open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pottery

- sixth millennium BC]]
 vase in the krater shape, between 470 and 460 BC, by the Altamura Painter]] 

**Pottery** is the ceramic material which makes up potteryware. Major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made is also called a *pottery* (plural "potteries"). Pottery also refers to the art or craft of a potter or the making of pottery. A dictionary definition is simply clay fired in a kiln. 

Pottery objects are made from damp clay mixed with other materials. They are then fired in a special oven called a kiln at high temperatures. Firing makes the clay hard. The potter may then apply a glaze to the surface before firing the object again. The fired glaze makes the surface of the pottery shiny, decorative and water-tight. 

Some potters make objects which are not useful and are really artistic objects or sculpture. Bare pottery objects without a glaze are called *bisque* or just earthenware. The finest pottery objects, made of porcelain or bone china are quite strong, yet are translucent.

## History of pottery 
Pottery originated before the Neolithic period. The earliest example we have is from eastern Europe, dating to 25,000 years ago or earlier. It is a female figurine known as the Venus of Dolní Věstonice, from a palaeolithic site in Moravia, Czech Republic. It may have been made as part of a fertility ritual. There are some similar figures from other nearby sites.

Since the invention of agriculture, and the building of cities, containers for food and drink have been found at almost all archaeological sites.

## The Potteries 
This means the area of Stoke-on-Trent in England, sometimes called the Staffordshire potteries. There were six towns, Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke-upon-Trent, Fenton and Longton, which now make up Stoke-on-Trent. 

The area was the centre of the English pottery industry. The area had local supplies of clay, salt, lead and coal. Canals were used to transport the product inland. It was a large exporter of pottery for about 200 years: roughly from 1760 to about 1960. Plastic crockery after World War II and cheap ceramic production in China largely destroyed the Stoke pottery industry.

Image:Makingpottery.jpg|A man making pottery.
Image:Töpferscheibe.jpg|An old ''potter's wheel* in Erfurt, Germany.
Image:Töpfernpeng1.jpg|A woman making pottery.
Image:Conner-prairie-pottery-rack.jpg|Drying *pottery''.
Image:Traditional pottery of Bengal.jpg|Traditional pottery, Bangladesh

## References
Bono

**Paul David Hewson**  (born 10 May 1960), known by his stage name **Bono**, is a man of Irish heritage who sings and writes songs. He also gives money to charity and works to bring about political and social change. He is best known as the lead singer of rock band U2.

## Career
He became a member of the band U2 on 25 September 1976, when he responded to a message that was placed by Larry Mullen Jr. to form a rock band.

The name *Bono* was a type of hearing aid and in Latin means *good voice*.  

Bono married Alison Stewart. They have four children.  Jordan (b. 1989), Eve (b. 1991), Elijah (b. 1999) and John (b. 2001).

Bono is known for his work in philanthropy. He was named Time Person of the Year for his charity work. Bono has even been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, though he did not win it.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Adam Clayton

**Adam Clayton** (born 13 March 1960 in Chinnor, Oxfordshire, England) is the bassist for the rock band U2. He lives in County Dublin. He also has a house in Southern France.

## Life 
When Adam was five years old, he and his family moved to Malahide near Dublin. He started playing guitar when he went to school. He joined the other members of the future U2 band in the same time. Their band was first named "Feedback" and then they changed its name to "The Hype". However, they released their second album on 1981 under the name of U2.

All other U2 members were married by 2006, and Adam was the only member who was still single. In 2006, it was announced that Adam was going to marry Suzanne "Susie" Smith; they dated for almost 10 years before this news was announced. They were planning to marry in the summer of 2007, but they split up in February 2007.

In January 2011, Adam revealed that he was the father of a baby boy, born in 2010. On September 4, 2013, Adam married Mariana Teixeira de Carvalho, in a wedding in Dublin. She is a fashion model from Brazil.

## References
The Edge

**David Howell Evans** (born 8 August 1961), more widely known as **The Edge**, is an English-born musician. He is known best as the guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist for the Irish rock band U2.
 
## Personal life
David Howell Evans was born at the Barking Maternity Hospital, in Essex, England.  His parents, Garvin and Gwenda Evans, are Welsh.  When he was one, his family moved to County Dublin, Ireland.  There, he attended St. Andrew's National School.  He received piano and guitar lessons with his brother, Dik Evans.  At Mount Temple Comprehensive School, they both answered an advertisement posted by Larry Mullen Jr. wanting musicians to form a band. The band accepted both of them.  This band went through several major changes before emerging as U2 in March 1978.  Dik Evans left the band just before the name change.  U2 began performing in various venues in Ireland and eventually began developing a following. Their first album, *Boy*, was released in 1980.

In 1981, Evans came very close to leaving U2 for religious reasons, but he was persuaded to stay.  Shortly after deciding to remain with the band, he wrote a piece of music that later became "Sunday Bloody Sunday".  The couple had three daughters together: Hollie in 1984, Arran in 1985 and Blue Angel in 1989.  He is also a Methodist.

## Music
## References
Larry Mullen Jr.

**Larry Mullen Junior** (born 31 October 1961) is an Irish drummer. He is a member of the rock band U2. Mullen was born in Dublin, Ireland. 

Besides U2, Larry has worked with other musicians, including: Nanci Griffith, Daniel Lanois, Emmylou Harris, Robbie Robertson, Paul Brady and B.B. King. Because of the Irish National Football team's bid for the World Cup in 1990, Mullen co-wrote and co-produced the anthem "Put 'Em Under Pressure." He also worked with U2's Adam Clayton on the theme for the 1996 movie *Mission: Impossible*. Mullen and Clayton joined with Mike Mills and Michael Stipe of R.E.M. to form the group "Automatic Baby" for Bill Clinton's Presidential inauguration in 1993 at MTV's Inaugural Ball.

## References
1503

**1503** (MDIII) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
*Erasmus: *Enchiridion militis chritiani* ("Handbook of the Christian Soldier").

## Births 
*August 12 – Christian III of Denmark and Norway
Robert Reed

**Robert Reed** (October 19, 1932&nbsp;– May 12, 1992) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Mike Brady on *The Brady Bunch*. He also played major roles in *The Defenders* and *Rich Man, Poor Man*. He was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards during the 1970s.

Reed was born John Robert Rietz in Highland Park, Illinois. He also grew up in Des Plaines, Illinois, Muskogee, Oklahoma and Navasota, Texas.

Reed was gay but kept this private. He died on May 12, 1992, in Pasadena, California. He was 59 years old. His death was originally said to have been caused by colon cancer. It was later revealed to have been hastened by HIV.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Dishwasher

brand commercial style dishmachine]]

The word **dishwasher** means either the person who washes (cleans) dishes or a machine that does the same thing. A person could wash dishes either by hand or by operating a dishwashing machine.

## Women's History 
Joel Houghton registered the first patent for a mechanical dishwasher in 1850. The machine was made of wood. A hand crank was used, while water was sprayed onto the dishes. The device was both slow and unreliable. In 1865, L.A. Alexander was granted a patent for a similar device, that used a hand-cranked rack system. Neither device was practical or widely accepted. Some historians say that one of the main obstancles was that people valued women for the effort they put into the housework, rather than looking at the resuts; making household chores easier was perceived by some to reduce their value.

The most successful of the hand-powered dishwashers was invented in 1886 by Josephine Cochrane together with mechanic George Butters in Cochrane's tool shed in Shelbyville, Illinois. Cochrane, who was a wealthy socialite, wanted to protect her china while it was being washed. Their invention was unveiled at the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago under the name of Lavadora. The name was later changed to Lavaplatos as another machine invented in 1858 already held that name. Cochrane's inspiration was her frustration at the damage to her good china that occurred when her servants handled it during cleaning.

## References
Peter Fonda

**Peter Henry Fonda** (February 23, 1940 – August 16, 2019) was an American actor. He and Dennis Hopper starred in the motorcycle movies, *The Wild Angels* and *Easy Rider*. He appeared in many other movies, including ''Ulee's Gold*, in which he was nominated for an Academy Award, *Thomas and the Magic Railroad* and *The Passion of Ayn Rand*.

## Personal life
Fonda wrote an autobiography, *Don't Tell Dad: A Memoir*, which was published in 1998. He had a home in Paradise Valley, Montana in 1975. Fonda died of respiratory failure and lung cancer on August 16, 2019.

## Filmography
 in *The New Breed''.]]

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Official Website: www.peterfonda.com
Todd Rundgren

**Todd Harry Rundgren** (born June 22, 1948) is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer. Two of his best-known songs are "I Saw The Light" and "Hello It's Me". Both were on his 1971 album *Something/Anything?*. Most of the songs on that album were performed by Rundgren alone, using multitrack recorders and playing many musical instruments.

Apple Records hired Rundgren to produce an album, *Straight Up*, for the band Badfinger during 1971. Badfinger had not heard of Rundgren and did not know his music, until they bought copies of some of his records. They liked what they heard, and when Rundgren met the band, they got along well, and worked well together.

In the early 2000s, Rundgren replaced Ric Ocasek as bandleader of The Cars, when they reunited to tour.

Actress Liv Tyler used to believe that Rundgren was her father.

## References
Guyana

The **Co-operative Republic of Guyana** (formerly **British Guiana**) is a country in South America. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world (700,000 people live there inside its over 200,000&nbsp;km² of area). Georgetown is the capital; like most of the country's settlements, it is on a flat coastal plain that goes from northwest to southeast. Venezuela claims the land west of the Essequibo River as part of Guayana Esequiba.

Guyana's current president is Irfaan Ali. The country gained independence from the United Kingdom on May 26, 1966 (before which it was called **British Guiana**). The republic is called cooperative for integrating different ethnic groups into government, introduced after the socialist government PNC won a majority in1968. The term "cooperative republic" however dates back from 1961.

Guyana is member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the Caribbean Community. It is ranked first in suicides per capita worldwide.

## Related pages
*Guyana at the Olympics
*Guyana national football team
*List of rivers of Guyana

## References
## Other websites 
*President's Official Website 
*Guyana Portal 
*Guyana in the News
*Travel information on Guyana 
*BBC's profile
1497

## Events 
* July 8 – Vasco da Gama leaves Lisbon, Portugal for is first trip through the Cape of Good Hope to India.
* Spanish Empire: Melilla is captured by Castile.
* Girolamo Savonarola, priest and leader of Florence, Italy burns what he believes is immoral art in Piazza della Signoria. Savonarola is excommunicated and burned alive in that same location later in the same year.

## Deaths 
* February 6 – Johannes Ockeghem, Belgian composer (b. 1410)
1559

**1559** (MDLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
*January 15 – Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey.
*March 23 – Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia, defending his lands against the invasion of Nur ibn Mujahid, Sultan of Harar, is killed in battle. His brother Menas succeeds him as king.
*April 3 – Peace of Cateau Cambrésis – France makes peace with England and Spain.  France gives up most of its gains in Italy (including Savoy), keeping only Saluzzo, but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and the formerly English town of Calais.
*July 10 – Francis II becomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II in a jousting accident.
*End of the Italian Wars.
* *The Decameron* expurgated.
* A royal edict in France makes heresy punishable by death.
* Elizabeth I establishes the Church of England, with the Act of Uniformity 1559 and the Act of Supremacy 1559.
1066

1066 was a year which brought great changes in England. The land had four kings during the year. The year started under Anglo-Saxon rule, and ended under Norman rule. This was the only occasion since Roman Britain when the entire country was successfully invaded.

There were four kings during the year: Edward the Confessor (to 5 January 1066), Harold Godwinson (to 14 October 1066), Edgar the Ætheling (to 10 December 1066), and finally William I, Duke of Normandy.

## Events 
* 6 January – Harold II crowned King of England
* 25 September – Harold II defeats Tostig and Harald Hardraada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Tostig and Harald Hardraada are killed
* 14 October – At the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) defeats Harold. Harold is killed. In England, this heralds the start of the Middle Ages.

* The Viking port of Hedeby, a town on the Baltic Sea, is destroyed by Slavs.

## Deaths 
* 4 or 5 January – King Edward the Confessor of England dies
* 25 September – killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge:
** King Harald III of Norway (b. 1015)
** Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria
* 14 October – killed at the Battle of Hastings:
** King Harold II of England
** Leofwine Godwinson, brother of King Harold II
** Gyrth Godwinson, brother of King Harold II

* John Scotus (bishop of Mecklenburg (Johannes Skotus) (born around 990)
** 10 November – Sacrificed to Radegast:
1509

## Events 
*February 2 – Battle of Diu took place near Diu, India.
*April 22 – Henry VIII becomes King of England on the death of his father, Henry VII.
*April 27 – Pope Julius II places Venice under interdict and excommunication for refusing to cede part of Romagna under Papal control
*May 14 – Battle of Agnadello – French forces defeat the Venetians.
* June 11 – Henry VIII of England marries Catherine of Aragon
*June 24 – King Henry VIII of England's and Queen consort's Catherine of Aragon coronation ceremony.

* **August 8, 1509**, Krishna devaraya became the ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, the greatest emperor, scholar and writer.
1521

## Events 
* April 17 – Martin Luther speaks to the assembly at the Diet of Worms, refusing to recant his teachings.
* May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
* August 13 – The ruler of the Aztec Empire surrenders to Spanish conquistadors.  This ends the Aztec Empire.
* August 29 – The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár, now known as Belgrade

## Births 
*July – Juan Ponce Enrile (b. 1460)
*August 4 – Pope Urban VII (d. 1590)

## Deaths 
* April 21 – Ferdinand Magellan (b. 1480)

## References
1581

**1581** (MDLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* January 16 – English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism
* April 4 – After going around the world Sir Francis Drake is knighted by Elizabeth I.
* July 26 – The Northern Netherlands becomes free from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration.

## Births 
* January 4 – James Ussher, Anglo-Irish priest and scholar
* February 17 – Fausto Poli, Italian Catholic priest
* March 16 – Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch historian
* October 9 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician
* October 21 – Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter

## Deaths 
* April 25 – Okabe Motonobu, Japanese warrior
* May 31 – Jan Kostka, Polish noble
* June 2 – James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, regent of Scotland
* July 11 – Peder Skram, Danish senator and naval officer
* July 22 – Richard Cox, English bishop
* August 21 – Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai
* September 1 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru
* September 30 – Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer
* October 9 – Saint Louis Bertrand, Spanish missionary to Latin-America, patron saint of Colombia
* October 23 – Michael Neander, German mathematician and astronomer
* November 7 – Richard Davies, Welsh bishop and scholar
1863

## Events 
* Battle of Gettysburg
* The Red Cross international humanitarian  organization was founded in Geneva.

## Births 
* January 17 &ndash; David Lloyd George, British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1945)
* April 5 &ndash; Victoria of the United Kingdom, British royal (died 1950)
* June 19 &ndash; John Goodall, English footballer (died 1942)
* July 30 – Henry Ford, American businessman; founder of Ford Motor Company (died 1947)
1905

**1905** (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.

## Art, music, theatre, literature 
* October 15 – *Little Nemo in Slumberland* debuts in American newspapers.
* *A Little Princess* is published

## Events 
* January 22 – "Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg (Russia). First Russian Revolution has started.
* April 1 – SOS, the Morse code signal for distress, is created by Germany.
* June 7 – Norway becomes an independent country.
* October 28 – Cardiff, Wales becomes a city in the United Kingdom.
* Albert Einstein publishes his *special theory of relativity*.
* A workers' revolt, supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin, takes place in Odessa, Russia.

## Births 
### January 
]]
* January 2 – Michael Tippett, English composer (d. 1998)
* January 14 – Takeo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1995)
* January 21 – Christian Dior, French fashion designer (d. 1957)

### February 
]]
]]
* February 1 - Emilio G. Segre, Italian-American physicist (d. 1989)
* February 2 – Ayn Rand, American writer (d. 1982)

### March 
]]
]]
* March 9 – Rex Warner, English writer (d. 1986)
* March 12 – Takashi Shimura, Japanese actor (d. 1982)
* March 19 – Albert Speer, German architect (d. 1981)
* March 25 – Pote Sarasin, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2000)

### April 
* April 21 – Pat Brown, 32nd Governor of California (d. 1996)

### May 
]]
]]
* May 15 – Joseph Cotten, American actor (d. 1994)
* May 16 – Henry Fonda, American actor (d. 1982)
* May 26 – Seni Pramoj, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 1997)

### June 
]]
* June 21 – Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher (d. 1980)

### July 
]]
]]
* July 15 – Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1980)
* July 29 – Clara Bow, American actress (d. 1965)
* July 29 – Dag Hammarskjöld, 2nd Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 1961)

### August 
* August 24 – Arthur Crudup, American blues musician (d. 1976)
* August 25 – Faustyna Kowalska, Polish nun and mystic (d. 1938)

### September 
]]
* September 18 – Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (d. 1990)

### October 
### November 
### December 
]]
* December 4 – Emílio Garrastazu Médici, President of Brazil (d. 1985)
* December 5 – John Whedon, American screenwriter (d. 1991)
* December 11 – Erskine Hamilton Childers, 4th President of Ireland (d. 1974)
* December 21 – Anthony Powell, English writer (d. 2000)
* December 22 – Kenneth Rexroth, American poet (d. 1982)

## Deaths 
* March 24 – Jules Verne, French writer (b. 1828)
Al-Qaeda

.]]
 was the deadliest al-Qaeda attack.]]
**al-Qaeda** (, *al-qāʿidah*, "the base") is a global Islamist jihadist multinational organization network that was founded around August 1988 and late 1989.p75 It works as a network, as a stateless army, and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global Jihad on all fronts. Most of the world thinks it is a terrorist organization.

Members of al-Qaeda have performed many acts of terrorism. Most of these have been done against the United States and Shias. Some of its most well-known attacks have been the September 11 attacks, the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, and the attack on the U.S. Navy ship USS Cole in 2000. al-Qaeda has done suicide attacks and  (at the same time) bombings of different targets.

Among al-Qaeda's goals is for other countries to stop influencing Muslim countries and for a new Islamic caliphate to be made. There have been reports that al-Qaeda believes that Christian and Jewish Islamophobia is trying to destroy Islam and that the killing of bystanders and civilians is religiously justified in jihad.

There have been guesses that there are 500–1,000 operatives in Afghanistan and around 5,000 worldwide. However, there is no confirmation of this.

The group is diverse in its beliefs even though the group calls itself Salafi, it has many members who are Hanafi, Shafi`i, Maliki, Wahhabi, and Sufi as the former leader of the group Osama bin Laden was accepting of members as long as they were Muslims in his eyes. A few exceptions include followers of Shiism who curse and reject the companions of Muhammad (exceptions were made for those few who did not reject and curse the companions), and followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.

## History
In June 2001, al-Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which had been associated with each other for many years, merged into 'Qaeda al-Jihad'.

:"...the members of Islamic Jihad and its guiding figure Ayman al-Zawahiri have provided the backbone of [al-Qaeda's] leadership. According to officials in the C.I.A. and the F.B.I., Zawahiri has been responsible for much of the planning of the terrorist operations against the United States". He ranked second to Ayman al-Zawahiri at the time. The strike was carried out in the northwest tribal area of Waziristan. The Pakistan Government has protested to the U.S. about the strike.

## References
## Other websites
* Council on Foreign Relations al-Qaeda 
*
1915

**1915** (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* January 26 - President Woodrow Wilson says yes to making Rocky Mountain National Park.
* February 8 - *The Birth of a Nation* is released.
* April 24 – The Armenian genocide begins.
* May 23 - The Italian Campaign of World War I begins.
* November 17 - Morocco starts using its current flag.

## Births 
### January 
]]
* February 1 – Stanley Matthews, English footballer (d. 2000)

### February 
### March 
### April 
]]
* April 21 – Anthony Quinn, Mexican-American actor (d. 2001)
* April 27 – Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet (d. 1984)

### May 
]]
* May 6 – Orson Welles, American movie director, screenwriter and actor (d. 1985)

### June 
]]
* June 4 – Modibo Keïta, 1st President of Mali (d. 1977)
* June 28 – David Honeyboy Edwards, American blues guitarist and singer

### July 
* July 28 - Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician (d. 1998)

### August 
]]
* August 29 – Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress (d. 1982)

### September 
]]
* September 6 – Franz Josef Strauß, German politician (d. 1988)

### October 
* October 24 – Bob Kane, American cartoonist (d. 1998)

### November 
]]
* November 25 – Augusto Pinochet, Chilean ruler (d. 2006)

### December 
]]
]]
* December 12 – Frank Sinatra, American singer and actor (d. 1998)
* December 19 – Édith Piaf, French singer (d. 1963)

## Deaths 
* April 27 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (b. 1872)
* November 14 – Booker T. Washington, American inventor, educator, and writer (b. 1856)
Andrology

**Andrology** is the study of male health, especially male sexual organs and reproduction. 
It is similar to the study of women's health, called gynaecology. Andrology has only been studied since the late 1960s. The first specialist journal on the subject was the German periodical *Andrologie*, published from 1969 onwards.

Men are more susceptible to heart disease than women. They also usually have a slightly shorter natural average life span. However, men get many conditions, such as osteoporosis, less than women.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* International Society of Andrology
* The World of Andrology
Lombardy

**Lombardy** (/ˈlɒmbərdi, ˈlʌm-/ *LOM-bər-dee, LUM-*; Italian: *Lombardia* [lombarˈdiːa]; Lombard: *Lombardia*, Western Lombard: [lũbɐ̞rˈdiːɑ], Eastern Lombard: [lombɐ̞rˈdiːɑ, -ˈdeːɑ]) is a region in the northern part of Italy. It is the most populated region of the country, and has almost 9.4 million people. The capital is Milan. Lombardy has provinces within it. 

To the north of Lombardy is the country of Switzerland (Canton Ticino and Grigioni). To the west is the region of Piedmont. To the east are the regions of Veneto and Trentino - Alto Adige. To the south is the region of Emilia-Romagna.
## Name 
In the Italian language, Lombardy is called *Lombardia*. This name comes from an old German word: *Langbardland* and means "Country of the Lombards".

## Geography 
In the north of Lombardy there are very high mountains, (40% of the territory is mountains) the highest mountains are almost 4.000 meters in the Bernina Range.

In the south of the region flows the Po river, which is the longest river in Italy. The most important rivers are the Adda river, the Mincio and the Ticino river, all of them end in the Po river.

There are also a lot of lakes, the largest are the lake Maggiore, the Lake of Varese, the lake Como, and the lake Garda.

## Provinces 
Lombardy is divided into 12 provinces:
# Bergamo
# Brescia
# Como
# Cremona
# Lecco
# Lodi
# Mantova
# Milano
# Monza e Brianza
# Pavia
# Sondrio
# Varese

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Site (IT)
Regions of Italy

**Italy** is a country in the south of Europe. It is divided into 20 **regions**. A region is a part of the country with a government and a President.

In Italy, regions can decide on some things. They can give money to local business. They can also decide things about hospitals, schools, and transport.

In some regions, citizens speak other languages. In Alto Adige/Südtirol many citizens speak primarily German. So this region is "special" and can make more decisions. 

Sardinia and Sicily are islands of Italy. They have different problems than other regions. They have also some different laws.
These regions are called "regions with special laws" ().

## List of the regions 
Every region has a capital. Here is the list of the regions, the capital and other information.
Vladimir Nabokov

**Vladimir Nabokov** (April 22, 1899 – July 2, 1977) was a Russian-American writer. He wrote his first books in Russian, and after he moved to the United States, he wrote in English. His most famous book is *Lolita*, but others have also become famous, such as *Pnin*, *Pale Fire*, and *Ada or Ardor*.

Nabokov was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, the first of five children. In 1919, he and his family went to Europe. In 1945, he became an American citizen. He died in Montreux, Switzerland.

## Life
Nabokov's father was a lawyer and politician. As a child, Vladimir learned Russian, English, and French. After the October Revolution, the family moved a few times, but settled in Berlin in 1920. Two years later, his father was shot and killed by mistake, because he had blocked the person the gunman was trying to murder. His mother and sister moved to Prague, but Vladimir stayed in Berlin. He wrote for other Russians who had left Russia to live there. He met Véra Slonin, a woman from a Jewish-Russian family, in 1923. They married in 1925. In 1934, they had their only child, Dmitri.

In 1937, Nabokov started to look for another job. He left for France that year, and his family followed. They all fled to America in 1940, except his brother Sergei, who died in a Nazi concentration camp.

## Butterflies 
Nabokov was an expert on butterflies. As a child he had read books by entomologist Maria Sibylla Merian which he found in the attic of his family's country home in Vyra.

During the 1940s, he was a research fellow in zoology. He organized the butterfly collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. His specialty was the tribe Polyommatini of the family Lycaenidae.

The genus *Nabokovia* was named after him in honor of this work, as were a number of butterfly and moth species (e.g. many species in the genera *Madeleinea* and *Pseudolucia* have names alluding to Nabokov or names from his novels). In 1967, Nabokov commented: "The pleasures and rewards of literary inspiration are nothing beside the rapture of discovering a new organ under the microscope or an undescribed species on a mountainside in Iran or Peru. It is not improbable that had there been no revolution in Russia, I would have devoted myself entirely to lepidopterology and never written any novels at all".

## Related pages
*List of Russian language poets
*List of Russian-language novelists
*List of Russian novelists
*List of American poets

## References 
## Other websites 
* Nabokov Library (in Russian and English)
Abingdon, Oxfordshire

**Abingdon** is a town in England. It is in the Thames Valley in southern England, 5.5 miles (8.9&nbsp;km) south of Oxford. It is the  (place of the government) of the Vale of White Horse district in Oxfordshire. Abingdon was once the county town of Berkshire. It is one of several places which claim to be Britain's oldest occupied town.
## History
Abingdon is at a place where people were able to easily cross the Thames. The area has been lived in since the Bronze Age. The bridge over the Thames at Abingdon is more than 550 years old.

There is a market in Abingdon every Monday, which first started in 1556. A canal was built in 1810 to join Abingdon to other towns including London, Bristol and Birmingham. The canal was in use until 1906.

The MG motor cars were made in Abingdon for 50 years until the factory closed in 1980. However the headquarters of the MG Car Club are still in the town.

## References
1886

## Events 
* February 6 – A large demonstration about unemployment at Trafalgar Square led to riots at Pall Mall
* March 1 - Anglo-Chinese School was founded in Singapore by Bishop William Oldham.
* April 6 – Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada becomes a city.
* October 4 – Johannesburg, South Africa was founded.
* October 28 – France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United States

## Births 
* January 1 – Garegin Njdeh, Armenian politician (d. 1955)
* January 30 – Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao, Spanish writer (d. 1950)
* March 18 - Edward Everett Horton, American actor (d. 1970)
* April 26 – Gabdulla Tukay, Tatar poet (d. 1913)
* May 3 – Marcel Dupré, French composer (d. 1971)
*September 13 - Alain LeRoy Locke, American writer (d. 1954)
* October 16 – David Ben-Gurion, first Prime Minister of Israel(d. 1973)
*   October 16   – Armin T. Wegner, German writer and polictical activist (d. 1978)
* December 8 – Diego Rivera, Mexican painter (d. 1957)

## Deaths 
* May 15 – Emily Dickinson, American poet (b. 1830)
* July 31 – Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer (b. 1811)
* November 18 – Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (b. 1829)

## Books 
* *Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde* – Robert Louis Stevenson
* *Little Lord Fauntleroy* - Frances Hodgson Burnett
Dennis Hopper

**Dennis Lee Hopper** (May 17, 1936 – May 29, 2010) was an American actor, movie director, and photographer. He has appeared in many movies and television shows, since the 1950s.

## Early life
Hopper was born on May 17, 1936 in Dodge City, Kansas. He spent his life in Kansas City, Missouri, and in San Diego, California. Hopper studied to be an actor at Helix High School and at the Actors' Studio. Hopper has two brothers. 

## Career 
Hopper is probably best known for directing, co-writing, and starring in the Oscar-nominated movie *Easy Rider* (1969). In 1994, Hopper had a role in the thriller movie *Speed*. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

## Personal life
Hopper was married to Brooke Hayward from 1961 until they divorced in 1969. Hopper was then married to Michelle Phillips from 1970 until they divorced weeks later. He was married to Daria Halprin from 1972 until they divorced. He was later married to Katherine LaNasa from 1989 until they divorced in 1992. Hopper was married to Victoria Duffy from 1998 until they divorced in 2010, months before his death. Hopper had 3 daughters and a son. 

### Lawsuit
Hopper once insulted actor Rip Torn after he said "Texans are hippie-hating rednecks" and was sued for a total of $475,000 dollars.

### Illness and death
On October 29, 2009, his manager announced that Hopper had prostate cancer. He was terminally ill. He died of the disease on May 29, 2010 in Venice, California. He was 74. He was buried at Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico. *Alpha and Omega* was his last movie and was dedicated to his memory.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Julian calendar

The **Julian calendar**, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE (708 AUC), was a reform of the Roman calendar. It was first used on 1st January, 45 BCE. It was the main calendar in most of the world, until Pope Gregory replaced it with the Gregorian calendar on 4 October 1582.

During the 20th and 21st centuries, the date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind the Gregorian date.

## Year length; leap years
The Julian calendar has two types of year: common years of 365 days and leap years of 366 days. There is a simple cycle of three common years followed by a leap year and this pattern repeats forever. However, the rule was not followed in the first years after the reform in 45 BCE. Due to a ing error, every 3rd year was a leap year instead of the 4th. The leap years were:
* 45 BCE (709 AUC)
* 42 BCE (712 AUC)
* 39 BCE (715 AUC)
* 36 BCE (718 AUC)
* 33 BCE (721 AUC)
* 30 BCE (724 AUC)
* 27 BCE (727 AUC) 
*
* 24 BCE (730 AUC)
* 21 BCE (733 AUC)
* 18 BCE (736 AUC)
* 15 BCE (739 AUC)
* 12 BCE (742 AUC)
* 9 BCE (745 AUC)
However, in 8 BCE (746 AUC), emperor Augustus Caesar corrected the problem. The next leap year was 7 CE (760 AUC).
### Criticism 
With the simple cycle, the length of the Julian year is exactly 365.25 days (365 days and 6 hours), but the actual time it takes for the Earth to go around the Sun once is closer to 365.2422 days (about 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds). This difference is about 365.25 - 365.2422 = 0.0078 days (11 minutes and 14 seconds) each year, although Greek astronomers knew that. This made the seasons get out of track, since the real first day of spring in western Europe (the equinox - day and night the same length) was happening earlier and earlier before the traditional 21 March as the centuries went by. By the 1500s, it was starting around 11 March, ten days 'too early' according to the calendar.

## Reform 
### From Roman calendar 
The first step of the reform was to  the 25 December with the Winter solstice by making 46 BCE (708 AUC) 445 days long. In  Roman calendar, the common year had 355 days and the leap year (one year after the common year) had 378 days. The 46 BCE was a leap year, according to the calendar. Julius Caesar added 67 more days by adding two extra months (those are called *Prior* and *Posterior* in letters of Cicero) between November and December.

## References
Southern hemisphere

(center), South America (upper left), Africa (upper right), and Australia and Oceania (lower right)]]
. Ushuaia in Argentina is the southernmost city in the world.]]

The **Southern hemisphere** is the half of Earth that is south of the equator. 

It has about 10 percent of world's population and only a small part of the world's land. A very small part of Asia, one-third of Africa, 90 percent of South America, and all of Australia and Antarctica are in this hemisphere.

## Related pages
*Northern hemisphere
*Eastern Hemisphere
*Western Hemisphere
*Seasons
*Solstice and equinox
*Equator
*Tropic of Cancer
*Tropic of Capricorn
*Arctic Circle
*Antarctic Circle
U2

**U2** is a rock band from Ireland. The four members of the band are lead singer Bono (born *Paul David Hewson*), lead guitarist The Edge (born *David Howell Evans*), bassist Adam Clayton, and drummer Larry Mullen Jr. and formerly dik Evans U2 are a very popular band all over the world and have been since the 1980s. They have sold more than 170 million albums and have won 22 Grammy Awards. This is more than any other rock band.

U2 formed in Dublin in 1976, when none of the members were very good musicians. However, they got better as they got older. They were more popular for playing live shows than for releasing albums. This changed with their hit record in 1987, *The Joshua Tree*. In 1991, U2 released a new album called *Achtung Baby*. This album sounded very different from their other albums because it was inspired by alternative rock and dance music. *Achtung Baby* and its worldwide Zoo TV Tour were both very popular. U2 experimented for the rest of the 1990s, making two other very different albums, *Zooropa* and *Pop*. 

In the 21st century, U2 returned to a more traditional sound, but they continue to be very popular and successful. They are involved in charities and helping people with groups such as Amnesty International, Make Poverty History, the ONE Campaign, Live Aid, Live 8, Bono's DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa) campaign, and Music Rising.

In 2014, the group won a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for their song *Ordinary Love* which was used in the movie *Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom*.

## History 
### Formation (1976-1979) 
U2 was formed in the city of Dublin, Ireland on September 25, 1976. It was founded by 14-year-old drummer Larry Mullen Jr. He posted a note on his school's notice board, asking for musicians to create a new band. There were seven teenage boys who went to their first practice. At first, the band called themselves "Feedback" but later changed their name to "The Hype". The band became smaller over time, eventually becoming just four people, and they finally changed their name to "U2" once Bono, The Edge, Clayton, and Mullen were left.

## Musical style and influences 
U2's music has been described as alternative rock, arena rock, art rock, pop rock, and post-punk. U2's influences include Brian Eno, Joy Division, Television, Lou Reed, Bob Dylan, Roxy Music, The Beatles, The Undertones, Roy Orbison, Marc Bolan, David Bowie, Sex Pistols, The Clash, The Who, Thin Lizzy, Patti Smith, The Jam, The Rolling Stones, Van Morrison and Lee Clayton.

## Albums 
* *Boy* (1980)
* *October* (1981)
* *War* (1983)
* *The Unforgettable Fire* (1984)
* *The Joshua Tree* (1987)
* *Rattle and Hum* (1988)
* *Achtung Baby* (1991)
* *Zooropa* (1993)
* *Pop* (1997)
* ''All That You Can't Leave Behind* (2000)
* *How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb* (2004)
* *No Line on the Horizon* (2009)
* *Songs of Innocence* (2014)
* *Songs of Experience* (2017)
* *Songs of Surrender'' (2023)

## References 
## Other websites 
* U2 official website
Antonio Prohias

**Antonio Prohias** (January 17, 1921 – February 24, 1998) was a Cuban-born cartoonist. He is best known as the creator of Spy vs. Spy. The running gag is of two incompent spies-one in black clothing-one in white clothing-who consisity try to outdo each other in comic mayhem. Although one comic only identies their countries as Black/White  another one tells their nationalities are given in an International border cartoon in which the Black Spy from the "East" tries to sneak over to the "West" [Guarded by the "White Spy."]-although a later cartoon identies their countries as "Black SpyLand" (and presumedly "White Spyland")  Likewise the Spys parents  and their Children are cloathed as Black/white Miniature copies of their fathers Even in childhood and old age the two spys began their mayhem against one another-although their feuding goes back to Caveman times and the Roman Empire In the Spy Vs Spy World even innocenet human bystanders  toys  and the Spys animals are cloathed in Black/White They even have their own Spy Cemeteries [ID only as Agent Number but no names]; and Fan Clubs; their newspapers are called "Spy News" The Spys weopons could be anything-from antique Biplanes to Jets Each spy would be attached to either their own embassy or their respective Spy Hq-a running gag is that each spy would try to steal secrets from the enemy spy embassy  On occasion Prohias would introduce a variation in which one Spy would embaress -but not kill-the enemy spy Other variations-more than One spy of the same color vs enemy Spy; and occasionally the introduction of a third Spy..the femme fatalee female "Grey Spy" would always trick the two love struck bumblers to their doom. In Honor of St Patricks Day another Spy was introduced the "Green Spy". When "Mad Magazine" had its own TV Show they would show 3D Cartoons of Spy Vs Spy shorts. After Prohias demise the Cartoon has been drawn by Kupper 

## References
Chancellor

**Chancellor** is the head of the government in some European countries including Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The title "Chancellor" means the same thing as "Prime Minister". For example, Italy has a Prime Minister while Germany has a Chancellor but they have roughly the same job.  

In the United Kingdom, the Chancellor of the Exchequer is the person in charge of the country's finances (taxes and spending). Also in the United Kingdom, there is a Lord Chancellor. 

Chancellor is also a title given to public officials in some other countries. For example, *Daijō-daijin* or Chancellor of the Realm was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods.

## Related pages
*Chancellor of Germany
*University Chancellor

## References
George Washington Carver

*This article is about the inventor. For other uses see **the president.*** 
**George Washington Carver** (c. January 1860 – January 5, 1943) was an American educator, scientist,  botanist (someone who works with plants), and inventor. He is best known for his work with peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other crops.

Carver's reputation is based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, such as peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes, which also aided nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their quality of life. 

The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts. He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm, including cosmetics, dyes, paints, plastics, gasoline, and nitroglycerin. He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.

He was born into slavery in January 1864 in Diamond, Missouri. The exact date of his birth is unknown. He studied in Simpson College when he was 22. Much of Carver's fame is based on his research. He died on January 5, 1943 after a fall he had in his home in Tuskegee, Alabama on January 5, 1943.

## References
Yateley

**Yateley** is a suburban town in England in the county of Hampshire. It had a population of 21,011 according to the 2001 census. 

## Location 
It is on the borders with Berkshire and Surrey. It lies some 35 miles (56&nbsp;km) west-south-west of London and 15 miles (24&nbsp;km) south of Reading. Other local towns and villages include Eversley, Finchampstead, Hartley Wintney, Blackwater, Camberley, Sandhurst, Crowthorne, Farnborough and Fleet.

## Uses 
Yateley mainly serves as a dormitory town for workers in London, Reading, Guildford, Farnborough and Camberley.

## Transport 
Public transport in Yateley is limited to a bus that serves Blackwater, Camberley and Aldershot. There is no train station.

## Education 
There are two secondary schools in the town, Yateley School and Frogmore School, and many infant and primary schools.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stratford-upon-Avon

of Stratford-upon-Avon]]
]]

**Stratford-upon-Avon** is a town in England.  It is famous as the birthplace of William Shakespeare. It lies on the River Avon, 22 miles (35 km) south east of Birmingham and 8 miles (13 km) south west of the county town, Warwick.
Grenada

**Grenada** ( ; Grenadian Creole French: *Gwenad*) is an island country in the Caribbean Sea that received its independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. Its capital is St. George's.

## History 
Before it was discovered, Grenada was inhabited by indigenous people. In 1649, it was colonised by France. Over a century later in 1763, Grenada was given to the United Kingdom.

In 1974, Grenada became an independent country led by Prime Minister Eric Gairy. In 1983, Grenada was invaded by the United States in an effort to stop communism on the island. 

In 2004, a hurricane named Ivan destroyed most of the island's resources. Grenada is called the **Spice Island** on account of its most famous export, the nutmeg.

## Politics 
Grenada is a monarchy with Charles III as king. Grenada has a parliament made up of a senate (13 seats) and a House of Representatives (15 seats). The senators are appointed by the representatives, who are elected by the people.

## Related pages
* Grenada at the Olympics
* Grenada national football team
* List of Grenadian people
* List of rivers of Grenada
* List of subdivisions of Grenada

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Government Website
* Official Website of the Tourism Board 
* General Tourism Website
Beer, Devon

**Beer** is the name of a village in Devon, South West England. It is famous for underground quarries started by the Romans which have supplied stone for many of England's Historic buildings. Fishing was also a large industry with smuggling connections and the ladies of Beer made the lace for Queen Victoria's wedding dress.

## References
Fly

A **fly** (plural: *flies*) is an insect of the order Diptera. The Diptera is a large order of advanced flying insects.

Their most obvious difference from other insects is in their flight. A normal fly has two flight wings on its thorax and a pair of halteres. The halteres, which evolved from the hind wings, act as flight sensors: they are balance organs. Also flies have large eyes with excellent wide-angle vision.

With the help of their eyes and halteres, flies are exceptional fliers. They can avoid most predators, and are among the hardest insects to capture by hand. Their jinks, dives and turns to avoid their predators is their main adaptation. "These flies do a precise and fast calculation to avoid a specific threat and they are doing it using a brain that is as small as a grain of salt".... "And they can fly like an ace at birth. It's like putting a newborn baby in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft and it knowing what to do".

There are many different kinds of flies. Scientists have named 125,000 kinds (species).
* Houseflies are grey or black and can be found wherever people are.
* Horse flies and deer flies can bite people and animals.
* Fruit flies can be found near fruit that is too ripe.
* Hoverflies look like small wasps, but they have no sting.

Some flies do not have the word *fly* in their name, so people may not know they are flies. 
* Mosquitoes are flies that bite people and can carry diseases, such as malaria.
* Midges are small flies, a bit like mosquitoes, but not all midges bite.
* Gnats are small flies that sometimes are in big groups called *swarm*s.

Some insects have the word *fly* in their names, but they are not flies at all.
* Fireflies are a kind of beetle that can make light.
* Dragonflies and damselflies are from the order Odonata and are not flies.

## References