open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Margaret Sanger

**Margaret Sanger** (September 14, 1883 – September 6, 1966) was a famous birth control rights activist. She established the American Birth Control League in 1921. However, the clinic had already served over 450 clients. This change allowed for more freedom of information surrounding birth control. She also pushed the American Medical Association to legitimize birth control as a valid medical practice in 1937. She was known for using public protest and strong visuals to draw attention to her cause. In addition to demonstrations she relied heavily on her magazine, Woman Rebel, to spread the word about her fight. 

As a rebel, feminist, and socialist, she spent the vast majority of her professional life fighting for what she saw as a basic human right: family planning.

## References
The Firm (1993 movie)

***The Firm*** is a 1993 American legal thriller movie. It stars Tom Cruise and Holly Hunter and was directed by Sydney Pollack. The thriller is based on a novel of the same name by author John Grisham.

## Locations used to shoot the movie
;Memphis, Tennessee
* Owen Brennan's - Lunch scene in cocktail/bar area. Owen Brennan's commemorated the filming by placing plaques on the two cocktail chairs where Tom Cruise and Gene Hackman sat.
* Peabody Hotel - BBQ roof scene overlooking Mississippi River Bridge and downtown Memphis.
* Beale Street - Scene where Mitch and Abby see young tumblers as street performers
* Lausanne Collegiate School- Playground scene and others.
* Front Street Deli - Meeting at diner.
* Mud Island
* Blues City Cafe - FBI first meeting with Mitch.
*Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
;Marion, Arkansas
* The Marion Hotel - Apartment room on top floor for a scene.

## Release 
Critical reaction to *The Firm* was mostly positive.  The movie got a 76% rating at Rotten Tomatoes.A Sequel Novel Was Released On October 2023, and Is Set To Be adapted To film.

## References
## Other websites 
*
The Piano

***The Piano*** is an award-winning 1993 romantic drama movie which stars Holly Hunter and Harvey Keitel. This drama is about a mute pianist and her daughter in 19th century New Zealand. The score for the piano by Michael Nyman became a bestselling soundtrack album.

*The Piano* was a commercial and critical success, grossing more than $40 million, against its $7 million budget. At the 66th Academy Awards, *The Piano* won three awards: Best Actress for Hunter, Best Supporting Actress for Paquin, and Best Original Screenplay. Paquin, who at the time was 11 years old, is the second youngest Oscar winner ever. The film won the Palme d'Or and a Best Performance Prize for Holly Hunter at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ray Liotta

**Raymond Allen Liotta** (December 18, 1954 &ndash; May 26, 2022) was an American actor and movie producer. He was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey. He was adopted when he was six months old. His movie roles include: Ray Sinclair in *Something Wild*, Shoeless Joe Jackson in *Field of Dreams*, Henry Hill in *Goodfellas*, Officer Pete Davis in *Unlawful Entry* and Detective Lieutenant Henry Oak in *Narc*. He won an Emmy Award for his role in *ER*. He is best known for playing villains and tough guys. He has also played sympathetic characters.

## Career
One of Liotta's earliest roles was as Joey Perrini on the soap opera *Another World*. He appeared on the show from 1978 to 1981. In his first movie his character sexually assaulted Pia Zadora's character with a garden hose in the cult classic *The Lonely Lady*. In 1987, he earned his first Golden Globe nomination for *Something Wild*. In 1989, he costarred, along with Kevin Costner, in the fantasy/drama movie, *Field of Dreams*. Liotta was Shoeless Joe Jackson, the ghost of the famed baseball player. In 1990, Liotta was real-life mobster Henry Hill in Martin Scorsese's movie *Goodfellas*. In 1992, he costarred, along with Kurt Russell and Madeleine Stowe, in the thriller *Unlawful Entry* as a psychopathic cop. He also had a leading role in Sci-Fi/Action movie *No Escape*. Liotta earned more praise for James Mangold's movie *Cop Land*, starring alongside Sylvester Stallone, Robert De Niro and Harvey Keitel. In 1998, he received praise the crime movie *Phoenix*.

In addition to his movie roles, Liotta was singer Frank Sinatra in the 1998 TV movie *The Rat Pack*. He received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for this role. He provided the voice of Tommy Vercetti for the 2002 video game *Grand Theft Auto: Vice City*. He received an Independent Spirit Award nomination and a Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards nomination for Best Supporting Male for the movie *Narc*. He then reunited with director James Mangold in 2003 alongside John Cusack and Alfred Molina in the dark horror-thriller *Identity*. He also narrated *Inside the Mafia* for the National Geographic Channel in 2005. He appeared with John Travolta in the movie *Wild Hogs* and with Johnny Depp in the 2001 movie *Blow*.

In 2011, he starred in The Son of No One, opposite Channing Tatum and Al Pacino. Liotta's recent movies include *Date Night* with Steve Carell, *Charlie St. Cloud* with Zac Efron, the independent drama *Snowmen*, and *The River Sorrow*, which stars Liotta as a detective alongside Christian Slater and Ving Rhames.

## Personal life
Liotta married actress Michelle Grace in February 1997. Their daughter, Karsen, was born in December 1998. The couple divorced in 2004. Liotta lived in Pacific Palisades, California.

Liotta died on May 26, 2022 while filming a movie in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic at the age of 67. The cause of death was heart failure and pulmonary edema.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Andy Griffith

**Andy Samuel Griffith** (June 1, 1926 &nbsp;– July 3, 2012) was an American actor, comedian, television producer, singer and writer. He starred in the 1957 movie *A Face in the Crowd*. He also starred in the 1958 movie *No Time for Sergeants*. His television series are *The Andy Griffith Show* and *Matlock*.

## Early life
Griffith was born on June 1, 1926 in Mount Airy, North Carolina, the only child of Carl Lee Griffith and his wife, Geneva (née Nunn). He studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He was the father of two children. He was married three times.

## Lawsuit
Griffith once sued a man named William Fenrick after Fenrick legally changed his name to *Andy Griffith* because Fenrick ran for town sheriff. The use of his name angered Griffith, but soon afterwards the lawsuit was dropped. Fenrick lost the election.

## Health and death
In 1986, Griffith suffered from Guillain–Barré syndrome and could not walk for 7 months. Griffith received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 9, 2005. Griffith died on July 3, 2012 of a heart attack in Manteo, North Carolina, aged 86. He also had hypertension and coronary heart disease.

## Movies 
* *A Face in the Crowd* (1957)
* *No Time for Sergeants* (1958)
* *Onionhead* (1958)
* *The Second Time Around* (1961)
* *Angel in My Pocket* (1969)
* *Hearts of the West* (1975)
* ''Rustlers' Rhapsody* (1985)
* *Gramps* (1995)
* *Spy Hard* (1996)
* *Daddy and Them* (2001)
* *The Very First Noel* (2006) (voice)
* *Waitress* (2007)
* *Christmas Is Here Again* (2007) (voice)
* *Play the Game* (2008)

## Television 
* *Make Room For Daddy* (1960; Andy and Opie Taylor were first introduced in season seven)
* *The Andy Griffith Show* (1960–1968)
* *The Headmaster* (1970–1971)
* *The New Andy Griffith Show* (1971; cancelled after 13 episodes)
* *The Strangers In 7A* (1972)
* *Go Ask Alice* (1973)
* *Pray for the Wildcats* (1974)
* *Winter Kill* (1974)
* *Savages* (1974)
* *Adams of Eagle Lake* (1975; cancelled after two episodes)
* *Street Killing* (1976)
* *Six Characters in Search of an Author* (1976)
* *Frosty's Winter Wonderland* (1976) (voice)
* *Washington: Behind Closed Doors* (1977)
* *The Girl in the Empty Grave* (1977)
* *Deadly Game* (1977)
* *Centennial* (1978; miniseries)
* *Salvage 1* (1979; cancelled after 20 episodes)
* *From Here to Eternity* (1979; miniseries)
* *Roots: The Next Generations* (1979; miniseries)
* *The Yeagers* (1980; cancelled after two episodes)
* *Murder in Texas* (1981)
* *For Lovers Only* (1982)
* *Murder in Coweta County* (1983)
* *The Demon Murder Case* (1983)
* *Fatal Vision* (1984) (miniseries)
* *Crime of Innocence* (1985)
* *Return to Mayberry* (1986)
* *Matlock* (1986–1995)
* *Under the Influence* (1986)
* *The Gift of Love* (1994)
* *Gramps* (1995)
* *Scattering Dad* (1998)
* *A Holiday Romance'' (1999)

## References
## Other websites
* Inventory of the Andy Griffith Papers, 1949–1997, in the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
* 
* 
* 
* Andy Griffith Discography , at MTV
*
S.F.W.

***S.F.W.*** is a 1994 American thriller film based on Andrew Wellman's novel. It stars Reese Witherspoon, Stephen Dorff and Amber Benson.

S.F.W. was filmed in October and November 1993, in Los Angeles. 

S.F.W.: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on CD on September 27, 1994 by A&M Records.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Damage (1992 movie)

***Damage*** is a 1992 British-French erotic drama movie. It was directed by Louis Malle. It is based on the novel *Damage* by Josephine Hart. It stars Jeremy Irons and Juliette Binoche. *Damage* was originally rated NC-17, though it was edited to have an R rating. It is about a middle-aged, married politician who has an affair with his son's girlfriend.

Miranda Richardson was nominated for an Academy Award and won a BAFTA in the category of Best Supporting Actress.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hash table

A **hash table** is a type of tool for storing information. In computer science, these tools for keeping track of information, or data, are called data structures.
A hash table is a data structure that uses a hash function to keep track of where data is. 
Each piece of information to be stored has a name, which is called a key. For example, a key might be a person's name. Each name is matched up to one piece of data called a value, like the person's telephone number. 

The data is kept in another data structure called an array, which is like many boxes, or buckets, in a column to hold data. Each box has a number starting from 0 and counting up. 

The idea behind a hash table is to find the box for a value using only its name. This means that no matter how many boxes there are, one can find information quickly by its name. It is very fast to use the box of an array by its number. A hash function reads a name and gives back a number. A hash table uses a hash function to find a box number for a name. 

A good hash table will always find information at the same speed, no matter how much data is put in. A lot of hash tables also let the user put key/value pairs (a name and its data) in and take them out at the same speed.

Because of this, hash tables can often find information faster than other tools, such as search trees or other table lookup structures. As a result, they are used in many kinds of computer software. They are used most often for associative arrays, databases, caches, and sets.

## Uses
Many programming languages use hash tables, either as built-in associative arrays or as part of their standard library.

* .NET_Framework, which can be used from languages such as C# and VB.NET.
* JavaScript
* C++
* Java
* Python's built-in `dict` implements a hash table in the form of a type.
* Ruby
* Rust
* V (Vlang)

## References
Leaves of Grass

***Leaves of Grass*** is a collection of poetry by American writer Walt Whitman (18191892). The collection was first printed on July 4, 1855 in Brooklyn at a Fulton Street printing shop. About 800 copies were printed. The book was 95 pages long and had 12 poems. Whitman paid for this first printing. The book did not sell well.

Whitman added material to *Leaves of Grass* and  the book many times during his life. The most famous poems in the book are "Song of Myself", "I Sing the Body Electric", "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking", and "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd". The collection praised the human body, the material world, nature, and the experience of the senses at a time when poetry focused on religious experience and the life of the spirit.

## Related pages
* Calamus

## Reading list 
*Callow, Philip. *From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman*. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992. ISBN 0-929587-95-2
*Kaplan, Justin. *Walt Whitman: A Life*. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. ISBN 0-671-22542-1
*Loving, Jerome. *Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself*. University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0-520-22687-9.
*Miller, James E., Jr. *Walt Whitman*. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1962.
*Reynolds, David S. ''Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography*. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76709-6

## References
## Other websites 
*The Whitman Archive--contains all editions of *Leaves of Grass'' published in Whitman's lifetime, including text and page images.
**Leaves of Grass* - The "Long Foreground" 
**Leaves of Grass* at Project Gutenberg
*Poets.org guide to *Leaves of Grass* 
**Audio Book* &mdash; complete & unabridged, public domain, Librivox Audio Recording of Leaves of Grass (1891 edition)
En passant

In chess, **en passant** (*in passing* in French) is a special move for pawns to capture. First, if the pawn moves two squares from their starting square and stands next to an opponent pawn, the opponent's pawn can take the pawn one square diagonally in front of the pawn away from their square. 

The en passant rule was invented to prevent pawns being stuck with the opponent's pawn on the same file. If there is no en passant rule, the game will be slower leading to blocking pieces and etc.

## Invention
Long ago, pawns could only move one square at a time. Between the 13th and 16th centuries, the two-square move was added to make games faster. The *en passant* rule may have been added around the same time. The Spanish chess master Ruy López wrote about it in the 1500s.

This rule was one of the last big changes to European chess. In some places, like Italy, the rule wasn’t used at first. Italy adopted it in 1880 to follow international chess rules before the 1881 Milan tournament.

## About en passant
It is also not a bug, a glitch, a hack or an illegal move, it is actually a real move, because it is a special move for pawns to capture.

## Examples
If the white pawn moves two squares from their starting square and stands next to a black pawn, the black pawn can capture the white pawn one square diagonally away from their square in front of the white pawn by using en passant. Or, if the black pawn moves two squares from their starting square and stands next to a white pawn, the white pawn can capture the black pawn one square diagonally from their square in front of the black pawn by using en passant like the black pawn.

## Rules of en passant
*It has to be a pawn that moves two squares forward from their starting square and it stands next to an opponent pawn and the opponent pawn will capture it.
*It cannot be used for later turns.
*The pawn can capture one square diagonally away from their square beside the opponent's pawn and the opponent's pawn will be taken behind.

## Related pages
* Check and checkmate
* Castling
* Pawn (chess)

## References
Extinct (disambiguation)

**Extinct** may refer to:
* Extinct volcano, a volcano that scientists consider unlikely to erupt again
* Extinction of species
* Extinct in the Wild, conservation status

## Related pages
* Extinct language
2010–11 Bundesliga

The **2010–11 Bundesliga** was the 48th season of the Fußball-Bundesliga, Germany's top football league. The season started on August 21, 2010 and ended on May 14, 2011. The defending champions were FC Bayern Munich. The Bundesliga also changed its logo this season.

## Teams 
* Bayer 04 Leverkusen
* FC Bayern Munich
* Borussia Dortmund
* Borussia Mönchengladbach
* Eintracht Frankfurt
* SC Freiburg
* Hamburger SV
* Hannover 96
* TSG 1899 Hoffenheim
* 1. FC Kaiserslautern
* 1. FC Köln
* 1. FSV Mainz 05
* 1. FC Nuremberg
* FC Schalke 04
* FC St. Pauli
* VfB Stuttgart
* SV Werder Bremen
* VfL Wolfsburg

## League table 
Below are the teams in the 2010/11 season. Borussia Dortmund, Bayer Leverkusen, Bayern Munich, Hannover 96 and FSV Mainz 05 all did well in the league and were allowed to play in either the UEFA Champions League, or the UEFA Europa League.

Also, Borussia Mönchengladbach went to the relegation play-off, and Eintracht Frankfurt and FC St. Pauli were relegated. Schalke 04 were allowed to play in the UEFA Europa League play-off round. Schalke 04 made it all the way to the Quarter-Finals in the 2011-12 UEFA Europa League.

## Relegation play-off 
Borussia Mönchengladbach won the relegation play-off match against VfL Bochum and stayed in the Fußball-Bundesliga for the 2011/12 season.

----

## Statistics 
### Top goalscorers 
*Source: bundesliga.de *

;28 goals
*  Mario Gómez

;22 goals
*  Papiss Cissé

;17 goals
*  Milivoje Novakovič

;16 goals
*  Lucas Barrios
*  Theofanis Gekas
*  Srđan Lakić

;15 goals
*  André Schürrle

## Related pages
* Bundesliga
Salafi

**Salafism** (Arabic: جَمَاعَتْ السَّلَفَىتْ) is a conservative movement within Sunni Islam originating in Arabia. A Salafist or Salafi is a Sunni Muslim who thinks Islam should be practiced the way the first few generations of Muslims did during the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.  

The majority of Salafists follow the Athari creed of Sunni Islam. 
The term is also used to talk about certain teachings of Sunni Islam that are based on "conservative" ideals.

The origin of the movement is in the 19th century. Muhammad Abduh (18491905) was an Islamic scholar who thought that the values of Islam were incompatible with a modern lifestyle. He is often called a Salafi. Another scholar, Ibn Taimiya (1263–1328) said that the teachings of Islam were not compatible with certain modern interpretations, such as Sufism. The ideology behind many of the jihadist wars in the Middle East and in the northern part of Africa is Salafism.

"Salafi Jihadism" was used to describe those Salafist Islamic militant groups who began to use armed jihad during the mid-1990s.

Salafi scholars such as Ibn Baz and Ibn al Uthaymeen who were alive at the time said Salafism has nothing to do with these "islamic" groups. Majority of Salafi scholars distanced the movement from these groups.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Wahhabi
Hatchet

The term **hatchet** in contemporary usage refers loosely to any short-handled ax or ax-like tool, including hand axes, belt axes, camp axes, etc., with handles less than 20 inches in length.  

Traditionally, however, hatchets and hand axes were different categories of tools by manufactuers and retailers in their catalogs and literature. During the 19th through 20th centuries, hand axes were grouped and labeled as axes in the same section with long-handled axes, such as "boys" axes and "felling" axes. Hatchets, on the other hand, were lightweight, straight-handled, striking tools grouped with implements used by those in the construction trades. Hatchet heads featured ax-like blades on one side but, unlike hand axes, most often also included a hammer on the other side designed for a specific application. The most common hatchet designs appear to be the carpenter hatchet, shingling/roofing hatchet and lathing/drywall hatchet. Their names vary slightly among manufactuers and retailers while maintaining the distinction between hatchet and small axes unanimously.  

The term hatchet also refers to any one-handed ax-like weapon, such as tomahawks used in battle, since it is a borrowing from the French language, the diminutive form of *hache,* or battle-ax.
 
## References
Hard Boiled

***Hard Boiled*** is a 1992 action crime thriller movie from Hong Kong. John Woo is the thriller's director. The movie stars Chow Yun-fat as Inspector "Tequila" Yuen, Tony Leung Chiu-Wai as Tony, an undercover cop, and Anthony Wong as Johnny Wong, a leader of criminal triads. *Hard Boiled* received mixed to positive reviews from the critics.

Woo liked Clint Eastwood's and Steve McQueen's characters from their films *Dirty Harry* and *Bullitt*.  He wanted to make his own Hong Kong-style *Dirty Harry* police detective film.

*Hard Boiled* took 123 days to shoot.
## After release
*Hard Boiled* was released on April 16, 1992 in Hong Kong. At the 12th Hong Kong Film Awards, David Wu and John Woo won the award for "Best Film Editing". Tony Leung was nominated for "Best Supporting Male Actor", but lost the award to Liu Kai-Chi in *Cageman*. The North American premiere of *Hard Boiled* was in September 1992 at the Toronto International Film Festival. At the premiere the audience response was very positive with people stomping their feet and yelling at the screen. This reception surprised producer Terence Chang who did not expect such a positive reaction. *Hard Boiled* received wide release in the United Kingdom on October 8, 1993.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Outnumbered

***Outnumbered*** is a British sitcom shown on BBC One. It began on 28 August 2007 and is partly improvised. It is about the Brockmans, a middle-class family of five who live in a house in suburban south London. Hugh Dennis plays the father, Pete, who is a history teacher. Claire Skinner plays the mother, Sue, who is a part-time personal assistant. Tyger Drew-Honey plays the elder son, Jake, whose main interest is teenage girls. Daniel Roche plays the younger son, Ben, who has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ramona Marquez plays the daughter, Karen, who is intelligent and asks a lot of questions. The show was axed in 2015.

## Awards
*Outnumbered* was nominated for the 2008 "*Broadcast* Award" for "Best Comedy Programme". It lost the award to *The Thick of It*.

The show was given the "British Comedy Guide Editors' Award" in The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2007 and the "Best Returning British TV Sitcom" in The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2008, beating *Peep Show* by six votes.

In 2009, it won the Royal Television Society Award for "Scripted Comedy", and two Broadcasting Press Guild Awards in the same year: "Best Comedy/Entertainment" and the "Writer's Award". *Outnumbered* also won 3 awards at the 2009 British Comedy Awards: Best Sitcom, Best British Comedy and Best Female Newcomer for Ramona Marquez.

At the National Television Awards in 2011, Outnumbered was nominated for Best Comedy but lost out to *Benidorm*. It was nominated again the following year and won.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
*
Lindisfarne Gospels

, by the 'Master of Lindisfarne']]
 from the Lindisfarn Gospels]]
 from the Lindisfarne Gospels]]

The **Lindisfarne Gospels** is an Illuminated manuscript book of the gospels. It was made at a monastery off the coast of Northumberland at Lindisfarne, about 700 AD.

The manuscript is now on display in the British Library. It is one of the finest works in the style which is called insular art. This combines Mediterranean, Anglo-Saxon and Celtic elements. At this time, Britain and Ireland shared a style which was different from that of the rest of Europe.

The Lindisfarne Gospels are thought to be by Eadfrith, a monk who became Bishop of Lindisfarne in 698 and died in 721. The Gospels are richly illustrated, and were originally in a fine leather binding covered with jewels and metals. During the Viking raids on Lindisfarne, this cover was lost, and a replacement was made in 1852. The text is written in a hand known as 'insular script'.

In the 10th century an Old English translation of the Gospels was written word-for-word between the lines of the Latin text. It was done by Aldred, Provost of Chester-le-Street. This is the oldest translation of the Gospels into English that we have. The Gospels may have been taken from Durham Cathedral during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, ordered by Henry VIII. In the 18th century the book was given to the British Museum. From there it went to the British Library when this was split off from the British Museum.

## References
List of extinct volcanoes

]]
An extinct volcano is a volcano which scientists consider unlikely to erupt again. A volcano that has not erupted in the past 10,000 years is often listed as extinct.

The extinct volcano no longer has a magma supply.  An extinct volcano is no longer near an active geologic hot spot, if it ever was.

Volcanologists sometimes can't tell whether a volcano is extinct or dormant.  A caldera that has not produced an eruption in tens of thousands of years is likely to be considered inactive.  Dormant volcanoes may still erupt, whereas extinct ones cannot.

There are many examples of extinct volcanoes. 
* Olympus Mons on Mars, the biggest volcano in the Solar System.
* Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the northern Pacific Ocean
* Huascarán in Peru
* Kyushu-Palau Ridge in the Philippine Sea
* Mount Buninyong in Victoria Australia
*Tamu Massif in the Northwest Pacific Ocean
* Waw an-Namus in Libya
* Edinburgh Castle in Scotland is located on a dolerite plug, the remnant of a volcano that went extinct many millions of years ago. 
* Dhosi Hill in Haryana, India is an extinct volcano that has been sleeping for 770 million years.
* La Garita Caldera in Colorado, United States

## Related pages
* List of volcanoes
* List of active volcanoes

## References
Human microbiome

* colonies growing on XLD agar plates]]
*, magnified x50,000, image by transmission electron microscope]]
'': a long-term resident in our gut]]

The **human microbiome** (or **human microbiota**) is the collection of microorganisms which live on us. They live on the skin, in the saliva and mouth, in the eyes, and in the gut and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. They include bacteria, archaea, fungi and single-celled eukaryotes ('protozoa'). Everyone carries around far more of these microbes than the number of human cells in the body. The human body has about 100 trillion cells, and carries about ten times as many microorganisms *in the intestines alone*.

The **microbiome **is "the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space". The term was popularized by Joshua Lederberg. He thought the microorganisms living in the human body in health and disease were important. Many scientific articles distinguish "microbiome" and "**microbiota**" to describe either the collective genomes of the microorganisms that live in an environmental niche or the microorganisms themselves, respectively.  However, by the original definitions these terms are largely synonymous. 

Some of these organisms are useful for humans. However, most have no known effect. They are just symbionts: they live with us. Those which are expected to be present are members of the *normal flora*. Under normal circumstances they do not cause disease, but may even help our health. Studies in 2009 asked whether our health is damaged if we reduce this biota. This is certainly the case with gut flora. They include methanogens which produce methane and may cause flatulence.

## Related pages 
*Enterotype

## References
List of World Heritage Sites in Iran

There are twenty-four **World Heritage Sites in Iran  as** of 2019,

*
## World Heritage Sites
: **Site**; named after the World Heritage Committee's official designation
: **Location**; at city, regional, or provincial level and geocoordinates
: **Criteria**; as defined by the World Heritage Committee
: **Area**; in hectares and acres. If available, the size of the buffer zone has been noted as well. A lack of value implies that no data has been published by UNESCO
: **Year**; during which the site was inscribed to the World Heritage List
: **Description**; brief information about the site, including reasons for qualifying as an endangered site, if applicable

file:Parsahur2.jpg|Pasargadae
file:Choqa Zanbil 2.jpg|Tchogha Zanbil
file:Persepolis001.jpg|Persepolis
file:Sushtar Bridge.jpg|Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System
file:Arge Bam Arad edit.jpg|Bam
file:Eramahur.jpg|Eram

## References
*Iran (Islamic Republic of) - UNESCO
* UNESCO world heritage-sites-iran
Korea Strait

)]]

The **Korea Strait** (, *Daehan Haehyeop*), also known as the **Tsushima Strait**, is a narrow body of water between  Japan  and South Korea.  The name is used in two ways.  It identifies the sea between Korea and Tsushima Island; and it is also used generally to describe the wider ocean area between Korea and the island of Kyushu.

The strait links the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan in the northwest Pacific Ocean.  Tsushima Island is between the western channel (Korea Strait) and the eastern channel (Tsushima Strait).

## Geography
The northern shore of the strait is the southern coast of the Korean peninsula.  Depending on usage, the southern shores of the strait may mean the western coast of Tsushima or it may mean the western coasts of Kyūshū and Honshū.

The strait is about  wide and averages about 90 to 100&nbsp;meters (300&nbsp;ft) deep.

The western channel is deeper (up to 227&nbsp;meters) and narrower than the eastern channel.

A warm current (*Tsushima-kairyū*) runs through the straight from south to north.

## Related pages
* Russo-Japanese War

## References
## Other websites
List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea

As of April 2012, ten sites have been added on the World Heritage List. Nine are cultural sites and one is a natural site. Fourteen more sites have been proposed for adding and are on the tentative list.

## World Heritage Sites
## References
## Other websites
*  UNESCO World Heritage Sites - Republic of Korea
List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States

This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Arab countries. Some of these countries are geographically in Asia and some in Africa.

## List
The list below has an image of the site or part of the site; the name; the location; the nominating state party; the criteria met by the site, including if it is a cultural, natural or mixed; the area in hectares and acres; the year the site was added; and a description of the site. 

## References
Cher Lloyd

**Cher Lloyd** (born 28 July 1993) is an English singer, songwriter and rapper. She has several hit songs, including *Want U Back*. Lloyd became famous when she finished fourth in the seventh series of *The X Factor*.

Lloyd's first single "Swagger Jagger" was released in June 2011. Even though the song received mixed reviews, the single entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the Irish Singles Chart. Her second single "With Ur Love" was released on 31 October 2011. It features Mike Posner, and reached number four in the UK, and number five in Ireland. Her first album *Sticks and Stones* peaked at number four in the UK Albums Chart and at number seven on the Irish Albums Chart. *Sticks and Stones* was released on 4 November 2011, in Europe, and produced three singles, "Swagger Jagger", "With Ur Love" featuring Mike Posner, and "Want U Back" featuring Astro, respectively. A re-release for North America was released on 2 October 2013, producing three singles as well. The singles released were "Want U Back", "Oath" featuring Becky G, and "With Ur Love". Lloyd released her second album, ''Sorry I'm Late* on 27 May 2014. *Sorry I'm Late'' only produced two singles - "I Wish" featuring T.I. and "Sirens". Lloyd was signed to Universal Music Group in early 2015, and is currently working on her third studio album. She married Craig Monk at a private ceremony on 18 November 2014.

## References
Guy Pearce

**Guy Edward Pearce** (born 5 October 1967) is an Australian actor and musician. He was born in Ely, Cambridgeshire to a New Zealander father and English mother. He moved to Geelong, Victoria, Australia, when he was three. His television roles include Mike Young in *Neighbours* from 1986-1989 and *Mildred Pierce*, for which he won an Emmy Award. His movie roles include: Ed Exley in *L.A. Confidential* and Leonard Shelby in *Memento*.

## Personal life
He has been married to Kate Mestitz, a psychologist, since March 1997. He is a long-standing supporter of the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League. Pearce does not believe in God but believes "we're all connected."

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites 
*
Lists of World Heritage Sites

A **World Heritage Site** is a place that is listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of special cultural or physical significance.

For lists of **World Heritage Sites**, see:

:
Hollywood Boulevard

**Hollywood Boulevard** is a street in Hollywood, California. The street starts at Sunset Boulevard in the east and running northwest to Vermont Avenue. There it turns out and runs due west to Laurel Canyon Boulevard.

## Other websites
DeScribe

**Shneur Hasofer** () (born July 1, 1982) better known by his stage name **DeScribe** (Hasofer is Hebrew for "the scribe"), is a Hasidic Jewish musician. His music Mixing elements of dancehall, reggae, hip hop and R&B.

## Biography
### Personal life
DeScribe was born in Sydney, Australia, to a Hasidic Jewish family. His mother, Devorah Hasofer, is a known singer/songwriter who has released four albums and mostly performs in the Hasidic communities in Australia and Israel. He is a drummer from the age of five and in his preteen years he participated in the recordings of his mother's albums and performed with her as a special guest.

At the age of 14, Hasofer's parents sent him to Jerusalem to study in a yeshiva. He spent a year in the yeshiva. After that he stayed in Israel, "left the Jewish way of life and did a lot of stupid things." Many of the things he did were illegal. His family's move to Beitar Illit in 1998 did not help stop his wildness.

Around 2004, he began to feel a strong desire to leave his bad lifestyle and return to a religious one. “I started to change the way I thought and behaved and in Judaism I found something that was real that brought happiness to a dark place in my life,” he has said.

DeScribe’s 2010 single “Harmony” was celebrated as a great message for unity and racial harmony by Brooklyn borough president Marty Markowitz, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Crown Heights riot.

In early 2011, DeScribe worked with Matisyahu on the dancehall track "Pure Soul". The proceeds from the song benefit The Friendship Circle, a nonprofit organization that helps children with disabilities.

## Artistic style
"My music is about unity," DeScribe has said, "and we all have one God whether we are Jewish, Christian or Muslim. We are brothers and we share this world together."

## Discography
### Extended Plays
### Singles/Appearances
* "Harmony" - DeScribe, on *Harmony*, Modular Moods/Shemspeed. Released March 16, 2010.
* "Change" - DeScribe & Y-Love, on *The Change EP*, Modular Moods. Released May 14, 2010.
* "Boom Selecta" - Shemspeed MCs vs. Electro Morocco (feat. Y-Love, DeScribe, Kosha Dillz & Eprhyme), Shemspeed. Released July 12, 2010.
* "Move On" - Y-Love feat. DeScribe, Diwon Music. Released August 10, 2010.
* "Modern Day Music" - DeScribe & Smoolik, on *Sephardic Music Festival, Vol. 1*, Shemspeed. Released November 30, 2010.
* "Livin for the Grind (Marley Coffee)" - DeScribe, Shemspeed. Released December 22, 2010.
* "Pure Soul" - DeScribe feat. Matisyahu, Shemspeed. Released March 22, 2011.
* "Acharon Acharon, Chaviv (Diwon Remix)" - Lipa Schmeltzer & DeScribe, Shemspeed. Released August 23, 2011.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
University of Siena

The **University of Siena** (, **UNISI**) is in Siena, Italy. It was created in 1240. It is one of the oldest European universities and the 4th oldest in Italy. As of 2011, the university had about 17,290 students.

## References 
## Other websites
*University of Padua Website 
*Museums of the University
British Academy Film Awards

The **British Academy Film Awards** are an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It is the British equivalent of the Oscars. As of 2008, it happens in the Royal Opera House, in London. Before, it was at the Odeon cinema in Leicester Square. The 65th British Academy Film Awards took place on 12 February 2012.

## History
BAFTA was formed in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. In 1958, the academy merged with The Guild of Television Producers and Directors to form The Society of Film and Television. This became The British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1976.

BAFTA is supported by a membership of around 6,000 people from the movie, television and video game industries.

The academy's awards are look like a theatrical mask. They were designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe in 1955.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was the host of the ceremony as the first president of BAFTA in 1960,1963, and 1965.

Princess Anne presented the first Fellowship Award to Alfred Hitchcock in 1971, and later attended the ceremony several times as President of BAFTA between 1973 and 2001.

William, Prince of Wales attended the ceremony for the first time in 2010 after being named president of BAFTA, and has attended frequently since, including together with Catherine, Princess of Wales. He presented the BAFTA Fellowship award to Mel Brooks in 2017 and Kathleen Kennedy in 2020.

## Annual ceremony
 ceremony.]]
The ceremony used to take place in April or May. Starting in 2002 it takes place in February in order to be before the Oscars. The awards are mostly open to all nationalities. There is an award for "Outstanding British Film" and "Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Producer or Director". The Short Film and Short Animation awards are also only for UK movies.

The Awards ceremony is broadcast on British television on BBC One. In the US the show was previously broadcast with a delay on BBC America until 2021, after which it has broadcast live on streaming service BritBox until 2025. In 2023, the BAFTA Film Awards included a live broadcasting of its major award categories during the final portion of the ceremony rather than a same day delay. In 2026, the U.S. broadcast of the ceremony will be on E! with a delay.

## British Academy Awards of Merit
;Movies
*BAFTA Award for Best Film (since 1948)
*BAFTA Award for Best British Film (since 1948)
*BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film (since 1948)
*BAFTA Award for Best Short Film (since 1980)
*BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006)
*BAFTA Award for Best Documentary (1948-1989, 2012)

;Crew

## Retired awards
*BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay (awarded 1969-1983)
*BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay (awarded 1955-1968)

## British Academy Special Awards
*BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award (since 1971)
*Orange Rising Star Award (since 2006)

## References
Vladimir Zhirinovsky

**Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky** (Russian: Влади́мир Во́льфович Жирино́вский) (born **Vladimir Volfovich Eidelstein**; 25 April 1946 &ndash; 6 April 2022) was a Russian politician, lawyer and a colonel in the Soviet Army and later the Russian Army.

## Works
He was the founder and Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR). He was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. He was partly of Jewish descent (his father was Jewish). He was the Liberal Democratic presidential candidate in 1991, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012 and 2018.

Zhironovsky was extremely racist and sexist.
## 2021 speech
Zhirinovsky predicted in a speech on December 27 2021, the exact date when the Russian military invaded eastern Ukraine. He said "At 4 a.m. on February 22, you will feel [our new policy]. I would like 2022 to be a peaceful year. But I love the truth, for 70 years I have been telling the truth. It will not be peaceful. It will be a year when Russia becomes great again."

## Death
In February 2022, Zhirinovsky was hospitalized in Moscow with COVID-19. A month later, it was reported he was being treated for COVID-related problems such as sepsis and respiratory failure.

Zhirinovsky died from problems caused by the virus on 6 April 2022, aged 75.

## References
Brown sugar

**Brown sugar** is a type of table sugar. It is made by mixing white sugar with molasses, a sugar byproduct. Brown sugar can either be light or dark depending on how much molasses is in it. Brown sugar can harden after a while out of the package.

## References
Dormant volcano

s, which means that it is not an extinct volcano.]]
 in Iran, which is a sign of a dormant volcano.]]
**Dormant volcanoes** are the volcanoes that are quiet but might erupt again in the future. If a volcano that has been silent for years erupts again or shows activity, it is called a "dormant volcano".  Vesuvius of Italy is a prime example. After many years of dormancy, it re-emerged in 1931.  Then it is dormant again. For example, Krakatoa in Indonesia, Aconcagua in Argentina, and Mount Fuji in Japan are dormant volcanoes.

## Difficult to classify
It is difficult to distinguish active and inactive volcanoes.

For example, some scientists have described Mount Fuji as dormant or inactive.   That volcano has been dormant since its last eruption in 1707,  but is also classified as active.  The Geological Survey of Japan lists Mount Fuji as among the active volcanoes on the island of Honshu.

## Mis-labelled as dormant or extinct
Some volcanoes may remain dormant for a long time; and an eruption is a surprise.

Before 79 AD, Vesuvius was considered dormant.

Before 1991, the Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines was labelled as dormant.

Before 1995, the Soufriere Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat was dormant.

Before 1980, Mt. St. Helens in the United States was dormant.

## Select list
There are many examples of volcanoes which are considered dormant.

* Mauna Kea in Hawaii, the United States
* Mount Damavand in Iran
* Mount Edziza in Canada  
* Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania 
* Western Victorian Volcanic Plains in Australia
* Trou aux Cerf in Mauritius
*Mount Hood in Oregon, the United States
*Lake Toba in Indonesia 

## Related pages
* List of volcanoes
* List of active volcanoes
* List of extinct volcanoes

## References
List of active volcanoes

on July 22, 1980.]]

**Active volcanoes** are volcanoes which are erupting, or have erupted in modern times. Many volcanoes have erupted dozens of times in the past few thousand years, but are not erupting at this moment. Some scientists consider a volcano *active* if it has erupted in the Holocene period (historic times).

Don't know volcanoes live many thousands of years and erupt multiple times. However, most do not erupt even once in a human lifespan. Signs of unrest such as unusual earthquake activity or significant new gas emissions indicate that a volcano is active. An example of an active volcano is Mount St. Helens in the United States (US).

There are more than 1,500 volcanoes that could be active today. An estimated 500 million people live near active volcanoes.

Planet Venus has more volcanoes than Earth. Some may be active.

## Select list 
There are active volcanoes in every part of the world. There are about 1,500 active volcanoes, many in the region of the Pacific Ocean.

The Pacific "Ring of Fire" is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where there are 400+ volcanoes.

### Other regions 
Other regions of active volcanoes include the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and other places.
* Barren Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India
* Erta Ale in Ethiopia
* Fuego in Guatemala
* Heard Island and McDonald Islands in Antarctica
* Kilauea, Hawaii
* Lakagigar in Iceland
* Cumbre Vieja in La Palma (Canary Islands)
* Loihi, Hawaii
* Mount Erebus in Antarctica
* Mount Etna in Italy
* Soufrière Hills on the Caribbean island of Montserrat
* Stromboli in Italy
* Teide in Spain (Canary Islands)
* Vesuvius in Italy
* Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai in Tonga

## Related pages 
* List of volcanoes
* Dormant volcano
* List of extinct volcanoes
* Geyser

## References
Songs in A Minor

***Songs in A Minor*** is the debut studio album by American singer and songwriter Alicia Keys. It was released on June 5, 2001 by J Records. Alicia Keys was signed with Colombia Records after she graduated high school. She recorded an album in 1998. Colombia Records did not like the album and did not release it. The contract with Colombia Records ended. This was because of a dispute with the label. Alicia Keys then signed a contract with Clive Davis. Keys is a classically-trained pianist. She used her pianist talents to produce and arrange her music. The album was named *Songs in A Minor*. However, only one song "Jane Doe" is in the key of A minor.

When the album was released, it was given positive reviews from music critics. Most of the reviews praised Keys mix of old school jazz and contemporary R&B and soul music. Keys was compared to artists such as Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder, Billie Holiday, Prince and Lauryn Hill. The album was given a lot awards. These include five Grammy Awards. *Songs in A Minor* debuted at number one on the *Billboard* 200 chart. It sold 236,000 copies the first week. It has sold 6.2 million copies in the United States and 12,000,000 copies worldwide. *Rolling Stone* magazine named *Songs in A Minor* the second best album of 2001. However, they list it at number 95 on its list of the best albums of the 2000s decade.

## Track listing
### Notes
*  signifies an additional producer
*  signifies a main producer and remixer
*  signifies a remix producer
*  signifies a co-producer
*  signifies an additional producer and remixer

## *Songs in A Minor: 20th Anniversary Edition*
The ***20th Anniversary Edition*** was released on June 4, 2021 to celebrate the 20-year anniversary of the release of *Songs in A Minor*. The album includes four bonus tracks including the previously unreleased "Foolish Heart" and "Crazy (Mi Corazon)".

### Track listing
## Charts and certifications
### Chart positions
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
### Certifications
### Chart procession and succession
## Release history
## References 
## Books 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* *Songs in A Minor* at Discogs
The Wicker Man

A wicker man is a wicker effigy used in human sacrifice 

It may refer to:

**The Wicker Man* (1973 movie), British movie starring Edward Woodward
**The Wicker Man* (2006 movie), American movie starring Nicolas Cage, remake of the above
The Wicker Man (2006 movie)

***The Wicker Man*** is a 2006 American horror movie. It is a remake of 1973 British movie of the same name and is also based on Ritual. It is set on an island in Washington. It was written and directed by Neil LaBute. It was produced by Nicolas Cage and Avi Lerner. It stars Cage, Ellen Burstyn, Kate Beahan, Frances Conroy, Molly Parker, Leelee Sobieski and Diane Delano.

## Other websites 
*
Haplodiploidy

**Haplodiploidy** is a sex determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.

Haplodiploidy determines the sex in *all* members of the insect order Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), and the Thysanoptera ('thrips').p408 It is this point which drives the kin selection theory of how eusociality evolved. Whether haplodiploidy did in fact pave the way for the evolution of eusociality is still a matter of debate.

The thing to remember is that in normal sexual reproduction, the father has two sets of chromosomes, and crossing over takes place between the chromatids of each pair during the meiosis which produces the sperm. Therefore, *the sperms are not identical*, because in each chromosome of a pair there will be different alleles at many of the loci. But when the father is haploid *all the sperm will be identical* (except for a small number where gene mutations have taken place in the germline). So, *as long as all the female queen mates only with one male*, all the female offspring will inherit the male's chromosome 100% intact. In fact in Hymenoptera, the males almost all produce enough sperm to last the female for a whole lifetime.

## References
Andrew DeClercq

**Andrew Donald DeClercq** (born February 1, 1973) is a former American basketball player.  He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for ten seasons.   He played for the Golden State Warriors, Boston Celtics, Cleveland Cavaliers and Orlando Magic. DeClercq played college basketball for the University of Florida.

While in the NBA he averaged 4.8 points and 4.2 rebounds per game.

## References
## Other websites 
* NBA.com: Andrew DeClercq Bio