open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Vicente Lucio Salazar

**Vicente Lucio Salazar** (20 December 1832 &ndash; 14 February 1896) was President of Ecuador between 16 April 1895 and 1 September 1895.

He became Vice President in 1894, and became President when Luis Cordero left office.

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
Luis Larrea Alba

**Luis Alberto Larrea Alba** (25 October 1894 &ndash; 17 April 1979) was a military officer and acting President of Ecuador in from 24 August to 15 October 1931.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
Lizardo García

**Lizardo García Sorroza** (26 April 1844 &ndash; 29 May 1927) was President of Ecuador from 1 September 1905 to 15 January 1906.

## Early life
García was born in Guayaquil. He founded the chamber of commerce of Guayaquil and was a member of the firefighters of his natal city.

## Political career 
* 1895 Minister for Economic Affairs
* Senator for the province Guayas
* Vicepresident of the Senate
* Councilman of Guayaquil

## Presidency 
Garcia was president only for a few months. He was overthrown by the revolution led by Eloy Alfaro and was forced to leave the office.

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
* Cámara de Comercio Guayaquil
Pedro José Cevallos

**Pedro José Cevallos Salvador** (1830–1892) was President of Ecuador from 1 July 1888 to 17 August 1888 and Vice President from 1886 to 1890. From April to August 1891 the presidency of Antonio Flores Jijón he was minister of Public Instruction, Interior Affairs and Foreign Affairs. Shortly before his death he became a member of the Ecuadoran Academy of Literature.

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
Antonio Flores Jijón

**Juan Antonio María Flores y Jijón de Vivanco** (23 October 1833 – 30 August 1915) was President of Ecuador from 17 August 1888 to 30 June 1892. He was a member of the Progressive Party, a Liberal Catholic party.

Antonio Flores was born in Quito at Carondelet Palace (the presidential residence) while his father, General Juan José Flores was President of Ecuador. During the first presidency of Gabriel García Moreno, Flores was an ambassador in Paris, London, and Washington, D.C.. 

He died in Geneva, Switzerland from complications of pneumonia. He was married to Leonor Ruiz de Apodaca y García-Tienza, a native of Cuba. His vice-president and predecessor was Pedro José Cevallos.

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
José Plácido Caamaño

**José María Plácido Caamaño y Gómez-Cornejo** (5 October 1837 – December 31, 1901) was President of Ecuador from 23 November 1883 to 1 July 1888.

Caamaño was born in Guayaquil. He studied law and theology in the seminary of his native city, and was educated in Quito. Subsequently he was mayor of Guayaquil, and chief of the custom-house service. He was a member of the Progresistas, a liberal Catholic party.

An attempt was made to assassinate him in 1886, and he narrowly escaped death by throwing himself into a river. Under his administration telegraphs, railways, an institute of sciences, several Colleges, and many new schools were added to the resources of Ecuador.

After his term ended, he served as ambassador to US from 1889 to 1890.
 
Caamaño died on December 31, 1901 from complications of a heart attack in Seville, Spain, aged 63.

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
The Angel's Command

'''''The Angel's Command''''' is a book written by Brian Jacques (writer of the popular children's series *Redwall*), and the sequel to *Castaways of the Flying Dutchman*. It follows the adventures of an immortal boy and his dog as they face pirates and other dangers from the high seas to the mountains.

The *Castaways of the Flying Dutchman* trilogy is based on the legend of the *Flying Dutchman*. It tells of how a young boy and his dog managed to escape what happened to the *Flying Dutchman*. They were given the ability to live forever, speak in any language, and talk to each other with their thoughts. Ben, the boy, and Ned, the dog, are sent to help those in need. 

In ''The Angel's Command'', they have a lot of adventures, including meeting a French buccaneer and a girl named Karay who's a thief. ''The Angel's Command* was followed by a sequel in 2006 called *Voyage of Slaves*.

## Translations
**Les Naufragés du *Hollandais Volant*, tome 2 : Le Pirate et la sorcière'' (French)
Roots (TV miniseries)

***Roots*** is an American television miniseries based on Alex Haley's 1976 book *Roots: The Saga of an American Family*. It was first shown on ABC in 1977. It was shown over eight nights, from January 23 to January 30, 1977. It was followed by two sequels: *Roots: The Next Generations*, which was shown on ABC in 1979, and *Roots: The Gift*, a Christmas television movie which was shown on ABC in 1988. It got 37 Emmy Award nominations and won nine. It also won a Golden Globe and a Peabody Award.

The miniseries is about several generations of an African-American slave family. It shows their daily lives, where they are forced into labor, rape, and the sale and separation of their own family.

## References
## Other websites
*
Allendale, New Jersey

**Allendale** is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 6,848, an increase of 343 (+5.3%) from the 6,505 counted at the 2010 Census.

Allendale was formed on November 8, 1894 from portions of Franklin Township, Hohokus Township and Orvil Township at the height of the *Boroughitis* phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County.

Late science-fiction author Richard Matheson was born here on February 20, 1926.

## References
Francisco Andrade Marín

**Francisco Higinio Andrade Marín y Rivadeneira** (November 15, 1841 &ndash; September 6, 1935 ) was acting President of Ecuador from March 6 to August 10, 1912.

## References
## Other websites
* List of presidents of Ecuador, worldstatesmen.org
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
Luis Cordero Crespo

**Luis Benjamín Cordero y Crespo** (6 April 1833 &ndash; 30 January 1912) was President of Ecuador 1 July 1892 to 16 April 1895. His parents were Gregorio Cordero and Josefa Crespo.
He was a member of the Progresistas, a liberal Catholic political party, and was a member of the provisional governing junta which led the Progresistas to power in 1883.

Luis Cordero wrote poems in Spanish and Kichwa and published the first Kichwa-Spanish-Kichwa dictionary in Ecuador.

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
*¡Rinimi, Llacta! - Poems of Luis Cordero Crespo in Quichua, with Spanish translation
Division of Chifley

(ALP), Dave Vincent (CDP), James Cogan (Socialist) and (standing) John Forrester (Greens)]]
The **Division of Chifley** is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was created in 1969 and is named for Ben Chifley, who was Prime Minister of Australia 1945&ndash;49. It covers some of the outer western suburbs of Sydney including Arndell Park, Bidwill, Blackett, Colebee, Dean Park, Dharruk, Doonside, Emerton, Glendenning, Hassall Grove, Hebersham, Huntingwood, Lethbridge Park, Marayong, Minchinbury, Mount Druitt, Oakhurst, Plumpton, Rooty Hill, Ropes Crossing, Shalvey, Shanes Park, Tregear, Whalan, Willmot, Woodcroft and parts of Eastern Creek, Blacktown, Quakers Hill, Schofields and Riverstone.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Chifley – Australian Electoral Commission
* Ed Husic's website
Momoiro Clover Z

is a Japanese idol group. It is commonly abbreviated as .

The group is known for energetic performances, incorporating elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies. In 2013, it was the 4th music artist by total sales revenue in Japan, with over ¥5.2 billion.

Momoiro Clover Z is ranked as the most popular female idol group according to 2013 and 2014 surveys.

## Music style 
Momoclo's songs are "hyperactive J-pop numbers". Their live performances are heavily choreographed and acrobatic. The group is known for their chaotic energy that is similar to that of punk bands. Because of the hard dances, the girls' voices are not very stable. Nevertheless, they never lipsynch on stage. Overall, the group and its music are progressive and forward-thinking. For example, Marty Friedman played the guitar for , one of the singles, and also appeared on the group's  concert.

(Who is Momoiro Clover Z - YouTube)

## Members 
On stage, the members can be easily found by the colors of their clothes.

There were some other members before releasing the debut CD:
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Discography 
### Singles 
*Billboard Japan* Hot 100 number one

### Albums 
## Collaboration
Momoiro Clover Z have collaborated with overseas artists.
* Kiss released a collaboration single with Momoiro Clover Z, titled "Yume no Ukiyo ni Saitemina" (January, 2015).
* Lady Gaga designated Momoiro Clover Z for an opening act of  her concert (August, 2014).

The group sings theme music for anime which are famous overseas too.
* Pokémon - "Mite Mite Kocchichi" (June, 2012)
* Sailor Moon - "Moon Pride" (July, 2015)

## Name origin 
The group formed in the spring of 2008 and officially debuted as a six-member unit a year later. It was **originally named "Momoiro Clover"**, which means "Pink Clover". The name was chosen to show that the band was composed of innocent girls who wanted to bring happiness to people.

In 2011, the group faced a crisis because subleader Akari Hayami suddenly quit. Then, the management **added the letter "Z"** to the name. In Japan, "Z" is a symbol of evolution.

The group is nicknamed , because most of its members are students and the group is active mainly on weekends.

The group gives a special emphasis to closeness to the fans and its slogan is .  They used to perform on park walkways for passers-by. They also gave free concerts in electronics stores and sold CDs by themselves. Though the group made it big, their deep appreciation of the fans can be seen at their live concerts and events, when they make deep and long *ojigi*, a bow to say thanks.

## References
## Other websites 
*  
*  
* YouTube channel (videos up to 2013; a shared channel with sister groups)
* YouTube channel (videos from 2014)
Rafael Carvajal

**Rafael Carvajal Guzmán** (1818–1881) was an Ecuadorian politician.

He served as Vice President of Ecuador from 1864 to 1865 and acting President from 31 August 1865 to 7 September 1865. He was the Vice President of Gabriel García Moreno. He succeed him after he was assassinated. 

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
Adventures of Captain Marvel

***Adventures of Captain Marvel*** is a 12-chapter movie serial released in 1941 by RKO Radio Pictures. It was produced by Republic Studios. It stars Tom Tyler as Captain Marvel and Frank Coughlan, Jr. as Billy Batson. It was directed by William Witney and John English.

## References
* Weiss, Ken and Ed Goodgold. 1972. *To Be Continued...* New York: Crown Publishers, Inc. pp.&nbsp;180–182.
Frank Kameny

**Franklin Edward "Frank" Kameny** (May 21, 1925 &ndash; October 11, 2011) was an important person in the American gay rights movement. 

## Early life
Kameny was born on May 21, 1925 in New York City, New York. He studied at Richmond Hill High School and at Queens College.

## 1957 incident
In 1957, Kameny was fired from his position as an astronomer in the U.S. Army's Army Map Service in Washington, D.C. because of his homosexuality. This helped him to begin "a Herculean struggle with the American establishment" that would help a rights movement of the early 1960s for homosexuals.

Kameny protested his firing by the U.S. Civil Service Commission due to his homosexuality, and argued this case to the United States Supreme Court in 1961. Although the court denied his petition, it is notable as the first civil rights claim based on sexual orientation. 

## Death
Kameny died on October 11, 2011 in Washington, D.C. from heart disease. He was 86 years old.

## Legacy
Following Kameny's death, the giant rainbow flag on the tall flagpole at the corner of Market Street and Castro Street in the Castro neighborhood of San Francisco was flown at half-staff for 24 hours beginning on the afternoon of October 12, 2011 at the request of the creator of the rainbow flag, Gilbert Baker.

On November 2, 2011, Kameny's house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

On July 3 2012, Minor Planet (40463) *Frankkameny* was named in Kameny's honor by the International Astronomical Union and the Minor Planet Center.

## Related pages
* Jack Nichols (activist)

## References
## Other websites
*Frank Kameny  *GLBTQ, an Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Queer Culture*
*Kameny Papers collection *Smithsonian Institution*
*The Kameny Pages
*Biography of Kameny
José Luis Tamayo

**José Luis Tamayo Terán** (29 July 1858 &ndash; 7 July 1947) was President of Ecuador from 1 September 1920 to 31 August 1924. He was a member of the Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party.

## Other websites
*Presidentes del Ecuador  
*Diccionario biográfico de Ecuador  
*Biografías y Vidas
Elmore Leonard

**Elmore John Leonard, Jr.** (October 11, 1925 &ndash; August 20, 2013) He was raised in Detroit, Michigan. Leonard studied at the University of Detroit. 

On August 20, 2013, Leonard died at his home in Bloomfield Hills (a Detroit suburb) of complications from the stroke. He was 87 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* 
* Elmore Leonard memorial page
Standing ovation

A **standing ovation** is a form of applause where members of a seated audience stand up while applauding after great performance. A standing ovation can also be done to remember someone who died or when someone did a good deed.

Standing ovations are also often given in a sporting game to reflect an outstanding individual performance.

## References
Pupusa

A **pupusa** is a thick griddle cake or flatbread from the cuisine of El Salvador is a traditional food made with corn flour, beans, cheese, chicharrón (pork), or any filling. People usually eat pupusas at breakfast and dinner. It is eaten with tomato sauce and curtido.

## History
Pupusas - also known as pupisio - were first created by the Pipil in El Salvador. Over time cooking material for their preparation have been found in Joya de Cerén, “El Salvador’s Pompeii”, place of a native small town that was buried by ashes from a volcano explosion, and where foodstuffs were preserved as they were being cooked almost two thousand years ago by the tribes. The articles for their preparation have also been found in other archaeological sites in El Salvador.

## Different types
Depending on what city people visit, they will find different types of Pupusas. If they go to the coast side, they will find Pupusas filled with shrimp and fish. Pupusas can also be filled with different types of flowers like “flor de Izote” (El Salvador national flower), lorocco, Cucurbita argyrosperma, cilantro, Chamaedorea tepejilote, chipilín, mora, chicken, and papelillo.

## Around the Americas
There are various types of Pupusas in El Salvador alone. From the way the dough is made to the preparation and even the fillings that are used, each place and pupuseria can have their own take on making a pupusa. On the other hand, El Salvador, a pupusa de arroz is also a popular variant. It is made from rice flour instead of cornmeal. Pupusas are not always going to taste the same, depending on what type of dough people make them with. Pupusas might taste a little different when using commercial corn or rice flour instead of masa harina (dried cornmeal flour) that Salvadorians use.

## Reference list
## Other websites
*
Ted Post

**Theodore "Ted" Post** (March 31, 1918 &ndash; August 20, 2013) was an American television and movie director. He was known for directed two Clint Eastwood movies ''Hang 'Em High* and *Magnum Force''.

Post was born on March 31, 1918 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at High School of Performing Arts. Post was married to Thelma Post from 1941 until his death in 2013. They had two children. Post died on August 20, 2013 from natural causes in Santa Monica, California, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Bill Gold

**William "Bill" Gold** (January 3, 1921 &ndash; May 20, 2018) was an American graphic designer best known for thousands of movie poster designs.

His first movie poster was for *Yankee Doodle Dandy* (1941), and his most recent and final work was for *J. Edgar* (2011). 

During his 70-year career he has worked with some of Hollywood's greatest filmmakers, including Laurence Olivier, Clint Eastwood, Alfred Hitchcock, Stanley Kubrick, Elia Kazan, François Truffaut, Ron Howard, Sidney Lumet, Ridley Scott, and Ray Harryhausen. 

Among his most famous movie posters are those for *Casablanca*, *A Streetcar Named Desire*, *The Exorcist*, *A Clockwork Orange*, *Escape from Alcatraz*, and *Alien*.

Gold was born on January 3, 1921 in New York City, New York. He died at his home in Old Greenwich, Connecticut on May 20, 2018 of complications from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
*1994 Hollywood Reporter Lifetime Achievement Award video
Coptic

**Coptic** can refer to:

*Copts, the Christian people of Egypt
*Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
*Coptic Catholic Church
*Coptic language
*Coptic alphabet
Luigi (disambiguation)

**Luigi** is an Italian given name. **Luigi** may also mean:

## People
*Luigi Apolloni, former Italian football player
*Luigi Boccherini, Italian cellist and composer
*Luigi Bruins, Dutch football player
*Luigi Cherubini, Italian composer
*Luigi De Agostini, former Italian football player
*Luigi Delneri, former Italian football player
*Luigi Di Biagio, former Italian football player
*Luigi Fabbri, Italian anarchist, writer, agitator, and propogandist
*Luigi Galvani, Italian physician
*Luigi Pirandello, Italian playwright, novelist, and short story writer
*Luigi Radice, former Italian football player
*Luigi Riva, former Italian football player
*Luigi Russolo, Italian painter and musician

## Other uses
*Luigi, a Nintendo video game character and the younger twin brother of Mario
*San Luigi dei Francesi, a French church in Rome
Ellen Albertini Dow

**Ellen Rose Albertini Dow** (November 16, 1913 &ndash; May 4, 2015) was an American character actress. She mainly played feisty old ladies and is perhaps best known as the rapping grandmother in 1998 movie *The Wedding Singer*. Other roles include the homophobic grandmother in *Wedding Crashers*, Disco Dottie in *54*, the recipient of Christopher Lloyd's slapstick in *Radioland Murders*, and a choir member in *Sister Act*.

Dow was born on November 16, 1913 in Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania. She studied at Cornell University. Dow was married to Eugene Dow from 1951 until his death in 2004. They had no children. 

Dow died on May 4, 2015 at her Los Angeles, California home, at age 101.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site 
*
Westerly, Rhode Island

**Westerly** is a town in southwestern Rhode Island, near the state line of Connecticut. The town was established in 1669. In 2020, the population was 23,359 by the census. 

Westerly might be named because of where it is in Rhode Island. But, the town may have also gotten the name *Westerly* from the English village Westerleigh. During summer, Westerly becomes a tourist attraction.

## References
Atari 7800

The **Atari 7800** is a home video game console made by Atari. It competed with other 8-bit video game consoles like the Nintendo Entertainment System and the Sega Master System. It was released in 1984. It is the successor to the Atari 5200. It was a short-lived success.

The Atari 7800 is backwards compatible with Atari 2600 games, but not Atari 5200 games. The Atari 7800 is also compatible with Atari 2600 controllers, such as the Atari Paddle controller and the Atari Joystick controller.

## References
Division of La Trobe

The **Division of La Trobe** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covers the outer south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. At first it was closer to the city, but boundaries have since been changed. It originally included the suburbs of Croydon, Dandenong, Ferntree Gully and Ringwood. It now includes Boronia, Belgrave, Ferntree Gully, Berwick, Beaconsfield, Officer, Gembrook, Emerald and Cockatoo. 

## Members
The first person to hold the seat was Richard Casey, Baron Casey, later the 16th Governor-General of Australia. He was later given a seat in the British House of Lords. The Division of Casey, which is next to La Trobe, is named after him. In 1961, the division was the subject of a book, *Parties and People: A Survey Based on the La Trobe Electorate*, by Creighton Burns.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of La Trobe – Australian Electoral Commission
* Jason Wood's website
Kate Wilson Sheppard

**Katherine Wilson Sheppard** (10 March 1847, Liverpool, England &ndash; 13 July 1934, Christchurch, New Zealand) was a New Zealand activist for women's rights. She helped get women the right to vote in New Zealand. Kate Sheppard moved to Scotland when she was young. She was born with the name Catherine Wilson Malcolm. She moved to New Zealand in 1869 and married at age 24.

Sheppard is on the New Zealand ten dollar note.

## References
Echium vulcanorum

***Echium vulcanorum*** is a plant species that belongs to the Boraginaceae family, the borage family. It is found only in the Fogo island, Cape Verde.

It was discovered and named by the French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier. He found the plant with flowers on July 1934.

## Common names
It is locally known as *lingua de vaca* ("tongue of cow") because their leaves are rough. The same name is used for the other species of *Echium* that are found in Cape Verde: *Echium hypertropicum* and *Echium stenosiphon*.

## Description
It is a shrub with many branches, up to 1.5–2 m tall. The stems are covered with many hairs. The leaves are lanceolates (pointed at both ends) up to 10&nbsp;cm long and 1.5 wide.

The flowers are in dense inflorescences (groups of flowers), almost  conical, up to 18&nbsp;cm long, with white flowers with blue stripes.

.]]
## Where it grows
*Echium vulcanorum* is endemic of the Cape Verdean island of Fogo on the volcano *Pico do Fogo*. It occurs on volcanic soils of Fogo Island, mainly as two populations at Monte Losna/Pico Novo, where they can be found at about 1700 m, and in the border of the crater of the *Pico do Fogo* (the *Bordeira* region ) at altitudes between 2200 and 2400 m. A small population was also reported in *Chã das Caldeiras* (±1600 m). These populations exist generally in places facing to the southwest or the southeast. It prefers soils with a recent volcanic origin.

## Conservation
*Echium vulcanorum* is used for the production of firewood (dry wood that will be burned) and destroyed by goats, so this species, as well as the other two *Echium* species of Cape Verde, is seriously threatened, so that measures for its protection should be taken with urgency.

Some conservation actions have been done at the *Bordeira region* (in the Natural Park of Fogo Island) and now there is a population with a relatively high number of individuals.

## References
## Other websites
* *Echium vulcanorum* at NCBI, retrieved on 19 August 2013
* *Echium vulcanorum* at uBio, retrieved on 19 August 2013
Whina Cooper

Dame **Whina Cooper** (9 December 1895, Te Karaka, Hokianga, New Zealand &ndash; 26 March 1994, Panguru, New Zealand) fought for Maori land. She was elected first president of the new Maori Women's Welfare League.

Cooper was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for the services to the Māori people in the 1953 Coronation Honours. In 1974, she was promoted to Commander. In 1981, she was promoted again to Dame Commander.
Saintonge

**Saintonge** () is a small region and historical province on the Atlantic coast of France. It is within the *département* Charente-Maritime, west and south of Charente in the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
Saintonge gets its name from the ancient Gallic tribe of the *Santones* who lived in this area. The capital is the city of Saintes.

The Saintonge was the center of the French Huguenots. Today, the region is famous for its production of the grapes that are used to produce cognac and Pineau des Charentes. Corn and fruit are also produced here. and Samuel de Champlain who founded Quebec.

Saintongeais is spoken in the former provinces of Saintonge, Aunis, and Angoumois

## References
Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais

**Geoffrey II, de Château-Landon** (born  – died 1043–46) was a French nobleman and the Count of Gâtinais.

## Career 
Geoffrey was the son of Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais, and Beatrice of Macon. She was the daughter of Aubry II of Mâcon. He was born about the year 1000. The Gâtinais was a key district on the northeast border of Orléans and Château-Landon was the capitol.  he married Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou, daughter of Fulk III Nerra. Together they were the ancestors of the House of Plantagenet. After Geoffrey's death Ermengarde-Blanche married secondly Robert I, Duke of Burgundy.

## Family 
Together, Geoffrey and Ermengarde had:

* Hildegarde de Château-Landon, she married  c.1060 Joscelin I, Lord of Courtenay. 
*Geoffrey III of Anjou.
*Fulk IV, Count of Anjou

## References
Populaire (movie)

***Populaire*** is a 2012 French-Belgian romantic comedy movie. It is set in France and New York City in the late 1950s. It was directed by Régis Roinsard. It was released in the United Kingdom on 31 May 2013.

## Other websites
*
Morelos Municipality, Coahuila

**Morelos** is a one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat is Morelos. The municipality covers an area of 606.2&nbsp;km².

In 2005, the municipality had a total population of 1,516. 

## References
Vienna Bend, Louisiana

**Vienna Bend** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana United States. The population was 1,314 at the 2020 census.

## Notes
Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou

**Geoffrey IV** ( – 11 May 1106), called **Martel** (the Hammer), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1096 until his death. 

## Early career 
Geoffey, born  was the oldest son of Fulk IV Réchin and his second wife Ermengarde of Bourbon. She was the daughter of Archambaud IV, Sire de Bourbon. He was so named after his great-uncle Geoffrey II of Anjou. Elias I, Count of Maine intended to go on crusade with Robert "Curthose", Duke of Normandy, who had already left. Elias asked Robert's brother William Rufus for protection for a crusader's lands while he was away. William flatly refused and made it known he wanted Maine (province) for himself. Elias was then captured, brought to William Rufus in chains and imprisoned. The pope directed that Geoffrey IV Martel was to take over the countship of Anjou. Fulk IV consented to stepping down and making his son count of Anjou. He favored his younger son by Bertrade de Montfort, Fulk "Le June". By now Fulk le Réchin was old but he still tried to regain control of the countship. There was some brief fighting. Geoffrey died unmarried.

## Notes
## References
Syn (goddess)

**Syn** is a goddess (one of the Æsir) in Norse mythology. Syn guarded the door of Frigg's great hall, Sessrumnir, keeping out all unwelcome visitors. Syn was also called upon to guide or protect defendants in trials. She is considered a goddess of justice.

Her name means "" in Old Norse.
1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado

The **1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado** was a very violent F5 tornado that hit the Bridge Creek and Moore areas of Oklahoma on the evening of May 3, 1999. It had the highest wind speed ever recorded at 301 miles per hour (484&nbsp;km/h). It killed at least 36 people and injured 583 others. It caused $1 billion in damage. The tornado's strength led to the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman issuing the first-ever tornado emergency. In 2013, Moore was again hit by an another tornado with the highest ranking (EF5) also but this time it used the Enhanced Fujita scale and abandoned the Fujita scale.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Doppler radar animation of the tornado
*The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3–4, 1999
Erysimum caboverdeanum

***Erysimum caboverdeanum*** is a plant species that belongs to the Brassicaceae family, the cabbage or mustard family. It is found only in the Fogo island, Cape Verde.

It was named for the first time by the French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier in 1935. *Caboverdeanum* (or the original *caboverdeana*) is a Latin word that means "Cape Verdean" or "from Cape Verde".

## Synonym
Chevalier named, in 1935, this species as *Matthiola caboverdeana*; this name now is a synonym because Sunding changed it to the present name, *Erysimum caboverdeanum*.

## Common names
It is locally known as *crabo bravo* ("wild carnation") and *alecrim branco* ("white rosemary").

The flowers, which are white or lilac coloured, are in groups (inflorescences) at the end of the stems. The fruits are very narrow and stand upright.

## Where it grows
*Erysimum caboverdeanum* is an endemic species of the Cape Verdean island of Fogo on the volcano *Pico do Fogo*. It is common in soils with a recent volcanic origin at an altitude between ; it is found on the slopes of the volcano and in the *Chã das Caldeiras*, the plain in the volcanic crater.

## Uses
The species is used for traditional medicinal purposes mainly as an infusion.

It is possible to use it as an ornamental plant, even in places like central Europe.

## References
## Other websites
* Catalogue of Life: *Erysimum caboverdeanum* (Chev.) Sunding , retrieved on 21 August 2013
* *Erysimum caboverdeanum* at NCBI, retrieved on 21 August 2013
Mehmed VI

**Mehmed VI** (14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926) was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. His reign lasted from 1918 to 1922. He succeeded his brother, Mehmed V, as the eldest male member of the House of Osman after the 1916 suicide of the heir to the throne, Yusuf Izzettin Efendi. He was presented with the Sword of Osman on 4 June 1918 in the traditional coronation ceremony. His father was Sultan Abdulmejid I and mother was Gülüstü (1831 – May 1861). His reign saw the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after its defeat in the First World War. The collapse of the Ottoman state resulted in its partitioning by Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia. It was during this desperate time that the popular war hero Mustafa Kemal Atatürk assembled a Turkish resistance army in Ankara and fought off the Allied occupants of Anatolia during the Turkish War of Independence which he won. After removing the Western powers along with Greece from Anatolia in September 1922, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk then proceeded to abolish the Ottoman caliphate. Mehmed was removed from the throne when the Ottoman sultanate was abolished in 1922. As the sultan fled on an Allied warship, the Turkish army then liberated Istanbul in October 1923 which cemented the foundation of the new republic of Turkey with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as its first president.

## Notes
## More reading
* Fromkin, David, 1989. *A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East* 

## Other websites
*
Morgan

**Morgan** is a given name and a surname. It might also mean:

*Morgan le Fay, a fictional character from the Arthurian legend
*Morgan horse, a horse breed
*A superior being, a human almost on the level of being a God.

## People with the given name
*Morgan De Sanctis, Italian football player
*Morgan Fairchild, American actor
*Morgan Freeman, American actor
*Morgan Oey, Indonesian singer
*Morgan Paull, American actor

## People with the surname
*Adams Morgan, American actor
*C. Lloyd Morgan, British ethologist and psychologist
*Dan Morgan (bushranger), Australian bushranger
*Frank Morgan, American actor
*Harry Morgan, American actor
*J. P. Morgan, American banker and art collector
*Lorrie Morgan, American singer
*Matt Morgan, American professional wrestler
*Michael Dennis Morgan
*Piers Morgan, British journalist and television personality
*Thomas Hunt Morgan
*Trevor Morgan (footballer), British football player and coach
*Vanessa Morgan, Canadian actress

## Related pages
*Morgan County, a disambiguation page
Division of Mallee

The **Division of Mallee** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is in the far north-west of the state. At , it is the largest Division in Victoria. It includes Mildura, Ouyen, Swan Hill, St Arnaud, Warracknabeal and Horsham.

The Division was set up in 1949 was named after the Mallee region of Victoria, where it is located.  Mallee is a variety of eucalyptus. 

## Members
Winton Turnbull was a prisoner of war during World War Two, and held at the infamous Changi prison in Singapore. He never missed a single sitting day in Parliament during his 26 years and 8 months as a member.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Mallee - Australian Electoral Commission
Division of Jagajaga

The **Division of Jagajaga** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covers the north-eastern suburbs of Melbourne north of the Yarra River. It includes the suburbs of Ivanhoe, Eaglemont, Bellfield, Heidelberg, Rosanna, Viewbank, Lower Plenty, Macleod, Yallambie, Eltham, Watsonia, Bundoora, Greensborough, Montmorency, Briar Hill, St Helena, Research, North Warrandyte and Kangaroo Ground.

The Division was set up in 1984, and named after three Wurundjeri indigenous Australian men. They signed the Batman Treaty with one of the founders of Melbourne, John Batman, in 1835.

## Members
Peter Staples held several positions during the Hawke and Keating Governments. These included the Minister for Consumer Affairs, Minister for Housing and Aged Care, Minister for Aged, Family and Health Services. Jenny Macklin is the Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and former Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Jagajaga – Australian Electoral Commission
* Jenny Macklin's website
Division of McEwen

The **Division of McEwen** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is north of the capital city of Melbourne. It includes Broadford, Craigieburn, Doreen, Kilmore, Lancefield, New Gisborne, Riddells Creek, Romsey, Seymour, Sunbury, Wallan and Whittlesea.

It was set up in 1984 and named after Sir John McEwen, leader of the Country Party of Australia.

## Members
Fran Bailey was  Minister for Employment Services, Assistant Minister for Defence, and later Minister for Small Business and Tourism during the Howard Government.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of McEwen – Australian Electoral Commission
* Rob Mitchell's website
Psychopathology

**Psychopathology** is the study of mental illnesses. Study started during the 6th century B.C. 

## References
## Related pages
*Psychiatry

## Other websites
*Science daily
Santorini caldera

**Santorini caldera** is a large, mostly submerged caldera. It is in Greece, in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete. Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group.

The caldera measures about , with  high steep cliffs on three sides. There are two small volcanic islands at the center of the caldera, Nea ("New") Kameni and Palea ("Old") Kameni. The main island, Santorini has an area of  km2.

The extraordinary beauty of Santorini's high walls, draped by whitewashed villages, combined with a sunny climate and clear air, have made it a magnet for tourists and volcanologists. 

## Geology 
The volcanic complex of Santorini is the most active part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. This marks the subduction of the African tectonic plate underneath the Aegean part of the Eurasian tectonic plate, at a rate of up to 5&nbsp;cm per year in a northeasterly direction. It has earthquakes at depths of 150–170&nbsp;km.

Non-volcanic rocks are exposed on Santorini at the Profitis Ilias Mountain, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pirgos, Monolithos and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.

The Kameni islands at the center of the caldera are made of lava rocks.

## Volcanology 
The caldera is composed of overlapping shield volcanoes, cut by at least four partially overlapping calderas, of which the oldest southern caldera was formed about 180,000 years ago. The subsequent Skaros caldera was created about 70,000 years ago, and the Cape Riva caldera about 21,000 years ago. The current caldera was formed about 3600 years ago during the Minoan eruption.

Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine eruptions at the center of the caldera.

Although dormant, Santorini is an active volcano. Numerous minor and medium-sized, mainly effusive eruptions have built the dark-colored lava shields of Nea and Palea Kameni inside the caldera.

Their last eruption was in 1950, and now only smoke and gases come out. 

The huge Minoan eruption of Santorini in the 17th century BC may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. It was rated 7, the highest score for a historical eruption, in the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's Volcanic Explosivity Index.

## References
Sid Bernstein

**Sid Bernstein** (August 12, 1918 &ndash; August 21, 2013) was an American music producer and promoter. Bernstein changed the American music scene in the 1960s by bringing The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Herman's Hermits, The Moody Blues, and The Kinks to America. He was the first impresario to organize rock concerts at sports stadiums.

Bernstein was born in New York City, New York on August 12, 1918. He was married to Geraldine Gale until his death in 2013. They had six children. Bernstein died on August 21, 2013 from natural causes in his home in Manhattan, New York, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Lee Thompson Young

**Lee Thompson Young** (February 1, 1984 &ndash; August 19, 2013) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Jett Jackson in *The Famous Jett Jackson* and as Chris Comer in the movie *Friday Night Lights*. His last starring role was portraying Boston police detective Barry Frost in *Rizzoli & Isles*.

Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina on February 1, 1984. He studied at the University of Southern California. Thompson committed suicide by shooting himself in his Los Angeles, California apartment on August 19, 2013. He was 29 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Division of Maribyrnong

The **Division of Maribyrnong** is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is in the north-western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes Moonee Ponds, Essendon, Niddrie, Keilor East, Avondale Heights, Tullamarine, Airport West, Sunshine and Brooklyn. *Maribynong* is an Indigenous Australian word for yam or edible root.

## Members
Samuel Mauger was the Post-Master General in 1908. James Fenton was the Minister for Trade and Customs in the Scullin Government, and Post-Master General in the Lyons Government. Arthur Drakeford was the Minister for the Air, Minister for Civil Aviation, and for a short time Minister for the Navy during the Curtin and Chifley Governments. Moss Cass was the Minister for the Environment and Conservation in the Hawke Government. Alan Griffiths was the Minister for Resources in 1990, the Minister for Tourism in 1991 and the Minister for Industry, Technology and Regional Development in 1993. Bill Shorten is the former National Secretary of the Australian Workers' Union. He was Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and Minister for Education during the Gillard and Rudd governments. In 2013 he became the leader of the Australian Labor Party, and the Leader of the Opposition.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Maribyrnong – Australian Electoral Commission
* Bill Shorten's website
Nickelodeon (Italian TV channel)

**Nickelodeon** is an Italian television channel. It launched on 1 November 2004 on Sky Italia.
From 1997 until 2000, Rai Sat 2 broadcast Nickelodeon cartoons for three hours a day.

## History
The channel was launched on 1 November 2004. At first, it shared its frequency with Comedy Central. Nickelodeon broadcast during the day and Commedy Central broadcast at night. On 31 July 2009 a +1 timeshift version was launched. The same day Nick Jr. was launched. It replaced RaiSat YOYO. RaiSat YOYO became free and is now named Rai Yoyo. On 9 September 2013, Nickelodean and the +1 version of the network changed to a 16:9 widescreen .

## Notes
Coptic language

The **Coptic language**, otherwise referred to as **Copt** for short, is an Egyptian language that was spoken by many people in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Now, only a few people speak it.

Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the 1st century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from the Demotic script to represent Egyptian sounds that the Greek language did not have. The two most common dialects are Sahidic and Bohairic.

Coptic and Demotic Egyptian are very similar to the earlier Egyptian language, written in the hieroglyphic script. Coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period. The Copts have tried to revive the language since the 19th century.

## References
Division of McMillan

The **Division of McMillan** was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covered the western part of the Gippsland region. It included Drouin, Erica, Foster, Inverloch, Korumburra, Leongatha, Mirboo North, Moe, Neerim South, Newborough, Nyora, Pakenham, Trafalgar, Walhalla, Warragul, Wonthaggi, Yallourn North and Yarragon. It was the southernmost electoral division in continental Australia. It was replaced by the Division of Monash in 2019.

The Division was set up in 1949, and named after Angus McMillan, one of the first Europeans to explore the Gippsland region. This is the lowest primary vote for a winning candidate in any federal election.

## Members
## Election results
* 2004 election results
* 2007 election results
* 2010 election results
* 2013 election results
* 2016 election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of McMillan - Australian Electoral Commission
* Russell Broadbent's website
Richard Warren

**Richard Warren** (ca. 1580 - ca.1628) was a passenger on the *Mayflower* on its 1620 voyage from the Old World to the New. He was one of the 41 signers of the Mayflower Compact.

## Descendants
His descendants in the United States are legion and include many notable Americans: 
*American Civil War general and United States President Ulysses S. Grant, 
*United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 
*astronaut Alan Shepard, 
*children's author Laura Ingalls Wilder, 
*actors Richard Gere, Orson Welles, and Joanne Woodward,
*writers Henry David Thoreau and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 
*Lavinia Warren (the wife of General Tom Thumb), 
*aviator Amelia Earhart, 
*United States Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, 
*Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright, 
**Tonight Show* host Johnny Carson, 
*chef Julia Child, and many more.

## References
*Rootsweb
Seebensee

The **Seebensee** is a lake in Austria. It is at  above the Ehrwalder Alm in Mieminger. It is in the east of Middle Tajakopf. The Seebensee has a drain on the Seebenbachfall and Geißbach in the Loisach. From Seebensee, people can climb up to Coburger Hütte. The location is known for its cows and its unofficial mascot Ben the Seebensee Cow.

## Other websites
Lady with an Ermine

***Lady with an Ermine (Portrait of Cecilia Gallerani)***  ( ; ) is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It was painted between 1489 and 1490. The subject of the portrait is Cecilia Gallerani, the mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. Cecilia was pregnant at the time of the portrait. Leonardo was in the service of the Duke, who's nickname was 'white ermine'. The ermine was a symbol of purity for Leonardo. The painting was done in three stages and we know this because it went under reflective light technology and a multi lens camera was used. The first was a portrait just of Cecillia, the second he added a thin, small ermine and in the final stage, Leonardo made the ermine look more powerful and muscular. *Lady with an Ermine* is displayed in the Czartoryski Museum, Kraków, Poland.  

## References
## Other websites
* Czartoryski Museum 
* BBC article on *Lady with an Ermine*
* BBC News Lady w Ermine - Bing video
Division of Melbourne Ports

The **Division of Melbourne Ports** was an Australian federal electoral division in the inner south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was set up for the first election in 1901. At the time it was named Melbourne Ports as it covered both Port Melbourne and Williamstown. Later it included the suburbs of Albert Park, Balaclava, Caulfield, Caulfield East, Caulfield North, part of Elsternwick, Elwood, Middle Park, Port Melbourne, Ripponlea, St Kilda, St Kilda East, St Kilda West, Southbank, South Melbourne and parts of South Yarra and Docklands. It was abolished in 2019, and renamed as Macnamara.

## Members
Samuel Mauger was later elected to the Division of Maribyrnong. Jack Holloway  became Minister for Social Services  and Minister for Health in 1941. From 1943–1949 he was Minister for Labour and National Service. Frank Crean was Treasurer and Minister for Trade in the Whitlam Government. In 1975 he was Deputy Prime Minister of Australia. Clyde Holding had been the Leader of the Opposition in the Victorian Parliament. He held several positions in the Hawke Government including  Aboriginal Affairs, Employment Services and Youth Affairs, Transport and Communications Support, Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs.

## Election results
* 2004 election results
* 2007 election results
* 2010 election results
* 2013 election results 

## References
## Other websites
*Division of Melbourne Ports – Australian Electoral Commission
*Michael Danby's website
Bluebell wood

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A **bluebell wood** is a woodland that in springtime has a carpet of flowering bluebells (*Hyacinthoides non-scripta*) underneath a newly forming leaf . The thicker the summer canopy, the more the ground-cover is suppressed. This encourages a dense carpet of bluebells, whose leaves mature and die down by early summer.

Bluebell woods may be found in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as elsewhere in Europe. Bluebells are a common indicator species for ancient woodlands, so bluebell woods are likely to date back to at least 1600.

Gerard Manley Hopkins, one of the romantic poets, was very keen on bluebells, as his poem "May Magnificat" shows.
And azuring-over greybell makes
Wood banks and brakes wash wet like lakes

In his journal entry for 9 May 1871 Hopkins says:

In the little wood opposite the light they stood in blackish spreads or sheddings like spots on a snake.  The heads are then like thongs and solemn in grain and grape-colour.  But in the clough through the light they come in falls of sky-colour washing the brows and slacks of the ground with vein-blue, thickening at the double, vertical themselves and the young grass and brake-fern combed vertical, but the brake struck the upright of all this with winged transomes.  It was a lovely sight. - The bluebells in your hand baffle you with their inscape, made to every sense.  If you draw your fingers through them they are lodged and struggle with a shock of wet heads; the long stalks rub and click and flatten to a fan on one another like your fingers themselves would when you passed the palms hard across one another, making a brittle rub and jostle like the noise of a hurdle strained by leaning against; then there is the faint honey smell and in the mouth the sweet gum when you bite them.

## References