open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
How Wikipedia Works

***How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It*** is a 2008 book by Phoebe Ayers, Charles Matthews, and Ben Yates. It is a how to book for using and contributing to the Wikipedia internet encyclopedia. It is made for "students, professors, and everyday experts and fans". It has sections for teachers, reusers, and researchers. It was published by No Starch Press as part of their series of how-to books about technology. It was published under the GNU Free Documentation License.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Reviews of the book  at No Starch Press
* How Wikipedia Works (pdf) at the Internet Archive
Caddo Parish, Louisiana

**Caddo** is one of the sixty-four parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat and most populous municipality is Shreveport. As of the 2020 count, 237,848 people lived there. It is the largest parish in the North Louisiana region and the fourth-largest in the state.

## References
Tituba

**Tituba** was an enslaved woman in Salem Village during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. She was the first to be accused of witchcraft. She was a central part of the Trials, which were an important moment in American colonial history.

Tituba is a character in Arthur Miller's play *The Crucible*.

## Background 
### Journey to Salem 
Historians do not know much about Tituba's background or personal life. There are no historical records about her early life, where she was born, or how she became enslaved. 

According to one source: However, later texts referred to her using a variety of terms, including "Negro," "half-breed," "colored," or "half-Indian, half-Negro." Some say Barbados; others say she was born in Africa or near Venezuela, where she was captured and sold into slavery.

## Accusations of witchcraft 
### Background 
In the past, Tituba had practiced incantations and songs to conjure spirits. In Salem, a woman named Ann Putnam asked Tituba to conjure up the spirits of her dead children. She had lost these children to miscarriage, but believed they had actually been murdered.  

When people found out that Tituba had done folk magic and fortune-telling, they accused her of practicing witchcraft on four girls.  

### Confession 
Years after the trials, Tituba said Rev. Parris beat her for weeks until she confessed to being a witch. She claimed she had practiced witchcraft - and that two other women had too. Her testimony was used as proof of a conspiracy of witches in Salem. This ignited the witch hunt.   

### After the trials 
As a confessed witch, Tituba was sent to jail, but she was later released. She was never tried or executed as a witch. It is unknown what happened to her after her release.

## References
Titania (Shakespeare)

**Titania** is a character in Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''. She is Queen of the Fairies. She is married to Oberon, King of the Fairies. She will not give a little Indian boy she has in her keeping to Oberon. This angers him. When she is asleep, he tells his servant Puck to put a love potion in her eyes. This potion will make her love the first thing she sees when she wakes. What she sees is a weaver named Bottom.  Puck has put a donkey's head on Bottom. All ends well, with Titania once again in love with Oberon this ends straight away as they both find out they are lying to each other.
Friar Laurence

**Friar Laurence** is a character in Shakespeare's *Romeo and Juliet*. He is an old man who secretly marries the two. Juliet's fake death is his idea. He is unable to prevent Romeo from killing himself.
George Soros

**George Soros** ( or ; ; born August 12, 1930, as **Schwartz György**) is a Hungarian-American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the chairman of Soros Fund Management. He is known as "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England" because of his US$1&nbsp;billion in investment profits during the 1992 Black Wednesday UK currency crisis.

## Early life
 (right), January 2001]]
Soros was born on August 12, 1930 in Budapest, Hungary, where he was raised. He emigrated to London by himself at 17, and later to New York. He survived the Nazi occupation of Budapest, before moving to London and studying at the London School of Economics.

## Career
Soros is a well-known supporter of progressive-liberal political causes. Between 1979 and 2011, Soros gave away over $8 billion to causes related to human rights, public health, and education. He played a significant role in the peaceful transition from communism to capitalism in Hungary (1984–89) and founded Europe's Central European University in Budapest, providing the initial endowment to open the first campus. Soros is also the chairman of the Open Society Foundations.

## Personal life
Soros was married to Annaliese Witschak from 1960 until they divorced in 1983. They had three children. Then, Soros was married to Susan Weber Soros from 1983 until they divorced in 2005. They had two children. Soros is now married to Tamiko Bolton since 2013. Soros is a supporter of the Democratic Party.
Soros is a donates annual high sums for FC Bayern Munich.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Open Society Foundations
* Institute for New Economic Thinking
* Column archives  at Project Syndicate
* Column archives at *The New York Review of Books*
* Forbes.com: George Soros
* The Money Man&nbsp;– *New Yorker*
James H. Billington

**James Hadley Billington** (June 1, 1929 &ndash; November 20, 2018) was an American academic. He was the 13th Librarian of the Library of Congress. He was appointed by President Ronald Reagan. Billington served as librarian from September 14, 1987 until his resignation on September 30, 2015.

## Early life
Billington born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania on June 1, 1929. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Billington studied at Princeton University and at Balliol College, Oxford.

## Career
### Early career
 (left), January 2001]]
Billington first began as a professor in Harvard University. From 1973 to 1987, Billington was director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the nation’s official memorial in Washington, D.C. to America’s 28th president. As director, he founded the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies at the Center and seven other new programs as well as the *Wilson Quarterly*.

### Librarian of Congress (1987-2015)
Billington was sworn in as the Librarian of Congress on September 14, 1987. He is the 13th person to hold the position since the Library of Congress was established in 1800. His appointment was unanimously confirmed by the Senate.

Billington has championed the Library’s American Memory National Digital Library (NDL) Program, which makes freely available on-line over 24 million American historical items from the collections of the Library and other research institutions. These unique American Memory materials and the Library’s other Internet services, which include the congressional database, THOMAS, the on-line card catalog, exhibitions, information from the U.S. Copyright Office and a web site for children and families called America’s Library, handled more than 2.6 billion transactions last year.

Billington resigned in early September 2015 because of his age. His resignation became effective on September 30, 2015.

## Personal life
Billington was married to the former Marjorie Anne Brennan. They had four children: Dr. Susan Billington Harper, Anne Billington Fischer, the Rev. James Hadley Billington Jr., and Thomas Keator Billington, as well as 12 grandchildren.  Dr. Billington and his daughter Susan are the first father and daughter to both be awarded Rhodes Scholarships and use them to earn DPhils (at Oxford University).

Billington died at a hospital in Washington, D.C. on November 20, 2018 from pneumonia at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
**Booknotes* interview with Billington on *Russia Transformed*, September 13, 1992. 
*C-SPAN *Q&A* interview with Billington, July 1, 2007
Chaim Topol

**Chaim Topol** (; September 9, 1935 – March 8, 2023), sometimes known as **Topol**, was an Israeli theatrical and movie performer, actor, writer, singer and producer. Topol was born in Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel).  Topol is known for his role as Tevye the milkman in the 1971 movie *Fiddler on the Roof*. He has been nominated for an Oscar and a Tony Award. He has won two Golden Globes Awards.

Some of Topol's other notable movie appearances were the title role in  *Galileo* (1975), Dr. Hans Zarkov in  *Flash Gordon* (1980), and as Milos Columbo in the James Bond movie *For Your Eyes Only* (1981).

Topol was married to Galia Topol until his death. He retired from movie acting in 1998 and only did stage acting until his full retirement in 2015.

When Topol died, his family revealed that Topol was part of several secret missions for Mossad during the 1960s and 1970s.

## Death
In June 2022, Topol's son, Omer, said that his father was suffering from Alzheimer's disease since 2015.

Topol died in the early hours of March 9, 2023 in Tel Aviv at the age of 87. The previous day, his family released a statement in preparation of "what seem to be his last hours", at his home surrounded by his children and grandchildren. Before his burial at Kvutzat Shiller on March 10, a memorial was held at Cameri Theater in Tel Aviv on March 9.

President Isaac Herzog, Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former prime minister Yair Lapid praised Topol after his death was announced.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Coming Soon (1999 movie)

***Coming Soon*** is a 1999 romance-comedy movie. It is about three rich high school seniors. Yasmine Bleeth plays Mimi, Mia Farrow is Jody, Ashton Kutcher is Louie and Ellen Pompeo is the Upset Girl.

This movie was released on April 17, 1999 in the United States. *Coming Soon* was controversial because officials of the MPAA marked it with an NC-17. The movie, however, was trimmed and re-rated R.
Carlos Mencia

**Ned Arnel Mencía** (born October 22, 1967) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, singer, and voice artist.

Mencia lives with his wife Amy, whom he married in 2003, in Los Angeles, California. They have two children: Lucas Pablo Mencia (born December 14, 2006) and Nicholas Mencia.

## Other websites
*
List of towns in England

This is a list of towns in England.

This list does not include cities in England.

## A 
## B 
## C 
## D 
## E 
## F 
## G 
## H 
## I 
## J 
## K 
## L 
## M 
## N 
## O 
## P 
## Q 
## R 
## S 
## T 
## U 
## V 
## W 
## Y 
## Related pages
*List of places in England
*List of cities in the United Kingdom
*List of post towns in the United Kingdom
*List of United Kingdom locations
*:Category:Towns in England by county

## Notes
***1**  Successor parish under the Local Government Act 1972
***2**  Rochester has held city status, but this lapsed in 1998 when the Borough of Rochester-upon-Medway was merged into Medway unitary authority.

## References
The Man Comes Around (song)

"**The Man Comes Around**" is a song from Johnny Cash's *American IV: The Man Comes Around* album, released in 2002. It was actually written a few years earlier, but Cash updated it for the album. It is one of the last songs Cash wrote before his death. Both sung and spoken, the song makes Biblical references, especially to the Book of Revelation.

## References
## Other websites
* .
Bridget Sloan

**Bridget Elizabeth Sloan** (born June 23, 1992) is an American gymnast. She is the 2009 All-Around World Champion and the 2009 All-Around U.S. National Champion. Bridget was a member of the silver medal U.S. women's gymnastics team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. As at 2013, Sloan is a member of the NCAA University of Florida team, and the NCAA All-Around and Beam Champion.

## References
Titration

.]]

**Titration** is a type of quantitative chemical analysis. It is used to work out the unknown concentration of a known compound.

## Procedure
It makes the use of two main chemical apparatus namely, pipette and burette. External indicators, such as phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and internal indicators like potassium permanganate (KMnO4) are used to mark the end point of titration.
 
A known concentration and volume of a reagent, called the *titrant* or *titrator*, is added to a known volume of another reagent, the *analyte* or *titrand*. This is done slowly from a burette until the end point is reached. The volume added before the end point is reached is noted. Because one of the solutions, the titrant, has a known concentration, that of the other, the titrand, can be calculated.

### pH testing
Professionals now use a pH meter, which is potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ions in the solution. The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator. At the endpoint there is a sudden change in the measured pH. Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is known as *volumetric analysis* as well as *quantitative analysis*.

## References
Sings the Ballads of the True West

***Sings the Ballads of the True West*** is a concept album by country singer Johnny Cash. It was his 22nd album. It was released on Columbia Records in 1965. It contains 20 individual songs, including ballads and other songs on topics related to the history of the American Old West.

The only single from the album was "Mr. Garfield". This song is about the shock of the American people after the assassination of President James Garfield.

Other songs on the album include "The Ballad of Boot Hill", written by Carl Perkins; and "Streets of Laredo", a traditional folk song. One of the songs, "25 Minutes to Go" was later be performed at Folsom Prison and appeared on Cash's famous *At Folsom Prison* recording in 1968.

## Songs
### Bonus songs
*Sings the Ballads of the True West* was re-released in 2002 with two extra tracks. The second of these is an instrumental version of the song "Stampede" as recorded on the original version.

# "Rodeo Hand" (Peter La Farge) – 2:27
# "Stampede" (Peter La Farge) – 1:07

## Charts
**Singles** - Billboard (North America)

## Other websites
* Luma Electronic album information for *Sings the Ballads of the True West*
Diderot effect

The **Diderot effect** is a phenomenon from sociology, which was named after Denis Diderot, who first described it in an essay. In the essay, Diderot talked about a robe he used to wear in the bathroom: The old robe was a little shabby, but useful. When he was given a new robe, the new robe was more shiny, and nicer, but it did not fit well with the other clothes. 

*Regrets on Parting with My Old Dressing Gown*: I was absolute master of my old dressing gown,” Diderot writes, “but I have become a slave to my new one … Beware of the contamination of sudden wealth. The poor man may take his ease without thinking of appearances, but the rich man is always under a strain.

Instead of feeling grateful for his new robe, Diderot descended into a cycle of dissatisfaction. He lamented the absence of coordination and beauty in his life, as the new robe clashed with his modest belongings. This prompted him to acquire more, leading to an overwhelming excess, luxury, debt, and ultimately, deeper dissatisfaction.

So, the Diderot effect describes that people often show a tendency to buy more goods after they bought one item. It is said that they do this to restore the general perception they had about their belongings.

## References
Game Freak

**Game Freak, Inc.** is a Japanese video game company that makes video games for Nintendo game consoles. It is most well known for developing the *Pokémon* series of role-playing video games.

*Game Freak* was originally a gaming magazine created by Satoshi Tajiri and Ken Sugimori in the 1980s.  On April 26, 1989, Tajiri and Sugimori started a video game company with the same name.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Game Freak website
Christina Rossetti

**Christina Georgina Rossetti** (5 December 1830 – 29 December 1894) was born in Charlotte Street (now 105 Hallam Street), in London. She was an English Victorian poet. She wrote a variety of romantic, devotional, religous, and children's poems. 

She also oppose slavery, prostitution and cruelty to animals for humanitarian thought.

## Works 
She is known for her poem "Goblin Market", the "Remember" and her sonnets. She also wrote the words of two Christmas carols well known in the British Isles: "In the Bleak Midwinter", later set to music by Gustav Holst and by Harold Darke, and "Love Came Down at Christmas", also set by Harold Darke and by other composers. 

Her father Gabriele Rossetti was also a poet and a political exile from Vasto, Abruzzo, since 1824 and her mother Frances Polidori was the sister of Lord Byron's friend and physician, John William Polidori. 

She had two brothers and a sister: Dante Gabriel became an influential artist and poet, and William Michael and Maria both became writers.

]]

## References 
## Other websites
*Biography at poets.org
Thanet

**Thanet** is the most northeastern part of Kent, South East England. About 135,000 people live in Thanet. It was originally an island and was created as a local council area on 1 April 1974. It includes the towns of Broadstairs and Ramsgate and Margate, where its headquarters are.

## Other websites
*Visit Thanet
Headquarters of the United Nations

The **headquarters of the United Nations** is a group of buildings in New York City. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952. It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, on spacious grounds overlooking the East River.

Its borders are First Avenue on the west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east. Turtle Bay is occasionally used as a metonym for the U.N. headquarters or for the U.N. as a whole. The building was designed by many architects across the world including Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer.

## References
## Other websites
* UN Visitors Centre 
* UN: Building an International Headquarters in New York – *historical overview, on the UN 60th Anniversary webpage*
* Agreement Establishing the UN headquarters  – *with information on legal status*
The Wikipedia Revolution

'''''The Wikipedia Revolution: How A Bunch of Nobodies Created The World's Greatest Encyclopedia''''' is a 2008 book by Andrew Lih. It is a book about the history of the internet encyclopedia Wikipedia. It covers the period from the start of Wikipedia in early 2000 to early 2008. It has biographies of Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger, and Ward Cunningham. Wales and Sanger started Wikipedia, while Cunningham started the first online wiki. It also talks about events in Wikipedia's history such as the Essjay controversy.

The book has a foreword (a short piece of writing found at the beginning of a book) by Wales, and an afterword (a short piece of writing found at the end of a book) by volunteers of an online wiki who talk about the problems and opportunities in Wikipedia's future.

## References
## Other websites
*, official website
*"Wikipedia: Exploring Fact City", Noam Cohen, *New York Times*, March 28, 2009
*"Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution", L. Gordon Crovitz, *The Wall Street Journal*, April 6, 2009
*"Like Boiling a Frog" , review by David Runciman in *The London Review of Books*, May 28, 2009
Striptease (movie)

***Striptease*** is a 1996 comedy-drama movie. *Striptease* is based on a novel by the same name, which was released three years prior to the movie. The stories in this movie are about an exotic dancer who gets involved in serious child custody matters and corrupt politics. Demi Moore is exotic dancer Erin Grant, who was earlier a Federal Bureau of Investigation secretary. Also in the movie is Burt Reynolds as Congressman David Dildeck and Rumer Willis (Moore's real-life daughter) as Erin's daughter Angela. *Striptease* got negative reviews similar to *Showgirls* the previous year. Unlike *Striptease*, however, *Showgirls* became a strong cult favorite within one decade after its release.
Davy lamp

The **Davy lamp** is a safety lamp for use in mines. It was invented in 1815 by Sir Humphry Davy. 

It is a wick lamp with the flame enclosed inside a mesh screen. It was created for use in coal mines, where explosions happened in the presence of methane and other flammable gases. Those gases, called *firedamyp* or *minedamp*, did not ignite a shielded flame. The wire mesh put flames out.

The lamp also warned the men of carbon dioxide or methane. The flame would burn higher, and with a blue tinge. Modern versions of the lamp are still used to test mine gases, but the light for working is now electric.

## References 
*Davy, Humphry 1816. On the fire-damp of coal mines, and on methods of lighting the mines so as to prevent its explosion. *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London* **106**: 1.
Ocean gyre

A **gyre** is a large system of ocean currents moving in a circle. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect. Because the Earth is rotating, ocean currents in the northern hemisphere tend to move in a clockwise direction and currents in the southern hemisphere move in an anti-clockwise direction. 

The Coriolis force acts most strongly on the wind, and the atmospheric circulation then creates a torque that tends to spin the surface ocean currents.

The Earth rotates from the west towards the east, and the Coriolis effect becomes more intense toward the poles. Because of this, gyres form strong currents on the western side of oceans, so they are pushed against the eastern coast of continents.

The term *gyre* can be used to mean any type of vortex in the air or the sea, but it is most used in oceanography for the major ocean current systems.

## Major gyres 
These are the five largest gyres:
* Indian Ocean Gyre
* North Atlantic Gyre
* North Pacific Gyre
* South Atlantic Gyre
* South Pacific Gyre

## Other gyres 
### Tropical gyres 
Tropical gyres tend to be mostly east-west with minor north-south extent.
* Atlantic Equatorial Current System
* Pacific Equatorial Current System
* Indian Monsoon Gyres

### Subtropical gyres 
The centre of a subtropical gyre is a high pressure area, which the ocean moves around. The high pressure in the centre is due to the westerly winds on the northern side of the gyre and easterly winds on the southern side of the gyre. These cause frictional surface currents towards the latitude at the centre of the gyre.

### Subpolar gyres 
Subpolar gyres form at high latitudes (around 60°). The ocean moves around a low pressure area. Surface currents generally move outward from the centre of the system.

## Related pages 
* Cyclone and Anticyclone
* Fluid dynamics
* Great Pacific Garbage Patch
* Whirlpool

## References 
## Other websites 
* Wind-driven surface currents: Gyres
* Physical Geography - Surface and subsurface ocean currents
Goderich, Ontario

**Goderich** is a town in the Ontario, Canada. It is the county seat of Huron County. The town was founded by William Dunlop in 1827. It is named after Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich. The town was officially incorporated in 1850.

The population of Goderich is 7,881 in 2021. The area of the town is 8.54 square kilometers.

Goderich is located on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, at the mouth of the Maitland River. Queen Elizabeth II said that Goderich was "the prettiest town in Canada." But no reigning monarch has ever visited the town. Tourism is important to the local economy. Tourists come for the sunsets over the lake.

## Historic sites
Goderich contains many places that are listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places (CRHP). The Huron Historic Gaol is a National Historic Site. It served as the prison of Huron County from its opening in 1842 until 1972.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ceolwulf of Wessex

**Ceolwulf** (29 May 561 – 26 March 611) was the King of Wessex from 567 to his death. The second son of Cutha, the son of Cynric, Ceolwulf succeeded his older brother Ceol in October 597. As Ceol's son, Cynegils, was too young to rule when he became king, Ceolwulf took the throne to maintain stability and security in the kingdom, as young kings were then considered very weak.

When Ceolwulf ascended to the throne, the majority of the kingdom, mainly Middlesex, was very decentralised. Although he contimued to have little power in Middlesex, he implemented policies that centralised power and made the kingdom more powerful than before.

He also fought the Britons, the Celts and the Picts, but there is a lack of evidence that the Saxon Army went up north as far as modern-day Scotland. However, there was allegedly a conflict in Chester when it was not yet under Anglo-Saxon control. In 607, Ceolwulf lost Middlesex to Mercia after a year-long conflict and also fought a battle against Sussex with an unknown outcome.

In March 611, Ceolwulf died of dysentery and was succeeded by his nephew, Cynegils. He was buried at Winchester Cathedral three days later. His reign was largely successfulm as he re-established hegemony in the kingdom and saved it from the brink. He was also seen as a powerful warrior and fought huge battles.

## Birth and early life 
Ceolwulf was born on 5 March 561 in Winchester, Wessex. He was the son of Cutha, the son of Cynric, the grandson of Cerdic and the younger brother of Ceawlin. Ceolwulf was also the younger brother of his predecessor, Ceol. Not much was known in Ceolwulf's early life, but it is known that he grew up in Winchester and lived in the castle since he was then part of the royal family. 

## King of Wessex
On 5 June 597, Ceol died from poisoning. Since his son, Cynegils, was too young to rule, Ceolwulf became king instead. He was crowned five days later. 

## Death and burial
On 15 April 611, Ceolwulf travelled to Wales for a nine-day trip. On the third day of his trip, Ceolwulf was assassinated. The rest of the trip was cancelled. Ceolwulf returned to Wessex, where he died just four days later since the wound had become increasingly infected. He was succeeded by Cynegils, the son of his older brother, Ceol. Ceolwulf was buried three days later in a secret and private valut under the castle. 

## Other websites 
*
Britannia: Kings of Wessex
Mockbuster

A **mockbuster** (also called a **knockbuster** or a **drafting opportunity**) is a movie made to take advantage of the publicity of a similar major movie. These types of movies are often made on a low budget. They are made to be released direct-to-video at the same time that the original movie is released in theaters or on video. Mockbusters are often made to make customers mistakenly buy the movie instead of the one that they wanted. For example, someone may think that they are buying *Transformers*, but they are actually buying *Transmorphers*, a mockbuster that was released in 2007. Because of this, a mockbuster will often use a title similar to the original movie. Many mockbusters are made in a different country than the one that the original movie was made in. There are many Turkish, Italian, German, French, and Brazilian versions of American movies, as well as sequels that were not made by the people who made the original movie.

## References
Hope Springs (2012 movie)

**Hope Springs** is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Frankel and written by Vanessa Taylor. It stars Meryl Streep, Tommy Lee Jones, Mimi Rogers, Jean Smart, and Steve Carell. 

The movie was released on August 8, 2012. It received generally positive reviews and the cast was praised for their performances. It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and won a People's Choice Award.

## Other websites 
*
Gravity (2013 movie)

***Gravity*** is released in 2013 British-American space drama science fiction thriller movie. It is a 3D movie.

It was co-written, co-produced, co-edited and directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The movie stars Sandra Bullock and George Clooney as surviving astronauts from a space shuttle destroyed by debris. 

The movie has gotten many awards, and won seven awards in the 86th Academy Awards, with Alfonso Cuarón receiving Best Director.

## Other websites 
*
The Ice Storm

***The Ice Storm*** is a 1997 American drama movie. The movie is about two families in New Canaan, Connecticut who are dealing with politics and serious social matters in November 1973. These two families do that using adultery, alcohol and sexual experimenting. Christina Ricci, Elijah Wood and Kevin Kline are in the cast. *The Ice Storm* received very positive reviews from the critics. Its performance at the box office, however was terrible: the movie only got back close to half its $18 million budget. This movie was released in the United States in autumn 1997.

## Other websites 
*
Ceol of Wessex

**Ceol** also spelled **Ceola** or **Ceolric** (20 April 557 – 16 October 597) was the King of Wessex from 592 until his assassination in 597. His reign is mostly known by the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*.

## Early Life
Ceol was born on 20 February 557. His father was Cutha, who was the son of King Cynric and the younger brother of Ceawlin, who was the crown prince. 

Ceol grew up learning archery, science, history, and fighting in battles. When he grew older, his battle skills improved, and he quickly rose through the ranks.

## Reign
### Revolt against Ceawlin
In 584, Ceol's father was killed, most likely on the orders of Ceawlin, who became the new king. Cutha attempted to overthrow him in the failed Revolt of 584 after Ceawlin accidentally killed Cutha's wife. Ceol was angry at his uncle for killing his father, whom Ceol loved so much. However, Ceawlin exiled Ceol and his family from Wessex. They lived in exile in Essex.

Seven years later, in November 591, Ceol raised troops against Ceawlin in Essex and started the Revolt of 591-592 against the king. Ceol and his troops captured every part of Wessex. They captured the many major cities in Wessex, including Dorchester and the capital, Winchester. Ceawlin was eventually overthrown and exiled in Tuam, Chonnacht (present-day Ireland).

### Rule
Ceol, who was now king, was crowned on 25 June 592 at Winchester Cathedral. Ceol first rebuilt the kingdom, as it has been destroyed during the rebellion. He ordered the reconstruction of the towns in Wessex that has been damaged.

Ceol then planned to reform the country and improve his kingdon's literacy rate. He started more schools for young children to be educated. He expanded Wessex's army and the navy. He also created peace with neighbouring countries and stabilised Wessex. However, as for those who opposed his rule, Ceol would put them in prison. That made him became controversial, and many people began opposing his rule.

### Downfall and death
Because Ceol became very controversial and put many people in prison, his younger brother, Ceolwulf, started the Revolt of 597 against Ceol and killed him. Ceolwulf eventually became the new king.
## Legacy
Ceol has a great reputation. During his rule, Wessex became more powerful and the people would experience peace and prosperity. His son Cynegils would go on to become the King of Wessex after Ceol's younger brother, Ceolwulf, died in 611. Ceol was considered a great and a solid king.
Edith Nesbit

**Edith Nesbit** (1858–1924) was an English writer. She was known for her books for children. Some of her novels, such as *The Railway Children*, have been made into films.

## Other websites
*Bio at spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
Artemisia (movie)

***Artemisia*** is a 1997 French and Italian erotic and biographical movie. It is about Artemisia Gentileschi, a 17th-century Italian painter. She is as talented as her father, who is also a painter. At that time in Italy, women were not allowed to paint humans in the nude.   But Artemisia is very much determined.

The movie got very positive reviews. The MPAA originally gave *Artemisia* an NC-17 rating. On appeal, the rating was changed to an R-rating.
C major

**C major** is a major scale based on C, which is made up of the pitches C,D,E,F,G,A,B. Its key signature has no flats or sharps.

Its relative minor is A minor, and its parallel minor is C minor. A scale in both C major and A minor can be played on a piano or other keyboard instrument using only the white keys.

Most of the time key signatures were cancelled whenever the new key signature had fewer sharps or flats than the old key signature, in modern popular music, this is only done when C major or A minor replace another key.

## Scales and keys
## References
Mixtape

A **mixtape** (or **mixed-tape**) is any compilation of songs recorded onto a cassette tape or other storage medium. A mixtape usually shows the kind of music that the person who made it likes to listen to. It can range from a randomly selected list of favourite songs, to a conceptual mix of songs of the same genre or mood. Making mixtapes may be considered an art form.

Since the 1990s, the term "mixtape" can also describe releases used to promote one or more new musical artists, or as a pre-release by more established artists to promote upcoming albums.

## References
Celtic Britons

The **Britons** (also called **Brythons**) were the people who spoke a Celtic language known as Common Brittonic. They lived in Great Britain during the Iron Age, Roman Britain and Sub-Roman Britain after the Romans' departure from Britain. Following the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons, who occupied most what is now England, some of the Britons migrated to Wales, Cornwall and southern Scotland, while others moved to Armorica and renamed it Brittany. Those who remained were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society.

## Name 
The name of the Britons in Modern English is borrowed in part from , and in part from Middle French (). During Roman Britain, the Latin word  and its plural, , took the place of the Romans' earlier word for a person from Britain, , and its plural, the . The people of Roman Britain, who were Romano-British, called themselves  in Latin. He named the languages of the Britons "Brythonic" or the "Brythonic languages". Rhys used those names to be clear about what he meant because names like "British" could be  (have more than one meanin*g*).

## Celtic tribes 
From the Iron Age onward, Britain was divided among a variety of Celtic tribes. When the Romans came, many of the tribes adopted Roman culture and the Latin language. 

### Central 
* The Brigantes - Controlled what would later be much of Northern England.
* The Carvetii - Located in the area of the Solway Plain just north of Hadrian's Wall.
* The Corieltauvi - Lived in what is now the East Midlands.
* The Cornovii - Lived in what is now the West Midlands.
* The Parisii - Occupied what is now East Yorkshire.

### Southeastern 
* The Atrebates - Occupied what is now West Sussex, parts of Hampshire and Surrey.
* The Belgae - Were in and around Hampshire.
* The Cantiaci - Lived in and gave their name to the modern county of Kent
* The Catuvellauni - Occupied what would later be Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire.
* The Iceni - Lived in the area of what was later Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
* The Regnenses - Occupied what would be East Sussex and Surrey
* The Trinovantes - Controlled Essex and parts of Hertfordshire and Middlesex.

### Western 
* The Deceangli - Territory included north-east Wales
* The Demetae - Gave their name to Dyfed; also inhabited modern Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire.
* The Dobunni - Territory included northern Somerset, Bristol, and Gloucestershire
* The Dumnonii - Occupied what would be Cornwall and Devon.
* The Durotriges - Occupied the later area of Dorset and western Hampshire.
* The Gangani - Occupied much of north-western Wales
* The Ordovices - Lived in northern Wales and Anglesey
* The Silures - Territory included modern Monmouthshire, Breconshire and Glamorganshire.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Kingdom of the Britons, BBC Scotland's History
* Celtic Britons, BBC Wales History
Corey Locke

**Corey Michael Locke** (born May 8, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played nine games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and Ottawa Senators. He also played for TPS of the SM-liiga (SM-l). He was born in Newmarket, Ontario.

He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2019.

## Other websites 
*Corey Locke at Hockey-Reference
Bell Labs

**Bell Laboratories** (or **Bell Labs**) is part of the French company Alcatel-Lucent which in turn is owned by Nokia. It is a research subsidiary of the company, and is based in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, United States.

AT&T created Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925. It works on creating new things. Bell Labs in the 20th century did much scientific research. Work done there has won seven Nobel Prizes.

## Other websites
*Official site
Geoffroi de Charny

]]

**Geoffroi de Charny** ( 1300 – 19 September 1356) was the Lord of Lirey, a French knight and a writer. Sir Geoffroi was born of an important French family.  Throughout his life he fought many battles for France. He fought in the Crusades and many times throughout the war with England.   He was always loyal to his King, Jean II, King of France and died at the Battle of Poitiers protecting him. Throughout his lifetime he was well known and well respected by both the French and the English kings and nobles.  At Poitiers he was chosen to carry the Oriflamme into battle.  The Oriflamme was the Kings banner and this was a great honor given to a knight by the King.  He was also one of the Knights chosen to fight close to and protect the King. De Charny was said to be a "true and perfect Knight".

Jean de Joinville was de Charny's grandfather's.  He was a close friend of King Louis IX and author of his biography.  In the same tradition, Sir Geoffroi wrote three books in his time.  His most famous book was "A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry".  In this book he shared his great skill and knowledge of combat.  The second book written by de Charny is entitled, "Requests (or Questions) for jousting tournaments and war".  It was written about 1352 to the Knights of the Order of the Star which Sir Geoffroi founded.  This book was written in the form of questions.  His third book was the book "Charny", describes the life of a knight and lists the qualities a good knight must possess.

Charny fought in Flanders and Tournay.  He was taken prisoner but was ransomed because the King considered him so important.

Charny died at the Battle of Poitiers while protecting the King.

## The Shroud of Turin
Historical records seem to indicate that a shroud bearing an image of a crucified man (represented in the Pilgrim Badge shown here) existed in the small town of Lirey in France around the years 1353 to 1357 in the possession of Geoffroi de Charny.   The cloth itself is controversial.  Some believe it is a fake, while others believe the shroud to be the true burial cloth of Jesus Christ.

## References
MultiMediaCard

The **MultiMediaCard** (**MMC**) is a flash memory card standard. It was developed by SanDisk and Siemens AG for use in the consumer market. The card is about the size of a postage stamp: 24&nbsp;mm × 32&nbsp;mm × 1.4&nbsp;mm.

Later they were replaced with SD cards because they offer more capacity and higher speeds.
Willa Ford

**Amanda Lee Modano** (earlier last name: Williford, also called **Willa Ford**; born January 22, 1981, Florida) is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. She released her first studio record, *Willa was Were*, in July 2001. Ford hosted several reality television shows, posed for *Playboy* and competed on the show *Dancing with the Stars*.
Harrow (tool)

A **harrow** is a farm tool.  It is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil. In this way it is different from a plow, which cuts deeper into the soil. A plow also lifts up the soil and tips it over, but a harrow works mostly by cutting into the soil and breaking it up. Harrowing is often carried out on fields to follow the rough surface left by plowing. 

The purpose of this harrowing is generally to break up clods (lumps of soil) and to provide a finer finish, a good tilth or soil structure that is good for planting seeds. It may also be used to remove weeds and to cover up seed after sowing. 

Harrows differ from cultivators in that they disturb the whole surface of the soil, instead of disturbing only narrow trails that avoid crop rows (to kill weeds).

## Types
There are four general types of harrows: disc harrow, tine harrow, chain harrow and chain disk harrows. Harrows were originally pulled by draft animals, such as horses, mules, or oxen, or in some times and places by people. In modern practice they are almost always pulled by tractors, either from a drawbar or mounted on the three-point hitch.

Harrows may be of several types and weights, depending on their purpose. They almost always consist of a rigid frame that holds discs, teeth, linked chains, or other means of moving soil—but tine and chain harrows are often only supported by a bar at the front of the set.

* Disc harrows are typically used for heavy work, such as following plowing to break up the sod. The discs have notched edges and are slightly curved to help them catch the soil and rotate. This helps mix the soil, instead of leaving ridges and trails behind.  In addition, there are various types of power harrow, in which the cultivators are power-driven from the tractor rather than working by being dragged.  *Giant disc* harrows can be used in place of a plow in rough areas with tree stumps and rocks.

* Chain harrows are often used for lighter work such as levelling the tilth or covering seed.  They can also be used on pastures to spread out manure, or for smoothing a playing field, such as a baseball infield.

* Tine harrows are used to prepare the field before planting, to remove small weeds in growing crops and to loosen the soil between rows.  This lets water soak into the ground easier. A tine is a metal bar pointing to the ground. Unlike a disc, it does not rotate.

* The fourth is a chain disk harrow. Disk attached to chains are pulled at an angle over the ground. These harrows move rapidly across the surface. The chain and disk rotate to stay clean while breaking up the top surface to about 1 inch (3 cm) deep. A smooth seedbed is prepared for planting with one pass.

Depending on the type of soil and the crop being planted, one or more types of harrows may be used to get the soil ready for planting.  If the soil is very light so that it might easily be wind-blown, a roller can be used at the end to settle it.

A *drag* is a name for a heavy harrow, often a chain type.

## References
Erin Wasson

**Erin Wasson** (born January 20, 1982) is an American model, actress and designer. She has had roles in several movies. She was also on the covers of several fashion magazines, including *Vogue*, *Esquire* and *Elle*. She walked international runways for fashion designers.

Wasson was born in Irving, Texas.
Mademoiselle

***Mademoiselle*** was an American fashion magazine which was mostly for women. It was first published in 1935 by Street and Smith. *Mademoiselle* became known for publishing short stories by authors including Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote and James Baldwin. In the 1960s, *Mademoiselle* became a clothing and fashion magazine. When the editors could not update the magazine to appeal to enough people, *Mademoiselle* stopped printing. The last issue was in November 2001. Some employees and features of the magazine were then transferred to the *Glamour* magazine.
Gaius

**Gaius** [ gey-*uh*s ], sometimes spelled **Caius**, was a common given name in Latin. When written, it is often abbreviated **C.**; the abbreviation goes back to before the Roman alphabet distinguished between the letters C and G. The moniker Gaius originates from the Latin term "gaudere," which translates to "to rejoice." It was a highly favored name during ancient Rome and was adopted by numerous notable personalities, including Julius Caesar. The name Gaius was also utilized by several Roman emperors, such as Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, famously recognized as Caligula. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
*Caligula, the Roman emperorGaius Caesar, adopted son of emperor Augustus
*Gaius (jurist),a lawyer of the 2nd century; one of the authories on Roman law
* Gaius the Platonist, a 2nd century philosopher
* Pope Caius, a bishop of Rome in the 3rd century
*Gaius Cassius Longinus, senator
*Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, historian
* Gaius Terentius Varro, senator; commander in the Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War
*Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator
*Gaius Iulius Vindex
*Pliny the Elder
*Pliny the Younger
*Galerius
*Diocletian

## References
Don't Worry, Be Happy

'''"Don't Worry, Be Happy"'* is a song from musician Bobby McFerrin. It was the first a cappella single to reach number one on the *Billboard'' Hot 100. It stayed there for two weeks. The video to the song is shorter than the album version. The song was released in September 1988. It has become more popular since then.

The song lyrics came from Meher Baba, who usually said "Don't worry, be happy."

## References
Sahti

sahti label]]

**Sahti** is a traditional beer from Finland. It has alcohol 7-9%. The writer Michael Jackson made sahti more well-known in other parts of the world.

## Finnish manufacturers
*Lammin sahti
*Yolly Giant
*Joutsan sahti Oy

## Other websites
* Sahtiverkko (Finnish) .
What's New Pussycat?

'''''What's New Pussycat?''''' is a romantic comedy movie from 1965. The movie is about music, infidelity and romance taking place in France. The movie stars Woody Allen (who also produced), Peter O'Toole, Romy Schneider, Paula Prentiss, Ursula Andress and Peter Sellers. The release for this movie was June 1965.
I'll Do Anything

'''''I'll Do Anything'''* is a comedy-drama movie from 1994. This movie is about an actor who finds himself the sole caretaker for his six-year-old daughter. Anne Heche plays Claire. Tracey Ullman plays Beth. Nick Nolte plays Matt. The movie got very positive reviews from the critics. The box office intake, however, was poor. The release of *I'll Do Anything'' was in February 1994.
Meet the Press

***Meet the Press*** is an American news interview television series that airs on NBC since November 6, 1947. It is the longest-running television show in American television history. The show moved to television with a shorter title of just *Meet the Press* on November 6, 1947.

Over the years, the show has had twelve hosts called "moderators". The first moderator was Martha Rountree. The current moderator is Kristen Welker, who has hosted the show since 2023. Tim Russert was the show's longest-lasting moderator, who hosted from 1991 until his death on June 13, 2008.

## Moderators 
This is a list of moderators who have hosted *Meet the Press*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Meet the Press* official website
* 60th anniversary background information
* 
* 
*
Lighting

**Lighting** or **illumination** is the use of light to achieve a certain effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Lighting is a major factor in photography, movie making and television studios.

## References
Mamie Gummer

**Mary Willa "Mamie" Gummer** (born August 3, 1983) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and television programs.

## Early life
Gummer was born in New York City, New York. She is the daughter of actress Meryl Streep and sculptor Don Gummer. She grew up in Salisbury, Connecticut. She also spent five years in Los Angeles, California with her older brother, Henry Wolfe Gummer, and younger sisters, actress Grace Gummer and Louisa.

## Work
## References