open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nanne Grönvall

**Nanne Grönvall** (born **Marianne Elisabeth Nordqvist** on May 18, 1962 in Stockholm) is a Swedish singer-songwriter. She's married to Peter Grönvall, who's the son of ABBA's Benny Andersson. Nanne has participated in the National part of Eurovision Song Contest 8 times, won it once with their group One More Time and ended up in 3:rd place in the international competition. She has, beside her musical career, had her own radiotalkshow and hosted many other radioshows, acted in several theatre and musical-productions, among others she did the leading part of Sweet Charity. She has toured Sweden many times in her own name and also had her own shows in the two biggest cities in Sweden, Stockholm and Gothenburg. She had great success around in Europe together with her group One More Time in the 90s and later on Ritchie Blackmore recorded their hitsong Highland with his group Blackmore's Night.

Nannes musical career started in the 1980s group *Sound of Music*. The trio participated twice in the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest selections, Melodifestivalen, finishing fourth both times; in 1986 with *Eldorado* and in 1987 with *Alexandra*. Over the following ten years she established herself as a songwriter in Melodifestivalen, writing two songs for the 1992 competition and the 1995 runner-up *Det vackraste* (*The Most Beautiful Thing*) performed by Cecilia Vennersten.

## Other websites
Mathematical notation

**Mathematical notation** is a system in mathematics that uses symbols to represent objects and ideas. In mathematics and other exact sciences like physics or computer science, problems often need to be presented in some way. In such representations, different symbols have different meanings:
*There are numbers, like *1* and *2*, or variables that stand for such numbers (like *x* and *y*)
*There are functions that act on numbers and variables. Such function take a predetermined number of elements, and do something with them. An example is *+*, which adds two numbers
*There are concepts of advanced mathematics such as limits and derivatives

Some mathematical notations use diagrams, or small drawings to show the underlying concepts. One example is the Penrose graphical notation which is used to show tensors. Another examples are Coxeter–Dynkin diagram which are used for certain problems of geometry. 

There are different ways to write down an *equation* like * two and three*
*Infix notation: The functions and the symbols they act on, are mixed, this gives * 2 + 3*
*Prefix notation: First there is the function, and then the values it operates on. This gives *+ 2 3*. Computer languages influenced by lambda calculus, like LISP use this notation. Sometimes this is called *polish notation*
*Postfix notation: First there are the numbers, and then the function. *2 3 +*. Postscript uses this. It is also generally known as *reverse polish notation*

## Related software
* KaTeX - JavaScript library that shows mathematical notation on any web browser
* LaTeX - Free software to output mathematical notations on a PDF
Cher

**Cheryl Sarkisian**, better known as **Cher** (born May 20, 1946), is an American singer, actress, and television star. She is often called the "Goddess of Pop".

Cher became famous in 1965 as part of the singing duo Sonny & Cher. She also became a solo artist and released hit songs such as "Bang, Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)", "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", "Half-Breed", and "Dark Lady". In the late 1980s and late 1990s, she released hit songs such as "If I Could Turn Back Time", "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss)", and the first song to pioneer the use of autotune, "Believe".

Cher's song "Believe" used Auto-Tune in a new way, which became known as the "Cher effect". It was the best-selling single of 1999 in the US and the UK. She kept releasing music in the 2000s and 2010s. Her studio albums, "*Closer to the Truth*" (2013) and "*Dancing Queen*" (2018) were big successes in the United States.

In the 2000s, Cher was also a popular TV star. Later, she acted in many movies. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for the movie "*Moonstruck*". She also acted in "*Silkwood*" (1983), "*Mask*" (1985), "*The Witches of Eastwick*" (1987), "*Moonstruck*" (1987), "*Mermaids*" (1990), "*Burlesque*" (2010)*,* and "*Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again*" (2018).

Cher is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has sold over 100 million records. She is the only solo artist with number-one songs on the *Billboard* charts in seven different decades, from the 1960s to the 2020s.

She has won many awards, including an Academy Award, an Emmy Award, and a Grammy Award, and three Golden Globe Awards. She was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2024. Her 2002–2005 tour earned $250 million and was the most successful tour by a female artist at that time.

Cher also supports causes like HIV/AIDS prevention and rights for LGBTQ people.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *All I Really Want To Do* (1965)
* *The Sonny Side Of Chér* (1966)
* *Chér* (1966)
* *With Love, Chér* (1967)
* *Backstage* (1968)
* *3614 Jackson Highway* (1969)
* *Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves* (1971)
* *Foxy Lady* (1972)
* *Bittersweet White Light* (1973)
* *Half-Breed* (1973)
* *Dark Lady* (1974)
* *Stars* (1975)
* ''I'd Rather Believe In You* (1976)
* *Cherished* (1977)
* *Two The Hard Way* (1977) (with Gregg Allman)
* *Take Me Home* (1979)
* *Prisoner* (1979)
* *I Paralyze* (1982)
* *Cher* (1987)
* *Heart Of Stone* (1989)
* *Love Hurts* (1991)
* *It's A Man World* (1995)
* *Believe* (1998)
* *Not Commercial* (2000)
* *Living Proof* (2001)
* *Closer To The Truth* (2013)
* *Dancing Queen* (2018)
* *Christmas'' (2023)

## References
## Other websites
*cher.com  — Official website.
*cherfanclub.com  — Official Fan Club website.
*Cher Net Worth  — Children's Craniofacial Association. National Chairperson: Cher.
*cherconvention.com  — Cher Convention Foundation dedicated to raising funds for CCA kids.
*Eulogy for Sonny Bono
*
*
Carolina Klüft

**Carolina Evelyn Klüft** (born February 2, 1983) is a Swedish athlete. She competes in heptathlon, long jump and pentathlon. She is the current Olympic, World (twice) and European (twice) heptathlon champion and is regarded as one of the best female athletes in the world. Since 16/09/2002, Klüft has been continuously ranked as the world's leading heptathlete, by the IAAF. This is currently the longest of any athlete.

She is also normally a member of the Swedish 4 × 100 m relay team at international competitions, and was part of the team that set the national record.

Her main coach is Agne Bergvall. She is 5&nbsp;ft 10 in (1.78 m) tall and weighs 65&nbsp;kg.

On 2 September 2012, during the Finland-Sweden athletics international at Ullevi, Carolina Klüft officially ended her career and retired from sports.

## References
Artsakh Defence Army

The **Artsakh Defence Army** also known as the **Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR) Defense Army** was founded on 9 May 1992, as the formal defence force of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, made up of Armenians. It is internationally recognised to be part of Azerbaijan. 

## Related pages 
* 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
Matt Damon

**Matthew Paige Damon** (born October 8, 1970) is an American actor, philanthropist, producer and screenwriter. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his writing of the story for the movie *Good Will Hunting*, and he was nominated for his acting in the same movie. He has also acted in several other movies including *The Bourne Identity*, the ''Ocean's Trilogy*, *Syriana* and *Oppenheimer*. He will play Odysseus in the 2026 movie *The Odyssey''.

## Early life
He was born on October 8, 1970 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the son of Kent Telfer Damon, a stockbroker, and Nancy Carlsson-Paige, an early childhood education professor at Lesley University. His father is of Scottish, Welsh, and English ancestry, while his mother is of Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish ancestry. His brother Kyle is an accomplished sculptor and artist. He and his family moved to Newton and lived there for two years. After his parents divorced, Damon and his brother moved with their mother back to Cambridge, where they lived in a six-family communal house. Damon grew up near actor Ben Affleck, a close friend since childhood and collaborator on several films (Damon is Affleck's tenth cousin, once removed, through a common New England ancestor).

## References
## Other websites
*
*Matt Damon on Moviefone
*Matt Damon News Column 
*Matt Damon on Hardball
*GreenDimes Matt Damon, board member
*Not On Our Watch: George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, Jerry Weintraub
Robert Urich

**Robert Urich** (December 19, 1946 – April 16, 2002) was an Emmy-winning actor. He was born in Toronto, Ohio. 

Urich is best known for playing private investigators on the television series *Spenser: For Hire* (1985–1988) and *Vega$* (1978–1981).  He also acted in many other television series over the years including: *S.W.A.T.* (1975), *Soap* (1977) and The Lazarus Man (1996). He was also known for starring in the movie A long Way Home which was released in 2003.

From 1975 until his death, Urich was married to actress Heather Menzies.

Urich died of synovial sarcoma in Thousand Oaks, California at the age of 55.  

## Other websites
*
*
Lal Masjid siege

**The Lal Masjid siege** (Codename: **Operation Sunrise** and **Operation Silence**) was a conflict centering around the Lal Masjid mosque and madrasah complex in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, that was besieged from July 3 to July 11, 2007.

## References
Vic Morrow

**Victor Morrow** (February 14, 1929 – July 23, 1982) was an American actor. He was famous for acting in the television series *Combat!* (1962–1967), in which he also worked as a television director.

Morrow was born in the Bronx, New York City. He was the father of actress Jennifer Jason Leigh. 

Morrow died while filming *Twilight Zone: The Movie* at an accident in Ventura County, California with a helicopter that crashed and killed him and two children. The accident made the government make many reforms in U.S. child labor laws and safety regulations on movie sets in California.

## Other websites
*
*Filmography
*Twilight Zone Tragedy at crimelibrary.com 
*Find A Death - Vic Morrow 
*Article on Twilight Zone tragedy, written by friend and COMBAT! co-star Dick 'Little John' Peabody
*Sculptural Tribute to Actor Vic Morrow
*NTSB Accident Investigation Report
Brandon Lee

**Brandon Bruce Lee** (February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an actor from Oakland, California.

## Early life
Brandon Lee was born in East Oakland Hospital in Oakland, California, He is eldest child of Bruce Lee and his wife Linda,  He lived in Hong Kong for his first eight years. Lee lost his father when he was only 8 years old, and then moved to Seattle with his mother and sister. Lee faced a lot of difficulties when he was a teenager. He moved around a lot, coped with being the son of a martial arts legend, and he dropped out of high school several times.

## Career
Lee  made his first feature movie, Legacy of Rage (1986). And around that time, he appeared in Kung Fu: The Movie with David Carradine, which aired on television. But then, Brandon Lee had his promising career cut short by tragedy, much like his father. A few years later, returning to the big screen, Lee made three action movies: *Laser Mission* (1990), *Showdown in Little Toyko* (1991) with Dolph Lundgren and *Rapid Fire* (1992) with Powers Boothe.

## *The Crow*, and his death
Lee  played Eric Draven in The Crow, a movie that derived from comic books of James O'Barr. In this movie, he played a murdered rock musician. But there were a series of mishaps during the scene of shooting. Lee was performing his death scene for the movie. He was supposed to perform shoot to death by a prop gun, but the bullet in the prop gun was real and it pierced through his abdomen. Then, he died on March 31, 1993 because of his injuries. Then he was buried next to his father in Seattle on April 3, 1993. And The Crow was released the next year after additional scenes were shot to complete the movie.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Brandon Lee talk
* Brandon Lee
Matt Dillon

**Matthew Raymond "Matt" Dillon** (born February 18, 1964) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He began acting in the late 1970s, gained fame as a teen idol during the 1980s, and made a successful career as an adult actor in the decades following, ending in an Oscar nomination for his acting in the film *Crash*.

## Other websites 
* 
* Scotsman.com interview (November 13, 2005)
* About.com interview  (May 3, 2005)
* BeliefNet interview (2003)
* Cigar Aficionado interview  (October 31, 1996)
Ashlee Simpson

**Ashlee Simpson** (born October 3, 1984) is an American pop rock singer, songwriter, actress, and dancer. She is the younger sister of pop singer Jessica Simpson. Ashlee started dancing at the age of 4 and by the time she was 11 enjoyed the status of being the youngest person ever admitted to the prestigious School of American Ballet. In 1999, when she was 14 years old, she moved to Los Angeles with her family for her sister's career and instantly began her own career by working as a backup dancer for Jessica.

Ashlee's first album, *Autobiography*, was released in 2004. She also starred in her own reality series *The Ashlee Simpson Show*. Simpson was criticized when she used a pre-recorded vocal track for a performance on *Saturday Night Live* in October 2004. Simpson released another album in 2005 called *I Am Me*. In May 2008, Ashlee married Pete Wentz, from the band Fall Out Boy. Their son, Bronx Mowgli, was born in November 2008. In February 2011, Simpson-Wentz filed for divorce. On October 29, 2020, she gave birth to another son named Ziggy Blu.

## References
Peripheral nervous system

The **peripheral nervous system**, or **PNS**, is part of the nervous system. It consists of the nerves and ganglia which are outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the  limbs and organs. 

The PNS is not protected by bone like the central nervous system. Therefore it is exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). But the enteric nervous system (ENS) can be seen as a third branch of its own and not as part of the autonomic nervous system. 

* The SNS coordinates your body's movement, receiving external stimuli, and regulates everything under conscious control. 
* The ANS controls all automatic actions. That means that it controls all reflexes and actions during sleep. 
* The ENS controls the gastrointestinal system.

## References
IKEA

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**IKEA** is a multinational furniture company that was founded by Ingvar Kamprad, from Sweden. The name IKEA is an acronym from the name **I**ngvar **K**amprad, **E**lmtaryd (the farm where he grew up), and **A**gunnaryd (his hometown in Småland, southern Sweden).

## History
The company was started in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad (1926-2018) when he was seventeen years old as a mostly mail-order sales business. From the beginning, the company was selling items such as pens, picture frames, clocks, jewellery, nylon stocking, wallets and whatnot. After an order, Kamprad would often deliver it himself. By 1947 it started selling furniture and by 1958 the first IKEA store was opened in Älmhult, Småland. The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969). The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974).

## References 
## Other websites
*www.IKEA.se
Saint Mesrob

**Saint Mesrop Mashtots** (also Mesrob, Mashtotz, , 360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian Christian monk. He invented the Armenian alphabet in the year 406. He was a theologian and linguist. This invention was a basic and important step in strengthening three things for the Armenian identity: the Armenian Church, the government of the Armenian Kingdom, and connections between the Armenian Kingdom and Armenians living in the Byzantine and Iranian Empires.  He is best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet  AD, which was a fundamental step in strengthening Armenian national identity. He is also considered to be the creator of the Caucasian Albanian and Georgian alphabets by some scholars.

## Movies
* 1988: *Mesrop Mashtots* Film documentary Armenfilm 35mm, color () Director Levon Mkrtchyan,script by Artashes Martirosyan,the composer Sarkis Alajajyan,narration by Sos Sargisyan.

## References
Spinal cord

The **spinal cord** is a bundle of nerves that go to and from the brain. It is enclosed in and protected by the bony vertebral column. The main function of the spinal cord is  of neural inputs between the periphery and the brain.

## Spinal cord segments 
Humans have 31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves, each roughly corresponding to a segment of the vertebral column. The spinal nerve emerges from the spinal column through an opening *between* adjacent vertebrae. Outside the vertebral column, the nerve divides into branches.

The nerves for incoming sensory information are bundled separately from nerves for outgoing motor instructions for muscles. The system serves the autonomic nervous system as well as the motor activities which we control consciously.

## Additional images 

 Image:Gray663.png|Diagrams of the spinal cord.
 Image:Gray664.png|Cross-section through the spinal cord at the mid-thoracic level.

## Other websites 
* Spinal Cord Histology  - A multitude of great Images from the University of Cincinnati
* Spinal Cord Medical Notes  - Online medical notes on the Spinal Cord
* eMedicine: Spinal Cord, Topographical and Functional Anatomy
* WebMD. May 17, 2005. Spina Bifida - Topic Overview  Information about Spina Bifida in fetuses and throughout adulthood. WebMD children's health. Retrieved March 19, 2007.
* Spinal cord -Citizendium
Airbus A340

The **Airbus A340** is a long-range four-engined widebody commercial passenger airplane manufactured by Airbus S.A.S. a subsidiary of EADS. It is similar in design to the twin-engined A330.

There are 4 variants of this model:
The A340-200 (which is the shortest), the A340-300, the A340-500 and the longest one the A340-600. The A340-600 is one of the longest passenger planes in the world. 

Having four engines, the A340 uses more fuel than many other aircrafts. However, that also mean it does not have to pass the ETOPS (extended range twin operations) test to fly long range. 

The Airbus A340 is no longer in production as it was replaced by the more efficient Airbus A350 XWB. 

The Airbus A340 is well known for being very safe, only having six hull losses. 
File:Virgin Atlantic Airways Airbus A340-642 G-VNAP at JFK Airport.jpg|"A Big Virgin Atlantic Thank You" A340 of Virgin Atlantic 
File:A340 D-AIHK EDDF 2009-08-09.jpg|An A340 of Lufthansa
File:Airbus A340-541, Emirates AN1429538.jpg|An Emirates A340
File:A340-600.jpg|An Iberia A340
Danny Saucedo

**Danny Saucedo** (born **Daniel Gabriel Alessandro Saucedo Grzechowski** on 25 February 1986 in Stockholm, Stockholms Län, Sweden) is a Swedish singer who competed as one of the finalists in **Pop Idol** — the Swedish version of **Idol**. His two songs charted on the official Swedish singles chart. '"Öppna Din Dörr"' (Tommy Nilsson cover) peaked at No. 24 in 2006 and *Tokyo* (credit to Danny) was two weeks at No. 1 in 2007.

## Other websites
Providence

**Providence** may mean:

## Entertainment
* *Providence* (1977 movie), a French/Swiss film
* *Providence* (1991 movie), an American/Canadian film starring Keanu Reeves
* Providence (band), 1970s-era American band
* *Providence* (TV series), an 1999–2002 NBC television series starring Melina Kanakaredes
* Providence (Wildstorm) is a fictional comic book character, part of the Wildstorm comic company
* Providence (comics) is a fictional island, part of the Marvel Comics company
* *Outside Providence*, a 1988 book and 1999 film by Peter Farrelly
* "Providence", a Sonic Youth song that appears on their 1988 album *Daydream Nation*
* *Providence*, a novel by Geoffrey Wolff

## Organizations
* Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
* Providence College and Theological Seminary, Otterburne, Manitoba, Canada
* Providence Health & Services, an American health care system which runs hospitals in Oregon, Washington, Montana, California, and Alaska
* Providence Health Care, operator of health care facilities in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
* Providence Health Care Centre, a Toronto, Ontario, Canada health care facility, specializing in rehabilitation

## Places
### In the United States
* Providence, Alabama
* Providence, Kentucky
* Providence, New York
* Providence (Caswell County), North Carolina
* Providence (Granville County), North Carolina
* Providence (McDowell County), North Carolina
* Providence (Mecklenburg County), North Carolina
* Providence, Rhode Island, the largest and best-known city with this name
* Providence, Utah
* Providence County, Rhode Island
* Providence, Ohio

### Other places
* Providence Atoll in the Republic of Seychelles
* Providence Island of the Republic of Colombia

## Religion
* Divine Providence, by the influence of God
* Providence Ministries, a Progressive Southern Gospel group based in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, United States
* Providence Ministries, a Dalton Georgia Christian outreach program.
* Providence (religion) the name of Jung Myung Seok's new religious movement.
* The Sisters of Providence are an international order of Roman Catholic sisters headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and founded in 1843 by Mother Emilie Gamelin.

## Other
* USS *Providence*
Autonomic nervous system

The **autonomic nervous system** (ANS) controls the conditions inside the body. It is sometimes called the 'visceral nervous system' or 'involuntary nervous system'. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system.

ANS controls all automatic actions. That means that it controls all reflexes and actions during sleep.

Most of its activities are done without the person having conscious control over them. The person usually cannot feel what the ANS is doing. However, some of the ANS's activities work together with the conscious mind, like breathing. 

The ANS controls many different things, like heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, the discharge of urine, and erection.

There are two different sections within the ANS:
* The sympathetic nervous system, which causes the body to become more active as in the "fight or flight" response. The sympathetic nervous system uses a lot of energy. 
* The parasympathetic nervous system, which is mostly involved in "rest and digest". It usually conserves energy.

## Other websites 
* Overview at arizona.edu 
* ANS Medical Notes on rahulgladwin.com 
* Explanations on the ANS by Dyansys, Inc. 

## Further reading 
* Michael D. Gershon 1998. *The second brain*. HarperCollins, New York.
Central nervous system

The **central nervous system** (**CNS**) is the largest part of the nervous system. It is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.

Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has an important role in the control of behaviour. The CNS is protected by bone in the dorsal cavity, the brain in the cranial subcavity, and the spinal cord in the spinal canal.

## Parts of the vertebrate CNS 
## Related pages 
* Vertebrate brain
* Morphine

## Other websites 
* Sylvius: 400+ structure neuroanatomical visual glossary; used by over half of U.S. medical schools
* High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases 
* Human Brains: A Learning Tool .
* Explaining the human nervous system .
* Nervous System - Back Pain - Anatomy (info on nerve pairs) .
* Textbook in Medical Physiology And Pathophysiology, many links 
* Brain and Cranial Nerves, Anatomy and Physiology Lecture, Northland Community College 
* Latest Research on the Brain and Central Nervous System From ScienceDaily
Daniel Lindström

**Daniel Lindström** (born January 30, 1978) is a Swedish singer from Umeå. He won the Swedish Idol 2004 contest against Darin Zanyar. His first single, "Coming True", sold double platinum. His self-titled album, released in December 2004, was at the top of the Swedish pop charts. The new album *Nån slags verklighet* (*Some kind of reality*) contains songs written in Swedish by the singer himself. Daniel Lindström was the first winner of the Swedish Idol series.
Agnes Carlsson

**Agnes Carlsson** (born March 6, 1988 in Vänersborg; better known by her stage name **Agnes**) is a Swedish singer who rose to popularity after winning *Idol 2005*, the Swedish version of *Pop Idol*, shown by TV4. The October 10, 2006 SVT confirmed that Agnes would participate in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2007 with her song "More than a girl", but she got disqualified because she talked about the song in an interview with Aftonbladet. She is the third only Idol winner who was previously a *Wildcard* on the show, next to Canada's Ryan Malcolm and Kazakhstan's Almas Kishkenbayev. Agnes advanced to the finals as the jury's choice. She has released a song called "Release Me", which became a huge hit for Agnes.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
#### As lead artist
#### As featured artist
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
Pop Idol

***Pop Idol*** was a British television series that was first shown on ITV on October 5, 2001. The show was a talent contest to decide the best new young pop singer, or 'pop idol', in the United Kingdom, based on viewer voting and participation. There were two series of *Pop Idol*. The first was from October 2001 - February 2002. The winner was  Will Young; the runner-up was Gareth Gates. The second series was in 2003. It was won by Michelle McManus.

The *Idol* series has become an international franchise. It has spun off many successful shows such as *Idol*, *American Idol*, *Canadian Idol*, *Australian Idol*, *Idols West Africa*, *Indian Idol*, *Indonesian Idol*, *New Zealand Idol*, *Philippine Idol*, *Pinoy Idol*, Hay superstar, *Nouvelle Star*, *Deutschland sucht den SuperStar*, *Singapore Idol*, *Malaysian Idol*, *Music Idol*, *Idols South Africa*, *Ídolos Brazil*, *Ídolos Portugal*, and others. It also had a world version named World Idol.
Michelle Williams (singer)

**Tenitra Michelle Williams** (born July 23, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She was a background singer for Monica, before rising to fame as part of the successful Grammy Award-winning R&B girl group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time, selling over 100 million records worldwide. 

Williams played the character Shug Avery in the play *The Color Purple*. She was a contestant in the 2010 series of British reality television show *Strictly Come Dancing*.

In 2013, she made a return to inspirational music with the lead single, *If We Had Your Eyes* from her upcoming fourth studio album titled *Journey to Freedom*.
Rachel Smith

**Rachel Renee Smith** (born April 18, 1985 in Panama) is a beauty queen from Clarksville, Tennessee. She won the Miss USA contest in 2007. She had previously competed in the Miss Teen USA contest. She represented the USA in the Miss Universe pageant in 2007.
## Early life
 2011]]
Smith was born on a U.S. Army base in Panama. She lived in Clarksville, TN after her parents were stationed at Fort Campbell. She attended Clarksville Academy and graduated from Davidson Academy for high school.

Smith graduated *magna cum laude* from Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee in 2006 with a Bachelor of Science in journalism. Smith graduated a semester early, in December 2006. She received a full tuition scholarship to attend Belmont due to her community service activities and academic achievements throughout high school. While she was at Belmont, she interned for eight months with Chicago-based Harpo Productions, a company owned by Oprah Winfrey. In January 2007, it was announced that she had been chosen by Winfrey to volunteer for one month at her Leadership Academy for Girls.

## References
Natalie Glebova

**Natalie Glebova**, (born November 11, 1981) is a Russian Canadian beauty queen. She held the title Miss Universe 2005.

## Other websites
*new official web site by Natalie Glebova
*Healthy Happy Beautiful - Book by Natalie Glebova
*Natalie Glebova - Magazines Gallery 
*
Kelly Rowland

**Kelendria Trene" Kelly" Rowland** (born February 11, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, model and occasional actress, who rose to fame as one of the founding members of the successful R&B girl group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time.

Her total sales (LP, EP, compilation, video album and singles) surpassed 100 million worldwide (60 with the group, 40 as solo and featured artist). Rowland has released four solo albums. Her first album *Simply Deep* is her most successful album. Rowland had her only number one on the album, "Dilemma".

Rowland's parents separated when she was seven. She and her mother moved to Houston when she was eight.

In 2011, Kelly Rowland was a judge on *The X Factor UK*. The following year, she became a judge on the American version.

## Album 
## Single 
## Notes
## References
Petros Duryan

**Petros Duryan** (1851-1872) an Armenian poet and actor. His father was an blacksmith in Istanbul. He died of Tuberculosis at the age of 21. 

## Other websites 
* Petros Duryan at ArmenianHouse.org
Adriana Lima

**Adriana Lima** (born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian supermodel. She is well known for her work with underwear company Victoria's Secret.

## Early life and family 
Adriana Lima was born in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil on June 12, 1981 and is an only child to her parents Nelson Torres and Maria da Graça Lima, a social worker.

When she was 6 months old, her father left her and her mother. She has not talked to him since then. Since 2007 she has been trying to meet with him again.

She is married to Serbian basketball player Marko Jarić, and they have two daughters. In early 2014, the couple announced that they have separated.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* DNA models
* Adrianazone.com
Simon Cowell

**Simon Phillip Cowell** (born 7 October 1959) is a British businessperson, entrepreneur, record executive and television personality. Simon Cowell is the A&R executive for Syco in the United Kingdom and the son of estate agent and music industry executive Eric Cowell Sr. and socialite Julie Brett. He was born in Lambeth, London and raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire. He is well known as a judge on television programmes *Pop Idol*, *The X Factor*, *American Idol* and ''Britain's Got Talent''. On these shows, Simon Cowell is known for saying that most of the contestants on the shows are not talented. He is known for joining activities in the television and music industries, having made singles and records for many performers. Cowell has launched the careers of several musical artists, most notably One Direction.

Although Simon Cowell says he has not voted in elections, he supported the Conservative Party in 2010. He is of Jewish heritage (his paternal grandmother was Polish-Jewish).

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Tengwar

**Tengwar** is a constructed writing system, invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. The tengwar is used in his fictional world Middle-earth, for example the book *The Lord of the Rings*. 
In the Quenya language, *tengwar* means "letters", *tengwa* is the singular and means "letter".

The tengwar are used to write some of Tolkien's constructed languages, like for example the elven languages Quenya and Sindarin. But Tolkien used the tengwar mostly for writing English. Because the tengwar is an alphabet, it can be used to write almost any language.

## History 
In the late 1910s, J. R. R. Tolkien developed the script *Sarati*, which was  already a bit similar to tengwar. The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The first published sample of tengwar writing was 1937 in *The Hobbit*, to so-called *The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription*. The full explanation of the tengwar was published in 1955 in Appendix E of *The Lord of the Rings*. 

## Modes and sounds
The tengwar have a certain order, and are usually shown in a table/chart. They are sorted by how they look, which is also connected to how they sound. Because it is an alphabet, every tengwa means a sound. The main tengwar letters are placed into four vertical series (*témar*) and six horizontal rows (*tyeller*).

There are different ways to write with tengwar, which are called "modes". Between these modes there are differences, sometimes only a few and sometimes many differences. In different modes, the tengwar sometimes mean different sounds. In some modes the tengwar are used for vowels and consonants; and in other modes the tengwar are only used for the consonants, and the vowels are marked by signs above or below the tengwa, as in abugida writing. These vowel signs are called ***tehtar*** ("signs"; singular: *tehta*, "sign").
There are different modes to write the different Middle-earth languages. People have also made new modes to write English and other modern languages with the tengwar.

The tengwar is written in a table/chart with the way the letters sound. For example, if the sound comes from the front of the mouth it is in 1 row. Each column is for the sounds that come from the nose, throat, or lips.

## Use
Tolkien used the tengwar to write texts for his fictional world Middle-earth and other things. He used it to write in the languages he invented (for example Quenya and Sindarin), but also used the tengwar to write English. 

After Tolkien's Middle-earth books became famous, people also got interest in his languages and writing scripts. The tengwar are used by fans to write new things, or to re-write existing texts with tengwar.

## Related pages
*J. R. R. Tolkien
*Middle-earth
Stepchild

**Stepchild** could mean:
*The daughter or son in a stepfamily
*"Stepchild", a song by Solomon Burke from his 2002 album ''Don't Give Up on Me*
*"Stepchild", a song by Billie Jo Spears from her 1969 album *Miss Sincerity''
Meänkieli dialects

**Meänkieli** (also known as *Tornedalian*, meaning "our language") is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in the River Torne valley in the north of Sweden, above the Arctic Circle. It is an official minority language of Sweden. The language could be seen as a mix between Finnish and Swedish, since it has been changed a lot by Swedish.

For many years, Swedish was the only language to be taught in the schools of the Torne Valley. The population became bilingual. They spoke both Finnish and Swedish, but they were mostly only able to write in Swedish. Today many people in the younger generations only speak Swedish. Since 1999, Meänkieli has been an official minority language of Sweden.

Since there are no Swedish statistics of the population's native languages, it is not known how many Meänkieli speakers there are. Taking statistics is also a bit controversial, as many people consider the language to be a dialect of Finnish.

## References
Prosencephalon

The **prosencephalon** (or **forebrain**), the mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) are the three primary portions of the brain of vertebrates. They develop very early during development of the central nervous system.

When the embryonic prosencephalon fails to divide the brain into two lobes, it results in a condition known as holoprosencephaly.

## Other websites
* Sylvius: 400+ structure neuroanatomical visual glossary; used by over half of U.S. medical schools
* High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases
Toni Braxton

**Toni Michelle Braxton** (born October 7, 1967 in Severn, Maryland) is an American singer and actress . She has won seven Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, and five *Billboard Music Awards*. She is known as famous with her husky contralto vocal range. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) named Braxton as one of the top selling artists of all time. She has sold over 70 million records worldwide.

Braxton's first album *Toni Braxton* (1993) reached number one on the US *Billboard* 200 albums chart. *Toni Braxton* was certified 8x platinum by the RIAA. The album sold over 10 million worldwide. Her second album *Secrets* (1996) also reached number one on the *Billboard* 200 albums chart. Her two singles "You're Makin' Me High" and "Un-Break My Heart" reached number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100 songs chart.

Her third album *The Heat* was released in 2000. The album did not reach number one unlike her previous albums. Her next album *More Than a Woman* (2002) reached the top ten on the *Billboard* 200 chart. Braxton named her album *More Than a Woman* in respect for American singer Aaliyah, who died in a plane crash the year before. Aaliyah's family had released a single with the same name after her death. Braxton released her fifth album *Libra* in 2005. The album's cover was listed as one of the "Sexiest Album Covers" by *Maxim* magazine. The album did better than her last album. *Libra* reached number four on the *Billboard* 200 albums chart. The song "Stupid", from *Libra* was one of the songs used by Tyler Perry for his movie *Diary of a Mad Black Woman* (2005).

Braxton left the music industry but returned in 2009. She released her sixth album *Pulse*. It reached number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, but it was a top ten hit on the *Billboard* 200. Braxton was a contestant on the seventh season of the reality television show *Dancing with the Stars*. She was voted off in the fifth week. On October 6, 2010, Braxton filed for bankruptcy again. A reality television series called *Braxton Family Values* aired on WE TV in 2011. The show is about the personal life of the Braxton family. There has been two complete seasons of the show. On September 18, 2011, Braxton was included in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.

## Discography 
* 1993: *Toni Braxton*
* 1996: *Secrets*
* 2000: *The Heat*
* 2001: *Snowflakes*
* 2002: *More Than a Woman*
* 2003: *Ultimate Toni Braxton*
* 2004: *Platinum & Gold*
* 2005: *Libra*
* 2007: *The Essential Toni Braxton*
* 2010: *Pulse*
* 2014: *Love, Marriage & Divorce (with Babyface)*
* 2018: *Sex & Cigarettes*
* 2020: *Spell my Name*

## Movie career 
* 2001: *Kingdom Come* - Juanita Slocumb
* 2002: ''Play'd: A Hip Hop Story* (TV) - Shonda
* 2005: *Kevin Hill* (3 Episodes, TV Series) - Terry Knox
* 2012: *The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure'' - Rosalie Rosebud

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Facebook
* 
* 
*
Teri Hatcher

**Teri Lynn Hatcher** (born December 8, 1964) is an Emmy-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress and author. She gained attention for her role as Lois Lane in the television series *Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman* co-starring with Dean Cain. Hatcher is also well known for portraying Susan Mayer, in *Desperate Housewives*, an accident-prone divorcee. She is also a "Bond Girl", having played Paris Carver in *Tomorrow Never Dies* in 1997.
Felicity Huffman

**Felicity Huffman** (born December 9, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American movie and television actress and convicted felon. She is well known for her role as Lynette Scavo, a busy mother on the ABC television show *Desperate Housewives*. A year later, her role as a trans woman in the independent film *Transamerica* was praised by many critics and earned her a Golden Globe Award.

## Personal life
Huffman dated actor William H. Macy on and off for 15 years before they married on September 6, 1997. They have three children, Sophia, Georgia and James. She has appeared on television, in movies, and on stage many times with her husband; the couple each received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 7, 2012.

On March 12, 2019, Huffman was arrested in connection with an alleged nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal, charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud, and released on $250,000 bail. She reported to prison and began her sentence on October 15, 2019. She was released from prison on October 25, 2019.

## References
Destiny's Child

'''Destiny's Child''' was a three-time Grammy Award-winning American R&B girl group. They were founded in Houston, Texas. They formed in 1997. Originally a quartet called Girl's Tyme, the group eventually became a trio whose members were Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. According to the World Music Awards, Destiny's Child is the best selling female group of all time. On June 12, 2005, they announced on tour in Barcelona that they would no longer be performing together, but pursuing individual careers in music, theatre, television and film.

They disbanded in 2006. Destiny's Child has sold in total 130 million worldwide including albums, video albums and singles; its leader Beyoncé as a solo artist has sold over 250 million records ; Kelly Rowland has sold as a solo artist 60 million records worldwide.
With Michelle Williams as the lineup Destiny's Child sold more than 45 million records. They have reunited at various Beyoncé performances including Super Bowl, and Coachella.

## History
### 1998-2000
Destiny's Child released their first album, ''Destiny's Child*, in 1998. Their second album *The Writing's on the Wall'' was released in 1999. It was the band's last album with four members.

### 2001-2003
In 2001 *Survivor* was released. All of the album's four singles reached number one.

### 2004-2005
The band released their last album *Destiny Fulfilled* in 2004. Four singles were released from the album.

## Discography
## References
Joan Rivers

**Joan Alexandra Molinsky** (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), known professionally as **Joan Rivers**, was a comedian, talk show host, businesswoman, and celebrity. She was known for her tough manner and loud voice with a heavy New York accent. She was the National Chairwoman of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and was a board member of God's Love We Deliver. She won an Emmy Award in 1990.

## Personal life 
Rivers was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She was raised in Larchmont, New York. Rivers studied at Connecticut College and at Barnard College. Similar to how Phyllis Diller career began, Rivers' comedy act was mainly about bad things about herself.

A friend of Nancy and President Ronald Reagan, Rivers attended a state dinner in 1983, and later, at the invitation of Nancy, spoke at luncheon at the 1984 Republican National Convention.

She was married to James Sanger for a few months in 1955 before their marriage was annulled. She was married to Edgar Rosenberg from 1965 until his suicide in 1987. Rivers and Rosenberg had a daughter, Melissa Rivers.

On the morning of August 28, 2014, Rivers was rushed to the hospital after suffering from cardiac arrest during surgery on her throat in New York City. She was put on life support and was in a medically induced coma.

Rivers died on September 4, 2014, at the age of 81 from heart failure caused by respiratory and cardiac arrest. Her burial is at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* 
* 
*
Contiki

**Contiki** is a small, open source free operating system.  It was developed to be used in 8-bit computers and embedded systems.  It has a Graphical User Interface and the full installation needs about 30&nbsp;kilobytes of RAM.

The name *Contiki* comes from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft.

The basic kernel and most of the core functions were developed by Adam Dunkels at the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

## Features 
A full installation of Contiki includes the following features:
* Multitasking kernel
* Optional per-application pre-emptive multithreading
* Protothreads
* TCP/IP networking
* Windowing system and GUI
* Networked remote display using Virtual Network Computing
* A web browser (claimed to be the world's smallest)
* Personal web server
* Simple telnet client
* Screensaver

More applications planned include:
* an email program
* an Internet Relay Chat client

## Ports 
The Contiki operating system has been or is being ported to the following systems:
* Computers:
** Apple II family*
** Atari 8-bit*
** Atari ST
** Atari Portfolio
** Casio Pocketview
** Commodore PET*
** Commodore VIC 20*
** Commodore 64*
** Commodore 128*
** GP32
** PC-6001
** Sharp Wizard
** x86-based Unix-like systems, on top of GTK+ as well as directly using the X Window System
 cc65 based development
* Video game consoles:
** PC Engine
** Sega Dreamcast
** Sony PlayStation
* Handheld game consoles:
** Nintendo Game Boy
** Nintendo Game Boy Advance
* Microcontrollers:
** Atmel AVR
** TI MSP430

## Related pages
## References
Nicollette Sheridan

**Nicollette Sheridan** (born **Colette Sheridan** on 21 November 1963) is a Golden Globe nominated British actress. She was born in Worthing, Sussex. In 1973, when Nicollette Sheridan was 10 years of age, she moved from England to the United States.

She acts primarily on soap operas, movies and television. She is best known for her roles as **Paige Matheson** on *Knots Landing* and as the promiscuous **Edie Britt** on *Desperate Housewives*.

Sheridan has also worked as a voice actor in the animated series ‘The Legend of Tarzan’ (2001), ‘Fly Me to the Moon’ (2008), and ‘Noah’s Ark: The New Beginning’ (as ‘Zenna,’ 2012). After appearing in ‘Hallmark Channel’s 2011 movie ‘Honeymoon for One,’ she co-produced and starred in their next film, ‘The Christmas Spirit’ (2013).

## Other websites
*
*
*

## References
Melissa Rivers

**Melissa Rivers** (born **Melissa Warburg Rosenberg**; January 20, 1968) is an American television co-host for fashion and red carpet interviews on cable and satellite television. She is a former host of the E! cable network. She also worked for a TV Guide channel with her mother, comedian Joan Rivers.

## References
Queen Silvia of Sweden

**Queen Silvia** (born **Silvia Renate Sommerlath**; 3 December 1943) is the Queen of Sweden through her marriage to King Carl XVI Gustaf, and the mother of Princess Victoria. Her father was German and her mother was Brazilian. Silvia was born in Heidelberg.

She also make efforts for charitable organizations, human rights, and sign language, and opposes child sexual abuse and child pornography.

## Children 
Queen Silvia has three children.
* Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
* Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland
* Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland

## Titles 
19 June 1976 *Her  Majesty  The Queen* of Sweden
Marcia Cross

**Marcia Anne Cross** (born March 25, 1962 in Marlborough, Massachusetts) is an Emmy and Golden Globe Award-nominated American actress. She graduated from Juilliard and earned a master's degree in psychology at Antioch University in Los Angeles. In 2005, she was nominated for her first Emmy for her work as Bree Hodge, the "perfect" Housewife on *Desperate Housewives*. In December 2006, Cross earned her third consecutive  for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy Series with the series.

In June 2019, Cross revealed that she suffered from anal cancer, and was now in remission.

## References
Hermeskeil

**Hermeskeil** is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
About 5,000 people live there.

## References
## Other websites
Reinsfeld

at Reinsfeld]]

**Reinsfeld** is a village in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. 
About 2,000 people live there.