Philippine–American War

The **Philippine–American War**, also known as the **Philippine War**, the **Philippine Insurrection** and the **Tagalog Insurgency** (Tagalog: Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano, Spanish: Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense) was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina, Tagalog: Republikang Pilipino) and the United States from 4 February 1899 to 2 July 1902. This war was an another Filippino continuous fight beginning in 1896 with the successful Philippine Revolution. The cause of the war was because the Philippines opposed many provisions stated in the Treaty of Paris which the United States brought the Philippines from the Spanish Empire, ending the Spanish–American War.

The fight began on 4 February 1898 between the United States and the First Philippine Republic, in the second battle of Manila. On 2 June 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war on the United States. The war ended on 2 July 1902, with a decisive United States victory. However, Filipino revolutionary groups like the Katipunan continued to fight against the U.S. for several years, one of the leaders were General Macario Sakay, a former veteran of the Katipunan, who was the leader of the Tagalog Republic which was established in 1902 after the arrest of Filipino President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups like the Moro people continued to fight in other places until their defeat at the Battle of Bud Bud Bagsak on 15 June 1913.

The war and the United States occupation changed the culture of many islands, because Filipino deaths were around 200–250.000 deaths, and establishing English in Filipino islands as the official language of the government, education, business, infrastructure continued in many decades. The occupation of the Philippines faced severe opposition from the natives which forced the United States to slowly giving the nation independent.

In 1902, the United States Congress passed the Philippine Organic Act to create the Philippine Assembly which members of the Assembly will be elected by the Filipino people. This will be replaced by the 1916 Jones Act which stated the United States' commitment to give the Philippines independence. The Philippine Independence Act of 1934 established the Commonwealth of the Philippines the same year. This was a limited self-governance state, but increasing independence following years (it was set to be 1944. However, it was delayed because of World War II, particularly the Japanese invasion and occupation, combined with the Philippines campaign at the time). The United States gave the Philippines independence in 1946 by withdrawing and recognizing the state's sovereignty following the Treaty of Manila.

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* "Race-Making and Colonial Violence in the American Empire: The Philippine–American War as Race War," *Diplomatic History*, Vol. 30, No. 2 (April 2006), 169–210. (version at Japanfocus.org).
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*  See also Moorfield Storey và Julian Codman (1902). Secretary Root's Record:"Marked Severities" in Philippine Warfare – Wikisource.
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## Read more
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* Legarda, Benito J. Jr. (2001). *The Hills of Sampaloc: the Opening Actions of the Philippine–American War, February 4–5, 1899*. Makati: Bookmark. ISBN 978-971-569-418-6.
* Stewart, Richard W. General Editor, Ch. 16, Transition, Change, and the Road to war, 1902–1917" , in "American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917" , Center of Military History, United States Army, ISBN 0-16-072362-0.
* Edward Stratemeyer. (1898). Under Dewey at Manila – Wikisource.
* Ralph Bonehill. (1899). A Sailor Boy with Dewey – Wikisource.
* Edward Stratemeyer. (1900). The Campaign of the Jungle – Wikisource.
* Edward Stratemeyer. (1901). Under MacArthur in Luzon – Wikisource.
* The "Lodge Committee" (a.k.a. Philippine Investigating Committee) hearings and a great deal of documentation were published in three volumes (3000 pages) as S. Doc. 331, 57th Cong., 1st Session An abridged version of the oral testimony can be found in: *American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection: Testimony Taken from Hearings on Affairs in the Philippine Islands before the Senate Committee on the Philippines—1902*; edited by Henry F Graff; Publisher: Little, Brown; 1969.
* Wilcox, Marrion. ''Harper's History of the War*. Harper, New York and London 1900, reprinted 1979. [Alternate title: *Harper's History of the War in the Philippines*]. Also reprinted in the Philippines by Vera-Reyes.

## Other websites 
* The American Peril - An Examination of the Spanish–American War and the Philippine Insurrection by Dan Carlin 
* War  Arnaldo Dumindin
* Images from the Philippine-United States War historicaltextarchive.com
* Philippine Centennial Celebration MSC Computer Training Center.
* The Matter of the Philippines, from Birth of an American Empire , http://edsitement.neh.gov/EDSITEment
* (Spanish) (archived from the original  on 2006-10-15)
* A brief description of the war between the United States and the Philippines, which began in 1899.
*  by Mariano "Anong" Santos, *Pinoy Newsmagazine*, August 2006 (archived on 2008-02-13)
* "Imperial Amnesia" by John B. Judis, *Foreign Policy*, July/August 2004
* The Philippine Revolutionary Records ** at **Filipiniana.net (archived on 2009-05-25).
* (archived on 2011-05-11)
* (archived on 2011-05-11)
* Images of Philippine–American War 
* *Booknotes* interview with Stanley Karnow on *In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines'', 28 May 1989.
* No. 15 Spanish 12-pounder  Photo of a bronze cannon captured by the Americans in Manila.
* Philippine–American War - 1899-1902 (videos)
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* Spanish–American War Reenactment Groups