open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Walter Matthau

**Walter Matthau** (October 1, 1920–July 1, 2000) was an American actor, comedian and film director. He starred with Jack Lemmon in *The Odd Couple* and its sequel *The Odd Couple II*. He won the Academy Award for *The Fortune Cookie*.

## movies 
**Atomic Attack* (1950) (short subject)
**The Kentuckian* (1955)
**The Indian Fighter* (1955)
**Bigger Than Life* (1956)
**A Face in the Crowd* (1957)
**Slaughter on Tenth Avenue* (1957)
**King Creole* (1958)
**Voice in the Mirror* (1958)
**Ride a Crooked Trail* (1958)
**Onionhead* (1958)
**Gangster Story* (1960) (also director)
**Strangers When We Meet* (1960)
**Lonely are the Brave* (1962)
*''Who's Got the Action?* (1962)
**Island of Love* (1963)
**Charade* (1963)
**Ensign Pulver* (1964)
**Fail-Safe* (1964)
**Goodbye Charlie* (1964)
**Mirage* (1965)
**The Fortune Cookie* (1966)
**A Guide for the Married Man* (1967)
**The Odd Couple* (1968)
**The Secret Life of an American Wife* (1968)
**Candy* (1968)
**Hello, Dolly!* (1969)
**Cactus Flower* (1969)
**A New Leaf* (1971)
**Plaza Suite* (1971)
**Kotch* (1971)
**Pete 'n' Tillie* (1972)
**The Laughing Policeman* (1973)
**Charley Varrick* (1973)
**The Taking of Pelham One Two Three* (1974)
**Earthquake* (1974) (credited as "Walter Matuschanskayasky")
**The Front Page* (1974)
**The Lion Roars Again* (1975) (short subject)
**The Gentleman Tramp* (1975) (documentary)
**The Sunshine Boys* (1975)
**Bad News Bears* (1976)
**Casey's Shadow* (1978)
**House Calls* (1978)
**California Suite* (1978)
**Portrait of a 60% Perfect Man* (1980) (documentary)
**Little Miss Marker* (1980)
**Hopscotch* (1980)
**First Monday in October* (1981)
**Buddy Buddy* (1981)
**I Ought to Be in Pictures* (1982)
**The Survivors* (1983)
**Movers & Shakers* (1985)
**Pirates* (1986)
**The Little Devil* (1988)
**The Couch Trip* (1988)
**JFK* (1991) as Senator Russell B. Long
**Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy* (1992) (documentary)
**Dennis the Menace* (1993)
**Grumpy Old Men* (1993)
**I.Q.* (1994)
**The Grass Harp* (1995)
**Grumpier Old Men* (1995)
**I'm Not Rappaport* (1996)
**Out to Sea* (1997)
**The Odd Couple II* (1998)
**The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg* (1998) (documentary)
**Hanging Up'' (2000)

## Other websites 
*
*
*
*
*
*Humorous Quotes 
*Walter Matthau & Jack Lemmon (In German)
Salvia pratensis

***Salvia pratensis*** (**Meadow Clary** or **Meadow Sage**; syn *Salvia virgata*) is a perennial sage in the family Lamiaceae, that grows in Europe, western Asia and northern Africa. 

It is a herbaceous perennial plant and grows up to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, the leaves on the lower part of the stem up to 15 cm long, higher up the stem they are smaller. The flowers are dark blue-purple, rarely pink or white. 

It is usually grows in unimproved soils, which is typical for grasslands, scrub edges, and woodland borders.

It is grown as an ornamental plant.

## Other websites
**Salvia pratensis*
Susan Sarandon

**Susan Sarandon** (born October 4, 1946) is an American actress. She was born in New York City and grew up in Edison, New Jersey. She has received many awards in her career for her work, including the Academy Award in 1995 for her role at the movie *Dead Man Walking*, written and directed by her partner, actor and director Tim Robbins.

In 2022, she came out as bisexual.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Tigran Chukhajian

**Tigran Chukhajian** (1837-1898) was a famous Armenian composer and the founder of the first opera institution in the Ottoman Empire. He composed the first Armenian opera, *Arshak II*, about the life of Armenian king Arshak II.
Jamie Lee Curtis

**Jamie Lee Curtis** (born November 22, 1958) is an American actress and author. Although at the beginning of her career she was known as a scream queen because of her roles in many horror movies (beginning with her first ever role as Laurie Strode in 1978's *Halloween*), Curtis has since appeared in a variety of different movie genres. Her role as Deirdre Beaubeirdre in the 2022 movie *Everything Everywhere All at Once* earned her an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She has also received a Grammy Award nomination and two Golden Globe Awards. In 2024, she won a Primetime Emmy Award.

Her 1998 book, *Today I Feel Silly, and Other Moods That Make My Day,* made *The New York Times* best-seller list. In the late 2010s, Curtis returned as Strode in the horror movie *Halloween* (2018) and its sequels *Halloween Kills* (2020) and *Halloween Ends* (2021). She also played Linda Drysdale in the mystery comedy movie *Knives Out* (2019) and is well known for her roles as Wanda Gershwitz in *A Fish Called Wanda* (1988) and Helen Tasker in *True Lies* (1994).

## Early life
Curtis was born in Santa Monica, California. She is the daughter of actor Tony Curtis and actress Janet Leigh. Her paternal grandparents were Hungarian Jewish immigrants and two of her maternal great-grandparents were Danish. Curtis's parents divorced in 1962, after which her mother married Robert Brandt. Curtis has an older sister, Kelly Curtis, who is also an actress, and several half-siblings (all from her father's remarriages), Alexandra, Allegra, Ben, and Nicholas Curtis (who died in 1994 of a drug overdose). Curtis attended Westlake School (now Harvard-Westlake School) in Los Angeles and Beverly Hills High School, and graduated from Choate Rosemary Hall. Returning to California in 1976, she attended the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California. She considered majoring in social work, but quit after one semester to pursue an acting career.

## Personal life
She is married to actor Christopher Guest (Baron Haden-Guest) and, as the wife of a Baron, she has the title **Baroness Haden-Guest** and she could be called **The Lady Haden-Guest**, however, Curtis does not use this title, saying, "it has nothing to do with me".

## Movie
## References
## Other websites
* 
* Jamie Lee Curtis interview 
*
People's Republic

'''People's Republic** (sometimes called **Popular Republic''') is a name for a communist, usually Marxist-Leninist country. Currently, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the only Marxist-Leninist state in the world that uses the title "People's Republic". Because of this, "People's Republic" is sometimes used to refer to China.

The term is also found in the official name of Bangladesh - People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Also in the official name of North Korea - Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
Michael J. Fox

**Michael Andrew Fox**  (born June 9, 1961), known professionally as **Michael J. Fox**, is a retired Canadian-American actor, author, comedian, movie producer and activist with a film and television career spanning from the 1970s to 2020. He played Marty McFly in *Back to the Future* trilogy. On television, he played Alex P. Keaton in the NBC sitcom *Family Ties* and Mike Flaherty on the ABC sitcom *Spin City*. He has won five Primetime Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, a Grammy Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Fox was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1991, and told the public about it in 1998. He semi-retired from acting in 2000 as the symptoms of the disease worsened. He has since become an advocate for research toward finding a cure, and founded the Michael J. Fox Foundation. Sweden's Karolinska Institute gave him an honorary doctorate on March 5, 2010 for his work advocating a cure for Parkinson's disease.

Fox has also worked as a voice-over actor on films, such as *Stuart Little* and  *Atlantis: The Lost Empire*. On the CBS television show *The Good Wife*, he earned Emmy nominations for three consecutive years for his recurring role as crafty attorney Louis Canning. He has also taken recurring guest roles and cameo appearances in *Boston Legal*, *Scrubs*, *Curb Your Enthusiasm*, *Rescue Me*, and *Designated Survivor*. He has written four books. Fox was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2010 and was also inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2000.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
* The Michael J. Fox Database
Hurt (Christina Aguilera song)

**"Hurt"** is a song sung by Christina Aguilera, from her 2006 album *Back to Basics*. The song was written by Aguilera, Linda Perry and Mark Ronson. It is a slow, emotional ballad. It was released as the second single from her *Back to Basics* album, after "Ain't No Other Man". It charted in many countries in the world.
Movie producer

A **movie producer** creates the conditions for making movies. The producer checks and controls things such as getting the money to make the movie, employing personnel, and arranging for distributors. The producer is involved in all parts of the process of making a movie from the beginning to completion of a project. Usually, the producer is considered the chief of staff and  is in control of the non-artistic side of movie making, while the director is in charge of the filming and the artistic part. Video can also be a film genre that deals with music videos and other styles, as in the case of Marc Engelhard. It is used in various areas.

## References
## Other websites 
*Producers Guild of America Frequently Asked Questions
Tim Robbins

**Timothy Francis Robbins** (born October 16, 1958) is an American actor, screenwriter, director, producer, activist, and amateur musician. He has won many awards in his career, including the Academy Award in 2004 for his work in *Mystic River*. 

He was born in West Covina, Los Angeles County and raised in New York City. He was the partner of actress Susan Sarandon from 1988 to 2009.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* *Video Interview with Tim Robbins* on AMC's Sunday Morning Shootout
* Embedded Live, the play  and Embedded /Live, the DVD
** See also, Embedded Live, the interview, from *CBC News: The Hour*
* Interview from On The Media, February 20, 2004 
* Interview from Media Matters, June 5, 2005 
* Tim Robbins' federal campaign contribution report 
* TheAge.com Article: "Tim Robbins: Hall of Fame Violates Freedom"
* 
* Robbins' blog at *The Huffington Post*
* Audio interview of Tim Robbins  by Stephanie Miller on *The Stephanie Miller Show* about Robbins' play, 1984
Gastroenteritis

**Gastroenteritis** is a medical term for inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It causes diarrhea, vomiting and stomach pain. It usually happens because of infection by a virus or bacteria. Another term for **Gastroenteritis** is Stomach Flu. 

Other common terms for gastroenteritis include infectious diarrhea, stomach bug, and stomach virus. It is sometimes called stomach flu or gastric flu, but it is *not* related to the influenza virus (which is often shortened to 'flu').

## References
Television pilot

**Television pilot**, usually called just a *pilot*, is a test episode made to sell a television series. It may be broadcast as the first episode if the series is sold to a network or cable channel, and sometimes has different actors or other differences to the real series. There are also many series whose pilot episodes are titled *"Pilot"*. While many pilots are made, few make it to the screen, and even fewer go on to become full television series because of big competition between networks and producers. There are many types of television pilots. Some pilots are put on other shows first to start the show. These are called "backdoor pilots". An example of a backdoor pilot is "Gloria: The First Day" is an episode in ''Archie Bunker's Place* but is used to start *Gloria''. A "put pilot" is a pilot that a network agrees to put on television and if they do no they have to pay a lot of money to the television studio. An "unsold pilot" is a pilot episode that are made by a studio but are not put on television.
Phloem

In vascular plants, **phloem** is the living tissue made up of small tubes which carry watery sap containing sugar and other organic nutrients to all parts of the plant where the nutrients are used for growth, or stored until needed. The sugar is made by photosynthesis. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, therefore the name, that comes from the Greek word φλοιος (*phloios*) for "bark". 

Aphids (greenfly) and other insects feed on the phloem by inserting a fine tube into the plant, penetrating the tiny phloem cells deep within the plant. The high pressure in the phloem tubes forces the phloem sap into the insect.  Most of the sugar passes right through the insect, so that nearby surfaces get sticky and often become black due to the growth of fungus.
  
Water, which is absorbed by the plant's roots, travels up the stem to the leaf through the xylem. This means that the xylem helps during photosynthesis by bringing water up the plant. It does the same job that blood vessels do in animals.

## Related pages
*Xylem
James Doohan

**James Montgomery Doohan** (March 3, 1920 – July 20, 2005) LVO was a Canadian actor and voice actor. He is best known for his role as *Montgomery "Scotty" Scott* in the movie and television series *Star Trek*. Doohan's character was one of the most typical elements in the *Star Trek* franchise.

Doohan was also a veteran of World War II. After his success with *Star Trek*, he showed a lot of support through the years for his fans by making many public appearances.

## Other websites 
* 
* Doohan in Slashdot thread
* Washington Post obituary "The Actor, Boldly Going With the Flow"
*
Javanese

**Javanese** may refer to:

## Of Java 
*Javanese people, and their culture
*Javanese language
**Javanese script, traditional letters used to write Javanese language
**Javanese (Unicode block),
**Old Javanese,  the oldest phase of the Javanese language
*Javanese beliefs
*Javanese calendar
*Javanese cuisine
*Javanese Surinamese, an ethnic group of Javanese descent in Suriname

## Other 
*Javanese cat, a breed of domestic cat

## Related pages 
*
*
Michael Douglas

**Michael Kirk Douglas** (born September 25, 1944) is an American retired actor, producer and activist. He has acted in movies and on television, who came to fame as *Insp. Steve Keller* in the popular 1970s television series *The Streets of San Francisco*.

He later became a successful movie star, and won the Academy Award in 1987 for his work in *Wall Street*. Douglas has acted in many other successful movies, including *Fatal Attraction* and *Basic Instinct*.

He is the eldest son of actor Kirk Douglas, but also Krirk Douglas and Mrirk Douglas. He is the husband of actress Catherine Zeta-Jones. In 2010, he was diagnosed with throat cancer; in 2011 he said he had recovered.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Michael Douglas  Unofficial Fan website
* Michael Douglas  Personal Documents Archive at the Wisconsin Historical Society
* News
Kirk Douglas

**Kirk Douglas** (born **Issur Danielovitch**; December 9, 1916 – February 5, 2020) was an American actor and movie director. Douglas acted in many of Hollywood's well-known movies, including *Spartacus*. He also starred as Vincent van Gogh in *Lust for Life*.

His parents were Jews from the Russian Empire. He was the father of actor and producer Michael Douglas. 

He came in at #17 on AFI's list of the greatest male American screen legends of all time and was one of two living actors on the list (Sidney Poitier is the other).

In 2005, he was given an Honorary Academy Award. In 1986, he won a Golden Globe Award.

Kirk Douglas died on February 5, 2000 in Beverly Hills, California.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Personal papers of Kirk Douglas at the Wisconsin Historical Society - Roughly 180,000 documents on Douglas's personal and professional life 
* Newcritics.com: Meeting Kirk Douglas 
* Kirk Douglas, le champion de Hollywood (in French)
Javanese language

.]]
**Javanese** (); ; Aksara Jawa: ; Pegon: ; ) is the native language of Javanese people which originated from the island of Java. Being the most populous island in the world, a lot of community in Java island could understand the Javanese language naturally despite not having a Javanese-ethnic identity. The Javanese language is recognized as one of the regional languages ( the native or indigenous languages) in Indonesia with the largest speakers concentrated in the provinces of Yogyakarta, Central Java, and  East Java. The Javanese language also recognized as one of the minority languages in some countries worldwide, mainly in Suriname, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Hong Kong, Australia, Caribbean, Sri Lanka, and neighbouring Southeast Asian countries.

## Demographic distribution of Javanese speakers 
) written in Javanese script.]]
Javanese is spoken throughout Indonesia, neighboring Southeast Asian countries, the Netherlands, Suriname, New Caledonia and other countries. However, the greatest concentration of speakers is in the six provinces of Java itself, and in the neighboring Sumatran province of Lampung.

Below, a table with the number of native speakers in 1980 is provided.

## References
## Other websites
*Javanese Writing System
*Ethnologue report on Javanese 
*Javanese in Suriname strive to preserve origins *Jakarta Post* article
James Stewart

**James Maitland Stewart** (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer. In his career, he starred in many movies considered classics and was nominated for five Oscars, winning one in competition and one life achievement. Stewart became so familiar to the American public that he was most usually referred to by them as "Jimmy" Stewart.

He was named the third Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute.

Stewart was an outspoken conservative Republican.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Obituary, NY Times, July 3, 1997, *James Stewart, the Hesitant Hero, Dies at 89*
* The Jimmy Stewart Museum
* Presidential Medal of Freedom: Jimmy Stewart
James Cagney

**James Francis Cagney, Jr.** (; July 17, 1899March 30, 1986) was an American actor, dancer and movie director. He had many roles in his long career. In 1942, he won the Oscar for Best Actor for his role in *Yankee Doodle Dandy*.

Like James Stewart, Cagney became so familiar to the public that they usually referred to him as "Jimmy" Cagney. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Cagney eighth in the Greatest Male Stars of All Time. Orson Welles said he might have been the best actor ever.

## Movies
## Television
## Radio
## References
### Sources
* 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* FBI Records: The Vault - James Cagney  at fbi.gov
* Photographs and literature 
* James Cagney in the 1900 US Census , 1905 NY Census , 1910 US Census , 1920 US Census , 1930 US Census , and the Social Security Death Index .
Spencer Tracy

**Spencer Bonaventure Tracy** (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American actor who appeared in movies for thirty years.

In 1999, the American Film Institute named Tracy among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking 9th on the list of 100. He was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor, and won it two times, in 1937 and 1938. Along with Tom Hanks, he is one of the only two actors to ever be given two Oscars in two consecutive years. He was a long-time live-in partner of famous actress Katharine Hepburn whilst remaining legally married to another woman until his death. He was diabetic and died of a heart attack. He was Roman Catholic.

## Movies 
**The Strong Arm* (1930)
**Taxi Talks* (1930)
**The Hard Guy* (1930)
**Up the River* (1930)
**Quick Millions* (1931)
**Six Cylinder Love* (1931)
**Goldie* (1931)
**She Wanted a Millionaire* (1932)
**Sky Devils* (1932)
**Disorderly Conduct* (1932)
**Young America* (1932)
**Society Girl* (1932)
**The Painted Woman* (1932)
**Me and My Gal* (1932)
**20,000 Years in Sing Sing* (1932)
**The Face in the Sky* (1933)
**Shanghai Madness* (1933)
**The Power and the Glory* (1933)
*''Man's Castle* (1933)
**The Mad Game* (1933)
**The Show-Off* (1934)
**Looking for Trouble* (1934)
**Bottoms Up* (1934)
**Now I'll Tell* (1934)
**Marie Galante* (1934)
**It's a Small World* (1935)
**The Murder Man* (1935)
**Dante's Inferno* (1935)
**Whipsaw* (1935)
**Riffraff* (1936)
**Fury* (1936)
**San Francisco* (1936)
**Libeled Lady* (1936)
**They Gave Him a Gun* (1937)
**Captains Courageous* (1937)
**Big City* (1937)
**Mannequin* (1938)
**Test Pilot* (1938)
**Hollywood Goes to Town* (1938)
**Boys Town* (1938)
**For Auld Lang Syne: No. 4* (1939)
**Hollywood Hobbies* (1939)
**Stanley and Livingstone* (1939)
**I Take This Woman* (1940)
**Young Tom Edison* (1940) (cameo)
**Northward, Ho!* (1940)
**Northwest Passage* (1940)
**Edison, the Man* (1940)
**Boom Town* (1940)
**Men of Boys Town* (1941)
**Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde* (1941)
**Woman of the Year* (1942)
**Ring of Steel* (1942) (narrator)
**Tortilla Flat* (1942)
**Keeper of the Flame* (1942)
**His New World* (1943) (documentary) (narrator)
**A Guy Named Joe* (1943)
**The Seventh Cross* (1944)
**Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo* (1944)
**Without Love* (1945)
**The Sea of Grass* (1947)
**Cass Timberlane* (1947)
**State of the Union* (1948)
**Edward, My Son* (1949)
**Adam's Rib* (1949)
**Malaya* (1949)
**Father of the Bride* (1950)
**For Defense for Freedom for Humanity* (1951)
**Father's Little Dividend* (1951)
**The People Against O'Hara* (1951)
**Pat and Mike* (1952)
**Plymouth Adventure* (1952)
**The Actress* (1953)
**Broken Lance* (1954)
**Bad Day at Black Rock* (1955)
**The Mountain* (1956)
**Pedobear z Krainy Gumisiów* (1957)
**The Old Man and the Sea* (1958)
**The Last Hurrah* (1958)
**Inherit the Wind* (1960)
**The Devil at 4 O'Clock* (1961)
**Judgment at Nuremberg* (1961)
**How the West Was Won* (1962) (narrator)
**It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World* (1963)
**Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'' (1967)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
Gary Cooper

**Gary Cooper** (born **Frank James Cooper**; May 7, 1901May 13, 1961) was an American actor. He was known for his acting style. Cooper was given five Oscar nominations for Best Actor, and won it two times, in 1941 and 1952. He was also given an Honorary Award from the Academy in 1961. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Cooper among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 11. Cooper's career went from 1925 to 1961. He had important roles in 84 movies.

## Awards and nominations
## Movies
These are where Gary Cooper had a leading role.

**The Winning of Barbara Worth* (1926)
**Children of Divorce* (1927)
**Arizona Bound* (1927)
**Wings* (1927)
**Nevada* (1927)
**It* (1927)
**The Last Outlaw* (1927)
**Beau Sabreur* (1928)
**The Legion of the Condemned* (1928)
**Doomsday* (1928)
**Half a Bride* (1928)
**Lilac Time* (1928)
**The First Kiss* (1928)
**The Shopworn Angel* (1928)
**Wolf Song* (1929)
**Betrayal* (1929)
**The Virginian* (1929)
**Only the Brave* (1930)
**The Texan* (1930)
*''Seven Days' Leave* (1930)
**A Man from Wyoming* (1930)
**The Spoilers* (1930)
**Morocco* (1930)
**Fighting Caravans* (1931)
**City Streets* (1931)
**I Take This Woman* (1931)
**His Woman* (1931)
**Devil and the Deep* (1932)
**If I Had a Million* (1932)
**A Farewell to Arms* (1932)
**Today We Live* (1933)
**One Sunday Afternoon* (1933)
**Design for Living* (1933)
**Alice in Wonderland* (1933)
**Operator 13* (1934)
**Now and Forever* (1934)
**The Lives of a Bengal Lancer* (1935)
**The Wedding Night* (1935)
**Peter Ibbetson* (1935)
**Desire* (1936)
**Mr. Deeds Goes to Town* (1936)
**The General Died at Dawn* (1936)
**The Plainsman* (1936)
**Souls at Sea* (1937)
**The Adventures of Marco Polo* (1938)
**Bluebeard's Eighth Wife* (1938)
**The Cowboy and the Lady* (1938)
**Beau Geste* (1939)
**The Real Glory* (1939)
**The Westerner* (1940)
**North West Mounted Police* (1940)
**Meet John Doe* (1941)
**Sergeant York* (1941)
**Ball of Fire* (1941)
**The Pride of the Yankees* (1942)
**For Whom the Bell Tolls* (1943)
**The Story of Dr. Wassell* (1944)
**Casanova Brown* (1944)
**Along Came Jones* (1945)
**Saratoga Trunk* (1945)
**Cloak and Dagger* (1946)
**Unconquered* (1947)
**Good Sam* (1948)
**The Fountainhead* (1949)
**Task Force* (1949)
**Bright Leaf* (1950)
**Dallas* (1950)
**You're in the Navy Now* (1951)
**It's a Big Country* (1951)
**Distant Drums* (1951)
**High Noon* (1952)
**Springfield Rifle* (1952)
**Return to Paradise* (1953)
**Blowing Wild* (1953)
**Garden of Evil* (1954)
**Vera Cruz* (1954)
**The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell* (1955)
**Friendly Persuasion* (1956)
**Love in the Afternoon* (1957)
**Ten North Frederick* (1958)
**Man of the West* (1958)
**The Hanging Tree* (1959)
**They Came to Cordura* (1959)
**The Wreck of the Mary Deare* (1959)
**The Naked Edge'' (1961)

## Radio
## References 
### Sources
*
*

## Other websites 
*
*
*
*
* The Gary Cooper Pages 
* Find-A-Grave profile for Gary Cooper
* Photographs of Gary Cooper
Horror movie

A **horror movie** is a movie made to scare the viewer. The main stories of horror movies often involve supernatural forces or characters of evil origin. Horror movies are often confused with thrillers, which are similar.

Popular horror movie characters usually include monsters. Early horror movies often took ideas from classic literature, such as *The Mummy*, *Dracula* and *The Wolf Man*.

## Slasher movies
Slasher movies are a subgenre of horror movies. They are often also a type of thriller movie. Slasher movies normally have a psychopathic killer killing a sequence of people. This is usually in a very violent way. The genre may have been inspired by *giallo*, a similar movie genre originating in Italy.

While movies made as early as 1932 had aspects of slasher movies in them, the genre was not really defined until the late 1970s. The 1974 movie *Black Christmas* is considered the first slasher movie.. *Halloween* (1978),  *Friday the 13th* (1980) and *Scream* (1996) did very well at the box office and showed that slasher movies could make lots of money.

## Psychological horror movies
Psychological horror movies are a subgenre of traditional horror movies which focuses more on the mental instability of its characters than on graphic violence, serial killers or monsters, for example. Most of the time this genre deal with the character's phobias, psychological traumas, paranoia, and etc. The genre often overlaps with psychological thriller as well. *Dead Silence* (2007), *The Shining* and *The Babadook* (2014), are some examples of psychological horror movies.

## Comedy horror movies
Those are movies which blends horror and comic elements in its plot. Unlike common, traditional horror movies, in this movie genre, the viewer may be scared and laugh at the same time. Most of time, the type of humour used in these movies is black comedy.

Some examples includes *Zombieland* (2009), *The Raven* (1963), *Scary Movie* (2000), and *Shaun of the Dead* (2004).

## References
Martin Sheen

**Martin Sheen** (born August 3, 1940) is a Spanish-Irish-American actor. He is best known for his role as *Captain Willard* in the film *Apocalypse Now* and, most recently, as President *Josiah Bartlet* on the acclaimed and long-running television drama series *The West Wing*. He won both the Emmy and Golden Globe Awards for his works. His mother was an Irish immigrant; his father was a Spanish immigrant.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* *The Progressive* magazine interview
* Martin Sheen: Catholic President on Prime Time  article at AmericanCatholic.org
* PBS interview with audio clips : Martin Sheen on Poverty, Faith and Social Activism
* 2001 NPR Interview about his experiences filming *Apocalypse Now*
Laurence Fishburne

**Laurence Fishburne III** (born July 30, 1961) is an American actor of movies and theatre, playwright, director and producer. He was nominated for the Oscar, and won the Emmy and Tony Awards. He is famous for his roles in successful movies like *Apocalypse Now* and *The Matrix*. Fishburne was the first African-American actor to play Perry White in *Man of Steel*.

Fishburne was born in Augusta, Georgia and moved to Brooklyn, New York City during his childhood.

## Filmography
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Laurence Fishburne  at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Northern Kurdistan

**Northern Kurdistan** (Kurdish: *Bakûrê Kurdistanê* or *Kurdistanê Bakûr*) or **Turkish Kurdistan**, refers to the eastern and southeastern part of Turkey where Kurds make up majority of the population. According to Kurdish Institute of Paris, the total population of region is 14,2 million in 2016 and according to several surveys, 86% of them are Kurds. 

## Demographics 
In the first census of Turkey in 1927, Kurdish was the largest first language in the provinces of Ağrı (58%), Bitlis (75%), Diyarbakır (69%), Elazığ (53%), Hakkâri (89%), Mardin (61%), Siirt (74%, includes present-day Batman) and Van (77%). Moreover, Kurdish was the largest first language with a plurality in Şanlıurfa with 42%. 69% of the population in Muş Province had Kurdish as their first language in the census of 1935, the first census conducted there after the province was split from Bitlis earlier. Dersim's (Tunceli) language distribution is 69.5% Kurdish and Zaza in 1927. Bingöl Province was separated from Muş in 1935, while Tunceli Province was separated from Elazığ in 1936 and Kurdish was also the first language in these newly-established provinces in their first census in 1945 with 56% and 53%, respectively.

## References
## Sources 
*  
*  
*
Mount Etna

.]]

**Mount Etna** is a volcano on the east coast of Sicily, part of southern Italy. It is the largest active volcano in Europe. Mount Etna erupts every few years.

Etna's most destructive eruption in historic times started on 11 March 1669. It produced lava flows that destroyed 10 villages and reached the town of Catania five weeks later, on 15 April. Many buildings were destroyed and few people were killed.

]]

Major twentieth century eruptions occurred in 1928, 1949, 1971, 1983 and 1992, as well as the 2001 eruption. In 1971, it buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century) under lava. The 1992 eruption saw the town of Zafferana threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres outside it.

In 2002–2003, the biggest series of eruptions for many years threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, on the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano were damaged.  The eruption also destroyed the Rifugio Sapienza, a ski resort on the southern flank of the volcano.

## Related pages 
* List of volcanoes

## References 
* 

## Other websites 
* Mount Etna Live Webcam 
* Italy's Volcanoes: The Cradle of Volcanology, with detailed information of Italy's volcanoes, including Etna 
* Stromboli Online, with info on Etna, photo galleries and video clips of Etna's past eruptions including those of the 1990s and the 2000s
* Mount Vesuvius -Citizendium
Eastern Kurdistan

**Eastern Kurdistan** or **Iranian Kurdistan** is the part of Iran inhabited by Kurds, or the part of Kurdistan that is within Iran. Some of Iranian Kurdistan is in Iran's Kurdistan Province.

Iranian Kurdistan is next to the Iraqi Kurdistan. Further to the west are Turkish Kurdistan and Syrian Kurdistan.

## Land 
Eastern Kurdistan is the name for the western and north-western regions of Iran. Iranian Kurdistan is between the central Zagros Mountains and the north-western international border of Iran. The lands of Kurdistan Province, West Azarbaijan Province, Kermanshah Province, Ilam Province are part of Iranian Kurdistan. Lake Urmia is a salt lake that is the largest lake in Kurdistan. The Kurdish population is about one tenth of Iran's whole population.

### Kurds in Khorasan 
Not all of Iran's Kurds live in Iranian Kurdistan, and many Kurds live in Khorasan Province. From the 17th century, one part was inside the Ottoman Empire, and the other part was Iranian Kurdistan.
The armies of the Russian Empire took control of Iranian Kurdistan in World War I, during the Persian Campaign. The February Revolution in Russia meant that the Russian provisional government no longer wanted to control Iranian Kurdistan. Nikolai Baratov, a Russian army general acting for the government, made an agreement with the local Iranian Kurds. Asma Jahangir told the United Nations Human Rights Council that almost half of all the political prisoners in Iran were Kurds. One fifth of all the people executed in Iran during 2016 were Kurds. Kurdish is an Iranian language and an Indo-European language like the Persian language, but people that speak Persian do not understand Kurdish. The culture of Iranian Kurdistan is close to Iraqi Kurdistan's culture. About 37 percent of the two million people in Kermanshah Province follow Yarsanism. There are Faili Kurds who belong to Shia Islam in both Iranian Kurdistan and Iraqi Kurdistan. In the 1950s, there were 3,000–4,000 Jewish Kurds in Iran. They were in a lower position in society than the Kurds, the Azerbaijanis, and the Persians. The plain of Urmia is one of the only places in Kurdistan where there is a large Christian population.

Most Kurds in Khorasan are Shia Muslim.

## References
Shirley MacLaine

**Shirley MacLaine** (born April 24, 1934) is an American movie and theatre actress. She is famous for her acting as well as her strong belief in reincarnation. She is the writer of a many autobiographical works, some about her New Age beliefs, as well as her Hollywood career. She is the older sister of Warren Beatty. She won the Academy Award for "Best Actress" in 1983, and has also received many other awards, including the Emmy, Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards.

## Other websites
* MacLaine's official website
* 
* Shirley MacLaine interviewed by Ginny Dougary  (2005)
Crown dependencies

A British **crown dependency** is a special type of state.  The head of state is the British monarch, who is represented by a Lieutenant-Governor.  Each dependency has a parliament, government and prime minister to make all laws, except laws about defence and foreign affairs. Defence and foreign affairs are looked after by the British Government. 

But the British government in London has no power in the dependencies, unless the government of the dependency agrees.

British Overseas Territories, which were British colonies, also have a government, parliament and prime minister and can make laws, except laws about defence and foreign affairs; but they were created by the British government and can be taken over by the British government if they are ruled badly, without the agreement of the British Overseas Territory.

Crown dependencies were not part of the British Empire, instead, they are self-governing possessions of the British Crown.

The crown dependencies are
*The Isle of Man,
*The Bailiwick of Jersey, and
*The Bailiwick of Guernsey

## References
Lieutenancies Act 1997

The **Lieutenancies Act 1997** (1997 c. 23) is an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.

A Lord Lieutenant is the Queen's representative in a county or other area.

The Lieutenancies Act sets out the areas in which Lords-Lieutenant work in Great Britain. It came into force on 1 July 1997.  

These areas are usually called "ceremonial counties" or "preserved counties" in Wales.  In Scotland a Statutory Instrument (rule written by a minister) defines the size of the lieutenancy.  They are usually one local council area, but some council areas are too small or to large for one Lord Lieutenant.  

For a list of the areas in England see Ceremonial counties of England

## Other websites 
*Text of the act
John Terry

**John George Terry** (born 7 December 1980) is an English former  football player and manager. Terry played as a defender. He was the captain for Chelsea in the English Premier League and Aston Villa in the EFL Championship. He was also a member of the England national team. He was a manager of Aston Villa from 2018 until 2021.

Terry is known as one of the best defenders in the world. He was voted best defender in the UEFA Champions League in 2005. He was also the only English player to be named in the group of best players for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He wears the number 26 shirt for Chelsea and the number 6 shirt for England. Terry missed the penalty which could have won the Champions League 2008. He slipped when he was taking the penalty, giving Manchester United the title.

## Career 
Terry was a Chelsea Youth player. Before he became a defender he was a midfielder in 1992. To help Terry get some first team experience he was loaned out to Nottingham Forest in 2000 until 2002, when he came back to Chelsea.

## Personal life 
Terry is married to his childhood sweetheart Toni Poole. She who supported him financially when he was a Chelsea F.C trainee.  They married on 15 June 2007, in Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire. They have twins, Georgie and Summer, born in 2006.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:*England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Terry goal*
*FA Cup: 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12; runner-up: 2001–02, 2016–17
*Football League Cup: 2004–05, 2006–07, 2014–15; runner-up: 2007–08
*FA Community Shield: 2005, 2009
*UEFA Champions League: 2011–12; runner-up: 2007–08
*UEFA Europa League: 2012–13
*Premier League Player of the Month: January 2005
*PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2004–05
*PFA Team of the Year: 2003–04 Premier League, 2004–05 Premier League, 2005–06 Premier League, 2014–15 Premier League
*FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09
*ESM Team of the Year: 2004–05, 2008–09, 2009–10
*UEFA Club Defender of the Year: 2005, 2008, 2009
*PFA Team of the Century (1997–2007): 2007

## References
Vascular cambium

The **vascular cambium** is a  meristem.

It is the source of both the secondary xylem (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem (outwards), and  is between these tissues in the stem and root. Only a few leaves even have a vascular cambium.

Vascular cambium is a type of meristem - a tissue consisting of embryonic (not specialized) cells which can produce other (and more differentiated) plant tissues originate. Primary meristems are the apical meristems on root tips and shoot tips. Another lateral meristem is the cork cambium, which produces cork, part of the bark.

## Synonyms 
* wood cambium
* main cambium
* bifacial cambium

## Related pages
*Meristem
*Cork cambium

## References
## Other websites  
* Pictures of Vascular cambium
* Detailed description - James D. Mauseth
Meristem

. The inner L3 layer is called the corpus. Cells in the L1 and L2 layers divide in a sideways fashion, which keeps these layers distinct, whereas the L3 layer divides in a more random fashion.|right]]

A **meristem** is a tissue in plants made of dividing cells. They are in parts of the plant where growth can take place.

Plant cells which are differentiated generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Therefore, cell division in the meristem is necessary to get new cells. This allows for the growth of tissues and new organs needed by the plant.

Meristematic cells have the same function for plants as stem cells have for animals. They are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cell division.

The cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small.  The cytoplasm does not contain plastids (such as chloroplasts, but they are there in rudimentary form ('proplastids'). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall.

## Apical meristem 
The apical meristem, or growing tip, is found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants.

It begins growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots (forming buds, among other things). Specifically, an active apical meristem lays down a growing root or shoot behind itself, pushing itself forward. Apical meristems are very small, compared to the cylinder-shaped lateral meristems.

## Primary meristems
Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem:
* **Protoderm** – around the outside of the stem and develops into the epidermis.
* **Procambium** – just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary xylem and primary phloem. It also produces the vascular cambium, a secondary meristem.
* **Ground meristem** develops into the pith. It produces the cork cambium, another secondary meristem.

These meristems are responsible for primary growth, or an increase in length or height.

## Secondary meristems 
These meristems cause secondary growth, or an increase in width. There are two types of secondary meristems:
* Vascular cambium – produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem, which may continue through the life of the plant. It is what gives rise to wood in plants. Such plants are called arborescent. It does not occur in plants which do not go through secondary growth, that is, herbaceous plants.
* Cork cambium – gives rise to the bark of a tree.

## Related pages 
* Cork cambium
* Vascular cambium

## References 
* Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece *Biology*, 6th edition. Benjamin Cummings.
* Schoof *et al.* The stem cell population of *Arabidopsis* shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between CLAVATA and WUSCHEL genes. Cell 100: 635-644.

## Other websites 
* Research on meristems: meristemania.org http://meristemania.org
Cork cambium

**Cork cambium **is a tissue in many vascular plants as part of the bark (periderm). 

The cork cambium is a  meristem and is responsible for secondary growth that replaces the epidermis in roots and stems. It is found in woody and many herbaceous dicots, gymnosperms and some monocots, which usually have no secondary growth.

Cork cambium is one of the plant's meristems - the tissues that consist of embryonic (not specialized) cells from which the plant grows. It is one of the many layers of bark, between the cork and primary phloem. The function of cork cambium is to produce the cork, a tough protective material.
  
Synonyms for cork cambium are **bark cambium**, **pericambium** or **phellogen**. 

## Economic importance
* Commercial cork comes from the bark of the cork oak *(Quercus suber).* Cork has many uses including wine bottle stoppers, bulletin boards, coasters, hot pads to protect tables from hot pans, insulation, sealing for lids, flooring, gaskets for engines, handles for tennis rackets, etc. 
* Many types of bark are used as mulch. 

## Related pages
*Meristem
*Cork (material)

## References
*Junikka, L. (1994) Macroscopic bark terminology. *IAWA Journal* 15(1): 3-45
*Trockenbrodt, M. (1990) Survey and discussion of the terminology used in bark anatomy. *IAWA Bulletin, New Series* 11: 141-166.
Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

**The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES)**, also called **Rojava**, is a self-governing area in northeastern Syria that is not officially recognized.It includes separate areas called cantons in Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, Manbij, and Deir Ez-Zor. The region got self-rule in 2012 during the ongoing Rojava conflict and the larger Syrian civil war. Its main military force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has been involved in the war.

The region is not officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria or other governments, except for the Catalan Parliament. It has widespread support for its democratic, sustainable, equal, and feminist laws. Northeastern Syria is home to diverse ethnic groups including Kurdish, Arab, and Assyrian populations, as well as smaller communities of Turkmen, Armenians, Circassians, and Yazidis.

Since 2016, Turkish and Turkish-backed forces have taken control of parts of northern Syria through military operations against the SDF. AANES and its SDF have said they will protect all areas under their control from any attacks.

## Geography 
The region is located west of the Tigris, east of the Euphrates, and south of the Turkish border. It borders Iraq to the southeast and the Iraqi Kurdistan Region to the northeast. The area is mostly flat with some low hills and a few mountains, including Mount Abdulaziz and part of the Sinjar Mountain Range.

It includes parts of the al-Hasakah, Raqqa, Deir ez-Zor, and Aleppo governorates in Syria.

## References
Umbrella (song)

"**Umbrella**" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It features American rapper Jay-Z. It is the lead single from Rihanna's  third studio album, *Good Girl Gone Bad*. It was written by Jay-Z, Terius Nash and Christopher Stewart. It was released on March 29, 2007 as a single and digital download. It was very successful worldwide reaching number one in multiple countries. The song is 4 minutes and 35 seconds long.

## Background and single release
The songwriters of "Umbrella" offered the song to a number of labels before Rihanna finally accepted and recorded it. The song was first offered by Britney Spears but she turned it down. Although it was released officially on March 29, 2007, it was released in some parts of the United States on March 28. In the United Kingdom, the single was released as a digital download on May 14 and as a physical single on May 28.

## Music video
The music video for "Umbrella" was directed by Chris Applebaum on April 13, 2007. It premiered on April 26 at the thisisrihanna.com website. The video was released on May 11, and reached the number one spot for eight weeks.

The video features Jay-Z rapping in the beginning while in a rain of sparks. Rihanna is then shown singing in a steamy place. In the first chorus, Rihanna walks around en pointe while in the rain. In the second verse, she is seen dancing with an umbrella in a different place. Later, she is painted silver and posing in several positions while nude. At the end of the video, Rihanna is again dancing with an umbrella while in a shower of sparks falling like rain.

## Remixes
A number of remixes were made for the song. Lil' Mama is featured in one remix. Chris Brown performed an answer song with different lyrics, called "Cinderella."

## Chart performance
"Umbrella" reached the number one spot in a number of countries. It topped the charts in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Poland, Austria, Belgium, Norway and Switzerland at the same time. It peaked at the top spot in the United Kingdom for ten weeks in a row from May 20 to July 29, 2007. It was the longest running number one song since "Love Is All Around" by Wet Wet Wet in 1994 (that song spent 15 weeks). It was knocked off the number one spot in the UK by Timbaland's "The Way I Are".

The song's reign at number one in the UK happened when the country was hit by extreme rainfall and flooding, which led some people to jokingly suggest the two events were related, calling it the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly in Greece (the single's worst performing market) "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several heatwaves topping 45C/113F and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60. The song only reached number fourteen in the Greek singles chart. 

"Umbrella" was at number one in the American *Billboard* Hot 100 for seven weeks and in the Australian ARIA Charts for six weeks.

## Other websites
* 
*
Acorn

]]

The **acorn** is the fruit of the oak tree. It is a nut, and has a single seed (rarely two seeds), enclosed in a tough, leathery shell. Acorns vary from 1 – 6&nbsp;cm long and 0.8 – 4&nbsp;cm broad. Acorns take between about 6 or 24 months (depending on the species) to mature.

Acorns are one of the most important wildlife foods in areas where oaks grow. Creatures that make acorns an important part of their diet include birds, such as jays, pigeons, some ducks, and several species of woodpeckers. Small mammals that feed on acorns include mice, squirrels, and several other rodents. Such large mammals as pigs, bears, and deer also eat large amounts of acorns: they may constitute up to 25% of the diet of deer in the autumn. In some of the large oak forests in southwest Europe, traditionally called "dehesas", pigs are still turned loose in oak groves in the autumn, to fill and fatten themselves on acorns. 

Acorns contain tannins, which are toxic to some animals such as horses. The tannins can be soaked out, using water.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Nutrition Facts for Acorn Flour
* Nupa Acorn Soup (Miwokan recipe)
* Cooking With Acorns: A Major North American Indian Food
* How to whistle an acorn