open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Schnapps

**Schnapps** is a type of distilled alcoholic drink. The word *schnapps* comes from the German word ***schnaps***. 

## German schnapps
Traditional German schnapps are usually clear alcoholic drinks which are distilled from fermented cereals, roots, and fruits. Traditional German schnapps has no sugar or other flavoring added. It is similar in look and flavor to vodka with light fruit flavors. The alcohol content is usually around 40%.

## American schnapps
The other type of schnapps is American. This type of schnapps is a liqueur that has sugar and flavorings such as peach, mint, or butterscotch. The alcohol content of American schnapps is usually only about 20%, which is lower than German-style schnapps.
Span

**Span** could mean:

* span (unit of length)
* span (architecture)
* Span (band), a Norwegian punk rock band
* Switched Port ANalyzer, a way to monitor computer networks, similar to a network tap
* Linear span, in mathematics
* (co)spans in category theory
* wingspan, in Aerospace engineering (aircraft design)
* span and div in HTML
* CME SPAN - Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk, a system developed by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange
* For powerlines, the distance between two pylons
* For aerial tramways, the distance between two supporting structures
* For a bridge, the distance between supporting pylons or towers.
Standard time

**Standard time** is putting all clocks in a time zone to the same time.

**Standard time** can also be used to mean the time without daylight saving time. Standard time happens from autumn to early spring. Daylight saving time happens from early spring to autumn.

## History
### Great Britain
Standard time was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Almost all of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855.

### North America
Before 1883, local mean time was used in all of North America. This meant there were many different local times. This caused problems for train schedules. Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed standard time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879.  The owners of the major railroads met in Chicago to make the Standard Time System. Most states began using the system soon after the railroads. The U.S. government officially began using the system almost fifty years later.

## Criticism
Some people do not like standard time (and daylight saving time). Some people do not like it because they do not trust in government. Others believe that it disturbs circadian rhythms. Others simply like traditional, natural markers of time, like sunsets, noon and sunrise.

## References
## More reading
*
*
Span (unit of length)

= 4 inches = 10.16 cm
2: **Span** = 9 inches = 22.86 cm
3: Palm = 3 inches = 7.62 cm
]]

**Span** is the width of a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the pinky finger. 
; 1 span := 9 inches
:= 0.2286 m

In Slavic language, the analogue of span is **pyad** (*peti, пядь*). It is the width from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger. 
; 1 pyad := 4 vershok
:= 7 inches
:= 0.1778 m
Acting President of the United States

An **acting president of the United States** is someone who temporarily takes on the powers and duties of the president without officially holding the title. This can happen if the president becomes too sick to perform their job, resigns, dies, or is removed from office. It can also happen if a new president has not been chosen or is unable to take office by Inauguration Day. The United States has a plan called the presidential line of succession, which chooses who will serve as acting president in these situations.

The U.S. Constitution mentions presidential succession in Article II, the Twentieth Amendment, and the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The vice president is the first in line to take over, and if they can't serve, Congress gets to choose who comes next. The current order of succession, set by the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 and last updated in 2006, is: the vice president, the speaker of the House of Representatives, the president pro tempore of the Senate, and then members of the president’s Cabinet, starting with the secretary of state. However, if someone other than the vice president takes over, they only act as president and do not officially become president.

The vice president immediately becomes president if the current president dies, resigns, or is removed. If a president-elect dies or refuses to serve before Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect becomes president. A vice president can also serve as acting president if the president is temporarily unable to do their job due to illness or another reason. So far, this has happened three times, but in each case, the vice president only served as acting president for a short time without officially becoming the president.

Kamala Harris became the first female acting president on November 19, 2021. She is the first woman in the history of the United States to hold presidential powers. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Presidential Line of Succession Examined , September 20, 2003
* Amendment25.com
Nicene Creed

Constantine the Great, with the bishops of the First Council of Nicaea (325) holding the Nicene Creed as adopted in 381. ]]
The **Nicene Creed**, also called the **Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed** or the **Icon/Symbol of the Faith**, is the most widespread Christian statement of faith.

Since its original formulation it continues to be used in the Roman Catholic, Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite), Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Anglican, Lutheran, and most other Protestant Churches.
## Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381 
The following table displays side by side the earlier (325) and later (381) forms of the Nicene Creed in the English translation given in Schaffs Creeds of Christendom, which indicates by brackets the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, but it uses no typographical mark to indicate the phrases that were absent in the 325 text but were added in 381.

The following table presents in the same way the texts of the two Councils, as given in the original Greek language on the Web site Symbolum Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum - Greek: 

## Problems
There were certain problems with the Nicene creed. In 529, the so-called Filioque clause was added to the creed. The clause is one of the main differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Catholic Church has the clause but not the Eastern Orthodox Church. The clause tells how the Son is connected to the Holy Spirit. Where the original Nicene Creed reads "We believe in the Holy Spirit... who proceeds from the Father". The altered, Roman Catholic version reads. "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father *and the Son*".

Roman Catholics accept the change, but Eastern Orthodox reject it. Many Eastern Catholic churches, which are Eastern in liturgy but in full communion with the pope, do not use the clause in their creed. They, however, agree with the doctrine that it represents, as it is a dogma of Roman Catholicism. Moas Protestant churches that have a position on the matter accept the clause.

After the East-West Schism of 1054, the Eastern and Western Churches attempted to reunite at two separate medieval councils, and the clause was always an issue. Despite Eastern concessions, neither the Second Council of Lyon (1274) nor the Council of Ferrera-Florence (1438-1535) achieved the desired union.

The clause is most often referred to as "the *filioque*" or simply "*filioque*".

## Related pages
*Apostles' Creed
*Athanasian Creed
*One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church

## References
## Bibliography 
* A E Burn, The Council of Nicaea (1925); 
* G Forell, Understanding the Nicene Creed (1965)
* J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, (1982), 

## Other websites 
* Extensive discussion of the texts of the First Council of Nicea 
* Philip Schaff, *Creeds of Christendom* Volume I: Nicene Creed 
* Athanasius, *De Decretis* or Defence of the Nicene Definition
* Line-by-Line Roman Catholic Explanation of the Nicene Creed 
* Nicene Creed in languages of the world
Electric power transmission

, Sweden]]
 transmission towers and lines in Coquitlam, British Columbia.]]
, Finland]]
]]

**Electric power transmission** is the transmitting of electricity to places where it will be used.  Specifically, it is the bulk transfer of electrical power from the power plant to substations near populated areas.  Electric power distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers.  Due to the large amount of power and long distances, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above).

Electricity is usually transmitted over long distance through overhead power transmission lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas (such as large cities) because of the high cost of installation and maintenance and because the power losses increase dramatically compared with overhead transmission unless superconductors and cryogenic technology are used.

A power transmission system is often referred to as a "grid"; however, for reasons of economy, the network is rarely a true grid. Redundant paths and lines are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power.

## Further reading 
* Grigsby, L. L., et al. *The Electric Power Engineering Handbook*. USA: CRC Press. (2001). 
* Westinghouse Electric Corporation, "*Electric power transmission patents; Tesla polyphase system*". (Transmission of power; polyphase system; Tesla patents)

## Related pages
* Transmission tower
* Superconductor
* Electric power distribution
* High-voltage direct current

## References 
## Other websites 
* United States: Transmission Lineworker Community Website 
* Japan: World's First In-Grid High-Temperature Superconducting Power Cable System 
* A Power Grid for the Hydrogen Economy: Overview/A Continental SuperGrid
* Global Energy Network Institute (GENI) - The GENI Initiative focuses on linking renewable energy resources around the world using international electricity transmission.
* Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), the association of transmission system operators in continental Europe, running one of the two largest power transmission systems in the world
* Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields (2002)  by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
* A summary of the IARC report by GreenFacts.
That '70s Show

'''''That '70s Show''''' is an American television series. It is about the lives of a group of teenagers living in Point Place, Wisconsin from May 17, 1976 to December 31, 1979. The series first started August 23, 1998 and its final episode aired May 18, 2006.

The series continues to run in syndication on FX and the CW network in the United States and United Kingdom, CH in Canada, as well as the Seven Network in Australia and Star World in Asia, including Malaysia. It also runs on The NTV for teens.

## Cast
Sivaya Subramuniyaswami

**Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami** (January 5, 1927 – 2001), known as **Gurudeva** by his followers, was a Hindu leader and author. He was born in Oakland, California. He made a Hindu monastery in Kauai, Hawaii and founded the magazine *Hinduism Today*. Subramuniyaswami was an author of many books on Hinduism and metaphysics. He was one of the most traditional and well known people of Hinduism during the last two decades of the 20th century. He was one of Saivism's most revered Gurus, the founder and leader of the world's first Hindu church (*Saiva Siddhanta Church*).

## Books 
Subramuniyaswami has written several books on Hinduism, Saivism, yoga and meditation. His works are highly regarded by many of today's Hindu leaders. Subramuniyaswami's largest work, *Master Course*, is a  essay on all parts of Hinduism (Saivism), including the Hindu approach to meditation and metaphysics. It is in three books and more than 3,000 pages. The work is written in a flowing version of written English that is similar to the spoken language as well as  Hindu oral traditions.

## References
Crazy Nights

***Crazy Nights*** is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1987. "Crazy Crazy Nights" was the first song released from the album. It reached #4 in the UK.

## Track listing 
*Crazy Crazy Nights
*I'll Fight Hell To Hold You
*Bang Bang You
*No, No, No
*Hell Or High Water
*My Way
*When Your Walls Come Down
*Reason To Live
*Good Girl Gone Bad
*Turn On The Night
*Thief In The Night
Hot in the Shade

***Hot in the Shade*** is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 17, 1989.

## Track listing 
* Rise To It
* Betrayed
* Hide Your Heart
* Prisoner Of Love
* Read My Body
* Love's A Slap In The Face
* Forever
* Silver Spoon
* Cadillac Dreams
* King Of Hearts
* The Street Giveth And The Street Taketh Away
* You Love Me To Hate You
* Somewhere Between Heaven And Hell
* Little Caesar
* Boomerang
Halfway Home (TV series)

***Halfway Home*** is a comedy television series that premiered on Wednesday, March 14, 2007, at 10:30 p.m. on Comedy Central. http://www.comedycentral.com/press/index.jhtml?comingup=true#11  As described on its official website, *Halfway Home* is an "improvised half-hour series featuring the daily exploits of five ex-cons living together in a residential rehab facility."

## Characters
***Carly Barzac** (played by Jessica Makinson) – Ex-convict in for drug trafficking. She has been shown to have a bad relationship with her parents (she even had to hire fake parents for parents day.) She also came very close to setting a world record for pogo-sticking.
***Kenny Carlisle** (played by Kevin Ruf) – The house supervisor
***Serenity Johnson** (played by Octavia Spencer) – Ex-convict in for armed robbery
***Eulogio Pla** (played by Oscar Nunez) – Ex-convict in for prostitution, described as "[using] sex to get what he wants."
***Alan Shepard** (played by Regan Burns) – Ex-convict in for arson, described as "the house narc who has an uncontrollable obsession with fire."
***Sebastian "C-Bass" Yates** (played by Jordan Black) – Ex-convict in for internet fraud, described as a "wanna-be terrorist who's really just a rich kid from California."
The Masque of the Red Death

"**The Masque of the Red Death**" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in May 1842 in ''Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine*.
, 1935]]

## Plot
A painful and fatal disease involving blood aka kinbni 

am and finds him lying dead. His courtiers try to unmask the figure..only to find nothingness! Only then do they realize the figure is the Red Death itself, and all of the guests contract and succumb to the disease. With the last of them die the clock and the flames illuminating the scarlet window both die out at the same time. "And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all".
done!

## Other websites 
* "The Masque of the Red Death"  at EServer.org
* "The Masque of the Red Death" with annotated vocabulary at PoeStories.com
* Sabrina Laurent (July 2003). "Metaphor and Symbolism in The Masque of the Red Death" , *Bohème Magazine Online''.
* Analyzing Poe's Work Biographically and Psychologically  Illinois State University
Mill

**Mill** could mean:
* Mill (grinding), equipment for the grinding or pulverizing of raw materials using millstones
** a gristmill grinds grain into flour
** windmill, wind powered
** watermill, water powered
** horse mill, animal powered
** treadwheel, human powered (archaic: "treadmill")
* Mill (factory), a place of business for making articles of manufacture. The term mill was once in common use for a factory because many factories in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution were powered by a watermill, but nowadays it is only used in a few specific contexts; e.g.
** a cotton mill is a factory for processing cotton
** a paper mill produces paper
** a sawmill cuts timber
** a steel mill manufactures steel
** a sugar mill (also called a sugar refinery) processes sugar beets or sugar cane into various finished products
** a huller (also called a rice mill, or rice husker) is used to hull rice
* Milling machine, machine tool that operates by moving a work piece against a cutter.
* Stamp mill, a specialized machine for reducing ore to powder for further processing or for fracturing other materials
* Mill (currency), a tenth of a cent/penny
* The standard author abbreviation *Mill.* may be used to indicate botanist Philip Miller's work when citing a botanical name
* Diploma mill or degree mill an organization which awards academic degrees and diplomas with very little or no academic study and without recognition by official accrediting bodies
* Nine Men's Morris, a traditional board game; the term "mill" may also mean "three (playing pieces) in a row" within the game
* Mill (Netherlands), a town in the municipality of Mill en Sint Hubert
* Arithmetical unit, used in the context of Charles Babbage's Analytical engine, a 19th-century concept of a computer
* Windmill (breakdance move) or mill, a power move in breakdancing
* The Mill (post-production), a visual effects company

**People** named Mill:
* Andy Mill, skier
* Frank Mill, German football player (World Cup winner, Summer Olympics bronze medalist)
* Harriet Taylor Mill, philosopher
* James Mill, a Scottish historian, economist and philosopher
* John Stuart Mill, an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century
Mill (grinding)

:For other uses see *Mill (disambiguation)*
]]

A **grinding mill** is a tool that is designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces.  There are many different types of grinding mills and many types of materials processed in them. 

Small mills can be powered by hand, such as a mortar and pestle or a pepper grinder. Large grinding mills were usually powered by working animals, wind (windmill) or water (watermill) in the past. In the 2000s, most large grinding mills are powered by electricity.

## Types of grinding mills
### Mortar and pestle
People who need to grind a small amount of a food, such as spices or grain, for their own cooking often use a hand-powered mortar and pestle or a hand-powered grinder, such as a pepper grinder. In the 2000s, many people also used electric-powered grinding mills. These kitchen appliances have a metal blade that grinds the food into small pieces. Electric-powered grinding mills are often used for grinding nuts or coffee.

### Grain mills
For thousands of years, humans have ground their grains (such as wheat or corn) into flour using grain mills powered by animals (such as oxen or horses), wind (windmills) or by running water from a stream or river (watermill). In the 2000s, most grain mills are powered by electricity. 

## Mechanical process
After  grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, and the grain shape. Also, there may be more or less crushing.

For process engineering, several things are important: increasing the surface area of the solid; making the solid have wanted grain size; and pulping the material to the desired state (squishing it).

Image:KinderdijkMolens02.jpg|A windmill has large sails that use the force of the wind to turn heavy stone grinding surfaces, to grind grains into flour
Image:Argenstein water mill.jpg|A watermill uses the force of running stream or river water to turn heavy stone grinding surfaces
Image:En Trædemoelle.gif|A treadmill uses the force of a working animal to turn the stone grinding surfaces

## Types of grinding mills
*Mortar and pestle
*Windmill

## Other websites 
*Animation of Horizontal Grinder
Prime Minister of New Zealand

is the incumbent prime minister since 27 November 2023]]
The **prime minister of New Zealand** is New Zealand's head of government. This job is given to the leader of the party or coalition with the most support in the Parliament of New Zealand. Since 2023, the prime minister has been Christopher Luxon of the National Party. He became Prime Minister after his party won the 2023 New Zealand general election

## Responsibilities and powers
The prime minister holds the most senior post in the New Zealand Parliament. The prime minister is not able to give direct orders to other people in their party.

The prime minister can call for an election by asking the Governor-General to close Parliament

## List of New Zealand prime ministers
## Living former prime ministers
As of , there are seven living former New Zealand prime ministers, as seen below.

File:SirGeoffreyPalmer.jpg|Sir Geoffrey Palmerserved 1989–90born 1942 (age )
File:Jenny Shipley 2013 (crop).jpg|Dame Jenny Shipleyserved 1997–99born 1952 (age )
File:Helen Clark UNDP 2010.jpg|Helen Clarkserved 1999–2008born 1950 (age )
File:John Key February 2015.jpg|Sir John Keyserved 2008–2016born 1961 (age )
File:Bill English July 2017.jpg|Bill Englishserved 2016–2017born 1961 (age )
File:Jacinda Ardern November 2020 (cropped).jpg|Jacinda Ardernserved 2017–2023born 1980 (age )
File:Chris Hipkins NZ Labour.jpg|Chris Hipkinsserved 2023born 1978 (age )

The most recent prime minister to die was Jim Bolger (served 1990&ndash;1997), on 15 October 2025, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites 
*New Zealand Prime Minister's official website 
*List of New Zealand Prime Ministers
Windmill (disambiguation)

A **windmill** is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills. 

**Windmill** may also refer to:

*Windmill (company), a Japanese visual novel video game developer
*Operation Windmill,  a U.S. Navy exploration and training mission to Antarctica in 1947-1948
*Windmill Islands, an Antarctic group of rocky islands and rocks
*Windmill restart, a maneuver that uses kinetic energy to restart a jet engine
*Windmill (solitaire), a solitaire card game played with two decks of cards
*Windmill Sessions EP, a 2005 EP produced, written, mixed, and mastered by Kevin Deal
*Windmill (breakdance move), one of the most well-known power moves in breakdancing
*"Windmills", a song by Blackmore’s Night from their 2006 album *The Village Lanterne*
*Windmill (chess), a combination of moves where a series of discovered checks result in winning of material
*plants in the genus *Allionia*
*"Windmill", a song on Helloween's Chameleon album.
*The Windmill Theatre in London.
* The Windmill, Brisbane – the oldest surviving building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
* The Windmill, Brixton, Brixton, England
* The Windmill (play) – an English stage play
* Windmill Theatre Company, a non-professional musical theatre group in Victoria, Australia
Blood transfusion

**Blood transfusion** is a medical term. It means a procedure used to transfer blood (or some products based on blood) from the circulatory system of one human to that of another human.

## Uses 
Blood transfusions can save the life of a person, if that person has lost a lot of blood. A person can lose blood from an injury, a trauma or from a medical operation. Blood transfusions can also be applied as a treatment to certain diseases of the blood (like Anaemia, for example).

Blood is not collected and used immediately.  Instead it is kept until it is needed.  The storage area is informally called a **blood bank**. By adding anticoagulant to keep the blood from clotting and refrigerating the blood, it is possible to store it for a few days.  Information about transfusion and donation is available at the National Institutes of Health website https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bloodtransfusionanddonation.html.

## Problems 
Not all people are able to donate blood to all other people. Testing for blood types usually prevents any bad reaction to a blood transfusion. However, there are special problems for anyone with rare blood groups. It is very important, in order to avoid any complications during a blood transfusion, to detect individuals with rare blood types. The usual tests for ABO blood group system would show them as group O. It may not be possible to give a blood transfusion at all unless the repository has supply of blood which will not cause a reaction.
Delirium

**Delirium** is a medical term. The condition is also known as **acute confusional state**, but this term is not frequently used anymore, because it can have many different meanings. Doctors use it to describe patients who have lost parts or all of their ability to focus attention. People who suffer from it may also have problems concentrating or remembering things and people. Delirium is a medical symptom. It is not a disease. Delirium is also considered a type of confusion, but a more severe one than simple weaker confusion. Delirium can be caused by many things, like anticholinergic medications, too much alcohol, and benzodiazepine medications. Delirium can be confused with other mental conditions like schizophrenia, dementia, and psychosis, because all of these conditions have symptoms similar to delirium.  

## Symptoms
* Confused thinking
* Not being aware of the surroundings
* Trouble focusing on a topic or changing topics
* Getting stuck on an idea rather than responding to questions
* Being easily distracted
* Not knowing where they are or who they are
* Trouble with speech or recalling words
* Rambling or nonsense speech
* Trouble reading or writing
* Quick changes in mood
* Seeing things that others don't see (Hallucination)
* Slowed movement or being sluggish
* Personality changes

## Causes
A delirium can have many causes. The most common ones include:
*Injuries to the head or the nervous system
*Mental illness
*Trauma or shock
*Fever or pain
*Certain substances found in drugs or poisons
*Problems with metabolism. If a substance is transformed into another using an enzyme, a problem with that enzyme will lead to too much of the first, and too little of the second substance.
*Not having enough water, or food, or sleep
*Withdrawal symptoms (when people try to get away from a drugs or alcohol addiction). The delirium associated with alcohol withdrawal is called delirium tremens. 
*Antihistamine medications like Promethazine, Doxylamine, Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate.

## Definition
There are several definitions of what constitutes a delirium, but in general, the following is true:
*Disturbance of consciousness; problems to focus, shift the focus, concentrate, or shift concentration from one item to another.
*hallucinations; reduced ability to solve problems.

## Treatment
Deliria are often treated with special drugs, called antipsychotics. These medications can help people feel better with their delirium. Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medications for alcohol withdrawal. They help calm excited nervous systems. Intravenous fluids with vitamins and minerals are often used to treat dehydration or bring electrolytes back into balance.

Delirium is always a medical emergency, because it is impossible to predict how it develops. Worst-case scenarios include cardiac arrest, and malfunctions of the metabolism. In order to be able to treat delirium, its cause must be found. In the case of alcoholism, the most common cause for a delirium is the withdrawal of alcohol. This condition is known as delirium tremens.

## References
Jaundice

**Jaundice**  (also called **icterus**) is when the skin and the whites of the eyes become a yellow color. People with jaundice have a problem with their liver, which stops it from removing heme properly. Heme (from hemoglobin) changes to a chemical called bilirubin after red blood cell death.

Jaundice can also be caused by other diseases, like malaria, hepatitis, or gallstones.

Jaundice is the most common of all liver problems. The yellow colour of the skin and mucous membranes happens because of an increase in the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood.
* extreme weakness
* headache
* fever 
* loss of appetite
* tiredness
* severe constipation
* nausea 
* yellow coloration of the eyes, tongue, skin and urine. 
* dull pain in the liver region.
* Obstructive jaundice may also cause intense itching.

## Causes
Jaundice is a sign that the liver is not working. It may be caused by a blockage of the bile ducts which release bile salts and pigment into the intestines. The bile then gets mixed with blood and this gives a yellow colour to the skin. The blockage of the bile ducts could be caused by:
* gallstones 
* inflammation (swelling) of the liver, called hepatitis. This is caused by a virus. The virus can spread and may lead to epidemics caused by:
** overcrowding 
** dirty surroundings
** insanitary conditions
** contamination of food and water.

Other causes of jaundice are pernicious anaemia and diseases affecting the liver such as typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and tuberculosis.

## References
Hildegard of Bingen

**Hildegard of Bingen** (born Bemersheim nr. Alzey in about 1098; died 17 September 1179) was a German writer, composer and mystic. She was an abbess who is well known for her literary works and her songs. She also wrote about medical and scientific things, and wrote letters to many important politicians.

Hildegard was born into a noble family. Her parents sent her to a monastery because she was the tenth child of the family. She took the veil (became a nun) at the age of 15. By the time she was 38 she had the title of “mother superior”. She founded (started) a monastery on the Rupertsberg in the Rhine valley near Bingen. Later she founded a daughter house on the other side of the river near Rüdesheim. She travelled a lot and talked to many important people. She later had the title of “abbess”. After she died several popes suggested she should be made a saint, but this never happened. She does, though, have a feast day on September 17, which is celebrated in some parts of Germany.

Known as the "Sybil of the Rhine", Hildegard had many visions, many of which she wrote down.They were mostly about God and his relationship with humans, the church, redemption from God, and creation. She wrote lyrical poetry which was very colourful and had lots of visionary ideas. Her music does not use plainchant like the music of many other medieval composers at the time. It mostly has small patterns of melody which are repeated many times in slightly different ways. Her music was also different because the chants she wrote were written for female voices, in a higher range than earlier chants. This made them easier for women's voices. She wrote a morality play in verse with 82 melodies.

Hildegard of Bingen is the first composer whose life we know about. She may possibly be the first woman to write about female sexuality and sex.

## References
Divaldo Pereira Franco

**Divaldo Pereira Franco** or simply, **Divaldo Franco** is a Brazilian medium, born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, on May 5th, 1927 died on May 13th, 2025.

He has been, for almost 60 years, an important spiritual speaker and writer, having devoted more than 50 years to spirituality and more than 40 years dedicated taking care of the street children of Salvador, Bahia.

On 15 August 1952, he founded (along with Nilson de Souza Pereira), the "House of Assistance" (Mansão do Caminho), responsible for the orientation and education of over 33,000 devoid children and adolescents.

## The First Years
Divaldo graduated from the Escola Normal Rural de Feira de Santana, where he received his Primary School Professor diploma in 1943. Since his infancy, he claimed to be able to communicate with spirits.

When he was , he was traumatized by the death of his two older brothers, so much so that he became sick. He was taken to several Medical specialists, none of them could give a satisfactory diagnosis. After this, he met Dr. Ana Ribeiro Borges, who persuaded him to take up the spiritist doctrine. During his period of convalescence, he dedicated himself to the study of spiritism. After the body health be restored, he continued studying the spiritism.
Darfur conflict

The **Darfur conflict** is an ongoing military conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, the third largest country in Africa.  It is a conflict along ethnic and tribal lines that began in 2003.  Many people and the United States Government, consider it to be a genocide. The United Nations currently does not see this as genocide.

## Those involved in the conflict 
One side of the conflict is composed mainly of the Janjaweed, a militia group recruited from the Arab tribes who move from place to place herding camels.  The Sudanese government tells the public that it does not support the Janjaweed.  However, it has provided cash and assistance and has even participated in joint attacks.

The other side of the conflict is made up of a number of rebel armies, including the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement. These armies are recruited from Black ethnic groups who make a living farming the land.

## How the conflict is dealt with 
The African Union sent a 7,000-troop peacekeeping force to Sudan.  However, this force was poorly funded and under-equipped.  So the United Nations decided to send an additional 17,300-troop peacekeeping force to help them.  Sudan was strongly against this decision and saw the UN forces as foreign invaders.  The next day, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region.

The Sudanese government may have suppressed information about the conflict. Some witnesses have been jailed, others may have been killed. This started in 2004. Also, some evidence, such as mass graves was tampered with, so that it became unusable. Some people say this was done by forces which are close to the Sudanese government. In addition, by obstructing and arresting journalists, the Sudanese government has been able to obscure much of what has gone on. The United States government has described it as genocide,.

## Effect of the conflict 
There are different estimates of how many died in the conflict. According to Sudan's government, 9,000 people have been killed.  On the other hand, many other people say that it could be from 200,000 to over 400,000.  By October 2006, as many as 2.5 million people had to move because of the conflict.

The United Nations says that about 200,000 people have been killed in the conflict so far. Most non-governmental organizations use 200,000 to more than 400,000. The latter is a figure from the Coalition for International Justice that has since been cited by the UN. Sudan's government claims that more than 9,000 people have been killed, although this figure is seen as a gross underestimate.

## Related pages 
* Bibliography of the Darfur conflict

## References
AIESEC

**AIESEC** (said like "Eye Seck"), is a big student organisation that was started in 1948. It was made to fix problems between countries and create peace after World War II. It has spread all over the world since it started. There are many members in about 125 countries.

AIESEC is an organisation that helps its members to develop themselves as leaders. It also has an exchange program for students and university graduates to intern or volunteer in other countries. Most members are students at university but some are paid to work for AIESEC. The organisation is presented in 125 countries and territories in the world. The headquarters of AIESEC are in Rotterdam.

Members say that AIESEC does a lot of good in the world through the exchange by helping people from different countries to share information about their culture.

For over 60 years of working AIESEC's main impact had been its alumni all over the world. These alumni become successful business leaders, politicians, and NGO directors. The approximate number of alumni 1 million.

## Other websites 
* AIESEC homepage
Organelle

, the major organelles and cellular structures include: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3) ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (6) Golgi apparatus (7) cytoskeleton (8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytosol (12) lysosome (13) centriole.]]

In cell biology, an **organelle** is a part of a cell that does a  job.

Organelles usually have a plasma membrane around them. Most of the cell's organelles are in the cytoplasm.

The name *organelle* comes from the idea that these structures are to cells what an organ is to the body.

There are many types of organelles in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes were once thought not to have organelles, but some examples have now been found.
They are not organized like eukaryote organelles, and are not bounded by plasma membranes. They are called bacterial microcompartments.

## Scope of the term 
The term is now widely used to refer to cell structures surrounded by single or double plasma membranes. However, the older definition of a 'subcellular functional unit' still exists. So, the term is sometimes used for structures which are not membrane-bound.

The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with some proteins embedded in it. It keeps the ions and molecules of the organelle from merging with the surroundings.

## Origin of organelles 
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double-membranes and their DNA. These are believed to come from incompletely digested or invading prokaryotes, which were adopted as a part of the invaded cell. This idea is supported in the endosymbiotic theory.

## Eukaryotic organelles
### Major organelles 
### Minor organelles 
## Prokaryotic organelles 
Prokaryotes are not so complex as eukaryotes. They were once thought to have no internal structures inside the lipid membranes.

However, recent research has shown that at least some prokaryotes have microcompartments such as carboxysomes. These subcellular compartments are 100–200&nbsp;nm in diameter and are enclosed by a shell of proteins.  Even more striking is the description of membrane-bound magnetosomes in bacteria. as well as the nucleus-like structures of the *Planctomycetes* that are surrounded by lipid membranes.

## References
Favism

**Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency** (sometimes also called **G6PD deficiency**, or **favism**) is a hereditary disease. This means it is passed on through the genes from a parent to the child. It leads to a form of anaemia. There are some means to treat it, though the focus of the doctors now lies on prevention. As it is linked to the X chromosome, most people who suffer from it are men.

## Pathology
Sufferers cannot make the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, making the circulation of sugar in their body different. More red blood cells would be destroyed because of it. About 400 million people suffer from this condition. Very often, it can be found in regions where there is also malaria. This is because the red blood cells found in people with favism are not targeted by malaria. This condition may result from an allergy to alkaloids in Vicia faba, including Faba beans, Broad beans and Windsor beans.
Coma

**Coma** is a medical term. It is a state of deep and prolonged unconsciousness. People who are in that state cannot be woken up. They also do not  to pain or light. Coma can result from various conditions. Some of these are intoxication, poisons, s or diseases of the nervous system. It can also be the result of certain drugs. Doctors sometimes put patients that have very bad injuries into a coma. There are different levels of coma. Comas usually do not last more than several weeks, but those several weeks could be disastrous. Sometimes only basic bodily functions are left over. Intensive hospital care is often needed to  some of these functions.

Some comas can last years, but these are usually not woken up from. The family of a coma victim (or whoever has the power of Attorney) can sign papers so that they are taken off of life support and then will die.
Aral Sea

The **Aral Sea** ( (Aral tengizi), , ) was a lake in Central Asia. It is between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south.

Since the 1960s, the Aral Sea . 90% of the sea has gone.

There is a project to save at least the northern part of the Aral Sea. For this, a dam was built in the 1990 to stop water running off. Climate improved in the following years, and water levels rose again. However, that dam broke, and was rebuilt in 2005, with international funding.

Another problem was that Rebirth Island had been used for the testing of biological weapons until 1993. It is currently contaminated with anthrax, the plague, and tularemia. Since 2001, it is no longer an island, but a part of the mainland.

## Gallery 

File:- 1849 - 1853 Survey of the Sea of Aral by Bytakoff.jpg|Map of the Aral Sea in 1853.
File:Aral sea 1985 from STS.jpg|Satellite image of the Aral Sea taken in 1985. (south at the top)
File:Aral Sea 1997 from STS cropped.jpg|Satellite image of the Aral Sea taken in 1997. (south at the top)
File:Karte aralsee.jpg|2004 photo of the Aral Sea (The black lines are where it was in 1850)
File:Modis aral.jpg|Rebirth island (an island in the Aral Sea) joins the mainland (2000/2001)
File:AralSea ComparisonApr2005-06.jpg|North Aral Sea, comparison April 2005/2006 (showing the sea has grown)
File:Aral Sea.gif|Shrinking of the Aral Sea 1960-2014
File:Aral sea.gif|Aral Sea Animation 2000-2011.
File:Aralsea tmo 2014231 lrg.jpg|The East Aral Sea completely dries up in 2014
File:Aral in April 2018 (Iss055e018638 lrg).jpg|The East Aral Sea is reflooded in 2018
File:Aral Sea 2021.jpg|The East Aral Sea dries up again in 2021
File:Aral Sea.jpg|A Boat on what used to be the Aral Sea
File:Historic Photos of the Aral Sea, Mo‘ynoq.jpg|A Harbor off what used to be the Aral Sea

## References
## Other websites
Hannover 96

**Hannover 96**, also sometimes called **Hanover 96** in English, is a sports club in Hanover, a city in northern Germany.
 
The sports club was founded in 1896. Hannover 96 is famous for its football (AE: "Soccer") team that has almost always played in the first or second German football league (Except 1996-1998).

Hannover 96 was German Football Champion in 1938 and 1954 and German Cup winner in 1992. The club played eight seasons in European cup competitions (24 matches).

Home stadium of Hannover 96 is the HDI-Arena (capacity: 49.000).

In 1963 the German national Football League, the *Fußball-Bundesliga* was founded. Hannover 96 joined the Bundesliga in 1964 and played there for the following ten years. In the 1970s and 1980s the club went down to the second league and up again several times. In the 1990s Hannover 96 played eight seasons in the second *Bundesliga* and two years in the third league, the *Regionalliga Nord* (1996-98).

Since 2002, Hannover 96 is (again) a member of the first German Football league, the Bundesliga.

Some famous players who have been in the team for a long time: Altin Lala Albanian national player, Steven Cherundolo, USA-national player, Robert Enke, former German national goalkeeper.

The coach of the football team (August 2014) is Taifun Korkut, the club's president is Martin Kind.

Former Coaches: Dieter Hecking 2009, Andreas Bergmann 2009, Peter Neururer 2006, Ewald Lienen 2005, Ralf Rangnick 2004, Horst Ehrmanntraut 2001, ......

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Non-ionizing radiation

]]

**Non-ionizing radiation** (or, esp. in British English, **non-ionising radiation**) means any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules - that is, completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule.  

The composition of this radiation can vary depending on what may be ionized. Visible light, near ultraviolet, infrared, microwave and radio waves are all examples of non-ionizing radiation, though visible and near ultraviolet can also ionize some molecules.  The light from the Sun that reaches the earth is largely composed of non-ionizing radiation, with the notable exception of some ultraviolet rays.  However, most ionizing radiation is filtered out by the atmosphere.

## Related pages 
* Radio wave
* Ionizing radiation
Electromagnetic spectrum

The **electromagnetic** **spectrum** is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can be divided into octaves — as sound waves are — adding up to eighty-one octaves. Physicists have studied electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from thousands of kilometres down to fractions of the size of an atom. It is commonly said that waves beyond these limits are uncommon, although this is not known to be true. The short wavelength limit is likely to be the Planck length, and the long-wavelength limit is the size of the universe itself, though in principle the spectrum is infinite. 

Radiation of shorter wavelength than about 30 μm is commonly detected by its ability to exceed the ionization energy of atoms. Radiation of longer than 3mm is commonly detected by its ability to induce electrical currents. Radiation between these limits was little used until the 21st century because of the difficulty of detecting it. 

The types of electromagnetic waves are Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma rays. 

## Spectra of objects 
Nearly all objects in the universe emit, reflect or transmit some light. (Black holes do not.) The distribution of this light along the electromagnetic spectrum (called the *spectrum* of the object) is determined by what the object is made of. Several types of spectra can be distinguished depending upon the nature of the radiation coming from an object.

Spectroscopy is the branch of physics that observes matter by its emitted or reflected spectra.

## References 
## Other websites 
* U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart - Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from Department of Commerce)
* Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations  (from Industry Canada)
* UK frequency allocation table (from Ofcom, which inherited the Radiocommunications Agency's duties, pdf format)
* The Science of Spectroscopy  - supported by NASA, includes OpenSpectrum, a Wiki-based learning tool for spectroscopy that anyone can edit
* An EM Spectrum Overview in Flash  by e-builds
Revenge (album)

***Revenge*** is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 14, 1992.

## Track listing 
* Unholy
* Take It Off
* Tough Love
* Spit
* God Gave Rock 'N' Roll To You II
* Domino
* Heart Of Chrome
* Thou Shalt Not
* Every Time I Look At You
* Paralyzed
* I Just Wanna
* Carr Jam 1981
Continuum (theory)

A **continuum** is when a change happens over time or an area without being interrupted.

Space-time is when space and time are said to be part of the same continuum instead of two different continuums.

A dialect continuum is a group of language dialects that change over an area. In a dialect continuum, two dialects are more different when they are farther away from each other.

## Related pages 
*Continuum (mathematics)