open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Knight's tour

A '''knight's tour''' is a set of moves of a knight on a chessboard. The knight visits every square only once. If the knight ends on a square that is one knight's move from the beginning square (so that it could tour the board again immediately, following the same path), the tour is *closed*, otherwise it is *open*.

The '''knight's tour problem''' is the mathematical problem of finding a knight's tour. Making a program to find a knight's tour is a common problem given to computer science students. Variations of the knight's tour problem involve chessboards of different sizes than the usual , as well as irregular (non-rectangular) boards.

## References
Epitaph

An **epitaph** is a short text honouring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it is text that is carved on a tombstone or plaque. Usually it gives the person’s name and dates of birth and death. Some epitaphs say what the person did, and other things. Some people write their own epitaphs before they die.

## Related pages 
*Eulogy
George Steiner

**Francis George Steiner**, FBA (April 23, 1929 &ndash; February 3, 2020) was a French-born American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator. He wrote about the relationship between language, literature and society, and the impact of the Holocaust.

Steiner died on February 3, 2020 at his home in Cambridge at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*George Steiner at ContemporaryWriters.com.
*George and his dragons. *The Guardian*, March 17, 2001.
*A traveller in the realm of the mind. Interview with George Steiner, *The Times*, September 22, 1997.
**Grammars of Creation* . Full text of Steiner's 2001 lecture.
*"Between Repulsion and Attraction: George Steiner's Post-Holocaust Fiction" . *Jewish Social Studies*, 1999.
*"George Steiner's Jewish Problem" . *Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation*.
*
David Berkowitz

**David Richard Berkowitz** (born **Richard David Falco**; June 1, 1953), known also as the **Son of Sam** and the **.44 Caliber Killer**, is an American serial killer. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Berkowitz pleaded guilty to eight separate shooting attacks that began in New York City during the summer of 1976. The crimes were done with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver. He killed six people and wounded nine others by July 1977. On the night of August 10, 1977, Berkowitz was taken into custody by New York City police homicide detectives in front of his Yonkers apartment building.

Berkowitz has been incarcerated since his arrest and is serving six consecutive life sentences.

The Spike Lee drama *Summer of Sam* was released in 1999 with actor Michael Badalucco in the role of Son of Sam. 

## References
## Other websites
* Arise and Shine, official website
Gary Ridgway

**Gary Leon Ridgway** (born February 18, 1949), also known as the **Green River Killer**, is an American serial killer. He was convicted of 48 separate murders. As part of his plea bargain, an additional conviction was added, bringing the total number of convictions to 49, making him the most prolific serial killer in United States history according to confirmed murders. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Ridgway murdered many women and girls in the state of Washington during the 1980s and 1990s. He would mainly kill runaways or prostitutes and would strangle his victims.

On November 30, 2001, as Ridgway was leaving the Kenworth truck factory where he worked in Renton, Washington, he was arrested for the murders of four women whose cases were linked to him through DNA evidence.

## References
## Other websites
*A copy of Ridgway's infamous letter to the press (PDF)
London and South Western Railway

The **London and South Western Railway** (LSWR) was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922.  It started as the London and Southampton Railway from Waterloo station to Southampton. 
Later, the network extended to Plymouth via Salisbury and Exeter. There were branches to Ilfracombe and Padstow. Beyond  Southampton there were branches to Bournemouth and Weymouth. The LSWR also had many routes connecting towns in Hampshire and Berkshire, including Portsmouth and Reading. 

In the grouping of railways in 1923 the LSWR joined with other railways to create the Southern Railway.
South Eastern Railway (UK)

The **South Eastern Railway** (SER) was a railway company in south-eastern England from 1836 to 1922. The company was formed to construct a route from London to Dover. Branch lines were later opened to Tunbridge Wells, Hastings, Canterbury and other places in Kent. The SER absorbed or leased other railways, including the London and Greenwich Railway and the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway. Most of the company's routes were in Kent, eastern Sussex and the London suburbs. There was also a long cross-country route from Redhill, Surrey to Reading, Berkshire.
## Early history
Much of the company's early history saw attempts at expansion.  This sometimes led to feuds with its neighbours, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) in the west and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) to the north-east. However, in 1899 the SER agreed with the LCDR to share operation of the two railways and work them as a single system, marketed as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Receipts were pooled but it was not a full amalgamation. The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became constituents of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act 1921.
William Oughtred

**William Oughtred**  5 March 1574 – 30 June 1660) was an English mathematician and Anglican clergyman. 

John Napier invented logarithms and Edmund Gunter created the logarithmic scales. Oughtred was the first to use two such scales. He slid one next to another to do direct multiplication and division. He is credited with inventing the slide rule in about 1622. 

He also introduced the "×" multiplication sign and the abbreviations "sin" and "cos" for the sine and cosine functions.

## References
London, Chatham and Dover Railway

The **London, Chatham and Dover Railway** (**LCDR**) was a railway company in south-eastern England (registered 1 August 1859).  It was previously called the East Kent Railway. 

Its lines ran through London and northern and eastern Kent to form a part of the Greater London commuter network. The railway was always in a difficult financial situation. It went bankrupt in 1867 but was able to continue to operate. Many of the difficulties were caused by competition and duplication of services with the South Eastern Railway (SER). However, in 1898 the LCDR agreed with the SER to share the operation of the two railways and work them as a single system under the name South Eastern and Chatham Railway. Receipts were pooled but it was not a full amalgamation. 

The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became part of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923  (Railways Act 1921).
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway

The **Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway** (L&YR) was a major British railway company before the 1923 Grouping. It was created in 1847 by joining the Manchester and Leeds Railway and a number of smaller railway companies. It was the third largest railway system based in Northern England. Only the Midland Railway and the North Eastern Railway were bigger.

It was the first mainline railway to introduce electrification of some of its lines. It also ran steamboat services across the Irish Sea and North Sea. It was a bigger shipowner than any other British railway company.

It amalgamated with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922. One year later, the merged company became the largest constituent of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway under the Railways Act 1921.

## Related pages
* LYR electric units
Stanley Anderson

**Stanley Anderson** (October 23, 1939 – June 24, 2018) was an American actor. He was born in Billings, Montana. He appeared in *Deceived*, *RoboCop 3* and *The Pelican Brief*. He was known for starring as Drew Carey's father in *The Drew Carey Show*. He also starred in *Seinfeld* and in *Spider-Man*.

Anderson died on June 24, 2018 from brain cancer at the age of 78.

## References
## Other websites
*
Josip Pirmajer

**Josip Pirmajer** (14 February 1944 – 24 June 2018) was a Slovenian footballer. He played for Yugoslavia and later became a manager. He was born in Trifail, Nazi Germany. He played for Novi Sad, Partizan and Vojvodina. 

Pirmajer died on 24 June 2018 in Srbobran, Serbia from a heart attack at the age of 74.

## Honours
;Novi Sad
*Yugoslav Second League

;Partizan
*Yugoslav First League: 1964–65
*European Cup: 1965–66 finalist

## References
Shoreham-by-Sea

**Shoreham-by-Sea** (often shortened to **Shoreham**) is a seaside town and port in West Sussex, England. The town is bordered to its north by the South Downs, to its west by the Adur Valley and to its south by the River Adur and Shoreham Beach on the English Channel. The town lies in the middle of the ribbon of urban development along the English south coast. It is about half-way between  Brighton and Hove to the east and Worthing to the west. Shoreham covers an area of  and has a population of 20,547 (2011 census).

## *Famous people born in Shoreham-by-Sea* 
***Leo Sayer-***English-born, Australian singer, famous for a number of hits mainly during the 1970s and early 1980s.
Steve Soto

**Steve Soto**  (August 23, 1963 – June 27, 2018) was an American punk guitarist. Soto was once part of California punk rock band Agent Orange, and started Adolescents in 1980 performing on bass guitar in both bands. He was born in California.

Soto died on June 27, 2018 at the age of 54.

## References
Štefka Drolc

**Štefka Drolc** (22 December 1923 – 25 June 2018), full name **Štefanija Ana Drolc**, was a Slovenian actresses. She was born in Ponikva, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Her career began in 1945. She debuted in the movie *On Our Own Land*. She also starred in *Blossoms in Autumn* (*Cvetje v jeseni*; 1973), *The Story of Good People* (*Povest o dobrih ljudeh*; 1975) and *The Tenth Brother* (*Deseti brat*; 1982).

Drolc died on 25 June 2018 from pneumonia at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*
Capital Gazette shooting

The '''*Capital Gazette* shooting'* is a mass shooting that happened at the offices of *The Capital* and the *Maryland Gazette* newspapers at 888 Bestgate Road in Annapolis, Maryland on June 28, 2018.

The Anne Arundel County Police Department reported that the shooting began around 2:34 PM. Five people are confirmed dead. A suspect was captured by police and is in custody.

Shooting occurred outside the newspaper building. 

Five people were killed and several others were injured in the attack. The five who were killed are Rob Hiaasen, an assistant editor and weekend columnist for *The Capital'' and the brother of novelist Carl Hiaasen, community beat reporter Wendi Winters, columnist and editorial page editor Gerald Fischman, editor and sports reporter John McNamara, and sales assistant Rebecca Smith.

Maryland Governor Larry Hogan tweeted that he was "[a]bsolutely devastated to learn of this tragedy in Annapolis," and asking residents to "heed all warnings and stay away from the area". President Trump was briefed on the shooting while aboard Air Force One.

## References
Roger Stone

and George H. W. Bush in November 1982]]
**Roger Jason Stone** (born **Roger Joseph Stone Jr.**; August 27, 1952) is an American political consultant, lobbyist and strategist. He was born in Norwalk, Connecticut.

Stone is known for his use of opposition research, studying opposing candidates to find bad things about them. Usually he works for candidates of the Republican Party. Since the 1970s, Stone has worked on the campaigns of key Republican politicians such as Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Jack Kemp, Bob Dole and Donald Trump.

Stone is the subject of a *Netflix* documentary movie, titled *Get Me Roger Stone*, which focused on his past and role in the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump.

Stone officially left the Trump campaign on August 8, 2015; however, it has been reported that, as part of the ongoing investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, two associates of Stone have claimed that he collaborated with WikiLeaks owner Julian Assange in the spring of 2016 to discredit Hillary Clinton's campaign.  Stone has denied this.

On January 25, 2019, Stone was arrested at his Fort Lauderdale, Florida, home in connection with Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation and charged in an indictment with witness tampering, obstructing an official proceeding, and five counts of making false statements. Stone pleaded not guilty and denied wrongdoing in press interviews.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Domenico Losurdo

**Domenico Losurdo** (14 November 1941 &ndash; 28 June 2018) was an Italian Marxist philosopher and historian. He was born in Sannicandro di Bari, Italy. He was Dean of the Faculty of Education at the University of Urbino. Losurdo wrote *Liberalism: A Counter-History*. He was critical of racism, slavery, and genocide.

Losurdo died on 28 June 2018 in Rome from esophageal cancer at the age of 76.

## References
## Other websites
*
St Helens, Merseyside

**St Helens** is a large town in Merseyside, England. It is the centre of the metropolitan borough of St Helens. The town has population of 102,629. The entire metropolitan borough had a population of 176,843 at the 2001 census.

The town and the area round it grew in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries.
It was a centre for coal mining and glassmaking. It was also home to a cotton and linen industry (notably sail making) lime and alkali pits, and brewing.

Glass producer Pilkington is the town's only remaining large industrial employer.

## References
Impeachment of Bill Clinton

The **impeachment of Bill Clinton** began in December 1998 by the House of Representatives and led to a trial in the Senate for the impeachment of Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, on two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice. 

These charges were caused from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones. Clinton was found not guilty of these charges by the Senate on February 12, 1999.

Four charges were considered by the full House of Representatives; two passed, making Clinton the second president to be impeached, after Andrew Johnson in 1868.

## House vote
Source:

## Verdict
The Senate vote:

## References
St Helens

**St Helens** may refer to:

* St Helens, Isle of Wight
* St Helens, Merseyside
* Mount St. Helens, a volcano in the US state of Washington
Kathy Kraninger

**Kathleen Laura “Kathy” Kraninger** (born December 28, 1974) is an American government official. She was the 2nd Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau from December 2018 to January 2021. Before she worked in the White House Office of Management and Budget. She was nominated by President Donald Trump to become the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Kraninger was confirmed, however, 50-49. 

## References
Goran Bunjevčević

**Goran Bunjevčević** (;, 17 February 1973 &ndash; 28 June 2018)  was a Serbian footballer. He played as a defender in Serbia, England and the Netherlands. He played for FR Yugoslavia from 1998 to 2003. He also played for Grafičar, BASK, Rad Belgrade, Red Star Belgrade, Tottenham Hotspur and for ADO Den Haag.

Bunjevčević died on 28 June 2018 from a stroke at the age of 45.

## References
## Other websites
* Goran Bunjevčević at reprezentacija.rs
* FootballDatabase provides Goran Bunjevčević's profile and stats
*
Liverpool Overhead Railway

The **Liverpool Overhead Railway** (known locally as the '''Dockers' Umbrella''') was an elevated railway in Liverpool which operated along the Liverpool Docks. It opened in 1893 with lightweight electric multiple units. The design of an overhead line probably originated from the New York High Line which was authorised in 1847. Just five years later, in 1852, the need arose in Liverpool for a similar solution. The railway had a number of world firsts:
* first electric elevated railway,
* first to use automatic signalling, 
* first to use electric colour light signals 
* first to use electric multiple units
* had one of the first passenger escalators at a railway station. 

It was also the second oldest electric metro in the world. The only earlier one was the 1890 City and South London Railway. In the early 1900s electric trains ran on the electrified Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to Southport and Aintree. Special trains to Aintree for the horse race meetings ran twice a year after regular services were withdrawn. Being a local railway it was not nationalised in 1948.

In 1955, a report into the structure of the many viaducts showed major repairs were needed that the company could not afford. The railway closed at the end of 1956. Despite public protests the structures were dismantled in the following year.

## References
Chagrin Falls, Ohio

**Chagrin Falls** is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Cleveland. The village was created and has grown around a natural waterfall on the Chagrin River.

As of the 2020 census, the village population was 4,188. The village was made in 1844 from parts of three townships in two counties.

## References
## Other websites
*Village of Chagrin Falls official website
Johann Baptist Allgaier

**Johann Baptist Allgaier** (19 June 1763, Schussenried – 3 January 1823, Vienna) was a German-Austrian chess master and theoretician. He was also the author of the first chess handbook in German – *Neue theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel* (Vienna 1795–96).

## Biography 
 chess machine]]
Johann Baptist Allgaier was born in 1763 in the Duchy of Württemberg. His father, Georg Allgaier, worked at a monastery as a *Hofmeister*, the person in charge of the education of the children of the rich and noble families. Johann's father wanted him to study theology. On a trip to Poland he learned to play chess. In 1798, he moved to Vienna and joined the army. He was able to improve his chess skills. In 1780, he won a game with a prize of 1500 florins and became Vienna's best player. He taught many people to play chess, including the sons and brothers of the Emperor Francis II.

Allgaier fought in the Napoleonic wars between Austria and France. In 1809, he worked in an army hospital, where he became ill with asthma. His games were said to be brilliant and focused on attacking. When he played, people would come to watch. One man, Santo Vito, wrote down some of these games which were included in Allgaier's book. He would play anyone for the price of one gulden. The price also included a short lesson after the game. Allgaier was always looking for ways to make money. This is probably why he worked with Mälzel to operate the Turk. Allgaier played hidden inside the chess machine in 1809. He is believed to be the player controlling the Turk when it won a game against Napoleon at Schönbrunn Palace.

In December 1822, he was sent to the military hospital in Vienna and died a few days later of dropsy. 

## Influence on chess 
In 1795 and 1796  he published his book *Neue Theoretische-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel.* This was said to be the best chess book of the time. It was reprinted several times, the seventh and final edition was in 1843.

## References
Rob Hiaasen

**Rob Hiaasen** (c. 1959 – June 28, 2018) was an American journalist and editor. He worked at *The Capital*. Hiaasen was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He also taught at the University of Maryland's Philip Merrill College of Journalism. 

Hiaasen began his career at *The Palm Beach Post* before joining *The Baltimore Sun* as a feature writer and later wrote a regular column for the paper. He worked at *The Capital* as a columnist and assistant editor until his death in the Capital Gazette shooting.

On June 28, 2018, Hiaasen, age 59, was shot and killed during the Capital Gazette shooting in Annapolis, Maryland.

## References
Benjamin Jealous

**Benjamin Todd Jealous** (born January 18, 1973) is an American civic leader. He was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Maryland in the 2018 gubernatorial election, facing incumbent Larry Hogan. Jealous is also former president and chief executive officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Jealous was selected at age 35 as the youngest-ever national leader of the NAACP.

Jealous is a progressive Democrat. He endorsed Bernie Sanders in his 2016 campaign for President.

In the June 2018 primary, Jealous defeated Prince George's County Executive, Rushern Baker, and seven other candidates to become the Democratic nominee in the general election.

## References
## Other websites
* NAACP Biography
* TheLoop21.com (Archive) interview with NAACP President Ben Jealous
* Is The NAACP's Relevance Fading? We Think Not. (Archive) by Benjamin Jealous and Julian Bond for *The New Republic*.
*
Jacky Rosen

**Jacklyn Sheryl Rosen** (born August 2, 1957) is an American politician. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Rosen is the junior United States Senator from Nevada. Rosen was the U.S. Representative from Nevada's 3rd congressional district between 2017 and 2019. Rosen ran as the Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate in the 2018 United States Senate election in Nevada, defeating Republican incumbent Dean Heller in the November 2018 general election.

## References
John Napier

**John Napier** (he also signed as Neper, and Nepair) 1550&nbsp;– 4 April 1617)  was a Scottish landowner,  nicknamed "Marvellous Merchiston". He was a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston. His Latinized name was **Ioannes Neper**.

John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms and Napier's constant.  He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.

## References 
s of numbers]]
Stephen Miller

**Stephen Miller** (born August 23, 1985) is an American activist and politician who has been the 12th United States Homeland Security Advisor since 2025. He was a senior advisor for policy for President Trump during his first administration. Before, he served as the communications director for then-Senator Jeff Sessions. He was also a press secretary to Republican Representatives Michele Bachmann and John Shadegg.

As a speechwriter for Trump, Miller helped write Trump's inaugural address.

On October 6, 2020, Miller tested positive for COVID-19.

In November 2024, CNN reported that Miller would serve as Trump's deputy chief of staff for policy and United States Homeland Security Advisor in his second term.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stacey Abrams

**Stacey Yvonne Abrams** (born December 9, 1973) is an American politician, lawyer, romance novelist, and businesswoman. She was the house minority leader for the Georgia General Assembly and state representative for the 89th House District. She is a member of the  Democratic Party.
## Career
Abrams was the Democratic nominee in the 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election, the first black female major party gubernatorial nominee in the United States. She lost the general election to Republican Secretary of State Brian Kemp. Abrams erroneously claimed she won the governorship and today still claims the election was stolen from her. 

In June 2018 Stacey Abrams joined the 9th annual Augusta Pride festival and talked about her campaign.

Abrams received a single vote from Rep. Kathleen Rice for the 2019 election for Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

In early February 2019, Abrams became the first African-American woman to deliver a State of the Union response to President Trump's earlier delivery.

On December 1, 2021, she announced she would be once again running for governor in the 2022 gubernatorial election. She was defeated by Brian Kemp in the general election.

## References
Maryland Gazette

***The Gazette***, founded in 1727 as ***The Maryland Gazette***, is one of the oldest newspapers in America. Its based on *The Capital,*. It was bought by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014. Before, it was owned by the Capital Gazette Communications group, which published *The Capital*, *Bowie Blade-News*, *Crofton-West County Gazette*, and *Capital Style* Magazine.

## References
The Capital

***The Capital*** is a daily newspaper published in Annapolis since 1884. Its sister newspaper, *The Gazette*, is one of the oldest newspapers in America.

*The Capital* serves the city of Annapolis, much of Anne Arundel County, and neighboring Kent Island in Queen Anne's County. *The Capital* was bought by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014.

## References
William Lewis (chess player)

**William Lewis** (1787–1870) was an English chess player and author. He is best known for the Lewis Countergambit and for being the first player ever to be described as a Grandmaster of the game.

## Life and works 
Born in Birmingham, William Lewis moved to London where he worked for a merchant. He became a student of chess player Jacob Sarratt. In later years he showed himself to be very unkind to his old teacher. He said Sarratt's *Treatise on the Game of Chess* (1808) was a "poorly written book". But in 1822 three years after Sarrat died, Lewis published a second edition of it. This was in competition with a much better revision by Sarrat published in 1821 by Sarratt's poverty-stricken widow. In 1843, many players gave money to help the old widow, but Lewis' name is not on the list.

Around 1819 Lewis was the hidden player inside the Turk, a fake chess playing machine. He told Johann Maelzel that Peter Unger Williams, also a student of Sarratt, should be the next person to operate inside the machine. Maezel took his advice and Williams replaced Lewis.

Lewis began writing books including translations of the works of Greco and Carrera, published in 1819 and 1822.

He was the leading English player in a game played by letters sent between London and Edinburgh in 1824, won by the Scots. He wrote a book on the match with analysis of the games. In 1834–36 he was on the Committee of the Westminster Chess Club. They lost games played by letter with the Paris Chess Club. The other players were his students McDonnell and Walker, while the French team included Boncourt, Alexandre, St. Amant and Chamouillet. When De La Bourdonnais visited England in 1825, Lewis played about 70 games with the French master.

Lewis was known as a famous chess player in his time. The weekly magazine ''Bell's Life'' in 1838 called him "our past grandmaster", the first known use of the term in chess. In 1825 he began a chess club where he taught people to play the game. He wrote two books on how to play chess, the Series of Progressive Lessons (1831) and Second Series of Progressive Lessons (1832). 

Lewis's books, and those of his teacher Sarratt, were based on reworking François-André Danican Philidor's ideas to those of the Modenese school of Del Rio, Lolli and Ponziani. Lewis gradually stopped playing competition chess. 

After his retirement he wrote other chess books, but he was no longer up to date with new ideas. The Oxford Chess Companion said his last book, *A Treatise on Chess* (1844), was already "out of date when published".

## References and notes 
## Other websites 
* Some of the games of Lewis can be found at chessgames.com
Jared Polis

**Jared Schutz Polis** (; born May 12, 1975) is an American politician, businessman, and philanthropist. He is the 43rd and current Governor of Colorado.

Polis served as the U.S. Representative for  from 2009 to 2019. He is a Democrat. He was among the richest members of Congress. His personal net worth is estimated at nearly $400 million.

In June 2017 Polis announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado in the 2018 election. He won the general election in November 2018 defeating Walker Stapleton.

Polis was one of the few people to be openly gay when first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and the first gay parent in Congress. In 2018, he became the first openly gay man and second openly LGBT person (after Kate Brown of Oregon) elected governor of a U.S. state. He is also the first Jewish governor of Colorado. In 2020, he became the first U.S. governor to be engaged to a same-sex partner.

## References
Land's End

'''Land's End''' is a headland in western Cornwall, England. It is the westernmost point of mainland Cornwall and England. Land's End is at the end of the Penwith peninsula. It is about  west-south-west of Penzance at the western end of the A30 main road. A modern holiday complex has been built nearby.

Land's End is  from John o' Groats in Scotland by road.

## References
Kenneth Matengu

**Kenneth Kamwi Matengu** (born 1978, Katima Mulilo) is a Namibian professor. He was Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research, Innovation  and Resources Mobilization at the University of Namibia from 2016 to 2018. On 29 June 2018, Matengu was appointed as the third Vice Chancellor of the University of Namibia becoming the youngest person to assume the position.

## Education
Matengu did his high school at Caprivi Senior Secondary. He holds a
Certificate in International Relations from the University of Tampere, Bachelor's degree in Geography and Sociology from the University of Namibia, Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D (exemia cum laudar) in Innovation Diffusion and Development from the University of Eastern Finland. He has published 50 peer review articles, books and book chapters, as well as international conference papers.

## References
Guizhou

**Guizhou** is a province of the People's Republic of China in the southwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Guiyang.

Guizhou is a relatively poor and economically undeveloped province, but rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. Demographically it is one of China's most diverse provinces. Minority groups such as the Miao / Hmong and Yao make up more than 37% of the population. In 1957-58, an influenza virus spread to most of the world and killed between 1-4 million people.

## References
Ruwen Filus

**Ruwen Filus** (February 14, 1988 in Bückeburg) is a German table tennis player.

## Career 
Ruwen played first international in 2002. He's a modern defender, so he uses long pips and an attacking rubber on the forehand. At the European Championships for youth he reached the first place together with the team. In 2003 he won even gold in the singles and with the team, so he climbs from place 90 in the world rankings for adults to place 70. Since 2005 he played different tournaments, for example the World Junior Circuit, where Filus reached the Quarterfinal. At the World Championships he came under the best eight players in the doubles. His first tournament at the Pro Tour end with the reaching of the last 64. 2006 Filus won bronze at the European Championships for youth, with the team he won gold. Since 2007 he played in the adult area, too, where he reached the Round of tha last 16 at the Korea Open. 2008 he played some Pro Tour tournaments, since 2009 he played different events, for example the European Championships, where Ruwen came under the top eight, he lost to Timo Boll. 2010 he played only two events, so he fell back to place 60 in the world rankings. 2011 Ruwen played at the World Cup, there he won bronze together with the team. At the WTTC he came under the last 64 in the singles. At the European Championships he won gold with the team. 2012 he came under the last 16 at the ETTC, on the Pro Tour he won the Czech Open. 2013 he won bronze at the Czech Open and came to the Quarterfinal at the ETTC. 2014 he had very strong injuries, but in 2015 he reached the Quarterfinal at the ETTC again, with the team he won silver. 2016 the German team lost in the group qualification. 2017 he won gold with the German team at the ETTC, 2018 was it silver at the WTTC.

## Successes 
### Singles 
* World Championships (WTTC): 2017- silver
* European Championships: 2013, 2015- Quarterfinal

### Team 
* European Championships: 2011, 2017- gold
* World Championships: 2017- silver

## Personal life 
Ruwen has a daughter who's severely disabled.

## References
Halewood

**Halewood** is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England. It lies near the city of Liverpool's southeastern boundary. It is bordered by the suburbs of Netherley, Hunt's Cross and Woolton. Halewood was historically a part of Lancashire. 

## Population
At the 2001 Census, the population of the civil parish was 20,309. It was similar at the 2011 Census. The combined population of Halewood's four local government wards was 29,217.

## Transport
Halewood railway station opened in 1988. An earlier station, a few hundred metres further east, closed in 1951.
Mod (video games)

A video game **mod** is a change made to a video game. The word *mod* is short for *modification.* A mod can be a change to any part of a game, including how it sounds, how it plays, the way it looks, or anything else. They are usually created by fans of a game instead of the people who made the original game. Mods are usually put on the internet for free when they are released.

Mods can be as small or as large as the creators want it to be. They can be minor bug fixes, or they can change so many things that they become a completely different game. Large mods like that are sometimes called *total conversions*. Some popular examples of total conversion mods that became separate video games are Counter-Strike, Team Fortress, and Killing Floor. 

Mods can help a game become more famous and successful. Many people think that good mods can make a game more fun and interesting than the original. Some video game companies saw this and decided to give mod creators tools to help them make even more mods. Examples of companies that have done this are id Software, Valve Corporation, Mojang Studios, and Bethesda Softworks.

Sometimes, a mod of a game might become just as popular as the original game, or more popular. When this happens, the word *vanilla* is often used to talk about the original game without mods.

## References
Julian of Norwich

**Julian of Norwich**, or **Juliana of Norwich** (c.1342–c.1416) was an anchoress (a woman who locks herself away to be closer to God). She wrote "Revelations of Divine Love". It is the first known English book written by a woman.
Versoix

**Versoix** is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland.

## Geography 
Versoix sits on the northwest side of Lake Geneva northeast of the city of Geneva.

It has of the villages of Richelien, Creuson, Sauverny, Petit-Saint-Loup, Ecogia, Versoix-la-Ville, Pont-Céard, Port-Choiseul, Versoix-Bourg, Versoix - lac and Crève-Cœur.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Musique Municipale de Versoix and music school 
* Historical images of extreme weather conditions in Versoix - 1905
Patrice Talon

**Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon** (born 1 May 1958) is a Beninese businessman and politician. He has been President of Benin since 6 April 2016.

In September 2021, Patrice Talon and Thomas Boni Yayi, political allies who have become intimate enemies, met at the Marina Palace in Cotonou. During this tête-à-tête, Thomas Boni Yayi presented Patrice Talon with a series of proposals and requests, relating in particular to the release of “political detainees”.'

In March 2022, Patrice Talon was appointed the new president of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) at the end of a double ECOWAS-WAEMU summit.

## References
November 1989 tornado outbreak

The **November 1989 tornado outbreak** was a natural disaster in the United States from November 15-16, 1989.

## Notable tornadoes 
### Huntsville, Alabama 
During the morning hours of November 14, the local forecasts issued a warning for severe thunderstorms on Wednesday.

At 9:30 a.m. on November 15, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a strong potential for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes across the Tennessee Valley. At 10:50 a.m., the Birmingham office issued a major severe weather threat for Alabama and northern Florida.

A tornado watch was issued at 12:45 p.m. CST and was in effect until 8:00 p.m. CST that evening. Shortly thereafter, warnings were coming out as a squall line passed through. Spotters reported large hail and damaging winds at this time.

At the time of the tornado, a severe thunderstorm warning was in effect. Later, they spotted rotation in the wall cloud, but the rotation dissipated shortly thereafter. At 4:25 p.m., the rotation picked up again.

The tornado hit during the afternoon rush hour, killing 21 people and injuring 463 others. Most of these deaths happened in cars (similar to the 1979 Wichita Falls tornado). This was rated an **F4** on the Fujita Scale.

### Newburgh, New York 
A downburst struck East Coldenham Elementary School on November 16, 1989 at 11:35 a.m., blowing down a cafeteria wall, killing nine people and injuring eighteen. This was considered a **F1** tornado. Former President Ronald Reagan was on the site within minutes.
Big Bill Bissonnette

**Big Bill Bissonnette** (February 5, 1937 – June 26, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist, drummer, and music producer. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the 1960s, he led his own group, the Easy Riders Jazz Band, formed his own label, Jazz Crusade, and organized northern tours for Kid Thomas Valentine, George Lewis, and Jim Robinson.

Bissonnette came in first place as "New Young Artist" in the 1965 Jazzology Jazz Poll. Over 30 years later he placed No. 5 among all jazz trombonists in the same poll. In the 1990s, Bissonnette focused his music label on preserving British traditional jazz. Later, he sold the catalog to UpBeat Records.  In his later years, he toured with “Tuba Fats” Lacen as part of Big Bill Bissonnette’s International Jazz Band and continued recording albums, such as Live in Lyon! (Jazzogie, 1985) and I Believe I Hear That Trambone Moan (1986). He performed in Germany in 1987 with the Vieux Carré Jazz Band, in 1993 in New Orleans with Milton Batiste’s Zoo Band, and in Denmark with Sammy Rimmington. In 1992, he published a book about his early career called Jazz Crusade: The Inside Story of the Great New Orleans Jazz Revival of the 1960s. 

Bissonnette died in New Orleans on June 26, 2018 at the age of 81.

## References
National Railway Museum

s on display at the National Railway Museum]]

The **National Railway Museum** (**NRM**) is a museum in York forming part of the British Science Museum Group of National Museums. It tells the story of rail transport in Great Britain and its impact on society. It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001. It is the home of the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles. There is also a collection of other artefacts and both written and pictorial records.
Kwesi Amissah-Arthur

**Paa Kwesi Bekoe Amissah-Arthur** (29 April 1951 – 29 June 2018) was a Ghanaian economist, academic and politician. He was the fifth Vice-President of Ghana's 4th Republic, in office from 6 August 2012 until 7 January 2017, under President John Dramani Mahama. Before, he was Governor of the Bank of Ghana from 2009 to 2012. He was born in Cape Coast.

Amissah-Arthur died of a heart attack in Accra on 29 June 2018, aged 67.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Africa

## References
Nana Akufo-Addo

**Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo** ( ; born **William Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo**; 29 March 1944) is a Ghanaian politician. He was the President of Ghana from 2017 to 2025. He served as Attorney General from 2001 to 2003 and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2007.

In 2020, Akufo-Addo was re-elected beating former President John Mahama.

## References
## Other websites
* GhanaWeb: Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo biography.
* EIN News: Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo 
* Ghpage: Nana Addo Dankwa Akuffo Addo family and biography
Kalevi Sorsa

**Taisto Kalevi Sorsa** (21 December 1930 &ndash; 16 January 2004) was a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland three times: 1972–1975, 1977–1979 and 1982–1987. At the time of his death he still held the record for most days of incumbency as prime minister. He was also a long-time leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland.

## Early years 
Kalevi Sorsa went to school in Jyväskylä and Lappeenranta. 

At the age of 18 Sorsa's involvement with SDP politics started in Lappeenranta. In 1969, he was brought in from relative obscurity by Rafael Paasio, former Finnish prime minister, to assume the influential post of party secretary, despite not having much previous experience of national politics. 

A 2008 book by historian Jukka Seppinen suggested that Sorsa was at this date already receiving support from Soviet backers in the KGB. Prior to his political career, Sorsa worked in Paris for UNESCO from 1959 to 1965, and was Secretary-General of the Finnish UNESCO board from 1965 to 1969. In the late 1960s he also was an official in the Ministry of Education.

## Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1972-1989)
### Sorsa and domestic politics
Sorsa was a leading political figure during the presidencies of Kekkonen and Koivisto. He was the chairman of the Social Democratic Party from 1975 to 1987 and was Prime Minister of Finland in four cabinets for a total of ten years (1972–1975, 1977–1979, 1982–1983, 1983–1987). He remains Finland's longest-serving prime minister. 

After his premiership he was the Speaker of the Finnish Parliament from 1989 to 1991. During his career he also served twice as Deputy Prime Minister, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1987 to 1989. From 1987 to 1996, Sorsa served on the governing board of the Bank of Finland.

## References
## Other websites
*Kalevi Sorsa Foundation
Steven Hilliard Stern

**Steven Hilliard Stern** (November 1, 1937 &ndash; June 27, 2018) was a Canadian-born American television and movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Timmins, Ontario. Stern was known for his works with Michael Douglas, Christopher Reeve and Christopher Plummer. His best known movies are *The Devil and Max Devlin*, *Mazes and Monsters*, and *Money*. Stern was also known for directing the miniseries *Black Fox*.

Stern died on June 27, 2018 of stomach cancer in Los Angeles, California at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Steven Hilliard Stern biography on FilmReference.com
Napier Deltic

The **Napier Deltic** is an unusual type of diesel engine.  It was used in boats and railway locomotives. The cylinders are arranged in a triangular form with two pistons in each cylinder. There are three crankshafts which are geared together at one end of the engine. These engines usually had nine cylinders (three banks of three) or eighteen cylinders (six banks of three). These engines were built by D. Napier & Son.

## Key to animation
* Green = incoming air
* Orange = burning fuel/air mixture
* Purple = outgoing exhaust gas

## References
Walker Stapleton

**Walker Stapleton** (born April 15, 1974) is an American Republican politician. He is the State Treasurer of Colorado, having taken office on January 11, 2011.

Stapleton is a Bush family relative. He graduated from Williams College and received a M.A. from London School of Economics. He earned his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.

In September 2017, Stapleton announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado. He lost the election to Jared Polis in the general election in November 2018.

## References
## Other websites
* Walker Stapleton for Governor
Liliane Montevecchi

**Liliane Montevecchi** (October 13, 1932 – June 29, 2018) was a French-Italian actress, dancer, and singer. She was born in Paris. In 1982 she drew the attention of critics and audiences for her performance in *Nine*, with Raúl Juliá, for which she won both the Tony and Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.

Montevecchi died on June 29, 2018 in New York City from colorectal cancer at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Matt Cappotelli

**Matthew Lee Cappotelli** (November 12, 1979 – June 29, 2018) was an American professional wrestler. He was born in Caledonia, New York. He won the *Tough Enough III* with John Hennigan. He worked in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), the primary developmental territory for WWE. 

In July 2017, Cappotelli was diagnosed with glioblastoma, a rare form of brain cancer. He stopped his cancer treatment in May 2018. He died on June 29, 2018 in Louisville, Kentucky, aged 38.

## References
Caledonia, New York

**Caledonia** is a town in Livingston County, New York, United States. The population was 4,154 at the 2020 census. The **Town of Caledonia** has the village of Caledonia. The town is in the northwest part of the county and is southwest of Rochester, New York.

## Other websites
* Town of Caledonia , official website
Jerry Rawlings

**Jerry John Rawlings** (22 June 1947 &ndash; 12 November 2020) was a Ghanaian politician and military official. He served as the 1st President of the Fourth Republic Ghana serving from 1993 to 2001.

Rawlings died at a hospital in Accra on 12 November 2020 from COVID-19, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
* [Flight Lieutenant Jeremiah John Rawlings](http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=(Flt-Lt)%20Jeremiah%20J.%20Rawlings&page=viewListing&lid=120&Itemid=36) 
* Official Website 
* Biography of Jerry J. Rawlings at Encyclopædia Britannica
Video chat

**Video chat** is a way of communicating online using the Internet. It uses a camera and microphone in a computer or smart phone. This allows people to see and hear each other.

For streaming video a speed of at least 2 Mbit/s is needed, to prevent a choppy signal and disconnects. For sound transmission, much less speed is required, so people often turn off video when the internet connection is slow.

Video chat is a very popular form of communication in the 21st century. It is often used for many reasons;

* To communicate with family or friends
* Real time business communication
* Real time education / teaching

There are various software packages that make this possible.

*Skype
*Discord
*Zoom
*BlueJeans
Daytime television

**Daytime television** is a daypart that runs from 9:00&nbsp;a.m. to 5:00&nbsp;p.m. Eastern Time. It is after a breakfast/morning show program and before the early fringe of primetime.

This programming block features game shows like ''Let's Make a Deal* and *The Price is Right*, soap operas like *The Young and the Restless*, *The Bold and the Beautiful*, *General Hospital*, and *Days of Our Lives*, and talk shows like *The Talk*, *The Doctors* and *Dr. Phil''. Some local affiliates air their local newscasts at noon Eastern Time and 11:00&nbsp;a.m. Central Time.
Ultimate Custom Night

***Ultimate Custom Night*** is a point-and-click survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the second official spin-off of the ''Five Nights at Freddy's* game series, the first of which being *FNaF World*, and the eighth game overall. The game was released on June 27, 2018 for free on Steam and Game Jolt.

## Gameplay 
The game allows the player to choose from 50 characters from all of the six main *Five Nights at Freddy's* games preceding it, as well as from the spin-off, *FNaF World'', and set their difficulty levels for the night from a minimum of '0' to a maximum of '20'. The player can also choose their office settings, which are all based from the first five games. 

## Reception 
It received good reviews from Rock, Paper, Shotgun.

## References
John Kufuor

**John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor** (born 8 December 1938) is a Ghanaian politician. He was President of Ghana from 7 January 2001 to 7 January 2009. He was also Chairperson of the African Union from 2007 to 2008.

## References
## Other websites
*The John A. Kufuor Foundation 
*Ghana-pedia webpage – John K.A. Kufuor
*President of Ghana Speaks at Ahmadiyya Muslim Caliphate Centenary Convention
*Official website of the Government of Ghana
*Official website of the Office of the President of Ghana
*Interview with John Kufuor about Nigerian elections – broadcast on Radio France Internationale
*Notable biographes
*www.encyclopedia.com