open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Antonio de Rosa

Antonio de Rosa is an concept and visual designer, living in Italy.

## Professional Career 
De Rosa began his career as a graphic designer for videogame in 1994. After graduating from Universita Degli Studi Napoli Federico II in 1996, he started his career trough several countries. During his time at Karma Wide, De Rosa also worked at Inside Srl (formerly Pico) as a trainer of Macromedia and Adobe.

After leaving KarmaWide, De Rosa became an art director at Mecotek Italia Spa in 2000. He also joined Telme as an executive manager in 2004 while serving as an art director at Mecotek Italia Spa. He left Mecotek Italia Spa and Telme in 2009. In the same year, Rosa founded ADR Studio Design and became its CEO. In this phase, he started to be recognized on the Internet for his concept regarding Apple products, like Apple iCam and Apple iPhone SJ, Apple iPhone folding design and Apple MacBook.

He has been one of the first to propose the concept of the Apple Watch (iWatch) in 2010.

Antonio chose an idea for Apple AR spectacles that pays respect to Steve Jobs's preferred pair of prescription glasses, the Lunor Classic PP, and has historical significance.

## Early Life 
De Rosa was born on December 22, 1975, in Cava Dei Tirreni, Italy, and was raised in his hometown. He went to Istituto Tecnico per Geometri Vanvitelli in 1989, and then attended Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II in 1994.

## References
Poznań Główny railway station

**Poznań Główny**, anglicised to **Poznan Main**, is the chief railway station for the city of Poznań, Poland's fifth-largest city, and capital of the Greater Poland Province.

The station is located at a junction of Warsaw–Kunowice railway, Wrocław–Poznań railway, Kluczbork–Poznań railway, Poznań–Szczecin railway and Poznań–Piła railway. The train services are operated by PKP Intercity, Polregio and Koleje Wielkopolskie.

## References
University of Silesia in Katowice

**The University of Silesia in Katowice** () is an autonomous state-run university in Katowice, Silesia Province, Poland.

The university offers higher education and research facilities. It offers undergraduate, masters, and PhD degree programs, as well as postgraduate, postdoctoral research, habilitation, and continuous education and training programs.

## References
Beaumont-sur-Vesle

**Beaumont-sur-Vesle** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Marne department
Go A

**Go_A** () is a Ukrainian folktronica band formed in 2012. The group is made of four members: Kateryna Pavlenko, Taras Shevchenko, Ihor Didenchuk and Ivan Hryhoriak. The band represented Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, performing "", and placed fifth in the final. Didenchuk is also a member of the Kalush Orchestra, that won first place in Eurovision 2022.

They only sing in the Ukrainian language, as a sign of independence from Russia.

## Name 
The group's name, Go_A, combines the English word "Go" as in "movement" and the first letter of the Greek alphabet "" (Alpha) as in "the start". This means that the band wants to return to their cultural roots.

## History 
### Early years (2012–2019) 
The group started in 2012, when the sound producer Taras Shevchenko (not to be confused with the poet of the same name) met the ethnic singer Kateryna Pavlenko. The two musicians liked the mix between folk music and electronic music and they decided to form the group. It was the first time in the history of the Eurovision Song Contest that Ukraine had a song fully in the Ukrainian language.

The next year, the group took part in Eurovision Song Contest 2021 with the song "" («», "Noise"). The song won fifth place, with 364 total points. However, the song was the second most-voted by the public, with 267 public vote points.

### After Eurovision and the war (2022–present) 
On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine and all the band members were forced to run away from their homes. They still make music together and they make donations to help their country.

## Members 
* Kateryna Pavlenko () – lead vocals
* Taras Shevchenko () – keyboards and mixing, percussion
* Ihor Didenchuk () – sopilka, backing vocals
* Ivan Hryhoriak () – guitars

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
### Singles 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Warszawa Zachodnia station

**Warszawa Zachodnia station**, in English **Warsaw West**, is a railway and long-distance bus station in Warsaw, Poland on the border of Ochota and Wola districts. The railway station is the westernmost terminus of the Warsaw Cross-City Line. It serves trains from PKP Intercity, Polregio, Koleje Mazowieckie, Szybka Kolej Miejska and Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa as well as international trains passing through Warsaw.  It is one of the busiest railway stations in Poland, with over 800 daily trains.

Despite being one of the chief railway stations on the line towards Warszawa Centralna, there has been limited development of the station since its construction in 1936. However, the station is undergoing an extensive modernization between 2020 and 2023.

## History
The station was built as part of the development of the Warsaw Railway Junction that was begun in 1919. Warszawa Zachodnia was opened in 1936 as the most westerly station on the Warsaw Cross-City Line.  It was not until the 1970s that an underpass was built to connect the platforms and a station building was built on the northern side. In 1975, a platform for Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa trains was added. In 1980, the south side of the station was developed, with a road underpass being built to connect Wola and Ochota and the long-distance bus station added. The Warszawa Wola railway station, built in the 1980s just  away from Warszawa Zachodnia, on 20 May 2012 was joined to Warszawa Zachodnia station as Platform 8,for trains to Nasielsk, Ciechanów and Działdowo. In 2015 a new station building was opened at the southern side of the station along with several commercial office buildings, which among others host companies of the Polish State Railways, built along Warsaw's Jerozolimskie Avenue on grounds belonging to the station complex.

## References
Superwoman

**Superwoman** is a name used by several characters in the DC Comics universe as female versions of Superman. 

## Publication history 
The Superwoman concept was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, first appearing in *Action Comics* #60 (1943).

## Overview 
Primarily this alias is used by an evil counterpart to Wonder Woman in the Crime Syndicate, evil versions of Justice League from another universe. The first one was **Lois** from Earth-Three. Her Post-Flashpoint counterpart from Earth 3 is also an evil version of Lois Lane and uses the Lasso of Submission as her main weapon. She is the lover of Owlman and the stepmother of Luthor-El; Ultraman's son. During the Infinite Frontier, she was replaced in the syndicate by the amazon **Donna Troy**.

The name Superwoman has also been used by female counterparts to Superman; with the main ones being his longtime allies **Lucy Lane**, **Lois Lane** and **Lana Lang**.
Neuchâtel Xamax FCS

**Neuchâtel Xamax FCS** is a Swiss football club from Neuchâtel which plays in the Swiss Challenge League.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Jonathan Crenshaw

**Jonathan Dale Crenshaw** (1972 – May 12, 2023) was an American artist with no arms from Florida. He showed his art on the street. He was shown in a pizza review.

## Arrest 
In 2018, he was stopped by police for attacking a tourist with scissors and claims he was trying to protect himself and he was let go. 

## Death
Crenshaw died on May 12, 2023. His death wasn't reported for almost a year.

## References
Gare de l'Est

The '''Gare de l'Est** (; English: "Station of the East" or "East station"), officially **Paris Est''', is one of the seven large mainline railway station termini in Paris, France. It is in the 10th arrondissement, not far southeast from the Gare du Nord.

Opened in 1849, it is currently the fifth-busiest of the six main railway stations in Paris before the Gare d'Austerlitz. The Gare de l'Est is the western terminus of the Paris–Strasbourg railway and Paris–Mulhouse railway which goes to Basel, Switzerland.

## History
The Gare de l'Est was opened in 1849 by the Compagnie du Chemin de Fer de Paris à Strasbourg (Paris–Strasbourg Railway Company) under the name "Strasbourg platform" (*Embarcadère de Strasbourg*); an official inauguration with President Louis Napoléon Bonaparte took place the next year. The platform corresponds today with the hall for main-line trains. Designed by architect François Duquesnay, it was renamed the "Gare de l'Est" in 1854, after the expansion of service to Mulhouse.

## References
National Space Society

The **National Space Society** (**NSS**) is a 501(c)(3) space advocacy organization. It is a member of the Independent Charities of America and takes part in the Combined Federal Campaign every year. Its  is "People living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth, and the use of the vast resources of space for the dramatic betterment of humanity."

It has four main goals:
*Defending Earth: Stopping dangerous objects from space hitting Earth (asteroid impact avoidance).
*Clean Energy from Space: Helping people use space solar power.
*Developing Space: Making use of space for many people.
*Space Settlement: Moving people to space, making humans live on multiple planets.

## References
Slope (mathematics)

In mathematics, the **slope** or **gradient** of a line is a number that says how steep a line is. It is calculated by dividing the vertical change, which is called the rise, by the horizontal change, which is called the run, between two different points on the line.

## References
Lucy Lane

**Lucy Lane** is a fictional supporting character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. She was created by Otto Binder and Curt Swan, first appearing in ''Superman's Pal, Jimmy Olsen* #36. (1959)

## Fictional character biography 
She is the younger sister of Lois Lane, the daughter of Ella Lane and General Sam Lane. Formerly an airline stewardess, she has been romantically involved with Jimmy Olsen and later joined the military. During *Superman: New Krypton* she joined her father as a member of Project 7734 and used an experimental procedure to duplicate Kryptonian-like powers, becoming the ruthlessly evil **Superwoman**.

## In other media 
She was played by Maureen Teefy in the 1984 movie *Supergirl* and Peyton List in the series *Smallville*. Jenna Dewan played two alternate versions of Lucy in the Arrowverse series *Supergirl* (2015–2016) and *Superman & Lois'' (2022–2023).
Paris–Marseille railway

The **railway from Paris to Marseille** is an 862-kilometre long railway line, that connects Paris to the southern port city of Marseille, France, via Dijon and Lyon. The railway was opened in several stages between 1847 and 1856, when the final section through Lyon was opened. The opening of the LGV Sud-Est high speed line from Paris to Lyon in 1981, the LGV Rhône-Alpes in 1992 and the LGV Méditerranée in 2001 has reduced its importance for passenger traffic.

## Route
The Paris–Marseille railway leaves the Gare de Lyon in Paris in southeastern direction. It crosses the river Marne at Charenton-le-Pont, and follows the right Seine bank upstream until Crosne, where it follows a course east of the Forest of Sénart. It crosses the Seine near Melun and follows the left Seine bank upstream, along the Forest of Fontainebleau. Beyond Montereau-Fault-Yonne, the railway follows the left Yonne bank upstream. At Migennes the Yonne is crossed, and the small rivers Armançon, Brenne and Oze are followed upstream. Beyond Blaisy-Bas the railway enters the watershed of the Mediterranean Sea, descending the Ouche river valley to central Dijon.

At Dijon the railway turns south, running along the east side of the Côte d'Or escarpment with its famous vineyards. At Chalon-sur-Saône the railway reaches the river Saône, and follows its right bank downstream until the city centre of Lyon. Before and after the Lyon-Perrache station it crosses the Saône and the Rhône respectively, and continues downstream along the left Rhône bank. Between Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or (north of Lyon) and La Guillotière (a southern quarter of Lyon) there is a parallel line to its east, on which the other main station of Lyon, Part-Dieu, is situated. There is also a long parallel line on the right bank of the Rhône between Lyon and Nîmes, which is mainly used for freight transport.

The railway passes through Valence, Avignon and Arles, where it leaves the Rhône and turns east. It passes along the northern shore of the Étang de Berre. The terminus is Marseille-Saint-Charles station.

### Main stations
The main stations on the Paris–Marseille railway are:
* Gare de Lyon (Paris)
* Dijon-Ville station
* Lyon-Perrache station
* Avignon-Centre station
* Marseille-Saint-Charles station

## References
Dot’s Pretzels

**Dot’s Pretzels** is an American snack food. They are part of The Hershey Company.

## History 
Dorthy Henke, who found the company made pretzels due to harsh weather and used seasoning inspired by her family’s cooking. She sold her pretzels to events in Arizona. There are 400 production places.

CEO of Hershey, Michele Buck bought the company for $1.2 billion.

In 2023, the factory in Velva, North Dakota was closed. They offered to help the employees who lost their jobs.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Qassam rocket

The **Qassam rocket** is a missile created by the military wing of the Hamas movement, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. The rockets cannot be fired near civilian areas and especially not in huge population centers.

Since 2001 when the first Qassam rocket was made, there have been 3 different models of the Qassam rocket. Rockets for other militant groups in Palestine are also called Qassams by the Israeli media.

## References
Aix-Marseille University

**Aix-Marseille University**  is a public research university in the Provence region of southern France. It was founded in 1409 when Louis II of Anjou, Count of Provence, asked the Pisan Antipope Alexander V to establish the University of Provence. It is the fourth-oldest university in France. It came into its current form by a merger of the University of Provence, the University of the Mediterranean and Paul Cézanne University  in January 2012.  It is the largest university in the Francophone world, with about 80,000 students. AMU has the largest budget of any academic institution in the French-speaking world at €750 million. It is consistently ranked among the top 200 universities in the world and is ranked within the top 4 universities in France according to CWTS and USNWR.

There are five main campuses  in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille.  AMU also owns and operates facilities in Arles, Aubagne, Avignon, Digne-les-Bains, Gap, La Ciotat, Lambesc and Salon-de-Provence. The university  headquarters are in the 7th arrondissement of Marseille.

It has produced many notable alumni in the fields of law, politics, business, science, academia, and the arts. Four of its alumni and faculty have  won Nobel Prizes. One won the Pulitzer Prize twice. Four won César Awards. Alumni have also been heads of state or government, parliamentary speakers, government ministers, ambassadors and members of the constituent academies of the .

It has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including close collaboration with the French National Centre for Scientific Research  and the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission. AMU is a member of numerous academic organisations including the European University Association and the Mediterranean Universities Union.

## References
Fosterøyane

**Fosterøyane** is an archipelago in Svalbard. There are 3 islands in the group. It is between Nordaustlandet and Spitsbergen.

## References
Marseille-Saint-Charles station

**Marseille-Saint-Charles** (French: *Gare de Marseille-Saint-Charles*) is the main railway station and intercity bus station of Marseille, France. It is the southern end of the Paris–Marseille railway and western end of the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway.

It opened on 8 January 1848. It was built for the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée on the land where the Saint Charles Cemetery used to be. The station is on top of a small hill and is linked to the city centre by a set of stairs. Since 2001, the TGV has dramatically reduced the travel time between Marseille and Northern France. Traffic has increased from 7.1 million annual passengers in 2000 to 16.5 million in 2017. This makes the station the eleventh busiest in France.

New underground parking lots and a tunnel have allowed the station to be renewed. A new hall, the *Halle Honnorat*, was created for shops and services. A new pedestrian square was created, between the station and the Aix-Marseille University site of Saint-Charles. New pedestrian spaces with cafe terraces have also been created on top of the grand stairs. In December 2007, a €230 million modernisation was completed.

## References
Rijksmonument

A **rijksmonument** (, ) is a national heritage site of the Netherlands, listed by the agency Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed acting for the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science.

At the end of February 2015, the Netherlands had 61,822 listed national heritage sites. About 1,500 of them are archaeological sites.

## History and criteria
]]
, in Rotterdam]]

Until 2012, a place had to be over 50 years old to be eligible. The law governing the monuments is the *Monumentenwet van 1988* ("Monument Law of 1988").

The organization responsible for caring for the monuments, which used to be called *Monumentenzorg*, is now called Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. In June 2009, the Court of The Hague decided that individual purchasers of buildings that were listed as rijksmonuments would be exempt from paying transfer tax, effective from 1 May 2009. Previously this exemption had only applied to legal entities.

## Some examples
Many Dutch tourist attractions are rijksmonuments, such as castles or windmills.  Some notable windmills are De Schoolmeester, Westzaan, a smock mill in North Holland, the only wind powered paper mill in the world, listed as rijksmonument number 40013; De Wieker Meule, De Wijk, in Drenthe province, built in 1829 and restored to working order, listed as rijksmonument number 39657; and Mellemolen, a hollow post mill in Friesland, also restored to working order, listed as rijksmonument number 35937. Among the rijksmonuments are also many churches. Most rijksmonuments are residential buildings, such as houses and villas.

## References
Lviv railway station

**Lviv-Holovnyi railway station** is the main railway terminal in Lviv, Ukraine. It is one of the famous buildings in the Art Nouveau style in former Galicia. The station was opened to the public in 1904, and turned 100 years old on 26 March 2004. 

The station is very busy. It serves more than 1.2&nbsp;million passengers and moves 16 thousand tons of goods every month.

## History 
In the past, Lviv was called Lemberg, when it was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The empire built many new train lines, and Lviv became an important place for trade and travel.

Lviv was the capital of Galicia. It needed a big and modern train station to replace the old one. The old station was built between 1861 and 1862 in the neo-Gothic style. It was part of the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis.

## References
Stranger in Town (Toto song)

"**Stranger in Town**" is a 1984 song by American rock band Toto and is the leading single from their fifth studio album *Isolation*. It went to number 30 in the United States, number 100 in the United Kingdom, number 16 in Canada and number 40 in Australia. It also went to number 7 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart.

## References
Rail transport in the Netherlands

**Rail transport in the Netherlands** has a dense railway network which connects nearly all the major towns and cities. There are as many train stations as there are municipalities in the Netherlands. The network has  on  of track.  Three-quarters of the lines have been electrified.

The Dutch rail network is mostly for passenger transport. Rail travel is the majority of the distance travelled on Dutch public transport. The national rail infrastructure is managed and maintained by the government agency ProRail, and a number of operators have concessions to operate their trains. The entire network is standard gauge. The Netherlands is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC), and its country code is 84.

Most Dutch trains have Wi-Fi. They don't have food, except on some international trains, due to the short distances involved.

## References
Rail transport in Portugal

Several companies provide **rail transport in Portugal**.

* Comboios de Portugal
* Fertagus
* Lisbon Metro
* Porto Metro
* Metro Transportes do Sul (light rail)

Portugal is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Portugal is 94. There are rail links with Spain, which uses the same Iberian broad gauge.

## Network
Infraestruturas de Portugal is the rail network administrating company, taking over control from REFER on 1 June 2015.

The length of Portugal's railway system is as follows:
* Total: 
* Iberian gauge:   gauge ( electrified) 
* Metre gauge:   gauge (2006)

## References
Gare de Lyon

The **Gare de Lyon** (officially called **Paris Gare de Lyon)** is one of the seven large mainline railway stations in Paris, France. It is a very busy station. In 2018, about 148.1 million people used the station, according to French national railway company SNCF.  

About 110 million of those people used SNCF trains and the RER D line. About 38 million used the RER A line.

Gare de Lyon is the second-busiest station of France after the Gare du Nord. It is also one of the busiest in Europe.

The station is located in the 12th arrondissement, on the right bank of the river Seine, in the east of Paris. Opened in 1849, it is the northern terminus of the Paris–Marseille railway. It is named after the city of Lyon, a stop for many long-distance trains departing here, most en route to the South of France.  The station is served by high-speed TGV trains to Southern and Eastern France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and Spain. The station also hosts regional trains and the RER and also the Gare de Lyon Métro station.

Main line trains depart from 32 platforms in two distinct halls: Hall 1, which is the older train shed, contains tracks labelled with letters from A to N, while the modern addition of Hall 2 contains tracks which are numbered from 5 to 23. There are  four platforms for the RER underneath the main lines.

## References
The Joe Rogan Experience

***The Joe Rogan Experience*** is a podcast made and hosted by comedian and UFC color commentator Joe Rogan. He first started the podcast on December 24, 2009 and it is hosted on Spotify. Clips for the show are also uploaded on their YouTube channel. In 2023, it was the most listened to podcast on Spotify in both the United States and Worldwide. The show has had many well known guests on it, such as Elon Musk, Bernie Sanders, Edward Snowden and Donald Trump. 

In May 2020, Rogan signed a deal around $200 million with Spotify to have them exclusively host the show. Rogan would sign a new deal worth $250 million with Spotify in February 2024. The new deal would not be exclusive with Spotify.

The podcast has had some controversy. It has been criticised for hesitancy on COVID-19 vaccines, climate change denial, and Rogan's past use of racially insensitive language.

## References
## Other websites
*
*PowerfulJRE on YouTube
Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi railway station

**Kyiv-Pasazhyrskyi** (*Kyiv-Passenger*, ) is a railway station in the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv. The station is a railway hub with several railroad station buildings, along with its own repair facilities the Kyiv Electric Railcar Repair Shop, a railway depot with railyard, and the railway sports complex. The station is part of the so-called Kyiv Southern Railway loop.

There were more than 170,000 passengers per day in 2005). The Central and Southern (Pivdennyi) Station buildings are located on both sides of the tracks used by long-distance trains, connected with an overpass. They serve international trains, most Ukrzaliznytsia passenger trains, some suburban trains, and the Kyiv Boryspil Express to the Boryspil International Airport. Nrext to the Central building is the Suburban (Prymiskyi) station building which serves short-distance service for suburbs (including dacha areas), minor city stations, and nearby regions as well as the Kyivpastrans' urban rail passing through the Northern (Pivnichna) railway stop.

The Kyiv Metro station *Vokzalna* of the Sviatoshynsko-Brovarska Line is the station's main intersection with city transport. The Kyiv tram station Starovokzalna (the terminal of Kyiv's Right-Bank high-speed tram line) is also adjacent via a passageway.

## References
The Story of Our Home

***The Story of Our Home*** () is a 2016 North Korean drama movie directed by Ri Yun-Ho and was the first North Korean movie to screen publicly in South Korea in 2018. It stars Paek Sol-mi, Kim Thae-Gum and Kim Pom-Gyong.

## Other websites
*
Utrecht Centraal railway station

**Utrecht Centraal**, officially **Station Utrecht Centraal** (), is the transit hub with three bicycle parks, two bus stations, two tram stops and the central railway station for Utrecht, Netherlands. It is the biggest train station in the Netherlands.

Both the railway station and the bus station are the largest and busiest in the Netherlands. The bicycle parking station on the east side is the largest in the world.

The railway station has sixteen platform tracks (of which twelve are through tracks) and 207,360  passengers per day, excluding transfers. projects of the Dutch government and as part of a general reconstruction of the Utrecht station area. The station hall was replaced by a new, much larger hall, housing all modes of public transport. The new structure with its curved roof, was designed by Benthem Crouwel Architekten. The roof has three curves: a large one in the middle for the railway station and two smaller ones for the bus/tram stations on either side. New sheltering roofs were built for all platforms and the station was separated from the Hoog Catharijne shopping area.

A scale model of Utrecht Centraal is on display at Madurodam.

## References
Tweed Heads, New South Wales

**Tweed Heads** is a coastal city in New South Wales. It is located at the mouth of the Tweed River in the Northern Rivers region. It is the seat of the Tweed Shire Council.

Tweed Heads is located on the border between New South Wales and Queensland. Just north of Tweed Heads on the other side of the border is the suburb of Coolangatta on the Gold Coast.

Tweed Heads is often considered a place where people can change time zones. This is because between October and April, New South Wales has daylight savings, but Queensland does not, which means Queensland is one hour behind New South Wales during those months. People often go to Tweed Heads on New Year's Eve because they can celebrate twice by simply crossing a street.

## References
Sami Yousafzai

**Sami Yousafzai** (Pashto: سمی یوسفزی)  is an Afghan Journalist and War Reporter in Afghanistan and Pakistan. 

## Background
Abdul Sami Yousafzai was born in Afghanistan in 1972 to a Yusufzai Pashtun family, as a boy he along with his family became refugees of the Soviet-Afghan War after 1979 and they had to leave their hometown. He grew up alongside millions more Afghan Refugee Children in the city of Peshawar, Pakistan.

## Career
In 1993 he studied Journalism at Dawa'a al-Jihad University set up at an Afghan Refugee camp by Afghan Mujahideen Fighter Abdul Rasul Sayyaf. He initially started as a sports journalist but switched to begin a career in war reporting in 1997. He covered militancy politics for Newsweek Magazine and the Daily Beast News Publication as well as a producer for CBS News since 2005. Throughout his career he has met with Taliban Officials in Afghanistan as well as the President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai in 2013. He also met with the Taliban delegation in 2019 at Moscow, Russia including Salam Hanafi, who would become Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan.

## Journalist Attack
In 2008, a Taliban Commander invited him and a Japanese Journalist friend of his, *Motoki Yodsukura* for an interview in the outskirts of Peshawar, where instead a gunman opened fired on him with two shots. He sustained one shot in the hand and the other by his chest, skimming past his heart and was lodged in his left arm.

## References
Ame-no-Oshikumone

is a Japanese historical figure and the ancestor god of the Nakatomi clan. He was the son of Ame-no-Koyane and Himegami.  and the ancestor of the Nakatomi clan and Fujiwara clan.

He was associated with Susanoo and the Izumo Province.

He was identified as the bodhisattva  in the temple Daijo-in and as  at Ichijo-in He was added much later than the rest of them and is said to be the divine child of Ame-no-Koyane and Himegami. Adding him was important because it set an example and helped Japanese people learn to worship other groups of gods.

His two parent kami Ame-no-Koyane and Himegami were bunrei transferred from Hiraoka Shrine, and the shrine was thus given the name of *Moto-Kasuga* ("former Kasuga").

 that worships Ame-no-Oshikumone]]

## Related pages
* Kasuga-no-Kami
* Family tree of Japanese monarchs

## References
Kumano Gongen

, also known as , is a Japanese deity associated with Kumano Shrines.

The god is made of 12 smaller gods. Each small god has a Shinto and a Buddhist part,.

This idea is like the worship of Kasuga-no-Kami which inspired people to worship this god that way.

There are two common ways to group the gods:

*  – all 12 gods.

## Origins 
]]People felt the Kumano area was holy even before written history. They went there to pray and to heal their bodies.

* Kumano Musubi → Thousand-Armed Kannon
* Hayatama → Medicine Buddha
* Ketsumi → Amida Buddha

]]The three mountains were linked to different Pure Lands
* Hongū is linked to the Western Pure Land.
* Shingū is linked to the Eastern Pure Land of Lapis Lazuli.
* Nachi is linked to the Southern Pure Land of Potalaka.

From the Heian period (794-1185) on, people started to see all Kumano as a Pure Land. Scholars still debate which gods the shrines first worshipped.
## The 12 gods 
These are the 12 gods of Kumano

Some believers count Nachi Falls as a thirteenth holy spot and god.

Others believe the god Kumanokusubi is the main god, not Izanami. Kumanokusubi is the fifth son of Amaterasu and the god of Kumano-taisha.

## In popular culture
There is a character of the same name in the game Tokyo Afterschool Summoners.

## Related pages
*Kasuga-no-Kami

## Notes 
## References 
## Sources 
* 
* 
* D. Max Moerman, *Localizing Paradise: Kumano Pilgrimage and the Religious Landscape of Premodern Japan*. Harvard University Press, 2004. 
*  Moerman, David (1997). The ideology of landscape and the theater of state: Insei pilgrimage to Kumano (1090–1220), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24 (3-4), 347-374

## Other websites
*Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau 
*A traditional depiction of Kumano Gongen
Kasuga-no-Kami

**Kasuga no Kami** (春日神) or Kasuga Gongen (春日権現) or Kasuga Daimyōjin (春日大明神) is a god of Kasuga-taisha.
 is on the top right because his shrine is further from the other ones]]
The four main kami (excluding **Ame-no-Oshikumone**) each have a shrine devoted to them which are all in the same architectural style. They are characterized by sloping gabled roofs, a rectangular structure, katsuogi (decorative logs), and chigi (forked roof structures). Those two deities and their son Ame-no-Oshikumone

## In popular culture
Kasuga no Kami, Jade Angel is a card in WIXOSS.

## Related pages
* Kumano Gongen

## References
International Union of Railways

The **International Union of Railways** (French: *Union internationale des chemins de fer*, **UIC**) is an international organisation that responsible for rail transport industry.

## Members 
When founded in 1922 the UIC had 51 members from 29 countries, including Japan and China. They were  joined by members from the Soviet Union, the Middle East and North Africa. As of February 2024, the UIC has 218 members across five continents. Of these there are:
* 65 active members (usually companies located in Europe, East Asia, South Asia and Middle East):

# ÖBB
# Infrabel and SNCB
# ŽFBH and ŽRS
# BDZ and NRIC
# China Railway and NRA
# HŽ Infrastruktura and HŽPP
# ČD and Správa železnic
# DSB
# FTIA
# SNCF
# DB
# Hellenic Train and OSE
# Gysev/Raaberbahn and MÁV
# Indian Railways
# RAI
# IRR
# CIÉ
# Israel Railways
# FS
# JR East
# KTZ
# Korail and Korea National Railway
# LDZ
# LTG
# CFL
# UBTZ
# ONCF
# NS and ProRail
# Bane Nor
# PKP
# CP and Infraestruturas de Portugal
# CFR Călători, CFR Marfă and CFR SA
# SAR
# IŽS
# ŽSR, ŽSSK and ŽSSK Cargo
# SŽ
# Adif and Renfe
# Green Cargo, SJ and Trafikverket
# BLS and SBB CFF FFS
# CFS
# THSRC
# TCDD and TCDDT
# UZ
# Eurostar I and Network Rail

* 78 affiliate members (usually companies located in Africa, Oceania, South America and Southeast Asia, or universities and organisations in Europe and Asia, or government authorities):

# ANESRIF
# ALAF and JST
# NTC, TFNSW, Queensland TMR, Victoria DOTP and Western Australia PTA
# BR ICS and Ubimet
# BCC
# ANPTrilhos
# RAC
# BJTU, CARS, CRDC, CRECC, CRRC Zhuzhou Institute, CRRC Qingdao Sifang RSRI, CRSC Research & Design Institute, SWJTU and Tongji University
# ANi
# Ermewa, Europe Express, Lisea, Région Grand Est, Systra and TELT
# ARTF
# Bodensee-Schiffsbetriebe and OPTIMA-TOURS
# ÉKM, FoxRail and VPE
# NCRTC and NHSRCL
# Isfahan Kafriz
# NTV
# JR RTRI
# Aqaba Railway Corporation and JHR
# KRRI
# RB Rail
# ARTF
# MTZ
# Eurail and Hitrail
# COGEFER
# Entur and Norske Tog
# DOT
# IK
# Medway
# AFER
# TGA
# CFS and SENTER
# Eurorail Logistics and ŽS
# RSR and TUT
# FCH and FFE
# ASTOC, Jernhusen and Stena Line
# Alliance Swisspass and Eurofima
# DRT
# MOEI
# BCRRE, GCRE, Harsco, HS2 Limited and RSSB
# AAR and FRA

* 58 associate members (usually companies in Africa and North America):

# ARA
# SNTF
# FASE
# UKZHD
# Sydney Trains
# GKB and WLB
# ADY
# Thalys
# BRC
# SOPAFERB
# Camrail
# Via Rail
# EFE
# SIPF and Sitarail
# HŽ Cargo
# Student Agency
# ENR
# EDR
# VR
# Getlink
# Setrag
# ERC.D
# Georgian Railway
# Attica Group
# GYSEV Cargo
# Trenord
# JR Central, JR Freight and JR West
# KRC
# CFL Cargo
# KTM
# SNIM
# ŽPCG
# ZRSM Infrastructure
# Oman Rail
# PNR
# CTV, GFR and Unicom
# GTS
# Srbija Kargo and Srbijavoz
# ETS, Euskotren, FGC and LFP
# RHB
# TRC
# SRT
# SNCFT
# Etihad Rail
# NI Railways
# Amtrak and CHSRA
# VNR

* 17 suspended members:

# BCh
# ONATRA
# DJKA, KAI and MASKA
# Libya Railway
# MyHSR Corp and RAC
# ZRSM Transport
# FPC, MIIT, NIIAS, RZD, RZDstroy and VNIIZHT
# Sudan Railways Corporation
# Syrian Hedjaz Railways

## References
Preventative Coup of November 11

The **Preventative Coup** of November 11 were military events in Brazil. They were  done by Henrique Teixeira Lott. 

The coup led to Nereu Ramos becoming the president until he was succeeded by Juscelino Kubitschek. The coup had no injuries or deaths and peacefully removed Carlos Luz from being president. The tensions led to Brazil having three presidents in one week.

## References
Jaish-e-Mohammed

**Jaish e-Mohammed** (Urdu: جَيْشِ مُحَمَّدٍؐ) is a militant group active in Kashmir. The group's goal is to put Indian controlled Kashmir into the control of Pakistan. The group has also been allegedly supported by the Pakistani government in its efforts to take control of Indian controlled Kashmir.

## References
Armigatus

***Armigatus*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric ellimmichthyiforms from the Cretaceous. Fossils have been found in Mexico, Croatia, the Middle East, and North Africa.

## Etymology 
The generic epithet *Armigatus* means "bearer of armor". The species name *brevissimus* signifies "shortest, smallest". This explains why it is named like that.

## Description 
This small fish does not go beyond 10 cm in length. It has a compact body, with a long dorsal fin. It has a large foramen. They have a round and smooth posterior margin.

## Images 
*]]

## References 
# Grande, L., 1982. "A revision of the fossil genus †Diplomystus, with comments on the interrelationships of clupeomorph fishes" (PDF). *American Museum Novitiates''. 2728: 1–34.
Smallhead stickleback

The **smallhead stickleback** (*Gasterosteus microcephalus*) is a stickleback. Some authorities think it is a synonym of *Gasterosteus aculeatus* or a subspecies of that taxon.

## References 
# Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "*Gasterosteus microcephalus*" in FishBase. August 2022 version.
Secret Touch

"**Secret Touch**" is a 2002 song by Canadian progressive rock band Rush and is the second single from their 17th studio album *Vapor Trails*. It went to number 25 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart.

## Track listing
## References
Please Don't Make Me Cry

## UB40 version 
"'''Please Don't Make Me Cry'*" is a 1970 song by reggae singer Winston Groovy and its best known version is the 1983 single by UB40. It was taken from their fifth studio album *Labour of Love* and is the following up the their hit single *Red Red Wine''. It went to number 10 in the United Kingdom, number 41 in New Zealand, number 4 in the Netherlands and number 11 in Belgium.

## References
Quarter Past Midnight

"**Quarter Past Midnight**" is a 2018 song by British band Bastille and is the leading single from their third studio album *Doom Days*. It went to number 65 in the United Kingdom, number 55 in Scotland, number 76 in the Netherlands and number 29 in Belgium. It also went to number 15 on the Billboard Hot Rock & Alternative Songs charts.

## Track listing
## References
Iberian-gauge railways

**Iberian gauge** is a railway  track gauge of ,  used by the railways of Spain and Portugal. This is the second-widest gauge in regular use anywhere in the world. Indian gauge railways, , are  wider.   

In 1955, the Iberian gauge was a compromise between the slightly different, gauges in Spain and Portugal. The main railway networks of Spain were built to a  gauge of six Castilian feet. In Portugal they were first built to a  and later to a  gauge of five Portuguese feet – close enough to allow interoperability with Spanish railways.

## Standard gauge
Since the 1990s new high-speed passenger lines in Spain have been built to the international standard gauge of , to allow these lines to link to the European high-speed network. Although the 22&nbsp;km from Tardienta to Huesca (part of a branch from the Madrid to Barcelona high-speed line) has been reconstructed as mixed Iberic and standard gauge, in general the interface between the two gauges in Spain is dealt with by means of gauge-changing installations, which can adjust the gauge of appropriately designed wheelsets on the move.

There are plans to convert more of the Iberian-gauge network in Spain and Portugal to standard gauge. Concrete sleepers pre-drilled with additional bolt holes allow for moving one rail to adjust the track to standard gauge (or to dual gauge) or the narrowing of the gauge by moving both rails closer together maintaining the perfect alignment of the loading gauge.

## Similar gauges and compatibility
The Indian gauge () is closely similar, with only  difference.  Chile and Argentina have bought second hand Spanish/Portuguese Iberian-gauge rolling stock. 1,668&nbsp;mm trains can run on 1,676&nbsp;mm gauge without adaptation, but for better stability in high-speed running a replacement wheelset may be required.  Due to the narrower gauge, a strong wear of the wheels may occur if the wheelset is not replaced.

## Iberian-gauge railway networks
## References
Abdul Rasul Sayyaf

**Abdulrab Rasul Sayyaf** ( ; ; born 1946) is an Afghan politician in exile and former Mujahideen fighter. 

He became known during the Soviet–Afghan War as a commander with international Jihad ties to the Arab world. After the fall of Kabul in 1992, he was with the transitional government of Burhanuddin Rabbani and then the Northern Alliance against the Taliban.

## Biography
Sayyaf was born in 1946 in Paghman, Kabul Province. He was born to a Ghilzai Pashtun family. 

He holds a degree in religion from Kabul University and a masters from Al-Azhar University in Cairo. Sayyaf was a member of the Afghan-based Ikhwan al-Muslimin, founded in 1969 by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Dr. Burhanuddin Rabbani and having strong links to the original and much larger Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.   

## Soviet War and Bin Laden
After the April Revolution of '78 he was imprisoned by the new authority, he was freed in controversial circumstances by General Secretary Hafizullah Amin, who, coincidentally, was Sayyaf's distant relative. 

He became leader of the Islamic Union for the Liberation of Afghanistan (*Ittihad-i-Islami Baraye Azadi Afghanistan*), a coalition of several parties fighting the Soviet and Afghan government forces. The Islamic Union soon imploded, and Sayyaf retained the name as the title of his own organization. Sayyaf fought against government forces in the 1980s and primarily financed by Saudi Arabia. In 1985, he founded a university in an Afghan refugee camp near Peshawar called ''Dawa'a al-Jihad'' (Call of Jihad), which has been described the "preeminent school for terrorism." Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, who masterminded the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, attended it.

Despite his growing wealth, he continued to live a spartan life, avoiding modern conveniences like mattresses and air conditioning; although he enjoyed a nightly game of tennis.

## References
Cowboy Casanova

"**Cowboy Casanova**" is a song by American singer Carrie Underwood from her third studio album, *Play On* (2009).

## Music video
The music video for "Cowboy Casanova" was directed by Theresa Wingert.

It premiered on CMT on October 2, 2009.

The video peaked at number 1 on CMT's *Top Twenty Countdown* for seven consecutive weeks.

## References
State-owned enterprise

A **state-owned enterprise** (**SOE**) is a government owned organisation which is started or nationalised by a government. 

This may be to 

* earn profit for the government, 
* control a monopoly, 
* provide products and services to citizens at a lower price, 
* implement government policies, 
* deliver products & services to the remote parts of the country. 

The national  or provincial government has majority ownership over these state owned enterprises. They are also known as **public sector undertakings** in some countries. They have distinct legal forms.  The government defines what they should do. (e.g., a state railway company may aim to make transportation more accessible and earn profit for the government).

They are common with natural monopolies.

In both Eastern Europe and Western Europe, there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after World War II. In the Eastern Bloc, countries adopted very similar policies and models to the USSR. Governments in Western Europe saw state intervention as necessary to rebuild economies shattered by war. Government control over natural monopolies was common. Typical sectors included telephones, electric power, fossil fuels, iron ore, railways, airlines, media, postal services, banks, and water. Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including, among many others: British Steel Corporation, Statoil and Águas de Portugal.

## References
Leptomantis belalongensis

***Leptomantis belalongensis*** is a frog.  It lives in Brunei and Malaysia.

The adult male frog is 25.8-30.9 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 34.7-38.2 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is gray or light brown in color. There are small dark brown spots on its back and sides. There are some blue spots on the sides of the body. The iris of the eye is red and yellow in color with a black circle around the outside.

This frog lives in rainforests. It sits on plants next to streams, 1-3 m above the ground. People have seen the males 10 m above the ground. The female frog lays eggs in a foam nest on leaves over streams.

People saw this frog in Brunei where two rivers came together and in Gunung Mulu National Park in Malaysia. Scientists believe this frog is not in danger of dying out because, even though it only lives in a small place, that place is only in protected parks: Ulu Temburong National Park and Gunung Mulu National Park.

## References
Rail transport in Norway

steam engine]]
]]
 at Råde Station]]

The **Norwegian railway system** has 4,109&nbsp;km of  (standard gauge) track of which 2,644&nbsp;km is electrified and 274&nbsp;km double track.  There are 697 tunnels and 2,760 bridges.

The Norwegian Railway Directorate manages the railway network in Norway on behalf of the Ministry of Transportation. Bane NOR is a state enterprise which builds and maintains all railway tracks, while other companies operate them. These companies include Vy and subsidiaries Vy Gjøvikbanen and CargoNet, Flytoget, Go-Ahead, SJ Norge, Green Cargo, Grenland Rail and Hector Rail.

Norway is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Norway is 76.

## References
Oslo Central Station

**Oslo Central Station**  is the main railway station in Oslo, and the largest railway station in the  Norwegian railway system. It connects with Jernbanetorget station, which is served by trams and the Oslo Metro. It's the end of the Drammen Line, Gardermoen Line, Gjøvik Line, Hoved Line, Østfold Line and Follo Line. It serves express, regional and local rail services by four companies. The railway station is operated by Bane NOR while its real estate subsidiary, Bane NOR Eiendom owns the station, and was opened in 1980.

Oslo Central Station was built on the site of the older **Oslo East Station.**  Combining the former east and west stations was made possible by the opening of the Oslo Tunnel. Oslo Central Station has 19 tracks, 13 of them have connections through the Oslo Tunnel. The station has two buildings, the original Oslo East building and the newer main building for Oslo Central. Each building houses a large shopping centre. The square in front of the station is called Jernbanetorget.

## References
Bergen station

**Bergen Station**  is the main railway station in the city of Bergen, Norway. It is a terminal station on the Bergen Line, and serves trains from Oslo as well as the Bergen Commuter Rail from Arna, Voss and Myrdal. It is located on the east side of the city centre and has four platforms. The station was opened in 1913, four years after the Bergen Line itself opened; it replaced a former main station that was located further west.

## Architecture
The station building is one of the grandest in Norway. The architect, Jens Zetlitz Monrad Kielland, designed it in the National Romantic style. He also designed Gamlehaugen, and the stone buildings at Bryggen. The building has been protected against non-trivial modifications since 2003.

## References
DSB (railway company)

**DSB**, an abbreviation of *Danske Statsbaner*, *Danish State Railways*), is the largest Danish train operating company, and the largest in Scandinavia. DSB is responsible for passenger train operation on most of the Danish railways, but not goods transport and railway maintenance. DSB runs a commuter rail system, called the S-train, in the area around the Danish capital, Copenhagen, that connects the different areas and suburbs in the area. Between 2010 and 2017, DSB operated trains in Sweden.

DSB was founded in 1885, when the state-owned companies *De jysk-fynske Statsbaner* and *De sjællandske Statsbaner* merged. The state in 1867, under the name De Jutland-Fynske Statsbaner took over the private company Det Danske Jernbanedriftselskab and in 1880, they also took over the privately owned Zealand Railway Company.

It is an independent public state-owned corporation under the Danish Ministry of Transport and Energy. 

## References
Found Heaven

***Found Heaven*** is the third album by Conan Gray. It was released on April 5, 2024, by Republic Records.

## Track listing 
## References