open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jonas Brothers

The **Jonas Brothers** are an American pop band from Wyckoff, New Jersey. It is made up of three brothers: Kevin Jonas, Joe, and Nick. The group was formed in 2005. They released four albums before disbanding: ''It's About Time* in 2006, *Jonas Brothers* in 2007, *A Little Bit Longer* in 2008, and *Lines, Vines and Trying Times* in 2009.

The band reunited in 2019, releasing the song "Sucker" as the lead single from their new album, *Happiness Begins*.  *Happiness Begins* entered at number one on the *Billboard'' 200. "Sucker" became their first chart-topper.

## Albums 
* It's About Time (2006)
* Jonas Brothers (2007)
* A Little Bit Longer (2008)
* Lines, Vines and Trying Times (2009)
* Happiness Begins (2019)
* The Album (2023)
* Greetings from Your Hometown (2025)

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site
* RIAA Certification Database
Frugivore

A **frugivore** is an animal that prefers to eat fruit.

## Plant and frugivore relationship 
The fruit is part of a plant's sexual reproduction cycle. Plants spend a lot of energy and nutrients in creating fruit. Fruit is produced to attract animals into eating the fruit. The animal digests the pulp but not the seeds, ensuring the plant's genes are spread wherever the animal goes. Seeds can also be germinated by falling near the mother plant. Some seeds must pass through the digestive system (the stomach and intestines) before they can germinate.

Frugivores have also evolved in different ways to eat different fruit; some use teeth, others long beaks or short beaks.

## Examples of frugivores 
Many birds eat both fruits and insects which makes them omnivores. Mammals may eat both fruits and protein, or eat mostly fruit or nectar, such as many bats. One primate group is essentially herbivore/frugivore, the Owl Monkeys. They live in a non-seasonal area of the Amazon that supports a constant supply of fruiting trees. Elsewhere, an exclusively frugivore diet is impossible and is supplemented by insects or rougher plant matter. Some people say that humans are frugivores; this is unlikely given the evolution of man in the dry tropical region of the Rift Valley. However, the climate in the Rift valley at the time of our evolution was likely a tropical rainforest. That said, almost all primates and even carnivores will travel great distances to feast when a fruit tree has dropped its ripened fruit. Many species will remember the exact fruiting date and location of a fruiting tree which highlights fruits great nutritional benefit. Some people promote a frugivore diet for humans.

## Further reading 
* Levey, D. J., W. R. Silva, and M. Galetti (editors) 2002. *Seed dispersal and frugivory : ecology, evolution, and conservation* New York : CABI Pub. 511 p.&nbsp;

## Other websites 
View on diet and health at NHE Self-Health Care Systems: Biological Adaptations
Artificial turf

in 2025.]]
**Artificial turf**, or **synthetic turf**, is a man-made (something made by humans) surface made from synthetic materials, made to look like natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that are normally played on grass. However, it is also used on lawns and in commercial applications. The main advantage of artificial turf is low cost of maintenance as there is no need to water it and trim it. Disadvantages include toxicity, limited lifetime, and the requirement for cleaning. Artificial turf is extremely popular in sporting industry - especially in US and regions where weather or heavy use makes it difficult to sustain high quality live turf.

Artificial grass was first used in 1966 when it was installed in the Houston Astrodome, the world’s first domed indoor multipurpose sports stadium. During the stadium’s inaugural season in 1965 its real grass failed to grow. By the second half of the season the field conditions were so bad that they installed artificial grass, called "Astroturf".

## Environmental issues 
There are several environmental concerns associated with artificial turf including loss of wildlife habitat, contaminated runoff, and migration of synthetic materials. Contaminants that are harmful to aquatic life, such as zinc, have been found in storm water runoff from artificial turf. Both infill particles and broken synthetic grass fibers can migrate away from yards or playing fields, contributing to microplastic pollution.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Rubber pollution in a domestic environment . This article looks at how rubber crumb affects the environment.
*List of the major synthetic turf benefits
List of mathematical symbols

The list below has some of the most common symbols in mathematics. However, these symbols can have other meanings in different contexts other than math.

## Related page 
* SimpleWiki: Common (non-universal) naming conventions of variables
* SimpleWiki: List of mathematical constants
** Math symbols that have an associated *value* (rather than being an operator like +)
** RegularWiki: List of mathematical constants
* RegularWiki: Glossary of mathematical symbols

## Other websites 
* Mathematical Symbols — Math Vault
* Math Symbols List —
Italian language in Croatia

The Italian language is the third most spoken language (after Croatian and Serbian) in the Republic of Croatia today. It is an officially recognized minority language in Istria County (where it is spoken by 7.69% of the population).

## Speaker Population
The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians in the country (some .44% of the total population). Ethnologue reported 70,000 speakers in 1998: 40,000 ethnic Italians and 30,000 ethnic Croats and Istrian people. Native Italian speakers are largely concentrated along the Adriatic coast. In addition, roughly 120,000 Italian tourists visit Croatia each year, so many in the service and tourist industries have some knowledge of the language.As the 3/4 of the Italian community is concentrated in Istria, according to Ethnologue's estimates ( 70.000 ),  at least 20% of the population of Istria is Italian mother tongue, although many simply declare themselves as  Istrian.

Historically, the language had a much larger population than it does now. Italians have lived on the Adriatic coast for hundreds of years, and Istria was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1919 until 1947. However the Istrian exodus after the Second World War and Yugoslavian ethnic cleansing in the form of the Foibe massacres forced the greater part of the Istrian Italians to flee to Italy.
During the Italian exodu, about 350000 people left Istria, Dalmatia and the isles of Croatia.

## Italian in Use
Government services are provided in Italian and Croatian in Istria County, including the official government website (which is also available in English). There are four Italian-language schools in Istria: primary schools in Buje (Buie) and Novigrad (Cittanova) and secondary schools in Pula (Pola) and Rovinj (Rovigno).

## Related pages 
* Dalmatian Italians
* Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
* Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
* List of Italian place names in Dalmatia

## References
*Ethnologue Report for Italian
*Region of Istria Official Website
*Republic of Croatia Central Bureau of Statistics
Mumtaz Mahal

**Arjumand Banu Begum**, also called **Mumtaz Mahal** (27 April 1593 – 17 June 1631) was the second wife of Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor. Mumtaz Mahal (meaning *Jewel of the palace* in Persian) was the nickname her husband gave to her.

## Life  
Mumtaz Mahal was born in April 1593 in Agra, India. Her father was the Persian noble Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur Jahan, the Mughal Empress wife of Jahangir.

Mumtaz betrothed (nikah) with shah jahan at the age of 14 in 1607 when Shah Jahan was 15, Shah Jahan, later married two other women.May 10, 1612 at the age of 19 the official marriage ceremony was held.

## Marriage 
]]
Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal were married for 19 years. They had thirteen children together. 7 of the children died at birth or at a very young age. Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan and his army as he carried out military campaigns. Mumtaz Mahal supported Shah Jahan and they respected each other very much. Mumtaz Mahal died on June 17, 1631 in Burhanpur in the Deccan (now in Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum.

## Death 
She had been with her husband as he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was kept at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad. A popular story says that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a symbol or a monument to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone else. The emperor promised immediately. Her body was buried in the Taj Mahal in Agra. It is also belived that Mumtaz Mahal died, aged 38, while giving birth to Gauhara Begum in Burhanpur, the cause of death being Postpartum hemorrhage, which caused considerable blood-loss after a painful labour of thirty hours. Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so distressed by her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to the poor, hoping for divine intervention and Shah Jahan, himself, was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits.

### Effects 
After she died, Shah Jahan went into mourning for 2 years. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, Jahanara Begum, slowly brought him out of mourning and took the place of Mumtaz at court.

## References
Newgrange

**Newgrange** is a Megalithic Passage Tomb at Newgrange, County Meath, Republic of Ireland. It was built about 3200 BC. The kidney shaped mound covers an area of over one acre, 83 metres in diameter and 13 metres in height, and is surrounded by 97 kerbstones, some of which are decorated with megalithic art. The 19 metre long inner passage leads to a cruciform chamber with a corbelled roof. It is estimated that the construction of the Passage Tomb at Newgrange would have taken a work force of 300 at least 20 years.

The passage and chamber of Newgrange are lit up by the winter solstice sunrise. A shaft of sunlight shines through the roof box over the entrance and penetrates the passage to light up the chamber. The dramatic event lasts for 17 minutes at dawn on the Winter Solstice and for a few mornings either side of the Winter Solstice.

Admission to the Newgrange chamber for the Winter Solstice sunrise is by lottery, application forms are available at the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. For the 2007 draw 28,106 applications were submitted. In September each year, 50 names are drawn with 2 places are awarded to each name drawn.

## Megalithic mounds
Megalithic mounds such as Newgrange entered Irish mythology as sídhe or fairy mounds. Newgrange was said to be the home of Oenghus, the god of love. The Passage Tomb at Newgrange was re-discovered in 1699 by the removal of material for road building. A major excavation of Newgrange began in 1962; the original facade of sparkling white quartz was rebuilt using stone found at the site.

## World heritage site
Newgrange has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and attracts 200,000 visitors per year. There is no direct access to the Passage Tomb at Newgrange, access is by guided tour from the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre located close to the village of Donore, Co. Meath. The last tour of Newgrange is 90 minutes before closing time of the Visitor Centre.

## Newgrange chamber
Images from inside the chamber at Newgrange including the tri-spiral design on orthostat C10 which is probably the most famous Irish Megalithic symbol. It is often referred to as a Celtic design, but it was carved at least 2500 years before the Celts reached Ireland. At 12&nbsp;inches in diameter the tri-spiral design is quite small in size, less than one-third the size of the tri-spiral design on the entrance stone.

## References
Earthsea

**Earthsea** is a fictional place made by Ursula K. Le Guin for her short story "The Word of Unbinding" in 1964, but that became more famous in her book *A Wizard of Earthsea*, first written in 1968. The books that follow *A Wizard of Earthsea* are *The Tombs of Atuan*, *The Farthest Shore*, *Tehanu*, *Tales from Earthsea* and *The Other Wind*. These are all set in the world of Earthsea

## Earthsea books 
* *A Wizard of Earthsea* (1968)
* *The Tombs of Atuan* (1972)
* *The Farthest Shore* (1974)
* *Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea* (1990)
* *Tales from Earthsea* (2001)
* *The Other Wind* (2001)
Hyperion Cantos

The **Hyperion Cantos** is a series of science fiction books that were written by Dan Simmons.

*Hyperion* received the Hugo Award for best novel in 1990 and *The Fall of Hyperion* was nominated for the Nebula Award for best novel in 1990. Three of the novels received the Locus Award for best science fiction novel: *Hyperion* (1990), *The Fall of Hyperion* (1991) and *The Rise of Endymion* (1998). The author recently said that a movie might be made about the series.

## Books 
* *Hyperion* (1989)
* *The Fall of Hyperion* (1990)
* *Endymion* (1996)
* *The Rise of Endymion* (1997)

## Short stories 
* *Orphans of the Helix*
* *Remembering Siri*
* *The Death of the Centaur*

## References
Hyperion

**Hyperion** is a Titan in Greek mythology.

**Hyperion** may also mean:

In **science**:
* Hyperion (moon), a moon of Saturn
* Hyperion (tree), world's tallest living tree

In **fiction**:
* Hyperion (poem), an unfinished epic poem by John Keats
* Hyperion (book), a science-fiction novel by Dan Simmons, in his *Hyperion Cantos* series
Hyperion (Simmons novel)

***Hyperion*** is a science fiction book that was written by Dan Simmons in 1989. It is the first book of his Hyperion Cantos series.  The book won the Hugo Award award in 1989 for best novel.

## References
Imam

in his prayer stool.]]
An **imam**  (; ) is an Islamic leader, often the leader of a mosque and/or community. Similarly to spiritual leaders, the imam is the person who leads the prayer during Islamic gatherings. More often the community turn to the mosque imam, if they have an Islamic question. In smaller communities an imam could be the community leader based on the community setting.

Shia Islam uses the term differently. Shiites give the title to only the one true leader of all the faithful.

## Other websites 
* Detailed description of the Shiite belief
* Graphical illustration of the Shia sects 
* List of Sunni Imams
* The Imam Movie
Endymion (Hyperion)

***Endymion*** is the third science fiction book written by Dan Simmons in his Hyperion Cantos series. The novel was extremely successful-within a year of its release, the book had been reprinted five times. The novel was nominated for the 1996 British Fantasy Award.

## References
The Rise of Endymion

**The Rise of Endymion** is a 1997 science fiction book by Dan Simmons. It is the fourth and last book in his *Hyperion Cantos* series. The book was nominated for the 1997 British Fantasy Award and the 1998 Hugo Award for Best Book.

## References
The Fall of Hyperion

***The Fall of Hyperion*** is the second science fiction book in his Hyperion Cantos series by Dan Simmons. It was written in 1990 and was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel that same year. It was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Book in 1991.
Predicate logic

In logic and philosophy, **predicate logic** is a system of mathematical logic. It uses predicates to express the state of certain things, which are "incomplete propositions" with a placeholder for objects or subjects that must be inserted in order to obtain a valid proposition. 

The term "predicate logic" has 2 meanings:

1. First order logic (more often used); 
2. Any logic(i.e. any formal logical system) that uses predicates.

Any predicate logic is different from propositional logic, in part because it has the concept of *quantifiers*. A quantifier is used in conjunction with a variable (say *x*) in order to talk about a general instance of x, and in doing so, this allows predicate logic to make statements about quantity.

The best-known quantifiers are the *existential quantifier*, represented by ∃, and the *universal quantifier*, represented by ∀. The existential quantifier is used to express statements of the form "there exists", and is true precisely when there is at least one mathematical object from the universe of discourse that matches the predicate or formula. On the other hand, the universal quantifier is used to express statements of the form "for all", and is true precisely when all possible mathematical objects of the universe of discourse match the specified predicate or formula.

In the notation of predicate logic, quantifiers directly precede (and thus introduce) variable names, which are then followed by other quantifiers or mathematical expressions, where the said variables are found. For example. one can use the expression \exists x \forall y Lyx to mean "there is a person *x* such that for all persons *y*, y likes x" ("everyone is liked by someone.").

## Examples 
\exist c\ (\text{Cat}(c) \and \text{isBlack}(c) \and \exist d\ (\text{Dog}(d) \and \text{likes}(c,d)))

can be read as: "There is at least one cat which is black, and which likes (one or more) dogs."

\neg\forall c\ (\text{Cat}(c) \to \forall d\ (\text{Dog}(d) \to \neg\text{likes}(c,d)))

can be read as: "It is not true that every cat doesn't like any dog."

\neg\exist c\ (\text{Cat}(c) \and \text{Dog}(c))

can be read as: "There does not exist a cat which is also a dog."

## Related pages 
* First order logic
* Fuzzy logic
* Rule of inference

## References
OpenZaurus

**OpenZaurus** is a Debian-based embedded Linux distribution for the Sharp Zaurus personal mobile tool PDA.

## Status 
On April 26, 2007, it was announced that the OpenZaurus project was over.  Future development efforts are to focus on the Ångström distribution for embedded systems.

## Related pages
* Familiar Linux
* Palm OS
* Pocket PC
* Windows Mobile

## References 
## Other websites 
* OpenZaurus project website
* Hentges.net OZ with updated OPIE releases
David Ortiz

**David Américo Ortiz Arias,** also went by David Arias, (born November 18, 1975 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic)  is a former Major League Baseball designated hitter who played for the Boston Red Sox. Ortiz used to play for the Minnesota Twins from -. Nicknamed "**Big Papi**" or "**Señor Papi**", Ortiz has played in four All-Star Games. He holds the Red Sox single-season record for home runs with 54, which he set during the 2006 season. He also won the 2010 Home Run Derby

## Early career
Ortiz graduated from Estudia Espaillat High School in the Dominican Republic. In 1992, he was signed by the Seattle Mariners who listed him as "David Arias" (possibly not understanding Spanish naming customs). In 1996, the Mariners received Dave Hollins from the Minnesota Twins for a player to be named later.  Later that season, the Mariners announced that the player to be named later would be Arias.  When Ortiz arrived in Minnesota, he informed the team that he preferred to be listed as "David Ortiz." He made his major league debut in September 1997. After moving up and down from the majors to the minors, Ortiz hit .272 with 20 home runs and 75 RBI in 2002, when the Twins lost in the American League Championship Series to the eventual World Series champions Anaheim Angels.

## Professional career
In 2003, Ortiz was traded to the Boston Red Sox.  He hit 31 home runs that season.  The Red Sox lost to the New York Yankees in the ALCS.  

Starting in 2004, however, Ortiz became known for his clutch hitting.  He hit two walk-off home runs in the postseason.  His first came when the Red Sox swept the Anaheim Angels in the American League Division Series.  He hit another walk-off home run in Game 4 of the ALCS against the Yankees.  And he also had a walk-off single in Game 5.  He was named ALCS MVP.  The Red Sox went on to win their first World Series since 1918.  They won three more World Series championships in 2007, 2013, and 2018 (the latter which was won after Ortiz retired).

In Game 2 of the 2013 ALCS against the Detroit Tigers, Ortiz hit a game-tying grand slam with two outs in the bottom of the eighth inning.

Ortiz retired after the 2016 season.  The Red Sox were swept by the Cleveland Indians in the ALDS that year.

## 2019 shooting
On June 9, 2019, Ortiz was shot in the Dominican Republic while at a club in Santo Domingo. Ortiz was "ambushed by a man who got off a motorcycle" and shot him in the back. He was hospitalized and underwent surgery.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites 
* Fan-driven, Red Sox social media site 
* Ten Questions for David Ortiz  on Time.com (a division of Time Magazine)
* Stephan and Big Papi
* David Ortiz Interview 
* Stephan and Big Papi
Dan Simmons

**Dan Simmons** (April 4, 1948 &ndash; February 21, 2026) was an American writer. He was best known for his Hugo Award-winning series called the Hyperion Cantos, and for his Locus Award-winning Ilium/Olympos cycle. He wrote in genres such as science fiction, horror and fantasy. He was born in Peoria, Illinois.

## Death
Simmons died on February 21, 2026 at his home in Longmont, Colorado from problems caused by a stroke at the age of 77.

## Books
### Hyperion Cantos series
# *Hyperion* (1989) - Hugo Award 1990, Locus Award 1990 (Science Fiction)
# *The Fall of Hyperion* (1990)
# *Endymion* (1996)
# *The Rise of Endymion* (1997)

### Ilium/Olympos cycle
# *Ilium* (2003) - Locus Award 2004
# *Olympos* (2005)

## References
Assamese language

**Assamese** ( ; romanized: *Ôxômiya*) () is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language, spoken most in the state of Assam in North-East India. It is also the main language of Assam. It is spoken in parts of Arunachal Pradesh and other northeast Indian states.

Assamese culture is deeply intertwined with the language, and it serves as a significant marker of Assamese identity. The language has borrowed vocabulary from various sources, including Sanskrit, Persian, and English, due to historical influences and interactions.

Assamese literature has produced renowned writers such as Lakshminath Bezbaroa, Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, and Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, who have made significant contributions to both regional and Indian literature.

In recent years, efforts have been made to promote and preserve the Assamese language and its cultural heritage, both within the state of Assam and among Assamese communities across the globe.

## References
Od language

**Od** (also called **Oad, Odki**) is a language spoken mostly about the Sindh and in a few in southern Punjab. It may also be spoken in Rajasthan, Republic of India.
Ilium/Olympos

***Ilium/Olympos*** is a science fiction series that was written by Dan Simmons. The events in the books are set in motion by beings who have taken on the roles of the Greek gods. The first book in the series, *Illium* received the Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel in 2004.

## Books 
There are two books in the series:
* *Ilium* (2003) - Locus Award 2004
* *Olympos* (2005)

## References
Ilium (book)

***Ilium*** is a science fiction book that was written by Dan Simmons.  It is the first part of the *Ilium/Olympos* cycle, and is about the re-creation of the events in the *Iliad* on Mars.

In July 2004, *Ilium* got the Locus Award for best science fiction novel of 2003. It was later nominated for the 2004 Hugo Award for best book.

## References
Olympos (book)

***Olympos*** is a book that was written by Dan Simmons in 2005, and is the sequel to *Ilium* It is a science fiction book that ends the series Ilium/Olympos. It uses ideas from the *Iliad* and the *Odyssey*.
Bashkir language

The **Bashkir language** (Native name:  ) is a Turkic language. Speakers of the Bashkir language mostly live in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan. A large number of speakers also live in Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Perm Krai, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, and Kurgan Oblasts.

## Alphabet 
Like other languages of Russia, Bashkir uses an alphabet made up of Cyrillic letters. The Bashkir alphabet has 42 letters, made up of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and 9 more letters for special Bashkir sounds. These 9 letters and their sounds are:
*Ә ә /æ/
*Ө ө /ø/
*Ү ү [y]
*Ғ ғ /ʁ/
*Ҡ ҡ /q/
*Ң ң /ŋ/
*Ҙ ҙ /ð/
*Ҫ ҫ /θ/
*Һ һ /h/
Avar language

The **Avar language** (self-designation '***  "language of the mountains" or **Авар мац*'  "Avar language") belongs to the Avar-Andi-Tsez subgroup of the Alarodian Northeast-Caucasian (or Nakh-Dagestani) language family. It is spoken most in the eastern and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of Dagestan, and the Balaken, Zakatala north-west area of Azerbaijan.
Northern Indo-Aryan languages

The **Northern Indo-Aryan languages** or the **Pahari languages** (or **Pahaari**) is a word for a number of northern Indo-Aryan dialects spoken across the Himalayan range, not limited to a single country.  The word comes from 'pahar' meaning mountain. The word *Pahaari* or *Pahari* is an adjective in Punjabi and it means 'of the mountain', so 'Pahari' means 'language of the mountain people'.

Pakistan, India and Nepal are all countries along which the Himalayas run, and in all three countries the word for mountain is **Pahar** this is because they are all related languages (they are all Indo-Aryan languages of the Indo-European language family).  The Pahari language is also part of this group and constitutes the northernmost of the Indo-Aryan language family.  Travel in mountainous areas is difficult, so dialects close to each other can be very different.
Bose-Einstein statistics

In statistical mechanics, **Bose-Einstein statistics** means the statistics of a system where you can not tell the difference between any of the particles, and the particles are bosons. Bosons are fundamental particles like the photon.

The Bose-Einstein distribution tells you how many particles have a certain energy. The formula is
:
n(\varepsilon) = \frac{1}{e^{(\varepsilon-\mu)/kT}-1}

with \varepsilon > \mu and where:

:*n(ε)*&nbsp; is the number of particles which have energy ε
: *ε*&nbsp; is the energy
:μ is the chemical potential
:*k* is Boltzmann's constant
:*T* is the temperature

If  \varepsilon-\mu \gg kT , then the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics is a good approximation.

## References 
* 

## Notes
Activision

**Activision Publishing** is an American video game company. It was the first third party in the industry's history. It was founded on October 1, 1979. On July 9, 2008, it merged with Vivendi to make a new company called Activision Blizzard. Activision is best known for ''Tony Hawk's Pro Skater*, *Call of Duty*, and *Guitar Hero''.

## List of studios 
### Current 
## References
Arapaho language

The **Arapaho language** (also Arapahoe) is a Plains Algonquian language (an areal rather than genetic grouping) spoken by elders in Wyoming.  It is now spoken very little, and is in danger of becoming extinct.

## References
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

**Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto** (, ; January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician. He was the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. He was Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan. 

He was educated at the University of California, Berkeley in the United States and Oxford University in the United Kingdom. Bhutto was executed by hanging in 1979 for ordering the murder of a political opponent. His execution was ordered by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Bhutto's supporters give him the honorific title Shaheed, the Urdu word for martyr. His name then becomes Shaheed-e-Azam Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ("The Great Martyr") or sometimes **Quaid-e-Awam** (The Leader the Community).

He was married to Nusrat Bhutto (née Ispahnie) from 1951 until his death. Their elder daughter, Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007), was also Prime Minister of Pakistan, twice. The couple had three other children: son Murtaza Bhutto (1954-1996) daughter Sanam Bhutto (born 1957), and son Shahnawaz Bhutto (1958-1985).

## Other websites 
* Official website of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
Azerbaijani language

**Azerbaijani** ( ; , , ) is a Turkic language that is spoken in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Azerbaijani is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Dagestan in Russia.

Azerbaijani is also spoken in Dagestan (a republic of Russia), southeastern and eastern Georgia, northeastern Turkey and in some parts of Ukraine, northern Dobruja in Romania and in northwestern Iran. In Dagestan, there are over 30 different languages, and Russian is used as a lingua franca.

## References 
;Notes
Ralph H. Baer

**Ralph Henry Baer** (March 8, 1922 &ndash; December 6, 2014) was a German-American inventor and engineer, known for his contributions to the video game industry.

Because he was of Jewish descent, Baer moved to New York City in 1938. He later became a U.S. citizen.

He died at his home in Manchester, New Hampshire on December 6, 2014, according to family and friends close to him. He was 92 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Ralph Baer Consultants
* Ralph Baer's US patents
Pong

***Pong*** is a video game made by Atari. It is believed to be the first video game ever made, although it was made after games similar to it were also made, including *Tennis for Two* and could be emulated by WinUaw.

To play the game a quarter or token must be put into the game machine's slot. Two knobs, are called "paddles" because they control the tennis paddle on the screen.  Turn the knob one way and the paddle goes up. Turn the knob the other way and the paddle goes down. The other knob does the same thing to the other paddle on the screen.
Dragon Warrior

***Dragon Warrior*** (called ***Dragon Quest*** in Japan) is a role-playing video game made by Chunsoft and published by Enix Corporation and Nintendo of America for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It is the first in the *Dragon Quest* series.
Will Wright (game developer)

***Will Wright*** (born on January 20, 1960 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American video game developer and is the co-founder of Maxis, now a part of Electronic Arts. He's most famous for *SimCity*, *The Sims* and Spore.  He is currently working on a new project, and has set up the "Stupid Fan Club".

## References
Pikmin (video game)

***Pikmin*** is a real-time strategy video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube, and later the Wii and Switch. The plot involves an alien captain named Captain Olimar who crash-lands on a planet and meets creatures called Pikmin, which he uses to protect himself and find his ship parts before he runs out of air.

## Plot
### Setting
The in-game universe has many locations, including a planet known as Hocotate, where Olimar is from, and a planet that resembles Earth. In-game, the planet is from a small perspective, as both Olimar and the Pikmin are no larger than US quarters.

### Summary
Captain Olimar is traveling in his spaceship called the Dolphin, when it suddenly collides with a meteor and crashes on an unknown planet resembling Earth. He travels for a bit before he finds a creature called a Pikmin. He meets up with other Pikmin, and has to use them to gather up the pieces he lost from his ship before 30 days run out, or the game will be over.

## Gameplay
The player controls Captain Olimar, who can throw the Pikmin. Pikmin are plucked out of the ground, and they live in a nest called an onion when they are not deployed. There can be up to 100 different Pikmin out of the onions at any moment. There are three kinds of Pikmin, stronger Red Pikmin, immune to fire, lighter Yellow Pikmin, who can pick up bomb rocks, and Blue Pikmin, immune to water.

## Music
Music from *Pikmin* was used in *Super Smash Bros. Brawl*, including "Ai no Uta" (in Japanese and French). It also reappears in *Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U* and *Super Smash Bros. Ultimate*, as Olimar appears in those games.

## Reception
*Pikmin* got good reviews and is considered one of the best GameCube launch games. Reviewers liked its strategic gameplay, but a lot complained about the time limit, saying it made it harder to play the game outside of the main task.

### Legacy
Because of *Pikmin*s popularity, Captain Olimar and his Pikmin appeared in *Super Smash Bros. Brawl*, along with other creatures and characters as trophies. Olimar also appeared in *Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U* and *Super Smash Bros. Ultimate* as a fighter.

## Sequels
*Pikmin* had a sequel called *Pikmin 2* in 2004 for the GameCube as well. Another *Pikmin* game, *Pikmin 3*, was released on August 4, 2013 for the Wii U, and later, the Nintendo Switch as *Pikmin 3 Deluxe*. On July 21, 2023, *Pikmin 4* was released for the Nintendo Switch.
Nolan Bushnell

**Nolan Bushnell** (born February 5, 1943) is an American electrical engineer and entrepreneur. He founded both Atari Inc. (alongside Ted Dabney) and Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza-Time Theaters. Bushnell is in the Video Game Hall of Fame and the Consumer Electronics Association Hall of Fame.  He got the BAFTA Fellowship and the Nations Restaurant News “Innovator of the Year” award.  He was named one of Newsweek's "50 Men Who Changed America." Bushnell has started more than twenty companies. He is one of the founding fathers of the video game industry.

Bushnell graduated from the University of Utah with a degree in electrical engineering in 1968. Bushnell was raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, but is no longer an active member.

Bushnell was featured in the documentary film *Something Ventured* which premiered in 2011.

Bushnell's most recent company is uWink.

## References
Pete Smith

**Pete Smith** may mean:

* Pete Smith (announcer), Australian radio and television announcer
* Pete L. Smith, Major League Baseball pitcher, 1962–1963
* Pete Smith (baseball, born 1966), Major League Baseball pitcher, 1987–1998
* Peter K Smith, founder of Cavalier Yachts, boat-builder, sailor, and marine anchor designer
* Pete Smith (movie producer)
* Pete Smith (actor)
Pete Young

**Bryan Owen "Pete" Young** (born March 19, 1968 in Meadville, Mississippi) is a former right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Montreal Expos in 1992 and 1993. He went to  Mississippi State University, where he played college baseball.

## Career
On June 2, , Young was drafted by the Cincinnati Reds in the 22nd round of the amateur draft, but did not sign to play Minor League Baseball with Cincinnati, deciding to instead attend Mississippi State where he practiced to become a better pitcher. Young was drafted again on June 5,  by the Montreal Expos in the 6th round (148th overall pick) of the amateur draft. This time, Young signed to play in the minors in the Expos organization.

Young made his major league debut on June 5,  with the Expos at age 24. On that day, Young pitched 1⅔ innings against the Reds, striking out one batter. The Expos lost the game 10-4. Young played his final major league game for the Expos on July 18, ; on February 18, , he was purchased along with Matt Stairs by the Boston Red Sox organization, but his career ended that season after not reaching the major league club.

At the time of his retirement, Young had earned a career earned run average of 3.63. He finished with 25⅔ innings pitched, striking out 14 batters, and playing in a total of 17 games. He allowed 22 hits, 1 home run, and 9 walks. He only got one win in his career, on July 10,  against the San Diego Padres. Young came to bat only once in his two-season career.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Baseball Almanac
*BaseballLibrary
Sid Meier

***Sid Meier*** (born on February 24, 1954, in Sarnia, Ontario) is a Canadian-American video game developer, most well-known for his turn-based strategy games. He founded Microprose in 1982, with Bill Stealey. In 1996, he left Microprose and joined Firaxis Games.

## Games 
* *Gunship* (1986)
* *Railroad Tycoon* (1990)
* *Civilization* (1991)
* *Colonization* (1994)
* *Civilization II* (1996)
* *Alpha Centauri* (1999)
* *Civilization III* (2001)
* *Civilization IV* (2005)
* *Civilization V* (2010)
* *Civilization VI* (2016)

## References 
## Other websites
*
Howard Florey

**Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey** OM FRS (24 September 1898 – 21 February 1968) was an Australian pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1945, for his study into penicillin. He was appointed a knight bachelor, and later a baron.

## Early life
He was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He went to the Collegiate School of St.Peter and the Adelaide University. In 1921 he went to England as a Rhodes Scholar studying first at Oxford and then at Cambridge. He worked in the United States for 10 months before going back to London. In 1926 he married long time friend from Adelaide, Mary Ethel Hayter Reed. They were married in England.

## Career 
In 1925, Foley visited the United States on a Rockefeller Travelling Fellowship for a year, returning in 1926 to a Fellowship at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, receiving here his Ph.D. in 1927. The same year, he was appointed Huddersfield Lecturer in Special Pathology at Cambridge. In 1931 he succeeded to the Joseph Hunter Chair of Pathology at the University of Sheffield and became assistant professor of pathology at the University of Sheffield. From 1935 to 1962 he was a professor at the Sir William Dunn school of pathology at Oxford.

He wrote more than 200 scientific papers. He kept an interest in Australia. he had a big role in starting the Australian National University (ANU), especially the John Curtin School of Medical Research. He was the main adviser to the school from 1948 to 1955. In 1965 he was appointed as Chancellor of the university. From 1962 he was Provost of The Queen's College at Oxford. He died from a heart attack in 1968.

## Memorials
He is remembered for his work. A suburb in Canberra, Australia, was named after him. His picture is on the Australian fifty dollar note. There is a lecture theatre and a professorship named after him at the ANU. The Queen's College have named a building after him. There is a memorial stone at St.Nicholas's church at Marston, and a memorial stone in Westminster Abbey. There are a number of paintings and a sculpture.

## References
## Other websites 
* Nobel Prize Organization - biography Biography
* Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Biography
* Royal Society Papers at the Royal Society
Richard Hakluyt

**Richard Hakluyt** (, or ) (c. 1552 or 1553 – 23 November 1616) was an English writer. He is famous for his efforts in promoting the settlement of North America by the English through his works. His most important books are *Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America* (1582) and *The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation* (1598–1600).

## Works 
* Quarto. Reprint:
**
## Notes 
## References 
*
*Jones, John Winter, "Introduction" of 
*

## Further reading 
*
*
*

## Other websites 
*Official website of the Hakluyt Society
*
*"Richard Hakluyt", § 13 in pt. IV ("The Literature of the Sea") of vol. IV of 
*
*Works by Richard Hakluyt at Google Books
*Works by Richard Hakluyt at Internet Archive
*
Soanian

The **Soanian** **culture** () is a prehistoric technological culture from the Siwalik Hills in the South Asia. It is named after the Soan River Valley in Pakistan. Soanian sites are found all along the Siwalik region but the major sites are in the Soan region of Pakistan. The Soanian culture has been dated back to the Middle Pleistocene period (774,000 to 129,000 years ago) or the mid-Holocene epoch (Northgrippian).
 
This culture was first discovered and named by the anthropology and archaeology team led by Helmut De Terra and Thomas Thomson Paterson. Soanian artifacts were made of quartzite pebbles, cobbles, and boulders, all from the Siwalik region.

Apart from a few places, like the Soan Valley in Pakistan, there aren't many places where you find a lot of Soanian tools. Usually, you'll only find a few dozen of these artifacts in one spot. Soanian tools likely came about because of how rocks formed in the past. This made it easy for people to move around the materials they needed to make these tools.

## References
Édouard Daladier

**Édouard Daladier** (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970) was a politician, who was the Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War. He was one of the politicians in France who tried to stop the war and signed the Munich Agreement at a conference in 1938, together with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, as well as the dictators of Germany and Italy: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini.

## Other websites
Conjunction

**Conjunctions** are words which join phrases, clauses and sentences.

Conjunctions have three basic forms which are shown in the table below.

Conjunctions also have two functions, as shown below.

Although some people say it's not correct to use conjunctions at the beginning of a sentences, many famous writers do so.

## References
5.**Definition of Conjunctions, Examples and Practice Sets**
Steam locomotive

A **steam locomotive** is a steam powered railway locomotive. It was used a lot between about 1830 and 1970. Afterwards, diesel and electric locomotives were used more often. The first steam locomotive was made by Richard Trevithick for a railway used for moving iron at an Ironworks in Wales. A steam locomotive works by burning a fuel like coal in a special space called a firebox. This produces hot gases that rise and go through tubes in a boiler - a large space with water in it. This heats the water, producing steam. The steam is then taken through another tube to a cylinder. The steam then pushes the piston which in turn pushes a metal rod that is connected to the wheels, making the locomotive move. The steam then rises out through the chimney.

Early in the 19th century, steam locomotives were created in the UK, and they were utilized for railroad transportation until the mid-1900s.Steam locomotives are still today used in many developing countries where the railways have not yet been electrified.

## Other websites 
*GKB 671:The longest serving steam locomotive in the world (since 1860) 
*Database of surviving steam locomotives in North America
*Information on North American steam railroads in operation
*UK heritage railways and preserved locomotives database
*Pages for the British project to build a modern steam locomotive. The Advanced Steam Locomotive. (5AT)
*International Steam Locomotives 
*Tracks of Time
Dawson Island

**Dawson Island** (Lat: 53º  58’ 12” S Long: 70º 34’ 48”W) is an island in the Strait of Magellan. It is in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. It is  south of the city of Punta Arenas in Chile. It is part of the municipality of Punta Arenas. It is southeast of Brunswick Peninsula. It is an approximately  tract of land that often has harsh Antarctic weather. Its population was 415 as of the 1992 census, and 301 as of 2002. The settlements are Puerto Harris, Puerto San Antonio and Puerto Almeida.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Interactive map
Strike

**Strike** may mean:
* Strike action, when workers decide to stop working at their jobs until their demands are met
* General strike, a strike action by many workers in a city, area, or country
* Hunger strike, when someone decides to not eat in order to protest

**Strike** may refer to a fight, including:
* Strike (attack), an attack meant to hit a human body and cause harm
* Military strike, a military attack on a certain target

In **sports** and **games**:
* Strike (baseball) in baseball, a mark against a batter
* Strike (bowling), when a player knocks down all the pins with the first ball of a frame
Ashurbanipal

from Nineveh.]]

**Ashurbanipal** (685 BC – 627 BC), the son of Esarhaddon, was the last great king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. He established (started) the first  library in the ancient Middle East, the Library of Ashurbanipal, which survives in part today at Nineveh.

In the Bible he is called Asenappar. Roman historian Justinus identified him as Sardanapalus, and describes him as effeminate.

## References
1989–90 NHL season

The **1989–90 NHL season** was the 73rd season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The Stanley Cup winners were the Edmonton Oilers, who won the best of seven series 4–1 against the Boston Bruins.The championship was the Oilers' fifth Stanley Cup in the past four years.

This also marked the first time that all three New York City metro area teams made the playoffs in the same season.

## Regular season
### Final standings
***Note:** W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*
#### Prince of Wales Conference
#### Clarence Campbell Conference
### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
*Note: All dates in 1990*

### Division semi-finals
#### Wales Conference
| valign="top" |

|-
| valign="top" |

| valign="top" |

|}

#### Campbell Conference
| valign="top" |

|-
| valign="top" |

| valign="top" |

|}

### Division finals
| valign="top" |

|}

| valign="top" |

|}

### Conference finals
| valign="top" |

|}

### Finals
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1989–90 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark debut in playoffs):
*Wes Walz, Boston Bruins
*Alexander Mogilny, Buffalo Sabres
*Rob Ray, Buffalo Sabres
*Donald Audette*, Buffalo Sabres
*Sergei Makarov, Calgary Flames
*Rob Blake, Los Angeles Kings
*Helmut Balderis, Minnesota North Stars
*Andrew Cassels, Montreal Canadiens
*Lyle Odelein, Montreal Canadiens
*Vyacheslav Fetisov, New Jersey Devils
*Alexei Kasatonov, New Jersey Devils
*Murray Baron, Philadelphia Flyers
*Curtis Joseph, St. Louis Blues
*Tie Domi, Toronto Maple Leafs
*Vladimir Krutov, Vancouver Canucks
*Igor Larionov, Vancouver Canucks
*Olaf Kolzig, Washington Capitals

## Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1989–90 (listed with their last team):
*Reed Larson, Buffalo Sabres
*Al Secord, Chicago Blackhawks
*Bob Murray, Chicago Blackhawks
*Duane Sutter, Chicago Blackhawks
*Bernie Federko, Detroit Red Wings
*Börje Salming, Detroit Red Wings
*Reijo Ruotsalainen, Edmonton Oilers
*Barry Beck, Los Angeles Kings
*Helmut Balderis, Minnesota North Stars
*Curt Fraser, Minnesota North Stars
*Mark Johnson, New Jersey Devils
*Ron Greschner, New York Rangers
*Vladimir Krutov, Vancouver Canucks
*Paul Reinhart, Vancouver Canucks
*Doug Wickenheiser, Washington Capitals

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
;Notes
Mario (series)

is Nintendo's largest video game series. They feature Nintendo's mascot Mario and, in most of the games, his brother Luigi. The *Mario* series has been running for more than 40 years. More than 200 video games have been released in the series. The series has been named the best-selling video game series in history, with over 262 million combined units sold.

The series started out in 1981 with the arcade video game, *Donkey Kong*, and has since then taken off into its own series. It was created by Shigeru Miyamoto. Mario, going under the name Jumpman when *Donkey Kong* was first released, is the main protagonist throughout most of the series. The main antagonist of the series is Bowser, the King of all Koopas. Most of the games have something to do with jumping and defeating enemies. The games usually feature simple storylines. The most common theme in the series is Bowser, the main villain, taking away Princess Peach, who the Mario brothers try to save during the games. 

## Related pages 
* List of video games featuring Mario

## References 
**Notes**
Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island

'''''Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island'''* (called  in Japan) is a platform video game made by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console. A follow-up game called *Yoshi's Story* was released for the Nintendo 64, and a direct sequel was released for the Nintendo DS called *Yoshi's Island DS*.

## Plot
*Yoshi's Island* takes place many years before *Donkey Kong*, the first *Mario'' game. Baby Mario and Baby Luigi are being taken to their parents by the Stork, but a Magikoopa named Kamek attacks it, kidnapping Baby Luigi and causing Baby Mario to drop to Yoshi's Island. Baby Mario lands on the back of Yoshi, who, along with seven other Yoshis, helps Baby Mario defeat Baby Bowser and rescue Baby Luigi.