open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Los Angeles Kings

The **Los Angeles Kings** are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).
## History
The team began in 1967. They were named at least in part for a former minor league hockey team called the Los Angeles Monarchs. They made the finals in 1993, and lost to the Montreal Canadiens. They won their first Stanley Cup in team history on June 11, 2012, defeating the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 2. The team won their second Stanley Cup on June 13, 2014 after they defeated the New York Rangers in double overtime of Game 5.

The Kings have been known for their high scoring teams. Marcel Dionne won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion in 1980, and Wayne Gretzky won it on the Kings in 1990, 1991, and 1994. Gretzky also won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player on the Kings in 1989. Charlie Simmer tied for the most goals (now the Richard Trophy) in 1980. Luc Robitaille, one of the ten highest goal scorers in NHL history, spent most of his years on the Kings.
## Players
Other strong players have included Rob Blake, who won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1998; goaltender Rogie Vachon, who was second in voting for the Hart Trophy in 1975; and Jay Wells,  Dustin Brown, Anze Kopitar, Jonathan Quick, Drew Doughty, Jeff Carter, and Dave Taylor.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
St. Louis Blues

The **St. Louis Blues** are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship once in 2019, though they made the finals in each of their first three seasons. The Blues won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in the year 2000.

## Origin 
The name *Blues* is a pun (play on words) between the colour blue and Blues music; thus a blue note is the team's logo. There is a song entitled *St. Louis Blues*.

## History 
### First years 
In their first years, they had a good team because of experienced players such as goaltender Glenn Hall. In 1968 Glenn Hall won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs. But the team did not win in 1968. They had some trouble in the 1970s. In 1980-81 Mike Liut was named best goalie in the NHL. The 1980s were a good decade for the Blues. Mike Liut, Bernie Federko, Doug Gilmour, and Joe Mullen were all important players for the team in the 1980s.

### Later years 
The 1990s also were a good decade. Brett Hull led the NHL in goals in 1990, 1991, and 1992, with the help of centre Adam Oates. Hull is the son of Chicago Blackhawks star Bobby Hull. Brett Hull won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1991. Curtis Joseph was a strong goaltender in the 1990s. Al MacInnis (1999) and Chris Pronger (2000) each won the Norris Trophy for best defence; Pronger also won the Hart Trophy in the year 2000. Doug Weight, Pavol Demitra, and Keith Tkachuk were also strong players in the early 21st century. On  June 12, 2019, the Blues won their first after defeating the Boston Bruins in game seven of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Ratio

A **ratio** between two or more quantities is a way of measuring their sizes compared to each other. A ratio can be indicated using colon (":") as a separator (as in 1:4:9), or it can be simply expressed as a fraction (as in \tfrac{2}{3}). 

For example, if a school has 20 teachers and 500 pupils, then the ratio of teachers to students is written as 20:500 (and pronounced as "20 to 500"). As another example, if a cake mix asks for 100 grams of flour, 300 grams of butter and 25 grams of sugar, then the ratio of flour to butter to sugar is written as 100:300:25 (and pronounced as "100 to 300 to 25"). 

The first term of a ratio is called antecedent, and the second term is called consequent. This type of ratio has no units. If different quantities are compared, this special type of ratio is called a rate and it has units.  

Ratios can be simplified. In the school example, there were 20 teachers to 500 students. If we divided the children up into equally sized classes, then each of the 20 teachers' classes would have 25 students. That means that for each teacher there are 25 students, or alternatively, the teacher-to-student ratio is 1:25. Another way to work this out is to divide both sides of the ratio 20:500 by 20. Note that 20:500 is the same as 1:25. Just like there are different ways of writing a fraction (for example ), there are different ways of writing one ratio. 

## Related page 
* Dimensionless quantity
* Golden ratio
* Scale (ratio)
* Surface area to volume ratio

## References
Fraction

In common usage a **fraction** is any part of a unit.

**Fraction** may also mean:
*Fraction (mathematics), a quotient of numbers, e.g. "¾"; or, more generally, an element of a quotient field
*Fraction (chemistry), a quantity of a substance collected by the separation process known as fractionation
*Fraction (religion), the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion
*Fraction (politics), a parliamentary party
**Fraction* (comic), a short-lived comic about the theft of a power suit
Proportionality

A **proportionality relationship** happens when two quantities or numbers *x* and *y* are related multiplicatively by a fixed number. This can occur when either their ratio *x*/*y* is a fixed number (direct proportionality), or their product *xy* is a fixed number (inverse proportionality). If *x* is directly proportional to *y*, then we write x \propto y. The fixed number of a proportionality relationship is called the constant of proportionality.

## Related pages
*Relation (mathematics)
* Function (mathematics)

## References
Mortar and pestle

A **mortar and pestle** are two tools used together to mill (grind) and mix substances.

The *mortar* is bowl-shaped, and used to hold the substance to be ground.  Mortars have smooth, rounded bottoms and wide mouths.  The *pestle* is a stick used for pounding and grinding. 

Mortars and pestles are sometimes used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients to make drugs. They can also be used in cooking to grind herbs.

## Related pages 
* Glass rod
* Vortex mixer
Mortar

**Mortar** can refer to different things:
* Mortar (weapon), an artillery weapon which fires explosives
* Mortar (masonry), a material used to fill the gaps between blocks and bind them together
* Mortar and pestle, a pair of tools used to crush or grind
1212

## Events 
* July 10 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground
* Battle of Navas de Tolosa
* Children's crusade
* Crusaders push the Muslims out of northern Spain
* In Japan, Kamo no Chōmei writes the *Hōjōki*, one of the great works of classical Japanese prose

## Births 
* March 22 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (died 1234)
* May 6– Constantia of Austria, Margravine of Meissen (died 1243)
* Yolande of Jerusalem (died 1228)
* Malatesta da Verucchio, Italian condottiero, founder of the Malatesta family (died 1312)
* Zita, patron saint of maids and domestic servants (died 1272)

## Deaths 
* March 26 – King Sancho I of Portugal (born 1154)
* April 12 – Vsevolod the Big Nest, Grand Prince of Vladimir (born 1154)
* October 9 – Philip I of Namur, Marquis of Namur (born 1175)
* November 4 – Felix of Valois, French saint (born 1127)
* December 12 – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (born 1152)
* Dirk van Are, bishop and lord of Utrecht
* William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale,
* Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, 5th Lord of Annandale
* Margaret of Huntingdon, eldest daughter of David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon by his wife (born 1180)
* Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem (born 1192)
* Peter de Preaux, Norman knight in the service of the Angevin kings of England
* Robert of Auxerre, French chronicler (born 1156)
* Honen Shonin, founder of Jodo Shu, a branch of Pure Land Buddhism (born 1133)
* Robert of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bangor
Conn Smythe Trophy

The **Conn Smythe Trophy** is a trophy in the National Hockey League awarded to the most valuable player in the playoffs each year.  It was first awarded in 1965.  Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche goaltender Patrick Roy has won it three times, more than any other player.

Normally the trophy goes to a player of the Stanley Cup champion. Sometimes it goes to someone on the losing team.  Trophy winners on losing teams are marked with as asterisk (*) in the list below.

## Winners
, the only three-time winner and, as of 2017, the only player in NHL history to win the award with more than one team.]]
, two-time winner and the first player to win the award in consecutive years.]]
, two-time winner and the second player to win the award in consecutive years.]]
, one-time winner and the 2018 trophy winner.]]

:
:

## Related pages
*List of NHL players
*List of NHL statistical leaders

## References
1192

## Events 
* The Third Crusade ends in disaster. Richard I of England and Saladin negotiate visiting rights for pilgrims to come to the Holy City of Jerusalem.
* Richard I of England taken hostage by Leopold V of Austria.
* Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing the first shogunate in the history of Japan. 
* Enrico Dandolo becomes Doge of Venice.
* Marco Polo Bridge, or Lugouqiao, completed in Beijing.

## Births 
* September 17 — Minamoto no Sanetomo, Japanese shogun (d. 1219)
* Giorgi IV Lasha, King of Georgia (d. 1223)
* Stefan Radoslav, King of Serbia (d. 1234)

## Deaths 
* April 26 — Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (b. 1127)
* April 28 — Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem (b. mid-1140s)
* May 5 — Duke Ottokar IV of Styria (b. 1163)
* August 25 — Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1142)
* Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of Rüm

## Heads of states 
* England — Richard I King of England (reigned 1189–1199)
* France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned 1180–1223)
* Germany — Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor (1191–1197) and King of Germany (1190–1197)
* Pope — Celestine III (pope 1191–1198)
* China — Emperor Guangzong of Song, 12th emperor of Song China (宋光宗) (reigned 1189–1194)
Dog Day Afternoon

***Dog Day Afternoon*** is a 1975 American crime drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet, written by Frank Pierson and based on an article from Life magazine. The movie stars Al Pacino, John Cazale, Chris Sarandon and Charles Durning. The story is about bank a robbery in New York City.

## Cast
The *Life* article described Wojtowicz as "a dark, thin fellow with the broken-faced good looks of an Al Pacino or Dustin Hoffman". The table below shows the main cast of *Dog Day Afternoon*.

## Historical accuracy
The movie was based on the story of John Wojtowicz.  It keeps the basic facts of what happened, according to the *Life* article "The Boys in the Bank". According to the article, Wojtowicz, along with Sal Naturile, held up a Chase Manhattan Bank branch in Brooklyn, New York on August 22, 1972.

Wojtowicz wrote a letter to *The New York Times* in 1975.  He said the movie was not completely true. He said the way his ex-wife was shown was not accurate.  He also said there was not a talk with his mother. He did say Al Pacino and Chris Sarandon's portrayals of him and his boyfriend Ernest Aron were good. Also, Sal was 18 years old, but is played by a 39-year-old.

Wojtowicz died of cancer in January 2006.

## Awards
*Dog Day Afternoon* won the Academy Award for Writing – Original Screenplay (Frank Pierson) and was nominated for other Oscars:
* Best Picture (Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand)
* Best Director (Sidney Lumet)
* Best Actor in a Leading Role (Al Pacino)
* Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Chris Sarandon)
* Best Film Editing (Dede Allen)
The movie was also nominated for the following seven Golden Globes, winning none:

## References
## Other websites 
*
Cursor

A **cursor** is a shape on a computer screen that shows where actions made with the keyboard or mouse will make a change.  Before modern computers, a cursor marked a point on a slide rule. 

There are 2 types of cursor that most people will use.

* **The Mouse cursor:**  The pointer on the screen which the person using the computer can move using the computer mouse.  This cursor allows the person to select or "click" items with the mouse.  On most computers, mouse cursors are the shape of an arrow.

* **The Text Cursor:**  Usually seen as a vertical line or rectangle that flashes on and off. The Cursor tells the person using the computer where they are typing things on the screen.  They can type letters, numbers, and symbols where the cursor is. The computer automatically moves the cursor one space to the right when a letter, number, or symbol is typed.  The cursor can be moved to the start of the next line by pressing the Enter Key when in cases like typing on a text document. There are also cases like typing a message where someone would need to hold Shift + Enter to move to another line if Enter would normally send a message.

Most keyboards also have 4 cursor keys to move the text cursor up, down, left or right.
Kurt Gödel

**Kurt Gödel** (28 April 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – 14 January 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.

## Impact 
Some people believe Gödel was one of the most significant logicians of all time. Gödel's work has had a big impact on scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century. Many people, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert, tried to use logic and set theory at that time. They wanted to understand the foundations of mathematics.

## Fame 
Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems. The theorems were published in 1931. He was 25 years of age, and had just finished his doctorate at the University of Vienna one year earlier. 

The more famous of the two theorems says that if there are consistent axiomatic systems that are powerful enough to describe themselves, there will be things that are true in those systems that can not be proved within the system itself. 

## Proof 
To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.

He also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory. He did this by  clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic.

## Later life 
Later in his life, Gödel probably suffered from paranoia. He thought that some people would come and poison his food. So when his wife Adele was no longer able to prepare his food, he stopped eating. He died of starvation.

## Some writings
* Kurt Gödel: *My philosophical viewpoint*, c. 1960, unpublished.
* Kurt Gödel: *The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy* , 1961, unpublished.
Walter Cronkite

**Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.** (November 4, 1916 &ndash; July 17, 2009) was an American news reporter. He was the anchor of CBS News from 1962 to 1981. Important events he reported included when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He reported the Apollo 11 moon landing. He also reported on the Watergate scandal, which led to President Richard Nixon resigning from his position. He was often called "the most trusted man in America." People across the country tuned in nightly to hear his coverage of the Vietnam War as it progressed.

The Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University is named after Walter Cronkite.

## Career 
Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916 in St. Joseph, Missouri. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin. In 1935 he left school to work for the Houston Post. He later worked for several midwestern radio stations. In World War II he was a war correspondent for United Press International. After the war he was chief correspondent at the Nuremberg trials. In the newsroom at CBS, the cameras were not ready when the news came in over the wire service. Cronkite's voice was broadcast over a blank CBS placard on the screen: "Bulletin . . . In Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade. The first reports say the President was seriously wounded, that he slumped over in Mrs. Kennedy's lap, she cried out, 'Oh, no!' and the motorcade went on . . . The wounds perhaps could be fatal . . ." For three and a half days there was no entertainment, no commercials, just the news. What he saw upset him. On February 27, 1968, Cronkite reported the war in Vietnam could not be won. This was a major change from his usual objective reporting. He was voicing his own opinion on national television. It was the view of David Halberstam and others that Cronkite's broadcast turned many Americans against the war. After watching Cronkite's broadcast, Lyndon Johnson said to his press secretary, George Christian, "If I have lost Walter Cronkite, I’ve lost Middle America."

## References 
## Other websites 
* Walter Cronkite Honored by NASA with a Moon Rock as an Ambassador of Exploration 
* Walter Cronkite Narration  for Chatham Radio WCC documentary by Mooncusser Films
* Walter Cronkite: A Living Legend Still Loving Animals 
* Biography on InterfaithAlliance 
* Spacefacts biography of Walter Cronkite
* Amateur Radio Today (video)
* Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University
* University of Texas TV ads 
* Cronkite's personal blog
* Cronkite's filmography on IMDB
* Web ZIne from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University 
* Signature of Walter Cronkite
* YouTube clip of Cronkite's famous Tet Offensive commentary on February 27, 1968 edition of *CBS Evening News*
Brno

**Brno**  (-Czech, German: *Brünn*) is the second largest city in the Czech Republic. About 400,000 people live there. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. Brno is the capital of the South Moravian Region. 

There are many historical monuments in the city, for example: Špilberk Castle, Villa Tugendhat, or the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Masaryk University, the second largest university in the Czech Republic, is there. Among other universities in the city are Taryho University of Youtube  Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts or Brno University of Technology.

The City technically belongs to the germans as of the 1686 clause of Stuttgard And Brno 
## Picture Gallery

Map cz Brno kroton.svg|The red dot is where Brno is in the Czech Republic
Brno view.jpg|View over Brno
StThomasAbbeyBrno.jpg|St. Thomas' abbey in Brno
Alfred North Whitehead

**Alfred North Whitehead**, OM (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician who became a philosopher. He was born in Ramsgate, Kent, and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He wrote on algebra, logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, metaphysics, and education. He is the co-author, with Bertrand Russell, of the important *Principia Mathematica*.

## References
Mask

masks]]
 theatre]]

.]]
 in Alberta, Canada 1918.]]

A **mask** is a type of clothing which covers the face. It is similar to a veil, but more close-fitting.

## Uses 
There are different reasons why people use masks.  A person can use a mask so others do not know who they are (as when committing a crime).  Or, a mask may keep someones face safe from harm (like a gas mask so harmful gases do not get into the lungs).

There are many practical uses for masks in everyday life. Mostly, the masks used are *semi-masks* which cover only the bottom half of the face, the mouth and nose. An example is the use of masks in operating theatres, and
by wood-workers. In surgery, the purpose is to keep bacteria off the patient; in wood-working the purpose is to keep wood fibres out of the lungs.

In Venetian masks only the top half of the face is covered, to prevent recognition. Ice hockey masks, used in the Hannibal Lecter movies, cover the whole face to protect it from the hockey puck moving at high speed.

## Origin 
### The word 
The word 'mask' might have come from other languages. The French *masque*, the Italian *maschera*, the Spanish *máscara*, the Latin (not classical) *mascus/masca (meaning "ghost")* or the Arabic *maskharah (meaning "jester" or "man in masquerade")* all use the same word.

### History 
One of the oldest masks found is the Death Mask. This stone mask is 9000 years old and is probably the oldest mask in the world. It is kept in Musée de la bible et Terre Sainte, Paris.

There are also three masks from the same period, kept in The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

Masks are used in many magical or shamanistic rituals in non-western societies. The  or ment of animistic spirits takes place with dance and song in ancient performances in many parts of the world. In these events performers use costumes and masks to mimic the supposed spirits.

From this kind of beginning, the use of masks in ancient Greek theatre may have started. The actors and chorus in this early theatre all used masks.

## Masks in recent times 
Masks have been used to protect people against air-borne diseases. They were worn during the plague in the Middle Ages; during the influenza epidemic of 1918, and the COVID-19 epidemic. Gas masks were issued in World War II even though phosgene gas was never used in that war (it had been in WWI).

## Figurative uses 
There are some other uses of the word 'mask', which arise by extension. That means using 'mask' as a metaphor. In film a mask is a screen which cuts out part of the image. In social theory, a mask is the behaviour a person takes on in his role or job. Thus policemen, head teachers, army commanders, prime ministers act as they are expected to act (most of the time). The inference is that behind the mask is the 'real' person. Their role is a mask. As a verb, 'to mask' means to cover or hide.

## Related pages 
*Veil
*Theatre
*Greek theatre
* Surgical mask
** Abenomask

## References 
## Other websites 
* International Mask and Carnival Museum of Binche
Spokane, Washington

**Spokane** (Pronounced: ) is a city in the U.S. state of Washington. Spokane is in the eastern half of the state, about  from Idaho. Spokane is  south of Canada.

Spokane is the second largest city in Washington, while Seattle is the largest. Spokane's nickname is the "Lilac City" because of how many of those flowers grow in the area.

The population of the city in 2020 was 228,989, and the population of the metro area of Spokane is 585,784.

## History
Spokane was founded in 1871 when a sawmill was built on the Spokane Falls. In 1889 a fire burned down the downtown area of Spokane. In 1892 the railroad came to Spokane, and this made it easier for people to get into and out of the city.
In 1974 Spokane hosted the World's Fair. This brought a lot of people and business into Spokane.

## Spokane River
The Spokane River flows through the city. In downtown Spokane, there is a large waterfall called the Spokane Falls. The first buildings in Spokane were built near the falls.

The Spokane River has many dams that make energy for the people of Spokane.

## Climate
In the Summer, Spokane is hot and dry. Spokane has cold and snowy Winters. Spring and Fall are very short.

Temperatures over  or less than  do not usually happen in Spokane. However, the hottest temperature in Spokane was , and the coldest was .

## References
M16 rifle

The **M16** is an assault rifle used by the United States since the Vietnam War in 1963, based on the AR-15. Since 1975, the M16 has been used by many different countries. First designed by Eugene Stoner in the United States of America, although it is currently being replaced by the shorter M4A1 as the standard infantry rifle used by the United States Military Forces. The rifle and its variants are still being used by over 80 nations around the world.

The M16 uses the 5.56mm NATO (.223) caliber cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (the speed of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 900 meters per second (over 3,000 feet per second), and has a maximum effective range of 600 yards, with a rate of fire (how fast the gun shoots) of approximately 800 rounds per minute. The M16A1 can shoot semi automatic and fully automatic fire. The M16A2 can shoot semi automatic and three-round-burst fire. The M4A1 Carbine retains full automatic and semi automatic fire. The M16 normally holds 30 cartridges in its magazine, but there are variants of the magazine that hold only 20 or 10 cartridges.

There is also an M16 variant for the Canadian Army called *Diemaco C-7*. The *Diemaco C-7* rifles have maple leaves on the left side.

## Related pages 
* AR-15

## References 
* Rose, Alexander. *American Rifle-A Biography.* 2008; Bantam Dell Publishing. .
Sid Vicious

**Sid Vicious** (10 May 1957 – 2 February 1979) was an English punk musician. His real name was *John Simon Ritchie* and he was born in Lewisham, London. He was a member of the band The Sex Pistols from February 1977 to January 1978, but played his instrument (the bass guitar) very badly. His bad behaviour was more important to the band than playing his instrument well.

On 22 October 1978, his American girlfriend Nancy Spungen (19581978) was stabbed to death with a knife in New York City. It is not clear if Vicious killed her. He was charged with murder, and released on bail. Before he was due to go to court, he died of an accidental overdose of heroin in New York City.

A movie was made about the lives of Vicious and Spungen. The name of this movie is "Sid and Nancy." Gary Oldman plays Vicious.

## Other websites
Menominee, Michigan

**Menominee** is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Around 8500 people live in Menominee. It is part of the twin-city area with Marinette, Wisconsin. It is on the north bank of the Menominee River where the river empties into Lake Michigan. Marinette, Wisconsin is on the south bank of the river.

## References
Tricia Nixon Cox

**Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox** was born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California. She is the daughter of former US president Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon. She is the older sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.

Unlike her sister, Tricia performed many ceremonial jobs, like going with her father to campaign stops and state visits. She married Edward F. Cox on June 12, 1971. she has 1 son 

She tutored inner-city children.

## Other websites
Głuchołazy

**Głuchołazy** (*Bad Ziegenhals*) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, in Nysa County. It had a population of 15,052 in 2004.

## Other websites
*Official town webpage
*Glucholazy Unofficial Website
1652

## Events 
* April 6 – Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town.
* May 18 – Rhode Island passes the first law in North America making slavery illegal.
* May 29 – First Anglo-Dutch War opening battle fought off Dover between Lt.-Admiral Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp's 42 Dutch ships and 21 English ships divided into two squadrons, one commanded by Robert Blake and the other by Nehemiah Bourne.
## Births 
* March 3 – Thomas Otway, English dramatist (d. 1685)
* March 28 – Samuel Sewall, English-born judge (d. 1730)
* April 7 – Pope Clement XII (d. 1740)
* April 21 – Michel Rolle, French mathematician (d. 1719)
* December 9 – Augustus Quirinus Rivinus, German physician and botanist (d. 1723)
* December 25 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician (d. 1713)

## Deaths 
*February 7 – Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (born 1582)
*June 21 – Inigo Jones, English architect (born 1573)
*July 30 – Charles Amédée de Savoie, 6th Duc de Nemours, French soldier (born 1624)
*August 22 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (bborn 1583)
*August 23 – John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, English royalist politician (born 1600)
*October 8 – John Greaves, English mathematician and antiquarian (born 1602)
*October 20 – Antonio Coello, Spanish writer (born 1611)
*November 4 – Jean-Charles de la Faille, Belgian mathematician (born 1597)
*December 11 – Denis Petau, French theologian and historian (born 1583)
*November 21 – Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician, and astronomer (born 1585)
*December 23 – John Cotton, founder of Boston, Massachusetts (born 1585)
1597

## Events 
* 17 January – A court case in Guildford recorded evidence that a certain plot of land was used for playing “kreckett” (i.e., cricket) as early as 1550.
* January 24 – Battle of Turnhout.  Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas in the Netherlands
* February 5 – In Nagasaki, Japan, 26 people were martyred. They practiced Catholicism and were taken captive after all forms of Christianity were outlawed the previous year.
* The first opera is considered to have been written.
* Bali discovered by the Dutch explorer Cornelis Houtman
* Abbas I ends the Uzbek raids on his lands.
* Yaqob succeeds his father Sarsa Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia
* First edition of Francis Bacon's *Essays* published.
Columbia River

]]
, with Beacon Rock and Hamilton Mountain visible in the background]]
The **Columbia River** is a river in British Columbia, Canada, and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. The Columbia River is about 1,243 miles long. It is the fourth-largest river in the United States by volume. The Columbia has the greatest discharge (flow) of any North American river entering the Pacific.

Its largest tributary is the Snake River, which flows west from the state of Idaho. The lower part of the Columbia forms the border between the states Washington and Oregon. The Columbia drains 254,000 square miles (657,857&nbsp;km2) of land, beginning in the Canadian Rockies and flowing west through the Cascade Range, to where it empties into the Pacific Ocean.

There are 14 dams on the Columbia River. Three are in Canada, and the other 11 are in the United States. The dams generate hydroelectricity and provide flood control and water for farms. There are also dams on the Snake River and many other tributaries. These dams have, along with their benefits, caused salmon populations in the river to go down.

## Major tributaries
Martyr

A **martyr** is someone who suffers persecution and later assassination or death for advocating, renouncing (giving up), or refusing to renounce (not giving up) a religious belief or other cause, despite another person or group demanding that they do so.

Originally it was applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs but now the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political or nationalist cause as well.
## Famous examples of people considerd religious martyrs
* 1941:Maximilian Kolbe, a Roman Catholic priest is martyred in the Auschwitz concentration camp. He is later canonized by Pope John Paul II as a martyr of charity.

* 2015: 21 construction workers who were in the Coptic Orthodox Church except for one, are killed by the Islamic State(IS) because they believed in Jesus Christ. These are the names of the 21 martyrs:
* Bishoy Adel Khalaf
* Samuel Alhoam Wilson
* Hany Abdel-Masih Salib
* Melad Mackeen Zaki
* Abanoub Ayad Attia
* Ezzat Bushra Nassif
* Yousef Shokry Younan
* Kirillos Shukry Fawzy
* Majed Suleiman Shehata
* Samuel Stéphanos Kamel
* Malak Ibrahim Siniot
* Bishoy Stéphanos Kamel
* Mena Fayez Aziz
* Girgis Melad Sniout
* Tawadros Youssef Tawadros
* Essam Badr Samir
* Luke Ngati
* Jaber Mounir Adly
* Malak Faraj Abram
* Sameh Salah Farouk
* Matthew Ayariga
## References
## Related pages 
*Self-denial
*Self-immolation
*Shaheed
Whittier, California

**Whittier** is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. It is near Pico Rivera, Santa Fe Springs, La Habra and La Mirada. It is one of the oldest cities in the Los Angeles Area.  Early  included Manuel Nieto and Pio Pico.  In the 1880s, the land that is now Whittier was bought by Quakers, who named the city after John Greenleaf Whittier, a Quaker poet. These Quakers started Whittier College. In the early 1900s, Whittier was mostly orange groves, but became a suburb of Los Angeles after World War II. In 1987, a large earthquake hit the city, destroying many buildings and leading to a wave of civic activism. This activism helped save many old buildings, including the Bank of America Building, the Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, and the Hoover Hotel.

The 2020 United States Census reported that Whittier had a population of 87,306.

Whittier's largest employers are Whittier College, Presbyterian Hospital, and Whittwood Mall. There has been talk of new development on the site of Nelles School for Boys and in Uptown. Besides Whittier College, Whittier has a community college, Rio Hondo College, five public high schools (Whittier, California, Pioneer, Santa Fe, and La Serna High), and several elementary and middle schools.

Many famous people have lived in Whittier, including Richard Nixon, who attended Whittier High and was a lawyer in the Bank of America Building.

## References
List of French institutions

This is a **list of French institutions**.

## Executive power
*President of the French Republic
*Government of France
*Ministers of France

## Legislative power
*French Congress of Parliament
*French National Assembly
*French Senate

## Judicial power
*Constitutional Council of France
*Council of magistrature
List of German institutions

This is a **list of German institutions**.

## Executive power
* President of Germany
* Chancellor of Germany
* Cabinet of Germany

## Legislative power
* Bundesversammlung
* Bundestag
* Bundesrat of Germany

## Judicial power
* Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
* The Supreme Courts of Germany
** Bundesgerichtshof - Federal Court of Justice of Germany Civil and criminal law
** Bundesfinanzhof - Federal Finance Court of Germany Tax and customs law,
** Bundesarbeitsgericht - Federal Labour Court of Germany Employment law
** Bundesverwaltungsgericht - Federal Administrative Court of Germany Administrative law
** Bundessozialgericht - Federal Social Court of Germany Social security, public health insurance etc

## Related pages
* List of French institutions
* Politics of Germany
Mother (video game)

***Mother*** (マザー Mazā) is a 1989 video game sold only in Japan for the Family Computer (FC). They planned to sell the game in the USA, but Nintendo of America chose not to release it. This is because when they finished making it into English, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was already being sold. The game was released on the Wii U Virtual Console in the US in 2015.

## Character list 
* **Ninten** (ニンテン Ninten) (Also known as "Ken" (ケン Ken) in the MOTHER novel)
* **Ana** (アナ Ana)
* **Loid** (ロイド Roido)
* **Teddy** (テディ Tedi)
* **Queen Mary** (クイーン・マリー Kuīn Marī)
* **Mama**
* **Papa**
* **Minnie**
* **Mimmie**
* **Giygas**

## Other websites
* EarthBound IPM 
* Starmen.net: Earthbound Zero
* Mother Party (Mother-jp.net): Mother  *(Japanese)*
Mother 1 + 2

***Mother 1 + 2*** is a video game for the Game Boy Advance which includes *Mother* and *Mother 2* (known as *EarthBound* outside of Japan). Much of the music is different than the console games (*Mother 2* is mostly the same, but *Mother* was changed a lot to make it similar to the United States one that was not sold).

## Other websites 
* Official *Mother 1 + 2* website (Japan)
* Mother Party (Japanese) 
* Mother 1 + 2 Starmen.Net
* Mother2.net
* EarthBound IPM
1173

## Events 
* Canonization of Saint Thomas à Becket, buried at Canterbury
* August 9th – Construction starts on the Leaning tower of Pisa
* Castle at Abergavenny was seized by the Welsh.
* Conversion to Christianity of Peter Waldo and the subsequent founding of the Waldensians.
* End of Qiandao era and start of Chunxi era of the Chinese emperor Xiaozong
* End of reign of Polish ruler Boleslaus IV of Poland and start of reign of Casimir II of Poland
* Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her husband Henry II of England in the Revolt of 1173-1174
* First recorded use of algebraic chess notation
Allies

**Allies** are people or groups that are working together to achieve some common purpose.

**Allies** may also refer to:
* Allies of World War I
* Allies of World War II
* French and British forces in the Crimean War
* Straight allies, people who identify as heterosexual and who support equal civil rights for the LBGTQ community
* Allies (band), a popular 1980s era Contemporary Christian music group featuring Bob Carlisle
* *Allies* (Crosby, Stills & Nash album), 1983
* *Allies* (Fred Frith album), 1996
* "Allies" (Stargate Atlantis), a *Stargate Atlantis* episode
* "Allies" (song), the sixth track on the album *Passionworks* by Heart
* The Allies (Australian rules football), a representative Australian rules football team
* *Allies* (film), a 2014 British war film
List of monarchs of Carthage

Until 308 BC, Carthage was ruled, at least officially, by Monarchs.

Monarchs of Carthage, 814 BC-308 BC
*Dido 814-c.760 BC -queen
**unknown*
*Hanno I c.580-c.556 BC
*Malchus c.556-c.550 BC
**Magonids**
*Mago I c.550-c.530 BC
*Hasdrubal I c.530-c.510 BC
*Hamilcar I c.510-480 BC
*Hanno II 480-440 BC
*Himilco I (in Sicily) 460-410 BC
*Hannibal I 440-406 BC
*Himilco II 406-396 BC
*Mago II 396-375 BC
*Mago III 375-344 
*Hanno III 344-340
**Hannonian**
*Hanno the Great 340-337 BC
*Gisco 337-330 BC
*Hamilcar II 330-309 BC
*Bomilcar 309-308 BC

In 480 BC, following Hamilcar I's death, the King lost most of his power to an aristocratic Council of Elders.  In 308 BC, Bomilcar attempted a coup (rebellion) to restore the monarch to full power, but failed, which led to Carthage becoming in name as well as in fact a republic.
1124

## Events 
* March 26 – Henry I of England's forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde.
* April 27 – David I succeed to Alexander I as King of Scotland.
* Gaufrid consecrated as the first Abbot of Dunfermline Abbey.
* December 21 – Honorius II is elected pope.
* Tyre falls to Crusaders.
* Dun Beal Gallimhe erected by King of Connacht, Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair.

## Births 
* Margrave Ottokar III of Styria

## Deaths 
* February 2 — Duke Borivoj II of Bohemia
* March 15 — Ernulf, Bishop of Rochester (b. c. 1040)
* April 23 — King Alexander I of Scotland
* December 13 — Pope Callixtus II
* Guibert of Nogent, French historian and theologian (b. 1053)
Esports

**Esports** (short for **electronic sports**) is a term for video games that are played competitively. Popular electronic sports games are *Counter-Strike*, *League of Legends*, *Warcraft*, *Starcraft*, *Dota 2*, *Quake*, *Fortnite* and *Valorant*. Electronic Sports is played over the Internet or via LAN. There are professional leagues and tournaments like the *Cyberathlete Professional League*, *ClanBase*, *Electronic Sports League* and the *World Cyber Games* where electronic sports players can earn thousands of US Dollars. One example is *Starcraft* in Korea where they have many players who are very competitive.
Esports has been around since the dawn of arcades when players would battle it out for number one.

According to TechCrunch, the game maker Epic Games is providing $100 million in prize money in 2019 for participants in esports.

## References
Marklohe

**Marklohe** is a municipality in  Lower Saxony, Germany. It is an amt in the district of Nienburg (Weser) in Lower Saxony. Marklohe has about 4000 inhabitants.

## References
Wilhelm Busch

, about 1875]]
**Wilhelm Busch** (born 14 April 1832 in Wiedensahl, near Hannover; died 9 January 1908 in Mechtshausen) was a German painter and poet who is known for his satirical picture stories.
After studying first mechanical engineering and then art in Düsseldorf, Antwerp, and Munich he started drawing caricatures.

Wilhelm Busch also wrote a number of poems in a style similar to his picture stories. Besides that he produced more than 1,000 oil paintings that were not sold until after his death in 1908.

## Works 
(with the year of publication)
* 1859 *Die kleinen Honigdiebe* 
* 1864 *Bilderpossen*
* 1865 *Max and Moritz*
* 1866 *Schnaken und Schnurren*
* 1867 *Hans Huckebein der Unglücksrabe*
* 1868 *Schnaken und Schnurren, part II*
* 1869 *Schnurrdiburr oder die Bienen Braun*
* 1870 * Saint Antonius of Padua*
* 1872 *Schnaken und Schnurren, part III*
* 1872 *Die fromme Helene*
* 1872 *Bilder zur Jobsiade*
* 1872 *Pater Filuzius*
* 1873 *Der Geburtstag oder die Partikularisten*
* 1874 *Dideldum!*
* 1874 *Critique of the Heart* (orig. *Kritik des Herzens*)
* 1875 *Adventures of a Bachelor* (orig. *Abenteuer eines Junggesellen*)
* 1876 *Herr und Frau Knopp*
* 1877 *Julchen*
* 1878 *Die Haarbeutel*
* 1879 *Fipps der Affe*
* 1881 *Stippstörchen für Äuglein und Öhrchen*
* 1881 *Der Fuchs. Die Drachen. - Zwei lustige Sachen*
* 1882 *Plisch und Plum*
* 1883 *Balduin Bählamm, der verhinderte Dichter*
* 1884 *Maler Klecksel*
* 1891 *Eduards Traum*
* 1893 *Von mir über mich* (autobiography)
* 1895 *Der Schmetterling*
* 1904 *Zu guter Letzt*
* 1908 *Hernach*
* 1909 *Schein und Sein*
* 1910 *Ut ôler Welt* (legends)

## Related pages
*Düsseldorf school of painting
*List of German painters

## References 
## Other websites 
* Collection of known works (Gutenberg Project Germany)
* 
* Biography and works (in German)
Cerebellum

In all vertebrates, including human beings, the **cerebellum** is one of the main divisions of the brain. 

The cerebellum works mainly to control balance and coordinate movement. It combines signals from eyes, muscle spindles, and ears with motor commands from the forebrain and helps to coordinate control of the body. More advanced regions of the human cerebellum may be crucial to language and mental dexterity. Bands of axons extend from the cerebellum into the pons.

## Disease
Illnesses or "cerebellar disorders [can come from, or] have numerous causes, including ... ataxias", and birth defects, according to media.

Common tumors, or cerebellar tumors, include 
*pilocytic astrocytoma
*ependymoma

## Related pages
*Glioblastoma
Sustainable development

**Sustainable development** means improving things in a way that reduces harm and is mindful of the future. It means building things without harming the natural world.
The Brundtland Commission said it "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".

Everyone wants a good place to live. Some people want better homes, while others might want better schools, good jobs, better shops, green spaces or safer streets. Others may want all these things. Whatever the problems in any neighbourhood, they can usually be grouped into three issues. People need:
* A better environment – Green spaces, play areas, no litter, gardens, fresh air, less noise and pollution. The resources used should be available for future generations.
* A better economy - Good jobs and pay, reasonable prices, no unfair loans, taxes to help governments fund things
* Better social conditions – respect for others, good places to have fun, community groups with sports and arts, friendly neighbours.

Rapid increases in population can increase demands on things like food and nature and make sustainable development challenging.

This is not just a local issue. The same problems are faced at a national level. If the governments of the world are to deal with poverty, they do not just need to provide money and food aid, they need to help local people get educated and get jobs. People also need a safe environment with adequate homes and drinking water. To make these things work, governments also need to make sure that people have an effective voice in deciding what happens where they live and government money to spend on things.

This approach is called "sustainable development". While this phrase can be confusing, it's now used in many government documents and in funding programmes. Sustainable development has three parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability.

Most people in the rich nations have most of these needs, but there are still many people living in poverty and in poor quality homes. Even if these basic needs are met there are still plenty of ways in which their ‘quality of life’ is under threat: from crime, from pollution, or from living in neighbourhoods where no-one in authority seems to care."Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". 

- Our Common Future (Report), World Commission on Environment and DevelopmentMany areas have programmes to promote local sustainability: many are called ‘Local Agenda 21’ plans, named after the international Agenda 21 action plan for sustainable development agreed at the United Nations Earth Summit held in 1992. 

The UN developed a set of 17 goals aiming at sustainable development. They are:-

## Related pages
* Ecology
* Green economy
* Recycling
* Renewable energy
* Sustainable Development Goals
* Overpopulation

## References
## Other websites 
* Appropedia - a Wiki focused on sustainable international development and poverty reduction
* Sustainable Development in Amazonia
Skunk

A **skunk** is a mammal, usually black with a white stripe on its back and a fluffy tail. Skunks are also able can be brown or gray. Its most special part is that it can shoot out a bad-smelling spray from under its tail; it does this to scare away things that could hurt it.

It can eat both plants and small animals like earthworms, frogs, snakes, birds and eggs. It usually eats berries, leaves, grasses and nuts. In places where humans live, skunks often steal food from garbage or pet bowls.

The striped skunk is the most well-known kind of skunk. It weighs 2.5 to 14 pounds (1.2–6.3&nbsp;kg) with a body length (without the tail) of 13 to 18&nbsp;inches (33–46&nbsp;cm). The tail is 7 to 10&nbsp;inches long (18–25&nbsp;cm), and sometimes has a white tip.

Most types of skunk live in the United States and Canada, but there are also types that live in Indonesia and the Philippines. 

There are ten living species of skunks in four genera: *Conepatus* (hog-nosed skunks, four species); *Mephitis* (the hooded and striped skunks, two species) and *Spilogale* (spotted skunks, four species). All wild skunks inhabit the Americas, ranging from Canada to central South America. 

Some people keep skunks as pets, but not everyone agrees if this is a good idea. Because the skunk’s spray would ruin furniture (the bad smell is almost impossible to remove) and the smell would affect other people, the skunk’s glands (the organs that produce the spray) are removed. However, professionals think that this harms the skunk, so in many places this is illegal. Because of this, in many places it is illegal to keep a skunk as a pet.
1238

## Events 
* Battle of the Sit River was fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia between the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion of Russia.
* In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada.
* Mongols seize Moscow, at that time a small town.
* Peterborough Cathedral is consecrated.
* The Khmers are expelled from Luang Phrabang in Laos.
* The Sukhothai kingdom is founded in Thailand.
* The seat of the patriarchate of Aquileia is transferred to Udine.
* Simon de Montfort marries Eleanor, sister of Henry III of England.
* The Battle of Örlygsstaðir takes place – it is the largest armed conflict in the history of Iceland
Profession

The **profession** is a job at which someone works and for which they have had training. It is what they do to get money or a living. People often study for years to do their job. Medieval Europe recognized three professions: divinity, medicine, and law. These were called "learned professions". In modern times other occupations such as teacher or engineer or scholar are often called "learned". 

Sometimes "profession" only means learned professions, but the word may also be used for other jobs. Someone who works in a profession is called a professional. Sometimes this is in contrast to amateur which means someone who does similar things but is not paid.