open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gennady Timchenko

**Gennady Nikolayevich Timchenko** (, *also spelled* **Guennadi Timtchenko**; born 9 November 1952) is a Russian billionaire businessman. He founded and owns the private investment group, Volga Group. He was a co-owner of Gunvor Group.

In 2019, Timchenko was ranked 42nd on the Forbes magazine billionaires list, with a fortune of US$22.7 billion.

He is known for being the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Kontinental Hockey League, and President of the SKA Saint Petersburg ice hockey club.
 
He is a citizen of Russia, Finland and Armenia.

## References
Harold Hamm

**Harold Glenn Hamm** (born December 11, 1945) is an American entrepreneur. He is best known for he development of the large shale oil resources of the Bakken formation.

As of January 2018, Hamm's net worth is said to be $14.2 billion, making him the 79th richest person in the United States.

In 2012, presidential candidate Mitt Romney named Hamm as his energy advisor.

In 2016, then-Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump was thinking about making Hamm United States Secretary of Energy.

In October 2025, Hamm was named by the White House as a donor to the construction of the White House State Ballroom, a proposed 90,000-square-foot expansion of the East Wing.

In March 2026, Hamm called Oklahoma Governor Kevin Stitt to ask if he could be picked to replace Markwayne Mullin as U.S. Senator after Mullin becomes Secretary of Homeland Security. However Stitt ended up picking businessman Alan Armstrong as Mullin’s replacement.

## References
S. P. Hinduja

**Srichand Parmanand Hinduja** (28 November 1935 – 17 May 2023) was an Indian-born British billionaire business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He was the primary shareholder and chairman of Hinduja Group of companies.

As of May 2020, together with his brother Gopichand he was the UK's second richest man. Since the 1990s, he had been consistently ranked among the UK and Asia's richest people.

## References
Gopichand Hinduja

**Gopichand Parmanand Hinduja** (29 February 1940 &ndash; 4 November 2025) was an Indian-born British billionaire businessman, the co-chairman of the Hinduja Group. In May 2020, together with his brother Srichand he was the UK's second richest man.

Starting in the 1990s, he was listed many times as one of the UK and Asia's richest people. The *Forbes* List in March 2018 ranked him and his brother GP as the world's 55th richest billionaire family with a wealth of $19.5 billion.

In May 2019 The Hinduja brothers, Gopichand and Srichand, were once again named by the Time UK as the UK's wealthiest people, according to the annual Rich List survey.

Hinduja died on 4 November 2025 in a hospital in London, England at the age of 85.

## References
Jacqueline Mars

**Jacqueline Mars** (born October 10, 1939) is an American heiress and investor. She is the daughter of Audrey Ruth (Meyer) and Forrest Mars, Sr.. She is the heir of the American candy company Mars, Incorporated. As of June 2018, Mars was ranked by *Forbes* as the 38th richest person in the world, with a net worth of $23.2 billion.

In 2018, her net worth was US$23.2 billion. Mars was raised in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Her brother, John Franklyn Mars, is also a billionaire.

## References
Fauquier County, Virginia

**Fauquier**  is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 72,972. The county seat is Warrenton.

The county is one of the fastest-growing and richest counties in the United States.

## References
Esther Dang

**Esther Dang** (born 5 March 1945 in Mbalmayo) is a Cameroonian economist. She was a candidate for the 2011 Cameroonian presidential election.

She graduated from the University of Yaoundé and University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne. From October 1974 to July 1975 she worked for the Cameroonian Insurance and Reinsurance Company (SOCAR). From 2 April 1982 to 28 April 1989, she was Director of Operations at the National Investment Company (SNI). In 2010 she left the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Africa

## References
Christopher Kloeble

**Christopher Kloeble** (born 3 July 1982 Munich) is a German writer and screenwriter. He won the 2008 Jürgen Ponto Stiftung prize for best first novel. 

In June 2010 he read the at the Ingeborg Bachmann Competition.  He was Max Kade Writer-in-Residence at Georgetown University.

## Works 
* *Amongst Loners,*  2008
**Almost Everything Very Fast.* 2012 
* *The Shadows of the Salz Family*,  2016
* *Home Made In India,* 2017.

## References
Jorge Paulo Lemann

**Jorge Paulo Lemann** (born August 26, 1939) is a Brazilian billionaire investment banker, and businessman.

In 1971, Lemann, Carlos Alberto Sicupira and Marcel Herrmann Telles founded the Brazilian investment banking firm Banco Garantia.

In 1994, he suffered a heart attack at age 54.

From 1990 to 2001, he was a member of the board of directors of Companhia Cervejaria Brahma.

As of October 2019, Lemann was ranked 37th richest in the world by *Forbes*, with a net worth of .

## References
Joseph Safra

**Joseph Safra** ( ; 1938 &ndash; 10 December 2020) was a Syrian-Brazilian billionaire banker. He ran the Brazilian banking and investment empire, Safra Group.

He was the chairman of all Safra companies, among them Safra National Bank of New York and Banco Safra headquartered in São Paulo, Brazil. Safra had a net worth of $24.7 billion. He is Jewish.

Safra died on 10 December 2020 in São Paulo, Brazil at the age of 82.

## References
Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen

**Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen** (; born 27 December 1947) is a Danish businessman. He is the former president and CEO of The Lego Group from 1979 to 2004.

According to *Forbes*, Kristiansen is the third richest Dane, with a net worth of $4.7 billion as of February 2020. He is the grandson of Lego founder Ole Kirk Christiansen.

## References
Lakshmi Mittal

**Lakshmi Niwas Mittal** (; born 15 June 1950) is an Indian steel businessman. He is the chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal.

In 2005, *Forbes* ranked Mittal as the third-richest person in the world, making him the first Indian citizen to be ranked in the top ten in the publication's annual list of the world's richest people. In 2007, Mittal was considered to be the richest Asian person in Europe.

Mittal has been a member of the board of directors of Goldman Sachs since 2008.

## References
Arfakiana tree frog

The **Arfakiana tree frog** (*Litoria arfakiana*) is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives in hills and mountains above the coastal plains.

## References
Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)

**"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)**" is a song by Colombian singer Shakira. It is called "**Waka Waka (Esto es África)**" in Spanish. The song features the South African band Freshlyground. It was released on 7 May 2010 by Epic Records. "Waka Waka" was the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. It was written, composed and produced by Shakira and John Hill. "Waka Waka" is a pop song. 

The song got positive reviews from critics. It was controversial after many South Africans were disappointed that FIFA chose Shakira to sing the song. They said that it would have been better for a South African artist to perform it. Many have also accused Shakira of plagiarism. They said that the chorus and melody are borrowed from the 1986 Cameroonian song "Zamina mina (Zangaléwa)" by Golden Sounds. The members of the group and its manager later made an agreement with Shakira. They said that she simply readapted the song.

"Waka Waka" peaked at number one on record charts of fifteen countries. It was the biggest song of 2010 in seven countries. The song is the seventh bestselling song of all-time in Switzerland and the tenth in Belgium and France. "Waka Waka" has sold 15 million downloads worldwide. It is one of the best-selling singles of all time.

## References
Yelena Chebotova

**Yelena Chebotova** (born 6 December 1988) is a female water polo player of Kazakhstan.

She was part of the Kazakhstan women's national water polo team at the 2010 Asian Games and 2011 World Aquatics Championships.

## References
John Franklyn Mars

**John Franklyn Mars**, KBE (born October 15, 1935) is an American businessman. He was born in Arlington, Virginia.

As a member of the Mars family, his share of the company and other assets were worth US$10 billion in September 2010, making him the 52nd richest person in the world and the 26th richest person in America, according to *Forbes*.

As of October 2012, Mars is listed as the 30th richest person in the world with a net worth of 20.1 billion.

In January 2017, he paid $7.7 billion for VCA, Inc, a pet care company.

As of January 2018, Mars had a net worth of $28.1 billion, making him the 32nd-richest person in the world (tied with his sister Jacqueline).

## References
Arthur Donald Spatt

**Arthur Donald Spatt** (December 13, 1925 – June 12, 2020) was an American politician and judge. Spatt was the United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York from 1989 to 2004. He was born in New York City. Spatt was nominated by President George H. W. Bush.

Spatt died on June 12, 2020 in Commack, New York from blood cancer, aged 94.

## References
Mukesh Ambani

**Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani** (born 19 April 1957) is an Indian billionaire businessman. He is the chairman, managing director, and largest shareholder of Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL), a Fortune Global 500 company and India's most valuable company by market value. He is currently the second richest man in Asia.

## References
Aru tree frog

The **Aru tree frog** (*Ranoidea aruensis*) is a tree frog that lives on two islands in Indonesia called the Aru Islands.

## References
Pallonji Mistry

**Pallonji Shapoorji Mistry** (1 June 1929 &ndash; 28 June 2022) was an Indian-born Irish billionaire businessman. He was chairman of Shapoorji Pallonji Group. He was the richest Irish person. According to *Forbes*, his wealth was US$14.4 billion in October 2019. He was the largest individual shareholder in India's largest private group, Tata Group. His net worth was US$25.7 billion in January 2021.

Mistry died on 28 June 2022 in Dublin, Ireland at the age of 93. His son, Cyrus Mistry, died two months later.

## References
Player versus environment

**Player versus environment**, also called **PvE**, is a type of game. The word is used when describing online video games, especially MMORPGs, MUDs, and other online role-playing games. In PvE games, the player fights things that are controlled by the game or computer, not by other players. This is different from another type of game, called PvP, where people fight other people. Players can play PvE games by themselves, with other people, or with people also controlled by the game.

## Related pages
* Player versus player
* Cooperative gameplay
* Deathmatch
* Single player video game

## References
Ranoidea auae

***Ranoidea auae*** is a frog from Papua New Guinea. People have seen it at an elevation of 600 meters above sea level.  It lives on short plants near forests.

These frogs can grow to 5.5 cm long.

## References
Donald Bren

**Donald Leroy Bren** (born May 11, 1932) is an American businessman. He is chairman and owner of the Irvine Company, an American real estate development company. Bren's net worth is $17 billion, making him number 112 on the 2022 Forbes Billionaires List.

## References
Stefan Persson

**Carl Stefan Erling Persson** (; born 4 October 1947) is a Swedish businessman.

In March 2013, Forbes reported Persson's net worth as $28 billion. making him the richest of Sweden's 12 billionaires

Persson is the chairman and main shareholder in fashion company H&M, which was founded by his father Erling Persson in 1947.

## References
Leonardo Del Vecchio

**Leonardo Del Vecchio** (22 May 1935 &ndash; 27 June 2022) was an Italian billionaire businessman. He was the founder and chairman of Luxottica,  the world's largest producer and retailer of glasses and lenses.

In January 2020, Del Vecchio had a net worth of $25.8 billion, which made him the richest man in Italy, and the 50th richest in the world.

Del Vecchio died on 27 June 2022 in Milan, Italy from pneumonia at the age of 87.

## References
Philip Anschutz

**Philip Frederick Anschutz** ( ; born December 28, 1939) is an American billionaire businessman. He owns and controls many companies. His name appears on medical and educational institutions to because he has donated millions. 

Anschutz has been described as a Christian conservative, who has donated to openly&nbsp;antigay, anti-transgender, and&nbsp;anti-abortion causes.

In 1961, he bought out his father's oil drilling company, Circle A Drilling, and earned large returns in Wyoming. He invested in stocks, real estate and railroads. 

He expanded his investments to sports and entertainment companies, co-founding the American association football/soccer league Major League Soccer as well as multiple soccer teams, including the Los Angeles Galaxy, Chicago Fire, Houston Dynamo, San Jose Earthquakes, and the New York/New Jersey MetroStars. 

Anschutz is the principal owner of the National Hockey League's Los Angeles Kings and is a minority owner of the National Basketball Association's Los Angeles Lakers. 

Through the AEG Live, he owns the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. He is also the namesake of CU Anschutz, the medical campus of the University of Colorado.

As of October 2019, *Forbes* ranked him the 41st richest person in the U.S., with a net worth of $11.5 billion.

## References
Ma Huateng

**Ma Huateng** (, born on October 29, 1971), also known as **Pony Ma**, is a Chinese businessman, investor, politician, and philanthropist. He is the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Tencent.

## References
Masayoshi Son

is a Korean-Japanese billionaire technology businessman, investor, and philanthropist. He is the founder and chief executive officer (CEO) of the Japanese holding company SoftBank, CEO of SoftBank Mobile and chairman of UK-based Arm Holdings.

According to *Forbes* magazine, Son's net worth is US$23 billion, and he is the second richest man in Japan.

In 2016, Son founded the Masason Foundation alongside Nobel Prize laureate Shinya Yamanaka to provide resources to emerging youth innovators worldwide.

## References
Lee Kun-hee

**Lee Kun-hee** (; ;  January 9, 1942 &ndash; October 25, 2020) was a South Korean businessman. He was the chairman of Samsung Group. In 1996, Lee became a member of the International Olympic Committee. His family has a net worth of , which make them among the Forbes richest people in the world.

He was the third son of Samsung founder Lee Byung-chull.

In May 2014, he was hospitalized for a heart attack and was in a coma.

In 2014, Lee was named the world's 35th most powerful person and the most powerful Korean by Forbes Magazine's List of The World's Most Powerful People along with his son Lee Jae-yong.

He died on 25 October 2020 in Seoul from problems caused by the heart attack he suffered in 2014. He was 78 years old.

## References
Kwong Siu-hing

**Kwong Siu-hing**, or sometimes **Kwok Kwong Siu-hing** (; born 1929), is the matriarch of the Kwok family.

She controls Sun Hung Kai Properties, the largest property developer in Hong Kong.

As of 2008, Kwong controls about 41.53% of SHK Properties' shares through a family trust, so she became the largest shareholder of the company.

## References
Stefano Pessina

**Stefano Pessina** (born June 4, 1941) is an Italian-Monegasque billionaire businessman. He is the vice chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), and the largest single shareholder of Walgreens Boots Alliance.

## References
Susanne Klatten

**Susanne Hanna Ursula Klatten** (née ** Quandt**, born 28 April 1962) is a German billionaire heiress. She is the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. She is known for having financial holdings with BMW and Altana.

As of June 2020, her net worth was US$22.0 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 54th richest person in the world.

## References
Herbert Quandt

**Herbert Werner Quandt** (22 June 1910 &ndash; 2 June 1982) was a German businessman. He was seen as the businessman that saved BMW when it was at the point of bankruptcy and made a huge profit in doing so.

## References
Kwok Tak-seng

**Kwok Tak-seng** OBE (12 March 1911 – 30 October 1990) was a Hong Kong businessman. He was the founder of Sun Hung Kai Properties, one of the major property developers in Hong Kong.

## References
Le Parisien

***Le Parisien*** (; French for "The Parisian") is a French daily newspaper. It has both international and national news, and local news of Paris and its suburbs. 

It is owned by LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE, better known as LVMH.
Vagit Alekperov

**Vagit Yusufovich Alekperov** (, ; born 1 September 1950) is an Azerbaijani and Russian businessman. He is the president of the leading Russian oil company LUKOIL.

As of 2019 he was seen by *Forbes* magazine as the third richest person in Russia with a net worth of $21.1 billion and the 46th richest person in the world.

## References
Vladimir Lisin

**Vladimir Sergeyevich Lisin** (born 7 May 1956) is a Russian billionaire businessman. He is the chairman and majority shareholder of Novolipetsk (NLMK), one of the four largest steel companies in Russia.

According to *Forbes* he was the richest man in Russia and 48th richest in the world in 2013.

## References
Summit, Illinois

**Summit** (or **Summit-Argo**) is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 11,161 at the 2020 census.

The village is best known as the setting to Ernest Hemingway's 1927 short story "The Killers".

## References
Cyril Nauth

**Cyril Nauth** (born on  in Dijon), is a French politician.

## Biography 
Cyril Nauth was born on 19 December 1981in dijon city. He's mayor of Mantes-la-Ville since 2014.

## Budget and management of the town hall 
Debt is down 16% with no increase in taxes.

## References
Money, Mississippi

**Money** is an unincorporated Mississippi Delta community near Greenwood in Leflore County, Mississippi, United States. It has fewer than 100 residents. 

Money is located on a railroad line along the Tallahatchie River, a tributary of the Yazoo River in the eastern part of the Mississippi Delta. The community has ZIP code 38945 in the Greenwood, Mississippi micropolitan area.

Money was the location where Emmett Till was murdered by racists.

## References
John A. Wickham Jr.

**John Adams Wickham Jr.** (June 25, 1928 &ndash; May 11, 2024) was a United States Army general who served as the United States Army Chief of Staff from 1983 to 1987.

Wickham was born on June 25, 1928, in Dobbs Ferry, New York. He worked at the United States Military Academy as a social sciences instructor, from 1956 to 1960.

Wickham Jr. died on May 11, 2024 in Oro Valley, Arizona at the age of 95.

## References
Wallace H. Nutting

**Wallace Hall Nutting** (born June 3, 1928) is a retired United States Army general. He was Commander in Chief, United States Southern Command (USCINCSOUTH) from 1979 to 1983 and as Commander in Chief, United States Readiness Command (USCINCRED) from 1983 to 1985.

From 2003 to 2007, he was Mayor of Biddeford, Maine.

## References
Robert W. RisCassi

**Robert William RisCassi** (born January 18, 1936) is a retired United States Army four-star general. He was Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army (VCSA) from 1989 to 1990.

RisCassi was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He is a 1958 graduate of the University of Connecticut.

He was awarded the University of Connecticut Distinguished Alumni Award in 1989.

## References
Edwin H. Burba Jr.

General **Edwin Hess Burba Jr.** (born September 13, 1936) is a retired four-star general. He was Commander-In-Chief of the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) from 1989 to 1993.

## References
Robert W. Sennewald

**Robert William Sennewald** (November 21, 1929 – March 17, 2023) was a United States Army general.

## Early life 
Sennewald was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was commissioned in 1951 through the Reserve Officer Training Corps. He studied at Iowa State University.

## Career 
Sennewald was Commander in Chief, U.N. Command/Commander in Chief, ROK/U.S. Combined Forces Command/Commander, U.S. Forces Korea/Commanding General, Eighth U.S. Army (CINCUNC/CINCCFC/COMUSFK/CG EUSA) from 1982 to 1984.

He also was Commanding General, U.S. Army Forces Command (CG FORSCOM) from 1984 to 1986. Sennewald was promoted to four star rank on May 24, 1982.

He retired from the U.S. Army in 1986. He died on March 17, 2023, at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
Leon E. Salomon

General **Leon E. Salomon** (born 27 April 1936) is an American general.

Following his promotion to Brigadier General in 1986, he was named the 23rd Chief of Ordnance and Commandant of the U.S. Army Ordnance Center and School at Aberdeen Proving Ground.

During his two-year tenure, he worked to improve the training, doctrine and evaluation programs at the Ordnance School.

Salomon was elected to the GRC International Board of Directors.

From 1996 to 1998, he was vice president for procurement and logistics for Rubbermaid and senior vice president for procurement at Rubbermaid from 1998 to 1999. He is on the board of directors for Global Security Management,

## References
Lauren Sánchez Bezos

**Lauren Wendy Sánchez Bezos** (born December 19, 1969) is an Emmy Award-winning American news anchor, entertainment journalist, media personality, actress,  producer, pilot and entrepreneur.

Sánchez is a guest host on *The View*, former co-host on KTTV Fox 11's *Good Day LA* and anchor on the Fox 11 ''Ten O'clock News*, and anchor and special correspondent on *Extra.*

Sánchez Bezos has also been a regular contributor on shows including *Larry King Live*, *The Joy Behar Show* and *Showbiz Tonight''.

She had an affair with billionaire Jeff Bezos. The two started dating in 2019 and were married in 2025.

## References
MacKenzie Scott

**MacKenzie Scott** (née **Tuttle**, formerly **Bezos**; born April 7, 1970) is an American novelist, activist, and philanthropist. She has been the world's richest woman since September 2020.

She has been the executive director of Bystander Revolution, an anti-bullying organization she founded, since 2014.

## Personal life 
MacKenzie was married to Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon and Blue Origin, from 1993 to 2019. Their divorce made her the third-richest woman in the world and one of the richest people overall by April 2019.

## Wealth 
In June 2020, it was revealed by Forbes magazine that she is the 22nd richest person in the world, largely thanks to her $38 billion divorce settlement.

In September 2020, she was named the world's richest woman with a net worth of over $60 billion.

## References
## Other websites
*
Blue Origin

**Blue Origin Federation, LLC** is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company headquartered in Kent, Washington. The company was founded in 2000 by Jeff Bezos and is led by CEO Bob Smith.

New Shepard is a rocket that can carry up to six tourists to the edge of space for a few minutes before landing them on Earth with a parachute. It cannot place objects permanently into orbit, so it is called a "sub-orbital" vehicle.

## Flights of New Glenn rockets
A New Glenn rocket was launched as late as November 2025.

The rocket's lower part will land on a boat, allowing it to be used again.

*A New Glenn rocket was first launched in January 2025. It is a launch vehicle (or carrier rocket) designed to carry objects into orbit.

Kuiper Systems, a subsidiary of the company Amazon, has contracts to launch satellites into space. The use of New Glenn rockets is a part of the contract. These satellites will provide internet to people anywhere on Earth.

It will be able to carry a large amount of people or satellites to space. 

## Flights of the New Shepard program
*April 14, 2025; The flight was part of the New Shepard program. The flight with six space tourists, has been criticized for being part of destroying planet Earth.
*September 12, 2022; The flight was a failure and no people were on the flight: a booster rocket failed and that started the launch escape system; the capsule came to an altitude of about , before its parachutes came out and it landed; name of flight: NS-23; the company's 30th flight. The accident is under investigation by Federal Aviation Administration, as of 2022's fourth quarter.

*August 4, 2022; the company's sixth flight with people on board; name of flight: NS-22; the company's 29th flight was a success.
*June 4, 2022; the company's fifth flight with people on board; name of flight: NS-21; the company's 28th flight was a success.
*On July 20, 2021, Blue Origin had its first flight into space with people inside one of its spacecraft: three passengers and one commander. The flight was approximately 10 minutes, and crossed the Kármán line (at an altitude of 100 kilometers).

## Vehicles being built and tested
The Blue Moon project is trying to create a rocket that can carry people, supplies, and science experiments between the surface of the Moon and an another orbiting rocket, such as New Glenn.

## Extra information
The company motto is *Gradatim Ferociter*, Latin for "Step by Step, Ferociously."
[[File:Blue Origin M7.jpg|thumb|A New Shepard re-entry capsule, or New Shepard Crew Capsule RSS *H. G. Wells* after landing in 2017]]

## Gallery

File:New Shephard - Upright View.jpg|New Shepard 2 (without capsule) in 2017
File:New Glenn.svg|New Glenn carrier rocket (The image is an illustration.)

## Related pages
*Blue Origin NS-16

## References
Araceli Herrero Figueroa

**Araceli Herrero Figueroa** (22 June 1948 &ndash; 10 June 2020) was a Spanish writer. Herrero Figueroa was a philologist who focused on the study of the Galician language. She was a professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Herrero Figueroa born in Lugo.

Herrero Figueroa died during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain in Lugo from the virus on 10 June 2020, aged 71.

## References
Vera Gancheva

**Vera Gancheva** (Bulgarian: Вера Лалева Ганчева, 23 February 1943 &ndash; 10 June 2020) was a Bulgarian translator. She would translate works from Scandinavian languages to Bulgarian. She was also a publisher and author. She studied and worked at the Sofia University. She was born in Sofia.

She was in 1990 nominating juror for the Neustadt International Prize for Literature.

Gancheva died on 10 June 2020 in Sofia, aged 77.

## References
William R. Richardson

General **William Rowland Richardson** (born March 25, 1929) is a retired U.S. Army four-star general. He was Commander of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.

He was born in Taichow, Kiangsu, China to missionary parents. Richardson graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1951.

Richardson served as Commander of the Combined Arms Center and Commandant of the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth from 1979 to 1981. He was the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans from 1981 to 1983, and in 1983, he became Commander of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, retiring from this position in 1986.

## References
Kartvelian languages

The **Kartvelian** languages are a language family. They are spoken in Georgia. The main language in the family is Georgian. There are two branches of Kartvelian languages: the Karto-Zan languages and the Svan language. There are around 5.2 million speakers of Kartvelian languages.

## References
Ariana Governorate

**Ariana Governorate** ( '''') is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northern part of the country. It covers an area of 482&nbsp;km². The capital is Aryanah.

## References
Aslan Bzhania

**Aslan Georgievich Bzhania** (, ; born 6 April 1963) is an Abkhaz politician. He became President of Abkhazia on 23 April 2020 and resigned on 19 November 2024. He was the Head of the State Security Service, and one of the leaders of the opposition in Abkhazia.

In 2019, he was poisoned with mercury and was hospitalized for months in Moscow. 

He ran in the 2020 presidential election, which preliminary reports show he won.

## References
Karto-Zan languages

The **Karto-Zan languages**, also known as **Georgian-Zan languages**, are a branch of Kartvelian languages. They are spoken mainly in Georgia. There are two branches of the branch: Georgian and the Zan languages. 

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan

The **COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan** is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus&nbsp;2 (). The pandemic has had a much smaller impact in Taiwan, with a total of seven deaths as of 28 November 2020. The number of active cases peaked on 6 April at 307 cases, the majority of which came from other countries.

The virus was confirmed to have spread to Taiwan on 21 January 2020, from a 50-year-old woman who had been teaching in Wuhan, China. 

Taiwan's handling of the outbreak has received international praise for its effectiveness in quarantining people.

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Sierra Leone on 31 March 2020.

The president of Sierra Leone, Julius Maada Bio, confirmed the country's first case of coronavirus disease 2019 on 31 March, a 37-year-old man who traveled from France on 16 March and had been in isolation since.

On 21 April, it was announced that President Julius Maada Bio was self isolating following a positive test for the virus by one of his body guards.

On 23 April, the first death of a 76-year-old male was reported, followed by a 69-year-old male later in the day. Both cases were in people taken to hospital and found to be infected after death. All those infected and in isolation remained in a stable condition.

On 24 April, a third death was reported of a 37-year-old male.

From 1 June, wearing of face masks became mandatory.  Also on this day, frontline workers declared a strike because of unpaid salaries.

## References
Ernest Bai Koroma

**Ernest Bai Koroma** (born 2 October 1953) is a Sierra Leonean  politician. He was the fourth President of Sierra Leone from 17 September 2007 to 4 April 2018.

## References
Paul F. Gorman

**Paul Francis Gorman** (August 25, 1927 &ndash; January 19, 2026) was a United States Army general. He was Commander in Chief of the United States Southern Command (USCINCSO) from 1983 to 1985.

Gorman began his military service as an enlisted sailor in the United States Navy. He was appointed to the United States Military Academy, graduating in 1950.

Gorman died on January 19, 2026 in Charlottesville, Virginia at the age of 98.

## Awards and decorations
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Distinguished Service Cross
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Silver Star
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Legion of Merit
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Distinguished Flying Cross
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Bronze Star
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Purple Heart
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Air Medal
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Army Commendation Medal
*&nbsp;&nbsp;Combat Infantryman Badge

## References
## Other websites
* U.S. Army Combined Arms Center collection of General Gorman's papers
* Distinguished Service Cross citation
Jean Raspail

**Jean Raspail** (July 5, 1925 – June 13, 2020) was a French author, traveler and explorer. He was born in Chemillé-sur-Dême, Indre-et-Loire.

Many of his books are written about historical figures. He won the Grand Prix du Roman and Grand Prix de littérature by the Académie française. He is best known for his controversial 1973 novel *The Camp of the Saints*. 

Raspail died on June 13, 2020 in Paris at the age of 94 years old.

## References
Juliana Awada

**María Juliana Awada** (born April 3, 1974) is an Argentine socialite. She was the First Lady of Argentina, from 2015 until 2019. She is the wife of former President Mauricio Macri.

She is the first First Lady of Argentina to receive the honor of the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic in 70 years and the second in history after Eva Perón in 1947. 

In 2016 she was chosen the most elegant First Lady in the world by *¡Hola!* magazine.

## References
Ben Arous Governorate

**Ben Arous Governorate** ( '''') is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northeastern part of the country. It covers an area of 761&nbsp;km². The capital is Ben Arous.

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia

The Chinese pandemic was confirmed to have reached Abkhazia in April 2020.

On 30 March, a case was confirmed in a person who arrived from Moscow, Russia. The test, however, was conducted in Zugdidi, Georgia, where the patient is being treated. Abkhazia itself had no confirmed cases at the time.

On 26 April, the first death from the virus was confirmed in Gudauta. The patient was the third confirmed case back on 11 April.

As of 9 June, 36 cases had been identified, eight of which had been hospitalized.

## References
Carmen Machi

**María del Carmen Machi Arroyo**, professionally known as **Carmen Machi** (born 7 January 1963) is a Spanish actress. She's mostly known for her role as Aída García in *7 vidas* and *Aída*.

She has also starred in *Hable con ella* (2002), *Descongélate* (2003), *Los Amantes Pasajeros* (2013), *Ocho apellidos vascos* (2014) and *Ocho apellidos catalanes* (2015).

## References
Casa Rosada

The ***Casa Rosada*** (, ) is the executive mansion and office of the President of Argentina located in Buenos Aires. *Casa Rosada* is Spanish for "Pink House".

The mansion is known officially as *Casa de Gobierno*, ("House of Government" or "Government House"). 

Normally, the President lives at the Quinta de Olivos, the official residence of the President of Argentina, which is located in Olivos, Greater Buenos Aires.

The color of the Casa Rosada is baby pink. The building also houses a museum, which contains objects relating to former presidents of Argentina. It has been declared a National Historic Monument of Argentina.

## Other websites
* Official site
* YouTube channel
90s

, completed in 97]]

The **90s** was a decade that ran from January 1, AD 90, to December 31, AD 99.

As the decade began, the Han–Xiongnu War was approaching its end, with the Xiongnu having been on the verge of collapse since the Battle of the Altai Mountains (89) the prior decade. In 90, Dou Xian dispatched General Geng Kui and Shizi of the Southern Xiongnu with 8000 light cavalry to attack the Northern Chanyu, encamped at Heyun (河雲). There, the Han killed 8000 men and captured several thousands. By 91, the last remnants of the Northern Xiongnu had migrated west towards the Ili River valley, ending the war. After the downfall of the Xiongnu, the Xianbei replaced them with a loose confederacy from 93.

The Roman Empire did not see any significant military action this decade, excepting clashes along the Danube in 92. Economically, the empire saw reforms by Nerva after the death of Domitian in 96, including but not limited to a string of economic reforms intended to alleviate the burden of taxation from the most needy Romans. Before long, Nerva's expenses strained the economy of Rome and, although perhaps not ruinous to the extent once suggested by Syme, necessitated the formation of a special commission of economy to drastically reduce expenditures.

According to some historians, Jews and Christians were heavily persecuted toward the end of Domitian's reign (89-96). The Book of Revelation, which mentions at least one instance of martyrdom (Rev 2:13; cf. 6:9), is thought by many scholars to have been written during Domitian's reign. According to Barnes, "Melito, Tertullian, and Bruttius stated that Domitian persecuted the Christians. Melito and Bruttius vouchsafe no details, Tertullian only that Domitian soon changed his mind and recalled those whom he had exiled". A minority of the historians have maintained that there was little or no anti-Christian activity during Domitian's time. The lack of consensus by historians about the extent of persecution during the reign of Domitian derives from the fact that while accounts of persecution exist, these accounts are cursory or their reliability is debated.

In AD 92, the Flavian Palace was completed. In AD 97, the Forum of Nerva was completed. Josephus wrote *Antiquities of the Jews* (covering the history of the Jewish people), *Against Apion* (a defense of Judaism as a classical religion and philosophy against criticism by Apion), and *The Life of Flavius Josephus* (an autobiographical text where Josephus details his own life). Tacitus wrote *Germania* (a historical and ethnographic work on the Germanic peoples outside the Roman Empire) and *Agricola* (which recounts the life of his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola, an eminent Roman general and governor of Britain). 

## Significant people
* Titus Flavius Domitianus, Roman Emperor (AD 81–96)
* Nerva, Roman Emperor (AD 96–98)

## References
### Works cited
* 
* 
*
Green and golden bell frog

The **green and golden bell frog** (*Litoria aurea*) is a frog from Australia,

## Body
Male adult frogs can be 5.7 to 6.9&nbsp;cm long.  Female adult frogs can be 6.5 to 10.8&nbsp;cm long.  These frogs are green with bronze spots. They have black stripes from their noses over their ears and down their bodies.  Their bellies are white and parts of their legs can be bright blue.  These frogs have teeth.

The female frogs lay 3000-10,000 eggs at a time. At first, the eggs float together on top of the water, but then they sink.  The tadpoles eat algae, bacteria and dead things.

## Danger
There used to be so many green and golden bell frogs that people would catch them to feed to snakes or to use in school dissection classes.  By the 1990s, there were fewer green and golden bell frogs.  Scientists say this is because of habitat fragmentation, which means people building things in between places where the frogs live, and because of invasive species such as the mosquito fish that eat green and golden bell frog tadpoles. These frogs also eat each other a lot.

In 2000, people building tennis courts for the 2000 Summer Olympics saw green and golden bell frogs nearby, so they stopped building.

## References
TV Vader

**TV Vader** or **Epoch TV-Vader** is a home video game console. It was released by Epoch Co. in 1980 only in Japan. It was sold for 15,000 yen. It is the successor to the Cassette TV Game and the predecessor to the Cassette Vision. 

## Game 
With the console, it is only possible to play one game: a colored version of *Space Invaders*.

## References
TV Tennis Electrotennis

**TV Tennis Electrotennis** is a home video game console. It was released by Epoch Co. on September 12, 1975 only in Japan. It was sold for 19,000 yen. It is the first video game console released in Japan.

## Sales 
About 10,000 consoles were sold.

## References
COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Bhutan on 6 March 2020.

On 6 March 2020, Bhutan confirmed its first COVID-19 case, a 76-year-old US male who travelled to the country through India. 

Around 90 people who came directly in contact with him, along with his 59-year-old partner, driver, and guide were quarantined.

Farmers reported large increases in sales, as Bhutanese buy local produce, due to facing import hurdles.

All schools were closed countrywide, leaving almost 190,000 students to attend classes online. Printed study material were given to students that do not have access to the internet, in addition to radio broadcasts.

Bhutan Airlines suspended all flights, leaving only Druk Air to provide air transport to and from Bhutan. As of March 23, only one tourist was still remaining in the country.

## References
Qazvin province

**Qazvin Province**  is one of the manoriyy Caspiani provinces of Iran, mostly Gilak, then Tat, one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is Qazvin.

## References
Kermanshah province

**Kermanshah Province** (, ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is Kermanshah. The province was known from 1969 to 1986 as ***Kermanshahan*** and from 1986 to 1995 as ***Bakhtaran***.

## References
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province

**Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province**  (, *Ostān-e Kohgīlūye va Būyer-Ahmad*; Luri:
استان کهگیلویه و بِیرَمَد, *Ostān-e Kohgīrūye-o Beyramad* ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is Yasuj.

## References
Béja Governorate

**Béja Governorate** ( '''') is one of the twenty-four governorates of Tunisia. It is in the northern part of the country. It covers an area of 3,740&nbsp;km². The capital is Béja.

## References
Eugen Ewig

**Eugen Ewig** (18 May 1913, Bonn – 1 March 2006) was a German historian who researched the history of the early Middle Ages. He taught at the University of Mainz and Bonn University. He was considered an expert in the Merovingian period. In 1958, he founded the German Historical Research Center in Paris. and Ernst Robert Curtius. He trained as an archivist at  Institute for Archive Science and History in Berlin-Dahlem. He worked at the  Lorraine State Archives in Metz. He was interned after the war, but he was released in February / March 1945.

From 1946  until 1949, he was a lecturer at University of Nancy. They sponsored German and French historians.

From 1964 to 1980, he taught at University of Bonn.

## Works 
* *Trier im Merowingerreich. Civitas, Stadt, Bistum.* Paulinus-Verlag, Trier 1954. (Nachdruck: Scientia-Verlag, Aalen 1987, ISBN 3-511-00875-1.)
* *Die Rheinlande in der fränkischen Zeit (451–919/31)*. Düsseldorf 1980, ISBN 3-590-34201-3
* *Die Merowinger und das Frankenreich* [zuerst 1988]. 5., aktualisierte Auflage. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-170-19473-1.
* *Spätantikes und fränkisches Gallien.* Band 1–2: *Gesammelte Schriften (1952–1973).* Herausgegeben von Hartmut Atsma. Artemis, München 1976 and 1979

## References
Copra

. ]]
**Copra** is the dried inside of coconuts, the fruit of the coconut palm. This is usually a white substance, which is high in vegetable oil. Usually, it is processed into coconut oil. The name comes from Malayalam: In Malayalam, *koppara* meams dried coconut. What is left after the oil has been extracted is known as coconut cake, and used as food for livestock.
Coconut oil

**Coconut oil**, or **copra oil**, is an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of mature coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (*Cocos nucifera*).  It has different applications. Because of its high saturated fat content, it is slow to oxidize. For this reason, it can last up to six months at  without spoiling.

## References
Medishe

**Medishe** is a heritage site just north of Jidali in Sanaag, Somalia. It was one of the first places bombed in African history, during raids against the Sayyidka. Sayyidka led a Dhulbahante state called Darawiish, a successor state to the Dhulbahante garadship. Medishe is a place settled by the Ugaadhyahan subtribe of Dhulbahante. 

## References
Bierre-lès-Semur

**Bierre-lès-Semur** is a former commune in the Côte-d'Or department. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Le Val-Larrey.

## References
Irwin County, Georgia

**Irwin County** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 9,666 people lived there. The county seat is Ocilla.

## References
The Last Picture Show

***The Last Picture Show*** is a 1971 American drama movie directed by Peter Bogdanovich and based on the novel of the same name by Larry McMurtry. It stars Jeff Bridges, Timothy Bottoms, Cybill Shepherd, Ellen Burstyn, Ben Johnson, Cloris Leachman, Eileen Brennan, Clu Gulager, Randy Quaid. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures and was nominated for 8 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1972. It was followed up by *Texasville* in 1990.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
FIFA Futsal World Cup

The **FIFA Futsal World Cup** is the international competition for men's national teams of Futsal, the indoor version of football organized by FIFA. The tournament is held every 4 years, and on the even year between each FIFA World Cup. For example, if the World Cup is in 2018 and 2022, the Futsal World Cup would be held in 2020 between the 2018 and 2022 World Cups.

The first event was held in 1989 in the Netherlands. The current champion is Argentina. They won the 2016 tournament.
Norm Macdonald

**Norman Gene Macdonald** (October 17, 1959 &ndash; September 14, 2021) was a Canadian stand-up comedian, writer and actor. He was a cast member for five seasons of *Saturday Night Live* from 1993 to 1998. He wrote for the sitcom *Roseanne*. He co-created and starred in *The Norm Show* (1999–2001) and *A Minute with Stan Hooper* (2003). He hosted the podcast *Norm Macdonald Live* from 2013 to 2018. He also appeared as Mitch Weaver in the movie *Dirty Work* and as Lucky in five *Dr. Dolittle* movies.

Macdonald was born in Quebec City. In 1988, he married Connie Vaillancourt. They legally separated in 1999. He had a son, Dylan (born 1993).

In 2013, Macdonald was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. The cancer was in remission until 2020, when it developed into myelodysplastic syndrome and then to acute myeloid leukemia.

## References
## Other websites
*
Abbas Abdi

**Abbas Abdi** (; ; born 1 October 1956) is one of Iran's most influential reformists, journalists, self-taught sociologists and social activists.

## References
Liana Aghajanian

**Liana Aghajanian **is an Armenian-American journalist. She specializes in longform, narrative story telling and international reporting. Aghajanian was born in Tehran, Iran and raised in Los Angeles, California. Currently she lives and writes in Detroit, Michigan.
## References
Alireza Alavitabar

.]]

**Alireza Alavitabar** (; born 1960) is an Iranian political scientist and a leading reformist intellectual and writer.

## References
## Other websites
Masih Alinejad

**Masoumeh "Masih" Alinejad-Ghomi** (, born 11 September 1976) is an Iranian journalist author, political activist, and women's rights activist. Contracted by the U.S. Agency for Global Media, Alinejad currently works as a presenter/producer at VOA Persian Service, a correspondent for Radio Farda, a frequent contributor to Manoto television, and a contributing editor to *IranWire*.

## References
Richey Edwards

**Richard James Edwards** (born 22 December 1967 – missing since 1 February 1995; declared dead 23 November 2008) was a Welsh musician. He was the lyricist and rhythm guitarist of the alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers. He gained cult status for his songwriting and appearance. He has been called a leading lyricist of his generation, and he was part of a movement now known as Cool Cymru. Edwards was born in Blackwood, Monmouthshire.

Edwards went missing on 1 February 1995 at the age of 27. His car was later found near the Severn Bridge, a known suicide spot. It is widely believed that Edwards had jumped from the bridge. He was declared dead *in absentia* on 23 November 2008.

## References
## Other websites
*
Maryam Amid

**Maryam Amid-Semnani** () was an Iranian intellectual and journalist active during the early 20th century. In Iran, she is remembered for founding *Shokufeh*, an influential women's magazine. She also established the Iranian Women's Society, which reportedly had 5,000 members at the peak of its popularity.

## References 
* فرهنگ قومس؛ فصلنامه پژوهشی، فرهنگی، هنری استان سمنان، شماره ۳۷ و ۳۸ بهار و تابستان ۱۳۸۶/Ghomis Culture, The quarterly research of cultural and artistic in Semnan Province, numbers 37–38, spring and summer 2007.
* روزنامه سرمایه، شماره ۲۵۷ (۲ شهریور ۱۳۸۵)-	Sarmayeh Newspaper, number 257, (24 August 2006). 
* /Journalist women under the shadow of constitutionalism
## Other websites
* Maryam Amid, Girls' Literacy Light
Hugo, a vizilo

***Hugo the Hippo*** () is a 1975 Hungarian animated family drama movie directed by Józzef Gémes and starring Ferenc Bessenyei, Burl Ives, Robert Morley, Paul Lynde, László Márkus. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*
*
Loreto Aprutino

**Loreto Aprutino** (Abruzzese: *Lûrëtë*) is a *comune* and town in the Province of Pescara in Abruzzo, Italy. In 2019, it has 7,342 people.
Tomorrow Morning (movie)

***Tomorrow Morning*** (, "Sutra ujutru") is a 2006 Serbian drama movie directed by Oleg Novković. It stars Uliks Fehmiu and Nada Šargin.

## Other websites 
*
Washed Out (movie)

***Washed Out*** () is a 1995 Croatian drama movie directed by Zrinko Ogresta. It stars Katarina Bistrović-Darvaš, Josip Kučan and Mustafa Nadarević.

## Other websites 
*