open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
E Prime

**E Prime** (it means **English Prime**) defines a way of speaking English without using the verb "to be" in any way ("be, is, am, are, was, were, been, and being"). Instead, an E Prime speaker or writer uses different verbs like "to become," "to remain," and "to equal" or they might choose to rearrange the sentence to show that the "thing" does not actually "act". For example, in E Prime, a writer would change the statement "Mistakes were made" to "Joe made mistakes." This change in wording reveals an actor (Joe) where the previous form concealed the actor. Users of E Prime would consider the changed sentence more accurate.

## What E Prime is 
D. David Bourland, Jr. first suggested E Prime in 1965. Bourland had studied the discipline (way of thinking) of General Semantics. The main idea of General Semantics is that people can only know what they observe and experience when they see, hear, touch, taste, smell, think, and feel, and furthermore, that what they observe and experience can affect how they observe and experience in the future. Because each person has different experiences throughout their lives, they interpret their experiences differently. 

Students of General Semantics and users of E Prime contend that to say "This cat **is** soft" leaves out many other attributes, and implies that the outside "object" of the cat is the "same as" the inside experience of "softness". Instead, E Prime users say "This cat **feels** soft TO ME" to remind themselves of the following:
#That their experience of "softness" involves both the outside "object" called "cat" and the eyes, hands, brain and nervous system of the observer.
# That someone else might experience different aspects of the cat.
# That they themselves might experience something different at a different time or in different circumstances. (The cat might scratch them, or look or feel wet or matted with dirt.)

## What E Prime is not 
Although languages like Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Cantonese do not always use a separate verb for "to be," they do have the idea of "being." For example, an English speaker might say "This apple is red." An Arabic speaker might say "This apple red." Most languages can be used to express the idea of a red apple. An E Prime user chooses to say "This apple looks red to me" to remind themselves that "seeing red" involves both the apple and the eye and brain of the person looking at the apple.

Many teachers of English encourage students to use verbs other than "to be." To them, using more active verbs makes writing clearer and more interesting. These teachers want to improve their students' writing and may not agree with the ideas of General Semantics or E Prime.

## Different functions of 'to be'
In English, 'to be' can have different functions:
#It talks about identity: *The cat is my only pet*, *The cat is Garfield*
#It talks about belonging to a class, or a group: *The cat is an animal*
#It can talk about properties: *The cat is furry*
#It can be an auxiliary verb: *The cat is sleeping*, *The cat is bitten by the dog*
#It can talk about existence: *There is a cat*
#It can talk about location: *The cat is here*
Chemical element

has a crystalline structure]]
 is one of only two elements that are liquid at 25°C. The other is Mercury and the others can only be made in laboratories. The human body is made up of 26 elements. The first man-made element was technetium, in 1937.

Chemical elements are commonly arranged in the periodic table. Where the elements are in the table tells us about their properties relative to the other elements.

## Chemical symbols
Chemical elements are given a unique *chemical symbol*. Chemical symbols are used all over the world. This means that, no matter which language is spoken, there is no confusion about what the symbol means. 'Au' is the symbol for gold and it comes from the Latin word for gold, *aurum*. Another symbol which comes from Latin is 'Ag'. This is the element silver and it comes from the Latin *argentum*. An isotope is a form of an element with a certain number of neutrons. For example, carbon has two stable, naturally occurring isotopes: carbon-12 (6 neutrons) and carbon-13 (7 neutrons). Carbon-14 (8 neutrons) is a naturally occurring radioactive isotope of carbon. At least two isotopes of each element are known (except for Oganesson, of which only a few atoms have been made).

## Classification 
Elements can be classified based on physical states. At room temperature and pressure, most elements are solids, only 11 are gases and 2 are liquids.

Elements can also be classified into metals and non-metals. There are many more metals than non-metals.

However, a few elements have properties in between those of metals and non-metals. These elements are called semimetals (or metalloids).

## Related pages
* Periodic table

## References
Everything2

**Everything2** or **E2** is a website.  It lets people make pages about many different things, and some people use it as a diary.

E2 users create pages called *nodes* and add stuff in *writeups*.  Only logged-in users can create writeups.  Only the person who created the writeup or someone who the website owners (called "gods") choose can edit the writeup.  On the other hand, on Wikipedia, anyone can edit pages, but on Everything2 only those who can edit the writeup can edit pages.

Everything2 does not require a neutral point of view like Wikipedia does. So, it is possible to have more than one article (writeups) under the same title (node), each by different authors, and presenting different points of view.

## Other websites 
* Everything2 website
* Everything2.com article about Wikipedia
Et cetera

**Et cetera** means "and the rest" in Latin. It is typically used in English to continue a list longer than what can be written. The word *et cetera* is often written as **etc.**. It is also rarely written as *&c*, or *&*. It is the same as *et* ‒ formed by the joining of "e" and "t" into a single letter.

## Examples
* "Jane has a lot of pets. She has cats, dogs, cows, horses, rabbits, kangaroos, **etc.**"
* "Rocco ordered a lot of chips. He ordered cheese puffs, potato chips, Pringles, **etc.**"
* "Robert ordered a large amount of groceries to stock for later. He ordered eggs, carrots, tomatoes, potatoes **etc.**"
Experience economy

The **experience economy** is the  service economy that customers experience directly.  In moral purchasing, Natural Capitalism and other theories of how consumers make choices, they are actually choosing experiences or comprehensive outcomes of their choices.  For instance to buy local is to choose a whole experience of local suppliers, such as in a farmers market or Slow Food, that is quite different than the experience associated with factory food or fast food.
Flesch Reading Ease

The **Flesch Reading Ease** (FRES) score says how easy something is to read. J. Peter Kincaid and others made this formula for the U.S. Navy in 1975.

## How it works
The FRES test works by counting the number of words, syllables, and sentences in the text. It then calculates the average number of words per sentence and the average number of syllables per word. The idea is that shorter words and shorter sentences are easier to read. The higher the score, the easier the text is to  understand. The formula is:

:206.835 - 1.015 \left( \frac{\text{total words}}{\text{total sentences}} \right) - 84.6 \left( \frac{\text{total syllables}}{\text{total words}} \right)

Some points of reference for the score are:

The highest score possible is 121.22. It is gained if every sentence only has a one-syllable word.
"The cat sat on the mat" scores 116. There is no lower limit to this score. Some very complicated
sentences can have negative scores.

The Flesch score is usually lower for technical documentation because the topic itself is complicated.
Someone who uses the test regularly will develop a sense of a reasonable score for this type of writing.
They can then aim to align with this score.

The Flesch score for this subsection is 74.

## Tools 
Tools to calculate the Flesch Reading Ease include:

* Microsoft Word's grammar check
* Abiword (open source)
* KWord (open source)
* koRpus

## References
## Other websites 
* CheckText.org  ; A website that calculates Flesch Reading Ease
* Rudolf Flesch, the developer of the test, provides some background information on how to write plain English .
* readabilityofwikipedia.com : a website that calculates the score for Wikipedia
Editor

An **Editor** is a person who makes *edits* (changes) to documents.

More specifically the word *editor* can  mean:
* a person who changes texts; see copy editing.
** a newspaper or magazine editor is a person who prepares articles for printing and sometimes chooses which articles to put in the newspaper. The main editor of a newspaper or magazine is called the "editor-in chief".
* a Wikipedia user who makes changes (also called "edits") to pages (articles, templates, categories, etc)
* text editor, an application program for editing an electronic text or media document
* one who, or that which, edits photos
** film editor, a person who edits movies
** a human or machine for movie film or video editing
FAQ

**FAQ** is an abbreviation for "Frequently Asked Question(s)". The term is used for a list of questions and answers. All of the questions are supposed to be asked often and they all are about the same thing. Since the acronym was first used in written form, there are different ways it is said; both "fak" and "F.A.Q." are commonly used. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* FAQ definition, Jargon7767819960
* Frequently Asked Questions 
* Frequently Asked Questions And Answer
Flame (disambiguation)

A flame is the part of a fire that can be seen. **Flame** might also mean:

* Flaming (internet) - Insult sent over the internet on purpose
* Flame polishing
* Flame retardant, a kind of material that resists heat and flame.
* Flame Nebula, a star in Orion's Belt

## Organizations
* Calgary Flames, Canadian ice hockey team
** Atlanta Flames, original name of the Calgary Flames
* Guildford Flames, English ice hockey team
* Northumbria Flames, Northumbria University's ice hockey team
* Westchester Flames F.C., American football (soccer) team
* Canterbury Flames, New Zealand netball team
* Florida Flame, American basketball team
* Black Flame, publishing company

## Wilflife
* Flame (moth), a kind of moth
* Flame Skimmer, a kind of dragonfly
* Flame maple, a kind of maple tree
* Flame Robin, a kind of robin

## Other
* Flame gun
* Flame cell
Fecund universes

**Fecund universes** is a multiverse theory of Lee Smolin.  It relies on models of our universe and statistics from astrophysics but is more correctly a theory of cosmology.

In this theory, collapsing stars, or black holes, are always creating new universes with slightly different laws of physics.  Because these laws are only slightly different, each is assumed to be like a mutation of the original universe, as if each universe was a kind of single-celled organism.  It would reproduce by "splitting" in some sense.

This theory relies on many models of our universe to model these "mutated" alternative universes, the ones that Smolin supposes are generated or "spun off" by black holes. 

No human can ever be part of any of these "other" universes.  Observations from astrophysics can only say if the black holes exist or are common, and give some idea of how much the laws of physics can vary and still let the new universes produce new black holes.  

Smolin predicts that there would be many black holes in the universe humans can see, since they are likely in a very late born universe, by simple probability.  If there are many black holes, that is evidence for his theory, 

As this shows, cosmology has a very different standard of evidence and burden of proof than is required for models of our universe only, which humans (using mathematics) can observe and exchange knowledge on.

It is hard to separate science from religion on such questions.  It may be a simple matter of preference whether one wants to see one's universe as part of a system like biology or like mechanics - clockwork.  Smolin's theory is important mostly because it challenges the mechanistic paradigm.  

Even if it is wrong, it raises the idea that living beings might have to see their universe as also living to be able to understand or care about it at all.  Some compare Smolin's theory to Gaia philosophy which combines biology, geology and ecology to explain the Earth, our planet, as a living thing.  If both are right, humans are on a living planet in a living universe.  This idea is very appealing - which does not mean it is really "right".
Frying

**Frying** is cooking food in hot butter or vegetable oil or other fat. We can fry food in a small amount of fat in a pan or in a lot of oil in a pot. Some restaurants use deep frying to fry a large amount of food in a lot of oil.
Foot (human)

:*Foot is also the name of a unit of measurement. See foot (unit).

A **foot** (one *foot'', two or more **feet**) is a body part on the end of a leg. It is used when walking. It is also important for balance: it helps people stand straight. People also use it to kick, in both fighting and sports, football being an example.

People's hands and feet have the same shape: they both have five *digits* (the fingers and toes). Many other animals with backbones also have five digits. The part of the foot which joins it to the leg is called the *heel*. The bottom of the foot is called the *sole*. 

Most land vertebrates have feet, and there are many different sorts of foot. The feet of monkeys are much like the hands. The hard foot of an ungulate is a hoof. When an animal has soft feet, or feet with soft parts on the underside, it is called a *paw*. Many invertebrates also have feet.

Many use footwear to protect themselves from weather and dirt. There are multiple kinds of footwear, for example *sandals*, *shoes*, and *boots*.  When people do not remove footwear, especially in hot places or when they are very active, their feet can smell badly (*foot odour)*.  Wearing footwear that is too big or small can be bad for the feet, causing blisters. People who have foot, leg, and back problems can also get help from special shoes. 

People have different traditions in different parts of the world for when to wear footwear.  For example, in many countries, usually do not wear their shoes or boots in a home.  In the United States people often wear shoes inside a home.  In Japan, people do not wear shoes in homes, and floors are often made of very soft materials. In Japan it is also important to keep the floors clean. In cultures where people always wear shoes, people sometimes think it is bad not to wear them.  Not wearing shoes can be good for the feet, especially if they are damaged.

Conditions like Athlete's foot affect the feet, causing the feet to feel dry and cracked.  Doctors who work with people's feet are *podiatrists* or *chiropodists*.

## Bones 
Half the bones in a human body are in the foot.  There are 26 bones there.  They are 14 phalanges (toes), 5 metatarsals (arch of the foot), and 7 tarsals (ankle bones).
Farm

, Malaysia.]]
A **farm** is a piece of land used to grow crops  and/or raise animals.

People who grow these plants or raise these animals are called farmers. This work is called farming.

Land that is used to grow plants is called farmland.  Land that is used to feed animals with its grass is called pasture.  Land that can be used to grow plants for food is called arable land.

Many farms are very large and can cause damage.  In some places farms are many and small, and can also cause damage.  Farms provides most of the food for people.  Some people farm to eat the food they produce (subsistence agriculture). Other farms, including large ones, sell their produced crops or animals, like horses, to markets far away in urban areas (commercial or industrial farming). Most subsistence farms are in poorer countries, while industrial farms are in richer countries.

## Kinds of farms 
 plantation in India]]
* A farm that produces fruits or nuts is called an *orchard*.
* A farm that produces grapes is called a *vineyard*.
* A farm that raises and trains horses is called a *stable*.
* A farm that produces milk and dairy products is called a *dairy farm*.
* If the animals are raised for meat it is a ranch.
* A large farm that produces non-essential crops like tobacco, coffee, cotton or sugarcane is called a plantation.
* A farm that produces rice and taro is called a paddy field.

## Related pages
* Farming
* Ranch
Geography

with country borders and big cities shown]]

**Geography** (from Greek: , *geographia*, literally "earth description") is the study of earth and its people and one of social sciences. Its features are things like continents, seas, rivers and mountains. Its inhabitants are all the people and animals that live on it. Its phenomena are the things that happen like tides, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes and more.

A person who is an expert in geography is a geographer. A geographer tries to understand the world and the things that are in it, how they started and how they have changed.

Geography is divided into two main parts, which are: Physical geography and human geography. Physical geography studies the natural environment and human geography studies the human environment. The human environmental studies would include things such as the population in a country, how a country's economy is doing, and more. There is also environmental geography.

Maps are a main tool of geography, so geographers spend much time making and studying them. Making maps is called cartography, and people who specialize in making maps are cartographers.

## Branches 
### Physical geography 
Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere).

**Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:**

:

### Human geography 
**Human geography** is the social science that covers the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and their interaction with the environment. Geographers studying the human environment may look at:
* Population
* Countries of the world
* Land use
* Agriculture
* City
* Industry
* Energy
* Pollution

## History
The oldest known world map dates back to ancient Babylon from the 9th century BC. The best known Babylonian world map is the *Imago Mundi* of 600 BC. Star charts (maps of the sky) are of similar age.

During the Middle Ages, people in Europe made fewer maps. People in the eastern countries made more. Abū Zayd al-Balkhī created the "Balkhī school" of mapping in Baghdad.

Western Europe became known as the leader of geographic thought during the European Renaissance and The Age of Exploration (1400–1600). The printing press made maps and information about the world available to everyone. In 1650, the first edition of *Geographia Generalis* was published.

In the 1700s and 1800s, scientists started to study the relationship between the environment and its people

Related pages
* Geodesy
* Geographer
* Geographical renaming
* Geopolitics
* International Geographical Union
* Landform
* Map
* Navigator
* Political geography

## References 
## Other websites 
* Geography Trainer 1.3 - Educational game aimed at school children 
* www.geoknow.net - Geography resources at your fingertips!
* PopulationData.net 
* PopulationMondiale.com 
* Using Literature To Teach Geography in High Schools. ERIC Digest. 
* Teaching Geography at School and Home. ERIC Digest. 
* The National Geography Content Standards. ERIC Digest.
Glass

, Japan. The glass has two layers, a coloured layer outside a clear layer.]]

**Glass** is a  material that can be made in many shapes. It is usually transparent, but it can also be made in colours. Glass is mainly made of silica; glass made of silica only is called silica glass.

Glass used to make windows and bottles is a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of about 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives.

By changing the proportions, and adding different ingredients, many kinds of glass can be made. Coloured glass is made by adding small amounts of metal oxides. For example, a blue colour is given by tiny amounts of cobalt oxide.

Crystal glass is made by adding lead and zinc oxides. It is not actually a crystal because all glass is a non-crystalline solid. Crystal glass is called cut glass if it has been cut by hand:
:" 'Cut glass' is glass that has been decorated entirely by hand by use of rotating wheels. Cuts are made in an otherwise completely smooth surface of the glass by workers holding and moving the piece against various sized metal or stone wheels".

Because glass is used to make lenses, the word "glasses" often means eyeglasses.

The myth that glass is actually a liquid comes from the fact that old windows in houses and churches (200–300 years old) are sometimes a little out of shape: thicker at the bottom than the top. This is actually due to the process of glass making in the past which led to the glass pane being thicker at one edge than the other. It was sensible to install the windows with the thick edge at the bottom. Sometimes a window can be found with the thick edge at the top of the window.

Glass can be recycled over and over. Glass bottles and jars can easily be recycled to make new glass bottles and jars or used in industry as aggregate (building material) or sand.

File:Roman diatretglas.jpg|Roman glass beaker from the 4th century A.D.
File:Glas halbvoll.JPG|A glass with water.
File:Chartres2006 046.jpg|A stained glass mural art at a Christian Church.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Corning Museum of Glass
* A comprehensive guide to art glass and crystal around the world 
* Working Description Furnace & Moleria - Murano Glass
* Informative website about the glass industry
* Substances used in the Making of Colored Glass 
* Almost 400 articles and images about glass (mostly art glass)
God's eye view

'''God's eye view''' is a name for a point of view where the speaker or writer assumes they have knowledge only God would have. It appears several ways:

*In religion, when an institution claims to speak for a divine being.

*In writing, when a writer leaves the point of view of the main actor to start writing about things they could not know if the story were in real life.

*In science, when a scientist ignores the way a subject-object problem affects statistics or an observer effect affects experiment.

*In medicine when a doctor makes a claim that The Gaze they use on a patient, actually sees the problem, rather than making a guess at a problem.

*In ethics when a statement is made about who or what is right, without an honest attempt to make the  of deciding this consider all points of view.

A special case of the last is in a wiki with a GodKing.  Often this person can get others to believe what they say about what is right, without making any special effort to be fair to other views.

Many people think René Descartes took a God's eye view when he said cogito ergo sum.  George Berkeley argued that optics from Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler also had this problem.
Gallon

can showing "U.S. Gallon" marking (for American use), imperial gallons (for some Caribbean countries' and territories' use), and litres (for Canadian use).]]
A **gallon** is a volumetric unit of measurement. People have used many different gallons throughout history. Only two gallons are still commonly used, which are the imperial and U.S. liquid gallon. 1 imperial gallon is 4.5 litres and 1 U.S. liquid gallon is 4.4 litres 

## Sale of petrol 
 units used in the world:

]]

Petrol, also known as gasoline, is sold by the imperial gallon in four British Overseas Territories (Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and Montserrat) and six countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). All of the countries and territories just mentioned also use miles per hour for speed limits and drive on the left side of the road.

Gasoline is sold by the U.S. gallon in Belize, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Liberia, Nicaragua, and Peru, as well as in the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau.

## Sizes 
## References
Green

**Green** is a color between the yellow and blue colors in the rainbow. Green is a primary color (a color that can be mixed with another color) of light. The others are red and blue. 

Green and blue are next to each other on the spectrum, and there are languages which do not distinguish between them. Examples are old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese. 

Green paint can be made by mixing yellow paint and blue tempera paint together. 

Green light, like all light, is quanta—composed of photons. The wavelength of green light is about 550 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter).

Most leaves of growing plants, such as trees and bushes, are green. This is because there is a chemical in leaves, called chlorophyll, which is colored green.

See color vision for more on the significance of green. 

## Meaning of green 
* Green is used as a color associated with jealousy. The phrase "green-eyed monster" means a jealous person.

* The color green is the color of nature. Having a "green thumb" means that you're good at gardening.

*Green is a color associated with poison. Paris green is a highly toxic chemical compound.

*Green is a color of the Islamic religion and Islamism. Search the shade "Islamic Green" below.

* Green is also the color of sickness. The phrase "green around the gills" is an expression implying that the person is nauseated.

## Comparison of greens 
## Tones of green color comparison chart 
**Green** is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by range with a wavelength of roughly 570-520 nm.

## Related pages
* Color vision
* List of colors
* Chartreuse green
* Emerald green
* Erin
* Fruitamins
*Grape
*Gray-green
*Harlequin green
* Kiwi green
* Lime green
* Mint green
* Olive green
* Parrot
* Spring green
* Sweet Lime green
* Viridian

## References
Goatee

A **goatee** is a beard formed by a tuft of hair under the chin, resembling that of a billy goat. 

## Other websites 
*Information on goatees
Herm

**Herm** is the smallest of the Channel Islands that is open to the public.

Herm is only 1 miles long. Cars are banned from the small island just like its Channel Island neighbour, Sark. Unlike Sark, bicycles are banned too. The sandy white beaches make Herm a walker's paradise.

Population: 60 (2002).

Image:Haven van Herm bij eb.JPG|Harbour of Herm at low tide
Image:St Tugual's Chapel op Herm.jpg|St. Tuguals Chapel on Herm
Geometry

, "Geometry"]]

**Geometry** (from Ancient Greek: Γεωμετρία (romanized: *Geometria* (English: "Land measurement") derived from Γη (romanized: Ge; English: "Earth" or "land") and also derived from Μέτρον) (romanized: *Métron*; English: "A measure")) is a branch of mathematics that studies the size, shapes, positions and dimensions of things. We can only see shapes that are  (2D) or solid (3D), but mathematicians (people who study math) are able to study shapes that are 4D, 5D, 6D, and so on.

Squares, circles and triangles are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. Cubes, cylinders, cones and spheres are simple shapes in solid geometry.

## Uses 
Plane geometry can be used to measure the area and perimeter of a flat shape. Solid geometry can measure a solid shape's volume and surface area.

Geometry can be used to calculate the size and shape of many things. For example, geometry can help people find:
* the surface area of a house, so they can buy the right amount of paint
* the volume of a box, to see if it is big enough to hold a liter of food
* the area of a farm, so it can be divided into equal parts
* the distance around the edge of a pond, to know how much fencing to buy.

## Origins 
Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometry began as the art of surveying of land so that it could be shared fairly between people. The word "geometry" is from a Greek word that means "to measure the land". It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote the first book about geometry, a book called *The Elements*.

## Non-Euclidean geometry 
Plane and solid geometry, as described by Euclid in his textbook Elements, is called "Euclidean Geometry". This was simply called "geometry" for centuries. In the 19th century, mathematicians created several new kinds of geometry that changed the rules of Euclidean geometry. These and earlier kinds were called "non-Euclidean" (not created by Euclid). For example, hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry come from changing Euclid's parallel postulate.

Non-Euclidean geometry is more complicated than Euclidean geometry but has many uses. Spherical geometry for example is used in astronomy and cartography.

## Examples 
Geometry starts with a few simple ideas that are thought to be true, called axioms. Such as:
* A **point** is shown on paper by touching it with a pencil or pen, without making any sideways movement. We know where the point is, but it has no size.
* A **straight line** is the shortest distance between two points. For example, Sophie pulls a piece of  from one point to another point. A straight line between the two points will follow the  of the tight string.
* A **plane** is a flat surface that does not  in any direction. For example, imagine a wall that extends in all directions infinitely.

## Related pages 
* Topology

## References
Harbor

]]

A **harbor** (American English) or **harbour** (British English) is a place where ships may shelter. Some harbors are used as ports to load and unload ships. The port will have quays or piers where the ships may be tied up and a transport system for taking goods inland. Often railway and road transport will be used. Goods also move by pipeline transport and by smaller ships on rivers.

Harbor means to shelter or keep safe. Harbors can be natural as in San Francisco or artificial as in ancient Carthage or a mix of both. During the D-Day operations of 1944, two artificial harbors (named mulberry) were built just off the beaches where the invasion was happening.

## Related pages 
* Dock
* Marina
* Naval base
* Quay
* Seaport
* Transport
* Wharf

## References
Honolulu

**Honolulu**  is the capital city of the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is also the largest city in Hawaii and it has the most important harbor. It is on the south-east shore of the island of Oahu.

## Etymology
Honolulu means "sheltered harbor" in the Hawaiian language. No one knows for sure when Honolulu was first settled or when the name was first used.

## History
Honolulu harbor was called Kulolia before foreigners came. The first foreigner was Captain William Brown of the English ship Butterworth, in 1794. He named the harbor Fair Haven. Other foreign captains started calling it Brown's Harbor. The name Honolulu was used some time after that.

Honolulu quickly became the most important harbor of Hawaii. At that time, sandalwood was a big export. Honolulu was also an important supply point for whalers.

Kamehameha III made Honolulu the capital city of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1850. It was also the capital of the Republic of Hawaii and the Territory of Hawaii. It stayed the capital when Hawaii became a state in 1959.

## Notable people
*Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States, was born in Honolulu
*Bette Midler, actress and singer, was born in Honolulu
*Nicole Kidman, actress and singer, was born in Honolulu
*Nicole Scherzinger, singer, was born in Honolulu
*Jason Momoa, actor, was born in Honolulu, currently lives in Honolulu
*Bruno Mars, singer, was born in Honolulu

## References
Hawaii (island)

The **Island of Hawaiʻi** is the largest U.S. Hawaiian Island, and it is the farthest south. It is also called the "Big Island." Its area is 4,038 sq. miles (10,458 km2). The widest part of the island is 93 miles (150 km) across.
The Big Island has more than half (~62%) of the total land area of State of Hawaii. It is part of County of Hawaii.

The island is seven separate shield volcanos that erupted more or less one at a time, one partly covering the other. These are (from oldest to youngest): Kohala (extinct), Mauna Kea (dormant), Hualalai (dormant), Mauna Loa (active), Kulani (extinct, mostly buried), and Kilauea (very active). The volcanos were caused by the Pacific oceanic tectonic plate moving over a hotspot. There lava from the Earth's lower mantle or upper core is close to the surface.

The largest city on the island is Hilo. Hilo has many historic buildings, interesting shops, parks, many performances, festivals and events. It is on the rainy, east side of the island. The city of Kailua-Kona is on the dry, west side of Hawaii, and is popular with tourists.

## References
*MacDonald, G. A., and A. T. Abbott. 1970. *Volcanoes in the Sea*. Univ. of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 441 p.
*History and culture of Hilo. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.hiloliving.com/Hilo_Culture.html
Hawaii Ponoi

"**Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī**" (; "Hawai's Sons") is the state song of Hawaii. The words were written by King David Kalakaua, the music by Prof. Henry Berger, the Royal Bandmaster. "Hawai`i Ponoi" was also the anthem of the Kingdom of Hawai`i and the Territory of Hawai`i.

## Lyrics
## References
Healing

**Healing** is a process that happens in the body. Through healing, cells are able to repair damaged tissue.
There are two different ways healing can happen:
* The damaged tissue is replaced with tissue of the same kind. This is called *regeneration*.
* The damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue. This is called *repair*

Most healing processes combine both ways of healing.

## Other websites
* How wounds heal and tumors form  With this simple Flash demonstration, Harvard professor Donald Ingber explains how wounds heal, why scars form, and how tumors develop. Presented by Children's Hospital Boston.
* Wound Healing 
* Wound Healing and Repair
* Lorenz H.P. and Longaker M.T.  Wounds: Biology, Pathology, and Management .  Stanford University Medical Center.
* Romo T. and McLaughlin L.A. 2003. Wound Healing, Skin.  Emedicine.com.
* Rosenberg L. and de la Torre J. 2003. Wound Healing, Growth Factors.  Emedicine.com.
History of Australia

People have lived in Australia for over 65,000 years. The first people who arrived in Australia were the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders. They lived in all parts of Australia. They lived by hunting, fishing and gathering.

Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders invented tools like the boomerang, spear, and there is evidence that they used farming methods. Tradition was very important in their lives. Their religion is called the Dreamtime, which has lots of stories about the creation of the world by spirits. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art started at least 30,000 years ago and there are lots of Dreaming stories painted on walls and cut in rocks all around Australia. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander music has songs about the Dreamtime, sometimes with special instruments like the didgeridoo.

In 1606 the first European, Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon, visited the west. Luís Vaz de Torres sailed through the water between Australia and New Guinea later that year. Only after Dirk Hartog chanced upon the west coast in 1616 did other European vessels visit and map the coast. After sixty more ships visited the coast, enough was known for a map to be published in 1811. The land was dry because of not much rain; some was a desert. The explorers thought no crops could be grown and so it would be difficult for people to live there. They decided there would be no economic reasons to stay.

In 1642, Dutchman Abel Tasman, working for the Dutch East India Company reached Tasmania, which he called Antony van Diemenslandt. He then called the continent he charted the north coast of on his second visit in 1644 New Holland. In 1688, William Dampier became the first Englishman to reach Australia. But in 1770 a British sailor, Captain James Cook, found the fertile east coast of Australia. He called it New South Wales, and claimed it for Britain. In 1850 elections for legislative councils were also held in the colonies of Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania.

In 1855, limited self-government was granted by London to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. A new secret ballot was introduced in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia in 1856, allowing people to vote in private. This system was copied around the world. In 1855, the right to vote was given to all men over 21 in South Australia. The other colonies soon followed.

Australians had started parliamentary democracies all across the continent. But voices were getting louder for all of them to come together as one country with a national parliament. So in January 1901, the Constitution of Australia came into effect. and the first unmarried female Prime Minister of Australia in 2010.

## References
## Other websites 
* History of the Australian nation – State Library of NSW 
* The Australian History page at Project Gutenberg of Australia
* Bush Poetry a source of Australian History 
* An Aborigine on his understanding of tradition
Historian

of a double herma with portraits of Herodotus and Thucydides, two ancient Greek historians]]
A **historian** is someone who studies history.  Historians use written sources to understand past events and societies.

## Education
Professional historians often get a Master's degree or PhD. A Master's degree student spends most of their time in the classroom. A PhD student needs to write a long research paper known as a thesis to graduate. Classes focus on learning about history, not teaching history. However, most historians do need to teach history.

## As a job
Professional historians are often professors of history and teach it at colleges and universities. They share their ideas about history by writing books and articles. 

Other historians work in public history. They may work in museums or at landmarks where important historic events happened.

## Related pages
*List of historians

## References 
### Sources 

* Richard B. Todd, ed. (2004). *Dictionary of British Classicists, 1500–1960*, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004 .
* Kelly Boyd, ed. (1999). *Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing*. London [etc.] : Fitzroy Dearborn 
* Lateiner, D. (1989). *The historical method of Herodotus*. Phoenix, 23. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
* John Cannon et al., eds. (1988). *The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians*. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1988 .
* Hartog, F. (1988). *The mirror of Herodotus: the representation of the other in the writing of history*. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Erik Christiansen (1970). *The Last Hundred Years of the Roman Republic*, Odense: Andelsbogtrykkeriet
* Gottschalk, L. R. (1950). *Understanding history; a primer of historical method*. New York: Knopf
* Barnes, M. S. (1896). *Studies in historical method*. Heath's pedagogical library. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.
* Taylor, I. (1889). *History of the transmission of ancient books to modern times, together with the process of historical proof: or, a concise account of the means by which the genuineness of ancient literature generally, and authenticity of historical works especially, are ascertained, including incidental remarks upon the relative strength of the evidence usually adduced in behalf of the Holy Scriptures*. Liverpool: E. Howell.
* Herodotus, Rawlinson, G., Rawlinson, H. C., & Wilkinson, J. G. (1862). *History of Herodotus*. A new English version. London: John Murray.
*Véricour, L. R. d. (1850). *Historical analysis of Christian civilisation*. London: J. Chapman.
* Taylor, I. (1828). *The process of historical proof*. London: Printed for B. J. Holdsworth.
* Elizabeth Kostova "The Historian"
Height

**Height** is the distance between the lowest end and highest end of an .

For example, it is said the bottom of the foot is a person's lowest end, and the top of the head is a person's highest end. If the distance between the bottom of a person's foot and the top of that person's head is 64 inches, then that person's height is 64 inches.

Height is measured in 3D objects. 2D objects do not have height; they only have length and width.

## Related pages
* Depth
* Elevation
* Volume
Home page

The **home page** of a website is the  that a web server sends to another computer's web browser application when it has been contacted without a request for specific information.  That is, when one enters only a domain name in the Address box without specifying a directory or a file, the *home page* is usually the first part of the website one would be taken to.  The Home Page is also called the Main Page.  

A properly written home page will tell a user about the information available on the website, and how to view different parts of the website.

The home page of *simple.wikipedia.org* can be found at this link.

**Home Page** was a popular computer application used for composing web pages.

## In Linux servers 
In Linux-based servers, the homepage is default.html, default.php, etc. This is a problem for website administrators to install website applications like MediaWiki. Mainly because most website applications are created with the homepage as index.php for PHP applications.

## In Windows servers 
Similarly, in Windows-based servers, the homepage is default.html, default.php, etc.
If

**If** is a word to describe a statement where one thing depends on something else. 

For example:
*We can call this true *if* there is proof.
*We will play outside *if* it does not rain.

----
***If*** is also a poem written by Rudyard Kipling. It appeared in the *Brother Square Toes* chapter of Kipling's book *Rewards and Fairies*. In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was voted Britain's favourite poem. It is arguably Kipling's most famous poem.
Island

(left) and Great Britain (right), are islands of north-west Europe]]
 composed mostly of rock, in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.]]
, Brazil, are the visible parts of submerged mountains.]]

An **island** is a piece of land that is surrounded by a body of water such as a lake, river, sea or ocean. Islands are smaller than continents. Although there are many Islands that are surrounded by fresh water, the vast majority of them are surrounded by oceans.

Greenland and Australia are huge islands, but they are built of continental rock, and the latter is generally considered a continent. The most ancient part of continental rock is far older and chemically more complex than the rock of the sea floor. 

The heart of continents is their cratons, which are the most ancient and stable parts of the Earth's crust. In the cratons are all the rare elements needed for electronic equipment. They were swept up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. The rare elements we need were all got indirectly from supernovae explosions. The Sun's energy  comes from turning hydrogen into helium.

There are some islands which do have rare elements, and that is a sign that they were once part of a large supercontinent. So Great Britain was once part of a supercontinent. The oldest rocks are 2,700 million years old, and include many rare elements only found in cratons. Britain is a snapped-off piece of the *Old Red Sandstone continent*, now known as Laurasia.

Other islands that were formed from the ocean floor, as Japan, and Hawaii were, lack most of the rare elements. Japan has for many years since WWII imported iron ore from Australia. Its seizing of Manchukuo (~Manchuria) and the infamous attack on Pearl Harbour no doubt had many reasons. Lack of raw materials was one of these  Now it looks  for potential in its nearby deep-sea muds.

## Big islands 
### In Europe 
* Great Britain 218,995&nbsp;km²
* Iceland 101,826&nbsp;km²
* Ireland 81,638&nbsp;km²
* The island in the north of Novaja Zemlja 47,079&nbsp;km²
* Spitsbergen 38,981&nbsp;km²
* The island in the south of Novaja Zemlja 33,246&nbsp;km²
* Sicily 25,662&nbsp;km²
* Sardinia 23,812&nbsp;km²
* Nordaustlandet (archipelago of Svalbard, Norway) 14,247&nbsp;km²
* Corsica 8,741&nbsp;km²

### Other places 
* Australia 7,662,000&nbsp;km²
*Cyprus 9,234&nbsp;km²
* Greenland 2,130,800&nbsp;km²
* New Guinea 785,753&nbsp;km²
* Borneo 748,138&nbsp;km²
* Madagascar 587,041&nbsp;km²
* Baffin 507,451&nbsp;km²
* Sumatra 442,658&nbsp;km²
* Honshu 233,000&nbsp;km2
* Victoria Island 217,000&nbsp;km2
* Ellesmere Island 196,000&nbsp;km2
* wsp 

## References
IELTS

The **International English Language Testing System** (IELTS) tests how fluent you are in the English language. People who take the test take the Academic Module or the General Training Module. The academic one is for people who want to go to university. The general one is for people who want to do other training or want to get work experience. People who want to emigrate to a country that uses English also take the general one.

Most universities in Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the United States accept the IELTS. Many professional companies do as well.

## Other websites 
* IELTS Web Site
* IELTS Exams
Ink

s]]

**Ink** is a liquid that is used to write, draw, print, or make marks. The word ink is from Latin and means "colored water". Ink is used in pens, in some computer printers, and in printing presses. In some countries, people write by using ink and brushes. People usually write or print using black ink, but ink can be any color. The first ink was used in Egypt about 2600 BC.

The first inks were carbon inks, made from soot, which is 80% carbon, water and gum arabic. Red ink would need iron oxide (such as haematite) from ground rocks instead of soot. Later, in Europe, people used iron gall ink. This is the kind of ink Johann Sebastian Bach and Leonardo da Vinci used. Now ink colours are produced by man-made dyes.

A disadvantage of many kinds of ink is that they may smudge when wet, spoiling the picture or writing. If water-based ink is used, the writing situation needs to be stable, with the writer seated at a table. Ink in a ballpoint pen (biro) is a kind of gel. It is held in a thin long cylinder (tube) inside the pen. The ink does not fall out of the cylinder as it sticks to the sides of the tube. Therefore, ballpoint pens can be used in a wider range of circumstances compared to water-based inks.

## References 
* .