open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Atacama Region

:*This article is about the Atacama Region; for the desert, see Atacama Desert.*

The **Atacama Region Region** () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. The southern portion of the Atacama Desert is in the region; the rest of the desert is in the other regions to the north (*Norte Grande* natural region).

The capital of the region is the city of Copiapó; it is at  north of Santiago, the capital of country.

## History
From 1843, Atacama was a province of Chile but in 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, it became one of those regions.

## Geography
The Atacama region borders the Tarapacá region to the north, Argentina (provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and San Juan), on the east, the Coquimbo region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The highest mountains of the region are: Nevados Ojos del Salado,  high, and Nevado Tres Cruces,  high; they are in the Andes, in the border with Argentina.

## Population
, there were (estimated) 312,486 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city in the region is its capital, Copiapó, with 125,983 inhabitants (2002 census).

## Administration
The Atacama region is divided in three provinces: Chañaral, Copiapó and Huasco.

## Related pages
*Atacama Desert
*Regions of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
*Gobierno Regional de Atacama  Official website
Charleville musket

The **Charleville muskets** were .69 caliber French smoothbore flintlock muskets used in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Charleville was used during the American Revolutionary War by the Americans and was later copied and manufactured in the US as the Springfield Model 1795 Musket.

## History 
About 1630, Frenchman Marin le Bourgeoys (c.1550–1634) created the first "true" flintlock, also called the "French lock". Bourgeoys was in the service of King Louis XIII of France for whom he created the flintlock mechanism. This became the first standard flintlock musket to be issued to all troops. While it is more correctly called a **French infantry musket** or a **French pattern musket**, these muskets later became known as "Charleville muskets". They were named after the armory in Charleville-Mézières, Ardennes, France. This was when percussion lock systems made the flintlock mechanism .

## Design features 
Charleville muskets had a smoothbore barrel. Rifles were more accurate than muskets because of their rifling, but military commanders favored smoothbores on the battlefield. Both types used black powder which caused fouling. Because the bullet was a tighter fit in the barrel (weapons), Rifles became very difficult to load after a few shots. Early on, the longer range and better accuracy of the rifle was also considered to be of little value on a battlefield that was quickly obscured by black powder smoke. Like all smooth bore muskets, the Charleville flintlock musket was only accurate to about  against a column of men, or  against a single man-sized target.

The Charleville's .69" (17.5mm) caliber barrel was slightly smaller than its main competitor, the .75 caliber Brown Bess produced by the British. The smaller round was intentionally chosen to reduce weight in the field. But the .69 caliber ball round still had enough mass to be effective against enemy soldiers. The Charleville's stock was usually made out of walnut.

Charleville muskets were not used in battle like a modern rifle. Instead, Charleville muskets, like the Brown Bess muskets, were fired in mass formations. In modern warfare, bayonets are considered to be last-ditch weapons. But in the 18th century firing muskets only paved the way for a bayonet charge. Muskets with bayonets attached were used as a pike type weapon in close Hand-to-hand combat. In 1743 the wooden ramrod was replaced with a steel one. Additional improvements were made in the 1750s and 1760s. The 1763 model was determined to be too heavy. In 1766 it was replaced by a lighter version.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Shooting the 1766 Charleville Musket
* Making paper cartridges (French flintlocks
Hurricane Earl (2016)

**Hurricane Earl** was a tropical cyclone in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico in August 2016. The storm struck Belize and Mexico with winds of around 80 mph.

The storm caused 13 deaths in the Dominican Republic. More than fifty other deaths took place, mostly in Mexico. Damage totaled over $115 million.

## References
Coquimbo Region

The **IV Coquimbo Region** () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions.

The capital of the region is the city of La Serena; it is at  north of Santiago, the capital of the country. Other important cities include the seaport Coquimbo and the agricultural centre Ovalle.

## History
From 1826, Coquimbo was a province of Chile but in 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, it became one of the Chilean regions.

## Geography
The Coquimbo region borders the Atacama region to the north, Argentina on the east, the Valparaíso region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The three main rivers are Elqui, Limarí and Choapa.

## Population
, there were (estimated) 771,085 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city in the region is its capital, La Serena, with 160,148 inhabitants (2002 census). The port of Coquimbo had 148,438 inhabitants.

## Administration
The Coquimbo region is divided in three provinces: Choapa, Elqui and Limarí.

## Related pages
*Regions of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
*Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website
St. Stephan

**St. Stephan** is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Kirchhoff's laws

:''Not to be confused with Kerckhoffs's principle.*

There are several *'Kirchhoff's laws''', all named after Gustav Kirchhoff:

* Kirchhoff's circuit laws (electrical circuits)
* Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
* Kirchhoff equations (fluid dynamics)
* Kirchhoff's three laws of spectroscopy
* Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry
Tägertschi

**Tägertschi** was a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, the former municipality of Tägertschi merged into the municipality of Münsingen.

## References 
## Other websites
Apple Maps

**Apple Maps** is a mapping service. It is an app that comes with every iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Mac, and Apple Watch, but not available on the web. It gives information about local businesses and their ratings, and reads driving directions as one is driving; or on an Apple Watch, it will vibrate when one needs to turn. Apple Maps is also known for its 3D views of many major metro areas, which has been compared favorably to Google Earth.

It started in 2012, but when it started many users did not trust it and went back to using Google Maps. Apple has been busy fixing it so users can trust it, and nowadays Apple Maps is used 3.5 times as much as Google Maps on devices Apple Maps is supported. At first, Apple Maps was only on iOS, but Apple has made it so Apple Maps can also be used on Macs and Apple Watches.

In iOS 17 update, Apple Maps users can download offline maps.

## References
Arrondissement of La Rochelle

The **arrondissement of La Rochelle** is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital, and the prefecture of the department, is the city of La Rochelle.

## History
When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, the *arrondissement* of La Rochelle was part of that original department.

## Geography
The *arrondissement* of La Rochelle is the smallest of the *arrondissements* of the Charente-Maritime department but the one with more people living in it. It has an area of , and a population of 210,151 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².

La Rochelle is the northernmost *arrondissement* of the department. It is formed from the old province of *Aunis*, with centre in La Rochelle, its historical capital.

It is bordered to the north by the Vendée department, to the east by the Deux-Sèvres department, to the south by the *arrondissement* of Rochefort, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

In the *arrondissement* of La Rochelle, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the *arrondissement*: the Châtelaillon-Plage and La Jarrie cantons. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and *arrondissements*:

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of La Rochelle has 58 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes):

# Andilly (17008)
# Angliers (17009)
# Angoulins (17010)
# Ars-en-Ré (17019)
# Aytré (17028)
# Benon (17041)
# Le Bois-Plage-en-Ré (17051)
# Bourgneuf (17059)
# Charron (17091)
# Châtelaillon-Plage (17094)
# Clavette (17109)
# La Couarde-sur-Mer (17121)
# Courçon (17127)
# Cramchaban (17132)
# Croix-Chapeau (17136)
# Dompierre-sur-Mer (17142)
# Esnandes (17153)
# Ferrières (17158)
# La Flotte (17161)
# La Grève-sur-Mignon (17182)
# Le Gué-d'Alleré (17186)
# L'Houmeau (17190)
# La Jarne (17193)
# La Jarrie (17194)
# Lagord (17200)
# La Laigne (17201)
# Loix (17207)
# Longèves (17208)
# Marans (17218)
# Marsilly (17222)
# Montroy (17245)
# Nieul-sur-Mer (17264)
# Nuaillé-d'Aunis (17267)
# Périgny (17274)
# Les Portes-en-Ré (17286)
# Puilboreau (17291)
# Rivedoux-Plage (17297)
# La Rochelle (17300)
# La Ronde (17303)
# Saint-Christophe (17315)
# Saint-Clément-des-Baleines (17318)
# Saint-Cyr-du-Doret (17322)
# Saint-Jean-de-Liversay (17349)
# Sainte-Marie-de-Ré (17360)
# Saint-Martin-de-Ré (17369)
# Saint-Médard-d'Aunis (17373)
# Saint-Ouen-d'Aunis (17376)
# Saint-Rogatien (17391)
# Saint-Sauveur-d'Aunis (17396)
# Sainte-Soulle (17407)
# Saint-Vivien (17413)
# Saint-Xandre (17414)
# Salles-sur-Mer (17420)
# Taugon (17439)
# Thairé (17443)
# Vérines (17466)
# Villedoux (17472)
# Yves (17483) 

The *communes* with more inhabitants in the *arrondissement* are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Valparaíso Region

The **Valparaiso Region** () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions.

The capital of the region is the city of Valparaiso, an important Chilean seaport. Other important cities are Viña del Mar, Quillota, Quilpué and Villa Alemana.

## History
Valparaíso was made a province in 1842. In January 1928, Valparaíso was made part of the new province of *Aconcagua* but in 1936 was made again a province. In 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, Valparaíso became one of the Chilean regions.

## Geography
The Valparaíso region borders the Coquimbo region to the north, Argentina and Santiago Metropolitan Region on the east, the Santiago Metropolitan Region region on the south, the O'Higgins region on the southwestern and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The three main rivers are: for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city in the region is Viña del Mar, with 286, 931 inhabitants (2002 census). The capital of the region, Valparaíso, had in 2002 263,499 inhabitants.

## Administration
The Valparaíso region is divided in eight provinces:

## Gallery

Vista Valparaíso.jpg|Valparaíso bay
Vina del Mar Strand.JPG|Reñaca beach
Ahu-Akivi-1.JPG|The Mohais of Easter Island
Catedral en plaza victoria 2.jpg|Valparaíso Cathedral

## Related pages
*Regions of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
*Gobierno Regional de Valparaíso  Official website
Aysén Region

The **XI Aysén Region** () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.

The capital city of the region is Coyhaique. Other towns are Puerto Cisnes and Río Ibáñez.

## Provinces of the region 
* Province of Coyhaique: capital Coyhaique.
* Province of General Carrera: capital Chile Chico.
* Province of Aysén: capital Puerto Aysén.
* Province of Capitán Prat: capital Cochrane
Magallanes Region

The **XII Magallanes Region** () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.
It contains the Chilean territorial claim in Antarctica.

The capital city of the region is Punta Arenas. Other towns are Puerto Natales, Porvenir and Puerto Williams.
This region has the world famous Torres del Paine National Park.

## Provinces of the region 
* Province of Magallanes: capital Punta Arenas.
* Province of Última Esperanza: capital Puerto Natales.
* Province of Tierra del Fuego: capital Porvenir.
* Province of Antártica Chilena: capital Puerto Williams.
Santiago Metropolitan Region

The **Santiago Metropolitan Region** () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has six provinces.

The capital city of the region is Santiago. Other towns are Providencia, Peñalolén and Lo Barnechea.

## Provinces of the region 
* Province of Santiago: capital Santiago.
* Province of Melipilla: capital Melipilla.
* Province of Maipo: capital San Bernardo.
* Province of Cordillera: capital Puente Alto.
* Province of Chacabuco: capital Colina.
* Province of Talagante: capital Talagante.
Täuffelen

**Täuffelen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh

In 2015, Islamic extremists killed four bloggers and a publisher in Bangladesh. A report by the Committee to Protect Journalists said Bangladesh was the fourth most deadly country for journalists.

In 2013, a local al-Qaeda group called Ansarullah Bengali Team had a list of 84 names of people it wanted silenced. By 2015, 8 of them were dead: Avajit Roy, Rajeeb Haider, Jafar Munshi, Mamun Hossain, Jagatjyoti Talukder, Arif Hossain Dwip, Ziauddin Zakaria Babu and Wasikur Rahman.

Jafar Munshi ( জাফর মুন্সি ) and Anjali Devi ( অঞ্জলী দেবীর ) were killed for supposed "defamation of religion", such as refusing to enforce hijab on students. Some of the people murdered were supporter of the Shahbag movement (শাহবাগ আন্দোলন ) named for the Shahbag (শাহবাগ) district: Ashraful Alam (আশরাফুল আলম ), Arif Raihan Deep (আরিফ রায়হান দীপ ), Nurul Islam Faruki (নুরুল ইসলাম ফারুকী), Jagat Jyoti Talukder (জগৎজ্যোতি তালুকদার ), and Jakaria Babu (জাকারিয়া বাবু ).

## Deaths in 2016 
### March 
Nazimuddin Samad, a law student, was hacked and shot to death on a busy street in Dhaka.

Rezaul Karim Siddique, English professor was hacked to death in the city of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, after he organized a music school.

### May 
Ananta Bijoy Das was a blogger with Avaijit Roy's Mukto-Mona. He was hacked to death with machetes in Sylhet.

### August 
Niladri Chakrabarti wrote under the name Niloy Neel. He was killed in his apartment.

### October 
Faisal Abedin Deepan was killed in his office. He was a publisher who published Roy's books. Another publisher, Ahmed Rahim Tutal, was attacked, but he lived.

## Deaths in 2013 
Ahmed Rajib Haider was hacked to death near his home in Dhaka in February 2013. He wrote under the name Thaba Baba on his blog Somewhere in Blog.

## References
Pontypridd

**Pontypridd** is a town in southern Wales. It is about ten miles south of Wales' capital city, Cardiff. Its name comes from the Welsh "Pont-y-ty-pridd” which means 'bridge by the earthen house'.

## References
Thun

**Thun** () is a city of the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city has about 43,783 inhabitants (around 90,000 in the agglomeration), as of 31 December 2013.

It is located where the Aare flows out of Lake Thun (Thunersee), 30&nbsp;km (19&nbsp;mi) south of Berne.

## Gallery

File:Thun.JPG|Thun
File:4197 - Thun - Schloss Thun over Rathausplatz.JPG|Castle Thun over City Hall Square
File:Aerial image of Lake Thun (view from the east).jpg|Lake Thun

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website of the city of Thun 
*
Owen Smith

**Owen Smith** (born 2 May 1970) is a British Labour Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament for Pontypridd in Wales since 2010. In July 2015 he challenged Jeremy Corbyn for the leadership of the Labour Party. Before he became an MP he worked for the BBC and as a lobbyist for Pfizer, a company that makes drugs or pharmaceuticals. 

## References
Jerusalem Archaeological Park

**Jerusalem Archaeological Park** (also known as **Ophel Garden**) is an archaeological park and visitor centre. It is in the Old City of Jerusalem. The park is south of the Western Wall Plaza and under the Dung Gate.

## Other websites 
* Jerusalem Archaeological Park
Alex Higgins

**Alex Higgins** (March 18, 1949 – July 24, 2010) was a snooker player from Northern Ireland. He was born in Belfast and started playing snooker at the age of 11. He became a professional player in 1972 when he was 22. He won the 1972 World Snooker Championship by beating John Spencer 37 frames to 32. Ten years later, he won the 1982 World Snooker Championship by defeating Ray Reardon 18 frames to 15. Higgins was nicknamed the "Hurricane" because of his fast play around the table. Higgins retired from professional snooker in 1997.

Higgins smoked 60 cigarettes a day for many years. In June 1998, He was found to have throat cancer. On July 24, 2010, he died in Belfast at the age of 61. The cause of death was a combination of malnutrition, pneumonia, and a bronchial condition. He was clear from throat cancer when he died.

## References
Stitch (Lilo & Stitch)

**Stitch** is the main character of the Disney *Lilo & Stitch* franchise. He is voiced by creator Chris Sanders. He is an alien that poses as a dog.

## Biography
Stitch was created as Jumba Jookiba's 626th experiment. He left the galactic prison and landed on Hawaii, where he met Lilo Pelekai.
Berga

**Berga** is a municipality in the Province of Barcelona, in Catalonia, Spain.

It has an area of 22.54 km² and a population of 16,663 people. Berga name is from the Bergistani, an Iberian tribe who lived in the area before the Roman conquest. Berga was ruled by viscounts in the Early Middle Ages. It had its own counts starting in 988. Berga was sold to King Peter II of Aragon in 1199.

Berga is perhaps most famous for its traditional festival of "La Patum". The celebration occurs every Corpus Christi, lasting for five days.
Princess of Xiaohe

The **Princess of Xiaohe** () was unearthed and named by the archaeologists of Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology at Xiaohe Cemetery Tomb M11, 102 km west of Loulan, Nop Nur, Xinjiang in 2003. She is different from the female mummy discovered in 1934 described below. She has flaxen hair and long eyelashes and was wrapped in a white wool cloak with tassels and wore a felt hat, string skirt, and fur-lined leather boots. She was buried with wooden pins and three small pouches of ephedra and twigs and branches of ephedra were placed beside the body. She is not permanently exhibited in any museum. In 2010, she was exhibited at Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, California, Houston Museum of Natural Science and University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. In 2019, she was exhibited at Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology at Peking University.
]]
The previously called **Princess of Xiaohe** (), also known as the **Beauty of Xiaohe** (), is a different female mummy discovered in 1934 by Swedish archaeologist Folke Bergman, at Xiaohe Tomb (小河墓地; literally "Little River Tomb"), Luobu Po (罗布泊), Ruoqiang County (若羌县), Xinjiang. Because of its beauty, this mummy was also nicknamed **Marlene Dietrich of the Desert** and **Sophia Loren of Xiaohe**.

The mummy was discovered in the Tarim Basin, 60 km south of the river Konqi He (孔雀河) at the coordinates . 

Estimated to have lived between 1900 BC and 1613 BC, the mummy was between 20 and 40 years old when she died, and stands out among other mummies found nearby for her Indo-European features. The mummy's hair, teeth and eyelashes are well preserved; its face has a sharp nose and deep eyes.

## Related pages 
* Beauty of Loulan

## References 
## Further reading 
* 
* 
*
Power (Kanye West song)

"**Power**" is a song by American hip hop performer Kanye West. It was released as the main single from his album *My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy*. It peaked at #22 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart. It got very good reviews from critics.

## Info 
The song is performed by Kanye West. It has extra vocals from the soul singer Dwele. It was co-produced by West and Symbolyc One. The song has samples from "21st Century Schizoid Man" by King Crimson, "Afromerica" by Continent Number 6 and "It's Your Thing" by Cold Grits.
Jonzac

**Jonzac** is a commune and a sub-prefecture in southwestern France, in the Charente-Maritime department (Nouvelle-Aquitaine region).

It is the capital of the southern *arrondissement* of the Charente-Maritime department.

## History
Jonzac is in the historical region of *Haute Saintonge*. The city started on two hills, *Balaguier* et *Montguimar*, where are the main historical buildings of the city: the *Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais de Jonzac* church and the *Château de Jonzac* castle.

## Geography
The city of Jonzac is far from the prefecture of Charente-Maritime, La Rochelle, that is at  to the northwest, but it is at only  from Angoulême, prefecture of the neighbour department of Charente, and at  from Bordeaux, prefecture of the department of Gironde and main city of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

Jonzac has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The *communes* that are around Jonzac are Saint-Martial-de-Vitaterne, Réaux,  Champagnac, Ozillac, Saint-Simon-de-Bordes and Saint-Simon-de-Bordes.

The Seugne river, a left tributary of the Charente river, flows through the city from southeast to northwest.

### Climate
The climate of Jonzac, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Cfb** - Oceanic climate with template summers.

## Population
With a population of 3,465, Jonzac has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The inhabitants of Jonzac are known, in French, as *Jonzacais* (women: *Jonzacaises*).

## Administration
Jonzac is a subprefecture of the Charente-Maritime department since 1800. Its INSEE code is 197 (combined with the code of the department: 17197). It is also the capital of the canton of Jonzac.

## Gallery

Seugne02.jpg|Seugne river in Jonzac
Jonzac 17 Église façade 2013.jpg|Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais church
Jonzac2.10.JPG|Town hall of Jonzac
Jonzac1.1.JPG|*Les Antilles de Jonzac*

## Related pages
* Arrondissement of Jonzac
* Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

## References
## Other websites
* Ville de Jonzac - official website  
* Jonzac Tourism website
Planum

***Planum*** is an Italian academic journal about urban planning and design. It is published in Italy by the Italian National Institute of Urban Planning. 

## Other websites 
* Planum  website
Île d'Oléron

'''Île d'Oléron''' () is an island and canton in the Atlantic coast of France (to the west of Rochefort). It is the second largest island of Metropolitan France, after Corsica. The capital, and largest town, is  Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron; it is in the centre of the island.
 
Since 1966, there is a bridge that connects the island with mainland.

## Geography
The Île d'Oléron is on the southern side of the ''Pertuis d'Antioche* strait.

The island is  long and  wide; it has an area of . It is a very flat island and its highest point, the *Grande dune de Saint-Trojan* dune in the southern part of the island, is only  high.

The southern point of the island is *Pointe de Gatseau*, the northern one is *Pointe de Chassiron* and the eastern one is *Pointe des Saumonards*. Near this last point is the *Fort Boyard*, a fortification in the *Pertuis d'Antioche'' that is used for the French TV show of the same name.

### Climate
The climate in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is an oceanic climate with temperate summers, **Cfb** (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is August with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Administration
 church]]
Administratively, the island belongs to the Charente-Maritime department,  *arrondissement* of Rochefort, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

The island was divided in two cantons: ''Canton du Château-d'Oléron* and *Canton de Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron*, with 4 *communes* each. In 27 February 2014, the number of cantons was reduced and the two cantons of the island were combined to form only one: the *'Canton de l'Île d'Oléron''', divided in 8 communes.

## Population
The inhabitants of Île d'Oléron are known, in French, as *Oléronais* (women: *Oléronaises*).

Île d'Oléron has a population, in 2014, of 22,032, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The eight communes of the island and their populations (2013) are:

## Gallery

Pont d'Oléron.jpg|The bridge of Oléron
Cabanes ostréicoles au Château-d'Oléron.jpg|Oyster farms in Oléron
Saint Pierre depuis la Tour.jpg|Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron, view from the church tower
Centre-ville de Dolus.jpg|Dolus-d'Oléron downtown
Fort boyard aout 2006-6.JPG|Fort Boyard
Grand Village Plage.JPG|Le Grand-Village-Plage

## Related pages
* Arrondissement of Rochefort

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* The official tourist office website for Oléron Island
* Departmental Council website 
* Ville de Rochefort website
Trachselwald

**Trachselwald** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the Swiss canton of Bern.

## Gallery

File:2012-03-04-Trachselwald (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 072.JPG|Trachselwald
File:SchlossTrachselwald.jpg|Trachselwald Castle
File:2012-03-04-Trachselwald (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 028.JPG|Church of Trachselwald

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Trachselwald
Tramelan

**Tramelan** is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Tramelan official website 
* Trambulle Comics Festival
* Armand Nicolet homepage
National Liberation Day of Korea

The **National Liberation Day of Korea**, is a holiday on August 15 in both North and South Korea. It is to celebrate Victory over Japan Day, the day when Korea was freed from Imperial Japanese control by the United States and the Soviet Union. In South Korean, it is written as 광복절 or 光復節, and pronounced **gwangbokjeol**. In North Korea, it is written as 조국해방의 날 or 祖國解放의 날, and is pronounced **jogukhaebangui nal**.
Lobbying

group Greenpeace lobbying the Finnish government]]
**Lobbying** is the act of trying to persuade people or governments to make decisions or support something. Lobbying can be done by many sorts of people, alone or in groups. Often it is done by big businesses, political parties, social movements, or ethnic groups. It can also be done by politicians and by ordinary citizens. **Lobbyists** are people whose job it is to lobby for big businesses or political parties. The word lobbying comes from the lobby of the Palace of Westminster in London. The lobby is between the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and there people would try to meet politicians as they came in and went out.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Activism
*Identity politics
*Think tank
Treiten

**Treiten** () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
Trimstein

**Trimstein** was a municipality in Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, Trimstein became part of Münsingen.
Joey Graceffa

**Joseph Michael "Joey" Graceffa** (born May 16, 1991) is an American YouTuber who became known for his musical parodies, including the 2012 Hunger Games song "I Wanna Go." He competed in the 22nd and 24th seasons of The Amazing Race. In 2014, he won a Streamy Award for Best Actor in a Drama for Storytellers. He started his YouTube career making videos (short movies) with Brittany Joyal. In 2012 they stopped working together.

Graceffa launched his own web series on Teen.com called Joey's Dystopia. He released a book in 2015 titled *In Real Life: My Journey to a Pixelated World*. In the book he came out as gay. He also later released a music video called "Don't Wait" introducing his boyfriend, Daniel Preda. Graceffa has 3.9 million followers on Twitter (October 2017). He has also released a storybook series, called the Children of Eden. On October 4, 2016, Graceffa, along with co-author Laura L. Sullivan, released a young adult novel titled *Children of Eden*. The sequel, *Elites of Eden*, was published on October 3, 2017.

## Personal life
He grew up with his family in Boston before moving on his own to California to pursue his career. His parents divorced when he was young. He has a brother named Jett and a sister named Nicole. In 2016 he introduced his boyfriend, Daniel Preda. He is good friends with many fellow YouTubers, including Cat Valdes and Louise Pentland.

## References
ISO 3166-2:PY

**ISO 3166-2:PY** is the entry for Paraguay in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces, departments or states) of all countries that are in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Paraguay, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 capital and 17 departments. The capital of the country Asunción is similar to the departments.

Each code has of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the second part is either of the following:
* two digits (1&ndash;16, 19): departments
* three letters: the capital district, Asunción

## Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).

## Related pages
* Departments of Paraguay

## Other websites
* ISO Online Browsing Platform: PY
* Departments of Paraguay, Statoids.com
Seugne

The **Seugne** is a  river in southwestern France and a left tributary of the Charente river. It flows through the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

## Geography
The Seugne river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 7.6 cubic metres per second at *Saint-Seurin-de-Palenne*.

### Course
 of the right branch with the Charente river]]
The Seugne river starts in the *commune* of Montlieu-la-Garde, near the place called *Chez Bourdeau*, at an elevation of about . It flows generally north-northwest.

The river flows through the small cities of Jonzac, subprefecture and Pons, both in the Charente-Maritime department.

After the small town of Colombiers, the river flows into the Charente river in  Les Gonds, a suburb of Saintes.

The Seugne flows through 2 *arrondissements* (Jonzac and Saintes), 7 cantons and 34 *communes*, all in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region:

The river starts in the canton of Montlieu-la-Garde, flows through the cantons of Montendre, Jonzac, Saint-Genis-de-Saintonge, Pons, Gémozac and, finally, ends in the canton of Saintes-Est.

It flows through the following communes, from its starts to its confluence : Montlieu-la-Garde, Chepniers, Pouillac, Sainte-Colombe, Polignac, Chatenet, Le Pin, Sousmoulins, Mérignac, Pommiers-Moulons, Vibrac, Chaunac, Fontaines-d'Ozillac, Léoville, Saint-Médard, Champagnac, Ozillac, Jonzac, Saint-Germain-de-Lusignan, Lussac, Clion, Saint-Georges-Antignac, Mosnac, Fléac-sur-Seugne, Belluire, Pons, Bougneau, Saint-Léger, Colombiers, Montils, La Jard, Berneuil, Les Gonds, Courcoury, Saint-Sever-de-Saintonge.

## Main tributaries 
All the tributaries of the Seugne river are small rivers or streams:

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## References
## Other websites
* Banque Hydro - Station P9001510 - La Seugne à Saint-Seurin-de-Palenne
United States of America Mathematical Olympiad

**United States of America Mathematical Olympiad**, or **USAMO**, is a highly selective (only very good people take it) mathematics competition that takes place in the United States. The first USAMO was in 1972. It is the final round of the AMC series of contests. **The United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad (USAJMO)** was created in 2010 to recognize top scorers based on their AMC10-based index (score). Qualifying for the USAMO is considered one of the most prestigious, or best, awards for high school students in the United States, with only 264 students qualifying in 2013 out of over 350,000 students competing. Top scorers on the USAMO are invited to the Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program to represent the United States at the International Mathematical Olympiad.
## AMC Competition Series 
### Competitions 
The AMC Competition Series consists of multiple tests to determine the 6 people that will represent the United States in the International Mathematical Olympiad:
* AMC 8/10/12 is available for everyone who is not over 8th, 10th, or 12th grade, respectively.
* AIME can only be taken by people who have done very well on the AMC 10 and 12.
* USAMO can only be taken by people who have done very well on the AIME and AMC 12.
### MOP 
Mathematical Olympiad Program, is an intense summer program for the top scorers in the USAMO. In MOP, students take tests called TSTST and TST. 6 top scorers will represent the United States at the IMO.
## References
Departments of Paraguay

**Paraguay** has 17 **departments** and one capital district (*Distrito Capital*). The departments are formed by districts.

The departments are grouped in two geographic regions, separated by the Paraguay river:
* **Occidental** (Western) region or **Chaco**, to the north of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón and Presidente Hayes)
* **Oriental** (Eastern) region, to the south of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro and Ñeembucú; the capital district is part of this region)

 

## List
## Related pages
* ISO 3166-2:PY
 
## References
## Other websites
* Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
T24

**T24** (Techno 24, ) is a Russian scientific educational TV channel. It is devoted to the achievements of science in the civil and military technologies, development of engineers and designers; it explains the newest types of weapons, space exploration, sports science, engineering and strategic sites. It is a part of the "Digital TV" package of media holding VGTRK.

## History
The 24TECHNO TV channel began broadcasting on 18 June 2007. It was the sixth TV channel of "ArtMedia Group", the leading manufacturer of TV channels for basic cable and satellite broadcasting.

At first, T24 provided documentary television programming focused primarily on popular science: technique, technology and incredible experiments. The main idea of the channel was to bring together the best scientific programs of Russian and overseas production.

Half of the content was Russian, including the channel’s original content. The other 50% of broadcasting was filled with Western programs and films which met the channel`s subject . 24TEHNO TV used to buy programs from companies such as BBC, Electric Sky, F For Films, World Wide Entertainment and others. Categories: "Man", "Technology", "Discovery", "Space", "The X-Files", "Curiosities" and "Evolution" explained the latest scientific developments in different science branches, as well as the history of discoveries. By 2008, the audience of the channel had reached two million people from Russia, CIS and Baltic countries. At 2011, entered media holding "NCC Media".

On 1 February 2015 former 24TECHNO entered the thematic channels package "Digital TV" (subsidiary RTR and "Rostelecom"). There was a full restart of the channel. The channel got the name " TEHNO 24" or "T24", a new logo and corporate identity, and a new programming lineup. The main idea of the channel was also changed. Oleg Ternovoy became an editor of the “24T”. After restarting, the updated "T24" will offer its viewers a few special projects dedicated to tanks, modern armies armament , as well as will make shows about men, enthusiastic restoration of military equipment. Two "T24" projects are devoted to military and civil engineering. The basis of “T24” is the channel’s own content. In 2015, viewers saw 500 hours of original content. The audience of the channel at the time of start-up was 15.2 million subscribers in Russia, the Baltics and the CIS.

## Other websites 
*
Kalika Purana

The **Kalika Purana** is a Hindu script. It is one of the 18 uppurana. There are 98 lesson and 9000 sloka in this holy book. This is the only book written for Goddess Kali and her special form. It explains the kamrupa mountain, river and kamakhya temple. It also records how to worship Kali, Kamakhya and Durga. It is the main book of the Shakta branch in Hinduism. Probably this book was written in Kamrup (present Assam) or Bengal. This Purana is an important scripture. Most modern writers mention that it is a main script of shaktadharma. This Purana mentions the mythological story. It is the rare book where we find the term of Hindu.

The oldest printed version of the Kalika Purana was printed in Mumbai in 1907 by Venkateswar Press. Later  the first Bengali version of was printed by Kolkata Bangabasi Press in 1909.

## References
Branching

**Branching** is a term in linguistics. It refers to the way a phrase or sentence is made up. There is a **head word** and various other words to make the phrase or sentence.

## Examples
Most languages make phrases with a head word and dependents (modifiers). These examples show the phrase heads in bold. 

Examples of left-branching phrases (= head-final phrases):
::the **house** - Noun phrase (NP)
::very **happy** - Adjective phrase (AP)
::too **slowly** - Adverb phrase (AdvP)

Examples of right-branching phrases (= head-initial phrases):
::**laugh** loudly - Verb phrase (VP)
::**with** luck - Prepositional phrase (PP)
::**that** it happened - Subordinator phrase (SP = subordinate clause)

Example of phrases that contain both left- and right-branching (= head-medial phrases):
::the **house** there - Noun phrase (NP)
::very **happy** with it - Adjective phrase (AP)
::only **laugh** loudly - Verb phrase (VP)

Most structures in English are, however, not completely left- or completely right-branching, but rather they combine both. The following trees show a combination of left- and right-branching in English:

:::

There are more right-branching structures than left-branching structures in English. This means that trees usually grow down to the right.
Mürren

**Mürren** is a village in the municipality of Lauterbrunnen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Other websites
* Official Website
Ghasem Rezaei

**Ghasem Rezaei** (Persian: قاسم رضايى, born August 18, 1985 in Amol) is an Iranian wrestler from Mazandaran Province of Iran.
He won the gold medal in the men’s 96 kg Greco-Roman at the 2012 London Olympics. Rezaei won the bronze medal in the men's 96 kg Greco-Roman at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Rezaei's first success at the international level was 2007 when he won bronze in the FILA Senior World Championships.

## Other websites
* FILA Legends: 2012 Olympian Ghasem Rezaei
* profile
Tüscherz-Alfermée

**Tüscherz-Alfermée** () was a municipality in the district Nidau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Tüscherz-Alfermée and Twann merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.
Strongpoint

A **strongpoint** is a key point in a  fighting position which the rest of the positions rely on. Its primary requirement is that it should not be easy to  by the enemy. In general, high ground is preferred. But any good tactically important terrain can be used as a strongpoint. Examples from history include Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 Spartans held off an entire Persian army at a narrow  in the mountains. In the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy in World War II, the area around the abbey of Monte Cassino was used by the German army as a strongpoint until it was destroyed by American bombers.

## References
Banshee

In Celtic mythology, a **Banshee** is a female spirit, who usually announces that a person from the family will die soon. The word is from *bean sí*, which literally means woman from the hills. An older spelling is *bean sidhe*. *Bean sith,* and  bean-nighe are variants.
Seeland (administrative district)

The administrative district of **Seeland** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 46 municipalities in an area of 335 km².
Concepción Department, Paraguay

The **Concepción department** () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Concepción.

Its ISO 3166-2 code  is **PY-1**.

## Geography
The Concepción department is in the central part of the country, in the northwest of the *Oriental* region. It has an area of , with a population of 189,929 for a Population density of .

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Concepción was . The warmest month, on average, was January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

## Districts
The department is divided in 11 districts:

## Related pages
* Departments of Paraguay
* ISO 3166-2:PY

## References
## Other websites
* Gobernación de Concepción website 
* Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
Angora goat

The **Angora goat** () is a breed of domestic goat. It is named for Ankara, Turkey (before 1930, Angora). The Angora produces fine quality white or coloured mohair which is very similar to wool. Angoras were imported into Europe in 1554 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1765 they were imported into Spain and about 1785 they were introduced into France. Angora goats are kept mostly for their output of mohair.

## References
Spencer repeating rifle

The **Spencer repeating rifle** was a lever-action, seven shot repeating rifle with a rotating block. It had a tubular magazine that fed 56-56 rimfire cartridges into the chamber. The rifle was invented by Christopher Miner Spencer and patented in 1860. 

## History 
Spencer had formerly worked for Samuel Colt. His rifle was one of the most advanced designs of the American Civil War. It took some time to sell the idea to the United States Government so the rifles were not produced until 1863.  

### Tested by Lincoln 
When Spencer was trying to get his rifle accepted, he faced a number of bureaucratic obstacles. He decided to try to see the one person who might be able to cut through the red tape, President Abraham Lincoln. The 500 cavalrymen of the Fifth New York Cavalry dismounted to form a skirmish line. They were attacked by an entire division of Confederate infantry The Union cavalry held off the Confederates for over three hours until they ran low on ammunition, forcing them to pull back. The cavalry lost about 80 casualties in the skirmish. The Confederates believed they were facing an entire Union brigade and had no idea it was a small cavalry regiment using Spencer repeating carbines.

## The design 
The Spencer repeating rifle had a "rolling block" design. It was activated by lowering the trigger guard which opened the  and ed the spent cartridge shell. Raising the lever loaded a new cartridge from a spring-loaded 7-round magazine in the stock. The gun had few parts, many of which were common to the Sharps rifle. This made it easy and relatively  to make. One of its main advantages was its breech loading design. The Spencer proved to be very reliable under battlefield conditions. The muzzleloading rifles were slow to load compared to the Spencer. Also, in battlefield conditions, muzzleloaders could only aim the first few shots. With the enemy bearing down on them the remaining shots were fired as quickly as possible and were almost always poorly aimed. Muzzleloaders could fire only two or three shots a minute. A soldier trained to use the Spencer could fire from 20 to 30 aimed shots a minute when using a cartridge box that held 10 pre-loaded magazines. The only weakness of the Spencer was the small powder charge that did not have great range. But it proved to be an excellent rifle for the cavalry because they usually fought at close range. It allowed a smaller cavalry unit to lay down devastating firepower on an enemy. Several times, larger Confederate units had to retreat to save themselves from being cut to pieces by Spencer-equipped Union cavalry units.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Spencer repeating rifle originally tested by Abraham Lincoln. 1860s American Civil War unique design: YouTube
* Shooting the 1865 Spencer Rifle (replica); YouTube
Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan

This article is about the **ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan**.
 Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh and the flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians in 2023).]]
 and before the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War).]]

## Data
Although more than 94% of the people are ethnic Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijan has many ethnic minorities including Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Jews and other minorities. However, the numbers of most of these ethnic minorities are small.
## History
After the end of the Soviet Union with the independence of Azerbaijan and the Nagorno-Karabakh War, almost all Armenians (outside the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh) fled or were deported from the country. At the same time, almost all Azerbaijanis fled or were deported from Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. 

Most Russians and other minorities have also left the country and are continuing to leave. As a result, Azerbaijan has become ethnically more "pure".

## References
Chañaral Province

The **Chañaral Province** () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). The capital is the small coastal town of Chañaral.

## Geography
The Chañaral province has an area of .

## Population
 (last national census), there were 32,132 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Chañaral, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 6,384 inhabitants.

## Administration
As a province, Chañaral is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two  communes (*comunas*). The city of Chañaral serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional de Atacama  Official website 
* Province of Chanaral website
Uebeschi

**Uebeschi** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References