open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eugene O'Neill

'''Eugene Gladstone O'Neill''' (October 16, 1888 &ndash; November 27, 1953) was an American playwright. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936. He won four Pulitzer Prizes throughout the 1920s and one even after his death in 1957.

## Early life
O'Neill was born on October 16, 1888 in a hotel room in New York City, New York. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard University. O'Neill's parents were immigrants from Ireland. 'The one thing that explains more than anything about me is the fact that I'm Irish,” playwright Eugene O'Neill informed his son Eugene Jr in 1946.

## Career
O'Neill's best-known stage works include, *Anna Christie* (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize, 1922), *Desire Under the Elms* (1924), *Strange Interlude* (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize, 1928), *Mourning Becomes Electra* (1931), and his only well-known comedy, *Ah, Wilderness!* (1933).

O'Neill won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936. He won four Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his works on stage.

## Personal life
O'Neill was married to Kathleen Jenkins from 1909 until they divorced in 1911. They had one son. Then, he was married to Agnes Boulton from 1918 until they divorced in 1929. They had one son and one daughter. A granddaughter from this marriage is the actress Geraldine Chaplin.

After this divorce, he was married to Carlotta Monterey from 1929 until his death in 1953. O'Neill was an Agnostic.

O'Neill was a anarchist socialist.

## Death
O'Neill died on November 27, 1953 at a hotel room in Boston, Massachusetts from cerebellar cortical atrophy, a neurological disease. He was 65 years old. As he was dying, he whispered his last words: "I knew it. I knew it. Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room."

## Books
*
*
*
*
*
* 
* 

## References
## Other websites
* Eugene O'Neill official website
* Casa Genotta official website
* 
* 
* Eugene O'Neill | PlaybillVault.com 
* Eugene O'Neil Autobiography  at the Nobel Foundation
* Works by Eugene O'Neill at Project Gutenberg Australia
* Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site
* American Experience - Eugene O'Neill: A Documentary Film on PBS
Afro-Haitians

**Afro-Haitians** or **Black Haitians**, are Haitian people whose ancestors were Africans. Most Afro-Haitians are descended from West African slaves. The slaves were brought over to work in plantations, mainly for sugar canes.

The vast majority (about 90%) of Haitians are of African descent. Of them, about 25-30% are of mixed race or mulatto.

## Origins 
Haiti, just like in any region in the Americas, received slaves from all over West and Central Africa. Although Haitian slaves were from all over Africa, the most common were Kongos from the Congo region, and Ewe and Fon tribes of current-day Benin or Togo. There was also a lot of Igbo people from Nigeria.

Haitian Voodoo is obviously from the Fon people of Benin, when they came in large numbers as slaves to work in plantations as maids, farmers, and sugar cane cutters have kept their traditions strong and alive till this day after 300 years away from their original home.

The African influence can also be seen in the language Haitians use to speak; Haitian Creole is a French-based language with strong African influence in the phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar, pronunciations. There are many words of African origin used in every day speech. Haitian food is mostly of African origin, including the names of the food. The music of Haiti is filled with African rhythms and instruments, the use of call and response as well as vocal African songs.

## References
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

**Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg** (19 April 1795 &ndash; 27 June 1876) was a German naturalist, zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist. He was one of the most famous and productive scientists of his time.

## Microscopic organisms 
Ehrenberg was appointed professor of medicine at Berlin University in 1827. In 1829 he accompanied Alexander von Humboldt through eastern Russia to the Chinese frontier. After his return he began to concentrate his studies on microscopic organisms, which then were not much studied.

For nearly 30 years Ehrenberg examined samples of water, soil, sediment, blowing dust and rock and described thousands of new species, among them well-known flagellates such as Euglena, ciliates such as *Paramecium aurelia* and *Paramecium caudatum*, and many fossils, in nearly 400 scientific publications. He was particularly interested in a unicellular group of protists called diatoms, but he also studied, and named, many species of radiolaria, foraminifera and dinoflagellates.

These researches built up our knowledge of the microorganisms of certain geological formations, especially of the chalk, and of the marine and freshwater accumulations. Until Ehrenberg took up the study it was not known that considerable masses of rock were composed of minute forms of animals or plants. He also demonstrated that the phosphorescence of the sea was due to organisms.

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1836 and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London from 1837. In 1839, he won the Wollaston Medal, the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London. He continued until late in life to investigate the microscopic organisms of the deep sea and of various geological formations. He died in Berlin on 27 June 1876.

## Legacy 
After his death in 1876, his collections of microscopic organisms were deposited in the Humboldt Museum at the University of Berlin. The "Ehrenberg Collection" includes 40,000 microscope preparations, 5,000 raw samples, 3,000 pencil and ink drawings, and nearly 1,000 letters of correspondence. His collection of scorpions, and other arachnids from the Middle East, is also held in the Berlin Museum.

## References
Beginners

***Beginners*** is a 2010 American romantic-comedy-drama movie directed by Mike Mills and released by Focus Features. It is about the story of Oliver, a man remembering the life and death from cancer of his widowed gay father, Hal, while trying to work a new romantic relationship with a Frenchwoman, Anna. 

It stars Christopher Plummer and Ewan McGregor. It was released to positive reviews on June 3, 2011. This movie lead to Plummer's first Academy Award win. 

## Other websites 
*
Peggy Stewart

**Peggy Stewart** (born '''Margaret O'Rourke'''; June 5, 1923 &ndash; May 29, 2019) was an American movie actress. She starred mostly in B-movies during the 1930s and 1940s. Her sister, Patricia O'Rourke, was an Olympic swimmer and was married to World War II hero and B-movie actor Wayne Morris.

Stewart was born on June 5, 1923 in West Palm Beach, Florida. She was married to Don Barry from 1940 until they divorced in 1944. Then she was married to Buck Young from 1953 until his death 2000. Stewart died on May 29, 2019 at the age of 95.

Stewart appeared in the 2012 Adam Sandler movie ''That's My Boy''.

Stewart played Pam Beesly's grandmother, Mee-Maw, in a 2009 episode of *The Office* and reprised the role in a 2010 episode.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* B-western ladies, Peggy Stewart
Savoy Hotel

The **Savoy Hotel** is a luxury hotel on the Strand in central London. It was built by impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte with profits from his Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and opened in 1889. It was the first in the Savoy group of hotels and restaurants, which were owned by his family for over a century.  

The Savoy was the first luxury hotel in Britain. It had electric lights throughout the building, electric lifts, bathrooms in most of the lavishly furnished rooms, constant hot and cold running water, and many other innovations. D'Oyly Carte hired manager César Ritz and French chef Auguste Escoffier, who established the highest quality in service, entertainment and dining. The hotel attracted royalty and other rich guests and diners. Winston Churchill frequently took his cabinet to lunch at the hotel.

The hotel became Carte's most successful venture. Its bands, Savoy Orpheans and the Savoy Havana Band, became famous, and other entertainers (who were also often guests) included George Gershwin, Frank Sinatra, Lena Horne and Noël Coward. Famous guests have included Edward VII, Enrico Caruso, Charlie Chaplin, Otto Hahn, Harry Truman, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, Babe Ruth, Laurence Olivier, Marilyn Monroe, John Wayne, Humphrey Bogart, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Bob Dylan, The Beatles and numerous others.

The hotel is now managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. It has been called "London's most famous hotel". It is still one of London's most prestigious and opulent hotels, with 268 rooms and panoramic views of the River Thames across Savoy Place and the Thames Embankment. The hotel closed in December 2007 for extensive renovations and reopened in October 2010.

## References
Dorothy Kilner

**Dorothy Kilner** (17 February 1755 – 5 February 1836) was an English writer of children's books during the late 18th century.

Dorothy published her first books anonymously. She then published under the pseudonyms **M. P.** and **Mary Pelham**. This was common practice among female authors in that period.

Dorothy's most famous book was *The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse*. This was published in 1784. Some other books of hers are *Anecdotes of a Boarding School, or an antidote to the vices of those Establishments* (1790), *Little Stories for Little Folks* (about 1785), and *The Village School* (1795). Most of her stories had moral lessons.

## Life 
Dorothy was probably born in Woodford, which was part of Essex at the time. Her father was Thomas Kilner (1719–1804), a public servant and landowner. Her mother was Frances Kilner (née Ayscough; 1718–1768). Dorothy was the youngest of five children. The family lived in Maryland Point.

Dorothy was inspired to write through her friendship with Mary Ann Maze (Mary Ann Kilner, 1753–1831). The two became friends when they were children. They wrote many letters to each other on religious and personal matters. The letters were usually written in verse. Maze later married Dorothy's brother, Thomas Kilner (1750–1812) in 1774. Dorothy moved into their house in Spitalfields, and helped to raise their five children.

Both Dorothy and Mary Ann became writers, and wrote many books for children. Their books were published by John Marshall. Copies of their books were found long after their deaths in a trunk in their home in Maryland Point. Several titles continued to be reprinted for many years.

## References 
* 
* Life and Perambulation of a Mouse

## Other websites 
* 
* Complete text of *The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse*
Emile Francis

**Emile Percival Francis** (September 13, 1926 &ndash; February 19, 2022), nicknamed "The Cat", was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, coach and general manager. He was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan.

## Playing career
In the NHL, Francis played 2 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks and 22 games for the New York Rangers. He served as a back-up goaltender during his time with the Rangers. He was also the first goaltender to use a first baseman’s glove with a cuff added to protect his hand and wrist while previous goaltenders would were the same padded gloves as their teammates.

He mainly played in the AHL and WHL which he played for a number of different teams including the Vancouver Canucks, Saskatoon Quakers and Seattle Americans. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1960.

After he retired, he became the head coach of the OHA's Guelph Royals and then became the head coach of the New York Rangers from 1965 to 1975. He then became the head coach of the St. Louis Blues 1976 to 77 and in 1982. After coaching, Francis became the General Manager of the New York Rangers from 1964 to 1976, the General Manager of the St. Louis Blues from 1976 to 1983 and the General Manager of the Hartford Whalers from 1983 to 1989. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1982 as a builder.

His son Bobby Francis also played in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings. He also coached the Phoenix Coyotes from 1999 to 2004.

Francis died on February 19, 2022, at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Jessica Barth

**Jessica Barth** is an American writer and actress. Jessica Barth studied acting and creative writing at the West Chester University.

## Career
Jessica Barth started working at three different restaurants in Los Angeles, California. the main character's love interest.

## Appearances
### Films
**Neo Ned* (2005)
**Next* (2007)
**Mr. Blue Sky* (2007)
**Get Smart* (2008)
**The Waterhole* (2009)
**Ted* (2012)
**Ted 2* (2015)

### Television
**The District*
**The Catch* (2005)
**One on One*
**South of Nowhere*
**How I Met Your Mother*
**Family Guy* (Voice)
**Days of Our Lives*
**CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*
**Cougar Town*
**Parks and Recreation*

## References
## Other websites
*
*Jessica Barth on Instagram
Giovanni Ribisi

**Antonino Giovanni Ribisi** (; born December 17, 1974) is an American actor. He is best known for his starring roles in the television series *Sneaky Pete* and the movies *Avatar* (2009), *Lost in Translation* (2003), *Ted* (2012) and its sequel *Ted 2* (2015), *Contraband* (2012), *Gardener of Eden* (2007), *Selma* (2014) and *A Million Ways to Die in the West* (2014). He also had roles in television series such as *The Wonder Years*, *My Name Is Earl* and *Friends*.

Ribisi is a Scientologist.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Official Website
Lawrence Kohlberg

**Lawrence Kohlberg** (25 October 1927 – 19 January 1987) was an American psychologist. Today, he is mostly known for his theory, that the development of a sense of what is morally right or wrong occurs in different stages. There are three main stages, which are subdivided:
* (Pre-Conventional)
*# Avoiding punishment
*# Self-interest orientation 
* (Conventional)
*# Interpersonal accord and conformity  / Social norms
*# Authority and social-order maintaining orientation 
*(Post-Conventional)
*# Social contract orientation
*# Universal ethical principles
Ventriloquism

**Ventriloquism** is a form of stage theater in which a person changes his or her voice so that it sounds like the voice is coming from somewhere else (usually a puppet or a dummy). A **ventriloquist** is one who performs this art.

## Origins 
Originally, it was practiced in religion. Now, it is used in comedy.

## History of modern-day ventriloquism 
Today's modern ventriloquism started in nightclubs.

## Notable ventriloquists 
*Jeff Dunham

## References
Psychrolutes marcidus

The **blobfish** (*Psychrolutes marcidus*) is three species of a fish of the family Psychrolutidae. They live in deep waters off the coasts of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

Blobfish are typically shorter than 30&nbsp;cm. They live at depths between  where the pressure is several dozen times higher than at sea level.

Blobfish are often caught accidentally in bottom trawling nets. Scientists now fear the blobfish could become an endangered species because of deep-ocean trawling.

As often happens with common names, there is another fish which may also be called "blobfish". It is Macquarie blobfish, a species of *Ebinania*.

## References
Ken Burns

**Kenneth Lauren Burns**  is an American director and producer of documentary movies. He is known for his style of using archive footage and photographs. Burns is also a historian and writer. He is also related to one of his heroes, Abraham Lincoln.  He studied at Hampshire College.

## References
## Other websites
*Florentine Films—Ken Burns's production company
*
*
*Ken Burns on PBS
*Ken Burns bibliography 
*Ken Burns at Library of Congress Authorities — with 54 catalog records
Bruce Hubbard

**Bruce Hubbard** (1952–1991) was an American operatic baritone singer. He is known for appearing in several productions of *Show Boat* and *Porgy and Bess*.

Hubbard was born in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1951.

## Other websites 
*
Hôtel Ritz Paris

The **Hôtel Ritz** is a grand hotel in the heart of Paris in the Place Vendôme. The hotel is ranked highly among the most prestigious and luxurious hotels in the world and is a member of "The Leading Hotels of the World".

The hotel has 159 rooms. It was founded by the Swiss hotelier, César Ritz, in collaboration with the chef Auguste Escoffier in 1898. The new hotel was constructed behind the façade of a Town house from the 18th-century. It overlooks one of the central squares in Paris.

It was one of the first hotels in Europe to provide a bathroom *en suite*, a telephone and electricity for each room. It established a reputation for luxury. The clients have included royalty, politicians, writers, film stars and singers. Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel, for example Coco Chanel and Ernest Hemingway who lived at the hotel for years. One of the bars of the hotel, *Bar Hemingway*, is devoted to Hemingway.

The Ritz has the reputation of being the most expensive hotel in Paris. The rooms as of May 2011 started at €850 a night. Suites start at €3,600 and cost up to €13,900 a night for the most expensive ones (the *Suite Impériale* is the most expensive).

During the Second World War, the German Luftwaffe used the hotel as local headquarters in Paris. The son of César Ritz, Charles, died in 1976. The last members of the Ritz family who owned the hotel sold it to the Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed in 1979. In August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Al-Fayed's son, Dodi, dined in the hotel's Imperial Suite before their fatal car crash.

The hotel is being entirely renovated. It has been closed since 1 August 2012 and will open its doors in March 2016, after a delay of nearly two years. Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury, the hotel has featured in many novels (for example F. Scott Fitzgerald's *Tender Is The Night* and Hemingway's *The Sun Also Rises*),
a play (Noël Coward's *Semi-Monde*), and films (such as Billy Wilder's 1957 comedy *Love in the Afternoon* and William Wyler's 1966 comedy *How to Steal a Million*).

## References
Heat lightning

.]]
**Heat lightning** is the name for lightning from thunderstorms that are far away that is not followed by thunder. This happens because the lightning is far away and the sound of the thunder stops before it reaches the person watching the thunderstorm. Although it is named heat lightning, it does not have anything to do with the heat of the lightning itself. At night, lightning can be seen from up to  away, but the thunder usually does not go farther than  miles.

Heat lightning is often seen during the summer months. In Florida, heat lightning can often been seen over the water at night from thunderstorms that formed during the day.

## References
## Other websites
*The Weather Doctor: Weather Whys
*Heat Lightning Facts
Stansfield Turner

**Stansfield M. Turner** (December 1, 1923 &ndash; January 18, 2018) was a United States Navy admiral and former Director of Central Intelligence and President of the Naval War College. He was a senior research scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park School of Public Policy.

Turner was born on December 1, 1923 in Highland Park, Illinois. He studied at Amherst College, at the United States Naval Academy, and at Exeter College, Oxford. He was a Christian Scientist. Turner died in Seattle, Washington on January 18, 2018 at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*Prepared Statement before Congress on MKULTRA 
*Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 1 
*Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 2 
*Interview on the Iranian Arms Scandal from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Bronisław Geremek

Professor **Bronisław Geremek** (**Benjamin Lewertow**; March 6, 1932 - July 13, 2008) was a Polish social historian and politician. Geremek served as Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1997 through 2000.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990.

Geremek was born on March 6, 1932 in Warsaw, Poland. He studied at Warsaw University. Geremek was married to Hanna Geremek until his death in 2008.

Geremek died on July 13, 2008 after a car crash in Lubień, Poland. The cause of the crash was because Geremek fell asleep behind the wheel. He was 76 years old. A state funeral was granted for Geremek.

## References
## Other websites
* On the Side of Geremek Adam Michnik eulogizes Geremek in *The New York Review of Books*
*Bronislaw Geremek's  opinion editorial commentaries for Project Syndicate
Tadeusz Mazowiecki

**Tadeusz Mazowiecki** (18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polish author, journalist, philanthropist and Christian-democratic politician. Mazowiecki was the first Prime Minister of Poland. His term began in 1989 and ended in 1991.

## Early life
Mazowiecki was born on 18 April 1927 in Płock, Second Republic of Poland. He was married two times (became a widower twice). He had three children, Wojciech, Adam, and Michal.

## Career
He was formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement. Mazowiecki was the first non-communist prime minister in the Eastern Bloc after World War II. He became Prime Minister on 24 August 1989. His term lasted for nearly 2 years when he left office on 12 January 1991.

In 2003, he was elected to the board of directors of the International Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims.

## Awards
Mazowiecki received numerous awards. An honorary degree from the universities in: Leuven, Genoa, Giessen, Poitiers, Exeter, Warsaw University and University of Economics in Katowice.

He also received the Order of White Eagle (1995), Golden Order of Bosnia (1996), Légion d'honneur (1997), Srebrnica Award (2005), the Giant award (1995) awarded by *Gazeta Wyborcza* (*Election Gazette*) in Poznań and Jan Nowak-Jezioranski Award (2004).

## Death
Mazowiecki died on 28 October 2013 in Warsaw, Poland from complications from a fever caused by pneumonia. He was 86 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*Periodic Reports on the situation in Bosnia
Philip Baker Hall

**Philip Baker Hall** (September 10, 1931 – June 12, 2022) was an American actor. He starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's movies, *Hard Eight*, *Boogie Nights* and *Magnolia*. Other movies included *Air Force One*, *The Truman Show*, *Bruce Almighty*, *Rush Hour* and *The Amityville Horror*.

Hall was born in Toledo, Ohio. He studied at the University of Toledo. He was married three times, but two ended in divorce. Hall had four children. Hall died on June 12, 2022 of emphysema at his home in Glendale, California at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Dry thunderstorm

A **dry thunderstorm** is a type of thunderstorm where there is lightning and thunder, but most or all of the precipitation does not reach the ground. They usually happen in deserts or areas with low water vapor. Because dry air usually absorbs liquid water, the rain is absorbed before it reaches the ground. They happen a lot during the summer months in western North America.

Dry thunderstorms are dangerous because they can cause dust storms and wildfires. Dust storms can happen because the dry soil and sand are picked up by strong winds. Wildfires can happen because the lightning can hit trees and there is no rain to put out the fires.

## References
Menu

A **menu** is a list of dishes to be served at a meal. Menus have been around in Europe since the 18th century. There is a special need for them in Chinese cuisine because of the wide range of dishes on offer. Menus have been discovered from the Song Dynasty in China. In the larger cities of the time, the variety of cuisine from different regions led caterers to create a list for their patrons.

In restaurants, the modern menu, with dishes in a set order of courses, was invented by the great French chef Escoffier. Usually there are two types of menu at a good restaurant:

*''table d'hôte*: a set menu at a fixed price (*prix fixée*).
**à la carte'': a wider choice of items, each with its own price.

Lesser establishments might offer a chalkboard, with the advantage that items can be rubbed out or added on at short notice. Fish restaurants in particular depend on daily catches being supplied or bought in the early morning. They usually list fish freshly bought (as opposed to frozen).

In American restaurant management, "menu engineering" has become a branch of marketing.

## References
Cinderella Castle

**Cinderella Castle** (or **Cinderella Palace**) is the fairy tale castle at the center of two Disney theme parks: the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort, and Tokyo Disneyland at the Tokyo Disney Resort. Both castles are recognized all over the world. They are the main attraction for each of the theme parks.
Tokyo Disneyland

is a theme park at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, near Tokyo. It is  large.
Tokyo Disney Resort is one of five Disney Resorts in the world. It is one of the most famous theme parks in Japan. Maihama Station is the nearest station. There are many kinds of tickets for visitors to choose from. The "After 6 passport" for admission after 6&nbsp;p.m. is popular with high-school students and couples.
Tokyo DisneySea is nearby.

## Parks
Tokyo Disneyland is divided into seven theme parks.
*World Bazaar
*Adventureland
*Westernland
*Critter Country
*Fantasyland
*Toontown
*Tomorrowland

## Characters
;Main characters
*Mickey Mouse
*Minnie Mouse
*Donald Duck
*Goofy
*Pluto
They are called the "FAB 5". They always appear on stages and parades. They are mostly found at Toontown. Other characters at Toontown are Chip 'n Dale and Daisy Duck.

At Fantasyland, there are Winnie the Pooh, Peter Pan, Snow White, Cinderella, Pinocchio, Dumbo, Alice, and Jack Skellington from *The Nightmare Before Christmas*.

At Tomorrowland, there is Buzz Lightyear and the monsters from *Monsters, Inc.*. There is also the Aristocats and Lilo & Stitch.

## Attractions
* Star Tours
* Haunted Mansion
* Big Thunder Mountain 
* Space Mountain
* Splash Mountain

## References
Norman Tindale

**Norman Barnett Tindale** AO (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist and ethnologist. He worked for the South Australian Museum for almost 50 years. He is best known for his work mapping the various cultural groupings of Indigenous Australians.

He was born in Perth, Western Australia. His family moved to Tokyo in 1907, when he was a young boy. Norman was educated at the American School in Japan. The family returned to Perth in 1915, and then moved to Adelaide in 1917. Tindale got a job at the Adelaide Public Library. In January 1919, he got a job at the South Australian Museum as entomologist's assistant to Arthur Mills Lea. He had already published thirty-one papers on entomological, ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933.

## References
## Other websites 
* Norman Tindale website at Australian National University
* Norman Tindale  at the South Australia Museum
** Tribal Boundaries in Aboriginal Australia , the map of Aboriginal language-group boundaries by Norman Tindale
* Tindale Genealogical Collection  at the State Library of Queensland
Shelby Foote

**Shelby Dade Foote, Jr.** (November 17, 1916 &ndash; June 27, 2005) was an American historian and writer. He was an important person for Civil War documentaries. He wrote many books about the war and Abraham Lincoln. His most famous book about the war was *The Civil War: A Narrative*.  Foote was born on in Greenville, Mississippi and died in Memphis, Tennessee.

## Early life
Shelby Dade Foote, Jr. studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Foote is of Jewish descent, but he was raised as an Episcopalian.

## Career
Foote began writing a three volume, 3000-page history, together called *The Civil War: A Narrative*. The separate volumes are *Fort Sumter to Perryville* (1958), *Fredericksburg to Meridian* (1963), and *Red River to Appomattox* (1974).

When *The Civil War* by Ken Burns was first broadcast, his telephone number was publicly listed. and He received many phone calls from people who had seen him on television. Foote never unlisted his number, and the volume of calls increased each time the series re-aired.

## Personal life
He was married to Tess Lavery from 1944 until they divorced in 1946. Then he was married to Marguerite "Peggy" Desommes from 1948 until they divorced in 1952. They had one child. Then he was married to Gwyn Rainer from 1956 until his death in 2005. They had one child. 

## Death
Foote died on June 27, 2005 at a hospital in Memphis, Tennessee from heart failure caused by a heart attack and pulmonary embolism. He was 88 years old. Foote is buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.

## References
## Other websites
* Shelby Foote Grave
* Shelby Foote Papers Inventory, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill
* *Write TV* Public Television Interview with Shelby Foote 
* PBS Civil War 
* American Enterprise interview with Bill Kauffman 
*"Shelby Foote's War Story: How a Memphis novelist’s history of the Civil War made history itself" from *Garden & Gun*
Clay Aiken

**Clay Aiken** (born November 30, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter, author and activist. 

Aiken was born and raised in Raleigh, North Carolina. He was a contestant on the second season of *American Idol* in 2003. He is openly gay. He officially filed to run on February 27, 2014.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Measure of a Man* (2003)
* *Merry Christmas with Love* (2004)
* *A Thousand Different Ways* (2006)
* *On My Way Here* (2008)
* *Tried and True* (2010)
* *Steadfast* (2012)

### EPs
* *All Is Well* (2006)

### Compilations
* *The Very Best of Clay Aiken* (2009)
* *A Thousand Different Ways/Measure of a Man* (2010)

### DVDs
* *A Clay Aiken Christmas* (2004)
* *Tried and True Live* (2010)

## Related pages
* List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

## References
Koreans in Japan

**Koreans** are one of the largest ethnic minority groups in Japan. Many Koreans immigrated from the 1920s to the 1950s.

## Other websites
*Han
Menrva

from Etruria]]
**Menrva** is the Etruscan goddess of war, art, wisdom and health. She was often associated with the Greek goddess Athena. She was the precursor of the Roman Minerva.

## References
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela

**Winnie Madikizela–Mandela** (born **Nomzamo Winfreda Zanyiwe Madikizela**; 26 September 1936 &ndash; 2 April 2018) was a South African politician. She held several government positions and headed the African National Congress Women's League. She was a member of the ANC's National Executive Committee. Madikizela-Mandela was married to President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

Madikizela-Mandela was born on 26 September 1936 in Bizana, Pondoland, Transkei, South Africa. She studied at the University of South Africa. She was married to Nelson Mandela from 1958 until they divorced in 1996. They had two children. Madikizela-Mandela died of complications from diabetes on 2 April 2018 in Johannesburg at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Winnie Mandela Trailer HD Video
* 
* 
*"Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence" , Washington Post, 18 February 1989
Harry Frederick Oppenheimer

**Harry Frederick Oppenheimer** (28 October 1908 – 19 August 2000) was a famous South African businessman of Jewish descent. Oppenheimer was the chairman of Anglo American Corporation for a quarter of a century. He was also the chairman of De Beers Consolidated Mines for 27 years until he retired from those positions in 1982 and 1984. He was close friends with President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

Oppenheimer was born in Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa. He studied at Charterhouse School and at Christ Church, Oxford University. Oppenheimer was raised in Johannesburg.

The Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award Africa's premier research prize, is awarded every year by the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust, in memory of Harry Oppenheimer's commitment to an ideal of "unambiguous excellence."

Oppenheimer was married to Bridget Oppenheimer until his death in 2000. They had two children. Bridget died in October 2013.

Oppenheimer died in Johannesburg, South Africa from cancer, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Hart, R. 2010. Mr H.F. Oppenheimer receives the Freedom of the City of Kimberley. *Now and Then: Newsletter of the Historical Society of Kimberley and the Northern Cape* 18(3):1-2
Commission

**Commission** or **commissioning** may refer to:

## Business and contracting
* Commission (remuneration), a form of payment to an agent for services rendered
** Commission (art), the purchase or the creation of a piece of art most often on behalf of another
* A contract for performance or creation of a specific work
* Commissioning, a process or service provided to validate the completeness and accuracy of a project or venture:
** Building commissioning, a quality assurance process during and following building construction
** Project commissioning, a process of assuring that all components of a facility are designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained according to the requirements of the owner or client

## Government
### Civil
* A government agency, regulatory agency or statutory authority which operates under the authority of a board of commissioners, including:
** Independent agencies of the United States government
*An executive branch of government, often with characteristics of other branches of government:
** Town commissioners, elected local government bodies established in urban areas in Ireland in the 19th century
** City Commission, a form of local government (common in the United States)
** The European Commission, a body incorporating features of an executive branch of government and a civil service
* Presidential Commission (United States), a type of high level research group
* Royal Commission, a form of public inquiry
*Commissioning, the process of identifying an area's need for public services and then designing and securing the services to meet the need
**Clinical commissioning groups, 135 NHS organisations in England responsible for commissioning healthcare
**Commissioning support units, which provide regional support for Clinical commissioning groups

### Military
* Commission (document), a document given to commissioned officers
** Commissioned officer, who derives authority directly from a sovereign power; contrast with warrant officer and non-commissioned officer
** Purchase of commissions in the British Army
* Ship commissioning, placing a warship in active military duty

## Other uses
* Great Commission, a tenet of Christian theology given by Jesus to spread his teachings
* The Commission (American Mafia), the governing body of the mafia in the United States
* Commissioned (gospel group)
* Commission of a crime, in law

## Related pages 
* 
* Commissioner
* Decommission (disambiguation)
* The Commission (disambiguation)
* Letters patent, an open letter issued by a government granting an office or other status to someone or some entity
Virga

In meteorology, **virga** is precipitation that falls from a cloud but evaporates or sublimes before reaching the ground. It is seen a lot in deserts and temperate climates. These areas have low humidity and high temperatures which cause the rain to evaporate before reaching the ground. In North America, it is seen a lot in the Western United States and the Canadian Prairies. It is also seen a lot in the Middle East and North Africa.

## References
## Other websites
*  National Science Digital Library - Virga 
*  "Viewing the Vagaries and Verities of Virga" Alistair B. Fraser and Craig F. Bohren, Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 2 November 1992 and 25 January 1993.
Affirmative action

**Affirmative action** (known as **positive discrimination** in the United Kingdom) is a policy where members of minority groups are given preference over members of more common or bigger groups. This is usually done to try to obtain some equality or balance. Positive discrimination is illegal in many countries, and is sometimes considered racial profiling.

It is most often found in education, employment and welfare.

## References
Robinson Crusoe

***Robinson Crusoe*** is a novel written by Daniel Defoe. It was first published on 25 April 1719 by William Taylor.

The novel's full title is ''The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates''. Selkirk was a Scottish castaway who lived for over four years on a Pacific island belonging to Chile called Más a Tierra. (In 1966, the island was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island.) However, there are other possible sources. For example, Ibn Tufail's earlier novel *Hayy ibn Yaqdhan*, also set on a desert island, may have inspired Defoe.

Critical response to *Robinson Crusoe* has been diverse and argumentative. There has been widespread disagreement about the novel's nature and origin, values, structure, and meaning. Literary historians have not agreed on Defoe's sincerity, exact intentions, and achievement in the book.

*Robinson Crusoe* was very popular as soon as it was published. Before the end of 1719, it had already run through four editions. The novel's popularity has continued and it has become one of the most widely published books in history. It has prompted many imitations and adaptations for stage, film, and television.

## References
Cloaking device

A **cloaking device** or **invisibility cloak** has long been featured in science fiction. Attempts have been made to devise a way to do it with objects, but results were disappointing until now. A paper in *Nature Communications* for September 2013 announces a new approach.

:"Invisibility cloaking was almost inconceivable until the ingenious theory of macroscopic invisibility cloaking was proposed based on transformation optics principles. ... We successfully demonstrate the cloaking of living creatures, a cat and a fish, from the eye.
#Optical camouflage: A modified background image is projected onto a cloak of reflective material (the kind used to make projector screens). The wearer becomes invisible to anyone standing at the projection source.
#The "mirage effect": Electric current is passed through submerged carbon nanotubes to create very high local temperatures. This causes light to bounce off them, hiding objects behind.
#Adaptive heat cloaking: A camera records background temperatures, these are displayed by sheets of hexagonal pixels which change temperature very quickly, camouflaging even moving vehicles from heat-sensitive cameras.
#Calcite crystal prism: Calcite crystals send the two polarizations of light in different directions. By fixing prism-shaped crystals together in a particular way, polarised light can be directed around small objects. This effectively cloaks them.

## References
Armillaria gallica

***Armillaria gallica*** (or *A.&nbsp;bulbosa* or *A.&nbsp;lutea*) is a species of honey mushroom in the order Agaricales.

The species is common and ecologically important. It decays wood. It can live as a saprophyte, or as an opportunistic parasite. In weakened trees it causes root rot. 

It is found in temperate regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The species forms the above-ground fruiting bodies "(mushrooms") in soil or rotting wood. The fungus has been accidentally introduced to South Africa.

*Armillaria gallica* is a largely underground fungus. The fungus develops underground root-like structures, called rhizomorphs. These help it to decompose dead wood in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Its ability to bioluminesce and to form large and long-lived colonies are especially interesting.

## Humongous fungus
*Armillaria gallica* was found in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the early 1990s. In one forest, *Armillaria*-infected oak trees were harvested, and their stumps left to rot in the field. Later, when red pines were planted in the same location, the seedlings were killed by the fungus. 

Using sequence analysis, the underground mycelia of one individual fungal colony covered , weighing over , with an estimated age of 1,500 years. 

After the *Nature* paper was published, media outlets from around the world visited the site where the specimens were found. As a result of this publicity, the individual acquired the common name "humongous fungus". There was afterward some scholarly debate as to whether the fungus qualified to be considered in the same category as other large organisms such as the blue whale or the giant redwood.

## Gallery 

File:Armillaria gallica 27834.jpg
Armillaria galica 12.jpg
Armillaria galica.jpg
Armillaria gallica (14490889010).jpg
Hallimasch3.jpg
Gruga-0003.jpg

## References
Mandela and de Klerk

***Mandela and de Klerk*** is a 1997 British television movie about the negotiations and relationship between F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela to end apartheid in South Africa. Sidney Poitier played Mandela and Michael Caine played de Klerk. It was released on February 16, 1997, and was nominated for numerous awards in 1997 and 1998. It originally premiered on Showtime on February 16, 1997.

## Cast
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Dennis Haysbert

**Dennis Dexter Haysbert** (born 2 June 1954 in San Mateo, California) is an American movie and television actor. He is known for appearing in the Allstate commercials. He also starred in many movies such as *Major League*. He also starred in the television show *24*.

## References
## Other websites
*Dennis Haysbert's Official Website & DH6 Gear Store 
*
*Haysbert Bio at The Unit
*BostonHerald 
**Race* on Broadway
Nelson Mandela Bridge

The **Nelson Mandela Bridge** is a bridge in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was completed in 2003. The bridge was built to connect two important business areas of Braamfontein and Newton. It was named after President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.
David Harewood

**David Harewood** OBE (born 8 December 1965) is an English actor. He is known for playing David Estes in the Showtime series *Homeland*. Harewood has been president of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art since 2024.

## References
## Other websites
*
Night of Champions (2013)

**Night of Champions (2013)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) show made by WWE. It took place on September 15, 2013 at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the seventh Night of Champions event held by WWE. Similar to the last six events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company was defended at the event. 

## Results
### Tag Team Turmoil match 
## References
## Other websites
*Official Night of Champions 2013 website
Marrakesh

]]

, the Pasha of Morocco from 1912-1956]]

**Marrakesh**, or Marrakech (Berber: ; ) is an important city in the African country of Morocco. It is the fourth largest city in the country. Marrakesh is the capital of the economic region of Marrakesh-Tensift-El Haouz.

## History 
Marrakesh is the most important city out of all of Morocco's cities that used to be imperial cities. Berber farmers lived in Marrakesh during Neolithic times. Abu Bakr ibn Umar, the chieftain and cousin of the king of the Almoravids Yusuf ibn Tashfin, founded Marrakesh in the year 1062. The Almoravids built many schools and mosques in Marrakesh. Marrakesh has the name "Red City" because a lot of it is made out of red sandstone.

Marrakesh got bigger very quickly and became a cultural, religious, and trading center for sub-Saharan Africa.  The mayor of Marrakesh Fatima Zahra Mansouri is the second woman mayor in Morocco.

Tourism is important to Marrakesh, and the city has about 400 hotels. 

One of the things that most attract travellers to Morocco and, specifically, to the city of Marrakech, is the endless activities available and especially its variety. 

The most interesting and well-known are desert excursions from Marrakech, but in reality, you have many options: we are talking about excursions to the beach. There in the city itself, you do not have them, but there are many beaches near Marrakech that you can visit without much complication.
## References
Goodbye Bafana

***Goodbye Bafana*** is a 2007 drama movie. It is about the life of Nelson Mandela when he was in prison. It stars Dennis Haysbert, Joseph Fiennes and Diane Kruger. It was released in Germany on February 11, 2007 at the Berlinale.

## Plot
The young revolutionary and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela is arrested, and it is the job of censor and guard James Gregory to watch him. During his work in the prison of Robben Island, Gregory slowly begins to dislike the apartheid politics and the racism of white South Africans he is part of.

## Cast
* Joseph Fiennes as James Gregory
* Dennis Haysbert as Nelson Mandela
* Diane Kruger as Gloria Gregory
* Norman Anstey as Jimmy Kruger
* Faith Ndukwana as Winnie Mandela
* Terry Pheto as Zindzi Mandela
* Zikhona Mda as Zenani Mandela
* Leslie Mongezi as Walter Sisulu
* Zingizile Mtuzula as Raymond Mhlaba
* Mehboob Bawa as Ahmed Kathrada
* Shakes Myeko as Andrew Mlangeni
* Sizwe Msutu as Cyril Ramaphosa

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Shock site

A shock site is a website that intends to be offensive and shock people containing hate speech that presents material with a high shock value and is intended to be harmful, unpleasant, and disturbing to its visitors, containing very strong, tasteless, or crude material, and is generally pornographic, scatological, extremely violent, insulting, painful, obscene, surreal, or otherwise provocative in nature.[1] Some shock sites display a simple image, animation, or video clip, or a small gallery, and are often transmitted in email chains or disguised in discussion site posts as hoaxes intended to lure followers to the main links of these sites—a kind of bait-and-switch, where the user is tricked with a mild, deceptively attractive advertisement that actually hides a link to a shock site. Many shock sites are simply websites that openly display shocking material such as disturbing pornography, repulsive fetishism, and so on.

## Common shock sites
* Goatse (shock site in 1997)
* Meatspin (shock site from March 10, 2005)
* Tubgirl
* Lemon Party (image from October 3, 2002)
* 2 Girls 1 Cup (A Brazilian film released on January 5 but it's a shock video from August 12, 2007)
* Mr. Hands (actual case occurred on Enumclaw, Washington on July 2, 2005)
* 2 Kids 1 Sandbox
* 2 Girls 1 Finger
* 3 Guys 1 Hammer (actual case occurred on Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine from June 25 to July 16, 2007)
* 2 Guys 1 Hole
* 2 Girls 1 Cracker
* 8 Girls No Cup
* Sourmath
* Waifu Basics
* Worm Gush
* Pain Olympics
* 1 Guy 1 Screwdriver
* 1 Man 2 Needles
* 1 Lunatic 1 Icepick (actual case occurred on Montreal, Quebec, Canada on May 25, 2012)
* Face Split Diving Accident (Incident occurred on June 2009)
* LOLShock (Full of shock sites created in 2008, closed down in 2022)
* 2 Guys 1 Horse
* Jar Squatter (1 Man 1 Jar)
* Deadhouse.org
* Mrs. Hands (Lost media)
* Rotten (The first shock site created in 1996, But it was closed down on 2012 or 2021)
*the gauntlet (a collection of shock videos played in order from least hard to watch to most)
Mandela: The Authorised Biography

***Mandela: The Authorized Biography*** is a biography of Nelson Mandela, first President of South Africa. It was written by journalist Anthony Sampson.  It was published in 1999, five years after Mandela's autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom. Sampson's book was one of the first to talk about such issues such as Winnie Mandela's crimes, and State President Frederik Willem de Klerk's suspected attempts to use the security forces to derail peace talks. 

## References