open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
UNOVIS

**UNOVIS** was an important group of Russian artists. It was taken over by Kazimir Malevich at the Vitebsk Art School in 1919. It started of with a group of students and was called MOLPOSNOVIS. The group developed new idea about art. Once Malevich became the leader they changed their name to UNOVIS. The group only lasted until 1926.

## Foundation and growth
The group had many changes. First known as MOLPOSNOVIS, after the school's teachers joined and it became POSNOVIS. In 1920, Malevich was d them to teach at the school in 1919 by Marc Chagall. In February of the same year Malevich became leader.

## References
Ethiopian calendar

The **Ethiopian calendar** is the main calendar used in Ethiopia. It serves as the liturgical calendar for Christians in Eritrea and Ethiopia belonging to the Orthodox Tewahedo churches, Eastern Catholic Church and Coptic Orthodox Church. It is a solar calendar which comes from the Egyptian calendar. But like the Julian calendar, it adds a leap day every four years. It begins the year on August 29 or August 30 in the Julian calendar.  A seven to eight-year gap between the Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars results from an alternate calculation in determining the date of the annunciation of Jesus.
## Makeup
Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopic calendar has twelve months of 30 days plus five or six epagomenal days, which make up a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar. The names of the days are in Ge'ez. The sixth epagomenal day is added every four years without exception on August 29 of the Julian calendar. This occurs six months before the Julian leap day. Thus the first day of the Ethiopian year, *1 Mäskäräm*, for years between 1900 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually September 11 (Gregorian). It, however, falls on September 12 in years before the Gregorian leap year. Ethiopia did not make the change. As a result, Ethiopia is seven years and eight months behind those countries that use the Gregorian calendar. Christmas and Easter fall on different dates than they would elsewhere.
## Tourists
In Ethiopia banks, airlines and other institutions that tourists would use run on the western calendar. Everywhere else the Ethiopian calendar is used. That may cause some confusion.
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Ethiopian Calendar Converter
* Current local time and date in Ethiopia
Physical dependence

**Physical dependence** is a term used in medicine: If a drug is taken regularly, a certain level of tolerance may have developed. Abruptly stopping to use the drug will cause drug withdrawal symptoms. If the drug has been taken for a longer period of time, or the dosage was higher, the withdrawal symptoms will be more severe. Well known drugs with withdrawal symptoms include opioids, alcohol, and may of the drugs knownn as neuroleptics

Physical dependence in medicine is a state where the body adapts to the presence of a specific substance, often a medication or chemical, to the point where it becomes necessary for normal functioning. When this substance is suddenly stopped or reduced, withdrawal symptoms may occur as a result.

## Definition 
Physical dependence is a physiological state that occurs when the body adapts to the presence of a specific substance, leading to changes in bodily functions. This dependence can occur with a wide range of substances, including prescription medications such as opioid painkillers, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants, as well as chemicals like alcohol and nicotine

## Causes 
Physical dependence can occur due to several factors, including:

*Long-term use: Using substances for an extended period can lead to physical dependence.
*High doses: Taking high doses of substances can increase the risk of physical dependence.
*Medical history: Individuals with a certain medical history, such as sleep disorders or anxiety, may be more susceptible to physical dependence

## Symptoms 
Withdrawal symptoms can be extremely uncomfortable and range from mild symptoms like anxiety and tension to severe symptoms like sweating, nausea, vomiting, and muscle pain. In some cases, withdrawal symptoms can be severe and require medical attention.

## Treatment 
Treatment for physical dependence often involves gradually reducing the dosage to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Sometimes, alternative or additional medications may be prescribed to alleviate these symptoms. Psychotherapy can also be beneficial in supporting individuals in dealing with the psychological challenges associated with stopping the substance.

## Related pages 
*Addiction

## References
Licio Gelli

**Licio Gelli** (; April 21, 1919 – December 15, 2015) was an Italian financier, politician, and writer. He was known for his role in the Banco Ambrosiano scandal. He was revealed in 1981 as being the Venerable Master of the clandestine lodge Propaganda Due (P2).

## Early life
Gelli was born in Pistoia, Tuscany. During the 1930s, Gelli volunteered for the Blackshirts expeditionary forces sent by Mussolini in support of Francisco Franco's rebellion in the Spanish Civil War.

## Nobel Prize nomination
In 1996, Gelli was nominated as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, supported by Mother Teresa and Naguib Mahfouz.

## Death
Gelli died in Arezzo, Tuscany from respiratory failure at the age of 96.

## Further reading
*Ginsborg, Paul (2003). *Italy and Its Discontents*, London: Palgrave Macmillan  (Review Institute of Historical Research  | Review New York Times )

## References
## Other websites
* Site of Italian newspaper "Il Piave" where Gelli writes regularly
Geastrum quadrifidum

***Geastrum quadrifidum*** or the **rayed earthstar**, or **four-footed earthstar**, is an  species of mushroom. It is a species of  *Geastrum*, or earthstar fungi. It was first described scientifically by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794. It is found in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australasia. The fungus is a saprobe. It feeds on dead wood and plant materials.

## References
Gabre Gabric

**Ljubica "Gabre" Gabric** (17 October 1914 &ndash; 16 December 2015) was a Croatian-born Italian track and field athlete. She competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics and in the 1948 Summer Olympics. Her best discus throw was 43.35&nbsp;m (1939). 

She was the widow of Sandro Calvesi, mother-in-law of Eddy Ottoz and the grandmother of Laurent Ottoz and Patrick Ottoz.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography
Indian softshell turtle

The **Indian softshell turtle** (*Nilssonia gangetica*), or **Ganges softshell turtle** is a species of softshell turtle. It lives in rivers such as the Ganges and Mahanadi in India and Bangladesh. Its shell can be up to  in length. It feeds mostly on fish, amphibians, carrion and other animal matter, but also eats aquatic plants.

The Indian softshell turtle is under threat as 30 to 40 tons of turtle meat is sold in markets every week. The shells are also used to make masks, which are sold to tourists. The turtles' habitat is also being changed by the building of dams, drainage works, and increasing levels of fishing and farming.

## References
Marine Le Pen

**Marine Le Pen** (; born **Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen**; 5 August 1968) is a French politician. She was the leader of the National Front (FN) political party from 2011 until her resignation in 2017. She is a lawyer. She was the youngest daughter of Jean-Marie Le Pen, who was leader of FN for many years. She is the aunt of Marion Maréchal-Le Pen.

Le Pen unsuccessfully ran for President of France in the 2017 election, losing to Emmanuel Macron in the second round. She ran again in the 2022 election, advancing again to the second round against Macron and lost. In the legislative elections of 2024, she was elected to the French Parliament in the first round.

## Biography 
Marine Le Pen and her family has been the target of an assassination attempt in 1976 when she was 8 years old. She has studied law at Panthéon-Assas University and has become a barrister. She joined the National Front in 1998 and rose to prominence, being elected in several positions such as Member of the European Parliament in 2004, to finally succeed to her father at the head of the party in 2011.

Since that, Le Pen has led a movement of "de-demonisation of the National Front" (in reference to her father's nickname "The Devil of the Republic") in order to detoxify it and soften its image. She is considered to be far more republican and democratic than her controversial and nationalist father. Her success is also based on a renovated political speech and a renewed team. She got the best FN score at the 2012 French presidential election and her party have progressed in next elections until shoving the traditional bipartisan between right and left wings in France.

She has been ranked among the most influential people in the 2011 and 2015 Time 100.

## 2025 embezzlement conviction
On 31 March 2025, 25 National Rally members, including Le Pen, former MEPs, and their assistants were convicted of embezzlement for using European Parliament funds to fund National Rally staff.  The sentences for several MEPs, including Le Pen, included bans on running for political office. This meant Le Pen could not run for president again in 2027.

## Notes
## References
Akseli Gallen-Kallela

**Akseli Gallen-Kallela** (26 April 1865 &ndash; 7 March 1931) was an artist from Finland. He started his career with realistic pictures of poor people from the countryside, and continued with romantic paintings of the themes of the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. His work was considered very important for the Finnish national identity. He ed major changes in Finnish art. 

In addition to paintings Gallen-Kallela made prints, frescoes and designed textiles and furniture. His house and studio *Kalela* became a work of total art.

When Finland became independent, Gallen-Kallela designed uniforms and medals for its army.

## Gallery 

File:Poikajavaris.jpg|Poika ja varis (A boy and a crow) 1884.
File:Gallen_Kallela_Lemminkainens_Mother.jpg|Lemminkäisen äiti, 1897.
File:Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Lake_Keitele,_1905.JPG|Keitele 1905.

## References
John Cabot

**John  Cabot** (, (1449 – 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer. In 1497, sailing westward from England in his ship *Matthew*, he landed in what he thought was Asia. he landed in what is now known as Bonavista, Newfoundland. A town in the most eastern province of Canada. He died in England in 1499.

## Early years 
Giovanni Caboto (his Italian name) was probably born in Genoa about 1469. Most of his early life was not written about because so much of his history is missing. When he was still young, his family moved over to Venice. He and his family then moved to the port of Bristol, England about 1495. His ship, the *Matthew* had a crew of 69 men. During the  they saw enormous quantities of cod fish. Fishermen would soon follow to take advantage of the rich fishing of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.

## References
William Ruto

**William Samoei arap Ruto** (born 21 December 1966) is a Kenyan politician who is the 5th President of Kenya since 2022. He was the Deputy President of Kenya from 2013 to 2022. 

Before becoming Deputy President, he had many ministerial positions including the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Higher Education. He was Secretary General of KANU, the former ruling political party. Ruto was a member of Parliament for Eldoret North Constituency between December 1997 and January 2013. He won the seat in the 1997 Kenyan election after defeating Reuben Chesire.

Ruto was charged with crimes including murder by the International Criminal Court. The trial has been ongoing since 10 September 2013. The charges against him were dropped in 2016 due to lack of evidence by Fatou Bensouda. 

On 12 April 2022, Kenya Kwanza political coalition endorsed Ruto as its presidential candidate for 2022 elections. He would win the election with 50.5% of the vote, beating former Prime Minister Raila Odinga in August 2022.

## References
Meyerasaurus

***Meyerasaurus*** is an extinct genus of plesiosaur. An almost complete fossil was found in Holzmaden, Baden-Württemberg, southeastern Germany. It was a medium-sized,  3.35&nbsp;m (11.0&nbsp;ft) long, pliosaur.

The specimen was collected from shale over 150 years ago. The shale dates to the early Jurassic, about 183–180 million years ago (mya). It got its new name in 2010.

Most members of its family, the Rhomaleosauridae, have been found in England. They were found in the lower Blue Lias deposits which date to the earliest Jurassic, just above the boundary with the Triassic.

## References
In the Line of Duty: The FBI Murders

***In the Line of Duty: The F.B.I. Murders*** is a 1988 television crime movie starring David Soul. It is about a real event that happened in April 1986 and has since become known as "Bloody Friday". Two former army buddies, Mike Platt (played by David Soul) and Bill Matix (Michael Gross), commit a series of murders and bank robberies in Miami, Florida. A group of F.B.I. agents led by Benjamin Grogan (Ronny Cox), was assigned to the . The story ends with one of the  es in FBI history, the 1986 FBI Miami shootout. It took place in the middle of a residential suburb in broad daylight.

## References
Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

glass beam showing the bending of beams which can be estimated using Euler-Bernoulli's beam theory.]]
**Euler–Bernoulli beam theory** (also known as '''engineer's beam theory** or **classical beam theory''') is a simple  to  bending of beams when a load is applied. This applies to  small deflections (how far something moves) of a beam without considering effects of shear deformations. Therefore, it can be considered a special case of the Timoshenko beam theory. It was first introduced around 1750. It gained popularity during the development of the Eiffel Tower and the Ferris wheel in the late 19th century. After that, it was used in many engineering s including mechanical engineering and civil engineering. Although other advanced methods have been , the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is still widely used because of its simplicity. 

## History 
 of a cross section of a bent beam showing the neutral ]]
Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli were the first to put together the theory in 1750.
At the time, science and engineering were viewed differently than today. Mathematical theories such as the Euler-Bernoulli Beam theory were not trusted for practical engineering use. Bridges and buildings continued to be designed using the same methods until the late 19th century. This is when the Eiffel Tower and Ferris wheel showed the validity of the theory on a larger scale.

## Static beam equation 
 to the neutral axis.]]
The Euler–Bernoulli equation describes the relationship between the beam's deflection and the applied load is as shown below:
: \frac{\mathrm{d}^2}{\mathrm{d} x^2}\left(EI \frac{\mathrm{d}^2 w}{\mathrm{d} x^2}\right) = q\,
Where w(x) describes the deflection  of the beam in the z direction at some position x. q is a distributed load, in other words a force per unit length (analogous to pressure being a force per area); it may be a function of x, w, or other variables.

## References
Willamette Valley

The **Willamette Valley** () is a  long valley in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.  The entire valley is in the state of Oregon. The valley contains the political and cultural areas of Oregon.  It is home to about 70&nbsp;percent of its population.  This includes Portland, its largest city, and  Salem, the state capital. The Willamette River flows the entire length of the valley.  The valley is  by mountains on three sides - the Oregon Coast Range to the west, the Cascade Range to the east, and the Calapooya Mountains to the south. 

The valley's many waterways are important to the economy of Oregon.  They continuously put highly fertile alluvial soils on the valley's broad, flat . The valley was widely d in the 1820s as a 'promised land of flowing milk and honey'. Throughout the 19th century it was the destination for the oxen-drawn wagon trains of people on the Oregon Trail.

Today the valley is home to "Oregon Wine Country". Tt contains more than 19,000 acres of vineyards and 500+ wineries.

## References
Vanessa Paradis

**Vanessa Chantal Paradis** (born 22 December 1972) is a French singer, model and actress.

She became a child star at age of 14 with the great worldwide success of her single "Joe le taxi". Since 1991, she has been a spokesmodel for Chanel. She was in a relationship with American actor Johnny Depp from 1998 to 2012, and they have two children: Lily-Rose and John "Jack" Christopher Depp III. She is also the older sister of Alysson Paradis, who is also an actress.

## Other websites 
* 
* Vanessa Paradis  at Universal Music
* 
*
Shameful Secrets

***Shameful Secrets***, also known as ***Going Underground***, is an American television movie. It was aired on ABC on October 10, 1993. It is about a child custody battle between Maryanne Walker-Tate (played by Joanna Kerns) and her abusive husband Daniel Tate (played by Tim Matheson).

## References
Helge Solum Larsen

**Helge Solum Larsen** (14 January 1969 &ndash; 18 December 2015) was a Norwegian businessman and politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He served as deputy leader of the party from 2010 to 2012.

From 1994 to 1997 he was leader of the Young Liberals of Norway, the youth wing of the Liberal Party. He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Rogaland during the terms 1997&ndash;2001 and 2005&ndash;2009.

Larsen died from a sudden illness on 18 December 2015, aged 46.

## References
Buckshot Hoffner

**Sebastian Fabian Hoffner**, known by his nickname **Buckshot Hoffner** (January 20, 1924 – December 17, 2015), was an American politician. He was a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives and North Dakota State Senate for 18 years in total. 

He was born and raised in Esmond, North Dakota. He was a veteran of World War II. Hoffner served as a Democrat in three separate stints in the House of Representatives: from 1962 to 1966, 1968 to 1972 and 1983 to 1984 in addition to serving as the House's minority leader in the 1971 session. During his eight years in the Senate from 1972 to 1980, he was its minority leader from 1975 to 1980.

Hoffner died on December 17, 2015 in Bismarck, North Dakota from heart failure, aged 91.

## References
Harry Zvi Tabor

**Harry Zvi Tabor** (7 March 1917 – 15 December 2015) was a British-born Israeli physicist. He was known as the father of Israeli solar energy.  Tabor was also involved in bringing Israel's solar energy program to international awareness.

Tabor was born in London. He died in Jerusalem on 15 December 2015 at the age of 98.

## Awards and recognition 
* 1975 – Royal Society Energy Award
* 1979 – Inducted in Solar Hall of Fame
* 1981 – International Solar Energy Society Award
* 1981 – Krupp Foundation Energy Award
* 1994 – Passive Low Energy Architecture International Award
* 1995 – Israeli Knesset Quality of Life Award
* 2014 – Israeli President's Medal of Distinction

## References
Hal Brown

**Hector Harold "Hal" Brown** (December 11, 1924 - December 17, 2015), nicknamed "Skinny", was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played from  through  for the Chicago White Sox, Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, New York Yankees, and Houston Colt .45s.

He batted and threw right-handed; nicknamed 'Skinny Brown' by his parents because he was obese as a child. Brown weighed  and stood  tall during his active career. Brown was born in Greensboro, North Carolina.

Brown died in Greensboro, North Carolina, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Baseball Library 
*Retrosheet 
**The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia* – Gary Gillette, Peter Gammons, Pete Palmer. Publisher: Sterling Publishing, 2005. Format: Paperback, 1824pp. Language: English.
Peter Dickinson

**Peter Malcolm de Brissac Dickinson** OBE FRSL (16 December 1927 – 16 December 2015) was an English author and poet. He was best known for children's books and detective stories.

Dickinson won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association for both *Tulku* (1979) and *City of Gold* (1980), each being called as the year's outstanding children's book by a British subject. Through 2012 he is one of seven writers to win two Carnegies; no one has won three. 

For his contributions as a children's writer Dickinson was a finalist for the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2000.

Dickinson died on his birthday in Winchester, Hampshire, England from an illness, aged 88.

## References
Combine harvester

lexion 570 combine with enclosed, air-conditioned cab with rotary thresher and laser-guided hydraulic steering]]

, New South Wales]]

A **combine harvester**, also called a combine, is a machine that harvests crops. Its name comes from doing three separate parts of harvesting crops at once: 
*reaping: cutting and collecting crops when they are ready for harvesting, 
*threshing: separating the parts of a crop that can be eaten by people from the parts that can't.
*winnowing: removing the already separated parts of the crop that can't be eaten by people, the chaff, while keeping the part that can be eaten, the grain. 

Far fewer people work in farming as a result of the combine harvester.

## References
Tenualosa ilisha

***Tenualosa ilisha*** (**ilish**, **hilsa**, **hilsa herring** or **hilsa shad**) is a species of fish in the  Clupeidae (herring) family. 

It is a  food dish in South India, East India and in the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The fish contributes about 12% of the total fish production and about 1% of GDP (money earned) in Bangladesh. About 450,000 people are directly involved with catching it for a living. About four to five million people are involved in the trade.

It is also the National fish of Bangladesh. Other names include: palla fish, hilsha, ellis, ilish, (Bengali:ইলিশ): ilish, (Oriya:ଇଲିଶି): ilishii, Sindhī: پلو مڇي pallu machhi, (Telugu:పులస): pulasa or polasa.

## Related pages
*Bengali cuisine

## References
Prayer in C

**"Prayer in C"** is a song by the band Lilly Wood and the Prick.  It was originally released as a folk-pop song. The song was later remixed by DJ Robin Schulz in 2014. Schulz' remix peaked at number one on Billboard's Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart. It hit number one in many European countries including the UK and Belgium. It reached the top twenty in Canada.  The remix is a dance and house song.  It was included on Schulz' album, *Prayer*.

## References
Mutabar Tadjibayeva

**Mutabar Tadjibayeva** (''Uzbek: Mo'tabar Tojiboyeva'') is a journalist and human rights activist from Uzbekistan. She started the “Fiery Hearts Club” NGO. She also started the Uzbek news website Jarayon. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Work 
In August 2003, Tadjibayeva got people in a group to demonstrate against corruption. The police stopped the demonstration. Tadjibayaeva was hurt and went to the hospital.

Mutabar Tadjibayeva was on a top 10 list of women who worked for human rights.

In 2008, Tadjibayeva received the Martin Ennals Award. When she received the award, she was still in prison. 

For the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Fiery Hearts Club received the "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" Prize from France. Mutabar Tadjibayeva accepted the prize in Paris.

In March 2009, Tadjibayeva received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department. Later she returned the award.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Jarayon Website "Fiery Hearts Club"
The Fly (1958 movie)

***The Fly*** is an American science fiction horror movie set in Montreal, Quebec. It is directed by Kurt Neumann and written by James Clavell. The movie is released on July 16, 1958 and distributed by 20th Century Fox.

It was followed by two sequels: *Return of the Fly* and *Curse of the Fly*. A 1986 remake *The Fly* was released on August 15, 1986.

## Other websites 
*
Ambiga Sreenevasan

**Ambiga Sreenevasan** (born 1956) is a lawyer and human rights advocate from Malaysia. In 2009, she received the International Women of Courage Award. 

## Life 
Sreenevasan went to high school at Convent Bukit Nanasin Kuala Lumpur.  in 1979, she got a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of Exeter in England.  She became a lawyer in 1980. She worked in two London law firms, then she became a member of the Malaysian Bar in 1982. In July 2011, she received an Honorary Doctorate in Law (LLD) from the University of Exeter in England.

## Work 
Sreenevasan was the president of the Malaysian Bar Council from 2007 to 2009.  She was also the head of  Bersih, an NGO for free and fair elections. 

Because Sreenevasan wanted to help with problems between ethnic groups, she received hate mail and death threats.  Hundreds of people from religious groups and conservative members of government protested against Sreenevasan at the Bar Council building and called for her arrest.

In 2008, as President of the Malaysian Bar she helped start LAWASIA, the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute and Transparency International-Malaysia, to study abuse of power.

### Bersih demonstration 
Sreenevasan was head of Bersih 2.0, the organisation behind the July 2011 demonstration in Kuala Lumpur.  There were 20,000 people at the demonstration. Sreenevasan said the main problems for Malaysia were "unhappiness... in the [Sarawak election], unhappiness about corruption, [and] unhappiness about the lack of independence of our institutions."

Sreenevasan said the problems from the first demonstration in 2007 were not fixed, so there was another demonstration.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Ambiga Sreenevasan, "Malaysia’s Many Scandals", *The New York Times*, August 20, 2015
Root hair

, showing young root hairs]]

A **root hair** of a vascular plant, is a tubular outgrowth of a hair-forming cell on the epidermis of a plant root.

They are lateral extensions of a single cell, and invisible to the naked eye and light microscope. The function of root hairs is to collect water and mineral nutrients from the soil. This solution goes up through the roots to the rest of the plant.

Root hair cells survive for 2 to 3 weeks and then die off. New root hair cells are continually being formed at the tip of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same.A **root hair** of a vascular plant, is a tubular outgrowth of a hair-forming cell on the epidermis of a plant root.

They are lateral extensions of a single cell, and invisible to the naked eye and light microscope. The function of root hairs is to collect water and mineral nutrients from the soil. This solution goes up through the roots to the rest of the plant.

Root hair cells survive for 2 to 3 weeks and then die off. New root hair cells are continually being formed at the tip of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same.

## Related pages 
*Mycorrhiza
Wazhma Frogh

**Wazhma Frogh** is a women's rights activist from Afghanistan. In 2009, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life 
In the eighth grade, Frogh taught her landlord's children, so that the landlord would  her rent.  She wanted money so she and her sisters could go to school. At age 17, she worked as an intern at a newspaper in Pakistan.  Because of her job, she saw the difficult lives of the women in Afghan refugee camps. In 2013, she wanted to visit the United States after she wrote about a militia commander in a report to NATO. The militia commander was a repeat abuser of rights.

## Other websites 
Wazhma Frogh's blog 

## References
Chris Diamantopoulos

**Christopher "Chris" Diamantopoulos** (born May 9, 1975; ) is a Greek-Canadian actor and comedian. He is known for playing Moe Howard in the 2012 *The Three Stooges* film, and for voicing Mickey Mouse in the 2013 TV series of the same name.

## Selected filmography
* *The Adulterer* (2000)
* *Drop Dead Roses* (2001)
* *Law & Order* (2002, TV series)
* *Third Watch* (2003, TV series)
* *Frasier* (2004, TV series)
* *Nip/Tuck* (2004, TV series)
* *Charmed* (2004, TV series)
* *American Dreams* (2004, TV series)
* *Kevin Hill* (2004, TV series)
* *Jake in Progress* (2005, TV series)
* *Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Mork & Mindy* (2005, TV) 
* *The Sopranos* (2006, TV series)
* *Wedding Daze* (2006)
* *Boston Legal* (2006, TV series)
* *Three Days to Vegas* (2007)
* *Raines* (2007, TV series)
* *The Starter Wife* (2007, TV miniseries)
* *State of Mind* (2007, TV series)
* *24* (2010, TV series)
* *The Kennedys* (2011, TV miniseries)
* *Up All Night* (2011–2012, TV series)
* *The Three Stooges* (2012)
* *Community* (2013, TV series)
* *The Office* (2013, TV series)
* *Arrested Development* (2013, TV series)
* *Family Guy* (2013, TV series)
* *American Dad!* (2013, TV series)
* *Mickey Mouse* (2013–present, TV series)
* *The Art of the Steal* (2013)
* *Doctor Lollipop* (2013, web cartoon)
* *Dr. Cabbie* (2014)
* *Episodes* (2014, TV series)
* *Hannibal* (2014, TV series)
* *About a Boy* (2014, TV series)
* *Silicon Valley* (2015–present, TV Series)
* *The Truth About Lies* (2015)
* *Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts* - (2015, Direct-to-video)

## Animated films
* *Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2021 movie)*
* *Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2022 movie)*
* *Diary of a Wimpy Kid (animated movie series)*

## References
Deepto TV

**Deepto TV** () is a private HD television channel in Bangladesh. The channel started broadcasting on 18 November 2015. The channel has daily drama serials. It also shows Bengali-dubbed programs from other countries.

## References
## Other websites
*website
Database of Molecular Motions

The **Database of Macromolecular Motions** is a bioinformatics computer database on the Internet. It attempts to divide motions of protein and some RNA biological molecules into different types.

## Description 
It was originally made by Mark B. Gerstein, Werner G. Krebs and Nat Echols in the molecular biophysics and biochemistry group at Yale University. People can use an Internet page to search this computer database for a particular  by either the protein name or Protein Data Bank number. However, many people find this computer database by just coming over from the Internet page for the protein entry at the Protein Data Bank. For proteins found in both computer databases, this different computer database often gives a link back to the Internet page for the protein on this Internet site.

The computer database includes an Internet tool or free Software as a service (the "Morph server") which lets 
non-experts see certain protein motions through the generation of short motion pictures. The motion pictures are made  by computer software on the Internet site. When done the Internet site sends an email with the motion picture information back to the user.

The "Morph Server" tool was originally a research tool rather than a tool for making motion pictures, and thus offered
only limited user control over rendering, color, and point of view, and the original method
sometimes required a fair amount of computer time to complete. Since the site's
initial introduction in 1996, the Internet site has been made better
to try to fix some of these issues as well
as add new things.
Other people have now made alternative systems, such as MovieMaker  from the University of Alberta.

## References
## Other websites 
*The Database of Macromolecular Motions (molmovdb)
*Book Chapter on Protein Motions  from website of RH Austin  at Princeton University
*
*
*
*
*
Diatonic scale

(+) indicates the syntonic comma.]]

The **diatonic scale** is one of the scales used in music. It is also called **heptatonic scale**, because it uses seven distinct pitch classes or tones. For each octave there are five whole steps and two half steps. The two half steps are separated by two or three whole steps.  The word "diatonic" comes from the Greek , meaning progressing through tones.

The seven pitches of any diatonic scale can be obtained using a chain of six perfect fifths. An example of this would be  the seven natural pitches which form the C-major scale. It can be constructed from a stack of perfect fifths starting from F:
:F—C—G—D—A—E—B
This property of the diatonic scale is called Pythagorean tuning. It was historically relevant and contributed to the worldwide diffusion of diatonic scales, because it allowed musicians to tune musical instruments easily by ear.

Any sequence of seven successive natural notes, such as C-D-E-F-G-A-B, and all transpositions, are diatonic scales. Piano keyboards are designed to play natural notes, which are diatonic scales, with their white keys. A diatonic scale can be also described as two tetrachords separated by a whole tone.

The term *diatonic* originally referred to the diatonic genus, one of the three genera of the ancient Greeks. In musical set theory, Allen Forte classifies diatonic scales as set form 7–35.

The following scales are diatonic:
* Modes, mainly used in  Church music
* The altered scale, which is widely used for Jazz music
* harmonic minor or the melodic minor.

Examples of scales that are not diatonic are whole-tone scales, as well as the gypsy scales, which are often used for folk music.

## Other websites
* Diatonic Scale  on Eric Weisstein's Treasure trove of Music
* The diatonic scale on the guitar

## References
Greville Janner

**Greville Ewan Janner, Baron Janner of Braunstone** (11 July 1928 – 19 December 2015) was a British politician, barrister and writer.

He was QC since 1971, he was a Labour MP from 1970 to 1997; and then a member of the House of Lords until he died. He was associated with a number of Jewish organisations including the Board of Deputies of British Jews, of which he was chairman from 1978 to 1984, and he was prominent in the field of education about the Holocaust.

Janner was alleged to have abused vulnerable children from 1955 to 1988.

Janner died on 19 December 2015 in London from Alzheimer's disease, aged 87 and months earlier he had been deemed unfit to stand trial over allegations of 33 years of sexually abusing vulnerable children.

## References
Red Fisher

**Red Fisher** (22 August 1926 &ndash; 19 January 2018) was a Canadian retired sports journalist. His columns focused on the National Hockey League and its Montreal Canadiens team. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. he began his hockey coverage in *The Montreal Star* newspaper in 1954 where he remained as writer and sports editor until that paper's demise in 1979. He retired in 2012.

Fisher died in Montreal on 19 January 2018 at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
**Montreal Gazette*: Red Fisher , accessed 11 November 2006
Selma Reis

**Selma Reis** (24 August 1960 &ndash; 19 December 2015) was a Brazilian actress and singer. She was born in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro. She acted in many telenovelas and miniseries for Rede Globo, including *Caminho das Índias*, *Páginas da Vida*, *Presença de Anita* and *Chiquinha Gonzaga*. After 1987, she released a debut album, the first of eleven releases.

## Personal life
She was married to photographer Locca Faria, with whom she had a son. The couple separated but remained friends for the last three years of her life.

In July 2014, Reis was diagnosed with brain cancer. Reis died at a hospital in Teresópolis, Brazil from the disease, aged 55. She was cremated in a Lutheran service in Nova Friburgo.

## References
The Rest of the Robots

***The Rest of the Robots*** (1964) is a collection of eight short stories and two full-length novels by Isaac Asimov. The stories are all part of the *Robot* series, and follow on from ʽI, Robotʼ. The novels were not included in some published versions.

The stories are as followsː

*Robot AL-76 Goes Astray* (1941).

Robot AL-76, known as Al, is manufactured to do mining work on the Moon, but ends up in a rural part of Earth. It can't find the tool it is meant to use, so builds a better one out of ̼junk it finds in a workshop.

*Victory Unintentional* (1942)

Intelligent life has been discovered on the planet Jupiter. Humans cannot land on the planet because of the powerful gravity and lack of air. They send a spaceship containing three very powerful ZZ series robots. They land on Jupiter, but the inhabitants, known as Jovians, try to attack and kill them. But when the Jovians eventually discover that the robots are too powerful to be destroyed, they decide instead to make peace with humans.

*First Law* (1956)

A robot engineer tells a story about Emma Two, a EM series robot, that abandoned him to die in a storm on the asteroid Titan.

''Let's Get Together* (1957)

An American secret service agent claims that the Soviet Union has developed humanoid robots (they cannot be distinguished from humans), and that they are being infiltrated into the USA. The head of robotics realises just in time that the agent is himself a robot and destroys him.

*Satisfaction Guaranteed* (1951)

Robot TN-3, Tony, is introduced into the house of Claire Belmont as an experiment, by her husband, a robot engineer with US Robots. Tony realises that Claire has very low self-esteem and tries to help, even offering to become her lover and making sure that the neighbours know it.

*Risk* (1955)

Humans have set up an experimental base on an asteroid to build the first spaceship to travel through hyperspace (faster than light). The ship is piloted by a robot, but the experiment fails. An engineer goes on board and discovers that the fault lies with the robot, not the ship.

*Lenny'' (1958)

An LNE robot, known as Lenny, is built, but with a fault. It's brain is childlike and it can't speak. Susan Calvin experiments with it and eventually teaches it to speak a few words.

*Galley Slave* (1957)

Robot EZ-27, known as Easy, is placed in a university to carry out a variety of jobs, including proof-reading. A professor of sociology, Simon Ninheimer, claims that the robot changed the text of a book by himself that it was checking. He takes US Robots to court. Susan Calvin is able to prove that Ninheimer set up the text changes deliberately, so that he could ruin the reputation of the Company and the robots they make.

The Caves of Steel (1953)

The Naked Sun (1956)

## Reception
Algis Budrys praised the collection as "a fine book of entertainment," but faulted Asimov's extensive annotations, saying they "[suck] the juice out of some very vivacious writing indeed, and [embalm] one of science fiction's most ebullient personalities."

## References
Red Star OS

**Red Star OS** is the operating system used by computers in North Korea. The latest version of the operating system is Red Star 3 and it looks almost exactly like macOS. Before Red Star 3 came out, Red Star looked more like Windows instead of macOS. Red Star OS also has its very own web browser called Naenara which means "my country" in Korean. It has a modified version of Mozilla Firefox and it has the North Korean internet called Kwangmyong.
Maureen McGovern

**Maureen McGovern** (born July 27, 1949) is an American singer and Broadway actress. She is well known known for her renditions of songs such as "The Morning After" from the 1972 movie *The Poseidon Adventure*. 

McGovern was born in Youngstown, Ohio. In August 2022, McGovern was diagnosed with a rare form of dementia.

## Notes
Because You Loved Me

"**Because You Loved Me**" is a 1996 pop-R&B ballad by Canadian singer Celine Dion. Its lyrics are about the protagonist thanking a loyal loved one for guiding, encouraging and protecting her and for making her who she is. It was originally written for the movie *Up Close and Personal*. Diane Warren, who wrote the song (and others for artists like Cher, Aerosmith, Monica, and Lady Gaga), said the song was a tribute to her father. "Because You Loved Me" won Warren a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television, or Other Visual Media.

"Because You Loved Me" is the second track on Dion's album *Falling into You*. The song was at the top of the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 for six weeks. It finished as the third-best performing song of 1996 there.  It also reached number one in Canada and Australia and reached number five in the UK.  It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies.

## References
Delirium (Ellie Goulding album)

***Delirium*** is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Ellie Goulding.  The album was released on 6 November 2015.  It features the lead single "On My Mind", which reached the top five in the United Kingdom and the top twenty in the United States.  The hit song "Love Me like You Do", recorded for the movie *Fifty Shades of Grey*, is also included on the album.  *Delirium* has reached number two on the album charts in Canada and the top three in the US, UK, and Australia.
IPhone 6S

The **iPhone 6S** and **iPhone 6S Plus** are two smartphones designed by Apple Inc. They were released on September 25, 2015. They replace the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, respectively.  These "S" models have a rose gold finish. They have cameras on the front (5 megapixels) and back (12 megapixels). The screens are  for the 6S and  for the 6S Plus.  The storage capacities are 16, 64, and 128 gigabytes.  A new feature, Force Touch, is on these models and is also on the Apple Watch.  Live Photos is a new feature that allows users to take moving photos.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Deaths in 2016

The following is a list of **notable deaths in 2016**. For notable deaths for each month, please see "Months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

## Months
* January
* February
* March
* April
* May
* June
* July
* August
* September
* October
* November
* December

## Other websites
* *The Guardian*, UK obituaries
* Obituaries, *Los Angeles Times*
* Obituaries, *Chicago Tribune*
* *The New York Times*, US obituaries
* *The Sydney Morning Herald*, Australian obituaries
* *The Telegraph* obituaries
Patricia Elliott

**Patricia Elliott** (July 21, 1938 &ndash; December 20, 2015) was an American actress. She was born in Gunnison, Colorado. She was known for her roles as Renée Divine Buchanan in the soap opera *One Life to Live* and as Countess Charlotte Malcolm in the Stephen Sondheim musical *A Little Night Music*. She won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical in 1973.

Elliott died in New York City, from cancer, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Carol Burns

**Carol Burns** (22 February 1947 &ndash; 21 December 2015) was an Australian actress. She was born in Brisbane, Queensland. She worked in Australia and in the United Kingdom. She began her career in 1967. Burns was known for her role as Franky Doyle in the soap opera *Prisoner*.

Burns died of cancer at her home in Brisbane at the age of 68.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Queensland Theatre Company – The Glass Menagerie
Joe Kittinger

**Joseph William Kittinger II** (July 27, 1928 – December 9, 2022) was a Colonel in the United States Air Force and a USAF Command Pilot. He was born in Tampa, Florida. He set a world record for the longest skydive from a height more than . He was also the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean, alone, in a hot air balloon.

He was a fighter pilot in the Vietnam War and was a prisoner of war in a North Vietnamese prison.

Kittinger died at the age of 94 on December 9, 2022, from lung cancer.

## References
Rolf Bossi

**Rolf Bossi** (10 September 1923 – 22 December 2015) was a German criminal defense lawyer. He was born in Munich. He was known for defending known actors such as Ingrid van Bergen and Romy Schneider, as well as notable criminals such as Jürgen Bartsch, Dieter Zlof, and Dieter Degowski. He also defended four former East German border guards who were accused of having killed Chris Gueffroy, who was trying to escape over the Berlin wall. He was considered to be one of Germany's best-known defense lawyers.

Bossi died in Munich, Germany from natural causes at the age of 92.

## References
Hocine Aït Ahmed

**Hocine Aït Ahmed** (; (August 20, 1926 &ndash; December 23, 2015) was an Algerian politician. He was founder and leader of the historical political opposition, Socialist Forces Front, in Algeria until 2009. He was born in Ain El Hammam, Algeria. Arrested and sentenced to death in 1964, he escaped from the El Harrach prison on May 1, 1966. Exiled in Switzerland, he became a doctor of law.

Aït Ahmed died at age 89 in Lausanne, Switzerland on December 23, 2015.

## References
## Other websites
Laurence R. Harvey

**Laurence Robert Harvey** (born 17 July 1970) is an English actor. He is best known for playing Martin Lomax in the horror movie *The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)* and as Dwight in *The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)*.

## References
Dieter Laser

**Dieter Laser** (17 February 1942 – 29 February 2020) was a German actor. He is known to foreign audiences for his roles as Mantrid in *Lexx*, Prof. Otto Blaettchen in *The Ogre*, Dr. Josef Heiter in *The Human Centipede (First Sequence)* and Bill Boss in *The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)*. 

## Death 
Dieter Laser died twelve days after his 78th birthday on 29 February 2020. His death was not announced until a message to his official Facebook page was posted on 9 April 2020.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Official Facebook site of Dieter Laser
Georgetown, Guyana

**Georgetown** is the capital city of Guyana. It is located in the Demerara-Mahaica region. It is the country's largest city. The population in 2012 was about 235,017 people.

## References
The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)

***The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)*** is a 2011 British-Dutch black and white exploitation movie written, directed, and co-produced by Dutch filmmaker Tom Six. It is a sequel to Six's 2009 movie *The Human Centipede (First Sequence)*. The movie stars Laurence R. Harvey and Ashlynn Yennie. It was followed by *The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)*.

## Plot
The movie is about a mentally challenged English man, Martin, who watches and becomes obsessed with the first *Human Centipede* movie, and decides to make his own "human centipede" made up of twelve people.

## Response
It was originally banned in the United Kingdom by the BBFC because of its "revolting" content but was eventually granted an 18 certificate after over 30 cuts were made. The film was also banned in Australia for a short period of time. It is banned in New Zealand. The film received negative reviews for its plot, excessive gore and violence.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)

***The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)*** is a 2015 English-language Dutch body horror movie written and directed by Tom Six. It is the third and final installment in Six's *Human Centipede* trilogy. It was confirmed to be in production in May 2013.

Starring Dieter Laser and Laurence R. Harvey, the leading actors from the first two movies, in new roles. It also stars Eric Roberts as The Governor. *The Human Centipede 3* was released both theatrically and on video on demand on 22 May 2015.

## References
Wyre Forest

**Wyre Forest** is a large, semi-natural woodland and forest measuring . It sits across the borders of Worcestershire and Shropshire, England. It is lightly managed.

## Natural history
The forest has a variety of wildlife. It was much larger, but it still is one of the largest remaining ancient woodlands in Britain. The Forestry Commission looks after about half of today's forest. Two-thirds of the forest is a SSSI (1,753.7 hectares), and a further fifth (549 hectares) is a National Nature Reserve. The Dowles Brook flows through the heart of the forest, and the A456 road also runs through the southern edge of the woodland.

It is one of the largest areas of semi-natural (partially unmanaged) woodland in the UK. Wildlife species to be found in the forest include hawfinch, fallow deer, dipper, common crossbill, pied flycatcher, redstart, and long-eared owl among many other woodland birds and plants. The small but colourful moth *Oecophora bractella* has one of its few English populations here, and does not seem to occur much farther northwards.

The forest is an important habitat for adders, which have been the subject of a notable study.

## References