Parliament of England

The **Parliament of England** was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Its roots go back to the early medieval period. It took over more and more from the power of the monarch. Its existence ended in 1707. 

After the Act of Union 1707 became the main part of the Parliament of Great Britain, and later the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The other nations of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) each has a legislature of its own. This is called devolution. England does not have such a legislature today.

## History 
### Origins 
The origin of Parliament can be found in the times of the Anglo-Saxons. Anglo-Saxon kings were advised by a council known as the *Witenagemot*, to which belonged the King's sons and brothers. 

The Ealdormen, or executive heads of the shire and the senior clergymen of the state, had seats as well. The King still had the highest authority, but laws were made only after seeking the advice (and, in later times, the consent) of the *Witenagemot*.

### Development 
The royal council slowly grew into a Parliament. The first time the word *Parliament* can be found in official documents was during Henry III's reign. It was still mostly informal, and not an official body. The right to vote in Parliamentary elections for county constituencies was the same everywhere in the country, giving a vote to everyone who owned the freehold of land to a rent of 40 shillings a year (Forty-shilling Freeholders). 

The rise of Parliament's power was slowed down by civil war between Stephen and Empress Matilda. By the end of the Wars of the Roses, the king had the strongest authority again. The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of Henry VIII. 

The great struggle between the Crown and Parliament happened under James I's successor, Charles I. The House of Commons sent Charles the Petition of Right, demanding to have their rights again, in 1628. Though he accepted the petition, he later closed Parliament and ruled without them for eleven years. It was only after he had money problems as a result of war, that he was forced to call Parliament so they could authorise new taxes. The new Parliament was quite rebellious, so the king shut them down after only three weeks; this was called the Short Parliament. But this did not help the king with his money problem, so he realized that he would need to call another Parliament. Their struggle for power with the king led to the English Civil War. Those supporting the Parliament were called Parliamentarians or 'Roundheads'. In 1649, Charles was put to death by the Rump Parliament and replaced by the military dictator Oliver Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, however, the monarchy was restored in 1660. 

Following the Restoration, monarchs agreed to regularly call Parliament. But there was no clear guarantee of Parliamentary liberties until James II, an unpopular Catholic ruler, was forced to flee the country in 1688. Parliament decided that he had given up his crown, and offered it to his Protestant daughter Mary, instead of his Catholic son. Mary II ruled together with her husband, William III.

### Union: the Parliament of Great Britain 
Following the Treaty of Union in 1707, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland made acts of parliament which made a new United Kingdom of Great Britain. The existence of both parliaments came to an end. The new legislature was the new Parliament of Great Britain. Its home was the Palace of Westminster, the old home of the old Parliament of England.

## Related pages
* Member of Parliament

## References 
* Blackstone, Sir William. (1765). *Commentaries on the Laws of England.* Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* Davies, M. (2003). *Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords,* 19th ed. 
* Farnborough, Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron. (1896). *Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third,* 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
* "Parliament." (1911). *Encyclopædia Britannica,* 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

## Other websites 
* The Parliament of the United Kingdom. Official website.
* The Parliament of the United Kingdom. Parliament Live TV.
* The British Broadcasting Corporation. (2005). "A–Z of Parliament."
* *The Guardian.* (2005). "Special Report: House of Commons." 
* *The Guardian.* (2005). "Special Report: House of Lords."
* Parliamentary procedure site at Leeds University 
* The Campaign for an English Parliament
* Mori Poll – Views on English Devolution – 41% support English Parliament 
* English Democrats – web site
* Witanagemot Club 
* David Davis on an English Parliament