open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Q fever

**Q fever** is a disease caused by *Coxiella burnetii*, bacteria that affect humans and other animals. It is not common but can be found in cattle, sheep, goats, and other household animals, including cats and dogs. People can get infected if they  endospores or touch the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals. The disease is rarely carried by ticks. A human can be infected by a single bacterium.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Q fever at the CDC
Alprazolam

**Alprazolam**, better known by its trade name **Xanax**, is a short-acting drug. The drug is made to treat people who get panic attacks or other anxiety disorders.

Alprazolam is the most commonly misused benzodiazepine (the drug's class) in the United States; but the majority of prescribed users do not develop a substance-use disorder. Alprazolam is a prescription drug in the United States.

## References
Toronto Stock Exchange

The **Toronto Stock Exchange** (**TSX**) is the largest stock exchange in Canada, the third largest in North America and the eighth largest in the world by market capitalisation.

## References
Western Victorian Volcanic Plains

The **Western Victorian Volcanic Plains** in Victoria, Australia, also known as the **Newer Volcanic Province**, are the third largest volcanic plains in world. The biggest is the Deccan Plateau in India and the Snake River Plateau in the USA. The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains cover an area of 2.3 million hectares, more than 10% of the state. Near Ballarat the volcanoes are quite close together. The plains have built up over time with many small lava flows. The average depth of the lava is about 60 metres.

The Indigenous Australians must have seen some of the eruptions as they told stories about rocks and fires coming from some mountains.

The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains have been quiet for thousands of years. There have been no earthquakes, no hot springs or other signs of activity. It is not known why the volcanos stopped, and some scientists believe that the volcanos on the plains are not extinct, but dormant.

## Volcanic features
* Bald Hill, north of Craigieburn
* Blue Mount
* Brocks Monument
* Camel's Hump
* Granville Hill
* Green Hill, near Wallan
* Green Hill near Buninyong
* Green Hill near Pootilla
* Green Hill near Snake Valley
* Hanging Rock
* Happy Valley
* Hardie Hill
* Hayes Hill near Donnybrook
* The Jim Jim
* Lake Bullenmerri
* Lake Keilambete
* Lake Purrumbete
* Lake Terang
* Larundel Hill
* Magnet Hill (45 metres)
* Melbourne Hill (75 metres)
* Mount Aitken
* Mount Blackwood
* Mount Bullengarook
* Mount Buninyong
* Mount Cotterell
* Mount Eccles
* Mount Elephant
* Mount Franklin
* Mount Fraser (120 metres)
* Mount Gisborne (100 metres)
* Mount Hamilton
* Mount Holden (75 metres)
* Mount Kooroocheang
* Mount Koroit (60 metres)
* Mount Lawaluk
* Mount Leura
* Mount Mercer
* Mount Moorookyle
* Mount Napier
* Mount Noorat
* Mount Pisgah
* Mount Porndon (278 metres)
* Mount Rouse
* Mount Rowan (Victoria)
* Mount Shadwell
* Mount Warrenheip
* Mount Widderin
* Organ Pipes
* Pretty Sally Hill
* Red Rock near Alvie
* Red Rock near Gisborne
* Tower Hill
* Wallinduc Hill

## Related pages 
* List of volcanos
* Active volcano

## References
Wrangell Mountains

The **Wrangell Mountains** are a high mountain range of eastern Alaska in the United States.  Much of the range is in the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve.  The Wrangell Mountains were made by volcanoes. The second and third tallest volcanoes in the United States, Mount Blackburn and Mount Sanford are there.  The range takes its name from Mount Wrangell, which is one of the largest shield volcanoes in the world. It is also the only mountain in the range that is an active volcano.  

The Wrangell Mountains are just to the northwest of the Saint Elias Mountains and northeast of the Chugach Mountains. There are so many mountains there that they block the warm moist air over the Pacific Ocean. Because of this places north of the Wrangell Mountains are some of the coldest areas of North America during the winter.

## Major peaks
The Wrangell Mountains include 12 of the 40+ Alaskan peaks over  

*Mount Blackburn, , and East Summit, 
*Mount Sanford], , and South Peak, 
*Mount Wrangell, , and West Summit, 
*Atna Peaks, 
*Regal Mountain, 
*Mount Jarvis, , and North Peak, 
*Parka Peak, 
*Mount Zanetti, 

Another prominent mountain is Mount Drum, , which can be seen from a very long way away.

## Name
The Wrangell Mountains are named after an explorer who was also president of  the Russian-American Company, Admiral Ferdinand von Wrangel. American folk singer John Denver wrote a song, "Wrangell Mountain Song", in reference to the range.

## References
## Sources
* 

* 

* 

* 

## Other websites
*Wrangell-St. Elias National Park & Preserve
*Wrangell Mountains Center
Hallucinogen

(called fly agaric) causes hallucinations. This has been known since antiquity. ]]
* fruit, halved, showing within the red seed (nutmeg) enclosed in its brown aril (mace).]]
**Hallucinogens** are chemical substances which temporarily change the way people see the world. Hallucinogens cause hallucinations. People no longer perceive reality as it is, but they see a reality that is distorted by their emotions. A person who is under the influence of a hallucionogen is said to be *having a trip''.

Hallucinogens have probably been used in the context of a cultic or religious function as long as there were humans.

There are different kinds of hallucinogens:
* Psychedelic drugs: these are the "classic hallucinogens"
* Dissociatives: They make people feel as if they were no longerpart of their surroundings.
* Deliriants produce a state of delirium, or confusion.

Most hallucinogens are highly addictive. This means that the user will want to take the drug over and over again. It also means that there will be some effect of getting used to the drug. In the long run, more and more of the drug will need to be taken, to get the same effect.

People that are under the unintended influence of a hallucinogen may need immediate help, as in a medical emergency.
Bad News Brown

**Paul Frappier** (May 8, 1977February 11, 2011) was a Canadian entertainer, musician, and rapper better known by his stage name, **Bad News Brown**. He was of Haitian descent. Bad News Brown was found  murdered in an alley near the Lachine Canal in Montreal on February 11, 2011. The feature movie *BumRush*, featuring Brown in a leading role, premiered posthumously on April 1, 2011.

Frappier's stage name comes from the name of his childhood favourite WWF wrestler, Allen Coage (nicknamed Bad News Brown).

## Discography
### Albums
Bad News Brown released 1 studio album before his death:

### Singles
### Mixtapes
## References
## Other websites
*Bad News Brown's Official website
Rick James

**James Ambrose Johnson Jr.** (1 February 1948 - 6 August 2004) also known as **Rick James**, was an American singer, songwriter, musician, recording artist and producer. He was popular during the late 1970s and 1980s. He scored four number one hits on the US R&B charts. He was born in Buffalo, New York.

## Career
In 1978 James released his first single "You and I" and "Mary Jane". In 1981 he released "Give it to me Baby" and "Super Freak". He produced singer and comedian Eddie Murphy's 1985 single "Party All the Time". In 1990 he sued MC Hammer.

## Personal life
In 1991 James was arrested with his girlfriend for kidnapping a woman. He made her have sex with his girlfriend. In 1994 he was sentenced to five years and four months in prison. He was released in 1996.

## References
Polish Americans

A **Polish American** is a citizen of the United States with ancestors from Poland. There have been Polish people living in North America since the earlier 1600s. Many live in the ghetto of Chicago, which has more Polish people than any city in the world other than Warsaw, Poland.

Most Polish immigrants are Catholic or practice Judaism.

## References
Central Hockey League

The **Central Hockey League** (CHL) was a mid-level professional hockey league in the United States. It is owned by Global Entertainment Corporation. It was started in 1992.

## History
The first CHL season was in 1992-1993. It started with six teams, including the Oklahoma City Blazers, the Tulsa Oilers, the Wichita Thunder, the Memphis RiverKings, the Dallas Freeze and the Fort Worth Fire.

In 1996-97, the Huntsville Channel Cats, along with the planned 1996–97 Southern Hockey League (SHL) expansion teams Columbus Cottonmouths, Macon Whoopee, and Nashville Nighthawks, joined the Central Hockey League after the SHL ended.

The CHL came together with the Western Professional Hockey League (WPHL) in 2001.

The CHL commissioner is now Duane Lewis, who succeeded Brad Treliving on an temporary basis after Treliving took a position with the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes following the 2006-2007 season. Treliving co-founded the WPHL in 1996, and after the 2001 merger, served with the CHL for seven years. Lewis was named the permanent commissioner in June 2008.

On June 1, 2010 the league announced that it would come together with the International Hockey League.

## Current teams
The CHL is divided into two Conferences.  Teams  every year for the Ray Miron President's Cup. 

## League champions
*1993 - Tulsa Oilers
*1994 - Wichita Thunder
*1995 - Wichita Thunder
*1996 - Oklahoma City Blazers
*1997 - Fort Worth Fire
*1998 - Columbus Cottonmouths
*1999 - Huntsville Channel Cats
*2000 - Indianapolis Ice
*2001 - Oklahoma City Blazers
*2002 - Memphis RiverKings
*2003 - Memphis RiverKings
*2004 - Laredo Bucks
*2005 - Colorado Eagles
*2006 - Laredo Bucks
*2007 - Colorado Eagles
*2008 - Arizona Sundogs
*2009 - Texas Brahmas
*2010 - Rapid City Rush

## References
*

## Other websites
*Central Hockey League website
Yip Man

**Yip Man** (October 1, 1893  December 2, 1972), also known as **Ip Man**, was the first teacher to teach martial arts Wing Chun openly. He taught Hong Kong students, who spread Wing Chun around the world. Later, Ip Man was the teacher of Bruce Lee, Chu Shong-tin (who taught then-Australian Jim Fung) and others.

After Ip Man died, the teacher Duncan Leung taught Wing Chun in Hong Kong from 1945 to 1969.
Nowadays, Wing Chun is taught around the world. Many children do Wing Chun.

## References
Kansas City Mavericks

The **Kansas City Mavericks** are an American professional ice hockey team. They began playing in 2009 in the Central Hockey League (CHL). The team now plays in the ECHL. They play their home games at the Cable Dahmer Arena in Independence, Missouri, which is near Kansas City, Missouri. They are the ECHL affiliate for the Seattle Kraken of the National Hockey League (NHL). They are also the affiliates for the Coachella Valley Firebirds of the American Hockey League (AHL). 

## History
In April 2009, the CHL announced that Independence would get a new team to start play that fall. In June, the team said that it would be called the Mavericks.

In 2014, the CHL would end up going out of business. In October 2014, the Mavericks, Allen Americans, Brampton Beast, Quad City Mallards, Rapid City Rush, Tulsa Oilers and Wichita Thunder would all be accepted as new teams in the ECHL.  

On March 11, 2017, the team announced that they were going to rename themselves as the **Kansas City Mavericks**.

## References
## Other websites
*
San Fermín

The festival of **San Fermín** is held each year in the city of Pamplona (Navarre, Spain). Other names for the festival are **Sanfermines** or **Sanferminak**. It starts at noon on 6 July with the setting off of a rocket. It ends at midnight on 14 July with the singing of the *Pobre de Mí*. A bullfight is also part of the celebrations. The festival honors Saint Fermin, the co-patron of Navarre. San Fermín has become the most famous Spanish festival. More than 1,000,000 people watch this festival.

The Running of the Bulls is held the 6th - 14th of July every year. By midnight on July 6th Pamplona is already swarming with locals and tourists all waiting for the fireworks display that marks the start of the fiesta.

The day begins with the "encierro" or running of the bulls, when only the brave and foolish dash ahead of the bulls that are let loose to run through the narrow streets to the bullring where they will be fought later in the day. The runners are usually clad in the typical white trousers and shirt, with a red scarf tied at their neck, and a red beret on their head.

Before and after the daily bullfights, held each evening at 6 pm, bands of music, "txistularis", regional dancing and processions with big giant heads roam the streets. The Sanfermines festival of the running of the bulls in Pamplona is not the only one celebrated in Navarre, although it is the most well-known.

## Other websites
* Unofficial website on San Fermin
* Unofficial website on encierro
Bellini (cocktail)

A **Bellini** is a long drink cocktail that originated in Venice. It is a mixture of sparkling wine (traditionally Prosecco) and peach purée often served at celebrations. It is one of Italy's most popular cocktails.

## History
The Bellini was invented sometime between 1934 and 1948 by Giuseppe Cipriani, founder of Harry's Bar in Venice, Italy.

It got its name because the colour reminded Cipriani of the pink colour of the toga of a saint in a painting by 15th-century Venetian artist Giovanni Bellini.

## References
Transduction

**Transduction** is a science term. It can mean:

*Transduction (physiology)
*Transduction (genetics)
*Transduction (engineering)
Luigi Russolo

**Luigi Russolo** (30 April 1883 – 4 February 1947)  was a painter and musician from Italy. He was part of the Futurism movement and built his own musical instruments. His instruments were destroyed in World War II in Paris, because the Germans bombed the city, others have simply disappeared.

## Sources
Bacterial conjugation

**Bacterial conjugation** is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.

Conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, as are transformation and transduction, though these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact.

Bacterial conjugation was discovered by Nobel Prize winners Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum. They showed that the bacterium *Escherichia coli* entered a sexual phase during which it could share genetic information.

Bacterial conjugation is often incorrectly regarded as the equivalent of sexual reproduction, since it involves the exchange of genetic material. During conjugation the *donor* cell provides a conjugative or mobilizable genetic element that is most often a plasmid or transposon. Most conjugative plasmids have systems ensuring that the *recipient* cell does not already contain a similar element.

The genetic information transferred is often beneficial to the recipient. Benefits may include antibiotic resistance, xenobiotic tolerance or the ability to use new metabolites. Such beneficial plasmids may be considered bacterial endosymbionts. Other elements, however, may be viewed as bacterial parasites and conjugation as a mechanism evolved by them to allow for their spread.

## Mechanism 
. **2-** Pilus attaches to recipient cell and brings the two cells together. **3-** The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell. **4-** Both cells synthesize a complementary strand to produce a double stranded circular plasmid and also reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donors.]]

The basic conjugative plasmid is the **F-plasmid**, or F-factor.

For example, the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of *Agrobacterium* and the root-tumor inducing (Ri) plasmid of *A. rhizogenes* contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells. These genes turn plant cells into factories producing chemicals used by the bacteria for nitrogen and energy. Infected cells form crown galls or root tumours, respectively. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

## Genetic engineering 
Conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets. In laboratories successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast, plants, mammalian cells, and isolated mammalian mitochondria.

Conjugation has advantages over other forms of genetic transfer. In plant engineering, *Agrobacterium*-like conjugation complements other standard vehicles such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). While TMV is capable of infecting many plant families these are primarily herbaceous dicots. *Agrobacterium*-like conjugation is also primarily used for dicots, but monocot recipients are not uncommon.

## References
Plasmid

DNA and plasmids.]]

A **plasmid** is a DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA and that can replicate (copy itself) independently.

The term *plasmid* was first introduced by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.

Plasmids are double stranded and, in many cases, circular. Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria, but are sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms (e.g., the *2-micrometre-ring* in *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*).

Plasmid size varies from 1 to over 1,000 kilobase pairs (kbp). The number of identical plasmids within a single cell can range from one to thousands. Plasmids are often associated with conjugation, a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.

Plasmids are transferable genetic elements, or "replicons", capable of independent self copying in a suitable host. Plasmids can be found in all three major domains, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Unlike viruses, plasmids are "naked" DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a new host.

Plasmid host-to-host transfer requires direct, mechanical transfer by conjugation or changes in host gene expression allowing the intentional uptake of the genetic element by transformation.

Microbial transformation with plasmid DNA is neither parasitic nor symbiotic in nature, since each implies the presence of an independent species living in a commensal or detrimental state with the host organism. Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and may provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.

Plasmids may carry genes that provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or alternatively the proteins produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances. Plasmids also can provide bacteria with an ability to fix elemental nitrogen or to degrade difficult organic compounds. This may provide an advantage under conditions of nutrient deprivation.

The construction of first **recombinant DNA** emerged from linking of a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid.

## References
Horizontal gene transfer

**Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)** (or *Lateral gene transfer*) is how an organism gets genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism. 

By contrast, *vertical transfer* occurs when an organism gets genetic material from its ancestor, e.g., its parent or a species from which it has evolved.

Most thinking in genetics has focused on vertical transfer, but horizontal gene transfer is also important. Amongst single-celled organisms it may be the dominant form of genetic transfer. Artificial horizontal gene transfer may be used as a type of genetic engineering.

## Mechanism 
There are several mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer:

* Transformation, the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA). This process is relatively common in bacteria, but less so in eukaryotes. Transformation is often used in laboratories to insert novel genes into bacteria for experiments or for industrial or medical applications. 
* Transduction, the process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage, or 'phage').
* Bacterial conjugation, a process in which a bacterial cell transfers genetic material to another cell by cell-to-cell contact.
* A **gene transfer agent** or 'GTA' is a virus-like element which contains random pieces of the host chromosome. They are found in most members of the alphaproteobacteria order Rhodobacterales. They are encoded by the host genome. GTAs transfer DNA so frequently that they may have an important role in evolution. A 2010 report found that genes for antibiotic resistance could be transferred by engineering GTAs in the laboratory. 

In the mid-1980s, Syvanen suggested that lateral gene transfer not only had biological significance, but was involved in shaping evolutionary history from the beginning of life on Earth. 

"Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes". The phenomenon appears to have had some significance for unicellular eukaryotes as well. As Bapteste et al. observe, "additional evidence suggests that gene transfer might also be an important evolutionary mechanism in protist evolution".

There is some evidence that even higher plants and animals have been affected. Richardson and Palmer (2007) state: "Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes. However, the prevalence and importance of HGT in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes remains unclear".

## References
Transduction (genetics)

**Transduction** how a virus moves DNA from one bacterium to another. 

Joshua Lederberg and his graduate student Norton Zinder showed in 1952 that bacteriophages could transfer genetic information between bacteria in *Salmonella*. This explained how bacteria of different species could gain resistance to the same antibiotic very quickly.  

Transduction also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector. This is a common tool used by molecular biologists to introduce a foreign gene into a host cell's genome.

When bacteriophages infect a bacterial cell, they usually reproduce by using the replicational, transcriptional, and translation machinery of the host bacterial cell to make many complete viral particles, including the viral DNA or RNA and the protein coat. Errors in this process can result in the virus carrying over DNA from one bacterium to another.

## References
Matanuska-Susitna Valley

**Matanuska-Susitna Valley** (known locally as **the Mat-Su** or **The Valley**) is an area in Southcentral Alaska. It is south of the Alaska Range about  from Anchorage, Alaska. It includes the valleys of the Matanuska River, the Knik River, and the Susitna River.  The Matanuska Valley has become a suburban community for many people who work in  Anchorage. It is now one of the most crowded areas in Alaska and includes the towns of Palmer, Wasilla,  Big Lake, Houston, Willow and Talkeetna.

There are three mountain ranges in the area. They are the Alaska Range, the Talkeetna Mountains and the Chugach Mountains. There are both working and old gold mines in the mountains.  Like many parts of Alaska, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley was carved by glaciers  which left many lakes.  Both the Matanuska and Susitna Rivers have lots of salmon.

The local government is called the *Matanuska-Susitna Borough.* Most of the United States is divided into counties, while Alaska is divided into boroughs and census areas.  A few hundred Alaska Natives were joined by small numbers of  between 1900 and 1930 when hundreds of American settlers were moved there by the United States Federal Government in the early 1930s. 

The three rivers in the area have large amounts of glacial silt that is good for farming. The valley is one of the few areas in Alaska which supports large scale agriculture.

## Other websites
*Alaska Census data 
*Matanuska-Susitna Borough website
Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment

such as this, precipitated from solutions of cell components, to perform bacterial transformations]]

The **Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment** was reported in 1944 by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation.

This was the culmination of research in the 1930s and early 1940s at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research to purify and characterize the "transforming principle" responsible for the phenomenon first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928. In this early experiment dead *Streptococcus pneumoniae* of the virulent strain type III-S, when injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci, resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.

At that time it was thought protein might be the hereditary material. In their paper in 1944, Avery and his colleagues suggest that DNA, rather than protein was the  material of bacteria, and could be analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

This was an epoch-making experiment, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist not to receive the Nobel Prize for his work.

## References
Alton, Kansas

**Alton** is a city in Osborne County, Kansas, United States. There were 100 people living in Alton in the 2020 census. Alton was previously known as "Bull City".

## References
Malibu, California

east to Tuna Canyon]]
]]
]]
**Malibu** () is a beach city in western Los Angeles County, California, about  west of Downtown Los Angeles. It has a Mediterranean climate. The  strip of the Malibu coast incorporated in 1991 into the City of Malibu. The area is home of Hollywood movie stars, people in the entertainment industry, and other  residents. Most Malibu residents live within a few hundred yards of Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1), which crosses the city, with some residents living up to a mile (1.6 km) away from the beach up narrow canyons. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,654.

## References
Sprint Corporation

**Sprint Nextel Corporation** () was a telecommunications company based in Overland Park, Kansas.  It operated under the name **Sprint**, and was once the fourth largest wireless telecommunications network in the United States behind Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile, with 56.3 million customers, behind Verizon Wireless and AT&T Mobility.

On April 1, 2020, T-Mobile and Sprint merged, with T-Mobile now being the whole owner of Sprint, making Sprint an effective subsidiary of T-Mobile until the Sprint brand was officially phased out. Leadership, background, and stock changes happened immediately, with customer side changes happening over time. Sprint was officially discontinued on August 2, 2020. Billing was already showing the T-Mobile brand, and on this date all retail, customer service, and all other company branding was replaced by T-Mobile. New rate plans were also introduced as well for all new and existing customers from both companies, though they will all will remain with their current plan, if they choose not to switch to a new T-Mobile plan for at least 3 years.

## References
Rajon Rondo

**Rajon Pierre Rondo** (born February 22, 1986 in Louisville, Kentucky) is an American former professional basketball point guard. He played parts of 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Boston Celtics, Dallas Mavericks, Sacramento Kings, Chicago Bulls, New Orleans Pelicans, Los Angeles Lakers, Atlanta Hawks, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Lakers, and Cleveland Cavaliers. Rondo won an NBA Championship with the Boston Celtics in 2008. Rondo was selected with the 21st overall pick in the first round of the 2006 NBA Draft by the Phoenix Suns. Rondo played college basketball for the University of Kentucky.

On April 2, 2024, Rondo announced that he was retiring from playing professional basketball.

## References
## Other websites 
*Rajon Rondo's NBA profile page
Bette Midler

**Bette Midler** (born December 1, 1945) is an American actress, singer and comedian. She starred in movies including *Ruthless People*, *Beaches* and *Hocus Pocus*. Midler has won many awards in the entertainment industry. She was born in Honolulu, Hawaii.

## Career
Midler released her first album, *The Divine Miss M*, in December 1972. Midler won the 1973 Grammy Award for Best New Artist because of it.

In 1979, Midler appeared in her first movie, *The Rose*, as the main character.

In 1988, she played Cecilia Bloom in *Beaches*. The movie's soundtrack featured a cover version of "Wind Beneath My Wings" sung by Midler. It reached No.1.

In 2000, she had her own sitcom called *Bette*. It ended after one season.

## Filmography
## Other websites 
*
Subway (restaurant)

**Subway** is an American fast-food chain corporation specializing in restaurants. These restaurants mainly sell submarine sandwiches, but also has pizzas, protein bowls,  salads, soups, cookies and muffins. The name "Subway" comes from the New York City Subway, a public transport system in New York City, and many restaurants are decorated with historic photographs and maps of the subway system.

The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain, in December 1984. Today, there are more than 44,000 Subway locations in 112 countries across the world, making it the world's largest fast food restaurant chain by number of stores. It has more stores than McDonald's, but McDonald's earns more revenue than Subway.==
Subway's main product is a type of sandwich called a submarine sandwich or "sub". Each sub is made from a combination of baguette, meat, cheese and vegetables. Subway has different menu items for different countries. However, there are some common products that are sold in most countries. They are:
* Italian BMT (Stands for "Biggest, Meatiest, Tastiest" though it stood for "Brooklyn Manhattan Transit" at first.)
* Steak & Cheese
* Meatball Marinara
* Chicken Teriyaki
* Subway Club
* Chicken & Bacon Ranch
* Tuna 
* Roasted Chicken
* Veggie Delite
* Ham
* Cranberry sauce & Herbed Stuffing
* Grey Poupon Sub
* Roast Beef
* Egg & Cheese
* Bacon, egg & cheese

### Regional variations
Subway formerly had 23 kosher restaurants in Israel. All were closed by 2004. In the United States, there used to be 12 locations with kosher food. As of 2011, only five stores were open.

Subway opened its first restaurant in India in 2001 in New Delhi. Subway restaurants in India do not serve beef and pork products in deference to Hindu and Muslim beliefs respectively. Subway opened its first all-vegetarian outlet on the campus of Lovely Professional University (LPU) in Jalandhar, Punjab. In 2009, Zagat Survey Says "Top Overall", Behind Wendy's.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Subway restaurant locations map
*tellsubway
Transformation (genetics)

In molecular biology, **transformation** is the genetic alteration of a cell by the direct uptake and expression of DNA from its surroundings.

Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, and can also be done artificially. Bacteria that are capable of being transformed, whether naturally or artificially, are called *competent*.

Transformation is one of three processes by which outside genetic material may be brought into bacterial cells. The other two are conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host).

Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, such as animal and plant cells. Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called "transfection".

## History
Transformation was first demonstrated in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. Griffith discovered that a harmless strain of *Streptococcus pneumoniae* could be made virulent after being exposed to heat-killed virulent strains.

Griffith thought some "transforming principle" from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent. In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. They isolated DNA from a virulent strain of *S. pneumoniae* and using just this DNA were able to make a harmless strain virulent. They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria 'transformation'. See Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.

The results of these experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community. Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer (conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery's experiments accepted. Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Cohen successfully transformed *Escherichia coli* by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride. This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research.

Transformation of animal and plant cells was also investigated with the first transgenic mouse being created by injecting a gene for a rat growth hormone into a mouse embryo in 1982.

In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, *Agrobacterium tumefaciens*, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid. By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumour and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with *A. tumefaciens* and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.

Not all plant cells are susceptible to infection by *A. tumefaciens,* so other methods were developed including electroporation and micro-injection. Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System (gene gun) by John Sanford in 1990.

## References
Brandon Bochenski

**Brandon Louis Bochenski** (born April 4, 1982) is a Kazakhstani-American former professional ice hockey player. He was picked by the Ottawa Senators with the 223rd overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the NHL for many teams including the Ottawa Senators from 2004-2006, Chicago Blackhawks from 2005-2007, Boston Bruins from 2006-2008, Anaheim Ducks in 2007, Nashville Predators in 2007 and the Tampa Bay Lightning from 2008-2010 before leaving North America to sign a one-year contract with the Kontinental Hockey League's, Barys Astana.

## Other websites 
*
Montgomery County, Kansas

**Montgomery County** (county code **MG**) is a county found in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2020 census, 31,486 people lived there. Its county seat is Independence, and its most populous city is Coffeyville.

## History 
Montgomery County was created on February 26, 1867.

## Geography 
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that  is land and  (1.2%) is water. The lowest point in the state of Kansas is on the Verdigris River in Cherokee Township in Montgomery County (just southeast of Coffeyville), where it flows out of Kansas and into Oklahoma. Western portions of the county contain parts of the northern Cross Timbers eco-region, which separates the forested eastern portion of the United States with the Plains.

### Bordering counties 
* Wilson County (north)
* Neosho County (northeast)
* Labette County (east)
* Nowata County, Oklahoma (southeast)
* Washington County, Oklahoma (south)
* Chautauqua County (west)
* Elk County (northwest)

## People 
]]
The Coffeyville Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Montgomery County.

## Education 
### Unified school districts 
* Caney Valley USD 436
* Cherryvale USD 447
* Coffeyville USD 445
* Independence USD 446

### Colleges and universities 
* Coffeyville Community College
* Independence Community College

## Communities 
 Map of Montgomery County (map legend)]]

### Cities 
* Caney
* Cherryvale
* Coffeyville
* Dearing
* Elk City
* Havana
* Independence
* Liberty
* Tyro

### Unincorporated communities 
* Avian
* Blake
* Bolton
* Corbin
* Jefferson
* Sycamore
* Videtta Spur
* Wayside

### Ghost towns 
* Le Hunt

### Townships 
Montgomery County is divided into twelve townships.  The cities of Caney, Cherryvale, Coffeyville, and Independence are considered *governmentally independent* and are excluded from the census figures for the townships.  In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

## Related pages 
* List of counties in Kansas

## References 
## Further reading 
* *History of Montgomery County, Kansas*; Lew Wallace Duncan; Press of Iola Register; 852 pages; 1903.
* *Atlas and Plat Book of Montgomery County, Kansas*; Kenyon Co; 36 pages; 1916.
* *Historical Atlas of Montgomery County, Kansas*; John P. Edwards; 34 pages; 1881.

## Other websites 
;County
* 
* Montgomery County - Directory of Public Officials
;Maps
* Montgomery County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Bouvier des Flandres

The **Bouvier des Flandres** is a breed of dog that  in Flanders. They are now known to be guard dogs, police dogs and pets. They were originally known for cattle droving, sheep herding, and cart pulling. Their name means "Cow Herder of Flanders" in English.
Peter Forsberg

**Peter Mattias "Foppa" Forsberg** (born July 20, 1973 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey center.

Forsberg was known for his on-ice vision and physical play when he was on the ice. Forsberg won the Stanley Cup in 1996, and again in 2001, while part of the Colorado Avalanche. Forsberg played his NHL career while a part of 4 teams and had a career that spanned over 15 NHL seasons. Forsberg also played in the Swedish Elite League for the Modo Hockey. Forsberg announced that he would make a return to the NHL on January 21, 2011 but later retired after only 2 road games.

## Other websites
*
*
Elimination Chamber

**Elimination Chamber** is a professional wrestling match held by WWE. It takes place in a large steel cage that surrounds the entire ring. The chamber contains four clear, plexiglass pods. 

The match was created by Triple H, and introduced by Eric Bischoff at Survivor Series in November 2002. It usually features six competitors with two starting the match. One or two matches have taken place each year (except in 2004 and 2016). A pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event series, also called **Elimination Chamber** (or **No Escape** in Germany), replaced No Way Out in 2010. A women's variation was introduced at the 2018 event.

## Match rules 
.|left]]After the entrances, the match starts with two wrestlers (or teams of wrestlers) in the ring, while the other four are locked inside each pod. After a certain amount of time (usually five minutes), one of the wrestlers from the pods enters the match. This continues until all four have been released.

Wrestlers are eliminated by pinfall or submission, which originally was allowed to happen in the ring or on the chamber's elevated floor, but since 2010 event all pinfalls and submissions must take place within the ring. Disqualifications and count-outs do not apply. The winner of the match is the last remaining wrestler (or team of wrestlers) after all others have been eliminated.

## Dates and venues 
## DVD box set 
WWE released a DVD with the title ''Satan's Prison: The Anthology of the Elimination Chamber* (*Iron Will'' in Europe), which included every Elimination Chamber match up until Elimination Chamber 2010, in July of 2010. The DVD is very edited mostly because of Chris Benoit.

## Footnotes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Elimination Chamber description at WWE.com
Marie François Sadi Carnot

**Marie François Sadi Carnot** (; 11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, the fourth president of the Third French Republic. He served as the President of France from 1887 until he was murdered by Sante Geronimo Caserio in 1894.

## Presidency
Carnot had a reputation for honesty, this made him a popular candidate to succeed Jules Grévy who had resigned following a scandal. He was elected by 616 votes out of 827. He assumed office at a critical period, when the republic was all but openly attacked by.

Carnot's popularity helped to force General Boulanger into exile. Boulanger was a conservative and a supporter of the monarchy, and it was feared he would try to overthrow the Republic.

## Death 
Carnot was near his most popular, when, on 24 June 1894, he attended a public banquet in Lyon. Afterward, Carnot was stabbed by an Italian anarchist named Sante Geronimo Caserio. He died shortly after midnight on 25 June. The stabbing aroused widespread horror and grief, and the president was honoured with an elaborate funeral ceremony in the Panthéon.

## Related pages
* Politics of France

## References
* 

## Other websites
* 
* Carnot's Gravesite
* Carnot biography
Frances Fisher

**Frances Fisher** (born 11 May 1952) is an England-born American actress. She played Strawberry Alice for 1992's *Unforgiven*. She also played Ruth DeWitt Bukater in the 1997 movie *Titanic*. Both movies won the Academy Award for "Best Pictuce". Before those, Fisher starred in the soap opera *The Edge of Night* (1976–1981).

Fisher was born in Milford on Sea, Hampshire, England.

Fisher supported Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

## References
Fredonia, Kansas

**Fredonia** is a city in Wilson County, Kansas, United States. The population was 2,151 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Wilson County.

## References
Grylloblattidae

**Grylloblattidae** is a family of extremophile and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains. 

They are commonly called **grylloblattids**, but are also sometimes called **ice crawlers** or **icebugs**. 

Most are nocturnal and appear to feed on detritus (rubbish). They have long antennae (23–45 segments) and long cerci (appendages on the rear; 5–8 segments), but no wings. 

Their closest living relatives are the recently-discovered Mantophasmatidae.

The family is placed in its own suborder, **Grylloblattodea**, and sometimes in its own order, **Grylloblattaria**. It contains 5 genera and 25 species.

## References
Dixie Carter

**Dixie Virginia Carter** (May 25, 1939, McLemoresville, Tennessee &ndash; April 10, 2010, Houston, Texas), was an American movie, television and stage actress. She was best known for playing Julia Sugarbaker in the television series *Designing Women* (1986-1993). She competed in Miss Tennessee pageants in 1959.

## Early life
Carter was born in McLemoresville, Tennessee, and spent many of her early years in Memphis. She attended college at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville and Southwestern at Memphis (now Rhodes College). She was a graduate of Memphis State with a degree in English.

## Personal life
She divorced Arthur Carter in 1977, and married Broadway and TV actor George Hearn the same year. Two years later, in 1979, she divorced Hearn. She married for the third time on May 27, 1984, to Hal Holbrook (14 years her senior), who is most noted for his appearances as Mark Twain. Carter renovated her old family home in McLemoresville with the designs of architect Hoyte Johnson of Atlanta.

She and Holbrook divided their time between their homes in Beverly Hills, California, and McLemoresville, Tennessee, where Carter's elderly father, Halbert, resided until his death in early 2007, at age 96.

## Death
Carter died on April 10, 2010, in Houston, Texas. Her death was announced by her husband, actor Hal Holbrook, who stated the cause as complications from endometrial cancer which was diagnosed earlier in 2010. In addition to Holbrook, she is survived by her daughters from her first marriage: Ginna Carter (of Los Angeles) and Mary Dixie Carter (of Brooklyn) as well as a sister, Melba Helen Heath (of San Anselmo, California) and several nephews and nieces. In addition to family, her funeral, held on April 15, 2010, was attended by *Designing Women* co-stars Delta Burke, Annie Potts and Jean Smart. Dixie Carter was interred in her hometown, McLemoresville, Tennessee.

## Movies 
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
* Official site 
* 
* 
*
Exopterygota

The **Exopterygota**  are a superorder of insects. They are in the subclass Pterygota in the infraclass Neoptera. 

In Exopterygotes the young resemble adults but have externally-developing wings. They undergo a modest change between immature and adult, without going through a pupal stage. The nymphs develop gradually into adults through a process of moulting.

The Exopterygota are a diverse insect superorder, divided into eight orders. They include locusts, thrips, and lice among other types of insects.

They are distinguished from the Endopterygota (or Holometabola) by the way in which their wings develop. Endopterygota (meaning literally "internal winged forms") develop wings inside the body and undergo an elaborate metamorphosis involving a pupal stage. Exopterygota ("external winged forms") develop wings on the outside of their bodies without going through a true pupal stage, though a few have something resembling a pupa.

## References
Paraneoptera

**Paraneoptera** is a monophyletic superorder of insects. 

It includes four orders, the bark lice, true lice, thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs. 

The mouthparts of the Paraneoptera reflect diverse feeding habits. Basal groups are microbial surface feeders, whereas more advanced groups feed on plant or animal fluids.

## Hemiptera
Hemiptera is an order of insects often known as the *true bugs* (bug). They are about 50,000–80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others. They range in size from  to around , and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts.

## Psocoptera
Psocoptera, the bark lice, include 4,400 described species arranged in 3 suborders. There are 50 families of bark lice with over 200 genera. This is the first insect order to show the beginnings of a transition to sucking mouthparts. It is sister group to the Phthiraptera. Bark lice are found on foliage, under bark, or in leaf litter.

## Phthiraptera
Phthiraptera, the lice, includes 5,000 described species divided into 4 suborders. 

The body of a louse is dorsoventrally flattened and the eyes are absent or nearly so. The legs are strong for holding onto fur or feathers of the host. All species of lice are parasitic. Lice parasitise all orders of birds and most orders of mammals. 

## Thrips
Order Thysanoptera includes 5,500 species classified into two suborders. These insects are called thrips.

The mouth is in the form of an asymmetrical mouth cone, consisting of piercing stylets. Thrips are commonly found on and in flowers. Most species are phytophagous, feeding on flowers. 

## References
Dictyoptera

**Dictyoptera** includes two orders of insects – cockroackes and temites (Blattodea), and mantids (Mantodea).

While all modern Dictyoptera have short ovipositors, the oldest fossils of Dictyoptera have long ovipositors, much like members of the Orthoptera.

The term Dictyoptera is usually considered a superorder, with Isoptera, Blattaria and Mantodea being its three orders. In some classifications, however, Dictyoptera is shifted to order status. 

Regardless, in all classifications the three constituent groups are the same, just treated at different rank. Termites and cockroaches are very closely related, with ecological and molecular data pointing to a relationship with the cockroach genus *Cryptocercus*.

Based on genetic evidence, the closest living relatives of the Dictyoptera are the phasmids. If the Dictyoptera are a superorder they might be included in it.

## References
Lebanon, Kansas

**Lebanon** is a city in Smith County, Kansas, United States, in the north central part of the state. The population was 178 at the 2020 census.

## References