open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

**Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld**  (26 December 1737 – 26 February 1815) , was a famous general of the Habsburg Emperors.

Born at Schloß Ehrenburg in Coburg, he was the youngest son of Duke Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Anna Sophie, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

Josias joined the Habsburg military as Colonel in 1759. After participating in the Seven Years' War, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant Field Marshal by 1773. In the Russo-Turkish-Austrian war of 1788, he  an army corps under Freiherr von Laudon,  Moldavia, capturing Khotyn in Bessarabia and sharing in Aleksandr Suvorov's success in the Battle of Focşani (August 1, 1789). Having completely beaten the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha in the Battle of Rymnik, he captured the greater part of Wallachia, including Bucharest, being welcomed by the population after the flight of Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes. Soon after that, he became a Field General.

During the occupation of Moldavia, Josias met Therese Stroffeck. On September 24, 1789, in the town of Roman, she gave birth to a son. The son's name was Frederick. Josias married Therese after their return to Coburg, on December 24. He then said that he was the father of Frederick. Frederick was  by the Austrian Emperor on August 25, 1808. On February 17, 1853 the Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha created him *Freiherr von Rohmann*, named after the place of his birth. But Frederick, because he was born before his parents were married, did not inherit the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

In 1793 and 1794, Josias commanded the army in the Austrian Netherlands during the Flanders Campaign. Because of his victories in the French Revolutionary Wars (in the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) and the Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)), he returned the region to Austrian control. Entering France, he took Condé, Valenciennes, Quesnoy and Landrecies. However, due to poor positioning he suffered a string of minor setbacks. This poor positioning was caused by  amongst the Allied powers and their forces. His army than suffered a  defeat at the Battle of Fleurus (26 June).

After these losses, Josias left the Netherlands. Habsburg diplomats had already decided to give up the region, anyway. Upset by both this and  the policies of the Baron Thugut, Josias resigned as Field Marshal. The Count of Clerfayt took over the position. Josias then went to Coburg, where he later died.
Al-Azhar University

**Al-Azhar University** is a university and mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It is the main centre of Arabic literature and Sunni Islamic learning in the world. It is also the world's second-oldest surviving university. It was founded in 975 by the Fatimids of the Shia tradition.

## Notes 
Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah is the "Fatwa"  department of Al Azhar university headed by Grand Imam of Al Azhar.

## References 
## Other websites
Imam Ali Mosque

The **Imām ‘Alī Holy Shrine** (), also known as  **Masjid Ali** or the **Mosque of ‘Alī**, is a mosque in Najaf, Iraq.
Imam Reza shrine

**Imām Rezā shrine** () is a complex in Mashhad, Iran. It contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also in the complex are the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, seminaries, a cemetery, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.

This complex is the center of tourism in Iran. It is visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.

## References
Qibla

**Qiblah** ('***, also transliterated as **Kiblah**) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Salah. Most mosques contain a niche in a wall that indicates the qiblah.

**First Qibla*';Unlike the biography stories that are composed of traditional rumor compilations, based on text and archaeological research, :en:Patricia Crone and Michael Cook hypothesized that the "Masjid al-Haram" was not located in Mecca, but in Almasjid AlAqsa in Jerusalem not Alpetra. 

. 

Canadian archeology and Islamic history researcher Dan Gibson discovered that the oldest mosque,palace and cemetery positionings point to Petra. He found that it was the place where Muhammad and the first Muslims lived, and that the first direction of qibla for the Muslims was facing Petra. No, it wasn't facing Petra but Almasjid AlAqsa as mentioned in Quran. 

.]]

## References
Terracotta Army

The **Terracotta Army** is the buried army of Qin Shi Huang, an ancient Chinese emperor. These ancient sculptures were built and buried over two thousand years ago near the city of Xi'an.  They were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well, trying to find underground water. Over a thousand terracotta warriors and horses have been uncovered since then. At least 6,000 more are thought to remain buried still.

According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, Qin Shi Huang ordered this army to be built long before he became the first Emperor of all China in 221 BC. Work started when he was King of Qin in 247 BC. They were constructed to protect him in the afterlife.  He died in 210 BC. Over 700,000 workers were needed to build the underground city where he was buried. It is thought to be filled with riches and decorated beautifully. The Chinese government has no plans to uncover the underground palace.

Each terracotta warrior is made of clay. They are around 2 meters tall, with commanders in the army being the tallest. The sculptures are so detailed that it is possible to guess the age, rank and personality of each one. None of the soldiers are the same. Some carry weapons such as daggers, bows and arrows, swords, spears or axes.

## Assembly line 
The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added. 

It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced. Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.

## Other websites 
* UNESCO World Heritage Site page of the Terracotta Army and the Mausouleum of the Qin Emperor
## References
Iftar

**Iftar** () also **Afur** in (Somali language) refers to the evening meal for breaking  (fasting) during the Islamic month of Ramadan.
Muslims  fast in the holy month of Ramadan.
At the time of Maghrib (just after sunset) they eat and drink.

Dua for iftar is
 
ذَهَبَ الظَّمَأُ وَابْتَلَّتِ الْعُرُوقُ وَثَبَتَ الأَجْرُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ ."Thirst has gone, the arteries are moist, and the reward is sure, if Allah wills." [1]

## Related pages
*Suhoor

## References
# Sunan Abu Dawud - Hadith #2350.
Potluck

potluck.]]

A **potluck** is a gathering of people. Every person is expected to bring a dish of food to share with the other people.
Khatib

delivering a sermon as a **Khatib**]]
**Khatib** or **khateeb** ( *khaṭīb*) is an Arabic term used to describe a person who delivers the sermon (*khuṭbah*), during the Friday prayer or Eid prayers.
Khutbah

in Dar es Salam]]
**Khutbah** () is the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition. A khutbah usually starts with the following dua: 

 
 

## References
Gymnasium

A **gymnasium** (often called a **gym**) is a place used for physical activity. The word *γυμνάσιον* (gymnasion) was used in Ancient Greece. It meant a place for both physical and intellectual education of young men (see gymnasium (ancient Greece)). 

The intellectual education meaning persisted in German and other languages to mean a certain type of school providing secondary education, the Gymnasium, whereas in English the meaning of physical education was pertained in the word **gym**. However, the word "gymnasium" is not used very often in English nowadays. The term favoured in English is  "sports centre", which perhaps seems more natural.

Some gyms offer memberships where people can train to improve their physical appearance and health. Commercial gyms offer sometimes help from qualified trainer. Again, another term is more used today: "fitness centre".

Sports such as basketball and volleyball are often played in gymnasiam.

## References
Nasir al-Mulk Mosque

**Nasir al-Mulk Mosque** (Nasir ol molk) is a traditional mosque in Shiraz, Iran.

## Gallery 

Image:Masjed Nasir ol Molk shiraz.jpg|Courtyard view
Image:Nasirolmolk arcade shiraz.jpg|South Arcade of mosque.
Image:Panj kaseh i.jpg|View of ceiling and a "panj kaseh-i".

Image:Nasirolmolk mosque warm light.jpg|Warm light at sunset
Image:Nasr ol Molk mosque vault ceiling.jpg|Ceiling of one of the vaults
Image:Nasr ol Molk mosque vault ceiling 2.jpg|Another vault ceiling
Image:Nasr ol Molk mosque inside colorful.jpg|Interior
Jannah

**Jannah** () or **Jannat** () is the concept of paradise in Islam. The Arabic word *Jannah* is a short version of the word "Garden"

Muslim belief is that **Jannah** is pure happiness that lasts forever. Jannah is described as a garden with beautiful features and different levels. It is believed that anything disallowed (haram) on Earth becomes allowed (halal) in Jannah due to everything in Jannah being halal.

## References
Vault (architecture)

A **vault** (French. *voute,* Italian. *volta,* German. *Gewölbe,* Polish. *sklepienie*, Spanish. *bóveda*) is an  architectural term for  an arched form  used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.

## Vault in ancient time 
Long ago, in places like Mesopotamia and Egypt, they used simple vaults made of stones to build things like tombs and ziggurats. Then, the Romans got really good at making vaults. They built big things like the Colosseum using them, showing how clever they were at engineering. The Byzantine Empire, in places like Constantinople, also used vaults with fancy designs, like the Hagia Sophia with its pretty mosaics.

In India, Islamic builders made vaults with big domes and detailed patterns, influenced by Persian and Byzantine styles, as seen in the Taj Mahal. Later in Europe, during the Gothic time, people started using pointed arches and ribbed vaults in cathedrals, like Notre-Dame in Paris. In Italy, during the Renaissance, Filippo Brunelleschi made a famous dome for Florence Cathedral with a vaulted ceiling. Then, in the Baroque and Rococo times, fancy vaulted ceilings became popular again in Europe's palaces and churches.

## Types of Vaults 
The vaults can be classified on the basis of its structureː

* **Barrel Vaultsː** Barrel vaults are a type of architectural feature known for their long, curved shape that looks like a barrel or a tunnel. They stretch across a large area, offering both support and a distinctive look. Barrel vaults are good at spreading out weight and keeping structures stable over a big space.
* **Dome Vaultsː** Dome vaults are unique architectural features using rounded or hemispherical structures to cover spaces.  These ceilings, often found in religious buildings and palaces, serve as central focal points in interiors.
* **Groin Vaultsː** A groin vault forms where two barrel vaults intersect at right angles, creating an X-shaped pattern called the groin. This design offers structural strength and has been used in many architectural styles over time. Inspired by various historical styles like Gothic and Renaissance, they're now popular in large interior spaces like grand halls or churches, creating dramatic, open areas.
* **Ribbed Vaultsː** Ribbed vaults are architectural vaults with ribs or arches extending across their surface, adding both decoration and structural support. These ribs distribute weight and allow for intricate designs. From medieval cathedrals to modern buildings, ribbed vaults impress with their beauty and engineering.
* **Fan Vaultsː** Fan vaults are unique architectural features with concave ribs spreading out from a central point, forming a fan-like pattern. They're typical in English Gothic architecture, popular during the late Gothic period in England, especially in the 15th and early 16th centuries.
* **Cloister Vaultsː** The cloister vault is made up of intersecting barrel vaults, creating a grid pattern over the cloister's open galleries. The ribs provide structural support and visual appeal, seen in Renaissance buildings and European cathedrals and monasteries.

## References
Salat al Eid

**Salat al Eid** () also known as **Salat al Eidain** () is the special prayer offered to commemorate two Islamic festivals. Both the Eids are collectively known as Eidain (عيدين) in Arabic language. The two Islamic festivals are:

*Eid Al Fitr, () is celebrated on the 1st day of Shawwal, the 10th month of Islamic calendar.
*Eid Al Adha, () is celebrated on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the 12th month of Islamic calendar.
Convention center

A **convention center**, in American English, is an exhibition hall, or conference center. It is designed to hold a convention. In British English very large venues suitable for major trade shows are known as **exhibition centres**. The term "convention centre" is sometimes used for intermediate venues between exhibitions centres and "conference centres", which are much smaller and contain lecture halls and meeting rooms.
.]]
## References
Al Abbas Mosque

The **Al-‘Abbās Mosque** or **Masjid al-‘Abbās** () is the mausoleum of ‘Abbās ibn ‘Alī. It is across from the Imām Husayn Mosque in Karbalā, Iraq.
Suhoor

**Suhoor** () is also called **Sehri**, **Sahari**, "'suhoor"', "'pisht lamae"' and "'pishmaney"' in other languages. It is an Islamic term referring to the meal had early in the morning by Muslims before fasting. It is recommended for Muslims to eat Complex carbohydrates. 

## Related pages
*Iftar
Fajr

The **Fajr** () prayer is the first of the five daily prayers (*salat*) recited by practising Muslims.
Muslims believe that "He who performs the dawn prayer (fajr) will be under the protection of Allah." (Sahih Muslim, Hadith# 657
Isha'a

The **Isha** () prayer is the night-time daily prayer recited by practising Muslims. It is the fifth of the five daily prayers (*salah*).

Isha'a is one of the Muslim prayers. This prayer is used at nightfall before they go to sleep.
Qadr Night

**Laylat al-Qadr** () (also known as **Shab-e-Qadr**), basically  the **Night of Decree** or **Night of Measures**, is the anniversary of two very important dates in Islam. They occurred in the month of Ramadan. It is the anniversary of the night Muslims believe the Qur'an was revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

## References 
## Other websites
*An old book from 1683 that talks about the Night of Destiny
Eid al-Adha

**Eid al-Adha** ( *‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā*) "Festival of Sacrifice" is a religious festival celebrated by Muslims all over the world. It is when Muslims sacrifice a goat, sheep, cow, camel, and bull sending part of the meat to poor people as a donation. It marks the end of the pilgrimage hajj for the millions of Muslims who make the trip to Mecca each year and pray 5 times a day. They like to tell Allah what they are thinking and hope for him to help them, and remember Ibrahim and Isma’il’s courage and devotion to God.

## Origin
The festival is to celebrate Ibrahim's (Abraham) willingness to sacrifice his son, Isma’il, because Allah told him to do so in a dream. Showing that he loved Allah more than his own son. And at the final moment, after taking his son's consent, as he was swinging his axe to kill his son God told an angel  to switch a lamb instead of his son, and this act of sacrificing a lamb is copied by Muslims all over the world on Eid.

Ibrahim was tempted by Satan not to listen to God, and Ibrahim drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. This is also still commemorated by Muslims during Hajj.

## Practices, traditions and observations
### Eid prayer 
The Eid prayer must be offered in congregation.  It consists of two Rakaah (units) with seven Takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah.

### Sacrifice 
The sacrifice of an animal, usually a cow, sheep or a goat, is a very important part of Eid. The act repeats what Ibrahim did, and also shows Muslims' devotion to God (Allah).

### Celebrations 
Muslims celebrate by having a feast, and giving gifts to the poor. In some Muslim traditions gifts are also given to children. In Muslim countries the day is given as a national holiday.

## Other websites
*
*

## References
Saturn's Norse group of satellites

The **Norse group** is a collection of moons of the planet Saturn that go around the planet in a different direction to the spin of Saturn. They also go in an odd ellipsis direction instead of a circle.

The names of this group come from gods from Norway. However, Phoebe is a Greek god, because it was discovered first.

Saturn has at least 61 moons, which can be put into ten groups. The Norse group is one of these groups, as is the Inuit group, and the Gallic group.

## List of satellites
Here are all the moons in the Norse group. The moons at the top of the list are closer to Saturn than those at the bottom of the list.
*Phoebe
*Skathi (Skathi subgroup)
*S/2007 S 2
*Skoll (Skathi subgroup)
*Greip
*Hyrrokkin (Skathi subgroup)
*S/2004 S 13
*S/2004 S 17
*Jarnsaxa
*Mundilfari
*S/2006 S 1 (Skathi subgroup)
*Narvi (Narvi subgroup)
*Bergelmir (Skathi subgroup)
*Suttungr
*S/2004 S 12
*S/2004 S 7
*Hati
*Bestla (Narvi subgroup)
*Farbauti (Skathi subgroup)
*Thrymr
*S/2007 S 3
*Aegir
*S/2006 S 3 (Skathi subgroup)
*Kari (Skathi subgroup)
*Fenrir
*Surtur
*Ymir
*Loge
*Fornjot

## Related pages
*Moons of Saturn
Marcelo H. del Pilar

, **Marcelo H. del Pilar** and Mariano Ponce.]]
**Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan** (August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896), was a leading propagandist of the Philippine Revolution in 1896.

Marcelo H. del Pilar was born in Cupang (now Barangay San Nicolas), Bulacan, on August 30, 1850, to parents Julián del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaytan. He studied at the Colegio de San José and later at the University of Santo Tomas, where he finished his law course in 1880. In 1882, del Pilar founded the nationalist newspaper *Diariong Tagalog* (Tagalog Newspaper). He organized various anti-friar demonstrations while in the Philippines. He also wrote anti-friar pamphlets like the *Dasalan at Tocsohan*, *Caiigat Cayo*, etc. Del Pilar went to Spain in 1888 to escape persecution by the Spanish authorities. He became the second editor of *La Solidaridad* (Solidarity) in Madrid. 

Publication of the *La Solidaridad* stopped in 1895 due to lack of money. Del Pilar decided to return to the Philippines to lead a revolution against Spain. However, he cancelled his trip due to his illness. Del Pilar died of tuberculosis in Barcelona on July 4, 1896, a pauper, away from his wife and 2 children.

## References 
*
* Villarroel, Fidel, (1997). Marcelo H. del Pilar, his religious conversions. Manila : University of Santo Tomas Pub. House.
Itikaf

**Itikaf** or **Etikaf** or '''E'tikaf''' is a practice in the Islamic faith. It consists of a period of retreat in a mosque, for a certain number of days in accordance with the believer's own wish.That number of days is 10 days. Ramadan is a perfect opportunity to do this. During Itikaf the people spend the last set of Ramadan in the mosque worshipping Allah. They spend their nights in worship by reciting verses from the Qur'an and praying *thahajjud*. During Itikaf, the believers  stay at the mosque. E'tikaf is performed during the last set of Ramadan because "laylatul qadr" (the night when the Quran was revealed) is most probably expected in it.The Muslims also worship ALLAH more and reflect about what they have done in the past. Itikaaf is a spiritual practice in Islam where a person secludes themselves in a mosque for a certain period, typically during the last ten days of Ramadan. During this time, the person focuses on prayer, recitation of the Quran, and seeking closeness to Allah. It's considered a time of intense devotion and reflection.
King Fahd Mosque, Culver City

The **King Fahad Mosque** is a mosque in Culver City, California. It is significant in the Muslim community. A mosque is the main public building in Islam. As a gift to the Muslim community of Southern California from Saudi Arabia, Prince Abdulaziz Bin Fahad Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud, Minister of State and Cabinet Member, provided funding for the land in 1993. King Fahad pledged funds for the construction of the building in 1995. It will serve as a religious and educational center for both Muslims and non-Muslims, worldwide.

Inside the Mosque, the Qiblah (direction of prayer) was built facing towards the Ka'ba (mosque) in the city of Makkah in Saudi Arabia. This is the direction that all Muslims face when they pray. Following Islamic tradition, there is a marble facade, hand made tiles from Turkey, and a 72 foot high minaret topped with a gold leaf crescent. The minaret is an architectural symbol of Islam.

The building covers . It is has a central prayer area, an auditorium, conference rooms, and modern amenities for wudu (a-self-purification process performed before prayer).

The King Fahad Mosque is located at 10980 Washington Boulevard in Culver City, California. It is open daily for all five prayers. Owned and operated by The Islamic Foundation of Shaikh Ibn Taimmiyyah, the entire project was guided by Director General, Dr. Khalil Al Khalil. The Islamic Foundation of Shaikh Ibn Taimmiyyah is located across the street from The King Fahad Mosque at 11004 Washington Boulevard.

## Sheikh Al - Islam Ibn Taymiyah Foundation
Ibn Taymiyah Foundation has supervised the project of King Fahad Mosque in Los Angeles since its beginning. It is responsible for management and future activities. The establishment of this foundation dates back to 1400 AH (1980 CE). Its activities began in the "Muslim Student House" in the city's western area. The idea developed further and a house was purchased in the same area for prayers, lectures and Dawa activities.

The foundation is an Islamic charity organization legally recognized by United States authorities. It is exempted from taxes, entitled to own property and practice religious, educational, informational and intellectual activities throughout the United States. 

The foundation's established objectives are:

* "Propagation of Islam in the light of the Glorious Quran and Traditions of Prophet Muhammad in keeping with the method of the righteous predecessors."
* "Preserving of the Islamic Faith, unifying Muslim ranks to regain their rights and be proud of their religion and civilization."
* "Construction of mosques, schools and colleges, organization of conferences and publication of books."
* "Linking Muslims in America with their Muslim brothers everywhere."
* "Enhancing cordial and humanitarian relations with various foundations, engaging into a mutual dialogue based on justice and pride."

The foundation supervises two other mosques: 

* Masjid al Salam in central Los Angeles
* Riverside Mosque

The foundation supervises "Zamzam Schools" for girls' education and the memorization of the Qur'an.
Jewish Defense League

on a wall, in Paris, in 2006. This was shortly after the start of the  2006 Lebanon war. It shows the logo of the Jewish Defense League. ]]
. Meir Kahane was  a founder of the Jewish Defense League.]]
The **Jewish Defense League** (JDL)  is a Jewish organization started in the US in 1968. Its stated goal is to "protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary". The JDL was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California. The FBI called the JDL a "right-wing terrorist group", labeling it a terrorist group since 2001. In a 2004 congressional testimony, John S. Pistole described the JDL as "a known violent extremist Jewish organization." The MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base said that it has been "an active terrorist organization" since its first two decades of activity.
They also said the "JDL was the second-most active group in the U.S." It is designated as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.

## References
Slut

and against victim blaming started to organize so-called Slutwalks. This picture was taken on the first one, in Toronto, in 2012. They want to give the word *slut* a more positive image, too.]]
 
**Slut** is a broad word that usually means a woman who has sex with a lot of people. It is a bad word and is generally meant to be offensive to whomever it is describing. It is an insult, and some people would also call it a swear word. Originally it meant "A woman of dirty, slovenly or untidy appearance".

The word was used as early as the 1300s. Geoffrey Chaucer used the adjective *sluttish* (referring to a  untidy appearance)  in *The Canterbury Tales*.
From the late 20th century, there have been attempts to reclaim the word. There have been various SlutWalk parades; sone people see the title as a source of pride.

## References
Hassan Bek Mosque

The **Hassan Bek Mosque** (, , also known as the **Hasan Bey Mosque**) is a mosque in Jaffa, which is now part of the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, in Israel. It is considered to be one of the most well-known mosques. Its only minaret was restored two times.
Cultural center

A **cultural center** (or **cultural centre**) is an organization, building or complex that promotes culture and arts.

## Examples 
* Germany: Goethe-Institut
* Spain: Instituto Cervantes
* United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage (ADACH)
Fahd of Saudi Arabia

King **Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud**, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, ( - August 1, 2005) was the King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He was also the leader of the House of Saud and Prime Minister. One of his sons was Abdul Aziz bin Fahd.

## Notes 
## References
Ain al-Yaqeen

***Ain al-Yaqeen*** (English: Heart of the Matter) is an Arab news magazine. It is published every week. It is mainly about politics.

## Other websites
* Ain al-Yaqeen Website
Bombay riots

Riots occurred in Mumbai, India (then called Bombay) in December 1992 and January 1993, in which 900 people died. One of the main causes of the rioting was that Muslims protested against the Demolition of the Babri Masjid, by Hindus, in Ayodhya. Also, the Ayodhya dispute played a role. A mosque was standing on a site that Hindus saw as the birthplace of a deity.
1993 Bombay bombings

The **1993 Bombay bombings** were a series of thirteen bomb explosions. They took place in Bombay (now Mumbai), India on March 12, 1993.

## References
Mu'awiya I

'''Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan** (; , 603 or 605–April 680), commonly known as **Mu'awiya I''', was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate. He demanded Uthman's killers to be punished. Mu'awiya subsequently went to war with Ali for a few years. Ali was eventually martyred by the Kharijites in January 661 and Hasan was elected caliph. During Mu'awiya's reign, the Arab empire conquered much of North Africa, as well as Khurasan and Sijistan. Constantinople, the capital of the Roman Byzantine empire, was also besieged. During the last years of his caliphate, Mu'awiya declared his son Yazid to be his successor.

## Legacy
He is mentioned in the Maronite Chronicle.

Sunni Muslims consider Mu'awiya rightly-guided, and honor him as a noble companion of Muhammad and a scribe of divine revelation. The Shia believe Mu'awiya to be a tyrant and an enemy of Ali. Ibadis also disapprove of Mu'awiya, and modern Ibadi theologians defend the early Kharijite opposition to him. Mu'awiya has nevertheless been the subject of lavish praise in Arabic literature as the ideal ruler.

## References 
## Bibliography 
*
Religious studies

**Religious studies** (or *religious education*) is the academic study of religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions from a secular viewpoint. The main religions studied are Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Judaism and Hinduism.

## Related pages 
*Philosophy of religion
Pitch (baseball)

of the Cincinnati Reds throwing a pitch]]
A **pitch**, in baseball, is when a pitcher throws the baseball to the batter. This is a pitcher's main job. The pitcher tries to get the player who is at-bat out. If a pitcher throws three strikes, the batter strikes out (unless the third strike is a foul tip). A strike is when a pitch is in the zone from the batter's knees to the belt and the width of home plate (the *strike zone*), and if the batter does not swing. A strike is also called if a batter swings at any pitch and misses, or if a batter hits a ball into foul territory (this is called a *foul tip*). If a pitcher throws a ball outside of the strike zone and the batter does not swing, this is called a *ball*. If four of these are thrown, the batter gets to go to first base for free. This is called a *walk*.

Pitchers use different pitches to try to get the batter out. The most common is a fastball. A fastball is when the pitcher throws the ball as hard as he or she can. The pitcher is trying to get the ball past the batter before the batter can hit it. Another type of pitch is a changeup. A pitcher throws a changeup when he or she wants the batter to swing before the ball gets to home plate. The batter might do this because he or she thinks the pitch is a fastball and the baseball will get to the plate faster. In addition to these two types of pitches, there are also many others.

## Notes
Juan (footballer, born 1979)

**Juan Silveira dos Santos** (; born 1 February 1979), commonly known as **Juan**, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. He currently works as Flamengo's Technical Manager.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Juan goal''.

## Honours
**Flamengo**
*Campeonato Carioca (6): 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2017, 2019
*Copa dos Campeões: 2001
*Copa Mercosur: 1999
*Copa de Oro: 1996

**Roma**
*Coppa Italia: 2007–08
*Supercoppa Italiana: 2007

**Internacional**
*Campeonato Gaúcho: 2013, 2014, 2015
**Brazil**
*Copa América: 2004, 2007
*FIFA Confederations Cup: 2005, 2009
*Lunar New Year Cup: 2005
**Individual**
*kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2003–04
* Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2004

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Zé Roberto

**Zé Roberto** (born 6 July 1974) is a Brazilian former football player.

## Career statistics
Sources:

### Club
### International
**Appearances and goals by national team and year**

**International goals**
:''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first.*
*La Liga: 1996–97
*Supercopa de España: 1997

**Bayern Munich** 2001–02, 2007–08
* FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2006
* Bola de Prata: 2012, 2014
* Campeonato Paulista Team of the year: 2015
* Goal of the Year in the Brasileirão: 2016

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Zé Roberto profile at Leverkusen.com
* 
* Tom Sanderson: *How Zé Roberto defied time to remain a star at 43'', These Football Times, 24 July 2017
*
Erich Hartmann

**Erich Alfred "Bubi" Hartmann** (19 April 1922 in Weissach – 20 September 1993 in Weil im Schönbuch)  was a German flying ace in World War II. He was the flying ace with the most victories ever: 352 planes. After the war he spent ten years in Soviet prison camps. Later, he joined the West Germany Air Force.  He had a conflict with his superiors in the West German Air Force.  So he was forced to resign.  After that, he worked as a flight instructor.

His highest rank was that of colonel.

## References
Cicinho

**Cicinho** (born 24 June 1980) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Career statistics
## Honours
;São Paulo
*Campeonato Paulista: 2005
*Copa Libertadores: 2005
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2005

;Real Madrid
*La Liga: 2006–07

;Roma
*Coppa Italia: 2007–08
;Brazil
*FIFA Confederations Cup: 2005

## References
Dida (footballer, born 1973)

**Nélson de Jesus Silva** (born 7 October 1973), better known simply as **Dida**, is a former Brazilian football player.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
## Honours 
**Cruzeiro**
*Copa de Oro: 1995
*Copa do Brasil: 1996
*Copa Libertadores: 1997

**Corinthians**
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1999
*Copa do Brasil: 2002
*Torneio Rio–São Paulo: 2002
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2000

**AC Milan**
*Serie A: 2003–04
*Coppa Italia: 2002–03
*Supercoppa Italiana: 2004
*UEFA Champions League: 2002–03, 2006–07
*UEFA Super Cup: 2003, 2007
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2007

**Internacional**
*Campeonato Gaúcho: 2014, 2015

**Brazil Youth**
*South American Youth Championship: 1992
*FIFA World Youth Championship: 1993
*CONMEBOL Men Pre-Olympic Tournament: 1996

**Brazil**
*FIFA World Cup: 2002
*Copa América: 1999
*FIFA Confederations Cup: 1997, 2005

**Individual**

**Placar* Bola de Prata: 1993 (Vitória), 1996, 1998 (Cruzeiro), 1999 (Corinthians)
*IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper silver ball: 2005
*IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper bronze ball: 2004
*FIFPro World XI: 2005
*FIFPro Goalkeeper of the Year: 2005
*IFFHS Best Brazilian Goalkeeper of the 21st Century
*AC Milan Hall of Fame
## References
Encyclopaedia of Islam

The '''*Encyclopaedia of Islam* (*EI*)''' is the standard encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies.

## References
Gilberto (footballer, born 1976)

**Gilberto** (born 25 April 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Cruzeiro.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1995||América||||0||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Flamengo||rowspan="3"|Série A||17||0
|-
|1997||22||0
|-
|1998||28||2

|-
|1998–99||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||2||0

|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="3"|Série A||16||2
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||24||4
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||21||3
|-
|2003||33||6
|-
|2004||São Caetano||Série A||6||0

|-
|2004–05||rowspan="4"|Hertha Berlin||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||6
|-
|2005–06||23||2
|-
|2006–07||30||5
|-
|2007–08||15||1

|-
|2007–08||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||6||1
|-
|2008–09||1||0

|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||7
|-
|2010||||
186||24
2||0
101||14
7||1
296||39
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|2003||2||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||5||1
|-
|2007||15||0
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
!Total||32||1
|}

## References
Gilberto Silva

**Gilberto Silva** (born 7 October 1976) is a retired Brazilian football player. He last played for Atletico Mineiro.

## Career statistics
### Club 
### International
:''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Silva goal.''

## References
Cris (footballer, born 1977)

**Cristiano Marques Gomes** (born 3 June 1977), or simply **Cris**, is a Brazilian football manager and former player who was most recently manager of French Championnat National club Versailles.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
### International goals 
### Managerial statistics 
*As of 31 May 2023*

## Honours
### Club
**Corinthians**
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1998
* Copa do Brasil: 1995
* Campeonato Paulista: 1995, 1997, 1999

**Cruzeiro**
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2003
* Copa do Brasil: 2000
* Campeonato Mineiro: 2004

**Lyon**
* Ligue 1: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08
* Coupe de France: 2011–12
* Trophée des Champions: 2005, 2007, 2012

### International
**Brazil**
*Copa América: 2004

### Individual
*Bola de Prata: 2000
*Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
*ESM Team of the Year: 2005–06

## References
Luisão

**Luisão** (born 13 February 1982) is a Brazilian former professional football player.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="4"|Série A||3||0||||||||||||||3||0
|-
|2001||20||1||||||||||||||20||1
|-
|2002||24||6||||||||||||||24||6
|-
|2003||15||0||||||||||||||15||0

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="7"|Benfica||rowspan="7"|Portuguese Liga||15||3||3||1||colspan="2"|-||4||0||22||4
|-
|2004/05||29||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0||40||3
|-
|2005/06||31||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||10||1||44||2
|-
|2006/07||17||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0||29||2
|-
|2007/08||19||3||3||1||3||1||9||0||34||5
|-
|2008/09||21||2||3||1||5||0||4||1||33||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
62||7||||||||||||||62||7
132||13||16||3||8||1||46||2||202||19
194||20||16||3||8||1||46||2||264||26
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||7||1
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||2||1
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||11||1
|-
!Total||39||3
|}

## References
Juninho Pernambucano

**Juninho Pernambucano** (born 30 January 1975) is a former Brazilian football player. He plays for Vasco da Gama. He is known as one of the best free-kick takers of all time with 72 free kick goals.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Sport Recife||rowspan="2"|Série A||2||0||||||||||||||2||0
|-
|1994||22||2||||||||||||||22||2
|-
|1995||rowspan="7"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="7"|Série A||21||4||||||||||||||21||4
|-
|1996||15||7||||||||||||||15||7
|-
|1997||18||4||||||||||||||18||4
|-
|1998||18||4||||||||||||||18||4
|-
|1999||17||2||||||||||||||17||2
|-
|2000||22||5||||||||||||||22||5
|-
|2001||0||0||||||||||||||0||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="8"|Olympique Lyonnais||Division 1||29||5||2||0||2||0||8||0||41||5
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="7"|Ligue 1||31||13||1||0||1||0||8||0||41||13
|-
|2003/04||32||10||3||2||1||0||10||5||46||17
|-
|2004/05||32||13||2||1||1||0||9||2||44||16
|-
|2005/06||32||8||4||1||0||0||8||4||44||13
|-
|2006/07||31||10||2||1||2||0||7||1||42||12
|-
|2007/08||32||8||4||2||2||0||8||3||46||13
|-
|2008/09||30||8||1||0||1||0||7||3||39||11

|-
|2009/10||Al-Gharafa||Stars League||||||||||||||||||||
135||28||||||||||||||135||28
249||75||19||7||10||0||65||18||343||100
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
384||103||19||7||10||0||65||18||478||128
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1999||4||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||4||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||10||4
|-
|2006||5||2
|-
!Total||40||6
|}

## References
Fred (footballer, born 1983)

**Frederico Chaves Guedes** (born 3 October 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Fluminense.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|América-MG||rowspan="2"|Série B||19||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||19||7
|-
|2004||7||2||3||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||10||4
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||24||14||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||14
|-
|2005||19||10||9||14||colspan="2"|-||1||0||29||24

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="4"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="4"|Ligue 1||31||14||||||1||0||9||2||41||16
|-
|2006/07||20||11||||||2||0||5||2||27||13
|-
|2007/08||21||7||4||1||2||0||3||0||30||8
|-
|2008/09||15||2||0||0||1||0||4||2||20||4

|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Fluminense||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||12||6||2||colspan="2"|-||6||5||31||19
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
88||45||18||18||colspan="2"|-||7||5||113||68
87||34||4||1||6||0||21||6||118||41
175||79||22||19||6||0||28||11||231||109
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2005||2||2
|-
|2006||5||2
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
!Total||9||4
|}

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Ricardinho (footballer, born May 1976)

**Ricardinho** (born 23 May 1976) is a former Brazilian footballer. He scored 60 goals in 314 games in all competitions over a 16-year career.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Paraná||rowspan="3"|Série A||14||0
|-
|1996||15||1
|-
|1997||0||0

|-
|1997–98||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||18||1

|-
|1998||rowspan="4"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="4"|Série A||22||2
|-
|1999||18||4
|-
|2000||20||2
|-
|2001||21||8
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|São Paulo||rowspan="2"|Série A||16||3
|-
|2003||23||1

|-
|2003–04||Middlesbrough||Premier League||0||0

|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Série A||37||10
|-
|2005||35||10
|-
|2006||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||8||1

|-
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|Beşiktaş||rowspan="2"|Süper Lig||30||6
|-
|2007–08||13||2

|-
|2008–09||Al-Rayyan||Stars League||24||9

|-
|2009–10||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||||
229||42
18||1
0||0
43||8
24||9
314||60
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||5||1
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
!Total||21||1
|}

## References
Júlio César (football goalkeeper, born 1979)

**Júlio César Soares de Espíndola** (born 3 September 1979), known as **Júlio César** (), is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

In July 2009, Julio Cesar was awarded by ESPN Brasil (the Brazilian division of ESPN) as the best player of the 2008–09 season. He received an important and highly regarded "Prêmio Futebol no Mundo" ("Worldwide Football award").

He won the treble with Inter in the 2009–10 season, playing 54 games in all competitions.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
### Club
**Flamengo**
*Copa dos Campeões: 2001
*Campeonato Carioca: 2000, 2001, 2004
*Taça Guanabara: 2001, 2004
*Taça Rio: 2000
*Copa dos Campeões Mundiais: 1997

**Inter Milan** 2006, 2008, 2010
*UEFA Champions League: 2009–10
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2010

**Benfica**
*Primeira Liga: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
*Taça de Portugal: 2016–17
*Taça da Liga: 2014–15
*Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2016

### International
**Brazil**
*Copa América: 2004
*FIFA Confederations Cup: 2009, 2013

*UEFA Club Goalkeeper of the Year: 2009–10
*ESM Team of the Year: 2009–10
*Pirata d'Oro (Internazionale Player Of The Year): 2010
*FIFA Confederations Cup Golden Glove Award: 2013
*FIFA Confederations Cup Dream Team: 2013
*Primeira Liga Best Goalkeeper: 2014–15

*Inter Milan Hall of Fame: 2020
*IFFHS CONMEBOL team of the decade 2011–2020

### Records
*One of three Brazilian goalkeepers to be nominated for Ballon d'Or (shared with Dida and Alisson)
*Brazil national team record for most minutes without conceding a goal (581 minutes, set in 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification)
*The Brazilian goalkeeper with most penalty saves in Serie A: 10 saves from 26 attempts
*The Brazilian goalkeeper with most clean-sheets in Serie A: 101 in 228 matches

## References
Carlos Alberto Parreira

**Carlos Alberto Parreira** (born 27 February 1943) is a Brazilian football manager.

## Managerial statistics
Mineiro (footballer, born 1975)

**Carlos Luciano da Silva** (born 2 August 1975), nicknamed **Mineiro**, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1997||Guarani||Série A||24||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="5"|Ponte Preta||rowspan="5"|Série A||21||2
|-
|1999||20||2
|-
|2000||24||1
|-
|2001||24||0
|-
|2002||9||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|São Caetano||rowspan="2"|Série A||39||0
|-
|2004||41||3
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|São Paulo||rowspan="2"|Série A||30||4
|-
|2006||27||3

|-
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|Hertha Berlin||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||10||1
|-
|2007–08||26||1

|-
|2008–09||Chelsea||Premier League||1||0

|-
|2009–10||Schalke||Bundesliga||||
259||15
36||2
1||0
296||17
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||17||0
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
!Total||24||0
|}

## Honours
### Club
**São Caetano**
* São Paulo State Championship: 2004

**São Paulo**
* São Paulo State Championship: 2005
* Copa Libertadores: 2005
* FIFA Club World Cup: 2005
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2006

### International
**Brazil**
* Copa América: 2007

### Individual
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2006

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Marcos (footballer, born 1973)

**Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis** (born 4 August 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Palmeiras and Brazil national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Palmeiras**
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1993, 1994
*Campeonato Paulista: 1993, 1994, 1996, 2008
*Torneio Rio – São Paulo: 1993, 2000
*Copa do Brasil: 1998
*Copa Mercosur: 1998
*Copa Libertadores: 1999
*Brazilian Champions Cup: 2000
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2003

**Brazil U20**
*South American U-20 Championship: 1992

**Brazil**
*Copa América: 1999
*FIFA World Cup: 2002
*FIFA Confederations Cup: 2005

**Individual**
*Copa Libertadores Most Valuable Player: 1999
*Copa Libertadores Best Goalkeeper: 1999
*Copa Libertadores Final Most Valuable Player: 1999
*Copa Libertadores Best Newcomer: 1999
*Campeonato Paulista Best Goalkeeper: 1999, 2003, 2008
*Copa Mercosur Best Goalkeeper: 1999
*Torneio Rio – São Paulo Best Goalkeeper: 2000
*Best Latin American Goalkeeper: 1999, 2002
*IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper fourth place: 2002
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série B Most Valuable Player: 2003
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Goalkeeper of the Year: 2008, 2009

## References
Edmílson

**Edmílson Gomes** (born 10 July 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Palmeiras.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="6"|São Paulo||rowspan="6"|Série A||7||0
|-
|1996||15||0
|-
|1997||22||1
|-
|1998||11||0
|-
|1999||11||0
|-
|2000||6||0

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="4"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Division 1||24||1
|-
|2001–02||18||0
|-
|2002–03||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||26||0
|-
|2003–04||36||2

|-
|2004–05||rowspan="4"|Barcelona||rowspan="4"|La Liga||6||0
|-
|2005–06||28||0
|-
|2006–07||26||0
|-
|2007–08||11||0
|-
|2008–09||Villarreal||La Liga||6||0

|-
|2009||Palmeiras||Série A||||
72||1
104||3
77||0
253||4
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||10||1
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
!Total||40||1
|}

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Official foundation website
Roque Júnior

**José Vítor Roque Júnior** (; born 31 August 1976), more commonly known as **Roque Júnior**, is a Brazilian football pundit and former player who played as a defender. 

## Career statistics
### Club career statistics
|-
|1993||Santarritense||||31||3
|-
|1994||São José||||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="6"|Palmeiras||rowspan="6"|Série A||1||0
|-
|1996||12||0
|-
|1997||26||0
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||16||1
|-
|2000||0||0

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="3"|Milan||rowspan="3"|Serie A||22||0
|-
|2001–02||18||0
|-
|2002–03||4||0
|-
|2003–04||Siena||Serie A||4||0

|-
|2003–04||Leeds United||Premier League||5||0

|-
|2004–05||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||19||0
|-
|2005–06||15||0
|-
|2006–07||1||0
|-
|2007–08||Duisburg||Bundesliga||4||0

|-
|2007–08||Al-Rayyan||Stars League||0||0

|-
|2008||Palmeiras||Série A||5||0
|-
|2010||Ituano||Série D||5||0
99||4
48||0
5||0
39||0
0||0
191||4
|}

### International career statistics
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||4||2
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||9||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||11||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
!Total||48||2
|}

## References
Juliano Belletti

**Juliano Belletti** (born 20 June 1976) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Career statistics
### Club
;Notes

### International
:''Score and result list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Belletti goal''.

## Honours
**Cruzeiro**
* Copa Ouro: 1995

**São Paulo**

**Barcelona**
*FA Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10
*FA Community Shield: 2009
*UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2007–08

**Fluminense**
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2010

**Brazil**
*FIFA World Cup: 2002

## References
## Other websites
*
Robinho

**Robson de Souza** (; born 25 January 1984), known as **Robinho** (), is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a winger.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first''

## Honours
**Santos**
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2002, 2004
*Copa do Brasil: 2010
*Campeonato Paulista: 2010, 2015

**Real Madrid**
*La Liga: 2006–07, 2007–08

**Brazil**
* Bola de Prata: 2002, 2004, 2016
* Bola de Ouro: 2004
* World Soccer Young Player of the Year: 2005
* Copa América Best Player: 2007
* Copa América Golden Boot: 2007
* Campeonato Paulista Team of the Year: 2015
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2016

## References