open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tatsumi Fujinami

is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is best known for competing in New Japan Pro Wrestling from 1972 to 2006. He has been competing for Dradition since 2004.

He was the innovator of both the Dragon sleeper and Dragon suplex wrestling movies. He used them as his finishing moves.

He has a son named Leona who is also a professional wrestler and made his debut on November 19, 2013.

On March 28, 2015, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Ric Flair.

## Championships
***Catch Wrestling Association**
**CWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Dramatic Dream Team**
**KO-D Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Mikami)
***New Japan Pro Wrestling**
**IWGP Heavyweight Championship (six times)
**IWGP Tag Team Championship (five times) (with Kengo Kimura (four) and Osamu Nishimura (one))
**NWA International Junior Heavyweight Championship (two times)
**NWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**WCWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**WWF International Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**WWF International Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Kengo Kimura)
**WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**G1 Climax (1993)
**Super Grade Tag League (1991) (with Big Van Vader)
**Karl Gotch Cup (1974)
***Pacific Northwest Wrestling**
**NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked **#31** of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
***Tokyo Sports**
**Best Bout Award (1983) (vs. Riki Chōshū on April 3)
**Best Bout Award (1986) (vs. Akira Maeda on June 12)
**Best Tag Team (1981) (with Antonio Inoki)
**Distinguished Service Award (1978)
**Fighting Spirit Award (1984)
**MVP Award (1985)
**Outstanding Performance Award (1980, 1982, 1987, 1988)
**Rookie of the Year (1974)
**Technique Award (1979)
***Universal Wrestling Association**
**UWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation**
**WWF International Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**WWWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2015)
***Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards**
**Best Technical Wrestler (1985, 1986, 1988)
**Most Outstanding Wrestler (1988)
**Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

## References
## Other websites
*
*CAGEMATCH profile
Dere Street

**Dere Street** (later *Via Regia* in Scotland) was a Roman road in Britain. It ran between Eboracum (York) and 
the Antonine Wall at Bo'ness (Veluniate), in what is now Scotland. 

Dere Street still exists as the route of major roads, including the A1 and A68  just north of Corbridge. 

Its name comes from the post Roman Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Deira, through which the first part of its route lies. It was sometimes referred to as "Watling Street" and marked on some maps as such. This can cause it to be confused with the Watling Street that linked Dover with Wroxeter.
Chris Furrh

**Chris Furrh** (born December 18, 1974) is an American actor. He was born in San Marcos, Texas. He is most famous for starring as Jack in the 1990 movie version of *Lord of the Flies*. After *Lord of the Flies*, he played the role of Nick Bankston in the 1990 television movie *A Family for Joe*. He played another castaway teenager in *Exile*. Furrh has since retired from acting.

## Other websites
*
Simplex algorithm

The **Simplex algorithm** is an algorithm which is used to solve problems of Linear programming or linear optimization. It was first used by George Dantzig in 1947, but other people like Kantorovich laid the foundations in 1939. The algorithm runs in two steps:
#First a solution to the problem is found, or the certainty that no solution exists.
#The solution found earlier is improved, if this is possible.
Step 2 is run multiple times: Each time, a given solution is improved, until this is no longer possible.
Cheondoism

**Cheondoism** (Korean Cheondogyo; hanja 天道教; hangul 천도교; literally "Religion of the Heavenly Way") is Korean traditional religion which began during the last year of Joseon Dynasty. It was found in 1860 by Choe Je-U, the first religious sect leader of Cheondoism. At first, he named this religion Donghak, or Eastern Learning in opposition to Western Learning. In 1905, the name was change to Cheondogyo by the third leader, Son Byeong-Hui. In period of Japanese occupation, it made an effort to lead Korea's Independence Movement against Japanese colonial rule and expand it's congregation. Today, Cheondoism exerts less strong influence than before.

## Religious thought 
Cheondoism is a monotheistic religion and members believe a god called 'Hanul'. God is both transcendent and immanent in Heaven, Earth, and Man. It is not only the notion of God, but also view of human, moral, history are distinctive. When one dies, one does not go to some other-dimensional heaven, but returns to the One Being. The fundamental doctrine of the religion is that all human beings are equal because all people serve the god in their mind when born, so believers desperately oppose the hierarchy. And depending on equality for all, it insisted that children should be respected.

## History 
Cheondoism weakened by government suppression, but from the effort of second leader Si Hyung Choi. it recovered and in 1870, the number of believers extended for thousands. In 1880s, congregation was expanded to the entire Korean peninsula, and in 1890s, the religion led social movement of semi-feudalism and anti-foreign influence and this became Donghak Movement. In 1910s, it stirred up a revolution for liberation of the oppressed nation from Japanese imperialist rule.

## Other websites
*www.chondogyo.or.kr
Janet Rowley

**Janet Davison Rowley** (April 5, 1925 - December 17, 2013) was an American geneticist. She was the first scientist to identify a chromosomal translocation as the cause of leukemia and other cancers in humans.

Rowley died at the age of 88 from complications of ovarian cancer. 

## References
Ronnie Biggs

**Ronald Arthur** "**Ronnie**" **Biggs** (8 August 1929 – 18 December 2013) was a British robber. He is took part in the Great Train Robbery of 1963. The robbery happened on his birthday. 

Biggs was born in Stockwell, Lambeth, London. He escaped from prison in 1965 and lived as a fugitive for 36 years. In 2001, he chose to return to the United Kingdom and spent the next eight years in prison. 

Biggs was released from prison on compassionate grounds on 6 August 2009. He died in Barnet, London, aged 84. His cause of death was not released.

## References
## Other websites
*Biggs' own web site
**Guardian* photo gallery of Biggs
*"The Big One: Ronald Biggs and the Great Train Robbery" , Crime Library
*Obituary  at the Daily Telegraph
Suicide of Amanda Todd

**Amanda Michelle Todd** (born November 27, 1996) died by suicide on October 10, 2012 at the age of 15 at her home in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada. She was a sophomore when she died. On October 10, 2012, she posted a video on YouTube called *My Story: Struggling, bullying, suicide and self-harm*. Todd's suicide was written about her life on index cards.  Many news websites linked to Todd's video. It had 1,600,000 views by October 13, 2012. Todd's death made people pay attention to the issue of cyberbullying, extortion and bullying. People made memorial pages for Todd on Facebook. Some people posted mean comments on them while others supported her. 

## Background
On her YouTube video Todd revealed that she showed her breasts on a video chat. She got a message on Facebook from a man. The message said that if Todd did not show more parts of her body then he would post the pictures he had taken of her from the video chat to the Internet. The police came to her home to tell her that photos of her were sent to "everyone". Todd then got depression and panic disorder. She started abusing alcohol and drugs. Todd was asked by a boy to come to his house. The boy had a girlfriend but he acted like he liked Todd. She went to his house. The next week the boy's girlfriend appeared at Todd's school with fifteen other people. Todd was hurt really really bad and it was filmed by people who watched. When she went home she drank bleach. People made fun of her for doing this and wrote on Facebook that they wished that she had not survived.

## Aftermath
Aydin Coban, a 35-year-old man from The Netherlands was charged with extortion, internet luring, criminal harassment and child pornography in connection with Todd's suicide in 2014. Coban had already been sentenced to 10 years and 8 months in prison for committing sexual blackmail against victims in The Netherlands.

In December 2020, Coban was extradited to Canada to face trial in the Supreme Court of British Columbia. On August 5, 2022, a jury found him guilty on all charges and he was sentenced to 13 years in prison.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
**My Story: Struggling, bullying, suicide and self-harm*
HM Prison Wakefield

'''His Majesty's Prison Wakefield''' is a Category A prison for men in Wakefield in England. Category A means that the prison is for the most dangerous criminals. It was built in 1594. It has about 740 prisoners. Harold Shipman was a prisoner there until he committed suicide in 2004. Ian Watkins was also a prisoner there.

## References
Bruce Reynolds

**Bruce Richard Reynolds** (7 September 1931 – 28 February 2013) At the time it was Britain's largest robbery. Reynolds spent five years on the run from police. He was imprisoned for 25 years in 1969. He was released in 1978. He wrote three books and performed with the band Alabama 3, for whom his son, Nick, plays.

Reynolds was born in Strand, London. He also had convictions for assault and supplying drugs.

He died in Croydon, London, at the age of 81.

## References
East 17

**East 17** are an English boy band founded by Tony Mortimer, Brian Harvey, John Hendy, and Terry Coldwell in Walthamstow in 1991. They have sold 18 million records worldwide. Their first album *Walthamstow* went straight to number one in the UK. In 1994 they released the single "Stay Another Day". It was their only UK number one single. 

## Band members
**Current**
* Terry Coldwell (1991–1997, 1998–1999, 2006–2013, 2014–present)
* Robbie Craig (2014–present)
* Joe Livermore (2019–present)

**Past**
*  (1991–1997, 1998–1999, 2006–2010)
*  (1991–1997, 2006, 2010–2013)
* John Hendy (1991–1997, 1998–1999, 2006–2013, 2014–2018)
* Blair Dreelan (2011)
* Terry John (2018–2019)

### Timeline
## Discography
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Home videos
### Singles
### Music videos
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Korean mask

**Korean masks** have been used since the 6th century. The oldest mask in Korea is a lacquered mask that was excavated in one of the tumuli in Gyeongju. In the past, the masks were used for shamanistic ceremonies to drive away evil spirits or raise ghosts. Also, they were used for mask plays like *BongsanTalchum, SandaeNoli*.

In Korea, *tal* means *mask*. *Tal* is an ancient Chinese word that means a face, a tool for face, a mask, etc. The word *tal* means a *mask* and *disease* in Korea. That is why Korean masks normally represent the face of demons or monsters that cause various diseases. Ancient Korean believed that the mask of strong demons can drive weak demons out.   

## Masks in theatre 
Mask plays have different themes. Basic themes are biting satire, ritual dances, exorcism rites, parody of human weaknesses, social evils and the privileged class. 

A lot of *talchum*, or plays, mock stereotyped of annoying personalities in the lower classes. The most distinguishing feature of the Korea mask plays is variations of specific lines in plays. According to actors and regions, the specific lines in plays can be changed. With regional variations, the mask play is usually performed on traditional holidays.	

## Shamanistic masks 
Korean masks used in shamanistic practices were made of wood. They had several coasts of lacquer to give the masks gloss and to and waterproof them for wearing. In Korea, many people have believed that the lacquer tree can drive away evil spirits. That is why Koreans used lacquered masks. The horrifying or grotesque masks were used in shamanistic practices for their ability to evoke fear, and humor, in ceremonial rites.
Hyrule Warriors

***Hyrule Warriors*** is a video game for the Wii U console. It is a crossover between *The Legend of Zelda* and *Dynasty Warriors* series. It was developed by Tecmo Koei and Nintendo. It is a spin-off game in *The Legend of Zelda* series. It was released on August 14, 2014.

## Gameplay
The game plays like the *Dynasty Warriors* series, using the setting and characters from *The Legend of Zelda*. The player controls Link to take on a large number of enemies from *The Legend of Zelda* series and you can unlock other characters who you can also play as. The player can use weapons such as a sword and bombs, as well as Link's spin attack. Like in other *The Legend of Zelda* games, the player can get new items by finding and opening chests.

## References
Brian Field

**Brian Field** (15 December 1934 – 27 April 1979) was a British clerk and criminal. He was one of the people who organised the Great Train Robbery of 1963.

Fields died in a car crash in London. He was aged 44. His wife also died in the crash.

## References
Buster Edwards

**Ronald Christopher Edwards** (27 January 1931 &ndash; 28 November 1994), known as **Buster Edwards**, was a British career criminal. He was born in Lambeth, London. He was a member of the gang of the Great Train Robbery. He had also been a boxer and nightclub owner. Edwards was in prison for nine years.

## Death 
Edwards died after hanging himself (suicide) in Lambeth, at the age of 63. His cause of death is still disputed because many people thought he was too drunk to have chosen to kill himself.

A biopic, *Buster*, was released in 1988.

## References
Charlie Wilson (criminal)

**Charles Frederick** "**Charlie**" **Wilson** (30 June 1932 – 23 April 1990) was a British criminal. He was born in Battersea, London. He was a member of the Great Train Robbery gang. He was shot dead by a hitman on a bicycle in 1990 when he was living in Marbella, Spain.

## References
County Galway

**County Galway** () is a county in Ireland. It is in the West Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the city of Galway. The population of the county is 250,541 according to the 2011 census.

## References
Operation Uphold Democracy

**Operation Uphold Democracy** was a military operation in Haiti. It was led by the United States, with help from Argentina, Netherlands, Poland, Belgium and CARICOM. It lasted from 19 September 1994, to 31 March 1995.

In 1991, the Haitian army overthrew Haiti's legally elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and created a new military government. The goal of Operation Uphold Democracy was to remove this military government and bring President Aristide back to power. The operation was protected and supported by the United Nations through Security Council Resolution 940, passed on 31 July 1994.

Operation Uphold Democracy was successful, bringing President Aristide back into control of the Haitian government.

## References
West Riding of Yorkshire

The **West Riding of Yorkshire** is one of the three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. From 1889 to 1974 the administrative county, *County of York, West Riding* (abbreviated: *County of York (WR)*) (the area under the control of West Riding County Council), was based closely on the historic boundaries. The lieutenancy at that time included the City of York and as such was named *West Riding of the County of York and the County of the City of York*.[3]

Its boundaries roughly correspond to the present ceremonial counties of West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and the Craven, Harrogate and Selby districts of North Yorkshire, along with smaller parts in Lancashire (for example, the parishes of Barnoldswick, Bracewell, Brogden and Salterforth became part of the Pendle district of Lancashire and the parishes of Great Mitton, Newsholme and Bowland Forest Low became part of the Ribble Valley district also in Lancashire), Cumbria, Greater Manchester and, since 1996, the unitary East Riding of Yorkshire.

## References
Stan Stennett

**Stanley Llewelyn Stennett** (30 July 1925 &ndash; 26 November 2013) was a Welsh comedian, actor and jazz musician. He was known for his roles in *Coronation Street* and *Casualty*.

Stennett died in hospital in Cardiff, at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
*BBC website
Elmet (UK Parliament constituency)

**Elmet** was a county constituency in West Yorkshire. This is seat in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by a simple  of votes.

From 1997 the MP (member of Parliament) was Colin Burgon of Labour. Burgon did not stand in the 2010 general election. The constituency was created in 1983 to cover the far eastern wards of Leeds and neighbouring areas.

## References
Elmet

**Elmet** () was an independent Brittonic kingdom. It occupied the area of what was later the West Riding of Yorkshire. Elmet appears in records during the Early Middle Ages between the 5th century and early 7th century. Its neighbor to the east was the Anglian kingdom of Deira. The Anglian kingdom of Mercia was to the south. To the west it bordered on the Irish Sea. Elmet was the last surviving British kingdom in the early Anglo-Saxon period.

## History
Elmet emerged from Roman Britain as a British kingdom. The *Elmetsæte* (people of Elmet) were listed in Tribal Hidage as 600 hides. Elmet may have originally been a subkingdom of the Brigantes. Edwin expelled Ceredig from Elmet and from that time on Elmet was a part of Northumbria.

The kings of Elmet had a royal residence at Campodonum (possibly near Doncaster) and another at Loidis (Leeds). The Elmetsæte were apparently Christian, at least by the time they were conquered by Northumbria. Bede wrote of an abbot named Thrydwulf and his monastery in Elmet wood.
* Madog - Died at the Battle of Catraeth 

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* John James, *On the Little British Kingdom of Elmet*
The Addams Family

**The Addams Family** is a group of characters in scary cartoons by Charles Addams. It might also mean:

**The Addams Family*, a 1964 TV series based on the characters
**The Addams Family*, a 1973 animated TV series
**The Addams Family*, a 1991 movie based on the characters
**The Addams Family*, a 1992 animated TV series
**The Addams Family* (musical), a dark musical comedy based on the characters, 2009 Chicago tryouts
**The Addams Family*, a 2019 animated movie based on the characters
Leeds City College

**Leeds City College** is a college in the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is for further education, that is, education after finishing the compulsory years of secondary school. It is the largest college for further education in Leeds. It has around 57,000 students, and 2,300 staff. It makes about £78 million each year.

## References
Gaia (spacecraft)

**Gaia** was a space observatory. It was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) on 19 December 2013.  The mission aims to compile a 3D space catalogue of about one billion astronomical objects. The mission ended in March 27, 2025. 

It will study about 1% of the Milky way population. A successor to the *Hipparcos* mission, it is part of ESA's Horizon 2000 Plus long-term scientific program. Gaia monitored each of its target stars about 70 times over a period of five years.

Gaia created an extremely precise three-dimensional map of stars throughout the Milky Way galaxy and map their motions. This data is a product of the origin and subsequent evolution of the Milky Way. The spectroscopic measurements will find the physical properties of each star observed, their luminosity, temperature, gravity and elemental composition. Distances to about 20 million stars will be measured by annual parallax. 

The massive stellar census will provide the basic observational data. With the data, astronomers hope to tackle a range of important problems, like the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our galaxy. Large numbers of quasars, galaxies, extrasolar planets and Solar System bodies will be measured at the same time.

Gaia was launched using a Soyuz rocket from its Guiana Space Centre (GSC) in French Guiana. It is in a Lissajous orbit around the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrangian point. As of April 2018 it has measured approximately a billion stars and other objects.

## References
Electrical machine

An **electrical machine** is an electrical device that changes energy from one form to another, usually from mechanical energy to electrical energy or from electrical energy to mechanical energy.

## Types 
* An electrical generator changes mechanical energy to electrical energy.
* An electrical motor changes electrical energy to mechanical energy.
* A transformer changes changes the voltage level of an alternating current.
NES Remix

***NES Remix*** is a video game for the Wii U console. It was developed by indieszero and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 18, 2013. In this game, the player has to complete challenges in Nintendo Entertainment System games. For example, the player may have to defeat a number of enemies in *Super Mario Bros.* while under a time limit.

## Games 
## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Worms Cathedral

'''St Peter's Cathedral''' () is a church in Worms, southern Germany. It was the seat of the Catholic Bishopric (diocese) of Worms before it broke up in 1800. Today, the former cathedral is a Catholic parish church and "basilica minor". Worms Cathedral is where Martin Luther presented his theses on reforms to church authorities.

## Bells
The cathedral has three bells, all of which are housed in the southeast tower. They were cast in 1947 by Albert Junker to replace the old sound of the four bells destroyed in World War II.

## References
Trinity Church, Worms

The **Holy Trinity Church**, also called the **Reformation Memorial Church of the Holy Trinity**) () is the largest Protestant church in Worms, Germany. It was built between 1701 and 1717. The baroque hall building is centrally located on the market square and is very close to the cathedral.

## References
Gardens by the Bay

**Gardens by the Bay** is an horticultural theme park south of Marina Bay in Singapore. Opened in June 2012, Gardens by the Bay is made up of three waterfront gardens: Bay South (54 hectares), Bay East (32 hectares) and Bay Central (15 hectares). It is a part of Singapore's plan to become a "City in a Garden”. and Gustafson Porter, both from UK, were awarded the master plan design for the Bay South and East Gardens in September 2006. 

Gardens by the Bay, a 101-hectare horticultural attraction, contains 250 thousand rare plants in domed conservatories. There are two distinctively different conservatories: the Flower Dome and the Cloud Forest, designed by Wilkinson Eyre Architects. Both are planned for sustainable cycles in energy and water throughout Bay South Garden. The conservatories are the biggest climate-controlled greenhouses in the world and aim at creating cool growing environments in a pair of glasshouses.

## Bay South Garden 
Bay South Garden opened to the public on 29 June 2012. It is  wide, the largest of the three gardens.

### Conservatories 
The conservatory complex at Gardens by the Bay, Singapore, is made up of two cooled conservatories – the Flower Dome and the Cloud Forest. They are situated along the edge of Marina Reservoir. The conservatories, designed by WilkinsonEyre and Grant Associates, are intended to be an energy-efficient showcase of sustainable building technologies and to provide an all-weather edutainment space within the Gardens. Both are very large (around ) and the Flower Dome is the world's largest columnless glasshouse.

#### Flower Dome 
The Flower Dome is the largest greenhouse in the world as listed in the 2015 Guinness Book of World Records at  and has a cool-dry mediterranean climate. It features a changing display, the flower field, and eight other gardens, namely The Baobabs, Succulent Garden, Australian Garden, South African Garden, South American Garden, Olive Grove, California Garden and the Mediterranean Garden. These eight gardens exhibit exotic flowers and plants from the Mediterranean and semi-arid regions from five different continents.

Here is the list of some plants growing in the Flower Dome:

#### Cloud Forest 
The Cloud Forest is higher but slightly smaller at . It replicates the cool moist conditions found in tropical mountain regions between  and  above sea level, found in South-East Asia, Central- and South America. The conditions are also simulated by misting which occurs every two hours.

The Cloud Forest features a  "Cloud Mountain". It is accessible by elevator and is completely covered in epiphytes such as orchids, ferns, peacock ferns, spike- and clubmosses, bromeliads and anthuriums. The design was inspired by the Maiden Hair Fungus and consists of a number of levels, each with a different theme, including The Lost World, The Cavern, The Waterfall View, The Crystal Mountain, The Cloud Forest Gallery, The Cloud Forest Theatre and The Secret Garden.

The following is a partial list of plants growing in the Cloud Forest:

## Related pages 
* List of botanical gardens

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Hammer Bro

**Hammer Bro.**, also called **Hammer Brothers** or **Hammer Bros.**, is an enemy from the *Mario* series of video games. It is a type of Koopa Troopa that walks on two feet and attacks by throwing hammers at the player character. There are different types of Hammer Bro. that are named after the attack that they use, such as the Boomerang Bro, the Fire Bro And The Ice Bro. Hammer Bros. It has appeared in many *Mario* games since      
   
Its first appearance in *Super Mario Bros.*, including spin-off games such as the *Mario Party* games.   
## References
## Other websites
*Hammer Bro. at Super Mario Wiki
Curve fitting

with variable damping factor α).  Top: raw data and model. Bottom: evolution of the normalised sum of the squares of the errors.]]

**Curve fitting** is constructing a mathematical function which best fits a set of data points.

Curve fitting may involve either interpolation or smoothing. Using interpolation requires an exact fit to the data. With smoothing, a "smooth" function is constructed, that fit the data approximately. A related topic is regression analysis, which focuses more on questions of statistical inference such as how much uncertainty is present in a curve that is fit to data observed with random errors.

Fitted curves can be used to help data visualization, to guess values of a function where no data is available, and to summarize the relationships among two or more variables.  Extrapolation refers to the use of a fitted curve beyond the range of the observed data. This is subject to a degree of uncertainty, since it may reflect the method used to construct the curve as much as it reflects the observed data.

## References
Space observatory

A **space observatory** or a **space telescope** is any instrument (such as a telescope) in outer space which is used for observation of distant objects. Planets, stars, galaxies, and other outer space objects may be viewed and recorded.  This category does not include observatories in space which are pointed toward the earth for the purpose of reconnaissance, meteorology and other types of information gathering.

All observation of space from Earth is filtered through the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere filters and distorts what is seen and recorded. 

Satellite-based telescopes opened up the Universe to human eyes. Turbulence in the Earth's atmosphere blurs images taken by ground-based telescopes, an effect known as seeing.  It is this effect that makes stars "twinkle" in the sky.  As a result, the pictures taken by satellite telescopes in visible light (for example, by the Hubble Space Telescope) are much clearer than Earth-based telescopes, even though Earth-based telescopes are very large.

Space-based astronomy is vital for frequency ranges outside the optical and radio windows. For example, X-ray astronomy is nearly impossible when done from the Earth. It has reached its present importance in astronomy due to orbiting X-ray telescopes. Infrared and ultraviolet are also largely blocked by the atmosphere. Most space observatories are in low Earth orbit.

## History
In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer was the first to propose a telescope in outer space, a decade before the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, *Sputnik*.

Spitzer said a large telescope in space, above the Earth's atmosphere, would see better.  His efforts resulted in the world's first space-based optical telescope, *Hubble Space Telescope*, which was launched on April 20, 1990 by the Space Shuttle *Discovery* (STS-31). Others include Hipparcos and Gaia (spacecraft).

## References
Rassilon

**Rassilon** is a fictional character in the British television series *Doctor Who*. He is the founder of the Time Lords.
Invoice

shop]]

An **invoice** is a document used in commerce, particularly in retail. It is made by a person or company who is selling something to a  (or "buyer"). The invoice is given to the customer as a request for payment. It lists the goods or service provided to the customer, along with the price being charged for each of them.

Once the customer has paid for the goods or services, they may be given a receipt. The receipt is the customer's proof that they have paid for the products. A receipt is not the same thing as an invoice.

From the seller's point of view, an invoice is called the *sales invoice*. From the buyer's point of view, an invoice is called the *purchase invoice*.

Business owners, freelancers, accountants, even seasoned managers mix them up. And honestly, it makes sense. They look similar. They talk about money. They usually show up around the same time. But here’s the thing: the invoice and receipt difference is not just semantic — it’s legal, financial, and sometimes emotional (especially when taxes are involved).

## Components
* The word *invoice*
* Unique reference number
* Invoice date
* Credit terms
* Tax payments
* Name and contact detail of the seller and buyer
* Tax or company registration details of seller
* Date of transaction
* Purchase order number
* Description of products
* Unit prices of products
* Total amount charged
* Payment terms

## Types
* Collective invoice
* Continuation invoice
* Commercial invoice
* Credit memo invoice
* Debit memo invoice
* Electronic invoice
* Evaluated receipt settlement invoice
* Pro forma invoice
* Progress billing invoice
* Self-billing invoice
* Statement invoice
* Timesheet invoice

## Electronic invoices
* EDIFACT
* Open Application Group Integration Specification
* UBL
* ISDOC

## References
Greg Montgomery

**Greg Montgomery** (October 29, 1964 &ndash; August 23, 2020) was an American football punter. He played nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Houston Oilers from 1988 to 1993, Detroit Lions in 1994 and the Baltimore Ravens from 1996 to 1997.

Montgomery was born in Morristown, New Jersey.

He was drafted out of Michigan State University by the Houston Oilers in 1988. He retired in 1997. He was on the All-Time team for Michigan State University.

He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 1997.

Montgomery died on August 23, 2020, in Grand Rapids, Michigan at the age of 55.

## References
## Other websites
* NFL profile
Buchi Emecheta

**Buchi Emecheta** OBE (21 July 1944, in Yaba, Lagos &ndash; 25 January 2017 in London) was a Nigerian writer. Her first novel, *In the Ditch*, was published in 1972. Her second novel was published in 1974. The novel is set in London, where Emecheta lived when she wrote it. Emecheta's most well known novel is *The Joys of Motherhood*.

## Personal life
Emecheta married Sylvester Onwordi when she was sixteen. She had two children. In 1962 she moved with her husband to London. There she had three more children.

Emecheta died in her sleep at her home in London on 25 January 2017 from complications of a stroke, aged 72.

## References
João Havelange

**Jean-Marie Faustin Goedefroid** "**João**" **de Havelange** (May 8, 1916 – 16 August 2016) was a Brazilian association football administrator. He was the 7th President of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). He was elected to the position in 1974. He resigned in 1998, after 24 years in charge.

He was elected as an honorary president of FIFA in 1998 after he left office. He resigned in 2013 due to "health and personal reasons".

Havelange was a swimmer at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. He was also part of the team that tied for 13th in water polo at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.

## Assessment 
Writing in June 1998, as Havelange was leaving FIFA, and before the eruption of most of the controversies surrounding him, The New York Times commented on Havelange's leadership:"[Havelange] ran FIFA, as the world soccer federation is known, with a combination of autocratic rigidity and progressive reform. In 24 years as FIFA's president, Havelange was credited with building the Zurich-based organization from a fledgling operation in a private residence to a worldwide force that oversees a $250 billion-a-year international industry. With Blatter working by his side for 17 years and implementing his programs as FIFA's general secretary, Havelange increased the size of the World Cup from 16 to 32 teams, introduced a World Cup for women, gained a place for women's soccer in the Summer Olympics and built up marketing and television rights fees to the point that each of FIFA's 204 national federations will receive $1 million from the 1998 World Cup."

— 

## Honours
* Cavalier of The Légion D'honneur
* Order of Special Merit in Sports
* Commander of The Cavaliers of the Order of Infante D. Henrique
* Cavalier of The Order of Vasa
* Grand Cross of Elizabeth The Catholic

## References
## Other websites
4 (Beyoncé album)

***4*** is the fourth studio album by American singer Beyoncé, released June 24, 2011. Seven singles were released from the album. "Run the World (Girls)" was the first single from the album. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8 out of 10.
The single "Love on Top" won the Best Traditional R&B Performance Award at the Grammy Awards. The album has sold three million copies. The third song on the album "I Miss You" was written by Frank Ocean.

## Track listing
## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Monthly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
## References
Kabomani tapir

The **kabomani tapir** (*Tapirus kabomani*) is the smallest of the five living species of tapir. It was found in the Amazon rainforest. Discovered in 2013, it was the first odd-toed ungulate discovered in over 100 years. The tapir has an estimated weight of only . It has dark-grey to dark-brown hair. Males are smaller than females and females have a light throat patch that extends from chin to neck and up to the base of the ears.
Iman (model)

**Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid** (born July 25, 1955), known as **Iman**, is a Somali-American supermodel. In 1992, she played a queen in Michael Jackson's music video "Remember the Time".

## Early life
Iman was born in Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia. She went to high school in Egypt. Iman then studied political science at the University of Nairobi in Kenya. 

## Career
### Modeling
Photographer Peter Beard saw her on a street in Nairobi and asked if she had even been photographed. When he said he would pay her she asked if he would give her $8,000 and he said yes. That day he took photographs of her. He then took them back to New York. Iman was signed to the modeling agency Wilhelmina.

### Business
In 1994 Iman started *Iman Cosmetics*. Iman Cosmetics makes makeup for women with dark skin.

### Writing
Iman's first book, *I Am Iman*, was published in 2001.

## Personal life
In 1978, Iman married American basketball player Spencer Haywood. She had a daughter with him called Zulekha. She works for Iman's cosmetics company. Iman divorced Haywood in 1987. In 1992, Iman married David Bowie. In 2000, she gave birth to their daughter Alexandria Zahra Jones. Iman and Bowie stayed together until his death on January 10, 2016.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Thomas Szasz

**Thomas Stephen Szasz** (April 15, 1920 – September 8, 2012) was a psychiatrist and academic. He was a libertarian. In 1961 Szasz's third and most well known book, *The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct*, was published. Szasz died when he was 92.

## Early life
Szasz was born in Budapest in Hungary to Jewish parents. He grew up speaking German and Hungarian. He also spoke French. In 1938 Szasz moved with his family to the United States. He studied medicine at the University of Cincinnati. However, he was more interested in politics and philosophy. In 1956 Szasz became a professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York in Syracuse.

## Szasz's arguments
Szasz was a heretic in psychiatry. This means that his opinions were very different to the ideas generally accepted within psychiatry. He said that psychiatry is a pseudoscience. He compared it to religion. In *Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry*, Szasz argued that schizophrenia is a symbol that is 'worshipped' by psychiatrists in the same way that Christians worship Christ. He said that mental illness is not an illness of the brain but "problems of living".  People described Szasz as being 'anti psychiatry'. In response to this Szasz wrote a book called *Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared*. He believed that mental hospitals are like prisons.

He argued that "death control", or the right to killing oneself, is a human right like birth control. However, he was against euthanasia by the state. Szasz did not believe that drug addiction is a disease. Instead, he thought that it is a social habit. He thought that drugs should be made legal.

Szasz was an atheist.

## References
Nick Aldis

**Nicholas "Nick" Aldis** (born 6 November 1986) is an English professional wrestler. He currently works for WWE as an on-screen general manager for the *SmackDown* brand.

Aldis is also known for his time in the National Wrestling Alliance, where he is a two-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion, and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he competed under the ring name **Magnus**. He is a former TNA World Heavyweight Champion and was the first Englishman to hold the title. He was also known for being a member of The British Invasion with Doug Williams and Rob Terry.

Before becoming a professional wrestler, he appeared on the British revival of the television show *Gladiators*. He performed under the stage name **Oblivion**. Aside from wrestling, he was a co-presenter of ''Britain's Strongest Man* on Challenge TV.

## Championships
***Championship Wrestling International**                    
**CWI Heavyweight Champion (1 time, last)
***Dungeon Wrestling**
**Stu Hart Heritage Championship (1 time)
* **Global Force Wrestling**
** GFW Global Championship (1 time)
** GFW Global Championship Tournament (2015)
****Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (2013)
** Ranked No. 8 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500'' in 2014
* **National Wrestling Alliance**
** NWA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
* **New Japan Pro-Wrestling**
** IWGP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Doug Williams
* **North American Wrestling Allegiance**
** NAWA Texas Championship (1 time)
* **Pro Wrestling Noah**
** GHC Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Samoa Joe
* **Ring Ka King**
** RKK World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
** World Cup of Ring Ka King (2012) – with Scott Steiner, Abyss, Deadly Danda, and Sonjay Dutt
***Stand Alone Wrestling**
**SAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
** TNA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
** TNA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Doug Williams (1) and Samoa Joe (1)
** Feast or Fired (2015 – World Tag Team Championship contract)1
** Global Impact Tournament (2015) – with Team International 
** TNA World Tag Team Championship No. 1 Contenders Tournament (2010) – with Desmond Wolfe
** TNA World Heavyweight Championship Tournament (2013)
** Wild Card Tournament (2011) – with Samoa Joe
** Xplosion Championship Challenge (2011)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*TNA profile 
*
Hippuriphila modeeri

***Hippuriphila modeeri*** is a species of flea beetles, in the family Chrysomelidae. They that can be found in Europe and northern Asia, east to Mongolia.

## References
Lythraria

***Lythraria*** is a genus of leaf beetles. It was first described in 1897 by Ernest Marie Louis Bedel. It contains a single species: *Lythraria salicariae*.

This species lives is found in Europe, the Caucasus, across northern Asia to Korea and Japan.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dibolia

***Dibolia*** is a genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae).

Species in this genus can be found nearly everywhere in Europe.

Species were first organised into this group in 1829, by Pierre André Latreille.

## References
## Other websites
*
Altica ericeti

***Altica ericeti*** (or ***Altica sandini***) is a species of leaf beetle. It can be found in France, England, Germany, Netherlands, Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula.

## References
Batophila aerata

***Batophila aerata*** is a species of leaf beetle. It is common in southern England, France, Corsica, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Greece, Spain, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. It can also be found on islands in the Mediterranean such as Sardinia and Sicily.

## References
Ned Vizzini

**Edison Price "Ned" Vizzini** (April 4, 1981 - December 19, 2013) was an American writer. He is best known for writing ''It's Kind of a Funny Story*. In 2010 a movie of the novel was released. Vizzini had depression. He spent a week in a psychiatric hospital in 2004 after he called a suicide hotline. He based *It's Kind of a Funny Story'' on his experience there. Vizzini was found dead on December 19, 2013 in New York. He had killed himself by jumping off a building.

## Early life
Vizzini was born in Brooklyn in New York City. He went to Stuyvesant High School.

## Career
Vizzini's first book ''It's Kind of a Funny Story'' was published in 2006. 

## References
## Other websites
*Ned Vizzini speaks about 'It's Kind of a Funny Story' on 'YA Visions' (2010)
Rising Damp

**Rising Damp** is a British sitcom produced by Yorkshire Television for ITV. There were 28 thirty minute episodes in four series between 1974 and 1978. In 1980 it was followed by a movie *of the same name*.

## Other websites 
*
*
**Rising Damp* at British TV Comedy Guide
**Rising Damp* at Oh..Miss Jones!
Husayn ibn Ali

seal featuring Husayn's name]]
**Husayn ibn Ali** (Arabic:  حُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ)(**Husayn, son of Ali**) (11 or 13 January 626 CE – 13 October 680 CE) was the third Imam of Shia Islam. He was the son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Caliph and first Imam of Shia Islam. His mother was Fatimah Zahra, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad and wife of Ali. He was also the younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali, the second Imam of Shia Islam.
]]
Husayn ibn Ali is known as a great figure in Islam. He refused to submit to Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph. For this he was killed at the Battle of Karbala, along with most of his family. He is regarded as a martyr by Muslims.

## References
Propofol

**Propofol** is a drug that is used to put animals (including humans) to sleep. Propofol is injected into a vein. It takes about 40 seconds to work. 

## Dangers
Some people use propofol for fun. If they use it a lot they can become addicted. In 2009, the American pop musician Michael Jackson was killed by an overdose of propofol. The propofol was given to Jackson by his doctor Conrad Murray. Murray was sentenced to four years in prison for the involuntary manslaughter of Jackson. This made the public more aware of the dangers of the drug.

A rare side effect of propofol is propofol infusion syndrome. It is most common in children. It often causes death.

## References
United States v. Windsor

***United States v. Windsor*** was a court case heard by the United States Supreme Court. The court's decision was historically important for marriage law in the U.S. It was also important for LGBT rights.

The court decided that defining "marriage" as a union between one man and one woman (as husband and wife) was unconstitutional (against the Constitution). This specifically related to Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), a law passed in 1996. This defined "marriage" for federal (national) law in the United States. It defined it as being between one man and one woman. In *United States v. Windsor*, the court decided that this definition was against the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In the U.S., the Constitution protects the rights of citizens, and no individual law can take those rights away.

The basis for the case was the right to benefits for same-sex married couples; the same right held by heterosexual married couples. Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer, a same-sex couple living in New York, were married in Canada in 2007. Spyer died in 2009, leaving everything she owned to Windsor. Under the law, widows do not have to pay tax on anything they inherited from their dead spouse. Windsor tried to claim this exemption. She was barred from doing so by Section 3 of DOMA, which said that the word "spouse" only applies to a marriage between a man and woman. The Internal Revenue Service denied Windsor's claim, and demanded that she pay $363,053 in inheritance taxes.

After Windsor won the case, *Time* magazine named her the third most influential person of the year in 2013.

## Related pages
* Same-sex marriage in the United States

## References
### Notes
H. Robert Horvitz

**Howard Robert Horvitz** (born May 8, 1947 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American biologist of Jewish descent.

He is best known for the research he did on the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2002 for "discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death". He shared the prize with Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston.

He earned a BS in Mathematics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a PhD in Biology from Harvard University in 1974.

## References
Mniophila

***Mniophila*** is a genus of leaf beetles. It can be found nearly everywhere in Europe.

It contains two species:
* *Mniophila bosnica* (Apfelbeck, 1914)
* *Mniophila muscorum* (Koch, 1803)

## References
## Other websites
*
Nae Lăzărescu

**Nae Lăzărescu** (8 September 1941 &ndash; 19 December 2013) was a Romanian television, stage and movie actor. He was also a comedian.

He was born in Bucharest. His career began in 1963.

Lăzărescu died of chronic liver disease, in Bucharest. He was aged 72. He will be buried on 21 December in Focșani, Vrancea County.

## References
## Other websites
*