open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Piano Guys

**The Piano Guys** are an American musical group. The members are Jon Schmidt, Steven Sharp Nelson, Tel Stewart, Paul Anderson and Al van der Beek. They became famous because of YouTube, where they posted videos of renditions and mashups of popular songs with professional-looking video shots, edited by Paul Anderson and Tel Stewart. In December 2011, they released their first album, called *Hits Volume 1*. Their second album, *The Piano Guys*, got to number one on the Billboard New Age Albums and Classical Albums charts in 2012.

## Success
Several of the group's YouTube videos have more than 15 million views. As of August 25, 2013, The Piano Guys' YouTube channel has more than 263 million video views altogether, and more than 1.8 million subscribers.

## References
Meijer

**Meijer** is an American chain of hypermarkets. There are Meijer stores in Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana. Meijer sells other products as well as their own brands. The chain was ranked Number 13 on Forbes' 2011 list of "America's Largest Private Companies".DitchCarbon reports that in 2020 Meijer disclosed Scope 1 greenhouse gas emissions of approximately 1,778,081 kg CO2e from refrigerants, cascaded from its parent company, but did not publish corresponding Scope 2 or Scope 3 data. The profile also notes that Meijer has not set specific emissions-reduction targets or Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) climate pledges in the dataset.

## References
Double dissolution

A **double dissolution** is a procedure allowed by the constitution of Australia. If the House of Representatives and the Senate are unable to agree, the Governor General may dissolve both houses. This would cause a full election for all members. 

## References
Rockland County, New York

**Rockland County** is a county in the U.S. state of New York. It is about 20 miles north of downtown New York City. About 300,000 people live there. The county has five towns: Orangetown, Clarkstown, Haverstraw, Stony Point, and Ramapo. The towns are divided into hamlets. The county seat is in New City. The largest village is Spring Valley. Rockland has a minor league baseball team, the New York Boulders.

## History
The county was first settled by Native Americans who lived there for many years. It was later found by explorer Henry Hudson when he sailed up the Hudson River in the 1600s. Soon after, many English colonists moved to the area, and formed the first towns. The county was involved in the American Revolution, and an important battle took place there. 

After America won its independence, the county remained mainly rural, meaning most of it was farms and forests. This continued until the Tappan-Zee Bridge and Palisades Parkway were opened in the 1950s. These roads connected the county to New York City, allowing people to drive there. This caused more people to move to Rockland.

## References
## Other websites
*Rockland County official website 
*The Historical Society of Rockland County
Baldwin II, Count of Flanders

]]
**Baldwin II** ( 865–918), Called Baldwin "the Bald" (), was a French nobleman and the second count of Flanders. He ruled from 879 until his death.

## Career 
Born  he was the son of Baldwin I, Count of Flanders and Judith, a daughter of Charles the Bald. Through his mother he was a descendant of Charlemagne. So in 884 Baldwin married Ælfthryth, a daughter of King Alfred the Great of England. This high-profile marriage raised the status of Baldwin II. His children had the distinction of belonging to two of the most important royal houses in western Europe. This and later  marked the House of Flanders as one of the great princely houses of Europe. By 883 Baldwin was forced northward to the flat marshes of Flanders which became the territory most closely associated with the counts of Flanders from then on. Baldwin had many of these same citadels used by his government, militia and local courts. Because he was a grandson of Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia, Baldwin was eligible to be king. But he did not compete for the crown of western Francia. But Odo did not want Baldwin to gaining control of the abbey of St. Bertin. This was a rich prize and caused Baldwin to not support Odo.  The new king attacked Baldwin at Bruges but could not defeat him. at Blandinberg (near Ghent) and was succeeded by his eldest son Arnulf I of Flanders. His younger son Adalulf was (the first) count of Boulogne.

## Family 
He married Elftryth, a daughter of Alfred the Great, King of England. They had the following children:

* Arnulf I (c. 890–964), succeeded his father as count of Flanders.
* Adalulf (c. 890–933), Count of Boulogne.
* Ealswid.
* Ermentrud.

## Notes 
## References
Timbale (food)

A **timbale** is a sweet pie-type food that is eaten as a dessert. The kind of pan it is cooked in is also called a timbale.

There are several variations of this. One example is the Timbale Brillat-Savarin, which is named in honour of the French gourmand Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin.

## References
André Schembri

**André Schembri** (born 27 May 1986) is a Maltese football player. He plays for AC Omonia and Malta national team.

## Honours
 **Marsaxlokk**
*Maltese Premier League (1): 2006–07

## Other websites
* Transfermarkt Profile
*
Upside-down cake

An **upside-down cake** is a cake that is baked in a single pan, then turned over and eaten with the bottom of the cake facing upwards. Usually, chopped fruits  and a topping of butter and sugar are placed on the bottom of the pan before the batter is poured in. When the cake is turned over, the fruit sits on the top of the cake.

Traditional versions include the American pineapple upside-down cake, the French Tarte Tatin, and the Brazilian Bolo de banana.

The first mention of such a cake in writing was in 1930, but the cake is somewhat older.

## Related pages 
## References
Armenians in Switzerland

.]]
**Swiss-Armenians** are citizens of Switzerland who are of Armenian ancestry. This means that they are ethnic Armenians, but live in Switzerland. The exact number of Armenians in Switzerland is not known. In the 2010 census, the number of Swiss citizens who claimed to be Armenian was 612. The full number of Armenians living in Switzerland is said to be between 3,000 and 5,000.

The majority of Swiss Armenians are members of the Armenian Apostolic Church. There are four church regions (*tems*): Geneva, Zurich, Neuchatel and Lugano. There are also a smaller number of Armenian Catholics, and even a smaller number of Armenian Evangelicals.

A number of Armenian associations operate in Switzerland:
*  (UAS) is the biggest Armenian association in Switzerland. It is based in Geneva, and organises a European Intercommunity Tournament in the city every year.
*  (UGAB)
* , established in 2006.
*  in Zurich was established in 2005.
* . Since 1986 it publishes the bilingual '''' in French and Armenian.
* Switzerland-Armenia Association ( / ), a major community organisation for Armenians in Switzerland. It is based in Bern. It supports the strengthening of Armenian history, culture and identity.
* , a community center near Saint Hagop in Geneva.

## Related pages 
* Armenian diaspora
* List of Armenians

## References 
## Other websites 
* Armenian Swiss community site 
* Swiss-Armenian Association
Antipope Benedict XIII

**Benedict XIII** (born Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor; 1328–23 May 1423), known as *el Papa Luna* in Spanish, was an Aragonese nobleman who claimed to be Pope during the Western Schism. The Catholic Church officially considers him an antipope.
Mario Party: Island Tour

***Mario Party: Island Tour*** is a party video game for the Nintendo 3DS game console. It is the 13th game in the *Mario Party* series. It has seven boards and 81 minigames. It was released on November 22, 2013.
## Gameplay
The gameplay is similar to past games in the *Mario Party* series. Players go around boards by hitting dice, and play minigames. It features augmented reality (a live view of a real-world area which have things such as sound, video, or graphics added by a computer) and StreetPass.

## References
Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter

**Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter** (24 April 1828 - 23 February 1899) was a French librettist, translator, and librarian. He is best remembered for having written the libretto for the ballet, *Coppélia* and for having helped translate Richard Wagner's earliest operas into French.
Game pie

**Game pie** is a kind of meat pie made with game. It has been made since Roman times. 

Its main ingredients, then and now, are wild birds and animals such as partridge, pheasant, deer and hare. The pies became very  during the 18th century in England. They developed complex recipes and special moulds and serving dishes. The versions cooked today are more simple, but they still include rabbit, venison, pigeon, pheasant, and other game meats.

The *Oreiller de la Belle Aurore* is an elaborate game pie named after Claudine-Aurore Récamier, the mother of Brillat-Savarin. The large square pie, which was one of her son's favorite meals, contains a variety of game birds and their livers, veal, pork, truffles, aspic, and more, in puff pastry. It is described in the classic encyclopedia of gastronomy, the Larousse Gastronomique. It is one of three pies named after people from Brillat-Savarin's home town of Belley (later called Bugey). They were described by Lucien Tenret.

## References
Tappan Zee Bridge

The **Tappan Zee Bridge** is a bridge in the Hudson Valley region of New York. It is three miles long. It goes across the Hudson River. It connects Westchester and Rockland Counties. The bridge opened in 1955. It took traffic from other bridges and ferries in the area. The bridge is about  north of New York City. The city can be seen from the bridge on a clear day. The bridge carries seven lanes of the New York State Thruway.

The bridge is named for a Native American tribe from the area called the "Tappan". *Zee* is the Dutch word for "sea", as the bridge crosses water.

At the beginning of the 21st century the bridge was old and too small for the traffic. People in the region argued for years for a new bridge, which replaced the old one in 2017. The old bridge was demolished in January 2019.

## Construction of new bridge 
In 2013, the New York State Thruway Authority began building the New Tappan Zee Bridge. It will be a double-span bridge (four lanes per span in opposite directions) with designated bus lanes.The new bridge opened to traffic on August 26, 2017 for the westbound/northbound span. The eastbound/southbound span opened on September 11, 2018. The new span carries 10 lanes (4 lanes and with a bus lane in each direction) along with 2 pedestrian/bicycle lanes.

An October 14, 2012, *Newsday* article reports the Tappan Zee Bridge has been referred to as the Golden Gate Bridge of the East because of many suicide jumpers. The article says "The new Tappan Zee, which is in the works, will include fencing designed to thwart jumpers."

## References
Nephew and niece

A **nephew** is the son of someone's brother or sister. A **niece** is the daughter of the person's brother or sister. To the nephew or niece, the person is their uncle or aunt. The relationship of aunt/uncle to niece/nephew is an example of second-degree relatives, meaning that their coefficient of relationship is 25%. In some cultures and families, it is common to call the child of one's cousin a "niece" or "nephew". In old English, the son of one's sister was called a *sister-son*.

## Detail
A sororal or fraternal relative is one who is related through their sister or brother. For example a sororal niece is the subject's sister's child. An in-law is a relationship that is not by blood, but instead by marriage. The in-law shares the in-law relationships of the spouses relatives. For niece or nephew in-law could be the child of a spouse.

## Variation of terms
### Women
* **niece**: sibling's daughter.
* **half-niece**: half-sibling's daughter
* **sororal niece**: sister's daughter.
* **fraternal niece**: brother's daughter.
* **double-half-niece**: a person who is a daughter of both of the subjects half-siblings.
* **grandniece** (or **great-niece**): sibling's granddaughter.
* **great-grandniece** (or **great-great-niece**): sibling's great-granddaughter.
* **niece-in-law**: spouse's niece.
* **niece-in-law**: nephew/niece's wife.
* **co-niece-in-law**: spouse's nephew/niece's wife.
* **stepniece**: stepsibling's daughter.
* **stepniece**: sibling's stepdaughter.

### Men
* **nephew**: sibling's son.
* **half-nephew**: half-sibling's son.
* **sororal nephew**: sister's son.
* **fraternal nephew**: brother's son.
* **double-half-nephew**: a person who is a son of both of the subjects half-siblings.
* **grandnephew** (or **great-nephew**): sibling's grandson.
* **great-grandnephew** (or **great-great-nephew**): sibling's great-grandson.
* **nephew-in-law**: spouse's nephew.
* **nephew-in-law**: nephew/niece's husband.
* **co-nephew-in-law**: spouse's nephew/niece's husband.
* **stepnephew**: stepsibling's son.
* **stepnephew**: sibling's stepson.

## References
*
Rodan

**Rodan** is a fictional monster who appears in movies from Japan. He first appeared in *Rodan*, a 1956 kaiju movie from Toho Studios. Since then, he has appeared in several *Godzilla* movies. He is a very large pterosaur. He can release sonic booms from his body, which destroy anything it hits.

## Appearances
* *Rodan* (1956)
* *Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster* (1964)
* *Invasion of Astro-Monster* or *Monster Zero* (US release) (1965)
* *Destroy All Monsters* (1968)
* *Godzilla vs. Gigan* (1972) (stock footage)
* *Godzilla vs. Megalon* (1973) (stock footage)
* *Terror of Mechagodzilla* (1975) (stock footage)
* *Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II* (1993; also as "Fire Rodan")
* *Monster Planet Of Godzilla* (1994)
* *Godzilla Island* (1997)
* *Godzilla Final Wars* (2004)
* *Godzilla: King of the Monsters* (2019)
Baldwin III, Count of Flanders

**Baldwin III of Flanders** called **The Young** (–962) was a French nobleman and  briefly was the fourth count of Flanders. He ruled jointly with his father Arnulf I.

## Career 
Baldwin III was born , the son of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders and his second wife, Adele of Vermandois (c. 915 – 969). She was a daughter of Herbert II, Count of Vermandois. Baldwin became co-ruler of Flanders in 958 alongside his father Arnulf I.  During his short rule, Baldwin was responsible for establishing the wool manufacturing industry at Ghent and markets at other towns in Flanders. Baldwin III died on 1 January 962 He was  buried at the Abbey of Saint Bertin.

## Family 
Shortly before 961 Baldwin married Mathilde of Saxony (died 1008). She was a daughter of Hermann Billung(died 973), Duke of Saxony. They had a son:
 
* Arnulf II, Count of Flanders (c. 960 – 987), who succeeded as count.

## Notes 
## References
Arnulf I, Count of Flanders

**Arnulf of Flanders** (–964), called **the Great**, was a French nobleman and the third count of Flanders. He ruled from 918 until his death. He ruled an expanded County of Flanders, an area that is now northwestern Belgium and southwestern Netherlands.

## Career 
Arnulf, born , was the son of count Baldwin II, Count of Flanders and Ælfthryth of Wessex. She was a daughter of Alfred the Great. Through his mother he was a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England. Through his father he was a descendant of Charlemagne. Arnulf was named after Saint Arnulf of Metz, a progenitor of the Carolingian dynasty.

At the death of their father in 918 Arnulf became Count of Flanders. His brother Adelolf succeeded to the County of Boulogne. Later he gave the countship of Boulogne to his nephew, Arnulf II.

Arnulf I greatly expanded Flemish rule to the south. He took over all or part of Artois, Ponthieu, Amiens, and Ostrevent. Arnulf exploited the conflicts between Charles the Simple and Robert I of France, and later those between Louis IV and his barons. In his southern expansion Arnulf had conflict with the Normans. They were trying to secure their northern frontier. This led to the 942 murder of the Duke of Normandy, William Longsword, at the hands of Arnulf's men. The Vikings became less of a threat during the later years of Arnulf's life. He worked on reforming his county government.

Arnulf's son, Baldwin III died in 962 leaving Arnold a crisis of succession. Baldwin's son Arnulf II 'the Young' was still a child and his succession was disputed.

* Name unknown; married Isaac of Cambrai. Their son Arnulf succeeded his father as Count of Cambrai.

In 934 he married Adele of Vermandois, daughter of Herbert II of Vermandois. Their children were:

* Hildegarde (c. 934 – 990) married Dirk II, Count of Holland. It is uncertain whether she is his daughter by his first or second wife.
* Liutgard (935–962) married Wichmann IV, Count of Hamaland.
* Egbert (died 953)
* Baldwin III, Count of Flanders (c. 940 – 962), married Mathilde of Saxony (died 1008). His son Arnulf II succeeded his grandfather, Arnulf I.
* Elftrude; married Siegfried, Count of Guînes.

## Notes 
## References
Emulsion

positions itself between the two liquids]]

An **emulsion** is what you get when you put two or more liquids together and the two liquids do not mix. Immiscible liquids do not mix together. For example, if you add oil to water, the oil floats on the surface of the water. And if you shake the two together then leave them to stand, tiny droplets of oil float upwards. These droplets join together until eventually the oil is floating on the water again. To stop the two liquids separating, we need a substance called an emulsifier.

Emulsifiers are molecules that have two different ends, a hydrophilic end (water-loving) that forms chemical bonds with water but not with oils, and a hydrophobic end (water-hating lipophile) that forms chemical bonds with oils but not with water.

## Uses of emulsion 
* Usually used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, personal hygiene.
* Microemulsions are used to deliver vaccines to kill various microbes.
* It is used in chemical synthesis mainly in the manufacture of polymer dispersions.
* It is used in firefighting.
* Nanoemulsions such as soybean oil are used to kill microbes.

## Related pages
* Emulsifier

## References
Arthur Saint-Léon

**Arthur Saint-Léon** (September 17, 1821 – September 2, 1870) was born in Paris, France. He was Ballet Master of the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet from 1859 until 1869. He is best known for choreographing *Coppélia*.
Badwell Ash

**Badwell Ash** is a village and civil parish in Mid Suffolk, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 685 people living in Badwell Ash. Badwell Ash has a church called St Mary. Badwell Ash is about 12 miles from Bury St Edmunds and Stowmarket.

## References 
* GENUKI
Hub

A hub is the part of a wheel that connects the wheel to its axle.

## Technology
*Ethernet hub, connects all the cables in a Local Area Network
*Port multiplier, a component in Serial ATA
*USB hub, allows connecting to many devices to a single USB port

## Transport
*Transport hub or transport interchange is a station which allows to switch between different lines in the transport network.
**Airline hub, an airport used by an airline as a transfer point

## Places
*Hub Tehsil, a tehsil in Pakistan
**Hub, Balochistan, the capital of the tehsil
*Hub River, a river in Pakistan

## Others
*In video games, a hub is a special Level which connects to many other levels.
*The Hub (TV channel), a television network in the United States
Firewood

**Firewood** is any wooden material that is gathered and used for fuel. It is a renewable resource. Generally, firewood is not highly processed and is in some sort of log or branch form. Firewood has been essential to human civilization for thousands of years. It's been used for heating, cooking, lighting, and even in industries.

## History 
Firewood has been a crucial resource since ancient times, when humans first harnessed fire's benefits. It provided warmth, safety, and a way to cook meals. Early civilizations heavily relied on firewood, often sourcing it from forests. Ancient cultures like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used firewood extensively for heating, cooking, and industrial needs.

Throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, firewood remained vital. It fueled fires in castles, monasteries, and households. Demand increased, leading communities to organize wood supplies, sometimes through cottage industries where locals gathered and sold firewood.

## References
Steven Sharp Nelson

**Steven Sharp Nelson** is an American cellist. He is part of The Piano Guys, a YouTube music video channel. The video 'Moonlight-Electric cello' in which he is featured has had more than 7 million views on YouTube to date.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official site
Gall wasp

**Gall wasps**, also called **gallflies,** are the family  (Cynipidae) of the order Hymenoptera. They are in the Apocrita suborder of wasps. 

About 1300 species of this small creature (1-8 mm) are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North America.

## Plant galls 
The larvae of most gall wasps develop in plant galls they induce themselves.

The plant galls develop after the female insect lays the eggs. The inducement for the gall formation is largely unknown. The hatching larvae nourish themselves with the nutritive tissue of the galls, in which they are well-protected from external environmental effects. 

70% of the known species live in oak trees. One can find galls on nearly all parts of such trees, some on the leaves, the buds, the branches, and the roots. Other species of gall wasps live in eucalyptus trees, rose bushes or maple trees, as well as many herbs. 

## Reproduction and development 
Most species have an alternation of generations, with a two-sex generation and a parthenogenic generation each year. 

## Parasitism 
A gall provides the developing wasp with a safe refuge for this most vulnerable stage of its life cycle. However, other wasps have found a way to penetrate this defence and parasitise the larva(e) within. 

Some of these parasitoids use their long, hardened egg-laying tube (ovipositor) to bore into the gall and lay an egg on the helpless gall maker. These parasitoids may, in turn, be preyed upon by other wasps, hyperparasitoids.

## Footnote 
An early collector of gall wasps was Alfred Kinsey.

## References
Elijah Muhammad

**Elijah Muhammad** (born **Elijah Robert Poole**; October 7, 1897&nbsp;– February 25, 1975) was an African-American religious leader, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali; and his son Warith Deen Mohammed.

Muhammad was born on October 7, 1897 in Sandersville, Georgia. Poole married Clara Evans (1899–1972) on March 7, 1917. They had eight children. Muhammad died from congestive heart failure at the age of 77 on February 25, 1975, the day before Saviours' Day, at Mercy Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.

Al Freeman, Jr. played him in the 1992 movie *Malcolm X*.

## References
## Other websites
* Elijah Muhammad's Teachings
* Nation of Islam official biography
* Seventh Family of the Nation of Islam
* Elijah Muhammad History
* Malcolm X Reloaded: Who Really Assassinated Malcolm X?
* FBI file on Elijah Muhammad
* 
**Booknotes* interview with Claude Andrew Clegg III on *An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad*, March 30, 1997.
Malcolm X (1992 movie)

***Malcolm X*** is a 1992 American biographical movie directed by Spike Lee. Its stars Denzel Washington as Malcolm X. It also stars Angela Bassett, Albert Hall, Al Freeman, Jr., and Delroy. Al Sharpton and Nelson Mandela also appear in this movie. 

It received positive reviews. It was released on November 18, 1992. In 2010, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Mechagodzilla

**Mechagodzilla** is a fictional giant robot dinosaurian mecha monster who appears in movies in the *Godzilla* series. He is Godzilla's robotic doppelgänger. He first appeared in *Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla*, a 1974 kaiju movie from Toho Studios. He is one of Godzilla's most powerful enemies.

## Movie appearances 
* *Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla* (1974)
* *Terror of Mechagodzilla* (1975; also as "Mechagodzilla 2")
* *Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II* (1993; also as "Super Mechagodzilla")
* *Godzilla Island* (1997)
* *Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla* (2002; also as "Kiryu") 
* *Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S.* (2003; also as "Kiryu")
* *Godzilla vs. Kong* (2021)
Goliath birdeater spider

The **Goliath birdeater spider** is one of the biggest spiders in the world. It is a tarantula. It lives in burrows in swampy areas of northen South America. It eats insects, rodents, bats, small birds, lizards, frogs, and snakes. The spiders have fangs, but their venom is harmless to people. Hairs on their bodies can irritate human skin. Explorers named the spider when they saw one eating a hummingbird. 

The female lays 100 to 200 eggs. The babies hatch in two months. The female spiders sometimes eat their mates. Females can live about 20 years, but males only live 3 to 6 years. These spiders can have a leg span of up to  and a body length of up to . They can weigh up to . The spider's living areas are threatened by real estate development.

## References 
* Smithsonian Institution 
*Top 10 Real Life Monsters
*Goliath Bird Eating Spider

## Other websites
*Caring for your Goliath Bird Eating Tarantula
Coupling constant

Every force has a **coupling constant**, which is a measure of its strength in an interaction. The coupling constant determines the chances of one particle to emit or absorb another particle. In electromagnetism, for example, the coupling constant is based on the electric charge. A coupling constant plays an important role in dynamics.

When physicists study the quantum behaviour of electromagnetism, they can not solve the whole theory exactly, because every particle may emit and absorb many other particles, which may also do the same, endlessly. So events of emission and absorption are considered as perturbations and are dealt with by a series of approximations.

This also can happen in string theory. String theories have a coupling constant. It determines the probability that a 1-dimensional string of energy will separate into *two* separate energy strings. But unlike in particle theories, the string coupling constant is not just a number, but depends on one of the oscillation modes of the string.
Flan

A **Flan** is a kind of tart found in British cuisine. It consists of an open pastry or sponge case holding a sweet or savoury filling. A typical flan is round, with shortcrust pastry.

## Recipe
Flan Brillat-Savarin, a savoury flan named in honour of the French gastronome Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin:
# Bake blind a savoury flan case
# Fill the cooked flan case with a mixture of scrambled eggs and truffles
# Slice more truffles, heat in butter, season, and arrange on the egg mixture.
# Sprinkle with grated Parmesan cheese, and put in an oven or under a grill (broiler) to brown well.

## Related pages
* Quiche

## References
Arnulf II, Count of Flanders

**Arnulf II of Flanders** (–987), called **Arnulf the Young** was a French nobleman and the Count of Flanders. He ruled from 965 until his death. He ruled a much smaller County of Flanders than his father. 

## Career 
Arnulf II, born about 961, was the son of Baldwin III, Count of Flanders and Mathilde. She was the daughter of Herman, Duke of Saxony. His grandfather, Arnulf I, was still alive and ruling Flanders. The regent Balso died in 973.

## Family
In 968 he married Rozala of Lombardy, daughter of Berengar II of Italy, and had two children:

* Baldwin IV (980–1035), who succeeded his father. 
* Mathilde, who died before 995.

## Notes 
## References
Ribozyme

A **ribozyme** (**ribo**nucleic acid en**zyme**) is an RNA molecule that can help certain biochemical reactions. similar to the action of protein enzymes. 

Also called *catalytic RNA*, ribozymes  work in the ribosome to link amino acids during protein synthesis. They also take part in RNA splicing, viral replication, and transfer RNA biosynthesis. 

The 1981 discovery of ribozymes showed RNA can be both genetic material (like DNA) and a biological catalyst (like enzymes). This led to the RNA world hypothesis, in which RNA acts in the evolution of prebiotic self-replicating systems. 

Investigators studying the origin of life have produced ribozymes in the laboratory that can catalyze their own synthesis under certain conditions, such as an RNA polymerase ribozyme. Improved variants of the "Round-18" polymerase ribozyme have been developed. "B6.61" is able to add up to 20 nucleotides to a primer template in 24 hours, until it decomposes by cleavage of its phosphodiester bonds. The "tC19Z" ribozyme can add up to 95 nucleotides with great accuracy.

Some ribozymes may play an important role as therapeutic agents, as enzymes which target defined RNA sequences for cleavage, as biosensors, and for applications in genomics and gene discovery.

## History 
In 1967, Carl Woese, Francis Crick, and Leslie Orgel suggested that RNA could act as a catalyst. It was discovered that RNA can form complex secondary structures.

The first ribozymes were discovered in the 1980s. In 1989, Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their "discovery of catalytic properties of RNA".

## References
Judith, Countess of Flanders

**Judith of Flanders** (or **Judith of the Franks**) (–), was a member of the Frankish Royal family, twice Queen of Wessex, and by her third marriage Countess of Flanders.   

## Early life 
Judith was the eldest daughter of the Frankish King and Holy Roman Emperor Charles the Bald and his wife Ermentrude of Orléans. She was born about 844. Judith inherited her name and her willful temperament from her grandmother, Judith of Bavaria. In 855 King Æthelwulf of Wessex made a pilgrimage to Rome, remaining there about a year. On his return in 856 he stayed at the court of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles the Bald. In July Æthelwulf became engaged to Judith, Charles' oldest daughter. She was at most thirteen years of age at the time. He wanted her position safeguarded in England. At her coronation she was anointed with chrism, usually reserved for anointing bishops and kings. When Æthelwulf first ordered his new queen to sit beside him it caused concern among his people. He was succeeded by his son Æthelbald, who married Judith, his step-mother. The marriage was condemned by Asser as well as, according to him, all who heard of it. Two and a half years later Æthelbald died leaving her a widow a second time. To avoid scandal her father was keeping her under close guard at his castle at Senlis. He was in Senlis in early 862. Baldwin either abducted or convinced Judith to run off with him. The fact she slipped out of the castle dressed as a peasant girl seems to point to her cooperation. When her father discovered what had happened he was furious. Once they were safely out of her father's reach Baldwin married her. This was about 862. King Charles had his bishops excommunicate the couple. He protected Flanders for the next fifteen years from Vikings. She was also an ancestress of Matilda of Flanders, the consort of William the Conqueror, and thus of later monarchs of England.

## Family 
By her first husband, Æthelwulf, King of Wessex, she had no children.

By her second husband, Æthelbald, King of Wessex, she had no children.

By her third husband, Baldwin I of Flanders, Judith's children included:

* Baldwin II (–918), he succeeded his father as count. 
* Raoul (*Rodulf*) († 896), Count of Cambrai.

## Notes
## References
Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders

**Baldwin IV of Flanders** (980–1035) known as *Baldwin the Bearded*, was a French nobleman and the Count of Flanders. He ruled from 987 until his death. His reign saw Flanders grow into a powerful principality.  

## Career 
Baldwin IV, born c.980, was the son of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders and Rozala of Ivrea. When his father died in 987 Baldwin succeeded him as Count of Flanders . She married Hugh's son Robert II, King of France as his first wife. When Robert repudiated her in 991 Baldwin rebelled. He left the southern part of his territory in the hands of his vassals the counts of Guînes, Hesdin, and St. Pol. 

In the French territories the principality of Flanders remained powerful throughout the Capetian period. by whom he had a son and heir: 

* Baldwin V, Count of Flanders (1012–1067). He succeeded his father as count.  by whom he had a daughter: 

* Judith (1033–1094) who married Tostig Godwinson. She secondly Welf I, Duke of Bavaria.

## Notes
## References
Latin dance

**Latin dance** is a general term for dance styles from the Americas and Spain. It is also a term for dances in the international latin dance syllabus: rumba, cha-cha-cha, samba, paso doble and jive.

Social latin dances include salsa, mambo, merengue, tumba, bachata, bomba, plena, cumbia, and the Argentine tango. There are many dances which were popular in the first part of the 20th century, but which are now of only historical interest. The Cuban danzón is a good example.

## References
Violin Concertos (Mozart)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote at least five **violin concertos** between 1773 and 1776 in Salzburg, Austria, most likely for his own use as concertmaster of the Archbishop of Salzburg's orchestra.

## Violin Concerto No. 1 in B-flat major, K. 207
This concerto is scored for violin solo, 2 oboes, 2 horns and strings, and was composed in Salzburg on April 14, 1773 or 1775. The date is uncertain. There are three movements: Allegro moderato; Adagio; Presto.

All three movements are written in sonata form, a form reserved by classical composers for their more serious works. The second movement is marked Adagio, a more intense tempo than Mozart's usual Andantes.

## Violin Concerto No. 2 in D major, K. 211
The D major concerto is scored for violin solo, 2 oboes, 2 horns, and strings. It was written in Salzburg and dated June 14, 1775. It consists of three movements: Allegro moderato; Andante; (Rondeau) Allegro.

## Violin Concerto No. 3 in G major, "Strassburg", K. 216
This concerto is scored for violin solo, 2 flutes (second movement only), 2 oboes (tacet in the second movement), 2 horns, and strings. It was composed in Salzburg and is dated September 12, 1775. It consists of three movements: Allegro; Adagio; (Rondeau) Allegro.

## Violin Concerto No. 4 in D major, K. 218 
The fourth concerto in D major is scored for violin solo, 2 oboes, 2 horns, and strings. It was composed in Salzburg, and is dated October 1775. The autograph of the score is kept in Biblioteka Jagiellońska, Kraków. 
* *Allegro*.
* *Andante cantabile*. This movement is written in the concerto's dominant key of A major.  It begins with a broad opening theme that occurs again in the middle of the piece, and again in the coda. The movement focuses on expressive melody rather than virtuoso display. The opening theme returns in 6/8 meter in the third movement's *Allegro ma non troppo* section. Mozart first used the theme in the Concertone in C major, K. 190.  
* *Andante grazioso*.
## Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major, "Turkish", K. 219
The fifth concerto in A major is scored for violin solo, 2 oboes, 2 horns, and strings. It was written in Salzburg and is dated December 20, 1775. It consists of three movements: Allegro aperto; Adagio; (Rondeau) Tempo di Menuetto.

## Two Other Concertos of Controversial Attribution 
A sixth concerto, in E flat major, was at one time attributed to Mozart   but is now attributed instead to Johann Friedrich Eck.

Violin Concerto No. 7 in D Major, also called the Kolb Concerto.

## Notes
## References
* 
*
Samurai Pizza Cats

***Samurai Pizza Cats*** is a television anime series produced by Saban. It is an English version of the Japanese anime series * Kyatto Ninden Teyandee*, which aired on TV Tokyo from February 1, 1990 to February 12, 1991. It aired for 54 episodes. It was very popular among English anime fans because of its references to pop culture and the crazy nature of the show.

## Plot
The series is about a group of three robotic samurai cats (Rick Gomez, Tress MacNeille, Paul Reubens) called the Samurai Pizza Cats who protect the city of Little Tokyo from crime. Little Tokyo is a mechanical city which combines feudal Japanese culture with present day culture. When they are not fighting crime, the Samurai Pizza Cats work at the city's pizzeria.
## Cast
* Rick Gomez as Speedy Cerviche
* Tress MacNeille as Polly Esther
* Paul Reubens as Guido Anchovy
* Jess Harnell as Guru Lou
* Don Messick as Big Cheese
* Billy West as Al Dente
* Sally Struthers as Lucille
* Kath Soucie as Francine
* Maurice LaMarche as Spritz
* Charlie Adler as Bad Bird
* Nancy Cartwright as Junior
* Dee Bradley Baker as Crow

## References
## Other websites
* *Samurai Pizza Cats* at the Anime News Network's Encyclopedia
Fernand Léger

**Fernand Léger** (born **Joseph Fernand Henri Léger**, 4 February 1881 – 17 August 1955) was a French painter, sculptor, and filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism which he gradually changed into a more popular figurative style. His boldly simplified treatment of modern subject matter made him a forerunner of pop art.

His personal style was called "tubism" because it was influenced by cubism, but used tube-like forms.
Adventure movie

**Adventure movies** are a genre of movies. They contain many of the same features of action movies, but are usually set in  locations. The main theme is adventure, with the characters often exploring places they have not been before or doing things they have not done before. Common  include  for lost treasure, heroic journeys for the unknown, and jungle or desert settings. Adventure movies are often set in an historical time and may be based on stories of historical or fictional adventure heroes within the historical context. Kings, battles, rebellion or piracy are commonly seen in adventure movies. Adventure movies may also be combined with other movie genres, such as science fiction, fantasy and sometimes war movies. 

The adventure movie was most popular in Hollywood during the 1930s and 1940s. Movies such as *Captain Blood*, *The Adventures of Robin Hood* and *The Mark of Zorro* were regularly made with major stars, notably Errol Flynn and Tyrone Power, who were closely associated with the genre. In the earliest adventure movies, the main character was usually male. They were portrayed as courageous heroes, facing tyrants or rescuing a beautiful woman in distress.

## Themes
Adventure movies usually emphasise the mystery, romance, adventure, danger, and  of the unknown. Common settings include a jungle or desert. Classic dangers include ferocious man-eating mammals and reptiles, hostile natives, deadly diseases, lost cities and crumbling temples, torrential rivers, waterfalls, whirlpools, and quicksand bogs, damsels in distress, evil emirs and treacherous tribal chieftains, and despicable white adventurers from the civilized world intent on exploiting the jungle, its animals, treasures, resources, and primitive native peoples. 

Adventure movies may crossover into other genres such as war, crime, romance, or horror.

## Examples
Notable examples of jungle adventure movies include *King Kong* (adventure, romance, horror), *The African Queen* (romance, adventure), *I Walked with a Zombie* (romance, horror), Disney's animated *The Jungle Book* (children's, comedy, musical), *Apocalypse Now* (war), and the many Bomba movies, and the Tarzan movies and serials. Since the first theatrical releases of jungle movies in the early 20th century, popular interest in the genre has never waned. Comic books, novels, pulp magazines, and television series have stoked the genre's popularity over the decades. 

## References
Robie House

The **Frederick C. Robie House** is a U.S. National Historic Landmark in the Chicago, Illinois neighborhood of Hyde Park at 5757 S. Woodlawn Avenue on the South Side.  It was designed and built between 1908 and 1910 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright and is renowned as the greatest example of the Prairie School style, the first architectural style that was uniquely American.  It was designated a National Historic Landmark on November&nbsp;27, 1963 and was on the very first National Register of Historic Places list of October&nbsp;15, 1966.

## References
## Other websites
* Pictures of Robie House
* The Richard Nickel Committee and Photographic Archive Photographer of the Robie House
* Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust website 
* [Drawings, photos and data pages in the Library of Congress Historic American Buildings Survey](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?pp/hh:@field(NUMBER+IL0039))
Spring Green, Wisconsin

**Spring Green** is a village in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,566 at the 2020 census. The village is located within the Town of Spring Green. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright lived in Spring Green, Wisconsin.

## Other websites
* Village of Spring Green
* Spring Green Community Library
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

The **Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum** (often referred to as **"The Guggenheim"**) is a well-known art museum on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City.  It has a large collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern and contemporary art.  It also has several special exhibitions during each year.

The museum was started by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, under the guidance of its first director, the artist Hilla von Rebay. The name was changed to honor the founder, Solomon R. Guggenheim, after his death in 1952.

Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the cylindrical museum building is wider at the top than the bottom. He wanted it to be a "temple of the spirit". The building is one of the 20th century's most important architectural landmarks. The building opened on October 21, 1959, replacing rented spaces used by the museum since 1939.

To design the museum, Wright created more than 700 sketches until the final draft of the project was official. Wright spent 16 years working on the design, but he died before the building was completed. His design created a lot of arguments as many people did not like it. One person said it looked like "an indigestible hot cross bun", and another said it looked like "an inverted oatmeal dish." Some artists thought that the curved walls and ramps would make it impossible to hang their paintings properly.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Gwathmey Siegel Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Renovation and Addition project page 
* Architectural Review 
* Art of the Motorcycle Exhibit 
* New York Academy of Sciences Podcast about *Imageless* Exhibit
* Happy 50th Birthday, Guggenheim  – slideshow by *Life* magazine
* 50 Facts on Guggenheim's 50th  – *Daily News* archives
* The Guggenheim 50th Birthday Party
Weymouth, Massachusetts

**Weymouth** is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts,  United States. As of the 2020 census, Weymouth had a total population of 57,437. Despite its city status, it is formally known as the **Town of Weymouth**. It is named after Weymouth, Dorset, a coastal town in England. The 1st Town Meeting was held in Weymouth (Wessagussett) in the Spring of 1622.  The 375th Town Meeting was held in the Spring of 1999. The final Town Meeting was held in the Fall of 1999 after a vote by citizens to change the Town Charter to form a City Form of Government. Wessagussett was the Algonquin name of Weymouth which was the Territory of the Massachusett Tribe under the leadership of its Sachem Chickatawbut.  His son Josiah Chickatawbut "sold" Wessagussett to the Colonists in a Deed dated 1642. In the Spring of 1623, Wessagussett was the site of the first act of Genocide when Captain Myles Standish and 8 men, led by Wampanoag Warrior Hobbamock killed Massachusett Leaders Wituwamat and Pecksuot and several others in an unprovoked raid. The date given for this event is April 6, 1623. 

Abigail Smith, daughter of Rev. William Smith and Elizabeth (Quincy) was born in North Weymouth on November 11, 1744.  She would marry John Adams of Braintree, MA, who would become the 2nd President of the United States.  Their son, John Quincy Adams, would become the 6th President of the United States. John and Abigail would become the first to live in the White House in Washington, DC. It is the second oldest European settlement in Massachusetts. Actor Hal Holbrook and architect Frank Lloyd Wright lived in Weymouth.

## References
## Other websites
* Town of Weymouth
* The Weymouth News 
* Weymouth History 
*Answer Book/Weymouth: *Everything you need to know*
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders

**Baldwin V of Flanders** (1012–1067), known as **Baldwin de Lille** or **Baldwin de Insulanus**, was a French nobleman and the Count of Flanders. He ruled from 1035 to his death and was one of the most powerful counts in France at the time.

## Early career 
He was the son of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders, and his first wife, Ogive of Luxembourg. She was a daughter of Frederick of Luxembourg.

In 1028, Baldwin married Adèle of France, the daughter of King Robert II of France. They signed each other's charters and worked together several times. Eustace I signed three of Baldwin's charters, which limited the power of advocates. 

Flanders under Baldwin V did not have very good relations with England. Baldwin gave refuge to England's exiles and even gave them ships and men at times. Baldwin was close to his brother-in-law, Henry I, King of France. That gave him control of Hainault through his son and also led to a series of conflicts between Baldwin V and Emperor Henry III, as Hainault was part of the Holy Roman Empire. Baldwin's daughter Matilda married William I of England, later King of England. Som time between 1050 and 1052, the two married despite the papal ban. William feared Baldwin's growing power. However, by then, Baldwin was growing old. He died 1 September 1067.

## Family 
Baldwin and his wife, Adèle, had three children:

* Baldwin 'de Mons' succeeded his father.
* Matilda (–1083) married William the Conqueror and was Queen Consort of England.
* Robert 'le Frison' (–1093) was Count of Flanders; Count of Holland.

## Notes 
## References
Francisco Varela

India, 1994]]
**Francisco Javier Varela García** (September 7, 1946 &ndash; May 28, 2001) was a Chilean biologist, philosopher, and neuroscientist.

Varela was, with his teacher Humberto Maturana, best known for introducing the concept of autopoiesis to biology, and for co-founding the Mind and Life Institute to promote dialog between science and Buddhism.

## Publications
Varela wrote numerous books and articles:
* 1980 (with Humberto Maturana). *Autopoiesis and cognition: the realization of the living*. Boston: Reidel.
* 1979. *Principles of biological autonomy*. North-Holland.
* 1998 (1987) (with Humberto Maturana). *The tree of knowledge: the biological roots of human understanding*. Boston: Shambhala Press.
* 1991 (with Evan Thompson and Eleanor Rosch). *The Embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience*. MIT Press.  
* 1992 (with P. Bourgine) eds. *Towards a practice of autonomous systems: the first European conference on artificial life*. MIT Press.
* 1992 (with J. Hayward) eds. *Gentle bridges: dialogues between the cognitive sciences and the Buddhist tradition*. Boston: Shambhala Press.
* 1993 (with D. Stein) eds. *Thinking about biology: an introduction to theoretical biology*. Addison-Wesley, SFI Series on Complexity.
* 1997 (ed). *Sleeping, dreaming and dying*. Boston: Wisdom Book.
* 1996-99. *Invitation aux sciences cognitives*. Paris: Seuil.
* 1999. *Ethical know-how: action, wisdom and cognition*. Stanford University Press.
* 1999 (with J. Shea), eds. *The view from within: first-person methodologies in the study of consciousness*. London: Imprint Academic.
*1999 (with J. Petitot, B. Pachoud, and J-M. Roy) eds. *Naturalizing phenomenology: contemporary issues in phenomenology and cognitive science*. Stanford University Press.

## References