open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey

**Monkwearmouth–Jarrow** was a combination of two English monasteries run as a single community. Both were founded by Benedict Biscop. Monkwearmouth, built first, was a magnificent example of the Roman style of architecture. It housed one of the first stained glass works in England. Jarrow became the center of Anglo-Saxon learning in the north of England and contained the largest  library in Anglo-Saxon England. Bede, the great Anglo-Saxon scholar, studied, taught and wrote there. The sister Anglo-Saxon monasteries were the UK nomination for World Heritage Site status in 2011.

## History 
In 674 Benedict Biscop, a Northumbrian nobleman, built a monastery known as Monkwearmouth. Egfrith, King of Northumbria gave him fifty hides of land at the mouth of the River Wear. This monastery would be dedicated to Saint Peter and came to be called St. Peter's at Monkwearmouth. Benedict wanted his monastery to be a center of both learning and religion. Benedict used Frankish stonemasons who he brought over to England to construct the monastery. Monkwearmouth was the first (and Jarrow the second) church structures to be built of stone in England. Benedict them brought over glassmakers from Frankia to fit the windows of the church and chapels with fine stained glass. They established a workshop there at Monkwearwolf. Within a year the monastery was completed. In 678 a letter from Pope Agatho exempted the monastery from external control. Benedict got all the furnishings, sacred vessels, decorations and vestments. Some he found locally while others he bought in Francia and Rome. In 682 King Egfrith gave another forty hides of land to Benedict for a second monastery. It was to be at the mouth of the River Trent at Jarrow. The dedication ceremony for Jarrow abbey was held on 23 April 685. Named for Saint Paul when the sister monastery was completed Benedict assigned Ceolfrith to the abbot.  Bede, who was about ten years old at the time, was one of the monks who went with him. There wasn't another library like it in England. By the time of his death in 689 Benedict had completed four trips to Rome and the south and brought back large collections of books each time.

The scriptorium at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow was kept very busy. There was a growing demand for copies of bibles, books, documents and especially the works of Bede. Requests came in from other parts of England and the Continent. Their location on the coast of Northumbria made them easy targets for Viking raids.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Wearmouth-Jarrow, Candidate World Heritage Site 
* Wearmouth-Jarrow Monastic Sites, Tyne and Wear, England, *Saints and Stones*
Jamia Mosque (Hong Kong)

The **Jamia Mosque** or **Shelley Street Mosque** () is a mosque in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. It is the first and oldest mosque in Hong Kong.

## History
The original building of the mosque was built in 1890 during the British Hong Kong government as the **Mohammedan Mosque** on a piece of land rented by the government in 1850. In 1915, the building of the mosque was expanded and it was renamed to **Jamia Mosque** after World War II.

## Architecture
The mosque building is included into the Grade I Building in which it is considered as a historical building which needs to be protected and conserved.

## References
Wrecking Ball (Miley Cyrus song)

"**Wrecking Ball**" is a song performed by Miley Cyrus. It was released on August 25, 2013. The song is a pop song which is about the ending of a relationship. It was thought to be inspired by Cyrus' former engagement to Australian actor Liam Hemsworth. "Wrecking Ball" held the Vevo record with most views in the first 24 hours after its release, and the record for being the fastest clip to reach 100 million views on the service. The record was broken in 2014 by Anaconda of Nicki Minaj.

The song was controversial for the music video that had Cyrus wearing a white crop top & a white panties while riding a wrecking ball.

According to the sheet music published on MusicNotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing, "Wrecking Ball" is a moderate pop song pacing in common time with a tempo of 60 beats per minute, written in the key of D minor (with the chorus in its relative key, F major), following a chord progression of Dm-F-C-Gm (i-III-VII-iv) for the verse, B♭-Dm-F-B♭ (VI-i-III-VI) for the pre-chorus, F-C-Dm-B♭ (I-V-vi-IV in F major) for the chorus, and Dm-F-Am-B♭-Dm-F-Asus4-A (i-III-v-VI-i-III-Vsus4-V) for the bridge. Cyrus' vocals span from F3 to B♭4.

## References
Hal Linden

**Hal Linden** (born **Harold Lipshitz**; March 20, 1931) is an American stage and screen actor, television director and musician. Linden is known for his role as Cpt. Barney Miller in *Barney Miller*. He won two special Daytime Emmy Awards and a Tony Award. Linden is the spokesman for the Jewish National Fund, a position he has held since 1997. Linden was born in New York City, New York.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Evergreen Park, Illinois

**Evergreen Park** is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago. The population was 19,943 at the 2020 census. Serial killer Theodore Kaczynski was born here in 1942 and Playboy model Jenny McCarthy was also born here in 1972.

## References
Ted Kaczynski

**Theodore John "Ted" Kaczynski** (May 22, 1942 &ndash; June 10, 2023) was an American mathematician who was known as the **Unabomber**. Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski launched a nationwide bombing campaign against people involved with modern technology, planting or mailing numerous home-made bombs, killing a total of three people and injuring 23 others.

## Early life
Kaczynski was born in Chicago and raised in Evergreen Park, Illinois. He became an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1967 at age 25. He resigned two years later.

Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times and others on April 24, 1995, called Industrial Society and Its Future, and he wrote about his thoughts on society. He pleaded guilty of his crimes on January 22, 1998. He was an inmate of ADX Florence, Fremont County, Colorado. On December 14, 2021, he was moved from ADX Florence to the Federal Medical Center, Butner, North Carolina after being diagnosed with late-stage cancer.

## Written works
Kaczynski wrote many books, *Industrial Society and Its Future, Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How*, and *Technological Slavery* are his most famous. *Industrial Society and Its Future* was best known as the "Unabomber's Manifesto".

## Death
In March 2021 Kaczynski was diagnosed with rectal cancer. He complained of rectal bleeding in March 2021, and on December 14, 2021, he was transferred to Federal Medical Center, Butner, in North Carolina.

At 12:23 a.m. on June 10, 2023, Kaczynski was found in his cell unresponsive, with no pulse, after hanging himself from a handicap rail with a shoelace. He was taken to Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina, where his blood pressure remained low until he was pronounced dead at 8:07 A.M. EDT.

## References
## Other websites
* Published Works of Theodore Kaczynski – mathematical papers
* The Unabomber Manifesto
* Kaczynski's letter to the writers of the book, American Terrorist, about Timothy McVeigh 
* Text of Unabomber's Letter Received by N.Y. Times April 26, 1995 
* Text of Letter from Unabomber to Dr. David Gelernter 
* Letter to a Turkish anarchist
* The Unabomber's family photo album – Chicago Tribune
Price Tower

The **Price Tower** is a nineteen-story, 221-foot-high tower in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. It is the only well-known skyscraper by Wright, and is one of only two vertically buildings designed by Wright. The Price Tower was commissioned by Harold C. Price of the H. C. Price Company, a local oil pipeline and chemical firm. It opened to the public in February 1956.

## Other websites
* Price Tower Arts Center
* Price Tower Arts Center info on TravelOK.com Official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma
* Chicago Architecture Foundation Opens Price Tower Exhibit  dBNews Chicago, Wednesday, January 10, 2007
Opposing Viewpoints series

***Opposing Viewpoints*** is a series of books on current events. It tries to explore the many different opinions of each event in the style of a debate. The series tries to encourage critical thinking and public awareness by providing opposing views on issues that have been debated.

## Books in the series
**Abortion: Opposing Viewpoints* (2002) edited by Mary E. Williams (, )
**Addiction: Opposing Viewpoints* (2005) edited by Louise I. Gerdes (, )
**Adoption: Opposing Viewpoints* (2002) edited by Roman Espejo (, )
**Africa: Opposing Viewpoints* (2005) edited by Laura K. Egendorf (, )
**An Aging Population: Opposing Viewpoints* (2002) edited by Laura K. Egendorf (, )
**AIDS: Opposing Viewpoints* (2003) edited by Tamara L. Roleff (, )
**Alcohol: Opposing Viewpoints* (2004) edited by Karen Balkin (, )
**America’s Youth: Opposing Viewpoints* (2003) edited by Roman Espejo (, )
**Animal Experimentation: Opposing Viewpoints* (2002) edited by Helen Cothran (, )
**Biological Warfare: Opposing Viewpoints* (2004) edited by William Dudley (, )
**Biomedical Ethics: Opposing Viewpoints* (2003) edited by Roman Espejo (, )
**The Breakup of the Soviet Union: Opposing Viewpoints* (1994) edited by William Barbour ()
**Censorship: Opposing Viewpoints* (2002) edited by Tamara L Roleff (, )
**Chemical Dependency: Opposing Viewpoints* (2003) edited by Laura K. Egendorf (, )
**Child Abuse: Opposing Viewpoints* (2004) edited by Louise I. Gerdes (, )
**Constructing a Life Philosophy: Opposing Viewpoints* (2002) ()
**Civil Liberties: Opposing Viewpoints* (2004) edited by Auriana Ojeda (, )

## References
## Other websites
*Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center at the publisher's website, Gale.
Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

The **Imperial Hotel, Tokyo** is a hotel in Tokyo. It was built in the late 1880s at the request of the Japanese aristocracy to increase Western visitors to Japan. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. 

The modern hotel overlooks the Palace, the  western-style Hibiya Park, and the Ginza neighborhood. Three buildings have stood on the hotel site, each of which embodied the finest western design of its era. The hotel eventually slipped into decay as time took its toll. In a controversial decision, it was decided to demolish the old hotel and replace it with a high-rise structure, to maximize the use of land.

## References
## Other websites
*Imperial Hotel, Ltd.  (株式会社帝国ホテル; *Kabushiki Gaisha Teikoku Hoteru*).
*Main Entrance Hall and Lobby of Imperial Hotel in the Museum Meiji-Mura 
*Old Tokyo - Imperial Hotel (Wright)
*Legacy of oya stone used in the Imperial Hotel
Fujian Province, Republic of China

**Fujian Province** or **Fukien Province** () is a province of the Republic of China. Its capital is Jincheng Township in Kinmen County.

## Divisions
* Kinmen County
* Lienchiang County

## Related pages
* Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
Arnold Peralta

**Arnold Peralta** (29 March 1989 &ndash; 10 December 2015) was a Honduran football player. He played as a defensive midfielder for C.D.S. Vida, Rangers F.C. and Olimpia. He also played for the Honduras national football team. He represented Honduras in seven FIFA World Cup qualification games.

Peralta was shot dead sixteen times by an unknown gunman on 10 December 2015 in his hometown of La Ceiba, aged 26.

## References
Yury Yakovlev

**Yury Vasilyevich Yakovlev** (25 April 1928 &ndash; 30 November 2013) was a Russian movie and stage actor. Yakovlev appeared in over 100 Russian-language movies.

His most popular movies include; *The Irony of Fate*, *Anna Karenina*, *Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future*, and in *Hussar Ballad*. He has won many awards throughout his career including Russia's highest civilian honor the Order of Lenin.

Yakovlev was born on 25 April 1928 in Moscow, Soviet Union. He studied at the Vakhtangov Theatre. Yakovlev was married three times. He had one son, Anton. Yakovlev now lived in Moscow, Russia.

Yakovlev felt ill in early morning of 29 November 2013. He soon fainted in his home. He was rushed to a Moscow hospital where he died there on 30 November 2013 from heart failure, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Yakovlev on the Vakhtangov Theatre Homepage 
* Biography of Yury Yakovlev
Palais Royal

The **Palais Royal** is a building in Paris. It was once a palace of the French royal family. It was built in the 1630s by Cardinal Richelieu to hold his art collection. When Richelieu died in 1642, it became the property of the young King Louis XIV. It was successively the property of the Dukes of Orléans and later Marie Antoinette before being destroyed in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War. 

From 1649, the exiled Henrietta Maria of France and her daughter Princess Henrietta lived here. The two had escaped England during the English Civil War. They were sheltered here by King Louis XIV, who was Henrietta Maria's nephew.

In 1692, when the Duke of Chartres (future Regent of France) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the King gave the Palais Royal to his brother, Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, "*Monsieur*".

Louis Philippe I, future King of the French, was born here. He was the son of the young Philippe Égalité and his wife Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon.

Louise Henriette de Bourbon also died here. She was married to Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. The future Louis Philippe I was also born here.

## References 
* 

## Related pages
*Château de Saint Cloud the country residence of the Dukes of Orléans, destroyed in 1870. 
*House of Orléans the family most associated with the building. 

## Other websites
*Satellite image from Google Maps
*Palais Royal – Louvre district - current photographs and of the years 1900
*Virtual Paris  - Photos of Palais-Royal and VR views
* Panoramic View of Palais Royal @ Places of Interest
Julia Serano

**Julia Serano** (born 1967) is a transsexual American writer, biologist, musician, poet, and activist. She lives in Oakland, California. In 2007 her first full-length book Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity* was published by Seal Press. In October 2013 *Excluded: Making Feminist and Queer Movements More Inclusive* was published. Her essays have also been published on websites and in magazines and books about feminism.

Serano did a PhD in biochemistry and molecular biophysics at Columbia University. Serano worked at UC Berkeley as a researcher for seventeen years.

She was a member of the indie rock band Bitesize.

## Personal life
Serano is a feminist. She is bisexual.

For years she was a crossdresser. She wore clothes made for women but still called herself a man. In 1998 Serano moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. There she met her wife Dani. Around this time Serano started identifying as bigender and transgender. In 2001 she started identifying as a trans woman. She calls herself a "femme tomboy".

## Writing
In 2002 made a chapbook called *Either/Or*. In 2004 she made a chapbook called *Draw Blood*.
In 2005 Serano made a chapbook called *On the Outside Looking In: A Trans Woman's Perspective on Feminism and the Exclusion of Trans Women from Lesbian and Women-only Spaces''.

Serano's first book *Whipping Girl* talks about transmisogyny. Transmisogyny is a word that Serano uses to talk about a kind of misogyny (woman-hating) that is experienced by trans women. *Whipping Girl* has updated versions of three of the four essays in *On the Outside Looking In*.

In her second book *Excluded*, Serano wrote about how feminist and queer movements have left out transgender women, feminine people, bisexuals, sex workers, and others.

In both of her books Serano talks about how gender is not a performance.

## References
Green Acres

***Green Acres*** is an American sitcom that was produced by Filmways and released by Orion Pictures (now Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). *Green Acres* stars Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor as a couple who move from New York City to a rural country farm in the fictional community of Hooterville. The show also had supporting roles by Tom Lester, Frank Cady, Pat Buttram, Alvy Moore, Hank Patterson, Barbara Pepper, and several others. *Green Acres* is a sister show to *Petticoat Junction* which also takes place in Hooterville.

*Green Acres* was created by Jay Sommers who was also a writer and executive producer for *Petticoat Junction*. The idea of *Green Acres* came from a radio show which Sommers directed and produced. The series was first broadcast on CBS on September 15, 1965, and was canceled on April 27, 1971. During its run, *Green Acres* had six seasons with a total of 170 episodes.

## Cast 
**Main characters**
* Eddie Albert as Oliver Wendell Douglas, an American lawyer who moves to Hooterville to become a farmer.
* Eva Gabor as Lisa Douglas, Oliver's Hungarian wife who gives up the city life by moving to Hooterville with her husband.
**Supporting characters**
* Tom Lester as Eb Dawson, Oliver and Lisa's farmhand.
* Frank Cady as Sam Drucker, the owner of Hooterville's general store.
* Pat Buttram as Mr. Haney, a cunning merchant.
* Alvy Moore as Hank Kimball, Hooterville's county agent.
* Hank Patterson as Fred Ziffel, an elderly farmer who, together with his wife, care for their pet pig named Arnold.
* Barbara Pepper as Doris Ziffel, Fred's wife (seasons 1-4).
* Fran Ryan as Doris Ziffel (seasons 5-6).
* Mary Grace Canfield as Ralph Monroe, who works with her brother Alf as a carpenter. 
* Sid Melton as Alf Monroe, who works with his sister Ralph as a carpenter.
* Kay E. Kuter as Newt Kiley, a farmer.
* Eleanor Audley as Oliver Douglas' mother who lives in New York City.
* Robert Foulk as Roy Trendell
* Tom Fadden as Ben Miller
'*Characters from *Petticoat Junction'''''
* Bea Benaderet as Kate Bradley, owner of the Shady Rest Hotel in Pixley, a city next to Hooterville.
* Edgar Buchanan as Uncle Joe Carson, Kate's lazy uncle who helps her run the Shady Rest Hotel.
* Smiley Burnette as Charley Pratt, engineer of the *Hooterville Cannonball*, a train that goes between Hooterville and nearby Pixley.
* Rufe Davis as Floyd Smoot, conductor of the *Hooterville Cannonball*.
John of Damascus

Saint **John of Damascus** ( 675 or 676 – 4 December 749) was a Christian leader from Damascus. He was a monk and a priest (a Christian preacher). He was born and raised in Damascus, which is today the capital of the country of Syria. He died in the Jerusalem in Palestine, at the Mar Saba monastery.

John of Damascus studied religion. He also studied law, theology, philosophy and music. He is said by some sources to have served as a Chief Administrator to the Muslim caliph of Damascus before he became a priest. He wrote works about Christianity. He composed hymns that are still used by Greek Orthodox churches around the world. He is considered "the last of the Fathers" of the Eastern Orthodox church. He is best known for arguing to let people use pictures of Greek Orthodox saints, which are called "icons". He is also honored by Catholic churches, specifically the Roman Catholic Church.

## References
Melissa Harris-Perry

**Melissa Victoria Harris-Perry** (born October 2, 1973) is an American television host and writer. She hosts a television programme on MSNBC called *Melissa Harris-Perry*. 

## Life and career
She got a Ph.D. in political science from Duke University in 1999. That year she married Dennis Lacewell. She divorced him in 2005.  She is a professor of political science at Tulane University. In 2004, her first book *Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought* was published. In 2011, Yale Press published Perry's book *Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America*.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Judith Butler

**Judith Butler** (born February 24, 1956) is an American philosopher. Butler was born in Ohio. Butler got a PhD in philosophy from Yale University in 1984. In 1990, Butler's book *Gender Trouble* was published by Routledge. It is considered an important work in modern feminism. In the book Butler talks about their theory of gender performativity, which is that gender, along with sex and sexuality, is a type of performative speech rather than an expression of human biology. In other politics, they have supported Palestine and the Democratic Party, including Hillary Clinton and Kamala Harris.

## Early life
Butler was born in Ohio and went to Hebrew school. They studied at Bennington College in the 70s before moving on to study philosophy at Yale University.

## Personal life
Butler lives in Berkeley, California, with Wendy Brown, the partner. Butler identifies as non-binary.

## References
Enrico Letta

**Enrico Letta** (born 20 August 1966) is an Italian politician. He is the Secretary of the Democratic Party since 2021. He was the Prime Minister of Italy (head of government) from 2013 to 2014. Previously, he had also been a member of several Italian governments, as of 1998. In April 2015 he announced that he was not going to be a professional politician anymore, and that he wanted to concentrate on academia.

He was born in Pisa, Tuscany. He is married to Gianna Fregonara and has 3 children.

In October 2021, Letta won the by-election for the Siena district with 49.9% of votes, returning to the Parliament after six years. 

## References
Chancellor, South Dakota

**Chancellor** is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Turner County, and 300 people lived there at the 2020 census. Chancellor was started in 1886.

## References
Helipad

]]
A **helicopter landing pad** (**helipad**) is a landing area for helicopters, like a runway for an airplane.

## Related pages 
* Heliport
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport

**Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport** , is a major airport in the United States. It is in the Detroit area and serves all the city. It is one of the busiest airports in the United States and gets many passengers. It has many international and  destinations. It is one of Delta Airlines biggest airport hubs after Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta. It is also a hub of Spirit Airlines. Its many destinations include cities in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.

## References
Prime Minister of Italy

The **prime minister of Italy**, officially **President of the Council of Ministers**, is the head of government of Italy.

## Living former prime ministers of Italy 
As of , there are ten living former prime ministers. The most recent death of a former prime minister was Arnaldo Forlani (1980–1981) on 6 July 2023.

File:Giuliano Amato - Festival Economia 2013.JPG|Giuliano Amato1992–19932000–2001
File:Lamberto dini pl.jpg|Lamberto Dini1995–1996
File:Romano Prodi - Giornata Autonomia 2014.JPG|Romano Prodi1996–19982006–2008
File:Massimo_D%E2%80%99Alema_(8812707342)_cropped.jpg|Massimo D'Alema1998–2000
File:Mario Monti 2012.jpg|Mario Monti2011–2013
File:Enrico Letta 2013.jpg|Enrico Letta2013–2014
File:Matteo Renzi 2015.jpeg|Matteo Renzi2014–2016
File:Paolo Gentiloni EP Parliament (cropped).jpg|Paolo Gentiloni2016–2018
File:Giuseppe Conte Official.jpg|Giuseppe Conte2018–2021
File:Mario Draghi 2021 cropped.jpg|Mario Draghi2021–2022

## References
Brooke Burns

**Brooke Burns** (born March 16, 1978) is an American actress, fashion model and television personality She acts mostly in movies which are direct to video and in certain television programs. She starred as Jennifer Cullen in the television movie *The Most Wonderful Time of the Year* in 2008. Burns was born in Dallas, Texas.

## References
Titanic II (movie)

***Titanic II*** is a disaster-drama movie from 2010 produced by Shane Van Dyke and distributed by The Asylum. It is not a sequel to the movie from 1997. 

Certain movie websites, however, say this movie may be a mock of the 1997 hit movie. The movie *Titanic II* is about the *SS Titanic II* luxury liner sent on a maiden voyage exactly 100 years after the original RMS *Titanic*, except the *Titanic II* is operating in reverse opposite the original ship. The more recent ship exits New York City and heads to United Kingdom at Southampton. Like the earlier ship, however, she crashes into an iceberg, killing most of the ship's passengers and crew. Only a handful of people survive. *Titanic II* was condemned by many critics as a rip-off of James Cameron's 1997 movie. The criticisms involved mostly plot and movie directions.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* *Titanic II*  at The Asylum
Korean Air

**Korean Air** is the flag carrier and largest airline of South Korea. Its headquarters are in Seoul. It has two hubs at both airports in Seoul, the major international airport Incheon International Airport and the smaller domestic airport Seoul Gimpo. Korean Air has planes from both Boeing and Airbus, including the Boeing 747 and Airbus 380. These fly to destinations all over the world, including places in Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, and North America. Korean Air is a founding member of SkyTeam alongside Aeroméxico Air France and Delta Air Lines.

## Gallery

File:Korean air destinations.png|Korean Air destinations around the world
File:HL7472 - Korean Air Lines - Boeing 747-4B5 - ICN (17311316921).jpg| A Korean Air Boeing 747  
File:Korean Air Boeing 777-300ER HL8218 HKG 2011-12-8.png|A Boeing 777 landing at Hong Kong International Airport in Hong Kong
File:Korean Air A330-223 (HL7552) taxiing at Nagasaki Airport.jpg|An Airbus A330 at Nagasaki Airport in Nagasaki, Japan
File:HL7613 A380 Korean Airlines (7567522426).jpg|Korean Air Airbus A380
File:HL7631@HKG (20181205131515).jpg|A Korean Air Boeing 747

## Other websites
* Official website of Korean Air
House of Orléans

at court.]]
The **House of Orléans** was a French noble and royal family. It descends from Louis XIV of France and his only brother Philippe, Duke of Orléans. The families main traditional home was the Palais Royal in Paris. The family later became very powerful during the reign of Louis Philippe I. He ruled France under the title *King of the French*. The king successfully married his children into other royal families of Europe.

## Head (the Count of Paris)
### Head, *his* titles, and wife
The present head of the house is Jean. He is known as the Count of Paris.  He also claims the title King of the French, but is known simply as *His Royal Highness The Count of Paris* and sometimes the *Duke of France*. However, the titles are not officially recognised because France is no longer a monarchy. Jean has been a claimant to the throne since 2019. The Count is married to Philomena de Tornos y Steinhart. Philomena is of Austrian-Hispanic descent.

## References
## Notes
Jean Kent

**Jean Kent** (**Joan Mildred Summerfield**; 29 June 1921 &ndash; 30 November 2013) was a British movie and television actress. She was also known as **Jean Carr**. She was born in Brixton, London. Kent was known for her role as Mille Harris in *The Browning Version*.

Kent died in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk on 30 November 2013, aged 92. She died following a fall a few  days earlier at her home in Westhorpe, Suffolk.

## References
## Other websites
* BBC: Jean Kent at 90
* 
* Jean Kent recalls her appearance on This Is Your Life
* British Pictures Stars 
* Photographs of Jean Kent
Linacre College, Oxford

**Linacre College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1962, and was the third graduate-only college at the University. It was the first graduate college founded at Oxford to admit both male and female students. 

## References
Grand Prairie, Texas

**Grand Prairie** is a city in Dallas County, Tarrant County, Ellis County in the state of Texas. It is a rather big city with a population of 196,100 people in 2020. Grand Prairie is part of a bigger region known as the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex made up of Dallas and Fort Worth and their suburbs or cities outside of them.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Grand Prairie
Vicente Aleixandre

**Vicente Pío Marcelino Cirilo Aleixandre y Merlo** (April 26, 1898 – December 14, 1984) was a Spanish poet. He was born in Seville. Aleixandre won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1977. He was part of the Generation of '27. He died in Madrid from tuberculosis in 1984.

## References
## Other websites
* Poesin blev min räddning (1977), documentary directed by Humberto López y Guerra about the Spanish Literature Nobel Prize Winner Vicente Aleixandre produced for Swedish Television TV1-Kultur
Airline alliance

An **airline alliance** is an agreement of two or more airlines to work with each other. The three largest airline alliances are Star Alliance, SkyTeam, and Oneworld. Airline alliances make it easier for passengers to travel around the world, often by codeshare agreements, with fewer stops or connections. The biggest alliance is Star Alliance, with 28 member airlines such as United, Lufthansa, and Air Canada. The second biggest is SkyTeam, with 19 members including Delta, KLM, and Air France. The third biggest alliance is Oneworld, with 13 members including American Airlines, British Airways, and Qantas.

## Alliances
Membership and market data for the largest airline alliances (as of March 2013) 

## References
## Other websites
* Oneworld
* SkyTeam 
* Star Alliance
Dallas County, Texas

**Dallas County** is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, the population was 2,613,539.

The head of the county and biggest city is Dallas. It is the second most populated county in Texas after Harris County. It is the ninth most populated in the whole United States.

## Geography
The county has a total area of 909 square miles.

## Schools 
These school districts are in Dallas County:

* Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District (partly in Denton County)
* Cedar Hill Independent School District
* Coppell Independent School District
* Dallas Independent School District
* DeSoto Independent School District
* Duncanville Independent School District
* Ferris Independent School District (mostly in Ellis County)
* Garland Independent School District

* Grand Prairie Independent School District
* Grapevine-Colleyville Independent School District (mostly in Tarrant County)
* Highland Park Independent School District
* Irving Independent School District
* Lancaster Independent School District
* Mesquite Independent School District
* Richardson Independent School District
* Sunnyvale Independent School District

## Places
### Cities
* Balch Springs
* Cockrell Hill
* Dallas (county seat)
* DeSoto
* Duncanville
* Farmers Branch
* Hutchins
* Irving
* Lancaster
* University Park
* Wilmer

### Towns
* Addison
* Highland Park
* Sunnyvale

## References
## Other websites
*The official website of Dallas County
Star Alliance

**Star Alliance** is the world's first and largest airline alliance. Its headquarters are in Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany. It was founded in 1999 by five airlines: Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International, Air Canada, Lufthansa, and United Airlines. Varig Brazilian Airlines was the first airline to join, in 1997.  In 2013, the alliance now has 28 member airlines with more than 21,100 daily departures combined. These flights fly to 1,329 airports in more than 150 countries, carrying 678.7 million passengers.
## Members
Founding member. 
 Left alliance on 30 March 2014 and moved to Oneworld with LAN Airlines. 
 Left alliance in early 2014 upon completion of merger with American Airlines.

## Past members
* Adria Airways
* Ansett Australia 
* bmi 
* Continental Airlines 
* Mexicana de Aviacion 
* Spanair 
* TACA Airlines 
* TAM Airlines 
* US Airways 
* Varig Brazilian Airlines 

## References
## Other websites
*
Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China

**Taiwan**  () is the claimed province by the People's Republic of China (PRC) government to be part of PRC, although officially it is currently under the control of the Republic of China (ROC) government. The recognized capital of the country is Taipei City.

## Area
Taiwan Province of the PRC doesn't include Kinmen County and Lienchiang County (as currently under the control of ROC government) because those countries are considered to be part of the Fujian Province of the PRC.
Quake

**Quake** usually means an earthquake, a shaking of the earth's surface.

**Quake** can also mean:

* *Quake* (video game)
** *Quake* (series), the series of video games
* Quake (Transformers), a character in *Transformers*
* Quake (natural phenomenon), a shaking of the surface on planets and moons in general
* Daisy Johnson, a character in the Marvel comic-book universe

## Related pages
* Quaker
No Ordinary Love

**"No Ordinary Love"** is a 1992 ballad. It is from the album *Love Deluxe* by singer Sade. It was in the 1993 movie *Indecent Proposal*. The song hit #26 in Ireland, United Kingdom and Scotland. In June 1993, the song became a hit across the world. Sade won a Grammy Award for this ballad in early 1994. The full ballad is seven minutes and 21 seconds in length. The single edit is five minutes and 22 seconds.
People's Liberation Army

The '''People's Liberation Army** (or simply **PLA''') is the armed forces of the Communist Party of China. The army was established (founded) on 1 August 1927. The People's Liberation Army is the largest military force in the world. It has about 2,250,000 personnel or employees (about 0.18% of the population of China) under the Central Military Commission.

## Branches
The PLA consists of five main branches: the PLA Ground Force, PLA Navy (PLAN), PLA Air Force (PLAAF), Second Artillery Corps (strategic missile force), and the PLA Reserve Force. In December 2019, an advanced warship (aircraft carrier (辽宁舰)) came into operation.  

## Activities
*In October 1949, the PLA wanted to take Kinmen but failed. The Battle took place at Guningtou (古寧頭之役).

*.]] June 1950 Korean War (engaged by the People's Volunteer Army.)

*In July 1953, the PLA engaged the Taiwanese and won the battle (东山岛战役). The Republic of China Army failed to take Dongshan Island, Fujian. 

*1955 Vietnam War - "Anti-US invasion into Vietnam, meeting in June 1966" (反对美国侵略越南大会)

*1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis (金门炮战)

*In early 1961, the anti-CCP militants had to move from Burma to Taiwan, after engaging the PLA and Burmese Armed Forces (中缅边境勘界警卫作战 and 江拉基地保卫战). 

*1962 Sino-Indian War

*1979 Sino-Vietnamese War

*1987 Sino-Indian skirmish

*1996 Taiwan Strait crisis (台灣海峽飛彈危機)

*Somali Civil War (2009–present) (not engaged) (escort missions)  

*Yemen Civil War (not engaged) (rescue missions in 2015 only)

*2020 China–India skirmishes

## Military exercise
In the sea, since 2012, in cooperation with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. 

From 2017 to 2022, the PLA sent many fighter aircrafts to fly near Taiwan.

 This was not welcomed by the Taiwanese, who describe these exercises as "CCP planes harass Taiwan"  (共機擾台).

In early 2025, a large number of warships were present in the international waters near Australia.
## References
Paul Walker

**Paul William Walker IV** (September 12, 1973 – November 30, 2013) was an American actor, philanthropist, stuntman and model best known for portraying Brian O'Conner in *The Fast and the Furious* film series. The first movie that Walker acted in was *Monster in the Closet* where he portrayed "Professor" Bennett. Before he died, he appeared on the National Geographic Channel series Expedition Great White.

He was unfortunately killed in a car accident on November 30, 2013 at the age of 40. 

## Early life
Paul William Walker IV was born in Glendale, California.His parents were Cheryl (née Crabtree), a fashion model and Paul William Walker III, a sewer contractor and a two-time Golden Gloves champion boxer.Paul was of mostly English ancestry, with a smaller amount of German roots. His paternal grandfather, a professional boxer, had English immigrant grandparents.One of his grandfathers raced factory cars for Ford in the 1960s.He was raised as a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

## Death
On the afternoon of November 30, 2013, it was reported that Walker was the passenger in a friend's car when the driver lost control and crashed into a tree. The car exploded and engulfed in flames, killing both men.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official Website.
* .
Brendan O'Neill (journalist)

'''Brendan O'Neill'* is the editor of *Spiked Online*, an internet magazine about politics. He also writes for *The Big Issue*, *The Australian*, and *The Daily Telegraph''.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
American Colony, Jerusalem

The **American Colony in Jerusalem** was a colony in Jerusalem, Israel. It was established by an American and Swedish Christian utopian group in 1881. During the British Mandate of Palestine, the colony was occupied by Jordan until the Six-Day War in 1967. 

The cemetery of the colony is located in the National Garden of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Mount Scopus.

## Other websites 
*The American Colony in Jerusalem at the Library of Congress website.  Selected documents from the American Colony in Jerusalem Collection in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress.
*Collection of Several Thousand photographs made by the American Colony Photo Department in Jerusalem (Later known as Matson Photo Service) 
* Album MIZPAH: Publication of an album which was given to Herbert Samuel by the members of the American Colony in 1925. Israel State Archives site: https://www.archives.gov.il/NR/exeres/9AAD16DC-F305-48EC-8EAF-47D012A7A578,frameless.htm?NRMODE=Published
Speciesism

**Speciesism** is thinking that humans are better than animals, though humans are technically also animals. It is also treating animals worse than humans. For example, humans often kill animals to eat. Humans rarely kill and eat other humans. The word *speciesism* was first used in 1970 by Richard D. Ryder, an English philosopher, in a pamphlet called *Speciesism*. It was made popular by Peter Singer's 1975 book *Animal Liberation*. In the book the name of the fifth chapter was "Man's Dominion ... a short history of speciesism". The word 'speciesism' was first put in the *Oxford English Dictionary* in 1985.

## Media
In 2013, a documentary movie about speciesism called *Speciesism: The Movie* was released. It was made by Mark Devries, wherein he compares factory farming to slavery and the Holocaust.

## References
Greek Colony, Jerusalem

The **Greek Colony** is a neighbourhood in Jerusalem. It started as a colony of Greeks in 1900. The Greek Colony is next to the German Colony at the end of Emek Refaim Street.

## Other websites
German Colony, Jerusalem

The **German Colony in Jerusalem** is a neighbourhood in Jerusalem. It began as a colony established by German Templars in 1873. The colony was built in the Valley of Rephaim on the way to Bethlehem, next to the Greek Colony. The main street of the neighbourhood today is Emek Refaim Street. The Rephaim River passes through the valley. It is also known as "White Valley".

## Other websites 
* the German Colony in Jerusalem from the Jerusalem webshots site
Richard D. Ryder

**Richard Hood Jack Dudley Ryder** (born 1940) is a British writer and psychologist. In 1969 he became involved with animal rights; he protested against an otter hunt in Dorset. In 1970 he made a new word, "speciesism". He used it in a pamphlet called "Speciesism". It is now in the Oxford Dictionary. Ryder made a theory called painism in 1990. In 2001 a book that Ryder wrote about his theory of painism was published. It was called *Painism: A Modern Morality*. Painism is the idea that any being that feels pain deserves rights.

Ryder was born in Purbeck in Dorset. He grew up in Corfe Castle. 

In 1971 an essay that Ryder wrote about animal testing was published in the book *Animals, Men and Morals*.

In 1972 he joined the Council of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). Ryder helped to organize the first academic conference about animal rights. The conference was in August 1977 at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1977 he became the chairman of the RSPCA. He stopped being the chairman in 1979.

His first book, *Victims of Science*, was first published in 1975. It is about how animals were used in scientific research at the time it was written.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Subantarctic

The **Subantarctic** is a region in the southern hemisphere that is just north of the Antarctic region. This covers the part of the world roughly to a latitude of between 46° &ndash; 60° south of the Equator. The subantarctic region includes many islands in the southern parts of the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.
Nils Petter Molvær

**Nils Petter Molvær** (born September 18, 1960) is a Norwegian jazz trumpeter. He plays a kind of jazz called future jazz. He has won Spellemannprisen in the Open Class three times. In 1983 he joined Jazzpunkensemblet, a Norwegian jazz orchestra. He released his first solo album *Khmer* in 1998 in the United States on ECM Records. It has sold more copies than any of his later albums. Molvær played trumpet on the 2008 Hector Zazou album *Corps Electriques*. Molvær was a member of a post-rock band called Jaga Jazzist.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Shirley Manson

**Shirley Ann Manson** (born 26 August 1966) is a Scottish singer, songwriter, musician and actress. She was born in Edinburgh. She is best known for being the main singer of the rock band Garbage. They have released 7 albums. 

## Career
Between 1992 and 1994 Manson was a member of a rock band called Angelfish. In 1994 Manson joined Garbage. They released their first album, *Garbage*, the next year. The first single released from the album was "Vow". The single "Stupid Girl" reached number four in the UK. It was their best selling single in the United States. In 1998 Garbage's second album *Version 2.0* was released. It was number one in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and New Zealand. Six singles were released from the album. *Beautifulgarbage* was released in 2001. In 2005 *Bleed Like Me* was released. *Not Your Kind of People*, Garbage's fifth album, was released in 2013. And two next albums : Strange Little Birds (2016). No Gods No Masters (2021).

In 2013 Manson made a cover of "Because the Night" with Screaming Females.

Manson acted in eighteen episodes of *Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles*.

## Personal life
She is a feminist. 
Her first relationship was with her music teacher when she was fifteen years old. She married Billy Bush in 2010.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Clare Balding

**Clare Victoria Balding**  (born 29 January 1971) is a British television presenter. She was born in Kingsclere, Hampshire. She is openly lesbian. In 2009, she was diagnosed with thyroid cancer. She recovered later that year. In 2012, a book she wrote about her life was published. It was called *My Animals and Other Family*. In February 2013, Woman's Hour, a programme on BBC Radio 4, put her on their list of the most powerful women in the UK. Balding presented ''Britain's Brightest'' in 2013.

## References
River Tyne

The **River Tyne** is a river in North East England. It is used for water sports in the summer. More than 43,500 people visit it every year. There is a famous bridge that crosses it called the Tyne Bridge. Another bridge that crosses it is the Gateshead Millennium Bridge. The bridges connect Gateshead to Newcastle upon Tyne.

## References
## Other websites
* Bridges On The Tyne
* Online Charts of The Tyne, to Newcastle
* Tyne Rivers Trust
Peter Dinklage

**Peter Hayden Dinklage** (born June 11, 1969) is an American actor who starred in the Home Box Office television series *Game of Thrones*. He also starred in other movies, including *Elf* (2003), *Penelope* (2006), *Death at a Funeral* (2010), and *Ice Age: Continental Drift* (2012). Dinklage was born in Morristown, New Jersey. He was born with achondroplasia, a form of dwarfism. He studied at Bennington College. In 2005, he married Erica Schmidt. They have one daughter. He is a Catholic. He is a vegetarian and a supporter of animal rights.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Peter Dinklage at Emmys.com 
* 
* Interview with Peter Dinklage about The Station Agent 
* BBC Movies Interview about The Station Agent
* Interview with Peter Dinklage in Delbarton Today
British hip hop

**British hip hop** (also **British rap**) is a genre of music. The style happens across Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales and England. British rap music was officially observed from the 1980s-afterward, though it might have begun far earlier. Among UK rap artists who moved to the United States at young ages are Slick Rick and Young MC (aka Marvin Young).

## References
Wu Chinese

**Wu** is a group of Chinese dialects spoken in the area around Shanghai in southern China. 

Wu dialects have been spoken by some important people such as Chiang Kai-shek. However, the dialects are as different from one another as Spanish is from French. Speakers of Wu cannot always understand one another's dialects. In fact, Wu is a name that is used mainly by linguists, people who study languages.

There are various subgroups of Wu Chinese.

Like for other types of Chinese, the Wu dialects are being replaced by Mandarin.
Military aircraft

and three bombers]]
A** Military aircraft** is an aeroplane made for military purposes. There are two basic types:
* Those made for combat.
* Those made for transport. Most are Cargo aircraft.

## Related pages 
* Fighter aircraft
* Bomber
* Stealth aircraft
* Attack aircraft
* Training aircraft

* Radar-guided missile (weapon on aircraft)
Bellis perennis

***Bellis perennis*** is a very common European species of daisy, of the Asteraceae family, often considered the model type for the name "daisy".

Many related plants also share the name "daisy", so to distinguish this species from other daisies, it is sometimes qualified as "**white daisy**", "**common daisy**", "**lawn daisy**" or "**English daisy**". The plant resembles *Leucanthemum vulgare*, a similar plant in the same family. *Bellis perennis* is native to western, central and northern Europe, but widely naturalised in most temperate regions including the Americas, and Australasia.

## Names
Linnaeus named the plant species *Bellis perennis* in Sp. Pl. 2: 886. 1753
* *Bellis* is the Latin word for "pretty", "beautiful"; this word was used also as the name of the plant, and Pliny the Elder wrote *Bellis in pratis nascitur, flore albo...* ("The daisy that grows in the meadows, with a white flower...").
* *perennis*, Latin for "that lasts the whole year", "perennial".

## Description
It is an low herbaceous perennial plant with short rhizomes and rosettes of small rounded or spoon-shaped leaves that are  long and grow flat to the ground.

The species habitually colonises grasslands, including lawns, and is difficult to eradicate. Wherever it appears it is often considered an invasive weed.

## Uses as food
This daisy may be used as a leaf vegetable. Young leaves can be eaten raw in salads  or cooked, noting that the leaves become increasingly astringent with age. Flower buds and petals can be eaten raw in sandwiches, soups and salads. It is also used as a tea and as a vitamin supplement.

## Gallery

File:Bellis perennis(01).jpg|*Bellis perennis* in a meadow.
File:Bellis perennis Marburg 02.jpg|*Bellis perennis* in Marburg, Hesse, Germany.
File:Bellis perennis ENBLA01.JPG|Young plant of *Bellis perennis* with flower.
File:Bellis perennis full plant.jpg|A complete plant of *Bellis perennis* with flowers, leaves and the roots.
File:Bellis perennis rob roy.jpg|*Bellis perennis* 'Rob Roy'
File:Tausendschönchen 2008-3-6 Blumenstock.JPG|*Bellis perennis* 'Rob Roy'
File:Bellis perennis aka.jpg|*Bellis perennis* 'Rob Roy'

## Related pages
* Asteraceae

## References
## Other websites
* Plants for a Future: *Bellis perennis* profile