open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Catherine, Princess of Wales

**Catherine, Princess of Wales**,  CH (born **Catherine Elizabeth Middleton**, sometimes known as **Kate Middleton**; 9 January 1982) is the wife of Prince William and mother of Prince George, Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis. She will become Queen (Catherine Windsor) of the British Empire when William becomes King.

## Background 
Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading, She grew up in Berkshire. She went to Marlborough College. She met Prince William when she was studying at the University of St Andrews in 2001. 

When they started a relationship, the attention from the media made Middleton feel harassed. In April 2007, the press reported that William and Middleton had split up. They continued to be friends and didn't stay away from each other, and later in 2007 they got back together.

## Marriage to Prince William 
William and Kate were married on 29 April 2011. She became Duchess of Cambridge upon her marriage to Prince William. Since then, Middleton has attended many royal events. 

On 22 July 2013, the Duchess gave birth to a baby boy at St. Mary's Hospital in London. On 24 July, it was announced that the baby would be called Prince George of Cambridge, with the full given name George Alexander Louis. On 2 May 2015, she gave birth to Princess Charlotte of Cambridge. Their third child, Prince Louis of Cambridge, was born on 23 April 2018.

## Public image 
Kate is very popular with the public. Many people like her fashion sense and she has been placed on many "best dressed" lists.

## Health
On 22 March 2024, she announced publicly that she had been diagnosed with cancer after having abdominal surgery in January. She said that was is undergoing chemotherapy.

## Titles 
* 29 April 2011 – present: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge
* 8 September 2022:-present Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall 
* 9 September 2022:-present Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales, Her Royal Highness  The Countess of Chester
* In Scotland: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay, Her Royal Highness  The Countess of Carrick, Lady of the Isles, Baroness Renfrew, Her Royal Highness  The Countess of Strathearn
* In Northern Ireland: Baroness Carrickfergus

## References
|-
Alexander Palace

The **Alexander Palace** () was a palace near Tsarskoye Selo, St. Petersburg, Russia. It is mostly famous for being the place where the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family lived. It is in the Alexander Park. It was called an "elegant building" with the "greatest simplicity" and "comfort".

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*Alexander Palace Time Machine
*Official website of the palace 
*World Monuments Fund - Alexander Palace
Waco, Texas

**Waco** () is a city in McLennan County, Texas. The city has an estimated 2023 population of 144,816.

## Attractions
Major Waco attractions include:
* Armstrong Browning Library
* Baylor University
* Cameron Park Zoo
* Dr Pepper Museum
* Lake Waco
* Grand Lodge of Texas
* Mayborn Museum Complex
* The Ranger wing of the Commemorative Air Force
* Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum
* Texas Sports Hall of Fame
* Texas State Technical College
* Waco Mammoth Site 
* Waco Suspension Bridge

## References
Amulet

amulet from Ancient Egypt.]]

An **amulet** (from Latin *amuletum*, meaning "charm"), is an object that people think will bring good luck and or protection to its owner.

Usually amulets are gems, statues, coins, drawings, pendants, rings, plants, animals, etc. Even words can be amulets, such as *vade retro satana*—(Latin, "go back, Satan"), to make bad luck go away.
Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia

**Prince John Constantinovich of Russia** () (5 July 1886 – 18 July 1918), also known as **Prince Ioann**, **Prince Ivan** or **Prince Johan,** was the eldest son of Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia. He was described as a , religious person. His relatives gave him the nickname of Ioannchick. He was born at Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, and was in the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov. He later married the Princess Helen of Serbia.
Tsarskoye Selo

**Tsarskoye Selo** (; "Tsar's Village") is an old Russian residence of the imperial family. It is located  south from the center of St.&nbsp;Petersburg, but is no longer a place for the imperial family. Instead, it is part of the town of Pushkin and of the World Heritage Site.

## History 
In the 17th century, the place belonged to a Swedish noble.

In 1708, Peter the Great gave the estate to his wife as a present. She helped in the making of the Blagoveschenskaya church there in 1724, and changed the name of the place to Blagoveschenskoye. However, this soon went out of use.

It was Catherine I who started to develop the place as a place for royal people. She built the Catherine Palace, now known as the Cameron Gallery.

By the end of the 18th century, Tsarskoye Selo became a popular place for noble people to visit in the summer. On September 17, 1941 the Germans destroyed the town of Pushkin, destroying many historical buildings and other artifacts.

## Further reading
*
Anna Demidova

**Anna Demidova** (1878 – July 17, 1918) was a Lady in Waiting for Tsarina Alexandra of Russia. She was exiled with the Romanov family to Tobolsk and Ekaterinburg after the Russian Revolution of 1917. She was also killed with them on July 17, 1918. She was later canonized as a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981 for being hurt by the Soviet. Her nickname was "Nyuta" and she was described as a tall blonde.

## References
Lernaean Hydra

, Paris]]

In Greek mythology, the **Lernaean Hydra** was a serpent-like monster. According to Theogony 313, the Hydra is the child of Typhon and Echidna. The Hydra had many heads.

It is also said that the Hydra's teeth were able to raise skeletons from the dead. There are pictures of the Hydra on vases and bronze plates dating back as far as the 7th century BC.

Hercules (who is called "Heracles" in Greek mythology) kills the Hydra as one of his labors. The Hydra lived in the lake of Lerna in the Argolis. The lake itself is older even than the Mycenaean city of Argos. Lerna was also the site of the myth of the Danaids. 

The second of the 12 labors of Hercules was to kill the Hydra. The monster also had one immortal head that was in the middle. All of the heads could spit deadly acid. To defeat the Hydra, Hercules called on his nephew Iolaus for help. As soon as Hercules cut off one head, Iolaus would cauterise the wound with a flaming torch so that nothing could grow to replace it. After removing the Hydra's immortal head, Hercules buried it under a large rock. Then he collected the monster's poisonous blood. In later adventures, he dipped his arrows in the blood to kill other monsters.

## References 
;General references
* 
*"Hydra." Myths and Legends of the World. 2001. *Encyclopedia.com.* 11 Apr. 2016.
Miss Piggy

**Miss Piggy** is a female pig puppet made by Jim Henson that appeared on *The Muppet Show* on television.
Bert

**Bert** or **BERT** may refer to:

## Persons, characters, or animals known as Bert
*Bert (name), commonly an abbreviated forename and sometimes a surname
*Bert, a character in the poem "Bert the Wombat" by The Wiggles; from their 1992 album Here Comes a Song
*Bert (Sesame Street), fictional character on the TV series *Sesame Street*
*Bert (horse), foaled 1934
*Bert (Mary Poppins), a Cockney chimney sweep in the book series & Disney film *Mary Poppins*
*Iron Bert (one half of the two yellow diesels 'Arry and Bert), also in *Thomas and Friends*

## Places
*Berd, Armenia, also known as Bert
*Bert, Allier, a commune in the French  of Allier
*Bert, West Virginia

## Electronics & computing
*Bit error rate test, a testing method for digital communication circuits
*Bit error rate tester, a test equipment used for testing the bit error rate of digital communication circuits
*HP Bert, a CPU in certain Hewlett-Packard programmable calculators
*BERT (language model) (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), a natural language processing technique

## Entertainment & sports
*Bert, a type of shot in Pickleball
*Bert Diaries, Swedish children's novels, TV series and film
*Bert (TV series), a Swedish TV series based on Bert Diaries
*Q*bert, a game whose Macintosh versions were known as *Bert*

## Related pages
*
Ernie

**Ernie** is an orange Muppet on the television program *Sesame Street*. Ernie was created and voiced by Jim Henson. Steve Whitmire has voiced Ernie since 1993. Now, he is voiced by Peter Linz. He is Bert's best friend. They live together.

Ernie is the more active and funny kind of guy. He looks like an orange football with horizontal stripes on his shirt. He laughs differently than anyone else and really likes to sing.

Ernie was first seen with Bert in the test episodes of *Sesame Street* in 1969. His voice at that time was more similar to Rowlf the dog than Kermit the Frog. He had purple and yellow stripes on his shirt and a purple nose instead of the red and blue stripes and red nose he has now. His shirt and nose were changed in the second year of the program. In the third year, his eye focus got better.

Bert is Ernie's and roommate. He is more grumpy, but still likes Ernie.
Bee Train

**Bee Train** Production Inc. (ビィートレイン株式会社, Biītorein Kabushikigaisha?) usually referred to as Bee Train is a Japanese anime studio, founded by Koichi Mashimo and his colleagues in 1997. It is most famous for showing strong female characters with a light lesbian attraction.

## History
Mashimo worked around Japan as a director on his own (not employed to a single company) with a group of other artists. He started a studio that would encourage and help young artists. He and his friend worked at Production I.G. The company president agreed to help Mashimo with his plan and helped start it. The first few years the two studios worked together on anime based on popular video games then Bee Train studio grew big enough to work more on its own. The studio was given a project of short videos to tie in with a new video game series called .hack (said as *dot hack*). In addition to the new set of videos the studio was also given a 26 episode television series. The next years would be met with new additions to the game series and the studio's famous "girls-with-guns" trilogy. Bee Train became independent in 2006. The two studios still have a good relationship with each other and work together on projects occasionally. From 2009 to 2010, the studio expanded to include two new areas called C-Station and D-Station. Bee Train also has another small office called Studio Road.  Studio Road does the color work for anime.

## References
## Other websites
*  
*Bee Train at Anime News Network.com
*Bee Train at IMDb.com
Give a Little More

"**Give a Little More**" is the second single released by Maroon 5 on August 17, 2010, from the album *Hands All Over*. The music video for the single was released on September 1, 2010, on VEVO. The song hit radio airplay on October 12, 2010. The song was produced by Phantom Planet's Sam Farrar.
Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

**Maria Feodorovna** (Russian: Мария Фёдоровна, romanized: *Mariya Fyodorovna*; 26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928) was Empress of Russia from 1881 to 1894 as the wife of Emperor Alexander III. She was the fourth child and second daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and Queen Louise of Hesse-Kassel. She was also the mother of Nicholas II, the last Russian Emperor.

Maria was born as Princess Dagmar on November 26, 1847 in Copenhagen, Denmark to Christian IX and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. She was the older sister of Queen Alexandra of Denmark. In 1866, she married Alexander III of Russia. They had six children together named Nicholas, Alexander, George, Xenia, Michael, and Olga.

In 1881, she became the empress consort after the assassination of her father in-law, Emperor Alexander II. She was the empress for thirteen years until her husband's death in 1894. After his death, she became empress dowager as her eldest son Nicholas II, became emperor

Maria was the empress dowager from 1894 until the fall of the Russian Empire during the Russian Revolution in 1917.  Nicholas and his family were murdered by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918. Maria and her daughters and other members of the Romanov family managed to escape from the revolution.

She later went back to her home country Denmark and she never returned to Russia. Maria died ten years later in 1928, she was 80 years old.

## References
LG Corporation

**LG Corp.** is the second largest South Korean multi-industry company that produces electronics, chemicals, and telecommunications products and operates subsidiaries like LG Electronics, LG Display, LG Telecom, LG Boring, and LG Chem in over 80 countries.

LG Corp. started as Lak-Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. in 1947. In 1952, Lak-Hui became the first South Korean company to enter the plastics industry. While the company expanded its plastic business, it established GoldStar Co.. (currently *LG Electronics Inc.*) in 1958. Both companies Lucky and GoldStar merged and formed Lucky Goldstar.

In 1995, to compete better in the Western market, the Lucky-Goldstar Corporation was renamed "LG". The company also associates the letters LG with the company's tagline "Life's Good".

## References
Brave New World (album)

***Brave New World*** is an album by Iron Maiden.  It is the band's twelfth studio album, and it was released on 30th May of 2000.

The album was recorded in Paris, France.

It has sold around 307,000 copies in the USA. It received many good reviews.One person who reviewed it said that "its  was undeniable."

## Musicians
* Bruce Dickinson - vocals
* Janick Gers - guitar
* Steve Harris - bass guitar
* Nicko McBrain - percussion
* Dave Murray - guitar
* Adrian Smith - guitar

## Track listing
## References
Amphora

]]

In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, **amphoras** were used to transport liquids or grain. Amphores had two handles, used for carrying. Amphoras existed in different sizes, between 5 litres and 50 litres. They were made of clay, or metal.  Cargo ships for liquids were full of amphorae.

Most of the amphoras that now exist were made in old times  of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. However, many were made long before then. Some amphoras date from as far back as 4500 BCE.  Some varieties have been found in ancient China.

## References
Stutter (song)

"**Stutter**" is a song performed by American pop rock band Maroon 5 from their third studio album *Hands All Over* released on September 15, 2010. The song was written by frontman Adam Levine, Matt Flynn, and Sam Farrar. It was recorded and produced in Vevey, Switzerland in early 2010 by producer and music engineer Robert John "Mutt" Lange.

## Background
The song itself premiered during the band's nationwide summer tour in late July 2010 by featuring it on their set list to perform live. The track gained much gratitude and was demanded as a single, however was released along with the album, *Hands All Over*, on September 15, 2010. Several amateur videos were uploaded to YouTube and other video-sharing social networks prior to its full-length studio release. On E! News' online website it was said that the group would release the song as a third single, following up the second single "Give a Little More", released on October 12, 2010, in late December or early January the next year. However, "Never Gonna Leave This Bed" ended up being the third mainstream single from the album, being released under A&M Records on February 5, 2011.

## Chart rankings
The track gained a great number of digital downloads around the time of the album's release in late September, 2010 pursuing "Stutter" to debut and peak at #84 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. It became the biggest selling song on the album that wasn't a single.
Mac OS X Lion

**Mac OS X Lion** is an operating system. It is the eighth major release of Apple's Mac OS X software line. It is made for Macintosh desktops, laptops, and servers. It was released on 20th July 2011 via the Mac App Store.

Lion was unveiled to the public at Apple's "Back to the Mac" event on October 20, 2010. It brings developments from iOS (Apple's mobile operating system for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad), such as the App Store, to the Mac. 
## New or changed features
Some new features were announced at the "Back to the Mac" keynote, however more features are expected to be revealed closer to the release date.

* **Mac App Store** — An application store similar to the iOS App Store. It will be made available to Macs running Mac OS 10.6 "Snow Leopard" on January 6, 2011. Like in iOS, it will provide many ways for shoppers to discover apps, one-click installation, and one-click updates of all or selected installed applications.
* **Launchpad** — An application launcher that presents an iOS-like icon grid of installed applications. Multiple pages and grouping apps in folders will be supported.
* **Full-screen apps** — Native, system-wide support for full-screen applications.
* **Mission Control** — Overview of running applications, putting together other Mac OS features including Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen apps.
* **Multi-touch gestures** — Similar to iOS, gestures performed using a multi-touch input device (e.g. Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad) will allow the user to scroll, swipe to different pages, and enter Mission Control.
* **Auto save** — Documents automatically save, so users will not have to save their work.
* **Apps resume when launched** — Applications resume in the same state when reopened.
* **Autohiding Scrollbars** — Scrollbars appear in the content area of the window and autohide when not scrolling (similar to iOS).
* **Removal of "Aqua" UI** — The "Aqua" look used in OS X since 2000 (first used in "iMovie 2") was replaced with a flatter, grey look.

## References
## Other websites
*Mac OS X Lion at Apple.com
Planck time

The **Planck time** is the length of time at which no smaller meaningful length can be validly measured due to the indeterminacy expressed in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Theoretically, this is the shortest time measurement that is possible. Planck time is roughly 10−43 seconds. However, to date, the smallest time interval that has been measured is 10−21 seconds, a "zeptosecond".
One Planck time is the time it would take a photon travelling at the speed of light to cross a distance equal to one Planck length.
 
Planck time is calculated from the Planck constant, which was first thought of by the physicist Max Planck in 1900. This work by Planck asserts that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, and their relation can be put in terms of familiar units such as the joule by using the proportionality constant Planck gave us. Heisenberg's original quantum theory was improved by his teacher and colleague Max Born.

Born put Heisenberg's equation into a matrix form. Born immediately noticed that to calculate using these matrices, one matrix had to be multiplied by another matrix. In matrix multiplication, multiplying matrix P by matrix X gives a different result from the one obtained by multiplying matrix X by matrix P. He further noticed that the difference between the two matrices involves **h**, the Planck proportionality constant. It shows that one can never pin down things like P (momentum) and X (location) exactly. As a result, we cannot pin down a time any better than we can pin down a place or a momentum. We get closer and closer and then we reach the "Planck time."

## Notation 
Planck time is usually written *t*P, a symbol made of a lowercase letter *t*, initial of the Latin word *tempus* ("time"), in italic, followed by a subscript uppercase letter P, initial of the last name of Max Planck.

## Definition 
Planck time is defined by :
:t_\mathrm{P}=\sqrt{\frac{hG}{2\pi{c^5}}}=\sqrt{\frac{\hbar{G}}{c^5}}=\frac{\ell_\mathrm{P}}{c},
where :

* ***h*** is the Planck constant

* \hbar is the reduced Planck constant (Planck constant divided by 2 pi)
* G is the gravitational constant ;
* c is the speed of light in a vacuum ;
* \ell_P is the Planck length.

## Values 
In the International System of Units, the recommended value for the Planck time is :
:t_\mathrm{P}=5{,}391\ 247(60)\times 10^{-44} s,
with a relative error of 10-4.

## Related pages
*Planck length

## References
Baud

The **baud** (symbol: **Bd**) is the unit to measure the symbol rate. If one symbol can be transmitted per second, this is equal to one Baud. The unit is named after Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot a French telecommunications engineer who invented the Baudot code. The baud is different from the gross bit rate, measured in bits per second. 

Various electric signal schemes invented in the 20th century such as phase-shift keying can make bit rates much higher than signal rates. In another example, Gigabit Ethernet has a symbol rate of 125 MBd. Gigabit Ethernet uses pulse-amplitude modulation and can transmit two bits of payload data per symbol. Gigabit Ethernet uses four balanced pairs for transmission.

It can transmit \rm 125 \;MBd \cdot 2 \;\tfrac{bit}{symbol} \cdot 4 = 1000 \;\tfrac{Mbit}{s}.
Yun Chi-young

**Yun Chi-Young** (Hangul: 윤치영, February 10 1898 - February 9 1996) was a Korean Independent Activist and politician, educators, diplomats. His nickname was 'DongSan' (동산, 東山). 1st Interior Minister (1948) of South Korea, 1st, 2nd and 3rd the National Assembly of South Korean. Younger Half-Uncle was Yun Bo-seon, 4th president of South Korea.

2nd  Republic of Korea Ambassador to French  1950 to 1951, 13th Mayor of Seoul City at December 17, 1963 to March 30, 1966.

## Book 
* 『Yun Chi-young's 20c』(윤치영의 20세기)

## Related pages
* Yun Posun
* Rhee Syngman
* Yun Chi-ho
* Park Chung-hee
* Chang Myon
* Kim Gu

## References 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=520742
Silva Kaputikyan

**Silva Barunaki "Sirvard" Kaputikyan** (, 20 January 1919 in Yerevan, Republic of Armenia - 25 August 2006, Yerevan) was a 20th century prominent Armenian poet, writer, academic, and public activist. 

In February 1988, during a reception in Kremlin, Mikhail Gorbachev said that he and his wife, Raisa, greatly admired Kaputikyan's poetry. She appeared as herself in the 1992 documentary *Parajanov: The Last Spring,* about Sergei Parajanov, the legendary film-maker of Armenian descent who was persecuted by Soviet authorities (Sayat Nova).

## Awards 
Awards won by Kaputikyan during her career include:
* Named "Renowned Master of Arts" by the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1971)
* Named "Renowned Worker of Arts" by the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1980) 
* Received state prizes of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1952) and the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1988)
* Received the *Nosside* Italian prize
* Awarded Ordens of St. Mesrob Mashtots (in Yerevan, Armenia) and *Knyaginia Olga*

Kaputikyan was also a member of International PEN.
Sodium periodate

**Sodium periodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula can be NaIO4 (sodium metaperiodate) or Na5IO6 (sodium orthoiodate). It has sodium and periodate ions in it. 

## Properties
Sodium periodate is a colorless solid. It reacts with acids to make periodic acid. It breaks down when heated to make sodium iodate and oxygen gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

## Preparation
It can be made by oxidation of sodium iodide with sodium hypochlorite in a nitric acid solution.

## Uses
Sodium periodate can oxidize cellulose. It is also used as a biodegradable chemical in the human body. It is also used in organic chemistry reactions.

## Related pages
*Potassium iodate
*Perbromic acid
*Potassium perchlorate
7 Up

**7 Up** is a product of a lemon-lime flavored soft drink. The origin of the name is unclear. The rights to the brand are held by Keurig Dr Pepper in the United States, and PepsiCo (or its licensees) in the rest of the world, including Puerto Rico. It is distributed by the 7-Up/Dr. Pepper company.

It has been reformulated several times since its launch in 1929. 7-Up Soft Drink contains no caffeine and now has no artificial ingredients or preservatives. The company promotes the product as having a crisper, more refreshing lemon-lime taste than before.

## References
Fred Figglehorn

, the creator of Fred]]
**Fred Figglehorn** is a fictional character made up by Lucas Cruikshank, a teenager from Columbus, Nebraska.

Fred Figglehorn was first recorded in 2005 and first seen on YouTube in 2006 as a five year old boy. Cruikshank makes his voice sound higher pitched for the Fred character. By April 2009, Fred's YouTube subscription page had over one million subscribers, making him the most subscribed person on YouTube. His peak amount of subscribers was over 3,000,000. The amount has declined since he started working on his films and TV show due to the hiring of writers to make his scripts for him, thus making his videos less funny. As of July 27, 2012, his channel has 1,910,093 subscribers.

In February 2009 Cruikshank worked with Nickelodeon acting in an episode of iCarly and creating the movies *Fred: The Movie*, Fred is stuck at Camp IWannapeepee as his mom signed him up for the wrong camp as he quickly befriends two campers as they must win this year's Summer Camp Games and beat Camp Superior, where Kevin is a camper.

## Shows
### TV
#### FЯED: The Show
FЯED: The Show (where Mr. Figglehorn (Fred's abusive imaginary/make-believe father) (played by John Cena) didn't appear), is a Nickelodeon show starring Lucas Cruikshank as Fred. A preview aired on January 16, 2012 and another aired on February 20, 2012. The show itself was aired the same day as the second preview. The show came to production after the success of Fred 2: Night of the Living Fred. So far, 18 episodes have aired and had to stop production for the release for the third film, but new episodes will air on July 30, 2012.

### Online
#### FЯED
*Fred* is the original web show Fred started out with. There are 4 seasons. Each one seems to have a kind of different style than the one before. In Season 1, Fred has a blue shirt. In Season 2, his shirt is red (because his grandma put a red sock in the laundry and the color ran). In Season 3, his shirt somehow becomes blue again. Season 4 is in HD and features Fred in many different places besides his house.

#### Figgle Chat
*Figgle Chat* is a talk show series Fred made where he interviews special guests (such as "Barack Obama", Hunter Hunterson, and Perez Hilton).

#### It's FЯED
This web show is an animated version of Fred's world. The first episode ("Fred gets Animated part 1) was posted on November 17, 2011. The second part ("Fred gets Animated part 2") was posted on November 24, 2011.

## Music
### ''It's Hackin' Christmas with Fred*
### *Who's Ready to Party?''
## References
## Other websites
*Fred's Youtube Channel
Periodic acid

**Periodic acid** (pronounced as per·io'·dic acid) is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO4 or H5IO6. It has hydrogen and periodate ions in it.

## Properties
Periodic acid is found as a colorless solution. It is a strong oxidizing agent, like perchloric acid. It breaks down when heated to iodine pentoxide and oxygen, as well as water. It does not form . It is found as  in dilute solution and  in concentrated solution. When  is heated, it turns into .

## Preparation
It is made by reacting a periodate with a strong acid.

## Uses
It is used to look at the structure of certain organic compounds.

## Related pages
*Perbromic acid
*Sodium perbromate
*Iodic acid
Potassium periodate

**Potassium periodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KIO4. It has potassium and periodate ions in it. 

## Properties
Potassium periodate is a white solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium perchlorate. It does not dissolve good in water. It makes potassium iodate and oxygen when heated. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting potassium iodide with a strong oxidizing agent.

## Uses
It is used to find out how much potassium is in something because it is one of the few potassium compounds that do not dissolve easily in water.

## Related pages
*Sodium periodate
*Periodic acid
*Iodic acid
Iodine heptafluoride

**Iodine heptafluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF7. It contains iodine and fluoride ions. The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a colorless gas with a moldy, stinky odor. Its melting point is at , and its boiling point is at . This means that it has a very narrow liquid range. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is very irritating to the skin. It is an interhalogen.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting iodine pentafluoride with fluorine gas.

## Related pages
*Iodine trifluoride
*Iodine pentoxide
*Periodate
Hypoiodous acid

**Hypoiodous acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO. It has hydrogen and hypoiodite ions in it. 

## Properties
Hypoiodous acid is very unstable. It easily disproportionates to iodine and iodic acid. It is a disinfectant and oxidizing agent.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with iodine.

## Uses
It is too unstable to be used, although people think that this is what makes iodine a disinfectant.

## Related pages
*Iodic acid
*Periodic acid
Hypoiodite

**Hypoiodite** is an ion. Its chemical formula is IO-. It is very unstable. It easily disproportionates to iodide and iodate. It is made by reacting iodine with a base. The iodine is in its +1 oxidation state. It is the salt of hypoiodous acid.

## Related pages
*Iodine monochloride
*Iodine trifluoride
Iodine trifluoride

**Iodine trifluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF3. It has iodine and fluoride ions in it. The iodine is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Iodine trifluoride is a yellow solid. It breaks down above -28°C. It is made by reacting very cold fluorine with iodine.

## Related pages
*Iodine tricloride
*Iodine pentafluoride
*Iodine heptafluoride
Ray, Iran

, is one of the historical structures still standing today.]]
**Rey**, **Rayy**, **Ray**, **Rhages** or **Rages** (; ; ) also known as Shahr-e-Rey (), is the oldest city in the state of Tehran, Iran. Rey today has been added into the Greater Tehran city. It is linked by the Tehran Metro to the rest of Tehran and has many industries and factories in use. A settlement began here 6,000 BCE as part of the Central Plateau Culture. The settlement was used as a capital by the Medes called Rhaga. In classical Roman geography it was called Rhagae. Its name dates back to the pre-Median.
Iodine trichloride

**Iodine trichloride** is a chemical compound made of iodine and chlorine. Its chemical formula is . The iodine is in the +3 oxidation state.

## Properties 
Iodine trichloride is a yellow solid. It melts at . It conducts electricity when it melts. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is an interhalogen.

## Preparation 
It is made by reacting a lot of cold iodine with liquid chlorine. It can also be made by heating liquid iodine with chlorine gas at .

## Related pages 
*Iodine pentafluoride
*Iodine monochloride
*Iodine heptafluoride
SemEval

**SemEval** (**Sem**antic **Eval**uation) is a series of workshops that focus on evaluating computer systems that  interpret the meaning of human language (aka Computational Semantic systems).
Iodate

**Iodate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is . The iodine is in the +5 oxidation state. It can be made by reduction of periodate. They are similar to chlorates. They react with acids to make iodic acid. They are salts of iodic acid. An example would be sodium iodate.

## Related pages
*Iodine compounds
Silver iodate

**Silver iodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgIO3. It has silver and iodate ions in it. The silver is in the +1 oxidation state.

## Properties 
Silver iodate is a colorless solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is an oxidizing agent. 

## Preparation 
It is made by reacting silver nitrate with sodium iodate. 

## Related pages 
*Potassium iodate
*Sodium periodate
*Sodium bromate
Iodine pentafluoride

**Iodine pentafluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF5. It has iodine and fluoride ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties
Iodine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid. It is an interhalogen. It is also a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid. 

## Preparation
Iodine pentafluoride is made by burning iodine in fluorine gas.

## Uses
It is used in organic chemistry (amine to nitrile conversion after hydrolysis). 

## Related pages
*Iodine heptafluoride
*Iodine trifluoride
Potassium iodate

**Potassium iodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KIO3. It has potassium and iodate ions in it.

## Properties
Potassium iodate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium bromate and potassium chlorate. It reacts violently with many reducing agents.

## Preparation
Potassium iodate is made by reacting iodic acid with potassium hydroxide or by reacting iodine with potassium hydroxide. This second reaction makes the iodide and the iodate. 

## Uses
Potassium iodate is used to add iodine to salt. It is better than potassium iodide because it does not oxidize to iodine and evaporate like potassium iodide does. It is sometimes used in flour just like potassium bromate. 

It is also used for radiation protection. A nuclear explosion can make radioactive iodine, which goes into the thyroid and can make cancer. Eating potassium iodate makes the thyroid full of nonradioactive iodine and prevents radioactive iodine from going in. It lasts longer than potassium iodide.

## Related pages
*Potassium periodate
*Periodic acid
*Hypoiodous acid
Sodium iodate

**Sodium iodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaIO3. It has sodium and iodate ions in it.

## Properties 
Sodium iodate is a colorless solid. It is similar to sodium chlorate. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with sodium hypochlorite to make sodium periodate. It can catch things on fire.

## Preparation 
It is made by dissolving iodic acid or iodine in sodium hydroxide solution. Iodine dissolving also makes sodium iodide.

## Uses 
It is used to make sodium periodate.

## Related pages 
*Potassium iodate
*Potassium periodate
*Potassium chlorate
Pointillism

*La Parade de Cirque* (1889), showing the contrasting dots of paint used in pointillism.]]
, *Femmes au Puits*, 1892, showing a detail with constituent colours.]] 

**Pointillism** is a way of painting in which small separate dots of pure color are used to form images. The artist paints the picture with hundreds of tiny dots, mainly of red, yellow, blue and green, with white. The eye and mind of the viewer mix the colours to make different shades of these colours, as well as orange, purple, pink, and brown depending on the way the dots of colour are arranged. 

Georges Seurat, at first an Impressionist painter, and Paul Signac, developed this  in 1886. Other important artists were Camille Pissarro and, in some paintings, Vincent van Gogh.  Art critics who saw their work, laughed at it and called it "Pointillism" as an insult. This name is still used, but is no longer thought of as an insult.

Traditionally, artists blend pigments (mix colours) on a palette. Pointillist painters do not mix the colours on the palette at all  they just use the colours straight from the tube. Traditional painters, and also impressionist painters, use many types of brushstrokes, and many textures of paint. The surface of the painting may have flat colour, lines, squiggles and dabs of paint. In a pointillist painting, every part of the picture is done in tiny dots, and most of the dots are about the same size. Pointillism is usually done in oil paints, because they are thick and do not run into each other when they are painted on the canvas.

## Printing and television
Many colour printers and large printing presses use four colours to print in tiny dots of cyan (blue), magenta (red), yellow, and black. Televisions and computer monitors use a similar technique to show many different colors using only red, green, and blue.

## Music
The name Pointillism is also given to a style of 20th-century music. Different musical notes are made separately from each other, giving a sound texture similar to pointillism. This type of music is also known as "punctualism" or "klangfarbenmelodie".

## Gallery

File:Georges Seurat - Les Poseuses.jpg|''Artist's models in the studio*, Seurat (1887)
File:Pissarro recolte-des-foins.jpg|*Harvesting Hay*, Pissarro (1887)
File:Paul Baum - Dichtbebaute Dorfstrasse in Holland, bei Nachmittagssonne.jpg|*A village in Holland*, Paul Baum (1905)
File:VanGogh 1887 Selbstbildnis.jpg|Vincent van Gogh, *Self Portrait*, 1887, using pointillist technique.
File:Morning, Interior - Luce.jpeg|Maximilien Luce, *Morning, Interior*, 1890, using pointillist technique.
File:Paul Signac - Avignon. Soir (le château des Papes) - 1909.jpg|*The Palace of the Popes at Avignon'', Signac (1900)

## Related pages
* Impressionism
* Post-Impressionists

## References
Copper(I) iodide

**Copper(I) iodide**, also known as **cuprous iodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuI. It has copper and iodide ions in it. The copper is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Copper(I) iodide is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It easily turns tan or brown. It is a reducing agent. The iodide easily oxidizes to iodine. Copper does not form a stable copper(II) iodide; copper(II) iodide breaks down right away to make copper(I) iodide and iodine. It dissolves in concentrated iodides like potassium iodide. When it is diluted, it makes copper(I) iodide again. 

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting iodine and copper in concentrated hydroiodic acid. Another way would be to react copper(II) sulfate and potassium iodide. This makes copper(II) iodide which as said before breaks down right away to make iodine and copper(I) iodide.

## Uses
It is used to make organic compounds. It is also used to make clouds rain. It is used to make nylon resistant to heat. It can be used to put iodine to foods.

## Related pages
*Copper(I) bromide
*Copper(I) chloride
Periodate

**Periodate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is either IO4- (metaperiodate) or IO65- (orthoperiodate). They are the salts of periodic acid. The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state. Periodates are similar to perchlorates. They are strong oxidizing agents. Sodium periodate is the most common periodate.

## Related pages
*Iodate
*Hypoiodite
Copper(II) bromide

**Copper(II) bromide**, also known as **cupric bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuBr2. It has copper and bromide ions in it. The copper is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Copper(II) bromide is a grayish-black solid. Most copper(II) compounds, except for the oxide, are bright blue or green. It can be reduced to copper(I) bromide.

## Preparation
It can be made by dissolving copper(II) oxide in hydrobromic acid. It can also be made by reacting copper and bromine.82

## Uses
Copper(II) bromide is used in lasers. It is also used to add bromide ions to other chemical compounds in organic chemistry. 

## Related pages
*Copper(II) chloride
*Copper(I) iodide

## References
Sam Francis

**Samuel Lewis Francis** (June 25, 1923, San Mateo, California – November 4, 1994, Santa Monica, California) was an American painter and printmaker.  He was born in San Mateo, California, and studied botany, medicine and psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. He served in the United States Air Force during World War II before being injured in a plane crash.  He was buried in Olema, in Marin County, California.

After the death of the artist, the Samuel L. Francis Foundation, Inc. (also known as the "Samuel L. Francis Art Museum, Inc." or the "Sam Francis Foundation") was founded. The Foundation not only serves as his official Estate, but also has a mission "to research, document, protect and perpetuate the creative legacy of [Francis]." The U.S. copyright representative for the Francis Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.

As of 2008, the Foundation is working to create a Catalogue Raisonné of Francis's work. In addition to collecting information on known Francis works, they also have a page dedicated to "missing works" for which they are seeking any information interested parties may have.

In 2010, artist and filmmaker Jeffrey Perkins released the documentary "The Painter Sam Francis". The documentary includes film of Francis at work, filmed between 1968 and the early '90s together with interviews with friends, family, and professional associates of Francis.

## References
* Marika Herskovic, *American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey,*  (New York School Press, 2003.) . pp.&nbsp;130–133
* Peter Plagens, "Sunny side up - abstract expressionist painter Sam Francis," *Artforum*, March 1999.

## Writings
* *Aphorisms*, Lapis, Santa Monica 1984 

## Other websites
* Samuel L. Francis official website 
* The Samuel L. Francis Foundation website
* Francis' page at the Tate Gallery  (includes a brief biography and images of his work)
* Sam Francis (artfacts)
* Gallery Delaive - Official representative of the Sam Francis estate for Europe
* examples of Sam Francis paintings
* Sam Francis Biography and Images: Hollis Taggart Galleries 
* Artists Rights Society, U.S. Copyright Representatives for Sam Francis
* Sam Francis papers, 1920-2000, bulk 1950-1994. Research Library at the Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California. Although some papers remain with family and friends, this portion of the Francis archive gives a perspective on his life and work and documents the local context of production. The archive contains business and personal correspondence; project and business files with dealers and museums; files on the publications and prints of the Lapis Press; and photographic documentation of the artist, his work, family, friends, and collaborators. Also included are exhibition catalogs and related publications; gallery and museum posters; films and recordings made about Sam Francis; and samples of products designed by him for commercial projects.
Fading Echoes (Warriors)

***Fading Echoes*** is the second book in the fourth *Warriors* series, *Omen of the Stars*. It includes multiple points of view: Dovepaw and Ivypaw, two sisters, and Jayfeather and Lionblaze, two brothers. All of these cats are in ThunderClan.

The story takes place in a forest around a fictional lake. The forest is populated by groups of feral cats, who live in groups that call themselves Clans. The four Clans are ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats usually train to become warriors, who hunt and fight for their Clans.

## Plot 
### Dovepaw's story 
Dovepaw strengthens her ability to hear farther than any cat around the lake, while her bond with her sister, Ivypaw, dwindles. This is because Dovepaw cannot share the secret of her power with any cat except for Lionblaze and Jayfeather. 

Dovepaw tries to make friends with a ShadowClan warrior named Tigerheart, but she cannot, as the fact that they are from different Clans keeps them apart.

Later, Dovepaw saves most of ThunderClan by sensing that a tree is about to fall into their camp, and evacuating them in time.

### Jayfeather's story 
Jayfeather discovers that some Clan cats are being trained by Dark Forest cats (the Dark Forest is where bad Clan cats' spirits go when they die). This means that the Clan cats will have to fight the Dark Forest cats and the Clan cats training there. 

### Ivypaw's story 
Ivypaw begins to train in the Dark Forest. She has an argument with her sister, Dovepaw, and their bond starts to weaken. Later, she fakes a sign that says the cats should enter a battle, which results in two deaths.
Iodine pentoxide

**Iodine pentoxide**, also known as **iodine(V) oxide** and **diiodine pentoxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is I2O5. It has iodine and oxide ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties
Iodine pentoxide is a white solid. It breaks down to iodine and oxygen when heated. It reacts with carbon monoxide to make carbon dioxide and iodine. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make iodic acid.

## Preparation
Iodine pentoxide is made by heating iodic acid to  in dry air.

## Uses
It is used to see how much carbon monoxide is in a sample of gas.

## Related pages
*Iodine pentafluoride
*Iodine trifluoride
*Iodine monochloride
Starlight (Warriors)

***Starlight*** is the fourth book in the second series of *Warriors*, called *Warriors: The New Prophecy*. The book is told from three different points of view: Leafpool and Squirrelflight, two sisters, and Squirrelflight's love interest, Brambleclaw.

This book takes place in a forest around a fictional lake. The forest is populated by groups of feral cats, who live in groups that call themselves Clans. The four Clans are ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats usually train to become warriors, who hunt and fight for their Clans.

## Plot 
### Leafpool 
Leafpool has to care for ThunderClan with her teacher, Cinderpelt. She and Cinderpelt are medicine cats, meaning that they heal the cats of their Clan. She finds a place called the Moonpool, where the Clans can contact the spirits of their ancestors. She eventually falls in love with a WindClan warrior called Crowfeather (which is forbidden, as Leafpool and Crowfeather are from different Clans). Leafpool also discovers that Brambleclaw has started to train with Tigerstar and Hawkfrost, his evil father and brother, in dreams. She wonders if he is truly loyal to ThunderClan.

### Squirrelflight 
Squirrelflight discovers a place where ThunderClan can live. She begins to struggle with her emotions for two male cats, Brambleclaw and Ashfur. She likes Ashfur more for a while when she finds out that Brambleclaw has been training with evil cats. She wonders if Brambleclaw is loyal to ThunderClan. Eventually, though, she decides that she loves Brambleclaw, and chooses him over Ashfur.

### Brambleclaw 
Brambleclaw starts dreaming of a place called the Dark Forest, a place where the spirits of evil Clan cats go when they die. In those dreams, he trains with Tigerstar and Hawkfrost, his evil father and brother.
Copper(I) bromide

**Copper(I) bromide**, also known as **cuprous bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuBr. It has copper and bromide ions in it. The copper is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties 
Copper(I) bromide is a colorless solid. It turns green when in air. It does not dissolve in water. It is a reducing agent. 

## Preparation 
Copper(I) bromide is made by reacting copper(II) bromide with any sulfite and any bromide salt. This reaction makes hydrogen bromide gas. 

## Uses 
It is used in organic chemistry. It is used to make organic compounds that have copper in them.

## Related pages 
*Copper(I) iodide
*Copper(I) chloride
Mike Epps

**Michael Elliot Epps** (born November 18, 1970) is an American actor and comedian. His movies include *Next Friday*, *Friday After Next*, and *Open Season 2*. Epps' trademark is a voice similar to Martin Lawrence in the original *Open Season*. He replaced Lawrence as the voice of Boog in *Open Season 2*. Lawrence and Epps also starred in the comedy *Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins*. In *Open Season 3*, he was replaced by Matthew J. Munn.

## Other websites
*
Dolomite

range, Northern Limestone Alps]]

**Dolomite** is the name of a sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 

As a mineral, it is found in crystals. Dolomite rock  (or 'dolostone') is mostly made of the mineral dolomite. 

Limestone that is partially replaced by dolomite is referred to as *dolomitic limestone*. In the old U.S. geologic literature it is called *magnesian limestone*. Dolomite was first described in 1791 for exposures in the Dolomites of northern Italy.

]]