Urdu

**Urdu** is an Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan and India. Most people in Pakistan speak it as a lingua franca. In India, it is spoken in northern India including Delhi, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh. Despite a few differences, the words in Hindi are very similar to Urdu and these languages are known together as Hindustani. Though the way it is written, is different from how Hindi is written. People who speak Hindi and Urdu may be able to able to understand or express the meaning of one of these two scripts in any order.

## History
Hindustani language developed from the Khariboli dialect that was spoken in the Delhi area.

From Delhi it spread to other northern regions of India, where it became a standard way of interacting, like Lucknow and Hyderabad. Over the course of time, the language has been referred to in numerous ways.

Native poets from these cities and the surrounding areas helped improve it by adding many Persian and Chagatai words to it. They added Arabic words in the language that already existed from Persian.

During the Delhi Sultanate, the language continued to change.

The 'Mughal Empire' was a distinct Muslim empire of Turkic origin, with primary language Chagatai and secondary language Persian. But they did not have any signs that they were from Iran or the Persian region. 

At that time, the royal camps' dialect was known as *Zaban-i-Ordu*.

It is said that the late eighteenth-century AD poet Ghulam Mashafi bestowed upon it the designation “Urdu”, which was shortened from “Zaban-i-Urdu.”

The name "Urdu" originated from Chagatai. Chagatai was part of the same Turkic family, like Uzbek and Uyghur languages.

In its own indigenous translation, it was a *Lashkari Zaban* and *Lashkari* for short.

It eventually became the first language of many people in North India.

After the end of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, it was selected as the national language of Pakistan for the people of the country because they spoke different languages and dialects.

In India, Hindustani written in the Devanagari script or Hindi was chosen as the national language. It also used a lesser amount of Arabic, Persian, and Chagatai words and instead, Sanskrit words were adopted in their place.

Today, it is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan in terms of total speakers and a registered language in 22 Indian states.

## Relations to Persian 
### Differences 
The letters in Urdu are derived from the Persian alphabet, which is derived from the Arabic alphabet. The additional letters that are found in Urdu include ٹ ,ڈ ,ڑ (ṫ, ḋ, ṙ). To make the alphabet more enriched, two letters were created for the sounds ه (h) and ی (y). By adding these letters to the existing Persian letters, the Urdu alphabet became more suitable for the people of North India, who primarily use nastaliq script.

### Similarities 
Urdu is written right to left like Persian. Urdu is also written in the Nastaliq style of Persian calligraphy. Nastaliq style is a cursive script invented by Mir Ali of Tabriz, a very famous calligrapher during the Timurid period (1402–1502).

## Levels of formality 
### Informal 
Urdu in its less formalized register has been called a *rekhta* (ریخِتْہ,), meaning "rough mixture". The more formal register of Urdu is sometimes called ''zabān-e-Urdu-e-mo'alla* (زَبَّانُ ارْدُو مُعْلٍہ ), the "Language of Camp."

In local translation, it is called *Lashkari Zabān* ( []) meaning "language of battalions" or "battalion language." This can be shortened to *Lashkari*.

The etymology of the word used in the Urdu language, for the most part,  how nice or well done your speech is. For example, Urdu speakers would distinguish between پانی *pānī* and آب *āb*, both meaning "water" for example, or between آدمی  *ādmi* and مرد *mard*, meaning "man." The first word is ādmi derivative from Adam (آدم) in Arabic which means from Adam, and it can be used for both man and woman in place of human being. The second word مرد *mard*  refers to a man and can be used for manlyhood as well.

If a word is of Persian or Arabic origin, the level of speech is thought to be more formal. If Persian or Arabic grammar , such as the izafat, are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also thought more formal and correct.

### Formal 
Urdu is supposed to be a well-formed language; many of words are used in it to show respect and politeness. This  on politeness, which comes from the vocabulary, is known as *aadab* (courteousness) and to sometimes as *takalluf'' (formality) in Urdu. These words are mostly used when addressing elders, or people with whom one is not met yet. Just like French "vous" and "tu".

## Poetics 
 of Pakistan and spoken by 71 million people in India. Urdu's vocabulary borrows primarily from Chagatai, Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic.
Hindi, also historically known as Hindui, is the most spoken language of India, which replaces much of Urdu's Persian, Chagatai and Arabic terminology with Sanskrit derived vocabulary. They are grammatically the same. Everyday words are often shared between the two registers, while formal vocabulary can differ significantly. Urdu and Hindi speakers can understand each other with little to no difficulty, largely from using shared, or English vocabulary, rather than using highly Arabized or Sanskritized vocabulary. Hindi speakers are more likely to use words of Arabic/Persian origin (Kitaab, Dil, Mahobbat), than Urdu speakers are to use words of Sanskrit origin (Pustak, Man, Prem), as Urdu-speaking Pakistani's have less exposure to Hindi, than Hindi-speaking Indians do to Urdu. This can be seen in Bollywoods extensive use of the Urdu register, and India being a nation where both registers are natively spoken.

Example

English: I want to know how your mind is feeling.

Literary Urdu: Mujhe aap ke dimaagh ki jazbaat maatloob hai.

Literary Hindi: Mujhe aap ke mastishk ka bhaav vaanchit hai.

Casual Hindustani: Main tere man ka haal jaanna chaata hun. (Man is of Sanskrit origin, while haal is of Arabic origin.)

## References 
## Further reading
*ترتیب وڈیزائننگ ایم پی خاؿ اردولشکری زبان (sample texts)

## Other websites
*Omniglot page the online encyclopedia of languages and writing systems