open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Wembley Stadium

**Wembley Stadium** is a football stadium in London, England. It holds 90,000 seats.

It was built from 2003 to 2007 in the same spot that the first Wembley Stadium was built. 

The new stadium features an arch that was designed not to cast a shadow over the stadium while games are played and to help hold part of the roof up. 

Both the FA Cup semi-finals and the final itself are held here. It also hosts the League Cup final and several other English cup finals. The England national football team play their home matches here.

As well as sports, the new Wembley Stadium, like the first one, is also used for concerts. Metallica, Muse, and George Michael have performed there.  Also, the Concert for Diana was held there on July 1, 2007, and the London Live Earth concert was held there six days later, on July 7.

The new Wembley also hosts NFL games as part of the NFL International Series. The first NFL game there was the New York Giants and the Miami Dolphins. The Jacksonville Jaguars currently have a deal to play one home game in London from 2013 to 2020. 

Wembley has previously hosted the 2011, the 2013 and the 2024 UEFA Champions League finals.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Wembley Stadium (1923)
Thistle tube

A **thistle tube** is a piece of laboratory glassware used to add liquid to beakers of other liquids, or sometimes to other pieces of equipment.

## Characteristics 
A thistle tube is a long hollow pole of glass which has a funnel at the top. Liquid is put into the top and travels down the tube and comes out the thin end of the tube in small drips which can be used anywhere. It is usually quite precise.

## Other websites
*Information on the function of a thistle tube 
*Thistle Tube feeders for birds merchandise
World Meteorological Organization

The **World Meteorological Organization** (WMO) is an international organization with a membership of 188 Member States and Territories. It was originally known as the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. 

In 1950, the United Nations created the WMO for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. The current president is Alexander Bedritsky and the current Secretary-General is Michel Jarraudwho were both elected by the 14th World Meteorological Congress in 2003.

## World Meteorological Day
*World Meteorological Day is celebrated every year on March 23 which was founded by the organization itself.

## Other websites
*World Meteorological Organization 
*Founding charter 
*NOAA: Retired Hurricane Names 
*WMO country codes
Static mixer

A **static mixer** is a piece of equipment that is used to mix liquids in laboratories. It has a unique shape.

## Structure 
A static mixer is made up of rectangular plates twisted around at 180° so that they make a double-helix shape.

Liquids flow along the curves of the static mixer and also are separated by the smooth sides of the mixer. The mixer can also be turned clockwise, or right, and then quickly turned counter-clockwise, or left. This creates opposite currents in the liquid and mixes it more efficiently.

## Uses 
The static mixer can be used to mix acids and alkalis for a neutralization. It can also be used to mix two liquids that normally wouldn't mix, like oil and water (see emulsion). It separates the particles of the water and oil until they become so small that they mix.

## Advantages 
*Simple shape - easy to clean
*Doesn't need electricity - saves money and can be used in otherwise explosive areas
*Manual - easy to use

## Related pages
*Separating funnel

## References 
## Other websites 
*In depth article on Static mixers directed towards students 
*In depth article on Static mixers
*Different types of Static Mixers
Ben Affleck

**Benjamin Géza Affleck-Boldt** (born August 15, 1972) is an American actor, movie director, producer and screenwriter. He became well known in the late 1990s, after acting in the movie *Good Will Hunting*. He has since become a Hollywood star having acted in several movies.

Affleck began playing the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe beginning with the 2016 movie *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice*.

## Family background
Affleck was born in Berkeley, California and grew up in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His mother, Christine Anne "Chris" Affleck (née Boldt), was a school district employee and teacher. His father, Timothy Byers Affleck, has been a drug counselor, social worker, janitor, auto mechanic, bartender, writer, director, and actor with the Theater Company of Boston. After learning that he had slave-owning ancestors from Savannah, Georgia, he tried to hide it but got caught and apologized.

Affleck's mother was a freedom rider in the 1960s; until her retirement, she was a public school teacher in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His younger brother is actor Casey Affleck. He has English, Irish, Scottish, German, Swedish, Swiss, Northern Irish (Scots-Irish), Welsh and French ancestry. The surname "Affleck" is of Scottish origin, and his middle name, "Géza", was the name of a family friend.

On June 29, 2005, he married actress Jennifer Garner, with whom he has two daughters: Violet Anne (born December 1, 2005) and Seraphina Rose Elizabeth (born January 6, 2009), and a son, Samuel Garner (born February 27, 2012). In June 2015, they announced their separation. They divorced on October 4, 2018. In the summer of 2021, media reports surfaced that Affleck had reunited with Jennifer Lopez, which was soon confirmed by the couple themselves. On July 16, 2022, they married in Las Vegas. The couple had been separated since April 26, 2024, and Lopez filed for divorce on August 20.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Entwagon.com : Ben Affleck 
* A thorough Biography
Komarno

**Komarno** (, , ) is a city in the Horodok Raion (district) of the Lviv Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. 4,000 people live there. It was founded in 1324. In the center of town is an old Polish Kostel (Catholic Church). There is also an old wooden church with ancient icons. The river Vereshytsia flows through the town. 

The Hasidic dynasty of Komarno comes from this town.
Kirstie Alley

**Kirstie Louise Alley** (January 12, 1951 – December 5, 2022) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the TV show *Cheers*, where she played Rebecca Howe from 1987 to 1993. She won an Emmy as the *Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series* for 1991. A year later, she won a Golden Globe for her acting in *Cheers* as well. She also won an Emmy in 1994 for her role in the TV drama show ''David's Mother*. 

Other roles that have been well-liked by the public and the critics that Alley is known for include: playing Diane Barrows in *It Takes Two* and a single mother in *Look Who's Talking*, *Look Who's Talking Too*, and *Look Who's Talking Now'' (all co-starring John Travolta). Alley has won two People's Choice Awards in the years 1991 and 1998.

Alley was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard.

## Personal life 
From 1971 until 1977 Kirstie was married to Robert Alley. They began dating in high school and were distant cousins.

From 1983 until 1997 she was married to Parker Stevenson. They had two children, son William True Stevenson (born September 28, 1992) and daughter Lillie Price Stevenson (born June 15, 1994). William and Lillie were adopted.

Alley was raised Methodist but was more recently a member of the Church of Scientology. In 2007, Alley gave $5 million to the Church of Scientology.

## Death 
After a battle with cancer, Alley died on December 5, 2022 at age 71.

## Filmography 
## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Kirstie Alley - Fab Actress 
* Unofficial List of Scientology courses completed by Kirstie Alley 
* Kirstie Alley latest news and blogs
Ivan Aivazovsky

**Ivan Aivazovsky** (Russian: Иван Константинович Айвазовский, Armenian: Հովհաննես Այվազովսկի - Hovhannes Aivazovsky July 29, 1817 – May 5, 1900) was an Armenian painter, most famous for his seascapes, which make up more than half of his paintings.

## Gallery 

Image:Aivasovsky Ivan Constantinovich Moonlit Seascape With Shipwreck.jpg|Moonlit Seascape with Shipwreck
Image:Aivasovsky Ivan Constantinovich storm 1886 IBI.jpg|Storm
Image:Aivasovsky Ivan Constantinovich fishermen on the shore IBI.jpg|Fishermen on the Shore
Image:View of Tiflis from Seid-Abaz, Ivan Aivazovsky.jpg|View of Tiflis
Image:Subashi desant.jpg|Landing at Subashi
Image:Aivazovsky,_Ivan_-_The_Ninth_Wave.jpg|The Ninth Wave
Image:Aivazovsky_-_Reval_1845.jpg|View of Monaco
Image:Chesmabattle.jpg|Battle of Chesma
Sunscreen

**Sunscreen** (also known as **sunblock**, or **sun cream**) is a photo-protective topical product that helps prevent skin damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun. It reduces sunburn and other skin damage, with the goal of lowering your risk of skin cancer.  

The most effective sunscreens protect against both UVB (ultraviolet radiation with wavelength between 290 and 320 nanometres), which can cause sunburn, and UVA (between 320 and 400 nanometres), which damages the skin with more long-term effects, such as premature skin aging. Most sunscreens work by containing either a petrochemical compound that absorbs ultraviolet light (such as oxybenzone) or minerals that reflects light (such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide), or a combination of both.

Sunscreen is regulated as an OTC product by the FDA. Most sunscreens are not considered reef safe as they use petrochemicals. As such the use of petrochemical based sunscreen has been banned in ecological and progressive areas, such as, Mexico's Marine Reserves, the State of Hawaii, Aruba, Thailand's National Park areas, the Marshal Islands.
Komárno

**Komárno** is a town in the southwest of Slovakia. It is an important, historical town which is famous for having a historical fortification.

The river Váh flows into the Danube at Komárno. The Danube at this point forms the border between the countries Slovakia and Hungary.  The Hungarian name for the town is Komárom.

## History 
At first there was just one town, with the Danube flowing through the middle of the town. Since the end of World War I, when Czechoslovakia became a separate country from Hungary, the town has been split into two: Komárno is on the left (north) bank of the river, now in Slovakia, and Komárom is on the right (south) bank of the river, in Hungary.  Komárno has a population of 37.000 and Komárom has a population of 19.600.  The two towns are joined by a bridge.

People have lived in the area of Komárno for thousands of years. The first castle was built in the 10th century.  In 1244 a law was made which said that every merchant who sailed a boat down the Danube past Komárno had to stop for several days in Komárno and unload all the cargo so that people could buy it if they wanted. If the merchant did not want to do this he had to pay a large duty (amount of money) to continue his journey. This law was stopped in 1751.  

In the 15th century Komárno had become very important.  The rulers and the court of the kingdom of Hungary often stayed there.  The fortress was very powerful and they managed to fight off Turkish invaders after the Turks had already captured Esztergom and Buda.  The fort was badly damaged in 1783 in an earthquake, but it was built up again because of the Napoleonic wars.

Today Komárno is a nice town to visit. There are many tourist attractions, especially the fort which is on the Hungarian side of the town (Komárom).  There are also spa health centres where people can swim or bathe gently in the waters which help to make people who are ill healthy again.   

## Population 
### Ethnic composition 
### Religion 
## Notable people 
Famous people who were born in Komárno are:  

* Mór Jókai, (1825-1904), a famous Hungarian writer 
* Franz Lehár (1870-1948) – the Hungarian-born Austrian composer who wrote popular operettas such as "The Merry Widow" 
* Slovak-born Canadian Hollywood movie director Ivan Reitman (1946- ) 

## References
Oscypek

**Oscypek** (in Polish, *Oštiepok* in Slovak language) is a smoked cheese from Poland and Slovakia.

Oscypek was originally made from sheep's milk, but it can also be made from cow's milk.
Bigos

**Bigos** is a traditional dish from Poland and Lithuania. Bigos is created from cabbage (normal and sauerkraut) and meat. In very rare cases bigos can be made without meat or cabbage, but the presence of sauerkraut is absolutely essential.

## Other websites 
*Bigos in wikinew`s cookbook
Kaliber 44

**Kaliber 44** is one of the biggest hip hop band from Poland. It was created in 1993 by Marcin Marten ("AbraDab") and Michał Marten ("Joka"). The first part of the title should indicate the caliber of the issues the group is talking about. The second part is taken from 'Dziady' of Adam Mickiewicz (Vision of the priest Peter).

## Discography
### Studio albums 
**Księga Tajemnicza. Prolog* (Mysterious Book. Prologue) (1996)
**W 63 minuty dookoła świata* (Around the world in 63 minutes) (1998)
**3:44* (2000)
**Ułamek Tarcia* (friction fraction)

### Singles 
*"Magia i miecz" (The magic and the sword) (1996)
*"Film" (The trip) (1998)
*"Konfrontacje" (Confrontations) (2000)
*"Nieodwracalne zmiany" (Irreversible changes) (2016)
* "(Why Is It) Fresh" (2016)
Lupin

**Lupin**, often spelled **lupine** in North America, is the common name for members of the genus ***Lupinus*** in the family Fabaceae. 

There are between 150 and 200 species. They grow all over the Mediterranean region - Subgen. ***Lupinus***, and the Americas - Subgen. ***Platycarpos ***(Wats.) Kurl.

The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.3-1.5 m tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m tall, with one, Lupinus jaimehintoniana, a tree 8 m high with a trunk 20&nbsp;cm in diameter, from the Mexican state of Oaxaca. They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green or silvery leaves with the blades usually palmately divided into 5–17 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States; in many species, the leaves are hairy with silvery hairs, often densely so. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.

## Lupins as an introduced pest 
In New Zealand lupins have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams in South Island. The seeds are carried by car tires and water flow, and unfortunately, some tourist shops in the major tourist areas have been reported to have sold packets of lupin seeds to tourists, with the instructions to plant, water and watch them grow into a giant beanstalk. They are principally blue, pink and violet, with some yellow, and are very attractive, providing colourful vistas with a backdrop of mountains and lakes. The New Zealand environment authorities have a campaign to reduce their numbers, although this seems a hopeless task, especially when faced with such ignorance as mentioned above. In fields they seem to be eradicated by sheep, and hence remain largely restricted to ungrazed roadside verges and stream banks.

## References 
5. Diaporthe toxica sp.nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep.  Williamson et al. 1994, Mycological Research 98 (12) 1364-1365

## Other websites 
*Nitrogen Cycle 
*Lupins Resource Website
*Alternative Field Crops Manual: Lupine
*Lupins
Pascal (unit)

The **pascal** (symbol: **Pa**) is the SI-derived unit of pressure or stress. It is a measure of perpendicular force per unit area and is equal to one newton per square meter. In everyday life, the pascal is best known from meteorological air-pressure reports, where it happens in the form of hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa). In other cases, the kilopascal is more commonly used such as on bicycle tire labels. One hectopascal corresponds to 0.1 and one kilopascal to about 1% of atmospheric pressure (near sea level).

It is named after the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Atmosphere (unit)
Jerez de la Frontera

**Jerez de la Frontera** is a city in the province of Cádiz, in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It is famous as the home of the wine called sherry, whose name comes from the city's old Arabic name, pronounced *Sherish*. 

Jerez de la Frontera, once called **Xeres**, has a rich history from the days of the Moorish Arab occupation of the Iberian Peninsula. Part of its name, *de la Frontera,* means "of the frontier" because it was on the border between Islamic and Christian populations.

The city is well known for breeding and training the world-famous Andalusian horses. Flamenco dance is a popular cultural feature of the city.

## Other websites
*Tourist information
Bar (unit)

The **bar** (symbol: **bar** or **b**) is a unit of pressure. They are not SI units, but they are still used in descriptions of pressure. Although the use of those units is discouraged, the bar is about the same as atmospheric pressure.

## Multiples 
The bar, the decibar, and the millibar are known as:
* 1 bar = 100 000 pascals (Pa) = 1,000,000 dynes per square centimeter (baryes)
* 1 dbar = 0.1 bar = 10 000 Pa = 100,000 dyn/cm²
* 1 cbar = 0.01 bar = 1000 Pa
* 1 mbar = 0.001 bar = 100 Pa = 1,000 dyn/cm²

(The pascal is one newton per square meter.)

## Origin 
The word *bar* has its origin in the Greek word *βάρος* (baros), meaning weight. Its official symbol is "bar"; the earlier "b" is no longer used but is still often seen especially as "mb," rather than "mbar" for millibars.

The bar and the millibar were defined by Sir Napier Shaw in 1909 and became used internationally in 1929.

## Other websites 
*Official SI website: Table 8. Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI 
*Conversion factors from bar to various pressure units
Wade Robson

**Wade Jeremy Robson** (born 1982) is an Australian professional dancer, choreographer, producer, and songwriter. He has performed as a dancer since the age of 5 with celebrities such as Michael Jackson and Britney Spears, and is also an award-winning choreographer, known for his own MTV show *Wade Robson Project*, and the broadcast competition *So You Think You Can Dance*.  In 1994 he released an album as part of the hip hop group Quo.

## Personal life
On May 1 2013 Robson sued Michael Jackson's estate. He did not sue Jackson because Jackson died in 2009. He said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. He said that he would sue Jackson's father Joe for slander if he did not stop saying that Robson is lying. He and fellow accuser James Safechuck told their stories in the controversial documentary Leaving Neverland in 2019.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
*
*Tremaine Dance profile 
*MTV biography 
*Ask Men entry
*PopGurls 20 Questions with Wade Robson
Limited government

**Limited government** is a form of government with roles and powers given, and limited by law, usually in a written constitution. A limited government has only the powers that the people give it. 

Related to this idea is "small government" – a system that put most of its power in smaller groups, such as private businesses and its own citizens. On the other hand, "big government" involves a great amount of intervention by the state.

In Great Britain, the idea of limited government is part of the political tradition. It was started by Magna Carta, which limited the power of King John. The execution of Charles I and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 reinforced this. Even monarchs had to accept limits to their power, and parliamentary democracy became more important.

In the United States, the idea of limited government is written into the United States Constitution.
Cardinal (Catholic Church)

and Godfried Danneels)]]
**Cardinals** are created by the pope and typically hold the title for life. Cardinals are bishops and archbishops leading dioceses and archdioceses around the world as well as working for the Holy See either within Vatican City or internationally as a nuncio.

On 24 February 2024, there were 234 serving cardinals.

According to the Catholic church, the order of the importance  of the Catholic Church goes from the Pope, then the Bishops and Archbishops and then those holding the position of a Cardinal. Cardinals are the counsellors of the Pope. In 1245, Pope Innocent IV granted the red hat to the cardinals as a sign of their readiness to shed their blood in the cause of the church which showed their dedication to the church.
]]
The collective name for cardinals is College of Cardinals.  They meet in a Papal conclave to elect a new Pope.

When there is no pope, the cardinals direct the day-to-day affairs of the Church.

The Pope can choose cardinals as he sees fit, but usually asks for advice from other cardinals. If a man is not yet a bishop or archbishop when chosen, he should become one, but this is not always required.

* Cardinal bishops.
* Cardinal priests.
* Cardinal deacons.

## Clothing 

File:6 SzatyChorowe Kardynala.png|Choir dress of a cardinal
File:6 Sutanna Kardynala.png|Cassock of a cardinal
File:Hábito coral cardenalicio con capa magna estival.svg|Cardinal's choir suit with cappa magna
File:Hábito piano cardenalicio completo.svg|Cardinal's *piano* suit
File:Vetements cardinal Gamarelli.jpg|Cardinal's choir dress
File:Cardinal DiNardo Galero.jpg|Cardinal's galero hat

## Coats of arms 

File:Template-Cardinal (Metropolitan Archbishop).svg|Cardinal who is Metropolitan Archbishop
File:Template-Cardinal.svg|Cardinal (archbishop)
File:Template-Cardinal (Bishop).svg|Cardinal (bishop)
File:Template-Cardinal (not a bishop).svg|Cardinal who is not a bishop
File:Template-Cardinal Camerlengo.svg|Camerlengo (archbishop)
File:Template-Cardinal (Bishop) Camerlengo.svg|Camerlengo (bishop)

## Related pages 
* Bishop
* Archbishop

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Cardinal-Bishops, Cardinal-Priests, Cardinal-Deacons
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Fleet

**Fleet** may mean:

## Vehicles
A **fleet** is a collection of ships, planes or vehicles:
*Fleet vehicles, two or more vehicles
*Fishing fleet
*Naval fleet, large group of warships
*A fleet of aeroplanes
*A group of small ships or flotilla
*A group of racing sailboats
*Starfleet, fictional group in *Star Trek*
*Ugs fleet, a collection of military ground sensors.

## Places
*Fleet, Kent, a waterway in the Thames marshes, England
*Fleet, Dorset, England
*Fleet, Hampshire, England
*River Fleet, river in London, England
*Fleet, Lincolnshire, England
*Gatehouse of Fleet, small town in Scotland
*Water of Fleet, a river in Scotland
*Fleet, Alberta, Canada

## People
*Beth Van Fleet (born 1977), American volleyball player
*Charles Browne Fleet (1843-1916), American pharmacist
*David Fleet (born 1954), Canadian politician
*Frank Fleet (1848-1900), American baseball player
*Frederick Fleet (1887-1965), British sailor and *Titanic* survivor
*Greg Fleet (born 1960), Australian comedian
*James Fleet (born 1954), British actor
*James Van Fleet (1892-1992), American general
*Jo Van Fleet (1914-1996), American actress
*Pat Fleet (born 1943), American voice actress
*Preston Fleet (1934-1995), American businessman
*Reuben Fleet (1887-1975), American aviation pioneer
*Stephan Szpak-Fleet (born 1979), Polish-born American actor
*Stephen Fleet (1936-2006), British administrator
*William Van Fleet (1852-1923), American judge

## Other uses
*Fleet Aircraft
*FleetBoston Financial, financial institution
*Fleet Farm, American farm and ranch supply store chain
*Fleet Foxes, American band
*Fleet (laxative), brand name for bisacody
*Fleet services, English motorway service station
*Fleet Spurs F.C.
*Ebbsfleet United F.C., whose nickname is The Fleet
*Fleet (boardgame), a strategy card game published by Eagle Games
Guest worker

**Guest workers** are people brought into a country to work in different industries.

They are used to fill a shortage in labour that most often cannot be done locally. Guest workers often do not have the same rights as normal workers. In some countries, guest workers are not allowed to stay for a long period of time. In Germany, many guest workers are from Turkey. Turkish guest workers have formed their own communities in the German cities in which they live. Turkish guest workers have been in Germany since the 1950s.

Many Koreans in Japan came as guest workers in the early 20th century and in Arab countries late in the late 20th century.

## Related pages
* Migrant worker

## Other websites 
*Foreign workers in Malaysia  - News update
*The PBS newsmagazine NOW  focuses on America's "Guest Workers" including interviews with actual guest workers who work in Montana's forests
*Burma Migrant Worker Issues
*Migrant labor activism in New York City from Dollars & Sense magazine
*Migrant Workers Television(MWTV) in Seoul Korea 
*December 18 vzw - International Advocacy and Resource Center on Migrant Workers Rights  
*Migrante International
*No One is Illegal
*Global Culture: essay on migrant workers 
*Migrant Farmworkers and Their Children
Lesser Antilles

The **Lesser Antilles** (also known as the **Caribbees**) are a group of islands between the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea and the western Atlantic Ocean. They are east and south of the Greater Antilles. Some of the islands are also just off the northern coast of South America. Unlike the Greater Antilles, which are made up of continental rock, the Lesser Antilles, are mostly young volcanic or coral islands.

## References
1,000,000

**1,000,000** (**1000000**, **one million** or **one thousand thousand** or **million** or **thousand thousand** for short) is a natural number between 999,999 and 1,000,001. The name is derived from Italian, where  was 1,000, and 1,000,000 became a "*milione*", as "a large thousand".

## Overview
In scientific notation, the number is written as 106. Physical quantities can also be explained using the SI prefix  when using SI units. For example, 1 megawatt is 1,000,000 watts (W).

The word "million" is common to both the short-scale and long-scale numbering systems, unlike the larger numbers, which have different names in the two systems.

The million is sometimes used in English as a metaphor for a very large number, as in "Never in a million years" and "You're one in a million", or as hyperbole, as in "I have walked a million miles".

## Examples
* A millionaire is someone who owns at least one million or more units of currency
* In computer science a megabyte is equal to a million bytes, or 1,048,576 (1,0242).
* In measurement, there are a million millimeters in a kilometer. There are a million meters in a megameter. (A person who travels completely around earth's equator travels 40 megameters). Also, the speed of light travels a million kilometers in around 3 seconds
* *Il Milione* is the title of Marco Polo's narration of his travels in China. The name is supposed to come from Polo's nickname after his tales of riches and multitudes.
Separating funnel

A **separating funnel** (also called a separation funnel) is a piece of laboratory glassware. It is usually used to separate two liquids, for example, oil and water.

## Uses
For this example, oil and water will be used:

A mixture of oil and water is put into a separating funnel and then shaken and then left until it becomes stable again. The liquid with higher density, (in this case water), goes to the bottom of the separating funnel (because liquids with higher density sink). When this is done, the bottom of the separating funnel is opened, and the water can flow out, leaving only the oil on top.

## Structure
A separating funnel is a cone shape made from glass but has a half circle, or hemisphere, on top. It has a stopper at the top and tap or hole at the bottom. The size of one can be between 50 millilitres and 3 litres.

## Related pages
*Static mixer

## Other websites
*Use of a separatory funnel or "How to do an upscale extraction", UCLA
Plate reader

**Plate readers**, also known as **microplate readers** or **microplate photometers**, are laboratory equipment used to see any biological, chemical or physical change in samples of chemicals in microtiter plates.

## Process 
Most of the time, a very bright lamp shines light to the microtiter well and the chemicals react in special ways which can be measured using special equipment.

Other ways to measure certain things are:
#How much the chemicals absorb liquid
#If they glow in certain areas
#How long does a certain reaction go on for under special conditions

Today, plate readers come with tools for data analysis.

## Uses 
Plate readers are used for:
#To monitor cell growth 
#Acid quantities in chemicals
#Cell reactions
#Enzyme activity
#Cell toxicity
#Amounts of chemicals in cells
#Checking substances for drugs

Using these plate readers can help human scientists do their work more efficiently. Plate readers are used mostly in research, to find drugs, and to help test the purity of chemicals in pharmacies and laboratories.

## Related pages
*Microtiter plate
Microtiter plate

A **microtiter plate** (sometimes called a **microplate**) is a flat plate with lots of "wells" used as small test tubes. 

## Structure 
A microtiter plate is used mostly in laboratories and pharmacies. A microtiter plate could have 6, 24, 96, 384 or even sometimes 1536 wells arranged in rows. Some microplates, used in the industry, have been built with 3456 or sometimes 9600 wells for maximum efficiency. Each well of a microplate can only hold very small amounts of liquid.

## History 
The first microplate was made in 1951 by a Hungarian man called Dr. G. Takatsky, who made a microtiter plate with 6 rows of 12 wells (so 72 wells). Microtiter plates started being used in bulk in the late 1950s, a man called John Liner from USA had made a different, but better version. By 1990 more than 15 companies were making microtiter plates. 

In 1996, the Society for Biomolecular Screening (SBS) wanted to make the microplate have standards to live up to. And so in 2003, microplates had to have a certain diameter and depth.

Instrument companies have made plate readers which can detect specific biological, chemical or physical changes in chemicals in these plates.

## Related pages
*Plate reader

## Other websites 
*http://www.micronit.com/en/products/glass_microfluidic_chips/microtiter_plate.php 
*http://www.freewebs.com/immunology/microtiter-plates.html
Cold front

air.]]: a blue line with triangles pointing in its movement direction.]]

A **cold front** is a meteorological word describing the movement of a cooler air mass into an area of warmer air. The air with greater density moves under the less dense warmer air, lifting it, which can create a line of showers and thunderstorms, or a squall line to form when there is sufficient moisture. This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front.

On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangles or spikes pointing in the direction of its movement. Cold fronts can also move up to twice as fast as warm fronts.

## Precipitation
Rain, snow, hail, and other forms of precipitation can happen with cold fronts.

## Effects
Cold fronts can bring dry and colder air behind it. Temperatures can drop to 15 °F behind cold fronts, and it can get very windy.

## References
Erlenmeyer flask

An **Erlenmeyer flask** or **conical flask** is a kind of flask with a base in the shape of a cone and a short neck. It was first invented in 1861 by a German chemist named Richard Erlenmeyer. Erlenmeyer Flasks are a type of laboratory glassware. 

This type of flask is used as a container for chemical substances, or to heat or boil liquids. It does not allow liquids to spill easily. It is also used in titration.
Bulgarian language

**Bulgarian** ('''', [ˈbɤ̞lɡarski ɛˈzik]) is a South Slavic language. It is spoken mainly in Bulgaria and parts of North Macedonia, Serbia, Ukraine and Moldova. The Bulgarian language is similar to the Macedonian and the Serbian languages, which are part of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages. There are nearly 9 million people in 2011 who use Bulgarian as their main language.  

Bulgarian is a part of the so-called Balkan "Sprachbund" or linguistic group, which also includes Greek, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian, and the Torlakian dialect of the Serbian language. This does not mean the languages are necessarily related, but that they share certain loanwords and grammatical characteristics due to frequent contact over the years.

## Alphabet 
## Related pages
* Romanization of Bulgarian

## References
Girlfriend

A **girlfriend** is a term that usually means a female partner in a non-marital relationship. It is less common to use the word "girlfriend" to mean a female friend in a platonic relationship.

## Related pages
*Boyfriend
Native

**Native** could mean:
**Native* person, see Indigenous peoples
*Native (ecology), an animal or plant species that comes from a given place
*In computing, *native* software is software that is written for a specific processor (see native on Wiktionary)
*Native (processing), a CPU processing system
*Native (comics), a character in the X-Men comics universe
*Native (band), a contemporary French R&B band
Concordia, Kansas

**Concordia** is a city in north-eastern Kansas, USA. It has been the county seat of Cloud County since 1871.

## References
Indigenous peoples

**Indigenous people** are the original people who lived in a region before settlers. Indigenous people are also called **aborigines**, **Native people**, **First People**, **First Nations**, and **Autochthonous**. 

The United Nations prefers to use the phrase *Indigenous people* because other phrases may be pejorative and give a bad image.

Many indigenous people were oppressed during colonialism. They were treated very poorly. Colonial settlers often robbed the indigenous treasures and took their lands. Some indigenous people were made slaves or killed by colonial settlers.

Colonialism often encourages indigenous people to believe the propaganda that they are of a lower social class than the new settlers. As a result, indigenous people can grow up to believe that they are of a lower social class or less important. Indigenous people sometimes have to fight for their own land, their own history, human rights and equality.

## Related pages
* Human rights
* Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
* Native Americans
* Indigenous Australians

## Other websites
### Institutions
* UNEP Indigenous Knowledge Study 
* Survival International 
* Cultural Survival 
* Rural poverty and indigenous peoples on Rural Poverty Portal, powered by IFAD
* IFAD and indigenous peoples (International Fund for Agricultural Development, IFAD)
* UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UN PFII)
* Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP) 
* Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)- Indigenous peoples
* UNESCO Actions in favour of Indigenous Peoples
* International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
* Asia Pacific Indigenous Youth Network (APIYN) 
* Development Gateway Indigenous Issues Topic Page 
* Human Rights Internet- Indigenous issues 
* Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation
* European Network for Indigenous Australian Rights (ENIAR) 
* Indigenous Peoples' Center for Documentation, Research and Information (docip)
* Diplomacy Monitor - Indigenous Peoples 
* IPS Inter Press Service  News on indigenous peoples from around the world

### Indigenous studies
* UNEP Indigenous Knowledge Study 
* University of Burgundy (France) Indigenous Studies (Formation Peuples Autochtones) 
* WWW Virtual Library- Indigenous studies resources 
* Center for World Indigenous Studies (CWIS)
* African Pygmies studies Anthropological fieldwork about Pygmies
* A History of Aboriginal Treaties and Relations in Canada This site includes contextual materials, links to digitized primary sources and summaries of primary source documents.
* Articles on Theory of Property Rights and the Environment
Hafez

**Khwajeh Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi** (also spelled **Hafiz**) (born between 1310 and 1337, believed to have died at age 69) () or **Hafez** is a Persian poet. Hafez was born in Shiraz, Iran. Hafez learnt the Quran by heart at an early age. His poems are collected in Divan e Hafez. William Jones translated his work into English in 1771.

## Life
Despite his profound effect on Persian life and culture and his enduring popularity and influence, few details of his life are known, and particularly about his early life there is a great deal of more or less mythical anecdote. Some of the early tazkeras (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable. One early document discussing Hafez' life is the preface of his Divān, which was written by an unknown contemporary of Hafez whose name may have been Moḥammad Golandām. The generally accepted modern edition of Hafez's Divān is known as *Qazvini-Ḡani*, edited by Moḥammad Qazvini and Qāsem Ḡani.

## Legends of Hafez
Many semi-miraculous mythical tales were woven around Hāfez after his death. Four of them are:
* It is said that, by listening to his father's recitations, Hāfez had accomplished the task of learning the Qur'an by heart, at an early age (that is in fact the meaning of the word *Hafez*). At the same time Hāfez is said to have known by heart, the works of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, Saadi, Farid ud-Din and Nezami.

* According to one tradition, before meeting Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Hāfez had been working in a local bakery. Hāfez delivered bread to a rich quarter of the town where he saw Shakh-e Nabat, allegedly a woman of great beauty, to whom some of his poems are addressed. In the knowledge that his love for her would not be requited and ravished by her beauty, he allegedly had his first mystic vigil in his desire to realize this union, whereupon, overcome by a being of a surpassing beauty (who identifies himself as an angel), he begins his mystic path of realization, in pursuit of spiritual union with the divine. The obvious Western parallel is that of Dante and Beatrice.

* At age 60 he is said to have begun a *chelleh-nashini*, a 40-day-and-night vigil by sitting in a circle which he had drawn for himself. On the 40th day, he once again met with Zayn al-Attar on what is known to be their fortieth anniversary and was offered a cup of wine. It was there where he is said to have attained "Cosmic Consciousness". Hāfez hints at this episode in one of his verses where he advises the reader to attain "clarity of wine" by letting it "sit for 40 days".

* In one famous tale, the famed conqueror Tamerlane angrily summoned Hāfez to him to give him an explanation for one of his verses

## References
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius

***The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius*** is an American computer animated television series. It was shown on the Nickelodeon television network until 2006 (with re-runs airing from April–June 2010 and again in January–May 2011) and currently on Nicktoons. It is a spinoff of the 2001 film, *Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius*  and later got its own spinoff starring Sheen Estevez called *Planet Sheen* which became its own series in October 2, 2010.

The series is about a young genius named Jimmy Neutron (James Isaac Neutron) who experiments with laboratory equipment which causes trouble to Retroville. He often has to undo the problems this creates.

## Characters 
### Main characters
* **James Isaac "Jimmy" Neutron** is the main character of the series. He is an eleven-year old genius with an IQ of 210. His friends are Carl Wheezer and Sheen Estevez
* **Goddard** is Jimmy's mechanical canine pet. He helps him on his destructive tasks he has accidentally done to Retroville. He chronically resembles a Smooth Fox Terrier.
* **Carl Wheezer (Carlton Ulysses Wheezer)** is an overweight friend of Jimmy who is obsessed with llamas (as well as capybaras in the official movie).
* **Sheen Juarrera Estevez** is one of Jimmy's best friends who is hyperactive with very little attention span. He is obsessed with a character known as Ultra Lord, even going so far as to write the entire Ultra Lord website on the Internet.
* **Cindy Vortex (Cynthia Aurora Vortex)** is Jimmy's rival and love interest. She constantly is rude to Jimmy and calls him names like "nerdtron". In the third and final season, they began to be with each other and love one another.
Low pressure area

on September 4, 2003.]]

A **low pressure area**, or **low** for short, is a word used in meteorology (the study of weather) that means a place where the atmospheric pressure is lowest compared to the surrounding area. Coriolis effect causes winds to blow counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in southern hemisphere. This makes storms like tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones, subtropical cyclones, and subpolar cyclones. They are called "**low-pressure cells**" in some English-speaking countries.
Hillfort

is a hillfort in Devon, England. At the time, the ditches were deeper than they are now. There were also wooden pallisades]]
 near Kilmartin, in Scotland. This design is similar to the ring-forts in Ireland and the Castros in Spain]]
A **hill fort** is an ancient fortified refuge or defended settlement. It was usually in a place that rises from the surrounding area, given the name. This is done to exploit the rise for military advantage. The fortification usually follows the shape of the hill. Usually it is made of one or more lines of earthworks. There may also be  stockades or defensive walls, and external ditches.Maiden Castle in Dorset is the largest of around 1000 hill forts built in Britain in the Iron Age. In a hill fort, the entrance through the inner ramparts had massive timber gates. The inner rampart was 14m high and topped by a fence of huge, upright timbers. It was faced with big, limestone blocks. 

Hill forts were built since the Stone Age. They are most common during later periods though:
* Urnfield culture (c. 1300 BC - 750 BC) Bronze Age
* Hallstatt culture (c. 1200 BC - 500 BC) late Bronze Age to early Iron Age
* La Tene culture (c. 600 BC - 50 AD) late Iron Age

There are many different kinds of hill forts, they were very common. In Europe, the Celts used them for a very long time.
Girl

]]
A **girl** is a young female human, either a child or a teenager. Little girls still have the body of a child. It is not until they reach puberty (which starts at age 12 on average) that their bodies start to mature and they become a woman. During puberty, a girl develops breasts, their hips and shoulders widen and they begin to have periods.

## Overview
The word "girl" was used a long time ago by some people called Anglo-Saxons. Sometimes older people still refer to grown up women as "girls", especially in expressions such as "a night out with the girls". According to some Abrahamic derived traditions, the first girl that ever existed was Luluwa.

The opposite of a girl is a boy. A boy is a male child who will grow into a man.

The way girls are brought up will vary a lot between different cultures. In Western cultures, a girl traditionally wears a dress or skirt. However, many girls wear trousers (pants) these days, like boys, especially when dressed informally. Girls often grow their hair longer than boys, although this can vary a lot according to quickly changing fashions.

## Gallery

File:Muslim girl in the Philippines.jpg|A Filipino girl wearing a Muslim hijab
File:Irish dancers in team costume, Davis Academy, USA.jpg|A group of Irish-American girls doing the traditional Irish stepdance
File:19bea2c63.jpg|An Cambodian girl resting at a park
File:Girl with swimming board.jpg|A Chinese girl swimming in a pool
File:Young Woman in Red Dress.jpg|An Venezuelan girl
File:A cheerful girl with glasses.jpg|An American girl wearing glasses in Texas, USA
File:Girl of the Welayta people.jpg|An Ethiopian girl of the Welayta people
File:Spanish girl at Las Fallas (Valencia Spain Spring Festival) 2013.jpg|A Spanish girl during the Las Fallas festival, in Valencia, Spain
File:A Japanese young girl plays with soap bubbles; July 2020 (01).jpg|A Japanese young girl plays with soap bubbles
File:A little girl with her plastic toy.jpg|A infant girl from Egypt  

## Related pages
* Woman
* Girlfriend
Myspace

**Myspace** is a social networking website owned by News Corp. Digital Media where people can communicate using messages, video and photo uploads, blogs, social groups, and music. Myspace was founded in 2003 and used to be the 24th most popular website in the world. Myspace was popular with young people between 2005 and 2010. MySpace's head office is in New York City.

## Controversy
Some people think Myspace is a bad site, because it makes personal information very easy to find. Many parents do not like Myspace. They would like it to shut down. Myspace says that they are a safe place for all people, and has rules to keep people safe.

NBC's Dateline has a "*To Catch a Predator*" series that talks about Myspace's safety problems. Although Myspace has many contradictions against them, they have not shut down.

## About
Myspace Inc. is a web page where individuals can communicate, and exchange information with their network of friends. Users can set up a personal profile, which can be changed, and new graphics and pictures and additional material can be added. All members can upload pictures to share with their friends, and others have permission to comment on their pictures and uploaded materials.

Also the user can choose to play games on, and post blogs to share with their friends and family.

Myspace has users all over the world which includes: 

* Australia 
* New Zealand 
* France 
* Germany 
* Ireland 
* Italy
* Japan 
* Mexico
* Spain 
* Canada 
* The United Kingdom 
* The United States

## References
## Other websites
* Myspace homepage
Jagex

**Jagex** (Java Gaming Experts) is a company that makes computer games. Its most famous game is *Runescape*.

Jagex, known for RuneScape, has also released several casual games on its FunOrb portal and other titles. The company has changed ownership multiple times, including ownership by U.S. investors from 2012 to 2016, Chinese investors from 2016 to 2020, Macarthur Fortune Holding LLC in 2020, and is currently owned by The Carlyle Group.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ella Enchanted

***Ella Enchanted*** is a Newbery Honor book. It was written by Gail Carson Levine. It was published in 1997. It is also the title of the American movie based on the novel, released April 9, 2004. The movie was directed by Tommy O'Haver and starred Anne Hathaway and Hugh Dancy. The story is a retelling of *Cinderella* featuring various mythical creatures including elves, ogres, dwarves and giants.
Exploitation

**Exploitation** means using things that are available in order to benefit from it. It is usually used in a bad sense, although it can be used in a good sense as well.

If a person *exploits* a situation it means that they realize that they can use it to do something which will be good for them. Very often this also means that it will be bad for other people. So the first person exploits the situation and also exploits the other people.

People, especially proletariat or unskilled workers, can be exploited through a sweatshop. This means that someone else uses the people's knowledge or skills in order to make them do something for them. Socialists (or communists) often talked about the "exploitation of the masses" when they were saying that Capitalism was bad. They meant that a few rich people were using all the working people to do hard work for them but paying them very little. The employers then sold the products for more money and kept the extra as profits so that they themselves could become rich.

Exploiting people still goes on today.

## Related pages 
*Das Kapital
*Human trafficking
People (magazine)

***People*** is a weekly American magazine of celebrity and human interest stories. It is published by Time Inc. As of 2006, it had a circulation of 3.75 million. It was named "Magazine of the Year" by *Advertising Age* in October 2005, for very good editorial, circulation and advertising. *People* ranked #6 on Advertising Age's annual "A-list" and #3 on Adweek's "Brand Blazers" list in October 2006.