open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Franklin Pierce

**Franklin Pierce** (November 23, 1804 &ndash; October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States (1853–1857) and is the only president from New Hampshire. He was a Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. His presidency is mostly remembered for the disastrous Kansas-Nebraska Act, which set the country towards th American Civil War. His presidency is regarded as one of the worst in American history.

## Early life
Pierce was born on November 23, 1804, in Hillsborough, New Hampshire. He attended school at Hillsborough Center but then moved to Hancock Academy in Hancock, New Hampshire, at the age of 12. After attending school there for five years, he was transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy in the spring of 1820. After he entered, he felt homesick and returned home.

That mad his father put him in a wagon, drive him halfway back to school, and leave him on the roadside without saying a word. Franklin walked the seven remaining miles back to school. Later that year, he was transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy to prepare for college. Rather than placing his hands on the Bible, Pierce placed his hands on a law book, the first to do so. He was also the first president to recite his inaugural address from memory. Surprisingly, Pierce selected men of different opinions for his Cabinet. Many people expected a diverse group to break up quickly, but the Cabinet stayed together for all of Pierce’s four-year term.

Pierce’s toughest challenge as president was the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. The act repealed the Missouri Compromise and, in the West, reopened the question of slavery. That and other things triggered a series of violent events called Bleeding Kansas. Pro-slavery Border Ruffians, mostly from Missouri, illegally voted for a government that Pierce recognized. He called the anti-slavery Topeka Constitution, which was set up by Free-Staters, as an act of “rebellion.”

Overall, Pierce is ranked among the least effective presidents since he was unable to steer a steady or prudent course.

## Later life
After losing the Democratic nomination for the 1856 presidential election, Pierce retired with his wife. He died in Concord, New Hampshire, of cirrhosis on October 8, 1869 at the age of 64. He was buried in Old North Cemetery in Concord.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Pierce's White House biography
Edsel

**Edsel** was a make of car and a new car making division introduced by the Ford Motor Company on September 4, 1957. The company called that day, "E-Day." It was named after Henry Ford's son, Edsel Ford. The Edsel was also one of the biggest failures in history. It was sold for only three years, ending in 1960.

Ford planned to move their Lincoln brand upmarket and put another make in beneath it. Design of the Edsel began in 1955 under the name "E-car" which stood for "Experimental car". 

Edsel produced four models their first year, the 1958 model year. These were the large Citation and Corsair, and the smaller, easier to buy Pacer and Ranger.

These were the different body styles offered:

* Citation: 2 door hardtop, 4 door hardtop, 2 door convertible

* Corsair: Same, no convertible

* Pacer: 2 door, 4 door, 2 door sedan, 2 door convertible

* Ranger: 2 door, 4 door, 2 door sedan, 4 door sedan 

The Bermuda, Villager and Roundup were station wagons based on the two smaller Edsel models. They were basically the same as the 1957-59 Ford wagons.

63,110 Edsels sold the first year, which was the second largest car launch for any brand in history. Only the Plymouth introduction in 1928 was better, but still not as many cars as Ford hoped would sell.

There were only 2 Edsels in 1959, the Ranger and the Corsair. Only 44,891 cars were sold in that model year. 

Only the Ranger and Villager were produced in 1960. These were almost exactly like the 1960 Ford cars. Only 2848 cars were built before the Edsel Motor Division was closed on November 19, 1959.

## Edsel's failure 
Edsel's failure is very famous due to Ford putting US$400,000,000 into its development. It had many innovation engine called the "FE-series" that would be used for many years in later Fords. Also, the cars did not live up to all of the promises in the advertisements before it was released. Some people blamed the look of the new car because of its very unusual grille shaped like a horse's collar. One famous quote from an auto writer said that the Edsel looked like "an Oldsmobile sucking on a lemon." Quality of the Edsel was a problem as well. Even the name was a problem to some buyers. Worst of all, the U.S. was entering a period of recession. All car sales were down. 

Many drivers did not like having the automatic transmission as push-buttons mounted on the steering wheel hub. Since this was the place the horn was normally found, drivers ended up shifting gears instead of honking the horn or vice versa.  

The planned 1960 Edsel Comet compact car was renamed the Mercury Comet and sold more cars in its first year than all models of Edsel ever produced. 

Fewer than 6,000 Edsels survive and today they are considered collectors’ items, with convertibles sometimes selling for over US$20,000 if in good condition. As usual with classics, hardtop models are worth considerably less, station wagons less than that, and sedans least of all. It is possible to get a very good 1959 sedan for about US$3000–$3500.

## Other websites 
* Edsel.com History, specifications, resources for owners.
1000

**1000** (M) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.  In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday.  It was the last year of the 1st millennium and 10th century.

It is one of the only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and **1000 AD** (M).

## Events 
* Leif Ericson becomes the first European to visit America
* Gunpowder is invented in China.
* Dhaka, Bangladesh, is started.

## Births 
* July 5 &ndash; Robert I, Duke of Normandy, French nobleman; father to William the Conqueror (died 1035)
* King Stephen I of Hungary, Hungarian royal (died 1038)
* Pope Clement II (died 1045)
* Pope Damasus II (died 1047)
* Pope Sylvester IX (died 1049)
* Saint Herfast, French bishop; first Lord Chancellor of England (died 1085)
1830

## Events 
* July 27 – The July Revolution begins.
* August 2 – Charles X of France refuses the throne.
* August 9 – Louis Philippe becomes "King of the French".

## Deaths 
* Joseph Fourier
Chino Hills, California

**Chino Hills** is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is in San Bernardino County. In 2020, 78,411 people lived in Chino Hills. It is named for the hills that cover most of the city.

## References
Acrocorinth

**Acrocorinth** is the acropolis of the Greek city Corinth.

## Other websites 
* Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Fortress of Acrocorinth
Neutron

**Neutrons**, with protons and electrons, make up an atom. Neutrons and protons are found in the nucleus of an atom. which means they are  neutral particles. Neutrons bind with protons with the residual strong force.

Neutrons were predicted by Ernest Rutherford, and discovered by James Chadwick, in 1932. Atoms were fired at a thin pane of beryllium. Particles emerged which had no charge, and he called these 'neutrons'. They were later added to the modern image of the atom. 

Neutrons have a mass of 1.675 × 10-24g, which is a little heavier than the proton. One up quark has a charge of +2/3, and the two down quarks each have a charge of -1/3. The fact that these charges cancel out is why neutrons have a neutral (0) charge. Quarks are held together by gluons.

## Isotopes 
Neutrons can be found in almost all atoms together with protons and electrons. Hydrogen-1 is the only exception. Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes of the same element. 

The number of neutrons in an atom does not affect its chemical properties. However it affects its half-life, a measure of its stability. An unstable isotope has a short half-life, in which half of it decays to lighter elements. By contrast, a stable isotope has a long half-life, much longer than that of an unstable isotope. The stability of an isotope is related to radioactivity: an unstable isotope can be highly radioactive.

## Atomic reactions 
Neutrons are the key to nuclear chain reactions, nuclear power and nuclear weapons.

## Related pages
* Electron
* Neutron star
* Proton

## References
LiveJournal

**LiveJournal** (often called **LJ**) is a website on which Internet users can keep a blog. It is also the name of the software that was designed to run it. LiveJournal is different from some other blogging sites, because a user can interact with friends in certain ways that are unique to the website (such as instant messaging in LJ Talk). It is based in San Francisco, California.

LiveJournal was started in 1999 by Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, a blogging software company called Six Apart bought Danga Interactive, the company that was owned by Fitzpatrick, which operates LiveJournal.

## Features 
LiveJournal has a service called a "friends list", which makes the site a way to socialise with friends and other people, even though it is a blog service too.

LiveJournal lets users change their accounts in several ways. A programming language called S2 can help users make their blogs look different. Users may upload small pictures (maximum 100 by 100 pixels) called *userpics*, which appear next to the username. People can pay to get more features, like extra userpics, the ability to record their voices into a post ("voice posts"), the ability to make polls, and better layouts.

Each user also has a "User Info" page, which may contain contact information, a biography of the user, and lists of friends, interests, communities, and even schools the user had attended.

Currently LiveJournal has five kinds of accounts. About 95% of all LiveJournal users use a non-paid account ("plus" accounts). People can pay for their accounts ("Paid" accounts) and get more features, or they can get a "sponsored" account, which is free and has more features, but has advertisements. "Early adopters" are the accounts of people who signed up for LiveJournal back in 1999 or 2000. There are also permanent accounts. Most people can not get a permanent account. LiveJournal only sells them sometimes, and they may not sell them again.
Beethoven (movie)

***Beethoven*** is a 1992 American family comedy movie, directed by Brian Levant and written by John Hughes (under the pseudonym "Edmond Dantès") and Amy Holden Jones. The movie's story centers on a St. Bernard dog named after a German composer who finds a home with a suburban family. The movie received mixed reviews from movie critics but was a surprise hit at the box office, earning $147.2 million worldwide. The movie spawned a franchise, including a short-lived animated TV series. A direct sequel, ''Beethoven's 2nd'', was released the following year.

## Cast
## Other websites 
* 
*
Post office

]]
]]
A **post office** is a place that is made available by the postal system to post, receive, sort, handle, and to move or deliver mail. postage stamps can be bought to mail things like packages  or letters and drop them off there, and the employees deliver it to the destination.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* GRC Database Information: worldwide post office website links
* Photos of post offices around the world
* Royal Mail Chat 
* The British Postal Museum & Archive
* United Kingdom Post Office site 
* United States Postal Service
* Universal Postal Union
Lahn

The **Lahn** is a river in Hesse, Germany with a length of .

Its source is in the Rothaargebirge.

It flows through the towns Marburg, Gießen, Wetzlar, and Limburg an der Lahn.

It joins the River Rhine  at Lahnstein, near Koblenz.
Anne Murray

**Morna Anne Murrary**  (born June 20, 1945) is a Canadian Pop and Country musician. She was born in Nova Scotia. She was a teacher in physical education. But also sang and made records. One of her records, "Snowbird", became a hit late in 1970. The song was not about Christmas, but was popular during the Christmas season. The record became a perennial through association with the holiday.

Murray later had hits with remakes of Beatles ("I'm Happy Just to Dance With You") and Monkees songs ("Daydream Believer"). She also recorded "Shadows in the Moonlight" and "A Little Good News", which became popular.

She publicly retired from a singer in the music industry in 2008 when she had the last concert tour.

## Suggested reading 
*https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Murray
*https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anne-murray-emc

## Notes 
## Outer links 
*Anne Murray - Official Website
Gabriel

**Gabriel** in the Bible is an angel, specifically an archangel (arch means "highest" or "chief").  The name means "God is my strength" or "man of God", 

The greeting of the Angel Gabriel opens the prayer Ave Maria.

In the Christian calendar, the Archangel Gabriel is celebrated together with the Archangels Michael and Raphael on September 29th. 

Gabriel is also a given name.  Cognates: Hungarian: Gábor. Italian: Gabriele. Finnish: Kaapo.  The feminine form of the name Gabriel is Gabrielle.

## Archangel Gabriel in the Bible 
Gabriel is first mentioned in the Bible, in the book of Daniel, when he appeared to Daniel. In the New Testament, St. Gabriel appears first in the book of Daniel in the Old Testament, the angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. And most famously, to Mary to announce the coming birth of Jesus. The Catholic feast of the Annunciation celebrates this visit every year, nine months before Christmas. 

The Bible does not say angels have wings, but Christian artists usually show them that way.

## References
Personal computer

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A **personal computer** (**PC**) is the common name for a type of computer that is most popular in offices and homes. The first PC called the "IBM PC" was made by the company called IBM in 1981, although many computers were made before like the Commodore PET. Smartphones and tablets are also computers for personal use, but they are not often called "personal computers".

## Operating Systems 
Today, most PCs usually have a basic set of software called an operating system. The operating system is responsible for several tasks including providing a user interface (UI). The most popular operating system on PCs is Windows, sold by Microsoft Corporation. The first PCs usually had their operating system on a floppy disk. On x86 PCs, this was often MS-DOS. PCs made by a company called Apple Inc. use a different system of software called Mac OS that is also made by Apple Inc.

Many free operating systems are available. Some are called Linux operating systems. There are over 300 different Linux "distributions". Each one has a different purpose/feel. Ubuntu Linux is the most-used Linux distribution. Various other operating systems are available, many of which are based on Unix.

## Parts of a personal computer 
A modern PC has a minimum set of parts to be useful. The "base unit" or "tower" (case) houses the computer parts. Usually, a mouse and keyboard are used for input, however some operating systems need only a keyboard. A monitor is usually needed to view output. In a laptop computer these parts are all together.

Inside the base unit or tower there are many electronic parts. The main parts are the motherboard, CPU, memory, and a data storage device, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) follows the instructions in the operating system and application programs. The memory, or RAM (random access memory), is for moving information (or data) quickly to and from the processor. The hard disk or solid-state drive hold programs and data while the computer is powered off. Floppy drives, CD-ROM drives, and USB flash drives are used for portable data storage.

Computers sometimes have a modem to send and receive data over a phone line, or more recently, over cable television lines. Computers can also be connected to a computer network using a network card.

Modern PCs have various sockets called ports. The most common ports are known as USB ports.

## Uses for personal computers 
Computers may be used for work, including doing research using the internet, keeping records; or writing documents. Other uses include communicating, with people across the world using Instant messaging, e-mail or Skype or recreation activity such as playing computer games. Some PCs are designed for a specific purpose, for example gaming PCs have powerful graphics cards for 3D games, whereas workstations have reliable hardware for important work that a business might depend on.
MS-DOS

**MS-DOS** is a discontinued 16-bit computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System".  The operating system implements a command-line interface for the user to input commands (which ran from disk).  It was popularly used in PCs before GUI operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, came out, and still is used in some places today.

MS-DOS is a text-based operating system, meaning that a user works with a keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text.  Later, MS-DOS programs were often made to allow control by using a mouse and graphics (even without additionally running Microsoft Windows) especially for video games or to make work more simple and quick (some people still believe that working without graphics is really more efficient).

MS-DOS is called a disk operating system because it was mainly made to interact with the disk (to implement a file system for users and programs); it was loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each time the computer is started (booted) up.

MS-DOS was released as proprietary software, but decades later after most users had gone to other systems, it was released as free software.

## History and details 
MS-DOS stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System", and came from an operating system Microsoft bought called 86-DOS, originally called QDOS, or "Quick and Dirty Operating System."

OS/2 was made to replace MS-DOS, but that replacement did not succeed.  MS-DOS was used to run the Windows operating systems until an operating system known as Windows XP.

## How-To Books 
Many books were written on how to use MS-DOS.  A popular introductory book was *MS-DOS for Dummies*, by Dan Gookin, the book in the *For Dummies* series of easy to follow instruction books.

## References
DOS

A **disk operating system** (**DOS**) will load from a floppy disk each time a computer starts, and will access that disk for software to complete operations. MS-DOS is probably the most well-known DOS, and was purchased by Microsoft Corporation from a system known as QDOS. As operating systems became more complicated and took up more space, they began to be permanently installed on hard drives, which are faster and more reliable than floppy disks, and can store more data. This was encouraged by a steady drop in hard drive prices.

*DOS*es are usually text-based and without graphics to save space on a floppy disk. Although DOSes have mostly been replaced by Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, among others (sporting a GUI, or Graphical User Interface), they are still in use in some places, mostly on older computers. This may be because of a lack of money, the need to use software which still runs on a DOS system, nostalgia for an older operating system, or the belief that text-based systems are more efficient.

Although GUIs are more popular, in times of emergency or when one needs to install special software, a boot disk allows a user to start his or her computer into a DOS.
Internet service provider

An **Internet service provider**, or **ISP**, maintains, installs and provides internet connection to residential or commercial areas. Some examples of **ISP **clients include homes, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, offices. They usually charge a fee for installing the connection and a monthly fee for maintaining it.

The internet is basically a web of **inter**connected **net**works which are maintained by a huge number of different ISPs. They keep connected around the world by giving their clients access to other ISP networks. This is called peering.

Many ISPs have other services such as e-mail and web hosting service.

ISPs offer different types of connections such as dial-up, DSL, through optical fiber wires, through a cable television connection, or wireless. Communications satellite connections are used mainly in remote areas. Dial-up is the slowest connection, while a direct fiber-optic connection is usually the fastest.

## References
Western Women's Hockey League

The '''Western Women's Hockey League''' (WWHL) is an ice hockey league in North America.  It was formed in 2004.  The best female players in the world play in this league and in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL).  Some WWHL teams began in the NWHL. The Minnesota Whitecaps and the Manitoba Maple Leafs continue to be active teams and are playing a number of exhibition games as the league expands to include several new teams.

## Teams in the WWHL
* Manitoba Maple Leafs
* Minnesota Whitecaps

## Champions
* 2010-11 - Minnesota Whitecaps
* 2009-10 - Minnesota Whitecaps 
* 2008-09 - Minnesota Whitecaps 
* 2007-08 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
* 2006-07 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
* 2005-06 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
* 2004-05 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 

## Other websites 
*WWHL website 
*Manitoba Maple Leafs 
*Minnesota Whitecaps
Yukon

The **Yukon** is a territory of Canada, north of British Columbia, west of the Northwest Territories, and east of the American state of Alaska. Its population is around 47,000. Most of the territory's people live in the capital of Whitehorse. Many of the people are native Canadians (First Nations).

The Yukon became a territory in 1898. It was part of the Northwest Territories from 1870 to 1898. Many people came to live in the Yukon during the Yukon Gold Rush of the 1890s.

Mount Logan, at 5959 metres above sea level, is Canada's highest mountain.

The most important industry in the Yukon is mining.

## References
Emily Carr

**Emily Carr** (December 13, 1871 – March 2, 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer.

## Biography
Emily Carr was born in Victoria, British Columbia in 1871.  Her parents died while she was a young teenager.  She began art lessons when she was sixteen.  When she was nineteen, she went to study art in San Francisco. She also studied art in England but she got sick and came back to Victoria.  After she got better, she went to France to continue her art studies.  She saw paintings by many French artists who were experimenting with new ways of painting.  She was most influenced by French impressionism and post-impressionism, though.

When Carr came back to Canada, she had trouble selling her paintings because they looked unusual to many people.  Her paintings were even laughed at.  She had to make money to support herself so she ran a small apartment house.  She was so busy that she did not have much time to paint.

In 1927, she met a famous group of Canadian painters called the Group of Seven.  They were impressed by her paintings and she became respected for her art.

In the later years of her life, Carr started writing books.  *Klee Wyck* was the title of one of these books.  It won the Governor General's Award which is an important award for literature in Canada.  She also wrote *The Book of Small.* She died in 1945 in Victoria.

## Themes and influences
Carr painted scenes from nature and from First Nations culture.  For example, she painted many Haida and Tlingit totem poles.  The Tlingit people called her Klee Wyck, which means "the laughing one."  She went on long trips by canoe to visit First Nations villages.

She also liked to paint Canadian nature.  She believed it was important that Canadian paintings have a different style than paintings from Europe.  She liked the paintings of the Group of Seven because of their originality.

One of Carr's most famous paintings is *The Raven.*  The Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design was named after her and two schools are also named after her.  She is considered one of Canada's most famous artists.

## References
Virology

**Virology** is the study of viruses such as the cold virus.

Virologists are responsible for many immunisations against common viruses like the common influenza (Flu) and things like chickenpox and smallpox.

## Related pages
*DNA virus
*RNA virus
*Retrovirus
*Vaccine
Hatikvah

"**Hatikvah**" (, , meaning "The Hope") is a Jewish folk song used as the national anthem of Israel. The words of the song are based on a nine-stanza poem written by poet Naftali Herz Imber in 1877. About a decade later, his words were put to music by composer Shmuel Cohen. The modern national anthem consists of the first two stanzas (verses) of Imber's poem.

## Background
The song tells the story of the Jews' two-thousand-year-old hope of returning to their homeland of Israel. The words of the song are based on a nine-stanza poem called "**Tikvatenu**" (,  , meaning "Our Hope"), which was written by Imber himself. "Hatikvah" uses only the first stanza and the refrain of Imber's poem. The last line of the refrain was changed, and the words were put to music. The music is from a very old and popular folk song that Samuel Cohen, a Jew born in Spain, found himself humming one day. It is played in a minor key. The words to the song are about the Jews' hope that one day their sadness will be turned into joy.

## Lyrics 

### English translations
## References
## Other websites
*Hatikvah performed by Xander Greene
*Hatikvah on guitar
*Hatikva by Enrico Macias
*MIDI versions
Echidna

**Echidna**, the spiny anteater, is a monotreme that lives in Australia and in New Guinea. They are the living members of the family **Tachyglossidae**.

Echnidas have a long, tube-like mouth with a sticky tongue. They are also covered in spines. They have mammary glands, and lay eggs.

The echidna has a method of protecting itself. With its long, sharp claws, they quickly dig a hole until only their spines are showing when they are hiding in the hole. The predator is not be able to get it without injuring itself on the spines.
When there is a fire, the echidna digs down out of reach of the fire.

## Prey 
The short-beaked echidna (*Tachyglossus*) eats termites and ants. The three *Zaglossus* species also eat other small insects and grubs. Echidnas pick up the prey with their sticky tongues. There is a separate page for *Zaglossus*.

## Species 
* Family **Tachyglossidae**
** Genus *Tachyglossus*
*** *Tachyglossus aculeatus*
** Genus *Zaglossus*
*** *Zaglossus attenboroughi*
*** *Zaglossus bartoni*
*** *Zaglossus bruijni*

## References 
## Other websites 
*Echidna
National Women's Hockey League (1999–2007)

The '''National Women's Hockey League''' (NWHL) was an ice hockey league in Canada that was formed in 1999 and ended in 2007.  The best female players in the world played in this league and in the Western Women's Hockey League.  The mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Susan Fennell, was the NWHL's commissioner (president).

## Teams in the NWHL
*Brampton Thunder
*British Columbia Breakers
*Calgary Oval X-Treme
*Edmonton Chimos
*Montreal Axion
*Montreal Jofa Titan
*Minnesota Whitecaps
*Oakville Ice
*Ottawa Raiders
*Laval Le Mistral
*Quebec Avalanche
*Saskatchewan Prairie Ice
*Scarborough Sting
*Strathmore Rockies
*TELUS Lightning
*Toronto Aeros
*Vancouver Griffins

## NWHL Champions
*1999–2000 - Beatrice Aeros
*2000-01  - Beatrice Aeros
*2001-02  - Beatrice Aeros
*2002-03 - Calgary X-Treme
*2003-04 - Calgary X-Treme
*2004-05 - Toronto Aeros
*2005-06 - Montreal Axion
*2006-07 - Brampton Thunder

## Other websites 
*NWHL/COWHL website for 2000-01
*NWHL website
Tour de France

The **Tour de France** () is a well known bicycle race. It began in 1903. It is held in France, every summer. In recent years it has ended with a race through the centre of Paris, past the Eiffel Tower. It is among the most , and has some of the highest prizes, of bike races in Europe. Recently, it was in the media, because some athletes were doping. The race goes around France, but can have some parts in other countries, including England, Belgium, or Spain as they race in the Pyrenees mountains.

The tour lasts about three weeks. At the end of each day's race the leader is given a yellow shirt, the best sprinter is given a green shirt, and the best rider in the mountain races is given a polka dot jersey. He is sometimes called the King of the Mountains. The best young rider, who must be under 26, gets a white jersey. The winner is the one who finishes the race to Paris in the fastest time. There is a lot of prize money for the teams of the winners of the Tour, but the winner of each day's race also gets prize money.

## Related pages
* List of Tour de France winners
Joseph Smith

**Joseph Smith, Jr.** (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was the founder and first president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He and five associates formally organized the Church in Fayette, New York, on April 6, 1830. He presided over the Church until he was martyred. 

Joseph Smith married Emma Hale on January 18, 1827. They were married 17 years and were the parents of 11 children, two of whom were adopted. Joseph and Emma's first 3 children passed away shortly after their birth. In 1831, they adopted twins one of whom, a boy, died before his first birthday. Over the next 12 years, Emma gave birth to six sons, four of whom survived infancy. Their youngest child was born five months after Joseph's death.

Joseph and his older brother Hyrum were shot to death on 27 June 1844 by a mob of 150 to 200 men. They had been imprisoned on false charges of riot and treason after they had surrendered themselves to the law.

## Early life 
When Joseph Smith was 17 years old, an angel named Moroni appeared to him one night and told him about a hidden record containing the sacred history of an ancient American civilization.

Shortly after Joseph married Emma Hale, an angelic messenger entrusted Joseph with gold plates and an Urim and Thummim to aid in the translation of the Book of Mormon. God provided a Urim and Thummim to his prophets in ancient times (see Exodus 28:30; 1 Samuel 28:6; Ezra 2:63).

When the Book of Mormon was almost finished, the Lord instructed Joseph to organize The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints formally, which was established on April 6, 1830. It is often called by outisers the "Mormon Church." Joseph published the Book of Mormon, which is a compilation of ancient scripture and is comparable to the Bible. 

## Founds church 
Joseph said that God wanted him to be a prophet and teach other people the things that he learned from God. The church still exists and has millions of members around the world.

Joseph taught some things that some people did not like. He said that other churches were only partly true. He also said that men could have more than one wife if God commanded them, just as was taught in the Old Testament. The Mormons also did not always get along with their neighbors.

## Death
Joseph and his older brother Hyrum were shot to death on 27 June 1844 by a mob of 150 to 200 men. They had been imprisoned in an Illinois jail on false charges of riot and treason after they had surrendered themselves to the law. Joseph was 38, and Hyrum was 44. On 28 June, the bodies of Joseph and Hyrum were prepared and laid out for the estimated 10,000 mourners to view, and on the following day were buried secretly to avoid further attacks or desecration by mobs.

## References
Anastasia

**Anastasia** or **Anastacia** [an-uh-stey-zhuh, ah-nuh-stah-shuh; Russian uh-nuh-stah-syi-yuh] is a Female name that comes from the Koine Greek. In English, it means "She who shall rise up again", but it is also used to mean "resurrection". The name, and its similar male name, Anastasius, were given to children born during Easter in the early years of Christianity.Ranked #181 in the nation for newborn prevalence in 2021.

The names "Stacey" (also spelled "Stacie", "Stacy" or "Stacee"), "Tasia", and "Stasia" are short for Anastasia. The name “Nastya” are also common shortname for those named Anastasia. 

It is also the name of several important women in history.

* Anastasia, daughter of Constantius I (a Roman emperor) and Flavia Maximiana Theodora
* Anastacia of Russia (died 1560), married to Ivan the Terrible
* Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (1901-1918), daughter of Nicholas II of Russia.
** Eugenia Smith said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
** Anna Anderson said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
* Anastasia is the title of a movie telling the story of a pretender to the identity of the Grand Duchess.
* An animated movie version of the story was made in 1997.
* Albert Anastasia (1902-1957) was a Mafia boss who headed Murder, Inc. with Louis Buchalter.

Anastasia is also the name of:
 
* a 1956 song by Alfred Newman and Paul Francis Webster
* an American pop singer (a.k.a. Anastacia Newkirk) from Chicago, Illinois
* a music band from Macedonia
* a play
* Anastasia Myskina,a professional tennis player from Russia.
* Anastasia Zavorotnyuk,a Russian actress and television presenter
* Anastasia Verkhoglyadova,Russian water polo player

## References
Band

, a heavy metal band]]

In music, a **band** is a group of people (usually musicians) that get together to sing songs, or perform music. There are different kinds of bands that use different groups of instruments.

## Types of bands
*A rock band is usually a group of 4 people with 1 or 2 electric guitars, a bass guitar, a drum kit and a singer. Some rock bands have only 3 members, like Rush.
*A brass band is a group of about 20 - 30 people with brass instruments and drums.
*A concert band is a large group of 20 - 60 people with woodwind instruments, brass instruments, drums and percussion instruments.
*A marching band has similar instruments to the concert band. Instead of sitting down to play, they march in parades or at American football matches.

## References
## Other websites
Militarization

s can be one aspect of militarization.]]
**Militarization** is when society gets ready for war and violence. It is connected to militarism, which is a belief that a country should have a strong military. The process of militarization affects many different parts of society and is complex.

## Geopolitical 
The amount of danger that is thought to exist affects how much a country needs to be able to fight and protect itself. If a country does not feel like it is in danger,
* Terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and state terrorism (governments that use violence to control their or other governments people)
* Interests of a country being threatened, like control of an area with a lot of oil, or stopping an idea that is different from the country's own ideas (like how the USA used CIA to weaken governments that were communist)

## Political 
Militaristic ideas are used in non-military situations. For example, when President Lyndon B. Johnson talked about fighting poverty, and President Richard Nixon talked about fighting drugs, they were not talking about real wars with an enemy that can be defeated. They were talking about how much work, effort, and dedication is needed to solve these problems. Sometimes, politicians use militaristic ideas when they create teams of government workers to solve important political or social problems. These teams are often called "task forces." Using militaristic ideas can also help politicians to have more power, because in war time, the leader of the country has more power than usual.

## Police 
 members look at the situation during training.]]

Militarization of police means when police officers use military equipment and tactics. This includes things like armored vehicles, assault rifles, sniper rifles, grenades, and SWAT teams. It is also connected to when police gather information on the public and political activists in the same way as intelligence agencies and when police use more aggressive methods. A criminal justice professor named Peter Kraska defines the militarization of police as when the police start to act more like the military and follow their ways of doing things.

## Related pages 
* Militarism
* Martial law

## References
Nancy Sinatra

**Nancy Sandra Sinatra** (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra. She is best known for the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'".

She had a younger brother, Frank Sinatra, Jr. and has a younger sister, Tina Sinatra.

## References
The Rascals

**The Rascals** (formerly known as **The Young Rascals**) were an American pop-soul group popular in the 1960s.

They are known for their songs: Good Lovin', Groovin', A Beautiful Morning, and People Got To Be Free. Their members were: Felix Cavaliere (lead vocals and keyboard), Eddie Brigati (vocals), Gene Cornish (guitar) and Dino Danelli (drums).

Dino Danelli died on December the 15, 2022, at the age of 78 years old. He died from an illness in a hospice in New York.

## Other websites
*
Percy Sledge

**Percy Sledge** (November 25, 1940 &ndash; April 14, 2015) was an American R&B singer. He was born in Leighton, Alabama. He was best known for his song "When a Man Loves a Woman".

Sledge died of liver cancer in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
*
*[ Percy Sledge] at Allmusic
*Percy Sledge at Discogs
Lulu

**Lulu** can mean:

* Lulu (singer), a pop music singer
* *Lulu* (opera), an opera, written by the 20th century Austrian composer Alban Berg
* *Lulu* (album), a 2011 album from Metallica and Lou Reed
*Ludwigslust, a town in Mecklenburg, Germany, nicknamed *Lulu*
The Box Tops

**The Box Tops** were a 1960s pop music group, from Memphis, Tennessee. Their best known songs are "The Letter" and "Cry Like A Baby".

## Discography 
### Albums 
* The Letter/Neon Rainbow (November 1967) – US #82
* Cry Like a Baby (April 1968) – US #59
* Non-Stop (July 1968)
* Dimensions (September 1969) – US #77
* Tear Off! (1998)

### Compilations 
* Super Hits (December 1968) – US #45
* The Box Tops' Greatest Hits (1982)
* The Ultimate Box Tops (1987)
* The Best of the Box Tops – Soul Deep (1996)
* Playlist (2013)
Stanley Cup

The **Stanley Cup** is a trophy given to the champion of the National Hockey League (NHL) every year.

It was bought by Lord Stanley, the Governor General of Canada, in 1892, for $50.  The first team to win it was the Montreal A.A.A. in 1893.  Other teams could challenge for it. By 1915, it was awarded on a yearly basis.

The names of players and others such as coaches are put on the cup every year.  As a result, the NHL had to make the cup bigger, by adding layers to the bottom.  When the first cup was full of names, they made a copy of it, which is now what is awarded.

Today, there are 32 teams in the NHL who each play 82 regular season ice hockey games per year. 16 teams make the playoffs every year; these teams are made up of the top 3 teams from each division by regular season points as well as 2 wildcard teams from each conference . There are 4 best of 7 ice hockey playoff rounds that a team must win to win the Stanley Cup.

The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times, the most of any team.  They also won the most in a row:  five between 1955-56 and 1959-60.

Henri Richard of the Montreal Canadiens appears the most on the Stanley Cup, 11 times.

The Stanley Cup was not awarded in 2005:  there was no NHL season because of a labour disagreement.  It was not awarded in 1919, either, because of the influenza epidemic.

## Recent Stanley Cup winners 
* 2025 Florida Panthers
* 2024 Florida Panthers
* 2023 Vegas Golden Knights
* 2022 Colorado Avalanche
* 2021 Tampa Bay Lightning
* 2020 Tampa Bay Lightning
* 2019 St. Louis Blues
* 2018 Washington Capitals
* 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins
* 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins
* 2015 Chicago Blackhawks
* 2014  Los Angeles Kings
* 2013  Chicago Blackhawks
* 2012  Los Angeles Kings
* 2011  Boston Bruins
* 2010  Chicago Blackhawks
* 2009  Pittsburgh Penguins
* 2008  Detroit Red Wings
* 2007  Anaheim Ducks
* 2006  Carolina Hurricanes
* 2005  Season cancelled
* 2004  Tampa Bay Lightning
* 2003  New Jersey Devils
* 2002  Detroit Red Wings
* 2001  Colorado Avalanche
* 2000  New Jersey Devils
* 1999  Dallas Stars
* 1998  Detroit Red Wings
* 1997  Detroit Red Wings
* 1996  Colorado Avalanche
* 1995  New Jersey Devils
* 1994  New York Rangers
* 1993  Montreal Canadiens
* 1992  Pittsburgh Penguins
* 1991  Pittsburgh Penguins
* 1990  Edmonton Oilers
* 1989  Calgary Flames
* 1988  Edmonton Oilers
* 1987  Edmonton Oilers
* 1986  Montreal Canadiens
* 1985  Edmonton Oilers
* 1984  Edmonton Oilers
* 1983  New York Islanders
* 1982  New York Islanders
* 1981  New York Islanders
* 1980  New York Islanders
* 1979  Montreal Canadiens
* 1978  Montreal Canadiens
* 1977  Montreal Canadiens
* 1976  Montreal Canadiens
* 1975  Philadelphia Flyers
* 1974  Philadelphia Flyers
* 1973  Montreal Canadiens
* 1972  Boston Bruins
* 1971  Montreal Canadiens
* 1970  Boston Bruins
* 1969  Montreal Canadiens
* 1968  Montreal Canadiens
* 1967  Toronto Maple Leafs
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

**Carlo Azeglio Ciampi** (9 December 1920 in Livorno, Italy &ndash; 16 September 2016 in Rome, Italy) was the 10th President of the Italian Republic. His work started in 1999 and ended in 2006. He was followed by Giorgio Napolitano

He is appreciated very much by the Italian people because of his equality and rightness.

Since 1979 he had been President of the Bank of Italy, but his task ended in 1993.

He was also Prime Minister of the Italian government, but his task lasted just a few months, because it was just a technical government,which purpose was to lead the country in a moment of difficulties.

Ciampi died at a hospital in Rome from multiple organ failure caused by pneumonia, aged 95.

## References
Strategic bombing

**Strategic bombing** is a military strategy used to destroy the enemies' economic ability to fight a war.  It is an attack from the air. Strategic bombing missions usually attack targets such as factories, railroads, oil refineries and cities. Missions would attack targets such as military bases, command and control facilities, airfields, and ammunition dumps.

The United States Air Force (USAF) has used strategic bombers in later conflicts. 

## History 
Strategic bombing was an idea first tried in World War I. It was used by the German Luftwaffe. They bombed Antwerp. Zeppelins were used to bomb England.

However, the strategic bombing in World War II was on a far larger scale than anything which went before. First, In the Battle of Britain the German Air Force almost defeated Britain by attacking the Royal Air Force planes on the ground. This was partly successful, and some think it was a mistake to switch to other targets. The British had primitive radar, good enough to know whereabouts each attack was going. There was time to get the fighters in the air to intercept and damage the attacks.

Despairing of victory this way, the attack was switched to the cities. 
German bombing of London and the larger provincial cities such as Coventry (an industrial city). They used high explosives and incendiary devices to cause fires. 

Once the attacks on British air bases was diverted to the city targets, the Luftwaffe began to lose planes to the defences. The German air force, which had previously fought easy targets (for example, in the Spanish Civil War) began to take losses. Eventually these losses began to tell, and Hitler cancelled the planned invasion. He realised that no invasion across the Channel could succeed while Britain still had an active air force.

## USA enters World War II 
United States Army Air Force (USAAF) Colonel Billy Mitchell promoted strategic bombing in the United States. He had new ideas on the strategic, and tactical air war. The first USAAF strategic bomber was the B-17 Flying Fortress. 

In the end, the large bomber fleets of the Allies devastated Nazi Germany with conventional bombs, and the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japan.

## Later years 
After World War II, the Strategic Air Command was located at Omaha, Nebraska, at Offutt Air Force Base.  Nuclear weapons became an important mission.  

A full cadre of generals at Offutt participated in many of the missions of the "Looking Glass", a KC-135 air tanker which was stripped and refitted with state of the art electronics which would take over in case the president was killed in wartime.  The plane had several generals on board to assume wartime duties.  The "red telephone" was an instant connection to the president at the White House.  The plane flew all day every day, three planes took off a day in overlapping flights to provide this level of coverage.  Since the end of the cold war, this flight ended, however, the Strategic Air Command still maintains the main facility at Offutt AFB - this is where President Bush flew to when the Twin Towers were bombed on 9-11-01 to set up his command center.

## References
THX 1138

***THX 1138*** is a 1971 movie and was the first feature movie directed by George Lucas and executive produced by Francis Ford Coppola and Coppola's production company American Zoetrope.

It was based on a short film Lucas made in college in 1967 called *Electric Labyrinth THX 1138 4EB*.

## Other websites 
*
Pumpkinhead II

***Pumpkinhead II: Blood Wings*** is a 1994 movie about a young boy named Tommy, a misfit and deformed teenager, who had no friends.

## Plot
One day, Tommy is killed by a gang of bad boys from his home town for no reason at all. Miss Ossie was an old lady who used to take care of Tommy from the very beginning. When the young boy is killed, she decides to bury him in her backyard as a way to keep him around anyway. Several years later in the 1990s, a bunch of teenagers go to Miss Ossie's house and they do something that brings Tommy back to life. Some kind of spelling that resurrect the deformed kid. For some reason, Tommy comes back as an angry and even more grotesque creature who wants to take revenge on the people who killed him in the past and innocent people as well.

## Other websites 
*