open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rajkumar

**Dr. Rajkumar** (Real Name: **Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju** April 24, 1929 - April 12, 2006) was the most popular actor in Kannada's movie industry. He was seen as a role model to millions of Kannadigas.

"Dr. Raj" or "Natasarvabhouma" or "Annavru" (Big Brother) to millions of his fans, he was also called the John Wayne of South Indian cinema. He acted in more than 200 movies over 50 years. Most of his movies have become very important in the Kannada movie industry. He was also a well-known singer.

## Early life
Dr. Rajkumar was born as Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju on April 24, 1929, in Gajanur, a village on the border of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. He came from a theater background. His father, Puttaswamayya, was a stage actor and young Rajkumar often watched his father's plays. This created his love for acting from a young age.

## Acting career
Dr. Rajkumar began his film career with the movie Bedara Kannappa in 1954. The film was a big success and made him a star overnight. Over the next 50 years, he acted in more than 200 Kannada films. Many of his movies became famous and are now seen as classics. Some popular movies include Bangarada Manushya, Kasturi Nivasa, Jeevana Chaitra and Bhakta Prahlada.

He was known for playing good, honest and strong characters. He never acted in movies that showed bad habits like smoking or drinking, as he wanted to set a good example for others.

## Singing talent
Apart from acting, Dr. Rajkumar was also a talented singer. He sang many songs in his own movies and received praise for his soulful voice. His song "Yaare Koogadali" is still very popular.

## Kidnapping incident
In July 2000, Dr. Rajkumar was kidnapped by forest bandit Veerappan from his home in Gajanur. He was held hostage for 108 days before being released. This incident shocked and worried fans all over Karnataka.

## Death
Dr. Rajkumar died on April 12, 2006, from a heart attack. His death caused great sadness across Karnataka. Thousands of people came to pay their respects.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Dalai Lama

, 2005]]

The **Dalai Lama**  is a religious figure in Tibetan Buddhism. He is its highest spiritual teacher of the Gelugpa school. A new Dalai Lama is said to be the reborn old Dalai Lama. This line goes back to 1391. The 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso.

Between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lama was the head of the Tibetan government. During the winter, the Dalai Lamas stayed in the Potala palace. In the summer they lived in the Norbulingka palace. These two palaces are both in Lhasa, Tibet. In 1959, the Dalai Lama had to escape from Tibet to Dharamsala, India. This is still his base to this day.

Dalai Lama is the title of the Tibetan Buddhism leader. "Dalai" is originally from Mongolian which means "ocean" and "Lama" is original from Tibetan which means "the highest principle". In 1653, during the Qing Dynasty, this title was authorized to Dalai Lama V by the Chinese Emperor for the first time.

## Modern history 
The 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, expelled all Chinese civilians from the country, and instituted many measures to modernise Tibet. These included rules to curb excessive demands on peasants and tax evasion by the nobles. He set up an independent police force, abolished the death penalty, extended secular education, and brought electricity tto the city of Lhasa in the 1920s. Thubten Gyatso died in 1933.

The 14th Dalai Lama was not formally enthroned until 17 November 1950, during the People's Republic of China invasion of Tibet (1950–1951). Fearing for his life, he fled to India where he has led a government-in-exile since. With the aim of launching guerrilla operations against the Chinese, the Central Intelligence Agency funded the Dalai Lama $1.7 million a year in the 1960s. In 2001, he gave up his absolute power over the government to an elected parliament of selected Tibetan exiles. His original goal was full independence for Tibet, but by the late 1980s, he was seeking high-level autonomy instead. He is still seeking greater autonomy from China, although Dolma Gyari, deputy speaker of the parliament-in-exile has stated "If the middle path fails in the short term, we will be forced to opt for complete independence or selfdetermination as per the UN charter".

## References
Grain (disambiguation)

A "cereal" grain is the seed of a grass, a simple dry fruit technically called a caryopsis. Grain may also refer to:
*Grain (measure), a mass of 64.79891 milligrams, 1/7,000th of an avoirdupois pound 
*Film grain, the fineness of image resolution for photographic film
*Grain size, for particles of rock in geology
*Grain in metallurgy
*GRAIN - an international non-governmental organization for sustainable agriculture
*Isle of Grain in Kent, England, on which lies the village of Grain, Kent
*Grain, a solid propellant charge, roughly a hollow cylinder, sometimes textured, and possibly very large
*Granular synthesis, a method for digital musical instruments operating on the microsound time scale
*Wood grain, the alignment and texture of the wood fibres for woodworking 
*Grain, a single crystal inside solid-state matter; see crystallite. Related to the obsolete "corn" as in corned beef
*"fine-grained" designates a more differentiated form of a technical or abstract system

## Related pages
*Granularity
Woodworking joints

**Joinery** often refers to the part of woodworking that involves the joining together of parts of wood.

Traditional wood joinery techniques use
the distinctive material properties of wood, often without mechanical fasteners. There are different types of joinery for different structures, for example the joinery used
to build a house is different from that used to make puzzle toys,
although elements overlap.

Wood is strong when stressed along the grain (longitudinally), but weak across it (radially and tangentially). It expands and contracts in response to humidity.
This change is very small longitudinally.  It is considerable, but unequal,
in the radial and tangential directions.

## Images of different types of joints

Image:Boxjoint.png|Finger joint or box combing
Image:Mitre-joint.png|Mitre (Miter) joint
Image:Mortise and tenon joint.svg|Mortise and tenon joint
Image:Woodworking-joint-butt-dowel.gif|Dowel joint
Image:Joinery-throughdovetail.gif|Dovetail joint

## Styles of joinery
Two of the most common traditions of joinery are Japanese and European. The Japanese in particular developed hundreds of types of joints and their furniture was often held together without glue or nails.

## Related pages
*Woodworking

## References
* Bernard Jones (Ed.) (1980). *The Complete Woodworker*.   
* Peter Korn (1993). *Working with Wood*.   
* Sam Allen (1990). ''Wood Joiner's Handbook*. Sterling Publishing. 
* Wolfram Graubner (1992). *Encyclopedia of Wood Joints''. Taunton Press.
Normans

The **Normans** were Vikings who settled in northern France. There they made a kingdom called *Normandy*.

In 1066 the Normans attacked England and took over. The battle was called The Battle Of Hastings. They ruled England for about 300 years. There they built the Tower of London, Windsor Castle and many other stone castles.

## Norman life 
### Clothes 
Normans wore woollen tunics and sometimes they wore a waistband to keep the tunic in place. The men also wore long cloaks.

### Food 
Normans ate dairy, oatmeal porridge, green vegetables and sometimes meat. They often used honey as a sweetener and for mead (an alcoholic drink).

#### Castles 
Normans built many stone castles that often had moats around them to protect them from intruders.

#### Houses 
Norman houses had a wooden frame with sticks and twigs woven in between, which is called wattle, and then it was all covered in a layer of daub which was made from mud, wet clay, dung and straw. The roofs were usually thatched.

## Normans in Ireland 
Diarmuid MacMurrough, King of Leinster kidnapped the King of Breifne’s wife. Then Rory O’Connor, the High King of Ireland fired him from being the King of Leinster. Diarmuid still wanted to be king so he hired some Normans, lead by Strongbow to help him get the throne back. Diarmuid had to pay Strongbow so he said that he could marry his daughter and become king when Diarmuid died. Strongbow agreed to this. They first came to Ireland at Bannow Bay, Wexford in 1169 and soon they got the throne back for Diarmuid. King Henry II, King of England and part of France, thought that Strongbow was getting too powerful since Strongbow wasn’t actually the king, so Henry decided to take over the whole of Ireland. He sent over some other Normans who arrived at Ireland in Baginbun, Wexford in 1170. Then King Henry II became King of Ireland as well.

While the Normans were in Ireland they built the original Dublin castle and many other stone castles.

Normans probably introduced rabbits and fallow deer to Ireland for meat and skins.
## References
Captain

**Captain** is a military .  

Captains are officers in an army.  In a navy, the commander of an entire ship is called "Captain" even if he is actually a lower rank. A Navy Captain rank is equal to the army rank of colonel. Another type of captain may command a merchant vessel or other ship that is not in a navy. 

There are also captains in other uniformed organisations, including the police. A leader of a sports team is also called a captain, as well as the pilot of an airliner.
Wire rope

**Wire rope** consists of several strands laid (or 'twisted') together like a helix. Each strand is likewise made of metal wires laid together like a helix. Initially wrought iron wires were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire ropes.

## History & materials
Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was quickly accepted because it was better than ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had been used before.

Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of wires twisted about a hemp rope core, six such strands then being twisted around another hemp rope core in alternating directions for extra stability. Earlier forms of wire rope had been made by covering a bundle of wires with hemp.

In America wire rope was later manufactured by John A. Roebling, forming the basis for his success in suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope.

Manufacturing a wire rope is similar to making one from natural fibres. The individual wires are first twisted into a strand, then six or so such strands again twisted around a core. This core may consist of steel, but also of natural fibres such as sisal, manila, henequen, jute, or hemp. This is used to cushion off stress forces when bending the rope.

## Construction & specification
The specification of a wire rope type, including the number of wires per strand, the number of strands, and the lay of the rope, are is documented using a commonly accepted coding system, with abbreviations. For example, the rope shown in the figure "Wire rope construction" is designated:

**6x19 FC RH OL FSWR**

Each of the sections of the wire rope designation described above is variable. There are therefore a large number of combinations of wire rope that can be specified in this manner. The following abbreviations are commonly used to specify a wire rope.

## Other websites 
* Modern history of wire rope
Liekkiö

Finnish mythology has several different kinds of **Liekkiö** ("flamey").  One of them is **Ihtiriekko**, a ghost of a bastard child.

Stories tell that a woman had sex with someone else than her husband. Maybe she did not even have a husband. She then get pregnant and gave birth to a baby. This way to make a baby was not accepted by church and society - that kind of baby is called bastard. Mother had to kill her bastard child to avoid being blamed by priests or other people. Mother then buried child outside graveyard and without priests blessing the body. The soul of the baby could not go to heaven because their body was not at a graveyard and was not blessed by a priest. This is why they became a ghost.

This ghost could make terrible noise until somebody dugs up their body and buries it in graveyard. Such ghost people are called Ihtiriekko. Ghosts could also be quiet, but they might be seen as a flame in forest, like will o' the wisp. Such ghost people are called Liekkiö.
Bastard

A **bastard** is a person who was born of parents who are not married to each other. It is considered by some cultures and individuals as a nasty or insulting word or sometimes even profanity, with the term **illegitimate** being a little more polite. Some cultures see illegitimate children as dirty or bad and accept sexual relations only between married couples.

## Related pages
* Illegitimacy
George Grenville

**George Grenville** (14 October 1712–13 November 1770) was Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was one of the few prime ministers who never was given a title of nobility.

Grenville was the second son of Richard Grenville and Hester Temple. His older brother was Richard Grenville-Temple.  Grenville went to school at Eton College and at Christ Church College, Oxford.  He entered Parliament in 1741 as member for Buckingham, and represented Buckingham until his death.

As Treasurer of the Navy in 1758 he introduced and carried a bill which established a fairer system of paying the wages of sailors. He stayed in office in 1761, when Pitt resigned, and in the administration of Lord Bute acted as Leader of the House of Commons. In May 1762 he became Secretary of State for the Northern Department, and in October First Lord of the Admiralty; and in April 1763 he became First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer. 

While Prime Minister, his government oversaw the prosecution of John Wilkes and the passing of the American Stamp Act 1765, which led to the first disagreements between American colonies and Great Britain that led to the American Revolutionary War.  

After many years of being Prime Minister, he began to have disagreements with young king George III.  The king started to think that the Prime Minister was using him as a puppet.  The king convinced Rockingham to become the new Prime Minister and Grenville never held an office again.

Grenville was called the "gentile shepherd" because he bored the House by asking over and over again, during the debate on the Cider Bill of 1763, that somebody should tell him "where" to lay the new tax if it was not to be put on cider. Pitt whistled the air of the popular tune *Gentle Shepherd, tell me where*, and the House laughed. Though few excelled him in a knowledge of the forms of the House or in mastery of administrative details, he lacked tact in dealing with people and with affairs.

In 1749 Grenville married Elizabeth Wyndham (before 1731-5 December 1769), daughter of Sir William Wyndham. They had seven children.
Gödel number

In formal number theory a **Gödel numbering** is a function which assigns to each symbol and formula of some formal language a unique natural number called a **Gödel number (GN)**. The concept was first used by Kurt Gödel for the proof of his incompleteness theorem. 

A Gödel numbering can be interpreted as an encoding where a number is assigned to each symbol of a mathematical notation, and a stream of natural numbers can then represent some form or function. A numbering of the set of computable functions can then be represented by a stream of Gödel numbers (also called effective numbers). Rogers' equivalence theorem states   criteria for which those numberings of the set of computable functions  are Gödel numberings. 

## Definition
Given a countable set *S*, a **Gödel numbering** is an injective function
:f:S \to \mathbb{N}
with both *f* and f^{-1} (the inverse of *f*) being computable functions.

## Examples
### Base notation and strings
One of the simplest Gödel numbering schemes is used every day: The correspondence between integers and their representations as strings of symbols. For example, the sequence **2 3** is understood, by a particular set of rules, to correspond to the number twenty-three. Similarly, strings of symbols from some alphabet of *N* symbols can be encoded by identifying each symbol with a number from 0 to *N* and reading the string as the base *N*+1 representation of an integer.

## References 
* Gödel, Kurt, "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I", *Monatsheft für Math. und Physik* **38**, 1931, pages 173–198.

## Further reading
* *Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid*, by Douglas Hofstadter.  This book defines and uses an alternative Gödel numbering.
*''Gödel's Proof'' by Ernest Nagel and James R. Newman.  This book provides a good introduction and summary of the proof, with a large section dedicated to Gödel's numbering.
Harald Hardrada

(c. 1200 – 1259).]]

**Harald Sigurdsson** (;  – 25 September 1066) was also known as **Harald of Norway** and as **Hardrada** (, Modern Norwegian: , "stern counsel" or "hard ruler") in the sagas. 

Harald was King of Norway (as **Harald III**) from 1046 to 1066. Also, he unsuccessfully claimed the Danish throne until 1064 and the English throne in 1066. Before becoming king, Harald had spent about fifteen years in exile as a mercenary and military commander in Kievan Rus' and in the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire.

When he was fifteen years old, in 1030, Harald fought with his half-brother Olaf against Cnut (Canute). Olaf sought to reclaim the Norwegian throne, which he had lost two years earlier to Danish King Canute. In the battle, Olaf and Harald were defeated by forces loyal to Canute. Harald was forced into exile to Kievan Rus'. After some time in the army of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise, Harald moved on to Constantinople with his companions around 1034.There, he commanded the Byzantine Varangian Guard. 

Harald became wealthy during his time in the Byzantine Empire. He shipped the money to Yaroslav in Kievan Rus' for safekeeping. He finally left the Byzantines in 1042 and returned to Kievan Rus' to prepare his campaign to reclaim the Norwegian throne. In his absence, Olaf's illegitimate son Magnus the Good had taken the throne and become king of Denmark.

In 1046, Harald joined forces with Magnus's rival in Denmark, the pretender Sweyn II of Denmark, and started raiding the Danish coast. Magnus, unwilling to fight his uncle, agreed to share the kingship with Harald, who would in turn share his wealth. The co-rule ended abruptly the next year, when Magnus died, and so Harald became the sole ruler of Norway. 

Domestically, Harald crushed all opposition and outlined the union of Norway under a national rule. Harald's reign was probably one of relative peace and stability, and he set up a viable coin economy and foreign trade. Probably seeking to restore Canute's North Sea Empire, Harald also claimed the Danish throne and spent nearly every year until 1064 by raiding the Danish coast and fighting his former ally, Sweyn. Although the campaigns were successful, he was never able to conquer Denmark.

Not long after Harald had renounced his claim to Denmark, the former Earl of Northumbria, Tostig Godwinson, the brother of the English king, Harold Godwinson, pledged his allegiance to Harald and invited him to claim the English throne. Harald invaded northern England with 10,000 troops and 300 longships in September 1066 and raided the coast and defeated English regional forces of Northumbria and Mercia in the Battle of Fulford, near York.

Although initially successful, Harald was defeated and killed in an attack by Harold's forces at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, which wiped out almost all of entire army.

Modern historians have often considered Harald's death, which brought an end to his invasion, as the end of the Viking Age. The famous *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* records those events.

## References
Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats

'''''Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats'''* is a book of poems about cats. The cats in these poems act like humans. It is by T. S. Eliot. It was first sold in 1939. Andrew Lloyd Webber used most of the poems in his musical *Cats*.

Contents of *Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats'' by T. S. Eliot:
* The Naming of Cats
* The Old Gumbie Cat
* Growltiger’s Last Stand
* The Rum Tum Tugger
* Mungojerrie and Rumpelteazer
* Old Deuteronomy
* The Pekes and the Pollicles
* Mr. Mistoffelees
* Macavity: The Mystery Cat
* Gus: The Theatre Cat
* Bustopher Jones: The Cat about Town
* Skimbleshanks: The Railway Cat
* The Ad-dressing of Cats
* Cat Morgan Introduces Himself (added in the 1962 edition and not included in the musical)

## References
*Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
Concatenation

**Concatenation** is a simple concept from linguistics, mathematics, and computer science. It is a way of making a new word (or string), by joining two (or more) other strings. For example, the concatenation of "snow" and "ball" is "snowball". 

In most programming languages, if we write  x = "snow" + "ball", then the value of x will be "snowball". But to do the same in SQL we would write "snow"||"ball".
Identity element

In mathematics, the **identity element** (or **neutral element**) of a set is a special element of that set. It is special because if it is combined with another element of that set, it does not change the other element.

With addition, the identity element is 0, because adding 0 to some number does not change the number. With multiplication, it is 1. In a group (an algebraic structure in mathematics), the identity element is sometimes denoted by the symbol e.

## Further Examples
## Related pages 
* Identity (mathematics)
* Null vector
* One
* Zero

## References
Inverse function

An **inverse function** is a concept of mathematics. A function will calculate some output y, given some input x. This is usually written f(x) = y. The inverse function does the reverse. Let's say g is the inverse function of f, then g(y) = x . Or otherwise put, g(f(x)) = x. An inverse function to f is usually called f^{-1}. It is not to be confused with 1/f, which is a reciprocal function.

## Examples
If f(x) = x^3 over real x, then f^{-1}(x) = \sqrt[3]{x}.

To find the inverse function, swap the roles of x and y and solve for y. For example, y=e^x would turn to x=e^y, and then \ln x =y. This shows that the inverse function of y=e^x is y=\ln x.

Not all functions have inverse functions: for example, function f(x) = |x| has none (because |-1| = 1 = |1|, and f^{-1}(x) cannot be both 1 and -1), but every binary relation has its own inverse relation.

In some cases, finding the inverse of a function can be very difficult to do.

## Related pages
* Inverse element
* Inverse triangle function
* Inverse hyperbolic function
* Invertible matrix
* Reciprocal

## References
Countable set

In mathematics (particularly set theory), a **countable set** is a set whose elements can be counted. A set with one thing in it is countable, and so is a set with one hundred things in it. A set with all the natural numbers (counting numbers) in it is countable too. This is because even if it is infinite, someone who counts forever would not miss any of the numbers. The sets which has the same size as the natural numbers are therefore called countably infinite. The size of these sets are then written as \aleph_0(aleph-null)—the first of the aleph numbers. Sometimes when people say 'countable set' they mean countable and infinite. Georg Cantor coined the term.

## Examples of countable sets 
Countable sets include all sets with a finite number of members, no matter how many.

Countable sets also include some infinite sets, such as the natural numbers. Since it is impossible to actually count infinite sets, we consider them countable if we can find a way to list them all without missing any. The natural numbers have been nicknamed "the counting numbers", since they are what we usually use to count things with.

You can count the natural numbers with ({1, 2, 3...})\,\!

You can count the whole numbers with ({0, 1, 2, 3...})\,\!

You can count the integers with ({0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3...})\,\!

You can count the square integer numbers with ({0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ...})\,\!

### A more-complex example
The rational numbers are also countable, but its counting becomes tricky. We can't just list the fractions as (0/1, 1/1, -1/1, 2/1, -2/1...) since we will never get to 1/2 this way. However, we can list all of the rational numbers in the form of a table. The horizontal rows are the numerators, while the vertical columns are the denominators. We can then zigzag through the list, starting at 1/1, then 2/1, then 1/2, then 1/3, then 2/2, then 3/1, then 4/1, then 3/2, then 2/3, etc.  If we keep this up, we will get to all of the numbers on the table in due time. Each time we hit a new rational number that is new, we add it to the list of counted numbers. We don't want to count numbers twice, so when we hit 3/6, for example, we can skip it, because we already counted the rational number 1/2. In this way, we produce an infinite **list** with all the rational numbers. Therefore, the rational numbers are countable.

### Not all counting schemes will yield a countable list
Suppose the integers are counted differently, as
:({0, 1, 2, 3, .... -1,-2, -3, ...})\,\!

This does not prove that the integers are uncountable, but it does illustrate what one might call a "failed" effort to count a set, because it is never possible to reach -1.  Not all sets are countable. For example, the interval (0,1) and the set of real numbers can be proven to be uncountable.

## Related pages 
* Cantor's diagonal argument
* Cardinality
* Uncountable set

## References
Pharmacist

A **pharmacist** is a person who supplies drugs to people, often  prescriptions from a doctor but sometimes on their own.  

Pharmacists have to be trained and have knowledge about the drugs package. Many work in a pharmacy.Pharmacists interact with customers, give the prescribed medication and telling them about the drugs. 

Some work in hospitals where they may deliver the drugs to the different parts of the hospital and give people the drugs they need to take home. 

Some work with general practitioners where they may check that people are getting the right drugs. 

Pharmacists is the one who checks the works of the pharmacy technician. Pharmacy Technician works under the supervise of the Pharmacists, Pharmacy Technician are the one who pulls out the medicines according to the prescription written and they are the one who counts the medicine, after they finish counting and putting it inside a container for medicines purpose only. Once the Pharmacy Technician finished counting the medicine and putting it inside a container then, the Pharmacist will check the medicine in the computer to make sure the medicine that is dispensed is correct. 

Pharmacists can also help with recommending over the counter medication like when someone has sore throats or a common cold they can recommend medications that anyone can buy with a prescription from the doctor. Pharmacists may also give vaccines, shots that protect you from diseases like the flu or shingles. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they helped with giving vaccines to those who did not want to go to the hospitals.  

Pharmacists can also help people taking a new medication by giving them instructions for the prescription. The pharmacist also helps by telling the patient the side effects of the new medication. Pharmacists help by calling the doctor if the patient has concerns about the new medication.

In the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom many pharmacists were vaccinating people.  They have also been doing Influenza vaccines for several years.  There are plans for them to do more of this work.  

## Related pages
* Pharmaconomist
* Pharmacy
* Pharmacologist

## References
Perch

**Perch** is the name of a freshwater perciform fish belonging to the genus ***Perca***. 

Perch have "rough" scales.  On the front end of the fish, there are two dorsal fins. The first one is spiny and the second is soft. There is also an anal fin, which is also spiny, and a caudal fin.

## Species 
There are three living species in this genus:

* *Perca fluviatilis* Linnaeus, 1758 (European perch)
* *Perca flavescens* Mitchill, 1814 (Yellow perch)
* *Perca schrenkii* Kessler, 1874 (Balkhash perch)

File:Perca fluviatilis-female Siverskiy Donets River Ukraine.jpg|European perch (*Perca fluviatilis*)
File:Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) white background.jpg|Yellow perch (*Perca flavescens*)
File:Perca schrenkii.png|Balkhash perch (*Perca schrenkii*)

## Description 
 has greenish color and red tipped fins, as well as the vertical bars on its sides.]]

### External anatomy 
Perch have a round body shape which allows for fast swimming in the water. They have paired pectoral and pelvic fins, and two dorsal fins, the first one spiny and the second soft. These fins can be separate or joined.

### Internal anatomy 
The cardinal anterior and posterior veins pursue an odd course through the head kidney, and the interrenal tissue occurs within the head kidney particularly around the junction of these veins. The bulk of the head kidney, as in most teleosts, is a mass of lymphoid tissue. The blood vessels associated with the kidneys have a segmental arrangement, as have the kidneys themselves. The intestines of perch consist of the small intestine and large intestine. The small intestine consists of a part called the duodenum.

Like many kinds of fish, perch have a two-chambered heart. The heart consists of four parts: the sinus venosus, one atrium, one ventricle, and conus artieriosus (infundibulum). They also have a swim bladder to control buoyancy.

## Habitats 
Perch are carnivores, choosing waters where smaller fish, shellfish, and insect larvae are plentiful and abundant. 

They are found in parts of the United States in freshwater ponds, lakes, streams, or rivers. These fish can be found in fresh water all over the world. They live in the Great Lakes region, in particular Lake Erie. 

The fish like bodies of water with vegetation and debris. In the spring when the perch spawns, they use vegetation to hide their eggs from predators.
''. Each letter corresponds to an internal body part, A: gills, B: auricle of the heart, C: ventricle of the heart, D: liver, E: stomach, F: digestive cecum, G: swim bladder, H: intestine, I: testis, and J: urinary bladder.]]

## Importance 
### Perch in fishing 
Perch is a popular game fish pursued by anglers. They are known to put up a fight. Perch can be caught using a variety of different methods like float fishing, lure fishing, and legering.

### Perch as food 
Perch is also a food and is praised for its mild, sweet flavor. It is also known for its health benefits.

## Related pages 
* Percidae
* Perciformes

## References 
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## Other websites 
* Media related to Perca at Wikimedia Commons
* Is perch a good fish to eat? If so, what's the best way to cook it?

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Alphabet (computer science)

In computer science, an **alphabet** is a finite non-empty set. The elements of an alphabet are called the **letters** or **symbols** of the alphabet.

An example of an alphabet is \{-,\cdot\} which may be used for Morse code or *{begin, if, else, for, while}* which may be the keywords of a Programming language.

The set of natural numbers is **not** an alphabet because as it is not finite.

The alphabet which is used the most in computer science is *{0,1}*. It is called the **binary alphabet** because it contains two symbols. An alphabet can be used to make a string (or **word**). This is a finite Sequence of letters from the alphabet. For example, a string of length 5 **over** *{0,1}* is *01101*.

The **empty string** is the string containing no letters (it is often written as \lambda). The empty string is a string over any alphabet.

If we have an alphabet called \Sigma, then we write the set of *all* strings that can be made from \Sigma as \Sigma^*. This is called the **Kleene star** (or **Kleene closure**) of \Sigma. It is named after the mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene.

The Kleene star of the binary alphabet is \{\lambda, 0,1,00,01,10,11,000,001,...\}. The three dots after **001,** show that we cannot write the Kleene star of an alphabet in full because it is an infinite set.

Alphabets are important because they are used in studying formal languages, finite automata and very difficult questions in computer science about what can be computed and what can not.

## Related pages
*Formal language
*Syntax
*Semantics

## References 
* Arto Salomaa, *Formal Languages*, (1973): Chapter 1
* Michael A. Harrison, *Introduction to Formal Language Theory*, (1978): Chapter 1.2
* John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman, *Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation*, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading Massachusetts, (1979). .
* György E. Révész, *Introduction to Formal Languages*, (1991): Chapter 1.1
* Grzegorz Rozenberg and Arto Salomaa, *Handbook of Formal Languages: Volume 1. Word, Language, Grammar*, (1997): Chapter 2.1
* Dan A. Simovici and Richard L. Tenney, *Theory of Formal Languages with Applications*, (1999): Chapter 2.1
* Keijo Ruohonen, *Formal Languages*, (2009): Chapter 1.1
* John Martin: *Introduction to Languages and the Theory of Computation* (2010): Chapter 1.5
Scarlet

**Scarlet** is a slight brilliant red color.  It is a color of the rainbow.  It is redder than vermilion.  The color's name comes from the Persian *saqirlat*. 

An early recorded use of *scarlet* as a color name in the English language dates to 1250.

## Meaning of Scarlet
* Traditionally, scarlet is the color of flame.  People also call the color of the blood of a living person scarlet, even though the actual color of blood is crimson.  

* Scarlet may represent sin.

* Scarlet represents sensual pleasure and fun.  Scarlet represents partying.

## Tones of scarlet color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
League

The word **league** can mean one of the following:
* An association, such as the League of Nations
** Sports league, a type of competition often used in games like football and rugby
* League (unit), an old unit of measurement which is equal to the distance a human walks in one hour or some other time interval
Worship

]]
**Worship** is a word often used in religion. It means to have much respect. If someone prays or gives thanks to God, people say that they are worshipping God. Worship can also be used as the name for a church service or similar event. This can be called an act of worship.

An act of worship can be performed as a simple prayer or through an elaborate ceremony. It can be performed individually or in an informal or formal group.

The Bible talks about many people worshipping God, for example Abraham builds an altar in .

In Christianity, worship is the act of giving reverent honor and homage to God. Collective Christian worship is liturgical, characterized by prayers and hymns, with texts from the Bible. It is centered on the Eucharist, sacramental and ceremonial worship. As evidenced in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, worship together with adoration, prayer, and accomplishment of the  promises and vows made to God are acts of the virtue of religion which fall under obedience to the first commandment.

The Quran talks about worshipping Allah.

## References
Officer

An **officer** is a person who holds a high rank in a uniformed organisation like the military or police. A military officer has a , a state document saying others must obey them. Some examples of officer ranks would include captains, majors, and lieutenants, but not sergeants, who are sometimes called non-commissioned officers, or NCOs. 

People who are in a position of importance in an organization or company may be a corporate officer, for example:
*The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of a company is the person in charge of that company.
*In many organizations, the officers are the president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer. These people run the organization, keep track of what goes on at meetings and handle the money for the organization.

## Related pages
*Military ranks
*Chief executive officer
Consul

A **consul** could mean one of the following:
* Roman consul, the highest office of the Roman Republic: two consuls were elected each year.
* A modern post in diplomacy, an official who lives in another country to help his own country's citizens.
Western

**Western** can mean one of the following:
*something which lies in the direction of the west, for example the Western hemisphere, the western half of the world
*Culturally of the Western world: something involving a Euro-Atlantic viewpoint, as opposed to a Eurasian, Asia-Pacific, Middle Eastern or African one.
*Western (genre), a genre related to the American Old West
Machaira

**Machaira** was a rare mythic sword used in the Basileus cult.  Basileus cult is the cult of the king, because in ancient Rome the word basileus was translated as "king". To get a Basileus title a person should  kill a lion with a special  weapon. So this weapon was called - Machaira.

Machaira had a very curved blade, which reminded a sickle. The  shape of a machaira is often compared to a lion claw. The cutting edge was on the inside part of the blade. The legends say that it has a length from about . The blade was secured in a wooden cage (sheath).  This sword was kept by ancient priests called sacerdotes. They used to decorate the sheath with golden ornaments. The sword was kept in special places and used in important rituals. 

The meaning of machaira sword was ideological. A king who was at the same time a sacerdotus and owned a machaira, made rituals before the battle. Its power showed to the army the right path and saved from enemies' traps. It was supposed that the sword kept the troubles away. It was very important that the machaira  to be used only by a  sacerdotus, otherwise it was only a beautiful but powerless weapon.  

The well known king Macedonian Alexander Hephaistion was a sacerdotus. He belonged to the lion cult and used machaira for rituals. Later in 324 B.C. happened the official burial of the machaira sword and Alexander the Great left his sacerdotal powers. The cult of  machaira sword and the cult of Basileus were restarted in 301 B.C. 

## Other websites 
*More on the mythical machaira
Tachi

The **tachi** is a Japanese sword, which has a strongly curved blade and is longer than a katana. It was used on the battlefield before katana was, so it is considered to be older. The word Tachi translates as "*the soul of bushi*" (soul of samurai). 

When the katana began to be widely used the tachi sword became a court sword for ceremonies. It looks very richly decorated with traditional cord wrappings and a specially designed handle. The length of a tachi blade was around 30.70 inches (about 75cm) Because of its length the tachi was a cavalry sword and was mainly worn by horsemen. The strongly curved blade also made it easy to make slicing blows. Even if the tachi is a very long sword it is light enough to be handled with one hand. The tachi had a long enough hilt to hold it with two hands. It was especially useful for warriors who were not riding.

The tachi was worn hung to the belt with the cutting-edge down, unlike the katana which was worn with the cutting-edge pointing upwards. Not all tachi were the standard size. Small ones were called ko-dachi. If the sword was longer than the standard one it was called o-dachi.
 
The tachi that can be seen in museums have one or more chips along the back of the sword, while the cutting edge looks almost untouched and mirror polished. The experts explain that Samurai made the smallest possible moves with their tachi to kill the enemy. Thus when both swords were about to collide, the samurai both turned their swords and let only the blunt back (mune) of the blades hit one another. The cutting edge was used for finish touches, namely for cutting the human body.

## Related pages
*Katana
*Samurai
*Japanese sword schools
Policy

**Policy** could mean:
*Political parties will have a policy on different political issues - this means the position the party will take on matters like defense, nuclear power, etc.
*an insurance policy is a  which sets out how much something is insured for. 
*Organisations will have policies about things under their control - such as how to deal with complaints or how people who work for them should behave..
Field

**Field** can mean:
*an area of land in a farm, which may be used for crops or animals; also a meadow or area that is empty of trees, and has mostly grass.
*in computing, a field is an item/category of data, e.g. first name; a field contains data about one aspect of the table, e.g. a field can contain all of the first names of a table. An individual entry in a field, e.g. Anna for the first name field, is called a field value. A record contains all of the field values about a particular subject, such as an employee.
*field of vision, the area in sight of a person.
*in mathematics, a certain kind of algebraic structure: field (mathematics)
*in physics, a field is seen as extending throughout a large region of space so that it influences everything: field (physics).
*magnetic field,  the area around a magnet in which there is magnetic force

*See also: force field (technology)
Lucerne

**Lucerne** (, Swiss German: *Lozärn*, French: *Lucerne*, Italian: *Lucerna*, Romansh: *Lucerna*) is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Canton of Lucerne and seat of the district with the same name. The city has a population of about 60,000. Lucerne is the biggest and most important city in Central Switzerland. The city's metropolitan area consists of 17 municipalities in three cantons. It has an overall population of nearly 200,000 people.

## Geography 
Lucerne is located in central Switzerland on the northern end of Lake Lucerne. The river Reuss flows from the lake through the city. The city is surrounded by hills and mountains, for example the mountains Pilatus and Rigi.

## History 
Lucerne joined the old Swiss confederation in 1332.

Since 2010, Littau is part of the city.

## Economy 
Due to its location on the shore of Lake Lucerne ('''') within sight of the mountains Pilatus and Rigi, Lucerne is mainly a tourist destination. One of the city's famous landmarks is Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke), a wooden bridge from the 14th century. Many tourists choose Lucerne as their place to stay because the city is close to the Alps in the center of the country.

*Schifffahrtsgesellschaft des Vierwaldstättersees* is the shipping company founded in 1870 that runs ships on Lake Lucerne.

Lucerne railway station is the main station of central Switzerland.

## Culture 
Lucerne has a traditional *Fasnacht *(carneval) celebration which takes place every spring.

## Gallery 

Image:Lucerne city, lake and mountains.jpg|View of the city and the lake.
Image:Luzern_pilatus_3.jpg|Lucerne with mount Pilatus in the background.
Image:Luzerner Fasnacht 2009.JPG|A marching band celebrating *Fasnacht *in Lucerne.
Image:Lucerne's Jesuit Church at Sunset.jpg|Jesuit Church in the old town.
Image:Luzern asv2022-10 Löwendenkmal img1.jpg|Lion Mounument

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Lucerne official website
* Luzern Tourismus AG - tourist office
Lower Jurassic

cliffs at Lyme Regis, Dorset]]

The **Lower Jurassic** is the first geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 201.3 million years ago, and ended at 174.1 million years ago. 

The Jurassic period is divided into Lower, Middle and Upper. The Lower Jurassic started after the end-Triassic extinction event at 201.3 million years ago (mya). Its rocks form in Europe the *Lias* group of marine strata consisting mostly of limestone, with some clays and siltstone. It was in this formation on the Dorset Jurassic Coast that Mary Anning did much of her work. The mudstones of the earliest Jurassic (Blue Lias)  give way to carbonate rocks as the water deepens in the Middle Jurassic.

The Jurassic period was one of the time periods when dinosaurs were on the Earth. By this time, many groups of the Triassic period had become extinct.

## Britain 
At the start of the Jurassic, Britain was warm temperate to subtropical, between 30° and 40° north of the equator. Temperature would have been in the range of 12–29°C. 

Shallow seas were over southern England; higher ground like the Mendip Hills were a string of islands stretching westwards South Wales. 

## North America 
 through Jurassic stratigraphy of the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah that makes up much of the famous prominent rock formations in protected areas such as Capitol Reef National Park and Canyonlands National Park. Photograph from Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah.]]

The Lower Jurassic in western North America is quite different. It is continental in origin, sandstones laid down in shifting streams and rivers. These sandstones were laid down over a long period from the later Permian to the Lower Jurassic.

## Related pages 
*Blue Lias
*Jurassic
*Middle Jurassic
*Upper Jurassic

## References
Congress

In politics, a **congress** is a political meeting of leaders or representatives of groups of people. Until the 19th century it was usually a meeting of kings or their representatives, for example the Congress of Vienna. Today it often means the main legislature that makes the laws for a state. The word congress can also mean a meeting of associations, as in the Trades Union Congress (TUC), of the United Kingdom, a meeting of trade unions.

## Related pages
*United States Congress
Personal digital assistant

is a classic example of a PDA.]]
A **personal digital assistant** (**PDA**) is a handheld computer. Personal digital assistants were designed to replace non-electronic day planners. They became widespread in the 1990s. Many PDAs can work as an address book, a calculator, a clock, and a calendar. Some also have games on them. The work of PDAs is now mostly done by smartphones that use Wi-Fi and touch screens for e-mail, recording video, playing music and making phone calls.
 N10 with stylus]]
PDA's processor is a chip which makes the device work. PDAs can have different processors depending on their speed. If access to the Internet, GPS, or video recording are needed, the PDA needs to have a fast processor.

## Memory
PDA stores data and applications on RAM memory(Random Access Memory). It is a memory card inside the device. PDAs can also use SD (Secure Digital), SDIO and MMS cards. These are easy to remove and are called flash memory cards. USB flash drives can be used to add more memory.

## Screen
Most PDAs have touch screens. This means that the device has less buttons or has no buttons at all. Usually PDAs come with removable 'pen' (stylus) with which the screen is touched. The pen acts like a mouse for desktop PCs or like a touch pad for laptops. For other PDAs a finger is used instead of the pen.

## Battery
PDAs are powered by batteries. There are two types of batteries: removable and fixed. Older PDAs used alkaline batteries which the user would have to take out and replace when they ran out. Most new PDAs have Li-ion batteries. These batteries are rechargeable. PDAs use more battery power when playing video, accessing Internet or transferring data using Bluetooth. Large and bright screens also take more power. This makes the battery run out faster.

## Connection 
A PDA can communicate with other devices, PDAs, PCs, etc. This is made with the help of infrared (IrDA) port or with Bluetooth. With this ability the devices can transfer data, download music, images, video, games, etc.

Synchronization means having the same data on both the PDA and PC or other device. When changes are made on either the PDA or the PC, when they are synchronized, these changes made to data on one of them are also made the data on the other. The synchronization also prevents the loss of the stored information.

## Adaptation (Customization)
Customization is adding more memory, miniature keyboards, etc. to the PDA. Customization also can be putting other software (download Internet programs) on the PDA device.

## Other websites 
* PDA Blast! - The Ultimate PDA User Resource