open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gepids

The **Gepids** were an East Germanic Gothic tribe who became  after  the Huns.  The place where the Gepids lived was called **Gepidia** or **Kingdom of the Gepids**.  The place where the Gepids used to live contained some of Romania, Hungary and Serbia.

## References
## Other websites
*Map of Gepidia
*Map of Gepid Kingdom
*Kingdom of the Gepids - location map
Robert Clive

**Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive of Plassey**, KB (29 September 1725 – 22 November 1774), also known as **Clive of India**, was a British soldier who established British control in Southern India and Bengal. Together with Warren Hastings he was one of the key figures in the creation of British India.

Robert Clive was born at Styche, the family estate, in the parish in Moreton Say, near Market Drayton, Shropshire.  Teachers were unable to control the young Clive. He is said to have climbed the tower of St Mary's Parish Church in Market Drayton and sat on a gargoyle, frightening people down below. He also attempted to set up a protection racket enforced by a gang of youths. Faced with the choice of paying up or receiving a visit from Clive and his 'boys', many of Market Drayton's shopkeepers decided to pay. His bad behaviour resulted in him being expelled from three schools, including Market Drayton Grammar School. He also went to Clifton College School. He boarded there for 3 years. 

As an adult Clive worked for the British East India Company. In 1746 he joined the Company army and fought well against the French army in India. He led the winning army in the Battle of Plassey during the Seven Years War. He was the first governor of Bengal during 1757 to 1760 in India. He is sometimes called the founder of British empire in India.

His Indian fortune was worth 401,102 pounds, when he left India in 1767. He was cross-examined by the British Parliament in 1772 due to it being suspicious of his large wealth. Although he was acquited he commited suicide in 1774 two years later.

## Places named after him 
The town of Clive, New Zealand was named after him. The name was given by John Curling.

## References
Syed Hussain Bilgrami

**Syed Hussain Bilgrami** was an Indian teacher of Islamic studies and a poltician. Syed was born in the year 1844 in the town of Bihar and died in the year 1926 in the city of Hyderabad. Syed worked at Cunning College in Lucknow as an Arabic linguist from 1866-1873. In 1874, Syed became the secretary of Salar Jung until he died. While Syed was the secretary of Jung, he met with Queen Victoria and other British polticians. 

## References
Lahore Resolution

, Lahore, where the Pakistan Resolution was passed]]

The **Lahore Resolution** (Urdu=*Qarardad-e-Lahore* قرارداد لاھور), commonly known as the **Pakistan Resolution** (Urdu=قرارداد پاکستان *Qarardad-e-Pakistan*) was a political resolution, or statement drafted between 22nd to 23 rd March 1940, by the 25-member Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League, and then formally adopted by the Muslim League membership at its general session on 23 March 1940, held at Lahore. This resolution asked for greater Muslim autonomy of Muslim majority states such as Punjab, Bengal, Sindh and NWFP within British India. However, later on most people thought of this as a call for a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. The resolution was presented at Minto Park (now renamed 'Iqbal Park'), in Lahore, by Maulvi A.K. Fazlul Huq on the instructions of the Working Committee.

In fact, from the declaration made in this resolution in 1940 onwards, the goals of the Muslim League became increasingly fixed upon achieving an independent nation-state.

Today, the resolution's importance is remembered in Pakistan, by the Minar-e-Pakistan structure that stands in the Greater Iqbal Park, Lahore.
So fair ideas of Muslims separated had been floating in Indian political atmosphere.

## Committee 
The following is the full list of the 25 original, formally designated members of the Special Working Committee of the All India Muslim League, 1940, which met between 21 and 24 March 1940, and which largely drafted the Lahore Resolution.

* Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
* Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan
* Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan
* Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot
* Amir Ahmed Khan Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad
* Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Huq
* Sir Abdullah Haroon
* Al-Hajj Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin
* Amjadi Bano Begum
* Molana Muhammad Akram Khan
* Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
* Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan
* Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim
* Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi
* Qazi Muhammad Isa
* Sardar Aurangzeb Khan
* Abdul Mateen Chauhdry
* Ashiq Mohamed Warsi
* Haji Abdus Sattar Essak Saith
* S.M. Sharif
* Syed Abdul Rauf Shah
* Mohammad Latif ur Rahman
* Abdul Rehman Siddiqui
* Malik Barkat Ali
* Sadullah Khan Umarzai

## References
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman

with Muhammad Ali Jinnah chairing the Lahore session]]

**Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman** (1889–1973) was an Pakistani Muslim politician.  He was leader of the All India Muslim League in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). A strong supporter of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Pakistan movement, Khaliquzzaman migrated to Pakistan in 1947. After Independence, he was the first president of PML.
Commander-in-Chief

A **commander-in-chief** is the commander of a nation's military forces. Some country's commander-in-chief does not need to have been a soldier or involved in the military. The term was first used by King Charles I of England in 1639. 

Commanders-in-Chief is sometimes referred to as **Supreme Commander**, which is sometimes used as a specific term.

## Australia 
The role of command in chief is done by the Governor-General of Australia as the King’s representative.

## United Kingdom 
The title Commander-in-Chief is rarely used by the King or Queen of England, but usually refers to local commanders-in-chief. 

## India 
After independence from Britain on August 15, 1947, each Service was given its own Chief Commander (navy, army, airforce).

## Iran 
Before 1979, the Shah was the commander-in-chief in Iran. After the creation of the Islamic Republic, the Supreme Leader of Iran has taken on the role.

## Ireland 
In Ireland, the commander-in-chief of the army is the President.

## Pakistan 
In Pakistan, the President is by law the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, however the elected Prime Minister has the real power.

## Hong Kong 
When Hong Kong was a British colony the Governor was also the Commander-in-Chief of Hong Kong.

## United States of America 
Commander-in-chief is one of the many roles given to the president of the United States

## References
Governor-General of India

" beneath the Imperial Crown of India on a Union Flag]]

The **Governor-General of India** was the head of the British administration in British India. He was known as the **Viceroy** because he was the representative of the monarch, who for many years was Queen Victoria. 

The position was created in 1773, with the title of "Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William". In the beginning the officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. However in 1833 the Governor was given complete control over all of British India and from then on was known as the Governor-General of India.

## History 
, the first Governor-General of British India from 1773 to 1785.]]
Many parts of India were governed by the East India Company, which was supposed to be agents of the Mughal Emperor. 

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the East India Company was abolished and the lands it had overned in the Indian sub-continent ware put under the direct control of the government of Britain. The Governor-General headed the central Government of India in Calcutta and was responsible to the imperial government in London. The rest of the sub-continent was administered by a large number of princely rulers under the supreme authority of Britain. The Governor-General was commonly known as the Viceroy of India because of his secondary role as Britain's representative to these nominally independent princely states.

Although India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, Governors-General stayed on to represent the Monarch of Great Britain until each rewrote their laws to become republics. When Pakistan and India become independent in 1947 King George who had been before then been the Emperor of India became the King of both countries.

However when India became a republic in 1950 he was no longer king of that country, however he remained king of Pakistan until his death in 1952. After that Elizabeth become Queen until 1956 when Pakistan too became a republic.
Warren Hastings

**Warren Hastings** (December 7 1732 - August 22 1818) was the first Governor-General of India, from 1773 to 1785. He was born at Churchill, Oxfordshire.  He attended Westminster School before joining the British East India Company in 1750 as a clerk.  In 1757 he was made the British Resident (administrative in charge) of Murshidabad. He was appointed to the Calcutta council in 1761, but was back in England in 1764. He returned to India in 1769 as a part of the Madras council and was made governor of Bengal in 1772. In 1773, he was appointed the first Governor-General of India. 

For ten years Hastings managed to help expand British control across India that had been stated by Robert Clive. Some of his fellow Britons blamed him for not getting victory in the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

Hastings resigned in 1784 and returned to England, however when he arrived in England he was charged with corruption by Edmund Burke. Burke was encouraged by Sir Philip Francis who had been wounded by Hastings in a duel in India. The Impeachment trial took seven years and Hastings was acquitted.  

On August 22 1806, the Edinburgh East India Club held a party to honour Hastings, asking for "Prosperity to our settlements in India".

## Places named after him 
The city of Hastings, New Zealand and the Melbourne outer suburb of Hastings, Victoria, Australia were both named after him.

Hastings is a Senior Wing House at St Paul's School, Darjeeling, India, where all the senior wing houses are named after colonial-age military figures.

## References
Iron Maiden (album)

***Iron Maiden*** is the first album by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden. 
It was released on 11th April 1980. The main musical type of the album is heavy metal but some songs, like "Sanctuary" or "Running Free" are like punk rock music. Some fans feel that a song from this album, "Phantom Of The Opera" is the best song Iron Maiden have ever made.

## Musicians
People who were members of Iron Maiden when the album was made:

* Steve Harris - Bass guitar
* Paul Di'Anno – Singing
* Dennis Stratton – Electric guitar
* Dave Murray - Electric guitar
* Clive Burr - Percussion

## Songs
Awami League

The **Bangladesh Awami League** (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ; also translated '''Bangladesh People's League''') is a political party in Bangladesh. The party is now headed by Sheikh Hasina, the daughter of the late Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The Awami League has been in government twice, about eight and a half years, since Bangladesh's independence in 1971.

The party was openly involved in terrorist activities and hampering freedom of speech. Head of party Sheikh Hasina has also been widely referred to as an autocrat sometimes a dictator even. Despite once having wide support, the party has lost it due to the immense amount of corruption and other inhumane activities it has been involved in.
Ambedkar National Congress

The **Ambedkar National Congress** is a National Political Party registered on 04/04/2002 and headquartered at Door No:8-3-323, Ambedkar Bhavan, Ameerpet X Roads, Ameerpet, Hyderabad 500073, Telangana India. 

The party works for the rights of Backward Cast, Schedule Cast, Schedule Tribes, Dalits , and Minority communities in bringing equality opportunities to every citizen of India.  Mr. Mohammed Kazam Ali Khan is the founder and President of the ANC.
Harold Arthur Deane

**Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Harold Arthur Deane** (1854-1908) was an administrator in British India. Deane served as the first Political Agent of the Malakand in 1895 and also as the first Chief Commissioner of the   when the province was created on 9th November 1901.

## References
Pakistani English

**Pakistani English** is the type of the English Language as it is spoken in Pakistan. It is recognised as one of the official languages of the country.

## History
Although British rule in South Asia lasted for almost two hundred years, the areas that are now Pakistan were some of the last places to be taken over by the British. Punjab (which included the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province) was captured in 1849, Sindh a few years before; while Balochistan was never fully taken over by the British. This meant that English had less time to become part of local culture. However, in 1947, when Pakistan became independent, English (along with Urdu) became Pakistan's official language - this was written into law in 1973.

## Relationship with Indian English
Pakistani English has many similarities with Indian English, but since Independence there have been some very obvious differences. These include words and phrases not used in India, as well as accents. Foreign companies find accent naturalisation easier in Pakistan than in India. However, like Indian English, Pakistani English has preserved many phrases that are now considered old in Britain.

## Use in Pakistan
English is one of Pakistan's official languages. All government documents, military communications, street signs, many shop signs, business contracts and other activities are in English. The language of the courts is also English.
English is taught to all school level Pakistani students, and in many cases English is also the language used to teach the students other subjects. At the college and university level all instruction is in English.
Pakistan has a large English language press and (more recently) media. All of Pakistan's major dailies are published in or have an edition in English. Dawn News is a major English language news channel.

## Pakistani English Literature
Since English in Pakistan is a well-established and popular, expanding language, people there read and write in it too. Pakistani English literature is increasingly making its mark worldwide. A list of English language writers from Pakistan is given here, listing some of the better known literary figures.

## References
Joanne Woodward

**Joanne Gignilliat Trimmier Woodward** (born February 27, 1930) is an American actress. She has won an Academy Award, Golden Globe Awards, Emmy Awards and a Cannes award. She is the widow of Paul Newman, who was also an actor. Woodward is also a television and theatrical producer.

## Early life 
Woodward was born in Thomasville, Georgia. Her middle names, "Gignilliat Trimmier", are of Huguenot origin.

She wanted to become an actress because of her mother's love of movies.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Joanne Woodward's thoughts on Earth Day 2006
The Number of the Beast

***The Number of the Beast*** is the third album by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released on 22 March 1982. It was the band's first album that Bruce Dickinson sang for. *The Number of the Beast* made Iron Maiden famous worldwide. The songs in the album have many different subjects, such as war, history and films. The album had two singles: "Run to the Hills" and "The Number of the Beast". The album was number one on the UK Albums music chart. It also went into the top 40 on the *Billboard* 200 chart.

## Musicians 
People who were in Iron Maiden when the album was recorded.

* Steve Harris - Bass guitar
* Bruce Dickinson - Singing
* Dave Murray - Electric guitar
* Adrian Smith - Electric guitar
* Clive Burr - Percussion

## Songs 
## Satanism 
Some religious groups in the United States said that the members of Iron Maiden are Satanists and that the album promotes Satanism to listeners. Some people even burned copies of "The Number of the Beast". Bruce Dickinson said it is not true.
Beyoncé Karaoke Hits Vol. I

***Beyoncé Karaoke Hits Vol. I*** is a 2008 karaoke album by Beyoncé.

## Track list
# If (Karaoke Version) - 3:18
# Flaws and All (Karaoke Version) - 4:11
# Welcome to Hollywood (Karaoke Version) - 3:22
# World Wide Woman (Karaoke Version) - 3:43
# Beautiful Liar (Bello Embustero) [Spanish Karaoke Version] - 3:22
# Beautiful Liar (Spanglish Karaoke Version) - 3:21
# Irreplaceable Karaoke Version - 3:49
# Listen (Oye) [Spanish Karaoke Version] - 3:42
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami

**Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami** is the biggest Islamic political party in Bangladesh.

The party started from Jamaat-e-Islami, made by Abul A'la Maududi in 1941. Before, Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan did not want Bangladesh to be free from Pakistan.

When Bangladesh became free in 1971, the new government stopped Jamaat-e-Islami and all religion-based parties. After Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was killed in 1975, the ban was removed. In 1979, Ziaur Rahman’s government allowed Jamaat-e-Islami to do politics again.

In the 1980s, Jamaat joined a group of parties to bring back democracy against Hussain Muhammad Ershad. Later, it worked with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), and its leaders became ministers in BNP governments (1991-1996 and 2001-2006). Awami League also worked with Jamaat in 1996 to get power.

In 2008, Jamaat won two out of 300 seats in Parliament. In 2010, the Awami League government started trials for war crimes from the 1971 war. By 2012, two BNP leaders, one Jatiya Party leader, and eight Jamaat leaders were accused of war crimes. By March 2013, three Jamaat leaders were found guilty.

On 1 August 2013, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh said Jamaat-e-Islami cannot join elections. On 1 August 2024, Sheikh Hasina’s government fully banned the party. But on 28 August 2024, after Sheikh Hasina’s government fell, the new government removed the ban.

## History
### Hindustan Period (1941 - 1947) 
*:See Jamaat-e-Islami Hind*

### Pakistan Period (1948 - 1971) 
*: See: Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan*

In 1947 East Bengal became part of Pakistan (East Pakistan) - and the Jamaat-e-Islami was divided into separate Indian and Pakistani parties. The Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh originates from the East Pakistani party.  The Jamaat were against Bangladesh becoming independent from Pakistan as they thought it was against Islam. However the Jamaat were unable to stop Bangladesh becoming independent of Pakistan.

### Bangladesh Period (1978 - present) 
Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami was banned after independence of Bangladesh. Jamaat was banned in Bangladesh due to its opposite stand against independent Bangladesh during independence war. Jamaat wished to see united Pakistan.  After independence of Bangladesh,  the top leaders of Jamaat moved to West Pakistan where Jamaat-e-Islami was born. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, also cancelled the citizenship of Golam Azam, the leader of Jamaat. Azam then moved to London, and some other leaders moved to the Middle East. However Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated in 1975 and army chief Ziaur Rahman seized power. Rahman allowed the Jamaat to be a political party again. Rahman also allowed Azam to return to Bangladesh as the leader of Jamaat.
## Election results
## References
Carmen: A Hip Hopera

***Carmen: A Hip Hopera*** is an 2001 musical movie produced for television by MTV and directed by Robert Townsend. The movie stars Beyoncé Knowles, Mos Def, Rah Digga, Wyclef Jean, Mekhi Phifer, Da Brat, Joy Bryant, Jermaine Dupri and Lil' Bow Wow. It is based upon Georges Bizet's opera, *Carmen*, set in Philadelphia and Los Angeles in modern times, and features a mostly original hip-hop/R&B score in place of Bizet's opera.

The movie received mainly negative reviews. To date, it is the second major attempt at an African-American adaptation of the opera, the first being the 1943 Broadway musical *Carmen Jones* and its 1954 Academy Award nominated and box office hit movie adaptation.

## Cast 
* Carmen Brown: Beyoncé Knowles
* Derek Hill: Mekhi Phifer
* Caela: Reagan Gomez-Preston
* Lieutenant Miller: Mos Def
* Cellmate 1: Bow Wow
* Cellmate 2: Jermaine Dupri
* Blaze: Casey Lee
* Rasheeda: Rashia "Rah Digga" Battle
* Nikki: Joy Bryant
* Fortune Teller: Wyclef Jean

## Other websites 
*
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood

on the set of ''Mister Rogers' Neighborhood* in the 1960s]]
*'''Mister Rogers' Neighborhood*** (shortened ***Mister Rogers*** and Commonwealth spelling ***Mister Rogers' Neighbourhood''''') is an American half-hour educational children's television series that was created and hosted by Fred Rogers, it was aimed primarily at preschool children ages 2 to 5, but it was labeled by PBS as "appropriate for all ages". ''Mister Rogers' Neighborhood'' was produced by Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, American public broadcaster WQED  and Rogers' non-profit production company Family Communications, Inc.  (named Small World Enterprises until 1971). It is the longest running series on PBS. The series is currently seen in reruns on many PBS stations. After Mister Rogers' absence, an animated spinoff television series ''Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood'' starts aired on September 7, 2012.

The program starred Fred Rogers, David Newell as Mr. McFeely, Betty Aberlin as Lady Aberlin, Don Brockett as Chef Brockett, François Clemmons as Officer Clemmons, Bob Trow as Bob Dog and Joe Negri as Handyman Negri.

## References 
## Other websites 
*PBS Kids: Official Site 
*
*
The Pink Panther (2006 movie)

***The Pink Panther*** is a 2006 American comedy movie. It is an adaptation of **the Pink Panther** movie series. In this movie, Inspector Jacques Clouseau (Steve Martin) is assigned to solve the murder of a famous soccer coach and the theft of the famous Pink Panther diamond.

This movie also stars Kevin Kline, Beyoncé Knowles, and Jean Reno.

This movie has a sequel, *The Pink Panther 2*.

## Cast 
*Steve Martin - Inspector Jacques Clouseau
*Jean Reno - Gendarme Gilbert Ponton
*Kevin Kline - Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus
*Emily Mortimer - Nicole
*Beyoncé Knowles - Xania
*Henry Czerny - Yuri the Trainer Who Trains
*Jason Statham - Yves Gluant
*Kristin Chenoweth - Cherie
*William Abadie - Bizu
*Scott Adkins - Jacquard
*Dexter Bell - Terry Ahkee-Sauce
*Clive Owen - Nigel Boswell/Agent 006 (uncredited)
*Paul Korda - Pierre Fuquet (uncredited)
*Charlotte Maier - Dialect Coach

## Related pages
*The Pink Panther, about the series of movies

## Other websites
*
Dorothy Bush Koch

**Dorothy Walker Bush Koch**, often called "Doro," (born August 18, 1959), is the daughter of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush and former First Lady of the United States Barbara Bush. Her siblings are George W. Bush, the 43rd President, Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida, Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, and the late Robin Bush, who died of leukemia in 1953.

## References
Walter Mondale

**Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale** (January 5, 1928 – April 19, 2021) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the 42nd vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter. Before becoming vice president, he was a United States senator from Minnesota from 1964 to 1976. He was also the attorney general of Minnesota from 1960 to 1964 and the 24th U.S. ambassador to Japan from 1993 to 1996 under Bill Clinton.

Mondale was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1984. His vice presidential nominee, Geraldine Ferraro, was the first woman to be nominated. He won in only in Minnesota and Washington, D.C. He lost to President Ronald Reagan of the Republican Party in the other 49 states.

Mondale was the first vice president to have an office. He made the role of vice president more important than it was before by having weekly meetings with Carter.

Mondale died on April 19, 2021, in his sleep at his Minneapolis, Minnesota, home at the age of 93 from natural causes.

## References
## Other websites 
* Congressional biography
* Senate Leaders Lecture Series Address
* Minnesota Public Radio: Coleman, Mondale debate on eve of election (November 4, 2002) — featuring audio of the 2002 debate
* Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs: The Mondale Lectures on Public Service 
* Great Norwegians
* Two Views from Pennsylvania Avenue 
* List of New York Times articles on Mondale
* Senator Mondale transfers money from NASA to social programs using political maneuvers
* AmericanHeritage.com / Lost in Space What Went Wrong with NASA? 
* Walter F. Mondale: An Inventory of Its Records at the Minnesota Society
Albert Rosellini

**Albert Dean Rosellini** (born January 21, 1910 in Tacoma, Washington; died October 10, 2011 in Seattle, Washington) was a lawyer from the U.S. state of Washington. Rosellini was part of the Democratic Party and was the Governor of Washington (1957–1965) for two terms.

Rosellini died of pneumonia. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living person to have been a governor of a U.S. state, having lived longer than any other State Governor in US history, and was the first Italian American Catholic to become a governor of a state west of the Mississippi River. He was called "Taxellini" by people who did not think he was doing a good job as a governor, while he was called "The Gov." by people who did think he was doing a good job.

## References
Maidenhead (disambiguation)

**Maidenhead** can be:

*Maidenhead, a town in Berkshire in England

*An   to:
**the hymen
**virginity (*maidenhood*)

*Maiden Head, Somerset, a village in North Somerset, UK
Lists of settlements in England

These two pages comprise the **lists of cities and towns in England**:
*List of cities in the United Kingdom
*List of towns in England

## Lists of places within counties
The following are pages that contain the **lists of places in each county in England**, by county:

*List of places in Avon
*List of places in Bedfordshire
*List of places in Berkshire
*List of places in Buckinghamshire
*List of places in Cambridgeshire
*List of places in Cheshire
*List of places in Cornwall
*List of places in County Durham
*List of places in Cumbria
*List of places in Derbyshire
*List of places in Devon
*List of places in Dorset
*List of places in East Sussex
*List of places in Essex
*List of places in Gloucestershire
*List of places in Greater Manchester
*List of places in Hampshire
*List of places in Herefordshire
*List of places in Hertfordshire
*List of places in Isle of Wight
*List of places in Kent
*List of places in Lancashire
*List of places in Leicestershire
*List of places in Lincolnshire
*List of places in London
*List of places in Merseyside
*List of places in Norfolk
*List of places in Northamptonshire
*List of places in Northumberland
*List of places in Nottinghamshire
*List of places in Oxfordshire
*List of places in Rutland
*List of places in Shropshire
*List of places in Somerset
*List of places in Staffordshire
*List of places in Suffolk
*List of places in Surrey
*List of places in Tyne and Wear
*List of places in Warwickshire
*List of places in West Midlands
*List of places in West Sussex
*List of places in Wiltshire
*List of places in Worcestershire
*List of places in Yorkshire

## Related pages
*List of places in Northern Ireland
*List of places in Scotland
*List of places in Wales
Miep Gies

**Miep Gies**, née **Hermine Santrouschitz** (born 15 February 1909; died 11 January 2010), was one of the Dutch citizens who hid Anne Frank and her family from the Nazis during World War II. 

## Hiding Anne Frank 
Gies found and kept Anne's diary after the Nazis found Anne and sent her to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Gies did not read the diary; she thought that would be rude. Instead, she gave it to Otto Frank, Anne's father, immediately after she found it in the annex where she hid the Franks.

Otto Frank put together Anne's writings, and they were first published in 1947. Today, *Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl* has sold tens of millions of copies.

On her website, Gies stated:I stand at the end of the long, long line of good Dutch people who did what I did or more – much more – during those dark and terrible times years ago, but always like yesterday in the hearts of those of us who bear witness. Never a day goes by that I do not think of what happened then.Gies died in 2010 at the age of 100.

## Righteous Among the Nations 
On March 8, 1972, Yad Vashem recognized Miep and her husband, Jan Augustus Gies, as Righteous Among the Nations.

## Related pages 
* The Holocaust
* World War II
* Anne Frank
* Righteous Among the Nations

## References
## Other websites 
* Miep Gies's authorised website
* 
* Quicktime movie. Miep Gies, in her former office at 263 Prinsengracht, talks about the war years 
* Quicktime movie. Miep Gies remembers how she met Anne Frank
* Profile of Miep Gies by the Anne Frank House
* 1998 interview with Miep Gies
* Image of Miep's wartime identity card
* Photo of Miep and Jai Gies, Bip Voskuijl, Victor Kuiler taken in 1970s
* Holocaust Rescuers Bibliography with information and links to books about Miep Gies and other Dutch rescuers. 
* Miep Gies at Yad Vashem website
List of settlements in Bedfordshire

The following is a **list of all the towns and villages in the county of Bedfordshire**, by letter:

*See also List of places within Luton.*

__NOTOC__
## A 
Aley Green -
Ampthill -
Arlesey -
Aspley Guise -
Aspley Heath -
Astwick

## B 
Barton-le-Clay -
Battlesden -
Beadlow - 
Bedford -
Beeston - 
Begwary -
Biddenham - 
Bidwell -
Biggleswade -
Billington -
Bletsoe - 
Blunham -
Bolnhurst - 
Bourne End -
Briar Bank Park -
Brickhill (Bedford) -
Briggington -
Brogborough - 
Bromham -
Broom -
Budna

## C 
Caddington -
Campton -
Cardington -
Carlton -
Castle - 
Cauldwell - 
Chalgrave -
Chalton -
Chawston -
Chellington -
Chicksands -
Chiltern Green -
Clapham -
Clifton -
Clipstone -
Clophill -
Cockayne Hatley -
Colesden -
Colmworth -
Cople -
Cotton End -
Cranfield

## D 
Dean -
De Parys -
Dunstable -
Dunton

## E 
East Hyde -
Eastcotts -
Eaton Bray -
Edworth -
Eggington -
Elstow -
Eversholt -
Everton -
Eyeworth

## F 
Farndish -
Felmersham and Radwell -
Flitton -
Flitwick

## G 
Goldington -
Gravenhurst -
Great Barford -
Great Billington -
Great Denham -
Greenfield

## H 
Harlington -
Harpur -
Harrold -
Harrowden -
Hatch -
Haynes -
Heath and Reach -
Henlow -
Henlow Camp -
Higham Gobion -
Hinwick -
Hockliffe -
Hockwell Ring -
Holwell -
Honeydon -
Houghton Conquest -
Houghton Regis -
Hulcote -
Hundred of Willey -
Husbourne Crawley -
Hyde

## I 
Ickwell -
Ickwell Green -
Ireland

## K 
Kempston -
Kempston Hardwick -
Kensworth -
Keysoe -
Kingsbrook -
Knotting

## L 
Langford -
Leagrave -
Leedon -
Leighton Buzzard -
Lidlington -
Limbury Cum Biscuit -
Linslade -
Little Barford -
Little Billington -
Little Staughton -
Lower Caldecote -
Lower Gravenhurst -
Lower Stondon -
Lower Sundon -
Lower Woodside -
Luton

## M 
Marston Moretaine -
Maulden -
Melchbourne -
Meppershall -
Millbrook -
Milton Bryan -
Milton Ernest -
Moggerhanger

## N 
Newnham -
Northill

## O 
Oakley -
Odell -
Old Warden

## P 
Pavenham -
Pepperstock -
Pertenhall -
Pine View Park -
Podington -
Potsgrove -
Potton -
Pulloxhill -
Putnoe

## Q 
Queens Park

## R 
Radwell -
Ravensden -
Renhold -
Ridgmont -
Riseley -
Roxton

## S 
Salford -
Sandy -
Seddington -
Sewell -
Sharnbrook -
Sharpenhoe -
Shefford -
Shefford Hardwick -
Shelton -
Shillington -
Shortstown -
Silsoe -
Skimpot -
Slip End -
Souldrop -
Southcote -
Southill -
Stagsden -
Stanbridge -
Stanford -
Steppingley -
Stevington -
Stewartby -
Stopsley -
Stotfold -
Streatley -
Studham -
Sundon -
Sutton -
Swineshead

## T 
Tebworth -
Tempsford -
The Hyde -
Thorn -
Thurleigh -
Tilsworth -
Tingrith -
Toddington -
Totternhoe -
Turvey

## U 
Upper Caldecote -
Upper Gravenhurst -
Upper Stondon -
Upper Sundon

## W 
Westoning -
Wharley End -
Whipsnade -
Wilden -
Willington -
Wilshamstead -
Wilstead -
Wingfield -
Woburn -
Wood End -
Woodside -
Wootton -
Wrestlingworth -
Wyboston -
Wymington

## Y 
Yielden
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

**Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky** (;

19 September 1935) was a Russian who pioneered spaceflight. His works later  Soviet rocket engineers such as Sergei Korolev and Valentin Glushko.

## Early life 
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was born on  at Izhevskoye, Ryazan Governorate, Russian Empire.

When he was 10, he had scarlet fever; because of that he had some problems with hearing. When he was 13, his mother died.

Due to the hearing problems, he was not admitted to the school, so he had to study by himself. He passed much of his time by reading books. Later, he became interested in mathematics and physics. As a teenager, he began to believe that space travel would possible.

## References 
## Other websites
* Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E.
Kuril Islands dispute

The **Kuril Islands dispute** is a territorial disagreeent between Japan and Russia over the Kuril Islands. The Japanese government is asking for the restoration of sovereignty over Etorofu island, Kunashiri island, Shikotan island, and the  Habomai subgroup, which are under the control of Russia since 1945, after Japan lost World War Two.

## Other websites
*The history of the Kuril Islands dispute- Sputnik News
Okinotorishima

is an uninhabited Japanese island in the Philippine Sea.  The 3-sq.-mile atoll is part of the Palau-Kyushu Ridge.

## History
Okinotorishima is one of the Pacific Ocean islands known as Ogasawara, Tokyo.

## Geography
The Japanese government  Okinotori as Japan's southernmost island.  It is 1,700 kilometres south of central Tokyo.

Okinotori is at a militarily strategic point.  It is midway between Taiwan and Guam.

## References
Wards of Japan

In Japan, a **ward** (Japanese: 区, **Ku**) is one of the divisions of a large city. 

## Related pages
* Municipalities in Japan

## References
## Other websites
* ; graphic shows wards compared with other Japanese city types at p. 1
Dreamgirls

***Dreamgirls*** is a musical.  Tom Eyen wrote the book and lyrics. Henry Krieger wrote the music. The musical was loosely based upon The Supremes, The Shirelles, and other all-girl groups. 

The musical premiered on Broadway at the Imperial Theatre on 20 December 1981. It closed on 11 August 1985 after 1,521 performances. It was released as a feature-length movie in 2006.
Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan

, also known as a  or ,  is a defined  or  of Japanese cities.  It is a local administrative division created by the national government.   These cities all have a population over 500,000 people.  

## History
The designated cites or ordinance cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan. Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures. There are 20+ of these cities, including
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*

* Chiba, 1992
* Fukuoka, 1972
* Sagamihara
* Saitama
* Sakai
* Sapporo
* Sendai
* Shizuoka
* Yokohama
* tokyo 
* nakasaki
* doan
*

## Related pages
* Administrative division
* Urban area
* Municipalities in Japan

## References
## Other websites
* ; graphic shows designated cities in context
Robbery

A **robbery** is the act of stealing from a person using violence or by causing fear of violence. A person who commits robbery is known as a robber.

A person who steals without using violence or fear (such as stealing items from a store, or pickpocketing, or car theft), commits theft, not robbery.

In some US states, however, Simple Robbery refers to the knowing procurement of an item or items belonging to another by force but without “aggravating factors” such as violence or weapons.

## Types of robbery 
* **Armed robbery** - Stealing from someone using a weapon.
* **Aggravated robbery** - Stealing from someone using a deadly weapon, such as a gun.
* **Highway robbery** - Often known as *mugging*, stealing from someone in a public place.
* **Carjacking** - Stealing someones car, by force.

## Notable robberies 
* *Great Train Robbery* - £2.6million was stolen from a train on 8 August 1963 by 15 people, including Bruce Reynolds, Ronnie Biggs, Buster Edwards and Brian Field. The money was never recovered. It was the largest robbery in British history until 2006.
United States Atomic Energy Commission

The **United States Atomic Energy Commission** was an agency of the United States government, started after World War II by the United States Congress. It was made to help the development of atomic science and technology. This was because the control of atomic energy was transferred from the military to the people after president Harry S. Truman signed the McMahon/Atomic Energy Act in 1946. Congress then declared that atomic energy should be used for peace, not nuclear war.

## References 
## Other websites 
*http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/atomic-energy-commission.html
Your Show of Shows

***Your Show of Shows*** is a 90-minute long American variety sketch comedy television series appearing weekly in the United States on NBC, from February 25, 1950 until June 5, 1954. The main people of the show were Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca. Other people who appeared were Carl Reiner, Howard Morris, Nanette Fabray, Bill Hayes, Judy Johnson, The Hamilton Trio and the soprano Marguerite Piazza. José Ferrer also appeared on the show sometimes, as a .

Writers for the show included Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, Danny Simon, Larry Gelbart, Mel Tolkin, and Carl Reiner who, though a cast member, always sat in with the writers. There is a common misconception that Woody Allen wrote for *Your Show of Shows* and ''Caesar's Hour''. A look through Mr. Allen's memoir *Apropos Of Nothing,* shows his work for Caesar was limited *The Sid Caesar Show*, a special that aired in 1958*.*  

## Other websites
*
*
**The Sid Caesar Collection*
Donnie Darko

***Donnie Darko*** is a 2001 American psychological supernatural drama thriller movie. It was written and directed by Richard Kelly. It is set in Middlesex, Virginia in 1988.

The movie did not earn much money when it was first shown in theaters, but it became much more popular when it came out on DVD.

An extended cut called Donnie Darko: The Director's Cut was released in 2004.  A sequel, called *S. Darko*, was released in 2009.

## Cast members 
*Jake Gyllenhaal as Donald J. "Donnie" Darko
*Jena Malone as Gretchen Ross
*James Duval as Frank
*Maggie Gyllenhaal as Elizabeth Darko
*Mary McDonnell as Rose Darko
*Holmes Osborne as Eddie Darko
*Katharine Ross as Dr. Lilian Thurman
*Drew Barrymore as Karen Pomeroy
*Noah Wyle as Dr. Kenneth Monnitoff
*Patrick Swayze as Jim Cunningham
*Daveigh Chase as Samantha Darko
*Beth Grant as Kitty Farmer
*Patience Cleveland as Roberta Sparrow ("Grandma Death")
*Jolene Purdy as Cherita Chen
*Jerry Trainor as Lanky kid

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Brisbane Broncos

The **Brisbane Broncos** are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Brisbane, Queensland. They were founded in 1987. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won seven premierships, most recently in 2025.

## Other websites
*
Paramedic

A paramedic is a health care professional who works for Emergency Medical Services (EMS), usually on an ambulance. They help people who have been injured or become ill very suddenly.

Paramedics can do many different things to decide what the problem is and to treat the patient at the scene. If it is needed, they then take the person to a hospital in the ambulance. They try to prevent the person's illness from getting worse before they reach the hospital, where doctors and nurses will take over care. Paramedics have to work in many different types of emergency situations, and cannot predict what the next one will be.

People often use the term "paramedic" for anyone who works on an ambulance. However, not all ambulances have paramedics on board. "Emergency Medical Technicians" (EMTs) or "Emergency Care Assistants" (ECAs) do similar work but have less training. Some ambulances also have doctors and nurses. In many countries, the title of "paramedic" is for those who have taken a specific training course.

## Videos
*Ambulance (Urgences-Santé) 911 call

## References
## Other websites 
* Emergency Health Services of Quebec (in French)
Artemis Fowl (novel)

***Artemis Fowl*** is a book written by Eoin Colfer. It is the first book in the *Artemis Fowl* series. One of the main characters is Artemis Fowl II, trying to get gold from a group of fairies.

## Characters
Some of the main characters are:

### Humans
*Domovoi Butler, usually known as Butler, Artemis' bodyguard and only friend
*Juliet Butler, Butler's little sister and in the first book Artemis' family's maid
*Angeline Fowl, Artemis' mother. She has gone crazy with grief because her husband is missing.
*Artemis Fowl I, a character who is not present during the book. He is Angeline's wife.
*Artemis Fowl ||, the main character in the book, also he is 12 years old and is a criminal mastermind.

### Fairies
*Holly Short, an elf who works for LEPrecon (a pun on leprechaun)
*Julius Root, an elf who is Holly's superior. He acts as a father figure. He is nicknamed Beetroot as he goes red or purple when he is angry.
*Foaly, a centaur and computer expert. He enjoys annoying Root, and often stands up for Holly when Root is cross with her.
*Mulch Diggums, a dwarf who steals nearly everything he can. He has lost his magic because he has entered a human dwelling.
*Briar Cudgeon, another elf who does not get on with Root.

## Plot
Artemis kidnaps Holly to try and get gold from the fairies. He succeeds because she does not have any magic as she has used it all. The fairies then put a time stop on Artemis' manor, to control the time for eight hours so they can get Holly back. As the negotiations fail, the fairies attack, but Artemis and Butler beat the fairies. The fairies send in Mulch, who discovers the reason Artemis knows about the fairies. They then send in a troll, which very nearly kills Butler and severely injures Holly. Luckily, Holly has got her magic back, so she can heal them both. After the troll episode, the fairies finally decide to give Artemis the gold, planning to kill him later so they can take the gold back. Artemis however escapes the time stop. At the end of the book, Artemis has given half the gold back so Holly heals his mother Angeline, who was sick.

The book received a good review by reviewers.  A movie adaptation was released on Disney+ on June 12, 2020.

## References
Luise Rainer

**Luise Rainer** (January 12, 1910 &ndash; December 30, 2014) was a two-time Academy Award-winning German-born Austrian-American movie actress. She was the first person to win two Academy Awards in a row. The first was for her role as Anna Held in *The Great Ziegfeld*, and the second was for her role as a Chinese farmer in *The Good Earth*.

Rainer was born in Duesseldorf and was Jewish.

Rainer died from pneumonia in her home in London, England, aged 104.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Photographs of Luise Rainer
Ice Road Truckers

***Ice Road Truckers*** is a Canadian-American documentary-style reality television series that first appeared on television on The History Channel on June 17, 2007 (first season). The show follows the activities of truck drivers which operate on routes that contain frozen lakes and rivers in the remote Arctic territories of Canada and Alaska.

## Other websites 
*Official website
*
American Music Awards

The **American Music Awards** show is a major American music awards shows (the others are the Billboard Music Awards, the Grammy Awards, and the Country Music Association Awards). Michael Jackson has won 26 awards. This is more American Music Awards than anyone else has won.

## Other websites 
* Official site
Iggy Pop

**James Newell Osterberg, Jr.** (born April 21, 1947), better known by his stage name **Iggy Pop**, is an American rock singer, songwriter, and sometimes an actor. He has released five albums with The Stooges. In 1977 he released his first solo album.
Hubble Ultra-Deep Field

The **Hubble Ultra Deep Field**,  or **HUDF**, is an image of a small part of space in the direction of the constellation Fornax. 

It took more than 3 months to capture this image, from September 24, 2003 to January 16, 2004. It is the furthest image of the universe ever taken by humans. In it we see the universe as it was 13 billion years ago, when it was about 800 million years old.

The HUDF contains an about 10,000 galaxies. The patch of sky where the galaxies are was chosen because it has few bright stars in the near-field. Although most of the targets visible in the Hubble image can also be seen at infrared wavelengths by ground-based telescopes, Hubble is the only instrument which can make observations of these distant targets at visible wavelengths. 

Southwest of Orion in the Southern-Hemisphere constellation Fornax at right ascension 3h 32m 40.0s, declination -27° 47' 29" (J2000), the image covers 36.7 square arcminutes. This is smaller than a  square of paper held  away, and equal to roughly one thirteen-millionth of the total area of the sky. The image is such that the upper left corner points toward north (-46.4°) on the celestial sphere. The star near the center of the field is USNO-A2.0 0600-01400432 with apparent magnitude of 18.95.

In total, the image required 800 exposures taken over the course of 400 Hubble orbits around Earth. The total amount of exposure time was 11.3 days for the ACS and 4.5 days for the NICMOS.

## Later versions 
On September 25, 2012, NASA released a more refined version of the Ultra-Deep Field called the **eXtreme Deep Field** (**XDF**). The XDF reveals galaxies that span back 13.2 billion years in time, revealing a galaxy theorized to be formed only 450 million years after the big bang event. On June 3, 2014, NASA released the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field image composed of, for the first time, the full range of ultraviolet to near-infrared light.

On January 23, 2019, the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias released an even deeper version of the infrared images of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field obtained with the WFC3 instrument, named the **ABYSS Hubble Ultra Deep Field**. The new images improve the previous reduction of the WFC3/IR images, including careful sky background subtraction around the largest galaxies on the field of view. After this update, some galaxies were found to be almost twice as big as previously measured.

## Related pages
* Hubble Deep Field
* Hubble Extreme Deep Field
* Hubble Space Telescope

## References
Joe D'Amato

**Aristide Massaccesi** (15 December 1936 – 23 January 1999), known as '''Joe D'Amato''', was an Italian movie director.

## Other websites
*
Richard Widmark

**Richard Widmark** (December 26, 1914 – March 24, 2008) was an American actor of movies, stage, radio and television. He is best known for his role as Tommy Udo in his first movie, *Kiss of Death*. Characters played by Widmark were often tough.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 

### Obituaries
***The Daily Telegraph*, 27 March 2008 
***The Times*, 27 March 2008 
***The Independent*, 27 March 2008 
***The Guardian*, 27 March 2008