open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gastón Guzmán

**Gastón Guzmán** (August 26, 1932 &ndash; January 12, 2016) was a Mexican mycologist and anthropologist. He was an authority on the genus *Psilocybe*. He was born in Xalapa, Veracruz. 

## Career
Guzmán began his career in 1955. During his early field work, he found many species which was little known at the time. This inspired him to choose fungi as the topic of his professional thesis. He was the co-founder and former president of the Mexican Mycological Society (1965), he was also president of the Latin American Mycological Association (2000–2002). He retired in 2010.

## Death
Guzmán died of a heart attack in Guadalajara, Mexico on January 12, 2016 at the age of 83. He is survived by his daughter, Laura Guzmán Dávalos, who is also a mycologist.

## More reading
*

## References
Kiwi Travel International Airlines

**Kiwi Travel International Airlines** was a discount airline from New Zealand. It flew both scheduled (planned) and s (irregular/unplanned) flights from New Zealand to Australia, Samoa and Tonga. The airline ed airplanes from many different companies.At different times, it flew Boeing 727, Boeing 737, Boeing 757 and Airbus A320 airplanes. The airline was among one of the first low-cost carriers. In December 1995, Air New Zealand started Freedom Air. It was another discount airline intended to  with Kiwi. In September 1996, Kiwi Travel stopped flying due to the intense  from Freedom Air. Ewan Wilson, the former CEO of Kiwi Travel International, is involved with starting a new airline, Kiwi Regional Airlines.

## References
Qaisra Shahraz

**Qaisra Shahraz**  (born 1959) is a British-Pakistani novelist and scriptwriter, college inspector, teacher and freelance journalist.

## References
Bano Qudsia

**Bano Qudsia** (28 November 1928 &ndash;  4 February 2017) is a Pakistani writer. She wrote mostly in Urdu. Her most famous novel was *Raja Gidh* (published in 1981). She wrote more than forty novels and plays. She was born in Firozpur, Punjab, India.

Qudsia died on 4 February 2017 in Lahore at the age of 88.

## References
Musa (genus)

***Musa*** is one of two or three genera in the family Musaceae; it includes bananas and plantains. Around 70 species of *Musa* are known, with a broad variety of uses.

Many bananas and plantains grow as high as trees, but they are not woody. Their apparent "stem" is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks. For this reason, they are technically gigantic herbs.

*Musa* species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth and other *Hypercompe* species, including *H.&nbsp;albescens* (only recorded on *Musa*), *H.&nbsp;eridanus*, and *H.&nbsp;icasia*.

## References
Breakwater

]]
]]
s]]
**Breakwaters** are structures built to protect structures along a coastline against the impact of waves. They reduce the intensity of waves, and lessen the amount of erosion.
Oleksandr Shevchenko

**Oleksandr Oksentiyovych Shevchenko** (; 26 June 1937 &ndash; 15 January 2016) was a Ukrainian scientist, judge, politician, and teacher. He was the deputy of the Svoboda party from 2012 to 2014. He was later a member of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc until 15 September 2015. He supported the right to bear arms and was against the death penalty. He was born in Simferopol Raion, Crimea, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.

Shevchenko died on 15 January 2016 at the age of 78.

## References
Manuel Velázquez

**Manuel Velázquez Villaverde** (24 January 1943 &ndash; 15 January 2016) was a Spanish footballer. He played as a striker. He played for Plus Ultra, Rayo Vallecano, Málaga, Real Madrid, and Toronto Metros-Croatia. He also played for the Spain national football team. He was born in Madrid.

Velázquez died on 15 January 2016 in Madrid, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*
P. J. Mara

**Patrick James "P. J." Mara** (1942 &ndash; 15 January 2016) was an Irish public affairs consultant and former senator. He was best known as a political adviser to former Taoiseach Charles Haughey. He served briefly in the Seanad on two separate occasions, in 1981 and 1982. He was nominated by the Taoiseach Charles Haughey. 

Mara served as Press Secretary to Fianna Fáil between 1983 and 1987. In 1987 he was appointed Government Press Secretary, and he held this position until February 1992, when he left the public service to move into the private sector. He later returned to serve as Fianna Fáil director of elections for the  1997, 2002, and 2007 general elections.

He was regularly lampooned on the satirical RTÉ radio sketch show *Scrap Saturday*, which ran from 1989 to 1991.

Mara died on 15 January 2016 at a hospital after a long-illness in Dublin, Ireland at the age of 73. 

## References
Lycra

and a shirt made of lycra.]]

**Lycra** is a type of synthetic fabric that is very elastic. It is also called **Spandex** or **elastane**. The name "spandex" is an anagram of the word "expands".

Lycra was invented in 1958 , United States. It was invented by Joseph Shivers, a chemist. It is made from a combination of polyester and polyurethane.

Because of its elasticity and strength, lycra is often used to make clothing. It is commonly mixed with cotton to make things like tights, bras and underwear. Lycra is especially common in sports clothing, such as wrestling singlets. It is also often used to make swimsuits and wetsuits, because lycra dries more quickly than many other fabrics.

## References
## Other websites
Superphylum

A **superphylum** is an unofficial grade in taxonomy, above the phylum and below the subregnum, used to describe a group of phyla which probably evolved from a common ancestor.

It is used especially in the animal kingdom. Examples:

*Ecdysozoa
*Lophotrochozoa
*Radiata
*Deuterostomia
*Bilateria
* Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae (PVC)

## Notes
Chinese name

**Chinese names** () are names for people in Chinese languages. They are mostly used by Chinese people, but some Korean people and Vietnamese people also use forms of Chinese names.

Modern Chinese names are made up of a surname and a personal name. The surname (*xìng* ) appears first. It is usually only one syllable. The personal name (*míng* ) appears second. It is nearly always either one or two syllables. When written, each syllable is written with one character. So a person's name will usually be written with two or three characters. For example, Wei () of the Zhang () family – currently China's most common single name – is called "Zhang Wei" and written as .

Before the 20th century, educated Chinese people also used a "courtesy name" or "style name" (*zì* ). This is the name by which they were known among those outside of their family and friends.
Lennie Bluett

**Lennie Bluett** (January 21, 1919 &ndash; January 1, 2016), was an American actor, pianist, dancer and singer. He was born in Los Angeles, California. Bluett played a soldier in *Gone With the Wind* in 1939. He also appeared in *Mighty Joe Young* and in *A Star Is Born*.

Bluett died on January 1, 2016 in Los Angeles at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Conrad Phillips

**Conrad Phillips** (born **Conrad Philip Havord**; 13 April 1925 &ndash; 13 January 2016) was a British movie and television actor. He was born in London, England. He was known for playing William Tell in *The Adventures of William Tell* and for guest-star role as Mr. Lloyd in *Fawlty Towers*.

Phillips died in Chippenham, Wiltshire from complications of pneumonia at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
**Aiming True - The Autobiography of Conrad Phillips* 
*Screen Heaven: *William Tell* 
*Screenonline: *William Tell*
**Dateline Diamonds*
**Skeoch - Our New Life On A Scottish Hill Farm*
Alaric I

**Alaric I**, also **Alaricus**, (reigned 394–410 AD) was a leader of the Visigoths. He is  as the Gothic leader who sacked the city of Rome in 410 AD.  Very little about his family is known. As a young man he received much of his military training in the Roman army. He next appears as a war leader of Gothic forces fighting along with Roman troops at the Battle of the Frigidus in 394.

In January 395, Emperor Theodosius I died dividing his empire between his two sons. Alaric revolted and as the leader of the Visigoths he attacked parts of the Eastern Roman Empire. He later attacked the Western Roman Empire. In 408 he attempted to attack Rome but was bribed to leave. He returned two years later and ed and occupied the city. He died in 411.

## Life 
Alaric was born on an island on the delta of the Danube River. He was a member of the noble Balti dynasty of Visigoths. He was first mentioned in 394 AD as a commander under the Roman Emperor Theodosius I in his war against Eugenius. Alaric rebelled against Emperor Arcadius in 395 and invaded Greece. When he came to the walls of Athens, the city paid a heavy ransom and so he left them unharmed. He then defeated Corinth, Argos and Sparta.

Zosimus the historian wrote the only known account of the last negotiations before Rome was sacked:

On August 24, 410 AD, Rome's city gates were opened by slaves. Alaric's Visigoths began three days of murdering and plundering. However, according to Augustine of Hippo their fury was bridled for the Christians of the city: "their furious rage for slaughter was bridled, and their eagerness to take prisoners was quenched. Thus escaped multitudes who now reproach the Christian religion, and impute to Christ the ills that have befallen their city; but the preservation of their own lives — a boon which they owe to the respect entertained for Christ by the barbarians". They damaged buildings and stole from tombs of former emperors. Howeverm he died soon after Rome fell in 410 AD. Ataulf succeeded Alaric as king and took his army into Gaul.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Alaric - The Fall of Rome - with Rome total war
* Alaric leader of the Visigoths
Eddie Robinson (baseball)

**William Edward Robinson** (December 15, 1920 &ndash; October 4, 2021) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman, scout, coach and front office executive of the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. He was the author of an autobiography, published in 2011, *Lucky Me: My Sixty-five Years in Baseball*. He studied at Pairs Junior College. His career began in September 1942.

Robinson died on October 4, 2021 in Bastrop, Texas at the age of 100.

## References
## Other websites
*Baseball Almanac
George Carroll (judge)

**George Carroll** (January 6, 1922 – January 14, 2016) was an American lawyer. He was an important civic figure in Contra Costa County, California and the city of Richmond. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

He was the first black lawyer in Richmond, California. In 1961 Carroll became the first African American elected to the city council (1961–1964) and later became the first black mayor of Richmond (1964–1965)

## References
XTRA Airways

**Avelo Airlines** is a ultra low-cost carrier from the United States. It began in 1987. It was first known as "Casino Express Airlines" and provided a few flights per week. In 2005, it was renamed "XTRA Airways" and started flying only for hire. The airline's headquarters was in Coral Gables, Florida. In 2016, XTRA had 9 airplanes.

In 2021, XTRA announced it had rebranded to AVELO Airlines and started flying public flights once again. The rebranded airline used a low-cost business model.

## Gallery

File:N456TM B737-2H4 Casino Express MIA 29MAY94 (6158491534).jpg|A Casino Express Boeing 737-200 before the name change.
File:Boeing 737-400 (Xtra Airways) (483030167).jpg|A Boeing 737-400 of XTRA Airways about to land.
File:Boeing 737-400 (Xtra Airways) at MSP (2819751476).jpg|Another XTRA Airways Boeing 737-400. This airplane is in the "Direct Air" paint-job. This is because XTRA Airways often lends its airplanes to other companies, including Direct Air.
File:Avelo Airlines B737-800 (N803XT) @ BUR, May 2021.jpg|A Avelo Airlines Boeing 737-800

## References
Googleplex

**Googleplex** is the head office of Google, Inc. The office is located at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California, United States, near San Jose. Its name is based off of the number Googolplex.

The original complex has 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of office space. It is the company's second largest building. The Bay View addition to the building was added in 2015. This made it part of the biggest collection of Google buildings. It has 3,100,000 square feet (290,000 m2) of space.

## Facilities and history 
### Original campus 
#### SGI Campus 
The place was owned by Silicon Graphics in the past. The office space and corporate campus is in a bigger 26-acre (110,000 m2) site. The place also includes Charleston Park and better connection to Permanente Creek, as well as roads that connect to Shoreline Park and the Bay Trail. The project was started in 1994. It was built on the site of one of the working farms in the area.The city owned it at the time.

#### Google Campus 
Google got the facilities in early 2003. Clive Wilkinson Architects redesigned the inside in 2005. Google bought some of Silicon Graphics' properties in June 2006 for $319 million.

The buildings are not tall, but the complex covers a large area of land. The inside of the headquarters has items like shade lamps and giant rubber balls for decoration. The lobby has a piano and a projection of current live Google searches. There are also facilities like free laundry rooms, two small swimming pools, volleyball courts, and eighteen cafeterias with different menus. Google has also put in models of SpaceShipOne and a dinosaur skeleton.

Since 2007 the place has a set of solar panels covering the roofs of eight buildings and two solar carports. These can produce 1.6 megawatts of electricity. 30% of the peak electricity demand comes from the panels in their solar-powered buildings.

### Bay view addition 
In 2013 construction started on a new 1.1 million square foot headquarters campus called "Bay View". This was next to the original campus on  leased from NASA. The estimated cost of the project is $120 million with a target opening date of 2015.

NBBJ is the architect of the addition. This is also the first time Google has designed its own buildings.

The addition is close to northeast corner of the complex. Google tried to get permission from the city to build bridges over Stevens Creek before announcing its construction. Google's 2012 year-end annual report says that it can expand only  of the  site.

## In popular culture
The Googleplex was featured in the 2013 film *The Internship*, with the Georgia Tech campus standing in as a double. It was also the inspiration for the fictional Hooli headquarters in the HBO TV series *Silicon Valley*.

## References
Dickin Medal

The **PDSA Dickin Medal** is an award for animals.  It was created in the United Kingdom, by Maria Dickin, in 1943.  At first, the award's goal was to honor the work of animals during World War II.

Maria Dickin was the creator of the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA), a British veterinary charity.  She created the award for any animal who showed "conspicuous gallantry [obvious bravery]" and devotion to its job while serving with the United Kingdom's armed forces or their allies.  The Medal was awarded 54 times between 1943 and 1949 – to 32 pigeons, 18 dogs, three horses, and one cat.

The PDSA started awarding the Dickin Medal again in 2000.  In that year, they honored a Newfoundland dog named Gander.  The award was given posthumously - after Gander's death.  During the Battle of Hong Kong in World War II, Gander had saved the lives of Canadian soldiers.

In early 2002, three dogs were awarded the Dickin Medal for their work in responding to the September 11 attacks.  The PDSA also awarded the Medal to two dogs serving with the British military in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Iraq. 

In December 2007, 12 animals who had received the Dickin Medal and were buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery in Ilford, Essex, were given full military honors.  This marked the end of a project to restore the cemetery, which was aided by the United Kingdom's National Lottery.

The first recipients of the Medal, in December 1943, were three pigeons.  Serving with the Royal Air Force, all three helped make it possible to rescue air crew from ditched planes during the Second World War.  Because of this special ability, homing pigeons have often been used in wars to carry messages.  For example, air force flyers could carry homing pigeons in their planes.  If a plane started to crash, the airmen could throw the pigeon out of the plane with a message attached to its leg saying where the plane was crashing.  The pigeon would find its way back "home" - to a military base - where the message would tell the military where to look for their stranded pilots.

The United Kingdom used about 250,000 homing pigeons in World War II.  Of these, 32 were awarded the Dickin Medal for carrying messages that helped save lives:

### Horses
Horses have been used in wars for over 5,000 years.  By World War II, they were usually not used in battle.  However, they were used for scout units, and also to carry soldiers and supplies.

### Dogs
.]]

### Cat
''See also: Famous Ship's Cats: Simon''

## Related pages
* Homing pigeon
* Police dog
* Ship's cat

## References
Thomas Newcomen

**Thomas Newcomen** (February 1664 &ndash; 5 August 1729) was an English inventor. He made the first practical steam engine for pumping water, the **Newcomen steam engine**.

Newcomen was an ironmonger and a Baptist lay preacher.  He was born in Dartmouth, Devon, England, to a merchant family and baptised at St. Saviour's Church on 24 February 1664.

Flooding in coal and tin mines was a large problem. Newcomen was trying to improve ways to pump out the water from the mines. His ironmonger's business specialised in tools for the mining industry.

His first engine was not very efficient, and used a lot of coal. The Watt steam engine, was much more fuel efficient. Watt and his partner Matthew Boulton got substantial royalties because their machines saved so much on fuel bills.

## Surviving Newcomen engines
There are examples of Newcomen engines in the Science Museum (London) and the Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan.

Perhaps the last Newcomen-style engine to be used commercially – and the last still on its original site – is at the Elsecar Heritage Centre, near Barnsley in South Yorkshire. Newcomen engines that can be seen working are the Newcomen Memorial Engine at Dartmouth and the replica engine at the Black Country Museum in Dudley, West Midlands.

## References
Rajesh Vivek

**Rajesh Vivek Upadhyay** (31 January 1949 &ndash; 14 January 2016) was an Indian actor. He was best known for his roles in *Lagaan*, *Swades*, *Mahabharat*, *Mujhse Shaadi Karogi*, *Bharat Ek Khoj*, ''What's Your Raashee?* and *Bunty Aur Babli''. He was born in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Vivek died from heart attack on 14 January 2016 in Hyderabad, Telangana. He was 66.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Mel Tillis

**Lonnie Melvin "Mel" Tillis** (August 8, 1932 &ndash; November 19, 2017) was an American country music singer and songwriter. He recorded songs since the late 1950s. His biggest success occurred in the 1970s, with a long list of Top 10 hits. His biggest hits include "I Ain't Never", "Good Woman Blues", and "Coca-Cola Cowboy". 

## Awards and recognitions 
On February 13, 2012, President Barack Obama awarded Tillis the National Medal of Arts for his contributions to country music. He also has won the CMA Awards' most coveted award, Entertainer of the Year. He was also known for his stutter, which does not affect his singing voice. His daughter is country music singer Pam Tillis.

Tillis died on November 19, 2017 of respiratory failure complicated by sepsis in Ocala, Florida at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Mel Tillis at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
Bloons Tower Defense

***Bloons Tower Defense*** (also known as ***Bloons TD*** or ***BTD***) are a series of tower-defense games that were created by Ninja Kiwi. The focus of the games is to use towers to defeat an enemy called Bloons to progress through the game. As you play the game, the Bloons become more difficult to defeat. Players are able to upgrade their towers to help defeat stronger enemies. Bloons can come with power ups, such as camouflage and regeneration. Most of the Tower Defense games can be played on computers and mobile/tablets.

## Main Entries 
Bloons TD 1 began in 2007. In every new entry of the main Bloons series, there are many new game mechanics.

Some games are spinoffs of the original series. For example, Bloons TD Battles is a multiplayer game where players send Bloons to defeat the opponent. Bloons Monkey City is a city builder game.

## Pricing 
On mobile, all of the Bloons Tower Defense Games (except Bloons Monkey City and Bloons TD 3, which are free on the App Store) cost $2.99 to play and download. A free game is also on their website. Some of the Bloons games have  versions, such as Bloons TD or Bloons TD 4, which are free to play, but have limitations.

## Bloons 
The enemies of the series are "Bloons". (The trademarked word Bloons is a spinoff of the word "*balloons*".) Once the Bloons come, a monkey will have to be placed to pop them. These monkeys pop the bloons. Red Bloons release no "children". B.A.Ds also have no "parents". Children & parents are terms determining what Bloons release when pop (children) and what Bloon releases that Bloon (parents). For example, the child of a Blue Bloon is a Red Bloon, and the parent of a Blue Bloon is a Green Bloon.

## Towers 
In Bloons, there are a lot of towers. There are many kinds of towers. Most are monkeys, and some are machines. All towers can be upgraded to improve their performance and abilities. 

## Bloons Tower Defense Games 
* Bloons Adventure Time TD
* Bloons Monkey City Flash
* Bloons Monkey City Mobile
* Bloons TD (DSi ware)
* Bloons TD 1
* Bloons TD 2
* Bloons TD 3
* Bloons TD 4
* Bloons TD 4 (DSi)
* Bloons TD 4 Expansion
* Bloons TD 4 HD Lite
* Bloons TD 4 Mobile
* Bloons TD 5
* Bloons TD 5 Console
* Bloons TD 5 Deluxe
* Bloons TD 5 Flash
* Bloons TD 5 Mac
* Bloons TD 5 Mobile
* Bloons TD 5 Steam
* Bloons TD 6
* Bloons TD 6+
* Bloons TD Battles 2
* Bloons TD Battles Flash
* Bloons TD Battles Mobile
* Bloons TD Battles Steam
* Bloons TD Mobile
* Bloons Tower Defense
* Bloons Tower Defense (PSN)
* Bloons Tower Defense 2
* Bloons Tower Defense 3
* Bloons Tower Defense 5 HD

## Popularity 
The Bloons Tower Defense series has been a top seller on the Apple app store. Bloons TD 4 reached No. 6 on Apple's list of top paid iPhone and iPad games in 2010. Bloons TD 5 was able to reach No. 8 on Apple's list of top paid iPhone app downloads in 2013.

## References
William Craig (philosopher)

**William Craig** (November 13, 1918 &ndash; January 13, 2016) was an German-born American professor of Philosophy at University of California, Berkeley. His interests included mathematical logic, and philosophy of science. He was mostly known for the Craig interpolation theorem. Craig received his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1951.

Craig died in Berkeley, California at the age of 97.

## References
Abbey Simon

**Abbey Simon** (January 8, 1922 &ndash; December 18, 2019) was an American concert pianist, teacher, and recording artist. He was a student of Josef Hofmann at the Curtis Institute of Music. He was the winner of the Naumburg International Piano Competition in 1940.  He was called a "supervirtuoso" by the New York Times.

Simon was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His career began in 1940. Simon died in Geneva on December 18, 2019 at the age of 99.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website 
* Moores School of Music Faculty Profile: Abbey Simon
* Yamaha Artists: Abbey Simon
* A Chat with Piano Legend Abbey Simon  by Mike Emery, *The Houston Chronicle*, January 31, 2014
* Interview with Abbey Simon by Bruce Duffie, February 19, 1988
* Abbey Simon dedicated photo 1965, from first of two acclaimed tours of Southern Africa.http://classicalmusicianstoza.blogspot.ca/2014/06/abbey-simon-american-pianist.html
TAP Portugal

**TAP Portugal** is the flag carrier airline of Portugal. Its headquarters and hub are at Lisbon Portela Airport. TAP operates about 2,000 flights a week to 88 destinations in 38 countries worldwide.

## History
TAP Portugal was founded on March 14, 1945. It began flying on September 19, 1945.  It's first flight was from Lisbon to Madrid.  The one-millionth passenger flew on TAP on 19 June 1964, 18 years after the airline began operations. In 1969, TAP began flying New York City. Boston was added to the New York service in 1970. TAP bought Boeing 747 airplanes during the 1970s. In 1975, TAP was nationalized, becoming a state-owned corporation (Empresa Pública) and changing its name to TAP Air Portugal in March 1979. TAP became a member of Star Alliance in 2005. 

## References
## Gallery 

File:TAP Air Portugal A320neo (CS-TVB).jpg|An Airbus A320neo 
File:Tap.a330-200.cs-toe.arp.jpg|An Airbus A330
File:CS-TOA Airbus A340 TAP Air Portugal (7378446552).jpg|An Airbus A340
File:TAP Air Portugal Boeing 747-200 Aragao.jpg|A Boeing 747
File:TAP Air Portugal Boeing 727-282-Adv CS-TBS (23959706172).jpg|A Boeing 727
Jean-Noël Rey

**Jean-Noël Rey** (23 December 1949 &ndash; 16 January 2016) was a Swiss socialist politician. He was the Secretary of the Socialist Group of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland. He was a member of the National Council of Switzerland between 2003 and 2007. He was also the CEO of the national postal service Swiss Post.

Rey was born in Sierre. He was married twice and had two children.

Rey was shot and killed by terrorists on 16 January 2016 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. He was 66.

## References
Francisco X. Alarcón

**Francisco Xavier Alarcón** (February 21, 1954 &ndash; January 15, 2016) was an American poet and educator. He was awarded the American Book Award for *Snake Poems* in 1993. He taught at University of California, Davis. He published over twenty works of poetry between 1985 and 2010. He wrote poetry in English, Spanish and Nahuatl. His works were often translated into other languages including Gaelic and Swedish.

## Biography 
Alarcón was born in Wilmington, Los Angeles, California.  He grew up in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. He studied at Stanford University and California State University, Long Beach. He was openly gay.

Alarcón died from cancer on January 15, 2016 in Davis, California, aged 61.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Carina Jaarnek

**Eva Carina Kvistborg Jaarnek** (26 December 1962 &ndash; 16 January 2016), better known as **Carina Jaarnek**, was a Swedish singer. She was a member of several dansbands during the 1970s and 1980s, most notably Carina Jaarneks orkester. She recorded many songs with Elvis Presley artists.

Jaarnek was born in Säbrå, Ångermanland. She was married to her manager Niels Kvist Borg and had two daughters. Her sister, Towe, is also a singer.

Jarrnek died from a brain haemorrhage on 16 January 2016 in Stockholm, aged 53.

## References
Lawrence H. Cohn

**Lawrence Harvey Cohn** (March 11, 1937 &ndash; January 9, 2016) was an American heart surgeon, researcher, and medical educator. He was best known for his heart valve repair and replacement surgeries. He was on the surgical staff at Harvard Medical School from 1971 until his death. He was also Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School from 1980 until his death. He was awarded the Chair in Cardiac Surgery at Harvard Medical School in 2000.

Cohn was born in San Francisco, California. His family was Jewish. He was married and had two daughters.

Cohn died from a stroke on January 9, 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was 78.

## References
Noreen Corcoran

* (1961)]]
**Noreen M. Corcoran** (October 20, 1943 &ndash; January 15, 2016) was an American actress, singer and dancer. Her career began in 1951. She was best known for her co-starring role as the teenager Kelly Gregg in the television sitcom *Bachelor Father*. She also appeared in movies such as *Gidget Goes to Rome* and in *The Girls on the Beach''. She retired in 1965.

Corcoran was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. She studied at California State University. Corcoran died in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California from heart and lung disease (cardiopulmonary disease) at the age of 72.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Bachelor Father  at TV.com
Tower defense

ally simple tower defense game.]]

**Tower Defense** is a type of game where players use strategy to place towers to help defeat an enemy. In many tower defense games the player's towers must stop an enemy from invading a base. If the towers cannot stop the enemy, the player loses the game.

## History
The first game that was thought to be a tower defense game was *Rampart* (Atari Games, 1990). Other games started to be used for tower defense by using tools in the games to change them. Those games were ones like *Starcraft* (Blizzard Entertainment, 1998), *Age of Empires II* (Microsoft Games, 1999), and *Warcraft III* (Blizzard Entertainment, 2002). 

Tower defense games were also made by independent developers. The first game made in Flash was *Flash Element Tower Defense* (January 2007). The next game was made shortly after and was called *Desktop Tower Defense* (Handdrawngames, March 2007). Desktop Tower Defense won an award from the Independent Games Festival.

## References
Batch file

A **batch file** is a special kind of computer file that tells a computer a list of instructions to do in order. Batch files were used a lot when DOS was used by many people. They are good for automating many small pieces of work. Some people still use batch files today.

## Hello World example
This is an example of a batch file. It is called a "Hello World" example because it prints the text "Hello World!" to the screen.

```dos
@ECHO off
ECHO Hello World!
PAUSE
```

When that text is put into a file with an extension of *.bat*, saved, and run, it will put this on the screen:

```
Hello World!
Press any key to continue . . .
```
Aldebaran

**Aldebaran** (α Tau, α Tauri, Alpha Tauri) is an orange giant star. It is about 65 light years away in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. With an average apparent magnitude of 0.87 it is the brightest star in the constellation and is one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. 

The diameter of Aldebaran is 61,277,920 km which is 38,076,334 miles. The planetary exploration probe *Pioneer 10* is heading in the general direction of the star. It should make its closest approach in about two million years.
, Bellatrix, Alpha Centauri A, and the Sun.]]
In 1993 a companion body was reported. A paper recently accepted shows evidence for a planetary companion.

Name: The name *Aldebaran* is Arabic ('''** **') and means "the Follower", probably because it rises near and soon after the Pleiades.

## References
Oliver Jeffers

**Oliver Jeffers** (born 1977) is an Australian-born Northern Irish artist, illustrator and writer.

## Life
He graduated from the University of Ulster in 2001. He creates art for children and adult alike.

His picture books, including 'How to catch a star, Lost and found, Stuck have been highly acclaimed.  *This Moose Belongs to Me* won the Irish Book Awards Children's Book of 
the Year, Junior category in 2012.

Originally from Belfast, Jeffers now lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.

List of books Jeffers illustrated:
* The Day the Crayons Quit
* How to Catch a Star
* Lost and Found
* The Way Back Home
* Up and Down
* Oliver Jeffers presents the Incredible Book Eating Boy
* the Great Paper Caper
* The Heart and the Bottle
* Stuck
* This Moose Belongs To Me
* The Hueys in The New Jumper
* The Hueys in It Wasn't Me
* The Hueys in None the Number (A counting Adventure) 
* Once Upon an Alphabet (Short stories For all the Letters)

In 2013, Jeffers illustrated the vinyl record cover for the U2 song "Ordinary Love". It is a drawing of Nelson Mandela. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Oliver Jeffers at British Council: Literature
* Discover author Oliver Jeffers  at publisher HarperCollins
Tau Ceti

**Tau Ceti** (τ Cet, τ Ceti) is a star in the constellation Cetus. It can be seen with the unaided eye as a third-magnitude star.

It has a spectrum similar to the Sun, but is only 78% of the Sun's mass. It is just under 12 light-years from the Solar System, a relatively nearby star. It is the closest solitary G-class star. The star appears stable, and is "metal-deficient" because (like the Sun) it is mostly made of hydrogen and helium.

There is more than ten times as much dust surrounding Tau Ceti as in the Solar System. There are probably five planets orbiting Tau Ceti,  two in the habitable zone. Because of its debris disk, any planet orbiting Tau Ceti would get far more impact events than Earth. Despite this, its Sun-like characteristics have led to widespread interest in the star. Tau Ceti is consistently listed as a target for the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI), and it appears in some science fiction literature.

## Searching 
Project Ozma searched for intelligent life (SETI) by examining selected stars for artificial radio signals. It was run by the astronomer Frank Drake, who selected Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani as the first targets. Both are near the Solar System and are similar to the Sun. No artificial signals were found after 200 hours of observations. Subsequent radio searches of this star system have also turned up negative.

### Planets? 
On December 19, 2012, evidence was presented for a system of five planets orbiting Tau Ceti. The planets' estimated minimum masses are between two and six times the Earth's mass. Their orbital periods range from 14 to 640 days. One of them, Tau Ceti e, appears to orbit about half as far from Tau Ceti as Earth does from the Sun. With Tau Ceti's luminosity of 52% that of the Sun and a distance from the star of 0.552 AU, the planet would receive 1.71 times as much stellar radiation as Earth does. This is slightly less than Venus, which gets 1.91 times Earth's. Some research places it within the star's habitable zone.

## References in Science Fiction 
The Expanse (TV): Destination of the Nauvoo, on a 100 year voyage. The ship is 500m cylinder, 2000m long. It would require a continuous acceleration of 0.05 m/s for 50 years, and an equal deceleration at the halfway point.

The Foundation book series by Isaac Asimov: The home star of the planet Aurora, first planet to be colonized by humans.

The Home System of an alien species known as the Kroth, sometimes called "The Ice Men" in the fiction of John Schettler's Kirov Series and Earthforce Saga.

Project Hail Mary: The destination of the Hail Mary, and the home system of Astrophage.

## References
Celibacy

**Celibacy** is the state of choosing to remain unmarried and/or abstain from sexual activity. This often done often for religious reasons. It is commonly associated with religious figures or followers who take vows to dedicate themselves to their faith. Some people choose celibacy as part of their spiritual practice or religious duties.

In its narrow sense, celibacy refers to a vow or promise made for religious reasons to remain unmarried and abstain from sexual activity. In a broader sense, it simply means not engaging in sexual activity.

Many religions have teachings about celibacy. For example, Hinduism encourages celibacy later in life, while Jainism requires complete celibacy for its monks. Buddhism also promotes celibacy, but views can vary based on cultural differences. In some African and Native American traditions, celibacy has been seen negatively, although there are exceptions like the Mesoamerican warriors who practiced temporary celibacy. 

In Ancient Rome, celibacy was considered unusual, and there were penalties for it, except for the Vestal Virgins, who took vows of chastity to serve the Roman state. In Christianity, celibacy is often a vow made by Catholic priests, monks, and nuns. Some Protestant and Anglican communities also practice celibacy. In contrast, Judaism and Islam generally encourage marriage and family life, although some Jewish and Islamic groups, such as the Essenes, practiced celibacy.  

## References
Blowfly (musician)

, December 2005]]

**Clarence Henry Reid** (February 14, 1939 &ndash; January 17, 2016), better known by the stage name **Blowfly**, was an American musician, singer, comedian, rapper and producer. He released over 25 parody albums as "Blowfly" and another three albums as "Clarence Reid". He also wrote ten songs for Gwen McCrae.

Blowfly was born in Cochran, Georgia. His daughter, Tracy Reid, was a professional basketball player.

Blowfly died from liver cancer on January 17, 2016 in Florida, aged 76.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bob Harkey

.]]

**Bob Harkey** (June 23, 1930 &ndash; January 16, 2016) was an American racecar driver. He was in the USAC Championship Car series. He raced in the 1963–1979 seasons. He had 85 career starts, including the Indianapolis 500 in 1964, 1971 and 1973–1976. He finished in the top ten 23 times. His best finish in 4th position in 1964. He was born in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Harkley died on January 16, 2016 in Indianapolis, Indiana, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
* Bob Harkey profile at Driver Database
Rudolf Haag

**Rudolf Haag** (17 August 1922 &ndash; 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist. He was born in Tübingen, Germany.
## Works
He was best known for his works to the algebraic formulation of axiomatic quantum field theory, namely the Haag-Kastler axioms
, and a central no-go theorem in QFT, Haag's theorem, which demonstrates the nonexistence of a unitary time-evolution operator in the interaction picture.

In 1965 he founded the journal Communications in Mathematical Physics, which he guided as Chief Editor for eight years.

He was awarded the Max Planck medal in 1970 and the Henri Poincaré Prize of the International Association of Mathematical Physics in 1997.

Haag died on 5 January 2016 at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
* A picture of Rudolf Haag at II. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Hamburg University  (Photographer: Ralf D. Tscheuschner, a pupil of Haag)
Bern Herbolsheimer

**Bern Herbolsheimer** (September 2, 1948 &ndash; January 13, 2016) was an American composer and pianist. He was born in Great Falls, Montana. Herbolsheimer served on the music faculty at Cornish College in Seattle. He performed for the National Endowment for the Arts and for the Chamber Music America. He has composed over 500 pieces of work. 

Herbolsheimer died of cancer in Seattle, Washington, aged 67.

## References
Paris School of Business

**Paris School of Business** (formerly the ESG Management School) is a European business school. The school has two locations, one in Paris and one in Rennes, France. It was created in 1974. PSB offers degrees in the fields of economics, social sciences,  , arts and management.

## References
## Other websites 
* PSB Paris School of Business (in English)
Monster Strike

***Monster Strike*** (モンスターストライク: Monsutā Sutoraiku) is a mobile game with elements of RPGs, strategy games and cooperative multiplayer. It is developed by Mixi for the iOS and Android platforms. The game was co-created by Yoshiki Okamoto. In Japan, its name is often shortened to . As of June 30, 2015, the game has daily revenues of $4.2 million. A more traditional RPG of *Monster Strike* was released for the Nintendo 3DS in December 2015.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of *Monster Strike*
Tobacco mosaic virus

The **tobacco mosaic virus** (TMV) was the first virus to be discovered. That is to say, it was the first to be known as a virus.

It is a single stranded RNA virus which infects many plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.  The infection causes "mosaic"-like discolouration on the leaves. Although it was known from the late 19th century that an infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was known to be a virus.

## History
In 1886, Adolf Mayer first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections. 

In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent. He claimed that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through finest filters. 

In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck coined the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature. 

Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized. It was achieved by Wendell Meredith Stanley in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization. The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939. 

In 1955, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified TMV RNA and its capsid (coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy).
The crystallographer Rosalind Franklin worked for Stanley for about a month at Berkeley, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the 1958 World's Fair at Brussels. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the RNA of TMV is single-stranded.  This conjecture was proved correct after her death. 

The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of virology.

## References
Business school

A **business school** is a university-level school that offers degrees in a variety of business-related subjects. It may often be a department or institution within a university or it can be a separate school. Instead of a general education, business schools prepare students to enter into the business world. ESCP Business School is considered to be the world's oldest business school, created in 1819. Few years later, in 1881, HEC Paris, regularly ranked 1st business school in Europe, is opened.

## Subjects 
A business school teaches topics that include: 
*accounting
*administration
*business strategy
*economics
*entrepreneurship
*finance
*human resources management
*information systems
*logistics
*marketing
*organizational psychology
*organizational behavior
*public relations
*research methods
*real estate

## References 
## Other websites 
* Best Business Schools 2015 
* The 50 best business schools in the world (2015)
Martinair

**Martinair** is currently a cargo airline from The Netherlands. It started in 1958. In 1991, Martinair started flying cargo. KLM became the only shareholder of Martinair in December 2008. Originally, Martinair flew passengers. On October 30, 2011, Martinair stopped flying passengers and now only flies cargo.

## Gallery

File:PH-CGD 1 Convair CV-340 Martins Air Chtr LPL 01MAY64 (6794836765).jpg|A Martinair Convair CV-340. Martinair used to named ''Martin's Air Charter''
File:Boeing 747-21AC-SCD, Martinair Holland AN0984680.jpg|A Boeing 747 of Martinair at Faro
File:Airbus A320-214, Martinair (XL Airways Germany) JP5992240.jpg|An Airbus A320 that used to be owned by Martinair
File:Martinair Cargo MD-11F PH-MCU (15813869691).jpg|A Martinair cargo plane
File:Take Off from Amsterdam Schiphol.jpg|Martinair Take Off from Amsterdam Schiphol

## References
Demand forecasting

**Demand forecasting** is when a business predicts future demand for its products. A business looks at many things when they do demand forecasting. Some of these things are past sales, data from test markets, and statistics. Businesses can also use educated guesses to help predict future demand. Businesses use demand forecasting to help them come up with the amount of demand for their products so they know how much supply to make.

**Calculating demand forecast accuracy** is the process of determining the accuracy of forecasts made regarding customer demand for a product.

## References
Alcide De Gasperi

**Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi** (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian politician who started the Christian Democracy party, and helped to start the Council of Europe and the European Coal and Steel Community.

He was the Prime Minister of Italy for eight years, between 1945 and 1953. That is longer than any other Italian prime minister except Benito Mussolini, who was a dictator.

De Gasperi was born in Austria-Hungary, and did not become an Italian citizen until after the First World War. In 1927, he was put in prison for one and a half years because he did not support Mussolini's Fascist government. Mussolini released him from prison because the Pope asked him to.

## References
Water tower

.]]
]]
A **water tower** is a building that is used to hold and give out water. It is almost always built on a high place. It works because a pump gives water to the tower, and gravity makes the saved water go out to the places that need water. Those places are connected to the tower by pipes. A water tower is good when there is no power because it uses gravity to send out the water.
Close Encounters of the Third Kind

***Close Encounters of the Third Kind*** is an 1977 American science fiction movie written and directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Teri Garr, Melinda Dillon, Bob Balaban, Cary Guffey and François Truffaut. The movie tells the story about Roy Neary, an everyday blue-collar worker in Indiana, whose life changes after an encounter with an undentified flying object (UFO).

Made on a production budget of $19.4 million, *Close Encounters* was released in a limited number of cities on November 16, 1977 and November 23, 1977 before expanding into wide release the following month. It was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $300 million worldwide. The movie received numerous awards and nominations at the 50th Academy Awards, 32nd British Academy Film Awards, the 35th Golden Globe Awards and the 5th Saturn Awards and has been widely acclaimed at the American Film Institute.

In 2007, the Library of Congress selected Close Encounters of the Third Kind into the United States National Film Registry.
Notary

A **notary** is a person who has learned some laws and has been appointed by a government to do some certain things using those laws. A notary is most often used to witness signatures on legal papers. A notary does this to help stop fraud and to help a person prove that they are who they say they are. Notaries in some locations can also perform marriage ceremonies.

## Related pages 
*Authentication
Gaheris

**Gaheris** is a legendary character, a member of the Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian legend. He was a nephew of King Arthur. He was the third son of Arthur's sister Morgause and her husband Sir Lot. He was described as being valiant, agile, handsome, and his left arm was shorter than his right arm.  He was killed by Lancelot in the *Prose Lancelot* He was Sir Gawain's brother.
S7 Airlines

**S7 Airlines** is a Russian airline. It is the second largest airline. It was created in May 1992. Originally, it was named *Siberia Airlines*. In 1994, the airline joined IATA. The airline's name was changed to *S7 Airlines* in 2005. In 2010, the airline joined Oneworld. S7 Airlines stopped flying Soviet planes in 2008. As of 2015, the airline has Airbus A319s, Airbus A320s, Airbus A321s, Boeing 737s and Boeing 767s.

## Gallery

File:Siberia Airlines Tupolev Tu-154B-2 (RA-85556).jpg|An old Siberian Airlines. This exact plane was bombed in 2004.
File:Airbus A310-204, S7 - Siberia Airlines AN0854828.jpg|An S7 Airbus A310. S7 stopped flying them in 2012.
File:S7 Airlines (Oneworld Livery), VP-BTN, Airbus A319-114 (16268574998).jpg|An A319 of S7 Airlines with the *oneworld* paint-job.
File:Boeing 737-8ZS, S7 - Siberia Airlines AN1932349.jpg|The cabin of an S7 airplane.

## References