open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
992

## Events 
### By place 
#### Africa 
* The Ghana Empire captures the Berber town of Awdaghost.

#### Europe 
* Boleslaus I becomes Duke of Poland.
* Battle of Conquereuil: Fulk Nerra defeats Conan I of Rennes, who is killed in the battle.
* Viking settlers start a mint in Dublin to make silver pennies.

## Deaths 
* February 1 &ndash; Jawhar as-Siqilli, Fatimid politician
* February 29 &ndash; Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York and Bishop of Worcester
* May 25 &ndash; Mieszko I, duke of Polans
* Borrell II, Count of Barcelona
* Conan I of Rennes (in battle)

## References
991

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* Battle of Maldon: The Anglo-Saxons are beaten by Viking invaders led by Olaf Tryggvason, later Olaf I of Norway.
* Sweyn I of Denmark gets his throne back.

## Births 
* Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney
* Abdullah Yousef, of Kuwait

## Deaths 
* Theophanu, empress, mother of Otto III (b. 956)
* Emperor En'yū, emperor of Japan (b. 959)

## References
Betty Fussell

**Betty Harper Fussell** (born July 28, 1927) is an American writer and food historian. She as write many books about food history, recipes, and her memoir. She is also a critic and educator. Fussell worked with the New York Times, The New Yorker, and the Los Angeles Times. During her career, she won many awards and received many honors. In 2009, she was made a member of *Who’s Who of Food & Beverage in America*.

Fussell was born in Riverside, California. She was raised in both in California and in New York City. She studied at Pomona College, Radcliffe College, and Rutgers University. Fussell was married to American writer Paul Fussell from 1949 until they divorced in 1981. They have two children. She now lives in New York  City.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Betty Fussell's web site http://www.bettyfussell.com
1020

## Events 
### By place 
#### Asia 
* Goryeo and the Liao Dynasty exchange embassies following a seven-year territorial disagreement.
* The massive Kandariya Mahadeva Hindu Temple is completed in the Chandela capital of Khajuraho.

#### Europe 
* The city of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is founded.
* Henry II of Germany starts his third Italian military campaign .
* Canute the Great establishes the laws of England.

## Births 
* Zhang Zai, Song Dynasty Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher and cosmologist (d. 1077)
* Su Song, famous Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and engineer (d. 1101)

## Deaths 
* June 12 &ndash; Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury
* Ferdowsi Tousi, Persian epic poet (b. 935)
* Leif Ericson, Icelandic explorer
* Fan Kuan, Chinese landscape painter

## References
Dylan Olsen

**Dylan D. Olsen** (born January 3, 1991 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is an American born-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the South Carolina Stingrays of the ECHL. He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Florida Panthers of the NHL

He was drafted with the 28th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he was drafted by the Medicine Hat Tigers in the 2006 WHL Bantam Draft. He instead played for the Camrose Kodiaks of the AJHL for three seasons before he left to play college hockey. He played college hockey at the University of Minnesota Duluth with the Bulldogs.

After he finished his college hockey career, he played for the Chicago Blackhawks' AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs for 2 seasons. On November 14, 2013, the Blackhawks traded Olsen along with Jimmy Hayes to the Florida Panthers for Kris Versteeg and Philippe Lefebvre.

His father was also an ice hockey player that played one game in the NHL with the Calgary Flames in the 1991-92 NHL season.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Harita Kaur Deol

Flt. Lt. **Harita Kaur Deol** (1972 – 25 December 1996) is a pilot with the Indian Air Force (IAF). She was the first woman pilot to fly solo in the IAF. The flight was on 2 September 1994. She was 22 years old at the time.

Harita is originally from Chandigarh. She joined the Air Force in 1992, when it advertised for the first time 8 jobs for women pilots.

She flew an Avro aircraft. She landed at the Yelahanka Air Force Station, near Bangalore. Two more women, Flight Cadets Archana Kapoor and Bindu Sebastian, did their solo flights on the Avro after Harita.

There had been other female pilots in India before, but Harita was the first time a woman was flying for the Air Force.

She died in a air crash in 1996.

## References
Shawn Drover

**Shawn Drover** (born May 5, 1966) is a Canadian musician. He is best known as the drummer of the American heavy metal band Megadeth.

He also played for the Canadian power metal band Eidolon with his brother Glen Drover.

## Megadeth
Drover joined the band in 2004 five days before "Blackmail The Universe Tour" and replaced Nick Menza who wasn't able to prepare for the physical demands of a full US tour. Drover also plays guitar and he played guitar during the "Blackmail The Universe Tour" in Kawasaki, Japan on April 3, 2005. He also played in the band with his brother Glen Drover and switched instruments with him during the songs "Paranoid" and the second half of "Peace Sells".

After Glen quit the band, Shawn suggested that Chris Broderick replace Glen. Drover showed videos of Broderick playing both the classical and electric guitar to Dave Mustaine and Mustaine got in contact with Broderick. Broderick was named the new guitarist for Megadeth two weeks after.

On November 25th, 2014, he announced that he leaving Megadeth. He announced this one day before guitarist Chris Broderick announced that he was leaving the band as well.

## References
## Other websites
*
Emmeline Pankhurst

**Emmeline Pankhurst** (née **Goulden**; 15 July 1858&nbsp;– 14 June 1928) was the leader of the British suffragette movement which helped women win the right to vote.

In 1999 *Time* named Pankhurst as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating: "she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back." She was widely criticized for her militant tactics, but her work helped to achieve women's suffrage in Britain.

After her husband died in 1898, Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organisation dedicated to "deeds, not words". The group became infamous when its members smashed windows and assaulted police officers. Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists were sentenced to repeated prison sentences, where they staged hunger strikes to secure better conditions. As Pankhurst's oldest daughter Christabel took the helm of the WSPU, antagonism between the group and the government grew. Eventually arson became a common tactic among WSPU members, and more moderate organisations spoke out against the Pankhurst family. In 1913 several prominent individuals left the WSPU, among them Pankhurst's daughters Adela and Sylvia. The family rift never healed.

With the advent of the First World War, Emmeline and Christabel called an immediate halt to militant suffrage activism in support of the British Government's stand against the "German Peril". They urged women to aid industrial production and encouraged young men to fight. In 1918 the Representation of the People Act granted votes to women over the age of 30 and the WSPU was disbanded.

Pankhurst transformed the WSPU machinery into the Women's Party, dedicated to promoting women's equality in public life. In her later years she became concerned with the 'Bolshevik menace' and&nbsp;– unhappy with the political alternatives&nbsp;– joined the Conservative Party. She died in 1928, 17 days before women got equal voting rights and was commemorated two years later with a statue in London's Victoria Tower Gardens.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
*
983

## Events
### By place
#### Asia
* Wood carvers paid by China's Song Dynasty completed a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing (130,000 total blocks are made).
* The reign of Amir Adhad ad-Dowleh of Buwayhid ended.
* Sharaf ad-Dawla became Amir Buwayhid.
* The Khazar Empire ended.
* Emperor Shengzong of the Liao Dynasty led an expedition against the Zubu.
* One of the *Four Great Books of Song*, the encyclopedia *Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era* is finished in 1,000 volumes of 4.7 million written Chinese characters.

#### Europe
* Otto III became the King of Germany after Otto II died.
* *Veronese donation* during the diet of Verona. Otto gave the Rheingau to the archbishopric of Mainz.

### By topic
#### Religion
* December &ndash; Pope John XIV becomes the 136th pope after Pope Benedict VII died.

## Births
* Wulfnoth Cild
* Odo II, Count of Blois

## Deaths
* 'Adud al-Daula
* Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
* Pope Benedict VII
* Mu'ayyad al-Daula
* Patriarch Anthony III of Constantinople

## References
Joseph Heller

**Joseph Heller** (May 1, 1923 - December 12, 1999) was an American novelist and playwright. He was born in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. He was most famous for the satirical war novel *Catch-22* (1961). He died of a heart attack in East Hampton, Long Island, New York.
Saif al-Arab Gaddafi

**Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi** (1982 - April 30, 2011) was one of the sons of the former Libyan dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi. His name meant "Sword of the Arabs." He was killed in an air strike by NATO on 31 April 2011.

## References
Overcoat

coat, 1876]]
, mounted, campaigning in France in 1814, wearing a grey overcoat.]]

An **overcoat** is a long coat which is worn over other clothes. Overcoats are made from a warm, heavy cloth or even animal fur. They go below the knee in length. A coat that is knee length is known as a **topcoat**. Overcoats have been worn for hundreds of years. Many armies dressed their soldiers in overcoats during the winter. 

There are many styles and types of overcoats. These include:

## References
994

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* Sweyn Forkbeard marries Sigrid the Haughty.
* Otto III reaches his majority and begins to rule Germany.
* Aethelred II pays £16,000 of Danegeld to Olaf Trygvasson.

#### Middle East 
* September 15 &ndash; Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid victory over a Byzantine army led by Michael Bourtzes

## Births 
* November 7 &ndash; Ibn Hazm, Arab philosopher (d. 1069)
* Simeon, first Norman abbot of Ely Abbey
* Imam Bayhaqi Scholar of Islamic Faith

## Deaths 
* Margrave Leopold I of Austria
* Sigeric the Serious
* John Weir the Great, King of the Nords

## References
Carbonyl group

A **carbonyl** is the group C=O in a molecule. It is a carbon and an oxygen atom with a double bond between them. Carbon has another two bonds, which can in general be with any other group. For example, a carbonyl is the C=O bit of a ketone, aldehyde or ester.

Because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, the electrons in the bond are more towards it. This means that in acid, a proton will go on the oxygen atom. Both the carbon and the oxygen in the group are sp2 hybridized.

The carbonyl is a very important functional group, because chemists can do many reactions with it. It is easy to do nucleophilic additions to it, which makes the molecule bigger. It is also easy to do redox reactions, for example forming an alcohol. The alcohol then is also a very useful group.

Carbonyls are found in many natural substances and also in drugs and medicines. It is easy to check if a carbonyl is in a molecule. It gives a very strong signal in infrared spectroscopy. In carbon NMR spectroscopy, the signal is usually at very high frequency, away from many other peaks.
Ester

An **ester** is a molecule that includes a carbon atom, double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and single-bonded to another oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon atom. In other words, a carbonyl with an ether group on the carbon atom. The formula can be written as RCOOR', where R can be a hydrogen atom, alkyl group, or aryl group and R' can be an alkyl group or aryl group, but not a hydrogen atom (if it is a hydrogen atom, then it will be a carboxylic acid). They can be made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol with some acid. 

Esters are a very important functional group. They can be found in many substances. They are very common in fats and oils. They sometimes have a very strong, nice smell. They can be used to make perfumes. Polyesters are found in plastics.

Esters can also do many reactions. It is very easy to change the ether part of the molecule with another similar one. It is also possible to reduce the ester to a ketone or an alcohol, which can do many different reactions. Nucleophilic addition is also a good reaction, though a bit more difficult than with ketones.

There are many ways to find out if a molecule has an ester group. Infrared spectroscopy gives very sharp signals, which are different from other carbonyls. Carbon NMR spectroscopy has similar characteristics.
982

## Events
### By place
#### Americas
* Greenland is discovered by Erik the Red (the first known European contact with North America).

#### Europe
* July 13 &ndash; The Kalbids troops of the emir of Sicily defeat the imperial German army of Otto II near Crotone.

#### Asia
* Yelu Longxu becomes the sixth emperor of the Liao Dynasty.
* 'Adud al-Dawla, a Buyid ruler, start what was soon to become the most important hospital of Baghdad.

### By topic
#### Religion
* Adalbert of Prague becomes bishop of Prague.

## Births
* Emma of Normandy
* Atisha, Bengali Buddhist saint

## Deaths
* Emperor Jingzong of Liao Dynasty
* July 13 &ndash; Pandulf II of Salerno and Landulf IV of Benevento, at the Battle of Stilo near Crotone

## References
Charioteer of Delphi

The ***Charioteer of Delphi*** is a Greek bronze sculpture from the early Classical period, about 477 BC. It stands 1.8 m tall. 

It was discovered in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi during excavations by French archaeologists in 1896. With the statue were found fragments of a sculpted chariot, sculpted horses, and a small, sculpted person, presumably the charioteer's groom. All would have been part of a large monument. The charioteer monument was commissioned by Polyzalos, a Sicilian tyrant, to commemorate his victory in the chariot races about 477 BC. At some point, according to Greek practice, the statue was buried, probably because of irreparable damage.

## Gallery 

File:Wagenlenker von Delphi Gesicht.jpg|Charioteer
File:Delphi Museum 09 Wagenlenker.jpg|Charioteer

## References 
*
David Strathairn

**David Russell Strathairn** (born January 26, 1949) is an American actor and entertainer. He was nominated for an Academy Award in 2006 for his role as Edward R. Murrow in *Good Night, and Good Luck*. He is also known for his role as Secretary of State William H. Seward in the 2012 movie *Lincoln*. He won an Emmy Award in 2010.

Strathairn was born on January 26, 1949 in San Francisco, California. His grandparents were Scottish. He studied at Redwood High School, at Williams College, and he studied to become a clown at Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College. Strathairn has been married to Logan Goodman since 1980. They have two children. He now lives in Poughkeepsie, New York.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Assemblies of God

The **Assemblies of God** is a United States-based Christian denomination; a large group of Pentecostal churches. There are over 64 million members in over 200 countries.

## Beliefs
The AG is Trinitarian. They view the Bible as divinely inspired. The Bible provides the rules of faith and conduct. Baptism by immersion is practiced. Baptism is understood as an outward sign of an inward change. The change is from being dead in sin to being alive in Christ. Communion is also practiced. The Assemblies of God also places a strong emphasis on the fulfillment of the Great Commission and believes that this is the main calling of the church.

The most recent World congress was held in Springfield, Missouri in August 2014.

## References
## Other websites
*World AOG Site
Denis McDonough

**Denis Richard McDonough** (born December 2, 1969) is an American politician. He was the 11th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs from February 9, 2021 until January 20, 2025. McDonough is the second non-veteran to serve in this position. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

He was the 26th White House Chief of Staff from 2013 to 2017 during the Barack Obama presidency.

In December 2020, then President-elect Joe Biden nominated McDonough to serve as the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs in his administration. On February 8, 2021, the United States Senate confirmed McDonough to be Secretary of the VA in a vote of 87-7, with 6 senators absent.  

## References
Paul Verhoeven

**Paul Verhoeven** (born 18 July 1938) is a Dutch movie director, producer and writer. He was born in Amsterdam. He directed American movies *RoboCop*, *Total Recall*, *Basic Instinct*, *Showgirls* and *Starship Troopers*. He wrote and directed Dutch movie *Black Book*.

During his youth Verhoeven was for a short time a Pentecostal Christian. Although he is an atheist,  he takes a great interest in Jesus. He is a member of the Jesus Seminar and wrote "*Jesus of Nazareth*" in 2007, a liberal view on Jesus. He is intending to make a movie about Jesus.

Many of his movies are provocative, and were controversial when they were released.In his movies, Verhoeven is often criticizing social norms. He does this either by intentionally breaking taboos,  or by including social satire. Verhoeven's movies are also often confrontational, deliberately showing sexual or violent content graphically, without holding back.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Mia Kirshner

**Mia Kirshner** (born January 25, 1975) is an actress that stars primarily on television. She starred as Jenny Schecter in *The L Word* and Mandy in *24*. She has, however, starred in some movies. She was born next to Toronto.
Latona Fountain

The **Latona Fountain** (Fr: *Bassin de Latone*) is a fountain. It lies on the east-west alignment between the Palace of Versailles, the Apollo Fountain, the Green Carpet, and the Grand Canal. Latone faces west. The fountain was designed by Le Nôtre in 1666. The fountain figures were executed in lead by the Marsy brothers between 1668 and 1670. In 1686 Hardouin-Mansart altered the fountain. He had the figure of Latona (which originally faced the palace) turned 180 degrees. He also raised her pedestal.

The fountain is designed in the wedding cake style. On the top tier, there is a statue of the goddess Latona. In addition to the goddess Latona are her young children, Apollo and Diana. The second and third tiers of the fountain have frogs. The lowest tier has turtles and alligators. Latona turned the Lycean peasants into frogs when they mocked her and refused to give her water in her flight from the jealous and angry Juno.

## Gallery 

File:Latona Fountain-Gardens of Versailles-Palace of Versailles-original-1.jpg|
File:Bassin de Latone - Versailles - P1180521.JPG|
File:Parc de Versailles, parterre de Latone, Latone et ses enfants, Gaspard et Balthazar Marsy 02.jpg|
File:Versailles Latone-Becken.jpg|

## Notes
## Sources
* Pérouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie. 1991. *Versailles* Abbeville Press.
Cookie's Fortune

'''''Cookie's Fortune'''* is a 1999 crime comedy with Julianne Moore, Glenn Close and Patricia Neal heading the cast. The subject for this comedy-drama is southern hospitality. It was shot around north central Mississippi, where *Cookie's Fortune'' is mainly set. Liv Tyler is also in the cast.
Sandra Oh

**Sandra Oh** (born July 20, 1971) is a Canadian-American actress and producer. She is best known for her starring roles as Rita Wu in the HBO comedy series *Arliss* (1996–2002), Cristina Yang in the ABC medical drama series ''Grey's Anatomy* (2005–2014), and Eve Polastri in the critically acclaimed BBC spy thriller series *Killing Eve'' (2018–2022). She has received numerous accolades, including two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, and twelve Primetime Emmy Award nominations.

## References
## Other websites
*
Green iguana

The **green iguana** or **common iguana** (*Iguana iguana*) is a lizard native to Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is an arboreal herbivorous species that belongs to the genus *Iguana.*  

## Distribution
The green iguana ranges over a large geographic area, from southern Brazil and Paraguay as far north as Mexico. Also the Caribbean islands, especially Puerto Rico, where they are very common throughout the island; and in the United States in South Florida (including the Florida Keys), Hawaii, and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.

## References
## Other websites
* Green Iguana Society 
* Melissa Kaplan's Green Iguana Information Collection
* International Iguana Foundation
Clare of Assisi

**Clare of Assisi** (July 16, 1194 – August 11, 1253), born Chiara Offreduccio, is an Italian saint. She was one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. Saint Clare of Assisi was of noble birth, her father, Favorone Offreduccio, was the Count of Sasso-Rosso and her mother, Ortolana di Fiumi, was from aristocratic descent. She was born as Chiara Offreduccio di Favaronne in Assisi. She was promised in marriage at age of 12, but it was canceled due to her father's death. She was the oldest child in her family. 

When she was 18 years old, she heard Francis of Assisi preaching. She was extremely moved by his sermon, so she ran away to join him. Francis didn't have a place for women to stay, so he sent her to the Benedictine convent in San Paulo. Clare's relatives found out where she was staying, but when they arrived to take her back home, she clung to the altar saying she would only wed Christ. When she was staying in another monastery in Panzo, she was reunited with her younger sister, Agnes. Later, when she was 21, she was moved to another convent next to the San Damiano church, where she was appointed the superior for 40 years. In that church, she was reunited with her mother and her other sister named Beatrice. 

Saint Clare of Assisi will be remembered for founding the "Order of Poor Ladies", later named “Poor Clares.” The order of Poor Clares was an order that had strict rules, such as silence vows, poverty, and strict fasting. The Poor Clares was an order for women so they could become closer to God. 

## References
Catherine of Siena

**Saint Catherine of Siena**  (March 25, 1347 – April 29, 1380) was a saint. She was born in Sienna and died in Rome. She promoted peace in Italy and is one of the two patron saints of Italy; the other being Saint Francis of Assisi 

She was born Katerina de Benincasa in western Italy, the 25th of 25 children. She was born at the time of the Black Death, or Bubonic Plague. Although it probably killed many she knew, she herself did not contract the disease and survived the epidemic. She had a twin sister, who died several months later. Her family was part of the lower classes and she did not become literate until 1378. 

At the age of six, Catherine had a vision of Jesus Christ. She continued to receive many visions throughout her life. At age 12, Catherine cut off her hair and was obligated to serve her family, living in small quarters in the basement. At the age of 16, she entered the Third Order of Saint Dominic and later became a Dominican nun. At age 28 she received the stigmata when praying next to a crucifix.  

She wrote a book called *Dialogue*, which taught that if you love your neighbors it is loving God. She also devoted her life to improving the Catholic church, helping the ill, poor, and spiritually underprivileged. Catherine persuaded the pope to return from Avignon, France and back into Rome. She also tried to start a new Crusade to the holy land, Jerusalem. She died of “holy anorexia”, as she ate very little in the name of God. She became a saint in 1461, and was later made a Doctor of the Church in 1970 by Pope Paul VI and a patron of  Europe in 1999.  

## References
Pope Joan

**Pope Joan**, **Johannas**, **Iohannas** or **Joanna**, was a legendary female Pope. Said to have ruled for two years during 855–857, her story first appeared in 13th century chronicles, then spread throughout Europe through the writings of preachers and story tellers. For centuries she was widely believed to be real; however, today religious scholars think her story is legend. Whether she is real or made up is subject to debate.

The Pope Joan story states that she was German and arrived in Rome dressed in men's clothes, managing to convince people that she was in fact a man. Her alleged male name was John Anglicus. She started out in the clergy as a curiae notary; next she became a cardinal, and then finally she became the Pope. She served as pope  for about two and a half years but her true gender was exposed when she became pregnant. The birth of her child was thought to have taken place either on the road that separated the Colosseum and St. Clement's or in the church. Her death and punishment are unknown. 

## References
Photorealism

**Photorealism** is a style of painting or drawing. The picture is done with a lot of detail to make it look exactly like a photograph. The subjects pictured were often boring, without any special interest. Photorealism developed as an art style in the 1960s and 1970s. The famous photorealist artists are Richard Estes and Chuck Close and Ralph Goings.

When Photorealism was included in the Realism part of the Documenta exhibition in 1972, it was a big deal. This exhibition was organized by Harald Szeemann and Jean-Christophe Ammann in Kassel, West Germany. It helped Photorealism get noticed all around the world.

## Famous artists 
* Robert Bechtle
* Charles Bell
* Chuck Close
* Robert Cottingham
* Richard Estes
* Jeff Koons
* Richard McLean

## References
Josephine Baker

**Josephine Baker** (June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975) was an African American-born French dancer, singer, and actress. She was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri. Fluent in both English and French, Baker became an international musical and political icon. She was given such nicknames as the "Bronze Venus", the "Black Pearl", and the "Créole Goddess".

Baker was the first African-American female to star in a major motion picture, *Zouzou* (1934), and to become a world-famous entertainer.

She tried to integrate an American concert hall, and is noted for her contributions to the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. She was offered the unofficial leadership of the movement by Coretta Scott King in 1968 following Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, but turned it down.

Baker became a citizen of France in 1937. She helped the French Resistance during World War II, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the Légion d'Honneur and the Rosette of the Résistance after the war.

## Career 
When Josephine came to Paris in the 1920s for *La Revue Nègre*, it was a turning point in her career. Her career thrived, and when *La Revue Nègre* closed, Josephine starred in *La Folie du Jour* at the Follies-Bergère Theater. Her performance, and her banana costume made her a celebrity. Josephine rivalled Gloria Swanson and Mary Pickford as the most photographed woman in the world: by 1927 she earned more than any entertainer in Europe. She starred in two movies in the early 1930s, *Zou-Zou* and *Princess Tam-Tam*, and moved her family from St. Louis to Les Milandes, her estate in Castelnaud-Fayrac, France.

:"A 1936 return to the United States to star in the Ziegfeld Follies proved disastrous, despite the fact that she was a major celebrity in Europe. American audiences rejected the idea of a black woman with so much sophistication and power, newspaper reviews were equally cruel (The New York Times called her a "Negro wench"), and Josephine returned to Europe heartbroken".

## References
Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites

***Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites*** is the second EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

*Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites* was released on October 22, 2010. Skrillex said that he recorded the EP in 2010 at his apartment using a laptop. The EP and song's name was inspired from the 1980 David Bowie album and song *Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)*.

The EP won two Grammys at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Dance Recording and for Best Dance/Electronica Album. The EP also received generally positive reviews from music critics and reached #49 on the Billboard 200 as well as #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.

## Songs
## References
## Other websites
*Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites at Discogs
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

**Ellen Johnson Sirleaf** (born 29 October 1938) is the 24th President of Liberia serving from 2006 through 2018. Sirleaf is the first elected female head of state in Africa.

Sirleaf was awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Leymah Gbowee of Liberia and Tawakel Karman of Yemen. The women were recognized "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work."

In December 2021, James Sirleaf one of the sons of Ellen Sirleaf died in his residence in Liberia under unknown circumstances.

## References
## Other websites
*Liberia Executive Mansion *official government website*
*Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority salutes member Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 
**Biography
*Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia  includes final report
* Ellen Johnson Sirleaf  at C-SPAN
*
*
*Ellen Johnson Sirleaf collected news and commentary at *Forbes*
*Ellen Johnson Sirleaf collected news and commentary at The New York Times
*Ellen Johnson Sirleaf at the Notable Names Database
;Speeches
* Address to US Congress in Joint Session 15 March 2006 TXT PDF
* Sirleaf Speaks at U.S. Institute of Peace  21 March 2006 (audio archive available)
* Liberian President Speaks to Georgetown Community  17 October 2006
;Profiles and interviews
*Profile: Liberia's 'Iron Lady' on BBC News Online, 23 November 2005
*Iron Ladies of Liberia, Independent Lens on PBS, 2007
*Follow the Leader , interview with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf by the International Museum of Women, April 2008
*The 'Remarkable Life' Of Liberia's 'Iron Lady', Dave Davies, interview on Fresh Air, April 2009
*Top 100 Women in Politics: Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Ermine Saner, *The Guardian*, 8 March 2011
*
More Monsters and Sprites

***More Monsters and Sprites*** is the third EP and first remix album by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

*More Monsters and Sprites* was released on June 7, 2011. A music video for the song "First of the Year (Equinox)" which was directed by Tony Truand, was nominated for Best Short Form Music Video at the 54th Grammy Awards.

The EP also received generally positive reviews from music critics and reached #124 on the Billboard 200 as well as reaching the top five on both the Billboard Heatseekers and Dance/Electronica Albums chart.

## Songs
## Other websites
*More Monsters and Sprites at Discogs
Leaving (EP)

***Leaving*** is the sixth EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex. *Leaving* was released on January 2, 2013 to OWSLA's subscription service called The Nest.

Skrillex said that the title song "Leaving" was created in his hotel room in Mexico and that the song "The Reason" was finished an hour before the release of the EP in Moore's hotel room in Miami.

## Songs
## References
## Other websites
*Leaving at Discogs
Bangarang (EP)

*:For the Indigenous Australian people, see Bangerang.*

***Bangarang*** is the fifth EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

*Bangarang* was released on December 23, 2011. Singles from the EP are "Breakn' a Sweat" which features the American rock band The Doors and "Bangarang" which features American rapper Sirah.

The song "Breakn' a Sweat" was written for the 2012 documentary film Re:Generation. The iTunes version of the EP features an "Orchestral Suite" performed by Varien.

The EP received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics. The EP reached #14 on the Billboard 200 as well as #1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart.

## Songs
## References 
## Other websites
*Bangarang at Discogs
My Name Is Skrillex

***My Name Is Skrillex*** is the first EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex. *My Name Is Skrillex* was released on June 7, 2010 on his MySpace profile.

The album is the first solo EP by Sonny Moore under the alias Skrillex. He released a previous album titled *Gypsyhook* under his first name.

## Songs
## Other websites
*My Name Is Skrillex at Discogs
Brenda Strong

**Brenda Strong** (born March 25, 1960 in Oregon) is an American actress who stars primarily in television programs. She has, however, starred in a limited number of movies. She acted as Mary Alice Young in the ABC sitcom *Desperate Housewives* and as Ann Ewing in the TNT television drama *Dallas*, the 2012 edition. Before acting, she was crowned Miss Arizona 1980.

## References
Transactinide element

**Transactinide elements** are elements that have atomic numbers greater than the actinides. They have atomic numbers from 104 to 120.

They are all synthetic and radioactive. They range from 104 rutherfordium to 118 oganesson on the periodic table.

They are very rare and are created artificially in laboratories through nuclear reactions involving heavy nuclei.These elements are extremely unstable and only exist for a very short time before decaying into lighter elements through radioactive decay. Because of their instability, transactinide elements do not occur naturally on Earth and must be synthesized in particle accelerators.

The term "transactinide" comes from the Latin words "trans" (meaning "beyond") and "actinium," which is a radioactive element. This name reflects the fact that transactinide elements have atomic numbers beyond that of actinium. 

These elements are characterized by their extremely short half-lives, which range from microseconds to milliseconds. Due to their fleeting existence, transactinide elements are challenging to study, and much of what is known about them comes from theoretical predictions and experiments conducted.
Jared Harris

**Jared Francis Harris** (born 24 August 1961) is an English actor. He played Lane Pryce in *Mad Men* and as Ulysses S. Grant in Steven Spielberg's 2012 movie *Lincoln*. He won an Sitges Film Festival in 1999. His father was late Irish actor Richard Harris.

Harris was born in Hammersmith, London, England to an Irish father, actor Richard Harris and to a Welsh mother, Elizabeth Rees-Williams. He studied at Downside School and at Duke University. Harris was married to Emilia Fox from 2005 until they divorced in 2010. Since 2011, he has been partners with Allegra Riggio.

Harris lives in Los Angeles, California.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Ron Jeremy

**Ronald Jeremy "Ron" Hyatt** (born March 12, 1953) who is known professionally by his credited stage name as **Ron Jeremy** is an American former pornographic actor, movie actor, filmmaker, businessman, stand-up comedian, and television personality. He is known for his pornographic movies, and he was listed as one of the "Top 50 Best Porno Actors of All Time" as of 2007. Jeremy was a contestant in the second season of *The Surreal Life*.

## Personal life
Jeremy was born on March 12, 1953 in Queens, New York City to a European-American Jewish family. He was raised in New York City. He studied at the Queens College in New York. He was a teacher before he became a porn star. He is known for his large circumcised penis.

On January 30, 2013, Jeremy went to the hospital in Los Angeles, California after he had a heart aneurysm. The next day he had surgery. He recovered from the surgery on February 7. He eventually left the hospital on February 19.

## Sexual assault trial
More than a twelve women have publicly accused Jeremy of sexual assault. In June 2020, Jeremy was charged with 4 counts of rape and sexual assault involving four women. In August 2020, he was charged with another 20 counts of either rape or sexual assault between 2004 and 2020 respectively. He could have originally been sentenced to 250 years in prison.

On January 17, 2023, a judge found Jeremy to be mentally unfit to stand trial because he had dementia. He was released upon request to a private residence to receive care. All criminal counts against him were dropped on April 3, 2024.

## References
## Other websites
* Official RonJeremy.com
* Official Ron Jeremy Twitter
*
Long hair

of Austria wearing thigh-length hair in 1865. (Painting by Franz Xaver Winterhalter)]]

**Long hair** is a hairstyle that is mostly worn by girls and women. Boys and men may sometimes wear hair to shoulder length. Longer than that is rare for men of most cultures.

Extremely long hair (usually waist length or longer) is normally only found in females. The reason is that the female hormonal system affects the growth of their hair, just as the male hormonal system supports facial hair growth. This is also the reason young females can have longer hair than older women.

Hair length is measured (in centimeters or inches) from the line of the scalp on the forehead up over the highest point of the skull to the end of the hair. This method is not suitable for measuring hair length for people with a fringe. In cosmetology, hair lengths are usually described by the part of the body where the longest hair ends: *chin level*, *shoulder length*, *mid-back level*, *waist length*, *hip-length*, *classic length* (extends to almost upper thigh-length, where the legs meet the buttocks), *thigh-length*, *knee-length* and *ankle/floor length* hair.

Hair usually takes about 2–2½ years to reach shoulder length. It usually takes about 4–5 years to grow to the waist (which is about 60-80&nbsp;cm for most women) if left to grow.

## Records 
The maximum hair length that is possible to reach is about 15&nbsp;cm for infants (below the age of 1), about 60&nbsp;cm for children (below the age of 13), and generally 100&nbsp;cm for adults. Some individuals can reach excessive lengths. Lengths greater than 150&nbsp;cm are frequently observed in long hair contests. Xie Qiuping had the longest documented hair in the world, measuring 5.627 m (18&nbsp;ft 5.54 in) in May 2004.

The maximum hair length depends on the length of the period of hair growth for the individual. Waist-length hair or longer is only possible to reach for women with long periods of hair growth. Hair can grow continuously for between 2 and 7 years.

## Significance 
Head hair is maintained by natural selection after other body hair had been greatly reduced. The hair has at least two functions:
#to protect the scalp against weather (sun in the tropics, heat loss in the temperate zone)
#to signal sexual attractiveness, as a secondary sex characteristic. A fine head of hair improves the chance of getting a mate and so producing children. By seven to nine months, infants can tell the sexes apart based on hair length, voice pitch and faces.

### Cultures of men with longer hair 
Many Native American men wore long hair before the arrival of western influences on their culture. The long-term preference of females of the tribe for longer male hair would have effect by long-haired males contributing more children than short-haired males.

## Related pages 
*Hair style
*Secondary sexual characteristics

## References
Canis Major

Sirius is 20 times brighter than the sun.

**Canis Major** is a constellation that is in the southern sky.  It means "greater dog" in Latin (also called large dog).  There is also the constellation Canis Minor, which means "lesser dog" in Latin.    The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Canis Major when he made a list of 48 constellations.  It is also one of the 88 modern constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union.

The star Sirius is in Canis Major.  Sirius has a magnitude of -1.44, which means that it is the brightest star in the night sky.  It is sometimes called the "dog star."  Also, Sirius is only 8.6 light years away from Earth, which is very close (compared to other stars).
It also contains one of the largest stars known, VY Canis Majoris. VY Canis Majoris is around 1,500 times the size of the sun. The constellation also includes the blue bright giant star Aludra, yellow supergiant Wezen, and red giant Sigma Canis Majoris.

## References
Alison

**Alison** [al-uh-suhn] is a female given name that has many kinds of spellings. It was originally in medieval Norman. It was derived from the name *Alice*. 

The name was first recorded in Scotland in the 12th century. The variant spelling *Allison* ranked 228 for female names for the United States in 1990, and was the 45th most popular for girls between 2005 and early 2010s. Alison has its roots in the English language and is believed to be a variation of the French name Alis.

As *Allison*, the name was used for tropical storms for 1989, 1995 and 2001. The 2001 tropical storm was incredibly damaging, which in turn caused the name to be retired the following year.

*Alison* can be used in other cases:
## People
* Alison Krauss, an American bluegrass-country singer and fiddle player
* Alison Balsom, an English trumpeter
* Alison Moyet, an English pop singer-songwriter noted for her bluesy voice
* Alison Balsom, English trumpet player

## Places
* Alison, New South Wales
* Alison Sound, an inlet on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada.
* Point Alison, Alberta, a summer village in Alberta, Canada.

## Music
* "Alison", 1994 single by Slowdive
* "Alison" (song), song by Elvis Costello
* "Alison", song by French former child pop star Jordy Lemoine
* "Alison Hell", song by Annihilator
* "Alison's Starting To Happen", song by The Lemonheads from the album It's a Shame about Ray
* "Alison's the Bomb", song by The Huntingtons
* *Alison*, aka Excuse Me, a 1975 album by Australian singer Alison MacCallum

## Other
* Sweet Alison, a flowering plant

## References
Mind control

art about brainwashing]]

**Mind control** (also known as brainwashing, coercive persuasion or thought control) means trying to control other people's beliefs and behaviours.

In this process, a person or group persuades others to change their basic beliefs and values. They may use unethical methods and , which often harms the people being manipulated. 

The term has been applied to any tactic which damages an individual's control over their own thinking, behaviour, emotions, or decision-making.

Theories about brainwashing and mind control were originally developed to explain how totalitarian regimes indoctrinated prisoners of war using propaganda and torture.

## History 
According to some authors, ideas about mind control can be found in all stages of human history.

### Korean War 
According to the *Oxford English Dictionary,* the word "brainwashing" first appeared in a *Miami News* article on 7 October 1950. 

The article's author, Edward Hunter, worked as a journalist and a United States intelligence agent during the Korean War. He wrote a series of books and articles about Chinese brainwashing.

The Chinese term  (*xǐ năo*, literally "wash brain") originally described methods used by Mao Zedong's regime in China. Their purpose was to change a person's mindset so they became a "right-thinking" member of the new Chinese social system.

Unlike in earlier wars, a relatively high percentage of American GIs defected to the enemy side after becoming prisoners-of-war. Hunter and others thought that brainwashing explained this. 

Two former prisoners of war, British radio operator Robert W. Ford and British Army Colonel James Carne, claimed the Chinese tried to brainwash them during their imprisonment. 

In a famous case, an American prisoner of war named Frank Schwable was tortured until he falsely confessed that he participated in germ warfare.

## Cults and the shift of focus
After the Korean War, mind control theories shifted in focus from politics to religion. New religious movements started to emerge in the 1960s. More and more young people converted and joined them. Some of these converts suddenly changed their beliefs and behaviors; in some cases, they neglected or broke contact with their loved ones. People in the anti-cult movement said these sudden converts had been brainwashed. 

The media quickly began to report this theory. Social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, who were usually psychologists, developed more sophisticated models of brainwashing.

## References
Water Walk

The **Water Walk**, **Infants Walk**, or '''Addison's Walk** (**Allée d'Eau** ou **Allée des Marmousets''') is a group of 14 fountains at Versailles. These fountains depict children supporting small basins of water. The Water Walk gently slopes from the Parterre du Nord to the Dragon Fountain and the Neptune Fountain. The Water Walk comprises three paths separated by two great lawns. The fourteen fountains are set in each of the two lawns, seven apiece. Another eight were added to the semicircle near the Walk's end. The Walk was created in 1670. The concept was that of Claude Perrault. The children were sculpted by Buirette, Le Hongre, Lerambert, and Mazeline after drawings by Le Brun.  The children were originally cast in lead and painted realistically in natural colours. They supported baskets of fruit and flowers. These figures were replaced with gilded bronze copies and basins of marble in 1688. 

## References 
* Constans, Claire. 1995. *Versailles*. Éditions Mahé S.A. p. 86.
* Perouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie. 1991. *Versailles*. Abbeville Press. pages 158, 339, 399.
Dragon Fountain

The **Dragon Fountain** is a fountain at the Palace of Versailles in France. at the Palace of Versailles was dedicated by Gaspard Marsy in 1667. The fountain lies at the end of the northern axis between the Water Walk and Neptune Fountain. The Dragon Fountain shoots a jet of water 90 feet into the air. The Dragon Fountain was only operated when it was known the King would be present. All of the other fountains were required to be turned off for this spectacle to be accomplished. At other times it was regulated to a 35-foot jet. Statues of children mounted upon swans bedevil the Dragon.

## Gallery

File:Versailles-Les Grands Eaux Musicales-Bassin du Dragon.jpg|Jet
File:Versailles-Les Eaux Musicales-Bassin du dragon-1.jpg|Dragon Fountain
File:1920s Leconte Map of Paris w-Monuments and Map of Versailles - Geographicus - ParisVersailles-leconte-1920s - 2.jpg|Map of Versailles
File:Versailles-Les Eaux Musicales-Bassin du dragon-2.jpg|Dragon Fountain
Frankie Howerd

Francis Alick Howard, known as **Frankie Howerd** OBE (6 March 1917 - 19 April 1992) was a British comedian and comedy actor. He was born in York, North Riding of Yorkshire. He starred in several movies, including *Carry On Doctor* and *Carry On Up the Jungle*. He starred in television series including *Up Pompeii!*. He was a promiscuous homosexual and lived with his manager-partner Dennis Heymer (1928-2009) from 1955 until his death. Howerd died of heart failure in Fulham, London.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Waistcoat

.]]

A **waistcoat** (known as a **vest** in the United States) is a sleeveless upper-body garment. It is worn over a dress shirt and necktie, and below a coat as a part of most men's formal wear. It is the third piece of the three-piece male suit.

## References
QNX

**QNX** is an Unix-like, real-time operating system that is embedded in cars, medical devices, machinery, and other devices. The QNX operating system contains a microkernel that handles basic core tasks and a group of servers / daemons outside of the kernel that handle most other tasks. This design gives end-users and developers greater control (i.e. freedom) over the operating system. BlackBerry (formerly RIM) devices such as the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet and the BlackBerry smartphone use modified versions of the QNX operating system.

## Other articles
*GNU Hurd, a multiserver, microkernel-based system
*HelenOS, a multiserver, microkernel-based operating system
*MINIX, a multiserver, microkernel-based operating system

## References
## Other websites
*QNX.com