open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Just Tell Me What You Want

***Just Tell Me What You Want*** is a 1980 American romantic comedy movie directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Ali MacGraw, Myrna Loy, Judy Kaye, Alan King, Keenan Wynn, Joseph Maher, Peter Weller. It was distributed by Warner Bros..

## Other websites
* 
*
Pachycormus discolor

*For other uses, see Pachycormus. For the extinct pachycormiform, see Pachycormus (fish).*

***Pachycormus** **discolor*** is a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is commonly called the **Baja elephant tree**. It is endemic to the Baja California peninsula. This sarcocaulescent plant has three varieties.

## Description 
The Baja elephant tree has a gnarled growth habit that can make bizarre or strange forms. The leaves are dark green and drought deciduous, yellowing first before they drop.

## Taxonomy 
### Etymology 
The genus name *Pachycormus* comes from the Greek *pachy* for "thick" and *kormos* for "trunk", referencing the plant's thick caudiciform trunk.

### Varieties 
* ***Pachycormus discolor*** var. ***discolor*** – commonly called the **Magdalena elephant tree**.
* ***Pachycormus discolor*** var. ***pubescens*** – commonly called **Baja California elephant tree**.
* ***Pachycormus discolor*** var. ***veatchiana*** – commonly called the **Veatch elephant tree**.

]]

## References 
# "Pachycormus discolor". *Plants of the World Online*. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
The Political Compass

**The Political Compass** is a website from Great Britain, that asks people questions to figure out if they’re Left-Authoritarian, Right-Authoritarian, Left-Libertarian or Right-Libertarian. The website asks a lot of questions, ranging from how the user would run the economy to what should be socially acceptable. After all the questions are answered, the website determines where the user would land on the political compass. 

## Definitions 
The Political Compass uses Left to mean supporting Socialism and Right to mean supporting Capitalism. It uses Authoritarian to mean Statist. It uses Libertarian to mean Liberal.

## Controversy 
The Political Compass has been criticized by a lot of political commentators. Ben Shapiro, Destiny and Steven Crowder have all said that it’s a bad test. The controversy is because of the site's bias towards the Left, with the site's news heavily criticizing conservative politicians in many different world elections while praising far-left politicians. This is an issue because the bias of the owner may alter how the test phrases certain questions and how the website interprets answers.
John Salley

**John Thomas Salley** (born May 16, 1964) is an American former professional basketball player. He played for 11 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Detroit Pistons, Miami Heat, Toronto Raptors, Chicago Bulls, and Los Angeles Lakers. He played the power forward and center positions.

He was the first player in NBA history to win championships with three franchises (since joined by Robert Horry, Danny Green and LeBron James), as well as the first player in the NBA to win a championship in three different decades (since joined by Tim Duncan).

Salley was the host of *The Best Damn Sports Show Period* on Fox Sports Net from 2001 until 2009.
Trigonometric interpolation

In maths, **Trigonometric interpolation** is interpolation with trigonometic polynomials. Interpolation is a way of trying to find values between two known points of data. In trigonometric interpolation, the values have to be a trigonometric polynomial. 

## References
Wrong Way

"**Wrong Way**" is a 1997 song by Sublime and is the third single from their third and final studio album *Sublime*. It went to number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and number 3 on the Billboard Alternative Airplay chart.

## References
313 (number)

**313** is the number that is after 312 and before 314.

## In religion 
* The amount of soldiers sent by Muhammad at the Battle of Badr.
* In Twelverism, 313 is the number of soldiers that Imam Mahdi will have and is sometimes stylized as ٣١٣ in the Arabic numeral system.

## References
Damian Kane

**Edward Bazzaza** (born April 16, 1960), known by his ring name **Damien Kane**, is an American retired professional wrestler and manager. He is best known for his appearances with the Philadelphia-based Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion in the mid-1990s.
The Congress Dances (1955 movie)

***The Congress Dances*** () is a 1955 Austrian historical romantic musical comedy movie directed by Franz Antel and is a remake of the 1930 movie *The Congress Dances*. It stars Johanna Matz, Rudolf Prack, Hannelore Bollmann, Marte Harell, Jester Naefe, Gunther Philipp, Karl Schönböck and Oskar Sima.

## Other websites
*
Pseudoasthenocormus

***Pseudoasthenocormus*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish from the family Pachycormidae in the order Pachycormiformes with one species, ***P. retrodorsalis***. Fossils were found in Germany. It lived during the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian). The name comes from *Asthenocormus*, and the epithet is after the Greek for rear fin. *Pseudoasthenocormus* resembled an ichthyodectiform in appearance, but it was not related to them. It was also large in size. It had a robust and compact body that was more slender than *Asthenocormus*. The dorsal fin is set far back. It is much shorter than the latter.

The first fossils of this animal, found in the Solnhofen deposit, were described in 1914 by Eastman, who made the species another species of *Asthenocormus*. Only in 1999 did Lambers redescribe the species. That taxon was then attributed to the new genus *Pseudoasthenocormus*.

## References 
# Lambers, P. H. (1999). The actinopterygian fish fauna of the Late Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian 'Plattenkalke' near Solnhofen (Bavaria, Germany): state of the art. Geologie en Mijnbouw 78:215-229.
# Eastman, C. R. (1914). Catalog of the fossil fishes in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum. Vol. VI. No. 7.
# "Clupeopsis and Pseudoasthenocormus". *Reptile Evolution*.
The Maddest Car in the World

***The Maddest Car in the World*** () is a 1975 West German family comedy movie directed by Rudolf Zehetgruber (who also stars) and also starring Salvatore Borghese, Walter Giller, Walter Roderer, Evelyne Kraft, Ulrich Beiger, Peter W. Staub.

## Other websites
*
Sauropsis

***Sauropsis*** is an extinct genus of pachycormiform. It is a rather long-lived fish, having survived for more than 30 million years. It had a tapered body and two long pectoral fins. Compared to others, such as *Pachycormus*, this animal possessed a more elongated skull, a more rigid axial skeleton and narrower, more pointed fins; the tail was deeply forked.

## Species 
The genus has 4 species:

* †*Sauropsis latus*
* †*Sauropsis longimanus*
* †*Sauropsis veruinalis*
* †*Sauropsis woodwardi*

## Image gallery 
'']]

## References 
# Roberts, George (1839). . p. 154. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
Urabi revolt

Ahmed Urabi was originally from a rural village in the Nile Delta. However, he rose to become a military officer later. He was quite popular amongst the rural population in Egypt.

## References
Franz Schediwy

**Franz Schediwy** (10 November 1892 - 17 January 1960) was an Austrian football player. He played as defender for SK Rapid Wien. 
## Honours 
* 5 x Austrian champion (1911/12, 1912/13, 1918/19, 1919/20, 1920/21)
* 2 x Austrian Cup  (1918/19, 1919/20) 
## References
Protosphyraena

***Protosphyraena*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine pachycormiform that lived during the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Maastrichtian). Although fossil remains have been found in both Europe and Asia, it is probably best known from the Smoky Hill Chalk of the Niobrara Formation of Kansas. It was built for speed, either steady cruising or sudden bursts after prey.

*Protosphyraena* shared the Cretaceous oceans with aquatic reptiles, such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, as well as with other prehistoric predatory fish. The name *Protosphyraena* is a combination of the Greek word *protos* ("early") plus *Sphyraena*, as paleontologists thought it was an ancient barracuda. *Protosphyraena* is not related to the swordfish, but belongs to the extinct family Pachycormidae.

## Related pages 
* Pseudoasthenocormus

## References 
# Cope, E. D. (1873). "On an extinct genus of saurodont fishes". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 24: 280–281.
# Stewart, A. (1900). "Teleosts of the Upper Cretaceous". *The University Geological Survey of Kansas*. 6: 257–403.
# "Protosphyraena, an odd-looking fish from the Late Cretaceous". *Reddit*.

## Other websites 
* *Protosphyraena*: A Late Cretaceous "Swordfish" at *Oceans of Kansas*
* Media related to *Protosphyraena* at Wikimedia Commons
Vidisha

**Vidisha** is a city in central Madhya Pradesh, India. Vidisha is known for its cultural significance and ancient heritage. Situated approximately 62.5 kilometers northeast of Bhopal, it holds immense significance due to its proximity to several ancient monuments and archaeological sites, such as the Udayagiri Caves, which date back to the Gupta period. Vidisha has been a prominent trade and cultural center since ancient times and continues to attract tourists and history enthusiasts. The nearby Buddhist stupas of Sanchi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, further enhance the city's historical prominence.

## History 
The name "Vidisha" is believed to have been derived from the ancient city of **"Besnagar"** or **"Vedisā"**, which was an important trade and cultural center during ancient times. The word 'Vedisā' is mentioned in ancient Indian texts and inscriptions, and it is thought to have referred to the region located at the confluence of the Betwa and Bes rivers.

It is also closely associated with the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, making it a key historical and cultural hub in ancient India.

## References
Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana

According to Buddhist texts, the cremated remains of the disciples were then enshrined in stupas at notable monasteries of the time, with Sariputta's remains being enshrined at Jetavana monastery and Moggallana's remains being enshrined at Veḷuvana monastery.
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

**Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar** (; 14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797), also known by his regnal name of **Agha Mohammad Shah** (), played a significant role in Iranian history as the founder of the Qajar dynasty. He ruled as Shah from 1789 to 1797, leading Iran through a period marked by both centralized power and military conquests.

Originally part of the *Quwanlu* branch of the 
Qajar tribe, Agha Mohammad Khan became the king of Iran in 1789. However, his official coronation didn't take place until March 1796. His rise to power involved the deposition of *Lotf Ali Khan* from the Zand dynasty in 1794.

Notably, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar endured a challenging personal journey, having been castrated as a young adult when captured by Adel Shah Afshar. This left him childless, and he adopted the regnal name Agha Mohammad Shah upon ascending the throne.

Agha Mohammad Khan's reign is marked by significant achievements and actions. One of his notable accomplishments was the reunification of a centralized Iran, bringing about a sense of unity. He also played a crucial role in moving the capital to Tehran, a decision that still impacts the country today.

Despite his achievements, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar is remembered for his ruthless behavior during military campaigns, particularly in Georgia and Kerman. His cruelty and rapacious actions earned him a reputation that, while negative, also highlights his effectiveness as a military and political leader.

However, historical perspectives on Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar are not one-sided. Many view him as a pragmatic, calculating, and shrewd leader who made strategic decisions for the benefit of Iran. His reign, though relatively short-lived, left a lasting impact on the country's political landscape.

Tragically, Agha Mohammad Khan's life was cut short when he was assassinated on 17 June 1797. Following his death, his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, succeeded him as the ruler of Iran.

## Legacy
In summary, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's legacy is complex, marked by achievements in unifying Iran and establishing Tehran as the capital, as well as criticisms for his ruthless actions during military campaigns. His reign, though relatively brief, laid the foundation for the Qajar dynasty, leaving an indelible mark on Iranian history.

## References
Christophe Cuvillier

**Christophe Cuvillier** (born 5 December 1962) is the former chairman and former CEO of Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield. During his career he worked for Lancôme, L'Oréal and the Fnac.

He graduated from HEC Paris in 1984.

## References
Shriram Pistons & Rings Limited

**Shriram Pistons and Rings Limited (SPR)** is a company that manufactures and sells engine components, including valves, pistons, and piston rings, primarily serving the automotive sector.

## History and Growth 
The company, with a history spanning over 50 years, was founded by Dr. Charat Ram, a former president of the industry chamber FICCI (1973-1974). Presently, Mr. Krishnakumar Srinivasan holds the position of Managing Director and CEO.

SPR offers services such as design, development, validation, and manufacturing for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in India. The company operates from its Tech Centre and headquarters in New Delhi.

Originally incorporated as Shama Pistons and Rings Ltd. in 1963, the company underwent a management change in 1972 under Dr. Charat Ram's leadership and was re-named Shriram Pistons & Rings Ltd. Over the years, SPR established technical collaborations with international entities such as KS KolBenschmidt GmbH, Germany, Riken Corporation, Japan, Honda Foundry Co. Ltd., Japan, and FUJI OOZX INC., Japan.

## Production Milestones 
SPR achieved significant production milestones, increasing its monthly production to 2 million rings in December 2000 and 1 million engine valves in September 2005. The company received the TPM Excellence Award in 2004 and the TPM Special Award in 2007 from JIPM.

## Legacy 
With a legacy spanning over five decades, SPR has played a vital role in the Indian automotive industry, supplying components for various vehicles, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, and agricultural machinery.

## Awards and Recognition 
SPR has received several awards and accolades in the automotive industry, including the Daimler India Commercial Vehicles award for Total Quality Management and the TPM Excellence Award.

## References
Chris Williamson (politician)

**Christopher Williamson** (born 16 September 1956) is a British politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Derby North from 2010 to 2015 and again from 2017 to 2019. He was Shadow Minister for Communities and Local Government from October 2010 to October 2013. He was twice leader of Derby City Council.

In February 2019, Williamson was suspended from the Labour Party for his comments about how the party's responded to criticism over its handling of allegations of antisemitism within the party. After an investigation, Williamson was reinstated in June 2019 with a formal warning. He was suspended again two days later when the party decided to review the disciplinary decision. In October 2019, Williamson won a High Court challenge to the legality of the review of the decision but similar charges had been made on 3 September 2019, involving a further suspension; the High Court ruled the Labour Party's disciplinary procedure with regard to these charges should run its course. Labour's National Executive Committee blocked Williamson from standing as a Labour candidate in the 2019 general election. He resigned from the Labour Party and stood as an Independent, losing the seat and his deposit.

In July 2023, he joined the Workers Party of Britain. He was elected one of their deputy leaders in December 2023.

## References
Fath-Ali Shah Qajar

**Fath-Ali Shah Qajar** (; May 1769 – 24 October 1834) was the second Shah (king) of Qajar Azerb. His rule extended from June 17, 1797, until his passing on October 24, 1834. His reign witnessed a significant event—the permanent loss of Iran's northern territories in the Caucasus, which now include Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. This outcome resulted from the Russo-Persian Wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828, along with the treaties of *Gulistan* and *Turkmenchay*, leading to the expansion of the Russian Empire.

Fath-Ali Shah is remembered by Iranians for several distinctive characteristics. Firstly, he was known for his remarkably long beard. Secondly, his slender waist, likened to that of a wasp, became a notable feature. Lastly, his legacy includes his numerous descendants. 

Towards the end of his rule, Iran faced severe economic challenges, coupled with military and technological shortcomings. These difficulties brought the nation to the brink of government breakdown. After Fath-Ali Shah's death, a power struggle ensued, further hastening Iran's descent into potential disarray.

During his reign, efforts were made to glorify the monarchy through artistic representations. Many visual depictions of Fath-Ali Shah and his court were crafted to celebrate the royal authority. Notable among these are rock reliefs, reminiscent of those established during the pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire. These reliefs can be found in Ray, Fars, and Kermanshah.

The purpose behind these artistic endeavors was to portray Fath-Ali Shah as the rightful heir to the ancient Persian empire. By doing so, he aimed to connect with his fellow countrymen and leave a lasting impression on future generations. Despite the challenges and complexities of his rule, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar's legacy endures through the visual representations that sought to immortalize his reign.

Initially, Fath Ali Shah Qajar appointed *Abbas Mirza*, his youngest son from a noble lineage, as the crown prince. However, the crown prince died before the king, and Mohammad, the son of the crown prince, took his father's place as the crown prince. Mohammad later succeeded Fath Ali Shah Qajar, becoming the next and third king in the Qajar dynasty.

## References
Josef Hagler

**Josef Hagler** (1 February 1893 - 1 August 1972) was an Austrian football player. He played as midfielder for SK Rapid Wien. In 1912 he played one match for the Austrian national football team. 
## International 
He played his only game for the Austrian national football team on 3 November 1912 versus Hungary.
## International statistics
## Honours 
* 4 x Austrian champion (1911/12, 1912/13, 1915/16, 1916/17)

## References
Workers Party of Britain

The **Workers Party of Britain** (**WPB**) is a political party in the United Kingdom, formed in December 2019 and led by George Galloway.

## History 
The Workers Party of Britain was started after the Labour Party's lost the 2019 United Kingdom general election and the resignation of Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party. It was formed with a commitment to "defend the achievements of the people of Great Britain." 

In March 2021, the party stood its first candidate for elected office, Paul Burrows, in the by-election for Helensburgh and Lomond South ward on Argyll and Bute Council. Burrows came last out of six, gaining 22 votes (0.9%).

In the 2021 United Kingdom local elections, the party stood more than 40 candidates for local elections in England.

In July 2023, former Labour MP Chris Williamson joined.

## References
Gardzienice

**Gardzienice** is a small village in Lublin Voivodeship. The Centre for Theatre Practices  was started there in 1977 by Włodzimierz Staniewski.  It does research, arts, music, and cultural investigation into the humanities.

It is supported by the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.

## References
Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland)

The **Ministry of Culture and National Heritage**  is a ministry of the Polish government led by the Minister of Culture and National Heritage. It is responsible for national heritage preservation and Polish culture. Ministry oversees state or partially state cultural institutions and implements the law regarding art and cultural property. The headquarters are located at Potocki Palace, in Warsaw. The minister has been  Hanna Wróblewska since May 2024. 

## References
Organizational ecology

**Organizational ecology** is a branch of organizational studies that draws from biology, economics, and sociology to examine how organizations emerge, evolve, and decline. 

Organizational ecology is divided into many levels like community, population, and organization. The community level involves interacting populations, the population level includes organizations engaged in similar activities, and the organization level focuses on individual organizations. When people talk about organizational ecology in research, they usually mean population ecology, which focuses on the second level, studying how groups of organizations change over time.

## *Development:* 
Before the 1970s, most research on organizations focused on how they adapt to change. But in the mid-1970s, researchers like William Evan and Eric Trist started looking at how the environment affects organizations. Trist defined population ecology as studying how groups of organizations interact and create a system. Then, in 1977, Michael T. Hannan and John H. Freeman developed a theory of population ecology, explaining how organizations compete and evolve, similar to natural selection. This approach examines how organizations start, end, and change over time. 

Organizational ecology has since become a major field in studying organizations, known for its use of big data over long periods. Some key books in this field are "The Demography of Corporations and Industries" and "Logics of Organization Theory."

## *Niche theory:* 
# Two Types of Organizations: There are two main kinds of organizations: generalists and specialists.
# Generalists vs. Specialists:
#* Generalist organizations try to take advantage of everything in their environment and are okay with taking risks if things change.
#* Specialist organizations focus on doing one thing really well and prefer stability over taking big risks.
# When to Specialize: Niche theory says that it's usually better to specialize when the environment is stable and predictable.
# Exceptions to the Rule: However, niche theory also teaches us that being a generalist isn't always the best choice, especially when the environment is unpredictable and changes often.
# Industry Structures: Niche theory helps us understand why some industries have mostly generalist organizations while others have more specialists. It depends on what the environment demands from them.
Nyctixalus pictus

The **painted Indonesian tree frog**, **spotted tree froglet**, **Sumatra Indonesian tree frog**, **cinnamon tree frog**, **cinnamon frog**, **spotted tree frog**, **white-spotted tree frog**, or **white-spotted brown frog** (*Nyctixalus pictus*) is a frog.  It lives in Malaysia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore.  People have seen it between 50 and 1800 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in forests that have never been cut down and in forests that have been cut down and grew back.  It does not live in places where too many trees have been cut down.  The female frog lays eggs in bits of water high up in the trees. The water is in holes in the trees.  People have also seen the frogs breed in buckets of water.

Scientists believe this frog is not in danger of dying out because it lives in such a large place, but they believe people cutting down its forests may harm it. Some of the places where the frog lives are protected parks.

Sometimes people catch this frog to sell as pets, but scientists do not think they do it enough to make the frog die out.

## References
Confession

depicts a subject confessing feelings that had been concealed up to that point.]]
In general, a **confession** is when a person tells someone a thing that the other person usually does not know. In different contexts, the word has slightly different meanings:

* In law, it is about telling a police officer or a lawyer about a crime. It might also about being a witness. In many law systems, people who confess a crime they committed will be punished less severely. 
* A confession of faith is usually when people say that they belong to a specific religious group or religion. This is usually done  as a ritual.
* In some Christian faiths, most notably, Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches, a confession is telling a priest about one's own wrongdoing (which may be sinful).  In certain circumstances, the priest can then forgive the sinful behaviour.  Among the criteria are that the person who did wrong must be able to see that he or she did wrong, and they must be willing to correct the wrong to the best of their abilities.

Often, a confession is associated with an admission of a moral or legal wrong:

Not all confessions reveal wrongdoing, however. For example, a declaration of love is often considered positive both by the confessor and by the recipient of the confession and is a common theme in literature. 

There are several specific kinds of confessions that have significance beyond the social. A legal confession involves an admission of some wrongdoing that has a legal consequence. Confession in religion varies widely across various belief systems. It is usually part of a ritual by which the person acknowledges thoughts or actions considered sinful or morally wrong within the confines of the confessor's religion. In some religions, confession takes the form of an oral communication to another person. Socially, however, the term may refer to admissions that are neither legally nor religiously significant.

Some confessions are very notable. For example, the confession of Henry II of England to the murder of Thomas Becket.

## References
Umamah bint Zainab

**Umamah bint Zainab** married Ali ibn Abi Talib after the death of Fatima bint Muhammad. She was the granddaughter of the Prophet Muhammad from his daughter Zainab and Al as ibn Rabi'a. She belongs to Ahlul Bayt.

## Family 
Umamah's mother was Zainab bint Muhammad, who was the elder daughter of Muhammad. Zainab was married to Abu al As, and the couple had two children: Ali bin Abu al As and Umamah bint Zainab. Zainab  passed away at the young age of 31. At that time Umamah was very small, so Muhammad decided to take care of Umamah. He loved her very much. She learned truthfulness, modesty (being humble), obedience, seriousness, and understanding from her grandfather the Prophet. She died in 66 AH.

### Mother’s side of family tree 
Umamah’s mother’s side descendants are the following: Umamah bint, Zainab bint, Mohammad Bin, Abdullah bin, Abd al, Muttalib bin, Hashim bin, Abd al, and Manaf bin Qusai.

### Father’s side of family tree 
Umamah’s father’s side descendants are the following: Umamah bint, Abu al as bin, Rabi bin, Abd al, Aza bin, Abd Shams bin, Abd al, and Manaf bin Qusai.

## Marriage with Ali ibn Abi Talib 
At the time of the Holy Prophet's death in 632 C.E, Umamah had come of age. Under the guidance of Prophet, she held virtues of patience, gratitude, and unchanging trust in Allah. Recognizing her character, Fatimah bint Mohammad entrusted a significant request to Ali ibn Abi Talib before her own death:

"Please marry my niece Umamah bint Zainab after my departure. I believe there is no one better suited to nurture and care for our children."

In keeping with Fatimah's wishes, Ali ibn Abi Talib wed Umamah bint Abu al As. Devotedly (lovingly), Umamah served Ali ibn Abi Talib with great loyalty and dedication for twenty-eight years, showing the essence of a faithful spouse.

## The last wish of Ali ibn Abi Talib 
On 19th Ramadan 40 AH, Abdul Rahman ibn Muljan attacked Ali ibn Abi Talib. He summoned Mugheera bin Naufal, the grandson of Abd al Muttalib, and requested him to marry Umamah after his passing. He passed away after two days on the 21st of Ramadan 40 AH.

## Marriage with Mugheera bin Naufal 
Hassan bin Ali married Mugheera bin Naufal with Umamah's consent. She agreed to be married with Mugheera bin Naufal because it was the last will of Ali ibn Abi Talib. His father, Naufal bin Haris, was a cousin of Prophet Mohammad. Umamah remained wedded to Mugheera bin Naufal for 26 years.

## Children 
She gave birth to two children: Mohammad al Wast bin Ali and Yahya bin Mugheera.

## References
Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny

***Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny*** is a 2023 American action adventure movie directed by James Mangold. It stars Harrison Ford, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Antonio Banderas, John Rhys-Davies, Toby Jones, Boyd Holbrook, Ethann Isidore, Mads Mikkelsen and Karen Allen. The movie was released on May 25, 2023. It was a box office bomb.

Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny was the final movie released on home video by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.

## References 
## Other websites 
*  at IMDb
Khalifa

**Khalifa** (خليفة) is a name which means "leader" or "ruler". The title is most commonly used for a leader of a caliphate but it is also used by Islamic groups such as Daesh and the Ahmadi community. The first Khalifa in the Rashidun Caliphate was Abu Bakr but many groups such as the Twelvers claim it was supposed to be Ali. This is due to the different interpretations of the word Khalifa between Sunni scholars and Shi'i scholars.

## References
Maurice Bishop International Airport

**Maurica Bishop International Airport**, formerly known as **Point Salines International Airport**, is an international airport in St. George's, Grenada.

## History 
The airport was the starting point for the Invasion of Grenada by the United States. American paratroopers battled Grenadan soldiers and armed Cuban construction workers for several hours before securing the airport, after which American planes could land there.
Mixed Up World

"**Mixed Up World**" is a 2003 song by Sophie Ellis-Bextor. It is the leading single from her second studio album *Shoot from the Hip*. It went to number 7 in the United Kingdom, number 11 in Scotland, number 32 in Australia, number 76 in the Netherlands, number 26 in Ireland, number 3 in Denmark and number 69 in Germany.

## Track listings
**UK CD single**
# "Mixed Up World" – 3:49
# "Mixed Up World" (Groove Collision vocal mix) – 6:38
# "The Earth Shook the Devil's Hand" – 2:42
# "Mixed Up World" (CD Rom) – 3:49

**UK cassette single**
# "Mixed Up World" – 3:49
# "Mixed Up World" (Groove Collision vocal mix) – 6:38
# "The Earth Shook the Devil's Hand" – 2:42

**European CD single**
# "Mixed Up World" – 3:49
# "Mixed Up World" (Groove Collision vocal mix) – 6:38

**European 12-inch single**
:A1. "Mixed Up World" (Groove Collision vocal mix)
:B1. "Mixed Up World" (Groove Collision instrumental mix)
:B2. "Mixed Up World" (radio edit)

**Australian CD single**
# "Mixed Up World" – 3:49
# "Take Me Home" (Sneaker Pimps remix) – 4:41
# "Murder on the Dancefloor" (Phunk Investigation vocal mix) – 8:34
# "Get Over You" (Almighty Pop'd Up mix) – 7:14
# "Music Gets the Best of Me" (Flip N Fill remix) – 6:05

## References
Marwan Issa

**Marwan Issa** (Arabic: مَرْوَانٌ عِيسَى) is or was a member of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades which is the military wing of the Hamas group.

Israel says he planned out the attacks by Hamas on the 7th of October 2023 alongside Mohammed Deif. He was put on a terrorist watchlist by the US in late 2019 and EU in late 2023 respectively. If he is alive, he will replace Yahya Sinwar's position Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip in case he dies and Mohammed Deif's position as the main leader of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.

## References
Yahya Sinwar

**Yahya Sinwar** (Arabic: يحيى السنوار) (29 October 1962 &ndash; 16 October 2024) was a Palestinian politician who was the leader of Hamas in Gaza.

## Early life
He was born in the Khan Yunis refugee camp in Egyptian-governed Gaza in 1962. His family were forcibly expelled from the Palestinian city of Al-Majdal Asqalan during the 1948 War. He completed his academia at the Muslim University of Gaza and received a bachelor's degree in Arabic studies.

## Activities 
For planning the capture and killing of two Israeli soldiers and four Palestinians accused of working with Israel in 1989, he was sentenced to four life sentences by the Israeli courts, of which he served 22 years until his release among 1,026 others in a 2011 prisoner exchange. In 2017, he was elected as the leader of Hamas. He was re-elected as the leader of Hamas in 2021, and had a failed assassination against him by Israel that year. A body believed to be Sinwar's and a DNA sample were collected. According to Kan radio, the bodies of Sinwar and his associates were found with cash, weapons and fake IDs.

The IDF confirmed through DNA analysis that Sinwar had been killed a day earlier in Gaza during a firefight with the IDF.

## References
Captain general of Central America

During Mexico's annexation of the region, Mexico and Central America had the same heads of state. Iturbide ruled as regent, and then as emperor, from January 1822 until his abdication in March 1823, after which, the three leaders of the provisional government—Bravo, Victoria, and Negrete—served as joint heads of state.
## Captaincy government
; Color key
:
Governors of the Australian states

Each Australian state has a governor, who serves as the head of state and represents the King or Queen. Governors perform the same actions as the federal Governor-General but on the state level. The Governor of a state acts on the advice of that state's Premier and the state cabinet.

The Australian Indian Ocean Territories (Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), Norfolk Island and the Northern Territory have administrators instead of governors. The Australian Capital Territory does not have a governor or an administrator.

## Current state and territory governors
### Current state governors
### Current administrators of the territories
## References
RSPCA Australia

**RSPCA Australia** (**Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals**) is an Australian organisation that was founded in 1981. It promotes animal welfare.

The RSPCA is partly funded by the Australian Government. It is the leading animal welfare organisation in Australia. It also has many animal shelters for pet adoption, and many animal products in Australian supermarkets are from RSPCA-approved farms.

The RSPCA in Australia is inspired by the British RSPCA, an animal welfare charity in England and Wales.

## State branches
The RSPCA has branches in every state and territory of Australia:

## Animal adoption
Animals that can be adopted at RSPCA shelters include birds, cats, dogs, farm animals, ferrets, guinea pigs, rabbits and rodents. Animals like amphibians, crabs, fish and reptiles are usually sold at pet stores and are not common at RSPCA shelters.

RSPCA shelters can be found in every state and territory and in both cities and towns. There is at least one RSPCA shelter in every capital city except Hobart.

## References
Burnside Project

**Burnside Project** is an American electropop band formed in 1999.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *The Networks, the Circuits, the Streams, the Harmonies* (2003)
* *The Finest Example Is You* (2005)
* *Syntax and Semantics* (2016)

## References
Charité

The **Charité** is a large hospital in Berlin, Germany. The medical school, University Medicine Berlin, is a joint institution with Free University of Berlin and  the Humboldt University. It is Europe's largest university hospital. 

The Charité started in 1710. More than half of all German Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine, including Emil von Behring, Robert Koch and Paul Ehrlich,  worked at the Charité. It is spread over four campuses. There are about 3,000 beds, 15,500 people who work there, 8,000 students, and more than 60 operating theaters. It has a turnover of two billion euros annually.

The modern history of medicine has been significantly influenced by scientists, who worked at the Charité. Rudolf Virchow was the founder of cellular pathology, while Robert Koch developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis. For his life's work Koch is seen as one of the founders of modern medicine. Paul Ehrlich discovered the first antibiotic, arsphenamine.

## References
Cerro Maggiore

**Cerro Maggiore** is a *comune* in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## Twin towns 
Cerro Maggiore is twinned with:
*  Bad Neustadt an der Saale, Germany, since 2008

## References
Clock tower

, Iraq]]
**Clock towers** are a type of building which have a big clock and have one or more clock faces on the upper walls. Many clock towers are built alone but they can also be with or be located on top of another building. Some other buildings also have clock faces on their outer walls but these buildings are used for other purposes.

Clock towers are common in many parts of the world with some being very well known. One example is the Elizabeth Tower in London (usually called "Big Ben", but this name only belongs to the bell inside the tower).
Soltau

**Soltau** is a mid-sized town in Heidekreis in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is in the middle of Lüneburg Heath. About 22,000 people live there. The town is known for its tourist attractions like the Heide-Park, the Soltau-Therme and the Soltau Toy Museum.

Today, Soltau has three primary schools, a grammar school, a middle school, a secondary modern school and a special needs school.

## Localities 
It has 16 districts:

# Ahlften
# Brock
# Deimern
# Dittmern
# Harber
# Hötzingen
# Leitzingen
# Marbostel
# Meinern
# Mittelstendorf
# Moide
# Oeningen
# Tetendorf
# Wiedingen
# Woltem
# Wolterdingen

## Twin towns 
Soltau is twinned with:
*  Coldwater, Michigan, United States (since 1971)
*  Laon, France (since 1972)
*  Osterburg, Germany (since 1991)
*  Myślibórz, Poland (since 1997)
*  Zielona Góra, Poland (since 1997)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Machining

**Machining** is a way to make things by removing material from a larger piece. This process is often used with metal, but it can also be done with wood, plastic, ceramic, and other materials. The goal is to create a specific shape or part. This method is called subtractive manufacturing because it involves cutting away material.

Machining is a crucial part of making metal products, but it's not limited to metals. People who specialize in machining are called machinists. They usually work in a place called a machine shop, which has tools for cutting and shaping materials.

## The Role of Computers in Machining 
In modern times, computers play a big role in machining. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is a method where computers control machines like mills and lathes. This helps in making the process more efficient. CNC machines can work without constant human supervision, reducing labor costs for machine shops.

In recent years, advanced CNC machines have been developed, combining turning and milling into one process. These are known as CNC turning-milling compound centers.

## History and Terms 
The meaning of machining has changed over time. In the 18th century, a machinist was someone who built or fixed machines using manual processes like carving wood or hand-filing metal. Back then, the words "machine tool" and "to machine" didn't exist.

Around the mid-20th century, these terms were created as technology evolved. "Traditional" machining processes, like turning, milling, and drilling, became widespread. These processes use machine tools with sharp cutting tools to shape materials.

With new technologies after World War II, like electrical discharge machining and ultrasonic machining, the term "conventional machining" was used to differentiate older methods from newer ones. Today, when we say "machining," we usually mean the traditional processes. 

In recent decades, as additive manufacturing (AM), like 3D printing, became popular, the term "subtractive manufacturing" emerged. This term covers any process involving the removal of material, similar to traditional machining. The two terms are often used interchangeably.

Understanding machining is essential for anyone interested in manufacturing processes. Whether done traditionally or with modern technologies, machining plays a vital role in creating the products we use every day.

## References
Mohammed Deif

**Mohammed Deif** (Arabic: مُحَمَّدٌ ٱلضَّيْفُ) is the head of staff in the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of the Hamas movement.
	
He was born in 1965 in the Khan Yunis Refugee Camp inside the Gaza Strip that was set up by Israel after the 1948 Palestine War.

He joined the Hamas movement in 1987, and went by the alias Mohammed Deif, which means guest in the Arabic language, possibly referring to how he would live like a nomad to not be targeted by the government of Israel.
	
## Terrorist designations 
In 2015 and 2023 respectively, he was designated a terrorist by the EU and USA.

## Assassination attempts and attacks on family 
On the morning of Wednesday 11 October 2023, the family home of Deif's father was hit by an airstrike in Khan Younis; his father, brother and at least two other relatives were killed in the attack.

 

## References 
## Other websites
Diana Award

**The Diana Award** is a special prize given to young people between the ages of 9 and 25. It is named after Diana, Princess of Wales, who believed that young people have the power to make the world a better place. This award was established in 1999 by a board chaired by former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown. It is the longest-running award for young people based on their actions. The award is given to young people who are working hard to make a positive difference in their communities and the world. This could include things like:

 in 1997]]

* Helping people in need
* Protecting the environment
* Standing up for what they believe in
* Making their communities safer and kinder

It is run by The Diana Award charity, a legacy charity of Princess Diana. It is based in London, UK. Winners of the Diana Award receive a special ceremony and a chance to connect with other young people who are also making a difference. The award is handed over to winners by The Prince of Wales and the Duke of Sussex. Currently, the CEO of The Diana Award is Tessy Ojo.

Award winners include Kanchan Amatya, Mark Leschinsky, Georgina Lara Booth, Asafa Powell, Angelo Cardona, Siddhant Sarang and Aishwarya Sridhar.

## References
Radio Free Asia

**Radio Free Asia** (**RFA**) is a non-profit corporation that broadcasts radio programs and publishes news, information, and commentary for its audiences in Asia. It is funded by the United States government. 

The service aims to providing accurate and uncensored reporting to countries in Asia that have poor media environments and limited protections for speech freedom and press freedom.

## References
November Revolution

The **November Revolution** or also called the (**Aponte rebellion**) was an armed conflict that broke out in Cuba in 1812 against Spain when it was governed by Napoleon. It was the second revolt against the Empire since the Conspirators Rebellion. Jose Aponte Ulabarra, a black carpenter who was part of the Havana Militia was the main leader of the conflict.
Nasutixalus medogensis

The **Medog ridge-nosed tree frog** (*Nasutixalus medogensis*) is a frog.  It lives in Tibet, in China.  People have seen it 1619 meters above sea level.

This frog lives high in the trees where the branches come together like a roof.

Scientists think human beings changing wetlands could hurt this frog.

## First paper
*

## References
First Messenian War

The **First Messenian War** was a set of battles between two 
Greek city states, Sparta and Messenia. It began in 743 BC and ended in 724 BC. These two major powers fought to decide which was the better kingdom in Greece. There were three Messenian Wars. This war was the first of them. Eventually, Sparta would defeat the Messenians. After the Second Messenian War Messenia was conquered and destroyed by the Spartans. In the Third Messenian War, there was no hope of freedom left for the Peloponnese (the people who lived in Messenia before the Spartans).  

## Beginning 
The First Messenian War began as the result of population problems. Spartans were the major threat, and greatest kingdom in Greece. The military was highly trained, and was very good at land battles. But there was one big problem. Sparta had a small population. The kingdom soon found a risky solution. Right beside Sparta, there was a kingdom that had a very large population: Messenia. It had a population of about 8000 to 10,000. So the Spartans wanted the Messenian people. For a start, the ninth king of Sparta, Almenes built a large army.  

## The war 
The First Messenian War started successfully for the Spartans. The city of Ampheia in Messenia was easily taken. While the people living in the city were sleeping, the Spartan army suddenly appeared at the city walls and gates, and massacred the opposition. They took many prisoner. Most of these prisoners were sold as slaves. 

For the rest of the war,  the Spartans invaded, massacred, and took captive. The Messenian army could not do much to defend its country.  

King Aristodemus of Messenia was troubled about the Spartan expansion in his lands. So he ordered guerrilla warfare to take place. Even this strategy did not stop the Spartans, and after about 20 years of fighting, Messenia gave up the first round to the Spartans. The Second Messenian War would begin in a matter of years.

## Sacrifice and regret 
King Aristodemus of Messenia sacrificed his daughter to the god of death for a victory over the Spartans. When Aristodemus realized that he lost the First Messenian War, he deeply regreted the sacrifice. He also felt betrayed by the gods. According to legend, the king killed himself by the grave of his daughter in sadness.  

## Results 
The main contribution of the First Messenian War was that Sparta successfully increased its population, and also made its influence in Ancient Greece greater.

## References
University Hospital Bonn

The **University Hospital Bonn** is a large teaching hospital in Bonn with more than 1306  beds. More than 8,500 people work there.

## History 
At the same time as the Prussians started the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn in 1818, the first professors and clinics were started for internal medicine, surgery and obstetrics, among others. Because they needed more space, these clinics moved to new buildings on Theaterstraße in the area of today's Beethovenhalle during the German Empire.

After World War II, the hospital  moved to a large area on the Venusberg in the middle of the Kotten Forest, and now only the Forensic Medicine Institute, the Diamorphine Outpatient Clinic, the Preclinical Institutes and the Dental Clinic remain in the city outside the Venusberg campus. Since 2001, Bonn University Hospital has been independent with its own supervisory board. It is managed by a five-member board of directors. Prof. Dr. med. Dr. h.c. mult. Wolfgang Holzgreve, MBA, has been chairman of the board since 2012.

## References
Tessy Ojo

**Tessy Ojo**, also known as **Theresa Ojo**, is a British-Nigerian charity executive. Born in March 1971, Tessy is the Chief Executive Officer of the Diana Award. In the 2020 Queen's Birthday Honours, Ojo was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to young people. She is also a trustee of Comic Relief and a member of the Appeals Advisory Committee of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). She has a bachelor's degree in biochemistry and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree and first worked in the corporate sector before moving into charity work.

## References