open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kenneth Williams

**Kenneth Charles Williams** (22 February 1926 – 15 April 1988) was a British actor and comedian. He acted in movies including 26 *Carry On*s. He appeared in many television and radio shows and on stage.

## Life and death
Kenneth Williams was gay. He was born in North London and died there of a barbiturate overdose.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Hamid Karzai

**Hamid Karzai** (, ; born 24 December 1957) is a former President of Afghanistan. He served from 22 December 2001 to 29 September 2014. He was the first democratically elected leader of the country.

He is ethnic Pashtun from Kandahar and can speak several different language, including English, French, Persian, Urdu and his native Pashto language. He was educated in Afghanistan and India. He lived in Pakistan before becoming popular in late 2001. He has many family members and relatives living in the United States.

## References
Louis-Ferdinand Céline

**Louis-Ferdinand Céline** was a pen name of **Louis-Ferdinand Destouches** (Courbevoie, 27 May 1894 – Meudon 1 July 1961) was a French writer and physician. Céline was his grandmother's first name. He is thought to be one of the most important writers of the twentieth century. He created a new style of writing that modernized both French and world literature. His most famous work is *Journey to the End of the Night*. He is a controversial person because of his anti-Semitic pamphlets. He was married to dancer Lucette Destouches.

## Works 
* 1932: *Journey to the End of the Night* (*Voyage au bout de la nuit*)
* 1936: *Death on Credit*  (*Mort à crédit*)
* 1936: *Mea Culpa* 
* 1937: *Trifles for a Massacre* (*Bagatelles pour un massacre* 
* 1938: *School for Corpses* (''L'École des cadavres*), 
* 1941: *A Nice Mess* (*Les Beaux Draps*)
* 1944: *Guignol's Band*
* 1949: *Cannon-fodder* (*Casse-pipe*) 1949
* 1952: *Fable for Another Time* (*Féerie pour une autre fois*) 
* 1954: *Normance: Fable for Another Time II* (*Normance - Féerie pour une autre fois II*) 
* 1955: *Conversations with Professor Y* (*Entretiens avec le Professeur Y*) 
* 1957: *Castle to castle* (*D'un château l'autre*), 
* 1960: *North* (*Nord*)
* 1964: *London Bridge: Guignol's Band II* (*Le Pont de Londres − Guignol's band II*
* 1969: *Rigadoon* (*Rigodon'')
Parma (disambiguation)

**Parma** is a city in Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Parma.

## Things about the city of Parma
* The Duchy of Parma, an earlier name for the area around Parma
* Parma River, which divides the city and flows into the Po river
* Parma F.C., the football (soccer) team from Parma
* *The Charterhouse of Parma*, an 1839 novel by Stendhal that mostly happens in Parma

## Places in the United States
* Parma, Idaho
* Parma, Michigan
* Parma Township, Michigan
* Parma, Missouri
* Parma, New York
* Parma, Ohio
* Parma Heights, Ohio

## Other uses
*Parma, Tibet
*Parmigiana, a food dish
Monbetsu, Hokkaido

**Monbetsu** is a city in Hokkaido, Japan. It is on the shore of the Sea of Okhotsk. 

## Other websites
*Official Website (In Japanese)
Vinessa Shaw

**Vinessa Elizabeth Shaw** (born 19 July 1976) is an American actress and model. Shaw was born in Los Angeles, California. She has starred in many movies since the early 1990s. These include *Hocus Pocus*, *Ladybugs*, the 2006 remake of *The Hills Have Eyes*, and *Two Lovers*.

## References
Catatonia

**Catatonia** means a person is awake, but does not move, talk, or react to anything but pain. The person can stay stiff and still for hours. A person with catatonia may look to be in a stupor (being mentally numb and in a daze).  The cause is in the nervous system; the brain and nerves. This problem was first written about in 1874 in *Die Katatonie oder das Spannungsirresein*.

## Causes 
Catatonia can sometimes happen with mental disorders. It can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depression. Catatonia may also happen when a person abuses drugs or overdoses by taking too much of a drug.

Catatonia can also be caused by many different medical disorders. Some causes are infections, such as encephalitis; autoimmune diseases; damage to the brain from strokes; and metabolic problems. 

A person can also get catatonia from benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, which happens if the person quickly stops taking benzodiazepine medications.

## Treatment 
Doctors can treat catatonia. They usually start with medicines such as benzodiazepines. If those medicines do not work; doctors may use shock therapy. Antipsychotic medicines can also be used, but with safety in mind. Sometimes they can make catatonia worse or have bad side effects. A group of anesthetic drugs called NMDA antagonists may be helpful when benzodiazepines don't work.

## References
## Other websites
* Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders - Catatonic Disorders
Bezliudivka

**Bezliudivka** (Ukrainian: *Безлюдівка*; Russian: *Безлюдовка*) is a rural settlement in the Kharkiv Oblast of eastern Ukraine. It is next to the southern edge of the city of Kharkiv.

## History 
For a long time, it was thought that Bezliudivka was first mentioned in the 1680s. Some sources also stated a made-up founding year of 1660.However, in 2024, a study was published showing a document from 1677 that mentions Bezliudivka, proving that the area was settling at that time. It was determined that the settlementwas founded between 1673 and 1677, and its name comes from the destruction caused by the 1668 uprising.

On October 19, 1938, the village of Bezliudivka was moved to the category of city-type settlements.

## More information 
* 

## References
Joué-du-Plain

**Joué-du-Plain** is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The commune was mentioned in 1216 by the name of "Jeum". There are 201 people living there. It is  in size. The highest point in the commune is . The river l'Udon flows through the commune. The forest of Mancelliere is here. The community festival is 29 June.

## Important places
The church in the commune is dedicated to Saints Gervais and Portais.  The architectural elements are pointed arches, a Norman tower and Roman arches. The church was rebuilt in the Renaissance. Inside the church are sculptures of St. Gervais and Saint Portais made in the 18th century. Also, there is an 18th century sculpture of Saint Michael made in stone and painted. There are also sculpted wooden stalls, a statue of the Virgin Mary and a baptismal font made in the 18th century. The cemetery around the church has two 16th century entrances.

Another important place in the commune is Château de la Motte. The chateau is a 19th century building.

## Legends
Joué-du-Plain has a legend that the lord of Chantelou killed his wife and her lover. The lord painted the front of his chateau with their blood. The farm called Baritaur is the former place of the lord called "Red House of Chante-lou" 

## References
1570 Concepción earthquake

The **1570 Concepción earthquake** occurred at 9:00 (13:00 UTC), on February 8, 1570. The earthquake destroyed the town of  Concepción. A tsunami was caused and aftershocks were reported for months after the earthquake.

## References
Military taxonomy

**Military taxonomy** is an indexing tool or record-keeping template. It includes weapons, , organizations, strategies, and tactics.  

Military taxonomy can be used to analyze field missions and other . Many military strategies can be analyzed using a taxonomy model.

## References
Polar bond

In chemistry, a **polar bond** is a type of covalent bond between two or more dissimilar atoms, in which electrons are shared unequally.  A covalent bond is the "strong" kind of bond that makes a molecule. 

Electrons are negatively charged. If the two atoms share the electrons equally, then the negative charge is evenly spread out over the entire molecule, balanced out by the positive charges of the protons in the atoms' nuclei. This makes the entire molecule neutral - a non-polar bond, making a non-polar molecule. However, if one of the atoms is particularly greedy for electrons (called electronegativity), then its side of the bond will have more electrons. Therefore, that side of the bond will have a slightly negative charge, and the other side will have a slightly positive charge.

This is important because it turns the bond into an electrical dipole. This dipole acts like a magnet, if other bonds that work as dipoles are nearby, it will react to them.

In some molecules, these polar bonds are lined up with each other. Then the entire molecule is a dipole, and attracts other dipoles. Water does this. You can see in the image that the hydrogen (small and white) is positively charged and the oxygen (big and red) is negatively charged. This picture shows how the little water dipoles line up with each other, in the same way that if you toss a bunch of little magnets into a box, they will line up with each other.

This is one of the most basic and important differences between bonds (and the resulting molecules) in chemistry.  This can be easily predicted (because the electronegativity of all the atoms in the periodic table is known).  It creates an enormous difference in how the molecules behave.

When the difference in electron negativity between the 2 atoms Is more in covalent bond the more electron negativity, atom acquire partial negativity charge and other atom acqiure partial positive charge.

## Related pages 
* Covalent bond
* Electronegativity 

## References
Jean-François Jacques

**Jean-François "J. F." Jacques** (born April 29, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He plays for the EC KAC of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). He has also played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.

He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 68th pick in the 2003, NHL Entry Draft. He has played in the NHL for the Edmonton Oilers for 5 seasons.

In the 2011-2012 season, he played for the Anaheim Ducks.  In July 2012, he was signed to the Florida Panthers.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites 
*
Who Framed Roger Rabbit

***Who Framed Roger Rabbit*** is a 1988 American fantasy-comedy-noir movie. It is set in 1947 in Los Angeles. The movie is based on Gary K. Wolf's novel *Who Censored Roger Rabbit?*.  It was directed by Robert Zemeckis. The movie was released by Touchstone Pictures. The movie has both animation and live action parts. The cartoon characters interact directly with human beings.

In 2016, *Who Framed Roger Rabbit?* was selected by the Library of Congress into the United States National Film Registry.

## Plot 
Taking place in an alternate world, where cartoons characters (simply just called Toons) coexist with humans, a human detective must help a cartoon rabbit named Roger when he is framed for murder.

## Awards
*Who Framed Roger Rabbit* won Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing, Best Visual Effects and Best Film Editing. Nominations included Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Sound. Richard Williams received a Special Achievement Award.

*Roger Rabbit* won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, as well as Best Direction for Zemeckis and Special Visual Effects. Bob Hoskins, Christopher Lloyd and Joanna Cassidy were nominated for their performances.  Alan Silvestri and the screenwriters also received nominations.

The movie was nominated for four categories at the 42nd British Academy Film Awards and won an award for its visual effects.

*Roger Rabbit* was nominated the Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy). Hoskins was also nominated for his performance.

The movie also won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie.

## References
## Other websites
*
River Pinn

**River Pinn** is a river in Greater London. It starts near Pinner.

## Related pages 
* List of rivers in England

## Other websites 
*Celandine Route - along the River Pinn
New Bedford, Massachusetts

**New Bedford** is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts. It is  south of Boston,  southeast of Providence, Rhode Island, and about  east of Fall River. It is the ninth-largest city in Massachusetts.

## Well-known people from New Bedford
* Frederick Douglass, 19th century abolitionist and editor.
* Quinn Sullivan, musical child prodigy

## Sister cities
* Tosashimizu, Kōchi, Japan since 1987

## References
Peripheral vision

**Peripheral vision** is the ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision.

## Functions
The main functions of peripheral vision are:
* recognition of well-known structures and forms with no need to focus.
* identification of similar forms and movements (Gestalt psychology laws)
* delivery of sensations which form the background of detailed visual perception.

## References
Karma Police

"**Karma Police**" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead. It is from their 1997 album *OK Computer*.
Life After Death

***Life After Death*** is the second and last studio album by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G.. It was released on March 25, 1997. It is a sequel to his first album, *Ready to Die*. *Life After Death* was going to be released sometime in October 1996. It was pushed back because of a car crash. 

The album was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 1998, including Best Rap Album, Best Rap Solo Performance for the single "Hypnotize", and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for its second single "Mo Money Mo Problems" at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards. 

The album serves as his last studio album. It was released posthumously due to: The Notorious B.I.G. being murdered in a drive-by shooting prior to its release. Life After Death was released as a double album. Allmusic gave the album 4.5/5 stars.

## Track listing
Credits adapted from *Life After Death* liner notes.

**Disc two**

## References
Fromage frais

**Fromage frais** is a dairy product of French and Belgian origin.

Fromage frais is a creamy soft cheese. It is made with whole or skimmed milk and cream. It is like cream cheese, but with less fat (fewer calories and less cholesterol). When people need fromage frais but cannot get it, they can use low fat cream cheese.
Pure *fromage frais* has very little fat. Cream is often added to make it taste better. This adds more fat. 8% of the weight of fromage frais with cream can be fat.

There are two ways to serve *fromage frais*. It can be served as a dessert similar to yogurt, often with added fruit. It can be used in savory dishes. In restaurants it is often served with honey. Restaurants call this *fromage blanc au miel*.

## References 
## Other websites 
*What is *fromage frais* (with or without fat?)
Stupid (Sarah McLachlan song)

"**Stupid**" is a song written by Sarah McLachlan and produced by Pierre Marchand for McLachlan's eighth album *Afterglow* (2003). It was released as the album's second single in Australia and the United States in mid-2004.

The music video features McLachlan in different time periods and was directed by Sophie Muller.

The song became McLachlan's highest-charting single release in Australia, debuting at number thirty-seven in early June 2004. It spent seven weeks on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, two of which were in the top fifty.

A remix of the song, titled "The Mark Bell Mix" was featured on So You Think You Can Dance.

## Track listing
;CD single
# "Stupid" &mdash; 3:26
# "Stupid" (Hyper remix) &mdash; 3:26
# "World on Fire" (Junkie XL club mix) &mdash; 12:21
# Enhanced with "Stupid" music video

## Charts
## Release history
## Notes
Professional Golfers Association

'''Professional Golfers' Association''', (with or without the apostrophe), is the usual term for a professional association in men's golf. It is often abbreviated to **PGA**. There are several PGAs around the world. These include:

* Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain & Ireland)
* Professional Golfers' Association of America

The women's version is **Ladies Professional Golf Association**. It is commonly abbreviated to LPGA. The United States association is called the LPGA. Other women's bodies have names based on where they are located. For example, LPGA of Japan or LPGA of Korea. 

The organisations which run the world's two leading professional golf tours have the letters PGA in their names. They are now independent of the Professional Golfers' Associations that created them: 
* The PGA Tour runs the PGA Tour, Champions Tour and Nationwide Tour.
* The PGA European Tour runs the European Tour, Challenge Tour and European Seniors Tour.

At first, PGAs were the main groups for all forms of professional golf in their area. Now some of them, including those of the United States, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Ireland, are focused on the needs of the professional golfers who work as club or teaching professionals. They do not have as much to do with tournament professionals.
Worry

.]]
**Worry** is an emotion. It means that one feels stressful or he or she is  about something. It is felt as anxiety or  about a real or imagined issue. Most people experience short periods of worry in their lives, but it is not normally a problem. In fact, a small amount of worrying may even have good effects, if it makes people take precautions or be more careful.
Stupid (art movement)

**Stupid** was a short-lived grouping of constructivist artists, formed in Cologne in 1919. The founding members were Willy Fick, Heinrich Hoerle and his wife Angelika Hoerle (1899–1923), Anton Räderscheidt and his wife Marta Hegemann, and Franz Wilhelm Seiwert.

The Stupid group aimed to address sociopolitical issues through an art of proletarian character. Seiwert and Räderscheidt were at the time active in the local Dada scene. Räderscheidt's studio was their base of operations, but by 1920 he had abandoned the constructivist style. The group  exhibited together and issued a publication, "Stupid 1", before disbanding.

## Notes
## References
*Dempsey, Amy (2002). *Art in the Modern Era: A Guide to Schools and Movements*. New York: Harry A. Abrams. 
*Michalski, Sergiusz (1994). *New Objectivity*. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. 
*Anton Raederscheidt biography at www.raederscheidt.com
Jiske Griffioen

**Jiske Griffioen** (born 17 April 1985 in Woerden) is a Dutch wheelchair tennis player. She was born with Spina bifida. Before she started her career as a wheelchair tennis player, she was a member of the national wheelchair basketball team at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney at the age of 14. Griffioen has won Grand Slam titles in doubles play at the Australian, French and US Opens and on four occasions has won the end of year Masters doubles.

## References
## Other websites
*ITF Profile 
* Home page of Jiske Griffioen
Portia de Rossi

**Portia Lee James DeGeneres** (born **Amanda Lee Rogers**; 31 January 1973), known professionally as **Portia de Rossi** (), is an Australian-American actress, model and philanthropist. She is best known for the television work on series such as *Ally McBeal* and *Arrested Development*.

## Early life
She was born in Horsham, Victoria, Australia. She is the daughter of Margaret, a medical receptionist, and Barry Rogers. Her father died when she was nine. She grew up in Grovedale, a suburb of Geelong, Victoria. She modelled for print and TV commercials as a child. In 1988, at the age of 15, Rogers adopted the name **Portia de Rossi,** by which she remains best known; in 2005, she explained that she wanted to reinvent herself, using the given name of Portia, a character from William Shakespeare's *The Merchant of Venice* and an Italian last name.

## Personal life
She wrote a book about her battle with anorexia called *Unbearable Lightness: A story of loss and gain*. At one stage she weighed only , was eating only 300 calories a day, and taking 20 laxative pills a day.

She is openly lesbian. She married comedian Ellen DeGeneres in Los Angeles in 2008.

## References
John Smith

**John Smith** may refer to:

*John Smith (explorer) (ca. 1580-1631), English explorer
*John Smith (Labour Party leader) (1938-1994), British politician
Glutamic acid

**Glutamic acid** is a non-essential amino acid. Its salts are known as **glutamates**. Glutamate are important neurotransmitters. They are important for long-term potentiation, learning and memory. Glutamates are also used as food additives to make food taste better. The E numbers 620 to 625 have been assigned to the most important glutamates, for example monosodium glutamate. They are commonly found in Convenience food and Asian cuisine.

## References
Cats & Dogs

***Cats & Dogs*** is a 2001 family action comedy movie of Talking Aninals with CGI Moving Mouths. It had a sequel called *Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore* (2010). The film was filmed in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on June to November 2000.

## Cast 
* Jeff Goldblum as Professor Charles Brody
* Elizabeth Erratiz as Carolyn Brody
* Alexander Pollock as Scotty Brody
* Miriam Margolyes as Sophie the Maid
* Myron Natwick as Mr. Mason

### Voice cast 
* Tobey Maguire as Lou: a Beagle, who lives with the Brody family.
* Alec Baldwin as Butch: Anatolian Shepherd, an experienced field agent, and Lou's mentor.
* Sean Hayes as Mr. Tinkles: a Persian cat, he is the leader of the cat agents, who seeks to defeat all dogs and rule the world.
* Susan Sarandon as Ivy: a Saluki, "domestically challenged" former-dog agent who has a history with Butch. Lou meets Ivy when he trains to be an agent.
* Charlton Heston as The Mastiff: an English Mastiff, and the leader of the dog agents.
* Jon Lovitz as Calico: an Exotic Shorthair cat, and Mr. Tinkles' second-in-command.
* Joe Pantoliano as Peek, a Chinese Crested Dog agent.
* Michael Clarke Duncan as Sam, an Old English Sheepdog agent.
* Rob Paulsen as Ninja Cat #1
* Corey Burton as Ninja Cat #2
* Stephen Xicozza as Dimitri Kennelkoff / The Russian: a Russian Red cat agent, who is sent to detonate an explosive at Professor Brody's lab.
* Paul Pape as Wolf Blitzer, a wolf and news reporter for Canine News Network. He is a parody of the CNN news reporter of the same name.
* Victor Wilson as Doberman Drill Sergeant
* Charles Howerton as the German Shepherd at Dog Headquarters
* Richard Steven Horvitz as the Puppy at Barn
*Salome Jens as the Collie at HQ

### Puppeteers 
* Adam Behr
* Kevin Carlson
* Alejandro Diaz
* Randi Kaplan
* John Kennedy
* Luke Khanlian
* Bruce Lanoil
* Drew Massey
* Gordon Robertson
* Michelan Sisti
* Allan Trautman
* Emmanuel Reynolds

## Sources
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore

***Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore*** is a 2010 family action comedy movie. It was directed by Brad Peyton. It is the sequel to *Cats & Dogs*.

## Sources
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Thermosetting polymer

A **thermosetting plastic**, also known as a **thermoset**, is polymer material that irreversibly cures. The curing may be done by: 
 heat (generally above ) 
 a chemical reaction (two-part epoxy, for example) 
 irradiation such as electron beam processing

Thermoset materials are usually liquid or malleable before curing, so they can be molded into their final form. Others are used as adhesives. Others are solids. Some solid thermosetting polymers are used as molding compound in semiconductors and integrated circuits (IC). Once hardened a thermoset resin cannot be reheated and melted back to a liquid form.

## Process
The curing process transforms the resin into a plastic or rubber by a cross-linking process.  Energy and/or catalysts are added that cause the molecular chains to react at chemically active sites (unsaturated or epoxy sites, for example), linking into a rigid, 3-D structure. The cross-linking forms a molecule with a larger molecular weight, resulting in a material with a higher melting point.  During the reaction, the polymer's molecular weight increases to the point that its melting point is higher than the surrounding ambient temperature. So, the material forms into a solid material.

Uncontrolled reheating of the material results in reaching the decomposition temperature before the melting point is reached.  So, a thermoset material cannot be melted and re-shaped after it is cured.  This implies that thermosets cannot be recycled, except as filler material.

## Properties
Thermoset materials are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to this three dimensional network of bonds (cross-linking). Thermoset materials are also better suited to high-temperature applications up to the decomposition temperature. However, they are more brittle. Many thermosetting polymers are difficult to recycle. 

## Related pages
* Vulcanization
* Fusion bonded epoxy coating
* Thermoplastic

## References
The Death of General Wolfe

***The Death of General Wolfe*** is a painting by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West.  

The painting shows the death of British General James Wolfe during the Battle of Quebec of the Seven Years' War in 1759. The painting is an oil on canvas of the Age of Enlightenment. West made the painting in 1770.

## Related pages
* The Death of the Earl of Chatham

## References
Framly Nainggolan

**Framly Nainggolan** (born in Jakarta, Indonesia, July 29, 1984) is an actor from Indonesia. He played in several movies such as Jenglot Pantai Selatan (2011). He is the winner of the competition of L-Men Of The Year 2005.

## Filmography 
* *Jenglot Pantai Selatan* (2011)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Profile at Indonesianfilmcenter.com
The Death of the Earl of Chatham

***The Death of the Earl of Chatham*** is the title of a 1781 oil-on-canvas painting by Boston-born American artist John Singleton Copley. 

The painting shows the fallen body of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham on 7 April 1778, during a debate in the House of Lords on the American War of Independence. The painting includes fifty-five portraits.

## Related pages
* The Death of General Wolfe

## References
TCP/IP model

The **TCP/IP model** (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a model with four layers which is for both modelling current Internet architecture, and providing a set a rules that govern  all forms of transmission over a network. DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense, created it in the 1970s. It evolved from ARPANET, which was an early wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet. The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the *Internet Model* or less often the *DoD Model.*

This model was being made at the same time as the OSI Model was created. The TCP/IP model is not the same as the OSI Model. It was influenced by the model, which is why many names of the different layers are the same.

The TCP/IP model describes a set of general design guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a network.  TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination.  Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers.

TCP/IP has four abstraction layers as defined in RFC 1122: link layer, IP layer, transport layer and  application layer. People often compare this layer architecture with the seven-layer OSI Reference Model; using terms such as *Internet reference model*. This is incorrect, however, because it is descriptive while the OSI Reference Model was intended to be prescriptive  being a reference model.

The TCP/IP model and related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

## References
King Kong Bundy

**Christopher Alan "Chris" Pallies** (November 7, 1957 &ndash; March 5, 2019) better known by his ring name, **King Kong Bundy**, was an American stand-up comedian, actor and professional wrestler. He was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation. He won a Slammy Award in 1987 for the Bobby "The Brain" Heenan Scholarship Award. While he was signed to the WWF, Bundy had numerous feuds with Andre the Giant, Hulk Hogan and The Undertaker.

Bundy died at his home in Glassboro, New Jersey on March 5, 2019, aged 61.

## Championships
Bundy held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

***AWA Superstars of Wrestling**
**AWA Superstars of Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

***Continental Wrestling Association**
**AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship  (1 time)
**AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Rick Rude

***Georgia Championship Wrestling**
**NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with The Masked Superstar

***International Pro Wrestling**
**IPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

## References
## Other websites
*
Apostatic selection

**Apostatic selection** is frequency-dependent selection by predators. It applies when prey are two or more forms (morphs) which look quite different. This is a kind of polymorphic species, where the predator learns to select the more common form. Then there is an advantage in looking different, and this advantage keeps the frequency above the mutation rate. The second form, or 'morph', becomes better known by predators as its number increases. So the population tends to have a kind of balance between the frequency of the two morphs.

Apostatic selection is similar to the idea of prey switching. Apostatic selection is the term used when the different forms are genetic morphs. In comparison, 'prey switching' is used when describing the predator's choice between different species.

## References
Above mean sea level

The term **above mean sea level** (**AMSL**) is the elevation or altitude used by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach.  It is also used in aviation, where most heights are recorded and reported in AMSL (see flight level), and in the atmospheric sciences.

## Definition
A "mean sea level" is imaginary. It is not possible to know the average sea level for the entire planet. The sea level also changes over time when measured in the same place. The sea moves, high and low pressure zones affect the height, tides change the sea level, and local difference in gravity all affect the sea level. People can only pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum. For example, the British Ordnance Survey uses a datum based on the measurements of mean sea level at a gauge at Newlyn, Cornwall from 1915 to 1921 for their maps of Great Britain. This datum is actually about 80&nbsp;cm different from the mean sea level reading on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire earth. GPS and other satellite systems do this. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level.  Another alternative is to use a geoid based datum such as NAVD88.

## References
Margaret Beckett

**Margaret Mary Beckett, Baroness Beckett** GBE (née **Jackson**; born 15 January 1943) is a British Labour Party politician.

Beckett was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire. She went to the Notre Dame High School for Girls in Norwich, then to the University of Manchester Institute of Science of Technology.

She was the Member of Parliament for Lincoln from 1974 to 1979. She was the MP for Derby South from 1983 to 2024. She was Leader of the Opposition from May 1994 to July 1994.

## Notes
## Other websites 
* Parliament 
* BBC
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (movie)

***Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy*** is a 2011 British-French spy movie. It was directed by Tomas Alfredson.

The movie is based on the 1974 novel *Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy* by John le Carré. It is set in London in the early 1970s. The story follows the hunt for a Soviet double agent at the top of MI6.

The novel had also been the basis of a 1979 BBC Television miniseries with Alec Guinness in the lead role.

The 2011 movie stars Gary Oldman as George Smiley, with Colin Firth, Tom Hardy, John Hurt, Toby Jones, Mark Strong, Benedict Cumberbatch, Ciarán Hinds, David Dencik and Kathy Burke supporting. It is set in London in the early 1970s.

## Related pages 
*Kim Philby

## Other websites
*
Richard Beckinsale

**Richard Arthur Beckinsale** (6 July 1947 – 19 March 1979) was a British actor. 

Beckinsale was born in Carlton, Nottinghamshire and went to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London.

He had starring roles in five sitcoms. They are: *The Lovers*, *Rising Damp*, *Porridge*, its spin-off *Going Straight* and *Bloomers*.

Beckinsale had two daughters, actresses Samantha and Kate Beckinsale. He died of a heart attack in Sunningdale, Berkshire.

## Other websites 
*
Trichomonas gallinae

The protozoan ***Trichomonas gallinae*** is a cosmopolitan parasite found in birds. It most often infects pigeons and doves, but can also affect other birds such as domestic and wild turkeys, chickens and birds of prey. The disease in pigeons is commonly called **canker**. A similar parasite in falcons is called "frounce".

## References
UGK Records

**UGK Records** is an American record label. It was created by Chad Butler, rapper Pimp C, immediately following his release from prison in 2006. The music production company is named after Pimp C’s rap group UGK (UnderGround Kingz). The label was in the process of finalizing a distribution deal when Pimp C was found dead in his West Hollywood hotel room. UGK Records was managed by Pimp C’s mother, Weslyn Monroe, known as Mama Wes. The label is now being managed by Pimp C’s son.

## Artists
Artists signed to the label include:

*17 The Hogg
*AZ Hustlerz
*Bankroll Jonez
*Big Bubb
*Bryn King
*Codaq
*Da Underdawgz
*Deezy
*Dub-G
*Hezeleo
*Ivory P
*Izzy
*Lil Corey
*Texodus
*X-Mob

## References
*UGK Videos
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

**Pervasive developmental disorder** is an autistic spectrum disorder. The full name for this condition is *pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified*. It is also known as *atypical autism*.
Eric Lloyd

**Eric Lloyd** (born **David Eric Lloyd Morelli** on May 19, 1986) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his role as Charlie Calvin in *The Santa Clause* movie series.

## Other websites 
*
George Eastman

**George Eastman** (July 12, 1854 - March 14, 1932) was an American inventor and businessman.

Eastman was born in Waterville, New York. He founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film. This made photography popular and led to other men inventing film stock. His Kodak company still runs today, but more focused on printers and printing.

Eastman shot himself dead in Rochester, New York.

## References
Tree fern

]]

**Tree ferns** are a large group of ferns with tree-like form. They are part of a subclass of ferns which is monophyletic by DNA sequence analysis.

The tree-ferns and some other ferns with creeping rhizome stems make up the **Cyatheales** group of ferns (as a sub-class or order). The tree-like habit has evolved a number of times in this group. They can grow up to 20 metres tall, with their large fronds at the top. Many are much shorter, however. 

The coal forests of the Lower Jurassic were mainly formed by tree ferns and cycads. Tree ferns were probably food for Ankylosaurs in the Upper Jurassic, as were cycads. 

Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas as well as temperate rainforests in Australia, New Zealand, and other island groups nearby. A few genera extend further, such as *Culcita* in southern Europe. Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores developed in sporangia on the undersides of the fronds. The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large, and multiple-divided fronds. The young fronds of ferns emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow.

Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form new woody tissue in their trunk as they grow. Rather, the trunk is supported by a fibrous mass of roots that expands as the tree fern grows.

It is not certain how many species of tree fern there are but it is likely to be around a thousand. New species are discovered in New Guinea with each botanical survey. Many species must have become extinct in the last century as forest habitats were cut down.

## References
Chromatophore

(*Sepia latimanus*) can go from camouflage tans and browns (top) to yellow with dark highlights (bottom) in less than a second.|alt=Two photos of cuttlefish with dramatically different coloration]]
 melanophore imaged by time-lapse photography during pigment aggregation]]

**Chromatophores** are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods. They are largely responsible for generating skin and eye color in cold-blooded animals.

Some species can rapidly change color so as to keep in camouflage, or to signal. They do this by moving pigment and reflective plates in chromatophores. This process is called physiological color change. Cephalopods such as octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this. The display is under central nervous control based usually on input from the eyes.

Vertebrates such as chameleons get a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters. They may be started by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes around the animal.

## Cephalopod chromatophores 
, using background adaptation to mimic the local environment]]

Colleoid cephalopods have complex organs which they use to change color rapidly. This is seen in squid, cuttlefish and octopuses. Each chromatophore unit is a single chromatophore cell and muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are in an elastic sac. To change color the animal changes the sac form or size by muscular contraction. This changes its appearance. This differs from the mechanism used in fish, amphibians and reptiles, because the shape of the sac is being changed rather than pigment being moved in the cell. However, a similar effect is achieved.

Octopuses can operate chromatophores in complex, wavelike displays, giving rapidly changing color schemes. The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain in a pattern similar to that of the chromatophores they each control. This may explain why, as the neurons are activated one after another, the color change occurs in waves.

Like chameleons, cephalopods use color change for social interaction. They are also among the most skilled at camouflage, with the ability to match both the color and the texture of their local environment with remarkable accuracy.

## References
Leroy Goldsworthy

**Leroy "Goldy" Goldsworthy** (October 18, 1908 – March 16, 1980) was an American ice hockey player. He played 11 seasons in the NHL. Goldsworthy won the Stanley Cup while a member of the Chicago Black Hawks in 1934. Goldsworthy along with Rosario Couture were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August 1934.

## Other websites
* 
*
The Jerk

***The Jerk*** is a 1979 American comedy movie. It starred Steve Martin in his first movie role. Martin also wrote the movie with Carl Gottlieb and Michael Elias. The movie was directed by Carl Reiner.

## Other websites 
*
Communes of the Martinique department

The following is a list of the 34 **communes of the Martinique overseas department** of France.

(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique, created in 2001.
Porsche 924

The **Porsche 924** is a sports car built by Porsche of Germany. It was made from 1976 to 1988.

In 2017 a stolen 1979 Porsche 924 stolen in 1991 was found after 25 years

## References
Sonic Youth

**Sonic Youth** is an American rock band from New York City. The band was formed in 1981. In the beginning of their career, the band was associated with the underground art and music scene in New York City, No Wave. Sonic Youth was part of the first wave of American noise rock groups, but made their own interpretation of hardcore punk sound. Critics consider Sonic Youth as an important element in the rise of indie rock movements. The band members are: Thurston Moore (guitar and vocals), Kim Gordon (bass, vocals, and guitar), Lee Ranaldo (guitar and vocals), Steve Shelley (drums), and Mark Ibold (guitar and bass).

## Discography
;Studio albums
**Sonic Youth* (1981)
**Confusion Is Sex* (1983)
**Bad Moon Rising* (1985)
**EVOL* (1986)
**Sister* (1987)
**Daydream Nation* (1988)
**Goo* (1990)
**Dirty* (1992)
**Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star* (1994)
**Washing Machine* (1995)
**A Thousand Leaves* (1998)
**NYC Ghosts & Flowers* (2000)
**Murray Street* (2002)
**Sonic Nurse* (2004)
**Rather Ripped* (2006)
**The Eternal* (2009)
**Other musical works**

* *The Whitey Album* (as Ciccone Youth) (1988)
* SYR Series (1997-2011)

## References 
## Other websites 
***Sonic Youth** – official website 
*Sonic Youth live recordings archive
Jemaah Islamiyah

**Jemaah Islamiah**  (, *al-Jamāʿat ul-Islāmíyatu*, meaning "Islamic Congregation", frequently abbreviated **JI**), is a Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization. It wants the creation of an Islamic caliphate (Daulah Islamiyah)  in Southeast Asia. It would include Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern Philippines, Singapore and Brunei.  JI was added to the United Nations 1267 's list of terrorist organizations linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban on 25 October 2002 under UN Security Council Resolution 1267. On 30 June 2024, key members of the terror group Jemaah Islamiyah in Indonesia dissolved the organisation in a video declaration made at the National Counter Terrorism Agency in Bogor, near Jakarta.

## References
Kōfu

is the capital city of  Yamanashi Prefecture in Japan.

It has been  as a special city since 2000.

## History
Kōfu's name means "capital of Kai Province". During the Sengoku period, it was the stronghold of Takeda Shingen.

## Special places 
* Kai-Zenkō temple
* Maizuru Castle Park
* Takeda Shrine
* Yumura Spa
* Yamanashi Science Museum

## People from Kōfu
* Hidetoshi Nakata, football player who last played with Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League. He retired following World Cup 2006.
* Naoko Takeuchi, Creator of *Sailor Moon* and other comics.

## Sports
A J-League football team, Ventforet Kofu is based in Kōfu. Their home ground is the Kose Sports Stadium.

## Sister cities
*  Cheongju, South Korea
*  Chengdu, China
*  Des Moines, Iowa, USA
*  Lodi, California, USA
*  Pau, France, France
*  Yamatokoriyama, Nara, Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Kōfu official website - Japanese
* Yamanashi International Association - English
Sumoto, Hyōgo

is a city on Awaji Island in Hyōgo, Japan. The city was founded on February 11, 1940.

Sumoto city is famous for many foods, for example: Awaji onions, Naruto oranges, and Kobe Beef.

## Bicycle rental scheme
Sumoto runs runs a cheap electric bike rental program with Awaji and Minami Awaji. It is to help visitors stay for more than one day and explore the island.

## References
## Other websites
* Sumoto official website
Mourning collared dove

The **mourning collared dove** (*Streptopelia decipiens*) is a pigeon that lives in Africa, south of Sahara. Despite its name, it is not a close relative of the North American mourning dove (*Zenaida macroura*). This species is found most near water.

## References
Porsche 928

The **Porsche 928** was a car built by Porsche in Germany. It had an aluminum V8 engine. It was made famous in movies such as *Scarface*, *Risky Business* and *Leonard*.
Milton Brink

**Milton "Milt, Curly" Brink** (November 26, 1910 – October 31, 1999) was an American ice hockey player. He played 5 games in the NHL, all with the Chicago Black Hawks. Brink spent most of his ice hockey career in the American Hockey Association where he played a combined 5 seasons.

## Career statistics
## Other websites
*
Andy Hilbert

**Andrew John Hilbert** (born February 6, 1981) is an American former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League. He was drafted with the 37th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. Hilbert has also played 3 seasons with the Boston Bruins, 1 season with the Chicago Blackhawks, 1 season with the Pittsburgh Penguins and 1 season with the Minnesota Wild.

## Other websites 
*
Diplôme d'études universitaires générales

A '''Diplôme d'études universitaires générales** (**DEUG''') is the French certificate given to a university student after he has completed two years of study. It was created in 1973.
 
## References
Christian Laflamme

**Christian Laflamme** (born November 24, 1976 in St-Charles, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman that played a combined 10 seasons in the NHL. He was drafted with the 45th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. Laflamme played 3 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks before being traded along with Daniel Cleary, Ethan Moreau and Chad Kilger to the Edmonton Oilers for Boris Mironov, Dean McAmmond and Jonas Elofsson. He only played 2 seasons with the Oilers before being traded along with Matthieu Descoteaux to the Montreal Canadiens for Igor Ulanov and Alain Nasreddine. After playing 2 seasons with the Canadiens, he signed a contract with the St. Louis Blues.

## Other websites 
*
Hilbert space

s of vibrating strings.]]

A **Hilbert space** is a mathematical concept covering the extra-dimensional use of Euclidean space in more than three dimensions. A Hilbert space uses the mathematics of two and three dimensions to describe outcomes in more than three dimensions. It is named after David Hilbert.

Vector algebra and calculus are methods normally used in the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space. In Hilbert spaces these methods can be used with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space is a vector space that has the structure of an inner product that allows length and angle to be measured. Hilbert spaces also have to be complete, which means that enough limits have to exist for calculus to work.

The earliest Hilbert spaces were studied in the first decade of the 20th century by David Hilbert, Erhard Schmidt, and Frigyes Riesz. John von Neumann first came up with the name "Hilbert Space". Hilbert space methods made a big difference to functional analysis.

Hilbert spaces show up a lot in mathematics, physics, and engineering, often as infinite-dimensional function spaces.  They are especially useful for studying partial differential equations, quantum mechanics, and Fourier analysis (which includes signal processing and heat transfer). Hilbert spaces are used in ergodic theory which is the mathematical basis of thermodynamics. All normal Euclidean spaces are also Hilbert spaces. Other examples of Hilbert spaces include spaces of square-integrable functions, spaces of sequences, Sobolev spaces made up of generalized functions, and Hardy spaces of holomorphic functions.

## References
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* ; originally published *Monografje Matematyczne*, vol. 7, Warszawa, 1937.
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## Other websites
* Hilbert space at Mathworld
* 245B, notes 5: Hilbert spaces by Terence Tao