open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Laplace transform

The **Laplace transform** is a way to turn functions into other functions in order to do certain calculations more easily. This way of turning functions to other functions is very similar to U Substitution. The aim of this change is to be able to turn the hard work of integration into a simple algebraic addition and subtraction, just as logarithms allow one to add and subtract instead of multiplying and dividing. An example of its use is in ruin theory, which is a subject of actuarial science with regards to insurance.

Functions usually take a variable (say *t*) as an input, and give some output (say *f*). The Laplace transform converts these functions to take some other input (*s*) and give some other output (*F*). Because of certain shared properties of Laplace transforms, this makes it very easy to manipulate the original function into something useful.

In many kinds of engineering, especially electrical engineering and signal processing, the original function is said to be in the *time domain* and the new function given by the Laplace transform is said to be in the *frequency domain*.

The Laplace transform of a function f(t), written as \mathcal{L}\{f(t)\} or F(s), is often formulated as:

:F(s) = \int_{0}^\infty {f(t) e^{-st} \mathrm{d}t} 
where:
**f(t)* is the input function
* *t* is the old domain
**s* is the new domain

## Related pages 
* Fourier transform

## References
ATLAS experiment

website. Note the people in the background, for comparison.]]
**ATLAS** (**A** **T**oroidal **L**HC **A**pparatu**S**) is the biggest experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

It is one of the seven particle detector experiments (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, TOTEM, LHCb, and LHCf)  at the LHC.  LHC is a new particle accelerator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland. ATLAS is 46&nbsp;metres long and 25&nbsp;metres in diameter, weighing about 7,000&nbsp;tonnes. The project is led by Fabiola Gianotti. The project has 2,000 scientists and engineers at 165 institutions in 35 countries.  The project began operation on 10 September 2008. ATLAS studies highly massive particles which could not be studied using earlier lower-energy accelerators. ATLAS may start new theories of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.

## References
Taser

A **Taser** is a weapon that is not meant to kill.  Tasers use electricity to shock people so they fall on the ground. If a person is shot by a Taser, they feel like they are hurt and cannot move their arms and legs. Tasers are used by police officers to stop people who want to hurt them, and to stop people who are running away.

## How Tasers work 
Tasers shoot two small pieces of metal called prongs.  These prongs are connected to long pieces of metal string.  When the Taser is shot, the prongs hit the person and electricity moves along the metal string to shock the person.

If a person is very close, the prongs do not have to shoot but they will still shock.

## Safety 
Even though a Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill, the prongs can still hurt people.  There are some times when people die after they are shot with a Taser.  This is because some people get hurt differently by electricity.

## Owning Tasers 
In many places, people cannot own a Taser. There are special rules to follow to own a Taser.  This is because it is considered a weapon.  

In Canada, France, Israel and the United Kingdom only police officers can have a Taser, but in the United States of America and Poland, most people can own a Taser.
Cyperaceae

*)]]

The family **Cyperaceae**, or the **sedges**, is a taxon of flowering plants. They look like grasses or rushes, but are not. They are monocot plants (as are grasses), but belong to a different family. 

The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. The largest is the *Carex* genus of "true sedges", with over 2,000 species.

Sedges include many wild marsh and grassland plants, and some cultivated ones such as water chestnut (*Eleocharis dulcis*) and papyrus sedge (*Cyperus papyrus''). These species are widely distributed, with many in tropical Asia and tropical South America. Sedges may be found growing in almost all environments. Many are wetlands, or have poor soils. Ecological communities dominated by sedges are known as sedgelands.

Members of the sedge family have stems with triangular cross-sections (there are occasional exceptions). Their leaves are spirally arranged in three ranks (grasses have alternate leaves forming two ranks).

## References
Animal trapping

**Animal trapping**, or simply **trapping**, is the use of a device to  an animal. Animals may be trapped for a variety of purposes, including food, wildlife management, hunting and pest control. Each year, over 5 million wild animals, including coyotes, foxes and bobcats, are caught and killed in wild traps, mainly in the US, Canada and Russia, although trapping does occur in other countries too on a smaller scale. Traps are indiscriminate, catching the first animal to step on them. Countless dogs and cats, deer, birds and other animals—including threatened and endangered animals—are also injured and killed each year by the traps. Trap checking times range from once every 24 hours to once every 14 days. The regulations on trapping are weak and extremely difficult to enforce, which means untold amounts of animal suffering goes undocumented and uninvestigated. 

Many animals die trying to free themselves, next to dehydration, blood loss and hypothermia. Often animals become so desperate, they resort to chewing or wringing off their own trapped limb in order to escape, breaking teeth and bones in the process. Some may die from blood loss or shock but most animals will be trapped for days before the trapper returns to kill them. 

There are many kinds. For a deadfall trap, a trapper digs a deep hole in the ground and hides it so the animal falls in the hole and can not get out. A snare is a noose that tightens around the neck or other part of the animal.

Over 100 countries, including the EU and China, have prohibited the use of the steel-jaw leghold trap. But in the United States, steel-jaw traps are not only legal, they are the go-to tool for trappers who capture and kill millions of wild animals a year for the global fur market. In September 2019, California became the first state in the US to ban trapping for commercial and recreational purpose.

## References
Minnetonka, Minnesota

**Minnetonka** is a suburb in Hennepin County, Minnesota. It is 9 miles to the west of Minneapolis. It is the eighteenth largest city in Minnesota. The name Minnetonka comes from the Dakota Sioux *mni tanka*, and it means "great water". It has a population of 53,781 as of the 2020 census.  

## References
Building material

**Building material** is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. 

Bricks are man-made, and so is plaster, concrete, stucco and many other materials. However, they are usually still made out of natural materials, bricks being a good example. They are based on clay. Steel is based on natural types of iron.

One example of a man-made imitation is scagliola, which can imitate more expensive natural materials such as marble.
Leone Battista Alberti

**Leon Battista Alberti** (February 18, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer, and general Renaissance humanist polymath.  In Italy, this first name is usually spelled "*Leone*", but Alberti is known as Leon.  Alberti's life was described in Giorgio Vasari's *Vite*. 
Alberti is often seen as a model of the Renaissance "universal man“.-
He was born in Genoa, because the Albertis had been expelled from their native city, Florence.  When he was a child the family moved to Venice. In 1428 Leon visited Florence at first time.
Bernardo Rossellino

of the Cardinal from Portugal in the church of San Miniato al Monte, Florence.]]
**Bernardo di Matteo Gamberelli** (1409–1464), better known as **Bernardo Rossellino**, was an Italian Florentine sculptor and architect, the elder brother of the sculptor Antonio Rossellino. He was part of the second generation of Renaissance artists and had helped further define the new change in art style.

He had worked to rebuild Pienza from a village called Corsignano.
Wallpaper

**Wallpaper** is a kind of paper used to cover walls inside of houses and buildings.  Wallpaper is used to decorate the inside of buildings instead of paint.  It is sold in rolls and are put onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come either plain (so that it can be painted), or with pictures or patterns.

"Wallpaper" is also a word for a picture on a computer monitor.

Photo wallpapers are wallpapers with an image applied to them. Consist of parts (the number of parts depends on the size). The image is applied using large-format printers (plotter) or offset printing.

## History 
Wallpaper was first used in Europe around the year 1500.  In the time of Henry VIII the English aristocrats could not get as many tapestries from France, so they used more English wallpaper instead.  During The Protectorate, the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell banned wallpaper.  However, by 1750 people made great use of wallpaper and made better wallpaper.

## How to get rid of wallpaper 
### Water
Water is the easiest way to get rid of wallpaper.  Water makes the wallpaper paste become not sticky, then the wallpaper falls off.

### Chemicals
Sometimes the wallpaper paste is too strong for water, then special chemicals need to be used to make the paste not sticky.  Most of the time only new wallpaper has to be taken off with chemicals.

### Steam
Hot water makes it easier to remove wallpaper.  There are special machines that people can use to make water into steam and use it to remove wallpaper.

## References
Pumice

volcano on Tenerife, Canary Islands. Density of specimen approx 0.25 g/cm³. Scale is in centimeters.]]

**Pumice** is a term for a lightweight volcanic rock. 

It is a solidified frothy lava, created when highly-heated, pressured molten rock is shot out from a volcano. Its light weight is due to air spaces, which are caused by fast cooling and loss of pressure. The loss of pressure makes  by lowering the boiling point of the lava (like the bubble-creation when a carbonated drink is opened). The  cooling then freezes the bubbles in the matrix.

## Uses 
Most famously, pumice stone has been used as a skin-scraper. It is used in  pedicure to remove excess skin from the bottom of the foot, and on calluses (tough areas of skin). 

It has also been used to make lightweight blocks for building, and as a powdered ingredient in polishing.
Giuliano da Sangallo

, c. 1500-1520.]]

**Giuliano da Sangallo** (c. 1443 – 1516) was an Italian sculptor, architect and military engineer active during the Italian Renaissance.
Giulio Romano

**Giulio Romano** (c. 1499 – November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter and architect. He was a pupil of Raphael. His differences from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th century style known as Mannerism.

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters
Carlo Maderno

.]]
**Carlo Maderno** (1556 - January 30, 1629) was an Italian-Swiss architect, born in Ticino. He is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's Basilica and Sant'Andrea della Valle were important in the evolution of the Italian Baroque. He is often referred to as the brother of sculptor Stefano Maderno, but this is not universally agreed upon.
Objective-C

**Objective-C** is an object-oriented programming language used to make computer programs for macOS and iOS devices.

## History
Objective-C was created in the early 1980s by two programmers named Brad Cox and Tom Love. However, it didn't become popular until it was bought by NeXT in 1988 for their NeXTSTEP operating system. After NeXT was bought by Apple in 1996, it became the main programming language for Mac OS X and later the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. In recent years, Swift has been more popular than Objective-C.

## Basics
Objective-C is a strict superset of C, meaning that any code that can be written in C can be used in Objective-C programs without changing it. However, it adds some features of its own that can't be used in a traditional C program.

### Messages
In Objective-C, functions are called using messages, a feature inspired by the SmallTalk programming language. Messages look like "blocks" of code similar to the one shown below:

```objc
[object messageToObject];
```

These blocks can be nested inside of each other as well, for example:

```objc
[[object messageToSendToObject] messageToSendToResultOfInnerMessage];
```

### Interfaces and Implementations
Unlike other programming languages such as C and Java, Objective-C *classes* are divided into two separate parts: 
* Interface, which contains the initial declarations of variables and functions.
* Implementation, which contains the actual code for functions.

Usually, these are put in two different files, with the interface using the ".h" extension and the implementation using the ".m" extension.

## Variations
Objective-C has variants that add features to the original Objective C programming language.

### Objective-C++
Objective-C++ allows for C++ code to be used in Objective-C applications.

### Objective-C 2.0
Objective-C 2.0 is an improved version of Objective-C. It adds many features, such as garbage collection (automatic memory management), fast enumeration and properties (the automatic generation of variable methods).

## References
Travertine

]]

**Travertine** is a terrestrial sedimentary rock. It is a natural chemical precipitate of carbonate minerals; aragonite or calcite. This happens from solution in ground and surface waters, and/or  geothermally heated hot-springs. Similar (but extremely ) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa. 

The Colosseum built by the Romans, was made of travertine.

## References 
. The material is extremely hard and weatherproof. The cavities and impurities - remnents of small debris, scrub and biotic materials - make the rock porous and lightweight.]]
Agostino Cornacchini

, Vatican, Italy.]]

**Agostino Cornacchini** (August 27, 1686 – 1754) was an Italian sculptor and painter of the Rococo period, active mainly in Rome.

## Other websites
Information security

**Information security** is about protecting information so that people who should not have access to it cannot distribute, see, change, or delete it. Although this has a lot in common with computer security, information risk management and information assurance, it is different from them. For example, computer security can focus on making sure that the computer is available when it is needed and that it works correctly but may not have anything to do with the data that it stores.

Information security has to do with the confidentiality,  and availability of data in any form e.g. electronic, print, or other forms. Organizations, including governments, private businesses and others have much information stored and processed on computers. Data that is lost or released to the wrong people or that is not properly secured could lead to legal and ethical problems for the organization.

For an individual person, information security has a big effect on , which is viewed very differently by people in different cultures.

## References 
## Other websites 
**  - " Secure Computing Mode (SCM)." is a special operating mode of the Elbrus processor in which the processor hardware controls memory access at the object level. The paper focused on the use of SCM to ensure security at critical information infrastructure (CII) facilities by detecting software errors and vulnerabilities. The MCST specialist discussed the specifics of porting and operating software using SCM and demonstrated the technology.
* Information security -Citizendium
San Pietro in Montorio

**San Pietro in Montorio** is a church in Rome, which includes in its courtyard *The Tempietto* (a small commemorative martyrium) built by Donato Bramante.

## The Tempietto 
The *Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio* is a small commemorative martyrium built by Donato Bramante, possibly as early as 1502, in the courtyard of *San Pietro in Montorio*. It is considered a masterpiece of High Renaissance architecture.
Helena, mother of Constantine I

**Flavia Julia Helena** (; AD c. ), or **Saint Helena** was Constantine the Great's mother and a Roman empress (). Helena was a wife or concubine of Constantius I before he became a Roman emperor. In Christianity, Helena is a saint because Christian historians during Late Antiquity wrote that she found the relics of the True Cross in Jerusalem. Helena's tomb was the Mausoleum of Helena outside Rome.
, Vatican Museums, Rome]]

## References
Saint Longinus

**Longinus** is the name given in medieval and modern Christian traditions to the Roman soldier who pierced Jesus in his side with a lance while he was on the Cross. The Longinus legend further identifies this soldier as the centurion present at the Crucifixion, who testified, "In truth this man was son of God." Longinus' legend grew over the years to the point that he was said to have converted to Christianity after the Crucifixion, and he is traditionally venerated as a saint in various Christian denominations.
Greek cross

The **Greek cross** is a type of Christian cross that is used especially by Eastern Orthodoxy and Early Christianity. It is also known as the ***crux immissa quadrata***. It has all arms of equal length. Often the arms curve wider as they go out.

## Related pages 
* Christian cross
* Latin cross
* Celtic cross
Giacomo della Porta

**Giacomo della Porta** (1532 – 1602) was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked for many important buildings in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica.

## Other websites
*Catholic Encyclopedia
Farid Suleman

**Farid Suleman** has been the chairman *(the person who leads the group of people that controls the company)* and CEO of Citadel Broadcasting since 2002.  Before working at Citadel, he spent 16 years as CEO of Infinity Radio, owned by Viacom.

In late 2004, Suleman was in the news for cutting Howard Stern's radio show from four Citadel stations because of Stern's frequent discussions about Stern's move to Sirius Satellite Radio.

In 2007, he was put forward to get the Group Executive of the Year award by Radio & Records magazine. Other people who were close to getting the award included John Hogan of Clear Channel, Peter Smyth of Greater Media, David Field of Entercom, Lew Dickey of Cumulus, and Don Benson of Lincoln Financial.  

## References
Saint Veronica

**Saint Veronica** or **Berenice**, according to the *"Acta Sanctorum"* published by the Bollandists (under February 4), was a pious woman of Jerusalem. She moved with pity as Jesus carried his cross to Golgotha, gave him her veil that he might wipe his forehead. Jesus accepted the offering and after using it handed it back to her, the image of his face miraculously impressed upon it.
Cheesesteak

in Philadelphia. Inventor of the cheesesteak]]
A **cheesesteak** is a type of sandwich made in Philadelphia.  It is made of a long hoagie roll, cut in half and filled with thin slices of steak and covered with melted cheese. The cheese is either provolone or cheddar in the form of whiz. Some cheesesteaks also have onions or green peppers.  Pat's King of Steaks and Geno's Steaks are two famous places in Philadelphia that make cheesesteaks. Pat's is thought to be the place that popularized the cheesesteak.
Similarity (psychology)

**Similarity** in the area of cognitive psychology refers to things or ideas that people put together in the same groups, or categories, in their minds.   Many psychologists try to find out what rules people use when they decide that two things are similar.

## Modeling 
One important tool used by psychologists to look into similarity is computer modeling.  Scientists will, for example, ask people to rate a number of objects as more or less similar to each other.  Then they will write a computer program that tries to simulate the same answers that the humans gave.  For instance, a person might say that "cat" and "dog" are similar words, so a good computer model should be able to take the word "dog" and respond with the word "cat" in a list of similar words.  Computer models do this by applying some set of rules to a large collection of real world text (called a corpus).

Once a model can respond with the correct (similar) words, then it is likely that the rules the computer program uses are the same rules that people use to decide whether words are similar.

## Behavioral research 
Another way that psychologists look into similarity is by putting people in special situations and watching what they do.  In other words, by using an experiment.  When it comes to similarity, this might include listing words, using categories as clues for learning new words, sorting objects into groups, or other tasks that have to do with comparing things to one another.

Depending on how quickly people do these tasks, or how many mistakes they make, psychologists can find out what rules they are using to decide if things are similar.

## How do people decide that two things are similar? 
*Features - If something about two things are the same, people might say the things are similar. (coins and wheels are similar, because they are both round.)  Similar features could include: shape, texture (what the surface looks like), material (what something is made out of), color, weight, size, temperature, and other features.
*Functions - If two things are used for the same reasons, people might say the things are similar. (cars and airplanes are similar.)
*Hierarchy - If one thing is a small part of a larger thing, people might say the things are similar. (A foot and a leg are similar)
*Phonetics - If the words for two things sound the same, people might say the things are similar.  Also, if the first parts of the words for two things are the same, people might say the things are similar.
*Transformation - If one thing can be changed into another thing easily, either in the real world or in a person's mind, people might say the things are similar (a seed is similar to a plant.  A toy car is similar to a real car.)
Capillary action

**Capillary action** means either of two things:

# When liquid moves through thin tubes.
# When liquid moves through something that is full of little holes (like a sponge).

Capillary action is a result of the surface tension of liquids. 

An example of capillary action is what happens inside a drinking straw left in a cup of water. The force of adhesion which holds the water together and to the straw is a little stronger than gravity, so the water will rise inside the straw a little higher than the rest of the water.

Another example is what happens when putting a sponge in a puddle of water. The little bubbles in the sponge work like many straws gathered together. When the sponge is dipped in water, the water starts to go into the holes, and the bubbles that are inside the sponge pull on the water that they touch.

Capillary action also takes place inside the human body. For example, it removes tears from the eyes.

## Related pages
* Capillaries
Charles Nicolle

**Charles Jules Henri Nicolle** (September 21, 1866 - February 28, 1936) was a French doctor and microbiologist. He won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the disease typhus.

## References
Uma Thurman

**Uma Karuna Thurman** (born April 29, 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American movie actress.  She is famous for her role in many movies. These include Quentin Tarantino's *Pulp Fiction* and *Kill Bill* Volume 1 and 2.

## Family
Thurman's mother, Nena von Schlebrügge, is a psychiatrist and former model. Her father, Robert Thurman, was a Professor of Buddhism.

Her father is of German, English, Irish and Scottish descent. Her mother is of Swedish, Danish and German descent. Before her parents' marriage, her mother was married to Timothy Leary. One of her three brothers is Ganden Thurman, a Hollywood yoga guide. 

Uma Thurman has three children. She has a daughter, actress Maya, and son from her second husband, Ethan Hawke and a daughter from her partner, Swiss businessperson Arpad Busson.

## References
## Other websites
*
Orbiting Carbon Observatory

The **Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)** was a NASA satellite mission that was supposed to provide world-wide observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide from space. (CO2). It was lost in a launch failure on February 24, 2009, when the box of the Taurus rocket which was carrying it failed to come off during launch. The added weight of the box it was in prevented the satellite from reaching its intended speed and height. After that it fell back into the atmosphere and crashed into the Indian Ocean near Antarctica. 

## References
Kader Abdolah

**Hossein Sadjadi Ghaemmaghami Farahani** (, better known by his pen name **Kader Abdolah** () (Arak, 12 November 1954), is a Dutch author who was born in Iran.

Kader Abdolah was born *Hossein Sadjadi Ghaemmaghami Farahani* () in Arak, Iran. Since 1988 he has been living in the Netherlands.

His books are often written in Dutch.  He adds ideas from Persian literature.  He wrote "De reis van de lege flessen", "The journey of the empty bottles".  The book is about an Iranian who goes to live in the Netherlands.  "The House of the Mosque" was voted second best Dutch novel ever in Holland. "My Father's Notebook: A Novel of Iran" and "The House of the Mosque" are available in English.

## Honours and awards
* Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion
* Knight in the French Order of Arts and Literature

## References
## Other websites
Monflanquin

**Monflanquin** is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwestern France. It used to be a bastide.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

## References
## Other websites
Hannah

**Hannah** (meaning *grace of God*) is a woman in the Bible, in the book of 1 Samuel chapters 1 and 2. She was the wife of Elkanah and the Mother of Samuel. After she begged God for a child, she gave birth to Samuel. Samuel became a prophet of God (a voice for God in Israel). When Samuel was a young child, she took him to live in the temple (as she had promised God), to be an apprentice of Eli the priest.

## References
Jacob

, 1855 (Granger Collection, New York).]]
**Jacob** is a figure in the Abrahamic religions. He was a patriarch of the Hebrew people, as told in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament and the Qur'an. He was the ancestor of the tribes of Israel, which were named after his male children. He had 13 children, 12 sons and a daughter. 

Jacob had an older brother, Esau. His mother was named Rebecca and his father named Isaac. According to the Talmud, immediately after Abraham died, Jacob prepared a lentil stew as a traditional mourner's meal for his father. The Hebrew Bible says that Esau, who was very hungry, begged Jacob to give him some of the stew. (Esau called the dish, "that red, red stuff", which is why he is called Edom,  (*`Edom*, meaning "Red").) Jacob said, "If you give me your birthright I will give you some stew." Esau agreed. Soon, Issac became almost blind. Rebecca tricked Issac into giving Jacob the blessing. Jacob's brother got angry, so Rebecca sent Jacob away.

Jacob works for his uncle Laban so he can marry his daughter Rachel. But he is tricked into marrying Leah, her older sister as well. He has children with both women, and with their concubines.

He is very upset when his son Joseph is sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers. Jacob moves to Egypt when there is a famine. He dies and is buried in Canaan.

## References
Martinsburg, West Virginia

**Martinsburg** is a city in West Virginia. It is the county seat of Berkeley County and with a 2020 population of 18,777, it is the seventh largest city in West Virginia as ranked by population.

## History
Martinsburg was founded in 1778, by General Adam Stephen and named in honor of Colonel Thomas Bryan Martin. It was incorporated by the West Virginia legislature on March 30, 1868.

## Commerce
Major employers in Martinsburg include Quad/Graphics, Ecolab, Orgill, Sino-Swearingin, FedEx, and Quebecor World. Government employers include the Internal Revenue Service, the 167th Airlift Wing of the Air National Guard, and the BATF. The now defunct Norwalk car company was located in Martinsburg.

## Notable Natives and Residents
*Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War
*Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy
*Vicky Bullett, Olympic gold medalist in women's basketball
*Harry F. Byrd, United States Senator and Governor of Virginia
*Robert Lee Castleman,Grammy-winning singer/songwriter
*Charles James Faulkner, United States Representative from Virginia
*Shannon Larkin, drummer for Godsmack
*Walter Dean Myers, author
*John Quincy Adams Nadenbousch, colonel in the Confederate States Army
*Cecil B. Perkins, former pitcher for the New York Yankees
*Absalom Willis Robertson, United States Senator from Virginia
*David Hunter Strother aka Porte Crayon, artist
*Hack Wilson, Hall of Fame baseball player
*Fulton Walker, former football player for the Miami Dolphins

## References
EFE

**EFE** is a Spanish news agency. It was created in 1939 by Ramón Serrano Súñer and Manuel Aznar Zubigaray.

Agencia EFE is a news agency that covers all areas of information in the news media of the press, radio, television and Internet. It distributes around three million news per year, thanks to its 3,000 journalists from 60 nationalities, operating 24/7 from more than 180 cities in 120 countries and with four editing tables in three continents: Madrid, Bogotá, Cairo (Arabic), and Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese).

## References
Pay per click

**Pay per click** advertising on search engines such as Google and Bing. On Google the adverts are displayed either at the very top of the search results with an orange background, on the right hand side or in both these places. Advertisers pay Google each time someone clicks on their advert. It is often referred to by the letters PPC.  Many pay per click providers exist, Google AdWords, Yahoo! Search Marketing, and Microsoft adCenter are the three largest operators.

## Reference
Tristan Tzara

**Tristan Tzara** (; ; born **Samuel** or **Samy Rosenstock**, also known as **S. Samyro**;  – 25 December 1963) was an artist from Romania and France who was known for starting the Dadaist movement. He was interested in symbolism and was more on the nihilistic side of Dada than others.

## References
Dadaism

, 1917]]

**Dadaism** is an avant-garde intellectual movement. It started around the time of the First World War. Although not at first an art movement, Its artists rejected modern capitalist society. They used nonsense and protest in their works. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence, war, and nationalism, and were close to the radical far-left. The whole point behind Dadaism was to prove that anything could be art if the artist declared it to be. This was to prove that if everything could be art, then nothing could be art. This outraged many artists as Dadaism deemed their labour intensive artworks meaningless. 

The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture.

## Influence 
Its peak was 1916 to 1922, and it influenced surrealism, pop art, and punk rock. It went  against the standards of society.
Followers of Dadaism included Antonin Artaud, Max Ernst, and Salvador Dali. A later version, called *Neo-Dada*, arose in the 1960s.

Dadaism began in central Europe, in Berlin and Zurich. Dadaism moved to Paris with Tristan Tzara. Tzara would go on to 'lead' the dadaists of Paris such as Man Ray, Jean Cocteau, and Marcel Duchamp.  

Dadaism is also closely associated with the concepts of the grotesque, the absurd, and the macabre. The idea of ridiculing the absurdity of existence has its expression in the dramatic art of Samuel Beckett and the so called school of Paris, which included Arthur Adamov, Jean Genet, and Eugene O'Neill.

The word "Dada" may be an allusion to an infant's first words, such as "Mama". No one knows who invented the name, but there is some historical evidence which says that Tzara picked it out at random from a German-French dictionary, since "Dada" means "hobbyhorse" in French. A hobbyhorse is a long stick with a toy horse head attached which a child can hold in front of them to pretend they are riding a horse. Still, the source of the name is not widely agreed upon.

## References
Plutocracy

**Plutocracy** is a form of government controlled by wealthy people.

## Related pages
*Corruption
*Kleptocracy
*Oligarchy
*Oligopoly
*Timocracy
*Feudalism
Corruption

**Corruption** is a system that starts out good but somehow goes wrong. The word comes from a Latin word meaning "Rotting". Corruption could be a government doing what they say is good, but instead oppress people, or an official doing something wrong. A text that is miscopied, or computer file or computer program which malfunctions or becomes infected with a computer virus, may be called "corrupt". It may also mean an abuse of power, usually for a personal benefit. 

Sometimes the term just means bribery.

## Related pages
*Corruption Perceptions Index
*Electoral fraud
*Injustice
*Monopoly
*Plutocracy
*Political corruption
*Tax evasion - Panama Papers

## References
Symbolism (art)

, Musée Gustave Moreau, Paris]]
* (1914), by Odilon Redon, Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo]]
*, by Félicien Rops. From 1878; Etching and aquatint were used to make that art.]]
,* 1912, clearly symbolist work by the painter Cesare Saccaggi from Tortona.]]
**Symbolism** was a late 19th-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin. The movement rejected realism and naturalism, and included poetry and other arts. Symbolists believed that art should represent absolute truths that could only be described indirectly.

In literature, the style started with the publication *Les Fleurs du mal* (*The Flowers of Evil*, 1857) by Charles Baudelaire. The works of Edgar Allan Poe, which Baudelaire admired greatly and translated into French, were a significant influence; It was also the source of many  tropes and images. Symbolism in art is related to the gothic component of Romanticism.http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/harris/Rom_Links.htm, one of the most important symbolist poet ]]

Origin of the name: The name *symbolist* was first used (1886) by the critic Jean Moréas; He invented that name to make a distinguish between symbolists and (other) people from styles of literature and art, that are similar.

## Painting and other visual arts
]]
Those "painters who are truly representative of the ... aesthetic ideals" of symbolism includes Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, according to Britannica.com.

The *Vision after the Sermon* (1888, picture), is a Paul Gauguin painting that was done in the Synthetic style that he developed" in Brittany with Émile Bernard; The picture had influence (of significance) on the aesthetic in works by the group of artists known as the Nabis.

The group Salon de la Rose + Croix The six shows were held between 1892 and 1896.

There were several groups of Symbolist painters and visual artists, including Gustave Moreau, Gustav Klimt, Odilon Redon, Henri Fantin-Latour, Gaston Bussière, Edvard Munch, Félicien Rops, and Jan Toorop. Symbolism in painting was even more widespread geographically than symbolism in poetry. Its ideas affected Mikhail Vrubel, Nicholas Roerich, Martiros Saryan, Mikhail Nesterov, Léon Bakst, Elena Gorokhova in Russia, as well as Frida Kahlo in Mexico and David Chetlahe Paladin in the United States.  Auguste Rodin is sometimes considered a symbolist sculptor.

The symbolist painters used mythological and dream imagery. The symbols used by symbolism are not the familiar emblems of mainstream iconography but intensely personal, private, obscure and ambiguous references.

A symbolist painting may *look* realistic, but actually it represents a non-visual idea. 

Sculptures: In 1898, George Minne (from Belgium) made the sculptures *Kneeling Youth* and the *Fountain with Kneeling Youths''.

## Legacy
More a philosophy than an actual style of art, symbolism in painting influenced the contemporary Art Nouveau style and Les Nabis (a group of Post-Impressionist avant-garde artists in France).

## Other websites
*[Who Were the Most Famous Symbolists painters?]. Thecollector.com
*Symbolism. Artstory.org

## Notes
Meritocracy

A **meritocracy** is the condition where people who deserve to can go up in rank, as opposed to a system like nepotism. It applies generally to all positions to which people may be appointed. It is often reinforced by laws, such as that women should have equal opportunities to men in employment.

The philosopher Plato thought that a government based on merit was better than democracy. In democracy, there is no guarantee that you will get the best person, the most qualified person, ruling the state. His criticisms were really of Athenian (or direct) democracy, where anyone could be selected to rule.

In a meritocracy, the people are chosen who are thought to be the best. Some have accused it of being elitist, saying that government by the best will mean that only those who have had the right opportunities will have a chance to govern, creating in effect a ruling class.

It is worth pointing out that Plato did not see it this way. He believed that philosophers were the best people to rule because they were *disinterested*, meaning they only had the interests of the state in mind, not their own interest. Plato's point was this: if you want to rule, then it will go wrong, because power will corrupt you. If you are a philosopher, you don't care about power  all you care about is truth, so you will rule well, without being interested in your power or status.

## Related pages 
*Geniocracy
*Technocracy
List of IOC country codes

The International Olympic Committee (**IOC**) uses three-letter abbreviation **country codes** to call each group of athletes that participate in the Olympic Games.

Since 1952, the list of IOC country codes has changed as new countries were added.  Sometimes the names of countries were changed.  Some countries have had as many as four different codes.

## A
## B
## C
## D
## E
## F
## G
## H
## I
## J
## K
## L
## M
## N
## O
## P
## Q
## R
## S
## T
## U
## V
## Y
## Z
## Historic NOCs and teams
Some of the National Olympic Committees no longer exist, such as Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, the USSR, the United Arab Republic, and the West Indies Federation.

### Codes still in use
Twelve historical NOCs or teams have codes that are still used in the IOC results database to refer to past medal winners from these teams.

### Obsolete codes
## Related pages
* Comparison of IOC, FIFA, and ISO 3166 country codes

## References
## Other websites
*Official abbreviations" at ''The Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo, 1964
Existential crisis

An **existential crisis** is the feeling that is experienced when thinking about life itself being without any meaning at all. It also happens when the thinking involves a person's own death while all alone with anxiety, fear, solitude and possibly miserable.

## Other page 
*Absurdism
*Alienation
*Compensation
*Crisis
*Existentialism
*Meaning of life
*Pessimism
Larry Wall

**Larry Wall** (born September 27, 1954) is an American programmer, best known for creating the programming language Perl. He worked at NASA for a short time. He is currently working on a new version of Perl.

## References
Oppression

from 1904 shows Jewish laborers oppressed by the Russian Tsar]]
**Oppression** is when a person or group of people who have power use it in a way that is not fair, unjust or cruel. It can also describe the feeling of people who are oppressed. Oppressive governments can lead to a rebellion.

Racism, sexism and other discrimination and prejudices can cause oppression, especially if laws are made based on them.

Anarchists say that all government, police and laws are oppressive. This is because they stop people from doing whatever they want to.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the idea of human rights in general, is meant to stop oppression.

## Related pages
* Ableism
* Persecution
* Political asylum
* Political prisoner
* Suppression
Nepotism

**Nepotism** is when a person in authority gives jobs to their relatives. It comes from the practice of mediaeval Popes, appointing their nephews to important positions. *Nepote* is Italian for 'nephew'.

For instance, Pope Callixtus III, head of the Borgia family, made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming Pope Alexander VI. Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become Pope Paul III. Paul III was a notorious nepotist. When elected Pope in 1534 he appointed two nephews, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals. 

The practice was finally ended when Pope Innocent XII issued the bull *Romanum decet Pontificem*, in 1692. The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal.

In the modern world, nepotism is thought to be wrong, and conflicts with the principle of , where the best person gets the job (meritocracy). The argument against the widespread nepotism in countries like Italy is that it damages the economy of the country, though that is difficult to prove.

## References
Social interaction

A **social interaction** or **social relation** is the way people talk and act with each other. It may include interactions in a team, family or bureaucracy. It includes any relationship between two or more individuals.
It is a source of socialization and it characterizes all types of social relationships.

According to **Gish and N.P**, " **Social interaction** is the reciprocal influence human beings exert on each other through inter stimulation and response."
## References
University of Waterloo

The *University of Waterloo* is in the Southwest of Ontario. This university is marked the 5th best university in Canada. This university is very large. It was founded in 1957.  

## Contests
The University of Waterloo holds many contests in mathematics for students in high school.  Some contests let you choose the correct answer out of many wrong answers ( multiple choice ), and for other contests one must write the whole answer and how it was found. Anybody in Canada can take these contests.  Each contest is named after famous mathematicians, such as Galois or Fermat.

## Notable people
*Walter Benz
*David Johnston
*Robert Mundell
*Donna Strickland

## Related pages 
*One instruction set computer

## References
*cemc.uwaterloo.ca
*https://www.unirank.org/ca/ranking/
*https://www.unirank.org/ca/uni/university-of-waterloo/
Tarja Turunen

**Tarja Turunen** (b. August 17, 1977 near Kitee) is a Finnish singer and songwriter. She is a mezzo and lyric soprano and has a vocal range of three octaves. People know her for her work with symphonic metal band Nightwish. She was the first singer of the band. She was dismissed from the band in the end of 2007, due to musical differences. and started making her own music. Because of her soprano voice, she even sings heavy metal songs in a classical way. She was one of the first singers to do this, which made other people want to make similar music.

In 2006 she made a wonderful Christmas album, called "Henkäys Ikuisuudesta". In November 2007, she came out with her first metal album, *My Winter Storm*, which had a lot of different music types on it like rock and heavy metal. In 2010 she made "What Lies Beneath", her second metal album without Nightwish. She played some concerts in Europe, and was in well known heavy metal festivals. She made a whole tour for these two albums. In August 2013, she made her third metal album, "Colours in the Dark", which is a very optimistic album and in August 2016, she made her fourth metal album, "The Shadow Self", which is also very optimistic. In December 2017, she made her second magical Christmas album, called "From Spirits and Ghosts (Score for a Dark Christmas)".

## References
Fairness

**Fairness** (also called **equity**) means treating people equally or in the right way (according to accepted standards). Fairness is an important concept in sociology, law, and society. It is a key part of legal and social justice.

## What is fairness? 
Fairness can mean several things. For example, it can mean , where everybody gets the same things in order to keep everybody equal. 

Fairness can also mean "deservedness", meaning a person gets what they deserve. Judges, lawmakers, referees and teachers are among those expected to be fair in their decisions.  

Equality is the idea everyone should have an equal (same) . This is to help make the final  fair for both players.

## References
Physiocracy

**Physiocracy** is (or was) a government basing its economical policies on natural order. The economists thought that wealth came mostly from agriculture. It is also an economic theory developed by the physiocrats.

## Related pages
*Agrarianism
Technocracy

**Technocracy** is a government by scientific method and controlled by technical people. These people include engineers, (who make, build, and maintain engines, machines, public works, and other technologies). "Technocrats" want to improve social and political problems based on technical and "scientific" (technological) solutions. They promise to help solve these problems concerning industries (big business), trade, and how to create and distribute wealth using scientific management. A method of study that uses time and motion to work out the most efficient ways to do something, mainly repeated, routine motions. The man that made the theory of Scientific Management was named Frederick W. Taylor. 

However, Scientific Management was still trying to fix social and political problems with technical solutions. Many of the technological solutions may have solved one problem, while creating many more. Technocrats believed that management could replace politics. Administration is based on the application of rules that make certain outcomes, there are too many different points of view for the management approach to work. 

## Related pages
*Meritocracy
Timocracy

**Timocracy** is the rule of only people who have property. It can also mean that the rulers are motivated by honour (where 'timo' comes from, in Greek).

## Other page
*Plutocracy