open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Deity

* (1872) by Mårten Eskil Winge]]
* (ca. 1885) by Kobayashi Eitaku, with the god Izanagi (right) and Izanami, a goddess of creation and death in Japanese mythology]]
A **deity** is thought to be a powerful spirit that controls events and the nature of things. Deities are also called **gods**. A female god is often called a **goddess**. The adjective of deity is ‘divine’. This word comes from the Latin *deus* (female: *dea*).

Different religions believe in different deities. Since there are many religions in the world there are many different ideas about how many deities there are, what they are, and what they can do.  Followers of many ancient religions and some modern religions believe in many deities, which is called polytheism. 

The two largest religions on earth, Christianity and Islam, believe in only one God, which is called monotheism. Deism is the belief that a deity exists, but that the deity does not very often change or never changes things in the universe. Pantheism is the belief that the universe is the deity, while atheism is the belief that there are no deities.

In most religions, believers think deities are immortal (cannot die), and have powers far beyond human powers.

## Examples 
Some of the deities of different religions are:

*From the Ancient Greek religion: Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon, Hades, Thanatos, Dionysus, Hera, Artemis, Hephaestus, Hermes, nymph
*From the Ancient Norse religion: Thor, Odin, Tyr, Frey, Freya, Baldur, Loki, Iðunn, Njord, Frigg
*From the Ancient Roman religion: Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Juno, Vulcan, Pluto, Bacchus, Neptune,
*From the Ancient Egyptian religion: Isis, Osiris, Horus, Thoth, Ra, Hathor,  Bastet, Nut, Geb, Seth, Shu, Apophis, 
*From Christianity: Jesus, Yahweh, the Holy Spirit (Considered to Christians as the three parts of one God)
*From Judaism: Hashem
*From Hinduism: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, Durga, Ganesha and many more. 
*From Buddhism: Deva
*From Islam: Allah
*From Shinto called *kami*: Amaterasu the Sun goddess, Inari the Fox god, Izanagi the first human, Ryuujin the Sea god, Shinigami the death gods, Susanoo the Storm god
*From Aztec Mythology: Nanahuatl, Tecuciztecatl, Teotihuacan, Quetzalcoatl, Coatlicue,

## References
1450s

The **1450s** was the decade that started on January 1, 1450 and ended on December 31, 1459. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***146th decade*** which began on January 1, 1451 and ended on December 31, 1460.
## Events 
*Fall of Constantinople (now called Istanbul).
*France wins the Hundred Years' War against England.
*The first printing press is made in Europe by Johann Gutenberg.
*The Gutenberg Bible is the first book printed with movable type.
*Siege of Belgrade.
*War of the Roses starts.

## Births 
*Queen Isabella of Castile 
*Christopher Columbus, Italian sailor
*Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor
*Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer 
*Ferdinand II of Aragon

## Deaths 
*Murad II, Ottoman Sultan 
*John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury
1855

## Events 
* January 1 – London, Ontario is incorporated as a city.
* January 23 – The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota, a crossing made today by the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge.
* January 23 – The region of Wairarapa, New Zealand was hit by the strongest earthquake ever recorded in New Zealand, which reached Magnitude 8.1 on the Richter Scale. There were five deaths.
* January 29 – Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom over the management of the Crimean War.
* February 5 – Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
* February 11 – Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia, by Abuna Salama III in a ceremony at the church of Derasge Maryam.
* March 3 – US Congress appropriates $30,000 to create US Camel Corps
* March 16 – Bates College in Lewiston, Maine was founded.
* May 15 – The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 in England
* June 29 – The *Daily Telegraph* begins publication
* September 3 – Last Bartholomew Fair on London, England
* September 11 – Sevastapol falls to the British troops
* December 22 – Metropolitan Board of Works established.
* Stamp duty was removed from newspapers in Britain creating mass market media in the UK.
* The Panama Railway becomes the first railroad to connect the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean by rail as the railroad's route across Panama is completed.

## Births 
*May 1 - Cecilia Beaux, American painter
*May 10 - Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru
Nirvana

In Buddhism, **Nirvana** is the state of perfect peace free from reincarnation reached by not wanting more than you have. Meaning happiness and peace, it is every Buddhist's goal. The Buddha described it as:

“the far shore, the subtle, the very difficult to see, the unaging, the stable, the undisintegrating, the unmanifest, the unproliferated, the peaceful, the deathless, the sublime, the auspicious, the secure, the destruction of craving, the wonderful, the amazing, the unailing, the unailing state, the unafflicted, dispassion, purity, freedom, the unadhesive, the island, the shelter, the asylum, the refuge...” (SN 43:14)

## Related pages 
*Moksha
## Other websites 
* Nibbana  - excerpts from the Pali Tripitaka defining Nirvana
* "Nirvana Sutra": full English translation of the "Nirvana Sutra" and appreciation of its teachings.
* Buddha - A Hero's Journey to Nirvana
* Salvation Versus Liberation, A Buddhist View of Paradise Worlds
* In-depth explanation of Nibbana according to the Pali Canon 
* Explanation of Nibbana according to dmc 
* Mind Like Fire Unbound - a discussion of fire imagery as used in the Buddha's time
* A Buddhist practice based on the four stages of the Buddha's enlightenment that led him to Nirvana
* Nirvana - Encyclopedia of Spiritual Knowledge.
Lahti

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**Lahti** is a city in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. Literally it means *bay*. It is part of the province of Southern Finland. As of April 2014, there were about 103,450 people living in Lahti. Lahti was the eighth biggest city in Finland as of 31 August 2012.

The concert house Sibelius Hall () in Lahti is named after Jean Sibelius. Many stars, including Antti Tuisku, have performed there.

## History
Lahti's transport was big already at 14th century. Lahti was first a village that belonged to Hollola. It was been burned in 1877. Lahti has been a city since 1905. The population then was 2,779.

In 2016, Nastola merged with the city of Lahti.

## Sights
*Lanu-puisto
*Pikku-Vesijärvi

## Population grow
## Other websites 
* The official Lahti page 

## References
Aladdin

**Aladdin** is a fictional person from the story *Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp*, which is part of the *Book of One Thousand and One Nights*. 

## Story
The young man Aladdin is told by a sorcerer (magician), who is pretending to be his uncle, to get him an oil lamp from a cave. Aladdin gets the lamp, but the sorcerer tries to trick him. So, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself. Aladdin learns that inside the lamp there is a djinn. The djinn can fulfill every wish of the lamp's owner. With the djinn's help, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries a princess. 

The sorcerer returns and tricks Aladdin's wife into giving him the magic lamp. Aladdin finds out that in a ring he has, there is another djinn. This djinn helps Aladdin defeat the sorcerer, get back the magic lamp, and save his wife.

## Adaptions (new versions of the story)
There have been different versions of the story:

* Nicolas Isouard wrote an opera from it in 1822. 
* There is a ballet version by Michael François Hoguet. That version was done in 1854. Wenzel Gährich contributed the music to the ballet version. 
* There is a film *The Thief of Bagdad*. It was shot in 1940. It was one of the first films to use Technicolor. 
* There is a Bollywood version *Aladdin and Sinbad*. In it, both characters meet and participate in the adventures of each other. The djinn is female. In the end Aladdin marries her (rather than the princess).
* Disney also made a version of Aladdin, who appeared in several adaptions. In the Disney film *Aladdin*, he is a smart young thief in the fictional city of Agrabah. He meets and falls in love with the Sultan's daughter, Jasmine, an independent soul who, much like Aladdin, wants to escape from her current life. Jafar, the Sultan's evil advisor, tricks Aladdin into helping him find a magic lamp, which ends up with Aladdin and his monkey and friend, Abu. The lamp's occupant is a lunatic, shape-shifting genie, who promises his master three wishes, and though he cannot make Jasmine fall in love with Aladdin – he can make things easier for him. By making Aladdin look like rich and handsome Prince Ali, Aladdin does not impress the Princess, and discovers that it was his true self she liked him all along. Using his own smartness and courage, Aladdin defeats Jafar and his evil plans, becoming a prince.
Pinocchio

**Pinocchio** is a fictional character from the 1883 book *The Adventures of Pinocchio* by Carlo Collodi.

Pinocchio is a puppet, made by wood carver, Geppetto. When he tells lies, his nose gets longer. Pinocchio learns about being a real life boy and wants to be a real human being instead of a puppet made of wood and strings.

The most well-known and beloved version of the story is the 1940 animated Disney movie *Pinocchio*. 

The other two most famous and beloved versions and adaptations of the story are from the Mexican Guillermo Del Toro and the Italian Giuliano Cenci.

## Other websites
Yangtze River

Province, where the river turns 180 degrees from south- to north-bound.]]
 also known as Lipotes vexillifer died in 2002 and became functionally extinct in 2006.]]
The **Yangtze River**, or **Yangzi** (Simple Chinese: 扬子江 / Traditional Chinese: 揚子江), or **Chang Jiang** (Simple Chinese: 长江 / Traditional Chinese: 長江), is the longest River in China and Asia, as well as the world's third longest river (after the Amazon and the Nile). It is honored as one of the two main cradles of Chinese civilization. (another is Yellow River)

The river is about 3,900 miles  long and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. It goes from the western part of China (Plateau of Tibet) into the East China Sea, which is part of the Pacific Ocean. It has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern China. It helped start the Chinese civilization.

On the river is a big dam called the Three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest in the world. It forms a man-made lake that stretches almost  upstream.

The Yangtze River is home to many species. The Finless porpoise is endangered and the Lipotes vexillifer (Chinese river dolphin) which died in 2002. 

Top tourist attractions for the Yangtze river cruise are Chongqing Dazu Carvings, Three Gorges, lesser Three Gorges, Bai Di City, Fengdu Ghost City and so on.

The Yangtze River is also known as the Yanugzi or Chang Jiange.

Etymology: "The name Yangtze" [... comes] from the name of the ancient fiefdom of Yang", according to media.

## Uses 
* transport
* drinking water
* cleaning
* boundary marking
* ingredients for food

## Pollution 
The Yangtze river is becoming extremely polluted. The Yangtze river contains oil, dead animals and rubbish including cans, bags, wrappers, glass and plastic bottles. In 2001 about 23.4 billion tons of sewerage and factory waste was dumped in the river.

## References
## Other websites 
*[how to say Chiang Jiang]. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Zh-Ch%C3%A1ngji%C4%81ng.oga/Zh-Ch%C3%A1ngji%C4%81ng.oga.mp3. Wikimedia.org
* Attractions along Yangtze River
* Yangtze River Cruise Guide
Mexico (state)

The state of **México** is one of the administrative divisions of the country of Mexico. It is one of 32 administrative divisions. It is in the south central part of the country. It borders Hidalgo, Querétaro, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Michoacán, Morelos and Guerrero as well as Mexico City. The capital of the state is Toluca. Its biggest city is Ecatepec de Morelos, which borders Mexico Federal district. Teotihuacan is also in this state. It is about 21.355 km²  in surface. About 14 million people live there as of 2005.

## History
The Tepexpan man is an important discovery for Mexican and foreign anthropologists, as it is an important key to understanding what the Valley of Mexico was like almost 3,000 years ago; it also allows us to date the beginning of the settlement of the area that occupies near Mexico City. Some scholars initially attributed an age of 11,000 years to it; others, 5,000, and some have even suggested 3,000 years. This individual was initially identified as a man, but recent research identifies it as a woman, although this is a matter of debate.

## Related pages
* Coat of arms of Mexico (state)
* Flag of Mexico (state)
Lamp

A **lamp** is a  that makes light and heat. Lamps usually work with electricity, using a lightbulb.  In the United States, a lamp is usually considered a desk lamp or floor lamp. Other sources of light are called 'lights', such as streetlights, flashlights, and headlights, which in some countries are called streetlamps, torches and headlamps.

Before electric lamps were invented, gas lamps, oil lamps or candles were used.

## Related pages
* Compact fluorescent lamp
* Gas discharge lamp
*Lava lamp (mostly used for decoration rather than lighting a room)

## References
Constantine

**Constantine** can mean:
*Constantine I, a Roman (Byzantine) Emperor

**Constantine*, a movie with Keanu Reeves
Constantine Maroulis

**Constantine Maroulis** (born September 17, 1975) is an American singer, actor and writer from New York. He was on the popular television program *American Idol*. With his past work experiences, he stands out from other *American Idol* singers. Before he was on television, he sang in the rock band Pray for the soul of Betty. Right now, he is taking a break from his band to sing on his own. He is the first *Idol* alum to sign a contract for the making of a new television sitcom.
Eurasian people

A **Eurasian person** is a person of mixed European and Asian descent or mixed parentage (someone with one Caucasian parent and one Asian parent). In Hawaii, the term *hapa* is used. Eurasian people can also mean people who live in Europe or Asia, or by the Ural Mountains.
Sean Lennon

Sean Taro Ono Lennon is an American actor, musician, singer and writer.

Lennon was born on October 9, 1975 at New York Hospital in New York City, He is the son of John Lennon and his second wife Yoko Ono. He is Japanese on his mother's side and English, Welsh and Irish on his father's side. This makes him Eurasian. He has the same birthday as his father.

Lennon is currently dating model/musician Charlotte Muel.  Lennon had been engaged to musician Bijou Phillips.

## Groups involved in
Lennon has worked  with Mark Ronson and childhood friend Jordan Galland.
He has been a member of the groups Cibo Matto, Ghost of a Saber Toothed Tiger and Dopo Yume.

## Filmography
## References
Yawn

]]
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]]
 mouth open, perhaps yawning]]

A **yawn** is a reflex. It involves a large, long taking in of air, the stretching of eardrums as the jaw opens wide, and last a (sometimes loud) breathing out. **Pandiculation** is the act of yawning and stretching simultaneously. It is easy to see when someone is yawning, but no-one knows what its function is but it may serve as a way of communication. 

Yawning is commonly associated with tiredness, stress, overwork, lack of stimulation and boredom. In humans, yawning is often triggered by others yawning (e.g. seeing a person yawning, talking to someone on the phone who is yawning) and is a typical example of positive feedback. This "infectious" yawning has also been observed in chimpanzees and dogs. Cats both yawn and stretch, though not necessarily at the same time.

## Contagiousness 
The yawn reflex has long been observed to be contagious. In 1508, Erasmus wrote, "One man's yawning makes another yawn.," and the French proverbialized the idea to "Un bon bâilleur en fait bâillier deux." ("One good gaper makes two others gape"). Often, if one person yawns, this may cause another person to "empathetically" yawn. Observing another person's yawning face (especially his/her eyes), even reading, or thinking about yawning, or looking at a yawning picture can cause a person to yawn.

The immediate cause for contagious yawning may be the mirror neurons in the frontal cortex of certain vertebrates, which, upon being exposed to a stimulus, activates the same regions in the brain. Mirror neurons have been proposed as a driving force for imitation which lies at the root of much human learning such as language acquisition. Yawning may be an offshoot of the same imitative impulse.

## Reasons, functions 
Charles Darwin argued, in *The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals*, that if a behaviour was present in many cultures, then it must be inherited (wholly or partly). All traits which appear in a wide range of animals must have some function which is supported (or was supported) by natural selection. it is agreed that when they look as if they are yawning, it is yawning in every sense. The reasons for this are similar to the reasons why we think other humans feel the same as us when the show the same signs.

## References
1610s

The **1610s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1610 and ended on 31 December 1619. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***162th decade*** which began on January 1, 1611 and ended on December 31, 1620.

## Events 
* Start of the Golden Age of the Netherlands.
* Beginning of Dutch colonization of North America
*The King James Version of the Bible comes out.

## Deaths 
*1616 – William Shakespeare, English poet
Wallonia

**Wallonia** (, , , , , ) or the **Walloon Region** (French: *Région wallonne*) is a French-speaking region in the south of Belgium. Its official languages are French (98%) and German (2%). Many people understand the local language Walloon, some still speak it, and few people write it. German is spoken mainly in the area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium.

The capital of the region is Namur. Other important cities are: Liège, Charleroi, Mons, Tournai and Verviers.

French speaking Walloons share the French community with French speaking people of Brussels.

Current Minister-President of the Walloon Government is Elio Di Rupo.

## Provinces 
Wallonia has five provinces:

## Related pages 
Wallonia (or Walloon Region) is one of three regions in Belgium. The other two regions are:
* Flanders (or Flemish Region) for the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium
* Brussels-Capital Region is bilingual (Dutch and French)

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Walloon Region, belgium.be
1498

## Events 
* Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visits Quelimane and Moçambique in southeastern Africa.
* May 20 – Vasco da Gama arrives at Calicut (now Kozhikode), India, becoming the first European to get there by sailing around Africa.
* May 23 – Girolamo Savonarola, ruler of Florence, is executed for criticizing the Pope.
* July 31 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
* Christopher Columbus lands on the South American continent.
* The Portuguese sail up to the coasts of modern Tanzania and Kenya.
* John Cabot leaves port on an expedition, never to be seen again.
1772

## Events 
*King Gustav III of Sweden makes a new constitution in Sweden, and gains total power.
*Marquis de Sade sentenced to death.

## Births 
*May 20-Sir William Congreve, English inventor.
*August 24 – King William I of the Netherlands

## Deaths 
*March 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish thinker and mathematician
John Denver

**Henry John Deutschendorf Jr.** (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997) was an American musician and songwriter. He was of German and Irish ancestry. He was very popular in the 1970s. He died when the plane he was flying crashed in California.

Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers, and AllMusic has described Denver as "among the most beloved entertainers of his era"  On 12 October 1997, John Denver died in a plane crash aged 53.

## Studio albums 
## Awards and recognition 
**Academy of Country Music**

* 1974 Album of the Year for *Back Home Again*

**American Music Awards**

* 1975 Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
* 1976 Favorite Country Album for *Back Home Again*
* 1976 Favorite Country Male Artist

**Country Music Association**

* 1975 Entertainer of the Year
* 1975 Song of the Year for "Back Home Again"

**Emmy Awards**

* 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special for *An Evening With John Denver*

**Grammy Awards**

* 1997 Best Musical Album For Children for *All Aboard!*
* 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award for "Take Me Home, Country Roads"

**Songwriters Hall of Fame**

* Inducted in 1996

## Death 
On October 12th, 1997 Denver was piloting his own "experimental ultralight plane" off of Monterey Bay, California. He made an error in calculating his remaining fuel levels and fatally crashed directly into the ocean near Lover's Point, Pacific Grove, after the plane ran completely out of gas. After a thorough investigation completed by the National Aviation Services and supporting law enforcement, it was deemed that he was too confined within the limited space of his plane to successfully engage his reserve tank. Denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Rocky Mountains.

## References 
5. https://gulfnews.com/today-history/october-12-1997-singer-john-denver-dies-in-plane-crash-1.2104320
Castaic, California

**Castaic** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in the U.S. state of California. It is in Los Angeles County.

## References
Central Point, Oregon

**Central Point** is a city in Oregon, USA.  It has a population of 18,997 people as of 2020.  It has an area of 3.9 square miles.

## References 
## Other websites
* City of Central Point
North West England

**North West England** is one of the regions of England in the United Kingdom. The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are in the south of this region. The northern area (which includes Cumbria and part of Lancashire) is full of villages.

## Local government 
The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

## Education
## Other websites 
* The North West HUB
Puebla

**Puebla** is part of the name of several places:

* Puebla (state), a state in Mexico
* Puebla City, the capital city of the state of Puebla
* Puebla F.C., Mexican football club
Buddy Holly

**Buddy Holly** (born in Lubbock, Texas as Charles Hardin Holley, September 7, 1936 &ndash; February 3, 1959) was an American rock and roll singersongwriter. In April 1959, he had a number one song (after  death) on UK Singles Chart music chart. He wrote "That'll Be the Day"; In 1957 the song when played by The Crickets, went to number one on Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart.

Holly was important in the history of rock and roll music overall, and in the sub genre, rockabilly music.

Holly played several different types of instruments. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues. The style of his music shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. His group were called The Crickets.

Buddy Holly died on February 3, 1959 when a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 airplane carrying him crashed into a field near Mason City, Iowa. Also killed in the crash were bandmatea Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, as well as pilot Roger Peterson.

## In popular culture
Singer Don McLean's popular 1971 song "American Pie" made February 3 known as "The Day the Music Died."

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Buddy Holly Online
* International Buddy Site
* Buddy Holly (audio) on the Pop Chronicles
Puebla City

**Puebla, Mexico** is a Mexican city. It is  southeast of Mexico City in a broad valley. The city has had many names over the years including City of Angels, City of Tiles, and Heroic City of Zaragoza.

Puebla was the main city of colonial Mexico. The architecture and look of Puebla is the most European of all the colonial cities. This is because it was built completely by a Spanish. Most cities at the time were built within an existing Native American community.

Puebla is highly industrialized, having factories belonging to Volkswagen, Audi, and Bimbo. The historic downtown area remains a Spanish colonial treasure. It is filled with 17th and 18th century European architecture. The city has a nice climate all year around, friendly and courteous people living there and good food.

## References
Namur (city)

**Namur** (, ) is a municipality in Belgium. It is the capital of both Namur Province and of Wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of Belgium. It is in the French-speaking part of Belgium. 

In 2012, there were 112'246 people in Namur.

Namur is at 50° 27 North, 04° 51 East.

## References
Mariska Hargitay

**Mariska Magdolna Hargitay** (born January 23, 1964 in Los Angeles, California, USA) is an American actress. She is best known for her role on the television series *Law & Order, SVU*. She is also the daughter of actors Jayne Mansfield and Mickey Hargitay.

## Career 
Hargitay plays Detective Olivia Benson on the television series *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. *Olivia is a sex-crimes detective who works with people and children who have been abused, assaulted, raped, molested, and otherwise victimized.

Hargitay was inspired by the sad stories she learned on SVU, and she created the real-life Joyful Heart Foundation in 2004. The Joyful Heart Foundation helps real-life survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Santa Cruz de Tenerife

**Santa Cruz de Tenerife** is a municipality in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, in Canary Islands, Spain.

It has an area of 150.4 km² and a population of 208,103 people.
Baku

]]
**Baku** (; , from the medieval  *Bâd-kube*, meaning "wind-pounded city", a compound word of *bād*, "wind", and *kube*, which is rooted in the verb کوبیدن *kubidan*, "to pound", thus meaning a place where the wind would be strong and pounding, and ancient city names  *Baraca*/) is the capital and the largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula. Baku is located  below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level. Modern Baku has three parts: the Old Town (İçəri Şəhər), the boomtown and the Soviet-built town. About 3 million people live in the metropolitan area.  There are large numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons.

In Baku area there is a lot of oil. There are a lot of state and private universities.

Baku is hosted the 57th Eurovision Song Contest in May 2012.  They also bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.  The city's three main football clubs are Neftchi Baku, FC Baku and Inter Baku. Baku is one of world's leading chess centres.

## Divisions
Today, Baku is divided into 11 *raions* (administrative districts) and 5 settlements of city type. 

## References
Helicopter

A **helicopter** (also often used: **chopper** or **heli**) is a kind of flying machine or aircraft. A helicopter lifts up off 
of the ground and moves because of its rotors. A rotor is several small wings, called rotor blades, that spin together around a shaft. For that reason, helicopters are sometimes called *rotary-wing aircraft*. A helicopter flies differently from an airplane. An airplane must move forward to stay in the air, but because the helicopter's rotor blades are always moving, the helicopter can stop and stay in one place above the ground. Not needing a runway, they can land in places where an airplane cannot. Helicopters can move by tilting their rotor blades, which causes the aircraft to fly in the direction the blades are tilted.

## History
Since around 400 BC, the Chinese had a flying top that was used as a children's toy. The flying top was made from bamboo and used the same method of spinning wings to fly up in the air. Later flying tops were made of feathers tied to a stick. Leonardo da Vinci first thought of a helicopter flown by a man in 1490, and drew pictures of his ideas. It was hundreds of years later (in the early 20th century) before anyone built one that could really fly. The first practical helicopters were built by Frenchman Louis Breguet in 1935 and by German Henrich Focke in 1936. A Russian immigrant, Igor Sikorsky, built and perfected the first practical helicopter in America in 1939.

s]]
## Uses
Helicopters are especially useful when there are disasters when infrastructure is damaged. Food packets, water, medicines and clothes are dropped from the air to people on the ground who cannot be reached by road. When people are injured, helicopters can carry them to hospitals faster than an ambulance on the road. 

Helicopters are also used by the military, because they can move troops and equipment to places an airplane cannot take them. Attack helicopters act as attack aircraft carrying and shooting guns and missiles.

Training helicopter is used for learning how to be a helicopter pilot.
Librarian

A **librarian** is a person responsible for selecting, organizing, and delivering information materials in a variety of formats such as electronic databases, primary source materials, or printed books. Librarians also teach people to find and evaluate information found on the World Wide Web using Internet search tools and strategies. Librarians may work in different areas. Purchasing materials, putting them into categories, teaching, assisting people with questions, and working with information technology are a few of the possible specializations.

The role of a librarian varies across different types of libraries and locations.

## Training 
To become a librarian in a university a person needs to have a master's degree in Library Science (MLS) or a Bachelor's degree in Library and Information Science.

## Employment 
Most librarians work for libraries in schools, colleges, or universities or in municipal, regional, or national libraries. Some librarians also work for private companies, to help them to organize their documents and reports. There are librarians that also work with the deaf and in prisons.

## Related jobs 
Other jobs in libraries include the job of library technician. To become a library technician, a person needs to complete a college diploma.

## References
Geronimo

**Geronimo** (*Chiricahua* **Goyaałé** 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled **Goyathlay** in English), (June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a well-known Native American leader, but not chief, of the Chiricahua Apache tribe, but he was a Bedonkohe Apache. He was born in what is now the state of New Mexico and was also a respected medicine man. The name Geronimo was given to him by Mexican soldiers who either called to Saint Jerome while fighting him or transcribed his name into Spanish wrong. He led 38 Apache men, women, and children to resist being sent to reservations by the United States government or being captured by the Mexican Army. He surrendered in 1886. After that, he was moved to many different forts in the United States. In 1904 during the world fair in St. Louis, he sold souvenirs and pictures of himself. He died in 1909 from pneumonia.
Namur

**Namur** has these meanings:
* Namur (city), a city in Belgium, capital of Wallonia
* Namur (province) in Belgium
* The title Marquis of Namur, where *Namur* refers to the province
* Namur, Wisconsin, United States, city founded by Walloon immigrants
* Namur (Montreal Metro) Montreal Metro station in Montreal, Canada
* Namur island, in the Marshall Islands, now Roi-Namur
Gold rush

A **gold rush** is when a lot of miners go to a mining place full of gold. Well-known examples are the California Gold Rush of 1848, the Australian gold rush which began in 1851, or the Fraser river gold rush in British Columbia, Canada in 1858.

## References
British Virgin Islands

The **British Virgin Islands** is a British Overseas Territory and are part of the Virgin Islands, a chain of islands in the Caribbean. The islands comprise of the eastern half of the island chain. The British Virgin Islands has sixteen inhabited islands and more than twenty  uninhabited islands. Over 22,000 people live there, which is fewer than the neighbouring United States Virgin Islands.

The capital city, Road Town, is on Tortola, one of the islands in the group.  Most of the people live on Tortola, but the other main inhabited islands include Anegada, Virgin Gorda and Jost Van Dyke.

## History 
The islands were originally lived in by Caribbean Indians called Arawaks. By the time the first European explorers discovered the British Virgin Islands all of the Arawaks had left. The first Europeans to try and settle in the British Virgin Islands were the Dutch, but the English came soon after and the English and the Dutch settlers used to fight. The Spanish also claimed the islands, but no Spanish people ever tried to settle there. But the Spanish did attack the British and Dutch settlers.

In 1672 the British took control of the islands during a war against the Dutch and they have held on to them ever since.

During the early years after European settlement the British Virgin Islands was a plantation economy which relied heavily upon slave labour. After slavery was abolished in the British Virgin Islands there was a long period of decline and many people left. Those who remained were mostly descended from African slaves, although many of them also left to try and find better lives elsewhere.

In the 1950s the British Virgin Islands got its own government, and the economy of the islands began to get better with the introduction of tourism and financial services.

## Government 
The British Virgin Islands are mostly self-governing, but some parts of the government is run by the United Kingdom.

A new constitution was introduced in 2007. It grants more control over everyday life to the Islanders, and lists the protection a person can expect from the government. The head of Government in the British Virgin Islands is called the Premier, and he is in charge of a group of ministers of government which is called the Cabinet. Laws are passed by a group of elected politicians in the House of Assembly. Most of the international relations are still dealt with by the British Government in London on behalf of the people of the British Virgin Islands.

## Economy 
Most people in the British Virgin Islands work in the tourist trade or in financial services. There are also a small number of farmers and fishermen.

## References 
## Other websites
* A visual guide to the British Virgin Islands
California Gold Rush

During the **California Gold Rush**, around 300,000 people traveled to California after gold was found at Sutter's Sawmill. The Gold Rush lasted from 1848–1855, peaking in 1852. He immediately went to tell Sutter, and they tried to keep the gold a secret. But word soon got out, and thousands of people started  west to look for gold. People who arrived in 1849 were nicknamed "forty-niners."

Over the next few years, hundreds of thousands of people traveled to California to seek their fortunes: A few got rich and powerful this way, like Levi Strauss, who invented jeans made of strong denim.

Usually merchants, farmers, and other people who sold supplies earned more than gold miners. Sometimes a woman could earn more than her gold-mining husband.

## Effects 
The Gold Rush had a major impact on California's history, economy, and population. California was not a state when the Gold Rush began, but it became a state in 1850.

California's population grew very rapidly. Between 1847 and 1860, California's population tripled. Meanwhile, San Francisco became a major American city.

This was also a time when many people immigrated to the United States. For example, of 67,000 people who came to California in 1852, 4 in every 10 (20,000 people) came from China. The surge in the mining population also resulted in the disappearance of game and food gathering locales as gold camps and other settlements were built amidst them. 

## Ending 
As the Gold Rush went on, gold became harder and harder to find. Many of the forty-niners returned to their home countries, or gave up mining gold and found other work in California.

The California Gold Rush ended in 1855.

## Related pages 
* Gold
* History of California
* Mining

## References
Jeans

**Jeans** are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim. They were invented in the United States by Levi Strauss in 1872. In the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers. Jeans are one of the most obvious symbols of American cultural influence in the world. They are worn in many countries around the world.

In the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults. In the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers. Now, jeans are a very popular type of pants. They are usually worn as casual fashion clothing. Jeans are made in many styles and colors.

The word "jeans" came from the French name of the city in Italy where a strong cotton fabric was made. The Italian city's name, Genoa, was spelled "jene" in Middle English and "Gênes" in the French language. 
  
## References
Odin

Odin (Old Norse: *Óðinn*) is the god of wisdom, knowledge, air, poetry, death, healing, royalty, divination, gallows, frenzy, magic and runic alphabet in Norse mythology. Son of Borr and the giantess (jötunn) Bestla, Odin is the chief of the Æsir (all the Germanic gods) and king of Asgard. He is married to the goddess Frigg, and is father to the gods Thor, Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.

Known as the **All-Father**, Odin is often accompanied by two ravens, Huginn and Muninn, along with the wolves Geri and Freki; the god rides into battle atop an eight-legged steed, Sleipnir, and wields the mighty spear Gungnir, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi and is said to never miss its target. 

A defining feature of Odin is his being one-eyed, a result of him having sacrificed an eye to drink from the Well of Urðr, which granted him an incomprehensible amount of knowledge of the universe. Odin himself often receives counsel from the severed head of the being Mímir, which recites secret knowledge to him. Half of the souls of those slain in battle will be guided by the Valkyries, battle maidens, to Valhalla, Odin's enormous and majestic hall: the other half go to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm. Odin was known in Old English as **Wōden**, in Old Saxon as **Wōdan**, and in Old High German as **Wuotan** or **Wōtan**, all of which stem from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic **wōđanaz*. 

The modern English weekday name Wednesday bears the god’s name. (from Old English *Wōdnesdæg*, “Wōden’s day”).

## Family
Odin is the son of Borr and the jötunn Bestla. He is married to the goddess Frigg, by whom he is the father of the twin gods Baldr and Höðr. With the giantesses Gríðr and Rindr, Odin has two other sons named Víðarr and Váli. His eldest son is Thor, god of thunder, born to him by Jörð, the personification of the Earth. 

## Related pics
*Saturn - Roman mythology equivalent to Odin
*Kronos - Greek equivalent to Odin

## Other websites 
* Odin -Citizendium
American Idol

***American Idol*** is an American reality-singing competition series created by Simon Fuller, produced by 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It aired on Fox from June 11, 2002 to April 7, 2016, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. On March 11, 2018, the 16th season aired on ABC.

Eventually the American people are allowed to vote by calling or texting, and the person with the fewest votes is off the show.

The TV show consists of multiple rounds of elimination. The singers can be anyone between the age of 15 and 29 years.

## Host and judges
*American Idol* often has three or four judges, who give comments on performances.

The three judges are: 

### Host
* Ryan Seacrest
* Brian Dunkleman (Season 1)

## Winners
* Season 1 (2002): Kelly Clarkson
* Season 2 (2003): Ruben Studdard
* Season 3 (2004): Fantasia Barrino
* Season 4 (2005): Carrie Underwood
* Season 5 (2006): Taylor Hicks
* Season 6 (2007): Jordin Sparks
* Season 7 (2008): David Cook
* Season 8 (2009): Kris Allen
* Season 9 (2010): Lee DeWyze
* Season 9b (2010): William Dempster
* Season 10 (2011): Scotty McCreery
* Season 11 (2012): Phillip Phillips
* Season 12 (2013): Candice Glover
* Season 13 (2014): Caleb Johnson
* Season 14 (2015): Nick Fradiani
* Season 15 (2016): Trent Harmon
* Season 16 (2018): Maddie Poppe
* Season 17 (2019): Laine Hardy
* Season 18 (2020): Just Sam
* Season 19 (2021): Chayce Beckham
* Season 20 (2022): Noah Thompson
* Season 21 (2023): Iam Tongi
* Season 22 (2024): Abi Carter
* Season 23 (2025): Jamal Roberts

## Runners-up
* Season 1 (2002): Justin Guarini
* Season 2 (2003): Clay Aiken
* Season 3 (2004): Diana DeGarmo
* Season 4 (2005): Bo Bice
* Season 5 (2006): Katharine McPhee
* Season 6 (2007): Blake Lewis
* Season 7 (2008): David Archuleta
* Season 8 (2009): Adam Lambert
* Season 9 (2010): Crystal Bowersox
* Season 10 (2011): Lauren Alaina
* Season 11 (2012): Jessica Sanchez
* Season 12 (2013): Kree Harrison
* Season 13 (2014): Jena Irene 
* Season 14 (2015): Clark Beckham
* Season 15 (2016): La'Porsha Renae
* Season 16 (2018): Caleb Lee Hutchinson
* Season 17 (2019): Alejandro Aranda
* Season 18 (2020): Arthur Gunn
* Season 19 (2021): Willie Spence
* Season 20 (2022): HunterGirl
* Season 21 (2023): Megan Danielle
* Season 22 (2024): Will Moseley
* Season 23 (2025): John Foster

## Other contestants
* Chris Daughtry
* Melinda Doolittle
* Jennifer Hudson
* Sanjaya Malakar
* Lauren Spencer-Smith
* Breanna Nix
* Mattie Pruitt

## References
## Other websites
* *American Idol* Official website
FIFA

The **International Federation of Association Football**  (**FIFA** ; French *Fédération Internationale de Football Association*) controls international football (also called soccer). The organization’s main  buildings are iĥn Zürich, Switzerland. FIFA organizes major international football tournaments, and the most famous one is the FIFA World Cup, which has been held since 1930. FIFA was established on May 21, 1904 in Paris and has 209 national associations as its members. The organization’s official languages are English, French, German and Spanish.

The president of FIFA is currently Gianni Infantino, serving since 26 February 2016.

The most powerful organ of FIFA is the FIFA Congress, which is an assembly made up of representatives from each member association. The Congress holds a regular meeting once a year, and since 1998 an additional meeting has been held every year. Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA's laws.

The Congress decides whether FIFA should accept new national associations and elects the President of FIFA, its General Secretary and the other members of FIFA's executive committee. The President and General Secretary take care of what goes on within and around FIFA. The executive committee, with the President as its head, is responsible for deciding the dates, locations and format of tournaments.

Also, there are six regional confederations recognized by FIFA which take care of the game in the seven different continents of the world. National associations must be members of both FIFA and their regional confederation in order for their teams to compete in FIFA's competitions. The six confederations are AFC (Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia), CAF ( Confederation of African Football in Africa), CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football in North America and Central America), CONMEBOL (*Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol* or the South American Football Confederation), OFC (Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania) and UEFA (Union of European Football Associations  in Europe).

## Related pages 
* FIFA World Cup
* FIFA Women's World Cup
* FIFA Club World Cup
* Asian Football Confederation
* Confederation of African Football
* CONCACAF
* CONMEBOL
* Oceania Football Confederation
* UEFA

## Further reading 
* Paul Darby, *Africa, Football and Fifa: Politics, Colonialism, and Resistance* (Sport in the Global Society), Frank Cass Publishers 2002, .
* John Sugden, *FIFA and the Contest For World Football*, Polity Press 1998, .
* Jim Trecker, Charles Miers, J. Brett Whitesell, ed., ''Women's Soccer: The Game and the Fifa World Cup'', Universe 2000, Revised Edition, .

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* FIFA Laws of the Game 
*
Smile

: the Mona Lisa:  and ambiguous]]
 or happy ]]

A **smile** is a face made by flexing the muscles near both ends of the mouth. The smile can also be made through the eyes (See 'Duchenne smile' below). Smiles usually express happiness. A smile can be natural or fake. However, smiling can be different with animals. When smiling, the teeth shows, but sometimes animals do this when they are threatening. When chimpanzees show their teeth, it can also be a sign of fear.

## Dimples 
Dimples are genetically inherited. They are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face.

## Duchenne smile 
Although there are many different types of smiles, researchers are interested in the duchenne smile because it is done with the eyes. The Duchenne smile was named after the French physician Guillaume Duchenne. Duchenne identified two types of smiles. A **Duchenne smile** is when the cheek raises and forms a wrinkle around the eyes. Many researchers think that Duchenne smiles are usually hard to make when you are pretending to smile.

## Internet
On the Internet, smiles can normally be typed up. This is normally called a smiley, smiley face, or happy face. Smileys show emotion when people are not able to see it in real life. Smileys typed on the computer are called emoticons. Smileys can change depending on where the person typing the smiley is.

**Western Style:** :-), :-(, ;-), :-O, :-D, (;D)

**Eastern Style:** d(^.^)b, \(^o^)/, >.<, ^_^, *<):)

## Related pages
*Laughter
*Smiley
*Social psychology

## References
## More reading
*Conniff, R. (2007). What's behind a smile? *Smithsonian Magazine, 38,*46-53.
*Ottenheimer, H.J. (2006). *The anthropology of language: An introduction to linguistic anthropology.* Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworh.
*Ekman, P., Davidson, R.J., & Friesen, W.V. (1990). The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain psysiology II. *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*, **58**, 342-353. 
*Russell and Fernandez-Dols eds. 1997. *The psychology of facial expression*. Cambridge. .
* Messinger D. & Fogel A. 2007.  The interactive development of social smiling. In  Robert Kail (ed) Advances in child development and behavior, **35**, 327-366. Oxford: Elsevier. Retrieved 25 June 2010 from http://www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/dmessinger/c_c/rsrcs/rdgs/emot/Messinger.Fogel.Smiling.Advances2007.pdf

## Other websites 
* BBC News: Scanner shows unborn babies smile