open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Manuscript

seated in a capital "U" in a manuscript from the Badische Landesbibliothek, Germany.]]

A **manuscript** is any document that is written by hand, which is not printed or made in some other way. The early history of writing is closely connected with the history of writing materials, of which the manuscript is one. Early printing made use of many ideas which developed in the era of manuscripts.

Manuscripts have played a important role in human history, serving as tools for sharing knowledge, literature, religious texts, scientific discoveries, and personal writings. They offer insights into the intellectual, cultural, and artistic achievements of civilizations throughout the ages.

They were written on palm leaves and compressed birch tree barks. The people who wrote manuscripts were known as scribes. Only the high ranking class, such as kings and nobles could afford a manuscript.

In the early stages of human civilization, various materials were used for writing manuscripts, including clay tablets, papyrus, parchment, and paper. These materials influenced the form, durability, and portability of manuscripts, shaping their physical features and preservation needs.

With the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, manuscripts gradually gave way to printed books, which allowed for mass production and wider spread of texts. However, early printing methods often borrowed techniques and styles from manuscript production, such as the use of decorative initials and illustrations. The transition from manuscripts to printed books marked a significant shift in the history of written communication and knowledge sharing.

## Influence in the 21st century 
In the modern context, manuscript writing continues to hold relevance, particularly in academic and creative fields. Manuscripts are created for various purposes, including research articles, novels, poetry, plays, and historical texts. While digital technology and word processing software have made it easier to produce and edit manuscripts electronically, there is still a demand for professional manuscript writing services to ensure accuracy, clarity, and adherence to specific style guidelines.

Manuscripts hold a significant place in the history of human communication, helping modern day historians study the past. While new technology has changed standard writing processes, manuscripts continue to be appreciated for their historical value, aesthetic appeal, and the human touch they embody. Manuscripts are admired as an example of the handwritten expression and craftsmanship involved in their creation.

## References
Blue Mosque, Yerevan

The **Blue Mosque** (; Persian: مسجد کبود Masdsched-e Kabud) is a mosque in Yerevan, Armenia. It was built in 1766 during the reign of Huseyn Ali.
Plainview

**Plainview** is the name of several places in the United States of America:

*Plainview, Arkansas
*Plainview, Minnesota
*Plainview, Nebraska
*Plainview, New York
*Plainview, Tennessee
*Plainview, Texas
235 BC

__NOTOC__Year **235 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Republic 
* In Rome, the consul Titus Manlius Torquatus does the first ever closing of the gates of the Temple of Janus, signifying peace.

#### Asia Minor 
* Under King Attalus I, Pergamum begins to build up its power and importance.

#### Greece 
* Aratus of Sicyon brings Megalopolis into the Achaean League.
* The ephor, Lysander, says he has seen a sign from the gods against King Leonidas II of Sparta. Leonidas runs away to avoid his trial. While he is away, Leonidas is removed from the throne and replaced by his son-in-law, Cleomenes III.

### By topic 
#### Literature 
* A work by the Latin epic poet and dramatist Gnaeus Naevius is performed for the first time.
302 BC

Year **302 BC** was an extended period of the pre-Julian Roman schedule. At that point, it was known as the Extended period of the Consulship of Denter and Paullus (or, less regularly, year 452 Stomach muscle urbe condita). The category 302 BC during the current year has been utilized since the early middle age time frame, when the In the year of the Lord schedule period turned into the common strategy in Europe for naming years.

## Events
* Following their agreement to work together to defeat Antigonus, Seleucus invades Asia Minor from Babylonia, while Ptolemy attacks Syria and Lysimachus moves into the western part of Asia Minor.
* Docimus, the regent of Phrygia, and Phoenix, the strategos of Lycia, desert Antigonus.
* The Macedonian general, Philetaerus, moves his allegiance from Antigonus to Antigonus' rival, Lysimachus. In return, Lysimachus makes Philetaerus guardian of the fortress of Pergamum with its treasure of some 9,000 talents.
San Marino City

**San Marino** is the capital of the tiny nation of San Marino. It is the third largest city in the country, after Dogana and Borgo Maggiore.
Fort Worth, Texas

**Forth Worth** is the fifth largest city in Texas. It is the 12th most populous city in the United States. It has gotten so big that it has overlapped the next biggest city next to it, Dallas, Texas. Because of this, the area is often referred to as Dallas/Ft. Worth, or DFW. 

Fort Worth is the county seat of Tarrant County. Texas Motor Speedway is also in fort Worth.

There are a few interesting landmarks in Fort Worth. One is Sundance Square, a popular place to enjoy in downtown. Another is West 7th, an entertainment destination. At last, there is the Fort Worth Stockyards, where rodeos are held.

## Images

File:Fort Worth Water Gardens 2003.jpg|The Water Gardens in Fort Worth, Texas
File:Fort Worth Montage.jpg|Fort Worth Montage

## History 
Many Confederate monuments and buildings have been removed or renamed in Fort Worth. 

* Granite marker remembering pioneer banker and Confederate soldier Khleber Miller Van Zandt, after the war commander of the trans-Mississippi division of the United Confederate Veterans. Removed on August 18, 2017, and given to the Texas Civil War Museum in White Settlement, Texas, a Fort Worth suburb.
* Granite marker remembering a violent east Texas Ku Klux Klansman, Confederate Colonel H.P. "Hinchie" Mabry. Removed on August 18, 2017, and given to the Texas Civil War Museum.

## References
Akdamar Island

**Akdamar Island** (Turkish: *Akdamar Adası*; also known as *Aghtamar*, *Ahktamar*, and ''Aght'amar*; Armenian: *Աղթամար*; Kurdish: *Axtamar'') is a small island in Lake Van in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.

## Other websites 
* The Surp Hach (Saint Cross) church on Akhtamar Island
Gandzasar monastery

The **Gandzasar monastery** (Armenian: Գանձասար) is an Armenian monastery in Nagorno-Karabakh, in the Mardakert region, near the village of Vank. Gandzasar means "treasure mountain" in Armenian.

## Notes
Deportation

**Deportation**, means the removal of someone from a country. People may be deported from a country for many reasons. For example, one may be deported from a country if they enter the country illegally or if they overstay longer then their visa allows them to stay in the country.

Deportation can also happen inside a country. A person or a group of people may be forced to move to a different part of the country, as a type of . Examples include the Crimean Tatars.

## Related pages
*Ethnic cleansing
*Forced migration
*Political asylum
Enya

**Enya** (born **Eithne Pádraigín Ní Bhraonáin** on 17 May 1961 in Gweedore, County Donegal, Ireland) is an Irish singer and composer. She became most well-known following the release of her song *Orinoco Flow (Sail Away)* on her breakthrough album Watermark (1988). 

She has also won numerous awards, including four Grammy Awards and seven World Music Awards . Her vocal range across her career spans around four octaves; her vocal type is considered a light mezzo-soprano.

She grew up speaking the Irish language, and began to learn English once she  attended primary school.

Her first works were soundtracks for *The Frog Prince* movie by David Puttman and *The Celts* documentary by BBC.

Enya is very popular and has sold more than 75 million albums worldwide. Her best selling album is *A Day Without Rain* (2000).

## Albums
Enya has recorded the following albums:
* *The Frog Prince* (1985)
* *The Celts* (1987)
* *Far And Away* (1992)
* *Toys* (1992)
* *The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring* (2001)

## Related pages
* Clannad

## References
Downing Street

.]]

**Downing Street** is a street in London. It is close to Whitehall and Buckingham Palace. The official residences of the two most senior Government ministers are here. These are the Prime Minister, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. 

Downing Street is a few minutes' walk from the Houses of Parliament. The street was built in the 1680s by Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet (1632–1689) on the site of a mansion called Hampden House. The Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the Chief Whip all have official residences in buildings along one side of the street. The houses on the other side were all replaced by the Foreign Office in the nineteenth century.

## Related pages
* 10 Downing Street
Armenian illuminated manuscripts

**Armenian illuminated manuscripts** are a form of artwork in the Byzantine tradition. They come from between the 5th century and the 13th century. They can include prayer rolls, the Mugni Gospels, and the Echmiadzin Gospels.

## Other websites
* Matenadaran site
* Armenian manuscripts at Armenica.org
Infrastructure

**Infrastructure** is the term used to describe the built facilities which support modern human life.

These are the main items: water supply, sewage plants, housing, roads, cable networks, food supply facilities, schools, hospitals, airports, community meeting places, business and government buildings, bridges, railways. In fact, everything that modern life needs in the way of built environment.

Infrastructure is closely connected with standard of living and overpopulation.  More people will want more roads, water pipes and other infrastructure. Poor countries tend to have fast population growth and cannot provide the needed infrastructure. Standard of living drops and this may lead to other problems like worsening health, exposure to plague and difficult access of emergency units to those that need it.

## Related pages 
*Civil engineering
Ceremony

is a kind of ceremony.]]
A **ceremony** is an activity performed at a special time, usually in a formal setting. Some ceremonies are done to celebrate an event or rite of passage.  Another important ceremony is the tea ceremony in Asian cultures. 

A ceremony may mark a rite of passage in a person's job or life, showing how important it is. For example:
* initiation
* graduation
* marriage
* funeral

Other ceremonies may mark yearly events like:
* vernal equinox
* winter solstice
* occasions in a Christian calendar

## Government ceremonies 
Sometimes, a ceremony may only be done by certain people. A wedding is done by a priest or a Civil Celebrant. The President of the United States is sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States at his or her inauguration. The British monarch is usually made king or queen by the Archbishop of Canterbury at his or her coronation.

## Related pages 
* Liturgy
* Ritual
Kirk Kerkorian

**Kerkor "Kirk" Kerkorian** (June 6, 1917 &ndash; June 15, 2015) was an Armenian-American 
billionaire, and president/CEO of Tracinda Corporation, his private holding company based in Beverly Hills, California.

Kerkorian is known as one of the important figures in shaping the city of Las Vegas, Nevada.

Kerkorian died in Beverly Hills, California on June 15, 2015, nine days after his 98th birthday.

## References
Construction

**Construction** is the process of erection or assembly of any building or infrastructure on a site. In general, there are three types of construction:.]]

, Germany.]] 

# Building construction
# Heavy/civil construction
# Industrial construction

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. Industrial construction, though a relatively small part of the entire construction industry, is a very important component.

## History
The first buildings were huts and shelters, constructed by hand or with simple tools. As cities grew during the Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. In the Middle Ages, these were organized into guilds. In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later diesel- and electric powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators and bulldozers.

Modern construction is consistently made of materials such as glass, steel, concrete and bricks. So it is easy to build simple forms like simple cubic forms. The new style of architecture is based on the economic basic principle:
* Social economics: The need to build houses results in having  too many houses to build and to create fewer special houses. Decorations and ornaments were not important.
* Constructive economics: The reduction of needing points and areas allows new possibilities. That results in more free forms with the same work.
* Stylistic economics: The houses represent universality and objectivity and they are a product of art.

## Related pages
* Architecture
* Building code
* Building material 
* Project management
* Civil Engineering

*
Bass drum

A **bass drum** is a type of musical instrument called a drum. It is a large drum, makes low sounds, and is frequently used in the common drum kit.

There are three types of bass drums:
* Orchestral bass drum
* Kick drum
* Pitched bass drum
Thermodynamic potential

In thermodynamics, **thermodynamic potentials** are parameters associated with a thermodynamic system and have the dimensions of energy. They are called "potentials" because in a sense, they describe the amount of potential energy in a thermodynamic system when it is subjected to certain constraints. The different potentials correspond to different constraints to which the system may be subjected. The four most common thermodynamic potentials are:

where *T* = temperature, *S* = entropy, *p* = pressure, *V* = volume. The Helmholtz free energy is often denoted by the symbol *F*, but the use of *A* is preferred by IUPAC (See Alberty, 2001). N_i is the number of particles of type *i* in the system. For the sake of completeness, the set of all N_i are also included as natural variables, although they are sometimes ignored.

## Description and interpretation 
Thermodynamic potentials are very useful when calculating the equilibrium results of a chemical reaction, or when measuring the properties of materials in a chemical reaction. The chemical reactions usually take place under some simple constraints such as constant pressure and temperature, or constant entropy and volume, and when this is true, there is a corresponding thermodynamic potential which comes into play. Just as in mechanics, the system will tend towards lower values of potential and at equilibrium, under these constraints, the potential will take on an unchanging minimum value. The thermodynamic potentials can also be used to estimate the total amount of energy available from a thermodynamic system under the appropriate constraint.

## References
* 

*

## Other websites
*Thermodynamic Potentials - Georgia State University
*Chemical Potential Energy: The 'Characteristic' vs the Concentration-Dependent Kind
Drum kit

n drum kit]]

A **drum kit** (or **drum set** or **trap set**) is a collection of instruments played by an individual who is called a drummer.

## Setup
A normal drum kit consists of the following:
* Bass drum - The largest drum, which is also called a kick drum. It is struck with a hammer that is moved by one's foot.
* Snare drum - A drum with small cables of metal wires stretched across the bottom to make the loud "tat" sound. It can also make a "click" sound if hit in a special way.
* Tom Toms - Often simply called "toms", there are usually two of these drums across the top of the kit. To the drummer's left (if he/she is right-handed) is the high tom that makes a higher sound; on the other side is the medium or middle tom with a slightly lower sound, depending on the tuning. Sizes tend to range between 10 and 13&nbsp;inches. The number and positioning varies by the drummer; some drummers have several toms on their kit, such as an 8-inch tom giving an even higher sound (often used in jazz drumming).
* Floor Tom - Usually placed to the right of the drummer, this is a tom that has its own legs or stand and produces a lower note than the other toms (usually the second lowest after the bass drum). Sizes tend to range between 14 and 18&nbsp;inches.
* Hi-hat - Two cymbals, usually the same size, that can be pushed together (closed) with a pedal. They can be hit with a drumstick. This sound varies if the hi-hat open, closed, and in-between positions. Another way to play it is to clap the cymbals together with the pedal. The hi-hats are the most important cymbals on the kit, and are often used for detailed timing. Some drummers have more than one hi-hat setup around their kit.
* Crash Cymbal - A cymbal that makes a loud "crash" sound. The sound of a crash cymbal varies by brand and product line. The number of crash cymbals depends on the drummer's personal taste and need for the style of music being played. Crash cymbals are very often used to mark the start of a new section of a song.
* Ride Cymbal - A large, heavy cymbal that, typically, makes a light, airy sound, named from the fact that the drummer can "ride on it" or keep time on it. It is often used an alternative to the hi-hat. The middle of the ride cymbal is called the bell, and it makes a "ping" sound if hit.

Other cymbals and drums can be added to the setup for a wider range of sounds like the Splash, a small cymbal around 10"/25&nbsp;cm giving a distinct crash sound with a quick decay, or a China cymbal, that gives an "oriental feel" to beats, rhythms, solos and fills. The latter is much like a crash cymbal popped inside out with the screw and sponge holding it to the stand inside it, so it has a shallow bowl shape.

The drummer can do other things to the kit, such as attach a tambourine to the spine of the hi-hat, so when he/she puts his/her foot down on the pedal or hits it with a drumstick, the drummer gets the tambourine sound at the same time. Cymbals can also have rivets inserted into them to give them a 'sizzling' sound, or a cowbell can be attached to the top of the bass drum between the snare and floor tom to use in fills, solos, grooves, etc.
Drum stick

sticks]]

A **drum stick** or **drumstick** is a wooden stick that is used to hit percussion instruments to make sound. 
There are many kinds of drumsticks. Some sticks are made for certain instruments. For instance, a drum kit stick may look very different from a snare drum stick. Weight, length, and tip size are all altering factors in a stick. 

Some drums, such as bongo drums, use no drumstick.
Khachkar

A **Khachkar** or **Khatchkar** ("Խաչքար" in Armenian, meaning *"cross-stone"*, pronounced as ) is a carved memorial stone found in Armenia.

It has a crucifix or cross, with a rosette or sun circle below it. Other parts can be filled with patterns of leaves, grapes or knots. Sometimes it has a ledge at the top with saints' or characters from the bible.

Much of the time a khachkar is put up for religious reasons such as the salvation of the soul of a living or a dead person. They have also been removed for other reasons, such as to show a military win, building of a new church, or as a protection from natural disasters.

Most Khachkars are in graveyards. But Armenian gravestones take many other forms, and only a small are khatchkars.
## Gallery

File:Armenian 'khachkar'.jpg|Armenian Khachkar
File:Armenian 'khachkar' 1.jpg|Armenian Khachkar

## Other websites 
* Khachkar.am
* Khatchkar collection at Armenica.org
Chemical property

In chemistry, a **property** is any aspect of a substance which is only seen by means of a chemical reaction. Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance. This is different from a physical property, which can be discovered without changing the substance's chemical structure. 

Usually a chemical property is discovered by changing the substance's internal structure. When a substance goes under a chemical reaction, the properties will change drastically, resulting in chemical change. However, a catalytic property would also be a chemical property.

Chemical properties can be used for building chemical classifications. They can be used to identify an unknown substance or to separate or purify it from other substances. 

## Examples of chemical properties 
* reactivity
* toxicity
* coordination number
* flammability
* enthalpy of formation
* heat of combustion
* oxidation states
* chemical stability
* Viscosity
* Electronic configuration
Kichijōji

is a neighborhood in the city of Musashino in Tokyo, Japan. It has an important commercial activity, with many shops, restaurant and cultural activities, mostly north of its railway station.

Kichijōji also has some famous landmarks. Inokashira Park, for example, is in the south part of the district, and is a favorite place for springtime *hanami*, or to see cherry-blossoms. The Kanda River (神田川) begins to flow from this park. The Seikei University (成蹊大学), one of Tokyo's biggest private universities, is in the northwestern area of the neighborhood.

It is famous for being a location people can visit in Persona 5.

## Other websites 
* Kichijoji travel information at Wikivoyage

## References
Hachiōji

is a Japanese city in  on the island of Honshu.   It is about 40&nbsp;kilometers west of the center of the 23 special wards of Tokyo. The city is the 8th biggest city around the Tokyo metropolitan area. It is the 24th largest city in Japan.

## History
Hachiōji officially became a city on September 1, 1917, but it has been an important point on the Kōshū Highway, the main road that connected Edo (the old name of Tokyo) with Western Japan since before modern times, especially during the Edo period. For a short period of time, a castle, Hachiōji Castle (八王子城; Hachiōji-jō) was in the area. It was made in 1584 by Hōjō Ujiteru (北条氏照), but was soon broken in war by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590. In the Meiji period, Hachiōji grew larger because of silk and silk textiles. However, the industry became less popular in the 1960s. Today, Hachiōji is home for many Tokyo workers.

In Hachioji, there are about 20 colleges and universities, including Takushoku University.

## Geography
There are 3 mountains around Hachioji.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nerima, Tokyo

**Nerima** is one of the 23 special wards in Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Nerima City" in English.

Nerima is called "the town of animation" because the earliest anime businesses started up in the area.
## History
On 1 August 1947, the ward of Nerima was formed by separating from the ward of Itabashi.
## Geography
Nerima is a western ward. It borders Nakano and Suginami on the south. Musashino and Nishitokyo are on the ward's western border. Saitamo Prefecture is on the northern border. Itabashi and Toshima are on the west.

There is also a long river in Nerima.

## Related pages 
* List of special wards of Tokyo
* Capital of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Nerima website 
* Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards
Suginami

of Suginami.]]
 of Suginami.]]
 is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Suginami City" in English.

## Geography
Suginami is in the western part of Tokyo's special wards. It is next to Setagaya to the south. It's western neighbors are the cities of Mitaka and Musashino. Nerima is on the northern border. Nakano is to the east.

The Kanda river runs through the ward.

## Related pages 
* List of special wards of Tokyo
* Capital of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* http://www2.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/life/english.htm , http://www2.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/life/japan.htm 
* Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards 
* Suginami Animation Museum
Sagamihara, Kanagawa

**Sagamihara** (, Sagamihara-shi?) is a city in Japan. It is in north central Kanagawa Prefecture, bordering Tokyo, Japan. It is the third most populous city in the prefecture, after Yokohama and Kawasaki. 

The main areas of commercial activity in **Sagamihara** are around Hashimoto Station on the JR Yokohama Line and Keio Sagamihara Line, Sagamihara Station on the JR Yokohama Line, and Sagami-Ōno Station on the Odakyu Odawara Line.
Aomori

is the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, Japan.

It is southwest of the town of Hiranai. It is a coastal city, and is near the Mutsu-wan (陸奥湾). It has been  as a core city since 2006.

## Geography
### Surrounding municipalities
* Aomori Prefecture
** Fujisaki
** Goshogawara
** Hirakawa
** Hiranai
** Itayanagi
** Kuroishi
** Shichinohe
** Towada
** Yomogita

## Demography
According to Japanese census data,

## Festivals
The Nebuta festival is one of the most famous festivals in Japan. It takes place at the beginning of August. More than 300,000 people come and see this festival every year.
This festival is called both “Nebuta” and ”Neputa”. In Aomori city, they use the word “Nebuta”, and in Hirosaki city, they use the word “Neputa”.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Udon

is a type of thick, wheat-based noodle popular in Japanese cuisine.

Udon is most often served hot as a noodle soup in a mild, salty broth. Its simplest form is called *kake udon*. This consists only of dashi stock, soy sauce (*shōyu*), mirin, and *udon* noodles. Different things can be put on top of the soup as toppings. Often thinly cut scallions are used, along with other common toppings such as kamaboko, prawn or vegetable tempura, some spices, and wakame.

The flavor of the broth and toppings, as well as even noodle texture and thickness, is different from region to region. Usually, dark brown broth made from dark soy sauce (*koikuchi shōyu*) is common in eastern Japan. Light brown broth made from light soy sauce (*usukuchi shōyu*) is common in western Japan. However, many other regional types exist outside of just broth color and mainly vary in toppings used.

Kagawa Prefecture is famous for using udon as a staple food.

## Types 
* Tempura Udon (topped with tempura such as prawn and squid)
* Tororo Udon (served with grated yam on top) 
* Kitsune Udon (topped with deep-fried bean curd)
* Chikara Udon (topped with rice cake)
* Curry Udon (udon in a curry-based broth)
* Niku Udon (topped with beef that has been seasoned with mirin and sugar)
* Tanuki Udon (topped with tempura flakes)
* Kamatama Udon (topped with raw egg, soy sauce, and other ingredients)
* Bukkake Udon (cold udon noodles in a thick broth)
* Kamaage Udon (freshly boiled udon served with hot dipping sauce)
* Tamagotoji Udon (udon in a broth made with beaten egg)
* Tsukimi Udon (udon in a broth topped with raw egg)
* Nabeyaki Udon (udon simmered in a clay pot with broth and many toppings)
* Yaki Udon (seasoned stir-fried udon in a sauce)
* Zaru Udon (cold udon served on a bamboo strainer with dipping sauce)

## Definition 
According to JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard), to be udon, a round noodle's diameter has to be over 1.7&nbsp;mm and a flat noodle's width over 1.7&nbsp;mm. Udon dough is made from wheat flour and salt.
HM Land Registry

**Land Registry** or '''His Majesty's Land Registry''' is a United Kingdom government office which started in 1862.  It publicly records interests in land in England and Wales.  It answers to the Ministry of Justice.

## Purpose
The office records the owner of land and legal rights over land.  It has recorded about half of the land in England and Wales, and they request owners to record the rest.

Persons make payments to the Land Registry to record land or for copies of the records.  The British Government does not make payments to the Land Registry.

## Offices
The Land Registry has 24 offices in England and Wales and a head office at Lincoln’s Inn Fields in London, England.  It wants to shut the offices in York and Harrow.

The head of the Land Registry is called the Chief Land Registrar and Chief Executive.

## History
In 1857 a government committee said there should be a record of land.  The Land Registry started after the Land Registry Act 1862.  The failure of this law led to a new law in 1875.  But this law was also a failure because persons could decide if they wanted to record their land, and most persons decided not to.  In 1897 a new law forced persons in London to record their land when they sold it.  Step by step this law was applied to the rest of England and Wales by 1990.  A new law – the Land Registration Act 2002 – modernised the law and made possible the electronic sale of land.

## Other websites 
* Land Registry website
* Registers of Scotland website
Ahmedabad

**Ahmedabad** is the largest city in the Gujarat state, in Western India. The city is the administrative centre of Ahmedabad district, and was the capital of Gujarat from 1960 to 1970. The city is located on the banks of the Sabarmati River, and it shares proximity with the Gandhinagar, the newly built state capital.

The city's area is approximately 8,087 sq.k.m and it's total population of District is 7,486,573 (2014).

## History 
The city was founded by Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 A.D. But, the area around the city has been inhabited since the 11th century when it was known as *Ashaval*. The city was built on an elevated plain known as *Bhadra* on the eastern bank of Sabarmati River.

In 1487, the city was fortified with an outer wall 10&nbsp;km (6.2&nbsp;mi) in circumference by Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Sultan. The fortification consisted of twelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements.

In 1573, the city was annexed by the Mughal Empire. But, in the year 1758, Mughals surrendered the city to Marathas after the brief joint-rule from 1739 to 1744. In totality, the administration of the city is divided into 14 talukas which includes 556 villages, 1 corporation, 1 cantonment area, and 7 municipalities. In 1861, the first textile mill was opened and gradually, the whole sector grew through city's own traditional culture and passion for entrepreneurship. Besides textile, Ahmedabad is also known for being automotive and pharmaceutical manufacturing hub.

## Transportation 
### Railway 
The city is connected with pan-India railway network. It has three stations - Kalupur Station, Maninagar Station and Sabarmati Station. The Kalupur station is in the center of the city which will be convergence point for Ahmedabad Metro, Ahmedabad BRTS, and upcoming high-speed rail system.

### Roads 
The city is well connected to the major cities in the state and the country through several national and state highways.

### Air 
The city is served by Sardar Vallabbhai Patel International Airport. The airport is located 9&nbsp;km from city center and also caters the state capital Gandhinagar. It was started in the year 1937 with the inaugural flight Bombay-Ahmedabad-Karachi, piloted by J. R. D. Tata.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation 
* Ahemdabad Collectorate 
* Ahmedabad at Wikimapia
* Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project
Dachau, Bavaria

**Dachau** (German pronunciation: [ˈdaxaʊ]; Bavarian: *Dochau*) is a city in the south of Germany, about  north-west of Munich. It has about 40,000 inhabitants. The town contains a historic town centre with an 18th-century castle.

Dachau was founded in the 8th century. In 1933, a concentration camp was built in Dachau. It was the first camp of the Nazis and became the prototype for all other camps. More than 30,000 prisoners died or were killed.

## References
## Other websites
* Town Web site
Odonata

dragonfly ancestor, *Meganeura monyi*, had a wingspan of about . Museum of Toulouse]]

The **Odonata** are an order of flying insects, the dragonflies and damselflies. They are sometimes listed as the **Metapterygota**.

Like most of the flying insects (flies, beetles, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera), they evolved in the early Mesozoic era. Their prototypes, the  giant dragonflies of the Carboniferous, 325 mya, are no longer put in the Odonata. These are now called Protodonata or Meganisoptera.

The two suborders are easily distinguished:
*Dragonflies: they are **Anisoptera** (= usually larger, eyes together & wings up or out at rest)
*Damselflies: they are **Zygoptera** (= usually smaller, eyes apart & wings along body at rest)

All Odonata have aquatic larvae called 'nymphs', and all of them, larvae and adults, are carnivorous. The adults can land, but rarely walk. Their legs are specialised for catching prey. They are almost entirely insectivorous.

## Description 
These insects characteristically have large rounded heads covered mostly by big compound eyes, legs that catch prey (other insects) in flight, two pairs of long, transparent wings that move independently, and long abdomens. They have two ocelli (eye spots) and short antennae. The mouthparts are on the underside of the head and include simple chewing mandibles in the adult.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
*International Journal of Odonatology
*Odonata Central
*Odonatologica
*Worldwide Dragonfly Association
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=knlXTU1R_rE&t=1328s An unusually good account on YouTube.
912

## Events
* May 11 &ndash; Alexander becomes Emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

*November 23 &ndash; Otto I the Great
Will Ferrell

, a character he voiced.]]
**John William** "**Will**" **Ferrell** (; born , 1967) is an American actor, comedian, and producer. He began his successful career as a cast member of *Saturday Night Live*. He has since appeared in many different movies, such as *Blades of Glory*, *Elf*, *Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy*, *Talledega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby*, *Old School* and *Despicable Me 4*.

## Early life
Ferrell was born in Irvine, California on July 16, 1967 He is the son of Betty Kay (née Overman), a teacher who taught at Old Mill School elementary school and Santa Ana College, and Roy Lee Ferrell Jr., a musician with The Righteous Brothers. His parents were both natives of Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina, and moved to California in 1964. He has a younger brother named Patrick. When he was 8, his parents divorced. Ferrell said of the divorce: "I was the type of kid who would say, 'Hey, look at the bright side! We'll have two Christmases'."

## Filmography
## Television work
* *Saturday Night Live* (cast member from 1995 to 2002)
* *Cow and Chicken* (1997–2001) (voice in various episodes)
* *Saturday Night Live: Presidential Bash 2000* (2000)
* *Undeclared* (guest star)
* *The Oblongs* (2001–2002) (voice)
* *King of the Hill* (voice)
* *The Tom Green Show* (guest star)
* *The Naked Trucker and T-Bones Show* (guest star)
* ''Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway* (voiceover and guest)
* *Family Guy'' (voices in various episodes)

## References
Tritium

**Tritium** is an isotope of hydrogen, the lightest element. Tritium has one proton and two neutrons. It heavier than ordinary hydrogen or its isotope deuterium. Hydrogen does not have any neutrons, only a proton. The chemical symbol for Tritium is **3H** or **T**.

In nature, tritium is made when cosmic rays hit nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere. Tritium has a half-life of a little more than twelve years, so there is not much in the atmosphere. People make much more tritium in nuclear reactors, so that they can make things from it.

## Ways of using tritium 
Tritium is important for nuclear fusion power.  Tritium is added to nuclear bombs to make them more powerful when they explode. 

Tritium is often used with phosphors to make glow in the dark key-rings, and sights on rifles. Tritium makes the phosphors glow because it is radioactively unstable and gives energy to the phosphor so it can make light. Before lots of tritium could be made, people used radium to make things light up but this gave people cancer.

Radioactive decay produces tritium. High levels of tritium were found in 2013 in the Pacific near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant two years after the Fukushima nuclear disaster.http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/fukushima/AJ201306250085 

## Other websites 
* Tritium -Citizendium
Yamuna

n city of Agra.]]
The **Yamuna** (), sometimes called **Jamuna** (, ) or **Jumna**, is a major river in North India. It is the largest branch of a bigger river called the Ganges. It is 1370 km long. It begins at the Yamunotri, which is in the Himalayas. It goes through the Indian states of Delhi, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. At the end, it flows into the Ganges. Rivers that come out of the Yamuna include the Tons (the largest of the ones that come out of it), Chambal, Betwa, and Ken.

## Gallery

File:YamunaRiver.jpg|AyYamuna as seen from the Taj Mahal, Agra.
File:Madan Mohan temple, on the Yamuna, Vrindavan, 1789.jpg|Madan Mohan temple, on the Yamuna, Vrindavan, 1789, it has shifted further away since then.
File:Keshighat Vrindavan.JPG|'Keshi Ghat' on the Yamuna, Vrindavan.
File:Yamuna_River_Near_Allahabad.jpg|Yamuna near Allahabad, just few kilometers before it meets the Ganges.
File:Yamuna_river,_Allahabad.jpg|Yamuna near Allahabad in the rainy season.

## Related pages
* List of rivers of India

## References
## Other websites
*The Geography of the Rigveda 
* Yamuna Action Plan
Monaco-Ville

]]

**Monaco-Ville** is the original fortified town of Monaco. It stands on a monolith where the Prince's Palace is located.

## Other websites 
* Monaco-Ville information
Mesa, Arizona

**Mesa** is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona and part of the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metropolitan Area. It is the 37th most populous city in the United States of America. It was settled by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in January 1878.

## Education 
*CAE Global Academy Phoenix

## References
Professional wrestling

and Kurt Angle]]
**Professional wrestling**, **pro wrestling** is wrestling done as performance art.  It is different from other sports because it is a fixed sport.  It is sometimes known as sports entertainment.

Like other athletes, most wrestlers train each day to maintain their physical condition. They practice for years to learn to execute moves safely while still making them look dangerous. They suffer many injuries, sometimes severe. 

Professional wrestling is done as a show, like a play. Many wrestlers will wrestle in many fights, called matches. They wrestle inside a 'wrestling ring', which is a place with ropes around it. The best wrestlers can win belts, called 'championship titles', to show that they are the best.

Famous stars of the ring include "Gorgeous George" Wagner, Ric Flair, Hulk Hogan, André the Giant, Sting, "Macho Man" Randy Savage, Bret "The Hitman" Hart, Shawn Michaels, The Undertaker, Triple H, Brock Lesnar, Goldberg, Mick Foley, Stone Cold Steve Austin, Batista, Dwayne "The Rock" Johnsonand John Cena.

The United States, Canada, Mexico, and Japan and the United Kingdom are countries that have a lot of professional wrestling events.  The biggest company of professional wrestling is WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment).  Once a year, they have a big wrestling event called WrestleMania.  Professional wrestling can be seen both in the audience of an arena or on television.

## References
## Other websites 
* Wrestling Training Online Site 
* ProWrestlingHistory.com
Arlington, Texas

**Arlington** is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. It is in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area.

Arlington has AT&T Stadium,   Globe Life Field, Texas Live, Six Flags, the United States Bowling Congress Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV and American Mensa.

## Famous people from Arlington 
*Maren Morris (1990-), singer

## References 
## Other websites 
* City's Official Website
Spectrophotometer

A **spectrophotometer** measures either the amount of light reflected from a sample object or the amount of light that is absorbed by the sample object. **Spectrophotometry** is the quantity based study of electromagnetic spectra.

## Design
In short, the sequence of events in a modern spectrophotometer is as follows:
# The light source shines on the sample.
# A fraction of the light is transmitted or reflected from the sample
# The light from the sample is directed to the entrance slit of the monochromator
# The monochromator separates the wavelengths of light and focuses each of them onto the photodetector sequentially.

There are two kinds of spectrophotometers: single beam and double beam. A double beam spectrophotometer compares the light intensity between two light paths. One path containing a reference sample, the other holding the test sample. A single beam spectrophotometer measures the relative light intensity of the beam before and after a test sample is inserted. A double beam machine makes comparison readings easier and more stable. But a single beam machine can have measure a wider range of light frequencies. Single beam machines have simple optical systems and are more compact. When the spectrophotometer is built into another device (like microscopes or telescopes) only single beam machines will work.

Many older spectrophotometers must be calibrated by a procedure known as "zeroing." The absorbancy of a reference substance is set as a baseline value, so the absorbancies of all other substances are recorded relative to the initial "zeroed" substance. The spectrophotometer then displays % absorbancy (the amount of light absorbed relative to the initial substance).

Spectrophotometers can also measure luminescence.  For example, the machine can shine ultraviolet light of one frequency on the sample. This will excite the sample and make it glow. The detectors can then measure the light glowing from the sample at a different frequency.

## References
Russian Orthodox Church

of Christ the Saviour in Moscow]]
The **Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate** are Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

## Related pages
* Eastern Orthodox Church
* Eastern Christianity

## Other websites 
* The official web site of the Moscow Patriarchate
* The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
Form

***Form*** (Lat. *forma* Eng. *mould*), refers to the external three-dimensional outline, appearance or configuration of some thing - in contrast to the matter or content or substance of which it is mainly composed (compare with shape).
Tarrant County, Texas

**Tarrant County** is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 2,110,640 people lived there. The county seat is Fort Worth, and in 2020, 918,915 people lived there, making it the largest city in the county. The second largest city in the county is Arlington, where 375,600 people live.

## Geography 
The county has a total area of 902 square miles. The land area covers 864 square miles, and water covers 39 square miles.

## Places 
### Cities 
* Arlington
* Bedford
* Benbrook
* Blue Mound
* Colleyville
* Dalworthington Gardens
* Euless
* Everman
* Forest Hill
* Haltom City
* Hurst
* Keller
* Kennedale
* Lake Worth
* North Richland Hills
* Pelican Bay
* Richland Hills
* River Oaks
* Saginaw
* Sansom Park
* Watauga
* Westworth Village
* White Settlement

### Towns 
* Edgecliff Village
* Flower Mound (mostly in Denton County)
* Lakeside
* Pantego
* Trophy Club (mostly in Denton County)
* Westlake (small part in Denton County)
* Westover Hills

## References
## Other websites
*Tarrant County official website
Martiros Saryan

**Martiros Saryan** (, 28 February 1880 – 5 May 1972) was a Russian-born Armenian painter.

He was born into an Armenian family in Nor Nakhijevan (now part of Russia). In 1895, he was 15, he finished the Nakhichevan school and from 1897 to 1904 learned at the Moscow School of Arts, also in the workshops of Valentin Serov and Konstantin Korovin. He was heavily influenced by the work of Paul Gauguin and Henri Matisse. He showed his works in various shows.

## Quotes 
''Nature's ways are wonderful and unfathomable. The grain swells in the soil, the sprout grows and flowers when the time comes and then it bears new fruit and so does not die. We are like grain. We never die because we are One with Nature. To understand this is to comprehend Immortality--the Apotheosis of the Human Race. It is with this conviction that I have lived my Life. My Life is a store of my experience, a Life of aspirations, sorrows, joys and triumphs.* (M. Saryan)

## Selected paintings

File:Martiros Saryan, Mules carrying hay, 1910.jpg|*Mules carrying hay* (1910)
File:Martiros Saryan, Still Life with Bananas, 1911.jpg|*Still Life with Bananas* (1911)
File:Martiros Saryan, Egyptian Desert, 1911.jpg|*Egyptian Desert* (1911)
File:Martiros Saryan, Man and woman on a horse, 1912.jpg|*Man and woman on a horse* (1912)
File:Martiros Saryan, Mountain and passing camels, 1912.jpg|*Mountain and passing camels* (1912)
File:Martiros Saryan, Persian still life, 1913.jpg|*Persian still life* (1913)
File:Martiros Saryan, Asiatic Flowers, 1915.jpg|*Asiatic Flowers'' (1915)

## References
## Other websites 
* Martiros Saryan
Library of Congress

The **Library of Congress** is the *de facto* national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress.

## Roles
The primary function of the Library of Congress is to serve the Congress. The Library welcomes public use of its general reference facilities and endeavors to offer the widest possible use of its collections consistent with their preservation and with its obligation to serve the Congress and other government agencies.The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world, with millions of books, recordings, photographs, newspapers, maps and manuscripts in its collections. The Library is the main research arm of the U.S. Congress and the home of the U.S. Copyright Office.Libraries are important cornerstones of a healthy community. ... College students often use the library when they are home for the weekend or for holidays. And the reference resources in public libraries are usually unavailable elsewhere in the community. The library is a unique and valuable resource.

## Librarian of Congress
The librarian of Congress is the head of the Library of Congress, appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, for a term of ten years.

## Gallery

LOC Main Reading Room Highsmith.jpg|Main Reading Room of the Library of Congress
LibraryCongressWashDC.jpg|Main Library of Congress Building at the start of the 20th century

## References
## Other websites 
* The Library of Congress website
Soul music

**Soul music** is a kind of music that mixes rhythm and blues, gospel music, and pop music. It was created in the 1960s in the United States by African American musicians. Features of soul music are call and response, hand claps, body movement and a tense vocal sound.

Ray Charles is said to be inventor of soul music with his song "I Got a Woman". Soul is energetic music, with the main subjects of lyrics being love, dance and life. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame states that soul is "music that arose out of the black experience in America through the transmutation of gospel and rhythm & blues into a form of funky, secular testifying." Recently, singers like Christina Aguilera, Amy Winehouse and Adele have become well known as Blue Eyed Soul singers. In some styles of soul music, brass and saxophones are used a lot.

## Notable artists 
*Ray Charles
*James Brown
* Wilson Pickett
*Marvin Gaye
*Sam Cooke
*Smokey Robinson
*Aretha Franklin
*Major Lance

## Related pages 
*Funk
*R&B
*Reggae
*Hip hop

## References