open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Daniel Faulkner

**Daniel Faulkner** (December 21, 1955 – December 9, 1981) was a Philadelphia police officer who was murdered on December 9, 1981 by Mumia Abu-Jamal. Abu-Jamal received the death penalty which was later reduced to a life sentence without parole. The  circumstances surrounding the conviction has led activists to unsuccessfully protest for Abu-Jamal's release from prison.
All of Mumia Abu-Jamal's appeals have been denied.

Faulkner was 25 years old at the time of his death. Faulkner was murdered after apprehending William Cook, the brother of Mumia Abu-Jamal during a traffic stop at the intersection of 13th and Locust Streets in Philadelphia. He was shot five times by Mumia Abu-Jamal, but was able to shoot back and hit Abu-Jamal in the abdominal area. He died several hours later at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital.

## Early Life and Education 
Daniel Faulkner was born on December 21, 1955 to Thomas and Mary Faulkner. His parents were of Irish decent. His father, Thomas, was a trolley driver and died of heart and liver ailments when Daniel was just ten years old. This left his mother, Mary to raise their seven children as a young widow: Thomas Jr., Joseph, Joanne, Lawrence, Patrick, Ken, and Daniel.

Faulkner grew up in the city of Philadelphia, PA where he attended Most Blessed Sacrament Elementary School, West Catholic Boys High School, and John Bartram High School. He served in the U.S. Army from 1972 until 1974. He was honorably discharged and received a National Defense Service Medal. He received his GED on September 23, 1974. Faulkner worked briefly as a prison guard in Delaware County before joining the Philadelphia Police Department, where he was appointed to the Police Academy in May of 1976. He was working toward an Associate Degree in Criminal Justice at the time of his death.

## Marriage and Law Enforcement Career
Daniel Faulkner married the former Maureen Foley on November 8,1980 after two years of dating.  They met on the Jersey Shore. Officer Faulkner had served for five and a half years with the Philadelphia Police Department. 

On November 3, 1976, he received a commendation of merit for "aggressive patrol procedures" following the arrest of Myron Cherry.  Cherry had committed a robbery at a grocery store at 1800 West Montgomery Ave.  Faulkner received an additional Citation of Merit on August 26, 1978 for apprehending fleeing suspect Michael Jones, for the attempted robbery of an elderly man. On November 5, 1979, Officer Faulkner earned a Commendation for Merit for apprehending two suspects in the middle of attempting a robbery at Broad Street and Girard while they attempted to flee the scene. Finally on April 8, 1980, he received a Commendatory Letter for arresting three males trying to leave a store at 1001 Chestnut Street when the building was closed.  All three suspects were later charged with burglary, theft, and other related offenses.

## References
M2 motorway (Great Britain)

The **M2 motorway** is a motorway between Strood and Faversham in England. It is used as a different way to get to Dover, other than the M20.

## Junctions
## References
Olive-backed forest robin

**Olive-backed forest robin** (*Stiphrornis pyrrholaeumus*) (Turdinae) is a bird discovered recently in Gabon. Hall et Moreau recognized as monotypic species merged in Forest Robin, type species *S.erythrothorax*, and the recent studies confirm this arrangement, i.e. the genetic distance between the two taxa does not deserve species status.
## Websites 
* Top ten new organisms of 2008
* Forest Robin
M3 motorway (Great Britain)

The **M3** is a motorway between Sunbury-on-Thames and Southampton in England. It links London with Southampton and Portsmouth, as well as South West England. It is about  long.

## Junctions
{| style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; color:black; font-size:95%;" class="wikitable"
|-  style="background:#0080d0; text-align:center; color:white; font-size:120%;"
| colspan="5" | **M3 motorway junctions**
|-
!scope=col|miles
!scope=col|km
!scope=col abbr="Northeastbound"|North-east bound exits (B carriageway)
!scope=col|Junction
!scope=col abbr="Southwestbound"|South-west bound exits (A carriageway)
|- align="center"
| 15.0||24.2
| *Road continues as A316 to London*
| rowspan="2"|J1
| Sunbury, Kingston A308*Non-motorway traffic*
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 15.3||24.6
| Sunbury, Kingston A308
| *Start of motorway*
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 21.3||34.2
| Gatwick Heathrow – M25 (M23), (M4)
| J2
| Gatwick, Heathrow (M23, M4) M25
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 28.1||45.2
| Woking, Bracknell, Camberley, Bagshot, Lightwater A322
| J3
| Woking, Camberley, Bracknell, Bagshot, Lightwater A322
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 32.6||52.5
| Guildford, Farnham, Camberley, Farnborough, Aldershot A331
| J4
| Guildford, Farnham, Camberley, Farnborough, Aldershot A331
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 34.4||55.4
| Fleet (A3013), Farnborough (West) A327
| J4a
| Fleet (A3013), Farnborough (West) A327
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
|
|*Fleet services (Welcome Break) *
|*Services*
|*Fleet services (Welcome Break)*
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 41.9||67.4
| Hook A287 B3349
| J5
| Hook A287 B3349
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 46.6||75.0
| Basingstoke, Reading (A33), Alton A339
| J6
| Basingstoke, Newbury, Reading, Alton A339
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 51.8||83.3
| Basingstoke A30
| J7
| Basingstoke A30
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 53.1||85.5
|  *No access*
| J8
| The South West, Andover, Salisbury, Exeter A303
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 59.9||96.4
|*Winchester services (Moto) *
|*Services*
|*Winchester services (Moto) *
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 63.9||102.8
| The Midlands, Newbury A34 trunk road  Winchester A272, Alresford A31
| J9
| The Midlands, Newbury A34 trunk road  Winchester A272
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 65.2||105.0
| Winchester (City) B3330Alton, Alresford A31
| J10
|  *No access*
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 67.2||108.1
| Winchester A3090 Twyford B3335
| J11
| Winchester A3090Twyford B3335
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 70.0||112.6
| Eastleigh (North) A335
| J12
| Eastleigh (North), Chandler's Ford A335
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 71.8||115.6
| Eastleigh, Chandler's Ford A335
| J13
| Bournemouth M27(W) Eastleigh A335
|- style="text-align:center;"
|
|
| *Start of motorway*
| J14
| Southampton , Portsmouth M27(E)The West, Southampton Docks, Southampton A33
|-
|colspan=5|**Notes**
*Distances in kilometres and carriageway identifiers are taken from driver location signs/location marker posts. Where a junction goes across several hundred metres and the data is available, both the start and finish values for the junction are shown. 
|-
Conspiracy theory

or the Freemasons.]] of a Jew grabbing the globe, implying their alleged desire to control the world. Caption: "Their Homeland of Evil".]]'s newspaper *The Dearborn Independent* (1920), an offshoot of *The Protocols of the Elders of Zion* giving rise to the ZOG conspiracy theory]]

A **conspiracy theory** is a story that says that a group of people (called "conspirators") have agreed ("conspired") to engage in illegal or malicious actions and  intentionally hid them from the public.

## Overview
Conspiracy theories usually have little or no  evidence.  history based on conspiracy theories is sometimes called **pseudohistory** (pseudo- : from Greek *ψευδής*, "false"). People who promote pseudohistory are called **historical revisionists**, or simply **revisionists**. 

## Examples
There are many conspiracy theories, including:

*9/11 conspiracy theories
*UFO conspiracy theories
*Chemtrail conspiracy theory
*Moon landing conspiracy theories
*Assassination of John F. Kennedy conspiracy theories
*Illuminati and Freemasonry-conspiracy theories
*Death of Diana, Princess of Wales conspiracy theories
*Flat Earth

Some of these theories - like the idea that the Earth is flat - are irrational because there is so much evidence proving that they are wrong. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of conspiracy theories discussed on the Internet. Theories that once had few followers can become well-known through the mass media.

Conspiracy theorists get paid by websites according to how many viewers they attract. Websites that seem free to the user are paid for by adverts, usually quite harmless, though they may be annoying. The people who post individual articles get paid once the number of viewers exceeds a certain qualifying number.

## Critique
David Grimes has calculated that it takes at least three years to expose a conspiracy theory on the internet, depending on the number of people involved. Many conspiracy theories are exposed in three to four years.

## Related pages
* Antisemitism
* Cognitive bias
* Disinformation
* Social psychology
* Sociocultural theory
* *The Protocols of the Elders of Zion*

## References
Judgment Day (2003)

**Judgment Day (2003)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on May 18, 2003 at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the fifth Judgment Day event held by WWE, and the last minor pay-per-view starring both brands as future WWE PPVs (except for the "Big Four events" Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam and Survivor Series) only featured wrestlers from either Raw or SmackDown! until Backlash in 2007. 

## Results
### Battle royal 
## References
Pleasant Grove, Alabama

**Pleasant Grove** is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 9,544.

This town is not to be confused with Pleasant Groves.

## References
Prattville, Alabama

**Prattville** is a city in Autauga and Elmore counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Autauga County.  As of the 2020 Census, the population of the city is 37,781.  The city is northwest of Montgomery.

## Tornado
On February 17, 2008, Prattville was hit by an estimated EF3 tornado which destroyed more than 45 homes and businesses and damaged over 800.

## Notable residents
* John Martin, Author Travel and History
* Rodger Morrison, Author and Researcher
* Marlon Anderson, Major League Baseball player
*Evan Crawford, Major League Baseball player
* Bobby Jon Drinkard, contestant on Reality television shows Survivor: Palau and Survivor: Guatemala
* Roman Harper, NFL player.
* Wilson Pickett (March 18, 1941 – January 19, 2006), R&B and soul singer and songwriter
* Kevin Turner,  NFL player

## References
Pinson, Alabama

**Pinson** is a city and a northeast suburb of Birmingham in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 7,215.

## References
Nuclear Nebraska

***Nuclear Nebraska: The Remarkable Story of the Little County That Couldn’t Be Bought*** () is a 2007 book by Susan Cragin which follows the controversy about a proposed low level nuclear waste dump which was planned for Boyd County, Nebraska. 
   
In 1989, two multinational corporations and several government agencies put forward a proposal for the waste dump and offered payment of $3 million a year for 40 years. However, the residents of the largely uneducated Boyd County farming community chose to resist the offer and controversy followed for almost two decades. During this time, the community was transformed "from a small group of isolated farmers to a defiant band of environmentalists".  The opposition of the community eventually succeeded, and the license to build the dump was denied.

## References
*
*
Pell City, Alabama

**Pell City** is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Ashville. At the 2020 census the population was 12,939.

## References
Pelham, Alabama

**Pelham** is a city and suburb of Birmingham in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 24,318. It was named for famed American Civil War officer John Pelham.

## Related pages
*Death of Tina Watson, a Pelham, Alabama woman whose drowning in 2003 became world news

## References
Phenix City, Alabama

**Phenix City** is a city in Lee County and Russell County in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is across the Chattahoochee River from Columbus, Georgia.

## References
British Rail Class 139

**Class 139** is the TOPS classification for PPM60 model lightweight railcar units built by Parry People Movers for use on the national rail network in Great Britain.  The class were originally built in 2008 for operation on the Stourbridge Town Branch Line.

## References
Enon (band)

**Enon** is an American indie rock band. They are named after Enon, a village in Ohio. Enon has three members, one man who sings and plays electric guitar and a woman who plays bass guitar and keyboard. The third member plays drums. The woman was born in Japan and lives now in America. The guitarist played before in the band Brainiac.

## Discography 
### Albums 
*1998 *Long Play*
*1999 *Believo!*
*2002 *High Society*
*2003 *Hocus Pocus*
*2004 *Onhold*
*2005 *Lost Marbles and Exploded Evidence* (compilation album + DVD set)
*2007 *Grass Geysers...Carbon Clouds*

### Singles 
*1998 "Fly South"
*1999 "Motor Cross"
*2001 "Listen (While You Talk)"
*2001 "Marbles Explode"
*2001 "The Nightmare Of Atomic Men"
*2002 Enon [Self-Titled]
*2002 "Drowning Appointment"
*2003 "In This City"
*2003 "Evidence"
*2003 "Because Of You"
*2003 "Starcastic"

## Other websites 
*
*Enon official site (flash)
*SF Weekly review  Enon with The Blacks at SF's Bottom of the Hill on 4/14/2008
*Lazy-i Interview: October 2003
*Lazy-i Interview: June 2005
*PUNKCAST#314 @ Mighty Robot, Brooklyn - Aug 22 2003. (RealPlayer)
Enon, Ohio

**Enon** is a village in Clark County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,449 at the 2020 census.

## People who live there
*Gus Grissom - astronaut who got the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart medal.

## References
Piedmont, Alabama

**Piedmont** is a city in Calhoun and Cherokee counties in the U.S. state of Alabama.  The population was 4,787 at the 2020 census. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

On March 27, 1994, a F4 tornado struck here, destroying the Goshen United Methodist Church and killing 22 people including the groom's 4-year-old daughter.

## References
NG

**NG**, Ng, or ng may mean:

* Ng is a family name 
* National Geographic
* Nazi Germany
* Noble Gas
* Nitroglycerin
* Nanogram 
* Natural gas

## Abbreviations
* Niger (FIPS country code NG)
* NG postcode area, that covers most of Nottinghamshire, England
* Lauda Air (airline code NG)
* Nigeria (ISO country code NG)
Mound, Minnesota

**Mound** is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota,  United States. There were about 9,398 people living in Mound as of the 2020 census.

## References
John Holmes

**John Curtis Holmes** (August 8, 1944 – March 13, 1988) better known as **John C. Holmes** or **Johnny Wadd** was an American pornographic actor known mainly for his large penis.Holmes made about 2,500 pornographic films, most with him having sexual intercourse with women but at least one with him having sex with a man.

Holmes' penis was said to be between 12.5 and 16&nbsp;inches (32 - 40 cm) when at its largest. Fellow pornographic actor Ron Jeremy has said Holmes' penis was 11½ inches, but Holmes claimed it was 14&nbsp;inches.

John Holmes died of an AIDS-related illness in 1988.

## References
Pike Road, Alabama

**Pike Road** is a town in Montgomery County, Alabama, in the United States.  As of 2020, the population of the city is 9,439.

## References
WWE Backlash

**WWE Backlash** is a series of professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming events made by WWE. They are usually held in April or May, following WrestleMania.

## History 
The first event, which happened in 1999 was also supposed to be part of the In Your House series. From 2004 to 2006, only *Raw* superstars appeared at Backlash. The 2007 event was the first WWE PPV event since Judgment Day 2003 (other than the "big four" shows WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and Survivor Series) to feature all three brands (Raw, SmackDown! and ECW) after WWE stopped with brand-only events.

After the 2009 edition, Backlash no longer took place, with its April/May slot being taken over by Extreme Rules in 2010. Backlash returned in 2016 (this was the only edition no to be held in spring) and has taken place yearly since (except in 2019). The 2016 and 2017 editions were exclusive to SmackDown. The 2021 and 2022 editions were titled **WrestleMania Backlash**. The following year's event, now simply called Backlash again, took place in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The 2024 event, titled **Backlash France**, was the first big WWE show in the country, taking place near Lyon.

## Events
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Backlash Website
* Backlash results at Prowrestlinghistory.com
Superb lyrebird

The **superb lyrebird** (*Menura novaehollandiae*) is a pheasant-sized songbird.

It is an Australian endemic species, about 100cm long. It has brown upper body plumage, grayish-brown below, rounded wings and strong legs. It is the longest and third heaviest of all songbirds. 

They are capable of mimicking a wide variety of sounds, including other bird's songs and man-made sounds like car alarms and chainsaws.
Lyrebird

A **lyrebird** is a ground-dwelling Australian bird in the genus ***Menura***. They live in forests, especially rainforests, of eastern Australia, and they were introduced to Tasmania in the 19th century. They are found in two National Forest areas of Victoria, New South Wales and southeast Queensland.

## Mating system 
They are most notable for their superb ability to mimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment. Since they live on the ground in fairly dense undergrowth, sound is used by the males to attract attention. When a female arrives, the visual display comes into action. It is a typical "female choice" mating system, where males defend a mating territory, and sing and display to get a mate.

### Sound mimicry 
The lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including other birds. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males.

### Breeding 
The breeding cycle of the lyrebirds is long, and lyrebirds are long-lived birds. They can live up to thirty years. They also start breeding later in life than other passerine birds. Female Superb Lyrebirds start breeding at the age of five or six, and males at the age of six to eight. Males defend territories from other males.These territories may contain the breeding places of up to eight females. In a male's territory, he makes or uses display platforms.

The females each build an untidy nest, usually low to the ground in a moist gully, where each lays a single egg. She is the sole parent who incubates the egg over 50 days until it hatches, and she is also the sole carer of the lyrebird chick.

## References
Piciformes

**Piciformes** are an order of birds containing about 67 living genera with a little over 400 species, of which the Picidae (woodpeckers and relatives) make up about half. Amost all live in woods (arboreal).

In general, the Piciformes are insectivorous, though the barbets and toucans mostly eat fruit and the honeyguides are unique among birds in digesting beeswax (though insects make up most of their diet).

Nearly all Piciformes have parrot-like zygodactyl feet—two toes forward and two back, an arrangement that has obvious advantages for birds that spend much of their time on tree trunks.  An exception are a few species of three-toed woodpeckers.  The jacamars aside, Piciformes do not have down feathers at any age, only true feathers. They range in size from the rufous piculet at 8 centimetres in length, and weighing 7&nbsp;grams, to the toco toucan, at 63 centimetres long, and weighing 680&nbsp;grams. All nest in cavities (holes) and have altricial young, meaning they have to look after their chicks for quite a long time.

## Classification 
**Order: PICIFORMES**
* Suborder Galbuli
** Family Galbulidae – jacamars (18 species)
** Family Bucconidae – puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets (some 30 species)
* Suborder Pici
** Infraorder Ramphastides
*** Family Megalaimidae – Asian barbets (about 25 species, recently split from Capitonidae)
*** Family Lybiidae – African barbets (about 40 species, recently split from Capitonidae)
*** Family Capitonidae – American barbets (about 15 species)
*** Family Semnornithidae – toucan-barbets (2 species, recently split from Capitonidae)
*** Family Ramphastidae – toucans (about 40 species)
** Infraorder Picides
*** Family Indicatoridae – honeyguides (17 species)
*** Family Picidae – woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks (over 200 species)

## References
La Silla Observatory

**La Silla Observatory** is an observatory in Chile with eighteen telescopes that study the stars.  The observatory is one of the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere.  La Silla is a 2,400 meter high mountain that is found in the far southern part of the Atacama Desert.  It can be found about 160 kilometers north of La Serena, 27 kilometers south of the Las Campanas Observatory, and about 100 kilometers north of the Cerro Tololo Observatory.

## Related pages 
* Very Large Telescope

## Other websites 
* Official ESO - La Silla webpage
Freema Agyeman

**Freema Agyeman** (born **Frema Agyeman** on 20 March 1979) is an English actress. She is of Ghanaian and Iranian descent.  She is known by a lot of people for playing Martha Jones on the television series *Doctor Who* and also in its spin-off series *Torchwood*.

## References
Missy Elliott

**Melissa Arnette "Missy" Elliott** (born July 1, 1971) is a five-time Grammy Award-winning American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. With record sales of over seven million in the United States, she is the only female rapper to have six albums certified platinum by the RIAA, including one double platinum (*Under Construction*).  Elliot has released six studio albums. Her seventh album is called Block Party. She has Graves' disease.

## Discography 
* *Supa Dupa Fly* (1997)
* *Da Real World* (1999)
* *Miss E... So Addictive* (2001)
* *Under Construction* (2002)
* *This Is Not a Test!* (2003)
* *The Cookbook* (2005)
* *Respect M.E.* (2006) (greatest hits)

## References
Piombino

**Piombino** is a town and commune in the province of Livorno (Tuscany), Italy, on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma.

It has an ancient historical centre, derived from the time in which it was the Etruscans' port, near the area of Populonia. In the Middle Ages, it was an important port of Pisa's Republic. Still today Piombino is one of biggest port in Italy, and is one of the most used port for to go in the Elba Island, (with the port of Livorno). Piombino outside the down town has a very big industrial area.

## Important places and monuments 
* Cathedral of ''Sant'Antimo* (c. 1377), built by the Augustinians and originally dedicated to St. Michael.
* The *Rivellino* (Walls Tower-Gate), the most ancient monument in the city (1212).
* The *Chiesa della Misericordia* (early 13th century). Inside this church there is a rare 15th century crucifix.
* The *Cassero Pisano'' a castel, built under Cosimo I de' Medici the castel was used as military jail until 1959.
* The *Palazzo Comunale* (Town Hall), mostly a modern reconstruction of the ancient *Palazzo degli Anziani* (1435). In the Musters Hall, with portraits of the Princes of Piombino.
* Chapel of St. Anne, a noteworthy Renaissance work by Guardi. 
* The *Cisterna di Cittadella* (Citadel's Cistern), also by Guardi. On the sides are the portraits of Jacopo III Appiani and his son and wife, later damaged by order of Cesare Borgia.
* *Casa delle Bifore* (1280).
* The Natural Province Reserve Padule Orti Bottagone, created in 1998.

## Other 
Piombino has schools, churches, banks, parks and squares. In the locality of Punta Falcone there is an astronomical observatory, built in 1976.

## Medals 
On July 28 2000, the city of Piombino got the Gold Medal of Military Valor for the fight against nazism and fascism, before and during the World War II.

## *Comuni* near Piombino 
* Campiglia Marittima
* Follonica
* San Vincenzo
* Suvereto

## Twin cities 
*  Flémalle, Belgium

## Population history 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Commune of Piombino
Caraș-Severin County

**Caraş-Severin** (; Serbian: Караш Северин, *Karaš Severin*, ; , Bulgarian: Караш-Северин, *Karash-Severin*) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in historical region Banat. The capital of Caraş-Severin County is Reşiţa.

## Demographics 
In 2002, about 332,000 people lived in Caraş-Severin County.

## Geography 
Caraş-Severin County has an area of 8,514 km². It is the third biggest county in Romania, after Timiş and Suceava counties. The Danube enters Romania in Caraş-Severin County.

## Divisions 
Caraş-Severin County has 2 municipalities, 6 towns, and 69 communes.

### Municipalities 
* Reşiţa
* Caransebeş

### Towns 
* Anina
* Băile Herculane
* Bocşa
* Moldova Nouă
* Oraviţa
* Oţelu Roşu

### Communes 
### Villages 
* Agadici
* Mal

## References
Albert's lyrebird

The '''Albert's lyrebird'* (*Menura alberti'') is a pheasant-sized songbird, about 90&nbsp;cm long, with brown upper body feathers and rich chestnut below. It is very similar with the superb lyrebird in its habits. This bird also mimics other species sounds. It is sometimes called the "Prince Albert Lyrebird" or the "Northern Lyrebird". Named after Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, they are smaller than the Superb Lyrebirds.

Albert's lyrebirds are only found in a small area of rainforest in the Lamington National Park near the border of Queensland and New South Wales. There are about 3,500 birds known to exist.

They eat small insects which they scratch up from the ground. They are a shy bird which will run or fly away if disturbed. During his dance, the male bird raises his tail feathers up and over his body.

## References
## Other websites
* Internet Bird Collection  with videos of Albert's lyrebirds
*
Silver Medal of Military Valor

The **Silver Medal of Military Valor** (Italian language: ''Medaglia d'Argento al Valore Militare'') is an Italian medal established in 1833 by King Charles Albert of Sardinia.

During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in combat. Like the Gold Medal and the Bronze Medal, the Silver Medal was given also to citizens who fought against nazism and fascism during  World War II.

## Related pages
* Gold Medal of Military Valor
* Bronze Medal of Military Valor
Reşiţa

**Reșița** (German: *Reschitz*, Hungarian: *Resicabánya*, Krashovani: Решица or *Rešica*, Czech: *Rešice*) is a city in the western part of Romania. It is the capital of Caraş-Severin County, in the Banat region.  About 84,000 people live in Reşiţa as of the year 2004.
Orbetello

**Orbetello** is a town and *commune* in the province of Grosseto (Tuscany), Italy. It is about  south of Grosseto, on a lagoon, which is an important Natural Reserve.

## History 
Orbetello  was an ancient Etruscan village, which in 280 BC went under the control of the Romans, who had founded their colony of Cosa.

In the Middle Ages it was controlled by the Aldobrandeschi family, who held it until the 14th century, when it was bought by the city of Orvieto. After some years, Orbetello was captured by the Sienese Republic. In the mid-16th century it was part of the Spanish puppet State of Presides, becoming its capital. Later it was under the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and, from the late 19th century, the new Kingdom of Italy.

In 1927-1933, Italo Balbo's "air cruises" started from Orbetello's lagoon.

## Important monuments and places 
* The city walls (5th century BC).
* Cathedral of *Santa Maria Assunta*, built over an Etruscan-Roman temple and half re-built in 1375.
* The Spanish *Forte delle Saline*, in the *frazione* of Albinia.
* Remains of the Roman city of Cosa in the *frazione* of Ansedonia.
* Ruins of the Monastery of ''Sant'Angelo''.

## References
Crimean Astrophysical Observatory

The **Crimean Astrophysical Observatory** (CrAO) is found in Ukraine and is an observatory.  It studies the stars and has found a total of 12 minor planets to date:

## References 
## Other websites 
* CrAO's website
Pontedera

**Pontedera** is a small Italian industrial town in Tuscany, Italy, in the province of Pisa. Pontedera is the headquarters of the Piaggio company,from the 1930s one of most important Italian manufacturers motor vehicles such as the Vespa and the Ape. Piaggio was a subsidiary of FIAT. Today the owner of Piaggio is Roberto Colaninno.

Pontedera is in the Arno valley at the confluence of the Era River and the Arno River.
The Town has a small lake in Pietroconti called Braccini lake.

## Important places and monuments in Pontedera 
Churches:
* Il Duomo (The Dome of the city)
* The Church of Santa Lucia
* The Church of Santissimo Crocifisso
* The Cimitero of Misericordia
* The Church of Santa Maria Madre della Chiesa
* The Church of Misericordia
* The Church of San Giuseppe al Ponte
* The Church of San Giuseppe
* The Church of Madonna dei Braccini
* The Church of Cappuccini
* The Church of Sacro Cuore ai Villaggi
* The Church of Madonna di Ripaia
* The Church of San Lorenzo e San Bartolomeo
* The Church of San Martino (*destroyed*)
* The Church of San Michele di Travalda (*destroyed*)
* The Church of San Tommaso (*destroyed*)
* The Church of San Lorenzo di Rapida (*destroyed*)
* The Church of Santa Margherita di Tavella (*destroyed*)
* The Church of San Sebastiano (*destroyed*)
* The Church of Stimmate di San Francesco (*destroyed*)

Palaces:
* Palazzo Stefanelli
* Palazzo Pretorio
* Palazzo Paoletti Zeppini
* Palazzo Bellincioni
* Palazzo Pitschen
* Palazzo Ciompi

## Festivals 
* "*Fiera Naturamica*", Festival about agriculture (April)
* "*ExproModel&Show*"  (October)
* "*Fiera di San Luca*", Since 1471 (October) ;
* "*Festa del commercio*", Since 2004 (September); since 2007 the festivals joined the "*Notte Bianca*";
* "*Shopping sotto le stelle*", in evening shops are still open (July) 
* "*Palio della balestra*", about the Pace di Pescia since 2001 (September);
* "*Fiera dei fischi e delle campanelle*", in the  *frazione* of La Rotta, (August), since 1907. 
* "*Qui rido io*", Festival about humorism, (June), since 2003;
* "*Sete sois sete lunas*", Internation Festival of Pop Music, (July) since 1992; 
* "*Aperitivi in musica*", on Cavour's Square, (all year), since 2001.
* "*Mangia...longa*",Festival about loca food, (June), since 2005;
* "*BavieraFest*", Italian version of Oktoberfest, (June), since 2006.

## Twin Cities 
* Khombole - Senegal
* Fourchambault - France
* Montemor-o-Novo - Portugal
* Serrara Fontana (Province of Naples) - Italy

## References
British Rail Class 140

The British Rail **Class 140** was the prototype of the Pacer diesel multiple unit. Much of the bodywork was constructed using Leyland National bus components, with the exception of the cabs, in 1980.
British Rail Class 141

]]

]]

The British Rail **Class 141** was the first production model of the Pacer diesel multiple units.
They were created because then British Rail had a large shortage of trains so rather than spending lots of money on expensive proper trains, they invented the Pacer. British Leyland at the time had a surplus in the production of bus bodies so the idea was to weld the bus body from an old bus on to a freight waggon chassis. The result of this was that pacers have notoriously poor suspension and are noisier around corners due to flanging (the squeaky noise that you'll sometimes hear when travelling by train). This makes them non-ideal passenger trains so they are now being replaced (or have been replaced in the case of the class 141) by new trains.

## References
Bronze Medal of Military Valor

The **Bronze Medal of Military Valor** () is an Italian medal awarded by the King of Italy. 

During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in combat. For each subsequent act of valor, the recipient was awarded a bar in the corresponding class. As the Gold medal and the Silver Medal, after the World War II, the Bronze Medal was gave to the cities that fought against the nazism and the fascism during the war.

## Related pages
* Gold Medal of Military Valor
* Silver Medal of Military Valor
Colle di Val d'Elsa

'''Colle di Val d'Elsa** or **Colle Val d'Elsa'* is a town and *comune'' in Tuscany, Italy, in the province of Siena. It has a population of c. 21,600 inhabitants (2017). Its name in Italian means "Hill of Elsa Valley", where "Elsa" is the name of the river which crosses it. Today, Colle di Val d'Elsa is internationally renowned for the production of crystal glassware and art, largely produced in the industrial lower town.
## History
The area was settled by man from at least the 4th millennium BC,. In 1269 it was the seat of a famous battle during the wars of Guelphs and Ghibellines and in 1479 it was attacked by Neapolitan soldiers. From the 14th century it was under the control of the city of  Florence and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until the unification of Italy in 1860. In the 20th century it became an important industrial town. During World War II it was bombed by Allied aircraft. The oldest part of the town is the "Colle alta", the higher part, with a well preserved medieval center. The city is also famous as the birthplace of sculptor and architect Arnolfo di Cambio.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
* Official tourist information website
Santa Croce sull'Arno

'''Santa Croce sull'Arno''' is an Italian town in the province of Pisa, Tuscany. About 13,400 people lived there as of 2005.

## Industry 
The city is famous for the tanning industries. In 16.92 square kilometres there are about 400 factories and laboratories.

## References 
## Other websites
British Rail Class 142

on 28 December 2005 forming a Northern Rail service to Blackpool South]]
 2006]]

The **British Rail Class 142** was a type of *Pacer* diesel multiple units used in the United Kingdom. 96 units were built by BREL in Derby between 1985 and 1987. They were a development of the earlier Class 141 which were introduced in 1984.

## References
James Henry Hammond

**James Henry Hammond** (November 15, 1807 – November 13, 1864) was from South Carolina. He served as a United States Representative from 1835 to 1836, Governor of South Carolina from 1842 to 1844, and United States Senator from 1857 to 1860. He had a son. He was also a slave owner; his plantation is in Redcliffe Park in South Carolina. The stables at Redcliffe Park were either built by him or his son.
Rosignano Marittimo

**Rosignano Marittimo** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region Tuscany. It is about 80&nbsp;km southwest of Florence and about 20&nbsp;km southeast of Livorno. As of 31 December 2004, it had 31,516 people. It has an area of 120.3&nbsp;km².

The *comune* of Rosignano Marittimo contains the *frazioni* of:  Castiglioncello, Rosignano Solvay, Vada, Castelnuovo della Misericordia, Gabbro, and Nibbiaia.

Rosignano Marittimo borders the following *comuni*: Castellina Marittima, Cecina, Collesalvetti, Livorno, Orciano Pisano, Santa Luce.

## Inhabitants 

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## References
## Other websites
* www.comune.rosignano.livorno.it
 is part of  Rosignano.]]
Casentino

The **Casentino** is the valley in which the first tract of the Arno River flows till Subbiano, in the Italian region Tuscany. It is one of the four valleys in which the Province of Arezzo is divided. The valley's biggest *comuni* are all in the Arno valley: among these the biggest are Bibbiena and Poppi, while Capolona, Castel Focognano, Castel San Niccolò, Pratovecchio, Stia, Subbiano are more or less smaller. The villages on the neighbouring hills and mountains are much smaller. These are Chitignano, Chiusi della Verna, Montemignaio, Ortignano-Raggiolo and Talla. The Casentino is mentioned in the song "Ich hab in Penna einen Liebsten wohnen", from the *Italieniches Liederbuch* by Hugo Wolf.

## Other websites
*official web site Valle del Casentino
British Rail Class 153

on 29th August 2003.]]

 on 27th July 2003.]]
 on 10th April 2007.]]

The British Rail **Class 153** "Sprinter" is a single-car diesel multiple unit train.

In the early 1990s, British took the decision that running 2-car trains on rural routes was inefficient, and identified the need for single-carriage trains.  Initially consideration was given to splitting the Met-Cam Class 156 units to form class 152 units, however due to various problems with the Class 155 units, the decision was taken to split these units instead.

## References
British Rail Class 155

The British Rail **Class 155** "Super-Sprinter" is a diesel multiple unit. These DMUs were built by British Leyland at Workington (using Leyland National bus components) between 1987 and 1988 as part of British Rail's replacement of its ageing diesel fleet which were First-Generation.
British Rail Class 156

The **British Rail Class 156** "Super-Sprinter" is a diesel multiple unit (DMU). A hundred and fourteen of these units were built from 1987 to 1989 by Metro-Cammell (now owned by Alstom) at their Washwood Heath Works in Birmingham. They were built to replace elderly First Generation "Heritage" DMUs and locomotive-hauled passenger trains.
British Rail Class 158

158904 in Metro livery at Doncaster on 3 November 2007]]
 Class 158 at Bristol]]
 in the current First Great Western livery]]
 on 11 April 2008, whilst forming a First ScotRail serice to Wick]]
 158752 at Doncaster on 3 November 2007]]

 on 7 December 2005, having formed a South West Trains service from London Waterloo]]

**British Rail Class 158** *Express Sprinter* is a type of diesel multiple unit (DMU) train. They were built for British Rail between 1989 and 1992 by BREL at their Derby Works. They were built to replace old DMUs and locomotive-hauled passenger trains. Class 159 trains are almost the same as Class 158s. They work many non-electrified services such as Exeter St David's To London Waterloo. They were among the last new trains in the UK to be built with the old toilet system which emptied directly onto the track. BREL also built 20 carriages to 1m gauge for export to Thailand in 1990 - 1991 . They were handed across the country to Northern GWR and British Rail.
British Rail Class 143

The British Rail **Class 143** is a diesel multiple unit, part of the Pacer family of trains introduced between 1985 & 1986. They originally worked around North East England but were later transferred to Wales.  Twenty-five units were built, numbered 143001-025 but later re-numbered 143601 - 143625. 

## References
British Rail Class 159

The British Rail **Class 159**, known as "South Western Turbo" by Network SouthEast (but in reality a member of the Sprinter family), is a diesel multiple unit, built from 1989-93 by BREL at Derby Works.
British Rail Class 165

The British Rail **Class 165** "Network Turbo" diesel multiple units (DMUs) are diesel multiple unit that were built by BREL at York Works from 1990–1992 . These units are suburban trains, with an express version appearing later in the form of the Class 166 "Network Express Turbo" units. The Class 165 belongs to the Networker families of trains.

## References
British Rail Class 166

The British Rail **Class 166** "Network Express Turbo" diesel multiple units (also known as just **"Thames Turbos"**  ) were built by ABB at York Works from 1992-93. These units are the express version of the Class 165 "Network Turbo" units. They have a top speed of 90mph (suitable for mainline use), are carpeted throughout and have air-conditioning (the 165s lack the latter two features and it should be noted the 166 is similar to the Class 158 in terms of what it offers). 

## References
British Rail Class 168

livery]]

 unit, 165038 at Marylebone station]]

The **Class 168** *Clubman* is a diesel multiple unit (DMU) train used by Chiltern Railways for InterCity services between London and the Midlands. They were built in several batches from 1997 onwards. The first batch of units was classified 168/0 under TOPS and bore a large resemblance, both visually and in terms of electrical design, to the Class 165 units previously built by BREL at York. This is because they were based on plans originally drawn up by Network SouthEast and thus can be considered to be Networker Turbos. Subsequent builds, classified 168/1 and 168/2, were given the newer style cab and a new design of wiring and thus are part of the Turbostar family of trains.
British Rail Class 170

The **Class 170** "Turbostar" is a diesel multiple unit (DMU) built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Derby Litchurch Lane Works, England. This has become the most popular type of DMU built since the privatisation of Britain's railways, with 139 units built.
British Rail Class 171

The **Class 171** "Turbostar" is a type of DMU operated by Southern. The Class 171 is identical to the Class 170, except for the replacement of the BSI coupler with a Dellner coupler. This provision was made in order to allow emergency joining with Class 377 DC third-rail electric units.

They live at Selhurst Depot with Class 377’s & 375
British Rail Class 175

on 1 November 2003, with a late night First North Western service to Holyhead.]]
 on 17 April 2008 in the 'ghostly' livery trialled by Arriva Trains Wales]]
, in de-branded First North Western livery]]
, in the  Arriva Trains Wales livery.]]

The '*Class 175 *Coradia''''' is a model of diesel multiple unit passenger train used in the United Kingdom. They were built from 1999–2001 by Alstom at Washwood Heath in Birmingham. The fleet was based at Chester Depot. The fleet was used in North Wales on services from Holyhead, South Wales, normally going south or up to the North Wales Coast. Many also operated round the Manchester area.
British Rail Class 180

, showing its roof]]
, on its way to London Paddington in First livery]]

The **British Rail Class 180** ***Adelante*** is a class of 14 diesel-hydraulic multiple-unit passenger trains built by Alstom at Washwood Heath in 2000/01 for First Great Western (FGW). They are part of the Coradia 1000 family, along with the Class 175. After recurring technical problems with the trains, FGW handed them all back to leasing company Angel Trains in 2008/09. After a period in store, they were leased to Hull Trains and Grand Central, while the remaining five units returned to service with FGW. The latter five have since moved to Grand Central, whilst the four Hull Trains units have been transferred to East Midlands Railway.
British Rail Class 172

The **Class 172** is a  diesel multiple unit (DMU) of the Turbostar family similar to the Class 168, Class 170 and Class 171.

## References
British Rail Class 201

The British Rail **Class 201** (or 6S) six-car diesel-electric multiple units (DEMUs) were built in 1957–1958 at Eastleigh railway works and Ashford railway works. They were built for use on the London to Hastings line. Several tunnels along the route had restricted clearance, meaning that these units were built with a narrow body profile.
British Rail Class 202

The British Rail **Class 202** (or 6L) diesel-electric multiple units were built from 1957 to 1958 at Eastleigh railway works and Ashford railway works. These units were built to work the London Charing Cross to Hastings services. Several tunnels along the route had restricted clearance, so these units were built with a narrow body profile.
British Rail Class 203

The **Class 203** was the final version of the Hastings narrow-bodied diesel multiple unit train. It was originally  classified 6B. They were delivered in 1958. Their unit numbers were 1031–1037. They differed from class 202 by having a buffet car.
British Rail Class 204

The British Rail **Class 204** diesel multiple units were two-car versions of the Class 205 '3H' units. They were classified as 2H under the old system. Their unit numbers were in the range 1119-1122.
British Rail Class 206

The British Rail **Class 206** or **3R** was a type of diesel-electric multiple unit (DEMU) first created in 1964. They were re-formed from Class 201 and Class 416 vehicles for use on Reading-Redhill-Tonbridge (North Downs Line) services. Six three-car sets were created, numbered **1201–1206**.  They were nicknamed 'Tadpole' units because of the contrast between the wide-bodied 416 'head' and the narrow-bodied 206 'tail'.
British Rail Class 205

The British Rail **Class 205** (or 3H) diesel-electric multiple units were built by BR at Eastleigh railway works from 1957–1962.

## Preservation
Due to a generous disposal policy by Porterbrook Leasing, nearly all of the final units in service were preserved. The only unit not preserved was no. 205012, which had poor bodywork and donated its engine to the only surviving unrefurbished Class 207 unit.
*205001 - East Kent Railway (2-car unit)
*205008 - (DTCsoL 60820) Preserved by the Hastings Diesels Group at St Leonards-on-Sea, on loan to the Lavender Line (Can operate with unit 205033)
*205009 - Eden Valley Railway (3-car unit)
*205018 - (DTCsoL 60828 from 205029) Lavender Line (2-car unit)
*205023 - (DTCsoL 60822) and TSO 60669 (from 205024) at Swindon and Cricklade Railway. TSO 60669 will be stripped for spares to restore DTCsoL 60822 and then scrapped. DMBS 60122 at Lavender Line)  
*205025 - Mid-Hants Railway (2-car unit)
*205027 - (DMBSO 60145) Stored at St Leonards Depot with DMBSO 60149 
*205028 - Dartmoor Railway (3-car unit) 
*205031 - (DMBSO 60149) Stored at St Leonards Depot with DMBSO 60145 
*205032 - Dartmoor Railway (3-car unit)
*205033 - (TSO 60678 at Cold Norton, DMBS 60151 and DTCsoL 60832 at Lavender Line)(60151 can operate with DTCsoL 60820)
*205205 - Epping Ongar Railway (2-car unit)

## References
British Rail Class 210

The British Rail **Class 210** was a type of diesel-electric multiple unit built in the late 1970s. The class was intended to be a modern train to replace the ageing types in use on the Southern Region of British Railways but the prototypes built did not manage to secure production for the class and they were withdrawn in the 1980s.