open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alan (footballer, born 1989)

**Alan Douglas Borges de Carvalho** (born 10 July 1989 in Barbosa, São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for the Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. His name as a player is simply Alan. He plays as a striker.

He started his career for Guaraní FC in Campinas, his hometown. At the age of 16 he joined Londrina EC and in 2008, he went to Fluminense Rio de Janeiro. From Fluminense he went to Europe and signed with F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Under coach Huub Stevens he played only a few matches. In the era of Ricardo Moniz he became a regular player of the starting team. During the match versus Rapid Vienna in September 2011, he suffered a severe injury. He healed in April 2012.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list China's goal tally first.''

## Honours
### Club
**Red Bull Salzburg**
*Chinese FA Super Cup Most Valuable Player (2): 2017, 2018

## References
## Other websites
* Profile  transfermarkt.de (German)
*Playerinfo  Austrian Soccer Board Players profile Official Homepage
Mark St. John

**Mark Leslie Norton** (February 7, 1956 – April 5, 2007), better known as **Mark St. John**, was a guitarist known for his brief work with the rock band Kiss. He was only with Kiss a short time, but he was featured on the album *Animalize*, the second album of the "unmasked" period. St. John's only video appearance with Kiss is in the video for the hit single "Heaven's on Fire". After leaving Kiss, he formed a band called White Tiger. Mark St. John died on the morning of April 5, 2007, of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Solar time

planet like the Earth, the sidereal day is shorter than the **solar day**. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360° and the distant star is overhead again (1→2 = one sidereal day). But it is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day). Or more simply, 1-2 is a complete rotation of the Earth. However because the Earth moving around the Sun affects the angle the Sun hits a position on the Earth, 1-3 is how long it takes noon to happen again.]]

**Solar time** is a calculation of the passage of time based on the position of the Sun in the sky. The fundamental unit of solar time is the synodic day. Traditionally, there are three types of time reckoning based on astronomical observations: **apparent solar time** and **mean solar time**, and *sidereal time*, which is based on the apparent motions of stars other than the Sun. 

## Related pages
* Sidereal time
* Solar calendar
Bruce Kulick

**Bruce Howard Kulick** (born December 12, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York), also known as **Bruce H. Kulick** or **Bruce Kulick**, is an American musician and guitarist. He is known as the lead guitarist for the rock band Kiss from 1984 to 1996. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Thriller (genre)

A **thriller** is a genre found in literature, movies and television. It uses , where the audience is made to wonder what is going to happen next. Thrillers often have a horror or crime theme. Some examples of thriller movies are *Psycho*, *Silence of the Lambs*, *Vertigo*, *Rear Window*, *Argo* and *The Birds*.
Osamu Tezuka

**Osamu Tezuka** (, Tezuka Osamu, November 3, 1928 – February 9, 1989) was a famous Japanese manga artist, animator, producer and Doctor of Medicine, although he never practiced medicine. He was born in Osaka Prefecture. He created *Astro Boy*, *Kimba the White Lion* and *Black Jack*. He is often credited as the "Father of Anime", and is often considered the Japanese equivalent to Walt Disney, who was a major inspiration for Tezuka.

Tezuka began what was known as the manga revolution in Japan with his New Treasure Island published in 1947. His legendary output would spawn some of the most influential, successful, and well received manga series including the children's manga series Astro Boy, Princess Knight and Kimba the White Lion, and the adult oriented series Black Jack, Phoenix, and Buddha, all of which won several awards.

Tezuka died of stomach cancer in 1989. His death had an immediate impact on the Japanese public and other cartoonists. A museum was constructed in Takarazuka dedicated to his memory and life works, and Tezuka received many posthumous awards. Several animations were in production at the time of his death along with the final chapters of Phoenix, which were never released.

Osamu Tezuka:
,"Manga is virtual. Manga is sentiment. Manga is resistance. Manga is bizarre. Manga is pathos. Manga is destruction. Manga is arrogance. Manga is love. Manga is kitsch. Manga is sense of wonder. Manga is … there is no conclusion yet."
Cocculus carolinus

***Cocculus carolinus*** otherwise known as *Carolina Coralbead*, *Redberry Moonseed* or the *Carolina snailseed*. It is indigenous to several states along the South to Midwest. It gets its name from the bright red color of the marble like berry that protrudes from the leaves of the plant.

## Description 
The Carolina Coralbead is a deciduous, woody vine that can twines along the trunks of several trees or along the ground. It occurs in timberline areas, rocky woods, glades, fence rows and ponds. Carolina Coralbead can grow 10–12 ft (3–3.6 m) and usually spaced within 3–4 ft (90–120 cm) of one another. If ingested in large amounts, the berry on Cocculus carolinus can be poisonous, but the overall toxicity of its berries do not prove to be fatal. In areas in Little Rock, Arkansas, the Carolina Coralbead is referred to as an invasive weed system which seedlings have been spread by birds. Once a root system has been established, it is hard to remove the plant, so planting in new areas has been a point of concern for this plant. The best ornamental features of the plant are its foliage and its attractive red berries in fall.  *Cocculus carolinus* can grow in temperatures between from -3.8 °C (25 °F) to -28.8 °C (-20 °F). Its leaves are covered in short hairs and should not be confused with the species *Smilax bona-nox*,which has tendrils and prickles.

## Distribution 
The Carolina Coralbead has been reported in the following states of Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Locations of the plant range from opening of forests, to the beginning of streams.

## Cultivation 
The flowers are small and plentiful. At a young age, Carolina Coralbead appear greenish. Then plant blooms in late spring. It matures by late summer. They grow in tight abundant amounts of bright red berries.  By using its scarlet fruits for aesthetic effects, landscapers allow it to be grown on trellises, fences or let naturally flourish through other weeds and shrubs. The berries should not be eaten by people but are eaten by a large number of birds.  Each fruit has a single seed that resembles a small snail shell which is protected by the hard endocarp, also known as the inner section of the ovary wall.
Srinivasa Ramanujan

**Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyenger** (December 22, 1887 – April 26, 1920) was an Indian mathematician. His father's name was K. Srinivasa Iyengar and his mother's name was Komalatammal. On 1st October 1892 Ramanujan was enrolled at local school. He had no formal training in mathematics. However, he has made a large contribution to number theory, infinite series and continued fraction. 

After getting his degree at Cambridge, Ramanujan did his own work. He compiled over 3500 identities and equations in his life. Some of the identities were found in his “lost notebook”. When the notebook was discovered, mathematicians proved almost all of Ramanujan's work. His discoveries have led to many advancements in mathematics. His formulae are now being used in crystallography and string theory. Read More.. 

In 2011, Ramanujan's birthday was made "National Mathematics Day" by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

Ramanujan was brought into the world in Dissolve, Madras Administration, English India (presently Tamil Nadu, India), on 22 December 1887. His dad, Kuppuswamy Srinivasa Iyengar, was a representative in a material trader's shop, and his mom, Komalatamamal, was a housewife. Ramanujan was a splendid understudy, and he showed an early fitness for math. In 1904, Ramanujan entered Pachaiyappa's School in Madras, where he concentrated on arithmetic and physical science. He graduated in 1907 with a five star degree. In the wake of graduating, Ramanujan filled in as a representative in the Madras Port Trust. In 1909, Ramanujan wedded Janaki Ammal. The couple had no kids. Read More...

In 1912, Ramanujan started to relate with G. H. Hardy, a teacher of math at Trinity School, Cambridge. Strong was dazzled by Ramanujan's numerical capacities, and he welcomed Ramanujan to come to Cambridge to study. Ramanujan showed up in Cambridge in 1914, and he was granted a grant to Trinity School.  Read More...

Ramanujan was a splendid mathematician who made critical commitments to the field of math. His work is as yet being contemplated and utilized today, and he is viewed as one of the best mathematicians ever. Read More..

## Related pages
* List of Indian scientists
* Taxicab number 
* Triangular number
* Srinivasa Ramanujan

## References
## Other websites
* https://www.britannica.com/biography/Srinivasa-Ramanujan
* https://learnwithvdk.blogspot.com/2023/05/information-about-srinivasa-ramanujan-l.html(https://shrankit.in/d7f2p)
Ragdoll

The **ragdoll** is a cat breed. It is large, with blue eyes, and a semi-longhair soft and silky coat of fur. It is usually mostly white, with light to dark marks. 

The ragdoll was first bred by an American breeder named Ann Baker from a Persian-like cat (without a pedigree) and a Birman cat with the Siamese colorpoint gene. It is similar in appearance to the Himalayan, which was bred directly from the Persian and Siamese. 

The Ragdoll is gentle, easy going, and affectionate. The breed was named "Ragdoll" because they often go limp and relax like a rag or cloth doll when it is picked up. The original mother cat that the breed was created from was involved in a car accident, but contrary to popular belief, this is not why the breed goes limp when picked up (injuries from an accident are not passed on to offspring genetically).

Ragdoll is a breed that enjoys being around humans and it may follow its owner around the house. Due to its unique dog like characteristics and soft nature, the breed has gained lots of popularity. In fact, the breed became the most popular cat breed for three consecutive years, i.e., 2019, 2020, and 2021, in one of the world’s largest cat registries of pedigree cats- CFA. 

The Ragdoll cat is a large domestic cat breed, although the Maine Coon is larger. It has an overall relaxed and laid-back look with a medium-long coat that comes in a variety of colors and patterns . The fur is usually semi-long with a silky texture and tends to be lighter on the belly, legs, and tail. The eyes are round and wide set and come in various shades of blue, green or copper. The face is broad with distinct markings on the forehead, cheeks, chin, and nose bridge. The ears are large with rounded tips while the muzzle is somewhat square in shape. Its body shape can range from cobby to semi-foreign but typically has an overall muscular build. The Ragdoll cat is also known for its docile personality and gentle demeanor which adds to its appeal as a pet breed. 

The breed typically weigh between 15 to 20 pounds, with females usually being on the smaller side of that range. They are the large breed of cat, so they have a strong and muscular body type which helps them to carry their larger size. Despite their size, Ragdolls are known for being calm and gentle cats which makes them great family pets. They also require minimal grooming due to their short coat, making them an ideal pet for those looking for an affectionate companion without the hassle of long term maintenance. With proper care and diet, Ragdoll cats can live up to 15 years or more.

## Notable Ragdolls 
* This breed of cat appeared in a few episodes of *Too Cute*.
* Faron, the cat owned by the *Peanuts* character Frieda, is often asserted to as a hairless, gray Ragdoll/Sphynx cat/American Curl/Turkish Van/Burmese hybrid.
* Honeyfluff, a cat from *Kid vs. Kat*, is often sometimes correctly identified to be a Ragdoll.

## References
SMRT Trains

**SMRT Trains Limited** () is a rail operator in Singapore and a wholly owned subsidiary of SMRT Corporation. It was first known as Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) when the company was founded in 6 August 1987. It was renamed Singapore MRT Limited before becoming its current name, SMRT Trains in 2004.

## Other websites
* Official website
Symphony X

**Symphony X** are an American progressive metal band from Middletown, New Jersey.

Founded in 1994 by guitarist Michael Romeo, their albums *The Divine Wings of Tragedy* and *V: The New Mythology Suite* have given the band considerable attention within the progressive metal community.
## Line-up 
### Current members 
* Russell Allen − vocals (1995–present)
* Michael Romeo − guitar (1994–present)
* Michael Pinnella − keyboards (1994–present)
* Michael Lepond − bass guitar (2000–present)
* Jason Rullo − drums (1994–1998, 2000–present)

### Former members 
* Rod Tyler − vocals (1994)
* Thomas Miller − bass guitar (1994−2000)
* Thomas Walling − drums (1998−2000)
## Discography 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Symphony X's official website
* Symphony X's official MySpace page
* Official French website
North South MRT line

The **North South MRT line** is the first Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) line in Singapore to be built. It is 45&nbsp;km long with 27 stations, and it is being operated by SMRT Trains. It would usually take one hour to travel from one end of the MRT line to the other. This line is coloured red on the MRT Rail map.

This line joins the Central area of Singapore to the Northern and Southern areas of Singapore. To transfer to the East West MRT line, a commuter can transfer at Jurong East, Raffles Place or City Hall. Transferring to the North East MRT Line is done at Dhoby Ghaut with a linkway. Bishan MRT Station, Dhoby Ghaut MRT Station and Marina Bay MRT Station can transfer a commuter to the Circle MRT Line. Transfer to the Downtown line is provided at Newton MRT Station.

## History
### Main route
The first section of the north south line opened on 7 November 1987 between Toa Payoh and Yio Chu Kang. Afterwards, the section to Outram Park (now on the East West MRT line) opened. Following that, the rest of the line opened stage by stage.

### Woodlands Extension
The Woodlands Extension was planned to close the gap between Yishun and Choa Chu Kang. It consists of 6 stations, and opened on 10 February 1996.

### Marina South Pier extension (NSLe)
A 1-kilometre extension of the line to Marina South Pier MRT Station was opened in 2014.

### Timeline of stations opened
* 7 November 1987: Yio Chu Kang – Toa Payoh 
* 12 December 1987: Toa Payoh – Raffles Place
* 20 December 1988: Yio Chu Kang – Yishun
* 4 November 1989: Raffles Place – Marina Bay
* 10 March 1990: Jurong East – Choa Chu Kang 
* 10 February 1996: Yishun – Choa Chu Kang
* 23 November 2014: Marina Bay – Marina South Pier
* 2 November 2019: Canberra

## Major Incidents
### 2011
### 2015
### 2017
On 7 October, services on the line was stopped between Ang Mo Kio and Marina South Pier around 6pm, after the tunnels between Bishan and Braddell flooded following heavy rain, and a fire was seen near Raffles Place. Services between Newton and Marina South Pier was resumed at around 9.30pm but the section between Newton and Ang Mo Kio remained closed overnight. It opened at 2pm the following day after staff and the SCDF worked overnight to clear the water from the tunnel. SMRT reported that a faulty water pump was the cause of the flooding. This was the worst train incident in SMRT's history.

## Stations 
## References
Testament (band)

**Testament** is an American thrash metal band from Berkeley, California, formed in 1983. They are often credited as one of the most popular bands of the 1980s thrash metal scene. In the  years since its inception, Testament has had numerous lineup changes, and guitarist Eric Peterson has been the only constant member, although the band currently features three original members.

## Discography
### Studio albums
## References
## Other websites
*
Demonic (album)

***Demonic*** is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Testament. It was released in 1997. The lyrics deal with occult themes more like their 1980s efforts instead of the political topics covered on more recent releases.

Musically, Testament takes a slower, almost death metal oriented approach with grinding guitar riffs and Chuck Billy's vocal work consisting primarily of death growls.

This album also marked the first time, as Testament, that the band used the old Legacy pentagram graphic.

## Track listing
# "Demonic Refusal" – 5:21
# "The Burning Times" – 5:15
# "Together as One" – 4:17
# "Jun-Jun" – 3:43
# "John Doe" – 3:11
# "Murky Waters" – 3:00
# "Hatred's Rise" – 3:15
# "Distorted Lives" – 3:36
# "New Eyes of Old" – 3:00
# "Ten Thousand Thrones" – 4:37
# "Nostrovia" – 1:32
# "Rapid Fire" (Judas Priest cover) (2008 reissue bonus track) - 3:42

## Credits
* Chuck Billy: Vocals
* Eric Peterson: Guitar
* Derrick Ramirez: Bass
* Gene Hoglan: Drums
* Glen Alvelais: Lead guitar on track 9
* Dave McKean: Album cover artwork

Bonus Track: Rapid Fire
* Greg Christian: Bass
* James Murphy: Lead guitar
* Chris Kontos: Drums
New Taiwan dollar

The **New Taiwan dollar** () (currency code **TWD** and common abbreviation **NT$**), or simply **Taiwan dollar**, is the official currency of Taiwan. It was used since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar. It was first printed by the Bank of Taiwan, it has been printed by the Central Bank of the Republic of China since 2000.
Spiritual (music)

**Spirituals** (or **Negro spirituals**) are the songs which were sung by the black slaves in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.  More and more Africans were becoming Christian, so the words to many Negro spirituals have Christian themes. They sung these spirituals as a way to cope with the pain of slavery. Negro spirituals combine traditional West African musical style with the style of Christian hymns from Europe.

## Related pages
*Gospel music
University of Concepción

The **University of Concepción** is a university in Concepción, Chile. It is the oldest university in the south of Chile.

## History 
This university was founded by Enrique Molina Garmendia in 1919.

## Other websites 
* University of Concepción Official website
Jotunheimen

**Jotunheimen** is a large mountain range in Norway. It is named after Jötunheimr. Its highest peak, Galdhøpiggen (2469 metres) is the highest mountain in Scandinavia.

## Weblinks
*['great find in Jotunheimen'] https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/jlE7Gb/to-piler-fra-bronsealderen-funnet-i-jotunheimen-ekstremt-godt-bevart. VG.no. 2023-10-02
Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception

**]]

The **Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception''' is a university located in Concepción, Chile. It is one of the universities in the south of Chile.

## History 
This university was created and founded on 1991 by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción.

## Other websites 
* Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception official website
Joseph Romm

**Joseph J. Romm** (born June 27, 1960) is an American physicist, writer and environmentalist. He has an interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. He is also interested in energy security through energy efficiency and green energy technologies.

Romm's 2006 book was *Hell and High Water: Global Warming — the Solution and the Politics — and What We Should Do*.

In December 2008, Romm was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.  In March 2009, *Rolling Stone* magazine named Romm as one of "100 People Who Are Changing America".  In September 2009, *Time* magazine named him one of its "Heroes of the Environment".

## Related pages
*Amory Lovins
*Christopher Flavin
*Energy conservation
*Peak oil
*Renewable energy commercialization

## References
Thubten Zopa Rinpoche

**Thubten Zopa Rinpoche** (born 1946 – 13 April 2023) was a lama from Nepal. He took his monks vows at Dungkar Monastery in Tibet and has received teachings from many high lamas. Lama Zopa is the co-founder, with Lama Yeshe, of Kopan Monastery and the FPMT. After the 1984 death of Lama Yeshe, Lama Zopa served as the FPMT's spiritual director. Zopa's books are published by Wisdom Publications. Free books and a vast online collection of his teachings are available from the Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. There is an extensive biography of him in the book 'The Lawudo Lama' , by Jamyang Wangmo. He died on 13 April 2023, at the age of 76.

## Related pages
*Dalai Lama
*Tibetan Buddhism

## References
## Other websites
* Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive
* FPMT
Star anise

**Star anise** (*Illicium verum*) is a spice plant which tastes like anise. The star shaped fruits are harvested before they start ripening.

Japanese star anise (*Illicium anisatum*), a similar tree, is not edible because it is "highly toxic"; instead, it may be burned as incense in Japan.

## Use as medicine 
Star anise has been used in a tea, and the seeds are sometimes chewed after meals for digestion.

Star anise is grown in four places in China and harvested between March and May. It is also found in the south of New South Wales.
Rainbow (band)

**Rainbow** (also known as '''Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow** or **Blackmore's Rainbow''') were an English hard rock band, controlled by guitarist Ritchie Blackmore from 1975 to 1984 and 1994 to 1997. It was originally established with former Elf members, though over the years Rainbow went through many line-up changes with no two studio albums featuring the same line-up. In addition to lead singers Ronnie James Dio, Graham Bonnet, Joe Lynn Turner and Doogie White, the project consisted of numerous backing musicians. The band started out combining mystical lyric themes with neo-classical metal, but went in a more streamlined commercial style following Dio's departure from the group.

Rainbow was ranked #90 on VH1's *100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock*.
## Band members
;Core member
*Ritchie Blackmore – guitar (1975–1984, 1994–1997)
;Other members
*Ronnie James Dio – lead vocals (1975–1978)
*Craig Gruber – bass (1975)
*Micky Lee Soule – keyboards (1975)
*Gary Driscoll – drums (1975)
*Jimmy Bain – bass (1975–1977)
*Tony Carey – keyboards (1975–1977)
*Cozy Powell – drums (1975–1980)
*Mark Clarke – bass (1977)
*Bob Daisley – bass, backing vocals (1977–1978)
*David Stone – keyboards (1977–1978)
*Jack Green – bass (1978–1979)
*Graham Bonnet – lead vocals (1979–1980)

*Roger Glover – bass, backing vocals (1979–1984)
*Don Airey – keyboards, backing vocals (1979–1981)
*Joe Lynn Turner – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1980–1984)
*Bobby Rondinelli – drums (1980–1983)
*David Rosenthal – keyboards (1981–1984)
*Chuck Burgi – drums (1983–1984, 1995–1997)
*Doogie White – lead vocals (1994–1997)
*Greg Smith – bass, backing vocals (1994–1997)
*Paul Morris – keyboards (1994–1997)
*John O'Reilly – drums (1994–1995)
*John Micelli – drums (1997)

## Discography
*''Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow* (1975)
**Rising* (1976)
**On Stage* (1977)
**Long Live Rock 'n' Roll* (1978)
**Down to Earth* (1979)
**Difficult to Cure* (1981)
**Straight Between the Eyes* (1982)
**Bent Out of Shape* (1983)
**Finyl Vinyl* (1986)
**Stranger in Us All'' (1995)

## References
## Other websites
*The Rainbow Fanclan Legacy
Kopan Monastery

**Kopan Monastery** is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Boudhanath, on the outskirts of Kathmandu, Nepal. It belongs to the FPMT, an international network of Gelugpa dharma centers, and once served as its headquarters.

The monastery was established by the FPMT founders, Lamas Thubten Yeshe and Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who bought the property from Nepal's royal astrologer in 1969. Its name comes from the name of the hill on which it was built. 

Kopan has become famous for teaching Buddhism to visiting Western foreigners. The first of what would become annual month-long (November-December) meditation courses was held in 1971. These courses generally combine traditional Lam Rim teachings with informal discussion, several periods of guided meditation, and a vegetarian diet.
Simon Cziommer

**Simon Cziommer** (; born 6 November 1980) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career
He started his career in his local football club FC Schüttdorf 09. Soon he went to the Netherlands   where he played for Twente Enschede, AZ Alkmaar, and FC Utrecht. 2003- 2006 he played for Schalke 04 in the German Bundesliga. Since 2009 he plays for F. C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. He also played for the German U20-team.

## Honours
**Schalke 04**
*UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2003

**Red Bull Salzburg**
*Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2009–10, 2011–12
*Austrian Cup: 2011–12

## References
## Other websites
*Players profile Official Homepage FC Red Bull Salzburg(German)
*Players profile Austrian Soccer Board(German)
Las Condes

**Las Condes** is a commune and city in Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. At the 2002 census, 249,893 people lived there.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Municipality of Las Condes
Stamford, Lincolnshire

**Stamford** is a town and civil parish in Southern Lincolnshire, a county in England. It is on the River Welland and is located in the borough of South Kesteven. The town centre is 92 miles (148 km) north of London, the capital city.

The town is located very close to the borders with Cambridgeshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire. The town is in Lincolnshire, but has a Peterborough post code, a city in Cambridgeshire.

It is a very old town. Many 17th and 18th-century buildings and old timber-framed buildings still stand in the town. It also has five medieval churches.

There are over 600 listed buildings in the town and surrounding area.

The Sunday Times rated the town the best place to live in a survey in 2013.

## Gallery

File:Burghley_House_and_park.jpg|Burghley House
File:Stamfordapproach.jpg|Stamford railway station
File:River_Welland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_160240.jpg|River Welland flowing through the town
File:All_Saints'_Street_-_geograph.org.uk_-_616571.jpg|All Saints Street
Illinois Senate

The **Illinois Senate** is the upper chamber in the Illinois General Assembly, the legislative branch of the government of the state of Illinois. Created in 1818 by the constitution of the first state, the Illinois senate is comprised 59 senators elected from individual legislative districts determined by population. According to Illinois' 1970 constitution, senators are divided into three groups, each group having a two-year term at a different part of the decade between censuses, with the rest of the decade being taken up by two four-year terms. Depending on the election year, roughly one-third, two-thirds, or all Senate seats may be contested. In contrast, the Illinois House of Representatives is made up of 118 members with its entire membership elected to two-year terms. House districts are formed by dividing each Senate district in half.

## Powers 
The Illinois Senate meets at the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois. It is required to convene on the second January of each year.  Along with the Illinois House of Representatives and The Governor of Illinois, it is vested with the power to make laws, come up with a state budget, act on federal constitutional amendments, and propose constitutional amendments to the state constitution. The Illinois Senate also holds the power to convict impeached executive and judicial officials with a 2/3 majority vote.

## By party
## List of Senate Presidents
## Future Senate Elections by District 
State Senators will be elected in the legislative districts for terms of office as set forth below.

**FIRST GROUP** (Districts 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59)

2026 -4 Years 

2030 - 2 Years

**SECOND GROUP** (Districts 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57)

2026 - 2 Years 

2028 - 4 Years

**THIRD GROUP** (Districts 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58)

2028-4 Years

## References
Red Bull Bragantino II

**Red Bull Brasil**, also known as **RB Brasil**, is a Brazilian association football club from Campinas, São Paulo. The club was founded in 2007 by initiative of energy drink-maker Red Bull GmbH. Red Bull Brasil plays in the top tier of Campeonato Paulista, the São Paulo state league. In 2017, Red Bull Brasil makes their second appearance in the fourth tier of Campeonato Brasileiro (the first was in 2015).
## Head coaches
* Paulo Sérgio   (2008)
* Ricardo Pinto   (2008–2009)
* José Luis Fernandes (2009)
* Jair Picerni (2009)
* Márcio Fernandes: (2010–2011)
* Luciano Dias(2011–)
## Current team
## Season's results
*2008: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
*2009: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
:Champion
*2010: Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (III)
:Champion
*2011: Campeonato Paulista Série A2 (II)

## Related pages
*New York Red Bulls
*F.C. Red Bull Salzburg
*RB Leipzig

## References
## Other websites
*Official Homepage Red Bull Brasil
East West MRT line

The **East West MRT line** is a Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. It is the second MRT line built in Singapore. The line is 57 km long with 35 stations. It is the longest MRT line in Singapore and is operated by SMRT Corporation. It takes about 1 hour to travel from end to end and this line is coloured green on MRT system maps. It is also the second-longest mrt line in Singapore, after the  Downtown MRT line

The MRT line joins central Singapore to the western and eastern parts of the island, with another branch to Changi Airport from Tanah Merah. Transferring to the North South line is done at Jurong East, City Hall and Raffles Place stations while transfer to the North East Line at Outram Park station is possible using a linkway. For Circle Line at Paya Lebar station and Buona Vista using an underpass and linkway. The Downtown Line will interchange with the East West Line at the Bugis, Tampines and Expo MRT stations.

## Stations 
### Changi Airport Extension 
## References 
## Other websites 
* LTA - Expanding The Rail Network: LTA To Build Boon Lay MRT Extension 
* Urbanrail.net - Singapore
Red Bull Arena (Leipzig)

The **Red Bull Arena** is a football stadium in Leipzig, Germany. It is the homeground of RB Leipzig. 

## History
The Zentralstadion was built between 1954 and 1956. 100,000 visitors could enter the stadium. It was used for the sport festivals of the GDR, GDR football team matches, and other sports. The largest number of visitors was during a football match between SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt and FC Kaiserslautern when 110,000 people entered.

It was renovated between 2000 and 2004. The renovation reduced the number of visitors that can enter the stadium. The first match in the new stadium was FC Sachsen Leipzig – Borussia Dortmund (Amateure) in front of 28,000 visitors. Now it is only used for football matches and concerts.

In 2010, Red Bull bought the right to name the stadium for 30 years. It is now called "Red Bull Arena" and became the homeground of RB Leipzig, which is owned by Red Bull.

## 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006
The stadium was venue for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup 2006.
### Confederation Cup 2005
*Australia-Tunesia 44,337 visitors
*Brazil - Greece 42,507 visitors

### World Cup 2006

## Other websites
* erlebnis-stadion.de: History and renovation (German)
* wm-2006-leipzig.de: Pictures
* zentralstadion-le.de: Pictures
Eomaia

***Eomaia*** ('dawn mother') is an early fossil eutherian mammal. It is exceptionally well preserved for a 125 million-year-old specimen.

## Discovery 
The fossil was discovered in rocks of the Yixian Formation in China's Liaoning Province. These rock stratas date from the Late Jurassic period to the Cretaceous about 125 million years ago (mya).

## Description 
The fossil is  in length and virtually complete. It weighed between . Although the fossil's skull is squashed flat, its teeth, tiny foot bones, cartilages and even its fur are visible.

## Type of mammal 
*Eomaia* is a eutherian. The eutherians are the placental mammals plus some extinct mammals which had not developed a placenta.

What distinguishes the Eutheria from metatherians, a group that includes modern marsupials, are various features of the feet, jaws and teeth.
*a wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis, which allows the birth of large, well-developed offspring. Marsupials have and non-placental eutherians had a narrower opening that allows only small, immature offspring to pass through.
**Eomaia* has epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis. This stiffening would be harmful in pregnant placentals, whose abdomens need to expand.

## Related pages 
* *Juramaia*
* *Sinodelphys*

## References 
## Other websites 
* New Scientist article on original find.
* Nat. Geo. article
Volkswagen Crafter

The **Volkswagen Crafter** are vans made from 2006 to the present day by Volkswagen.

MAN Truck & Bus make the same van called the MAN TGE.

Volkswagen and Daimler used to make the Crafter together but this stopped in 2017.

## First generation (2006–2017) 
Volkswagen and Daimler made the first generation **Crafter** from 2006 to 2017.

### Engines
### Awards
The Crafter has won a number of motor industry awards, including:
* 2006 *What Van?* – Overall Van of the Year (UK)
* 2006 *What Van?* – Large Van of the Year (UK)
* 2007 *Professional Van and Light Truck Magazine* – Large Van of the Year (UK)
* 2007 *Van Fleet World* – Best Large Panel Van (UK)
* 2007 *Delivery Magazine* – Large Van of the Year (Australia)
* 2008 *Professional Van and Light Truck Magazine* – Best Van derived Chassis Cab of the Year (UK)

### Gallery 

File:VW Crafter front 20071215.jpg|Volkswagen Crafter (before improvements)
File:VW Crafter rear 20071215.jpg|Volkswagen Crafter rear (before improvements)
File:Letiště Ruzyně, minibus CEDAZ (02).jpg|Volkswagen Crafter minibus (before improvements)

### Improvements (2011–2017)
In 2011, the Crafter was improved, It had a new grille and new engines.

#### Engines 

File:VW Crafter 2.0 TDI (Facelift) – Frontansicht, 9. Juli 2012, Velbert.jpg|Volkswagen Crafter (after improvements)
File:VW Crafter 2.0 TDI (Facelift) – Heckansicht, 9. Juli 2012, Velbert.jpg|Volkswagen Crafter rear (after improvements)

## Second generation (2017–present) 
Volkswagen has made the second generation **Crafter** from 2017 to the present day.

### Engines
### e-Crafter
From 2016 to the present day, Volkswagen make an electric van called the e-Crafter.

### Grand California
From 2019 to the present day, Volkswagen make a motorhome called the California XXL.

### MAN TGE
From 2017 to the present day, MAN Truck & Bus make the same van called the MAN TGE, It can be built as a van, tipper, dropside or crew cab vehicle.
File:YV5948 Kowloon GMB CX1 14-10-2023(1).jpg|MAN TGE 5.180, as Public light bus in Hong Kong

#### MAN eTGE
From 2018 to the present day, MAN Truck & Bus make a electric van called the MAN eTGE.
File:2018 Volkswagen Crafter CR35 Startline TD 2.0 Front.jpg|Volkswagen Crafter front
File:2018 Volkswagen Crafter CR35 Startline TD 2.0 Rear.jpg|Volkswagen Crafter rear
File:MAN TGE 3.140 IMG 3856.jpg|MAN TGE

## References
## Other websites
* Official Site
4319 Jackierobinson

**4319 Jackierobinson** (1981 ER14) is a main-belt asteroid discovered on March 1, 1981 by Schelte J. Bus at Siding Spring Observatory. It was found during the U.K. Schmidt-Caltech Asteroid Survey. It was named after Jackie Robinson, the first African-American major league baseball player of the modern era.

## Other websites 
* JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 4319 Jackierobinson
Stolen base

, steals third base in 1988.]]

In baseball, a **stolen base** is when a baserunner advances to the next base while the pitcher is throwing the ball to home plate.  In baseball statistics, stolen bases are displayed as **SB**. It is possible to steal second base, third base, or home plate, but not to steal first base.

If the defense does not try to put the baserunner out (for example, if the catcher does not even look his way), the play is called **defensive indifference** (also called '''fielder's indifference''').  No stolen base is credited to the runner in this case.  Defensive indifference is usually only scored instead of a stolen base when the game is in a late inning and the team with the stealing baserunner is down by more than one run.  MLB Rule 10.07(g) defines defensive indifference.

## Strategy
A player who is good at stealing bases needs not just running speed, but also good base-running instincts, quickness, and split-second timing. The scoring and guidelines for awarding a stolen base to a runner are covered by rule 10.07 of the Major League Baseball rule book.

If a player is good at stealing bases, his manager may let him try to steal a base whenever he thinks he can. A player who is allowed to try to steal whenever he wants is said to have the "green light". Players who do not have the green light may only be allowed to steal when a coach or manager tells him to.

## References
## Other websites
*Baseball-Almanac.com list of All-Time Career stolen bases leaders
Pasadena Star-News

The ***Pasadena Star-News*** is the local daily newspaper for Pasadena, California. The *Star-News* is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, since 1996. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the *San Gabriel Valley Tribune* and the *Whittier Daily News*. 

Ridder Newspapers bought the *Star-News* in 1956; Bernard J. Ridder took over as Publisher. Ridder merged with Knight to form Knight Ridder in 1974. The paper was sold in 1989 to a company owned by William Dean Singleton; the Thomson Corporation bought majority control of the paper a year later. Thomson sold the *Star-News* to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

The Pasadena Star-News was first ed in 1884. The paper was in a building at the corner of Colorado Blvd. and Oakland Avenue for years.  This building is now being used by Technique at Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts and 24 Hour Fitness.

The newspaper also published the *Rose Magazine*.

## References
## Other websites
*Pasadena Star-News website
Baseball-Reference.com

**Baseball-Reference.com** is a website that lists statistics for every player in Major League Baseball history. The site is often used by large media companies and baseball broadcasters as a source of information.

## History
The website came online in April 2000.  It had originally been published in February 2000 as part of the website for the *Big Bad Baseball Annual*. It was first built as a web version of the Lahman Baseball Database. Now it uses a variety of data sources. It has year-by-year team pages, a baseball encyclopedia (the Bullpen, powered by MediaWiki software, using the GFDL), box scores and game logs from every MLB game back to 1954 and minor league player stats back to 1900. The Oracle of Baseball can link any two players by common teammates. The Oracle of Baseball is based on the Oracle of Bacon website.

Its developer Sean Forman was a math professor at Saint Joseph's University before working for this project full-time.

In February 2009, Fantasy Sports Ventures bought part of Sports Reference, the parent company of Baseball-Reference, for a "low seven-figure sum". In reporting this purchase, journalist Eric Fisher wrote:The Sports Reference sites combine to generate more than 1 million unique users per month, according to internal analytics. Company president and former college math professor Sean Forman has become something of a folk hero to baseball fans for the massive depth of data stretching to the 19th century and for the ease of navigation within Baseball-Reference.com.

## References
## Other websites
*Baseball-Reference.com
*"The man behind the numbers: Former math professor creates statistics uber-site,"  *Sports Illustrated* (February 6, 2007)
Ryan Miller

**Ryan Miller** (born July 17, 1980) is an American former ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres, Vancouver Canucks, and St. Louis Blues.

On July 1, 2014, Miller signed a three-year, $18 million contract with the Vancouver Canucks.

On April 5, 2022, Miller announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey at the end of the season. On May 8, 2021, Miller played his final game in the NHL in a 4-3 loss to the Minnesota Wild. On January 19, 2023, the Buffalo Sabres retired Miller's jersey number #30.

## Career statistics
### Regular season
### Playoffs
### International
## Awards and achievements
### College
*CCHA First All-Star Team (2001, 2002)
*NCAA West First All-American Team (2001, 2002)
*CCHA Player of the Year (2001, 2002)
*Hobey Baker Memorial Award (Top U.S. Collegiate Player) (2001)
*C-Bone Classic Champion (2001)
*CCHA Second All-Star Team (2000)

### AHL
*AHL First All-Star Team (2005)
*Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award (Outstanding Goaltender – AHL) (2005)

### NHL
*Starter for the Eastern Conference in NHL All-Star Game (2007)
*NHL Foundation Player Award (2010)
*Vezina Trophy for top goaltender (2010)
*NHL First All-Star Team (2010)

### International
*MVP of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
*Best Goaltender of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament
*All-star selection of the 2010 Olympic hockey tournament

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Ryan Miller – Sabres.com 
*
Oreo

The **Oreo** is a cookie sandwich or cream biscuit. It is made by the Nabisco division of Mondelēz International. The cookie has a sweet, white filling of "creme" or "cream". The creme is in between two circle-shaped chocolate or golden cookie pieces.

Oreos come in many different flavours like chocolate, vanilla, red velvet, caramel coconut, chocolate marshmallow and many more.

The origin of the name "Oreo" is not known, but there are many ideas for why they are called that. It may have been named after a plant genus called Oreodaphne, but it could be named after the French word *or* (which means gold in English) and it could be named after the Greek word  (), which means 'nice' or 'attractive'.

## References
1939–40 NHL season

The **1939–40 NHL season** was the 23rd season for the National Hockey League. 

## Regular season
### Final standings
### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points*

### Leading goaltenders
*Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts*

## Playoffs
*Note: All dates in 1940*
### Playoff bracket
### Quarter-finals and Semi-finals
**Series A: Boston Bruins vs. New York Rangers**

*Rangers win best of seven series 4 games to 2*

**Series B: Chicago Black Hawks vs. Toronto Maple Leafs**

*Toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0*

**Series C: New York Americans vs. Detroit Red Wings**

*Detroit wins best of three series 2 games to 1*

**Series D: Detroit Red Wings vs. Toronto Maple Leafs**

*Toronto wins best of three series 2 games to 0*

### Stanley Cup Final
**Toronto Maple Leafs vs. New York Rangers**

*New York wins best of seven series 4 games to 2*

### Playoff scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes*

### Playoff leading goaltenders
*Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts*

## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Stats - quanthockey.com
*1939-40 NHL Playoff Season Goaltender Stats
*NHL.com
North East MRT line

The **North East MRT Line** (**NEL**) is the third Mass Rapid Transit line in Singapore. The line is 22 km long with 17 stations and is operated by SBS Transit. Travelling from one end of this line to the other end takes about half an hour. This line is coloured purple in the rail map.

The line joins central Singapore to the north-eastern part of the island. Transfer to the North South Line is done at Dhoby Ghaut station, East West Line at Outram Park station, Circle Line at Serangoon and Dhoby Ghaut and Downtown MRT Line at Chinatown and Little India stations.

This line is the first MRT line in Singapore to be completely underground (running in a tunnel all the way between HarbourFront and Punggol Coast). It is also the first (and so far, the only) line where trains get their power from overhead wires above the track, instead of a third rail beside the track.

All the trains on the North East Line are automated (computer-controlled) and do not have an operator driving the train at the front. It is one of the world's first rapid transit lines that does not need drivers and is one of three such lines in the MRT network today. The others are the Circle Line and the Downtown Line.

## Stations
## References 
## Other websites
*North East Line (SBS Transit)
*North East Line (Land Transport Authority) 
*Railway Technology on the NEL
Battle of Finnburg

The **Battle of Finnburg** was a battle between the Frisians and the Danes.  It was mentioned in two early medieval writings, the Finnesburg Fragment and *Beowulf*. These may describe a real or a completelymythical event. 

## Story
According to the Finnesburg Fragment, the Danish prince Hnaef came with sixty followers to visit and spent the winter at the Finnburg.  Finnburg was the fort of his brother-in-law Finn, king of the Frisians. There a fight started between the Frisians and the Danes.  A battle took place that lasted for three days.

## References
## Sources
*Finnesburg Fragment
*Beowulf
Global Handwashing Day

**Global Handwashing Day** is a campaign to encourage people around the world to wash their hands with soap.  It takes place on October 15 of each year.  The campaign's goal is to raise awareness of handwashing with soap as a key way to prevent diseases with hygiene. 

The holiday was made at the annual World Water Week 2008, which was held in Stockholm from August 17 to 23.  Out of this week came the Public Private Partnership for Handwashing (PPPHW). The Global Handwashing Day took place for the first time on October 15, 2008, the date appointed by United Nations General Assembly to go along with the year 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation.

The theme for Global Handwashing Day’s inaugural year was Focus on School Children. The members pledged to get the maximum number of school children handwashing with soap in more than seventy countries.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site for Global Handwashing Day
* World Bank Sanitation Program
* UNICEF