open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
0.999...

**0.999...**, also written as 0. or 0., and read as "0 point 9 repeating", is one of the ways the number 1 can be written. Even though it does not have any ones in it, it is still equal in value to 1.
## About 
0. is a repeating decimal, which means the nines after the decimal point keep going forever. No matter how far you look, there will still be more nines.

It is hard for many people to understand why 0. is the same as 1. There are many proofs that show why they are the same number, but many of these proofs are very complex.

## Examples 
One simple way of showing that 0. and 1 are the same thing is to divide them both by the number 3. When 0. is divided by 3, the answer is 0.. When 1 is divided by 3, the answer is also 0..

:\frac{0.999\ldots}{3}=0.333\ldots
:\frac13=0.333\ldots

If 0. and 1 divided by 3 are the same, then they must be the same even without the division. 

Another way of thinking about it is if 1/3=0.333\ldots and 2/3=0.666\ldots, then 3/3=0.999\ldots therefore, as 3/3=1, 0.999... must also equal 1. There are many other ways of showing this.

## Related pages 
* Limit (mathematics)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Why does 0.9999... = 1?
* Ask A Scientist: Repeating Decimals 
* A Friendly Chat About Whether 0.999... = 1
Ophthalmosauridae

**Ophthalmosauridae** were a family of Ichthyosaurs which lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous period.

Within Ophthalmosauridae there are two lineages, one including *Aegirosaurus* and *Ophthalmosaurus*, and the other including *Brachypterygius*, *Caypullisaurus* and *Platypterygius*.

Only three genera survived the end-Jurassic extinction event: *Caypullisaurus*, *Maiaspondylus*, and *Platypterygius*. They did, however, have a worldwide distribution. The last to survive was *Platypterygius*. This genus became extinct about 30 million years before the end of the Upper Cretaceous period. It happened when there was a deep ocean anoxic event, which wiped out all the animals below pelagic waters. Ichthyosaurs, being reptiles, came to the surface to breath, but the extinction event removed their prey species.

## References
Metriacanthosaurus

***Metriacanthosaurus*** is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in Europe during the Middle Jurassic period, about 160 million years ago. Its name means "Moderate-spined lizard", because its back vertebrae are taller than other meat-eating dinosaurs such as *Allosaurus*, but shorter than those of other meat-eating dinosaurs, such as *Acrocanthosaurus*. Like most theropods, *Metriacanthosaurus* was a meat-eater. It had three fingers on each hand. Each finger ended in a sharp, hook-like claw that was used to grab prey before giving the killing bite with its jaws. It probably preyed on the large, long-necked sauropods, such as *Pelorosaurus*, that lived in the same time and place as it. It was originally classified as a megalosaurid, but recent studies show that it belongs to its own family, the Metriacanthosauridae.

## In popular culture
In *Jurassic Park*, one of the vials of dinosaur DNA that Dennis Nedry steals is labeled *Metriacanthosaurus*.

## Sources
Acrocanthosaurus

* in the background, AMNH]]

***Acrocanthosaurus*** was a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Lower Cretaceous period. Its name means "high-spined lizard." This refers to the spines on its vertebrae, which formed a sail or hump when the animal was alive.

Its classification is uncertain. It was originally classified as a spinosaur because the spines on its back looked like those of *Spinosaurus*. However, *Acrocanthosaurus* is now classified as a carnosaur. Most paleontologists believe that it was a carcharodontosaurid.

*Acrocanthosaurus* was 38 feet long, almost as large as *Tyrannosaurus rex*, and weighed about 6 or 7 short tons. It was the largest theropod in North America before the evolution of the tyrannosaurs.

Long, low ridges start at the nasal bones. They run along each side of the  from the nostril back to the eye, and they continue onto the lacrimal bones. This is a characteristic feature of all allosaurids.

A famous trackway in Paluxy, Texas shows tracks of what might be an *Acrocanthosaurus* and its prey. While interesting and plausible, this hypothesis is difficult to prove, and other explanations exist.

## In popular culture 
*Acrocanthosaurus* was featured in an episode of the television documentary *Monsters Resurrected*. It was depicted as the top predator in early Cretaceous North America. A juvenile was scared away from its kill by a pack of *Deinonychus*, and was forced to hunt more difficult prey, such as a *Sauropelta''.

## References
Benoît Mandelbrot

**Benoît B. Mandelbrot** (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-French-American mathematician. Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw into a Jewish-Lithuanian family. He is best known for his works with fractal geometry. He lived and worked until his death in the United States. He was a professor at the University of Yale. 

Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw, Poland. His family lived in France under German occupation. He died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 85 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

His most known development is the Mandelbrot set, which he discovered and described in 1979.
.]]

## References
College of Marin

The **College of Marin** is a community college in Marin County, California, U.S.. It has one campus in Kentfield and another in Novato.
Tellurium(II) chloride

**Tellurium(II) chloride**, also known as **tellurium dichloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeCl2. It contains tellurium in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions. 

## Properties
Tellurium(II) chloride is a black solid. It absorbs water. It can be oxidized to tellurium(IV) chloride. It reacts with water.

## Related pages
*Tellurium(II) bromide
*Tellurium(IV) bromide
Tellurium(IV) chloride

**Tellurium(IV) chloride**, also known as **tellurium tetrachloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeCl4. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

## Properties
Tellurium(IV) chloride is a pale yellow solid. It melts easily to a red liquid. It evaporates easily. It reacts with water to make tellurium dioxide and hydrochloric acid. It is toxic and corrosive.

## Preparation
Tellurium(IV) chloride is made by reacting tellurium powder and chlorine.

## Uses
It is used in making organic compounds.

## Related pages
*Selenium(IV) chloride
*Tellurium(II) chloride
Tellurous acid

**Tellurous acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H2TeO3. It contains hydrogen and tellurite ions. It can be made by reacting tellurium dioxide with water. It is not made as easily as telluric acid.

It is a weak oxidizing agent and a weak reducing agent. It easily turns back into tellurium dioxide and water. It is a weak acid. It reacts with bases to make tellurites.

## Related pages
*Telluric acid
*Sodium tellurite
Tellurium chloride

**Tellurium chloride** may refer to either of these chemical compounds:

*Tellurium(II) chloride
*Tellurium(IV) chloride
U.S. Route 78

**U.S. Route 78** is an east–west highway. It goes from Memphis, Tennessee to Charleston, South Carolina.

## References
Kim Clijsters

**Kim Clijsters** (; born 8 June 1983)is a Belgian retired tennis player. She used to be ranked as the World No. 1. On 22 August 2011 she was ranked third in the world.

## References
Asheville, North Carolina

**Asheville** is the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina. It is located where the Swannanoa River and the French Broad River meet. The population of Asheville was counted as 94,589 in 2020. Asheville is the largest city in the North Carolina mountains.

## References
U.S. Route 25

**U.S. Route 25** is a US highway in the east part of the United States of America. It goes from north to south. The road begins in Cincinnati, Ohio, at the Ohio River and ends in Brunswick, Georgia, close to the Atlantic Ocean.

## References
Siberian Traps

)]]

The **Siberian Traps** form a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large igneous province, in the Russian region of Siberia. 

The large eruptions which formed the traps were one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500&nbsp;million years of Earth history. They continued for a million years and spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 251 to 250&nbsp;million years ago. It was the same time as the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time. The eruption of the Siberian Traps is a possible cause of this "Great Dying".

The term "traps" is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (*trappa*, or sometimes *trapp*), referring to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region, which is typical of flood basalts.

## Geographical extent 
Vast volumes of basaltic lava paved over a large expanse of primaeval Siberia in a flood basalt event. Today the area covered is about 2&nbsp;million km² – roughly equal to western Europe in land area – and estimates of the original coverage are as high as 7&nbsp;million km². The original volume of lava is estimated to range from 1 to 4&nbsp;million km³.

## Origin
The source of the Siberian Traps basalt was, probably, a mantle plume at the base of the crust which erupted through the Siberian craton (the oldest part of the Siberian continental plate). Helium isotope analysis from the basalts indicates a plume origin. The scientific debate continues. There is a minority controversial theory which argues that the traps were caused by a large asteroid impact.

## The Great Dying 
s, the Putorana Plateau, is composed of Siberian Traps]]
This massive eruptive event spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 250 million years ago, and is widely cited as a cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction event.  This extinction event, also called the Great Dying, affected all life on Earth, and is estimated to have killed 90% of species living at the time. Life on land took 30 million years to recover from the environmental disruptions caused by the eruption of the Siberian Traps.

## Siberian Traps and nickel 
The Siberian Traps are considered to have erupted through numerous vents over a period of a million years or more, probably east and south of Norilsk in Siberia. The giant Norilsk nickel-copper-palladium deposit formed within the magma flows in the main Siberian Traps. The presence of extensive tuff and pyroclastic deposits suggests that a number of large explosive eruptions occurred during or before the eruptions of basaltic lavas. The presence of silicic volcanic rocks such as rhyolite is also indicative of explosive eruptions.

## Related pages 
*Flood basalt
*Deccan Traps

## Other websites 
*The Siberian Traps 
*The Siberian Traps, by Richard Cowen
*The Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province
*Toxic Gases Caused World's Worst Extinction

## References
Jack Tweed

**Jack’ Tweed** (born 9 June 1987) is a British television personality.

Tweed started his career as Jade Goody's partner. He became widely known in 2007 after being on *Celebrity Big Brother UK*. He caused controversy when he called housemate Shilpa Shetty a "cunt" and "" and said that she should remove objects from the toilet with her teeth. After *Celebrity Big Brother*, Goody miscarried his child in 2007. He married her on 22 February 2009 and she died of cervical cancer a month later. He appeared in 2010 ITV2 programme *The Only Way Is Essex*. In 2010, he had a relationship with Chanelle Hayes.

Tweed has had several legal issues. These include an 18-month prison sentence in September 2008 for assault occasioning actual bodily harm for attacking a 16-year-old boy with a golf club in December 2006. In March 2009, he was found  of common assault for attacking a taxi driver in May 2008. He was tried for the rape of a 19-year-old woman in April 2010, but found not guilty. In January 2011 he punched a man, for which he was convicted of common assault in August 2011.

## References
Anoxic event

An **anoxic event** (AE) is an event in which parts of the ocean have become low in oxygen (O2) below the surface levels, or when all the oxygen has gone. They may be called **oceanic anoxic events** or **deep ocean anoxic events**.

Major anoxic events have happened, though not for millions of years. The geological record of organic-rich sediment (black shales) shows that they happened in the past. However, only "in rare, extreme cases, [did] euxinia lead to biotic crises. [The] hypothesis  [is] best supported by evidence from the end-Permian mass extinction". Typically, oceanic anoxic events last for under half a million years, before a full recovery.

There are several places on earth today that show the features of anoxic events on a localized level. 'Dead zones' exist off the East Coast of the United States in the Chesapeake Bay, in the Scandinavian strait Kattegat, the Black Sea, in the northern Adriatic and off the coast of Louisiana.

## Events which may have caused anoxic events 
It is not known why anoxic events may have happened. Some ideas include:

#Global warm climate leading to a huge growth of biomass.
#High rainfall sweeping organic material down into the oceans.
#Deep water circulation between poles and the equator stopping.
#Oceanic oxygen being used up, and not being replaced fast enough.
#Poisonous hydrogen sulphide collecting in the oceans.
#Oceans becoming hostile to most forms of life

All of these events may have caused mass extinction in the seas, changing ways in which all animals which feed on sea creatures.

## Historic examples 
### Jurassic 
*Toarcian event 183 million years ago (mya)
	
### Lower Cretaceous 
*Aptian: mid-Aptian extinction event, 116/7 mya.
		 	
### Upper Cretaceous 
*Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event: black shale deposition in ocean basins. 91.5 (±8.6) mya.
		 	
### Cainozoic 
*Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 55.8 mya.

## References
Quadrilateral

of several types of quadrilaterals.]]
In Euclidean plane geometry, a **quadrilateral** is a polygon with four edges (or sides) and four vertices (or corners). Sometimes, a quadrilateral is called a **quadrangle** (similar to the term "triangle"), while other times, the term **tetragon** is used (similar to other polygon names such as pentagon and hexagon). The origin of the word quadrilateral is the two Latin words *quadri*, a variant of four, and *latus*, meaning "side".

A quadrilateral with vertices A, B, C, D is sometimes written as \square ABCD.

All the sides of a quadrilateral are straight, and the interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360°.

:\angle A+\angle B+\angle C+\angle D=360^{\circ}.

This is a special case of the *n*-gon interior angle sum formula: (*n* − 2) × 180°.

Almost all quadrilaterals tile the plane, by repeated rotation around the midpoints of their edges. The only quadrilaterals that do not do this are the ones with edges that intersect with each other.

## Kinds of quadrilaterals
Quadrilaterals can be either complex, also called crossed (self-intersecting), or simple (not self-intersecting). Simple quadrilaterals are either convex or concave.

There are different kinds of simple quadrilaterals. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel edges, where one edge is shorter than the other. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel edges.

Squares, rectangles, and rhombuses are special types of parallelograms. A rectangle has four right angles, while a rhombus has four sides of the same length. A square has four right angles and four sides of the same length, making it a regular polygon. This makes squares a type of rectangle and rhombus.

## Related pages 
* Cube
* Cuboid

## References
June Cleaver

**June Cleaver** is a literary reference meaning "the perfect stay-at-home mom" referring to the mother in the U.S. television show *Leave it to Beaver* which was released from 1957 to 1963. Women writers viewing the show sometimes had difficulty living up to or agreeing with such a feminine mystique.  June Cleaver is often referred to in remarks justifying a messy home such as “June Cleaver made having a spotless house look so effortless . . .” The character was played by actress Barbara Billingsley, a lifelong resident of Los Angeles county, California, U.S.A.

## References
Monterrey

**Monterrey** is a city in northern Mexico.  It is the capital of the state Nuevo León.  It is the second largest city in Mexico. It has 2,056,538 people.

## History
In the 16th century, the valley in which Monterrey sits was known as the Extremadura Valley, an area largely unexplored by the Spanish colonizers. The first expeditions and colonization attempts were led by conquistador Alberto del Canto, who named the city Santa Lucia, but they were unsuccessful because the Spanish were attacked by the natives and fled. The Spanish expeditionary Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva negotiated with King Philip II of Spain to establish a territory in northern New Spain that would be called Nuevo León, the "New Kingdom of León". In 1580, he arrived in the newly granted lands but it was not until 1582 that he established a settlement called San Luis Rey de Francia (named for Saint Louis IX of France) within present-day Monterrey.

## Economy
Monterrey is a major industrial center in northern Mexico, with a GDP (PPP) of US$140 billion and a GDP (PPP) per capita of US$31,900 in 2015. The city was rated by *Fortune* magazine in 1999 as the best city in Latin America for business and is currently ranked third best by the América Economía magazine.

The city has prominent positions in sectors such as steel, cement, glass, auto parts, and brewing. The city's economic wealth has been attributed in part to its proximity to the United States-Mexico border and economic links to the United States.

## Culture
The gastronomy of Monterrey and surrounding areas has a marked influence of traditional Sephardic Jewish cuisine - among the founders of the city it is known that the majority were crypto-Jews such as Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva and his family as well as Germanic and Slavic cuisines that are very notable in the city.

Typical Monterrey cuisine includes machacado con huevo, a dish prepared with dried beef, eggs, and sometimes hot sauce. One of the cuts is arrachera, a signature dish of the state. Typically, it is prepared by men.

The capirotada dessert brought by the Sinaloa community in Monterrey is made with bread, cheese, raisins, peanuts, and piloncillo.

Other typical dishes from the region include roasted goat, al pastor (al pastor) and in sauce, coffin-style Turkish-style lamb, violated chicken (also called chicken with beer), machitos (made from goat's entrails), cortadillo (atropellado), a wide variety of grilled meats, flour tortillas, various desserts such as orange preserves, burnt milk candies, guava roll, jamoncillos (small pieces of jam) and candied nuts, glorias (a traditional dish), as well as a large assortment of dried fruits and enchiladas, and a variety of beers.

## References
## Other websites
Balloon (aircraft)

.]]

A **balloon** is a kind of aircraft that stays in the sky by floating. People fly in balloons mostly for fun.

A balloon is different from an airship. An airship is a floating aircraft that has an engine and can change its direction of movement. A balloon has no engine and has no way to change its direction of movement (except up and down). A balloon travels by moving with the wind.

The bottom of the balloon is called the "basket" where people can sit or stand.

The top of a balloon is a big cloth bag called the "envelope".

## Kinds of balloon aircraft
There are three  kinds of balloon aircraft:
*Hot air balloons stay in the sky by making the air inside the envelope hot. Making the air hot makes the air spread out (have lower density).  Hot air balloons are the most common kind of balloon aircraft.  People sometimes say "hot air balloon" to mean any kind of balloon aircraft.  But this is not exactly correct.
*Gas balloons are not hot.  Gas balloons have gas of low density in their envelopes.  Examples of the gas used in gas balloons are helium and hydrogen.
*Rozière balloons are like both hot air balloons and gas balloons.  Part of the envelope has hot air in it.  Part of the envelope has a gas that's not hot in it. Rozière balloons can fly very far. Rozière balloons have flown around the world without stopping.

## Other websites
*Videos for Balloon
*The Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)
Pelorosaurus

***Pelorosaurus conybeari*** is the name given to a few sauropod dinosaur bones from the Lower Cretaceous period, about 138–112 million years ago. 

Bones of *Pelorosaurus* have been found in England and Portugal. It was a Brachiosaur, with front legs that were longer than its hind legs. 

The name has been challenged, and has been the subject of long-lasting dispute. Some palaeontologists prefer the name ***Cetiosaurus brevis***.

The taxonomic status of *Pelorosaurus* is as a result very problematic. Technically, *Cetiosaurus brevis* is its type species. The position of *Pelorosaurus* is further undermined by the fact that several researchers hold that the genus is a *nomen dubium* ('doubtful name').

*Pelorosaurus* was one of the first dinosaurs described, and the naming procedures were not so well-developed at the time. Its life-style is assumed to be similar to other brachiosaurs, eating from the higher branches of tall conifer trees.

## References
Yangchuanosaurus

Science Museum.]]

***Yangchuanosaurus*** was a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of China. It was a fairly typical carnosaur, with a large head, sharp, serrated teeth, and relatively short arms (though not as short as those of *Tyrannosaurus*). It was the largest predator in its part of the world. *Yangchuanosaurus* probably preyed on sauropods, such as *Mamenchisaurus*, or stegosaurs, such as *Tuojiangosaurus*.

There are two species. *Y. zigongensis* is from the Middle Jurassic, and *Y. shangyouensis* is from the Upper Jurassic. Specimens were collected from the Dashanpu Dinosaur Quarry of Zigong, Sichuan.

The Middle Jurassic *Y. zigongensis* is known from four incomplete specimens. There are two specimens of the Upper Jurassic *Y. shangyouensis*, which were at first put into separate species. Later analysis showed they were probably different ages or variations of the same species.

The first skull is 82&nbsp;cm (2.7&nbsp;ft) long, and its total body length about 8&nbsp;m (26&nbsp;ft). The other specimen was even larger. It had a skull length of 1.11&nbsp;m (3.6&nbsp;ft). It may have been up to 10.8&nbsp;m (35.4&nbsp;ft) long, and weighed as much as 3.4 metric tons (3.7 short tons). There was a bony knob on its nose and multiple hornlets and ridges, similar to *Ceratosaurus*. It had a massive tail that was about half its length.

## References
Edam cheese

**Edam** is a type of Dutch cheese. It is named after the town that it comes from, Edam in the Netherlands. Edam cheese is pale yellow. It is often sold in round pieces, covered in red paraffin wax. Edam that is sold in the Netherlands (and not exported) does not usually have wax on it.

## References
The Night Angel Trilogy

***The Night Angel Trilogy*** is a series of fantasy novels written by Brent Weeks. The first book in the series, *The Way of Shadows*, was published in October 2008, and the third book, *Beyond the Shadows*, was published in December 2008.

## Books
* *The Way of Shadows*
* ''Shadow's Edge*
* *Beyond the Shadows''

## References
Taylor Chorney

**Taylor Chorney** (born April 27, 1987) is a Canadian-born American professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Edmonton Oilers and St. Louis Blues.

He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 36th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. He previously played at the University of North Dakota. He also was on Team USA at the 2006 World Junior Championships. Chorney represented the USA again in the 2007 World Juniors, where he was team captain. He made his NHL debut on April 10, 2009 against the Calgary Flames. He recorded his first NHL point in his first game of the 2009-10 season, by assisting one of Zack Stortini's two goals on October 12, 2009 on the road against the Nashville Predators.

His father, Marc, played 210 games in the NHL for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Los Angeles Kings.

On July 1, 2014, Chorney signed one-year, two-way contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins.

## References
## Other websites
*
Crumpet

A **crumpet** is a kind of flat, small round bread that is raised by yeast. They are about the same size as an English muffin. They are made in crumpet rings that are four inches wide and usually one inch deep. Crumpets are usually baked on a griddle and served toasted. A well-baked crumpet has a brown bottom and a spongey top that has many tiny holes. Crumpets are toasted whole, while English muffins are split and then toasted. After the baking, crumpets are spread with butter or cream and jam. 

## Definition 
The word of crumpet may come from the Middle English word *crompid* (cake), or *curled* (cake). Or it may come from the past participle of the Middle English verb *crumpen*, which means to curl up. It could also have come from *crumb*, *crump*, or *crooked*, all Old English. Crumpet is also used as British slang for a particularly sexually attractive woman. In Australian slang, it is part of the expression: "not worth a crumpet," meaning that somebody or something is useless.

## History 
The first recipe for crumpets was long ago, referred to frequently as the "crompid cake" by many. The Oxford English Dictionary traced the history back to 1382.

The Oxford Companion to Food also says that the earliest published recipe for crumpets was by Elizabeth Raffald, in 1769. There, the "crompid cake" is mentioned as well with buckwheat griddle cakes so it is believed that there is a connection between crumpets and the buckwheat pancake.

Elizabeth Raffald mentions it in her book of *The Experienced English Housekeeper*. Her recipe is very similar to the modern crumpet recipe, especially in the baking, buttering, and serving.

## References
Pope Leo X

**Pope Leo X** (; 11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521), born '''Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici'*, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 218th Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521.

## Early life
Giovanni de Medici was born in Florence.  He was the second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent.

He studied theology and canon law at Pisa from 1489 to 1491.

## Pope
Cardinal Medici was elected pope on 9 March 1513. On the 15 March he was ordained priest, and he was consecrated as bishop on March 17. He was crowned Pope on 19 March at the age of 37.

Pope Leo was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Leo was a patron of Michelangelo and Raphael.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
*List of popes from the Medici family

## References
 popes]]

## Other websites
* 
* "Leo X", *Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo X
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Medici
Discovery Channel

**Discovery Channel** (known as **The Discovery Channel** from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply **Discovery**)  is an American cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. As of June 2012, Discovery Channel was the third most widely distributed subscription channel in the United States, behind now-sibling channel EBS, BBC, ABC, CBS, PBS, CBC and PTV. it is available in 409 million households worldwide, through its U.S. flagship channel and its various owned or licensed television channels internationally.

It initially provided documentary television programming focused primarily on popular science, technology, and history, but by the 2010s had expanded into reality television and pseudo-scientific entertainment.

As of September 2018, Discovery Channel is available to approximately 88,589,000 pay television households in the United States.

## References
Charonosaurus

**Charonosaurus** was a genus of hadrosaur that lived at the very end of the Upper Cretaceous, about 65 million years ago. Its remains were found in China. 

The partial skull resembles that of *Parasaurolophus* from North America. This does *not* suggest a Bering land bridge existed during the Cretaceous period, since at that time North America was far away from Eastern Asia. Instead, it is likely that this group of hadrosaurs all had a similar long, backward-projecting hollow crest. It may have been used for trumpeting their calls. In other words, their skull shape was a basal feature.

*Charonosaurus* was a very large lambeosaurine hadrosaur (estimated around 13&nbsp;m (42.5&nbsp;ft) long), known from a partial skull found in Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China. Adult and juvenile hadrosaur remains were found in the same area. They give information on the rest of the skeleton; the femur length was up to 1.35 m. (4.5&nbsp;ft). 

## In popular culture
*Charonosaurus* was featured in the Discovery Channel television documentary The Last Day of the Dinosaurs, where it was the prey of *Troodon*.

## References
Tellurium oxide

**Tellurium oxide** can refer to either of these chemical compounds.

*Tellurium dioxide, TeO2
*Tellurium trioxide, TeO3
Tellurium(IV) iodide

**Tellurium(IV) iodide**, also known as **tellurium tetraiodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeI4. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains iodide ions. 

## Properties
Tellurium(IV) iodide is a black solid. It breaks down when heated to tellurium(II) iodide and iodine. It is a weak reducing agent. It conducts electricity when melted.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting tellurium with iodine or by reacting tellurium with iodomethane, CH3I.

## Related pages
*Tellurium(IV) bromide
*Tellurium(IV) chloride
*Tellurium(IV) fluoride
Tellurium(IV) fluoride

**Tellurium(IV) fluoride**, also known as **tellurium tetrafluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeF4. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

## Properties 
Tellurium(IV) fluoride is a white solid. It reacts with water to make tellurium dioxide and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with many metals when heated.

## Preparation 
It is made by reacting tellurium dioxide with sulfur tetrafluoride. It can also be made by reacting cold fluorine with tellurium. Another way is reacting selenium tetrafluoride with warm tellurium dioxide. Fluorine can also react with tellurium(II) chloride or tellurium(II) bromide to make tellurium(IV) fluoride. 

## Related pages 
*Tellurium(VI) fluoride
*Tellurium(IV) chloride
Tellurium fluoride

**Tellurium fluoride** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

*Tellurium(IV) fluoride
*Tellurium(VI) fluoride
Avram Glazer

**Avram Glazer** (born October 19, 1960 in Rochester, New York) is the joint-chairman of Manchester United Football Club with his brother Joel..

Glazer lives in New Orleans with his wife and their two children. He is a son of Malcolm Glazer.

## References
Tellurium(VI) fluoride

**Tellurium(VI) fluoride**, also known as **tellurium hexafluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeF6. It contains tellurium in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions. It is the oldest known tellurium fluoride.

## Properties 
Tellurium(VI) fluoride is a colorless gas. It condenses to a white solid when made cold. It has a very bad smell. It is very toxic. It is similar to selenium hexafluoride, even though it is less volatile (not as easily evaporated). It reacts with water to make telluric acid and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with tellurium under  to make tellurium tetrafluoride. 

## Preparation 
It is made by reacting hot fluorine with tellurium. Cold fluorine gas makes tellurium tetrafluoride. It can also be made by reacting fluorine with tellurium trioxide. Another way to make it is reacting selenium tetrafluoride and tellurium dioxide to make tellurium tetrafluoride, which is heated above  to make tellurium hexafluoride and tellurium. 

## Related pages 
*Tellurium(IV) fluoride
*Tellurium(IV) chloride
Telluric acid

**Telluric acid** is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is H6TeO6. It contains hydrogen and tellurate ions. It contains the TeO66- form of the tellurate ion.

Telluric acid is a weak acid. It reacts with strong bases to make tellurates. It is a powerful oxidizing agents. It can be dehydrated to make tellurium trioxide. The metatelluric acid, H2TeO4, does not exist. 

Telluric acid can be made by reacting tellurium dioxide with chromium trioxide or hydrogen peroxide. 

It is used to make other tellurates such as sodium tellurate.

## Related pages
*Tellurous acid
*Sodium tellurite

## Sources
Manzanar

**Manzanar** was the name of a Japanese American internment camp in California.  It was near Lone Pine, California, in the desert near Death Valley.  Thousands of people were kept there; most of them were Japanese people from Los Angeles.  The camp opened in 1942 and was closed in 1945.  Today, the camp is a National Historic Site.

## References
## Other websites
Philip Gunawardena

**Don Philip Rupasinghe Gunawardena** (11 January 1901 – 26 March 1972) was a Sri Lankan politician. He introduced Trotskyism to Sri Lanka. He studied in the United States and picked up liberal ideas there.

## References
Electrical resistivity

**Electrical resistivity** is a concept in electrical engineering. It is a measure of how much a material stops the flow of electric current through it. Most metals have very low electrical resistivity.

More precisely, "the resistivity of a material of conductor is the resistance of its unit area of cross section and per unit of its length". The International System of Units uses the ohm metre for measuring how much electrical resistivity there is. Electrical resistivity is the inverse of electrical conductivity. This term is more used for semiconductors and insulators.

 
The name of this formula, is '''Pouillet's law'''. (It is named after Claude Pouillet):

R = \rho \frac{\ell}{A}.The resistance of a given element is proportional to the length, but inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area. For example, if &nbsp;= , \ell&nbsp;=  (forming a cube with perfectly conductive contacts on opposite faces), then the resistance of this element in ohms is numerically equal to the resistivity of the material it is made of in Ω⋅m.

The resistivity of a substance is equal to the resistance of a rod of that substance which is 1 metre long and 1 square metre in cross-section.  This can be a 1 cubic Metre cube. So we can also say that the resistivity of a substance is equal to he resistance between the opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the substance.
Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas

**"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"** is a Christmas song. The words were written by Ralph Blane and the music by Hugh Martin in 1943. The song was first introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 movie, *Meet Me In St. Louis*. A modified version was introduced by Frank Sinatra who felt the original was too sad for his 1957 album, *A Jolly Christmas*. It has also been recorded by many other performers including Christina Aguilera, Demi Lovato, Sam Smith and the Pretenders. In 2007 ASCAP listed the song at number three in the 25 most played holiday songs.

## References
Martha Stewart

**Martha Stewart** (born **Martha Helen Kostyra**, August 3, 1941) is an American entrepreneur, author, and media personality. Stewart is famous for the *Martha Stewart Living* TV show and magazine. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey to Polish-American parents.

In 2004, Stewart was convicted of obstructing justice and lying to investigators about a stock sale. She served five months in a West Virginia prison. She was on ABC but moved to another channel. In May 2018, President Donald Trump said he was thinking about pardoning Stewart for her charges.

In 2023 at age 81, Stewart was on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition. She holds the record as the oldest cover model for the magazine.

## References
Paul Edwards (composer)

**Paul Christison Edwards** (born ) is an English  organist and composer of music for the Anglican Church. 
## Biography
Paul Edwards spent his childhood in the village of Turvey in Bedfordshire.  He liked church music, especially the sound of the big organ in the church at Turvey.  He became a chorister at St Paul’s Cathedral for four and a half years and then spent the same amount of time as lay clerk at Peterborough Cathedral.  He has been organist and choir master at several churches in Bedfordshire, including All Saints, Turvey and St. Paul's Church, Bedford.  He works as a teacher, piano accompanist and choral singer.

Edwards has made a series of recordings of interesting old organs of North Bedfordshire.  He has transcribed and edited ten volumes of 18th century *English Organ Music*.  The list of all his compositions has 450 opus numbers.  They include about 150 hymn tunes and a large number of anthems.  Many of these works have been published in collections including *Hymns for Today’s Church*, *Psalms for Today* and *Carols for Today*.  His carol *No Small Wonder*, written in 1983 was published in *Carols for Today* in 1986 and was recorded on LP by Canterbury Cathedral  Choir.  It was sung at the famous Nine Lessons and Carols service broadcast on the BBC Television by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge in 2000.  His music has been recorded on several CDs.

Edwards finds inspiration for his compositions in the English countryside, especially that of Norfolk   He also enjoys driving and photographing busses and coaches.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.fagus-music.com/composers/pe.htm
*http://www.crotchet.co.uk/REGCD339.html
Lithium nitrate

**Lithium nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiNO3. It contains lithium and nitrate ions. 

## Properties
Lithium nitrate is a colorless solid. It makes a red flame when heated. It is an oxidizing agent. It breaks down when heated into lithium oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen. 

## Preparation
This metal can be made by reacting lithium, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, or lithium carbonate with nitric acid.

## Uses
Lithium nitrate is used in fireworks to make a red color. It is also used in s.

## Related pages
*Lithium nitride
Lithium peroxide

**Lithium peroxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2O2. It contains lithium and peroxide ions.

## Properties
Lithium peroxide is a white solid. It gives off oxygen when heated. It is an oxidizing agent.

## Preparation
Lithium peroxide is made by reacting lithium hydroxide with hydrogen peroxide and removing the water.

## Uses
It is used to absorb carbon dioxide on spaceships. It also releases oxygen when it absorbs carbon dioxide.

## Safety
Lithium peroxide reacts violently with water to make oxygen. It also is an oxidizing agent and can catch things on fire. It is corrosive because it is basic.

## References
Brit milah

**Brit milah** (Hebrew: בְּרִית מִילָה‎) is the Jewish ritual circumcision ceremony performed on eight-day-old male babies. The foreskin is cut off from the end of the penis. The operation is carried out by a person called a *mohel*, a ritual circumciser, who has been trained and qualified for this task. This ceremony is important for many Jewish people as it is a symbol of the covenant that God made with Abraham. Some mohels then optionally suck the blood out of the area of the circumcision wound using their mouth which is called "metzitzah b'peh" and is a tradition among many followers of Judaism. However this is known to possibly cause infectious diseases such as Herpes simplex. Some Jews say that limiting the practice would violate their religious freedom.

## References
Adam McKay

**Adam McKay** (born April 17, 1968) is an American actor, director, writer and comedian. Born in Pennsylvania, he directed and wrote several movies and won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in *The Big Short*.

## References
Earth Hour

structure of the greenhouses of the curitiban Botanic Garden (Curitiba, Paraná, Southern Brazil), with its lights off on March 27, 2010.]]
**Earth Hour** is an event organized by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). It is held on the last Saturday of March every year. The WWF asks people to shut off their lights and  for one hour. They want to raise awareness for climate change. It was started in 2007.

## Other websites
*
Ahmed Al Safi

**Ahmed Al Safi** ( , born 1971) is an Iraqi sculptor and painter.

## References
## Other websites
*AlSafiArt 
*Saatchi Gallery 
*Baghdad Journal - Artnet.com
Maria Stuarda

***Maria Stuarda*** is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Giuseppe Bardari, after Friedrich Schiller's play *Maria Stuarda*. It was first performed in Naples, on October 19,1835, under the name of *Buondelmont* due to censorship problems, and in its original version in Milan, on December 30, 1835. One of Donizetti's finest work, it is notable for the confrontation scene between Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth I of England, which in real life never took place. It was heartbreaking. The soprano later became famous and well loved.

## Principle roles and voice types
* Maria Stuarda - soprano

## Sources
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Tellurium(IV) oxide

**Tellurium(IV) oxide**, also known as **tellurium dioxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeO2. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

## Properties
Tellurium(IV) oxide can be yellow or white. The white form is the manmade form. The yellow form is natural, also known as tellurite. The manmade form is most common in chemical reactions. At high pressure, the manmade white form turns into the yellow form. It melts at a high temperature to make a red liquid.

Tellurium(IV) oxide does not dissolve in water. It reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid. It can react with many strong acids and powerful oxidizing agents. It can also react with strong bases. It makes one's breath smell like garlic when it is eaten.

## Preparation
Tellurium(IV) oxide is made by burning tellurium in air.

## Uses
It is used in devices that can convert light into sound. It can make glass with special properties. 

## Safety
It can cause birth defects. It also makes bad breath.

## Related pages
*Tellurium(IV) chloride
*Tellurium(VI) oxide
Georgia Dome

The **Georgia Dome** was a domed stadium in Atlanta that opened in 1992 and was torn down in 2017. It was the largest domed building in the world until 1999.

The Dome took up 9.19 acres of land and cost $214 million to build. It was supported by the State of Georgia, after which the stadium was named. It was not far from the CNN Center, Georgia World Congress Center and Philips Arena.

Many different sporting events took place in the dome, mostly football and basketball. It was home to the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League until it was replaced by the nearby Mercedes-Benz Stadium for the 2017 season.

## Other websites
*Official website
Richard Owen

Sir **Richard Owen** KCB (Lancaster, 20 July 1804–18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist.

Owen is probably best remembered today for coining the word *Dinosauria* (meaning 'Terrible Reptile'), and for his outspoken opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Owen was the driving force behind the establishment, in 1881, of the British Museum (Natural History) in London.

Owen's technical descriptions of vertebrates were important. His *Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates* (3 vols. London 1866–1868) was a standard reference work for many years.

His career was tainted by accusations that he failed to give credit to the work of others and even tried to appropriate it under his own name.

## Controversies with his peers
:"Owen: the most distinguished vertebrate zoologist and palaeontologist... but a most deceitful and odious man." Richard Broke Freeman (*Charles Darwin: a Companion*. Dawson 1978)

Owen credited himself and Georges Cuvier with the discovery of the *Iguanodon*, completely excluding any credit for the original discoverer of the dinosaur, Gideon Mantell. This was not the first or last time Owen would deliberately claim a discovery as his own, when in fact it was not. Owen was finally dismissed from the Royal Society's Zoological Council for plagiarism.

Owen was highly critical of Darwin's *On the Origin of Species*, in part because Darwin did not refer much to the previous scientific theories of evolution. Instead, Darwin compared the theory of evolution by natural selection with the unscientific theory in the Bible.

Owen, in Darwin's opinion, was "Spiteful, extremely malignant, clever; the Londoners say he is mad with envy because my book is so talked about". "It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which Owen hates me".

Owen was also a party to the threat to end government funding of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew botanical collection (see Joseph Dalton Hooker):
:"At the root was Owen’s feeling that Kew should be subordinate to the British Museum (and to Owen) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden." 

In the first part of his career Owen was regarded rightly as one of the great scientific figures of the age. In the second part of his career his reputation slipped. This was not solely due to his underhanded dealings with colleagues; it was also due to the serious errors of scientific judgement which were discovered and publicized. A fine example was his decision to classify man in a separate sub-class of the Mammalia (see Thomas Henry Huxley). In this Owen had no supporters at all. Also, his unwillingness to come off the fence concerning evolution became increasingly damaging to his reputation as time went on.

Owen continued working after his official retirement at the age of 79, but he never recovered the good opinions he had got in his younger days.

## References
Rock of Ages Corporation

run by Rock of Ages]]
**Rock of Ages Corporation** is a company in Vermont.  It mines granite, which it sells largely for use in memorials, though it also makes smaller products.

It was started in 1885, and has its headquarters in Graniteville, Vermont, which is close to Barre.

In October 2010, another mining company, Swenson Granite Company, said it would buy Rock of Ages for $39 million.

## References
Martin Evans

Sir **Martin John Evans** (born 1 January 1941, Stroud, Gloucestershire) is a British geneticist.

His first success was with Matthew Kaufman. In 1981 they were the first to grow embryonic mice stem cells in a laboratory.

Evans, Oliver Smithies and Mario Capecchi discovered a technique in genetic engineering. It is known as homologous recombination of transgenic DNA. This is important because it is the most reliable method of changing animal genomes.

The three put this to use in two more inventions: gene targeting and knockout mice, and were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2009.

## References
Jilin University

**Jilin University** (; often abbreviated JLU or 吉大) is a national university. China's Ministry of Education controls the university directly.

## References
## Other websites
*Jilin University  (English)
*Jilin University Official Application Online Site
Roberto Devereux

***Roberto Devereux*** is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Salvatore Cammarano, after François Ancelot's ''Elisabeth d'Angleterre'', it was first performed in Naples, on October 29, 1837. It is a powerful and sweeping work and is sometimes considered one of the most "verdian" of Donizetti's operas. After almost a century of neglect, it was revived in Naples by soprano Leyla Gencer in 1964, and has since then been regularly performed, notably by sopranos Montserrat Caballé and Beverly Sills. The plot is about the love between Queen Elizabeth I of England and her favorite Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex.

## Principal roles
* Elisabetta I - soprano
* Roberto Devereux - tenor
* Sara, Duchess of Nottingham - mezzo-soprano
* Duke of Nottingham - baritone

## Sources
* *The Complete Dictionnary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.