open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
SS Daniel J. Morrell

'*SS *Daniel J. Morrell'''* was an American Great Lakes ore carrier. It was 603 feet long. The ship usually carried iron ore. The *Morrell* sank during a severe storm on November 29, 1966. The ship broke in two before sinking.

Twenty-eight of the *Morrell'''s 29 crewmen died during the sinking. Only one crewman survived.

## References
Jon Landau

**Jon Landau** (July 23, 1960 – July 5, 2024) was an American movie producer. He is best known for his work with James Cameron: *Titanic* (1997), *Solaris* (2002) and *Avatar* (2009). He also produced *Campus Man* (1987), *Honey, I Shrunk The Kids* (1989), *Dick Tracy* (1990), *Alita: Battle Angel* (2018) and *Avatar: The Way of Water* (2022).

Landau was born in New York City, New York. He was the son of Edie, a producer, and Ely A. Landau, a studio executive and producer. He was Jewish.

Landau died at the age of 63 on July 5, 2024 in Los Angeles, California from cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mikael Agricola

]]
**Mikael Agricola** ( ) (c. 1510 &ndash; 9 April 1557) was a priest who is often called the "father of written Finnish".  In addition, Agricola, Aleksis Kivi and Elias Lönnrot are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.

In his time, Finland was part of Sweden, a Catholic country. He learned the ideas of the Reformation, and thought everyone should be able to read the Bible. To help people in Finland to learn to read, Agricola published a ABC book and a prayer book in Finnish around year 1544. He also translated large sections of the Bible into Finnish.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Agricola, Mikael (1510 - 1557) Finnish Dictionary of National Biography online.
* The Finnish Reformer was a student of Luther – and Finland's educator
TOP 09

**TOP 09** is a political party in the Czech Republic. It is a right-wing, conservative party. The chairman of the party is former finance minister Miroslav Kalousek and the honorary chairman is former foreign minister Karel Schwarzenberg. TOP 09 have 14 members in the Chamber of Deputies and 4 members in the European parliament. The party's policies are based on conservatism and pro-Europeanism.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Miroslav Kalousek

**Miroslav Kalousek** (born 16 December 1960) is a Czech politician, former Finance minister, leader of TOP 09 party, and member of Chamber of Deputies.

## References
Avon, Indiana

**Avon** is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,474.

## References
Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic

The **Chamber of Deputies of Parliament of the Czech Republic** () is the lower house of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. It has 200 members. They are elected by the people. They serve for 4 years. The current parliament was elected in 2021.

## Political groups 
This is the current composition of the Chamber of Deputies since the 2021 parliamentary election:
Phillips curve

The **Phillips Curve** shows the relationship between unemployment and  inflation in an economy. It shows that as unemployment goes down, wages go up. It was discovered by British economist William Phillips. He studied wage inflation and unemployment in the United Kingdom from 1861 to 1957. The theory states that economic growth causes inflation. This causes more jobs to become available which lowers unemployment. In the 1970s high levels of inflation and unemployment were occurring at the same time. This disproved the theory, at least in the long run. 

## Related pages 
* Microeconomics
* Economy
* Monetary policy

## References
Momoko Kōchi

**Momoko Kōchi** (born **Momoko Okouchi** March 7, 1932 - November 5, 1998) was a Japanese actress. She is best known for her roles in the original  *Godzilla*, playing the character of Emiko Yamane. Kōchi later played the same role in *Godzilla vs. Destoroyah* in 1995. She starred in *The Mysterians*, playing Hiroko Iwamoto. 

Kōchi was discovered in 1953 in Toho's New Face Contest. By the late 1950s she found herself typecast into science fiction and horror movies. She decided to pursue formal acting. from intestinal cancer.   

## Selected filmography
## References 
## Other websites
*
European perch

The **European perch** (*Perca fluviatilis*), also known as the **common perch**, **redfin perch**, **big-scaled redfin**, **English perch**, **Eurasian perch**, **Eurasian river perch**, **Hatch**, or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the **perch**, is a kind of predatory freshwater fish. It belongs in the genus *Perca* and lives in Europe and Siberia. It is typically less than 25 cm long. It has greenish basic colour with 5-9 black bands, and red fins.

European perch lives in fresh water (water which contains no salt or very little salt) and can be found in lakes, rivers, ponds and areas where sea water mixes with river water such as the Baltic Sea. 

European perch eats small animals in the water, such as insects, worms and small fish. It is most hungry early in the morning and late in the evening.

European perch closely resembles the American yellow perch. Because of their similar appearance and possible ability to cross-breed, yellow perch is sometimes classified as a subspecies of the European perch, in which case its trinomial name would be ***Perca fluviatilis flavescens***.

## Description 
European perch are greenish with red pelvic, anal and caudal fins. They have five to eight dark vertical bars on their sides. When the perch grows larger, a hump grows between its head and dorsal fin.

## Distribution and habitat 
The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers, deep lakes and ponds. It tends to avoid cold or fast-flowing waters but some specimens penetrate waters of these type, although they do not breed in this habitat.

### Outside Europe 
European perch has been widely introduced, with reported adverse ecological impact after introduction. In Australia, the species is implicated in the decline of the now-endangered native fish, the Macquarie perch.
## Related pages 
* Yellow perch – a similar and related perch species
* List of fish common names

## References 
## Other websites 
* European Perch at iNaturalist
* Redfin Perch – Perca fluviatilis
Douglas Tompkins

**Douglas Rainsford "Doug" Tompkins** (March 20, 1943 &ndash; December 8, 2015) was an American conservationist, outdoorsman, philanthropist, filmmaker, agriculturalist, and businessman. He was born in Conneaut, Ohio. He co-founded and ran two companies: the outdoor equipment and clothing company The North Face and the Esprit clothing company.

On December 8, 2015, Tompkins was kayaking with five others on General Carrera Lake in southern Chile when strong waves caused their kayaks to capsize. Tompkins spent a "considerable amount of time" in waters under . He was flown via helicopter to a hospital in nearby Coyhaique, where he died from severe hypothermia. He was 72 years old and was survived by his wife, two daughters, mother and brother.

## References
## Other websites
*Tompkins Conservation  
*Spanish Language BBC interview
*''Rebel With A Cause – Doug Tompkins' quest to save the wilderness'' (film by DreamTeam medienproduktion, arte, WDR, NDR, 2010)
Shipwreck

A **shipwreck** is the  of a ship that has been . Shipwrecks are found either beached on land or sunken to the seabed of a body of water. They may be deliberate or accidental. UNESCO estimates that worldwide over 3 million shipwrecks. Some are thousands of years old.

## Attraction 
Historic wrecks are attractive to marine archaeologists because they preserve historical information. For example, studying the wreck of *Mary Rose* revealed information about seafaring, warfare, and life in the 16th century. Military wrecks, caused by a battle at sea, are studied to find details about the historic events. They can reveal much about the battle that occurred. Once in a while there is a discovery of a treasure ship, often from the period of European colonisation. Some  wrecks, such as the oil tankers *Prestige* or *Erika*, are of interest because of their potential harm to the environment. Other contemporary wrecks are scuttled (sank deliberately) in order to create reef growth.

## Famous shipwrecks 
Some very famous shipwrecks include the RMS *Titanic*, HMHS *Britannic*, RMS *Lusitania*, SS *Andrea Doria*, SS *Edmund Fitzgerald* or the *Costa Concordia*.  There are also thousands of wrecks that were not lost at sea but have been  or . These abandoned, or derelict ships are typically smaller craft, such as fishing vessels. They sometimes pose a hazard to navigation. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* 10 Shipwrecks Frozen In Time
* International Registry of Sunken Ships
Analytic philosophy

**Analytic philosophy** is a branch of philosophy that was important in the 20th century. Analytical philosophy focuses on the philosophy of language, mathematical logic and on argumentation. Important thinkers of this movement include Gottlob Frege,  Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Willard Van Orman Quine. It is one of the most common styles of philosophy taught in universities today.

## Related pages 
*Metaphilosophy
*Ordinary language philosophy
Tax deduction

A **tax deduction** is a way to reduce the amount of income that is subject to a tax. Tax deductions and tax credits both lower the amount of money a person has to pay in taxes. But they do it differently. A tax deduction is subtracted from the gross income of a taxpayer. For example, if a couple had an income of $60,000 for the year, and they had paid $10,000 in interest on their mortgage, their taxable income would be reduced to $50,000. The value of a tax deduction depends on a person's tax rate, which rises with income. A tax credit, by comparison, has the same value for all taxpayers. In the USA, there are hundreds of different tax deductions. Some are only available to taxpayers in certain income s. Some are available to businesses in particular industries.

## References
Johan Ludvig Runeberg

**Johan Ludvig Runeberg** (; 5 February 1804 &ndash; 6 May 1877) was a poet from Finland. He is the national poet of Finland. He wrote in the Swedish language.

Runeberg's most famous work is *Fänrik Ståls sägner* (The Tales of Ensign Stål, *Vänrikki Stoolin tarinat* in Finnish). He wrote it between 1848 and 1860. The book consists of 36 poems. The tales are about Finnish War of 1808–09. In the war  Russia got Finland from Sweden. In the tales Runeberg tries to tell us that deep down inside people are similar on both sides of the war. In that book, small people from Finland become heroes in their own life.  The first poem "Vårt land" (*Our Land*, *Maamme* in Finnish) became the Finnish National anthem.

## References
George S. Irving

**George S. Irving** (**George Irving Shelasky**; November 1, 1922 &ndash; December 26, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his character roles on Broadway. He voiced the Heat Miser in *The Year Without a Santa Claus* (1974) and in ''A Miser Brothers' Christmas* (2008). Irving recorded the audio version of *Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark*. He also appeared on stage in *Oklahoma!* and on television in *All in the Family''. He won a Tony Award in 1973.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*TonyAwards.com Interview with George S. Irving
Edmund Lyndeck

**Edmund Lyndeck** (October 4, 1925 &ndash; December 14, 2015) was an American character actor and musical theatre actor. He began his career in 1970 when he appeared in *The Ed Sullivan Show*. He appeared on stage as Ebenezer Scrooge in *A Christmas Carol*.  He also appeared in the stage production of *Into the Woods*. 

Lyndeck appeared in guest appearances on *Ed*, *The Cosby Show*, and *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Brief interview with Lyndeck about Stephen Sondheim
Bayonne, New Jersey

**Bayonne** (pronounced *bay-OWN*) is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Bayonne is east of Newark, the state's largest city, north of Elizabeth in Union County and west of Brooklyn. As of 2020, the population was 71,686.

## References
## Other websites
*
H. Arnold Steinberg

**H. Arnold Steinberg** (May 12, 1933 &ndash; December 11, 2015) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist of Jewish descent. He was the Chancellor of McGill University serving from 2009 through 2014.

He studied at McGill University and Harvard University.

In 1957, he started working at Dominion Securities Corp. Ltd. before joining Steinberg Inc. in 1958. He would remain at the company until 1989 and was Chief Financial Officer.

Steinberg died suddenly in Montreal, Quebec from a heart attack on December 11, 2015 at the age of 82.

## References
Metropolitan Community Church

The **Metropolitan Community Church** (MCC) is an international Protestant Christian denomination. It is based in Los Angeles, California. It has 222 member congregations in 37 countries. It has a specific outreach to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender families and communities. The MCC has property worth $50 million. It has 40,000 members. They want to double in size in the next ten years. They also want  by other Christian organizations. The MCC currently has "Official Observer" status with the World Council of Churches. MCC supports same-sex marriage. The MCC has been  membership in the US National Council of Churches. Many local MCC congregations are members of local ecumenical partnerships around the world. MCC also belongs to several statewide councils of churches in the United States.

## References
Saimaa ringed seal

The **Saimaa ringed seal** (*Pusa hispida saimensis*) is a subspecies of ringed seal (*Pusa hispida*). Usually seals live in the sea, but Saimaa ringed seals live in Lake Saimaa in Finland. There are only 320 Saimaa ringed seals in the world. They are among the most endangered seals in the world. 

After the last ice age was over, dry land was rising slowly. This isolated Lake Saimaa from the sea. Some seals were also isolated in Saimaa. Their successors become Saimaa ringed seals.  

## Appearance
.]]
An adult Saimaa ringed seal is between  long and weighs between . Usually male seals are larger than females. Their colour is dark gray, with circular white  patterns.

## Reproduction 
Saimaa ringed seals give birth towards the end of February. They dig a nest in snow on top of lake ice. Snow nest gives shelter for young seal pups. If there is not enough snow, young seals do not . In 2010s, s help seals by building artificial piles of snow on lake ice. Studies by the University of Eastern Finland showed the ringed seals would nest in man-made snowdrifts the same as natural snowdrifts.

## References
## Other websites
Columbus Crew

The **Columbus Crew** (known from 2015 to 2021 as **Columbus Crew SC**, and briefly in 2021 as **Columbus SC**) are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in Columbus, Ohio.  They started play in 1996, playing at Ohio Stadium on the campus of Ohio State University until opening the new Columbus Crew Stadium in 1999. That stadium would be renamed Mapfre Stadium in 2015 and Historic Crew Stadium in late 2020. The Crew played their first match at the new Lower.com Field, now known as ScottsMiracle-Gro Field, on July 3, 2021.

Shortly after the start of the 2021 season, the team announced a name change to Columbus SC. Fan reaction was extremely negative.  On May 17, 2021, only a week after the change to Columbus SC, the team announced that it would return to the original name of Columbus Crew, without the "SC".

## Honors
* MLS Cup (league championship): 2 (2008, 2020)
* MLS Supporters' Shield (best regular-season record): 3 (2004, 2008, 2009)
* Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 1 (2002)

## League position
## References
Eskender Mustafaiev

**Eskender Mustafaiev** (Ukrainian: Ескендер Аметович Мустафаєв; born July 17, 1981) is a swimmer from Aqyar/Sevastopil. Ukraine.  He won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the 50 metre freestyle S4 race.

## Swimming 
Mustafaiev was a member of the swimming team from Ukraine at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany. He competed in the Men’s 50m Freestyle S4.

When he was 31-years-old, Mustafaiev won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the 50 metre freestyle S4 with a time of 38.26 seconds. He finished last in the 50m backstroke final. After the 2012 Games, they gave him the Order of Merit for his sport work.

At the 2013 IPC Swimming World Championships in Montreal, Mustafaiev won a gold in the men’s 50 freestyle S4 with a time of 37.96 seconds. He won a silver medal in the men’s 100 freestyle S4.  He lost the race to Slovenia's Darko Duric, who defeated him by a third of a second.

Mustafaiev did not compete at the 2014 IPC Swimming European Championships and did not defend his world championship title.

In October 2014, Mustafaiev, two other Crimean Paralympic and Deaflympic swimmers and a Crimean Paralympic or Deaflympic coach lost their Ukrainian sports scholarship.  This was decided after reports they moved to Russia.

## References
Jiří Paďour

**Jiří Paďour** (4 April 1943 &ndash; 11 December 2015) was a Czech Auxiliary Bishop in the Archdiocese of Prague from 1996 to 2001, and the Bishop of České Budějovice from 2002–2014. Pad'our was born in Vraclav, Czechoslovakia.

On 1 March 2014, Pope Francis accepted Paďour's resignation for health reasons. Pad'our died in Prachatice, Czech Republic at the age of 72.

## References
## Other websites
Benedict Anderson

'''Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson '* (August 26, 1936 – December 13, 2015) was an American academic and writer. He was a polyglot.He was the Aaron L. Binenkorb Professor Emeritus of International Studies, Government & Asian Studies at Cornell University. He was best known for his book *Imagined Communities'', first published in 1983. He worked on the "Cornell Paper." That report showed that the official story of Indonesia's 30 September Movement and the Indonesian killings of 1965–66 was not true. Indonesia forced him to leave that country.

## Personal life
Anderson was born in Kunming, China, to James O'Gorman Anderson and Veronica Beatrice Bigham. In 1941 the family moved to California. In 1957, Anderson received a Bachelor of Arts in Classics from Cambridge University, and he later earned a Ph.D. from Cornell's Department of Government, where he studied modern Indonesia under the guidance of George Kahin. He was the brother of historian Perry Anderson. 

Anderson died in Batu, Malang, in his sleep of heart failure on December 13, 2015 at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
*A short biography 
*"The Nation as Imagined Community"  An excerpt from *Imagined Communities*
Deschooling

**Deschooling** is a word that was first used by Ivan Illich (Austrian philosopher, 1926–2002). Many homeschoolers use the word to describe the process that children go through when they left the school system to start homeschooling. It is an important process for homeschooling, in which children should prepare for their first homeschool days. Some children need more time to go through it than others. Families do this normally because many things in homeschooling are different from the public school system.

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Deschooling: How Long Does it Take? *
* *Deschooling* on www.homeschool.com
John Bannon

**John Charles Bannon**  (7 May 1943 &ndash; 13 December 2015) was an Australian politician for the Labor Party. He was the 39th Premier of South Australia from 10 November 1982 until 4 September 1992. He was born in Bendigo, Victoria and grew up in Adelaide, South Australia.

Bannon died from cancer on 13 December 2015 in Adelaide, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
* Parliament Profile
Abu Ali al-Anbari

**Abd al-Rahman Mustafa al-Qaduli**, better known as **Abu Ali al-Anbari**, (; born 1957/1959 - died 12 December 2015) was an Iraqi militant jihadist of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. He was the governor for territories held by the organization in both Iraq and Syria. He was thought to be the second-in-command (along with his counterpart Abu Muslim al-Turkmani (KIA) who held a similar position in Iraq). He was born to a Sunni Arab family in the Al Anbar Province of western Iraq.

## Career 
He plays a political role of overseeing the local councils and acts as a kind of political envoy. His military role includes directing ISIL operations against both other Syrian rebels who oppose President Bashar al-Assad's government and also against the Syrian government itself.

In November 2015, The New York Times reported that al-Anbari had recently arrived in Libya by boat, where the group has established a powerful branch centered in the city of Sirte. On December 12, 2015 al-Anbari was killed in an airstrike by the Iraqi army.

## References
Unschooling

**Unschooling** is a special form of homeschooling. In this form of education, learners choose activities as their medium for learning. It is not as known as traditional homeschooling, but is becoming more known.

## Motivations 
Many persons decide to do unschooling because it makes it possible to learn through natural life experiences, or they do not like the concept of schooling and think that they can learn better by doing other activities.

## Branches 
There are different branches of unschooling. Here are some examples:

*Worldschooling: Learners travel around the world and learn through experiencing other places, people, cultures, and typical activities of these locations.
*Project-based unschooling: Learners choose a project that interests them and do it in their own time and learn things about it and related topics.
*Gameschooling: Learners play varios games like board and card games with and against others. Learners can develop social skills such as interpersonal communication, negotiation, persuasion, diplomacy, and moral character.

## Criticism 
Critics of unschooling think that children will lack the social skills, structure, and motivation of their schooled peers, while other think that the opposite is true.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Deschooling
Training corset

A **training corset** is a corset used for doing body modification (changing the body). It may be used for orthopedic reasons (such as to correct a crooked spine) or for cosmetic reasons (to achieve a smaller waistline which is commonly called waist training).

The term "training corset" is also sometimes used for BDSM corsets used for discipline.

## Related pages
* Corset

## Sources
Rowan University

**Rowan University** is a public university in Glassboro, New Jersey, United States.  The school also has a campus in Camden, New Jersey. The school opened in 1923 as **Glassboro Normal School** on a twenty-five acre site donated by the town. It became Rowan University on March 21, 1997, when it won approval for university status from the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education. In the fall of 2012, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University opened in Camden.  It was the first public medical school in New Jersey not associated with the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. It later took over the School of Osteopathic Medicine on July 1, 2013.  It became the second university in the United States to offer both an M.D. and a D.O. program.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Official athletics website
Coccinella septempunctata

The **seven-spot ladybird** (*Coccinella septempunctata*) is a colourful beetle. It has red back (wing cases) with seven black spots, black and white head, legs and stomach. As an adult it is 5-8 mm long.

*Coccinella septempunctata* is the most common lady beetle in Europe. Because it eats harmful insects, people have imported it to North America.

Ladybirds are members of the family Coccinellidae, which is in the infraorder Cucujiformia.

## References
Whooper swan

The **whooper swan** (*Cygnus cygnus*), is a large  bird which lives in Europe and Asia. It is the Eurasian  of the North American trumpeter swan. Francis Willughby and John Ray's *Ornithology* of 1676 called this swan "the Elk, Hooper, or wild Swan".

## Description 
An adult whooper swan  weighs 9-11 kg. It is 140-160 cm long (including neck and head) and it has a wingspan of 205-235 cm. Young swans are grey-brown. They have a pink and black beak. The young get  grey in end of their first summer. They get the white adult colour before their second winter. Male and female swans look otherwise similar, but the males are larger.
  
The whooper swan, Bewick's swan and mute swan look quite similar, but the details are different.
Whooper swan is clearly larger than Bewick's swan. When it lands it water or takes off it s longer distances.

## References
Roland D-50

The **Roland D-50** is a linear/polyphonic 61-key synthesizer made by Roland. It was  in 1987.  Its features include Linear Arithmetic synthesis, on-board effects, a joystick for data manipulation, and an analog synthesis-styled keyboard layout.  The external Roland PG-1000 programmer could also be attached to the D-50 for more complex manipulation of sounds. It was also produced in a rack-mount version. This was called the D-550 and had almost 450 user-adjustable parameters.

## References
Dexter Gordon

**Dexter Gordon** (February 27, 1923 – April 25, 1990) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He was also known as "Long Tall Dexter" and "Sophisticated Giant". Gordon's career lasted for over 40 years. He was among the earliest tenor players to adapt the bebop musical language.

Gordon died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from renal failure and laryngeal cancer at the age of 67.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Sophisticated Giant: The Dexter Gordon Discography 
*
*
*Dexter Gordon Multimedia Directory
*Dexter Gordon: 12 Essential Tracks  by Eric Novod (www.jazz.com)
*
Vadym Tyshchenko

**Vadym Tyshchenko** or **Vadim Nikolayevich Tishchenko** (24 March 1963 &ndash; 14 December 2015) was a Soviet and Ukrainian association football player and coach.

Tyshchenko made his debut for USSR on 29 August 1987 in a friendly game against Yugoslavia. He played in UEFA Euro 1988, but was not selected for the squad for that tournament or for the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

Tyshchenko died in Kyiv, Ukraine from a heart attack at the age of 52.

## References
## Other websites
* Profile  
* Vadym Tyshchenko died. UA-Football. 14 December 2015
Adam Scott

**Adam Paul Scott** (born April 3, 1973) is an American actor, comedian, director, screenwriter, producer, podcaster, dancer, and poet. He is best known for his role as Ben Wyatt in the NBC sitcom *Parks and Recreation*. He has also appeared as Derek in the movie *Step Brothers*, and Henry Pollard in the Starz sitcom *Party Down*. He also played Mark Scout on the Apple TV+ series *Severance*.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Keith Ellison

**Keith Maurice Ellison** (born August 4, 1963) is an American politician. He is the Attorney General of Minnesota. He is a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), the Minnesota state Democratic Party affiliate.

He was the U.S. Representative for  from 2007 to 2019. Ellison was a co-chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and a Chief Deputy Whip, also notably serving on the House Committee on Financial Services.

Ellison is the first Muslim to be elected to Congress. He is also the first African American elected to the House from Minnesota.

In November 2016, progressive groups and United States senators, including Bernie Sanders of Vermont, supported Ellison for chair of the Democratic National Committee. On February 25, 2017, minutes after defeating him on a second ballot, Chairman Tom Perez motioned for Ellison to be elected his Deputy Chair which was approved by a unanimous voice vote of DNC members.

On June 5, 2018, Ellison announced that he was running for Attorney General of Minnesota and not seeking reelection to Congress. He won the election in November 2018.

## References
Krampus (movie)

***Krampus*** is a 2015 American fantasy comedy horror movie based on Krampus from Alpine folklore. It was directed by Michael Dougherty and written by Dougherty, Todd Casey, and Zach Shields.

The movie stars Adam Scott, Toni Collette, David Koechner, Allison Tolman, Conchata Ferrell, Emjay Anthony, Stefania LaVie Owen, and Krista Stadler. It was theatrically released in the Philippines on December 2, 2015, by Columbia Pictures, and in the United States on December 4, 2015, by Universal Pictures to mixed reviews.

## References
Vitus Bering

**Vitus Jonassen Bering** (1681 - 1741), also called **Ivan Ivanovich Bering** (Russian name) was a Danish seafarer and explorer. He went into the service of the Russian navy in 1704. He was commissioned a second lieutenant. During the Great Northern War he distinguished himself and was promoted to the rank of commander. Peter the great, Czar of Russia, wanted to send an expedition to confirm the information. In 1724 he sent the first Kamchatka expedition (1725-30) led by Bering. One of their tasks was to see if Siberia was connected to North America. They sailed first to the Kamchatka Peninsula where a ship was built for the exploration. In 1728 Bering sailed north far enough to discover that Siberia and North America (Alaska) were not connected. 

## Second Kamchatka expedition 
The Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-43) was a very large scientific expedition. It was also led by Bering. The scientific expedition sent out smaller explorations to chart the coasts of Siberia, the Pacific, and several research expeditions. Ships were sent to Japan and America to promote Russian interests. Bering reached Alaska in 1741. On the return journey they had to stop at Bering Island. While there nearly half the crew, including Bering, died. In 1991, Danish archaeologists found his grave.

## References
Ritornello

**Ritornello** is an Italian word meaning "little return". At first in music ritornello was used as an instruction to repeat a part. By the 1600's the word was used to describe a part of the music played by instruments in a vocal piece. These instrumental sections could be at the start (a prelude), in the middle (an interlude), or at the end (a postlude). In dramatic music, the ritornello provided an opportunity for dancing, or for a scene change. In the Baroque period, a common way to write a song, called an aria, was in da capo form. The aria would be written as two contrasting sections, A and B. By adding an instrumental ritornello (R), the aria could be developed further, forming the scheme R–A–R–B–R–A–R.

In the early 1700's composers began using the ritornello form in concertos, the solo instrument replacing the voice. This gave the composer the chance to develop music during the solos with new material and key changes, between repeated sections of full orchestra. Guiseppe Torelli began using this form, which was then developed and extended by Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi's way of using this form has the following features:
*Ritornellos for the full orchestra alternate with sections for the soloist or soloists.
*The opening ritornello is composed of several small sections. These are usually two to four bars in length, which may be repeated or varied. These sections can be separated from each other or combined in new ways but are still the ritornello. 
*When the ritornello is used again, it may be only a part, using only one or some of the sections, sometimes varied.
*The ritornellos guide the tonal structure of the music. They establish the new key if the music changes keys. The first and last use of the ritornello is in the tonic. One (usually the first to be in a new key) is in the dominant; and others are in closely related keys.

Later composers such as Bach and Telemann used Vivaldi's form in their works.

## References
Dominant (music)

The **dominant** in music is the fifth note of a major or minor scale. In a C scale, the fifth and dominant note will be G. Chords built on this note are called dominant chords. In the key of C, the dominant chord will be G-B-D. Keys have the same relationship as notes, so the dominant key will be the key of the fifth note. So in C, the key of G is the dominant key. In musical theory, the dominant is written with the roman numeral "V".

## References
Juan Ponce de León

**Juan Ponce de León** (1460-1521) was a Spanish nobleman, explorer and colonial governor. Looking for gold and a rumored "Fountain of Youth", he landed on the southeast coast of North America near present-day St. Augustine, Florida. He claimed the lands for Spain and named it *La Florida* (place of flowers). He was born into a poor but noble family. His parents may have died while he was still young. He was sent to the estate of Pedro Núñez de Guzmán, Lord of Toral, to serve as a page. He became a soldier and fought against the Moors in Granada. He was probably with Christopher Columbus on his second voyage.

He eventually became a soldier and fought against the Moors in Granada. Like other conquistadores, Ponce de León soon sought fame and fortune through exploration, and it is believed he began his quest as part of Christopher Columbus's second expedition in 1493.

Ponce de León prospered in this new role. He found a ready market for his farm produce and livestock at nearby Boca de Yuma. This was where Spanish ships stocked  before the long voyage back to Spain. In 1505 Ovando authorized Ponce de León to establish a new town in Higüey, which he named Salvaleón. In 1508 King Ferdinand authorized Ponce de León to conquer the remaining Tainos and exploit them in gold mining.

Around this time, Ponce de León married Leonora, an innkeeper's daughter. They had three daughters (Juana, Isabel and Maria) and one son (Luis). The large stone house Ponce de León ordered built for his growing family still stands today near the city of Salvaleón de Higüey. 

## Florida 
### First expedition 
In 1513, with three ships, Ponce de León led an expedition to discover what is now the east coast of Florida. According to tradition, he landed at or near St. Augustine, Florida. After exploring the coast further, they returned to Puerto Rico.

### Second expedition 
Ponce de León returned in 1521 with 200 settlers. They brought cattle, horses, and what they needed to farm the land. As they were building the settlement they were attacked by local Indians. In the fighting Ponce de León received a mortal wound, possibly by a poisoned arrow. He said they remained youthful, were physically strong and lived a long time. Calling it a fountain of youth came much later. The stories of Ponce de León and his search for a fountain of youth developed after his death. There is no mention of such a goal in any of his orders. In 1535 the Spanish historian Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés first stated Ponce de León was searching for a fountain of youth.  The legend was repeated by later writers and embellished. More info in crash course.

## References
National Medal of Science

The **National Medal of Science** is an honor given by the President of the United States. It is awarded to people in science and engineering who did important work in  behavioral, social sciences, biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics.

## History
The National Medal of Science was made on August 25, 1959, by an act of  the Congress of the United States. The medal was to be to honor scientists in the fields of the "physical, biological, mathematical or engineering sciences".
George Tiller

**George Richard Tiller**, MD (August 8, 1941 &ndash; May 31, 2009) was an American physician. He was from Wichita, Kansas. He became well-known as the medical director of Women's Health Care Services, one of only three clinics nationwide to provide late-term abortions at the time.

During his tenure with the center, which began in 1975 and continued the medical practice of his father, Tiller was targeted with protest and violence by anti-abortion groups and individuals. After his clinic was firebombed in 1986, Tiller was shot in both arms by anti-abortion extremist Shelley Shannon in 1993.

On May 31, 2009, Tiller was fatally shot in the side of the head by anti-abortion extremist Scott Roeder, as Tiller served as an usher during the Sunday morning service at his church in Wichita. Roeder was convicted of murder on January 29, 2010, and sentenced to life imprisonment.

## References
## Other websites
* George R. Tiller M.D. Memorial Fund
* *Are Some Anti-Abortion Attacks Domestic Terrorism?*  NOW on PBS Piece aired following Dr. Tiller's death
* "George Tiller speaks about the history of violence against him and his medical practice,"  Kansas City *The Pitch*
* "Remembered for Lifelong Dedication to Women's Reproductive Health" Five women (two of them doctors) who worked with Dr. Tiller; *Democracy Now!*, June 1, 2009 (video, audio, and print transcript)
* Criminal Complaint (Kansas v. Roeder) FindLaw, June 2, 2009
* Letters of condolence sent to the editors of *The New York Times*
Camcorder

A **camcorder** is an electronic  which combines a video camera and a video recorder. Most devices capable of recording video are camera phones and digital cameras primarily intended for still pictures. The term "camcorder" is used to describe a ,  device, with video capture and recording as its primary function.

## References
Marilyn Maxwell

**Marilyn Maxwell** (August 3, 1921 – March 20, 1972) was an American actress and entertainer. She was a sex symbol in the 1940s and 1950s. She appeared in several movies and radio programs. She played Hazel Moon in *Lost in a Harem* (1944). She also played Grace Diamond in *Champion* (1949).

Maxwell was born in Clarinda, Iowa. She died from a heart attack at age 50.

## References
Silver birch

The **silver birch** (*Betula pendula*), also known as the **warty birch**, **European white birch**, or **East Asian white birch**, is a deciduous tree in the family Betulaceae. It grows in Europe, parts of Asia and North America.

The silver birch is a medium-sized  tree, which has triangle-shaped leaves. In autumn the leaves turn yellow and fall. Trunk is shining white.  The twigs are slender, and in an old tree the they often hang downwards.  The flowers are grouped in an inflorescence called a catkin. The wind spreads the birch seed. The trees are monoecious, with both male and female catkins on the same tree.

## References 
## Other websites
* Ecology of birch species
* European White Birch  
* Betula pendula (silver birch)  Kew Gardens
Eisaku Satō

**Eisaku Satō** (27 March 1901 – 3 June 1975) was a Japanese politician and the 39th Prime Minister of Japan. He was first elected in December 1964.

Satō was born in Tabuse in Yamaguchi Prefecture. He suffered a stroke on May 23, 1975 and fell into a deep coma. He died on 3 June 1975 a Tokyo hospital.

## References 
## Other websites
Armando Cossutta

**Armando Cossutta** (2 September 1926 &ndash; 14 December 2015) was an Italian communist politician. After World War II, he became one of the leading members of the party, representing the most pro-Soviet Union tendency. Cossutta was president of the Party of Italian Communists, and Member of Parliament. He also served as Member of the European Parliament during the 5th European term (1999-2004). In 1999, Cossutta appeared on a list of alleged Italian KGB spies. Cossutta has not been convicted.

Cossutta died on 14 December 2015 in Rome, Italy from bronchopneumonia, aged 89.

## References
Evelyn S. Lieberman

**Evelyn May Simonowitz Lieberman** (July 9, 1944 – December 12, 2015) was an American public affairs professional. During the Bill Clinton administration, she became the first woman to serve as White House Deputy Chief of Staff serving for a few months in 1996. 

She was the first United States Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. From 2002 until her death, Lieberman worked for the Smithsonian Institution, most recently as Senior Advisor and Assistant to the Secretary for external relations.

Lieberman died of pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C., aged 71.

## References
## Other websites
* Statement by the Vice President and Dr. Jill Biden On the Passing of Evelyn Lieberman
Lillian Vernon

**Lillian Vernon** (born **Lilli Menasche**; March 18, 1927 &ndash; December 14, 2015) was an American businesswoman, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. She founded the Lillian Vernon Corporation in 1951 and served as its chairman and CEO until July 1989, though she continued to serve as executive chairman until 2003.

## Personal life 
Vernon was born in Leipzig, Germany. Because they were of Jewish descent the Vernon family fled to the United States in 1937.

Vernon died from congestive heart failure in Manhattan, New York City at the age of 88.

## References
Jansila Majeed

**Jansila Majeed** is an activist in the Puttalam District of Sri Lanka. In 2010, she received an International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

## Life 
Majeed was an internally displaced person (IDP) for 20 years.  She works for the rights of Muslim and Tamil IDPs in Sri Lanka.

## Work 
Majeed started her work in 1992 with a group of five people.  She is the Managing Trustee of the Community Trust Fund in Puttalam.  The group is an NGO that works for minority rights, women's rights, and peace.  It also works with young people, and teaches about the dangers of mines in the north and east.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Jestina Mukoko

Hillary Clinton (left) and First Lady Michelle Obama (right) in 2010.]]
**Jestina Mukoko** is a human rights activist and journalist from Zimbabwe.  In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Work 
Jestina Mukoko is the director of the Zimbabwe Peace Project. She studied to be a journalist, and she was a newsreader with the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation. Dumisani Muleya of *Business Day* newspaper said that she was "abducted by suspected state agents for allegedly being involved in plans for anti government demonstrations."

Mukoko told The Independent newspaper that they asked her about her NGO, the Peace Project.  The said she wanted to train young people to fight the government. They beat her on the bottom of her feet with rubber hoses.  They said this is a favourite torture instrument in Zimbabwe because it does not leave a mark on the feet for later. 

### International attention 
Many world leaders asked for her freedom, including Gordon Brown and Condoleezza Rice.    The police did nothing.  They said they did not know where she was.    She did not have a lawyer. She was with seven other people who were kidnapped. The group included a 72-year-old man and a two-year-old boy whose father and mother, Violet Mupfuranhehwe and Collen Mutemagawo, were also prisoners. She had to go to the police station every week. They took her passport. On 21 September 2009 the Zimbabwe Supreme Court said she was free. Amnesty International said this was a good decision.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Zakho

Peshmerga rebel guarding the airport in Zakho, northern Iraq 1993]]
**Zakho**, also spelled **Zaxo** (), is a city in the Kurdistan Region. It has about 350,000 inhabitants, the vast majority of whom are ethnic Kurds. It is in the Dahuk Province. There is a university in Zaxo. The biggest soccer club is Zakho FC.
Duhok

**Duhok** () is a city in the Kurdistan Region. The city is the capital of Duhok Governorate and has a population of 500,000. Kurds form the vast majority of the population in Duhok. There is a university in Duhok. The soccer club is Duhok SC.

## References
Perry Anderson

**Francis Rory Peregrine** "**Perry**" **Anderson** (born 11 September 1938) is a British historian and political essayist. He is a specialist in intellectual history such as the post-1956 Western Marxism of the New Left.

Anderson was educated at Eton College and Worcester College, Oxford.

He is Professor of History and Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and a former editor of the *New Left Review*. Anderson has written several books, the latest being *The Indian Ideology* (2012), a polemic against the Indian nation-building project. He is the brother of political scientist Benedict Anderson.

## References
## Other websites
* Archive of Perry Anderson's articles for *The Nation*
* Archive of Perry Anderson's articles for *The New Left Review* 
* The New Statesman Profile – Perry Anderson
Marie Claude Naddaf

**Marie Claude Naddaf** (Arabic: ماري كلود نداف ) is an activist and a nun from Syria.  In 2010, she received an International Women of Courage Award. 

## Work 
In 1994, Naddaf became Mother Superior at the Good Shepherd Convent in Damascus.  In 1996, she opened the "Oasis Shelter" with her convent. The Oasis Shelter was the first organization for victims of human trafficking and domestic violence in Syria. 

Naddaf worked for the right of women in police custody in Syria to go to shelter, if they are victims of trafficking.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Emperor Toba

was the 74th emperor of Japan. Toba's reign spanned the years from 1107 through 1123. He became Emperor when he was 5 years old. He abdicated the throne when he was 20 years old. At this time the Emperors of Japan only filled a background role in politics. The elaborate court system of *Insei* was coming to an end as Japan had already turned to feudalism and Militarism.

## References
Ananda Prasad Pokharel

**Ananda Prasad Pokharel** is a Nepali politician. He was Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation in Nepal. He is also a member of Napal's Investment Board.

## References
East of England Ambulance Service

The **East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust** (EEAST)  provides ambulance services in the counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk, in the East of England. The service is free, which means people who are hurt do not have to pay money to be driven to a hospital. Under the Patient's Charter every person in the United Kingdom is allowed to use an ambulance if there is an emergency.

The East England Ambulance Service do not only drive people to hospitals, they also help heal people who are injured and are too far from a hospital.

## History
The trust was formed on 1 July 2006, when three ambulance services came together. They were the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Ambulance and Paramedic Service NHS Trust, the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust, and the Essex Ambulance Service NHS Trust. The result was an ambulance service covering an area of over  with a population of 5.8 million people, and one which answers over 500,000 emergency calls every year.

In 2009, the Trust got in trouble by the Care Quality Commission because the ambulances were dirty and the employees did not know how to handle many medical procedures.

## Statistics and resources
In 2009 and 2010, the company went to 668,451 emergency calls, including 207,626 high-priority "category A" emergencies. It arrived at 75.67% of these "category A" calls within eight minutes, and 96.04% within 19 minutes.

The company has the following vehicles and stations in operation:

* 273 emergency ambulances
* 237 ambulances not for emergencies
* 215 marked fast-response cars
* 25 big incident support vehicles; cleanup equipment, and mobile control rooms
* 110 ambulance stations and response posts
* 3 Health Emergency Operations Centers (control rooms) in Bedford, Chelmsford and Norwich

The company has a driving school. This school has trained more than 220 employees in emergency driving.

3,994 people work at the ambulance company.

## Related pages
* Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom

## References
## Other websites
* East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust