open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Polyphenism

* caterpillars on birch (left) and willow (right), demonstrating a color polyphenism.]]
**Polyphenism** is a kind of polymorphism where different forms of an animal are caused a single genotype. The animal inherits the capability, but the environment determines which form develops. This contrasts with genetic polymorphism, where each morph (form) inherits a slightly different genome.

Polyphenism occurs when the animal inherits a developmental switch. The switch is sensitive to some environmental  or . For example, the sex of crocodiles is determined by the prevailing temperature. Their gender is a polyphenic trait, and is not determined by the usual sex linkage.

## Other examples 
### The caste system in insects 
The caste system of social insects is the division of labor between genetically identical individuals. Polyphenism determines whether larvae develop into queens, workers, and in some cases soldiers. In the case of the ant, *P. morrisi*, an embryo must develop under certain temperature and photoperiod conditions in order to become a reproductively-active queen. This allows for control of the mating season, but like sex determination, limits the spread of the species into certain climates. 

In bees, "royal jelly" provided by worker bees causes a larva to become a queen. Royal jelly is only produced when the queen is aging or has died.

### Seasonal changes 
Polyphenic pigmentation is adaptive for species which reproduce several times a year. Different pigment patterns provide camouflage throughout the seasons, and alter heat retention as temperatures change. Because insects cease growth and development after they are adults, their pigment pattern is set in adulthood. In the case of the peppered moth, *Biston betularia*, the caterpillars are polyphenic. Their trigger is switched by the colour of the plants they are eating: see *this*. 

File:Junonia_almana_WSF_by_kadavoor.JPG | *Junonia almana*, wet season form (upper side)
File:Junonia_almana_by_kadavoor.JPG | *Junonia almana*, dry season form (upper side)

File:Junonia_almana_WSF_UN_by_kadavoor.JPG | *Junonia almana*, wet season form (under side)
File:Junonia_almana_DSF_by_kadavoor.JPG | *Junonia almana'', dry season form (under side)

## References
Mount Unapproachable

**Mount Unapproachable** is a mountain in the southwest of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is on the northern side of Lake Neale. It is about  above sea level. The area is far apart from other towns. The nearest towns are Kaltukatjara (116&nbsp;km away), Kintore (135&nbsp;km away) and Yulara (138&nbsp;km away). The mountain is mostly made of sandstone.

The mountain was named by explorer Ernest Giles in 1872. Giles was on an expedition to find a way across the desert from east to west. He had just found and named Lake Amadeus. He could see the mountain rising to the west, and hoped to find water there. But, he was unable to get to the mountain because his path was blocked by the lake. Giles in fact over-estimated the size of Lake Amadeus and missed the bridge of land between Amadeus and Lake Neale.

In 1889, Giles' second-in-command, W. H. Tietkins, came back on his own expedition and surveyed the area. He wrote that he travelled to the Bloods Range, to the south of Lakes Amadeus and Neale. He named the highest peaks Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers. From the top of Mount Harris, he could see Kata Tjuṯa, the Petermann Ranges and the Tomkinson Ranges. Tietkins then travelled to the east for three days, and came to Lake Amadeus. At the western end of the lake and on the north shore, he described a sandstone range, which he named Long's Range after his brother-in-law. He climbed a nearby set of hills, and identified Mount Unapproachable as the westernmost peak of the Long's Range. He reported that his team reached Unapproachable around the middle of June and then spent several days travelling around the western edge of Lake Amadeus. He corrected Giles' earlier mistake and successfully mapped the lake's western shore.

Another team of surveyors visited the area in 1926, led by Donald Mackay and Herbet Basedow. On 1 July, they climbed a hill that Basedow identified as both Mount Unapproachable and Mount Harris. He found them to be the same mountain after comparing his own observations with those of Giles and Tietkens. Basedow decided that this hill was the Mount Unapproachable that Giles had described, and that Tietkens had mistakenly renamed it Mount Harris. But, on modern maps, Mount Harris and Mount Carruthers are the names given to two peaks in the Bloods Range.

## References
Sam Waterston

**Samuel Atkinson "Sam" Waterston** (born November 15, 1940) is an American actor, producer, and director. He is best known for playing Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy in *Law & Order*, and also for playing Sydney Schanberg in the 1984 movie *The Killing Fields*. He won a Screen Actors Guild Award for his work on *Law & Order*. He has also been nominated for an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award for that show. He has won other awards, too. He has also been nominated for a lot of awards.

## References
Van Wagenen House

The **Van Wagenen House** is a house in Jersey City, New Jersey. It is also known as the **Apple Tree House**. It has been part of the National Register of Historic Places since August 16, 2006.

## History
The main part of the house was built in the 1740s, and an addition was made to it in the 1820s. A legend states that during the American Revolutionary War, General George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette talked about war strategy under an apple tree in front of the house in 1779.  However, this is probably not true. There used to be an apple orchard and a cider press at the house, which is why it is also called the Apple Tree House.

The house was called one of the most endangered (which means it is at a very high risk of being ruined) historic sites by Preservation New Jersey in 1996. The building really needed to be improved (made better). In 1999 the City of Jersey City bought the house and started to make it better. The city plans to use the house as a museum.

## References
Shlomo Yanai

**Shlomo Yanai** (born May 18, 1952 in Holon) is a retired Israeli military officer and businessman. He was raised in Tel Aviv. He held the rank of Major General. He was the CEO of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries (TEVA) from 1 March 2007 to May 2012. He was offered the directorship of Mossad by Benjamin Netanyahu but turned it down. 

## References
Beverly Archer

**Beverly Archer** (born July 19, 1948) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She played Iola in ''Mama's Family''. She also appeared on a lot of other television shows. Archer retired from acting in 2000. She was born in Oak Park, Illinois.

## References
Margaret Avery

**Margaret Avery** (born 20 January 1944) is an American actress. She works in both movies and television. She acted in *The Color Purple* and other movies. She was born in Magnum, Oklahoma.
Candice King

**Candice Rene King** (née **Accola**) is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She appears mostly on television. She acted as Caroline in *The Vampire Diaries*. 

Accola is a supporter of the It Gets Better Project, which aims to prevent suicide among LGBT youth.

## Awards
## References
Brachylophosaurus

***Brachylophosaurus*** was a mid-sized herbivorous dinosaur, a member of the hadrosaur family. It is known from several skeletons and bonebed material from the Judith River Formation of Montana (U.S.) and the Oldman Formation of Alberta province in Canada. They lived about 8176.7 million years ago.

## Description
This animal had a bony crest, a flat, paddle-like plate over the top of the skull.  Some individuals had crests that covered nearly the entire skull roof, while others had shorter, narrower crests.  Other notable features are the unusually long forelimbs and the beak of the upper jaw being wider than other hadrosaurs of the time.

## Complete dinosaur fossils 
In 1994, amateur paleontologist Nate Murphy discovered an immaculate, complete and uncrushed brachylophosaur skeleton which he nicknamed "Elvis". More impressive finds lay ahead for Murphy and his team from the Judith River Dinosaur Institute. In 2000, "Leonardo", a fully articulated and partially mummified skeleton of a young adult brachylophosaur, was discovered. It is considered one of the most spectacular dinosaur finds ever, and was included in the *Guinness Book of World Records*. They subsequently excavated "Roberta", an almost complete slender skeleton, and "Peanut", a partially preserved juvenile with some skin impressions.

## References
Julie Adams

**Julie Adams** (born **Betty Mae Adams**; October 17, 1926 &ndash; February 3, 2019) was an American actress. She acted mostly from the 1950s to the late 1990s. She did many television series and movies. Adams was born in Waterloo, Iowa. She was raised in Arkansas. She was known for her roles in the 1950s movies *Bend of the River* and *Creature from the Black Lagoon*. She was also known for her roles as Paula Denning on *Capitol* and as Eve Simpson on *Murder, She Wrote*.

Adams died on February 3, 2019 in Los Angeles, California, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Official site 
*Interview with Julie Adams, April 29, 2013, Classic Film & TV Cafe
Malakunanja II

**Malakunanja II** or **Madjedbebe** is a rock shelter in Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is about 50 kilometres from the coast. Madjedbebe was first occupied by humans around 65 thousand (at least 59.3 thousand) years ago. This is the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia.  More than 1500 items have been found in the shelter, including stone tools and grinding stones, ochre, and charcoal. Some of these were buried more than 2.5 metres below the surface. The shelter also includes faded paintings on the walls. The paintings are drawn with ochre.

## References
Easter Monday

**Easter Monday** is the day after Easter Sunday. It is a holiday in many Christian countries. It is also the second day of the Octave of Easter.

In the Catholic Church, Easter Monday is also called "Monday of the Angel" in relation to the announcement of the Resurrection of Jesus in the New Testament.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Half term dates
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

**Juvenile idiopathic arthritis** (which is also called **juvenile rheumatoid arthritis**) is a condition which affects people ages 16 and under. The problem consists of excess swelling around joints in the knees, ankles, wrists, hands and feet. More boys than girls are affected.  

Symptoms consists of lethargy, strong pain and reduced physical activity. There is also stiffness in the morning which may improve later on during the day. Juvenile arthritis is an autoimmune disease.  

Treatment includes pain-killers, NSAIDs, physiotherapy, and in extreme cases, gold injections.  

## Hospital misconduct 
It is not usually considered life-threatening but in 1976 a girl of 5 years was prescribed with steroids at Great Ormond Street Hospital to lessen her acute arthritic pain and died at home on 30th December after a swift attack of encephalitis. Her Death Certificate gives the cause of death as 'Still's Disease' a form of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Juan Mora Fernández

**Juan Mora Fernández** (1784 San José - 1854) was Costa Rica's first elected head of state in 1825. He was considered a liberal and moved the capital from Cartago to San José. He is remembered for bringing in land reform. He followed a progressive course.

Because of his land reforms, an elite class of powerful coffee barons was created. The barons eventually overthrew one of his later successors.
Leaving Las Vegas

***Leaving Las Vegas*** is a 1995 American romantic drama movie. It is about a depressed alcoholic screenwriter, Ben Sanderson, who moves to Las Vegas where he meets a prostitute, Sera, whom he moves in with. Elizabeth Shue and Nicolas Cage are part of the cast. The movie was released October 27, 1995 in limited release and nationwide in the United States in 1996. The movie received positive reviews. It was successful in the box office.

## Other websites 
*
Koi... Mil Gaya

***Koi... Mil Gaya*** (English: *I have found someone*) is an Indian science fiction movie released in 2003. The main characters in the film are played by Hrithik Roshan, Rekha, Preity Zinta and Rajat Bedi. The movie was directed and produced by Rakesh Roshan, the father of Hrithik Roshan. It is about Rohit, a man who has an intellectual disability. Rohit sees an alien in a forest which he thought would change his life forever. The movie was a superhit and became the most successful movie of 2003. It is regarded as one of India's first science fiction movies. Additionally, the film was a turning point in Hrithik Roshan's career after some of his previous films flopped. It has two sequels, which are Krrish (2006) and Krrish 3 (2013). In 2004, a Indian animated action television show based on the film was produced by Tilak Shetty, Munjal Shroff, and Graphiti Multimedia Nickelodeon and it was called *J Bole Toh Jadoo* and it is based on the alien in this film, who is named Jadoo.

## References
Insulin lispro

**Insulin lispro**, better known as **Humalog**, is a quick-acting diabetic insulin taken before meals. People having Type 1 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (or rarely, Type 2 diabetes) use the medication. It was first approved in 1996.

## References
Coon

**Coon** may refer to:
* Coon (cheese), an Australian brand of cheese being renamed to "Cheer"
* Coon (slur), a racial slur
* Raccoon
Fibromyalgia

**Fibromyalgia** is a medical condition that causes chronic (long-lasting) pain all over the body. The exact causes are not known. Fibromyalgia cannot be cured, but there are things that can help with the pain and other symptoms. 

Fibromyalgia affects mostly women, but men can also be affected. Adults are diagnosed with fibromyalgia more than children.

## Things that can help 
Many things can help with the symptoms, like medications, physical therapy, and counseling.

## Related pages 
* Chronic conditions
* Pain 

## References
A Single Man

***A Single Man*** is a 2009 American drama movie. It is set in Los Angeles, California on November 30, 1962 and stars Colin Firth as a depressed, English, gay, professor thinking about committing suicide. Julianne Moore plays his best friend. This movie got very positive reviews by the critics.

## Other websites 
*
University of Costa Rica

The **University of Costa Rica** () is a public university in the Republic of Costa Rica, in Central America.  Its main campus is Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio. It is located in San Pedro Montes de Oca, in the province of San José.  It is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious university in Costa Rica. It is also the most important research university in Central America. About 39,000 students attend UCR each year.

The University of Costa Rica is currently in the top 500 best universities worldwide, ranking at #1826 world-wide, and at #81 Latin America-wise.

## References
Serpentine Lakes

The **Serpentine Lakes** is a chain of salt lakes in the Great Victoria Desert of Australia. It runs for almost  along the border between South Australia and Western Australia. When full, the lakes cover an area of . Most of it is located in the Mamungari Conservation Park. The Anne Beadell Highway crosses the northernmost arm of the lake.

The Serpentine Lakes are considered an important wetlands area. They form part of a major palaeo-drainage system, an ancient and inactive drainage system from the Palaeozoic era. The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt and sand, and is covered with a salty crust. The sediment is mostly quartz arenite. The lakes form the main channel of the palaeo-drainage system. Other channels are covered by dunes and are not well defined.

Tektites high in magnesium have been found in these lakes.

## References
Carle Thulka

**Carle Thulka**, also known as **Lake Maurice**, is a salt lake in South Australia. It is the largest of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. When it is full, the lake covers an area of around . It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The smaller Lake Dey Dey is to the north. Since 1985, Carle Thulka is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is near the western shore of the lake.

The exposed surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Carle Thulka is very dry. Two wells have been drilled to the southeast and northwest of Carle Thulka, to search for uranium and other minerals. Both wells yield very low levels of groundwater. The water contains high levels of salt. It has also been found to contain radium and sediments from the Cambrian era.

## History
The lake is named after the explorer Richard Maurice. Maurice went on at least eight expeditions to the Great Victoria Desert between 1897 and 1903. He was not the first European to pass through this region: Ernest Giles and his team had explored the area almost 20 years before. Giles saw the lake in 1875, but he did not give it a name. He described the area as barren, and wrote that he and his team found no game between Carle Thulka and the Western Australian border. Maurice, in his own expeditions, recorded information and collected  on the plants, animals and geology of the area. In 1904, a mining surveyor named Frank George led a prospecting expedition through this region. He used Maurice's camels and equipment and travelled northwest of Lake Dey Dey and across the border to the salt lakes in Western Australia. George named Lake Maurice, and he reported that the area was not likely to contain anything suitable for mining.

The area around Carle Thulka was affected by the nuclear-weapon tests done during the 1950s. Dozens of Aboriginal families were removed from their ancestral lands and settled in towns far to the north (Ernabella), south (Yalata and Ooldea) and west (Cundeelee and Warburton). In the late 1940s, a single officer, Walter MacDougall, was sent to warn people in the area of the coming tests. The fallout from the hydrogen bombs was expected to harm or kill anyone within range. Officially, all were forced to leave their lands and were not allowed within 200&nbsp;km of ground zero. Given that only one officer and an assistant were assigned to warn the people who lived across this huge area, many of the people were never informed, nor did they leave the area. Planes dropped information leaflets across the area, but the natives could not read the leaflets and were wary or afraid of the aircraft.

## References
## Other websites
*Topographic map (1942)
The Boat Race

**The Boat Race** is a rowing race that happens every year in London. It is a race between the boat clubs of Cambridge University and Oxford University. The crews are made up of students. These two universities have a strong tradition in rowing and a strong rivalry between them.

The course is 4 miles long, along the River Thames. The first boat race was in 1829, and it is usually held on the last Sunday of March or the first Sunday of April. During the World Wars, the Boat Race did not happen. It is a very important sporting event in the United Kingdom. Millions of people watch it on television. In 2009, more than 250,000 people watched it along the river.

As of 2013, Cambridge has won the race 81 times and Oxford 77.

## 2021 Boat Race 
The 166th Boat Race will take place on the  River Great Ouse on Sunday 4 April. It will start at  Ely in Cambridgeshire. The reason is that Hammersmith Bridge on the Thames is unsafe, and the coronavirus dangers are greater in London.

## References
Samuel Witwer

**Samuel Weiler "Sam" Witwer IV** (born October 20, 1977) is an American actor and musician. He has appeared in individual episodes of many television shows as well as minor recurring characters in shows including *Battlestar Galactica*.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
* *Gamer* (2009)
* *Pathology* (2008)
* *The Mist* (2007)

### Television 
* 2001: *ER* – Tommy (1 episode)
* 2001–2003: *JAG* – Beasley (3 episodes)
* 2002: *Dark Angel* – Marrow (1 episode)
* 2004: *Cold Case* – James Creighton (1 episode)
* 2004–2005: *Battlestar Galactica* – Lt. Crashdown (11 episodes)
* 2006: *Dexter* – Neil Perry (3 episodes)
* 2007: ''It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia* – Muscular Man
* 2007–2008: *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation* – Officer Casella (3 episodes)
* 2008–2009: *Smallville* – Davis Bloome
* 2010: *The Walking Dead* – Zombie soldier inside the tank
* 2011–present: *Being Human* – Aidan McCollin
* 2011–2013: *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* – Darth Maul

### Video games 
* 2008: *Star Wars: The Force Unleashed* – Galen Marek, Darth Sidious
* 2010: *Star Wars: The Forde Unleashed II'' – Galen Marek, Darth Sidious
 
## References
King's Royal Hussars

The '''King's Royal Hussars''' are a cavalryregiment in the British Army.

## Regimental Identity 
The King's Royal Hussars wear a brown beret and their cap badge depicts the Prussian Eagle. This is because Princess Frederica of Prussia awarded the symbol of the Royal House of Prussia to the 14th Light Dragoons in 1798. The letters 'FR' are above the eagle.

Soldiers serving in the regiment also wear a brown stable belt with two yellow stripes. HRH Prince Albert permitted the regiment to wear crimson trousers, which still form a part of the uniform today.

The regimental quick march is 'The King's Royal Hussars', whilst the slow march is 'Coburg' and the general salute is 'The Eagle'.
Bess Armstrong

**Elizabeth Key "Bess" Armstrong** (December 11, 1953) is an American actress. She got her start in acting on stage. Armstrong has done most of her acting on television but has been in some movies. She starred in the 1986 movie *Nothing in Common* with Tom Hanks and Jackie Gleason.

Armstrong was born in Baltimore, Maryland. 

## References
## Other websites
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica

The **National Institute of Statistics and Census** of Costa Rica (Spanish: *Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Costa Rica*, or *INEC*) is the government institution in charge of censuses and official surveys in the country. The main office is located in San José.

## History 
INEC was first called *Oficina Central de Estadística* in 1861. Later, in 1951, it was called *Dirección General de Estadística y Censos*, until 1998, when INEC was its legal name. INEC ran its first census in 1864, and the last one was the 10th population and the 6th dwellings census, held in June 2011.

## Censuses in Costa Rica 
* **1864**. First Population Census .
* **1883**. Second Population Census .
* **1892**. Third Population Census .
* **1927**. Fourth Population Census .
* **1950**. Fifth Population Census .
* **1963**. Sixth Population Census .
* **1973**. Seventh Population Census. Available at CCP.
* **1984**. Eighth Population Census. Available at CCP.
* **2000**. Ninth Population Census. Available at CCP.
* **2011**. Tenth Population Census.

## Other websites 
*INEC website (in spanish only)
*Central American Population Center website (in spanish only). *Centro Centroamericano de Población (CCP)*, organization in charge of demographic studies, has information about the census that can be accessed online.
Liberia, Costa Rica

**Liberia** is the capital and largest city of Guanacaste province in Costa Rica. The city is  northwest of the national capital, San José. Liberia is often called "la ciudad blanca" (the white city) by its residents because of the white gravel once used to make the city’s roads and the whitewashed colonial houses that once made up a large part of the city.

## Climate 
## References
Lake Dey Dey

**Lake Dey Dey** is a salt lake in South Australia. It is one of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The larger Lake Maurice is to the south. Since 1985, Lake Dey Dey is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is located nearby to the southwest.

The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Lake Dey Dey is very dry. Groundwater contains high levels of salt.

The lake is culturally important to the Maralinga Tjarutja people. Both Dey Dey and Lake Maurice have '** (Dreaming stories) associated with them, and some parts of Dey Dey are restricted so that only men who have been initiated have access. The major **' associated with Lake Dey Dey relates to , an ancestral spirit represented by the eastern grey kangaroo.

## References
Pope Pius I

**Pope Pius I** (; died 154) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 10th Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome from 140 until his death in 154.

## Early life
Pius was born at Aquileia, in Northern Italy.

## Pope
Pius became pope in 140.

He was the first sole Bishop of Rome during his reign.  Previously, the Bishop of Rome was a council of Bishops with the Pope being the head of the council.  His feast day is celebrated on July 11.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
 of the popes ]]

## Other websites 
* 
* "Pius," *Encyclopædia Britannica,* 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
Khuiratta

**Khuiratta** () is a town of the Kotli District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. In has been the headquarters of the district subdivision since 2010.

## References
Lauren Alaina

**Lauren Alaina Kristine Suddeth** (born November 8, 1994) is an American country singer. She placed second on the 10th season of *American Idol*. Her album *Wildflower* was released in 2011. She is from Rossville, Georgia. 

## Discography
;Singles
*"Doin' Fine" (2017)

## References
Lens (optics)

A **lens** is a clear (transparent) object (like glass, plastic or even a drop of water) that changes the way things look by bending the light that goes through it. They may make things appear larger, smaller, or upside-down. Some places lenses are used include spectacles (eyeglasses), contact lenses, cameras, projectors, microscopes, telescopes, magnifying glasses, etc. Each eye also has a lens. 

They work by refraction, or the bending of light.

Lenses have three main shapes. Each different shape changes the image (making it bigger or smaller). The three types are:
* Convex: the center part is thicker
* Concave: the center part is thinner
* Planar: flat

The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length:
P = 1/focal length.

## History 
The word "lens" comes from the Latin word for "lentil," because the earliest convex lenses in common use were shaped like the bean.

The oldest written record of lenses is in the ancient Greek play by Aristophanes called "Clouds", where lenses were used with sunlight to make fire.

Galileo Galilei is commonly believed to have used lenses to make the first known refracting telescope. However, he merely adapted and improved a design he learned from Dutch lensmakers such as Hans Lippershey. He was probably the first to use telescopes to make accurate astronomical observations, though.

## Related pages
* Camera lens
* Focal length
Banjo-Tooie

***Banjo-Tooie*** is a platformer video game for the Nintendo 64 game console released in 2000. It was made by Rare and published by Nintendo. It is the sequel to *Banjo-Kazooie*.

The main characters are a bear named Banjo and an orange bird named Kazooie. The game takes place two years after *Banjo-Kazooie*. It follows Banjo and Kazooie as they try to stop the evil witch Gruntilda Winkybunion and her sisters, Mingella and Blobbelda, from bringing back Gruntilda's body to its original form.

The game was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service on April 29, 2009.
Canton (country subdivision)

A **canton** is a type of administrative division of a country. Generally, cantons have fewer people and are smaller than other administrative divisions like counties, departments, or provinces. 

Cantons exist in many countries. The best-known cantons and the most politically important are those of Switzerland. The Swiss cantons are semi-sovereign.
Cashback reward program

When payment is made with credit card, sellers pay small percentage of the transaction to their bank or merchant. Many credit card companies, especially those in the United Kingdom and United States, share the commission with the owner of card by giving him money bonus, points that can be exchanged for prizes and discounts once some level of purchases is reached. A monetary benefit is known as **cashback**, sometimes pronounced as two separate words in the United States - (**cash back**). Usual cashback amount is between 0.5% and 2% of buyers net spending (purchases minus refunds and tax) as a yearly bonus, which is either added to the credit card account or paid by cheque, cash or wire to the participant.

Recently, major card issuers have increased cashback amount to 5% for purchases especially in grocery stores and petrol stations.

In most cases bonuses like cashback are offered to customers that pay off their credit debt on time every month.

## References
Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia

**Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia** (March 10, 1900 – June 9, 1970) was the president of Costa Rica from 1940 to 1944.

## Early life
Calderón was born on 10 March 1900 in San José. In his youth, Calderón studied in Costa Rica, France and Belgium, where he married Yvonne Clays Spoelders, who was later the first female diplomat of Costa Rica. After finishing his studies, Calderón became a practicing surgeon, which he would remain for most of his early career.
Pit Corder

**Pit Corder** (6 October 1918 - 27 January 1990

## Early life 
Pit Corder was born at 4 Bootham Terrace, York, into a Quaker family. His full name was Stephen Pit Corder. His father, Philip Corder (b. 1885), was a schoolteacher from an English family, and his mother, Johanna Adriana van der Mersch (b. 1887), was Dutch.

## References
Karen Black

**Karen Black** (July 1, 1939 Her paternal grandfather was Arthur Charles Ziegler, a classical musician and first violinist for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Her sister is actress Gail Brown. Black was of German, Czech and Norwegian ancestry.

## Personal life
Black was married four times. She had two children.

## Death
Black died on August 8, 2013 in Santa Monica, California from ampullary cancer, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* *Stuck!* movie site 
* Podcast interview March 2007 
* Karen Black - The Terror Trap
Merrill Swain

**Merrill Swain** is a professor emerita of second-language education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. She developed the output hypothesis. This idea about second-language acquisition says that learners cannot become very good at the grammar of a language only by taking in language and trying to understand it. They must also speak to learn. Swain also worked with Michael Canale on communicative competence. Swain was the president of the American Association for Applied Linguistics in 1998.  She received her PhD at the University of California.

## Related pages 
*List of women linguists

## References 
## Other websites 
* Merrill Swain at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education
Magnetar

A **magnetar** is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field.

It is known as the largest and the most powerful type of magnet existing in the Universe.  It has the most powerful magnetic field at 1015 gauss.  The theory regarding these objects was proposed by Robert Duncan and Christopher Thompson in 1992, but the first recorded gamma ray burst thought to have been from a magnetar had been detected on March 5, 1979.  Magnetars were previously named as Anomalous X-ray Pulsars (**AXP**s).
Tracy D. Terrell

**Tracy Dale (David) Terrell** (June 23, 1943 – December 2, 1991) was an American professor, linguist and education theorist who wrote *The Natural Approach* along with Stephen Krashen. The Natural Approach is a way of teaching language, or methodology. In this methodology, learners should be exposed to a lot of language. The approach also says that lowering effective or emotional barriers to learning is important. He published textbooks for college level languages. Dos Mundos Spanish, Deux Monde French, and Kontakte German based on Natural Approach theory.

## Career
Tracy D. Terrell graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a PhD in linguistics. He became an important American Hispanist and theoretical linguist. He taught at the University of California, Irvine from 1970 until 1985. Then, he took a job in the linguistics department at the at the University of California, San Diego.  He retired in 1989, and finally died of AIDS in 1991.  Along with Stephen Krashen, he developed the “Natural Approach” to second language learning. This was a popular way of teaching second languages. He was also well known and respected for his work in Hispanic linguistics. Dr. Terrell was fluent in Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch Greek

## Some books
**The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom*, Hayward, CA : Alemany Press, 1983.
**Dos Mundos*, Spanish language textbook, McGraw-Hill
**Deux Mondes*, French language textbook, McGraw-Hill
**Kontakte*, German language textbook, McGraw-Hill
**Bravo*, Spanish language textbook, Glencoe (McGraw-Hill)

## Journal articles
**Terrell, T. D. (1980). A Natural Approach to the Teaching of Verb Forms and Function in Spanish*. Foreign Language Annals, 13(2), 129-136.
**Krashen, S. D., Terrell, T. D., Ehrman, M. E., & Herzog, M. (1984). A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills*. Foreign Language Annals, 17(4), 261-275.
**Terrell, T. D. (1977). A Natural Approach to Second Language Acquisition and Learning*. The Modern Language Journal, 61(7), 325-337.
Ravindra Prabhat

**Ravindra Prabhat** (born April 5, 1969) is a Hindi-language poet, scholar, journalist, novelist and short story writer from India. He has been an administrator, editor, researcher, and screenplay writer. He writes for a major daily newspaper as a historian. He has received several awards.
## Bibliography
### Books
**Fiction**
**Taki Bacha Rahe Loktantra*(2011)  (Hindi)
**Prem Na Hat Bikay* (2012)  (Hindi)
**Dharati Pakad Nirdaliya* (2013)  (Hindi)

**Non-fiction**
**Contemporary Nepali Literature* (critical writings,essays and interviews,1995)
**History of Hindi Blogging* (2011)  (Hindi)
*Contributor to *Hindi Blogging: Expression of new revolution* (2011) 

**Documentaries**
**Naya Bihan* (Screen Play Writer, 1992) television documentary film on Women's Education under the UNESCO related plan of Unit of Sitamarhi District in "Bihar Education Project".

**Poetry collections**
**Ham Safar* (1991) (his first poetry collection) 
**Mat Rona Ramjani Chacha* (1999)
**Smriti Shesh* (2002)

**Magazines**
**Urvija* 1992 to 1995. Published at Sitamarhi, Bihar in India.
** Fagunahat*, 1990 to 1992a yearly magazine published at Sitamarhi, Bihar in India.
**Samvad*, 1993, editor of a special issue of this monthly magazine, whose principal editor was Basant Arya.
**Sahityanjali*, 1994. editor of a special issue of this monthly magazine, whose principal editor was Madhvendra Verma.
**Hamari Vani* 2010, a Hindi e-journal. he was consulting editor for the year 2010.
**Parikalpna Blogotsav*, 2012 - . He is chief editor of this Internet web journal.
**Vatvriksh*, May 2011 to May 2013. A Hindi magazine published in Lucknow. He is chief editor.
**Parikalpana Samay*, June 2013 - A monthly Hindi magazine published in Lucknow. He is chief editor.

## Adaptations of Prabhat's works
*Dr. Siyaram written a Book on Prabhat's works-
*Ravindra Prabhat Ki Parikalpana aur Blog alochana karm*(2017)  (Hindi)

## Notes
Crime of passion

The term **crime of passion** refers to a criminal act in which the perpetrator commits a crime against someone else due to strong impulse (for example, grief or heartbreak) rather than in the premeditated fashion. For example, the wife may take her revenge on a person with whom a husband may have had an affair, or vice versa. This is known by the term *temporary insanity* in the United States.
Chancellor (education)

A **chancellor** is a leader of a university or a college. This title is mainly used in the Commonwealth nations. In other countries, such as the United States, it is more common to call him/her the **university president**.

The chancellor is often just a ceremonial figure. This means he or she does not make many decisions inside the University. He/She is just a person who is chosen to represent the University at official events and with other organizations. In this case, the Chancellor might not even live close to the University or take part in meetings there. For example, at the University of Cambridge the chancellor is a person who has done something important in his life, and is in some way connected to the University. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was the Chancellor at Cambridge for 36 years.

## Vice-chancellor 
The vice-chancellor of a university is instead the chief executive. He/She is the one that makes all the decisions, goes at regular meetings and has the day-to-day duties to do. The vice-chancellor is often very closely linked to the University: for example, he/she might be a fellow there, who decides to take on additional responsibilities. The vice-chancellor might also represent the university at important events if the chancellor is not available.

## References
Neck (body part)

The **neck** is the part of the body that connects the head to the trunk. 

The neck contains the cervical spine (the bones in the neck) many important blood vessels, the trachea (through which breathing is done) the larynx (where the voice comes from) the esophagus, lymph nodes, muscles, nerves, connective tissue, and skin. Blood vessels include Carotid artery and Jugular vein.
Negligent homicide

**Negligent homicide** is the crime of killing a person unintentionally through negligence. For example, someone might write a text message while driving a car, instead of paying attention to the road. If that makes them hit and kill someone, that is negligent homicide.

It is a lesser crime than murder or manslaughter and the sentences are lower.

## References
Martha Byrne

**Mary Martha Byrne** (December 23, 1969) is an American television actress. She appears mostly in soap operas. She played Lily in *As the World Turns*. She played Andrea in *General Hospital*. She was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey. 

## References
Georges Appert

**Georges Appert** (1850 – 1934) was a French historian, writer and Japan studies expert.  He was a professor of law at the University of Tokyo.

## Career
Appert was a government advisor in Japan from 1879 to 1889. Some of the works are:

*  *Ancien Japon,* 1888
* *Du terme en droit romain et en droit français,* 1876
* ''Dictionnaire des termes de droit, d'économie politique et d'administration,* 1885
* 日本立法資料全集 (*Japanese legislation Complete Works*). 別卷 337, 佛國相續法講義 , 2005
* *Un code de la féodalité Japonaise au XIIIe siècle,* 1900
* 経済学講義 (*Economics lecture''), 1883

## Related pages
* Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan

## References
Semiotics of culture

**Semiotics of culture** is a field of semiotics which explains the phenomena of culture as created by sign processes (semiosis) used in communication.

Semiotics of culture was established by Juri Lotman (University of Tartu) and his colleagues in Moscow and elsewhere.
Rosanne Cash

**Rosanne Cash** (born May 24, 1955 ) is an American singer, songwriter and author. She originally did country music, but then expanded to pop, folk and rock music. Cash has had many hit songs during her singing career. She is the daughter of Johnny Cash. Rosanne Cash was born in Memphis, Tennessee.  She moved to Nashville in 1981, and New York City almost nine years later.

## References
Jane Henson

**Jane Henson** (**Jane Ann Nebel**; June 16, 1934 &ndash; April 2, 2013) was an American puppeteer and the widow of puppeteer Jim Henson.

Henson was born on June 16, 1934 in St. Albans, Queens, New York City. She studied at the University of Maryland, College Park. Henson was married to Jim Henson from 1959 until they separated in 1986. They had 5 children. Henson died on April 2, 2013 in her home in Greenwich, Connecticut from cancer, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hotel for Dogs (movie)

***Hotel for Dogs*** is a 2009 American teen comedy movie. It is based on the 1971 Lois Duncan book of the same name. The movie was directed by Thor Freudenthal and adapted by Jeff Lowell and Mark McCorkle.

## Cast
* Emma Roberts as Andi
* Jake T. Austin as Bruce
* Johnny Simmons as Dave
* Don Cheadle as Bernie
* Robinne Lee as Carol
* Cesar Yedra as Clarence
* Troy Gentile as Mark
* Kyla Pratt as Heather
* Lisa Kudrow as Lois
* Kevin Dillon as Carl

## Other websites
*
Laura Pausini

**Laura Pausini**,  (; born 16 May 1974) is an Italian pop singer-songwriter. She sings both in Italian and Spanish, as well as in Portuguese, English, French, Catalan and Latin.

She is a judge on the Spanish and Mexican versions of *The Voice* and also a judge on the Spanish version of *The X Factor*.

In 2022, she was one of the presenters of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022.

## Discography
* *Laura Pausini* (1993)
* *Laura* (1994)
* *Le cose che vivi* / *Las cosas que vives* (1996)
* *La mia risposta* / *Mi respuesta* (1998)
* *Tra te e il mare* / *Entre tú y mil mares* (2000)
* The Best of Laura Pausini - E ritorno da Te / Lo mejor de Laura Pausini - Volveré Junto a Ti (2001)
* *From the Inside* (2002)
* *Resta in ascolto* / *Escucha* (2004)
* Live in Paris 05 (2015)
* *Io canto* / *Yo canto* (2006)
* San Siro 2007 (2007)
* *Primavera in anticipo* / *Primavera anticipada* (2008)
* Laura Live World Tour 09 / Laura Live Gira Mundial 09 (2009)
* *Inedito* / *Inédito* (2011)
* 20 - The Greatest Hits / 20 - Grandes Éxitos (2013)
* Simili / Similares (2015)
* Laura Xmas / Laura Navidad (2016)

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Tomkinson Ranges

The **Tomkinson Ranges** is a mountain range in the northwest corner of South Australia. The range consists of sandstone hills, surrounded by spinifex grasslands. Several  are located in and around the hills.

The mountains were named after politician Samuel Tomkinson (1851–1900). The explorer William Gosse named them when he passed through the region in the early 1870s. Ernest Giles and his team reached the ranges shortly after, and set up a base here from which to explore the Gibson and Great Victoria Deserts. Numerous prospecting expeditions were made through the region until the 1930s.

Together with the Mann Ranges, the Tomkinson Ranges are an important part of the Pitjantjatjara homeland. The communities of Kalka and Pipalyatjara are located at the base of the mountains.

## References
Petermann Ranges

The **Petermann Ranges** is a mountain range in central Australia. It spreads about  across the border between Western Australia and the southwest corner of the Northern Territory. The highest point is  above sea level. The ranges were formed about 550 million years ago, in an event called the Petermann Orogeny. They are made mostly of granite, sandstone and quartzite. The greater Petermann Ranges consist of several sections of ridges and hills. In the Northern Territory, these sections include the Dean, Mannanana, Ilyaralona, Curdie and Piultarana Ranges, the Pottoyu Hills, and several isolated mountains. In Western Australia, it includes the Hope and Dean Ranges.

The Petermann Ranges were given their name by the explorer Ernest Giles, who travelled through the area during March 1874.

The area is considered biologically important for Australia. An indigenous protected area, the Katiti-Petermann Indigenous Protected Area, has been proposed to conserve the ranges' ecosystem.

## References
Battle of Qingshanli

The **Battle of Qingshanli**(, ) was a battle for the independence of Korea that took place in Manchuria. From October 21 to October 28, 1920, fighting happened between Kim Jwa-jin and Hong Pom-do, Lee Pom-seok's 4,000-strong Korean independence militia and a 30,000-strong Japanese suppression regiment.

## References 
## Bibliography 
*JACAR Ref.C03022770200, Chōsengun Shireibu (朝鮮軍司令部): Kantō shuppeishi (間島出兵史)
*Sasaki Harutaka (佐々木春隆): *Kankoku dokuritsu undōshi jō no "Seizanri taisen" kō* (韓国独立運動史上の「青山里大戦」考), Gunji shigaku (軍事史学), Vol.15 No. 3, pp.&nbsp;22–34, 1979.
*Sasaki Harutaka (佐々木春隆): Chōsen sensō zenshi to shite no Kankoku dokuritsu undō no kenkyū (朝鮮戦争前史としての韓国独立運動の研究), 1985.
Peyote

The **peyote** is either of two species of the cactus genus Lophophora of plants in the family Cactaceae.

The most common plant, L. williamsii, grow in North America, mostly in Mexico, can be found in the Chihuahuan desert of southern Texas and northern Mexico. The size is about eight centimeters (three inches) wide and five centimeters (two inches) tall. It is mostly blue green in color, with pink to white flowers, growing in groups among scrub, in areas with limestone soil. L. diffusa grows only in a small area in central Mexico, the color is yellow green, with white to yellow flowers.

Peyote has hallucinogenic effects, made by at least 28 different alkaloids, mostly mescaline. In many countries it is illegal to sell, use or posses both dried plant-material and living plants, but some places also give an exception from the law when used in religious rituals, such as by The Native American Church where it is used in a similar way as some Native American tribes, that likely have used peyote for at least 5,500 years. in their rituals.

## References
Everard Ranges

The **Everard Ranges** is a mountain range in northern South Australia. It consists of low rounded granite hills, topped with bare rock. The rock is from the Palaeocene period, between 20 and 60 million years ago. The range is segmented, with several monoliths and bornhardts separated from the hills by valleys. The valleys are filled with scrub, and the range is surrounded by Tertiary plains. The plains around it are about 550&nbsp;metres above sea level.

The Everard Ranges are part of the traditional homeland of the Yankunytjatjara people. However, today most of the people living in and around the area are Pitjantjatjara. There are several caves and overhangs with Aboriginal rock paintings. The community of Mimili is located in the east of the range, about 22&nbsp;km east of the centre.

The Everard Ranges were named by Ernest Giles after Everard Park, a large cattle station that covered the eastern part of the range (it is now the community of Mimili).

## Other websites
*Caring for country in South Australia's Everard Ranges