open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pliny's Comedy and Tragedy villas

'''Pliny's Comedy and Tragedy villas** were two Roman villas owned by Pliny the Younger in the 1st century. They were on the shores of Lake Como in northern Italy. Pliny had several villas on Lake Como. He wrote to his friend Voconius Romanus that the Comedy villa and the Tragedy villa were his two favorites. In Italy, the villas are called **Villa Commedia** and **Villa Tragedia'''. In Italian, "commedia" means "comedy" and "tragedia" means "tragedy".

Most people think that the Tragedy villa  was in Bellagio, a small town on Lake Como. People are less sure where the Comedy villa was. The historian Paolo Giovio (1483-1552) thought that by the 16th century the Comedy villa was under the water of Lake Como near the village of Lenno. The geographer Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598) also wrote that the Comedy villa was in Lenno. But in 1876 a Roman mosaic floor and many Roman coins were found in Lierna, another small town on Lake Como. Many people there now think that the mosaic floor was part of the Comedy villa. In the early 20th century the French geographer Élisée Reclus wrote that Lierna was the site of one of Pliny's villas, but he did not say which one.

In 1751 John Boyle, 5th Earl of Orrery, published his English translation of Pliny's letters. The letter to Voconius Romanus describing the Comedy and Tragedy villas was illustrated with an imaginary picture of the Comedy villa drawn by Samuel Wale. The art historian Pierre de la Ruffinière du Prey, has said that the villa in Wale's drawing looks like Alexander Pope's villa on the River Thames in London. Alexander Pope was a friend of John Boyle.

## References
Aulonemia patriae

***Aulonemia patriae*** is a species of *Aulonemia* genus of bamboo. 
It is part of the grass family and endemic to Latin America.

## References
Time in Cyprus

The island of **Cyprus** has one time zone. Eastern European Time (EET) (UTC+02:00) is used during winter, while Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) (UTC+03:00) is used in the other months. In 2016, Northern Cyprus changed to Turkey Time (TRT) (UTC+03:00) after Turkey decided not to change its clocks back, but reverted to EET on October 29, 2017.

## References
Batman: The Killing Joke

***Batman: The Killing Joke*** is a 1988 DC Comics graphic novel featuring the characters Batman and The Joker.  It was written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Brian Bolland. *The Killing Joke* gives an origin story for the supervillain the Joker, loosely based from the 1951 story arc "The Man Behind the Red Hood!". Taking place over two timelines, *The Killing Joke* shows the Joker trying to drive Jim Gordon insane and Batman's desperate attempt to stop him.

The story's effects on the mainstream Batman continuity also included the shooting and paralysis of Barbara Gordon (a.k.a. Batgirl), an event that laid the groundwork for her to develop the identity of Oracle.

*The Killing Joke* is thought to be one of the greatest comics of the 20th century.

An animated movie version was made in 2016 starring Kevin Conroy as Batman and Mark Hamill as the Joker. 

## References
Batman: The Killing Joke (movie)

***Batman: The Killing Joke*** is a 2016 American animated superhero movie produced by Warner Bros. Animation and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on the graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland.

The movie is directed by Sam Liu, written by Brian Azzarello and stars the voices of Kevin Conroy, Mark Hamill, Tara Strong, and Ray Wise with Brian George. Like the novel, the movie follows The Joker's kidnapping and mission to drive police commissioner James Gordon insane, and Batman's desperate attempts to stop him.

Originally meant to be released directly on home video, due to its popularity, the movie was released in theaters and digitally on July 25, 2016 for a special one-night event, before a DVD and Blu-ray release on August 2, 2016. It grossed $4.4 million worldwide.

Critics and fans said that the first half of the film felt unnecessary and disconnected to the second half, although the specific criticism from these viewers is just of ageist, neo-puritanical and bigoted nature, specifically involving the romantic and sexual relationship between Batgirl and Batman already established even in other continuities, so the credibility and reliability of said criticism is dubious to say the least.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* *Batman: The Killing Joke* at The World's Finest
Jonathan Haze

**Jonathan Haze** (April 1, 1929 &ndash; November 2, 2024) was an American actor. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was best known for his work in Roger Corman movies, especially the 1960 black comedy cult classic, *The Little Shop of Horrors*, in which he played florist's assistant Seymour Krelboyne.

Haze died at his home in Los Angeles, California on November 2, 2024 at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
Juan Luis Maurás

**Juan Luis Maurás** (18 June 1922 – 22 November 2017) was a Chilean lawyer and politician who was President of the Senate (1966) and the Chamber of Deputies (1958). He was born in Santiago, Chile.

Maurás died on 22 November 2017 in Antofagasta, Chile, aged 95.

## References
William Kennedy

**William Joseph Kennedy** (born January 16, 1928) is an American writer and journalist. He was born and raised in Albany, New York. He studied in Siena College. He was inspired by Gore Vidal, William Shakespeare, and by Edgar Allan Poe.

Kennedy's works include *The Ink Truck* (1969), *Legs* (1975), ''Billy Phelan's Greatest Game* (1978), *Ironweed* (1983, winner of the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction; movie, 1987), and *Roscoe* (2002). 

In 2011, he published *Changó's Beads and Two-Tone Shoes*, which one reviewer called a book "written with such brio and encompassing humanity that it may well deserve to be called the best of the bunch".

In 1953, Kennedy married Ana Segarra. They have three children. He lives in Averill Park, New York.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Finding Aid for the Papers of William Kennedy,
*Audio recording of William Kennedy reading from unpublished works at the Key West Literary Seminar, 2009
**Write TV'' Public Television Interview with William Kennedy 
*2011 radio interview at The Bat Segundo Show
*M. E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives , University at Albany Libraries.
Peter Fernandez

**Peter Fernandez** (January 29, 1927 – July 15, 2010) was an American actor, voice actor, director, author and child model. He was born in New York City. He began with a career in modeling stretching from the 1930s. He was probably best known for his roles in the 1967 anime *Speed Racer* and *Astro Boy* (1952&ndash;1968). He also had voice roles in *Courage the Cowardly Dog*.

Fernandez died of complications from lung cancer in Pomona, New York on July 15, 2010 at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
*Recent commercial voice work by Fernandez 
*
*Peter Fernandez's interview at Otakon 2008
Thea White

**Thea Ruth White** (née **Zitzner**; June 16, 1940 &ndash; July 30, 2021) was an American voice actress. She was best known for her voice over work as Muriel Bagge on *Courage the Cowardly Dog*. She was born in Newark, New Jersey. 

White was married to Andy White from 1983 until his death in 2015.

White died on July 30, 2021 in Cleveland, Ohio from an infection caused by liver cancer surgery, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*Thea White's official website 
*
Courage the Cowardly Dog

***Courage the Cowardly Dog*** is an American animated horror comedy television series created by John R. Dilworth for Cartoon Network as part of the network's Cartoon Cartoons block. The main character is the pink dog who lives with a married elderly couple (Muriel and Eustace Bagge) in the middle of Nowhere. The dog, Courage is voiced by Dilworth while Muriel is voiced by Thea White and Eustace was voiced by Lionel Wilson (until 33rd episode due to illness) and by Arthur Anderson. Paul Schoeffler voices The Computer, Courage's smart and loyal friend which is a computer.

Guest appearances include Billie Lou Watt, Peter Fernandez, Ringo Starr, Tom Kenny, Jim Cummings, and Tim Curry.

It premiered on November 12, 1999 and ended on November 22, 2002, with four seasons of 13 episodes each produced. During its run, the series was nominated for 3 Golden Reel Awards and 1 Annie Award. The series received critical acclaim from critics and audiences and has developed a strong cult status.

## Cast
* Marty Grabstein – Courage
* Thea White – Muriel Bagge
* Lionel Wilson (Episodes 1–33), Arthur Anderson (Episodes 34–52) – Eustace Bagge

## Disney Style
Courage in Disney Style

Courage from Courage the Cowardly Dog in the style of Disney is not anthropomorphic beyond, Though all six are non-human animals, Disney style  alone is not dressed as a human.

## International Versions 
### Danish: Dubbing år: ukendt 
* Christian Damsgaard – Frygtløs
* Bente Eskesen – Myrna 
* Dick Kaysø – Egon
* Karin Jagd – Egons mor, Shirley, med flere
* Peter Zhelder – Katz, Frode, Computeren, med flere
* Thomas Kirk
* Michael Elo

## Other websites
*
*
*Courage the Cowardly Dog - Cartoon Network Department of Cartoons (Archive)
*
*
John R. Dilworth

**John Russell Dilworth** (born February 14, 1970), is an American animator, character designer, storyboard artist, actor, director, writer, and producer. He is known for being the creator of the adult animated television sitcom ''Mark's World'' (2009-present). He also worked on the original opening for Nicktoons and for shows such as Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls, Samurai Jack and My Life as a Teenage Robot, as well as the Kids' WB television series Johnny Test and The X-Presidents segments for NBC television series Saturday Night Live.

## References
## Other websites
*StretchFilms.com, Homepage of Dilworth's Animation Company
*
*Interview with Dilworth
Miguel Alfredo González

**Miguel Alfredo González Puebla** (September 23, 1983 – November 23, 2017) was a Cuban professional baseball pitcher. He played in the Cuban National Series, for the Cuban national baseball team, and for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB) during the 2014 season. He was born in Havana, Cuba.

González was killed in a car accident in Havana, Cuba, on November 23, 2017 at the age of 34.

## References
## Other websites
Neil Gillman

**Neil Gillman** (September 11, 1933 – November 24, 2017) was a Canadian-American rabbi and philosopher affiliated with Conservative Judaism. He was born in Quebec City, Canada. He was a member of the Conservative movement's rabbinical body, the Rabbinical Assembly, and was a professor of Jewish philosophy at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, in Manhattan.

Gillman died on November 24, 2017 in Manhattan, New York of thrombosis at the age of 84.

## References
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr

**Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr** was the President of Iraq from 17 July 1968 to 16 July 1979. He was born in Tikrit, Ottoman Iraq on 1 July 1914.
He was a member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party. During his rule Iraq had high economic growth due to high international oil prices. Al Bakr slowing lost power to his cousin Saddam Hussein.
Microservices

In classical software architecture, the architecture is often layered. There is one layer for the user interface, another for the application logic, and yet another for accessing persistent data (such as a database). In classical software architecture, an application server is used, which will run the different services (such as different entry points of a web site, or different parts of the business application). The problem with this approach is that such application servers often do not scale very well, they need a lot of resources, and services are often tightly coupled.

**Microservices** are patterns of Software architecture: The approach is similar to the pattern described above, but the services are very small: very often they only provide one or two very specific functions. To get the same situation as above, these services must interact with each other. Very often they do this using RESTful service calls. Each microservice still has the parts of the user interface layer, the application layer, and the layer to access persistent data. Very often, microservices run in an application container. When the load requires it, special software in the application container can be used to run several instances (or copies) of the specific service.

Microservices is a specialization of an implementation approach for service-oriented architectures (SOA) used to build flexible, independently deployable software systems. The microservices approach is a first realisation of SOA that followed the introduction of DevOps and is becoming more popular for building continuously deployed systems.

## References
John Thierry

**John Fitzgerald Thierry** (September 4, 1971 &ndash; November 24, 2017) was a former professional American football defensive end player. He was born in Houston, Texas. He studied at Alcorn State University.

From 1994 through 1998, Thierry played for the Chicago Bears. In 1999, he played for the Cleveland Browns. From 2000 to 2001, he played for the Green Bay Packers. In 2002, he played for the Atlanta Falcons. During his career Thierry played in 131 games and started 70 of them recording 33.5 sacks and 158 tackles with 7 fumble recoveries. 

Thierry died on November 24, 2017 of a heart attack at the age of 46.

## References
Machilipatnam mandal

**Machilipatnam mandal** is one of the 50 mandals in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Machilipatnam revenue division and the headquarter is located at Machilipatnam town.As of 2011 Census of India, the mandal had a population of 238,962.As of 2011 Census of India, this mandal has 29 settlements. It includes 1 town and 28 villages in the mandal.

## References
Gudrun Pausewang

**Gudrun Pausewang** (3 March 1928 – 23 January 2020) was a German writer for children and teens. 

She was also known in science fiction for Young-Adult novels such as *The Last Children of Schewenborn*. She was born in Mladkov, Czech Republic and was a teacher and emptied at German Schools in Chile and Venezuela, but above all at the German School of Barranquilla in Colombia; and traveled to North, Central and South America, including the Amazon Basin, Tierra del Fuego, Peru, Bolivia and Mexico. She died at the age of 91 near Bamberg in Germany. 

In 1988, her novel *Die Wolke (The Cloud)* won the *Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis* ("German Youth Literature Prize"), the *Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis* ("Kurd Lasswitz Prize"), and the *Deutscher Science Fiction Preis* ("German Science Fiction Prize") for Best Novel.

Her sister was writer and sociologist Freya Pausewang.

## References
## Other websites
* Gudrun Pausewang: Manna 
* *TES* magazine (Children's books; Arts) "What Alice discovered"  Interview with Gudrun Pausewang
Anna Kuzmina

**Anna Ivanovna Kuzmina** (3 March 1933 &ndash; 25 November 2017) was a Russian actress and author. She was born in the Khangalassky District, Russia. She was an Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1982) and People's Artist of the Republic of Sakha (2003). Her career began in 1955. Kuzmina was known for her role in *Umnullubat sulustar* ("Unfading Stars").

In movies, she starred in *Motuo*, *Taiwan Island* and in *Yalylyylar*.

Kuzmina died on 25 November 2017 in Yakutsk, Russia at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Кузьмина Анна Ивановна
Jaime Ortí

**Jaime Ortí Ruiz** (24 January 1947 &ndash; 24 November 2017) was a Spanish football businessman and sports commentator. He was born in Aldaya, Spain. He was one of the Presidents of the football team Valencia C.F.. He was believed to have created the term "Galácticos" to describe the Real Madrid team. He was also a sports commentator for Channel Nou.

Ortí died in Valencia, Spain on 24 November 2017 from lung cancer at the age of 70.

## References
## Other websites
*Jaime Ortí: "En el Valencia se ha tirado el dinero, los presupuestos se deben equilibrar" from Las Provincias (16/03/2009)
Jackie Shroff

**Jai Krishan Kakubhai Shroff** (screen name: **Jackie Shroff**) is an Indian actor. He has been working for four decades (about 40 years) in the Bollywood film industry. He has appeared in about 220 films in various Indian languages, including Hindi, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, Malayalam, Punjabi, Kannada, Bengali, Konkani and Bhojpuri.
## Film career
In 1983, Shroff made his acting debut in Dev Anand's movie Swami Dada. In 1983, Subhash Ghai gave him a lead (main) role in the movie "Hero," which was a success and brought Shroff to the public's attention.

After Hero, he did several films, amongst which were *Andar Baahar*. *Jaanoo* and *Yudh* were successful. In 1986 he did *Karma* which became the highest-grossing(earning) film of 1986.  In 1985, he starred in *Shiva Ka Insaaf*, which was both India's first superhero movie and the first 3D movie filmed in the Hindi language.

## Family
Shroff's son Tiger Shroff is an actor.  Shroff's daughter Krishna Shroff is an assistant director.

## Awards
* 1990: Won: Filmfare Award for Best Actor – *Parinda*
* 1994: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Actor – *Gardish*
* 1994: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – *Khalnayak*
* 1995: Won: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – *1942: A Love Story*
* 1996: Won: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – *Rangeela*
* 1997: Nominated: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – *Agni Sakshi*
* 2002: Nominated: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – *Yaadein*
* 2001: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role – *Mission Kashmir*
* 2003: Nominated: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – *Devdas*
* 2007: Special Honour Jury Award for outstanding contribution to Indian cinema
* 2014: Won: The Original Rockstar GQ
* 2016: Won: HT Most Stylish Living Legend Award.
* 2017: Won: Raj Kapoor Award - Received by yesteryear actress Rakhee Gulzar: 30 April 2017.
* 2017: Won: Received the 20th anniversary of JP Dutta's Border movie Award: 12th June 2017.

## References
## Other websites
Bertha Calloway

**Bertha Calloway** (July 14, 1925 – November 25, 2017) was an American community activist and historian. She was born in Omaha, Nebraska. Her works and civil rights activities happened in Omaha. Calloway was the founder of the Negro History Society and the Great Plains Black History Museum. Calloway won awards from several organizations for her activism in the community and Nebraska. 

Calloway died of pneumonia in Omaha on November 25, 2017 at the age of 92.

## References
Machiko Kyō

**Machiko Kyō** (京 マチ子 *Kyō Machiko*; March 25, 1924 &ndash; May 12, 2019) was a Japanese actress who was mainly active in the 1950s. She was born in Osaka, Japan. She was known for her roles in Kenji Mizoguchi's *Ugetsu* (1953) and Kon Ichikawa's *Odd Obsession* (1959). She also starred in *The Teahouse of the August Moon* opposite Marlon Brando and Glenn Ford, for which she received a Golden Globe nomination.

Her final role was as "Matsuura Shino" in the NHK television drama series *Haregi Koko Ichiban* in 2000.

Kyō died of heart failure on May 12, 2019 in Tokyo, Japan at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Photo gallery: Machiko Kyo in Japanese Film-fan Magazines of the 1950s
Zorlu Holding

**Zorlu Holding** is one of the biggest holding company in Turkey. It was founded by Hacı Mehmet Zorlu. The curret chairman of this holding company is Ahmet Nazif Zorlu.
Zorlu Holding companies are active in the areas of textiles, white goods and electronics manufacturing, energy, and financial services.
## References
Doğuş Group

**Doğuş Group** is one of the biggest holding company in Turkey which is founded by Ayhan Şahenk in 1951 and including one of Turkey's largest banks, Garanti Bank, retail and food stores, construction companies, and tourism.
the current chairman of this holding company is Ferit Şahenk.
## References
Mathura district

**Mathura district** is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. This district is situated along the banks of the Yamuna River. The historic town of Mathura is the district's headquarters. This district is comes under the Agra division.

## Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India Mathura district has a population of 2,541,894.This gives it a ranking of 167th in India (out of a total of 640 districts).

## Notable sites
Mathura district contains many important pilgrimage centres of Hinduism. The headquarters Mathura is one of the seven most holy places for Hindus in India.

## References
Mirzapur district

**Mirzapur district** is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India.  The district occupies an area of 4521 km2. Mirzapur town is the district headquarters. Mirzapur district is a part of Mirzapur division. 

The district consists of four tehsils. These are Mirzapur (sadar), Lalganj, Marihan and Chunar. These four tehsils are further divided into twelve blocks.

According to the 2011 census Mirzapur district has a population of 2,494,533.

## Notable sites
This district is known for the Vindhyavasini temple in Vindhyachal.

## References
Intermediate value theorem

The **intermediate value theorem** says that if a function, f, is continuous over a closed interval [a,b], and is equal to f(a) and f(b) at either end of the interval, for any number, c, between f(a) and f(b), we can find an x so that f(x) = c. 

This means that if a continuous function's sign changes in an interval, we can find a root of the function in that interval. For example, if f(1) = -1 and f(2) = 2, we can find an x in the interval [1,2] that is a **root** of this function, meaning that for this value of x, f(x)=0, if f is continuous. This corollary is called '''Bolzano's theorem'''.

## References
Miroslav Lajčák

**Miroslav Lajčák ** (born 20 March 1963) is a Slovak diplomat. He is the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was the President of the United Nations General Assembly for the 72nd session from September 2017 until his term expired in September 2018.

## References
## Other websites
* Official curriculum vitae of Lajčák  (as of 2012)
Wood Moy

**Wood Moy** (10 June 1918 &ndash; 8 November 2017) was a Chinese-born American actor. He was born in Guangzhou, China, but raised in New York City. He was known for his role as Jo in the movie *Chan Is Missing* (1982). He also appeared in *Howard the Duck* (1986), *Class Action* (1991) and as Mr. Lee in *Final Analysis* (1992).

Moy died in New York City on 8 November 2017 of pneumonia at the age of 99.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gene Kotlarek

**Eugene Robert "Gene" Kotlarek** (March 31, 1940 &ndash; November 9, 2017) was an American former ski jumper. He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Winter Olympics with the best result of 14th place in the normal hill in 1964. He was born in Duluth, Minnesota.

Kotlarek died on November 9, 2017 in Colorado Springs, Colorado at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
*
Erika Remberg

**Erika Remberg** (15 February 1932 &ndash; 10 November 2017) was an Austrian movie actress. She appeared in 31 movies between 1950 and 1970. She was born in Medan, Indonesia. She was known for her roles in *Circus of Horrors* (1960), *Saturday Night Out* (1964), *Cave of the Living Dead* (1964) and *The Lickerish Quartet* (1970).

Remberg died on 10 November 2017 in Benidorm, Spain at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
River Annalee

The **River Annalee**  is a river in County Cavan, Ireland. The source of the river is Lough Sillan near Shercock.
Stefan Radt

**Stefan Lorenz Radt** (4 August 1927 − 22 November 2017) was a German-born Dutch historian of Jewish descent, author and academic who works in ancient Greek geography. He was born in Berlin, but was raised in The Hague. He was known for his books *Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta*, *Strabons Geographika*, and *The Importance Of The Context*.

He fled to the Netherlands in 1937.

Radt died in The Hague on 22 November 2017 at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4585551.Stefan_Radt
* http://www.v-r.de/en/stefan_radt/p-0/7996
Ángel Berni

**Ángel Antonio Berni Gómez** (9 January 1931 – 24 November 2017) was a Paraguayan football striker. He played for national team, San Lorenzo, and for Real Betis. He was born in Asunción, Paraguay.

Berni died on 24 November 2017 in Asunción at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile at Franjanegra 
*Jugadores de San Lorenzo
Milein Cosman

**Emilie Cosman**, known as **Milein Cosman**, (31 March 1921 – 21 November 2017) was a German-born British artist. She was born in Gotha, Germany. She was best known for her drawings and prints of leading cultural figures, dancers and musicians in action, such as Francis Bacon, Mikhail Baryshnikov, T. S. Eliot and Igor Stravinsky.

Cosman died in London on 21 November 2017 at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Works in the National Portrait Gallery
* Milein Cosman's page at Camden Printmakers 
* Interview with Milein Cosman on BBC radio
* Milein Cosman at Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library
Time in South Korea

**Korean Standard Time (KST)** is a time zone that is used in South Korea. It is 9 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+09:00) and is the same as Japan Standard Time, Yakutsk Time, and Indonesian Eastern Standard Time.  North Korea observed Pyongyang Time (PYT) (UTC+08:30) starting on August 15, 2015, which was 30 minutes behind KST, until May 5, 2018, when it switched back to KST. South Korea does not observe daylight saving time.

## References
Georgia Time

**Georgia Time (GET)** is a time zone that is used in the country of Georgia. It is 4 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+04:00). Georgia first observed daylight saving time in 1981 as part of the Soviet Union but it was removed in 2004. Georgia does not observe daylight saving time anymore.

## References
You Make It Feel Like Christmas

***You Make It Feel Like Christmas*** is the fourth studio album by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. The album is Stefani's first full-length Christmas-themed album, was released on October 6, 2017, by Interscope Records. *You Make It Feel Like Christmas* features twelve tracks, six original songs written by Stefani and six cover versions of Christmas standards. The album was produced by Eric Valentine and executively produced by Stefani and busbee.

## Critical reception 
*You Make It Feel Like Christmas* received generally positive reviews from music critics.

## Track listing 
All songs produced by busbee and Eric Valentine.

## Release history 
## References
Armando Hart

(1963)]]
**Armando Hart Dávalos** (June 13, 1930 – November 26, 2017) was a Cuban politician and a Communist leader. He was born in Havana, Cuba. Before the Cuban Revolution which ousted President Fulgencio Batista, Hart studied to be a lawyer at the University of Havana. While there, he became politically active and would soon join Fidel Castro and Che Guevara in their fight against Batista.

When Castro came into power, Hart served as Minister of Education (1959–1976) and as Minister of Culture (1976–1997).

Hart died in Havana of respiratory failure on November 26, 2017 at the age of 87.

## References
Andrzej Wincenty Górski

**Andrzej Wincenty Górski** (15 August 1920 – 22 November 2017) was a Polish academic and chemist. He was born in Warsaw. He was Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Warsaw University of Technology. He was the author of a large number of research articles on the systematics of chemical objects, as well as academic textbooks: "General Chemistry" and the two-volume textbook "Chemistry".

Górski died in Warsaw on 22 November 2017 of complications from a stroke at the age of 97.

## References
Harry Pregerson

**Harry Pregerson** (October 13, 1923 &ndash; November 25, 2017) was an American judge. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles and at the University of California, Berkeley.

Pregerson served as Senior judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. He was appointed to the Ninth Circuit in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter and became senior status on December 11, 2015.  

Before to his elevation to the circuit court he was appointed to the United States District Court for the Central District of California in 1967 by President Lyndon Johnson.

Pregerson died in Los Angeles on November 25, 2017 of respiratory failure at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile at Appellate Counsellor Website
Roddy Maude-Roxby

**Roderick Anderson "Roddy" Maude-Roxby** (born 2 April 1930) is an English actor and comedian. He has appeared in numerous many, such as Walt Disney's *The Aristocats*, where he appeared as Edgar Balthazar; *Unconditional Love*; and Clint Eastwood's *White Hunter Black Heart*, playing Thompson. 

## Other websites
*
Marni Nixon

**Margaret Nixon "Marni" McEathron** (February 22, 1930 – July 24, 2016), known professionally as **Marni Nixon**, was an American singer and actress in movie musicals. She was best known for dubbing the singing voices of the leading actresses in movies, including *The King and I*, *West Side Story*, and *My Fair Lady*.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* 
* 
* Extensive Nixon biography and photos
* Interview with Marni Nixon by Bruce Duffie, June 10, 1987
* Nixon singing with Leonard Bernstein on television in 1961
Maurice Chevalier

**Maurice Auguste Chevalier** (September 12, 1888 – January 1, 1972) was a French actor and cabaret singer. He was born in Paris. He was perhaps best known for his songs, including "Louise", "Mimi", "Valentine", and "Thank Heaven for Little Girls" and for his movies, including *The Love Parade*, *The Big Pond*, *Love Me Tonight* and *Gigi*.

During World War I, Chevalier was a prisoner of war of Germany for two years from 1914 through 1916.

In 1930, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his roles in *The Love Parade* (1929) and *The Big Pond* (1930), which made his first big American hit, "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight".

In 1958, Chevalier received an Honorary Academy Award for his works in the movie industry.

In 1970, he made his final work to the movie industry where he sang the title song of the Disney movie *The Aristocats*.

Chevalier died on January 1, 1972 in Paris of kidney failure at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jacques Hamel

**Jacques Hamel** (30 November 1930 – 26 July 2016) was a French Catholic priest. He was born in Darnétal, Seine-Maritime, France. He worked in the parish of Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray.

On 26 July 2016, Hamel was murdered during the 2016 Normandy church attack by two Muslim men pledging allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant while he celebrated Mass in his church. His throat was slit during the attack in Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, France. He was 85 years old.

Hamel was called a martyr by some international press shortly after his death. Calls to make him a saint started soon after his death. The canonization cause was officially opened at diocesan level in April 2017, after Pope Francis had waived the otherwise mandatory five-year waiting period for the opening of such causes.

## References
## Other websites
Arthur Dion Hanna

**Arthur Dion "A.D." Hanna** (7 March 1928 &ndash; 3 August 2021) was a Bahamian politician. He served as Governor-General of the Bahamas from 2006 to 2011.

In 1984, Hanna resigned as Deputy Prime Minister in protest of Prime Minister Sir Lynden Pindling.

He retired on 14 April 2011 and was replaced by Sir Arthur Foulkes.

Hanna died in Nassau on 3 August 2021, aged 93.

## References
Miloš Radulović

**Miloš Radulović** (22 February 1929 – 15 October 2017) is a Montenegrin politician. He was born in Spuž. He was an acting president in 1993. 

He served as the Dean of Titograd Faculty of Economics from 1974 until 1978, as the rector of Titograd University from 1986 until 1990. Later, he served as a President of the Chamber of Republics of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia (1992–1996) and as an ambassador to the United Kingdom (1996–1999).

## References
Michael J. Williams (politician)

**Michael Jay Williams** (born 16 October 1929) is a Trinidad and Tobago politician and businessman.

Williams was appointed to the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago by A. N. R. Robinson following the National Alliance for Reconstruction victory in the 1986 General Elections. Williams served as President of the Senate between 1986 and 1990 and President of Trinidad and Tobago from 13 March 1987 to 19 March 1987 following Ellis Clarke.

## References
Sotir Ferrara

**Sotir Ferrara** (5 December 1937 – 25 November 2017) was an Italian-Albanian religious leader. He was the Bishop of the Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi, a diocese of the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church in Sicily, Italy. He was born in Piana degli Albanesi, Italy. On 15 October 1988 he was elected by the Pope John Paul II to the bishopric of Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi.

Ferrara died in Tirana, Albania on 25 November 2017 at the age of 79.

## References
Krastyu Trichkov

**Krastyu Sergeyev Trichkov** (; 12 April 1923 &ndash; 14 December 2008) was a Bulgarian politician. He was a member of the Bulgarian Communist Party. He served as the first First Deputy Chairmen of the State Council. He was born in Belitsa, Bulgaria.

From 1958 to 1962 a candidate member, and since 1962 member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party,where it remained until 1990. From 1966 to 1981 a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.

## References
Alfred Miodowicz

**Alfred Miodowicz** (June 28, 1929 &ndash; September 17, 2021) was a Polish politician and trade union activist. He was born in Poznań, Poland. 

Miodowicz was a member of communist Polish United Workers Party. He held posts in the State National Council, Central Committee and Political Bureau. He was also the leader of the All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions and took part in the Polish Round Table Agreement.

Miodowicz died on September 17, 2021 at the age of 92.

## References
Alfonso Lovo Cordero

**Alfonso Lovo Cordero** (June 11, 1927 &ndash; May 10, 2018) was a Nicaraguan politician. He served in Liberal-Conservative Junta from May 1, 1972 until December 1, 1974. He was born in Danli, Honduras.

Lovo Cordero was a member of the Nationalist Liberal Party (NLP). 

On December 23, 1972, Lovo Cordero exercised power after the NLP as Chief Director of the National Guard. On March 1, 1973, President of the National Guard Agüero resigned and Edmundo Paguaga Irías was appointed in his place; they handed power to him on December 1, 1974. Lovo along with doctor Lorenzo Guerrero Gutiérrez became senators of the National Congress.

Lovo Cordero retired from politics and from public life in 2013. He died on May 10, 2018 in the United States at the age of 90.

## References
Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan

**Tehreek-e-Labaik** is a religious political party of Pakistan. Founded by Khadim Hussain Rizvi, the party is currently being headed by his son, Saad Hussain Rizvi. He is a Muslim scholar. When Nawaz Sharif was de-seated, new elections were held to choose  a new member for National Assembly of Pakistan, this party took part in elections and got third position. When Government of Pakistan changed Khatm-e-Nabuwat law in Elections Bill 2017, this party went onto protests which bacame violent with time in November 2017. They demanded resignation of then Pakistan's law minister Zahid Hamid. Zahid Hamid resigned admitting his wrong.

## References
Maria Schneider (politician)

**Maria Schneider** (born 9 February 1923) is a former German politician. She was born in Merka (Bautzen), Saxony, Germany. She was a member of the SED.

Schneider was a member of the East German State Council between 1967 and 1971.

Schneider had already served as a "community representative" from 1949 till 1953, and in 1957 she became a local councilor for the Bautzen district.   In 1967 she moved into national politics, sitting as a representative of the  Trades Union Federation (FDGB) in the National Legislature (*Volkskammer*), where she continued to sit till 1976.   

Between 1971 and 1976 she was also a member of the assembly's Committee for Industry, Construction and Transport.

## References
Rosario Green

**María del Rosario Green Macías** (31 March 1941 – 25 November 2017) was a Mexican economist, diplomat and politician. She was born in Mexico City. Green served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs in the Ernesto Zedillo cabinet from 1998 through 2000. She was also the Secretary General of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) from 2005 to 2006.

In her later years, Green served as Senator for the 2006–2012 period. During the Vicente Fox administration, she served as Ambassador to Argentina.

Green died on 25 November 2017 in Mexico City at the age of 76.

## References
## Other websites
* Profile on the site of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs of Mexico .
* Mexican Embassy in Argentina 
*Biography  at the OECD website.
*The Kozmetsky Center for Excellence In Global Finance 
*St. Edward's University in Austin, TX
The Wind in the Willows

***The Wind in the Willows*** is a children's book by Scottish author Kenneth Grahame. It was published in 1908. It is about four animals (toad, mole, rat and badger) throughout their adventures in the English countryside.

## References
## Other websites
* *The Wind in the Willows* by Kenneth Grahame at Project Gutenberg
Beuningen

**Beuningen** () is a municipality and a town in the eastern Netherlands. It is near the city of Nijmegen. The river Waal is  to the north. The other towns in the municipality are: Ewijk, Weurt, and Winssen.

There is a restored windmill in the town, De Haag.
Ahmad Shah Massoud

**Ahmad Shah Massoud** (Persian: احْمَدُ شَاهْ مَسْعُودٍ) was an Afghan military commander during the Soviet–Afghan War and later on in the civil war afterwards. He was an ethnic Tajik and a Sunni Muslim. During the civil war, he defended the capital from the Taliban, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, and Abdul Rashid Dostum.

After the Taliban came to power in 1996, Massoud began an armed rebellion against the Taliban government. Massoud rejected the Talibans radical interpretation of jihadist Deobandi Sunni Islam. He became the leader of the Northern Alliance which allied with NATO during the war against the Taliban.

## Death 
On September 9, 2001, Massoud was killed by suicide bombing by the two al-Qaeda assassins under orders by the al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden two days before the September 9/11 attacks in the US.
Ravan A. G. Farhâdi

Professor **Abdul Ghafoor Ravan Farhâdi** (born 23 August 1929) is an Afghan academic and diplomat. He was born in Kabul, Afghanistan. He served as Afghanistan's Ambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 2006. He was known for being a major supporter of the United States in Afghanistan and thought the United States was good to help the country of Afghanistan.

He studied at Lycée Esteqlal in Paris. His paper was on "*le Persan parlé en Afghanistan*", later translated to English and Russian. Farhâdi speaks French, English and Persian fluently.

In 1964, he returned to Kabul to work at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1964 till 1968, he served as Director-General for Political Affairs at the ministry and then he was Deputy Foreign Minister for 5 years. Between 1965 and 1971 he also was Secretary of the Council of Ministers of the Afghan Government.

## References
Frederick Forsyth

**Frederick McCarthy Forsyth**  (25 August 1938 – 9 June 2025) was a British author and former journalist. 

He was best known for his thriller novels *The Day of the Jackal*, *The Odessa File*,*The Dogs of War*, *The Fourth Protocol*, ''The Devil's Alternative*, *The Fist of God*, *Icon*, *The Afghan*, *The Cobra* and *The Kill List''. He has sold more than 70 million books in total. 

Forsyth was born in Ashford, Kent. He said in 2016 that he worked as an MI6 spy for over twenty years.

Forsyth died at his home in Jordans, Buckinghamshire, on 9 June 2025 from a short-illness, aged 86.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Libyan Desert

The **Libyan Desert** forms the northern and eastern part of the Sahara Desert. It describes that part of the Sahara that lies within the present-day state of Libya; it also historically describes the desert to the south of Ancient Libya, a territory which lay to the east of the present-day state. The Libyan Desert is one of the driest, harshest and most remote parts of the Sahara, the world's largest hot desert. This extended desert country is barren, dry and rainless.

## Other websites 
* The Libyan Desert at fjexpeditions.com
* Libyan Desert at African volunteer.net; retrieved 6 November 2016 
* *Tea in the Sahara: a road trip though the Libyan desert* Sara Wheeler, The Guardian, 4 September 2013; retrieved 6 November 2016
* The complete text and photos of the discoveries of Ahmed Pasha Hassanein in the Libyan Desert , *National Geographic Magazine*, September&nbsp;1924
Lenno

**Lenno** is a small village on the shores of Lake Como in northern Italy. It is located about  north of Milan and about  northeast of Como. Lenno is on a small bay of Lake Como called the *Golfo di Venere* (Bay of Venus).

Ancient Romans started the village. Julius Ceasar invited 500 Greeks to come live in the village. The Greeks planted olive trees all around Lenno. The historian Paolo Giovio (1483-1552) and the geographer Abraham Ortelius (1527–1598) wrote that Pliny the Younger had a villa in Lenno. It was called  the Comedy villa.

Today, the village is popular with tourists. It has mansions, hotels, restaurants, and a small harbor. In 2014, Lenno was joined with three other nearby villages (Mezzegra, Ossuccio and Tremezzo) to make a single municipality called Comune di Tremezzina.

## Twin towns
Lenno was twinned with:
*  Lemnos, Greece

## References
Abraham Ortelius

]]

**Abraham Ortelius** (also **Ortels**, **Orthellius**, **Wortels**; 14 April 1527 – 28 June 1598) was a Flemish cartographer (mapmaker) and geographer. He is generally recognized as the creator of the first modern atlas, the *Theatrum Orbis Terrarum* (Latin: "Theatre of the Earth's Globe"). One of the founders and the notable representatives of the Netherlandish school of cartography in its golden age (the 16th and 17th centuries), he is also believed to be the first person to imagine that the continents were joined together before drifting to their present positions.

## References
Kenneth Grahame

**Kenneth Grahame** (8 March 1859 – 6 July 1932) was a Scottish children's writer. He is best known for his book *The Wind in the Willows* (1908). The Mr. Toad story from the movie *The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad* (1949) is based off *The Wind in the Willows*. He also wrote the short story *The Reluctant Dragon* (1898), which was made into a movie in 1941. Until 1908, Grahame was a banker.

## Life and death
Grahame was born in Edinburgh. He married Elspeth Thomson in 1899. Their son, Alastair, was born in 1900 and had health issues during his life. Alastair took his own life in 1920.

Grahame died on 6 July 1932 in Pangbourne, Berkshire, at the age of 73.

## References
## Other websites
* Kenneth Grahame at Project Gutenberg
Wilbur Smith

]]
**Wilbur Addison Smith** (9 January 1933 &ndash; 13 November 2021) was a South African-British author. He mostly writes historical fiction books set in Southern Africa. His best known books include *When the Lion Feeds*, *The Burning Shore*, *River God* and *The Seventh Scroll*. He had three major book sets, *The Courtney Novels*, *The Ballantyne Novels* and the *Ancient Egypt* series. He wrote forty books, beginning in 1964. He had sold over 120 million copies in total.

Smith was born in Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia (now Kabwe, Zambia). He was educated in South Africa. He was married four times: the first two marriages ended in divorce, his third wife died of brain cancer in 1999, and married his last wife in 2000. He had four children. He lived in London and Cape Town, South Africa.

Smith died on 13 November 2021 at his home in Cape Town at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stevens MRT station

**Stevens MRT Station (DT10/TE11)** is an underground interchange station on the Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit system. 
This station is one of four to have faregates on the same level as the platforms. The others are Bishan, Expo and Changi Airport stations.

Due to space constraints, the two platforms at the station are seperated from each other and have their own faregates. A ten minute grace period was put in place by the Land Transport Authority in case passengers tap in at the wrong faregates.

The Stevens station is located at the junction of Bukit Timah road and Stevens road, where the station takes its name from.

## History
This station opened on 27 December 2015, along with the rest of the Downtown line stage 2. The Thomson East Coast line section opened on 13 November 2021, as part of stage 3 of the line.

## References
Arthrostylidium merostachyoides

***Arthrostylidium merostachyoides *** is a species of *Arthrostylidium* bamboo in the grass family. 

## Distribution 
Anthrostylidium merostachyoides is endemic to Costa Rica in Central America.

## References
Arthrostylidium multispicatum

***Arthrostylidium multispicatum*** is a species of *Arthrostylidium* bamboo in the grass family.

## Distribution 
*Arthrostylidium multispicatum* is native to Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.

## References
Ogdoad (Egyptian)

In Egyptian mythology, the **Ogdoad** are a group of eight deities (divine beings) worshipped in Hermopolis. The gods of the Ogdoad were mostly seen as humans with the heads of animals, or just depicted as snakes and frogs. They were arranged in four male-female pairs, with the males associated with frogs, and the females with snakes. Their story is part of the Egyptian creation myth.

The Egyptians believed that before the world was formed, there was a watery mass of dark, directionless chaos. In this chaos lived the Ogdoad of Khmunu (Hermopolis). These were four frog gods and four snake goddesses of chaos. Together they represented balance in infinity.

Their names were Nun and Naunet (water), Amun and Amaunet (invisibility), Heh and Hauhet (infinity) and Kek and Kauket (darkness).

The chaos existed without the light, and thus Kek and Kauket came to represent this darkness. They also symbolized obscurity, the kind of obscurity that went with darkness, and night.

The Ogdoad were the original great gods of Iunu (On, Heliopolis) where they were thought to have helped with creation, then died and retired to the land of the dead where they continued to make the Nile River flow and the sun rise every day.

## References