open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Aniline

of aniline. The black balls are carbon, the white balls are hydrogen, and the blue ball is nitrogen. The dotted line shows the benzene ring.]]

**Aniline** is an organic compound with the formula . It is a benzene ring where one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an amine functional group. Because of this, it is also called **aminobenzene**.

More generally, **anilines** are any chemical with an amino group on a benzene ring. As a functional group,  is called **anilino**.

## Production
In the chemical industry, aniline is produced by the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene.

## Uses 
Aniline is an important commodity chemical. A major use for aniline is the preparation of methylenediamine, which is made from aniline and formaldehyde, and then reacts with phosgene to make methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), one of the main monomers in polyurethane.

## Sources
Some Hearts (Carrie Underwood song)

"**Some Hearts**" is a song by American singer Carrie Underwood from her debut studio album, *Some Hearts* (2005).

## References
Jen language

**Dza**, also called **Jen**, is a Adamawa language in northeast Nigeria. It is native to the Jenjo people. The Jen language belongs to Bikwan a Niger-Congo group.

## References
Litigation stress

**Litigation stress** refers to the stress caused by legal proceedings. Scholars claim that those who deal with court cases related to sex abuse, family conflict and medical malpractice are the most likely to suffer from litigation stress.

## References
Social Science Research Network

.]]

The **Social Science Research Network** (**SSRN**) is an open access research platform serving as a repository for sharing early-stage research. and the rapid dissemination of scholarly research in the social sciences, biology, humanities etc. The Dutch publishing company Elsevier bought SSRN from Social Science Electronic Publishing Inc. in May 2016.

## References
Toyota Grand Highlander

The **Toyota Grand Highlander** is an mid-size crossover SUV that Toyota has been producing since 2023.

## Overview 
It is available in five versions, XLE, Limited, Platinum, Nightshade and LE. 

Its luxury counterpart under the Lexus brand is the Lexus TX.
## Safety 
## References
Enon

**Enon** may mean:

## Places
### United States
*Enon, Kentucky
*Enon, Moniteau County, Missouri
*Enon, St. Charles County, Missouri
*Enon, North Carolina
*Enon, Ohio
*Enon Valley, Pennsylvania
*Enon, Virginia
*Enon, West Virginia

### Elsewhere
* Ænon, where John the Baptist baptised
* Enon, Nova Scotia, Canada
* Enon, South Africa
* Enon Chapel, a Baptist chapel which stood in London in the 19th century
* Enon Formation, a geological formation in South Africa

## Other uses
* Enon (band), an American indie band
* Enon (robot), created by Fujitsu
* *Enon*, a 2013 novel by Paul Harding
* Enon Kawatani, Japanese musician
* Enon Gavin (born 1971)), Gaelic footballer from Ireland
* English National Opera North, now Opera North

## Related pages
Clustering illusion

The **clustering illusion** refers to the cognitive bias where people tend to see patterns in random data or events, even when those patterns don't actually exist. There are examples of this, like the tendency to assume that patterns appear where, in reality, there is just random data.

This bias can affect humans in activities like gambling and interpreting everyday events.

## Examples 
Coin tosses are an example of the clustering illusion. If someone tosses a coin multiple times and gets a streak of heads (or tails), they might think that the next toss is more likely to be tails, even though the probability of heads or tails on each toss is always 50%. They might also think that the heads are "clustering" when it's actually just random.

In sports or games, if a player has a series of good or bad performances in a row, they might start to think that they're "on a streak" or that there's some underlying reason when it could just be a coincidence.

The clustering illusion is often present during gambling. When someone plays slots, for example, they might think the machine is "due" for a win after several losses because they're seeing patterns where there are none.

## Possible causes 
Humans are wired to seek patterns; it's an evolutionary survival trait. In the past, spotting patterns in nature (like identifying a predator or prey) was essential for survival. However, in random events, human brains tend to "see" clusters where there are none, leading to incorrect conclusions.

## References
Anomaloglossus breweri

***Anomaloglossus breweri*** is a frog.  Scientists found it in Venezuela.

## Home
This frog lives near streams in forests on the Aprada-Tepui high flatland. Scientists see it near water. Scientists saw the frog in exactly one place. Scientists saw the frog 660  meters above sea level.

The place where scientists found the frog is inside Canaima National Park.

## Young
Scientists think the tadpoles swim in streams.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in some danger. Climate change could hurt this frog because it lives high in the tepui flatland and cannot move somewhere colder or wetter if the weather becomes too hot or dry. Its home is big and human beings do not go there much.  New diseases could also hurt this frog.

## First paper
*

## References
Central Arkansas

**Central Arkansas** (or the **Little Rock metropolitan area**) is Little Rock–North Little Rock, Arkansas and several other cities and towns by which these two cities are surrounded. In 2020 the population, or people, numbered 748,031. The region is the most populated region for Arkansas. Little Rock is also the state's capital and largest city overall in population. Other cities include Maumelle, Sherwood and Conway.

Central Arkansas is in the Southern United States, better known as the Deep South. However, the area is influenced with an Upper South sub-culture.

## Communities
Communities are categorized based on their populations in the 2020 U.S. Census.

### Places with more than 100,000 inhabitants
*Little Rock (principal city) (203,842)

### Places with 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants
*Conway (principal city) (69,580)
*North Little Rock (principal city) (64,531)

### Places with 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants
*Pine Bluff (39,123)
*Benton (37,558)
*Sherwood (33,118)
*Jacksonville (29,094)
*Cabot (27,190)
*Searcy (23,813)
*Maumelle (19,452)
*Bryant (21,877)
*Hot Springs Village (partial) (15,861)

### Places with 1,000 to 10,000 inhabitants
*Beebe (8,871)
*East End (6,147)
*Ward (6,840)
*Greenbrier (6,170)
*Sheridan (5,202)
*Vilonia (4,568)
*Lonoke (4,277)
*Haskell (4,138)
*Landmark (3,620)
*Austin (4,027)
*Gibson (3,515)
*Gravel Ridge (3,232)
*Shannon Hills (3,143)
*England (2,825)
*Salem (2,544)
*Mayflower (2,234)
*Carlisle (2,214)
*McAlmont (1,873)
*Wrightsville (1,542
*Perryville (1,460)

### Places with 500 to 1,000 inhabitants
### Places with fewer than 500 inhabitants
Helen A. Stafford

**Helen Adele Stafford** was an American scientist and the first plant scientist to understand how plants use carbon dioxide from photosynthesis without wasting it. Biology is the scientific study of living organisms and life. Phytochemistry is the study of chemicals produced by plants. Plant Physiology is the study of plants’ lives and what allows them to grow. 

## Early life 
Stafford was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She discovered her love of plants when she was gardening with her father.  He was an enthusiastic gardener.

Stafford earned her Bachelor’s degree in Botany at Wellesley College in 1944. Botany is the study of plants. She earned her Master’s degree at Connecticut College for Women, in 1949. She then earned her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in the Botany department at the University of Pennsylvania in 1951. 

## Career 
Stafford’s Ph.D. was one of the first studies on enzymes in plant tissues. Her thesis research from her Master’s degree was on the growth and development of Phleum pratense (a kind of plant) seedlings. Her Master's thesis became her first published paper. It was published in the *American Journal of Botany*. Stafford was the first plant scientist to suggest that special chemical processes in plants happen in organized groups of enzymes working together in one place.  This was important because it helped explain how plants use carbon dioxide from photosynthesis efficiently, without wasting it.

Stafford was a professor at Reed College. She was the only woman in her department at the college. She discovered many important breakthroughs in Biology, Phytochemistry, and Plant Physiology.  Biology is the scientific study of living organisms and life. Phytochemistry is the study of chemicals produced by plants. Plant Physiology is the study of plants’ lives and what allows them to grow. Stafford also published more than 70 papers.  

Stafford helped design a successful training program at Reed College for people who hadn’t graduated from college. This was a research-heavy program with faculty members keeping it research-intensive. Their research was funded by National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institute of Health (NIH), and other sources. Stafford got her first NSF grant and received continuous renewals until one year after her retirement in 1955. Stafford was able to produce excellent work in institutions without a graduate degree program with this support.

### Awards 
Stafford earned many awards. She was the first woman to receive the Charles Reid Barnes Life Membership Award from the American Society of Plant Physiologists in 1996. She was also the first professor at Reed to win a Guggenheim Fellowship.  She took the fellowship at Harvard in 1958.  The Pennsylvania State Nurses Association selected her for a Pioneer Award in 2008.

## References
Believe (Cher song)

"**Believe**" is a song recorded by American entertainer Cher. It was released on October 19, 1998, as the lead single from her twenty-fourth studio album of the same name. The song reached the top of the charts in most countries, including the United States in March 1999. There, Cher became the artist with the longest gap between chart-toppers, after "Dark Lady" in 1974. Many critics found the song to mark a career comeback for Cher. The song was written by Paul Barry, Steve Torch, Stuart Lennen, and Brian Higgins, while Mark Taylor and Brian Rawling produced it. Cher wrote the second verse of the song.

The song was also the first popular song to use Auto-Tune. It also became Cher's best-selling song of her career. It finished as the top song of 1998 in the UK and of 1999 in the US.

## References
Syrian Arab Armed Forces

**The Syrian Arab Armed Forces** also known as the SAAF used to be the Syrian Armed Forces under the Ba'athist rule. 

The Syrian Arab Armed Forces was made of the Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air Defense Force, Syrian Arab Navy.

According to the 2012 Constitution of Syria, the President of Syria was the Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The Minister of Defence held the position of Deputy Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed Forces.

The Syrian Arab Air Force used conscription, meaning men had to join the military at age 18. However, they did not have to serve if they were the only son who could care for their parents.

After the Syrian Civil War began, the size of the Syrian military became much smaller. It went from about 325,000 soldiers before the war to only 150,000 by December 2014. This was because of deaths, soldiers leaving the army, and people avoiding the draft.Later, the number of soldiers in the army grew to between 178,000 and 220,000, with an extra 80,000 to 100,000 irregular fighters (fighters not officially part of the army).

By 2023, the number of active soldiers in the Syrian army was about 170,000. However, the number of paramilitary and reserve fighters may have gone down by up to 50,000.After that, the group Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham became the de facto rulers of Syria. They started to make big changes to Syria’s military and its goals. On 21 December 2024, reports said that Murhaf Abu Qasra became the new defense minister for the interim government.

## References
The Free Belarus Initiative

**The Free Belarus Initiative** () is a Polish NGO supporting freedom of movement in Belarus. It was registered on July 24, 2006 in Poland (KRS 0000260915).

## Activities
The activities of the Initiative include:

* direct support for the pro-democratic movements in Belarus
* motivating Poles and other nationals to support the Belarusians in their struggle for democracy and human rights
* delivering up-to-date information about political repression in Belarus, supporting campaigns for the democratic opposition, a free press, and the free flow of information from the country

### Events
The Free Belarus Initiative, in cooperation with the public *Telewizja Polska* (TVP) and the authorities of the city of Warsaw, organizes annual "Solidarity with Belarus" concerts.

## References
Trần dynasty

The **Trần dynasty** () was one of the greatest royal families in the history of Vietnam. It ruled the kingdom of Đại Việt from 1225 to 1400, a golden age remembered for its powerful emperors, wise queens, brilliant generals, and heroic defense against invasions.

The dynasty was founded by Trần Thái Tông, who came to power through a peaceful marriage alliance with the last princess of the Lý dynasty, Chiêu Thánh. With the help of the political mastermind Trần Thủ Độ, the Trần family rose from noble fishermen of Chinese descent to rulers of a mighty empire.

The Trần dynasty became legendary for defeating not one, but three Mongol invasions led by the mighty Kublai Khan. Under the command of the great general Trần Hưng Đạo, the Vietnamese people defended their land with unmatched courage, using guerrilla tactics, naval battles, and the strength of unity.

Many rulers of the Trần era were not just kings—they were poets, monks, and philosophers. Trần Nhân Tông is remembered as a wise king who later became a Zen Buddhist monk, founding the "Trúc Lâm Zen School" and guiding the country toward peace and inner balance after the wars.

The women of the dynasty also played important roles. Empress Trần Thị Dung was a symbol of continuity and grace during the transition between the Lý and Trần dynasties. Princess Huyền Trân, known for her beauty and wisdom, was married to a king of Champa to secure peace—her story became a famous legend of sacrifice and diplomacy.

The dynasty began to weaken in the late 14th century due to internal conflicts and corrupt rulers. In 1400, the last emperor, Trần Thiếu Đế, was forced to abdicate, ending 175 years of Trần rule. A short-lived restoration, known as the Later Trần dynasty, tried to revive the glory, but it too was defeated.

Today, the Trần dynasty is honored in temples, literature, and the hearts of Vietnamese people, remembered as a time of heroism, learning, and spiritual depth.

## References
* 
*
Len Wiseman

**Lenard Ryan Wiseman** (born March 4, 1973) is an American movie director, screenwriter, and producer.

## References
## Other websites 
*
United Transitional Cabinet of Belarus

The **United Transitional Cabinet of Belarus** () is a government-in-exile for Belarus formed on August 9, 2022.

## Creation
Following the disputed 2020 Belarusian presidential election, opposition forces, led by presidential candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya formed the Coordination Council to fight for a transition to democracy in the country. Tsikhanouskaya and other members of the council were forced to leave Belarus or were placed under arrest during the protests that broke out following the election.

The United Transitional Cabinet was formed on August 9, 2022 during a two-day conference in Vilnius after members of the Belarusian opposition requested Tsikhanouskaya to form "a united interim government". on top of the European Union's non-recognition of Lukashenko's so-called victory in the 2020 presidential election, which was neither free nor fair, The former and current members of the transitional cabinet are as follows: A few months later, the Cabinet's Telegram channel was added to the list of extremist materials. In July 2025, the United Transitional Cabinet was designated as a "terrorist organisation".

## References
Chronological list of saints in the 8th century

This is a list of saints from the 8th century. They have been Blessed (through beatification) or Saint (through canonization) from the Catholic Church:

*

## References
Nigeria at the Africa Cup of Nations

Nigeria has been in 20 different Africa Cup of Nations finals. Nigeria has won the cup 3 times. The first time was in 1980. They won a 2nd title in 1994 in Tunisia. Their 3rd African title was in 2013, in South Africa.

## Overall record 
:**Was a draw. It could also have been a penalty shoot-out.*
:***Red border colour shows tournament was in Nigeria.*

## References
Ethiopia at the Africa Cup of Nations

Ethiopia used to be a very good team in the African Cup of Nations. They played in every Africa Cup of Nations until the end of 1960s. Ethiopia also won the 1962 tournament when they were hosts. The team would be less successful after the 1960s, however. After 1982, Ethiopia did not qualify for a tournament for 31 years, until 2013.

## Overall record
## Matches
### Sudan 1957
;Semifinals

;Final

### United Arab Republic 1959
### Ethiopia 1962
;Semifinals

;Final

### Ghana 1963
;Group stage

;Third place

### Tunisia 1965
;Group stage

### Ethiopia 1968
;Group stage

;Semi-finals

;Third place

### Sudan 1970
;Group stage

### Ethiopia 1976
;Group stage

### Libya 1982
;Group stage

### South Africa 2013
;Group stage

### Cameroon 2021
;Group stage

----

----

## References
## Other websites
*Africa Cup of Nations – Archives competitions – *cafonline.com*
Coconut rice

**Coconut rice** is a dish that is made by cooking white rice in coconut milk or coconut flakes. Coconut and rice are very common throughout the tropics. This means that this dish is also common throughout the tropics. It is found in Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, South America, Central America, West Africa, East Africa, the Caribbean and Oceania.

## Related pages 
* Rice and peas
* Biryani

## References
The River Valley

***The River Valley*** is a painting from 1626-1630. It was by the artist Hercules Seghers (ca. 1589/90-1640). The painting is now in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. This museum was given the painting in May 1931.

## References
Bahjat Suleiman

**Bahjat Suleiman** (; 194925 February 2021) was a Syrian diplomat and military officer. He was the head of the General Intelligence Directorate (GID). This was also called Branch 251. Suleiman was also Syria's Ambassador to Jordan from 2009 to 2014. He was important in making in making the Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad a president of Syria. Suleiman was thought to be a a confidant and mentor to Al-Assad.

## Death 
Bahjat Suleiman died from COVID-19 on 25 February 2021.

## References
City of Adelaide

The **City of Adelaide**, also called the **Corporation of the City of Adelaide** and **Adelaide City Council**, is a local government area. It is in greater Adelaide, South Australia. It includes the Adelaide city centre, North Adelaide, and the Adelaide Park Lands.

The City of Adelaide was established in 1840. It was the first municipal authority in Australia. In 1840, Adelaide's (and Australia's) first mayor, James Hurtle Fisher, was elected. After 1919, the City of Adelaide has had a Lord Mayor. As of 2023, the Lord mayor is Jane Lomax-Smith.

## Notable residents
* William Bragg – Nobel Laureate of Physics
* Robin Warren – 
* Paul McDermott – Host of *Good News Week*

## References
*McDougall & Vines (2006) The City of Adelaide - A Thematic History, www.adelaidecitycouncil.com. (PDF, 780Kb, 156 pages)
*Peter Morton (1996) *After Light: A History of the City of Adelaide and its Council, 1878–1928*

## Further reading
*
*
* PDF 
*

## Other websites
*
Emma Best (journalist)

**Emma Best** is an American reporter and whistleblower. They worked with WikiLeaks and activist Julian Assange to inform about the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).

During the Trump administration, Best reported on the FBI files of President Donald Trump, Roger Stone, and a company owned by the Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin.

Best has been called a former hacker and journalist.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Distributed Denial of Secrets
*Mastodon
*Twitter
* Website
Yamunanagar district

**Yamunanagar district** is one of the districts of the Indian state of Haryana. The district was made on 1November 1989. It is  big. Yamunanagar town is its district headquarters.

Yamunanagar has a rainfall in Monsoon of 892&nbsp;mm. This is much higher than the state average of 462&nbsp;mm.

## Divisions
The district has 3 sub divisions. Jagadhri, Radaur and Bilaspur. There are 4 tehsils : Jagadhri, Chhachhrauli, Radaur and Bilaspur. These tehsils are then divided into 7 development blocks: Bilaspur, Sadhaura, Radaur, Jagadhri, Chhachhrauli, Saraswati Nagar and Partap Nagar.

## Demographics
## Major cities, towns, and villages
* Bilaspur
* Chhachhrauli
* Jagadhri
* Mandkheri
* Munda Majra
* Radaur
* Yamunanagar

## References
## Other websites
* Yamuna Nagar district website
AT&T Mexico

**AT&T Mexico, S.A.U.** (formerly known as **Iusacell** and **Nextel Mexico**), also called **AT&T Mexico Wireless** and **AT&T Mexico Mobility**, is a mobile telephone company in Mexico. They are a subsidiary of AT&T. The headquarters of AT&T Mexico is in Mexico City. It gives mobile network to 90% of Mexico. It is also 13% of the market in Mexican wireless companies. This makes it the third-largest wireless carrier in Mexico. They have 22.636 million subscribers as of July 2024. AT&T Mexico is part of the AT&T Latin America division.

## Related pages
* AT&T Inc., parent company
* Movistar, competitor

## References
## Sources
* Iusacell at hoovers.com

## Other websites
*
Maciej Wronowicz

**Maciej H. Wronowicz** (fl. 1680s) was a Poland composer. He was also a kapellmeister from 1680 to 1684 at  Włocławek.

## Surviving works
* De profundis for 2 sopranos, bass and basso continuo
* a Laudate Dominum for 2 sopranos, bass, 2 violins, viola  b.c.
* In dulci iubilo for soprano, 2 violins
* b.c., a Lauda Sion for soprano, alto, tenor, bass, 2 violins, viola i b.c.

## Recordings
**Exportatio defuncti*, on Damian Stachowicz: Missa pro defunctis, Bornus Consort Dux 2013

## References
Estadio Balear

The **Estadio Balear** (Catalan: *Estadi Balear*) is a football stadium in Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain. It was opened in 1960. This stadium is the home of the CD Atlético Baleares. The stadium has 4,200 seats. The field is 102×67 metres. 14 December 2017, the stadium was renovated. The stadium's capacity was lowered to 4,200.

During the stadium's closure, CD Atlético Baleares played their games at the nearby .

The stadium finished its renovations in August 2019.

## References
## Other websites 
*Atlético Baleares official site 
*Estadios de Espana
Olo

**Olo** is an imaginary color discovered in April 2025 by a team of scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, that cannot be perceived with the naked eye.  "Researchers used lasers to create stimulation in individual cone cells in the retina — leading to the perception of a completely new colour." The intense blue-green color was seen by five people when "researchers used lasers and tracking technology to selectively activate certain cells in their retinas."  The research was reported in April of 2025.

## Discovery 
To be sure that olo is really a previously unseen color, the scientists did certain tests. One test was a color-matching test. They had the five participants try to match olo to a blue-green color from a near-monochromatic laser. This kind of laser makes the most saturated colors that can be seen naturally. "Participants could only match olo to this blue-green hue by reducing its saturation, confirming that olo lies outside the boundaries of normal human color vision." The name "olo" comes from the binary 010, which represents that only the medium cones are fired but not short or long.  

However, one scientist says "it is not a new colour" but rather a previously unseen "more saturated green."

It is claimed that #00FFCC, the hex color for turquoise, is the closest color to olo that screens can produce.

Olo can only be seen by pointing a laser into someone's eyes. Five volunteers were able to view the color at the risk of their eyesight.

## References
Mande languages

The **Mande languages** are a family of languages. They are spoken in many countries in West Africa by the Mandé peoples. Some of these languages are Maninka (Malinke), Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Jula (Dioula), Bozo, Mende, Susu, and Vai. There are around 60 to 75 of these languages. 30 to 40 million speak them. Most of the speakers of these languages live in Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) and also in southern Mauritania, northern Ghana, northwestern Nigeria and northern Benin.

The Mande languages are similar to the Atlantic–Congo language family. They make up the larger Niger–Congo language family. However, the Mande languages do not have some important features that the Atlantic–Congo languages have. Linguists have increasingly thought of the two families as different.

## Numerals
Comparison of numbers in different languages:

## Related pages
*Mandé

## References
## Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites
*LANGUES MANDE 
* Mande page of the Journal of West African Languages
*Journal Mandenkan  (introduction)
Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire

'''''Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire''''' is a 2000 American television horror comedy movie. It was directed by Steve Boyum. It had the actors Caroline Rhea, Matt O'Leary, Charles Shaughnessy, Laura Vandervoort, and Robert Carradine. It was a Disney Channel Original Movie. The movie was first shown on the Disney Channel on Friday, October 13, 2000.

## Cast 
* Caroline Rhea as Lynette Hansen. Lynette is overprotective of Taylor.
* Matt O'Leary as Adam Hansen, the 13-year-old protagonist.
* Robert Carradine as Malachi Van Helsing. The vampire hunter.
* Laura Vandervoort as Chelsea Hansen, the 16-year-old main character.
* Myles Jeffrey as Taylor Hansen, the 8-year-old main character.
* Charles Shaughnessy as Dimitri Denatos, the evil vampire of the movie.
* Jake Epstein as Duffy, Adam's best friend.
* J. Adam Brown as "Boomer", A boy who likes Chelsea.

## Other websites 
*
List of municipalities of the Province of Siena

This is a list of 35 municipalities (*comuni*) of the Province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy.

## List
## References
Human Media Lab

The **Human Media Lab** **(HML)** is a research laboratory. It is in Queen's University's School of Computing in Kingston, Ontario. The school works on user interface design and technologies. The Human Media Lab was founded in 2000 by Prof. Roel Vertegaal. It gives jobs to an average of 12 graduate students

The laboratory has worked on flexible display and paper computers. For example, it has worked with PaperWindows (2004), PaperPhone (2010) and PaperTab (2012). It has also worked on Samsung's Smart Pause and Smart Scroll technologies.

## Location and Facilities
The Human Media Lab is in Jackson Hall in the Queen's University campus.

## Other websites
* Human Media Lab website 

## References
Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education

The **Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education** is the office of education for Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The school's superintendent is Yim Tae-hee. It was established in 1956.

## Superintendent 
The school's superintendent is Yim Tae-hee. He became the superintendent in 2022 July.

## References
Regional district

In British Columbia in Canada, a **regional district** is an administrative subdivision. The district is part of a geographic region with different boundaries and governments.  there are 27 regional districts in the province. Regional districts are different from the counties of British Columbia. The counties are only for justice administration.

## References
Olaf (given name)

**Olaf** is a given name.
*Olaf Tryggvason, (c. 968–1000) was the King of Norway
*Olaf Pooley, (1914–2015) was an English actor and screenwriter
*Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950) was a British philosopher
*Olaf Caroe, (1892–1981) was an administrator in British India
*Olaf Scholz, (1958) is a German politician
*Olaf Rose, (1958) is a German historian and politician
*Olaf Thon, (1966) is a former German football player
*Olaf Marschall, (1966) is a former German football player
*Olaf Kölzig, (1970) is a South African-born German retired professional ice hockey goaltender
Tunisian franc

The **franc** (French, ) was the currency of Tunisia from 1891 to 1958. 100 centimes (صنتيم) made one Tunisian franc. The currency was worth the same amount as the French franc.

## References
*
*
Young Man with a Skull

***Young Man with a Skull*** is an oil on canvas painting. It was painted by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals. This painting was made from 1626-1628. It is now in the National Gallery, in London. The painting was thought to show Shakespeare's Hamlet holding the skull of Yorick. Now, the painting is thought to be a vanitas.

## References
* Hofstede de Groot on two paintings of young men with skulls (one painted out); catalog numbers 102 & 103

## Other websites 
*Blog about *Young Man with a Skull*
**Young Man with a Skull* on the National Gallery website
*Information in the Web Gallery of Art
Seal of the Senate of the Philippines

The **seal of the Senate of the Philippines** is the official seal that is used by the Senate of the Philippines. The seal can be used by the office of the senate. However, the seal cannot be used by any members or the president of the Senate.

## Description
The Seal of the Philippine Senate was reused from the Coat of Arms of the Philippines. This seal was first used on July 15, 1950. Other things were added to the coat of arms to show that it is for the senate. For example there is a garland with 6 sampaguita buds on both sides of the coat of arms. The twelve buds mean the 12 regions of the Philippines. When the seal was first used, there were 12 regions of the Philippines. The sampaguita flowers show honor and dignity.

There are Latin words under the coat of arms. They say Leges Servatae Pax Fiat (English: Law Serves Peace, Let It be Done).

There are 24 stars around the coat of arms. They show the 24 senators of the Senate of the Philippines.

## References
57th Arizona State Legislature

The **57th Arizona State Legislature**, was made up of the Arizona Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives. It ended in 2025.

## Senate 
† Member was originally appointed.

## House of Representatives 
†Member was originally appointed to the office.

## References
Lingua Franca Nova grammar

Lingua Franca Nova has similar grammar to the Haitian Creole, Papiamento, and Afrikaans. It also uses vocabulary from modern romance languages, like Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, French, and Italian.

Lingua Franca Nova's official website has grammar explanations in many languages: LFN, German, English, Spanish, Esperanto, French, Italian, Polish, Russian, and Finnish.

## Other websites
* Complete grammar on the official website
Janaina Tewaney Mencomo

**Janaina Tewaney Mencomo** (born 14 July 1984) is a politician from Panama. She was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Panama from October 2022 to July 2024. Before that, she was the Minister of Government (similar to interior minister) from March 2020 to October 2022.

## Education 
Tewaney studied at Colegio San Agustín in Panama. In 2006, she finished law school at the University of Panama. Her final paper was about the armed conflict between India and Pakistan, and she got the highest score. 

She also got a Master of Laws in arbitration and mediation from the University of Hong Kong, where she wrote about the role of mediation in helping countries understand each other. 

## Career 
Tewaney worked as a lawyer at the Ministry of Commerce and Industries, helping negotiate free trade deals. She also worked as a research assistant in Hong Kong, studying nuclear and chemical disarmament and peaceful conflict solutions.

In India, she worked for the Strategic Foresight Group, where she focused on terrorism financing, international security, and water issues between countries.

She helped Oxford University with a report on global terrorism, and worked on water security issues in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East.

In the government of President Laurentino Cortizo, she was an advisor on international security. In 2020, she became Minister of Government, where she helped launch a program to support economic opportunities for Indigenous women, in partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Janaina Tewaney – Ministry of Government
Schloss Ettersburg

**Schloss Ettersburg** is a palace with a park. It is near Weimar, Thuringia, Germany. It is on the Ettersberg. It has been part of the Klassisches Weimar since 1998. The Klassisches Weimar is a World Heritage Site.

## History 
### Building 
Schloss Ettersburg was built by Duke Wilhelm Ernst of Saxe-Weimar. He liked to hunt in the forests on the Ettersberg. The Ettersberg is a mountain range close to Weimar. The first building was built from 1706 to 1712. The "Neues Schloss" (New palace) was then built in 1722. Ernst's nephew, Duke Ernest Augustus, later changed the palace. From 1728 to 1740, he added an outside staircase. It is hard to know the history of the building, since the documents were destroyed in a fire.

In 2006, the building was restored. It was made into a hotel with a restaurant. It is used mostly by the Bauhaus Akademie Schloss Ettersburg. The Bauhaus Akademie Schloss Ettersburg is an academy. The building is also sometimes used for local events. For example, the *Pfingst.Festival Schloss Ettersburg* is in this building. It has 2 weeks of concerts and theater. This was founded in 2011.

The palace and park was given the 2009  by the Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport.

## Further reading 
* Werner Deetjen: *Auf den Höhen Ettersburgs.* (= *.* 17). Verlagsbuchhandlung J.J. Weber in Leipzig, Leipzig o. J. um 1936.
* H. v. Hintzenstern, J. Schüffler, P. Heller, H-D. Loew, E. Fischer: *"Fundamente". Dreißig Beiträge zur Thüringischen Kirchengeschichte.* Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-374-00213-7.
* Angelika Pöthe: *Schloss Ettersburg. Weimars Geselligkeit und kulturelles Leben im 19. Jahrhundert.* Böhlauverlag, Weimar 1995, ISBN 3-412-09094-8.
* Angelika Schneider: *Fürst Hermann von Pückler Muskau als Gartenkünstler in Weimar – Der "Große Aushau" auf dem Ettersberg*. In:  2020/2, pp. 387–394.
* Thomas A. Seidel, Justus H. Ulbricht, Heinrich-Dieter Hischer (ed.): *Schloss Ettersburg. Ein Laboratorium europäischer Kultur.* Glaux-Verlag, Jena 2006, ISBN 3-931743-98-5.
* Günther Thimm: *Die Allee von Weimar nach Ettersburg. Ihre Gestaltung durch Carl Eduard Petzold um 1845 im Sinne der Landesverschönerung.* In: *Die Gartenkunst.* vol. 18, No. 2, 2006, pp. 331–337.
* Werner Vollrath: *Die Schlossanlagen bei Weimar.* Naumburger Verlagsanstalt, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86156-205-4.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Glitch Productions

**Glitch Productions** (formerly known as **Glitchy Boy**) is an independent animation studio that was founded by Luke Lerdwichagul and his brother Kevin Lerdwichagul.

The company is best known for their animated series (SMG4, Meta Runner, Sunset Paradise, Murder Drones, The Amazing Digital Circus, The Gaslight District), as well as doing live-action work (Hobo Bros, Hitbox).

On November 9, 2023, Glitch launched their streaming event GlitchX, which they would announce their upcoming show, *The Gaslight District.*

On May 16, 2025, Glitch announced that *Murder Drones* had been added to Amazon Prime Video, where earlier rumors had circulated about the show's addition, after the Italian and Turkish accounts for Prime Video accidentally revealed the news in advance. 

Prime Video will also support Glitch's future shows in a multi-title deal, with all shows being shown on both YouTube and Prime Video.

## Filmography 
### TV 
#### Animation 
##### Upcoming 
#### Live-Action 
### Movies 
### Pilots 
### Shorts 
## Divisions 
### FinalFinal_Project 
On July 5, 2024, Glitch announced their collaboration with Lackadaisy creator Tracy Butler, and announced that they launched FinalFinal_Project, with Iron Circus Animation, being their first partners.

## References
Committee on International Affairs of the State Duma

The **Committee on International Affairs of the State Duma** () is a committee of the State Duma.

The Committee implements foreign policy in Russia. The Committee works with parliaments in other countries. They also checks treaties. After they have checked the treaty, the State Duma votes on the treaty.

When the President of Russia decides a new ambassador, the Committee has to agree to use that person for ambassador.

## Membership 
Members of the Committee in the 8th State Duma:

## Chairs
## References
## Other websites
* Committee on International Affairs of the State Duma, committee activity.
Tobata-ku, Kitakyūshū

.]]
 is a ward of Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka, Japan. It is the smallest ward of Kitakyūshū city. The ward is only 16.66&nbsp;km2 big. In 2000, the population of the ward was 64,330.

## History and Geography
]]
In 1899, the Tobata-cho (Tobata town) was created. The city was merged into Kitakyushu in 1963. It officially became part of the ward on April 1, 1963.

## Other websites
* Tobata Gion festival
* KIT Tobata campus 
* 100 Photos of Tobata  
* Tobata ward office (official page) 
* Kitakyushu Municipal Museum of Art 
* Kitakyushu Techno Center 
* Wel Tobata
Carlos Torres Vila

**Carlos Torres Vila** (Born, February 24, 1966) is a Spanish banker and executive. He is the Chairman of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA) since January 1, 2019, replacing Francisco González.

## Education
He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and earned two degrees in Electrical Engineering and Business Administration.
## Career
In September 2008, he joined BBVA as Director of Strategy and Corporate Development and a member of its Management Committee. 

In that capacity, he led the execution of transactions such as the acquisition of a 24.9% stake in the Turkish bank Garanti, as well as the creation of BBVA Ventures, BBVA's venture capital fund that invests in financial startups. 

In March 2014, he was appointed Director of Digital Banking, a position he held until May 2015, when he was appointed CEO of BBVA, replacing Ángel Cano, his predecessor. He was appointed Chairman of BBVA on November 29, 2018, effective January 1, 2019.
## References 
## Other websites
Revolut

**Revolut** is a financial technology company from the United Kingdom. It offers digital banking services through a mobile app. Revolut was started in July 2015 by Nikolay Storonsky and Vlad Yatsenko in London. Storonsky had worked as a trader and Yatsenko was a software engineer. They created Revolut to help people avoid high fees when using money abroad. At first, Revolut offered a Mastercard prepaid card and currency exchange. Later, it added more services like stock trading, cryptocurrency and insurance. Revolut operates in over 48 countries, including the United Kingdom, European Union, United States, Australia, Japan and Brazil. It plans to expand to more places like India and the Middle East. In 2025, Revolut will install its own ATMs in Spain, starting in Madrid and Barcelona. It also offers instant savings accounts for users of its app for young people. The app, called Revolut <18, is made for children between 6 and 17 years old. It is connected to a parent’s or guardian’s account.
 card]]

## References 
## Other websites
Sani Yaya

**Sani Yaya** is a Togolese politician who has served as Minister of Finance since 1 August 2016, under the governments of Prime Ministers Komi Sélom Klassou and Victoire Tomegah Dogbé.

## Early life and education 
Yaya graduated from the Centre d'Études Financières, Économiques et Bancaires (CEFEB) in Paris. He holds a DES in Management from Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University and a Master's degree in Economics from the University of Lomé.

## Career 
Yaya worked for six years at the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) and its Banking Commission under the West African Economic and Monetary Union. He then joined Ecobank Transnational Incorporated (ETI), where he served as Director of Audit and Compliance and was a member of the Executive Committee.

He later became Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the NSIA Group, a financial services group specializing in insurance and banking, where he also served on the Executive Committee.

Before becoming Minister of Finance, Yaya was Deputy Minister for the Budget.

### Other activities 
* African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2016)
* ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (EBID), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2016)

* International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2016)
* Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (since 2016)

## References
Hai Junoon!

***Hai Junoon! Dream. Dare. Dominate.*** () is a 2025 Indian musical drama television series directed by Abhishek Sharma. Produced under Jio Creative Lab, it stars Neil Nitin Mukesh and Jacqueline Fernandez. The series premiered on 16 May 2025 on JioHotstar.

## Cast 
* Neil Nitin Mukesh as Gagan Ahuja
* Jacqueline Fernandez as Pearl Saldhana

## Production 
The series was announced on JioHotstar. Jacqueline Fernandez and Neil Nitin Mukesh were signed as the lead. Principal photography of the series commenced in November 2023, and filming ended in July 2024. The filming took place in Mumbai, India.

## Soundtrack 
The soundtrack for *Hai Junoon!* is composed by Shankar Mahadevan. The musical event was attended by the cast.

## Reception 
Pranati A S of *Deccan Herald* gave the series 2/5 stars. Deepa Gahlot of *Rediff.com* rated the series   out of five stars.

## Other websites 
* 
* *Hai Junoon! Dream. Dare. Dominate.*  on JioHotstar

## References
Macintosh 512K

The **Macintosh 512K** was a personal computer made by Apple Computer. It was sold from September 1984 to April 1986. It was the second model in the Macintosh line after the Macintosh 128K.

The biggest difference from the 128K model was that the 512K had more memory — 512 kilobytes (KB). This made it better for business use and allowed it to run more software. Because of the extra memory, people called it the *Fat Mac*.

## Features 
### Processor and memory 
Like the 128K, the 512K used a Motorola 68000 processor at about 7.8 MHz. It had 512 KB of RAM, which could not be upgraded. It also had a 64 KB ROM chip. Some of the memory was used by the display, which made the computer slower by up to 35%.

The display resolution was 512 × 342 pixels. Apple also sold a memory upgrade for the original 128K for $995, which was later made cheaper as memory prices dropped.

### Software 
The 512K came with MacPaint and MacWrite. Later programs included MacDraw, MacProject, and Microsoft Excel. Excel required at least 512 KB of memory, which made the 512K important for business use.

Some versions of the 512K could also run Apple’s Switcher, which allowed switching between programs, although only a few at a time.

### New uses 
The 512K worked with the LaserWriter printer, and with other devices like a number pad, microphone, tablet, keyboard, and mouse. It used LocalTalk to share these devices over a network. It was the oldest Macintosh that could be used with AppleShare when that came out in 1987.

Its larger memory made it better at handling bigger documents and using the graphical user interface more smoothly.

In the 1980s, Color Systems Technology used many 512Ks linked to a custom Intel 80186-based machine to help add color to old black-and-white movies.

### System software 
The Macintosh 512K could run System 1.1 through System 4.1. With an external hard drive (the Hard Disk 20), it could also run System Software 5.

## Upgrades 
In April 1986, Apple released the Macintosh 512Ke, an improved version of the 512K. It had a better 800 KB floppy drive and the same ROM as the Macintosh Plus. Apple also sold an upgrade kit to turn a regular 512K into a 512Ke.

Other upgrades were available too, including hard drives and memory expansions of 2 MB or more. These upgrades were expensive and required opening the computer.

## End of support 
Apple stopped supporting the Macintosh 512K on September 1, 1998.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Macintosh 512K technical specs at apple.com
* Inside the Macintosh 512K (archived)
Protogenoi

**Protogenoi** are the first gods ever to exist in the universe, according to Greek mythology. According to myth, they are ancestors to the Greek and Roman gods. They don't often take human form and are often seen embodying their own elements.

Protogenoi in Greek mythology include:

* Gaia
* Chaos
* Nyx
* Erebus
* Hamera
* Aether
* Pontus
* Ananke
* Ouranous
Asientos Municipality

**Asientos** is a municipality in the state of Aguascalientes in Mexico. The Municipal seat is Real de Asientos.

## Other websites
Geographia Generalis

***Geographia Generalis*** is a book about geography. It was written by Bernhardus Varenius and first published in 1650. This  book helped start modern geographical science and was very important to the development of geography as a scientific discipline. A geographer named Fred Lukermann said that *Geographia Generalis* was what made medieval geography end and modern geography begin.

## References
Paracetamol poisoning

**Paracetamol poisoning** happens when someone takes too much paracetamol ‒ a common drug for relieving pain ‒ within a short time. The poisoning tends to happen in three phases.

## Phases
### First phase
The first phase begins within hours of someone overdosing on paracetamol. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, sweating, and a pale look,

 in the central venule regions of the liver acinus. Lipid droplets have merged to form lipid lakes.]]

The liver damage is often not noticed until right upper quadrant abdominal pain occurs, while the international normalized ratio (INR) and the liver transaminases ALT and AST rise to abnormal levels.

#### Pathophysiology
This can happen when the sulfate and glucuronide pathways, and the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, are saturated with toxic reactive intermediates from the metabolized paracetamol ‒ especially *N*-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). 

The lack of glutathione to detoxify the excess NAPQI allows it to damage liver cells massively, charcoal. The antidote acetylcysteine is sometimes given. A liver transplant may be required if the liver damage is huge. Liver failure is rare when early treatment is given. Death occurs in 0.1% of the treated cases.   

## Related pages
* Toxicology
* Tylenol
* Barbiturate overdose
* Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome

## References
Markengesetz

The German **trademark act** (German: **Markengesetz**) (**Gesetz über den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen**) protects trademarks in Germany. It replaced the Warenzeichengesetz (Trademark Act) of 1936. The act is made to protect the property rights of companies in Germany. The act was made on December 21, 1988.

## Further reading 
* Paul Ströbele; Franz Hacker; Irmgard Kirschneck: *Markengesetz. Kommentar.* Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 2015, ISBN 978-3-452-27898-2
* Andreas Heinemann: *Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz, Wettbewerbsrecht, Urheberrecht.* Loseblattsammlung, C. H. Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-45350-2
* Helmut Köhler: *Wettbewerbsrecht und Kartellrecht.* C. H. Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-57635-5
* Florian Mächtel, Ralf Uhrich, Achim Förster: *Geistiges Eigentum. Vorschriftensammlung zum gewerblichen Rechtsschutz, Urheberrecht und Wettbewerbsrecht*. 3rd audition. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-16-150986-5 (table of contents )
* Wolfgang W. Göpfert: *Die Strafbarkeit von Markenverletzungen.* (Schriften des Zentrums für Angewandte Rechtswissenschaft, Bd. 4), Karlsruhe University Press 2006, ISBN 3-937300-97-X (full text )
* Reinhard Ingerl; Christian Rohnke: *Markengesetz. Kommentar*, 3rd edition, C. H. Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-59047-4

## Other websites 
* Markengesetz website
* Text