open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tantalus

**Tantalus** was a mortal king in Greek mythology. He did many bad things against the gods and goddesses. At a banquet, he tried to feed people the flesh of his son Pelops. He had asked the gods and goddesses to come to this banquet. When they learn what he had planned, they punished Tantalus in not only this world (the world of the living), but the next as well (the world of the dead). Tantalus's punishment while he was alive was the  of his kingdom. His punishment when dead in the Tartaros of the Underworld was much worse.

He was made to stand in a pool of water up to his chin for all time. During this, he would always be  and . Each time Tantalus lowered his head to drink the water he was standing in, the water would lower. Over his head hung branches of trees filled with fruit. When he would try to get them, wind would blow them out of his reach. He was "tantalized" with food and drink. This is where the word tantalize comes from.

His daughter is Niobe. And his son, Pelops, was made alive again by the gods. He went to Greece and became the ruler of the peninsula which still has his name, the Peloponesus.

## References
Ojiya, Niigata

**Ojiya** (Japanese: 小千谷（おぢや）市;-shi) is a city in Niigata, Japan. As of July 16, 2003, 40,342 people lived in the city. Ojiya's total area is . The Lord Mayor of Ojiya is Yasuo Yatsui

An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 struck Ojiya on October 23, 2004 at 17:56 local time. The earthquake killed 51 people.  4,795 people were injured. 16,910 buildings and houses were . The amount of  was 3,000,000,000 Yen ($32.5M US).

## Economy 
Ojiya has many types of industries. Electronics companies Sanyo electric, and Panasonic are located in the city. It also has textile companies. The main agricultural crop in the city is rice. Ojiya is the largest miner of natural gas in Japan.

## Events 
There are several festivals each year in Ojiya.

*Events Ojiya festival (August 24 and 25)
*Katakai festival (September 9 and 10) - (The  Katakai festival is known to set off the biggest fireworks display in the world)
*Balloon festival (February 25 and 26)
Bushido

s.]]

, meaning "Way of the Warrior", is a Japanese code of conduct and a way of life, more or less similar to the European code of chivalry. It comes from the samurai moral code and gives great importance to certain virtues like frugality, loyalty, martial arts  and honour until voluntary death, seppuku. Bushidō was created between the 11th to 14th centuries and took form as a code from the 12th to 16th centuries.

Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, Bushidō became official Japanese Feudal Law.
Honor codes are still used in modern times; for example, as part of the kamikaze beliefs.

## Related pages
* Japan
* Kendo - Japanese Martial Art - The Way of Sword
* Samurai
* Seppuku
* Shogun
* Virtue
* Warrior
* Zen

## References
Manco Cápac

**Manco Cápac** (died circa 1230) was the first of the fourteen Inca rulers of Peru. He started the Inca empire.

As he says it, his legend started at the waters of Lake Titicaca, when he was told by the sun god to go East to set up his empire. As they walked looking for a good place, Manco taught men to farm, hunt, and fish while Mama Ocllo, his wife taught women to work with wool and cotton. Near Cusco, as his sacred golden staff sank in the ground, Manco decided this was to be the capital city of his empire.
Yellow Sea

The **Yellow Sea** is the northern part of the East China Sea. It is between Mainland China and the Korean peninsula. The northwestern part is called the Bohai Sea. The  name "Yellow Sea" comes from the silt particles that color its water. The particles come from the Yellow River. Smaller rivers include the Yalu and Han Rivers. 

## Other websites
Anurognathus

***Anurognathus*** was a genus of small rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs which lived 150 million years ago, in the Upper Jurassic period. It had a short head with pin-like teeth for catching insects. It was found in the Solnhofen limestone, the same place as *Archaeopteryx*. They grew up to 35 cms wingspan.

Although it is in the long-tailed pterosaur group Rhamphorhynchoidea, its tail was comparatively short. This was an adaptation which made it more manoeuvrable in hunting. According to Döderlein the reduced tail of *Anurognathus* was similar to the pygostyle of modern birds. 

With an estimated wingspan of fifty centimetres (20 inches) and a nine centimetre long body (skull included), its weight was limited: forty grammes for a specimen with a 35 centimetre wingspan.  

Later a second, smaller, specimen was found, probably of a subadult individual. Its slab and counterslab are separated and both were sold to private collections. This second fossil is more complete and better articulated. It shows impressions of a large part of the flight membrane and under UV-light remains of the muscles of the thigh and arm become visible. It provided new information on many points of the anatomy. The skull was shown to have been very short and broad, wider than long.

## References
East China Sea

The **East China Sea** is a marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 km². In China, the sea is called the *East Sea*. In Korea, the sea is sometimes called "*South Sea*", but this is more often used to speak only of the area near South Korea's southern coast.

## Geography 
The East China Sea is bounded on the East by Kyūshū and the Ryūkyū Islands, on the South by Taiwan, and on the West by mainland China. It is connected with the South China Sea by the Taiwan Strait and with the Sea of Japan by the Korea Strait; it opens in the North to the Yellow Sea.

Territories with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Mainland China.

### Rivers 
The Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea.

## Related pages
*Disputed Islands

## Other websites 
* Kosuke Takahashi. Gas and oil rivalry in the East China Sea  *Asia Times Online*. July 27, 2004.
* Chinese submarine enters Japanese waters. *Wikinews*. November 18, 2004. Retrieved March 7, 2006.
* Oil and gas in troubled waters *The Economist*. October 6, 2005.
* J Sean Curtin. Stakes rise in Japan, China gas dispute  *Asia Times Online*. October 19, 2005.
* Chinese Suyan Rock community
Brazzaville

**Brazzaville** is the capital city of the Republic of the Congo. One million people live there. Brazzaville is on one side of the Congo river, with Kinshasa on the other side. Brazzaville and Kinshasa are the nearest country capitals in the World.

## References
Rhamphorhynchus

***Rhamphorhynchus*** is a genus of long-tailed pterosaurs in the Upper Jurassic. It is the best-known of the long-tailed pterosaurs, the sub-order Rhamphorynchoidea. 
  
*Rhamphorhynchus* had a long tail, stiffened with ligaments, which ended in a small diamond-shaped rudder that helped provide stability while flying.

The jaws of *Rhamphorhynchus* housed needle-like teeth, which were angled forward, with a curved, sharp, beak-like tip lacking teeth. Their diet was mainly fish and insects.

Like other pterosaurs, its body was covered with hairs, which suggests it had temperature regulation ('hot-blooded') and a high rate of metabolism. This is also found in birds and bats, and seems necessary for active flight.

The genus was quite successful: it is the most common pterosaur found in the Solnhofen limestone beds in Bavaria, Germany. These are the same strata where *Archaeopteryx* was found.

## Rhamphorhynchoids 
This early group flourished from the Upper Triassic to the end of the Jurassic. When we first see them in the fossil record they have developed three families, so biologists know their early evolution is not yet revealed. This feature is also found in *Archaeopteryx* and in early bats, and in insects like dragonflies. 

It can be interpreted like this. To dart about quickly requires special advanced brains and reflexes to keep control. Later birds and pterosaurs had extra 'control wiring' in their brains, but early ones did not. The evidence for this is the extra size of pterodactyl and bird brains compared with the reptile brains the groups started out with. That much of this increase is connected to seeing and flying is clear from how bird brains work.

The analogy would be planes. Early planes were highly stable, and so are airliners. Fighter planes are fundamentally much less stable, and have to be in order to jink about. This needs such fast reactions that the details are worked out by computer, with the pilot indicating where to go. 

It requires more 'brains' to control an unstable craft than it does a stable one. And the same principle applies to pterosaurs, birds and bats. Early birds, bats, pterosaurs and insects were all more stable, with tails or (insects) long abdomens. This helped the flying animal to keep on track, which is what we mean by 'stable'. 

All species in the group have teeth. The group died out at the end of the Jurassic, which suffered a minor extinction event.p270

### Taxonomy 
This classification is simple, but unfortunately it is paraphyletic, because the two suborders are not sister groups. But there is not enough evidence to see which earlier group the pterodactyloids arose from. So this is the best we can do: 

*Pterosauria
**Rhamphorhynchoidea
***Dimorphodontidae
***Anurognathidae
***Rhamphorhynchidae
****Scaphognathinae
****Rhamphorynchinae
**Pterodactyloidea

## References
Tupuxuara

***Tupuxuara*** was a pterosaur that lived 112 million years ago. It was found in the Santana Formation, the remains of an inland sea. 

Some species were quite small, but the largest skull (length 130 cms) suggests a wingspan of 5.5 metres. It was an Azdarchid pterosaur, the same group as  *Quetzalcoatlus*.
Scarlett O'Hara

'''Scarlett O'Hara''' is the main charcater in Margaret Mitchell's book *Gone with the Wind* with the movie adaptation, and *Scarlett* by Alexandra Ripley. She is one of the residents of Georgia who had histrionic personality disorder.

## Reference
Nyctosaurus

***Nyctosaurus*** was a pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It had a wing span of 1 meter and a very big crest. It was in the Pterodactyloidea and related to *Pteranodon*.
Hymn

A **hymn** is a religious song of worship in Christianity, or a sacred song. Collections of hymns are known as **hymnals**.
## Overview
Hymns are often sung by the entire group at a church. They are sometimes sung only by a special group called a choir. A piano or organ often plays the music while people sing. Most hymns are written in a four-part harmony, often employing a common meter. Thus, they tend to have a traditional sound. 

## History
Many early hymns were taken from the Psalms. Later hymns included ideas from other parts of the Bible. Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley wrote many hymns. In more modern times, Fanny Crosby wrote many more. Some hymns are prayers to God. Others preach about God. Songs describing God or how people relate to Him are also called gospels rather than hymns.

## Examples
One of the most popular hymns is *Amazing Grace*, which was written by John Newton (1725 – 1807) who became a Christian as he aged. The hymn tells how God saved him from sin though he saw himself as unworthy of it. This is an example of God's grace.

## Related pages
* Middle Ages
* Church music
* Ancient history
* Gregorian chant
* History of Christianity
## References
Marian Prayer

**Marian prayers** or **Marian devotions** are acts of asking for the intercession of the Mary, the mother of Jesus. It is mainly something done by Roman Catholics but it is also used by Anglo-Catholics. Marian prayer is not worship. It is asking Mary to pray, or intercede for you and/or other people. When asking for Mary's intercession, you are honouring her and not worshipping her. It is to ask her to help you communicate better with her son, Jesus. They *are* still following the second commandment, because they are not worshipping, only asking for intercession in their lives.  

Many novenas and prayers can be said in her honour. There are in fact many common ways in doing so but there is a simplistic yet symbolical prayer called the Rosary, the reciting pray for the intervening of mother Mary. This is said in honour and praise of her as well as to ask of her help. Another example is yet commonly said during the Rosary itself and is called the "Hail Holy Queen". 

A specific prayer to the Virgin Mary to ask for graces is associated to the devotional "Miraculous Medal". 

Some Marian movements, such as the Immaculata Militia, encourage these prayers together with a personal act of consecration to Mary.

## Related pages 
* Hail Mary
Vivien Leigh

**Vivien Leigh** (; 5 November 1913 – 8 July 1967; born **Vivian Mary Hartley** and styled as **Lady Olivier** after 1947) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Scarlett O'Hara in *Gone with the Wind* in 1939, and Blanche DuBois in *A Streetcar Named Desire* in 1951. Leigh won Academy Awards for both of these roles.

Leigh was born in Darjeeling, Bengal, British India. She was married to Laurence Olivier from 1940 to 1960 and often acted in plays and movies with him. Olivier was Leigh's second husband. The first was Leigh Holman, and Miss Leigh was still legally married to him when she came to the US to accompany Laurence Olivier who came to Hollywood to star in David O. Selznick's production of "Rebecca" directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It was lucky that Miss Leigh's agent just happened to be David O. Selznick's brother, Myron. Miss Leigh wrote long letters to her husband then during the shooting of GWTW, complaining about the script, the change of director from George Cukor to Victor Fleming. The change was made at the insistence of Clark Gable, who felt that Cukor was devoting too much time and attention to directing Miss Leigh and her co-star, Olivia de Havilland. Miss Leigh also complained in her letters of Gable's bad breath due to his dentures.

When her divorce was final, she married Olivier (she referred to him as her husband until she died, although they had been divorced for many years). Leigh believed that Olivier was the best actor of his (or any) generation, and worked very hard to be worthy of acting with him - on stage, of course. Leigh believed, as did Olivier, that the only place "real" acting took place was on the stage. Her movie career reflects her lack of enthusiasm for that medium, concentrating instead on acting with Lord Olivier in live theatre. Many critics, however, did not feel that she had the "presence" and vocal prowess that Olivier possessed and her reviews were often (perhaps unfairly) negatively compared to her husband.

Leigh was considered to be beautiful and this sometimes meant that she thought that she was not taken seriously as an actress. However her ill health was often a bigger problem. Leigh suffered from bipolar disorder and often had tuberculosis. These meant that her career went through period of decline and that she was sometimes considered difficult to work with. She died of tuberculosis in London.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Clark Gable

**William Clark Gable** (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Rhett Butler in the 1939 movie version of *Gone with the Wind*. 

## Life 
Gable was born on February 1, 1901 in Cadiz, Ohio. He was married five times. He had two children. The last movie that Gable starred in was *The Misfits*, in 1961. This movie also starred Marilyn Monroe and was written by Arthur Miller. Gable died shortly afterwards in Los Angeles, California, after having had a fourth coronary thrombosis.

## Awards 
Gable was nominated for an Academy Award for playing Fletcher Christian in the 1935 movie version of *Mutiny on the Bounty*. A year before in 1934, he starred in *It Happened One Night* with Claudette Colbert. Their performances won them both an Academy Award (the only wins in their careers).
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Eliot, Maine

**Eliot** is an American town in the state of Maine. The population was 6,717 at the 2020 census.

The schools in Eliot are a part of MSAD35. It is around an hour away from Boston.

## References
Ukrainian hryvnia

**Hryvnia** is the national currency of Ukraine.

## References 
## Other websites 
* History of Hryvnia 
* National Bank of Ukraine announcement of Hryvnia Sign  
* Proposed symbols for hryvnia during design competition 
* Pictures of hryvnia bills introduced in 1997
* First Ukrainian Money
* [Ukraine monetary reform. Numismatics](http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/NUMBON/1996-8(38).htm) 
* How hryvnia was born
Reining

**Reining** is a competitive way of riding a horse. In reining, the horse performs spins, sliding stops, rollbacks and lead changes. Reining has twelve patterns the rider normally has to follow. The rider can perform freestyle where they make up their own pattern and ride it to music. This is all done under a western saddle.

## History of the sport
Horses have been used by humans for thousands of years, and the skills associated with riding horses have been gradually developed throughout this history. The skills used today in **reining** originate from tasks done with work horses like to gather cattle together.

## What is reining
In competition, the riders need to do many manoeuvres at a gallop. They need to guide precisely the horses with one hand through a complex pattern that includes stops, spins, rollbacks and circles. There are twelve different patterns. The rider and the horse are judged on various criteria. First, points can be given or removed for the obedience of the horse if it seemed easy and fluid for the rider to control him or if the horse showed some resistance. The show is also judged for the execution of the manoeuvres and the control of the rider. For example, if the manoeuvre was executed correctly no point are given and no point are removed, if the manoeuvre was executed badly the judge decides on how many points he removes and if the manoeuvre was executed I an excellent way, the judge can give points. The rider executing is pattern and the judge evaluating it takes about five minutes and after that, the judge gives mark on a total of seventy points for the execution of the choreography by the rider and the horse.

## Other websites 
* British Reining - the governing body for the sport in Great Britain
* National Reining Horse Association
* The American Quarter Horse Association.
* sample reining pattern 
* United States Equestrian Federation
* Video about Reining
* The American Quarter Horse Association of the United Kingdom

## References
Rani Lakshmibai

**Lakshmana,** the **Rani** of **Jhansi** (19 November 1828 — 18 June 1858) was an Indian queen and warrior.

She was one of the greatest leaders of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and, became for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to British rule in India.

## Biography
Manikarnika is born into a Maratha family. She was married to Gangadhar Rao, the Maharaja of Jhansi, in 1842, and became the Rani of Jhansi. After her marriage, Manikarnika became Lakshmibai, named in honour of the goddess Lakshmi. Before her marriage, she was known as Chabili (meaning "jolly ways"). In September 1851, Rani Lakshmibai had a son, Damodar Rao. He died at the age of four months. On the day before the Raja's death in November 1853, he adopted his cousin's child. His name was Anand Rao but, was renamed Damodar Rao, after their actual son. The Raja wrote a letter to the British government of India requesting that his widow should be recognised as the ruler of Jhansi after his death during her lifetime. After the death of her husband the head of the British government refused to allow her adopted son to become raja and Jhansi was ruled by the British. This was done by the "Doctrine of lapse" - if an Indian ruler died without a male child his adopted son would not succeed him; but the personal property of that king goes to his adopted son.

After all the British in Jhansi had been killed by Indian troops in June 1857 the Rani took over the administration provisionally until the British returned. She had to form an army to defeat the invading forces of Orchha and Datia. In March 1858, British forces led by Sir Hugh Rose came to Jhansi to take back the city from the Rani who now wanted independence. Jhansi was besieged and taken after strong resistance. Many of the people of the city were killed in the fighting and afterwards. The Rani escaped to Kalpi and jointly with the Maratha general Tantya Tope then seized Gwalior. In the battle of Kotah ki Serai in which their army was defeated Rani Lakshmibai was wounded and died on 18th June 1858.

## References
## More information
*Edwardes, Michael (1975) *Red Year: the Indian Rebellion of 1857*. London: Sphere; pp. 111-126
*Meyer, Karl E. & Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999) *Tournament of Shadows*. Washington, DC: Counterpoint; pp. 138-145

## Other websites
*Timeline from the birth of Lakshmibai until her death
*Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi
*Rani Laxmi Bai
Speyer

**Speyer** (English formerly *Spires*) is a city in  the state of Rhineland-Palatinate with about 50,000 inhabitants on the Rhine river. It lies  south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim. Around the year 500 the town gets the name *Spira*, named after the stream *Speyerbach* which flows into the Rhine river here.

The center of Speyer is dominated by the Speyer Cathedral. Here are the tombs of several of the Salian emperors: the bodies, however, are believed to have gone missing during one of the French invasions during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

## Photo gallery 

Speyer-Dom-15-Westwerk-Maximilianstr-gje.jpg|Cathedral
Speyer-Dom-50-Seitenschiff-gje.jpg|Cathedral inside
Speyer-Dom-vom Suedwestturm-06-Maximilianstr-gje.jpg|View from the tower of the cathedral
Speyer-28-Korngasse-Altpoertel-gje.jpg|Old city gate
Speyer-44-Maximilianstr-Stadthaus-gje.jpg|City hall
Speyer-10-Gedaechtniskirche-gje.jpg|Memorial church
Speyer-12-Josephskirche-gje.jpg|Church of St. Joseph

## References
## Other websites 
*speyer.de  the city website (partly in English)
*museum.speyer.de  Historical Museum of the Palatinate (in English)
*dom-speyer.de website of Speyer Cathedral (in German)
*Model Map of Medieval Speyer
*Technical (Transport) Museum
Troodon

]]

***Troodon*** (or ***Troödon***) is a genus of relatively small, bird-like dinosaurs, from the later part of the Cretaceous period, 75 - 65 million years ago. The alternate spelling *Troödon* shows that the '**o**'s are pronounced separately, as in 'zoology'.

They were probably carnivorous, but details of their teeth are a bit unusual. Some experts suggest they may have included plant material in their diet, but this is not a majority view.

Discovered in central Montana in 1855, it was among the first dinosaurs found in North America. Its species ranged widely, with fossil remains recovered from as far north as Alaska, and the Judith River formation of Alberta, and as far south as Wyoming and even possibly Texas and New Mexico.

*Troodon* had a large brain in proportion to its body weight. It had a sickle claw, an enlarged and  second toe claw bone. *Troodon* had 122 teeth.

However, it was later discovered that the eggs belonged to the *Troodon* when baby *Troodon* embryos were found inside the eggs. It is now believed that the adults had killed the *Orodromeus* and brought them back to feed their babies. *Troodon*s laid up to 24 eggs in their nests which were earth mounds. They were able to lay two eggs at a time, so large clutches would take two weeks to lay.

## References
Saurornithoides

***Saurornithoides*** was a fast running dinosaur from 79 million years ago. It was related to *Troodon*. Its fossils have been found in Mongolia and China. 

Like its cousin *Troodon*, *Saurornithoides* was an intelligent predator, with large eyes and good vision. It had a retractable, sickle-shaped claw on the second claw of each foot that was used for attacking prey. *Saurornithoides* probably fed on small prey, such as lizards, frogs, insects, and small mammals. It may also have hunted in packs to bring down other dinosaurs. *Saurornithoides* was discovered in the Gobi Desert on an expedition in the 1920s. The dinosaurs *Velociraptor*, *Protoceratops*, and *Oviraptor* were also discovered during these expeditions to the Gobi Desert.
Goethe University Frankfurt

The **Goethe University Frankfurt** (German: *Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main*) opened in 1914. With 38.000 students it belongs to the five largest universities in Germany and has the biggest library of them. The university has more than 600 teaching and researching professors; 16 faculties offer 170 courses of study.
Thayer Academy

**Thayer Academy** is a private school that prepares people for college. It is in Braintree, Massachusetts. People from Grades 6–12 can become students there. The school was made in 1871, at the request of General Sylvanus Thayer. Thayer Academy is one of Greater Boston's most well respected private school's.

## Thayer Academy 
## Well known students 
*Tiffany Kelly, Miss Massachusetts USA 2006
*Tony Amonte, professional hockey player
*Jeremy Roenick, professional hockey player
*Mike Jones, college basketball player
*John Cheever, Pulitzer Prize winning writer
*Dave Silk, 1980 US Olympic hockey team member (gold medal)
*Sally Weston, Famous interior designer
*Brooks Orpik, Professional ice hockey player (Pittsburgh Penguins)

## Other websites 
* School Web page
Ore Mountains

The **Ore Mountains** (German *Erzgebirge*, Czech *Krušné hory*) are a mountain range in Germany and the Czech Republic. They form the border between both countries for 150&nbsp;km, extending from the western border of Saxony to the Elbe river. They are named for their plentiful metal ores.

The Ore Mountains are famous for many Christmas traditions. As the ores silver and tin were not found any more in the mines, former miners had to look for new ways to feed their families. In addition to lace making and weaving, the inhabitants went into wood carving. Nutcrackers, "smoking men", "pyramids" (carousels with figures of the Christmas story or from mining) and *Schwibbogen* (wooden arcs with candles in the windows, symbolising the opening of a mine) are some of many Christmas goods made in the Ore Mountains. *Seiffen* in the East Ore Mountains was a centre of the wooden toy industry.
Manifest (transportation)

s being shipped on the SS *Texas* in  1860. It lists the slaves' names, genders, ages, heights, and other details.]]
A **manifest** or '''ship's manifest** is a document that lists the cargo, passengers, and crew of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. It is made for the use of customs and other officials. If the list is just a list of passengers, it is a **passenger manifest** or **passenger list**. A list of cargo is a **cargo manifest** or **cargo list'''. The manifest may be used by people having an interest in the transport to ensure that passengers and cargo listed as having been placed on board the transport at the beginning of its passage continue to be on board when it arrives at its destination.

## Related pages 
* Passenger name record
Henry IV of England

**Henry IV** (3 April 1367 – 20 March 1413) was a King of England.  He was born at Bolingbroke Castle, in Lincolnshire, and so he was often called **Henry Bolingbroke**.

## Rise to power 
Henry's father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of King Edward III and had a lot of power in the reign of King Richard II.

Henry and Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, argued in 1398. Richard ordered Henry to live outside England for ten years with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt, but Thomas de Mowbray was exiled from England for life.

The next year John of Gaunt died, and Richard would not allow Henry to inherit Gaunt's land. Instead, Henry had to ask for the lands from Richard. 

Henry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel, former Archbishop of Canterbury. Both of them returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. 

With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began a military campaign, took land from those who opposed him and ordered his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire.

Henry gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV. He sent King Richard to prison and is believed to have been killed there. Henry bypassed Richard’s seven-year-old heir presumptive, Edmund de Mortimer. 

Henry was crowned on 13 October 1399. It was the first time since the Norman Conquest in 1066 that the monarch made a public speech in English. Henry consulted with Parliament frequently but was sometimes at odds with it, especially over religious matters.

On Arundel's advice, Henry was the first English king to allow the burning of heretics, mainly to suppress the Lollard movement.

William Shakespeare wrote two plays about the Henry's life: *Henry IV, Pt. 1* and *Henry IV, Pt. 2.*
Stenonychosaurus

***Stenonychosaurus*** (meaning "narrow claw lizard") is a genus of troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada based on a foot, fragments of a hand, and some caudal vertebrae.

A 2017 description had redeemed the validity of *Stenonychosaurus* and had informalised the genus **"Troodon"**, synonymising it with *Latenivenatrix*.

## Description 
*Stenonychosaurus* was a small dinosaur, up to  in height,  in length, and up to  in mass.They, like most related dromaeosaurs such as *Velociraptor* and *Deinonychus* had retractable sickle-like claws on their feet.

## References
Siegfried

:''This page is about the character in the book called the Nibelungenlied. For Wagner's opera see Siegfried (opera).

**Sigurd** (Old Norse: **Sigurðr**) is a strong hero in the *Nibelungenlied*, an epic poem written about the year 1200. He killed the dragon Fafnir and took its treasure, the *Nibelungenschatz*. After killing the dragon, he bathed in its blood and so changed his skin, so that he could not be wounded any more. The earliest extant representations for his legend come in pictorial form from seven runestones in Sweden and most notably the Ramsund carving (c. 1000) and the Gök Runestone (11th century).

But a leaf fell from a linden tree above while he was bathing and landed on his back, and the little patch of skin that it covered did not touch the dragon's blood, so that Siegfried remained vulnerable (he could be hurt) in that one spot.

Siegfried wants to marry Kriemhild, the sister of Gunther, kin of the Burgundians in Worms. But before he is allowed to marry her he has to help Gunther to win against Brünhild, the queen of Iceland. He does it with the help of a cloak which lets him become .

After their marriage Siegfried and Kriemhild live in Siegfried's kingdom for some years. Then they come to visit Worms and Kriemhild's family again. Brünhild, the wife of Gunther, and
Kriemhild argue about who is of higher rank. Now Kriemhild tells Brünhild that Siegfried helped Gunther in his fight against her and that he gave a proof of this victory to Kriemhild. Therefore, Brünhild becomes so furious that she decides that Siegfried must be killed. This is done by Hagen, one of Gunther's men, while Siegfried is drinking from a well during a hunt in the Odenwald. Hagen also takes the treasure of Siegfried from Kriemhild and throws it into the Rhine.

The name Siegfried in German means "victory peace".

Siegfried appears in two of the four operas in Wagner's Ring cycle: the third opera is called *Siegfried* and the fourth one is called *Götterdämmerung* although originally Wagner called it "Siegfrieds Tod" ("The Death of Siegfried"). Wagner makes several changes to the story.

## References
Pterodactylus

***Pterodactylus*** (Pterodactylus Antiquus) was a small pterosaur. It lived in the later Jurassic period, at the same time as many dinosaurs. *Pterodactylus* is typical of the short-tailed pterosaurs. The sub-order continued to the end of the Cretaceous, but *Pterodactylus* is only known from the latest Jurassic.  
The first specimens were found at Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. Also found in these strata was the famous *Archaeopteryx*. 

These carbonate strata formed in warm lagoons. *Pterodactylus* may have lived on small islands in the lagoon, or on the coast. Perhaps it lived further inland and was blown here in a storm. The high salinity would support little life, so the pterosaurs would have fed in some other area.

.]]

The first specimen was found in the 18th century, and a description published in 1784. Later, Georges Cuvier worked out that it was a flying reptile. A juvenile pterosaur came to light in 1817, and showed clearly that Cuvier had been right. Now, 30 specimens of the genus are known.
Oratorio

An **oratorio** is a piece of music for orchestra, choir and solo singers.  It usually tells a story from the Old Testament.  An oratorio may be about two hours long: a whole concert.  It is rather like an opera, but whereas an opera is acted out in costume on a stage, an oratorio is sung and played in a concert hall or church.  The oratorio as we know it was created in the 18th century.  The words were normally in the composer’s own language, not in Italian like most operas were at that time.

The word "oratorio" had been used many centuries ago for music-dramas performed in churches in western Europe.  In Italy oratorios and operas were both being composed in the 17th century.  In Germany composers like Heinrich Schutz and, later, Johann Sebastian Bach were writing Passions which tell the story of the crucifixion.  These are not usually called “oratorios” but they are similar.

The first important composer of oratorios was George Frideric Handel.  Handel, who was born in Germany, had become English.  Handel had written a lot of operas, but in 1732 he started to write oratorios instead and quite suddenly people became very interested in oratorios.  He used the same sort of music as in his operas: the work would start with an overture (an introduction on the orchestra) and then there would be recitative (the bits that told the story), arias (songs for the solo singers) and choruses for the choir.  The chorus was very important in oratorios: they got more to sing than in most operas.  This meant that choral societies became very popular, and this tradition spread from England (where Handel lived) to other countries in Europe.  Handel’s most famous oratorio is *Messiah*. Unlike most of his other oratorios, the story is not from the Old Testament.   It tells the story of the birth, life and death of Jesus.  In Britain Handel’s *Messiah* is traditionally performed around Christmas.  Other oratorios by Handel include: *Deborah*, *Saul*, *Samson*, *Judas Maccabaeus* and *Solomon*.  Handel composed all these oratorios to English texts.

In the 19th century the oratorio was very popular. At the turn of the century Joseph Haydn wrote some of his best music in his two oratorios:  *Die Schöpfung* (*The Creation*) (1798) and *Die Jahreszeiten*  (*The Seasons*) (1801). Mendelssohn wrote *St Paul*, *Elijah* and the *Hymn of Praise*.  Dvořák, Berlioz and Gounod are among the most important Romantic composers of oratorio, and in the 20th century famous oratorios include Elgar’s *Dream of Gerontius* (1900), Walton’s *Belshazzar’s Feast* (1931) and Tippett’s *Child of our Time* (1941).
Rutiodon

**Rutiodon** was a type of phytosaur. Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that lived during the time of dinosaurs. Its nostrils were far back on the head, close to the eyes. It was shown in the movie *When Dinosaurs Roamed America* trying to catch a Coelophysis. It jumped out of the water. and roared without warning.
When Dinosaurs Roamed America

***When Dinosaurs Roamed America*** is a 2001 television movie from the Discovery Channel. The movie is narrated by John Goodman. This movie tells us about species of dinosaurs that lived in North America through the ages of the Mesozoic era. The backgrounds of the movie are real places of America.

## Featured creatures
### Late Triassic Segment
**Coelophysis*
**Rutiodon*
**Desmatosuchus*
**Icarosaurus*
**Traversodon*
*Unidentified mammal, probably *Morganucodon* or *Megazostrodon*
*quoll (live-acted, probably appeared by accident)
*locust (animated)

### Early Jurassic Segment
**Dilophosaurus*
**Megapnosaurus* (identified as *Syntarsus*, which it was called at the time)
**Anchisaurus* (in terms of size and general appearance it resembles a *Massospondylus*)

Late Jurassic Segment
**Camarasaurus*
**Allosaurus*
**Apatosaurus*
**Stegosaurus*
**Dryosaurus*
**Ceratosaurus*
*Unidentified pterosaur, probably *Pterodactylus*

### Middle Cretaceous Segment
**Nothronychus*
**Dromaeosaurus* (identified as dromaeosaur)
**Zuniceratops*
**Coelurosaurus* (identified as coelurosaur)

### Late Cretaceous Segment
**Tyrannosaurus*
**Triceratops*
**Anatotitan*
**Quetzalcoatlus*
**Purgatorius* (live-acted by opossum)
**Ornithomimus* (not identified, revealed on web)
*Spider (live-acted)

## Other websites 
*Video Gallery
*
James II of England

of James II of England]]

**James II and VII** (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. He was King James II in England and Ireland, and King James VII in Scotland. He was also Duke of Normandy from 31 December 1660. He lost his kingdoms in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He did not succeed in taking them back in a war, and he spent the rest of his life in France.

He was the last Roman Catholic king in the British Isles. Some of his people did not like his religious ideas, leading a group of them to disobey and fight against him. This was called the Glorious Revolution in England and Scotland. King James and his son, James Francis Edward went into exile. The king was replaced by his Protestant daughter, Queen Mary II, and her husband King William III and II. They became rulers in 1689. 

The belief that James, not William III or Mary II, was the one true ruler became known as Jacobitism (from Jacobus or Iacobus, Latin for James). James made one serious attempt to recover his throne when he landed in Ireland in 1689. After his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, he returned to France, living the rest of his life under the protection of King Louis XIV. His son James Francis Edward Stuart (The Old Pretender) and his grandson Charles Edward Stuart (The Young Pretender and Bonnie Prince Charlie) attempted to restore the Jacobite line after James's death, but failed.

## Issue 
## Notes 
## References
Cigar

A **cigar** is a form in which tobacco is smoked.  It is usually larger than a cigarette.  Cigars are made of different types of tobacco which are cured in many different way to produce unique flavors and fragrances.  Most quality cigars are rolled using a tobacco leaf, though more and more cigars have been rolled using different types of paper to replace the tobacco leaf.  This results in a cleaner looking cigar.  Commercially produced cigars are rolled and packed using machinery, and quality control and smokeability cannot be truly verified.  Hand rolled cigars prove to still be the best option, but are more costly.  
Cuba is known worldwide for their cigars, which are famously hard to get in the United States because of an embargo against Cuba.  Many other countries also produce cigars, most notably in the Central America and Caribbean island areas.
Bahá'u'lláh

'''Bahá'u'lláh**, also spelled **Bahaullah''', which means "Glory of God", was an Iranian nobleman who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.

He was born Mirza Husayn-'Alí in the city of Tehran, in Iran, in 1817 and died in Acre, now in Israel, in 1892. His followers consider him a messenger of God. His teachings included that all men and women are equal and that all the religions believe in the same God.

## References
## Other websites 
* The Life of Bahá'u'lláh – A Photographic Narrative
Will (law)

A **will** or **testament** is a legal  that explains the last wishes of someone after they die. It is sometimes called a "last will and testament".

A person writes a will and testament before they die, and usually writes what they want to happen to their estate (money and their things) after they die. A will may also provide for other issues including,
* Stating preferences for funeral arrangements,
* Designating a guardian for a minor child,
* Preventing will contests, and
* Making gifts to charities. Depending upon where probate occurs, the representative may be called a *personal representative*, *executor* or *administrator*.

## References
Anne, Queen of Great Britain

**Anne of Great Britain** (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was the Queen of England (which included Wales), Scotland and Ireland. During her reign, the kingdoms of England and Scotland came together to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain (the first form of the United Kingdom). For this reason, she is the first monarch to rule over the UK.

## Becoming Queen 
Anne was born during the reign of her uncle, King Charles II. After Charles' death, Anne's father James II became King of England. James was unpopular because he was Catholic. James was replaced by Anne's older sister, Mary II and her husband William III. Mary and William had no children. Anne became Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland on 8 March 1702 after the death of William. 

## Kingdom of Great Britain 
In her first speech to the Parliament of England, Anne said it was important to unite England and Scotland. In 1707, they both formed to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

## Personal life 
Anne was married to Prince George of Denmark, who died in 1708. Anne was pregnant 17 times but none of her children survived to adulthood. In her 30s, she became very ill and obese.

## Death 
Queen Anne died on 1 August 1714. Doctors say she died because of stress and overall poor health as well as being overweight. Because of the Act of Settlement and the fact that Anne had no surviving children, the next King of Britain was George I, her cousin.

## References
Knot

A **knot** is a fixed looping of a piece of string or rope. Knots are often used for binding things together. While a knot is often made from rope, it can also be made from many other things. In fact, a knot is actually the condition a long flexible object is in. For example, hair can be tied in a knot. The ends of balloons are tied in a knot to prevent the air from escaping. The average person over 5 or so years of age is likely capable of tying a knot; most of these knots people tie are probably with their shoelaces. Ribbons are also tied in a knot so as to appear pretty, as when wrapped around a gift. In addition, knots are also made by sailors in many different forms and for many different purposes. There are even people who have adopted knot-making as a hobby.

## Related pages
* List of knots

## More reading
*
Flensburg

**Flensburg** (Danish and Low Saxon: *Flensborg*, Frisian: *Flensburch*, North Frisian: *Flansborj*) is a city in Germany. It is next to the border with Denmark. About 90,164 people live in Flensburg. The city has a university. A very well known part of Flensburg is Mürwik. There lies a small navy harbour. Flensburg lives on tourism, students and the German navy forces.

## History
There was a first settlement about 1200 A.D., which became a city in 1284. In the following century, Flensburg became the economic centre of the Duchy of Schleswig. In 1409 there were battles between people of the Duchy of Holstein and the Danish crown about the control of Schleswig. In 1412 and 1500 there were bad plagues in Flensburg. In 1485, there was a big fire in the city.

Between 1460 and 1864 Flensburg was the second most important harbour in Denmark after Copenhagen. Since the 16th century Flensburg was an important place for trade. Flensburg became part of Prussia in 1864, after the Danish-Prussian War.

In 1920, there was an election in Schleswig. The vote was to decide whether people wanted to belong to Denmark or Germany. Flensburg and regions south of the city decided to stay German, while regions north of the city chose to become Danish.

In 1945, many Germans were driven out of their homes in the eastern German provinces. These people went to Flensburg. The city had more than 100,000 inhabitants for a couple of years. Nowadays Flensburg has about 85,000 inhabitants.

File:Flensburg.jpg|Flensburg (2005)
File:Flensburg Nordertor.jpg|Nordertor
File:Das Rote Schloss am Meer (Flensburg-Mürwik Juli 2014), Bild 07.JPG|Marineschule Mürwik
File:Flensburg Wasserturm Mürwik.jpg|Mürwiker Wasserturm
File:Der Dampfer Alexandra fährt im Flensburger Hafen.JPG|Alexandra
File:Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (Fenster mit Rollos bilden an dem Tag Abkürzung KBA), Flensburg-Mürwik Mai 2014, Bild 06.JPG|KBA in Mürwik

## References
## Other websites
Goslar

**Goslar** is a historic city in Germany. About 43,000 people live there.

## History 
The German Emperor Henry I founded Goslar in 922. In the 11th century Goslar became seat of a Pfalz, a temporary seat of the Emperor. In 1253 Goslar became a Free City (that means without being ruled a Duke) in the Holy Roman Empire and joined the Hanseatic League.

Henry 4th, a Holy Roman Emperor, came from Goslar.

In the Thirty-year War Goslar belonged to the loyalists of the Emperor, although its territory belonged to a Protestant region. The Swedish King Gustav II Adolph punished Goslar for supporting the imperial forces. After 1642 Goslar came under the rule of the Welfs.

In 1803 Goslar lost its status as a Free City and belonged to Prussia. Napoleon made Goslar a part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. After the Napoleonic Wars it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover.

In the 19th century Goslar lost its economic base. Now it lives mainly on tourism.

### Climate
## References
Anonymous (hacker group)

**Anonymous** is a decentralized group of anonymous online activists. Contrary to popular belief, they are not one organization, but rather a label used by high-profile hackers to make themselves unrecognizable to law enforcement as well as the public. They are associated with many online and offline protests. These protests commonly relate to freedom of speech. They often protest against political corruption and censorship. Anonymous also makes DDoS attacks (where an attacker disconnects his or her target from the internet, sometimes forever) on popular websites such as PayPal and the United States' Department of Justice homepage. Other common targets include organizations who seem to limit people's freedom of speech.

Anonymous is also often associated with image boards such as 4chan and protests such as the Occupy Movement.

Some people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks in countries including the U.S., UK, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and Turkey. Views of the group's actions and usefulness vary widely. Supporters have called the group "freedom fighters" and digital Robin Hoods while some have judged them as "a cyber lynch-mob" or "cyber terrorists". In 2012, *Time* called Anonymous one of the "100 most influential people" of 2012 in the world.

Members of anonymous are called *Anons*. When anons appear in public, they often wear Guy Fawkes masks. Guy Fawkes masks come from a graphic novel and film called *V for Vendetta*. Some Anons also disguise their voice with voice changers (products that distort a user's voice) or text-to-speech programs.

## Beliefs and values 
Anons regularly have conflicting opinions, but mostly they are non-extremist. Anonymous does not have a hierarchy or a leader. Instead, anons work together because they have similar interests.

Generally, anons fight censorship on the Internet, and they mostly target governments, organizations, and corporations who they believe to use censorship.  Anons were early supporters of the global Occupy Movement and the Arab Spring.Members of Anonymous protest in legal and illegal ways. In 2012, Olson described Anonymous as a "movement" rather than a group:  "anyone can be part of it. It is a crowd of people, a nebulous crowd of people, working together and doing things together for various purposes."

Anonymous has few rules. These rules include not sharing one's identity, not talking about the group, and not attacking media (such as news, television, and film).

## References
## Other websites
*