open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Vulgar Latin

**Vulgar Latin**, or **Common Latin**, is one of the two types of Latin, an old language that was spoken by the Romans. Vulgar Latin is not spoken anymore, but its many dialects eventually became what are now Romance languages (such as Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Romanian). Vulgar Latin was spoken by the regular people (*vulgus* in Latin means "common"): farmers, workers and others without a great deal of education.

## Origin 
Classical Latin is the type of Latin that was first spoken by the Romans. As time went by, fewer and fewer people spoke Classical Latin, and in the end, the language changed to become Vulgar Latin. After a while, only scholars spoke Classical Latin, but books were still written in it.

Latin is no longer spoken as a native language, but many educational institutions teach it as a second language, and many Roman Catholic Church officials are fluent in it.

## Grammar 
Vulgar Latin is similar to Classical Latin but has some differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. Latin has five basic cases for nouns,

## Other websites 
* Grandgent, Charles Hall, *An introduction to vulgar Latin* (1907) (.pdf, .djvu) on www.archive.org
Snoring

**Snoring** sometimes happens during sleep and it can affect some people more than others, or some not at all. The parts which vibrate during snoring are at the back of the nose and throat. They may partly block the passage of air, so causing the characteristic rumbling sound. 

Snoring can be a problem, and tends to get worse with age. It is sometimes best to sleep on the side (left side), which can reduce snoring.

## References 
*Nestor, James 2020. *Breath: the new science of a lost art*. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-0735213616
*Chokroverty S. 2007. *100 Questions & Answers about sleep and sleep disorders*. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p124. ISBN 978-0763741204
Life on Mars (TV series)

***Life on Mars*** is an award winning British science fiction and police drama television series. It was first broadcast on BBC One between January 2006 and April 2007.

The programme tells the story of DCI Sam Tyler of the Manchester Police (played by John Simm), after being hit by a car in 2006, he is in the year 1973. There, he works for Manchester Police CID as a DI under DCI Gene Hunt (played by Philip Glenister). Over the course of the series, Tyler faces various problems, most frequently regarding the differences between his modern approach to policing and the more old-fashioned way of his colleagues. It is unclear whether he is insane, in a coma, or if he really has travelled back in time.

## Other websites 
*
Ashes to Ashes (TV series)

***Ashes to Ashes*** is a British television crime drama series set in London. It is a sequel to the 2006-2007 series *Life on Mars*. It is a Kudos Film & Television production for the BBC, and was broadcast on BBC One. It was first shown on 7 February 2008.

Philip Glenister, who plays Gene Hunt, has said in an interview that "he does not think any show featuring his character should be made afterwards."

The second series was broadcast from 20 April - 8 June 2009. The third and final series was shown from 2 April to 21 May 2010.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Butters Stotch

**Leopold "Butters" Stotch** (voiced by Matt Stone) is a popular fictional character in the animated television series *South Park*. His nickname is a play on the word *butterscotch*. The creators have said in more than one DVD commentaries that Butters is one of their "top 3 favorite characters". Butters is based on Eric Stough, the animation director of the show.

## References
Stan Marsh

**Stanley David Marsh** is a fictional character in the animated television series *South Park*. He is voiced by  the series co-creator Trey Parker. He is also one of the 4 main characters in the series with Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick. Stan is usually known as the serious and sensitive person of the group. Stan is able to think clearly and is good-natured. Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations.

Stan's character is goody based on the personality of co-creator Trey Parker. He is best friend of Kyle Broflovski and their friendship is important in several episodes.

## Character
Stan lives in the fictional town of South Park, Colorado. He and his friends are fourth graders and go to the same elementary school. He lives with his friend Kyle Broflovski. Stan is modeled after his voice actor Trey Parker, and has the same birthday with him on October 19.

## References
## Other websites
* South Park Studios 
* South Park Wikia
John Simm

**John Ronald Simm** (born 10 July 1970 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire) is an English actor and musician. He grew up mainly in Lancashire. His roles include two BAFTA award-winning BBC Wales dramas: as Sam Tyler in the drama *Life on Mars* and as the Master in the long-running science fiction series *Doctor Who*. He has appeared in many popular television dramas such as *The Lakes*, *State of Play* and two BAFTA award-winning serials; *Clocking Off* and *Sex Traffic*. His movie roles include *Human Traffic* and *24 Hour Party People*. He was nominated for the Olivier and Theatergoer's Choice Award for the best Actor 2008. 

Besides acting, Simm was a founding member, songwriter and guitarist with the rock band Magic Alex.

## Personal life
Simm married actress Kate Magowan in April 2004 in the Forest of Dean. They have a son and a daughter. Simm is a strong supporter of Manchester United.

## Filmography
### Television
### Movies
### Theatre
## References
Because We Want To

"**Because We Want To**" is a pop song performed by British singer Billie. The song was written by Wendy Page, Jim Marr, D. Rambo and J. Richmond, and produced by Page and Marr for Billie's first album *Honey to the B* (1998). It was Billie's first single on 29 June 1998 and reached the top ten in Ireland and Sweden. In the UK, the song reached number one and Billie became the youngest artist to release a number one single in the country in over forty years. It was the official song of the 1999 Women's World Cup.

## References
Old Norse language

**Old Norse** (also called **Old Nordic**, and **Old Scandinavian**), is a Germanic language that was spoken in Scandinavia, during the Viking Age, until about 1300. It was also spoken in Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Orkney Islands and other places that Scandinavians started settlements (similar to colonies).

Modern Icelandic is the modern language that is the closest to Old Norse when written. Another language that is close to Old Norse, is Elfdalian. Other languages that come from Old Norse are Swedish, Danish, Faroese, and Norwegian.

## Old East Norse 
 in Östergötland, Sweden, is the longest surviving source of early Old East Norse. It is inscribed on both sides.]]
**Old East Norse** was a dialect of Old Norse which evolved into the languages Old Danish and Old Swedish from the 9th century to the 12th century.

### History
Between 800 and 1100, East Norse is in Sweden called *Runic Swedish* and in Denmark *Runic Danish*. The use of *Swedish* and *Danish* is not for linguistic reasons as the differences between them are minute at best during the more ancient stages of this dialect group. Changes had a tendency to occur earlier in the Danish region, and until this day many Old Danish changes have still not taken place in modern Swedish. This renders Swedish as the more archaic out of the two languages, concerning both the ancient and modern versions. They are called *runic* because the body of text appears in runes.
Runic Old East Norse is characteristically archaic in form, especially Swedish (which is still true for modern Swedish compared to Danish). In essence it matches or surpasses the archaicness of post-runic Old West Norse which in its turn is generally more archaic than post-runic Old East Norse. While typically "Eastern" in structure, many later post-runic changes and trademarks of EON had yet to happen.

### Development from Old Norse 
The combinations -mp-, -nt-, and -nk- mostly merged to -pp-, -tt- and -kk- in Old West Norse at around the 7th century, marking the first distinction between the Eastern and Western dialects. The following table illustrates this (note the mutual influence of East and West Norse on each other):

## References
## Other websites 
* Heimskringla.no, an online collection of Old Norse source material
* Old Norse Online by Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin
* Video: Old Norse text read with a reconstructed pronunciation and a Modern Icelandic pronunciation, for comparison. With subtitles
* Old Norse sound samples for early Old Norse and 13th century Norwegian Old Norse by Arne Torp
* Old Norse sound sample by Haukur Þorgeirsson (archived from the original) 
* Old Norse loans in Old and Middle English, and their legacy in the dialects of England and modern standard English
* Old Norse basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Honey to the B

***Honey to the B*** is the first album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music). Billie (she was known at the time only by her first name) was the first British female singer to have a first single start at #1 on the UK pop charts.

## UK track listing 
# "Because We Want To" (Marr/Page/Rambo/Richmond) - 3:48
# "Girlfriend" (Rambo/Richmond) - 3:50
# "Officially Yours" (Mitra) - 3:26
# "She Wants You" (Laws/Sheyne) - 3:38
# "Love Groove" (Marr/Page/Piper) - 4:29
# "Party on the Phone" (Marr/Page) - 4:14
# "Saying I'm Sorry Now" (Rambo/Richmond) - 4:00
# "You've Got It" (Green/McLaughlin) - 3:43
# "I Dream" (Marr/Page) - 5:33
# "Honey to the Bee" (Marr/Page) - 5:03
# "Whatcha Gonna Do" (Rambo/Richmond) - 4:33
# "Don't Forget to Remember" (Marr/Page) - 4:47
Day & Night (song)

**"Day & Night"** is a single by Billie Piper, released in 2000. The song was Piper's 3rd UK #1 single.

## Track listings
UK Single CD1
Cat. #: SINCD11
# * Day & Night (Stargate Mix)*
# * Day & Night (Almighty Club Mix)*
# '' Day & Night (Robbie Rivera's Bombastic)*
# * Day & Night Video + Picture Gallery''
Scratchy and Co

***Scratchy and Co*** was a CITV television series. It was shown over the different times in the mid to late 1990s:
* May - December 1995
* May - August 1996
* January - April 1997
* January - April 1998

It replaced ''What's Up Doc?* as the Saturday morning ITV show.

It starred Mark Speight as "Scratchy" and Elliot Henderson-Boyle as "Reg". The main gimmick of the series was Speight and Henderson-Boyle wearing "solid rubber wigs" and very unusual jackets. A stylistic of this was similar to *Max Headroom''.
Walk of Life (album)

***Walk of Life*** is the second album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 2000. Piper's second album did not match the successful start in terms of album sales despite producing three Top 30 singles - "Day and Night" went to #1 and "Something Deep Inside" managed to get to #4 and "Walk of Life" finishing at #25 on the UK charts.

Despite good reviews, the album was not released in the US. Piper then decided have a break from the music industry and concentrate on acting.

## Track listing
# "Day & Night"
# "Something Deep Inside"
# "Walk of Life"
# "Safe with Me"
# "Bring It On"
# "Ring My Bell"
# "The Tide Is High"
# "Run That By Me"
# "Promises"
# "Because of You"
# "What Game Is This?"
# "Misfocusing"
# "Makin' My Way (Anyway That I Can) - Pokemon Official Soundtrack"

## References
BBC Parliament

**BBC Parliament** is a British television channel from the BBC. It broadcasts live and recorded coverage of the British House of Commons and House of Lords, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly, and occasionally from the General Synod of the Church of England. The channel does not broadcast reports from the European Parliament. It is available on Sky Channel 504, terrestrial (Freeview) Channel 230 and Virgin Media Channel 605.

Before being taken over by the BBC, the channel was known as **The Parliamentary Channel** (from 1992 to 1998).

## References
Eve Myles

**Eve Myles**  (born 26 July 1978 in Ystradgynlais, Powys), is a Welsh actress. She is most known for playing lead characters in *Belonging* and *Doctor Who* spin-off series *Torchwood*.

## Other websites
*
Relaxation

**Relaxation** is a process or behavior where someone . The goal is to become calmer and less anxious, stressed or angered. Relaxation can also lower muscle tension, blood pressure and slow heart and breath rates, among other health benefits.

## References
Platform game

A **platform game**, or **platformer**, is a genre of video game. Platformer gameplay is about jumping between platforms or over obstacles. The player controls these jumps and must use skill to avoid their character falling off of platforms or missing jumps.  This kind of gameplay, even in other genres, is called "platforming". Games where jumping is not controlled by the player, such as *The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time*, are not thought of as platform games.

Platform games began as 2D in the early 1980s, and 3D platformers became popular in the mid-1990s. The name describes games where jumping on platforms is a large part of the gameplay. However, platforming is not a pure genre, and often there are other types of genres mixed into it. For example, in a game like *Metroid*, the player controls a character not only to navigate obstacles, but to fight enemies.

As long as the actually jumping remains a main part of the gameplay, the game can still correctly be called a platformer. Because of this, there are many different types of platformers.
Roy Scheider

**Roy Richard Scheider** (November 10, 1932 – February 10, 2008) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as police chief Martin Brody in the 1975 movie *Jaws*, his Academy Award nominated roles as Joe Gideon in the movie *All That Jazz* and Buddy Russo in *The French Connection*, and as Captain Nathan Bridger in Steven Spielberg's Emmy Award winning television series *seaQuest DSV.* He played "Heywood Floyd " in the 1984 film *2010*.

Scheider's mother was an Irish-American Roman Catholic; his father was a German-American Protestant. Scheider had a daughter from his first marriage, and a son and daughter from his second marriage. He had a form of cancer called multiple myeloma, and died of an staphylococcal infection, aged 75.

## Other websites 
* The Roy Scheider Resource 
* Obituary  in The Times
* 
* Roy Scheider  at the Starpulse Biography site
* Roy Scheider  at *The New York Times*
* Roy Scheider - Obituary and public tribute 
* Plum TV Hamptons Tribute 
* William Friedkin on Roy Scheider
Piranha

The **piranha** (also known as the **caribe** or **piraña**) is a ferocious, schooling, fresh-water fish. 

It is native to warm lowland streams and lakes in South America, east of the Andes Mountains. Piranhas have been introduced to other places, including Northern Brazil, Hawaii, and parts of Central and North America. There are many species of piranha they belong to the genera *Pygocentrus* and *Serrasalmus*. They reproduce by laying eggs.

## Diet 
Piranhas are opportunistic carnivores (flesh-eaters). They eat aquatic and land animals that are in the water. Some of the prey includes fish, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, birds, lizards, amphibians, rodents, and carrion (dead meat that they find). These fish are diurnal (most active during the day).

## Predators 
Many animals prey upon piranhas (especially young piranhas), including other piranhas, caimans, water snakes, turtles, birds, otters, and people.
Hans Kleppen

**Hans Kleppen** (16 March 1907 – 12 April 2009) was a Norwegian who was a ski jumper in the 1920s. He won a bronze medal at the 1929 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane.

Kleppen, from Bø i Telemark, became 100 years old in March 2007 and, having been part of the 1928 Winter Olympics, was Norway's oldest living Olympian.

## References
## Other websites
*Report on Hans Kleppen's 101st birthday  (Norwegian)
Maximilian Kolbe

**Maximilian Kolbe** (8 January 1894 – 14 August 1941) was a Polish Franciscan priest (Conventual Franciscan). He is known for volunteering to die in place of another prisoner, Franciszek Gajowniczek, at the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1941.

## Early life 
Kolbe was born in Zduńska Wola, Poland (then part of the Russian Empire). He was baptized *Raymund*. He joined the Conventual Franciscans and was ordained a priest in 1918.

## Work 
In 1917, Kolbe helped to start the association *Militia of the Immaculata* (*Militia Immaculatae*) in Rome. 
He set up a large friary and printing house at Niepokalanów, near Warsaw, which printed the monthly magazine *Rycerz Niepokalanej* (*Knight of the Immaculate*).
In 1930 he opened a mission house in Nagasaki, Japan, where a Japanese edition of the magazine (*Seibo no Kishi*) began to appear.

## Immaculata Militia 
In 1917 Kolbe started a Catholic group called the Immaculata Militia (Militia Immaculatae). Its members consecrate themselves to the Virgin Mary and try to bring other people to Jesus through her. Kolbe used printing, radio, and new monasteries, including one in Japan, to spread this movement. The group is still active in many countries today.

## Arrest and death 
During World War II, Kolbe was arrested by the German authorities and sent to Auschwitz. In July 1941 he offered to take the place of a prisoner chosen to die after an escape from the camp. After two weeks without food and water, he was killed on 14 August 1941 by a lethal injection.

## Veneration 
Kolbe was beatified on 17 October 1971 and canonized on 10 October 1982. His feast day is 14 August.

## Related pages 
* Immaculata Militia
* Auschwitz concentration camp
* Catholic Church

## References
In Utero

***In Utero*** is the third and last studio album by the American rock band Nirvana. DGC Records released it on September 21, 1993. Nirvana wanted the album to be different from their last album *Nevermind* and have a less clean sound. The album was recorded at Pachyderm Studios in Cannon Falls, Minnesota. The band recorded it in two weeks with producer Steve Albini. Producer Scott Litt also made small changes to the sound that Albini had produced.

When the album was released, it went into the *Billboard* 200 at number one and was well liked by critics. Since its release, the album has sold over 15 million copies.

## Track listing 
## References
Kenny McCormick

**Kenneth James "Kenny" McCormick** is a fictional character in the animated television series *South Park*. 

## Appearance 
Kenny always wears an orange parka, which partially obscures his face. Kenny's voice is hard to understand because of his parka. This is done mainly because the things he says are usually vulgar, when compared to other characters. Even though his dialogue is not understood by the viewer, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman can understand him clearly.

## Family 
Kenny comes from a very poor family. He is the most cosmopolitan of the four boys. Kenny is close friends with Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, and Kyle Broflovski. The others often ask him to explain sexual terms they do not understand. 

## Dying 
It was an on-going part during the earlier episodes of the series that Kenny dies in most of the episodes. His death is not permanent. He usually returned for the next episode but characters rarely talk about him having ever died. Kenny's face is always somewhat hidden by his parka or other things that can cover his face.

In one episode in season five, Kenny dies from an illness and is not seen again for another season. During this time, the three boys look for a new fourth member. This included: Timmy Burch (briefly), and Tweek Tweak and Butters Stotch (who both shared the main role of fourth member).

## References
Pedagogy

**Pedagogy** is the art or science of being a teacher and of learning.

The word pedagogy comes from the Greek word *paidagōgeō*, which means "to lead the child." 

History: In Ancient Greece, rich men had a slave to instruct their sons as a tutor, or to take them to the academy.  Girls were almost entirely home schooled, but many boys went to school even if they had a tutor.

## Academic degree
An academic degree is sometimes given for pedagogy. In the United States of America and Great Britain, you can earn a degree in education at the Bachelor's (undergraduate; BA or BS) or Master's (graduate; MA or MS) level. You can also earn an advanced degree called either a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), or a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.); you can also get a degree for specific things, like a Doctor of Music degree in piano pedagogy.

## Criticism
Some people do not like the idea of pedagogy. They say that learning is something that a person does for themselves, not something that a person imposes on another person.

## Related pages
* Education
* Didactic method
* Educational psychology

## References
Penal colony

A **penal colony** is a settlement used to hold prisoners and use them for working in part of the state's (usually colonial) territories. This is much bigger than a prison farm. A famous penal colony was Devil's Island in French Guiana. The British Empire used its colonies in North America as penal colonies for more than 150 years. The first British settlements in Australia were started as penal colonies.

## Common Features
 ploughing team breaking up new ground at Port Arthur, Tasmania]]
Life in penal colony was often very hard, sometimes including severe physical punishment. Some prisoners were sentenced for the rest of their natural lives. Many died from hunger, disease, neglect, working too hard, or trying to escape.

In the penal colony system, prisoners were sent far away to stop escapes and to make it hard to get home after their prison term finished.  Penal colonies were often in unsettled lands, especially places where no else wanted to work or live. The prisoners' unpaid work would help the government develop new areas without spending a lot of money.

## British Empire
The British used parts of North America as a penal colony. Convicts would be transported by private companies and sold by auction to plantation owners. About 50,000 British convicts were sent to colonial America. This was about one quarter of British settlers during the 1700s.

After the American Revolution, Britain had to find somewhere else to send its prisoners. They established Sydney, Norfolk Island, Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia as big penal colonies. 

In colonial India, the British had made various penal colonies.  Two of the most infamous ones are on the Andaman islands and Hijli Detention Camp.  In the early days of settlement, Singapore was sent Indian convicts. Their job was to clear the jungles for settlement and early public works.

## Related pages
* Convict
* Prison

## References
United States Secretary of Defense

The **United States secretary of Defense** (**SecDef**) is the head of the United States Department of Defense (DoD), the executive department of the U.S. Armed Forces.

The position was established in 1947 with the National Security Act, which aimed to unify and coordinate the various branches of the military under a single executive authority. The defense secretary serves as the principal defense policy advisor to the president and is responsible for overseeing the Department of Defense, making decisions on military strategy, personnel, and budgetary issues. The first person to hold this title was James Forrestal.

Subject only to the orders of the president, the secretary of defense is in the chain of command and exercises command and control over all DoD-controlled service branches the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, and Space Forceas well as the Coast Guard when its command and control is transferred to the Department of Defense. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military adviser to the secretary of defense and the president.

Over the decades, the role has changed significantly, especially during major conflicts such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. This role has increasingly emphasized not only military preparedness and operations but also the integration of defense with international relations and national security priorities.

Pete Hegseth is the current secretary of defense. He was nominated by President Donald Trump on and confirmed by the Senate on January 25, 2025.

In 2025, President Donald Trump authorized "**secretary of war**" as a secondary title for use by the secretary; only an act of Congress can legally change the name of the position.

## List of secretaries of defense 
; Parties

; Status

## Living former secretaries of defense 
As of November 2025, there are eight living former secretaries of defense, the oldest being William J. Perry (served 1994-1997). The most recent death of a former secretary of state was that of Dick Cheney (served 1989-1993) on November 3, 2025. 

## References
## Other websites
*  – Includes the Secretary of Defense
* More information on each position and biographies of the current Deputy Secretary (DepSecDef) and Under Secretaries (USDs)
Convict

A **convict** is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison". The word is sometimes abbreviated as "con". After a conviction, convicts often become prisoners in a prison. People convicted and sentenced but not sent to prison are not usually called "convicts". An **ex-convict** (or short: **ex-con**) is a person who has been let out of prison.

In past centuries many convicts were send to penal colonies.  Many British convicts were sent to the Thirteen Colonies as cheap workers, but that stopped after the War of Independence.  After this, convicts were transported to Australia in 1788, the very start of European settlement. They were used as cheap workers.  Transportation was stopped in 1868. British convicts were also sent to Canada and India. 

France also sent convicts to French Guiana and New Caledonia, and Russia sent them to Siberia.

## Related pages
* Penal colony
* Prison

## References
Corpora cavernosa

**Corpora cavernosa** are regions of biological tissue that are erectile (become hardened when they fill with blood). They are found in both men and women.

 (top) and clitoris]]
## Men 
The **corpus cavernosum penis** is found in the penis. It is found in pairs which contain most of the blood in the male penis during erection.  The two corpora cavernosa, along with the corpus spongiosum are the areas of tissue along the length of the penis.

## Women 
]]

The **corpus cavernosum clitoridis** is similar to the male corpus cavernosum. The body of the clitoris contains biological tissue that helps to create an erection. As in men, this tissue comes in a pair of **corpora cavernosa**. However, the female has no corpus spongiosum. Instead, there are two vestibular bulbs beneath the skin at the entrance to the vagina.
Scentless Apprentice

"**Scentless Apprentice**" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It was on their third album, *In Utero*, and a live version was on their live album, *From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah*. Most of their songs were only written by the singer Kurt Cobain, but this song was written by all three members of the band.

The song was written in 1992. The band originally did not like the song, because it was too much of a generic grunge song, however they soon began to like it. They even thought of releasing it as the second single from *In Utero* (after "Heart-Shaped Box") but this never happened.

The song is about a book that Kurt Cobain read, *Perfume*. The book and the song are about a boy who is born without body odor but has a strong sense of smell. Soon he becomes a murderer who kills female victims.

In the television show *Lost*, "Scentless Apprentice" is playing on one of the characters' car radios.

## References
Corpus cavernosum clitoridis

The **corpus cavernosum clitoridis** is one of two sponge-like tissue  found in the body of the clitoris. It is similar to the corpus cavernosum penis in the male.

The female has no corpus spongiosum, but instead two vestibular bulbs beneath the skin at the entrance to the vagina, which expand at the same time as the glans clitoris.

Each corpus is connected to the blood vessels of the pubic bone and hip bone by the clitoris.

## Physiology 
Sometimes, release of nitric oxide relaxes muscles around the vagina, called sexual arousal. More blood flows in through the corpus cavernosum and the clitoris is filled with blood. This leads to better sensitivity.

## Related pages
* Clitoris (female reproductive system/anatomy): clitoral body, clitoral hood, clitoral glans, frenulum clitoridis
* Labia

## References
ZFS

The **ZFS** is a computer file system.
FS stands for *file system*.
The letter Z was chosen, because it is the *last* letter in the English alphabet.
This is supposed to mean ZFS was the last, “ultimate” file system ever made.

## Development 
Originally ZFS has been developed by Sun Microsystems for Solaris.
Later, ZFS has been ported to other versions of Unix, including Linux and FreeBSD.

## Design 
Traditional file systems focus on managing data and ensuring integrity.
Additional features like RAID had to be added externally, outside of the file system’s realm.
This potentially led to difficulties and increased complexity of systems.

The ZFS takes a different approach.
It integrates many useful features into its ecosystem.
This ensures all subsystems work together without problems and increases performance.

Some features include
* disk encryption
* RAID
* logical volume management
* snapshots
* data deduplication
* delegating file system administration rights

Furthermore, during development of ZFS there was a continuing trend to disks having larger capacities.
In designing of ZFS it was taken account of that fact.
The ZFS can handle (in comparison to traditional file systems) very large files, a large number of files, large number of disks, disks having large capacities, and so on.

## Application 
FreeBSD and Solaris use ZFS as the standard main file system.
Ubuntu’s kernel includes ZFS, but it is not the default choice.
In the End

"**In The End**" is a song by Linkin Park. It appeared on their first album, *Hybrid Theory*. It was the fourth single from the album.

## Track listing
## Personnel
**Linkin Park**
* Chester Bennington – vocals
* Mike Shinoda – rap vocals, piano, sampler, beats programming
* Brad Delson – guitars, bass
* Joe Hahn – sampler, turntables
* Rob Bourdon – drums
**Production**
*Produced by Don Gilmore
*Executive producer: Jeff Blue
*Mixed at Soundtrack, NYC

## Charts 
### Weekly charts 
### Monthly charts 
### Year-end charts 
### Decade-end charts 
## Certifications 
## Release history 
## References
Harvest Moon 64

***Harvest Moon 64***, known in Japan as  is a farm simulation video game made by Victor Interactive Software and published in North America by Natsume Co., Ltd. It is about a farmer who has to build a great farm before three years are up. The player can also try to get married and have a baby.
Ariel Winter

**Ariel Winter** (born January 28, 1998) is an American actress.

And she sings also the Theme song of: *Sofia the First*.

## Career
Winter started her acting career in 2005, at the age of 7. Four years later she began acting in the television show *Modern Family*. She co-starred in the show until its final season in 2020. She also sings the Theme song of: *Sofia the First*.

## Filmography 
**Kiss Kiss Bang Bang* : Voice of Harmony (2005)
**Curious George* : Voice of Kid (2006)
**Bambi II* : Voice of Thumper's Sister #3 and Thumper's Sister #4 (2006)
**Ice Age: The Meltdown* : Additional Voice (2006)
**Grilled* : Voice of Dolly (2006)
**One Missed Call* : Voice of Ellie Layton (2008)
**Speed Racer* : Voice of Young Trixie (2008)
**Horton Hears a Who* : Additional Voice (2008)
**Tales from the Catholic Church of Elvis* : Voice of Little Girl (2009)
**Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children Complete* : Voice of Marlene Wallace (2009)
**Life is Hot in Cracktown* : Voice of Susie (2009)
**Duress* : Voice of Sarah Barnett (2009)
**Opposite Day* : Voice of Carla Benson (2009)
**Cloudy with a Change of Meatballs* : Additional Voice (2009)
**Afro Samurai: Resurrection* : Voice of Young Sio (2009)
**Killers* : Voice of Sadie (2010)
**Nic & Tristan Go Mega Dega* : Voice of Lisa (2010)
**DC Showcase: Green Arrow* : Voice of Princess Perdita (2010)
**The Chaperone* Voice of Sally (2011)
**Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension* : Voice of Gretchen (2011)
**Fred 2: Night of the Living Fred* : Voice of Talia (2011)
**Excision* : Voice of Grace (2012)
**Tad, The Lost Explorer* : Voice of Sarah Lavrof (2012)
**ParaNorman* : Voice of Blithe Hollow Kid (2012)
**Sofia the First: Once Upon a Princess* : Voice of Sofia (2012)
**Batman: The Dark Knight Returns* : Voice of Carrie Kelley / Robin (2012-13)
**Dora the Explorer and the Destiny Medallion* : Voice of Dora (2013)
**Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright* : Voice of Chrissy Damon (2013)
**Sofia the First: The Floating Palace* : Voice of Sofia (2013)
**Tad, The Lost Explorer* : Voice of Sarah Lavrof (2013)
**Mr. Peabody & Sherman* : Voice of Penny Peterson(2014)
**Safelight* : Voice of Kate (2015)
**Elena and the Secret of Avalor* : Voice of Sofia (2016)
**Smurfs: The Lost Village* : Voice of Smurf Lily (2017)
**The Last Movie Star* : Voice of Lil (2017)

## Other websites
* 

## References
Wii Music

***Wii Music*** is a music video game that was made by Nintendo for the Wii game console. It was supervised by Kōji Kondō along with others.

## References
Harvest Moon (video game)

***Harvest Moon***, known in Japan as , is a farm simulation video game made by Pack-In-Video and published by Natsume in North America and Nintendo in PAL regions. It's about a farmer who has to make a great farm before the game reaches the end. He can also get married and have a baby.

## References
Face (movie)

***Face*** is a 1997 British crime drama thriller movie. It was directed by Antonia Bird and written by Ronan Bennett.  The movie stars Robert Carlyle and Ray Winstone and features the rock singer Damon Albarn (Blur, Gorillaz) in his first acting job.

## Other websites
*
Incesticide

***Incesticide*** is a compilation album by the American grunge band, Nirvana. This album features many of their B-Sides and demos of their songs. On the back of the CD, Kurt Cobain spells his name wrong. He spells it "Kurdt Cobain."

## Track listing
## Album charts
Rape Me

"**Rape Me**" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It was the second single from their last album, *In Utero*. But there was much controversy about the song, so the single was a double-A-side single. The other song was "All Apologies."

## Controversy 
There was much controversy about the title of the song. Although many people were shocked about it, Kurt Cobain, the writer of the song, said that the song is about a man who rapes a woman. He is sent to prison for it, and he is raped there. There was a music video that was planned to be made. It was going to be set in a women's prison. However, Nirvana needed a break from the controversy and did not make it.

## Chart positions 
## References
Palm, Inc.

**Palm, Inc.** is an American computer company. It makes small handheld computers. Most of their computers have a handwriting recognition function called *Graffiti*. This is a part of the screen that can understand what is written on it. Palm computers can store contacts, addresses, notes, and many other things. Another feature, called *Hotsync*, allows the user to have their personnal computer and Palm  to each other and be updated. 
On April 28, 2010, Hewlett-Packard announced that it had agreed to buy Palm for $1.4 billion.

## Name changes 
Palm, Inc. has had its name changed several times. When they started out, they were called **Palm Computing Inc**. Later, in 2000, they changed their name to Palm, Inc. In 2004, Palm changed their name to **PalmOne**, but later in 2005 they switched back to Palm, Inc.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Palm's Website
Donkey Kong (handheld game)

is a platform video game made by Nintendo for the Game Boy handheld game console. It stars Mario who has to save his girlfriend Pauline from Donkey Kong, just like in the original *Donkey Kong* game for the arcades.
The gameplay in the first 4 levels is the same as the first *Donkey Kong* game, but then it becomes more like the *Mario vs. Donkey Kong* game in the next levels.
Killswitch Engage

**Killswitch Engage** is an American metalcore band from Massachusetts. The band is signed to Roadrunner Records and has released eight studio albums and one live DVD. Currently, the band is in the studio with producer Brendan O'Brein working on their 5th studio album, Killswitch Engage. Their current line-up consists of Jessie Leach, Adam Dutkiewicz, Mike D'antonio, Joel Stroetzel, and Justin Foley. On stage, they are known for their humorous antics while performing.

In December 2013 Killswitch Engage were nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 2014 Grammy Awards for their song "In Due Time".
## Musical Style 
Killswitch engage have been described as metalcore, and melodic metalcore.

## Band members 
;Current lineup
* Jesse Leach – lead vocals (1999–2002, 2012–present)
* Joel Stroetzel – rhythm guitar (1999–2000, 2001–present); lead guitar (1999–2002)
* Mike D'Antonio – bass (1999–present)
* Adam Dutkiewicz – lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–present); drums (1999–2002)
* Justin Foley – drums (2003–present)

;Former
* Pete Cortese – rhythm guitar (2000–2001)
* Tom Gomes – drums (2002–2003)
* Howard Jones – lead vocals (2002–2011)

**Timeline**

## Albums
;Studio albums
* *Killswitch Engage* (2000)
* *Alive or Just Breathing* (2002)
* *The End of Heartache* (2004)
* *As Daylight Dies* (2006)
* *Killswitch Engage* (2009)
* *Disarm the Descent* (2013)
* *Incarnate* (2016)
* *Atonement* (2019)

;Video albums
* *(Set This) World Ablaze* (2005) 

## References
Meteora

The **Metéora** (, "suspended rocks", "suspended in the air" or "in the heavens above") is the name for a number of monasteries in Greece. Several  Eastern Orthodox monasteries are part of the complex, located in Kalambaka, Greece. The site is almost as important as Mount Athos.  The monasteries are built on natural sandstone rock pillars, at the northwestern edge of the Plain of Thessaly near the Peneios river and Pindus Mountains, in central Greece. The Metéora is home to six monasteries and is included on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Metéora's criteria for the UNESCO World Heritage Site are I, II, IV, V and VII.

## Images

Image:Meteora_distant_larger_01.jpg|The Varlaam monastery on its rock pedestal.
Image:Moni Agiou Stephanou BW 2017-10-07 10-59-13.jpg|The monastery *Agiou Stephanou* (Saint Stephen's) is inhabited by nuns only.
Image:Greece meteora monasteries.JPG|The Rousanou, the Nikolaos and the Grand Meteora monasteries.
Image:Meteora 1 evlahos.jpg| The Rousanou monastery by Vaggelis Vlahos.
Image:Meteora 2 evlahos.jpg| The Grand Meteoro monastery by Vaggelis Vlahos.
Image:Agios_Nikolaos_Anapafsa.jpg| The Holy Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas

## References
## Other websites
*A local site with information on the monasteries and area.
*Hellenic Ministry of Culture
Mickey Rooney

**Mickey Rooney** (born **Joseph Yule**; September 23, 1920 &ndash; April 6, 2014) was an American actor and producer.

In his career, he won many awards, such as an Oscar, a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award. Best known for his work as the Andy Hardy character, Rooney had one of the longest movie careers of any actor.

Rooney married eight times and had nine children. He separated from his eighth wife in 2012.

Rooney died from complications of diabetes on April 6, 2014 at his home in Los Angeles, California. He was 93 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* The official website of Mickey Rooney 
* The Official Home of Mickey Rooney 
* 
* Mickey Rooney on the Phil Silvers Show
Roadrunner Records

**Roadrunner Records** is an American record label. The company mainly deals with heavy metal bands. They are a  of Warner Music Group.

## Current Roadrunner Artists
* 3 Inches of Blood
* 7th Son
* 8 Foot Sativa *(NZ)*
* Adelleda *(NZ)*
* Airborne
* Amanda Palmer
* The Amity Affliction
* Atreyu *(excluding US)*
* Behind Crimson Eyes *(Australia)*
* Betzefer *(excluding US)*
* Biffy Clyro * (US and Japan only) *
* Black Stone Cherry
* Bleeding Through *(excluding US)*
* Blood Has Been Shed *(Netherlands and UK only)*
* Caliban *(excluding US)*
* Cavalera Conspiracy
* CKY
* Cradle of Filth
* Convent of Mercy * (Australia Only) *
* DÅÅTH
* Delain *(Europe only)*
* Delight *(Poland)*
* De Novo Dahl
* Devilicious *(United Kingdom)*
* DevilDriver
* Divine Heresy *(excluding US)*
* Dommin
* Down *(excluding US)*

* DragonForce *(US and UK only)*
* Dream Theater
* The Dresden Dolls *(US, UK, Australia)*
* Dry Ivory
* Electric Eel Shock *(Japan only)*
* Emperor *(Norway,Sweden,Finland,Iceland, and Denmark only)*
* Every Time I Die *(UK)*
* Fear Factory *(UK only)*
* FC Five *(Japan)*
* Flames Go Higher *(Australia)*
* Hopesfall *(UK, Australia)*
* Jeopardy Theory *(New Zealand)*
* Jonas Goldbaum *(Germany)*
* Khoma *(UK)*
* Kill Hannah *(Excluding US)*
* Killswitch Engage
* Kids In Glass Houses *(UK Only)*
* Lamb of God *(Excluding North America)*
* Liv Kristine *(Europe only)*
* Machine Head
* Madina Lake
* Megadeth
* Most Precious Blood *(UK, Australia)*
* Mutiny
* Negative *(Europe only)*
* Nickelback *(excluding Canada)*

* Nightwish *(US only)*
* Opeth
* Pain *(Nordic Territories, Europe only)*
* Poison the Well *(UK)*
* Porcupine Tree *(Excluding North America and Japan)*
* Port Amoral
* Satyricon *(excluding US and Norway)*
* Slipknot *(excluding Scandinavia)*
* Soulfly
* Staind
* Steadlür
* Stereoside
* Stone Sour
* The Cult
* The Parlor Mob
* The White Room  *(Australia)*
* The Wombats *(US)*
* Theory of a Deadman
* Terror  *(UK, Australia)*
* Throwdown *(excluding US)*
* Trivium
* Walls of Jericho *(UK, Australia)*
* Within Temptation
Azuga

**Azuga** is a town in the mountains of Prahova County in the Wallachian area of Romania.  Azuga is found at the base of the Bucegi Mountains. About 5,200 people live in Azuga as of the year 2002.  The town is a very busy and active ski .
Breaza

**Breaza** is a town in Prahova County, Romania.  About 18,800 people live in Breaza as of the year 2002.
Hamming code

A **hamming code** is an error-correcting block code. The code is named after Richard Hamming who developed it in the 1950s. At the time, Hamming worked with machines that had relays and used punched cards to read the data. Because they were heavily used, the punched cards often had errors, which needed to be corrected by employees.

Hamming codes are used for digital signal processing and telecommunications. Hamming codes are generated according to certain rules. Hamming codes use multiple parity bits. A parity bit tells whether a group of bits is even or odd. In a hamming code, each bit of data is covered by several parity bits. This allows to detect errors, and in certain cases, to correct them as well.  A hamming code uses redundancy. If there are three parity bits per code word, the code word must have a length of 7 (2^k - 1, for k as the number of parity bits). This leaves 4 bits of user data per code word, in the example. Usually, this is written as (N,n), where the first number is the total length of a code word, and the second is the number of bits for user data. The example above is (7,4). 

The shortest possible Hamming code is (3,1), 2 parity bits are used for one data bit. This code has two valid values *000* and *111* - The codes *001*, *010* and *100* are transmission errors, and will be assigned to the valid code word *000*. The other possibilities *011*, *101* and *110* will be changed to *111*.
Breaza (disambiguation)

**Breaza** can be any one of several places in Romania:

* Breaza, a town in Prahova County
* Breaza, a commune in Buzău County 
* Breaza, a commune in Mureş County 
* Breaza, a commune in Suceava County
Baiu Mountains

The **Baiu Mountains** are a group of mountains in the central part of Romania.  They are part of the Eastern Carpathians.

## Related pages
*List of mountain peaks in Romania
*Baiu Mare River

## References
Suceava

**Suceava** is the capital city of Suceava County, in Romania.  107,513 people were living in Suceava as of July 1, 2004.

## References 
## Other websites
* Local Authority Website from Suceava
* Suceava | images and words
* The "Ştefan cel Mare" University of Suceava
* Suceava Airport
Reprise Records

**Reprise Records** is an American record label founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra, which is owned by Warner Music Group, and operated through Warner Bros. Records. Reprise is best known for recording Neil Young since 1969.

## Company history
Reprise was formed in 1960 by Frank Sinatra in order to allow more artistic freedom for his own recordings. He had earlier been with Capitol Records, but was upset when Capitol issued an album, *Come Fly with Me*, whose cover had a picture of him in front of an airplane with a Trans-World Airlines (TWA) logo. He believed Capitol and TWA were profiting together from his image, and left him out.

Reprise's artists included Sinatra's longtime friend Dean Martin, who was a singer and comedian, with a popular television show. Sinatra's daughter, Nancy Sinatra, became a recording artist and singer, and signed with her father's label. (His advice to her, whoever she signed with, was to "Own your own masters", and she did that. Years later, her  was valuable, and she earned more money from her records than if she was not their owner.) Reprise also released records by Jimi Hendrix, and later Neil Young.

## Subsidiaries
* Kinetic Records (1992–2000)
* Grand Jury Records (1990–1993)
* Giant Records (1990–1994, Warner Brothers took over the duties until Giant folded.)
* Vapor Records (1995–present; current status unknown)
* Elementree Records (1995–2000)
* In Bloom Records (1998–2000)
* Chrysalis Records (1969–1972)

## Related pages
* List of record labels

## References
## Other websites
* A discography of American Reprise singles from 1961 to 1970
Harghita County

**Harghita** (; ; ) is a county (judeţ) in the central part of Romania, in the eastern part of Transylvania.  The capital of Harghita County is Miercurea-Ciuc.

## Geography
Harghita County has an area of 6,639 square kilometers. 

Two of the most important rivers in Romania, the Mureş River and the Olt River, start in Harghita County.

## Divisions
Harghita County has 4 municipalities, 5 towns, and 58 communes.

### Municipalities
* Miercurea Ciuc – county seat; population: 42,029
* Gheorgheni
* Odorheiu Secuiesc
* Topliţa

### Towns
* Băile Tuşnad
* Bălan
* Borsec
* Cristuru Secuiesc
* Vlăhiţa

### Communes
Selling out

**Selling out** means giving away one's integrity, morality and principles in exchange for money, 'success' or other personal gain. Some people think that it happens in art when what they think is weird becomes more like mainstream society, so it will make more money. Selling out is seen as getting success at the cost of credibility.

## Other websites 
*The Art of Selling Out: Compromising the Music
Longview (song)

"**Longview**" is the first major-label single released by punk band Green Day. It is from their 1994 album *Dookie*.

## Chart position 
* #1  (US Modern Rock) 
* #13  (US Mainstream Rock) 
* #30  (UK) 
* #34  (Australia) 
* #36  (US Radio Airplay)
Lizzie McGuire

***Lizzie McGuire*** is an American children's situation comedy television show. It was shown from 2001 through 2004 on the Disney Channel. It is about the life of a young girl (Hilary Duff as Lizzie McGuire) growing up. There was a 2003 film based on the show called *The Lizzie McGuire Movie*. There was also a series of books, a magazine and toys. The soundtrack to the show was released on CD and sold a million copies.

## Cast 
*Hilary Duff as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Brooke McGuire
*Lalaine as Miranda Isabella Sanchez
*Adam Lamberg as David "Gordo" Gordon
*Jake Thomas as Matthew "Matt" McGuire
*Hallie Todd as Jo McGuire
*Robert Carradine as Sam McGuire
*Ashlie Brillault as Kate Sanders
*Clayton Snyder as Ethan Craft

## Broadcast 
*Disney Channel, Disney XD (United States)
*Playhouse Disney (UK and Ireland)
*ABC (Australia)
*TVNZ (New Zealand)