open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Enrique Granados

**Enrique Granados** (born Lérida, Spain, 27 July 1867;  died in the English Channel, 24 March 1916) was a Spanish composer and pianist. He lived most of his life in Barcelona. His favourite painter was Goya and his best work, the piano pieces called *Goyescas*, are inspired by Goya’s paintings.

## Life
### Early career
Granados started having piano lessons in Barcelona and then went to Paris where he studied privately with Charles de Bériot. He returned to Barcelona in 1889 and the following year gave his first piano recital. He wrote a zarzuela (light opera) called *Maria del Carmen*. The king liked it very much and gave him an award.

During the following years he composed a lot and performed with famous musicians such as Jacques Thibaud, Pau Casals and Camille Saint-Saëns.  His piano suite *Goyescas* was first performed in Barcelona in 1911 and then in Paris in 1914 where it soon became extremely popular.

### *Goyescas* and the fateful voyage
He was persuaded to make *Goyescas* into an opera. The opera was going to be performed at the Paris Opéra but, because of World War I it was performed in New York instead.  Granados was invited to go to New York to watch the first performance of his opera. He was very frightened of the sea, but eventually was persuaded to go. The opera was a great success when it was performed on 26 January 1916. Granados felt that he was at the beginning of a successful career. President Wilson invited him to play the piano at the White House. Because of this invitation he missed the ship that would have taken him back to Spain.  He took a ship to England instead. In Liverpool, he got off the ship and got onto another one which would take him to Dieppe in France. The ship was called the *Sussex*.  When the *Sussex* was in the middle of the English Channel it was torpedoed by a German submarine. Granados managed to get onto a lifeboat, but then he saw his wife in the sea and he jumped in to try to save her, but they both drowned.

## His music
Granados wrote mainly piano works and songs. He was influenced by Romantic composers such as Grieg, Schumann and Liszt, but he was starting to make his music sound very Spanish. His songs include some of the best written by a Spanish composer. His piano works include *Ten Spanish Dances*, which are not too difficult to play, and the suite *Goyescas* which is mostly quite difficult to play. The most popular piece in this suite is called *Lament, or The Maiden and the Nightingale*. It has a very romantic tune which is repeated several times.

## References
### Notes 
### Bibliography 
*
Manuel de Falla

**Manuel de Falla** (born Cádiz, Spain, 23 November 1876; died Alta Gracia, Argentina, 14 November 1946) was a Spanish composer. Falla (pronounce: “FA-ya”), together with Albéniz and Granados, helped to make Spanish music important again after three centuries during which there had been no important Spanish composers.

## Life 
### Early years 
Falla had his first music lessons in Cádiz. At first he did not know whether he wanted to take music or literature as a career. When he was ten he started to go to music evenings where he heard chamber music being played. Then he started to go to the opera, and he heard church music and orchestral music. He liked the music of Grieg and decided that he wanted to do something similar with Spanish music. He went to Madrid where he studied very hard and won prizes. His first compositions were played in Cádiz. He studied with Pedrell who had also taught Albéniz and Granados.

He wrote a song called *Tus ojillos negros* which became very popular, and he won a prize for a piano composition, but it was his opera *La vida breve* (1904-1905) which really showed his genius, although it was not performed at the time. No one in Spain wanted to perform his zarzuelas, so he went to Paris in 1907. He soon made friends with Dukas, Debussy, Ravel and Turina. He made changes to *La vida breve* and it was performed in Paris in 1913. His piano works and songs were also performed in Paris, and in Madrid.

### Mid career 
In 1915 he wrote *El amor brujo*. It was a work with dances, songs and spoken passages. He soon turned it into a ballet. The music uses the songs of Andalusia and the rhythms of Spanish folkmusic. He wrote a work for solo piano and orchestra called *Noches en los jardines de España* (*Nights in the gardens of Spain*). Later he changed it to a ballet for Diaghilev, calling it *El sombrero*. It was performed in London in 1919 with designs by Picasso. The music is very lively and often sounds like a guitar. He wrote a piano piece called *Fantasia bética* (1919) which is the most important Spanish piano work after Albéniz’s *Iberia*.

Falla had many friends, including Lorca. They liked small theatre pieces and Falla wrote *El retablo* and set it as a puppet opera. He liked the music of the past centuries, and wrote a concerto for harpsichord and five other instruments.

### Final years 
During his final years Falla was composing a very large work called *Atlántida*. It was a long oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra. The words were in Catalan. Falla did not live long enough to finish the work. He became very depressed because of World War II. In the end he was invited to Argentina where he settled. He continued to work at *Atlántida*, but he had not finished it when he died. A man called Ernesto Halffter spent many years trying to finish it and prepare it for a performance. It was performed on stage at La Scala, Milan, in 1962, but it does not work well as an opera. Occasionally it is performed as a concert piece.

## References 
* The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980
Granados

**Granados** may refer to:

## Places
*Granados, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala
*Granados, Sonora, Mexico
**Granados Municipality, Sonora

## People
* Enrique Granados (1867–1916), Spanish composer
* Federico Tinoco Granados (1870–1931), president of Costa Rica
* Jorge García Granados (1900–1961), politician and diplomat from Guatemala
* Miguel García Granados (1809–1878), president of Guatemala
* Steven Granados-Portelance (born 1987), Canadian drag queen
Edouard Lalo

**Edouard Lalo** (born Lille, 27 January 1823; died Paris, 22 April 1892) was a French composer. 

## His life
His family originally came from Spain.  Edouard learned to play the piano and violin at the Lille Conservatory, but his parents did not want him to take music as a profession.  So he left home when he was 16 and went to Paris.  He took some lessons and earned money by teaching and playing the violin.  He liked chamber music.  Not many people in France were interested in chamber music at that time.  With three friends he formed a string quartet and they helped to make the string quartets of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven better known in France.  He played the viola in his quartet, and later he played second violin.  In 1859, he composed a string quartet.

It was not until the 1870s, when he was already in his 50s, that he started to become really well known.  Some famous conductors such as Pasdeloup, Lamoureux and Colonne and the violinist Sarasate took an interest in his orchestral works and performed them.  He wrote a violin concerto and a work called *Symphonie espagnole* (*Spanish Symphony*) which was also for solo violin and orchestra.  Sarasate played both these works.  He wrote a cello concerto in 1877.

He wrote an opera *Le roi d’Ys*, but no opera house wanted to perform it.  They asked him to write a ballet instead.  He did not know anything about ballet, but he composed one called *Namouna*.  It had some good music, although people who did not like him said it sounded like Wagner or like the music of someone who is used to writing symphonies.

In 1888, his opera *Le roi d’Ys* was performed at last.  It was an enormous success, but Lalo only had four more years to live, and he did not compose anything more of importance.  He had married one of his pupils in 1865 and they had a son.

## His music
In France Lalo is mainly remembered for his opera *Le roi d’Ys*, but in other countries his best known work is his *Symphonie espagnole*.  It is not really a “symphony”,  it is a violin concerto.  It has  five movements and there are lots of lively, Spanish rhythms.  His cello concerto is also an excellent work.

## References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980
Wängi

**Wängi** is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Warth-Weiningen

**Warth-Weiningen** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
Auenstein, Aargau

**Auenstein** is a municipality of the district Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

It is about  northwest of Lenzburg.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website of Auenstein
Wäldi

**Wäldi** is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
Daniel D. Tompkins

**Daniel D. Tompkins** (June 21, 1774 – June 11, 1825) was an entrepreneur, jurist, representative, the fifth governor of New York, and the sixth vice president of the United States from 1817 to 1825.
1262

## Events 
* King Mindaugas of Lithuania renounces Christianity, returning to his pagan roots and reverting to Grand Duke of Lithuania.
* The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into a treaty establishing a union with Norway and acknowledges Norwegian King Haakon IV as its ruler.
* Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
* King Henry III of England obtains a papal bull releasing him from the Provisions of Oxford, preceding the Second Barons' War, a civil war started in 1263.
* King Mengrai of the Lannathai kingdom in present-day Thailand founds the city of Chiang Rai as the kingdom's first capital.
* Adam de la Halle writes the first operetta, "Le Jeu de la Feuillee".
* Richard of Chichester is canonized as a saint; he is best known for writing the prayer later adapted into the song *Day by Day* in the musical Godspell.

## Births 
* July 2 – Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (died 1312)
* Ladislaus IV of Hungary (died 1290)
* Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (died 1326)

## Deaths 
* July 15 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (born 1222)
* Aegidius of Assisi, companion of Saint Francis of Assisi
* Shinran Shonin, Japanese founder of the Jodo Shinshu branch of Pure Land Buddhism
* Matilda II of Boulogne, Queen of Portugal, spouse of King Afonso III of Portugal (born 1202)
Johan Santana

**Johan Alexander Santana ** () (born March 13, 1979, in Tovar, Mérida State, Venezuela) is a Major League Baseball left-handed starting pitcher who plays for the New York Mets. His first team was the Minnesota Twins.
Magglio Ordóñez

**Magglio Jose "Maggs" Ordóñez** (born January 28, 1974) is a former Major League Baseball player from Venezuela. He was a right fielder and right-handed batter. Ordóñez was born in Coro, Venezuela. He played for the Chicago White Sox from 1997 to 2004 and the Detroit Tigers from 2005 to 2011. After his baseball career, Ordóñez became a mayor in Venezuela.

## Other websites 
, or Retrosheet 
*Pura Pelota – Venezuelan Professional League statistics
Minnesota Twins

The **Minnesota Twins** are a Major League Baseball team in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They began in 1901 as the **Washington Senators**, based in Washington, D.C. They moved to the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in 1961. That area is often called the "Twin Cities", so the team was renamed the "Twins". They have often worn a "TC" emblem on their uniforms and caps.

As the Senators, they were not very successful overall. They had some strong teams in the 1920s and 1930s, but most years they played poorly. As the Twins, they have had much better success, with two World Series championships, in 1987 and 1991, and many other post-season games.

They first played at Metropolitan Stadium in the suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota. They moved to the Metrodome in 1982, and then to Target Field in 2010.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website
Chuck Norris facts

**Chuck Norris facts** is an Internet phenomenon with joke "facts" about martial artist and actor Chuck Norris. The "facts" are jokes about Norris' toughness, , virility, "alpha-male status", and masculinity. They are given in a comically serious tone, for example:

:''Chuck Norris' tears cure cancer. Too bad Chuck Norris has never cried. Ever.*

The "facts" usually say that Chuck Norris is a very angry, all-powerful, superbeing. Some of these "facts" have also turned into popular jokes.  Like most Internet phenomena, the Chuck Norris facts have spread around the world. They have been translated into many different languages as well as used as the basis for advertising and other Internet phenomena. The "facts" often refer to his use of roundhouse kick attacks to do almost anything, his beard, and his role in the action television series *Walker, Texas Ranger''.

## Background
Chuck Norris facts were first seen on the Internet in early 2005. Conan O'Brien's Chuck Norris jokes on ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'' have been seen as a cause for the fad.  These "facts" are similar to "Tall tales" such as those of Paul Bunyan.  Chuck Norris Facts started being used in the gaming community shortly after a Chuck Norris Fact generator was created for use with World of Warcraft in early 2006.

## Chuck's response
Chuck Norris has talked about the Chuck Norris facts on his official website, chucknorris.com, with a statement. He was surprised and liked the attention. He said that some of the statements were indeed funny but he tries not to take any of them seriously. He hoped that the "facts" would get people to want to know the real facts about Chuck Norris found in his literary works.

Norris appeared in a 2007 commercial for Mountain Dew where he had his revenge on the two fictional webmasters of a site that showed Norris in a humorous way. This is a reference to the Chuck Norris facts meme.

In December, 2007, Norris sued when these statements were published in book form by Penguin in November 2007.

## References
## Other websites
*Chuck Norris Facts.com 
*Over 8,000 Chuck Norris facts (with sounds)
*More Chuck Norris facts 
*Chuck Norris' official response 
*A Washington Post article on Chuck Norris facts
Hard-Fi

**Hard-Fi** are a popular indie rock band from Staines an area of London, England. They are named after Lee Scratch Perry's description of his studio . They have had two hit albums in the UK charts: "Stars of CCTV" and "Once Upon a Time in the West". Their most successful songs include, but are not exclusive to "Suburban Knights" and "Hard to Beat".

## Band Members 
* Richard Archer
* Kai Stephens
* Ross Phillips
* Steve Kemp
Room

A **room** (or **chamber**) is a space inside a structure or building. Usually, a room is separated from other rooms and from the outside by walls. Doors provide access.

A room may have a specified purpose, defined by its use. Examples of such rooms are the bedroom, the kitchen, and the bathroom.

## History 
People have been using rooms for a long time. The Minoans may have been the first to use rooms in 2200 BC, but they might be older than that. Many rooms were unique and could be put into different categories. They had bedrooms, kitchens, and closets, much like the houses of today. Sometimes rooms were built on top of other rooms, with stairs connecting the levels. Bathrooms also existed, and they had baths, toilets, and plumbing.

Ancient Rome had very complex buildings with many rooms. The Anasazi people also had complex rooms, which are probably the oldest in North America, and the Mayans were making them a few hundred years AD. Around the early Han Dynasty in China, buildings with lots of purposes, like religious and social, started to be made. These buildings could have several levels.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
45 Eugenia

**45 Eugenia** is a big Main belt asteroid. It is famous because it is one of the first asteroids to be found to have a moon orbiting it. It is also the second known triple asteroid, after 87 Sylvia.

## Discovery 
Eugenia was found in 1857 by Hermann Goldschmidt. It was named after Empress Eugenia di Montijo, the wife of Napoleon III, and was the first asteroid to be named after a real person, rather than a figure from classical legend (although there had been controversy about whether 12 Victoria was really named for the mythological figure or for Queen Victoria).

## Physical characteristics 
Eugenia is a big asteroid, with a diameter of 214&nbsp;km. It is an F-type asteroid, which means that it is very dark in colouring (darker than soot) made up of carbonate. Like Mathilde, its density appears to be unusually low, indicating that it may be a loosely-packed rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken apart by a collision and pulled back together by gravity).

Lightcurve analysis indicates that Eugenia's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-30°, 124°) with a 10° uncertainty, It was found by analyses of three images acquired in February 2004 from the 8.2&nbsp;m VLT "Yepun" at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) Cerro Paranal, in Chile. The discovery was announced in IAUC 8817, on 7 March 2007 by Franck Marchis and his IMCCE collaborators.

## Other websites 
* Johnston Archive data
* Astronomical Picture of Day 14 October 1999
* SwRI Press Release
* Orbit of Petit-Prince, companion of Eugenia
* IAUC 8177
* Shape model derived from lightcurve (on page 17) 

## References
Moomin (singer)

**MOOMIN** (born July 13, 1972) is a Japanese reggae singer. He comes from Chigasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture.

## Albums
## Other websites
*Official site (UMG)
*Official site (Overheat Studio)
Goldbach's conjecture

'''Goldbach's conjecture** is one of the oldest unsolved problems in number theory and in all of mathematics. It states:

:Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes.

## Origins 
On 7 June 1742, the Prussian mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote a letter to Leonhard Euler  in which he suggested the following conjecture, which would later be called **Goldbach's strong conjecture''':
:Every integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes. 
He considered 1 to be a prime number, a convention subsequently abandoned. 
Goldbach wrote that even numbers 4 and up could always be composed of two different prime numbers.

A weaker version of Goldbach's original conjecture is:
:Every integer greater than 5 can be written as the sum of three primes. 
This is called '''Goldbach's weak conjecture'''.  Euler, becoming interested in the problem, wrote back to Goldbach saying that the weak conjecture would be implied by Goldbach's strong conjecture, saying that he was certain that the theorem was true ("*ein ganz gewisses Theorema*"), but he was unable to prove it. 

Goldbach's weak conjecture was later proved by Harald Helfgott in 2013,  but Goldbach's strong conjecture has not been proved yet.

## References 
## Other websites 
* ''Goldbach's conjecture'', part of Chris Caldwell's Prime Pages.
Lantana camara

***Lantana camara*** or **Spanish flag** is a hairy shrub native from tropical America. It is regarded as a notorious weed, and popular ornamental garden plant in many parts of the world.
 
## References
## Other websites
*Flora of China
*Presence of two types of ﬂowers with respect to nectar sugar in two gregariously ﬂowering species
* Medicinal uses
Lama

:*This article is about a religious leader. The article about the animals is at Llama*
In the Tibetan language, **lama** means teacher. A lama is a religious teacher, guide, or mentor of Tibetan Buddhism. The meaning is similar to the Sanskrit term *guru*. The word *lama* is part of the title, Dalai Lama.
14th Dalai Lama

**His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso** is the fourteenth Dalai Lama. His full name is **Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso**. The Dalai Lama was born in Tagtser (Amdo) in Tibet to a family of farmers on July 6, 1935. He is the fourteenth and current **Dalai Lama**. He is the political and spiritual leader of Tibet. On October 6, 2009, he received the Lantos Human Rights Prize from United States House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.  In 1989 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work encouraging understanding between different religions and encouraging people and countries to care for one another. He is always working for the freedom of Tibet through dialogue, and encourages young Tibetans to study their language, history and philosophy to preserve it and to promote it to the world.

## Related pages
* Gyalo Thondup

## References
Compass (drafting)

A **compass** (or **pair of compasses**) is a drawing tool that can be used to draw circles or arcs, parts of circles. They can also be used  to measure distances, in particular on  maps. Compasses can be used for mathematics, drafting, navigation, and more.

Compasses are usually made of metal, and have two parts called *legs* meeting at a hinge. The legs can be moved apart or together to change the size of the circle. One part has a spike, a sharp, pointy part at its end, and the other part has a pencil or a pen. There are two types of compasses: the mechanical compass and normal compass. The mechanical compass is a compass that has a mechanical pencil, and the normal compass is a compass that has a normal pen or pencil on it. To make the compass work, you need to change how far the pencil sticks out.

A divider is a compass that has two parts with a spike, and is used to show measurements of distances and lengths. It is called a divider because it is used to divide (make smaller things from a bigger thing) a distance in two, using geometry.

## Uses 
Circles can be made by pressing the leg with the spike into the paper, putting the pencil on the paper, and moving the pencil in the circle. To do this, you need to not to move the legs farther apart or closer together while you are drawing the circle. A circle can be made bigger or smaller by moving the legs farther apart or closer together.

Distances can be measured on a map using dividers,compasses with two spikes. The distance between the spikes on the map shows a distance in reality. Measuring how many times the compasses fit between two things on the map shows the distance between those things.

Compass and straightedge drawing is used to show things in plane geometry (geometry used on a flat area). Real compasses are used on paper, but the perfect compass used in proofs is an imaginary, perfect tool that draws perfect circles. The most strict definition of this ideal tool, used for explaining, is the "collapsing compass". It draws a circle from a given place with a given radius and cannot be used again. That is, unlike a real pair of compasses, it cannot simply be moved to another place and used to draw another circle that is the same.
43 Ariadne

**43 Ariadne** is a fairly big and bright main belt asteroid. It is the second-biggest member of the Flora asteroid family. It was found by N. R. Pogson on April 15, 1857 and named after the Greek heroine Ariadne.

## Characteristics 
Ariadne is very stretched out (almost twice as long as its smallest shape). It is a retrograde rotator, although its pole points almost parallel to the ecliptic towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-15°, 235°) with a 10° uncertainty[2]. This gives an axial tilt of about 105°.

## Trivia 
* For reasons unknown, "Asteroid 43 Ariadne" was included in a list of names of supporters of the NASA spacecraft Stardust that was stored on a microchip within the spacecraft.
* The maximum apparent size of Ariadne is equal to the maximum apparent size of Pluto.

## References 
* Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey 
* M. Kaasalainen, J. Torppa & J. Piironen *Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data *, Icarus, Vol. 159, p.&nbsp;369 (2002).
* P. Tanga *et al.* *Asteroid observations with the Hubble Space Telescope*, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 401, p.&nbsp;733 (2003).
* PDS lightcurve data 
* G. A. Krasinsky *et al.* *Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt*, Icarus, Vol. 158, p.&nbsp;98 (2002).

## Other websites 
* shape model deduced from lightcurve 
* bi-lobed shape model from Hubble lightcurves
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
Kitsune

() is the Japanese word for fox.  There are a lot of foxes in Japanese folklore. Stories depict them as intelligent beings and as having magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. The most important of their magic tricks is the ability to assume human form. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others — as foxes in folklore often do — others portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives.

Foxes and human beings lived close together in ancient Japan; this is why there are legends about them. Kitsune have become closely associated with Inari, a Shinto *kami* or spirit, and serve as his messengers. This role has reinforced the fox's supernatural importance. The more tails a kitsune has — they may have as many as nine — the older, wiser, and more powerful it is. Because of their potential power and influence, some people make offerings to them as to a god.
Rinpoche

**Rinpoche** is a title in Tibetan Buddhism which may be given to a religious teacher known as a lama.  The word "Rinpoche" literally means "precious one". 

In Tibet and Bhutan, when used as "Guru Rinpoche" it refers to Padmasambhava, who first brought Tibetan Buddhism to the Himalayas. When used as "Je Rinpoche", it refers to Je Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug School.

## References
Phonetics

**Phonetics** (from the Greek word φωνή, *phone* which means 'sound' or 'voice') is the science of the sounds of human speech. Someone who is an  in phonetics is called a phonetician.

Phonetic theory regards the nature of sounds in speech (called phones) and how they are made, heard and thought of. Phonology, which came from it, studies sound systems and sound units (such as phonemes and distinctive features). Phonetics is one of the two parts of orthographical linguistics, the other part being spelling, differing from grammar and lexis.

Phonetics has three main branches:
* articulatory phonetics, regarding the place of articulation and the movement of the lips, tongue, vocal tract, and vocal folds,
* acoustic phonetics, concerned with the traits of the sound waves and how the inner ear hears them, and
* auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception (mostly how the brain thinks of what the ears hear)

There are more than 100 different phones recognized by the International Phonetic Association (IPA) and are shown in their writing system called the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The first time phonetics was studied was 2,500 years ago in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Pāṇini wrote about the place and manner of articulation of consonants in Sanskrit in his 5th-century BC essay on Sanskrit linguistics. The major Indic scripts still order their consonants the way  did.

## References
## Accessible sources
* Introduction to phonetics for beginners
M. C. Escher

made from a drawing by M.C. Escher]]

**Maurits Cornelis Escher** (17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972), usually referred to as **M. C. Escher**, was a Dutch graphic artist born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. He is known for his often mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs and mezzotints. These feature impossible constructions, explorations of infinity, architecture and tessellations (tilings).

During his life, Escher made 448 lithographs, woodcuts and wood engravings. He did over 2000 drawings and sketches. He also illustrated books, designed tapestries, postage stamps and murals. Escher was interested in different ways of making art, he used tile-like repeated patterns in many of his paintings. Early in his career he drew inspirations of nature: he studied art, landscapes and insects. Some of Escher’s most famous drawings include: *Drawing hands*, *Relativity* and *Flying Fish*. Most of his works were related to mathematics.

## References
Adit

]]

An **adit** is a type of entrance to a mine which is horizontal or nearly horizontal. Adits are usually built into the side of a hill or mountain, and often occur when coal or ore is located inside the mountain but above the local valley floor or coastal plain. The use of adits is generally called *drift mining*.
Mitsubishi A5M Claude

The **A5M Claude** was a Japanese fighter aircraft made by Mitsubishi. It first flew in 1935 and was introduced in 1937. It was the first monoplane (fixed-wing aircraft with one set of wings) that could work from an aircraft carrier. It was similar to the P-26 Peashooter, an American monoplane fighter. It fought in the second Sino-Japanese War. After the Pearl Harbor attacks, it was not good enough to fight against American fighters like the Curtiss P-40 and the F4F Wildcat, so it was replaced by the A6M Zero.

Near the end of WW2, many A5M’s were pulled out of retirement to be used as suicidal kamikaze aircraft.

## Related pages
*A6M Zero

## References
Independent Women Part I

"**Independent Women (Part I)**" is an R&B song written by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles, Sam Barnes, Jen-Claude Olivier, and Cory Rooney for Destiny's Child's third studio album, *Survivor* (2001), only considered as a bonus track. It was produced by Knowles, Rooney, and Poke & Tone and first appeared on the soundtrack to the film ''Charlie's Angels''. Released as both the soundtrack's and album's first single in fall 2000, the song held the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks from November 2000 to February 2001. Although, for the United Kingdom, it was released on the same day, with both Part I and Part II counting as the song release.

The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence. At the end, the women are greeted by the ever-mysterious "Charlie".

## Credits and personnel 
* Lead vocals: Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland 
* Vocal production - Beyoncé Knowles
* Recorded by Manelich Sotolongo at Lobo Studios, Deer Park, New York
* Additional recording by Troy Gonzalez, Ramon Morales at TK Studios, Hawaii
* Audio mixing - Rich Travali
* Mastered by Tom Coyne
* Former Vocals by Farrah Franklin

## Official versions 
*"Independent Women Part I" (Liquid 360 Dark Angel Mix)
*"Independent Women Part I" (Skratch Attack Mix)
*"Independent Women Part I" (A Cappella)
*"Independent Women Part I" (Joe's Smooth 200 2Step Mix)
*"Independent Women Part I" (Joe's Smooth Jazz Carnival Mix) 
*"Independent Women Part I" (Maurice's Independent Remix)
*"Independent Women Part I" (Maurice's Radio Mix)
*"Independent Women Part I" (Victor Calderone Club Remix)
*"Independent Women Part I" (Victor Calderone Drum Dub Remix)
*"Independent Women Part I" (Instrumental)
*"Independent Women Part I" (Let It All Blow Remix)
*"Independent Women Part II" (Instrumental)
Padmasambhava

**Padmasambhava** was an Indian Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Tibet from India in the 8th century and founded the Nyima school of Tibetan Buddhism. The name is in the Sanskrit language and means "born from a lotus flower". In Bhutan and Tibet he is better known as **Guru&nbsp;Rinpoche** ("Precious Master") or **Lopon Rinpoche**, where followers of the Nyingma school regard him as the second Buddha.

He was from Oddiyana and the mantra of Padmasambhva is *"Om Ah Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum"* and is called the *Vajra Guru mantra*.  There is also a prayer called "The Seven Line Prayer" which is devoted to him.

## Related pages
*Lama
*Rinpoche
*Yeshe Tsogyal

## References
## Other websites
*The Seven Line Prayer: Text and commentary
Hoover, Alabama

**Hoover** is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama.

Hoover has a population of about 93,000 people.

Hoover has an area of about 43 miles and sits at a height of 577 feet.

## References
Dothan, Alabama

**Dothan** is a city and county seat of Houston County, Alabama. The city has a population of about 70,000 people. Dothan has an area of about  and sits at a height of .

## References 
## Other websites 
*City of Dothan web site
*Dothan Chamber of Commerce
Burlington, Vermont

**Burlington** is a city in the American state of Vermont. It is the county seat of Chittenden County. Burlington was first settled in 1783. It became a city in 1865.

## Population 
Burlington is Vermont's largest city. It has a population of about 40,000 people. It is the smallest American city that is also the largest in its state. Burlington has a metropolitan population of about 225,000.

## Geography 
The city is located on the east bank of Lake Champlain. Burlington has an area of about 15.5 sq miles. It sits at an elevation of 200 feet. The suburb of Shelburne is 7 miles nearby Burlington.

## Notable residents 
* Grace Coolidge, wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady of the U.S.
* Howard Dean, Former Chairman of the Democratic Party, former presidential candidate in 2004, and former Governor of Vermont.
* Bernie Sanders, current United States senator of Vermont, former Mayor of Burlington, and 2016 United States presidential election candidate.

## Education
* University of Vermont, public university.
* Champlain College, private non-profit college.
* Burlington College, private non-profit liberal arts college. Closed in May 2016.

## Sister Cities
*  , Moss Point,
*  Puerto Cabezas,  1984
*  Yaroslavl,  1988
*  Bethlehem and  Arad 1991
*  Nishinomiya, Hyōgo,  2008

Although there is no formal twinning agreement, Burlington takes part in the annual Burlington International Games with
*   Burlington
*  Burlington

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the City of Burlington 
* City of Burlington Sister Cities
* WikiBurlington 

]]
Kou Shibasaki

is a Japanese singer and actress. She was born  on 5 August 1981 in Tokyo.

When she played Mitsuko Souma in Battle Royale in 2000, Ko (also transcribed Kou and Koh) Shibasaki made her debut. In addition to receiving praise from critics, Shibasaki won multiple accolades for her performance as Tsubaki Sakurai in the 2001 movie Go, including the Kinema Junpō Award, the Hōchi Movie Award, and the Japanese Academy's Best Supporting Actress Award. 

47 Ronin, a Keanu Reeves-directed adaptation of the Chushingura tale of samurai devotion and retaliation, marked Shibasaki's feature film debut in the United States in 2013. The film, which was based on early 18th-century historical events, was marketed as the first English-language dramatization of the mythology.
Casper, Wyoming

**Casper** is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Natrona County. About 60,000 people live in Casper. Casper has an area of about 27 square miles and sits at an elevation of 5,150 feet.

## References
## Other websites
Wilmington, Delaware

**Wilmington** is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States, and the county seat of New Castle County. It had 70,898 people in 2020.

Wilmington has an area of about  and is  above sea level, at the place where the Christina River and Brandywine Creek meet.

U.S. President Joe Biden is from Wilmington and owns a home here.

## Surrounding municipalities
## References
Santa Maria

of the Santa Maria in Columbus, Ohio, USA.]]
The ***Santa Maria*** was one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world.  The others were the *Pinta* and the *Nina*. It is named after Saint Mary.
Three Jewels

The **Three Jewels**, also called the **Three Treasures**, the **Three Refuges**, or the **Triple Gem**, are the three things that Buddhists give themselves to, and in return look toward for guidance, in the process known as *taking refuge*.  

The Three Jewels are:

* **Buddha**, which means *The Enlightened* or *Awakened One*, who, depending on one's interpretation, can mean the Historical Buddha, Shakyamuni, or the Buddha nature or ideal within all beings;
* **Dharma**, which means *The Teaching*, which is the Teachings of the Buddha.
* **Sangha**, which means *The Community*, The Community of those great people who have attained Enlightenment, so that those people (Sangha) will help you to attain Enlightenment.

## References
Dharma (Buddhism)

**Dharma** in Buddhism means the teachings of the Buddha leading to enlightenment.

What is called "Buddhism" in Western countries is called "Buddha-Dharma" in Eastern countries. The latter term simply means "Path of Awakening" and is thus a form of dharma.

* "Dharma" usually refers not just to the sayings of the Buddha but also  to the later traditions of the various schools of Buddhism which expanded upon the Buddha's teachings. According to tradition, that the Buddha gave 84,000 different teachings to various types of people based on their needs.
* Alternately, "dharma" may be seen as the truth which is beyond worldly things and so the word may refer to the ultimate reality, "truth", "phenomena", or "the way things are".

The Dharma is one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism in  which followers of Buddhism seek refuge; people erly on it for their lasting happiness. The three jewels of Buddhism are the Buddha (mind's perfection of enlightenment), the Dharma (teachings and methods), and the Sangha (awakened beings who provide guidance and support).
Helvetii

The **Helvetii** were a Celtic tribe and the main dwellers of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC. They are usually featured in Julius Caesar’s commentaries on the Gallic War.

## Other websites 
* Celts in Switzerland (German)
Saas Fee

**Saas-Fee** is the main village in the **Saastal** or the **Saas Valley** and is a municipality of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
*www.saas-fee.ch
*Large panorama of Saas Fee
Evolène

**Evolène** is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Official tourism website
Baden, Switzerland

**Baden** is a city and municipality of the district Swiss canton of Aargau. Since 2024, Turgi became a part of Baden.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official webpage of the city of Baden
* Schools in Baden
Decatur, Alabama

**Decatur** is a city and county seat of Morgan County, Alabama. It has a population of about 58,000 people. Decatur has an area of about 60 miles and sits at a height of about 561 feet.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Official City Tourist Website
Beinwil

**Beinwil** could mean:

* Beinwil (Freiamt) in Canton Aargau, Switzerland.
* Beinwil am See in Canton Aargau, Switzerland.
* Beinwil, Solothurn, Switzerland.
Baldingen, Aargau

**Baldingen** was a municipality of the district Zurzach in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Bad Zurzach, Baldingen, Böbikon, Kaiserstuhl, Rekingen, Rietheim, Rümikon and Wislikofen merged to form the new municipality of Zurzach.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Website of Baldingen
New Orleans Pelicans

**New Orleans Pelicans** are an American professional basketball team. They play in New Orleans, Louisiana. They play their home games at the Smoothie King Center. The Pelicans are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The team started playing in the NBA in 1988 as the **Charlotte Hornets** playing in Charlotte, North Carolina. They moved to New Orleans in 2002. During the 2005 - 2006 and 2006 - 2007 seasons, the team was moved to Oklahoma City because of the damage caused in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. During this time they were called the **New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets**. The team returned to New Orleans for the 2007-2008 season.

After the 2012-2013 season, on April 18, 2013, the team changed its name to the "New Orleans Pelicans", and their team colors became red, blue, and gold. Michael Jordan, owner of the Charlotte Bobcats, brought the Hornets name back to Charlotte by renaming the Bobcats for the 2014-2015 season.

## References
## Other websites
*
52 Europa

**52 Europa** is an asteroid. It has a diameter of 289&nbsp;km, and was found on February 4, 1858 by H. Goldschmidt. It is named after Europa, one of Zeus's conquests in Greek mythology. Europa is the seventh biggest asteroid by volume and the sixth biggest by mass (after Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, and Interamnia) and contains somewhat less than 2% of the mass of the entire main belt.

It is a very dark carbonaceous C-type, and the fourth-biggest of these. It orbits close to the Hygiea asteroid family, but is not a member. Spectroscopic studies have found evidence of olivines and pyroxenes on the surface.

Lightcurve data for Europa has been very hard to interpret, so much so for a long time its period of rotation was in dispute (5 and a half, or 11 hours?) despite many observations[8]. It has now been determined that Europa is a prograde rotator, but the exact direction in which its pole points remains unclear. The most detailed analysis indicates that it points either towards about ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (70°, 55°) or (40°, 255°) with a 10° uncertainty [2]. This gives an axial tilt of about 14° or 54°, respectively.

It has been found that the star CV Aquarii found in 1934, was actually an incorrect misidentification of 52 Europahttp://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v28n2/103.pdf .

## References 

# Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey
# T. Michałowski *et al.* *Photometry and models of selected main belt asteroids I. 52 Europa, 115 Thyra, and 382 Dodona* , Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 416, p.&nbsp;353 (2004).
# G. Michalak *Determination of asteroid masses II. (6) Hebe, (10) Hygiea, (15) Eunomia, (52) Europa, (88) Thisbe, (444) Gyptis, (511) Davida and (704) Interamnia* , Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 374, p.&nbsp;703 (2001) 
# PDS lightcurve data 
# E. Dotto *et al.* *ISO results on bright Main Belt asteroids: PHT – S observations *, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 358, p.&nbsp;1133 (2000).
# S.R. Sawyer *A High-Resolution CCD Spectroscopic Survey of Low-Albedo Main Belt Asteroids*, PhD thesis, The University of Texas (1991).
# P. Schmeer and M.L. Hazen *CV Aquarii identified with (52) Europa *, Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Vol. 28, p.&nbsp;103 (2000).
# V. Zappalà, M. di Martino and S. Cacciatori *On the ambiguity of rotational periods of asteroids - The peculiar case of 52 Europa*, Icarus, Vol. 56, p.&nbsp;319 (1983).

## Other websites 
* 
* shape model deduced from lightcurve
Birmingham, Alabama

**Birmingham** is the second- or third-most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama, with about 196,000 people living in it. and contained a Bible and Confederate flag.

The Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument was  in 1905. While the George Floyd protests were happening, it was removed by the city on June 1, 2020, which violated (broke) the Alabama Memorial Preservation Act of 2017, a law passed specifically to prevent them removing of this monument. It was the most  Confederate monument in the state. The Alabama Attorney General has filed suit (sued) against the city of Birmingham for violating the statute. The city could be fined $25,000 for the violation but cannot be forced to put the moment back. Mayor Randall Woodfin said the fine would be much more affordable than the cost of continued unrest in the city.

## Birmingham Sunday 
Birmingham became famous around the world when a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church on Sunday September 15, 1963. Four young black girls were killed. A member of the Ku Klux Klan was charged for the bombing many years later. Richard Farina wrote a sad song called "Birmingham Sunday" in 1964 to the tune of "I Love A Lass". It has been recorded by several singers, including Joan Baez.

## References
Ratification

**Ratification** is the confirmation of a treaty.

Treaties are signed by members of the government of a country.  Many treaties make a country do something, or change the law of the countries which agree to it.  Therefore some countries can only ratify a treaty if it is confirmed by the legislature of the country, or by a referendum (a vote of the people).

The founders solved this issue by dropping the Amendment requirements. 

In the past treaties were signed by delegates chosen by the ruler of a country.  To make sure that the treaty was acceptable to the ruler the treaty would not take effect until it was ratified by the ruler.

The United States is only bound by a treaty if the Senate agrees.  So although President Woodrow Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles which ended the First World War with Germany and set up the League of Nations the treaty never took effect for the USA because the US Senate never gave its "advice and consent" (agreed) to the treaty.  This is why there was a separate peace treaty between Germany and the USA

In the United Kingdom the government ratifies treaties, it does not need the agreement of the House of Commons.  However if the treaty is going to change the law then a separate act of parliament is needed.  For example before Britain entered the European Union in 1973 the European Communities Act had to be passed to  make the changes to the law that were needed.

## Related pages 
*Signature
Tuscaloosa, Alabama

**Tuscaloosa** is a city and county seat of Tuscaloosa County, Alabama. Tuscaloosa has a population of about 100,000 people and a metro population of about 270,000 people. Tuscaloosa has an area of about . It sits at a height of .

## References
Charlotte Hornets

**Charlotte Hornets** is the name of several past and present sports teams in Charlotte, North Carolina:
* The Charlotte Hornets (NBA), an NBA (basketball) team that played as the Charlotte Bobcats from 2004 to 2014
* The Charlotte Hornets, another NBA team that played under that name from 1988 until moving to New Orleans in 2002; known since 2013 as the New Orleans Pelicans
* The Charlotte Hornets, a minor league baseball team that played from 1901 to 1973
* The Charlotte Hornets, an American football team that played in 1974 and 1975 in the now-defunct World Football League
Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs

***Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs*** is the only studio album by Derek and the Dominos. It includes one of the best rock songs of all time, with the memorable guitar riff, "Layla".

## Track listing
# "I Looked Away" (Eric Clapton, Bobby Whitlock) – 3:05
# "Bell Bottom Blues" (Clapton) – 5:02
# "Keep on Growing" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 6:21
# "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out" (Jimmie Cox) – 4:57
# "I Am Yours" (Clapton, Nezami) – 3:34
# "Anyday" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 6:35
# "Key to the Highway" (Charles Segar, Willie Broonzy) – 9:40
# "Tell the Truth" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 6:39
# "Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 4:41
# "Have You Ever Loved a Woman" (Billy Myles) – 6:52
# "Little Wing" (Jimi Hendrix) – 5:33
# "It's Too Late" (Chuck Willis) – 3:47
# "Layla" (Clapton, Jim Gordon) – 7:04
# "Thorn Tree in the Garden" (Whitlock) – 2:53

## References