open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tomb of Kha and Merit

The **Tomb of Kha and Merit** is the chapel and burial of the ancient Egyptian foreman Kha and his wife Merit.

At the foot of the cliffs across from their church lay the tomb of Kha and Merit. Since of its location, ancient robbers were unable to find the entrance since it was swiftly covered by material from landslides and later tomb construction. The undisturbed tomb was found in February 1906, during excavations conducted for the Italian Archaeological Mission under the direction of Egyptologist Ernesto Schiaparelli.

## References 
*https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511739
*https://www.academia.edu/3315372 
*https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352333010
Kia Ray

The **Kia Ray** is a small city car made by Kia since 2011.

## History and Features 
The Kia Ray name was first used in a concept vehicle based on the Kia Forte shown at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2010. it was a Plug-in hybrid instead of a petrol car The Kia Ray was launched in 2011 the reason why it was made is to meet the light car category in South Korea this category offers tax incentives mainly for cars that have exterior dimensions that are below 3,600 mm (141.7 in) in length and also below 1,600 mm (63.0 in). its based on the Kia Picanto it also have a Kei Car inspired design and has a lot of space inside but the car carries only four people and also sliding doors the Ray has 1.0 liter petrol engines and LPG versions with a 4 speed automatic CVT transmission.

the car has a electric version called the Kia Ray EV that was launched also in 2011 it was the first electric vehicle made by Kia it had a 50 kW (67 hp) electric motor and a range of 138 km (86 mi). the electric version was discontinued in 2018. but it came back in 2023 as a updated version. this time with a 64 kW (86 hp) electric motor and a range of 205 km (127 mi). 

The Kia Ray received two facelifts one in 2017. and other one in 2022.

## Markets 
The Kia Ray is sold exclusively in South Korea and its electric version is also sold only there it was Initially sold to fleets of the South Korean government in 2012 and also in 2013 184 Kia Ray EVs were deployed in Seoul as a part of a car sharing service. the updated version of the Ray EV became in early 2024 the best selling electric car produced locally in South Korea and the 2nd best selling electric car there only behind the Tesla Model Y.

## References
Gecko (rendering engine)

**Gecko** is a rendering engine developed by Mozilla. It was first made in 1998. It used to be made for the Netscape Navigator browser, and is now used in the Firefox browser.

## References
Mönchweiler

**Mönchweiler** is a municipality in Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Demographics 
**Population development:**

|}

## References
No Game No Life

is a Japanese light novel and anime series created by Yuu Kamiya. 12 light novel volumes were released between April 25, 2012, and February 25, 2023. The novel was also made into a manga series by Yuu Kamiya and his wife, Mashiro Hiiragi,
A TV anime series started on AT-X between April and July of 2014 with 12 episodes and 6 specials

## References
Bourg-de-Péage

**Bourg-de-Péage** is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Drôme department in southeast France.

## References
Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon

The **Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon** was signed on March 6, 1728, between Bajirao I of the Maratha Empire and Asaf Jah I, the Nizam of Hyderabad, in Shevgaon. Under the treaty, the Nizam allowed the Marathas to collect a tax called Chauth from the six provinces in the Deccan region. The treaty also recognized Shahu I as the ruler of the Maratha Empire. In return, the Marathas agreed not to take action against Sambhaji II, who had joined forces with the Nizam against Shahu I.

## Background 
The origins of this conflict can be traced back to 1713 when Maratha king Shahu I appointed Balaji Vishwanath as his Peshwa (Prime Minister). By 1724, Mughal authority had weakened, and Asaf Jah I, the first Nizam of Hyderabad, declared independence from Mughal rule, founding his own kingdom. The Nizam wanted to weaken the growing power of the Marathas and took advantage of the rivalry between Shahu and Sambhaji II, both of whom claimed to be King. He supported Sambhaji II, which upset Shahu. The Nizam also stopped paying the tax, which landowners in the Deccan had agreed to pay the Marathas in 1719.

## Palkhed Campaign 
In 1725 and 1726, Bajirao’s campaigns in the Carnatic region angered the Nizam of Hyderabad, who then began preparing to confront the Marathas. The Nizam persuaded several Maratha nobles, such as Chandrasen Jadhav, Udaji Chavan, and Rao Rambha Nimbalkar, to join his side. He also attempted to create a divide between the two Maratha leaders, Shahu and Sambhaji. To plan against the Marathas without them knowing, the Nizam moved his capital from Aurangabad to Hyderabad, a more distant and secure location. When Bajirao demanded taxes like chauth and sardeshmukhi, the Nizam responded by questioning whether Shahu or Sambhaji was the true king of the Marathas.

Sambhaji allied with the Nizam, forcing Bajirao to respond. On August 27, 1727, Bajirao launched attacks on several of the Nizam's territories, including Jalna, Burhanpur, and Khandesh. Seizing the opportunity, the Nizam suddenly attacked Pune and declared Sambhaji as the Maratha king. However, he had to retreat from the city, leaving Fazal Beg to defend it, as he needed to deal with Bajirao, who was plundering his lands along the Godavari River. The two armies finally met near Palkhed, about 20 miles from Daulatabad, where the Nizam was forced to seek peace and surrender.

## Treaty 
After the Battle of Palkhed, the Nizam had to make the following promises:
* He accepted Shahu as the only true ruler of the Marathas.
* He agreed that Shahu could collect chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes in the Deccan region.
* The Maratha tax collectors who had been removed could return to their jobs.
* The Nizam agreed to pay the unpaid chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes.

## References
Sigmaringen

**Sigmaringen** is a town in southern Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It is the capital of the district of Sigmaringen. About 18,000 people live there.

Sigmaringen is on the river Danube.

It is known for its castle Schloss Sigmaringen. It was the capital of the principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen from 1806 to 1849.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
2074

**2074** (**MMLXXIV**) will be .

## Events 
* January 10 - 150th anniversary of the Columbia Pictures.
* February - 100th anniversary of The Stone Pony.
* April 17 - 150th anniversary of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
* December - 100th anniversary of The Towering Inferno.
* 100th anniversary of The Stranger and the Fog.
2073

**2073** (**MMLXXIII**) will be .

## Events 
* January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1977 will enter the public domain in the United States.
* April 4 - 150th anniversary of the Warner Bros.
* October 16 - 150th anniversary of The Walt Disney Company.
* December 26 - 100th anniversary of The Exorcist.
2075

**2075** (**MMLXXV**) will be .

## Events 
* June 20 - 100th anniversary of the American film Jaws.
* August 1 - 150th anniversary of the New York Giants.
* April 30 - 100th anniversary of the end of the Vietnam War.
Ten-ball

**Ten-ball** is a pool game similar to nine-ball. It is played with ten balls instead of nine, and with the 10 ball instead of the 9 as the "".

The game was made in the early 1960s. Its popularity has risen since the early 2000s as nine-ball has flaws with it's break. The World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) rules for ten-ball are similar to those for nine-ball, but with key changes to increase the difficulty of the game. In contrast to nine-ball, it is slightly harder to  any balls on the  with  all shots being .

Ten-ball is preferred over nine-ball by some professionals as a more challenging discipline than nine-ball.

## References
## Further reading 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
British Columbia Highway 101

**British Columbia Highway 101** is a highway that travels along the Salish Sea between Langdale and Lund with two sections of land divided by the ferry in between. The highway may look it is an extension of U.S. Route 101, but it is  away between these two highways and therefore BC-101's highway may not be related to US-101's highway. The road is about  in length.

## Related pages
*U.S. Route 101
2076

**2076** (MMLXXVI) will be a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar, the 2076th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, .

## Events 
* April 1 - 100th anniversary of Apple Inc.
* July 4 – The United States celebrates its 300th birthday (Tricentennial)
* December 3 - 100th anniversary of Rocky.
Sehol E20X

The **Sehol E20X** is a electric Subcompact Crossover SUV made by JAC Motors under the Sehol brand from 2018 to 2022.

## History and Features 
The Sehol E20X was revealed at the Beijing Auto Show in 2018 its based on the JAC Refine S2 and the JAC iEV7S its the first car from the Sehol brand (previously Sol until 2021) the car has a front simillar to a SEAT car mainly because there were plans to sell Seat's electric cars under the Sol brand.

The E20X has a electric motor with 92 kW (123 hp) with a 1-speed direct-drive transmission and a range of 402 km (249 mi).

## Markets 
The Sehol E20X was sold only in China during its entire production.

## Discontinuation 
The production of the Sehol E20X ended in 2022 and the car was discontinued without a sucessor.

## References
M-Hero 917

The **M-Hero 917** is a full-size Luxury SUV made by M-Hero a brand of Dongfeng Motor Corporation since 2023.

## History and Features 
The M-Hero 917 was previewed by the concept Mengshi M-Terrain EV SUV in 2022 the prototype of the M-Hero 917 was introduced during the launch of the M-Hero brand. and the production version was shown in Janurary 2023. the production started in April 2023 and in August of the same year it was released in China.  its also part of the Dongfeng Mengshi off road vehicles series. 

The M-Hero 917 have BEV (battery electric vehicle) and ERV (range extender) versions the BEV version has four electric motors that move the four wheels of the vehicle that produce 197 kW (264 hp) with the total power being 797 kW (1,069 hp) and has a range of 505 km (314 mi) while the ERV version has a 1.5 liter turbocharged petrol engine that works as a generator with 145 kW (194 hp) this powers the three motors (one of them is in the front axle and the last two are on the rear axle) with  total power being 600 kW (805 hp) and the ERV version has a range of 200 km (120 mi).

## Markets 
The M-Hero 917 is sold mainly in China outside China its sold as the MHERO 1.

## References
Unterkirnach

**Unterkirnach** is a municipality in Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is in the Black Forest and 40&nbsp;km east of Freiburg.

## References
Views of Judaism on Muhammad

In religious writings associated with Judaism, there reportedly exist limited references to Muhammad – the prophet of Islam. Relevant references reportedly reject Muhammad's claim of having received divine revelations from God.
## Overview
In the Middle Ages, the description of Muhammad as *ha-meshuggah* ("the madman") was common due to his self-identification as a messianic figure, a practice strongly opposed by the theology of Judaism.
## Jewish theologians
### Maimonides
Maimonides, one of the most prominent medieval Jewish philosophers in history, considered Muhammad a false prophet and an insane man. In the *Epistle to Yemen*, Maimonides wrote,

## Related pages
* Judaism
* Islamism
* Middle Ages
* Antisemitism
* History of Jews
* History of Jews in the Arabian Peninsula
## References
Petrolina

**Petrolina** is an Brazilian city in the state of Pernambuco, in the valley of the São Francisco River. 354,317 people lived here in 2020. Its area is 4,756.8&nbsp;km².
Wasteland 3

***Wasteland 3*** is a  video game developed by inXile Entertainment and published by Deep Silver. It is a role-playing game. It is a sequel to *Wasteland 2* (2014). It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on August 28, 2020. A Linux and macOS port was released on December 17, 2020.

## Reception
The game received generally positive reviews upon release. It got a score of 85/100 from critics on review aggregator Metacritic. By December 2021, the game had more than 2 million players.

It was nominated for the category of Best Role Playing at The Game Awards 2020. It was also nominated for "Role-Playing Game of the Year" at the 24th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards. but lost both to *Final Fantasy VII Remake*.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Kim Yu-jin (taekwondo, born 1991)

**Kim Yu-jin** (; born 13 April 1991) is a South Korean taekwondo practitioner. In July 2013, she won the  in Puebla.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Kim Yoo-jin

**Kim Yoo-jin** or **Kim Yu-jin** () is a Korean name. "Kim" () is the family name. "Yoo-jin" () is the given name. In English, "Yoo-jin" is written "Yu-jin" sometimes. It may refer to:

* Kim Yoo-jin (footballer, born 1983), South Korean male footballer
* Kim Yu-jin (taekwondo, born 1991), South Korean female taekwondo practitioner
* Kim Yu-jin (taekwondo, born 2000), South Korean female taekwondo practitioner
Allobates fuscellus

***Allobates fuscellus*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil. Scientists think it could live in Peru too.

## Home
This frog lives in Amazon rainforests that are not too high above sea level. It can live in forestst that were never cut down and in forests that are growing back.  Scientists have seen the frog between 60 and 250 meters above sea level.

## Young
The female frog lays eggs on land. After the eggs hatch, the adult frogs carry the tadpoles to streams, where they swim and grow.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. In some places, people cut down trees to get wood to build with.

## First paper
*

## References
Online streamer

An **online streamer** or **live streamer** is a type of social media influencer who broadcasts themselves online through a live stream to an audience. There are different formats:

* People show how they play video games.
* People show themselves using a webcam, this is often done in the context of producing pornography; such people are known as webcam models]ö.
* People show their daily lives, walking around using a webcam.
Very often, people use advertising, or product placement to generate some earnings. Sometimes, people also have a pay per view model. This is often the case for streaming in the context of producing pornography.

## References
C/2024 G3 (ATLAS)

**C/2024 G3 (ATLAS)** is a sungrazing comet.

It could become the brightest comet of 2025. It may have an apparent magnitude that is stronger than −3.5. 

The comet is visible in the Southern Hemisphere before and after perihelion. It can only be observed in the daytime sky around perihelion in the Northern Hemisphere.

It will reach perihelion on 13 January 2025, at a distance of 0.09 AU from the Sun.

## Discovery
The comet was first discovered thru a telescope in Chile (April 2024).

## References
Marikina River

The **Marikina River** is a waterway in eastern Metro Manila, Philippines. It is the largest tributary of the Pasig River, with headwaters in the Sierra Madre mountain range in what was known as **Montalban**, presently the municipality of Rodriguez, Rizal. 

'' ]]

The Marikina River was an important transport route during the Spanish colonial era, but its importance as a transport route was diminished at the onset of the Philippines' national highway system. The dearth of river boat traffic and deforestation of the upland areas in what is now the Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape (UMRBPL) contributed to the river's siltation, which reduced its value as a transport route.

## The Marikina River system
In the Pamitinan Protected Landscape located in Sitio Wawa, Brgy. San Rafael, in Rodriguez, the Marikina River is dammed by Wawa Dam, a structure built during the early 1900s to provide water for Manila. From Rodriguez, the river flows through San Mateo then to its namesake city of Marikina. In Pasig, the river meets the gates of the Manggahan Floodway, a controlled waterway used to prevent flooding in Manila during heavy rains by diverting most of the water of the Marikina towards Laguna lake instead of the Pasig River. Located  downstream is the confluence of the Marikina and Pasig rivers.

The river's depth ranges from  and spans from . It has a total area of nearly  and is  long.The riverbank has an elevation of 8 meters above sea level at the boundary of San Mateo and Marikina. This slowly falls to an elevation of around  before the Malanday and Santo Niño boundary. The lowest elevation is along Calumpang which  above sea level.

## Ecology
Due to neglect and uncontrolled industrial waste, rising pollution of the river had caused alarm that national and local administrations seek to repair. The Marikina River is on a verge of ecological imbalance as a strange species of fish has dominated its ecosystem. Since the late 1990s, the Marikina River has been dwelt by janitor fish. Before, the river was thriving with the local species *martiniko*, *ayungin* and *biya*.

The growing fish population had prompted the city government to launch a new program to control their number. The city issued *Ordinance 004, series of 2007*, launching the *Janitor Fish Eradication Drive* in the city of Marikina, granting cash incentives to participants, appropriating  annually for this purpose.

A scientific study of the species found in five locations in the Laguna de Bay tributary system, including the Marikina River, revealed that the specimen of janitor fish previously reported as *Hypostomus plecostomus* actually belongs to the genus *Pterygoplichthys*, family Loricariidae. The collected specimens for this study consisted of two species: *Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus* and *Pterygoplichthys pardalis*. Both species were collected from the Marikina River. Only the species *disjunctivus* was collected from the Pasig River.

## References
Calls for the destruction of Israel

with an Israeli flag on the Quds Day in Tehran, 2016.|287x287px]] parading with a coffin bearing the Israeli flag. The Hamas has called for the destruction of Israel since 1987 and carried out countless acts of resistance, especially the October 7 massacre in 2023, which has been deemed the worst massacre of Jews since the end of the Holocaust in 1945.]] sign in Arabic: *"Death to America! Death to Israel!"*]]**Calls for the destruction of Israel** refer to expressions that call for the elimination of Israel as a modern country, many forms of which have been seen by scholars and officials as hate speech inciting genocide against Jews due to Israel's Jewish-majority population.

## Overview
Such calls have occurred since the 1940s. In 1947, Arab League's leader Azzam Pasha said in the well-known *Azzam Pasha quotation* that he hoped for the Arabs not to be "forced into a war of extermination" if a Jewish state was to be founded. This statement has been regarded by scholars and officials as a threat to commit genocide against Jews. Palestinian resistance groups, including the Hamas, Houthis and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ),

## History
### 20th century
Before and after modern Israel was founded in 1948, Arab leaders in the Middle East made several statements calling for the physical elimination of Israel.

#### Saudi Arabia
In late 1947, King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia told U.S. President Harry S. Truman:

#### Egypt
Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser called for the destruction of Israel repeatedly. At the United Nations General Assembly in September 1960, Nasser argued that "the annulment of Israel's existence" was the only solution to the Israel–Palestine conflict. Nasser repeated in 1964,

 
In 1965, Nasser threatened, In 2000, Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said,

In 2001, Ali Khamenei stated,

During the Israel–Hamas war, Ali Khamenei said on May 24, 2024,

## Academic views
Some of those calling for the end of the current State of Israel claimed that they wanted a "free and democratic state of Palestine" within the current boundaries. Academics have different views on this.

### Efraim Karsh
Efraim Karsh, an Israeli and British historian who is the founding director and emeritus professor of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies at King's College London, commented on the matter:

## Footnotes
## References
Kumbh Mela

**Kumbh Mela** is a big festival and pilgrimage in Hinduism. On February 4, 2019, it had the largest gathering of Hindus ever seen. This festival happens about every 12 years when Jupiter finishes one round in the sky. Kumbh Mela takes place in four main cities by rivers: Prayagraj (where Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati meet), Haridwar (Ganges), Nashik (Godavari), and Ujjain (Shipra). Since 2022, a fifth place was added at Bansberia Tribeni Sangam in West Bengal at the meeting of the Hooghly and Saraswati rivers. This event was stopped 700 years ago but has now restarted.

People celebrate Kumbh Mela by bathing in rivers, believing it washes away sins and makes up for past wrongs. It also has fairs, teachings by saints, large gatherings of monks, and entertainment. The 8th-century Hindu saint Adi Shankara is believed to have started this festival to encourage learning and discussion among Hindus. Some scholars say the modern Kumbh Mela grew during British rule after the 1857 rebellion. The timing of Ujjain and Nashik Kumbh Melas has been debated, but they usually happen about 3 years after Prayagraj’s festival. In other parts of India, smaller versions of this event are called Magha Mela or Makar Mela. For example, Tamil Nadu has a festival at Kumbakonam every 12 years. Similar events also happen in Kurukshetra, Sonipat, and Nepal.

The Kumbh Mela lasts from one to three months, with three main dates when most pilgrims come. The largest gatherings happen in Prayagraj and Haridwar. More than 200 million people attended the 2019 Kumbh Mela, with 50 million on the busiest day. On February 10, 2013, 30 million people attended in one day, and on February 4, 2019, 50 million came on a single day.

## Related pages
*Maha Kumbh (Prayagraj) 2025

## References
Vöhrenbach

**Vöhrenbach** is a town in Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is on the river Breg and 12&nbsp;km west of Villingen-Schwenningen.

## References
Sanam Chaudhry

**Sanam Chauhdry** is a Pakistani former actress who appeared in Urdu television and films. She made her acting debut in *Mazung De Meena Sheena* (2012) as a supporting actress. Then, she received critical acclaim for *Aasmanon Pay Likha* (2013) and *Zindagi Tujh Ko Jiya* (2016), for which she won the Hum Award for Best Soap Actress.

She made her film debut in *Jackpot* (2018). Sanam also played lead roles and rose to fame in *Ghar Titli Ka Par* (2017), *Ab Dekh Khuda Kya Karta Hai* (2018), *Haiwan* (2018) and *Meer Abru*. In August 2021, she retired from her acting.

## Early and personal life
Sanam was born on 27 August 1997 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and graduated from the University of Central Punjab. On November 27 2019, Chaudhry married singer Somee Chohan. On 5 October 2020, Chohan announced the birth of their son.

## Sources
## Other website
*
*
Hiba Qadir

**Hiba Qadir** better known as **Hiba Bukhari** is a Pakistani actress. She is known for her role as Seemal in *Thori Si Wafa* (2017), for which she won the Hum Award for Best Soap Actress.

She has also played roles in *Deewangi* (2019), *Fitoor* (2021), *Inteha e Ishq* (2021), *Meray Humnasheen* (2022), *Tere Ishq Ke Naam* (2023), *Radd* (2024) and *Jaan Nisar* (2024).

## Personal life
Hiba was born in Karachi to a Sindhi family. She obtained her F.Sc from Jinnah Government College in Nazimabad. Hiba married Arez Ahmed in a private Nikah ceremony held on 7 January 2022. On 30 September 2024, Bukhari and Ahmed announced their pregnancy through social media.
On 28 December 2024, the couple announced the birth of their daughter on social media.

## Sources
## Other websites
*
Universal Time

**Universal Time** (**UT** or **UT1**) is a way to tell time based on how the Earth turns. At first, it was measured by the Sun at 0° longitude, but measuring the Sun exactly is hard. So, UT1 is now found using the Earth's position in space, called the Earth Rotation Angle (ERA). ERA takes the place of Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time. UT1 is the same everywhere on Earth. UT1 must follow this rule:

\text{ERA} = 2\pi \left( 0.7790572732640 + 1.00273781191135448 \times Tu \right) \text{ radians}; where T_u = (\text{Julian UT1 date} - 2451545.0)

## References 
### Citations
President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville

The **President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville** governs the island, which is an autonomous entity within Papua New Guinea.

The first President of Bougainville was Joseph Kabui, who was elected in June 2005,

Bougainvilleans elected the next President in December 2008, choosing James Tanis.

## Previous regional leaders
Bougainville has been headed by several different types of administration: a decentralised administration headed by a Premier (as North Solomons Province from 1975 to 1990), an appointed administrator during the height of the Bougainville Civil War (from 1990 to 1995), a Premier heading the Bougainville Transitional Government (from 1995 to 1998), the co-chairmen of the Bougainville Constituent Assembly (1999), a Governor heading a provincial government as in other parts of Papua New Guinea (2000 to 2005) and the Autonomous Bougainville Government (since 2005).

### List of Presidents of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville Republic of North Solomons (1970)
## References
Henri Willy Pleket

**Henri Willy Pleket**, also written as **Harry Willy Pleket** and **H. W. Pleket**, (22 September 1930 – 5 January 2025) was a Dutch historian, epigrapher and university professor.

Pleket studied ancient studies at Leiden University, and received his doctorate in ancient history in 1958. He was a research assistant at Leiden University from 1960 to 1967 and afterwards a lecturer (lector) until 1976. In 1976 he became professor of ancient history and Greek and Latin epigraphy. He retired in December 1993.

Pleket's research focused on epigraphy. From 1978 to 2003 he was editor of *Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum*. He also published on ancient social and economic history and the history of the Ancient Olympic Games. Pleket was a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Academia Europaea (1992).

Pleket died in Oegstgeest on 5 January 2025, at the age of 94.

## Publications (selection) 
* *The Greek Inscriptions in the ‘Rijksmuseum van Oudheden’ at Leyden*, Brill, Leiden 1958.
* *Epigraphica*, 2 volunes, Brill, Leiden 1964 and 1969.
* *Epigrafiek en oude geschiedenis*, Brill, Leiden 1964.
* (with Moses Finley): *The Olympic Games. The first thousand years*. Chatto & Windus, London 1964.
* (with H. W. Singor, ): *Korte maatschappijgeschiedenis van de antieke wereld*, Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen 1983, ISBN 90-01-71280-0.

## References
Schonach im Schwarzwald

**Schonach im Schwarzwald** is a municipality in Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It has an air health resort.

Winter sports such as Nordic combined and cross-country skiing are very important in Schonach.

## References
Genesis G70

The **Genesis G70** is a compact luxury car made by Genesis since 2018.

## History and features 
The Genesis G70 was previewed by the New York concept at the New York International Auto Show in 2016. The car was later launched in 2017 in the global launch event in olympic park in Seoul. The car was designed by Peter Schreyer that worked previously in Audi and developed later the Kia Stinger (that shares its platform with the G70). The car has a 2.0 liter a 2.5 and a 3.3 turbo liter V6 gasoline engines and a 2.2 liter diesel engine with a 6-speed manual transmission and a 8-speed automatic transmission. 

In 2020 it was facelifted in North America. The facelift was praised but in South Korea it was criticized with some people saying the pre-facelift was better. 

## Shooting Brake version 
The Genesis G70 has a Shooting Brake version made mainly for Europe and launched in May 2021. It was later put on sale on the same year. in June 2022 it was launched in South Korea. The Shooting Brake version has a 2.0 liter turbocharged gasoline engine and a 2.2 liter diesel engine with only a 8-speed automatic transmission.

## Markets 
The Genesis G70 is sold worldwide its sold in North America, Australia, South Korea and other regions while the Shooting Brake version is sold in Europe and South Korea.

## References
Allobates masniger

***Allobates masniger*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home
This frog lives in Amazon rainforests that are not too high above sea level. It can live in forestst that were never cut down and in forests that are growing back.  Scientists have seen the frog 100 meters above sea level.

Many of the places where this frog lives are in protected parks, for example Parque Nacional da Amazônia and Floresta Nacional de Pau-Rosa.

## Young
The female frog lays eggs on land. After the eggs hatch, the adult frogs carry the tadpoles to streams, where they swim and grow.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. In some places, there are fires. In some places, people cut down trees to get wood to build with.

## First paper
*

## References
IPadOS 16

**iPadOS 16** is the fourth version of iPadOS operating system started by Apple. It was launched in October 24, 2022. It revealed in WWDC22 (Apple Worldwide Developers Conference 2022) in June 6, 2022.

## Features
### Lock Screen
The Lock screen have bold text and date top of the time to match iOS 16 but does not have a customize options.
### Weather
Apple Weather is here in iPadOS, it originally works in iPhone and iPod Touch.
### Stage manager
The iPad with Apple A12X Bionic, Apple A12Z Bionic, Apple M1 and Apple M2 processer, Stage manager shows up to four apps at once in windows that can be resize or move.
## Related pages
*iOS 16

## References
## Other websites
*Official website (archived)
Pau-Rosa National Forest

The **Pau-Rosa National Forest** (*Floresta Nacional de Pau-Rosa*) is a national forest in the state of Amazonas in Brazil.

## Location
The Pau-Rosa National Forest is in the city places Maués (98.63%) and Nova Olinda do Norte (1.37%) in Amazonas.
This park is  in size.
The national forest is next to Maués State Forest to the north, Amazônia National Park to the east, Amaná National Forest to the southeast, and Alto Maués Ecological Station to the southwest.
The Abacaxis River is the west side of the southern part of the park, and the Paraconi River is the west side of the northern part of the park.

Scientists say there are at least 40 species of amphibians, 20 of reptiles, and almost 270 species of birds.

Scientists found a species of frog that they had never seen before, *Scinax sateremawe*, in the park in 2009.

## History
The Pau-Rosa National Forest was created by federal decree of 7 August 2001 to make it easier for people to use natural resources, protect the living things and water, help damaged places become better, and teach people about nature.
It had an area of about .
The Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation organizes the park.
The IUCN says this park is a IUCN protected area category VI, meaning that people are allowed to use some of the resources in the park, but they must follow rules to protect them.

On 30 November 2009, the forest was recognized as supporting the needs of 300 families of small rural producers, who would be eligible for PRONAF support.
The advisory council was created on 24 May 2012.
On 26 February 2015, ICMBio decided to let the Associação dos Trabalhadores Rurais da Comunidade de Santa Maria do Caiaué - Atrasmacurapa (Association of Rural Workers of the Community of Santa Maria do Caiaué) use about  of the total of .

## References
## Sources
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Conventional warfare

**Conventional war** is a kind of war where countries fight each other using conventional weapons and battle plans. The armies on both sides are clear and use weapons mainly to attack the other side’s soldiers. It does not use special weapons like chemical, biological, radioactive, or nuclear weapons.

The main goal of normal war is to make the other side’s army weaker or destroy it so they cannot fight back. But sometimes, one or both sides may use different, unexpected ways of fighting to win.

In this system, only the state and its leaders could have weapons and start wars. War was seen as something only between countries. Kings made this a law. Before, nobles could start wars, but during the Napoleonic Wars, kings took control of the armies.

### Clausewitzian ideas 
Prussia built a strong army. One of its officers, Carl von Clausewitz, wrote a book called *On War*. It focused on wars between countries and ignored other types of fights, like rebellions. He later noticed that people could also fight wars, not just states, and called this idea "the people in arms."

Old practices like raiding and family feuds were now seen as crimes. This new way of thinking influenced the modern world, where armies became large, expensive, and advanced, built to fight other similar armies.

Clausewitz also talked about reasons for war, called *casus belli*. Wars were often fought for social, religious, or cultural reasons. Clausewitz said war is just "politics by other means," where countries fight for their interests, like money or safety, when they cannot agree peacefully.

#### How common is normal war? 
Most wars today use normal weapons and methods. Since 1945, no country has used biological weapons, and chemical weapons have only been used a few times, like in the Syrian Civil War. Nuclear weapons were used only once, when the U.S. bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in 1945.

### Since World War II 
During the 20th century, states and Clausewitz's ideas were most important during the World Wars. But nuclear weapons changed everything. In the Cold War, powerful countries avoided direct fights because they knew nuclear war would be very dangerous. Instead, they fought indirectly through smaller wars, military buildups, and diplomacy.

No two nuclear-armed countries have fought a big war directly, except for small clashes, like the 1969 Sino-Soviet conflict and the 1999 Kargil War between India and Pakistan.

However, normal wars have happened between countries without nuclear weapons, like the Iran–Iraq War and Eritrean–Ethiopian War, or between a nuclear country and a weaker non-nuclear one, like the Gulf War and the Russo-Ukrainian War.

## References 
### Citations
Genesis G90

The **Genesis G90** is a full-size luxury car made by Genesis since 2015 it replaced the Hyundai Equus.

## First Generation (2015-2021) 
The Genesis G90 debuted for the first time in South Korea as the Genesis EQ900. in the United States it was launched at the North American International Auto Show in 2016. and was put on sale in September 2016 as a 2017 model the G90 has a 3.3 3.8 liter V6 engines and a 5.0 V8 liter gasoline engine all with a 8-speed automatic transmission.

The car has a long wheelbase version called the G90L avaliable only with a 5.0 liter V8 in 2018 the G90 was facelifted and in South Korea it was renamed to G90 after the facelift.

## Second Generation (2021-present) 
the Exterior design of the second generation G90 was revealed in November 2021. it was released in the end of 2021 the car like the previous generation also has a long wheelbase version that has a addtional 190 mm (7.5 in). the second generation G90 has a 3.5 twin-turbo V6 gasoline engines with a 8-speed automatic transmission while the long wheelbase version has a mild hybrid system with a electric supercharger.

## Markets 
The Genesis G90 is currently sold worldwide but mainly in North America and South Korea.

## Sales 
## References
Durefishan Saleem

**Durefishan Saleem** is a Pakistani actress of Punjabi descent who appears on Urdu television. She made her acting debut in *Dil Ruba* (2020) as a supporting actress.

She also played in *Bhaaras* (2020) for which she received an ARY People's Choice Awards. Then, she gained her recognition in *Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi* (2022) and *Ishq Murshid* (2023).

## Early life and education 
Durefishan was born on 14 January 1985 in Lahore, Punjab to Saleem-ul-Hassan, who worked as a director and as a producer for PTV in the 2000s. She obtained her LLB from University College London. In 2019, she moved to Karachi to become an actress.

## Career
Durefishan made her debut in a supporting role in *Dil Ruba* for which she was nominated for the Lux Style Awards for best newcomer. Then, she made her lead debut in *Bhaaras*. After that, she acted in *Pardes* with Affan Waheed and *Juda Huay Kuch Is Tarha*.

In 2022, she acted in the love-dramatic *Kaisi Teri Khudgarzi* opposite Danish Taimoor which made her successful and estiblished actress in industry. In 2023, she acted in *Jurm* along with Wahaj Ali then in an antholology-series *Siyaah*, and the social-drama *Jaisay Aapki Marzi* opposite Mikaal Zulfiqar. She was also offered to act in *Jhok Sarkar* along with Farhan Saeed.

## Sources
## Other website
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Genesis GV80

The **Genesis GV80** is a mid-size luxury Crossover SUV made by Genesis since 2020.

## History and Features 
The Genesis GV80 was previewed by the concept of the same name at the New York International Auto Show in 2017. the car was later leaked in 3d in 2019. and was launched on early 2020 and is the first SUV of the brand the car has a 2.5 liter turbo and 3.5 V6 gasoline engines and a 3.0 liter diesel engine with only a 8-speed automatic transmission the car was later facelifted in 2023.  

## GV80 Coupe 
The Genesis GV80 coupe was launched in September 2023 and was put on sale in October in South Korea this version has features like a Coupe-inspired roofline and trims of the interior that have carbon fiber this version also has a optional more powerful 3.5 liter turbocharged gasoline engine this engine adds a electric supercharger.

Genesis GV80 Coupe 3.5T AWD JX1C Mauna Red (7).jpg|Front view
Genesis GV80 Coupe 3.5T AWD JX1C Mauna Red (15).jpg|Rear view
Genesis GV80 Coupe JX1C CDS II Obsidian Black Sevilla Red Two-tone Real Carbon (1).jpg|Interior

## Markets 
The Genesis GV80 is sold worldwide mainly in North America Europe Australia South Korea and other places.

## References
The Marvelous Land of Oz

***The Marvellous Land of Oz*** is a book by L. Frank Baum, first published in July 1904 . It is the sequel to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.  

## Story 
A Witch named Mombi tricks a Wizard into giving her a powder that can bring things to life. Her ward Tip builds a wooden person with a Pumpkin as a head and names it Jack Pumpkinhead. Mombi brings Jack Pumpkinhead to life. When Mombi decides to turn Tip into a statue, he runs away with Jack Pumpkinhead and goes to the Emerald City where a group of women overthrow the Scarecrow (from the first book) with a coup d’état. Tip, Jack Pumpkinhead, Scarecrow and the Tin Man go to the South and ask Glinda the Good for her help. Glinda says that the Wizard of Oz was never supposed to be king. Someone named Praetoria was but Mombi kidnapped his daughter Ozma to keep the Wizard king. Mombi says that she transformed Ozma into a boy named Tip. Tip agrees to be transformed back into Ozma so Mombi turns her back into Ozma. Ozma then becomes the Queen of Oz.
1864 United States presidential election

The **1864 United States presidential election** was on November 8, 1864. It was the 20th election in the history of the United States. President Abraham Lincoln was the National Union Party candidate. Union Army general George B. McClellan was the Democratic Party candidate. Lincoln won the election with 212 electoral votes. McClellan got just 21 electoral votes.

The election happened during the American Civil War. Lincoln and McClellan both promised to win the war if elected. The candidates had very different opinions on slavery. Lincoln promised to end slavery in the United States, while McClellan did not support ending slavery. 

Lincoln thought he would lose the election at first. Some National Union Party supporters thought the party should choose a different candidate. Many people were tired of the war after three years of fighting. Democrats made racist attacks on Lincoln and blamed him for fighting so long to end slavery. Democratic writers called Lincoln an "ape" and a "widow-maker" who cared more about African Americans than ending the war. 

## Candidates
### National Union Party
#### Presidential 
* Abraham Lincoln, 16th president of the United States from Illinois (1861-1865) *(Presidential candidate)*
* Ulysses S. Grant, commanding general of the Union Army from Ohio (1864-1869) *(1868 GOP Nominee) (Becomes POTUS in 1869) (Did not want to run)*

#### Vice presidential 
* Andrew Johnson, military governor of Tennessee (1862-1865) *(Vice presidential candidate) (Becomes POTUS in 1865)*
* Hannibal Hamlin, 15th vice president of the United States from Maine (1861-1865)
* Daniel Dickinson, 27th attorney general of New York (1862-1863)
* Benjamin Butler, major general in the Union Army from Massachusetts
* Lovell Rousseau, major general in the Union Army (1862-1863) and former Kentucky state senator (1860-1861)

### Democratic Party
#### Presidential 
* George B. McClellan, former commanding general of the Union Army, from New Jersey (1861-1862) *(Presidential candidate)*
* Thomas H. Seymour, former U.S. minister to Russia from Connecticut (1854-1858)
* Lazarus W. Powell, U. S. senator from Kentucky (1859-1865) *(Did not want to run)*
* Franklin Pierce, 14th president of the United States from New Hampshire (1853-1857) *(Did not want to run)*
* Horatio Seymour, 18th & 22nd governor of New York (1853-1854, 1863-1864) *(1868 Nominee) (Did not want to run**)*

#### Vice presidential 
* George H. Pendleton, U.S. representative from Ohio (1857-1865) *(Vice presidential candidate)*
* George Washington Cass, railroad president from Pennsylvania (1856-1883)
* Daniel W. Voorhees, U.S. representative from Indiana (1861-1866, 1869-1873)
* Augustus C. Dodge, former U.S. minister to Spain from Iowa (1855-1859)

## Notes
## References
2025 FIFA Club World Cup

The **2025 FIFA Club World Cup**, also called **FIFA Club World Cup 25**, was the 21st time this tournament happened. It was the first time with a new bigger format. The FIFA Club World Cup is an international club football competition organised by FIFA.

The tournament was in the United States from 14 June to 13 July 2025. There were 32 teams in the competition. The teams included the winners of each continent’s top tournaments from 2021 to 2024 and other teams that qualified.

Chelsea won the title for the second time. They beat Paris Saint-Germain 3–0 in the final.

Manchester City joined the tournament as the defending champions. They won the 2023 tournament under the old format. But they lost in the round of 16 to Al-Hilal.

The new tournament format was announced in March 2019. It was first planned for China in 2021 but was delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, FIFA decided the United States would host the event.

Some groups, like FIFPRO and the World Leagues Forum, said the new format could cause too many matches and make players tired. Ticket prices were also criticised. Prices for some matches were reduced because of low sales.

The global broadcasting rights belong to DAZN, an online streaming service. They shared the matches with other TV broadcasters. A total of $1 billion in prize money was shared by the 32 teams.
## Schedule
On December 17, 2025, The FIFA said the tournament, the first matches has been scheduled to start at early summer (June 14 2025) and end at July 13 2025.

## Qualified teams
The qualified teams such as Al Hilal, Manchester City, Real Madrid, Al Ain, Urawa Red Diamonds, Ulsan HD, Wydad AC, Al Ahly, Chelsea, Bayren Munich, Inter Milan, Flamengo, Mamelodi Sundowns, Inter Miami, Boca Juniors, Paris Saint Germain, River Plate, Red Bull Salzburg, Borussia Dortmund and 12 other qualified teams.

On 3 March 2025, León was removed due to broken rules of FIFA.

On May 2025, Los Angeles FC was qualified after 2-1 won against Club América in playoff.

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## Sponsorship
## References
## Other websites
*Official Websites
Passerea

**Passerea** is a clade of birds that was created by Jarvis et al. (2014). Their study recovered two clades in Neoaves, Passerea and Columbae, both clades are unique in their ways, but are also similar. Which included the foot-diving of grebes, and both loons and cormorants. This data was not recovered in other studies.  

## References
Beuron

**Beuron** municipality in Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is known for the Beuron Archabbey and the Beuron Art School, an art movement.

## Districts 
Beuron is divided into five subdistricts ():
* Hausen im Donautal
* Langenbrunn
* Neidingen
* Thiergarten

## Mayors 
* 1979–1995: Fidel Matthias Fischer
* 1995–1998: Arndt Neff
* 1998–2000: Gerhard Huhn (temporary)
* 2000–2003: Herbert Bucher
* 2003–2011: Robert Rauser
* 2011–2024: Raphael Osmakowski-Miller
* since 2024: Hans-Peter Wolf

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Beuron
Roland

**Roland (leader)** (died 778) was a Frankish military leader.

**Roland** can be

## Places
*Rural Municipality of Roland, Manitoba Canada
**Roland, Manitoba, a village
*Roland, Arkansas, United States, a census-designated place
*Roland, Indiana, United States, an unincorporated community
*Roland, Iowa, United States, a city
*Roland, Oklahoma, United States, a town
*Roland, Tasmania, a settlement in Australia
*Roland, Texas, United States, an unincorporated community
*Mount Roland (disambiguation)
*Lake Roland (disambiguation)

## Businesses
*Roland Aircraft, a German aircraft manufacturer
*Roland Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of electronic musical instruments, electronic equipment, and software
*Roland Foods Corporation, an American food product company

## Fictional characters
*King Roland, a *Spaceballs* character
*Roland, in the 2021 book Roland in Moonlight by David Bentley Hart
*Roland Burton, in the TV series *Army Wives*
*Roland Deschain, in the Stephen King *The Dark Tower* novels
*Roland Jackson, in the 1997 animated TV show *Extreme Ghostbusters*
*Roland LeBay, in the Stephen King novel *Christine*
*Roland Rat, British children's TV puppet
*Roland, in the films *The Matrix Reloaded* and *The Matrix Revolutions*
*Roland (game character), a video game character from the 1980s
*Roland Ironfist, a king from the Might and Magic series
*Roland, a playable character featured in the video game *Borderlands*
*Roland, the main character of *Library of Ruina*

## Other uses
*"Roland" (*The X-Files*), an episode of the television series *The X-Files*
*Safir (cycling team), a Belgian professional cycling team known as Roland between 1986 and 1988
*RC Roland, a Ukrainian rugby club in Ivano-Frankivsk
*Rohrbach Roland, a 1920s German airliner
*Roland (train), an express train that ran in Germany, and at times also in Switzerland and Italy
*Roland Institute of Technology,  Berhampur, Odisha, India
2024–25 Saudi Professional League

The **2024-25 Saudi Professional League** (known as **Roshn Saudi League**) is the 49th Saudi Professional League seasons.

The three clubs are joined Saudi Professional League as promotion including Al-Kholood, Al-Orobah, and Al-Qadsiah. The three clubs are replaced Saudi Professional League with Saudi First Division League as relegation including Abha, Al-Hazem, and Al-Tai

## League table
## References