April 13

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
* 1111 &ndash; Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned.
* 1204 &ndash; Constantinople falls to the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire.
* 1598 &ndash; Henry V of France issues the Edict of Nantes, allowing religious freedom for Huguenots. The edict is repealed in 1685.
* 1742 &ndash; George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah has its world premiere in Dublin, Ireland.
* 1749 &ndash; A cyclone off Southeast India sinks British ships HMS *Pembroke* and HMS *Namur*, killing 850 people. Only 14 survive.
* 1777 &ndash; American Revolutionary War; American forces are ambushed and defeated  in the Battle of Bound Brook, New Jersey.
* 1796 &ndash; The first elephant ever seen in the United States arrives from India.
* 1829 &ndash; Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom are granted the right to vote and are allowed to sit in parliament.
* 1849 &ndash; Hungary becomes a Republic.
* 1861 &ndash; American Civil War: Fort Sumter, South Carolina, surrenders to Confederate forces.
* 1868 &ndash; The Abyssynian War ends as British and Indian troops capture Maqdala.
* 1870 &ndash; New York City's Metropolitan Museum of Art is founded.
* 1873 &ndash; The Colfax Massacre, in which over 60 African Americans are murdered, takes place in Colfax, Louisiana.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1904 &ndash; The Russian battleship *Petropavlovsk* of the Russian Pacific Fleet hits a Japanese mine and sinks. The painter Vasily Vereshchagin is among those who are killed in the incident.
* 1909 &ndash; The Turkish military reverses the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 to force the overthrow of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.
* 1919 &ndash; Establishment of the Provisional Government of Korea.
* 1919 &ndash; Jallianwala Bagh massacre: British troops gun down at least 379 unarmed demonstrators in Amritsar, India. 1,200 are injured.
* 1934 &ndash; While still under construction, the railway bridge in Saratov, Russia, collapses, killing 150 people.
* 1941 &ndash; The USSR and Japan sign a pact of neutrality.
* 1943 &ndash; The Thomas Jefferson Memorial is dedicated in Washington, DC.
* 1943 &ndash; World War II: The discovery of mass graves of Polish prisoners of war killed by Soviet forces in the Katyn massacre is announced. This causes a rift between the Polish Government–in–exile (based in London) and the Soviet Union, which denies responsibility.
* 1944 &ndash; The USSR and New Zealand establish diplomatic relations.
* 1945 &ndash; World War II: German troops kill over 1,000 political and military prisoners in Gardelegen, Germany.
* 1945 &ndash; World War II: Soviet and Bulgarian forces capture Vienna.
* 1948 &ndash; Hadassah medical convoy massacre: In an ambush, 79 Jewish doctors, nurses and medical students from Hadassah Hospital and a British soldier are massacred by Arabs in Sheikh Jarra near Jerusalem.
* 1960 &ndash; The US launches Transit 1–B, the world's first satellite navigation system.
* 1964 &ndash; Sidney Poitier becomes the first African American to win a Best Actor Oscar.
* 1970 &ndash; ''Houston, we've had a problem'': An oxygen tank aboard Apollo 13 explodes, causing major damage, and putting the crew at risk. They safely return to Earth.
* 1972 &ndash; The Universal Postal Union decides to recognize the People's Republic of China instead of the Republic of China.
* 1975 &ndash; At least 17 people are killed in a gun battle between Palestinian Guerrillas and Christian militants in Beirut.
* 1984 &ndash; India annexes territory beyond the Line of Control.
* 1986 &ndash; Pope John Paul II becomes the first Pope to visit a Jewish place of worship when he visits a synagogue in Rome.
* 1987 &ndash; Portugal agrees to return Macau to China's control in 1999.
* 1992 &ndash; In the United Kingdom, the leader of the Labour Party, Neil Kinnock, announces his resignation.
* 1992 &ndash; Chicago is flooded.
* 1997 &ndash; Tiger Woods becomes the youngest golfer to win the US Masters tournament.

### From 2001 
* 2002 &ndash; Armenian anti–government protests are violently crushed.
* 2003 &ndash; The National Library in Baghdad is set on fire, with many historical documents being lost.
* 2013 &ndash; Amsterdam's Rijksmuseum is officially re–opened after a decade–long restoration.
* 2014 &ndash; A bus crash in Veracruz, Mexico, kills 36 people.
* 2017 &ndash; The United States drops its biggest–ever non–nuclear bomb in eastern Afghanistan.

## Births 
### Up to 1900 
* 1506 &ndash; Peter Faber, French theologian (d. 1546)
* 1519 &ndash; Catherine of Medici, Queen of France (d. 1589)
* 1570 &ndash; Guy Fawkes, English conspirator (d. 1606)
* 1573 &ndash; Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1625)
* 1593 &ndash; Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Stratford, English politician (d. 1641)
* 1732 &ndash; Frederick North, Lord North, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1792)
* 1735 &ndash; Isaac Low, American merchant and politician (d. 1791)
* 1743 &ndash; Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (d. 1826)
* 1747 &ndash; Louis II, Duke of Orléans (d. 1793)
* 1771 &ndash; Richard Trevithick, Cornish engineer (d. 1833)
* 1780 &ndash; Alexander Mitchell, Irish engineer (d. 1868)
* 1784 &ndash; Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, Prussian field marshal (d. 1877)
* 1802 &ndash; Leopold Fitzinger, Austrian zoologist (d. 1884)
* 1808 &ndash; Antonio Meucci, Italian inventor (d. 1889)
* 1816 &ndash; Sterndale Bennett, English composer, pianist and conductor (d. 1875)
* 1825 &ndash; Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Canadian journalist and politician (d. 1868)
* 1832 &ndash; Juan Montalvo, Ecuadorean writer (d. 1889)
* 1850 &ndash; Arthur Matthew Weld Downing, Irish astronomer (d. 1917)
* 1852 &ndash; Frank Winfield Woolworth, American businessman (d. 1919)
* 1860 &ndash; James Ensor, Belgian painter (d. 1949)
* 1864 &ndash; Bertha Zuckerkandl, Austrian writer and journalist (d. 1945)
* 1866 &ndash; Butch Cassidy, American outlaw (d. 1908)
* 1872 &ndash; Jan Szczepanik, Polish chemist and inventor (d. 1926)
* 1872 &ndash; John Cameron, Scottish footballer (d. 1935)
* 1873 &ndash; John W. Davis, American politician (d. 1955)
* 1875 &ndash; Ray Lyman Wilbur, American doctor, academic and politician (d. 1949)
* 1885 &ndash; Georg Lukacs, Hungarian philosopher and critic (d. 1971)
* 1890 &ndash; Frank Murphy, 56th United States Attorney General (d. 1949)
* 1891 &ndash; Nella Larsen, American writer (d. 1964)
* 1891 &ndash; Robert Scholl, German politician (d. 1973)
* 1892 &ndash; Robert Watson-Watt, Scottish inventor (d. 1973)
* 1894 &ndash; Arthur Fadden, 13th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1973)
* 1897 &ndash; Werner Voss, German pilot (d. 1917)
* 1899 &ndash; Alfred Mosher Butts, American architect and inventor of Scrabble (d. 1993)
* 1899 &ndash; Alfred Schütz, Austrian philosopher (d. 1959)
* 1900 &ndash; Pierre Molinier, French painter and photographer (d. 1976)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
* 1906 &ndash; Samuel Beckett, Irish playwright (d. 1989)
* 1906 &ndash; Gabriel Ramanantsoa, President of Madagascar (d. 1979)
* 1907 &ndash; Harold Stassen, American politician, 25th Governor of Minnesota (d. 2001)
* 1909 &ndash; Stanislaw Ulam, Ukrainian–American mathematician (d. 1984)
* 1911 &ndash; Ico Hitrec, Croatian footballer (d. 1946)
* 1917 &ndash; Bill Clements, American politician, 42nd Governor of Texas (d. 2011)
* 1919 &ndash; Madalyn Murray O'Hair, American activist, founder of American Atheists (d. 1995)
* 1919 &ndash; Howard Keel, American actor (d. 2004)
* 1920 &ndash; Roberto Calvi, Italian banker (d. 1982)
* 1920 &ndash; Liam Cosgrave, Irish Taoiseach (d. 2017)
* 1920 &ndash; Claude Cheysson, French politician (d. 2012)
* 1921 &ndash; Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza, Dutch–Swiss businessman (d. 2002)
* 1921 &ndash; Dona Ivone Lara, Brazilian singer and composer (d. 2018)
* 1922 &ndash; John Braine, English novelist (d. 1986)
* 1922 &ndash; Julius Nyerere, 1st President of Tanzania (d. 1999)
* 1923 &ndash; Don Adams, American actor (d. 2005)
* 1924 &ndash; Stanley Donen, American director and choreographer (d. 2019)
* 1925 &ndash; Michael Halliday, English–Australian linguist (d. 2018)
* 1926 &ndash; John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, English aristocrat and businessman (d. 2014)
* 1927 &ndash; Maurice Ronet, French actor and director (d. 1983)
* 1928 &ndash; Alan Clark, English politician (d. 1999)
* 1929 &ndash; Marilynn Smith, American golfer (d. 2019)
* 1930 &ndash; Sergiu Nicolaescu, Romanian director, screenwriter and politician (d. 2013)
* 1931 &ndash; Robert Enrico, French director and screenwriter (d. 2001)
* 1931 &ndash; Jon Stone, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1997)
* 1932 &ndash; Orlando Letelier, Chilean–American economist, politician and educator (d. 1976)
* 1934 &ndash; John Muckler, Canadian ice hockey player, coach and manager
* 1937 &ndash; Berge Furre, Norwegian politician, historian and theologian (d. 2016)
* 1939 &ndash; Seamus Heaney, Irish writer (d. 2013)
* 1939 &ndash; Paul Sorvino, American actor
* 1940 &ndash; J. M. G. Le Clézio, French writer
* 1940 &ndash; Max Mosley, English racing executive
* 1940 &ndash; Jim McNab, Scottish footballer (d. 2006)
* 1941 &ndash; Michael Stuart Brown, American geneticist
* 1941 &ndash; Margaret Price, Welsh soprano (d. 2011)
* 1942 &ndash; Bill Conti, American composer and conductor
* 1946 &ndash; Al Green, American singer
* 1948 &ndash; Juan Taverna, Argentine footballer (d. 2014)
* 1949 &ndash; Christopher Hitchens, British journalist, writer and critic (d. 2011)
* 1950 &ndash; Ron Perlman, American actor

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
* 1951 &ndash; Peter Davison, British actor
* 1951 &ndash; Joachim Streich, East German footballer
* 1951 &ndash; Kaci Kullmann Five, Norwegian politician (d. 2017)
* 1951 &ndash; Max Weinberg, American drummer
* 1951 &ndash; Peabo Bryson, American singer
* 1953 &ndash; Stephen Byers, British politician
* 1953 &ndash; Brigitte Macron, French teacher, wife of Emmanuel Macron
* 1955 &ndash; Ole von Beust, German politician, former Mayor of Hamburg
* 1960 &ndash; Rudi Völler, German footballer
* 1962 &ndash; Edivaldo Martins Fonseca, Brazilian footballer (d. 1993)
* 1962 &ndash; Hillel Slovak, Israeli–born guitarist (d. 1988)
* 1963 &ndash; Garry Kasparov, Russian chess player
* 1964 &ndash; Caroline Rhea, Canadian actress
* 1964 &ndash; Andy Goram, Scottish footballer
* 1964 &ndash; John Swinney, Scottish politician
* 1964 &ndash; Davis Love III, American golfer
* 1966 &ndash; Ali Boumnijel, Tunisian footballer
* 1968 &ndash; Margrethe Vestager, Danish politician
* 1970 &ndash; Rick Schroder, American actor and director
* 1972 &ndash; Mariusz Czerkawski, Polish ice hockey player
* 1974 &ndash; David Zdrilic, Australian footballer
* 1974 &ndash; Marta Jandova, Czech singer

### From 1976 
* 1976 &ndash; Valentina Cervi, Italian actress
* 1976 &ndash; Yoo Ji-tae, South Korean actor and director
* 1978 &ndash; Carles Puyol, Spanish–Catalan footballer
* 1978 &ndash; James Jordan, English dancer and choreographer
* 1979 &ndash; Meghann Shaugnessy, American tennis player
* 1979 &ndash; Tony Lundon, Irish singer-songwriter, producer and dancer (Liberty X)
* 1980 &ndash; Quentin Richardson, American basketball player
* 1980 &ndash; Jason Maguire, Irish jockey
* 1980 &ndash; Alan Melikdjanian, Latvian–American actor, director and producer
* 1981 &ndash; Gemma Doyle, Scottish politician
* 1981 &ndash; Courtney Peldon, American actress
* 1983 &ndash; Nicole Cooke, Welsh road racing cyclist
* 1983 &ndash; Schalk Burger, South African rugby player
* 1983 &ndash; Claudio Bravo, Chilean footballer
* 1983 &ndash; Heidi Anderson, American voice actress
* 1984 &ndash; Anders Lindegaard, Danish footballer
* 1985 &ndash; Anna Jennings-Edquist, Australian actress, director and producer
* 1987 &ndash; Brandon Hardesty, American actor
* 1987 &ndash; Allison Weiss, American singer-songwriter
* 1988 &ndash; Petteri Kopponen, Finnish basketball player
* 1988 &ndash; Anderson Luis de Abreu Oliveira, Brazilian footballer
* 1989 &ndash; Nastassia Mionchyk-Ivanova, Belarussian long jumper
* 1990 &ndash; Alyssa Mendonsa, Indian singer
* 1991 &ndash; Kim Yu-jin, South Korean taekwondo practitioner
* 1992 &ndash; George North, Welsh rugby player
* 1993 &ndash; Hannah Marks, American actress

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
* 548 &ndash; Ly Nam De, Emperor of Vietnam (b. 503)
* 814 &ndash; Krum, Bulgarian ruler
* 1093 &ndash; Prince Vsevolod of Kiev (b. 1030)
* 1138 &ndash; Simon I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1076)
* 1592 &ndash; Bartolomeo Ammannati, Italian architect and sculptor (b. 1511)
* 1605 &ndash; Tsar Boris Godunov of Russia (b. 1551)
* 1794 &ndash; Nicolas Chamfort, French playwright (b. 1741)
* 1853 &ndash; Leopold Gmelin, German chemist (b. 1788)
* 1853 &ndash; James Iredell, Jr., American politician, 23rd Governor of North Carolina (b. 1788)
* 1868 &ndash; Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1818)
* 1880 &ndash; Robert Fortune, Scottish botanist (b. 1813)
* 1882 &ndash; Bruno Bauer, German historian and philosopher (b. 1809)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1904 &ndash; Vasily Vereshchagin, Russian painter (b. 1842)
* 1904 &ndash; Stepan Makarov, Russian naval commander (b. 1849)
* 1911 &ndash; John McLane, Scottish–American politician, 50th Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1852)
* 1911 &ndash; George Washington Glick, American politician, 9th Governor of Kansas (b. 1827)
* 1912 &ndash; Ishikawa Takuboku, Japanese writer (b. 1886)
* 1918 &ndash; Lavr Georgevich Kornilov, Russian general (b. 1870)
* 1927 &ndash; Georg Voigt, German politician (b. 1866)
* 1936 &ndash; Konstantinos Demertzis, 129th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1876)
* 1938 &ndash; Grey Owl, English–Canadian conservationist (b. 1888)
* 1941 &ndash; Annie Jump Cannon, American astronomer (b. 1863)
* 1942 &ndash; Anton Uesson, Estonian engineer and politician (b. 1879)
* 1945 &ndash; Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher (b. 1874)
* 1954 &ndash; Samuel Jones, American high jumper (b. 1880)
* 1954 &ndash; Angus Lewis Macdonald, Canadian politician, 12th Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1890)
* 1956 &ndash; Emil Nolde, German painter (b. 1867)
* 1962 &ndash; Culbert Olson, American politician, 29th Governor of California (b. 1876)
* 1966 &ndash; Georges Duhamel, French writer (b. 1884)
* 1966 &ndash; Abdul Salam Arif, 2nd President of Iraq (b. 1921)
* 1972 &ndash; Johannes Sveinsson Kjarval, Icelandic painter (b. 1885)
* 1975 &ndash; Larry Parks, American actor (b. 1914)
* 1975 &ndash; François Tombalbaye, 1st President of Chad (b. 1918)
* 1981 &ndash; Prince Asaka Yasuhiko of Japan (b. 1887)
* 1984 &ndash; Richard Hurndall, British actor (b. 1910)
* 1999 &ndash; Ortvin Sarapu, New Zealand chess player (b. 1924)
* 1999 &ndash; Willi Stoph, East German politician (b. 1914)
* 2000 &ndash; Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer (b. 1916)

### From 2001 
* 2002 &ndash; Desmond Titterington, Northern Irish racing driver (b. 1928)
* 2004 &ndash; Caron Keating, English–Irish television host (b. 1962)
* 2006 &ndash; Muriel Spark, Scottish writer (b. 1918)
* 2008 &ndash; Mark Speight, English children's television presenter (b. 1965) (body found on this date)
* 2008 &ndash; John Archibald Wheeler, American theoretical physicist (b. 1911)
* 2011 &ndash; Buster Martin, French–British marathon runner (b. 1906 or 1913)
* 2013 &ndash; Lin Yang-kang, Chinese–Taiwanese politician (b. 1927)
* 2014 &ndash; Ernesto Laclau, Argentine political theorist (b. 1935)
* 2014 &ndash; Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick, Scottish herald and banker (b. 1929)
* 2015 &ndash; Ronnie Carroll, Northern Irish singer and politician (b. 1934)
* 2015 &ndash; Thelma Coyne Long, Australian tennis player (b. 1918)
* 2015 &ndash; Herb Trimpe, American comic book artist (b. 1939)
* 2015 &ndash; Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan journalist, novelist and writer (b. 1940)
* 2015 &ndash; Günter Grass, German novelist (b. 1927)
* 2015 &ndash; Orma Slack, Canadian supercentenarian (b. 1903)
* 2016 &ndash; Mariano Mores, Argentine tango composer and pianist (b. 1918)
* 2016 &ndash; Manouchehr Sotodeh, Iranian geographer (b. 1913)
* 2016 &ndash; Gareth Thomas, Welsh actor (b. 1945)
* 2016 &ndash; Ray Thornton, American attorney and politician (b. 1928)
* 2016 &ndash; Nera White, American basketball player (b. 1935)
* 2017 &ndash; Fred Goldsmith, Australian football player (b. 1932)
* 2017 &ndash; David Mwiraria, Kenyan politician (b. 1938)
* 2017 &ndash; Dan Rooney, American football executive and diplomat (b. 1932)
* 2017 &ndash; K. S. Chandrasekharan, Indian–Swiss mathematician (b. 1920)
* 2018 &ndash; Art Bell, American writer and radio host (b. 1945)
* 2018 &ndash; Joy Laville, English–Mexican sculptor, painter and potter (b. 1923)
* 2018 &ndash; Milos Forman, Czech–American film director and screenwriter (b. 1932)
* 2019 &ndash; Francisca Aguirre, Spanish poet (b. 1930)
* 2019 &ndash; Tony Buzan, English writer (b. 1942)
* 2019 &ndash; Neus Catala, Spanish Resistance fighter and Holocaust survivor (b. 1915)
* 2019 &ndash; Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist (b. 1925)
* 2019 &ndash; Norio Kaifu, Japanese astronomer (b. 1943)
* 2019 &ndash; D. Babu Paul, Indian civil servant (b. 1941)
* 2019 &ndash; Paul Raymond, English musician (b. 1945)
* 2019 &ndash; S. K. Shivakumar, Indian rocket scientist (b. 1953)
* 2019 &ndash; Lydia Wideman, Finnish cross–country skier (b. 1920)
* 2019 &ndash; Yvette Williams, New Zealand athlete (b. 1929)

## Observances 
* Songkan (Laos)
* Songkran (Thailand)
* Cambodian New Year
* Thomas Jefferson's birthday (United States)