open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Parliament of the Czech Republic

The **Parliament of the Czech Republic** () or just **Parliament** () is the legislative body of the Czech Republic.

It is made up of two chambers, both elected in direct elections:
* the Lower House: Chamber of Deputies
* the Upper House: Senate 

## References
Melinda Dillon

**Melinda Ruth Dillon** (October 13, 1939 &ndash; January 9, 2023) was an American actress. 

She received a 1963 Tony Award nomination for her Broadway debut in the original production of ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?*. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles as Jillian Guiler in *Close Encounters of the Third Kind* (1977) and Teresa in *Absence of Malice* (1981).

Her other movie roles include *Bound for Glory* (1976), *F.I.S.T.* (1978), *A Christmas Story* (1983), *Harry and the Hendersons* (1987), *The Prince of Tides* (1991) and *Magnolia'' (1999).

Dillon died on January 9, 2023 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hamilton (2020 movie)

***Hamilton*** is a 2020 American musical movie which is a live recording of  the 2015 Broadway musical. It was directed and produced by Thomas Kail and produced, written, and composed by Lin-Manuel Miranda.

Miranda also stars as first Treasury Secretary and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, along with the musical's original principal Broadway cast.

*Hamilton* was originally planned for theatrical release on October 15, 2021; however, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the movie had a digital worldwide release on Disney+ on July 3, 2020. The movie received strong critical reviews.

## References
DNA barcoding

**DNA barcoding** is a form of genetic analysis.  It is part of molecular biology.  Scientists use DNA barcoding to tell different species apart from each other.  Scientists use DNA barcoding to tell which species are related to each other or evolved from the same older species.

## How it works 
The first types of DNA sequencing started in the 1980s. The fragment is usually 400 to 800 base pairs long.

## Advantages
DNA barcoding costs less money than other kinds of DNA sequencing.

One good thing about DNA barcoding is that it helps human beings get around ideas that seem right but are really wrong.  For example, some animals look similar even though they are not closely related.  Some animals look different even though they are closely related.  It is easy for a scientist to think two species are related because they look or act alike.  For example, cows are more closely related to whales and orcas than they are to horses, even though cows walk on hooves, live on land, and eat grass like horses do.  Looking at DNA barcoding makes it easier to see what really happened in evolution.

Another good thing about DNA barcoding is that scientists do not need to get close to the animal or plant they want to study.  This is good for studying animals that are easily damaged, very shy, or dangerous to humans.  The scientists do not even need to see the organism to use DNA barcoding.  In one study, scientists collected feces (poop) from an African savanna.  They used DNA barcoding to tell which species of animal had left it there and which plants it had eaten, all from the undigested DNA.

DNA barcoding makes it much much faster and easier to tell what a species eats.  Before DNA barcoding, scientists had to follow an insect or other animal around and watch it eat.  This could take many years.  With DNA barcoding, scientists can look at what is in the animal's digestive system.  This is fast enough that scientists can watch animals' eating habits change with climate change.

With DNA sequencing and DNA barcoding, scientists went into museums to look at specimens, or preserved example animals, that had been collected many years before.  Using DNA sequencing, the scientists were able to tell that one butterfly collected in the 1700s was really ten different species of butterfly and not just one.  Scientists made many discoveries of this kind in old museum collections.

## Uses 
Herpetologists (amphibian scientists) used DNA barcoding to analyze the parachuting frog in 2019.  They found it by climbing mountains in Papua New Guinea.

## Related pages 
*Human genome
*Complete Genomics
*Bioinformatics

## References
Barrow-upon-Soar

**Barrow-upon-Soar**, also known as **Barrow-on-Soar** or simply **Barrow**, is a large village in the north of Leicestershire in England. It is in the Borough of Charnwood. It is between Loughborough and the city of Leicester. In 2011, the village had a population of 5,856 people.

## History 
It is famous for a plesiosaur that was dug out in the village in 1851. It was given the nickname "The Barrow Kipper". The skeleton was taken out from it is now being displayed at the New Walk Museum in Leicester. 

There is also a full-size replica at the Charnwood Museum in Loughborough. The village's football club, Barrow Town FC, has the skeleton on its logo. Barrow is also famous for its limestone working. There are streets in the village with names in reference to this.

## Location
The River Soar runs through the village. The village is near the A6 road from Quorn.

## Transport
The village has a small railway station located on the Ivanhoe Line from Burton upon Trent to Loughborough. Trains run from Monday-Saturday between Leicester and Lincoln, however some carry on to Sleaford.

## Twin cities
Barrow-upon-Soar is twinned with:
* Marans, Charente-Maritime, France

## Gallery

File:Barrow_Upon_Soar_parish_church_2006-04-14_034web.jpg|Barrow-upon-Soar parish church
File:Plesiosaur_skeleton,_New_Walk_Museum.JPG|The Barrow Kipper plesiosaur skeleton
File:Barrow_upon_Soar_railway_station_August_2018.jpg|Barrow upon Soar railway station
Dariusz Baliszewski

**Dariusz Baliszewski** (14 April 1946 – 10 August 2020) was a Polish historian, journalist and writer. He wrote the screenplay for *Rewizja nadzwyczajna*. He wrote many historical articles to one of the biggest Polish magazines, *Wprost*. 

In 1999, for his television creativity and professionalism in work, President Aleksander Kwaśniewski awarded him the Silver Cross of Merit.

Baliszewski was born in Warsaw. He died on 10 August 2020 in Warsaw, aged 74.

## References
Halva

, India]]

**Halva** (also known as halvah, halwa) is a type of confectionery widely spread throughout the Middle East as well as South Asia. The name is used for a broad variety of recipes, generally a thick paste made from flour, butter, liquid oil, saffron, rosewater, milk, cocoa powder, and sweetened with sugar.   

Halva has a number of geographical sources: from Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Iran, India, Uzbekistan, Russia, Belarus, Poland, and Ukraine. It is considered a national dish in Turkey. There are many types of halva. In Israel, crude sesame base is popular. In Russia, halva made out of Sunflower seeds is popular.

## Types and preparation 
*Sesame or Peanut - Made from raw tahini, mixed with sugar syrup and sometimes honey. The ingredients are mixed to form a solid, fatty lump, that easily melts in heat, break apart easily, and become easier to make. This is the most popular type of halva in Israel. It usually shows the marble lines made by mixing fat and sugar. In Bukhara, a Bukharan peanut halva called "Labaz" is made.

* Semolina - It is the most common type in Eastern countries, such as Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, and India. It is based on wheat bran starches. The fat is added from another source: usually soybean oil, while the sweetness comes from syrup or honey. Indian semolina halva is called suji halva, a wheat flour halva called ata kahalva. In Iraq, halva is made from wheat flour and semolina. It is served with Iraqi pita before meal.

* Sunflower seeds - Its main source of fat is sunflower seeds. It is common in countries around Russia. They got their recipe from neighboring Turkey. The recipe is almost identical to sesame one.

* Goat cheese - It is common to make a halva from goat cheese in Lebanon and Greece. 

* Cornflour - In Saudi Arabia, halva is made from cornflour, butter, sugar, cardamom and saffron.

* Flour - In Bulgaria, Iraq and Iran, halva flour is also used as a substitute for semolina.

* Rice - In the area of the city of Shiraz in Iran, it is commonly prepared using cooked rice.

## Other uses 
* Halva spread - It has almost liquid texture and high viscosity. Relatively light in dietary fiber. 

* Curly halva (also called: "halva hairs") is used to decorate traditional desserts in oriental cuisine.

* Halva mousse can be used for desserts or for cakes.

## References
Alpine, Alaska

**Alpine** is an unincorporated community in northern Alaska. It is located in the North Slope Borough, along the Arctic Ocean. This city in Alaska had a population of 4 but was so remote that when they (the people of Alpine) got sick they could not get medicine in time. 
]]

## References
Kartika Liotard

**Kartika Tamara Liotard** (26 June 1971 &ndash; 1 August 2020) was a Dutch politician, anti-pornography feminist, and civil servant. She was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2004 to 2014. She was formerly a member of the Socialist Party. Liotard was vice-chair of the EUL–NGL group. She was born in Voorburg, South Holland, and studied law at Maastricht University.

Liotard died on 1 August 2020, aged 49.

## References
## Other websites
* European Parliament biography 
*  Parlement.com biography
Isabelle Weingarten

**Isabelle Weingarten** (18 April 1950 – 3 August 2020) was a French actress, model, and photographer. She was born in Paris. Her first movie role was in *Four Nights of a Dreamer*. 

She also starred in *The Mother and the Whore* in 1973. She began working for *Cahiers du Cinéma* in 1986. In 2008, she began studying the works of her father, Romain Weingarten, poet and playwright.

Wiengarten was married to Benjamin Baltimore from 1968 to 1978. She then married Wim Wenders, who she divorced in 1983. Lastly, she was married to Olivier Assayas until their divorce in 1996. 

Weingarten died on 3 August 2020 at the age of 70.

## References
Olivier Assayas

**Olivier Assayas** (born 25 January 1955) is a French movie director, screenwriter, and movie critic.

He made his debut in 1986, after directing some short movies and writing for the influential movie magazine *Cahiers du cinéma*.

Assayas's movie *Cold Water* was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival.

## References
## Other websites
* *New York Times* article on Assayas
* Bringing Down the House: A Conversation with Olivier Assayas, The Notebook, mubi.com
Maggie Cheung

**Maggie Cheung Man-yuk** (; born 20 September 1964) is a Hong Kong actress. 

She is known for her roles in *As Tears Go By*, *Center Stage*, *Comrades: Almost a Love Story*, *Green Snake*, *The Soong Sisters*, *In the Mood for Love*, and *Clean*.

In 1983, Cheung entered the Miss Hong Kong pageant and won the first runner-up and the Miss Photogenic award as well. She was a semi-finalist in the Miss World pageant the same year.

## References
Sixto Brillantes

**Sixto Serrano Brillantes, Jr.** (August 14, 1939 – August 11, 2020) was a Filipino election lawyer. He was the chairman of the Commission on Elections from 2011 to 2015. He was appointed by President Benigno Aquino III on January 16, 2011. He was born in Manila.

On July 25, 2020 he was diagnosed with COVID-19 and was hospitalized in Manila. He died from the infection on August 11, 2020 at the age of 80.

## References
Mia Hansen-Løve

**Mia Hansen-Løve** (born 5 February 1981) is a movie director, screenwriter, and  actress from France.  

Her first feature movie, *All Is Forgiven*, won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best First Film in 2007 along with Céline Sciamma's *Water Lilies*. 

Hansen-Løve's movie *Father of My Children* won the Special Jury Prize in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. 

In 2014, Hansen-Løve was awarded the status of Chevalier in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. 

In 2016, she won the Silver Bear for Best Director for her movie *Things to Come* at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival, as well as becoming a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

## References
Vladica Popović

**Vladimir "Vladica" Popović** (; 17 March 1935 – 10 August 2020) was a Serbian footballer and manager. He won the Intercontinental Cup with Red Star Belgrade in 1991. He played for the Yugoslavia national football team from 1956 to 1965. 

Popović died in Belgrade on 10 August 2020, aged 85.

## References
Dakelh

The **Dakelh** or **Carrier** are an Indigenous group who live in British Columbia.

## Name 
The name "Carrier" came from the custom of a widow carrying the ashes of her dead husband for 3 years.

They call themselves the **"Dakelh / Dakelh-ne"** (**ᑕᗸᒡ**), which means "people who travel by boat early in the morning."

They also call themselves **Yinka Dene** (people of the land), while the Carrier who speak the Babine-Witsuwitʼen language call themselves '''Yinka Whut'en** which means the same thing. 

Most of the time, they call themselves often simply **Dune** ("person", "human") or **Dune-ne** and **Dune-ke/Dune-koh** (**ᑐᘅᘅ''', "people", "men").

## Home 
The Dakelh live in northern British Columbia along the Fraser River. Their homeland has lots of forests and lakes.

## Culture
The Dakelh way of life is based on the seasons. In summer, they gather berries. They also fish for salmon and hunt deer.

## References
P. J. Sheehan

**Patrick Joseph Sheehan** (1 March 1933 – 10 August 2020) was an Irish Fine Gael politician. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork South-West constituency from 1981 to 2002 and 2007 to 2011. He was a member of the Fine Gael.

He retired from politics at the 2011 general election.

He died on 10 August 2020, aged 87.

## References
Benjamin Abalos

**Benjamin Santos Abalos, Sr.** (born September 21, 1935) is a Filipino politician. He was a chairman of the Commission on Elections. He was also a former chairman of the  MMDA and mayor of Mandaluyong City. 

On June 5, 2002 President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo appointed Abalos to replace Alfredo Benipayo.

On October 1, 2007, Abalos resigned during a press conference after complaining for lack of rules to create an impeachment case against Filipino governors. The Commission on Elections appointed Resurreccion Borra as Acting Chairman.

## References
Christian Monsod

**Christian S. Monsod** (born July 16, 1936) is a Filipino lawyer. He was Chairman of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). He was one of the creators of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. 

He is the founder and honorary chairman of the Legal Network for Truthful Elections (LENTE) and key activist of the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL).

## References
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics

**Canadian syllabic writing**, or simply **syllabics**, is an abugida and brahmic script created by a Christian missionary to write down the languages of some of the First Nations of Canada. This one alphabet later became many alphabets.

Each letter represents a syllable. The letters look like triangles and curves. Different languages have some different letters to represent the sounds in their own language best.

By the late 19th century the Cree had achieved what may have been one of the highest literacy rates in the world.

## History 
James Evan was a Methodist missionary from England. He wanted to create an alphabet to teach the Cree and Ojibwe about Christianity. He got inspiration from the Devanagari alphabet from India.

## Principles 
Every consonant has the same shape. For example, the syllables that start with a "p" sound look like a V. To show that they have different vowels, the shapes are rotated. So "pe" would look like ᐯ, while "pa" would be ᐸ.

### Final consonants 
In some languages, words end in a final consonant, like the "t" in "cat." To show this, a small letter is added to the end of the word.

### Diacritics 
In some languages, diacritics are added to indicate things like vowel length.

## Languages 
### Blackfoot 
### Carrier 
### Cree 
### Inuktitut 
Syllabics is one of the official writing systems of Nunavut. That means that government forms in Inuktitut can be written either in the Latin alphabet (ABCs) or in syllabics.

### Naskapi 
### Ojibwe 
### Slavey 
## References
Bernardo P. Pardo

**Bernardo P. Pardo** (February 11, 1932 &ndash; December 10, 2025) was a Filipino politician and lawyer. Between 1995 to 1998, he was Chairman of the Commission on Elections. In 1998, President Joseph Estrada nominated him to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He retired in 2002.

Pardo was born in Manila. He studied at the University of Texas. Pardo died on December 10, 2025 at the age of 93.

## References
Wymeswold

**Wymeswold** is a village and civil parish in the north of Leicestershire, a county in England. The 2011 census saw that around 1,296 people live there.

It is located north-east of Loughborough, a university town, and is very close to the border with Nottinghamshire. Nearby villages include Barrow-upon-Soar, Prestwold, Burton on the Wolds and Rempstone.

The village was formerly the location of RAF Wymeswold which has since closed. There is a memorial plaque on the wall of Wymeswold Pharmacy that pays tribute to when a Wellington Bomber crashed into a nearby hill while on a night training course.

The village has a greengrocer, a general convenience store, a pine furniture store, a gift shop, a restaurant and two public houses (The Three Crowns and The Windmill). There is also a village cricket club which also includes a football pitch.

## Gallery

File:WYMESWOLD,_LEICESTERSHIRE.jpg|St Mary's Church
File:The_Three_Crowns,_Wymeswold_-_geograph.org.uk_-_916744.jpg|The Three Crowns public house
File:Church_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1502890.jpg|Church Street
Regino C. Hermosisima Jr.

**Regino Campos Hermosisima Jr.** (born October 18, 1927) is a Filipino politician and lawyer. He was born in Cebu. He became a member of the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice on July 10, 1995. He retired on October 18, 1997. He was nominated by President Fidel Ramos.

## References
Mike Tindall (footballer)

**Michael Chadwick Tindall** (5 April 1941 – 10 August 2020) was an English former professional footballer. He was best known for his career with Aston Villa. His playing position was wing-half.

Tindall started his career at South Birmingham Boys. He moved to Walsall for a short time before dropping into the non-League to play for Tamworth.

Tindall died on 11 August 2020 from dementia-related problems, aged 79. 

## References
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines

An **Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines** is one of 15 members of the Philippine Supreme Court, the highest court in the Philippines. 

The Chief Justice is in charge over the High Court, but carries only one of the 15 votes in the court. 

Until 1973, only men were appointed as Associate Justices to the Court. Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, an appointee of then-dictator Ferdinand Marcos, was the first woman to sit on the Court. 

Since then, 15 other women have been appointed as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. 
 stamp honoring Cecilia Munoz-Palma]]

## References
* The Supreme Court E-library
* 
* 
*
Port of Beirut

The **Port of Beirut** () is the main port in Lebanon on the eastern part of the Saint George Bay on Beirut's northern Mediterranean coast. It is west of the Beirut River. It is one of the largest and busiest ports on the Eastern Mediterranean. 

On 4 August 2020, two large explosions happened at the port, killing at least 220 people, and injuring more than 5,000 others. 

## References
Okieriete Onaodowan

**Okieriete** "**Oak**" **Onaodowan** ( ; born August 16, 1987) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Hercules Mulligan and James Madison in the 2015 musical *Hamilton,* and the role of Dean Miller in the ABC drama and ''Grey's Anatomy* spin-off series *Station 19''. He was born in Newark, New Jersey.

## References
2020–2021 Belarusian protests

The **2020 Belarusian protests**, nicknamed the **Slipper Revolution**, and the **Anti-Cockroach Revolution** are a series of street protests against Belarus's president Alexander Lukashenko. They began on 24 March 2020.

The protests are part of the Belarusian democracy movement. They are upset over the 2020 Belarusian presidential election, in which Lukashenko was controversially re-elected.

Support from Russian President Vladimir Putin helped Alexander Lukashenko hold on, and the security forces started attacking people from the opposite side.
## References
Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

**Sviatlana Hyeorhiyeuna Tsikhanouskaya** (, née **Pilipchuk**, Піліпчук, *also trans.* **Svetlana Georgiyevna Tikhanovskaya**, ; born 11 September 1982) is a Belarusian activist and politician. She was a presidential candidate in the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. She was born in Mikashevichy.

## 2020 presidential campaign
Her husband, Sergei Tikhanovsky is a YouTuber and ran for president in 2020. However he was arrested. After the arrest of her husband on 29 May, Tsikhanouskaya announced her intention to run in his place. Many people supported her campaign because the current president, Alexander Lukashenko has been seen as a dictator and very unpopular.

The night before the election, members of her campaign were arrested and some fled to Minsk.

Soon, she fled to Lithuania due to fear of imprisonment.

In January 2023, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Belarus designated the structures of Svetlana Tikhanovskaya as an extremist formations. Members of extremist formations face imprisonment under Belarusian law.

In March 2023, Tsikhanouskaya was sentenced in-absentia to a 15-year jail term.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* 
* Facebook page of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya
Oliviu Gherman

**Oliviu Gherman** (26 April 1930 &ndash; 11 August 2020) was a Romanian physicist, politician, university professor and diplomat. He was a member of the Romanian Senate between 1990 through 2004. He was the Senate President between 1992 to 1996. Between 2001 to 2004, he was the Romanian Ambassador to France.

Gherman died on 11 August 2020 at the age of 90.

## References
Jose Melo

**Jose Armando R. Melo** (May 30, 1932 &ndash; October 18, 2020) was a Filipino lawyer and jurist. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1992 to 2002. He is a former Chairman of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC).

## References
Martha Vickers

**Martha Vickers** (May 28, 1925 – November 2, 1971) was an American model and actress.

She played minor roles in many movies during the early 1940s. She played the drug-addicted younger sister of Lauren Bacall's character in *The Big Sleep* (1946). She also starred in a musical, *The Time, the Place and the Girl* (also 1946). She also starred in *Love and Learn* and *That Way with Women* (both 1947).

Vickers died of esophageal cancer at a hospital in Los Angeles on November 2, 1971 at the age of 46. 

## References
Lorenzo Lamas

**Lorenzo Lamas** (born January 20, 1958) is an American actor. He is best known for his role of Lance Cumson in the soap opera *Falcon Crest* (1981–1990).

Lamas is also known for his roles as Reno Raines in the crime drama series *Renegade* (1992–1997), and Hector Ramirez in the soap opera *The Bold and the Beautiful* (2004–2006).

## References
Fernando Lamas

**Fernando Álvaro Lamas y de Santos** (January 9, 1916October 8, 1982) was an Argentine-American actor and director. He was known for playing the "Latin Lover" in many movies during the 1940s and 1950s.

In 1951, Lamas starred as Paul Sarnac in the musical, *Rich, Young and Pretty* with Jane Powell. He also starred in *The Law and the Lady* (1952) which was very unpopular.

He also starred alongside Elizabeth Taylor in *The Girl Who Had Everything* (1952).

He is the father of actor Lorenzo Lamas. He was married to Arlene Dahl between 1954 and 1960. He was also married to Esther Williams between 1969 until his death.

## References
The Naked and the Dead

***The Naked and the Dead*** is a novel written by an American author named Norman Mailer. It was published in 1948. The novel was based on Mailer's experience as a cook while he was stationed in the Philippines. It is about the experiences about one platoon during World War II as they fight in the South Pacific.

It became very popular. It was turned into a film in 1958.

## Plot 
The story takes place on the fictional island of Anopopei in the South Pacific and is about American soldiers trying to drive off the Japanese so that they can advance into the Philippines.
### Part 1- Wave
Staff Sergeant Sam Croft, Woodrow Wilson, and Roy Gallagher are playing cards the night before a scheduled attack. They are members of a recon platoon fighting on Anopopei. The next morning, as the platoon takes boats to the island, they are nervous. Sgt. William Brown and Cpl. Stanley talk about women and the other men in their squad. The assault begins, and as the platoon waits for their turn to come to the island, they nervously joke among themselves. Once the squad reaches the beach, they dig foxholes. Stanley picks a fight with Oscar Ridges and Red Valsen, but ultimately Red knows the time is not right for a fight, and he backs down. Croft leaves to find his commanding officer. Once they’ve begun to settle in on the beach, the Japanese attack. The squad splits up. Cpl. Toglio, Hennessey, and Ridges have completed their foxholes, so they stay on the beach. Brown, Gallagher, Wilson, Red, Stanley, and Sgt. Julio Martinez run after Croft. As the beach is shelled, Hennessey panics and soils himself. He runs down the beach to try to clean his pants, but he is killed.

### Part 2- Argil and Mold
Croft pleads with higher officers to give him more men to replace those lost. He ultimately earns an extra replacement man, bringing the squad up to fourteen. Roth and Goldstein, two of the new men in the platoon, become friends because they are both Jewish.

### Part 3- Plant and Phantom
### Part 4- Wake
## Characters 
***Hennessey** is a newer member of the platoon. He is very cautious as to not get killed. When they arrive at the beach of Anopopei, he defecates in his pants out of fear. He has a mental breakdown and runs down the beach in hopes of getting new pants. He is killed soon after by shrapnel from an exploding mortar shell.

## Writing 
### "Fug" 
The publisher would not let the word "fuck" be in the novel, so Mailer used the word "fug" to replace it.

## References
Rahat Indori

**Rahat Indori**, born **Rahat Qureshi** (1 January 1950 &ndash; 11 August 2020) was an Indian Bollywood lyricist and Urdu poet. He was also a former professor of Urdu language and a painter. He was a language professor at Devi Ahilya University, Indore. As a movie score composer, his best known works were *Khuddar*, *Mission Kashmir* and *Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities*. Indori was born in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

Indori died on 11 August 2020 at a hospital in Indore from COVID-19, aged 70. He was tested positive for the infection the night before.

## References
Mohammad Javad Zarif

**Mohammad Javad Zarif** (; ; born c. 7 January 1960) is an Iranian politician. He was the foreign minister of Iran from 2013 to 2021. He helped end the economic sanctions against Iran from many countries on 16 January 2016.

On 25 February 2019, Zarif resigned from his post as foreign minister. His resignation was rejected by President Hassan Rouhani.

Mohammad Yavad Zarif served as vice president of the Islamic Republic of Iran between August 1, 2024 and August 11, 2024 before resigning.

## References
Isabelle Fuhrman

**Isabelle Fuhrman** (born February 25, 1997) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Esther in the 2009 horror movie *Orphan* and Clove in the 2012 dystopian adventure movie *The Hunger Games*.

## References
Shakuntala Devi

**Shakuntala Devi** (4 November 1929&nbsp;– 21 April 2013) was an Indian writer and mental calculator. She was popularly known as the "Human Computer". Devi wanted to make mathematics easier for students. 

Her talent earned her a place in the 1982 edition of *The Guinness Book of World Records*. However, the certificate for the record was given posthumously on 30 July 2020, despite Devi achieving her world record on 18 June 1980. In 2019, a movie was made in memory of her. The name of the movie was Shakuntala Devi.Unlike Marcus Zhong, Shakuntla had an IQ of 160.

## References
Jose Vitug

**Jose C. Vitug** (born 15 July 1934) is a Filipino lawyer and jurist. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He was appointed to the Court on June 28, 1993 by President Fidel Ramos and retired on July 15, 2004. Vitug was the Founding Dean of the Angeles University Foundation College of Law in Manila.

## References
Cheraw, South Carolina

**Cheraw** ( ,  ) is a town on the Pee Dee River in Chesterfield County South Carolina, United States. The population was 5,040 at the 2020 census. It has been nicknamed "The Prettiest Town in Dixie".

## References
A16 autoroute

The **A16**, also called ''L'Européenne'' (**The European**) in French, is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It goes between Paris and the border with Belgium near Ghyvelde. It goes through Amiens, Calais and Dunkirk. It is part of the European route E40. The autoroute is about  long in total.

## Exits and junctions
## References
Jodrell Bank Observatory

The **Jodrell Bank Observatory** a radio telescope in Cheshire. It picks up radio waves from outer space. Jodrell Bank is mainly used for investigating radio waves from the planets and stars.

It was the idea of its first director, Bernard Lovell, to use radio signals to investigate cosmic rays. Lovell, Professor of Astronomy at Manchester University, had worked on radar in World War II. The observatory was set up in 1945.  

It has been used to research meteoroids, quasars, pulsars, masers and gravitational lenses. It was heavily involved in tracking space probes.

The main telescope at the observatory is the Lovell Telescope. It has a diameter of , and is the third largest steerable radio telescope in the world. There are three other active telescopes at the observatory. 

The Jodrell Bank Observatory is the base of the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN), a "National Facility" run by the University of Manchester. What this means is that radio telescopes can work together to form a long baseline to better collect data from an important phenomenon. There are three other active telescopes at the observatory; the Mark II, and  and 7&nbsp;m diameter radio telescopes. 

The telescope discovered radio noise from the Great Nebula in Andromeda—the first definite detection of an extragalactic radio source—and the remains of Tycho's Supernova in the radio frequency. At that time, Tycho's Supervova had not been discovered by regular light telescopes.

## References
New Town, Edinburgh

The **New Town** is in the central area in Edinburgh, Scotland. Together with the Old Town, it became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.  

It was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850. It kept much of its original neoclassical and Georgian period architecture. It is most famous for Princes Street. It faces the Edinburgh Castle and the Old Town. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Edinburgh World Heritage*/* New Town
Tycho's Supernova

]]

'''Tycho's Supernova**  also called **SN 1572** or **B Cassiopeiae''' (B Cas) – was a supernova of Type Ia in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is one of eight supernovae visible to the naked eye in historical records. It appeared in early November 1572 and was independently discovered by many people. It is called Tycho's because Tycho Brahe published a book the next year about what he and other astronomers saw.

The remains of the supernova was first detected by radio telescopes. It was often known as **3C 10**, which is a radio-source designation, but now people call it '''Tycho's supernova remnant'''. It can be seen by light telescope.
Theaceae

The ***Theaceae*** is a family of plants in the order Ericales. They contain the genus *Camellia*, used to make tea. They have around 7 to 40 genera.

## References
Elaine Devry

**Elaine Devry** (born **Thelma Elaine Mahnken**, January 10, 1930 – September 20, 2023) is an American actress.

Her first movie was *The Atomic Kid*, in which she and her husband Mickey Rooney co-starred. Devry made three guest appearances on *Perry Mason*, including the title role of defendant Janice Wainwright in the 1962 episode "The Case of the Shapely Shadow." 

She also appeared in many other popular television series, including *Death Valley Days*, *Bonanza*, *77 Sunset Strip*, ''Burke's Law*, *Family Affair*, *I Dream of Jeannie*, *Marcus Welby, M.D.*, *Dragnet*, and *Tales of Wells Fargo''. 
She died in Grants Pass on September 20, 2023, at the age of 93.
## References
Sabang tree frog

The **Sabang tree frog** (*Nyctimystes sanguinolenta*)  is a tree frog from New Guinea.  Scientists have seen it in the Baliem Valley and other places not high above sea level in Indonesia.
## References
Female Go players

This is an article about the history of **Female Go players**.

## Social background
Female Go players are viewed to be a minority. This is due to these reasons: 
* There are many male players but only few female players.
** In Japan, there are only three female 8-dan players. And there are no female 9-dan. In addition, there are no female winners at games without gender rules. Asami Ueno was the first female player who managed to be a finalist.
** In China, there was no female 9-dan before Rui Naiwei.
** Most players and winners at World championships are male.
* Not all female players are fairly paid. Joanne Missingham is known for her protests to this issue.
* At most Go organizations, directors are only male.
These are caused by many reasons. One factor is they retire earlier due to marriage, pregnancy and maternity.
### Comparison with female shogi players
In Japan, Go players are always compared with shogi players. This is because newspapers like Asahi Shinbun treat them equal. But there is a big difference among female players. Female Go players usually belong to the same organization with others. But this does not happen for shogi. Female shogi players belong to the Ladies Professional Shogi Association (LPSA). The others belong to the Japan Shogi Association (JSA). Some LPSA players like Kana Satomi have tried to enter JSA. But currently, no one has entered.

## Promotion of female players
### Europe
In Europe, there were no notable female players before Svetlana Shikshina and Diana Koszegi. In order to increase female players, the European Go Federation is holding the European Womens Go Championship (EWGC) since 1996 and the European Pair Go Championship (EPGC) since 1997.
### Japan
Kansai Ki-in has eased the age rules to female players. At Nihon Ki-in, there is a special exam for female players. Most female professionals (except Xie Yimin and Keiko Kato etc.) have got their pro status by this way. In 2019, Nihon Ki-in has started a female player test system to give more support to them. Nihon Ki-in is also sponsoring female amateur games.
#### Female Student Honinbo
This is a tournament operated with the All Japan Student Go Federation. Some winners have got pro status, or became top amateur players. Only players who cleared regional games can attend.
#### All Japan Female Amateur Go Championship
The All Japan Female Amateur Go Championship is the highest match for female amateur Go players. Some winners have became a pro. The next table shows the notable winners.

Kaori Chinen, Yukari Yoshihara and Rina Fujisawa also joined this game.

## Notes
Lantz, Navarre

**Lantz** is a village in Navarre, Spain. It still maintains its old tradition of rural carnival.

## References
Balsaminaceae

The ***Balsaminaceae*** is a family of two genera and around 850 to 1,000 species, mostly in the genus *Impatiens*. The two genera in this family are *Impatiens* and *Hydrocera*. 

## References
Vyacheslav Volodin

**Vyacheslav Viktorovich Volodin** (; born 4 February 1964) is a Russian politician. He is the 10th Chairman of the State Duma since 5 October 2016.

## Career 
Volodin was Vladimir Putin's aide. He was the Secretary-General of the United Russia party. He was also a deputy in the State Duma from 1999-2001. 

From 2010 until 2012, he was Deputy Prime Minister of Russia. He was also a first deputy Chief of Staff of the Presidential Administration of Russia. He also helped in Putin's third term.

## References
Old Town, Edinburgh

The **Old Town** () is oldest part of Edinburgh. It preserved much of its medieval street plan and buildings. Together with New Town, it forms a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## Royal Mile 
The main street in the Old Town is called the "Royal Mile". It runs on a downwards path from Edinburgh Castle to Holyrood Palace and the ruined Holyrood Abbey. 

The streets are not officially called The Royal Mile in terms of legal addresses. The actual street names (running west to east) are Castlehill, Lawnmarket, High Street, Canongate and Abbey Strand. 

Notable buildings in the Old Town include St. Giles' Cathedral, the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland, the National Museum of Scotland, the Old College of the University of Edinburgh and the Scottish Parliament Building. The area is known to have underground vaults and hidden passages that are relics of old phases of construction.
 taken from page 179 of 'Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes' (1896) by Robert Louis Stevenson. Etchings by A. Brunet-Debaines from drawings by S. Bough and W. E. Lockhart.]]

## Sections 
In addition to the Royal Mile, the Old Town may be divided into various areas from west to east:

* West Port, the old route to the west
* Grassmarket, the area to the south-west
* Edinburgh Castle
* The Cowgate, the lower southern section of the town 
* Canongate, the whole eastern district
* Holyrood, it includes Holyrood Palace and Holyrood Abbey
* Croft-An-Righ, a group of buildings north-east of Holyrood

## Major events 
In 1824, a major fire known as Great Fire of Edinburgh, destroyed most of the buildings on the south side of the High Street. During the Edinburgh International Festival, the High Street and Hunter Square become gathering points. Performers in the Fringe advertise their shows, often through street performances.

On 7 December 2002, the Cowgate fire destroyed a small but dense group of old buildings on the Cowgate and South Bridge. It destroyed the famous comedy club, The Gilded Balloon. Other areas affected were the Informatics Department of the University of Edinburgh. The vast artificial intelligence library was also damaged. The site was redeveloped 2013-2014. There now stands a single new building which largely used as a hotel.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Kincaid map showing the Old Town in 1784 

* UNESCO World Heritage Site Inscription
* Edinburgh Old Town Association
Hiroe Nakai

(born June 24, 1969 in Hokkaido) is a Japanese Professional shogi player ranked 6-dan since 2002. She was one of the rivals of Ichiyo Shimizu.
## LPSA service
Nakai was selected to be the first representative director of The Ladies Professional Shogi-player's Association of Japan (LPSA) after it was established in 2007. She served in that position until 2010.
## Major titles
She has obtained 19 major titles in her career. This is a 3rd place record in Japanese shogi history.

## Awards and honors
Nakai received a number of Japan Shogi Association Annual Shogi Awards and other awards in recognition of her accomplishments in shogi and contributions made to Japanese society.

### Annual shogi awards
*13th-14th, 16th, 20th and 27th Annual Awards: Women's Professional Award
*29th-30th Annual Awards (April 2001 - March 2003): Women's Professional of the Year 
*31st-32nd Annual Awards (April 2003 - March 2005): Women's Professional Award
*38th and 40th Annual Awards: Women's Professional Most Games Played

### Other awards
*1986, February: Wakkanai, Hokkaido Meritorious Citizen Award

## Gallery

File:Kaishi nakai.jpg 
File:WOSC-2013-Nakai.JPG

## References
Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City

**Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City** is a former UNESCO World Heritage Site in Liverpool, England. The six sites included the Pier Head, Albert Dock,  William Brown Street,  and other famous landmarks in the city. They are considered the 'supreme example of a commercial port at a time of Britain's greatest global influence'.

The sites were nominated to UNESCO in January 2003. By March 2004, ICOMOS recommended the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City as a World Heritage Site. It was accepted under cultural bases: ii, iii and iv. 

In 2012, the proposed construction of Liverpool Waters project caused the sites to be included in the List of World Heritage in Danger. In July 2017, UNESCO warned it might lose its status because of the development plans. 

English Heritage argued against the Liverpool Waters development. It thought some of Liverpool's most significant historic buildings would be “severely compromised”.

In July 2021, UNESCO announced that the site had been stripped of its World Heritage status.

## References 
### Bibliography 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Liverpool World Heritage Website
Fips Asmussen

**Fips Asmussen** (born **Rainer Pries**; 30 April 1938 – 9 August 2020) was a German comedian and entertainer. He was known for his quick delivery of puns and bad jokes. Asmussen was born in Hamburg. His later comedy performances became known for unfunny and mostly politically incorrect. 

Asmussen died on 9 August 2020 in Querfurt, Saxony-Anhalt at the age of 82.

## References
Rose of Washington Square

***Rose of Washington Square*** is a 1939 American musical drama movie directed by Gregory Ratoff and stars Tyrone Power, Alice Faye, Al Jolson, Moroni Olsen, Winifred Harris, Joyce Compton, William Frawley, Ralph Dunn, Louis Prima. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*
* 
*
Vinka Lucas

**Vinka Dragica Lucas**  (née **Ravlich / Ravlić**; 1 January 1932 – 10 August 2020) was a Croatian-born New Zealand fashion and bridalwear designer and business owner. She was co-founder of *New Zealand Bride* magazine. In 1959 Lucas and her husband David Lucas bought a fashion and dressmaking business in Hamilton. In 1963, the couple published a booklet of bridal designs, which later grew into the magazine *New Zealand Bride*.

In 2009, Lucas suffered a stroke.

In the 2019 New Year Honours, Lucas was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit.

She died in Auckland on 10 August 2020, aged 88.

## References
Trini Lopez

**Trinidad "Trini" López III** (May 13, 1937August 11, 2020) was an American singer, guitarist, and actor.

His first album included a version of "If I Had a Hammer", which earned a Golden Disc for him. His other hits included "Lemon Tree", "I'm Comin' Home, Cindy" and "Sally Was a Good Old Girl". 

He designed two guitars for the Gibson Guitar Corporation.

He starred as Pedro Jimenez in the 1967 war movie *The Dirty Dozen*.

Lopez never married and had no children.

Lopez died on August 11, 2020 at a hospital in Palm Springs, California from COVID-19, aged 83.

## References
Juan Pastor Marco

**Juan Pastor Marco** (24 November 1951 &ndash; 11 August 2020) was a Spanish politician. He was born in Orba, Alicante. He was a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). In 1977, he was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Valencia Province.

He then was Secretary General of the PSOE in the Valencian Community from 1978 to 1979. He retired in 1982.

Pastor Marco died on 11 August 2020, aged 68.

## References
The Dirty Dozen

***The Dirty Dozen*** is a 1967 war movie starring Lee Marvin and featuring an ensemble supporting cast including Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson, Jim Brown, John Cassavetes, George Kennedy, Robert Ryan, Telly Savalas, Robert Webber and Donald Sutherland with Trini Lopez. It was directed by Robert Aldrich. 

The screenplay is based on the 1965 bestseller by E. M. Nathanson.

## References
Robert Ryan

**Robert Bushnell Ryan** (November 11, 1909July 11, 1973) was an American actor and activist. He was known for playing tough cops and ruthless villains. He worked in theater and movies. Ryan was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his rolein *Crossfire* (1947)''.

Ryan died of lung cancer in New York City on July 11, 1973 at the age of 63.

## References
Robert Webber

**Robert Laman Webber** (October 14, 1924 – May 19, 1989) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Juror No. 12 in the classic 1957 movie  *12 Angry Men*. He also starred as General Denton in the 1967 war movie *The Dirty Dozen*.

Webber died from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at the age of 64 in Malibu, California on May 19, 1989.

## References
Vidya Balan

**Vidya Balan** (pronounced ; born 1 January 1979) is an Indian actress. 

She was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2014.

Vidya is known for her roles in *Paa* (2009), the black comedy *Ishqiya* (2010), the thrillers *No One Killed Jessica* and *Kahaani* (2012), and the biopic *The Dirty Picture* (2011).

## References
The Hunters (1996 movie)

***The Hunters*** () is a 1996 Swedish thriller movie directed by Kjell Sundvall and starring Rolf Lassgård, Lennart Jähkel, Jarmo Mäkinen, Tomas Norström, Göran Forsmark, and Rolf Degerlund. The sequel was followed in 2011.

## Other websites
* 
*
A2 road (England)

The **A2** is an important road in South East England. It goes between London and Dover. In Dover, it connects to the port to France. The road follows tracks used by the Celts and the Romans over a thousand years ago. It once linked to the three main Roman ports: Rutupiae (now Richborough), Dubris (now Dover) and Portus Lemanis (in modern Lympne). It was given the name "A2" in the 1920s. Now, the road is about  long.

## References
About Us (movie)

***About Us*** () is a 2016 Costa Rican American drama movie directed by Hernán Jiménez (who also stars) and starring Noelia Castaño, Marina Glezer.

## Other websites
*
HUMINT

**HUMINT** (an abbreviation of **Human Intelligence**) is intelligence information got from personal contacts. It is a term used in the spy community of the NATO countries.

## Sources
Sources may be neutral, friendly, or hostile. They may or may not know they are giving information. Examples of HUMINT sources are:
*Advisors or foreign internal defence personnel working with the host nation forces or populations;
*Diplomatic reporting by accredited diplomats (e.g. military attachés);
*Espionage: secret reporting, using agents, couriers, cutouts;
*Military attachés: getting information is their job;
*Non-governmental organizations (NGOs);
*Prisoners of war (POWs) or other detainees;
*Refugees;
*Routine patrolling (by military police,  etc);
*Talking to travellers  (e.g. the CIA Domestic Contact Service).

## References
Elephant Island

**Elephant Island** is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica. It is at the edge of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. It has an area of 558 km², and its highest elevation is 973 metres.

## Name 
Elephant Island's name refers to both its elephant head-like appearance and the sightings of elephant seals by Captain George Powell in 1821, one of the early sightings.
Nyctimystes traunae

***Nyctimystes traunae***  is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea.  It lives on mountains in the middle of the island.  Scientists have seen it about 800 meters above sea level.

## First paper
*

## References
Katherine Swynford

**Katherine Swynford, Duchess of Lancaster** (born **Katherine de Roet**, c. 1350 – 10 May 1403), was the third wife of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, a son of King Edward III of England. She was the daughter of Paon de Roet, a knight.