open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Least developed country

A **least developed country** (**LDC**) is a country that the United Nations considers to be the least developed out of all the countries in the world. They normally have the lowest ratings on the Human Development Index. The idea to name LDCs started in the late 1960s. The first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in November 1971. 

## Classification process
Indicators are used to determine whether a country is a least devleoped country.
#The gross domestic product, per person, is low. Currently, the average over three years is considered.
#An index measuring social factors, such as health,  education and literacy among adults. Currently, the Human Assets Index is used for this purpose.
#A third index looks at how vulnerable the economy is as a whole. Currently, the Economic Vulnerability Index is used.

To be considered a least developed country, a country must have high levels of poverty and infant mortality, low human resources and a vulnerable economy. The UN looks at , such as gross national income, nutrition, health, education and literacy. Economic vulnerability is recorded on the Economic Vulnerability Index.

LDC criteria are reviewed every three years. Countries may stop being considered an LDC when indicators show that they have become developed enough. Since the LDC category was created, four countries have graduated to *developing country* status. The first country to do this was Botswana in 1994. The second was Cape Verde, in 2007. Then Maldives in 2011, and Samoa in 2014.  It is expected that Equatorial Guinea and Vanuatu will be the next countries to be promoted from LDC status.

, there are 48 least developed countries. There are also three countries which meet the criteria for LDC status, but have asked to not be included in the index: Ghana, Papua New Guinea and Zimbabwe.

## Current list
The "least developed countries" according to the United Nations:

;Africa (32 countries)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

;Oceania (3 countries)
*
*
*

;Americas (6 country)
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Related pages
* Developed country
* Developing country
* Global Hunger Index
* Third world
* List of countries by Human Development Index
* Poverty line
* Small Island Developing States

## References
## More reading
* United Nations, "LDCs: Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries, and Small Island Developing States"
* World Trade Organisation, ""WTO Launches Trade Initiative for Least Developed Countries", FOCUS newsletter, WTO, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1997 issue 24.

## Other websites
* Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, United Nations 
* United Nations List of LDCs
Constitutional Convention (United States)

The **Constitutional Convention** (also known as the **Philadelphia Convention**) was held from May 25 to September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, it became clear from the beginning that many members, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, intended to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution. This makes the meeting one of the most significant events in the history of the United States.

## Debates 
Most of the disputes were about the makeup and election of the Senate. Other s concerned how "proportional representation" was to be defined (whether to include slaves or other property). They needed to decide whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single president. They also had to work out how to elect the president, how long his term was to be and whether he could stand for reelection. There were issues over what offenses should be impeachable. Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues, while the powers of legislature, executive, and judiciary were not heavily disputed. Once the Convention began, the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention, then they agreed on Madison's Virginia Plan and began to modify it. A Committee of Detail assembled during the July 4 recess and produced a rough draft. Most of this rough draft remained in place, and can be found in the final version of the constitution. After the final issues were resolved, the Committee on Style produced the final version, and it was voted on and sent to the states.

### The Virginia Plan 
James Madison had spent the winter of 1787 making a study of various confederations throughout history. He came to Philadelphia armed with a wealth of knowledge and an idea for what the United States government should be. His plan called for three branches of government with checks and balances to prevent any one branch from abusing their power. It was very similar to the Articles of Confederation and featured a unicameral (one house) legislature. All states would have one vote. After the new Constitution was ratified by the states, it went into effect in 1789.

## References
Frank Sinatra Jr.

**Francis Wayne Sinatra** (January 10, 1944 &ndash; March 16, 2016), professionally known as **Frank Sinatra, Jr.**, was an American singer, songwriter, conductor and actor. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was the son of Frank Sinatra. He was known for his song "That Face!" and for appearing on some shows with Dean Martin. In later years, he was in some episodes of *Family Guy*.

He had an older sister, Nancy Sinatra and a younger sister, Tina Sinatra.

Sinatra was kidnapped, at the age of 19, on December 8, 1963 at Harrah's Lake Tahoe (room 417).

Sinatra died suddenly of cardiac arrest in Daytona Beach, Florida on March 16, 2016. He was 72.

## References
## Other websites
* The Kidnapping of Frank Sinatra, jr.  FBI
*
Marion Patrick Jones

**Marion Patrick Jones** (16 August 1930 – 2 March 2016) was a Trinidadian novelist. She wrote about library science and social anthropology. She was also known by the names **Marion Glean** and '''Marion O'Callaghan'* (her married name). She was the author of two notable novels: *Pan Beat*, first published in 1973, and *J’Ouvert Morning'' (1976). She was born in Port of Spain.

Jones died at her home in Port of Spain of heart failure on 2 March 2016 at the age of 85.

## References
Ralph C. Johnson

**Ralph C. Johnson** (1953 or 1954 &ndash; March 15, 2016) was an American politician and businessman. He was born in Greensboro, North Carolina. Johnson served as a Democratic member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from 2015 until his death in 2016. He represented the 58th district.

Johnson died in a hospital in Greensboro, North Carolina after suffering a stroke. He was aged 62.

## References
James Darren

**James William Ercolani** (June 8, 1936 &ndash; September 2, 2024), known by his stage name **James&nbsp;Darren**, was an American television and movie actor, television director, and singer. He was known for his roles as  Moondoggie in *Gidget*, Tony Newman in *The Time Tunnel*, and as Vic Fontaine in *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*.  One of Darren's successful top ten songs was "Angel Face," ca. 1960. 

Darren was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Darren died in his sleep at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California on September 2, 2024 at the age of 88. The cause of death was heart failure caused by aortic valve problems.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*
*Interview with James Darren about Frank Sinatra
Alexander Esenin-Volpin

**Alexander Sergeyevich Esenin-Volpin** (also written  Ésénine-Volpine and Yessenin-Volpin in his French and English publications; ; May 12, 1924 March 16, 2016) was a Soviet-born American poet and mathematician. He was a known dissident, political prisoner and a leader of the Soviet human rights movement. He spent a total of fourteen years incarcerated and repressed by the Soviet authorities in prisons, psikhushkas and exile. He worked at Boston University.

In 1973 he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. In 2005, Esenin-Volpin participated in "They Chose Freedom", a four-part television documentary on the history of the Soviet dissident movement.

Volpin died on March 16, 2016, aged 91.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Lexa

**Léa Cristina Lexa Araújo**, better known by the stage name **Lexa**, is a singer, composer and Brazilian dancer. Her first single, the "Posso Ser" song, was released in December 2014 and became one of the most played tracks on Brazilian radio in 2015. This song is part of the EP of the same title released by Lexa in March 2015 and disclosed as a preview of her first studio album. In September 2015, the singer released her debut album, titled Disponível.

## Career
### 2014-2015: Disponível
Lexa was discovered by Batutinha music producer, who, after watching it on YouTube, introduced her to entrepreneur Kamilla Fialho, who hired through K2L Entertainment Artistic agency. Thus, in December 2014 is released the first single from Lexa, the "Posso Ser" song, which reached the Top 30 on parade Hot 100 Airplay, Billboard Brazil, and became the 93rd most played song in the Brazilian radio stations in 2015.

## Discography
* *Posso Ser* (2015)
* *Disponível* (2015)

## Other websites
*
Merrick Garland

**Merrick Brian Garland** (born November 13, 1952) is an American federal judge and politician. Garland was the 86th United States Attorney General from 2021 to 2025 during the Joe Biden administration. He was the chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 2013 to 2020. He was on that court from 1997 until 2021 after being nominated by President Bill Clinton.

In 2016, Garland was nominated by President Barack Obama to the Supreme Court to replace Antonin Scalia following his death. However, in a Republican-controlled senate, a confirmation hearing was never held and his nomination expired on January 3, 2017. In January 2021, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Garland to be the United States Attorney General in his cabinet. He was confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn-in in March 2021.

## Early life
Garland was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Harvard College and from Harvard Law School.

## Judicial career
Garland practiced corporate litigation at Arnold & Porter and worked as a federal prosecutor in the U.S. Department of Justice, where he played a leading role in the investigation and prosecution of the Oklahoma City bombers. In 1995, Garland was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and (following a delay in Senate confirmation) took the bench in 1997. In 2009 and 2010, Garland was considered by President Barack Obama for two openings on the Supreme Court.

### Supreme Court nomination
On March 16, 2016, Obama nominated Garland to serve as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Antonin Scalia.

Garland has more federal judicial experience than any Supreme Court nominee in history. He is the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis F. Powell, Jr. in 1971. After Republicans refused to give Garland a confirmation hearing, Garland's nomination expired in January 2017 shortly before the inauguration of Donald Trump. Trump said he will announce his Justice nominee for the Supreme Court on January 31, 2017.

## United States Attorney General
### 2021
On January 6, 2021, then President-elect Joe Biden said that we would nominate Garland to be the United States Attorney General during his administration. On March 1, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 15‒7 to advance Garland's nomination to a full Senate vote. On March 10, the Senate confirmed Garland by a vote of 70‒30 to become the next Attorney General.

### 2024
On June 12, 2024, Merrick Garland was found guilty of contempt by the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 216‒207.

## Personal life
Garland married Lynn in 1977. He lives in Bethesda, Maryland.

## References
Ralph Ketner

**Ralph W. Ketner** (September 20, 1920 &ndash; May 29, 2016) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was known for being the founder of Food Lion (founded as Food Town). He founded the grocery store chain in the 1950s. During his career, Ketner has given away 35% of his profit to charity. He grew up during the Great Depression. He studied at Tri-State College in Angola, Indiana. Ketner is married to Anne Blizzard. They have two children. In March 2016, Ketner was hospitalized and diagnosed with colon cancer. He died on May 29, 2016 in Salisbury, North Carolina from the disease at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
* Mr. Ralph W. Ketner, D.B.A  at Catawba.edu
Louise Arner Boyd

**Louise Arner Boyd** (September 16, 1887 – September 14, 1972) was an American explorer. She explored Greenland and the Arctic. She wrote many articles about her journeys and published two successful books. 

Boyd was a photographer on the trip over the Arctic Ocean in 1941. The crew on the trip to the Arctic called her the "Ice Woman".
Boyd was the first person to fly over the North Pole. She did this in 1955.

She was born in San Rafael, California. She died in San Francisco.
Samuel H. Young

**Samuel Hollingsworth Young** (December 26, 1922 &ndash; September 23, 2017) was an American politician. He was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. He represented Illinois's 10 congressional district as a Republican. He served as a representative from January 3, 1973 through January 3, 1975. He was replaced by Abner J. Mikva.

Young was born in Casey, Illinois. He studied at the University of Illinois. Young died at his home in Glenview, Illinois on September 23, 2017 from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*
State ratifying conventions

**State ratifying conventions** are one of the two ways established by Article Five of the United States Constitution for ratifying proposed constitutional amendments. Ratifying conventions have only been used on one occasion. This was in 1933 and was used to ratify the 21st Amendment.

## References
United States presidential election

The **election of the President and Vice President of the United States** is an in vote in which citizens cast ballots for a set of members of the U.S. Electoral College. These electors then cast direct votes for the President and Vice President. If both votes result in an absolute majority, the election is over. If a majority of electors do not vote for President, the House of Representatives chooses the President; if a majority of electors do not vote for Vice President, the Senate votes. Presidential elections occur  on Election Day, which since 1845 has been the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, coinciding with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races. The most recent United States presidential election was held on November 5, 2024.

## List of presidential elections 
These are the lists of every U.S. presidential elections since 1788 to 2028.

**Bold** indicates the winners and results of each election.

Each colour represents each party (winner) in every election.

; Parties

       

## Eligibility 
To be eligible to be president, a candidate must:
* Be a natural-born citizen of the United States
* Be at least 35 years old
* Have been a resident of the United States for 14 years

## Notes 
## References
Norma Cruz

**Norma Angélica Cruz Córdoba** (**Norma Cruz**) is a Guatemalan human rights activist who works to stop violence against women.  Cruz is the head of the *Fundación Sobrevivientes* (Survivors' Foundation), a women's rights organization in Guatemala City.  In 2009, the US Department of State gave Cruz an International Women of Courage Award. 

## Life 
Norma Cruz was born in Guatemala City in 1962.  Her father was a shoemaker and her mother was a cook.  As a teenager, Cruz was a student leader and a missionary.  When she was 15 years old, Cruz joined a convent.  Two years later, she left the convent, because she wanted a more political life. 

## Work 
Cruz started the organization *Fundación Sobrevivientes* on July 3, 1996.  It started as a women's support center.  Now it has a shelter for up to 20 women, teenagers, and children. In 2009, 110 people stayed at the shelter. The organization also gives legal help to women who want to take legal action in the courts. 

## Awards 
*2009 International Women of Courage Award from U.S. Department of State

*2009 Person of the Year by *Prensa Libre*, the leading newspaper in Guatemala 

## References 
## Other websites 
Fundación Sobrevivientes (Survivors' Foundation)
Concurring opinion

In law, a **concurring opinion** is a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons for the decision. It may also be used to add comments.
*The Law Lords of the United Kingdom give each an opinion of their own. No aggregated judgment is provided.
* In some jurisdictions (e.g., California), the term may be abbreviated in certain contexts to **conc. opn.**

## Notes 
## References
Paul Daniels

**Newton Edward Daniels** (6 April 1938 – 17 March 2016) 

, known by his stage name **Paul Daniels**, was an English magician and television performer. 

He was known for his show *The Paul Daniels Magic Show*. It ran on the BBC from 1979 to 1994. He was known for his catchphrase of "You'll like this ... not a lot, but you'll like it". He also hosted three game shows on the BBC, Odd One Out from 1982 to 1985, Every Second Counts from 1986 to 1993 and Wipeout from 1994 to 1997.  

He was born in South Bank, Middlesbrough. He married Jacqueline Skipworth in 1960. The couple had three sons: Gary, Paul and Martin. Daniels was married to his assistant Debbie McGee from 1988 until his death. 

Daniels died of a brain tumor in Wargrave, Berkshire, aged 77.

## References
Meir Dagan

Aluf **Meir Dagan** (; 30 January 1945 – 17 March 2016) was an Israeli politician. He was a former Israel Defense Forces officer. He was a former Director of the Mossad. He served as director from 2002 through 2011.

Dagan was born in the Soviet Union. He moved to Israel at age five.

Dagan died of liver cancer in Tel Aviv, Israel at the age of 71.

## References
Larry Drake

**Larry Drake** (February 21, 1950 &ndash; March 17, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Benny Stulwicz on the television show *L.A. Law*, Robert G. Durant in *Darkman* and as Pops in *Johnny Bravo*. He won two Emmy Awards in 1988 and in 1989.

Drake died of cardiac arrest complicated by a rare form of blood cancer on March 17, 2016 in Hollywood, California at the age of 66.

## References
## Other websites
*
Zoltán Kamondi

**Zoltán Kamondi** (6 April 1960 &ndash; 17 March 2016) was a Hungarian movie director, actor, screenwriter and producer. He was born in Budapest, Hungary. He was known for directing *Paths of Death and Angels*.

Kamondi died on 17 March 2016 at the age of 55.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Official Website
Marian Kociniak

**Marian Kociniak** (11 January 1936 &ndash; 17 March 2016) was a Polish movie and theatre actor. He was known for his role in the 1970 movie *How I Unleashed World War II*. He was born in Warsaw, Poland.

Kociniak died in Warsaw, Poland from a heart attack on 17 March 2016 at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Suaad Allami

and First Lady Michelle Obama in 2009.]]
**Suaad Allami** (Arabic: سعاد اللامي) or **Suaad Abbas Salman Allami** (Arabic: سعاد عباس سلمان العلمي ) is an Iraqi lawyer from Sadr City in Baghdad. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.   Alami started a women's center in Baghdad with the NGO Women For Progress.  Women for Progress was the first legal clinic for women in Iraq. 

## Life 
Allami graduated from Baghdad University School of Law in 1992. She worked as a lawyer in Iraq's family courts for seventeen years. 

In 2010 Allami received a Master's Degree (LLM) in Law and Human Rights from the University of Minnesota Law School. 

Allami opened the first all female legal clinic in Iraq. She runs five women’s centers in Baghdad. 

## References
Solomon Marcus

**Solomon Marcus** (; March 1, 1925 &ndash; March 17, 2016) was a Romanian mathematician of Jewish descent. He was a member of the Mathematical Section of the Romanian Academy. He was also Emeritus Professor of the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Mathematics. 

His main research was in the fields of mathematical analysis, mathematical and computational linguistics and computer science, but he also published numerous papers on various cultural topics: poetics, linguistics, semiotics, philosophy and history of science and education.

Marcus died of heart failure on March 17, 2016 at the age of 91.

## Related pages
*List of Romanian mathematicians

## Other websites
* *Global Perspectives on Science and Spirituality (GPSS)* 
* Publication list on his web page, at the "Simion Stoilow" Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy
* *International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control*, Vol.I (2006), No.1, pp.&nbsp;73–79, "Grigore C. Moisil: A Life Becoming a Myth", by Solomon Marcus, Editor's note about the author (p.&nbsp;79)
* Marcus' articles on semiotics at *Potlatch* 
* Solomon Marcus  at the University of Bucharest
Superior, Wisconsin

**Superior** is a city in northwestern Wisconsin, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 26,751. Superior is at the western end of Lake Superior. It is also the county seat of Douglas County.

Superior was the last place that the *Edmund Fitzgerald* visited before it sank.

## References
Arizona tree frog

These species of tree frogs in the Hylidae family are commonly referred to as the **Arizona tree frog**:

*Canyon tree frog, *Hyla arenicolor*
*Mountain tree frog, *Hyla eximia* is listed as the official Arizona state amphibian, but it does not occur in Arizona.
*Arizona tree frog, *Hyla wrightorum*, was previously a synonym of *Hyla eximia*.
Vladimir Shainsky

**Vladimir Yakovlevich Shainsky** () (December 12, 1925 — December 25, 2017) was a Soviet and Russian composer. In the 1950s Shainsky played in Leonid Utyosov's orchestra. He taught young people how to conduct music. He worked as a composer and musical leader at different dance orchestras. He studied in Baku conservatory, the composers faculty.

Shainsky was born in Kiev.

Shainsky has been awarded many awards, including the USSR State Prize (1981), People's Artist of the Russian SFSR title (1986), Order of Friendship (1996), multiple laureate of the Russian (formerly Soviet) "Song of the Year" festival (since 1971).

Vladimir Shainsky died on December 25, 2017, at the age of 93, after a long illness at the San Diego Hospital in California, USA.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Shainskiy's biography 
*Another biography
Erik Duval

**Erik Duval** (11 September 1965 – 12 March 2016) was a Belgian scientist. Duval chaired the informatics section of the computer science department of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. He also chaired the research unit on human-computer interaction. Duval died in Antwerp, Belgium from non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the age of 50.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2009.

## References
Albert Abraham Michelson

**Albert Abraham Michelson** (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American physicist. He was born in Strzelno (in Posen, Prussia, now in Poland) but grew up in California. He was known for his work on measuring the speed of light. That work led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907. He was the first American to receive it in the field of science.

## Related pages
* Michelson–Morley experiment

## References
## Other websites
James Douglas (actor)

**James Douglas** (May 20, 1929 &ndash; March 5, 2016) was an American actor. He best known for his role as Grant Colman on *As the World Turns* (1974–81, with return appearances in 1986 and 1989).

## Personal life
Douglas was born in Los Angeles, California. He died on March 5, 2016 at the age of 86.

## Career
His first major role came in 1964 when he joined the cast of the primetime soap *Peyton Place*. He played the role of Steven Cord.  He stayed with the series until it left the air in 1969.

He then turned mainly to daytime roles, appearing as Elliott Carrington on *Another World* from 1972 to 1974.  He then moved to *As the World Turns*.  He also appeared on *The Edge of Night* in 1984 and on *One Life to Live* as Dr. Marcus Polk (1985–87).

## Movies
* *G.I. Blues* (1960) as Rick
* *Sweet Bird of Youth* (1962) as Leroy

## References
## Other websites
*
R136a1

image of the R136 cluster. R136a1 is at the center with R136a2 close by, R136a3 below right, and R136b to the left. ESO/VLT]]
]]

**R136a1** is one of the most massive and luminous known stars. It is a Wolf–Rayet star at the center of R136. 

R136 is the central group of stars of the large NGC 2070 open cluster in the Tarantula nebula. The nebula lies about 50 kiloparsecs (163,000 light-years) in the Large Magellanic Cloud. 

R136a1 has nearly 300 the mass of the Sun, and 4.7 million times its luminosity. It is also one of the hottest at over 50,000 K. The cluster is only about 1.5 million years old, and is pouring out a huge amount of energy. Together, they outshine our Sun by a factor of 30 million.

The star is the largest of eight huge stars in the cluster.

## References
Tarantula nebula

]]

The **Tarantula Nebula** (also known as **30 Doradus**) is an H II region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). It was originally thought to be a star, but in 1751 Lacaille recognized it was a nebula.

The Tarantula Nebula has an apparent magnitude of 8. Considering its distance of 49 kpc (160,000 light-years), this is an extremely luminous object. Its luminosity is so great that if it were as close to Earth as the Orion Nebula, the Tarantula Nebula would cast shadows.

It is the most active starburst region known in the Local Group of galaxies. It is also one of the largest such regions in the Local Group with an estimated diameter of 200 pc.

30 Doradus has at its centre the star cluster NGC 2070 which includes the group of stars known as R136. This group puts out most of the energy that makes the nebula visible. The estimated mass of the cluster is 450,000 solar masses. It may become a globular cluster in the future.

In addition to NGC 2070, the Tarantula Nebula has other star clusters, including the much older Hodge 301. The most massive stars of Hodge 301 have already exploded in supernovae. The closest supernova observed since the invention of the telescope, Supernova 1987A, occurred in the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula. The remnants of many other supernovae are difficult to detect in the complex nebulosity.

## References
Donna Mills

**Donna Mills** (born December 11, 1940) is an American actress and producer. She began her television career in 1966 with a recurring role on *The Secret Storm*. She played Abby Cunningham on *Knots Landing*. She won several Soap Opera Digest Awards for this role. She also played Madeline Reeves in *General Hospital* in 2014–2015. She won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Guest Performer in a Drama Series.

Mills was born in Chicago, Illinois. Some sources give her birth date as 1942 or 1943.

## References
Jean Miotte

**Jean Miotte** (1926 &ndash; 1 March 2016) was a French abstract painter. He worked with the style known as L'Art Informel. He was born in Paris. Miotte's work is preserved and studied at the Miotte Foundation in Manhattan. 

Moitte died in New York City, New York at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*Examples of Jean Miotte's work 
*Miotte biography and original prints 
*Home of Miotte Foundation
Federalist No. 55

The **Federalist No. 55** is an essay by James Madison. It is the fifty-fifth of a  called the Federalist Papers. It was published on February 13, 1788 under the pseudonym Publius, the name under which all The Federalist Papers were published. In this paper, Madison examines the size of the United States House of Representatives. It is titled, "The Total Number of the House of Representatives."

The paper discusses critics' objections to the relatively small size of the House of Representatives (sixty-five members). Madison notes that the size of the House will increase as population increases. In addition, he states that the small size does not put the public liberty in danger because of the checks and balances relationship the House of Representatives has with the state legislatures, as well as the fact every member is voted in by the people every two years.

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Federalist No. 55 Text
IC 10

**IC 10** is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia. 

It was discovered in 1887. Edwin Hubble suspected it might belong to the Local Group of galaxies, but this was uncertain for decades. The radial velocity of IC 10 was measured in 1962. It is approaching the Milky Way at about 350&nbsp;km/s. This strengthened the evidence for its being in the Local Group.

The apparent distance between IC 10 and the Andromeda Galaxy is about the same as the apparent distance between the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy, which suggests that IC 10 may belong to the M31 subgroup. Perhaps small grains were destroyed by strong ultraviolet radiation in the areas around the hot luminous stars.

The galaxy has a huge envelope of hydrogen gas, with an apparent size measuring 68′ × 80′, which is far larger than the apparent size of the galaxy in visible light (5.5′ × 7.0′). IC 10 is also unusual in the respect that the visible part of the galaxy seems to rotate in a different direction than the outer envelope.

## References
Rice allergy

**Rice allergy** is a type of food allergy. People allergic to rice  to some rice proteins after they eat rice or breathe in rice steam. Although some reactions might lead to severe health problems, doctors can diagnose rice allergy using many different methods and help allergic people to avoid reactions.

## Symptoms 
Some rice proteins are regarded as the causes of allergy in some people. People allergic to rice might have sneezing, runny nose, ing, asthma, stomachache or eczema after they eat rice. Besides eating rice, people with a rice allergy can have reactions breathing rice steam from cooked rice. Allergic people might have  and ings. They might also stop breathing and die due to cardiac arrest.

## Diagnosis 
People suspected of having a rice allergy can try diet ance on their own. First, they have to avoid rice for a couple of weeks. If they do not have symptoms in the avoidance period, but have those when exposed to rice, they are most likely allergic to rice. They might also be referred to an allergist (immunologist) doctor who specialises in immunology.

Specific rice IgE, a kind of antibody in human blood, will rise significantly when people are allergic to rice. A blood test shows the level of the antibody. 

A skin prick test, the most efficient diagnosis, shows the reactions in a short period. After being pricked in their skin with some rice mixture, allergic people will get itching and swelling in about 30 minutes.

## Treatment 
Some symptoms might weaken if people get allergy shots. After getting several treatments for a long time, some allergic people will not have reactions afterwards.

Some reactions have been eased by replacing original rice with genetically modified rice. This is regarded as a new choice for rice allergic people. Because rice is a major food in Asia, people from Asia are exposed to higher allergy risk than people from other areas.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Rice Allergy, Southwest Allergy & Asthma Center 
* Common Food Allergies
Madison (name)

**Madison** [ **mad**-*uh*-s*uh*n ] is a family name of English origin. The name Madison comes from the Old English words "maed" and "son," which mean "son of the mighty warrior." This meaning is why many parents choose Madison as a name for their child because it sounds strong and powerful. Additionally, Madison is also associated with intelligence and creativity, which makes it a popular choice for parents who want their child's name to reflect their personality and potential. It has become a popular first name in the United States. It was one of the most popular names during the 2000s–2010s for girls. This name was ranked #29 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

Although less common, the name has also been used for boys.

## People 
* Madison Cawthorn, American politician (born 1995)
* Madison De La Garza, American actress

## References
Water tank

.]]
A **water tank** is a container for storing water. The need for water tanks is as old as civilization. Tanks were used to provide storage of water for use in many applications, drinking water, irrigation agriculture, fire suppression, agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings. Various materials are used for making a water tank: plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless). Earthen pots also function as water storages. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to store clean water. In the 1980s, high density polyethylene rotationally molded water tanks became popular for home water storage.  Gardeners, for example, use various types of these tanks to store rain water.  A Water tower, usually made of metal, is a type of d water tank.

## References
Nancy Olson

**Nancy Olson** (born April 14, 1928) is an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in *Sunset Boulevard* (1950). Other movies including *The Absent-Minded Professor* and *Airport 1975* (1974). She has mostly retired from acting. Olson was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

## References
Tray Walker

**Tray Walker** (August 5, 1992 &ndash; March 18, 2016) was an American football cornerback. He played for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas Southern, and was drafted by the Ravens in the 4th round of the 2015 NFL draft. He was born in Miami, Florida.

Walker died in Miami, Florida when he was dirt biking when his bike was hit by a car. He died the next day on March 18, 2016 from his injuries. He was aged 23.

## References
Shinzo Abe

**Shinzo Abe** (, *Abe Shinzō*, ; 21 September 1954 – 8 July 2022) was a Japanese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Japan from 2006 to 2007 and again from 2012 to 2020. Abe had been a member of the House of Representatives from 1996 until his assassination in 2022. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party and was the party's president twice during his time as prime minister. Between 2005 and 2006, he was the Chief Cabinet Secretary in the Junichiro Koizumi government. He was a member of the far-right organization Nippon Kaigi.

On July 8, 2022, he was shot and killed in Nara while delivering a campaign speech for the upper house elections by a 41-year-old unemployed man, Tetsuya Yamagami.

## Prime Minister
He was the 90th Prime Minister of Japan following Junichiro Koizumi in 2006. He was elected at age 52, becoming the youngest post-war prime minister in Japan's history. However, he stepped down on 12 September 2007 after a year. The stated reason to end his term was missing support for Japan's mission in Afghanistan. 

In 2012 he again became party leader after winning the LDP presidential election and his party went on to win the election in December 2012 by a wide margin. This brought him back to power as Prime Minister. In 2019, he became the longest serving Prime Minister in Japan. His economic policies were known as Abenomics. 

On 28 August 2020, Abe announced his plans to resign as Prime Minister because of his bad health with ulcerative colitis. He was replaced by Yoshihide Suga on 16 September 2020.

## Personal life
He was born in Shinjuku, Tokyo, but his constituency is in Yamaguchi Prefecture. It was inherited from his father Shintaro Abe who was a Foreign Minister. His grandfather was imprisoned and suspected war criminal Nobusuke Kishi who later became Prime Minister. His brother Nobuo Kishi became Minister of Defense in 2020. In 1987, Abe married Akie Matsuzaki.

## Death
On 8 July 2022, Abe was shot from behind in the neck and chest while he was giving a speech in Nara, Japan. The shooter was Tetsuya Yamagami, a 41-year-old unemployed man from Nara. Abe collapsed on stage while bleeding and went into cardiopulmonary arrest. He was quickly hospitalized afterwards with heart failure and had no "vital signs".

At 5:03 pm JST, news announced that he had died and the doctors said that he had died because of his blood loss and the bullet had gone in deep enough to enter his heart.

## Funeral 
A small private funeral was held on 12 July. A state funeral was held on 27 September at the Nippon Budokan.

This was the first assassination of a former Japanese prime minister since 1936.

## References
## Related pages
* Abenomask
* Abenomics
History of the United States Constitution

The **history of the United States Constitution** is a history of how the government of the United States functions, its  rule of law and the rights d to its citizens. It was signed by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787. It replaced the Articles of Confederation, that served as new nation's first constitution.

## The first constitution 
The history of the (second) Constitution of the United States begins with the history behind the creation of the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution. The Articles of Confederation were, in effect, a loose confederation that joined together thirteen independent states to mainly deal with foreign policy. For all other purposes they remained sovereign states. The greatest weakness of the Articles of Confederation is that it had no direct connection to the people themselves. It recognized state sovereignty. Each state collected its own taxes, provided its own militia and printed its own currency. It could not settle s between states. The country could not protect its ships which were being robbed at sea by pirates. The states themselves were in a near disastrous condition economically. The widespread use of paper money was causing inflation. So much so that in some places a pound of tea could cost $100. These proposals were, however, sent back to committee without a vote and were not taken up again.

## Constitutional Convention 
Congress had given the delegates the task of amending the Articles of Confederation. He came to Philadelphia armed with a wealth of knowledge and an idea for what the United States government should be. His plan called for three branches of government with checks and balances to prevent any one branch from abusing their power. It was very similar to the Articles of Confederation and featured a unicameral (one house) legislature. All states would have one vote. After the new Constitution was ratified by the states, it went into effect in 1789.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* The Constitution, a history 
* Constitution of the United States
Les Tanyuk

**Leonid (Les) Stepanovych Tanyuk** (, August 7, 1938 – March 18, 2016) was a Ukrainian theatre and movie director. He was a dissident and the head of the Club of Creative Youth. After 1991's Ukrainian independence Tanyuk became a multiple re-elected member of the Ukrainian parliament.

Tanyuk died on March 18, 2016 in Kyiv, Ukraine from stomach cancer at the age of 77.

## References
Jan Němec

**Jan Němec** (12 July 1936 &ndash; 18 March 2016) was a Czech movie director and screenwriter. His important work dates from the 1960s. Movie historian Peter Hames has called him as the "enfant terrible of the Czech New Wave." He was known for directing the 1966 movie *A Report on the Party and the Guests*.

## References
## Other websites
* Facebook Profile
* 
* Czech Film: Jan Nemec's post-1989 films 
* Interview with Němec 
* Jan Němec: *Interviews 1964–2014 (Rozhovory 1964–2014)* (Camera obscura, Svatá Hora, Příbram, Czech Republic) (Czech)
Argentine real

The **real** was the former currency of Argentina. It was in circulation from 1813 to 1881 and was also the country's first currency used. During its period, the *sol* was also used and its value was equal to that of the real. The peso was worth 8 reales and the escudo was worth 16 reales.

## References
2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries

The **2012 Democratic presidential primaries and caucuses** is how voters of the Democratic Party chose the candidate for United States presidential election, 2012. The incumbent president, Barack Obama, won the primaries and caucuses after winning 88.87% of the popular vote, and all of the states and territories. No other candidates could challenge Obama.

## Candidates 
Barack Obama was the only candidate who was on the ballot in all 50 states.

File:President Barack Obama, 2012 portrait crop.jpg|President **Barack Obama**
File:John Wolfe, Jr.jpg|John Wolfe, Jr.
File:Darcy Richardson.jpg|Darcy Richardson
File:Keith Russell Judd Mugshot.jpg|Keith Russell Judd
File:No image.svg|Bob Ely
File:Randall Terry 2.jpg|Randall Terry
File:No image.svg|Jim Rogers
File:No image.svg|Ed Cowan

## Results 
## Related pages 
*United States presidential election

## Notes
## References
Lothar Späth

**Lothar Späth** (16 November 1937 – 18 March 2016) was a German politician of the CDU.

From 30 August 1978 to 13 January 1991, Späth was the 5th Minister President of Baden-Württemberg and chairman of the CDU Baden-Württemberg. He served as the 36th President of the Bundesrat in the 1980s.

## References
Hide

**Hide** or **hides** may refer to:

* Hide (skin), the cured skin of an animal
* Bird hide, a structure for watching birds without disturbing them
* Hide (unit), an old unit of land area
* hide (musician) (1964–1998), Japanese musician
From Russia with Love

***From Russia with Love*** is the second James Bond movie made by Eon Productions. It is also the second to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Released in 1963, the film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman. It was directed by Terence Young. From Russia with Love is based on the 1957 novel of the same name written by Ian Fleming. In the movie, James Bond is sent to assist in the ion of Soviet consulate clerk Tatiana Romanova in Turkey, where SPECTRE plans to avenge Bond's killing of Dr. No. Rotten Tomatoes gave the move a 96% rating.

## Cast
* Sean Connery as James Bond: Secret Intelligence Service Agent 007.
* Daniela Bianchi as Tatiana Romanova (voiced by Barbara Jefford): Soviet Embassy clerk and Bond's love interest. Fleming based Romanova on Christine Granville.
* Pedro Armendáriz as Ali Kerim Bey: British Intelligence station chief in Istanbul.
* Lotte Lenya as Rosa Klebb: A former SMERSH colonel, now chief operations officer for SPECTRE.
* Robert Shaw as Donald "Red" Grant: Cunning SPECTRE assassin and one of the principal Bond enemies.
* Bernard Lee as M: Chief of British Intelligence.
* Walter Gotell as Morzeny: SPECTRE thug who trains personnel on SPECTRE Island.
* Vladek Sheybal as Kronsteen: Chess grandmaster, and chief planning officer for SPECTRE.
* "?" (anonymous credit for Anthony Dawson (body) and Eric Pohlmann (voice)) as "Number 1" (Ernst Stavro Blofeld): Chief of SPECTRE and Bond's nemesis.
* Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary.
* Desmond Llewelyn as Major Boothroyd: Head of "Q" Section (British Intelligence gadgetry department).
* Eunice Gayson as Sylvia Trench: Bond's semi-regular girlfriend.
* Francis de Wolff as Vavra: Chief of a Gypsy tribe used for dirty work by Kerim Bey.
* George Pastell as the Orient Express train conductor.
* Fred Haggerty as Krilencu: A Bulgarian assassin who works as a killer for the Soviets in the Balkans.
* Aliza Gur and Martine Beswick as Vida and Zora, respectively: Two jealous Gypsy girls who are disputing the same man.
* Nadja Regin as Kerim Bey's lonely girlfriend.

## References 
## Other websites 
* IMDb release dates
* From Russia With Love (1963) Official Trailer - Sean Connery James Bond Movie HD; YouTube
Vajiralongkorn

**Vajiralongkorn** (born 28 July 1952), also known as **Rama X**, is King of Thailand, reigning since 2016.

Vajiralongkorn was the only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit. He was proclaimed Crown Prince of Thailand in 1972 at the age of 20. When his father passed away on 13 October 2019, it was expected that he would immediately succeed to the throne. However, he postponed the ascension to the throne to give people time to mourn his father. On 1 December 2019, he was invited to the throne. However, the Thai government counted his reign back to the date of his father’s death. Since he was 67 years old on the day of his ascension to the throne, he was the oldest Thai monarch on the day of his ascension to the throne. Vajiralongkorn held his father's royal cremation ceremony on 26 October 2020 and his coronation ceremony took place on 4–6 May 2022.

## Early Life 
Vajiralongkorn was born at Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, Dusit Palace in Bang Kok, He is second child and only son of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit, He has three sisters in the family, He studied at Chitralada School, Preparatory school and first at a prep school, King's Mead, Seaford, Sussex, and then at Millfield School, in Somerset in United Kingdom, He completed his high school in Summer 1970. He attended a five-week military training course at The King's School, in Sydney, Australia.

Vajiralongkorn start study the military training by the Australian Army at Royal Military College, Duntroon in Canberra and a bachelor's degree course under the auspices of the University of New South Wales. He graduated in 1976 as a new lieutenant with a liberal arts degree.

In 1982, Vajiralongkorn was completed his second bachelor's degree in law, with second-class honors at Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University.

## King of Thailand 
After his father's death on 13 October 2016, he succeeded to the throne of Thailand, with a delay, saying he needed "time to prepare before being proclaimed as the new king". He accepted the throne on 1 December 2016. The coronation was held in May 2019.

At aged 64, Vajiralongkorn became the oldest Thai monarch to ascend to the throne.

He is the wealthiest monarch in the world, with a net worth said to be between  and .

## Personal life 
Vajiralongkorn has been married and divorced three times. He has three daughters and five sons. His four eldest sons were born before he married their mother. They are not able to succeed as king, because their titles have been removed. Dipangkorn Rasmijoti, born in 2005, is heir presumptive.

On 1 May 2019, three days before his coronation, Vajiralongkorn married Suthida Tidjai, former acting commander of Royal Thai Aide-de-Camp Department.

## Titles and styles 
* **28 July 1952 – 28 December 1972**: His Royal Highness Prince Vajiralongkorn
* **28 December 1972 – 13 October 2016**: Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn
* **13 October 2016 – present**: King Vajiralongkorn

## References 
;Notes
Lyubka Rondova

**Lyubka Vasileva Rondova**, **Ljubka Rondova** or **Lubka Rondova** () (24 September 1936 &ndash; 15 March 2016) was a Bulgarian folk singer. She best known for performing and recording many of the traditional song from Macedonia as a folklore region. She was born in Sidirochori, Greece to Bulgarian parents. She was awarded the highest Bulgarian order Stara planina, First Degree in 2002.

Rondova died in Sofia, Bulgaria at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
* A folk song "Black death appeared" at Vbox7
Anti

**Anti** may refer to:

* Anti-, a prefix meaning "against"
* Anti (mythology), a boatman in Egyptian mythology
* Änti, or Antaeus, half-giant in Greek and Berber mythology
* Antiparticle, a particle with the same mass but opposite charges in particle physics
* Anti addition in organic chemistry
* *Anti* (album), an album by Rihanna

## Related pages
*Special:Prefixindex/Anti (an automatically generated list of pages beginning with *anti*)
*