open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mathematics Subject Classification

The **Mathematics Subject Classification** (MSC) system is an alphanumeric ordering system for categorizing or arranging mathematical topics, similar to how a library arranges or orders their books on the shelves. The system was invented by the American Mathematical Society based on two major mathematical publishers: Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH. The MSC system is used by many journals of mathematics which ask authors to list the MSC subject codes in their papers when submitted for publication.

The 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification is as follows:

* 00 General and overarching topics; collections
* 01 History and biography
* 03 Mathematical logic and foundations
* 05 Combinatorics
* 06 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures
* 08 General algebraic systems
* 11 Number theory
* 12 Field theory and polynomials
* 13 Commutative algebra
* 14 Algebraic geometry
* 15 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory
* 16 Associative rings and algebras
* 17 Nonassociative rings and algebras
* 18 Category theory; homological algebra
* 19 K-theory
* 20 Group theory and generalizations
* 22 Topological groups, Lie groups
* 26 Real functions
* 28 Measure and integration
* 30 Functions of a complex variable
* 31 Potential theory
* 32 Several complex variables and analytic spaces
* 33 Special functions
* 34 Ordinary differential equations
* 35 Partial differential equations
* 37 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory
* 39 Difference and functional equations
* 40 Sequences, series, summability
* 41 Approximations and expansions
* 42 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces
* 43 Abstract harmonic analysis
* 44 Integral transforms, operational calculus
* 45 Integral equations
* 46 Functional analysis
* 47 Operator theory
* 49 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization
* 51 Geometry
* 52 Convex and discrete geometry
* 53 Differential geometry
* 54 General topology
* 55 Algebraic topology
* 57 Manifolds and cell complexes
* 58 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds
* 60 Probability theory and stochastic processes
* 62 Statistics
* 65 Numerical analysis
* 68 Computer science
* 70 Mechanics of particles and systems
* 74 Mechanics of deformable solids
* 76 Fluid mechanics
* 78 Optics, electromagnetic theory
* 80 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer
* 81 Quantum theory
* 82 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter
* 83 Relativity and gravitational theory
* 85 Astronomy and astrophysics
* 86 Geophysics
* 90 Operations research, mathematical programming
* 91 Game theory, economics, social and behavioral sciences
* 92 Biology and other natural sciences
* 93 Systems theory; control
* 94 Information and communication, circuits
* 97 Mathematics education

## References
## Other websites
*Mathematics Subject Classification 2010
Make It or Break It

***Make It Or Break It*** is an ABC Family drama. It is set in Boulder, Colorado. It is about the sport of gymnastics, where elite gymnasts try to make it to the 2012 Summer Olympics while trying to follow the rules.

## Characters 
### Gymnasts 
* **Emily Kmetko** (played by ** Chelsea Hobbs **) is the daughter of Chloe Kmetko and half-sister of Brian Kmetko. She is a hopeful gymnast who came from Fresno, California before she came to the Rocky Gymnastics Institute on a scholarship. She has trouble fitting in and is a very secretive person.
* **Kaylie Cruz** (played by **Josie Loren**) is the daughter of Ronnie and Alex Cruz and the national champion. She seems like a mediocre gymnast who is more set on being a "normal teenager." She secretly dates Carter Anderson, a male gymnast at "The Rock," but she breaks up with him to focus on Nationals. She is very sweet-hearted and a little insecure.
* **Lauren Tanner** (played by **Cassie Scerbo**), is the daughter of Steve Tanner. She is a good but  gymnast who lets her emotions affect her performance. She is often very vengeful and mean.
* **Payson Keeler** (played by **Ayla Kell**), the daughter of Becca and Mark Keeler, was the Rock's top gymnast. She is very competitive and confident. However, a back infection forced her to retire from the sport.

## Other websites 
*
Guernica (Picasso)

***Guernica*** is a world-famous painting by Pablo Picasso. It is one of the world's greatest anti-war paintings. It is a very large painting (a mural) which shows the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.

The Spanish Republican government asked Pablo Picasso to paint a large mural for an art exhibition in Paris. It shows how people, as well as animals, all suffer because of the tragedies of war. The painting soon became so famous that it was seen as a world symbol for peace. The fame of the painting helped to bring the Spanish Civil War to an end.

*Guernica* is navy blue, black and white, 3.5 metre (11&nbsp;ft) tall and 7.8 metre (25.6&nbsp;ft) wide, a mural-size canvas painted in oil. It hangs in the Museo Reina Sofía in Madrid. 

## Description of the painting 
*Guernica* shows a large, open room with people and animals who are suffering. A bull stands over a woman crying over a dead child in her arms. A horse falls in terrible pain as it dies after being run through with a spear. A dead soldier lies under the horse, his arm has been chopped off, but the hand grasps a shattered sword from which a flower grows. A light bulb shines strongly like an evil eye (the Spanish word for "light bulb" is "bombilla" which sounds like "bomb"). A female figure floats in, holding a lamp which is a symbol of hope. There are many other smaller details in the painting.

## History of the painting 
The painting soon travelled to many countries. It was seen in several towns in the United States during the 1940s and early 1950s. The Spanish dictator Francisco Franco wanted it to come to Spain, but Picasso said that he would not allow it to go to Spain until Spain became a democratic country. Picasso died in 1973. Franco died in 1975 and Spain became a democratic country. The painting went to Spain in 1981 and it now hangs in an art gallery, the Museo Reina Sofía, in Madrid.  

## Other websites 
* Image of the painting
Guernica (town)

**Guernica** (pronounce: "GHER-nee-kah") is a town in Spain. It is in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country. The town of Guernica belongs to the same municipality as the near town of Luno ("Lumo" in Basque), **Gernika-Lumo**. The population of the whole municipality is 15,571 (2004).

Guernica is known internationally because it was bombed by the Nazis in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. Pablo Picasso painted a huge anti-war painting called Guernica which is world-famous.

## Other websites 
* Official site
Flat Earth Society

of the Flat Earth Society]]
The **Flat Earth Society** (or the **International Flat Earth Research Society**) is an organization claiming that the Earth is flat. It was started by Samuel Shenton in 1956.  Charles K. Johnson was the leader and made his home the organization's base. The Flat Earth Society has its headquarters in the small town of Cúllar Vega, Andalusia, Spain since 2002.

Some people say that various international space organisations proved that the Earth is not flat by taking pictures of the planet from space. Others say the round Earth was proven long before those existed. The Society says the pictures are fake, and that the goverment and space organisations like NASA is a part of a conspiracy.

## Related pages
* Flat Earth 

* Nicolaus Copernicus

## websites 
not true

* One of the associations calling itself the original Flat Earth Society
Al Wasl SC

**Al Wasl Sports Club** () is a sports club in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates. It is best known for its football team.
Guernica (disambiguation)

**Guernica** could mean:
* Guernica (painting), a painting by Pablo Picasso
* Guernica (town), a town in Spain
Watch the Ride

***Watch the Ride*** is a compilation album made by Zinc and released by Harmless in 2007.

## Track listing 
## Personnel 
### Musicians 
* Zinc - Mixed By
* Dynamite MC - Vocals
* Eksman - Vocals
* Stamina - Vocals
### Production 
* Zinc - Compiled By, Producer
* Gavin Fraser - Project Co-ordinator

## Other websites 
* Watch the Ride on MySpace
* Watch the Ride on Discogs
Nagoya University of Foreign Studies

The **Nagoya University of Foreign Studies** is in Nisshin, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. it started in 1988. It mainly teachs languages, but also has a strong emphasis on Japanese culture. It has 4 main schools:
# Japanese Language Institute
# Graduate School
# School of Foreign Languages
# School of Contemporary International Studies

## Other websites
* Nagoya Universtity of Foreign Studies website 

## References
Med Hondo

**Med Hondo** (born **Mohamed Abid Hondo**, 4 May 1936 – 2 March 2019) was a Mauritanian movie director, producer, screenwriter, actor and voice actor. 
## Biography 
He moved to France in 1959 and began to work in movies during the 1960s. In 1967, critics praised for the first movie he directed, *Soleil O*. It won a Golden Leopard Award at the Locarno International Film Festival in Italy. When American movies are dubbed into French, Hondo often plays the French version of a character. For example, he played the French version of Eddie Murphy's character Donkey in *Shrek*.

Hondo died in Paris on 2 March 2019, aged 82.
## Filmography
### Director
*1967: *Soleil O*
*1974: ''Les 'bicots-Nègres' vos voisins* (*Arabs and Niggers, Your Neighbours*)
*1975: *Sahel la faim pourquoi*
*1979: *West Indies*
*1986: *Sarraounia*
*1994: *Lumière noire* (*Black Light*)
*1998: *Watani, un monde sans mal*
*2004: *Fatima, l'Algérienne de Dakar*

### Actor
*1964: *Les verts pâturages*
*1965: *Bob Morane* as Notomi (television series; two episodes)
*1965: *Belphégor* as Gaillac (television series)
*1965: *Seule à Paris* (television series)
*1966: *Retour à Bacoli* as Un tirailleur (television series)
*1967: *Un homme de trop* as Florent
*1968: *Tante Zita* as James
*1969: *A Walk with Love and Death* as Entertainer
*1974: *Aux frontières du possible* as doctor Sosian Cisse (television series)
*1975: *Jo Gaillard* as Carlos (television series)
*1977: *The Ambassadors* as Med
*1989–1991: *Commissaire Moulin* as Max (television series; three episodes)
*1990: *1871* as Karl Marx
*1997: *La divine poursuite* as the pilot
*2000: *Antilles sur Seine* as Horace
*2003: *Funky Cops* as Ace (television series; voice)
*2006: *Asterix and the Vikings* as pirate lookout (voice)
*2006: *Incontrôlable* as Rex (voice)

### Dubbing
*1982: *Gandhi'' as Ben Kingsley's Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
*1984: *Best Defense* as Eddie Murphy's Lieutenant T.M. Landry
*1994: *The Lion King* as Rafiki
*1995: *Se7en* as Morgan Freeman's Detective Lt. William Somerset
*1996: *The Nutty Professor* as Eddie Murphy's Sherman Klump
*2001: *Samurai Jack* as Aku
*2001: *Shrek* as Eddie Murphy's Donkey
*2003: *Xiaolin Showdown* as Dojo
*2004: *Shrek 2* as Donkey
*2007: *Shrek the Third* as Donkey
*2010: *Shrek Forever After* as Donkey

## References

## Other websites
*
*
Happy Hardcore

**Happy Hardcore** is a type of dance music. It has a very fast tempo (usually around 160–180 BPM). It also normally has solo vocals. It usually features various melodies and basslines which keep playing until the song ends.

## Artists, DJs and producers 
* Breeze
* Darren Styles
* Dougal
* Gammer
* Hixxy
* Scott Brown
* Sy
* S3RL
* Joost Klein
List of vice presidents of the United States

]]
This is a list of people who have served as vice president of the United States. As of 2025, there have been 50 vice presidents. JD Vance has served as the 50th and current vice president since 2025.

If a president dies, resigns, or is removed from office, the vice president becomes president. Eight vice presidents have become president through the president's death (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson); Gerald Ford is the only vice president to become president through the president's resignation. Spiro Agnew is the only vice president to resign. Two vice presidents, Gerald Ford and Nelson Rockefeller, were appointed by the president. Three vice presidents have temporarily served as acting president when the president was unavailable: George H. W. Bush on July 13, 1985; Dick Cheney on June 29, 2002 and on July 21, 2007; and Kamala Harris on November 19, 2021.

The youngest person to become vice president was John C. Breckinridge at 36 years old; the oldest was Alben W. Barkley at 71 years old. Two vice presidents, George Clinton and John C. Calhoun, served under more than one president. Six vice presidents (John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush, and Joe Biden) were later elected president. Charles Curtis was the first vice president of color. Kamala Harris was the first female vice president.

## List of vice presidents
## Related pages 
* List of presidents of the United States
* List of first ladies of the United States
* List of second ladies and gentlemen of the United States

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* Vice presidents of the United States. CNN. July 22, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
* Mark O. Hatfield, et al.; edited by Wendy Wolff (1997). Vice Presidents of the United States 1789–1993. U.S. Senate Historical Office. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington.
John Birmingham

**John Birmingham** (August 7, 1964) is an Australian writer. His book, *He Died With A Falafel In His Hand* was made into a movie in 2001.

## Early life
Birmingham was born in Liverpool, England in 1964. He came to Australia with his family in 1970 and settled in Ipswich, Queensland. His first book written in 1994, *He Died With A Falafel In His Hand*, was about his experiences sharing a house with other people.

## Books
His other books are *The Tasmanian Babes Fiasco* (1997), *Leviathan: the unauthorised biography of Sydney* (1999), ''Off One's Tits* (2002) and *Without Warning'' (2008).

## References
Discogs

**Discogs** is a website and database of information about record label releases and recordings. Discogs is owned by Zink Media, Inc. in Portland, Oregon, United States. It is believed to be the largest online database of releases on vinyl, but Discogs began by concentrating on issues of electronic music becoming one of the largest online databases in that field.

## History 
The discogs.com domain name was registered in August 2000. Discogs was released in October 2000 by Kevin Lewandowski. It started as a database of his personal music collection. The name of the site is short for discographies.

## Contribution system 
The information on Discogs comes from members of the website.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Website
* http://www.discogdefine.com/category/definition – Discogs issues/bugs and features requests. 
* Discogs wiki  – Discogs wiki site.
Log cabin

's cabin]]
A **log cabin** or **log home** is a house built from wooden logs.  They were first built in Norway, but are usually associated with woody areas of the United States, and especially with pioneer culture.edit  Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin, and that is the basis for the toy "Lincoln Logs".  Log cabins have also been a symbol in American politics, as some Presidents said they were born in log cabins to make them seem closer to the people. Today's log cabins typically have all the conveniences of other modern homes. Log cabin "kits" are now available and log cabins make great vacation homes. "   A group of Republicans who dislike some of the stands of the Republican Party call themselves "Log Cabin Republicans"..

## Related pages
* Cottage

## References
Sarah Thyre

**Sarah Christine Thyre** (born July 9, 1968) is an American actress and writer. She is  best known for her role as Mary Frances Gibbons on *The Mighty B!*. She was married to Andy Richter.

## References
Pitcher plant

, the *Nepenthes*, grow pitchers from the ends of the leaves]]
, the *Sarracenia*, grow pitchers up from the roots]]

A **pitcher plant** is a carnivorous plant (an insectivorous plant). Carnivorous plants are plants which eat insects and other small animals. Carnivorous plants grow in soil which has little nitrogen. All living things must have nitrogen. Carnivorous plants get their nitrogen from the insects they eat. They are adapted to areas with little nitrogen in the soil.

The pitcher of the pitcher plant is actually a modified leaf. The apex of the leaf is always the lid. Pitcher plants catch (get) insects in a cup of liquid. The walls of the cup make nectar (sweet liquid). The nectar attracts insects. When an insect lands on the wall, it falls down into the liquid. The insect cannot get out of the cup because the walls are smooth and slippery and the walls have hairs pointing down. 

After the insect is dead, its body rots. Rotting releases (lets loose) the nitrogen from the insect's body. The nitrogen then goes into the liquid and the plant takes in the nitrogen from the liquid.

## References
Fried Green Tomatoes (movie)

***Fried Green Tomatoes*** is a 1991 American drama movie directed by Jon Avnet. It is set in 1920s and 1980s Birmingham, Alabama and is based on a novel by Fannie Flagg called *Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe*. The movie stars Kathy Bates, Jessica Tandy, Mary-Louise Parker and Mary Stuart Masterson.

## Plot
In Birmingham, Alabama, a woman called Evelyn goes to a nursing home to visit her mother-in-law and meets an elderly woman called Ninny. They become friends. Ninny tells Evelyn stories about when she was younger, and about the people she used to know. In particular, she tells Evelyn about two young women, Idgie and Ruth.

In Ninny's stories, Idgie and Ruth are friends who run a café together and raise Ruth's son Buddy. Ruth has separated from her husband Frank because he used to hit her. One day, Frank goes missing and the police begin to think that Idgie has killed him.

Ninny tells Evelyn her stories over several visits. During that time, Evelyn, who was depressed,  is inspired by Ruth and Idgie to have more power in her life. In the end, Ninny goes to live with Evelyn and her husband. There is a hint that Ninny and Idgie might be the same person.

## Cast
* Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch
* Mary Stuart Masterson as Idgie Threadgoode
* Mary-Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison
* Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode
* Cicely Tyson as Sipsey
* Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode
* Stan Shaw as Big George
* Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch
* Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome
* Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore
* Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode
* Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode

## Differences from the novel
There are some differences between the movie and the novel it was made from. In the novel, Idgie and Ruth are a lesbian couple. In the movie they may be just friends. The director, John Avnet said that he wanted viewers to make up their own minds. In one part of the movie, Idgie and Ruth have a food fight. Avnet said that the food fight is symbolic of love-making. When it was released, some critics and LGBT activists were angry that the lesbian part of the story had been "glossed over". Even though the lesbian content had been hidden, the movie won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) for best feature movie with lesbian content.

Another difference is that at the end of the movie, it seems possible that Ninny is really Idgie. In the novel, they are completely separate characters and are sisters-in-law.

## Reception
The movie was nominated for two Academy Awards and two BAFTA awards.

## References

## Other websites
*
Jude the Apostle

Saint **Jude the Apostle** was a brother of Jesus. He was also called **Jude of James** and **Jude Thaddeus**. He is the patron saint of Armenia, along with Saint Bartholemew. He is also the patron saint of lost causes and desperate situations.

St. Jude was martyred (killed for his beliefs) with another apostle, Simon the Zealot in Beirut, Lebanon, around AD 66 by an axe.  In the Roman Catholic church, Jude and Simon's feast day is celebrated on 28 October.

## References
Basmati

**Basmati rice** (pronounced ['bɑːsmət̪iː]) is a kind of long-grain rice. It is known for its fragrance and its flavour. The biggest producers of Basmati rice are India and Pakistan, it is mainly grown in Punjab. The main method of growing it is paddy field farming, that is to say fields that are put under water.

The grains of basmati rice are longer than most other types of rice. Cooked grains of Basmati rice are characteristically free flowing rather than sticky. This is a characteristic of most long-grain rice. Cooked basmati rice can be uniquely identified by its fragrance. Basmati rice is available in two varieties - white and brown.

Basmati rice is also considered useful to make biriyani in most Asian countries and also to make yellow rice.

## References
Race condition

A **Race condition** (also called **race hazard**) is a problem with the design of a system. With a race condition, the result of a calculation or the behaviour of the system as a whole is dependent on how long a certain calculation takes, or when it is started. Race conditions occur in logic circuits and computer software, especially with multi-threaded or distributed systems.

## Example
It is often difficult to explain what a race condition is, but the metaphor of a horse race can be used as an explanation.

A computer program is like a horse race. The computer program does several things at the same time, similarly to how several horses run at the same time in a horse race. Each horse represents what is usually called a *thread of execution*. That way, one such thread may handle network communication, another one may be responsible for redrawing the user interface. In the case of a race condition, the application works properly if a given horse *wins the race*. For example, the application may work if horse number five wins, but it will crash if any other horse wins the race. One solution to the problem is to use synchronization. This is like several jockeys teaming up, to make sure horse number five is ahead. 

On different computers, or in different situations, computers programs can run at different speeds. Sometimes, they will be faster, other times slower. This may mean that on some systems, the race condition will never show up, even though it may be easy to show it on others. Race conditions can be difficult to find. Bugs caused by race conditions are a frequent source of frustration within the profession of software development.
Misty (Pokémon)

**Misty**, also known as  in Japan, is a fictional character from Pokémon video games. In the video game, she is the Gym Leader of Cerulean City specializing in water-type Pokemon. While in the anime she became Ash Ketchum and Brock traveling companion for the first five seasons.

## Design
Misty character was designed by Ken Sugimori and Atsuko Nishida for the video game series. In the anime she was designed by Sayuri Ichishi.

Misty's voice actor for Japanese is Mayumi Iizuka. As for English, it is Rachael Lillis from seasons 1-8 and Michele Knotz from movie *The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon* until now.

## Appearance
### Video games
Misty appears in *Pokémon Red*, *Blue*, *Yellow*, * FireRed* and *LeafGreen*, *Pokémon Gold*, *Silver*, *Crystal*, *Pokémon HeartGold* and *SoulSilver* and ''Pokemon: Let's Go, Pikachu!* and *Let's Go, Eevee!* as the Gym Leader from Cerulean City by specializing in water-type Pokémon. She also appears as a trophy in *Super Smash Bros. Melee* and as a Gym Leader in the *Pokémon Puzzle League*.

Misty, as well as most of the gym leaders in Pokémon games, reappears in *Pokémon Black 2 and White 2'' as part of the Pokémon World Tournament.

### Anime
Misty is a stubborn tomboy who loves water-type Pokémon and has three siblings, Daisy, Lily and Violet. She follows Ash Ketchum in hopes of seeking compensation for her bicycle which was scorched by Pikachu's electric attack while holding a bunch of wild Spearows that were about to attack Ash. Then after seeing Ash's determination, Misty chose to be his friend and mentor. Together with Brock, Misty becomes Ash's traveling companion in Kanto, the Orange Islands and Johto. Ash then keeps his promise to give Misty a new bike at the end of the Johto League Silver Conference. After that, Misty returned to Cerulean City to return to managing the gym she had left.

### Printed adaptation
Misty appears in manga series *Electric Tale of Pikachu*, loosely based on Misty who appeared in the anime. She also appears in *Pokémon Adventures* with an appearance similar to that in the video game version.

## Reception
Misty is described as a 'mother' figure and a 'nurturing component' in the anime by the book "The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture". Although on the other hand she also described as a character who is easily emotional with explosive anger.

## References
Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation

The **Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation** (**GLAAD**) is an American group that works to make sure that LGBT are not made to look bad in the media, and works so that the public are more accepting of LGBT people. It was founded in 1985 in New York City  after there were a lot of negative reports about LGBT people, after the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. GLAAD’s policies are meant to stop prejudice and fight against anti-LGBT hate.

## History
The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation was started in 1985 in New York City. After the start of the AIDS epidemic, several newspapers, like the *New York Post* wrote reports that some people thought were homophobic and unfair. The Alliance was founded to protest against such negative coverage in the media.

Because of this, a group of people decided to band together and begin a group to change things. They were Vito Russo, Gregory Kolovakos, Darryl Rist, Allen Barnett and Jewelle Gomez. They named their group the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. At first they were more concerned with changing the way that stories about AIDS were reported to the public. As the group grew, they began to work with people in the entertainment industry to change the way that gay and lesbian people were made to look on films and on television.

## GLAAD Media Awards
Every year, GLAAD hosts a ceremony where GLAAD Media Awards are given to people in the media and in entertainment that have represented LGBT people and issues fairly. Since 2009, there have been three ceremonies every year, one each in New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.

## References

## Other websites
*
Hypotension

**Hypotension** is low blood pressure.  A person with low blood pressure is called **hypotensive**.

Everybody's blood pressure is different within a range. Some people have naturally low blood pressure.  However, for most adults, a systolic blood pressure of under 90, or a diastolic blood pressure of under 60, is low blood pressure.  (Systolic is the top number in a blood pressure reading; diastolic is the bottom number.)

## Symptoms
Low blood pressure is not always dangerous.  However, it can be dangerous, such as if it causes any of these symptoms:

* Feeling dizzy
* Fainting (this is called syncope)
* If the blood pressure gets even lower, or the person faints, when they stand up (this is called orthostasis or orthostatic hypotension).  This means that the blood pressure is so low that it cannot get blood to the brain when the person is standing up.
* Pale, cold, clammy skin (this is called diaphoresis).  This is a sign that the body is in trouble, and is using its natural defense strategies to try to fix a problem.
* Being unable to think or focus on something
* Nausea
* Feeling tired or depressed
* Feeling very thirsty (this happens when low blood pressure is caused by dehydration, meaning the person has not drunk enough fluids.  The body senses this and gets thirsty so the person will drink more)
* Quick, shallow breathing (this is a sign that the body is not getting enough blood and oxygen, and is trying to take in more oxygen by breathing faster)

## What problems can low blood pressure cause? 
If low blood pressure makes a person faint, the person could hurt themselves while falling.

### Medical treatment 
Doctors can treat hypotension by treating whatever is causing the low blood pressure.  Sometimes, low blood pressure is caused by dehydration. This can be treated by having the patient eat more salt, drink more fluids, or (in serious cases) get fluids through a needle placed into a vein.

Call your provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms:

* Black or maroon stools
* Chest pain
* Dizziness, lightheadedness
* Fainting
* Fever higher than 101°F (38.3°C)
* Irregular heartbeat
* Shortness of breath

Information from https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure#:~:text=If%20low%20blood%20pressure%20causes,has%20no%20pulse%2C%20begin%20CPR.(https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/low-blood-pressure#:~:text=If%20low%20blood%20pressure%20causes,has%20no%20pulse%2C%20begin%20CPR.) 

## Related pages
*Blood pressure
*Hypertension (high blood pressure)
*Blood sugar levels

## References
Ischemic colitis

**Ischemic colitis** (also called **Colonic ischemia**), also spelled **ischaemic colitis**, is a medical condition in which inflammation and injury cause an inadequite blood supply to the large instestine. It occurs more often in older people. 

More than 90% of cases occur in people over the age of 60. Ischemic colitis is the most common form of bowel ischemia.

## Symptoms
*Abdominal pain
*Lower digestive bleeding
*Diarrhea
*Fever higher than 100.4°F (38°C)
*Vomiting

## Treatment
Most cases of ischemic colitis are mild and will get better on their own. IV fluids are givin to patients to treat dehydration. Patients are also told not to eat or drink anything until the symptoms get better. Severe ischemic colitis that leads to gangrene can be treated with antibiotics and surgery. 

## Related pages
*Mesenteric ischemia

## References
Don Carlos (disambiguation)

**Don Carlos** is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi, also known as **Don Carlo**.

**Don Carlos** or **Don Carlo** may also refer to:

;People
* Carlo Gesualdo (1566–1613), also known as Don Carlo Gesualdo, Italian music composer, murderer
* Don Carlos (basketball), American basketball player
* Carlos, Prince of Asturias (1545–1568)
* Don Carlos (1788–1855), Infante Carlos, Count of Molina
* Don Carlos Hugo (born 1930), Carlos Hugo of Bourbon, Duke of Parma
* Don Carlos (musician) (fl. late 20th century), Jamaican singer
* Don Carlos Smith, brother of Latter Day Saint leader Joseph Smith, Jr.

;Other
**Don Carlos* (play), historical tragedy by Friedrich Schiller
*Don Carlos, Bukidnon, Philippine municipality
*Don Carlos (*Miracle Giants Dome-kun*), fictional character from *Miracle Giants Dome-kun* anime
Carlos, Prince of Asturias

**Carlos, Prince of Asturias**, also known as **Don Carlos** (8 July 1545 &ndash; 24 July 1568), was the oldest son of King Philip II of Spain. He was heir apparent to the throne. His mother was Maria Manuela of Portugal. She was the daughter of John III of Portugal. 

Carlos went mad and so his father put him in prison in early 1568.  Carlos died after half a year of solitary confinement. His sad fate became a theme for a play by Friedrich Schiller and an opera by Giuseppe Verdi.
Gloria Stuart

**Gloria Frances Stewart** (July 4, 1910 – September 26, 2010) also known as **Gloria Stuart**, was an American actress. She was one of the actors who set up the Screen Actors Guild. She became famous again when she had a part in the 1997 movie *Titanic*.

## References
Spanish Inquisition

The **Spanish** **Inquisition** or **Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition** was a tribunal formed in 1478 in Spain. Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile requested a Papal bull to create the tribunal, with the assistance of Tomás de Torquemada.  

During the Spanish Inquisition, many people were burnt to death in front of crowds on the streets. Using infamously brutal means, the Spanish Inquisition stabilized power in the monarchy of the newly unified Spanish kingdom.

## Background
 at stakes (*auto-da-fé*) in a marketplace during the Spanish Inquisition.]]The rulers of Spain asked the Pope to start the Inquisition to hunt for Jews who converted to Catholic Christianity but were accused (often falsely) of being disloyal to their Christian faith. The RCC also denied that most trials were carried out by Catholic courts, Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.

## Related pages
* Supersessionism
* Antisemitism in Europe

## References
George B. McClellan

**George Brinton McClellan** (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was a Major general in Union army during the American Civil War.  In 1861 and 1862, he was in charge of the Army of the Potomac.  He led the Peninsula Campaign, an attempt to take Richmond, Virginia that didn't work.  Though he won the Battle of Antietam, he did not get along with President Abraham Lincoln, who fired him.  After he stopped being a general, he became a politician, and ran against Lincoln in the 1864 election.  He was later Governor of New Jersey, though he was originally from Pennsylvania.  He was also a prominent engineer, and was offered the job as President of the University of California.

He was seen as slow and thought all his fights through, training his soldiers very long. He was too slow acting for Abraham Lincoln's taste, who fired him several times. Mrs. Lincoln despised him greatly, therefore an influence of Mr. Lincoln's decision.

## References
Antidepressant

, an SSRI antidepressant ]]
An **antidepressant** is a type of medication that is made to treat people with mood disorders including depression (major depressive disorder), and people with anxiety disorders. Some people take antidepressants to lower their sex drive and treat premature ejaculation.

There are different types of antidepressant, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). 

Antidepressants have also been used to treat the following: 

* obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic attacks
* anxieties and phobias, including post-traumatic stress disorder
* eating disorders, chronic pain, and different withdrawal syndromes
* sleep disorders, including premenstrual syndrome

## References
Jesse Helms

**Jesse Helms** (October 18, 1921 - July 4, 2008) was a Senator from North Carolina. He was also the longest serving senator from that state, serving five terms. He opposed school integration, the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act, interracial marriage, civil rights, feminism, gay rights, disability rights, affirmative action, tax increases, abortion, the United Nations, foreign aid, communism, and giving government money to art that had nudity in it. This gave him the nickname 'Senator No'.  He and Strom Thurmond were leaders of the extreme conservatives (people who believe very strongly in right-wing beliefs).  Before being a Senator, he was a writer.

## Death
He had many problems with his health, including prostate cancer and Paget's disease. He remained in poor health after retirement. He began to have failing memory and confusion. At last, he was moved to a nursing home near his home in Raleigh, North Carolina On July 4, 2008, Helms died of vascular dementia at the age of 86.  He is buried in Historic Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh, North Carolina.

## References
Mary-Louise Parker

**Mary-Louise Parker** (born August 2, 1967) is an American television and movie actress.
## Early life
Parker was born in 1967 in Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Her mother was Swedish and her father was a judge and served in the United States Army. They lived in Thailand where she attended the International School Bangkok. Parker studied drama at the North Carolina School of the Arts. Her first job in television was a small part on the soap opera ''Ryan's Hope* in 1975. In the late 1980s, she moved to New York, where she got a job measuring feet at ECCO (a shoe shop). After a few small roles, she had her first part in a Broadway play in 1990. The play was called *Prelude to a Kiss* and she played the main character called Rita. She won the Clarence Derwent Award for this play and was nominated for a Tony Award. Parker dated her co-star Timothy Hutton for a short time. 

That same year, Parker was noticed by critics when she appeared in a movie called *Longtime Companion''. It was one of the first movies about AIDS. After that, she acted in 1991's *Grand Canyon*, which also starred Mary McDonnell, Danny Glover, Alfre Woodard and Kevin Kline. Parker's next film was *Fried Green Tomatoes*, with Jessica Tandy, Mary Stuart Masterson, Kathy Bates and Cicely Tyson.

## Movies
*1990: *Longtime Companion* as Lisa
*1991: *Grand Canyon* as Dee
*1991: *Fried Green Tomatoes* as Ruth Jamison
*1993: *Mr. Wonderful* as Rita
*1994: *The Client* as Dianne Sway
*1994: *Bullets Over Broadway* as Ellen
*1995: *Boys on the Side*
*1996: *The Portrait of a Lady* as Henrietta Stackpole
*1998: *Goodbye Lover* as Peggy Blane
*1999: *Let the Devil Wear Black* as Julia Hirsch
*2002: *Red Dragon* as Molly Graham
*2004: *Saved!* as Lillian
*2005: *Romance & Cigarettes* as Constance
*2007: *The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford* as Zee James
*2008: *The Spiderwick Chronicles* as Helen Grace
*2009: *Solitary Man* as Jordan

## Television
*1975: ''Ryan's Hope*
*2001–2006: *The West Wing* as Amy Gardner (23 episodes)
*2003: *Angels in America* as Harper Pitt (six episodes)
*2005–2009: *Weeds'' as Nancy Botwin (61 episodes)

## References

## Other websites
*
Don Carlos (play)

***Don Carlos*** () is a historical tragedy in five acts by Friedrich Schiller. It was written between 1783 and 1787. The main person in the play is Carlos, Prince of Asturias.

The play is about historical events in the 16th century under the reign of king Philip II of Spain.

The play was very different from the earlier ones that Schiller had written.  It was written in iambic verse.  It is a story about intrigue and misunderstanding.

In the play, Don Carlos loves his father's wife Elisabeth.  The queen's lady-in-waiting Eboli loves Carlos.  In the end, the Inquisition deliver a death sentence on Carlos.

Several operas have been composed on the basis of the play, including *Don Carlos* (also known as *Don Carlo*) by Giuseppe Verdi.
Mozilla Add-ons

**Mozilla Add-ons** is the official Mozilla website to store add-ons for Mozilla software. This software includes Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, SeaMonkey, and Mozilla Sunbird.

These add-ons include extensions, themes, dictionaries, search bar "search engines", and plugins.

## History 
Mozilla Update (UMO, update.mozilla.org) is the oldest name of Mozilla Add-ons. AMO is a non-official name for Mozilla Add-ons today.

## Structure 
Add-on developers are thousands of volunteers. Not Mozilla employees. After an upload, add-ons are reviewed. If accurate, they're published.

## References
Vladimir Vysotsky

made a stamp of Vladimir Vysotsky in 1999]]

**Vladimir Semyonovich Vysotsky** (January 25, 1938 – July 25, 1980) was an iconic Soviet-Russian singer, songwriter, poet, and actor. He was a Jewish and Russian. His career had an large and lasting effect on Russian culture. 

Vladimir Vysotsky had many talents and is often described by the word "bard" (*бард*). This word had a special meaning in the Soviet Union. Vysotsky was never happy about this. He thought of himself as an actor and writer. His work was largely ignored by the official Soviet cultural establishment. He had remarkable fame during his lifetime. Today, many of Russia's popular musicians and actors try to be like him.

Vysotsky died in Moscow of a heart attack, aged 42.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Songs of Vladimir Vysotsky translated into different languages
Tomoaki Kuno

**Tomoaki Kuno** (born 25 September 1973) is a Japanese professional athlete  He is best known as an football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996||Fujitsu Kawasaki||Football League||7||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="9"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="2"|Football League||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|1998||28||3||3||0||4||0||35||3
|-
|1999||J. League 2||35||8||4||0||2||0||41||8
|-
|2000||J. League 1||28||1||1||0||8||1||37||2
|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||42||1||5||2||4||0||51||3
|-
|2002||24||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||24||1
|-
|2003||16||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2004||32||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||35||2
|-
|2005||J. League 1||17||0||1||0||2||0||20||0
232||15||21||1||20||1||273||17
232||15||21||1||20||1||273||17
|}

## References
Ricardo Oliveira

**Ricardo José Dognella Lima de Oliveira**; born 6 May 1980) is a Brazilian professional footballer. He plays as a striker for Coritiba Foot Ball Club.

## Club career statistics
## International career statistics
### International goals
 (Brazil score listed first, score column indicates score after each Oliveira goal)

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Gobi Desert

The **Gobi** (; , Govi , "semidesert"; ) is a desert in Mongolia and China. It is the largest desert in Asia, and the sixth largest in the world.

The Gobi is a rain shadow desert, caused by the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas shielding it from rain.

The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altai Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north, by the Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to the southwest, and by the North China Plain to the southeast. The Gobi is made up of several pieces of geological and geographic regions. 

This desert is home to many animals, such as the Bactrian Camel, Pit Viper, Mongolian wild ass, Gobi Bear and even Snow Leopards. There is also many types of wild sheep and goats around the desert. The most common vegetation is the gray sparrows saltwort, grey sagebrush and short grasses. 

## Climate 
The Gobi is a high plateau with daily and seasonal extremes of temperature.

## References 
* Owen Lattimore. (1973) "Return to China's Northern Frontier." *The Geographical Journal*, Vol. 139, No. 2 (Jun., 1973), pp.&nbsp;233–242.

## Further reading 

* Cable, Mildred and French, Francesca (1943) *The Gobi Desert* London. Landsborough Publications
* Man, John (1997) *Gobi: Tracking the Desert* Yale University Press, New Haven, 
* Stewart, Stanley (2001) *In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads* Harper Collins *Publishers*, London, .
* Thay'er, Helen (2007) *Walking the Gobi: 1,600 Mile-trek Across a Desert of Hope and Despair* Mountaineer Books, Seattle, WA, 
* Young husband, Francis (1904) *The Heart of a Continent* John Murray

## Other websites
Tatsunori Arai

**Tatsunori Arai** (born 22 December 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||5||2||1||0||3||0||9||2
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||35||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||35||3
|-
|2004||27||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||3
|-
|2004||Shizuoka||Regional Leagues||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||||
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||39||17||1||1||colspan="2"|-||40||18
|-
|2006||36||23||1||0||colspan="2"|-||37||23
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||25||5||1||0||5||0||31||5
|-
|2008||23||3||1||0||5||2||29||5
|-
|2009||24||2||3||1||4||1||31||4
|-
|2010||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
199||56||7||2||15||3||221||61
199||56||7||2||15||3||221||61
|}

## References
Atsuhiko Mori

**Atsuhiko Mori** (born 31 May 1972) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1991/91||All Nippon Airways||JSL Division 1||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="5"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||36||0||4||0||6||0||46||0
|-
|1994||37||0||2||0||1||0||40||0
|-
|1995||27||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|1996||7||0||0||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|1997||Consadole Sapporo||Football League||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
112||0||6||0||7||0||125||0
112||0||6||0||7||0||125||0
|}
Richard Lugar

**Richard Green Lugar** (April 4, 1932 – April 28, 2019) was an American politician. He served as a United States Senator from Indiana from 1977 to 2013. He was on the Foreign Relations Committee. Before becoming a Senator, he was mayor of Indianapolis. Lugar ran for an eighth term in 2012, but lost the Republican primary on May 8, 2012 to Richard Mourdock.

Lugar ran for President of the United States in 1996 but lost the Republican nomination to Bob Dole.

Lugar died on April 28, 2019 in Falls Church, Virginia, from problems caused by chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. He was 87.

## References
Rita Mae Brown

**Rita Mae Brown** (born November 28, 1944) is an American writer.  She is best known for her first novel *Rubyfruit Jungle*. It was published in 1973 and was a story about a young lesbian woman. At the time, it was quite unusual for novels to be about lesbian themes.  Brown is also a mystery writer and an Emmy-nominated screenwriter.

## Early life
Brown was born in Hanover, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Florida. In 2004 she was living outside Charlottesville, Virginia.

In the 1960s, Brown went to the University of Florida but transferred. She moved to New York and went to New York University, where she got a degree in classics and English. Later she got another degree in cinematography from the New York School of Visual Arts. She also got a doctorate in political science from the Institute for Policy Studies in Washington, D.C.

## Activism
In the 1960s, Brown started to get involved in politics. She became active in the American Civil Rights Movement, the anti-war movement, the Gay Liberation movement and the feminist movement. She helped start the Student Homophile League and claims to have participated in the Stonewall riots in New York City, along with Martha Shelley. Ms. Shelley states that she was not in the bar with Ms. Brown at the time, and was simply passing by the riots, thinking they were an antiwar demonstration. Brown joined the new National Organization for Women, but left in February 1970 when Betty Friedan said anti-gay things and the organization tried to distance itself from lesbian organizations.

In the 1970s, she became helped start The Furies Collective, a lesbian feminist newspaper collective which said that heterosexuality was the cause of all oppression.

She has said, "I don't believe in straight or gay. I really don't. I think we're all degrees of bisexual."

## Personal life
Brown is openly lesbian and has had relationships with tennis player Martina Navratilova, actress-writer Fannie Flagg, socialite Judy Nelson, and politician Elaine Noble. Brown enjoys American fox hunting and is master of her Fox Hunt Club.  She has also played polo, and started the women-only Blue Ridge Polo Club.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Tatsuya Furuhashi

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club career statistics
*Updated 1 January 2018*.

## References