open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
United Malays National Organisation

The **United Malays National Organisation**' (*Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu*; short form UMNO or sometimes PEKEMBAR) is a large political group in Malaysia. It started in 1946 and is sometimes called Malaysia's "Grand Old Group." UMNO mostly speaks for Malays, the biggest group of people in Malaysia.

UMNO helped make the Barisan Nasional (BN) group, which, along with an older group, guided Malaysia from 1957 until 2018. During this time, every head of Malaysia's government was also the head of UMNO. After the 2018 vote, UMNO joined the government again because of a change in power in 2020 and later became the main group with Ismail Sabri Yaakob as head.

UMNO's work is to keep Malay interests and ideas. It aims to guard the Malay way of life and to help and grow the worship of Islam in Malaysia.

UMNO has had troubles lately with some heads charged with wrongdoing. For example, Najib Razak, a past head, was part of a money problem called the 1MDB scandal. This caused many in Malaysia to fear dishonesty in their government.

In 2018, UMNO chose Ahmad Zahid Hamidi as its new head after a vote against Khairy Jamaluddin and Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. Many people saw this vote as important for UMNO's future. Even with these troubles, UMNO is still an important part of Malaysian rule, speaking for the Malay people and taking part in big acts for the country.

## Related pages
*1987 United Malays National Organisation leadership election

## References
Binder (material)

*This refers to the material. For other uses see Binder (disambiguation)*.

A **binder** or **binding agent** is any material or substance that holds or draws other materials together to form a cohesive whole mechanically, chemically, by adhesion or cohesion.

More narrowly, binders are liquid or dough-like substances that harden by a chemical or physical process and bind fibres, filler powder and other particles added into it. Examples include glue, adhesive and thickening.

Examples of mechanical binders are bond stones in masonry and tie beams in timber framing.

## References
Club soda

]]
**Club soda** is a form of carbonated water manufactured in North America, commonly used as a base or mixer to create other drinks.
Andinobates opisthomelas

The **Andean poison frog** or **Andean poison-arrow frog** (*Andinobates opisthomelas*) is a frog.  It lives in  Peru and Ecuador.

## Home
This frog lives on the ground. People have seen it on dead leaves on the ground or near the bottoms of trees in forests on mountains. It can live in big forests or small pieces of forests where people have cut down the places in between.People have seen this frog between  530 and 2200 meters above sea level.

## Young
The female frog lays eggs on dead leaves on the ground. When the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the tadpoles on his back. He takes them to water. For example, he takes them to water in the leaves of bromeliad plants.

## Danger
This frog is in some danger of dying out because human beings change the places where it lives to make farms, make places to raise animals, and get wood to build with. Fires also burn down the frog's forests. Chemicals meant to kill insects that eat farm plants can also kill this frog. People also catch this frog to sell as a pet, even though this is a crime.

Some of the places this frog lives are protected parks, for example La Forzosa, Bosques de Isagen, and Bosques de EPM.

## References
SpongeBob SquarePants season 6

The sixth season of ***SpongeBob SquarePants*** premiered on March 3, 2008, with the episode "House Fancy". The season ended on July 5, 2010 with the airing of ""The Clash of Triton" and "Neptune's Party"". As in season five, the season DVDs were split into two volumes. The volume one DVD was released in region one on December 8, 2009 while the second was released on December 7, 2010. 26 episodes were produced this season.

## Episodes 

## Notes
## References
1981 in Malaysia

Events from the year **1981 in Malaysia**.

## Events
* 16 July – Mahathir Mohamad became the fourth Malaysian prime minister.
* 18 July – Musa Hitam was appointed Deputy Prime Minister.
* 9 August – Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang visited Malaysia and met with Mahathir.
1989 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting

The **1989 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting** was the 11th meeting of leaders from Commonwealth nations. It took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 18 October to 24 October 1989. The meeting was hosted by Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

It was debated imposing sanctions on South Africa. Many countries supported sanctions, but Britain, represented by Foreign Secretary John Major, disagreed. Britain believed sanctions might hurt poor South Africans more than the apartheid government. Tensions rose, and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher issued a rare second statement opposing sanctions, which was unusual for such meetings.

The Langkawi Declaration on the Environment was agreed upon and released at the CHOGM.

## References
Musa Mohamad

**Musa bin Mohamad** (29 November 1943 – 8 June 2024) was a Malaysian politician who served on the UMNO Supreme Council from 2000 to 2003.

Appointed as a Senator in 1999 by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, Mohamad later served as Minister of Education from 1999 to 2004 under Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi.

He died on 8 June 2024 at the age of 80 due to multiple myeloma.

## References
Perdana Putra

and Philippines President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo at the sixth-floor balcony of Perdana Putra, 7 August 2001]]
**Perdana Putra** in Putrajaya, Malaysia, houses the Prime Minister's office. Located on the main hill, it symbolizes Malaysia's federal government's executive branch.

The building combines Malay, Islamic, and European influences like Palladian and Neoclassical styles. It was designed by aQidea Architect, led by Ahmad Rozi Abd Wahab, inspired by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

## Related pages
* Putrajaya
* Malaysian Houses of Parliament

## References
U.S. Bicycle Route 87

**US Bicycle Route 87** is a U.S. Numbered Bicycle Route in Washington and Alaska.

It is planned to extend South along the West Coast to California.

As of 2017, the route is a total of 87 miles (140 km).
EuroGames

The EuroGames are sport event in Europe organized for gay, lesbian, trans and allies, that includes many (often 15-25) sports and related programs. Each year it is organized in different host city with  support of EGLSF (European Gay and Lesbian Sport Federation) that manages its continuity.  

The EuroGames is most often a long weekend event with opening ceremonies, some of the sport, social and cultural activities (as side program) also happening on the days before.

Similar to the Gay Games, EuroGames are a sports-for-all event, open for participation of people regardless of their gender, age, sexual identity or physical ability. Additionally it often included less prominent non-olympic sports and disciplines that are popular within LGBT+ communities like same-sex ballroom dance, line dance, cheerleading, aerobics, bodybuilding as well synchronised/artistic swimming with male participants.

In terms of scale EuroGames range from 1,5 to cca 4 thousands participants primarily from the West and South of Europe but also elsewhere (often Asian and American diasporic communities). Most often it has extra support (scholarships/subsidies) for less privileged participants.

## References
## Other websites 
*
* European Gay And Lesbian Sport Federation
* Archive of QueerSport.org - first European Gay And Lesbian Sports Guide
8000 (number)

**8000** (**eight thousand**) is the natural number after 7999 and before 8001.

## Roman Numerals
In Roman Numerals, 8000 is V with the line plus MMM.

## Factors of 8000
The factors of 8000 are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 64, 80, 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 320, 400, 500, 800, 1000, 1600, 2000, 4000 and 8000. 

## Multiples of 8000
The first 10 multiples of 8000 are:

8000 x 1 = 8000

8000 x 2 = 16000

8000 x 3 = 24000

8000 x 4 = 32000

8000 x 5 = 40000

8000 x 6 = 48000

8000 x 7 = 56000

8000 x 8 = 64000

8000 x 9 = 72000

8000 x 10 = 80000

## References
Niers

]]
The **Niers** is a river in Germany and the Netherlands. It is a right tributary of the Maas (Meuse). The river is  long.

The Niers flows through Mönchengladbach, Viersen, Wachtendonk, Geldern and Goch before flowing into the Maas near Gennep, Limburg (Netherlands).
Casino Royale (book)

**Casino Royale** is a book by Ian Fleming. It came out in 1953 and was the first James Bond book.

## Premise 
A British World War II veteran named James Bond works for the British Secret Intelligence Service and got the name 007 for killing a Japanese cipher in New York and a Soviet double agent in Norway. A German Jewish Communist who calls himself Le Chiffre spent the money the SMERSH gave him on pimping in France but then the French government made it illegal. So Le Chiffre tries to win it back by playing Baccarat at a casino called The Casino Royale. Since James Bond is good at Baccarat and Blackjack and Roulette, the SIS sends him to the Casino Royale to bankrupt Le Chiffre.

## Story 
Two Bulgarians working for Le Chiffre try to kill Bond but accidentally kill themselves. A CIA agent named Felix Leiter and an SIS agent named Vesper Lynd assist Bond. After Bond beats Le Chiffre, Le Chiffre kidnaps Vesper. When Bond tries to rescue her, he gets captured. Le Chiffre has Bond stripped naked and repeatedly hits him in the genitals with a carpetbeater to get him to say where he put the money he won. A SMERSH agent kills Le Chiffre for wasting Soviet money but doesn’t kill Bond since he wasn’t ordered to kill Bond. Instead, he cuts the first letter in the Russian word for spy into Bond’s hand and leaves.

When Bond gets better, he starts dating Vesper and wants to marry her even though she keeps secrets from him and gets paranoid about being followed. She then kills herself and leaves Bond a letter explaining that she was in love with a man from Poland and started to work as a spy for the Soviets when SMERSH said that they would kill him if she didn’t and was actually a double agent all along. But then she fell in love with Bond and wanted to leave only for SMERSH to follow her. 

Bond gets angry and wants to kill everyone in SMERSH. Bond calls the SIS and tells them that Vesper was working for the enemy. Bond then says “yes, I said was. The bitch is dead.”

## Sequel 
Ian Fleming wrote a sequel called Live and Let Die.
Trémouille-Saint-Loup

**Trémouille-Saint-Loup** is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Puy-de-Dôme department in central France.

## References
The Tripods

***The Tripods*** is a series of young adult science fiction novels by Samuel Youd, written under the pen name John Christopher. The series takes place on an alternate Earth in which humans are enslaved by "Tripods" - large three-legged walking machines piloted by unseen aliens called the "Masters." The first three books follow an unenslaved young English boy who joins a resistance group to fight against and overthrow the Tripods' rule. The prequel, however, follows another English boy who witnesses the arrival of the very first Tripods.

## Books 
# *The White Mountains*
# *The City of Gold and Lead*
# *The Pool of Fire*
# *When the Tripods Came* (prequel)
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Cuba

The **Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Cuba** (**Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces**) are the Cuban military armed forces. 

They are Latin America's most equipped military and most experienced of the hispanic region. 

They were established on December of 1961 during the consolidation of the Cuban Revolution.
Interstate 277 (North Carolina)

**Interstate&nbsp;277** (**I-277**) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway in the US state of North Carolina. It bypasses  around Uptown Charlotte.

## References
Wachtendonk

**Wachtendonk** is a municipality in Kleve in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Slovenia women's national football team

The '''Slovenia women's national football team''' is the national women's association football team of Slovenia.

## References
Corticobasal degeneration

**Corticobasal degeneration** (**CBD**)  is a rare neurodegenerative disease that affects the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. 

CBD symptoms start in people from 50 to 70 years of age. Some of the symptoms are similar to that of Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and dementia with Lewy bodies.

## References
Liechtenstein Football Association

The **Liechtenstein Football Association** (**LFV**) () is the governing body of football in Liechtenstein. It was founded on 28 April 1934. In 1974, they became part of FIFA and UEFA. The association organizes the Liechtenstein national football team and the Liechtenstein Football Cup.

## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Liechtenstein at FIFA site
* Liechtenstein at UEFA site
Fry's Food and Drug

'''Fry's Food and Drug''' is an American Kroger-owned supermarket chain. It was founded in 1954 in California by American businessman Donald Fry.

In 1972, Fry's was purchased by Kansan grocery store chain Dillons, which was then purchased by Kroger in 1983.

It mainly serves Arizona, with 123 locations statewide. 

It currently has 22,000 employees.

## References
Interstate 540 (North Carolina)

**Interstate&nbsp;540** (**I-540**) and **North Carolina Highway&nbsp;540** (**NC&nbsp;540**) are part of a partially completed beltway around the city of Raleigh in the US state of North Carolina, forming the **Raleigh Outer Loop**. When complete, the route will form the loop the city, meeting its parent route of I-40 in two locations. And NC-540 is a tollway road while I-540 is a freeway road.

## References
Bad Lippspringe

**Bad Lippspringe** is a town in Paderborn in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 16,000 people live there.

Bad Lippspringe is on the western slope of the Teutoburg Forest and about  northeast of Paderborn. The river Lippe has its source in Bad Lippspringe. The town is known for its spa, many hospitals. There are three parks in Bad Lippspringe: *Arminiuspark*, *Jordanpark* and *Kaiser-Karls-Park*. The beautiful gardening show took place from 12 April to 15 October 2017. It was first mentioned in 780.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
List of Wikipedia mobile applications

## Official apps 
### Wikimedia Foundation 
Wikipedia apps from the Wikimedia Foundation are called "Wikipedia".

#### Android 
The Android app allows editing articles directly from the app. It is available on Play Store, Galaxy Store, Aptoide, Cafe Bazaar, F-Droid, and GetJar.

#### iOS 
The iOS app also provides a read and write version of Wikipedia, similar to the . It allows users to share an article via Facebook and other social websites. It also allows users to find geotagged articles near their current location. It does not allow users to see categories or see the normal desktop version.

#### Windows 
The Metro-style app provides a read-only version of Wikipedia, similar to the mobile web version. The app when used in Windows RT is incapable of showing moving pictures.

### Kiwix 
Kiwix has developed a number of offline apps based on Wikipedia content.

## References
Myriam Spiteri Debono

**Myriam Spiteri Debono** (born 25 October 1952) is a Maltese politician who is the 11th and current President of Malta since 2024. She is the first Gozitan woman to be elected to the position. 

She was also the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta from 1996 to 1998, and the first woman to hold the position.

## Early life
Spiteri Debono was born in Victoria, Gozo. She studied at the University of Malta, where she studied English Literature and Linguistics. She founded the Socialist Students Union.

## Presidency
On 21 March 2024, Spiteri Debono was seen as the front-runner to be appointed President of the Republic of Malta. Malta's House of Representatives voted unanimously to elect Spiteri Debono as Malta’s 11th President on 27 March 2024, becoming the first president to be elected using the new constitutional reforms of 2020. 

## Personal life
Spiteri Debono is a technophobe and owns a flip phone while liking to have her letters read to and responded by an assistant, leaving emails about her duties to an email address in her husband's name.

## Notes
## References
Shayrat Airbase

**Shayrat Airbase**  is base to the Syrian Air Force 50th Air Brigade located in Homs. It has two runways and around 40 hardened aircraft shelters.
Ivory Coast national under-17 football team

The **Ivory Coast national under-17 football team** represents Ivory Coast in youth international football completions. They have attended the FIFA U-17 World Cup five times with its best placing being third place in 1987.

## Tournament Records
### FIFA U-16 and U-17 World Cup record 
### CAF U-17 Championship record 
### CAF U-16 and U-17 World Cup Qualifiers record 
**Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.*

## References
National Cadet Corps (Singapore)

The **National Cadet Corps** (**NCC**) is a military cadet corps youth organisation supported by the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Education in Singapore.

As of 2020, it had a total strength of more than 11,000 members, consisting of officers, cadet officers, and cadets, amongst others. The Corps is represented in 125 secondary schools with a total of 146 units – 108 Land units, 20 Air units and 18 Sea units.

It is one of the country's oldest youth organisations, formed in 1901.

## History
The NCC has its beginnings to the Raffles Institution Cadet Corps, as well as its rival Saint Joseph's Institution Cadet Corps the first military cadet school organizations built in 1901 and 1906 respectively during these early days as a British colony. Originally attached to British Armed Forces units placed in the island and later on the Malaysian Armed Forces, the current tri-service character of the Corps dates from 1969, when the NCC was made as the country's only military cadet organization when the then separate cadet forces attached to the young SAF were combined into one national organization.

On May 30, 2001, the NCC HQ was opened at Amoy Quee Camp in an effort to move Headquarters NCC and its Land District Headquarters from Haig Road, Springleaf and Jalan Teck Whye Camps as part of the Corps Centennial.

In 2021, the NCC celebrated its 120th anniversary.

## References
Philippine Standard Time

**Philippine Standard Time** (PHST; Filipino: Pamantayang Oras ng Pilipinas) is the time zone used in the Philippines. It is 8 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+8). The time zone is the same all year round because the Philippines does not observe Daylight Saving Time.

## Location and time zone
The Philippines is located between 116°53′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is in the UTC+08:00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is managed by PAGASA. The Philippines has the same time zone as China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore, Western Australia, Brunei, parts of Russia, Indonesia, and Mongolia. (Except the western part, because they use UTC+07:00.)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official time in the Philippines (widget)
* Time in the Philippines Now
* Time.is Philippines
* Time zone in the Philippines
* World Time Zone Abbreviations, Description and UTC Offset
2024 Copa América final

The **2024 Copa América final** was an international soccer game to decide the winners of the 2024 Copa América. The game was played at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida, on July 14, 2024. The start of the game was delayed by over an hour and twenty minutes because of too many people and other problems near the stadium.

Defending champion Argentina beat Colombia 1–0 after extra time to win its 16th Copa América title, which is a record. This was Argentina's 30th final, adding to its record, and Colombia's third Copa América final. Before the game, Argentina had won 15 titles out of 29 finals, and Colombia's last final win was in 2001. It was also Argentina's third major tournament win in a row, after winning the 2021 Copa América and the 2022 FIFA World Cup, a streak previously achieved only by Spain (2008, 2010, and 2012) and Argentina itself (1945, 1946, and 1947).

## Road to the final 
Colombia's journey to the final was filled with strong performances and exciting matches. They started by beating Paraguay 2-1 in a close game, and then they showed their strength with a big 3-0 win against Costa Rica. Their match against Brazil ended in a 1-1 draw, showing they could hold their own against tough opponents. In the quarterfinals, Colombia dominated Panama with a 5-0 victory, and they secured their spot in the final by defeating Uruguay 1-0 in a tight semifinal match.

Argentina's path to the final was also impressive. They began with a solid 2-0 win over Canada, followed by a narrow 1-0 victory against Chile. They continued their winning streak by beating Peru 2-0. The quarterfinals saw them face a challenging match against Ecuador, which ended in a 1-1 draw after extra time, but Argentina won 4-2 in the penalty shootout. In the semifinals, they faced Canada again and won 2-0, securing their place in the final. Both teams showed great skill and determination to reach the final, promising an exciting showdown.

## Entertainment 
Before the final, Colombian singer Karol G and Argentine singer Abel Pintos sang their respective national anthems. During the halftime show, Shakira performed four songs with backup dancers and robots. This performance extended halftime from the traditional 15 minutes to 26 minutes, which drew criticism from Colombia's coach, Néstor Lorenzo.

## Match 
### Details 

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|}

## References
Uruguayan Football Association

The **Uruguayan Football Association** ( — ) is the governing body of football in Uruguay. It was founded in 1900.

## References
Polish Football Association

The **Polish Football Association** (**PZPN**) is the governing body of football in Poland. It was established on December 20, 1919.

## History 
The Polish Football Association was founded in 1919. It joined FIFA in 1923 and became a member of UEFA in 1954.

## Headquarters 
The headquarters of PZPN are located at Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 street 7, Warsaw, Poland.

## Governance 
The current president of PZPN is Cezary Kulesza. The general secretary is Łukasz Wachowski.

## Activities 
PZPN organizes the Polish national football teams, including the men's and women's teams. It also oversees domestic football competitions, such as the Ekstraklasa (top professional league), the Polish Cup, and lower leagues.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Polish Football Association
* Poland at FIFA site
* Poland at UEFA site
CompUSA

**CompUSA** was a computer retailer headquartered in Dallas, Texas. It was founded in 1984 as Soft Warehouse. At their height they operated approximately 230 locations. They closed 126 stores in 2007.  They closed another 103 stores in March 2008. It was owned by Systemax from 2008-2012. They ceased CompUSA physical operations in November 2012. The 2012 locations operated as TigerDirect from 2012-2015. 

## Related pages
*The Good Guys!
*Circuit City
*Egghead Software
*Fry's Electronics
*Micro Center
*Tower Records

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Snakehead

**Snakehead** may refer to:

* Snakehead (band), (also known as K-Much) a South Korean boy band formed in 2014 by Chrome Entertainment.
* Snakehead (gang), a type of Chinese gang which is involved in people smuggling
* Snakehead (fish), a family of fish known by their family name Channidae
* *Snakehead* (novel), the seventh book in the *Alex Rider* series, written by Anthony Horowitz about Alex’s infiltration of a snakehead gang, working for ASIS (Australian Secret Intelligence Service) 
* *Snakeheads* (movie), a 2001 movie directed by Clarence Fok
* *Snakehead* (movie), a 2021 movie directed by Evan Jackson Leong
* Snakehead, a pejorative term for the Goa'uld in the fictional universe of *Stargate SG-1*
* "Snakehead" (*Fringe*), a 2009 episode of the television series *Fringe*
Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit

***Mario Kart Live: Home Circuit*** is a kart racing augmented reality video game. It was published by Nintendo and was developed by Velan Studios. It is the fifteenth game in the *Mario Kart* series.

It was released on October 16, 2020 for the Nintendo Switch.

To play the game, players use the Nintendo Switch to control a physical radio-controlled car of Mario in a kart racer with a camera attached to it. They can then race the car against either three other players or AI around a track on the Switch screen. Players are also able to make their own custom tracks in the game.

## Reception
The game recieved average and positive reviews by game critics. Critics said that they liked that the game felt like a new and fresh game in the *Mario Kart* series. They also liked the customization, track building feature, and was simple to set up. However, critics also felt that the Grand Prix felt repetitive, the AI was not good, and a lot of maintenance had to be done to repair the RC car.

## References
Luxembourg Football Federation

The **Luxembourg Football Federation** (; , **FLF**; ) is the governing body of football in Luxembourg. The association organizes the Luxembourg national football team and the Luxembourg Football League. It is based in Mondercange.

The current president is Paul Philipp, since 2004.

The association was founded on 22 November 1908. In 1910, it became a member of FIFA. In 1954, it became a member of UEFA.

## Other websites 
* Luxembourg Football Federation official website
* Luxembourg at FIFA site
* Luxembourg at UEFA site
Magnificat (Bach)

with the first six bars of the first movement]]
**Magnificat** is a work by Johann Sebastian Bach, that uses the text of the  Latin Magnificat. There are two different versions. They are referenced as BWV 243 and BWV 243a.  The first version (BWV 243a) is in  E-flat major. It was first performed in 1723.  The second version is in  D major . Bach created this version between 1732 and 1735, most likely in 1733. Today, the version in D major is played more often. 

The work is for choir and orchestra. There are the standard voices soprano, alto, tenor and bass. At times, the soprano voice is split in two. There are five soloists.
Ich habe genug, BWV 82

'*** (English: "I have enough" or "I am content"), ***', is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was originally written for a solo bass, and orchestra. Later, a version for solo soprano and orchestra was made. The version for bass is known as BWV 82, that for soprano is BWV 82a. He wrote the version for bass in 1727. The version for soprano was likely written in 1731.

The opening aria and so-called "slumber aria" are regarded as some of the most inspired creations of Bach.
 

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Ich habe genug, BWV 82: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
* BWV 82 – "Ich habe genug": English translation, Emmanuel Music
* Ich habe genug, BWV 82: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
* BWV 82 Ich habe genug: English translation, University of Vermont
* BWV 82 Ich habe genug: text, scoring, University of Alberta
Tô Lâm

**Tô Lâm** (born 10 July 1957) is a Vietnamese politician and police officer. In 2024, he became the 13th President of Vietnam. He was Minister of Public Security from April 2016 until May 2024. He is a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

Served as **Deputy Minister** (2010–2016) and then **Minister of Public Security** (2016–2024), overseeing national policing and internal security. 

In July 2024, following the death of Nguyễn Phú Trọng, Tô became the acting General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam. On 3 August 2024, he was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam and Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam at the 13th Central Committee, making him the top leader of Vietnam.

As **General Secretary**, Tô Lâm leads the Communist Party, which controls the state and government. The position places him at the top of Vietnam’s political hierarchy, guiding national policy, party leadership, and state direction.

## References
Inauguration of James Buchanan

The **inauguration of James Buchanan** as the 15th president of the United States happened on March 4, 1857. It was the start of the only term of James Buchanan as president and John C. Breckinridge as vice president.

A public ceremony was held at the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. This was the 18th presidential inauguration, and was the first one known to be photographed.

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney administered the presidential oath of office. 

In his inaugural address, President Buchanan spoke on the issue of slavery. He supported the Kansas–Nebraska Act, but did not have a strong position on slavery. He said he would accept the Supreme Court's decision in *Dred Scott v. Sandford*. Buchanan also talked about the economy and his plans for it, such as making the Navy bigger. 

Buchanan talked about the expansion of the United States, saying that territories and hold holdings were peacefully taken, and enjoyed increased economic trade and prosperity due to America's influence.

During the ceremony, Buchanan was seen quietly talking with Chief Justice Roger Taney. This, along with the president mentioning the *Dred Scott v. Sanford* decision in his speech, made supporters of the Republican Party suspicious. They believed the two men may have had improper discussions before the court's decision, which was seen as breaking the separation between the executive and judicial branches. The conversations did indeed happen, but through letters exchanged between Buchanan and Supreme Court Justice John Catron in February. 

## References
## Other websites
*More documents from the *Library of Congress*
*20th Presidential Inauguration (Buchanan) from Our Campaigns
*Text of Buchanan's Inaugural Address
Taldom

**Taldom** () is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located 110 kilometers (68 miles) north of Moscow. The 2010 Russian Census says their are 13,819 people in the town.

## Population 
In 2010, 13,819 people populated the area. In 2025, the town population counted approximately 16,940 inhabitants. Since the Soviet Union, the settlement's populace has been slowly growing.

## Culture and history 
Taldom is characterized by its artisanal shoemaking practice. It was founded after the Middle Ages, in 1677. The town's flag features a white crane holding a golden wheat stalk in its beak. This element of the banner symbolizes prosperity and Russian wildlife. The town consists of many churches and chapels.
 

## Area and geography 
Its area surface is measured to be 7 square kilometres, equal to approximately 2,7 square miles. It is located in west-central Russia, near Yaroslavl (Russian: Ярославль) and Tver (Russian: Тверь). Usually, the temperature varies from -12.2°C or 10°F to 23.9°C or 75°F. Like most of Russia, Taldom's climate is continental. Common precipitation includes snow, hail and rain. Winters are tough and long.
Excidobates captivus

The **Rio Santiago poison frog** (*Excidobates captivus*) is a frog.  It lives in  Peru and Ecuador.

## Body
The adult frog is about 15-17 mm long from nose to rear end.  The skin of the frog's back is black with red-orange spots or other marks. It also has yellow spots where all four legs meet the body. The belly is black with yellow spots.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives in forests near streams with *Heliconia* plants growing nearby. It lives in forests that are not too high up in the mountains. People have seen this frog between 177 and 800 meters above sea level.

## Young
Scientists have seen male frogs carrying tadpoles on their backs. The tadpoles are black in color. Their bellies are black and look like metal. The fins are clear.

The male frog calls to the female frogs from far away.  When the female comes to him, he calls a different call. Then he leads her to a good place to lay eggs. She lays the eggs on the dead leaves on the ground. The male frog takes care of the eggs after the female lays them. He makes sure they do not become too dry. The eggs hatch into tadpoles after 14 days. Then the male frog carries the tadpoles to pools of water in streams.

Young frogs are dark brown or black in color with two yellow stripes.

## Danger
Between 1929 and 2006, scientists did not see this frog. The two groups of Indigenous peoples who live in the same place as the frog were fighting each other, so other people did not go there.

Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out because people change the places where the frog lives to make farms, build roads, and do other things.

People dig for gold near where the frog lives, but scientists do not know if this hurts the frog or not.

## References
Blayney, New South Wales

**Blayney** is a town in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. In 2021, 2,997 people lived there. It is the seat of the Blayney Shire Council. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## References
Good Guys (American retailer)

**The Good Guys, Inc.** was a retailer of consumer electronics stores in the West Coast of the United States. At their height they operated 71 stores in California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington. In 2003, The Good Guys was bought out by CompUSA. In 2005-2006, all of their locations closed. 

## References
Victoria Starmer

**Victoria, Lady Starmer** ( **Alexander**; born 1973 or 1974) is the wife of Keir Starmer, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. She worked as a solicitor and now works for the National Health Service (NHS) as an occupational health worker.

Even though she studied to be a lawyer, she stopped practising law and began working for the NHS.

Alexander met Keir Starmer, then a senior barrister with Doughty Street Chambers, while working on the same case. They got engaged in 2004 and married on 6 May 2007.

The couple have two children: a son (born 2008) and a daughter (born 2010).

## References
Snakehead (Fringe)

In the *Fringe* TV series, the term “**Snakehead**” refers to an episode in the second season. In this episode, the Fringe team investigates a series of deaths caused by large parasitic worms coming out of people’s mouths. The case leads them to a Chinese gang involved in a black market for medicinal drugs. The story explores themes of self-improvement and healing, as immigrants swallow mysterious capsules in hopes of easing their transition to a better life.

## References
Reign of Charles III

The **Reign of Charles III** as the 45th Monarch and Head of the Commonwealth began with his coronation on 8 September 2022Charles III is head of state of 15 Commonwealth realms and has had 21 prime ministers throughout his reign. Within the Westminster system in each realm, the King's government is headed by a prime minister. Appointment and dismissal of prime ministers are common reserve powers that can be exercised by the King or his governors-general.  Charles has appointed seven new prime ministers, the first being Rishi Sunak as Prime Minister and the most recent being Sir Keir Starmer 

## Coronation 
The coronation of Charles III and his wife, Camilla, as king and queen and the other Commonwealth realms, took place on 6 May 2023 at Westminster Abbey. Charles acceded to the throne on 8 September 2022 upon the death of his mother, Elizabeth II. It was the first coronation held since Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953 

## List of Prime Ministers 
* Liz Truss (2022)
* Rishi Sunak (2022–24)
* Keir Starmer

## References
Snakehead (movie)

***Snakehead*** is a 2021 American crime drama action-thriller movie directed by Evan Jackson Leong. The movie stars Shuya Chang, Jade Wu, and Sung Kang. It happens around a Chinese immigrant who becomes stuck in an international crime ring of human smuggling while trying to create a better life for her family.

## References
Snakehead (novel)

***Snakehead*** is the seventh novel in the Alex Rider series, written by British author Anthony Horowitz. In this novel, the teenaged MI6 agent, Alex Rider, crash-lands off the coast of Australia. The Australian Secret Service hires him to get into one of the ruthless gangs operating across Southeast Asia, known as snakeheads. These gangs smuggle drugs, weapons, and people.

## References
Snakehead (band)

**K-Much**, also known as **Snakehead**, was a South Korean boy band formed in 2014 by Chrome Entertainment.

## Popular songs 
* "Good to Go"
* "December 24"
* "What Should I Do"
* "Don't Know"
* "Why Are You Being Like This"

## Other websites
Stephan Helm

**Stephan Helm** (born April 10, 1983) is a former Austrian football player and now coach.

## Career 
Helm began his career at UFC Pamhagen. For the 2004/05 season he moved for two seasons to FC Mönchhof. For the 2006/07 season he joined the fourth-rate UFC Purbach. For the 2007/08 season he moved to the third-class amateurs of the Bundesliga club SV Mattersburg. In the 2008/09 season he played 26 games for Mattersburg II in the Regionalliga East. For the 2009/10 season he moved to SC-ESV Parndorf 1919. In two seasons in Parndorf he made 35 league appearances and also played ten times for the Parndorf second team in the Burgenland League.

For the 2011/12 season, Helm returned to Purbach, which was now only in fifth class. With Purbach he was promoted back to the Burgenland League at the end of the 2011/12 season. For the 2013/14 season he moved to 1. SC Sollenau.  For the 2015/16 season he moved back to Burgenland to league rivals SC Neusiedl am See. In January 2016 he returned to the sixth-rate UFC Pamhagen, where he had once started his career. During the 2017/18 winter break, he ended his playing career.

## Manager career 
Helm became coach at UFC Pamhagen in May 2010 till November 2010. In January 2016 he took over Pamhagen as coach for a second time.  This time he was also an active player for the club. In January 2018 he moved to the Bundesliga club FK Austria Wien. There he worked as a video analyst under Thorsten Fink and Thomas Letsch.  For the 2018/19 season, Fink brought him to the Grasshopper Club Zurich in Switzerland as a video analyst.  From the 2019/20 season he also became the coach of Zurich's fourth-class U-21 team. 

He returned to Austria for the 2020/21 season and became Dominik Thalhammer's assistant coach at LASK. For the 2021/22 season he took over as head coach of the second division team SKN St. Pölten. In October 2023, the club parted with Helm. After a break of a few months, Helm took over the third-class amateurs from Austria Wien in February 2024.   For the 2024/25 season he became the successor to Michael Wimmer as head coach of the first team. 

## References
Anklam

**Anklam** is a town in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. About 12,000 people live there. It is on the river Peene. Anklam was the capital of Ostvorpommern. Since September 2011, it became part of Vorpommern-Greifswald.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Demenzsee

**Demenzsee** is a lake in Vorpommern-Greifswald in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The elevation is 49&nbsp;m. Its surface area is 0.18&nbsp;km².
Reign of George VI

The **Reign of George VI** as the 43th Monarch and 1st Head of the Commonwealth began with his inauguration on 11 December 1936 and ended on 6 February 1952 The future George VI was born during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria; he was named Albert at birth after his great-grandfather Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and was known as "Bertie" to his family and close friends. His father ascended the throne as George V in 1910. As the second son of the king, Albert was not expected to inherit the throne 

## Coronation 
The coronation of George VI and his wife, Elizabeth, as king and queen and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, Emperor and Empress consort of India took place at Westminster Abbey, London, on 12 May 1937. George VI ascended the throne upon the abdication of his brother, Edward VIII, on 11 December 1936, three days before his 41st birthday. Edward's coronation had been planned for 12 May and it was decided to continue with his brother and sister-in-law's coronation on the same date. 

## List of Prime Ministers 
* Stanley Baldwin (1935–1937)
* Neville Chamberlain (1937–1940)
* Winston Churchill (first term, 1940–1945)
* Clement Attlee (1945–1951)
* Winston Churchill (second term, 1951–1952)

## References
Boon Lay MRT station

**Boon Lay MRT station** is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East West line (EWL) in Jurong West, Singapore.

At first it was announced as **Jurong West MRT station**, the station was stopped before the decision was reversed in August 1987. The EWL station opened on 6 July 1990 and was the last station to be completed on the initial MRT network.
Edmond Noel

** Edmond Noel** was an American Democratic Party politician who served as governor of Mississippi from January the 21st 1908 to January the 16th 1912. Before becoming governor, Noel previously served as a state senator, a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, and as a district attorney. Also, before becoming a politician, he practiced law.

Noel’s time as governor was notably progressive, with a wide range of social reforms carried out during his tenure. Various labor laws were adopted, along with a pure food law. Appropriations were also provided for the building of a state charity hospital in Jackson. In addition, according to one study, the state Board of Health “expanded its objectives from controlling to preventing epidemics and communicable diseases.” Various forms of aid were also provided to farmers, while other legislation provided for free transportation of students to and from school.

## References
Queen Camilla (disambiguation)

**Queen Camilla** (born 1947) is Queen of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms as the wife of King Charles&nbsp;III.

**Queen Camilla** may also refer to:
* *Queen Camilla* (novel), a 2006 novel by Sue Townsend
* Camilla (mythology), a character in Virgil's *Aeneid*
Earl L. Brewer

**Earl L. Brewer** was an American Democratic party politician who served as governor of Mississippi from January the 16th 1912 to January the 18th 1916. Before he became governor, Brewer had his own law practice. He also served as a state senator and district attorney. 

A number of social reforms were adopted during Brewer’s time as governor. Brewer asked the legislature for over 100 reform measures, and a large number of these were realised. Agricultural high schools were established, while under Brewer’s urging unpaid lumber workers were given a lien on the assets of mills and companies that closed. In addition, it was made illegal for workers to be blacklisted by companies due to union activity. Other measures included additional labor laws such as a strengthened child labor law, a Bureau of Vital Statistics to register births and deaths, and a Board of Nurse Examiners. A state Banking Department was also established. Part of the aim of this was to guarantee deposits. 

## References
Readjuster Party

The **Readjuster Party** was a reformist political party from the state of Virginia. It was responsible for several reforms during the late Nineteenth Century such as increased taxes on corporations, reduced tax rates for farmers, the establishment of mechanics’ liens and labor unions, and improved public education.

## References
James K. Vardaman

**James K. Vardaman** was an American Democratic Party politician who served in different political functions, including that of governor of Mississippi from January the 19th 1904 to January the 21st 1908. Prior to his entry into politics, Vardaman practiced law and also became involved in the newspaper business.

A wide range of social reforms were carried out during Vardaman's time as governor. According to one study, this included measures such as the adoption of a law reducing the legal rate of interest from 10% to 8% and laws governing life insurance companies. State regulation of utilities, banks and railroads was also increased. Increases were made in common-school appropriations by almost 20% while teacher’s salaries went up by almost 30.% Educational provision was also made for those classed as deaf or dumb. A uniform text book law was adopted, giving the same books in all of the schools throughout Mississippi. This saved people a lot of money in purchasing school books for their children. At a hospital for those classed as insane, the first open air hospital for treating TB in the South was built. A state home was also set up to care for old and indigent Confederate veterans. Laws aimed at improving public health and sanitation were also introduced. A Department of Agriculture was set up in 1906 which, according to one study, “was especially important, given the recent appearance of the boll weevil in the state. State and federal scientists working together would help the state’s cotton farmers cope with this new crisis.” Banks were also required to submit competitive interest-rate bids for deposits of state revenue, and the practice of letting private landowners use convicts from state prisons as free labor was ended. 

While serving as senator in Congress, Vardaman supported various progressive measures.

Many of Vardaman's successors would continue his reform agenda. 

Less progressive  was Vardaman’s views on race. Vardaman believed that African-Americans were inherently inferior and indolent. He was also opposed to the 14th and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution. These extended citizenship rights to African-Americans. Vardaman also opposed the appointment of a black postmaster in the state, along with an invitation of Booker T. Washington to the White House.

## References
Neusiedl am See

**Neusiedl am See** () is a town in the Austrian state of Burgenland. It is the capital of the Neusiedl am See District.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Andau

**Andau** () is a municipality in Neusiedl am See in the Austrian state of Burgenland. It is near the border with Hungary.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ludwigshofer See

**Ludwigshofer See** is a lake in Vorpommern-Greifswald in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The elevation is 2.8&nbsp;m. Its surface area is 0.18&nbsp;km².
Krapkowice

**Krapkowice** () is a town in the Opole Voivodeship in southern Poland. About 15,000 people live there. Its area is 20.91&nbsp;km². It is on the Oder River.
Bytom Odrzański

**Bytom Odrzański** () is a town in the Lubusz Voivodeship in western Poland. About 4,000 people live there. Its area is about 10&nbsp;km². It is on the Oder River.

## Other websites 
* Official town website
Marson

**Marson** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Marne department
Pezinok

**Pezinok** (in the local dialect *Pezinek*; ; ; ) is a town in the Bratislava Region in southwestern Slovakia. It is about  northeast of Bratislava, the nation's capital. About 24,000 people live there.

Pezinok is at the foot of the Little Carpathians. The economy of Pezinok is mainly based on viticulture and agriculture as well as from brick making and ceramics production.

The Little Carpathians Museum (*Malokarpatské múzeum*) is in Pezinok.

## Population 
### Ethnic composition 
### Religion 
## Twin towns 
Pezinok is twinned with:
*  Neusiedl am See, Austria
*  Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
*  Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic
*  Kyjov, Czech Republic
*  Izola, Slovenia

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Daraa

**Daraa** () is a city in southwestern Syria. It is about  north of the border with Jordan. It is the capital of Daraa Governorate. Daraa had a population of 97,969 in 2004. The people of Daraa are mainly Sunni Muslim.

The city dates back to the Canaanites. It was mentioned in Egyptian hieroglyphs at the time of the Pharaoh Thutmose III between 1490 and 1436 BC. It was known called as **Atharaa**. It was later mentioned in the Old Testament as **Edrei**. In 614, the city was sacked by the Sassanid Persians.

On 25 April 2011, the Syrian military launched a large operation in Daraa on protesters. More than 1,000 people were arrested and more than 244 people were killed.

## References