open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tracy Letts

**Tracy S. Letts** (born July 4, 1965) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and actor. He won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play *August: Osage County* and a Tony Award for his role as George in the revival of ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?''.

He is also known for his role of Andrew Lockhart in seasons 3 and 4 of Showtime's *Homeland*.

## References
Ready Player One (movie)

***Ready Player One*** is a 2018 American science fiction adventure movie produced and directed by Steve Box, Steven Spielberg, and written by Zak Penn and Ernest Cline. It is based on Cline's 2011 novel of the same name. 

The movie stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Lena Waithe, T.J. Miller, Simon Pegg, and Mark Rylance. The movie takes place in 2045 where the rest of humanity uses the virtual reality software OASIS to escape the darkness of the real world. 

It was theatrically released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on March 29, 2018, in 2D, Real D 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D. It made $582 million worldwide. The movie received generally positive reviews.

## References
Typhoon Jebi (2018)

on September 4, 2018]]

**Typhoon Jebi**, known in the Philippines as **Typhoon Maymay**, was a cyclone which formed over Primorsky Krai, Russia. Jebi was tied as the most intense tropical cyclone of the Northern Hemisphere in 2018, and was thought to be the strongest typhoon to strike Japan since Typhoon Yancy in 1993.

Jebi formed as the twenty-first named storm of the 2018 annual typhoon season on August 28. It reached peak intensity on August 31 after striking the Northern Mariana Islands. Jebi initiated a slow weakening trend on September 2 and made landfall over Shikoku and then the Kansai region of Japan as a very strong typhoon on September 4. It died down on September 7.

## References
Incredibles 2

***Incredibles 2*** is a 2018 American computer-animated movie produced by Pixar. It was directed by Brad Bird. It is the sequel to *The Incredibles* (2004) and second installment of the franchise.

## Release
*Incredibles 2* was released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was released in the United States on June 15, 2018, in Disney Digital 3-D, Dolby Cinema and IMAX. 
## Reputation
It received strong positive reviews. The movie made $182.7&nbsp;million in its opening weekend, setting the record for best debut for an animated movie and has made over $1.1&nbsp;billion worldwide, making it the second highest-grossing animated movie (behind *Frozen*) if you ignore inflation. After inflation, it’s the fifth highest grossing animated movie. 

## Voice cast 
Holly Hunter, Sarah Vowell and Samuel L. Jackson return in the movie; other stars include Huckleberry Milner (replacing Spencer Fox), Bob Odenkirk, Catherine Keener, Jonathan Banks (replacing Bud Luckey) and Sean Combs.

## Sequel 
A sequel, *Incredibles 3* is set and released date for June 16, 2028.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
The Post (movie)

***The Post*** is a 2017 American historical-drama-political thriller movie directed and produced by Steven Spielberg and written by Liz Hannah and Josh Singer. 

It stars Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham, the first female publisher of a major American newspaper, and Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee, the executive editor of *The Washington Post*, with Sarah Paulson, Bob Odenkirk, Tracy Letts, Bradley Whitford, David Cross, Bruce Greenwood, Carrie Coon, and Matthew Rhys.

It was released for a short time on December 22, 2017 until releasing worldwide on January 12, 2018. It made $178 million worldwide. It got good reviews from the critics with an 88% on Rotten Tomatoes.

Many critics called the movie as one of the best movies of 2017. It was nominated for Best Picture and Best Actress (for Streep) at the 90th Academy Awards.

## Plot 
The film is set in 1971, *The Post* is about the true story of attempts by journalists at *The Washington Post* to publish the *Pentagon Papers*, classified documents about the 30-year involvement of the United States government in the Vietnam War. It begins with Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara telling the public he supports the war effort but privately telling Ellsberg and Macomber that the war is lost. Years later, Ellsberg secretly makes copies of many classified documents about the Vietnam War. He brings them to Neil Sheehan of the New York Times. Katharine Graham leads the Washington Post and faces a dominant male industry. The Post eventually acquires the same material and begins assembling thousands of documents. Tension arises over whether to publish because the Post could face charges in court. Bradlee and Graham learn former Presidents and friends deceived them. Nevertheless, Graham decides to publish the reports. The Post and The Times appear in court and win. The *New York Times Co. v. United States* decision allows the media to print the classified documents. The film ends showing the Watergate burglary. 

## Cast 
* Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham
* Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee
* Sarah Paulson as Antoinette "Tony" Pinchot Bradlee
* Bob Odenkirk as Ben Bagdikian
* Tracy Letts as Fritz Beebe
* Bradley Whitford as Arthur Parsons
* Bruce Greenwood as Robert McNamara
* Matthew Rhys as Daniel Ellsberg
* Alison Brie as Lally Graham
* Carrie Coon as Meg Greenfield
* Jesse Plemons as Roger Clark
* David Cross as Howard Simons
* Zach Woods as Anthony Essaye
* Michael Stuhlbarg as A. M. Rosenthal
* David Costabile as Art Buchwald
* Pat Healy as Philip L. Geyelin
* John Rue as Gene Patterson
* Rick Holmes as Murrey Marder
* Philip Casnoff as Chalmers Roberts
* Jessie Mueller as Judith Martin
* Stark Sands as Donald E. Graham
* Michael Cyril Creighton as Jake
* Brent Langdon as Paul Ignatius
* Gary Wilmes as Punch Sulzberger
* Christopher Innvar as James L. Greenfield
* James Riordan as Vice Admiral Joseph Francis Blouin
* Kelly AuCoin as Assistant Attorney General Kevin Maroney
* Tom Bair as William Rehnquist (voice)
* Cotter Smith as William Macomber
* Jennifer Dundas as Liz Hylton
* Justin Swain as Neil Sheehan
* Will Denton as Michael (The Runner)

## References
Aldrich Ames

**Aldrich Hazen Ames** (; May 26, 1941 &ndash; January 5, 2026) was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer and double agent who spied for the Soviet Union and Russia. 

He began his career in 1962, working in counterintelligence. In 1985, he started spying for the KGB, and gave away secrets like the names of Soviet double agents working for the CIA. 

He was convicted of espionage in 1994. He was serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole at the time of his death. 

Ames died on January 5, 2026 at the Federal Correctional Institution, Cumberland in Allegany County, Maryland at the age of 84.

## References
Robert Hanssen

**Robert Philip Hanssen** (April 18, 1944 &ndash; June 5, 2023) was a former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent who spied for the Soviet Union and Russia between 1979 to 2001.

He sold the Soviets and Russians many secrets, such as the names of Soviets secretly working for the U.S., American nuclear strategies, and technology. The Department of Justice called his spying "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history".

He served 15 consecutive life sentences at ADX Florence, a federal supermax prison near Florence, Colorado. On June 5, 2023, Hanssen was found dead in his jail cell, aged 79. The cause of death was colon cancer.

## References
Genesis Rodriguez

**Genesis Rodriguez** (born July 29, 1987) is an American actress.

She began her careers in the Telemundo telenovelas *Prisionera* (2004), *Dame Chocolate* (2007) and *Doña Bárbara* (2008–2009).

Rodriguez played Sarah on *Entourage* (2010–2011) and Jane Walker on *Time After Time* (2017), and has starred in the movies *Man on a Ledge* (2012), *Casa de Mi Padre* (2012), ''What to Expect When You're Expecting* (2012), *The Last Stand* (2013), *Tusk* (2014) and *Run All Night* (2015).

Rodriguez was the voice for Honey Lemon in *Big Hero 6'' (2014).

## References
## Other websites
*
John Kani

**Bonisile John Kani** (born November 30, 1942) is a South African actor, director and playwright. He is known for his role as T'Chaka in the Marvel studios blockbusters *Captain America: Civil War* and *Black Panther* and also the 2011 movie *How to Steal 2 Million*.

His left eye was lost in an incident with the South African police in 1975 and he now wears a prosthetic.

In August 2017, Kani was cast to perform the voice of Rafiki in the 2019 CGI remake of  *The Lion King* directed by Jon Favreau.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eric André

**Eric Samuel André** (born April 4, 1983) is an American actor, comedian and television host. He is the creator, host, and co-writer of *The Eric Andre Show* on Adult Swim. André played Mike on the FXX series *Man Seeking Woman*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The Eric Andre Show at Adult Swim
*
Beatriz Segall

**Beatriz de Toledo Segall** (25 July 1926 – 5 September 2018) was a Brazilian actress. She was known for her role as Odete Roitman on the telenovela *Vale Tudo* (1988). She was born in Rio de Janeiro.

Segall died on 5 September 2018 in Rio de Janeiro from respiratory failure at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Rachael Bland

**Rachael Bland** (née **Hodges**, 21 January 1978 – 5 September 2018) was a Welsh journalist and a presenter. She worked with BBC Radio 5 Live and *BBC North West Tonight*. She was known for her podcast, *You, Me and the Big C*, where she talked about living with breast cancer.

Bland was diagnosed with terminal breast cancer in November 2016.

On 3 September, she announced on her Twitter account that her "time had come", and that she only had days left. She died two days later at the age of 40 in Cheshire.

## References
Bhagwatikumar Sharma

**Bhagwatikumar Sharma** (31 May 1934 – 5 September 2018) was an Indian author and journalist. He wrote in Gujarati. He edited a daily for several years. He wrote novels, short stories, poetry, essays and criticism. He won the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak in 1984 and Sahitya Akademi Award in 1988.

He wrote his first poem, on event of Mahatma Gandhi's death, on 31 January 1948.

He joined the editing department of *Gujarat Mitra* in 1955. He was the trustee of Kavi Narmad Yugavart Trust and vice-president of Narmad Sahityasabha, Surat. He also was president of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad from 2009 to 2011.

Sharma died on 5 September 2018 in Surat, aged 84.

## References
François Flohic

**François Flohic** (August 2, 1920 &ndash; September 5, 2018) was a retired French admiral. He was born in Ploubazlanec, Brittany, France. He was in the Free French Naval Forces during World War II. Flohic also was a closer advisor and aide-de-camp to General Charles de Gaulle.

Flohic died in Paris on September 5, 2018 from a heart attack at the age of 98.

## References
Billy Eichner

**Billy Eichner** (born September 18, 1978) is an American comedian, actor, writer, and television personality. He is the star, executive producer and creator of Funny Or Die's *Billy on the Street*. Eichner was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Game Show Host" in 2013.

He is also known for playing Craig Middlebrooks on the sitcom *Parks and Recreation*.

Eichner is openly gay.

## References
## Other websites
*
Affricate

**Affricates** are consonants that are said with a stop with a fricative immediately afterwards. For example, the 'ch' sound in English (written as /t͡ʃ/ in IPA) is said with an 't' (/t/)  sound with an 'sh' (/ʃ/) sound immediately afterwards. Both voiced and voiceless affricates exist; in English, they are /d͡ʒ/ (the 'j' sound) and /t͡ʃ/ (the 'ch' sound) respectively. 

In Mandarin Chinese, affricates are told apart by aspiration, or breathiness, since voiced affricates do not exist; aspirated affricates, or breathy affricates, are /t͡ɕʰ/ (written as 'q' in Hanyu Pinyin), /t͡sʰ/ ('c'), and /ʈ͡ʂʰ/ ('ch'), and unaspirated affricates, or non-breathy affricates, are /t͡ɕ/ ('j'), /t͡s/ ('z'), and /ʈ͡ʂ/ ('zh').
Doxing

**Doxing** is the process of finding personal information about a person, group, organization, or corporation for the purpose of publishing it online. The result of doxing is called a *dox*. Doxing is usually done with the intent to harm someone, often as revenge. It is frequently an attempt to humiliate, expose, and/or punish an individual. Doxing is illegal in many countries.

## History
Doxing dates back to the 1980s and 1990s. Black-hat hackers and penetration testers of the time used it to silence and/or intimate their hacker rivals in the Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) and Internet communities.

## Effects
Doxing is a form of vigilantism. There have been many instances where people who were doxed experienced years of harassment, were victims of swatting, had to change their phone numbers, and/or had to move out of their homes. At present, specifically in the United States, doxing is used as a method of political attack. Being doxed makes a person more vulnerable to identity theft. 

## References
T-Series

**T-Series** is a record label in India started by Gulshan Kumar in 1983. T-Series is one of the fastest-growing channels on YouTube. In April 2019, T-Series became a YouTube channel with the most subscribers, surpassing PewDiePie. In late May 2019, T-Series officially became the first YouTube channel ever to pass 100 million subscribers.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
Bridge of Spies (movie)

***Bridge of Spies*** is a 2015 historical drama movie directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg. It was written by Matt Charman, Ethan and Joel Coen. It stars Tom Hanks, Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda. 

It is set during the Cold War about the story of lawyer James B. Donovan who is trying to release Francis Gary Powers—a U.S. Air Force pilot whose U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960—in exchange for Rudolf Abel, a convicted Soviet KGB spy.

The movie was released by Touchstone Pictures on October 16, 2015, in the United States and distributed by 20th Century Fox in other countries. It was a box office success, grossing $165 million worldwide. 

The movie received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay, and won Best Supporting Actor for Rylance.

## References
Aspiration

**Aspiration** is a feature in languages where saying a consonant gives out a puff of air. For example, if you dangle a piece of paper in front of your mouth, you will see it move if you say an **aspirated**, or breathy, consonant. If the paper does not move, the *consonant* it is **unaspirated**, or not breathy. In English, voiceless stops and fricatives the beginning of a word are aspirated, which are the sounds 'p', 't', 'k', and 'ch' (which are written as /p/, /t/, /k/, /t͡ʃ/ in the IPA in the same order).

In the IPA, aspirated sounds can be written with an ʰ symbol afterwards, as in /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/, and /t͡ʃʰ/. For example, the first sound in the words "pick", "tick", "kick", and "chick" are aspirated. In IPA, they are written as /pʰɪk/, /tʰɪk/, /kʰɪk/, and /t͡ʃʰɪk/ in the same order.

However, voiceless stops and fricatives that appear after the first sound are unaspirated. For example, while the /p/ in "pit" is aspirated, the /p/ in "spit" and the /p/ in "tip" are not, so they would not be marked with an ʰ symbol afterwards. Below are more examples of aspiration.

English has no aspirated voiced sounds, but Hindi has them. They are normally written with an 'h' after the consonant letter. An example of this is the name Bhattacharya, in which 'bh' is an aspirated 'b' sound, so it would be written as /bʱ/ in IPA.

In Mandarin Chinese, there are no voiced stops, fricatives, or affricates and so the only way to tell them apart is by aspiration. In Pinyin, aspirated sounds are written like voiceless sounds in English and so the sounds /pʰ/, /tʰ/, and /kʰ/ are written as 'p', 't', and 'k' in the same order. However, unaspirated sounds are written like voiced sounds in English and so the sounds /p/, /t/, and /k/ are written as 'b', 'd', and 'g' respectively. For example, the word "Gaokao" would be written in IPA as /kau̯.kʰau̯/. In Wade-Giles, aspirated stops, fricatives, and affricates are written with an apostrophe after the letter instead of Pinyiin's use of a different letter and so "Gaokao" would be written as "Kaok'ao" in Wade-Giles.
Zafari

***ZAFARI*** is an International animated children's television series created by David Dozoretz. ZAFARI premiered in July 2018 on FranceTV, NatGeoKids in Latin America, MiniMini+ in Poland, Rai Yoyo in Italy, Star Channel in Greece, Tiny Pop in The UK, Spacetoon in The Middle East, and is being distributed worldwide by NBCUniversal.

## Premise 
Set in a valley at the base of Mount Kilimanjaro, where lives a group of extraordinary animals. The series follows the story of a baby elephant with zebra stripes, a giraffe with peacock feathers and a pink flamingo coloured lion. ZAFARI teaches kids that our differences should not just be tolerated, but celebrated. *ZAFARI* stars the voices of Mark Camacho, Holly Gauthier-Frankel, Brian Froud.

ZAFARI is the first television show created in a real-time game engine, Epic’s Unreal 4  and it won the Infinity Beverly Hills Film Festival Award for Outstanding Achievement in TV via a game engine.

## Cast 
### Main 
* Mark Camacho as Babatua
* Holly Gauthier-Frankel as Zoomba
* Brian Froud as Antonio
* Pauline Little as Elspeth
* Mark Camacho as Bubba
* Mellody Hobson as Mellody
* Cindy Davis as Renalda

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
Wallace Carothers

**Wallace Hume Carothers** (; April 27, 1896 &ndash; April 29, 1937) was an American chemist and inventor. He was the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont. He is known for the invention of nylon.

Carothers went to the University of Illinois to study for his Ph.D. under Roger Adams. His degree was awarded in 1924. After receiving his Ph.D., he taught at several universities before joining DuPont. He was a group leader at the DuPont Experimental Station laboratory. The laboratory was near Wilmington, Delaware and it was where most polymer research was done.

He married Helen Sweetman on February 21, 1936. On April 28, 1937 he committed suicide by drinking potassium cyanide. His daughter, Jane, was born on November 27, 1937.

## References
Tama County, Iowa

**Tama County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In 2020, 17,135 people lived there. The county seat is Toledo.

## References
Tama, Iowa

**Tama** is a city in Tama County, Iowa, United States. The population was 3,130 at the 2020 census.

Tama is situated two miles south of Toledo, the county seat.

## References
CBS Productions

**CBS Productions** is a company that has TV shows like *CSI*, *CSI: Miami*, *CSI: NY*, *Yes, Dear*, *Still Standing*, and *The King of Queens*.
Winnebago County, Iowa

**Winnebago County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,679. The county seat is Forest City. The county was founded in 1847 and named after the Native American tribe.

## References
István Bethlen

**István Bethlen** (19 June 1946 – 4 September 2018) was a Hungarian economist and politician. He was a member of the National Assembly (MP) from MDF Budapest Regional List between 1990 and 1994. He was born in Cluj, Romania.

Bethlen died on 4 September 2018 in Budapest at the age of 72.

## References
Izmailovo Kremlin

The **Izmailovo Kremlin** (**Кре́мль в Изма́йлово**) is a cultural, commercial and entertainment complex in north-east of Moscow built in the years 1998-2007. It is a wooden building, stylized for Russian architecture. The complex has seven museums and exhibition grounds: the Museum of Russian Folk Toys, the Museum of the Founding of the Russian Navy, the Museum of the History of Russian Vodka, the Museum of Bread, the Museum of Chocolate, the Museum of Miniatures - "World History in Plasticine", the Moscow Museum of Animation, and also exhibitions.

## Gallery 

Kremlin in Izmaylovo.JPG
Moscow, New Kremlin in Izmailovo, inside (7).jpg|
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Kremlin in Izmaylovo 6.jpg|
Moscow, New Kremlin in Izmailovo, outside (3).jpg|
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Moscow, New Kremlin in Izmailovo, inside (4).jpg|
Измайлово - panoramio.jpg|
Измайлово - panoramio (5).jpg|
Измайлово. Кремль - panoramio (11).jpg|
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Метро Партизанская, Город мастеров, Москва, Россия - panoramio - Oleg Yu.Novikov (5).jpg|
Moscow, New Kremlin in Izmailovo, inside (6).jpg|
Izmailovsky kremlin - panoramio (7).jpg|

## Related pages 
* Kyivan Rus Park

## Other websites 
* The Izmailovo Kremlin  -  Official website
Liz Fraser

**Liz Fraser** (born **Elizabeth Joan Winch**; 14 August 1930 – 6 September 2018) was an English actress. She was best known for her comedy roles as a provocative "dumb blonde" in British movies of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. She was born in London.

Fraser was known for her roles in ''I'm All Right, Jack*, *Carry On Regardless*, and in *Dad's Army''.

Fraser died at a London hospital from complications of cancer-related surgery on 6 September 2018 at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official Website of the Carry On films
Mike Hogewood

**Michael "Mike" Hogewood** (September 13, 1954 &ndash; September 5, 2018) was an American sportscaster. He was born in Greensboro, North Carolina.

He was a freelance play-by-play announcer. He worked with Raycom Sports. Hogewood was best known for his work on ACC football games, ACC men's and women's basketball, as well as for anchoring Raycom's coverage of Nextel Cup NASCAR races. 

Hogewood did play-by-play for FSN South, Sun Sports, New England Sports Network, Comcast SportsNet, HDNet and the Speed Channel. He later worked for  WFMY-TV Channel 2 (1987–2001). 

Hogewood worked for NBC affiliate WXII-TV in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in the early 2000s on a series called ''Hog's Heroes''.

Hogewood retired in 2013 after 26 years as a sports broadcaster.

Hogewood died on September 5, 2018 in Greensboro from a heart attack at the age of 63.

## References
2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake

An earthquake measuring 6.6 MW on the moment magnitude scale struck Iburi Subprefecture in southern Hokkaido, Japan, on 6 September 2018 at 3:08&nbsp;a.m. Japan Standard Time. 

The earthquake's epicenter was near Tomakomai. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) registered a magnitude of 6.7 Mj and a maximum intensity of 7 on the shindo scale.

The earthquake's effects was felt strongly in Hokkaido and Aomori Prefecture. The earthquake left 5.3 million residents without power. 

As a result of the quake 41 people were left dead and 691 had injuries.

## References
Arif Alvi

**Arif-ur-Rehman Alvi** (; born 29 August 1949) is a Pakistani politician. He was the 13th President of Pakistan from 9 September 2018 until 10 March 2024.

He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from June 2013 to May 2018 and again from August to September 2018. He was a founding member of Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI).

Alvi was elected as President of Pakistan on 4 September 2018 following the presidential election.

## References
Claudio Scimone

**Claudio Scimone** (23 December 1934 – 6 September 2018) was an Italian conductor. He was born in Padua, Italy. Scimone was the founder of I Solisti Veneti (the ensemble with which most of his recordings have been made) and at the time of his death was the honorary conductor of the Gulbenkian Orchestra in Lisbon, Portugal. He also gave the modern premieres of *Moses in Egypt* and *Oedipus at Colonus* by Rossini, and *The Last Judgement* by Salieri.

Scimone died on 6 September 2018 in Rome at the age of 83.

## References
Olivia Olson

**Olivia Rose Olson** (born May 21, 1992) is an American actress, voice actress and singer-songwriter. She is best known for her voice role as Marceline the Vampire Queen in *Adventure Time.* She also played the character of Joanna in the 2003 movie *Love Actually* and its 2017 short sequel *Red Nose Day Actually*.

Her father is comedy writer Martin Olson.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hynden Walch

**Heidi Hynden Walch** (born February 1, 1971) is an American actress, writer, and singer. She is best known for voicing Princess Bubblegum in *Adventure Time* and Starfire in *Teen Titans* and *Teen Titans Go!*, *The Powerpuff Girls*.

## Other websites
*Official website
*
Ada Township, Michigan

**Ada Township** () is a General Law Township within Kent County, Michigan. It is an upscale suburb of Grand Rapids. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 14,388. Ada is the corporate home of Alticor and its smaller companies Quixtar and Amway.

## Other websites
* Ada Business Association
* Ada Connect Discussion Forum 
* Ada Historical Society
Colin Hanks

**Colin Lewes Hanks** (born **Colin Lewes Dillingham**; November 24, 1977) is an American actor, director and producer. He is known for his roles such as Shaun Brumder in *Orange County*, Preston in *King Kong*, Oliver in *The House Bunny*, and Troy Gable in *The Great Buck Howard*. 

He is the oldest son of actor Tom Hanks. 

## Personal life 
Hanks married Samantha Bryant and have two daughters Olivia and Charlotte.

## References
## Other websites
*
Florence Kasumba

**Florence Kasumba** (born 26 October 1976) is a German-Ugandan actress. She is known for playing Ayo in *Captain America: Civil War*, *Black Panther* and *Avengers: Infinity War*. She also played Senator Acantha in *Wonder Woman*. She was also the Wicked Witch of the East in the NBC television series *Emerald City*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Wilson Moreira

**Wilson Moreira** (December 12, 1936 &ndash; September 6, 2018) was a Brazilian *sambista* singer-songwriter. He was especially known for his melody lines. He was born in the neighborhood of Realengo, in Rio de Janeiro.

Moreira was known for his works with Nei Lopes. One of their greatest hits is the song "Senhora Liberdade", which became an anthem in the Brazilian *Diretas* movement. Some other famous songs from the duo are "Gotas de Veneno", "Sandália Amarela" and the non-samba "Candongueiro".

Moreira died of multiple organ failure on September 6, 2018 in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
*Cliquemusic 
*Agenda do Samba & Choro
Crimean Tatar Wikipedia

The **Crimean Tatar Wikipedia** () is the Crimean Tatar language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. The articles were originally written in Wikimedia Incubator, and the Crimean Tatar Wikipedia was created on January 12, 2008. As of ( ), Crimean Tatar has  articles.

## Statistics 
As of  , Crimean Tatar Wikipedia has  articles.

The main problem of the project is a lack of volunteers. The vast majority of edits are made by several volunteers, none of whom is a native speaker.

## References
## Other websites
* Crimean Tatar Wikipedia 
* Crimeantatar Wikipedia mobile version (homepage not yet configured)
Captain D's

'''Captain D's''' is an American seafood restaurant company. They make fish, shrimp and fries. Captain D's was established in 1969 in Tennessee.

Captain D's is in many states, including Virginia, Texas, Illinois, Missouri, Georgia, Arkansas and Alabama.

In 2015, Captain D's had record-breaking success. The success came from its seafood expertise and product innovation. It introduced new menu items, such as Creamy Shrimp Scampi, Homestyle Fish Tenders and Crusted Tilapia.

## References
Tipton, Iowa

*This is about the town in Iowa, USA. For other towns called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation).*

**Tipton** is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Cedar County.
Ñuble Region

The **Ñuble Region** () is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Chillán.

It was founded the 6th of september of 2018 when the Ñuble Province was separated in order to create the new region and 3 new provinces.

The region is named after the Ñuble river.

## Geography
The Ñuble region has area of .

It borders the Maule region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Bío Bío region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The main river in the region is the
*Itata river,  long.
The highest mountains are in the Andes, in the eastern part of the region; these mountains are the Nevados de Chillán.
*Ñuble river.

### Climate 
The climate in Chillán is a Mediterranean climate, **Csb** in the Köppen climate classification.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Chillán is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Chillán is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

## Population
 (last national census), there were 438,103 people living in the region, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km². The urban population was 285,108 persons ( of the total).

The largest city of the province, in 2002, is its capital, Chillán, with 146,701 inhabitants. Other cities are San Carlos (29,359 inhabitants) and Chillán Viejo (18,827 inhabitants).

## Provinces and Communes 
The Ñuble Region has 3 provinces and 21 communes.

|width=25% align="center"|
|}

## Related pages
*Regions of Chile

## References
## Other websites
*
Rita Wilson

**Margarita Ibrahimoff** (born October 26, 1956) better known as **Rita Wilson** is an American actress, singer, and producer. She is best known for her roles in *Sleepless in Seattle* (1993), *Now and Then* (1995), *Jingle All the Way* (1996), *The Story of Us* (1999) and *Runaway Bride* (1999). She and her husband Tom Hanks produced the movie *My Big Fat Greek Wedding* (2002).

On March 12, 2020, Tom Hanks announced that he and Wilson had tested positive for COVID-19 while Hanks was shooting *Elvis* in Australia.

## References
Benton County, Iowa

**Benton County** is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,575. The county seat is Vinton. The county is named for Thomas Hart Benton, a U.S. Senator from Missouri.

Benton County was founded on December 21, 1837.

## References
Gianuario Carta

**Gianuario (Ariuccio) Carta**, (1 January 1931 – 14 February 2017) was an Italian politician of the Christian Democracy political party. Carta served as Deputy and Senator of Italian Parliament from 1968 to 1983 and was minister of the Merchant Navy from 1983 to 1986 in the Craxi I Cabinet. He was born in Bitti, Sardinia.

Carta died on 14 February 2017 in Cagliari at the age of 86.

## References
John Wesley Hardin

**John Wesley Hardin** 1853-1895 was a Texas killer, outlaw gambler and lawyer.

## Other websites
*Outlaw Villians wiki
*John Wesley Hardin
Tuzla

**Tuzla** is the third largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has about 110,000 people living there. The city consists of many different cultures and religious affiliations. It is predominantly Muslim with over 75% of population identifying as Muslim, however it is also heavily populated by other groups as well making up nearly 25% who identify as Orthodox, Catholic, Atheist or other. 

Tuzla has also been labeled multiple times as being the most polluted city in all of Europe. And on years where it isn't listed as #1 it's frequently a 2nd or 3rd most polluted city due to using old coal as source of energy and city planning having been very poor and large quantities of population in the cities living in housing that sits almost in a valley surrounding mountains and hills where the power plants are built too close to proximity of housed population while also the housing built in areas that dip in like valleys and only magnify the pollution that sits in the air that people in the city have to inhale with slow dissipation. There are also reports of another coal operated plant to be built despite protests and now vast availability of educational sources and environmental groups that shun the thought of that.
Chester, Connecticut

**Chester** is a town in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,749 at the 2020 census.

## References
University Heights, Iowa

**University Heights** is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in the Iowa City metropolitan area.

## References
ELife

***eLife*** is a scientific journal for the biomedical and life sciences. It is open access. It was established at the end of 2012 by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Max Planck Society, and Wellcome Trust. These organizations gave the money for the journal's business and publishing operations.

The  editor-in-chief is Randy Schekman (University of California, Berkeley). Editorial decisions are made largely by senior editors and members of the board of reviewing editors. These are all people who work as scientists. They are in many fields, including human genetics, neuroscience, biophysics, and epidemiology. eLife used to be a normal peer-reviewed journal. In 2021, it stopped using the peer review process that most journals use. At present, it will publish all articles that are reviewed, and not reject any.

## Business model
The journal charges authors USD$2,500 for their papers to be published in the journal. It started doing this in 2017.

## Abstracting and indexing
The journal is indexed in Medline, BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts Service, Science Citation Index Expanded,
In 2016, the journal had an impact factor of 7.725. The journal claims that it will not advertise its impact factor.

## eLife digests
Most articles in the journal have an "eLife digest". This is a short version of the article for people who aren't scientists. Since December 2014, the journal has been sharing some of the digests on Medium.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* eLife on Medium
Naomi Osaka

is a professional tennis player. She won the 2018 US Open, defeating American Serena Williams in the final. This made her the first Japanese player to win a Grand Slam singles tournament. In 2019 she won the Australian Open and became world number 1. She turned professional in September 2013.

Osaka is Black-Haitian American-Japanese. She was born in Chūō-ku, Osaka. Her father is Haitian-American and her mother is Japanese. She grew up in the United States. She has both Japanese and American citizenship.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Crystal field theory

**Crystal Field Theory (CFT) **is a scientific representation of how metals behave when dissolved in water to form a special type of chemical called a complex. This model may be used to predict the colors of certain metal containing chemicals when dissolved in water, as well as their reactions when placed near a magnet. It may also be use to predict the shape of the chemicals. **CFT ** does not predict the connections between atoms. **CFT ** was created by physicists Hans Bethe and John Hasbrouck van Vleck in 1930. It was later combined with the molecular orbital theory to create the ligand field theory, which does describe the connections between atoms.

## References
David Kautter

**David Kautter** is an American lawyer and tax policy advisor. He was the Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury for Tax Policy from 2017 to 2021. He was a partner at accounting firm RSM International. 

Kautter was a partner at Ernst & Young and served as tax legislative counsel for former U.S. Senator John Danforth. 

On October 26, 2017, President Donald Trump announced the designation of Kautter to be the acting commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service effective November 13, 2017.

## References
## Other websites
* Faculty profile at American University
Charles P. Rettig

**Charles Paul Rettig** (born November 18, 1956) is an American politician and lawyer. He was the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 2018 to 2022.

He was a partner at the Beverly Hills tax law firm of Hochman, Salkin, Rettig, Toscher & Perez, P.C., "known in the industry as a controversy firm" according to the Los Angeles Times.

## References
Sheldon S. Cohen

**Sheldon S. Cohen** (June 28, 1927 – September 4, 2018) was an American attorney. He was the Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 1965 to 1969 during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. He was born in Washington, D.C..

Cohen died of heart failure on September 4, 2018, in Chevy Chase, Maryland at age 91.

## References
Commissioner of Internal Revenue

The **Commissioner of Internal Revenue** (or **IRS Commissioner**) is the head of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), an agency within the United States Department of the Treasury.

The office of Commissioner was created by Congress by the Revenue Act of 1862. Their job is to administer and supervise the execution and application of the internal revenue laws. The Commissioner is appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate, for a five-year term.

## List of commissioners
The following lists commissioners of internal revenue, in chronological order:

## Notes
Jack Ma

**Ma Yun** (, ; born 10 September 1964), known professionally as **Jack Ma**, he is a Chinese business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the co-founder and an executive chairman of Alibaba Group. As of April 2021, with a net worth of $51.5 billion, Jack Ma is the third-richest person in all of  China.

In 2018, Jack Ma said he was first inspired by the dreams of Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. He explained that Mahathir's vision to make Malaysia's capital a high-tech business center motivated him to start a digital business to change China's technology industry.

In 10 September 2018, Jack Ma retired from Alibaba and focused on educational charity work.

## References
## Other websites
*Leadership biographies at Alibaba Group
*
*
*Biography  at The Nature Conservancy (Board of Directors)
*Book  (Success Story)
Irving Petlin

**Irving Petlin** (December 17, 1934 – September 1, 2018) was an American artist and painter. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Petlin was known for his mastery of the pastel medium and collaborations with other artists. He was a member of the Chicago Imagists.

Petlin died of liver cancer in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts on September 1, 2018 at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
*http://news.artnet.com/art-world/irving-petlin-looks-back-on-five-decades-of-painting-and-drawing-159863
*Petlin: The Committed Brushstroke by Peter Selz.
*Irving Petlin, Este Mundo by Carrie Moyer at The Brooklyn Rail
**from* Nomadics Blog: 3 Irving Petlin Shows in New York poet Pierre Joris provides links and commentary on his blog to the 3 major Petlin shows that occurred in New York City in early 2010
*Press: Three essays on Petlin link provides access to free PDF online versions of seminal Petlin retrospectives by Edward Fry (from the *Wiesswald* exhibition catalogue), Paul Cummings ("The Precincts of Light"), and Michael Palmer ("A Bonfire in the Starry Night")
*The Unbearable Yet Obligatory, And other shows of modern and contemporary works
Ina Isings

**Clasina Isings** (15 February 1919 &ndash; 3 September 2018) was a Dutch professor of classical archeology. From 1961 to 1995, she managed the collection of the Provincial Utrecht Society of Arts and Sciences (PUG). She was born in Soest, Netherlands. She also worked at University of Utrecht.

Isings died in Bilthoven, Netherlands on 3 September 2018 at the age of 99.

## References
Yang Side

**Yang Side** (; 11 December 1921 &ndash; 7 September 2018) was a Chinese major general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. He was Minister of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee.

Yang was Vice Minister of the Liaison Department of the General Political Department, Minister of the Central Taiwan Affairs Office, member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, executive deputy director of the  Macau, Taiwan and Hong Kong Liaison Committee, among other positions.

Yang died in Beijing on 7 September 2018 at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Fenn treasure

The **Fenn Treasure** is a treasure worth over a million dollars that was supposedly hidden by art dealer and author **Forrest Fenn** (August 22, 1930 &ndash; September 7, 2020) in the Rocky Mountains. 

Fenn said he was going to go back and get it when the value given by newspapers is inflated to 10 million dollars. When asked why he created the treasure hunt, Fenn said he "just wanted to give people some hope." 

Many people have claimed to have found the treasure, but no one has provided any evidence to him supporting their claim. As of July 2017, Fenn has stated "The treasure remains where I hid it about 7 years ago". Many searchers have been within 200 feet (60 m) of the treasure and many within 500 feet (150 m). 

Four people are known to have died while searching for the treasure. New Mexico police have tried to pressure Fenn into ending the hunt.

The treasure was found by an unknown person in June 2020.

Fenn was born in Temple, Texas. He died on September 7, 2020 in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*Old Santa Fe Trading Company, Fenn's business Web site and blog
John H. Cox

**John Herman Cox** (born July 15, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American accountant, businessman, broadcaster, attorney, and politician. He ran for governor of California as a Republican in the 2018 election, but lost to Gavin Newsom in the general election. He unsuccessfully ran for governor in the 2021 recall election.

## Beliefs 
Cox voted for Gary Johnson in the 2016 presidential election. He later said that he made a "mistake" in voting for Johnson. He was endorsed by Donald Trump in May 2018.

Cox is pro-life, meaning that he is against abortion. He said, ”abortion is murder--plain and simple--and that should be regulated by state law.”

He is against the death penalty.

He supports medical cannabis. He has suggested that Marijuana users should be hospitalized instead of sent to prison.

Cox is strongly against the "gas tax." The gas tax was passed in April 2017, and increased the cost of gas and diesel in California.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official campaign website
Law of the Minimum

The **Law of the minimum**, also called '''Liebig's law of the minimum''', is a law about the growth of plants. It states that the growth of a plant is limited by the resource which is most , and not by the total amount of resources available. The law has also been used to predict the growth of populations.

Wassily Leontief (1905-1999) formulated a similar rule for economics: It is known as Leontief production function today.

## Liebig's barrel 
Dobenecks used the image of a barrel — often called "Liebig's barrel" — to explain Liebig's law. In a barrel, with staves of unequal length, the capacity of the barrel is determined by the shortest stave. This is also true for the growth of a  plant: it is limited by the nutrient in shortest supply.

If a system satisfies the law of the minimum then adaptation will equalize the load of different factors because the adaptation resource will be allocated for compensation of limitation. Adaptation systems act as the  of Liebig's barrel and lengthens the shortest stave to improve barrel capacity. Indeed, in well-adapted systems the limiting factor should be compensated as far as possible. This observation follows the concept of resource competition and fitness maximization.

Due to the law of the minimum paradoxes, if we observe the Law of the Minimum in artificial systems, then under natural conditions adaptation will equalize the load of different factors and we can expect a violation of the law of the minimum. Inversely, if artificial systems demonstrate significant violation of the law of the minimum, then we can expect that under natural conditions adaptation will compensate this violation. In a limited system life will adjust as an evolution of what came before.
## References
Lori Lightfoot

**Lori Elaine Lightfoot** (born August 4, 1962) is an American lawyer and politician. Lightfoot was the 56th Mayor of Chicago from 2019 to 2023. On April 2, 2019, Lightfoot was elected mayor. She is the first African-American woman and first LGBT individual elected to the position of Mayor of Chicago. She lost her re-election campaign in 2023, becoming the first Chicago mayor to lose re-election in 40 years.

## Early life
Lightfoot was born in Massillon, Ohio. She studied at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and University of Chicago. Lightfoot took jobs working for Congress members Ralph Regula and Barbara Mikulski.

## Legal career
Lightfoot had several different jobs working for the government in Chicago. She used to be Chief of Staff and General Counsel of the Chicago Office of Emergency Management and Communications (OEMC). She also used to be First Deputy of the Chicago Department of Procurement Services. Lightfoot was President of the Chicago Police Board and Chair of the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force.

A lawyer, she worked for the Senior Equity Partner in the Litigation & Conflict Resolution Group at Mayer Brown LLP.

## Mayor of Chicago
### Campaign
On May 10, 2018, Lori Lightfoot announced her candidacy for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 Mayoral Election. Lightfoot is the first openly-lesbian candidate in the history of Chicago. She, along with Toni Preckwinkle, advanced to the runoff election on April 2. Some activists were against her becoming mayor because she worked with the police.

On April 2, 2019, Lori Lightfoot won the election, becoming the first African-American woman and openly lesbian individual to be mayor of Chicago. She got 77% of the vote while Preckwinkle got 23%.

### Tenure
Lightfoot took office on May 20, 2019. A few days later, Lightfoot picked Tom Tunney as Vice Mayor. People continued to protest against her, especially when the Black Lives Matter movement became even bigger after George Floyd was killed. She had also ordered a stay-at-home order and closed many restaurants and people gatherings due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois.

Lightfoot ran for re-election in 2023, however came in third place in the first round of voting, becoming the city's first mayor to lose re-election in 40 years.

## Personal life
Lightfoot lives in the Logan Square neighborhood on Chicago's North Side and is married to Amy Eshleman. They have an adopted daughter named Vivian who was eleven when Lightfoot was elected.

## References
## Other websites
*