open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Saddleback toad

The **saddleback toads** are the family Brachycephalidae in the order Anura. The family has just one genus, *Brachycephalus*.  It has 28 species. 

These tiny, often yellow frogs live in  the cool cloud Atlantic forests of south-eastern Brazil. These mountainous areas have even more species (per square km) than the Amazon basin. Each small mountain has its own species. They have only three toes on each foot, and two fingers on each hand. This is different than the usual five toes and four fingers of most frogs. 

The saddleback toads are active during the day.  They live in the leaf litter on forest floors. The eggs hatch into miniature frogs.  There is no tadpole stage.

## References
Rhonda Fleming

**Rhonda Fleming** (August 10, 1923 – October 14, 2020) was an American television and movie actress. She starred in many television programs and lots of movies in the 1940s and 1950s. She was known as one of the most beautiful actors of her time. Fleming was born in Hollywood, California. 

Fleming died on October 14, 2020 in Santa Monica, California from pneumonia at the age of 97.

## References
Supervised learning

In machine learning, **supervised learning** is the task of  a function from labelled training data. The results of the training are known beforehand, the system simply learns how to get to these results correctly. Usually, such systems work with vectors. They get the training data and the result of the training as two vectors and produce a *classifier*. Usually, the system uses inductive reasoning to generalize the training data.

## References
Amanda Anka

**Amanda Katherine Anka-Bateman** (born December 10, 1968 in New York City, USA) is an American movie, television, and voice actress.

## Biography 
Amanda Katherine Anka was born on December 10, 1968 in New York City. She was born to musician and actor Paul Anka and model Anne de Zogheb, who were married from 1963 until their divorce in 2000. Amanda is the second of five daughters. Her sisters are Alicia Anka (b.1970), Amelia Anka (b.1977), Anthea Anka (b.1971) and Alexandra Anka (b.1966). She also has a younger half-
brother, Ethan Anka (b.2004).

Amanda married her boyfriend of two years, actor Jason Bateman (b.1969), on July 3, 2001. They have two daughters together - Francesca Nora Bateman (b.October 28, 2006) and Maple Sylvie Bateman (b.February 10, 2012).

## References
## Other websites 
*
Arthroleptidae

The **Arthroleptidae** is a family of frogs found in sub-Saharan Africa. They are known as **squeakers** because of their high-pitched call. They are small, less than  in length.  They live on land mostly in leaf litter on the forest floor. They do not have tadpoles. They lay their eggs on the ground. 

Some species hatch already completely metamorphosed into the adult form, others still have tails when they hatch.

## Taxonomy 
Arthroleptidae is separated into two sub-families: Arthroleptinae and Leptopelinae. Some think these are separate families. 

The two sub-families have these genera:

## References
Tokyo (disambiguation)

**Tokyo** may mean:

* Tokyo, a metropolitan area with traditional city at its center and including parts of the surrounding prefectures and islands in the Pacific Ocan

* Prefecture of Tokyo or Tokyo Prefecture, established in 1943

## City and Prefecture
The history of Tokyo includes
* 1457-present: Tokyo
* 1457-1869: historical Edo or , see 
* 1869-1943: historical Tokyo Prefecture or , also known as *Tōkei-fu*
* 1889-1943: historical Tokyo, Tokyo or , also known as "Tokyo City"
* 1943-present: Tokyo Metropolis or 

* Traditional Tokyo or the Special wards of Tokyo are 23 cities occupying the place that was formerly the city of Tokyo

## Related pages
*List of articles that begin with "Tokyo"
* F.C. Tokyo, a professional association football team in Tokyo
Corps de ballet

The ***corps de ballet*** are a group of dancers in a ballet company who are not soloists. They perform as a group (the Flowers in the "Waltz of the Flowers" from *The Nutcracker*, for example) and at other times as a backdrop for the soloists (the peasants in the mad scene from *Giselle*).
Tukeit Hill frog

The **Tukeit Hill Frog** (*Allophryne ruthveni*) is one of the two described species in the genus *Allophryne*.  The other one is *Allophryne resplendens*. It is the only member of the subfamily Allophryninae, a clade recently placed under the family Centrolenidae These frogs live in Guyana, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil and Bolivia.  The holotype was discovered at Tukeit Hill, below Kaieteur Falls, Guyana.  This is the reason for the common English name.

## Description 
The Tukeit Hill Frog is a small frog. It can have different colors.  They are either black, with stripes and spots which can be golden or dull yellow, or a dull yellow or golden stomach surface, with black strips and spots. It has a flat body, and small flat head. The toe pads are large, wider than the fingers.

## Behaviour 
The Tukeit Hill Frog spends some time low in the trees, 1–3 metres, and some of the time on the ground. This frog lives in sparse forest, avoiding cleared land.

## References
* **Austin**, J. D.; Lougheed, S. C.; Tanner, K; Chek, A. A.; Bogart, J. P. & Boag, P. T. (2002): A molecular perspective on the evolutionary affinities of an enigmatic neotropical frog, *Allophryne ruthveni*. *Zool. J. Linn. Soc.* **134**(3): 335–346. PDF fulltext
* **Cannatella**, David (1996): The Tree of Life Web Project: *Allophryne ruthveni *. Version of 1 January 1996; retrieved 2007-JAN-06.
* **Cogger**, H. G.; Zweifel, R. G. & Kirschner, D. (2004): *Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians* (2nd edition). Fog City Press. 
* **Frost**, Darrel R.; Grant, Taran; Faivovich, Julián; Bain, Raoul H.; Haas, Alexander; Haddad, Celio F. B.; De Sa, Rafael O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, Mark; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Raxworthy, Christopher J.; Campbell, Jonathan A.; Blotto, Boris L.; Moler, Paul; Drewes, Robert C.; Nussbaum, Ronald A.; Lynch, John D.; Green, David M. & Wheeler, Ward C. (2006): The Amphibian Tree of Life]. *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History* **297**: 1-370. PDF fulltext 
* **InfoNatura** (2005): *Allophryne ruthveni * Version 4.1, 28 June 2005. Retrieved 2007-JAN-06.
*  Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
Tokyo Prefecture

:*This article is about Tokyo Prefecture. For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation).*

 is a former Japanese government entity starting in 1869 and ending in 1943

In 1943, the prefecture's municipalities, including the traditional city of Tokyo, became part of the newly formed  or "greater Tokyo metropolian area".

## References
Alexandre Benois

, 1898]]

**Alexandre Nikolayevich Benois** (3 May 18709 February 1960) was an artist, art critic, and historian. He was born in St. Petersburg and died in Paris. He designed several productions for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes including *Petrushka*.
Tokyo, Tokyo

:*This article is about Tokyo City in Tokyo Prefecture. For other uses, see Tokyo (disambiguation).*
]]
]]
 was a Japanese city in Tokyo Prefecture in 1889 through 1943.

## History
In 1869, the city of Edo was renamed Tokyo, which means "Eastern Capital". The offices of Tokyo Prefecture were also opened.

In 1943, the city was abolished. All of the 23 Special wards of Tokyo merged with Tokyo Prefecture to form the Tokyo Metropolis.

## References
Hasan ibn Zayd

**Hasan ibn Zayd**, known as **Great Dai**, (born early 8th century, died 6 January 884) was a Persian king of the Tabaristan's Alids. He rebelled in Tabaristan (in 864) and fought with the Abbasids, Tahirids and the Saffarids dynasty. He created an independent Shia Islamic Alavid dynasty.

Hasan died in Amol.

## Other websites
* ʿALIDS: Ecyclopedia Iranica
Soul Asylum

**Soul Asylum** is an American alternative rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Soul Asylum has four members in the band; the current band members are David Pirner, Dan Murphy, Michael Bland and Tommy Stinson.

The band was formed in 1981 and were balled **Loud Fast Rules**. The band was renamed **Soul Asylum** in 1983. They released their debut album *Say What You Will, Clarence...Karl Sold the Truck* on August 24, 1984. The song "*Runaway Train*" from their sixth studio album, "*Grave Dancers Union*" won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song in 1994. The bands original bassist Karl Mueller died on June 17, 2005 from throat cancer. They released their tenth studio album "*Delayed Reaction*" on July 17, 2012.

## Band members 
;Current
*David Pirner - lead vocals, guitar (1983–present)
*Michael Bland - drums, backing vocals (1983-1985, 2005-present)
*Tommy Stinson - bass guitar, backing vocals (2005–present)

;Former
*Dan Murphy - guitar (1983-2012)
*Pat Morley – drums (1983)
*Grant Young – drums (1985–1995)
*Sterling Campbell – drums (1995-2000)
*Chuck Biscuits – drums (2000-2005)
*Karl Mueller - bass guitar (1983–2005)
*Joey Huffman - keyboards (1993–1997, 2003–2006)

## Discography 
So far as of 2012, Soul Asylum have released 10 studio albums and 1 live album:

### Albums
**Say What You Will, Clarence... Karl Sold the Truck* (1984)
**Made to Be Broken* (1986)
**While You Were Out* (1986)
**Hang Time* (1988)
**And the Horse They Rode In On* (1990)
**Grave Dancers Union* (1992)
**Let Your Dim Light Shine* (1995)
**Candy from a Stranger* (1998)
**The Silver Lining* (2006)
**Delayed Reaction* (2012)

### Live albums
**After the Flood: Live from the Grand Forks Prom, June 28, 1997* (2004)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Craugastoridae

**Craugastoridae** is a family of frogs.  There are 2 genera: *Craugastor* and *Haddadus*. 

The genus *Craugastor* has 112 species.  They can be found in the southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America up to northwestern South America. The genus *Haddadus* has 2 species.  They are only found in south-eastern Brazil. 

## References
Ceratophryinae

The **Ceratophryinae**, known as **common horned frogs**, are a subfamily of the leptodactylid frogs. All species live in South America.  

Fossils of the giant *Beelzebufo* from Cretaceous Madagascar suggest that the subfamily may have once ranged throughout the prehistoric supercontinent of Gondwana. Not all species in the subfamily have the horn-like growth at the eyes. All are carnivorous, terrestrial or semi-aquatic.  They have large heads and mouths. 

Some people enjoy keeping these frogs as pets.

## Genera
* †*Beelzebufo*, Evans, Jones, & Krause, 2008.
* *Ceratophrys*, Wied-Neuwied, 1824.
* *Chacophrys*, Reig & Limeses, 1963.
* *Lepidobatrachus*, Budgett, 1899.
* *Macrogenioglottus*, Carvalho, 1946.
* *Odontophrynus*, Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862.
* *Proceratophrys*, Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920.

## References
*http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=&subfamily=Ceratophryinae&genus=&commname=&authority=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment=
Eleutherodactylidae

**Eleutherodactylidae** is a family of frogs. They used to be a subfamily of Leptodactylidae.  There are 801 frogs in the family.  

## Genera
* *Adelophryne* Hoogmoed et Lescure, 1984.
* *Atopophrynus* Lynch and Ruiz-Carranza, 1982.
* *Barycholos* Heyer, 1969.
* *Diasporus* Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
* *Dischidodactylus* Lynch, 1979.
* *Eleutherodactylus* Duméril and Bibron, 1841.
* *Euparkerella* Griffiths, 1959.
* *Geobatrachus* Ruthven, 1915.
* *Holoaden* Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920.
* *Ischnocnema* Reinhardt and Lütken, 1862
* *Oreobates* Jiménez de la Espada, 1872.
* *Phrynopus* Peters, 1873.
* *Phyllonastes* Heyer, 1977.
* *Phyzelaphryne* Heyer, 1977.

## References
*
Ghost frog

The **ghost frog** is the common name for a family of frogs of the family **Heleophrynidae**. The family has two genera, *Heleophryne* and *Hadromophryne*.  There are seven species. Ghost frogs live in swift-moving mountain streams in South Africa. The common name of "ghost frogs" may be because they live in Skeleton Gorge.

## Biology
Ghost frogs are medium sized frogs, reaching a length of .  They have flat bodies. This lets them climb inside rocky crevices. They have very large toe discs in comparison to their size.  This helps to hold onto rocks. The mouthparts of the tadpoles are a sucking disc.  This lets them hold onto the surface they live on and remain still while they are feeding.

## Taxonomy
The ghost frogs are closely related to the Sooglossidae family, which inhabit the Seychelles. They may also be closely related to the Australian Myobatrachids.

Family **Heleophrynidae**
* Genus *Hadromophryne* Van Dijk, 2008
** Natal Ghost Frog, *Hadromophryne natalensis* Hewitt, 1913
* Genus *Heleophryne* Sclater, 1898
** Cederberg Ghost Frog, *Heleophryne depressa* FitzSimons, 1946
** Hewitt's Ghost Frog, *Heleophryne hewitti* Boycott, 1988
** Eastern Ghost Frog, *Heleophryne orientalis* FitzSimons, 1946
** Purcell's Ghost Frog, *Heleophryne purcelli* Sclater, 1898
** Royal Ghost Frog, *Heleophryne regis* Hewitt, 1910
** Table Mountain Ghost Frog, *Heleophryne rosei* Hewitt, 1925

## References
*
Don Johnson

**Don Johnson** (born December 15, 1949) is an American movie and television actor. He has been featured in many television programs and movies. In particular, he starred in the police shows *Miami Vice* and *Nash Bridges*. He was born in Flat Creek, Missouri.

Johnson was married to Melanie Griffith in 1976 and from 1989 until 1996. His five children include actor Jesse Johnson and actress Dakota Johnson.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ettore Bassi

**Ettore Francesco Maria Bassi** (born April 16, 1970) is an Italian actor and television presenter. In 2010, it was announced that he is the successor of Kaspar Capparoni in the German-Austrian-Italian thriller series *Inspector Rex*.

## Other websites
* Sito ufficiale di Ettore Bassi
*
Glass frog

The **glass frog** (or **glassfrog**) is the common name for the frogs of the amphibian family **Centrolenidae**. Most glass frogs are a lime green color.  For some glass frogs the skin on the stomach area is transparent. The insides, including the heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract can be seen through the skin.  This is the reason for the common name.

## Characteristics
Glass frogs are generally small, ranging from  in length. The frog is known to eat its own young. They are green in color over most of their bodies. The skin along the lower surface of the body is translucent.

Glass frogs are similar in appearance to some green frogs of the genus *Eleutherodactylus* and to some tree frogs of the family Hylidae. Hylid tree frogs have eyes that face to the side, whilst those of glass frogs face forward.

## Distribution
These frogs live from southern Mexico to Panama.  They are through the Andes from Venezuela and the island of Tobago to Bolivia. Some species are in the Amazon and Orinoco River basins, the Guiana Shield region, southeastern Brazil, and northern Argentina.

## Biology
Glass frogs are mostly arboreal. They live along rivers and streams during the breeding season.  Many live in montane cloud forests of Central and South America. Some species also live in Amazon and Chocóan rainforest and semi-deciduous forests.

The eggs are usually put on the leaves of trees or shrubs.  The leaves hang over the running water of mountain streams, creeks, and small rivers. One species leaves its eggs over stones close to waterfalls. After they hatch, the tadpoles fall into the waters below. The tadpoles are long, with powerful tails and low fins, suited for fast flowing water. Outside of the breeding season some species live in the canopy.

## Genera
* from Costa Rica]]
Family **CENTROLENIDAE**
* Subfamily Centroleninae
** Genus *Centrolene* Jiménez de la Espada, 1872
** Genus *Chimerella* Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
** Genus *Cochranella* Taylor, 1951
** Genus *Espadarana* Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
** Genus *Nymphargus* Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2007
** Genus *Rulyrana* Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
** Genus *Sachatamia* Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
** Genus *Teratohyla* Taylor, 1951
** Genus *Vitreorana* Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
* Subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae
** Genus *Celsiella* Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009
** Genus *Hyalinobatrachium* Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991 - "True" Glass Frogs
* Subfamily Allophryninae
Incertae sedis *Ikakogi'' Guayasamin, Castroviejo, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, Vilá, 2009

## References
* Guayasamin, J. M., S. Castroviejo-Fisher, L. Trueb, J. Ayarzagüena, M. Rada, C. Vilá. 2009. Phylogenetic systematics of Glassfrogs (Amphibia: Centrolenidae) and their sister taxon Allophryne ruthveni. Zootaxa 2100:1-97.
* Kubicki, Brian. Ranas De Vidrio - Costa Rica - Glass Frogs (2007). In Spanish and English. .
Shovelnose frog

The **shovelnose frogs** are nine species of frog in the genus, ***Hemisus***.  The is the only genus in the Family **Hemisotidae**. They are found in tropical and subtropical sub-Saharan Africa. 

The shovelnose frogs are medium sized frogs, reaching a length of . They are round-bodied, with short legs. Their head is small and narrow, with a hard, upturned nose. 

The shovelnose frogs are digging frogs.  They live most of their life underground. The female will dig underground while it is in amplexus.  It then will lay the eggs in an underground hole. The male will leave through the tunnel, and the female will stay with the eggs. Once enough rain has fallen, the female will dig, with her nose, towards a water source. The tadpoles will stay there until metamorphosis. The tadpoles may stay out of water for up to a few days. 

Unlike most digging frogs, the shovelnose frogs dig head first.  Other frogs dig rear first. 

Some species are kept as pets.

## Species
Family **HEMISOTIDAE**
* Genus ***Hemisus***
** *Hemisus barotseensis* - Mongu Shovelnose Frog (Channing & Broadley, 2002)
** *Hemisus brachydactylus* - Masiliwa Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1963)
** *Hemisus guineensis* - Guinea Shovelnose Frog (Cope, 1865)
** *Hemisus guttatus* - Spotted Shovelnose Frog (Rapp, 1842)
** *Hemisus marmoratus* - Marbled Shovelnose Frog (Steindachner, 1863)
** *Hemisus microscaphus* - Lake Zwei Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1972)
** *Hemisus olivaceus* - Olive Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1963)
** *Hemisus perreti* - Perret's Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1972)
** *Hemisus wittei* - Witte's Shovelnose Frog (Laurent, 1963)

## References
* 
* Amphibian Species of the World: *Hemisus*
Hemiphractidae

**Hemiphractidae** is a family of frogs.  They live in South and Central America.  Previously, this group was classified as a subfamily under family Hylidae.  

## Breeding behavior
* with eggs enclosed on the back]]
This frog is different in that the eggs grow into froglets on the back of the female.  In most there is no free-swimming tadpole stage. In some of the frogs the eggs are in a pouch until they hatch.

## Taxonomy 
The Hemiphractidae family is divided into the following genera:
* *Cryptobatrachus* - Backpack Frogs
* *Flectonotus*
* *Gastrotheca* - Marsupial Frogs
* *Hemiphractus* - Horned Treefrogs
* *Stefania'' - Carrying Frogs
Mantellidae

**Mantellidae** is a family of the order Anura. These frogs are found only in Madagascar and Mayotte.

These frogs are very different from each other. Most species live on land, though some live in trees. Body size ranges from 3 to 10 centimetres in length. The genus Mantella has many similarities with the South American poison dart frogs. 
They are small, aposematically coloured, and secrete alkaloid toxins.

Some members of this group are kept as pets due to their bright colors.

## References
Myobatrachidae

**Myobatrachidae** is a family of frogs found in Australia and New Guinea. Members of this family vary greatly in size.  There are species less than  long.  This family also has the second-largest frog in Australia, the Giant Barred Frog at  in length. The entire family either live in land or water.  None of them live in trees.

These frogs do not have the adhesive toe disc cups found in the tree frogs. The family is broken up into three sub-families: Limnodynastinae, Myobatrachinae and Rheobatrachinae. This separation is based mainly on their egg-laying habits. Those of the sub-family Limnodynastinae lay foam nests. The female makes foam with a chemical on her skin. The foam may float on top of water, or be on land. The sub-family Rheobatrachinae has the two species of gastric-brooding frog, and the rest are in the sub-family Myobatrachinae.

## Taxonomy
## References
*
Cycloramphinae

**Cycloramphinae** is a subfamily of leptodactylid frogs.  They are found in South America.

## Genera
* *Crossodactylodes* Cochran, 1938.
* *Crossodactylus* Duméril & Bibron, 1841.
* *Cycloramphus* Tschudi, 1838.
* *Hylodes* Fitzinger, 1826.
* *Megaelosia* Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923.
* *Paratelmatobius* Lutz & Carvalho, 1958.
* *Rupirana* Heyer, 1999.
* *Scythrophrys* Lynch, 1971.
* *Thoropa* Cope, 1865.
* *Zachaenus* Cope, 1866.
Maya Rudolph

**Maya Rudolph** (born July 27, 1972) is an American actress and comedian. She is the daughter of singer Minnie Riperton and music composer Richard Rudolph. She has acted in many sitcoms, including NBC's *Up all Night*. She was a cast member on the NBC television program *Saturday Night Live* from 2000 to 2007. She is also the newfound "spokesperson" for M&M's candy as of January 23, 2023, as per an announcement from the company that makes M&M's.

Rudolph was raised in Santa Monica, California. She attended University of California, Santa Cruz.

## Early life
Rudolph was born in Gainesville, Florida. She is the daughter of soul singer Minnie Riperton and composer/songwriter/producer Richard Rudolph. Her father is Ashkenazi Jew. Her mother was African-American. Her paternal grandfather was Sidney Rudolph. He was a philanthropist who once owned all of the Wendy's and Rudy's restaurants in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Her parents moved to Los Angeles when she and her brother Marc were very young. They grew up in the Westwood section of Los Angeles.

## References
Minnie Riperton

**Minnie Julia Riperton Rudolph** (November 8, 1947 - July 12, 1979), She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She died of breast cancer at the age of 31 on July 12, 1979. 

## Early life
Riperton was born in Chicago to Thelma and Daniel Riperton, a Pullman porter. She was the youngest of eight children. She was raised in a musical family. She embraced the arts early. Although she began with ballet and modern dance, her parents recognised her vocal and musical abilities and encouraged her to pursue music and voice.

## References
Microhylidae

**Microhylidae** is a family of frogs. There are 495 species in 68 genera and nine subfamilies.  This is the largest number of genera of any frog family.

## Description
Microhylids are mostly small frogs. Many species have bodies shorter than  in length from nose to rear end. The largest microhylids are . They can live in trees or on land. Some will even live close to water. The ground dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests.  The sometimes go out at night to hunt. There are two main shapes for the microhylids.  One shape is with wide bodies and narrow mouths.  The other shape is the normal frog shape. Those with narrow mouths eat termites and ants, and the others eat the same foods as other frogs.

### Reproduction
The microhylids that live in New Guinea and Australia do not have a tadpole stage. Those who live in trees can lay the eggs in trees, and do not ever need to go to the ground. Where species do have tadpoles, these almost always do not have the teeth or horny beak like other tadpoles do.
** genus *Phrynella* Boulenger, 1887
** genus *Uperodon* Duméril & Bibron, 1841
* subfamily Otophryninae Wassersug & Pyburn, 1987
** genus *Otophryne* Boulenger, 1900
** genus *Synapturanus* Carvalho, 1954
* subfamily Phrynomerinae Noble, 1931
** genus *Phrynomantis* Peters, 1867
* subfamily Scaphiophryninae Laurent, 1946
** genus *Paradoxophyla* Blommers-Schlösser & Blanc, 1991
** genus *Scaphiophryne* Boulenger, 1882

## Range
Frogs from Microhylidae live throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of North America, South America, Africa, eastern India, Sri Lanka, south-east Asia, through New Guinea and Australia. Although most are found in tropical or sub-tropical regions, a few species can be found in arid or non-tropical areas. They are the majority frog species in New Guinea and Madagascar.

## References
*
Fatimah bint Sa'd

**Fatimah al-Bariqi**. (from Bariq of azdYemen), also known as Bariqiyyah, (born 340 CE)  was the mother of Kilab’s half-brothers **Taym** and **Yaqazah** (Ibn Ishaq named her Hind bint Harithah al-Bariqiyyah and also say Asma).
***Yaqaza** was the father of Makhzum. (The three men whose names are highlighted were leaders of important tribes).
***Taym**, ancestor of Abu Bakr

## Family 
Fatimah Sa'dknow as Saad Ibn Uday Ibn Haritha Ibn Amr Mazikiee Ibn Aamr bin Haritha Algtarif bin Imru al-Qais Thailb bin Mazen Ibn Al-Azd Ibn Al-Ghoth Ibn Nabit Ibn Malik bin Zaid Ibn Kahlan Ibn Saba'a ( Sheba ) Ibn Yashjub Ibn Yarab Ibn Qahtan Ibn Hud (prophet) (Eber)) .

## References
Wilby, Norfolk

**Wilby** is a village in Quidenham, Breckland, Norfolk, England. It has a church called All Saints.

## References
Julianna Margulies

**Julianna Margulies** (born June 8, 1966) is an Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning actress. She has received more Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other actress or actor. She played Carol in the long-running series *ER* and Alicia in the CBS legal drama *The Good Wife*. She also performed in sitcoms and theatrical movies. She was raised in New York.

## Other websites
Minnow

**Minnow** is a general term used for fish which are often used as bait for fishing. Many of these fish belong the Carp family. Fish in the family Leuciscinae are often referred to as *True Minnows*.
Hyperoliidae

**Hyperoliidae** is a family of small to medium sized, brightly colored, frogs.  It has more than 250 species in 19 genera. Seventeen genera live in sub-Saharan Africa. 

Hyperoliids range from  to  in body length. Many species have smooth, brightly patterned, skin that almost looks enameled.

Most hyperoliids live in trees.  Some live on land, including several *Kassina* species that move by walking or running rather than hopping. Diet varies widely, with examples including *Tornierella*, who eats snails, and *Afrixalus fornasinii*, the only land frog known to eat eggs of other species of anurans.

Breeding in this family begins at the start of the rainy season.  Hyperoliids come together at breeding sites. Most hyperoliids lay their eggs in water. Tadpoles are pond type larvae with large dorsal fins on the tail.

No fossil hyperoliids are known.

## Classification
Family **HYPEROLIIDAE**
* Subfamily Hyperoliinae
** Genus *Acanthixalus* - African wart frogs
** Genus *Alexteroon* - Midwife frogs
** Genus *Arlequinus* - Mebebque frogs
** Genus *Callixalus* - African painted frogs
** Genus *Chlorolius* - Koehler's green frogs
** Genus *Chrysobatrachus* - Itombwe golden frogs
** Genus *Cryptothylax* - Wax frogs
** Genus *Heterixalus* - Madagascan reed frogs
** Genus *Hyperolius* - African reed frogs
** Genus *Nesionixalus*
* Subfamily Kassininae
** Genus *Afrixalus* - Banana frogs
** Genus *Kassina* - Running frogs
** Genus *Kassinula* - Clicking frogs
** Genus *Opisthothylax* - Grey-eyed frogs
** Genus *Paracassina* - Common striped frogs
** Genus *Phlyctimantis* - African striped frogs
** Genus *Semnodactylus* - Weal's frogs
** Genus *Tornierella*
* Subfamily Tachycneminae
** Genus *Tachycnemis* - Seychelles Islands frogs

## References
Ceratiidae

, female with a parasitic male, preparation at the Saint Petersburg Zoology Museum]]

**Sea devils** are deep-sea anglerfish of the family **Ceratiidae**. They are among the most widespread of the anglerfish, found in all oceans from the tropics to the Antarctic.

The females are large: females of the largest species, Krøyer's deep sea angler fish, *Ceratias holboelli*, reach  in length. Males, on the other hand, are , only  maximum. When these fish were first studied, the males were mistaken for parasites. Females usually have more than one male attached to them, which is a good example of polyandry.

At birth, tiny male ceratiids already have extremely well-developed olfactory organs that detect scents in the water. The male lives solely to find and mate with a female. They are significantly smaller than a female angler fish, and may have trouble finding food in the deep sea. Furthermore, the growth of the gut may stop in some species, preventing them from feeding at all. The gonads release sperm in response to hormones in the female's bloodstream. This extreme sexual dimorphism makes sure that, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate right there. Multiple males can be incorporated into a single female.

Ceratiids are the only animals known to become chimaeras as a normal part of their life-cycle.

## Genera and species 
* *Ceratias* Krøyer, 1845
** *Ceratias holboelli* Krøyer 1845 (Krøyer's deep sea angler fish)
** *Ceratias tentaculatus* Norman, 1930 (southern seadevil)
** *Ceratias uranoscopus* J. Murray, 1877 (stargazing seadevil)
* *Cryptopsaras* Gill, 1883
** *Cryptopsaras couesii*  Gill, 1883 (Triplewart seadevil)

## Related pages 
* Krøyer's deep sea angler fish
* Lasiognathus amphirhamphus

## References
Chimaera (genetics)

]]
s may occur through the placenta. Exchanged cells can multiply and may be immunologically active long after birth.]]

A **chimaera** or **chimera** in biology is a single organism (usually an animal)  made of two genetically distinct cells. The two types of cells may come from separate fertilised eggs or zygotes.

Chimeras that originate from distinct fertilised eggs fused together are called dispermic chimeras. When, on the other hand, the genetically distinct cell types originate from the same zygote, the organism is called a mosaic.

Dispermic chimaeras are formed from at least two fertilized eggs or early embryos fused together. Each population of cells keeps its own phenotype and the resulting organism is a mixture of the two phenotypes.

Microchimerism is a form of chimerism in which a host harbors a small set of genetically distinct cells. This often happens with blood transfusion or transplants, but also during pregnancy due to the two-way cell trafficking between the mother and the foetus.

Recently, epigenetic chimeras have been discovered in mouse models.

## Germline chimerism 
Germline chimerism occurs when the germ cells (for example, sperm and egg cells) of an organism are not genetically identical to its own.

Marmosets almost always give birth to fraternal twins. They may have the reproductive cells of their (fraternal) twin siblings. Placental fusion during development in the womb is what causes this.

## Related pages 
*Mosaic (genetics)

## References
Trainz

**Trainz** is a computer program that allows you to create your own Railway. It was developed by the Australian developer *Auran*. The game comes in 3 areas: Routes, Railyard and Scenarios. Routes has 3 seperate areas inside it: Surveyor - where you can create and change Routes, driver - where you can drive along surveyor routes, and Routes - where you can see all the routes. Railyard is where you can see all your trains. Scenarios is where you can earn points by doing missions. They are different versions, The latest one is Trainz 12. The program works with Windows XP and its later versions, as well as Mac OS 10.6.8 and its later versions.       

## Other websites 
* Trainz Simulator official website
* Auran official website
Petropedetidae

**Petropedetinae** are a subfamily of frogs. 

They are placed in the true frog family (Ranidae) by many authors. Some think at least part of this group are a distinct family **Petropedetidae**. The **Cacosterninae** and **Phrynobatrachinae** are then separated as subfamilies.  They may even be distinct families **Cacosternidae** and **Phrynobatrachidae**. Most members of this subfamily are in the genus *Phrynobatrachus*. 

These frogs mostly live in sub-Saharan Africa.

This group of frogs is made up from the following genera:
* *Anhydrophryne* &ndash; Hogsback Frog (1 species)
* *Arthroleptella* &ndash; moss frogs (8 species)
* *Arthroleptides* &ndash; African torrent frogs (3 species)
* *Cacosternum* &ndash; cacos (10 species)
* *Dimorphognathus* (1 species)
* *Ericabatrachus* (1 species)
* *Microbatrachella* &ndash; Micro Frog (1 species)
* *Natalobatrachus* (1 species)
* *Nothophryne* (1 species)
* *Petropedetes* (7 species)
* *Phrynobatrachus* &ndash; dwarf puddle frogs or African puddle frogs (70+ species)
* *Phrynodon* (1 species)
* *Poyntonia* (1 species)

## References
*  (2006): Amphibian Species of the World Version 3 - Petropedetidae Noble, 1931. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 2006-AUG-05.
Pyxicephalidae

**Pyxicephalidae** is a family of frogs.  They are found in Sub-Saharan Africa.

## Classification
Pyxicephalidae has two subfamilies, with a total of 13 genera.  This family was formerly considered part of the family Ranidae.

Family **PYXICEPHALIDAE**
* Subfamily *Cacosterninae*
** Genus *Amietia* (15 species)
** Genus *Anhydrophryne* (3 species)
** Genus *Arthroleptella* (3 species) – Moss frogs
** Genus *Cacosternum* (12 species)
** Genus *Ericabatrachus* (1 species)
** Genus *Microbatrachella* (1 species) – Micro frog
** Genus *Natalobatrachus* (1 species)
** Genus *Nothophryne* (1 species)
** Genus *Poyntonia* (1 species)
** Genus *Strongylopus* (10 species)
** Genus *Tomopterna* (11 species)
*Subfamily *Pyxicephalinae*
** Genus *Aubria* (2 species) – Masako fishing frog, brown ball frog
** Genus *Pyxicephalus* (3 species) – African bull frogs, pixie frog

## References
Moss frog

**Moss frog** might mean:

* *Arthroleptella*, a genus of true frogs from southern Africa
* Rhacophoridae, a family of the Old World Tropics
Bush frog

A **bush frog** can be one of two types of frogs.  They are found in sub-Saharan Africa and one also in Asia:

* Hyperoliidae, a family of sub-Saharan Africa and the Madagascar region, also known as sedge frogs
* Rhacophoridae, a family of the Old World Tropics
Flying frog

(*Rhacophorus nigropalmatus*)Illustration from *The Malay Archipelago*.]]
A **flying frog** is a frog that has the ability to glide. Despite its name, it does not have the ability to fly. They live their life in trees, high above the ground.  

Alfred Russel Wallace made one of the earliest reports of a flying frog. The species he observed was later described by George Albert Boulenger as *Rhacophorus nigropalmatus*.

Flying frogs includes members of the following genera:
**Ecnomiohyla* (Hylidae)
**Polypedates* (Rhacophoridae)
**Rhacophorus* (Rhacophoridae)

## References
Connie Britton

**Constance Elaine "Connie" Britton** (born March 6, 1967) is an American movie, stage and television actress. She was nominated three times for Emmy Awards On television, she is well known for her roles as Nikki Faber on *Spin City* (1988–1991), (1996-2000), Tami Taylor on  *Friday Night Lights* (2006-2011), as Vivien Harmon on *American Horror Story* (2011) and as Rayna James on *Nashville*.

## References
## Other websites
Deftones

**Deftones** is an American alternative metal band from Sacramento, California. Deftones has four members in the band; the current band members are Chino Moreno, Stephen Carpenter, Abe Cunningham and Frank Delgado. 

The band was formed in 1988. They released their debut album *Adrenaline* on October 3, 1995. The song "*Elite*" from their third studio album, "*White Pony*" won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2001. The band has been noted for influencing bands like Muse, Linkin Park, Avenged Sevenfold, Seether, System of a Down, Fightstar, 10 Years as well as many other bands.

On November 4, 2008, the band's bassist Chi Cheng was involved in a car accident which seriously injured him. The band brought in another bassist named Sergio Vega to replace him during his absence. Cheng died on April 13, 2013 after his heart stopped.

## Band members 
;Current
*Chino Moreno - lead vocals, guitar (1988–present)
*Stephen Carpenter - guitar (1988-present)
*Abe Cunningham - drums (1988-present)
*Frank Delgado - turntablism, keyboards, samples (2000–present)

;Former
*Chi Cheng - bass, backing vocals (1988–2013) (†)

*Sergio Vega - bass, backing vocals (2009-2021)

## Discography 
### Studio albums
**Adrenaline* (1995)
**Around the Fur* (1997)
**White Pony* (2000)
**Deftones* (2003)
**Saturday Night Wrist* (2006)
**Diamond Eyes* (2010)
**Koi No Yokan* (2012)
**Gore* (2016)
**Ohms* (2020)
**Private Music* (2025)

### Unreleased albums
**Eros* (Unknown Official release date, expected between 2007 or 2008)

### Compilation albums
**B-Sides & Rarities* (2005)
**Covers* (2011)
**The Vinyl Collection 1995–2011* (2011)

### Demos
**Deftones (Demo 1)* (1990)
**Deftones (Demo 2)* (1991)
**Engine Number Nine/7 Words* (1992)
**(Like) Linus* (1993)
**Root/Nosebleed* (1994)

### EPs
**Live* (1998)
**Back to School (Mini Maggit)* (2001)
**Live: Volume 1 – Selections from Adrenaline* (2013)

### Video albums
**Music in High Places: Live in Hawaii* (2003)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Adrenaline (album)

***Adrenaline*** is the first studio album by American metal band, Deftones. *Adrenaline* was released on October 3, 1995. The album was originally known as *Communion* but was later changed to *Adrenaline*. The album was ranked as #33 on music critic Piero Scaruffi's list of best metal albums of all times.

## Songs
## References
Pothos

)]]
**Pothos** is a son of Iris and Zephyrus in Greek mythology. He is the god of sexual yearning, longing, and desire. He is was one of the winged love gods, known as Erotes.
Hurricane Isaac (2012)

**Hurricane Isaac** was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. It killed almost two dozen people in Hispaniola in August 2012 and moved over Cuba and Haiti.  Isaac then became a Category One hurricane on August 28. It hit near the southeast tip of Louisiana at 6:44 pm that day.

## History 
According to the report. Isaac was from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on August 15.

Isaac did not become a tropical depression until August 21.

Isaac was upgraded to a tropical storm that same day as Hurricane Hunters went into the storm and found winds more then 50 mph.

Isaac made its passage along the Lesser Antilles on August 22.

On August 25 the storm made its first landfall on Haiti with winds of 70 mph.

Isaac made its second landfall on Cuba with winds around 60-65 mph on the same day.

Isaac quickly exited Cuba and went towards the Florida Keys on August 26 but even though it did made landfall. It caused heavy rain to the Keys.

Isaac became a Hurricane on August 28 and made landfall as a Category 1 Hurricane with 80 mph.

Isaac moved inland and dissipated.
Strabomantidae

**Strabomantidae** is a family of frogs.  They live in South America. These frogs do not have a free-living larval stage.  They hatch directly into miniature "froglets".

## Systematics
;Holoadeninae
**Barycholos*
**Bryophryne*
**Euparkerella*
**Holoaden*
**Noblella*
**Psychrophrynella*

;Strabomantinae
**Atopophrynus*
**Dischidodactylus*
**Geobatrachus*
**Hypodactylus*
**Lynchius*
**Niceforonia*
**Oreobates*
**Phrynopus*
**Pristimantis*
**Strabomantis*

## References
Rhacophoridae

**Rhacophoridae** is a family of frog species.  They live in tropical regions of Asia and Africa. They are commonly known as **shrub frogs**.  Sometimes they are called "'**moss frogs**" or "**bush frogs**." Some Rhacophoridae are called "**tree frogs**." Among the most spectacular members of this family are numerous "**flying frogs**."

Most of the species are arboreal. This may include reproducing in trees. Mating frogs, while in amplexus, hold onto a branch, and beat their legs to form a foam. The eggs are laid in the foam.  They are then covered with seminal fluid. Then the foam hardens into a protective casing. In some species, this is done in a large group. The foam is laid above a water source, so the tadpoles fall into the water once they hatch.

The species in this family vary in size, from  to .
## Genera 
* Subfamily Buergeriinae Channing, 1989
** *Buergeria* Tschudi, 1838
* Subfamily Rhacophorinae Hoffman, 1932 (1858)
** *Beddomixalus* Abraham, Pyron, Ansil, Zachariah, and Zachariah, 2013 
** *Chirixalus* Boulenger, 1893
** *Chiromantis* Peters, 1854 
** *Feihyla* Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006 
** *Ghatixalus* Biju, Roelants, and Bossuyt, 2008 
** *Gracixalus*  Delorme, Dubois, Grosjean, and Ohler, 2005 
** *Kurixalus* Ye, Fei, and Dubois, 1999
** *Leptomantis* Peters, 1867 
** *Liuixalus
** *Mercurana* Abraham *et al*., 2013 
** *Nasutixalus* Jiang, Yan, Wang, and Che, 2016
** *Nyctixalus* Boulenger, 1882 
***Orixalus*
** *Philautus* Gistel, 1848
** *Polypedates* Tschudi, 1838 
** *Pseudophilautus* Laurent, 1943 
** *Raorchestes* Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta, and Bossuyt, 2010 
** *Rhacophorus* Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822 
** *Rohanixalus* Biju, Garg, Gokulakrishnan, Chandrakasan, Thammachoti, Ren, Gopika, Bisht, Hamidy, and Shouche, 2020
** *Romerus* Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021 
** *Taruga* Meegaskumbura, Meegaskumbura, Bowatte, Manamendra-Arachchi, Pethiyagoda, Hanken, and Schneider, 2010 
** *Theloderma* Tschudi, 1838 
** *Vampyrius* Dubois, Ohler, and Pyron, 2021 
** *Zhangixalus'' Li, Jiang, Ren, and Jiang, 2019

## Phylogeny 
This group of frogs is related to other frogs:

## References
*
Sooglossidae

The **Sooglossidae** (**Seychelles frogs**) are a family of frogs.  They are found on the Seychelles Islands and India.

All of the species are small land frogs, about  in length.  They hide under fallen leaves or in rock crevices. They lay their eggs on moist ground, rather than in water. One species lacks tadpoles, with the eggs hatching directly into froglets. The others carry the tadpoles on their back until metamorphosis.

## Taxonomy
The family was first described in 1931 by Gladwyn Kingsley Noble (1894–1940).
* Genus ***Sooglossus*** (Seychelles frogs)
** Gardiner's Seychelles frog (*S. gardineri*)
** Seychelles palm frog (*S. pipilodryas*)
** Seychelles frog (*S. sechellensis*)
** Thomasset's frog (*S. thomasseti*)
* Genus ***Nasikabatrachus*** (purple frog)
** *Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis*

## References
Phil Donahue

**Phillip John Donahue** (December 21, 1935 – August 18, 2024) was an American talk show host. He was best known for hosting *The Phil Donahue Show* from 1967 to 1996. He also hosted other talk shows. His career began in 1957.

Donahue's shows focused on issues that were controversial between liberals and conservatives in the United States, like abortion, consumer protection, civil rights and war issues. 

Donahue also hosted a talk show on MSNBC for a short time from July 2002 to February 2003. He was seen as one of the most important talk show hosts and was often called the "king of daytime talk". 

In 1996, Donahue was ranked #42 on *TV Guide*s 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time. During his career, Donahue won nine Emmy Awards and a lifetime achievement award.

Donahue was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at the University of Notre Dame. 

Donahue was married to Margaret Cooney from 1958 until they divorced in 1975. They had five children. He then married actress Marlo Thomas on May 21, 1980. He and Thomas did not have any children together. 

In May 2024, Donahue was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden.

Donahue died from a long-illness at his home in New York City on August 18, 2024, at the age of 88.

## References 
## Other websites
*
List of cities in El Salvador

This is a list of populated places in El Salvador.

 Metropolitan Area]]

## Cities
Over 100,000 Development Indor a High Human ex, and a high urbanization. 
AMSS = San Salvador Metropolitan Area

* Acajutla **Pop. 47,678**
* Apopa **Pop. 217,733** (AMSS)
* Antiguo Cuscatlán - Highest HDI in the country(0.896-very high) **Pop. 55,608** (AMSS)
* Ciudad Delgado **Pop. 174,825** (AMSS)
* Cuscatancingo **Pop. 117,013** (AMSS)
* Ilopango **Pop. 159,232** (AMSS)
* La Unión **Pop. 26,739**
* Mejicanos **Pop. 211,878**(AMSS)
* Metapán **Pop.59,004**
* San Miguel **Pop. 218,410**
* San Salvador (capital) **Pop. City 540,989 Metro 2,290,000** (AMSS)
* Santa Tecla **Pop. 164,171** (AMSS)
* Santa Ana **Pop 280,000**
* San Martin **Pop. 144,722** (AMSS)
* Sonsonate **Pop. 110,501.**
* Soyapango **Pop. 262,975** (AMSS)

## Towns
Over 50,000, medium to low urbanization, or departmental capital.

* Ahuachapán **Pop. 110,511**
* Chalatenango **Pop. 29,271**
* Cojutepeque **Pop. 70,000**
* Nejapa **Pop. 50,966**
* San Vicente **Pop. 53,213**
* Tacuba **Pop. 50,000**
* Usulután **Pop. 71,636**
* Zacatecoluca **Pop. 62,576**
List of cities in Equatorial Guinea

, Capital of Equatorial Guinea]]
This is a **list of cities in Equatorial Guinea**. It includes all settlements with a population over 1,000.

## List 
## Other cities
*Acalayong
*Bolondo
*Cocobeach (is also gabonese)
*Fyad
*Moca
*San Antonio de Palé
List of cities in Eritrea

This is a **list of cities in Eritrea** by population.  It includes all settlements with a population of over 5,000.
]]
, Capital of Eritrea]]
]]

## Other settlements

*Afabet
*Algena
*Anaghit
*Baden
*Bisha
*Debaysima
*Felhit
*Filfil
*Matara
*Mersa Gulbub
*Mersa Tek'lay

*Nakfa
*Om Hajer
*Per Tokar
*Quatit
*Rehayto
*Saatta
*Sebderat
*T'i'o
*Tognuf
*Zula
List of settlements in Estonia

The following is a list of cities and towns in Estonia. Many of these locations have been known, mostly before 1918, by their German or Russian names.  Sometimes these are quite different from the Estonian ones. 
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]

 the town is not its own municipality, but has instead united with a parish.

## References
*
Kim (song)

"**Kim**" is a song by Eminem, released in 2000. The song appears on his third studio album, *The Marshall Mathers LP*.

The song is about Eminem's anger towards his then-wife Kim Mathers. The song portrays Eminem screaming at and then murdering his wife Kim. He also murders her husband and her stepson. The song features the drum sample from the song "When the Levee Breaks" by Led Zeppelin.

Eminem performed the song at a concert in Detroit, Michigan while abusing a blow-up doll that was dressed up to look like her on stage. Kim saw the performance and later after the show ended, she tried to commit suicide by slashing her wrists. She would later sue Eminem for defamation because of the song.

## References