open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Cat in the Hat

***The Cat in the Hat*** is a children's book written by Dr. Seuss and was first published on March 12, 1957. Seuss wrote the book after being challenged to write a story beginning readers would love. He was given a list of 438 words beginning readers were expected to know. He was told these were the only words he could use. He used 223 words on the list. The Cat would appear in other Dr. Seuss books. More than 11 million copies of the book have been printed. It has been translated into more than 12 different languages including Latin and Yiddish. The story has been made into a 1971 television special and a 2003 film. The Cat appears in a Broadway musical called *Seussical*. He also is the host of the educational children's television series *The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss* and *The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!*. In 1958, a sequel to the book was released, which was called *The Cat in the Hat Comes Back!* In 1998, a spin-off book series of both of the books was made, which was called ''The Cat in the Hat's Learning Library''. The series has a total of 54 books.

## Plot 
Two children, Sally and Conrad, are left at home alone on a rainy day. They are visited by a cat wearing a red and white striped hat and a red bowtie. He performs all sorts of tricks. He balances a cup, a cake, an umbrella, and other things while standing on a ball. The Cat gets a box from outside. Inside are two creatures named Thing One and Thing Two. The Things begin to fly kites in the house. The children catch the Things with a net. The house is a mess. The Cat cleans it up. He leaves just before the mother comes home.
Les contes d'Hoffmann

'''''Les contes d'Hoffmann'''* (*The Tales of Hoffmann'') is a French opera. It has a prologue, three acts and an epilogue. The music was written by Jacques Offenbach. The libretto was written by Jules Berbier and Michel Carré. It is based on E.T.A Hoffmann's *Dr Sandmann, Geschichte von Verloreren Spiegelbilde*. The opera was first performed in Paris, on 10 February 1881. 

The opera was the last and perhaps greatest work of Offenbach. It was not quite finished when he died. The final score was completed by Ernest Guiraud. Guiraud also wrote the recitatives, though at first it was meant to have spoken-dialogue. The work was an immediate success and has remained so since its creation. 

## Principal characters
* Hoffmann - tenor
* Olympia - soprano
* Antonia - soprano
* Giuletta - soprano
* Stella -  soprano
* Dr Miracle - bass
* Dapertutto - bass
* Coppélius - bass
* Lindorf - bass
* Nicklaus - mezzo-soprano
* Spalanzani - tenor

* Ideally, the four soprano roles should be sung by the same singer as well as the four bass roles as they represent different aspects of two characters.

## Sources
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
The Song of Hiawatha

, 1868]]

***The Song of Hiawatha*** is an epic poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was first published in 1855. The poem was loosely based on the legends of Native American peoples. In 1857, Longfellow estimated that the work had sold 50,000 copies. 

*The Song* is about Hiawatha and his beloved Minnehaha. It is set along the south shore of Lake Superior. The poem was very popular, but critics did not like it. 

Composers and painters were inspired to create works based on the poem. A 2005 television movie was based on the poem.

## Story 
Hiawatha's birth is foretold by a "mighty" peace-bringing leader named Gitche Manito. A woman named Nokomis falls from the moon. Nokomis gives birth to Wenonah. She grows to be a beautiful young woman. Nokomis warns her not to be  by the West Wind. She does not listen to her mother, and Hiawatha is born. 

Hiawatha has childhood adventures, falls in love with Minnehaha, slays the evil magician Pearl-Feather, invents written language, discovers corn, and other episodes. The poem closes with the approach of a canoe to Hiawatha's village. It contains "the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face." Hiawatha welcomes him with joy. 

The "Black-Robe chief" brings word of Jesus Christ. Hiawatha and the chiefs accept the Christian message. Hiawatha says good-bye to Nokomis, the warriors, and the young men. He says, "But my guests I leave behind me / Listen to their words of wisdom, / Listen to the truth they tell you." He endorses the Christian missionaries. He launches his canoe for the last time westward toward the sunset. Then he departs forever.

## Gallery 

File:DeathOfMinnehaha.jpg|*Death of Minnehaha* by John Bufford, 1856
File:HiawathaDeparture.jpg|''Hiawatha's Departure*, 1865
File:Edmonia lewis minnehaha.jpg |*Minnehaha* by Edmonia Lewis, 1868
File:Death-Of-Minnehaha Dodge.jpg|*Death of Minnehaha* by William Dodge, 1892 
File:Remington hiawatha.jpg|*Hiawatha's Friends* ny Frederick Remington, 1889
File:Hiawatha and Minnehaha.jpg|*Hiawatha and Minnehaha'' by Jacob Fjelde, 1911 

## Other websites
*The Song of Hiawatha 
*Unabridged audiobook at LibriVox
*2 short radio segments of Linen's writing from California Legacy Project Radio Anthology (scripts and audio) including *San Francisco (in imitation of Hiawatha)*. 
*Rena N. Coen, “Longfellow, Hiawatha and some 19th century painters”, Papers Presented at the Longfellow Commemorative Conference, April 1-3 1982, National Park Service, Longfellow National Historical Site
The Lorax

***The Lorax*** is a children's book. It was written by Dr. Seuss. It was first published in 1971. The Lorax is a small orange creature. He speaks for the trees against the greedy Once-ler. The book is a fable about industrialized society and the danger it poses to nature. It has been made into a 1972 television show and a 2012 movie. Some people criticized the book. They thought it was gloomy. They thought it was not a good book for children. Some people thought it was unfair to the logging industry.

## Story 
A young boy living in a polluted world visits a strange creature called the "Once-Ler". The boy asks about the poor state of the world. The Once-ler explains that the world was once beautiful. He made an invention that required him to chop down Trufulla trees. He says that everyone needed his invention. He made a profit from cutting down Trufulla trees. A small orange creature called the Lorax urged him to stop cutting down so many trees. He said that this was harming the environment. The Once-Ler ignored him. Eventually the supply of trees ran out. The land was left polluted. The animals left the forest. The Once-Ler finishes his story. He gives the boy "the last [Truffula seed] of all." He tells him to plant the seed and it will grow into a forest.
Psychological nativism

In psychology, **nativism** is a theory that says that most basic skills are hard-wired in the brain at birth. This theory is the opposite of the theory called the blank slate, or *tabula rasa*. Blank slate theories said that humans have almost no skills or abilities at birth: they learn these skills over the course of their life. People who believe in nativism (within certain limits) include Jerry Fodor, Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. These psychologists believe that humans are born with a set of abilities that help them learn other skills, such as speech.

Some mammals do seem to inherit emotional reactions. Monkeys fearing snakes is an example. Most of the behaviour of insects, reptiles and birds is inherited in some detail. Mammals, however, show a greater ability for learning than other kinds of animals.
 
Charles Darwin, in *The expression of emotions in man and animals* (1872), showed that the way most emotions were shown was common between human cultures. He said this was inherited and had been the result of evolution. Behaviorism says that man's behaviour is affected by its results (operant conditioning). Behaviourists denied the importance of inherited behaviours, instincts, or an inherited  to behave. People who believe in evolutionary psychology think this is wrong. They think human behaviour has deep roots in our evolutionary past.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Evolutionary psychology
*Unconscious mind#Adaptive unconscious
*Human nature
*Blank slate
The House of the Seven Gables

***The House of the Seven Gables*** is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published in 1851. The book is about an old New England family. Themes include guilt, revenge, and atonement. The supernatural and witchcraft are a part of the story. An old house in Salem, Massachusetts was used as background for the story. The house belonged to Hawthorne's cousin Susanna Ingersoll. He visited the house often. He was also inspired by his ancestors. They played a part in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The book was well received. *The House of the Seven Gables* has been adapted to movies and television shows.

## Related pages
* House of the Seven Gables

## Other websites 
**Online editions**
**The House of the Seven Gables*, available at Internet Archive (scanned color illustrated books, multiple editions and formats)
*  (plain text)
* *The House of the Seven Gables* , available at Ria Press (PDF optimized for printing)
**Study Guides**
*MonkeyNotes study guide
*Sparknotes study guide
*Classicnote study guide
**Essays**
*"Illustrations of *The House of the Seven Gables*: A Help or a Hindrance?" by John L. Idol Jr. 
**Other**
*The House of the Seven Gables Map
Syphon

is a special kind of syphon.]]

The word **syphon** (, also spelled **siphon**) can refer to any device that conducts the flow of liquids through tubes. Used in the right way, the word refers to a tube in an upside-down U shape. The tube makes liquid flow up hill. It flows higher than the source of the liquid, to come out at a level lower than the surface of the source. The movement is done without pumps. It is powered by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of gravity.

The syphon must touch the liquid in the (upper) reservoir (the source, where the liquid comes from) in order for it to work. This allows atmospheric pressure to push the liquid up the tube. The top of the tube is where the lowest pressure is, so the liquid will move towards that area in the same way as a barometer. The top of a syphon is the same as the height of a barometer, because they work in the same way. The lower pressure is caused by the liquid falling on the downhill side. A syphon can raise water to a height of 25 feet above the source elevation. New discoveries in Syphon Pump Metering allows for dispensing liquid above the source. United States Patent #5,358,000 was the first to teach this method.
A siphon can be used for irrigation purposes.  
When both ends of a syphon are at atmospheric pressure (equal pressure), liquid flows from high to low. However, if the lower end is pressurised, liquid can flow from low to high. Most syphons have water as a fluid. Other fluids, such as mercury, or organic liquids or even gasses like carbon dioxide can also be syphoned.

## References
Mandy Capristo

**Mandy Grace Capristo** (born March 21, 1990 in Mannheim) is a German pop singer-songwriter, model, presenter, and dancer. She was known as a singer of the band Monrose.

## Biography
Mandy Capristo grew up in Bürstadt, Hesse. Her father is of Italian origin. Her mother Carmen is German. She has an older brother. She got her love of dancing and singing from her mother. In her late childhood, her parents split up.

Capristo had 6 years of ballet, gymnastics, dance lessons and piano lessons. At school, she appeared for the first time on a bigger stage with the musical *Dracula*. when she was 11, her teacher suggested that she apply for the Kiddy Contest in Austria. 2001 she won the contest with the song "Ich wünsche mir einen Bankomat". After that she appeared in TV shows like *Tabaluga* and *1, 2 or 3*. The album got to number one in the Austrian charts.

### 2006: Popstars and the band Monrose
Capristo applied for the show *Popstars* when she was sixteen. Finally, in 2006 she was elected in the final by a telephone vote in addition to Bahar Kizil and Senna Guemmour of the band Monrose. They had seven top ten hits in the charts. Their previous albums were also successful.

### 2007-2010: Work as model
2007, readers of the German edition of *FHM* men's magazine chose Capristo as number 10 of the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In August 2007 she was on the cover of the magazine. This success earned her the first jobs as a model. In 2009 she topped the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In addition she posed again in the June 2010 issue of German men's magazine *FHM*.

### 2011: Solo projects
When the Band Monrose split up in 2011, Capristo continued her solo projects. She was the face of the cosmetics brand BeYu. She worked on her own album. Capristo presented at the BeYu fair two songs with titles "Overrated" and "Be You". She also worked with Peter Maffay. They recorded the song "Die Zeit hält nur in Träumen" and presented the new one at *Wetten, dass...?* (a German TV-show).

In March 2012 Mandy announced that her new single "The Way I Like it" would appear on 13 April. The album carries her second name, Grace. Other titles are "Overrated", "Hurricane" and "It do not matter" The songwriter of "The Way I Like it" is called David Jost, who also produced Tokio Hotel and Keri Hilson.

## References
Baia de Criș

**Baia de Criș** () is a commune in Hunedoara County, Romania. It is a collection of nine villages: Baia de Criș, Baldovin (*Báldovin*), Căraci (*Karács*), Cărăstău (*Karasztó*), Lunca (*Lunka*), Rișca (*Riska*), Rișculița (*Riskulica*), Țebea (*Cebe*) and Văleni.

The village of Țebea is where the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan started in 1784, and marks the death place and burial site of Avram Iancu.

Image:Baia_de_Cris_2.jpg|Baia de Criș
Image:Baia_de_Cris_3.jpg|Baia de Criș
Image:Baia_de_Cris_4.jpg|Baia de Criș
Image:Baia_de_Cris_5.jpg|Baia de Criș
Image:Baia_de_Cris_6.jpg|Baia de Criș
Image:Baia_de_Cris_8.jpg|Baia de Criș
Image:Baia_de_Cris_9.jpg|Baia de Criș
Image:Baia_de_Cris_11.jpg|Baia de Criș
File:Tebea 3.jpg|Țebea
File:Tebea 4.jpg|Țebea
File:Tebea 5.jpg|Țebea
File:Tebea 7.jpg|Țebea
File:Risca 3.jpg|Rișca
File:Risca 4.jpg|Rișca
File:Valeni 1.jpg|Văleni

## References
Preamble

A **preamble** is an introduction to a document that describes the documents purpose. The word comes from "pre" meaning "before" and "amble" meaning walk. A preamble can contain facts about the document. The preamble of a law is not part of the law but explains its purpose. The preamble of a book is called a *preface*. The preamble of a musical composition is a prelude or overture. The preamble of a Wikipedia article walks before the sections, and is called the *lede* or *introduction*. 

A data packet has a preamble which the system needs but which goes before the data that the user will use. 

## Example 
One of the world's most famous preambles is the one in the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Gil Jae

**Gil Jae** or **Kil Jae** (1353  1419) was a Korean scholar, politician, educator, and poet.

## Works 
* Yaeunjip (야은집, 冶隱集)
* Yaeuneonhaengseubyu (야은언행습유, 冶隱言行拾遺)
* Yaeunsokjip (야은속집, 冶隱續集)

## Related pages
* Jeong Do-jeon
* Jeong Mong-ju

## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=30262
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=688666
* http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=551587
Spaceballs

***Spaceballs*** is a 1987 American science fiction comedy movie. It was directed by Mel Brooks. It starred Bill Pullman, John Candy, Mel Brooks and Rick Moranis. Its plot and characters parody the original *Star Wars* trilogy, as well as other sci-fi franchises including *Star Trek*, *Alien*, and the *Planet of the Apes* movies.

Despite mixed reviews at the time of release, the movie has since gained a cult following.

## Other websites 
*
Little Things (Good Charlotte song)

"**Little Things**" is the first single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called *Good Charlotte*. The song is also the first track off the album. The song was released on March 27, 2001 and was re-released in the United Kingdom on March 9, 2009. The song was featured in the movie ''Dude, Where's My Car?* and the video game *Project Gotham Racing''.

## Music video 
The video features Good Charlotte performing in a high school with the Joel Madden (the lead singer) breaking into the principle's office. Joel then announces over the school's loudspeaker that the song was dedicated to "every kid who ever got picked last in gym class," "every kid who never had a date to no school dance," and "everyone who's ever been called a freak." The video shows the band wreaking havoc on the school. The guitarist Billy Martin plugs the band's sound system into the principle's microphone and they perform with students running out of class to go see them. The video ends with the band rearranging the letters on the school's notice board to spell out the words "GOOD CHARLOTTE."

## Chart rankings 
"Little Things" ranked No. 23 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot Modern Rock Tracks 

## References
Ed Sullivan

**Edward Vincent "Ed" Sullivan** (September 28, 1901 &ndash; October 13, 1974) was an American entertainment writer and television . He was best known as the presenter of the television variety show *The Ed Sullivan Show*. The program was shown on television from 1948 to 1971 (twenty-three years). It was one of the longest-running variety shows in United States history.

In 1996, Ed Sullivan was #50 on *TV Guide*'s "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time".

## Early life
Sullivan was born in New York City, New York. His mother was Elizabeth F. Sullivan (née Smith) and his father was Peter Arthur Sullivan. He was of Irish descent. Sullivan used to be a boxer. He began his media work as a sportswriter for *The New York Evening Graphic*.

## Personal life
Sullivan was engaged to swimmer Sybil Bauer, but she died of cancer in 1927 at the age of 23. He married Sylvia Weinstein on April 28, 1930. She died on March 16, 1973. They had a daughter, Betty Sullivan. Betty married the *Ed Sullivan Show*'s producer, Bob Precht.

Sullivan reportedly called Sylvia after every program to hear what she thought about it.

Sullivan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Boulevard.

## Death
In September 1974, Sullivan had x-rays done. They showed that Sullivan had esophageal cancer. Only his family was told about it. Because the doctors did not give Sullivan a lot of time, the family chose not to tell him about it. Sullivan thought that his illness was because of  ulcers. He died five weeks later, on October 13, 1974, at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital. 3,000 people went to his funeral. It was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.

## References 
## More reading 
* Leonard, John, *The Ed Sullivan Age* , *American Heritage*, May/June 1997, Volume 48, Issue 3
* Nachman, Gerald, *Ed Sullivan* , December 18, 2006.
* Maguire, James, *Impresario: The Life and Times of Ed Sullivan*, Billboard Books, 2006
* Bowles, Jerry,  *A Thousand Sundays: The Story of the Ed Sullivan Show*, Putnam, 1980
* Barthelme, Donald, "And Now Let's Hear It for the Ed Sullivan Show!" in *Guilty Pleasures*, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974

## Other websites 
* 
* The Official Ed Sullivan Show Website
* About Ed Sullivan's life
Little Women

***Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy*** is a book by Louisa May Alcott. Alcott drew on her own childhood experiences with her three sisters when writing the book. They lived in Concord, Massachusetts at Orchard House.

Little Women was the book that helped Louisa Alcott become a well-known author. It was not her favorite novel that she wrote. In the year 1994, the book was made in a movie.  Alcott’s writing skills were not the best, but she did have a lot of creativity. Her creativity shown through when she opened a school after getting a $40 donation. After she opened the school, she decided to go back to writing.  (link One)  

The book was originally published in two parts. Part one was called "Little Women". It was published in 1868. Part two was called "Good Wives". Part two followed the girls as they grew up and married. It was published in 1869. Both parts were very successful.

## Story
The story is about the fictional March sisters: Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. They call their mother Marmee. The story is set during the American Civil War. Their father is serving as a chaplain in the Union Army. Each sister has a flaw. Amy is selfish, Beth is shy, Meg is vain, and Jo is outspoken and tomboy-ish. Their best friend is Laurie, the boy next door.

Alcott’s inspiration for Little Women came from her life experiences when she was younger. The setting is in Massachusetts, the state where she grew up. The characters in the story represent her sisters, mother, and herself. Each one was given the same traits/personality as her sisters. The mother was in charge of the household when the father was away. It tells of the hard times that they had growing up and had to overcome. The story takes place during the American Civil War. The sisters learned to grow up faster than they wanted to, so that they could support the family. It was not easy for them. Link 2

Little Women by Alcott is still a popular read across many different generations. It is read by all ages and is an American classic.  Link 3

## References
* 

## Other websites
* 
1-- https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/09/little-women-louisa-may-alcott/565754/

2--https://americanliterature.com/author/louisa-may-alcott/book/little-women/summary

3--https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/292282/little-women-by-louisa-may-alcott/9780143106654/
Mario Del Monaco

**Mario Del Monaco** (July 27, 1915 - July 16, 1982) was an Italian tenor, particularly associated with Italian heroic roles, notably *Otello*. One of the leading "tenore di forza" (dramatic tenor) of the 1950s, he possessed a voice of considerable range and power with a thrilling upper register.

## Life and career
Born in Florence, Italy, he studied in Pesaro with Melocchi but was mostly self-taught. He began his operatic career in Pesero in 1940, as Turriddu in *Cavalleria rusticana*. He then sang widely in Italy and made his debut at La Scala in Milan in 1943, as Rodolfo in *La bohème*. After the war, he began to appear outside Italy, Barcelona, London, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, etc. He first sang at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1950, as des Grieux in *Manon Lescaut*.

Although mostly associated with the Italian repertoire (*Ernani*, *Il trovatore*, *La forza del destino*, *Aida*, *Andrea Chénier*, *Tosca*, *La fanciulla del West*, *Turandot*, etc.), he also enjoyed considerable success as Don José in *Carmen* and Samson in *Samson et Dalila*. He left several complete opera recordings, often with soprano Renata Tebaldi. 

Del Monaco was married to soprano Rina Filippini, who was also his vocal coach. Their son, Giancarlo (b. 1945), is an operatic stage director. Del Monaco died from nephritis in Mestre, near Venice, at the age of 67.

## Sources
* ''Le guide de l'opéra'', Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1986.
Stadtholder

A **stadtholder** is a political leader or governor who controls a  or area of land for someone else.

The title was used in the northern part of Western Europe during the 18th century. It was most commonly used in the areas that now are the countries of Belgium and the Netherlands. A person who ruled many different areas often could not take control of all of them at the same time. To deal with that problem, a stadtholder of an area would be a appointed. That person would act as the ruler for that area. As a viceroy the stadtholder had total control of the area.

The stadtholder of the Dutch Republic was in practice a hereditary monarch from the 16th to the 18th centuries. After the Napoleonic Wars, they became kings.

## Related pages 
* William the Silent

## References
The Motivation Proclamation

"**The Motivation Proclamation**" is the second single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called *Good Charlotte*. The song is also the third track off the album. The song was released on August 7, 2001.

## Music video 
The video features Good Charlotte waking up in a house while they do normal morning rituals (i.e. yawn, eat breakfast, etc.) When they finally set up their music equipment, they start to play but finish the song. The video also features the television show, Undergrads which plays on the TV in the house.

## References
Thornhill (Alabama)

**Thornhill** is an old plantation house near Forkland, Alabama. The Greek Revival main house was built in 1833 by James Innes Thornton.  Thornhill was a cotton plantation in the early 1830s. It extended over 2,600 acres. By 1860, there were 156 slaves working on the plantation.  About a third of the slaves lived in quarters behind the main house. William Nichols is believed to be the architect. The house measures 55 feet wide. Inside is a 14 ft wide by 40 ft long central hall. There is a spiral staircase at the back. There are two rooms to either side. The left front room was the parlor. The dining room was behind it. On the front right was the master bedroom. The plantation office was behind it. Upstairs is a matching hall and four bedrooms. All eight rooms are 19.5 feet square. The downstairs rooms have 12-foot ceilings. The upstairs ceilings are 11 feet. There was once a brick kitchen behind the house. It later burned. Additions were made to the original house from 1890 to 1949. They were razed in 1994 and rebuilt to better match the original intent. The two-story portico with six Ionic columns was added about 1850. The plantation schoolhouse was constructed about 1845. The Thornton children and neighboring plantation children were taught there. Surrounding the schoolhouse are 230-year-old post oaks. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 10, 1984.

## Gallery 

File:Thornhill Plantation 01.jpg|South front in 1934
File:Thornhill Plantation 03.jpg|Hall and stairway in 1934
File:Thornhill Plantation 05.jpg|Slave quarters in 1934
File:Thornhill Plantation 07.jpg|Slave quarters in 1934
File:Thornhill Plantation 02.jpg|Rear view
File:Thornhill Plantation color 01.jpg|Thornhill 
File:Thornhill Plantation House 01.jpg|Thornhill 
File:Thornhill 02.jpg|Stairway in 2010
File:Thornhill Plantation color 01.jpg|Thornhill in 2008
File:Thornhill Plantation 04.jpg|Schoolhouse in 1934 
File:Thornhill Plantation color 02.jpg|Schoolhouse in 2008
File:Thornhill Schoolhouse.jpg|Schoolhouse in 2010
Reductionism

held that non-human animals could be reductively explained as automata — *De homine*, 1662. This image shows a duck.]]
**Reductionism** is the idea that a system can be totally determined by looking at its parts, and by combining these using rules such as logic. Theories can be reduced to observations, concepts to things, and the laws of nature to the events that cause them. 

## Other page 
*Holism (contrary notion)
Sagami Bay

, also known as the **Sagami Gulf** or **Sagami Sea**, is an area of the Pacific coastline of the Japanese island of Honshu.   The bay is approximately  southwest of the capital, Tokyo.  

Underwater canyons extend out of Sagami Bay into the Pacific Ocean in a continuous slope called the "Sagami Trough".

Major cities on the bay include Odawara, Chigasaki, Fujisawa, Hiratsuka, Ito, and Kamakura.

## History 
The center of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 was in Sagami Bay.

## Related pages
* Shōnan
* Enoshima

## References 
## Other websites
The Watchtower

***The Watchtower*** is a magazine produced on a monthly basis by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses as part of their ministry (preaching) work. Its full name is ''The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom*. *The Watchtower'*s stated aim is to "honor Jehovah God, the Supreme Ruler of the universe". It is the most widely circulated magazine worldwide, and its companion magazine *Awake!* is the second most widely circulated magazine worldwide, according to the article Top 5 World’s Best Magazines.

There is also a "Study Edition" of *The Watchtower'' that is not distributed to the public. It is used by Jehovah's Witnesses at their weekend meetings.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Watchtower (Simplified Edition)
OneDrive

**Microsoft OneDrive** (previously **Microsoft SkyDrive**, **Windows Live SkyDrive** and **Windows Live Folders**) is a free file hosting service. It lets users upload files to a cloud storage. The files can be accessed from a Web browser. It was part of the Windows Live range of services. To use the OneDrive service, a user needs a Microsoft account. OneDrive has support for Office Web Apps. It lets users change and make Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote files.

The OneDrive client app adds file synchronization and cloud backup features to its device. The app comes bundled with Microsoft Windows and is available for macOS, Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and S. In addition, Microsoft Office apps directly integrate with OneDrive.

## Devices 
OneDrive is a simple file hosting service, which comes with great advantages because now the users can upload their content from any electronic device.  The user can now upload or download their material from any mobile device, from any computer whether it may be Mac or PC it is fast and convenient without having to use any cables to download or upload any data.

## Storage 
### Quota
 the service offers 5&nbsp;GB of free storage for new users. Additional storage is available for purchase.

In June 2019, alongside the announcement for the Personal Vault, Microsoft announced that it would increase the OneDrive standalone storage plan from 50 GB to 100 GB at no additional charge, and that it would be giving Office 365 subscribers a new option to add more storage as they need it.

## Related pages
* Google Drive (The Google version of OneDrive)
* MediaFire (Cloud service similar to OneDrive)

## References
Arrietty

***Arrietty*** (called  in Japan and  ***The Secret World of Arrietty*** in North America) is a 2010 Japanese animated fantasy movie directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi, written by Hayao Miyazaki and Keiko Niwa and produced by Studio Ghibli, based on Mary Norton's novel *The Borrowers*. The movie is about a young Borrower named Arrietty. The movie stars the voices of Mirai Shida as the titular character, Ryunosuke Kamiki as Sho, and Tatsuya Fujiwara as Spiller.

The North American version of the movie was made by Disney, and stars Bridgit Mendler as Arrietty, David Henre as Sho (renamed Shawn), and Moisés Arias as Spiller. It also has Will Arnett as Arrietty's father Pod, and Amy Poehler as her mother Homily.

## References 
## Other websites 
*  
*  (UK)
*  (US)
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Cavalleria rusticana

***Cavalleria rusticana*** is an Italian opera in one act. The music was written by Pietro Mascagni. The story and words (libretto) were written by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and Guido Menasci. The opera was based on a play by Giovanni Verga.

The opera was first performed in Rome on May 17, 1890. The work marked the start of the verismo style in Italian opera. It is often paired with Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera *Pagliacci* to make a full evening. Both operas are just a little over one hour each.

Name: The name means 'rustic chivalry' or 'chivalry of (people in) the countryside'.

## Characters
* Santuzza, *a peasant girl* (soprano)
* Turiddu, *a young villager* (tenor)
* Lucia, *his mother* (contralto)
* Alfio, *a carter* (baritone)
* Lola, *his wife* (mezzo-soprano)

## Sources
* Anderson, James. 1993. *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*. Wings Books.
* The Earl of Harewood. 1989. ''Kobbe's Illustrated Opera Book''. Putnam's. . pages 110-112.
Andrew Castle

**Andrew Nicholas Castle** (born 15 November 1963) is a retired British tennis player. He became a television presenter. He was born in Epsom, Surrey. He retired from tennis in 1992.

He was a contestant on the 2008 series of *Strictly Come Dancing* and on the 2010 series of *71 Degrees North*.

## Other websites 
*Official Website 
*ATP Tennis Player Profile
*
*
*sports-reference
Henny Penny

**Henny Penny**, also known as **Chicken Little** or **Chicken Licken**, is a fable. It is about a chicken who believes the world is coming to an end.

## Other websites
* *The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little* printed in Boston between 1865-71.
* SurLaLune Fairy Tale Site, *Henny-Penny*  as collected by Joseph Jacobs, 1890
* *The Cock and Hen That Went to the Dovrefell*  a Norwegian variant, 1888
* Happy Ending Version
Second Boer War

The **Second Boer War** (,  or *Tweede Boereoorlog*) was a war following the 1886 discovery of gold by the Transvaal Republic. It lasted from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902. In the war, the British Empire fought against the Dutch-descended, Afrikaans-speaking settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. The British made use of concentration camps; and of attrition warfare that weakened the Boer republics.

The conflict is commonly referred to as **The Boer War** but it is also known as the **South African War** outside South Africa, the **Anglo-Boer War** among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the *Anglo-Boereoorlog* or *Tweede Vryheidsoorlog* ("Second War of Liberation" or lit. "Second Freedom War") or the **Engelse oorlog** (English War). It is also a part of what are known as the Boer Wars, including the lesser known First Boer War that took place from December 1880 to March 1881.

## Phases
The war had three phases. In the first, the Boers carried out early strikes into British-held land. The Boers won these early battles using guerrilla warfare. In the second phase, British fortunes changed when their commanding officer, General Redvers Buller, was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener, who relieved the captured land and invaded the Boer republics commanding a 180,000 man strong force. The Boers knew they were unable to resist the force, and allowed the British to occupy both republics and their capitals. The third phase was a guerrilla campaign where the Boers used hit-and-run attacks and ambushes against the British for two years.

## Churchill
Winston Churchill, a newspaper reporter at the time, was captured by the Boers but escaped.

## Aftermath
Both republics were annexed by the British Empire. Later, both were eventually incorporated into the Union of South Africa, a dominion of the British Empire, in 1910.

## References
Sir Gawain

**Sir Gawain** is a fictional character in the King Arthur stories. He is one of the most important Knights of the Round Table. His parents are Arthur's sister Morgause (or Anna) and King Lot. He is the main character of *Sir Gawain and the Green Knight*, a mediaeval fantasy poem. He is said to be Arthur's nephew. He appears very early on in the legend and has been mentioned in very early Welsh sources.
The Click (song)

"**The Click**" is the third single off the debut self-titled album by American punk band Good Charlotte. The song was released in 2001. The song didn't initially appear on the track listing for the *Good Charlotte album* but was later added on the track listing for the Japanese and 2003 rerelease of *Good Charlotte*. The song was also the theme song for the television show *Undergrads* and the band have also been mentioned in numerous episodes and made an appearance in the 12th episode where they played "The Click".

## References
Donna Reed

**Donna Reed** (born Donna Belle Mullenger, January 27, 1921 &ndash; January 14, 1986) was an American actress. She was born in Denison, Iowa. 

Reed had a major role in ''It's a Wonderful Life*. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in *From Here to Eternity*. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best TV Star - Female for her central role in *The Donna Reed Show''.

She died of pancreatic cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Danny Dyer

**Danny Dyer**  (born 24 July 1977) is a British actor. He was born in Custom House, London. Dyer had major roles in *Human Traffic*, *Borstal Boy*, *Goodbye Charlie Bright*, *The Football Factory*, *The Business*, *Severance* and *Outlaw*. 

## Career 
Dyer has also acted in theatre and on television, including two episodes each of *The Bill* and *Skins*, as well as playing Mick Carter in *EastEnders* (2013–present). 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Otello

***Otello*** is an Italian opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto is by Arrigo Boito, based on William Shakespeare's play *Othello*. It was first performed at *La Scala* in Milan on February 5, 1887. The work is widely regarded as one of the greatest of music-dramas. Famous interpreters of the role have included Mario Del Monaco, Jon Vickers and Placido Domingo. 

## Principal characters
* Otello - tenor
* Desdemona - soprano
* Iago - baritone
* Lodovico - bass

## Discography
* 1931-32: Nicola Fusati (Otello), Maria Carbone (Desdemona), Apollo Granforte (Iago), Corrado Zambelli (Lodovico); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Carlo Sabajno - (Arkadia)
* 1947: Ramón Vinay (Otello), Herva Nelli (Desdemona), Giuseppe Valdengo (Iago), Nicola Moscona (Lodovico); NBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Arturo Toscanini - (RCA Victor)
* 1951: Ramón Vinay (Otello), Dragica Martinis (Desdemona), Paul Schöffler (Iago), Josef Greindl (Lodovico); Chor der Wiener Staatsoper, Wiener Philharmoniker, Wilhelm Furtwängler - (EMI Classics)
* 1954: Mario Del Monaco (Otello), Renata Tebaldi (Desdemona), Aldo Protti (Iago), Fernando Corena (Lodovico); Orchestra e Coro dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Alberto Erede - (Decca)
* 1960: Jon Vickers (Otello), Leonie Rysanek (Desdemona), Tito Gobbi (Iago), Ferruccio Mazzoli (Lodovico); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Tullio Serafin - (RCA Victor)
* 1961: Mario Del Monaco (Otello), Renata Tebaldi (Desdemona), Aldo Protti (Iago), Fernando Corena (Lodovico); Wiener Staatsoperchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan - (Decca)
* 1968: James McCracken (Otello), Gwyneth Jones (Desdemona), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Iago), Alfredo Giacomotti (Lodovico); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, New Philharmonia Orchestra, John Barbirolli - (EMI Classics)
* 1974: Jon Vickers (Otello), Mirella Freni (Desdemona), Peter Glossop (Iago), José van Dam (Lodovico); Chor der Deutschen Oper Berlin, Berliner Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan - (EMI Classics)
* 1978: Plácido Domingo (Otello), Renata Scotto (Desdemona), Sherrill Milnes (Iago), Paul Plishka (Lodovico); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, James Levine - (RCA Victor)
* 1985: Plácido Domingo (Otello), Katia Ricciarelli (Desdemona), Justino Díaz (Iago), John Macurdy (Lodovico); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Lorin Maazel - (EMI Classics)
* 1986: Neil Shicoff (Otello), Carol Neblett (Desdemona), Andreas Schmidt (Iago), Alexander Malta (Lodovico); Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado - (Deutsche Grammophon)
* 1991: Luciano Pavarotti (Otello), Kiri Te Kanawa (Desdemona), Leo Nucci (Iago), Dimitri Kavrakos (Lodovico); Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Georg Solti - (Decca)
* 1993: Plácido Domingo (Otello), Cheryl Studer (Desdemona), Sergei Leiferkus (Iago), Ildebrando D'Arcangelo (Lodovico); Chœur et Orchestre de l'Opéra-Bastille, Myung-Whun Chung - (Deutsche Grammophon)

## Sources
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Darren Walsh

**Darren Walsh** may refer to:

* Darren Walsh (footballer) (born 1984), Australian rules footballer
* Darren Walsh (director), British director, animator and writer
* Darren Walsh (tennis) (born 1989), tennis player
Haskell

**Haskell**  is a purely functional programming language. It is named after Haskell Brooks Curry, a U.S. mathematician who contributed a lot to logic. Haskell is based on lambda calculus and uses the Greek letter lambda as its logo. The main implementations are the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC), and Hugs, a Haskell interpreter.

## Examples
The following is an example Hello World program in Haskell:

```haskell
module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn "Hello, World!"
```

One way to create an infinite list of Fibonacci numbers is this:

```haskell
fib n = fibs !! n
        where fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs)
```

## Concept 
The language is similar to traditional mathematics, in which all variables are pure, meaning they cannot change during the program's runtime. All equations must remain true in principle. For any impure actions, there is the IO monad, which itself is pure, but creates side effects when ran.

Functions are treated like normal values, meaning they can be applied to other functions. 2+ argument functions are fundamentally a one argument function, a function that takes in some input and returns a function in the process of partial application. Traditional variables are treated like zero argument functions.

The order of variable declarations within the file does not matter, allowing for mutual recursion, where variables are defined in terms of each other.

## Features 
### Data Types 
### Type Classes 
A type class is a descriptor of a data type. These are used to make functions more general. For example, the addition operator has a type signature of
```haskell
(+) :: Num a => a -> a -> a
```
This statement translates to "given some data type that is a number, you can add two variables of that type to create a new one".

### Lazy Evaluation 
Lazy evaluation is where expressions aren't evaluated immediately, sometimes never evaluated. This allows for infinitely long lists, and avoids unnecessary calculations.

## Influence 
Haskell was influenced by many earlier programming languages. These were Clean, FP, Gofer, Hope and Hope+, Id, ISWIM, KRC, Lisp, Miranda, ML and Standard ML, Orwell, SASL, SISAL, and Scheme.

Haskell itself has influenced many later programming languages, such as Agda, Bluespec, C++11/Concepts, C#/LINQ, Cayenne, Clean, Clojure, CoffeeScript, Curry, F#, Isabelle, Java/Generics, Mercury, Perl 6, Python, Scala, Visual Basic 9.0.

## References
The Courtship of Miles Standish

***The Courtship of Miles Standish*** is a long poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in October 1858. It sold 25,000 copies in two months. 

It tells the story of early New England settlers Miles Standish, John Alden, and Priscilla Mullins. Miles Standish and John Alden are both in love with Priscilla.  

It is unknown whether the story was taken from real-life, or if it was an American folk tale. One critic liked some aspects of the poem. He complained about other aspects though. Longfellow wrote the poem in an unfamiliar meter, Greek hexameter, and used medieval words. 

## Other websites 
**The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Other Poems*, 1858 edition, at books.google.com.
* &mdash; includes this poem.
*Plot summary and historic background
Darren Walsh (footballer)

**Darren Walsh** (born 27 December 1984) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon in the AFL.

He was drafted by the Essendon Football Club in the 2002 National draft at pick 27 in the 2nd round. He played two games in his first season with Essendon but ended the season with glandular fever. Walsh was delisted after the 2004 season without having played another game.

## References
Darren Walsh (director)

**Darren Walsh** is an English director, animator, writer, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is best known as the voice of Angry Kid in the show of the same name. He also created, directed, and wrote the programme.

## References
## Other websites
* Passion Pictures 
* Ucreative
The Bill

***The Bill*** is a British police procedural television series. It ran from August 16, 1983 to August 31, 2010 on ITV and is set in the East End of London. It started with a pilot episode from 1983 called Woodentop and often featured guest stars who would later become more famous in other roles. 

## Other websites 
*
Yasushi Matsumoto

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|1993||6||1||0||0||3||0||9||1
6||1||2||0||3||0||11||1
6||1||2||0||3||0||11||1
|}

## Other websites
* http://www11.ocn.ne.jp/~blozi/player_history_j.htm
Chuda

**Chuda** is a village in Gujarat, India. It is popular for dry red chili powder.  It is near Limbdi. Chuda is located on the banks of River Vasal. There are a few places to visit in Chuda which are of historical importance. Most famous is Jain Temple of Shri Adinath which is located in the middle of village. Jain Temple having 2200 Years old idle of shri Sumatinatha from the time of the great Samprati Maharaja.
Enoshima

" by Hokusai, circa 1830]]
 is a small island in Sagami Bay on the Pacific Coast of the Japanese island of Honshu.  It is part of Fujisawa in Kanagawa Prefecture.

Enoshima has an area of about 0.2&nbsp;km². It is linked to the mainland by a bridge.

## History
* **1047** (*Eishō 2*): *Enoshima Engi* was written by the Buddhist monk Kōkei.  The work is a history of the shrines on the island.
* **1182** (*Juei 1*): Minamoto no Toritomo gave a statue to the Benzaiten shrine on the island.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Shōnan

## References
## Other websites
* Enoshima Shrine 
* *Enoshima Engi*
Edoson Silva Martins

**Edoson Silva Martins** (born March 16, 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club statistics
## Other websites 
*
Nobuyuki Hosaka

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||17||0||0||0||0||0||17||0
|-
|1995||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
17||0||0||0||0||0||17||0
17||0||0||0||0||0||17||0
|}

## Other websites
*http://www.geocities.co.jp/Athlete-Sparta/2322/ha2.html
Tadashi Koya

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics
|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||3||0||1||0||2||0||6||0
|-
|1994||21||0||2||0||0||0||23||0
|-
|1995||0||0||||||colspan="2"|-||0||0
24||0||3||0||2||0||29||0
24||0||3||0||2||0||29||0
|}

## Other websites
*http://www.geocities.co.jp/Athlete-Sparta/2322/ka2.html
*http://helvetica.mods.jp/_players_KA.htm
Shin Che-bon

**Shin Je-Bon** (born September 27, 1971) used to be a North Korean football player.

## Club statistics
|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||7||0||1||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|1994||8||1||2||0||0||0||10||1
|-
|1995||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
18||1||3||0||0||0||21||1
18||1||3||0||0||0||21||1
|}

## Other websites
*http://mk25.fc2web.com/1994233.htm
*http://www1.odn.ne.jp/~aab38980/jef.htm
Regis (footballer, born 1973)

**Regis Felisberto Masarim** (born March 6, 1973) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club statistics
## Other websites
* http://awx.jp/cgi/prof/prof.cgi?player=regis
Hirokazu Goshi

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club statistics
## Other websites
*