open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hong Kong emigrants to the United Kingdom

After the crackdown on democracy in Hong Kong and the passage of the national security law in 2020 many people left Hong Kong and moved to the United Kingdom.  More than 144,000 Hongkongers moved to the UK in  2021 and 2022 using  British National (Overseas) visas.  They are described as a highly skilled workforce eager to integrate.  Unlike earlier immigrants from China they have been educated in the English language  and have money.  Most of them are  in their 30s and 40s with children. The “main priority for Hongkongers is good schools for their children”.  Many have moved to Trafford, Warrington and Solihull - suburbs which have not had many immigrants in the past. Fewer moved to London than in earlier years.

## References
Villeneuve-d'Aval

'''Villeneuve-d'Aval''' is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Jura department in east France.

## References
Villeneuve-d'Allier

'''Villeneuve-d'Allier''' is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.

## References
Mammography

**Mammography** is an x-ray of the breast. It is used to look for things that may be in a breast like a tumor. These images are viewed by radiologists for abnormal findings. A mammogram uses lower powered x-rays when compared to x-rays of bones. Other tests are often used along with mammograms. These are ultrasound, ductography, positron emission mammography (PEM), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are adjuncts to mammography.  

Mammography has resulted in a 30 percent drop in the U.S. cancer death rate. Mammography became widespread in the 1980s. 

## References
Electoral district of Ipswich West

**Ipswich West** is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1960.

Ipswich West is in Ipswich.

## Election results
## References
Electoral district of Gympie

**Gympie** is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1873, abolished in 1950 and recreated in 1960.

## Election results
## References
Confident (Demi Lovato song)

"**Confident**" is a 2015 song by Demi Lovato and is the title track to her fifth studio album *Confident*. It topped the single charts in Israel and made the top 30 in New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Czech Republic and Scotland. The music video was directed by Robert Rodriguez.

## Track listing
***Digital download**
#"Confident" – 3:25
#"Confident" (The Alias Remix) – 5:08

***Digital remixes&nbsp;– EP**
#"Confident" (The Alias Remix) – 5:08
#"Confident" (VARA Remix) – 3:38
#"Confident" (Gianni Kosta Remix) – 3:48
#"Confident" (Volkoder Remix) – 5:17
#"Confident" (DJ Lynnwood Remix) – 4:30

## References
Philipsburg, Sint Maarten

**Philipsburg** is the capital city of Sint Maarten. In 2017, 1,894 people lived there.

Philipsburg was founded in 1763 by John Philips, a Scottish captain in the Dutch navy.

## References
Shopping bag

A **shopping bag** is a bag that is used to carry items that were purchased during shopping, for example in a grocery store or supermarket. There are different designs for such bags:
*Many are single-use. When people reach their home, they throw away the bag.
*Some can be used again.
These bags can be made of paper, of different kinds of plastics or of a natural fiber, such as jute or hemp. 
Because plastic bags take a long time to decay, some countries have banned single-use plastic bags.
Local board of health

]]
**Local boards of health** were the first public health organisations in England and Wales.  They were set up  under the Public Health Act 1848 after  cholera epidemics had killed a lot of people in cities.  They had the power to control sewers, clean the streets, and manage other health risks including slaughterhouses and supply clean water to their districts.

## References
Animal language

Certain animals use complex patterns to communicate with each other. These patterns have been called **animal language**. In many ways, they are similar to human language. That way, animal can use signing, or sounds. Sometimes, they use chemical compounds. 
Animal language has many of the same properties as human language:
*It is arbitrary. There's no relation between a sound or sign and its meaning.
*It is composed of small parts that are put together to form a message. These small parts are called morphemes.
*Language can be about things that aren't close by. 
*The smallest units with meaning (the morphemes above) are composed of parts that have no meaning on their own.
*Users can produce and understand arbitrarily long messages
*Specific signs or sounds have a specific meaning.

## Examples of languages
*Most primates use language. These cases have been studied a lot.
*Bird songs
*Bees use the waggle dance
*African forest elephants 
*Mustached bats live in the dark, they communicate a lot.
*Prairie dogs
*Dolphins and whales
*Sea lions
*Caribbean reef squid

## References
Probactrosaurus

***Probactrosaurus*** (meaning "before *Bactrosaurus*") is a genus of herbivorous hadrosaur that lived in China during the Early Cretaceous period.

## Related pages 
* Iguanodon
* Hadrosaur
* Dimetrodon

## References 
# A.K. Rozhdestvensky (1966). "Novyye iguanodonty iz Tsentral'noy Azii. Filogeneticheskiye i taksonomicheskiye v zaimootnosheniya pozdnikh Iguanodontidae i rannikh Hadrosauridae. [New iguanodonts from Central Asia. Phylogenetic and taxonomic interrelationships of late Iguanodontidae and early Hadrosauridae]". *Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal*. **3**: 103–116.
Villeneuve-de-Duras

**Villeneuve-de-Duras** () is a commune. It is in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwest France.

## References
Villeneuve-d'Olmes

**Villeneuve-d&#39;Olmes** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Ariège department in southwest France.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Ariège department
Villeneuve-Frouville

**Villeneuve-Frouville** is a commune. It is in Centre-Val de Loire in the Loir-et-Cher department in central France.

## References
Villeneuve-la-Lionne

**Villeneuve-la-Lionne** is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Marne department
Futureworld

***Futureworld*** is a 1976 American science fiction thriller movie directed by Richard T. Heffron and stars Peter Fonda, Blythe Danner, Arthur Hill, Stuart Margolin, John Ryan, Yul Brynner. It is a sequel to the 1973 movie *Westworld* and is the second movie in the *Westworld* franchise. It was distributed by American International Pictures.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
*
This Year's Model

'''''This Year's Model''''' is the second studio album by Elvis Costello. Elvis Costello is an English singer and songwriter. Radar Records released the album on 17 March 1978. It is his first album with the Attractions, Costello's band. The people in the Attractions were keyboard player Steve Nieve, bass guitar player Bruce Thomas and drummer Pete Thomas. The group recorded the album's music at Eden Studios in London. Nick Lowe produced the album. Costello wrote most of the songs before the band started recording music. He played some of them at concerts in 1977.

The album had two singles: "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea" and "Pump It Up". The album was successful. It was number four on the UK Albums Chart. Columbia Records released it in the United States in May 1978. It was number 30 on the *Billboard* 200. Many music critics liked the album. They liked the music and Costello's songwriting.

''This Year's Model'' influenced new wave and punk rock music. Many people think it is one of Costello's best albums. Many music makers inspired Costello, such as the Rolling Stones. The album has been released many times with new music on it. In 2021, Costello helped make a new version of the album named *Spanish Model*. It had music sung in Spanish by many different singers. It went on many *Billboard* charts.

## Track listing
All songs written by Elvis Costello.
**Side one**
# "No Action"&nbsp;– 1:57
# "This Year's Girl"&nbsp;– 3:16
# "The Beat"&nbsp;– 3:42
# "Pump It Up"&nbsp;– 3:12
# "Little Triggers"&nbsp;– 2:38
# "You Belong to Me"&nbsp;– 2:19

**Side two**
# "Hand in Hand"&nbsp;– 2:30
# "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea"&nbsp;– 3:06
# "Lip Service"&nbsp;– 2:34
# "Living in Paradise"&nbsp;– 3:51
# "Lipstick Vogue"&nbsp;– 3:29
# "Night Rally"&nbsp;– 2:40

## Notes
## References
Villeneuve-le-Comte

**Villeneuve-le-Comte** is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Seine-et-Marne department in north-central France.

## References
Normative ethics

**Normative ethics** is a branch of ethics, that looks to establish norms of how people ought to behave, and act in certain situations.  It also looks at how norms and values are formed in a society. It delves into what is good, and right in a moral sense.

Philosophers such as Aristotle and Saint Thomas Aquinas have looked into the question of what virtue really is; from this a branch called virtue ethics developed. 

People like Immanuel Kant, with his categorical imperative, John Rawls with his contractualism, or John Locke with his theory of natural rights are seen as advocating deontological ethics today.

Utilitarianism says that an action is right, if it results in more people happy. 

These are common branches of normative ethics.
Marsden

**Marsden** is a large village in the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees.   In 2020 about 3,768 lived there.  It is close to the Huddersfield Narrow Canal.

It was an important centre for the production of woollen cloth, but the last woollen mill closed in 2003.

## References
Mikron Theatre Company

The **Mikron Theatre Company** is an English touring theatre company, founded in 1972, based in Marsden.  It is famous for touring on a canal boat.

In 2023 they tour with two plays: "A Force to Be Reckoned With" about female police officers in the 1950s and  Poppy Hollman's new play "Twitchers", about the history of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.

Their narrowboat *Tyseley* was built in 1936 for the Grand Union Canal Carrying Company. She was built at Northwich by W.J.Yarwood & Sons Ltd. She is 71 ft 10 in (21.89 metres) long and 6 ft 11 in (2.11 metres) wide. She is registered with National Historic Ships.

## References
Ocotea

**Ocotea** is a genus of flowering plants, in the laurel family. Many are evergreen trees. There are over 520 species. Most occur in subtropical regions of the Americas. Some occur in Africa, and the islands close to it. One species is native to Macaronesia, it occurs on the Canary Islands, and Madeira. The genus is likely paraphyletic.

## References
Edwin Chadwick

**Sir Edwin Chadwick** (24 January 1800 – 6 July 1890) was an English social reformer who led the reform of the Poor Laws in England.  He was also a leader in public health.  He was a follower of the Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham and a friend of John Stuart Mill.

He was born on 24 January 1800 in Longsight, Manchester and moved to London when he was 10.  He was a member of the Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws 1832. 

After a serious outbreak of typhus in 1838, he convinced the Poor Law Board that an enquiry was required.  The work was done by his friends who were doctors and he published it as *Report on The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain*  in 1842.   A lot of people bought it.  It said that  better water supplies and a drainage system to remove waste, would stop so many people dying. Evidence given by Dr Dyce Guthrie convinced Chadwick that every house should have a permanent water supply, rather than the intermittent supplies from standpipes that many poor people had to use. The report led to  the Public Health Act 1848, which was the first time the British government took responsibility for the health of its citizens.

## References
Free energy principle

The **Free Energy Principle** is a scientific concept that explains how living things interact with their environment. It says our brains try to avoid surprises and stay in control. Our brains make predictions about what will happen based on past experiences. When reality matches our predictions, everything is fine, but when something unexpected occurs, our brains need to update their predictions and take action to reduce the surprise. To do this, our brains gather information from our senses and compare it to their predictions. If there's a difference, the brain sends signals to our body to make adjustments. This helps us stay to adapt to new situations, learn from experiences, and optimize their interactions with the world.

## References
Robert Stephenson

**Robert Stephenson**  (16 October 1803 – 12 October 1859) was an English civil engineer and designer of locomotives. The only son of George Stephenson, the "Father of Railways", he built on the achievements of his father. Robert has been called the greatest engineer of the 19th century.

One of his first jobs was to survey the route of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. 

By 1850 he had been involved in building a third of the country's railway system. He designed the High Level Bridge and Royal Border Bridge on the East Coast Main Line. With Eaton Hodgkinson and William Fairbairn he developed wrought-iron tubular bridges, such as the Britannia Bridge in Wales, a design he would later use for the Victoria Bridge in Montreal, for many years the longest bridge in the world. He eventually worked on 160 commissions from 60 companies, building railways in other countries such as Belgium, Norway, Egypt and France. 

## References
Liverpool and Manchester Railway

The **Liverpool and Manchester Railway**  was the first inter-city railway in the world. It opened on 15 September 1830 between the Lancashire cities of Liverpool and Manchester. It was also the first railway to only have locomotives driven by steam power, with no horse-drawn traffic permitted at any time; the first to be entirely double track; the first to have a true signalling system; the first to be fully timetabled; and the first to carry mail.

It was designed and built by George Stephenson. It made money, and influenced the development of railways across Britain in the 1830s.

## References
Kōbō Abe

was a Japanese writer. Abe's birth name was . His most notable work include *The Woman in the Dunes,* *The Face of Another,* and *The Box Man.* E. Dale Saunders translated these works into English. *The Woman in the Dunes* was made into a 1964 award-winning movie by Hiroshi Teshigahara.

## Early life
He was born in Kita, Tokyo, Japan and grew up in Mukden (Shenyang), Manchuria. There, he began writing novellas and short stories.

## Career
His first poem that was published was in the poem magazine *Mumei-shishū* (*"Poems of an Unknown"*) in 1947. His first published novel was *Owarishi michi no shirube ni* (*"The Road Sign at the End of the Street"*) in 1948. This was a novel he published in 1962. The novel won the Yomiuri Prize that same year. A movie based on the novel by Hiroshi Teshigahara was made in 1964.

His next award-winning work was *Friends.* This was a play published in 1967. It won the Tanizaki Prize the same year.

## Death
Abe died on January 22, 1993 due to heart failure in Tokyo after a short illness.

## References
Heat (Jimmy Barnes album)

***Heat*** is the sixth studio album by Australian singer Jimmy Barnes and released on 26 March, 1993 through Mushroom Records. It went to number 2 in Australia, number 3 in New Zealand and number 50 in Sweden. **The song "Stone Cold" was later used in the end credits of the 2006 Dreamworks/Aardman movie "Flushed Away"**.

## Track listing
# "Sweat It Out" (Jimmy Barnes)
# "Wheels In Motion" (Jimmy Barnes, Jeff Neill, Ross Wilson)
# "Stand Up" (Jimmy Barnes, Jeff Neill, Kenny Miller)
# "Burn Baby Burn" (Jimmy Barnes, Jeff Neill, Tony Brock)
# "Something's Got a Hold" (Jimmy Barnes, Chris Bailey, Jeff Neill)
# "Love Thing" (Jimmy Barnes, Jeff Neill, Tony Brock)
# "Talking to You" (Jimmy Barnes, Jeff Neill, Tony Brock)
# **"Stone Cold"** (Don Walker)
# "Wait for Me" (Jimmy Barnes, Jeff Neill, Tony Brock)
# "Tears We Cry" (Jimmy Barnes)
# "Right by Your Side" (Jimmy Barnes, Jane Barnes)
# "A Little Bit of Love" (Jimmy Barnes, Tony Brock, Jerry Lynn Williams)
# "I'd Rather Be Blind" (Jimmy Barnes)
# "Not the Loving Kind" (Jimmy Barnes, Jerry Lynn Williams)
# "Knock Me Down" (Jimmy Barnes, Jeff Neill, Tony Brock)
# "Catch Your Shadow" (Jimmy Barnes, Jeff Neill, Ross Wilson, Pat Wilson)

## 2010 expanded edition
In 2010, ***Heat*** was re-released with an additional four tracks originally left off the album, becoming a double album. It was resequenced by Jimmy Barnes, and featured another Don Walker composition, "Sitting in A Bar", which Walker recorded with his own band, Tex, Don and Charlie. The cover was modified, removing Barnes' name and changing the colour tone to an earthy red.

## 2010 version track listing
Disc 1
# Sweat it Out
# Sitting In A Bar*
# Wheels in Motion
# Stand Up
# Tell Me The Truth*
# Burn Baby Burn
# Something's Got a Hold
# Rather Be With You*
# Love Thing
# **Stone Cold**

Disc 2
# I'd Rather be Blind
# Wait for Me
# Tears We Cry
# Talking to You
# Right by Your Side
# A Little Bit of Love
# Not the Loving Kind
# Love Will Find A Way*
# Knock Me Down
# Catch Your Shadow

## References
Electoral district of Buderim

**Buderim** is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 2009.

Buderim is on the Sunshine Coast.

## Election results
## References
Public Health Act 1848

The **Public Health Act 1848** was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.  It was the first time the government had tried to improve the health of the people.   Edwin Chadwick had pushed for it after his reports on the condition of the working classes.  It did not cover the City of London and some other parts of London.

It put the supply of water; sewerage; drainage; cleansing; paving, and environmental health regulation in England and Wales under a single local body.  The  **General Board of Health** was in charge, and local boards of health could be set up, either by local people or by the General Board. The General Board did not have money.  The local boards could get money from rates.  Sunderland was one of the first places to set up a local board.

## Powers of the local boards 
* Employees: A local board of health could employ people, including a surveyor, a clerk, a treasurer, and an officer of health (who had to be a qualified doctor). They had  to appoint an inspector of nuisances (sanitary inspector) to investigate complaints and take action against 'nuisances' (nuisances meant all sorts of environmental public health problems: such as unsanitary dwellings, accumulations of refuse and sewage, smoke dust and smells and industrial emissions, polluted water, noise, adulterated food, slaughterhouse issues etc.).
* Sewers: The local board took over ownership of all public sewers in its district. Where private sewers operated for profit, the local board could buy them.
* Street cleansing: The local board was required to clean the streets in its district, removing dust, ashes, rubbish, filth, dung and soil.
* Public lavatories: The local board could provide "public necessities" (as the act called them).
* Slaughterhouses: The local board was to regulate slaughterhouses, and was allowed to provide such facilities itself.
* Street paving: The local board took over the public streets in the district, and could also require that private streets be paved.
* Pleasure grounds: The local boards were allowed to provide and lay out pleasure grounds.
* Water supply: The local board was allowed to supply water, but only if a private company could not provide the service.
* Burials: The local board was allowed to provide houses for the reception of the dead prior to burial. They could also apply to the General Board to have an existing graveyard closed.
* Land: The local board could purchase land.

## References
I Just Called to Say I Love You

"'**I Just Called to Say I Love You**" is a 1984 song by Stevie Wonder. It was taken from the soundtrack to the 1984 movie *The Woman in Red*. It topped the single charts in 19 countries including the United States and the United Kingdom. It won an Academy Award. It was nominated for 3 Grammy Awards in 1985. "I Just Called to Say I Love You" remains Wonder's most successful single to date. It also remains Wonder's only No. 1 in the United Kingdom.

## References
TV5 (Philippine TV network)

**TV5 Network** (also known as **TV5** and **5** and formerly known as **ABC**) is a Philippine commercial broadcast network based in Mandaluyong, with its alternate studios located in Novaliches, Quezon City. It is the flagship property of TV5 Network, Inc., The both owned by MediaQuest Holdings, the multimedia arm of Philippine-based telecommunications company PLDT. The network is headquartered in the TV5 Media Center in Mandaluyong with additional studios in TV5 Broadcast Complex and transmitter facilities TV5 Satellite Tower in Novaliches, Quezon City with regional stations and offices strategically located in over 10 major cities across the country including Baguio, Naga, Iloilo, Bacolod, Cebu, Davao. TV5 (formerly known as **Associated Broadcasting Corporation** simply knows as **ABC** and **Associated Broadcasting Company** simply known as **ABC**) is also formally referred to as "The *Kapatid* Network", the Filipino term for "sibling", which was introduced in 2010.

TV5 is the flagship station in Metro Manila, DWET-TV, which are carried in VHF Channel 5 (analog broadcast) and UHF Channel 51 (digital test broadcast; the latter is licensed to TV5's sister company Mediascape/Cignal TV), TV5 is also broadcasting to five originating stations, five semi-satellite stations, forty owned-and-operated and affiliate relay television stations nationwide, as well as on all cable and satellite TV providers nationwide. Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through Kapatid Channel, AksyonTV International and PBA Rush.

## References
MOD'SPE Paris

'''MOD'SPE Paris''' is a European higher studies establishment. The school is in Paris and Lille, France.

The School is specialist in the fields of fashion, design and luxury.

## References
## Further reading 
* MOD'SPE Paris website
Dawid Malan

**Dawid Johannes Malan** is a cricketer from England. He plays for England cricket team. He was born on September 3, 1987.

## References 
## Other websites
Liam Livingstone

**Liam Stephen Livingstone** is a cricketer from England. He plays for Lancashire County Cricket Club and England cricket team. He was born on August 4, 1993.

## References 
## Other websites
Chris Jordan

**Christopher James Jordan** (born 4 October 1988 in Christ Church, Barbados) is a Barbadian/English cricketer. He is a right arm fast-medium bowler who bats right-handed. In domestic first-class cricket, Jordan has played for Barbados, from 2011 to 2013; and in England for both Surrey (2007–2011) and Sussex (2013–2019). Since then, he has become a Twenty20 specialist, and (to September 2025) has played for eighteen franchise teams around the world in various leagues.

Jordan made his international debut for England in a One Day International (ODI) against Australia at the Rose Bowl in September 2013. He has also played for England in Test cricket and Twenty20 Internationals.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sausage Rolls for Everyone

"**Sausage Rolls for Everyone**" is a 2021 Christmas song by LadBaby featuring Elton John and Ed Sheeran. It was released as a single on 17 December, 2021. It is a remix and comedy version of *Merry Christmas* by Ed Sheeran and Elton John. It went to number 1 in the United Kingdom and number 41 in Ireland.

## References
Resistentialism

**Resistentialism** is a joke theory about objects intentionally being mean to humans. Objects like lost keys, broken printers, or bouncing balls are said to dislike us. It is said to be a battle between humans and objects causing small troubles. The idea was named "Resistentialism" in 1948 by writer Paul Jennings. It is a playful imitation of existentialism, with a slogan saying "Things are against us."

## Similar concepts 
The hostile nature of the universe has always been a topic of discussion throughout history. It has been observed in laws like Murphy's law, Finagle's law, and Sod's law.

## References
Jonny Bairstow

**Jonathan Marc Bairstow**, also known as **Jonny Bairstow**, is an English cricketer. He was born on September 26, 1989 in Bradford, West Yorkshire. He currently plays for the England cricket team and has played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club since 2009. Jonathan has also played in the Indian Premier League (IPL) for Sunrisers Hyderabad, Punjab King, and Mumbai Indians. David had taught Jonny how to play cricket and has remained a lasting inspiration.

## References 
## Other websites
Electoral district of Broadwater

**Broadwater** is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1992.

Broadwater is on the Gold Coast.

## Election results
## References
Font del gat (water trough)

The **Font del Gat** or **Font de Sant Agustí Vell** is a Gothic fountain (reconstructed) located in the Barri de Ribera of Barcelona . It is on the ground floor of the house whose main facade faces Plaça de Sant Agustí Vell and is on the corner of Carders and Tantarantana streets (below which the Rec Comtal used to feed the fountain).   

It is a very significant fountain of the city, since the main use was as a water trough for the horses of the carriages that entered to Barcelona through the Portal Nou.

## History 
The first preserved vestiges of fountains located in roads or public buildings come from the Middle Ages, when the city was part of the Crown of Aragon . It was an important maritime and commercial axis of the Mediterranean Sea . The city area grew from the primitive urban core - what is today the Barri Gòtic - and in the 14th century the Raval neighborhood emerged. Barcelona then had around 25,000 inhabitants. 

In this period, several fountains were created throughout the city, to ensure a regular supply to the population. Just as the industrial use of water was ensured with the Rec Comtal and the channeling of water from Montjuïc to the Pla de la Boqueria, domestic consumption was mainly carried out through wells, which depended on rainfall and they caused supply shortages in times of drought. Thus, at this time several fountains were opened, most of them eminently utilitarian in nature, and therefore there was not much room for artistic creation.

### Demolition 
Until the beginning of the last century, the water came out of a cat's head, which is why it was called Font del Gat, to distinguish it from the one on the other side of the square (more modern Canaletes style ). Unfortunately this original fountain disappeared when the council demolished the house in 1996 to build social housings. In the place where the fountain was, they left an Office of La Caixa d'Estalvis. After a while, when the residents claimed it, the city council made a replica (with three fountains as seen in the photo), since they could not find the stones of the original fountain.

## Gallery 

Barcelona_-_Pla%C3%A7a_de_Sant_Agust%C3%AD_Vell.jpg|Square of Sant Agustí Vell
058_Marieta_de_l'Ull_Viu,_pl._Sant_Agustí_Vell.jpg|Plate dedicated to Marieta de l'Ull Viu

## References 
## Bibliography 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* 
* Public art website of Barcelona City Council
* Barcelona fountains, waterways
Villeneuve-lès-Avignon

**Villeneuve-lès-Avignon** is a commune. It is in Occitanie in the Gard department in south France.

## References
Aiden Markram

**Aiden Kyle Markram** (born 4 October 1994) is a South African cricketer who was born in Centurion, Gauteng. He is a batting all-rounder who bats right-handed, and bowls right-arm off breaks. Markram is currently (September 2025) the South Africa team captain in Test cricket.

## References
Dreadlock Holiday

"**Dreadlock Holiday**" is a 1977 reggae song by British band 10cc. It is the leading single from their sixth studio album *Bloody Tourists*. It went to number 1 in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Belgium, number 45 in Canada, number 44 in the United States, number 2 in both Ireland and Australia and number 7 in Norway.

## References
Electoral district of Chatsworth

**Chatsworth** is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1960.

Chatsworth is in Brisbane.

## Election results
## References
Oil shale

**Oil shale** is a sedimentary rock which can be squeezed to get oil out if it. The part which has oil in it is called kerogen. There's a great deal of it, and the oil is said to be "oil in place". It is planned as a source of oil after regular oil wells dry up.

So far only Estonia and China have got big oil shale industries, but other countries plan to develop it. The forests of ferns and trees which originally made the oil were very widespread on Earth, so in theory many other countries have oil-bearing land.

Alternatively, there are people who believe that hydrocarbons are not biogenic. They think hydrocarbons were formed in space and delivered to planets like Earth ready-formed. Although this might seem far-fetched, it has been suggested by some notable scientists, such as Thomas Gold.

## References
Legislative Assembly of Queensland

The **Legislative Assembly of Queensland** is the only chamber of the Parliament of Queensland established under the Constitution of Queensland. It is elected every four years using full preferential voting. It has 93 members who represent one electoral district each. Its members use the suffix MP.
Parliament of Queensland

The **Parliament of Queensland** is the legislature of Queensland. It only has one chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, so it is a unicameral state parliament.

The Legislative Assembly sits at Parliament House in Brisbane.
Parliament of Tasmania

The **Parliament of Tasmania** is the legislature of Tasmania. It is bicameral, meaning it has two chambers: a lower house (the House of Assembly) and an upper house (the Legislative Council).

Parliament sits at Parliament House in Hobart.

## Notes
## References
Rec Comtal

The **Rec Comtal** de Barcelona was a hydraulic structure of the first magnitude that will last until the segle xix as one of the main water suppliers in the city, which was used for irrigation and also in its use of force to operate the various mills built along its route. It is a work protected as a Cultural Property of Local Interest

It took water from the Besòs river to the walls of the city. Construction was begun by Miro, Count of Barcelona  in the 10th century, but it may date back to Roman times. It supplied water until the mid-20th century. In March 2016, extensive remains of structures associated with the system were discovered during excavations at Plaça de les Glòries Catalanes.

## Related pages 
*Font del gat (water trough)

## References 
## Bibliography 
* , Manuel (ed.). ''La Revolució de l'aigua a Barcelona: de la ciutat preindustrial a la metròpoli moderna, 1867-1967*. Barcelona: Institut de Cultura, Muhba, 2011. 
* MARTÍN PASCUAL, Manel (1999): *El Rec Comtal, 1822-1879. La lluita per l'aigua a del segle XIX'', Barcelona, Fundació Salvador Vives i Casajuana, Editorial Rafael Dalmau. 

## Other websites 
*
Western Australian Legislative Assembly

The **Western Australian Legislative Assembly** is the lower house of the Parliament of Western Australia.

## Notes
## References
Risky Rides

***Risky Rides*** was an investigative documentary by NBC from Austin, Texas that looked into how the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles fixed loopholes regard temporary license plates.  In 2018, Texas State Troopers began to see an increase in paper license plates on vehicles on their roads.  When the COVID plague hit, Texas Department of Motor Vehicles offices were closed.  Many people who have purchased an automobile needed a temporary registration to operate their vehicles on the road.  As time went on, criminals opened dealerships for the sole purpose of printing and issuing tags.

## References
## Other websites
*In depth coverage  NBC Austin, Texas
She Talks to Angels

"**She Talks to Angels**" is a 1991 song by American rock band The Black Crowes. It is the eighth track from their debut studio album *Shake Your Money Maker*. It went to number 30 in the United States, number 70 in the United Kingdom, number 44 in Australia and number 21 in New Zealand.

## Tracklist
**US 7-inch and cassette single**
:A. "She Talks to Angels" (album version) – 5:30
:B. "She Talks to Angels" (live video version) – 6:10

**European maxi-CD single**
# "She Talks to Angels" – 5:30
# "Could I Have Been So Blind" (live) – 3:42
# "Jealous Again" (acoustic) – 4:43

**European 7-inch single**
:A. "She Talks to Angels" – 5:30
:B. "Could I Have Been So Blind" (live) – 3:42

**Australian CD and cassette single**
# "She Talks to Angels" (edit)
# "She Talks to Angels" (acoustic version)

## References
Brendan Nelson

**Brendan John Nelson** is an Australian former politician. He served as the 30th Leader of the Opposition and the 11th Leader of the Liberal Party from 2007 until 2008.

## References
Mark Latham

**Mark William Latham** is an Australian politician. He is currently serving as an independent member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. He was previously the federal Leader of the Opposition and the federal Leader of the Labor Party from 2003 until 2005. After leaving the Labor Party, he then joined the Liberal Democrats before joining Pauline Hanson's One Nation as the party's leader in New South Wales. He was elected to the Legislative Council as a member of One Nation in 2019 and again in 2023, before he left One Nation in the same year.

## References
Biafra

**Biafra,** officially called the **Republic of Biafra**, was a break-away state in West Africa. It was created on 30 May 1967 by the Eastern Region governor Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu. It claimed the land of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. The country was mainly populated by the Igbo people.

Biafra was officially recognised by Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania and Zambia.Biafra was also *de facto* recognised by France, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Israel, Rhodesia, South Africa and the Vatican City.

Biafra also had aid from non-state actors, including Joint Church Aid, foreign mercenaries and the Holy Ghost Fathers of Ireland.

The United States government under president Lyndon B. Johnson was officially neutral during the war. There was strong public support for Biafra in the US. American activists founded the American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive to spread propaganda. United States president Richard Nixon was supportive of the Biafran cause. Before he won the 1968 presidential election he accused Nigeria of committing genocide against the Biafrans. He also called for the United States to intervene in the war on the side of Biafra. His efforts failed because of the demands of the ongoing Vietnam War. After two-and-a-half years of war with Nigeria, during which almost two million Biafran civilians (three-quarters of them being smaller children) died from starvation caused by the Nigerian blockade of the region.
 during the Nigerian blockade]]

## Economy 
An early body created by the Biafran government was the Bank of Biafra, made under "Decree No. 3 of 1967".  The bank carried out all central banking functions including the management of foreign exchange and the management of Biafra's public debt. A second degree, "Decree No. 4 of 1967", changed the Banking Act of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the Republic of Biafra.

The bank was originally in Enugu but because of the Nigerian Civil War it had to be moved multiple times.  Biafra tried to finance the war through foreign exchange. This effort increased when Nigeria said that its currency wouldn't be legal tender (to make way for a new currency).

## References
Tasmanian Legislative Council

The **Tasmanian Legislative Council** is the upper house of the Parliament of Tasmania.

## Electoral divisions
## Notes
## References
Alexander Downer

**Alexander John Gosse Downer** is an Australian former politician and diplomat. He served as the Leader of the Opposition and the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1994 until 1995, then later as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1996 until 2007 under John Howard.

## References
John Hewson

**John Hewson** is an Australian former politician. He was the Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Liberal Party from 1990 until 1994.

## References
Arthur Calwell

**Arthur Augustus Calwell** was an Australian politician. He was the Leader of the Opposition and the Leader of the Labor Party from 1960 until 1967.

## References
H. V. Evatt

**Herbert Vere Evatt** was an Australian politician. He was the 15th Leader of the Opposition and the 9th Leader of the Labor Party from 1951 until 1960.

## References
John Latham (judge)

**Sir John Greig Latham** was an Australian politician, judge and lawyer. He was the Leader of the Opposition and the final leader of the Nationalist Party from 1929 until 1931.

## References
Simon Crean

**Simon Findlay Crean** was an Australian politician and trade unionist. He was the Leader of the Opposition and the Leader of the Labor Party from 2001 until 2003.

## References
French Hospital Federation

The **French Hospital Federation** (Fédération hospitalière de France) is a non-profit association started in 1924. Almost all the  public sector health and social care institutions, about 2000, are members. This includes about 1000 hospitals and about 1000 retirement homes and independent specialized shelters.   It promotes these organisations, represents them, and supports them. 

It has representatives at many official bodies.

## References
Rhacophorus poecilonotus

The **Sumatra flying frog** (*Rhacophorus poecilonotus*) is a frog.  It lives in Sumatra in Indonesia.

## References
Salute of the Sublime State of Iran

**Salute of the Sublime State of Persia** (Persian: سلامتی دولت علیهٔ ایران, ''Salāmati-ye Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Irān'') was a national anthem of Persia from 1909 to 1933. The lyrics author is unknown, the melody was composed by Gholam-Reza Minbashian. The anthem was adopted on July 9, 1909 and was replaced in 1933 with "Iranian Imperial anthem".

## Lyrics 
## References
United Plankton Pictures

**United Plankton Pictures** is an American production company founded by Stephen Hillenburg, which makes SpongeBob SquarePants. They have made other projects over the years, including The Patrick Star Show, and more.
Makeful

**Makeful** is a Canadian pay television channel owned by Blue Ant Media.

The channel launched on March 5, 2005, as **BiteTV**. It generally aired short form programming in the genre of reality.
Unison (trade union)

**Unison** (stylised as **UNISON**) is the largest trade union in the United Kingdom.  Most of its members work in public services, including local government, education, health and outsourced services.  The union started in 1993 when three public sector trade unions, the National and Local Government Officers Association, the National Union of Public Employees  and the Confederation of Health Service Employees joined  together.  

It had about 1.2 million members in 2022.

## References
National Education Union

The **National Education Union** (**NEU**) is a trade union in the United Kingdom for school teachers, further education lecturers, education support staff and teaching assistants. It was formed by the amalgamation of the National Union of Teachers and the Association of Teachers and Lecturers in 2017. With 510,000 members, it is the largest education union in the UK and Europe.

## References
Saturday in the Park (song)

"**Saturday in the Park**" is a 1972 song by Chicago. It was taken from their fourth studio album *Chicago V* and went to number 3 in the United States, number 2 in Canada and number 43 in Australia. It did not chart in the United Kingdom and New Zealand.

## References
Hornbeam

**Hornbeams** are hardwood trees. They are in the plant genus ***Carpinus*** in the family Betulaceae. They occur in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.

The American hornbeam is sometimes known as blue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood.

The botanical name for the genus, *Carpinus*, is the original Latin name for the European species. The fossil record of the genus goes back to the early Eocene of northwestern North America. The species *Carpinus perryae* is known from fossil fruits found in the Klondike Mountain Formation of Republic, Washington.

## References
War in Iraq (2013–2017)

The **War in Iraq** was an armed conflict between Iraq and its allies and the Islamic State (also known as ISIS or ISIL). This began in December 2013 and ended in December 2017.

## References
Electoral district of McConnel

**McConnel** is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 2017.

McConnel is in the Brisbane CBD.

## Election results
## References
Electoral district of Redlands

**Redlands** is an electoral district of Queensland. It was created in 1972.

Redlands is in Brisbane.

## Election results
## References
Rhacophorus calcadensis

The **Langbian flying frog** or **Kalakkad tree frog** (*Rhacophorus calcadensis*) is a frog.  It lives in India. People have seen between 200 and 1400 meters above sea level.

## References
Action League Now!

***Action League Now!*** is a series of stop-motion animated shorts that aired as part of both *All That* and *KaBlam!*. It aired on Nickelodeon from October 14, 1995 to February 10, 2002.

## Other websites
*
Indian Super League

The **Indian Super League** (ISL) is a football league for men in India. It is run by the All India Football Federation (AIFF) and Football Sports Development Limited (FSDL). There are 12 teams in the league.

## Current clubs
The following 12 clubs will be participating in the **2023–24 Indian Super League**.

## References
Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)

**Leader of the Opposition** is a title held by the leader of the second-largest party in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. There is also a **Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Council**.

The current Leader of the Opposition is Kellie Sloane of the Liberal Party.

## References
Leader of the Opposition (Queensland)

The **Leader of the Opposition** is a title held by the leader of the second-largest party in the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

The current Leader of the Opposition is Steven Miles of the Labor Party (ALP).
Leader of the Opposition (Tasmania)

The **Leader of the Opposition** is a title given to the leader of the second-largest party in the Tasmanian House of Assembly.

The current Leader of the Opposition is Josh Willie of the Labor Party.
David Miller

**David Andrew Miller** (born **June 10, 1989, in Pietermaritzburg, Natal**)'''''' is a South African professional cricketer who plays as a left-handed middle-order batter and occasional right-arm off-break bowler.

He holds several significant records in international cricket. He was part of the highest partnership for the fifth wicket in ODIs - a 256 stand* with JP Duminy in the 2015 World Cup.

## References 
## Other websites
Leader of the Opposition (Australian Capital Territory)

The **Leader of the Opposition** is the title given to the leader of the second-largest party in the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly.

The current Leader of the Opposition is Mark Parton of the Liberal Party.
Mahedi Hasan

**Mahedi Hasan** (born 12 December 1994) is a cricketer from Bangladesh. He play for Khulna Division and the Bangladesh national cricket team. He was born on December 12, 1994.

## References 
## Other websites
Hasan Mahmud

**Hasan Mahmud** is a cricketer from Bangladesh. Hasan plays for the Bangladesh national cricket team. He was born on October 12, 1999.

## References 
## Other websites
David Willey

**David Jonathan Willey** is a cricketer from England. He played for the England team. He was born on February 28, 1990.

## References 
## Other websites
Mark Speakman

**Mark Raymond Speakman** is an Australian politician. He has served as the Leader of the Opposition in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and as the leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party since 2023. He has been the member for Cronulla since 2011.

## References
John Pesutto

**John Pesutto** is an Australian politician. He has served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Victorian Legislative Assembly and as the leader of the Victorian Liberal Party since 2022. He served as the member for Hawthorn from 2014 until 2018, before being re-elected in 2022.

## References
David Crisafulli

**David Frank Crisafulli** (; born 14 April 1979) is an Australian politician who is currently serving as the 41st Premier of Queensland. He has served as the leader of the Liberal National Party (LNP) since 2020. He was the member for Mundingburra from 2012 until 2015, before being elected to the seat of Broadwater in 2017. He became Premier by winning the 2024 state election as Opposition Leader.
The Riverboat Song

"**The Riverboat Song**" is a 1996 song by British band Ocean Colour Scene. It was taken from their second studio album *Moseley Shoals*. It went to number 15 in the United Kingdom, number 13 in Scotland and number 37 in New Zealand where it was a moderate hit single there.

## Track listings
**UK CD single**
# "The Riverboat Song"
# "So Sad"
# "Charlie Brown Says"

**UK 7-inch and cassette single**
# "The Riverboat Song"
# "So Sad"

## References
Shane Love

**Ronald Shane Love** (born 30 August 1961) is an Australian politician. He has served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly and as the leader of the Western Australian National Party since 2023. He has been the member for Moore since 2013.

## References
Barnestorming

***Barnestorming*** or ***Barnestorming Live*** is the first live album by Australian singer Jimmy Barnes. It was released in November 1988 through Mushroom Records. It topped the album charts in both Australia and New Zealand.

## Track listing 
# "Driving Wheels" (Jimmy Barnes, Jonathan Cain, David Roberts)
# "Good Times" (Harry Vanda, George Young)
# "Too Much Ain't Enough Love" (Barnes, Cain, Tony Brock, Neal Schon, Randy Jackson)
# "Lessons in Love" (Barnes, Jim Vallance, Jeff Neill, Cain)
# "Working Class Man" (Cain)
# "Waitin' for the Heartache" (Barnes, Desmond Child) 
# "Do or Die" (Barnes, Cain)
# "When a Man Loves a Woman" (Calvin Lewis, Andrew Wright) 
# "Last Frontier" (Barnes, Cain)
# "Seven Days" (Bob Dylan)
# "Temptation" (Barnes)
# "No Second Prize" (Barnes)
# "Walk On" (Child, Joe Lynn Turner)
# "Rising Sun" (Barnes)
# "Without Your Love" (Barnes, Tony Carey) 
# "Paradise" (Barnes)

## References
National Assistance Act 1948

The **National Assistance Act 1948** is an Act of Parliament passed in the United Kingdom by the Labour government of Clement Attlee. It abolished the Poor Law system that had been since the reign of Elizabeth I.  It set up the National Assistance scheme for people who were not covered by National Insurance. 

There was more money for poor people.  Most people had all their rent paid.

The National Assistance Board made rules about resources and requirements but they were not public. Claimants still did not have rights. The means test did not include the pay of sons and daughters. People over pension age were paid more.

Northern Ireland had a seperate National Assistance Board.

From 1966 there was Supplementary Benefit.

## References
Volodymyr Anatoliyovych Yezhov

**Volodymyr Anatoliyovych Yezhov** (*known by the nickname* "**Fresh**"; August 1, 1984, Lubny&nbsp;— December 22, 2022, Bakhmut)&nbsp;— Ukrainian video game developer, game designer, one of the developers of the game STALKER. Participant of the defense of Ukraine against the Russian invasion.

## Biography 
Graduated from NTUU «KPI» with a major in «automated control systems».

Volodymyr Yezhov worked as a game designer at GSC Game World. He participated in the creation of such games as STALKER, Clear Sky, «Cossacks», World of Battles: Morningstar, Call of Cthulhu and Sherlock Holmes: Devil's Daughter. In STALKER Yezhov made for the character of Loki his own face. On December 27, 2022, Yezhov's farewell was held in the Volodymyr Cathedral with the participation of a military guard, which was attended by many people. Buried at the Forest Cemetery.

## References
Anrich Nortje

**Anrich Arno Nortje** is a cricketer from South Africa. Anrich plays for the South Africa national cricket team. His debut test match was against India at Pune, in October 10-13, 2019.

He was born on November 16, 1993.

## References 
## Other websites