open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yōkai

painting of yōkai by Kawanabe Kyosai.]]

**Yōkai**, also known as **ghost-and-monsters** or **god-and-demons** or simply **ghost-monsters** or **god-demons**, are undead creatures in old Japanese stories, such as oni, kappa or tengu. They have mysterious supernatural powers. There are thousands of yōkai. In the Edo period, yōkai were characters in story books. Recently, many new yōkai have been made. There is even a yōkai dictionary. The yōkai are ghost/monster or deity/demon hybrids in Japanese tradition. In the past people believed they caused disease, accidents and natural disasters. People were often scared of them.

## Famous yōkai
The most famous yōkai are Tengu, Oni (Japanese ogre), and Kyubi no Kitsune (a fox with nine tails). When some people and animals are filled with hate, they became yōkai. For example, Sutoku. Sutoku (Japanese ancient emperor) died filled with hate. Then, he became a Tengu and caused a disaster. Also, a cat which lived too long time became Nekomata.

## Yōkai as subculture
Recently, yōkai are familiar with people as subculture in Japan.

## Yōkai in popular culture
In recent decades, the yōkai have been frequently depicted in Japanese fiction and media, particularly in horror or fantasy-themed works, such as in manga, anime and films, as well as in videogames, a notable example of this is the manga *GeGeGe no Kitarō*, written by mangaka Shigeru Mizuki, of which is entirely based on the *yōkai* myth. Other examples includes the manga series *Death Note*, *Pet Shop of Horrors*, *Good Luck Girl!*, light novel *Ghost Hunt*, the 2011 animated film *A Letter to Momo* and RPG videogame franchise *Yo-kai Watch*.
## References
Stamp collector

, catalogues, and a magnifying glass]]
A **stamp collector** or **philatelist**  postage stamps as a hobby. Stamp collectors normally keep the stamps in books called stamp albums. A philatelist can study various aspects of definitive stamps and other types of stamps, cancellations, and other philatelic materials.

## Some philatelic terms 
* Backstamp
* Bisects and splits
* Cancellation
* Gutter
* Kiloware
* Label
* Philatelic expertisation
* Postage stamp block
* Revenue stamp
* Semi-postal
* War tax due stamp

## Stamp collecting clubs 
There are many stamp collecting clubs around the world. Belonging to a stamp club or philatelic society has many advantages. For example, Royal Philatelic Society of Canada members receive magazines, can get help with questions through phone support, and purchase insurance for their collections at a discounted group rate.

## Related pages 
* Philatelic materials
* Stamp album
* Soviet Philatelist
* Coin collecting

## References
Pansexuality

]]
**Pansexual** people are people attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender. This is similar to some bisexual people. The word *pansexual* comes from the Greek word 'pan-', meaning "all".    

Although the sexuality overlaps with bisexuality, both labels are accepted as long as the person is comfortable and respects the other equally. 

Originally, Sigmund Freud invented the word "pansexual", regarding the hypothesis "that regards all desire and interest as derived from [the] sex instinct".

Pansexuality is often described as ‘attraction to people regardless of gender (including those who may not identify as boys or girls or as men or women, or to those who are intersex, genderfluid, etc.) pansexuality can also be described as "gender blind".

Some may describe it as "gender blind" because those who identify as pansexual do not consider gender important when they are attracted to others. However, pansexuals are not necessarily sexually attracted to everyone they meet, nor do they necessarily have strong sex drives.

The pansexual colors from the pride flag all have different meanings, pink meaning attraction to feminine presenting people, blue attraction to masculine presenting people, and yellow for people (for an example) of a non-binary gender, such as agender, bigender or genderfluid.

## Related pages
* Bisexuality
* Pansexual flag
* Panromanticism
253 Mathilde

{{Infobox Planet 

| bgcolour=#FFFFC0
| name=253 Mathilde
| image= (253) mathilde.jpg
| caption=NASA image of 253 Mathilde
| discoverer=Johann Palisa
| discovered=November 12, 1885
| alt_names=A915 TN; 
| mp_category=Main belt
| epoch=January 30, 2005 (JD&nbsp;2453400.5)
| orbit_ref=

| aphelion=501.334&nbsp;Gm3.35121&nbsp;AU
| perihelion=290.564&nbsp;Gm1.94230&nbsp;AU
| semimajor=395.949&nbsp;Gm2.64676&nbsp;AU
| eccentricity=0.266157
| period=1572.787&nbsp;d
(4.31&nbsp;yr)
| mean_anomaly=111.960°
| inclination=6.738°
| asc_node=179.633°
| arg_peri=157.475°
| avg_speed=17.98 km/s
| dimensions=52.8&nbsp;m/s²
| escape_velocity=16.2&nbsp;m/s
| rotation=17.406±0.010&nbsp;d(17&nbsp;d 9&nbsp;h 45&nbsp;min)
| spectral_type=Cb K
}}

**253 Mathilde** is a main belt asteroid found by Johann Palisa in 1885. It has a fairly elliptical orbit that takes more than four years to circle the Sun. This asteroid has an unusually slow rate of rotation, taking 17.4&nbsp;days to complete a 360°  about its axis. It is a primitive C-type asteroid, which means the surface has lots of carbon; giving it a dark surface that reflects only 4% of the light that falls on it. The asteroid has a number of very big craters, with the individual craters being named for coal fields and basins around the world. The two biggest craters, Ishikari (29.3&nbsp;km) and Karoo (33.4&nbsp;km), are as wide as the asteroid's average radius. The impacts appear to have blown big volumes off the asteroid, as suggested by the angular edges of the craters.

The density measured by NEAR Shoemaker, 1,300&nbsp;kg/m³, is less than half that of a normal carbonaceous chondrite; this may indicate that the asteroid is very loosely packed rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken apart by a collision and pulled back together by gravity). The same is true of several C-type asteroids studied by ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics systems (45 Eugenia, 90 Antiope, 87 Sylvia and 121 Hermione). Up to 50% of the volume inside of 253 Mathilde has open space. However, the existence of a 20-km-long scarp may indicate that the asteroid does have some structural strength, so it could contain some big internal components. The low interior density is an inefficient transmitter of impact shock through the asteroid, which also helps to preserve the surface features to a high degree. Because of the slow rotation rate, NEAR Shoemaker was only able to take pictures of 60% of the asteroid's surface. The slow rate of rotation may been accounted for by a moon orbiting the asteroid, but a search of the NEAR images revealed none bigger than 10&nbsp;km in diameter out to 20 times the radius of 253 Mathilde.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Adverse effect (medicine)

In medicine, an **adverse effect** is a harmful and undesired effect that results from a therapy like medication, chemotherapy, surgery or other intervention. An adverse effect may be called an "adverse reaction" or "side-effect" (when it is less important than the therapeutic effect).

It may result from an human error (mistakes) by the patient, from abuse (of substances), or caused by medical errors such as incorrect prescribing of drugs or surgical procedures. Unsuitable or incorrect drug dosage, or medical procedures can come with adverse effects and other risk. Drug-on-drug interactions, where one drug changes how another drug works, are common when people are taking multiple drugs (such as in recreational drug use) or on multi-drug treatment. Some adverse effects happen only at the beginning or a change of a treatment. 

Medical error was the third most common cause of death in the United States in 2019.

## Reporting systems
In many countries, adverse effects have to be reported and researched in clinical trials and included into the patient information accompanying medical devices and drugs for sale to the public. This is called pharmacovigilance.

## Related pages
* Toxicology

## Other websites
* Patient Safety Network. An extremely useful site, with a glossary and articles on all kinds of threats to patient safety, including adverse effects, drug reactions, medical error, iatrogenesis, etc.
* Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin  - published bimonthly by ADRAC
* Drugs of Concern  DrugIntel.com site for tort lawyers with up-to-date information on drugs that cause severe adverse effects)
* Medication Errors a FDA site.
* Medical Product Safety Information. MedWatch, a useful page from Food and Drug Administration, listing safety alerts for drugs, biologics, devices and dietary supplements, recalls, market withdrawals, public health advisories, links to the VAERS and MAUDE databases, etc.)
* Medical Devices Safety National Library of Medicine (Medline Plus, useful lists of conventional drug and medical device articles and websites)
* When Medicine Hurts Instead of Helps  - A special report by the Alliance for Aging Research on ADRs.

## References
Technosexuality

**Technosexuality** is a word used to mean two things:
 
# Having a strong love of gadgets.  This is a joining of the two words "technophile" and "metrosexuality".  It was first used by Ricky Montalvo to describe someone who was in love with himself and his urban lifestyle, as well as gadgets such as mobile phones, PDAs, computers, software, and the web."
# A different word for robosexuality. This meaning of technosexuality is a join of "technophile" and "sexual". Sometimes, *technosexual* is an insult implying that someone would prefer a sex toy to an actual sexual partner.

The Calvin Klein company trademarked the term *technosexual* in 2005. Technosexualism has been featured in such films as “The Terminator” in 1984 creating an entire fandom of Arnold Schwarzenegger Techonosexuals dubbed “Termi-sexuals” - These individuals report being “Erotically Aroused” when seeing the “Cyborg Assassin” at work. 

## *i-wear*
*i-wear* (or *e-wear*) is *intelligent* clothing that joins fashion with technology. i-wear was born out of the collaboration between European fashion designers and computer technicians. i-wear is a step made towards technologizing a person's fashion, and in this sense, a person can be more as a part of technosexuality.

## Related pages
* Robot
* Robosexuality

## References
Mike Scully

**Mike Scully** (born October 2, 1956 in West Springfield, Massachusetts) is an Emmy Award-winning American television writer best known for his work as show runner of the Fox series *The Simpsons* from 1997 - 2001 (Seasons 9-12).

## Other websites 
*
Ned Flanders

**Nedward "Ned" Flanders Jr.** is a character in the animated television series *The Simpsons*.

## History 
### Creation 
's voice for Flanders so sweet that they decided to make the character a Christian.]]
Ned Flanders and his son Todd first appeared in the season one episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", which was the series first episode. The first episode in which Flanders and his family were seen is season two's "Dead Putting Society", which also showed the first appearance of Maude and Rod Flanders. He is a fan of The Beatles and the television drama series *Bergerac*.

### Name 
Flanders was named after Flanders St. in Portland, Oregon, the hometown of *Simpsons* creator Matt Groening.  Groening wanted Flanders as "just a guy who was truly nice, that Homer had no justifiable reason to loathe, but then did." It was not until after the first few episodes that it was decided Flanders would be a faithful Christian.  Mike Scully said that Flanders is "everything Homer would love to be, although he'll never admit it." and said he likes Flanders.

## References
## Other websites
* Ned Flanders at TheSimpsons.com
*
George Meyer

**George Meyer** is an American producer and screenwriter for the television series *The Simpsons*. He is arguably the writer who has done the most to the series over the many years it has been made. In 2000, Meyer was called "the funniest man behind the funniest show on TV" by *The New Yorker*. 

## Other websites 
* 
* Studio 360 episode "Cosmos, Spheres, Voyager" from January 12, 2002 featuring an original piece by Meyer on space collecting
* New Yorker Magazine article profiling George Meyer
Tress MacNeille

**Tress MacNeille** (born June 20, 1951) is an American voice actress best known for doing voices on the animated television series *The Simpsons*, *Futurama*, and *Animaniacs*, *The Powerpuff Girls*.  Her most famous characters on *The Simpsons* include Agnes Skinner, Brandine Spuckler and Lindsey Naegle, while her performance as Mom is her most notable *Futurama* role.
She also been the voice of the penguins in the Disney TV Series Club Penguin, and the voice of Daisy Duck.

## Other websites
* 
*
Karl Wiedergott

**Karl Wiedergott** (born February 8, 1969) is a German-born American actor. He has regularly played various voice roles in the television program *The Simpsons*, beginning in 1998 and quitting the show in 2010. He has also worked on The Simpsons Movie which was released July 27, 2007.

## Other websites
* Karl Wiedergott's Official Website 
*
Bill Oakley

**Bill Oakley** (born in 1966) is an American television writer, best known for his work on *The Simpsons*. Along with his writing partner Josh Weinstein, Oakley was the executive producer and showrunner during the seventh and eighth seasons. Before serving as the show's executive producers, the pair were hired onto the writing staff during the fourth season. Together, the two wrote episodes such as "Who Shot Mr. Burns?". After leaving *The Simpsons*, Oakley and Weinstein created *Mission Hill*, *The Mullets*, and served as consulting producers on *Futurama*.

## Other websites
* 
* Interview with Bill and Josh at TVDads.com 
* Interview with Bill and Josh at Morphizm.com
* Interview with Bill and Josh on NPR's *On the Media*
David X. Cohen

**David X. Cohen** (born July 13, 1966), born **David Samuel Cohen**, is an American television writer. He has written for *The Simpsons*. He also runs and is the main writer for *Futurama*.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* IGN Interview With David X. Cohen 
* Interview with David X. Cohen about the return of *Futurama*
* An Interview About Math in *Futurama* with David X. Cohen, by Dr. Sarah Greenwald
Bosco Gurin

**Bosco Gurin** or **Bosco/Gurin** (Walser German: *Gurin* / *Guryn*, Lombard: *Bosch* / *Gürin*) is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It is the only municipality in Ticino where German is a co-official language.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Brione (Verzasca)

**Brione** is a former municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

## References 
## Other websites
Bruzella

**Bruzella** was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

## References 
## Other websites
Canterbury Cathedral

, victorious in battles over the French]]

**Canterbury Cathedral** is one of the oldest and most famous churches in England. The cathedral is in Canterbury, Kent. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also one of the greatest examples of mediaeval Norman architecture in Britain. The cathedral is the 'seat' of the archbishop of Canterbury. The archbishop is the most important bishop in the Church of England.

## History 
The church was founded by Augustine of Canterbury in 597 AD. The present version was built on the remains of the old Saxon church by Lanfranc, starting in 1066. Lanfranc, the first Norman Archbishop, was put in position by William the Conqueror. His cathedral was dedicated in 1077. The architecture of the present cathedral is basically Romanesque, with many later repairs and additions. The nave (where the congregation sits) was rebuilt in the 14th century with newly discovered building methods. The new style of English Gothic architecture ('perpendicular') gave the building greater height and larger windows. Some of the stained glass in the cathedral is from the 12th century. It was probably made between 1130 and 1160. There was a great fire in 1174 and the people built most of the cathedral again. The fire did not destroy some of the old windows from the 12th century. and there are no government grants. Because of this, fund-raising is one of the Dean's main jobs. The cathedral is a working church. On Sundays there are six services (of different kinds). On weekdays there are three services. These are free of any entry charge. Tourists visiting pay a fee to see the cathedral when there is no service.

It was where Thomas Becket was murdered by knights of Henry II, after the king asked, supposedly, "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" Beckett was the second archbishop of Canterbury to be murdered. The first was Alphege in 1012. The third was Thomas Cranmer, in 1533.

in 1988, UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee named Canterbury Cathedral, the ruins of St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church together as a World Heritage Site. As a group, they are buildings which show the  of Christianity in Britain.

### Events of note 
*1498 The great bell tower, called 'Bell Harry Tower', completed the cathedral more or less as it is today. 
*1538 Becket's shrine destroyed by Henry VIII
*1540 Monastery dissolved by Royal Command.
*1660/1704 Repair after Puritan damage.
*1790/1830s The original northwest tower was replaced during the 1830s. This was the last major structural alteration to the cathedral.

## Literary references 
*The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century. The book is about a group of travellers who are going from London to Canterbury. As they travel along, each person tells a tale (a story).

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
* Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church

## References 
## Other websites
* Cathedral website
* Canterbury Cathedral at SacredDestinations.com
Cademario

**Cademario** is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Second-in-command

The **Second-in-Command** (**2i/c** or **2IC**) is the second commander, the person that is in charge after the commander, of any British Army or British Royal Marines unit/group. He or she is the same as an Executive Officer in the United States Army. This term or word is also used in many other Commonwealth militaries.

The Second-in-Command of a group is usually a Major. The Second-in-Command of a smaller group is usually a Captain (although infantry groups' Second-in-Command's were usually Lieutenants until after the Second World War), the Second-in-Command of an even smaller group is the Sergeant of the group, and the Second-in-Command of a section is usually a Lance Corporal.

In the Royal Navy the second-in-command of a vessel or ship is known as the First Lieutenant or Executive Officer.

## Other meanings/uses 
"Second-in-command" is a term/word used, usually as a joke, for any deputy or person that is right below the commander. Its basic meaning is "someone that relieves a commander".
Bogno

**Bogno** was a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

## References 
## Other websites
Camignolo

**Camignolo** was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the former municipalities  Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino joined together to become one new municipality called Monteceneri.

## References 
## Other websites
Camorino

**Camorino** was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district of Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Campello, Switzerland

**Campello** is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## References 
## Other websites
Vicente Blasco Ibañez

**Vicente Blasco Ibáñez** (29 January 1867-28 January 1928) was a Spanish realist novelist writing in Spanish, a screenwriter and occasional film director.

## Works translated to English
*
*
*
*
*
*
Seleute

**Seleute** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Clos du Doubs and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
Vendlincourt

**Vendlincourt** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## References
Bassecourt

**Bassecourt** is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged to form the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

## Other websites
* Official website
Chara

**Chara** could mean:
* **Geography**
** Chara (town), a town in east Russia and Chara Airport
* **Astronomy**
** CHARA array, a telescope
** Beta Canum Venaticorum, a star
* **Biology**
** A genus in Charales, an order of green algae also known as Stonewort
* **Ethnic group**
** Chara people, an ethnic group in Ethiopia
* **People**
** Zdeno Chara, NHL player
** Chara (singer), J-Pop singer
Antisexuality

**Antisexualism**, **sex-negativity** or **antisexuality** is opposition or hostility towards sexual behavior and sexuality.

## Religious
Some forms of early ascetic Gnosticism held all matter to be evil, and that unnecessary gratifications of the physical senses were to be avoided.  Married couples were encouraged to be celibate. The Skoptsys were a radical sect of the Russian Orthodox Church that practiced castration and amputation of sexual organs.  The Skoptsy believed that Christ had been castrated during his crucifixion, and it was this castration that brought about salvation.  

The Shakers was a radical Protestant sect that opposed procreation and all sexual activity. The Shakers were more opposed to pregnancy than anything else.
John Harvey Kellogg, the inventor of corn flakes breakfast cereal, was opposed to all forms of sexual activity, especially masturbation. *The Road to Wellville* satirized his life and practices. Father Divine, founder of the International Peace Mission Movement, advocated religious abstinence from sex and marriage and taught that sexual objectification is a root cause of undesirable social and political conditions.

## Non-religious
The Anti-Flirt Club, set up in the United States during the interwar period, was set up in order to protect women from unwanted advances from men.

A popular venue of antisexuals is the Antisex.info (Antisexual Stronghold) website founded by Yuri Nesterenko. He launched a FidoNet-based antisexual community in 1995.   While putting forward the slogan "Say No to sex", the spokesmen said that no sexual urges are so violent that they may not be deterred through mental reason, or else transformed through abstinence. Some members of the IAM say they have successfully overcome the desire for sex.

## Fictional
* The Junior Anti-Sex League, in George Orwell's dystopian novel *Nineteen Eighty-Four,* was a group of young adult Party members devoted to banning all sexual intercourse.
* The film *Demolition Man* takes place in a future in which sexual intercourse is banned by the high-ranking "Evil Mr. Rogers" character, Dr. Cocteau. Reproduction is achieved clinically and the experience itself is simulated through virtual reality.

## Related pages
* Sexual intercourse

## References
Cluny

**Cluny** is a city in eastern France. It lies in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The city grew around the Abbey of Cluny in the 10th century. The town of Mâcon is about 30&nbsp;km to the southeast. Lyon is about 60&nbsp;km to the south. Today, about 4,400 people live in the city. The Cluniac Reforms started here.
Auditory system

The **auditory system** is the sensory system for the sense for hearing. The sense organ for hearing is the ear.

## Structure of the ear
### Outer ear 
The outer ear is the folds of cartilage surrounding the ear canal. They are called the pinna. 

### Middle ear 
Sound waves travelling through the ear canal will hit the tympanum, or eardrum.  Three tiny bones, the ossicles, convert the waves to high pressure vibrations.  They are then converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea.

### Inner ear 
The inner ear is made mostly of the cochlea.  The cochlea is made up of three pieces, and is filled with liquid. It transforms sound waves to electric signals in neurons. The semicircular canals of the inner ear are used in equilibrioception, the sense of balance.

## Related pages 
* Visual system and Eyes
* Vertigo
* Balance

## Other websites 
* Promenade 'round the cochlea 
* Washington University Neuroscience Tutorial - Auditory system
Trans fat

**Trans fat** is a type of unsaturated fat. It is often produced in factories when manufacturing certain processed foods such as margarine. 

## Creation 
Trans fat rarely occurs in nature. Meat and milk fat have small amounts of it. Other than that, trans fat is made when vegetable oils are heated or hydrogenated. 

Hydrogenation is the process of bubbling hydrogen gas through the oil to change its consistency. The bubbling raises the oil's melting point. As the hydrogen passes through, the oil begins to become solid. 

By stopping the hydrogenation part of the way through, manufacturers obtain "partially hydrogenated oil". This is similar to butter, but much cheaper to produce. It is sold as "margarine", "oleo" or "vegetable shortening".  The process allows manufacturers to add an inexpensive butter-like consistency to food products.

## Effects on health 
Trans fat is bad for human health. It has been linked to a number of problems, including coronary heart disease,  cancer, diabetes, obesity, liver problems, and infertility. Healthy oils are always liquid at the temperature of blood. Saturated and trans fats are not.

No study has ever shown that trans fat is good for human health in any way. Since scientists and nutritionists now know the health issues related to eating trans fats, they are being used less, but there are still some in commercial food products.
  
For some time, the United States Food and Drug Administration allowed makers of food products to label their products as having "0 grams of trans fat per serving" as long as the amount of trans fat in the food product fell below 0.5&nbsp;grams per serving. Since partially hydrogenated oils are the major source of trans fat, reading the "ingredients" label is the safest way to ensure that a food does not contain any trans fat at all. Fried foods will likely, but not necessarily, contain trans fat since fried foods are produced by using very hot oil.  

## 2015–2018 phaseout in the United States 
Gradually, in 2013, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began to stop the use of trans fats in all foods. They said there is no safe amount of trans fats that should be in food eaten by humans.

In June 2015, the FDA issued a final statement. It said that scientists disagree about whether artificial trans fatty acids are safe for human food. It required trans fat to be taken out of all food production by June 2018. The FDA said the ban would cost the food industry $6.2 billion over 20 years. 

Now, the food industry must use new formulas and recipes with ingredients free of trans fat. The benefits will be about $130 billion over 20 years, mostly from lower health care costs. Food companies can issue requests to the FDA for permission to use partially hydrogenated oils. However, the companies must prove the oils' use is safe.

## References
Northbridge

The **northbridge** is one of two basic chips on the motherboard of a computer. The other basic chip is the southbridge and together they create the computer chipset. Usually, north- and southbridge are on different ICs; it is rare for both of them to be on one chip.

## Use 
Northbridge supports communication between CPU, RAM memory, AGP port or PCI Express bus and also supports connection with southbridge. There exist some chipsets which support two types of RAM memory and which are accessible during transition to new standard. 

### Significance 
Northbridge is a basic part of motherboard which establishes speed, types of processors, quantity of processors and kind of RAM memory. Other important factors are, for example, voltage regulation and number of connectors.

### Progression 
Sequencers of RAM memory was, in AMD64 architecture, shifted directly into processor. Other producers (like Intel or IBM) also incorporated this change into their new processors.

#### The future 
A perspective to the future  is SOC (System On Chip). With it will also decrease the number of components on the motherboard. But bigger chips hold under universality of solution, they have more pins and they are more difficult. Present high-speed buses are series (PCIe, SATA) and they decline the complexity. In the future we can expect return to the standard interface of other circuits using bus (probably PCI express) and maybe they will be connected to the single Super I/O sequencer. Saved lads can be used for another integrated turn like SATA, USB, IDE, SDIO scanner of cards and sequencers of PCI.
Integumentary system

The **integumentary system** is everything covering the outside of an animal's body. This account is written mostly with people in mind, but it applies more widely.

The integument means skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus). The name comes from the Latin *integumentum*, which means 'a covering'.

## The integumentary system 
Skin, hair, scales, feathers and nails make up the integumentary system.

### Skin 
There are two layers of skin: 
# Epidermis - This is the top layer of the skin and is made of dead cells. The cells are shed all the time, but new ones are always being made, so people never lose any skin. It has sweat pores.
# Dermis - This is the second layer of skin. It has touch receptors, and oil and sweat glands. It makes skin stretchy.
# Subcutaneous tissue (The subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin, but it is in the integumentary system)

### Glands 
There are four types of glands
* Sweat glands - make sweat to control temperature
* Sebaceous glands - make oil
* Ceruminous glands - make ear wax
* Mammary glands - make milk and are only in women

## Functions 
The integumentary system has lots of different functions. It:
* Protects the body’s internal organs
* Protects the body against bacteria
* Protects the body from dehydration
* Protects the body against sunburns
* Stores water, fat, and vitamin D

## Problems 
Here is a list of skin problems:
* Acne, when pimples form on the skin
* Sunburn, when UV radiation from the sun burns your skin
* Skin cancer, caused by getting too many sunburns.
There are other skin problems that are less common.

## References 

* Kardong, Kenneth V. 1998. *Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution*. McGraw-Hill.https://www.amazon.com/Vertebrates-Comparative-Anatomy-Function-Evolution/dp/0072909560 ISBN 0-07-115356-X/0-697-28654-1 

## Other websites 
* Aquatic Path  Details of the integumentary system of the fathead minnow
* An article written for children
Mitlödi

**Mitlödi** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Mitlödi, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

## Other websites
*Website of Mitlödi
Pistoia

**Pistoia** is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Pistoia. The city is about  west and north of Florence.

## History 
*Pistoria*, the old Latin name of Pistoia, was a Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan city. After the city became a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, it was a place for activities or trades. Near the end of the 6th century, the city was captured by troops of the Lombardic king. The city did very well under the control of the Lombards. In 1177, Pistoia chose to become a free commune. In the following years, it became an important political centre. It built walls and several public and religious buildings.

In 1254 Pistoia was captured by troops from Florentine. Pistoia stayed a Florentine city except for few years in the 14th century, when Castruccio Castracani captured it for Lucca. It was annexed to (made a part of) Florence in 1530. During the 14th century Ormanno Tedici was one of the Lords of the city.

Dante mentioned the town in his Divina Commedia. Michelangelo called the people of Pistoia the "enemies of heaven".

## Notable features 
### Duomo Square and Bishops' Palace 
The large Piazza del Duomo is connected near to other famous buildings, for example the * Palazzo del Comune* and the *Palazzo del Podestà*. In July, the ''Giostra dell'Orso* ("Bear Joust") takes place in the square. At the joust, horsemen try to strike a target held by a dummy shaped like a bear. The 14th century Baptistry, in Gothic style is also in the square.

The *Palazzo dei Vescovi'' ("Bishops' Palace") includes a loggia in gothic style.
.
### Other important buildings 
* Church of the ''Madonna dell'Umiltà *(1509), finished by Giovanni Vasari with a high cupola.
* Church of San Bartolomeo in Pantano (12th century).
* The Romanesque church of *San Giovanni Fuoricivitas'' (12th-14th century).
* The Monument in Honour of Brazilians (Soldiers and Pilots) killed in action on Italian Campaign (World War II)
* Church of San Domenico
* Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie
* Church of San Pietro Maggiore
* Church of San Paolo
* Church of 'La Vergine"
* the Baroque church of *Santissima Annunziata*, famous for its Chiostro dei Morti ("Dead's Cloister").
* "Ospedale del Ceppo" ("del Ceppo Hospital") '(13th century).
* The 14th century walls. These had originally four gates: Porta al Borgo, Porta San Marco, Porta Carratica and Porta Lucchese. All were  at the beginning of the 20th century.
* The Medici Fortress of Santa Barbara, built in the 16th century by the Florentines.
* The ancient *Pieve San Michele in Groppoli*, in the neighbourhood of the city.

## Famous people born in Pistoia 
* Enrico Betti
* Mauro Bolognini
* Licio Gelli
* Cino da Pistoia
* Ippolito Desideri
* Pope Clement IX
* Christian Orlandi
* Marino Marini
* Filippo Pacini

## Sisters towns 
Pistoia is twinned with:
* , Pau, since 1975

## Other websites
* Comune di Pistoia 
* Pistoia Tourist Consortium: lots of information and city map download
* Virtual Tour of the City
Mollis

**Mollis** was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites
* Website of Mollis
Mühlehorn

**Mühlehorn** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municpalities of Mühlehorn, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

## Other websites
*Official website of Mühlehorn
Netstal

**Netstal** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2011, Netstal is part of the municipality of Glarus.

## Other websites
* Official website of Netstal 
*
Garichtisee

**Garichtisee** is a lake on Mettmenalp in the Canton of Glarus, Switzerland. It is above the municipality of Schwanden. The lake's area is . 

## Other websites
*Swissdams: Garichte
Appenzell District

**Appenzell** is a district of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden in Switzerland.  The district of Appenzell contains part of the town *Appenzell*, as well as Rinkenbach, Kau and Meistersrüte.

## References
## Other websites
*Appenzell Tourism 
*Appenzell
Courchapoix

**Courchapoix** is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
*Information about Courchapoix in the Juranet 
*
Corban, Switzerland

**Corban** was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Corban merged into the municipality of Val Terbi.

## References
## Other websites
Gymnotiformes

The **Gymnotiformes** is an order of teleosts which are electric fish. Common names are Neotropical knifefish or South American knifefish. They are mainly nocturnal freshwater fish. Their muscles create an electric field. 

Gymnotiformes are slender fish with narrow bodies and tapering tails. Their common name is "knifefish".

Perhaps the best-known species is the electric eel (*Electrophorus electricus*) which uses powerful electric shocks (up to 600 V) for hunting and self-defense. 

There are several other species familiar in the aquarium trade: the black ghost knifefish (*Apteronotus albifrons*), the glass knifefish (*Eigenmannia virescens*), and the banded knifefish (*Gymnotus carapo*).

## References
Appenzell Ausserrhoden

**Appenzell Ausserrhoden** is a canton of Switzerland. Appenzell Ausserrhoden is in the northeast of Switzerland, next to the cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell Innerrhoden.

## History 
Settlement in Appenzell began in the 7th and the 8th century alongside the river Glatt.  In 907 Herisau is mentioned for the first time, the canton (Appenzell: *abbatis cella*) is named first in 1071.

The canton witnessed a number of battles, including the Battle of Vögelinsegg (1403) and the Battle at the Stoss (1405).

In 1513 Appenzell joined the Swiss confederation as the 13th canton. In 1597 the Protestant canton was divided for religious reasons from the former canton *Appenzell*, with the Catholic Appenzell Innerrhoden being the other half.

From the 16th century onwards linen production was established little by little. Larger textile businesses established themselves, later diversifying into weaving and embroidery. The textile industry collapsed between 1920 and 1939.

In 1834 for the first time a constitution was adapted, undergoing reforms in 1876 and 1908. The construction of numerous railway lines between 1875 and 1913 helped the local industry and the population grew to a maximum of 57,973 people in 1910 (compared with 53,200 in 2001).

In 1934 Johannes Baumann was the first citizen from Appenzell Ausserrhoden to become a federal councilor. Women's right to vote was introduced in 1972 on a local level, but only in 1989 on a canton-wide level. In 1994 for the first time two women were elected into government. The open assembly (*Landsgemeinde*) was abolished in 1997. The right of foreigners to vote is determined by each municipality.

## Municipalities 
The 20 municipalities are:

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Page 
* Official Statistics
Courfaivre

**Courfaivre** was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Courfaivre, Bassecourt, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

## Other websites
*Official Website of Courfaivre 
*
Calpiogna

**Calpiogna** is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## References 
## Other websites
Campo Blenio

**Campo Blenio** was a municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 25 January 2005, the people in charge announced that Campo Blenio would merge with Aquila, Ghirone, Olivone and Torre to form a new municipality to be called Blenio. This union was carried through on 22 October 2006.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site 
* Cantonal Portal
Electric fish

s can make an electrical field]]

An **electric fish** is a fish that can make electric fields. Many fish (sharks, rays, and catfish) can detect electric fields: they are 'electroreceptive'. They cannot make electric fields, and are not called electric fish.  

## Strongly and weakly electric fish
Electric fish have a special organ that makes electricity. This organ is called an **electric organ**. It is usually near the tail of the fish. It is made from specialised muscle or nerve cells. When the organ releases electricity this is called an *electric organ discharge* (or *EOD* for short).

Based on the strength of the EOD, the electrogenic fish are two types:

**Strongly electric fish*: Their discharge is so strong they can stun (and capture) prey with it.  Examples of such fish are the electric eel (which is a knifefish, not a true eel), electric catfishes, or electric rays
**Weakly electric fish*: Their discharge is not strong enough to stun prey with it; rather, they use the electricity to locate objects, to navigate, or to communicate with other electric fish. Examples of weakly electric fish are Peters' elephantnose fish or the black ghost knifefish.

In total, there are 348 known species of electric fish, in about 56 genera. The only known species that lives in salt water are the electric rays, with 23 species.

## Related pages 
*The duck-billed platypus also detects movement by an electric field.

## References
Sergeant

**Sergeant** is a rank used in  most militaries, policeforces, and other uniformed organizations around the world. The word comes from the Latin *serviens*, "one who serves", through the French term *Sergent*.

A sergeant (**Sgt**) in the British Army wears three point-down chevrons, or "checks" on their sleeve. They usually serves as a platoon, troop, or group sergeant, or in a specialist position.

A **Lance-Sergeant** (**LSgt**) was originally a Corporal doing the work of a Sergeant. The job is now used mostly in the Guards, where it is given to all Corporals. A Lance-Sergeant in the Guards and Honourable Artillery Company wears three chevrons, and is considered senior or higher up to "normal" Corporals. For most purposes, they still remain a Corporal rather than an acting Sergeant (e.g., they will typically command a section). In the Household Cavalry, the same rank is Lance-Corporal of Horse.

The official spelling was **Serjeant** (**Sjt**) (still used by The Rifles) until after World War II, although the modern spelling had already been in common use for many years.
Schwändi

**Schwändi** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites
*Website of Schwändi
Showa

**Shōwa** may mean:

* Hirohito (1901–1989), the 124th Emperor of Japan, known posthumously as Emperor Shōwa

* Shōwa (Kamakura period), a Japanese era name (1312-1317)
* Shōwa period, a Japanese era name (1926-1989)

;Other
* Jōwa (Heian period), a Japanese era name (834-848) also romanized as Shōwa
Southbridge (computing)

**Southbridge** is also known as Input/Output Controller Hub. The microchip realizes lower functions of the motherboard in computer architecture with northbridge and southbridge. It's easy to distinguish southbridge and northbridge: the southbridge is not directly connected to the processor. Northbridge realizes connection between southbridge and processor.

## Related pages
* Northbridge
Electric eel

The **electric eel**, *Electrophorus electricus*, is a species of fish. It can weigh up to forty five pounds. It can give electric shocks of up to six hundred fifty watts of electricity. The animal uses these shocks both for hunting and to defend itself. It lives in the stagnant muddy river bottoms of the Orinoco and the Amazon, and uses low-voltage electric fields to find its prey.

Despite its name, the electric eel is not an eel. It is a knifefish. It is an obligatory air breather (must breath air). This makes sense, because the muddy water is very low in oxygen, and it needs oxygen to power its electric organs.

Because they can shock, very few of these fish are kept as pets. But if the eel repeatedly shocks, its electric organs become completely discharged. Then a person can touch it without being shocked. 

## Other species 
* *Electrophorus varii* (Amazon conger)
* *Electrophorus voltai* (voltage conger)

## References 
## Other websites
Gourgen Yanikian

**Gourgen Mkrtich Yanikian** (, December 24, 1895, Erzurum, Ottoman Armenia - March 27, 1984, USA) was an Armenian terrorist who killed two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973. His stated purpose was "to demand justice" for the Armenian Genocide.

After Yanigian's death, District Attorney David D. Minner wrote:

## Books
### in English
* The Triumph of Judas Iscariot, Los Angeles: Research Publ. Co., 1950, 254 p.
* The Resurrected Christ: A Novel, New York: Exposition, 1955, 141 p.
* Harem Cross: A Novel of the Near-East, 1953
* The Voice of an American, 1960
* Mirror in the Darkness, 1966

### in Armenian
* Purpose and Justice (memoires from the prison), Yerevan, Tigran Mets Publ., 1999

## Related pages
* Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

## References
## Other websites
*People v Yanikian 
*Historische Romane – XY, Books by Gourgen Yanikian
*GUIDE TO SANTA BARBARA AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS: Yanikian, Gourgen (1895-1984) 
*Yanikian and his memoires
Organic light-emitting diode

**Organic light-emitting diode** (**OLED**) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED). The part of the OLED that creates light is made of a very thin layer of organic compounds. The main use of OLED technology is for flat panel displays for smartphones and other mobile devices where they are in some ways better than LCDs. OLEDs can be used to make displays that can bend. These can be used in many different ways. For example, they can be used in clothing.

OLED provides high contrast of screen. It is characterized by low energy consumption (due to the absence of additional illumination).

## Advantages and disadvantages 
LCDs are in some ways better than OLEDs and some ways worse. OLEDs can make more colors and levels of brightness than LEDs. Unlike LCDs their colors do not change when viewed at an angle. They are also much cheaper to make. OLEDs make light, so they do not need a light shining through from the back as LCDs do. This also makes black parts of the screen able to be fully turned "off" making them darker. LCDs also need to use filters to work properly. These filters block much of the light created by the LED/CCFL. Because of backlighting and filtering, OLEDs use far less power than LCDs for the amount of light made. OLEDs also react faster to changes in electricity. They turn on and off much faster than LCDs.

LEDs will last longer than OLEDs. This is the biggest problem with OLEDs. Currently most OLEDs used in displays will work for about 5,000 hours of use. LEDs normally work for 60,000 hours. This may change as experiments in 2007 created a type of OLED that worked for 198,000 hours. The organic compounds that make up OLEDs are also more easily damaged by water. 

OLED technology is currently patented by the Eastman Kodak company and several other companies. Because of this, a company must pay to be allowed to use it in their product.

## How they work 
There are several parts to an OLED:
* Substrate: the material the layers of the OLED are put on
* Emissive layer: the layer where light is made
* Conductive layer
* Anode
* Cathode

The emissive and conductive layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. The anode and cathode connect the OLED to the source of electricity.

When electricity is applied to an OLED, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged and the conductive layer becomes positively charged. Electrostatic forces cause electrons to move from the positive conductive layer toward the negative emissive layer. This causes a change in the electrical levels and makes radiation that has a frequency in the range of visible light.

OLED, as with all diodes, can only work if electricity flows through them in the correct direction. The Anode, connected to the emmisive layer must be at a higher electrical potential (more volts, more *positive*) than the cathode, connected to the conductive layer, for the OLED to work.