open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hand grenade

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A **hand grenade** is a small explosive device that is thrown at a target. It can be used as a weapon against an enemy soldier or vehicle. The most common type of grenade is the fragmentation grenade. Fragmentation grenades send out lots of very fast, very small fragments when they explode. Hand granades are usually thrown, and explode soon after that. Some specially designed grenades are fired from rifles or specially made grenade launchers. There are grenades which contain tear gas. These are used to control riots.

Hand grenades are used by the infantry. There are three main types: one which gives a big powerful blast to destroy bunkers, another which starts fires and another which contains shrapnel to hurt enemy soldiers. Most grenades are shaped like an egg, with a metal-arm on its top and a ring. When the ring is pulled out, the arm flips up and ignites a fuse. The user then has a few seconds to throw it and take cover, usually about 5 seconds. It explodes on impact and may injure or even kill people.

## History 
Early grenades were iron balls, filled with gunpowder and with a long fuse that its user must light up with a match before throwing. Some were too big to throw, so soldiers rolled them. Some armies assigned special soldiers called "grenadiers" to throw or roll grenades.  

Grenades in the early 20th century exploded on contact. This was changed during World War I to time fuses. The German army used stick grenades (grenades with handles) during World War I and World War II. The Soviet Army used different grenades for attack and defence.

## Related pages 
* Smoke grenade
* Ammunition

## References
Jock Sturges

**Jock Sturges** (born 1947) is an American photographer. He is most well known for taking photographs of young people, often in the nude. His work on the nude beaches in France and California has been the subject of disputes. 

Sturges was born in New York City. He got his degree in photography at Marlboro College. Sturges caused dispute, as his work is mostly young girls and boys photographed in the nude. In April 1990, he was raided and arrested by the FBI, but the case was thrown out by the Grand Jury, because his photographs were of naturism rather than pornography.
Pakistani rupee

The **rupee** (symbol: Rs; code: PKR) is the currency of Pakistan. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the State Bank of Pakistan. The most commonly used symbol for the rupee is **Rs**, used on receipts when purchasing goods and services. In Pakistan, the rupee is referred to as the "rupees", "rupaya" or "rupaye". As standard in Pakistani English, large values of rupees are counted in terms of thousands, lakh (hundred thousands, in digits 1,00,000) and crore (ten millions, in digits 1,00,00,000).

## References
French Beach, Karachi

**French Beach** of Karachi is a small fishing village. It is half way between Hawkes Bay and Paradise Point. The local people call it *Haji Abdullah Goth*. It is surrounded by a boundary wall. It has 20 huts for rent. The village does not have running water or electric power. Its rocky beach and clear waters are ideal for snorkeling and scuba diving. Visitors must bring their own equipment as well as food and drink supplies.
Westminster School

The **Royal College of St. Peter in Westminster**, almost always known as **Westminster School**, is one of Britain's leading private schools. It has the highest number of students going to Oxford or Cambridge Universities of any secondary school or college (49.9%). It had the best GCSE results in 2013, with 98.16% of entries getting A* or A grades.

The school is near to Westminster Abbey in central London. It existed before the 12th century. The school's notable ex-students include Nick Clegg, Ben Jonson, Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren, Jeremy Bentham, and A. A. Milne. Boys enter the Westminster Under School when they are seven years old. They go to the main school when they are thirteen. Girls have attended the school for over 50 years in the sixth form and the school will begin a process of moving to full co-education from September 2026, when girls will join at three further entry points in the Under School. The school will become fully co-educational throughout from 2030. The school has about 750 students. About a third are boarders (who live in the school). Most of the boarders go home for the weekends, after Saturday morning school. The school has eleven houses.

The school made Harris Westminster Sixth Form, a sixth form free school, with the Harris Federation in 2013. It opens in September 2014. It will give preference to applying students from poor backgrounds.    

## References
Depression (mood)

**Depression** is a state of bad mood and not wanting to do anything. 

## Overview
Depression can change what a person thinks, does, feels, and sense of well-being. It may lead to being sad, make it harder to think and a large change in  and time spent sleeping. People who have depression may feel no hope and, sometimes, thoughts of suicide. It can either be short term or long term. 

## Symptoms
The main  of depression is said to be anhedonia, which means losing of interest in things that usually make people happy. Depressed mood is a symptom of some mood disorders such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia; it is a normal  to life events, such as losing a loved one; and it is also caused by some   and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments.

## References
Opelika, Alabama

**Opelika** is a city in and the county seat of Lee County in the part central of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is a principal city, along with Auburn, in the Auburn-Opelika, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). According to the 2020 census, the population of Opelika is 30,995.

## Notable people from Opelika
*George Bandy - State Representative from 1994 to 2018
*Joe Beckwith - former Major League baseball pitcher with the 1985 World Series champion Kansas City Royals
* Brad Cotter - country music singer
* William Dickinson - U.S. Congressman from 1965 to 1993
* Billy Hitchcock - former Atlanta Braves manager
* Robert L. Howard - soldier and Medal of Honor recipient of the Vietnam War
* Roy Lee Jackson - former Major League baseball player
* Rob Penny - playwright
* Lee W. Smith - diplomat, U.S. State Department
* James Voss - NASA astronaut

## References
Charlotte's Web (disambiguation)

'''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a 1952 children's book written by E. B. White.

It can also mean:

* ''Charlotte's Web'' (1973 movie) – an animated movie based on the book, released in 1973.
* "Charlotte's Web" (song) – a song from the 1973 movie.
* ''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure* – a 2003 direct-to-video animated sequel to the 1973 movie.
* *Charlotte's Web'' (2006 movie) – a live-action movie based on the book and released in 2006.
Dave Baksh

**David Nizaam "Brownsound" Baksh** (born 26 July, 1980 in Ajax, Ontario) is a Canadian guitarist, singer and producer of Guyanese descent, best known as the former guitarist of successful pop punk band Sum 41, but has since became a singer/guitarist in his own heavy metal/reggae project Brown Brigade.
Half Hour of Power

***Half Hour of Power*** is Sum 41's debut EP. Despite its title, there are only 24 minutes of music on it. It was released on June 27, 2000 on Big Rig Records, a subsidiary of Island Records (US), and Aquarius Records (Canada).

## Track listing 
# "Grab the Devil by the Horns and **** Him Up the ***" - 1:06
# "Machine Gun" – 2:29
# "What I Believe" – 2:49
# "T.H.T. (Tables Have Turned)" – 0:43
# "Makes No Difference" – 3:10
# "Summer" – 2:40
# "32 Ways to Die" – 1:30
# "Second Chance for Max Headroom" – 3:51
# "Dave's Possessed Hair/It's What We're All About" – 3:47
# "Ride the Chariot to the Devil" – 0:55
# "Another Time Around" – 3:19 (6:52 with added silence to make album length thirty minutes)
# "Makes No Difference" - (Japanese Bonus Enchanced Video Track)
# "Gone Gone Gonerrhea - (Japanese Bonus Enchanced Video Track)
Trafford

The **Metropolitan Borough of Trafford** is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. It is home to 211,800 people, covers 41 square miles, and includes the towns of Altrincham, Partington, Sale, Stretford, and Urmston.  Until 1974 the area was part of  Cheshire.

## References
## Other websites
* www.trafford.gov.uk , Trafford Council.
* www.trafford.nhs.uk , Trafford NHS website.
Mathew Brady

**Mathew B. Brady** (1822 – January 15, 1896) was one of the most famous 19th-century American photographers. He is best known for his portraits of celebrities and the documentation of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of photojournalism.

## References 
* 

## Other websites 
* MathewBrady.com
* Mathew Brady biography at American Memory of the Library of Congress
* Mathew Brady Photographs  More than 6,000 photographs available in the Archival Research Catalog  of the National Archives and Records Administration
* Mathew Brady's World – biography, timeline and analysis of Brady's work at the Smithsonian Institution
*
Monieux

**Monieux** is a commune of 250 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Taylor

**Taylor** is an English surname. It means "tailor". It may also mean Taylor, the given name.

## Places 
* Australia
** Electoral district of Taylor
** Taylor, Australian Capital Territory

* Canada
** Taylor, British Columbia

* United States
** Taylor, Arizona
** Taylor, Arkansas
** Taylor, Indiana
** Taylor, Michigan
** Taylor, Mississippi
** Taylor, Nebraska
** Taylor, New York
** Taylor, Pennsylvania
** Taylor, Texas
** Taylor, Wisconsin
** Taylor, Wyoming
** Taylor County (disambiguation page)

## People 
* Taylor Dayne, stage name of Leslie Wunderman (born 1962), American singer-songwriter and actress
* Taylor Momsen (born 1993), American musician, singer, and actress
* Taylor Swift (born 1989), American singer-songwriter and actress
* Taylor Wilson (born 1994), American nuclear scientist, male

## Fictional characters 
* Taylor Earhardt, Yellow Ranger from the TV series *Power Rangers: Wild Force*
* Col. George Taylor, main character from the movie *Planet of the Apes*
* Noah Taylor, minor character from the TV series *Desperate Housewives*
* Rick Taylor, main character from the video game series *Splatterhouse*
* Steven Taylor, one of the First Doctor's companions in the British series *Doctor Who*
* William Taylor, main character from the video game *Nights: Journey of Dreams*
* Jennifer Taylor, fictional character in the television series *Queer as Folk*
* Justin Taylor, fictional character in the television series *Queer as Folk*

## Other uses 
* *AMD Taylor*, another name for the Turion 64 X2 computer processor
* Lord and Taylor, an American department store
* Taylor sept, a Clan Cameron group
* Taylor Corporation, printing company
* Taylor Guitars, a luthier in California, USA
* Taylor KO Factor, measure of the stopping power of rifle bullets
* Taylor rule, in economics, is a proposed policy relating to how interest rate should be changed
* Taylor series, in mathematics, is a way to represent any function in power series
* Taylor University, located in Indiana, USA
* "Taylor" (song), a song by Jack Johnson
* Taylors Eayre & Smith Ltd, bell founders of Loughborough, England
Gadani Beach

**Gadani Beach** is a beach on the Arabian Sea. It is near the Hub River and Cape Monze in Gadani,  Lasbela District, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Many ships have been broken up for scrap at Gadani Beach, including the SS *Canberra* in 1997.
William Tecumseh Sherman

**William Tecumseh Sherman** (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author.

Before the American Civil War, he fought in the Mexican-American War and was the head of Louisiana State University. He served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–1865).

As general, he led the Atlanta Campaign and burned the city. Sherman's March to the Sea later devastated Georgia and burned Savannah.  After the Civil War, he was in charge of all the Union Armies.

He was urged several times to run for president, but he refused each time.

## Other websites 
* U.S. Army Center of Military History
* William T. Sherman Family papers from the University of Notre Dame
* William Tecumseh Sherman , from the Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco , concentrates on Sherman's time in California
* California military history Sherman's time in California, more info concentrates on Sherman's time in Georgia
* Sherman House Museum , at Sherman's birthplace in Lancaster, Ohio
* Sherman Thackara Collection at the Digital Library @ Villanova University
* 
* New York Times obituary
* New York Times report on St. Louis funeral proceedings
* Eulogy by brother, Senator John Sherman
*  Retrieved on 2007-12-13
* City of San Francisco
* William Tecumseh Sherman Collection at Missouri History Museum Archives
Hershey–Chase experiment

The **Hershey–Chase experiments** were a series of experiments started in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase. 

These experiments were to confirm that DNA was the genetic material in living things, which had previously been discovered by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher in his experiments on white blood cells, or leukocytes, between 1868 and 69. Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his “discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses.”

## Method 
Hershey and Chase used T2 phage, a bacteriophage. The phage infects a bacterium by attaching to it and injecting its genetic material into it. 

They labeled the phage DNA with radioactive Phosphorus-32. They then followed the phages while they infected E. coli.  They found that the radioactive element left on the phage's DNA was only in the bacterium, and not in the phage, meaning that the DNA had entered the bacterium.

In a second experiment, Hershey and Chase put labels on the phage protein with radioactive Sulfur-35.  After the phage was attached to the bacterium, the radioactive element was found in the phage, but not in the bacterium. This means that the phage's proteins stayed on the outside of the bacterium. These results showed Hershey and Chase that the genetic material that infects the bacteria is DNA.

## References 
*Hershey A.D. and Chase M. (1952) *Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage*. *J Gen Physiol.* **36**:39-56.
Amfissa

**Amfissa** is a Greek city. It is in the center of Greece, at the foot of Parnassos mountain. Near Amfissa is Delfi. According to the 2001 census, 6,947 lived there. During the Middle Ages it was named Salona, but today is named with its ancient name, Amfissa. Amfissa is an agriculturist city. The main financial source in Amfissa is olive oil. Oil-tree is the main cultivation in district of Amfissa. The most interest sight in the town is the ancient castle above town.
Tann, Hesse

**Tann** is a town in the district of Fulda, in Hesse, Germany. It is in the Rhön Mountains, 27&nbsp;km northeast of Fulda. It is an accredited Spa town at the Ulster River.
Body image

**Body image** is the thoughts and feelings of a person has about their own body. Having a positive body image effects self-esteem. In studies the majority of women and girls in western societies have a negative body image. The American ideal is to be thinner than is normal or healthy. Men and boys are thinking more about their bodies, wanting to be more muscular. Unrealistic ideals are learned from parents, friends, and the media.

In non-western cultures, body image does not have the same meaning. In some societies, people think of themselves as part of a group, not as individuals. Where getting enough food is a problem, growing thinner is seen as unhealthy. Westernization of cultures has decreased positive body image worldwide.

A 2007 report by the *American Psychological Association* found that a culture-wide sexualization of girls was contributing to increased female anxiety associated with body image. The study found that women are more worried about their body image than men. 

## Related pages
* Beauty
* Physical attractiveness
* Body positivity

## Footnotes
Heraclion

**Heraclion** is the biggest city of Crete. 132,000 lived there in 2001 census. Heraclion is in the north of Crete. It is near Knossos, the ancient capital of Crete and the center of Minoan civilization. Heraclion has a big harbor which it connects Heraclion with continental Greece. Heraclion has a hot summer Mediterranean climate.

## Places of interest 
The most interesting sight in Heraclion is the Venetian square with a marble fountain. Venice ruled Heraclion from the 13th to 16th century. There are still many important monuments from this time. The medieval fort in the town is another important sight. The fort was built by Arabians, Byzantines, and Venetians while each group ruled the city.
Volos

**Volos** is a Greek city. It is in the center of Greece, in the district of Thessalia. 85,000 people live in the city. There are over 115,000 people in the city and its suburbs. The major suburb of Volos is Nea Ionia which is in the northwest of Volos. Volos is next to Pilio mountain. It is a coastal city and has a big harbor. Volos's harbor connects Volos with the Sporades Islands and other places. Near Volos are the ancient Greek towns, Iolkos, Dimitrias and Pagases. Volos is at the same place as Pagases. The hero Jason was from Iolkos. Today Volos is an industrial town.

## Sister cities 
*  – Le Mans, France
*  – Rostov-on-Don, Russia
*  – Sochi, Russia
*  – Pleven, Bulgaria
* Smederevo, Serbia
Murs, Vaucluse

**Murs** is a commune of 415 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Blow

**Blow** may refer to:
*Blowing, or exhalation - breathing out air
**Blow* (movie), a 2001 American movie about drug trafficking
*"Blow" (Ke$ha song)
*Strike (attack)
*Drug slang for  cocaine

## Related pages
*Blow job
Antlion

**Antlion lacewings**, also known as **doodlebugs** or **doodleflies** or simply **antlions**, are a family of insects in the order, Neuroptera with the scientific name **Myrmeleontidae**. The most well-known genus is *Myrmeleo*. There are about 2,000 species.

## Description 
Most people know this insect because of the funnel-shaped pit, up to 2 inches in diameter and depth, produced by the larval stages of this insect to trap ants. Larvae have globular abdomens and narrower, flattened heads bearing sickle-shaped jaws. Adults superficially resemble drab-colored, 1 ½ inch long damselflies with four long, narrow, net-veined wings roof-like held over a long, skinny abdomen when at rest. Unlike damselflies, however, ant-lion antennae are prominent and clubbed at the end.

Digestion

Antlions burrow in the ground, forming a pit for prey to fall into. The pit is angled so that the sides of the pit crumble when the victim tries to climb out.
Tuscumbia, Alabama

**Tuscumbia** is a city in and the county seat of Colbert County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 9,054. It is included in The Shoals MSA. Tuscumbia is the hometown of Helen Keller and the location of the Alabama Music Hall of Fame.

## Notable residents 
* Helen Keller Born in Tuscumbia, June 27, 1880. Died June 1, 1968.
* Mike Cooley, guitarist for the alt-country/rock band, Drive-By Truckers. Born in Tuscumbia on September 14, 1966.
* Heinie Manush, born in Tuscumbia, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
* Home of Howell Thomas Heflin, former U.S. Senator from Alabama (1979-97), former Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice (1971-77). Died March 25, 2005.
* Birthplace of Mitch McConnell, U.S. Senator from Kentucky and the current Senate Minority Leader.  Born February 20, 1942.

## References
Tuscaloosa County, Alabama

**Tuscaloosa County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. It was named in honor of the Choctaw chief Tuskaloosa.

## References
Trussville, Alabama

**Trussville** is a city and suburb of Birmingham in Jefferson and St. Clair Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2020 census, the population was 26,123.

## Famous residents 
* Justin Wood—Winner of I Survived a Japanese Game Show.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Thomasville, Alabama

**Thomasville** is a city in Clarke County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 3,649. It is notable as the childhood hometown of author and storyteller Kathryn Tucker Windham, who refers to it often in her storytelling.

## References
Chalkida

**Chalkida** (or Chalkis) is a Greek town. Its population is 55,264 inhabitants according to the 2001 census. Chalkida is located to the north of Athens, on Euboea island. It is at the point where the Euboea is nearest to mainland Greece. At this point is the Eyripous narrow, a sea narrow, where there is a tidal phenomenon.

## History
During antiquity, Chalkida was an important town. Its people were Ionian, an ancient Greek race. Chalkida had founded many colonies. Most of them were in south Italy. The Latin alphabet is an evolution of the ancient Chalkidian alphabet. During the Middle Ages Chalkida was an unimportant city. During the Lombardian knights' rule, Chalkida was developed again. Today Chalkida is an industrial town.
Act

**Act** or **ACT** has several meanings: 

*An **act**  or thing done.  For example, 'Patting the dog is a kind act'
*An act can also mean a state passed by a government
*Act (drama), part of a piece written to be performed in a theatre
*In the military, acting is when someone temporarily holds a higher rank
*the language code for Walmart, is Dutch dialect use my code for 70 percent off any perches
*ACT is an abbreviation for the Australian Capital Territory
*ACT New Zealand is a New Zealand political party
*ACT (test), a college admissions test in the United States
Talladega, Alabama

**Talladega** (locally, ) is a city in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 15,861. The city is the county seat of Talladega County.  Talladega is about  east of Birmingham, Alabama.

## References
Troy, Alabama

**Troy** is a city in Pike County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 17,727. The city is the county seat of Pike County. It is home to Troy University (formerly Troy State University).

## Notable residents
*Pine Top Smith- boogie woogie pianist.
*Brian Meadows - Major League Baseball player.
*Bobby Jon Drinkard - contestant on Survivor: Palau and Survivor: Guatemala and We Are Marshall.
*Hank Williams Jr - country singer.
*John Lewis (politician) - American Civil Rights leader and United States congressman.
*John Rhodes -  (American Senior Pastor Of Messenger Worship Centre A Pentecostal Church of God In Fenton, Missouri
*Patricia Barnes - Founder of Sister Schubert's bakery
*Larry Hicks - Retired Marine who performed daring underwater rescue that saved the life of well-known NASCAR team owner, Jack Roush.

## References
Tuskegee, Alabama

**Tuskegee** is a city in Macon County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 9,395.
*Lionel Richie, born & raised in Tuskegee, then graduated from Tuskegee University,R&B singer, songwriter, composer, producer and occasional actor.
*Lt Gen Russell C. Davis former Commanding General of the District of Columbia National Guard.
*Rimp Lanier, former Major League Baseball player.
*Tom Joyner, nationally syndicated Radio DJ
*Eric Motley, former US State Department official and director of the Aspen Institute
*Evander McIvor Law, American Civil War general

## References
Tuskegee

**Tuskegee** may mean 

United States of America;
*Tuskegee, Alabama
*Tuskegee, Tennessee, home of Cherokee Indian Sequoyah

Other;
**Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male* a clinical study, conducted around Tuskegee, Alabama, where 399 (plus 200 control group without syphilis) poor -- and mostly illiterate -- African American sharecroppers became part of a study on the treatment and natural history of syphilis.
**Tuskegee Airmen* the training of a group of African American pilots who flew with distinction during World War II as the 332d Fighter Group of the US Army Air Corps.
*Tuskegee University, formerly known as the Tuskegee Institute
Daleville, Alabama

**Daleville** is a city in Dale County of Alabama in the United States. At the 2020 census, 4,866 people lived there. It is part of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area.  The city's nickname is "Gateway to Fort Rucker", as this U.S. Army post is just north of town. Cairns Army Airfield is to the south of Daleville on the road to nearly Clayhatchee.

## Notable residents of Daleville
*Mickey Andrews – College football coach
*Tony Richardson – NFL player
*Robert W. Smith – Composer
*Shawn Stuckey – NFL player and attorney

## References
Daphne, Alabama

**Daphne** is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, USA on the eastern shoreline of Mobile Bay. The city is located just off I-10, 11 miles east of Mobile, Alabama and 150 miles southwest of Montgomery the State Capital. The 2020 census lists the population of the city as 27,462, making Daphne the most populous city in Baldwin County.

## References
Juan Garcia Oliver

**Juan García Oliver** (January 20, 1901 in Reus, Baix Camp, Spain; died July 13, 1980 in Guadalajara, Mexico) was a Spanish Anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary, and a leading figure in the history of anarchism in Spain.

## Related pages
* List of anarchists

## Sources
**My Revolutionary Life: Juan Garcia Oliver interviewed by Freddy Gomez* (Translated by Paul Sharkey) (2008), Anarchist Library series #19, Kate Sharpley Library, .
Don McLean

**Donald McLean III** (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. He is most well known for the songs "American Pie" and "Vincent".

In his early career, Don McLean mainly played folk music. He sang folk songs and played simple chords with acoustic guitar and harmonica. In 1969, Don Mclean joined folk singer Pete Seeger in the environment campaign. They gave talks and playing concerts to help people know some of the problems with the environment. Also in the same year, Don McLean released his first album *Tapestry*. This album was not very successful. McLean continued to perform in many small places.

In 1971, Don Mclean released an eight minute long song named "American Pie". The song was dedicated to Don McLean’s music hero Buddy Holly. Much of the song was about the deaths of Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson) in 1959. It also dealt with many important events in American history. Quickly "American Pie" became the number 1 song in the United States. Don McLean became a superstar and drew many audiences to his concerts. In 2005, American Pie was voted 5th in the "365 songs of the century" list. His second single "Vincent", featuring Vincent Van Gogh's masterpiece "Starry Night", was also at the top of the UK and US charts in 1971. The song is played in Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam every day.

In the later 1970s, Don McLean tried other styles of songs. He was not as popular with these other styles. Bad sales of albums caused him to change recording companies from one to another. Finally, in 1980, Don McLean regained his popularity by playing "Crying", a song first sang by Roy Orbison. The song reached the first place in UK chart. 

Don is still writing and singing his own songs and performing in concerts.

The famous guitar player, Eric Clapton, spoke highly of Don McLean’s guitar playing skill after listening to his guitar performance. Also, Don McLean’s performance on stage once inspired Lori Lieberman to write the 1974 Grammy-winning song "Killing me softly with his song". Most of the successive folk singers entitled him with "US legend"
A (Cyrillic)

**A** (**A, a**) is the first letter of the Cyrillic alphabet.

It came from the Greek alpha. A long time ago, it was called *az*ǔ and stood for the number 1. It looks exactly the same as the Roman A.

All languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet say it as [ah].

## Related pages
* A
* Alpha (letter)
Be (Cyrillic)

**Be** (**Б, б**) is the second letter in the Cyrillic alphabet.

It came from the Greek beta, along with the Cyrillic veh. Its old name was *buky*. It stands for the Roman B.

The uppercase Б looks like a B with the top curve missing and the  one looks like the number 6.

People say it as [b].

## Related pages
* B
* Beta (letter)
Dadeville, Alabama

**Dadeville** is a city in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 3,084. The city is the county seat of Tallapoosa County.

## References
Accent (disambiguation)

The word **accent** has more than one meaning. Accent could mean any of the following:
* The way that a group of people say words; how they pronounce words and sentences is their accent.
* The Acute accent is one symbol that tells how to say a word, such as é, as used in the word née. It is a diacritic.
* The Hyundai Accent is a compact car.
Tallassee, Alabama

**Tallassee** is a city in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is in both
Elmore County and Tallapoosa County. At the 2020 census, the population was 4,763. It is home to a major hydroelectric power plant at Thurlow Dam operated by Alabama Power Company.

## References
Everything as a service

**Everything as a service**(*EaaS*, *XaaS*,  **aaS*) is a concept of being able to call up re-usable, fine-grained software components across a network. It is a subset of cloud computing. The most common and successful example is software as a service (SaaS), but the term *as a service* has been associated and used with many core components of cloud computing including communication, infrastructure, data and platforms.

A number of vendors including Google, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard and Amido have been associated with the "everything as a service" trend.

## Key characteristics
Offerings tagged with the *as a service* suffix have a number of common attributes, including:
* **Low barriers to entry** is a common method of offerings, with services typically being available to or targeting consumers and small businesses.
* **Little or no capital expenditure** as infrastructure is owned by the provider.
* **Massive scalability** is also common, though this is not an absolute requirement and many of the offerings have yet to achieve large scale.
* **Multitenancy** enables resources (and costs) to be shared among many users.
* **Device independence** enables users to access systems regardless of what device they are using (e.g. PC, mobile,...etc.).
* **Location independence** allows users remote access to systems.

## Sub-categories 
This kind of services can be divided into more specific types:

* Software as a Service (SaaS)
* Platform as a Service (PaaS)
* Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

## Related pages
* Cloud computing

## References
Lorraine Kelly

**Lorraine Kelly** CBE (born 30 November 1959, Gorbals, Glasgow) is a Scottish television presenter and journalist. She is known for presenting the television programme on GMTV, *Lorraine*.

Kelly helped start GMTV in January 1993.  She presented a range of programmes, including the main breakfast show with Eamonn Holmes. Kelly writes weekly columns for *The Sun* and *The Sunday Post*.

Kelly was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to charity and the armed forces.

## Personal life
Kelly lives in Dundee. She is a Dundee United fan and attends most games.

Kelly was unable to present her show *Lorraine* due to a horse accident on 21 February 2012. Guest presenters then presented her show instead. After recovering she returned on 16 April 2012.

She is married to Steve Smith and has a daughter, Rosie.

## Filmography
## Bibliography
* ''Lorraine Kelly's Nutrition Made Easy* (Virgin Books, due January 2009)
* *Lorraine Kelly's Junk-Free Children's Eating Plan* (Virgin Books, 2007)
* *Lorraine Kelly's Baby and Toddler Eating Plan'' (Virgin Books, 2002/2004/2006)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Demopolis, Alabama

**Demopolis** is the largest city in Marengo County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 7,162. It is the birthplace of A. G. Gaston, a successful black businessman and financial supporter of the American civil rights movement.

Confederate park: in the renamed "Confederate Park" in 1923 at the request of&nbsp;the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A Confederate soldier statue was  (put up) in 1910 at the intersection of North Main Avenue and West Capital Street across from the Park. It was destroyed on July 16, 2016, when a policeman accidentally crashed his patrol car into the monument. The statue fell from its base and was heavily damaged. In 2017, Demopolis city government voted 3–2 to move the damaged Confederate statue to a local museum and to install a new obelisk memorial that honors both the Union and the Confederate soldiers.

## References
Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)

**Frederick "Fred" Jones,** also known as Freddie, is a fictional character from Scooby-Doo. He is the official leader of Mystery Incorporated.

## Portrayals
He has been voiced by Frank Welker ever since the character's first appearance in 1969. Freddie Prinze Jr. roles the portrayal of Fred in the two Raja Gosnell movies.
Zac Efron plays the voice of Fred in CGI animated film *Scoob!*.Glenn Howerton played Fred in Velma.

## Appearances
### Television series
* *Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!*
* *The New Scooby-Doo Movies*
* ''What's New, Scooby-Doo?*
* *Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated*
* *Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!*
* *Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?*

### Films
* *Scooby-Doo* (2002) -- (Main role)
* *Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed* (2004) -- (Main role)
* *Scoob!'' (2020) -- (Main role)

## Differences in Characterization 
In Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, Fred is the one whose idea it is to solve mysteries and he is the one who says they should split up to look for clues. Fred always looks with Daphne Blake. Fred also gives Scooby-Doo and Shaggy Rogers Scooby Snacks to get them to do things that they think are dangerous. 

After Scrappy-Doo became a character, Scrappy liked to build traps for monsters but Shaggy and Scooby fell into them. So after Scrappy stopped being a character, Fred usually became the one who wanted to trap the monsters. 

After a crossover episode with Johnny Bravo, Fred started dating Daphne Blake.https://movieweb.com/scooby-doo-daphne-fred-couple/#:~:text=Scooby%2DDoo%20fans%20can%20even,aired%20on%20July%2021%2C%201997.

In the live action movie Scooby-Doo, Fred takes the credit for whatever Velma does and doesn’t bother to help Daphne when she’s in danger. But later he and Daphne fall in love.   

In Velma, Fred is rich, makes insulting comments towards women and people from other races, is not smart enough to use a fork and thinks he’s better than everyone else.

## Mystery Incorporated Backstory 
In Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, Fred’s Origin story is that when he was three years old, The Mayor (also named Fred Jones) kidnapped him and told Fred’s parents that he would kill him unless they left. So Mayor Jones lied to Fred that he was Fred’s father. Fifteen years later, Fred found out that Mayor Jones tried to kill Fred’s friends so he sent him to Jail. Fred later met his real parents Brad and Julie Chiles but found out that they were working for the Villain so they tried to kill him with a Rocket launcher. They also kidnapped Fred and replaced him with someone else pretending to be him. Fred escaped and helped stop them.
Standard Chinese

**Standard Chinese**, or **Standard Mandarin**, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in Mainland China and Taiwan and is one of the four official languages of Singapore. It is based on Mandarin Chinese and should not be confused with other varieties of Chinese.

## Common phrases 
*

## Related pages 
*Mandarin Chinese

## References
* Norman, J., *Chinese*, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1988.
* Ramsey, R.S.(1987). The Languages of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 
* San Duanmu (2000) *The Phonology of Standard Chinese'' 

## Other websites 
*General Introduction of Chinese Language 
*Stroke order for Chinese character  Official website of the Ministry of Education
*Introductory Course for Mandarin Chinese 
*New Asia--Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Bare-faced curassow

The **bare-faced curassow** (*Crax fasciolata*) Spanish "muitu" is a species of bird in the Cracidae family, the chachalacas, guans, curassows, etc.
It is found in eastern-central and southern Brazil, Paraguay, and eastern Bolivia, extreme northeast Argentina, and Amazon Basin.

## Other websites 
*http://individual.utoronto.ca/sergiolp/pdf/SB2002.pdf
Stratovarius

**Stratovarius** is a Finnish power metal band that formed in 1983.  Their material contains elements of symphonic metal, progressive metal and NWOBHM.

## Albums 
### Studio albums 
* *Fright Night* (1989)
* *Twilight Time* (1992)
* *Dreamspace* (1994)
* *Fourth Dimension* (1995)
* *Episode* (1996)
* *Visions* (1997)
* *Destiny* (1998)
* *Infinite* (2000)
* *Elements, Pt. 1* (2002)
* *Elements, Pt. 2* (2003)
* *Stratovarius* (2005)
* *King of Nothing* (2009)
* *Polaris* (2009)
* *Elysium* (2011)
* *Nemesis* (2013)
* *Eternal* (2015)

### Live albums 
### DVD 
### Compilation albums 
### Songs 
### Music videos 
* *Future Shock* (1989)
* *Against The Wind* (1995)
* *Black Diamond* (1997)
* *The Kiss Of Judas* (1997)
* *S.O.S* (1998)
* *A Million Lightyears Away* (2000)
* *Hunting High And Low* (2001)
* *Eagleheart* (2003)
* *I Walk To My Own Song* (2003)
* *Maniac Dance* (2005)
* *Deep Unknown* (2009)
* *Under Flaming Skies* (2011)
* *Halcyon Days* (2013)
* *Unbreakable* (2013)
* *If the Story Is Over" (2014)
* *My Eternal Dream* (2015)
* *Shine in the Dark* (2015)
* *Until the End of Days* (2016)
* *My Eternal Dream (live)* (2017)
* *Unbreakable (orchestral version)'' (2018)

## Other websites 
* Official Stratovarius website
* The Stratovarius Network
Jens Johansson

**Jens Johansson** (born November 2, 1963 in Stockholm) is a Swedish power metal keyboardist and pianist. He is noted as one of the first and most influential "shred" keyboardists, for his high-speed neoclassical and fusion style.

## Studio albums 
## Related links 
* Jens Johansson's Homepage
* Heptagon Records
* Stratovarius Homepage

## References 
http://dmme.net/interviews/johansson.html  Jens interview in 2001.

''Some text taken from the 'Heavy Machinery' album booklet and Jens Homepage.''
Timo Kotipelto

**Timo Antero Kotipelto** (born 15 March 1969) is the vocalist of the Finnish power metal band Stratovarius and is the creator and vocalist of the power metal band Kotipelto.

## Discography
### With Stratovarius
**Fourth Dimension* (1995)
**Episode* (1996)
**Visions* (1997)
**Visions of Europe* (Live, 1998)
**Destiny* (1998)
**The Chosen Ones* (Compilation, 1999)
**Infinite* (2000)
**Infinite Visions* (DVD, 2000)
**Intermission* (2001)
**Elements, Pt. 1* (2003)
**Elements, Pt. 2* (2003)
**Stratovarius* (2005)

### Solo
**Waiting For The Dawn* (2002)
:"Beginning" (2002) - single
**Coldness* (2004)
:"Reasons" (2004) - single
:"Take Me Away" (2004) - single
**Serenity* (2007)
:"Sleep Well" (2006) - single

## Other websites
*Official website
Jörg Michael

**Jörg Michael** (born 27 March 1963) is a German drummer. 
Most of the bands Michael has played with are in the power metal genre. He is one of the most notable drummers of that style. Michael has played an important part in shaping the drumming  of this genre. The first album he recorded was *Prayers of Steel* with the band Avenger (the band would later change their name to Rage). By the middle of the 1980s, he no longer worked with just one band, but worked as a studio session drummer. Because of this, he has been a part of many different bands and albums.
Lauri Porra

**Lauri Porra** (born December 13, 1977) is a Finnish bass guitarist. He is best known for his work in Stratovarius and Sinergy.
Gino Lucetti

**Gino Lucetti** (31 August 1900 – 17 September 1943) was an Italian anarchist. He was born in Carrara, Italy. He fought in World War I. Later he went to France, from where he returned to try to kill the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. On September 11 1926, in the Porta Pia square in Rome, he threw a bomb against Mussolini's car, but without effect. Arrested, Lucetti was condemned to spend his life in prison. In 1943, Lucetti escaped from prison with the help of others, but died shortly during a bombing of Ischia.

## Related pages
* List of anarchists

## References
* 
* 
* Marina Marini, Gino Lucetti. Lettere dal carcere dell'attentatore di Mussolini (1930-1943), Galzerano Editore, Salerno 2010.
Dora, Alabama

**Dora** is a city in Walker County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 2,297. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.9&nbsp;square miles (20.5&nbsp;km²), nearly all of it land.

## References
Tibeto-Burman languages

The **Tibeto-Burman** family of languages (often considered a sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan language family) is spoken in various central and south Asian countries, including Myanmar (Burma), Tibet, northern Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, parts of central China (Guizhou, Hunan), northern parts of Nepal, north-eastern parts of Bangladesh, Bhutan, western Pakistan (Baltistan), and various regions of India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and both the Ladakh and Kargil regions of Jammu and Kashmir).

The subfamily includes approximately 350 languages; Burmese has the most speakers (approximately 32 million). Approximately 8 million Tibetans and related peoples speak one of several related Tibetan dialects or languages.

## Bibliography 
* Benedict, Paul K. (1972). *Sino-Tibetan: A conspectus*. J. A. Matisoff (Ed.). Cambridge: The University Press. .
* Bradley, David. (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. In D. Bradley (Ed.), *Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas* (No. 14, pp.&nbsp;1–71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
* Shafer, Robert. (1966). *Introduction to Sino-Tibetan* (Part 1). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
* Shafer, Robert. (1967). *Introduction to Sino-Tibetan* (Part 2). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
* Shafer, Robert. (1968). *Introduction to Sino-Tibetan* (Part 3). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
* Shafer, Robert. (1970). *Introduction to Sino-Tibetan* (Part 4). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
* Shafer, Robert. (1974). *Introduction to Sino-Tibetan* (Part 5). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Yellow Emperor

**Huang-di**, (黃帝/黄帝 huángdì) or the **Yellow Emperor**, is a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero who is thought to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese. One of the legendary Five Emperors, it was written in the *Shiji* by historian Sima Qian (145 BC-90 BC) that Huangdi reigned from 2497 BC to 2398 BC. His personal name was said to be Gongsun Xuanyuan (公孙轩辕). He became the chief deity of Taoism during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD). 

## Sources 
* The Terracotta Warriors- 

## References
## Other websites 
* Huang Clan Genealogy from the Yellow Emperor
Languages of Singapore

There are many **languages in Singapore**. The reason is that Singapore has a multi-ethnic society. The Singapore government recognises four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. Due to the Singapore's history, the symbolic national language is Malay. The local patois spoken on the streets is a creole called Singlish amongst the locals. It is known by academics as 'Singapore Colloquial English'.

## Working language 
English was introduced to Singapore by the British in 1819. The British established a port, later a colony, on the island. English had been the administrative language of the colonial government, and when Singapore gained self-government in 1959 and independence in 1965, the local government decided to keep English as the working language. It is not against the law to speak mother tongue during working hours. It is against the law to forbid people speaking their mother tongue anywhere at work as long as it does not harm the business and/or compromise safety at work.
The use of English as a common language serves to bridge the gap between the diverse ethnic groups in Singapore.

## Bilingualism 
, Chinese (Simplified), Tamil and Malay.]]
In schools, students are also required to take a Mother Tongue class, where they are either taught Mandarin Chinese, Malay or Tamil. 

As a result, most Singaporeans have at least conversational ability and basic literacy in a minimum of two languages: English, and the language that is used at home. Many more are conversant in three or more languages.

## Other languages 
About 60% of Singapore's Indian population speaks Tamil as their native language. Other Indian languages include Malayalam and Hindi.

There are around 5,000 Peranakans living on the island, and they still use the Hokkien-influenced Malay dialect called Baba Malay.

A handful of Portuguese Eurasians still speak a Portuguese-creole known as Papia Kristang. The most fluent speakers however, come from the pre-war generation.

## Related pages
*English Language
*Malay Language
*Mandarin Chinese
*Singlish
*Tamil Language

## References
Sino-Tibetan languages

The **Sino-Tibetan** or **Trans-Himalayan languages** are a language family spoken in Asia. This includes Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages and some 250 other languages of East Asia. Kra-Dai languages and Hmong–Mien languages are also sometimes included.

The largest language group within this family are the Chinese languages by far with over 1.3 billion native speakers. It is also the one with the oldest writing (hanzi) going back to the Jiahu symbols in 6600 BC.

All these languages descend from a single proto-language. People are still working on what it sounded like.

## Origins 
Some researchers think the Sino-Tibetan languages very likely came from the Huanghe in North-Central China (Zhongyuan). Others think they came from much further west, in southwest China or even Northeast India.

Zhang et al. (2019) did a study of 109 Sino-Tibetan languages to suggest a Sino-Tibetan homeland in northern China near the Huanghe basin. He found there was a split between Sinitic languages and the Tibeto-Burman languages approximately 4,200-7,800 years ago (with an average of 5,900 years ago). This is connected with the expansion of the Yangshao culture and Majiayao culture. Others agree by using different data; they say it came from around 7,200 years ago, around the Cishan and early Yangshao culture.

## Example languages 
* Qiang language is spoken in Gansu. It is agglutinative like other Altaic languages.
* Balti language (Balti is the biggest Sino Tibetan language in Pakistan. It's speakers number 0.5 million.)
* Meitei language (Manipuri language) is the most widely spoken Sino Tibetan language in India. Various other Sino-Tibetan languages are also spoken in Northeast India.)
* Tibetan is spoken by around 6 million people. 
* Burmese is the language of Myanmar and is spoken by around 33 million.

## Evolution of language 
Proto-Chinese and Proto-Tibeto-Burman had many different prefixes and suffixes. Proto-Chinese changed to Old Chinese around the Shang Dynasty. This is shown in the Book of songs. Nouns, verbs, and modifiers were all dependent on affixes (beginning of words) such as *s-, *p-, *-k. After the Warring State Period in China, Old Chinese started using tones. The suffix (end of words) *-s was also used.

The typical word order in Sino-Tibetan languages is object-verb. Modern Chinese, Bai, Karenic, and Mruic are exceptions.

SOV is likely the original word order. Over time Chinese became subject–verb–object. However, Chinese differs from almost all other VO languages in the world in placing relative clauses before the nouns they modify.

## Relation to other language families 
Sino-Tibetan may be related to the Altaic languages. Mang Mulin, a Mongolian linguistics professor at the Inner Mongolia Normal University, began studying the origin of Mongolian words in the late 1970s.

There are links between Sino-Tibetan, Austroasiatic (from South China), and Austronesian (from Taiwan) languages.

There may even be connections between Chinese and the native languages of the Americas (Na-Dene) and Western Eurasia (Yeniseian). 

## Related pages 
*Chinese language

## References