open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sturmabteilung

The **Sturmabteilung** (; often shortened to **SA** or **Storm Division**) was the Nazi Party's paramilitary group (its militia). They were nicknamed "Brownshirts" for their uniforms. The SA was formed in 1920 and had several leaders, including Ernst Röhm.The SA helped Adolf Hitler rise to power in the 1930s.

## Other websites 
* The night of long knives
Russell Brand

**Russell Edward Brand** (born 4 June 1975) is an English comedian, actor, television presenter, radio host author and activist. He is best known for playing Dr. Nefario in the films *Despicable Me* (2010), *Despicable Me 2* (2013) and *Minions: The Rise of Gru* (2022).

## Career 
In 2004, he presented ''Big Brother's Big Mouth*, a side-show of *Big Brother UK*.  In 2006, he started presenting a radio show, *The Russell Brand Show*, on BBC Radio 6 Music. In 2007 the show was moved to BBC Radio 2. He was involved in a controversy over a prank phone call with Jonathan Ross in 2008. After this Brand quit his job at the BBC.

He presented *Russell Brand's Ponderland* in 2007 and 2008. He wrote a book in 2007 about his life, which is called *My Booky Wook*. In October 2014, he wrote another book called *Revolution''.

## Personal life
Many people notice his unusual fashion sense; his choice of clothing and hairstyle is unique. He has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. He has had bulimia nervosa and been addicted to crack cocaine, heroin and alcohol.

As of March 2013, Brand has not used drugs or alcohol for ten years. From 2006 to 2008, Brand won The Sun's Shagger of the Year award. He has been arrested 12 times.

## References
## Other websites
*
Council of Chalcedon

The **Council of Chalcedon** was an ecumenical council that took place from October 8 to November 1, 451, in Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. Chalcedon is now Kadıköy, part of the city of Istanbul, on the Asian side of the Bosphorus in Turkey. 

## Confession of Chalcedon 
The most comprehensive confession of the Person of Christ was made at the Council of Chalcedon in 451:

## Result 
For many people, the definitions were too dogmatic. The Oriental Orthodox Churches split from the main church, which would later become the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches. 

## Other websites 
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Council of Chalcedon
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Robber Council of Ephesus
* Coptic interpretations of the Fourth Ecumenical Council
*Council of Ephesus
Chalcedon

:*For the Ecumenical Council of 451, see Council of Chalcedon.*
, 125 AD]]
**Chalcedon** (Χαλκηδών, sometimes transliterated as *Chalkedon*) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar). Today, in modern Turkish, Chalcedon is called Kadıköy and a district of Istanbul, Turkey.
Bithynia

, 125 AD]]
**Bithynia** was an old kingdom of a Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor. It was at the coast of the Black Sea. It was named after the Bithyni, a tribe that moved there from Thrace. It was an important territory for the Roman empire. Bithynia was also the site of early Christian activities in the first and second centuries AD.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Stanley Jonathon Storey, *Bithynia: history and administration to the time of Pliny the Younger* (Ottawa, National Library of Canada, 1998)
Kadıköy

**Kadıköy** is a large district on the Anatolian side of İstanbul, Turkey. It is on the shore of the Sea of Marmara. It faces the historic city centre on the European side of the Bosporus. Kadıköy was known as **Chalcedon** in ancient history.

## Other websites 
* Kadıköy Municipality
Green card

to singer John Lennon.]]

**Green Card** or **Permanent Resident Card** is an identification card that proves that someone who is not a United States citizen is a permanent resident of the United States. The holder of the card is allowed to live, work and study in the United States on a permanent basis.

## Overview 
Most people get Green Cards after being sponsored by a family member, such as a wife or husband, or by an employer that is located in the United States. Other people may become permanent residents through refugee or asylum programs, or similar programs designed to protect their human rights. In some cases, a person may be allowed to file for their own Green Card without a sponsor.

After five years of legal permanent residency within the United States, the holder of the card is eligible to become a U.S. Citizen.

## References
Bosporus

, taken from the International Space Station in April 2004]]
 as seen from Rumelihisarı]]
The **Bosporus** or **Bosphorus** () is a strait which is straddled by the city of Istanbul that forms part of the boundary between the European part of Turkey and its Asian part (Anatolia). It connects the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara. It is about 30&nbsp;km long, with a maximum width of 3,700&nbsp;metres at the northern entrance, and a minimum width of 700&nbsp;metres between Kandilli and Aşiyan; and 750&nbsp;metres between Anadoluhisarı and Rumelihisarı. The depth varies from 36 to 124&nbsp;metres in midstream.

The shores of the strait are heavily populated as Istanbul is located on each side. Three bridges and one tunnel cross the strait.

## References 
## Other websites 
* High Resolution Pictures of Bosphorus
* Google Maps link to Bosphorus
Antiquity

***Antiquity*** may mean:
* Generally it means "ancient history," and may be used for any historical period before the Middle Ages.
** More specifically it means the classical antiquity of ancient Greece and Rome.
** It may also be used for several periods of ancient history, like Ancient Egypt, Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak), ancient Mesopotamia or other early civilizations of the Near East. It is less commonly used for civilizations of the Far East.
* The term, almost always in the plural in modern usage, is also used of antiquities, or archaeological or other objects surviving from ancient cultures.
* *Antiquity* (journal) is a quarterly journal of archaeological research.
* *Antiquities (Magic: The Gathering)* an expansion to the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game.
Strait of Dover

]]
The **Strait of Dover** or **Dover Strait** is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel.

The strait is at the east end of the English Channel, where it joins the North Sea. Its width is the shortest distance between France and England. On a clear day, it is possible to see the coastline on the other side and the buildings on the shore without the help of binoculars.

The shortest distance across the strait is from the South Foreland, some 6&nbsp;km (4&nbsp;mi) north-east of Dover in the county of Kent, England, to Cap Gris Nez, a cape near Calais in the *département* of Pas-de-Calais, France. Between these two points – the most popular route for cross-channel swimmers – the distance is just 33&nbsp;km (20&nbsp;mi).

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* [Channel Navigation Information Service](http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga-hm_coastguard/channel_navigation_information_service_(cnis)/the_dover_strait.htm) 
* Channel Swimming & Piloting Federation 
* Channel Swimming Association
* Depth Chart showing straits and former course of Rhine
SA

**SA** is an abbreviation. It can stand for different things.

## Countries and territories 
*It can refer to Schengen Area
*It is the official two letter shorthand for Saudi Arabia.
*It is the official state abbreviation for South Australia.
*It is used to mean Saline County, Kansas
*It is sometimes used to refer to South Africa. The official two letter shorthand for that country is *ZA*.
*It is used to informally refer to South America.

## Cities 
*It is used to mean San Antonio, Texas
*It is used to mean San Andreas, California
*It is used to mean St. Albans, Hertfordshire

## Organizations 
*It is used to mean the Sturmabteilung, during its existence from 1919 to 1945.
*It can refer to S.A. (corporation). This is a special type of company.
Hirschaid

**Hirschaid** is the biggest municipality in the district of Bamberg. About 11,650 people live there. The mayor is Andreas Schlund.

## References
## Other websites
Julián Marías

**Julián Marías Aguilera** (June 17, 1914 – December 15, 2005) was a Spanish philosopher. He is the author of *History of Philosophy* (1941) written in Spanish on the subject of the history of philosophy.  He was a pupil of the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset.
The Pigeon Detectives

**The Pigeon Detectives** are an English band who originated from Rothwell in Leeds, they formed in 2002. They have received praise by such well known DJs as Steve Lamacq and Jo Whiley, and performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2006, where they were "the band most likely to leap to the main stage in 2007” in an issue of the NME.

They supported *Dirty Pretty Things* whilst they toured in spring 2006. In early November 2006 they supported The *Kaiser Chiefs*, who are known to be admirers of the band. On 8 July 2007, they played on the Radio 1 NME Stage in front of thousands of people at T in the Park. The performance was televised and shown later that day on BBC3 television channel.

## Current members
* Matt Bowman (vocals)
* Oliver Main (lead guitar)
* Ryan Wilson (rhythm guitar)
* Dave Best (bass)
* Jimmi Naylor (drums)

## Discography
### Singles
## References
## Other websites
* Official site
* Dance to the Radio record label
* The Pigeon Detectives - Leeds Music Scene
* The band at MySpace
* The Pigeon Detectives live images on shootingmusic 
* The band  at Drowned in Sound
* Last.fm playbacks, samples and tunes
Strait

A **strait** is a narrow channel of water between two land areas. A strait connects two bodies of water. Straits often connect two seas. Many straits are economically and strategically important. Straits may be part of important shipping routes. So, someone who controls a strait can control the shipping. Wars have been fought to control them. Although rivers and canals often connect two large lakes or a lake and a sea, they are not straits. Straits are much larger and wider and do not have water running in a single direction.

## Well-known straits 
Well-known straits in the world are:
* Bosporus and the Dardanelles, which connect the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
* Strait of Dover, between England and France, which connects the North Sea with the English Channel
* Strait of Gibraltar, the only natural passage between the World Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea
* Bering Strait between Alaska and Siberia, which connects the Pacific and Arctic Oceans
* Strait of Magellan, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans north of Tierra del Fuego
* Palk strait, between India and Sri Lanka, the location of Ram Sethu and rich in natural resources
* Strait of Hormuz connecting the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea, through which Persian Gulf petroleum is shipped to the world
* Strait of Malacca, which separates the Malay Peninsula from Sumatra, and connects the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea. (It is one of the highest-volume shipping lanes in the world.)
* Bass Strait, which is between mainland Australia and Tasmania, and connects the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean.
* Torres Strait which is between Australia and New Guinea.
* Cook Strait, between New Zealand's North and South Islands, and connects the Tasman Sea and the South Pacific Ocean.

## Related pages
*Canal
*Channel
Cypher

A **cypher** is an algorithm for performing encryption (coding) or decryption (decoding). It is a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. To encipher or encode is to convert information from plain text into cipher or code. 

In non-technical usage, a 'cipher' often means the same thing as a 'code'; but in cryptography, cyphers are distinguished from codes. One 20th century source gives this explanation: a cypher is "a method in which the basic unit of concealment is the letter. 

In comparison, a code is a form of concealment in which the basic unit is the word". Late in the century, "codes" in this cryptographic sense became rare. 21st century cryptography mostly encrypts bitstreams. 

Codes operated by substituting according to a large codebook which linked a random string of characters or numbers to a word or phrase. For example, "UQJHSE" could be the code for "Proceed to the following coordinates".

A cypher is used to turn the original information ("plaintext") to the encrypted form "ciphertext". The ciphertext message contains all the information of the plaintext message, but cannot be read by human or computer without the proper mechanism to decrypt it.
To encipher or decipher, you need the "key". In encryption, a key specifies the particular transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, or vice versa during decryption.

By type of key used cyphers are divided into:
* symmetric key algorithms (private-key cryptography): the same key is used for encryption and decryption, and
* asymmetric key algorithms (public-key cryptography): two different keys are used for encryption and decryption.

The word cypher in French is *cifre* and in Medieval Latin *cifra*, from the Arabic *sifr*, meaning 'zero'. The first known English use of *zero* was in 1598.

## Related pages 
*Code
*Encryption
*Key (cryptography)
*Block cipher
*Product cipher
*Ciphertext
*Ciphertext-only attack

## References
Damnation

In Western Christian belief, **damnation** to hell is the punishment of God for persons who were sinners.

In Eastern Christian traditions (Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy), as well as some Western traditions, it is seen as a state of separation from God, a state into which all humans are born but against which Christ is the "Mediator" and "Great Physician".

## Further reading
**The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners* Jonathan Edwards, Diggory Press, 

## Related pages
* Afterlife
* Hell
Chester Bennington

**Chester Charles Bennington** (March 20, 1976 &ndash; July 20, 2017) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He was the lead singer for Linkin Park.

## Biography 
### Early years
Bennington was born in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. He was interested in music since he was young and he liked mostly Depeche Mode and Stone Temple Pilots. His parents separated in the late 1980s, and was raised by his father. Later he had problems with drugs. 

### Professional music career
At the beginning he was a vocalist in a grunge band called Grey Daze. He left Grey Daze in 1998. After that, the vice president of A&R at Zomba Music in Los Angeles, offered Bennington an audition with Linkin Park. Bennington went to California and joined the band. Their name was “Hybrid Theory” back then. The other vocalist was Mike Shinoda. After some rejections, Jeff Blue operated to help the band sign with Warner Bros. Records.

In spite of the success in the early 2000s, Bennington has had personal problems outside of the public interest.

### Personal life
Bennington had a son in 1996 by Elka Brand and in 2006 adopted her other son who was born in 1997. In 1996 Bennington married Samantha Marie Olit. Their child was born in 2002. The couple divorced in 2005. In 2006, Bennington married Talinda Bentley, a former *Playboy* model. He had three children with Bentley, a son born in 2006, and twin daughters born in 2011.

### Death
Bennington died by suicide by hanging himself on July 20, 2017 at his home in Palos Verdes Estates, California at the age of 41, the day on what would have been his close friend, Chris Cornell's 53rd birthday who also died by suicide a few months earlier.

## Discography
### With Grey Daze
#### Singles 
#### Music videos 
* "What's In the Eye" (2020)
* "Sickness" (2020)
* "Soul Song" (2020)
* "B12" (2020)
* "In Time" (2020)
* "Shouting Out" (2020)

### With Linkin Park
* *Hybrid Theory* (2000)
* *Meteora* (2003)
* *Minutes to Midnight* (2007)
* *A Thousand Suns* (2010)
* *Living Things* (2012)
* *The Hunting Party* (2014)
* *One More Light* (2017)

### With Dead by Sunrise
* *Out of Ashes* (2009)

### With Stone Temple Pilots
* *High Rise* (2013)

### Album contributions and singles
## References
## Other websites
*Linkin Park official website
PetSmart

**PetSmart Inc.** is an American pet supply company. They sell pet supplies and services like grooming and dog training in the United States and Canada. The name PetSmart was made as a pun.

## Other websites
*Official website
Chironico

**Chironico** was a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## References 
## Other websites
National Anthem of the Dominican Republic

"**Himno Nacional**" ("National Anthem") is the national anthem of the Dominican Republic. The music was written by José Reyes (1835-1905) and the lyrics (words of the song) by Emilio Prud'homme (1856-1932).

This anthem was played for the first time on 17 August 1883 in Santo Domingo. In 1897, Prud'homme made some corrections to its original poem.

"Himno Nacional" was made the official Dominican national anthem on 30 May 1934.

## Lyrics 
### Poetic translation

**[Stanza 1:]**
Brave Quisqueya, let us rise and sing,
Our song with fervent hearts we will bring.
From the world's face, let our banner fly,
Our glorious flag, until we die.
Hail to the people, fearless and true,
To the war, they charged, for freedom they flew.
When faced with death, their shackles were torn,
Boldly against despair, they were reborn.

No nation can be free if they bow,
If enslaved with no strength to the vow.
The fire within must spark and ignite,
With valiant courage, they'll stand and fight.
Yet indomitable Quisqueya stands tall,
With head held high, they won't ever fall.
Though bound a thousand times in despair,
A thousand times, they'll rise from the snare.

**[Stanza 2:]**
Though treachery tried to dim their bright flame,
And intruders sought to bring them great shame,
In fields of glory, they stood revered,
Where deeds of honor and valor appeared.
On the heights of the stronghold so grand,
The words of the free forever will stand,
Where Sánchez and Duarte taught them to be,
To be free or die, proud in victory.

And if a reckless leader chose to blind,
The light of glory that freedom designed,
In Capotillo, the brave flag was raised,
A firestorm of courage that amazed.
And the blaze that stunned the haughty lion,
Drove him from shores where his pride was a scion,
Where the cross stands high in bold, flowing show,
Their spirit unyielding, forever aglow.

**[Stanza 3:]**
Compatriots, let's hold our heads up strong,
With pride today, we know where we belong.
Quisqueya will never be broken down,
Through trials and struggles, we stand our ground.
For each heart is a temple of love,
Where our homeland feels life from above.
And its shield is our right to be free,
With the motto: "To Live Boldly, Be Free."

Liberty that stands with a bright glow,
Victory rides in her triumphal show.
And the call of war still echoes so clear,
Proclaiming glory through joy without fear.
Liberty! Let the echoes arise,
While we fill our fields with noble cries.
Our fields of glory resonate and shout,
Liberty! Liberty! Liberty!

## References 
## Other websites 
* Mi País - República Dominicana (Spanish)
* Listen the Dominican national anthem (.mp3 format)
Static random-access memory

**Static random-access memory** (**SRAM**) is a type of RAM that keeps data that is fed to it without having to be refreshed over and over again. 

Both DRAM and SRAM store information in binary by using very small electronic components. Both are volatile (need electric current flowing to make the negative and positively charged components stay that way).

One difference is that SRAM are also used for specific applications within the PC, where their good points outweigh their bad points compared to DRAM.

Like other semiconductor chips, SRAM chips are made by photolithography. 

For SRAM, each bit is composed of between four and six transistors, forming a flip-flop to hold information. This complexity is what makes SRAM bigger and more expensive than DRAM. In DRAM each bit has only one transistor plus a capacitor acting like a miniature rechargeable battery).

## Advantages
* SRAM does not need to be refreshed.
* Changing Static RAM is faster than DRAM.

## Disadvantages
* SRAM is more expensive than DRAM. 
* SRAMs take up more space and electricity.

## Other websites 
* Uses of SRAM by Intel Corp.
Cimadera

**Cimadera** was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in  Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

## References 
## Other websites
Musical form

The term ***musical form*** can have two meanings:

*It can mean: the kind of composition.  For example, a musical work can be a symphony, a concerto, a sonata etc.  This is more often called “musical genre”.  The word showing the musical genre will show things such as: whether the music is for an orchestra to play and whether or not there is a soloist as well, or whether it is a piece for one instrument on its own.  It may give an idea of whether it is likely to be a long piece or a short piece, or whether it has several movements.

*It can also mean: the shape of the music and how it is planned.  The form of a piece of music may, for example, be an “ABA” form, which means that there is the first part of the piece (which we can call part “A”), then something different happens (which we can call part “B”), and finally part “A” comes back again.  There are many other ways of planning a piece of music, e.g. in jazz there is the twelve bar blues (in which the music is based on a repeated pattern of chords that last 12 bars, or in classical music there is sonata form which can often be the plan of a movement lasting anything from five minutes (as in the early Classical symphonies) to half an hour (as in some of Mahler’s symphonies).
Near East

The **Near East** is a large area of land in the eastern hemisphere. Countries of the eastern Mediterranean are part of the Near East. The name of the Near East comes from its position to the east of Europe and to the west of the Middle East and the Far East.

The Levant, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Iran, and Egypt are all regions that are part of the Near East. In the past, the Balkan Peninsula, south-west Asia, and northern Africa were part of the Near East as well. The Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 in the Far East, and the Armenian Genocide in the Near East.

British archaeologist D.G. Hogarth published *The Nearer East* in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including Albania, Montenegro, southern Serbia and Bulgaria, Greece, Egypt, all the Ottoman lands, the entire Arabian peninsula, and western parts of Iran.
## References
Margarita

**Margarita** may mean:
* The margarita, a cocktail made with tequila and triple sec
**Margarita Island*, a Caribbean Island off the coast of Venezuela
* *Infanta Margarita*, a 1659 painting by Diego Velázquez of Margaret Theresa of Spain
* *The Master and Margarita*, a novel by Soviet author Mikhail Bulgakov
* *Felis margarita*, the scientific name for the Sand Cat
* The Greek word for "pearl"
* Pizza Margherita, a pizza made with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil

## Places 
* 310 Margarita, a Main Belt asteroid
* Isla Margarita, an island in the Venezuelan state of Nueva Esparta
* Rancho Santa Margarita, California, a city in the United States
* Margarita, Panama, in the former Canal Zone
Collina d'Oro

'''Collina d'Oro''' (called Gold Hill in English) is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was made on 4 April 2004 from the merging of the villages of Agra, Gentilino, and Montagnola. On 1 April 2012, it incorporated the formerly independent municipality of Carabietta.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Montagnola

Museum Montagnola]]
**Montagnola** is a small Swiss village in the Collina d'Oro municipality.  Along with the villages of Agra and Gentilino, it makes the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.
Comano

**Comano** could mean:
*Comano, Tuscany, a commune in the province of Massa-Carrara, Italy
*Comano, Switzerland, a commune in Ticino, Switzerland
*Comano, a *frazione* of the commune of Lomaso, in the province of Trento, northern Italy
Contone

**Contone** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

## References 
## Other websites
Claro, Ticino

**Claro** was a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Corticiasca

**Corticiasca** was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined and became the municipality of Capriasca.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Corippo

**Corippo** is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

With a population of just 17 as of December 2004, it is the smallest municipality in Switzerland. It has many of the things that communities many times its size has: an official website (www.corippo.ch ), its own coat of arms, a village church, a restaurant, and a mayor who leads a town council made up of three local citizens. The village has remained independent since 1822.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

## Description
Corippo lies in the Verzasca valley about 12 kilometers (7.4 miles) from Locarno at the north end of the reservoir Lake Vogorno, and 20&nbsp;km from the border with Italy. The houses are built from the local Ticino granite with slate roofs and have changed little for several hundred years, leading the Italian writer Piero Bianconi to describe Corippo as "Verzasca's gentlest village".

## References 
## Other websites
*  Official website 
*  Description and photo gallery 
* Helvetic Administration and Public Services listing 
* Swissinfo map
Croglio

**Croglio** was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 18 April 2021, the former municipalities of Croglio, Monteggio, Ponte Tresa and Sessa merged to form the new municipality of Tresa.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Cugnasco

**Cugnasco** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged to form the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.

## Other websites 
*Cugnasco Homepage 
*Panoramic picture
Curio

**Curio** could mean:
*Curio, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Ticino
*Gaius Scribonius Curio, one of two politicians in the late Roman Republic
*Curio, a student newspaper based in Canberra, Australia
Far East

The term **Far East** means countries of East Asia, North Asia and Southeast Asia. It became used in the English language during the period of the British Empire for lands to the east of British India. 

Before World War I, the *Near East* meant relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire, *Middle East* northwestern South Asia and Central Asia, and *Far East* countries along the western Pacific Ocean and countries along the eastern Indian Ocean. Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French '**, Spanish **', Portuguese '**, German **', Italian '**, and Dutch **'. 

*Far East* is never used for the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand, which lie even farther to the east of Europe than much of East Asia.

## Territories and regions
## Gallery

Image:Taipei Skyline 2022.06.29.jpg|Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Image:Shanghai Pudong.jpg|Shanghai,China, PRC
Image:Saigonskyline1.JPG| Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon),Vietnam	 	 
Image:Osaka City.jpg|Osaka,Japan	 	 
Image:Yuri Vladivostok 20030804 118.jpg| Vladivostok,Russian Far East, Russia	 
Image:0322 Pyongyang Turm der Juche Idee Aussicht.jpg| P'yŏngyang,Korea, DPRK	 
Image:VictoriaHarbour.jpg| Hong Kong,PRC	

## Related pages
* East Asia
* Siberia
* South Asia
* Southeast Asia

## References
Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport

The Federal **Ministry for Digital and Transport** is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its headquarters are in Berlin, but the second office, in Bonn, has more staff.

The Minister is also "Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für die neuen Bundesländer" That is, he is the government's special representative for the old states of East Germany. His job is to help those states to rebuilld industry, improve roads and jobs and become as rich as the other states of Germany.

## History 
The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housings (BMVBW) was formed in 1998 when the *Federal Ministry of Transport* and the *Federal Ministry of Environmental Planning, Building and Construction and Urban Development* were joined. The ministry was renamed in 2005 to the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development.

Both of these earlier ministries were founded in 1949.

## References
Grosseto

**Grosseto** is a city in the central Italian region of Tuscany. It is the capital of the Province of Grosseto. The city is 12km from the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is in the Maremma near the Ombrone river. Grosseto has 80,742 people. It is a medium city but the province is the largest of the Tuscany. It's very comfortable because there is the sea near it.

## History 
Grosseto was one of the main Etruscan cities. The city was under the control of the Aldobrandeschi family. In 1137, the city was captured by German soldiers under the control of Duke Henry X of Bavaria. In 1151, the people of Grosseto agreed to be under the control of Siena. In 1222, the city returned to the Aldobrandeschi. When Siena captured the lands of the Aldobrandeschi in 1244, Grosseto was under their control again. The city tried to free itself in 1266 and 1355 but failed.

Sienese control of the Grosseto lasted until 1559 when Charles V gave control of the city to the Medici. It then became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

## Important sites 
* The Medicean Walls: Built by Francesco I de Medici in 1547. These walls replaced earlier walls built in the 12th through 14th century.
* The Cathedral: A Romanesque cathedral. It is the main monument of the city. The Cathedral was built between the end of the 13th century and the 15th century. Construction was slow because of the fighting with Siena.
* Palazzo Aldobrandeschi: Built in the Middle Ages, this Neo-Gothic building is the home to the government of the Province of Grosseto.
* Granducal villa of Alberese: Built by the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century. It was later used as the home of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany.
* Abbey of San Rabano: The ruins of this Abbey are in the Parco Nazionale della Maremma. It originally belonged to the Benedictines, but was later a possession of the Knights Hospitaller.
* Church of *San Francesco*
* Church of *San Pietro*, the most ancient in Grosseto.
* Medieval buildings in Batignano, Istia d'Ombrone and Montepescali.
* Ruins of the Abbey of *San Pancrazio al Fango*

## Other websites 
* Official site
Electric Gardens

**Electric Gardens Festival**, sometimes called **Electric Gardens**, 'EGFestival', 'EGFest', or 'EG', is a medium sized music festival at Mount Ephraim, Faversham in Kent. The festival happens on a weekend in early August.

The first time the festival took place was in 2006. There are plans to hold the festival every year.

## The Myspace bus
A bus was parked at the festival, by Myspace. The bus was used for the music players to meet people. Free gifts and information are also given from here.

## Line ups by year
### 2006
#### Main stage
;Saturday
* Southern Fried Records Stage
* Audio Bullys
* Armand Van Helden
* Cassius (DJ set)
* Cagedbaby
* Grandadbob
* Touché
* Nathan Detroit
;Sunday
* The Charlatans
* Morning Runner
* The Automatic
* The Young Knives
* The Fratellis
* The Boy Least Likely To
* The Long Blondes

#### Other stages
;Saturday
* Archie Bronson Outfit
* The Elegant Bachelors
* Audio Bullys
* Layo & Bushwaka!
* Armand Van Helden
* Stanton Warriors
* Plump DJs
* Caged Baby
* Soho Dolls
* Grant Dee
* Mezza Breaks
* Cassius
* Veto Silver
* Marcus Wallis
* Touché
* Warren Suicide
* Nathan Detroit
* Paul Arnold
* Chew The Fat!
* Grandadbob
* Southern Fried
;Sunday
* The Charlatans
* The Automatic
* Morning Runner
* The Fratellis
* The Long Blondes
* The Earlies
* The Boy Least Likely To
* Brakes
* Battle
* Jamie T
* Adem
* Field Music
* Findlay Brown
* Duels
* The Electric Soft Parade
* The Veils
* Mohair
* Larrikin Love
* The Young Knives
* Kid Harpoon
* Eyoe

### 2007
#### Main stage
;Saturday
* Supergrass
* Calvin Harris
* The Pipettes
* Kate Nash
* Pull Tiger Tail
* Blood Red Shoes
* Jonny Flynn
* Reverend and the Makers
* Palladium
;Sunday
* Happy Mondays
* The Rakes
* The Young Knives
* The Maccabees
* Noisettes
* Hot Club de Paris
* Milburn (band)
* Sonic Heatrs

#### Second stage
;Saturday
* Plan B (rapper)
* New Young Pony Club
* The Holloways
* Lethal Bizzle
* Foals
* Peggy Sue and The Pirates
* Video Nasties
* Newton Faulkner
* Ciara Haidar
;Sunday
* Patrick Wolf
* Jack Peñate
* Mr Hudson & The Library
* Kid Harpoon
* The Teenagers
* Late of the Pier
* Laura Marling
* Ox.Eagle.Lion.Man
* The Sylvias

#### Myspace stage
;Saturday
* Good Books
* Lupen Crook
* Beans on Toast
* Nic Dawson Kelly
* Gillan Edgar
* Tom Allalone and the Great Expectations
* Thom Stone
* Poetry by Dockers MC
* Scroobius Pip
* The Thirst
* Stuart James
* Eleanor Goulding
;Sunday
* Underground Heroes
* Devils Gun
* Sparrows
* Chineapples
* Rosemary
* Maker
* The Long Weekend
* Our Name is Legion
* Letters from London
* The Cut Outs

#### Club Class Dance stage
;Saturday
* Slam
* Stanton Warriors
* Nic Fanciulli
* Meat Katie
* Mike Pickering
* A Skillz
* Mark Fanciulli & Small Fry
* Shake DJ's
* Mezza Breaks
;Sunday
* Danny Howells
* Funk D'Void
* Justin Robertson
* Damian Lazarus
* Desyn Masiello
* Micky Slim
* Sam Ball & Anil Chawla
* Pete Griffiths & George Andrews
* Warning: 2 Dirty DJ's
* Rebel Beat Allies

## References
Volterra

**Volterra** is a town in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is in the province of Pisa. Volterra was once one of the 12 cities in Etruria. In the middle ages it was an independent city until it was conquered by the Florentines and then the Medicis. It has its own cathedral, and is built on top of an ancient volcanic hill.

## History 
The city was a Neolithic settlement and an important Etruscan center. It became a "municipium" (a type of Roman city) in the Roman Age. Volterra was attacked and controlled by Florence many times. When the Florentian Republic fell in 1530, Volterra came under the control of the Medici family. It later became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

The original Etruscan city walls remain in parts, and the remains of the Roman baths, aqueduct and amphitheatre (arena). Visitors to Volterra have to leave their cars outside the town walls, in car parks.

## Important monuments and places 
* Roman theatre (1st century BC), discovered in the 1950s.
* *Piazza dei Priori*
* *Palazzo dei Priori*
* Cathedral of *Santa Maria Assunta*.
* *Medicean Fortress* (*Maschio*)
* *Guarnacci Etruscan Museum*

The Medici Villa di Spedaletto is located outside the city in direction of Lajatico.  Also near the city, in the Valle Bona area, are excavations of Etruscan tombs.

## Sister cities 
*  Mende, France
*  Wunsiedel, Germany

## Gallery 

File:Volterra.jpg|Short frame of Volterra

## Other websites
* Town web site
* Volterra Photos
Dynamic random-access memory

**Dynamic random access memory** is the most commonly used form of RAM.

DRAM is called dynamic (or active), because it must be refreshed all the time or it will lose the data which it is supposed to be storing. Because it loses data when power is removed, DRAM is called . This word comes from the Latin adjective *volātilis*, which means "flying, fleeting, transitory".

Refreshing DRAM means *reading* the data *from* the DRAM and directly *writing* them *back* to the DRAM.
DRAM is made up of millions of very small capacitors. Each of these capacitors has a transistor to let energy in and out. The capacitor slowly loses energy, and if the DRAM is not refreshed, in the end one or more of the capacitors will let so much energy out, that for example a 1 will become a 0, so data will be lost or corrupted. Almost all computers refresh their DRAM many times per second. 

## Comparison DRAM and SRAM
DRAM is often compared to SRAM (Static RAM). SRAM is able to store data as long as power/energy is used. There is no need to refresh it. SRAM can also be faster than DRAM. But SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM. Also, SRAM uses more electric power and heats up much faster than DRAM.
DRAM and SRAM lose the data when the power to them is turned off, unlike non-volatile random-access memory.
Dalpe

**Dalpe** is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
*
*www.dalpe.ch
*Dalpe e Cornone, Informations and pictures
Faido

**Faido** is the capital of the district of Leventina in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.

It has about 1,600 people and lies in the Leventina valley.

## History 
The municipality was first noted in 1171 as *Faedo*.

In the spring of 2004, the people voted for merging the neighboring municipalities of Chiggiogna, Osco, Mairengo, Calpiogna, Campello, Rossura, Calonico, Anzonico, Cavagnago, and Sobrio. Most of the municipalities did not want to do that, and the new municipality contains only the municipalities of Faido, Chiggiogna, Rossura, and Calonico. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged into the municipality. On 10 April 2016, Sobrio merged into the municipality.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
324 Bamberga

**324 Bamberga** is the 16th biggest asteroid in the Main asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa on February 25, 1892 in Vienna, making it one of the last big (diameter over 200&nbsp;km) asteroids found. Apart from the near-earth asteroid Eros, it was the last asteroid which is *ever* easily visible with binoculars to be found.

Although its very high orbital eccentricity means its opposition magnitude varies a lot, at a rare opposition near perihelion Bamberga can reach a magnitude of +8.0, which is as bright as Saturn's moon Titan. Such near-perihelion oppositions happen on a regular cycle every twenty-two years, with the last happening in 1991 and the next in 2013. Its brightness at these rare near-perihelion oppositions makes Bamberga the *brightest C-type asteroid*, about one magnitude brighter than 10 Hygiea's maximum brightness of around +9.1. At such an opposition Bamberga can in fact be closer to Earth than any main belt asteroid with magnitude above +9.5, getting as close as 0.78 AU. For comparison, 7 Iris never comes closer than 0.85 AU and 4 Vesta never closer than 1.13 AU when it becomes visible to the naked eye in a pollution-free sky.

Overall Bamberga is the tenth brightest main belt asteroid after, in order, Vesta, Pallas, Ceres, Iris, Hebe, Juno, Melpomene, Eunomia and Flora. Its high eccentricity (for comparison 36% higher than that of Pluto), though, means that at most oppositions other asteroids reach higher magnitudes.

It has an unusually long rotation period among the big asteroids. Its spectral class is between the C-type and P-type asteroids.

An occultation of Bamberga was seen on 8 December, 1987, and gave a diameter of about 228&nbsp;km, in agreement with IRAS results.

## References
Frasco

**Frasco** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 17 October 2020, the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Gerra (Gambarogno)

**Gerra (Gambarogno)** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

## References 
## Other websites
Ghirone

**Ghirone** was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 22 October 2006, the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged to form the new municipality of Blenio.

It is no longer a municipality.

## References 
## Other websites
Gnosca

**Gnosca** was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Gordola

**Gordola** is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The town was the first time mentioned in a document in 1200.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Giubiasco

**Giubiasco** was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
San Gimignano

**San Gimignano** is a small hill town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy. San Gimignano is famous for the medieval towers, and for the wine, called "Vernaccia di San Gimignano".

## History 
San Gimignano was founded as a small village in about 1300 BC by the Etruscans. The city is named after Saint Geminianus, who defended it from Attila the Hun in the mid 5th century.

In medieval and Renaissance times, it was a stopping point for pilgrims on their way to Rome and the Vatican as it sits on the medieval via Francigena.

In 1199, during the period of its highest splendour, the city made itself independent from Volterra.

## Important places 
There are many churches in the town: the two main ones are the *Collegiata*, a cathedral, and ''Sant'Agostino*.

The Communal Palace is now the home of San Gimignano Gallery. Hhere there are works by Pinturicchio, Benozzo Gozzoli, Filippino Lippi, Domenico di Michelino, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, and others. 

The heart of the town contains the four squares, "Piazza della Cisterna", "Piazza Duomo", "Piazza Pecori", and "Piazza delle Erbe". 

## Culture 
San Gimignano is the birthplace of the poet Folgore da San Gimignano (1270-1332).

*Tea with Mussolini*, a 1999 drama about English and American women in Italy during World War II, was filmed in part at San Gimignano.

## Images 

Image:SanGiminiano.jpg|The towers of San Gimignano
Image:San_Gimignano.jpg|San Gimignano
Image:San Gimignano view from torre grossa 4.jpg|View of San Gimignano, Italy, from the *Torre Grossa* (the Big Tower)
Image:San Gimignano view from torre grossa 3.jpg|Veiw from the *Torre Grossa''

## References
Giaches de Wert

**Giaches de Wert** (pronounce: JYA-kes de VERT) (born Flanders, 1535;  died Mantua,  6 May  1596) was a Flemish composer who lived and worked in Italy. He was one of the most important composers of madrigals in the Renaissance period.

## Life 
We know very little about his childhood.  Even some of the things about his adult life we are not sure about.  He was born in Flanders, possibly in Ghent.  When he was a boy he was taken to Italy and he stayed there for the rest of his life.

As a boy he was a singer in the household of Maria di Cardona, Marchesa of Padulla, near Naples.  As a young man he lived in Novellara.  He married there, and he had at least six children.

Later he went to live in Milan where he had the job of maestro di capella (music director).  He stayed there until 1565.  Some letters he wrote during that time have survived.  They describe life at the court where he worked.

In 1565, he went to work for the Gonzaga in Mantua and became choir master at the ducal chapel of S. Barbara where he stayed until 1592.  A lot of people were jealous of his good job, especially a man called Bonvicino who made life difficult for him.  It was then found that Bonvicino was having a love affair with de Wert’s wife, so she had to go back to live in Novellara.

De Wert was becoming a very well known composer.  He was offered a job at the emperor’s palace in Prague, but he did not take it.  He travelled to work in various places such as Parma and Novellara.  In Novellara his wife was found to have been plotting against the Gonzaga of Novellara.  She was put in prison where she later died.  There were long arguments in the law court about who should have her property.  In the end, de Wert was given a third of her possessions, and he was given the right to let his children inherit the money.

He worked in Ferrara where he had a love affair with a lady who was of aristocratic birth.  Since he was only a musician he was only a servant, so the lady was sent away from the court.

In his later years he worked for the court at Mantua where the music had become very good because the new ruler, Vincenzo Gonzaga, was very interested in music.  De Wert composed music for the theatre.  His health became poor.  He suffered from malaria during the early 1580s.  He died in Mantua and was buried in the crypt at S Barbara.

## Music and influence 
De Wert wrote over 230 madrigals and other secular works.  These were later published in 16 volumes.  He also wrote over 150 sacred pieces (motets, hymns etc.) which showed how well he could write counterpoint.  

His madrigals were very modern for their time.  The music was very daring in the way it described the words.  He sometimes used small groups of singers to contrast with one another like a musical conversation.   He was a great influence on later madrigal composers such as  Monteverdi and Gesualdo. 

## References and further reading 
* Groves Music Online
* Gustave Reese, *Music in the Renaissance*.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4
Gresso

**Gresso** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## History 
The municipality was made in 1882 by splitting from the municipality of Vergeletto. On 10 April 2016, the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.

## References 
## Other websites
Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (Germany)

The **Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture** is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its headquarters are in Bonn, but it has a second seat in Berlin.

The Ministry was formed on 22 November 2005.
## Organisation 
The ministry has two "parliamentary permanent secretaries", Gerd Müller, CSU and Ursula Heinen, CDU, and the top civil servant is Gert Lindemann. He is the "established permanent secretary".

The ministry’s work is done in six departments
* Department 1: Central division
* Department 2: Consumer protection, diet, and biological and genetic engineering
* Department 3: Food safety, the veterinary surgeon
* Department 4: Agricultural markets, planning bases
* Department 5: Rural room, social system, vegetable production, forest and timber industry
* Department 6: EU matters, international matters, fishing

## The Federal Ministers 
## Competition 
The ministry organizes the nationwide competition "Our Village has a Future".
Indemini

**Indemini** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website