open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Krishnadevaraya

**Sri Krishnadevaraya** (, , 1509-1529 CE) was the most famous king of Vijayanagara Empire. He ruled the Vijayangara empire at the most important time. He is considered to be one of the great kings of India. Emperor Krishnadevaraya also earned the titles *Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (ಕನ್ನಡರಾಜ್ಯರಮಾರಮಣ)*, *Moorurayaraganda (ಮೂರುರಾಯರಗಂಡ)* (what means *King of three kings*) and *Andhra Bhoja (ఆంధ్రభోజ)*. Much of our information about his reign comes from the accounts of Portuguese travelers Domingos Paes and Nuniz. King krishnadeva Ray and was the 3rd and the greatest ruler of the Tulava empire 

Paes describes the king's attitude to law and order by the sentence, "The king maintains the law by killing."  Offences against property (designed to maintain stability) and for murder ranged from cutting of a foot and hand for theft and beheading for murder (except for those occurring as a result of duel). Paes could not estimate the size of Vijaynagar as his view was obscured by the hills but estimated the city to be at least as large as Rome. Furthermore, he considered Vijaynagar to be "the best provided city in the world" with a population of not less than a half a million.

Paes praises Krishnadevaraya as, “the most feared and perfect King… a great ruler and a man of much justice”. 

The rule of Krishnadevaraya was an age of good literature in many languages. But it is known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many  Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. Emperor Krishnadevaraya was fluent in many languages.

## References
* Smith, Vincent, *Oxford History of India*, Fourth Edition, pgs. 306-307, and 312-313.
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).
* Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)

## Other websites
* The Golden Era of Telugu Literature from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
* (Krishnadevaraya's complex at Tirupati) 
* Statutes of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Tirupati. 
* http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/krishna.htm  (gold coins during his reign.)
* Hampi - History and Tourism
* Incredible India Hampi Guide 
* A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the "Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga" written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell).''available freely at Project Gutenberg
Tocantins River

The **Tocantins River** is a river that flows through the northeastern part of Brazil. It rises in the district with a lot of mountains known as the Pireneus.  These can be found to the west of the Federal District. Its western tributary, the Araguaia River, has headwaters very far south on the slopes of the Serra dos Caiap&oacute;s.
Bukka Raya I

**Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್** (1356-1377 CE) (also known as **Bukka Raya I** was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Bukka patronised Telugu poet Nachana Soma.
It is said that Bukka also sent a mission to China during his reign.

Important works of literature were also written during his rule. Dozens of scholars lived under the guidance of Vidyaranya and Sayana. Sayana's commentary on the Vedas, Brahmanas and Aranyakas was written under the patronage of Bukka.

## References
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
* Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003. 

### Other websites
*AP Online: Medieval history
McGill University

**McGill University** or just **McGill** is an English language university in Montreal, Canada. It was created in 1821, few years before the country Canada existed. McGill University ranks first in Canada for 16 consecutive years according to Maclean's University Rankings.

## References
Renault Koleos

The **Renault Koleos** is the second SUV from Renault after the Renault Scénic RX4. It was first presented on the Geneva Motorshow in the year 2000, then on the "Autosalon Paris" 2006. Now its in third generation.

## First generation (2008-2016) 

File:Renault Koleos (seit 2008) front MJ.JPG|Pre-facelift
File:2012 Renault Koleos (H45 Phase 2) Privilege wagon (28141358744).jpg|First facelift
File:Renault Koleos facelift II China 2015-04-13.jpg|Second facelift
File:Renault Koleos Concept Front.JPG|Koleos Concept

## Second generation (2016-present) 

File:2019 Renault Koleos GT Line Front.jpg|Pre-facelift
File:Renault Koleos II Facelift 1X7A1660.jpg|Facelift
File:2023 Samsung QM6 FL2 1.jpg|Second facelift (Renault Samsung QM6)
File:2017-05-28 Koleos-II Armaturenbrett.jpg|Interior

## Third generation (2024-present) 

File:Renault Grand Koleos E-Tech Hybrid Aurora I Mineral Copper (2).jpg|Front
File:Renault Grand Koleos iconic Aurora I Dark Blue (1).jpg|Interior

## Other websites
Castella

**Castella** (*Kasutera* in Japanese) is a sponge cake produced in Japan. It is made of sugar, flour, eggs, and starch syrup, very common at festivals and as a street food.
It was originally produced in Portugal during medieval times, and when the Portuguese reached Japan they gave some of it to the Japanese nobility. The name is derived from Portuguese *Pão de Castela* which means "bread of Spain".
N. T. Rama Rao

**Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao** (Telugu:నందమూరి తారక రామా రావు)(28 May 1923–18 January 1996), more commonly known as **N.T. Rama Rao**, **NTR** by his , or **Anna garu**, was an Indian movie actor, director, producer, and politician. He founded the Telugu Desam Party and served four times as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. His movies included mythological, social, and folk s. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in the 1960s for his work in Telugu cinema. After acting, Rao became a political activist and party leader.
Piast dynasty

The **Piast dynasty** was a Polish dynasty that ruled Poland as first lords in the 10th century, until 1370. Piasts ruled also in Masovia until 1526 and Silesia until 1675.

## List of Polish rulers from Piast dynasty
M-Tram

**M>Tram** was a tram operator in Melbourne, Victoria. They got a 12-year contract on 29 August, 1999 to run the **Swanston Trams** franchise, which was later renamed to M>Train. M>Tram stopped running trams in April 2004. Yarra Trams runs all tram services in Melbourne now. M>Tram's slogan was **Moving Melbourne**.

## Related pages
* M>Train

## References
Resurrection Ship

The **Cylon Resurrection Ship** is a fictional type of spacecraft found in the television series *Battlestar Galactica*. The ship is a part of Cylon fleet.

Cylons who are killed have their consciousness downloaded into a nearby resurrection ship. A new body is created for their consciousness. This lets them live again after they die. If a cylon is too far away from the nearest resurrection ship, death will be permanent. With nowhere for the consciousness to download to, they will simply cease to exist.
Scrooge McDuck

**Scrooge McDuck** or **Uncle Scrooge,** is a fictional character first appearing in the Disney comic book *Christmas on Bear Mountain*. The character was created by Carl Barks and has appeared in many comic books, television shows (most notably in his own animated television series *DuckTales*) movies, and video games. Since 1952 Scrooge McDuck has appeared in his own comic book series, called *Uncle Scrooge*. He is partially based on the fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge, from Charles Dickens' novel, *A Christmas Carol* and on the real Scottish-born American businessman Andrew Carnegie, whose life story resembles that of Scrooge McDuck. 

Scrooge was born in Scotland in 1867, the son of Fergus McDuck. His family is very poor, so Scrooge emigrates to USA where he finds gold and becomes rich. In 1902 he moves to Duckburg and builds the Money Bin on Killmotor Hill in the center of Duckburg. Over the next years, Scrooge travels the world, learning about many cultures. In 1930, Scrooge became the richest duck on Earth. 

In 1942, Scrooge retires and buys a mansion called the Manor McDuck. In 1947, he invites his nephew Donald Duck and his grand-nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie to spend Christmas at his mansion. His main enemies include the criminal gang called the Beagle Boys who keep trying to steal Scrooge's money, and Flintheart Glomgold, the second richest duck in the world, who tries to destroy Scrooge's wealth and become the richest duck in the world. 

Despite his huge wealth, Scrooge does not like to spend his money, and instead likes to swim in his "Money Bin" full of gold coins. Although he is well-meaning and cares about his relatives and other people, he reluctantly gives allowance to his grand-nephews, with the condition that they spend it wisely.

## References
DIY

**DIY** or *Do it yourself* is a method of home improvement, where the home owner gets materials and tools for themself, then does the work on their own, without professional help.
 
DIY can also mean using any skill to do work or a hobby for fun and not hire help. An example is an activity in arts and crafts. A DIY culture is also used in the alternative rock, punk rock, and indie rock music scenes; and in the zine community.
Money Bin

**Money Bin** is a fictional building that Scrooge McDuck owns. The building was constructed in 1902, after Scrooge entered the diamond market.

The building contains all of Scrooge's fortune, which is 'quadrillions' of dollars. The old duck also owns factories, mines, railroads, oil wells and spaceships. 

The building is full of gold coins, where Scrooge likes to swim in.

The building appears on *DuckTales*, *The Life and times of Scrooge McDuck*, and *DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp*.
Beagle

The **Beagle** is a breed of small- to medium-sized dog. It is a hound, with short legs and long, soft ears. Because of their excellent smell and quick instincts, beagles are often used for hunting hare, rabbit, and other kinds of game.  

Beagles are also popular as pets because of their good size, sweet temperament, and usual good health.  

Although beagle-type dogs have  for over 2,000 years, the modern kind came from Great Britain around the 1830s. 

Because of their character, beagles are often used for animal testing. 

## Appearance 
Beagles can have coats of different colours. They are widely known for sporting the three-coloured look (black, brown, and white). They usually have brown eyes.

## Sense of smell 
Beagles have a very strong sense of smell. They have around 225 million scent receptors.

## Early beagles 
### Ancient Greece 
Dogs that look almost the same as the modern Beagle existed in Ancient Greece around the 5th century BC. In the *Treatise on Hunting* or *Cynegeticus*, Xenophon wrote about a hound that hunted hares by scent and was followed by foot.  

### Medieval era 
In the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the Talbot hound to Britain. The Talbot was a white, slow hound. At one point, English Talbots were crossed with Greyhounds to make them faster in running. They went extinct, but only after they had made the Southern Hound more popular. This helped the Southern Hound descend to the Beagle.

From medieval times, *beagle* was used as a general description for small hounds, even though they are actually very different from the modern breed. Small breeds of beagle-type dogs were living even from the times of Edward II and Henry VII. Edward and Henry both had packs of Glove Beagles, who were named because of their small size. 

Small hounds were mentioned in the Forest Laws. These laws were probably written in the Middle Ages for tradition. However, if they were real, they would prove that beagle-type dogs lived in England before 1016.

### Pocket beagles 
Queen Elizabeth I kept a breed known as a Pocket Beagle, which stood  at the shoulder. It could fit in a "pocket" or saddlebag and ride along on a hunt. 

Elizabeth I called the dogs her *singing beagles* and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles play amid their plates and cups. It's possible that since then, the word "beagle" has been used to describe the same type of small hounds.

In an 1866 book by George Jesse called *Researches into the History of the British Dog*, Gervase Markham describes the Beagle as small enough to sit on a man's hand:

## In popular culture 
Beagles have been included in popular culture, literature, and art since Queen Elizabeth began to rule. More recently, beagles have appeared in movies, television shows, and comic books. Snoopy, a character in the comic strip *Peanuts,* has been called "the world's most famous beagle".

## References
809 Lundia

**809 Lundia** is a small, binary, V-type asteroid orbiting in the Flora family in the Main Belt. It is named after Lund Observatory, Sweden.

The V-type spectrum says that it is not genetically related to the Flora family, but rather is probably a piece (actually two pieces) blown off the surface of nearby 4 Vesta by a big impact in the past. Its orbit is too far from Vesta for it to actually be a member of the Vesta family It is not clear how it came at an orbit so far from Vesta, but other examples of V-type asteroids fairly far from their parent body are known. A mechanism of interplay between the Yarkovsky effect and nonlinear secular resonances (mainly involving Jupiter and Saturn) has been suggested.

## Binary 
A moon, designated **S/2005 (809) 1**, was seen based on lightcurve sightings in 2005. In fact, the size of the two bodies appear to be close in size, because during mutual occultations the brightness drops by a similar amount independently of which body is hidden. Assuming an albedo similar to 4 Vesta (around 0.4), suggests that the bodies are about 7&nbsp;km across. It takes 15.4 hours to orbit each other, which says that the binary is very close — the separation being of the order of 10–20&nbsp;km, if normal asteroid albedo and density values are assumed.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets
* Johnston Archive entry for 809 Lundia
* Lightcurve showing signature of the binary
Connex Melbourne

**Connex** was a train operator in Melbourne, Australia. They ran all Melbourne railway lines, and took over all M-Train services on 16 April 2003, however Metro Trains Melbourne took over all Connex's services on 30 November 2009. All Connex services used the Metcard fare system.

## Other websites 
Official website
All Grown Up!

***All Grown Up!*** is a Nickelodeon animated television series. It was set in California. It was a spin-off of the *Rugrats* series. The series was about the original Rugrats characters being nine to thirteen years older. It was first shown on April 12, 2003.

## Characters 
### Children 
*Thomas "Tommy" Malcolm Pickles, American person of Russian and French descent, leader, filmmaker, songwriter, play-writer, keyboardist, singer
*Dylan "Dil" Prescott Pickles, dancer, keyboardist, singer, songwriter
*Charles "Chuckie" Crandall Finster, drummer, best friend of Tommy
*Kimberly "Kimi" Watanabe-Finster (friend of Tommy), tomboy, best friend of Susie
* Phil and Lil DeVille (friends of Tommy)
*Angelica Charlotte Pickles (tomboyish cousin and frenemy of Tommy), singer
*Susanna "Susie" Yvonne Carmichael (friend of Tommy), singer, best friend of Kimi
*Harold Frumkin, guitarist

### Adults 
*Didi and Stu Pickles
*Chas Finster
*Kira Finster
*Betty and Howard DeVille
*Drew Pickles
*Charlotte Pickles
Harihara

**Harihara** is the deity that combines Vishnu and Shiva. It comes from the Hindu tradition. *Harihara* is also sometimes used as a philosophical term when one wants to speak of the unity of Vishnu and Shiva as different aspects of the same Supreme God. 

## Other websites
### The Position of Shiva & Vishnu
* Shiva and Vishnu as One and the Same (dlshq.org)
* The Position of Shiva and Durga in connection with Vishnu  (veda.harekrsna.cz)
* Vishnu and Shiva as different aspects of the one and same God.  (Shaivite guru, Bodhinatha)

### Harihara images
* Harihara - Photograph of Carving from Hoysaleshvara Temple, Halebid (art-and-archaeology.com)
* Bronze Harihara from Thailand
Harihara I

**Harihara I**, (1336-1356 CE) also called **Hakka ಹಕ್ಕ** and *Vira Harihara I*, was the founder of the Vijayanagara empire. He was the eldest son of Bhavana Sangama and was founder of the Sangama dynasty, the first among the four dynasties that ruled Vijayanagara. Immediately after coming to power, he built a fort at Barkuru, on the west coast of present day Karnataka. Kannada inscriptions of his time call him *Karnataka Vidya Vilas* (master of great knowledge and skills), *Bhashegetappuvarayaraganda* (punisher of those feudatories who do not keep their promise), *Arirayavibhada* (fire to enemy kings). Among his brothers, Kampana governed Nellur region, Muddppa administered Mulabagalu region, Marappa oversaw Chandragutti and Bukka Raya was his second in command.

At first he conquered the valley of Tungabhadra River, then he expanded his control to certain regions of Konkan and Malabar Coast. By that time Hoysala Empire had lost its last ruler  and Harihara I could gain power.

An inscription of 1346 speaks of Harihara I as the ruler of “whole country between the eastern and the western seas, and the inscription describes *Vidya Nagara* (that is, the city of learning) as his capital.

Harihara I was succeeded by Bukka I who was the most distinguished amongst the five rulers (Panchasangamas) of the Sangama dynasty.

## References
* Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
* Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003.
Bolesław I the Brave

's portrait of Beleslaw I]]
**Bolesław I the Brave** (Polish *Bolesław I Chrobry*) (967  June 17, 1025) was the duke of Poland from 992 to April 18, 1025 and King of Poland from April 18 to June 17, 1025. He was also a duke of Bohemia known as Boleslav IV from 1003 to 1004. He was the son of Mieszko I, first known ruler of Poland.

## Conquests
Boleslav wasn't aggressive as long as his friend - the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire lived. After his death in 1002, Boleslav started the imperial policy. During the chaos in Reich, duke conquered the border areas : Lusatia and Meissen. When finally Henry II took over the German Throne, he accepted annexiation of Lusatia, giving it to Bolslav as a fiefdom, and giving Meissen to his ally - Gunzelin. In 1003 the duke of Bohemia - Vladivoj, died. This death caused intervention in Czechia, where Boleslav put on the throne Boleslav III, that was banished before. In the same year, probably thanks to requests of the Czech opposition, Boleslav (Polish one) put out the Boleslav's (Czech one) eyes and become the Duke of Bohemia himself. He wouldn't like to pay tribute to the German Emperor, like did the Czech dukes, and that was an excuse, that started Polish - German War from 1003 -1018.

We know 7 children of Bolesław I. Two of them, Mieszko II Lambert and Bezprym ruled Poland after his death.

## Interesting Facts 
* The King introduced new law - any man that will sleep with multiple woman will be taken to the bridge and his private areas will be nailed to it. Then he will be left with knife and choice - either die on the bridge over the time or cut himself. This simple rule caused - until now pogan - culture to promote sacred life with one partner only.
* Image of Bolesław the Brave is on 20 zlotys paper money

## References
Li people

The **Hlai** or **Li** () are an ethnic group living primarily on the island of Hainam, off the southern coast of mainland China and just east of Vietnam. The Hlai are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the Chinese government.

The Hlai were known to the Sui Dynasty Chinese by the name **Liliao**. Presently they refer to themselves as the Hlai or Sai people. The ethnic group is called Lí in Mandarin and Lai in Cantonese.

The Hlai people have their own language. Some dialects of the Hlai language are too different from each other for people to mutually understand each other. The Hlai language is distantly related to languages such as Thai, Lao, and Cuengh. The Hlai language did not have a writing system before the 1950s, when the Latin alphabet was adopted. Some to most Hlai people nowadays can understand Mandarin and Hainanese.
Li

***Li*** could mean:

*The Chinese word for plum, a very popular surname in China
*An alternate romanisation of the Japanese word for plum, ***ri***, which originates from the above word in Chinese. It can also be pronounced as *sumomo*.
*An ethnic group of China, Hlai, which is known as Li among Han Chinese.
*The chemical symbol for lithium.
*Li (unit) (里), a Chinese unit of length, often used when talking about distance.
Tibetan people

, 1993.]]
.]]
The **Tibetan people** () are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet. They number about 7.8 million. In 2014, there were 7.5 million Tibetans living in Tibet and the 10 Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures in Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan. Large populations of Tibetans live outside of Tibet, in other parts of China, and in India, Nepal and Bhutan.

Tibetans speak the Tibetan languages. Many of these languages are cannot be understood by each other. These languages are also spoken by people in Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. The main language among Tibetans in Tibet is the Central Tibetan language.

Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism. Some practice the native Bön religion. There is a small Muslim minority.

## History
The American botanist Joseph Rock saw the fighting between the Hui Muslim warlord Ma Qi and the Tibetan Buddhist of Labrang monastery. Even more brutal fighting broke out when war between Zhang Zuolin's Fengtian clique happened against the Guominjun warlord Feng Yuxiang in 1925, autumn. The position of Gansu governor was taken by Feng Yuxiang. Only Muslim warlords were left after many of the non-Muslim warlords were expelled by Liu Yufen's Guominjun army of 15,000 soldiers as acting governor under Feng Yuxiang. A huge amount of taxes were squeezed for Feng by Liu Yufen after an earthquake and famine brought about by drought. The in Hezhou a revolt against Liu Yufen was led in Liangzhou by Hui Muslim warlord Ma Tingxing (son of Ma Anliang) in 1928, Spring. Hui, Dongxiang and Salar Muslims were recruited to also siege Hezhou in the army of 10,000 by Ma Zhongying, who was related to Ma Qi. Ma Zhongying's Muslim soldiers were starving and numbered 25,000 by November so that attacked the Tao river valley in the south, slaughtering Tibetan Buddhist monks, burning the palace of the Tibetan Tusi chief king Yang Jiqing, sacking the Tibetan city of Chone and defeated Yang Jiqing's 3,000 strong Tibetan militia. Tibetan areas all across southern Gansu were laid waste to. Tibetan militias defeated Taozhou from Ma Tingxing. The Tibetans inflicted heavy casualties upon Ma Tingxian so he supposed Ma Zhongying's Muslim forces and together they ravaged and destroyed the Taozhou-Chone region destroying and burning Tibetan areas. The Muslims burned the printing presses and temple of the Tibetan Buddhists in Chone. The Muslims then looted the gompa and massacred the Tibetan Buddhist monks of the Labrang monastery after fleeting from Liu Yufen in January 1929. 2 million died in the war as villages and towns across Gansu's south and east were destroyed during the war when Ma Zhongying was fighting as Feng Yuxiang attacked him. The Chone temple and palaces were rebuilt by the Tibetan Tusi chief king Yang Jiqing after the 1928-1929 war. The rebellion was put down by Feng Yuxiang and Gansu became peaceful again until the 1935 when the communist Long March came.

## Related pages
* Sherpa people
* Burig
* Tibetans in India

## References
Altes Museum

**Altes Museum** (German for **Old Museum**) is a museum in Berlin. It is on the Museum Island (Museuminsel) along the Spree River. The museum is made of Greek columns but it is not of Greek origin. It is considered a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was created between 1822-1830 and holds the Antikensammlung and Münzenkabinett. The Berliner Lustgarten is in front of the museum.  

The Altes Museum was intended to be a royal collection of art and a public museum to educate the people. It was originally called the Königliches Museum. This mission was in line with the educational ideals of Humboldt. Karl Friedrich Schinkel was involved in the planning, and the building was constructed from 1825 to 1828 in neoclassical style. The museum opened in 1830. It was named Altes Museum after the Neues Museum was built in 1845. Originally the commission only included "high art" of Rome and Greece. During Word War 2, the Nazis used the museum in their propaganda. Suffering some damage during World War 2, the building was mostly renovated between 1951 and 1966.   

## Other websites 
* Altes Museum on GreatBuildings.com
* Altes Museum on Archiseek 
* Altes Museum on museum-location.de (in German)
The Sleepers

*The Sleepers* (1866)]]
***The Sleepers*** is a painting by Gustave Courbet. The painting was made in 1866. In it, two naked women lie on a bed.  It is typical of Courbet's later erotic paintings.  The painting is done in oil on canvas. It measures 135 cm high and 200&nbsp;cm wide. It is currently in the museum Petit Palais in Paris, France. The painting is also known as ***The Dream*** (French: *Le Sommeil*), or ***Lust*** or ***The Sloth and Friends***.
Religion in China

The main religions in China are Buddhism, Chinese folklore, Taoism and Confucianism among many others

Abrahamic religions are also practised. There is a Kaifeng Jewish community living in China. Also, Islam has been historically popular, introduced since the Tang Dynasty. The Hui people and Uyghur people are Muslims.

## Buddhism
There are three main existing branches of buddhism: Han Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Theravada. The first two are in China. They come from the Mahayana.they also practise other religions and also fall under the Hindu religion

## Folk Religion
Chinese folk religion is a religion that has been practised in China for thousands of years. There are at least 800,000,000 followers of Chinese folk religion worldwide (estimate). Most if not all of these followers are also followers of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, as these three philosophy-religions are major influences of China's folk religion. The influence from and to these three philosophy-religions goes to the extent that some mythical figures from folk culture have merged into those philosophy-religions and vice versa.

Chinese folk religion is made up of a combination of religious practices, including Confucianism, ancestor veneration, Buddhism and Taoism. Folk religion also retains traces of some of its ancestral neolithic belief systems which include the veneration of the Sun, Moon, Earth, Heaven and various stars,  as well as communication with animals. It has been practised alongside Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism by Chinese people throughout the world for thousands of years.

## Taoism in China
Daoism, or Taoism, is a philosophy-religion that is at least 2,500 years old. It originated from China and is now widely practised in Korea.

, also Romanized as Tao, is the "Force" that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. It is very mysterious, and instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have a problem with something, it is better to find a way around it.

Some important Taoists are:
* 老子 Lao Zi.  Some say he wrote Dào Dé Jīng.
* 庄子 Zhuangzi. He wrote a book with stories that talk about Taoism.
* 黄帝 Huang Di the Yellow Emperor. People say he was one of the first Taoists, but it is disputed whether he even existed or not.
Hikaru

**Hikaru** (or **Hikari**) is a Japanese given name based on the Japanese language *kanji* , which means "light" or "shining." It is a  name, meaning it is used for both boys and girls. Hikaru is a unique name in the United States (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). 

## People 
*Hikaru Kitagawa, Japanese association football player
*Hikaru Midorikawa, Japanese voice actor
*Hikaru Nakamura, American chess player
*Hikaru Shida, Japanese professional wrestler
*Hikaru Utada, also known as Cubic U, Utada and Hikki, a J-pop and R&B singer

#### Fictional characters 
* Hikaru Genji, main character in *The Tale of Genji*
* Hikaru Sulu, character in *Star Trek*

## References
Hikaru Nakamura

(born December 9, 1987) is a professional chess player and net streamer and is the leading U.S. chess grandmaster (GM). He was born on 9 December 1987 in Japan (Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture). His parents moved to the United States of America when he was two. He has won the U.S. chess championship five times, and represented the United States of America at five Chess Olympiads.

In 2011, Nakamura won the Tata Steel Grandmaster A tournament in Wijk aan Zee. His opponents included world #1 and defending champion Magnus Carlsen, former world champion Viswanathan Anand, world #2  Levon Aronian, and former world champion Vladimir Kramnik.

## References
Seedling

*seedling*]]
A **seedling** is a small plant that grows from a seed.

File:Stangenbohne.jpg
File:Albizia julibrissin — Plántula con los dos cotiledones y las hojas primordiales.jpg
File:20140328Fagus sylvatica1.jpg
File:Rain tree seeds germinating.jpg
File:Mais kiemplant eerste blad.jpg|A maize seedling
File:Pinus cembra shoot.jpg|Seedling of a pine tree
Quickdraw

A **quickdraw** is used in rock climbing for lead climbing. One end is hooked into an anchor in 
the wall. Afterwards the rope is hooked into the other end. Usually quickdraws are used every few meters. Quickdraws are made of two carabiners connected by a sling. Quickdraws can hold up to 22 kN.
The quickdraw has one straight gate carabineer and one bent gate carabineer. The bent gate carabineer should always be the one clipped to the rope. For leading and top roping at an indoor climbing wall usually a quickdraw is already attached to each of the protection points on the route. The lower carabineer, (the one with the bent gate) should be clipped so the gate is pointing away from the rope and pointing away from the climbing wall or rock face. Doing this will help prevent the quickdraw from twisting the gate into the wall. The rope should run freely through the spine of each carabineer, not along the gate. The spine is the strongest part of the carabineer.
Kim Ungyong

**Kim Ung-yong** (born 8 March 1962) was a Korean  child prodigy. He was able to read and write in Japanese, Korean, German and English before he turned four years old. At the age of four, on 2 November 1967, he answered differential and integral calculus questions on Japanese television, showed that he could speak German, English, Japanese and Korean, and write poetry. Kim was listed in the Guiness Book of World Records under "Highest IQ"; the book guessed the boy's score at "over 200."

Kim was a guest student of physics at Hanyang University from the age of 3 until he was 6. At the age of 7 he was invited to the United States by NASA. He finished his university studies, eventually getting a Ph.D. in physics at Colorado State University  before he was 15. In 1974, during his university studies, he began his research work at NASA and continued this work until his return to Korea in 1978.

When he returned to Korea, he decided to switch from physics to civil engineering and eventually received a doctorate in that field. Kim was offered the chance to study at the most prestigious universities in Korea, but instead chose to attend a provincial university.

As of 2007 he also serves as adjunct faculty at Chungbuk National University.

## Related pages
*child prodigy
*genius
*multilingualism

## References 
*
*

## Other websites 
*Time magazine article mentioning Ung-Yong 
*Article in Korean mentioning Kim Ung-Yong (Currently Working as the Leader of the Compensation Department of the Chungcheongbuk-do Government Office of Development)
Work (song)

"**Work**" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Kelly Rowland. It was written by Rowland, Scott Storch and Jason "Pooh Bear" Boyd and co-produced by Storch and Boyd for Rowland's second studio album, *Ms. Kelly* (2007). 

Following the less successful chart performances of previous singles "Like This" and "Ghetto", "Work" was released during the first quarter of 2008 as the album's second single in most international music markets. The song has since enjoyed commercial success, becoming Rowland's best-charting solo single since her 2002 song "Stole," reaching the top of the charts in Bulgaria and Poland, as well as the top 10 in Australia, Finland, France, Ireland, Malta, Poland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

## Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "Work."
;CD maxi single
# "Work" (Freemasons radio edit) - 3:11
# "Work" (album version) - 3:28
# "Work" (Steve Pitron & Max Sanna Radio Edit) - 3:33
# "Work" (Freemasons dub mix) - 7:09
# "Work" (Freemasons radio remix video) - 3:11

# "Work" (Freemasons radio edit) - 3:11
# "Work" (album version) - 3:28

;U.S. digital EP
# "Work" (Freemasons radio edit) - 3:11
# "Work" (Steve Pitron & Max Sanna radio edit) - 3:33
# "Work" (Edit) - 3:28
# "Work" (Freemasons Club Mix) - 10:37
# "Work" (Steve Pitron & Max Sanna club mix) - 7:59
# "Work" (AJ Bhandary remix) - 3:10

## References
David Boreanaz

**David Paul Boreanaz** (born May 16, 1969 He is of Italian descent. The surname Boreanaz is of Slovene origin.  He was raised Catholic.

Boreanaz went to high school in Malvern, Pennsylvania. He went to college at Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York. After graduating, Boreanaz moved to Hollywood, California to become an actor.

### Career 
Boreanaz' first television acting job was a single episode on the hit American sitcom, *Married... with Children*. He played Kelly Bundy's biker boyfriend. He was cast in the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*, after being seen by a producer when Boreanaz was walking his dog. In the series, he played Angel, a vampire with a soul. The series became very successful and Boreanaz starred in a spin-off series, *Angel*. This new series gave the character a chance to evolve. It was mainly about on Angel's battle for redemption. He appeared on *Buffy* from 1997 to 1999, at which point he began starring in *Angel*, which ran until 2004. Totalling all of his appearances on *Buffy* & *Angel*, including guest appearances, Boreanaz has been in more episodes of the 2 series than any other actor.

Boreanaz's only starring role in a major theatrical movie was in 2001's slasher horror movie, *Valentine*. This movie also starred Denise Richards and Katherine Heigl. In 2003, he appeared in the music video for singer Dido's "White Flag". He was also the voice of Leon (aka Squall Leonhart) in the video game *Kingdom Hearts*.

In 2005, Boreanaz began starring along with Emily Deschanel on the prime time television series, *Bones*. He most recently appeared in *These Girls*, a Canadian movie in which he played a biker. The movie was first shown at the Toronto Film Festival and the Vancouver International Film Festival. It was later shown in a small number of theaters in Canada in March 2006. His future roles include parts in the independent films *Mr. Fix it* and ''Suffering Man's Charity*. It is also  that Boreanaz will star in the upcoming movie *Jurassic Park 4* which will be released some time in 2008. In that same year, he also voiced Hal Jordan in the direct to video DC Comics animated movie *Justice League: The New Frontier''.

### Personal life 
Boreanaz lives in Los Angeles, California. He was married to Ingrid Quinn from June 7, 1997 to October 1999. He married actress and model Jaime Bergman on November 24, 2001. The couple has a son, Jaden Rayne Boreanaz, who was born on May 1, 2002. He and his wife are also good friends with Raven Symone. David attended her 21st birthday in December 2006.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
### TV shows 
### Video games 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Bullz-Eye.com interview  (November 1, 2006)
* the Globe & Mail interview  (October 10, 2005)
Heaven Shall Burn

**Heaven Shall Burn** is a German metal band from Saalfelden. They are classified as melodic death metal, metalcore, or deathcore. Their members are: Matthias Voigt (drums), Maik Weichert (guitar), Alexander Dietz (guitar), Eric Bischoff (bass) and Marcus Bischoff (vocals).

## Discography
### Studio albums
*1998: *In Battle There Is No Law* (EP)
*2000: *Asunder*
*2002: *Whatever It May Take* (re-release 2007)
*2004: *Antigone*
*2006: *Deaf to Our Prayers*
*2008: *Iconoclast (Part 1: The Final Resistance)*

### Others
*1999: *Heaven Shall Burn / Fall of Serenity* (together with *Fall of Serenity*)
*2001: *The Split Program* (together with Caliban)
*2002: *In Battle... (There Is No Law)* (Best of)
*2005: *Tsunami Benefit CD-Single*
*2005: *The Split Program II* (together with *Caliban*)
*2007: *Voces Del Underground* (Compilation)

## References
Eluveitie

**Eluveitie** is a folk metal band from Switzerland. They started in 2002. Their style is a mixture of *Celtic folk metal* and *melodic death metal*. Their style is sometimes called *Celtic Metal*. Some of their lyrics are in English. Some of their lyrics are in Gaulish, a language that nobody still speaks as a first language. The band was founded by Christian "Chrigel" Glanzmann. 

## Members 
* Patrick "Päde" Kistler - Bagpipes, Whistles (since 2008)
* Merlin Sutter - Drums (since 2004)
* Siméon Koch - Guitar (since 2004)
* Christian "Chrigel" Glanzmann - Vocals, Mandola (similar to a mandolin), Whistles, Pipes, Gaita (a kind of bagpipe), Acoustic Guitar, Bodhràn (a kind of Irish drum)
* Meri Tadic -  Violin, Vocals
* Kay Brem - Bass (since 2008)
* Ivo Henzi - Guitar (since 2004)
* Fabienne Erni - Hurdy Gurdy (an instrument that has similarities to the violin and the bagpipe), Vocals (since 2017)

## Discography 
* *Vên* - 2003 (re-released in 2004)
* *Spirit* - 2006 (Fear Dark Records)
* *Slania* - 2008 (Nuclear Blast Records)
* *Evocation I - The Arcane Dominion* - 2009 (acoustic) (Nuclear Blast Records)
* *Evocation II - Visions (MCD)* - 2009 (acoustic) (Nuclear Blast Records)
* *Everything Remains As It Never Was* - 2010 (Nuclear Blast Records)
* *Helvetios* - 2012 (Nuclear Blast Records)
* *Origins* - 2014
* *Evocation II: Pantheon* - 2017
* *Ategnatos* - 2019

They made videos for the songs Inis Mona, Omnos and Thousandfold.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Datura stramonium

***Datura stramonium***, known by the common names, **jimson weed**, **ditch weed**, **stink weed**, **loco weed**,**Korean morning glory**, **Jamestown weed**, **thorn apple**, '''angel's trumpet**, **devil's trumpet**, **devil's snare**, **devil's seed**, **mad hatter**, **crazy tea**, **malpitte**, **the Devil's balls''', is an erect annual herb, on average 30 to 150 cm (1-5 feet) tall with erect, forking and purple stems. The leaves are large, 7 to 20 cm (3-8 in) long and have irregular teeth

Flowers are trumpet-shaped, white to purple, and 2-7 in long.The fruit are walnut-sized, egg-shaped, and covered in prickles, they split into four chambers, each chamber with dozens of small black seeds

## Other websites 
http://www.erowid.org/plants/datura/datura_info5.shtml
## References
Black-capped chickadee

The **black-capped chickadee** (*Poecile atricapillus*) is a passerine songbird of the family Paridae. It lives in Canada, Alaska and the northern United States. This is a small, common bird which sings a simple song. 

## Appearance 
The bird is about 12–15&nbsp;cm (5–6&nbsp;in) long and weighs 9-15 g (0.32-0.49&nbsp;oz).

The male and female black-capped chickadees look the same. The black-capped chickadee has black and white on its head. The top of the head and throat are black, and the sides are white. It has a short, black beak.

The back of the bird is gray. The front of the body is white and light brown. The bird has short wings and a short tail.

## Song 
The song of the black-capped chickadee is a clear whistle.

## Behavior 
In the summer, the birds eat many insects. In the winter, they eat seeds and berries. They will hide seeds in different places and return later to eat
them. When two chickadees want to build a nest, they use a hole in a tree.

## References
Gaeltacht

, in Ireland]]

**Gaeltacht** areas are regions where many or most of the people speak the Irish language. They are in the Republic of Ireland. The largest Gaeltacht areas are in the counties of Kerry, Cork, Galway, Mayo, Donegal, Waterford and Meath. 

At the time of the 2006 census of the Republic of Ireland, the population of the Gaeltacht was 91,862, about 2.1% of the state's 4,239,848 people. The main concentrations of Irish speakers are in the western counties of Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry, and Cork. But in Gaeltacht electoral districts the percentage of Irish speakers is much higher.

## References
Brná nad Labem

**Brná nad Labem** (German: *Birnai*) is a part of city Ústí nad Labem, Czech republic. It is a small part of landscape park České středohoří on the right side of river Labe, and is close to Ústí nad Labem. Its area is about 4,23&nbsp;km². 

## References
Harassment

**Harassment** is offensive behavior purposely done to a specific person. 

## Overview
Such behavior can humiliate, intimidate, and degrade the victim. If someone is harassed repetitively, it is called bullying. Harassment is a kind of specific discrimination towards one individual. It may involve coercion. There are different kinds of harassment, including:

* Bullying
* Cyberbullying
* Sexual harassment
* Religious harassment
* Workplace harassment

There are laws against harassment in many countries, and employers now have a duty to protect employees from harassment.

## Related pages
* Instagram
* Persecution
* Abuse of power
* Domestic abuse
* Psychological abuse

## References
James I of Scotland

**James I** (December 10, 1394 – February 21, 1437) was King of Scots from April 4, 1406, and ruled as King of Scots from May 1424 until February 21, 1437.

## Reign 
He made many economic and legal changes. For instance, he tried to change the Parliament of Scotland to suit English lines. Many of his actions were useful, but they also upset many people. Therefore during the later years of his reign his ability was questioned, but when the king threw a party on February 21, 1437, he was assassinated by a group of Scots led by Sir Robert Graham. He attempted to escape his attackers through a sewer but could not because the sewer was blocked. A wave of executions followed, including the king's uncle, Sir Walter Sterwart and Sir Robert Steward.

## References 
* E W M Balfour-Melville, *James I King of Scots*, London 1936
Shameless

***Shameless*** is a BAFTA award-winning British comedy-drama television series set in the fictional Chatsworth Estate in Manchester, United Kingdom. Produced by Company Pictures for Channel 4, the first seven-episode series aired weekly on Tuesday nights at 10pm from 13 January 2004. The dramedy which deals with issues related to chav culture in the UK has been accorded critical acclaim by various sections of the British media, including *The Sun* newspaper and *Newsnight Review* on BBC Two.

## Other websites 
*
Goodies (song)

***Goodies*** is a song recorded by American singer Ciara and rapper Petey Pablo for Ciara's debut album *Goodies* (2004) and written by Ciara, Sean Garrett, LaMarquis Jefferson, Craig Love and Jonathan Smith.  "Goodies" is a combination of hip hop, crunk and R&B.  The song's lyrics are about female empowerment and virginity.  The protagonist does not want to an object, while performing over a complex beat.  The song's protagonist rejects a male's sexual advances, proclaiming that he will never get her "goodies" because "they stay in the jar".

## Official versions
*Alternate version featuring T.I. and Jazze Pha (bonus track on *Goodies*)
*Alternate version featuring Mia X
*Bimbo Jones full vocal
*Extended version featuring Petey Pablo, Lil' Jon, and Ludacris
*Richard X Remix (featuring M.I.A.)
*Acapella
*Instrumental
*Johnny Toobad remix

## Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Goodies."

***US digital download**
#"Goodies" featuring Petey Pablo

***UK CD single number one**
#"Goodies" featuring Petey Pablo
#"Goodies"

***UK CD single number two**
# "Goodies" featuring Petey Pablo
# "Goodies" featuring T.I. and Jazze Pha
# "Goodies (Richard X Remix)" featuring M.I.A. 
# "Goodies (Bimbo Jones Remix)" 
# "Goodies" (video)
# "Goodies" (ringtone)

***German and French maxi single**
#"Goodies" featuring Petey Pablo
#"Goodies"
#"Goodies" featuring T.I. and Jazze Pha

***French CD single**
#"Goodies" featuring Petey Pablo
#"Goodies" featuring T.I. and Jazze Pha

## Personnel
**Recording **
*Hitco, Atlanta, Georgia and Circle House Studios, Miami, FL and Sony Music Studios, NYC

**Credits**
*Ciara — vocals
*Petey Pablo — vocals
*Lil Jon — additional vocals, production, mixing, drum programming, sound design
*Sean Garrett — vocal production
*Charles Sanders — engineer
*Steve Nowacynski — engineer
*Brian Stanley — engineer
*Ray Seay — mixing
*Brian Stanley — mixing
*Craig Love — guitar
*Lamarquis Jefferson — bass guitar

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
### All-time charts
## Certifications
## Release history
## References
Battlestar Galactica

***Battlestar Galactica*** is a science fiction franchise. It includes two separate television series, one sequel series, movies, books, comic books, toy and other merchandise. The series are named after the main spacecraft, the Battlestar (a large type of warship in space) Galactica.

## Original series
The first series was created in 1978 after the  theater release of *Star Wars*. The series was shown on the American network ABC. The series lasted for eight months and 17 episodes before it ended. The cost of making the series was said to be one of the reasons for it ending. The series starred Lorne Greene as Commander Adama, captain of the Galactica. Richard Hatch played his son, the pilot Apollo. Dirk Benedict played Apollo's friend and fellow pilot, Starbuck.

In 1980, ABC made the sequel series *Galactica 1980*. This series took place after the fleet got to Earth. The series did not do well in the ratings and quickly ended. Several movies were made using edited version of both series.

## Remake series
In 2003, Universal Television along with the Sci-Fi Channel and Sky One created a three-hour mini-series based on the original television series. This series was very well liked by both the audience and critics. This led to the Sci-Fi Channel making it into a series in 2004. After the 2007 season of *Battlestar Galactica*, the Nielsen ratings said that over 119 million people watched the series. This made it the highest rated and most watched series on cable networks. Edward James Olmos plays Commander William Adama. Jamie Bamber plays his son, Lee "Apollo" Adama. Katee Sackhoff plays Kara "Starbuck" Thrace. Starbuck was one of several characters to be changed from a male character into a female character.

## Story
All of the *Battlestar Galactica* series have the same basic setting. In a far away part of the universe, a civilization of humans live on planets known as the "Twelve Colonies". In the past, the Colonies were at war with a cybernetic race known as the Cylons. With the help of a human named Gaius Baltar, the Cylons attacked on the Colonies. This surprise attack caused much  to the planets where the humans lived and killed most of their populations. A few thousand of humans did not die in the attacks. They fled into space aboard any spacecraft they could. Of all the Colonial Fleet, the battlestar *Galactica* appears to be the only military ship that was not destroyed in the attack. Under the leadership of military leader Commander Adama, the Battlestar *Galactica* and its crew lead and protect the fleet of survivors into space in search of a fabled Thirteenth Colony and its home planet, Earth.

## Other websites 
*Official site 
*
*
*
*Battlestar Wiki
*
*
*Amazon.com interview with Battlestar Galactica star Katee Sackhoff