open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Itch

**Itch** (Latin: **pruritus**) is an unpleasant sensation that leads to the desire or reflex to . Itch has many similarities to pain and both are unpleasant sensory experiences but their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a reflex withdrawal while itch leads to a scratch reflex. Nerve fibers for itch and pain both are in the skin, but information for them is sent centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle.

Historically, the sensations of itch and pain have not been considered to be independent of each other until recently where it was found that itch has several features in common with pain but has important differences. 

## Causes
 is one cause of itching. ]]
The feeling of itchiness can be caused by a movement of hair or the release of a chemical (histamine) from cells under the skin. Itchiness is regarded as protective, as it helps creatures remove parasites that land on their skin.

Itching can be caused by:
*Food poisoning
*Xerosis. This is the most common cause, frequently seen in winters.   Associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high temperature and low humidity environments.
* Skin conditions (such as psoriasis, eczema, sunburn, athlete's foot, hidradenitis suppurativa and many others). Most are of an inflammatory nature.
* Insect bites, such as those from mosquitos or chiggers.
* Allergic reactions to contact with specific chemicals, such as Urushiol from Poison Ivy or Poison Oak.
* Hodgkin's disease
* Jaundice (bilirubin is a skin irritant at high concentrations)
* Polycythemia, which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamine
* Scabies or infection with lice or worms
* Thyroid illness
* Shaving, which may irritate the skin
* Diabetes Mellitus
* Dandruff (an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation)
* Iron deficiency anemia
* Parasitic infections
* Psychiatric
* Medication:
** Allergy - (due to reaction of an individual's immune system to certain chemical compounds)
** Photodermatitis – (sun)light reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites
** Directly (e.g. morphine and other opiates)
*Cholestasis
* Related to pregnancy:
** Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP)
** Gestational pemphigoid

## Treatment
A variety of over-the-counter and prescription anti-itch drugs are available.  Some plant products have been found to be effective anti-pruritics, others not.  Non-chemical remedies include cooling, warming, soft stimulation.

Sometimes scratching relieves isolated itches, hence the existence of devices such as the back scratcher.  Often, however, scratching can intensify itching and even cause further damage to the skin, dubbed the "itch-scratch-itch cycle".

## References
* Andrew D, Craig AD (2001). Spinothalamic lamina I neurons selectively sensitive to histamine: a central neural pathway for itch. *Nature Neuroscience* Jan;4(1):9-10.
* National Cancer Institute (2003) "Pruritus" Retrieved Aug. 22, 2005.
Ecliptic

, the Sun appears to move with respect to the stars.  The ecliptic is the yearly path the Sun follows on the celestial sphere. This process repeats itself in a cycle lasting a little over365 days]]

The **ecliptic** is the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun. 

The Sun appears to move against the background of stars because the Earth orbits the Sun.

The invariable plane is the average plane of the orbits of the planets. Properly, it is defined as the plane passing through its barycenter (center of mass). The present ecliptic plane is inclined to the invariable plane by about 1.5°. 

## References
Joleon Lescott

**Joleon Patrick Lescott** (born 16 August 1982) is an ex-English footballer who played for Manchester City and the England national football team. He was a defender who could play on the left or in the centre.

Lescott was born in Birmingham. At 17 he began playing for the Wolverhampton Wanderers.  In 2006 he was named in the Championship team of the season.  He also got the Wolves' Player of the Year award.

Lescott was sold to Everton at the start of the 2006–07 season. On 8 May 2008, Lescott was voted Everton's Player of the Year and Players Player of the Year.

Following the end of the 2008–09 season, Manchester City tried to sign Lescott.  Everton said no. On 11 August 2009, Lescott asked to move to Manchester City.  Again Everton said no.  The manager said Lescott had a "bad attitude" and did not have him play.  Then on 25 August 2009 he was traded to Manchester City.  Fans in Everton are now angry at Lescott for leaving.  They boo when he takes the field.

On 13 May 2012 Lescott helped Manchester City win their first premiership title in 44 years.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:*England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Lescott goal.*

**Everton**
*FA Cup runner-up: 2008–09

**Manchester City**
*Premier League: 2011–12, 2013–14
*FA Cup: 2010–11; runner-up: 2012–13
*Football League Cup: 2013–14

**Individual**
*Everton Player of the Season: 2007–08
*Everton Players' Player of the Season: 2006–07, 2007–08 2002–03 First Division, 2005–06 Championship
*Wolverhampton Wanderers Player of the Year: 2002–03, 2004–05

## References
## Other websites
*
Singapore Changi Airport

]]

**Singapore Changi Airport** , or simply **Changi Airport**, is a commercial airport serving Singapore, and is one of the largest transportation hubs in Asia. It is located in Changi, at the eastern part of the island of Singapore, on a  site. The airport also consists of Jewel Changi Airport.

The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS), and is the home base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, Jetstar Asia Airways and Scoot.

Singapore Changi Airport has been rated the best airport in the world by Skytrax for 8 years in a row. The airport has also been rated as being one of the world's cleanest airports and highly rated international transit airports.

## History 
Changi Airport opened on July 1, 1981, and was the largest airport in Asia at the time of its opening. The first flight to arrive at the new airport came from Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia and the first flight to leave was for Penang, also in Malaysia.

When the airport first opened, it only handled about 8 million passengers a year. This number has grown, and in 2015, the airport handled a record of 55,448,964 passengers, a 2.5% increase over the previous year.  There used to be a terminal just for budget airlines, but it was destroyed to make way for Terminal 4. Terminal 4 now sits on the land that the old terminal for budget airlines used to occupy.
People can go between Terminals 1, 2, and 3 (but not Terminal 4) using an automatic, driverless train called the Skytrain. The system opened in 1990 and received new trains in 2006. A new building with shops and hotels is being built that will connect to each of these three terminals directly. It is called Jewel Changi Airport and will be ready in early 2019.

A new terminal building, Terminal 5, is being built on an empty piece of land opposite the current airport terminals. It will open in the 2020s and be bigger in size than Terminals 1, 2, and 3 combined.

## Ground transportation
It is very easy to get to and from Changi Airport.

One of the stations on Singapore's MRT network is called Changi Airport, and it is located at the end of a two-stop branch of the East West Line. The station, which opened in 2002, is located between Terminals 2 and 3 of the airport and can be reached from both terminals. To get into the city one has to change to another East West Line train at Tanah Merah or, since 2017, to the Downtown Line at Expo. Terminal 5 could possibly be served by an extension of the Thomson-East Coast Line when it is completed.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Singapore Changi Airport Official Site
Reverse osmosis

**Reverse osmosis** is a way of  water with the use of a filter (a membrane).  The particles in the water are left on the other side of the sheet, while the water travels through it.The main use is for purifying salt water, but it can also be used to purify other substances.
Democratic-Republican Party

The **Democratic-Republican Party** was founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1792. It became the most popular political party until the 1820s. In the 1824 United States presidential election it split into several factions, one of which became the modern-day Democratic Party. Its members spoke of the party as the **Republicans**, **Jeffersonians**, **Democrats**, or combinations of these (**Jeffersonian republicans**, etc.). The party was based primarily on the concept of liberalism.

Jefferson and Madison created the party in order to oppose the economic and foreign policies of the Federalists, a party created a year or so earlier by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Foreign policy issues were central; the party opposed the Jay Treaty of 1794 with Britain (then at war with France) and supported good relations with France before 1801. The party was against many of Hamilton's proposals concerning the Constitution.

Note that this party is different from the modern-day Republican Party.

## References 
* Henry Adams, *History of the United States during the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson* (1889; Library of America ed. 1986)
* Henry Adams, *History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison* (1891; Library of America ed. 1986)

### Biographies 
* Cunningham, Noble E. *In Pursuit of Reason The Life of Thomas Jefferson* () (1987)

### State studies 
* Prince, Carl E. *New Jersey’s Jeffersonian Republicans: The Genesis of an Early Party Machine, 1789-1817* (1967)

### Newspapers 
* Stewart, Donald H. *The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era* (1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers
* The complete text, searchable, of all early American newspapers are online  at Readex America’s Historical Newspapers, available at research libraries.

### Primary sources 
* Adams, John Quincy. *Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848* Volume VII (1875) edited by Charles Francis Adams; (). Adams, son of the president, switched and became a Republican in 1808
* Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed. *The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809* (1965) excerpts from primary sources
* Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed. *Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789-1829* (1978), 3 vol; reprints the political newsletters sent out by congressmen
* Kirk, Russell ed. *John Randolph of Roanoke: A study in American politics, with selected speeches and letters*, 4th ed., Liberty Fund, 1997, 588 pp.&nbsp;; Randolph was a leader of the "Old Republican" faction
* Smith, James Morton, ed. *The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826* Volume 2 (1994)

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825
Strict construction

**Strict construction** means a restriction of judicial interpretation. In the United States, the phrase is also commonly used more loosely as a term for conservatism in the judiciary.

## Strict sense of the term 
In its strict sense, strict construction requires a judge to apply the words as they are written and no farther, if the meaning of the text is clear. That is, judges should avoid drawing inference (interpreting) from a statute or constitution. 

For example, Justice Hugo Black argued that the First Amendment's injunction that "Congress shall make no law," should be construed strictly: the term "no law," Black thought, admitted virtually no exceptions.

## References
Race Horses (band)

**Race Horses** are an indie/pop band from Aberystwyth, Wales. They started in 2005 as **Radio Luxembourg**. Its members were Meilyr Jones, Dylan Hughes, Gwion Llewelyn and Alun Gaffey. They split in 2012.

## References
Radio Luxembourg

**Radio Luxembourg** may mean:

*Radio Luxembourg (French), a radio station that began broadcasting from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in 1933
*Radio Luxembourg (English), a radio station that broadcasts in many languages between 1933 and 1992
*Radio Luxembourg (German), a radio station that has broadcast in the German language from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg since the endof World War II
*Radio 1212, a black propaganda radio station that worked from 1944 to 1945
*Radio Luxembourg (DRM), a radio station that has broadcast in many languages since 2005
*Radio Luxembourg (band), a Welsh-language psychedelic pop band.
Coalition

A **coalition** is an alliance, where the members work together. 

## Politics and government
A coalition government, in a parliamentary system, is a government made from a coalition of parties. This means the union of different political parties or groups for a purpose, usually for a short time.

In international relations, a coalition can be a group of nations united for a specific purpose, such as fighting a war.

## Other websites
* Mapleleaf Web – Coalition Governments in Canada
Federalist Party

The **Federalist Party** (or **Federal Party**) was an American conservative political party from 1792 to 1816. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801. Alexander Hamilton formed the party during George Washington's first term.  Hamilton  built a network of supporters for his financial policies.  Many supporters came from cities. These supporters grew into the Federalist Party, which wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government.

Hamilton and others published a number of newspaper essays in 1787 and 1788, which are known as Federalist Papers today. 

In 1789, with the start of the new government under the Constitution, President George Washington appointed his former chief of staff, Alexander Hamilton, to the office of Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility. 

By 1790, Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition. He and his network of treasury agents tried to link together friends of the government, especially merchants and bankers, in the new nation's dozen major cities. His attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress, then, "brought strong responses across the country. In the process, what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a national faction and then, finally, as the new Federalist party." 

The party opposed the War of 1812 and dwindled away after the war in 1816. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825
Political science

**Political science** is a branch of social science that is concerned with theory, description, analysis and prediction of political behavior, political systems and politics.

Political scientists study the allocation and transfer of power in decision-making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behavior and public policies. They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors, including stability, justice, material wealth, and peace. 

## Related pages 
* Law
* Constitutional economics
* Constitutional law
* Debate
* Diplomacy
* Freedom of speech
* Government
* International relations
* Jurisdiction
* Civics
* Nation
* Political economy
* Political philosophy
* Politics
* Policy
* State
* War

## Further reading 
* *American Political Science Review* - The Evolution of Political Science . APSR Centennial Volume - Special Issue - November 2006

## Other websites 
* American Political Science Association
* International Political Science Association
* Political Studies Association of the UK
That's What You Get

"'''That's What You Get'*" is a 2008 song by Paramore. It is off the album *RIOT!''. Its music video was released on March 24, 2008.

It is the music video about which Hayley Williams said "You will really get to see who they are. We had a load of family and friends surround us for the video and it just felt so natural".

Also, in the video, the band plays in a room, as well as Williams outside singing to an audience and using body language.

## References
Thnks fr th Mmrs

"**Thnks fr th Mmrs**" is a 2007 song by Fall Out Boy. It is the second single from Infinity on High, the band's fourth album. It was released on March 27, 2007 in the United States. The title is "Thanks for the Memories" without the vowels. 

The song was able to make it to #9 on the Pop 100, #11 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, #13 on the Mainstream Top 40, #14 on the Adult Top 40, #14 on the Dance Club Songs, #19 on the Alternative Airplay, and #23 on the Rock Digital Songs charts. It was also certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

It was used by Network Ten in Australia to promote the 2007 AFL Finals Series.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mikel Arteta

**Mikel Arteta** (born 26 March 1982) is a Spanish professional football manager and former player. He is currently coaching Premier League club Arsenal.

He first signed for Everton on loan from Spanish side Real Sociedad in 2005, but after many good performances manager David Moyes made this move permanent.

Despite being rated one of the best midfielders in English football, Arteta has never played for Spain.

On 12 March 2020, it was announced that Arteta had tested positive for COVID-19 amid its pandemic in the UK.

## Playing statistics
## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Paris Saint-Germain**
*UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2001

**Rangers**
*Scottish Premier League: 2002–03
*Scottish League Cup: 2002–03

**Arsenal**
*FA Cup: 2013–14, 2014–15
*FA Community Shield: 2014, 2015

**Spain U16**
*UEFA European Under-16 Championship: 1999

**Spain U18**
*UEFA–CAF Meridian Cup: 1999

**Individual**
*Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month: September 2002, August 2003
*Everton Player of the Season: 2005–06, 2006–07
*FA Community Shield: 2020, 2023

**Individual**
*Premier League Manager of the Month: September 2021, March 2022, August 2022, November/December 2022, January 2023, March 2023, February 2024
*London Football Awards Manager of the Year: 2023

## References
*Mikel Arteta MySpace
*Profile  at evertonfc.com
*Profile at Yahoo! Sports
*Profile  at 4thegame.com
*Photos and stats at sporting-heroes.net
Tartu

**Tartu** is the second biggest city in Estonia. The University of Tartu, the oldest and most famous in Estonia is found there. Around 102,000 people were living in Tartu as of 2008.

## Twin towns 
These are the twin towns of Tartu:

## Gallery 

Puitelamu Tartus Oa 1.jpg|
Tartu Ülikooli peahoone 2012.jpg
Tartu Peetri kirik 2012.jpg|
Tartu Raekoda 2012.jpg|
Tartu Raekoja plats 6, 8 ja 10.jpg|
Tartu Raekoja plats 18 ja 20.jpg|
Tartu Toomkiriku varemed 2012.jpg|
Raudteetööliste elamu Tartus Vaksali 4.jpg|

## References
Infinity on High

***Infinity on High*** is the third album by American rock band Fall Out Boy, released in February 2007 by Island. It sold very well in the US and worldwide. Four singles have been released from it. They are "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race", "Thnks fr th Mmrs", ""The Take Over, the Breaks Over"" and "I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)".

## Track listing 
All songs written by Fall Out Boy, except when noted.
# "Thriller" – 3:29
# "The Take Over, the Breaks Over" – 3:33
# "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" – 3:32
# "I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You off (Me & You)" – 3:31
# "Hum Hallelujah" – 3:50 (Fall Out Boy, Cohen)
# "Golden" – 2:32
# "Thnks fr th Mmrs" – 3:23
# "Don't You Know Who I Think I Am?" – 2:51
# "The (After) Life of the Party" – 3:21
# "The Carpal Tunnel of Love" – 3:23 (Fall Out Boy, Eisold)
# "Bang the Doldrums" – 3:31
# "Fame < Infamy" – 3:06
# "You're Crashing, But You're No Wave" – 3:42
# "I've Got All This Ringing in My Ears and None on My Fingers" – 4:06
International relations

**International relations** is a branch of political science. Predominant study topics are politics, economics and law on a global level. It represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the **international system**, including the roles of states, diplomacy, international organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs).  

## United Nations
The **United Nations** (**UN**) is an international organization that describes itself as a "global association of governments facilitating co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity"; It is the most prominent international institution. Many of the legal institutions follow the same organisational structure as the UN.

## Economic institutions
*World Trade Organisation
*World Bank
*International Monetary Fund
*African Development Bank
*Asian Development Bank

## International legal bodies
### Human rights
*United Nations Human Rights Council
*Human Rights Committee
*European Court of Human Rights
*Inter-American Court of Human Rights
*International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
*International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
*International Criminal Court

### Legal
*International Court of Justice
*European Court of Justice
*African Court of Justice
*International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

## Regional security arrangements
*ASEAN
*Arab League
*CIS
*CSCAP
*Maritime security regime
*NATO
*RECAAP
*SCO

## Related pages
*Diplomacy
*Neutrality (international relations)
*Realism theory
*Thomas Hobbes *Leviathan*
*Immanuel Kant *Perpetual Peace*
*Niccolò Machiavelli *The Prince*
*Jean-Jacques Rousseau *The social contract*
*Thucydides *The History of the Peloponnesian war*
Dancing with the Stars

***Dancing with the Stars*** is an American television series where professional dancers are partnered with celebrities. The couples compete against each other in a dance competition and one couple is eliminated in each episode. The show began on June 1, 2005 and is shown on the ABC television network.  It is hosted by Alfonso Ribeiro. The show has different series which use various different names in over 40 countries. It was originally based on the British series *Strictly Come Dancing*.

A video game has been made based on the show.

## References
## Other websites
*
Discrete cosine transform

A **discrete cosine transform** is a math process that can be used to make things like MP3s, and JPEGs smaller. It does this by breaking the sound or picture into different frequencies.

One way to calculate a discrete cosine transform is to use the Fourier transformation.
"Discrete" means that it works on discrete-time signals (sampled data).

## Sounds 
For sounds, frequencies are the same as simple tones. You can make any sound by playing several tones at the same time. The discrete cosine transform is a way to find out which tones to play in order to make a given sound. The only difference between the tones is their pitch.

Human ears are good at hearing low pitches, but bad at hearing high pitches. If you use the DCT to break a sound into tones, you do not need to be as careful when playing the higher tones because people cannot hear them as well. MP3 encoders (programs which make MP3s) use this fact to make the sound smaller.

## Pictures 
With pictures, frequencies are like stripes and checker patterns. Just like with sound, you can make any picture out of different frequencies. Also like sound, people's eyes are not as good at seeing high frequencies (hard edges and fine grain) as low frequencies (solid colors and smooth shades). JPEG encoders use this fact almost exactly the same way as MP3 encoders do.
French polish

**French polishing** is a way of giving a high standard of  to wood.

The careful and skilled multiple-layering of shellac polish on properly prepared wood when completed results in a lusterous, perfectly flat shine of a very high standard.  Indeed when applied correctly a French polished application can rarely be matched for sheer quality of finish.

Normally practiced by highly skilled craftsmen and women one might normally fine excellent examples of this superb finish in some of our stately homes although plenty of other examples exist. The advent of lacquered wood finishes has tended to make French polishing less needed in today's world.
Representative

**Representative** may refer to:
*Representation (politics)
*Representative democracy
*Legislator, someone who is part of a legislature
*House of Representatives
Donald Tusk

**Donald Franciszek  Tusk** (, born 22 April 1957) is a Polish politician who is the current Prime Minister of Poland since 2023. He was prime minister before from 2007 to 2014. Before, he was the President of the European Council. He was the leader of the biggest Polish political party, Platforma Obywatelska (Civic Platform). In August 2014, Tusk was elected to become the next President of the European Council.

In March 2017, Tusk was reelected as President of the European Council.

On 11 December, Tusk was formally nominated to become Prime Minister for a second time, and assumed office on 13 December.

## References
## Other websites
* Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | The Chancellery of the Prime Minister
Political representation

In politics, **representation** describes how political power is given from a large group for a certain time period in the hands of a comparatively small group of its members. Representation usually refers to representative democracies, where elected officials (called *representatives*) nominally speak for their electors in the legislature.  Generally, only citizens have representation in the government in the form of voting rights. The term representation can be used in a number of different ways. Representation can be understood in terms of how legislators represent their constituents.

## References 
*Ulbig, Stacy G. (2005) "Political Realities and Political Trust: Descriptive Representation in Municipal Government". *Southwestern Political Science Association Meeting*. Retrieved from http://courses.smsu.edu/sgu646f/conf/SWPSA2005.pdf  on July 19, 2005.
*Breakdown of Federal Highway Spending, State by State 

## Other websites
*Analysis of reapportionment after the 1990 US census , from an Arizona State University website
Dimensionless quantity

In dimensional analysis, a **dimensionless quantity** (or more precisely, a **quantity with the dimensions of 1**) is a quantity without any physical units and thus a pure number. Such a number is typically defined as a product or ratio of quantities which do have units, in such a way that all the units cancel out.
 
## Example 
*"out of every 10 apples I gather, 1 is rotten."* -- the rotten-to-gathered ratio is (1 apple) / (10 apples) = 0.1 = 10%, which is a dimensionless quantity.

## List of dimensionless quantities 
There are infinitely many dimensionless quantities and they are often called numbers. Some of those that are used most often have been given names, as in the following list of examples (alphabetical order):

## Other websites 
* Biographies of 16 scientists with dimensionless numbers of heat and mass transfer named after them 
* How Many Fundamental Constants Are There? by John Baez
* Michael Sheppard, Systematic Search for Expressions of Dimensionless Constants using the NIST database of Physical Constants, 2007
Sortition

**Allotment**, also known as **sortition**, is a method of selection by some form of lottery. It is used to have an equal chance to be selected for those that are involved. For instance it is done by drawing coloured pebbles from a bag. In the democracy of Athens in Ancient Greece sortition was the main method for appointing officials. People thought it this method was one of the principal characteristics of democracy. 

Aristotle saw equality and democracy in a close context:

"Democracy arose from the idea that those who are equal in any respect are equal absolutely. All are alike free, therefore they claim that all are free absolutely... The next is when the democrats, on the grounds that they are all equal, claim equal participation in everything."

## Examples
***Historical**
**The Athenian democracy made much use of sortition, with nearly all government offices filled by lottery rather than by election.
**The Doge of Venice was appointed by a lengthy procedure using alternating rounds of sortition and election.
**The Signoria of Florence and other Italian city republics was elected by lot during the medieval period.
## Related pages
*Election
*Appointment

## References 
## Other websites
*Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform  (official website).
*South Australian Constitutional Convention  (official website)
*The Loka Institute  (official website)
*Sortition. Newsletter of the Society for Democracy including Random Selection (UK).
*A Citizen Legislature
*Integrating Public Voting And Random Selection for True Democracy
Round Table

]]

The **Round Table** was a table used by King Arthur and his knights, in the legends about him. The Round Table was in Camelot, the castle where King Arthur and his knights lived. In the legends, they met at the table to talk about the safety of Camelot and the kingdom, and about what adventures and quests they could go on. This got them the name 'The Knights of the Round Table'.

## Shape 
The shape of the table was very important. Most tables are rectangular, and have a place called the "head of the table". This is the narrow part at the top, where the leader usually sits. Because the table was round, it meant that the people who sat around it were all seen as equal.

## Characters 
The table is used by King Arthur and his knights. King Arthur's wife, Guinevere, did not have a seat at the table, but King Arthur did take her advice on occasion. In some versions of the legend, the wizard who lived in Camelot, called Merlin, also had a seat at the table. He was seen by King Arthur as a good friend and adviser. 

## Dangerous Chair (Siege Perilous) 
Some legends also note a special chair at the Round Table, called the *Siege Perilous*, or 'Dangerous Chair'. Legend says that the seat could only be used by a knight who had a pure heart. A person with a pure heart was seen as someone who had committed no crimes or done any wrong. In the tale, anyone who sat in the chair but did not have a pure heart would die instantly. It was kept free by Merlin for the person who would one day find an object called the Holy Grail. This was a magical cup that was supposed to have been the one that Jesus drank out of during the Last Supper. In the story, this person was either Sir Galahad or Sir Percival, depending on what version of the story is told.

## Related pages
* King Arthur
* Camelot
* Knights of the Round Table
* Holy Grail
The Carpal Tunnel of Love

"**The Carpal Tunnel of Love**" is a 2007 single by Fall Out Boy. It was released in the United States on February 5, 2007, on the iTunes Store, and was not put out on a CD. The music video contains people from the television program *Happy Tree Friends*.

## Other websites
*Video Clip on YouTube
The Take Over, the Breaks Over

"**The Take Over, The Breaks Over**" (the quotes are a part of the name) is a 2007 song by the band Fall Out Boy. It was released in 2007 on their album *Infinity on High*.

## Music video 
The video focuses on Pete Wentz's dog, Hemmingway. The video, which was made in black and white, shows Hemmingway in a dream.
Doge

**Doge** (/doʊdʒ/ DOHJ,[1] Italian: [ˈdɔːdʒe]; plural **dogi** or **doges**) is a word of an Italian dialect that comes from the Latin *dux* (as does the English *duke* and the standard Italian *duce*), that means "leader", especially in a military context.

The title of **doge** was used for the elected head of state in a number of Italian "crowned republics".  The two best known such republics were Venice and Genoa, which had maritime, commercial, and territorial mini-empires. Sometimes the Doge ruled for life; sometimes for a fixed number of years.
This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race

"'''This Ain't A Scene, It's an Arms Race'*" is a single by Fall Out Boy. It is from the album *Infinity on High''. The song reached number 1 in New Zealand, the United States and Croatia.

## Video clip 
The video clip starts off with the band finishing performing "Dance, Dance". They then walk off the stage, and one person starts playing "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" on their mobile phone MP3 player. They then start performing the song in a recording studio. From the second verse, the band all do separate things.
Doge (disambiguation)

**Doge** may refer to:
* doge, a historical Italian chief of state, specifically:
*Dogecoin, a type of online money (cryptocurrency)
*Doge (meme), a meme named "Doge"
*Department of Government Efficiency
Serket

**Serket** was an ancient Egyptian goddess. She was shown as a scorpion. She would sting "bad" people, but she could also cure scorpion stings and other poisons, such as snake bites. Because Serket could cure snake bites, she was sometimes known as the protector from Apep, the evil snake-god.

She was shown in art as a scorpion or as a woman with a scorpion on her head. Serket did not have any temples, but she had many priests.

Many people in ancient Egypt who were bitten by poisonous animals died from the poison. Because of this, Serket was also known as a protector of the dead. She was associated with fluids that cause stiffening during embalming. This caused her to become known as a protector of embalmers' tents and of the canopic jar for the intestine (*Qebehsenuf*). The intestine's canopic jar was the one associated with poisons. 

Because she was a protector of canopic jars, Serket was associated with Aset (Isis), and Nebet Het (Nephthys) and Neith. Later, Serket began to be known as Isis. Serket came to be known as a part of Isis, instead of a separate goddess.

## References
Middle class

The **Middle class** describes people who are not aristocrats/upper class nor working class or underclass but have a fair standard of living. Depending on class model used, the *middle class* may make up anywhere from 45% to 49% of households in the United States. They generally make up the largest group or the majority of the population in developed countries. In developing countries, the middle class, generally makes up a much smaller percentage of the population. There is a lower middle class and an upper middle class. In Marxism, middle class is the class below the upper class, who is the ruling class. The word *bourgeoisie* may also be used as a synonym of middle class.

It may be defined by the jobs people do, or by how much they earn. In the United  Kingdom median disposable household income in 2022 was just under £33,000.  Many businesses target middle class people. The top 20% of UK householders are responsible for 40% of consumer spending.

## Related pages
*White-collar worker
*Proletariat
*Petite bourgeoisie
*Yuppie

## References
Decision-making

**Decision making** is the mental process that leads to the selection of an action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion.

There is a growing awareness that people often make good decisions rapidly without knowing how they do it. This runs against the older rational decision-making ideas.

## Related pages
*Adaptive unconscious
*Forecasting
*Game theory
*Majority rule
*Political science
*Risk

## References
## Other websites
* Emotional and Decision Making Lab, Carnegie Mellon, EDM Lab 
* The de Borda Institute - Emerson, P J.  *Beyond the Tyranny of the Majority*, a comparison of the more common voting procedures used in both decision making and elections.
* Decision Analysis in Health Care  - An online course from George Mason University providing free lectures and tools for decision making in health care.
* DecideBetter! - An online resource to help make better decisions in your everyday lives.
Irregular bone

The **irregular bones** are bones that from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. 

Irregular bones serve some special purpose in the body: 

(1) protection of nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinal cord), 

(2) affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone).

The irregular bones are: the vertebræ, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid.
Trichotillomania

**Trichotillomania** (TTM) (often called "trich") is an impulse control disorder. It causes a person to habitually pull out their hair. People with trichotillomania may pull hair from anywhere on the body. Sometimes people with trich end up having large areas on the body without hair. 

Trichotillomania is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM is written by the American Psychiatric Association. It lists every condition which is officially called a mental illness. The DSM puts trich in the "impulse control disorder" category. However, there are questions about what category trich should be in. At different times, it may seem to be a habit, an addiction, a tic disorder, or an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Faction

**Faction** or **factionalism** can refer to:
* Political faction, a group of people connected by a shared belief or opinion within a larger group
* Faction (literature), a type of historical novel rooted in fact
* Faction (Planescape), political factions in the game, *Planescape*
* Guild Wars: Factions, a computer game developed by ArenaNet.
* FACTION 28, a music channel on SIRIUS Satellite Radio
* Faction (musical project), a British/Israeli electronic music project
* The Faction, a Punk rock band
Terror

**Terror** is a state of fear, an overwhelming sense of imminent danger.
*See Horror

**Terror** could also mean:

;In history 
*Reign of Terror, a period of extreme violence, 1793 - 1794, during the French Revolution
**The last weeks of the Reign of Terror are sometimes referred to as the "Red Terror" or "Great Terror"; see below for other uses of those terms.
*Red Terror, a campaign of repression and violence by Bolsheviks in Soviet Russia 1918 - 1922
*White Terror, acts of violence by reactionary groups as part of a counter-revolution
**The White Terror (France), two similar movements against the French Revolution 1794 - 1795
*Great Terror, another name for the Great Purge, campaigns of repression and persecution in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s

;In popular culture
**The Terror* (1963 movie), a 1963 horror movie directed by Roger Corman
**The Terror* (novel), a 2007 novel by Dan Simmons
*Terror (band), an American hardcore punk band from California
*"Terror", a song by My Ruin from their 1999 album *Speak and Destroy*

;In comics
*Terror (New England Comics), a supervillain from *The Tick* comic books, cartoon, and live-action TV series 
**Terror Inc.*, a 1992 Marvel Comics series
*Terror (Marvel Comics), the fictional Marvel Comics character of the 1940s

;Other uses
*Green terror, a tropical freshwater fish
*Night terror, a sleep disorder
*HMS *Terror* (disambiguation), nine ships of the Royal Navy
*USS *Terror* (disambiguation), three ships of the United States Navy
*Mount Terror (disambiguation), two mountains
*Terrorism, act of extreme hatred against a group of people resulting in multiple deaths, these people are known as terrorists.
**A person who causes terror for one or more people can also be called a terrorist.

## Related pages
*Terrorism
*Terrorist (disambiguation)
Political faction

A **political faction** is a grouping of individuals, especially within a political organization, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with a political purpose.  
It may also be called a power bloc, or a voting bloc.  

The individuals within a faction are united in a common goal for the organization they are a part of. They stick together to achieve this goal and improve their position within the organization.

A political faction could be described as a “party within a party”. But political factions are not limited to political parties; they can form within any group that has some sort of political aim or purpose.

## Examples of  political factions
### United States
#### Within the Democratic Party
*Democratic Leadership Council

#### Within the Republican Party
*Christian Right (made up of Christian Voice, Moral Majority, Christian Coalition, and Focus on the Family. The Christian Right claims to champion Biblical values)

### China
In the history of the Republic of China from 1911 until 1949, factionalisation within the Chinese Nationalist Kuomintang was a large problem for the central government, especially for Chiang Kai-Shek. Warlord factions which had been persuaded to ally with Chiang had to be constantly pacified, as well as regional military governors who ruled regions that were not directly administered by Chiang's central government. Often historians conclude that this lack of unity contributed to the defeat of the Nationalists in holding mainland China during the Chinese Civil War.

## References
*Etymology on line
French Constitution of 1791

The **French Constitution of 1791** was the second written Constitution of France. The new French Government started using it after the French Revolution. It had the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen for its introduction.

This Constitution said that France was going to have a constitutional monarchy. The biggest disagreement was over how much power the King of France should have in such a system. After very long negotiations, the first Constitution was brought in September of 1791. 

It created a constitutional monarchy. But the king ran away anyways, because he was scared of the Jacobins, who didn't like kings.

The idea of Separation of powers was the basis for the Constitution: The National Convention was the legislative body, the King and the Ministers made up the executive branch, and the judicial branch was  from the other two. However, the French Revolution still continued after this document was signed. 

The constitution tried to create a liberal bourgeois constitutional monarchy, but this did not work out. On 10 August 1792 the monarchy of France ended. 

## Other websites 
* The Constitution of 1791
Reign of Terror

**The Reign of Terror** or simply **The Terror** was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution, led by Maximilien de Robespierre. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine.

The Reign of Terror was announced on 5 September, 1793. A Revolutionary Tribunal decided who would be killed. This happened more and more often in June and July of 1794, a period called *la Grande Terreur* (The Great Terror). On 17 July 1794, sixteen nuns attracted much attention by singing a religious song as they were being executed for treason. The Terror ended ten days later, when several important leaders of the Reign of Terror were executed, including Saint-Just and Robespierre. The Terror took the lives of between 18,500 to 40,000 people.

Robespierre died due to the Thermidorian Reaction against the Jacobins, by being executed with the guillotine. This was a revolt against the revolution otherwise called a counter-revolution.  Robespierre was one of the last to be guillotined, after the 21 followers.

## References
## Other websites 
*The Terror from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)
Zimmermann Telegram

to Ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt]]
The **Zimmermann Telegram** (also called the **Zimmermann Note**) was a telegram sent to Mexico from Germany on January 16, 1917.  It was what made America enter World War I.  It is named for the German man who sent it, Arthur Zimmermann.  Zimmermann was the German Foreign Secretary.  Zimmermann sent it to the German ambassador in the United States, Johann von Bernstorff. Bernstorff then sent it to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt.

The telegram's message was:
:FROM 2nd from London # 5747.
:"We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace." Signed, ZIMMERMANN

The telegram told the ambassador to ask the Mexicans to join the war on the German side by attacking America. Germany promised to help Mexico take back land the United States had taken from Mexico in the Mexican–American War. These places were Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Germany wanted Mexico to enter the war so America would be too busy to help the enemies of Germany.  Mexico was already busy with the Mexican Revolution and did not like the idea. 

The British secretly got the telegram. They were able to decode the telegram. They held on to the telegram until February 24, 1917. They gave it to President Woodrow Wilson of the United States of America.  President Wilson published the telegram so the people would know about it.  The telegram made the American people angry.  Wilson asked  the United States Congress for a Declaration of war against Germany.  Congress accepted the request on April 2, 1917. The United States of America announced war on Germany on April 6, 1917. Americans were already angry over German submarines sinking ships, but this telegram is what made America come into the war.

## Other websites 
* Failed Diplomacy: the Zimmermann Telegram 
* The life and death of Charles Jastrow Mendelsohn and the breaking of the code.
Executive (government)

The **executive** is the branch of government that is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. (*Executive* is short for **executive branch** or **executive power**.)

Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is not supposed to make laws (role of the legislature), nor to interpret them (role of the judiciary). The executive is supposed to put the laws into action.

The executive is led by the head of government. The head of government is assisted by a number of ministers (who are called secretaries in some countries) who usually have responsibilities for particular areas (such as health, education, or foreign affairs), and by many government employees or civil servants. All the ministers together, who are working under a particular head of government, are sometimes called the administration, government or ministry of the country, for example, the Reagan administration, Sunak's government or the Sunak ministry.

In a presidential system, this person (the President) may also be the head of State, but in a parliamentary system, he or she is usually the leader of the largest party in the legislature and is most commonly termed the Prime Minister (Taoiseach in the Republic of Ireland, (Federal) Chancellor in Germany and Austria). In France, executive power is shared between the President and the Prime Minister and this system has been reproduced in a number of former French colonies. Switzerland and Bosnia and Herzegovina have similar systems.
 
## Related pages
* Constitution
* Constitutional economics
* Political economy