open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mother Teresa

**Mother Teresa** (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun who started the Missionaries of Charity and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work. For over forty years, she cared for poor, sick, orphaned, and dying people in Calcutta (Kolkata), India. She was guided in part by the ideals of Saint Francis of Assisi. She was born in Skopje, Macedonia, and died in Calcutta.

As the Missionaries of Charity grew under her leadership, they expanded their ministry to other countries. By the 1970s Mother Teresa was well known internationally as an advocate for the poor and helpless. This was due in part to a movie and book called *Something Beautiful for God* by Malcolm Muggeridge. 

Mother Teresa strongly opposed abortion. She once said: "The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a mother can kill her child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me?".

Following her death, Pope John Paul II first beatified Mother Teresa. Then on 4 September 2016, in a ceremony at Saint Peter's Church in Vatican City, he named her a saint. He also gave her the title **Blessed Teresa of Calcutta**. 

Saint Mother Teresa received many awards for her work. These included the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980. 

## Criticism
Both before and after her death, Mother Teresa received criticism, especially in recent years as debate about abortion grew. 

In 1995 Christopher Hitchens wrote a very critical book about Mother Teresa called *The Missionary Position*. In the book, he argued that instead of trying to help the poor, Mother Teresa encouraged them to endure pain and continue suffering. He also suggested that she opposed ending poverty and raising women's social status. Later, in a 2003 article for *Slate*, Hitchens wrote: "Mother Teresa was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God".

## Related pages
* Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza, named after her.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Mother Teresa of Kolkata information  
* Speech On Mother Teresa In English : Nobel Peace Prize Speech
Willie Aames

**Willie Aames** (born **Albert William Upton** 15 July 1960 in Los Angeles, California), is an actor famous for the roles of Buddy Lembeck on *Charles in Charge*, Tommy Bradford on *Eight is Enough* and the voice of Hank on *Dungeons & Dragons*, the cartoon. He also hosted a game show *The Krypton Factor* from 1990–91.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Angela Aames

**Angela Aames** (February 27, 1956 in Pierre, South Dakota &ndash; November 27, 1988 in West Hills, California) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the movie *Bachelor Party*. She died of heart problems at the age of 32.

## Other websites
*
JoJo (singer)

**Joanna Noëlle Levesque** (born December 20, 1990 ), known by her stage name **JoJo**, is an American singer, songwriter, actress and record producer. She was born in Brattleboro, Vermont and raised in Keene, New Hampshire and Foxborough, Massachusetts. She releases music under the R&B, pop, hip hop and soul music genres. She released her first album, *JoJo*, in June 2004. The album's first single "Leave (Get Out)" was number one on the US *Billboard* Pop Chart.

## Filmography
## Other websites 
* Official U.S. website
* 
* 
* MTV interview 

## References
Bruce Abbott

**Bruce Paul Abbott** (born July 28, 1954 in Portland, Oregon) is an American actor. He was in movies such as *Re-Animator*, *Bad Dreams*, *The Prophecy II*, *Out of Time*, *Bride of Re-Animator* and the television series *Dark Justice*.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Bud Abbott

**William Alexander** "**Bud**" **Abbott** (October 2, 1897 – April 24, 1974) was an American comedian, actor and producer. He was best known as the straight man half of the comedy duo Abbott and Costello.

## Other websites 
*
Betty Aberlin

**Betty Aberlin** (born **Betty Kay Ageloff** December 30, 1942, New York City) is an American actress, poet, and writer. She had a regular role on *The Smothers Brothers Show*. Aberlin worked on many television programs. She played Lady Aberlin on ''Mister Rogers' Neighborhood*. Her movie roles include work in *Dogma* and *Jersey Girl''.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Jake Abel

**Jacob Allen "Jake" Abel** (born November 18, 1987 in Canton, Ohio) is an American actor.

He is best known for his roles in movie *Go Figure* as Spencer, and in *Threshold*. He also played Kirk in an episode of *The Suite Life of Zack and Cody*.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Hayden Panettiere

**Hayden Lesley Panettiere** (born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, singer and a Grammy Award nominee.

She first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show *One Life To Live*. She is also well known for her work in trying to stop whaling. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in Washington D.C., and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.

Her brother is actor Jansen Panettiere.

## Some of her acting roles 
*1994–97: *One Life To Live* (soap opera)
*1998: ''A Bug's Life* (the voice of Dot)
*2000: *Remember the Titans* 
*2001: *Joe Somebody* 
*2004: *Raising Helen* 
*2005: *Racing Stripes* (voice)
*2006–10: *Heroes* 
*2010: *Alpha and Omega (movie)* (voice of Kate)
*2011: *Amanda Knox: Murder on Trial in Italy* (as Amanda Knox)
*2011: *Scream 4*
*2012–2018: *Nashville*
*2014-2015: *Alpha and Omega 2 (movie)'' (voice of Kate)

## References
Toul

]]

**Toul** is a city in the Northeastern part of France. There are about 17,000 people living there. Toul is a fortified town, with a long history. The people who started building the city were the Romans. It was the capital of the Leuci tribe. When the Carolingian Empire was split by the Treaty of Meerssen, in 870, Toul was  given to East Francia. In the early 1800s, the importance of the city diminished, and Nancy took its place.
Blessthefall

**Blessthefall** is an American post-hardcore band from Phoenix, Arizona. The band was formed in 2004 and released the first album *His Last Walk* in April 2007. The lead vocalist, Craig Mabbitt leaves the band in November 2007, the bassist Jared Warth was lead vocalist/bassist, replacing the Mabbitt place touring. Mabbitt joined Escape the Fate in mid-2008. Beau Bokan joined to the band in September 2008. With Bokan, the band released the second studio album, *Witness* in October 6, 2009, with Fearless Records. The third studio album, *Awakening* will released in October 4, 2011.

## Members 
; Current members
* Beau Bokan – lead vocals/screams, keyboard (since 2008)
* Eric Lambert – lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004)
* Jared Warth – bass/screams (since 2004), lead vocals (2004, 2007–2008)
* Matt Traynor – drums (since 2004)
* Elliott Gruenberg – rhythm guitar (since 2011)

2014-06-05 Vainsteam Blessthefall Beau Bokan 04.jpg|Beau Bokan, 2014
2014-06-05 Vainsteam Blessthefall Elliott Gruenberg 03.jpg|Elliott Gruenberg, 2014
2014-06-05 Vainsteam Blessthefall Eric Lambert 04.jpg|Eric Lambert, 2014
2014-06-05 Vainsteam Blessthefall Jared Warth 01.jpg|Jared Warth, 2014

; Former members
* Mike Frisby – rhythm guitar (2004–2011)
* Craig Mabbit – lead vocals (2004–2007)
* Miles Bergsma – lead guitar (2004–2005)
* Aiden Louis – bass, backing vocals (2008, Touring member only)

## Discography 
* *Black Rose Dying EP* (2005)
* *Blessthefall EP* (2006)
* *His Last Walk* (2007)
* *Black On Black Tour EP* (2007)
* *Witness* (2009)
* *Awakening* (2011)

## References
Varnish

**Varnish** is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a solvent.

## Resin 
Most resin or "gum" varnishes are made of a natural substance dissolved in a solvent. The two main types of natural varnishes are *spirit varnish* (which uses alcohol as a solvent) and turpentine or petroleum-based varnish. Some resins are soluble in both alcohol and turpentine.

Shellac is a very widely used single component resin varnish that is dissolved in alcohol. It is not used outdoors or where it will touch water several times, such as around a sink or bathtub. insects in South Asia make it.

## References 
* Bob Flexner (1993). *Understanding Wood Finishing: How to Select and Apply the Right Finish*. Rodale Press: Emmaus, PA. 

## Other websites 
* The 17th century varnish of Lorenz Mizler 
*Tung and Linseed Oils  by Steven D. Russel
Secretion

**Secretion** is the process of releasing chemicals from a cell, or from a gland.

Eukaryotic cells have a highly evolved process of **secretion**. 

## Bibliography 
* The Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th edition - Alberts *et al.*
* The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotic 2nd edition – David White
* Article by Kiera moser
*
Gum

A number of different things are called "**gum**":

* Gums, or gingiva, the soft tissue partly covering teeth

* Chewing gum, a type of confectionery
** Bubble gum
** Functional gum
** Gum base
** Gum industry

* Vegetable gums, natural gums:
** Guar gum
** Gum arabic
** Xanthan gum

* Postage stamp gum

* Gum Springs, Arkansas, a town

* Trees:
** Gum tree (*Eucalyptus*; Australia and cultivated in other warm areas)
** Black gum (Tupelo, *Nyssa*; eastern North America)
** Sweet-gum (*Liquidambar*; eastern North America and Asia)
** Log gum 

*Astronomy:
** Gum (crater), on the Moon
** Gum Nebula, an emission nebula
** Colin Stanley Gum (1924-1960), Australian astronomer 

*See also:* GUM
Mineralization

**Mineralization** may mean: 

* In palaeontology: the process where organic material is converted to inorganic substance.  Waterborne minerals replace organic material in the body of an organism that has died and was buried by sediments.  The minerals may be such as calcium carbonate (calcite), iron oxide (hematite or limonite) or silica (quartz). 

* In mining geology, the deposition of metals as ore bodies or "lodes" by various processes.  For example, the deposition of metals by hydrothermal vents.

* In soil science, the release of organic compounds during decomposition.
Ali

**Ali ibn Abi Talib** (**‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib**) ('''''') (Approximately March 17, 599 – January 28, 661) was an early Islamic leader. He was the fourth Sunni caliph and the first Shia Imam.

Ali was Muhammad's cousin. He married Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, and so became Muhammad's son-in-law. He was one of the earliest Muslims. Ali was assassinated and Mu'awiya replaced him.

Since Ali stated that his body should remain a secret, his followers tied his body on a white camel and went towards what is now northern Afghanistan. Before being assassinated, Ali had reportedly given instructions to bury his body at the spot that the camel would die. At Balkh, the white camel diedé and Ali was buried secretly. In the 15th century, Abd al-Ghafur Lari is believed to have discovered Ali's tomb.

## Sources 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
### Sunni biography 
* Biography from USC's MSA website 

### Shi'a biography 
* Brief Biography 
* Ali's Birth in the Kaaba 
* Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib 
* Sayings of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
* Imam Ali Quotes on various topics
* Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib 
* Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib  The Commander of the Faithfull
* Imam Ali foundation
* Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha
* Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib's status
* Imam Ali
* Last will 

## References
Natural gum

**Natural gums** are polysaccharides of natural origin, that can change the viscosity of a material in solution, even at small concentrations.
 
* Agar (E406), obtained from seaweed
* Alginic acid (E400), from seaweed
* Beta-glucan, from oat or barley bran
* Carrageenan (E407), from seaweed
* Gum arabic, from Acacia
* Mastic gum, a chewing gum from ancient Greece obtained from the mastic tree
* Sodium alginate (E401), from seaweed
* Spruce gum, a chewing gum of American Indians obtained from spruce trees
Resin

ists or for soldering]]

**Resin** is a mixture of organic compounds secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees.

Plants evolved many complex chemicals as  defences against herbivores. That may be the origin of these resins, which are certainly not good to eat. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury. 

The resin protects the plant from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens. The volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors, that is, parasitoids or predators of the herbivores which attack the plant.

Humans also value resins for their many uses. They are used in varnishes, adhesives, as raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Fossilized resins are the source of amber. The term is also used for synthetic substances with similar properties.

Resins contain chemicals composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.  Synthetic resins are used in laminates, adhesives, flooring, linings, etc. 

## Rosin 
**Rosin**, (also called 'colophony' or 'Greek pitch') is a solid form of resin. It is got from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. Heating fresh liquid resin vaporizes light volatiles like terpenes. 

Rosin is semi-transparent and yellow to black in colour. The term "colophony" comes from *colophonia resina* or "resin from the pine trees of Colophon", an ancient Ionic city.

## Uses 
Rosin has hundreds of uses, of which only a few can be mentioned here. These uses fall into  groups, such as:
#Resisting slippages (increasing friction): used on stringed instruments, dancers' shoes, in gymnastics, in rock climbing, and on hands of various types of games players.
#In manufacturing soap, inks, some paints, paper, varnish, glue, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.
#Pharmaceutical products: tablet film and enteric coating, microcapsules and nanoparticles.
#Copal and amber are natural rosins: the lighter components of tree resin evaporated and left a hardened rosin.

## The exit of the resin from the tree
In each type of wood, the resin comes out in a different way. There are trees in which the resin comes from the "trunk" and there are types of trees in which the resin comes out of the "tree branches".

## Resin Harvesting 
Some countries in the world also have wood resin harvesting:

*In Greece there is the picking of a wooden resin Mastic (plant resin) with a "slitting".
*In Sudan there is the picking of Acacia wood resin in the form of resin removal from the tree.
*In Oman there is the picking of Frankincense resin in the form of peeling the tree trunk.

## The Agricultural Research
There is still no extensive agricultural research regarding the tree resins and also, the exact benefit of the resin production by the tree is currently unknown, but some possible hypotheses have been proposed such as plugging holes (scab of wounds), protection against insects that want to penetrate the tree, and preventing the growth of fungi parasites.

## References
Chador

A **chador** (Persian چادر) is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. In Iran, women wear  a chador in public. The Chador covers all the body except the face. However some religious women, cover their faces with their chador too.

A chador is a full-length semi-circle of fabric open down the front.  It is thrown over the head and held shut in front. A chador has no hand openings or closures but is held shut by the hands or by wrapping the ends around the waist.

## Related page 
*Hijab
*Women and Islam
Vortex mixer

A **vortex mixer** is small machine used in laboratories to mix small beakers of liquids.

## What is inside? 
Inside, a vortex mixer has an electric motor which turns a pipe facing upwards. This pipe is attached to a small rubber bowl where one can put a beaker of liquid to be mixed up. The rubber bowl turns quickly and creates a **vortex** or a spiral flow inside any liquid which is placed on it and is therefore mixed up. Most vortex mixers have controls which let the user control how fast or slow they want the mixer to turn and can also set it to turn continuously for a certain length of time.

## Where they are used 
Vortex mixers are used in bioscience laboratories to mix two different chemicals for a desired effect or to dilute an acid or an alkali by mixing them with water.

## Other websites
* IKA – A vortex mixer manufacturer
* VELP – A vortex mixer manufacturer 
* In depth information on the VSM-3 Vortex Mixer 
* Talboy – A vortex mixer manufacturer 
* In-depth article on vortex mixers 
* In-depth article on the structure of a vortex mixer
Hira

**Hira** is a cave. It is on the Arabian Peninsula. Prophet Mohammad lived in this cave for forty days. Muslims believed that God spoke to Mohammad in Hira through angel Gabriel. 

## Other websites 
*Story about Hira
Ferdowsi

]]

**Hakīm Abul-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī** (935-1020) () or **Ferdowsi** is a Persian poet. Ferdowsi was born in Tus. He wrote the *Shāhnāma*. Shahnama is the national epic of Persia.
Adhesive tape

is a strong tape.]]

**Adhesive tape** is a tape that is coated with adhesive and used to stick objects together. 

Adhesive tape that will stick with application of pressure only (i.e. without activation by water, solvent or heat) is known as **pressure sensitive tape**. It can consist of a wide variety of tape backings and pressure sensitive adhesives.

Single-sided tapes allow joining of two overlapping or adjoining materials, while double-sided tape (adhesive on both sides) allows joining of two items back-to-back.

## Other websites 
* Pressure Sensitive Tape Council
* The History of Pressure Sensitive Tape
Tape

**Tape** refers to a strip of long, thin and narrow matter, usually rolled up. It can also refer to any of these.
* Adhesive tape, including:
** Gaffer tape
** Duct tape
** Masking tape
** Electrical tape
* Videotape
* Cassette Tape, a magnetic data/audio storage device 
* Tape measure
* Tape dispenser
* Tape worm
* Tape (movie), a 2001 film
* Twill tape, a narrow, sturdy woven fabric used like string
* Red tape, a colloquialism for heavy or undesirable bureaucratic process
* Optical celluloid tape used in movie projectors (a possible precursor to the compact disc)
* *Tape* (pr. tah-peh), an alternative spelling of tapai, an Indonesian fermented food.

## Related pages 
* Magnetic tape
Edward VII

**Edward VII** (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was Monarchy of the British Empire and Emperor of India from 1901 until his death in 1910.

Edward was born Albert Edward and was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent for longer than any other person up until that time until surpassed by his great-great grandson King Charles III. In his younger years as Prince of Wales, he was known as a playboy and popularized many trends in fashion and also had many mistresses.

## Biography 
Edward VII was the father of George V and grandfather of Edward VIII and George VI. He is also the great-grandfather of the late queen, Elizabeth II and great-great grandfather to Charles III. There are a number of statues of Edward VII around the British Isles and Commonwealth realms.

Edward was given a grand state funeral with the largest gathering of royalty taken place anywhere in the 20th century. It included Wilhelm II, the *Kaiser* of the German Empire, who would later be at war with Britain and Nicholas II, the *Tsar* of the Russian Empire, as well as many others. For the first time in royal history, Edward lay in state for the people to pay their last respects, a reflection of his immense popularity.

Edward was king for only nine years but made a lasting impression. He became increasingly popular with his people and was credited as a peacemaker for his work in maintaining world stability at a time when war seemed to be looming. He died at the age of 68 in 1910. Four years later, the peace he worked so hard to keep was broken with the start of World War I (1914&ndash;1918).

## Other websites
*
*
*
Niqāb

A **niqab** is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. Women who wear niqab in public are called niqabi. There are many niqabis in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, and Egypt. A niqab usually covers all her body except the eyes and hands.

## Niqab around the world
In France, Italy, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Bulgaria, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Tunisia, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands wearing a niqab (and the burqa) in public is illegal. However in Afghanistan, wearing the niqab and burqa is required by law under the Taliban government.

## References 
## Related pages
* Hijab
* Burqa
Hijab

girl wearing a headscarf.]]
## Overview
### Origin
The word **hijab** is used in the Qur'an to denote a partition, or a curtain, but in modern usage often refers to a woman's headscarf. This is often done amongst Muslims for females over the age of puberty.

The word , or a derivative, appears eight times in the Qur'an and never connotes any act of piety or headscarf. It appears as an "obstacle" (7:46), a "curtain" (33:53), "hidden" (38:32), a "wall of separation" (41:5, 42:52, 17:45), "hiding" (19:14) and "prevented" or "denied access to God" (83:15).
## Perspectives
For most Muslims, the headscarf, a symbol of hijab, is worn in the presence of adult males outside their immediate family; it is not necessary when females or males are within their immediate family. However, some Muslim scholars and activists maintain that the practice of covering the hair with a hijab is not mandated in Islam.

## Types
The *hijab* as a headscarf can come in several different types, such as an ordinary veil, which only covers the head, a niqab, a burka also known as an , which covers the entire body, and any form of covering used to veil. There are many styles to wear. The Quran however has no requirement that women cover their faces with a veil, or cover their bodies with the full-body burqa or chador.

## Hijab mandate
The *hijab* as a headscarf is currently required by law to be worn by women in Iran and Afghanistan. It is no longer required by law in Saudi Arabia since 2018. In Gaza, Palestinian jihadists belonging to the Unified Leadership (UNLU) have rejected a hijab policy for women. They have also targeted those who seek to impose the hijab. have passed laws banning some or all types of hijab in public or in certain types of locales. Austria, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain and Norway have varying levels of hijab ban.

## Related pages
* Veil
* Chador
* Head tie
* Sharia law
* Head scarf
* Women and Islam
* International Purple Hijab Day
## References
Scooby-Doo

***Scooby-Doo!*** is an American franchise. It began as a Saturday morning cartoons in many different versions from 1969 until the present. The first series, that was called *Scooby-Doo, Where Are You*, was made for Hanna-Barbera Productions. Hanna-Barbera made many versions like it and other programs like it until everything was made in NBC Television Network. Universal Studios currently makes the program.

Though the program, the characters in it and their ages have changed. These familiar versions of all the show have a dog named Scooby-Doo, and 4 teenagers: Shaggy, Daphne, Velma, and Fred. The franchise includes movies based on the Scooby-Doo franchise just like Scooby-Doo, Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, and Scoob!. There are both live action and animated movies based on the franchise. 

## Plot
4 humans and a brown dog named Scooby-Doo solve mysteries in the children's TV show.

## List of Scooby-Doo shows
## List of Scooby-Doo films 
## References
Akita (dog)

The **Akita Inu** is a breed of dog from Japan. It is usually  high and weighs . Female Akitas are  lighter. Their coat can be many colors. There are two coat types in the Akita, the standard coat length and the long coat.

Akitas originate from Akita Prefecture, in the north of Japan.
The most famous Akita Hachiko was known for his unusual loyalty to his owner.
To date, only the American Kennel Club, consider American and Japanese  Akitas to be two varieties of the same breed. The United Kennel Club and the Japan Kennel Club consider Japanese and American Akitas as separate breeds.

## References
List of Persian-language poets and authors

This is a list of Persian poets and writers.
## Classical 
* Bassam Kurd
* Rudaki
* Shahid Balkhi
* Boshakor Balkhi
* Daqiqi
* Ferdowsi
* Mansur Al Hallaj
* Farrokhi Sistani
* Unsuri
* Kasai Marvazi
* Manuchehri
* Moazzi
* Naser Khosrow
* Anvari
* Khaqani Shirvani
* Mas'oud Sa'd
* Jamal Raza
* Jamaluddin Abdurrazzagh Isfahani 
* Kamaluddin Ishafahi
* Baba Taher
* Omar Khayyám
* Attar
* Mowlana Rumi
* Amir Khosrow
* Saadi
* Sanaayi
* Bidel Dehlavi
* Hafez
* Jami

## Modern 
* Iraj Mirza
* Shabestari
* Forough Farrokhzad
* Reza Mirfakhraei
* Daryoush Farkhakfar
* Shamlou
* Mahdi Akhavan Sales
* Zana Lorestani
* Nima Yooshij
* Iqbal
* Farrokhi Yazdi
* Mohammadreza Alidoosti (محمدرضا علیدوستی)
* Parvin E'tesami
* Simin Behbahani
* Sohrab Sepehri
* Ruhollah Khomeini
* Ali Shariati
* Daryush Shokof
* Mostafa Rahimi
* Yahya Alavi Fard
* Hadi Khorsandi (هادی خرسندی)

## References
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar

**Kareem Abdul-Jabbar** (born **Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr.** on April 16, 1947) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach. He was known as **Lew Alcindor** before changing his name in the fall of 1971 several years after converting to Islam. He is considered one of the greatest players of all time. He has also had numerous television and movie appearances.

## Early life
Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr., was born in Harlem, New York City, on April 16, 1947. His family was not poor, and his father was a graduate of the famed Juilliard School of Music in virtuoso trombone. He attended Power Memorial High School. in New York.

## College
Alcindor went to college at UCLA. When he played on the freshman team, it beat the UCLA varsity team that had won two national championships. When he played on the varsity team, it won three national championships. When Alcindor was at UCLA, the NCAA did not allow the dunk and so he developed a hook shot, called the skyhook. Alcindor also got a degree in history.

## Professional basketball career 
lcindor was drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1969 NABA Draft. He led the league by scoring twice with the Bucks. He also won three MVP awards with them. In 1975, Abdul-Jabbar was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers. He won three more MVP awards with them, as well as five championships.

Abdul-Jabbar played in the NBA until 1989. When he left, he had scored 38,387 points. He was also one of the ten most accurate players, and blocked the third-most shots. Abdul-Jabbar was placed in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995.

## Outside basketball
Abdul-Jabbar studied martial arts with Bruce Lee, and appears in the Lee movie *The Game of Death*. He is also in the movie *Airplane!*. Abdul-Jabbar has written several books. Some of them are on basketball, but he has also written a book about the Harlem Renaissance that was later made into a documentary movie.

Abdul-Jabbar has also been an assistant coach for several NBA teams and usually helped tall players play better. Abdul-Jabbar has had leukemia since 2009. He accepted Islam after the game. He became an assistant coach after he retired.

## Related pages 
* *Mantis*

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Kareem's complete bio at NBA.com
* Kareem's page at the Basketball Hall of Fame 
* 1967-68 Oscar Robertson Trophy  USBWA College Player of the Year
Rudaki

**Abu Abdullah Jafar ibn Mohammad ibn Hakim ibn Abdurrahman ibn Adam Rudaki Samarghandi** (859 - c. 941) () or **Rudaki** was a Persian poet. He was born in Panjakent, Tajikistan and lived in Samarghand. Rudaki translated the old Indian fable book Panchatantra into Persian verse. His poems are collected in diwan.

**Reference**

* Cedar of Samarkand(Rudaki Continuous Poems Description),Poopak Niktalab , Printed 2020 , Faradid Publishing
Amir Khosrow

**Hakīm Abul-Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Khusrow Balkhi Dehlavi** (1253-1325) () or **Amir Khosrow** was a Persian poet. Amir Khusrow lived in Delhi. His poems are in Persian and Hindi. 

Allaudin Khilji (1296 A.D - 1316 A.D) had a court minister named Hazrat Amir Khusro who was said to be highly gifted in music with an exceptionally innovative mind. His contribution to Hindustani classical music was said to be unmatched. It is also said that he created the Sitar (probably inspired by the Veena and other string instruments of Persia). The modification of the Pakhawaj into the Tabla is also credited to him.

It has also been said that Amir Khusro introduced many styles of singing including Khayal, Tarana, Ghazal and Qawali. He is credited for some most popular Ragas like Yaman, Poorya and Poorvi.
Watford

**Watford** (pronounced *wot-fud*) is a large town and borough in Hertfordshire in the East of England. 

In 2011, it had a population of 131,928 people, making it Hertfordshire's largest settlement. Despite being Hertfordshire's largest town, the county town is Hertford. 

Watford is located 15 miles north west of Central London and 16.7 miles (27.02 km) south west of Hertford and is on the banks of the River Colne.

## Transport
Watford is one of the few places that are not in London to have a London Underground station and to be on the *Tube Map*. Watford has four mainline train stations, Watford Junction, Watford High Street, Watford North and Garston, as well as the tube station.

Watford Junction is on the West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Glasgow Central and is also on the London Overground Watford DC line to London Euston. Watford High Street is also on this line. Watford North and Garston are on the Abbey Line to St Albans Abbey. Watford tube station is on the Metropolitan line.

## Sports
Watford has a professional football club, Watford FC, who have played in the Premier League. They play their home matches at Vicarage Road Stadium.

## Twin towns
Watford is twinned with:
* Mainz, Germany
* Nanterre, France
* Pesaro, Italy
* Velikiy Novgorod, Russia
* Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.

## Gallery

File:Watford_Town_Hall_(19716814084).jpg|Watford Town Hall
File:Watford,_Market_Street_and_High_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_116645.jpg|Market Street
File:Watford_Junction_railway_station_MMB_20_390045_350252.jpg|Trains at Watford Junction station
File:Vicarageroad1.jpg|Vicarage Road, home of Watford FC
File:Watford, The Pyramid, 161-165 High Street - geograph.org.uk - 691960.jpg|The Pyramid, Watford
Parvin E'tesami

'''Parvin E'tesami''' (March 17, 1907 – April 5, 1941; ) is an Iranian poet. She was daughter of Yosuf E'tesami, Iranian poet and writer. She started poetry when she was 9. Alladin Pazargadi translated her works from Persian into English in 2000.
Hafiz

**Hafiz** or **Hafez** may mean:
* Hafez or Khwajeh Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi, an Iranian mystic and poet. Sometimes credited as "Hafiz" or "Hafiz of Shiraz".
* Hafiz (Quran), a term used by Muslims for people who have completely memorized the Qur'an
* al-Hafiz (d. 1149), the eleventh Caliph of the Fatimids
* Hafez al-Assad (1930-2000), president of Syria from 1971 to 2000
* Mohamed Ali Hafez, Egyptian Federation for Scouts and Girl Guides Scouting notable, awardee of the Bronze Wolf in 1965
* Hafiz, a former member of the Malaysian rock band One Buck Short.
Nizami Ganjavi

**Nezami** (Hakīm Nizām ad-Dīn Abū Muhammad Ilyās ibn-Yusūf ibn-Zakī ibn-Mu'ayyid Nezāmi Ganjavi (11411209) )  was a Persian poet. Nezāmi was born in Ganja, now Azerbaijan. He wrote five poetry books.

In 1169/1170 the king of Darband sent him the maiden Afaq, and Nizami married her. In 1174 his son Muhammad was born.
Nizami Gencevi wrote five poems. The first of them was "*Makhzan-ol-Asrâr*". The others are "Xosrov ve Shirin", "Leyli ve Mecnun", "Haft paykar" and "Isgendernoma".

## References
Jihad

, from *Siyer-i Nabi*, circa 1594]]

**Jihad** (;  ) is an Arabic word which literally means "striving" or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim. though it is most frequently associated with war. In classical Islamic law (*sharia*), the term refers to armed struggle against unbelievers, In Sufi circles, spiritual and moral jihad has been traditionally emphasized under the name of *greater jihad*.

The word *jihad* appears frequently in the Qur'an with and without military connotations, often in the idiomatic expression "striving in the path of God *(al-jihad fi sabil Allah)*", conveying a sense of self-exertion. Scholars developed an elaborate set of rules pertaining to *jihad*, including prohibitions on harming those who are not engaged in combat.
In the modern era, the notion of *jihad* has lost its jurisprudential relevance and instead given rise to an ideological and political discourse. While modernist Islamic scholars have emphasized the defensive and non-military aspects of *jihad*, some Islamists have advanced aggressive interpretations that go beyond the classical theory.

The sense of jihad as armed resistance was first used in the context of persecution faced by Muslims, as when Muhammad was at Mecca, when the community had two choices: emigration (hijra) or jihad. In Twelver Shi'a Islam, *jihad* is one of the ten Practices of the Religion. A person engaged in *jihad* is called a *mujahid* (plural: *mujahideen*). The term *jihad* is often rendered in English as "Holy War", although this translation is controversial. Today, the word *jihad* is often used without religious connotations, like the English *crusade*.

It is an official part of Shia Islam, but it is not an official part of Sunni Islam, though some call it the sixth pillar of Islam. In some cases, there have been 'Jihads' that have self immolated themselves, in order to get into heaven. There are suicide bombers, who blow themselves up, because they think that it is right and that they are cleaning the world's filth. This is, however, wrong in Islam. It is a major sin to commit suicide or homicide without a good reason. Killing another human being in Islam is the equivalent of killing all of humanity if not done with a good reason. On the contrary, saving another human being's life is the equivalent of saving all of humanity.

The sense of jihad as armed resistance was first used in the context of persecution faced by Muslims, as when Muhammad was at Mecca, when the community had two choices: emigration (hijra) or jihad. In Twelver Shia Islam, jihad is one of the ten Practices of the Religion. A person engaged in *jihad* is called a **mujahid** (plural: **mujahideen**). The term jihad is often rendered in English as "Holy War", although this translation is controversial. Today, the word jihad is often used without religious connotations, like the English crusade.

## References
Fiqh

**Fiqh** or **Islamic jurisprudence** () is an expansion of Sharia law and is meant to be used with fatwas by Islamic clerics (known as 'Ulema' in Arabic) to help Muslims not break Sharia law. Fiqh is a section of Islamic law which deals with acts of Muslim, that includes both worship and daily life actions. 
In Sunni Islam there are four main and two minor schools of thought, they are:

*Hanafi
*Maliki
*Shafi'i
*Hanbali
*Zahiri
*Thawri

Islamic jurisprudence or Fiqh illustrates Islamic Law for Acts of Worship such as Prayer, Zakat, Fasting, Hajj, and Purification.

The different schools of thought are not different beliefs but different views.

In Shia Islam there is one main school of thought, it is called Ja'fari.

## References
Dir en grey

**Dir en grey** is a metal band from Japan. They began in 1997. They have recorded twenty eight singles, three EPs and eight albums, of which they have released three in Europe and two in the United States.

Vocalist Kyo uses growl, falset, mixvoice and hoistle voice in their music. Their music mixes rock and metal with tribal music. Many visual kei bands are influenced by Dir en grey.

## Members
* Kyo (京) – vocals
* Kaoru (薫) – guitar
* Die – guitar
* Toshiya – bass
* Shinya – drums

## Discography
; Studio albums
* *Gauze* (1999)
* *Macabre* (2000)
* *Kisou* (2002)
* *Vulgar* (2003)
* *Withering to Death.* (2005)
* *The Marrow of a Bone* (2007)
* *Uroboros* (2008)
* *Dum Spiro Spero* (2011)
* *Arche* (2014)
* *The Insulated World* (2018)
* *Phalaris* (2022)
Postfix notation

**Postfix notation** is a mathematical notation. It is a way to write down equations and other mathematical formulae. Postfix notation is also known as **Reverse Polish Notation**. The notation was invented by Charles Hamblin in 1920. He wanted to simplify writing logic equations. He used Jan Łukasiewicz's prefix notation.

When postfix notation is used, no grouping elements (like parenthesis) are needed.

Some computer languages, like Postscript use Postfix notation. It is also used in some models of Hewlett-Packard calculators

With postfix notation, the operations are noted after their arguments. Because of this, postfix is relatively easy to do with computers that have a stack to do calculations.

## Further Explanation
Reverse Polish Notation uses a system that involve "stacks", each of which stores a certain value in specific ranks. The stacks usually start off with the first stack (often called the X stack), followed by the second stack (often called the Y stack), the third stack, and so on. New values can be entered on the first stack by pushing up the stack ranks by one. On a Reverse Polish Notation calculator, the "Enter" function would do the same. 

Using a common operator (plus, minus, multiply, or divide) will make the operator act from the first stack to the second stack. For example, the Reverse Polish Notation "12 3 /" means "take the numbers 12 and 3, then divide 12 by 3". On a Reverse Polish Calculator, this is written as "12 Enter 3 /", to denote each declared ranking up of the stacks.

Reverse Polish Notation is able to deal with expressions involving brackets too. Suppose there is a normal equation "4 * (5 + 8)". In Reverse Polish Notation, this expression will be formatted as "5 8 + 4 *". The "5 8 +" part refers to the bracket "5 + 8" to equal 13. The "4 *" part refers to multiplying the result together to get 52. On that step, the resulting stack from adding 5 and 8 is automatically raised one rank after adding in the new value 4. Then using the multiply operator will multiply the sum of 5 and 8 by 4 will equal 52.

Documentation included with early Hewlett-Packard calculators explained RPN as the same method you would use to evaluate an expression using paper and pencil. Basically, first you write down the arguments and then perform the arithmetic function. From the calculator's perspective, you must provide the argument(s) before calling the function. The benefit of a calculator with RPN is that you are always certain to which numbers (or intermediate calculation results) a function is being applied.

## References
Infix notation

**Infix notation** is the commonly used arithmetic and logical formula notation. The operators are written between the operands they act on (e.g. 2 **+** 2). It is not as simple to parse by computer as prefix notation ( e.g. **+** 2 2 ) or postfix notation ( e.g. 2 2 **+** ), but many programming languages use it due to its familiarity.

In infix notation,  are necessary to show the order of the operations. In prefix or postfix notation no parenthesis are needed.

When there are no parentheses, there are rules that show the order of operations. The rules are explained in the order of operations article.

## Related pages
*postfix notation, also called *Reverse Polish notation*
*prefix notation, also called *Polish notation* 
*Shunting yard algorithm, used to convert infix notation to postfix notation or to a tree

## Other websites
**RPN or DAL? A brief analysis of Reverse Polish Notation against Direct Algebraic Logic*
Clarksville, Tennessee

**Clarksville** is a city in Montgomery County, Tennessee, USA. Clarksville is the county seat of Montgomery County and is Tennessee's fifth largest city. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 166,722. Clarksville is the central city of the Clarksville metropolitan area, which is made up of Montgomery and Stewart counties in Tennessee, and Christian and Trigg counties in Kentucky.

The city has several nicknames: "The Queen City", "Gateway to the New South", and "Clarksvegas" (The name of a former bar in town).

## References
Yucatán Peninsula

The **Yucatán Peninsula** is a peninsula in North America. It separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. The peninsula is east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic divider, separating Central America from the rest of North America.

Before the conquistadores came, the peninsula was the home of the Mayan civilization.

The peninsula includes the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; the northern part of Belize; and Guatemala's northern department of El Petén.  Mexican states on the isthmus to the south and west of the peninsula include Chiapas and Tabasco. 

The Chicxulub crater is on the north coast. It is believed to be made by the impact that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Inch of mercury

The **inch of mercury** (**inHg** or **"Hg**) was a non-SI unit of pressure. It was used for measuring barometric pressure, (the thickness of air), in weather forecasts, and aviation (flying), but was replaced by the pascal.

It is the amount of pressure that a column of mercury that is one inch tall has at 0 °C at the standard acceleration of gravity, or how fast things speed up as they are falling because of gravity.

:1 inHg at 0 °C = 3,386.389 Pa.
Lou Costello

**Louis Francis Cristillo** (March 6, 1906 – March 3, 1959), better known as **Lou Costello**, was an American comedian, actor and producer. He was best known for his double act with straight man Bud Abbott and their routine "Who's on First?".

## References
## Other websites
*
Hurricane Wilma

**Hurricane Wilma** was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in terms of pressure in the Atlantic Ocean. It destroyed parts of the Yucatán Peninsula and southern Florida during October in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Wilma broke several records for both strength and seasonal activity. Wilma was only the third Category 5 ever to develop in the month of October, and with its formation, the 2005 season became the most active hurricane season on record, exceeding a total of 21 storms from the 1933 season. Wilma was the twenty-second storm (including it was a subtropical storm as discovered in reanalysis), thirteenth hurricane, sixth major hurricane, and fourth Category 5 hurricane of the record-breaking Atlantic hurricane season.

## Meterological history
The meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma, the strongest tropical cyclone known in the Western Hemisphere, began in the second week of October 2005. A big weather system formed across much of the Caribbean Sea and slowly organized to the southeast of Jamaica. By late on October 15, the system had become strong enough for the National Hurricane Center to name it Tropical Depression Twenty-Four.

The depression slowly moved southwestward, and in conditions that were good for strengthening, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Wilma on October 17. In the beginning, development was slow because of its large size, although thunderstorms slowly organized. From October 18, and over the next day, Wilma underwent explosive deepening over the open waters of the Caribbean; in a 30-hour period, the system's central atmospheric pressure dropped from 982 mbar (29.00 inHg) to the record-low value of 882 mbar (26.05 inHg), while the winds increased to 185&nbsp;mph (300&nbsp;km/h). At its strongest, the pinhole eye of Wilma was about 3 miles (5&nbsp;km) in diameter, the smallest known eye in an Atlantic hurricane. After the inner eye died off because of an eyewall replacement cycle, Wilma weakened to Category 4 status, and on October 21, it made landfall on Cozumel and on the Mexican mainland with winds of about 150&nbsp;mph (240&nbsp;km/h).

Wilma weakened over the Yucatán Peninsula, and reached the southern Gulf of Mexico before speeding up northeastward. Despite increasing amounts of wind shear, the hurricane re-strengthened to hit Cape Romano, Florida as a major hurricane. Wilma weakened as it quickly crossed the state, and entered the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter, Florida. The hurricane again re-intensified before cold air and wind shear penetrated the inner core of convection. On October 26, it turned into an extratropical cyclone, and the next day, the remnants of Wilma were absorbed by another extratropical storm over Atlantic Canada.
## Related pages
* Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma
* List of hurricanes in Florida

## References
Seth Adkins

**Seth Elijah Adkins** (born December 21, 1989) is an American actor. He made his debut in the mid-1990s as a child artiste in the TV shows Small Talk and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch in 1996 and the films ...First Do No Harm and *Titanic* in 1997. He later made a successful transition to an adult performer. One of his most recent roles was in Matt Reeves' Let Me In (2010). He is also the current actor for Walt Disney's Pinocchio.

## Personal life 
Adkins was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He has two elder brothers, Zachary (b. 1983) and Josh (b. 1986). His father is a principal and his mother a former teacher. At an early age and with the support of his parents, Adkins followed his older brother into the acting profession. He graduated in 2008 from the Public Academy for Performing Arts.

## Career 
Adkins made his debut in 1996, in the shows Small Talk and in Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. He appeared in the series ER, and C-16: FBI, and in the films ...First Do No Harm, Stir, Titanic. He voiced Duby in the film Baby Geniuses. He had a role in the television movie Wuthering Heights, and in the feature films Funky Monkey, Bad News Bears, Privileged, and Let Me In. Adkins also appeared in the television series CSI: Miami and Touched by an Angel, Judging Amy, NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service, and Crash.

## Other websites
*Seth Adkins's official website
*
Claude Akins

**Claude Marion Akins** was an American actor (born May 25, 1926, in Nelson, Georgia - died January 27, 1994, in Altadena, California). With his big body and deep voice, Akins usually played the clever (or less than clever) tough guy, on the side of good or bad, in movies and television. He is famous as *Sheriff Lobo* in the 1970s TV series *B.J. and the Bear*, and later *The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo*, a spinoff series.

## Other websites
*
**Safety Shorts *
Don Adams

**Don Adams** (April 13, 1923 – September 25, 2005), born **Donald James Yarmy**, was an American actor, comedian and director. He was best known for his role as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the TV situation comedy *Get Smart* (1965–1970, 1995), for which he also directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his role (1967–1969). He was also famous for voicing the cartoon characters Tennessee Tuxedo and Inspector Gadget.

## Other websites 
*
*
*The Get Smart Page
*Don Adams, Television's Maxwell Smart, Dies at 82
*When Being Funny Means Having to Say You're Sorry About That, Chief
**Guardian* obituary and obituary letter
*Find A Grave link
The Cosby Show

***The Cosby Show*** was an American television sitcom series starring Bill Cosby, first broadcast on September 20, 1984 and ran for eight seasons on the NBC television network, until April 30, 1992.

The series was based on comedy routines in Cosby's stand-up comedy act, which in turn were based on his family life. 

The show was about the Cosby family, an upper middle class African-American family living in Brooklyn, New York City.

## Other websites 
*