open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gallium arsenide

**Gallium arsenide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is . It has gallium and arsenide atoms in it. The gallium is in the +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Gallium arsenide is a gray solid. It makes crystals in a cube shape. It reacts slowly with water and quickly with acids to make arsine. It oxidizes in air.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic trichloride or arsenic with gallium.

## Uses
Gallium arsenide is mainly used as a semiconductor. It has several things better about it than silicon. The semiconductors made are faster and higher power. LED's using gallium arsenide are efficient. Silicon, though is cheaper. Silicon dioxide is a good insulator; gallium arsenide does not make a good insulator like silicon does. Silicon semiconductors also take less power than gallium arsenide ones.

## Related pages
*Aluminium arsenide
*Gallium(III) oxide
Zinc arsenide

**Zinc arsenide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Zn3As2. It has zinc and arsenide ions.

Zinc arsenide is a gray solid. It reacts with acids to make arsine gas. It is toxic like all arsenic compounds. It is made by heating arsenic with zinc.

## Related pages
*Aluminium arsenide
*Antimonide
Arsenic tribromide

**Arsenic tribromide**, also known as **arsenic(III) bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsBr3. It has arsenic and bromide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Arsenic tribromide is a white or pale yellow solid. It is highly toxic. It reacts with water to make arsenic trioxide and hydrobromic acid. It melts at a low temperature.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic and bromine.

## Related pages
*Arsenic trichloride
*Antimony tribromide
*Bismuth tribromide
Arsenic trichloride

**Arsenic trichloride**, also known as **arsenic(III) chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsCl3. It has three arsenic-chlorine bonds in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Arsenic trichloride is a colorless or yellowish liquid. It melts at -16°C and boils at 130.2°C. It reacts with water, similar to phosphorus trichloride, to make arsenous acid and hydrochloric acid. It makes fumes in moist air. It is highly toxic.

## Preparation
Arsenic trichloride is made by reacting arsenic with chlorine or by reacting arsenic trioxide with hydrochloric acid or sulfur monochloride. 

## Uses
It is used to make other arsenic compounds. It is also used to make organo-arsenic compounds.

## Related pages
*Arsenic tribromide
*Arsenic trisulfide
*Nitrogen trichloride
*Bismuth trichloride
Anwar Sadat

**Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat** (25 December 1918 – 6&nbsp;October 1981) was the third President of Egypt. He served from 15 October 1970 until he was killed by Islamic extremists on 6&nbsp;October 1981. 

## Early life
Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat was born in 1918 into a family with 13 children, and attended a military school. His half-brother Atef was killed in an air engagement during the Yom Kippur War. After his graduation, he was sent to an outpost where he met and became a close friend of Gamal Abdel Nasser. There, the two of them became part of a group of young soldiers who later became the Free Officers group (both Nasser and Sadat were colonels) that overthrew the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. However, in his eleven years as president Sadat changed a lot of the things Nasser had set in place, and made Egypt respected for its military strength and political power in the Middle East. On 6 October 1973, Sadat started the October War together with Syria, to try to take back the land Israel had taken from them six years earlier in the Six-Day War. The Egyptian army was very successful at the start of the war, and their advance across the Suez Canal into the Sinai Peninsula surprised Israel and the rest of the world. This success made Sadat a hero in Egypt, and for a time throughout the Arab World.

Sadat visited Israel in 1977 and made a speech in front of the Knesset about what he thought was the best way to bring about peace with them. He was the first Arab leader to visit Israel and make peace with them. In 1978, he signed a peace treaty with Israel. This won him the Nobel Peace Prize,

## Death
Many Islamists were very angry about the peace treaty. They made plans to take over the Egyptian government and kill all the main leaders, so that they could bring Egypt back to having an Islamic government instead of a secular one. In February 1981, the Egyptian government heard of this plan. In September that year, Sadat ordered over 1500 people arrested because he thought they might be part of the plot. These people included Islamists, but also the Bishop and other clergy, and many of Egypt's top intellectuals and activists. This arrest was very unpopular. However, Sadat missed a group of Islamists in the military who were led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. This group shot and killed Sadat on 6 October during the victory parade celebrating the crossing into the Sinai Peninsula. Eleven other people were killed in the attack, and 28 were wounded. At the same time, Islamists also took control of the city of Asyut for a few days.

## Funeral
Sadat's funeral was attended by many important people from around the world, including Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and Richard Nixon, but only three Arab nations sent representatives, and only Sudan's head of state attended. Sadat was succeeded by his vice-president Hosni Mubarak.

## References
Arsenic fluoride

**Arsenic fluoride** can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

*Arsenic trifluoride, AsF3, colorless liquid
*Arsenic pentafluoride, AsF5, colorless gas
Arsenic trifluoride

**Arsenic trifluoride**, also known as **arsenic(III) fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsF3. It has arsenic and fluoride ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Arsenic trifluoride is a colorless liquid. It melts at -8.5°C and boils at 60.4°C. It is highly toxic. It reacts with water to make arsenous acid and hydrofluoric acid, both very dangerous acids. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic trioxide with hydrofluoric acid or by reacting excess arsenic with fluorine.

## Uses
It is used to change nonmetal chlorides to fluorides.

## Related pages
*Antimony trifluoride
*Bismuth trifluoride
*Arsenic trichloride
*Arsenide
100th Window

***100th Window*** is the fourth studio album from the Bristol-based trip-hop group Massive Attack. Of the band's original core people, the album only features Robert Del Naja. Andrew Vowles left shortly after the release of *Mezzanine*, and Grant Marshall did not want to be in the making of the record.

Released in February 2003, *100th Window* was written and produced by Del Naja and Neil Davidge, and features vocals from Horace Andy and Sinéad O'Connor, as well as one appearance by Damon Albarn. It is the first album by the band that made no use of samples, and contains none of the jazz or jazz fusion stylings of the *Blue Lines* or *Protection* recordings, but is less dark than *Mezzanine*. The album could have been released earlier, but Del Naja was arrested a few months earlier before it was released under suspicion of child pornography offences. However, he was cleared.

## Track listing
### Notes
* Track 7 has backing vocals by Damon Albarn.
* On track 9, "Antistar" ends at 8:17. At 8:47, an untitled instrumental track, which many people call "LP4", plays.

## References
Arsenic oxide

**Arsenic oxide** can refer to either of these arsenic oxides:

*Arsenic trioxide, As2O3, common, arsenious oxide
*Arsenic pentoxide, As2O5, rarer, arsenic oxide
Arsenic triiodide

**Arsenic triiodide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsI3. It has arsenic and iodide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Arsenic triiodide is an orange-red solid. It easily sublimes. It dissolves in water and reacts very slowly to make arsenious acid and hydroiodic acid. The solution is very acidic. It breaks down when heated to make arsenic trioxide, arsenic metal, and iodine. It is a weak reducing agent.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium or potassium iodide with arsenic trichloride.

## Uses
As "Donovan's solution" it was said to treat many diseases which it did not treat.

## Related pages
*Arsenic trichloride
*Bismuth triiodide
*Antimony triiodide
Paris green

**Paris green**, which has the chemical name **copper(II) acetoarsenite**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu(C2H3O2)2 · 3 Cu(AsO2)2. It has copper, acetate, and arsenite ions in it. The copper is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Paris green is a blue-green solid. It is extremely toxic. It has a very bright blue-green color. It darkens in air.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting copper(II) acetate with arsenic trioxide and water.

## Uses
Paris green was first used to kill rats in sewers in Paris. This is where it got its name from. It was used as an insecticide. It was dropped from airplanes to stop malaria in Italy. It was used as a bright green pigment. It was painted on ships to prevent barnacles from growing. In many places, Paris green is banned because it is so toxic. It is only used in a very few places.

## Safety
Paris green is extremely toxic. It used to be common and so was a common poison.

## Related pages
* Copper sulfate
* Lead arsenate
Arsenite

**Arsenite** is an ion. Its chemical formula can be either AsO33- or AsO2-. It has arsenic in its +3 oxidation state. All arsenites are highly toxic. Sodium arsenite is an example. Arsenites are salts of arsenous acid.

Sometimes arsenite means arsenic trioxide, especially in groundwater chemistry (chemistry dealing with the properties of water in the ground).

## Related pages
*Arsenate
*Arsenide
*Phosphite
*Nitrite
Sodium arsenite

**Sodium arsenite** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaAsO2. It has sodium and arsenite ions in it. 

## Properties
Sodium arsenite is a colorless solid. It is highly toxic and carcinogenic.

## Preparation
Sodium arsenite is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with arsenic trioxide.

## Related pages
*Lead arsenate
*Aluminium arsenide
*Sodium phosphite
Arsenic pentafluoride

**Arsenic pentafluoride**, also known as **arsenic(V) fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AsF5. It has five arsenic-fluorine bonds in it. The arsenic is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties
Arsenic pentafluoride is a colorless gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is highly toxic. It makes an ionic bond with sulfur tetrafluoride. Its melting point is -79.8°C and its boiling point is -52.8°C.

## Preparation
Arsenic pentafluoride is made by reacting arsenic trifluoride with fluorine or by reacting arsenic with a large amount of fluorine.

## Related pages
*Arsenic trichloride
*Arsenic pentoxide
*Antimony pentafluoride
*Bismuth pentafluoride
Arsenic trisulfide

**Arsenic trisulfide**, also known as **orpiment** or **arsenic(III) sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2S3. It has arsenic and sulfide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Arsenic trisulfide is a yellow solid. It is a semiconductor. It has a glass (amorphous) form and a crystalline form. It burns in air to make sulfur dioxide and arsenic trioxide, which makes a highly toxic smoke. Arsenic trisulfide can oxidize on the surface to make a highly toxic layer of arsenic trioxide as well. Arsenic trisulfide is not toxic unless it oxidizes. It does not react with acids.

## Occurrence
Arsenic trisulfide is found as the mineral orpiment.

## Preparation
Arsenic trisulfide is made when an arsenic compound like arsenic trichloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide. It is also made when arsenic and sulfur are heated together. 

## Uses
It was looked at for treating cancer. It was used by the Egyptians as a pigment and cosmetic. It is used in glass. 

## References
## Related pages
*Arsenic tribromide
*Antimony sulfide
*Bismuth trisulfide
Potassium arsenite

**Potassium arsenite** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KAsO2. It has potassium and arsenite ions in it.

## Properties
It is a solid. It is highly toxic.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting arsenic trioxide with potassium hydroxide.

## Uses
It was used as a "medicine", but it is carcinogenic and toxic so it is not used anymore. It is banned for use as a pesticide in the United Kingdom.

## Related pages
*Sodium arsenite
*Lead arsenate
*Zinc arsenide
Arsenate

**Arsenate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is AsO43-. It has arsenic in its +5 oxidation state. 

Arsenates are salts of arsenic acid. They are oxidizing agents. Sometimes, not all of the protons are taken away from the arsenic acid and then hydrogen arsenate salts are formed. Their chemical formulas are HAsO42- or H2AsO4-. 

Arsenate can replace phosphate in the cells but it does not work like a phosphate does. The cell dies, and that is why arsenates are toxic. Some bacteria can use arsenate instead of phosphate, though. They are called arsenic bacteria. 

## Occurrence
Arsenates occur naturally in a variety of minerals. Those minerals may contain hydrated or anhydrous arsenates. Unlike phosphates, arsenates are not lost from a mineral during weathering. Examples of arsenate-containing minerals include adamite, alarsite, annabergite, erythrite and legrandite.
Arsenic acid

**Arsenic acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H3AsO4. It has hydrogen and arsenate ions in it.

## Properties
Arsenic acid is a colorless solid. It absorbs water from the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to phosphoric acid. It can be deprotonated three times, making various arsenates. Arsenic acid reacts with iodide to make iodine. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting moist arsenic with ozone or by reacting arsenic trioxide with concentrated nitric acid. It can also be made by dissolving arsenic pentoxide in water.

## Uses
Arsenic acid is used in the making of some dyes and organic arsenic compounds. It is also used as a preservative for wood and a biocide (something that kills all living things).

## Related pages
*Arsenous acid
*Arsenic trichloride
*Arsine
Lead arsenate

**Lead arsenate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbHAsO4. It has lead, hydrogen, and arsenate (HAsO42-) ions in it. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Lead arsenate is a white solid. It is highly toxic because of the lead and the arsenic in it. It does not dissolve in water.

## Preparation
It was made by reacting lead nitrate with arsenic acid.

## Uses
It was the most used insecticide that had arsenic in it. It was used against the potato beetle and the spongy moth. It replaced the even more toxic Paris Green. It was later used to kill certain moths, mosquitoes, and pests of cranberries. It was found that it stayed inside fruits even after washing off, so it was replaced with DDT. It was completely banned in 1988.

## Related pages
*Lead chloride
*Potassium arsenate
*Sodium arsenite
Potassium arsenate

**Potassium arsenate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula can be K3AsO4, K2HAsO4, or KH2AsO4. It has potassium and arsenate ions in it. 

## Properties
Potassium arsenate is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent. It is carcinogenic and highly toxic.

## Preparation and uses
Potassium arsenate is made by reacting amounts of potassium hydroxide with arsenic acid. The amount of potassium hydroxide can be changed to make the different chemical formulas. Potassium arsenate was once used for medicine but is too toxic to be used now.

## Related pages
*Potassium arsenite
*Lead arsenate
*Potassium phosphate
The X Factor (album)

***The X Factor*** is a studio album by Iron Maiden.  It is their tenth studio album, and went on sale on 2 October 1995.

The album was not liked much by people who reviewed it; one person said that it had "[a] lack of energy" and that it was "merely ."

## Musicians
* Blaze Bayley - vocals
* Dave Murray – guitar
* Janick Gers – guitar
* Steve Harris – bass guitar
* Nicko McBrain – drums

## Track listing 
## References
Clastic rock

. Notice the angular nature of the large clasts]]
 breccia from Naples.]]

**Clastic rocks** are composed of fragments, or **clasts**, of pre-existing rock.

Although, in principle, almost any rock made of eroded former rock is clastic (such as sandstone or mudstone), in practice the term is used for clasts of at least gravel size upwards. That means clasts are at least visible to the naked eye, and may be huge.

There are two types of clastic rock, by shape. conglomerates have rounded clasts, and breccias have jagged clasts.

In a clastic rock, the clasts are often of a different make-up from the ground rock or matrix.

## References
Breccia

breccia (section) ]]
s]]
 breccia at Resting Springs Pass, Mojave Desert, California.]]

 in Rome]]
 breccia from Naples.]]
ian goddess Tawaret.]]

**Breccia** is a type of rock formed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. The matrix may be similar to or different from the composition of the fragments. 

Rocks formed by sticking together pieces of previous rocks (clasts) are called clastic rocks. There are two types of clastic rock: conglomerates and breccias. What divides these two categories is the amount of rounding. The particles that make up conglomerates are well rounded, whereas in breccias they are angular.

## Origins 
A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including sedimentary breccia, tectonic breccia, igneous breccia, impact breccia and hydrothermal breccia.

The basic sequence is as follows. Sediment is laid down in the sea, and is gradually transformed into sedimentary rock. After a long period of time something violent happens to the rock, breaking it up into many jagged pieces. Later the pieces are cemented together by another deposition, forming a new sedimentary rock. This is a breccia. On examination, the rock is seen to include fragments of the original rock.

## Ornament 
Brecciated marble can have a marvellous appearance. The Pantheon in Rome is full of the most wonderful marble, many of which are breccias. It includes two gigantic columns of pavonazzetto, a breccia coming from Phrygia (in modern Turkey). Pavonazzetto obtains its name from its extremely colourful appearance, which is reminiscent of a peacock's feathers (*pavone* is "peacock" in Italian).

## References
Conglomerate (geology)

, California]]

A **conglomerate** is a rock consisting of individual clasts within a finer-grained matrix that have become cemented together.

Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts. Both conglomerates and breccias have clasts larger than sand (>2&nbsp;mm).

## References 
 from a former beach cemented by silica]]
Philip, Duke of Parma

**Philip of Spain** (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the Parma line of the House of Bourbon. He was a son in law of Louis XV. 

## Infante of Spain
Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid, he was the fourth child and third son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics. He was created Count of Chinchón, which he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754.

## Duke of Parma
His mother was the last of the Farnese, rulers the Duchy of Parma. The Duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles I, but exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession. Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost Parma, and Philip became the new Duke, founding the Bourbons of Parma.

As part of the Treaty of Versailles (1757) between Austria and France it was intended that Philip would become King of the Southern Netherlands, in a deal that would see French troops occupy key positions in the country – however this arrangement was repudiated by the subsequent Third Treaty of Versailles and Philip continued in Parma.

Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the abled Frenchmen Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy. He stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like Étienne Bonnot de Condillac.

Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles. Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orléans.

## Marriage
Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XV. They had three children. The marriage was the first between the French and Spanish Bourbons, the other taking place in 1745 between Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.

## Issue
#Isabella of Parma (31 December 1741 – 27 November 1763) married Archduke Joseph of Austria and had issue.
#Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) married Maria Amalia of Austria and had issue.
#Maria Luisa of Parma (9 December 1751 – 2 January 1819) married her cousin, the Charles IV of Spain and had issue.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***15 March 1720  18 October 1748** *His Royal Highness* The Infante *Don* Felipe of Spain.
***18 October 1748  18 July 1765** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Parma, Infante of Spain.

## Other websites
Arsenic sulfide

**Arsenic sulfide** can refer to either of these chemical substances:

*Arsenic trisulfide, As2S3, orpiment
*Tetraarsenic tetrasulfide, As4S4, realgar
Arsenous acid

**Arsenous acid**, also known as **arsenious acid** or **arsenic(III) hydroxide**, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is As(OH)3. It has arsenic and hydroxide atoms in it. The arsenic is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Arsenous acid is a colorless solution. It is a weak acid. It reacts with bases to make arsenite salts. It is highly toxic. It cannot be made in a crystalline form because it turns into arsenic trioxide and water again. It is similar to phosphorous acid, although it is not a strong reducing agent.

It is the arsenic analogue of phosphorous acid, but has a different chemical structure: phosphorous acid is normally found in its  tautomer, not , while  has not been observed. Organic compounds with the formula  are known and are called arsonic acids.

## Preparation
It is made by dissolving arsenic trioxide or arsenic trichloride in water. 

Hydrolysis of arsenic halides (such as arsenic trichloride) makes an chemical equilibrium containing some arsenous acid and hydrohalic acid, and some of the arsenic halide and water.

## Related pages
*Arsenic acid
*Arsenic tribromide
*Arsenic trisulfide
*Nitrous acid

## References
Arsenic pentoxide

**Arsenic pentoxide**, also known as **arsenic(V) oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is As2O5. It has arsenic and oxide ions in it. The arsenic is in its +5 oxidation state. More common is arsen in its oxidation state +3 as As2O3 (arsenic trioxide or arsenic(III) oxide). The LD50 for arsenic pentoxide is 8mg/kg for rats. It dissolves easily in water to make arsenic acid. It is highly toxic, as are almost all arsenic compounds. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine. As2O5 breaks down to arsenic trioxide and oxygen when heated to about 300°C. 
:As_2O_5 + 268.1 kJ \rightarrow As_2O_3 + O_2

It reacts with bases to make arsenates. The energy for the reaction is taken from the heating.

## Preparation
Arsenic pentoxide cannot be produced by burning arsen. That only results in As2O3. To produce arsenic pentoxid, arsenic acid will be dehydrated. This is done with phosphorus(V) oxide.

:2 H_3AsO_4 \rightleftharpoons As_2O_5 + 3 H_2O

The arsenic pentoxide drops out as white powder.

## Uses
Arsenic pentoxide is used to make pesticides and insecticides. It is also used in glass industry.

## Related pages
*Arsenic pentafluoride
*Arsenous acid
*Phosphorus pentoxide
*Antimony pentoxide

## References
Realgar

**Realgar** is a mineral. Its chemical formula is As4S4. It is a soft (Mohs hardness 1.5 to 2) red mineral. It is an ore of arsenic. It changes into a yellow powder when exposed to light. This yellow powder is called **pararealgar**. It melts at 320°C and burns with a blue flame, making arsenic and sulfur fumes. It was used to make a white color in fireworks before powdered metals were used. It is still used in some crackling firecrackers. It was used as a red pigment and an item of trade. It is used as a medicine in China. Its uses are similar to orpiment, a similar mineral.
Orpiment

**Orpiment** is a mineral. Its chemical formula is As2S3. It is an orange to yellow mineral. It has a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 3.46. It melts at 300°C and oxidizes to arsenic trioxide at higher temperatures. It is toxic because it gets a layer of arsenic trioxide on it by oxidation in the air.

Orpiment was used as a pigment because it was one of the only yellow pigments that they could find. It is used to remove hair from hides. 

Orpiment was once used in artworks, medicine, and other applications. However, because of its toxicity and instability, it is not popular anymore.
PepsiCo

**PepsiCo, Inc.** is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Harrison, New York, in the hamlet of Purchase. PepsiCo manufactures, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the **Pepsi-Cola Company** (not to be confused with the **Coca-Cola Company**) and Frito-Lay, Inc.

## References
Bill Nye

**William Sanford Nye** (born November 27, 1955), often known as **Bill Nye the Science Guy**, is an American actor, comedian, engineer, and educator.  He is most known for hosting the PBS children’s TV show *Bill Nye the Science Guy*. Nye is also the CEO of The Planetary Society. Nye was born in Washington, D.C. and went to school at Cornell University. Early in his life, Nye worked as an engineer for Boeing in Seattle. He also was a member of the Seattle comedy troupe *Almost Live!*.  He hosted *Bill Nye the Science Guy* from 1993 to 1997.  Since then, he has hosted several TV shows and specials concerned with science and the environment.  He also designed the sundial on the Mars Rover.  Nye currently lives in the San Fernando Valley.

## References
Aerosol

An **aerosol** is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas. Examples are smoke, oceanic haze, air pollution, smog and CS gas. When they say *aerosol* most people mean an aerosol spray can or the spray it makes. 

To differentiate suspensions from true solutions, the term sol evolved—originally meant to cover dispersions of tiny (sub-microscopic) particles in a liquid. With studies of dispersions in air, the term aerosol evolved and now embraces both liquid droplets, solid particles, and combinations of these.
Jacques Cousteau

**Jacques-Yves Cousteau** known as **Jacques Cousteau** (11 June 1910 &ndash; 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He helped create the aqua-lung, helped marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was also known as **"le Commandant Cousteau"** or **"Captain Cousteau"**.

## Life 
### Early life 
Cousteau was born on June 11,1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau attended Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École navale and graduated as vnvmvmcnskda gunnery officer. After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau changed to studying the sea.
Dudndmd
In Toulon, where he was serving on the *Condorcet*, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).

On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior (1919-1990), with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the *Calypso*. In 1991, after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.

## Death
On the morning of 25 June 1997, Jacques-Yves Cousteau died at his home in Paris, aged 87 from a heart attack. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France. A street was named "rue du Commandant Cousteau" in a street which runs near his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.

## Honors
During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these awards:
* Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur
* Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite
* Croix de guerre 1939–1945
* Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Maritime
* Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
* Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia.
* National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961
* BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award - a lifetime achievement award for his movies

## Related pages
*List of ecologists

## References 
## Other websites
*
Egyptian Islamic Jihad

**Egyptian Islamic Jihad** (EIJ), originally called **al-Jihad**, is an Egyptian terrorist group based on an extreme interpretation of Islam. It is also banned by several governments around the world, including that of the Russian Federation.  

Since 1991 it has been led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is now the leader of al-Qaeda.

The organization's original main goal was to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state based on the way it thought Islam should be. Later it broadened its aims to include attacking the United States and Israel, and other interests in Egypt and abroad.

Islamic Jihad was responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel, which recognized the Jewish state, made them very angry.

:"...the members of Islamic Jihad and its guiding figure, Ayman al-Zawahiri, have provided the backbone of [al-Quaeda's] leadership. According to officials in the C.I.A. and the F.B.I., Zawahiri has been responsible for much of the planning of the terrorist operations against the United States".

## Related pages 
* Palestinian Islamic Jihad

## References
Creative destruction

**Creative destruction** (**German**: *schöpferische Zerstörung*) is a term that came from Marxism. It talks about how wealth is gathered and lost under capitalism. The term was first used in Werner Sombart's  *Krieg und Kapitalismus* ("War and Capitalism", 1913) These ideas were first discussed in books *The Communist Manifesto* (1848), in *Grundrisse* (1857) and "Volume IV" of *Das Kapital* (1863).

Creative destruction is supposed to describe a theory of how the ''* of economic order leads to capitalistic economic ideals. Sombart is credited for using it first in his 1913 book *Krieg und Kapitalismus''. The works and publications of Marxists such as Karl Marx himself, and Friedrich Engels, a socialist scientist, discuss the ideas of creative destruction.

In and after the 1950s, the term became associated with Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter is credited for making the theory . However, his idea of creative destruction was quite different from Marx's original theory. The term gained popularity within neoliberal or free-market economics where it is used to described processes such as downsizing. The original Marxist usage has, however, been maintained in the work of influential social scientists such as David Harvey, Marshall Berman, Manuel Castells, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt who won Nobel Memoraial Prize in Economic Sciences.
Glen Hanlon

**Glen A. Hanlon** (; born February 20, 1957 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired National Hockey League (NHL) goaltender and a former head coach of the Washington Capitals of the NHL, Dynamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), and the Belarusian national ice hockey team. He was a goaltender scout for the Vancouver Canucks. On March 24, 2010 he was named head coach of Slovak national ice hockey team.

## Career statistics
### Regular season
### Post season
### NHL coaching record
### SM-Liiga coaching record
## Awards and achievements
*WCJHL First All-Star Team (1976 & 1977)
*WCJHL Goaltender of the Year (1977)
*CHL Rookie of the Year (1978)
*CHL First All-Star Team (1978)
*“Honoured Member” of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

## References
## Other websites
*
*Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
Joe Hall

**Joseph Henry "Bad Joe" Hall** (May 3, 1881 &ndash; April 5, 1919) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Hall played senior and professional hockey from 1902 to 1919, when he died as a result of the influenza epidemic of 1918. He won the Stanley Cup twice with the Quebec Bulldogs and once with the Kenora Thistles.

## Playing career
Hall was born in Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom and grew up in Brandon, Manitoba. Nicknamed "Bad Joe" for his aggressiveness on the ice, he played in the Manitoba Hockey Association with the Brandon Wheat Kings, Winnipeg Rowing Club and the Kenora Thistles, and in the National Hockey Association as a member of the Quebec Bulldogs. He played for the Montreal Canadiens in their first two seasons in the National Hockey League from 1917-1919.

Hall won the Stanley Cup with the Kenora Thistles in 1907, for which he received a "loving cup" which is on display in the Hockey Hall of Fame. He won the Cup with the Quebec Bulldogs in 1912 and 1913.  He also challenged for the Stanley Cup in 1904 with the Winnipeg Rowing Club.

### 1919 Stanley Cup Final
In 1919, Hall was part of the Montreal Canadiens team that made it to the Stanley Cup Finals.  The Finals were interrupted and eventually cancelled due to an outbreak of Spanish influenza. The flu was contracted by several players on both the Canadiens and their opponents, the Seattle Metropolitans. Hall would eventually succumb to pneumonia, related to his influenza, in a hospital in Seattle, Washington just four days after the Stanley Cup Final series was abandoned.

He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961.

## Career statistics
## Awards and achievements
*IHL First Team All-Star (1906)
*Stanley Cup Championships (1907 - Kenora, 1912 & 1913 - Quebec)
*Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961
*"Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

## In fiction
*In Roy MacGregor's *The Ghost of the Stanley Cup* in his The Screech Owls series of hockey books, "Bad" Joe Hall is named as the haunting spirit.

## Other websites
* 
*Joe Hall's biography at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
*
Shane Johnson

**Shane Johnson** (born January 1, 1974 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian-born British ice hockey defenceman.

## Playing career
Johnson spent four seasons at Boston University before spending a year with the Canadian National Ice Hockey Team.  In 1998, Johnson moved to the United Kingdom's British Ice Hockey Superleague with the London Knights.  He then moved to the Bracknell Bees and won the Superleague title with the team.  Johnson then moved to the Belfast Giants in 2000 and became a huge fan favourite during a six-year spell which saw him win another Superleague title in 2002, the playoff cup in 2003 and the Elite League title in 2006 as well as becoming an all-star.  In 2006, Johnson moved to the Sheffield Steelers, but midway through the season, Johnson signed with the Slough Jets.  In 2007, Johnson returned to Sheffield for a brief spell and had another brief spell with the Cardiff Devils before he rejoined the Giants.  Johnson retired at the end of the 2009-2010 season. Johnson also played for the Great Britain national ice hockey team and is now a British citizen.

## Other websites
*
No Protection

***No Protection*** is the name of a dub remix of Massive Attack's second album *Protection*.  The remix was done by the British dub producer Mad Professor.  Mad Professor was contacted by Massive Attack after *Protection* was released to remix a song for a single.  After the single was remixed, the band asked Mad Professor to listen to more of the album to find the possibility of more remixes.  The project then became a track by track remix of almost the entire album. Mad Professor heavily edited the original material to form a slow, pulsating mix in which the beat is emphasized, reverb is extensively used and the occasional vocals (many of the tracks are almost entirely instrumental) fade in-and-out in normal dub fashion, making a hypnotic, if repetitive, mix. The result is, on paper, more textured than the original, but loses any sense of the jazzy feel of *Protection*.

## Track listing
#"Radiation Ruling the Nation" (based on "Protection") – 1:35
#"Bumper Ball Dub" (based on "Karmacoma") – 5:59
#"Trinity Dub" (based on "Three") – 4:22
#"Cool Monsoon" (based on "Weather Storm") – 7:10
#"Eternal Feedback" (based on "Sly") – 6:26
#"Moving Dub" (based on "Better Things") – 5:57
#"I Spy" (based on "Spying Glass") – 5:07
#"Backward Sucking" (based on "Heat Miser") – 6:17

## Reviews
*Ink Blot Magazine 
*Rolling Stone Magazine 
*Trouser Press 

## References
## Other websites
*Mad Professor MySpace Page
*Massive Attack Home Page
Ed Johnstone

**Edward Lavern "Eddie" Johnstone** (born March 2, 1954) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played for the New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Playing career
Johnstone played major junior with the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League from 1971 to 1974. After two 100 point seasons in a row with Medicine Hat, Johnstone was drafted 104th overall by the New York Rangers in the 1974 NHL Amateur Draft, and 78th overall by the Michigan Stags in the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft. He played 23 games for the Stags in 1974–75 and played in the American Hockey League for the Providence Reds. Johnstone started his National Hockey League career in 1975–76, scoring 3 points in 10 games. Johnstone played for the Rangers until the end of the 1982–83 season, before being traded to the Detroit Red Wings along with Ron Duguay and Eddie Mio for Mike Blaisdell, Willie Huber, and Mark Osborne. He played for the Red Wings and their AHL minor league affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings before retiring in 1987.

## Awards and achievements
*Named to the AHL First All-Star Team in 1977.
*Played in NHL All-Star Game (1981)

## Career statistics 
## Other websites
*
Fear of the Dark (Iron Maiden album)

***Fear of the Dark*** is a studio album by Iron Maiden.  It went on sale on 11 May 1992. It was the most popular album in the United Kingdom when it started being sold.

## Musicians
* Bruce Dickinson – vocals, bass guitar
* Dave Murray – guitar
* Janick Gers – guitar
* Steve Harris – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Nicko McBrain – drums

## Track listing
## References
Heligoland (album)

***Heligoland*** is the fifth normal studio album from the collaborative British music production threesome Massive Attack, named after a German archipelago of the same name. It had been officially released everywhere except North America by 8 February 2010  (US and Canada on 9&nbsp;February 2010) – seven years after the release of their last non-soundtrack, standalone studio album, *100th Window*. It has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom.

## Personnel
The record has the singing of Horace Andy plus invited vocalists: Tunde Adebimpe of TV On The Radio, Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, Hope Sandoval of Hope Sandoval And The Warm Inventions and Mazzy Star, Guy Garvey of Elbow and Martina Topley-Bird, as well as guitar playing by Adrian Utley of Portishead (on "Saturday Come Slow"), keys from Portishead collaborator John Baggott (most notably on "Atlas Air"), keys and synth bass from Damon Albarn ("Splitting the Atom" and "Flat of the Blade" respectively), guitar (various tracks) and bass ("Girl I Love You") by Neil Davidge and bass by Billy Fuller of Beak on various tracks.

The record features drumming from the late Jerry Fuchs and regular session and touring drummer Damon Reece. Dan Brown and Stew Jackson (Robot Club) co-wrote "Paradise Circus", played guitar on and co-wrote "Saturday Come Slow", and part-programmed and engineered those tracks. Tim Goldsworthy added an additional production (specific tracks unstated). Most tracks were mixed with Mark "Spike" Stent and then all were mastered with Tim Young at Metropolis Studios, as with previous records. Unlike previous records, there are no personal acknowledgements on the inlay. Neil Davidge co-produced all tracks with Robert Del Naja only (except tracks 3, 7 and 9 where Grant Marshall was also involved), though Marshall has a co-write credit on every track. The album is dedicated to the *Blue Lines* co-producer, Jonny Dollar.

## References
Gord Lane

**Gordon Thomas Lawrence Lane** (born March 31, 1953 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman. 

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
*Gord Lane's biography  at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
Bauhaus (band)

**Bauhaus** were an English gothic rock band formed in Northampton in March 1978. The group was of Peter Murphy (vocals), Daniel Ash (guitar), Kevin Haskins (drums) and David J (bass). The band was originally **Bauhaus 1919** before they dropped the number part of their name within a year of formation. With their dark and gloomy sound and image, Bauhaus are generally known the first gothic rock group.

Bauhaus first broke up in 1983. Peter Murphy began a solo career while the other members continued as Tones on Tail and, later, Love and Rockets. Both enjoyed greater commercial success in the United States than Bauhaus had, but disappeared from the charts in their homeland. The band reunited for a 1998 tour and on a more permanent basis in 2005. The group announced plans to break up again following the release of their final album, *Go Away White*, in 2008.

## References
Rob McVicar

**Robert McVicar** (born January 15, 1982 in Hay River, Northwest Territories) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender with one game of NHL experience.

## Playing career 
McVicar grew up in Brandon, Manitoba, where he played junior hockey for the Brandon Wheat Kings of the WHL for the four seasons 1999-2000 to 2002-2003. For most of three seasons, from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, McVicar played in the AHL for the Manitoba Moose; with the exception of 19 games played in the ECHL with the Columbia Inferno during the 2003-2004 season; 33 games played in the ECHL with the Victoria Salmon Kings during the 2005-2006 season; and one game played in the NHL with the Vancouver Canucks during the 2005-2006 season.

## References
## Other websites
*
Przemysł II

**Przemysł II** (also given in English and Latin as *Premyslas* or *Premislaus*,  or less properly '''') (14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296) was the Duke of Poznań, Greater Poland, Kraków and Pomerania, and then King of Poland from 1295 until his death.
Henry IV Probus

**Henry IV Probus** (Latin for *the Righteous*) (; ) (c. 1258&nbsp;– 23 June 1290) was a Duke of the Silesian territory of Wrocław (Lower Silesia) starting in 1266, and starting in 1288 High Duke of the Seniorate Province of Kraków until his death in 1290.

He was the only son of Henry III the White, Duke of Wrocław, by his first wife Judith, daughter of Duke Konrad I of Masovia.
Cadmium chloride

**Cadmium chloride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdCl2. It has cadmium and chloride ions in it. The cadmium is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Cadmium chloride is a colorless solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is toxic and carcinogenic (causes cancer). It is mostly ionic but a little covalent. It reacts with bases to make cadmium oxide.

## Preparation
Cadmium chloride is made by reacting cadmium oxide, cadmium, or cadmium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by mixing cadmium and chlorine.

## Uses
It is used to make yellow cadmium sulfide, which is used as a pigment. It is also used to make organocadmium compounds. It is also used for electroplating.

## Related pages
*Cadmium sulfate
*Zinc chloride
*Mercury chloride
Wojciech Jaruzelski

**Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski** (6 July 1923 - 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was leader from 1981-1989 and the first President of Poland from July 1989 to December 1990. 

## Personal life
Jaruzelski came from a family of Polish gentry. He was a son of Władysław Jaruzelski.  

## Military and political career
 in 1982]]
Selected by the Soviets for officer training in 1943, he served in the military working for Stalin,from 1943-1953 and Beria,Malenkov,and,Molotov,in 1953 and,Khrushchev,from 1955-1964,and Brezhnev,from 1964-1982,Andropov,from 1982-1984 and,Chernenko,from 1984-1985 and Gorbachev,from 1985 until 1989 . In total he worked for 46 year’s from 1943-1989 . He was the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie) and chairman of the Polish United Workers Party 1981-1989. Jaruzelski was the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland from 1981-1985 and remained as head of state until 1990 as Poland's last communist leader. He resigned to allow for democratic elections.

In 1981, Jaruzelski ordered a brutal crackdown on people who did not agree with the Communist government of Poland. Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 to stop pro-democracy movements including Solidarity, the first non-Communist trade union in the Warsaw Pact.

In 2005, Jaruzelski said he was happy that Poland joined NATO for reasons of security and the European Union for reasons of economic development.

## Death
Jaruzelski died on 25 May 2014, in a Warsaw hospital after having a stroke earlier that month.

## References
## Other websites
*Jaruzelski's official website
The Coca-Cola Company

**The Coca-Cola Company** is a publicly-traded (sold on the stock market) company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock symbol is **KO**. It is on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and makes up a large portion of the holdings of Berkshire Hathaway.

## Soft drinks
The company is most known for making the drink Coca-Cola, the most drank soft drink in the world. It also makes other soft drinks, including:

* Barq's
* Diet Coke
* Coca-Cola Cherry (Cherry Coke)
* Fanta
* Sprite
* Tab
* Mr. Pibb
* Mello Yellow
* Vault
## Business
The company offers 500 different brands and sells more than a billion drinks each day. Most of this is sold in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan and the UK.

Besides soft drinks, the company also makes Minute Maid and Odwalla fruit juices, Powerade, and Dasani bottled water. At one time, the company owned Columbia Pictures, but they are now owned by Sony and also Rockstar energy drink now owned by PepsiCo.

## Philanthropic Programs 
The Coca-Cola Company organizes the Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation, which awards scholarships to 150 high school students every year. Notable recipients include:

* Gitanjali Rao
* Mark Leschinsky

## Sources
Chościsko

**Chościsko** – according to Gallus Anonymus it is the name of father of Piast Kołodziej, the founder of the Piast Dynasty. His name (originating possibly from Old Polish word for a tail *chost/chwost*) appears in the Chronicle of Gall of Anonym three times. It is likely that the name is in fact a title of prince Popiel due to his long hair.