open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Compsognathus

shows the gastric content of the German specimen]]
 – Thanksgiving Point, Lehi, Utah Model sculpted by Bruce J. Mohn]]

***Compsognathus*** was a small carnivorous theropod dinosaur, from the end of the Jurassic period, around 144 million years ago. It was about a metre long, and ran on two legs, using its long tail to keep its balance.

*Compsognathus* is known from two nearly complete specimens, one from Germany (89&nbsp;cm 35&nbsp;in long), and another from France (125&nbsp;cm 49&nbsp;in long). The German specimen was found in the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, over 150 years ago.

The larger French specimen (MNHN CNJ 79) was discovered in 1972 in the Portland limestone, near Nice in southeastern France. Although originally described as a separate species called *Compsognathus corallestris*, others have since renamed it as another example of *Compsognathus longipes*.

It is one of the few dinosaurs whose diet is known with certainty: the remains of small, agile lizards are preserved in the bellies of both specimens. Also it was once the smallest dino on earth but now that belongs to the *Micropachycephalosaurus*

## Historical importance 
Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of it nearly 150 years ago. He compared the first fossil bird, *Archaeopteryx*, with *Compsognathus*. These two fossils were found in the same rocks: Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic, about 144 million years ago. Huxley showed that the two were almost identical, except for the front limbs and feathers of *Archaeopteryx*. He showed the basic affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united them under the title of *Sauropsida*. Huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.

### Diet
The remains of a lizard in the German specimen's thoracic cavity show that *Compsognathus* preyed on small vertebrates. Marsh, who examined the specimen in 1881, thought that this small skeleton inside *Compsognathus* belly was an embryo, but in 1903, Franz Nopcsa concluded that it was a lizard. Ostrom identified the remains as belonging to a lizard of the genus *Bavarisaurus*, which he concluded was a fast and agile runner owing to its long tail and limb proportions. This in turn led to the conclusion that its predators, *Compsognathus*, must have had sharp vision and the ability to rapidly accelerate and outrun the lizard. The *Bavarisaurus* is in a single piece, indicating that the *Compsognathus* must have swallowed its prey whole. The French specimen's gastric contents consist of unidentified lizards or sphenodontids.

## Size 
*Compsognathus* was once thought to be the smallest dinosaur. However, if we assume the smaller specimen was a juvenile, then there are other slightly smaller species. The smallest dinosaur is probably *Anchiornis*; other candidates are: *Micropachycephalosaurus*; *Caenagnathasia*; *Microraptor*; and *Parvicursor*.

## References
Protoceratops

**Protoceratops** was a ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia. It was shown in a fossil being attacked by a *Velociraptor*.
Anchisaurus

**Anchisaurus** was a small sauropod dinosaur from the early Jurassic. It was shown in the movie *When Dinosaurs Roamed America* getting attacked by a pack of *Megapnosaurus* and eaten by a *Dilophosaurus*.
Segisaurus

***Segisaurus*** was a small dinosaur of the early Jurassic period. It was a relative of *Coelophysis*, and ate mainly meat. Although it was small, it still had to watch out for predators like *Dilophosaurus* and *Sinosaurus*.

## Popular media 
Segisaurus has not appeared in a lot of media, because it is a rare dinosaur and cannot be added to TV shows or movies. It has been inactive in novels such as The Lost World. It also made an inactive appearance in the movie Jurassic Park.
Zuniceratops

**Zuniceratops** was a ceratopsian dinosaur. It grew up to 13 feet (or 4 meter long. His dinosaur family came from Asia.
His scientific name is *Zuniceratops christopheril*, had 2 tons.
Psittacosaurus

***Psittacosaurus*** was a small ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous. It lived in what is now Asia, about 130 to 100 million years ago. It was more basal than other members of the Ceratopsia: it was bipedal, and had no horns or frill on its head. What made it a ceratopsian was its beak.

It is the most species-rich dinosaur genus, but there is no general agreement on these species. Nine to eleven species are named for fossils found in different regions of China, Mongolia and Russia, with a possible additional species from Thailand.

All species of *Psittacosaurus* were gazelle-sized bipedal herbivores with a high, powerful beak on the upper jaw. At least one species had long, quill-like structures on its tail and lower back, possibly with a display function. Psittacosaurs were early ceratopsians. They developed  adaptations of their own, but they also shared features with later ceratopsians, such as *Protoceratops* and the elephant-sized *Triceratops*.
Zalmoxes

**Zalmoxes** is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania. It was a relative of Iguanodon and, like all its order, it was a herbivore. 

Most of the skeleton is known with exception of the end of the tail, the hands and the feet.

## References
Oyster

]]

 on the side]]

**Oysters** are a family of bivalves with rough, thick shells, the Ostreidae. Some other types of shellfish are also called 'oyster'. Many species are edible, and are usually served raw. They are also good when cooked. 

In the past, they were an important food source, especially in France and Britain. They used to grow in huge oyster beds, but were "overfished" in the 19th century. Nowadays they are more expensive, so eaten less often.

Oysters are usually harvested before they are fully grown. Left to themselves, they do grow quite large. A recent example was an oyster which was 11 inches long (29cm) and 3.7 lbs in weight (1.7kg). The BBC report says "The family (firm) estimated it could be between '15 and 20 years old' due to its size. The world's largest oyster was 13.97 inches long (35.5cm) and  4.21 inches (10.7cm) in width. It was found in Denmark in December 2013, Guinness World Records said".

Oysters are picked up from their muddy beds by dredging. The oysters are "shucked" from their shells before sale. Shucking is done with a short knife inserted between the upper and lower shell. The adductor muscle, which holds it closed, is cut away, and that releases the oyster. The oyster is sold loose but within its shell. Shucking method:

*Insert the blade, with moderate force and vibration if necessary, at the hinge between the two valves.
*Twist the blade until there is a slight pop.
*Slide the blade upward to cut the adductor muscle which holds the shell closed.

The seawater the oysters were in does not stay in the oyster. Oysters (and shellfish generally) are purified while still alive before sale. That starts after they are harvested. The oysters are put into tanks pumped with clean water for 48 to 72 hours. That protects the consumer from any foul bacteria that the oyster might have picked up from the sea or river water.

Some of the unrelated 'oysters' are the pearl oyster, *Pinctada*, which is a clam, and a few mussels which look a bit like oysters when they are taken out of their shells.

## References
Oviraptor

***Oviraptor*** is a genus of dinosaur that is today Mongolia. *Oviraptor* was a relatively large-brained dinosaur which cared for its eggs. In 1924, an *Oviraptor* fossil was found on top of some eggs, and some thought that it had been eating the eggs. Others thought that the fossilized *Oviraptor* was probably a parent of the eggs in the nest, and not an egg thief.

*Oviraptor* lived in the Upper Cretaceous period, about 75 million years ago. Only one definite specimen is known (with associated eggs), from Mongolia, though a possible second specimen (also with eggs) comes from the northeast region of Inner Mongolia, China.

*Oviraptor* is usually drawn with a distinctive crest, similar to that of the cassowary. However, re-examination of  several oviraptorids show that this well-known, tall-crested species may actually belong to a relative of *Oviraptor*, the genus *Citipati*. It is likely that *Oviraptor* did have a crest, but its exact size and shape are unknown due to crushing in the skull of the only recognized specimen.

Judging by its relatives, *Oviraptor* probably had feathers. It had a toothless beak, but its feeding habits are unknown. The only *Oviraptor* fossil preserved the remains of a lizard in the region of its stomach cavity, implying that the species was at least partially carnivorous.

## Relatives 
In 1976, Barsbold put six more brooding (nest sitting) specimens into the genus *Oviraptor*, but these were later reclassified in the new genus *Conchoraptor*. Another specimen, IGN 100/42, is perhaps the most famous, owing to its well-preserved complete skull and large size. This specimen was referred to the genus *Oviraptor* by Barsbold in 1981, and was presented as *Oviraptor* in popular magazines and scientific studies. However, this specimen, with its distinctive tall, cassowary-like crest, was re-examined by the scientists who described the nesting oviraptorids, and found to resemble them more closely than the original specimens of *Oviraptor*. For this reason, they removed IGN 100/42 from the genus *Oviraptor*, suggesting it was a species of *Citipati*.

## References
Sony Ericsson

**Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB** is a mobile phone manufacturer.  The company is a joint venture that was established in 2001 by Japanese consumer electronics company Sony and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson.  The two companies no longer make mobile phones independently.

## Other websites 
* Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications
Mimas (moon)

clearly seen. Image made of six images taken by Cassini on February 13, 2010, when Cassini was 9,500 km away.]]
**Mimas** (from the Greek *Μίμᾱς*) is one of Saturn's largest moons. It is also called **Saturn I**. Mimas is best known for its large crater, Herschel. In the centre of the crater is a very high mountain. Mimas was discovered by the English astronomer William Herschel on September 17, 1789. It resembles the Death Star from *Star Wars*. The moon is believed to have created the Cassini Division. This is a 4,800 km gap between Saturn's A and B rings.

## Discovery and naming
Mimas was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel. He discovered it on September 17. Herschel discovered it along with another Saturnian moon, Enceladus
Mimas was named after one of the Titans in mythology. Mimas was the giant.

## Surface
Mimas is full with craters like our Moon. But unlike the craters on the Moon, Mimas has icy craters like going through an icy object.
Mimas has craters, but the most famous is the Herschel crater. It is 130 km (80 mi) in diameter. The diameter of Herschel is about 1/3 of Mimas. If a comet or asteroid that hit Mimas were to hit Earth, the crater would be seen from space with all the Earth shown in view.
Mimas would evaporate away if it was too close to the Sun.

## Exploration
Mimas has been visited by 4 or 5 spacecrafts.

*Pioneer 11
*Voyager 1
*Voyager 2
*Cassini

## References
Frankfurt U-Bahn

The **Frankfurt U-Bahn** is an underground railway network in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. It is run by the *Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt*, short VGF. It has 9 lines and a network of 65 kilometers (40 miles) and has exactly 86 stations, apart 27 underground and 59 above ground. Two lines, the U2 and the U3 crosses the city border in Oberursel and Bad Homburg.

## Lines
Geraldton, Western Australia

**Geraldton** is a city and port in Western Australia 424 km north of Perth. 29,996 people live there, which makes it the fifth-largest city in Western Australia.

Today the city is an important for mining, fishing, wheat, sheep and tourism.

It hosts the Geraldton Gold Cup, a horse race.

## References
Velociraptor

of *Velociraptor*: its brain was tucked away at the back of the skull.]]

***Velociraptor***  was a predatory dromaeosaur of the Upper Cretaceous, about 75–71 million years ago.

It was a slender, lightly built carnivore. It was about two meters long (nearly seven feet) and 0.62 meters tall at the hip.

*Velociraptor* had one sickle-shaped claw on its foot which measured 6.5 centimeters along its length, and a smaller one on each hand. *Velociraptor* was warm blooded and had feathers.

Fossils from China suggest that the whole clade had similar traits.

Fossils of *Velociraptor* were first found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in 1922. In 1988, scientists from China found *Velociraptor* skeletons in northern China.

A famous *Velociraptor*, discovered in 1971, was found attacking a *Protoceratops* in a fossil from Mongolia.

## Feathers 
In September 2007 researchers found quill knobs on the forearm of a *Velociraptor* found in Mongolia. These bumps on bird wing bones show where feathers anchor, and their presence on *Velociraptor* indicate it also had feathers.

Turner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on *Velociraptor* as evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly, making *Velociraptor* and other large members of this family secondarily flightless. This idea has since been discarded; the unmodified forearms count against it. Therefore, the feathers in the ancestors of *Velociraptor* had another function. The feathers of the flightless *Velociraptor* may have been used for display, and/or for covering their nests while brooding.

The majority view is that dinosaur feathers were primarily adaptations for temperature regulation, and that other uses came later. *Velociraptor* was not able to fly.

## Species 
Specimens from two species have been found:
**V. mongoliensis* in Mongolia
**V. osmolskae* in Inner Mongolia, China

In both cases the ecology of the time was dry, with sand dunes and occasional streams.

## Related pages 
* Origin of birds

## References
William Harvey

**William Harvey** was an English medical doctor. He was born in Folkestone, Kent, England on 1 April 1578. He was the first to explain how blood was moved through the body by the heart. He died on 3 June 1657 in Roehampton.

A hospital in Ashford, Kent is named after Harvey. He went to The King's School, Canterbury, then Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He then went to University of Padua where he  in 1602.

When Harvey returned to England he married Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Elizabeth I's royal physician. He became a doctor at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London from 1609 until 1643.

## Circulatory system 
William Harvey is famous for his idea on blood being pumped around the body by the heart. He was the first to describe correctly and in detail the circulation and its properties. A few men knew about the lesser circulation of the blood through the lungs, but their work was lost. One 16th century work on theology, entitled *Cristianismi restitutio*, was written by Miguel Serveto. After he had been burnt at the stake for heresy (by Calvin), his book was destroyed. Three copies survived. A century and a half later, long after Harvey, someone noticed he had said something about the blood circulating. He wrote a book (*Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et sanguinis in Animalibus*) about it in 1628. He said that blood was pumped around the body in a closed system. Blood was pumped by the heart through the body before coming back to the heart to repeat the . This went against what was believed at the time to be true.

The Roman doctor, Galen believed that there were two systems in the body dealing with blood. It was thought at the time that the dark red blood in veins came from the liver and the bright red blood in arteries came from the heart. It was believed that the liver and heart made the blood and it was used up by the body parts it was pumped to.

Harvey's ideas came from dissecting human bodies. Harvey found that the liver would have to make 540 pounds of blood every hour for Galen to be right. This showed him that the blood was not being used up. It was being reused by the body. He said blood flowed through the heart in two . One loop went to the lungs and got oxygen. The other loop went to the organs and body tissue giving them the oxygen. He said the heart was just a pump that pumped blood around the body.

## "*Ex ovo omne vivum*" 
Harvey made another great discovery. He said (in Latin) "Every living thing comes from an egg". At that time it was not known that mammals came from eggs. It was not known until Karl Ernst von Baer discovered the eggs of mammals in 1827. The fusion of sperm with egg was first seen by Oskar Hertwig in 1876.

## References 
## Other websites 
* William Harvey info 
* William Harvey info from the (US) National Health Museum
Velocisaurus

***Velocisaurus*** was a theropod dinosaur related to *Ceratosaurus*. Its remains were found in Patagonia, in strata from the Cretaceous period.

This animal is known only from its leg and feet bones. *Velocisaurus* was probably around 1.2 meters long (4 ft). The foot is unique in that the middle (third) metatarsal (foot bone) was the main weight-bearing element. Its upper end has thickened and the shafts of the adjoining second and fourth metatarsals have thinned considerably. Such a condition is unknown for other theropods, including birds, but a similar set-up occurred in three-toed horses (like *Mesohippus*). José Bonaparte explained it as an adaptation for a cursorial (running) lifestyle. He suggested that *Velocisaurus* was itself an omnivore, because the sole claw found, of the fourth toe, was not curved, but relatively straight.

## References
Frankfurt Airport

**Frankfurt Airport** ( ). 

It is located in the country of Germany, in the State of Hessen, in the city of Frankfurt. 

It is one of the major international airports in terms of size and number of passengers passing through.

Specifically, it is the largest airport in Germany, third largest in Europe for passenger volume, second-largest in Europe concerning cargo.

In 2005, 52 million passengers flew from Frankfurt Airport and 1.89 million tonnes of cargo.

The airport has two train stations, the terminal for the commuter trains is under the terminal and the station for the long-distance trains is five minutes to walk.

Until 2005, the Rhein-Main Air Base was in the south of the civil airport.  Frankfurt airport recorded its all-time hottest temperature in July 2015 at 101.8&nbsp;°F (38.8&nbsp;°C).

## References
## Other websites
Rhea (moon)

probe]]
**Rhea** (; ) is Saturn's second largest moon.  It is made of ice and rock.

## Ring system 
Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles. These would be the first rings seen around a moon. The discovery was announced in the journal *Science* on March 6, 2008.

## Notes 
## References
Wannanosaurus

***Wannanosaurus*** is the smallest known ornithischian dinosaur. Its length is estimated at just less than a metre. It lived in the Upper Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago, and was found in Anhui, China. 

It is known from a single partial skeleton, including a partial skull roof and lower jaw, an upper leg and lower leg, part of a rib, and other fragments. It was herbivorous, but may also have eaten insects. *Wannosaurus* means Wanno lizard. It is one of several pachycephalosaurs with flat-topped skulls.

## References
Minmi

***Minmi*** is a genus of small ankylosaurian dinosaur that lived during the Lower Cretaceous of Australia, about 119 to 113 million years ago.

A recent cladistic analysis suggests that *Minmi* is the most basal known ankylosaur.
That does not mean it was the ancestor of the group; it is far too late for that. It means its body is not specialized, and is relatively unchanged from whatever was the ancestral group.

Two good specimens of *Minmi* have been described, including a mostly complete skeleton, and additional fragments may belong to this genus. The dinosaur grew to about 2&nbsp;m (6.5&nbsp;ft) long (Holtz), or 3&nbsp;m long and weighed about 300 kilograms (Paul). It was roughly 1&nbsp;m (3&nbsp;ft) tall to the top of the shoulder.

## Paleobiology
*Minmi* is classified in the Ankylosauria, but is too 'primitive' (basal) to be included in either the Ankylosauridae or Nodosauridae.

As with other ankylosaurians, *Minmi* was herbivorous  Unlike most herbivorous dinosaurs, there is direct evidence of the diet of *Minmi*: gut contents are known from the well-preserved nearly complete specimen. The gut contents consist of fragments of fibrous or vascular plant tissue, fruiting bodies, spherical seeds, and tissue (possibly from fern sporangia).  The most common remains are the fibrous or vascular fragments, which have clean cut ends.

Because of the small size of the fragments, they are probably nibbled from plants or chopped in the mouth. These small fragments may have come from twigs or stems, but their size is more suggestive of vascular bundles in leaves. The clean cuts, and lack of gastroliths, suggest that the animal relied on chewing to grind food. The seeds (0.3&nbsp;mm [0.01&nbsp;in] across) and fruiting bodies (4.5&nbsp;mm [0.18&nbsp;in] across) were apparently swallowed whole. When compared to gut contents and scat from modern herbivorous lizard, emu and goose, this shows *Minmi* had a more sophisticated process for cutting up plant material.

It had bony protrusions on its head, back, abdomen, legs and along the tail. Several types of armour are known in place in *Minmi*, including small ossicles, small keeled scutes on the body, large scutes without keels on the snout, large keeled scutes on the neck, shoulders, and possibly tail, spike-like scutes on the hips, and a combination of ridged and keeled scutes and triangular plates on the tail. There was one preserved ring of scutes around the neck. The arrangement of armour is unclear on the tail, although the triangular plates may have run on the sides of the tail, with long scutes forming a row along the top of the tail.  However, unlike other ankylosaurians, *Minmi* had horizontal plates of bones that ran along the sides of its vertebrae (hence its species name, *M. paravertebra*).

## References
Rugops

***Rugops*** was a dinosaur related to *Carnotaurus*. It lived in what is now Africa, about 95 million years ago. It was a medium-sized carnivorous dinosaur, about 20 feet long as an adult (other estimates put its length at 14 to 17 feet).

*Rugops* lived at the same time as *Spinosaurus*, *Carcharodontosaurus*, and *Deltadromeus*, in the Upper Cretaceous.

*Rugops* was a carnivore, with weak jaws and small teeth.  It may have been a scavenger, feeding on dead animals.  It also may have preyed on sauropods, such as *Paralititan* and *Aegyptosaurus*, and ornithopods, such as *Ouranosaurus*.  The name "Rugops" means "wrinkled face".  The bony wrinkles on its snout may have helped to support a structure, such as horny crest or a wattle, like on a rooster or a turkey.

## References
Abrictosaurus

***Abrictosaurus*** was a heterodontosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of what is now southern Africa. It was a small bipedal herbivore or omnivore, about 1.2&nbsp;meters (4&nbsp;feet) long, and weighing less than 45&nbsp;kilograms (100&nbsp;pounds).

*Abrictosaurus* is usually thought to be the most basal member of the family Heterodontosauridae. *Lycorhinus* and *Heterodontosaurus* both had high-crowned cheek teeth, which went over each other in the jaw, making a continuous chewing surface analogous to those of Cretaceous hadrosaurids. *Abrictosaurus* had more widely-split cheek teeth, with lower crowns, more similar to other early ornithischians. 

The family as a whole has canine-like tusks. Tusks were clearly present on one of the two specimens of *Abrictosaurus*. The upper caniniform measured 10.5&nbsp;millimeters (0.4&nbsp;inches) high, while the lower reached 17&nbsp;mm (0.67&nbsp;in). 

*Abrictosaurus* had smaller, less powerful forelimbs than *Heterodontosaurus* and one fewer phalanx bone (finger joint) in both the fourth and fifth digits of the forelimb.

## References
Great Famine (Ireland)

The BIG **Great Famine,** **Great Hunger,** or **Potato Famine** is the name given to the famine in Ireland in the years 1845-1852. Outside Ireland, it is usually called the **Irish Potato Famine**. 

The famine was caused by "the potato blight", a  fungus-like organism which quickly destroyed the potatoes in Ireland, and throughout Europe. The effect was particularly bad in Ireland because potatoes were the staple food for most Irish people at the time.

In Ireland this time is referred to as "the starvation".  

## Background 
By the late 17th century in Ireland, potatoes had become common as a supplementary rather than a major food. The diet was mainly around butter, milk, and grain products. Potato became a base food of the poor, especially in winter. 

Starting in 1801, Ireland had been directly governed, under the Act of Union, as part of the United Kingdom. In the 40 years after the union, British governments grappled with the problems of governing the country. One historian calculated that, between 1801 and 1845, there had been 114 commissions and 61 special committees enquiring into the state of Ireland. 

According to author Cecil Woodham-Smith:"Without exception [the committees'] findings prophesied disaster. Ireland was on the verge of starvation, her population rapidly increasing, three-quarters of her labourers unemployed, housing conditions appalling and the standard of living unbelievably low".

## Causes 
There were many causes of the Great Famine.

The lack of genetic variability among the potato plants in Ireland caused *Phytophthora infestans* to emerge. This had devastating effects. 

The potato was the only crop affected, and Ireland continued to produce corn, wheat, barley, and beef.  However, the mostly English landlords sold these food products outside of Ireland. Meanwhile, there was not enough food for the people in Ireland.

Another factor is that holdings were so small that no crop other than potatoes would be able to feed a family.

The famine was also caused by monoculture, because they only planted one main crop and let its disease infest all other potatoes in the Irish territory.

## Casualties 
It is believed that between 1 million to 1.5 million people died in the three years from 1846 to 1849 because of  or disease. Another million became refugees. 

Many people who left Ireland moved to Great Britain, (mostly to the nearby town of Liverpool), the United States, Canada and Australia.

## Legacy
Its legacy includes a monument in Dublin: the Famine Memorial in St Stephen's Green (by the River Liffey).

## References
## Other websites 
*Irish Potato Famine at The History Place
Camarasaurus

***Camarasaurus*** (meaning "chambered lizard") was a large plant-eating sauropod. It was about 18 meters long and weighed about 18 metric tones. Its name comes from its skull, which is in the shape of an arch. It lived during the late Jurassic, between 155 and 145 million years ago. These dinosaurs may have lived in herds.

It was first discovered in 1877 in Colorado by Oramel W. Lucas. Its fossil remains have been found in the Morrison Formation of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.

There are four species of Camarasaurus:
* *C. grandis* ("grand chambered lizard")
* *C. lentus*
* *C. lewisi*
* *C. supremus* ("biggest chambered lizard")

It was shown in the movie *When Dinosaurs Roamed America*.

## Skull 
*Camarasaurus* is among the most common and frequently well-preserved sauropod dinosaurs. The maximum size of the most common species, *C. lentus*, was about 15&nbsp;meters (50&nbsp;ft) in length. The largest species, *C. supremus*, reached a maximum length of 23&nbsp;meters (75&nbsp;ft) and maximum estimated weight of 47&nbsp;tonnes (51.8&nbsp;tons).

The arched skull of *Camarasaurus* was remarkably square and the blunt snout had many fenestrae (openings). It was sturdy and is often found in good condition by paleontologists. The 19&nbsp;centimeter long (7.5&nbsp;in) teeth were shaped like chisels (spatulate) and arranged evenly along the jaw. The strength of the teeth indicates that *Camarasaurus* probably ate coarser plant material than the slender-toothed diplodocids.

## Palaeobiology 
There is a fossil record of two adults and a 12.2&nbsp;meter (40&nbsp;ft) long juvenile that died together in the late Jurassic leriod, about 150 million years ago (northeast Wyoming). It is assumed that their bodies were washed to their final resting place, in river mud. This suggests that *Camarasaurus* traveled in herds or, at least, 'family' groups. Also, recovered camarasaur eggs have been found in lines, rather than in neatly arranged nests as with some other dinosaurs, which appears to suggest that, like most sauropods, *Camarasaurus* did not tend its young.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Page from DinoData.org
99

__NOTOC__
**AD 99** (**XCIX**) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of  and**  (or, less frequently, '*year 852 *Ab urbe condita'''''). The denomination AD 99 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Trajan returns to Rome.
* Emissaries of the Kushan Empire reach the Roman Empire.
* August 29 – Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 581, recording the sale of a slave girl, is written.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* November 23 – Pope Evaristus succeeds Pope Clement I as the fifth pope according to Roman Catholic tradition.

## Births 
* c. March 9 – Narcissus of Jerusalem, Christian bishop and saint (d. c. 216)

## Deaths 
* Approximate date – Clement of Rome, pope of the Catholic Church

## References
Burping

**Burping** is when gas comes out of the stomach through the mouth. Burping happens when air is trapped in the stomach. "Esophageal speech" means to "burp" words. Burps are also called **belches** or an **eructation**.

## References
Chihuahua (dog breed)

A **chihuahua** is a very small kind of dog and is bred to be a pet.

## Appearance 
They can reach a height of 6-9 inches (12.7–20.3&nbsp;cm) and a weight of 2–6 pounds (0.9–2.7&nbsp;kg). Chihuahuas can have a long or short coat, and come in many different colors. They only need grooming once a week if they have a short coat or it may be twice if they have a long coat.

## Origins 
The Chihuahua's start goes back to Mexico as the descendants of the Techichi, a short haired and silent dog. The Techichi was liked by the Toltec people, one of the indigenous (original) people of Mexico. Chihuahuas are believed to have been made by breeding the Techichi and Chinese Crested Dogs (a type of small hairless dog) to form today's Chihuahuas.

Another possible start for Chihuahuas was the breeding of Techichis with Phalène terriers, which were well liked at the time and were known for their small body and black and tan colors. Mating with another type of dog increased the loudness of the Techichi's bark while making it smaller.

Chihuahuas were named after the Chihuahua state in Mexico.  The word Chihuahua comes from the Na'huatl word for "between two waters" and the name is older than the Spanish Conquest of Mexico.

## References
Golgi complex

The **Golgi complex**, also known as the **Golgi apparatus** or simply the **Golgi**, is a cytoplasmic organelle. It is found in eukaryote cells, as in animals, plants, and fungi. 

The complex was discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898. Golgi, who worked at Pavia, Italy, was ignored. His discovery was said to be dirt on his lenses. Years later, electron microscope pictures showed structures just like in the original Golgi drawings. It is made of several flattened sac-like membranes which look like a stack of pancakes.

The main function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package macromolecules, such as proteins and lipids. They come to the Golgi after being built, and before they go to their destination. Much of the enzymatic processing is post-translational modification of proteins. The Golgi complex inspects them for flaws and discards extra material added during their manufacture, wraps them up and then targets them for packaging. The Golgi complex is especially active in processing proteins for secretion. The Golgi releases special enzymes which clean off any extra amino acids. When the package is ready, it is pinched off the Golgi and released into the cytoplasm. 

The Golgi complex is part of the cellular membrane system, and so is the endoplasmic reticulum.

## References
Great Fire of London

The **Great Fire of London** happened in Central London in 1666. It lasted for just under five days, from 2nd September until 6th September.

Estimates say that the fire destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the city's 80,000 residents. It is not known how many people died in the fire. Only a few deaths are certain, but for many of the victims there were no records. The fire may have cremated many people, leaving no recognisable remains. 

The fire threatened the aristocratic district of Westminster (the modern West End), Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums, but it never reached these districts.

## Events 
The fire started from a few oven sparks at the bakery of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor) on Pudding Lane. It began just after midnight on Sunday 2nd September and grew very quickly. 

Firefighters of the time usually made firebreaks by destroying buildings around the fire so it could not spread. This did not happen quickly enough because Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Bloodworth was not certain what to do. By the time he ordered such measures, it was too late. The Tower of London guard used gunpowder to make good firebreaks that stopped the fire from spreading to the east.

The fire pushed north on Monday into the center of the city. Some people thought fires were being set by French and Dutch people (who at the time were England's enemies in the Anglo-Dutch Wars).

On Thursday, the fire spread over most of the city. It destroyed St. Paul's Cathedral and crossed over the River Fleet. It almost reached Charles II's court at Whitehall.

## Effects 
The Great Fire caused major social and economic problems. Charles II strongly encouraged people to leave London to go and live elsewhere. He feared a London rebellion amongst the refugees who had lost their property. 

Despite numerous radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire.

Some historians think the fire may have helped to stop the Great Plague of London. Others say this is a myth.

Historians know a lot about the Great Fire because Samuel Pepys kept a diary and survived the fire. When it started, he looked out of his window, saw the fire, and started writing about it.

## Damages 
Estimates say the Great Fire destroyed 436 acres, 87 parish churches, Newgate, and Aldersgate.

## References 
## Other websites 
* BBC history site
* Channel 4 animation of the spread of the fire
Bandung Institute of Technology

**Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB, Bandung Institute of Technology)** is a public government-funded, higher education, technology school located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Institut Teknologi Bandung are the one of most popular universities in Indonesia, together with Gadjah Mada University and the University of Indonesia. The symbol of Institut Teknologi Bandung is Ganesha, a Hindu god representing wisdom.

## Other websites
* Homepage of Institut Teknologi Bandung

## References
Alan Freeman

**Alan Leslie "Fluff" Freeman** (born 6 July 1927 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, died 27 November 2006 in London, England) was an Australian radio presenter who worked for most of his career in the United Kingdom.

In May 2000 he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement award at the Sony Radio Academy Awards.
Freeman was best known for presenting *Pick of the Pops* on BBC Radio 1 throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

Freeman was openly bisexual.

## References
Zoey 101

***Zoey 101*** is an American television series. It was on Nickelodeon from 9 January 2005 until 2 May 2008. It is about on the lives of teenagers at a boarding school, Pacific Coast Academy (PCA). The main character is Zoey Brooks, played by Jamie Lynn Spears. The series was created by Dan Schneider. It was nominated for an "Outstanding Children's Program" Emmy Award in 2005. *Zoey 101* was the most expensive production ever for Nickelodeon series. It was shot completely on location in Malibu. It was also Nickelodeon's best performance for a series premiere in almost eight years.

## References
Peter Cushing

**Peter Cushing**, OBE (26 May 1913 – 11 August 1994) was an English actor. He is best known for his roles in horror movies and *Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope*.

## Career 
Born Peter Wilton Cushing in London, England. His movie career began in 1939 in a small role in *The Man in the Iron Mask* (1939), followed by *Laddie* (1940). He played a character called Osric in a movie version of William Shakespeare’s play *Hamlet* (1948), with Laurence Olivier.

His most famous roles were Victor Frankenstein, in the British horror movie *The Curse of Frankenstein* (1957), by Terence Fisher. Victor creates a monster in the attic of his castle. His other famous role was that of Doctor Van Helsing in *Dracula* (1958), in this movie he must fight Dracula. In these two movies he was accompanied by another famous actor Christopher Lee. They formed a very successful duo, starring in dozens of Hammer movies as *The Hound of the Baskervilles* (1959), *The Mummy* (1959), *The Gorgon* (1964), ''Dr. Terror's House of Horrors* (1965). They clashed again as Van Helsing and Dracula, in *Dracula A.D. 1972* (1972), and *The Satanic Rites of Dracula* (1974).

Also re-interpret the character of Baron Frankenstein, in *The Revenge of Frankenstein* (1958), *The Evil of Frankenstein* (1964), by Freddie Francis, *Frankenstein Created Woman* (1967), *Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed* (1969), and *Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell* (1974), directed by Terence Fisher.

Peter Cushing also teamed with Vincent Price in movies including *Scream and Scream Again* (1970), *Dr. Phibes Rises Again* (1972), *Madhouse* (1974), which plays an evil agent movie., and *House of the Long Shadows* (1983).  
  
In 1977 he obtained the role of Grand Moff Tarkin, in *Star Wars* by George Lucas. 

In the last years of his career had appearances in some comedies *Top Secret!* (1984). 

His last job was in 1986 in the movie *Biggles* (1986). 

In 1982 he was diagnosed with prostate cancer. He died of the disease in 1994.

## Television 
Cushing also made television, in mystery series, including *Sherlock Holmes* (1968), as Sherlock Holmes, *The Avengers*, *Great Mysteries*, *Space: 1999*, *The New Avengers*, *Hammer House of Horror*, and the TV movies *The Masks of Death'' (1984), as Sherlock Holmes

## Filmography 
## References 
* 
* 
* 
* Overview of Peter Cushing as Sherlock Holmes at Baker Street Dozen.
* Literature on Peter Cushing
* Peter Cushing Association
Zizhongosaurus

***Zizhongosaurus*** was a very large plant-eating dinosaur. It was a large sauropod, related to *Camarasaurus*.

## Other websites 
* *Zizhongosaurus* at the Dinosaur Encyclopedia
Julian McMahon

**Julian McMahon** (27 July 1968 &ndash; 2 July 2025) was an Australian actor and model. His father, Sir William McMahon was Prime Minister of Australia from 1971 to 1972. McMahon is best known for playing Cole Turner on the television series *Charmed*, Doctor Doom in the 2005-2007 *Fantastic Four* movie series and Christian Troy on the series *Nip/Tuck*. He was born in Sydney, Australia.

McMahon died from lung metastatic head and neck cancer on 2 July 2025, at the age of 56, in Clearwater, Florida.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Ted King

**Theodore William King** (born October 1, 1965) is an American actor. He was born in Hollywood, California. Ted King is also credited as **T.W. King**.

King is first known to soap opera s as Danny Roberts on *Loving* in 1999 and *The City* until the series was went off the air in March 1997. He had the starring role in the series "Timecop" on ABC in the fall of 1997. He was on the series *Charmed* as Inspector Andy Trudeau from 1998 to 1999. In 2002, King returned to soaps operas as Luis Alcazar on *General Hospital* for a few months until his character was killed on the series. In 2003, he returned to *General Hospital* as Luis' twin brother, Lorenzo Alcazar.

## Other websites 
*
Coffs Harbour

**Coffs Harbour** () is a city on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia.  It is 540&nbsp;km north of Sydney and 440&nbsp;km south of Brisbane. Coffs Harbour is famous for its bananas  and is also an important diving spot. It also has a campus of the Southern Cross University. It is the home of the Big Banana, a tourist attraction and amusement park. There are passenger trains to and from Sydney and Brisbane.

## References
## Other websites
*
Heterodontosaurus

***Heterodontosaurus*** (meaning "different toothed lizard") is a genus of small herbivorous dinosaur with prominent canine teeth. 

It lived in the Lower Jurassic of South Africa, 200–190 million years ago. It was related to *Abrictosaurus*. It had three different kinds of teeth.
Trial

A **trial** is where 2 people or 2 groups of people argue in a court.
## Civil trial 
In a civil trial, there is a plaintiff and a defendant. The plaintiff tries to prove that he or she has a reason why the defendant needs to give him or her money.
## Criminal trial 
In a criminal trial, there is a prosecutor and a defendant. The prosecutor works for the government and tries to prove that the defendant committed a crime. It often takes a long time to get a trial scheduled as the courts can be very busy. In the United States, Federal court can take up to 10 months to get a court date. 
## Judge 
The judge controls the courtroom. He or she decides who speaks when, and they decide what evidence and arguments can be used. Sometimes, a jury is brought in to determine whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. If there is no jury, the judge or judges decide whether the defendant is proven guilty or not. If the defendant is proven guilty of the crime, the judge will decide the punishment, which is also called the "sentence". If the crime is serious, the defendant may go to prison or, in some countries, be executed. For smaller crimes, there is often a fine—money that must be paid, in addition to having a criminal record.
## Differences in each country
Trials are different in places where the laws are different. Different countries, cities and states all have different laws that change how trials happen. Trials in some places are very short. In some places, however, important trials can take as long as a few years while the two sides gather information and put together their arguments. 

## Related pages
*Right to a fair trial
Belinda Peregrín

**Belinda Peregrín Schüll** (born 15 August 1989), is a Spanish-Mexican singer and actress. She is often called just **Belinda.** Her first album, *Belinda* (2003), was very popular and sold over 16 million copies worldwide receiving the title of "The Princess of Latin Pop" by Billboard U.S. and Rolling Stone U.S. Her second album *Utopía* (2006) gave her two Latin Grammy Award nominations.

She has also been in many movies, such as the Disney Channel Original Movie *The Cheetah Girls 2* (2006). She was also in the telenovela *Camaleones* (2009) and the TV series *Mujeres asesinas 3* (2010). After this, she released her third album *Carpe Diem* (2010), which had a hit single "Egoísta". Her fourth album *Catarsis* (2013) went straight to number one in Mexico.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Belinda* (2003)
* *Utopía* (2006)
* *Carpe Diem* (2010)
* *Catarsis* (2013)
* *Indomable* (2025)

## Tours
### Headlining
*Belinda Tour 2002 (2002–2003)
*Tour Fiesta en la Azotea (2004–2005)
*Tour Utopía (2007–2008)
*Tour Catarsis (2014–2017)

### Promotional
*Rockola Coca-Cola 2007 (2007)
*Carpe Diem Promo Tour (2010–2011)

## Filmography
### Film 
### Television
## Awards and nominations
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
*
Ngo Dinh Diem

**Ngo Dinh Diem** or **Ngô Đình Diệm** ( or ; 3 January 1901&nbsp;– 2 November 1963) was the first President of South Vietnam. Unlike most people in Vietnam, he was a Catholic.

## Death 
After he kept favoring people of his religion, he and his brother were arrested and killed on 2 November 1963 by the non-communist South Việtnamese army during the Buddhist crisis. The army then set up a military dictatorship.

## References
## Other websites 
* JFK and the Diệm Coup - Provided by the *National Security Archive*.
* Diệm Biography  From Spartacus Educational
* Photos of Diệm's family
Brian Krause

**Brian Krause** (born February 1, 1969) is an American actor. He grew up in El Toro, California. He is best known for his role as Leo Wyatt on the WB Network television series *Charmed* from 1998 to 2006.

Krause made his first movie as Richard Lestrange in the movie sequel *Return to the Blue Lagoon* (1991). A year later, he also starred opposite Alice Krige, playing Charles Brady in the horror movie *Sleepwalkers*.

Brian and his wife Beth Bruce had their first child, Jamen, in 1996. They divorced in 2000. He dated co-star Alyssa Milano. During his time off the set, he enjoys being a handyman which was his job before acting (and was his character's job when he played Leo Wyatt on *Charmed*). He also enjoys golf and auto racing.
Empress Matilda

**Matilda of England** (7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167) also called **Empress Matilda** or her nickname, **Maud**, was the Holy Roman Empress and Queen consort of the Romans as the wife of Emperor Henry V from their marriage in 1114 until Henry's death in 1125. She was also the Disputed Queen of England from April to November 1141 during a civil war that she fought against her cousin, King Stephen I, which was known as The Anarchy. She was the daughter of Henry I of England and his first wife, Matilda of Scotland

Matilda grew up with great education. She was incredibly intelligent and talented. At a young age, she learned how to speak multiple languages, mainly English, German, French, and Latin. She also learned how to fight like a knight and as well as learning archery. 

She was very popular in Germany, however, she was not that popular in her homeland as she spend most of her childhood in Germany. Because of that, she was considered "foreign" and that England never had a queen and that the people back then believed that woman were weak. Thus, they didn't want Matilda to succeed her father as she was the next in line to the throne after her younger brother, William Adelin, died in a boat.

Her father planned her to succeed him. However, when Henry died in 1135, instead of Matilda ascending to the throne, her cousin, Stephen of Blios, took the throne and had himself crowned. However, Matilda refused to recognize Stephen as king and started The Anarchy. In April 1141, troops loyal to Matilda captured Stephen and imprisoned him and Matilda became the disputed monarch. However, the troops of King Stephen freed Stephen. However, Matilda refused to give up her claim to the throne.

Eventually in 1153, Stephen's son and heir, Eustace IV, died. Thus, Stephen and Matilda signed an agreement stating that when Stephen died, he will be succeded by Matilda's son, Henry, and not Stephen's other son, William. Eventually in October 1154, Stephen died and Henry became the King of England as Henry II.

## References
Kaiser

**Kaiser** was the title used for the Emperors of Austria and Germany, from the creation of the Austrian Empire in 1806 (after 1867 the Austro-Hungarian Empire) and from the creation of unified Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I when both empires collapsed and became republics. The Holy Roman Emperor was also called "Kaiser". The word "Kaiser" is the German way to say Caesar, the name the ancient Romans used for their Roman Emperor, just as "Tsar" is the Russian way to say it.

In 1873 these three rulers formed a "League of the Three Emperors", also called the *Dreikaiserbund.*