||11
|}

## References
United States Secretary of the Navy

The **United States** **secretary of the Navy** (**SECNAV**) is a statutory officer and the head of the Department of the Navy, a military department within the United States Department of Defense. On March 25, 2025, John Phelan was confirmed as secretary of the Navy.

## Secretaries of the Navy
### Continental Congress
*(Post of Secretary of Marine created but remained vacant)*

### Executive Department, 1798–1949

### Military Department (Department of Defense), 1949–present

## References
Uwe Seeler

**Uwe Seeler** (;5 November 1936 – 21 July 2022) was a German football player. He played for Hamburger SV and West Germany national team.

Seeler died on 21 July 2022 in Norderstedt, Germany at the age of 85.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Hamburger SV**
* German football championship: 1959–60
* DFB-Pokal: 1962–63

**West Germany**
* FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1966; third place: 1970

**Individual**
* Ballon d'Or third place: 1960
* Footballer of the Year (Germany): 1960, 1964, 1970
* FIFA XI (Reserve): 1963
* Bundesliga Top Scorer: 1964
* FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1966
**kicker* Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1969–70
* FIFA 100
* Member of Germany's Sports Hall of Fame

## Literature 
* Becker, Robert: *Uwe Seeler und seine goldenen Tore*. Copress, München 1991,  
* Seeler, Uwe: *Danke, Fußball! – Mein Leben.* Rowohlt-Verlag, Reinbek 2003,  (auch als Hörbuch auf 1 CD, Hörbuch Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, )

## References 
## Other websites
Herbert Chapman

**Herbert Chapman** (19 January 1878 – 6 January 1934) was an English football player and manager.

## References
Les Ferdinand

**Les Ferdinand** (born 8 December 1966) is a former football player. He has played for the England national team.

## Career statistics
### Club career statistics
### International career statistics
|-
|1993||6||3
|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||1||0
|-
|1996||4||2
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||3||0
|-
!Total||17||5
|}

## Honours
**Beşiktaş**
*Turkish Cup: 1988–89

**Tottenham Hotspur**
*Football League Cup: 1998–99

**Individual**
*PFA Players' Player of the Year: 1995–96
*Premier League PFA Team of the Year: 1995–96
*North-East FWA Player of the Year: 1996
*Scorer of the 10,000th Premier League goal – Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2001–02)
*Leicester City Player of the Year: 2003–04
*Newcastle United Hall of Fame Inductee

## References
Denis Compton

**Denis Compton** (23 May 1918 in Hendon, Middlesex – 23 April 1997 in Windsor, Berkshire) was an English cricketer and football player. He played cricket for the England cricket team and football for Arsenal.

## References
Jan Mølby

**Jan Mølby** (born 4 July 1963) is a former Danish football player. He has played for Denmark national team. Since retiring he has become the Head of the Greeters Guild.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
### Player
 in 1982]]

**Ajax**
*Eredivisie: 1982–83
*KNVB Cup: 1982–83

**Liverpool**
*Football League First Division:  1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90
*FA Cup: 1985–86, 1991–92
*FA Charity Shield: 1986, 1988, 1989

**Swansea City**
*Football League Third Division play-offs runner-up: 1997

**Individual**
*PFA Team of the Year: 1996–97 Third Division

### Manager
**Kidderminster Harriers**
*Football Conference: 1999–2000

## References
Chris Sutton

**Chris Sutton** (born 10 March 1973) is an English former footballer. He has played for the English national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1990–91||rowspan="4"|Norwich City||rowspan="2"|First Division||2||0
|-
|1991–92||21||2
|-
|1992–93||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||8
|-
|1993–94||41||25
|-
|1994–95||rowspan="5"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="5"|Premier League||40||15
|-
|1995–96||13||0
|-
|1996–97||25||11
|-
|1997–98||35||18
|-
|1998–99||17||3
|-
|1999–00||Chelsea||Premier League||28||1

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="6"|Celtic||rowspan="6"|Premier League||24||11
|-
|2001–02||18||4
|-
|2002–03||28||15
|-
|2003–04||25||1
|-
|2004–05||27||12
|-
|2005–06||8||3

|-
|2005–06||Birmingham City||Premier League||10||1
|-
|2006–07||Aston Villa||Premier League||8||1
278||85
130||64
408||149
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1997||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References
Iván Zamorano

**Iván Zamorano** (born 18 January 1967) is a former Chilean football player. He has played for Chile national team until 2001.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Chile's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zamorano goal.''

## Honours
**Cobreandino**
* Segunda División de Chile: 1985

**Cobresal**
* Copa Chile: 1987

**Real Madrid**
* La Liga: 1994–95
* Copa del Rey: 1992–93
* Supercopa de España: 1993

**Inter Milan**
* UEFA Cup: 1997–98; runner-up 1996–97

**América**
* Mexican Primera División: Verano 2002

**Chile**
* Olympic Bronze Medal: 2000

**Individual**
* Swiss Super League Best Foreign Player: 1989–90
* EFE Trophy: 1992–93, 1994–95
* Pichichi Trophy: 1994–95
* La Liga Best Foreign Player: 1994–95
* European Sports Media Team of the Year: 1994–95
* Olympic Games top scorer: 2000
* FIFA 100

## References
Mark Hopley

**Mark Hopley** (born 1 May 1984) is a rugby union player for Northampton Saints in the Guinness Premiership. He was born in Crewe, Cheshire. He plays as a flanker.

## Other websites 
*Guinness Premiership profile
Formentera

**Formentera** is the smallest of the 4 Balearic Islands with population.

## Geography and population 
It is located south of Ibiza (about 10 kilometers), south-west of Mallorca (about 50 kilometers).
Its area is 83.24 km² (32.14 sq mi).
Formentera has about 7,500 inhabitants. 
The island was built by volcano eruptions.
It has two high areas in the east and the south and a falt area in between.
Main town is Sant Francesc Xavier.

## History 
First people, who settled on Formentera, were the Carthaginians, later the Romans came there. Often the island lost its complete population, for example after the Vandals came there.
In the middle ages Arabs governed the balearic island, then Catalans took over the island, Formentera became part of the new kingdom of Mallorca.
Later that kingdom became a part of Spain.

## Economy 
The island lives mainly on tourism. Most tourists are from Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy and France.
Even the other economic activities like fishing deal with tourism. 

## Other websites 
* Town council website 
* The Official Tourism Portal of Formentera
* Local government website
Dwight Yorke

**Dwight Eversley Yorke** CM (born 3 November 1971) is a retired Trinidadian football player. He has played for Trinidad and Tobago national team. He won the 1998–99 Premier League Golden Boot, alongside Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Michael Owen. This made him the joint first foreign Golden Boot winner.

## Career statistics
### Club
:Source:

### International
### International goals
:''Scores and results list Trinidad and Tobago's goal tally first.''

## Honours
**Aston Villa**
*Football League Cup: 1995–96

**Manchester United**
*Premier League: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01
*FA Cup: 1998–99
*UEFA Champions League: 1998–99
*Intercontinental Cup: 1999

**Sydney FC**
*A-League: 2005–06

**Sunderland**
*Football League Championship: 2006–07

**Trinidad and Tobago**
*Caribbean Cup: 1989

**Individual**
*Premier League Player of the Month: February 1996, January 1999, March 2000
*Premier League Player of the Season: 1998–99

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Sydney FC profile
*Dwight Yorke Interview
*Profile at Soca Warriors Online
Flag of Sri Lanka

The **Flag of Sri Lanka**, also called the **Lion Flag**, has a gold lion passant, holding a sword in its right fore paw, in front of a crimson background with four golden bo leaves in each corner. Around the background is a yellow border, and to its left are two vertical stripes of equal size in saffron and green, with the saffron stripe closest to the lion.

It became the flag in 1950 following the recommendations of a committee appointed by the 1st Prime Minister of Sri Lanka D.S. Senanayake.
Jari Litmanen

**Jari Litmanen** (born 20 February 1971) is a Finnish football player.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
*Finnish League Cup held for the first time in 1994.

### International 
## Honours 
**MyPa**
*Finnish Cup: 1992

**Ajax**
*Eredivisie: 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98, 2003–04
*KNVB Cup: 1992–93, 1997–98, 1998–99
*Dutch Supercup: 1993, 1994, 1995
*UEFA Champions League: 1994–95
*UEFA Super Cup: 1995
*Intercontinental Cup: 1995

**Liverpool**
*FA Cup: 2000–01
*Football League Cup: 2000–01
*FA Charity Shield: 2001
*UEFA Cup: 2000–01
*UEFA Super Cup: 2001

**HJK**
*Veikkausliiga: 2011
*Finnish Cup: 2011

**Finland**
*Nordic Football Championship: 2000–01

**Individual**
*Finnish Sports Journalists Player of the Year (8): 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
*Finnish Football Association Player of the Year (9): 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000
* Veikkausliiga Player of the Year: 1990
*Dutch Footballer of the Year: 1993
*Dutch league top scorer: 1993–94 (26 goals)
*Ballon d'Or: 1994 (8th), 1995 (3rd)
*Finnish Sports Personality of the Year: 1995
* *ESM* Team of the Year: 1994–95, 1995–96
*UEFA Champions League top scorer: 1995–96 (9 goals)
*Captain's Ball: 2002
*UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Finnish Footballer of the last 50 Years: 2003
*Most-capped player for the Finland national team: 137 caps
*2nd all-time top scorer for the Finland national team: 32 goals
*All-time top scorer in Europe for Ajax: 26 goals
*Oldest Player to Score in UEFA European Championship qualifying: 39 years and 270 days
*FC Lahti Hall of Fame: 2016

## References
General Electric

**General Electric** is a big and multinational company based in the United States. It was created in 1892 by Thomas Edison through merging several companies that initially made electrical things. In the middle 20th century it became a major maker of turbojet engines and now makes many things. 

As of 2008, they are the third biggest company in the world. In May 2020, it sold its light bulb business. 

## References
Tore André Flo

**Tore André Flo** (born 15 June 1973) is a Norwegian professional football coach and a former striker who is the manager of 1. divisjon club Sogndal.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Norway's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Flo goal.''

### Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Brann**
*Tippeligaen runner-up: 1997

**Chelsea**
*FA Cup: 1999–2000
*Football League Cup: 1997–98
*FA Charity Shield: 2000
*UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1997–98
*UEFA Super Cup: 1998

**Rangers**
*Scottish Cup: 2001–02
*Scottish League Cup: 2001–02

### Coach
**Individual**
*Norwegian First Division Coach of the Month: July 2023

## References
Hal Colebatch

**Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch** (29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953) was the 12th Premier of Western Australia from 17 April to 17 May 1919. He was from the Nationalist Party. He was Premier for the shortest time in Western Australian history. This was because he was a member of the upper house of Parliament and it was usual for the Premier to be from the lower house. When he could not find a position in the lower house he resigned. 

## References
Henry Lefroy

**Sir Henry Bruce Lefroy** (24 March 1854 – 19 March 1930) was the 11th Premier of Western Australia from 28 June 1917 to 17 April 1919. He was from the Nationalist Party. He became premier after the Australian Labor Party split over the issue of conscription. Labor politicians led by John Scaddan agreed to join the Nationalist Party if Lefory was the leader, not Frank Wilson. He found it diificult to keep control over a government formed by different political parties. When it was discovered that he had used his casting vote in a Cabinet meeting to keep the leadership, he was forced to resign. He lost his seat in the 1921 elections and retired back to his farm.

## References
Menorca

**Menorca** (Spain, Catalan: *Menorca*) is the most east of the Balearic Islands.

## Geography 
Menorca is located east of Mallorca. It has an area of . About 88,000 people live there. The main town is Mahón, which has about 27,000 people.

## History 
Menorca was influenced by the Minoans. Later it was ruled by Carthage, and by Rome after the Punic Wars. From the 5th century AD there was a seat of a bishop on Menorca. The Vandals invaded but the Byzantine Empire recovered Menorca in 534. The Moors took over in 903. In 1287 the Christians took it back and enslaved the Muslims.

Later Menorca was ruled by the Kingdom of Mallorca. In 1334 it became part of Aragon, which later became part of Spain. In 1713 the British conquered Menorca but in 1781 the Spanish recovered it in the American Revolutionary War.

## Economy 
Menorca lives mainly on tourism. There is one airport near the main city.

## Other websites 
* Menorca Facebook Page
* Pictures Photographs of Menorca 
* Island government of Minorca
* UNESCO's Minorca Biosphere Reserve
John Scaddan

**John Scaddan** (4 August 1876 – 21 November 1934) was the 10th Premier of Western Australia from 7 October 1911 to 27 July 1916. He was from the Labor Party. He was only 35 when he won a record majority of seats in the 1911 elections, making him the youngest premier of Western Australia.

His parents were from Cornwall and had moved to Moonta to work in the large copper mines. They later moved to Eaglehawk, near Bendigo, where Scaddan worked in the gold mines and studied to be an engine driver. In 1896, he moved to the Western Australian goldfields. He was elected to parliament in 1904, where he became famous for his long speeches, some going for me than three hours. He became the premier when the Labor Party won the 1911 election. He believed that the government should own and control businesses and he set up state owned shipping lines, brickworks, sawmills, trams, abattoirs, fishing, quarries, and even a hotel. While many of these were well run, many were not, and a costly failure at the Wyndham freezing works led to a loss of support. At the next election, he only won by two seats. When one ALP member disappeared, and another resigned in 1916, the Country Party were able to form a new government with help from the Liberal Party.

When the Labor Party split on conscription, Scaddan who supported it, joined the new National Labor Party. He later joined the Country Party. He was elected in and out of parliament over the next 15 years. He felt Western Australia was not treated fairly by the government of Australia, and was on a committee which looked at how Western Australia could become an independent country. He died suddenly from a Cerebral hemorrhage in 1934.

## References
Frank Wilson

**Frank Wilson** (12 May 1859 – 7 December 1918) was the 9th Premier of Western Australia from 16 September 1910 until 7 October 1911 and then again from 27 July 1916 until 28 June 1917. He was a member of the various conservative political parties which were formed in Western Australia, including the Liberal Party, the Liberal League, and the Ministerialist Party. He was defeated by the Australian Labor Party in the elections of October 1911. He was able to form a group of anti-labor members in 1916 and become premier a second time. He lost this support when the Country Party was able to form a National Party to support the war effort. He lost his seat in the parliament to the County Party by only four votes in October 1917. Seriously ill with cancer, he died a few months later.

## References
Newton Moore

**Sir Newton James Moore** (17 May 1870 – 28 October 1936) was the 8th Premier of Western Australia from 7 May 1906 until 16 September 1910. He became the premier when Rason resigned. He resigned as premier in 1910 and moved to London to become agent-general for Western Australia. During World War I he joined the Australian Army as an officer. After the war he was elected to the British House of Commons, taking over former Australian Prime Minister Sir George Reid's seat. In his first speech to the parliament he said that women should be able to become members of parliament.

## References
Mathew Turner

**Mathew Turner** (born 18 January 1988 in Cape Town) is a South African rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as on the wing.

## Other websites
*Bristol Rugby profile
Andrew Card

**Andrew Hill "Andy" Card Jr.** (born May 10, 1947) is an American politician and lobbyist, former United States Cabinet member, and head of George W. Bush's White House Iraq Group. Card served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation under George H. W. Bush and the White House Chief of Staff under his son. He announced his resignation as Chief of Staff March 28, 2006, effective April 14, 2006. 
## References
United States Secretary of Energy

The **United States Secretary of Energy** is the head of the United States Department of Energy, a member of the President's Cabinet, and fifteenth in the Presidential line of succession.  The post was created with the formation of the Department of Energy on October 1, 1977 by President Jimmy Carter's signing of the Department of Energy Organization Act. The position was originally developed to focus on energy production and regulation. During the 1980s, the emphasis shifted to development of technology for better, more efficient energy sources as well as education regarding energy. As the Cold War ended, the department's efforts were more often devoted to nuclear waste disposal and maintenance of environmental quality.

## List of secretaries of energy
; Parties
 (7)  (9)

;Status

## Living former secreatries of energy 
As of September 2025, there are ten living former secretaries of energy, the oldest being Donald P. Hodel (served 1982-1985). The most recent death of a former secretary of state was that of Bill Richardson (served 1998-2001) on September 1, 2023.

## References
Secure copy

**Secure Copy** or **SCP** is a method of securely transferring computer files between a local and a remote host or between two remote hosts, using the SSH protocol.

## References
*How the SCP Protocol Works
Migros

**Migros** is a supermarket chain found in Switzerland and other countries.

## History 
It was started in 1925 by Gottlieb Duttweiler. He started in Zürich with a wagon and sold products 40% cheaper than others. At first, he sold only coffee, rice, sugar, noodles, coconut oil and soap. Later, he started selling more and in 1926, Duttweiler built his first market, also in Zürich.

## Other websites 
*Migros Switzerland website
Blowfish (cipher)

**Blowfish** is a method of hiding information using keys and a  symmetric block cipher. It was made in 1993 by Bruce Schneier. Since 1993 it  has been included  in a large number of security products. Blowfish is fast and has never been cryptanalytic broken. However, the AES method is more common.

Schneier made Blowfish as a general-purpose algorithm, to be used as a replacement for the old DES algorithm and to remove the problems and difficulties of other encryption algorithms. At the time Blowfish was released, many other algorithms were proprietary, or were secrets. Schneier has said that, "Blowfish is unpatented, and will remain so in all countries. The algorithm is hereby placed in the public domain, and can be freely used by anyone."

Main features of the design include key-dependent S-boxes and a very complex key schedule. Blowfish is one of the fastest block ciphers used by many people, except when changing keys. Each new key needs to be pre-processed which takes the same time as encrypting about 4 kilobytes of text, which is very slow compared to other block ciphers. This stops its use in certain applications (such as in the smallest embedded systems like the early smartcards), but it is not a problem in other applications. In one of the applications, it is actually good: the password-hashing method used in OpenBSD uses an algorithm that comes from Blowfish which makes use of the slow key schedule; the idea is that the extra computational effort required gives protection against dictionary attacks. *See* key strengthening.

Blowfish has a 64-bit block size and a variable key length from 0 up to 448 bits. It is a 16-round Feistel cipher and uses large key-dependent S-boxes. It is similar in structure to CAST-128, which uses fixed S-boxes.

In 1996, Serge Vaudenay found a known-plaintext attack needing 28*r* + 1 known plaintexts to break, where *r* is the number of rounds. Moreover, he also found a class of weak keys that can be detected and broken by the same attack with only 24*r* + 1 known plaintexts. This attack cannot be used against the regular Blowfish; it assumes knowledge of the key-dependent S-boxes. Vincent Rijmen, in his Ph.D. papers, introduced a second-order differential attack that can break four rounds and no more. Still there is no known way to break the full 16 rounds, apart from a brute-force search. A sign extension bug in one of the published C code has been found in 1996.

There is no good cryptanalysis on the full-round version of Blowfish known publicly till 2008. However, in 2007, Bruce Schneier noted that while Blowfish is still in use, he recommended using the new Twofish algorithm instead 

## Related pages
* Advanced Encryption Standard
* eSTREAM - An evaluation of new stream ciphers being conducted by the EU.
* Twofish
* MacGuffin

## References
## Further reading
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Official Blowfish website
* List of products using Blowfish
* SCAN's entry for Blowfish
* Blowfish PHP and JavaScript implementation with online demo
* Blowfish JavaScript implementation and Page Encryption 
* Blowfish PHP implementation
* Blowfish Java implementation (LGPL)
Chevvy Pennycook

**Chevvy Pennycook** (born 6 April 1987 in Bristol, England) is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a flanker.

## Other websites 
*Bristol Rugby profile
Mark Odejobi

**Mark Odejobi** born 18 January, 1988 in London, England is a former rugby union player for England sevens and the London Wasps. He played as a winger.

## Other websites
*Wasps profile
Damien Varley

**Damien Varley** (born 29 October 1983 in Limerick) is an Irish rugby union player for Munster in the Pro 12 and Heineken Cup. He plays as a Hooker. Varley plays his club rugby with Garryowen. Before he played for the London Wasps.

## Life 
Varley went to St. Munchin's College in Limerick. He scored two tries when his school won the Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup final in 2002. He then studied at the University of Limerick. Varley played his first game for Munster in May 2006 against Ospreys in the Celtic League. In 2008, Varley joined the English club London Wasps on a one-year contract. He scored a try for them in his first game against Leicester Tigers.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Wasps profile
SSH file transfer protocol

In computing, the **SSH File Transfer Protocol** (sometimes called **Secure File Transfer Protocol** or **SFTP**) is a network protocol that implements file transfer between computers. It is often used as a more secure alternative of an FTP protocol, which transmits file contents, folder contents and even passwords without encryption.

SFTP protocol is built on top of SSH protocol which is used as a transport layer over the port 22 and is implemented by an SSH server such as OpenSSH. 
SFTP is different from SCP, which is another protocol relying on an SSH connection. It is also different from FTPS, which used SSL to encrypt the connection itself, rather than sending the data through an SSH tunnel. 

Many popular FTP programs have added support for SFTP. Access to the SFTP server can be granted either through a username, a password or by using a  public key.

## References
Hamtaro

***The Adventures of Hamtaro*** (とっとこハム太郎, *Tottoko Hamutarō*, literally *Trotting Hamtaro*) is a Japanese children's anime preschool series created by Ritsuko Kawai. The main character is a hamster named Hamtaro.

## Plot 
After moving into a new town, Hamtaro finds that he's in the company of lots of different hamsters, making up a group of hamster friends that go on crazy adventures through the city. Before they save Laura and other humans from nasty predicaments, however, they have to learn how to save themselves.
Sadomasochism

**Sadomasochism** is a word which is mostly used in a social (non-medical) way. It means that people get together to either give or receive pain and humiliation. Usually it's a form of sex play. 

*Sadists* enjoy inflicting pain on others or humiliating them. *Masochists* get pleasure from being tortured, hurt, or humiliated.
Eton College

at Eton College]]

**Eton College**, or just **Eton**, is a British independent school for boys between the ages of 1318. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI, as the King's College of Our Lady of Eton.  

Eton College is in Eton, near Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is known as the Ampleforth of the south. It is north of Windsor Castle. The school is one of the original nine English "public schools" as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. The school is a member of the Eton Group of independent schools in the United Kingdom. The current Headmaster is Simon Henderson. For every 8 pupils there is one teacher. 

Eton is a full boarding school. All pupils live at the school. It is one of four such remaining boys' public schools (the others being Winchester College, Harrow School, and Radley College). Eton has educated many British and foreign aristocrats. Prince William and his brother Prince Harry went there. 

The list of graduates includes twenty former prime ministers, including David Cameron and Boris Johnson. *The Good Schools Guide* called the school "the number one boys' public school", adding "The teaching and facilities are second to none". The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group. It is registered as a charity.

## References
## Other websites
*Eton College official website
McMahon Line

region. The line was the focus of a brief war in 1962, when Indian and Chinese forces struggled to control a disputed area (shown in red), much of which is a high altitude wasteland.]]

The **McMahon Line** is a demarcation line drawn on a map referred to in the Simla Convention, a treaty between Britain and Tibet signed in 1914.

It is named after Henry McMahon, a diplomat who signed the agreement.

After India became independent from Britain in 1947 and China invaded Tibet in 1950, the line became the border of India and China. Some people disagree, but it is now part of the real boundary between China and India (called the Line of Actual Control).

This disagreement was a reason for a war between China and India in 1962 (the Sino-Indian War).

## Related pages 
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Durand Line
* Radcliffe Line

## References 
## Further reading
* GlobalSecurity.org, India-China Border Dispute
* Kawaguchi, Yuki. "Arunachal Pradesh Territorial Dispute between India and China,"  *ICE Case Studies* (US). No. 161, November, 2005.
Theodor Heuss

**Theodor Heuss** (31 January 1884 in Brackenheim - 12 December 1963 in Stuttgart) was a German politician. He was the first person elected to a regular term as President of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Heuss was born in Brackenheim, near Heilbronn. He studied art history and state studies in Munich and Berlin. 
He received his doctorate in 1905 in Munich. In 1908 he married Elly Heuss-Knapp (1881-1952). He worked for a political magazine from 1908 to 1912, and then for a regional newspaper. In 1910 he joined the Progressive People's Party and stayed there until 1918.
Between 1923 and 1926 he published the magazine *Die Deutsche Nation* ("The German Nation"). Heuss became a member of the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) and was a member of parliament for two periods.

In 1933 Heuss voted for the Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz) against his personal beliefs, following his party.
After World War II Heuss was the first Minister of Culture in Baden-Württemberg. He was one of the founders of the Free Democratic Party of Germany after WW II.

In 1949 he was elected as first President of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was reelected once.