open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Three Cups of Tea

***Three Cups of Tea*** is a book co-written by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin. It follows Mr. Mortenson's journey to founding his organisation, the Central Asia Institute (CAI), which builds schools and other facilities for children, especially girls, in Pakistan and Afghanistan.

## References
Donovan McNabb

**Donovan McNabb** (born November 25, 1976 in Chicago, Illinois) is a retired American football quarterback. He played 12 seasons in the National Football League. He played college football for Syracuse.

McNabb was picked by the Philadelphia Eagles with the second pick in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft. With the Eagles, McNabb played fairly well. There was some controversy about his work ethic and wide receiver Terrell Owens. The Eagles made the NFC Championship game six times and the Super Bowl once. However, McNabb struggled very badly after leaving the Eagles. He later played for the Washington Redskins and the Minnesota Vikings. He retired in 2011. McNabb wore #5 throughout his career.

## References
Tech N9ne

**Aaron Dontez Yates** (born November 8, 1971 in Kansas City, Missouri) is an American rapper and singer better known by his stage name **Tech N9ne** (which was pronounced "tech nine"). 

He has been rapping since 1991 and has made 13 studio albums. He got his stage name from rapper Black Walt because of his fast rhyming style.

He is mainly a hip hop artist and also raps in the horrorcore genre of music.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
## References
## Other websites
* Tech N9ne's Official website
Fall to Pieces

"**Fall to Pieces**" is a song by Canadian singer Avril Lavigne, and was the fifth and last single from her second album, Under My Skin; it was the fourth single in the United States. The song was produced and written by Avril Lavigne and Raine Maida. It was Lavigne's least liked song in the U.S., but was very well liked in Canada. There is no music video for this single, because the shoot for the video was cancelled.

## Track listing
;USA promo
#"Fall to Pieces (Album Version)" - 3:28
#"Suggested Call Out Hook" - 0:10
#"Fall to Pieces (MP3 Track)" - 3:28

;EU promo
#"Fall to Pieces (Album Version)" - 3:28

## Charts
"Fall to Pieces" was not put out in the United Kingdom, but it made it all the way to number seven on the Canadian BDS Airplay Chart, her third successful single in Canada after "Nobody's Home" and "Don't Tell Me". It made it all the way to number sixteen in South Africa. Lavigne did not advertise the single, and because of this it failed to chart on U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100; it made it all the way to number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, and at number fifty-five on the *Billboard* Pop 100; However without video the single played a lot in radios all over US, Canada and Latin America .

1 The same as number 106 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100.

## References
Vladimir Teplyakov

**Vladimir Aleksandrovich Teplyakov** () (November 6, 1925 &ndash; December 10, 2009) was a Russian physicist who is best known for his work with particle accelerators. He, working with his friend I.M. Kapchinsky, created the Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) principle, which was very important dealing with the speed of low energy ion beams.

## Life
Teplyakov was born in the USSR on November 6, 1925. He was made to join the Red Army in January 1943 and fought in the Second World War on the Ukrainian front. After the war ended, he went to and graduated from the All-Union Correspondence Polytechnic Institute in Moscow. After leaving school, he began work at the Institute of Chemical Physics. From 1959-1966, he worked at Chelyabinsk-70, where he kept up his study of high-current proton . In 1966, he and several of the people that he worked with were moved to the Institute of High Energy Physics in Protvino, Russia.

## Civilian honours
*Lenin Prize in 1998 for his work on creating the RFQ.
*Order of Lenin and the Order of the October Revolution.

## Military honours
*Order of Glory, 3rd class the 
*Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd Class
*medal for the Capture of Vienna.

## Notes and references
* "Vladimir Alexsandrovich Teplyakov" Translation from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 99, pp. 396-397, November 2005. 
* "The Linear Accelerator Structures With Space-Uniform Quadrupole Focusing"  June 1979
* "RFQ pioneer celebrates 80th birthday"  November 2, 2005
* "Teplyakov’s Proposal for the IFMIF Accelerator RFQ"  Retriever on December 11, 2009
* "Циклы научных работ, выполненные в ГНЦ ИФВЭ и удостоенные высших государственных премий"  Retrieved on December 11, 2009
* "Vladimir Teplyakov" Retrieved on December 12, 2009
* "Wapedia: Lenin Prize" Retriever on December 13, 2009
* "Accelerator Application To Medicine And Technology"  Retrieved on December 13, 2009
* "Победа в Великой Отечественной войне" Retriever on December 12, 2009
* "Путь к УРАЛу. История ускорителя и человека." Retrieved on December 11, 2009
Temerin

**Temerin** is a town and municipality in South Bačka District, Vojvodina, Serbia. The municipality of Temerin includes the towns of Temerin and Bački Jarak, and villages Sirig and Kamendin. In the 2002 census, the town of Temerin had a population of 19,143, and the municipality had a population of 28,201. Most of its inhabitants are Serbs, while the largest minority in the town and municipality are Hungarians.

## Geography 
Temerin is located in Pannonian plain, about 20&nbsp;km north of Novi Sad, the seat of the district. It is first mentioned in 1332 in the receipt by the pope Then Temerin was part of Kingdom of Hungary. Ottomans conquered it 1526, after Battle of Mohacz. Temerin stayed in Ottoman possession until Great Turkish War at the end of 17th century, when it became part of Austrian Empire. After World War I Temerin became part of Yugoslavian state.

## References
Ipatinga

**Ipatinga** is a Brazilian city in the Vale do Aço metropolitan area, state of Minas Gerais. Its population in 2009 was 244.508 inhabitants. Its area is . The city was founded in April 29, 1964.

It's limited with Caratinga, Coronel Fabriciano, Mesquita, Santana do Paraíso and Timóteo.

## Images 

Vista dos bairros Ideal e Esperança a partir do Ideal, Ipatinga MG.JPG
Vista parcial do Parque Ipanema, Ipatinga MG2.JPG
Vista parcial do Shopping Vale do Aço, Ipatinga MG2.JPG
Fachada do Teatro Zélia Olguin, Ipatinga MG2.jpg
Fachada da Igreja Nossa Senhora da Esperança do B. Horto, Ipatinga MG5.jpg
Monumento Tomie Ohtake, Ipatinga MG.JPG
Vista parcial do Ipatingão, Ipatinga MG.JPG

## Other websites 
* Official site of Ipatinga
Timóteo

**Timóteo** is a city in Brazil. It is in the Vale do Aço metropolitan area in the state of Minas Gerais. In 2009, 79,813 people lived there. The city has an area of . The city was founded in April 29, 1964.

Timóteo is ArcelorMittal Timóteo headquarters, a company of the group ArcelorMittal.

It is limited with the municipal districts of Ipatinga, Coronel Fabriciano, Antônio Dias, Jaguaraçu, Marliéria, Caratinga e Bom Jesus do Galho.

## Images 

|Station of Mario Carvalho
File:STS089-710-24.jpg|Images of satellite of Parque Estadual do Rio Doce

## Other websites 
* Official site of Timóteo
Terrapin

A **terrapin** is a turtle that lives in brackish water. They are named for the diamond pattern on their shells. They eat mollusks, crabs, and fish. Terrapins are sexually dimorphic. Females are much larger than males. Males range between 4 and 5 inches. Females average nearly 7 inches. The largest terrapin on record was a female measuring 9 inches. 
A terrapin is one of several small species of turtle living in fresh or brackish water. Terrapins do not form a taxonomic unit, and may not be related. Many belong to the families Geoemydidae and Emydidae.

The name "terrapin" is derived from *torope*, a word in the Native American Algonquian language that refers to the species, Malaclemys terrapin. It appears that it became part of common usage during the colonial era of North America and was carried back to Great Britain. Since then, it has been used in common names for turtles in the English language. In the UK, red-eared sliders are known as red-eared terrapins.
Mammal-like reptile

cynodont, close to the ancestry of mammals. Museum of Paleontology, Tübingen]]
 tritylodont from China]]

**Mammal-like reptile** is an old term for the therapsids: those synapsids which gave rise to the true mammals.

The term is both outmoded and a mistake, because mammals did not descend from reptiles. Both groups descended from early amniotes (egg-laying tetrapods), probably in the Lower or Middle Carboniferous. 

The precursors of reptiles are called sauropsids, and the precursors of mammals are called synapsids. The immediate ancestors of the mammals came from a group of therapsids called the cynodonts.

## Mammals and reptiles 
There are a number of characteristics which cannot be seen on fossils, but which are of great importance.

Mammals are distinguished from reptiles by fundamental differences in the development of the blood system. These differences are such that it would be almost impossible for mammals to be derived from reptiles.
:"It is clearly quite impossible for the condition found in birds and modern reptiles to have arisen from that found in mammals or vice versa". Kermack.6
This supports the division of amniotes into sauropsida and synapsida.

## References
Africanized bee

**Africanized honeybees** are an artificial man-made hybrid of the European honeybee and African bees.  They are more dangerous and defensive than regular honeybees.  Because of this, some people call them 'killer bees'.

Africanized honeybees are much more  of their beehive and more likely to sting.  When one of them is surprised or scared, they all attack together and sting the same animal or person with hundreds of stings.   Actually, their sting is the same as a regular honeybee's, but because they sting all together, they are much more dangerous.  They usually chase their  much farther than regular honeybees, and they stay angry and ready to fight for a longer time.  They have many more "guard" bees than regular honeybees. 

## History
In 1956, scientists brought African and European bees to Brazil, to see if they could mate them.  They wanted to do this to make a bee that would make more honey in a hotter place.  Scientists called these new bees "*Africanized honeybees"*.  These bees, however, were very different from regular honeybees.  They would suddenly leave the colony and build a hive somewhere else.  Scientists found out that the queen would decide to leave after a few months, usually taking half the colony with her.  They could even take over European hives by killing the European queen bee and making their own queen bee the "queen". 

## Where they travel
Because of the queen's strange behavior of leaving the hive and starting new colonies, Africanized honeybees spread out quickly from Brazil. They have moved towards the north so that they have spread through most of South America, Mexico, and the south parts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Scientists are not sure how far they will spread. Some think they cannot go much more towards the north, because they do not survive well in really cold winters or  dry summers. 

Those Africanized bees which have travelled southwards have become much tamer and are well suitable for beekeeping and making honey. The re-domesticated Africanized honeybee is usually the choice of South American beekeepers because it will produce much more honey than the ordinary honeybees. The honey production from a single hive of Africanized honey bees can be 100 kg annually and far exceeds the much smaller 3–5 kg of the various *Melipona* stingless bee species. Thus economic pressures are forcing beekeepers to switch from the traditional stingless bees of their ancestors to the new reality of the Africanized honey bee.

## Related pages
*Honeybee
*Honey

## References
## Other websites
*U.S. Department of the Interior, Biological Resources Discipline 
*Barry Sergeant, keeper of "killer bees" 
*AFRICANIZED BEES: They are here to stay. See how these bees spread to Florida. 
*Africanized honey bee on the UF / IFAS  Featured Creatures Web site
*Texas A&M University Africanized Honey Bee Information Site
*CISR: Center for Invasive Species Research Fact Sheet on Africanized Honey Bees
Vale do Aço metropolitan area

The **Vale do Aço metropolitan area** (Região Metropolitana do Vale do Aço, in Portuguese) is a metropolitan area in Minas Gerais, Brazil, comprising only the four municipalities of Coronel Fabriciano, Ipatinga, Santana do Paraíso and Timóteo, but have an influence area of 24 other municipalities.

The region has become internationally known due to large companies that are in the region, such as the Cenibra, Aperam South America (old Acesita) and Usiminas, all with an increasing volume of exported products.

## Cities 
### Major 
### Other cities
## Other websites 
* Official site of Coronel Fabriciano 
* Official site of Ipatinga
* Official site of Timóteo
Mantle (mollusc)

The **mantle** is a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the organs of digestion, reproduction and movement. 

In many, but not all, species of molluscs, the epidermis (skin) of the mantle secretes calcium carbonate and conchiolin, and creates a shell.

The word *mantle* means cloak or cape, and does often resemble a cloak. The edges of the mantle may extend far beyond the main part of the body, forming flaps, double-layered structures adapted for many different uses, including for example, the *siphon*.

## The mantle cavity 
The *mantle cavity* is a central feature of molluscan biology. This cavity is formed by the mantle skirt, a double fold of mantle which encloses a water space. This space contains the mollusc's gills, anus, and organs for taste, excretion and reproductive organs.

The mantle cavity functions as a respiratory chamber in all molluscs. In bivalves it is usually part of the feeding structure. In some mollusks the mantle cavity is a brood chamber, and in cephalopods and some bivalves such as scallops, it is a locomotory organ.

The mantle is highly muscular. In cephalopods the contraction of the mantle is used to force water through a tubular *siphon*, and this propels the animal rapidly through the water. In other molluscs, it is used as a kind of "foot" for locomotion.
Palaeozoic

The **Palaeozoic** (or **Paleozoic**) era is the earliest of the three eras of the Phanerozoic. Its name means *early life*. It lasted from about 541 to 252 million years ago (mya) and ended with the greatest extinction event, the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The Palaeozoic was the beginning of plants and animals. In particular, fish dominate the Palaeozoic.

## Beginning 
The Cambrian explosion marks the era with thousands of new life forms in the ancient seas. The era saw the development of most invertebrate groups, life's conquest of land, the evolution of fish, reptiles, synapsids (the ancestors of mammals), amphibians, insects, and plants, the formation of the supercontinent of Pangea and at least two distinct ice ages. The Earth rotated faster than it does today, so days were shorter, and the nearer moon caused stronger tides.

## Oxygen and CO2 levels 
At the start of the long Carboniferous period oxygen was low and carbon dioxide was high. The huge growth of trees and other plants during this time reversed these data. The carbon dioxide level dropped throughout the Carboniferous, and the oxygen level rose continuously until it dropped in the Permian. 

Oxygen reached a peak of about 30% about 280 million years ago. That is much higher than today's 21%.

## Periods
The six periods of the Palaeozoic are:
*Cambrian
*Ordovician
*Silurian
*Devonian
*Carboniferous
**Pennsylvanian
**Mississippian
*Permian

## References
Joel Quenneville

**Joel Norman Quenneville** (born September 15, 1958 in Windsor, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey player and coach. He coached in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was the head coach for the St. Louis Blues from 1996 to 2004, the Colorado Avalanche from 2005 to 2008, the Chicago Blackhawks from 2008 to 2018, and the Florida Panthers from 2019 to 2021. He won the 3 Stanley Cups with the Blackhawks in 2010, 2013 and 2015.

On October 27, 2021, Quenneville stepped down as head coach of the Panthers after meeting with NHL commissioner Gary Bettman. Quenneville was removed from the NHL because of his involvement with the Blackhawks scandal. He will need permission from the NHL if he wants another job in the league.

## Career statistics
## Coaching record
 in 2015.]]

## References
## Other websites
*
*Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
Devonian

The **Devonian** is the fourth period of the Paleozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon. It lasted from about 419 million years ago (mya) to about 359 mya. It is named after Devonshire, England, where rocks from this period were first studied.

Sea levels were high, and there was a great variety of fish and other marine organisms. The Devonian fish included the Agnatha (jawless fish), the Acanthodii (spiny fish), the Placoderms (armoured fish), the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), and the early Osteichthyes (bony fish). The Devonian strata are divided into lower, middle and upper subdivisions.

 was an extinct tetrapodomorph that lived during the Devonian.]]

During the Devonian the evolution of fish into tetrapods occurred. Various terrestrial arthropods also became established. The first seed-bearing plants spread across dry land, forming huge forests.

The supercontinent of Gondwana was to the south, and the continent of Siberia to the north. The early form of the small continent of Euramerica was in between. The supercontinent Pangaea was just starting to form.

By the late Devonian, the land had been colonized by plants and insects. In the oceans, massive reefs were built. Euramerica and Gondwana were beginning to converge into what would become Pangaea.

## Period ended with extinctions 
Tectonic and volcanic activity was high. A series of extinction events occurred towards the end of the Devonian, including a major event at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in the Late Devonian, about 364 mya. 

A major extinction occurred at the start of the last phase of the Devonian period, the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, about 372.2 mya. Almost all the fossil agnathan fishes suddenly disappeared. A second strong extinction closed the Devonian period. The late Devonian extinction was one of five major extinction events in the history of the Earth. The cause or causes are not known.

## References
Silurian

The **Silurian** was the period from the end of the Ordovician, about 443.4 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Devonian period, about 419 mya. It is the third period of the Paleozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon and the shortest period in the Paleozoic.

As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by several million years. The beginning of the Silurian is set at a major extinction when 60% of marine species were wiped out, the End-Ordovician extinction event.

## First terrestrial biota 
The Silurian was the first period that produced fossils on land that are macroscopic. That means you can see them without using a microscope. These fossils are moss forests along lakes and streams, and millipedes and scorpions on land later in the period. The fossil record of Eurypterids (sea scorpions) reached its greatest extent in the middle Silurian, about 430 million years ago.

The first fossil records of vascular plants, appeared in the second half of the Silurian period. The earliest known representatives of this group are the *Cooksonia* (mostly from the northern hemisphere) and *Baragwanathia* (from Australia). A primitive Silurian land plant with xylem and phloem but no differentiation in root, stem or leaf, was much-branched *Psilophyton*. This plant reproduced by spores and respired through stomata on every surface, and probably photosynthesized in every tissue exposed to light. 

Some evidence suggests the presence of primitive predatory arachnids and myriapods in later Silurian rocks. Predatory invertebrates would indicate that simple food webs were in place which included non-predatory prey animals.

## Related pages 
* Life timeline

## References
Proterozoic

from Bolivia, South America (polished vertical section through rock)]]

The **Proterozoic** eon comes before the Phanerozoic. It was a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth. The name Proterozoic comes from the Greek "earlier life". The Proterozoic Eon extended from 2500 million years ago (mya) to 541 mya. It is the most recent part of the former Precambrian.

The Proterozoic consists of 3 geologic eras, from oldest to youngest:
* Palaeoproterozoic: 2500 to 1600 million years ago
* Mesoproterozoic: 1600 to 1000 mya
* Neoproterozoic: 1000 to 542 mya

The well-identified events were:
*Several glaciations, including the Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian period in the late Neoproterozoic.
*Rapid crustal segments collect into continents. Supercontinents **Laurentia** (Palaeoproterozoic) and **Rodinia** (Neoproterozoic) form.
*Early plate tectonics.
*Oxygenation of the atmosphere, the Great Oxygenation Event.
*Clean (unchanged by metamorphosis) sand and carbonate deposits occur for the first time.
*First eukaryote fossil at 2.1 billion years.p57 
*The Ediacaran period (635 to 542mya) which is characterized by the evolution of abundant soft-bodied multicellular organisms.

Study of these rocks shows that the eon featured massive, rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and mountain building.

## Related pages 
* Life timeline

## References
Phanerozoic

The **Phanerozoic** eon is the current eon on the geologic timescale. It is the one in which abundant animal life has existed. It covers about 541 million years, and goes back to the time when hard-shelled animals first appeared. It was once thought that life began in the Cambrian, the first period of this eon. 

The time before the Phanerozoic, formerly called the *Precambrian*, is now divided into the Hadean, Archaean and Proterozoic eons.

## Details 
 shows a general increase from near zero to several thousands of genera.]]

The exact time of the boundary between the Phanerozoic and the Proterozoic is slightly uncertain. In the 19th century, the boundary was set at the first abundant metazoan fossils. But several hundred kinds of Proterozoic metazoa have been discovered in the Ediacaran. Study of the Ediacaran biota started in the 1950s. There are three dividing points at the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary. It might be where the first trilobites and archaeocyatha appear; or at the first appearance of signs of burrowing; or at the first appearance of the 'small shelly fauna'. The three different dividing points are within a few million years of each other.

In the Phanerozoic biodiversity increased hugely: 
#the rapid emergence of animal phyla;
#the evolution of these phyla into diverse forms; 
#the emergence of terrestrial plants; 
#the development of complex plants; 
#the evolution of fish; 
#the emergence of terrestrial animals; and 
#the development of modern faunas. 
During the period covered, continents drifted about, eventually collecting into a single landmass known as Pangea and then splitting up into the current continental landmasses.

The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras: the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Cainozoic.

## Related pages 
* Life timeline

## References
Bill Elliott

**William Clyde Elliott** (born October 8, 1955) is an American racecar driver. He drove in the Sprint Cup Series He won the 1988 Sprint Cup, and was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2007. In 2014, Elliot was voted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in January of 2015.

## References
Siret

**Siret** is a town of Suceava County in northeast Romania.  The town is found on the right bank of the Siret River.  Ukraine borders Siret to the north. 9,358 people were living in Siret as of 2002.
Token passing

**Token passing** is a communication protocol used in telecommunications. The system uses a signal called a *token* to limit when a device can transmit on the network. Only the device with the token can transmit. When that device is done, the token is sent to the next device. With large transmissions, the token may move to the next station before the transmission is finished. The device has to wait until it gets the token back before it can continue to send data. The most well known examples of token passing are token ring and ARCNET.

The rules of the system say how long a device may keep the token, how long it can transmit for and how to create a new token if there is not one in use.
Carrier-sense multiple access

**Carrier Sense Multiple Access** (CSMA) is a Media Access Control (MAC) protocol.  When transmitting on a medium that is shared by many transmitters, the transmitter first checks to see that nothing else is already transmitting.  Examples of shared transmission medium include an electrical bus, or part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

"Carrier Sense" means that a transmitter uses feedback from a receiver to know if the medium is already in use before trying to send. That is, it tries to find a signal from another station before trying to transmit. If a signal is found, the station waits for that transmission to end before starting its own transmission.

"Multiple Access" means that many stations send and receive on the medium. Transmissions are usually received by all other stations using the medium.

## Related pages 
* Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
Mesozoic

The **Mesozoic Era** was the geological era in which dinosaurs lived, as well as the first mammals. It lasted about 186 million years, starting 252.2 mya (million years ago) with the P/Tr extinction and ending 65 mya with the K/T extinction (the one that killed all dinosaurs except birds).

Dinosaurs appeared around 231 mya (21 million years after the beginning of the Mesozoic). They evolved from the reptiles called archosaurs. Modern birds and crocodiles are part of that group.

Although mammals originated in the Upper Triassic, they did not live like dinosaurs. Mammals spent most of the long Jurassic and Cretaceous periods as small nocturnal animals living mainly in forests. Most lost their color vision. Mammals today have some color vision. Most have red-green color blindness, with only two types of cone cells. Some primates evolved a third type of cone cell, which gives them trichromacy. Color is needed in forests to spot ripe fruit.

The Mesozoic is the middle of the three eras that make up the Phanerozoic eon. Before the Mesozoic was the Palaeozoic era. The K/T extinction in 65 mya also marks the beginning of the Cenozoic era, the one we live in.

The three Mesozoic periods were:

* Triassic (252–201 mya)
**Lower Triassic (252–247 mya)
**Middle Triassic (247–237 mya)
**Upper Triassic (237–201 mya)
* Jurassic (201–145 mya)
**Lower Jurassic (201–176 mya)
**Middle Jurassic (176–161 mya)
**Upper Jurassic (161–145 mya)
* Cretaceous (145–66 mya)
**Lower Cretaceous (145–100 mya)
**Upper Cretaceous (100–65 mya)

## Ecology 
The ecology of this world was quite different to that of the Pleistocene, the relatively cold era in which humans evolved and live. 

The Mesozoic was a much warmer world, with a higher temperature, and a higher sea level.  There was little or no ice at the poles and the continents had large areas covered with shallow continental seas.

Moreover, the continents were quite near each other, or actually touching.  Many land animals could walk or swim to other continents.  The Mesozoic started with all the continents together in Pangaea.  They began to split apart in early Middle Jurassic times and stayed pretty close for the rest of the Mesozoic.

Textbooks have always described how the Mesozoic was the age of the dinosaurs, and now we know birds descended from land dinosaurs.  It was the age, too, of extraordinary marine reptiles.  Mammals were mainly small nocturnal animals which scurried around in the night-times of the great forests.  We know from their loss of color vision (which is trichromatic in fish and reptiles) that mammals lived a nocturnal life.

### Plants 
For most of the Mesozoic, the plants were different from those of today. Only in the Upper Cretaceous do we find flowering plants of the modern kind. Before then ferns, cycads and conifers covered the land. They were the typical food of the huge vegetarian dinosaurs. Horsetails like *Equisetum* formed the understory of the huge conifer forests.

## References
Archaean

.]]

The **Archaean** (or Archean) eon is the geological period after the Hadean and before the Proterozoic. It is one of the four main time periods (eons) of Earth history. The Archaean lasted from 4,000 million years ago (mya) to 2,500 mya. It contains the first sedimentary rocks, and the first fossil life forms, which were cyanobacteria, and acritarchs.

Most of the rocks which survive are volcanic (igneous) and metamorphic in origin. Volcanic activity was everywhere. When the Archaean began, the Earth's heat flow was nearly three times higher than it is today. It was still twice the current level when the Archaean ended, 2,500 mya. This high level of heat flow may have made plate tectonics more vigorous than today. The question of when plate tectonics began is a major research area. The large supercontinent Vaalbara formed in the Archaean. There were oceans already, before the Archaean.
The atmosphere almost entirely lacked free oxygen, and instead, it was mostly methane and CO2.

Fossil bacterial mats, called stromatolites, are found throughout the Archaean after about 3,500mya. These were formed by cyanobacteria, which used photosynthesis and gave off oxygen as a by-product. Initially, this oxygen was absorbed by combining with iron ions in solution. Not until much later did oxygen build up in the atmosphere.

Fossil raindrop marks have been found in the later Archaean, 2,700 mya. The rocks were discovered in Ventersdorp in the North West Province of South Africa in the 1980s.

## Related pages 
* Life timeline

## References
Ordovician

The **Ordovician** is the second period of the Paleozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon. It lasted from about 485.4 million years ago (mya) to 443.4 mya. It follows the Cambrian period and is followed by the Silurian period.

The Ordovician was named after the Welsh tribe of the *Ordovices*. It was defined by Charles Lapworth in 1879. He recognized that the fossils in the disputed strata were different from those of the Cambrian or the Silurian. Therefore, he reasoned, they should be placed in a period of their own.

Recognition of the Ordovician period was slow in Britain, but elsewhere it was quickly accepted. In 1906 it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic era by the International Geological Congress.

The Ordovician ended with a series of extinction events that, together amount to the second greatest extinction of the Phanerozoic. This was the EndOrdovician extinction event.

## Geology 
### Palaeogeography 
Sea levels were high during the Ordovician. Shallow (
Image:LibertyBorings.jpg|*Trypanites* borings in an Ordovician hardground, southeastern Indiana.
Image:Petroxestes_borings_Ordovician.jpg|*Petroxestes* borings in an Ordovician hardground, southern Ohio. A recently discovered lagerstätte (a deposit of exceptionally preserved fossils) has been found in the Fezouata Formation, Morocco. The site contains remarkable fossils of soft-bodied animals from a muddy ocean floor. The fauna also includes some hard-bodied animals such as horseshoe crabs. Probably low oxygen conditions kept predators and scavengers to a minimum.

## References
Cenozoic

than the upper and lower layers. It is the boundary between Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods. The rock is from Wyoming, USA.]]

The **Cainozoic** (**Cenozoic**) is the current geological era. It began 66 million years ago and continues today. Before it was the Mesozoic.

During the Cainozoic the continents moved into their present positions. The climate started warm, but cooling continued steadily. Finally ice ages occurred. 

The word Cainozoic is derived from Greek *kainos* = "new", and *zoe* = "life". 'Cainozoic' may be spelled 'Cenozoic'. It has three periods, and the periods are split into stages. 

* Cainozoic 
** Palaeogene
**: Palaeocene
**: Eocene
**: Oligocene
** Neogene
**: Miocene
**: Pliocene
** Quaternary
**: Pleistocene
**: Holocene

Previously, what is now the Cainozoic was divided into two periods, the Tertiary and the Quaternary. The Tertiary corresponded to the Palaeogene+Neogene. Now, the term 'Tertiary' is not used. Officially, it is 'deprecated'. 

## Biota 
On land, the Cainozoic is the era of mammals, and of birds and flowering plants. Grassland became a major habitat. Aquatic mammals took over the roles of predatory reptiles like the mosasaurs and plesiosaurs. As a result, the ecological landscape of the Cainozoic has become quite different from the Mesozoic.

## References
Barcelona Metro line 1

**Line 1**, shortened to **L1** and known as "Hospital de Bellvitge - Fondo", coloured red and often simply called *Línia vermella* ("Red Line"), is the second oldest metro line in Barcelona, after L3. It is operated by Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB). 
## Chronology
*1926 - Bordeta-Catalunya section opened.
*1932 - Bordeta-Santa Eulàlia and Catalunya-Arc de Triomf sections opened.
*1933 - Arc de Triomf-Marina section opened.
*1951 - Marina-Clot section opened.
*1952 - Clot-Navas section opened.
*1954 - Navas-Fabra i Puig section opened.
*1968 - Fabra i Puig-Torras i Bages section opened.
*1983 - Torras i Bages-Santa Coloma and Santa Eulàlia-Torrassa sections opened. Bordeta station closed.
*1987 - Torrassa-Avinguda Carrilet section opened.
*1992 - Santa Coloma-Fondo section opened.

## Technical details
## Stations
Stations or lines shown in italics are under construction.

*Hospital de Bellvitge 
*Bellvitge 
*Av. Carrilet  (L8)
*Rambla Just Oliveras  (RENFE)
*Can Serra 
*Florida 
*Torrassa  (*L9, L10*) 
*Santa Eulàlia 
*Mercat Nou 
*Plaça de Sants  (L5)
*Hostafrancs 
*Espanya  (L3, L8)
*Rocafort 
*Urgell 
*Universitat  (L2)
*Catalunya  (L3, L6, L7, RENFE)
*Urquinaona  (L4)
*Arc de Triomf  (RENFE)
*Marina  (T4)
*Glòries  (T4)
*Clot  (L2, RENFE)
*Navas 
*Sagrera  (L5, *L9, L10*)
*Fabra i Puig  (RENFE)
*Sant Andreu  (RENFE)
*Torras i Bages 
*Trinitat Vella
*Baró de Viver 
*Santa Coloma 
*Fondo  (*L9*)

## Other websites
*Trenscat.com
Hadean

The **Hadean** is the geological eon before the Archaean. It began at the Earth's formation about 4.6 billion years ago, and ended 4 billion years ago. The name "Hadean" comes from *Hades*, Greek for "Underworld", due to the conditions on the Earth at the time. The geologist Preston Cloud first used the term in 1972. Meteorite bombardment, volcanism and high temperatures were very widespread on the early Earth.

There are no sedimentary rocks from the Hadean at all. The earliest geological objects on Earth are some zircons, dated to about 4,400 million years ago (mya). Oceans would probably have formed as soon as the temperature allowed. It is thought that constant bombardment kept the Earth in a molten state until about the end of the eon. 

Early in Earth history, the Moon was torn out by a massive collision with a proto-planet. The evidence for this giant impact hypothesis is: 

#the remarkable similarity between the Earth's crust and the Moon's composition,
#the low iron concentration in the Moon's centre, and
#the high angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system.

An explanation for the general lack of Hadean rocks (older than 3800 mya) is the large amount of rocky and icy debris present in the early Solar System. After the eight planets formed, large numbers of leftover protoplanets, asteroids, and comets pursued eccentric orbits throughout our system, bombarding the early Earth and the other planets and moons until approximately 3800 mya. This activity may have prevented any large crustal fragments from forming by literally shattering the early protocontinents. A barrage of particularly large impacts known as the Late Heavy Bombardment represents the climax of this violent era. 

No life forms are known from this eon. The early atmosphere contained carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen, but almost no oxygen.

## Related pages 
* Life timeline

## References
Matt Stajan

**Matthew Stajan** ( ; born December 19, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre.

Before playing in the NHL, Stajan played 3 seasons with the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 57th overall pick by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. On January 31, 2010, the Maple Leafs traded Stajan along with Niklas Hagman, Ian White and Jamal Mayers in exchange for Dion Phaneuf, Fredrik Sjöström and Keith Aulie.

He is married to his wife Katie and they live in Calgary. Their first child named Emerson, died on March 3, 2014 shortly after birth.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Permian

The **Permian** is a geological period which started about 299 million years ago (mya), and ended about 252 mya. It is the sixth and last period of the Paleozoic era and the sixth period in the Phanerozoic eon, and ended in the largest mass extinction known to science.

 is a pelycosaur that lived in the Permian.]]

## Data 
*Oxygen content of atmosphere: 23% (115% of modern level).
*Average CO2 content: 900 ppm (3 times pre-industrial level)
*Average surface temperature: ~16oC (2oC above modern level)
*Sea level: 60 metres above present day level; plummeting during the middle Permian to a constant minus 20 m in the late Permian.

## Climate 
The climate in the Permian was quite varied. At the start of the Permian, the Earth was still at the grip of an ice age from the Carboniferous. Glaciers receded in the mid-Permian period as the climate gradually warmed, drying the continent's interiors.  In the late Permian period, the drying continued although the temperature cycled between warm and cool cycles.

### Insects 
The Permian was also a period of adaptive radiation in insects. Beetles (Coleoptera) appeared; so did flies (Diptera). 22 out of a total of 36 known orders of insects are known from the Permian. Some became extinct in the end-Permian event, but more radiation followed in the Mesozoic. Insects were probably, by the end of the Permian, the largest phylum, in terms of number of species.

Early relatives of cockroaches (Blattopterans) were the most common insects. and dragonflies ruled the air. True Odonata appeared in the Permian.

## Pangaea 
All the major land masses were collected together in the super-continent Pangaea. At the end of the period, the greatest flood basalt lava flows in the Phanerozoic raised world temperatures, and damaged the environment. These formed the extensive *Siberian traps*. The causes of the Permian/Triassic extinction event are not yet agreed between scientists. Trilobites, once a dominant life-form in the ocean, became extinct, together with 90% of all marine species.

## References
Markham, Ontario

**Markham, Ontario** is a city in Regional Municipality of York, in the Greater Toronto Area of Southern Ontario, Canada. As of 2021, 338,503 people live in Markham. The number of people doubled from 1991 to 2011. It is the 4th largest town in the Greater Toronto Area, after Toronto, Mississauga, and Brampton.

## References
Mount Athos

**Mount Athos** is a mountain in the Greek province of Macedonia. It is also commonly referred to as the **Self-governed Monastic State of the Holy Mountain**, which is an autonomous part of Greece. 
## Overview
There are twenty Eastern Orthodox monasteries inside this state. Spiritually, Mount Athos comes under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

## Geography
The peninsula is the easternmost "leg" of the larger Halkidiki peninsula. It protrudes into the Aegean Sea for some  at a width between 7 and 12&nbsp;km and covers an area of , with the actual Mount Athos and its steep, densely forested slopes reaching up to . The seas around the end of the peninsula can be dangerous.
## Access
The peninsula is only accessible by boat. There is a limit on the number of visitors. People visiting need to get a special permit. Only men are allowed to enter. Monks call Mount Athos the "Garden of the Virgin." 

Orthodox Christians take precedence in the permit issuing procedure. Only males over the age of 18 who are members of an Eastern Orthodox Church are allowed to live on Athos. A large number of Albanian Muslims work in the Holy Mountain. 
## Security
There is a small number of unarmed, religious guards (Σερδάρηδες), who are not monks, for keeping order. Police and Coast Guard presence is very discreet. Any other people not monks are required to live in the peninsula's capital Karyes. 

Most workers live at the place where they work. Small low class hotels exist at Karyes (administrative center) and Dafni (main port). The 2001 Greek national census recorded a population of 2,262 inhabitants.

## References
Sam Cooke

**Sam Cooke** (January 22, 1931–December 11, 1964) was an American soul singer, record producer, dancer
 
and songwriter. He was born **Sam Cook** but later changed the spelling of his name. He was very important and influential in the beginning of soul music. He had many hit songs in America. Some of his most famous songs were "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Chain Gang", "Wonderful World", and "Bring It on Home to Me".

Cooke started his own record label and publishing company. He was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement, helping African-American people to get civil rights.

## Murder 
Cooke was gunned down by a hotel manageress named Bertha Franklin. She told the police that she shot Cooke in self-defense. Sam was buried in Glendale, California.

## Other websites
*Hear Sam Cooke on the Pop Chronicles

## References
L2

**L2** can mean:

* Second language
* Barcelona Metro line 2
* *L2: Empuraan*, a 2025 Indian movie, also called *L2E*
Barcelona Metro line 2

**Line 2**, also known by the names of its termini, currently **Paral·lel** - **Badalona Pompeu Fabra**, is a metro line in Barcelona operated by TMB, coloured purple and sometimes simply called *línia lila*. 

## Chronology
*1995 - Sant Antoni-Sagrada Família section opened.
*1996 - Sant Antoni-Paral·lel section opened.
*1997 - Sagrada Família-La Pau section opened.
*2002 - La Pau-Pep Ventura section moved from L4 to this line.
*2010 - Pep Ventura - Badalona Pompeu Fabra section opened.

## Technical details
* Colour on map: Purple
* Number of stations: 18
* Type: Conventional metro
* Length: 
* Rolling stock: 2100, 5000 and 9000 series
* Journey time: 24 minutes
* Track gauge: 
* Traction: Electricity
* Power supply: Rigid overhead wire
* Open-air sections: No
* Mobile phone coverage: Partial
* Depots: Verneda (Triangle Ferroviari)
* Operator: TMB

## Stations
Station and line names shown in italics are planned or under construction additions.
**Terminal D (L9)*
**Ciutat Aeroportuària (L9)*
**Terminals A-B-C (L9)*
**Sant Cosme (L9)*
**El Prat Centre (L9)*
**Estació del Prat (L1, L9, RENFE)*
**Centre Direccional (L1, L9)*
**Verge de Montserrat (L9)*
**Mercabarna (L9)*
**Parc Logístic (L9)*
**Fira 2-Pedrosa (L9)*
**Foc Cisell (L10)*
**INEF*
**Fira 1*
**Poble Sec (L3)*
*Paral·lel  (L3, Funicular de Montjuïc)
*Sant Antoni 
*Universitat  (L1)
*Passeig de Gràcia  (L3, L4, RENFE)
*Tetuan 
*Monumental 
*Sagrada Família  (L5)
*Encants 
*Clot  (L1, RENFE)
*Bac de Roda 
*Sant Martí 
*La Pau  (L4)
*Verneda 
*Artigues-Sant Adrià 
*Sant Roc (T5)
*Gorg  (T5, *L10*)
*Pep Ventura 
**Badalona Pompeu Fabra (L1)*
**Casagemes*
**Canyadó*
**Morera (L13)*

## Other websites
*Trenscat.com
Barcelona Metro line 9

**Line 9** (***Línia 9*** in Catalan) is the newest line in the Barcelona Metro network, currently under construction, with only five complete stations, all in Santa Coloma de Gramenet. These first five stations opened on 13 December 2009. The complete line is a railway project to build a subway line with two branches spanning a good deal of the metropolitan area of Barcelona through Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Badalona, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat and El Prat de Llobregat. TMB is the company operating the line and handled by the division line in two: Line 9 and Line 10.

## List of stations 
**El Prat area**
* Aeroport-T1 (Barcelona International Airport, *RENFE*)
* *Aeroport Terminal de Càrrega*
* Aeroport-T2 (Barcelona International Airport, RENFE)
* Mas Blau
* Parc Nou
* Cèntric
* El Prat Estació (L1, RENFE)
* Les Moreres
* Mercabarna
* Parc Logístic
* Fira (*L2*)
* Europa  Fira (L8)
**Central branch, shared with L10**
* Can Tries
* Torrassa (L1, RENFE)
* Collblanc (L5)
* *Camp Nou* (T1, T2, T3)
* Zona Universitària (L3)
* *Campus Nord*
* *Manuel Girona*
* *Prat de la Riba*
* *Sarrià* (L6)
* *Mandrí*
* *El Putxet* (L7)
* *Lesseps* (L3)
* *Muntanya*
* *Sanllehy*
* *Guinardó - Hospital de Sant Pau* (L4)
* *Maragall*
* La Sagrera (L1, *L4*, RENFE)
* *Estació de la Sagrera (L4, RENFE-AVE)*
* Onze de Setembre
* Bon Pastor
**Besòs area**
* Can Peixauet
* Santa Rosa
* Fondo (L1)
* Església Major
* Singuerlín
* Can Zam

## References
Child abuse

**Child abuse** is the abuse, mistreatment or hurt done to children. It often means abuse done by a child's parents or another caregiver. Injuries to the skin like bruises are one of the signs of child abuse.

Talking about these things and helping children who suffer from child abuse is very important, but some people do not believe it could happen in their country, neighbourhood or family. They like to think these crimes are far away and so they cannot see if a child nearby is in danger.

## Definition 
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines *child abuse* and *child maltreatment* as "all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment [...] or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power." 

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses the term *child maltreatment* to refer to both acts of abuse and neglect. According to the WHO, the term abuse includes  "words or overt actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child"; neglect means  "the failure to provide for a child's basic physical, emotional, or educational needs or to protect a child from harm or potential harm". 

The United States federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines *child abuse and neglect* as, at minimum, "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation" or "an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm".

## Types of child abuse
*Child abandonment - when an adult leaves a child they are supposed to take care of. 
*Child labour - when an adult forces a child to work.
*Child prostitution - when an adult make a child prostitute.
*Child sexual abuse — when an adult makes a child do sexual things, including sexual touching, or sexual intercourse.
*Psychological abuse of children - Treating children badly so that they develop a trauma: with very young children a general lack of care may be physical abuse.
*Chastisement  beating (En wiki: "infliction of corporal punishment as defined by law") or other like treatment amounting to physical abuse.

## References
Hakha Chin language

**Hakha Chin** is a language spoken in southern Asia by 446,264 people. The total figure includes 2,000 Zokhua, and 60,100 Lai speakers. The speakers are largely concentrated in eastern India in addition to Myanmar/Burma and Bangladesh.

## References