open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Roger Craig Smith

**Roger Craig Smith** (born August 11, 1975) is an American voice actor  and former stand-up comedian who does voice roles for video games, television and movies. He is known as the current voice behind Chris Redfield in the *Resident Evil* series. He voices Ezio Auditore da Firenze in the ''Assassin's Creed* games. He also voices Deidara in the anime *Naruto: Shippuden*, and of the Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, in the *Sonic the Hedgehog* video game franchise since 2010.

## Filmography
### Animation
**Avengers Assemble* - Steve Rogers/Captain America, Torgo, Great Gambonnos, Grim Reaper, Radioactive Man, 
**Clarence* - Belson Noles, Percy, Additional voices
**Fish Hooks* - Pass
**Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload* - Steve Rogers/Captain America
**Out There* - Additional voices
**Regular Show* - Thomas/Nikolai, Night Owl, Low-Five Ghost, Additional voices
**Robotomy* - Tacklebot
**Sofia the First* - Luciano
**The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes* - Captain Marvel, Additional voices
**Young Justice* - Ocean Master, L-5, Additional voices
**Kekkaishi* - Byaku
**Delhi Safari* - Monkey #1, Monkey #2
**Sonic the Hedgehog* series - Sonic the Hedgehog/Super Sonic (2010–present), Wisp Announcer (2010, 2011, 2013, 2015)
***All-Stars Racing Transformed* - Sonic the Hedgehog
***Boom/Toon (video games)* - Sonic the Hedgehog
****Fire and Ice*
****Rise of Lyric/Ancient Treasure*
****Shattered Crystal/Island Adventure*
****Sonic Dash 2*
***Colors*
***Free Riders* - Sonic the Hedgehog (Super Sonic)
***Generations* - Modern Sonic (Modern Super Sonic), Wisp Announcer
***Lost World*
***Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (series)* - Sonic the Hedgehog
****London 2012*
****Rio 2016*
****Sochi 2014*
***Runners* - Wisp Announcer
***Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U* - Sonic the Hedgehog (Super Sonic)
**Soulcalibur IV* - Siegfried Schtauffen (uncredited)
**Soulcalibur V* - Siegfried Schtauffen, Ezio Auditore da Firenze
**Soulcalibur: Broken Destiny* - Siegfried Schtauffen (uncredited)
**Soulcalibur Legends* - Siegfried Schtauffen (uncredited)
**The Wonderful 101'' - Wonder Blue

## References
Tasmannia

***Tasmannia*** is a genus of woody, evergreen flowering plants native to Australia, New Guinea, Celebes, Borneo and the Philippines. Most species have aromatic bark and leaves. Some are used to extract essential oils. Their peppery-flavored fruits and leaves (especially dried) are increasingly used as a condiment in Australia. They have a peppery flavour due to the presence of polygodial. The taste is a cross between chile and peppercorn.

## Distribution and habitat
In Australia, the genus ranges from Tasmania and eastern Victoria and New South Wales to southeastern Queensland. It is also found in the mountains of northeastern Queensland. There it grows in moist mountain forests and in wet areas in the drier forest and along watercourses to up to 1500 m (5000&nbsp;ft).

## Culinary use
'Tasmanian pepper' or 'mountain pepper' (pictured) was the original pepperbush used by colonial Australians. It was grown in Cornwall in England, to become the 'Cornish pepperleaf' (associated with Cornish cuisine).  It has large, peppery berries which are also high in antioxidants. But due to the presence of safrole, safrole-free strains of mountain pepper are selected for the spice trade. 

Dorrigo pepper (*Tasmannia stipitata*) was the original pepper bush present in specialty foods restaurants in the 1980s. It is also sold as a spice today. Dorrigo pepper is safrole free and has a strong peppery flavour.

## References 
## Other websites
* *Tasmannia purpurascens* (Australian National Botanic Gardens)
* Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: Tasmanian Pepper
* Diemen Pepper: Plant information
Revenge

**Revenge** is doing something to hurt another person because they believe that person hurt them. It is also called **vengeance**, **vendetta**, **payback**, **retribution** or **retaliation**. It can also be doing something to get even for an insult, real or d. Vengeance is as old as people are. it is a natural urge that has been examined by psychologists, philosophers, legal scholars, poets, playwrights and others. They were then given a chance to get even with the person they thought wronged them. As they thought about how they could get revenge, their brain activity showed a rush of rush of activity in the caudate nucleus. "Payback's a bitch!" is the more modern version. The person seeking revenge is often hurt as badly as his victim. Often, the one seeking revenge has to take on the very qualities he or she hated in the first place. But revenge twists justice into what is needed at the moment.

## Related terms 
Sometimes revenge or  of revenge are actually other feelings d as revenge. 
* Envy comes from a comparison where someone feels they have been ed. Someone who feels envy wants to hurt or take over the person or thing they hate. They seek revenge because of envy.
* Self-defense is often for protecting someone or something against another. A claim of self-defense may sometimes be used to hide something that was actually done for revenge.
* A  is someone who is blamed for something someone else actually did. It can also be a person someone wants to make suffer as revenge for something.

## References 
## Other page 
*Erinyes
*Nemesis
Rapa Nui people

The **Rapa Nui** are the native Polynesian people of Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, in the Pacific Ocean. The easternmost Polynesian culture, the Rapa Nui people currently make up 60% of Easter Island's population. Some live in mainland Chile. They speak both the traditional Rapa Nui language and the primary language of the island, Spanish.  At the 2002 census there were 3,304 island inhabitants. Almost all lived in the village of Hanga Roa on the sheltered west coast. 

As of 2011, Rapa Nui's main source of income comes from tourism. Tourists come to see the giant sculptures called Moai. Some fruits are grown for local use. Rapa Nui activists have been fighting for their right of self-determination. They also want control of the island. Recent protests by the Rapa Nui on Easter Island against Chilean rule has led to clashes with the Chilean police.

## References
Humorism

**Humorism**, or **humoralism**, was a system of medicine about the makeup and workings of the human body. It was a belief that too much or too little of any of four distinct body fluids in a person directly influenced their temperament and health. The humoralist system of medicine is highly . Each individual patient was made up of their own unique  of humors.

It resembled an early holistic approach to medicine linking mental and  processes.

## References
Tacuinum sanitatis

's *Tacuinum sanitatis*, Rhineland, 2nd half of 15th century.]]
, from *Tacuinum Sanitatis*, ca. 1400 (Bibliothèque nationale, Paris).]]
The ***Tacuinum*** (sometimes ***Taccuinum***) ***Sanitatis*** is a medieval handbook mainly on health. It is based on the *Taqwim al‑sihha*  ("Maintenance of Health"), an eleventh-century Arab work an health by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad. The text exists in several variant Latin s. 

It describes in detail the beneficial and harmful properties of foods and plants. It explains the six essential s for :

*sufficient food and drink in ,
*fresh air,
*s of  and rest,
*alternations of sleep and wakefulness,
*secretions and excretions of humours, and finally
*the effects of states of mind.
 
*Tacuinum Sanitatis* says that illnesses result from  of these elements.

## Notes
## Other websites
* *Tacuinum Sanitatis* site on the M. Moleiro Editor website
* The *Tacuinum Sanitatis* in the *Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung*
*Introductory text (Spanish) and some illustrations
DNA methylation

molecule that is methylated at the two center cytosines. DNA methylation plays an important role for epigenetic gene regulation in development and disease]]

**DNA methylation** is the main way gene activity is adjusted during life, especially during early development.

Suppressing genes is the basis of epigenetics, the study of changes in gene activity which are *not* caused by changes in the DNA sequence. It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects.

The changes in gene activity by methylation may last for the rest of the cell's life, and for many generations of cells through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.

*To give just one example of how important this is, think about the effect nutrition of a pregnant female has on the baby long after birth.

## References
Dina bint Abdul-Hamid

**Dina bint Abdul-Hamid** (15 December 1929 &ndash; 21 August 2019) was the former Queen of Jordan. Her husband, the king, was Hussein of Jordan. They were married from 18 April 1955 to 24 June 1957. The marriage ended because the queen stated she did not love the king and they had political differences.

## Education 
Dina was a graduate of Cambridge University. She lectured in English literature at Cairo University. Together they had one child, Princess Alia bint Hussein. She was the king's eldest child.

## References
Negev tortoise

The **Negev tortoise** (*Testudo werneri*) is a tortoise found mainly in the Negev desert in southern Israel. It was once present in the Sinai Peninsula. In Israel it is protected by law and there are conservation programs. It is currently considered a critically endangered species. 

The Negev is one of the world's smallest tortoises. Unlike other tortoises it does not hibernate in winter. Instead, winter is the breeding season.

There is some disagreement over whether the Negev tortoise is the same species as the Kleinmann's tortoise.
 
## References
Alanine

**Alanine** (abbreviated as **Ala** or **A**) is an α-amino acid. It has the chemical formula CH3CH(NH2)COOH. 

The L-isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a non-polar amino acid. 

L-Alanine accounts for 7.8% of the primary structure in a sample of 1,150 proteins. Leucine is the only amino acid which is more common. 

D-Alanine occurs in bacterial cell walls and in some peptide antibiotics.

## References
Diana Ross (1970 album)

***Diana Ross*** (also re-released as '''''Ain't No Mountain High Enough'''*) is the self-titled debut solo album by American recording artist Diana Ross. It was released on June 19, 1970 by Motown Records. The album was released after Ross left R&B girl group The Supremes, a group Ross had been in since 1959.

## Reviews
The album was quite successful and critics felt that the album is one of Ross’ best albums she had released in her career.

## Track listing
*All tracks written and produced by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson, except for "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You", written by Johnny Bristol/Harvey Fuqua/Sylvia Moy and produced by Bristol.''

### Side A
#"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)"&nbsp;– 3:02
#"Now That There's You"&nbsp;– 3:27
#"You're All I Need to Get By" (originally recorded by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell)&nbsp;– 3:24
#"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You" (originally recorded by The Velvelettes)&nbsp;– 3:06
#"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" (originally recorded by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell)&nbsp;– 6:18

### Side B
#"Something on My Mind"&nbsp;– 2:24 (originally recorded by Syreeta Wright)
#"I Wouldn't Change the Man He Is" (originally recorded by Blinky) &nbsp;– 3:15
#"Keep an Eye" (originally recorded by Diana Ross & The Supremes)&nbsp;– 3:12
#"Where There Was Darkness"&nbsp;– 3:12
#"Can't It Wait Until Tomorrow"&nbsp;– 3:12
#"Dark Side of the World" (originally recorded by The Velvelettes)&nbsp;– 3:08

### Expanded edition bonus tracks
#"Something on My Mind" [live] (Ashford, Simpson)&nbsp;– 2:37
#"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" [alternate mix] (Ashford, Simpson)&nbsp;– 6:06
#"Now That There's You" [alternate vocal version]  (Ashford, Simpson)&nbsp;– 3:08
#"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You" [alternate mix] (Bristol, Rose, Fuqua)&nbsp;– 3:13
#"Time and Love" (Laura Nyro)&nbsp;– 4:08
#"Stoney End" (Nyro)&nbsp;– 3:39
#"The Interim" (Cheryl Ernst-Wells) &nbsp;– 4:49
#"Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes" (Dorothea Joyce)&nbsp;– 4:02

## Personnel
*Diana Ross: lead vocals
*Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson: producers, background vocals
*Johnny Bristol: producer, additional vocals on "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You"
*Paul Riser: arranger
*The Andantes: background vocals
*Jackey Beavers: background vocals
*Maxine & Julia Waters: background vocals on "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You"
*The Funk Brothers: instrumentation

## Singles history
*"Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)" b/w "Dark Side of the World" (Motown 1165, April 1970)
*"Ain't No Mountain High Enough" b/w "Can't It Wait Until Tomorrow" (Motown 1169, July 16, 1970)

## Chart history
### Album
### Singles
## References
Wrangel Island

**Wrangel Island** () is a small island in the Arctic Ocean belonging to Russia. It lies between the Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea. Wrangel Island lies across the 180° meridian. The International Date Line is displaced eastwards at this latitude to avoid the island and the Chukchi Peninsula on the Russian mainland. It is roughly  in area. The closest land to Wrangel Island is tiny and rocky Herald Island located  to the east. The distance to the closest point on the Siberian mainland is . Wrangel Island may have been the last place on earth where Woolly Mammoth survived. It is home to many arctic animals including polar bears. Since 1976 it has been a nature reserve.

## History 
Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel (1796–1870) was a German explorer and seaman in the service of the Russian Empire. He noticed birds flying north near the Kolyma river. From this he correctly  there was an island in the Arctic ocean. 

In 1881 an American steamship, the *Thomas L. Corwin*, searching for a lost expedition found themselves off Wrangel island. They searched the island for survivors but found none. They raised an American flag on the and claimed it for the United States. They sailed from Victoria, British Columbia on June 17, 1913. Six weeks later their ship was caught in the ice. Stefansson and several companions left the expedition and returned to safety. When the ship was crushed, the crew set up camp on the ice. Twelve survivors were picked up by a small whaling schooner in September of 1914. An expedition from Canada to colonize the island failed. By 1926 Russia re-established their claim to the island by setting up a colony there.

## Galápagos of the far north  
Wrangel island was never covered by glaciers during the last ice ages and it was never covered by water when the ice retreated.

### Wildlife 
Even though it is a very harsh climate Wrangel island has a large and diverse wildlife population. It is the world's largest Polar Bear denning ground. One thing the island seems to be missing is mosquitoes. They survived until about 1650 BCE. Archaeological evidence on the island shows them to be a smaller subspecies, *Mammuth primigenius wrangelensis*.

## References
University of Chicago sit-ins

The **University of Chicago sit-ins** were a series of nonviolent protests at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois in 1962. It was because of segregation at the university. It was led by future United States senator of Vermont Bernie Sanders.

## References
Honey bee

A **honey bee** (or **honeybee**) is any bee that is a member of the genus ***Apis***. They are all eusocial flying insects which live in colonies of various sizes. All honey bees are native to Afro-Eurasia. 

## Name 
The scientific name "Apis" is Latin for "bee"

## Description 
They are only a small fraction of the 20,000 known species of bee. They produce and store honey and make , colonial nests from wax. There are both stinging and stingless honey bees. 

## Distribution 
Honey bees appear to have originated from South and Southeast Asia as all the extant species except the European honey bee are native to that region. Historically, from six to eleven species have been recognized. 

Some other types of  bees produce and store honey, but only members of the genus *Apis* are true honey bees. The study of honey bees is known as .

## Fossil records 
The first *Apis* bees appear in the European fossil record at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary (34 million years ago). This shows that the bees were present in Europe by that time. Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia, the suspected region of honey bee origin.

No *Apis* species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of *A. mellifera* by Europeans. Only one fossil species is known, a single 14-million-year-old specimen from Nevada.

The close relatives of modern honey bees &ndash; bumblebees and stingless bees &ndash; are also social, but with smaller numbers in their families.

All honey bees (and perhaps all bees) use scent as a way to co-ordinate their activities. Nasonov's gland produces a pheromone used to get worker bees together. The pheromone can attract workers to a settled swarm and draw bees who have lost their way back to the hive.

## Mating information 
# Queens are produced by mating between females and drones (male), and are fed with royal jelly (honey and pollen). This special feeding is done during the second and third days of the larva's life. One queen per hive is usual. Nurse bees do the care and feeding of the queen and the next generation. They are haploid females.
# Mating takes place between a queen and drones from other colonies.
# A fertilized queen can lay male or female eggs. Eggs laid by the queen are usually unfertilized. They become haploid female workers: the bees seen usually collecting pollen and nectar from flowers are the female workers. 
# The average lifespan of a queen is three to four years. Drones usually die after mating or are expelled from the hive before the winter. Workers live for a few weeks to several months.

## Related pages 
*Beekeeping
## References 
*
Nature reserve

A **nature reserve** (**preserve** or **(national/nature) conserve**) is a protected area. It protects wildlife, flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Reserves may also protect geological features or other special interests. A nature reserve is land that is kept for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research.

Nature reserves can be created by government institutions. They can also be created by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an organization that helps countries and others with conservation programs and management.

## Related pages
* Marine reserve
* World Environment Day

## References 
## Other websites
Wrangell Island

**Wrangell Island** is an island in the Alaska Panhandle of southeastern Alaska. It is  long and 8&ndash;23&nbsp;km (3&ndash;14 miles) wide.  It has a land area of , making it the 29th largest island in the United States. Wrangell is separated from the mainland by the narrow Blake Channel. 

Wrangell has been ruled by Russia, Great Britain and the United States. It was visited in 1799 by *The Dragon*, a ship out of Boston, Massachusetts. They traded with the Stikine Tlingit peoples. It was occupied in 1834 by the Russians. It is named after Ferdinand Wrangel, a German explorer in Russian service. From 1867 to 1877 it was a U.S. military post. Later it was a stopping point for hunters, explorers and miners using the Stikine river route to the Yukon.

The island contains the city of Wrangell, Alaska. Wrangell Island is heavily forested and contains an abundance of wildlife. The only other community is Thoms Place. Wrangell Island's total population was 2,009 at the 2020 census. Fishing and mining are the main jobs. A sawmill closed in the 1990s. The island and surrounding areas contain many recreational areas. It is at the mouth of the Stikine River.

## References
*Wrangell Island: 1062 thru 1069, 1191 thru 1206, 1242 thru 1247, Block Group 1; Block Groups 2; Census Tract 3, Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area, Alaska United States Census Bureau
Antonella Lualdi

**Antonella Lualdi** (6 July 1931 &ndash; 10 August 2023) was an Italian actress and singer. She appeared in many Italian and French movies in the 1950s and 1960s, notably in Claude Autant-Lara's movie *Le rouge et le noir* in 1954, opposite Gérard Philipe.

Lualdi died on 10 August 2023 in Rome, Italy at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Luchino Visconti

**Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo** (2 November 1906 – 17 March 1976), was an Italian theatre, opera and movie director, and screenwriter. He was best known for his movies *The Leopard* (1963) and *Death in Venice* (1971).

On 17 March 1976, Visconti died from a stroke in Rome, Italy. He was age 69.

## Other websites
*
*Biography, Filmography and More on Luchino Visconti  
*British Film Institute: "Luchino Visconti" : filmography
*Hutchison, Alexander, "Luchino Visconti’s *Death in Venice*", *Literature/Film Quarterly*, v. 2, 1974. (In-Depth Analysis of *Death in Venice*).
*
Carlo Lizzani

**Carlo Lizzani** (3 April 1922 &ndash; 5 October 2013) was an Italian movie director, screenwriter and critic. He was born in Rome. He was known for his movies *The Violent Four* (1968) and *Crazy Joe* (1974) or crime-comedy *Roma Bene* (1971).

Lizzani committed suicide by jumping off the balcony of his house in Rome, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
Everything Is Everything (Diana Ross album)

***Everything Is Everything*** is the second album by Diana Ross, released in 1970. After the huge success of her self-named album and the two singles released from it, Motown rushed the release of *Everything is Everything* album and therefore the album was released just a few months after it. Like Ross' previous album, the album had two singles released off of it, "I'm Still Waiting" and "Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedbood'ndoo".

## Reviews
## Track listing
### Side A
#"My Place" (Hal Davis, Mel Larson, Jerry Marcellino) – 2:46
#"Ain't No Sad Song" (Hal Davis, Berry Gordy, Diana Ross) – 2:42
#"Everything Is Everything" (Berry Gordy) – 2:27
#"Baby It's Love" (Marvin Gaye, Anna Gordy Gaye, Charles Laskey) – 3:09
#"I'm Still Waiting" (Deke Richards) – 3:44
#"Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoo" (Deke Richards) – 4:52

### Side B
#"Come Together" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney)  – 6:40
#"The Long and Winding Road" (Lennon, McCartney)  – 3:26
#"I Love You (Call Me)" (Aretha Franklin)  – 3:23
#"How About You?" (Deke Richards, Sandra Sanders, David VanDePitte) – 2:47
#"(They Long to Be) Close to You" (Burt Bacharach, Hal David)  – 4:07

### 2008 expanded edition bonus tracks
#"I Wish I Knew" (Debbie Dean, Deke Richards) – 3:30
#"What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?" (Marilyn Bergman, Alan Bergman, Michel Legrand) – 3:25
#"Something" (George Harrison) – 3:11
#"Ain't No Sad Song" (Davis, Gordy, Ross) – 3:16
#"Baby It's Love" (Alternate version) (Gaye, Gaye, Laskey) – 3:42
#"Come Together" (1982 "Revelations" remix) (Lennon, McCartney) – 4:04
#"I'm Still Waiting" (1990 Phil Chill remix) (Richards) – 4:08

### Singles
## References
George R. Klare

**George R. Klare** (Minneapolis, 1922 – The Plains, Ohio, 2006) was a World War II veteran and  a distinguished professor of psychology and dean at Ohio University.

## World War II
Klare served as a navigator on a B-17 Flying Fortresss in the Eighth Air Force in England. On December 31, 1944, he was shot down over Germany.  He spent the rest of World War II in German POW camps. He was liberated by advancing Soviet troops from Stalag Luft One on May 1, 1945. He was honorably discharged as a First Lieutenant in December, 1945, receiving the Air Medal, the Purple Heart, European area ribbons and the Prisoner of War medal.

In 1978, he was named Distinguished Professor of Psychology. While at Ohio University, he served as chair of the Psychology Department from 1959 to 1963, as acting dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1965–66 and in 1984–85, and as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences from 1966 to 1971. He was also acting associate provost for graduate and research programs from 1986 until his retirement in 1987. in 1981, Klare was elected to the Reading Hall of Fame of the International Reading Association in 1997. He is listed in ''Who's Who in America''.

## Main works 
His major contribution was in the field of readability. From the beginning of the 20th century, the assessment of the grade level of texts for different grades of readers was a central concern of reading research. It was well known that without correctly graded texts, readers would not improve their reading skill. There were over 1,000 published studies on this topic.  Klare's contribution to that effort came both in his critical reviews of the studies and his participation in original research.

*Klare G.R. & Buck B. 1954. *Know your reader: the scientific approach to readability*. New York: Hermitage House.
*Klare G.R. 1963. *The measurement of readability*. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
*Klare G.R. 1975. *A manual for readable writing*. Glen Burnie, MD.
*Klare G.R. 1984. Readability. In *Handbook of Reading Research*, (ed) P.D. Pearson. New York: Longman, pp.&nbsp;681–744.
*Klare G.R. 1985. *How to write readable English*. London: Hutchinson. 
*Klare G.R. and Klare R. 2012. *The haunting memories of war: a memoir of father and son*. Bloomington, Indiana: Lulu Press.

## References
Whitney Dancin' Special

'''Whitney Dancin' Special'''* *is the first extended play/remix album by American singer Whitney Houston, it was released only in Japan on November 1, 1986 by Arista RecordsIt includes 5 remixed and 1 instrumental versions of songs from Houston's self-titled debut album (1985). The album peaked at #14 in the Japanese charts and sold 19,480 copies there.

## Track listing 
## References
Turritopsis dohrnii

***Turritopsis dohrnii***, also known as the **immortal jellyfish**, is a species of small jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the waters off Japan. 

It is the only known case of an animal which can revert completely to a sexually immature, colonial stage after it has reached sexual maturity as an individual.

Like most other hydrozoans, *T. dohrnii* begin life as free-swimming tiny larvae known as a planula. As a planula settles down, it gives rise to a colony of polyps that are attached to the sea-floor. The Turritopsis dohrnii can revert back to its juvenile form after reaching adulthood. While an immortal jellyfish can age in reverse, it can also be killed by predators including various fish, sharks, turtles and even other jellyfish. 

Jellyfish, also known as medusae, bud off these polyps and continue their life in a free-swimming form. Eventually they become sexually mature. All the polyps and jellyfish coming from a single planula are genetically identical clones.

*Turritopsis dohrnil* is a species of jellyfish that apparently does not die of natural causes, because it can revert to the juvenile stage from the adult stage. However, it is not actually immortal. Most *Turritopsis* are likely to be eaten by predators or die from disease in the adult stage.

Shin Kubota from Kyoto University, has managed to keep these jellyfish for a long time. 
Kubota reported that during a two-year period, his colony rebirthed itself 11 times.

## References
James E. Proctor Jr.

**James Edward Proctor, Jr.** (June 14, 1936 &ndash; September 10, 2015) was an American politician. He represented district 27A in the Maryland House of Delegates from May 1990 until his death.

Proctor was born in Washington, D.C. to an African American family. He lived in Accokeek, Maryland with his wife Elizabeth G. Proctor.

Proctor died from heart disease on September 10, 2015 in Washington, D.C., aged 79.

## References
Barbara Palvin

**Barbara Palvin** (, born 8 October 1993) is a Hungarian Supermodel and actress. 
She started her career in 2010 by walking the runway for a Prada fashion show. Miuccia Prada chose her to walk exclusively for her brand.

In 2012, she became a spokesmodel for L'Oréal and walked the Victoria's Secret fashion show. 

In 2014, she ed Antimache in *Hercules*. She is married to American actor Dylan Sprouse since 2023.

## References
Alan Purwin

**Alan David Purwin** (c. 1962 – September 11, 2015) was an American helicopter pilot, entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was known for being the aerial movie operator *Transformers*, *Star Trek*, and *Jurassic World*. Purwin was born in Los Angeles, California.

On September 11, 2015, Purwin died as a passenger in a plane crash near Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia, during the shooting of the movie *Mena*. He was 53 years old.

## References
National Botanic Garden of Israel

established the garden in 1931]]
**National Botanic Garden of Israel** (official name: **The Botanical Garden for the Native Plants of Israel in memory of Montague Lamport**, in ) is a botanic garden located in Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. The garden is dedicated to the plants of Israel.

The botanic garden was opened in 1931 by Otto Warburg and Alexander Eig. They were the founders of the botanic department of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. After Mount Scopus was isolated from Israel in 1948, they decided to create a new botanical garden in West Jerusalem, in Givat Ram. The new garden, Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, was opened in 1954.

The National Botanic Garden of Israel is also an archaeological park. It has many Jewish burial caves from the Second Temple period. In the southern part of the garden there is a famous cave called the Tomb of Nicanor. The cave is also burial place of two Zionist activists: Leon Pinsker and Menachem Ussishkin.

## Related pages 
* List of botanical gardens

## Other websites 
* National Botanic Garden of Israel 
* National Botanic Garden of Israel at "Botanic Gardens Conservation International" website
Willi Fuggerer

**Willi Fuggerer** (11 September 1941 – September 2015) was a German track cyclist. He was born in Nuremberg. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in the 2000 m tandem and 1000 m sprint and finished in third and fifth place, respectively. 

## References
Antoine Lahad

**Antoine Lahad** (1927 – 10 September 2015) was a Lebanese general and leader of the South Lebanon Army (SLA) from 1984 until 2000.

Lahad died in Paris on 10 September 2015 from a heart attack, aged 88.

## References
Adrian Frutiger

**Adrian Frutiger** (May 24, 1928 – September 12, 2015) was a Swiss typeface designer. He was known for typing name of cities and towns on road signs. His most famous signs designs include Univers, Frutiger and Avenir. He was born in Unterseen, Switzerland.

Frutiger died in Bremgarten bei Bern, Switzerland, aged 87.

## References
Stillwater, Minnesota

**Stillwater** is a city in Washington County, Minnesota. It is on the St. Croix River directly across from the state of Wisconsin. The population was 19,394 at the 2020 census. Stillwater is part of the Twin Cities Metro Area.

## History
### Treaties 
On July 29 and September 29, 1837, treaties were signed between the US government and the local Ojibwa and Dakota nations. They allowed settlement in the St. Croix River Valley. The town was ed by settlers drawn by the area's then-abundant lumber and river traffic. It is one of Minnesota's oldest towns, preceding Minneapolis by several years. Stillwater was officially incorporated as a city on March 4, 1854 (the same day as St. Paul). The city was named for the calm waters of the St. Croix River.
 
 

### Territorial convention 
Stillwater is often called the  of Minnesota. In 1848, a territorial  that began the process of establishing Minnesota as a state was held in Stillwater. The convention selected three leading Minnesota cities as locations for three important public institutions. Minneapolis got the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul became the capital, and Stillwater was chosen as the site of the territory's first prison. The Minnesota Territorial Prison was opened in 1853.
### Lumbering era 
Lumbering was the main industry in the St. Croix River Valley in the second half of the nineteenth century. For many years logs were sent down the St. Croix river, collected at the St. Croix Boom Site two miles upstream of Stillwater, and processed in Stillwater's many sawmills. Steamboats were used most widely from 1860 to 1890, and a few are still used for entertainment today. 

### Civil war 
Stillwater sent men of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Company B and the 8th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment Company C to fight during the American Civil War.

## References
River Falls, Wisconsin

.]]
**River Falls** is a city in Pierce and St. Croix counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is located mostly within the Town of River Falls in Pierce County. A small part lies within the Town of Kinnickinnic in St. Croix County. River Falls is the most  city in Pierce county. The population was 16,182 at the 2020 census. It is divided by 12,546 living in Pierce County, and 3,636 in St. Croix County. It is part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. River Falls is the home of the University of Wisconsin–River Falls.

## References
Yamaha DX7

**Yamaha DX7** is a digital programmable musical synthesizer. It was first made and released in 1983. The Yamaha DX7 ROM-4A patch "Synthbrass" was heard in the Corey Hart song "Sunglasses at Night".

## Versions 
Yamaha TX7 is a keyboardless sound module and rack version of Yamaha DX7 and was made in 1985 and released in 1985-present. Editing cannot be done on the front side but must be done through MIDI using the DX7 Keyboard or a computer. Software such as Unisyn can be used to edit. It has been used by producers like Genesis, Human League and Spice Girls.

## References
Hudson, Wisconsin

**Hudson** is a city in and the county seat of St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 14,755. It is part of the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Hudson is bordered on the north by the village of North Hudson and the Willow River. On the North and East is the township of Hudson.

U.S. Highway 12 once crossed the St. Croix River on a toll bridge between Wisconsin and Minnesota, which provided revenue for the town. With the construction of Interstate 94, the toll bridge was removed. The long causeway extending to the former bridge location is now open to the public as a pedestrian walkway.

Hudson has grown as a tourist destination in recent years. There are shops and restaurants on the St. Croix river in its historic downtown, along with hotels and other businesses that serve traffic on Interstate Highway 94.

## References
William French Smith

**William French Smith II** (August 26, 1917 – October 29, 1990) was an American lawyer. He was the 74th United States Attorney General serving from January 23, 1981 to February 25, 1985.

## Other websites
* Appointment of William French Smith as a Member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board: February 28, 1985 
*
Mecca crane collapse

On 11 September 2015, a mobile crawler crane accidentally fell onto the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. At least 118 people were killed and another 394 were injured. The victims were mostly foreigners, among the injured and dead included citizens of Indonesia, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Algeria, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Morocco, Iraq, Nigeria and the United Kingdom.

## References
Dick Thornburgh

**Richard Lewis "Dick" Thornburgh** (July 16, 1932 &ndash; December 31, 2020) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He served as the 41st Governor of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1987, and then as the U.S. Attorney General from 1988 to 1991.

Thornburg resigned as Attorney General to run for the United States Senate in Pennsylvania in 1991, but lost to Democratic Harris Wofford.

Thornburgh died on December 31, 2020 in Verona, Pennsylvania at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*The Dick Thornburgh Papers  at the University of Pittsburgh.
*The Dick Thornburgh Forum for Law and Public Policy 
*Finding Aid for the Jay C. Waldman Papers, 1968–2003, AIS.2007.10, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh
*Professional biography, K&L Gates 
*Selection of Thornburgh quotes re Puerto Rico
*Speaking biography
James G. Watt

**James Gaius Watt** (January 31, 1938 &ndash; May 27, 2023) was an American lawyer and politician. He was United States Secretary of the Interior from 1981 to 1983. He was called an "anti-environmentalist". He was one of Ronald Reagan's most controversial cabinet appointments. Watt resigned after saying a controversial remark about affirmative action.

In 1995, Watt was indicted on 18 counts of felony perjury and obstruction of justice for making false statements before a federal grand jury. He was sentenced to five years probation. 

Watt died on May 27, 2023 in Arizona at the age of 85.

## References 
## Other websites
* Wolf, Ron. 1981. "God, James Watt, and the Public Land". *Audubon* 83(3):65
* *Time* magazine article (August 23, 1982). "Going, Going...! Land sale of the century"
* James G. Watt papers at the University of Wyoming – American Heritage Center
*
Richard Edmund Lyng

**Richard Edmund Lyng** (June 29, 1918 &ndash; February 1, 2003) was an American politician. As a Republican, he served as the United States Secretary of Agriculture between 1986 and 1989 under the Ronald Reagan administration.

Lyng died of complications from Parkinson's disease in Modesto, California, on February 1, 2003.

## Other websites
John Rusling Block

**John Rusling Block** (born February 15, 1935) is an American politician. He served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 through 1986. He later became a lobbyist.

## Other websites
*John Block profile from a site on Presidents
*Essays on John Block from 1977 
*Block's Resignation letter to Reagan 
*Horatio Alger Award site 
*Essay by him
*Friends of the World Food Program  United States agency helping raise funds and awareness about global hunger
*John Block Reports  Archived radio commentary from John Block's weekly radio spot about agriculture and government
William Verity Jr.

**Calvin William Verity, Jr.** (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was an American administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan.

He died on January 3, 2007, a complications of pneumonia, in Beaufort, South Carolina, at the age of 89.

## References
Raymond J. Donovan

**Raymond James "Ray" Donovan** (August 31, 1930 &ndash; June 2, 2021) was an American businessman and politician. He served as U.S. Secretary of Labor under President Reagan from 1981 until 1985. Donovan was born in Bayonne, New Jersey.

Donovan died on June 2, 2021 in New Vernon, New Jersey from congestive heart failure at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
* U.S. Department of Labor Biography 
* Raymond J Donovan at NameBase (Archive)
Ann McLaughlin Korologos

**Ann McLaughlin Korologos** (born **Ann Lauenstein**; November 16, 1941 — January 30, 2023), formerly known as **Ann Dore McLaughlin**, is an American politician. She was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989.

## Other websites
*A Few Good Women... Ann M. Korologos
Kinnickinnic River (St. Croix River)

The **Kinnickinnic River**, called the **Kinni** for short, is a  river in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States.  The Kinni is a cold water fishery supporting a population of native Brook Trout and naturally reproducing Brown Trout. The Kinnickinnic River is officially designated as a Class I trout stream by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. This means it is a "high quality" trout water that has populations of wild trout. Also, these streams do not need stocking with hatchery trout.

## Recreation 
The main recreational activity on the upper part of the Kinnickinnic River is trout fishing.  Nearer to River Falls downtown, walking, hiking, running, mountain biking along the trails are popular activities.  The City is also a Bird City and attracts a number of birders along the river. Kayaking along the lower parts of the river has become popular.

## References
John S. Herrington

**John Stewart Herrington** (born May 31, 1939) is an American Republican politician.  He served as the United States Secretary of Energy under Ronald Reagan during his second term.

## Other websites
*Clean Energy Corp bio
*Forbes profile
Kenneth Duberstein

**Kenneth M. Duberstein** (April 21, 1944 &ndash; March 2, 2022) was an American politician and lobbyist. He served as U.S. President Ronald Reagan's White House Chief of Staff from 1988 to 1989.

Duberstein died at a hospital in Washington, D.C. on March 2, 2022 at the age of 77.

## References 
## Other websites
David Stockman

**David Alan Stockman** (born November 10, 1946) is a former businessman and American politician. He served as a Republican U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan (1977–1981) and as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (1981–1985) under President Ronald Reagan.

## References
James C. Miller III

**James Clifford Miller III** (born   June 25, 1942, in Atlanta, Georgia) is a former U.S. government official and economist. He served as chairman of the Federal Trade Commission between 1981 and 1985 and as Budget Director for President Ronald Reagan between 1985 and 1988.  He also ran for United States Senate in Virginia, losing the Republican nomination at the convention to Oliver North in 1994 and losing the nomination in the primary to John Warner in 1996.

## References
Joseph Robert Wright, Jr.

**Joseph Robert "**Joe**" Wright, Jr.** (born 1938) is an American businessman and politician. He served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1988 through 1989.

## Other websites
*Jefferson Consulting biography
Malcolm Baldrige Jr.

**Howard Malcolm "Mac" Baldrige, Jr.** (October 4, 1922 &ndash; July 25, 1987) was an American businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from 1981 until his death in 1987.

Baldrige died from injuries he suffered from a rodeo competition in Walnut Creek, California, aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
*Howard M. Baldrige at Find-A-Grave
**Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom - October 17, 1988*
William Ruckelshaus

**William Doyle Ruckelshaus** (July 24, 1932 &ndash; November 27, 2019) was an American attorney and government official. He worked during the Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan presidencies. He was known for resigning under the Nixon administration after he refused to carry out Nixon's orders to fire key investigators of the Watergate Scandal.

Ruckelshaus was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He studied at Harvard University and at Princeton University.

He served as the first head of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, was subsequently acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and then Deputy Attorney General of the United States. Ruckelshaus was a finalist to be Gerald Ford’s running mate in the 1976 presidential election. During 1983 through 1985 he returned as EPA Administrator.

In 1968, he ran for the United States Senate in Indiana, but narrowly lost the election to Birch Bayh with 51.7% to 48.2%.

In November 2015, Ruckelshaus was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama during a ceremony at the White House.

Ruckelshaus died at his home in Medina, Washington on November 27, 2019 at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*  
*Bio at National Council for Science and the Environment 
*
**C-SPAN *Q&A* interview with William and Jill Ruckelshaus, January 16, 2005
Lee M. Thomas

**Lee Muller Thomas** (born June 13, 1944) was head of the United States Environmental Protection Agency from 1985 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan. He succeeded William Ruckelshaus. He is a Republican.

## References
Anne Gorsuch Burford

**Anne Gorsuch Burford** (April 21, 1942 – July 18, 2004), also known as **Anne M. Gorsuch**, was an American attorney and politician. Between 1981 and 1983, while known as Anne M. Gorsuch, she served under President Ronald Reagan as the first female Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). She was born in Casper, Wyoming.

Burford was married to David Gorsuch from 1964 until they divorced in 1982. They had two children, including Judge Neil Gorsuch, who is President Donald Trump's nominee to United States Supreme Court. In 1983, she married Robert Burford. He died in 1993. They had one child.

Burford died in Aurora, Colorado from cancer on July 18, 2004, aged 62.

## Other websites
* Washington Post obituary for Anne Gorsuch
Beryl Wayne Sprinkel

**Beryl Wayne Sprinkel** (November 20, 1923 – August 22, 2009) was a member of the Executive Office of the US President and chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) between April 4, 1985 and January 21, 1989, during the Reagan administration.

## References
Murray Weidenbaum

**Murray Lew Weidenbaum** (February 10, 1927 – March 20, 2014), was an American economist. He was the Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor and Honorary Chairman of the Murray Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy at Washington University in St. Louis.

He has served as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy (19691971).  He was chairman of President Ronald Reagan's first Council of Economic Advisors from 1981–1982.
Margaret Heckler

**Margaret Mary Heckler** (June 21, 1931 &ndash; August 6, 2018) was an American Republican politician from Massachusetts.

She served in the United States House of Representatives for eight terms, from 1967 until 1983 and was later the Secretary of Health and Human Services and Ambassador to Ireland under President Ronald Reagan. After her defeat in 1982, no woman would be elected to Congress from Massachusetts until Niki Tsongas in a special election in 2007.

Heckler died at a hospital in Arlington, Virginia from a heart attack on August 6, 2018 at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Doug Allan. “Speaker of the House: Joe Martin of N. Attleboro.” Providence Journal. 07/26/1999. 
* Jane Anderson. "Two Massachusetts Incumbents Fight for Single Seat in Congress". Miami Herald. 10/17/1982. p.&nbsp;5D.
* Karen DeYoung. "Margaret Heckler, All Emerald Smiles". Washington Post. 03/18/1987. p. D1.
* David Hoffman. "Heckler Offered Irish Ambassadorship". Washington Post. 10/01/1985. pA1.
* Stephanie Mansfield. "The Heckler Breakup". Washington Post. 10/16/1984. p. B1.
* Donnie Radcliffe. "The Women’s Caucus". Washington Post. 04/27/1978. p. B12.
* Spencer Rich. "Heckler’s Administrative Skills Called Inadequate for Agency". Washington Post. 10/01/1985. A1.
* Eric Scheidler. “Father and Son Rally the Troops on Maryland Truth Tour.” Pro-Life Action News. Fall 2003. 
* Myron Stuck and Sarah Fitzgerald. "Senate Confirms Heckler". Washington Post. 03/04/1983. p. A13.
* U.S. House of Representatives. Office
Martin Feldstein

**Martin Stuart** "**Marty**" **Feldstein** (November 25, 1939 &ndash; June 11, 2019) was an American economist.  He was the George F. Baker Professor of Economics at Harvard University, and the president emeritus of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). 
## Career 
He served as President and Chief Executive Officer of the NBER from 1978 through 2008. From 1982 to 1984, Feldstein served as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers and as chief economic advisor to President Ronald Reagan (where his deficit hawk views clashed with Reagan administration economic policies).  

He was a member of the Washington-based financial advisory body the Group of Thirty, becoming a member in 2003. Feldstein died on June 11, 2019 from cancer in Belmont, Massachusetts, aged 79.

## References
## Other websites
* Faculty profile  at Harvard University
* Profile at the National Bureau of Economic Research
* 
* Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
* Column archive  at Project Syndicate
* Feldstein Says U.S. Dollar Needs to Depreciate, Jan Zilinsky, *The Harvard Crimson*, January 12, 2007