open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Keith Richards

**Keith Richards** (born 18 December 1943) is an English guitarist best known as a founder member of the Rolling Stones.

## The Rolling Stones 
He is mostly famous for his rhythm guitar playing, but he can also play lead guitar quite well. He often likes to use a guitar with only 5 strings—the lowest-tuned string is removed. On a small number of Rolling Stones recordings, he plays bass guitar, as well as other instruments.

He sings background vocals on most Rolling Stones songs. Occasionally, he also sings lead vocals, on songs like "Happy", "Little T & A", and "The Worst".

In 2003 he was ranked 10th on Rolling Stone Magazine's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

Richards has co-written and recorded hundreds of songs with his song writing partner Mick Jagger. Fourteen of their songs are listed by Rolling Stone Magazine in their "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" issue. Keith is one of two members of the Rolling Stones to have both; played on all releases and, be in the band during its entire run. The other member to do so is Mick Jagger.

Keith is best known for playing a yellow Fender Telecaster.

## Jagger/Richards 
Jagger/Richards is the songwriting duo of Keith and Rolling Stones lead singer Mick Jagger. Jagger and Richards first met in primary school, but would not see each other until after they both left primary school. The two would meet many years later in 1962 at a train station. They became friends after the meeting and are still friends now.

## Personal life 
During the late 1960s and most of the 1970s, he had a serious addiction to heroin. However, he recovered and quit using it. Sometimes, in interviews, he talks about taking drugs in a way that seems humorous.

## Discography
### The Rolling Stones
;Studio albums
# ''England's Newest Hit Makers* (1964)
# *12 X 5* (1964)
# *The Rolling Stones, Now!* (1965)
# *Out of Our Heads* (1965)
# *December's Children (And Everybody's)* (1965)
# *Aftermath* (1966)
# *Between the Buttons* (1967)
# *Their Satanic Majesties Request* (1967)
# *Beggars Banquet* (1968)
# *Let It Bleed* (1969)
# *Sticky Fingers* (1971)
# *Exile on Main St.* (1972)
# *Goats Head Soup* (1973)
# *It's Only Rock 'n Roll* (1974)
# *Black and Blue* (1976)
# *Some Girls* (1978)
# *Emotional Rescue* (1980)
# *Tattoo You* (1981)
# *Undercover* (1983)
# *Dirty Work* (1986)
# *Steel Wheels* (1989)
# *Voodoo Lounge* (1994)
# *Bridges to Babylon* (1997)
# *A Bigger Bang* (2005)
# *GRRR!'' (2012)

## Notes
Printing press

,Afghanistan (2002)]]

The **printing press** is a machine for printing. It makes many copies of identical pages. The printing press today is used to print books and newspapers. It had a great influence on society, especially western society. It was "one of the most potent agents... of western civilization in bringing together the scattered ideas of thinkers".

Bigger and much faster presses were invented in the industrial revolution. The main improvements were made in the 19th century. Two ideas altered the design of the printing press entirely. First was the use of steam power to run the machinery. Second was the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders. Both were done by the German printer Friedrich Koenig between 1802 and 1818. Having moved to London in 1804, Koenig got financial support for his project in 1807.  In 1810, Koenig patented a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a steam engine".

Soon other inventions were added, such as the making of cheaper paper by using wood pulp instead of rags. Later in the 19th century came machines which speeded up typesetting, which was previously done by hand, letter by letter. A machine for hot metal typesetting was designed by Linotype Inc. It turned molten lead into type ready for printing.

Many further developments in printing happened in the 20th century. Today printing presses are controlled by special-purpose computers, and the material to be printed is prepared on computers. As a consequence of these inventions, the cost of printing has fallen significantly compared to other commodities. Now the price of a book or magazine is less determined by its  production, and more by other factors, such as marketing.

## References
The Crystal Maze

***The Crystal Maze*** is a British game show on Channel 4. It ran from 1990 to 1995 and was revived in 2016. A team of six players completed challenges to win crystals. It was presented by Richard O'Brien from series 1 to 4 and Ed Tudor-Pole in series 5 and 6. Stephen Merchant presented an episode in 2016. Richard Ayoade presents in 2017.

## Game show
It was made by Chatsworth Television as an British version of the French show Fort Boyard. There are four zones in the maze - Medieval, Aztec, Futuristic and Industrial. In each zone, players attempt challenges to earn a crystal. Each crystal gives them five seconds in the Crystal Dome. After a while, the Industrial zone was replaced by an Ocean zone.

## Crystal dome
The Crystal Dome is a large glass crystal where the players must go in at the end. Small golden and silver tickets are blown around the dome and they must try and catch as many as they can. For every gold token they put in the box, they get a point. For every silver token they put in the box, they lose a point.

If the team gets over 100 points, they win a big prize. If they do not win, they get a small crystal to take home with them.

## Other websites 
*
Decolonization

**Decolonization** is when a colony of any country becomes independent. Thus, decolonization is the opposite of colonization. Sometimes, a colony may not get full freedom, but may become part of another country or even the part of the country which colonized it. This is also decolonization. 

In some cases, decolonization may result after non-violent discussion. In a relatively small number of cases, decolonization happens only after armed struggle and revolt. Decolonization is different from the break-up of traditional empires like the Mongol Empire or the Ottoman Empire. Decolonization generally means independence of non-Europeans from European rule. Thus, the break-up of the Union of Sweden and Norway and the independence of Manchukuo from the Empire of Japan were not decolonization. Major decolonization occurred in the 20th century. It began with the independence of Pakistan and India in 1947 from the British Empire. Soon after, many countries of Africa became independent from the rule of many suzerainty countries of Europe.

## Related pages 
*Pan-Africanism
Sea anemone

in a sea anemone. The fish lives in a symbiosis with the anemone]]
.]] 

**Sea anemones** are Cnidarian animals that live in the sea. They are polyps, one of the basic forms of the phylum. They are predatory animals, which paralyse their prey with stinging nematocysts. These fire a harpoon-like structure which delivers a dose of neurotoxins. To eat the fish, or crustacean, they move the prey into their stomach, where they are slowly digested. 

Anemones are sessile. This means they like to stay in one area. They can move very slowly along the bottom.  Some types can swim to a new location by using flexing movements. Many species live in rockpools between high tide and low tide, and on rocky shores generally. Anemones can be found in deep oceans as well, and a few are pelagic.

An anemone has an oral disk on the top of its body. The sea anemone’s mouth and gut are in the middle of the oral disk. The tentacles surround the oral disk. The pedal disc is on the bottom of the sea anemone.

Some sea anemones live in symbiosis with other animals. clownfish, Incognito goby, and arrow crabs may shelter among the tentacles of the anemone. Hermit crabs often have sea anemones on the shell they live in. Some anemones have a symbiosis with a type of algae which lives inside them. This is the same thing many corals do. The dinoflagellate algae use sunlight to make food, and the anemone uses some of the food.

The first detailed investigation of sea anemones was a survey of those found on or near the beaches of the British Isles by the naturalist Philip Henry Gosse.

## References
Counter-Reformation

The **Counter-Reformation** was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church which began in the 1500s. It covered the following five areas:
# Doctrine (ideology)
# Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration
# Religious orders
# Spiritual Movements
# Political Dimensions

The Counter-Reformation began after Martin Luther's Reformation. In reaction, Catholics  reaffirmed some points of faith that the Protestants' objections had put in danger. These included the validity of the seven sacraments. The Protestants had reduced the sacraments to only two, Baptism and the Eucharist. Protestants deny the doctrine of transubstantiation, which is seen as making Mass less important. Some reformation era groups had rejected the Mass entirely. Luther's view was somewhere between that of the more radical reformers and the Catholic view. Luther wrote that without faith neither Baptism nor the Eucharist is sufficient for salvation. The Counter-Reformation specifically re-affirmed the Catholic understanding of the mass. 
 
On other issues, Catholics effectively accepted some of the Protestant complaints. Penance became a private confession and repentance from sin instead of outward actions. This served to correct the corrupt practice of selling forgiveness. This type of forgiveness, called Indulgence was the immediate cause of Luther's protests against abuses in the Catholic church. 

As a result of the Counter Reformation, other abuses, such as Simony were also greatly curtailed. Thus the Protestant movement served not only to create new expressions of the Christian faith, but also to correct problems in the Catholic church which led to its revitalization. 

Catholic missionaries, especially Jesuits went across the world to spread the Catholic faith. The Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition was also created, to revitalize the work of suppressing heresy.

## Related pages
* Protestant Reformation
* Council of Trent
* Vatican II

## References
Old age

**Old age** is when a person is near or beyond the usual life expectancy, usually from the age of 65 and above.  Old people are usually retired from work and spend their time in other ways like helping take care of small children who are kin to them in some way. Often people of old age have wrinkly skin. They will move slower, and become cold often. 

Old people usually have more health problems than young adults, and many of them take medicine.  The reason for this is that their bodies are slowly deteriorating, so they have more problems, especially with moving. Osteoporosis weakens the bones, and is one of the problems that become more common with age. Others include blindness and deafness. Gerontology is the part of medicine that deals with these things.

Old people are also called "senior citizens" or "elders". Elders are considered to be wise because they have had much experience in their long lives. Many cultures view elders with  and , and depend upon them to pass down knowledge to the younger generations of people.
## Related pages 
* Gerontology
Mezzo-soprano

A **mezzo-soprano** is a female singer whose voice is a little lower than that of a soprano but not low enough to be called a contralto. There are many roles in opera that need a mezzo-soprano voice, for example the role of Carmen in the opera *Carmen* by Georges Bizet or Cherubino in *Le Nozze di Figaro* by Mozart. Famous mezzo-sopranos include: Marilyn Horne and Dame Janet Baker who have both now retired. Alice Coote and Susan Graham are famous mezzo-sopranos today.
Meiji Restoration

The **Meiji Restoration** (明治維新) was a time of great change in Japan. In the Japanese language, *Meiji-ishin* is the term for the **Meiji Restoration**. The term describes a series of events that changed the shape of Japan’s political and social systems. These changes took place mainly in the three years from 1866 to 1869, at the beginning of the Meiji period.

## End of the Shogunate 
In 1866, the Tokugawa Shogunate was ruling Japan. In the year 1866, two domains, the local government at that time, came together under an alliance. The name of this alliance was the Sat-cho Alliance. This was an alliance between the Satsuma Domain and the Chōshū Domain, and a person named Sakamoto Ryoma brought the two domains together. These two domains supported the Emperor Meiji of Japan who, at the time, did not have much power. With their support the emperor could regain much of his power.  

The Tokugawa Shogunate’s rule ended on 9th November 1867, but they still retained some authority and power.  In the Boshin War of 1868, an army from Satsuma Province and Choshu defeated the forces of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  This completely ended the power of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

## The Revolution of the country's system 
After defeating the Tokugawa Shogunate, the leaders of the Meiji Restoration started to reform the system of the country. They acted in the name of Japan’s emperor, to restore (that is, to return) the emperor’s powers. But, the leaders also kept to themselves a number of powers. In fact, even after the Meiji Restoration, an oligarchy, a small group, had the real power and ruled in the name of the emperor.  

After the Meiji Restoration started, Japan’s progress was fast. The revolution included centralizing power, changing the tax system, starting the educational system, constructing factories and railways, etc.

Industrialization developed rapidly and within next three to four decades (by 1905) the Empire of Japan had become a military power, comparable to the great powers of the time.

## Leaders 
* Okubo Toshimichi (1830-1878)
* Kido Takayoshi (1833-1877)
* Saigo Takamori (1827-1877)
* Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1883)
* Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909)
* Kuroda Kiyotaka (1840-1900)
* Matsukata Masayoshi (1835-1924)
* Oyama Iwao (1842-1916)
* Saigo Tsugumichi (1843-1902)
* Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922)
* Inoue Kaoru (1835-1905)
* Saionji Kinmochi (1849-1940)
Dissolution of the Soviet Union

. Eventually leading to the Soviet dissolution.]]
The **dissolution of the Soviet Union** was a geopolitical and one of the biggest events of the 20th century ever since. It started when Estonia declared independence on 16 November 1988. After that, many Soviet republics followed and eventually all 15 state republics left the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. This marked the end of the long-run Cold War with the United States. With the Soviet Union no longer existed, China became the only major communist, socialist and Marxist-Leninist state following economic reforms, and the U.S. became the world's sole superpower.

With the 1989 revolutions, many European nations left communist ideals. The Soviet Union at the time was struggling with the economy and protests following the withdrawal from Afghanistan (see article Soviet–Afghan War). In August 1991, an attempted self-coup in the Soviet Union occurred to overthrow the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev failed, leading to the total ban of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Belovezha Accords, which recognized every Soviet republic's sovereignty, were signed on 8 December 1991 and creating the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Kazakhstan was the only Soviet republic at the time until 16 December. On 21 December, every former Soviet republic joined the CIS except Georgia and the Baltic states. Ultimately, on 26 December, Gorbachev resigned, officially dissolved the Soviet Union. Boris Yeltsin became the president of Russia in the same day. The Soviet flag was taken down from the Kremlin and replaced by the Russian flag. Marking the end of the Cold War.
Żagań

of Żagań]]
 of Żagań]]

**Żagań** is a town in the west part of Poland. 26,665 people lived there in 2004.  It is the main town of part of Poland called Żagań County.  

It is now part of the in the Lubusz Voivodship (a Voivoidship is part of the way Poland is organised into areas), before it was in Zielona Gora Voivodship (1975-1998). There is a castle called Sagan in the middle of an area that is  also called Sagan. The castle belonged to Wallenstein, a soldier and politician of the Thirty Years' War. Later, the castle belonged to the Bohemian family of Lobkowitz.  In 1786, the Sagan area was bought by Peter Biron, duke of Courland. In 1843, it went to his daughter Dorothea, the wife of Edmond de Talleyrand.

An act of the king of Prussia on January 6, 1845 made her  Duchess of Sagan. Napoleon III did the same in France, for her son Louis.  The double title, both Prussian and French, meant that the duc de Sagan was a neutral party in the Second World War. His house (the Château de Valençay) was a safe place to keep pictures and other things from the Louvre when German soldiers were in France. 

In the Second World War, the well-known war prison Stalag Luft III was there.

## Other websites
*The web page of the town.
*A map. 
*Some pictures.
Ted Turner

**Ted Turner** (born November 19, 1938 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American businessman who is best known for being the  of the television networks Turner Broadcasting Station (TBS) and Cable News Network (CNN).  These were the first cable TV networks. He is also famous for being the founder of professional wrestling company World Championship Wrestling (WCW), as well as the Captain Planet and the Planeteers.

## Career 
He's made several war epics on the Civil War.  Ted Turner is known for saving MGM's film library, though that forced him to sell his company. At one point, Turner gave a billion dollars to the United Nations.

## Personal life 
Ted Turner was once married to Jane Fonda. He was raised in Atlanta, Georgia and in Savannah, Georgia. Turner is the third largest private landowner in the United States a total of 1.75 million acres.

Turner has bipolar disorder.

Turner's biggest ranch is Vermejo Park Ranch in New Mexico. At , it is the largest privately owned, piece of owned land in the United States. Turner supports the Public forum debate of the National Forensic League.

In a television interview with Piers Morgan on May 3, 2012, Turner said he had four girlfriends. He then said that it was complicated but yet easier than being married.

One of Turner's children, Robert Edward "Teddy" Turner IV, announced on January 23, 2013, that he would run in the South Carolina Republican primary for the open Congressional seat. He lost the primary to former Governor Mark Sanford.

In September 2018, Turner announced that he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Turner Foundation 
* 
* Turner on Oprah Master Class, aired January 29, 2012
European Court of Human Rights

The **European Court of Human Rights** (**ECtHR**) hears and decides particular type of complaints. These complaints relate to abuse of human rights. ECoHR’s other popular name is "Strasbourg Court". Member countries of the Council of Europe created ECoHR to arrange all such complaints, listen to the complaints, and to give decisions. European Convention on Human Rights tells about many human rights. ECoHR sees that people should enjoy all these human rights.

ECoHR' has a number of judges. The number of judges is seven normally but at the case of dealing a great issue, the number will be 21 and the judges are equally from member countries of the Council of Europe. At present, there are forty seven member countries of the Council of Europe. Each country may have one judge in the ECoHR. But, judges work independently for the ECoHR, and not for their country.

## Judges
## References
Chupacabra

**El Chupacabra** (or **El Chupacabras**) is a cryptid said to live in Puerto Rico, Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Anaheim California. Gilbert Arizona.   Texas to Florida, Michigan, Maine and even Oregon. Its name comes from the Spanish translation of "goat sucker", because of its habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, including goats. The legend was started in 1987 when there was a huge, gruesome massacre of livestock all over. All the animals had two puncture wounds on their neck in which the blood had been drained.

The story of the Chupacabra has even made it into a German English textbook (Green Line 4, published by Ernst Klett Verlag) as an example for the kind of not always reliable and unverified information that may be found on the Internet.

## Related pages 
* Bigfoot

## References
Taco Bell

**Taco Bell** is a fast food restaurant that started in the United States in 1962.  There are restaurants now in certain parts of Canada, Asia, Europe, United Kingdom and Australia. It serves Mexican-style food. It was started by Glen Bell and is a division of Yum! Brands, Inc. Taco Bell's menu has items such as tacos, burritos, quesadillas,  enchiladas, chalupas, gordita, nachos and soft drinks.  There are 7,000 Taco Bells in the United States. Some Taco Bells are merged with KFCs. Taco Bell also introduced a new logo in 2016.

## Clothing line 
In 2017, Forever 21 produced a clothing line in partnership with Taco Bell, featuring branded T-shirts and sweatshirts, as well as bodysuits made to look like Border Sauce packets.

In November 2019, Taco Bell announced ''Taco Bell's Taco Shop'', an online store with Taco Bell branded merchandise including hoodies and tees, holiday ornaments, inflatable sauce packets, and wedding-related items.

## References
## Other websites
* **Official Taco Bell website**
* **Taco Bell Menu**
Hydra (animal)

***Hydra*** are simple invertebrates, with two layers of body cells. They live in fresh water. Their body is radially symmetric. They have a central cavity through which they take in food and expel waste. 

As Cnidaria, they have stinging cells on their tentacles. They are hydrozoa, and belong to the same order as other polyps. Most *Hydra* are microscopic in size. Hydras can be found in almost any unpolluted body of water. Hydras reproduce by budding. In budding, the offspring forms as a lump on the parent and eventually becomes big enough to break off and live by itself. They can move if they need to by a kind of slow somersaulting motion. 

Recent research has found they produce an anti microbial protein *hydramacin*, which protects their outer layer from bacterial infection. Hydra are *biologically immortal*: they do not die of old age. If cut they can regenerate half their body in 2 to 3 days.

## References
Palatine Hill

**Palatine Hill** (Latin: *Palatium*) also named the **Sun Hill** was the hill that Rome was built on. Rome later extended to include the seven hills:
.]]
*Palatine
*Aventine 
*Capitoline
*Quirinal 
*Viminal 
*Esquiline 
*Caelian
## Etymology 
According to Livy (59 BC – 17) the Palatine hill got its name from the Arcadian settlement of Pallantium. The term palace itself stems from *Palatium*.
Clownfish

The **clownfish** or **anemonefish** is a kind of fish. Clownfish habitat is usually a coral reef. Clownfish live in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, from northwest Australia to the coast of South East Asia as far north as Japan. Often, they live in  symbiosis with other animals, for instance, the sea anemone. They live in anemones which are like plants under the sea. Anemones eat fish by killing them with their poisonous tentacles. Scientists believe that clownfish are protected from the poison because they are coated in a type of mucus.

Some kinds of clownfish can grow up and reach 18 centimeters (7.1 inches). Sometimes clownfish only grow 10 centimeters (3.9 inches). They can be orange, yellow or they may look a little red.

Clownfish eat small invertebrates that are dangerous to the anemones. That helps the anemones and the clownfish. This is called mutualism.

Many people like having clownfish in their aquarium because they are some of the easiest salt water fish to keep and care for. They became particularly popular after the film *Finding Nemo*. There are 28 species of Clownfish. Clownfish are born male but when they grow older some develop into females.

## References
European Convention on Human Rights

Countries, which are members of the Council of Europe agreed on certain points written in a document to ensure human rights written in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These points became the **Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms**. In its shorter form it is **European Convention on Human Rights** (**ECHR**). The convention also established the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the sentence of this Court has a force legal power by its Article 46.

The ECHR was written on 4 November 1950.

The ECHR has made many protocols, for example: protocol 2nd for right to education, 12th against all discrimination also by public authority and 13th for complete abolition of the death penalty. Protocols are set of rules. All member countries must follow these rules.

The ECtHR can give decisions on complaints or cases which come to it. If a person thinks that a European country has abused his or her human rights, that person may take the matter to the judges of ECtHR. The judges will listen to the complaint and give their decisions. These decisions must be followed by the governments of the countries.

## Related pages
* Council of Europe
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* International human rights law
* Human rights
Olsztyn

**Olsztyn** is a city in northeast Poland, on the Łyna river. Olsztyn is the biggest city and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.

## Geography
The town is near a lake region of forests and plains. There are 13 lakes in the town and many more surrounding it: (Krzywe, Długie, Żbik, Redykajny and others).

## Demographics
## International relations 
### Twin towns – Sister cities 
Olsztyn is twinned with:

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Olsztyn City Guide
Lee Iacocca

**Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca** ( ; October 15, 1924 &ndash; July 2, 2019) was an American automobile executive and writer. He was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Iacocca created the Ford Pinto in 1971 and the Ford Mustang in 1964. He was best known for his time as chairman of the Chrysler Corporation from 1979 until his retirement in 1992. From 1970 to 1978, he was President of the Ford Motor Company.

Iacocca studied at Lehigh University and at Princeton University.

Governor Robert P. Casey wanted to make Iacocca a United States Senator after John Heinz's death, but Iacocca declined. Iacocca was an Independent who supported the presidential bids of George W. Bush, John Kerry, Bill Richardson and Mitt Romney. He considered running for President in 1988, but declined.

*Portfolio* named Iacocca the 18th-greatest American CEO of all time.

In 1984, he released his autobiography. In 2007, Iacocca released *Where Have All the Leaders Gone?*, a *New York Times* bestseller.

Iacocca died on July 2, 2019 at his home in Bel Air, Los Angeles, California at the age of 94. The cause was problems from Parkinson's disease.

## References
## Other websites
* Iacocca.com 
* Iacocca Foundation
* Iacocca Says "Detroit Is Living in the Past", National Public Radio
*
Ginkgo

The ***ginkgo*** tree is a genus of trees. There is only one living species, *Ginkgo biloba*. All the other known species are fossils.  *Ginkgo biloba* is native to China. It is the National tree of China.

## Gallery

Image:Ginkgo biloba in Lucenec2.jpg|A ginkgo tree in Slovakia
Image:Ginkgo Stamm.jpg|Closeup of a ginkgo trunk
Image:Ginkgo biloba fructification.jpg|Ginkgo seeds

## References
Standard

and Iridium that defined the length of a meter]]
A **standard** is a basis for comparison. Standards are made either by many people that agree on something, or if some organisation makes it so. There are many different standards in many fields of daily life. Standards are important so that correct comparisons can be produced.

Other standards make things work together. For example, rail cars with a standard gauge can run on tracks that follow the same standard. Communication protocols such as Morse code and USB are standards that allow different machines and people to communicate.

## Measurement
The International System of Units is a standard that is agreed on by most countries. In it there is metre (or meter). It measures length.  A rod (made from a special material) is in Paris. The length of the rod said, years ago, how long a meter is. When people wanted to measure something, they compared it to the length of the rod. For practical purposes, the length of the rod was divided by 10 (to get dezimeter), by 10 (to get centimeter), and so on.

The iridium rod as it is called is the original measure of meter. Now new ways of measuring the meter have been utilized such as the measuring the wavelength of radiation from a certain chemical element to determine an exact meter.

## Music 
A **standard** in music is a song that remains very popular, and is performed and recorded by many different artists. Such songs include "Sentimental Journey" written by Les Brown and Ben Homer, "Yesterday" and "Something" by members of The Beatles. Many of Hank Williams's songs have become standards in country music.

## Related pages
* International standard
* Standard Model of Cosmology
* Standard temperature and pressure
* Standardization
Alan White

**Alan White** has been the name of several people, including:

* Alan White (Yes drummer) (1949-2022), drummer with the band Yes.
* Alan White (Oasis drummer), ex-drummer with the band Oasis.
Klaus Voormann

with Klaus Voormann, 2018 ]]
**Klaus Voormann** (born April 29, 1938) is a German artist and musician. He was born and raised in Berlin. He was a friend of The Beatles.  He met them when they played in Hamburg, where he was going to art school. 

Voormann designed the cover of their *Revolver* album, and later did cover art for *The Beatles Anthology* and some of George Harrison's solo records. He also played bass guitar with Manfred Mann, and on records by John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, and their friend Harry Nilsson.

He also became a record producer, and produced the band Trio, whose biggest hit was "Da Da Da", which was used later in a Volkswagen television commercial.

## References
1329

## Events 
* February 18 – Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1332).
* Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated (suspended from the Catholic Church) by Pope John XXII.
* Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy.
* The cathedral in Frombork, Poland begins construction.
* Amberg, Germany passes to the Wittelsbach family.
* Michael of Cesena is deposed as General of the Franciscans.
* Stefan Dusan defeats the Bosnian ban Stephen II Kotromanić.
* Wiesbaden is granted the right to be depicted on coins by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
* David II becomes King of Scotland.

## Births 
* Prince Lazar of Serbia (estimated date) (died 1008)
* Philip II of Taranto (died 1374)

## Deaths 
* April 21 – Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (born 1282)
* June 7 – Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (born 1274)
* Michael I of Imereti
* Qutugtu Khan, ruler of the Mongol Empire (born 1300)
* Oshin of Korikos, Armenian head of state (assassinated)
* Emperor Mingzong of Yuan China, and Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1320)
* Edward of Savoy
Stock market

A stock market is an institution where people and computers buy and sell shares of companies. 

## Shares
Shares are small pieces of a company. Shares can be bought by humans, companies, and mutual funds. When buying shares in a company, the buyer owns a small part of that company.  The price of a share can be based on many different things. The main thing that affects the price is the balance between supply and demand. If many buyers want to buy a stock the price goes up. If there are more sellers than buyers, the price goes down.

## Stock brokers 
Some buyers trade shares in stocks through a stockbroker. A stockbroker is a person who buys or sells stocks for their customers. A stockbroker can also help customers make choices in stocks. Their advice is based on public information about the companies.

## How the Share Market Works 
The interplay of buyers and sellers drives the operation of the stock market. Orders to purchase or sell shares can be placed through brokers or internet trading platforms. These orders are matched on stock exchanges, where supply and demand dynamics determine the price. The stock market works on the supply and demand concept, with prices moving based on a variety of factors such as corporate performance, economic conditions, and investor mood.

## Stock markets in the world 
There are dozens of stock markets (or "exchanges") in the world, including 18 of them in the U.S. (as of early 2025). Some of the better known stock exchanges are:
* NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) - USA
* NASDAQ - USA
* London Stock Exchange - UK
* Tokyo Stock Exchange - JP
* Toronto Stock Exchange - CA

## Cultural changes in the stock market 
Trading stocks online has become more popular. Stocks can be traded online. There is a fee or commission each time a position is opened.

## References
The SEC's list of licensed exchanges can be found here: https://www.sec.gov/about/divisions-offices/division-trading-markets/national-securities-exchanges Note that some of these exchanges are not stock markets but trade other products, such as options.
Allen Ginsberg

**Irwin Allen Ginsberg** (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet and author. He was part of the Beat Generation movement of poets in the 1950s. He was a friend of writers Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs, and later made friends with musicians Bob Dylan, Donovan, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, and many other celebrities.

Ginsberg's most famous work was called *Howl.* It was a long poem about the social conditions of the United States in the 1950s. It began with the words "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness." It went on to describe the frustration felt by many Americans, young people and minorities in particular. There were problems in the country, such as prejudice and , that needed to be spoken about. Ginsberg published the poem, and also performed it at public poetry readings.

A few people did not like *Howl*, or the  language Ginsberg used. They tried to have *Howl* banned, and they wanted Ginsberg to be  (given a court trial, then either fined or put in jail). Ginsberg went to trial, and the judge decided *Howl* was an important work, and told the truth about America at the time. The judge rejected the ban and cleared Ginsberg, who could then continue to publish and perform the poem.

Ginsberg became involved in social causes through his work, and through the famous people he met. He grew up in the Jewish faith, but later became a Buddhist. He was a homosexual, and his longtime partner was another poet, Peter Orlovsky. He also had a long relationship with Neal Cassady, who appeared as "N.C., secret hero of these poems" in *Howl*.

## Death
Ginsberg died in 1997 of liver cancer.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from the United States
## References
Northwestern University

**Northwestern University** is a university in Evanston, Illinois, and Chicago, Illinois. It is very prestigious and selective. It has many people who learn and also people who teach.

The university is known most for providing a strong education in economics (the study of the economy), linguistics (the study of language), political science (the study of politics), and mathematics (the study of numbers). There is also a Medical school named Feinberg School of Medicine.

## References 
## Other websites
Himno Istmeño

"**Himno Istmeño**" ("Ismithian Hymn") is the anthem of Panama. It was written by Santos Jorge.

## Lyrics 
## References
Plastic Ono Band

The **Plastic Ono Band** was a rock and roll band formed by Yoko Ono with husband (and former Beatle) John Lennon. They were active from 1969 until 1974.

Lennon and Ono recorded their first single together, titled "Give Peace A Chance", in a Montreal hotel with a roomful of guests, including Tommy Smothers, Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, Timothy Leary, and the local Hare Krishna chapter. The pair were in an auto accident before the single was to debut (be played in public for the first time), and they had to stay in the hospital. Not wanting to cancel the debut, they sent the first version of their "new band" – a set of plastic cases that held the sound equipment – which played in their place. It was a strange kind of debut for a new band, but the song (a protest against the Vietnam War) became a minor hit that year, in England and in the United States.

The second version of the Plastic Ono Band included Ono and Lennon in person, along with musicians Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann and Alan White. They performed together at a rock concert in Toronto in September 1969, and it was the first time Lennon had played in public with a band other than the Beatles. The show went well, and helped Lennon decide to leave the Beatles, which he had thought about doing for some time. A second single, "Cold Turkey", was recorded with this lineup.

After the Beatles ended, Lennon decided he did not want to have another permanent band, and he and Ono used the Plastic Ono Band name to refer to any musicians who appeared on the records they made together. Even listeners were called a part of the band, especially when the band gave a concert. An advertisement for one of their records included a page from a telephone book, and the words "YOU are the Plastic Ono Band".

Ono and Lennon separated for a time during 1973 and 1974. Lennon still used forms of the band name on the two albums he released during their separation, while Ono's records of the time appeared under her name alone. When they got back together in 1975, Ono became pregnant, and both decided to retire from music to be parents. Their son Sean Lennon was born on October 9, 1975, which was Lennon's 35th birthday.

In 1980, Lennon and Ono decided to restart their music careers, but this time their records appeared under their own names, and the Plastic Ono Band name was retired.
Jack Neo

**Jack Neo** (born **Neo Chee Keong** on 24 January 1960) is a Singaporean movie director at MediaCorp, a Singapore media company. He directed *I Not Stupid*, *Money No Enough*, *Ah Boys to Men* and *Ah Boys to Men 2*, all of which were very popular. Neo was once a comedian.

Neo received the Best Director Award at the Silver Screen Awards in 1998. He was also awarded with the Lifetime Achievement Award in the following year for his contributions to Singapore's media industry. In 2004, Neo became the first moviemaker in Singapore to be honoured with the Public Service Award. He also received the Cultural Medallion on 21 October 2005 together with musician Dick Lee.

In 2008, Neo and Mark Lee bought the Singapore master franchise rights for Old Town White Coffee.  It is a coffee retail store from Ipoh, Malaysia. Their first store at Big Splash opened on 30 March in 2008.

Neo married Irene Kng in 1988 and they have four children. It is his second marriage.  Later it was reported that Neo tried to have relations with up to 11 women.

## Filmography
## References
Julia Grant

**Julia Boggs Dent Grant** (January 26, 1826 &ndash; December 14, 1902), was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, and was First Lady of the United States from 1869 to 1877.

## Early life
She was born at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis, Missouri. She was the daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant, and Ellen Wrenshall-Dent.

## Engagement to Grant
After her schooling, she and Ulysses S. Grant got engaged in 1844. At that time, Ulysses S. Grant was a Lieutenant in the US Army. In the meanwhile, Mexican War began. Ulysses went to war. He returned from the war after many years. They married in 1848.

## Children
The Grants had three sons and a daughter:
*Frederick Dent Grant (1850–1912)
*Ulysses Simpson Grant, Jr. known as "Buck" (1852–1929)
*Ellen Wrenshall Grant known as "Nellie" (1855–1922)
*Jesse Root Grant (1858–1934)

## First Lady
She entered the White House in 1869 to begin, in her words, "the happiest period" of her life. With Cabinet wives as her allies, she entertained extensively and lavishly. The social highlight of the Grant years was the White House wedding of their daughter in 1874.  Contemporaries noted her finery, jewels, and silks and laces. After four years of war, an assassination, and an impeachment trial, Washington was ready for a little levity, and Julia . She offered a full array of events and became a popular hostess. She planned lavish state dinners, where guests enjoyed expensive wines and liquors.

As First Lady it was suggested to her that she have an operation to correct her crossed eyes, but President Grant said that he liked her that way.

## After the Presidency
Upon leaving the White House in 1877, the Grants made a trip around the world. Julia proudly recalled details of hospitality and magnificent gifts they received. A highlight of the trip was an overnight stay and dinner hosted for them by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle in England. They also enjoyed a swing through the Far East, being cordially received at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo by the Emperor and Empress of Japan.

In 1884 Grant suffered yet another business failure and they lost all they had.

She became the first First Lady to write a memoir, though she was unable to find a publisher, and had been dead almost 75 years before "The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant)" was finally published in 1975.

She had attended in 1897 the dedication of Grant's monumental tomb overlooking the Hudson River in New York City. She was laid to rest in a sarcophagus beside her husband. She had ended her own  of their years together with a firm declaration: "the light of his glorious fame still reaches out to me, falls upon me, and warms me."

## Other websites
*White House biography 
*White Haven - Ulysses S Grant National Historic Site
Alan White (Yes drummer)

**Alan White** (14 June 1949 &ndash; 26 May 2022) was an English musician, known as the drummer from the band Yes. He also played on records by former Beatles John Lennon and George Harrison.

White was honored into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Yes in 2017.

White died on 26 May 2022 at his home in Newcastle, Washington from a short-illness, aged 72.

## Discography
Solo:
**Ramshackled* (1976)

With White:
**White* (2006)

With Yes: *See infobox below*

With The Alan Price Set:
**A Price on His Head* (1967)
**The Amazing Alan Price* (EP), (1967)
**This Price is Right*, (1968)

With John Lennon and The Plastic Ono Band:
**John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band*, 1970
**Live Peace in Toronto*, September 13th 1969
**Imagine*, (John Lennon, 1971)
**Fly*, (Yoko Ono, 1971)

Guest appearances/sessions:
*The Downbeats: "My Bonnie" (single)
*The Blue Chips: "I'm on the Right Side" (single)
*The Blue Chips: "Some Kind of Loving" (single)
*The Blue Chips: "Good Loving Never Hurts" (single)
*The Gamblers: "Dr Goldfoot (and His Bikini Machine)" (single)
*Happy Magazine: "Satisfied Street" (single)
*Happy Magazine: "Who Belongs to You" (single)
*Johnny Almond Music Machine: *Patent Pending* (1969)
*Johnny Almond: "Solar Machine" (single) (1969)
*Doris Troy: *You Tore Me Up Inside*
*Billy Preston: *Encouraging Words* (1969)
*George Harrison: *All Things Must Pass* (2001)
*Gary Wright: *Extraction* (1970)
*Denny Laine and Balls: "Fight for My Country" (single) (1971)
*Jesse Davis: *Jesse Davis*
*Sky: ''Don't Hold Back* (1971)
*Brian Short: *Anything for a Laugh* (1971)
*Donovan: "The Music Makers" (1973)
*Chris Squire: *Chris Squire's Swiss Choir'' (2007; re-release of "Run with the Fox")

and work with Rick Wakeman, Steve Howe, Billy Sherwood, Esquire and The Syn

## References
Jane Pierce

**Jane Means Appleton Pierce** (March 12, 1806 &ndash; December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.

## Early life
Her father’s name was Jesse Appleton. When her father died, her mother moved with her to Amherst, New Hampshire.

## Marriage
How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. Franklin, almost 30, married Jane, 28, on November 19, 1834, at the bride's maternal grandparents' home in Amherst, New Hampshire. The Reverend Silas Aiken, Jane's brother-in-law, conducted the small ceremony. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C.. 
 
Franklin Pierce was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives by the time they married and became a U.S. Senator in 1837.  Jane hated life in Washington, D.C., and encouraged her husband to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire, which he did in 1842. Service in the Mexican-American War brought him the rank of Brigadier General and local fame as a hero. He returned home safely, and for four more years the Pierces lived quietly at Concord, New Hampshire, in the happiest period of their lives, where they watched their son Benjamin "Benny" grow up. 

## References
Detergent

A **detergent** is a chemical that people use in washing things. Many people use washing powder, which is a type of detergent, when they need to clean their clothes. It is also used to clean glasses and other items. Detergent is mostly used in washing machines, to clean dirty clothes. People usually use liquid detergent to wash clothes, but powdered detergent is usable too.

## Method 
Detergents clean clothes using a similar method to soap. For liquid detergents, the molecules in detergent are inserted in water beforehand (that's why its liquid) so it doesn't clog the washer like powdered detergent. The molecules in both powdered and liquid detergent have one side that attracts to dirt, grime, oil, and other  things on clothes. The other side attracts to water. When detergent is thoroughly mixed in with clothes, it detaches the dirt and grime and makes it soluble in water.  The used detergent is then rinsed out, normally piped into a sewer or septic tank. The washer then usually spins, to increase the g-force inside and effectively squeeze out the water. Afterwards, the wet (but clean) clothes are loaded into a dryer or hung out to air dry. When powdered detergent is used, the detergent is placed in water and mixed in with clothes very quickly, so there may be powder still on clothes because the detergent didn't have time to mix in with the water.

## Related pages 
* Soap

## Other websites 
* The ultimate guide to washing powder  by Hudstone
Helen Herron Taft

**Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft** (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.

## Early life
Her parents were Harriet Collins and John W. Herron. She was their fourth child. She spent her childhood in Cincinnati, Ohio. 

## Marriage
When Herron was 18 years old, she met William Howard Taft. They were married in 1886. William Howard Taft and Helen Herron Taft had three children:
*Robert A. Taft (1889-1953), United States Senator from Ohio
*Helen Taft Manning (1891-1987), Professor at Bryn Mawr College
*Charles Phelps Taft II (1897-1983), mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

## First Lady
She was a part of her husband’s rise in administration and politics. When her husband became the president, she gave special attention to the social life at the White House. When she suffered from a stroke, her daughter Helen Taft Manning left college for a year to look after the social life at the White House. 

During their stay at the White House, the couple  their silver wedding anniversary in 1911. People celebrate a silver anniversary after 25 years of any occasion. She had also written a book named  *Recollections of Full Years*. The book tells about her work and life. Her husband died in 1930. She continued to live in Washington D.C. after the death of her husband. She died on May 22, 1943.

## Other websites
* Helen Herron Taft  White House biography
* Helen Taft at Find-A-Grave