open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Saint Vitus (band)

**Saint Vitus** is an American doom metal band. Many consider Saint Vitus to be an influential doom metal band which helped start the genre in the late 1970s and early 1980s, along with their contemporaries Pentagram, Witchfinder General, Trouble and Candlemass.

## History
Saint Vitus formed in Los Angeles, California in 1978. Their original lineup was Scott Reagers (vocals), Dave Chandler (guitarist), Mark Adams (drums) and Armando Acosta (drums). Saint Vitus was known as Tyrant until 1980, when they changed their name to their current name Saint Vitus, which was inspired by the song "St. Vitus' Dance" by Black Sabbath, a band they have cited as one of their major influences.

Around 1983, Greg Ginn of Black Flag signed Saint Vitus to his label SST Records and the band managed to record their first album, which is self-titled. It came out in 1984, and later that year, the embarked on their first-ever tour with Black Flag, another band that Saint Vitus is influenced by and would latercover their song "Thirsty and Miserable" for their 1987 EP with the same title. Their second album ''Hallow's Victim* and *The Walking Dead* EP were both released in 1985.

Saint Vitus experienced their first lineup change when Scott "Wino" Weinrich replaced Reagers on vocals in 1986. They would achieve moderate success with the next three albums, including *Born Too Late*, which has been cited as their best-selling release, but they were never able to become a popular band. Weinrich eventually left the band in 1991 to focus on the reunion of The Obsessed, which was his band before he joined Saint Vitus. He was replaced by Chritus Linderson, who sang on *C.O.D.* (1992), the sixth Saint Vitus studio album, before he left the band.

In 1994, Saint Vitus reunited with their original singer Scott Reagers. With him, the band recorded their seventh studio album *Die Healing* (1995) and then broke up in 1996. The band reunited twice, in 2003 and 2008, with the *Born Too Late* lineup. After 31 years in the band, Acosta left Saint Vitus in 2009 and was replaced by Henry Vasquez. This new incarnation recently completed a new album, entitled *Lillie: F-65'', which was released on April 27, 2012.

## Discography
Saint Vitus' full-length studio albums include:

**Saint Vitus* (1984)
*''Hallow's Victim* (1985)
**Born Too Late* (1986)
**Mournful Cries* (1988)
**V* (1990)
**C.O.D.* (1992)
**Die Healing* (1995)
**Lillie: F-65* (2012)
**Saint Vitus* (2019)

Their other recordings include *The Walking Dead* and *Thirsty and Miserable* EPs (released in 1985 and 1987 respectively), the live album *Live* (1990) and the compilation album *Heavier Than Thou'' (1991).
Rosalind Franklin

**Rosalind Franklin** (Notting Hill, London, 25 July 1920 – London, 16 April 1958) was a British biophysicist. She was known for helping to discover the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin was about 15 years old when she knew that she wanted to become a scientist. She attended St. Paul's Girls' School and then continued school at Newham College in Cambridge. At Newham College she got a Ph.D in physical chemistry. She worked on coal, studies of RNA, and viruses. She was one of the first people to do X-ray crystallography on DNA. She also spent several years working in Paris studying crystals. [3] She discovered the size, shape, and arrangement of molecules. She dedicated her life to discovering more about molecules. 

In 1951, she moved to London. She joined a group of scientific researchers at King's College. Her assignment was to take pictures of DNA. She looked at the structure and function of DNA in the pictures. This job was very difficult because technology was simple at that time. During this job, Franklin worked with a man named Raymond Gosling. He was also trying to photograph the DNA. Franklin also had to work with Maurice Wilkins. The scientists had many arguments, but Franklin kept working. Instead of working with Wilkins, Franklin liked to work with Gosling. She created X-ray pictures that showed that DNA is shaped like a double helix.

In 1951, Franklin presented her idea about the shape of DNA at a conference. A biologist named James D. Watson went to her conference. Watson and Francis Crick were biologists. They were also studying the shape of DNA. They were building 3D examples of the helix shape.  

Watson and Crick used Franklin's work in their work to discover the structure of DNA. Their final model was presented in 1953. They did not say that Franklin's thoughts helped them complete their work. She also discovered the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus  a couple of years before she died.

Franklin died from ovarian cancer in 1958. Nobel Prizes are not awarded after a person's death, so she was not considered for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It was awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins. 

## References
Flush

**Flush** has several meanings:

*Flush (physiology), to become red in the face and often other areas of the skin
*Flush (cards), a hand in card games
**Flush (poker), a hand in poker
*Flush text, in justification (typesetting)
*Flush toilet, a toilet using water to dispose of waste
*Flush (slalom skiing), a consecutive series of vertical gates

## Media
**Flush* (novel), a young adult novel by Carl Hiaasen
**Flush: A Biography*, an imaginative biography of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's dog, by Virginia Woolf
Concepción Province, Chile

The **Province of Concepción** () is one of the 4 provinces in the Biobío Region, with capital based in Concepción, part of the Greater Concepción conurbation.

## Administration 
### Communes 
*Concepción
*Coronel
*Chiguayante
*Florida
*Hualpén
*Hualqui
*Lota
*Penco
*San Pedro de la Paz
*Santa Juana
*Talcahuano
*Tomé

## References
Black Butler

***Black Butler*** is a manga series by Yana Toboso. The manga started in 2006. 

## Plot
In Victorian era London, the butler Sebastian Michaelis takes care of his 12 year old master, Ciel Phantomhive. Ciel is the earl of the aristocratic Phantomhive family, which is well-known in England for be the Queen's Guarddogs. Ciel's parents were killed in arson when he was 10 years old. He made a deal with a demon (which is in fact his butler Sebastian) to help him get revenge on his enemies. The demon butler can have his soul in return.

## Media
A radio drama was released on CDs on August 10, 2007 and November 26, 2008. The anime was first shown in October 2008. The English version is produced by Funimation. Two musicals are based on the manga called *That Butler, Friendship* and * Musical Black Butler, The Most Beautiful Death in The World, A Thousand Souls and The Fallen Grim Reaper*. A video game called *Black Butler: Phantom & Ghost* was released in 2009. 

## Reception
The manga has printed over 10 million copies in Japan. A music distributor in Japan took a poll of anime characters that people would like to marry. The demon butler Sebastian was included in the final results.

## References
Fates Warning

**Fates Warning** is an American progressive metal band. They formed in 1982 and are from Hartford, Connecticut. Many people say they are pioneers. Fates Warning gained fame in the 1980s and was ranked as one of the early "flagship bands of progressive metal" along with Queensrÿche and Dream Theater, who are both credited for creating, developing and making that genre popular.

Fates Warning is not only known for their music, but they are known to have made many changes to their lineup (members). Their original lineup consisted of vocalist John Arch, guitarists Jim Matheos and Victor Arduini, bassist Joe DiBiase, and drummer Steve Zimmerman. From 1982 to 1996 — and temporarily in 2010 — Matheos and DiBiase remained as the only original members of the band, with Matheos being the only constant member. Fates Warning now consists of Matheos on guitar, Ray Alder on vocals and Joey Vera on bass. Bobby Jarzombek has been their drummer since 2007, but only plays live with them.

Fates Warning has released a total of ten studio albums. Other than the studio albums, they have released two live albums, one compilation album, one VHS, three DVDs (each of them features live concerts) and four demo tapes. Their two first albums were not very successful. Their next album, *Awaken the Guardian*, became a mainstream success and peaked at number #191 on the *Billboard* 200. It became the first album released on their label Metal Blade to enter that chart. Despite the departure of original singer John Arch, Fates Warning's popularity continued to grow with their next three albums, *No Exit* (1988), *Perfect Symmetry* (1989) and *Parallels* (1991); the first two peaked at #111 and #141 on the *Billboard* 200 respectively. Fates Warning has not released an album since 2004's *FWX*. They have been working on a new one, which they plan to release in 2012.

## Discography
Their full-length studio albums include:
**Night on Bröcken* (1984)
**The Spectre Within* (1985)
**Awaken the Guardian* (1986)
**No Exit* (1988)
**Perfect Symmetry* (1989)
**Parallels* (1991)
**Inside Out* (1994)
**A Pleasant Shade of Gray* (1997)
**Disconnected* (2000)
**FWX* (2004)
**Darkness in a Different Light* (2013)
**Theories of Flight* (2016)
**Long Day Good Night* (2020)

## References
Tympanic membrane

The **tympanic membrane**, also called an **eardrum**, is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear in humans and other animals. It moves sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.

## References
Viperinae

The **Viperinae**, or **Viperines**, are a subfamily of venomous Vipers in Europe, Asia and Africa.There are 12 genera and 66 species in this subfamily. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, the Vipera berus, even lives within the Arctic Circle.

## Description
Members of this subfamily range in size from the Namaqua Dwarf Adder, that grows to a maximum of 28&nbsp;cm, to the Gaboon Viper that reaches a maximum length of over 2 m. Most species live on land, but a few, such as Atheris, live in trees.

## Where they live
The Viperinae are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, but they are not found in Madagascar.

## Reproduction
Most of the members of this subfamily are viviparous (ovoviviparous), meaning they give live birth, although a few, such as the Persian Horned viper, lay eggs.

## Genera
*Uzungwe viper (Adenorhinos)
*Bush viper (Atheris)
*Puff adder (Bitis)
*Horned viper (Cerastes)
*Russell's viper (Daboia)
*Saw-scaled viper (Echis)
*McMahon's viper (Eristicophis)
*Large Palearctic viper (Macrovipera)
*Kenya mountain viper (Montatheris)
*Lowland viper (Proatheris)
*False horned viper (Pseudocerastes)
*Palearctic viper (Vipera)

## References 
## Other websites
Enbun

, also known as **Embun**, was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after *Bunna* and before *Kōan*. This period started in March 1356 and ended in March 1361;  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the *Enbun* era 
* **1356** (*Enbun 1, 7th month*): Minamoto no Michisuke was given the position of *naidaijin* in the Imperial court hierarchy.
* **1356** (*Enbun 1, 7th month*): Ashikaga Yoshinori is raised to the 2nd rank of the 3rd class in the Imperial court hierarchy. Ashikaga Yoshiakira was appointed as the new shogun.

## Southern Court *nengō*
* Shōhei, 1346–1370

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
2010 Stanley Cup Finals

The **2010 Stanley Cup Final** was the best-of-seven NHL championship series of the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs.  It was between the Western Conference champion Chicago Blackhawks and the Eastern Conference champion Philadelphia Flyers. It was Chicago's eleventh time in the Final.  The last time was in 1992 with a loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins. It was Philadelphia's eighth time in the Final.  The last time was in 1997 with a loss to the Detroit Red Wings. Chicago beat Philadelphia four games to two to win their fourth Stanley Cup.

Blackhawks captain Jonathan Toews won the Most Valuable Player.  He was the first Blackhawks player to win this honor.

## References
Barred antshrike

The **barred antshrike**, *Thamnophilus doliatus*, is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is found in the Neotropics from Tamaulipas, Mexico, through Central America, Trinidad and Tobago, and a large part of South America east of the Andes as far south as northern Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. There is one record from southern Texas as well. The barred antshrike has many different songs and calls for contacting, such as crow-like cawing "arrrr" or a slow "hoo-hoo".

## References 
## Other websites 
* images
* Barred Antshrike videos, photos & videos  on the Internet
Olympic rings

The **Olympic rings** are the official symbol of the Olympic Games. The design was created by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1913. The rings were first used at the Olympic Games Belgium in 1920.

The 5 colors of the rings are blue, black, red, yellow and green. It's a common misconception that the colors represent specific continents. In fact, the five colors were chosen so that in combination with the white background, they could produce the colors of all national flags worldwide. Spain (🇪🇸), Portugal (🇵🇹), South Africa (🇿🇦), and South Sudan (🇸🇸).

## References
## Other websites
Psychological warfare

The term **psychological warfare** is used to describe methods that military use in war-time. We may understand it as an attempt to influence the behavior/beliefs of enemy armed forces and/or foreign civilian populations. Psychological warfare has many similarities with propaganda messages.

## Term 
The term "psychological warfare" has always been considered problematic and offensive. The use of military power is increasingly not any more on the level of an local armored conflict, but on the global basis using mass media. The NATO uses the term "psychological operation" (PSYOP).

People are trying not to use the term "psychological warfare". They would rather use terms like "stabilisation" or "satisfaction".

## History 
Psychological warfare has mostly been introduced in the second world war. Both Axis Powers and Allied used it.

* The United States and United Kingdom used the famous German expatriate to appeal to the German population through broadcast.

## Related pages
*Ad hominem
*Divide and conquer
*Hate speech
*Identity politics
*Military
*Pork barrel
*Propaganda
*Psychology
*Red herring
*Smear campaign
*War

## References 
* Paul Linebarger: *Psychological Warfare*. Ayer, 1972. 
* Günther Wirth: *Krieg vor dem Kriege. Streiflichter auf Inhalt und Methoden der psychologischen Kriegführung des Imperialismus*, Berlin, Union Verlag 1978 (German)
Coldplay discography

The discography of British rock band Coldplay has nine studio albums, four live albums, one compilation album, ten extended plays, twenty-nine singles, two promotional singles and thirty-two music videos. As of 2009, Coldplay has sold over 55 million records.  They are one of the best-selling music artists worldwide.

## Albums
### Studio albums
### Live albums
### Compilation albums
### Extended plays
## Singles
### Promotional singles
## Other charted songs
## Music videos
## Other appearances
## References
Litoria

is one of many *Litoria* tree frogs.]]
**Litoria** is a genus of Hylidae tree frogs. They are  to Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccan Islands, and Timor.

## Species 
The following species are or were once recognised within the genus *Litoria* (many others have been moved to *Nyctimystes* and *Ranoidea*):

## References 
*Cogger, H.G. 1979. *Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia*. A. H. & A. W. REED PTY LTD 
*Tyler, Michael J. 1992. *Encyclopedia of Australian Animals: Frogs*. Angus & Robertson. 

## Other websites 
*Frogs of Australia. Litoria genus . Amphibian Research Centre.
* Frogs Australia Network search: Litoria 
*Frost, Darrel R. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.3 Indexed database. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
White-lipped tree frog

:*For another species called giant tree frog, see rusty tree frog or barking tree frog.*
:''For another species called white-lipped tree frog, see Ayarzaguena's tree frog.*
:*For another species called white-lipped tree frog, see Zhangixalus pachyproctus.*

The **white-lipped tree frog** (*Litoria infrafrenata'') or the **giant tree frog** is a species of tree frogs. They are the largest tree frog in the world. They are  to Northern Queensland, New Guinea, the Bismarck Islands and the Admiralty Islands. They are related to the White's Tree Frog. The Giant Tree Frogs eats insects and other arthropods. They can live up to 10 years in the wild. In Australia, they can be kept as pets. Australians must have a license to have them.

## References
*  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
*
* Cronin, L., (2001). *Australian Reptiles and Amphibians*, Envirobook, 
* Cogger, H.G. (2000). Reptiles and amphibians of Australia. Reed Books: Sydney.

## Other websites
*Department of Environment and Resource Managmenent: White-lipped tree frog -Conservation status and audio of frog call
*Frog Australia Network -frog call available here.
*http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Litoria&where-species=infrafrenata
*Article Road: List of All Frog Breeds: Things You Can Do to Ensure Your Frog Has a Long, Happy and Healthy Life: White Lipped Tree Frog 
*Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales: Amphibian Keeper's Licence: Species Lists
Hartford

**Hartford** might mean:

## Places
*Hartford, Alabama
*Hartford, Connecticut
*Hartford, Iowa
*Hartford, Kentucky
*Hartford City, Indiana

## Other
*Hartford Whalers, a former ice hockey team from Hartford, Connecticut
Medium (TV series)

***Medium*** is an American television crime drama series. It was created by Glenn Gordon Caron and ran from January 3, 2005 until January 21, 2011. It stars Patricia Arquette as Allison DuBois, a medium for the Phoenix, Arizona district attorney's office. She is a married mother of three daughters and uses her psychic abilities to help the police to solve crimes.

## Other websites 
*
21 (album)

***21*** is the second studio album by English singer Adele. It was released on January 19, 2011. It sold 208,000 copies in the first week it was released. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. In the fourth week that *21* had been number one Adele sang "Someone Like You" at the 2011 BRIT Awards. Amazon.co.uk reported that the album increased in sales by 890% an hour after Adele's performance.

It has sold over 20,000,000 copies worldwide as of May 2012.  The singles "Rolling in the Deep", "Someone Like You", and "Set Fire to the Rain" have all reached #1 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 charts. *21* has won many Grammy Awards including Album of the Year.

*21* has sold over 11.648 million copies in the United States alone and is the best-performing album in *Billboard* history.
## Track listing 
Tracks taken from US iTunes Store.

## Credits and personnel
*Vocals&nbsp;- Adele

## References
The Buggles

**The Buggles** were an English musical duo. It had Trevor Horn on vocals, bass guitar and guitar and Geoff Downes on keyboards. They have been most known for their 1979 debut single *Video Killed the Radio Star* that was #1 on the singles charts of sixteen countries. The music video was the first to be shown on MTV in the United States of America at 12:01 on 1 August 1981.

Following the poor success of their second album, *Adventures in Modern Recording*, the group broke up in 1981.

## Biography
Horn and Downes first met in the mid 1970s, at auditions for Tina Charles' backing band, and worked with her producer, Biddu, whose backing tracks had inspired their early work. Trevor Horn said that the group was originally planned to be named "The Bugs": "The Bugs were studio insects—imaginary creatures who lived in recording studios creating havoc. Then somebody said as a joke that The Bugs would never be as big as The Beatles. So we changed it to The Buggles."

The Buggles' first hit, "Video Killed the Radio Star", was released in September 1979 and was the 444th number one in the UK charts, spending one week at the top, as well as reaching number one on the singles charts of fifteen other countries

Downes and Horn worked on their second album, *Adventures in Modern Recording*. As originally intended, *I Am a Camera* was brought to completion as a Buggles song under its original title. However, Downes left the group during the recording of the album to form the band Asia with former Yes bandmate Steve Howe. Horn completed the album with a lot of new songwriting partners and musicians. *Adventures in Modern Recording* was released in late 1981, but five singles released from the album (*I Am a Camera*, *Adventures in Modern Recording*, *On TV*, *Lenny* and *Beatnik*) were not as successful as "Video Killed the Radio Star", resulting in the end of The Buggles.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
### Music videos
*"Video Killed the Radio Star"
*"Living in the Plastic Age"
*"Clean Clean"
*"Elstree"
*"I Am a Camera"
*"Adventures in Modern Recording"
*"On TV"

## References
## Other websites
*Buggles discography on The Art Of Noise Online
2012 in movies

This is a list of movies that were released in the United States in 2012.

## Highest-grossing movies 
The top ten films released in 2012 by worldwide gross are as follows:

## Events 
*1st AACTA International Awards
*18th Screen Actors Guild Awards
*32nd Golden Raspberry Awards
*38th People's Choice Awards
*38th Saturn Awards
*62nd Berlin International Film Festival
*65th British Academy Film Awards
*69th Golden Globe Awards
*69th Venice International Film Festival
*84th Academy Awards
*2012 Cannes Film Festival
*2012 MTV Movie Awards
*2012 Sundance Film Festival
*2012 Toronto International Film Festival

## 2012 movies
### January – March
### April – June
### July – September
### October – December
## Notable deaths
## References
Crossover thrash

**Crossover thrash**, also known as **punk metal** or simply **crossover**, is a form of thrash metal. It is a mixture of punk and metal.

## Bands
Bands associated with the crossover genre include:

*Acid Reign
*Agnostic Front
*Anti Feminism
*Attitude Adjustment
*Aversion
*Bad Acid Trip
*Beowülf
*Birth A.D.
*Biohazard
*Blast!
*Blunt Force Trauma
*Body Count
*Bones Brigade
*The Brood
*Carnivore
*Cerebral Fix
*Charged GBH
*Circle Jerks
*Clown Alley
*Concrete Sox
*The Cooters
*Corrosion of Conformity
*Cro-Mags
*Cross Examination
*The Crucified
*Crumbsuckers
*Cryptic Slaughter
*Cynic
*Degenerates
*Dead Horse
*Dead Serious
*Discharge
*Dr. Know
*Dr. Living Dead
*Dresden 45
*Electro Hippies
*English Dogs
*Excel
*Eyesburn
*The Exploited
*Final Conflict
*Gadnium
*Gang Green
*Gama Bomb
*Generation Kill
*Ghoul
*Green Jellÿ
*Gwar
*Hogan's Heroes
*Hellbastard
*Hirax
*Holier Than Thou
*Impulse Manslaughter
*Lawnmower Deth
*Leeway
*Lifeless
*Lobotomia
*Lost Generation
*Ludichrist
*M.O.D.
*Matanza
*Madball
*The Mentors
*Mindsnare
*Mucky Pup
*Mortal Sin
*Municipal Waste
*Neurosis
*Nuclear Assault
*No Mercy
*No Warning
*Oi Polloi
*Poison Idea
*Post Mortem
*Probot
*Prong
*Ratos de Porão
*Rigor Mortis
*Ritam Nereda
*S.O.B.
*Sacrilege
*Send More Paramedics
*Septic Death
*Shell Shock
*Sick Mother Fakers
*Sick of It All
*Snake Nation
*The Prophecy 23
*The Stupids
*Suicidal Tendencies
*Swashbuckle
*Sworn Enemy
*This Is Hell
*Toxic Holocaust
*Verbal Abuse
*Vitamin X
*Void
*Wasted Youth
*Wehrmacht
*What Happens Next?
*U.T.I.
*X-Cops

## References
Suicidal Tendencies

**Suicidal Tendencies** is a hardcore punk band, which started in 1981 in Venice, California. Since their start, they had a lot of members come and go. Their lead singer Mike Muir is their only permanent member. They are credited by many as one of "the fathers of crossover thrash". Today, Suicidal Tendencies have released nine studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos. They have not released an album of original material since 2000's *Free Your Soul and Save My Mind*. But they released a small number of new songs that had not been released before on the split/compilation albums *Friends & Family, Vol. 2* (2001), *Year of the Cycos* (2008), *No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family* (2010) and *The Mad Mad Muir Musical Tour* (2011).

Suicidal Tendencies became well known when they released their self-titled debut album in 1983. It spawned the single "Institutionalized", which was one of the first hardcore punk videos to get substantial airplay on MTV. Suicidal Tendencies had not released their second album until 1987, with *Join the Army*. It was the album that got the attention of Epic Records, who signed Suicidal Tendencies in 1988, the same year they released their third album ''How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today*. People began to recognize Suicidal Tendencies more when they released the albums *Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu* and *Lights...Camera...Revolution!*, which were both certified Gold by the RIAA. The band made two more albums, *The Art of Rebellion* and *Suicidal for Life*, and then broke up in 1995 while serving ties with from Sony and Epic. However, Suicidal Tendencies reformed in 1997 and have continued recording and performing ever since. After over a decade of work and many lineup changes, the band is planning to release first album with all-new material in 12 years in 2012.

## Discography
They made ten studio albums, one EP, four split albums, five compilation albums, and two long-form videos.
### Studio albums
* *Suicidal Tendencies* (1983)
* *Join the Army* (1987)
* *How Will I Laugh Tomorrow When I Can't Even Smile Today* (1988)
* *Lights...Camera...Revolution!* (1990)
* *The Art of Rebellion* (1992)
* *Suicidal for Life* (1994)
* *Freedumb* (1999)
* *Free Your Soul and Save My Mind* (2000)
* *13* (2013)
* *World Gone Mad* (2016)

### EPs
* *Six the Hard Way* (1998)

### Split albums
* *Welcome to Venice* (1985)
* *Friends & Family, Vol. 1* (1997)
* *Friends & Family, Vol. 2* (2001)
* *Year of the Cycos* (2008)

### Compilation albums
* *Controlled by Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu* (1989)
* *Still Cyco After All These Years* (1993)
* *Prime Cuts* (1997)
* *Playlist: The Very Best of Suicidal Tendencies* (2010)
* *No Mercy Fool!/The Suicidal Family* (2010)

### Videos and DVDs
* *Lights...Camera...Suicidal* (1990)
* *Live at the Olympic Auditorium'' (2010)

## References
Gérard Rozenknop

**Gérard Rozenknop** (born 23 January 1950 in Paris 19e), is a French aerospace engineer.
He was head of the French Civil Aviation University from the 6th of January 1999 to the 28th of November 2008.

Graduate from the *École Polytechnique* (1969) and the French Civil Aviation University (1972), before becoming head of the French Civil Aviation University.

## Further reading 
* Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, *Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique*, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

## References
Ash-throated antwren

The **ash-throated antwren** (*Herpsilochmus parkeri*) is a bird in the antbird family. The first species was found in northern Peru in 1983.

Antbirds do anting. The bird rubs ants (or other arthropods) on the feathers before discarded or eating them. While this has conventionally been considered a way to remove and control feather parasites

## References
Excel (band)

**Excel** is a crossover thrash band from Venice, California. The band was formed in 1983 by singer Dan Clements and guitarist Adam Siegel. Excel was influenced by street art and known for painting graffiti on the streets of the cities where they played their shows.

Excel was also known for jumping on stage with other bands from Venice such as No Mercy, Beowülf, Suicidal Tendencies (with whom Excel are very close friends) and Cryptic Slaughter, and sometimes with other thrash metal bands like Testament and Overkill.

Excel has released three studio albums, three split albums, five demos, three singles and two live albums. They broke up in 1995. Their first two albums, *Split Image* and ''The Joke's on You*, were reissued in 2001 with bonus tracks, and in August 2009, they released a special collection of eight DVDs of their tours in Europe and Los Angeles and published them on their MySpace page. Excel announced a reunion in January 2012.

## Discography
Their full-length studio albums include:
**Split Image* (1987)
**The Joke's on You* (1989)
**Seeking Refuge'' (1995)

## References
Jōji

was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after *Kōan* and before *Ōan*. This period started in September 1362 and ended in February 1368.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in  Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the Jōji era 
* **1365** (*Jōji 4*): Prince Kaneyoshi gained control of Kyūshū.
* **1367** (*Jōji 6*): Ashikaga Motouji died;
* **1368** (*Jōji 7*): Ashikaga Yoshimitsu became the third shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate.

## Southern Court  *nengō*
* Shōhei, 1346–1370

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Ōan

, also romanized as **Ō-an,** was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after *Jōji* and before *Eiwa.* This period started in February 1368 and ended in February 1375.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and   The Southern Court rivals in Yoshino during this time were  and .

## Events of the Ōan era 
* **29 March 1368** (*Ōan 1, 21st day of the 2nd month*): Emperor Go-Murakami died; and his oldest son received the succession.
* **1370** (*Ōan 3*): Imagawa Sadayo sent to subdue Kyūshū.
* **1373-1406** (*Ōan 6* &ndash; *Ōei 13*): Embassies between China and Japan.
* **1374** (*Ōan 7*): En'yū became the head of the Northern Court.

## Southern Court *nengō*
* Shōhei, 1346–1370
* Kentoku, 1370–1372 
* Bunchū, 1372–1375 

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Falęcin

**Falęcin** may be one of the following places:
*Falęcin, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
*Falęcin, Grójec County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
*Falęcin, Płock County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
*Falęcin, Pruszków County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Yapacana antbird

The **Yapacana antbird** (*Myrmeciza disjuncta*) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The species was named by Friedmann, in 1945.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## References
* BirdLife International 2004.  Myrmeciza disjuncta.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 26 July 2007.
Eiwa

was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Ōan and before Kōryaku. This period started in February 1375 and ended in March 1379.   The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-En'yū's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the *Eiwa* era
* **1375** (*Eiwa 1, 3rd month*): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu visits the Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū where he offers a sword for the shrine's treasury, gold foil for the shrine's decoration, and a racehorse for the shrine's stable.
* **1375** (*Eiwa 2, 4th month*): For the first time, Shogun Yoshimitsu is permitted to enter the Imperial quarters at the Imperial palace.
* **1378** (*Eiwa 4, 3rd month*): Yoshimitsu moved into his new home in Muromachi; and the luxurious house and grounds are called *Hana-no-Gosho*

## Southern Court  *nengō*
* Tenju, 1375–1381

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Guaviare River

The **Guaviare** is a river in Colombia. It flows into the Orinoco River.

## Other websites
* Territorial-Environmental Information System of Colombian Amazon SIAT-AC website
Litovel

**Litovel** (; ) is a town in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. There are some historical monuments like the Town hall or the Bridge of Saint John. In the town is brewery which makes beer with the same name as the name of the town.

## Main sights 
* **Town Hall** is in Přemysl Otakar II Square. The town bought it in 1557. In 1572 it was rebuilded and they builded there the tower, which is directly over the Morava river.
* **Plague column** was builded by Václav Render in 1724 in memory of plague epidemy in 1714 and it is near the Town Hall in Přemysl Otakar II Square.
* **Bridge of Saint John** is stone bridge over the Morava river. They builded it in 1592 and it is the third oldest bridge in the Czech republic and the oldest in Moravia now.

## Administrative parts 
* Březové
* Chořelice
* Chudobín
* **Litovel**
* Myslechovice
* Nasobůrky
* Nová Ves
* Rozvadovice
* Savín
* Tři Dvory
* Unčovice
* Víska

## Twin towns 
*  Revúca, Slovakia
*  Littau, Switzerland
*  Wieliczka, Poland
The Night Before Christmas

**The Night Before Christmas** might mean:

**A Visit from St. Nicholas*, a poem by Clement Clarke Moore, often called *The Night Before Christmas* because that phrase is in the first line of the poem
*"The Night Before Christmas" (*Tom and Jerry*), the third episode of *Tom and Jerry*
Crotalinae

The **Crotalinae**, also known as the "pit vipers" or "crotaline snakes", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in Asia and the Americas. There are 23 genera and 155 species which are known. 

They are the only vipers found in the Americas. Some of the snakes which belong in this group are the rattlesnakes, lanceheads and Asian pit vipers.

Pit vipers are unique because all share a common characteristic, This is a deep pit, or fossa, between the eye and the nostril on either side of the head. These pits are  extremely sensitive infrared-detecting organs. They give the snakes a sixth sense to help them find and perhaps even judge the size of the small, warm-blooded prey on which they feed.

Pit vipers range in size from the hump-nosed viper, *Hypnale hypnale*, which grows to around 30–45 centimetres (12–18&nbsp;in), to the South American bushmaster, *Lachesis muta*, which grows to 3.65 metres (12.0&nbsp;ft). This is the longest venomous snake in the New World. Some pit vipers are arboreal (they live in trees), some are terrestrial, and one species is semi-aquatic: the cottonmouth, *Agkistrodon piscivorus*.

## Where they live
This subfamily of snakes is found from eastern Europe, eastward through Asia to Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. In the Americas, they are found from southern Canada, southward to Central America to southern South America. Members of this group are found in deserts and rainforests.

## Reproduction
Pit vipers are mainly viviparous, meaning the females give live birth. It is believed that all oviparous Pit vipers guard their eggs. Many young pit vipers have brightly coloured tails which is different to the rest of their body.

## Genera
*Moccasins, (*Agkistrodon*) 	
*Jumping pitvipers, (*Atropoides*) 		
*Palm-pitvipers, (*Bothriechis*) 
*Forest-pitvipers, (*Bothriopsis*) 
*Lanceheads, (*Bothrops*) 	
*Malayan pitviper, (*Calloselasma*)
*Montane pitvipers, (*Cerrophidion*)  	
*Rattlesnakes, (*Crotalus*) 
*Hundred-pace pitviper, (*Deinagkistrodon*) 
*Asian moccasins, (*Gloydius*) 
*Hump-nosed pit vipers, (*Hypnale*) 	
*Bushmasters, (*Lachesis*)    
*Mexican horned pitvipers, (*Ophryacus*) 	  
*Mountain pit vipers, (*Ovophis*) 		
*Hognose pit vipers, (*Porthidium*)  	
*Ground rattlesnakes, (*Sistrurus*) 
*Asian lanceheads, (*Trimeresurus*)   
*Temple vipers, (*Tropidolaemus*)

## References
## Other websites
Zephir

**Zephir** may refer to:

* a fictional character associated with Babar the Elephant
* rail-road shunting vehicles manufacturer, see Rail car mover 
* A Laser Doppler anemometer called ZephIR developed by QinetiQ and licensed to a Renewable Energy consultancy called *Natural Power*
* "Zefir (confectionery)", a Russian type of confectionery, made in a similar way to marshmallows with addition of more sugar and egg whites

## Related pages
* Zephyr (disambiguation)
Excel

**Excel** may refer to:

* Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet application by Microsoft Corporation
* Excel (gum), a brand of chewing gum produced by Wrigley's
* Excel (band), a crossover thrash-punk band from Venice, California
* Excel (*Excel Saga*), the protagonist in the manga and anime series *Excel Saga*
* Excel (festival), a national technical festival conducted by Model Engineering College, Kochi, India
Matthew

**Matthew** might mean:

*Matthew (given name), a male given name
*Matthew the Evangelist, one of the disciples of Jesus
*Gospel of Matthew, a book in the New Testament of the Bible written by the disciple
**Matthew* (ship), a 15th-century ship
*Hurricane Matthew, a category 5 hurricane in 2016
Ohio Valley Wrestling

**Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW)** is an American developmental professional wrestling promotion. It is  based in Louisville, Kentucky. OVW was a part of the National Wrestling Alliance from its inception in 1997 until 2000. It then became the main company for World Wrestling Entertainment to train new talent. OVW remained in this role from 2000 until 2008.  In November 2011, it became the official and current developmental territory for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. As of December 2011, over 100 people trained at OVW had appeared in WWE. OVW is now run by owner Danny Davis.

## Other websites
*Official website
Kōryaku

was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Eiwa and before Eitoku. This period started in March 1379 and ended in February 1381.  The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-En'yū's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the *Kōryaku* era
* **1379** (*Kōryaku 2*): Shiba Yoshimasa became *Kanrei*.
* **1380** (*Kōryaku 3*): Kusunoki Masanori rejoined Emperor Go-Kameyama.

## Southern Court *nengō* 
* Tenju, 1375–1381

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Eitoku

was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōryaku and before Shitoku.  This period started in February 1381 and ended in February 1384.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and    Their Southern Court rivals in Yoshino during this time were  and .

## Events of the Eitoku era
* **1381** (*Eitoku 1, 3rd month*): The emperor traveled in procession to visit Ashikaga Yoshimitsu at his home.
* **1381** (*Eitoku 1, 7th month*): Nijō Yoshimoto was given the position of Prime Minister (*daijō daijin*).

## Southern Court *nengō.*
* Kōwa (Muromachi period), 1381–1384

## Related pages
* Muromachi period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Four temperaments

**Four temperaments** is a theory of psychology about personality. It suggests that there are four bodily fluids that affect human personality traits and behaviour. The temperaments are *sanguine*, *choleric*, *melancholy*, and *phlegmatic*.

## Humours
Galen, a doctor from the Roman empire added characteristics to bodily fluids:
*Mucus - Cold and damp
*Black bile - Cold and dry
*Yellow bile - Warm and Dry
*Blood - Warm and damp

Galen thought that to cure illness you need to rebalance the fluids. If you, for example, have too much blood, you will need a remedy which is the opposite of warm and damp; something cold and dry.

## Personalities
### Sanguine
A sanguine person is an  person. They are friendly, talkative, encouraging and creative. They like to be noticed by others and to have fun.

But they tend to forget things they are supposed to do and to be late for dates or appointments. If they feel that they are not appreciated, they can become depressed (sad). They tend to lose interest in new hobbies as soon as it is no longer a fun thing to do.

### Choleric
A choleric is a , ambitious and  person. They tend to be good leaders, but when they don't have power over everyone, they can get into a bad mood.

They can be bossy to people of the other temperaments. They are able to make good plans and do things well by not losing interest.

### Melancholy
A melancholic or melancholy person is a thinker and perfectionist. They tend to prefer to spend time alone instead of being in social situations. They go by a schedule and are truthful (say what they mean). They can become depressed because of their perfectionist traits. They might suffer in silence and not complain. They are independent and able to do things for themselves.  Melancholics can be creative in artistic areas such as poetry and music.

People tend to say "Melancholic" instead of "Melancholy". The term "Melancholic" in the incorrect way of saying one of these four traits.

### Phlegmatic
A phlegmatic is a quiet, kind and  person. They like giving and receiving affection, although they might be shy. They can be content to go along with situations as they are, instead of trying to change them.  They may tend to be relaxed, lazy and not have a lot of energy.

## References
National Archives of Japan

The , also known by the acronym **NAJ**, is a Japanese public  which s government documents and historical records.

## History
The National Archives Law No. 79 (1999) established NAJ's core function of preserving government documents and records. 
 
Before the creation of the National Archives, there is almost no tradition of preserving "grey-area" records, such as records which show the process which led to the formation of a specific policy.

### Independent Administrative Institution
The National Archives became an Independent Administrative Institution on April 1, 2001.

Since 2005, the NAJ website has offered high-resolution images of some of its holdings, including those named as Important Cultural Properties of Japan.

## Related pages
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* National Diet Library

## References
## Other websites
* National Archives of Japan ;  [http://www.archives.go.jp/ ]
* Japan Center for Asian Historical Records
Ida Rubinstein

'', 1910.]]
's design for Ida as *Helene de Sparte*, 1912.]]

**Ida Lvovna Rubinstein**  5 October 1885 &ndash; 20 September 1960) was a Russian ballerina, actress, personality and patron.

## Early life and training 
Rubinstein was born in Kharkov, or possibly St. Petersburg,p408 into a wealthy Jewish family. She was orphaned at an early age. She had, by the standard of Russian ballet, little formal training. Tutored by Mikhail Fokine, she made her debut in 1908. This was a single private performance of Oscar Wilde's *Salomé*, in which she stripped nude in the course of the *Dance of the Seven Veils*.

## Career 
Sergei Diaghilev took her with the Ballets Russes and she danced the title role of *Cléopâtre* in the Paris season of 1909, and Zobéide in *Scheherazade* in 1910. Both ballets were choreographed by Fokine, and designed by Leon Bakst. Her partner in *Scherazade* was Nijinsky. *Scherezade* was admired at the time for its racy sensuality, costumes and design. Its music is by Rimsky-Korsakov. For a long time the ballet was rarely performed. It is in the repertoire of the Mariinsky Ballet at present, and was performed by them in London 2011. Rubinstein left the Ballets Russes in 1911. in 1911 Rubinstein began a three-year affair with the painter Romaine Brooks, who created a striking portrait. She used the dancer as a nude model for Venus.

### Rubinstein companies 
After leaving the Ballets Russes, Rubinstein formed her own dance company. She had inherited money, and she used it to commission several lavish productions. In 1911 she performed in *Le Martyre de Saint Sebastien*. The creative team was Fokine (choreography); Bakst (design); and score by Debussy. This was a triumph for its stylized modernism, and a scandal. The Archbishop of Paris prohibited Catholics from attending because St. Sebastian was being played by a woman and a Jew.

In the 1920s and 30s, Rubinstein appeared in a number of plays, and in Staat's *Istar* at the Paris Opera in 1924. Between 1928 and 1929, she directed her own company in Paris with Nijinska as choreographer. She commissioned and performed in Maurice Ravel's *Boléro* in 1928. Other works developed in 1928 were Massine's *David*, with music by Sauguet; and *Le Baiser de la fée*, with music by Stravinsky, and choreography by Nijinska. The repertoire also included The Firebird (''L'Oiseau de Feu*) with music by Stravinsky, and choreography by Fokine; this had been one of the most sensational creations for the Ballets Russes. Her company was revived in 1931 and 1934, with new works. She closed the company in 1935, and gave her last performance in the play *Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher* in Paris, 1939.

In 1940 she left France and made her way to England via Algeria and Morocco. There she helped wounded Free French soldiers until 1944. She returned to France after the war. She lived finally at *Les Olivades'' at Vence, where she died in 1960. She is buried nearby.
]]

## References