open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Peter Ham

**Peter William Ham** (27 April 1947 – 24 April 1975) was a Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the prominent songwriter and singer of the 1970s group Badfinger.

Ham was born in Swansea, South Wales. He formed a local rock group called The Panthers in 1961. This group became The Iveys in 1965. The band was relocated to London by The Mojos manager, Bill Collins, in 1966, and they continued to perform for three years throughout the United Kingdom. Ham especially took to songwriting and Ray Davies of The Kinks took initial interest in producing his group. In 1968, The Iveys came to the attention of Mal Evans (The Beatles personal assistant) and were eventually signed to the Beatles' Apple label after approval from all four Beatles, who were most impressed by dozens of demos recorded at home, mostly by Pete.

The Iveys changed their name to Badfinger with the single release of "Come And Get It," a song written by Paul McCartney, which became a worldwide Top Ten hit. Ham's hard work paid off eventually as his song "No Matter What" became another worldwide Top Ten hit record in late 1970 . He followed up writing two more huge hits released in 1972, "Day After Day" and "Baby Blue". But the peak came with his co-written song "Without You" - a worldwide No. 1 hit as covered by Harry Nilsson in 1972. The song has since become one of the all-time ballad standards as covered by hundreds of singers including Mariah Carey and Clay Aiken. Ham was also used as a musician on Beatles solo records such as the "All Things Must Pass" LP by George Harrison and the single "It Don't Come Easy" by Ringo Starr.

## References 
## Other websites
* Pete Ham's Official website
Egalitarianism

**Egalitarianism** is the belief that people should be equal (same) to one another. The word is named for the French word **égal**, meaning *equal* or *level*.

There are many possible kinds of egalitarianism. For example, legal egalitarianism is the belief that groups of people should be equal in law even if they are of different race or religion. Gender egalitarianism is the idea that men and women are equally important, even though they are different.

This word may be used when talking about philosophy in many slightly different ways. We can best understand the different kinds of egalitarianism by asking, "Who is equal to whom?" and "How are they equal?"

## Related pages
*Equality before the law
*Primitive communism
*Social equality
*Social justice
Ecosystem services

**Ecosystem services** are processes by which the natural environment produces resources useful to people, as to economic services. They include:

* Provision of clean water and air
* Flood control
* Pollination of crops
* Mitigation of environmental hazards
* Pest and disease control
* Carbon sequestration
* Aesthetic, cultural and ethical values associated with biodiversity.

To look at the way in which ecosystems provide goods is popular now at Stanford University. The concept of ecosystem services is similar to that of natural capital.

The *Millennium Ecosystem Assessment* released in 2005 showed that 60% of ecosystem services are used in a way that destroys them.

## References 
*Ecosystem Services: A Primer , Ecological Society of America (ESA)
*The New Economy of Nature: The Quest to Make Conservation Profitable (), Gretchen C. Daily and Katherine Ellison.
*Ecosystem Services: Backgrounder , The Ecosystem Marketplace
Jurisdiction

In law, **jurisdiction** is the authority given to a judge to take decisions in matters concerning the law. The word comes from the Latin *jus, juris* meaning "law" and *dicere* meaning "to speak": and literally means: telling the law. Jurisdiction may be legally restricted to a certain period of time called a statute of limitations.

It also includes the authority a of formally constituted legal body or a political leader to deal with legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility. Jurisdiction relies on public International Law, conflict of laws, constitutional law and the powers of the executive and legislative branches of government to give resources to best serve the needs of its society.

## Other websites 
*LII Law about... Jurisdiction
*Supreme Court Decision on Guantánamo Bay jurisdiction
*Jurisdiction As Property  on franchise jurisdiction
English Wikipedia

The **English Wikipedia** is the English language edition of the Wikipedia. English is the first language in which Wikipedia was written. It was started on 15 January 2001. It is the largest encyclopedia in the world, and the largest version of Wikipedia since April 2019. It has  articles as of . In October 2015, the total volume of the compressed texts of the English Wikipedia's articles added up to 23.2 gigabytes.

The Simple English Wikipedia is a variation in which most of the articles use only basic English vocabulary (simplewiki). There is also the Old English (Ænglisc/Anglo-Saxon) Wikipedia (angwiki).

## Comparisons with other Wikipedia sites
Wikipedia sites in other languages have imitated some of its technical and organizational features. It has a newsletter called *The Signpost*. As the English Wikipedia is very popular, there can be many people editing the Wikipedia in one minute. This made recent changes less effective for understanding changes. Instead, editors can select and watch for changes in particular articles, using the *Watchlist* feature of MediaWiki.

Both *Watchlist* and *Recent changes* can be filtered to show particular kinds of edits, such as edits from IP addresses or edits with signs of vandalism. Some editors use special software to detect and fix vandalism.

## Controversies
Some believe that the English Wikipedia shows significant bias and unfairness. Editors of reference works such as the *Encyclopædia Britannica* have questioned Wikipedia's utility and status as an encyclopedia. 

### Gender bias
An example of bias is that around 90% of Wikipedia editors are male, mostly White. Others think that Wikipedia is more useful than other encyclopedias because it is large and can be updated quickly. In 2010, the logo of the English Wikipedia like most Wikipedia's was slightly changed. However, some Wikipedias, like the Simple English Wikipedia, still kept the old logo.

The English Wikipedia, as one of the most visited websites worldwide, has been criticized for repeated occurrences of on-site antisemitism.

### Whitewashing of Nazi war criminals
The English Wikipedia was criticized for condoning the systematic whitewashing of Nazi war criminals on the platform. For instance, Arthur Nebe (a senior SS official who invented mobile gas chambers to kill Jews) was portrayed as a savior of Jews by users who distorted a cited source that actually said the opposite. in *The Journal of Holocaust Research* in which they said to have found widespread distortion of Poland's Holocaust history, 

The off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member *Tech for Palestine* Discord channel, had been site-banned indefinitely for off-site canvassing ADL's CEO Jonathan Greenblatt commented,

## Related pages
* Encyclopedia
* Jewish Virtual Library
* *Encyclopædia Britannica*
* *The Encyclopedia of Christianity*
* *Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity*

## References
## Other websites
* The English Wikipedia main page
* English Wikipedia mobile
* English Wikipedia Statistics Page
Julián Padrón

**Julián Padrón** (September 8, 1910 - August 2, 1954) was a Venezuelan writer. He wrote for books, newspapers and magazines.

## Story about Julián Padrón 
Julián Padrón was born on  September 8, 1910. He was from San Antonio, a small town from Monagas, Venezuela. When he was a little boy, he went to private schools in Cumaná. After Padrón went to a secondary school called Andrés Bello in Caracas. In 1929 Julián Padrón got a degree of secondary education in Philosophy.

In 1935 Padrón got 2 degrees: 
* A degree of Lawyer
* A degree of Doctor in Political Science (a person who has knowledge about the science of government). 

Padrón got the first degree at the Supreme Court, a place where judges work. The Supreme Court is in the Federal District. He got the second degree at the Central University of Venezuela, a place of learning. In 1944 Padrón got, at that university, a degree to be a Diplomat and a Consul (a Diplomat and a Consul are persons who are the representatives of a country in other countries). 

In 1929 Julián Padrón wrote for the magazine *Elite*. In 1935 Julián Padrón, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Pedro Sotillo and Bruno Plá made the magazine **El Ingenioso Hidalgo** for a short time. In 1936 Padrón made and wrote for the newspaper **Unidad Nacional**. From 1945 to 1947 he wrote for the newspaper El Universal. He wrote for other newspapers and magazines.

Julián Padrón had these jobs: 

* He was the leader of the **Asociación de Escritores Venezolanos**, an organisation that is the representative of writers from Venezuela. Padrón was the leader of this organisation in 1937 and in 1940.
* He created and was the manager of the Asociación de Escritores Venezolanos’ Magazines. 
* He had the direction of a committee of the Athenaeum (an organisation that does works about writings) of Caracas in 1940. 
* He had the direction of the magazine Shell from 1952 to 1954.

Julián Padrón died in Caracas on August 2, 1954.

## Writings 
Julián Padrón did this group of writings:

;Novels (books of long stories)
* La Guaricha (1934)
* Madrugada (1939)
* Clamor Campesino (1945)
* Primavera Nocturna (1950)
* Este Mundo Desolado (1954)
;Short Stories
* Candelas de verano (1937)
;Dramatical Comedy
* Fogata (1938)
;Short Comic Play
* Parásitas Negras (1939) 

In 1940 Padrón and Arturo Uslar Pietri did **Antología del Cuento Moderno Venezolano**. It was a book that was an anthology (a group of writings) by people from Venezuela. In 1945 Padrón did other book in the anthology **Cuentistas Modernos**. 

## Source 
This book has a short biography (story) about Julián Padrón:
* Padrón, Julián (1984): La Guaricha. Ediciones Amon C.A., Caracas. (Biblioteca de Temas y Autores Monaguenses; Colección Guácharo; Reediciones y Biografías).
Polycarbonate

**Polycarbonate** is a  (something which can be seen through) thermoplastic. This material is tough and stable. It can resist a high temperature of 138°C (280°F) and a low temperature of -40°C (-40°F). It is stain resistant and non-toxic. The weight of polycarbonate is one sixth of glass. 

Industries use polycarbonate for making different products, from bulletproof windows to CDs and DVDs. The main advantages of polycarbonate are high strength and light weight.

Industries use clear polycarbonate to make glasses. This is because it has very good transparency and durability. Lenses made from clear polycarbonate can be thinner than lenses made from regular glass.

Companies that make electronic equipment use polycarbonate to make the cover of mobile phones, laptops and other products. Although polycarbonate is not poisonous, the process of making polycarbonate uses toxic chemicals. (See Bisphenol A).

## Related pages
* DVD
* Compact disc
* Laptop
Thermoplastic

crate]]
A **thermoplastic** is a material, usually a plastic polymer, which becomes more soft when heated and hard when cooled. Thermoplastic materials can be cooled and heated several times without any change in their chemical or mechanical properties. When thermoplastics are heated to their melting point, they melt to a liquid. They freeze to a glassy state when cooled below their glass transition temperature. 

Thermoplastic materials have many features. Some products made from thermoplastic materials are used for electronic applications. They protect against electrostatic discharge and radio frequency interference. Thermoplastics are one of the main two types of plastics. 

Thermoplastic can be moulded into any shape. Thermoplastics differ from thermosetting polymers. Thermosets form irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process, and won't melt. 

## Types of thermoplastics 
**PET (polyethylene terephthalate)** :- Light, rigid or semi-rigid, naturally transparent or colorless, PET is an excellent moisture and gas barrier and is resistant to impacts. It is one of the most easily recyclable plastics and is used to produce bottles, bags and synthetic fibers for clothing.

**HDPE (high-density polyethylene)** :- HDPE is translucent, strong and easy to process, resistant to impacts and non-toxic. It is used to make bottles, tanks, bins and containers for transport. 

**LDPE (low-density polyethylene) :-**  LDPE can be translucent or transparent. Suitable for contact with food, it is the lightest and most heat-sensitive plastic. It is used for packaging, bags, sacks, cable coatings, containers, pipes and toys. 

**PVC (polyvinyl chloride) :-** PVC is a very versatile plastic, resistant to wear and tear, chemical and atmospheric agents and fire. It is used in the paper industry and for packaging, food containers, credit cards, furnishings, clothing and toys.

**PP (polypropylene) :-** Transparent, light and strong, this material can be used as both a plastic and a fiber. Easily colored, it does not absorb water. It is used to make textile fibers, couplings, containers for transport, furniture, carpets, ropes and food containers.

**PS (polystyrene or styrofoam)** :- One of the most important thermoplastic materials, it is transparent, hard and inflammable, very bright and inert against many corrosive agents. It can be given shiny or opaque colors. Polystyrene is commonly used to replace glass, aluminum and wood because it is cheaper. It can also be used in packaging materials (including for foods), containers, boxes, lamps, disposable objects, cups and toys.

## References
## Related pages 
* Plastic
Ibanez

**Ibanez** is a company that makes guitars. The company is from Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. The company was started by Hoshino Gakki.  The company is very big and sells many guitars to musicians.

## Other websites 
*Ibanez guitars and bass museum  - Ibanez instruments database, resources, user reviews, pictures
*History of Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd. 
*Ibanez Register - Gallery of past and present Ibanez guitars and basses.
Landslide

A **landslide** includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows.

The biggest reason for a landslide is that there is a slope and material goes down the slope because of gravity.

But other things also contribute to landslides: 
* erosion by rivers, glaciers, or ocean waves makes slopes too steep
* rock and soil slopes made weak through saturation by snowmelt or heavy rains 
* earthquakes that make weak slopes fail or crack the rocks that will eventually fall down
* volcanic eruptions produce loose ash deposits, heavy rain, and debris flows
* vibrations from machinery, traffic, blasting and even thunder may trigger failure of weak slopes
* weight from much rain or snow, stockpiling of rock or ore, from waste piles, or from buildings may stress weak slopes to failure and other structures 
* groundwater pressure making the slope unstable
* in shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted plants that bind the colluvium to bedrock

An underlying reason is the nature of the material. For example, a thixotropic material such as mud or sand and water, can change from a gel to a sol by adding water or pressure, or shaking. It goes from being stable one minute to fluid the next minute. The greatest disasters, like lahars or mudslides, happen suddenly. It is possible for much of a volcano to just slide down suddenly, as with Toba, Krakatoa and Mount St Helens.

## Other websites
* United States Geological Survey site
* British Columbia government landslide information 
* Slide! , a program on B.C.'s Knowledge Network, with video clips
* Geoscience Australia Fact Sheet
2040s

The **2040s** will begin on January 1, 2040 and end on December 31, 2049. It is distinct from the decade known as the *205th decade* will begin on January 1, 2041 to December 31, 2050. 

## The decade as a whole 
This decade will be called "the twenty-forties" or "the two thousand (and) forties". The Roman number will be MMXL.

Generation Beta will become adults starting in 2043.

The first baby boomers will be 100 years old in 2046.
Natural disaster

]]

A **natural disaster** is a major event caused by the natural processes of the Earth. Examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and other geologic processes. A natural disaster causes loss of life or property damage, and leaves some economic damage afterwards costing millions. 

Human activities may be the cause of some natural disasters, such as climate change , deforestation and landslides.

The damage disasters do to humans and their property counts most. There is a saying: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". 

If a strong earthquake happens in uninhabited areas, it is usually not seen as a disaster. An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area, such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquake, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, which can take years to repair.

## Volcanoes 
A **volcanic eruption** occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some and volcanic ash and kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.gdacs.org
* http://www.swemorph.com/pdf/multi.pdf
* http://www.undp.org/bcpr/
Pete Doherty

**Peter Doherty** (born 12 March 1979) is an English musician. He was born in Hexham, Northumberland. He is in the popular rock band The Libertines. He is also in a band called Babyshambles.

He receives a lot of media coverage for his drug and legal problems and the relationship he had with fashion supermodel Kate Moss. Doherty has been convicted of many crimes.  Some of the crimes are drug offences, car theft, and driving with a suspended licence.  He has served prison sentences for drug possession and burglary.

## References
Americium

**Americium** is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol **Am** and the atomic number 95. In chemistry, it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Americium is a transuranic element (Transuranic means after uranium as all the elements used after uranium are man-made). Americium does not exist in nature and has to be made by people. It has a silver color. Americium is made by bombarding a plutonium  with neutrons.

It was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for the Americas, like europium was named for Europe.

The longest half life of any type of americium is 7370 years.
 battery ]]

## How it's made 
Americium is a synthetic element. It must be made by people and is not found in nature. Most americium is made as a byproduct of nuclear reactors, and can be separated out during nuclear reprocessing.

The two most stable isotopes of americium are {{chem2|^{241}Am}} and {{chem2|^{243}Am}}. They are made by beta decay of the same-weight plutonium isotopes, {{chem2|^{241}Pu}} and {{chem2|^{243}Pu}}, which are made from neutron capture in thermal reactors.

Most americium is {{chem2|^{241}Am}}. {{chem2|^{241}Pu}} has a 14 year half-life and large fission cross section, so decaying to americium is rare in active reactors. Most {{chem2|^{241}Am}} is found in spent nuclear fuel, where plutonium is more likely to decay than go through fission. {{chem2|^{241}Am}} is also a byproduct of nuclear weapons production, which needs to separate {{chem2|^{241}Pu}} from {{chem2|^{239}Pu}} to produce weapons-grade plutonium.

## Uses 
Americium is used in ionization-type smoke detectors. The level of radioactivity is not enough to cause cancer, and it cannot get through the smoke detector's plastic case, so it is safe to live in a place where smoke detectors with americium are used. This type of smoke detector is becoming obsolete, and is being replaced by optical smoke detectors, which have fewer false alarms and don't contain radioactive material.

## References
Astronomical clock

An **astronomical clock** is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information. It shows the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets. Some examples are large public clocks, but others are instruments for use inside buildings. Astronomical watches are made by several manufacturers. They are also extremely accurate.

The clocks made in the Middle Ages used the geocentric method, showing the Earth at the centre. The Sun rotates round the Earth:  this accords with daily experience and with the world view of pre-Copernican Europe.

The idea of an astronomical clock is ancient. Although not a clock in the traditional sense, the 2nd century BCE Antikythera mechanism of ancient Greece was used to calculate the positions of the sun, moon, and stars at any given point by use of complex mechanical gears. European astronomical clocks are probably descended from the technology of the Antikythera mechanism. As Cicero later wrote in the 1st century BCE, Archimedes and Posidonius's orrery achieved virtually the same thing.

## References
Theobroma

**Theobroma** is a genus. There are about 20 species in it. They are small trees, native to the forests of Central and South America. The name translates to *food of the gods*.

Their family is given as Sterculiaceae or sometimes as Malvaceae.

Some of these trees have edible seeds.  Best known are perhaps the Cacao tree, the source of cocoa and chocolate. Other well-known trees are Cupuaçu, and Mocambo. 

*Theobroma* species are used as food plants by the larvae of some moths of the genus *Endoclita* including *E. chalybeatus*, *E. damor*, *E. hosei* and *E. sericeus*. The larva of another moth, *Hypercompe muzina*, feeds exclusively on *Theobroma cacao*.

## References
Trash

**Trash** could mean:

* Waste, unwanted or undesired material left over after the completion of a process
* A dustbin where such material is stored
* An offensive word, primarily told to someone when they are not doing a good job
* Bagasse, the leftover waste of sugarcane after extraction of the juice
* A slur describing a negative attitude toward a person or group of people, as in white trash
* Trash (computing), in computing, a user interface metaphor that serves as a holding place for files to be deleted, used in KDE, Mac OS X and others

;In entertainment
* *Trash* (computer game), a computer game developed by Inhuman Games
* *Trash* (movie) or ''Andy Warhol's Trash*, a 1970 movie by Paul Morrisey
* Trash (poet), a UK poet, famous for cutting-edge performance and comedy poetry, also thought to be the first poet to write techno and orchestral poetry
* *Trash* (Manga), a comedy/drama manga by Sanami Matoh
* "Trash" (*Firefly*), the 11th episode of the TV series *Firefly''

;In music
* White Trash (band) or Trash, a music group who recorded on The Beatles' Apple Records label
* Trash (band), a German punk band
* A song from the album *Issues*, by nu-metal act KoRn
* *Trash* (The Stalin), a 1981 The Stalin album
* *Trash* (album), a 1989 Alice Cooper album
* "Trash" (Suede song), a single by Suede from the album *Coming Up*

**TRASH** refers to:
* Testing Recall About Strange Happenings, a quizbowl format devoted to pop culture and sports questions
Cookie

A **cookie** is a sweet dessert made from flour.  Cookies are made in an oven. They are also called  in many English-speaking countries. In the United States and Canada, many varieties of biscuit are called cookies as well.

## Description
]]
Most cookies are flat and round like a disc.  Cookies often have flavors added to them, like spices, chocolate, butter, peanut butter, nuts or dried fruits. Most cookies are very sweet. Today, many people think of cookies with warmth and love. Cookies may be used like chocolate and candy as a reward when children do good deeds.

Even though it is close to cakes and other sweetened breads, cookies usually do not use water for cohesion. Water in cakes makes the base (in the case of cakes called "batter") as thin as possible, which allows the bubbles to form better. Cookies do not have bubbles, so they do not need this. In cookies, some form of oil or fat is used for cohesion. Oils, like butter, egg yolks, vegetable oils or lard are much more viscous than water and evaporate freely at a much higher temperature than water. So a cake made with butter or eggs instead of water is more  when cooked.

## History
Cookies were made in Ancient Greece around 1200 BC. Hard wafers have been made for as long as baking . They were very popular because they last a long time and are not , but they were normally not sweet enough to be called cookies today.

Cookies were made at first in 7th century AD Persia, just after the use of sugar became common there. They spread to Europe through the Muslim conquest of Spain. By the 14th century, they were common in all parts of Europe, and could be found anywhere from royal cuisine to street vendors.

People started to travel around the world at that time, and cookies made a good travel snack; a sweeter version of the travel cakes used throughout history. One of the most popular early cookies, which traveled very well and became known on every continent, was the jumble, a hard cookie made mostly from nuts, sweetener, and water.

## Types
Common types of cookies:

*Vanilla cookie
*Chocolate cookie, often called chocolate chip cookie
*Nut cookie, especially peanuts and walnuts 
*Oatmeal cookie
*Ginger cookie
*Fig cookie
*Sugar cookie
*Snickerdoodle cookie

## Related pages
*Gingerbread Man
*Cake
*Pastry
*Cracker
*Biscuit

## References
Vulnerability

**Vulnerability** means the extent to which changes can hurt or harm a person or a system.

In context with natural hazards and natural disasters, *vulnerability* is a concept that looks at the relationship that people have with their environment and at social aspects.

So it links environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. “The concept of vulnerability expresses the multidimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster” (Bankoff et al. 2004: 11).

Complex definition: **Vulnerability** is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack. It also means to have one's guard down, open to censure or criticism; assailable. Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb, as to persuasion or temptation (see Thywissen 2006 for a comparison of vulnerability definitions).

## Related pages
*Vulnerability index

## Other websites 
*Modelling Society’s Capacity to Manage Extraordinary Events *From the Swedish Morphological Society
*United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security
*MunichRe Foundation
Harm

**Harm** is physical or psychological or emotional damage or injury to a person, animal or other legal entity. 

It is generally believed that humans, in addition to other sentient animal species, possess an aversion to causing harm to others.

Many religions consider any harm to another person a sin.
Kingda Ka

**Kingda Ka** is a defunct steel roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, USA. It was built by Stakotra, a subcontractor to Intamin. Built in 2005 to be the worlds tallest and fastest roller coaster Kingda Ka is one of only two strata coasters in the world. Kingda Ka held the record for the worlds fastest roller coaster until the completion of Formula Rossa at Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Kingda Ka goes up  and can go . It first opened on May 21, 2005. To get up 456 feet, the train is launched by a machine to 128 miles per hour in 3 seconds. The train goes up the tower, and back down. At the bottom the train goes over a hill while it is slowing down. Soon it is going slow enough to be able to arrive safely back where it started. The ride lasts 28 seconds from the time it is launched. On November 11th, 2024, park operators abruptly announced that Kingda Ka would be retired.

## History 
In the past, Kingda Ka has been struck by lightning and shut down for almost a whole year. The launch cable snapped once and the ride was shut down for a while. Something happened to the braking fins so they shut down the ride. It also can get shut down by weather. The train is made so that if it rolls back it gets placed back to be launched. This happens when the hydraulic launch system does not get enough power to get over the hill or the brakes on the top of the hill stop you too much. In November 2024, Six Flags Great Adventure announced that Kingda Ka would be removed to make way for a brand new, multi record breaking roller coaster, coming to the park in 2026. 

### Story 
Kingda Ka is named for a 500-pound mythical tiger. A tiger in the safari was named after the roller coaster. It is surrounded by bamboo to make it look more real. It also plays music.

### Features 
The ride has 4 trains with 5 cars. They are 9 rows in each car that can hold 18 people and there are 2 people in each row. Each seat has shoulder harnesses and buckles that keep the shoulder harness down to make sure passengers are safe. At the top, passengers are weightless for a second, and after riders enjoy a beautiful view, it is followed by a drop.

### Restrictions 
Passengers must be 4´7 to ride Kingda Ka.

## Problems
The train may sometimes experience a rollback after it is launched. A rollback happens when the train doesn't make it to the top of the hill and rolls back down the track. The launch track has magnetic brakes so that the train doesn't go back to the station.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* 
* Kingda Ka
*
Waste heat

**Waste heat** is the by-product heat of machines and technical  for which no useful application is found. 

A fraction of input energy is always converted to heat by friction between machine parts and other processes such as liquid friction (see: viscosity). 

Mechanical drives can be designed to run smoothly, with little loss of energy to heat. Machines for conversion of energy contained in fuels to mechanical work or electric energy produce large amounts of waste heat (see: Second law of thermodynamics). 

This waste heat can be re-used if a cogeneration system is used. It is hard to use waste heat because it is difficult to transport the heat to another place, and it is difficult to store the heat for use at another time.
In electrification of waste heat, organic matter can be used as a working medium to produce electricity on much lower temperatures compared to the water steam cycle.
Rickshaw

]]
, India]]
's ex-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad]] 
A **riksha** or **rickshaw** is a kind of vehicle that has two wheels. They are usually pulled by a human but there are types that have been changed to be pulled by a bicycle or have their own motor, Rickshaws are popular vehicles in Bangal Pradesh  (Bangladesh) and Japan.

## Other websites
*Rickshaw! A blog collecting the inscriptions on the back of rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws
*Rickshaw : dekh magar pyar se  A blog entry glancing past, present and future of rickshaw
Plagiarism

**Plagiarism** is the act of copying another person's ideas, words or writing and pretending that they are one's own work. It can involve violating copyright laws. College students who are caught plagiarizing can be led from school. It can ly damage a student's reputation. Writers who plagiarize commit serious legal and ethical violations.
* Self-Plagiarism – Happens when a student submits all or part of their own previous work without getting permission from all involved professors.

## Legal issues 
Many cases of plagiarism, especially in schools, can lead to internal punishment.
* *Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp. (1930)* Writers are as responsible for intentional plagiarism as they are for accidental plagiarism. This is all part of doing good work.

## Related pages 
* Copyright
* Copyright infringement
* Academic dishonesty
* Fair use
* Wikipedia:Citing sources (Wikipedia guideline)
* Ghostwriter
* Pastiche

## References
## Other websites 
* Avoiding Plagiarism: Writing With Integrity; YouTube
* What is plagiarism and how to avoid it: YouTube
* Avoiding plagiarism: Purdue University
Water content

**Water content** means the amount of water present in a  substance, such as soil. This term is used in hydrogeology, soil science and soil mechanics. In saturated groundwater aquifers, all available spaces are filled with water. Above a capillary fringe, pore spaces have air in them too.

Gaps between soil particles are called *pore spaces* or *voids*. These voids contain various amounts of either water or air. Soil moisture content can be expressed in different basis:
*Gravimetric: the mass of water/mass of solid material
*Volumetric: the volume of soil/total porosity

The amount of void space within a soil depends on the distribution of particle sizes, and is quantified by soil porosity.

Soil moisture is the water stored in soil from after rain or melted snow soak into the ground.  This water can be used by plants in a process called evapotranspiration or it can continue to move deeper into the ground to become part of the groundwater in a process called groundwater recharge.

## Related pages
* Humidity
Milo Ventimiglia

**Milo Anthony Ventimiglia** (born July 8, 1977) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the hero, Peter Petrelli, on the television series, *Heroes*. He played Jess Mariano on the television series Gilmore Girls.  He was born in Anaheim, California.
Saturation

**Saturation** or **saturated** generally means "thoroughly full", while **unsaturated** means less than full. These words can be related to:

* Dew point, which is a temperature that occurs when atmospheric humidity reaches 100% and the air can hold no more moisture
* Market saturation, in economics, a situation in which a product has become diffused (distributed) within a market
* Saturated model, a concept in mathematical logic
* *Saturation* (album), an album by the alternative rock band Urge Overkill
* Saturation, in mutation studies, the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible (usually undefined).
* Saturation
* Saturation (color), the intensity of a specific hue
* Saturation, the state when the material cannot absorb a stronger magnetic field
* Oxygen saturation, a clinical measure of the amount of oxygen in a patient's blood
* Saturation, a number of meanings
* Saturation arithmetic, in arithmetic, a version of arithmetic in which all operations are limited to fixed range
* In the earth sciences, saturation generally refers to the water content in the soil, where the *unsaturated zone* is above the water table and the *saturated zone* is below.
* A **saturated liquid** or **saturated vapor** contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling or condensing.
* A **saturated transistor** is a BJT transistor that is fully turned on.
Black metal

is a common image in black metal.]]
**Black metal** is an extreme style of Heavy metal music that started in the early 1980s. Unlike other metal subgenres, black metal vocalists shriek instead of growling. Many black metal bands promote satanism in their lyrics and outlook. Some bands promote Paganism instead of satanism. Black metal musicians often wear corpse paint for performances.

Black metal is split into two waves. The first wave began in the early 1980s with bands like Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost and Mercyful Fate. Venom's first albums, Welcome to Hell and Black Metal are usually said to be the first black metal records. The second wave is the most popular wave of black metal and it started in the early 1990s. It started from Norway and has bands like Darkthrone, Enslaved, Burzum, Satyricon, Mayhem, Gorgoroth, Immortal, and Emperor.

Black metal is also very controversial, especially in Norway. During the early 1990s, certain black metal musicians burned old churches in Norway. One of the people who was found guilty for burning churches, Varg Vikernes, was also found guilty for murdering Øystein Aarseth, a fellow black metal musician.

## Subgenres 
* **Ambient black metal** (also **atmospheric black metal**) uses synthesizers to create a dark atmosphere.
* **Symphonic black metal** uses orchestras.
* **Viking metal** talks about Norse mythology instead of satanism and the occult. Bands in this subgenre often use some folk instruments as well. Bathory is usually given credit for creating the subgenre with their album, Blood Fire Death.
* **National Socialist black metal** (also known as **Nazi black metal** or **NSBM**) has Nazi themes. Nazi black metal artists are a small minority.
* Deppresive Suicidal black metal (also known as **DSBM**) talks a lot about depression, suicide, self-harm, misanthropy, and death. DSBM is often made by one-man bands.

## References
Des O'Connor

'''Desmond "Des" Bernard O'Connor''' (12 January 1932 - 14 November 2020) was an English television presenter and singer. He was born in Stepney, London. O'Connor presented the long running game show Countdown on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, from January 2007 to December 2008.

O'Connor died on 14 November 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Darkness

and indistinguishable in the dark]]
**Darkness** is when there is absence of  light. In practice, out in the open air, there is always almost some light, however slight. The darkness of the night sky is estimated by a nine-point scale known as the Bortle scale.

Darkness is made by blocking light from the sun or some other source of light, which makes shadow. At night the Earth blocks the sun, and casts a shadow over one entire side of the world. There is heat radiation even in the dark. 

In mythology, darkness is often connected with evil. Many people are uncomfortable or afraid when in the dark, especially children.

In religion, darkness is considered as beginning of the world, before the light appeared.

## Darkness in art 
Many artists used and still use darkness to fill the void spaces on the canvas. Also it used for chiaroscuro. To create darkness, all colored paints are mixed. Every color absorbs light frequencies.
Phoenix Suns

The **Phoenix Suns** are an American professional basketball team that plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference. The Suns play at Footprint Center, originally known as America West Arena and later as US Airways Center, Talking Stick Resort Arena, briefly as PHX Arena, and Phoenix Suns Arena in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona.

## References
## Other websites
*Official *Phoenix Suns* website
*BasketballBoards.net - Phoenix Suns Forum
*Phoenix Suns at Yahoo! Sports
Tony Romo

**Antonio "Tony" Ramiro Romo** (born April 22, 1980 in San Diego, California) is an American football former professional quarterback. He played parts of thirteen seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played his whole career with the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Eastern Illinois. He is viewed by many as the top quarterback in the NFL.

 #19 Miles Austin]] 

Romo was signed by the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2003. He has had success with Dallas, and is well known by the media. As of 2025, he has the 11th highest passer rating in NFL history. Romo finished his career with 34,183 passing yards, 248 touchdowns and 117 interceptions.

On April 4, 2017, Romo announced that he was retiring from playing professional football and was released by the Cowboys. After retiring, Romo became a broadcaster and the lead commentator for NFL on CBS. He also became an entrepreneur. 

## References
Debris

**Debris** in a general sense means man-made garbage. Debris is the scattered remains of something that is discarded or destroyed. There are many types of debris, depending on the context. When natural disasters happen, debris is the remains of destroyed buildings and land. In the context of geology, debris is the remains of geological activity such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, avalanches, and so on.

The average American produces garbage, also called trash, at the rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600,000 tons per day, or about 220 million tons per year. This is almost twice the rate of trash generation per person as most other major countries. Trash levels can be reduced primarily by recycling, re-use, and reduced consumption.

## Other websites 
Miller, 1989, Potential Hazards from Future Volcanic Eruptions in California : USGS Bulletin 1847
Walter Payton

**Walter Payton** (July 25, 1954 – November 1, 1999) was an American football player. He was born in Columbia, Mississippi. Payton played for the Chicago Bears from 1975 to 1987. The Bears won Super Bowl XX in 1985. Payton was made a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993. He died of cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) in 1999.

## Other websites 
*Payton34.com  - Walter and Connie Payton Foundation
*Walter Payton's Roundhouse.com 
*Walter Payton Cancer Fund.org - official site
English Interregnum

The **English Interregnum** was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. It began with the execution of Charles I in 1649 and ended when Charles II became king in 1660. Oliver Cromwell had died in 1658.

This era in English history can be divided into four periods:
# The first period of the Commonwealth of England from 1649 to 1653
# The Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell from 1653 to 1658
# The Protectorate under Richard Cromwell from 1658 to 1659
# The second period of the Commonwealth of England from 1659 to 1660
Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan, and during the Interregnum, he imposed a very strict form of Christianity upon the country.  Although a main cause of the English Civil War had been oppression under Charles I, England during the Interregnum became oppressive in its own way.  Cromwell granted religious freedom that had  otherwise been unknown in England, but other forms of expression were suddenly limited.  (For instance, theatre, which had thrived under the Stuart kings and Elizabeth I, was banned.)  Cromwell also made sure that his own personal vision of Christianity was enforced upon the masses.  Many of Cromwell's actions were called "harsh, unwise, and tyrannical" by some commentators.  

After Cromwell's death, his son Richard Cromwell quit his position as Lord Protector with little hesitation.  He resigned, or "abdicated", after a demand by the Rump Parliament.  That began a short period of restoration of the Commonwealth of England.

The English Restoration soon happened, when Charles II came to power.

## Related pages
*Richard Cromwell
*Oliver Cromwell
*Commonwealth of England
*The Protectorate
Interregnum

An **interregnum** is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, Papal States, and Vatican City, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic. It can also refer any gap in the continuity of a government, organization, or social order. The period of interregnum may be peaceful, or it may collapse into chaos and anarchy.

In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an *interregnum* is usually avoided due to a rule described as "the king is dead, long live the King". This rule says that the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication. This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty. This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event.

## Pope's *interregnum* (or *sede vacante*) 
An *interregnum* occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope. This is generally called *sede vacante* (vacant seat).  The interregnum ends immediately upon election of the new Pope by the College of Cardinals.

## Related pages
* English Interregnum
* Sede vacante
Carmelo Anthony

**Carmelo Kyam Anthony** (born May 29, 1984 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American former professional basketball small forward. He played a total of nineteen seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Denver Nuggets, New York Knicks, Oklahoma City Thunder, Houston Rockets, Portland Trail Blazers, and Los Angeles Lakers.

Anthony also represented the United States at the Olympic Games. He won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic Games.

On May 22, 2023, Anthony announced his retirement from playing professional basketball. He is currently a studio analyst for NBA on NBC.

## References
## Other websites
* Carmelo Anthony's Official website
Harthacanute

**Harthacanute** (Canute the Hardy, sometimes *Hardicanute, Hardecanute*; Danish: *Hardeknud*) (1018 – 8 June 1042) was King of Denmark from 1035 to 1042 and England from 1040 to 1042. He was the only son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy.

He followed his father as King of Denmark in 1035, becoming **Canute III**. Fighting with Magnus I of Norway stopped him from sailing to England to take up his throne. His older, illegitimate half-brother, Harold Harefoot, became regent of England.

Harold took the English crown for himself in 1037. After Harthacanute had settled the situation in Scandinavia he prepared an invasion of England to take over his kingdom. Harold died, and Harthacanute was able to take back his throne peacefully.

Harthacanute was a  and unpopular ruler. To pay for his ships, he greatly increased the rate of taxation. In 1041, the people of Worcester killed two of Harthacanute's men who had been collecting the tax. Harthacanute burned the city. The story of Lady Godiva riding naked through the streets of Coventry to persuade the local earl to lower taxes, may come from the reign of Harthacanute. The *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* says of him: "He never accomplished anything kingly for as long as he ruled".

In 1041, Harthacanute asked his half-brother Edward the Confessor (his mother Emma's son by Ethelred the Unready) back from exile in Normandy to become a member of his household, and probably made Edward his heir. Harthacanute was unmarried and had no children. On 8 June 1042, he died at Lambeth— he "died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth". He was buried at Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire. Edward became the new king.

## References
Harold Harefoot

**Harold Harefoot**, or **Harold I** (*c*. 1015 – 17 March 1040), was King of England from 1035 to 1040. He was son of Canute the Great, King of England, Denmark, Norway, and some of Sweden, by his wife, Aelgifu of Northampton. There was scepticism about his being Canute's son.

Upon Canute's death on 12 November 1035, Harold's younger half-brother Harthacanute, the son of Canute and his queen, Emma of Normandy, was the legitimate heir to the thrones of both Denmark and England. He was unable to travel to his coronation because Denmark was threatend from an invasion by King Magnus I of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden. Therefore, he was installed temporarily as regent though Godwin, the Earl of Wessex and the Queen was against the idea.

Harold died at Oxford on 17 March 1040, just as Harthacanute was preparing a Danish invasion force. He was buried at the abbey of Westminster.

## References
## Other websites 
* Harold Harefoot At Find A Grave