open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Revised Julian calendar

The **Revised Julian calendar** is a variation of the Julian calendar. It is mainly used by Eastern Orthodox churches. Some Eastern Orthodox churches introduced it in 1923.
Created in 1923 by Serbian scientist Milutin Milanković. source
## Leap years
#If the year number can be divided by four without rest, the year is a leap year (same as Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar).
#If the year can be divided by 100, it is not a leap year (same as Gregorian calendar).
#If dividing the year by 900 leaves a remainder of 200 or 600, the year is a leap year.

Until the year 2800, this calendar will be in sync with the Gregorian calendar; From 2800 to 2900, the Gregorian calendar will be 1 day off.

## Related pages 
* Gregorian calendar
* Julian calendar
Rangpuri language

**Rangpuri** is an Indo-Aryan language. It is spoken in India and Bangladesh. Sources disagree about how many people speak it.  A 1991 census said it was spoken by 5 million people. It is a Bengali-Assamese language spoken by the Rajbanshi people in India and Bangladesh. Many are bilingual in either Bengali or Assamese. Together with Rajbanshi of Nepal.

This is the native language of people of Cooch Behar, Lower Assam, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling and some parts of Bangladesh.

Other names of the language are Rajbangsi, Rajbansi, Rajbanshi, Kamta, Kamtapuri, Kamatpuri, Kamatapuri, Kamrupi, Deshi Bhasha. Recently, "Kamtapuri Bhasha Academy" (2017) is formed by West Bengal Government.

## Wikimedia
*Kamtapuri Wikimedia
*Rajbanshi Wikimedia (Nepal)
## References
Barcelona Metro line 10

**Line 10** (**La Sagrera - Gorg** and **ZAL | Riu Vell - Collblanc**) is the name of one of the two branches of the Barcelona metro extension line 9, currently under construction and to be operated by TMB.

## Overview 
It links the Zona Franca with Badalona, through Barcelona proper, sharing a good deal of the area covered by L9. L9/10 will be the deepest line in the network, and the longest line in Europe. Originally expected to be ready by 2008, ongoing problems with its construction are going to delay its completion until as late as 2013.

## List of stations 
(*Keep in mind all of them are currently under construction*)

**Zona Franca area**
* Polígon Pratenc
* Zona Franca ZAL
* Zona Franca Port
* Zona Franca Litoral
* Motors
* Foc Cisell (L2)
* Foneria
* Ildefons Cerdà (L8)
* Provençana
**Central branch, shared with L9**
* Can Tries
* Torrassa (L1, RENFE)
* Collblanc (L5)
* Campus Sud (T1, T2, T3)
* Zona Universitària (L3)
* Campus Nord
* Manuel Girona
* Prat de la Riba
* Sarrià (L6)
* Mandrí
* El Putxet (L7)
* Lesseps (L3)
* Muntanya
* Sanllehy
* Guinardó (L4)
* Maragall
* Sagrera-Meridiana (L1, L4, RENFE)
* Estació de la Sagrera (L4, RENFE-AVE)
* Onze de Setembre
* Bon Pastor
**Besòs area**
* Llefià
* La Salut
* Gorg (L2, T5, T6)

## Other websites 
* Avui article, part 1
* Avui article, part 2
Gerbstedt

**Gerbstedt** is a little town at the Mansfeld-Südharz rural district, Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. It is  north of Eisleben. The little river Lobach flows through it.

Gerbstedt is about  northwest of Halle, Saxony-Anhalt. It was first mentioned in 985 as Gerbizstidi. In the area of Gerbstedt, there is copper schist. It has been mined since 1730.

## References
## Other websites
Hachinohe

is a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan.

Hachinohe means "the 8th area" in north of Tohoku region from the Middle Ages era. There was "the places of 8th" for making horses for a war in Hachinohe.

Hachinohe has a famous industrial area, and has a bigger fishing port more than most of other cities.

There is a Tohoku Shinkansen station and the Tohoku Expressway in Hachinohe.

The main industries in Hachinohe are manufacturing and services. Most of people in Hacnihohe work in manufacturing. In Hachinohe, the fishing industry is famous. Hachinohe brings in the most squid and saba in Japan.

## Geography
Two rivers run through Hachinohe. One is the Mabechi River, which runs from the south to the east, and flows into the Pacific Ocean. The other is the Nida River, which runs from the south to the north.

### Surrounding municipalities
* Aomori Prefecture
** Gonohe
** Hashikami
** Nanbu
** Oirase
* Iwate Prefecture
** Karumai

## Demography
According to Japanese census data,

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Dolhasca

**Dolhasca** is a town in southeastern Bukovina, in Suceava County, Romania.  11,000 people were living in Dolhasca as of 2002.  It became a town in 2004.

## Other websites
Neglect

**Neglect** is a kind of abuse where a person harms another person by not giving them the things they need to live. For example, a parent or caregiver may neglect a child by not giving them enough food, clothing, hygiene, medical care, affection or education; this is a form of child abuse. Victims of neglect are those that need looking after, like children, physically or mentally disabled adults, elderly people, medical patients, animals or plants.
Teen idol

A **teen idol** is a celebrity or famous person who is very popular with teenagers. Teen idols are often young, but are not always teenagers themselves. They are often pop singers or actors. People started to call celebrities teen idols in the 20th century. Some early teen idols were Rudolph Valentino, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley and James Dean.

In the 1960s and 1970s some pop singers became known as teen idols, like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Monkees, Donny Osmond and David Cassidy. In the 1990s, bands like New Kids on the Block and Backstreet Boys were very popular with teenagers. In the 21st century, some teen idols have been Britney Spears, Miley Cyrus and the Jonas Brothers.

## References
Ainaži

**Ainaži** is a port town in Latvia. It is close to the border of Estonia. The city has had town rights since 1926.
## Gallery

Heinaste põhjamuul (2013).JPG
Heinaste tuletorn.JPG 
Heinaste õigeusu kirik.JPG
Heinaste merekooli hoone.JPG 
Heinaste punamonument (3).JPG
Heinaste häärber.JPG
Heinaste tuletõrjemuuseum 2012.JPG
Catherine Morland

**Catherine Morland** is the principal character in Jane Austen's book *Northanger Abbey*. She enjoys reading the mysterious and frightening gothic novels that were popular in her time. She often has a tendency to blur the lines between fiction and reality, which causes her a great deal of trouble. She is the neighbor of Mr. Allens, a rich man, and goes with him to Bath, a city in Northeastern Somerset, England. Jane Austen used her to mock the obvious classics where the perfect heroes fall in love with the , and they marry and live "happily ever after".

Jane Austen, in the beginning of Chapter Two, describes her as having a heart that "was affectionate (loving)", a "disposition (character) cheerful and open, without conceit (pride) or affectation".

## Childhood 
The book *Northanger Abbey* begins with, "No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine." Her father, Richard, is a clergyman (pastor) who, even though he is not rich, is not poor; her mother is "a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good ." Catherine is called "plain" when she is young, with "a thin awkward figure, a  skin without colour, dark  hair, and strong features..." She likes to play boy's games more than playing with dolls, and does not like lessons, though she does like stories and fables. Catherine likes "tinkling the keys of the old  spinnet (piano)," but she hates learning music, and "the day which dismissed (sent away) the music-master was one of the happiest in Catherine's life." She does not draw well; she did not like writing, or , or French. However, she is usually nice to her brothers and sisters, and listens to her parents.

## Adulthood 
Catherine becomes "almost pretty" at 15, when she grows plumper, , and more . She begins reading better books, like those that Pope, Gray, Thompson, and Shakespeare's. Mrs. Allen invites her to come to Bath with her, and she agrees. There, she is always very polite to Mrs. Allen, and is humbly satisfied when a few men call her a "pretty girl." She falls in love with Henry Tilney, and even though they misunderstand each other some times, they quickly become good friends. She also becomes friends with  Eleanor Tilney, and she is invited to Northanger Abbey. General Tilney, Henry's father, is kind to her, and she is happy. But sometimes she is too : for instance, she thinks General Tilney  his wife. Henry's gentle talk with her soon makes her more . The sudden rudeness of General Tilney makes her very sad until Henry comes and proposes to her; he also explains the General's first attentions, and later rudeness: the General had at first thought Catherine was very rich, and later thought Catherine was really poor. Actually, Catherine is neither - she lives quite comfortably. At the end of the book, they marry happily.

## References
*Character analysis by SparkNotes
Cēsis

**Cēsis** is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1206. Its population was 17,170 in 2016.

## Geography 
The Gauja River flows through the city. The river and the city are located in the heart of the Gauja National Park.

## Gallery 

Image:Cēsu vecpilsēta.PNG|Cēsis skyline
Image:Cesis Burg.jpg|The old castle

## References 
## Other websites 
*website of the city
Grobiņa

**Grobiņa** is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1695. It is approximately eleven kilometers east of Liepāja. 

## References
Dobele

**Dobele** (; ) is a town in the Semigallia region of Latvia. It is near the center of Latvia and is next to the Bērze river. Dobele got town rights in 1917, when the area was under German control during the First World War. In 2011 census, the town had a population of 10,813.

## Name origin 
A German document from 1254 uses the place name *Dubelene* or *Dubelone*. Later, the names *Doblene*, *Doblenen*, and *Doblen* were also used for this place. The original name was likely *Dobelene* or *Dobeliene*. The name comes from the words *duobe* (pit or hole) and *duobele* (small dip or hollow). The name *Dobelene* most likely meant "populated area in a dimple".

## Gallery

File:Dobeles Luteriskā baznīca 2.jpg|Dobele Lutheran church (1495)
File:Dobeles katolubaznica.JPG|Catholic church (2003)
File:Dobeles stacija 04.JPG|Dobele Railway Station (Built in 1929)
File:Dobele, the city square.jpg|The main square
File:Dobele, houses on the city square.jpg| 19th-century buildings in the city center
File:Dobeles Kultūras nams.jpg|Latvian society house (Built in 1939)
File:Uzvaras iela 3 Dobele.jpg|Uzvaras street in Dobele
File:Dobeles Valsts ģimnāzija 8.jpg|Building of Dobele State gymnasium (Built in 1940)
File:Dobeles mūzikas skola 1.jpg|Music school in Dobele (Built in early 20th. century)
File:Viestura iela Dobele.jpg|View to Dobele Castle from Viestura street.

## Refrences
Kārsava

**Kārsava** is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928. In 1935, Kārsava’s population was 2,181, with a significant Jewish community that suffered during the Holocaust.

## References 
*Karsava
Kuldīga

**Kuldīga** (; ) is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1378. It is the center of the Kuldīga District. As of 2020, Kuldīga had a population of 10,352 people. River Venta travels through the city.

Kuldīga was founded by the German Livonian Order at 1242. It was called Goldingen by the Germans. It become the capital city of Courland at 1587-1617.

The old centre of the town is in the waiting list for UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## Roads 
Roads from Kuldīga: Ventspils—Saldus (P108), Kuldīga—Aizpute (P112), Kuldīga—Skrunda (P116), Kuldīga—Jūrkalne (P119), Kuldīga—Talsi (P120) and Kuldīga—Tukums (P121).

Latvian cities from Kuldīga are in:
* Liepāja — 79&nbsp;km;
* Riga — 150&nbsp;km;
* Ventspils — 51&nbsp;km.

## Twin towns 
* Geesthacht, Germany
* Mtskheta, Georgia
* Drobak, Norway

## Gallery 

Вид на город с колокольни церкви св. Катрины.jpg|Old centre
Aeropanorama-Ventas rumba - panoramio (1).jpg|Waterfall "Ventas rumba", the widest in Europa
Kuldīgas pilsētas dome 2000-07-08.jpg|Town Hall
My lego town - panoramio.jpg|Bridge over river Venta
Sv. Trīsvienības katoļu baznīca, Kuldīga 04.jpg|Catholic church
Canal in Kuldiga.jpg|Small river Alekšupīte
Kuldīga sinagogue, now a library.jpg|Library
A Foggy morning in Kuldīga.jpg|Morning at streets

## References 
## Other websites 
* Town site 
* Town site for travellers
Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach

'''Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach** (8 December 1723 – 21 January 1789) was a French-German author, philosopher and encyclopedist. He was an important figure in the French Enlightenment. He was born **Paul Heinrich Dietrich'* in Edesheim, near Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate. He spent most of his life in Paris, where he kept a *salon*. He is best known for his atheism. He wrote a lot. Most of his writings are against religion. His best-known book is the *System of Nature''.

## References
Ogre, Latvia

**Ogre** is a city in Latvia. It has had town rights since 1929.  It is the principal town of Ogre District in Central Latvia.  It is where the Daugava and Ogre rivers come together.
Bandleader

A **bandleader** is the leader of a group of musicians. Bandleaders often lead large groups that play genres like big band, jazz, blues, rhythm and blues and rock and roll. The bandleader directs the other musicians in the group. Bandleaders often perform in their groups as well. Sometimes bands are named after their bandleaders.

## American bandleaders
## British bandleaders
## Italian bandleaders
* Pippo Barzizza
* Renato Carosone
* Gorni Kramer
* Mantovani
* Augusto Martelli
* Pino Presti

## Swedish bandleaders
* Helmut Jederknüller – drums
* Yngwie J. Malmsteen – guitar

## Dutch bandleaders
* Michiel Borstlap
* Michiel Braam
* Willem Breuker – trumpet
* Jack Coenen – trombone, leading the Jack Million Band, specialized in the music of Glenn Miller
* Tonny Eijk
* Pim Jacobs
* Erik van der Luijt
* Malando – violin
* Rogier van Otterloo
* André Rieu — violin
* Cees Schrama — keyboards
* Joop Stokkermans – piano
* Lajos Veres – multi-instrumentalist, mostly violin

## German bandleaders
* Peter Herbolzheimer
* Bert Kaempfert
* James Last – double bass
* Max Raabe – singer
* Uli Jon Roth – guitar
* Michael Schenker – guitar

## French bandleaders
* Raymond Lefevre
* Paul Mauriat
* Franck Pourcel

## Belgian bandleaders
* Francis Bay
* Jack Coenen – trombone, leading the Jack Million Band, specialized in the music of Glenn Miller

## Argentine bandleaders
* Waldo de los Rios

## Japanese bandleaders
* Gackt
* Keisuke Kuwata – guitar multi-instrumentalist
* Miyavi – guitar, gigpig, shamisen, sitar, turntables, wadaiko
* Toshiko Akiyoshi – piano
* Yoshiki Hayashi – piano, drums

## Australian bandleaders
* Stuart Lang – cornet
* Mark "Slim" Roberts – cornet, trumpet
Salaspils

**Salaspils** is a town in Latvia. It has had town rights since 1993. It is nearby the river Daugava and 18 kilometers from Riga.
Tukums

**Tukums** is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1795. In 2019, half of Latvia's tires were being recycled in the town. It has the second largest tire recycling plant in the Baltic country.

In 2020, Latvian president Egils Levits praised the region's leaders for its COVID-19 efforts and offering counselling to its residents. 

## Notable areas 
* Tukums Art Museum
* Gallery "The Door"

## Notable people 
* Artis Kampars, Minister for Economics from March 2009 – October 2011
* Joe Magidsohn, Latvian-born American football player
* Janis Roze, Latvian biologist and philosopher
* James Richman, Latvian-born investor and financier known for his investments in Facebook, Uber, and Tesla
* Samanta Tīna, Latvian singer of Russian descent
* Jevgēņijs Kosmačovs, FK Ventspils and Latvian national football team midfielder

## References 
## Other websites 
* Tukum's official website
* Visit Tukums unofficial website
Valmiera

**Valmiera** (; ) is a city in Latvia with town rights since 1323, it is the largest city of the historical Vidzeme region, Latvia, with a total area of . It is the center of the Valmiera District. As of 2002, Valmiera had a population of 27,323, and in 2008 – 27,569.

It lies at the crossroads of several important roads,  to the north-east from Riga, the capital of Latvia, and  south of the border with Estonia. Valmiera lies on both banks of the Gauja River.

## International relations
### Twin towns — sister cities
Valmiera is twinned with:

## Other websites
Frederick Sanger

**Frederick Sanger**  (; 13 August 1918&nbsp;– 19 November 2013) was an English biochemist. 

Sanger is a two-time Nobel laureate in chemistry, the only person to have been so. Sanger is the fourth person to have been given two Nobel Prizes, either individually or in tandem with others.

In 1958 he was given a Nobel prize in chemistry "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin". 

In 1980, Walter Gilbert and Sanger shared half of the chemistry prize "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids". The other half was given to Paul Berg "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA".

## Later life
Sanger retired in 1983 to his home, "Far Leys", in Swaffham Bulbeck outside Cambridge. 

In 1992, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council founded the Sanger Centre (now the Sanger Institute), named after him. The Institute is on the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus near Hinxton, only a few miles from Sanger's home. John Sulston, the founding director, asked Sanger if the centre could be named in his honor. Sanger agreed but warned, "It had better be good". he has lost his Quaker religious faith and calls himself an agnostic. In an interview published in the Times newspaper in 2000 Sanger is quoted as saying: "My father was a committed Quaker and I was brought up as a Quaker, and for them truth is very important. I drifted away from those beliefs – one is obviously looking for truth but one needs some evidence for it. Even if I wanted to believe in God I would find it very difficult. I would need to see proof". 

He declined the offer of a knighthood as he did not wish to be addressed as "Sir" but later accepted the award of an Order of Merit.

### Death
Sanger died on 19 November 2013 in his Cambridge, England home, aged 95. His scientific biography is currently being written for publication in 2014.

## Notes
## References
Sigulda

**Sigulda** is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1928. It is the center of the Sigulda District. As of 2020, Sigulda had a population of 14,396 people. River Gauja travels through the city. Sigulda is the capital town of Gauja National Park.

## Gallery 

Gutmani koobas Siguldas.JPG|Gūtmaņa cave
Siguldas luterāņu baznīca 2.jpg|Lutheran church
Turaidas-pils.jpg|Turaida castle
Gaujostiltas.JPG|Bridge super Gauja river

## References
1890 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1890 Atlantic hurricane season** was one of the least active hurricane seasons, with only 4 storms. This season got an early start, as Tropical Storm One started in May. There were also only 9 deaths in 1890.
## Storms
*Tropical Storm One 
*Tropical Storm Two 
*Hurricane Three 
*Hurricane Four
## Related pages
*1890
*List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
Khorasan province

**Khorasan** (Persian: خراسان) was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004: 

*North Khorasan, center: Bojnord
*South Khorasan, center: Birjand
*Razavi Khorasan, center: Mashhad

Khorasan is famous worldwide for its saffron and zereshk which are produced in the southern cities of the province. It is also known for its famous rugs. 

Khorasan is the birthplace of Ferdowsi, the famous Iranian poet who wrote the Shahnameh (Shāhnāme), the national epic of Persian people and of the Iranian World. 

Imam Reza Shrine (the shrine of the 8th shi'a Imam), the center of Razavi Khorasan Province.
1899 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1899 Atlantic hurricane season** was during the summer and fall of 1899. Nine storms were seen during this time, five of them were hurricane and the other four were tropical storms. Hurricane Three or the Hurricane San Ciriaco was the longest lived Atlantic hurricane. It also killed about 3433 people, making it the tenth deadliest Atlantic hurricane. 

## Storms
### Tropical Storm One
Tropical Storm One was a weak tropical storm in late June. One started in the northwest corner of the Gulf of Mexico. It made landfall in Texas and quickly died, the same day. 

### Hurricane Two
This storm was seen about 2 days before it hit Hispaniola. It later hit Florida in the Panhandle on August 1. Two died the next day. This storm killed 6 people and caused almost $600,000 in damage.
 

### Hurricane Three
Hurricane Three, which was called the Hurricane San Ciriaco, was the longest lived hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane affected about six countries. This hurricane lived from August 3 to September 4, nearly a month. It killed about 3,433 people.
 

### Hurricane Four
Hurricane Four was a category 2 hurricane that struck Haiti in early September. The hurricane caused no damage or deaths. 

### Hurricane Five
Hurricane Five was a category 3 hurricane that mostly stayed at sea. But before it died, it hit Newfoundland as a weak hurricane. 

### Tropical Storm Six
Six was a strong tropical storm in early October, 1899. It died not very long after making a landfall near Gainesville, Florida.

### Tropical Storm Seven
Tropical Storm Seven was a weak tropical storm. It lasted during the middle of October, 1899. Seven did not affect any land.
 
### Hurricane Eight
This category 2 hurricane struck Cuba and South Carolina. It was a category 1 when it struck both of those places. 

### Tropical Storm Nine
Tropical Storm Nine was the last storm in 1899. It lasted during early to mid November in 1899. This storm also struck Cuba.

## References
### Printed Media
* Terry Tucker. *Beware the Hurricane!* Hamilton Press: Bermuda, 1966
## Related pages
*1899
*List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
Mats Sundin

**Mats Johan Sundin** (born February 13, 1971) is a Swedish retired professional ice hockey player. Sundin played a career total of 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Quebec Nordiques, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Vancouver Canucks. Sundin served as the team captain of the Toronto Maple Leafs for 11 seasons. When the 2007–08 NHL season ended, Sundin became the longest serving non-North American born captain in NHL history. He last played 41 games with the Vancouver Canucks in the 2008–09 NHL season before he announced his retirement on September 30, 2009.

On November 12, 2012, Sundin along with Joe Sakic, Adam Oates, and Pavel Bure was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Alice DeeJay

**Alice DeeJay** was a Dutch electronic music group, who achieved success from 1999 to 2002. The group consisted of record producers Pronti (born Sebastiaan Molijn), Kalmani (born Eelke Kalberg) and DJ Jurgen, with lead singer Judith Anna Pronk. The groups best known song is "Better Off Alone" from their 2000 album, *Who Needs Guitars Anyway?*.

## Other websites
*Alice DeeJay at Allmusic
Frederick Chalmers Bourne

Sir **Frederick Chalmers Bourne** (12 August 1891 – 1977) was an English colonial administrator. He served in British India. He began his service in the Royal Army. He then served in the civil service from 1920. He worked in Lahore for several years, and held several high positions for the government of Punjab. Bourne was appointed acting Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar from May to October 1945, and as the acting Governor of Assam in 1946. He then served as the last Governor of the Central Provinces and Berar, from 1946 until independence of India in 1947. Bourne was then appointed the first governor of East Bengal, United Pakistan. He was governor from 15 August 1947 to 5 April 1950.

## References
## Other websites 
*Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne at the National Portrait Gallery, London
*Frederick Chalmers Bourne in the National Archives

|-
Myriapoda

The **Myriapoda** is a subphylum of arthropods. It contains the millipedes, centipedes, and others. The group has 13,000 species, all of which are terrestrial. Their name suggests they have many legs. In fact one has over 750 legs (*Illacme plenipes*), but some have fewer than ten legs.

The fossil record of myriapods goes back into the late Silurian, though molecular evidence suggests they diversified in the Cambrian period. Cambrian fossils do exist which look like myriapods. Under the Mandibulata hypothesis, Myriapoda is the sister taxon to Pancrustacea, a group comprising the Crustacea and Hexapoda. Under the Atelocerata hypothesis, Hexapoda is the closest, whereas under the Paradoxopoda hypothesis, Chelicerata is the closest. This last hypothesis, although supported by few morphological characters, is supported by a number of molecular studies.

There are four classes of living myriapods, Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Pauropoda and Symphyla. There is a total of around 12,000 living species. While each of these groups of myriapods is believed to be monophyletic, relationships among them are less certain.

### Centipedes
]]

Centipedes make up the class Chilopoda. They are fast, predatory and venomous, hunting mostly at night. There are around 3,300 species, to the giant *Scolopendra gigantea*, which may exceed .

### Millipedes
Millipedes are the class Diplopoda, where most segments appear to have two pairs of legs. This happened because each pair of body segments fused (joined) into a single unit, which gives them the appearance of having two pairs of legs per segment.

They are slower than centipedes, and feed on leaf litter and detritus. Around 8,000 species have been described, which may represent less than a tenth of the true global millipede diversity.

### Pauropoda
'', a pauropod]]

Pauropoda is another small group of small myriapods. They are typically 0.5–2.0&nbsp;mm long and live in the soil on all continents except Antarctica. Over 700 species have been described.

## References
Fenwick Island, Delaware

**Fenwick Island** is a town in Sussex County, which is in the state of Delaware in the United States. There were 343 people in the town in 2020. Fenwick Island is part of the Seaford, Delaware Micropolitan Statistical Area. Fenwick Island is on the Atlantic Ocean north of Ocean City, Maryland.

## References
Thomas Linley the elder

, holding his "Elegies  for Three Voices" (Dulwich Picture Gallery)]]
**Thomas Linley** (born Badminton, Gloucestershire, England, 17 January 1733; died London 19 November 1795), was an English composer, harpsichordist and singing teacher.  He studied with Thomas Chilcot, organist of Bath Abbey, and later with William Boyce and possibly also with Paradies, the Italian harpsichordist who had come to live in England.

He soon became well known as a singing teacher and composed a lot of music for the Drury Lane theatre, London.

He married a girl called Mary Johnson and the couple had twelve children.  Several of them were gifted musicians, especially Thomas who died at the age of 22 in a boating accident.

Thomas Linley was chosen to be a member of the Royal Society of Musicians in 1777.  He is buried in Wells Cathedral.

## References
*New Groves Dictionary of Music&Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980;
Hypothetical imperative

A **hypothetical imperative** is a rule of the form *If you want x, then do y*. Moral theories may generally have this structure. This means that only those who want x, must do y. Another view is that moral values are not relative to some objective, but are the same for all, that is they are unconditional, or categorical.

for example, if you wish to do well in exams, you can study. But this doesn't stop you from not studying - studying is a hypothetical imperative which is entirely optional. However, not stealing is a categorical imperative: It is to be obeyed at all times, whether you like it or not. For example, you cannot steal bread, even if it means you will die. 

The term was coined by Immanuel Kant, and is the opposite of Categorical imperatives.
The Starry Night

]]

***The Starry Night*** is a famous painting of a moonlit sky with stars in it by Vincent van Gogh. It was painted in 1889. It was one of the last paintings he made.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Starry Night* in the MoMA Online Collection
* smARThistory: van Gogh's *Starry Night* 
* Multimedia study of van Gogh, McLean and Sexton
* On Exhibit at the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam February 13-June 7 2009, retrieved January 31, 2009 
* The Starry Night at the Most Famous Paintings
Kalgan River

The **Kalgan River** is in Western Australia near Albany. It is one of the oldest rivers in the world and has seen dinosaurs on its banks. It is about  in length.

## History 
The river was named the 'Riviere des Francais' by the French Scientific Expedition in 1803 led by Nicolas Baudin. Early settlers called it the 'French River'. The explorer Dr Alexander Collie wrote down the name of the river as 'Kal-gan-up' in April 1831. The name Kalganup is thought to be the Noongar word for 'place of many waters'.  Kalganup is also thought to mean 'place of fishes' and there are still the remains of Aboriginal fish traps to prove the point.

## References
Gas mask

A **gas mask** is a kind of mask that fits over the face area and nose. It protects from poison gases and many other hazards in the air. They are often used in war.

Gas masks in the United States are checked by NIOSH.

## Related pages 
* NIOSH ratings

## References
George Whipple

**George Hoyt Whipple** (August 26, 1878 - February 1, 1976) was an American Medical doctor and scientist. He won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with George Minot and William P. Murphy, for their discoveries about how eating liver could cure anaemia.

## References
Fălticeni

**Fălticeni** (; ;  ) is a city in Suceava County, Romania, capital of the former Baia County (1929-1950). As of 2003 the population is 28,899, and the city covers an area of 28,76&nbsp;km², of which 25% are orchards and lakes. The city is  away from Suceava, the capital of the county.

## References
George Minot

**George Richards Minot** (December 2, 1885 - February 25, 1950) was an American doctor. He won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with George Whipple and William P. Murphy, for their discoveries how eating liver could cure anaemia.

## References
Tertiary

The **Tertiary** was an official geological period, but it is no longer used. It included the first part of the Cainozoic. This is now divided into the Palaeogene and the Neogene.

The previous use of the term "Tertiary" explains why the last period of the Cainozoic is called the Quarternary. There was a big debate about that. These decisions are made by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). This organisation runs an International Commission on Stratigraphy, which decides how we should name geological strata and stages. 

In 19th and 20th century scientific literature, Tertiary is used where geologists now use Palaeogene and Neogene.

## References
Quaternary

The **Quaternary** is the current geological period. It is the most recent of the three periods of the Cainozoic era. The Quaternary follows the Neogene, which is the second period of the Cainozoic.

 is an animal that lived in the Quaternary. It illustrates the generally cold climate of the period.]]

The Quaternary began about 2.6 million years ago, and continues today. A great deal of information is considered when geologists discuss the timing of periods. The status of the Quaternary as a period is confirmed by the *International Commission on Stratigraphy* (ICS). 

In the Quarternary were the glaciations known as the Ice Age. Also, anatomically modern humans evolved. During the Quaternary,  many large mammalian species became extinct. This was due to climate change and hunting by humans.

The Quaternary includes two geologic epochs: 
*Pleistocene 
*Holocene

Changes in Earth's climate is caused by slight changes in the Earth's orbit round the Sun, and by the tilt of the Earth's axis.

## References
Thomas Linley the younger

about 1771]]
**Thomas Linley** (born Bath, England, 5 May 1756; died Grimsthorpe, Lincolnshire 5 August 1778) was an English composer and violinist.  He was born in the same year as Mozart and, like Mozart, he was an astonishing child prodigy.  He would almost certainly have been one of England’s greatest composers if he had not died at the age of 22.

## Life
Thomas came from a musical family.  His father, also called Thomas Linley, was a composer, singing teacher and harpsichord player.  His young son  was soon showing exceptional musical skills.  We do not know who taught him the violin in his early years, but people writing at the time all say he was a brilliant player.  He went to Italy to study the violin and composition with Nardini in Florence. He met Mozart there in 1770 and he also met Charles Burney in the same year.  Burney wrote that Linley was the most promising genius of the time.

In 1771, Linley went back to England.  He was the leader of the orchestra in the theatre in Drury Lane.  He often played concertos between the acts of oratorios.

During the last five years of his life he composed a large amount of excellent music.  Unfortunately a lot of it has been lost.  Gainsborough twice painted a portrait of him.

He died in a boating accident when he was on holiday with his family in Lincolnshire.

## References
*New Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, London 1980, 

## Other websites
* short biography of Thomas Linley, the Younger
Palaeogene

The **Palaeogene** (meaning “old generation” in Greek) is the first geological period of the Cainozoic and the tenth period in the Phanerozoic eon. It began 65 million years ago, and ended 23 million years ago. Before it was the Cretaceous. The Palaeogene was followed by the Neogene.

The Palaeogene had three stages: Palaeocene, Eocene and Oligocene.

The Palaeogene and the succeeding Neogene were originally considered to be one period, the Tertiary, until it was split recently .

## Climate 
The climate was warmer than today. The world was largely forested, and the larger land animals were browsers, not grazers. Grasses existed, but they had not yet become the dominant ecology they became later. The change to a modern climate came in the Miocene period, which started off like the Paleogene, but changed towards a modern-type ecology with less rainfall and widespread grasslands.

## References
Neogene

The **Neogene** is the second geological period of the Cainozoic. It began 23 million years ago, and ended about 2.58 million years ago. Before the Neogene was the Palaeogene. The Neogene and the preceding Palaeogene were originally together considered one period, the Tertiary.

The Neogene has two stages: Miocene, and Pliocene. It is followed by the Quaternary. Some geologists think that the Neogene cannot be clearly distinguished from the modern geological period, the Quaternary.
 
The global climate became seasonal and with an overall drying and cooling trend. The ice caps on both poles began to grow and thicken. By the end of the period the first glaciation of the current Ice Age began.

Marine and continental flora and fauna have a modern appearance. Mammals and birds adapted to various habitats. The first humans (belonging to the species *Homo habilis*) appeared in Africa near the end of the period.

## References
Paul Cézanne

work by Cézanne (1892). As of 2021, one of the versions of the painting had previously been sold for a price that made it one of the 7th most expensive paintings ever.]]
esque stability and geometric balance.]]
**Paul Cézanne** (19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French painter. He was born in Aix-en-Provence, in the south of France, and died of pneumonia there.

The artistic career of Paul Cézanne lasted more than forty years, from roughly 1860 to 1906. A busy artist, he produced more than 900 oil paintings and 400 watercolours, including many incomplete works. 

Cézanne's work is broadly post-impressionist. His work helped change the 19th-century idea of art to the very different world of art in the 20th century. Cézanne's work is the bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism and the early 20th-century Cubism. The line attributed to both Matisse and Picasso that "Cézanne is the father of us all" is significant.

Cézanne's work shows a mastery of design, colour and composition. His brushstrokes are clearly recognizable. He used planes of colour and small brushstrokes that build up to form complex fields. The paintings reveal Cézanne's intense study of his subjects, a searching gaze, and a struggle to deal with the complexity of human visual perception.

Cézanne's *The Card Players* (1882) is at present the world's most expensive painting. It was sold for more than $250 million in 2011 to the royal family of Qatar. What makes this all the more remarkable is that there are four other Cézanne 'Card Players'. They are in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Musée d’Orsay, the Courtauld, and the Barnes Foundation. and his contention that he was recreating Poussin "after nature" proved his desire to unite observation of nature with the permanence of classical composition.

Many of his paintings show people bathing, with the Montagne Sainte-Victoire in the background. These mountains are situated east of Aix-en-Provence. He also painted many still lifes, and portraits of his wife, with these mountains. 

His colleagues included Pissarro, Monet and Renoir. Ambroise Vollard, an art critic with a gallery, was among the first people who bought Cézanne's artworks. In 1895, Vollard had the first exhibition showing Cézanne's works in his gallery, in Paris. 

Cézanne's work influenced other artists, especially Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, who started Cubism, as well as Henri Matisse. Paul Cézanne can also be seen as a post-impressionist, who helped shape modernism in painting. Paul Cézanne painted over 900 oil paintings and 400 watercolours, over 200 of them being still life paintings.

## Related pages 
* List of French painters

## References
Kaiane Aldorino

**Kaiane Loise Aldorino Lopez**, GMH (née **Aldorino**; born 8 July 1986) is a Gibraltarian  politician and beauty queen. She won Miss World 2009 on December 12, 2009. She was born July 8, 1986 in Gibraltar. From 2017 to 2019, she was Mayor of Gibraltar.

## References
Lower Cretaceous

The **Lower Cretaceous** is the first geological epoch in the Cretaceous. It began 145 million years ago, and ended 100.5 million years ago.

Lasting for about 46 million years, this is the longest stage in the Phanerozoic eon. It is longer than some of the geological periods in the Phanerozoic. 

The Lower Cretaceous is best displayed in England, where it is composed of two series of rocks. Between the two is a major rise in sea level. 
*Lower, the *Wealden Beds*, laid down in freshwater or brackish conditions. Sands came from the flood plain of a huge tropical braided river. Clays came from a coastal lagoonal plain.
*Upper, the *Greensands*, an olive-green sandstone deposited in the sea; and the *Gault Clay*, a formation of stiff blue clay deposited in a calm, fairly deep water marine environment. It overlays the Lower Greensand formation.

.]]

The two parts of the Cretaceous represent the sea level where the divisions were first defined. In the Lower Cretaceous, the sea level was much lower than in the Upper Cretaceous. In the Wealden, Southern England was a huge tropical river delta; in the Greensand the same areas were just offshore. However, in the Upper Cretaceous the deposits were made in deeper water, on what was then the continental shelf. Sea level then stood at its highest level in the Mesozoic.

## References
Islam in Pakistan

-era Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.]]
**Islam** is the official religion of the **Islamic Republic** of **Pakistan**. As of 2017, 97% of the population is Muslim, with 75% being Sunni and 20% Shi'a. There are about**~230 millions ** (2021 est.)  Muslim population in Pakistan which is the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. The Shi'a Muslim population is the second largest in the world after Iran, more than 60 million. Pakistan has been called a "global centre for political Islam". Pakistani nationalism is religious in nature being Islamic nationalism. Religion was the basis of Pakistani nationalist narrative.

## History
In 644 A.D. an Arab Army under the command of Hakam defeated the combined forces of Makran and Sindh, which was prominently Buddhist at the time. The period of Arab rule brought the religion of Islam to the Indus Valley. The Baloch tribes gradually embraced Islam, replacing their centuries-old Zoroastrian religion. Islam arrived in the area of modern Pakistan in 711 AD, 79 yrs after the of death of the prophet Muhammad. The Umayyad dynasty sent a Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi against the ruler of Sindh, Raja Dahir. Raja Dahir had given refuge to many Zoroastrian Princes who had fled the Islamic conquest of the Persian Empire. Muhammad Bin Qasim's army was defeated in his first three attempts.  The Muslim army conquered the northwestern part of Indus Valley from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea. 

The arrival of the Arab Muslim armies to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the religious boundaries of South Asia. This would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid Kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until 1739. Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to  Sultanate and Mughal Empire in South Asia.

## References
Trio sonata

A **trio sonata** is a type of music for four instruments which was very popular during the 17th century and early 18th century: the period known as the Baroque period.

A trio sonata is written for three voices (three parts), in other words, it can be played by three different instruments.  The two upper voices share the same musical themes.  They often imitate one another.  They are of equal importance.  The third part, the lowest part, is played by basso continuo, which means the accompaniment.  This continuo is usually played by two instruments:  typically a cello or bass viol and a keyboard instrument such as the harpsichord.  That makes four players, of course.  However, the harpsichord player’s left hand notes are the same as the cello’s notes.  This is the “third” part of the trio.

Some of the best trio sonatas are those by Arcangelo Corelli.  His collection of trio sonatas numbered opus 1 and 3 are sonata da chiesa: four movements (slow-fast-slow-fast) finishing with a fugue.  His op 2 and 4 sonatas are sonata da camera type: each movement is a kind of dance.  Corelli’s trio sonatas are for two violins and continuo. 

Johann Sebastian Bach wrote a trio sonata in *The Musical Offering* for violin, flute and continuo. 

Bach also wrote six trio sonatas for organ.  These are played by one player.  The organist’s two hands each play on different manuals (keyboards) so that they sound like two different instruments.  The organist’s feet play the third part on the pedals.  Each part is strictly a single line (no chords, never more than three notes at a time) so that these works can also be played by other instruments (e.g. two violins and cello with harpsichord).

Bach also wrote sonatas for one melodic instrument and harpsichord.  These pieces are really trio sonatas, although he does not call them trio sonatas.  The melodic instrument (normally violin or flute) plays the top part, the harpsichordist plays the second part with his right hand, and the third part is the lowest part of his left hand notes.

Some other composers who wrote trio sonatas are Tomaso Albinoni,  Henry Purcell, Dieterich Buxtehude, George Frideric Handel,  Georg Philipp Telemann,  Johann Pachelbel and Antonio Vivaldi. 

## References
*Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980, ISBN 1-56159-174-2
K/T extinction event

than the upper and lower layers. It is the boundary between Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods. The rock is from Wyoming, USA.]]
's Yucatán Peninsula show a subtle, but unmistakable, indication of the Chicxulub impact crater. Most scientists agree that the impact was the main cause of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.]]
]]

The **Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event**, now called the **Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event**, was about 65.5 million years ago. It may be called the **K/T extinction event** or **K/Pg event** for short. This is the famous event which killed all of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period.

It was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species. The event marks the end of the Mesozoic era and the beginning of the Cainozoic era.

## Effects 
Dinosaur fossils are only found below the K/T boundary. This shows they became extinct before or during the event. Mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and many species of plants and invertebrates also became extinct.

A collection of Mammalian class and bird class got through the event with some extinctions. The survived, became widespread, and varied during their later evolutionary radiation.

## Causes 
The K/T extinctions were so sudden and far-reaching that they must have been caused by something instantaneous and powerful. One theory is that increased volcanic activity was to blame. Another theory says that one or more massive asteroid or meteor impacts caused the K/T extinction.

How quickly animals died out around the world is an important clue.

### Craters 
There were several impact events across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, such as the Chicxulub crater in Mexico, Boltysh crater in Ukraine, Silverpit crater in North Sea, and the Shiva crater offshore western India. 

The Shiva crater is a sea floor structure under the continental shelf in the Indian Ocean, west of Mumbai, India. It was named by paleontologist Sankar Chatterjee after Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction and renewal.

## Related pages 
*List of extinction events
*Chicxulub

## References
Danny Bonaduce

**Dante Daniel "Danny" Bonaduce** (born August 13, 1959) is an American radio and TV host, and he was a child actor.

He is famous for being on the 1970s sitcom/television series *The Partridge Family*.

## References