open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
State Border Service

The **State Border Service of Azerbaijan Republic** () also known as **Border Guard** of Azerbaijan is a governmental law enforcement paramilitary agency in charge of protecting the borders of Azerbaijan.

## History
The State Border Service of Azerbaijan was established on July 31, 2002 by the order of the President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, by taking of the border troops from jurisdiction of the Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan. The main function of the border guard is to guard the Azerbaijani borders against any illegal acts, and to prevent illegal weapons, drugs and human trafficking in the country. 

Chief of State Border Service and Commander of Border Troops is General-Lieutenant Elchin Guliyev.

Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan and the Azerbaijani National Guard.

## Maritime Brigade (Azerbaijani Coast Guard)
The Azerbaijan Coast Guard is an Azeri law enforcement agency which is a part of the State Border Service. It has been getting U.S. Coast Guard help including the buying of a Point-class cutter.

The commander is Major General Ilham Mehdiyev.

The Coast Guard was established within the State Border Service by presidential order in 2005. The Coast Guard’s new base was built in Türkan district of Baku within the State Program on “Technical development of security of state borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2006-2010”. 

The Maritime Brigade/Coast Guard has one Point class cutter, S 14 (ex Point Brower, transferred 28 February 2003), one Osa class missile boat, S 008, which has had its SS-N-2B missiles removed, 3 Stenka class patrol boats, S 005, S 006, and S 007, all with sonar and torpedo tubes removed, 1 Zhuk class patrol craft, P 222, and two  long Silver Ships small craft, S 11 and S 12. (Jane's Fighting Ships 2010)

## Related pages
*Military history of Azerbaijan
*Azerbaijani Armed Forces
*Azerbaijani Land Force
*Azerbaijani Air Force
*Azerbaijani Navy
*Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
*Azerbaijani National Guard

## Other websites
* Official website 
*Azerbaijantoday.com. Azerbaijan border service has covered a long way of development , 07.09.2009
*News.az. State Border Service ships rescue Russian ship 
*Defenselink.mil. Caspian Guard initiative

## References
2011–12 Russian Premier League

The **2011–12 Russian Premier League** was the 20th season of the Russian Premier League since the breakup of the Soviet Union. The season took place from 12 March 2011 to 22 May 2012. Zenit St. Petersburg won their third title, and successful defended their title.

## Teams 
## References
Woody Stephens

**Woody Stephens** (September 1, 1913 – August 22, 1998) was an American horse racing trainer that was put into the hall of fame in 1976.

## Other websites 
*Woody Stephens at Infoplease
Couvade

**Couvade** (French, from *couver*, 'to hatch', from Latin *cubare* 'lie down) describes the imitation of a pregnancy. It is performed by a man. The anthropologist E. B. Tylor was the first person that made use of the name *couvade*.  

## Practise 
To do so, the father carries out the same restrictions as the mother. These usually start closer towards the end of the pregnancy. It often proceeds for various amounts of time after childbirth. Restrictions: certain food taboos, staying only in the village or at home, avoiding certain places, no consumption of alcohol, cigarettes or stimulants or handling with sharp instruments. In some cases, the man copies the woman’s behaviour and pains during childbirth.

## Occurrence 
The couvade is known throughout history, for example in the ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, in the Basque Country and in the south of France. These days, it still exists in various cultures around the world among indigenous people in India, Thailand, Indonesia, China, Africa, North America and South America.

## Reasons 
These range from the spiritual and physical protection of the child, bonding of father with child as well as wife, the public recognition of fatherhood and support and relief of mother so she can maintain the household after the childbirth. The reasons for couvade are in some cultures linked to certain myths that give instructions and show what can go wrong if the parents do not follow them. 

## Consequences of not doing couvade 
It is believed to have huge impacts on the child such as illness, disability, death and the transformation into other creatures.

## References 
*E. B. Tylor (1878) Researches into the early history of mankind and the development of civilization. Boston : Estes & Lauriat 
*H. Ling Roth (1893) ‘On the Signification of Couvade’. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 11: 204-243
*http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/couvade 
*http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Couvade+Syndrome
Peter C. Doherty

**Peter C. Doherty** (born October 15, 1940) is an Australian veterinary surgeon.  He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Rolf M. Zinkernagel in 1996 for their work on the human immune systems.

## Related pages
*List of scientists
Havlíčkův Brod

**Havlíčkův Brod** is a district town in the center of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the Sázava river. Its population is about 24,000 people.

## History 
Settlement in Brod has been documented as far back as the 12th century. There was an easy passage across the Sázava river (*brod* means "ford" in English). In the 13th century, silver was found near the town. After that Smil of Lichtenburg invited German miners to settle the area. The town which was first called Brod and later Smilův Brod (Ford of Smil), was renamed to Německý Brod (German Ford). At the beginning of the 14th century, the stone city walls were built, but later during the Hussite Wars in 1422 the city was burned down by Jan Žižka. The town was resettled in 1429 by Czech people. In 1637 Německý Brod was promoted to royal city. After The Second World War, the city was renamed to Havlíčkův Brod (Ford of Havlíček), after Karel Havlíček Borovský, famous writer and journalist.

## Interesting places 
**The Old Town Hall** in the square is Renaissance style. There is a skeleton under its clock. According to a story this skeleton was the traitor Hnát.

**Havlíček´s house** is built in the New-Gothic style. It is connected with life of Karel Havlíček Borovský. In this house, Havlíček was arrested and taken to exile. Today Havlíček´s Museum is there.

**The Church** at the corner of the square in Baroque style. It is famous for one of the oldest bells in Bohemia.

On the square is **Plague column** and **fountain** with statue of Triton too.

Today the city has a medical hospital, mental hospital, brewery, sport area with hockey arena, gym and swimming pool.
George Thorogood

**George Thorogood** (born February 24, 1950) is an American blues rock singer/guitarist. He is from Wilmington, Delaware. Thorogood is famous for his cover versions of blues standards. He says Elmore James, Hound Dog Taylor and Chuck Berry are the people who influenced him musically. George Thorogood has released sixteen studio albums.
## Life
Thorogood was born on February 24, 1950 and was raised in Naamans Manor, a suburb of Wilmington. He was the middle one of five children. He graduated from Brandywine High School in 1968. He played semi-professional baseball. He turned to music after hearing a concert of John P. Hammond in 1970. 

In 1976 he recorded his debut album: "*George Thorogood & The Destroyers*" with his band, The Destroyers. Sometimes the band is called "The Delaware Destroyers". In 1981 they got their first nationwide recognition. They played as support act for the Rolling Stones. In the 1980s they played a lot of concerts including the "50/50" tour of 1980, on which the band toured 50 US states in 50days. in 1982 released his best-known song, "Bad to the Bone", and an album of the same name. The song has been used frequently in television and film, including the sci-fi thriller Terminator 2: Judgment Day, the comedies Problem Child, and Problem Child 2, Stephen King's Christine, and many episodes of the television sitcom Married with Children. This track also was used during the intro to the movie Major Payne. 
## Band members
### The Destroyers
* George Thorogood – lead vocals and lead guitar
* Jeff Simon – drums, percussion (1974–present)
* Billy Blough – bass guitar (1977–present)
* Jim Suhler – rhythm guitar (1999–present)
* Buddy Leach – saxophone, piano (2003–present)

### Former members
* Ron "Roadblock" Smith – rhythm guitar (1974–1980)
* Hank "Hurricane" Carter – saxophone (1980–2003)
* Steve Chrismar – rhythm guitar (1985–1993)

## Discography
### Studio albums with the Destroyers
* 1977: *George Thorogood and the Destroyers* (Gold)
* 1978: *Move It on Over* (Gold)
* 1979: *Better Than the Rest* (Recorded in 1974)
* 1980: *More George Thorogood and the Destroyers*
* 1982: *Bad to the Bone* (Platinum)
* 1985: *Maverick* (Gold)
* 1986: *Nadine* (CD Rerelease of *Better Than the Rest*)
* 1988: *Born to Be Bad* (Gold)
* 1991: *Boogie People*
* 1993: *Haircut*
* 1997: ''Rockin' My Life Away*
* 1999: *Half a Boy/Half a Man*
* 2003: *Ride 'Til I Die*
* 2006: *The Hard Stuff*
* 2009: *The Dirty Dozen*
* 2011: *2120 South Michigan Ave.*

### Live albums
* 1986: *Live* (Platinum)
* 1995: *Live: Let's Work Together*
* 1999: *Live in '99*
* 2004: *30th Anniversary Tour: Live*
* 2010: *Live in Boston 1982*

### Compilations
* 1992: *The Baddest of George Thorogood and the Destroyers* (Platinum)
* 2000: *Anthology*
* 2003: *Who Do You Love?*
* 2004: *Greatest Hits: 30 Years of Rock* (Gold)
* 2005: *The Best Of George Thorogood and the Destroyers*
* 2007: *Taking Care of Business* (double disc of *Ride 'Til I Die* (w/ 2 bonus tracks) and *30th Anniversary Tour'')

## References
Contemporary art

**Contemporary art** means modern art done after Pop Art and Conceptual Art. Another term, which really means the same thing, is **postmodern art**. Yet another term, which goes wider than art, is Postmodernism.

This problem of labelling comes about because the word 'modern' in art was used for some art from the mid-Victorian period through the whole 20th century. It covers a wide range of styles and movements. So when art critics wanted to describe post-WWII art they had to use a different word. Thus, in art, 'contemporary' (which really means 'at the same time as') comes to mean 'modern', and modern comes to mean 'earlier'.

## Related pages 
*Conceptual art
*Street art
Susa

in 647 BC]]
**Susa** () was an ancient Iranian city. It was part of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains. It is about  east of the Tigris River and is between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers. There is a modern Iranian town in the same place as Susa. It is called Shush.

## References
Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation

The **Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation** are the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The ranks has changed very little since the breakup of the Soviet Union.

## Table of Ranks 
## Notes 
## Related pages
* Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
* Military ranks of the Soviet Union
Russian Space Forces

The **Russian Space Forces** was one of the 6 branches of the Russian Military that is responsible for space operations. The branch controls many space stations throughout Russia. The branch is also part of the Ministry of Defence. The main tasks are to inform officials about incoming missile attacks, anti-missile defense, and to create orbit space vehicles. The Russian Space Forces was replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces on 1 December 2011.

## History 
In 1967, the **Troops of Anti-Missile and Anti-Space Defence** by the Soviet Union. The branch was then named **Ministry of Defence Space Units** in 1982. Then in 1991, the Soviet Union broke up. So the new Russian Military created the Russian Space Forces. The branch was abandoned in 1992, but brought back in 2001. General Vladimir Popovkin took the lead of the branch in 2004, after the previous leader, Colonel General Anatoly Perminov.
Frank B. Kellogg

**Frank Billings Kellogg**  (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician and statesman.  He served in the United States Senate and as United States Secretary of State. Kellogg was part of a group who wrote the Kellogg-Briand Pact also known as the World Peace Act. For this, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929. 

## References
Fukuhara-kyō

was the Imperial capital of Japan for six months in 1180. It was in present-day Hyōgo Prefecture.

## Related pages
* Capital of Japan

## References
Timmins

**Timmins** is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Timmins was 41,145 in 2021. The mayor of Timmins is Michelle Boileau. Timmins was founded in 1912 by Noah Timmins after there were gold discoveries in the Porcupine Camp, although South Porcupine and Schumacher were formed in 1911. Naoshima, Kagawa in Japan is a sister city to Timmins.

## Media
CKGB 750

CHYK 104.1

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Ecbatana

**Ecbatana** was an ancient Iranian city. It was the capital city of the Median Empire. There is a modern Iranian city that was built in the same place as Ecbatana. It is called Hamadan.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official Ecbatana website
Ugo Nespolo

**Ugo Nespolo** (born at Mosso, Biella on August 29, 1941) is an Italian artist. He is well known for his artistic work with other people in theater, literature and advertising. His career started in the 1960s. His work was influenced by Pop Art, conceptual art, Arte Povera and Fluxus. These are movements that he appreciated when he went to the United States. He has been to the United States many times. He spent much time in the States during the 1980s. Transgression and irony characterize Nespolo's artwork. Ugo Nespolo has been in the Honour Committee of IMMAGINE&POESIA since 2010.

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site
Nagaoka-kyō

was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794. 
 

In 784, the Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara.

In 794, Kammu moved the capital to Heian-kyō.

## References
Eurasian Union

The **Eurasian Union** () is a project of political and economic union whose members are Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan but the idea was first proposed by the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, in a speech, in 1994, in Moscow. On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement in which they agreed to create the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015. The agreement talked about the membership of candidate states and created the Eurasian Commission (which is based on the European Commission) and the Eurasian Economic Space, which both started work on 1 January 2012.

## References
Dynasties in Chinese history

Many **Chinese dynasties** have ruled the country during its history. China is a society which has had a very long history. This history was affected by the dynasties which have ruled it. They have slowly changed China into its current form.

## Dynasties
## Xia dynasty
The Xia dynasty lasted from 2070 BC until 1600 BC. It was the first ruling dynasty in Chinese history. The Xia was probably created by emperor Yu the Great. It is not known for certain if the Xia dynasty actually existed. Many people think that the Xia dynasty is only a legend. This is because there is no evidence that can  that there was some dynasty before 1600 BC. There were found some archaeological excavations from 1500 BC which may come from the Xia dynasty. For example one of the excavations causes archaeologists to believe that the foundations of China were created during the Xia dynasty. Also there are findings of the oldest Chinese calendar called a lunar calendar. Xia dynasty was ended by a dynasty named Shang.

## Shang dynasty
The Shang dynasty lasted from 1600 BC until 1046 BC. It started when Tang took control from the last Xia emperor, Jie. The dynasty ended with the suicide of Di Xin.

The Shang dynasty was important for Chinese culture. The first Chinese character fonts were created at this time. They were mainly used by seers and shaman. People made their own ritual vessels, agricultural and craft tools and even weapons. Everything was made of cast bronze.

In agriculture, millets, wheats and rice were the main crops. Mulberries were also grown. They were used to feed mulberry silkworms.

## Zhou dynasty
The Zhou dynasty lasted from 1045 BC until 256 BC. The Shangs had became weak because they were always fighting with a neighboring tribes. This was good for the less advanced Zhou. They defeat the Shang in the current town of An-yang. After that, the Zhou dynasty took the government. They ruled for the longest time of all Chinese dynasties.

Zhous were nomadic shepherds from the Shanxi province. The rulers of Zhou dynasty divided the country into four smaller areas. Each of these areas were controlled by relatives and members of aristocracy.  Princes controlled fortified towns with a peasant background. They also helped the rulers at times of war. This form of government allowed the Zhou rulers to control more area.

## Notes
## References
*China Handbook Editorial Committee, China Handbook Series: History (trans., Dun J. Li), Beijing, 1982, 188-89; and Shao Chang Lee, "China Cultural Development" (wall chart), East Lansing, 1984.

## Other websites
* Columbia University. Dynasties song sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques" that repeats the major Chinese dynasties in chronological order.
Lawrence Ferlinghetti

**Lawrence Monsanto Ferlinghetti** (March 24, 1919 &ndash; February 22, 2021) was an American poet, painter, liberal activist, and the co-founder of City Lights Bookstore. He was the author of poetry, translations, fiction, theatre, art criticism, and movie narration. Many of his works were inspired and about the city of San Francisco.

## Poetry
Ferlinghetti’s poetry is based on lyric and narrative traditions. His themes are the beauty of nature, the tragicomic life of the common man, the situation of the individual in mass society, and the dream and betrayal of democracy.

## Painting
Ferlinghetti began painting in Paris in 1948. In San Francisco he occupied a studio that he inherited from Hassel Smith. His first works show the influence the New York abstract expressionists. A more figurative style is apparent in his later works. Ferlinghetti’s paintings have been shown at various museums around the world.

*60 years of painting*, the exhibition held in Italy in 2010, is a creative journey through the twentieth century, reflecting on the role of the artist nowadays.

## Death
Ferlinghetti died of lung disease on February 22, 2021 at his home in San Francisco at age 101.

## Awards
Ferlinghetti received the Premio Taormina in 1973. He also received the Premio Camaiore, the Premio Flaiano, the Premio Cavour, among other honors in Italy. 

From 2009 he was on the Honour Committee of IMMAGINE&POESIA, the artistic literary movement founded in Turin, Italy, with the patronage of Aeronwy Thomas (Dylan Thomas's daughter).

## Selected works
* *Pictures of the Gone World* (City Lights, 1955) Poetry (enlarged, 1995) 
* *A Coney Island of the Mind* (http://www.ndpublishing.com/home.html  New Directions, 1958) Poetry
* *Her* (New Directions, 1960) Prose
* *One Thousand Fearful Words for Fidel Castro* (City Lights, 1961) Broadside poem
* *These Are My Rivers: New & Selected Poems, 1955-1993* (New Directions, 1993) 
* *City Lights Pocket Poets Anthology* (City Lights, 1995) 
* *A Far Rockaway Of The Heart* (New Directions, 1998) 
* *How to Paint Sunlight: Lyrics Poems & Others, 1997-2000* (New Directions, 2001) 
* *San Francisco Poems* (City Lights Foundation, 2001) Poetry 
* *Life Studies, Life Stories* (City Lights, 2003) 
* *Americus: Part I* (New Directions, 2004)
* *A Coney Island of the Mind* (Arion Press, 2005),  with portraiture by R.B. Kitaj
* *Poetry as Insurgent Art* (New Directions, 2007) Poetry
* *A Coney Island of the Mind: Special 50th Anniversary Edition with a CD of the author reading his work* (New Directions, 2008)
* *50 poems by Lawrence Ferlinghetti 50 images by Armando Milani* (http://www.gamonline.it/?pagina=edizioni&scheda=107 Rudiano, 2010) Poetry and Graphics 

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Ethernet hub

An **ethernet hub** is an electronic device that runs a computer network. It is a simple device and is easy to configure. A hub acts like a repeater: all data that arrives to one port is sent to all other ports (without looking at an IP address for the data's destination). That means that all devices in this network will get all data. When this happens, if a device realizes certain data is not meant for it (like if the IP address doesn't match), the device will "drop the packet", which means that the device does not actually accept the data.

A hub is a very simple device and does not check any information regarding managing ethernet traffic. Since the hub does not do this processing, a switch hub has a lower latency than something like an **ethernet switch**. Many hubs have LED signal lamps to show the state of the hub (which ports are connected and if the hub is working). A "collision" happens when two or more devices on the same network try to send packets at the same time. When collisions happen, all the devices have to go through a routine to resolve the conflict.  The process is set in the Ethernet Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol.

Some hubs may also come with a BNC and/or Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) connector to allow connection to legacy 10BASE2 or 10BASE5 network segments.

There are three kinds of hubs:
* Hub - This one described here. The hub does not look at individual packets and copies them to all ports, used for connection between LAN Segments.
* Passive hub (intelligent hub) - The device monitors traffic going through the hub and all ports can be configured, also are called manageable hubs.
* Switching hub - reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the packet to the just correct port.

## Uses
Hubs can be used for:
*inserting a protocol analyzer into a network connection. A hub is an alternative to a network tap or port mirroring.
* preventing a "loop" by accidentally connecting two ports together, which might be a big problem when switches are used.
* working on Physical Layer of OSI.
Historically, the main reason for purchasing hubs rather than switches was their price.
Electronic gear shifting

**Electronic gear shifting** is a way of shifting gears on a bicycle. It lets bicycle riders use a switch to shift gears, instead of a lever. Electronic gear shifting can be faster than shifting gears with a lever.

## How it works
The standard system for gearing up and down works with bowdens. A bowden is special kind of wound steel cable, which connects levers to the shifter, derailleur or brakes. As the rider pulls or taps a lever, the bowden reacts at the same time. That causes the bicycle to change gear.

Electronic works without bowdens. The system is digital. There is no wound steel cable. Instead, there are multiple combinations of 0 and 1. A battery placed under the frame powers the system. Each battery should last for 1000&nbsp;km depending on the manufacturer. Then it needs to be recharged.  Wires for data and power are hidden inside the frame. Parts of the shifting systems are connected to each other. Servomotors do the shifting. The shifter and derailleur have a pair of servomotors built into them.  There is a self-adjustable microchip in the derailleur. The system has its own logic, which keeps the chain from dropping. There is no need for maintenance because the derailleur adjusts itself using the microchip.

## Pros and cons
Pros:
*Speed of shifting       
*Ease of shifting (no need to push hard, a tap is effective)                     
*Self-adjusting derailleur
*Less weight
*Less maintenance
*Comfort

Cons:
*Price ($2000+)
*Battery capacity
*No option for multiple shifting

## Manufacturers
*Shimano – Di2 Ultegra/Dura ace series (since 2009)
*Campagnolo  - (since 2011)

## References
Kumamoto

and the skyline of the city with Kumamoto Castle in the background.]]

 is the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture in Japan.

Kumamoto is in the south central part of Kyushu. Kumamoto is an ordinance-designated city since April 1, 2012.

## History
In 1600, Kumamoto Castle was built by Kato Kiyomasa; and the city grew around it.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site of Kumamoto City 
* Kumamoto International Mailing List 
*
Miyazaki (city)

is the capital city of Miyazaki Prefecture in Japan.

Miyazaki is on the east coast of Kyushu.

## History
Miyazaki is the traditional location of the first Imperial capital.

In 1940, the national government built the Hakkō Ichiu monument at the legendary site of Emperor Jimmu's palace.

## References
## Other websitess
* http://www.city.miyazaki.miyazaki.jp/gyousei/html/univ/en/index.html ;  
* Miyazaki Special Attack Base Monument, 1983
Ōita (city)

is the capital city of Ōita Prefecture.

It has been  as a core city since 1997.

## History 
In the 16th century, Ōita became a center for trade with the Portuguese.

## References
## Other websites
* Ōita city  ; http://www.city.oita.oita.jp/en/index.html
George Thorogood and the Destroyers (album)

***George Thorogood and the Destroyers*** is the first album from George Thorogood and the Destroyers. It includes the cover of "One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer". This song is a fan favourite which is still played in concerts today.

## Track listing
#"You Got to Lose" (Earl Hooker) – 3:15
#"Madison Blues"  (Elmore James) – 4:24
#"House Rent Boogie"/"One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer" (John Lee Hooker/Rudy Toombs) – 8:20
#"Kind Hearted Woman" (Robert Johnson) – 3:48
#"Can't Stop Lovin'" (James) – 3:04
#"Ride On Josephine" (Bo Diddley) – 4:17
#"Homesick Boy" (George Thorogood) – 3:02
#"John Hardy" (Traditional) – 3:18
#"I'll Change My Style" (Thorogood) – 3:57
#"Delaware Slide" (Thorogood) – 7:45

## Personnel
*George Thorogood - vocals, guitar, harmonica
*Ron Smith - guitar
*Billy Blough - bass
*Jeff Simon - drums
*John Nagy - engineer
Lucky Star (Madonna song)

**"Lucky Star"** is the fourth single from Madonna's hit record *Madonna*. The song was first released in United Kingdom in 1983. It was originally produced by Reggie Lucas, although during recording Madonna was not happy with the final results of the song. According to her, Lucas used too many instruments and did not consider her ideas for the song. She called her boyfriend (at the time), John Benitez, to remix her songs. When the "Lucky Star" video was released in 1984, her style and mannerisms became a fashion trend among younger people.
Underground Railroad

The **Underground Railroad** was a secret network of routes and safe houses in the United States. Black slaves used the Underground Railroad to escape from slavery. It was created in the early 1800s, and was at its biggest between 1850 and 1860. The term “Underground Railroad” also describes the abolitionists, both black and white, free and enslaved, who helped the slaves along the way. 

Routes on the Underground Railroad led to free states, Canada, Mexico and overseas. While traveling along these routes, slaves received help from abolitionists and those who had sympathy to their cause. British North America was another popular stopping point. Slavery was not allowed there, and its long border gave many points of access. More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there using the network at its best, although U.S. Census statistics shows only 6,000.  

One statistic suggests that by 1850, about 100,000 slaves had escaped to freedom by the "Railroad". 

The Underground Railroad fugitives' stories are recorded in the Underground Railroad Records.

## Related pages
*Harriet Tubman

## References
Naha

is the capital city of Okinawa Prefecture in Japan.

Naha is in the southern part of the largest island in the Ryukyu Island archipelago.

## History
Once the capital of Ryukyu Kingdom was situated and its palace Shurijo rest. In 1879, Okinawa Prefecture was established; and Naha was made its capital city.

## References 
## Other websites 
*http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/en/livingguide/ ; [http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp ]
*
Kagoshima, Kagoshima

in the background]]

 is a Japanese city in Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.   It is the capital city of the prefecture.

Kagoshima is at the southwestern tip of Kyūshū.

## History 
Kagoshima was the center of Satsuma Province and the land of the Shimazu clan.
* **1863** (*Bunkyū 3*):  Bombardment of Kyushu by British Navy
* **1914** (*Taishō 3*): Sakurajima 
*2013 Sakurajima erupts.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Kagoshima Prefectural Visitors Bureau 
* http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/_1010/shimin/foreigner.html ; [http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/ ]
* Kagoshima Internationalization Council 
*
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

**Myrtle Beach** is a city in northeast South Carolina near the Atlantic Ocean. It is located in Horry County. It is close to the state line of North Carolina.

## References
Svitavy

**Svitavy** (German: *Zwittau*) is a town in the Czech Republic. About 17,000 people live there. A small river, also called Svitava, flows through the city from a nearby spring. 

## History
The original settlement with a church was founded by monks from Litomyšl and called after the flowing river Svitava. Later German settlers started to come here. They founded a new village with a church of St.Giles. Original Svitava slowly merged with the new village. The area around Svitavy became the subject of conflict between the bishop of Olomouc and a monastic manor from Litomyšl, 1256 conflict was settled in favour of the Bishop of Olomouc. So the year 1256 started the history of our town. In 2006 we celebrated 750 year from the foundation of town Svitavy.

## People from Svitavy
* Viktor Felber- born on 11th October. He was professor of ČVUT in Prague in 1930 - 1931. There is also street named after him, where is primary school and playground.
* Oskar Schindler

The town has a permanent museum exposition called Searching the Star of David - Oskar Schindler - Righteous Among the Nations (“Hledání Davidovy hvězdy - Oskar Schindler - Spravedlivý mezi národy“).
3D television

The function of **3D television** is making a two-dimensional screen look like its picture is in three dimensions. This effect starts when we observe two shifted displays.

## 3D televisions with glasses 
Basic division of 3d technologies
*stereoscopic 3D display – *requires glasses*
*Autostereoscopic 3d display – *without glasses*

3D televisions in shops and e-shops are in 90% of cases stereoscopic. Glasses are used to see the picture in three dimensionals. The glasses divide display into two components (either shifted in color or otherwise).

## What 3D TV can do 
3D TV can do anything as well as 2D TV. The newest types of TV even can convert 2D into 3D but the quality is low.

Movies in 3D format are still scarce. Few people would invest their money into partially exploited machine.

## Specification of three-dimensional perception 
The best 3D television images are on larger television screens.

The closer a person sits to the screen, the stronger the 3D effect. Three-dimensional image processing is also more difficult for the brain.

Because the observation of 3D space in a 3D TV is so hard, viewers should be sitting during the watching 3D TV.
Martha Argerich

**Martha Argerich** (born 5 June 1941 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine classical pianist. She is widely considered to be one of the greatest pianists of all time.

Argerich was born in Buenos Aires and started playing the piano at age three. At the age of five, she moved to teacher Vincenzo Scaramuzza.  Argerich gave her first concert in 1949 at the age of eight.
The family moved to Europe in 1955 where Argerich studied with Friedrich Gulda in Austria. She later learned with Stefan Askenase and Maria Curcio. Argerich also had brief periods of learning with Madeleine Lipatti (widow of Dinu Lipatti), Abbey Simon, and Nikita Magaloff. In 1957, at sixteen, she won both the Geneva International Music Competition and the Ferruccio Busoni International Competition, within three weeks of each other.

Argerich started to become famous around the world when she won the Seventh International Chopin Piano Competition in 1965 at the age of 24. She also made a recording in the same year, including pieces by Chopin, Brahms, Ravel, Liszt, and Prokofiev.

## References
Brick Lane

**Brick Lane** is a street in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in the East End of London. It is part of an old street which includes Bethnal Green, Whitechapel and Spitalfields.

Today, it is the heart of the city's British Bangladeshi community and is known to some as *Banglatown*. It is famous for its many curry houses.

## History 
Brick Lane gets its name from former brick and tile manufacture, using the local brick earth deposits, that began in the 15th century.

Successive waves of immigration began with Huguenot refugees spreading from Spitalfields, where the master weavers were based, in the 17th century. This started a connection with clothing which lasted for over three centuries.

The Huguenots were followed by Irish, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the last century, Bangladeshis.  The area became a centre for weaving, tailoring and  the clothing industry, due to the abundance of semi- and unskilled immigrant labour.

Brewing came to Brick Lane before 1680, with water drawn from deep wells. One brewer was Joseph Truman, first recorded in 1683. His family went on to establish the sizable Black Eagle Brewery on Brick Lane.

The Brick Lane Market was developed in the 17th century for fruit and vegetables. The Sunday market, like the ones on Petticoat Lane and nearby Columbia Road, dates from a dispensation given to the Jewish community. The Brick Lane Farmers' Market opened 6th June 2010.

Emma Elizabeth Smith was viciously assaulted and robbed in Osborn Street, the part of Brick Lane that meets Whitechapel High Street, in the early hours of 3 April 1888. It was one of the first of the eleven Whitechapel Murders, some of which were done by the serial killer, Jack the Ripper.

In 1742, La Neuve Eglise, a Huguenot chapel, was built on the corner of Brick Lane and Fournier Street. By 1809, it had become The Jews’ Chapel, for promoting Christianity to the expanding Jewish population, and became a Methodist Chapel in 1819 (John Wesley having preached his first covenant sermon at the  nearby Black Eagle Street Chapel). In 1898, the building was consecrated as the Machzikei HaDath, or Spitalfields Great Synagogue. In 1976, it became the London Jamme Masjid (Great London), to serve the expanding British Bangladeshi community. The building is Grade II* listed. Many Bangladeshi immigrants to Brick Lane were from the Greater Sylhet region. These settlers helped shape Bangladeshi migration to Britain; families from Jagannathpur and Bishwanath tend to dominate in the Brick Lane area today.

## References
Sloppy joe

A **sloppy joe** is an American dish of ground beef, onions, sweetened tomato sauce or ketchup and other seasonings, served on a hamburger bun.

## References
Axel Zwingenberger

**Axel Zwingenberger** (born 7 May 1955, Hamburg, Germany) is a blues and boogie-woogie pianist He is said to be one of the best boogie-woogie musicians in the world.

## Biography
Zwingenberger was born in Hamburg, Germany. He had eleven years of piano training. In 1973 he listened to recordings of boogie-woogie pianists Albert Ammons, Meade Lux Lewis, and Pete Johnson. He joined piano playing partners Hans-Georg Moeller, Vince Weber and Martin Pyrker. In 1974, he played at the First International Blues-and-Boogie Woogie Festival of the West German Radio Station in Cologne which was followed by Hans Maitner's annual festival Stars of Boogie Woogie in Vienna.

1975 Zwingenberger signed his first recording contract.Since then he made recordings with  famous artists like Lionel Hampton, Jay McShann, Big Joe Turner, Lloyd Glenn, Joe Newman, Sippie Wallace, Mama Yancey, Champion Jack Dupree, Sammy Price, Ray Bryant, Charlie Watts, Bill Wyman, Vince Weber, and the Mojo Blues Band, among others. In spring 2009 he renewed his relationship with Charlie Watts, drummer of The Rolling Stones. Together with bassist Dave Green, they played concerts labeled as 'The ABC&D of Boogie Woogie'.

Being a steam engine fan since childhood he also edited a book with his own photos of steam engines. (Axel Zwingenberger, *Vom Zauber der Züge* - *The Magic of Trains* photo book - )
## Selective discography
Zwingenberger also appeared on *Just For A Thrill* by Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings

## Books
* Richard Cook & Brian Morton: *Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings*, Penguin, first issue 1992, 8th 2006, 
* Colin Larkin: ''The Guinness Who's Who of Jazz*, Guinness Books UK, from 1992 on, 
* Peter Silvester: *The Story Of Boogie Woogie - A Left Hand Like God'', Quartet Books UK, 1988, updated issue 2009, Scarecrow Press, 

## References
## Other websites 
*Axel Zwingenberger's homepage
*Interview with Axel Zwingenberger
Telecommuting

**Telecommuting** or **telework** or **remote work** is a work arrangement in which employees have flexible working locations and hours. They use telecommunication links to work. Many work from home, while others, also called **nomad workers** or **web commuters** use mobile telecommunications technology to work from coffee shops or other places. **Telework** is a broader term, referring to substituting telecommunications for any form of work-related travel, thereby eliminating the distance restrictions of telecommuting. A person who telecommutes is called a "telecommuter". Some telecommuters say that "work is something you do, not something you travel to".

**Working from home** has always been possible for some people, but one of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic was to make it much more common.  In many countries there were stay-at-home orders and people had to find ways of working from home.  This was mostly by using remote technology.  Many people found they liked not having to go into a distant office, especially  parents with young children.  When they were told they should go back to working in their office many people refused.  Hybrid working, where people work from home most of the time but do come into the office sometimes became common.

In Australia many people now have the right to work at home.

It is unclear whether working away from the office affects performance at work.

## References
Nokia E7

**Nokia E7** is a mobile phone model made by Nokia. It complements Nokia's higher-end N8, which does not have a QWERTY keyboard. 

## Hardware 
The phone has a 4-inch ( measured) AMOLED screen.
The phone can connect to the internet using its built-in 3G, EDGE or WiFi radios. It can connect to other devices, such as computers or other phones with its Bluetooth radio.
The phone also contains a GPS receiver, which uses Nokia's Ovi maps software for . The service is free for the E7 owners. Maps can be obtained through Nokia's Ovi market. 
The phone has a non-autofocus camera that can take 8 megapixel photos or video in up to 720p at 25 fps.
The phone has no place for a memory card.

## Software 
The phone is pre-loaded with an email client, a calendar, an office suite with support for Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint, a PDF viewer and other common productivity applications.
The E7 uses the Symbian^3 operating system.

## References 
*
Tokushima (city)

is the capital city of Tokushima Prefecture in Japan.

Tokushima is on Shikoku island at the mouth of the Yoshino River.

## History
Tokushima is a former castle town (*joka-machi*) of the Hachisuka clan.

### Timeline
* **1586** – Castle build by Hachisuka
* **1889** – Modern city created
* **1945** - Most of the city is destroyed by US bombers

## References
## Other websites 
* http://www.city.tokushima.tokushima.jp/english/index.html ; [http://www.city.tokushima.tokushima.jp/ ]
*
Polka

The **polka** is a dance for couples which originated in Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic). It was a "craze" in Europe for a time in the mid to late 19th century. and in the United States. The craze spread in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, of which the Czechs were part.

The dance is done with a one-two-three-hop style: The dance soon spread to London and was introduced to America in 1844. It remained a popular ballroom dance until the late 19th century.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Worlds Polka Network The world's first 24/7 Polka Streamer.
* Polka Jammer Network Internet radio station featuring many LIVE & taped shows.
* National Cleveland-Style Polka Hall of Fame.
* International Polka Association and Hall of Fame .
* Wisconsin Polka Music.
Languages of Canada

Lots of languages are used in Canada. English and French are used by most Canadians. Only New Brunswick uses both English and French as its official languages. Quebec's official language is French. English and French are recognized by the Constitution of Canada as "official languages." This means that all laws of the federal government are in both English and French and that federal government services can be available in both languages.

Many Canadians believe that the relationship between the English and French languages is important. 

To know how many people speak them, Canada's census collects a lot of kinds of information not collected in most other countries, including home language, mother tongue, first official language and language of work.

People speak other languages. About 18% of Canadians (about 6.1 million people, most are immigrants) have a language other than English or French as their first language or mother tongue. Nearly 3.5 million Canadians continue to use their other language most often, like when at home or in social settings. The biggest ones are Italian, German, Chinese, Punjabi, Arabic and Dutch.

Canada also has many native languages. But they are not spoken by many people (less than one percent of Canada), and fewer people speak them every year.
Dream pop

**Dream pop** began in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s. It is a subgenre of pop rock and alternative rock. Dream pop music is mainly about the singer's ethereal textures and mood (feelings). The musical instruments mainly played on dream pop music are the guitar, bass, drums, and synthesizers. Shoegaze is a type of dream pop. 4AD is a record label that is associated with dream pop. Some dream pop bands are My Bloody Valentine, Cocteau Twins, and Mazzy Star.

## Other websites 
* [ Allmusic entry on dream pop]
Takamatsu

is the capital city of Kagawa Prefecture in Japan.

Takamatsu is on the Inland Sea coast of Shikoku in Japan.

## History
Takamatsu is the Shikoku port which is closest to Honshu from Shikoku island. Takamatsu was a castle town (*joka-machi*).
* **2004** –  redevelopment district

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.city.takamatsu.kagawa.jp/ENGLISH/index.html ; [http://www.city.takamatsu.kagawa.jp/ ]
*
Guilford County, North Carolina

**Guilford County** is a county. It is in the United States state of North Carolina. In 2020, the Census Bureau estimated that 541,299 lived there.

## References
Sunset Boulevard

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**Sunset Boulevard** is a long road in west Los Angeles. It stretches 24 miles (39&nbsp;km) from Figueroa Street in downtown (central) Los Angeles to the Pacific Coast Highway in Pacific Palisades at the Pacific Ocean. Part of the Boulevard, called **Sunset Strip**, passes through Hollywood.

## Traffic 
The boulevard is at least four lanes wide for all of the route. Car accidents are not uncommon due to the lack of a central divider on most sections. The road also has difficult curves and hills that a driver cannot see over.

Sunset Boulevard often has more cars on it than it was planned for. It is worn and has cracks and potholes. Traffic on Sunset is often slow, especially during the rush hour. However, when traffic is mild, Sunset is a fast thoroughfare because it has few (and short-timed) traffic lights in the western part. Even at rush hours, cars move without waiting, as the lights are well-spaced and well-timed.

## Sunset Strip 
This is the 1½ mile (2.4) km strip running through West Hollywood. The Strip is well-known; it has boutiques, restaurants, and nightclubs that are part of the entertainment industry. It is also known for its trademark array of huge, colorful billboards and is a popular "hangout" spot for rock stars, movie stars and other entertainers.

## Media 
Sunset Strip was the location of a popular TV show *77 Sunset Strip* (1958–1964), starring Ephrem Zimbalist Jnr. Many young stars made an appearance in the series.

Sunset Boulevard gave its name to a famous 1950 movie of the same name, rring Gloria Swanson, William Holden and Eric von Stroheim.

## Notes
Matsuyama

is the capital city of Ehime Prefecture in Japan.

Matsuyama is on the northwest coast of Shikoku.

## History
### Timeline
* **1603** (*Keichō 8*): Kato Yoshiakira built Matsuyama Castle
* **1854** (*Ansei 1 *): Matsuyama Castle destroyed by fire
* **1889** (*Meiji 22*):  Modern city is incorporated

The city is known for hot springs (onsen).  Dōgo Onsen in Matsuyama is the oldest hot spring bath house in Japan.

Eight of the eighty-eight temples in the Shikoku Pilgrimage are in Matsuyama.

## Related pages 
* Ehime F.C.

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/lang/en/ ; [http://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/ ]
Merkava

The **Merkava** is a main battle tank. It is developed and produced in Israel for the Israel Defense Forces. The tank was first introduced in 1978 and first used in combat during the 1982 Lebanon War. Four main versions have been developed. These are called Merkava Mark I – Mark IV.

When designing the Merkava tank, everything was subordinated to the survival aspect of the crew, the engine is placed in front of the tank and thus serves as an additional component of ballistic protection, while the crew can escape from the damaged Merkava door at the rear of the tank. The thick armor and high mobility make it one of the best protected tanks in the world. The design team that developed the first version of this tank, led by commander of the Israeli armored corps, Israel Tal.

## General characteristics 
### Merkava Mark I 
The Mark I weighed 63 tons. It had 900 horsepowers and the maximum speed was 46&nbsp;km/h. It was armed with a 105-millimeter M64 main gun, and the M68 was later installed. Coaxially with the main gun, a 7.62&nbsp;mm machine gun was mounted; the turret featured two more 7.62&nbsp;mm machine guns as well as a 60&nbsp;mm mortar mounted externally.

### Merkava Mark II 
The Mark II was almost the same as the Mark I. The main differences were the internal mortar, better mobility and better resistance.

### Merkava Mark III 
The Mark III weighed 65 tons. It had 1200 horsepowers and the maximum speed was 60&nbsp;km/h. It was armed with a 120-millimeter MG251 main gun. Other equipment was almost same as the Mark II. The Mark III was longer and had better armor than the Mark II, and some new systems such as fire-control system were added.

### Merkava Mark IV 
The Mark IV weighs 65 tons. It has 1500 horsepowers and the maximum speed is over 60&nbsp;km/h. The Mark IV is armed with a 120-millimeter MG253 main gun using an electrical semi-automatic revolving magazine for 10 rounds. Coaxially with the main gun, a machine gun was mounted; on the turret, there is one more machine gun operated from inside the tank, in addition to an internally mounted 60-mm mortar. Mark IV has a new fire-control system that allows for shooting down helicopters; upgraded tracks; a digital battlefield management system; etc.

## Museum exhibits 
One tank (Mark I) was donated to the Prague Military Technical Museum (Czech Republic), the only such exhibit in the world outside Israel.