open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Avalon Park, Chicago

**Avalon Park** is an area on the south side of the U.S. city of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the city's 77 official community areas and a park. Boundaries are 76th St. to the north, South Chicago Ave. to the east and 87th St. to the south.

Avalon Park had a major demographic change in the 1960s. In the 1960 census, Avalon Park was 0% African American (only six of 12,710 residents). A decade later, Avalon Park was 83% African American, according to the 1970 census. 

A sewer system was created in 1910. It helped to drain the area and make further development easier.

## References
Dina Titus

**Alice Costandina Titus**, commonly known as **Dina Titus** (born May 23, 1950) is an American politician. She was born in Thomasville, Georgia. She is a member of the United States Democratic Party.

## Political career
Titus was a United States Representative from Nevada's 3rd congressional district from 2009 to 2011. In 2011, Titus was defeated by Republican Joe Heck.

Titus became a U.S. Representative from Nevada's 1st congressional district in 2013.

Titus received a 100% rating from the Planned Parenthood 2014 Congressional Scorecard for opposing a nationwide abortion ban after 20 weeks.

## References
2018 Northern Cyprus parliamentary election

The **2018 Northern Cyprus parliamentary election** was held on 7 January 2018. It was held to elect the 50 members of the Assembly of the Republic.

The election was a victory for the National Unity Party and other right-wing parties.

## Parties 
* Republican Turkish Party (CTP): led by Tufan Erhürman. This party supports Cyprus reunification and social democracy.
* National Unity Party (UBP): led by Hüseyin Özgürgün. This party is nationalistic and conservative.
* Democratic Party (DP): led by Serdar Denktaş son of Rauf Denktaş. This party is nationalistic and conservative.
* Communal Democracy Party (TDP): led by Cemal Özyiğit. This party supports Cyprus reunification and social democracy.
* People's Party (HP): led by Kudret Özersay. This party supports Cyprus reunification and is centrist.
* Rebirth Party (YDP): led by Erhan Arıklı. This party is nationalistic.
* Communal Liberation Party-New Forces (TKP-YG): led by Mehmet Çakıcı. This party supports Cyprus reunification and social democracy.

The United Cyprus Party (BKP) was in an alliance with the TKP-YG. As such, BKP members ran for Parliament under the TKP-YG name. The New Cyprus Party refused to join the alliance.

## Results 
## References
Małgorzata Bocheńska

**Malgorzata Bochenska** (maiden name: **Gąsiorowska**) (10 September 1949 – 2 January 2018) was a Polish journalist, culture animator and publicist. She was born in Warsaw. From 1974 to 1981 she worked with Polish National TV Theater as an editor. From 1984 to 1989, she worked with the Helsinski Committee.

Bocheńska died in Warsaw on 2 January 2018 at the age of 69.

## References
## Other websites
* Salon 101- website
Interstate 290 (Illinois)

**Interstate 290** (**I-290**) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway that runs westwards from the Chicago Loop. 

The portion of I-290 from I-294 to its east end is officially called the **Dwight D. Eisenhower Expressway**. In short form, it is known as "the Ike" or **the Eisenhower**. Before being designated the Eisenhower Expressway, the highway was called the **Congress Expressway** because of the surface street that was located approximately in its path and onto which I-290 runs at its eastern terminus in the Chicago Loop.

## References
Planned Parenthood

The **Planned Parenthood Federation of America**, or just **Planned Parenthood**, is an American non-profit organization. It provides reproductive health care in the United States and around the world. Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921. It changed its name to Planned Parenthood in 1942. The president of the organization was Cecile Richards until 2018.

Planned Parenthood has 159 medical and non-medical affiliates. They operate more than 650 health clinics in the United States. It partners with organizations in twelve other countries.

Planned Parenthood provides birth control, abortions, LGBT services, pregnancy testing, and treatment/testing for sexually transmitted diseases.

Planned Parenthood has two national offices in the United States. One in Washington, D.C., the other in New York City.

The organization has received money from the United States government since 1970.

## References
Burnside, Chicago

**Burnside** is one of the 77 official community areas of Chicago, Illinois. It is located on the city's south side. It had a population of 2,254 in 2016. It is also the least populous community area. 

This area is also called by locals, "The Triangle", as it is bordered by railroad tracks on every side; the Illinois Central on the west, the Rock Island on the south and the Nickel Plate Railroad (now Norfolk-Southern) on the east.

Originally thought to be part of Roseland and the Chatham communities.

## Other websites
* Official City of Chicago Burnside Community Map
*Community Map
Calumet Heights, Chicago

**Calumet Heights**, located on the South Side of the city. It is one of the 77 well defined community areas of Chicago, Illinois. Calumet Heights is bounded by 87th Street on the north, South Chicago Avenue on the east, and railroad lines on the west and south (along 95th Street).

It includes the neighborhoods of Calumet Heights and Pill Hill.

56% of Calumet Heights residents are in the labor force. 83% of those are considered to be employed and 17% to be unemployed.

Calumet Heights is a stronghold for the Democratic Party. In the 2016 presidential election, Calumet Heights cast 7,840 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 184 votes Donald Trump. Despite this landslide victory, it was actually Clinton's 20th largest margin of victory by percentage points in the 76 community areas she won.

## References
## Other websites
* Official City of Chicago Calumet Heights Community Map
*city-data.com info
*Encyclopaedia Chicago: Calumet Heights
Pill Hill, Chicago

community area]]
**Pill Hill** is a neighborhood in the Calumet Heights community area on the South Side of Chicago.

The neighborhood is the more affluent portion of the Stony Island Heights neighborhood that occupies the eastern two-thirds of Calumet Heights. he neighborhood is known for homes with built-in one-car garages and private yards.  The region has little commercial development.

## References
South Chicago, Chicago

**South Chicago**, formerly known as **Ainsworth**, is one of the 77 well-defined community areas of Chicago, Illinois. This community is one of Chicago's 16 lakefront neighborhoods near the southern rim of Lake Michigan 10 miles south of downtown. 

The Willis Tower and the Hancock Building were built from South Chicago steel.

South Chicago is not currently connected to the Chicago "L" rapid transit system. The nearest Red Line station is located 3 miles west, at 95th Street & Dan Ryan Expressway.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Chicago Official Map 
* Chicago Tourism - Southeast side 
* A piece on the US Steel South Works plant on Forgotten Chicago
*An article  by urbanologist William Olson discussing South Chicago's sustainable redevelopment plan. Retrieved January 13, 2009
Garfield Ridge, Chicago

**Garfield Ridge** is one of the 77 official community areas of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is located on the southwest side of the city. The northern half of Midway International Airport is located in this community area.

## Other websites
*Official City of Chicago Garfield Ridge Community Map
Demographics of Nova Scotia

**Nova Scotia**  (Latin for *New Scotland*; ; ) is a Canadian province located on Canada's southeastern coast. It is the most populous province in the Atlantic Canada, and its capital, Halifax, is a major economic centre of the region.  Nova Scotia is the second smallest province in Canada, with an area of 55,284&nbsp;km².  Its population of 1,072,545 (as of 2024) makes it the fourth least populous province of the country.

## Population
Nova Scotia is the seventh most populous province in Canada with an estimated 1,079,627 residents as of 2025. It accounts for 2.6 percent of the population of Canada.  The population density is approximately 20.4 persons/km².  Roughly 60% of the population live in rural parts of the province.

### Regional municipalities
Nova Scotia has four regional municipalities.

### Towns
Nova Scotia has 25 towns.

### Population centres
The Halifax population centre is the largest urban area in Nova Scotia. Statistics Canada recognizes a total of 37 population centres in the province.

### Population of Nova Scotia since 1851
|

|}

## Visible minorities and Indigenous people
## Languages
The 2021 Canadian census showed a population of 969,383.Of the 941,105 singular responses to the census question concerning mother tongue the most commonly reported languages were:

## Migration
### Immigration
The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 71,570 immigrants living in Nova Scotia. They are 7.5&nbsp;percent of the total population of Nova Scotia.

## Religion
## Employment
As of February 2019, the unemployment rate for the province  is 6.4 percent. Halifax Regional Municipality 4.9 percent 

## Income
|  

|}

## Notes
## References
Hegewisch, Chicago

**Hegewisch** (pronounced  "heg-wish" by the locals) is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago, Illinois, located on the city's far south side. 

It is bordered by the neighborhoods of Riverdale and South Deering to the west, the East Side to the north, the village of Burnham to the south and the city of Hammond, Indiana to the east. 

The community area is named for Adolph Hegewisch, the president of U.S. Rolling Stock Company who hoped to establish “an ideal workingman's community” when he laid out the town along a rail line in 1883, six years before Chicago annexed the town.

There are approximately 2,550 jobs in the Hegewisch community area.

Under the most recent version of Red Ahead, the Red Line extension plan would reach to Hegewisch.

## References
Chicago Tylenol murders

The **Chicago Tylenol murders** were a series of poisoning deaths resulting from drug tampering in the Chicago metropolitan area in 1982. The victims had all taken Tylenol-branded acetaminophen capsules that had been laced with potassium cyanide. Seven people were killed in the original poisonings, with several more killed in subsequent copycat crimes.

## Killings
 were poisoned with potassium cyanide in Chicago in 1982]]
On September 28, 1982, 12-year-old Mary Kellerman was hospitalized after having a capsule of Extra-Strength Tylenol; she died the next day. On September 29, six other people took the contaminated Tylenol, including Adam Janus (27), Stanley Janus (25), and Theresa Janus (19), who each took Tylenol from a single bottle. All six—the Januses, Mary McFarland (31), Paula Prince (35), and Mary Reiner (27)—would die from having the pills.

A multi-agency investigation found the tampered pills to have been sold or on the shelves at many stores in the Chicago area. One bottle had been bought by Linda Morgan, wife of Judge Lewis V. Morgan, but she did not take the pills because it had a weird smell.

During the murders, Johnson & Johnson, the manufacturer of Tylenol, became warning the public, hospitals and distributors and stopped Tylenol production and advertising. A nationwide recall of Tylenol products was issued on October 5, 1982; an estimated 31 million bottles were in circulation, with a retail value of over US$100 million. The company also advertised in the national media for individuals not to take any of its products that had acetaminophen after it was determined that only these capsules had been poisoned. Johnson & Johnson also offered to exchange all Tylenol capsules already purchased by the public for solid tablets.

Customs at airports outside the U.S. asked visitors if they brought Tylenol medicine with them.

## Aftermath
 passed what was called “the Tylenol bill,” making it a federal crime to tamper with consumer products.

No suspect was ever charged or convicted of the poisonings.

## Suspects
During the first investigations, a man named James William Lewis was accused of sending a letter to Johnson & Johnson asking for $1 million to stop the cyanide murders. Upon his arrest, Lewis told authorities how the person behind the attacks may have carried out the killings—by buying Tylenol, adding cyanide to the bottles, and returning them to the store shelves. Lewis was also found to have owned a poisoning book. Lewis said he was not responsible for the killings. Lewis was convicted of extortion and sentenced to 10 years in prison.

On May 19, 2011, the FBI requested DNA samples from "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski in connection to the Tylenol murders. Kaczynski denied having ever possessed potassium cyanide. The first four Unabomber crimes happened in Chicago and its suburbs from 1978 to 1980, and Kaczynski's parents had a suburban Chicago home in Lombard, Illinois, in 1982, where he stayed occasionally.

## References
Horace Ashenfelter

**Horace Ashenfelter III** (January 23, 1923 &ndash; January 6, 2018) was an American athlete. He competed in international athletics from 1947 to 1956. He was born in Collegeville, Pennsylvania.

Ashenfelter was the surprise winner of the steeplechase at the 1952 Summer Olympics at Helsinki with a devastating surge following the final water jump. He was inducted into the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1975.

Ashenfelter died in West Orange, New Jersey on January 6, 2018 at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Running Past profile
Roseland, Chicago

**Roseland**, located on the far South Side of the city, is one of the 77 official community areas of Chicago, Illinois. It includes the neighborhoods of Fernwood, Princeton Park, Lilydale, the southern portion of West Chesterfield, Rosemoor, Sheldon Heights and West Roseland.

George Pullman planned a model industrial city built around a factory that manufactured his "Palace" railway coaches.

The much lauded mural "I Welcome Myself to a New Place: Roseland Pullman Mural," by Olivia Gude, Jon Pounds, and Marcus Jefferson, 1988, was designed to unite the predominantly African American community.

The community is known for being one of the most violent of the city with high numbers of gang violence.

## Other websites
* Official City of Chicago Roseland Community Map 
*Roseland photos, videos and message board 
* Torgan, Allie. "Grandmother helping Chicago kids 'off the block'." *CNN*. April 7, 2007.
Shoichiro Toyoda

**Shoichiro Toyoda** KBE (豊田 章一郞, Toyoda Shōichirō, February 27, 1925 — February 14, 2023) was a Japanese businessman.

Toyoda served as chairman of Toyota Motor Corporation between 1992 to 1999 and also serving as chairman of the powerful , beginning in May 1994 through May 1998.

Toyoda died on February 14, 2023, at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
*Toyota Motor Corporation:  official bio
France Gall

**Isabelle Geneviève Marie Anne Gall** (9 October 1947 – 7 January 2018), known by her stage name **France Gall**, was a French singer.

## Career 
Gall was known for her songs "Laisse tomber les filles", "Poupée de cire, poupée de son", and "Ella, elle l'a". She won the Eurovision Song Contest in1965 representing Luxembourg. 

## Life and death 
She was born in Paris. Gall was married to Michel Berger, until his death.

Gall died of an infection complicated from cancer of unknown primary origin at a Paris hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 7 January 2018 at the age of 70.

## References
## Other websites
* Clips from INA archives
* Official website managed by WEA Music  (offline)
* France Gall biography on RFI (offline)
* A Tribute to Gainsbourg: France Gall  (offline)
* French forum of France Gall & Michel Berger
Gerhard Weinberg

**Gerhard Ludwig Weinberg** (born 1 January 1928) is a German-born American diplomatic and military historian. He is known for his studies in the history of World War II. He was born in Hanover, Germany. He is known for his book *A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II*.

Weinberg currently is the William Rand Kenan, Jr. Professor Emeritus of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has been a member of the history faculty at UNC-Chapel Hill since 1974. Previously he served on the faculties of the University of Michigan (1959–1974) and the University of Kentucky (1957–1959).

## References
## Other websites
*Dr. Gerhard Weinberg: World War II Scholar and Teacher (Metro Magazine, January 2006) 
*Revealed: The Amazing Story behind Hitler's Second Book
*Over There, and There, and There Review of *A World In Arms*
*He Meant What He Said: Review of *Zweites Buch* 
*Review of *Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History*
*
Tony Britton

**Anthony Edward Lowry "Tony" Britton** (9 June 1924 &ndash; 22 December 2019) was an English actor. He was known for his role as Inspector Thomas in the 1973 movie *The Day of the Jackal*.

Britton died on 22 December 2019 at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Performances listed in Theatre Archive University of Bristol
Anatoly Filipchenko

**Anatoly Vasilyevich Filipchenko** (; February 26, 1928 &ndash; August 7, 2022) was a Soviet cosmonaut of Ukrainian descent. He flew on the Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 16 missions. He was born in Davydovka, Voronezh Oblast, RSFSR.

After leaving the space programme in 1982 Filipchenko became the Deputy Director of the OKB in Kharkiv.

He was awarded: Hero of the Soviet Union, Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner of Labour, Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration", State Prize of the USSR, Order of the Banner of the Bulgarian People's Republic, Medal "For the Strengthening Military Cooperation" (Czechoslovakia) and Medal "Brotherhood in Arms" (GDR).

Filipchenko died on August 7, 2022 at the age of 94.

## References
Peter Sutherland

**Peter Denis Sutherland** (25 April 1946 &ndash; 7 January 2018) was an Irish international businessman and former Attorney General of Ireland, associated with the Fine Gael party. He served as Attorney General from 1981 through 1982 and again from 1982 to 1984.

Sutherland was also European Commissioner responsible for Competition Policy (1985–89); Founding Director-General of The World Trade Organisation and former Chairman of Goldman Sachs International (1995–2015).

Sutherland died from an illness on 7 January 2018 in Dublin at the age of 71.

## References
## Other websites
* Lord Woolf's Inquiry into the LSE and Libya , March 2011. Make a submission. 
* The Archive of Peter Sutherland
Ray Thomas

**Raymond "Ray" Thomas** (29 December 1941 – 4 January 2018) was an English musician. He was best known as a flautist, singer and composer in the rock band, The Moody Blues.

## Works
Some of his compositions are; "Another Morning" and "Twilight Time" (from *Days of Future Passed*), "Dr. Livingstone, I Presume" and "Legend of a Mind" (from *In Search of the Lost Chord*), "Dear Diary" and "Lazy Day" (from *On the Threshold of a Dream*), "Eternity Road", and "Floating" (from ''To Our Children's Children's Children*), "And the Tide Rushes In" (from *A Question of Balance*), "Our Guessing Game" and "Nice to Be Here" (from *Every Good Boy Deserves Favour*), "For My Lady" (from *Seventh Sojourn*), and the medley "Painted Smile/Reflective Smile/Veteran Cosmic Rocker" (from *Long Distance Voyager'').

## Death
Thomas died on 4 January 2018 of prostate cancer in Surrey at the age of 76.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Ray Thomas website
South Deering, Chicago

**South Deering**, located on Chicago's far South Side, is the largest of the 77 official community areas of that city. It is part of the 10th Ward, once under the control of former Richard J. Daley ally Alderman Edward Vrdolyak. 

It is an industrial neighborhood, a small group of homes exists in the northeast corner and Lake Calumet takes up a large portion of the area. 80% of the community is zoned as industrial, natural wetlands, or parks. The remaining 20% is zoned for residential and small-scale commercial uses.  

Louis Rosen documented the racial transition of this and nearby communities in his 1998 book *The South Side: The Racial Transformation of an American Neighborhood*.

## References
## Other websites
*Official City of Chicago South Deering Community Map
*Northeastern Illinois University community history project 
*Lake Calumet region Journey through Calumet, The Field Museum
Pullman, Chicago

**Pullman**, one of Chicago's 77 defined community areas. It is a neighborhood located on the city's South Side. Twelve miles from the Chicago Loop. It is named after Chicago industrialist George Pullman.

Since the late 20th century, the Pullman neighborhood has been gentrifying. Many residents are involved in the restoration of their own homes, and projects throughout the district as a whole. Walking tours of Pullman are available.

Pullman has many historic and architecturally significant buildings; among these are the Hotel Florence; the Arcade Building, which was destroyed in the 1920s. The area is home to churches in Chicago built in Polish Cathedral style, the former church of St. Salomea. It is now used by Salem Baptist Church of Chicago.

In a contest sponsored by the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity, Pullman was one of seven sites nominated for the Illinois Seven Wonders.

## Other websites
*Official City of Chicago Pullman Community Map 
*Pullman State Historic Site
West Pullman, Chicago

**West Pullman** is a neighborhood located on the far south side of the Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the 77 official community areas of Chicago. West Pullman is not a part of the historic Pullman company town.

It is bounded on the north by 115th Street, on the east by the former Illinois Central Railroad, on the south by the Calumet River and Riverdale, on the west by Calumet Park, Blue Island and Ashland Avenue.

At the local level, West Pullman is located in Chicago's 9th and 34th wards represented by Democrats Anthony Beale and Carrie Austin respectively.

## References
Riverdale, Chicago

**Riverdale** is one of the 77 official community areas of Chicago, Illinois and is located on the city's far southeast side.

As originally designated by the Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago and officially adopted by the City of Chicago, the Riverdale community area extends from 115th Street south to the city boundary at 138th Street.

In 1880, George Pullman began constructing his model city just north of 115th Street. 

Currently, the area has the highest "hardship index" of any Chicago community area.

## References
## Other websites
* Riverdale Library Community History Page
* Encyclopaedia Chicago: Riverdale
Daniel Ellsberg

in 2014.]]

**Daniel Ellsberg** (April 7, 1931 – June 16, 2023) was an American activist and former United States military analyst who was known for releasing the classified Pentagon Papers to *The Washington Post*.

## Pentagon Papers
While employed by the RAND Corporation, precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to *The New York Times* and other newspapers.

### Charge
Ellsberg was charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy, carrying a total maximum sentence of 115 years. Due to governmental misconduct and illegal evidence gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Law School professor Charles Nesson, Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg on May 11, 1973.

## Death
In March 2023, Ellsberg wrote that he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died at his home in Kensington, California, on June 16, 2023.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Nonce

**Nonce** can mean: 
* Nonce, slang for pedophile
* Nonce word (a word used only once)
* Cryptographic nonce, a number or bit string used only once, in security engineering
* Nonce orders, an architectural term

## Related pages
* Nuncio, the apostolic and diplomatic representation of the Holy See
* *Hapax legomenon*, in corpus linguistics
Jai Shri Krishna

**Jai Shri Krishna** is an Indian television series The series will be produced by Moti Sagar.

## Cast
* Meghan Jadhav as Krishna
* Kritika Sharma as Radha
* Aditi Sajwan as Yashoda
* Zeb Khan as Nanda Baba 
* Nitin Prabhat as Balram

### Supporting cast
* Driti Bhatia as child Krishna
* Virti Vaghani as child Radha
* Pinky Rajput as child Krishna's (voice role)
* Reema Debnath as Goddess Laxmi
* Saurabh Raj Jain as Lord Vishnu
* Raj Premi as Kansa
* Pranchi Pathak as Kesni / Kansa wife

## References
Flag of Moldova

]]

The **flag of Moldova** is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red. The Coat of arms of Moldova is in the centre.

## References
Flag of Serbia

The **flag of Serbia** has three horizontal stripes of red, blue, and white. The Coat of arms of Serbia is in the centre. The current form of the flag was officially adopted on 11 November 2010.

[[Category:2010 establishments in Europe]|Serbia]
Craig Shoemaker

**Craig Shoemaker** (born November 15, 1958) is an American comedian, writer, and voice actor. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
He is best known for his baritone-voiced character, *The Lovemaster*, which he routinely portrays in his comedy act. In 1997, he was named Funniest Male Stand-Up Comic at the American Comedy Awards.

## Other websites 
*
Mohammad Manzarpour

**Mohammad Manzarpour** (Born 8 March 1972, Tehran) () is an Iranian journalist, presenter and producer.He also is Former Exacutive Editor of VOA Persian
## Career 
He started his career as a social reporter for Peyk-e Azadi student weekly publication, in 1996.In 1998, Manzarpour joined the English daily, Tehran Times and was soon promoted to the Economic editor of this newspaper.
In 2002, Manzarpour Joined BBC Persian Radio as a producer. He was promoted to Senior producer in 2007 and joined BBC Persian Television in 2008 as their Middle East Correspondent.
## References
Utility cycling

]]
]]

**Utility cycling** encompasses any cycling done simply as a means of transport rather than as a sport or leisure activity. It is the original and  most common type of cycling in the world.

Utility or "transport" cycling generally involves travelling short and medium distances (several kilometres, not uncommonly 3–15 kilometers one way, or somewhat longer), often in an urban environment. It includes commuting for example going to work, school or university, going shopping and running errands, as well as heading out to see friends and family or for other social activities.

## References
Badakhshan

and Afghanistan]]
**Badakhshan** is a part of the northeast of Afghanistan and the southeast of Tajikistan.

## People 
The majority of the people in this area are the Pamiris and Tajiks.

## Related pages 
* Badakhshan Province
Nuristani people

**Nuristanis** (نورِستانی) are a group of ethnic groups living in the Hindu Kush areas of Nuristan Province in eastern Afghanistan and Chitral District of northwestern Pakistan. They speak the Nuristani languages of the Indo-Iranian language family.

## Related pages 
* Nuristani languages
* Kalash people
* Nuristan Province

## References 
* http://countrystudies.us/Nuristani(http://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/47.htm)
Pamiri people

**Pamiris** are a group of Iranian ethnic groups, who live mainly in the Badakhshan of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, Hunza and Chitral regions of Pakistan and the far western portion of Xinjiang in western China. They speak the Pamiri languages of the Iranian language family.

## Ethnic groups 
Following is the list of Pamiri ethnic groups:

* Wakhi people
* Shughni people
* Sarikoli people
*Mukhbani peoople

## Related pages 
* Tajik people
* Iranian people

## References
Zevenaar

**Zevenaar** (Liemers: *Zênder or Zêvender*, Low Saxon: *Zaender* or *Zaevender*) is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. About 44,000 people were living in the municipality and about 25,000 people in the city in 2021.

It lies both in the Liemers and IJsselvallei regions, on the northeast bank of the Rhine river, which enters the Netherlands near the hamlet of Spijk. Germany is partly on the southwest bank and partly southeast of the municipality. In the north the municipality lies also on the southeast bank of the IJssel river.

Zevenaar got city rights in 1487.

The municipality of Rijnwaarden joined Zevenaar in 2018.

## Settlements 
* Aerdt
* Angerlo
* Babberich
* Bahr
* Bevermeer
* Bingerden
* Giesbeek
* Herwen
* Lathum

* Lobith
* Ooy
* Oud-Zevenaar
* Pannerden
* Spijk
* Tolkamer
* Tuindorp
* Zevenaar (city) 

## References 
* Plaatsengids.nl 

 river near Spijk]]
Barnstable County, Massachusetts

**Barnstable County** is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 228,996. The county seat is Barnstable.

## References
Thomas Bopp

**Thomas J. Bopp** (October 15, 1949 – January 6, 2018) was an American astronomer. He was best known as the co-discoverer of comet Hale–Bopp (with Alan Hale) in 1995.

On the night of July 22, Bopp was observing the sky with friends in the Arizona desert when he made the discovery. It was the first comet he had observed and he was using a borrowed, home-built telescope. Hale and Bopp both discovered the comet by chance at approximately the same time.

Bopp died on January 6, 2018 in Phoenix, Arizona from liver failure at the age of 68.

## References
## Other websites
*Comet Hale-Bopp Homepage at JPL
*Comet Hale–Bopp Timeline – 1997
Chris Tsangarides

**Christopher Andrew Tsangarides** (17 August 1956 &ndash; 6 January 2018) was a British Grammy-nominated record producer, sound engineer, and mixer. 

Tsangarides was best known for his work with many heavy metal bands, including Judas Priest, Anvil, Gary Moore, Thin Lizzy, Helloween, Angra, Anthem, Yngwie Malmsteen and Tygers of Pan Tang.  Tsangarides worked with many pop and alternative artists as well, including Depeche Mode, Tom Jones, Concrete Blonde, and The Tragically Hip.

Tsangarides died of heart failure complicated from pneumonia on 6 January 2018, aged 61.

## References
## Other websites
* Chris Tsangarides on Encyclopedia Metallum
*Chris Tsangarides on Discogs
Anna Mae Hays

**Anna Mae Virginia McCabe Hays** (February 16, 1920 – January 7, 2018) was an American military personnel of World War II and the Korean War. She was born in Buffalo, New York.

Hays served as Chief of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps from 1967 through 1971. She was the first woman in the U.S. Armed Forces to be promoted to a general officer rank. In 1970, she was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. She received two Legion of Merit.

Hays died in Washington, D.C. on January 7, 2018 of complications from a heart attack at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
Peter Preston

**Peter John Preston** (23 May 1938 – 6 January 2018) was a British journalist and author. He was editor of *The Guardian* for twenty years, from 1975 to 1995. He contributed a weekly column to *The Observer*. He was born in Barrow upon Soar, Leicestershire. 

He reported on Conservative MPs, including the perjurious Jonathan Aitken and cash-for-questions affair involving Neil Hamilton and Tim Smith.

Preston died of melanoma on 6 January 2018 at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
* Column archive at *The Guardian*
*
Marjorie Holt

**Marjorie Sewell Holt** (September 17, 1920 – January 7, 2018) was an American politician and lawyer. She was a Republican. She was a U.S. Congresswoman who represented Maryland's 4th congressional district from January 3, 1973 to January 3, 1987. She was the first Republican woman elected to Congress from Maryland. She was born in Birmingham, Alabama. 

Holt died on January 7, 2018 in Severna Park, Maryland at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
*
Markku Into

**Markku Vesa Milton Into** (20 October 1945 – 7 January 2018) was a Finnish poet. He was one of the main members in Finnish 1960s underground movement of Turku. Into wrote a collections of poetry, prose and plays. He has also translated into Finnish such American Beat generation writers as Allen Ginsberg, Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Gregory Corso; also Charles Bukowski.

Into wrote lyrics for the band Suomen Talvisota 1939–1940. His literary debut was *Tuonela Rock* of 1971. Markku Into has also received the Eino Leino Prize in 2001.

## References
Kyrgyz language

**Kyrgyz language** is the official language of Kyrgyzstan and a branch of Turkic languages that most Kyrgyz people speak with.  Kyrgyz is written with the Cyrillic alphabet, but can be written in the Arabic alphabet in Xinjiang, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Kyrgyz people
* Turkic languages

## Other websites 
* http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Kyrgyz(http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=62&menu=004)
Donnelly Rhodes

**Donnelly Rhodes** (December 4, 1937 – January 8, 2018) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. 

Rhodes was best known to American audiences as the hapless escaped convict Dutch Leitner on the ABC soap opera spoof *Soap*. 

Rhodes was well known to Canadian audiences as Sgt Nick Raitt in the CBC TV series *Sidestreet* (1975-1978) and as Grant "Doc" Roberts in another CBC TV series called *Danger Bay* (1985-1990). He also starred as Doctor Cottle ("Doc") on the Sci Fi Channel television program *Battlestar Galactica* (2004).

Rhodes died on January 8, 2018 in Maple Ridge, British Columbia of liver cancer at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Castle Rock Entertainment

**Castle Rock Entertainment** is an American movie and television company. It was founded in 1987. It is a part of Time Warner's Warner Bros. Rob Reiner, Alan Horn, Andrew Scheinman, Martin Shafer and Glenn Padnick founded the company.

Reiner named the company after the fictional Maine town used in Stephen King stories.

In August 1993, the Turner Broadcasting System agreed to join with Castle Rock, along with New Line Cinema. The sale was completed on December 22, 1993.

Castle Rock became a division of Warner Bros. in 1996.

## References
Stark's Park

'''Stark's Park''' is a football stadium in Kirkcaldy, Scotland. It is the home to Raith Rovers F.C., who have played there since 1891. As of 2024, the ground can hold 10,104 people seated.

## References
Zayed University

**Zayed University** ()  is a federal university in the United Arab Emirates. The university is named for Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the country's first leader.  There is one campus in Abu Dhabi and another in Dubai.

## History 
Zayed University opened in 1998. It was an Emirati women's university for ten years. In 2008, 200 men started attending the university. 

The first Abu Dhabi campus was on Delma Street in the city. In 2011 the school moved to a new campus in Khalifa B city. The Dubai campus moved to Academic City in 2006.

## University leaders 
In 2014, Lubna Khalid Al Qasimi became president of the university.  In 2015, Marilyn Roberts became its acting provost.

## Study 
Students study all subjects in English at Zayed University. They must score a 5.5 on IELTS or a 1500 on EMSAT exams to enter the colleges.  If they do not get those scores, they can enter the Academic Bridge Program (ABP) to improve their English language skills.

The University has six colleges and one language program:
* College of Arts and Sciences
* College of Business Sciences
* College of Communication and Media Sciences
* College of Education
* College of Information Technology
* University College
* The Academic Bridge Program (English Language Development)

## Academic Bridge Program 
The ABP is a one-year program.  It helps students improve their academic English reading, writing, speaking and listening skills. If students succeed at the program, they can enter the colleges at Zayed University to continue their studies.

## Nickname 
Zayed University is sometimes called ZU.

## References 
* The Full Wiki 
* Zajel ZU News Letter 
* Zayed University Website
Kato Ottio

**Benkato "Kato" Ottio** (20 March 1994 – 9 January 2018) was a Papua New Guinean rugby league footballer. Mainly playing at centre, Ottio represented the Papua New Guinean national team, most notably at the 2017 World Cup. He was born in Tatana, near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

Ottio died of a suspected case of cardiac arrest at a hospital in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea on 9 January 2018 at the age of 23.

## References
Juan Carlos García

**Juan Carlos García ** (8 March 1988 – 8 January 2018) was a Honduran footballer.

He began his career at Marathón and later went on to C.D. Olimpia. Before transferring to Wigan in 2013 he was loaned to CD Tenerife.

A full international since 2009, García has earned over 30 caps for Honduras. He was included in their squads for three CONCACAF Gold Cups and the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

García died from leukemia on 8 January 2018 at the age of 29.

## References
Vojtěch Lindaur

**Vojtěch Lindaur** (12 September 1957 – 8 January 2018) was a Czech journalist, teacher and record producer. He was born in Plzeň, Czech Republic. He studied in Mělník. In 1981, he graduated from Charles University in Prague. In 1987, he produced *Doba ledová* by Precedens, their debut album. Since 1990, he was working for *Rock & Pop* magazine. He also had his own radio show (*Beatová klenotnice*) on Radio Beat.

Lindaur died on 8 January 2018 at age of 60.

## References
Parpan

**Parpan** used to be a municipality of the district Plessur of the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the municipalities of Malix and Parpan became part of Churwalden.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Parpan 
* Bergbahn Rothorn 
* Bergbahn Danis Stätz AG
Woodlands MRT station

**Woodlands MRT station (NS9/TE2)** is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South Line and Thomson-East Coast Line in Woodlands, Singapore. It is located next to the Woodlands Temporary Bus Interchange and Causeway Point. 

## History
In 1990, the government of Singapore said that the North South Line will be extended to connect the already-opened Choa Chu Kang and Yishun stations. The station opened on 10 February 1996 as part of this extension. The section on the Thomson–East Coast Line opened on 31 January 2020, as part of Stage 1 of the line.

## References
## Other websites
## Related pages
*Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Rantzwiller

**Rantzwiller** is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.

## Related pages
* Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

## References
*INSEE commune file
2054

**2054** (**MMLIV**) will be .

## Predicted and scheduled events 
* January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1958 will enter the public domain in the United States.
* November 7 &ndash; The lease agreement International Speedway Corporation has with Daytona Beach Racing and Recreational Facilities District expires.

### Date unknown 
* The 2054 Winter Olympics will be held.
* Hawksbill Creek Agreement tax exempt status is scheduled to expire.

## In fiction 
* *Minority Report* (2002) is set in this year.
* *Renaissance* (2006) is set in this year.
* *Sound of My Voice* (2011) portrays a cult leader who claims to be from this year.
* *Justice League Unlimited* (2005): the episode Epilogue takes place in this year, 15 years after the events of *Batman Beyond*, with 31-year-old Terry McGinnis confronting Amanda Waller after discovering he shares Bruce Wayne's DNA.
* In the 2014 video-game Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare, the missions Induction and Atlas are set in 2054.
* *Xenoblade Chronicles X* (2015): the Wii U video game is set in this year.

## References
Bicycle path

A **bicycle path** is a way marked for people on bicycles to use.  Bike paths became increasingly popular as more people took on the recreational sport of cycling.  Some bike paths are unpaved for mountain bikes and gravel bikes, and others are paved.  

Many bicycle path networks can be found in countries such as Denmark or Netherlands, which has had a national system of cycle routes since 1993. These networks may use routes dedicated exclusively to cycle traffic or minor rural roads whose use is otherwise restricted to local motor traffic and agricultural machinery.  A bicycle path offers a safe way to go on a bicycle.  Where bicycle safety is given consideration,  you do not have to cycle in busy traffic on dangerous roads.

The Dutch word *Fietspad* means Bicycle Path in English.  In the Netherlands, the bicycle path offers a direct way to shops, housing, stations, schools, and workplaces.  They are based on efforts to increase Utility cycling.  In countries like Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany the high levels of utility cycling also includes shopping trips e.g. 9% of all shopping trips in Germany are by bicycle.
 
## References
Edge effect

**Edge Effect**: in Eddy Current is  The electromagnetic field produced by an excited test coil extends in all directions from the coil. As test objects geometrical boundaries are approached by the test coil, they are sensed by the coil prior to the coil's arrival at the boundary.

## References
Turkmen people

**Turkmens** are one of the main Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia, mainly in Turkmenistan, ethnic minorities in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Afghanistan and Iran. They speak Turkmen language of the Turkic languages family. Engagements, marriages, and the circumcision of boys, known as the sünnet parties, are big festivals. 

The term Turkoman was also used for people who take a Turkish identity and lost their own original background, as example in the case of the so called Balkan Turkoman Gipsys, a subgroup of the Xoraxane Roma.

## Related pages 
* Turkmen language

## References
Civic Platform

**Civic Platform** (Polish: *Platforma Obywatelska*) is a political party in Poland. It is currently the second largest political party in Poland.

The party gets a lot of its support from the north and west of Poland.

Some famous Civic Platform politicians include Donald Tusk, Jerzy Buzek, Ewa Kopacz, Bronisław Komorowski and Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz.

## Beliefs 
The party supports the European Union.

The party is against same-sex marriage, abortion, euthanasia, fetal stem cell research and the removal of religious symbols from schools.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Intrinsic factor

**Intrinsic factor** (**IF**), or **gastric intrinsic factor** (**GIF**), is a glycoprotein. It is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. 

IF is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) later on in the ileum of the small intestine. In humans, the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the *GIF* gene.

## References
Tommy Lawrence

**Thomas Johnstone Lawrence** (14 May 1940 &ndash; 10 January 2018) was a Scottish professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper.

He played for English clubs Liverpool and Tranmere Rovers from the 1950s through to the 1970s. He also played in three times for Scotland during the 1960s. He was a twice league champion and an FA Cup winner with Liverpool.

Lawrence was born in Dailly, Ayrshire. He had a son, Stephen. In 2015, Lawrence made news headlines when a BBC journalist asked if he remembered a game between Liverpool and Everton. He replied "I do, I played in it. I was the goalkeeper for Liverpool."

## Honours
;Liverpool
*Football League First Division: 1963–64, 1965–66
*FA Cup: 1965
*FA Charity Shield: 1964, 1965 (shared), 1966

## References
## Other websites
* Tommy Lawrence at LiverpoolFC.com
Réguisheim

**Réguisheim** is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.

## Places of interest 
* The church of Saint-Étienne, dating from the twelfth century.
Denise LaSalle

**Ora Denise Allen** (July 16, 1939 – January 8, 2018), known by the stage name **Denise LaSalle**, was an American blues and R&B/soul singer-songwriter, and record producer. Since the death of Koko Taylor, had been recognized as the "Queen of the Blues". She was born in Leflore County, Mississippi. She was known for her song "Trapped by a Thing Called Love".

LaSalle died on January 8, 2018 in Jackson, Mississippi of heart disease and complications from a fall at the age of 78.

## References
## Other websites
*Allmusic.com biography
Britain First

**Britain First** is a far-right and fascist hate group and political party in the United Kingdom. It is against Islam and immigration in the UK, has spoken out against LGBT equality, and opposes abortion. The group was founded in 2011. It sometimes holds protests against the building of mosques, Islamic extremists, child grooming and hebephilia. It holds what is calls "Christian patrols", however, every major Christian denomination in the UK has publicly spoken out against the party.

Paul Golding is the leader of the party. He is a  former British National Party councillor. 

They had three candidates in the local election on 5 May 2022, in Salford, Rhondda Cynon Taf and Greenwich.  In the 2022 Wakefield by-election their candidate, Ashlea Simon, got 311 votes.

In the 2023 local elections they put up two candidates in Bideford.  

## References
Khitan language

**Khitan** or **Khitan language** is an extinct language spoken by the Khitan people. It is close to the Mongolic languages.

## Related pages 
* Khitan people
Hazaristan

**Hazaristan** or **Hazarajat** (Dari Persian: ) is a large mountainous area in the central highlands of Afghanistan which is the main and the historical land of the Hazara people. Hazaristan areas including provinces such as Bamyan, Daykundi, Ghor, Ghazni, Urozgan, Maidan Wardak, Parwan, Samangan, Baghlan, Badghis and some other areas.

## Related pages 
* Hazara people
* Afghanistan

## References
Jim Renacci

**James B. Renacci** (born December 3, 1958) is an American businessperson and politician. In 2011, he became the U.S. Representative for . He left the office on January 3, 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party. He served as Mayor of Wadsworth, Ohio, from 2004 to 2008.

In March 2017, Renacci announced his candidacy for the governorship of Ohio for the 2018 election. However, he later dropped out to run for the United States Senate. He lost the general election to incumbent Sherrod Brown.

In June 2021, Renacci announced that he would run for Governor of Ohio against incumbent Mike DeWine for the Republican nomination.

## References
## Other websites
*Congressman Jim Renacci  official U.S. House site
*Jim Renacci for US Senate
*
*
Ramsar, Iran

**Ramsar** (, also Romanized as **Rāmsar** and **Rānsar**; formerly, **Sakht Sar**) is the capital of Ramsar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran.  

## References
Hamadan

**Hamadān** () or **Hamedān** (, *Hamedān*) (Old Persian: Haŋgmetana, Ecbatana) is the capital city of Hamadan Province in Iran. 

## References
Rose black spot

**Rose black spot** is a fungus that affects rose plants. 

As the name suggests, the disease creates black spots on the leaves of the rose plant. If the plant is very badly affected, the leaves will look fully black.

How It Is Transmitted: The fungus thrives in wet and windy conditions.

Symptoms: Purple or black spots appear on the leaves; leaves may turn yellow and then drop off. The rate at which the plant can photosynthesise is greatly affected and the plant does not thrive.

Cause: fungus

Treatment/Prevention: Spray the plant with an insecticide and fungicide.
Richard Henry Lee

**Richard Henry Lee** (January 20, 1732June 19, 1794) was an American colonist from Virginia. He was best known to have proposed independence from Britain during the American Revolutionary War.

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