open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
International Nuclear Event Scale

The **International Nuclear Event Scale** (INES) is a system introduced by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It was introduced  to allow  to communicate how serious a nuclear accident is. Other people are then able to react faster  to take protection measures. For each level, there is a list of things that must be there, for the accident to be of that level. 

There are 7 levels on the INES scale:

   **7**Major accident(maximum credible accident)
   **6**Serious accident
   **5**Accident with off-site risk
   **4**Accident without off-site risk
   **3**Serious incident
   **2**Incident
   **1**Anomaly
   **0**Deviation, no safety relevance

## Details
**Level 7** is the highest level. Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. The health of many people is put in danger. There are big effects on the environment. Examples: Fukushima nuclear disaster - 2011, Chernobyl disaster (former Soviet Union) - 1986.

**Level 6** Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. Several governments may need to do a lot to protect their population. Example: Mayak (former Soviet Union) 1957. Because of the levels of radioactive materials released, the Mayak accident would probably be rated at level 7 today.

**Level 5** Accidents of this type release some radiation. Some groups of people which are at risk may need special countermeasures.  Examples: Windscale fire (United Kingdom) - 1957, Three Mile Island accident (United States) - 1979.

*The Levels 5-7 are related to severe damage of the reactor core and the radiological barriers.* 

**Level 4** is for significant damage of the reactor core / radiological barriers and/or a fatal exposure of a worker (or more), but the off-site impact is minor, resulting in public exposure of the order of the prescribed limits. Examples: Windscale (United Kingdom) - 1973, Saint-Laurent (France) - 1980, Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 1983.

**Level 3** is for very small off-site impact, although related to severe spread of contamination on-site / acute health effects to a worker (or more). It is a "near accident" event, when no safety layers are remaining. Example: Vandellos (Spain) - 1989, THORP plant Sellafield (United Kingdom) - 2005.

**Level 2** is an incident with no off-site impact, related to significant spread of contamination on-site / overexposure of a worker.

**Level 1** is an anomaly beyond the authorized operating regime.

**Level 0** is a "below-scale event" of no safety significance.

There are also events of no safety relevance, characterized as "out of scale".

## Other websites 
*International Nuclear Event Scale , IAEA
*International Nuclear Event Scale, User's Manual , IAEA, 2001
Hafnarfjörður

**Hafnarfjörður** is a city found on the western coast of Iceland.  It is about 10 kilometres south of Reykjavík.  It is the third biggest city in Iceland..  Around 25,400 people were living in Hafnarfjörður as of 2008.

## Other websites 
*Town website page on the 'hidden people'
Level

**Level** might refer to;

*Level (tool), a tool used to see if a surface is flat
*Level (concept), a certain ''degree of knowledge or skill
*Level (coordinate), vertical position
*Level (video games), an area in a video game
Giverny

]]
**Giverny** is a village in Normandy, France. It was the temporary home of Claude Monet. At Giverny Monet paintings became much more popular. Here he painted the famous "Poppy Field Near Giverny", Grain stacks" and "The Japanese Bridge":
*Painting of Giverny
1236

## Events 
* January 14 – Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
* May 6 – Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St Albans Abbey dies. His chronicle is continued by Matthew Paris.
* September 22 – Lithuanians and Semigallians beat Livonian Brothers of the Sword in Battle of Siauliai
* Volga Bulgaria is conquered by Mongol khan Batu.
* Córdoba was retaken for Christianity as part of the Reconquista in 1236, and became a centre of activity against the remaining Islamic population.
* Accession of Razia al-Din to the Sultanate of Delhi.

## Deaths 
* Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti,a Sufi Saint.
* Iltutmish
1252

## Events 
* May 15– Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull *Ad exstirpanda*, which allows the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. Torture is soon used widely across Catholic Europe.
* The first European gold coins are minted in the Italian city of Florence, and are known as florins.
* The Polish land of Lebus is made a part of the German state of Brandenburg, beginning Brandenburg's expansion into previously Polish areas (Neumark).
* The Swedish city of Stockholm is founded by Birger Jarl.
* The Lithuanian city of Klaipėda is founded by the Teutonic Knights.
* The town and monastery of Orval in Belgium burns to the ground; rebuilding takes 100 years.
* Thomas Aquinas travels to the University of Paris to begin his studies there for a master's degree.
* In astronomy, work begins on the recording of the Alfonsine tables.
Neutron star

PSR B1509-58, a rapidly spinning neutron star, makes nearby gas glow in X-rays (gold, from Chandra) and illuminates the rest of the nebula, here seen in infrared (blue and red, from WISE)]]

A **neutron star** is a very small and dense star made almost completely of neutrons. They are small stars with a radius of about 1111.5 kilometres. They have a mass of about twice that of the Sun. They are the smallest and densest stars known to exist in the Universe. They are what is left of a huge star which exploded as a supernova.

The density of the star is like that of the nucleus of an atom. They have strong magnetic fields, between 108 and 1015 times as strong as that of Earth. The gravitational field at the neutron star's surface is about 2×1011 times stronger than on Earth.

To imagine how dense a neutron star is, take all of the mass of our sun (which has a diameter of ) and push it down into a size that would fit into a ball with a  diameter. Another way to understand the density is this: one teaspoon of matter from the neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons.

Neutron stars spin very fast, from 0.001 second up to 30 seconds to turn. They come in different types. They may emit beams of electromagnetic radiation as pulsars. Other types are magnetars and binary pulsars.

Neutron stars are very hot, usually around  at their surface.

## History 
In 1934, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky proposed the existence of neutron stars, only a year after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick.

Looking for the origin of a supernova, they suggested that in supernova explosions ordinary stars are turned into stars that consist of extremely closely packed neutrons, which they called neutron stars. Baade and Zwicky suggested that the release of the gravitational binding energy of the neutron stars powers the supernova: "In the supernova process, mass in bulk is annihilated".

Neutron stars were thought to be too faint to be detectable. Little work was done on them until November 1967, when Franco Pacini (1939–2012) pointed out that if the neutron stars were spinning and had large magnetic fields, then electromagnetic waves would be emitted. Radio astronomer Antony Hewish and his research assistant Jocelyn Bell at Cambridge soon detected radio pulses from stars that are now  known as pulsars.

## References
Parent

, drypoint and aquatint print, 1898.]]
**Parents** are the mother and father or caretaker of their offspring. 

In humans, a parent is the mother or the father figure of a child. They are either biologically or legally related to the person. When parents separate and choose who takes care of a child it is called *custody*. Parents who fail in their duty may be guilty of child abuse.

## Related pages
* Family
* Father
* Mother
* Child
* Grandparent
* Infant attachment
* Parental leave
Silver Spring, Maryland

**Silver Spring** is a community in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is a suburb of Washington, DC. It is the fifth biggest place in Maryland by population. Its population in 2020 was  81,015. Francis Preston Blair founded Silver Spring in 1840.

## Media 
*Silver Spring Stations
*Discovery Communications Building, (now Closed in 2019, and Demolition in 2020s)

## References
Caykur Rizespor

**Caykur Rizespor** is a sports club in Rize, Turkey. It was started in 1968. Caykur Rizespor 's home stadium is the Caykur Didi Stadyumu in Rize. Caykur Rizespor is in Turkish Super League.

## Other websites 
*Official website of Caykur Rizespor
Tenzing Norgay

**Tenzing Norgay** (May 29, 1914 – May 9, 1986) was a Sherpa climber. Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary were the first people to reach the top of Mount Everest on May 29, 1953. During his life he had several wives, as it is part of Sherpa lifestyle. Norgay was born in Kharta Valley, Nepal. He died aged 71 in Darjeeling, India.

## Early Life 
There are different views about his early life. The account that he gave in his first autobiography, accepted for several years, is that he was a Sherpa born and brought up in Khumbu in Nepal. However more recent research has led to the claim that he was born a Tibetan in Kharta valley, Tibet, but his family were left destitute when their yaks were killed by disease, and he was sold as a bonded servant to a Sherpa family in Thamey in Nepal. Khumbu lies near Mount Everest, which the Tibetans and Sherpas call Chomolungma which in Tibetan means Mother Goddess of the Earth.
His exact date of birth is not known, but he knew it was in late May by the weather and the crops. After his ascent of Everest on 29 May, he decided to celebrate his birthday on that day thereafter.

He was originally called "Namgyal Wangdi", but as a child his name was changed on the advice of the head lama and founder of the famous Rongbuk Monastery, Ngawang Tenzin Norbu. Tenzing Norgay translates as "wealthy-fortunate-follower-of-religion." His father, a yak herder, was Ghang La Mingma (d. 1949) and his mother was Dokmo Kinzom (who lived to see him climb Everest); he was the 11th of 13 children, most of whom died young.

He ran away from home twice in his teens, first to Kathmandu and later Darjeeling, and, at age 19, eventually settled in the Sherpa community in Too Song Bhusti in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.

One of his autobiographies is *Tiger of the snows: The Autobiography of Tenzing of Everest*, written in 1955.

## Journeys 
Tenzing Norgay had been on several attempts to reach the top of Mount Everest. Two of the attempts were stopped by bad weather which caused them to turn around. One of failed attempts was in 1935 with Eric Shipton. Eventually, after 6 failure attempts, Norgay finally reached the top of Mount Everest in 1953 along with Sir Edmund Hillary. They came back down from the top of the mountain on May 29, 1953 .

## After Mount Everest 
Tenzing later became director of field training for the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling. In 1978 he started Tenzing Norgay Adventures, a company providing trekking adventures in the Himalaya.

As of 2003 the company was run by his son Jamling Tenzing Norgay, who himself reached the summit of Everest in 1996.

He was honored with the prestigious Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour, in 1959.

The Government of India instituted the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards in his honour, awarded annually.

In 2024, "Tezning" an adventure film making right was acquired by Apple and the movie is releasing in 2026. 

## Death 
Tenzing Norgay died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 9 May 1986.

## References 
Tenzing Norgay also great grand father of Tseten lama
Ramadan

is colourfully decorated and beautifully illuminated during Ramadan.]]
, Taiwan during Ramadan.]]

**Ramadan** (sometimes spelled **Ramazan**, **Ramzan**, **Ramadhan**) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, during which Muslims  fast or do not eat or drink during the daytime. It is the holiest month in Islam. As mentioned in Sura Bakarah, verse number 183: 
O ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to 
those before you, that ye may [learn] self-restraint.

## Overview
The date for the start of Ramadan is slightly different each year, depending on the position of the moon. Once Ramadan starts, Muslims should not eat or drink between dawn and sunset. This usually continues for thirty days, but sometimes twenty-nine days.

Fasting is supposed to teach Muslims about patience and ibadah (faith).  It is a time for Muslims to think about how the poor and homeless suffer without lots of food. It helps Muslims to be more obedient, and less greedy. During Ramadan, Muslims ask to be forgiven for their sins, and they pray for help in stopping them from doing bad things. Muslims believe Ramadan is the month in which the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad.  

Not everyone has to fast in Ramadan.  Children do not have to fast.  They should start when they reach the age of puberty, so long as they are healthy.  People who are travelling long distances do not have to fast. While menstruating, women do not have to. Pregnant women do not have to if they think it might harm their unborn baby.  Sometimes sportsmen do not observe the fast, although there are disagreements about this.  For example, the Olympic Games in 2012 fell in the middle of the holy month.  This made it very difficult for the sportsmen who could not eat or drink during daytime.

When the sun goes down and it gets dark the Muslim people will start eating again (this is called "breaking the fast").  This meal is known as Iftar.  There are often big meals enjoyed together by lots of Muslims.  Sometimes markets open after Iftar and stay open during the night. Ramadan is also the month when the "Quran" was sent down into Earth by an Angel called "Jibrill" ("Gabriel").

## References
## Other websites 
* Ramadan 2016  - Islamic calendar makkah
Charlotte Eagles

The **Charlotte Eagles** are a soccer club that plays in Charlotte, North Carolina. The team's first season was 1993. They play in the 2nd Division of the United Soccer Leagues.
Carolina Panthers

The **Carolina Panthers** are an American Football team in the National Football League or the NFL. The Panthers play at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. They played their first game in 1995. Their current quarterbacks are Bryce Young And Andy Dalton. The team has gone to the playoffs 7 times and to the Super Bowl twice. The most recent appearance was in the 2015 NFL season.  

They are most recently known for their terrible 2023 season, in which they only won two games and lost fifteen. They would have had the first overall pick in the 2024 NFL Draft, but they traded it to the Chicago Bears. They are ranked as one of the worst teams in the NFL, along with the New England Patriots and the New York Giants.   

## Other websites
* Official Site
ADD

**ADD** or **Add** can mean:

* Addition
* Administration on Developmental Disabilities, part of United States Department of Health and Human Services
* Advanced Dungeons & Dragons
* assembly language computer instruction to add two numbers
* Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Selgovae

The **Selgovae** were a Brythonic tribe in Scotland, who lived in what is now the Borders. Their capital was on the North Eildon hill, near the current town of Melrose. This was a large hillfort covering an area of about 40 acres. It is believed that there were about 2500 people living in the fort. The Selgovae left the fort in 79 AD when the Roman army invaded the area. There are other Selgovae hillforts at Caidemuir Hill (near Peebles), Dreva Craig (near Broughton), Rubers Law (near Hawick), Whiteside Hill (near Romannobridge), Abory Hill (near Abington), Cow Castle (near Coulter), Quothquan Law (near Thankerton), Bodsberry Hill (near Crawford) and at Crawford. At Tamshiell Rigg there is evidence of a walled settlement. The Roman forts at Birrens, Netherby and Bewcastle were all built in Selgovae lands, north of Hadrian's Wall.

In the second century, the Selgovae are said to be one of the four kingdoms of ancient Scotland. By the end of the fourth century, the area had been taken over by Coel Hen and his kingdom of North Britain.

## References
Adam and Eve

**Adam and Eve** are the parents of all humans in the Abrahamic religions. In the Book of Genesis in the Bible, as well as the Qu'ran and the Aqdas, they are the first two people made by God.

The Bible says that the *Nāḥāš* (translated as serpent) tempted Eve so she could eat the forbidden fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the middle of the garden, disobeying God's command. When Adam and Eve sinned, they were cast out of the Garden of Eden and cursed with pain, death, and sickness.

In the Christian religion, the serpent is the Devil, a fallen angel and chief demon, who carries the titles of *Lucifer* ("Light bringer" or "Shining One") and *Satan* ("Accuser" or "Adversary").

## Adam
The second chapter of Genesis says that God made Adam from the dust of the ground. Then, God breathed life into him. God made a garden, called the Garden of Eden, for him to live in and take care of. Adam named the animals that God made. God did not provide clothing for Adam or Eve until they disobeyed him. He gave them tunics made out of animal fur when he banished them from Eden. .

## Eve
God knew that the animals were not good enough friends for Adam, who needed a partner like him. So God took a rib from Adam and used it to make Eve (meaning "mother of all living"). Adam did not give her this name until God banished them from Eden when he provided clothing for them out of animal fur after they disobeyed him.

## The fall and punishment
Chapter three of Genesis says that Adam and Eve had everything they needed in the garden. There was only one thing that God told them that they should *not* do: eat from the Tree of Knowledge; only from the Tree of Life. The serpent told them that God does not want you both to be as intelligent as he is, so this convinced Eve to disobey God's orders. Once  they ate the forbidden fruit, they were forced to leave Eden. Not only that, but God said that women would experience pain during childbirth, that men would have to work hard to grow food, and that he would return to the dust from which he came at death.

## Results of Adam's fall for everyone
Many Christians believe that because Adam sinned, his descendants are born inclined to evil. They cannot turn to God unless God first gives them Divine grace. This way God makes it possible for them to respond to Him and be saved. 

## References
KGB

, Stalin's henchman]]
's identity card as Director of the KGB]]

**KGB** is the Russian-language abbreviation for **State Security Committee**.  It was the main internal security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991.  It was formed in 1954 as a successor of earlier agencies, the Cheka, NKVD, and MGB, after the deaths of Joseph Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria in 1953. 

During the Cold War, the KGB suppressed "ideological subversion". This meant suppressing unorthodox political and religious ideas, and the people who held those ideas. It was Soviet policy for the KGB (and the secret services of the satellite states) to monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible counter-revolutionary plots in the Soviet Bloc.

The KGB was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the Prague Spring of "Socialism with a Human Face", in 1968 Czechoslovakia. A record of some of its doings is contained in the Mitrokin Archive.

Current president of The Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, was a KGB officer long before he became president.

## Different stages 
From 13 March 1954 to 6 November 1991, KGB was the main name for the main Soviet security agency, intelligence agency or spy agency, and the secret police agency.

In March 1953, Lavrenty Beria merged the MVD and the MGB into one agencythe MVD.  In December of that year, Beria and six associates were executed and the MVD split. The re-formed MVD retained its police and law enforcement powers, while the second, new agency, the KGB, did the internal and external security functions, and reported to the Council of Ministers. 

On 5 July 1978 the KGB was renamed as the "KGB of the Soviet Union", with its chairman holding a ministerial council seat.  The KGB ended when its chief, Colonel-General Vladimir Kryuchkov, used the KGB's resources to help the August 1991 coup attempt to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August 1991 Colonel-General Kryuchkov was arrested, and General Vadim Bakatin was appointed KGB Chairmanand mandated to dissolve the KGB of the Soviet Union. On 6 November 1991, the KGB officially ceased to exist, although Russia's new national security organization, the Russian *Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti* (FSB), works in the same things that the Soviet KGB did.

Belarus is the only post-Soviet Union era country where the national security organization is still called "KGB". Belarus is where Felix Dzerzhinsky started a group called the Cheka, which was an organization in the Soviet Union before the MVD or the KGB was started.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* KGB Info  from FAS.org
* Chebrikov, Viktor M., *et al.*, eds. *Istoriya sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti*. (1977) http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/documents.htm
* Committee for State Security -Citizendium
Federal Security Service

The **FSB** (ФСБ) is an organisation in Russia that takes care of security of the country. It is the organisation that came after the KGB, relating to internal affairs inside the country.  It is usually simply called the FSB in English-language sources. 

Its main responsibilities are within the country. It does counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance. It also investigates some other types of serious crimes. Its headquarters are in Lubyanka Square, Moscow's centre, in the main building of the former KGB. The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Aleksandr Bortnikov.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, official homepage in Russian
* Poison pins, rocks and fake logs: the secret arsenal of a long, silent war  by Jeremy Page, The Times, March 02, 2006
Projection (mathematics)

screen, and end at a 3D object. In 3D it is possible for three right angles to meet, but in 2D this can't happen. But still, a 2D screen can show the 3D object.]]
A **projection** in geometry is something like finding a shadow that an object casts onto another object. When a three-dimensional sphere is projected onto a plane, its projection will either be a circle or an ellipse.

In higher mathematics, projections are more broad. A projection is an idempotent function from a set onto a subset. When a function is idempotent, it means that no matter how many (positive) times one uses the map, it is the same as using the map one time.

Often, projections pick coordinate from elements in a Cartesian product. For example, \pi_1:X\times Y\to X can denote the map defined by (x,y)\mapsto x.
Drizzle

**Drizzle** is the name given to light rain. The drop size of drizzle is smaller than that of rain, about 0.5&nbsp;mm (millimeters) in diameter.

## References
Lee Hsien Loong

**Lee Hsien Loong** (born 10 February 1952) is a Singaporean politician who is currently serving as the Senior Minister of Singapore. He had served as the Prime Minister of Singapore from 2004 to 2024.

Lee was born in 1952 at Kandang Kerbau Hospital (presently known as KK Women's and Children's Hospital). He is the first child of Lee Kuan Yew and Kwa Geok Choo. Lee Kuan Yew, was the first Prime Minister of Singapore.

After leaving the SAF in 1984, he entered politics during the 1984 general elections. In 1987, he became a full member of the Cabinet as Minister for Trade and Industry and Second Minister for Defence. In 1990, Lee Hsien Loong was made a deputy prime minister.

## Background and education
On his grandmother (father's side), Chua Jim Neo is a Hokkien Nyonya. His mother's ancestors are from Tong'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China.  He studied at Nanyang Primary School, Catholic High School and National Junior College.

In 1971, Lee joined the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Lee was promoted to very high rank quickly in the Singapore Army. In July 1983, he became the youngest Brigadier General in Singapore. He left SAF in 1984.

## Early political life
In the 1980s, Lee Kuan Yew said he will step down as Prime Minister in 1984. Lee Hsien Loong was considered in the list of new leaders in PAP.

In 1984, at 32, He was elected an MP. His father immediately assigned him as a Minister of State for some ministries.

In 1987, he joined in the Cabinet as the Minister for Trade and Industry and Second Minister for Defence.

## Salary
From 2008 to 2012, Lee's salary was S$3.87 million every year. He had a salary increase of 25%, it was originally S$3,091,200.

In January 2012, his salary was reduced to S$2.2 million due to the public having complained then about his unfair salary.  But, he is still the prime minister with the highest salary in the world.

## Personal life
*Wong Ming Yang, Lee's first wife is a Malaysian-born doctor who was married in 1978. He has two children - Li Xiuqi and Li Yipeng. Three weeks after giving birth to Lee's first son, Li Yipeng, an albino, she died of heart attack on 28 October 1982, at 31 years old.
*While married to Ho Ching once again, a civil servant who went on to become CEO of Temasek Holdings in 1985, Lee Hsien Loong has another two more sons - Li Hongyi and Li Haoyi.
*Ho Ching's first son, Li Hongyi, won the Lee Kuan Yew Award for Math & Science in 2006. Also in 2006, he became an officer of SAF.
*Lee Hsien Loong has been diagnosed with lymphoma in 1992, and subsequently prostate cancer in February 2018.

## Notes
Event

An **event** is something which happens or takes place. An event is brief, possibly extremely brief. Not like a process, which takes time. 

*Alternate meaning: an important activity, an item in a program, or the program as a whole.

## Culture
* A special occasion, such as a wedding or other party, is a social event.

## Science 
* In physics (and in some kinds of philosophy), an event occurs at a point in time which can be distinguished because the state of the world changed.  Something was different before and after the event. 
* In special relativity (and general relativity), an event is a point in the spacetime continuum, i.e. it has a position in space and time.
* In experimental particle physics, an event refers to a set of elementary particle interactions recorded in a brief span of time.
* In probability a possible outcome of an experiment is called an elementary event, while a set of those (a subset of all) is called simply an event.
* In palaeontology, one speaks of extinction events.

## Telecommunications 
* In information processing, an event is a change in the properties received by an observer after being transmitted from an .
* In computer science, an event is a software message that indicates something has happened. See event-driven programming. A number of protocols, such as MIDI, are also event-based.
Nicolaus Copernicus

**Nicolaus Copernicus** (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Polish astronomer. People know Copericus for his ideas about the sun and the earth. His main idea was that our world is *heliocentric* (*helios* = sun). His theory was that the sun is in the middle of the solar system, and the planets go around it.

published in his book, *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium* (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in the year that he died.

## Life 
 (Kopernika Road #15, *left*).  Together with the house at #17 (*right*), it forms the *Muzeum Mikołaja Kopernika*.]]
Copernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Thorn (Toruń) in Royal Prussia, a mainly German-speaking state that was ruled by the Polish king since 1466. He was the son of the merchant Niklas Koppernigk and his wife Barbara Koppernigk (born Barbara Watzenrode). His native language was German. He was taught first in Cracow and then in Italy, where he graduated as a lawyer of the church. He also studied medicine to serve his fellow clerics. Copernicus spent most of his life working and researching in Frauenburg (Frombork), Warmia, Royal Prussia where he died in 1543.

Copernicus was one of the great polymaths of his age. He was a priest, mathematician, astrologer, jurist, physician, classical scholar, governor, administrator, diplomat, and economist . During all these jobs, he treated astronomy as a hobby. However, his doctrine of heliocentrism that the sun, rather than the earth, is at the center of the solar system, is one of the most important scientific hypotheses in history. It was the beginning of modern astronomy.

## Related pages
*Copernicium
## Other websites 
;Primary sources

* 

;General
* Portraits of Copernicus: Portrait ; Nicolaus Copernicus 
* Copernicus and Astrology  — Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers.
* Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus
* 'Body of Copernicus' identified — BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull

;About *De Revolutionibus*
* The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus
* De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition  — Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University
* The text of the De Revolutionibus 

;Legacy
* Chasing Copernicus: The book nobody read — was one of the greatest scientific works really ignored? All things considered. NPR
* Copernicus and his Revolutions — A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus
* Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition

## Notes 
## References
Digg

**Digg.com** is a social news, sharing, discovering, bookmarking and rating information website. Digg started out as a popular technology news sharing destination.

## Topics 
Digg allows users to submit 3 types of topic:
*News Article
*Image
*Video

## How Digg Works 
The Digg website works by allowing users to vote topic up (Digging);then displays popular stories on the front page of Digg. 

## Other websites 
* Digg.com
Mark Antony

:*For the American singer, see Marc Anthony.*
 of Marc Antony]]
**Mark Antony** (Latin: Marcus Antonius, 14 January *circa* 82 BC – 1 August 30 BC), was a Roman patrician from an upper-class family. He became a general and politician. He was an important supporter of Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator.

## Enemy of the state, and the second triumvirate
 bearing the portraits of Mark Antony (left) and Octavian (right). Struck in 41 BC, this coin was issued to celebrate the establishment of the Second Triumvirate by Octavian, Antony and Lepidus in 43 BC. Both sides bear the inscription "III VIR R P C", meaning "One of Three Men for the Regulation of the Republic".]]

After Caesar's assassination, Antony, left as sole Consul, surrounded himself with a bodyguard of Caesar's veterans. He forced the senate to transfer to him the province of Cisalpine Gaul, at the time administered by Brutus, one of the conspirators. Brutus refused to surrender the province and Antony set out to attack him in the beginning of 43 BC, besieging him at Mutina. 

Encouraged by Cicero, the Senate denounced Antony. In January 43 they granted Octavian *imperium* (commanding power), and sent him to relieve the siege. In April 43, Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina, forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul. 

News came that Brutus and Cassius were assembling an army in order to march on Rome. Antony, Octavian and Lepidus joined as allies, in November 43 BC, to stop Caesar's assassins. The trio were the Second Triumvirate. Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Antony and Octavian at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC. After the battle, a new arrangement was made: while Octavian returned to Rome, Antony went on to govern the east of the Republic. Lepidus went to govern Hispania (Spain) and the province of Africa. The triumvirate's enemies were subjected to proscription, including Mark Antony's archenemy Cicero, who was killed on 7 December 43 BC.

## Egypt 
Antony followed in Caesar's footsteps by going to Egypt and becoming Cleopatra's lover. They had three children together. His absence from Rome allowed the intelligent Octavian to build up support. 

The triumvirate broke up in 33 BC, and disagreement turned to civil war in 31 BC. Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium and then at Alexandria. He committed suicide, as did his lover, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in 30 BC.

William Shakespeare wrote a play "*Antony and Cleopatra*" based on this historical event.

## References
Lightning

:*For the NHL team, see Tampa Bay Lightning*
:*For the World War II fighter, see P-38 Lightning*
:
]]
**Lightning** is a very powerful electrical discharge made during a thunderstorm. The electric current makes the air very hot.  The suddenly heated air expands very quickly, which causes thunder.  Sometimes lightning happens between clouds.  Sometimes (in the rain) lightning goes from cloud to ground. If it goes from cloud to ground, it can strike a person. Around 2000 people are struck by lightning each year. A few of them are not killed.
About 50 to 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth every second.

, France in 1902.|Lightning usually hits the tallest structure.]]

When lightning strikes, the surface rubs electrons from the lightning, and a spark of electricity shoots from the lightning to the surface. In a thunderstorm, the lower cloud has as many as 100 million volts of electricity. In his book he suggested an experiment to test it. Joseph Priestley said that Franklin flew a kite to prove the presence of electricity in the storm, using a dry silk string to protect himself from the electricity in the wet hemp kitestring.  

## Related pages 
* Ball lightning
* Helicopter-triggered lightning strikes
* Lightning rod

## References 
## Other websites 
* Central Florida's "Lightning Stalker" photography 
* How Lightning Works at HowStuffWorks
* Positive lightning photography from Florida
* http://science1.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1999/essd18jun99_1/
Bob Geldof

**Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof**,  (; born 5 October 1951) is an Irish singer, songwriter, and political activist. He was born in Dún Laoghaire, County Dublin. Geldof is a member of the band "The Boomtown Rats". He also helped to organise the Live Aid and Live 8 events, and to form the Band Aid charity group. He also served as an actor for the Pink Floyd film The Wall, a musical about the album titled the same.

Geldof was married to Paula Yates from 1986 until they divorced in 1996. They had three daughters together, Fifi Trixibelle (born 1983), Peaches (1989-2014) and Little Pixie (born 1990). In 1996, Yates had a daughter called Tiger by her partner Michael Hutchence, who died in 1997. Yates died in 2000. Geldof adopted their daughter. He lives in Battersea, London with Tiger and his partner Jeanne Marine.

He has an honorary knighthood. Because he is not a British citizen, he may never be called "Sir." He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 and 2008.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Bullseye (British game show)

***Bullseye*** is a British television game show. It is hosted by Jim Bowen. In *Bullseye*, people play darts and answer questions to win money. The person who wins the most money has a chance to win Bully's special prize. It ran from 1981 to 1995 on ITV and there was another series in 2006 on Challenge, hosted by Dave Spikey. The series ran on ATN in Great Britain from 1987 to 1996, hosted by Robert Shukoff.

## Other websites 
*
Coronation Street

***Coronation Street ***(commonly known as ***Corrie***) is the longest-running television soap opera in the world. It began on 9 December 1960. It is one of the two most popular soap operas in the UK, the other being *EastEnders* (since 1985). It has won many awards. It is set in Weatherfield, a fictional town based on inner-city Salford. It is currently filmed in Salford Quays, It used to be filmed at Granada Studios in Manchester from 1960 to 2014. William Roache has played Ken Barlow in it since the very first episode in 1960 by Tony Warren. He has acted in the show for longer than anyone else. Eileen Derbyshire, who played Emily Bishop, started in 1961 and departed in 2016 and returned for one appearance in 2019. Rita Sullivan played by Barbara Knox first appeared in one episode in 1964 and returned in 1972 and has continued as a regular cast member ever since. Gail Platt played by Helen Worth, who was at first meant to be a very small character, has appeared continuously since 1974. There are six half-hour episodes a week: two on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. There have been more than 5000 characters in the show's history.

The soap opera is shown in many countries around the world. In the UK it is on ITV, the third television channel.

Compare The Market was the show's sponsor from 2012 until 2020. Since 2021, Argos has been the show's sponsor.

The video of the 1984 Queen single "I Want to Break Free" parodies the show's characters.

## Characters
## References
## Other websites 
*
Plaice

**Plaice** is the common name of three species of flatfishes:

* Alaska plaice, *Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus*.
* American plaice, *Hippoglossoides platessoides*.
* European plaice, *Pleuronectes platessa*

**Plaice** can also mean:

* USS Plaice (SS-390), a Balao-class submarine
* PLAICE, an open source hardware FLASH programmer, memory emulator, and logic analyzer
European plaice

**European plaice** (*Pleuronectes platessa*) is the name for a kind of fish. They are a commercially important flatfish. They live on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf.  Its geographical range is from the Barents Sea to the Mediterranean. Plaice are characterised by their smooth, brown skin, red spots and bony ridge behind the eyes.
The fish  feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalves. They can be found down to about 200 m.

## Gastronomy
In England they are often used as the fish in fish and chips.

In Danish cuisine they are one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an open sandwich topping together with remoulade sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with french fries and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants.  Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, are readily available in supermarkets.  Fresh plaice is also oven-baked.

## Other websites 
* Information about plaice
Trey

Trey is a frequently used name for male children in the United States. It is a concise and straightforward name with a significant historical background. The name Trey is derived from the Latin term "tres," which translates to "three." It is commonly employed as a moniker for boys who are the third-born in their family or were born on the third day of the month. Nonetheless, the name Trey has evolved over time to have a wider connotation and is now frequently used as a standalone name.  The pronunciation of the name is [ trey ].  This name was ranked #653 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

## People
* Trey Anastasio, an American guitarist, composer and singer
* Trey Azagthoth, a guitarist for death metal band Morbid Angel
* Trey Gunn, a member of the band King Crimson
* Trey Junkin, a former American football player
* Trey Parker, creator of *South Park*
* Trey Spruance, an American musician
* Trey Teague, an American football player
* Trey Wingo, an American sportscaster
* Trey Gowdy, American television news personality, former politician, and former federal prosecutor
* Trey Songz, American R&B singer
* Trey Lyles, Canadian basketball player
* Trey Mancini, American professional baseball first baseman and outfielder
* Trey Lewis, NFL Defensive Tackle

## Other
* **Trey of Triforia**, a character in *Power Rangers: Zeo*
* Trey, Vaud, a commune in Vaud, Switzerland
* Standard Anglo-American playing cards of rank three, as in "the trey of hearts"
* Trey Smith American rapper know as Tech G 

## References
Crossword

A **crossword**, or **crossword puzzle**, is a popular type of puzzle that uses words. They are usually found in newspapers, magazines, and in books which contain a  of them. They can also be played over the Internet and using mobile apps.

The first crossword puzzle was created by Arthur Wynne, a journalist from Liverpool. It first appeared in the December 21, 1913 issue of the New York World. Today, there are many newspapers and magazines that are known for their crossword puzzles, such as the New York Times.  A different crossword is typically printed every day or in every , and the  (or solution) is either found somewhere else or often is not seen until the next day or issue.

## How to play
A  crossword is made up of black and white squares, called a grid. All the white squares appear in  rows or  columns, but are not always separated with black squares. Another way to say this is that every white square must have at least one other white square touching it on any side. The kind of crossword that appears in newspapers and magazines, such as the one in the image, often has lots of white squares beside each other.

The  of solving the puzzle is to write different words, letter-by-letter, in the white squares. Next to the grid is a list of . The answer to each clue is a word or sometimes a phrase. The place in the grid where the answer to each clue should go is shown by a number and the direction in which the answer appears, for example, "1 " or "15 ". Many computer programs have been created to find the answers to these clues.

There are many types of crosswords. Straight (or Quick) crosswords are usually made up of simple definitions - which means that other words are used to describe the answer. Some crosswords, called cryptic crosswords, use riddles and word play and are usually more difficult than straight crosswords.

## Example
Here is a small example of a (British-style) straight crossword:

### Across
1.  Sheep sound (3)
3.  Neither liquid nor gas (5)
5.  Humour (3)

### Down
1.  Road passenger transport (3)
2.  Permit (5)
4.  Short for "Dorothy" (3)

The solution (answer) to this crossword is:

## Related pages
*Word games
*Puzzles
*Sudoku

## References
## Other websites 
*The Crossword Centre
*Daily crossword puzzles, Online crossword help and Crossword solutions
*FindTheWord.info  Online crossword help
Even number

An **even number** is an integer that can be divided by two and remain an integer or has no  not real remainder. For example, 16 is an even number, because 16\div 2=8, and 8 is an integer. An even number may be either a negative integer like -16, a positive integer like 20, or zero.

## Definition 
If an even number is divided by two, the result is another integer. Another way to say this is that even numbers are divisible by two. If n is an even number, we can write this as 2 \mid n, which means "2 divides n".

An integer that is not an even number is an odd number. The quality of being odd or even is called the parity of a number.

Since even numbers are integers, negative numbers can be even. For example, -16 is an even negative number. Also, 0 is an even number, because 0\div 2 = 0.

## Related pages
* Parity (mathematics)
* Odd number
Mardi Gras

**Mardi Gras** (Fat Tuesday) is a festival held the day before Ash Wednesday (shrove Tuesday) which signifies the end of the Carnival season and the start of Lent. Many cities (especially those with large Catholic populations) like New Orleans are famous for their Mardi Gras. 

During Mardi Gras, almost everyone takes part in celebrating with lavish parades and parties. Many different people celebrate Mardi Gras in their own way, some people have small parties and eat many of the tasty pastries and some people have huge parties and celebrate in a big way. Some of the pastries they eat are called king's cake, hot cross buns, punchskis, tricolor scrolls and thick sugar cookies. There are many more things that other people eat but these are the usual American celebration food for mardi gras. There are so many different parades and kinds of celebrations.

In some countries, including the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, the day is called Shrove Tuesday, Fat Tuesday, Pancake Tuesday or Pancake Day.

Mardi Gras is also celebrated in French speaking countries.
Røldalsvatnet

**Røldalsvatnet** is a lake in Odda, Hordaland, Norway. The length around it is 20.64 km, its area is 6.99&nbsp;km² and it is 380 meters above sea level.
Technorati

**Technorati** was a search engine for weblogs.  As of August 2006, Technorati indexed over 55 million sites. 

Technorati was founded by Dave Sifry and its headquarters was in San Francisco, California, USA.

## Other websites
*Technorati
Astoria, Oregon

**Astoria** is a city in the American state of Oregon. It is named after John Jacob Astor, who started a fur trading post, there in 1811. Many movies have been filmed there like *The Goonies*, *Kindergarten Cop*, and *Free Willy*.
Pluto (Disney)

**Pluto** is a fictional non-anthropomorphic dog that belongs to Mickey Mouse. He is a golden-yellow bloodhound dog with a green collar. He was introduced in 1930 and got his name from the dwarf planet Pluto.

Pluto taught many kids lessons such as sharing, not to have jealousy, and many others.  Pluto was very energetic. Pluto was created by Walt Disney.

## Filmography
**Just Dogs* (1932)
**Mother Pluto* (1936)
*''Pluto's Quin-puplets* (1937)
**Bone Trouble* (1940)
**Pantry Pirate* (1940)
**Pluto's Playmate* (1941)
**Pluto Junior* (1942)
**The Army Mascot* (1942)
**The Sleep Walker* (1942)
**T-Bone for Two* (1942)
**Pluto at the Zoo* (1942)
**Private Pluto* (1943)
**Springtime for Pluto* (1944)
**First Aiders* (1944)
**Dog Watch* (1945)
**Canine Casanova* (1945)
**The Legend of Coyote Rock* (1945)
**Canine Patrol* (1945)
**Pluto's Kid Brother* (1946)
**In Dutch* (1946)
**The Purloined Pup* (1946)
**Pluto's Housewarming* (1947)
**Rescue Dog* (1947)
**Mail Dog* (1947)
**Pluto's Blue Note* (1947)
**Bone Bandit* (1948)
**Pluto's Purchase* (1948)
**Cat Nap Pluto* (1948)
**Pluto's Fledgling* (1948)
**Pueblo Pluto* (1949)
**Pluto's Surprise Package* (1949)
**Pluto's Sweater* (1949)
**Bubble Bee* (1949)
**Sheep Dog* (1949)
**Pluto's Heart Throb* (1950)
**Pluto and the Gopher* (1950)
**Wonder Dog* (1950)
**Primitive Pluto* (1950)
**Puss Café* (1950)
**Pests of the West* (1950)
**Food for Feudin'* (1950)
**Camp Dog* (1950)
**Cold Storage* (1951)
**Plutopia* (1951)
**Cold Turkey'' (1951)

## References