open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Joe Manchin

**Joseph Manchin III** (/ˈmæntʃɪn/ MAN-chin; born August 24, 1947) is an American politician and businessman. He represented West Virginia in the United States Senate from 2010 to 2025. Manchin was also the governor of West Virginia from 2005 to 2010. He was a member of the Democratic Party for most of his life. In 2024, he became a independent politician. Before becoming a politician, he worked in the coal industry. He founded Enersystems, a family-owned coal company.

Manchin calls himself a "centrist, moderate, conservative Democrat". He doesn't want American troops in Afghanistan and Syria. He has voted against his party many times. He voted to support many of Donald Trump's policies, even though Trump was a Republican. However, he has supported many Democratic policies too. He supported the Affordable Care Act, or "Obamacare". He also voted to convict Donald trump in his impeachment trials. He also voted for Joe Biden's Supreme Court nominee, Ketanji Brown Jackson, and the Inflation Reduction Act.

After the 2020 elections, Manchin had a lot of power in Congress. Because the Senate was split almost evenly between Democrats and Republicans, every single vote mattered a lot. Without Manchin's vote, any Democratic policy became hard to pass.

## Early life and education
Joseph Manchin III was born on August 24, 1947, in Farmington, West Virginia. Farmington is a small coal mining town in northern West Virginia. He is the second of five children. His mother was Mary O. (née Gouzd), who was the daughter of immigrants from Czechoslovakia. His father, John Manchin, was the son of Italian immigrants.

When Manchin was young, he worked in his family's stores. His family lived in West Virginia for generations. Manchin's father and grandfather were both mayor of Huntington. His uncle James Manchin was the Secretary of State and Treasurer of West Virginia.

Manchin graduated from Farmington High School in 1965. He went to West Virginia University and played on its football team, but an injury made him stop playing. He graduated in 1970 with a degree in business.

## Early political career
In 1982, Manchin was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates when he was 35. In 1986, he was elected to the West Virginia Senate. Both the Senate and the House of Delegates make and vote on state laws. In 1996, he tried to run for Governor of West Virginia. He lost the Democratic primary election to Charlotte Pritt. It is the only election Manchin has ever lost. Even though he was a Democrat, he supported the Republican candidate for governor. Manchin ran for Secretary of State of West Virginia in 2000 and won. He got 89% of the vote.
Renaissance art

Many of the most famous and best-loved works of art in the world were created during the time known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance began about 1400 and lasted until about 1600. Italy, and in particular the city of Florence is thought of as the home of Renaissance art. 

Many Flemish painters from the area of modern Belgium were also very busy at this time. The style of their pictures, and their use of oil painting influenced the Italian painters. 

## Important artworks
* **Competition for the Baptistry Doors**
:In 1401, a competition was held to find a sculptor to make a huge set of bronze door for the oldest church in Florence. Lorenzo Ghiberti, Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello all entered the competition. Ghiberti won. When he finished the first set of doors, he had to make another set. It took fifty years. In that time, dozens of artists helped Ghiberti to make the doors. 

* **Brancacci Chapel** 
:On the walls of this family chapel at the church of the Carmelite Monastery, Massaccio painted pictures which were so realistic that everyone was amazed. 

* **The statue of the Smug Cat** 
:The most famous sculptor of the Early Renaissance was Donatello. His most important job was to make a huge *equestrian monument* of a soldier (on horseback). The soldier's was called by his nickname, Gattamelata, meaning the Smug Cat (a Cat who is fed on Honey). Donatello had seen a huge equestrian monument before; there is one in Rome of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. No-one had made such a big bronze statue for more than a thousand years. Donatello's statue was a huge success. It still stands outside the Basilica of Saint Antonio, in the city of Padua. 

* **The painting of the Last Supper** 
:Leonardo da Vinci did one of the world's most famous paintings, the Last Supper on the wall of the dining room in a monastery in Milan while he was working there for the Duke. It shows Jesus, on the night before he died, sharing a meal with his disciples. It has been reproduced and copied thousands of times. 

* **The Sistine Chapel Ceiling** 
:Michelangelo painted the whole ceiling of the Sistine Chapel all by himself over five years. The way that the figures were painted was to influence other artists for hundreds of years.

* **Mona Lisa**
:Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a poplar panel by Leonardo Da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance. The work is owned by the French government and hangs in the Musée du Louvre in Paris, France with the title Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo.

The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody.

## Related pages 
*Renaissance architecture
*Renaissance music
Renaissance architecture

**The Dome of Florence Cathedral**
:Florence Cathedral, (called il Duomo), built by Arnolfo di Cambio, had a huge hole at the centre. The competition to build a roof over it was won by Brunelleschi who built the largest dome since Roman times. He cleverly got the whole city excited by getting teams of workers from the eight parts of the city. 

***Church of San Lorenzo** 
:This church in Florence was designed by Brunelleschi using all the things he had learnt by looking at the architecture of Ancient Rome. It has arches, columns and round-topped windows in the Roman style. It looks completely different to the pointy-arched churches of the Middle Ages. Only the inside was finished. The outside is still all rough bricks and no-on knows exacly how it was meant to look. On the inside, however, Brunelleschi taught everyone a new set of architectural rule that revolutionised The Renaissance.

*'''Church of Sant' Andrea''' 
:When the Ancient Roman Emperors came back from winning a battle, they built a Triumphal Arch as a monument to themself. There are several of these monuments in Rome and they have the same design: a big arch at the centre, and a smaller lower arch or doorway on either side. The architect Alberti used this as the design for the front of the church of Sant' Andrea in Mantua. He used the same pattern of tall and arched, low and square, all down the inside of the church as well. This was copied by many other architects. 

***Medici-Riccardi Palace** 
:When it came to building palaces, the rich people of the Renaissance had different needs to the Roman Emperors, so the architects had to use the rules to make a new sort of grand building. These Renaissance palaces are usually three stories high and quite plain on the outside. On the inside there is a courtyard, surrounded by beautiful columns and windows. Architects like Michelozzo who worked for Cosimo de' Medici, looked at the Roman Colisseum (sports arena) which is three stories high with rows of arches. 
: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_Medici_Riccardi_Palace.jpg  
*'''Saint Peter's Basilica**
:The most famous church in Rome was the ancient Church that had been built over the grave of St. Peter. By 1500 it was falling down. The Pope decided that instead of repairing it, it should be pulled down and a brand new church should be built. By the time it was finished, lots of important artists had worked on the design including Michelangelo, Raphael, Bramante, Maderna and Sangallo. It was the first building to use huge columns called a "giant order". It has one of the most magnificent domes in the world. It has been copied in many countries. 

***Villa Rotunda''' 
This country house was built by Palladio in 1550. It is a square building which looks the same from every side. At the centre, there is a dome. On every side is a large porch, (portico), like a Greek temple. It is such an elegant design that other architects used the same style which can be seen on churches, houses and palaces, including the White House.
Fiji One

**Fiji One** is a free-to-air television channel run by Fiji Television. It is shown all across Fiji. It is paid for by advertisements. For this reason, programs on Fiji One have commercial breaks, to allow advertisers that fund the programs to showcase their products or services.

## References
Sainsbury's

'''Sainsbury's''' is the biggest supermarket chain based in the United Kingdom. Sainsbury's originally sold only food, but it now sells other things like mobile phones, clothing, and books. Sainsbury's is the second largest supermarket in the UK (after Tesco). The clothing range at Sainsbury's has changed a lot over the years. It started off with, Jeff & Co, then another range was brought in, after that Adams Kids. Now it is called TU. Sainsbury's sister store is called Argos.

## References
Venus of Willendorf

***Venus of Willendorf*** or ***Woman of Willendorf***, is an 11.1&nbsp;cm (4.4 inches) high statuette of a woman or woman-like thing. Someone carved it in prehistoric times, perhaps 30,000 years ago. 

Archaeologist Josef Szombathy found it in 1908 near Willendorf, a village in Lower Austria near the city of Krems. The statuette is made of a kind of limestone called oolite. There is no oolite near Willendorf, so scientists think someone carried the stone a very long way. The statue is colored with red ochre.

Today, *Venus of Willendorf* is part of the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Viennahttp://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/ .

Since 1908, archaeologists have found many more statuettes of fat women, like the Venus, so these are also called Venus figurines.

## Academic studies 
A study from 1990 said the statue was made between 24,000 and 22,000 BCE. Scientists think someone in the Gravettian culture carved it using flint tools. 

Another study from 2022 said that the oolite in the statue matched oolite from northern Italy, which means someone must have carried the stone over or around the Alps and Danube River.

## Related pages 
* Venus (mythology)
* Venus figurines
* Prehistory

## References
## Other websites 
* Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe, "Women in Prehistory:Venus of Willendorf" .
* *The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory* by J.M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer and Jake Page, , gives a new 'view' of *headdress* as possible model for weaving a basket; Laura Miller review at Salon.com: http://salon.com/books/feature/2007/03/21/cavewoman/
Leon Spinks

**Leon Spinks** (July 11, 1953 &ndash; February 5, 2021) was an American boxer. He won the world heavyweight championship. He won a gold medal in the 1976 Olympics in the boxing category. He became a professional boxer. In his eighth bout, he won the heavyweight championship from Muhammad Ali. In his first defense, he lost the title back to Ali. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri.

Spinks continued boxing with little success after that. He fought Larry Holmes for the heavyweight title in 1981, but lost. He also fought for the cruiserweight championship, but he lost that fight, too. He stopped fighting in 1995.

He ws the brother of boxer Michael Spinks and the father of boxer Cory Spinks.

In December 2019, Spinks was hospitalized in Las Vegas after his prostate cancer spread to his bladder. He died on February 5, 2021 from the disease in Henderson, Nevada at the age of 67.

## References
## Other websites
* Boxing Record
Winston Smith

**Winston Smith** is a fictional character and the protagonist of George Orwell's 1949 novel *Nineteen Eighty-Four*. In the book, Winston is a clerk for the Ministry of Truth, where his job is to rewrite historical documents so that they match the current party line, which changes on a daily basis.
Yantai

**Yantai** is a city in Shandong province, China. It is on the coast facing the Huang Hai. The average annual temperature is 12°C. The annual rainfall is 20 mm. 

The city used to be called "Chefoo" because an island close to the city was named "Chefoo". The name of the city means "Smokey Tower" (yan - smoke, tai - tower). The city is named "Yantai" because in 1398 the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty, built watch towers nearby to tell everyone if Japanese pirates were coming.

 the city of Yantai and the area around it had 6,516,900 people living in it. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 343.4 billionRMB while the GDP divided by the population was 49,012RMB.
Qiemo

**Qiemo**, also called **Cherchen**, is an inland city in Xinjiang, China. About 60,000 people live in the city. It is a river town on the edge of the Taklamakan Desert. The area has been settled for a long time. A cemetery at least 3,500 years old is near the town, as well as Bronze Age rock carvings. The town was along the trade route to Tibet. Marco Polo is supposed to have passed through the town in 1273.

## References
Ronnie James Dio

**Ronnie James Dio** (born  **Ronald James Padavona**; July 10, 1942 – May 16, 2010)

In November 2009, Dio was diagnosed with stomach cancer, which caused his death in Houston, Texas, on May 16, 2010. He was 68. 

## References
## Other websites
* Official site of Ronnie James Dio
Chow Yun-fat

**Chow Yun-fat** SBS (born May 18, 1955), formerly called **Donald Chow**, is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He often worked with John Woo in the action movies *A Better Tomorrow*, *The Killer*, and *Hard Boiled*. He also acted in ''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End*, and has acted in many drama movies.

## Career
His parents were farmers and poor. He grew up on an island without electricity. While in college, Chow began training to become an actor with TVB. He first appeared on the 1980 TV series *The Bund*. Chow appeared in many TV series, but he wanted to act in movies. He acted in a few movies, but they were very bad. He finally became successful when he teamed with John Woo in *A Better Tomorrow''.

## References
## Other websites
1019

## Events 
* The Azdâjis ends the Kingdom of Nekor in Morocco.
* Sviatopolk I dies, and is succeeded by his brother Yaroslav I (**the Wise**). He becomes, with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian (Viking) mercenaries, the Grand Prince of Kiev. Yaroslav consolidates the Kievan state, through both cultural and administrative improvements, and military campaigns.

## References
Autonomy

**Autonomy** means being able to rule without having to obey some other higher authority. Autonomy is something that philosophers often talk about.  The idea occurs in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy.  It means that someone is able to make a sensible decision without being forced to do so by someone else.  They are able to make a "free" decision.  

In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used when discussing whether someone has a moral responsibility for what he does. One of best known philosophical theories of autonomy was developed by Kant. In medicine, doctors have to respect the autonomy of the patient, i.e. the patient has been given good information about their illness, they should be able to decide whether they want treatment.  The doctor cannot force it on them.

In politics, autonomy means self-determination that people can govern themselves instead of being ruled by someone else.

## References 
## Other page 
*Bodily integrity
*Independence
*Pro-choice
*Women's empowerment
Atze Schröder

**Atze Schröder** is a German comedy figure played by Hubertus Albers.

## Atze Schröder 
The figure "Atze Schröder" was born on 27 September 1965 in the German town Essen.

## Biography of the comedian 
In public, he always acts as his pseudonym "Atze Schröder". Some sources report Emsdetten as his place of birth. He was suing a German newspaper and the German Wikipedia after they published his real name Hubertus Albers.

## Awards 
* 2000: Deutscher Comedypreis – *Best Comedy Act* for *Alles Atze*
* 2003: Deutscher Comedypreis – *Best Actor in a comedy show* for *Alles Atze*
* 2003: Deutscher Fernsehpreis – *Best Sitcom* for *Alles Atze*
* 2005: Deutscher Comedypreis – *Best Comedy Series* for *Alles Atze*

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Atze Schröder homepage (German)
*
*
*Atze Schröder as a trademark 
*Commentary of WikiMedia CEO
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

**Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel** (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, which is now southwest Germany. He started Hegelianism and is a part of German Idealism. He influenced many writers and philosophers, including those who agreed with him (Bradley, Sartre, Küng, Bauer, Stirner, Marx), and those who did not agree with him (Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Schelling). Hegel's books are difficult to read and deal with many different ideas at the same time. He has written about history, politics, religion, art, logic and metaphysics.

## Major works 
* *Phenomenology of Spirit* (*Phänomenologie des Geistes* Sometimes translated as *Phenomenology of Mind*) 1807 (This gives an example of the problem: The English translators of the *Phänomenologie des Geistes* are not sure if they should translate "Geist" by "Spirit" or by "Mind", although the terms "Spirit" and "Mind" are sharply distinct in the English language.)
* *Science of Logic* (*Wissenschaft der Logik*) 1812–1816 (last edition of the first part 1831)
* *Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences* (*Enzyklopaedie der philosophischen Wissenschaften*) 1817–1830
* *Elements of the Philosophy of Right* (*Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts*) 1821
* *Lectures on Aesthetics*
* *Lectures on the Philosophy of History* (also translated as *Lectures on the Philosophy of World History*) 1830
* *Lectures on Philosophy of Religion*
* *Lectures on the History of Philosophy*

## Secondary literature 
* Theodor W. Adorno, 1994. *Hegel: Three Studies*. MIT Press. Translated by Shierry M. Nicholsen, with an introduction by Nicholsen and Jeremy J. Shapiro, . Essays on Hegel's concept of spirit/mind, Hegel's concept of experience, and why Hegel is difficult to read.
* Avineri, Shlomo, 1974. ''Hegel's Theory of the Modern State''. Cambridge University Press. Best introduction to Hegel's political philosophy.
* Frederick C. Beiser, ed., 1993. *The Cambridge Companion to Hegel*. Cambridge University Press. . The Cambridge Companions are a good way to start learning about a particular philosopher; this one is no exception.

## Other websites 
* The new HegelWiki
* Hegel.net - resources available under the GNU FDL
* Hegel.net  - wiki article on Hegel
* Alicia Farinati -  Hegelian Works  Several articles on Hegel. Available in English, Spanish and French
* Commented link list
* Hegel mailing lists in the internet
* Explanation of Hegel, mostly in German
* The Hegel Society of America
* Hegel in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* http://www.gwfhegel.org/
* Hegel page in 'The History Guide'
* Is Hegel a Christian? 
* Rethinking the Place of Philosophy with Hegel - Call for Papers for Cosmos and History 

### Hegel texts online 
* 
* Philosophy of History Introduction
* Hegel's The Philosophy of Right
* Hegel's The Philosophy of History
* Hegel by HyperText reference archive
RVV Hillesluis

**Rotterdamse Voetbalvereniging "Hillesluis"** (translated:''Rotterdam's Football Society "Hillesluis"'') was a football club in Rotterdam. It was located near the Feyenoord stadium. It was created in 1932 in a Rotterdam's town with the same name. It was disestablished in 2012.

This club has 21 teams from which:
*4 senior teams
*6 junior teams
*7 pupil teams
*1 lady's team
*1 futsal team
*2 disabled teams

## Other websites
*RVV Hillesluis
Tyrant

A **tyrant** (pronounce: *tie*-rant) is a person who rules with absolute power. In its Greek origin the word has no negative meaning: we translate *Oedipus Tyrannus* as 'Oedipus the King'. A tyrant  usually rules a country, and he often got his position as powerful ruler by force, although some of them inherited their power.

Later, the word came to mean someone who ruled with cruelty and injustice. The rule of a tyrant is called **tyranny**.  The adjective is **tyrannical**.

A dictator or despot is someone who rules with absolute authority, usually cruelly. It now has the same meaning as 'tyrant', whereas before, 'tyrant' meant something like 'ruler' or 'king'.

In the 10th and 9th centuries BC, Ancient Greece was ruled by monarchs. By the 7th century BC, they were ruled by groups of aristocrats. These aristocrats started to become unpopular. This gave cruel people the chance to get power for themselves, telling the people that they would be good rulers, but turning bad once they got power.

Around 650 BC the tyrant Cypselus became powerful in Corinth.  There were other tyrants in the Asiatic countries that were ruled by Greece.  Cypselus’s son Periander was also a cruel tyrant who ruled for 40 years. The tyranny in Corinth came to an end after he died.
Johann Pachelbel

**Johann Pachelbel**  (born in Nuremberg, baptized 1 September, 1653; died in Nürnberg, buried 9 March, 1706) was a German composer and organist.  He is very famous for his organ music.  He also wrote other keyboard music and music for the Protestant church.  His *Canon in D* has become a very popular piece of music and is very often played today at church weddings and other events.

He was brought up in Nürnberg and had his first music lessons there.  In 1669 he went to study at the university of Altdorf, but after a year he had to leave because his father could not afford to keep him.  About a year later he went to study at the Gymnasium Poeticum in Regensburg.  The directors of that school must have realized that he was an extremely talented musician, because they made an extra scholarship for him and allowed him to have special music lessons outside the school.

In 1673 he went to Vienna where he was deputy organist at  St Stephen’s Church.  He heard a lot more music there, especially the music of the catholic composers of  South Germany and Italy.  After a short while at Eisenach he got the job of organist at the Predigerkirche in Erfurt.

In 1681 he married, but his wife and their baby boy died in the plague.  In 1684 he married again and the couple had five sons and two daughters. Pachelbel taught Johann Christoph Bach who later taught Johann Sebastian Bach.

Pachelbel became a very famous organist.  He stayed in Erfurt until 1690.  After another five years he became organist at St Sebald, Nürnberg where he stayed for the rest of his life.

## His music
Pachelbel is best known for his organ music.  He wrote many organ pieces based on chorales while he was in Erfurt.  In Nürnberg he wrote many pieces called *Magnificat* fugues. These were preludes which were played before the singers sang the Magnificat. His organ music also includes toccatas, ricercares, fantasias and ciacconas.  He wrote many suites for harpsichord and chamber music and vocal music.

## Audio
*Canon in D* played on a piano:
Summit Entertainment

**Summit Entertainment** is an American movie production and distribution company. It is a label of Lionsgate Films, owned by Lionsgate Entertainment. The company was founded in 1991. It is headquartered in Santa Monica, California.

## References
Analgesic

**Analgetics** (one *analgetic*) (or **analgesics**) is a word for some drugs that are used to stop pain. These are also known as **painkillers**. There are several kinds of painkillers. All act on the nervous system. Some painkillers (such as opioids) can make people addicted if they are taken for a long time. Some painkillers have side effects that can harm people when they take too much (e.g., too much paracetamol can be dangerous for the liver)

## Types of Analgesics 
* Paracetamol
* Opiates
* NSAIDs (commonly aspirin and ibuprofen)
* COX-2 inhibitors directly block a receptor.

## References
Blender (software)

**Blender** is a free, open source 3D computer graphics program. It is available for many operating systems, for example Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux. It is made by the Blender Foundation. It was used, for example, to make the short movies Elephants Dream, Big Buck Bunny and Sintel.

## History
A Dutch animation studio called NeoGeo created Blender as an in-house application. The song Yello, which is from a song album called Baby, started an idea of the name "Blender". Ton Roosendaal founded NaN in June 1998. He wanted to make and show off the program to the public. The program was published as shareware until NaN went bankrupt in 2002. The creditors, people who have other people oweing money to them, agreed to sell out Blender under the laws of the GNU General Public License in exchange for a one-time payment of 100,000 Euros (102,000 in U.S. dollars.) On July 18, 2002, Roosendaal put money into a Blender funding campaign—in order to collect donations. On September 7, 2002, the collected funds was given notice to the public. This proved that the Blender source code would be published. Blender is now an open source program. Right now, the Blender Foundation watches and takes care of it. It is the Blender Foundation's responsibility to do such a thing. The Blender Foundation have the right to use dual licensing, so that, in addition to GNU GPL, Blender would also have the permission to use the following name: "Blender License". Blender License does *not* have a rule that says it needs a disclosing source code but it *does* have a rule on payments to the Blender Foundation. On the other hand, this choice was never used and became null in 2005. Right now, Blender belongs only to GNU GPL.

## Features
Blender has many features and tools, such as:
* Modelling tools for creating 3D models, materials etc.
* Rendering engine (part of the program that draws the image of the 3D scene).
* Physics engine which can be used to make simulations of collisions, water, smoke etc.
* Animation tools which can be used to make 3D models move, e.g. for movies.
* Video editor.
* Grease pencil tool for 2D drawings

## References
Nicolas Sarkozy

**Nicolas Sarkozy** (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician. He was the 23rd President of France and, because of that position, *ex officio* Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 to 15 May 2012 succeeding Jacques Chirac.
 
He was the leader of the UMP, and was elected President of the French Republic on 6 May 2007. He defeated Ségolène Royal, of the Socialist Party.

## Political career
Nicolas Sarkozy was known for his conservative law and order politics and his admiration for a new economic model for France during his presidency. He wanted a more liberalised economy for France because he saw the United States and the United Kingdom as positive examples. Until 26 March 2007, he was the Minister of the Interior of France. His nickname **Sarko** was used by both supporters and opponents. On 6 May 2012, Sarkozy was defeated in the 2012 election by Socialist François Hollande by a margin of 3.2%, or 1,139,983 votes. After leaving the office, Sarkozy pretended to retire from political life. As a former president, Sarkozy is entitled to *de jure* membership in the Constitutional Council. He retired from the council a few months later.

## Corruption trial
On 23 November 2020, a corruption trial started. He was accused for an attempted bribery of a judge. The trial was postponed until November 26, following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons.

On March 1, 2021, a court in Paris found former Sarkozy guilty of corruption, trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange. Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years, two of them suspended, and one in prison. On December 18, 2024, the Court of Cassation rejected Nicolas Sarkozy's appeal in cassation and the co-defendants, thus making Nicolas Sarkozy's conviction final, who immediately announced that they would refer the matter to the European Court of Human Rights.

In September 2025, Sarkozy was convicted of criminal conspiracy for his "corruption pact" with former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and received a five-year prison sentence.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
### Official websites 
* Nicolas Sarkozy Construire Ensemble—Official web site of the presidential campaign 
* Website of the UMP, Sarkozy's party 
* Nicolas Sarkozy–Official Website
* Supporters de Sarkozy–Official Website of Nicolas Sarkozy's supporters

### Press 
*  *Charlie Rose show 02.02.07* (video interview at Place Beauvau, Paris with PBS journalist Charlie Rose, 30.01.07)
*  ''Sarkozy takes over Chirac's UMP party* (BBC)
*  *Profile: Nicolas Sarkozy* (BBC)
*  *Nicolas Sarkozy: French Choose the American Way?''  by David Storobin
*  Vive this difference  by Suzanne Fields
*  France's chance, *Economist*, 12 April 2007
*  Letter From Europe- Round 1  Jane Kramer, *The New Yorker*, April 23, 2007

### Related contents 
* Some Nicolas Sarkozy's quotations  (French)
* Sarkozy 2007 — Website to promote Nicolas Sarkozy's candidacy in 2007
Mark Shuttleworth

**Mark Richard Shuttleworth** was born 18 September 1978. He is a South African business person. He is the founder and CEO (chief executive officer) of a company called Canonical. He the first South African and African in space. In 2002, He bought himself his space travel for 9 days. He is also the leader of the Ubuntu project.

## References
Paracetamol

**Paracetamol** (or **acetaminophen**) is a common drug for relieving pain. It can also be used to reduce fever or headache, caused by a cold or a flu.

## Overview
 of paracetamol from phenol.]]

The IUPAC name for paracetamol is acetaminophen. Both *acetaminophen* and *paracetamol* both come from the names of the chemicals used in the compound: N-**acet**yl-para-**aminophen**ol and **par**a-**acet**yl-**am**ino-phen**ol**. Sometimes, it is shortened as **APAP**, for N-**a**cetyl-**p**ara-**a**mino**p**henol.

## History
Harmon Northrop Morse was the first to make paracetamol, in the year 1878. Drugs made with paracetamol became common in the 1950s. Today, these drugs are some of the most used, together with those containing salicylic acid, Ibuprofen or Diclofenac. Unlike these, paracetamol has no  anti-inflammatory properties. In the year 1977, paracetamol was added to the *List of Essential Medicines* of the WHO.

## Safety
Paracetamol is considered safe for use. The drug is easily available without a prescription. Patients sometimes take too much paracetamol, when they do not know how much should be taken. The recommended dose may not work for some people. Other times, it is because they are trying to commit suicide. Very often, a person's liver can be hurt when they take too much paracetamol.

A dose of 150 milligrams (mg) for every kilogram (kg) of the person's weight (about 10 grams for most adults) will lead to permanent liver damage, and may cause the liver to fail. For people whose livers have already been damaged, such as alcoholics, and for those with a limited secretion of paracetamol, this amount can be much smaller.

### United Kingdom
In England and Wales, about 30,000 people per year go to the hospital after taking too much paracetamol (called paracetamol poisoning), with about 150 dying of the poisoning. Since a law was passed saying that paracetamol packets cannot be too large, fewer people have been committing suicide with paracetamol. In Great Britain and the United States Paracetamol is the main reason for acute liver failure. About half of the cases are because of an "unintentional overdose". Packets of paracetamol had been tampered with: Seven people died, because they had taken poisoned samples. As a result, the FDA made stricter regulations. Also, paracetamol-products worth 100 million US dollars were called back.

## References
Comet Group

**Comet** was a chain of shops in the UK. They were the second largest retailer of TVs, and biggest retailer of fridges, washing machines and dishwashers in England.
Codeine

**Codeine** is an opiate drug. In the human body, it is made into morphine by the liver (a prodrug). It is the morphine that gives codeine its effects. It is mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is also commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found in the sap of the opium poppy, *Papaver somniferum*.

It is usually used to treat lower amounts of pain than morphine is used for. It is usually taken by mouth. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Codeine makes up about 2% of opium.

## References 
## Notes
Opium

]]

**Opium** is a narcotic resin produced from opium poppies *(Papaver somniferum)*. It contains up to 16% morphine, an opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the black market. The resin also has non-narcotic alkaloids in it. Some of these are papaverine and noscapine. Opium is also known as *afeem*, and was called ''"God's Own Medicine"'' during its time of greatest popularity. It can be yellow or dark brown, and has a bitter taste.

Opium has been used and produced for thousands of years. During this time, the source plant has been changed and adapted. The methods of processing the plant, and extracting substance and consuming it also have changed. The medicinal use of poppies for pain relief dates back to ancient times, but widespread use in patent medicines or as a recreational drug has occurred only in the last few centuries. Drug prohibition laws in most countries were introduced in the 20th century. Today the opium crop is worth in excess of $400 million legally and $7 billion illegally, after processing. Opium caused many wars in China, such as the Opium Wars, because of heavy addiction to the drug. 

People who become addicted to opium become dull, lazy, and even sleepy. Opium itself is a very harmful and addictive ingredient and comes in many other forms of illegal drugs; including Heroin AKA Diamorphine. Health risks include, overdose, respiratory depression, risk of HIV if injected, and risk of permanent brain dulling if used for prolonged periods of time.

## References
Pethidine

**Pethidine** **(meperidine)** (often called **Demerol** in the United States) is a synthetic opioid similar to morphine. This means it is a man-made drug, not from a plant. It is a painkiller. It is used against moderate to severe pain. 

It is sometimes used in childbirth (during the first stage of labour) with or without the additional help of morphine  It can mix badly with other medicines, including muscle relaxants, some antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.

Pethidine is not recommended in people with liver disease, kidney disease, an enlarged prostate (benign prostate hypertrophy), with trouble peeing, hyperthyroidism, asthma or Addison's disease. It can also be bad for people who have had seizures or epilepsy.

## References
National Assembly (France)

The French **National Assembly** () is one of the two houses of the Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. The other is the Senate (*"Sénat"*).

The National Assembly consists of 577 members known as *députés* (deputies), each elected by a single-member constituency. Deputies are elected in each constituency through a two-rounds system by which the top two candidates in the first round are usually on the ballot for the second. It is presided over by a president normally from the largest party represented, assisted by vice-presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The term of the National Assembly is five years; however, the President of France may dissolve the Assembly (by i.e.: calling a new election), unless he dissolved it in the preceding year.

The official seat of the National Assembly is the Palais Bourbon on the left bank of the river Seine. 

## Other websites 
* Official website
Hyperthyroidism

**Hyperthyroidism** is a medical condition. It is caused by a thyroid gland that is too active.

The thyroid gland makes hormones. These hormones manage the body’s metabolism. An example of one of these hormones is thyroxine. 

## Synthesis 
s T3 and T4 have a number of metabolic, cardiovascular and developmental effects on the body. The production is stimulated by release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which in turn depends on release of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Every downstream hormone has negative feedback and decreases the level of the hormone that stimulates its release.|alt=Diagram explaining the relationship between the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)]]
The thyroid-stimulating hormone starts the making of thyroxine. The thyroid-stimulating hormone is also called “TSH.” 

TSH is made in the pituitary gland. Hyperthyroidism is determined by a doctor by blood tests that show a decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level.

## Cause 
The most common cause of this disorder is "Graves’ disease.” Graves’ disease is a condition in which the thyroid gland becomes overactive. Antibodies from the immune system in the bloodstream attack itself (this is called an autoimmune disease). This causes the thyroid gland to grow, as well as produce more thyroid hormones.

## Symptoms 
Some symptoms of this disorder are the swelling of the neck, as well as weight loss. In addition, patients could experience their hands trembling, as well as their blood pressure increasing. They could also experience nervousness and anxiety attacks. Medication can stop the effects of hyperthyroidism. However, hyperthyroidism cannot be fixed completely. Hyperthyroidism can occasionally cause death.

## References
99942 Apophis

.]]
**(99942) Apophis** is a near-Earth asteroid that worried people for a short time in December 2004. This was because observations seemed to show that it would hit the Earth in 2029. Other observations had more accurate, or better, ideas. During 2029, Apophis would go through a "gravitational keyhole", an area in space no more than about 400 meters across. This would make it hit the Earth on April 13, 2029. This danger made the asteroid Level 1 on the Torino impact hazard scale until August 2006.

More watching showed scientists that the "keyhole" would be missed. On August 5, 2006, Apophis was lowered to a Level 0 on the Torino Scale. As of October 19 2006 the probability that Apophis will hit the Earth on April 13, 2029 is something around 1 in 45,000. It may also hit in 2038, but however the probability for that encounter, or meeting, is 1 in 12.3 million.

There is some use, of a symbol ()) for the asteroid Apophis.

## More reading 
Cooke, Bill. (2006) Fatal attraction. *Astronomy*, May 2006, pp.&nbsp;46-51.

## Related pages 
*OSIRIS-APEX

## Other websites 
### Risk assessment 
These sources are updated as new orbital data becomes available:
* http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/a99942.html  (NASA JPL)
* page and impactor table from NEODyS.

### NASA 
* http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news146.html  (JPL)
* http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news148.html  (JPL)
* http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news149.html  (JPL)

### Other articles 
* Closest Flyby of Large Asteroid to be Naked-Eye Visible (2029 approach)
* http://skyandtelescope.com/news/article_1458_1.asp  (*Sky and Telescope*)
* An asteroid, headed our way (Christian Science Monitor, on efforts to deflect the asteroid if needed)
Oxycodone

**Oxycodone** is a medicine that is used to treat pain. This kind of pain medicine is called an opioid analgesic.

Oxycodone is a man-made opioid. This means that in the body, it acts like morphine, a powerful, natural painkiller. The chemical elements in oxycodone are very similar to codeine, another natural painkiller.

## Forms 
Oxycodone is a generic drug. It has many different brand names.

Some forms of oxycodone get released into the body right away. These are short-acting forms of oxycodone and they start working quickly, but do not last very long. The most common brand names for short-acting oxycodone are OxyIR and Roxicodone.

Other forms of oxycodone have a special coating that makes just a little bit of the medicine get released into the body at a time. A small amount of oxycodone is released, non-stop, into the body for up to 12 hours. The goal is to have the same amount of painkiller in the body all the time. These are called long-acting, extended-release, or controlled-release forms of oxycodone. They do not start working quickly, but they last a long time. The most common brand name for controlled-release oxycodone is OxyContin. Another form of controlled release oxycodone is the "crush resistant" tablets, which are specially made so that they can not be crushed and injected.

### Mixtures of oxycodone
Oxycodone is often mixed together with other pain medicines. For example: When oxycodone is mixed with naloxone, if the medicine is swallowed by mouth like it is supposed to be, the oxycodone works like normal. But, if the medicine is chewed, crushed, or dissolved, the naloxone inside is able to work. The naloxone keeps the oxycodone from working in the brain. This makes it impossible for the person to get the good feelings they wanted to get from abusing the oxycodone.

## Use 
Oxycodone can be given in many different ways. These are called routes of administration (which means ways of giving a medicine).

Oxycodone starts working the quickest if it is given by one of these routes:
* By a needle put into a vein (intravenously)
* Sprayed up the nose (intranasally)
* By a needle put into a special space in the spinal cord (epidural)
Oxycodone starts working a little more slowly if it is given by one of these routes: and drug tolerance.

Oxycodone abuse, addition, and overdoses have become much more common recently.

On November 18, 2015, the FDA approved an "easy-to-use nasal spray" version of naloxone. The goal was to make it easier for everyday people to use naloxone without having to have medical training. Before this, naloxone could only be given through a needle into a vein or muscle.

## Oxycodone Withdrawal & Detox 
Oxycodone withdrawal symptoms can include:

* Sweating.
* Fever.
* Gooseflesh.
* Excessively runny nose.
* Compulsive yawning.
* Sleep disturbances.
* Nausea.
* Diarrhoea.
* Severe aches and pain, in bones and/or teeth.

## References
Rationalism

was a main rationalist philosopher]]

**Rationalism** is the view that reasoning by itself is a source of knowledge or proof. It is a philosophical movement that began in the 17th century, but the same ideas were also talked about before then. Rationalist philosophers believe that all knowledge can be understood through a process of reasoning, without any external sources. They do not believe that human beings can understand everything this way, but that it is theoretically possible. Rationalist philosophers attempt to understand ideas like God and the soul in this manner.

The first people to talk about rationalism were Marin Mersenne and René Descartes, of the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries. Other philosophers who are seen as rationalist today include Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant. Famous people opposed to this idea were David Hume and John Locke. These opponents favored a view called empiricism.

Rationalism also influenced natural law. Natural law is a theory that says that there are laws given by nature, valid everywhere. Deism was also influenced by rationalism. According to deism, a supreme being created the universe. This being, and other religious truths can be determined by observing nature, and finding natural laws. This would make religions that are based on  revelation unnecessary. 

## References
2029

**2029** (MMXXIX) will be a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Predicted and scheduled events 
* Friday, April 13 — The asteroid 99942 Apophis (previously also known by its provisional designation 2004 MN4) will pass within 30,000&nbsp;km (18,600&nbsp;mi) of the Earth.
* Music by Buddy Holly will enter the public domain this year.
* Ray Kurzweil and other futurists predict that computer intelligence will exceed biological intelligence.
* The FBI will have permission to reveal the Top Secret papers on John F. Kennedy's assassination to the public.

## 2029 in fiction 
### Computer and video games 
* *Deus Ex* (2000): JC Denton's "assigned birth date" is  March 17.

### Manga 
* *Ghost in the Shell*:  Public Security Section 9 is established.

### Movies 
* *The Terminator* (1984): Kyle Reese and a Terminator are sent back in time to 1984.
* *Terminator 2: Judgment Day* (1991): Two Terminators, a T-800 and a T-1000, are sent back in time to, respectively, protect and kill John Connor as a teenager.

### Music 
* Post-Grunge rock band Our Lady Peace's popular song "In Repair", among others, from their 2000 album *Spiritual Machines*, references the year 2029 in the opening, which states "*The year is 2029. The machines will convince us that they are conscious...*". The entire album was attributed and dedicated to futurist Ray Kurzweil.
* Gothic Metal band Type O Negative speaks of the year 2029 (specifically April 13, 2029) in their song "The Profit of Doom", which is from the narrative of a doom prophet. The album with the song "The Profit of Doom", entitled Dead Again, was released on March 13, 2007.

### Television 
* *Six Feet Under* ("Everyone's Waiting," 2005): Keith Charles is shot and killed by robbers seizing the contents of his armored truck.

### Comics 
* 10 January — Comic book character Tintin, from *The Adventures of Tintin* created by Herge, turns 100 years old.

## Other websites
Elephants Dream

***Elephants Dream*** is a short movie made using mostly open source software. Blender was the main program used to make the movie. It began production in September 2005 and was released on March 24, 2006. It was first developed under the name *Orange*, then later changed to *Machina* then finally to *Elephants Dream* since the people working on the movie could not decide how "Machina" would be pronounced. The movie is 11 minutes long.

## Overview 
The movie has a very random and abstract nature. Despite the film's title, *Elephants Dream* does not have any elephants or dreams. It instead has Proog and Emo in an extremely bizarre construction referred to only as "the machine." Proog tries to introduce Emo to its nature, but Emo is reluctant (If a person is reluctant to do something, he/she does not want to do it.) and argues about its purpose.
Bassam Kurdali, Director of Elephants Dream, explained the plot of the movie by saying:

"The story is very simple- I'm not sure you can call it a complete story even- It is about how people create ideas/stories/fictions/social realities and communicate them or impose them on others. Thus Proog has created (in his head) the concept of a special place/machine, that he tries to "show" to Emo. When Emo does not accept his story, Proog becomes desperate and hits him. It's a parable of human relationships really- You can substitute many ideas (money, religion, social institutions, property) instead of Proog's machine - the story does not say that creating ideas is bad, just hints that it is better to share ideas than force them on others. There are lots of little clues/hints about this in the movie- many little things have a meaning- but we are not very "tight" with it, because we are hoping people will have their own ideas about the story, and make a new version of the movie. In this way (and others) we tie the story of the movie with the "open movie" idea." http://maxforums.net/showthread.php?t=93390

Ton Roosendaal announced the film in May 2005. He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation. The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Media Art Institute funded the project. The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD. Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the film's credits. The film was released for download on the Official Orange Project website on May 18, 2006.

## Other websites
* The Elephants Dream website