open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Beyoncé Experience: Live

***The Beyoncé Experience: Live*** is a live DVD by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles to be released in the US on November 20, 2007. It was filmed in Staples Center, Los Angeles, California which was shot on September 2, 2007 during her worldwide tour The Beyoncé Experience. It also includes guest appearances from Jay-Z on "Upgrade U" and former Destiny's Child mates Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland on "Survivor."

# Intro (The Beyoncé Experience Fanfare)
# Crazy in Love (Crazy Mix)
# Freakum Dress
# Green Light
# Baby Boy (Reggae Medley)
# Beautiful Liar
# Naughty Girl
# Me, Myself and I
# Dangerously In Love (He Loves Me Mix)
# Flaws and All
# DC Medley (Cops and Robbers Intro)
# Independent Women Part I
# No No No Part 2
# Bootylicious
# Bug A Boo (H-town Screwed Down Mix)
# Bills, Bills, Bills
# Cater 2 U
# Say My Name
# Jumpin' Jumpin'
# Soldier (Soldier Boy Crank Mix)
# Survivor (Destiny's Child Reunion)
# Speechless
# Ring the Alarm Intro Skit (Jailhouse Confessions)
# Ring the Alarm
# Suga mama
# Upgrade U (feat. Jay-Z)
# '03 Bonnie & Clyde (Beyoncé's Prince Mix)
# Check on It (Special Tour Ver.)
# Déjà vu
# Get Me Bodied
# Welcome to Hollywood
# Deena/DreamGirls
# Listen
# Irreplaceable
# Beyoncé B'Day Surprise

## References
Swordfish

**Swordfish** (***Xiphias gladius***), also known as **broadbills** in some countries, are large predatory fish with a long, flat bill.  They are a popular sport fish.  Swordfish are elongated, round-bodied, and lose all teeth and scales by adulthood.

The International Game Fish Association's all-tackle angling record for a swordfish was a 1,182&nbsp;lb (535.15&nbsp;kg) specimen taken off Chile in 1953.

They are the only member of their family, **Xiphiidae**.

## Features 
The swordfish is named after its sharp bill, resembling a sword (Latin **gladius**), which together with its streamlined physique (smooth body) allows it to cut through the water with great ease and agility. Swordfish are fast predators of other fish.

The "sword" is not used to spear, but may be used to slash at its prey to injure the prey animal, to make for an easier catch.  

Mainly, the swordfish relies on its great speed and agility in the water to catch its enemy. It is among the fastest fish.

## As food 
 swordfish]]
Swordfish is a particularly popular fish for cooking. Since swordfish are large animals, meat is usually sold as steaks, which are often grilled. The color of the flesh varies by diet, with fish caught on the east coast of North America often being rosier.

However, many sources including the United States Food and Drug Administration warn about potential toxicity (how poisonous it is) from high levels of methylmercury in swordfish.

## References 
* Michael Hopkin (2005): Swordfish heat their eyes for better vision. Nature, 10 January 2005
* Fritsches, Kerstin A., Brill, Richard W., and Warrant, Eric J. (2005): Warm Eyes Provide Superior Vision in Swordfishes .  Current Biology 15, 55−58 
* FDA Consumer:Mercury In Fish:Cause For Concern? 

## Other websites 
* http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Swordfish/Swordfish.html 
* More info on FDA Mercury Advice from Oceana
* http://www.fenton.com/pages/3_ourwork/4_casestudies/environment/swordfish.htm 
* http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_SwordfishReport.pdf
Carreño de Miranda

n ambassador Pyotr Potemkin, 1681-1682]]
**Juan Carreño de Miranda** (25 March 1614 – 3 October 1685) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period.

Born in Avilés in Asturias, he was the son of a painter with the same name, Juan Carreño de Miranda. His family moved to Madrid in 1623, and he trained in Madrid during the late 1620s as apprentice of Pedro de Las Cuevas and Bartolomé Roman. He came to the notice of Velazquez for his work in the cloister of doña María de Aragón y en la iglesia del Rosario, he was asked to help paint in the Royal Palace of Madrid with frescoes on mythological fables. He was named "Painter of the King" in 1669. In 1658 Carreño was hired as an assistant on a royal commission to paint frescoes in the Alcázar palace, now the Royal Palace of Madrid. In 1671 he was appointed court painter to the queen (pintor de cámara) and began to paint primarily portraits. In 1671, upon the death of Sebastian de Herrera, he was named chamber painter. He refused to be knighted in the order of Santiago, saying "Painting needs no honors, it can give them to the whole world". He is mainly remembered as a painter of portraits. His main pupilswere Mateo Cerezo, Cabezalero, Donoso, Ledesma y Sotomayor. He died in Madrid.
Old Japanese

**Old Japanese** (, Yamatəkətəba) is the oldest known form of the Japanese language.

It is difficult to give a precise date when Old Japanese started.  The date when the Old Japanese period is said to have finished is 794.  That was the start of the Heian period. 

The Japanese writing system came from the Chinese.  Wooden tablets have been found with writing on.  The oldest extended piece of writing we know of dates from 712. This is the start of the Nara period (710-794).

The earliest texts found in Japan are written in classical Chinese. However, some of them show the influences of Japanese grammar (e.g. word order). Sometimes bits of Chinese characters are used to make the sound of the small Japanese words called “particles”. This helps us to make some guesses about how it used to be pronounced.

Many changes in the Japanese language took place over the centuries. The spoken form of Japanese changed much more quickly than the written form.

## Related pages
* Late Old Japanese

## References
**Notes**
Tynwald

**Tynwald** (), or more formally, the **High Court of Tynwald** () or **Tynwald Court**, is claimed to be the oldest parliament in continuous existence in the world, dating back over 1000 years.

## Overview 
It rules the Isle of Man, and while the island is a Crown dependency, this ancient form of government enjoys a large amount of political power.  

Tynwald is separated into 2 houses (this is called a "Bicameral" parliament, meaning it has 2 chambers) - the House of Keys, which is elected by the people of the Isle of Man, and the Legislative Council, which is not directly elected - instead, other members of the Legislative Council elect members of the House of Keys (MHK's) to sit on it.

Both houses of Tynwald sit at the same time on Tynwald day, at the site of the original parliament - Tynwald Hill - in St. John's, a small village near Peel, and once a month at Parliament House in the Island's capital, Douglas.   The rest of the time, they sit separately at Parliament House, with the House of Keys making most of the laws, and the Legislative Council doing most of the work of changing and revising them. 

King Charles III  is acknowledged as the Lord of Mann.

Tynwald can trace its descent from the Viking and Norse that first colonized the Isle of Man.
Possum

The **possum** is an Australasian marsupial which was later introduced to China and New Zealand. There are about 69 species alive today.

Possums are members of the **Phalangeriformes**. This is a suborder of the Diprotodonts, a large order which includes the kangaroos and its relatives.

Possums are native to Australia and are protected there.  Possums spend the first four months of their lives in their mother's pouch. By the time they are six months old, the young possums live outside the pouch.

They are nocturnal and at least partly arboreal. Some of the smaller species are gliders. They have sharp claws and a keen sense of smell. They eat the leaves of trees, insects, berries and bird's eggs.

The first possums were brought to New Zealand in 1837 from Australia. In New Zealand, possums have no natural enemies, so possum numbers increased quickly. It is thought of as a pest in New Zealand.
The possum has done a lot of damage to the native plants, animals and birds. So, there are Possum Removal taking place like in Adelaide, However Possums are protected under the Wildlife Act 1975. Although relocation of problem possums is prohibited, other control options are available.

## References
## Other websites 
*Kiwi Conservation Club
1130

## Events 
* December 25 – Roger II becomes the first king of Sicily

## Deaths 
* November 11 – Teresa of Leon, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon (b. 1080)
Late Old Japanese

**Late Old Japanese** (中古日本語) is an old form of the Japanese language. It was used in the time known as the Heian Period, between 794 and 1185. The form of Japanese that was used before that is called Old Japanese.

Old Japanese was the first form of the Japanese language. The script (the way it was written) came from the Chinese script. This was all based on characters which were like little pictures (called kanji today, e.g. 中古日本語). During the Late Old period two new scripts were invented: Hiragana and Katakana. These were much simpler and described the sound of the syllables. It made reading and writing much easier. Famous books were written during this period such as *The Tale of Genji*, *The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter*, *The Tales of Ise* and many others.

Many changes took place to the way the language was pronounced during this period. Consonants that had been spoken through the nose became voiced, some long vowels were added, some consonants slid into one another. The syllables became simpler: instead of 88 there were only 66. Instead of two types of -i, -e, and –o there were only one. Some verbs ended in a consonant, others in a vowel. The changes in grammar included different ways that adjectives could be declined.

## Related pages
* Old Japanese
Gotha

**Gotha** is a town in Thuringia, in Germany. It is the capital of the District of Gotha. The population was 46,205 in 2004.

## History 
The town has existed at least since the 8th century, when its name was mentioned in a document signed by Charlemagne, in which it appears as *Villa Gotaha* ("Good Waters"). In 1640 Gotha became the capital city of Saxe-Gotha. In the 18th century the French philosopher Voltaire stayed for a long time, and the Royal court became one of the centres of the Enlightenment in Germany. From 1826 to 1918, Gotha was one of the two capitals of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Gotha has played an important role in the Germany's workers' movement: the German socialist party (SPD) was founded in Gotha in 1875, when the Social Democratic Workers' Party, led by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht, and the General German Workers' Association, founded by Ferdinand Lassalle joined together. The compromise was known the *Gotha Program* and was opposed by Karl Marx.

Gotha has also been traditionally a centre of publishing. The firm of Justus Perthes (now called Hermann Haack) began publishing the *Almanach de Gotha* in 1763. The almanach was a very important directory of the world's major ruling dynasties and Europe's high nobility.

From 1949 to 1990 the city of Gotha was in the German Democratic Republic.

## Sights 
* The main attraction in the town is the **Schloß Friedenstein**, the former ducal palace, built in 1643-1655. It is Germany’s oldest early Baroque palace. The palace also houses the Museum of Regional History including the historic **Ekhof Theatre**, the oldest preserved baroque theatre in the world.
* Town Hall, built between 1567 and 1577 in Renaissance style, noteworthy for a richly decorated façade in its north side.
* A Market place (*Hauptmarkt*) surrounded by restored patrician houses with Baroque doorways.
* Augustinian Church (Gothic, 13th century), with former abbey.
* St Margaret’s Church (Margarethenkirche), from the end of the 15th century.
* Gotha is host to the annual Freakstock Christian music festival.

## Sister cities 
*  Martin
*  Gastonia, North Carolina
*  Kielce Poland
*  Martin
*  Romilly-sur-Seine
*  Salzgitter

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Official website 
* Tram in Gotha
100 Greatest Britons

***100 Greatest Britons*** was a BBC programme broadcast in 2002. The list was the result of a poll. The top ten people on the list were:

# Sir Winston Churchill, (1874–1965), Prime Minister during the Second World War, politician, soldier, author, speaker, artist
# Isambard Kingdom Brunel, (1806–1859), engineer, creator of Great Western Railway and other significant works
# Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997), first wife of HRH Charles, Prince of Wales (1981–1996) and mother of Princes William and Harry of Wales
# Charles Darwin (1809–1882), naturalist, originator of the theory of evolution through natural selection and author of *The Origin of Species*
# William Shakespeare (1564–1616), English poet and playwright, thought of by many as the greatest of all writers in the English language
# Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science
# Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603), monarch, (reigned 1558–1603)
# John Lennon (1940–1980), musician with The Beatles, philanthropist, peace activist, artist
# Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805), naval commander
# Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), Lord Protector

The complete list can be found on the BBC website.

## References
Igrejinha

**Igrejinha** is a Brazilian city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has 31 389 inhabitants. It has an area of .

## Sources
Arroyo Barril

**Arroyo Barril** is a Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province in the Dominican Republic.  It is on the south coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the coast of Samaná Bay.

It was made a municipal district on May 1, 2003.

## Population
In the last national census (2010), the district had a total population of 11,007: 5,591 men and 5,416 women. The urban population was 22% of the total population.

## Economy
The most important economic activities of Arroyo Barril are the same of the province: agriculture, fishing and tourism.

The Arroyo Barril Airport is in this place; it is a national airport with flights to other airports in the country.

## References
Great Palm Island

**Palm Island**, also known as **Great Palm Island** or by the Aboriginal name **Bukaman**, is an island in Australia with about 2,000 people living on it.

## Names 
The small town on the island has many names such as Palm Island, the Mission, Palm Island Settlement and Palm Community.

## Location 
The island is  north-west of Townsville, on the east coast of Queensland, Australia. It is the largest  of the *Greater Palm* group of islands.  It has small bays, sandy beaches and steep forested mountains rising to  high. Other nearby islands outside the Palm group include Rattlesnake Island and Magnetic Island.

## History 
Palm Island is often called a "tropical paradise" because of its natural beauty, but it has had a sad past since Europeans arrived in Australia.  For much of the 20th century, it was used by the Queensland Government as a town for Aboriginals who were thought to be guilty of such crimes as being "disruptive", being pregnant to a white man or being born with "mixed blood".

The community that has been created by that history has many problems and is often debated about by political and social writers. Major concern are the lack of jobs and housing.  Meanwhile, it has been at the centre of political campaigning to improve the lives and the treatment of Australia's Indigenous peoples and to sewk people to recognise the bad history that has led today's the Palm Island.

## References
*'' 
*
*
*
*
*
## Footnotes
## Other websites
*Bwgcolmacom Community School website 
*Local Council information 
*Palm Island PCYC webpage 
*Database of Agreements to which the Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Council are parties 
*Joyce Palmer Health Service webpage
*Dunn, Peter "WW2 Palm Island naval base" Australia @ War, 22 May 2004 (and updated since)
*Queensland Government information webpage on Palm Island and alcohol management 
*Queensland Government information webpage on Community Renewal on Palm Island 
*Queensland Government map of alcohol restriction zone 
*Australian Government Shared Responsibility Agreement - Palm Island our horses, our responsibility 

### Articles produced by The Brisbane Institute think tank
*Professor Steffen Lehmann Lessons from Palm Island  The Brisbane Institute, 17 November 2005
*Boe, Andrew Palm Island: something is very wrong  The Brisbane Institute, 21 April 2005
*Boe, Andrew Palm Island Inquest findings – the unacceptable political inertia  The Brisbane Institute, 06 October 2006
Indo-Greek Kingdom

The **Indo-Greek Kingdom** was a Hellenic kingdom in present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and parts of northern India from 180 BCE to around 10 CE, and was ruled by a succession of more than thirty Hellenic kings.

## References 
## Other websites 
* News story of the latest archaeological discovery of artefacts dated back to Indo-Greek period
* Indo-Greek history and coins 
* Ancient coinage of the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms
* Text of Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams (University of London) mentioning the arrival of the Kushans and the replacement of Greek Language. 
* Wargame reconstitution of Indo-Greek armies
Intolerable Acts

The **Intolerable Acts** Is an alternate name for the Coercive Acts, a set of laws passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1774.

The British Parliament passed these laws in part to punish the Massachusetts Bay Colony for the Boston Tea Party.
* One of the laws closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea.  
* The Quartering Acts allowed Britain to house troops wherever it wanted.  All of the Thirteen Colonies were required to follow this rule, not just Massachusetts.
* The Administration of Justice Act allowed the trials of accused royal officials to take place in Great Britain if the Governor decided that the defendant could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts. 
* The Quebec Act gave the Ohio country to Canada.

These laws were so harsh that the colonists called them the Intolerable Acts.

Other colonies offered Massachusetts their support. They sent supplies to Boston. The Committees of Correspondence also called for a meeting of all colonies in order to decide what to do about their problems with Britain. This led to the Continental Congress.

## Other websites
*
*Text of the Quartering Act
*Text of the Quebec Act
Helensburgh, New South Wales

**Helensburgh** is a small town in New South Wales, Australia. It has  more than 5000 people. It is about half-way between Sydney and Wollongong, at the southern end of the Royal National Park. The area was first settled by Europeans in 1815, when farmers began to move their cattle to graze on the grasslands around Wollongong. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## References
Hugo Award

The **Hugo Award** is an award given each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the science fiction magazine *Amazing Stories*. Hugo Awards have been given out every year since 1953, except 1954. Hugo Award winners are chosen by members of the Worldcon convention each year. The ceremony where the awards are given out is a main part of the convention. 

The Hugo Award trophy was co-designed by Benedict Jablonski. 

The 2006 Hugo Awards ceremony was held at the 64th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) on Saturday, August 26 in Anaheim, California. The 2007 Awards were presented at the 65th World Science Fiction Convention in Yokohama, Japan on 1 September.

## Other websites 
* Official site
* Most honored Hugo Award nominees
* Hugo Award Gallery 
* Hugo history at a glance  – graphical overview of when individual persons were nominated; until 2004
* Excerpts and summaries of all Hugo winning and nominated novels
Dassault Mirage 2000

]]
The **Mirage 2000** is a French-built multirole fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It first flew in 1978, and was introduced in 1984. Originally it was designed in the late seventies as a lightweight fighter for the Armée de l'Air. 

It evolved into a successful multirole aircraft. It is in service in 8 countries (as of 2025) with more than 600 airplanes built.

Ukraine's military got some of those airplanes in 2025.

## Related pages
*Mirage III
Firewall (disambiguation)

**Firewall** may refer to:
* Firewall (networking), a device which prevents unwanted communication between private and public networks
* Firewall (movie), a 2006 action movie starring Harrison Ford
Schlenkerla

**Schlenkerla** is a famous old brewery and tavern in Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany. It is known for its smoked beer which is called "Aecht Schlenkerla Rauchbier" ("real Schlenkerla smoked beer").  It is a strong, darkish beer with a slightly smokey taste which is rather like bacon.  The alcohol content is 5.1%.  There is another speciality which is called "Urbock" ("Ur" means "original" and "Bock" is actually a male goat).  The Urbock is stronger: 6.5% alcohol and is only served in the season known as the "Starkbierzeit" ("Strong beer time") which is from October to 6 January.  The beer is served from oak barrels.  This is a very old tradition which is not often found nowadays.

The name Schlenkerla comes from the word "schlenken" which means: "to dangle" ("to hang loosely", or "swing").

## Other websites
* Brauereiausschank Schlenkerla  - Official website of the Schlenkerla historical brewery and tavern
* Bamberger-Bier.de - everything you have to know about Bambergs brewing tradition (German, English)
Gabelmann

]]
The **Gabelmann** ("Fork man") is a statue with a fountain in Bamberg, Germany. It is a Baroque statue of Neptune, the ancient Roman god of the sea, who is holding his three-pronged fork. This is why he has the name Gabelmann.

The Gabelmann stands in the part of the pedestrian precinct called "Grüner Markt" ("Green Market"). In the local Franconian dialect he is called **Goblmoo**. There is a well-known poem about him written in the dialect.

The Gabelmann is a favourite place for people to meet in Bamberg.
Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao

**Alfonso Daniel ** (30 January 1886 – 7 January 1950), also known as **Castelao**, was a Spanish writer on Galician language and one of the main symbols of Galicia. As a politician, caricaturist, and writer, he is one of the leading figures of Galician culture and identity.

## (1886–1929) Early life 
In 1886, Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez de Castelao was born on 30 January in Rianxo, Galicia, Spain.

Castelao spent his childhood and adolescence in Santa Rosa de Toay, Argentina. In 1900, the Castelao family returned to Rianxo. In 1908, he obtained his degree in Medicine from the University of Santiago de Compostela. The next year, he passed his doctorate in Madrid, where he started to become known as a caricaturist, and settled down in Rianxo, joining the political movement Action Galicia (*Acción Gallega* in Spanish). As a caricaturist, Castelao focussed on the everyday in a humorous way, although after the cruelty and tragedy of the Spanish Civil War, he turned to using his art to denounce the misery of Fascism.

In 1916, he moved to Pontevedra, where he joined the Irmandades da Fala and participated in the *Asembleia Nazonalista de Lugo*, signing an important national declaration. In 1920, he became editor of the magazine *Nos* and travelled through France, the Netherlands and Germany. In 1922, he wrote the novel *Un Ollo de Vidro* and in 1924 he joined the *Seminario de Estudos Galegos* and founded the *Coral Polifonica de Pontevedra*. Two years later he published *Cousas*, and in 1929 he travelled to Brittany to study its stone crosses and publish *As Cruces de Pedra na Bretaña*.
Lübeck law

The **Lübeck law** () was one of a few charters for town privileges. The Lübeck law said there should be a city council (*Rat*). There should be 20 council members, which were usually elected for 2 years.  They were elected by the guilds.  People often stayed as members for many years.  

The first document about the law is from 1226.  It was still used in Northern and Northeastern Germany until 1900. 

About 100 cities around the Baltic Sea used this law. 

Many cities in the Hanseatic League used this law.

## References
Ahmednagar

**Ahmednagar** is a city of Ahmednagar District in the state of Maharashtra, India, on the left bank of the Sina river, about 120 kilometres northeast of Pune and 120 kilometres from Aurangabad.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Steering wheel (ship)

''.]]

The **wheel** of a ship is the modern method of changing the angle of the rudder to change the direction of the boat or ship. It is also called the galver, together with the rest of the steering mechanism. 

The wheel is typically connected to a mechanical or hydraulic system.

The idea of tractors, automobiles, and similar land vehicles having a steering wheel probably evolved directly from the ship's wheel.

## Gallery

Image:Grand Turk(29).jpg|At the helm - on the frigate Grand Turk
Image:FS_Belle_Poule_Wheel.jpg|Wheel of the brigantine *La Belle Poule*
Image:Nautilus Nemo bridge.jpg|Wheel of the submarine *Nautilus* in *Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea*
Image:Passumpsic wheel.jpg|Wheelstand, USNS Passumpsic.
Grumman F-14 Tomcat

The **F-14 Tomcat** is a fighter plane made for the American Navy. It first flew in 1970 and started to replace the F-4 Phantom II in 1973. It could carry 6 of AIM-54 Phoenix missiles and two AIM-9 Sidewinders. The plane can go supersonic and has variable-sweep wings. In 2006, the Navy stopped using it. Iran uses the F-14, but they are rumored to be in poor condition.

## Related pages
*F/A-18 Hornet
*F-15 Eagle
*F-16 Fighting Falcon
*F-4 Phantom II
Bamberg Symphony Orchestra

The **Bamberger Symphoniker** (**Bamberg Symphony Orchestra**) is a world-famous orchestra from the city of Bamberg, Germany. It was formed in 1946. Most of the musicians who formed the orchestra were Germans who had been forced to leave Czechoslovakia after the World War II. Most of them had previously been members of the German Philharmonic Orchestra of Prague.

The Bamberger Symphoniker have a large modern concert hall in Bamberg which was opened in 1993. They give many concerts there, but they also do a lot of touring to all parts of the world. Their conductor is Jonathan Nott who is an English conductor. Every three years the orchestra organize a "Gustav Mahler Conducting Prize". This is a competition for young conductors. The competition first took place in 2004.

The orchestra have made several CD recordings.

## Principal conductors
* Jonathan Nott (2000-*present*)
* Horst Stein (1985-1996)
* Witold Rowicki (1983-1985)
* James Loughran (1979-1983)
* Eugen Jochum (1969-1973)
* Joseph Keilberth (1949-1968)

## Other websites
* Bamberger Symphoniker official website
Hypothalamus

The **hypothalamus** is a brain part at the base of the brain. It connects the endocrine system to the nervous system. The word *hypothalamus* is a Greek word which means "under the thalamus"; it is used because hypothalamus is below the thalamus, and above the brain stem.

The hypothalamus contains many different nuclei which separately control body temperature, hunger, thirst and circadian cycles.
It is the control system which regulates the pituitary gland, the 'master gland' of the body. It is also involved in regulating sex drive.

The thalamus sits above the hypothalamus, and the hypothalamus sits above the pituitary gland. That area at the base of the brain down to the pituitary is the centre of neurosecretion. Some neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus produce hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin. These hormones are released into the blood in the posterior pituitary. It is the main way the nervous system controls the hormones in our bodies. The hypothalamus sends signals to the endocrine system to control other systems in the body.

## References
Emilia Pardo Bazán

**Emilia Pardo Bazán** (16 September 1851 – 12 May 1921) (also known as *Emilia, countess de Pardo Bazán*) was a Spanish author and scholar.
## Life
Bazán was born in A Coruña (also known as La Coruña or Corunna), part of the region of Galicia, and the culture of that area was incorporated into some of her most popular novels, including *Los pazos de Ulloa* (*The Manors of Ulloa*) and its sequel, *La Madre Naturaleza* (*Mother Nature*). She was also known for bringing naturalism to Spanish literature, for her detailed descriptions of reality, and for her role in feminist literature of her era. 

Married at eighteen to Sr D. Jos Quiroga, a Galician country gentleman, she interested herself in politics, and is believed to have taken an active part in the underground campaign against Amadeo of Spain and, later, against the republic. In 1876 she came into notice as the successful competitor for a literary prize offered by the municipality of Oviedo, the subject of her essay being the Benedictine monk, Benito Jerónimo Feijoo. This was followed by a series of articles inserted in *La Ciencia cristiana*, a magazine of the purest orthodoxy, edited by Juan M. Orti y plana.

## Other websites
*Biography and list of works (Spanish language)
*
X-Men: The Last Stand

***X-Men: The Last Stand*** (also marketed as ***X3: The Last Stand***, or ***X-Men 3***) is a 2006 movie. It is the third movie based on the Marvel Comics' X-Men superhero comic books. The story takes place after *X-Men* (2000) and *X2* (2003). Brett Ratner directed the movie. He took over when Bryan Singer decided to direct *Superman Returns*. The movie is about a "mutant cure" and the resurrection of Jean Grey, who seemed to have died in *X2*. The movie is partially based on two X-Men comic book stories: writer Chris Claremont's and artist John Byrne's "Dark Phoenix Saga" in *The Uncanny X-Men* (1980) and writer Joss Whedon's and artist John Cassaday's six-issue "Gifted" story in *Astonishing X-Men* (2004).

The movie was released May 26, 2006 in the United States and Canada. It was released one or two days earlier in more than 20 other countries. The movie did well at theaters. It earned $45.1 million on its first day. This is the fourth-highest opening day gross. Its opening weekend gross of $103 million is the eighth highest ever. The story would also have a new villain Emma Frost, played by Sigourney Weaver.

Simon Kinberg was hired as writer soon after Singer left. There were  about Joss Whedon directing the movie. Rob Bowman and Alex Proyas were also rumoured. Zack Snyder was also asked to be the director, but he turned it down because he was directing *300*. Even with Singer leaving, the cast and producers wante to return to make the third movie. Matthew Vaughn was hired as the new director for the project. He cast Kelsey Grammer as Beast and Vinnie Jones as Juggernaut. Family problems were said to cause him to withdraw before shooting began. Vaughn was replaced by Singer's friend Brett Ratner, who was among the people considered to direct the first movie. He was also considered by Warner Brothers to direct the 2006 *Superman* project before it changed into *Superman Returns*.

*X-Men: The Last Stand* began shooting in August 2005 and ended in January 2006. Much of *X-Men: The Last Stand* was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Associate producer Dave Gordon said, "This is the biggest production ever filmed in Canada. It used to be *X2*, now it's *X3*."
## References
## Other websites 
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* *X-Men*: Profile at MySpace
* *X-Men: The Last Stand*  Official site and theatrical trailers
* *X-Men* on Marvel.com
* *XMenFilms.net*  Popular Fan-Site with News, Photos, etc.
*
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon

The **General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falco** is a one-engine multirole combat aircraft. It was originally designed and built by General Dynamics, which is now part of Lockheed Martin. The United States Air Force (USAF) ordered the F-16 in 1972. The airplane first flew four years later in 1976. Over 4,600 F-16s have been built since then. The airplane has been used by more than 25 air forces around the world. It is also used by the Thunderbirds, the USAF's aerobatics team. As of 2015, there are more F-16s in military use than any other fixed-wing aircraft.

## Capabilities 
The F-16 is able to fly at twice the speed of sound. It is armed with a M61 Vulcan Gatling gun and has eleven places where weapons or other equipment can be attached. It was the first production combat airplane to be designed to be unstable to be easier to turn, and has easier controls to make it highly agile in the air. Its designers also used many other new ideas such as a bubble canopy to help the pilot see better and a control stick on the side of the cockpit to make it easier to steer during tight turns and high g-forces.

The F-16's official name is "Fighting Falcon", but it is often called the "Viper" by its pilots and crews. The nickname came from the fact that the viper snake is known for its deadly fangs and venom, and because the Colonial Viper spacecraft from *Battlestar Galactica* was popular when the airplane was introduced to the USAF.

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*  – Italian Air Force leased up to 30 F-16As and 4 F-16Bs from the US Air Force from 2001 until 2012.

## Related pages
* F-15 Eagle
* F-14 Tomcat

## References
M1 Garand

The **M1 Garand** is a semi-automatic rifle that was mostly used by the US Army during World War II and the Korean War. It replaced the M1903 Springfield rifle in 1936, as the main US service rifle. It has an internal eight-bullet box magazine, which is loaded with clips of 8 bullets. When the last round is shot, the empty clip is ejected, making a "ping" sound. A common misconception (seen in video games such as Call of Duty) is that the clip can only be removed by shooting all the bullets, but the clip may be removed at any time (but it is hard to do). General George Patton described it as the greatest battle implement ever designed. It was replaced by the M14 battle rifle in the late 1950's.
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## Other websites 
* WW2DB: M1 Garand
* M1 Garand - Encyc
Live at Wembley (album)

***Live at Wembley*** is a DVD/CD by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. It was released on April 27, 2004.

## Track listing 
### CD 
# What's It Gonna Be (Album Version)
# My First Time (Album Version)
# Krazy In Luv (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix)
# Baby Boy (Junior's World Mixshow Beyonce)
# Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Club Mix)

### DVD 
# Baby Boy
# Naughty Girl
# Fever
# Hip Hop Star
# Yes
# Work It Out
# Gift From Virgo
# Be With You
# Speechless
# Destiny`s Child's Medley
# Me, Myself and I
# Summertime
# Dangerously in Love 2
# Crazy In Love

## References
Columbia, Missouri

**Columbia** is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The University of Missouri is located there.

## References
Leo von Caprivi

**Georg Leo von Caprivi**, later '*Georg Leo *Graf* von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli*' (), (24 February 1831–6 February 1899) was a German major general and politician, who succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor of Germany. Caprivi was German Chancellor from March 1890 to October 1894.

## Biography
Born in Charlottenburg, Berlin to a family of Italian and Slovenian origin, Caprivi joined the army in 1849 and fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.

He liked Bismarck, and once said "What jackass would dare to succeed Bismarck?". Kaiser Wilhelm II was arguing with Bismarck about changes to the government. In February 1890 the Kaiser told Caprivi to come back to Berlin. Caprivi was told that he would take over from Bismarck if Bismarck did not do what the Kaiser wanted. Caprivi became chancellor on 18 March 1890.

Caprivi's government was friendlier to the Social Democrats and to the United Kingdom. The Zanzibar treaty of July 1890, meant Germany gave control of Zanzibar, an island near German East Africa to Britain in return for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea . Caprivi also got the Caprivi Strip added to German South West Africa. This is a narrow strip of land that links German South West Africa (now called Namibia), to the Zambezi River.

In 1892 Caprivi resigned as Prussian Minister President and was replaced by Count Botho zu Eulenburg. Prussia was so powerful in the German Empire that having different people as Imperial Chancellor and Minister President made it hard to govern the country. Caprivi and Eulenburg were dismissed in 1894 and Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst took both jobs.

## Other websites
* *Die Reden des Grafen von Caprivi im deutschen Reichstage, preussischen Landtage und besondern Anllasen* "Speeches of Count von Caprivi in the German Reichstag, Prissian Landtag, and other places" in German at google Books.
Hydrogen atom

A **hydrogen atom** is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen.

Its parts are a single negatively-charged electron that circles a single positively-charged nucleus of the hydrogen atom. The nucleus of hydrogen consists of only a single proton (in the case of hydrogen-1 or *protium*), *or* it may also include one or more neutrons (giving deuterium, tritium, and other isotopes). The electron is bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Hydrogen-1, also known as protium or "light hydrogen" is the main  of natural hydrogen.

## Related pages
*Hydrogen
*quantum mechanics

## References
*
Section 4.2 deals with the hydrogen atom specifically, but all of Chapter 4 is relevant.
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## Other websites
*Physics of hydrogen atom on Scienceworld
*Visualizing Atomic Orbitals
*Applet which allows viewing of all sorts of hydrogenic orbitals
*The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions, Probability Density "pictures"
*Basic Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom
Amateur

The word **amateur** is normally used to mean: somebody who does something (e.g. a job) without being paid for it.

The opposite of an amateur is a **professional**. He (or she) will expect to be paid a professional fee for the job.

The word “amateur” comes from a French word meaning: "lover of". An amateur is someone who does something (e.g. play the piano, football) because they enjoy doing it. They are not doing it in order to be paid. It is not how they earn money to live.

People often forget the real meaning of the word “amateur”.  It is often mistakenly used to mean: someone who is not good at something.  On the other hand, an amateur might be described as having done a very “professional” job, i.e. done it as well as someone who is paid.

Although one might expect a professional to be better than an amateur, this is not always the case. Someone might be a very good amateur pianist, possibly better than some professionals.

In some jobs it would be impossible for amateurs to be allowed to work. One cannot have amateur doctors or lawyers. In some areas, however, amateurs have been very useful in fields including computer programming and astronomy and birdwatching. Wikipedia, for example, is written by amateurs. 

## Sport 
In some sporting events, all players are professional or all are amateur. Many events mix professional and amateur participants. 

In some sports (e.g. tennis or football) in the past, amateurs and professionals would not compete against one another. This was not always because amateurs were thought to be not as good as professionals. In some countries, such as Great Britain in Victorian times, this was because of social class distinction. Amateur cricketers were rich gentlemen from the upper classes who did not want to associate with people from lower classes.  This attitude slowly changed during the 20th century.  

Until the 1970s most Olympic events were for amateurs. Athletes were disqualified if they received money for the event, or in some cases even if they had been paid for sporting events outside the Olympics.

## Related pages 
* Hobby
* Amateur radio
*Volunteering
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

**Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha** (Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel; 26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861) was the consort of the British monarch from 1840 until his death in 1861 as the husband of Queen Victoria.

## Biography 
### Early Life 
Albert was born as Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld on August 26, 1819, in Coburg, a small German principality in the German Confederation. He was the second son of Duke Franz Frederick Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duchess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. His father was a liberal and reform-minded ruler, and his mother was known for her social conscience and charitable activities.

### Education 
Albert's early education took place at the court of Saxe-Coburg, where he was tutored privately. He later attended the University of Bonn, where he studied law, political science, and the arts. His education was shaped by his father's progressive views and his own interests in politics and social reform.

### Childhood and family 
Albert's upbringing was influenced by his parents' progressive ideals. His father emphasized a well-rounded education, and Albert was taught many subjects including science, philosophy, and the arts. Albert had a close relationship with his older brother, Ernest, and his younger siblings. The family was supportive of his education and ambitions.

### Marriage 
Albert and then-Princess Victoria were first cousins, sharing a common lineage through their German royal families. They had known each other since childhood, but their relationship developed into a romantic one in the 1830s. Albert proposed to Victoria in 1839. Despite some initial reluctance from Victoria's advisors due to his German nationality and lack of political experience, the marriage went forward as planned. They were married on February 10, 1840, at the Chapel Royal, St. James’s Palace in London.

### Role as consort 
As Prince consort, Albert was not given formal political power but took an active role in advising Victoria. He was involved in domestic and foreign policy discussions and had a significant influence on various matters of state.

Albert was instrumental in organizing the Great Exhibition of 1851, which was a landmark event showcasing British industrial and cultural achievements. He was also involved in reforming the monarchy’s public image, aiming to make it more approachable and engaged with the public. Albert promoted educational reforms and was a patron of the arts and sciences. His contributions led to the establishment of institutions like the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Albert Hall.

### Illness and Death 
Albert’s health began to decline in the late 1850s. He suffered from a series of illnesses, including what was diagnosed as typhoid fever, but his health problems were compounded by stress and overwork. Albert's condition worsened significantly in late 1861. He passed away on December 14, 1861, at the age of 42, at Windsor Castle.

## Issue 
Albert and Victoria had nine children, whose marriages connected many European royal families. These children were:

## References
Protium

**Protium**, also called **hydrogen-1**, is the most common isotope of hydrogen. The atomic nucleus of protium has one proton and no neutrons. It is one of two stable isotopes that has more protons than neutrons (the other is helium-3).

Almost all (more than 99.9%) hydrogen atoms are protium. This means protium is the most common isotope in the universe.

## Sources
Noraduz cemetery

**Noraduz cemetery** () is a medieval cemetery with many ancient khachkars in the village of Noraduz, Gegharkunik marz near Gavar and Lake Sevan, 90 km north of Yerevan. Many tombstones in the cemetery show carved scenes of weddings and farm life.

## Khachkars
The oldest khachkars in the cemetery go back to the late 10th century. During the revival of the khachkar tradition in the 16-17th centuries many khachkars were built under the yoke of the Safavid Empire when oriental influences seeped into Armenian art. Three master carvers from this period carved khachkars in Noraduz, the most notable of whom was Kiram Kazmogh (1551-1610), his contemporaries were Arakel and Meliset.

## Folklore
A popular folktale involving the cemetery concerns the invading army of Tamerlane. According to one story the villagers placed helmets on top of the khachkars and leaned swords against them. From a distance the khachkars looked like armed soldiers holding a defensive position as a result of which Tamerlane’s army retreated.

## Related pages
*Khachkar

## Other websites 
*Noratus Cemetery at ArmeniaPedia.org
Württemberg-Hohenzollern

**Württemberg-Hohenzollern** was one of the original states of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its capital was Tübingen.

It was part of the French Zone of Occupation. After a referendum on 16 December 1951 it joined with Württemberg-Baden, which had been in the American Zone, and Baden which had also been in the French Zone, and formed the present state of Baden-Württemberg on 25 April 1952

After World War the Kingdom of Württemberg became the Free Peoples' State of Württemberg. After World War II the part of the Free Peoples' State of Württemberg and the old Principality of Hohenzollern were joined to make Württemberg-Hohenzollern. The name of the Royal family of Prussia was Hohenzollern because they came from this area. This is also why it was always part of Prussia until Prussia was abolished after World War II.

## List of heads of government 
# 1945 - 1947: Carlo Schmid (SPD)
# 1947 - 1948: Lorenz Bock (CDU)
# 1948 - 1952: Gebhard Müller (CDU)
Santa Bárbara de Samaná

The Dominican city of **Santa Bárbara de Samaná**, or simply **Samaná**, is the head municipality of the Samaná province, on the south coast of the peninsula of Samaná. The people from this city, and of the province, are called *samanés* or *samanense*, in Spanish.

## Name
Santa Bárbara de Samaná is named *Santa Bárbara* after the Queen Bárbara de Braganza, wife of King Ferdinand VI of Spain. Samaná was the Taíno name of the region.

## History
The city was founded in 1756 as Santa Bárbara de Samaná, by the Spanish governor Francisco Rubio y Peñaranda. This was during the period when the area of Santo Domingo was a Spanish colony. Its first European inhabitants were families from the Canary Islands.

When the Maritime District (an old division similar to a province) of Samaná was created in 1865, the city was elevated to the category of municipality.

## Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 33,196: 17,034 men and 16,162 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with  of rainfall, followed by October with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of  and the second is March with .

Samaná is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Administrative division
The municipality of Santa Bárbara de Samaná has 3 municipal districts:

## Gallery

File:Church-samana-dominican-republic.jpg|Samaná Catholic church
File:Harbor of Santa Barbara of Samaná.JPG|Harbor of Samaná
File:Playa Los Cayos.jpg|Los Cayos (The Cays) beach
File:Santa Barbara de Samana.jpg|Samaná from the Samaná Bay

## References