open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
National Convention

The **National Convention** was an assembly, meeting in France from September 21st, 1792 until October 26, 1795. This was the third assembly of the French Revolution. It came after the Legislative Assembly and founded the First Republic.
The first act of the National Convention was to get rid of the monarchy. The Legislative Assembly had decided that after Louis XVI was no longer king, a new government would need to create a French constitution. It was decided that all French men over the age of twenty-five would be able to vote, despite class. The winners of this election formed the National Convention. Men on the National Convention would be on the National Convention for a year, followed by another election. 

The National Convention became known as the most  part of the French Revolution. It took land away from the Nobility and sold it to peasants. A number of other reforms were carried out. A decree of the 10th of June 1793 readmitted instalment payments and suppressed sale on cash while also providing land distribution for the benefit of the poor. Decrees dated the 12th of December 1792, the 30th of May 1793 and the 21st of October 1793 ordered and provided for the setting up of primary schools. In 1793 a network of rural health officers was established, with the responsibility of monitoring public health.

Under an Act of June the 28th 1793, as noted by one study, “fathers and mothers depending entirely upon their own labor had a right to national assistance when their wages were inadequate for their family needs.” Assistance for the physically disabled and home medical care was also established. Pensions were provided to the needy, while the claim of the wife upon property held in common with the husband was abolished. Negro slavery was also abolished, along with the practice of imprisoning men for debt. In 1794, a decree was passed establishing a system of insurance and investments against sickness and old age. This plan, however, was abandoned by the directory.	

In the Reign of Terror it sent thousands of people to the guillotine for execution.

## References
Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe (album)

***Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe*** is the only studio album by English progressive rock band Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe. The album was released on June 20, 1989. It was on label Arista Records. The cover was made by Roger Dean.  

## References
Timema

* (redwood)]]

***Timema*** is a genus of short-bodied, somewhat thicker stick insects. They are native to the far western United States.

Compared to other stick insects (order Phasmatodea), the genus *Timema* is basal. It is the earliest living branch to diverge from the phylogenetic tree of the Phasmatodea. To emphasize this, all other stick insects  are sometimes described as "Euphasmatodea."

Five of the 21 species of *Timema* are parthenogenetic, including two species that have done sexual reproduction for a million years. This is the longest known asexual period for any insect.

*Timema* sticks are night-feeders: they spend daytime resting on the leaves or bark of the plants they feed on. They are camouflaged. *Timema'' species have colours (green, gray, or brown) and patterns (stripes or dots) which match their background. 

## References
Sacrifice (2011)

**Sacrifice (2011)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It was held on May 15, 2011 at the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the seventh Sacrifice event that TNA held.

There were nine matches on the card. The main event saw Sting defeat Rob Van Dam to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.

Sacrifice gained mixed reviews. James Caldwell of Pro Wrestling Torch thought that the show had an "Awful undercard and decent-to-acceptable second-half of the card". He said that "Overall, TNA was missing a match like Steiner vs. Morgan, which they began hyping at the first set of TV tapings, to better bridge the middle of the show to the main event matches. Instead, the show had too many matches the crowd had no emotional investment in."

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official TNA Sacrifice website
Near field communication

message with a ticket will be sent.]]
**Near field communication** (often shortened to **NFC**) is the name for a standard that uses radio communication technology to send data over short distances. Usually, the distance covered is in the order of four centimeters. The standard is mostly used for micropayment systems. Another common use is to store tickets, such as those used for trains and buses on a re-usable smartcard. Many universities equip their student ID cards so they can be used to pay small amounts, for example a cup of coffee in a cafeteria.

Each device is either active or passive; some can assume both roles.
*The devices that communicate need to be very close to each other (or touch each other). This system is often used for ticketing applications
*Bluetooth is sometimes used in addition, to bridge medium distances. This is often used with security tokens for access control. That way, the two devices simply need to be close to each other, in the order of 10-15 cm; touching is no longer required.
Orphan Black

***Orphan Black*** is a Canadian science fiction television series. It was created by screenwriter Graeme Manson and director John Fawcett. *Orphan Black* stars Tatiana Maslany as several  people who turn out to be clones. The main character in the series is Sarah Manning. Sarah Manning takes on the identity of one of her clones, Elizabeth Childs, after the clone kills themselves.

## Premise
At the beginning of the series, Sarah Manning, a con artist sees a woman who looks exactly like her. The woman kills herself by jumping in front of a train. The woman is revealed to be Elizabeth Childs. Sarah steals Beth's identity, job, , and shoes. Sarah finds out that Beth has $ 70,000 dollars in the bank. This is enough for Sarah to  with her daughter, Kira, and her foster-brother, Felix. Beth turns out to be a police officer with a boyfriend, Paul. Sarah also finds out that a few months before, Beth had ed a civilian, Maggie Chen. Beth had been ed from the force following this. When Sarah impersonates Beth, it is difficult to convince Art, Beth's police partner, that everything is fine. Art is suspicious, and believes that "Beth" is planning to escape town to avoid her hearing. He finds the money Sarah has taken from Beth and holds it until he is convinced nothing is wrong. Meanwhile, Felix arrives at the coroner's office and identifies Beth's body as Sarah.

Beth is often ed by a  women on a green phone. Sarah ignores these calls until another clone, Katja Obinger, gets into Sarah's car. Katja believes that Sarah is Beth and begs her to help her. Sarah refuses. Katja eventually realizes that Sarah is not Beth, before she is  in the head. Sarah talks to the women on the phone. She realizes that she is a clone. She knows that she must bury Katja's body. She also realizes that she has many clones across the world that someone is trying to kill.

The clones that Sarah meets are named Alison Hendrix and Cosima Niehaus. Cosima is a student at the University of Minnesota studying evolutionary development. Alison is a suburban mom. The three become close friends and eventually discover that they were all made by a company called the DYAD. They also realize that they all have a "monitor" (a person in their lives to spy on them).

Eventually, the clones realize that it is another clone that is killing them, Helena. A religious extremist group, the Proletheans, have told Helena that she is the original clone. She believes that the others are an insult to God. Helena and Sarah are actually twins, and have a "connection". At the end of series one, Sarah shoots Helena to protect Kira.

The plot of the show is about the clones trying to protect their family and friends.

## References
## Other websites
*
**Orphan Black* at BBC America
**Orphan Black* at Space
*
Cooperative binding

**Cooperative binding** is when the number of small molecules binding to a macromolecule depends on the concentration of those small molecules around the macromolecule.

This is a type of molecular binding, which is where molecules attach to each other in a stable way without decaying or breaking that bond rapidly. 

## Example 
A popular example of cooperative binding is between hemoglobin and oxygen. In the lungs, there is a very high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs. So the oxygen bonds to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. When this travels around the body in the blood and reaches areas of low oxygen concentration, the oxygen is released from the haemoglobin.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Khan Academy-Haemoglobin
Laura (movie)

***Laura*** is a 1944 American film noir. The movie is about a murder investigation in New York City. Dana Andrews plays the detective.

## References
Michelle Phillips

**Michelle Phillips** (born **Holly Michelle Gilliam**, June 4, 1944) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She is best known for being in the musical group The Mamas & the Papas. In the 1990s, she played Abby Malone on *Beverly Hills, 90210*.

Phillips was born in Long Beach, California.

## References
## Other websites 
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Assassin bug

**Assassin bugs** are the **Reduviidae**. They are a large cosmopolitan family of "true bugs" or Hemiptera. 

They are almost all terrestrial ambush predators. 

Most members of the family are easy to recognise: they have a relatively narrow neck, sturdy build and formidable curved proboscis. Large specimens should be handled with care, if at all, because they may defend themselves with a very painful stab from the proboscis.

## References
Crab cake

**Crab cakes** are a popular dish from the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland. They are a mix of crab meat and seasonings. They usually contain bread picked apart in small pieces, mayonnaise, mustard, parsley, beaten egg, paprika and pepper.

Traditionally, crab cakes are fried in vegetable oil. They can be served between saltine crackers or on a roll. A typical size is 1/5 to ¼ lb. Often they are eaten with French fries and a soda or beer. 

The earliest recipe found for crab cakes is in Edinburgh in 1849 where they are described as cutlets.

## References
Joseph B. Raynor Jr.

**Joseph Bryant** "**Joe**" **Raynor, Jr.** (January 26, 1923 &ndash; September 4, 2014) was an American politician and businessman. He was a member of the Democratic Party. From 1965 until 1992, he served as a Member of the North Carolina Senate from the 10th district.

Raynor was born in Cumberland County, North Carolina. He opened up an automotive supply business after finishing high school. He was married to Mildred Horne from 1944 until her death.

Raynor died from a long illness on September 4, 2014 in Fayetteville, North Carolina. He was 91.

## References
## Other websites
* Joseph B. Raynor, Jr. at the North Carolina Manual
Fremont, Ohio

**Fremont** is a city in and the county seat of Sandusky County, Ohio, United States. The population was 15,930 at the 2020 census. It was the home of Rutherford B. Hayes, who was President of the United States from 1877 to 1881.

## References
Got7

**Got7** (; romanized as *Gatsebeun*; stylized as **GOT7**) is a multi-national K-pop  boy group formed in 2014.  Got7 has seven members. The leader JB, Mark, Jackson, Jinyoung, Youngjae, BamBam and Yugyeom. They are a multinational group with members from South Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, and the United States. Got7 released their debut EP, *Got It?*, on January 20, 2014.  On October 22, 2014, they debuted in Japan with the release of their first Japanese single, "Around the World". 

## Debut 
Two members of GOT7 made their debut as “JJ Project” in 2012. On January 16, 2014, the two members joined the other five members and re-debuted as “GOT7”. Their debut EP “Got It?” was released on January 20, 2014. Their Japanese single “AROUND THE WORLD” was released January 22, 2014. Their activities in Japan ended in 2020.

## Members 
Mark is the oldest member of GOT7, but JB is the leader of this group. JB, Jinyoung, Youngjae, Yugyeom are all Korean. Mark is from the United States. Jackson is from Hong Kong and BamBam is Thai.

## Additional information 
This idol group was formed by GOT7 Entertainment. GOT7 is a member of G7 Nation. All members were trainees of JYP Entertainment. Jinyoung is active as an actor. JB is in two units of GOT7 members. One unit is “JJ Project” with Jinyoung and the other is “Jus2” with Yugyeom. The music videos of "Just right", "Lullaby", and "Never Ever" have over 100 million views. 

## Award history 
Since their debut in 2014, they received 56 awards and 148 nominations. In 2014, Got7 won Best New Artist Group at the Seoul Music Awards and received three s at the 29th Golden Disk Awards, winning the Newcomer Award and China Goodwill Star Award.  In 2020, they got awards “WORLDWIDE FANS’ CHOICE” in MAMA (Mnet Asian Music Awards) and “year’s artists awards” in TMA (THE FACT MUSIC AWARDS).

## References
Gaslight (movie)

***Gaslight*** is a 1944 American crime drama mystery thriller movie. It was based on the play *Gas Light*. The movie is about a man trying to steal jewels that belong to his wife. He tries to make his wife insane so that she will not interfere. Charles Boyer and Ingrid Bergman play the man and the wife. Angela Lansbury plays their maid, Nancy.

This movie was released on May 4, 1944. The movie won two Academy Awards and was nominated for five others.

The term *gaslighting* comes from the title of the movie.

## References
Altaf Gauhar

**Altaf Gauhar** or sometimes written **Altaf Gohar** (1923-2000) was a Pakistani civil servant, journalist and writer. He is best known for having helped to write the biography of the notorious Pakistani military dictator General.Ayub Khan.

## References
Riffat Hassan

**Riffat Hassan** (born 1943 in Lahore) is a Pakistani-American feminist and Islamic scholar of the Quran.

She studied from Durham University, England and later moved to the United States. She has taught at schools including Oklahoma State University and Harvard University, and is currently a professor of Religious Studies at the University of Louisville, Kentucky 

She is a strong supporter of 'Progressive Islam' and of the right of abortion and to the access to contraception for Muslim women. 

## References
Mary Rowlandson

**Mary (White) Rowlandson**, later **Mary Talcott** (c. 1637January 5, 1711) was a colonial American woman. She was captured by Indians during King Philip's War. She was held in captivity for three months before being ransomed. Six years after her ordeal, she wrote *The Sovereignty and Goodness of God: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson*. It was published in 1682. It is considered the first American "." The family left England sometime before 1650. They settled at Salem in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1653, they moved to Lancaster, Massachusetts. Lancaster was on the Massachusetts frontier. She married Reverend Joseph Rowlandson there in 1656. They had four children between 1658 and 1669. Their first daughter died young.

## Indian attack
At sunrise in February 1676 during King Philip's War, Lancaster was attacked by Narragansett, Wampanoag and Nipmuc Indians. They killed 13 people. At least 24 were taken captive. Many of the captives were injured. Rowlandson and her three children, Joseph, Mary, and Sarah, were among those taken in the raid. Rowlandson's 6-year-old daughter, Sarah, died from her wounds after a week of captivity. For nearly three months, Rowlandson and her children were forced to stay with the Indians. The Indians travelled through the wilderness to carry out other raids. They also wanted to hide from the English militia. Rowlandson suffered very much. She described her sufferings in great detail in her book.

## Ransom and later life
On May 2, 1676, Rowlandson was ransomed for £20. The money was raised by the women of Boston. In 1677, Reverend Rowlandson moved his family to Wethersfield, Connecticut. He became pastor in April of that year. He died in Wethersfield in November 1678. Church officials gave his widow a pension of £30 per year. Rowlandson and her children moved to Boston. On August 6, 1679, Rowlandson married Captain Samuel Talcott and took his last name. She died on January 5, 1711. Rowlandson is thought to have written the story of her captivity in Boston. The original manuscript has not survived. It was published both in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in London in 1682.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Mary Rowlandson - Captive in 1675/76 
* *"Soveraignty and Goodness of God"*
Atomic Betty

***Atomic Betty*** is an  animated children's television series. It is produced by Atomic Cartoons, Breakthrough Films & Television, and Tele Images Kids. It is about a girl named Betty who enjoys school, daydreaming, science fiction movies and singing in her band.  She lives in Moose Jaw Heights, a fictional place in Saskatchewan. Atomic Betty is assisted by her pilot Sparky and a robot named X-5. She confronts the evil  Maximus I.Q. (including Minimus) and other intergalactic supervillains. Atomic Betty is a  throughout the galaxy.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
The Last Boy Scout

***The Last Boy Scout*** is a 1991 American action crime thriller movie. Damon Wayans plays Jimmy Dix. Bruce Willis plays Joe. Halle Berry plays Cory. Danielle Harris plays Darian.

This movie was released on December 13, 1991. It got mixed reviews from critics.

## Release Dates 
## Other websites 
* 
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Damon Wayans

**Damon Wayans, Sr.** (born September 4, 1960) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He acts in both movies and television. He played Jimmy Dix in *The Last Boy Scout*. He also played Lewis Scott in *Celtic Pride*. He starred the ABC sitcom My Wife and Kids. He also starred in a short lived sitcom with his son called "Poppa's House.

He was born in New York City.

## References
Anatoly Berezovoy

**Anatoly Nikolayevich Berezovoy** (, 11 March 1942 – 20 September 2014) was a Soviet cosmonaut.

Berezovoy was born in Enem, Adyghe Autonomous Oblast, Russian SFSR in a Ukrainian family. He had two children.

On 27 April 1970 he was selected as a cosmonaut and flew as Commander on Soyuz T-5. He retired on 31 October 1992 due to medical reasons after injuries he received as a victim of an armed robbery. From 1992 to 1999, he was a Deputy President Russian Space Federation.

Berezovoy died on September 20, 2014 in Moscow, Russia, aged 72.

## Other websites
Planning Institute of Paris

The **Planning Institute of Paris** is a scientific research institute and university graduate training in the field of urban planning. It is in the Paris 12 Val de Marne University campus, France. The institute was established in 1919. It is a member of AESOP (Association of European Schools of Planning) and the French Urbanism Institute.

## Other websites 
* Planning Institute of Paris
Karl Jaspers

**Karl Theodor Jaspers** (23 February 1883 – 26 February 1969) was a German psychiatrist and philosopher. Jaspers contributed a lot to modern psychiatry: He was one of the first doctors who made a strict distinction between *understanding* and *explaining*. Jaspers said that there is only an indirect path to the processes of the soul. 
## Biography
Jaspers was born in Saxony.  Jaspers father was a jurist and after a director of a bank. Jaspers was a "sickly child". Jaspers had from his youth low health from hereditary bronchiectasis which was diagnosed during April 1901, and is a degenerative disease. Jaspers was also diagnosed with "alleged secondary cardiac insufficiency" at some time during his youth.

Jaspers decided to study law at university, but changed to studying medicine from 1902 and achieved a medical degree during 1908. The subject of his thesis for graduation was homesickness and crime.  His entire career as a psychiatrist with patients was approximately six years, after which he quit and became a philosopher instead.

## Work
The most important thing Jaspers did for psychiatry was writing a book which was published during 1913 with the title *General Psychopathology*.

## Related pages
*Anglo-Saxons
*Delusion § History
*Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

## References
Polly Bergen

**Nellie Paulina Burgin** (July 14, 1930 &ndash; September 20, 2014), better known by her stage name **Polly Bergen**, was an American actress, singer, television host, and businesswoman.

## Biography
In 1958, Bergen won an Emmy Award for her role as Helen Morgan in the Playhouse 90 drama series *The Helen Morgan Story*. She also was awarded with a Tony Award in 2001 for her role as Carlotta Campion in *Follies*. In the early 1960s, she was nominated with two Golden Globe Award for *Cape Fear* (1962) and *The Caretakers* (1963). From 1957 to 1958, she hosted *The Polly Bergen Show*, an NBC comedy/variety show for 18 episodes. She also had an Emmy-nominated guest role in the television series *Desperate Housewives* as Stella Wingfield from 2007 until 2011.

Bergen was born in Knoxville, Tennessee to a Southern Baptist family. She was married three times, all ending in divorce. She was first married to Jeffrey Endervelt from 1950 until 1955. She then married theatrical agent/movie producer Freddie Fields from 1956 until 1973. They had three children, two of which her adopted. She was later married to Jeffrey Endervelt from 1982 until 1990. During her marriage to Fields, she became Jewish.

Bergen died from heart failure on September 20, 2014 in Southbury, Connecticut. She was 84. She had emphysema since the 1990s, caused by fifty years of smoking.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jeanne Shaheen

**Cynthia Jeanne Bowers** (also **Jeanne Shaheen**; born January 28, 1947) is an American politician. She is a member of the U.S. Democratic Party.

In 1996, Shaheen became the first woman to be elected Governor of New Hampshire.

In 2008, Shaheen was elected to the United States Senate. Since 2011, she has been the senior senator from New Hampshire.

Shaheen was born in Saint Charles, Missouri.

## References
Francisco Feliciano

**Francisco Feliciano** (19 February 1941 – 19 September 2014) was a Filipino composer and conductor. He was a National Artist of the Philippines for Music. Feliciano was born in 1941, in Morong, Rizal. In 2014, Feliciano was named one of six National Artists of America, together with five other persons.

Feliciano died in Manila, Philippines from unknown causes, aged 73.

## References
Ghostbusters (song)

"**Ghostbusters**" is a 1984 song recorded by Ray Parker, Jr. as the theme to the movie of the same name starring Bill Murray, Harold Ramis and Dan Aykroyd. 

The song reached number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100 on August 11, 1984. It stayed there for three weeks. It was at number two on the UK Singles Chart on September 16, 1984. It stayed there for three weeks. The song re-entered the UK Top 75 on November 2, 2008, at No.&nbsp;49.

It was nominated at the Academy Award for Best Music, Original Song, but lost to Stevie Wonder's "I Just Called to Say I Love You".
Claire Foy

**Claire Elizabeth Foy** (born 16 April 1984) is an English actress. She played Anna in the 2011 movie *Season of the Witch*. She played Kate in the NBC series *Crossbones*. Foy is known for playing Elizabeth II in the Netflix series *The Crown*.

Foy was born in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. She grew up in Manchester, Leeds and Buckinghamshire.

## References
William Hall-Jones

**Sir William Hall-Jones**, KCMG (16 January 1851 – 19 June 1936) was the 16th Prime Minister of New Zealand from June 1906 until August 1906.  He was the interim Prime Minister after the death of Richard Seddon and the return from overseas of Joseph Ward.

## References
## Other websites
* Prime Ministers Office Biography: William Hall-Jones
Dina Merrill

**Dina Merrill** (December 29, 1923 &ndash; May 22, 2017) was an American actress, socialite, businesswoman and philanthropist. She is known for her roles in *Operation Petticoat*, *The Sundowners*, *BUtterfield 8*, ''The Courtship of Eddie's Father*, and in *Caddyshack II''.

Merrill died on May 22, 2017 at her East Hampton, New York home from dementia at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
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Rootkit

A ***rootkit*** is a computer virus which allows someone to take control on your computer. It is very dangerous. 

It is a stealthy type of software, typically malicious, designed to hide the existence of certain processes or programs from normal methods of detection. It allows continued secret access to a computer.

Rootkits can be a single piece of code or multiple tools working together to affect the targets computer.

## References
Groundhog Day (movie)

**Groundhog Day** is a 1993 American fantasy comedy movie. It was directed and co-written by Harold Ramis. It stars Bill Murray, Andie MacDowell, Chris Elliott, Brian Doyle-Murray, Stephen Tobolowsky, Angela Paton and Michael Shannon with David Pasquesi. It was also co-written by Danny Rubin. The movie is about a weatherman in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania who finds himself in a time loop after covering Groundhog Day. He begins to re-think his life after hedonism and suicide attempts.

The movie was released on February 12, 1993 and got good reviews. It made $70,906,973 at the box office.

## References
## Other websites
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* 
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Iain MacCormick

**Iain Somerled MacDonald MacCormick** (28 September 1939 &ndash; 19 September 2014) was a Scottish politician. He was a member of the Scottish National Party (SNP). He was MP for Argyllshire from 28 February 1974 until 7 April 1979. He was also a member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) from 1981 until 1988.

MacCormick was educated in Glasgow. He also worked as a high school teacher in his town.

MacCormick died on 19 September 2014 in Oban, Argyll and Bute, aged 74. The day before he voted in the Scottish independence referendum.

## References
## Other websites
* Iain MacCormick at TheyWorkForYou
Antony Kidman

**Antony David** "**Tony**" **Kidman**  (10 December 1938 &ndash; 12 September 2014) was an Australian psychologist, biochemist and writer. He was a faculty member of the University of Technology, Sydney for more than 43 years until his death. At the time of his death, he was also the Director of Health Psychology Unit.

Kidman was born in Sydney, New South Wales. He was of Scottish ancestry. He married Janelle in 1964. They had two daughters: Academy Award-winning actress Nicole Kidman (born 1967) and journalist and television presenter Antonia Kidman (born 1970). In 2005, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia.

Kidman died from a heart attack on 12 September 2014 in Singapore, aged 75.

## References
Bladderwort

**Bladderworts** plant are  ***Utricularia***, a genus of carnivorous plants.   
There are about 230 species. They occur in fresh water and wet soil as terrestrial or aquatic species. They live in every continent except Antarctica. Bladderworts are cultivated for their flowers, which are rather like those of snapdragons and orchids.

All *Utricularia* are carnivorous and capture small organisms by means of bladder-like traps. Terrestrial species tend to have tiny traps that feed on minute prey such as protozoa and rotifers swimming in water-saturated soil.

The traps range in size from 0.2&nbsp;mm to 1.2&nbsp;cm. Aquatic species, such as *U.&nbsp;vulgaris* (common bladderwort), have bladders that are usually larger and can feed on water fleas *(Daphnia)*, nematodes, even tiny fish, mosquito larvae and young tadpoles.

Despite their small size, the traps are extremely sophisticated. In aquatic species, prey brush against trigger hairs connected to the trapdoor. The bladder, when "set", is under negative pressure: when the trapdoor is triggered, the prey, with the water around it, is sucked into the bladder. Once the bladder is full of water, the door closes again. The whole process takes only ten to fifteen thousandths of a second.

Bladderworts are unusual and highly specialized plants. The bladder traps are recognized as one of the most sophisticated structures in the plant kingdom.

## References
Rob Bironas

**James Robert Douglas "Rob" Bironas** (January 29, 1978 – September 20, 2014) was an American Football placekicker. He played college football for the Georgia Southern University Eagles. He played 144 games in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Tennessee Titans. During his NFL career, he was named to the All-Pro team and was selected to play in the Pro Bowl in 2007. He has also played for the Charleston Swamp Foxes, Carolina Cobras, and New York Dragons of the Arena Football League (AFL). Bironas was released by the Titans on March 19, 2014.

On September 20, 2014, Bironas was involved in a car crash when he lost control of his SUV and swerved off of the road, hitting several trees and turning his vehicle upside down. He was taken to Vanderbilt University Medical Center, but was pronounced dead.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*
Harold & Kumar

***Harold & Kumar*** is an American series of stoner comedy movies. There are three movies in total. The movies star John Cho (Harold Lee), Kal Penn (Kumar Patel) and Neil Patrick Harris (himself). The first movie, *Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle*, was released on July 30, 2004. The second movie, *Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay*, was released on April 25, 2008. The third and final movie, *A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas*, was released on November 4, 2011. The reviews of each movie has been mixed, but they have all done well at the box office.

## Other websites
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Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle

***Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle*** (also known as ***Harold & Kumar Get the Munchies***) is a 2004 American stoner comedy movie. It is the first movie in the *Harold & Kumar* series. It is directed by Danny Leiner. It stars John Cho, Kal Penn, Neil Patrick Harris, Fred Willard, Bobby Lee, Christopher Meloni, Ryan Reynolds and Malin Åkerman. It is written by Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg. The movie was released on July 30, 2004 by Warner Bros. It received mixed reviews, but did well at the box office. The movie's sequel, *Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay*, was released on April 25, 2008 by Warner Bros.

The movie is about two friends, Harold and Kumar, as they go to the fast food restaurant White Castle after smoking cannabis, but end up on a series of misadventures when they cannot find the restaurant.

## References
## Other websites
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Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay

***Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay*** is a 2008 American stoner comedy movie. It is the second movie in the *Harold & Kumar* series. It stars John Cho, Kal Penn, Paula Garcés, Neil Patrick Harris, Jon Reep, Rob Corddry and Ed Helms. It is directed/produced/written by Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg. The movie was released on April 25, 2008 by Warner Bros. It received mixed reviews, but did well at the box office.

The movie follows the event after *Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle* with Harold and Kumar flying to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. They are then imprisoned and end up on a series of misadventures when they escape from Guantanamo Bay.

## References
## Other websites
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Secret ballot

'' by William Hogarth (1755). Before the secret ballot, bribery and intimidation was common]]

A **secret ballot** is a type of vote where the voter's choices are anonymous. This is to make bribery or intimidation of voters more difficult. Secret ballots are good for many different voting systems. The most basic form may be blank pieces of paper. The voter writes only his or her choice, then places it into a sealed box. The box is emptied later for counting.

The French Constitution of 1795 states that "All elections are to be held by secret ballot". Britain followed later. The secret ballot was first used in Britain on 15 August 1872 in a by-election. The original ballot box, sealed in wax with a liquorice stamp, is kept at Pontefract museum.

## References
Vince Callahan

**Vincent Francis "Vince" Callahan Jr.** (October 30, 1931 – September 20, 2014) was an American politician. He served for 40 years as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates.

From January 1968 to January 2008, he represented the 34th district in the Virginia House of Delegates. At the time of his retirement, he was the longest-serving Republican in the Virginia General Assembly.

On September 20, 2014, Callahan died of West Nile virus at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
*Bio, courtesy of the Virginia General Assembly
James C. Marsters

**James Carlyle Marsters** (April 5, 1924 &ndash; July 28, 2009) was a deaf  American orthodontist. In 1964, he helped invent the first teletypewriter device that could be used with telephone lines. The device let deaf people communicate by telephone. Although Robert Weitbrecht did much of the actual design work, Marsters promoted the device's use.

Marsters was born in Norwich, New York.

Marsters died in Pasadena, California from heart disease and West Nile virus, aged 85.

## References
Sacrifice (2010)

**Sacrifice (2010)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It was held on May 16, 2010 at the TNA Impact! Zone in Orlando, Florida. It was the sixth Sacrifice event that TNA held.

There were nine matches on the card. The main event saw Rob Van Dam defeat A.J. Styles to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. 

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official TNA Sacrifice website
I Wanna Be Down

**"I Wanna be Down"** is a 1994 major hit song by Brandy Norwood. The single is about her flirting with a boy, whom she tries to show that she is sexy. The song was released in September 1994.

The song hit #6 on *Billboard* Hot 100. It also hit #1 on *Billboard* Hot R&B Singles Chart for four weeks.
Linda Griffiths

**Linda Pauline Griffiths** (7 October 1953 She was known for her roles in *Lianna*, *Overdawn at the Memory Bank*, *The Execution of Raymond Graham*, *Sword of Gideon*, *A Town Torn Apart*, and in *Boys Briefs 2*.

Griffiths died in Toronto, Ontario, Canada from breast cancer, aged 60.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
George Radwanski

**George Radwanski** (February 28, 1947 – September 18, 2014) was a Canadian public servant, policy adviser, journalist and author. In his journalism career, Radwanski won two National Newspaper Awards for editorial writing. 

In 1971, he published *No Mandate But Terror* with Kendal Windeyer, an account of the October Crisis.  In 1978, he published *Trudeau,* a best-selling political biography of then-Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau.

Radwanski died of a heart attack on September 18, 2014 in Montreal, Quebec, aged 67.

## References
Best Friend (song)

**"Best Friend"** is a 1995 song by Brandy Norwood. The song was released in June 1995.

The song peaked at #7 on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs Chart. It peaked at #34 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

The song was used on Norwood's show *Moesha*.
Grammar school

A **grammar school** is one of several different types of school in  the United Kingdom and some other English-speaking countries. 

The term has been used for several centuries. Originally, they were schools teaching Latin. More recently, they are academically-oriented secondary schools. 

In the late Victorian era grammar schools were reorganised for secondary education throughout England and Wales. Scotland had developed a different system. Grammar schools were also established in British territories overseas, where they have evolved in different ways.

They were described as "the selective tier of state-funded secondary education in England and Wales". 
Grammar schools became "selective" in the mid-20th century, after World War II. This means they selected applicants whom they thought would get the most out of that kind of education. The selection was done by means of an 11+ test which included an IQ test. This was designed so that it was more based on native ability, rather than taught learning. 

Labour governments in the 1960s and 70s made efforts to replace grammar schools with comprehensive schools. Comprehensive schools were open to children of all abilities, similar to high schools in the United States.

As a result, in the 1960s and 1970s some grammar schools became fully independent and charged fees. Many others were abolished or became comprehensive. In both cases, many of these schools kept "grammar school" in their names. There are still 164 state-run grammar schools in existence.

## References
George Sluizer

**George Sluizer** (25 June 1932 &ndash; 20 September 2014) was a Dutch movie director. His best known movies were *Utz* (1992), *The Vanishing* (1993) and *Dark Blood* (2012). He also made documentary movies.

Sluizer was born in Paris, France. His parents were Dutch and Norwegian. He claimed to see Israeli politician Ariel Sharon kill two Palestinian children in Lebanon sometime in 1982, which was not reported on until 2010.

Sluizer died from cardiovascular disease on 20 September 2014 in Amsterdam, North Holland, aged 82. He had been in ill-health since 2007.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Eric Lynch

**Eric Shaun Lynch** (March 11, 1975 &ndash; September 20, 2014), also known as **Eric the Midget** or **Eric the Actor**, was an American actor and radio personality. He was a member of ''The Howard Stern Show's* Wack Pack from 2002 until his death. He also appeared in television series such as *In Plain Sight*, *Fringe*, *Legit* and *American Dreams''.

Lynch was born in Rodeo, California. He was  tall, which would make him a dwarf, and weighed . He also used a motorized wheelchair. He claimed to have outlived every doctor's lifespan that was given to him.

Lynch died from multiple organ failure on September 20, 2014 at a hospital in Sacramento, California. He was 39.

## References
## Other websites
*Card Player profile
* Hendon Mob profile 
*WPT profile
* WSOP profile
Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau

The **death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau** took place in September 2000. Pierre Trudeau was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada, serving from 1968 to 1984, with a brief interruption in 1979–1980. 

Trudeau died on September 28, 2000. His coffin lay in state on Parliament Hill from September 30 to October 1 and the following day at Montréal City Hall. On October 3, a state funeral was held at Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal.

The official state funeral was held at Montreal's Notre-Dame Basilica on October 3, 2000.

The day began at City Hall. Trudeau's family spent some moments alone with his casket before it was removed and driven to the Basilica, accompanied by ten RCMP officers marching alongside. Along the route, some clapped, while others wept, waved Canadian flags or simply stood silently as Trudeau made his final journey through his native Montreal.

## Other websites
*CBC Coverage of the Passing of Pierre Trudeau
*CTV Coverage of the Passing of Pierre Trudeau 
*Detailed account of the funeral liturgy at the Basilica of Our Lady, Montreal in *Ship of Fools*
Gale Page

**Sally Perkins Rutter** (also **Gale Page**; July 29, 1910 – January 8, 1983) was an American actress. She appeared in only sixteen movies during her career. She played Madge in ''You Can't Get Away with Murder*. She also played Katie in *Anna Lucasta''.

She was born in Spokane, Washington. She died from lung cancer in Santa Monica, California at age 69.

## References
Lying in repose

lying in repose]]
**Lying in repose** or **public viewing** (AE) is a tradition when someone dies, often of high social stature, whose body is available for public viewing.  Lying in repose is different from the more formal honor of lying in state, because they are not involved with the government. Lying in repose are often for athletes, actors, cardinals, popes, senators, and civil servants.

## Related pages
* Lying in state
* State funeral
Jeremy Ball

**Jeremy Ball** (1968 &ndash; 15 September 2014) was an Australian politician, actor and activist. He was the Deputy Mayor of Launceston, Tasmania from 2011 until his death. He also had an acting career from 1995 until 2000. He was best known for appearing as Warren Harvey in the ABC series *Fallen Angels* and as a businessman in the movie *The Matrix* (1999).

Ball was born in Launceston. He spoke his native English, as well as French and Japanese. He was married to Karina. The couple had two sons, Griffin and Jasper.

Ball died in a car accident on 15 September 2014 on the Bass Highway near Carrick, Tasmania. He was 45.

## References
## Other websites
*
Earl Ross

**Earl Ross** (September 4, 1941 &ndash; September 18, 2014) was a Canadian race car driver. He competed in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series from 1973 until 1976. He won the 15th Daytona 500 race in 1974. The same year, he became the NASCAR Rookie of the Year. He drove the Carling Red Cap #52.

Ross was born in Fortune, Prince Edward Island. He was raised in Ailsa Craig, Ontario.

Ross died on September 18, 2014 in North Middlesex, Ontario, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
* Earl Ross at Racing-Reference
Elsa-Marianne von Rosen

**Elsa-Marianne von Rosen** (21 April 1924 &ndash; 7 September 2014) was a Swedish ballet dancer, choreographer and actress. She performed all over Scandinavia. She acted between 1939 and 1970. She appeared in the television series *Tales of Hans Anderson*. In 1984, she was given the Royal Medal of Merit Litteris et artibus. She also directed ballet plays outside of Scandinavia, in Monaco, the United States, the United Kingdom and Russia.

Von Rosen was born in Stockholm. She was the daughter of the artist Count Reinhold von Rosen and his first wife Elisabeth Österyd. In 1950, she married editor Allan Fridericia (1921&ndash;1991). They soon after moved to Denmark.

Von Rosen died from natural causes on 7 September 2014 in Copenhagen. She was 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Elsa-Marianne von Rosen at The Ballerina Gallery
*
Lying in state

lies in state in the rotunda of the United States Capitol on June 10, 2004.]]
**Lying in state** is the tradition in which a coffin is placed on view to allow the public at large to pay their respects to the dead. It traditionally takes place in the principal government building of a country or city during a state funeral. 

It is usually practiced in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, North Korea, South Africa, and Russia.

## Related pages
* Cremation
* Lying in repose
* State funeral
Maria Kaczyńska

**Maria Helena Kaczyńska** (; née **Mackiewicz**; 21 August 1942 – 10 April 2010) was the First Lady of Poland from 2005 through 2010. She was the wife of President Lech Kaczyński.

On 10 April 2010, 10:41 MSD (06:41 UTC), Maria Kaczyńska, and her husband, Polish President Lech Kaczyński, died when the Polish Air Force Tupolev Tu-154M they were aboard crashed while attempting to land at Smolensk-North Airport in the Russian city of Smolensk. All 89 passengers on board and the 7 crew members were killed.

## References
## Other websites
*Polish First Lady's official website 
*Maria Kaczyńska official biography (in English)
Copper wire and cable

A **copper wire** is a single electrical conductor made of copper. It can be insulated or uninsulated. A **copper cable** is a group of two or more copper wires bundled together in a single sheath or jacket. Copper has the lowest resistance to the flow of electricity of all non-precious metals. Electrical wiring in buildings is the most important market for the copper industry. About half of all copper mined is used to make electrical wire and cable conductors.

## Properties of copper useful for the copper wire 
* Electrical conductivity
* Tensile strength
* Ductility
* Orange
* Strength and ductility combination
* Creep resistance - the copper does not change a lot because of heat.
* Corrosion resistance
* Coefficient of thermal expansion
* Thermal conductivity 
* Solderability
* Ease of installation

## References
Earl Hindman

**Earl John Hindman** (October 20, 1942 &ndash; December 29, 2003) was an American actor. He is known for his role as the neighbor (whose whole face was always hidden from television viewers) Wilson W. Wilson Jr. in the television sitcom *Home Improvement* (1991&ndash;1999), starring Tim Allen. He also appeared in the television movie *Kojak: The Price of Justice* (1987).

Hindman was born in Bisbee, Arizona. He married actress Molly McGreevey in 1976.

Hindman died from lung cancer on December 29, 2003, in Stamford, Connecticut. He was 61.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
The S.O.S. Band

**The S.O.S. Band** (sometimes written **SOS Band**; abbreviation for **Sounds Of Success**) is an American R&B and electro-funk group who gained fame in the 1980s. They are best known for the songs "Take Your Time (Do It Right)," "Just Be Good to Me," "Tell Me If You Still Care," and "The Finest."

## History
The band was founded in Atlanta, Georgia in 1977. The original group members included Willie "Sonny" Killebrew (saxophone), Billy Ellis (flute), Jason "T.C." Bryant (keyboards), Bruno Speight (guitar), John Simpson (bass), James Earl Jones III (drums), and Mary Davis (lead vocals, keyboards). It was originally known as Santa Monica, After listening to its demo and being impressed with their sound, Tabu Records founder Clarence Avant signed the group to its first recording contract.

More recently, Currelley has been active as an actress and vocalist in Tyler Perry plays and movies. When Davis’s solo career was not as successful as she hoped, she reunited with the band in 1994. Since then, Davis spilt from the remaining members of The S.O.S. Band, with Davis and Speight both touring using the band's name with their versions of the current lineup.

## Discography
*All albums and singles listed below were issued on Tabu Records.*

### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Singles
## References
## Other websites
*
Autophila rosea

***Autophila rosea*** is a moth of the Erebidae family. Staudinger used the scientific name in 1888.

## References
* Autophila rosea in lepidoptera
Triphyophyllum

***Triphyophyllum*** is a carnivorous plant genus with only one species  ***Triphyophyllum peltatum***. It is native to tropical western Africa, in Sierra Leone and Liberia, growing in tropical rainforests. 

It is a liana, with a three-stage lifecycle, each with a different shaped leaf, as indicated by its Greek name. In the first stage, *T. Peltatum* has simple lance-like leaves, and looks nondescript. It then develops long, glandular leaves, like those of the related *Drosophyllum*. These sticky leaves capture insects. The plant then enters its adult liana form, with short non-carnivorous leaves on a long twining stem and small hook like appendages on its leaves. 

*T. Peltatum* is cultivated in only three botanical gardens: Abidjan, Bonn, and Würzburg. It is extremely rare in private collections.

## Appearance 
with a three-stage lifecycle *T. Peltatum* has a different appearance throughout its life. The first stage, *T.* *Peltatum* forms a rosette of simple lanceolate leaves with undulate margins. Because of the limited information and cultivation of *T.* *Peltatum* the next 2 stages of the life cycle are hard to study. Another reason for this lack of information is that *T.* *Peltatum* is only carnivorous if there is insufficient phosphorous in the soil it is growing in. Leading to difficulty differentiating between life cycles and carnivorous periods. During the second stage of its life or nutrient poor soil *T.* *Peltatum* Develops leaves similar to *Drosophyllum.*
Caradrina agrotina

***Caradrina agrotina*** is a moth of the Noctuidae family. 

## References
* Caradrina agrotina in lepidoptera (reference contains no information except that it is found in Europe)
Caradrina draudti

***Caradrina draudti*** is a moth of the Noctuidae family. Boursin used the scientific name in 1936.

## References
* Caradrina draudti in lepidoptera