open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Malays

The **Malays** (Malay-; ; Rejang: ꤷꥁꤼ; Jawi: ) are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia. They mainly live in the Maritime Southeast Asia region (especially within the Malay Archipelago; consist of Indonesian Archipelago and Philippines archipelago), such as Sumatra, Riau Islands, Singapore, Kalimantan (including Brunei), southern Thailand, and southern Philippines.

## Overview 
Malay people were once a tribal group who inhabited the island of Sumatra. According to the Malay Annals, the origin of Malay people are from the area known as Palembang in modern-day South Sumatra.

Sang Sapurba also mentioned in the Malay Annals as the King of Malays who originated from the hill of Siguntang Mahameru area as well.
 in the 7th century, then spreading to most of Sumatra, then expanding to areas of Java, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung Islands, Singapore, Malacca Peninsula ( Kra Peninsula), Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietnam, Kalimantan, until it ended as the Malay Kingdom of Dharmasraya in Jambi in the 14th century.]]
Malay people transformed from the tribal group into an ethnic group during the glorious era of Srivijaya—the empire that originated from Palembang— when the trading activities grew. Nowadays, Malay people are inhabiting areas that was under the Srivijayan empire rule, with the big population mainly in Sumatra and its surrounding regions such as Bangka Belitung Islands, Riau Islands, Malacca Peninsula ( Kra Peninsula), Kalimantan (including Brunei), southern Thailand, southern Vietnam, and southern Philippines.

## Language
Most ethnic Malays speak one or more of the many dialects (versions) of the Malay language, a language of the Austronesian family of languages. In Indonesia, the standardized form of Malay is Indonesian (),These naming policies were created to form national unities in the countries instead of making the Malays a ruling influence or the ruling class. In Malaysia, the standard form is called bahasa melayu (. About 80% of their words mean the same thing in either dialect. same like in Brunei. In Brunei, Thailand and Singapore it is also known as *Bahasa Melayu*. 

Today, the language is usually written a version of the Roman alphabet, called Rumi. Malay written using the Arabic alphabet is called Jawi, which is mostly used in official and religious contexts. Jawi is more common than Rumi in very conservative Muslim areas like Kelantan in Malaysia and Pattani in Thailand.

## Religion
The vast majority of ethnic Malays today are Sunni Muslims and Islam has become a large part of the Malay identity.

## References
Lead(II) chloride

**Lead(II) chloride**, also known as **plumbous chloride** and **lead dichloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbCl2. It contains lead and chloride ions. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state. Its use may lead to lead poisoning.

## Properties
Lead(II) chloride is a colorless crystalline solid. It does not dissolve well in water. It can dissolve in solutions that have chloride ions in them. It reacts with molten sodium nitrite to make lead(II) oxide. 

## Preparation
Lead(II) chloride is made by reacting sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid with lead nitrate. It can also be made by reacting lead(IV) oxide with hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by reacting chlorine with lead. 

## Uses
It is used to make ceramics. A basic chloride is used in pigments.

## Related pages
*Lead(II,IV) oxide
*Lead(II) acetate
*Lead(II) carbonate
Weaning

**Weaning** means changing the diet of a baby from its mother's milk to the food it will eat as an adult.  Since only female mammals make milk, weaning is only needed by mammals.  When a baby does not drink any more breast milk (or milk substitute), the baby has been weaned.

## Human weaning 
Babies are able to eat small amounts of solid food, along with breast milk or formula, when they are about six months old.  Before this time, a child's digestive system and kidneys are still forming, so the child is not ready for solid food.

Babies do not have teeth and cannot chew their food, so they are usually fed soft, runny food such as cooked mashed fruit or vegetables.  Babies cannot digest some foods which adults can eat, including food with nuts or with large amounts of gluten, salt or sugar.  Also, babies' digestive systems are very sensitive to bacteria, so they should not eat any foods with honey, eggs or shellfish in them because these foods may contain harmful bacteria.

## Weaning conflict 
Weaning conflict happens when the mother wants to wean her baby, but the baby wants to keep breastfeeding. The mother tries to force the baby to stop breastfeeding, and the baby tries to force the mother to continue.  Some evolutionary scientists think mammal mothers need to wean their babies as soon as possible, so they have a greater chance of having more babies and spreading their genes.  But mammal babies want to breastfeed as long as they can so they will have a chance to grow strong, and also to enjoy the full care of their mothers.  Weaning conflict happens in several mammal species, including primates and canines.

Indeed, weaning conflict probably always happens, but  it does not usually endanger the survival of mother and child. Most mammals have a cut-off system whereby milk cannot be digested after a certain point. Modern humans are very unusual in this respect. They inherit a capacity for permanent digestion of milk.

## Related pages
*Breastfeeding

## References
Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria

**Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria** (31 October 1636 – 26 May 1679) was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and an elector (Kurfürst) of the Holy Roman Empire from 1651 to 1679.

## Biography
He was born in Munich and was the eldest son of Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria and Maria Anna of Austria a daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. 

On 8 December 1650 he married Henriette Adelaide of Savoy, daughter of Victor Amadeus I of Savoy and Christine Marie of France. The couple had seven children. 

Still a minor he succeeded his father in 1651, his mother and his uncle Albert VI of Bavaria served as regents of Bavaria for three years. 

Ferdinand Maria was crowned on 31 October 1654. He was an absolute monarch. He allied with France. Ferdinand Maria supported the wars of the Habsburgs against the Ottoman Empire with Bavarian forces (1662-1664). During the Franco-Dutch War since 1672 Bavaria became neutral. The marriage of his eldest daughter Maria Anna and her cousin *Louis, Grand Dauphin* in 1680 cemented the alliance with France. Ferdinand Maria modernised the army and introduced the first Bavarian local government code. He made Bavaria a rich nation. 

He died in Schleissheim Palace and was succeeded by his son Maximilian II Emanuel. He is buried at the Theatiner Church.

## Issue
* Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) married Louis, Grand Dauphin and had issue; King Juan Carlos I of Spain descends from her.
* Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (11 July 1662 – 26 February 1726), next Elector of Bavaria; married Maria Antonia of Austria and had issue; married Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska and had issue.
* Luise Margarete Antonie of Bavaria.
* Ludwig Amadeus Victor of Bavaria.
* Kajetan Maria Franz of Bavaria.
* Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (5 December 1671 – 12 November 1723) Elector and Archbishop of Cologne.
* Violante Beatrice of Bavaria (3 April 1673 – 3 June 1731) married Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany.
Relic

A **relic** is an object, especially a piece of the body or a personal item of someone of religious importance, that was carefully preserved with an air of veneration as a memorial that you can touch. Relics are an important aspect of Buddhism, some denominations of Christianity, Hinduism, shamanism, and many other personal belief systems.

The word **relic** comes from the Latin *reliquiae* ('remains'). A reliquary is a shrine that houses one or more relics.

Some well-known religious relics include the Tooth of Buddha, the Holy Grail, the Crown of Thorns, the True Cross of Jesus, the Staff of Moses.

## Other websites 
*Relics article from the Catholic Encyclopedia
*Relics  
*Keeping Relics in Perspective 
*A Place for Relics 
*The veneration of the relics of saints  - from the Summa Theologiae
**An Inventory of Relics*  by John Calvin
Post-transition metal

|-
|**Atomic numbers show state at STP**

|}
The **post-transition metals**, also known as the **poor metals**, is a group of metals on the periodic table. They are to the right of the transition metals. The Group 12 elements are sometimes included. Sometimes germanium and antimony are included, although they are normally considered metalloids. They normally have higher electronegativities than the transition metals. Their melting points are lower, too. They are generally softer than other metals. They include lead, tin and other softer metals. 

## Examples
*Aluminium
*Gallium
*Lead
*Tin
*Thallium
*Indium
*Bismuth
*Polonium

File:Thallium.jpg|Thallium
File:Indium wire.jpg|Indium
File:Lead.jpg|Lead
File:Metal cube tin.jpg|Tin
File:Gallium.jpg|Gallium
Lead(IV) acetate

**Lead(IV) acetate**, also known as **plumbic acetate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Pb(C2H3O2)4. It contains lead and acetate ions. The lead is in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties
Lead(IV) acetate is a colorless or pink solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water. 

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting lead(II,IV) oxide with acetic acid.

## Uses
Lead(IV) acetate is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used to add lead to other organic compounds.

## Related pages
*Lead(II) acetate
*Lead(IV) oxide
*Lead(II) chloride
Lead(II) bromide

**Lead(II) bromide**, also known as **plumbous bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbBr2. It contains lead and bromide ions. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Lead(II) bromide is a white solid. It only dissolves a little in water. It melts to make a liquid that conducts a little electricity. It is toxic because it has lead in it.

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting lead(II) nitrate or lead(II) acetate with hydrobromic acid or any other bromide. 

## Related pages
*Lead(II) chloride
*Lead(II) sulfate
Lead(II) sulfate

**Lead(II) sulfate**, also known as **plumbous sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbSO4. It contains lead and sulfate ions. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Lead(II) sulfate is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is toxic because it has lead in it. It does not dissolve in sulfuric acid.

## Preparation
Lead(II) sulfate is made in a lead acid battery by normal usage. It can be made by reacting lead(II) acetate or lead(II) nitrate with any sulfate. It is found as a mineral named anglesite. This mineral is made when galena is oxidized.

## Related pages
*Lead(II) sulfide
*Lead(IV) acetate
Anderson Cooper

**Anderson Hays Vanderbilt Cooper** (born June 3, 1967) is an American journalist. He is an anchor on CNN. He hosts *Anderson Cooper 360°* and the syndicated daytime talk show, *Anderson Live*.

## Early life 
Cooper was born in New York City. His mother is Gloria Vanderbilt; his father was Wyatt Emory Cooper. Cooper's great-great-great-grandfather was Cornelius Vanderbilt, a 19th-century American businessman and slave owner.

## Personal life 
On July 2, 2012, Cooper came out as gay.

## References
Contra

***Contra*** (known as ***Probotector*** in Europe) is a 1987 arcade shooting video game. The player plays as Bill Rizer (player 1) or Lance Bean (player 2), as they try to stop and evil extraterrestrial terrorist organization Red Falcon from taking over the planet Earth and making the human species extinct.

## Gameplay
Either Bill or Lance is chosen. The player has a rifle with no limit to the number of times it can shoot. However, the player dies after being hit by an enemy once.

The game has ten stages. For each stage, the player must shoot out the sensors before moving on. A player has 3 lives, and when all of them are lost, the game ends. In the arcade version, the player can continue a few times.

There are three types of stages:

#Side-scroller
#3-D
#Boss

Most stages are side-scroller stages, though Contra stages follow a basic pattern.
Lead glass

**Lead glass**, also known as **lead crystal**, is a type of glass that has lead in it. Normal glass has calcium oxide in it, while lead glass changes the calcium oxide with lead(II) oxide. Lead glass rings when tapped while ordinary glass does not. This glass can absorb some X-rays. It is very insulating. 

It contains between 18 to 40% of lead (II) oxide by weight. Any glass that contains at least 24% PbO by weight is referred to as “lead crystal”. Any glass that contains less than 24% PbO by weight is referred to as "crystal glass". Lead glass has a chemical composition of silicon and lead oxides, with other elements added to get colours or properties.

Lead glass is also known as X-ray glass or radiation shielding glass as one of its major applications is in the absorbance of high energy radiation while maintaining optical transparency. The presence and quantity of PbO are what determines some of lead glass’ most important optical and physical properties.

## Applications of lead glass 
The properties of lead glass make it useful for many applications. Here are a few examples:

* In the medical and research fields where visibility is required during procedures or experiments that involve radiation, lead glass can achieve the same radiation attenuation as the surrounding walls or barriers while allowing visibility to the operator. A typical example is the viewing window of an X-ray room or a laboratory experimenting with radioactive materials.
* The high refractive index of lead glass is useful for the production of lenses as thinner lenses can be crafted to achieve similar focal lengths to ordinary ophthalmic glass. Lead glass is thus used for special medical glasses, binoculars, microscopes and telescopes.
* Digital projectors use lead glass because it has a high level of transmission over short wavelengths, which is typical of projector laser beams. Further, the temperature rise caused by the light source does not distort the image projected by lead glass because it has a lower thermal conductivity than lead-free glass.
* It is useful in instruments that operate in the near-ultraviolet region and the near-infrared region as in bio-fluorescence, gene analyses, spectrometry and telecommunication.
* Lead glass is used in laser optics for printing and photocopying technologies.

## References
Small arms

A **small arm** is a gun that is small enough to be carried and used by one person. This includes pistols, shotguns, and rifles. Artillery means larger guns that can need more than one person to operate.

## Related pages 
*Conventional weapon
Ryan Caldwell

**Ryan Caldwell** (born June 15, 1981 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Schwenninger Wild Wings of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He has also played for the New York Islanders and Phoenix Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL), the DEG Metro Stars, Eisbären Berlin, and Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers of the DEL, and Ässät and Lukko of the SM-liiga.

As an amateur he was an All-American defenceman and captained the University of Denver Pioneers to the 2004 NCAA Championship.

## Other websites
*
*
Lead(II) sulfide

**Lead(II) sulfide**, also known as **plumbuus sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbS. It contains lead and sulfide ions. The lead is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Lead(II) sulfide is a black solid. It does not react with acids. It reacts with air at a high temperature to make lead(II) oxide. It is one of the least toxic forms of lead. This does not mean that it is not toxic, though. It is the result of a test for hydrogen sulfide. Paper soaked in lead(II) acetate is passed through hydrogen sulfide. The colorless lead(II) acetate turns black.

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with lead(II) acetate or lead(II) nitrate. This makes a black solid.

## Occurrence
It is found as the mineral galena. Galena is a little shinier.

## Uses
It was once used as a black pigment. Now it is mainly used in infrared detectors. 

## Related pages
*Lead(II) chloride
*Lead(II) sulfate
Aaron MacKenzie

**Aaron G. MacKenzie** (born March 7, 1981, in Terrace Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played briefly in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Colorado Avalanche.

MacKenzie made his NHL debut with the Avalanche in a 4-1 win against the Vancouver Canucks. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2015.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
JaVale McGee

**JaVale McGee** (born January 19, 1988 in Flint, Michigan) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He went to University of Nevada, Reno for college where he played for the Nevada Wolf Pack. McGee was drafted by the Washington Wizards with the 18th overall pick in the 1st round of the 2008 NBA Draft. McGee also participated in the 2011 NBA Slam Dunk Contest where he finished in second place, losing to Blake Griffin. During the 2012-2013 season, he won the "Shaqtin A Fool MVP". He was the first player to dunk three basketballs at one time in a dunk contest. On March 15, 2012, He was traded by the Wizards to the Denver Nuggets for Nenê. McGee's father was George Montgomery who was also a NBA player and his mother is Pamela McGee who was a WNBA player which made McGee the first son of an WNBA player to play in the NBA.

## References
## Other websites
*JaVale McGee's NBA player profile
Galactic quadrant

.]]

A **galactic quadrant**  is one of four sectors of the Milky Way galaxy.

A galactic quadrant is also a fictional area in the television show *Star Trek*. In the television show the Milky Way Galaxy is split into four sections. These sections are the Alpha Quadrant, Beta Quadrant, Gamma Quadrant, and Delta Quadrant.
Yellowfin tuna

The **yellowfin tuna** (*Thunnus albacares*) is a species of tuna found in pelagic waters of tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide.
Yellowfin is often marketed as ahi, from its name ʻahi although the name ʻahi in Hawaiian also refers to the closely related bigeye tuna. Although the species name *albacares* might suggest otherwise, the fish usually known as albacore is a different species of tuna. The yellowfin tuna is sometimes referred to as albacore by French and Portuguese fishermen. It is the National fish of the Maldives.
Chowder

clam chowder]]

**Chowder** is the name of a soup usually made with fish or mussels. It is especially popular in the United States. There is also many types of chowder: corn chowder, Bermuda fish chowder, clam chowder.
Malcolm Rifkind

Sir **Malcolm Leslie Rifkind** (born 21 June 1946) is a British Conservative Party politician. He held cabinet positions in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. He was the Chairman for the Intelligence and Security Committee and the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Kensington.

Malcolm Rifkind was born in Edinburgh into a Jewish family from Lithuania. He first became a Conservative MP at the February 1974 General Election for the constituency of Edinburgh Pentlands. He was first made a cabinet minister in 1979 and served constantly through 18 years of Conservative government. 

His cabinet posts included: 

*Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office (1979 - 1983) 
*Minister of State at the Foreign Office (1983 - 1986)
*Secretary of State for Scotland (1986 - 1990)
*Secretary of State for Transport (1990 - 1992)
*Secretary of State for Defence (1992 - 1995)
*Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1995 - 1997)

At the 1997 General Election, Malcolm Rifkind lost his seat to the Labour Party. He tried but failed to regain the seat at the 2001 General Election and re-entered parliament in 2005 as the MP for Kensington. Rifkind left parliament in 2015.

## References
Brandon Jennings

**Brandon Jennings** (born September 23, 1989 in Compton, California) is an American former professional basketball player. He played parts of eleven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Milwaukee Bucks, Detroit Pistons, Orlando Magic, New York Knicks, and Washington Wizards. He played as a point guard. for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also played basketball in Italy for Lottomatica Roma of the Italian Lega A.

He last played for Zenit Saint Petersburg of the VTB United League. He was released after only 10 games because he criticized the team's management in an Instagram post. Jennings retired from playing professional basketball in 2018.

## References
Red wolf

The **red wolf** (*Canis rufus*) is an endangered species of wolf from southeastern United States. 

Red wolves were declared extinct in the wild in 1980 after the few remaining wild wolves were placed in a captive breeding program. In 1987, red wolves were reintroduced to the wild in northeastern North Carolina. However, the population has rapidly diminished as of late 2016. 

The red wolf is smaller than a gray wolf and larger than a coyote. It is slender and long-legged, and it lives in the wild only on the Albemarle Peninsula in North Carolina. It hunts small mammals, rodents, and white-tailed deer. 

There is a lot of controversy about its taxonomy, which is not settled yet.
Milarepa

**Milarepa** (c. 1052—1135) is the most famous yogi, poet and Buddhist saint of Tibet. A collection of his teachings in the form of poetic songs called *The Hundred Thousand songs of Milarepa*, and his biography *The Life of Milarepa* are two of the most popular books in Tibet.

Milarepa was a student of **Marpa** and the teacher of **Gampopa**. Together these three (Marpa, Milarepa and Gampopa) are considered to be the founders of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

## Life
Milarepa was born in the village of Kya Ngatsa in the Gungthang province of western Tibet to a family of farmers. He was named Mila Thöpaga, which means *"Mila, a joy to hear.*"  When his father died, Milarepa's uncle and aunt took all of the family's wealth and property and mistreated Milarepa, his mother and sister. At his mother's urging, Milarepa left home and studied magic so that he could take revenge on his uncle and aunt.

While his aunt and uncle were having a party to celebrate the marriage of their son, Mila took his revenge by summoning a great hail storm to demolish their house, which killed 35 people. The villagers were angry and set off to look for Milarepa, but his mother got word to him and he sent anther hailstorm to destroy their crops.

Mila later came to regret his evil actions and so became determined to practice the Buddha's teachings. Setting out to find a teacher, he was eventually led to Marpa the translator. Marpa proved a harsh task master. Before Marpa would teach Mila, he had him build and then demolish three towers in turn and go through many other trials. Eventually Mila was granted the teachings of the Six Yogas of Naropa and Mahamudra.  After practicing these teacings very diligently for twelve years in remote Himalayan caves of Tibet and Nepal, Mila attained the complete enlightenment. He is said to be the first to achieve this state within one lifetime. During his meditation practice he ate mostly nettle soup which made his skin turn green, and wore only a single cotton robe. He became known as Milarepa, which means the "Mila, the cotton clad one".

Later Milarepa become a wandering teacher and attracted many disciples, of whom the most well known were Rechungpa and Gampopa. Rechungpa followed the yogic lifestyle of his teacher while Gampopa, a Kadampa monk, eventually established a monastery a Daglha Gampo which became the first Kagyu institution. Later Gampopa's immediate disciples and their successors established the various branches of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

## Further reading
* *The Life of Milarepa*, translated by Andrew Quintman, Penguin Classics, 2010, 
* *The Life of Milarepa*, translated by Lobsang P. Lhalungpa, Book Faith India, 1997, 
* *Milarepa, The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa*, translated by Garma C.C. Chang, City Lights Books, 1999, 
## References
Iteration

An **iteration** is a step where some action is repeated again and again. In everyday life, an iteration is simply a repeated action, for example when someone says, "Do I have to re*iterate* myself?". In this case, the re*iteration* is what the person said and might say again. In computer science, an iteration is one run through a block of code that is repeated multiple times. In fractal geometry, an iteration is one application of the set of rules of the fractal to create another stage of the fractal. it is also used in computer programming.

## Related pages 
*Recursion
Ocelot

The **ocelot** (*Leopardus pardalis*) is a small mammal, one of nine species in the genus *Leopardus*.

Normally it lives in South and Central America, as far up as Mexico and a small part of southwestern United States. It has been reported as far north as Texas and in Trinidad, in the Caribbean. These fast cats eat small mammals, birds, fish, and snakes. They are very good swimmers.

Once hunted for its beautiful fur, the cat is now protected and listed as 'least concern' by the IUCN Red List. The cat is nocturnal and likes forests and dense vegetation. It is very territorial, and will fight to keep its territory. Like many cats, male ocelots mark their territory by spraying urine.

Their kittens grow slowly, staying with their mother for up to two years. They have to learn how to catch prey before they can be independent.

Although a "small cat", it is a good deal bigger than the others. The ocelot ranges from  in length, plus  in tail length, and typically weighs . Larger ones have been reported. It is the largest of the generally dainty *Leopardus* wild cat genus.

## References
Tweed New Haven Airport

**Tweed New Haven Regional Airport** , formerly known as **Tweed-New Haven Airport**, is a public airport  southeast of the central business district of New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Tweed New Haven Regional Airport is currently owned by the City of New Haven. The airport property is in New Haven and the town of East Haven.

American Eagle provides daily non-stop service to Philadelphia, PA and weekly non-stop service to Charlotte, NC. 

## References
Connie Madigan

**Cornelius Dennis "Mad Dog" Madigan** (October 4, 1934 &ndash; January 2, 2024) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman notable for being the oldest rookie in National Hockey League history.

After playing several years in senior leagues in Ontario and British Columbia in the late 1950s, Madigan had a long career as a minor league star, most notably with the Fort Wayne Komets of the International Hockey League for three seasons in the early 1960s, and then for the Portland Buckaroos of the Western Hockey League for nine seasons.  He won accolades as First Team league All-Star in 1960, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1969, Second Team All-Star in 1965, 1971 and 1972, as well as winning best defenceman honors in 1966.

In the 1972–73 NHL season, the St. Louis Blues of the NHL bought Madigan's rights from the Buckaroos, and he joined the Blues in January 1973 at the age of 38, becoming the oldest rookie ever.  He played for the Blues in twenty regular-season games and five playoff games, before finishing his career with Portland in parts of the two successive seasons.

At the time of his retirement, Madigan was second in minor league history in career penalty minutes, and is still 62nd in that category.

In addition to Madigan's hockey career, he had a minor role in the 1977 cult classic movie *Slap Shot* as legendary hockey goon Ross "Mad Dog" Madison.

Madigan died on January 2, 2024.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bangor International Airport

**Bangor International Airport**  is a public use passenger airport. It is 3 miles (5&nbsp;km) west of the city of Bangor, Maine, United States. It is owned and operated by the City of Bangor. It used to be a military base called **Dow Air Force Base**. The airport has a single runway that is 11,439&nbsp;ft (3486 m) long and 200&nbsp;ft (60 m) wide. 

The airport is used a lot because it's near the Great Circle Route, a major air route between Europe and the East Coast of the United States.  The 'international' in the airport's name doesn't refer to it being close to Canada (to which it has no regular flights), but its role in travel across the Atlantic Ocean.

Bangor International Airport has passenger service on three airlines, Delta Airlines, Allegiant Air, and US Airways. 

## References
Cassiterite

**Cassiterite** is a mineral. Its chemical formula is SnO2. It contains tin dioxide. It is black because of impurities. It is the main ore of tin. Its Mohs hardness is 6-7.
U.S. Route 2

**U.S. Route 2** is a highway that has two parts. The western part begins in Everett, Washington and ends in St. Ignace, Michigan.  The eastern part begins in Rouses Point, New York and ends in Houlton, Maine.  For much of its route, Route 2 runs near the U.S.-Canadian border.  Part of it follows the Theodore Roosevelt Highway.  It goes through Glacier National Park.

## References
U.S. Route 3

**U.S. Route 3** is a highway that travels from Cambridge, Massachusetts to the Canadian border.

## References
Tunak Tunak Tun

**Tunak Tunak Tun** is an Indian pop song released in 1998. It has become an internet meme. It was made because most of Daler Mehndi's other videos have women dancing. Some people said that was the only reason his music was popular. This one has just him but became a success anyway.

## References
Group 14 element

The **Group 14 elements**, also known as the **carbon group** and the **Group IV elements**, is a group of elements on the periodic table. Each element has 4 valence electrons. Group 14 elements include carbon, the most important compound for living things and organic chemistry, and silicon, the second-most-common element on Earth which is one of the main elements in rocks and inorganic chemistry.

## Properties 
The group 14 elements are very different from each other. It is the only group to contain all of nonmetals (carbon), metalloids (silicon and germanium), and metals (tin and lead). While the group follows normal periodic trends for how big the atoms are and the energy released by adding electrons, most others trends have some exceptions: lead is harder to remove electrons from than tin, and how hard the atom pulls in covalent bonds has no periodic pattern at all, being ordered .

Group 14 elements make different types of ions. Carbon and silicon can only make positively charged cations as part of polyatomic ions (carbocations and silylium ions). Germanium cations have been made using coordination complexes stabilised by cryptands. Tin and lead make cations similar to other metals.

Carbon is the only group 14 element that makes simple anions, but the other group 14 elements can make larger nanoclusters caled Zintl ions that share their negative charge over many atoms.

File:Carbon black.jpg|Carbon
File:Silicon.jpg|Silicon
File:Germanium.jpg|Germanium
File:Tin-2.jpg|Tin
File:Lead.jpg|Lead
Intercourse

**Intercourse** can mean:
*Sexual intercourse
*Communication between people

;Places:
*Intercourse, Alabama, USA
*Intercourse, Pennsylvania, USA

;Books:
**Intercourse* (book), a 1987 book by Andrea Dworkin
**InterCourses: An Aphrodisiac Cookbook*, a 1997 book by Martha Hopkins and Randall Lockridge

;Music:
**Intercourse* (The Tokens album), a 1971 album by American vocal group The Tokens
**Intercourse* (S'Express album), a 1991 studio album by English dance music act S'Express
Quinn Sullivan

**Quinn Sullivan** (born March 26, 1999) is an American child prodigy from New Bedford MA. He plays the guitar. 

Sullivan began taking guitar lessons at age three. He has studied with Brian Cass of The Overclock Orchestra and the Toe Jam Puppet Band as well as Stan Belmarce. The first original song he wrote with Chris Waters was titled "Sing, Dance, Clap Your Hands". Sullivan first gained national media attention at age six when he appeared on *The Ellen Degeneres Show*. Sullivan gained more notoriety when Buddy Guy asked him to come on stage and play during a performance at the Zeiterion Theater in New Bedford, Massachusetts, in 2007. Quinn has since performed on stage with Guy as well as with B.B. King and has played in venues such as the Beacon Theatre in New York City, the Orpheum Theatre in Boston, and Buddy Guy’s Legends in Chicago. In 2008, Sullivan appeared on *The Oprah Winfrey Show* and was featured on NBC's *The Today Show* in July 2009. In 2009, Sullivan opened for Buddy Guy on his East Coast tour during the summer, played his own set at the popular summer music festival Lollapalooza, as well as the Austin City Limits Festival in October.

Sullivan makes a guest appearance on Buddy Guy’s Grammy-nominated album *Skin Deep*, released in 2008.  Sullivan's solo can be heard on the track “Who's Gonna Fill Those Shoes”.  Sullivan's single, "Summer of Love", was released in 2009.

## References 
*"8-year-old guitarist jams with Buddy Guy at 'Z'" (South Coast Today) 
*"Jerry Lee Lewis knocks 'em dead at the 'Z'" (South Coast Today) 
*Quinn's Father's Band: "18 years on ... The PEARLY BAKER BAND keeps on truckin' " (South Coast Today)
*Local guitar prodigy ready to rock Oprah 
*http://buddyguy.com/a-special-message-from-quinn-sullivan/ 
*opening for Buddy Guy at Legends 2011

## Other websites
*Official website
Mary: A Fiction

***Mary: A Fiction*** is a novel written by Mary Wollstonecraft, a British feminist. It is her first and only complete novel. Wollstonecraft wrote it when she was a governess in Ireland. The novel was published in 1788 shortly after she decided to embark on a writing career, an unpopular  for women in 18th-century Britain.

It tells the story of a 's "romantic friendships" with a woman and a man. 

Wollstonecraft was  by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea that "geniuses are self-taught", so Wollstonecraft made Mary, the main character, a self-taught heroine. Wollstonecraft describes Mary as independent and capable of defining femininity and marriage for herself. It is Mary's "strong, original opinions" and her resistance to "conventional wisdom" that makes her a genius. Mary also critiques marriage, 18th-century sensibility and its damaging effects on women.
Medical ultrasonography

and abdominal ultrasonography]]
 to check the location of an intrauterine device (IUD)]]
**Diagnostic ultrasonography** is the use of ultrasound to visualize (see) hidden body structures. This medical imaging technique is used to display muscles, tendons, and other internal organs. It makes it easier to assess damage done to these structures. 

Diagnostic sonography has a wide field of use, including emergency medicine, where it is regularly performed on patients which are in a state of shock or trauma. This test is known as Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma. It can detect any fluid in the body cavities. Doctors can then decide whether surgery is safe to be performed (done).

## Obstetric sonography 
Is the name for a number of tests done during the pregnancy of a woman. 

Gynecologic ultrasonography or gynecologic sonography refers to the application of medical ultrasonography to the female pelvic organs (specifically the uterus, the ovaries, and the fallopian tubes) as well as the bladder, the adnexa, and the recto-uterine pouch.

Gynecologic sonography is used often and throughout many different tests:
* To assess pelvic organs
* To diagnose acute appendicitis
* To diagnose and manage gynecologic problems including endometriosis, leiomyoma, adenomyosis, ovarian cysts and lesions
* To identify adnexal masses, including ectopic pregnancy,
* To diagnose gynecologic cancer
* In infertility treatments to track the response of ovarian follicles to fertility medication (such as Pergonal). However, it often underestimates the true ovarian volume

## References
Casting

**Casting** may mean:

* Pouring an object using a mould.
** Casting (metalworking)
*Casting (performing arts), selecting a cast of actors.
*Excretions from an earthworm.
*Casting (fishing) putting bait into the water to catch fish.
Dwight Howard

]]

**Dwight David Howard** (born December 8, 1985 in Atlanta, Georgia) is a professional basketball player. He plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). His position is center. The Magic chose Howard with the first pick overall in the 2004 NBA Draft. Howard did not play college basketball. He entered the draft right out of high school.  Howard is considered one of the greatest rebounders and defensive players in the history of basketball.  He is the NBA's active leader in offensive rebounds, total rebounds and blocked shots.

## Career highlights
Howard has been chosen as the NBA's Defensive Player of the Year three times, and won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 2008.  Howard was also named to the All-NBA First Team three times, was an All-Star five times, and won a gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics.

From roughly 2008 to 2012, Howard was widely considered both the best rebounder, best defensive and center basketball player in the world, as highlighted by leading the league in rebounding almost every season and winning a league record three consecutive NBA Defensive Player of the Year Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011.

He showed frustration at the end of 2011-12 NBA season and demanded a trade to either the New Jersey Nets, Los Angeles Lakers or Dallas Mavericks. On August 10, 2012, he was traded from the Magic to the Los Angeles Lakers in a trade that also involved the Philadelphia 76ers and Denver Nuggets.

## References
Tin(IV) iodide

**Tin(IV) iodide**, also known as **stannic iodide** and **tin tetraiodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnI4. It contains tin and iodide ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties
Tin(IV) iodide is a red-orange solid. It reacts with water to make hydriodic acid and tin(IV) oxide. It dissolves in organic solvents. It reacts with hydriodic acid to make the SnI62- ion.

## Preparation
It is normally made by reacting iodine with tin. It can also be made by reacting tin(IV) oxide with hydriodic acid.

## Related pages
*Tin(II) iodide
*Tin(IV) chloride
Medulla oblongata

The **medulla oblongata** (or **medulla**) is the lower half of the brainstem. It is just on top of the spinal cord. It connects the higher parts of the brain to the spinal cord (see the picture at the right of this page).

The cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control centers are in the medulla. This means that the medulla controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and the size of the body's blood vessels. If the medulla did not work, the person would die.

The medulla also controls autonomic functions (things the body does automatically, without a person having to think about them).

The medulla measures how much carbon dioxide is in a person's blood. When the body makes energy, carbon dioxide gets left over. The body has to get rid of extra carbon dioxide, because it is poisonous. The only way the body can get rid of carbon dioxide is by breathing it out.

### The cardiac control center 
The medulla helps control the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The main part of the nerves that control these two systems are in the medulla.

### The vasomotor control center 
The vasomotor center controls the size of the body's blood vessels. When a person is stressed or in danger, the vasomotor center makes the blood vessels get smaller. This is part of the body's "fight or flight" reaction. It causes more blood to go to the body's most important organs, like the brain, heart, and lungs. This can help a person survive if they are in danger. It also makes the blood pressure go up.

At other times, the vasomotor center makes the blood vessels get wider. This makes the blood pressure go down, and makes it easier for blood to get to some parts of the body.

### Reflex control centers 
The medulla also controls some important reflexes, like vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.

### Other functions 
Sets of neurons in the medulla help control other important things, like movement, digestion, and sleep.

## Injuries to the medulla
Because the medulla controls so many important things, injuries to the medulla can cause some serious problems.

For example, an injury to the middle of the medulla can cause these symptoms:
* Paralysis on one side of the body (hemiplegia)
* Paralysis of part of the tongue
* The person may lose their sense of touch (not be able to feel anything)
* The person may lose their sense of position (not know where their body parts are)

An injury to one side of the medulla can cause these symptoms:
* Trouble swallowing
* Dizziness
* Vomiting
* The person may lose their ability to feel pain or temperature
* The person may lose their gag reflex

If a person's medulla is completely destroyed (for example, from a very bad injury, or because it did not get enough oxygen to survive), that person will die.

## References
Tin(II) bromide

**Tin(II) bromide**, also known as **stannous bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnBr2. It contains tin and bromide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Tin(II) bromide is a yellowish solid. Its color is between the bright orange tin(II) iodide and the colorless tin(II) chloride. It is a reducing agent. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting tin or its oxide with hydrobromic acid.

## Uses
Tin(II) bromide is used to make organic compounds with tin atoms attached.

## Related pages
*Tin(II) iodide
*Tin(IV) bromide
Tin(IV) bromide

**Tin(IV) bromide**, also known as **stannic bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnBr4. It contains tin and bromide ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties
Tin(IV) bromide is a colorless solid. It melts easily. It is soluble in water. 

## Preparation
Tin(IV) bromide is made by reacting tin with bromine.

## Related pages
*Tin(II) bromide
*Tin(IV) chloride
*Tin(IV) iodide
Tin(IV) fluoride

**Tin(IV) fluoride**, also known as **stannic fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnF4. It contains tin and fluoride ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties
Tin(IV) fluoride is a colorless solid. Its melting point is very high. It reacts with alkali metal fluorides like potassium fluoride to make hexafluorostannates, compounds that have the SnF62- ion in them. 

## Preparation
Tin(IV) fluoride is made by reacting tin and fluorine. It can also be made by reacting hydrogen fluoride with tin(IV) chloride. 

## Uses
It is sometimes used in toothpaste, although tin(II) fluoride is more common.

## Related pages
*Tin(IV) bromide
*Tin(IV) iodide
*Tin(IV) oxide
Tin(II) iodide

**Tin(II) iodide**, also known as **stannous iodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnI2. It contains tin and iodide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Tin(II) iodide is a red-orange solid. It is a reducing agent. 

## Preparation
It is made by dissolving tin or its oxide in hydriodic acid.

## Related pages
*Tin(IV) iodide
*Tin(II) chloride
Tin(IV) sulfide

**Tin(IV) sulfide**, also known as **stannic sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnS2. It has tin and sulfide ions in it. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state. 

## Properties
Tin(IV) sulfide is a gold-colored or brown solid. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen sulfide. 

## Preparation
Tin(IV) sulfide is made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with tin(IV) compounds such as tin(IV) chloride.

## Uses
It is used as a decorative coating because of its color. This coating is known as **mosaic gold**.

## Related pages
*Tin(II) sulfide
*Tin(IV) oxide
Tin(II) fluoride

**Tin(II) fluoride**, also known as **stannous fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnF2. It contains tin and fluoride ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Tin(II) fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. It is a reducing agent. It can be oxidized to solid tin(IV) fluoride, which does not work for dentistry.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting tin or its oxide with hydrofluoric acid. 

## Uses
It is commonly used in toothpastes as a source of fluoride ions. The fluoride ions react with the enamel of the tooth, making it harder to attack by bacteria. It also stops gingivitis. Some mouthwashes have tin(II) fluoride in them. 

## Related pages
*Tin(II) chloride
*Tin(IV) chloride
Tin(II) sulfide

**Tin(II) sulfide**, also known as **stannous sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnS. It contains tin and sulfide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties
Tin(II) sulfide is a dark brown solid. It is rarely found as a mineral. It does not dissolve in water but dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid.

## Preparation
Tin(II) sulfide is made by reacting tin with sulfur. It can also be made by reacting tin(II) chloride with hydrogen sulfide.

## Related pages
*Tin(II) oxide
*Tin(II) bromide
Cerebral hemisphere

The **cerebral hemispheres** are the two halves of the brain that are divided by a longitudinal fissure. They are the left and right hemispheres.

## Functions 
### Left hemisphere 
The left hemisphere controls speech, language, math, writing, and more.

### Right hemisphere 
The right hemisphere controls creativity, music, and more.

## Animation
A Matter of Life and Death

***A Matter of Life and Death*** is an album by Iron Maiden. It is their fourteenth album and went on sale on 5 September 2006.

The album talks a lot about war and death, as well as other parts of life.  It was produced by Kevin Shirley.

It is a popular album, and sold within the top ten most popular album in several countries when it was released.

## Track listing
;Bonus track (iTunes store edition)

## Musicians
* Bruce Dickinson - vocals
* Janick Gers - guitar
* Steve Harris - bass guitar
* Nicko McBrain - percussion
* Dave Murray - guitar
* Adrian Smith - guitar

## References
Foreign reserve

A **foreign reserve** is the currency from another nation that is held by a nation's treasury. They are another set of assets in a country. Formerly, only gold and silver were used as reserves, but now the currency of other countries is used. There is a benefit to having a foreign reserve. When a nation has one, it can change the exchange rate to make it best for the country. But sometimes the exchange rate drops and the foreign reserve becomes worthless.

## Other websites 
*Total reserves by each member of the International Monetary Fund
One World Film Festival

**One World** is a movie festival that takes place each year in Prague, Czech Republic. The theme of the festival is human rights documentary movies. The Czech organization People in Need organizes the festival. People can watch about 130 documentary movies from almost 40 countries during one week. Every year "One World" focuses on a different human rights issue or problem.  The festival also offers other events, such as debates with filmmakers and photography exhibitions. The festival is at the end of April each year.

## Other websites
*One World Film Festival Official Site
Playful Kiss

***Mischievous Kiss*** (also known as ***Playful Kiss*** / ***It Started with a Kiss***) is a Korean television series based on the popular anime/manga called *Itazurana Kiss*. It has 14 episodes with more than 8 subtitles.

It is about a clumsy student named Oh Ha Ni. She is a senior student from Section F who has a very low IQ.  Oh Ha Ni fell in love with the perfectionist Baek Seuk Jo. Baek has an IQ of 200 and is from section A. When Oh Ha Ni decided to Baek Seung Jo she loved him, he rejected her in front of the entire school. This  her. When Oh Ha Ni’s house is destroyed, they moved to her father’s long-time friend who turns out to be Baek Seung Jo’s dad. Now that they lived in the same house.

## References
*http://www.hancinema.net/korean_drama_Mischievous_Kiss.php
*http://www.mysoju.com/mischievous-kiss/