open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Larry Hagman

in the television series "I Dream of Jeannie" in 1965.]]
**Larry Martin Hagman** (September 21, 1931 &ndash; November 23, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as J.R. Ewing in *Dallas* and as Major Anthony "Tony" Nelson in *I Dream of Jeannie*. His mother was actress Mary Martin. His father was of Swedish descent.

Hagman was born on September 21, 1931, in Fort Worth, Texas. Hagman was raised in Dallas, Texas. He studied at Black-Foxe Military Institute, at Weatherford High School, and at Bard University. Hagman was diagnosed with cirrhosis in 1992.

He received a liver transplant in 1995. Hagman was married to Maj Axelsson from 1954 until his death in 2012. They had two children. Hagman died on the morning of November 23, 2012 in hospital in Dallas, Texas from acute myeloid leukemia, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Larry Hagman Official website
* 
* 
* 
*
Thomas Ryan

**Thomas John Ryan, Jr.** (August 5, 1901 &ndash; January 28, 1970) was a career American naval officer who rose to the rank of Rear Admiral. He received the Medal of Honor during peacetime.

## Medal of Honor citation
Ryan's Medal of Honor  his conduct in Japan during the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.

The words of Williams' citation explain:
For heroism in effecting the rescue of a woman from the burning Grand Hotel, Yokohama, Japan, on 1 September 1923. Following the earthquake and fire which occurred in Yokohama on 1 September, Ens. Ryan, with complete disregard for his own life, extricated a woman from the Grand Hotel, thus saving her life. His heroic conduct upon this occasion reflects the greatest credit on himself and on the U.S. Navy, of which he is a part.

## References
Ganga Ram

Sir **Ganga Ram**,  KCSI (1851 – 1927) was a famous civil engineer and philanthropist of the Punjab, in British India. He was born in Mangtanwala, a small village of Punjab province in British India (now in Punjab (Pakistan)).

## Biography 
He was especially well known for designing many of the fine buildings in colonial Lahore, which city he settled in and called home. These included the Lahore General Post Office, the Lahore Museum, Aitchison College, Mayo School of Arts (now the National College of Arts), Ganga Ram Hospital, Lady Mclagan Girls High School, the chemistry department of the Government College University, the Albert Victor wing of Mayo Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram High School (now Lahore College for Women), the Hailey College of Commerce (now Hailey College of Banking & Finance), Ravi Road House for the Disabled, the Ganga Ram Trust Building on the Mall and others.

He built Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore (1921), the Lady Mclagan School and some other structures and public facilities with his own money.

## Further reading
* Bedi, Baba Pyare Lal, *Harvest from the desert. The life and work of Sir Ganga Ram*, NCA, Lahore 2003 ISBD 969-8623-07-8 (reprint version)
Abraham Cohn

**Abraham Cohn** (June 17, 1832 in Guttentag, Prussia, June 2, 1897 in New York City)  was an American Civil War Union Army soldier of Jewish descent. He received the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. Cohn earned the award for his actions in combat at the Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia on May 6, 1864, and the Battle of the Crater, Petersburg, Virginia on July 30, 1864.

## Medal of Honor citation
*Rank and organization: Sergeant Major, 6th New Hampshire Infantry
*Place and date: At Wilderness, Virginia, May 6, 1864; At the mine, Petersburg, Virginia,  July 30, 1864
*Entered service at: Campton, New Hampshire
*Birth: Guttentag, Prussia
*Date of issue: August 24, 1865

**Citation:**
During Battle of the Wilderness rallied and formed, under heavy fire, disorganized and fleeing troops of different regiments. At Petersburg, Va., July 30, 1864, bravely and coolly carried orders to the advanced line under severe fire.

## References 
## Further reading
*
Amrita Sher-Gil

**Amrita Sher-Gil** (30 January 1913 – 5 December 1941) was a famous Indian artist and painter. She was born to a Punjabi Sikh father and a Hungarian mother. Because of her life and work, she is sometimes known as 'India's Frida Kahlo'.She was born into  Majitha royal family. She is considered an important woman painter of 20th century India. 

She died in 1941 in Lahore city, now in Pakistan, at the age of 28.
Alhamra Arts Council

The **Alhamra Theatre Complex** or the **Alhamra Arts Council Cultural Complex** or **Alhamra Art Galleries and Hall** is a multi-purpose cultural theatre and performing arts venue in Lahore, Pakistan.  It was completed in 1992. It is situated on The Mall, a big old avenue  from British Indian times. 

The Council also has a new venue of the same type, named the **Alhamra Gadaffi Stadium  Complex**, which is located near Lahore's main sports stadium and which was made more recently.
J. K. Simmons

**Jonathan Kimble "J. K." Simmons** (born January 9, 1955) is an American actor. He played Emil Skoda in *Law & Order*, J. Jonah Jameson in *Spider-Man*, *Spider-Man 2*, *Spider-Man 3* and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Mac MacGruff in *Juno*, Terence Fletcher in *Whiplash* and Commissioner Gordon in *Justice League*.

He also voiced Tenzin in *The Legend of Korra* between 2012 and 2014.

Simmons was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Columbus, Ohio and in Missoula, Montana. Simmons studied at the University of Montana originally to be a composer. He married Michelle Schumacher in 1996. They have three children. He won a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in *Whiplash*. In 2022, he was nominated for another Academy Award for his role as William Frawley in *Being the Ricardos*.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Theatre
### Video games
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
The Power of One

***The Power of One*** is a novel by Australian author Bryce Courtenay. It was first published in 1989. The story takes places in South Africa during the 1930s and 1940s. It tells the story of an Anglo-African boy. Through the course of the story he gets the nickname of Peekay. (In the movie version the main person in the story is Peter Phillip Kenneth Keith. It is different than the book. The author identifies "Peekay" as a reference to his earlier nickname "Pisskop": Afrikaans for "Pisshead.")

It is written from the first person perspective. With Peekay telling the story (as an adult, looking back) and trusting the reader with his thoughts and feelings. He does this instead of a detailed description of places and account of actions.

A film adaptation was released in 1992.

## Other websites
* Bryce Courtenay's official site
*Los Angeles times
Kim Il-yeop

**Kim Il-yeop** (April 28, 1896 - May 28, 1971) was a South Korean writer, journalist and feminism activist. He was also a Buddhist monk. **Il-yeop** was his Buddhist name (; ; ). His real name was **Kim Wom-ju** (, ).

## Books 
*One think of a monk ()
*Fire shout to Manhood ()
*The middle of happiness and unhappiness ()

## References 
## Other websites 
* Buddhist nun Il-yeop 
* Revisiting the women who changed Korea with their pens 
* Buddhist nun Il-yeop - koreatimes
CatDog

***CatDog*** is an American animated television series.  The first show was on April 4, 1998. The series is about an Orange cat named Cat and a Orange dog named Dog. Nickelodeon produced the series from Burbank, California, United States.

At the Kids' Choice Awards, USA, the show was nominated for a Blimp Award for Favorite Cartoon in 1999 and 2000.

The Theme song is sung by Peter Hannan.

## Episodes 
## Characters 
### Main 
* Cat and Dog (voiced by Jim Cummings and Tom Kenny respectively) are a conjoined cat and dog sibling. Cat is an orange Egyptian Mau/Cornish Rex-mix and is the most coming And very pampered. He has always found of eating fish and enjoying sausages, and has an attempt to make meat even smarter. His plan sort of fail with him getting punished at the end or being awarded. Dog is the basset hound dog who loves Cat and only cares about taking care of the house and his lifestyle. He sometimes get award in the end or punished, following along with the shows first episode. They are also shown to like napping and Doing Each Other, While also eating while Cat Is Still A Purr. However, they care Sometimes have a strong bonding.

## References
Frankie Yankovic

**Frankie Yankovic** (July 28, 1915 – October 14, 1998) was a polka musician from the United States. He played the accordion. He was called "America's Polka King." He played Slovenian-style polka.

## Background
Yankovic was a Slovene. He was raised in South Euclid, Ohio. Yankovic's parents were immigrants. Yankovic received an accordion at age 9, but never took lessons. By his early teenage years, he was a working musician. He played for local events.

## Career
He began making appearances on the radio in the 1930s. He wanted to make recordings, but the major labels turned him down.  Therefore, his first records were made for Yankee and Joliet, labels operated by Fred Wolf.

## Death
Yankovic died on October 14, 1998, in New Port Richey, Florida, from heart failure, at the age of 83. He was buried in Cleveland's Calvary Cemetery. Hundreds of friends, family, fans, and fellow musicians were at his funeral.

## Former band members
* Adolph Poczatek (Pozatek) (1911–1984) Violin, tenor banjo, plectrum banjo, accordion, mandolin, cordiovox, guitar, piano. Toured and recorded with Frankie throughout his career.  Appearances on Donahue and Lawrence Welk, and many live radio broadcasts. His original band was the Polka Aces, known in the Chicago Community. Adolph Poczatek also frequently appeared with polka bands including Verne Meisner, Roman Posedi, and Joe Kovich.
* Georgie Cook - Banjo player, helped Yankovic establish the "Cleveland Sound".
* Joey Miskulin - Began playing with Frankie Yankovic in 1962 at the age of 13. This was the start of a relationship that lasted for 35 years. Joey developed his skill with the accordion and music while touring with the band. Joey began writing and arranging songs for Yankovic. He eventually arranging and producing Frankie's albums, including the Grammy Award-winning album *70 Years of Hits*.
* Jeff Winard - Accomplished accordionist from Milwaukee; traveled with Yankovic in later years.
* Marian "Lefty" Bell - played bass with Yankovic.  His father was a tenor in the Slovenian operettas in Cleveland

## References
## More reading
*Dolgan, Bob (2006). ''America's Polka King: The Real Story of Frankie Yankovic*. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers. 

## Other websites
*Sample text from the book *America's Polka King'' by Bob Dolgan 
*Polkas.com: Frank Yankovic...America's Polka King 
*Biography on ElvisPelvis.com 
*Dennis Kucinich's letter to Clinton in support of awarding Yankovic a National Medal of Arts 
*Profile of Frank Yankovic at The Remington Site 
*New York Times article on Yankovic's death
Bowerbird

**Bowerbirds** are the bird family **Ptilonorhynchidae**. The family has 20 species in eight genera. Bowerbirds are most known for their unique courtship behaviour. Males build a structure and decorate it with sticks and brightly coloured objects. The Vogelkop bowerbird is a good example. The function of this courtship ritual is to attract a mate. The bowerbirds have a "female choice" mating system.

The bowerbirds have an Austro-Papuan distribution, with ten species endemic in New Guinea, eight endemic to Australia and two found in both large islands. Their distribution is mainly in the tropical parts of New Guinea and northern Australia, though some species extend into central, western and southeastern Australia. They occupy a range of different habitats, including rainforest, eucalyptus and acacia forest, and shrublands.

The birds are medium to large-sized passerines, ranging from the golden bowerbird at  and  to the great bowerbird at  and . Their diet consists mainly of fruit but may also include insects (especially for nestlings), flowers, nectar and leaves in some species. The satin and spotted bowerbirds are sometimes regarded as pests because they feed on introduced fruit and vegetable crops. They have occasionally been killed by affected farmers.

## References
Muggsy Bogues

**Tyrone Curtis "Muggsy" Bogues** (born January 9, 1965) is a retired American professional basketball player. He is the current head coach of the United Faith Christian Academy boys' basketball team. Bogues is the shortest player ever to play in the NBA at . He played point guard for four teams during his 14-season career in the National Basketball Association. Bogues is best known for his time with the Charlotte Hornets. He also played for the Washington Bullets, the Golden State Warriors, and the Toronto Raptors. Bogues was also the head coach of the WNBA team Charlotte Sting.

## References
One-time pad

A **One-time pad** is a method of encryption. It is a symmetrical cipher, which means the same key is needed for encryption and decryption. A one time pad uses a key that is either as long or longer than the message it encrypts. The key must only be used once, and after it is used, a new key must be generated and shared for the cipher to remain secure. 

If this method is used correctly, it is impossible to decrypt or break the encryption without the key. Failure to make and share random keys has led to successful cryptanalysis, as in the Venona project.
Because of these requirements, it is rarely used today.

## History
One-time pads were created all the way in 1882 by Frank Miller. After the invention in 1917, Gilbert Vernam invented and patented an electronic version based on teleprinter technologies.
Danny Ferry

**Danny Ferry** (born October 17, 1966) is a retired NBA basketballplayer. He is the current general manager of the Atlanta Hawks. Ferry was born in Hyattsville, Maryland. He went to Duke University. Ferry played for the Cleveland Cavaliers and the San Antonio Spurs.

## References
Bryce Courtenay

**Arthur Bryce Courtenay** AM (14 August 1933 – 22 November 2012) was a South African-Australian novelist and one of Australia's most commercially successful authors.

## Awards and honours
* Member of the Order of Australia (AM): 1995; in recognition of service to advertising and marketing to the community and as an author
* Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) (honoris causa): 2005; from the University of Newcastle
* Australia Post Literary Legend: 2010; honoured on an Australian postage stamp

## Bibliography
### African books
**The Power of One* (1989)
**The Power of One: Young Readers Edition* (1999)
**Tandia* (1992)
**The Night Country* (1998)
**Whitethorn* (2005)

### Australian trilogy
**The Potato Factory* (1995)
**Tommo & Hawk* (1997)
*''Solomon's Song* (1999)

### Nick Duncan Saga
**The Persimmon Tree* (2007)
**Fishing for Stars* (2008)

### Other fiction
**A Recipe for Dreaming* (1994)
**The Family Frying Pan* (1997)
**Jessica* (1998)
**Smoky Joe's Cafe* (2001)
**Four Fires* (2001)
**Matthew Flinders' Cat* (2002)
**Brother Fish* (2004)
**Sylvia* (2006)
**The Story of Danny Dunn* (2009)
**Fortune Cookie* (2010)
**Jack of Diamonds* (2012)

### Non-fiction
**April Fool's Day'' (1993)

## References
## Other websites
* Bryce Courtenay's official website
* Find Bryce Courtenay in Libraries Australia  - click on the name 'Heading' to find related works in 800+ Australian library collections
* Bryce on Jim Ball's radio program
S.M. Sharif

**Syed Muhammad Sharif** or more commonly **S.M. Sharif** was a Muslim Barrister from Patna, Bihar, British India. He was an active leader of the All India Muslim League party in his area and also one of the members of the League's Working Committee of March 1940 which drafted the Lahore Resolution. 

SM Sharif prepared a report titled 'sharif report' which gave an exaggerated account of the sufferings of the muslims and gave a vantage point to launch attack on the Congress.
Akali Dal

The **Shiromani Akali Dal** or simply **Akali Dal**  () is a Sikh political party in India. It is mostly active in the province of Punjab. 

It is not to be confused with the Apna Dal ('Our Own Party').
Edgar Rice Burroughs

**Edgar Rice Burroughs** (September 1, 1875&nbsp;– March 19, 1950) was an  American novelist. He created the famous character Tarzan of the Apes in his novels. He wrote 25 novels on Tarzan's adventures starting from 1914 onwards.

He also wrote other novels and stories that became quite famous. Tarzan and John Carter were some of his characters that became famous. 

## Related pages 
* John Carter (movie)

## References
Planetarium

|}
A **planetarium** is a theater built to show educational and entertaining presentations about astronomy and the night sky. They are also used for training in celestial navigation. A main part of most planetariums is the large dome-shaped screen onto which images of stars, planets and other celestial objects can be shown and made to move to show the 'motions of the heavens'. The celestial scenes can be created using many different technologies. These include 'star balls' that combine optical and electro-mechanical technology, slide projector, video, full dome projector systems, and lasers. These technologies are used together to give an accurate image of the motion of the sky. Common systems can be set to show the sky at any point in time, past or present. They often show the night sky as it would appear from any point of latitude on Earth. 

There are many different sizes of planetariums. They can be as large as the Hayden Planetarium's 21-meter dome. It seats 423 people. They can also be as small as a three-meter portable domes where children sit on the floor. These portable planetariums are used for education presentations outside of the permanent planetariums at museums and science centers.

The term *planetarium* is sometimes used to mean other things which show the solar system. These include computer simulations or an orrery. Planetarium software refers to software that creates a three dimensional image of the sky on a two dimensional computer screen. The term *planetarian* is used for someone who works at a planetarium. The plural of planetarium is either planetariums or planetaria.

## External link 
WPD (Worldwide Planetariums Database)
Shawn Kemp

**Shawn T. Kemp** (born November 26, 1969) is an American retired professional basketball player. Kemp played a total of 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Seattle SuperSonics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Portland Trail Blazers and Orlando Magic.

## References
## Other websites
*NBA profile
El Dorado, Houston

**El Dorado** is a neighborhood in northeast Houston, Texas, United States. The site of a halfway house, El Dorado had the highest amount of convicted felons per resident of all of the Houston neighborhoods in 2007.

Super Neighborhood #53 El Dorado/Oates Prairie includes El Dorado.

## References
Abilene Eagles

The **Abilene Eagles** were a West Texas League minor league baseball team. They were based in Abilene, Texas, USA from 1920 to 1922,. They won the league championship in both 1920 and 1921. The team managers for those years were Bugs Young and Ed Kizziar (1920) and Grady White and Hub Northen (1921). They finished in sixth place in 1922. The league folded following the 1922 season, and the Eagles followed suit.

Future major league baseball player Fred Johnson played for the Eagles.

## References
Sayyid

**Sayyid,** **Sayed and Syedna** is a title of honour and respect in Islam. It is originally a word from the Arabic language which stands for 'Sir', 'Mister' or 'Honourable Person'. 

However, the word is now also used in different parts of the world by Muslims to refer specially to a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. For example, if someone is called a 'Syed/Sayyid' in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Iran, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Malaysia etc, then that person is descended from the prophet of Islam.

## Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, Sadat (Sayyids) were recognized as an ethnic group by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.  On 13 March 2019, addressing the Sadat gathering at the presidential palace (Arg), the former president Ashraf Ghani said that he will issue a decree on the inclusion of the Sadat ethnic group in the new electronic national identity card (e-NIC).

The former president Ashraf Ghani also decreed mentioning 'Sadat tribe' in the electronic national identity on 15 March 2019.

However this recognition was revoked after the take over of the government by the Taliban on 15 August 2021 as a act of Anti-Shi'ism.

## References
Jairus C. Fairchild

**Jairus Cassius Fairchild** (December 27, 1801-October 24, 1862) was an American politician and businessman.

## Biography
Fairchild was born in Granville, New York. He moved to Hudson, Ohio and became a merchant.  Later he would move to Franklin Mills, Ohio for a short time. While there he operated a tannery before moving to Cleveland around 1834. He then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1845 and then to Madison, Wisconsin. Fairchild had a business working with cranberries and the lumber industry. He was also president of a railroad. From 1848 to 1852, Fairchild was the first State Treasurer of the State of Wisconsin. In 1856 he was elected the first Mayor of the city of Madison, Wisconsin. Two of his sons Cassius, and Lucius were also active in Wisconsin politics.

## References
Ringleader

A **ringleader** is a leader of a group of people.

**Ringleader** may also refer to:
* Ringmaster (circus), the leader of a circus performance
* Ringleader (comics), a fictional character from Marvel Comics
* *Ringleader of the Tormentors*, an album by the singer Morrissey

## Related pages
* Ringmaster (disambiguation)
Lucius Fox

played the character in *The Dark Knight Trilogy* (2005&ndash;2012)]]
**Lucius Fox** is a fictional Batman character who helps Batman with equipment and is the manager of Wayne Enterprises. He gives Batman all of the equipment or his financing operations that he needs. He is one of the few people to known Batman's secret identity. He is one of the well known African-American comics characters in DC Comics.

## In other media 
He was played by Morgan Freeman in *Batman Begins*, *The Dark Knight*, and in *The Dark Knight Rises*. Brock Peters was his voice actor in *Batman: The Animated Series*. Kevin Michael Richardson also makes his voice in some animated movies.

## References
Irène Joliot-Curie

**Irène Joliot-Curie** (12 September 1897  17 March 1956) was a French scientist. She won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 with her husband, Frédéric Joliot. Curie was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie.

## Education
Curie started her studies at the Faculty of Science in Paris. During World War I, she served as a radiographer. Curie became Doctor of Science in 1925. She did her thesis on the alpha rays of polonium.

During World War I (1914-1918), she helped her mother using X-ray technology in military hospitals. She helped train radiological workers. Curie then graduated from the Sorbonne in Paris. She earned a degree for work on radioactivity in polonium in 1925.

## Research
Curie did important work on radioactivity, transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics. Curie and her husband won the 1935 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their creation of new radioactive elements. This work was written about in their paper "Production artificielle d'éléments radioactifs. Preuve chimique de la transmutation des éléments" (1934).

In 1938, she researched the action of neutrons on the heavy elements. This was an important part of the discovery of the nuclear fission of uranium. Curie became Professor in the Faculty of Science in Paris in 1937. She became Director of the Radium Institute in 1946. After six years as a Commissioner for Atomic Energy, Curie took part in the construction of the first French atomic pile in 1948. Its construction was continued after her death by her husband.

## Personal life
Curie was born in Paris. Marie and Pierre Curie were her parents. In 1926, Curie married Frédéric Joliot-Curie, a French physical chemist. He joined Curie’s Radium Institute in 1925. In 1934, they discovered that they that could make stable elements radioactive. Curie and Joliot had a son and a daughter. Curie was also interested in social and intellectual advancement of women. In 1936, she became the Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research.

Curie died on March 17th, 1956.

## References
*
Highways in Greece

**Highways** in Greece are the most significant roads of the country. There are 10 most significant highways. They are:
*  (PAThE Motorway): The highway that connects the capital Athens with the second biggest city Thessaloniki and the MK border at Evzoni.
*  (Egnatia Odos): The highway that connects the west gate, the port of Igoumenitsa with the east one, the Greek-Turkish Borders at Evros river.
*  (Central Greece Motorway): The highway that connects the major cities of Thessaly region, starting at Grevena and ending at Lamia.
*  The highway that connects the city of Larissa and the city of Trikala at Thessaly region
*  (Ionia Odos): The highway that traverses all the Western Greece, Starting at Ioaninna and ends at Kalamata at Pelloponnese.
*  (Attiki Odos): The metropolitan ring road of Athens
*  (Moreas Motoerway): The highway that connects the city of Corinth with the city of Kalamata, traversing all the Central Pelloponnese.
*  (Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the capital Athens with the third biggest city Patra.
*  (Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the city of Patra with the city of Pyrgos at Western Pelloponesse.
*  (BOAK Motorway): The highway that traverses all the island of Crete, connecting the cities of Chania, Rethimno, Hrakleion, Agios Nikolaos, ending at Siteia.
Alfred Pennyworth

**Alfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth**, or simply called **Alfred**, is a fictional character in the DC Comics universe. He is Batman's loyal butler and assistant who helps him complete his missions. He took care of Bruce Wayne when he was a child after his parents were killed. Pennyworth gives Batman all the information he needs and the location where villains are held at. He has a British accent.

## Background
Before becoming a butler, Pennyworth was an actor and former member of Special Operations Executive. He is known for his sarcastic comments. He was nominated by the *Wizard* Fan Award for Favorite Supporting Male Character in 1994.

The character first appeared in *Batman* #16 (April 1943), by writer Don Cameron and artist Bob Kane. Alfred was created by the writers of the 1943 Batman serial but DC Comics asked Don Cameron to write the first Alfred story, which was published before the serial's release.

## Television
Pennyworth was played by Alan Napier, Ian Abercrombie and Sean Pertwee in television shows. He was voiced by Clive Revill and by Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. in *Batman: The Animated Series* and was voiced by Ralph Fiennes in *The Lego Batman Movie*. English actor Jack Bannon played a younger version of the character in the television series *Pennyworth* (2019-2022).

## Movies
* Played by Alan Napier
** *Batman* (1966)
* Played by Michael Gough
** *Batman* (1989)
** *Batman Returns* (1992)
** *Batman Forever* (1995)
** *Batman & Robin* (1997)
* Played by Michael Caine in *The Dark Knight Trilogy*
** *Batman Begins* (2005)
** *The Dark Knight* (2008)
** *The Dark Knight Rises* (2012)
* Played by Jeremy Irons in the DC Extended Universe
** *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice* (2016)
** *Justice League* (2017)
*** ''Zack Snyder's Justice League* (2021)
* Played by Andy Serkis
** *The Batman'' (2022)

## References
Ra's al Ghul

'''Ra's al Ghul''' is a fictional character in the Batman franchise appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a supervillain, and he was Bruce Wayne's trainer in Christopher Nolan's *Dark Knight* Trilogy. He is the leader of the League of Assassins, which is an organization based on correcting the corruption in the world by ways of fear and hostility. Bruce destroyed their temple after he is made aware of their true intention of destroying Gotham City.

Ghul is one of the smartest and most physically skilled villains in the Batman universe. He also trained Bane in the Christopher Nolan Dark Knight Trilogy. Ghul is the father of one of Batman's love interests: Talia al Ghul. 

IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Ra's as number seven.

## In other media 
The character has appeared in toys, movies, television series, and video games as well. He was played by Liam Neeson and by Ken Watanabe (decoy) in *Batman Begins*. Neeson later had a small role as Ra's in *The Dark Knight Rises*. David Warner is his voice actor in *Batman: The Animated Series*.

## References
Yawar Hayat Khan

**Yawar Hayat Khan** (born 18th October 1943- died 3rd November 2016), was a senior former producer and director of the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and one of the early founders and creative entities of this channel from 1964-65 onwards, when its serialized dramas were immensely popular in Pakistan.

Khan was born in Lahore, in October 1943 and educated at the Aitchison College and the Forman Christian College, there.

In November 1964, the Pakistan Television Corporation made its first test-transmission from Lahore, and in that same year Khan was selected as a trainee with the fledgling state TV channel. 

In 1967, he was transferred back to Lahore, and it is at the Lahore TV studios that he produced his best work. Khan's first major dramatic success came when he directed the immensely popular rural folk drama *Jhok Siyaal* (1973). This was followed by *Waris* (1978–79) and then a host of hit serials such as *Bandaar Jaati aur Mamta*, *Samandar*, *Nasheman*, *Dehleez*, *Sahil*, *Lazawaal* and others, between the 1980s and 1990s.

Khan retired from active television service in 2004. He died in Lahore, on 3rd November 2016, after a prolonged illness.
## References
Grant Park

**Grant Park** is a large city park that is in Chicago, Illinois, in the Chicago Loop. The park has some special tourist attractions such as Buckingham Fountain, Millennium Park, Cloude Gate, and the Museum Campus, which holds many of Chicago's museums.

The Park was originally named Lake Park until it was renamed after the 18th President of the United States, the American Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant, on October 9, 1901. Lollapalooza Music Festival and Taste of Chicago are held in the park.

## References
## Other websites
*Grant Park: The Night Obama Won  - image slideshow by *Life magazine*
Bane (DC Comics)

* premiere in Sydney.]]
**Bane** is a fictional Batman character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Chuck Dixon, Doug Moench, and Graham Nolan, he made his debut in *Batman: Vengeance of Bane'' #1 (January 1993). He is one of Batman's most physical and smartest villains credited to be the only character in comic books who has broken the bat, both physically and mentally.

## Fictional character biography 
Born in a prison on a remote Caribbean island, Bane was raised without pity or compassion.  He is physically strong and wears a Mexican wrestlers mask. He has a tube that connects from his body to a chemical tank that is strapped to his suit that keeps him strong.

## Powers and abilities 
He utilizes the super-steroid known as Venom to enhance his own physical attributes to superhuman levels, namely his strength, durability, speed, and endurance.

## In other media 
He is played by Jeep Swanson in *Batman & Robin* and by Tom Hardy in *The Dark Knight Rises*. In *Batman & Robin*, Bane appears like in the comics with a Mexican wrestling mask, but doesn't talk. In *The Dark Knight Rises*, Bane has a mask that only covers the front of his mouth and nose, his eyes can be seen and he had a muffled voice with a Caribbean accent.

## References
10239 Hermann

**10239 Hermann** (1998 TY30) is a main-belt asteroid.

## Other websites 
* JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 10239 Hermann
Buckingham Fountain

**Buckingham Fountain** is a landmark that is in the center of Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. The fountain was finished in 1927 and was one of the largest fountains in the world. The fountain was also one of the first large fountains during that time. The fountain is in the eastern part from Route 66.

## References
## Other websites
* Chicago Landmarks: Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden
* Chicago Park District: Buckingham Fountain 
* Restore Buckingham Fountain
Catwoman

**Catwoman** (**Selina Kyle**) is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. Created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane, she debuted as "**the Cat**" in *Batman* #1 (spring 1940). She is sometimes a villain or Batman's assistant in fighting crime. She is sometimes called "Batman's girlfriend" because of her love-hate with Batman. Catwoman wears leather clothing and has a whip. In some comics, her father was mobster Carmine Falcone.

Bob Kane's inspiration for Catwoman was included Jean Harlow, Hedy Lamarr, and his cousin, Ruth Steele. 

## Fictional character biography 
Selina Kyle is often portrayed as a thief and cat burglar with divided loyalties. Her criminal activities are often tempered by a reluctant altruism, making her an inconstant villain and occasional ally to Batman. She regularly eludes capture by the Dark Knight and maintains a complicated relationship which frequently fluctuates between flirtatious to romantic. 

## Powers and abilities 
She is a dangerous, clever and resourceful fighter, known for precise, agile attacks and speedy getaways. Her formidable hand-to-hand combat skills are augmented by her cat-like speed, agility, reflexes, balance, and flexibility.

## In other media 
Catwoman has been adapted in various media incarnations. She is played by Lee Meriwether in *Batman* (1966), Julie Newmar and Eartha Kitt in *Batman*, Michelle Pfeiffer in *Batman Returns* (1992), Halle Berry in *Catwoman* (2004), Anne Hathaway in *The Dark Knight Rises* (2012), Camren Bicondova in *Gotham* (2014-2019) and by Zoë Kravitz in *The Batman* (2022).

## References
Biblical inerrancy

**Biblical inerrancy** is the doctrine that the Bible in its original manuscripts, is accurate and totally free from error. "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact". Some equate *inerrancy* with ''''; others do not.

In 1978, 300 scholars and Protestant leaders met in Chicago and produced an agreed statement. It states the Bible is ' of infallible divine authority in all matters upon which it touches...'. Most Evangelical Christians agree with this view, but Liberal Christians do not.

Jesus himself quotes the Old Testament often without question (see Gospel of Matthew 5:17-20), but Judaism has never believed in the literal word of the Hebrew Bible.

There are over 5,600 Greek manuscripts containing all or part of the New Testament, as well as over 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and perhaps 500 other manuscripts in various other languages. Additionally, there are the Patristic writings which contain copious quotes, across the early centuries, of the scriptures. Inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors), rather than the copies.

## Reference
## Other websites
*Full text of Chicago statement
Richard Dennis

**Richard Dennis** (born 1826, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, because of his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

Born in 1826 in Charlestown, Massachusetts, Dennis was living in Boston when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a boatswain's mate on the *USS Brooklyn*. At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he operated the ship's torpedo catcher (an early naval minesweeping device). He helped fire the bow chase gun during heavy fire. Because of this action, he was given the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864.

Dennis's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On board the U.S.S. *Brooklyn* during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram *Tennessee* in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks from stem to stern, Dennis displayed outstanding skill and courage in operating the torpedo catcher and in assisting in working the bow chasers throughout the furious battle which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram *Tennessee* and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

## References
Battle of Cambrai

The **Battle of Cambrai** was an important battle in the First World War. It took place near Cambrai, and lasted from 20th November to 7th December 1917. This battle was the first in the war, where tanks were used on a large scale. Cambrai was important because it was a railroad . In total, about 95.000 people where killed or captured. The battle did not result in a gain of territory of either side. Cambrai lay on the Hindenburg Line. That part of the Hindenburg line between Arras and Soissons was known as *Siegfried Line*.
Independent Catholic churches

**Independent Catholic Churches** is the name for a few Christian churches consider themselves to have the traditions of the Catholic Church but are not recognised by the Holy See. Almost all of them consider their bishops to have apostolic succession in which their  comes from an apostle.

Most Independent Catholic Churches were created after 1870. The first of them is the Old Catholic Church, which does not agree that the Pope is infallible, in religious matters, as was was agreed at the First Vatican Council (1869-1870). Most other Independent Catholic Churches later split from the Old Catholic Church.

A notable exception is the Society of St. Pius X, a grouping of traditionalist priests that was founded in 1970 to protest the decisions of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).

Communities such as the Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Coptic Orthodox Church do not have the problem of recognition, as they are at least partially recognised by the Catholic Church.
Bhopal State

**Bhopal State** (pronounced ) was an independent state of 18th century India. It was founded in 1723. It was a princely state of the British Raj from 1818 to 1947. It was an independent country from 1947 to 1949. At first, the capital was Islamnagar. Later the capital moved to the city of Bhopal.

## Rule of the Begums
Bhopal was the second largest Muslim state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad. Between 1819 and 1926, it was ruled by four women – Begums – unique in the royalty of those days. Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandar Begum, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Shahjehan Begum. Jahan Begum was the last woman ruler, who after 25 years of rule, abdicated in favour of her son, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan. The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system and a municipality constituted in 1907. The peaceful rule of Begums led to the rise of a unique mixed culture in Bhopal. The Hindus were given important administrative positions in the state. This led to communal peace and a cosmopolitan culture took its roots.

## Sources
Cassius Fairchild

**Cassius Fairchild** (December 16, 1829-October 24, 1868) was a Wisconsin businessman, politician, and military officer.  he was born in Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent, Ohio). Fairchild was educated mostly in Ohio. His father was Jairus C. Fairchild, who was the first Treasurer of Wisconsin and the first Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin. His brother was Lucius Fairchild, Governor of Wisconsin. He moved to Wisconsin and managed his family's cranberry and lumber businesses. He also managed their rental properties. Fairchild was elected to the Madison, Wisconsin Common Council where he served as president. He also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. At the time of the American Civil War, Fairchild enlisted in the Union Army becoming a colonel in the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fairchild was badly wounded in the Battle of Shiloh, and eventually died of his wounds.

## References
## Other websites
*Political Graveyard: Fairchild
Jim Gordon (character)

Commissioner **James  Gordon** is a fictional Batman character who is the police commissioner of Gotham City and is a fellow ally of Batman who gives him all of his missions and criminals to capture or question. In some cases, Gordon does not know Batman's identity, in other cases he does. He was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane as an ally of Batman. He first appeared in *Detective Comics* #27 (May 1939), Batman's first appearance, making him the first Batman supporting character ever to be introduced.

## Biography
As the police commissioner of Gotham City, Gordon shares Batman's deep commitment to stop the city of crime. The character is typically portrayed as having full trust in Batman and is even somewhat dependent on him. In many modern stories, he is somewhat skeptical of Batman's vigilante methods, but nevertheless believes that Gotham needs him. 

Gordon was in the United States Marine Corps before becoming a police officer. He is the father of Barbara Gordon, who is secretly Batgirl. He is of Scottish descent.

## Television
He was played by Lyle Talbot in Batman shows, Neil Hamilton in *Batman*, Bob Hastings made his voice in *Batman: The Animated Series*, Ray Wise in *Batman: The Killing Joke* and by Héctor Elizondo in *The Lego Batman Movie*. He was played by Ben McKenzie in *Gotham*.

## Movies
* Played by Neil Hamilton
** *Batman* (1966)
* Played by Pat Hingle
** *Batman* (1989)
** *Batman Returns* (1992)
** *Batman Forever* (1995)
** *Batman & Robin* (1997)
* Played by Gary Oldman in *The Dark Knight Trilogy*
** *Batman Begins* (2005)
** *The Dark Knight* (2008)
** *The Dark Knight Rises* (2012)
* Played by J. K. Simmons in the DC Extended Universe
** *Justice League* (2017)
* Played by Jeffrey Wright
** *The Batman* (2022)

## References
Clavering

**Clavering** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1156 people living in Clavering. It has a church called St Mary & St Clement.

## References
Whiskey Tjukangku

**Whiskey Tjukangku** is an Australian Aboriginal artist from South Australia. He paints for Iwantja Arts, the community co-operative at Indulkana on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. He is an elder of the Yankunytjatjara people, and a '** (traditional healer). One of his works was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2012. His brother, Barney Wangin, is also an artist.

Tjukangku was born around 1939, in the bush near Umuwa in north-western South Australia. The name "Whiskey" was given to him by one of his friends when he was a young boy. It is said that Tjukangku took this name because he could not pronounce his own Aboriginal name.

Tjukangku grew up at the mission in Ernabella and at De Rose Hill, a cattle station located along the Stuart Highway. He never went to school. As a child, he was taught about working with horses and cattle at De Rose Hill. By the time he was a teenager, Tjukangku began working for the station as a jackaroo, mustering cattle. He worked as a stockman for many years, on several stations throughout central Australia. He worked for a long time on the land of the Arrernte people (in the Northern Territory), which he depicts in many of his works. When he was older, he moved back south, closer to his homeland (where he and his family were born). He settled at Indulkana, and has lived there ever since.

Tjukangku was one of the first men to begin painting at Indulkana, and was one of the original members of Iwantja Arts. In addition to painting, he also does printmaking using the intaglio method (cutting designs into wooden objects). Beginning in his early 70s, Tjukangku is reported to suffer from dementia. He still works as a full-time artist, however, and makes an average of one or two artworks per week.

His artworks depict personal  on his travels and experiences in the central Australian desert. It is often just memories, about where he used to work or a place he fondly remembers. This is different to most traditional Yankunytjatjara artists, who usually paint about their **' (Dreaming). A common motif featured in Tjukangku's artworks is *puṉu* (wood that is used for making traditional tools and objects). This is often both his subject and his medium. Objects in his artworks are often more figurative (realistic) than in most Western Desert art, but still contain elements and shapes that are very clearly abstract. Tjukangku paints in natural earthy tones, using rich shades of red, browns, ochres and black. He uses fields and lines of white dots to highlight shapes and movement.

Tjukangku's work has been featured in group shows at major galleries since 2010. He held his first solo exhibition in April&ndash;May 2011, in Alice Springs. He held a second solo show at the same venue the next year, in July&ndash;August 2012. One of the works exhibited at his first solo show was bought by the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne. Other works by Tjukangku are held in several of Australia's major private galleries. Some of his earliest prints are displayed in the South Australian Museum.

## References
Aluminium iodide

**Aluminium iodide**  is any chemical compound made up of only aluminium and iodine. It is formed by the reaction of aluminium and iodine, or the action of hydrogen iodide on aluminium metal.

## Sources
Galveston, Texas

**Galveston** is a city on Galveston Island in the U.S. state of Texas. , the city had 53,695 people.  The city is the county seat of Galveston County. It is well known for a hurricane in 1900.

The city is about 45&nbsp;miles (72&nbsp;km) southeast of downtown Houston.

## References
## Other websites
Lockdown (TV series)

***Lockdown*** is a television series.  It is on the National Geographic Channel. The series is about prisons and jails in the United States.  It is shown in a documentary format. *Lockdown* is known in some regions as '''''America's Hardest Prisons'''''.
Eiichiro Oda

is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for his artwork in *One Piece*.

Since November 7, 2004, Eiichiro Oda has been married to Chiaki Inaba (稲葉ちあき, *Inaba Chiaki*), a former model, actress and tarento. 

Oda met her in late 2003 during Jump Festa festival 2004 where Chiaki Inaba played Nami during "ONE PIECE Spectacle Stage", a official One Piece stage show. Oda and Inaba have had two daughters; the eldest was born in mid-2005 and the youngest in 2009.

Eiichiro Oda owns a manor alongside his workplace in Jiyugaoka (自由が丘, *Jiyūgaoka*), a wealthy neighborhood located in southern Meguro, in Tokyo Metropolitan area.  Oda adquised this home shortly after his marriage. His wife and daughters lives here.

## Early life
Oda was born in Kumamoto in Kumamoto Prefecture. At age 4, he wanted to be a manga artist.

## References