open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Haylie Duff

**Haylie Katherine Duff** (born February 19, 1985) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her supporting role on the television series *7th Heaven*. She is the sister of Hilary Duff.

Duff was born in Houston, Texas. Her mother, Susan Duff, is a producer. Robert Erhard Duff, Haylie's father, lives at the family home in Houston. Haylie is two and a half years older than her sister.

## Family 
Hilary Duff is her younger sister. 

## Discography 
Duff wrote or co-wrote several songs on two of her sister Hilary's albums, *Metamorphosis* (2003), *Hilary Duff* (2004) and the song, "Gypsy Woman", on Hilary's 4th album, *Dignity*. She has also done many songs for different soundtracks with her sister. 

### Soundtracks 
* 2003 "Girl In The Band" — *The Lizzie McGuire Movie* soundtrack
* 2004 "Sweetest Pain" — *Raising Helen* soundtrack
* 2004 "A Whatever Life" — *Stuck In The Suburbs* soundtrack
* 2004 "One In This World" — *A Cinderella Story* soundtrack
* 2004 "Our Lips Are Sealed" (with Hilary Duff) — *A Cinderella Story* soundtrack
* 2005 "Babysitting Is A Bum Deal" (duet with Stewie Griffin) — *Family Guy: Live in Vegas* soundtrack
* 2006 "Material Girl" (with Hilary Duff) — *Material Girls* soundtrack & *Girl Next* CD
* 2008 "Blow My Mind" — *Drop Dead Gorgeous* soundtrack & *Girl Next* CD

### Other songs 
* "Same Old Christmas" (with Hilary Duff)
* "The Siamese Cat Song" (with Hilary Duff)
* "The Siamese Cat Song" [Cat-Scratch Remix] (with Hilary Duff)

### Filmography 
### TV appearances 
* 2005-2007: *7th Heaven* as Sandy Jameson
* 2002-2003: *Lizzie McGuire* as Amy

;Guest appearances
* 1999: *The Amanda Show* as Jealous Girl in Crowd
* 2000: *Chicago Hope* as Jenny
* 2001: *Boston Public* as Sylvia (two appearances)
* 2003: *American Dreams* as Shangri-Las (with Hilary)
* 2003: *Third Watch* as Young Faith
* 2004: ''That's So Raven* as Katina
* 2004: *One on One* as Mandy
* 2005: *Complete Savages* as Jessica
* 2005: *Joan of Arcadia* as Stevie Marx (three appearances)
* 2007: *My Sexiest Year* as Debbie
* 2008: *Backwoods* as Lee
* 2008: *Doesn't Texas Ever End* as Mercedez
* 2009: *Slightly Single in L.A.'' as Jill

## Other websites 
*Haylie Duff cast bio on The CW
*
Yochanan Vollach

**Yochanan Vollach** (), also transliterated **Jochanan Wallach** or **Yohanan Wallach**, born 14 May 1945) is a former Israeli football player who played at: Hapoel Haifa, Maccabi Haifa, HKFC.
He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

At 1979 he retired and volunteered as general manager of Maccabi Haifa. Vollach was the Major reason for Maccabi's success.

Vollach has a master's degree in business administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a retired Major in the IDF.

In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success, he was awarded honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa, in 1993.

Today, Vollach is president of the Maccabi Haifa association and president and CEO of Newlog, a subsidiary of Israeli shipping magnate Zim.

## Trophies won
Maccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa:
* 4 x Israeli cup (1966, 1974, 1991, 1993), (1985 runners up)
* 3 x Israeli title (1984, 1985, 1991)
* 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup (1985)
* 1 x Head of the house in the Intertoto home stage with Maccabi Haifa (1985)
* 1 x IDF title (1965)

Maccabi Haifa youth team:

* 4 x Israeli youth title (1979, 1983, 1984, 1991)
* 3 x Israeli youth cup (1980, 1991, 1993)
* 1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup (1984)

## Major honours
* Best XI in Israel (4 times, determined by Hadashot haSport and Yedioth Ahronoth)
* Fair play award in Israel (3 times)
* Hapoel Haifa Best XI All time
* Israel Golden Jubilee Awards: Haifa Best XI
* Israel Golden Jubilee Awards: Haifa Best Defender (All Time)
* Honorary citizen of the City of Haifa
Muridae

**Muridae** is the largest family of mammals.  It contains over 700 species. These species can be found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.  They have been introduced worldwide.  The group includes true mice and rats, gerbils, and relatives.

The family name Muridae is sometimes used in a broader sense to include all members of the superfamily Muroidea.

The Murids are classified in four subfamilies, and about 140 genera.

## Subfamilies
*Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
*Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
*Leimacomyinae (Togo mouse)
*Lophiomyinae (Crested rat)
*Murinae (Old World rats and mice including the vlei rats)

## Sources 
*Jansa S.A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*, **31**:256-276.
*Michaux J. A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. *Molecular Biology and Evolution*, **17**:280-293.
*Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. *Systematic Biology*, **53**:533-553.
* Muridae on ITIS
Incisor

**Incisors** are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals, such as humans. They are the eight large flat  teeth with straight edges that are at the front of a person's mouth, in between the canine teeth, which are pointed. The straight edges of the *incisors* are useful for biting because they cut sharply. They come together like a pair of pincers. In a human, the two teeth at the middle of each jaw are called the "central incisors", and the side ones are the "lateral incisors". (lateral means "to the side"). Some humans never grow "lateral incisors" or have very small ones, particularly at the top.

In many mammalian herbivores (plant-eaters) these front teeth are used to cut off stems of grass and other growing things, that are then ground up by the molars at the back of the mouth. Some omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat), like humans, have incisors like herbivores. In carnivores (meat-eating mammals) like cats, the incisors are often quite small. The canine teeth are  long and suitable for grasping and stabbing. Carnivores use their incisors for many jobs that need find control, such as catching fleas, carrying a kitten or peeling the skin off a fish. If a dog or a member of the cat family needs to cut something with their teeth, they use their back teeth like scissors.

## Gallery
 
Image:Fangs 01 rfc1036.jpg|Cats have long canine teeth and small incisors. 
Image:Chinchilla-teeth.JPG|The incisors of rats, mice and other rodents never stop growing.
Image:Yawning horse, Scotland.jpg|Herbivores like horses have teeth that can cut grass. 
Image:Azawakh K9.jpg|Dogs use their incisors for many things.

## Related pages
*Dentition
Arpeggio

In music, an **arpeggio** is a group of notes in a chord which are played one after the other, instead of all at the same time. The arpeggio may either go up or go down, but it is more common going up. 

The word *arpeggio* comes from the Italian word *arpeggiare*, which means "to play on a harp". This is because harps are very good at playing arpeggiated chords. 

An arpeggio is a type of broken chord, but there are many different kinds.

Learning many musical instruments include playing scales and arpeggios. They are often played as part of music examinations, especially for piano and the string instruments. This is because these skills are useful for playing a lot of music. For example, Bach's Prelude in C () is made of many different arpeggios. Guitarists sometimes play arpeggios instead of strumming, and banjo players do it a lot. 

An "arpeggiated chord" means a chord which is "spread". This means the notes do not start exactly at the same time. This is sometimes called *arpeggiato*, and in modern music is called a *rolled chord*. An arpeggiated chord is written with a wiggly line going from top to bottom in front of the chord. An arpeggiated chord is spread from the lowest to the highest note. Occasionally composers such as Béla Bartók ask for them to be played from top to bottom. This is shown by adding an arrow pointing down.

## References
## Related pages
*Ornamentation (music)
Muroidea

**Muroidea** is a large superfamily of rodents.  It includes hamsters, gerbils, true mice and rats, and many other relatives.  They live on almost every continent except Antarctica.  Some scientists have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae.  Sometimes there are difficulties in knowing how the subfamilies are related to one another. 

The muroids are classified in 6 families, 19 subfamilies, around 280 genera and at least 1300 species.

## Taxonomy 
* Family Platacanthomyidae - *incertae sedis* - (spiny dormouse and pygmy dormice)
* Family Spalacidae fossorial muroids
** Subfamily Myospalacinae (zokors)
** Subfamily Rhizomyinae (bamboo rats and root rats)
** Subfamily Spalacinae (blind mole rats)
* Clade Eumuroida - typical muroids
** Family Calomyscidae
*** Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
** Family Nesomyidae
*** Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
*** Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
*** Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
*** Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
*** Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
** Family Cricetidae
*** Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
*** Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
*** Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
*** Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
*** Subfamily Tylomyinae
** Family Muridae
*** Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
*** Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
*** Subfamily Leimacomyinae (Togo Mouse)
*** Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
*** Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

## References 
* **Primary Taxonomic Reference**
** Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
* **Other Taxonomic References**
** Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of **muroid** rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
** Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of **muroid** rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
** Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family Muridae.  Pp. 501-755 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
** Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of **muroids** (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.
Murinae

The **Old World rats and mice** (called **Murinae**) is a subfamily in the family Muridae. It has about 560 species.  This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae. It is also larger than most mammal orders. 

## Description
The Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.  They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia.  They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica. They are serious pest animals.  This is particularly true in islands where they have  endangered and caused the extinction extinction of many native animals.

The brown rat and the house mouse are both used for medical tests. They are among the animals whose genome has been sequenced.

The murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents.

## Fossils 
The first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus *Antemus*.  *Progonomys* is thought to be the ancestor of *Mus* and relatives, while *Karnimata* is thought to lead to *Rattus* and relatives.  All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan.

The genera *Uranomys*, *Lophuromys*, and *Acomys* were once thought to be murines. Later, it was discovered (by molecular phylogenetics that they were more closely related to gerbils. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, the Deomyinae.  

## Sources and further reading
*Chevret P. *et al* 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (*Acomys*) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA*, **90**:3433-3436.
*Jacobs L.L. 1978. Fossil rodents (Rhizomyidae and Muridae) from Neogene Siwalik deposits, Pakistan.  *Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona*, **52**: 1-103.
*Jansa S.A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*, **31**:256-276.
*Michaux J. A. Reyes and F. Catzeflis 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. *Molecular Biology and Evolution*, **17**:280-293.
*Nowak, R.M. 1999. ''Walker's Mammals of the World*, vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
*Steppan S.J; R.A. Adkins and J. Anderson 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. *Systematic Biology'', **53**:533-553.
Hovercraft

A **hovercraft** is a vehicle supported and moved by a cushion of air blowing downwards. They are used on water, land, ice and other areas where the surface is smooth. A difference in air pressure between the ship and the atmosphere creates lift, causing the hovercraft to float above the surface it is set on, allowing it to ride on different surfaces. They are often used as ferries and by militaries for amphibious, or on water and on land (like an amphibian can live in water and land) missions. A hovercraft can move cargo, people, and cars.

The English engineer Sir Christopher Cockerell invented the modern hovercraft.

## References
Spyglass Entertainment

**Spyglass Entertainment** is a movie and television production company.  Jonathan Glickman is the current President of Production. Internationally, Buena Vista has released most movies made by Spyglass (with exceptions). The first movie released by the company was *Instinct*.

## Filmography
### With Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
#### With Touchstone Pictures
**Instinct* (1999)
**The Insider* (1999)
**Keeping the Faith* (2000)
**Shanghai Noon* (2000, followed by 2003 sequel *Shanghai Knights*)
**Unbreakable* (2000)
**Out Cold* (2001)
**The Count of Monte Cristo* (2002)
**Reign of Fire* (2002)
**The Recurit* (2003)
**Mr. 3000* (2004) (also with Dimension Films and The Kennedy/Marshall Company)
*''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy* (2005)
**Stick It* (2006)

#### With Hollywood Pictures
**The Sixth Sense* (1999)
**Stay Alive* (2006) (also with Endgame)
**The Invisible*  (2007)

#### With Walt Disney Pictures
**The Pacifier* (2005)
**Eight Below* (2006) (also with Mandeville Films)
**Underdog* (2007)

#### With Miramax Films
**The Lookout* (2007)

### With NBC Universal
#### With Universal Studios
**Dragonfly* (2002)
**Bruce Almighty* (2003)
**Seabiscuit* (2003) (also with DreamWorks)
**Connie and Carla* (2004)
**Evan Almighty* (2007)
**Welcome Home, Roscoe Jenkins* (2008)
**Wanted* (2008)
**Leap Year* (2010)

#### With Rogue Pictures
**Balls of Fury* (2007) (also with Interpid Pictures)

### With Viacom
#### With Paramount Pictures
**Abandon* (2002)
**The Perfect Score* (2004)
**The Love Guru* (2008)
**Star Trek* (2009) (also with Bad Robot Productions)
**G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra* (2009) (also with Hasbro) (logo not shown)
**Dinner for Schmucks* (2010) (also with DreamWorks)

#### With DreamWorks
**Seabiscuit* (2003) (also with Universal Pictures)
**Memoirs of a Geisha* (2005) (also with Columbia Pictures, Amblin Entertainment and Red Wagon Entertainment)
**The Ruins* (2008)
**Ghost Town* (2008)
**G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra* (2009) (also with Hasbro)
**Dinner for Schmucks* (2010) (also with Paramount Pictures)

### With Sony Pictures
#### With Columbia Pictures
##### Also With Amblin Entertainment
**The Legend of Zorro* (2005)
**Memoirs of a Geisha* (2005) (also with DreamWorks and Red Wagon Entertainment)

### With News Corporation
#### With 20th Century Fox
**27 Dresses* (2008)
**The Happening* (2008) (also with UTV Motion Pictures and Blinding Edge Pictures)

### With TimeWarner
#### With New Line Cinema
**Four Christmases'' (2008) (distributed by Warner Bros.)
Castoridae

.]]
**Castoridae** is a family of rodents. Today, the only genus that has alive species in it is *Castor*. It contains modern-day beavers. In addition, about 20 extinct genera of beavers have been put into the family.
Redruth

**Redruth** (Cornish: Resrudh) is a small town in Cornwall. The name of the town means "red ford"; the parish church of Redruth is dedicated to St Uny. The district of Camborne and Redruth was once very important for the mining of tin and copper. Until 1974, Camborne and Redruth were included in the Camborne-Redruth urban district. In 2001 there were 12,352 people living in Redruth. The two towns with the village of Pool have more people than St Austell (Cornwall's largest settlement). In 2004, about 38,500 people were living in Camborne-Redruth.

## References
IUCN Red List

The **IUCN Red List** (also **IUCN Red List of Threatened Species**) is a list of species. The list tells for each species how likely it is to become extinct (or if it is already). This is called its conservation status. This list is put together each year by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

There are exact  to see if a certain species is threatened to become extinct. These criteria are the same for all parts of the world. The purpose of the list is to tell people how threatened a certain species is. Politicians can then decide on what needs to be done and the efforts needed to save certain species from becoming extinct.
## Criteria
** Not evaluated:**
Not yet compared to the standard scale.

** Data deficient:**
Not enough data.

## Related pages
* Endangered species

## Other websites
*IUCN Red List Website - The species list can be found here.
Taj Mahal (musician)

**Henry St. Claire Fredericks Jr.** (born May 17, 1942), better known by his stage name **Taj Mahal**, is an American blues musician. He has been performing and recording since 1964 and is still popular.

## Selected discography
* 1968 – *Taj Mahal*
* 1968 – ''The Natch'l Blues*
* 1969 – *Giant Step/De Ole Folks At Home*
* 1971 – *The Real Thing*
* 1971 – *Happy Just To Be Like I Am*
* 1972 – *Recycling The Blues & Other Related Stuff*
* 1973 – *Oooh So Good 'n Blues*
* 1974 – *Mo' Roots*
* 1975 – *Music Keeps Me Together*
* 1976 – *Satisfied 'N Tickled Too*
* 1976 – *Music Fa' Ya (Musica Para Ti)
* 1977 – *Brothers (Soundtrack)*
* 1977 – *Evolution (The Latest)
* 1983 – *Take A Giant Step*
* 1986 – *Taj*
* 1991 – *Mule Bone*
* 1991 – *Like Never Before*
* 1993 – *Dancing The Blues*
* 1993 – *An Evening of Acoustic Music*
* 1993 – *The Source* by Ali Farka Touré (World Circuit WCD030 / Hannibal 1375)
* 1995 – *Mumtaz Mahal* (with V.M. Bhatt and N. Ravikiran)
* 1996 – *Phantom Blues*
* 1997 – *Señor Blues*
* 1998 – *Sacred Island* (with The Hula Blues Band)
* 1999 – *Kulanjan'' (with Toumani Diabaté)
* 1999 - Hippity Hop (Children's music)
* 2000 – ''Shoutin' In Key*
* 2001 – *Hanapepe Dream*
* 2003 – *Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues – Taj Mahal*
* 2003 – *Blues with Feeling*
* 2004 – *Musicmakers with Taj Mahal* (Music Maker 49)
* 2004 – *Etta Baker with Taj Mahal (Music Maker 50)
* 2005 – *Mkutano Meets The Culture Musical Club Of Zanzibar*
* 2005 – *The Essential Taj Mahal*
## Awards
Taj Mahal has received two Grammy Awards (nine nominations) over his career.

*1997 (Grammy Award) Best Contemporary Blues Album for *Señor Blues*
*2000 (Grammy Award) Best Contemporary Blues Album for ''Shoutin' in Key*
*2006 (Blues Music Awards) Historical Album of the Year for *The Essential Taj Mahal*
*2008 (Grammy Nomination) Best Contemporary Blues Album for *Maestro''

On February 8, 2006 Taj Mahal was designated the official Blues Artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
## References
Polysaccharide

A **polysaccharide** is a complex carbohydrate. Polysaccharides are polymers made up of many monosaccharides. They are very large, often branched, molecules. They tend to be amorphous, insoluble in water, and have no sweet taste.

When all the constituent monosaccharides are of the same type they are termed *homopolysaccharides*; when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are termed *heteropolysaccharides*.

Examples of polysaccharides include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin.

File:Glycogen structure.svg|Schematic 2-D cross-sectional view of glycogen. A core protein of glycogenin is surrounded by branches of glucose units. The entire globular granule may contain approximately 30,000 glucose units.
File:Glycogen.png|(Structure of Glycogen) **Glycogen** is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells.

## Starches 
Starches are insoluble in water. They can be digested by hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzymes called amylases. Humans and other animals have amylases, so they can digest starches. Potato, rice, wheat, and maize are major sources of starch in the human diet.

## Cellulose 
The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units.  Humans and many other animals do not digest cellulose.  Certain animals can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. The classic example is the termite.

## References
Tambourin

A **tambourin** (pronounced the French way) is a piece of music which was popular in France in the 18th century.  It is based on a folkdance from the Provence.  The music is made to sound like the kind of drum which is called "tambourin" in French.  Jean-Philippe Rameau wrote several Tambourins in his operas.  Other composers who wrote Tambourins include François-Joseph Gossec and Maurice Duruflé.

**Tambourin** also means a special kind of drum from the Provence.  It has a long, cylindrical shape and is played with one drumstick.  It is found in orchestral music such as Georges Bizet's ''L'Arlésienne Suite no. 2''
Thomas Wedgwood IV

**Thomas Wedgwood** (1716-1773) was an English potter. He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters. He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood III and Mary Stringer and brother of Josiah Wedgwood.

Thomas Wedgwood was married firstly to Isabell Beech. Their children were:
*Thomas Wedgwood V
Integrated Taxonomic Information System

The **Integrated Taxonomic Information System** (**ITIS**) is an American organization. It works with several federal agencies to unify the information gathered about different taxonomy of biological species. It provides a common database for these agencies to use. ITIS was originally formed in 1996.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
* Canada Interface: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS*CA)
* Mexico Interface: Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica (SIIT*MX) 
* Brasil Interface: Sistema Integrado de Informação Taxonômica - (SIIT*Brasil)
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach

**Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach** (8 March 1714  14 December 1788) was a German musician and composer. He was the second of five sons of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach. He was said to be one of the greatest harpsichord players of his time.  He wrote a book called *Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments* (1755), which was used by Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven. His father moved the family to Leipzig in 1723 where he had a position as Kantor at the Thomasschule. This left him with plenty of time to compose music. Bach married Johanna Maria Dannemann in 1744. He was able to develop a network of people around Europe who were able to sell printed copies of his pieces which brought in a considerable income. Bach protected his father's original manuscripts, and it is because of this that some  of them, including the St. John Passion and the St. Matthew Passion, have survived. at that time a well-known builder of keyboard instruments. In the 21st century, people have a chance to hear the instruments used by Bach, because the are being recreated by some modern piano builders.

## Writer
Bach wrote his book, the *Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments* in 1755 while in Berlin. This book is important for two reasons. It was the first book to teach players to use their thumbs, which is now standard practice.  Secondly it was the first to talk about emotion as being an important part of a performer's skills; as important as technical ability. It is still in use today as the reference book on how to correctly play the ornamentation and how to improvise in the late baroque style. Bach wrote his autobiography in 1773. This shows that where his father was mainly influenced by religion, Bach was influenced by ideas from art and philosophy. He had a collection of 400 paintings of people whose ideas and works he admired.

## References
Maria Barbara Bach

**Maria Barbara Bach** (20 October 1684 – buried 7 July 1720) was the wife of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach.  She was also the mother of the composers Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach.

## References
Ligue 1

**Ligue 1**, is a professional association football league in France and the highest level of French football. The League is contested by 18 clubs and operates on a system of promotion and relegation from and to Ligue 2.

## Clubs
## Champions
## Notes
## Related pages
* Ligue 2
* Championnat National
Yersinia pestis

***Yersinia pestis*** is a bacillus (a type of bacteria). It is the bacterium that causes bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague.

These three forms of the plague have killed many people in epidemics throughout history. Historians and scientists believe they caused the Black Death. This pandemic killed one out of every three people in Europe between 1347 and 1353. 

## Discovery 
In 1894 a physician named Alexandre Yersin discovered the *Y. pestis* bacillus during an epidemic of the plague in Hong Kong. Yersin worked for the Pasteur Institute at the time.

The bacillus's name was changed several times:

* 1894-1900: *Bacterium pestis* 
* 1900-1923: *Bacillus pestis*
* 1923-1970: *Pasteurella pestis* (named to honor Louis Pasteur)

Before 1970, scientists thought the bacillus belonged to the *Pasteurella* genus of bacteria. In 1970 they reclassified it as its own genus (*Yersinia*) and named it *Yersinia pestis* in Alexandre Yersin's honor.

Scientists have found three varieties of *Y. pestis.*

## The Black Death 
*See the main article: The Black Death*

Historians do not agree about ''Y. pestis's* role in the Black Death. Many believe that *Y. pestis* was the bacterium that caused the Black Death. However, others say the Black Death spread much faster than *Y. pestis* could. 

Still, DNA from *Y. pestis* has been found in the teeth of some exhumed Black Death victims. For this reason, *Y. pestis* must have played a role in the epidemic, and it probably did too in other European plague epidemics.
## References 
## Other websites 
* *Yersinia pestis'' . Virtual Museum of Bacteria.
* Genome information is available from the NIAID PathoSystems Resource Integration Center (PATRIC)
Return to Oz

***Return to Oz*** is a 1985 Disney movie. It is considered to be a sequel of *The Wizard of Oz*.

## Sources
## Other websites
* 
*
*
*
*
List of Miss America winners

won in 1982.]]
 in 2010. Vanessa won in 1984.]]
, 2000 winner]]
, Miss America 2014]]

**Miss America** is an American beauty contest. It is an  competition open to women from the United States between the ages of 18 and 28. Contestants are judged on talent and interviews in addition to their physical attractiveness. It is run by the *Miss America Organization*, a non-profit organization based in Linwood, New Jersey. The corporation has developed the "Miss America Scholarship Program", which awards educational scholarships to successful competitors.

The contest began in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1921. It was an idea of newspaper reporter, Harry Finley, to increase newspaper sales and to promote Atlantic City. The first competition had eight entrants. She won the "Inter-City Beauty, Amateur" and "The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America" contests. She was given the Golden Mermaid Trophy. Because these were awkward titles, in 1922 Gorman was renamed as "Miss America".

## Winners 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official site
François-Joseph Gossec

**François-Joseph Gossec** (born Vergnies, 17 January 1734 — 16 February 1829) was a South Netherlands composer.  He was born in what is now Belgium, but worked in France during his long life.  People hardly ever hear his music now except for one very popular piece of dance music called Tambourin.  He was famous in France in his time and had a lot of influence on French music.

## Life and Work
Gossec’s family were small farmers.  When Gossec was young he worked as a cowherd (someone who looks after cows).  He showed a lot of talent and became a choir-boy in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Antwerp.

In 1751, he went to Paris. The composer Jean-Philippe Rameau was very impressed by him and got him jobs playing the violin and double bass in his private orchestra. He heard a lot of music by German composers and started to write music of his own.  His symphony in D was one of the first works in France to use clarinets which had only just been invented. He composed many operas as well as instrumental works.

In 1762, Gossec became the conductor of a private theatre of the Prince of Condé at Chantilly. A lot of German and Bohemian wind players at that time went to Paris, and Gossec gave them jobs in his orchestra.

Gossec wrote a lot of music for the French Revolution. When the Paris Conservatoire was opened in 1795 he became a teacher of composition there.

Gossec composed lots of different kinds of music.  His music for instruments was very successful. He wrote operas which suited the taste of French people at the time, but he did not have a good sense of drama and the words of his operas were uninteresting. He was an important man in the history of music because he organized a lot of musical events in Paris. He was made a *chevalier* of the Legion of Honour. A lot of composers went to his funeral.
Firewall (networking)

against unauthorised access.]]
In terms of computer security, a **firewall** is a piece of  software. This software monitors the network traffic between the inside and outside. The firewall is placed between the network that is to be protected (trusted) and the outside network (less trusted) aka WAN or Internet. A firewall has a set of rules which are applied to each packet. The rules decide if a packet can pass, or whether it is discarded. When a large network needs to be protected, the firewall software often runs on a computer that does nothing else. 

A firewall protects one part of the network against unauthorized access.

## Different kinds of Firewalls 
### Packet filtering / Network Layer 
Data travels on the internet in small pieces; these are called packets. Each packet has certain metadata attached, like where it is coming from, and where it should be sent to. The easiest thing to do is to look at the metadata. Based on rules, certain packets are then dropped or rejected. It is done at the network layer.

### Stateful packet inspection
In addition to the simple packet filtering (above), this kind of firewall also keeps track of connections. A packet can be the start of a new connection, or it can be part of an existing connection. If it is neither of the two, it is probably useless and can be dropped.

### Application-layer firewalls
Application-layer firewalls do not just look at the metadata; they also look at the actual data transported. They know how certain protocols work, for example  FTP or HTTP. They can then look if the data that is in the packet is valid (for that protocol). If it is not, it can be dropped.

## Other things firewalls are used for
### Tunneling
Firewalls can provide a secure connection between two networks. This is called *tunnellng*. The data may be encrypted. It is decrypted at the other end. Since the firewalls are doing this, the rest of the network is unaware of it. An alternative is to provide a secure access (to the corporate network).

## Network Address Translation (NAT)
Very often, firewalls can translate IP addresses. That way, many computers can share a few public IP addresses. The firewall translates between the public and the private IP addresses.

## Types of firewalls
In general, there are two types of firewalls:
*Software-based firewalls: these are often run as additional programs on computers that are used for other things. They are often known as *personal firewalls* which can be updates on personal computers.

Prominent Brands include OPNsense, pfsense, comodo etc.

*Hardware-based firewalls: Hardware based firewalls run on a dedicated computer (or appliance). Often, these offer a better performance than software firewalls, but they are also more money.

Prominent Brands include PaloAlto, WiJungle, Checkpoint, Cisco, Versa etc.

## What firewalls cannot protect against
Firewalls can protect against some problems (viruses and attacks) that come from the internet. They cannot protect against viruses, that come from infected media (like an infected office document on an USB flash drive).
Uther Pendragon

**Uther Pendragon** is the father of King Arthur in the Arthurian legend. His name, *Pendragon*, means the "Chief-Dragon", which means he is the "foremost leader" or "chief of warriors". He is mentioned briefly in Old Welsh poems, but his biography was first written down by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his *Historia Regum Britanniae* (*History of the Kings of Britain*). Geoffrey's description of him has been used in most later stories. 

According to the stories, Arthur is the son of Uther Prendragon and the Lady Igraine.

## References
Chocolate milk

powder]]
**Chocolate milk**, also known as **cocoa milk** or **syruped chocolate milkshake**, is a kind of cold, sweetened milk drink. Chocolate milk may be made by mixing cold milk with chocolate syrup or cocoa powder and sugar.

## Similar beverages
A mixture of hot milk and melted chocolate (or cocoa powder and sugar) is called hot chocolate. A mixture of ice cream, cold milk, and chocolate syrup is called a milkshake.

## Related pages
*Milk
*Chocolate

## Other websites 
* How To Make Chocolate Milk
Chocolate syrup

]]
**Chocolate syrup** is a thick, sweet, chocolate-flavored liquid. It is made from sugar and cocoa (or chocolate). Chocolate syrup is used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks such as hot chocolate, chocolate milk, chocolate milk shakes, and poured on desserts.

## Used in drinks
Chocolate syrup is used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups  to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes.

## Used for desserts
Chocolate syrup is also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate syrup on bowls of ice cream.
The Cask of Amontillado

"**The Cask of Amontillado**" (sometimes spelled "The Casque of Amontillado") is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in ''Godey's Lady's Book'' in November 1846.

## Story 
The narrator [Montresor] talks to a priest about his sin. Montresor wants to take revenge on Fortunato for an insult.

During a masquerade (ball where people wear masks) in the city. Fortunato is dressed in a jester's costume. Montresor tells Fortunato he has bought a wine called amontillado. He wants Fortunato to test it to be sure it is real. Montresor leads Fortunato into his underground  catacombs/wine cellar to test the wine. When there, Montressor chains Fortunato and then walls him up alive in a niche. 

Fortunato cries out "For the love of God, Montresor!" to which Montresor replies, "Yes, for the love of God!" He twice calls out for a reply but hears nothing. Before placing the last stone, he drops a burning torch through the gap, but hears only the jester's bells ringing. 

The crime took place 50 years before... Montressor expresses no regrets except for remarking about Fortunato: In pace requiescat! ("May he rest in peace!").

## Other websites 
* "The Cask of Amontillado" - Full text of the first printing, from ''Godey's Lady's Book*, 1846
* *The Cask of Amontillado* , found online at Ye Olde Library 
**The Cask of Amontillado''  at American Literature 
* Full text on PoeStories.com with hyperlinked vocabulary words.
* Free-to-download MP3 dramatisation of the story  (Yuri Rasovsky)
Touch rugby

**Touch rugby**, also named touch or touch football, is a sport that is derived from Rugby League. It minimizes body contact so that rugby players practice over the preseason and improve their handling skills without any risk of injuries. It also eliminates body contact to allow inclusion of both genders and people from all ages.

## History 
Touch rugby was started in South Sydney in the late 1960s and was pursued as a non-contact off season sport and as a fitness program for Rugby League players. The game was introduced in Europe in the 1980s, and the first touch league began in Ireland in 2005.

## Rules 
### Size of field 
Touch rugbyis played on fields or pitches of 70 meters long by 50 meters, wide with sidelines, a half-way line and In goal areas.

### Numbers 
According to touch rugby's official rules, each team may have up to 14 players, with 6 players per team in the field at one time. Therefore, a total of 12 players get to play on a field. The team may interchange players as often as it wants.

### Start of game 
Tossing a coin decides the starting team, and an attacking team has six chances, called touches, to score.

### Scoring 
Players score by grounding the ball in goal areas. Ggrounding is holding a ball and letting it touch the ground.

### Turn over 
If the attacking team drops a ball, its possession is changed to the other team, and the game starts over with rollball by using the hands or the feet to roll the ball slightly backward.

### Penalty Situations 
#### Forward pass 
The team that has possession may pass a ball to teammates who are sideways or backwards. If it is passed forward, it is a penalty, and the team loses possession. The game starts over by a tap kick, which is kicking the ball by using the foot.

#### Touch and pass 
If a player is touched but still passes the ball, a penalty occurs for forward pass.

#### Off the mark 
Players must start over with rollball or a penalty at the same mark that the rollball or a penalty was given.

### How to touch? 
In touch rugby, tackle from traditional rugby is replaced by touch, which uses a hand. Any part of body may be touched but with minimum force.

## Purpose 
Touch rugby encourages many people to join the rugby world, whoever or whatever age they are. It is used as a tool to promote rugby to new players such as youth players or girls and women.

## References
Second Geneva Convention

The **Second Geneva Convention** of 1906 is one of the Geneva Conventions. Its full title is  **Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field**. It was made in Geneva, on 6 July 1906. It extended the principles from the First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties and hospital ship. The Convention of 1906 should not be confused with "Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (Geneva, 12 August 1949).

As of 27 June 2006, when Nauru adopted the convention, it has been ratified by 194 countries.

## Related pages
* Geneva Conventions
* First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties
* Third Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of prisoners of war
* Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 on the treatment of s during wartime
* Protocol I, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in international conflicts
* Protocol II, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in non-international armed conflicts
* Protocol III, 2005 Geneva Convention amendment about the adoption of the Red Crystal emblem

## Other websites 
* International Committee of the Red Cross: Full text of Convention (II) with commentaries
* List of countries that have ratified Convention (II)
* Final Act of the Second Peace Conference, The Hague, 18 October 1907
Padniewko

**Padniewko** is a village in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship. It has about 400 inhabitants and 4.95 km2.
Leptospirosis

**Leptospirosis** (also known as '''Weil's disease**, **canicola fever**, **canefield fever**, **nanukayami fever** or **seven day fever'*) is a bacterial disease.  

This disease is caused by spirochaetes of the genus *Leptospira*. It affects humans and many animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles.  

Leptospirosis was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886. At the time he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis". The pathogen, *Leptospira''-genus bacteria was isolated in 1907 from a post mortem kidney slice. 

Leptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in humans. The infection is commonly transmitted to humans when fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine (often from rats) contacts the skin, eyes or the mucous membranes. 

Leptospirosis usually causes heart failure, kidney failure or liver failure, and most sufferers die if they are not treated urgently. However, the disease is quite rare.
 
Outside of tropical areas, leptospirosis seems to occur most often in the Northern Hemisphere in August and September.
Oath

in 2001.]]
An **oath** (from Anglo-Saxon *āð*) is a promise. An oath is spoken out loud in front of other people who can see and hear what is done and said. They are witnesses to the oath. A person who cannot speak can make a sign that they are "taking an oath".  Another way of saying that a person is "taking an oath" is to say that they are "swearing an oath".  

A person can say "I promise that I will do this..." or "I swear that I will do this..." 

When a person swears an oath they often show that the oath is very important to them by calling God to see and remember the promise, and to show that the promise is true, and cannot be taken back later. When a person takes an oath they sometimes raise their right hand, or put their hand on their heart, on the Bible or on another holy book.

Oaths are used in many situations when a person needs to be true to what they say: 
*A person often swears an oath when they get married that they will love, care for and be true to their partner.
*A person is often asked to take an "oath" that they will tell the truth in court.
*A person who has an important position like mayor or governor swears an oath that they will serve their people and country.
*When a person becomes a citizen of a country where they were not born, they take an "oath of allegiance" and promise that they will be a good and true citizen of their new country.

## Other meanings
The word "oath" is often used to mean any angry expression which includes religious or other strong language and promises that the person will do something horrible. 

## Related pages
* Confirmation 
* Society
* Institution
* Contract
* Law
* Government

## Other websites 
* Courtroom oaths  from the North Dakota Supreme Court adding social workers to oath for their state it’s there responsibility website (jury oath, witness oath and so on)
*Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau  has several publications for Australia dealing with multi-faith issues and *A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services*  covers oaths as well as many other topics (in review as of 12/2/2006) but the 2nd Edition is available.
*North Carolina faith leaders supporting Quran oath 
*for comments about ''John Quincy Adams' Oath of Office''.
Flurbereinigung

**Flurbereinigung** (pronounce: FLOOER-be-rye-nee-gung) is a word used in Germany to refer to the rearranging of fields in agriculture. During the second half of the 20th century, Flurbereinigung led to major changes in the landscape in the German countryside. 

## History 
Many German farmers used to have several small fields which were not together but were in different places, some of them maybe two or three miles away from where they lived. This was particularly a problem in the area to the left of the Rhine which had been ruled by Napoleon, because in the 19th century, when a farmer and his wife had died, their land was shared between all their children, so it got divided into smaller pieces. In other parts of Germany only the eldest son inherited the land. 

Since the 1960s, people understood that it would be much easier for a farmer to have all his fields together so that he did not have to keep making journeys between lots of small fields. Larger fields are easier to manage and more economical. The German government encouraged farmers to swap some of their fields among themselves so that each farmer had his land all in one place.

In the last few years the government have realized that the way the changes have been made are not always good. Nature often suffers when hedgerows are taken away to make fields bigger. Flurbereinigung today tries to keep some of the hedgerows and small groups of trees which sometimes stand in the middle of fields. They are good places for birds to nest and other animals like to live there, too.

Winegrowers do not always find it a good thing to have all their land together. This is because the soil in one field may be slightly different from the soil in a field just farther up the road, and this gives the wine a slightly different taste. Also, if all their land is on one hillside and a storm hits that hillside and ruins the crops, then they have lost everything. If they have several pieces of land in different places they are less likely to lose all their crops because of one disaster.
Live 8

**Live 8** was a rock concert organized by activist Bob Geldof. The concert took place in nine places at once on July 2, 2005. Like Bob's Live Aid concert, Live 8 was made for helping out African citizens who were not getting enough food and medicine. However, this concert was not for charity. Instead, it was held to make people aware of the famine in Africa. Bob wanted to make the political group named the G8 give more to Africa. The concerts featured singers like Paul McCartney, Juan Diego Flórez and U2.

In November 2005, the concerts were released on DVD. The money used to buy the DVD sets was also used to help Africans.
Rigveda

, early 19th century. After a scribal benediction ('**), the first line has the first pada,  RV 1.1.1a (**'). The Vedic accent is marked by underscores and vertical overscores in red.]]

**Rigveda (ऋग्वेद)** is an ancient Hindu religious book. It is counted as one of the four sacred Hindu writings, which are called Vedas. It is one of the oldest writings in Sanskrit language. Rigveda is very important to Hindus, Its words are said during prayers and religious gatherings.

Rig Veda mainly contains various hymns for praying to Vedic Gods such as Agni (Fire God), Indra (The lord of Heavens), Mitra, Varuna (Water God), Surya (Sun God) etc. These hymns are called Riks. Hence the Veda is called Rik-Veda or RigVeda. This writing consists of 10 writings. The Rigveda has 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses.

## References 
## Other websites 
* A Simple Translation of Hymns from Rig Veda