open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Diana Burrell

**Diana Burrell** (born 25 October 1948) is an English composer. She was born in Norwich, Norfolk. She went to Norwich High School for Girls and then studied music at the University of Cambridge. She started her career as a viola player, but soon became well known for her compositions was able to be a full-time composer.

Her first big orchestral piece was called *Landscape* (1988). It describes the wild, windswept countryside. It won an Encore Award from the Royal Philharmonic Society and BBC Radio 3. Another orchestral work has a long title in German: *Das Meer so gross und weit ist da wimmelts ohne Zahlgrosse kleine Tiere* (*The sea is so big and wide and swarming with numerous little animals*). It describes the sounds and the atmosphere of the sea.

Burrell has written other orchestral works including concertos for viola, flute and clarinet, an opera *The Albatross* (1997), lots of choral works and chamber music. She likes modern architecture and her music sometimes shows this in the way it is shaped. She has also written music for young people such as *Lights and Shadows* (1989) which includes children’s choir, recorder group and lots of percussion.

Burrell teaches at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and is artistic director of Spitalfields Festival in London. She lives in East London.

## References 
## Other websites 
* United Music Publishers official website for Diana Burrell
Saint James

**Saint James** could mean any of the following:

## People
*Several men mentioned in the New Testament:
**James, son of Zebedee, an apostle, brother of John the Apostle, venerated at Santiago de Compostela
**James (son of Alphaeus), an apostle, brother of Matthew the Evangelist
**James the Less, son of Clopas and Mary of Clopas, often identified with the son of Alphaeus
**James the Just, the brother of Jesus, head of the early Christian Church in Jerusalem
*James the Deacon, 7th century missionary to England
*James the Confessor, Bishop of Catania in the 8th Century http://www.orthodoxcentral.com/saints/saintjames.htm 
*Rebecca St. James, Christian pop and rock artist

## Places
In *transportation*,
*Saint James station (disambiguation), several railway stations around the world

In the **United States**:
*St. James, Maryland
*St. James, Minnesota
*St. James, Missouri
*St. James, New York
*Saint James Parish, Louisiana
*The St. James Theatre, on Broadway in New York City
*St. James Court Art Show in Louisville, Kentucky
*St. James Catholic Church in Vancouver, Washington
*St. James Middle School, a school in Horry County in South Carolina
*St. James High School, also a school in Horry County in South Carolina

In the **United Kingdom**:
*St. James's Palace, London
**Court of St. James's, London
**St. James's Park, London
*St James' Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, home of football club Newcastle United.
*St James Park, football stadium in Exeter
*St. James' Church, Clitheroe
*St James, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
*St James's University Hospital, Leeds, a teaching hospital

**Other nations**:
*St James, Western Australia
*Saint James Parish, Barbados
*St. James (electoral district), defunct electoral district in Canada
*Saint James Parish, Jamaica
*Saint-James, France
*St. James' School, Kolkata, India
*Saint James Cavalier Centre for Creativity, Malta
*St. James Theatre (Wellington), New Zealand
*St James, Cape Town, South Africa
*St James Power Station, Singapore
Anaerobic digestion

**Anaerobic digestion** is the way microorganisms break down organic matter without oxygen. This process happens naturally, but it is called anaerobic digestion when it is supported and contained. 

An **anaerobic digester** is an industrial system that supports this process. Biodegradation to treat waste is one of the main purposes. Generating biogas to provide fuel is another. It also produces soil improving material. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*Digestion archives 
*European Anaerobic Digestion Network 
*Independent Anaerobic Digestion Website
*Thermophilic Anaerobic Digesters 
*Methane (Biogas) from Anaerobic Digesters
*Application of anaerobic digesters 
*Anaerobic Biodigester Design for Small Tropical Producers
Gwinnett County, Georgia

**Gwinnett County** is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Gwinnett County is Lawrenceville. The county was created on December 15, 1818.  The U.S. Census Bureau says there were 957,062 people living in Gwinnett County in 2020.

The county was named for Button Gwinnett, one of the people who signed the United States Declaration of Independence for Georgia.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Web site of Gwinnett County Government
University of Georgia

The **University of Georgia** (UGA) is a university that is in and around Athens, Georgia. The university was created January 27, 1785 and was the first state university in the United States. However, it was not the first state university to hold classes or to graduate students. That honor belongs to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

About 34,000 students go to the school. The university's mascot is a bulldog named "Uga".
## Diversity
Only white male students studied at UGA during the first century of its history. UGA began educating female students during the summer of 1903. Women were not admitted as full-time undergraduates until 1918. Before official admission of women to the university, several women were able to complete graduate degrees through credit earned during the summer sessions. The first woman to earn such a degree was Mary Lyndon. She received a Master of Arts degree in 1914. Mary Creswell earned the first undergraduate degree in June 1919, a B.S. in Home Economics. Two UGA dormitories are named after these graduates: Creswell Hall and Mary Lyndon Hall.

Racial integration started in 1961, with the admission of Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne Hunter after notable tension with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2001, on the fortieth anniversary of their having first registered for classes, the university renamed a prominent campus building in their honor: Holmes-Hunter Academic Building. Although Hunter and Holmes were the first African-American students to matriculate at UGA, Mary Frances Early became the first African-American graduate by earning her master’s (MMEd) in music education in 1962. In 1963, Chester Davenport became the first African-American admitted to the UGA School of Law and its first African-American graduate (LL.B. 1966). A decade later, Sharon Tucker was the first female African-American law graduate, earning her J.D. in 1974.
## References
Gerhard Armauer Hansen

**Gerhard Hendrik Armauer Hansen** (July 29, 1841 - February 12, 1912) was a Norwegian doctor. He is famous for discovering the bacteria that causes leprosy in 1873. That disease is also called ''Hansen's disease'' in his honour.
Outhouse

]]
An **outhouse** is a small building that covers a toilet. The toilet inside is often either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be found.

## References
## Other websites
Fence

en fence.]]
 fence.]]

A **fence** is something built like a wall, often made of metal or wood, to keep something in or to keep something out.  It differs from a wall, which has a foundation. Fences are usually supported by fenceposts. Fences can be large or small. Many are used in gardens or farms. Some are portable. A fence differs from a wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length.

Alternatives to fencing include a ditch (sometimes filled with water, forming a moat).

## Related pages 
* Hedge

## References
Dill

**Dill** (*Anethum graveolens*) is a short-lived annual herb that is often used as a spice, to make food taste better by adding a unique, slightly tangy flavor that goes well with savory foods.  

## Uses
Fresh and dried dill leaves (sometimes called "dill weed" to distinguish it from dill seed) are used as herbs.

Like caraway, its fernlike leaves are aromatic, and are used to flavor many foods, such as gravlax (pickled salmon), borscht and other soups, cream cheese and pickles. Dill is said to be best when used fresh, as it lose its flavor rapidly if dried; however, freeze-dried dill leaves preserve their flavor relatively well for a few months.

Dill seed is used as a spice, with a flavor similar to caraway.

Dill oil can be extracted from the leaves, stems and seeds of the plant.

## Other websites 
*Plants for a Future: *Anethum graveolens*
*'A Modern Herbal' (Grieves, 1931)
Turk

**Turk** or **Turks** most often refers to:
* Turkic peoples, a collection of ethnic groups that speak Turkic languages, predominant to West and Central Asia
* Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group that lives in what is now Turkey
Mummification

]]
**Mummification** is the process that creates mummies: dead bodies whose soft tissues are preserved. These soft tissues (like skin and muscle) usually decay after death. In mummies, they don't decay: they dry out. (This makes mummies look leathery.) Natural mummification is rare, but occasionally happens in areas that are acidic, very cold and windy, or very hot and dry. Mummies of both types (including human and animal mummies) have been found on every continent.

## In Ancient Egypt 
### Usage 
Ancient Egyptians believed that they could preserve their bodies for the afterlife through mummification. In their view, death was just a transition from one life to another, and they needed to preserve their bodies for the next life. Family members left items and gifts at the graveside so their dead loved ones could use them in their next life. 

There were no restrictions on who could do this. Any Egyptian was allowed to be mummified if they could afford the expensive process. Many people spent vast amounts of money to do this.  

Ancient Egyptians also mummified large numbers of cats, dogs, and birds. Priests surrounded the body while it was being prepared and performed rituals. 

After the mummifying process was complete, a mask was placed over the head so the person could be known in the afterlife.

### Relation to religion 
Anubis was a god of mummification. He had a human body and the head of a jackal. His job was to prepare the body of the dead to be received by Osiris, the god of the dead. Osiris then let the souls forward into the underworld. 

## Natural mummification 
Bodies can also be naturally mummified. A 2023 paper stated: was "freeze-dried by the cold air in the mountains" and became a natural mummy.

Additionally, mummies can form in conditions that are acidic. Bog bodies are proof of this.

## Gallery 

Image:Otzi-Quinson.jpg|Mummy of Ötzi the Iceman. 
Image:Tollundmanden i Silkeborgmuseet.JPG|The Tollund Man in a museum in Silkeborg. His mummy was conserved in a bog. 
Image:Guanajuato mummy 03.jpg|Hand of a mummy in Guanajuato, in Mexico
Image:Dog mummies at the Louvre museum.jpg|Intentionally mummified cats. 

## References
Bandage

to prevent dislocated joints.]]
A **bandage** is strip of cloth or other material that is used to stop and absorb blood from wounds.

In common speech, the word "bandage" is often used to mean a dressing, though technically the two are different things.

## Other websites
* "Use of Paper Dressings for Wounds", *Popular Science*, February 1919, page 68, scanned by Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68
* "A Mechanical Helper for the Red Cross, *Popular Science*, February 1919, page 74, scanned by Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA74

### How to apply a bandage 
*How to apply a bandage in a figure of 8 around an ankle. (YouTube)
*How to apply a bandage in circular style around a wrist. (YouTube)
*How to apply a compression bandage for lymphedema.
Xenophobia

**Xenophobia** is the fear or dislike of strangers or unknown things. Xenophobia can also mean the fear of trying new things, but it is usually the fear of differences between people. Xenophobia may be about foreign things or people, or just the attitudes of a group towards other groups. It may increase because of immigration. Apparently, xenophobia has always existed. Even the Ancient Greeks believed that barbarians (non-Greeks) were naturally meant to be enslaved.

Sometimes xenophobia overlaps with other types of phobias such as Afrophobia, Islamophobia, Germanophobia or Anti-Mexican sentiment.

The Vienna Declaration by United Nations declares that all people should have equal human rights and toleration.

## Related pages
*Discrimination
*Hate crime
*Phobia
*Racism

## References
Hedone

**Hedone** in Greek mythology (which the Romans called **Voluptas**) was the daughter of Eros and Psyche. She was seen as the personification of lust.

## Other websites 
* Ode to Voluptas (Information about Voluptas, Daughter of Eros & Psyche)
Psyche (psychology)

The **psyche** is the human mind, conscious and unconscious. The word has a long history, going back to the ancient Greek philosophers such as Heraclitus and Plato.

It was used in older psychology and philosophy as meaning the source or cause of human nature. It is not a scientific term, but the word "psychology" is derived from it. The English word soul was sometimes used synonymously in older texts.

In modern times the word is used as a synonym of mind. 

## References
Princeton University

**Princeton University** is a private university in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States. It opened in 1746 with the name "The College of New Jersey". It was eventually named "Princeton University" in 1896. In conversation, it is simply called, "Princeton".

Princeton is one of the 8 Ivy League colleges. It was the fourth official college in the United States.

In 2013 Forbes put Princeton at number three in their list of "America's Top Colleges".

Princeton works with Coursera.

## Firestone Library 
The Firestone Library is the main library at Princeton University. It is known for its large collection of books and manuscripts, serving as a major research resource for students and scholars.

Established in 1948, it serves as the primary repository for books, manuscripts, and other scholarly materials. With over 4 million books, Firestone Library has one of the largest open-stack collections in the world, offering resources across a wide range of academic disciplines. The library's architecture, designed by architect William H. G. France, reflects the collegiate gothic style common on the Princeton campus.

Firestone Library houses one of the largest open-stack collections in the world, with over 4 million volumes covering a wide range of subjects, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The library includes rare books, manuscripts, archival materials, maps, and special collections. Notable collections within Firestone Library include the Scheide Library, which features rare books and manuscripts dating back to the 15th century, and the Princeton University Archives, which document the history and development of the university.

## References
Lamellibrachia

tubeworm *Lamellibrachia luymesi* from a cold seep at 550 metres in the Gulf of Mexico. In the sediments around the base are orange bacterial mats of the sulphide-oxidizing bacteria *Beggiatoa*. There are empty shells of clams and snails, which are also common in the seeps.]]

***Lamellibrachia*** is a genus of *cold seep tube worms*. These are related to giant tube worms. They live on the floor of the oceans, near cold seeps. There crude oil and methane leak out of the ocean floor. 

The worm forms a symbiosis with certain bacteria which can oxidise sulphides. The worm provides the bacteria with hydrogen sulphide and oxygen. It does this by taking them up from the environment and binding them to a haemoglobin molecule. In return, the bacteria feed the worm. The worms can grow to a length of about 3 metres.

Together, they form a 'biogenic habitat' by creating groups of hundreds or thousands of individuals. Living in these aggregations are over a hundred different species of organism, many of which are found only at these seeps.

Cold seeps and hydrothermal vents are the only known communities that do not rely on photosynthesis for food and energy production. Unlike hydrothermal vents, which are short-lived environments, cold seeps leak oil and gas slowly. Probably because of the cooler temperatures and stability, many cold seep organisms are much longer-lived than those inhabiting hydrothermal vents. These worm grow very slowly, but can reach lengths of over 10 feet (3 metres). This means individuals may live over 250 years.

## References
Giant tube worm

The **Giant tube worm** (*Riftia pachyptila*) is an annelid. They live on the floor of the oceans (mainly Pacific Ocean), usually near black smokers, a type of hydrothermal vent. They can tolerate extremely high temperatures and levels of sulfur. They live in symbiosis with certain bacteria. The bacteria enter the mouth of a young tube worm, but when the worm gets older its mouth and gut seal up, trapping the bacteria forever. These bacteria are fed with sulfur compounds and oxygen. The bacteria then turn these compounds into organic molecules on which the host worms feed.
Trans-Siberian railway

in green.]]
The **Trans-Siberian Railway** or **Trans-Siberian Railroad** is a set of railways that goes from Moscow and European Russia to the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan.

Because Russia is such a big country, travel from one end and the other is an important problem. In the 1890s, the Russians began building the longest railway in the world to connect Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Before the railway was built, the trip took about a year along very rough roads. One reason for building the "Trans-Sib" was military: to transport troops to the East in order to protect the country against Japan and China. Another reason was to transport food from the farming areas of south-western Siberia to the people in the European part of Russia. Many cities and industries are built up along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1900, it connected with the West Siberian Railway.
St Paul's Cathedral

'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is an Anglican church in the City of London. The original version was built by Mellitus in 604 AD. He was Bishop of the East Saxons. 

In 962 and 1087, the cathedral burnt down and was built again. Before today's version of the cathedral, there were four others. The earlier ones burnt down. 

Today's cathedral is made of limestone. It was built after the Great Fire of London in 1666 had destroyed the "Old St Paul's". Its architect was Sir Christopher Wren, who designed a further 50 churches. Wren designed it in the Renaissance style. St Paul's is a popular tourist attraction and is still used as a church today. It is the cathedral of the Church of England Diocese of London.
It is 365 feet (111 meters) high to the cross on top.
Nuclear reaction

reacts with Deuterium.]]
A **nuclear reaction** is a process involving an atomic nucleus or more than one nucleus. The most common kinds are
#Nuclear fusion, a reaction in which two or more particles collide. The s are new particles which are different from the first ones. 
#Nuclear fission, a nucleus breaking into pieces. 
#Radioactive decay, in which a nucleus spits something out, changing itself into a different kind of nucleus.

In the case of radioactivity the reaction is . Fission and fusion can be done on purpose, to release energy. This energy can then be used for different things, for example to make steam (as in a nuclear power plant). It can also be used as energy for a bomb.

In the example figure 6Li fuses with deuterium. This makes Beryllium which then decays into two alpha particles. 

Nuclear reactions occur in the sun, in nuclear reactors, in particle accelerators, and in outer space.  Other than radioactive decay, very few nuclear reactions occur on earth except in these special places.  Nuclear reactors use nuclear reactions to make heat and electricity.  Accelerators sometimes cause nuclear reactions to make radioactive materials.  Particles from outer space cause nuclear reactions in earth's atmosphere that make air slightly radioactive.

Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that they do not need a catalyst.  Radioactive decay also cannot be stopped, sped up or slowed down.

## Related pages 
*Chemical reaction

## Other websites 
*Images for nuclear reaction
*Videos for nuclear reaction
Greenhouse

A **greenhouse** (also called a glass-house or hothouse) is a building where plants such as flowers and vegetables are grown. It usually has a glass or translucent plastic roof. Many greenhouses also have glass or plastic walls. Greenhouses warm up during the day via penetration of the sun's rays which heat the plants, soil and structure. This heat is given up gradually throughout the night.

## Types of greenhouses
Greenhouses come in many shapes and sizes, with different functions. Some people have small greenhouses in their backyard, or as a lean-to attached to their home, called mini greenhouses, or tomato houses. They want to start off their seeds and seedlings in a protected environment as well as those growing plants that need warmer conditions. Others, wishing to extend their living space, have house extensions in the form of mini-conservatories. Commercial companies usually have larger greenhouses for horticultural purposes, but have more substantial structures for plant displays where the public is admitted. For the same reason, botanic gardens usually have a high proportion of greenhouses with substantial structures.

## Role of greenhouses
Many vegetables and flowers are grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, when it is still too cold to grow plants outside. Then these plants move into the soil outside as the weather warms up. Greenhouses are used to grow crops in cold countries such as Canada. The largest group of greenhouses in the world is in Leamington, Ontario (in Canada), where about 200 acres (0.8&nbsp;km²) of tomatoes are grown in glass greenhouses.

## Gardening in greenhouses 
, in Curitiba, Brazil.]]

Gardening and growing plants in greenhouses is different from growing plants outside as no rain can get inside a greenhouse, so gardeners have to water plants. Also, greenhouses can get very hot from the sun's heat, so gardeners have to make sure that it does not get too hot for the plants. Greenhouses usually have vents that can be opened to let excess heat out. Some greenhouses have electric exhaust fans that automatically turn on if it gets too hot in the greenhouse. A greenhouse is the place for tender plants such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and aubergines.

## History 
Roman gardeners grew cucumbers in frames covered with oiled cloth or with sheets of mica. In the 1500s, Italian gardeners built structures for the tropical plants that explorers brought back to Italy. Jules Charles built the first modern greenhouse in Holland. In the 1800s, large greenhouses were built in England. The greenhouse concept also appeared in the Netherlands and then England in the 17th century

## References 
## Further reading
* Woods, May (1988) *Glass houses: history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories*. Aurum Press, London, .
*Mini Greenhouse nhà kính mini
Battle droid

In the *Star Wars* fictional universe, **battle droids** are robots that are made for fighting. They are seen in the prequel trilogy of the *Star Wars* movies. Battle droids are used by the Confederacy of Independent Systems to fight the Galactic Republic.Clones of the Republic could easily overcome these droids.The battle droids are controlled by a central droid control ship. If the control ship is destroyed, the droids shut off.

## Types of battle droids 
## Other websites 
* Star Wars Databank |Battle droid
Western long-beaked echidna

The **western long-beaked echidna** (*Zaglossus bruijni*) is one of the echidnas which live in New Guinea. Fossils of this species have also been found in Australia. It is one of the four living echidnas, three of which are species of *Zaglossus*.

This echidna lives from 1300m to 4000m above sea level. It lives in alpine meadow and humid forests in the mountains. Unlike the short-beaked echidna which eats ants and termites, the long-beaked species eats earthworms. It is also larger that the short-beaked species. It can be told apart from the other *Zaglossus* species by the number of claws on the front and back feet. It has three (rarely four) claws.

It is an endangered species. Its population has been reduced by habitat loss and hunting. The long-beaked Echidna is good to eat. Although hunting the species has been banned by the Indonesian and Papua New Guinea governments, traditional hunting is permitted.

In February 2006, an expedition led by Conservation International found a population of them in what they described as a "lost world" of wildlife in the Foja Mountains of Papua Province, Indonesia.

The echidnas and Platypus are monotremes, the only mammals to lay eggs.

## References
* Augee M and Gooden B. 1993. *Echidnas of Australia and New Guinea*. Australian National History Press 
* Flannery T.F. and Groves C.P. 1998 A revision of the genus *Zaglossus* (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. *Mammalia*, **62**(3): 367-396
Prokaryote

**Prokaryotes** (or *Monera*) are some of the simplest living things.  They are unicellular organisms and they include two major divisions of simple living beings: bacteria, and Archaea.  They generally do not have a cell nucleus, nuclear membrane or cell organelles, however a small number of exceptions have been found.  Prokaryotes possess genetic material in the form of a single DNA loop called a Nucleoid that floats around freely inside the cell. Bacteria include the Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae due to their photosynthetic capacity).

Some form biofilms that are somewhat like multicellular organisms.

Besides a nucleus, prokaryotes lack other things eukaryotes (cells with a true nucleus) have. They reproduce without fusion of gametes. They do not have membranes. This means that there are no vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticula or other organelles inside the cell. However, they do have ribosomes, though of a simpler kind than eukaryotes. Eukaryote cells include organelles which were once free-living prokaryotes.

## Taxonomy 
In 1977, Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms. This arrangement of Eukaryota (also called "Eukarya"), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three-domain system, replacing the traditional two-empire system.

The Archaea include simple organisms which were first discovered in extreme environments. Most of them can survive at very high or very low temperatures. Some of them can also survive in highly salty, acidic or alkaline water. Some have been found in geysers, black smokers or oil wells.

The prokaryotes may not be a monophyletic, taxonomic group of common descent, but merely a group of similar organisms. The relationships between Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota are assessed differently by different scientists. The three-domain system of Carl Woese treats them as one monophyletic group.

## References
Eastern long-beaked echidna

The **eastern long-beaked echidna** (*Zaglossus bartoni*), also known as '''Barton's long-beaked echidna'*, is one of three species from the genus *Zaglossus*. All of them occur in New Guinea. It is found mainly in Papua New Guinea between 2000 and 3000 meters above sea level.

It can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the number of claws on the fore and hind feet. It has five claws on its fore feet and four on its hind feet. The adult animal weights between 5&nbsp;kg (11&nbsp;lb) and 10&nbsp;kg (22&nbsp;lb). Its body length ranges from 60 to 100&nbsp;cm (23.5-39 inches). It has no tail. It has dense black fur. The species is the largest monotreme and is slow moving. It rolls into a spiny ball for defense.

There are four recognised subspecies:
* *Z. bartoni bartoni*
* *Z. bartoni clunius*
* *Z. bartoni smeenki*
* *Z. bartoni diamondi*
The population of each subspecies is geographically isolated and they can be distinguished primarily by differences in body size.

## References 
* Flannery, T.F. and Groves, C.P. 1998 A revision of the genus *Zaglossus* (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. *Mammalia'', 62(3): 367-396
Sir David's long-beaked echidna

'''Sir David's long-beaked echidna'* (*Zaglossus  attenboroughi*), also known as the **cyclops long-beaked echidna**, is one of three species of the genus *Zaglossus*. All of them are found in New Guinea. It is named after Sir David Attenborough. It lives in the Cyclops mountains in Papua province of Indonesia near the cities of Sentani, Jayapura. 

The species was described from a single damaged animal, which was collected in the Dutch colonial era (c. 1961). It has not been collected since that time. The Cyclops mountain forest habitat has been disturbed recently. This has raised concern that *Z. attenboroughi'' populations may already be endangered or even locally extinct. However, many parts of the mountains are covered in thick jungle and have not been searched since 1961. It is possible that the animal still exists there or in nearby mountain ranges. In 2007 scientists found holes which they believe were made by the echidna poking its nose into the dirt while looking for earthworms. 

It is the smallest member of the genus. It is closer in size to the short-beaked echidna than other members of the genus. It has five claws on its fore and hind feet. It has dense short fur.

## References
Long-beaked echidna

The **long-beaked echidnas** make up one of the two genera (Genus ***Zaglossus***) of echidna. Echidna is a spiny monotreme that lives in New Guinea. There are three living species, and two extinct ones.

Echidnas are one of only two types of living mammals that lay eggs.

## Species
### *Zaglossus attenboroughi*
*Habitat: regions of New Guinea at higher elevation than highland forests
*Era: the present
*Status: Endangered

Remarks: Species described from one sample only. May be endangered, or locally extinct. See Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna

### *Zaglossus bartoni*
*Habitat:on the central cordillera between the Paniai Lakes and the Nanneau Range, as well as the Huon Peninsula
*Era: the present
*Status: Endangered

Remarks: see Eastern Long-beaked Echidna

### *Zaglossus bruijni*
*Habitat: highland forests of New Guinea
*Era: the present
*Status: Endangered

Remarks: see Western Long-beaked Echidna

### *Zaglossus hacketti*
*Habitat: Western Australia
*Era: Upper Pleistocene

Remarks: This species is known only from a few bones. At a metre long, it was huge for an echidna and for monotremes in general.

### *Zaglossus robustus*
*Habitat: Tasmania
*Era: Pleistocene

Remarks: This species is known from a fossil skull about 65&nbsp;cm long.

## References
*Flannery, T.F. and Groves, C.P. 1998 A revision of the genus *Zaglossus* (Monotremata, Tachyglossidae), with description of new species and subspecies. *Mammalia*, 62(3): 367-396

## Other websites 
* EDGE of Existence *(Zaglossus spp.)*  - Saving the World's most Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species
* 
* A pretty good summary, including references on animalinfo.org
Whittier, Alaska

**Whittier** is a small town in Alaska on the Kenai Peninsula. Whittier has 272 people always living in it. The Whittier Glacier near Whittier was named for the American poet John Greenleaf Whittier in the year 1915.

During World War II the United States Army built a port and railroad near the glacier and named the port Whittier. The two big buildings that are very easy to notice in Whittier were built after World War II. The Hodge Building (now called Begich Towers) was built for housing soldiers and the Buckner Building, finish being built in 1953, was called the "city under one roof". It was once the biggest building in Alaska. The Begich Building is now a condominium (or houst that has many rooms that people live in), and almost all of the people that live in Whittier's live here.

The town was badly damaged by tsunamis (or very big waves) started by the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake; thirteen people died because of the waves that were 13&nbsp;m (43&nbsp;ft) tall.

Whittier is a popular port for cruise ships, because people can go to Anchorage and the inside of Alaska by both car and train. Whittier is also popular with visitors and fishermen.

Whittier is the wettest city in Alaska and the United States. The city receives at least  of rain a year.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Whittier
* Whittier Chamber of Commerce
Kate Winslet

**Kate Elizabeth Winslet**,  (born 5 October 1975) is an English actress. She is best known for her starring role in the American movie, *Titanic*. Winslet is the second of four children, her sisters are the actresses Anna and Beth Winslet and her brother is Joss Winslet, her mother Sally Anne is a barmaid and her father Roger John Winslet is a swimming pool contractor. Her maternal grandparents Linda and Oliver Bridges founded the Reading Repertory Theatre and her uncle is the actor Robert Bridges, Her maternal great-grandmother Florence Theodelinda Lidman, was the daughter of a Swedish immigrant.

Kate Winslet was married to director Jim Threapleton; they had a daughter, Mia. She married director Sam Mendes; they had a son, Joe. In 2012, she married Ned Rocknroll, nephew of billionaire Richard Branson. She had his first son in December 2013.

]]

## Films 
* *Heavenly Creatures* (1994) *Juliet Hulme*
* ''A Kid in King Arthur's Court* (1995) *Princess Sarah*
* *Sense and Sensibility* (1995) *Marianne Dashwood*
* *Jude* (1996) *Sue Bridehead*
* *Hamlet* (1996) *Ophelia*
* *Titanic* (1997) *Rose DeWitt Bukater*
* *Hideous Kinky* (1998) *Julie*
* *Faeries* (1999) *Brigid*
* *Holy Smoke!* (1999) *Ruth Barron*
* *Quills* (2000) *Madeleine LeClerc*
* *Enigma* (2001) *Hester Wallace*
* *Christmas Carol: The Movie* (2001) Belle
* *Iris* (2001) *Young Iris Murdoch*
* *The Life of David Gale* (2003) *Bitsey Bloom*
* *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind* (2004) *Clementine Kruczynski*
* *Finding Neverland* (2004) *Sylvia Llewelyn Davies*
* *Romance & Cigarettes* (2005) *Tula*
* *All the King's Men* (2006) *Anne Station*
* *Little Children* (2006) *Sarah Pierce*
* *Flushed Away* (2006) *Rita Malone*
* *The Holiday* (2006) *Iris Simpkins*
* *The Reader* (2008) Hanna Schmitz
* *Revolutionary Road* (2008) April Wheeler
* *Carnage* (2011) Nancy Cowan
* *Contagion* (2011) Dr. Erin Mears
* *Movie 43 *(2013) Beth
* *Labor Day* (2013) Adele Wheeler
* *A Little Chaos* (2014) Sabine De Barra
* *Divergent'' (2014) Jeanine Matthews
* The Dressmaker (2014) Myrtle 'Tilly' Dunnage

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Joe DiMaggio

]]
**Joseph Paul DiMaggio** (November 25, 1914 - March 8, 1999) was an American Major League Baseball center fielder who played his whole career for the New York Yankees.  His nicknames were '''Joltin' Joe** and **The Yankee Clipper'''.  He played from 1936 to 1942 and then joined the army in 1943 because of World War II. He came back and began playing again in 1946 until his retirement in 1951 at the age of 36. By the time he retired he had hit 361 home runs.  He hit almost one home run for every strikeout.  DiMaggio died on the 8th of March, 1999, of lung cancer. He is widely regarded as one of the best baseball players of all time.  DiMaggio was also well known for his marriage and lifelong devotion to Marilyn Monroe.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
*
Mongol Empire

The **Mongol Empire** existed in the 13th and the 14th centuries and was one of the largest land empires in history. The original homeland of the Mongols was bounded by the Khingan Mountains to the east, the Altai and the Tian Mountains to the west, the Shilka River and the mountain ranges by Lake Baikal to the north, and the Great Wall of China to the south.

It was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 AD, when he brought together the Mongol and Turkic tribes. When he died in 1227 AD, he had conquered Central Asia, northern China, and parts of eastern Persia. Later, his grandson Kublai Khan went on to expand the empire and found the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty, which ruled over all of China. The Mongol Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to East Asia, including Central Asia and the Middle East. Its power did not last long since by the 1360s, it had broken into several empires, all of which were later destroyed.

One of Shi Tianze's sons married a daughter of the Mongol official Menggu Baer (Meng-ku Pa-erh), according to an epitaph that Hu Zhiyu wrote. The son is mentioned as having served as Minister of the Right. Shi Jiang (Shih Chiang) and Shi Ge (Shih Ko) among the eight sons of Shi Tianze were Minister of the Right and could be either one of them. Shi Tianze, who was Han himself had two Jurchen wives, one Korean wife and one Han wife. The National History Project of the Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan was supervised and directed by Shi Tianze, who was the Chancellor of the Left, and was recommended by Wang E (Wang O) in August 1261 after the National History Academy and the Hanlin Academy were recreatd.

Menggu Baer served as an official in China and was known for his leniency and kindness towards commoners.

## References
## Other websites 
* Genghis Khan and the Mongols
* The Mongol Empire 
* Mongols 
* Genghis Khan Biography 
* The Mongols in World History
* The Mongol Empire for students
238 BC

## Events 
* In the Battle of Utica, the loyal Carthaginian troops of Hamilcar Barca defeat rebels.
* Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus attacks Carthaginian rebels on the island of Sardinia, and he makes it into a Roman province.
* The Parthian kingdom breaks away to become independent of the Seleucid Empire.
Parthia

**Parthia** was an ancient Parthian empire in Asia that included what are now Iran, part of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.

The Parthians were excellent horsemen and archers. In battle, mounted Parthians often discharged their arrows back towards the enemy and pretended to flee.

In 250 BC, the Parthians succeeded in founding an independent kingdom, which in the 1st century BC grew into an empire extending from the Euphrates to the Indus and from the Amu Darya to the Indian Ocean. They expanded by successfully expelling the Seleucids from Persia and establishing the second great Persian Empire.

*See Crassus for an account of the Parthians' defeat of a Roman army.

## Other websites 
* Parthia.com - with an extensive bibliography

* History of Parthia
*The Establishment and Development of Christianity in the Parthian Empire in Transoxiana 6.
*Parthia (Old Persian Parthava)
Hydrolysis

**Hydrolysis** is a chemical reaction or process where a chemical compound reacts with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers into many smaller units. In this reaction, water is always added to the chemical compound.

## Hydrolysis of metal salts 
Hydrolysis of metal salts is more commonly known as hydration.  Many metal ions are strong Lewis acids, and in water they may undergo hydrolysis to form *basic salts*.  Such salts contain a hydroxyl group that is directly bound to the metal ion in place of a water ligand. The positive charge on metal ions creates an attraction to water, a Lewis base with a non-binding electron pair on the oxygen atom, and alters the water molecule's electron density. This in turn increases the polarity of the O-H bond, which now acts as a proton donor under Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory to release the hydrogen as a H+ ion, increasing the acidity of the solution. For example, aluminium chloride undergoes extensive hydrolysis in water with the solution being very acidic.
:[Al(H2O)6]^3+ + H2O  [Al(OH)(H2O)5]^2+ + H3O+

This implies that hydrogen chloride is lost in the evaporation of AlCl3 solutions and the residue is a basic salt (in this case an *oxychloride*) in place of AlCl3. This type of reaction is also seen with other metal chlorides such as ZnCl2, SnCl2, FeCl3 and lanthanide halides such as DyCl3. With some compounds such as TiCl4, the hydrolysis may go to completion and form the pure hydroxide or oxide, in this case TiO2.

## References
Chastity

**Chastity** is the sexual behavior of a man or woman which is right and proper according to the moral rules of a culture or religion. It has recently begun to mean sexual abstinence (not having sex at all), especially before marriage. However, it can also be used for all kinds of people (even married people) with more meaning than simply not having sex. The word chastity came from the Latin word *castitatem*, meaning "purity".

## Related pages
* Virginity
* Sexual abstinence

## References
Lymphatic system

The **lymphatic system** is a network of thin vessels that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body, in mammals. It is part of the immune system. It is a one-way system which carries cells and fluid back to the blood system.
 
Lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a colorless, watery fluid, and white blood cells. It comes from interstitial fluid in the tissues which is squeezed out of the blood vessels. The lymphatic system transports infection-fighting cells called lymphocytes, and is involved in the removal of foreign matter and cell debris by phagocytes. A second function is to transport fats from the small intestine to the blood. 

Lymphatic fluid gathers from the tissues and enters the valved lymphatic ducts. These valves make sure the lymph flows the right way. On its way back to the blood system, the lymph passes through glands called lymph nodes, in places like the back of the neck, the armpits and the groin. Lymph nodes swell in the region of an infected body part. This acts to keep the infection from spreading. It prevents or reduces the pathogens getting into the general blood circulation and reaching other parts of the body.

Lymph ends up back in the blood system. In mammals under normal conditions, most of the lymph is returned to the blood stream via veins through lymph-vein communications at the base of the neck. Some vertebrates have more complex lymphatic systems. Amphibians for example have multiple "lymph hearts" to control the flow of lymph.

## References
Heat conduction

, we get heat by conduction.]]
**Heat conduction** (or **thermal conduction**) is the movement of heat from one object to another one that has different temperature when they are touching each other.  For example, we can warm our hands by touching hot-water bottles. When the cold hands touch the hot-water bottle, heat flows from the hotter object (hot-water bottle) to the colder one (hand). People make things with different thermal conductivity, for example cookware to heat things or insulated containers to keep hot things hot or cold things cold.

Other ways to transfer heat are by thermal radiation and/or convection. Usually more than one of these processes happen at the same time.

## Microscopic explanation 
In the atomic theory solids, liquids and gases are made of tiny particles called "atoms". The temperature of the material measures how fast the atoms are moving and the heat measures the total amount of energy due to the vibration of the atoms.

Conduction can happen when one part of a material is heated. The atoms in this part vibrate faster and are more likely to hit  their neighbors. The collisions cause those atoms also to move faster, passing the heat energy to them. In this way the energy travels through the solid. (Rather like the way energy passes along a set of tumbling dominos).

The atomic picture also helps explain why conduction is more important in solids: in solids the atoms are close together and unable to move around. In liquids and gases the particles can move past each other, so the collisions are less common.

## Law of heat conduction 
The **law of heat conduction**, also known as '''Fourier's law'*, means that the rate, in time, of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area at right angles, to that gradient, through which the heat is flowing:

:  \frac{\partial Q}{\partial t} = -k \oint_S{\nabla T \cdot \,dS} 

where:
:*Q* is the amount of heat transferred, and 
:*t* is the time taken, and 
:*k'' is the material's thermal conductivity' and 
:*S* is the area through which the heat is flowing, and 
:*T* is the temperature.

Thermal conductivity usually varies with temperature, but the variation can be small, over a significant range of temperatures, for some common materials.

## Related pages
* Heat transfer
* Convection
* Thermal radiation
Judith Weir

**Judith Weir CBE** (born 11 May 1954) is a British composer. She is well known for her theatre works, choral music, orchestral music and chamber music.

## Early life 
Weir was born in Cambridge, England to Scottish parents. While she was still at school she trained with the composer John Tavener. She played the oboe in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. She then studied at the University of Cambridge where her teacher was Robin Holloway.

## Career 
Judith Weir’s music has harmonies which are very exciting and original. Her Christmas carol *Illuminare* has become very popular, but it is quite difficult and needs a good choir to pitch the notes of the dissonant chords. She often uses medieval history as inspiration for her music, as well as music from her native Scotland, e.g. piobaireachd, which is a kind of variation form using small intervals. Her music often tells stories. Her operas include *A Night at the Chinese Opera*, *The Vanishing Bridegroom*, *Blond Eckbert*, and *Armida*, an opera for television.

From 1995 to 2000, she was the artistic director of the Spitalfields Festival in London. She has composed works for the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. She has received many honours, including the CBE in 1995.

## Other websites 
* Judith Weir's homepage at Chester Music (music publishers)
* Judith Weir (b 1954) (BBC)
Chorus

**Chorus** can mean several things:

* Greek chorus, a feature of ancient Greek theatre
* Choir, a group of singers
* Refrain, the part of a song that is repeated
** Bridge (music), The verse before the refrain
Vassal

A **vassal** during the feudalism of medieval Europe, was someone who had shared duties  with a lord. Usually the vassal provided soldiers to the lord. The lord used his army of soldiers from all of his vassals to protect those vassals. The lord also gave him the piece of land that he held as a fief. By analogy the term *vassal* is used also for similar systems in other feudal societies.

## Western vassalage
The development of the *vassal*, in a society that was increasingly organised around the concept of "lordship"– in French the *seigneur*– is one sign that Antiquity ended and the Early Middle Ages began. Lordship is the basic social institution as Tacitus described them in his book *Germania*. The Roman West experienced them for the first time in the Migration Period.

As the system developed in the seventh century, the vassals were gangs of freemen who subjected themselves, in some degree of formality, to the authority of a leader, from whom they could expect to be fed, clothed and armed. The quality of a vassal was only in his fighting ability and the strength of his loyalty. The etymology (where the word came from) of "vassal" is from a Celtic word *gwas* "boy" that meant a young male slave, with a Latinised form, *vassus* that appeared in Salic Law (Rouche 1987 p 429), like the way  "knight" came from the from  Old English word *cniht* and similar words in Frisian and Dutch, all meaning "lad" http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=k&p=3.

## Related pages
*Gokenin, vassals of the shogunate in Japan

## References
*Cantor, Norman, *The Civilization of the Middle Ages* 1993
*Ganshof, François Louis, *Feudalism* translated 1964
*Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society," in *A History of Private Life* vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard University Press 1987