open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dogs in Space

***Dogs in Space*** is a 1986 Australian drama movie about Melbourne's little band scene in 1978. It was directed by Richard Lowenstein. It starred Michael Hutchence as Sam, a drugged dazed singer of a band named Dogs in Space.

The story was from Lowenstein's personal experience of living in a shared house in Melbourne in the late 1970s. Lowenstein had already worked with Michael Hutchence making rock videos. He also produced video clips for songs from the INXS album *The Swing*. He wrote the lead role of Sam with Michael Hutchence in mind.

The character Sam is about a real member of a punk rock band that Lowenstein had lived with in the 1970s. The house in the movie was the one they had shared. It was rented from its new owners and changed back to its original condition for the movie.  The cost for the deconstruction of the house was part of the movie's budget.

Copies of *Dogs in Space* are being  by the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra.

The scenes cover the day-to-day lives of the characters, mainly the sexual relationship between Sam and Anna. There are many party scenes with live music and drug use. During quiet times, the housemates move the television outdoors into the street to watch it on sofas and eat junk food and drink beer. The group makes frequent trips to a convenience store to restock.

Footage of Sputnik 2 is intermittently seen in the movie (in tribute to the title: "Dogs in Space"). The footage mostly shows Laika, the first Soviet Union dog in space. These scenes can also be seen in the background when the television is playing. There are trips to many local pubs for live punk music.  In the end, the group's dangerous lifestyle costs a life of a loved one. Anna dies from a heroin overdose.

## Soundtrack album 
There was a punk rock soundtrack album released with the following songs and artists. The album and the later CD are both out of print. Rare copies sell well and fetch the asking price.

Side One:
# "Dog Food" (Iggy Pop)
# "Dogs In Space" (Michael Hutchence)
# "Win/Lose" (Ollie Olsen)
# "Anthrax" (Gang of Four)
# "Skysaw" (Brian Eno)
# "True Love" (Marching Girls)
# "Shivers" (Boys Next Door)
Side Two:
# "Diseases" (Thrush & the Cunts)
# "Pumping Ugly Muscle" (The Primitive Calculators)
# "Golf Course" (Michael Hutchence)
# "The Green Dragon" (Michael Hutchence)
# "Shivers" (Marie Hoy and friends)
# "Endless Sea" (Iggy Pop)
# "Rooms For The Memory" (Michael Hutchence)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* *Dogs in Space* at Allmovie
* Dogs in Space rewatched – Michael Hutchence in a couch-crashing classic
* Friday Dogs in Space, 30 years on – a once maligned film comes of age
* The Dogs in Space house (MichaelHutchence.com)
* Googlemap view of the Pelaco sign, from 18 Berry Street, Richmond, the Dogs in Space house
Rick and Morty

***Rick and Morty*** is an American animated television series created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon. It premiered on December 2, 2013 on Cartoon Network's late-night programming block, Adult Swim. Roiland voices the both main characters: Rick, a sort of abusive, and alcoholic, father, grandfather, and scientist, and Morty, Rick's grandson, with his iconic voiceline, "Don't even trip, dawg!" The series was announced during Adult Swim's 2012 Upfront presentation, and was picked up for 10 half-hour episodes; an additional episode was added mid-season for a total of eleven episodes. In January 2014, the series was renewed for a second season to air late 2014 or early 2015. In August 2015, Adult Swim renewed the series for a third season, containing 10 episodes, airing unannounced on April 1, 2017. It was renewed again when Adult Swim announced in May 2018 the release of that of the fourth season of the animated series Rick and Morty. As of December 17, 2023, 71 episodes of Rick and Morty have aired, concluding the seventh season. The eighth season is slated to be released on May 25, 2025.

## References
Justin Roiland

**Mark Justin Roiland** (born February 21, 1980) is an American actor, writer, television director and producer. He voiced Oscar in *Fish Hooks*, and the Earl of Lemongrab in *Adventure Time*. He is also the co-creator and executive producer of *Rick and Morty*, in which he voiced the two title characters Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith. Roiland voiced The Delicious One in the 2D-animated commercials of Wienerschnitzel.

In August 2020, Roiland was arrested for domestic battery and false imprisonment for an incident that happened in January 2020. He pled not guilty and was released on bail. After news of his arrest was made public, many people came forward to say that Roiland had abused and sexually harassed them and that he was also texting minors in a predatory way.

On January 24, 2023, Roiland was fired from *Rick & Morty* and his voice roles were recast. The charges against him were dropped in March 2023.

## References
## Other websites
*
Marvin Gay, Sr.

**Marvin Pentz Gay Sr.** (October 1, 1914 – October 10, 1998) was an American minister. He was the father of singers Marvin Gaye and Frankie Gaye. He was best known for shooting and killing his son on April 1, 1984, following an argument at their Los Angeles home. He was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. He was given a six-year suspended sentence and five years probation.

## References
Garrett Morgan

**Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr.** (March 4, 1877 &ndash; July 27, 1963) was an African-American inventor and community leader.

He is known for his inventions which included a type of protective respiratory hood (or gas mask), a traffic signal, and a hair-straightening chemical. He is also known for a heroic rescue in 1916 in which he and three others used the safety hood device he'd developed to save workers trapped within a water intake tunnel, fifty feet beneath Lake Erie.  He is also credited as the first African American in Cleveland, Ohio, to own an automobile.

## References
## Other websites
*The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History - Waterworks Disasters 
*Images from Morgan's patents
*
Mark Gil

**Raphael Mark John De Mesa Eigenmann** (25 September 1961 &ndash; 1 September 2014), better known by his stage name **Mark Gil**, was a Filipino actor. He appeared in the movie ''Batch '81* (1982). He also appeared in the ABS-CBN drama television series *The Legal Wife'', starring Angel Locsin. The series aired between January and June 2014.

Gil was born in Manila. His mother, actress Rosemarie Gil, was of Filipino and Spanish ancestry. His father, actor and singer Eddie Mesa, was of Swiss and German ancestry. He was married four times and had five children.

Gil died from liver cirrhosis on 1 September 2014 in Manila. He was 52.

## References
## Other websites
*
Victoria Mallory

**Victoria** "**Vicki**" **Mallory** (born **Victoria Morales**; September 20, 1949 &ndash; August 30, 2014) was an American actress and singer. She was best known for her Broadway appearances. She also appeared in the television soap operas *The Young and the Restless*, *Everwood* and *Santa Barbara*.

Mallory was born in Virginia and grew up in Columbus, Georgia. Her mother died on August 5, 2014. She married actor Mark Lambert in 1975. They had a daughter.

Mallory died from pancreatic cancer on August 30, 2014, aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Trilemma

A **trilemma** is a difficult choice where there are three different options, and where each option looks unfavorable. 

One of the earliest uses of the definition of trilemma is that of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, who says there is no omnipotent and omnibenevolent God. David Hume summarized this trilemma as follows:

# If God is unable to prevent evil, then he is not all-powerful.
# If God is not willing to prevent evil, then he is not all-good.
# If God is both willing and able to prevent evil, then why does it exist?

Although traditionally ascribed to Epicurus, it has been suggested that it may actually be the work of an early skeptic writer, possibly Carneades.

In studies of philosophy, discussions and debates related to this trilemma are often referred to as being about the "problem of evil".

## Related pages
* Dilemma

## References
Ștefan Andrei

in Helsinki, Finland (1975).]]

**Ștefan Andrei** (29 March 1931 &ndash; 31 August 2014) was a Romanian communist politician for the Romanian Communist Party. He served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania from 8 March 1978 until his sacking on 11 November 1985. He was taken over by Ilie Văduva. In 1989, he was arrested after the overthrow of the Nicolae Ceauşescu regime. He was sentenced to two years and ten months imprisonment.

Andrei was born in Podari, Oltenia. He was married to the movie actress Violeta Andrei. They had one son, Călin.

Andrei died on 31 August 2014 in Snagov, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Ștefan Andrei at FamousWhy
Roberto Cairo

**Roberto Andrés Cairo Pablo** (3 May 1963 &ndash; 28 August 2014) was a Spanish actor from Madrid. He appeared in many different television series and movies as a supporting actor. He was best known for his role as Desiderio "Desi" Quijo in the series *Cuéntame cómo pasó*.

Cairo died from lung cancer on 28 August 2014 in Madrid. He was 51.

## References
## Other websites
*
Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

The **flag of the Azerbaijan SSR** was first adopted in 1920, and was a red flag with a yellow crescent and star in the left upper corner.

From the second part of 1921 to 1922, Azerbaijan SSR used a red flag with the yellow Cyrillic letters *АССР* (ASSR).

In 1937, golden hammer and sickle were added in the top left hand corner, with beneath the Latin letters *AzSSR* in a serif font in place of the Cyrillic letters. A third version was issued in 1940s, and had *AzSSR* replaced by its Cyrillic version *АзССР*. The last version of the flag was adopted by the Azerbaijan SSR on October 7, 1952. It was the flag of the Soviet Union, with an horizontal blue band on the bottom fourth.

## Timeline of the flag of the Azerbaijan SSR 

File:Flag of Azerbaijan 1920.gif|Flag in 1920
File:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1920-1921).svg|Flag in 1920-1921
File:Flag of Azerbaijan SSR (1921-1922).svg|Flag in 1921-1922
File:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922).svg|Flag in 1922
File:Flag of Azerbaijan 1922 (2).svg|Flag in 1922-1924
File:Flag of Azerbaijan 1924.svg|Flag in 1924
File:Flag of Azerbaijan 1924 (1).svg|Flag in 1924-1925
File:Flag of Azerbaijan 1929.svg|Flag in 1929
File:Flag AzSSR.svg|Flag in 1937-1940
File:Flag АзССР.svg|Flag in 1940-1952

## Related pages
*Flag of the Soviet Union
*Flag of Azerbaijan
*Coat of Arms of Azerbaijan
*Azerbaijan

## References
Marco Fusi

**Marco Fusi** (1972) is an Italian clarinetist and composer. He is the  of  the group "Yesh Gvul". He is known for his collaborations with some of the leading names in Italian cultural music. In 2012 he was invited to perform at the European Parliament in Brussels. He has been an influence on the music of Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, Klezmer, Jazz and classical music.

## Discography 
* Moon Waltz (Ethnoworld)
* Addio a Lugano (Music Center)
* Sulla Memoria (with Moni Ovadia) (CNI)
* La strada della luna (Music center)

## Works for the theater 
* Il Favoliere, by Antonio Lubrano e Marco Fusi.
* Comprami!  by Lidia Ravera and Marco Fusi.
* L'Eclisse della democrazia di Vittorio Agnoletto e Marco Fusi.
* Refusnik Tango, with the participation of Marco Fusi Ensemble, Ottavia Piccolo, Renato Sarti, Moni Ovadia, Ricky Gianco, Lidia Ravera.

## Awards and Acknowledgments 
*International Prize Artelario - Villa Vigoni.

## Other websites 
* Marco Fusi on All music

## References
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev signing the INF Treaty in the East Room at the White House in 1987.]]
The **Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty** (**INF**) is a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on December 8, 1987.

It was ratified by the United States Senate on May 27, 1988 and came into force on June 1 of that year. The treaty is formally titled ***The Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles***.

The treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges of 500–5,500&nbsp;km (300-3,400 miles).

In 2012 the United States complained about Russian treaty violations. The two systems that appear to be violations are the R-500, a cruise missile using the 9K720 Iskander launcher, and a short ranged ICBM.

In July 2014, the United States formally notified Russia of the breach, while Russian officials called the treaty unsuitable for Russia and unfair because other countries in Asia had such weapons. Russia later attacked the United States by calling American drones a "violation of the treaty".

On October 20, 2018, citing Russian non-compliance, US President Donald Trump announced that he was withdrawing the US from the treaty. The U.S. formally suspended the treaty on February 1, 2019, as did Russia the following day.

## References
## Other websites
Caroline Lucas

**Caroline Lucas** (born 9 December 1960) is a British politician. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Brighton Pavilion until 2024. She was the leader of the Green Party of England and Wales from September 2008 to September 2012. She was later co-leader of the party with Jonathan Bartley from September 2016 to September 2018. She is the UK's first ever Green MP. She was first elected as an MP in the United Kingdom general election, 2010 and then re-elected in 2015 and again in 2017.

## Notes
## References
Bapu (movie director)

**Bapu** (December 15, 1933 – August 31, 2014); (born **Satthiraju Lakshmi Narayana**); () was an Indian director. He was known for his works in Telugu cinema and for his movies such as *Hum Paanch*, *Mister Pellam*, *Pelli Pustakam*, *Seeta Kalyanam*, and *Sri Rama Rajyam*.
He was a music artist, painter, illustrator, cartoonist, and designer. In 2013, he was awarded the Padma Shri, for his contribution to Indian art and cinema

Bapu died on August 31, 2014 in Chennai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Wilson Harris

**Sir Theodore Wilson Harris** (24 March 1921 – 8 March 2018) was a Guyanese writer. He wrote poetry, but has since become a well-known novelist and essayist. 

His writing style was often said to be abstract and densely metaphorical. Harris was thought to be one of the most original and innovative voices in postwar literature in English.

## References
## Other websites
* Wilson Harris  British Council Literature
* Wilson Harris: An Overview.
* The Wilson Harris Bibliography
* Maya Jaggi, "Redemption song", profile of Wilson Harris, *The Guardian*, 16 December 2006.
* *Caribbean Review of Books* page on Harris
* Wilson Harris - an Interview , by Fred D'Aguiar; *BOMB* 82/Winter 2003.
Halim El-Dabh

festival in 2009.]]

**Halim Abdul Messieh El-Dabh** ( (*Ḥalīm ʻAbd al-Masīḥ al-Ḍab*ʻ); March 4, 1921 &ndash; September 2, 2017) was an Egyptian-born American composer, performer, ethnomusicologist, and educator. He has a career spanning six decades. He is known as an early pioneer of electronic music, for having composed in 1944 the first piece of electronic tape music.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Phyllis Curtin

**Phyllis Curtin** (December 3, 1921 &ndash; June 4, 2016) was an American classical soprano. She had an active career in operas and concerts from the early 1950s through the 1980s. She was known for her creation of new roles such as the title role in the Carlisle Floyd opera *Susannah*, Catherine Earnshaw in Floyd's *Wuthering Heights*, and in other works by this composer. She retired from singing in 1984.

Curtin was born **Phyllis Smith** in Clarksburg, West Virginia. She died on June 4, 2016, aged 94, from non-communicable disease (circulatory disease).

## References
Stan Goldberg

**Stan Goldberg** (May 5, 1932 – August 31, 2014) was an American comic book artist. He was best known for his work with Archie Comics and as a Marvel Comics colorist who in the 1960s helped design the original color schemes of Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four and other major characters. Goldberg was born in New York City, on May 5, 1932.

He was inducted into the National Cartoonists Society Hall of Fame in 2011.

Goldberg died at age 82 on August 31, 2014, the result of a stroke he suffered two weeks prior.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum: Stan Goldberg Collection guide
Lewis Gilbert

**Lewis Gilbert**, CBE (6 March 1920 &ndash; 23 February 2018) was a British movie director, producer and screenwriter. He has directed more than 40 movies during six decades.

He is known for his movies; *Reach for the Sky* (1956), *Sink the Bismarck!* (1960), *Alfie* (1966), *Educating Rita* (1983) and *Shirley Valentine* (1989), as well as three James Bond movies: *You Only Live Twice* (1967), *The Spy Who Loved Me* (1977) and *Moonraker* (1979).

Gilbert was born in London, England. He died at home in Monaco on 23 February 2018, aged 97.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Jimi Jamison

**Jimmy Wayne "Jimi" Jamison** (August 23, 1951 – September 1, 2014) was an American rock singer. He was best known as the longtime frontman of platinum selling rock bands Cobra and Survivor and as the voice and cowriter of the theme song for *Baywatch*.

Jamison died on September 1, 2014 in Memphis, Tennessee from a heart attack, aged 63.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fairhaven, Massachusetts

**Fairhaven** is a town in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on the south coast of Massachusetts. The population of Fairhaven was 15,924 at the time of the 2020 census.

## References
## Other websites
* Town of Fairhaven official website
E. R. Braithwaite

, 1962]]

**Edward Ricardo Braithwaite** (June 27, 1912 &ndash; December 12, 2016) was a Guyanese novelist, writer, teacher, and diplomat. He is best known for his stories of social conditions and racial discrimination against black people. 

He is the author of the 1959 autobiographical novel *To Sir, With Love* which was made into a 1967 movie, *To Sir, with Love*, starring Sidney Poitier. E. R. Braithwaite hated the movie, particularly because his novel's interracial relationships and racial issues were not included in the movie's screenplay, although the royalties from the movie made him wealthy.

Braithwaite was born in Georgetown, Guyana. He died on December 12, 2016 at a hospital in Rockville, Maryland from complications of a heart attack at the age of 104.

## References
## Other websites
*Manchester Community College News Item on E. R. Braithwaite 
*Susie Thomas's article on the London Fictions site about *To Sir, with Love*
*Onyekachi Wambu (1998), Black British Literature since Windrush. BBC
* BBC 7 listing for 17/18 Oct 2008
* Manchester, CT, Community College News Archive (February 3, 2006), Dr. Edward R. Braithwaite author of “To Sir, With Love” Named Visiting Professor at MCC
Pat Cooper

**Pat Cooper** (born **Pasquale Caputo** July 31, 1929 &ndash; June 6, 2023) was an American actor and comedian. He was known for his roles in *The Howard Stern Show* , *Imus in the Morning* and *Opie and Anthony*. He played a mobster in the movie *Analyze This* (1999) and its sequel *Analyze That* (2002).

Cooper died on June 6, 2023 at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
William Winter

**William Forrest Winter** (February 21, 1923 &ndash; December 18, 2020) was an American politician. He served as the 57th Governor of Mississippi from 1980 to 1984 as a Democrat. He was born in Grenada, Mississippi.

Winter died on December 18, 2020 in Jackson, Mississippi at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
*NPR: William Winter and the Education of Mississippi
*William Winter Institute for Racial Reconciliation
*Mississippi History Now 
*Center for a Better South Interview with William Winter 
*The Measure of Our Days Writings of William F. Winter 
*William Winter Teacher Scholar Loan
Taraxacum

]]

**Taraxacum** commonly called **Dandelion** is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. *Taraxacum* are native to Eurasia, and have been widely introduced to North and South America and other continents. They are an invasive species in some areas. Two species, *T.&nbsp;offale* and *T.&nbsp;erythrospermum*, are found as weeds worldwide. All parts of both species are edible.

Their sharp leaves look a bit like lion's teeth. Its seeds are like little parachutes that fly away with the wind, spreading and growing more dandelions. They are used in China as medicine. Dandelion pollen can often make people have allergies.

Like other members of the Asteraceae family, they have small flowers collected together into a composite flower head. Each single flower in a head is called a floret. Many *Taraxacum* species produce seeds asexually by apomixis, where the seeds are produced without pollination. This results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant.

Al Razi around 900 (A.D.) wrote "the tarashaquq is like chicory". A Muslim scientist and philosopher Ibn Sīnā around 1000 (A.D.) wrote a book chapter on *Taraxacum*. Gerard of Cremona, in translating Arabic to Japanese around 1170, spelled it *tarasacon*.

## References
San Nicolas

**San Nicolas** or **San Nicolás** may refer to:

## Person 
* Spanish name for Saint Nicholas, also called San Nicolás de Myra, San Nicolás de Bari, Nikolaos of Myra

## Places
### Aruba 
* San Nicolaas

### Argentina 
* San Nicolás de los Arroyos, in the province of Buenos Aires
** San Nicolás Agreement, signed there
* San Nicolás, Buenos Aires, in the city of Buenos Aires
* San Nicolás Partido (province of Buenos Aires)

### Chile 
* San Nicolás, Chile, a village and comuna in Ñuble Province, Bío-Bío Region

### Costa Rica 
* San Nicolás District, Cartago; see districts of Costa Rica

### Cuba 
* San Nicolás de Bari, province of Mayabeque

### Honduras 
* San Nicolás, Copán
* San Nicolás, Santa Bárbara

### Mexico 
* San Nicolás de Carretas (Chihuahua)
* San Nicolás de los Garza (Nuevo León)
* San Nicolás Hidalgo (Oaxaca)
* San Nicolás Tolentino (San Luis Potosí)
* San Nicolás, Baja California
* San Nicolás, Jalisco
* San Nicolás, Oaxaca
* San Nicolás, Puebla
* San Nicolás, Tamaulipas

### Nicaragua 
* San Nicolás, Estelí

### Philippines 
* San Nicolas, Batangas
* San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte
* San Nicolas, Manila
* San Nicolas, Pangasinan

### Peru 
* San Nicolás District, Rodríguez de Mendoza (Amazonas)
* San Nicolás District, Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald (Ancash)

### Spain 
* San Nicolás (Pamplona)
* San Nicolás del Puerto (Andalusia)
* La Aldea de San Nicolás (Canaries)

### United States 
* San Nicolas Island, one of California's Channel Islands

## Ships 
*HMS *San Nicolas*, Royal Navy ship, formerly Spanish navy ship *San Nicolás*, captured at the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797
*SS *San Nicolas*, Panamanian cargo ship in service 1949-64, formerly German ship SS *Claus Rickmers*
Maya Rao

**Maya Rao** (2 May 1928 - 1 September 2014) was an Indian classical dancer, choreographer and educator in Kathak dance. She is known for her work in Kathak choreography, especially in dance ballets, and was thought for bringing Kathak, a North Indian-dance style to South India, when she opened her dance school, Natya Institute of Kathak and Choreography (NIKC) in Malleswaram, Bangalore in 1987. She was also the founder director of her dance company, "Natya and Stem Dance Kampani" based in Bangalore.

Rao died of cardiac arrest in Bangalore, aged 86.

## References
Norman Gordon

**Norman Gordon** (6 August 1911 – 2 September 2014) was a South African cricketer. He played in five Tests in the 1938–39 South African cricket season. He was born in Boksburg, Transvaal. He was the only Test cricketer to live beyond 100 years of age. Gordon became the oldest-ever Test cricketer on 23 March 2011, when he surpassed New Zealander Eric Tindill, who died on 1 August 2010, approximately four months before his 100th birthday.

Gordon died in Johannesburg from natural causes, aged 103.

## References
Polyene

**Polyenes** are a type of organic compound. As the name says, they contain many ("poly") alkene groups ("ene"), double bonds between carbon atoms. Normally, the word "polyene" is used for chemicals with more than two double bonds. (If it only has two, it is a diene.)

Most polyenes contain one or more arrangements of alternating double and single carbon–carbon bonds. The electrons in these bonds can move more freely, which makes the molecule overall more stable in a process called conjugation.

 of polyacetylene. The long zig-zag line of alternating double and single lines represents a polyene.]]
OutRun 2006: Coast 2 Coast

***OutRun 2006: Coast 2 Coast*** is an arcade driving game for the playstation 2. It was developed by Sumo Digital and released in 2006 by Sega. 

## References
Structural color

and Robert Hooke.]]
**Structural coloration** is a coloring that results from the special structure of the surface.  Sometimes structural coloration is combined with pigments: for example, peacock tail feathers are pigmented brown, but their structure makes them appear blue, turquoise, and green, and often they appear iridescent.

English scientists Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton were the first who observed structural coloration. Thomas Young described its principle a century later and called it wave interference. Young described iridescence as the result of interference between reflections from several surfaces of thin films, combined with refraction as light enters and leaves such films. The geometry then determines that at certain angles, the light reflected from both surfaces adds (interferes constructively), while at other angles, the light subtracts. As a result, different colors appear at different angles.

## References
Pavillon de l'Arsenal

The '''Pavillon de l'Arsenal''' is a museum in Paris, France. The museum is dedicated to architecture and urban planning in Paris and the Parisian metropolis. A museum of fine arts was opened first opened in 1879 on the site of the Pavillon de l'Arsenal. In 1988, it became the first centre for urban planning and architecture in Paris.

## Gallery 

File:L'invention de la tour européenne.tif|a model of a new skyscrapers in paris
File:OEUVRES-CONSTRUITES.jpg|the main hall
File:Paris - métropole 2020 (Pavillon de l'Arsenal) (7385407458).jpg|an aerial view of paris

## Other websites 
* Pavillon de l'Arsenal
Faking It (2014 TV series)

***Faking It*** is an American romantic comedy television series. MTV showed three seasons from 2014 to 2016.

Faking It is set in Austin, Texas. It is about two high school girls who are best friends. They pretend to be a lesbian couple.

## Other websites 
*
Biological pigment

s]]

**Biological pigments** are pigments which are chemical colours.

The colours of plants and animals have various functions. Chlorophyll is the green pigment used to collect light energy for photosynthesis in plants. Many colours on plants and animals work to change the behaviour of animals. They can be seen, and they act as a means of camouflage, warning or attraction (pollination; mating).

The common dark pigment melanin often has the function of protection against sunlight (ultraviolet radiation).

Pigments are different from structural colors. Pigments look the same from all angles. Structural color is the result of reflection or iridescence. For this reason, structural colors look different from different viewing angles. As an example, the wings of butterflies commonly use structural color.
Victoria Gray Adams

**Victoria Gray Adams** (November 5, 1926 – August 12, 2006) was an American civil rights activist. She was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi on November 5, 1926. She went to Wilberforce University, but could not afford it so she had to leave. Even though she did not finish college, Adams found work as a teacher. 

## Career
Adams was an African American who became interested in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s when she started teaching classes for people who wanted to vote. In 1962, Adams became a secretary for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

Not long after becoming more involved in civil rights, Adams led a boycott against businesses in Hattiesburg. She also helped to organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). Adams, Fannie Lou Hamer, and Annie Devine (fellow activists) were chosen to be the represent the MFDP. They traveled to Atlantic City to go to the Democratic Convention. They were not seated this time, but in 1968 they were all seated as guests on the floor of the US House of Representatives. Adams became the first woman from Mississippi to run for the US Senate.

Adams made a big change when in 1968, she and her husband moved to Thailand. Her goal for this move was to fight against discrimination towards African-American soldiers and their families.

Adams had a very successful career, receiving many awards and honors for her efforts towards ending discrimination. She was also in the documentary Eyes on the Prize and taught at the University of Southern Mississippi. 

## Death
Victoria Adams died on August 12, 2006 in Baltimore, Maryland when she was 79 from cancer.

## Other websites
*Victoria Gray Adams legacy 
*Victoria Jackson Gray Adams 1926-2006
*Biography of Victoria Gray Adams 
*Victoria Gray Adams
Gottfried John

**Gottfried John** (; August 29, 1942 – September 1, 2014) was a German actor and comedian. John was known for his roles in General Ourumov in the James Bond movie *GoldenEye* and Julius Caesar in *Asterix and Obelix take on Caesar*.

On September 1, 2014, John died in Utting am Ammersee near Munich, Germany of cancer at age 72.

## References
## Other websites
*
Johnny Duncan (actor)

**John Bowman Duncan** (December 7, 1923 &ndash; February 8, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in *The East Side Kids*, *The Bowery Boys* and the 1949 serial *Batman and Robin* as Dick Grayson/Robin, the Boy Wonder. He was also in *Bedtime for Bonzo* and in *Plan 9 from Outer Space*

He was also one of the "Dead End Kids". They were a group of young actors from New York who were in a Broadway play, *Dead End*, in 1935.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Website for Johnny Duncan
Gorilla Monsoon

**Robert James "Bob"/"Gino" Marella** (June 4, 1937 – October 6, 1999) was an American professional wrestler, play-by-play commentator, and booker. He was better known by his ring name **Gorilla Monsoon**. He is known for his professional wrestling run as a super-heavyweight main eventer. He is also known for being the voice of the World Wrestling Federation as a commentator and backstage manager during the 1980s and 1990s. He also served as the on-screen WWF President.

In honor of Monsoon, the staging area behind the entrance curtain at an event, a position which Monsoon established and where he could often be found during WWF shows late in his career, is named the Gorilla Position. On June 9, 1994, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Jim Ross.

## Death
On October 6, 1999, Monsoon died of heart failure brought on by complications of diabetes at his Willingboro Township, New Jersey home. In a tribute which aired on WWF television after his death, McMahon described Marella as "one of the greatest men I have ever known." Monsoon's death was acknowledged by WCW commentator Tony Schiavone (at Bobby Heenan's request) on the October 11, 1999 episode of WCW Monday Nitro, even though Monsoon had never worked for WCW. Heenan said: "Gorilla will be sadly missed. Now he was one big tough man. He was a decent honest man. And we're all gonna miss him very much. And you know the pearly gates in heaven? It's now gonna be called 'the Gorilla position.' Goodbye, my friend." He was interred next to his son, Joey Marella, at Lakeview Memorial Park in Cinnaminson, New Jersey.

## In wrestling 
***Finishing moves**
**Airplane spin, sometimes followed by Monsoon slamming his opponent to the mat
***Signature moves**
**Chop
**Gorilla press slam
***Manchurian Splash/Gorilla Splash* (Running splash)

## Championships
***Cauliflower Alley Club**
**Other honoree (1994)
***George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame**
**Class of 2011
***Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum**
**Class of 2010
***World Championship Wrestling (Australia)**
**IWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation**
**WWF Hall of Fame (Class of 1994)
***World Wrestling Association (Los Angeles)**
**WWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) (with Luke Graham (1) and El Mongol (1))
***World Wrestling Council**
**WWC North American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
***Wrestling Observer Newsletter**
**Worst Television Announcer (1985, 1991–1995)

## References 
## Other websites
*WWE profile
Stellar (payment network)

**Stellar** is a system for sending money through the internet. It is based on the Ripple communication protocol and software.

## References 
## Other websites
*Stellar Foundation
Go Eun-bi

**Go Eunbi** (; (November 23, 1992 – September 3, 2014), better known by her stage name **EunB**, was a South Korean singer. She was a member of the South Korean girl group Ladies' Code.

EunB was born in Seoul. She graduated from the high school Hanlim Multi Art School. She was related to SBS anchor, Kim Sung-joon.

EunB died in a car accident on 3 September 2014, aged 21. She was traveling in a van with Ladies' Code after their schedule for the day ended when it slid off of a freeway near Yongin, Gyeonggi Province. She died at the scene. Two other members, Sojung and RiSe, were badly injured and rushed to the hospital. RiSe died soon afterwards on 7 September.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fast casual restaurant

A **fast casual restaurant** is a type of restaurant invented in the United States. It aims to fill the gap between fast food joints and more formal restaurants.

This type of restaurant does not offer full table service. It gives a higher quality of food than fast food places. The fast casual restaurants use fewer frozen or processed ingredients than a fast food restaurant. Typical examples of fast casual restaurants in the U.S. are Chipotle Mexican Grill, Culvers, and Panera.

## References
Daniel Auteuil

**Daniel Auteuil** (; born 24 January 1950) is a French actor. 

Auteuil was born in Algiers, French Algeria. He was raised in Avignon and Nancy. 

He won a Prix d'Interpretation Masculin for Best Actor for his role in *The Eighth Day* (*Le huitième jour*) and a BAFTA Award for his role in *Jean de Florette*.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Buffet

A **buffet**  is a serve-yourself food system. 

Food is placed in a public area where the diners choose what they want. 

Buffets are now usual in many hotels for breakfast, and sometimes for other meals. They are also common at social events, where people stand up to eat and talk.

Buffet restaurants usually offer all-you-can-eat food for a set price. Buffets usually have some hot dishes. The term **cold buffet** (see Smörgåsbord) has been developed to describe buffets lacking hot food. Hot or cold buffets usually involve dishware and utensils, but a **finger buffet** is designed for small pieces taken by hand, such as cupcakes, slices of pizza, foods on cocktail sticks, etc.

The essential feature of the various buffet formats is that the diners can see the food and immediately select which dishes they wish to eat, and usually also can decide how much food they take. Buffets are effective for serving large numbers of people at once, and are often seen in institutional settings, such as business conventions or large parties.

Buffets grade into cafeterias when there is a serving counter and the customer moves with a tray along a track.

## References
Helena Rakoczy

**Helena Rakoczy** (née **Krzynówek**; 23 December 1921 &ndash; 2 September 2014), also **Rákóczy** or **Rákóczi**, was a Polish gymnast. She competed in two Summer Olympic Games: 1952 in Helsinki, Finland and 1956 in Melbourne, Australia. After a poor performance in 1952, she had a successful one in 1956, winning a bronze medal. After this, she became the most decorated gymnast from Poland.

Rakoczy was born in Kraków. In 2004, she was added to the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame.

Rakoczy died from natural causes on 2 September 2014 in Kraków, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Helena Rakoczy  at Sports-Reference
Julien Fourgeaud

**Julien Fourgeaud** (25 April 1980 &ndash; 6 August 2014) was a French businessman and inventor. He was the digital services product strategist for Finnish video game developer Rovio. His work at the company led to the success of *Angry Birds*. He later co-founded Scarlet Motors. He also worked for the mobile phone company Nokia. He was born in Cluses, Haute-Savoie.

Fourgeaud died in a BASE jumping accident on 6 August 2014 in Magland. He was 34.

## References
## Other websites
*
Elena Varzi

**Elena Varzi** (21 December 1926 &ndash; 1 September 2014) was an Italian movie actress. She was best known for her roles in Spaghetti Westerns. Her movies included ''It's Forever Springtime*  (1950), *Path of Hope*  (1950), *The Forbidden Christ*  (1951), *Rome 11:00*  (1952), *Los ojos dejan huella*  (1952) and *Human Torpedoes* (1954). She also appeared in the 1999 movie *Toni''.

Varzi was born in Rome. She was married to actor Raf Vallone from 26 July 1952 until his death on 31 October 2002. They had three children.

Varzi died from a cardiac arrest on 1 September 2014 at her holiday cottage in Sperlonga, Latina. She was 87.

## References
## Other websites
*
Schwyz (city)

**Schwyz** is the capital of the Swiss canton of Schwyz. As of December 2012 it had a population of 14,663.

## References
## Other websites
* Municipality of Schwyz 
* Canton of Schwyz
Herisau

**Herisau** is the capital of the Swiss canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden. As of December 2008, it had 15,527 people living there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website 
*
Kholod

**Kholod** (Холод) is the name of a rocket project. This project was developed in Russia. The engine of the rocket is called a scramjet. It was created to be faster than Mach 5.75. The prototype includes a Soyuz TMKB with liquid hydrogen and modified fillings from the SA-5 Gammon rockets. The rocket with the starting blocks (complete laboratory) is 12 meters long and has 750mm in diameter. NASA cooperated on the fourth flight in February 12, 1998. The speed of that flight was Mach 6.4. 95 million United States dollars were invested in this project. 

## References
Grenada, Mississippi

**Grenada** is a city in Grenada County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 12,700 at the 2020 census.

## References
Estrella Morente

**Estrella de la Aurora Morente Carbonell**, (born August 14, 1980 in Las Gabias, Granada, Andalusia) is a Spanish flamenco singer. She is the daughter of flamenco singer Enrique Morente and dancer Aurora Carbonell.

She has performed with her father since age seven. She released her first album in 2001, *Mi Cante Y Un Poema* (My Songs and A Poem). This was followed the same year by *Calle del Aire*. It was well received by critics and flamenco fans. She released her third album, *Mujeres* (Women) in 2006, which her father produced. On December 14, 2001 she married bullfighter Javier Conde in Nuestra Señora de las Angustias basilica in Granada. They have two children, Curro (2002) and Estrella (2005).

## Discography
* *Mi cante y un poema* (2001)
* *Calle del Aire* (2001)
* *Mujeres* (2006), Mute Records
* *Casacueva y escenario* (2007) (DVD)
* *Autorretrato* (2012)
* *Amar En Paz (con la guitarra de Niño Josele)* (2014)

## Notes 
## Other websites
*Official Site 
*
Julio Iglesias

**Julio José Iglesias de la Cueva** (born 23 September 1943) is a Spanish singer-songwriter who has sold over 300 million records worldwide. According to Sony Music Entertainment, he is the best selling Latin music artist in history. He is also one of the world's best-selling artists of all time.

## Honours and awards 
### Honours 
#### Spanish National Honours 
*  Gold Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts
*  Gold Medal of the Community of Madrid

#### Foreign Honours 
* 
**  Knight of the Legion of Honor
** Medal of the City of Paris

## Discography
; Selected albums
*1969: 
*1970: *Gwendolyne*
*1972: *Un canto a Galicia*
*1973: *Soy*
*1974: *A flor de piel*
*1975: *A México*
*1975: *El amor*
*1976: *America*
*1977: *A mis 33 años*
*1978: *Aimer la vie*
*1978: *Emociones*
*1978: *Sono un pirata, sono un signore*
*1979: *À vous les femmes*
*1980: *Hey!*
*1981: *De niña a mujer*
*1982: ''Et l'amour crea la femme*
*1982: *Momentos*
*1982: *Momenti*
*1983: *Julio*
*1984: *1100 Bel Air Place* 
*1985: *Libra*
*1987: *Un hombre solo*
*1987: *Tutto l'amore che ti manca*
*1988: *Non Stop*
*1989: *Raíces*
*1990: *Starry Night*
*1992: *Calor*
*1994: *Crazy* 
*1995: *La carretera*
*1996: *Tango*
*2000: *Noche de cuatro lunas*
*2001: *Ao Meu Brasil*
*2003: *Divorcio*
*2006: *Romantic Classics* 
*2007: *Quelque chose de France*
*2011: *1*
*2015: *México*
*2017: *México & Amigos'' 

## Related pages
*Enrique Iglesias

## Other websites 
*
Province of Barcelona

**Province of Barcelona** (, ) is a province of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia, Spain. Its capital and largest city is Barcelona.
Esporte Clube Santo André

**Esporte Clube Santo André**, also known as **Santo André**, is a Brazilian football team from Santo André, São Paulo state.

Its main rival is São Caetano.

## Achievements
***Copa do Brasil: 1**
::2004

***Brazilian Championship Serie B: 0**
::Runners-up (1): 2008

***Brazilian Championship Serie C: 0**
::Runners-up (1): 2003

***Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 1**
::2003

***Copa FPF: 1**
::2003

***Campeonato Paulista: 0**
::Runners-up (1): 2010

***Campeonato Paulista A-2: 3**
::1975, 1981, 2008
Paulista Futebol Clube

**Paulista Futebol Clube**, or **Paulista** as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football team from Jundiaí, São Paulo. It was founded on May 17, 1909.

Besides being an important club of Sao Paulo state, Paulista is also known in Brazil as one of the winners of Copa do Brasil. This national tournament is the most important championship in Brazil (together with Brasileirao).

Paulista won this league in 2005.

## Achievements
***Copa do Brasil: 1**
::2005

***Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 1**
::2001

***Campeonato Paulista Série A2: 2**
::1968, 2001

***Copa Paulista: 3**
::1999, 2010, 2011

***Copa São Paulo de Juniores: 1**
::1997
San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec

**San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec** (Nahuatl: "on the hill of rabbits") is a city in Oaxaca, Mexico. It is part of the Tuxtepec District of the Papaloapan Region.

## References
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube

**Santa Cruz Futebol Clube** is a Brazilian football club based in Recife, Pernambuco.

## Achievements
***Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 1**
::2013

***Campeonato Pernambucano (Pernambuco State Championship): 27**
::1931, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1940, 1946, 1947, 1957, 1959, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1993, 1995, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2013

***Copa Pernambuco: 4**
::2008, 2009, 2010, 2012

***Supercampeonato Pernambucano (Pernambuco Superchampionship): 3**
::1957, 1976, 1983

***Torneio Início de Pernambuco (Pernambuco Start Tournament): 12**
::1919, 1926, 1937, 1939, 1946, 1947, 1954, 1956, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1976
Guaratinguetá Futebol

**Guaratinguetá Futebol Ltda.**, known simply as **Guaratinguetá**, is a Brazilian football club from Guaratinguetá, São Paulo state.

## Achievements 
* **Campeonato Paulista do Interior:**
** **Winners (1):** 2007
Jundiaí

**Jundiaí** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo state. Its population in 2010 was 370,126. Its area is 433.958&nbsp;km².
Cuiabá Esporte Clube

**Cuiabá Esporte Clube**, commonly known as **Cuiabá**, is a Brazilian football team based in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. They won the Campeonato Mato-Grossense five times and in the Série D once.

## Achievements
* **Campeonato Mato-Grossense:**
** **Winners (5):** 2003, 2004, 2011, 2013, 2014

* **Copa Governador do Mato Grosso:**
** **Winners (1):** 2010
América FC

**América F.C.** may refer to:

In **Brazil**:
* América F.C. (PR), Curitiba
* América F.C. (CE), Fortaleza
* America F.C. (RJ), Rio de Janeiro
* América F.C. (AC), Rio Branco
* América F.C. (AL), São Luís do Quitunde
* América F.C. (AM), Manaus
* América F.C. (Vitória), Vitória
* América F.C. (GO), Morrinhos
* América F.C. (MG), Belo Horizonte
* América F.C. (Teófilo Otoni), Teófilo Otoni
* América F.C. (Caaporã), Caaporã
* América F.C. (PE), Paulista
* América F.C. (Três Rios), Três Rios
* América F.C. (RN), Natal
* América F.C. (SE), Propriá
* América F.C. (SC), Joinville
* América F.C. (SP), São José do Rio Preto

In **Colombia**:
*América de Cali

In **Mexico**:
* Club América, Mexico City
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C

**Campeonato Brasileiro Série C** is a football league which is third division in Brazil.

## Current clubs - 2017
*ASA
*Botafogo PB
*Botafogo SP
*Bragantino
*CSA
*Confiança
*Cuiabá
*Fortaleza
*Joinville
*Macaé

*Mogi Mirim
*Moto Club
*Remo
*Salgueiro
*Sampaio Corrêa
*São Bento
*Tombense
*Tupi
*Volta Redonda
*Ypiranga de Erechim

### Champions
## Related pages
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
*Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
Claridge's

'''Claridge's''' is a 5-star hotel in Mayfair, London. It was founded in 1812 as Mivart's Hotel, demolished and rebuilt in 1898 by its new owner Richard D'Oyly Carte. This was done to install modern facilities such as lifts and *en suite* bathrooms. It became part of D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Group of hotels.

Claridge's is now owned by the Maybourne Hotel Group, which also owns the Berkeley and the Connaught, two other luxury hotels in London. Claridges has 203 rooms and suites, is hugely expensive. Rooms start at USD $904 per night, suites start at USD $1,791 per night, penthouses start at USD $7,000 per night. However, hotel booking websites do show lower prices at some times of the year.

To a visitor the best aspect is the interior design in art deco style. There is a huge central area or atrium, where afternoon tea is served, and coffee after breakfast and dinner. There are two large restaurants, and various bars and other facilities.

The BBC 2 produced a three-part television documentary about Claridge's, called ''Inside Claridge's'', shown in 2012..

## References
Dorados de Sinaloa

**Club Social y Deportivo Dorados de Sinaloa**,  or simply **Dorados**, is a Mexican professional football club from Culiacán, Sinaloa.

## Honors
*** Ascenso MX: 2**
::Apertura 2003, Clausura 2007

*** Copa MX: 1**
::Apertura 2012

***International Copa Ricard** 
::Second Place
Rolf Hoppe

(2009)]]
**Rolf Hoppe** (6 December 1930 &ndash; 14 November 2018) was a German movie and stage actor. He was born in Ellrich, Germany. Hoppe was known for his roles in *I Was Nineteen*, *Three Wishes for Cinderella*, *Mephisto*, *The Harmonists*, and in *Palmetto*.

Hoppe died on 14 November 2018 in Dresden, Germany at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*
Franca Valeri

**Franca Maria Norsa** (31 July 1920 – 9 August 2020), known professionally as **Franca Valeri**, was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in *It Happened in the Park*, *The Sign of Venus*, *A Hero of Our Times*, *II vedovo*, and in *Love in First Class*.

Valeri was born in Milan, Lombardy, Italy. She was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2014. Valeri died on 9 August 2020 in Rome, aged 100.

## References
## More reading
* Emanuela Martini, *Franca Valeri: una signora molto snob*, Lindau, 2000, 

## Other websites
*