open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Finished goods

**Finished goods** are goods that have completed required manufacturing process and are ready to be fitted/mixed/processed with final product.  The final product itself could also be called finished goods. 
Examples: cars, clothing, food, furniture etc.

## Manufacturing
In manufacturing there are three different sorts of stuff:

#Raw material
#Work in process
#**Finished goods**

Something bought as a "raw material" is used to manufacture a product.  A thing that is not completed during the manufacturing process is called "work in process".  When the manufacturing of the thing is completed but it is not yet sold or distributed to the end-user, it is called a "finished good".

"Finished good" is a relative term. Finished goods of a supplier can be the raw material of the buyer. For example, a paper mill sells paper to a book publisher who uses it as raw material.

## Reference
Good (economics)

A **good** in economics is any object or product (factors of production) that is useful. A commodity is one kind of good. 

A good that cannot be used by consumers directly, such as an office building or capital equipment, can be called a good because it can be useful if it is sold. A 'good' in economic usage does not necessarily mean that the object is good in a moral sense. 

If an object or service is sold for a positive price, then it is a good, since the purchaser considers the utility of the object or service more valuable than the money. Some things are useful but not scarce, such as air, and are referred to as *free goods* and *common goods*. 

In macroeconomics and accounting, a good is contrasted with a service. A good here is defined as a physical product that one can deliver to a buyer. The service is not an object, but an action that benefits someone. A more general term that preserves the distinction between goods and services is 'commodities'. In microeconomics, 'good' is often used in this more inclusive sense of a commodity.

## Reference
*Business Dictionary
Ruslana

]]

**Ruslana Stepanivna Lyzhychko** (May 24, 1973) is a popular Ukrainian pop singer, composer, producer, conductor and dancer. She was born in the city of Lviv in Ukraine. She won the Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul in 2004.  

She is also a former Member of Parliament serving as deputy in the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) for the Our Ukraine Party.

## Human rights 
In 2014, Ruslana became a leader in the Maidan movement for human rights and democratic reform in Ukraine.   During the demonstrations, Ruslana stayed on the streets.  At night she slept in a cold tent.  Every night she sang the Ukrainian national anthem for the protestors. When the government police came, she stayed on the stage.  She told the protesters to stay calm.  She told the police to respect human rights.

Ruslana was also in the 2004 Orange Revolution.  She was UNICEF National Ambassador in Ukraine in 2005. In 2008 she spoke for green energy.

## Awards 
In 2014 Ruslana received the International Women of Courage Award form the U.S. Department of State.  

## Discography 
### Albums 
* Myt Vesny - Dzvinkiy viter *(Moments of Spring - Sonorous wind)* (1998)
* Ostanne Risdvo x-90 *(Last Christmas of the 90ies)* (1999)
* Najkrashche *(The Best)* (2001)
* Dobriy vechir, tobi... *(Good evening to you...)* (2002)
* Dyki Tantsi *(Wild Dances)* (2003)
* Dyki Tantsi (Eurobonus) (2004)
* Wild Dances (2004)
* Wild Dances (New Year Edition) (2005)
* Club'in (2006)

### Singles 
* Wild Dances (2004)
* Dance with the Wolves (2004)
* The Same Star (2005)
* Dyka Energyia *(Wild Energy)* (2006)

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website of Ruslana
*Official Fan Club of Ruslana
*RuslanaTV 
*RuslanaTube on YouTube
* 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
* Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Mustard plant

The word **mustard** is used to refer to several species of plants. These plants belong to the genera *Brassica* or *Sinapis*. They have tiny seeds. These seeds can be used as a condiment. When they are first ground, and then mixed with water, vinegar and other ingredients, a condiment called mustard can be made. The seeds can also be pressed, to give a kind of oil called *mustard oil*. Some kinds of mustard plants have edible leaves. These leaves are known as *mustard greens*.

Mild white mustard (*Sinapis hirta*) grows wild in North Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown or Indian mustard (*B. juncea*), originally from the foothills of the Himalaya, is grown commercially in the UK, Canada and the US; black mustard (*B. nigra*) in Argentina, Chile, the US and some European countries. 

In addition to the mustards, the genus *Brassica* also includes cabbages, cauliflower, rapeseed and turnips.

There has been recent research into varieties of mustards that have a high oil content for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good cold flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.

An interesting genetic relationship between many species of mustard have been observed.

The mustard plant is in no way related to mustard gas, an agent for chemical warfare.

## Gallery 

File:Bangladeshi mustard plants.jpg|Mustard Field
File:Mustard plant Flower1.jpg|Mustard flower Closeup
File:Brassica juncea wild mustard.JPG|Wild Mustard (*Brassica juncea*)
File:Flower of Mustard Plant.jpg|Flower of Mustard Plant
File:Black-mustard-seeds.jpg|right|Close-up photo of black mustard seeds (each about 2–3mm in diameter)
File:Mustard plant bangladesh.jpg|Bangladeshi mustard plants

## References
Mustard gas

**Mustard gas** or **sulfur mustard** is a chemical compound which has been used as a chemical weapon. It was used in World War I by the German Army against British and Canadian soldiers near Ypres, Belgium, in 1917. Later it was also used against the French Second Army.

Most sulfur mustards are viscous (squishy) liquids with no color and no smell when they are at room temperature. When used in warfare, they are yellowish or brown. Some of them smell like culinary mustard (the type used for food), horseradish or garlic. They got their name from the smell, but are completely unrelated to culinary mustard.

Sulfur mustard is the organic compound with formula (ClCH2CH2)2S. The pure compound has a melting point of 14 °C (57 °F) and decomposes before boiling at 218 °C (424 °F).

## History 
Sulfur mustard (in its form mustard gas) was synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860. It may have been discovered as early as the 1820s by M. Depretz.

### Use as a chemical weapon 
Mustard gas was widely used as a chemical weapon during World War I. After the war, theGeneva Protocol of 1925 outlawed the use of poison gas during warfare.  

Later, in 1993, the Chemical Weapons Convention also made it illegal to produce or stockpile (collect) poison gases. Despite these prohibitions, mustard gas has been used in several wars. 

## Related pages 
* Chemical weapons in World War I
Amelia Earhart

**Amelia Mary Earhart** (born July 24, 1897 – disappeared July 2, 1937, declared dead January 5, 1939) was an American aviator, one of the first women to fly a plane long distances. She was the first woman to fly a plane by herself across the Atlantic Ocean. She broke many records and showed how air travel had moved forward. She also wrote books, most of them were about her flights. Earhart vanished over the South Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937 while trying to fly around the world with Frederick Joseph Noonan. She was declared dead on July 3, 1937.

Many theories stand in place about Amelia's end. Some believe she was a spy for the U.S. government and was captured by the Japanese on Gardner Island, others say she faked her death. The most plausible though is many researchers believe, which is that the Electra ran out of fuel and that Earhart and Noonan ditched at sea. The "crash and sink" theory is often the most widely accepted explanation of Earhart’s and Noonan’s fate.

However, there is a range of documented, archaeological, and anecdotal evidence supporting the hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan found Gardner Island, uninhabited at the time, landed the Electra on a flat reef near the wreck of a freighter, and sent sporadic radio messages from there. It has been surmised that Earhart and Noonan might have survived on Nikumaroro for several weeks before succumbing.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Amelia Earhart Website 
* Amelia Earhart at Find a Grave
*
Frank Sinatra

**Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra**   (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was 60 years long, and more than 150 million records of his have been sold worldwide. Sinatra is widely regarded as one of the best and most admired popular singers in the history of American standards.

He is also well known by the nickname "Old Blue Eyes". *The New York Times* said he was "the first modern pop superstar". At first, he was mostly known as a *crooner*, a singer of love songs. By the 1950s and 1960s, he was singing swing and jazz songs as well.
Sinatra was also part of the Rat Pack, a group of entertainers (musicians and actors), in the 1950s and 1960s. The name was informal, and the group was not an official organization of any sort, but a group of friends. Members of the Rat Pack included Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop, as well as (more loosely) Humphrey Bogart, Judy Garland, Lauren Bacall, Sidney Luft, and Shirley MacLaine.

## Early life
He was born in Hoboken, New Jersey to Italian immigrants.

## Acting career
Sinatra was also an actor. He was in movies such as *The Manchurian Candidate*, *From Here to Eternity*, and *The Man With The Golden Arm*. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in *From Here To Eternity*.

## Personal life
Sinatra was married 4 times. He was married to Nancy Barbato from 1939 to 1951, to Ava Gardner from 1951 to 1957, to Mia Farrow from 1966 to 1968, and to Barbara Marx from 1976 until his death on May 14, 1998.

## Death
Sinatra died on May 14, 1998 at 10:50 pm at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, after suffering a heart attack. His wife Barbara was at his side. The words "The best is yet to come" were written on his former gravestone; it was damaged and replaced in 2021.

## References
## Bibliography
• Gildo De Stefano, *The Voice - Vita e italianità di Frank Sinatra*, Coniglio Press, Roma 2011 

## Other websites
* Album "Songs for Young Lovers" at YouTube
* Hear Frank Sinatra on the Pop Chronicles
*
Bing Crosby

**Harry Lillis** "**Bing**" **Crosby Jr.** (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was around fifty years long and more than 1 billion records of his have been sold worldwide. Crosby is known for creating the style of music that Perry Como, Frank Sinatra,  Dean Martin , Elvis Presley,  John Lennon In 1962, Crosby became the first person ever to receive the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Crosby won the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role in *Going My Way*.

Crosby was married twice. First to Dixie Lee from 1930 until her death in 1952. They had four children. He was then married to Kathryn Grant from 1957 until his death in 1977. They had three children. 

Crosby was a Roman Catholic. He died of a heart attack in Alcobendas, Spain.

## References
Felt

felt yurt]]

**Felt** is a type of cloth or textile. It is a complex network of threads or yarns. They are pressed together usually when wet. This is *matting* fibers, with water and soap. It may also be made by poking the fibers with barbed needles. Felt can be made by hand, or by machine. The fiber can be wool or fur or artificial fibers.

People have been making felt longer than any other kind of fabric. Felt can be of any color, and made into any shape or size. Felt is used to make many things like clothing, hats, and rugs. Nomadic people in many countries live in tents made of felt.

Felt is used for many different things. Today, people use felt for hat-making, insulating (making warm), sound-proofing, and cushioning.

## Felt versus fabric
The difference between felt and most fabrics, like denim, is that most fabrics have a regular criss-cross, in-and-out weaving pattern, but felt is a messy  of fibers. 

Most fabrics are woven for strength and smoothness: they need carding to straighten the fibers, spinning to turn fibers into long threads and weaving to make fabric. 

Felt only needs a carding comb. Because of this, felt was often used by nomadic people.

## References
Salma Hayek

**Salma Valgarma Hayek Jiménez** (born September 2, 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican actress, Emmy-winning director, movie producer and television producer.  She is the most successful Latin-American actress in Hollywood since Carmen Miranda. Hayek has appeared in more than thirty movies and worked as an actress outside of Hollywood in Mexico and Spain.

She is known for starring in films such as *Desperado* (1995), *Wild Wild West* (1999), *Frida* (2002), *Once Upon a Time in Mexico* (2003), *Grown Ups* (2010), *Savages* (2012), *Grown Ups 2* (2013), ''The Hitman's Bodyguard* (2017), and *House of Gucci* (2021). She played Ajak in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film *Eternals'' (2021), which emerged as her highest-grossing live action film. Hayek, who is of both Mexican and Lebanese descent, subsequently became the first Mexican / Lebanese actress with a main role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Hayek's charitable work includes increasing awareness on violence against women and discrimination against immigrants.

## Early life
Salma Hayek was born in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico. Her father, Sami Hayek is Lebanese and was a politician. Her mother, Diana  Jiménez is Mexican and was an opera singer. At 12 years old Salma left the town and went to a catholic boarding school in Louisiana. She had a bad manners and had to leave the school. She moved to her aunt in Texas and stayed until she was 17 years old. After the graduation, she went back to her hometown and studied international relations and drama in Mexico City. Salma Hayek is Mexican 

## Career
Hayek longed to be an actress and ended the study. She had her first appearance in the Mexican telenovela *Teresa*. There, she played a main role. Using this role, she was known in Mexico. Later, she left the Show.

In 1991, she went to Los Angeles and started a career there, but she had little knowledge of English. There, she did drama and elocution lessons. In January 1993, she got a supporting role in *Mi Vida Loca*. In 1995, she played in *Desperado* with Antonio Banderas. She got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for her role in *Frida* as best actress in 2003.

## Personal life
On 9 March 2007, she confirmed her engagement with the French businessman François-Henri Pinault and her pregnancy. In September 2007, she bore a daughter, Valentina Paloma Pinault on the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. In July 2008, they separated. They reconciled and married in February 2009. They married for the second time in April 2009.

She speaks Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese and English.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Torrance, California

**Torrance** is a city in southwest Los Angeles, California. Jared Torrance founded it in 1911. In 2020, there were 147,067 people living in Torrance. It is the eighth biggest city in Los Angeles county.

## Things to See 
* Del Amo Fashion center is one of the biggest malls in the United States. 
* Madrona Marsh is a nature center that protects wild animals and plants.
* Torrance Beach is between Redondo Beach and Malaga Cove.
* The Armed Forces Day Parade shows people many military vehicles and soldiers. 
* Torrance High School is one of the oldest high schools in California. Many television shows used Torrance High, for example *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and ''She's All That''.
* Alpine Village is a restaurant, market, and mall. Oktoberfest is held here.

## Trivia 
* It is where superstar teens Alyson Michalka and Amanda Michalka were born.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* City of Torrance official website
Chuck Berry

**Marco Victor Berry** (October 18, 1926 &ndash; March 18, 2017) was an American singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He was one of the original musicians who helped to create rock and roll, known as the Father of Rock and Roll, and had a Grandpa Named Joshua.

## Career
In 1955 Berry met Muddy Waters who told him of a record company that would release his first song. In 1957 he joined the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly and other popular musicians on a tour around the United States. Over the next few years he became more and more popular and had many popular songs on the radio.  "Maybellene" (1955), "Roll Over Beethoven" (1956), "Rock and Roll Music" (1957) and "Johnny B. Goode" (1958) were massive hits.

He has influenced many rock and pop musicians who came after him. Berry has influenced many music artists, like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Berry tried to help an Apache waitress cross the US-Canadian border, but was caught by police and charged for prostitution. This dented his career: he served 18 months. When released, his first recording was "Nadine", (1964) also a huge hit. 

Berry was a favorite with *The Beatles*, *The Rolling Stones* and *The Beach Boys*, who adapted and recorded a number of his songs.

In 1986 a documentary film, ''Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll'', was made. It featured a celebration concert for Berry's sixtieth birthday, organized by Keith Richards.

## Death
Berry died at his home in Wentzville, Missouri on March 18, 2017 from a congestive heart failure, aged 90.

## Discography
*Chuck Berry discography

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*
*
Nagamaki

**Nagamaki** is a Japanese pole weapon with a large and heavy blade. It is very much like a glaive. It was introduced and used primarily during the Kamakura (1192 - 1333), Nanbokucho (1334 - 1392) and early Muromachi (1392 – 1573) periods. It was a long sword with 2–4 foot blade and a handle with 2–3 foot length. The blade was single-edged. It was also sharpened along the back edge to reduce its weight. It looks similar to a traditional naginata, but the main difference was that the handle (tsuka) of the nagamaki was not constructed of wood; it was made more like a katana handle. Even the name "nagamaki" is given by the tradition of handle wrapping. The word "nagamaki" means "long wrapping". The nagamaki handle was wrapped with cords in criss-crossed manner, very similar to the wrapping that is made on katana. The nagamaki is considered to be a type of the no-dachi sword. This one was a variation of long samurai sword. 

The way to hold nagamaki was also very specific. It was held with the two hands in a fixed position in the same way a katana sword is held. Unlike the naginata, the hands did not change when handling the weapon and the right hand was always the closest to the blade. While handling nagamaki not too many sliding actions on the handle were performed as it was in naginata's case, where you use the entire length of the shaft. The nagamaki was not spread and developed until much later like the naginata sword. During the middle of the Muromachi period (1336-1600 A.D.) it reached its peak of usage. 

The nagamaki is designed for large sweeping and slicing strokes. It also works as a spear. Traditionally, it was used as an infantry weapon. Warriors used the weapon against horsemen. Still, it required more time and materials to create a nagamaki than a spears or a naginata sword, this is why it was not so widely spread. 

The closest exemplar of real nagamaki you can see today is nagamaki-naoshi. It appears to be like a long katana-shaped glaive but straighter and thinner, with a very long handle. In contrast to it naginata is shorter, wider and more curved to the tip.

## Other websites 
*Japanese sword etiquette
Ainu language

The **Ainu language** is the language of the Ainu people in northern Japan. It was not written until the 19th century. Since then, it has been written in katakana or the Latin alphabet.

In the 19th century, Ainu was spoken in Ezo (including Hokkaidō Island and the southern part of Chishima Islands), the southern part of Karapto (Sakhalin) and the northern part of Chishima Islands (Kuril Islands).

* Ape - fire.
* Iyomante - A festival to send a bear's soul to heaven.
* Kunnechupu - The moon.
* Kotan - village.
* Konru - ice.
* Sumari - (pronounced as in "Shumari") - fox.
* Seta - dog.
* Tonoto - sake.
* Nonno- flower.
* Huci - (pronounced as in "Hoochi") - grandmother, Old women.
* Pone - bone.
* Pirka - Beauty, cute.
* wakka - "drinkable" water.

## Relations with other language families 
The Ainu language is classificated as language isolate, although there are several theories about a genetic relation. Some linguists suggest a relation to Altaic languages while others suggest a link to Indo-European languages. Some similarities also exist with northern native american languages.

## References
## Bibliography
*
Saliva

**Saliva** is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and many animals.  Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier. Saliva consists of 99.5% water.

The mouth is obviously the point of entry to the whole alimentary canal. It follows from this that saliva must both help digestion, and protect against infections.

The digestion part is by three enzymes, one each for carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The digestion started here carries on in the stomach. There are some other 'minor' enzymes as well, and we do not know the full story about them yet. Also there is a pain-killing opiorphin, and a wrap-around haptocorrin which keeps vitamin B12 safe from stomach acids. Finally, there are a set of anti-bacterial proteins which make life difficult for any bacteria which get in with the food.

Saliva is filtered blood, "These observations are consistent with the fact that saliva is a filtrate of blood, meaning that the contents of blood—water, salts and macromolecules—pass through capillary walls into the salivary glands."  Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741028/#:~:text=These%20observations%20are%20consistent%20with,walls%20into%20the%20salivary%20glands.(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741028/#:~:text=These%20observations%20are%20consistent%20with,walls%20into%20the%20salivary%20glands.)

## References
Tenacious D

**Tenacious D** is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1994. Jack Black is the lead singer, and Kyle Gass is the lead guitarist. Their songs have lots of profanity, and their most popular songs include "Tribute" and "Kickapoo".

## Albums 
* *Tenacious D* (2001)
* *The Pick of Destiny* (2006)
* *Rize of the Fenix* (2012)
* *Post-Apocalypto* (2019)

## Movies
* *Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny*
Saurischia

**Saurischia** is one of the two main groups of dinosaurs. In 1888, Harry Seeley classified dinosaurs into two orders, which are now generally considered unranked clades. Their hip structure was why they were put into these groups. Saurischians ('lizard-hipped') and the ornithischians ('bird-hipped') have differences in the ways bones in the hip are put together.

The saurischian pubic bones primarily pointed backward, while the ornithischian pubic bones pointed forward. Despite this pattern, the pubic bones of several saurschians, including herrerasaurids, therizinosauroids, dromaeosaurids, and birds, point forward. It's important consider than the etymology of names Saurischia and Ornithischia does not reflect the evolutionary relationships of these groups. Ornithischians were called 'bird-hipped' because their hips are similar to those of birds, but birds themselves evolved from 'lizard-hipped' saurischians.

Saurischia includes two main subgroups: Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha. Theropods are represented by bipedal, primarily carnivorous dinosaurs (such as *Tyrannosaurus* and *Velociraptor*). Birds are theropods and the only group of dinosaurs that has survive to the present day. Early sauropodomorphs were similar to early theropods because they shared a common ancestor. However, the most diverse group of sauropodomorphs, Sauropoda, was represented by long-necked herbivorous dinosaurs that often reached gigantic sizes (such as *Diplodocus* and *Brachiosaurus*).

## Gallery 

Image:Saurischia pelvis.png|Saurischian pelvis structure (left side)
Image:Ornithischia pelvis.png|Ornithischian pelvis structure (left side)

## Related pages
*Ornithischia

## Bibliography
* 

## References
Stethoscope

A **stethoscope** is a instrument used by doctors and other medical .  It is used to measure peoples heartbeat and their breathing.  It is placed on the area where the heart is or on the back. 

The modern stethoscope is made up of a Y-shaped flexible plastic tube. An earpiece is attached to each end of the Y and a sound-detecting device at the other end. The sound-detecting device has a thin plastic sheet on one side and a bell shape with a hole in on the other. The diaphragm is used to listen to a patient's chest for high-pitched sounds. The bell end is used to detect lower-pitched sounds. The lung sounds have a higher frequency than heart sounds.

Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826) was a French physician who, in 1816, invented the stethoscope. Using this new instrument, he investigated the sounds made by the heart and lungs and determined that his diagnoses were supported by the observations made during autopsies.

In 2023 Artificial Intelligence stethoscopes, designed by Mayo Clinic spin-off Eko, were introduced.  They can detect three types of heart disease in 15 seconds, detecting about 85% of treatable heart failure in patients.  A  blood test is still needed for confirmation. 

## References
Gouda cheese

**Gouda** is a kind of soft cheese made from cows' milk. The cheese is named after the city of Gouda, which is famous for it. The name *Gouda* is not protected, so Gouda is made all over the world. There is also a protected designation of origin *Noord-Hollandse Gouda* (Gouda from North Holland). This may seem inaccurate, because the city of Gouda is in South Holland. Most of the cows however graze in North Holland.

There are two varieties of Gouda for export: Young gouda, which is between one and six months old. Young gouda is usually sold with a yellow or red coating of paraffin wax. 

Gouda that is older, is usually sold with a black coating. It is more brittle, and has a stronger scent. 

There are other variations, like *Smoked Gouda*, which is a processed cheese, and Leyden Gouda.

There is also spiced gouda which has spices in it to make it have more flavour. 

## References
Tile

, Iran - early 17th century]]

A **tile** is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, porcelain, metal or even glass.  Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, and walls.  They have been made for thousands of years.

Tiles can be simple square tiles or arranged in complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made from ceramic, with a hard glaze finish.

At the end of the 20th century, the technology of porcelain and glass tiles advanced, making them cheaper.  They became more commonplace.

## Roof tiles 
Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as clay or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze.

A large number of shapes (or "profiles") of roof tiles have evolved.

Fired roof tiles are found as early as the 3rd millennium BC in the  *House of the tiles* in Lerna, Greece. Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles having fallen from the roof. In the Mycenaean period, roofs tiles are documented for Gla and Midea.

## References
Bellini

**Bellini** can mean several people or things, including

*Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430–1516) Venetian painter
*Vincenzo Bellini, 19th century Italian composer

*Bellini (cocktail), a popular drink invented in Venice
Gouda

**Gouda** can mean:

* Gouda, Netherlands, a city in the Netherlands
* Gouda (cheese)
* Gouda (pottery)
* Gouda (slang)
* Gouda, South Africa, a town in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.
* **Gouda** was astate in India.  It joined with Banga state when India became independent in 1947 to form the state of West Bengal.
* Emperor Go-Uda, emperor of Japan
* Kazundo Gouda, a character in Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex 2nd Gig.

## Related pages 
* Gauda
Oxide

An **oxide** is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and at least one atom of one other element. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides (mainly silica). Oxides can be made when elements are oxidized by air (when oxygen in the air reacts with the element).

Some common oxides are:
*Water (hydrogen oxide) (H2O)
*Iron(III) oxide (Rust) (Fe2O3)
*Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
*Lead(II) oxide (PbO)
*Calcium oxide (CaO)
*Carbon dioxide (CO2)
*Carbon monoxide (CO)
*Magnesium oxide (Magnesia) (MgO)
*Phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10)
*Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
*Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
*Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
*Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) (N2O)
*Zinc oxide (ZnO)
*Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O) and Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
Mew

**Mew** can be:

*Mew (band), a band from Denmark
*Mew (Pokémon), a Pokémon
*Mewing, a type of oral posture training
Versailles, Yvelines

**Versailles** is a French city. It is in the western suburbs of Paris, 17.1&nbsp;km. (10.6 miles) from the center of Paris. It is the *capital* of the Yvelines département. This city is very important for the History of France because it was formerly the capital of the kingdom of France.

Its name comes from the Latin word *vertere*, meaning to turn the soil.  

Versailles is made world-famous by the Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles), where Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI lived.

In 2004, about 85,900 people lived here.

This is where the Treaty of Versailles was signed at the end of The Great War.

## Surroundings
*Paris
*Viroflay
*Ville-d'Avray
*Meudon

## Education 
* Institut supérieur international du parfum, de la cosmétique et de l'aromatique alimentaire
* Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines

## References
Mettā

Metta is a Buddhist term translated as loving kindness or friendliness.

Metta is wanting others to be happy. 
The opposite is wanting others to be unhappy: anger, hatred.

## Related pages
* Meditation

## Other websites 
* The Path of Unlimited Friendliness  - a translation of the Karaniya  Metta Sutta by Dharmachari Ratnaprabha
Major (rank)

**Major** is a rank that is given for a mid-level command officer (higher than the rank of Captain and lower than the rank of Lieutenant Colonel). In Canada, it is shown by a thick bar followed by a thin bar and again by a thick bar. In Great Britain, it is represented by a single crown. In the United States, it is shown by a gold oak leaf. The pay grade for the rank of major is O-4.

CDN-Air Force-Major (OF3)-2015.svg|Canadian Air Force major insignia
World War I British Army major's rank insignia (sleeve, general pattern).png|World War I British Army major's rank insignia (sleeve, general pattern)
US-O4 insignia.svg|Major rank insignia for the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps.
Newton metre

The **Newton metre** is the unit of moment in the SI system Standard International.  It is abbreviated **N·m**, and sometimes written with hyphen *newton-metre*. It is a compound unit of torque  corresponding to the torque from a force of one newton applied over a distance arm of one metre.

A newton metre is dimensionally equivalent to a joule.

## Conversion factors
*1 metre kilogram-force = 9.8065 R/N·m
*1 centimetre kilogram-force = 98.0665 mR/mN·m
*1 foot-pound force (often "foot-pounds") = 1 pound-force foot (often "pound-feet") = 1.3558179 R/N·m
*1 inch ounce-force = 7.0615518 mR/mN·m
Silicate

In chemistry, a **silicate** is an anion (negatively charged ion) made of silicon and oxygen. Silicate anions, with a negative net electrical charge, must have that charge balanced by other cations to make an electrically neutral compound. These compounds are also called **silicates**.

## General structure 
All silicates are made up of tetrahedral shapes, with a silicon atom at the centre and four oxygen atoms at the corners. In silicates, silicon is always in the +4 oxidation state, and oxygen is always in the -2 oxidation state. Different structures can form based on whether or not multiple silicon atoms share a single oxygen atom.

As silicates are normally large polymers, they are usually described by an empirical formula for a repeating unit, not the formula for a whole molecule.

## Types of silicate 
### Tectosilicate 
**Tectosilicate** is a neutral compound, not an ion, with the formula . In tectosilicates, every oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms. Quartz is a common mineral form of tectosilicate.

Tectosilicate anions only exist when silicon is replaced by another element that has a lower oxidation state. Feldspar is a tectosilicate where one or two out of four silicon atoms is replaced by aluminium, giving an anion with the formula  or . Zeolite is an important tectosilicate aluminosilicate in the chemical industry.

### Phyllosilicate 
, a mica.]]
**Phyllosilicate** has the formula . In phyllosilicates, each silicon tetrahedron shares three of its four oxygen atoms to make flat sheets.

Phyllosilicate minerals tend to have multiple layers. The oxygen atoms that aren't shared in the silicate sheet are shared with a layer of octahedral cations like magnesium or aluminium to form the whole mineral structure. Hydroxide, chloride, or fluoride fills out the octahedral layer. In some phyllosilicates, like the micas, there are two phyllosilicate layers, one on each side of the octahedral layer.

Phyllosilicates are an important part of clay. Kaolinite, the main mineral used to make porcelain, is a phyllosilicate with an aluminium octahedral layer.

### Metasilicate 
### Pyrosilicate 
Pyrosilicate is the ion . Only one oxygen atom is shared. Minerals with this anion are called sorosilicates.

### Orthosilicate 
Orthosilicate is the ion . None of the oxygen atoms are shared between silicon atoms. In minerals, it is also called nesosilicate.

The orthosilicate ion is a strong base. Protonation of orthosilicate gives orthosilicic acid, a weak polyprotic acid. Orthosilicate, orthosilicic acid, and the various {{chem2|[SiO_{x}(OH)_{4-x}]^{x-}|}} hydrogen orthosilicates are the main form of dissolved silica in water.

## References
Cynicism

**Cynicism** is a philosophy started by the Cynics, Ancient Greek philosophers. 

## Origin
Cynicism was started by Antisthenes in the 5th century BC. The main points the cynics wanted to make was that man had no needs. At the same time, they were against possessing material goods. They also were against prejudices, such as being ashamed of being naked. 

## Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope made the cynics extend their views and combine them with that of other schools of philosophy, like the stoa. They also integrated elements of Greek mythology.

## Today
Today, the word *cynicism* generally describes the opinions and actions of those who believe that self-interest is the primary motive of human behavior. These persons, called *cynics*, shy away from relying upon sincerity, human virtue, or altruism as motivations.

## Related pages
* Nihilism
* Aristotle
* Socrates
* Ancient Greek philosophy
Servile Wars

The **Servile Wars** were a series of three slave revolts in the late Roman Republic. See:

* First Servile War: 135 BC-132 BC on Sicily, led by Eunus, a former slave claiming be a prophet, and Cleon (Cilician).
* Second Servile War: 104 BC-103 BC on Sicily, led by Athenion and Tryphon.
* Third Servile War: 73 BC-71 BC in Italy, led by Spartacus.
Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series)

***Sonic the Hedgehog***, also known as ***Sonic the Hedgehog SatAM***, ***Sonic SatAM*** or ***Sonic***, is a cartoon TV series starring Sonic the Hedgehog. It popularly distinguishes itself from other similarly named animated shows that also star Sonic.

This series was made by DiC Entertainment, and originally ran on ABC from September 18, 1993 to June 3, 1995, and had a total of 26 episodes, at 13 episodes per season.

The show starred Sonic, and the Knothole Freedom Fighters, a group of woodland animals united to fight the evil Dr. Robotnik, who has taken over the entire planet.

## References
Plutarch

**Mestrius Plutarchus** (; *c.* AD 46 – after AD 119), better known in English as **Plutarch**, was a Greek historian, and writer of biographies and essays.

Plutarch was born into a well-known family in *Chaeronea*, *Boeotia* Greece, a town about twenty miles east of Delphi. His works are *Parallel Lives* and *Moralia*.

## Other websites 
* 
** A biography of Plutarch is included in: , 18th century English translation under the editorship of Dryden (further edited by Arthur Hugh Clough).
* Works of Plutarch in etext at the University of Adelaide Library .
* Plutarch page at LacusCurtius (20th century English translation of most of the *Lives*, *On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander*, *On the Fortune of the Romans*, *Roman Questions*, and other excerpts of the *Moralia*)
* Plutarch's Isis and Osiris
ChuChu

***ChuChu*** was a Japanese shōjo manga magazine for teenage girls published by Shogakukan. The magazine was first published in December 2005 and finished publishing in December 2009.

## Famous works 
**Sakura Zensen* (Miyuki Ohbayashi)
**ALMIGHTY×10* (Aqua Mizuto)
**NG Boy×Paradise* (Yukino Miyawaki)
**Hitohira no Koi ga Furu* (Yuu Yabuuchi)

## Manga writers who wrote for *ChuChu* 
*Aqua Mizuto
*Chitose Yagami
*Hisa Kyoumachi
*Iori Shigano
*Kana Nanajima
*Kei Ouri
*Kirara Himekawa
*Kiyoko Arai
*Kyoko Mami
*Mai Jinna
*Mikiko Satsuki
*Miwako Sugiyama
*Miyuki Ohbayashi
*Naomi Uramoto
*Naoto Kohaku
*Natsumi Kawahara
*Nimi Fujita
*Nozomi Shiratori
*Rei Nanase
*Ryouko Mizoguchi
*Satoru Takamiya
*Sayumi Nakamura
*Tae Usami
*Takemaru SaSaki
*Yukako Iizaka
*Yukino Miyawaki
*Yuu Yabuuchi
Kiln

A **kiln** is a thermally insulated chamber or oven in which a controlled temperature regime is produced. 

## Other websites 
* Young International Woodfirer Association, an international association of people building and using woodfired kilns
* Northern Hardwood Initiative: Drying Hardwoods
Crassus

**Marcus Licinius Crassus** (c. 115 BC – 53 BC) was a Roman general and politician.

He commanded the left wing of Sulla's army at the Battle of the Colline Gate. It was he who finally  suppressed the slave revolt led by Spartacus. The Third Servile War began with three defeats of Roman armies against Spartacus and his followers. The revolt was finally destroyed by the concentrated military effort of a single commander, Crassus.

The last stage of his career was as a *triumvir*, one of the First Triumvirate, with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar. One of the richest men of the era, he was killed after a defeat at the Battle of Carrhae. His death led to the civil wars between Julius Caesar and Pompey, the other two triumvirs.

## Brutal discipline 
Crassus formed an army to meet the Parthians. In addition to six new legions, he was given other legions which had been beaten by Spartacus. He decimated them. This was the brutal method of executing *one man in ten* to encourage the others to fight harder. Each group of ten men drew lots to decide who would die. This punishment had not been used since the early days of Rome.

Crassus's punishment of Spartacus's surviving men was just as brutal. They were crucified. But his army was beaten by the Parthians, with many Roman deaths, including that of Crassus.

## Battle of Carrhae 
Crassus arranged to govern the Roman province of Syria, with the transparent intention of going to war with Parthia. In fact, he set out on a war against Parthia, using his own money, and without the Senate's official approval.

After being informed of the presence of the Parthian army, Crassus panicked. His general Cassius recommended that the army be deployed in the traditional Roman fashion, with infantry forming the center and cavalry on the wings. At first Crassus agreed, but he soon changed his mind and redeployed his men into a hollow square, each side formed by twelve cohorts. This formation would protect his forces from being outflanked but at the cost of mobility.

The day went badly for the Romans, who were repeatedly outflanked by the Parthian cavalry. The next day they received a message that offered to negotiate with Crassus. A truce was proposed, allowing the Roman army to return to Syria safely, in exchange for Rome giving up all territory east of the Euphrates. Crassus was reluctant to meet with the Parthians, but his troops threatened to mutiny if he did not.

At the meeting, a Parthian pulled at Crassus' reins, which sparked violence. Crassus and his generals were murdered. After his death, the Parthians allegedly poured molten gold down his throat in a symbolic gesture mocking his renowned greed. The remaining Romans at Carrhae attempted to flee, but most were captured or killed. Roman casualties amounted to about 20,000 killed and 10,000 captured, making the battle one of the costliest defeats in Roman history. Parthian casualties were minimal.

## References
Pompey

.]] 

**Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus** (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), otherwise known as **Pompey** () or **Pompey the Great**, was an important military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. 

Coming from an Italian provincial background, he secured a place for himself in the ranks of Roman nobility, and was given the nickname *Magnus*  ("the Great") by Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

Pompey was a rival of Marcus Licinius Crassus and an ally to Gaius Julius Caesar. Together, the three politicians would dominate the Late Roman republic through a political alliance called the First Triumvirate. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus (54 BC), disputes between Pompey and Caesar over the leadership of the Roman Republic lead to civil war. Pompey was decisively beaten by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, whereupon he fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated.

## Civil war and murder
]]
In the beginning, Pompey said he could defeat Caesar and raise armies merely by stamping his foot on the soil of Italy, but in the spring of 49&nbsp;BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon and his legions swept down the peninsula. Pompey abandoned Rome, and took his legions south towards Brundisium. Pompey intended to build up his army, and wage war against Caesar in the east. Neither Pompey nor the Senate thought of taking the vast treasury with them, probably thinking Caesar would not dare take it for himself. It was left in the Temple of Saturn when Caesar and his forces entered Rome.

Barely escaping Caesar in Brundisium, Pompey crossed over into Epirus. There, during Caesar's Spanish campaign, Pompey had gathered a large force in Macedonia, with nine legions plus contingents from the Roman allies in the east. His fleet controlled the Adriatic. Nevertheless, Caesar managed to cross over into Epirus in November 49&nbsp;BC, and captured Apollonia. 

Pompey died one day after his 59th birthday. His body remained on the shoreline, to be cremated by his loyal freeman Philip on the rotten planks of a fishing boat. His head and seal were presented to Caesar, who, according to Plutarch, mourned this insult to the greatness of his former ally. Caesar punished his assassins and their Egyptian co-conspirators, putting both Achillas and Pothinus to death. Pompey's ashes were eventually returned to Cornelia, who carried them to his country house near Alba. In Appian's account of the civil war, Caesar has Pompey's severed head buried in Alexandria, in ground reserved for a new temple to the goddess Nemesis. The divine functions of Nemesis (~fate) included the punishment of hubris (pride). For Pliny, the humiliation of Pompey's end is contrasted to his oversized portrait-head, studded with pearls, and carried in procession during his greatest Triumph.

## References
Police procedural

A **police procedural** is a type of crime story. In a police procedural, the main characters are police officers. The story usually shows how they solve crimes with teamwork, using their specialised knowledge of criminals and the city or other area where they are.

Police procedurals have always been popular on television. Some of the best-known TV shows of this type are *Dragnet*, *Law & Order*, *Hill Street Blues*, *NYPD Blue*, *Criminal Minds* and *The Shield*.
Ramp

**Ramp** could mean:
* Inclined plane, a physical structure that is a simple machine
* Vert ramp, a half-pipe structure used in gravity extreme sports
* Mini ramp, a half-pipe structure used in gravity extreme sports
* Airport ramp, the area around an airport terminal where aircraft are loaded and unloaded
* Slip road, a connector between grade-separated roads in a traffic interchange
* Ramp, a Trash Metal band from Portugal
* Entrance ramp, or "on ramp", on a freeway
* Exit ramp, or "off ramp", on a freeway
* Wild leeks, also called "ramps"
* ramp function, the integral of the unit step function in mathematics
* Mark Ramprakash, an English cricketer nicknamed *Ramps*
* Ramp strike, an accident involving an airplane and an aircraft carrier
* Electro-Kinetic Road Ramp, a road ramp that generates free electrical energy when traffic passes over it
**Ramp*, a 1991 album by Giant Sand
Roman Italy

]]

**Italia**, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula.

Italia was the home of the capital of the Roman Empire - Rome itself.

400 years later the Empire was much larger, but on the point of collapse. In the last period the Empire was governed from Byzantium (Constantinople), not Rome.
Shift key

The **shift key** is a key on a computer keyboard. It is used to type capital letters (like this: "ABC") instead of lowercase ("abc").

The shift key is also used to type with keys that have more than one symbol on them, such as the number keys and those for punctuation marks. In this case it is used to type the "upper" characters, that is, the symbol that appear above the other. The symbol below does not need the shift key to be pressed. On an English keyboard, these are some of the characters that need the shift key to be pressed down in order to type them:
*the parentheses "(" and ")" are on the same keys as the numbers 9 and 0
*the question mark "?" is on the same key as the slash "/"
*the exclamation point "!" is on the same key as the number 1
*the colon ":" is on the same key as the semicolon ";"

The way the shift key works is that it needs to be held down while the other key is pressed. Because of this, there are usually two shift keys, on the left and right sides of the keyboard, and they are held down using one of the little fingers while the other finger presses the other key.

Instead of using the shift key, one can also use the caps lock or shift lock keys. This lets one type many uppercase letters at once without having to hold down the shift key all the time.
Lusatian Neisse

The **Lusatian Neisse** is a river in the Czech Republic (*Lužická Nisa*), Germany (*Lausitzer Neiße*) and Poland (*Nysa Łużycka*). It flows into the Oder and is part of the Oder-Neisse line.

## Other websites
List of U.S. states by population density

## Population density - showing population and land area per square miles
## Related pages
* List of U.S. states by population

## Other websites 
* States by population -- JULY 2005 . United States Census Bureau. September 29, 2006.
* GCT-PH1-R. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000 . United States Census Bureau. Last accessed September 29, 2006.