Zamzam Well

# Zamzam Well

The **Zamzam Well** (, ) is a historic well located within the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, approximately 20 metres (66 ft) east of the Kaaba, the holiest site in Islam. The well is about 30 metres (98 ft) deep and is topped by a dome in an underground chamber. Millions of pilgrims visit the well annually during Hajj and Umrah to drink its water, which is distributed through fountains in the mosque and bottled for takeaway.

In Islamic tradition, the well is considered a miraculous source of water provided by God. It is believed to have originated thousands of years ago to save Hagar (Hājar) and her infant son Ishmael (Ismāʿīl) from thirst in the desert. The water is regarded as blessed, and hadiths attribute healing and spiritual properties to it when consumed with sincere intention.

Geologically, the well taps into a fractured rock aquifer recharged by rainfall in the surrounding valleys. It has been managed and studied extensively in modern times by Saudi authorities to ensure sustainability and safety.

## History

### Traditional Islamic account

According to Islamic tradition, the Zamzam Well originated during the time of the prophet Abraham (Ibrāhīm). On divine command, Abraham left his wife Hagar and their son Ishmael in the barren valley of Mecca (then known as Bakkah). When their provisions ran out, Hagar desperately searched for water, running seven times between the hills of Safa and Marwa. In distress, the infant Ishmael scraped the ground with his foot (or, in some narrations, the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl) struck the earth), causing water to gush forth. Hagar contained the flow by building a barrier, exclaiming "Zamzam" (meaning "stop" or "abound" in ancient Arabic), which gave the well its name.

This spring attracted the tribe of Jurhum, who settled in the area with Hagar's permission. Over centuries, the well remained a vital source but was eventually buried or lost, possibly due to siltation, conflict, or deliberate concealment by the Jurhum tribe before their expulsion from Mecca.

The well was rediscovered in the late 6th century CE by Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, grandfather of the Prophet Muhammad. Guided by dreams, Abd al-Muttalib excavated the site, uncovering ancient artifacts (including gazelles and swords from the Kaaba) and restoring the water flow. Disputes arose with the Quraysh tribe over ownership, but Abd al-Muttalib retained control. The responsibility for providing Zamzam water to pilgrims (*siqāya*) passed through his family, including his son al-Abbas.

### Historical developments

Throughout Islamic history, the well has been cleaned, reinforced, and expanded multiple times:

* During the Abbasid era (e.g., under Caliph al-Amin in the 8th–9th century CE), reinforcements were added.
* In pre-modern times, it featured structures for drawing water with buckets and pulleys.
* In the 20th century, under Saudi rule, pumps were installed (starting in the 1950s–1960s), and the well was enclosed in a basement chamber during expansions of the Masjid al-Haram.
* Major cleanings occurred in 1379 AH (1959–1960 CE) and 1399 AH (1979 CE), increasing flow rates.

In 931 CE, during the Qarmatian raid on Mecca, the well was reportedly damaged or filled with corpses, but it was later restored.

## Religious significance

Zamzam holds profound spiritual importance in Islam. Drinking its water is a recommended act during Hajj and Umrah. The Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said: "The water of Zamzam is for whatever it is drunk for" (narrated in Sunan Ibn Majah and others), implying blessings based on the drinker's intention (e.g., for healing, knowledge, or forgiveness).

The ritual of Sa'i (walking between Safa and Marwa) commemorates Hagar's search. Pilgrims often drink Zamzam while facing the Kaaba, making supplications.

## Technical and geological information

The well is hand-excavated, approximately 30 metres deep, with a diameter of 1.08–2.66 metres. It draws from a renewable aquifer fed by rainfall infiltration from Wadi Ibrahim and surrounding hills, flowing through fractured granite and bedrock. Pumping rates are regulated (11–18.5 litres per second) to prevent depletion.

The Saudi Geological Survey operates the Zamzam Studies and Research Centre (established in the late 20th century), which monitors water levels, quality, and recharge using digital systems. Daily testing ensures safety, and extraction is limited during high-demand periods like Hajj and Ramadan.

Despite high usage (supplying millions annually), the well has never dried up, attributed to sustainable management and natural recharge.

## Water properties and quality

Zamzam is alkaline mineral water, classified as sodium-calcium-bicarbonate type. It is rich in calcium (around 93–200 mg/L), magnesium (38–42 mg/L), sodium (133–250 mg/L), and fluoride (0.7–0.74 mg/L), with higher total dissolved solids (TDS) than typical drinking water (around 600–900 mg/L, exceeding some aesthetic guidelines but within WHO limits for safety).

Microbiologically, it remains free of bacteria and algae due to natural fluoride and flow dynamics. Trace elements like arsenic, lead, and cadmium are below WHO permissible limits in official tests. Some older reports (e.g., a 2011 BBC investigation on exported samples) alleged elevated arsenic or nitrates, but Saudi authorities and subsequent studies attribute discrepancies to contamination during handling or fake products, affirming source water safety.

Studies confirm no toxicity, with potential benefits like hypolipidemic and uricosuric effects in animal models, though comparable to other mineral waters.

## Modern distribution and project

Today, the well's opening is sealed, and water is pumped to fountains, coolers, and a bottling facility (King Abdullah Zamzam Water Project, inaugurated 2010, costing SAR 700 million). Bottled Zamzam is distributed free to pilgrims but cannot be commercially sold outside Saudi Arabia.

## See also

* Hajj
* Kaaba
* Safa and Marwa
* Masjid al-Haram

## References

* Saudi Geological Survey – Zamzam Studies and Research Centre reports.
* Al-Azraqi, *Akhbar Makkah* (historical accounts).
* Ibn Hisham, *Sirat Rasul Allah* (biography of Muhammad).
* Various hydrochemical studies (e.g., Khalid et al., 2014; Shomar, 2012).