open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
55 (number)

**Fifty-five** is a natural number. It is one of those numbers used for counting. It comes between fifty-four and fifty-six. It is an odd number. 

It is divisible by 1, 5, 11, and 55.

## References
Leeward Islands

The **Leeward Islands** are the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles chain of islands, parts of the West Indies. They are where the Caribbean Sea meets the western Atlantic Ocean. The western Leewards are the Virgin Islands. 

The southern part of the Lesser Antilles chain is called the Windward Islands.
Vorticity

**Vorticity** is a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics. It can be related to the amount of "circulation" or "rotation" (or more strictly, the local angular rate of rotation) in a fluid.

The average vorticity in a small region of fluid flow is equal to the circulation \Gamma around the boundary of the small region, divided by the area A of the small region.

:\omega_{av} = \frac {\Gamma}{A}

Notionally, the vorticity at a point in a fluid is the limit as the area of the small region of fluid approaches zero at the point:
: \omega = \frac {d \Gamma}{dA}

Mathematically, the vorticity at a point is a vector and is defined as the curl of the velocity:
:
\vec \omega = \vec \nabla \times \vec v .

One of the base assumptions of the potential flow assumption is that the vorticity \omega is zero almost everywhere, except in a boundary layer or a stream-surface immediately bounding a boundary layer.

Because a vortex is a region of concentrated vorticity, the non-zero vorticity in these specific regions can be modelled with vortices.

## Further reading
* Batchelor, G. K., (1967, reprinted 2000) *An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics*, Cambridge Univ. Press
* Ohkitani, K., "*Elementary Account Of Vorticity And Related Equations*". Cambridge University Press. January 30, 2005. 
* Chorin,  Alexandre J., "*Vorticity and Turbulence*". Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol 103, Springer-Verlag. March 1, 1994.  
* Majda, Andrew J., Andrea L. Bertozzi, "*Vorticity and Incompressible Flow*". Cambridge University Press; 2002. 
* Tritton, D. J., "*Physical Fluid Dynamics*". Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 1977. 
* Arfken, G., "*Mathematical Methods for Physicists*", 3rd ed. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. 1985. 

## Other websites
* Weisstein, Eric W., "*Vorticity*". Scienceworld.wolfram.com.
* Doswell III, Charles A.,  "*A Primer on Vorticity for Application in Supercells and Tornadoes*". Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, Norman, Oklahoma. 
* Cramer, M. S., "*Navier-Stokes Equations -- Vorticity Transport Theorems : Introduction*". Foundations of Fluid Mechanics.
* Parker, Douglas, "*ENVI 2210 - Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics, 9: Vorticity *". School of the Environment, University of Leeds. September 2001. 
* Graham, James R.,  "*Astronomy 202: Astrophysical Gas Dynamics*". Astronomy Department, UC, Berkeley. 
** "*The vorticity equation: incompressible and barotropic fluids *". 
** "*Interpretation of the vorticity equation *". 
** "''Kelvin's vorticity theorem for incompressible or barotropic flow *". 
* "*Spherepack 3.1 *". (includes a collection of FORTRAN vorticity program) 
* "*Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) Real-Time Model Predictions''". (Potential vorticity analysis)
Cape Verde-type hurricane

tracks]]
A **Cape Verde-type hurricane** is an Atlantic hurricane that develops near the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde-type hurricanes, which are usually the strongest storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before coming across land.

## References
Douglas SBD Dauntless

The **SBD Dauntless** (SBD means **Scout Bomber Douglas**) was a dive bomber made by Douglas Aircraft Company (now Boeing) during World War II. It first flew in 1940 and was introduced the same year. It was made from the Northrop BT. The Dauntless's first bombing in the war happened on December 10, 1941. The target was a Japanese submarine.

The SBD-3 Dauntless was a unique **American dive bomber**. This was used by the **U.S. Navy** in many ship attack missions, such as the **Battle of Midway**. It was credited for sinking the **Akagi** and many other Japanese **aircraft carrier and other battleships**. This dive-bomber had unique **airbrakes** to prevent it from ripping apart at high speeds. These air brakes were painted in a bright red, which was a noticeable feature of the SBD-3. Also, the SBD was a **carrier-based aircraft**, meaning it had an arrester hook, and many antennas for communication.

In the War, the Dauntless was used to take off aircraft carriers and attack enemy ships and submarines.
The SBD-5 (5th version) could go 255 miles per hour (410 kilometers per hour), and it had a Wright R-1820-60 Cyclone air-cooled radial piston engine with 1,200 horsepower. It had two 12.7 mm and two 7.62 mm machine guns and it could carry one bomb or torpedo. It weighed around 6,404 pounds (2,905 kilograms) to 10,699 pounds (4,853 kilograms). It could fly for 1,115 miles (1,795 kilometers) without running out of fuel. It could go as high as 25,525 feet (7,780 meters) above the ground.
 
The Dauntless was retired in the late 1944s.

## References
Windward Islands

The **Windward Islands** are the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies. They are south of the Leeward Islands.

The Antillean Windward Islands from north to south are:
*Dominica
*Martinique (an overseas department of France)
*Saint Lucia
*Saint Vincent
*Grenadines
*Grenada

Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago are not part of the Windward Islands.
Reconnaissance

**Reconnaissance**, sometimes called **scouting**, is the act of exploring to gain military information. Often referred to as *recce* (UK, Canada and Australia, ) or *recon* (U.S., ), the associated formal verb is *reconnoitre* (British spelling) or *reconnoiter* (American spelling).  In informal English, both *recce* and *recon* are often also used as a verb. The term is sometimes used in civilian / paramilitary and various government contexts.

## Reconnaissance-in-force 
Often, units sent out for reconnaissance are armed only for self-defense. They rely on stealth to gather information. Others are well-enough armed to also deny information to the enemy by fighting and or destroying their reconnaissance parties.

*Reconnaissance-in-force* (RIF) is a method of probing an enemy's position. An attack, even with a small force, may get a strong reaction by the enemy. Hopefully that reveals the enemy's strength, deployment, and other tactical information. The RIF commander can fall back with the information or expand the conflict into a full engagement. Other methods consist of hit-and-run tactics using moving very fast. In some cases light-armored vehicles are used for added fire superiority, as the need arises.

## References
Birth certificate

. Monroe use the name of her mother as stage name; her father was called Mortenson. |578x578px]]
A **birth certificate** is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The certificate itself usually includes some or all of the following information:

*Birth name
*Date and time of birth
*Sex of the child
*Place and/or location of birth
*Names of the parents of the child
*Occupations of parents of the child
*Birth weight and length
*Name of informant registering the birth
*Date of registration of birth
*A birth registration number or file number

Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In the United States, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, or a hospital administrator to prepare the official birth certificate.

The birth certificate itself is not proof of a person's identity, but only a record stating that a birth occurred at the time, date, and place stated on the certificate.
To prove one's identity, a person may need a photo ID, generally issued to an adult.

## Related pages
*Vital record
*Passport

## Other websites 
*U.S. Standard Birth Certificate
*Florida Short Form (Computer Certification) Birth Certificate Sample 
*Florida Long Form (Photocopy) Birth Certificate Sample 
*U.S. Birth Certificates: Long Form vs. Short Form
Vital record

**Vital records** are records of life events. They include birth certificates, marriage licenses, and death certificates.  In some jurisdictions, vital records may also include records of civil unions or domestic partnerships.  In modern times these would be state-held records, though prior to civil registration these were often church-held records.

## Other websites
*Where to Write for Vital Records in the US - National Center for Health Statistics
Tzitzernavank Monastery

**Tzitzernavank Monastery** (, *Swallows Monastery*) is an Armenian monastery in the region of Kashatagh (under control of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic). The monastery dates from the fourth to sixth centuries and recognized as a native Armenian example of an “oriental” architectural type.

The church of St. Gregory was reopened after a restoration in 1999-2000.

## Other websites 
*Tzitzernavank, The Armenian Studies Program, Csufresno.edu 
*Dzidzernavank , Adriano Alpago Novello, ARCHITETTURA ARMENA - Catalogo della MOSTRA DI ARCHITETTURA ARMENA tenuta a Bergamo, presso il Palazzo della Ragione, 1975 - Torino
*Photoes of Tzitzernavank at RAA official site 

## References
John Bardeen

**John Bardeen** (23 May 1908 – 30 January 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to win two Nobel Prizes in Physics.

## Early life
Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin. His father, Charles Bardeen was a Professor at the Medical School of the University of Wisconsin. He completed his bachelor's degree and master's degree in Electrical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He completed his PhD in Physics at Princeton University in 1936.
## Works
Bardeen worked with William Shockley and Walter Brattain to invent the transistor on 23 December 1947. They shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1956.

Later, Bardeen worked with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer. They created the BCS theory of superconductivity, named after them. For this work they shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1972.

Bardeen was a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1951 to 1991.

## References 
* Hoddeson, Lillian and Vicki Daitch. 2002. *True Genius: the life and science of John Bardeen*. National Academy Press. 

## Other websites 
* Biography from PBS
Leuk District

The district of **Leuk** in the canton of Valais contains the following municipalities:

1The municipalities of Guttet and Feschel were combined on October 1, 2000
Hérens District

**Hérens** is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:
* Ayent
* Evolène
* Hérémence
* Les Agettes
* Mase
* Nax
* Saint-Martin
* Vernamiège 
* Vex
Martigny District

**Martigny** is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

* Bovernier 
* Charrat 
* Fully 
* Isérables 
* Leytron 
* Martigny 
* Martigny-Combe 
* Riddes 
* Saillon 
* Saxon 
* Trient
Popcorn

]]
**Popcorn** is a snack food made by heating certain kinds of corn. There is a small amount of water inside the seeds, which causes them to explode. When the seed shell breaks a sharp noise is made. The name "pop" is because of this noise. After it pops it is white and fluffy.

Salt and melted butter are often added to popcorn. Sometimes caramel and other flavors are melted and mixed into the popcorn.

Popcorn is a popular food to eat at the cinema.

## Kernel choking 
Many accidents of choking on popcorn kernels were reported. This is because the popcorn kernel does go into the airway and throat, and gets stuck. Many people want other people to take kernels out of the popcorn for children.
## References
Metis (moon)

**Metis** or '''''', is Jupiter's closest moon.

Metis was found in 1979 by Stephen P. Synnott in images taken by the Voyager 1 probe.  Its designation was ''''''.  In 1983 it was named after the mythological Metis, a Titaness who was the first wife of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter).

Metis is not a sphere and measures 60×40×34&nbsp;km across. The composition and mass of Metis are not known, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³), its mass can be estimated as ~7×1016 kg. Amalthea's density implies that moon is composed of water ice with a porosity of 10-15%, and Adrastea may be similar.

The surface of Metis is very cratered. It is dark and appears to be reddish in color.

## Orbit
Metis is the closest moon to Jupiter. It orbits Jupiter at a distance of ~128,000&nbsp;km.  It has a very small orbital eccentricity (~0.0002) and inclination (~ 0.06°) relative to the equator of Jupiter.7

## Exploration
The images taken by *Voyager 1* showed Metis only as a dot, and very little was known about Metis until the arrival of the *Galileo* spacecraft. *Galileo* took pictures of almost all of the surface of Metis and put constraints on its composition.

## Other websites
*Metis Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Batista

**Batista** is a Spanish or Portuguese surname. Notable persons with the name include:

* Batista (footballer, born 1955), Brazilian football player
* Dave Bautista, American actor and professional wrestler, also known as **Batista**
* Edina Alves Batista, Brazilian football referee
* Eike Batista, Brazilian mining businessman
* Felix Batista, American security expert who was kidnapped in 2008
* Fulgencio Batista, Cuban general, president, and dictator
* Miguel Batista, Dominican baseball player
* Randas Batista, Brazilian medical doctor and cardiac surgeon
* Sergio Batista, Argentine football player and coach
* Tony Batista, Dominican baseball player
* Wesley Batista (born 1972), Brazilian billionaire businessman
* William Batista, Brazilian footballer

;Fictional characters
* Angel Batista, a character in *Dexter*

## Related pages
* Batiste (disambiguation)
* Baptiste (disambiguation)
* Baptista (disambiguation)
* Baptist (disambiguation)
* Batista (grape), Spanish name for the French wine grape Canari noir
* Batista procedure, a surgical operation
* Batiste (surname)
* Battista
* Bautista

## References
Mariner 10

**Mariner 10** was a robotic NASA space probe. It was launched on November 3, 1973, to fly by the planets Mercury and Venus. It passed Mercury three times and photographed much of it. Mariner 10 is no longer working today but is still orbiting the Sun. It was launched about two years after Mariner 9 and was the last spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 10 was the first space probe sent to Mercury.

## References
Myra

]]

**Myra** is an ancient town in Lycia. The small town of Kale (Demre) is near it today. It is in Antalya Province of Turkey.  It was on the river Myros (Demre Çay), in the fertile alluvial plain between Alaca Dağ, the Massikytos range and the Aegean Sea.

Nicholas of Myra (also known as *Saint Nicholas*) did many things there.
Eta (disambiguation)

**Eta** or **ETA** may mean:

Words:
* Eta, of the Greek alphabet (Η, η)
* Eta Aircraft eta, a very high performance German glider
* Burakumin, a Japanese social minority group (Eta is an old, derogatory name)
* Eta reduction in mathematics: see lambda calculus
* Eta (Potato Chip), a New Zealand brand of potato chip, produced by Griffin's Foods
* Eta Carinae, a highly luminous hypergiant double star
* Eta meson, a physics particle: see list of mesons
* Eta (letter in Greek alphabet, lower case only), symbol for efficiency in scientific discourse
Abbreviations:
* Estimated time of arrival
* Estimated Time Amount when using μTorrent, Azureus, and other BitTorrent clients.
* Education And Training Administration, flight training software by Talon Systems
* Euskadi Ta Askatasuna () is a Basque paramilitary nationalist organization. 
* ETA SA, a watchmaking company
* ETA, a. s., electrotechnical company from Hlinsko, Czech Republic http://www.eta.cz/export/ 
* Electronic Technician's Association
* Electronic Travel Authority, Australian electronic visa
* Elektrosektionens Teletekniska Avdelning, An electronics club at Chalmers University, Sweden http://www.eta.chalmers.se
* Employment and Training Administration, a branch of the US Department of Labor
* Engineering and Technology Academy, a school is San Antonio, and part of NEISD
* Environmental Transport Association, a UK motor car breakdown and rescue organisation
* Eric the Actor, see Eric the Midget
* Estonian Broadcasting Agency (*Eesti Teadete Agentuur*), a defunct Estonian news service
* Ethiopian Teachers' Association, a trade union centre for Ethiopia
* Ethiopian Telecommunication Agency
* Evangelical Theological Association, an associated teaching institute of the Melbourne College of Divinity
* Eidiko Tmima Alexiptotiston, Greek special operations unit
* A numerical weather prediction model formally known as the Eta
Léogâne

**Léogâne** is the name of both a coastal city and a district in Ouest Department, Haiti. The city of Léogâne is around . The arrondissement of Léogâne contains three communes: Petit-Goâve, Grand-Goâve, and the city of Léogâne. The town was at the epicenter of the 12 January 2010 earthquake and was catastrophically affected, with 80–90% of buildings damaged. This is because the country could not afford earthquake-proof buildings as it is very poor.

The port town is about  West of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. Léogâne is the birthplace of the Taíno queen Anacaona (the town was originally called  the Amerindian name *Yaguana* and the city's name is a corruption of that) and of Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité, the wife of the Haitian revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758).

## References
European Article Number

The **European Article Number** (often shortened to *EAN*) is a standard to encode product numbers. The EAN is a special case of a Global Trade Item Number. The EAN is made of either 8 or 13 digits (EAN-8, and EAN-13). In many cases, the EAN allows to uniquely identify the item. Most of the time, the EAN is printed on the packaging of a product. Special scanners are able to decode these numbers. They then look up the product-specific data (such as the price) and print it on the bill, for example.

Note that the EAN is often encoded using a barcode (such as the ones in the example), but this does not have to be the case. There are other machine-readable codes which can also be used.

## EAN-13/GTIN-13 
The standard EAN has 13 digits. The EAN is composed of different sections:

* Country-specific part: 3 digits
* Company part
* Article number: 3-5 digits
* Checksum digit

## EAN-8/GTIN-8 
The normal length of an EAN is 13 digits. There is also a shorter version called EAN-8, for small packages, where the full 13-digit number would take too much space on the package. The EAN-8 consists of:

* Country-specific part: 2-3 digits
* Article number: 4-5 digits
* Checksum digit

There are special organisations which give out both EAN-8 and EAN-13 numbers. Since EAN-8 numbers with a starting digit 2 are free use, many retailers (such as Aldi) use them for their own products. As an example, Aldi uses EAN-8 codes starting with 290 or 221; 290 and 221 are the country-specific parts "for internal use".
Pity

**Pity** means feeling for others, particularly feelings of sadness or sorrow. In a positive sense it means "sympathy" and "empathy". More commonly 'pity' is a negative judgement of others and their situation. An example of pity is how most people feel about the homeless.  

## Positive Sense 
In a positive sense, pity can mean that a person is sorry for another person, usually because something bad happened to the other person. It can also involve mercy. However, mercy often involves taking action, like compassion. 

## Negative Sense 
Pity can imply **superiority**, or a person's belief that he or she is better or is in a better situation than another person. Superiority is implied because the person who pities the other person seems to be pitying because he or she is in a better situation than the other person. 

## Difference from Other Emotions 
### Sadness 
The main difference between **pity** and **sadness** is that pity is a feeling for *other people*, while sadness is a sad feeling for *oneself*. 

### Worry 
Pity and **worry** can both be felt towards other people. However, worry is felt towards something that might happen in the **future**, while pity is felt towards something in the **present**. 

## Related pages 
*Empathy
*Sympathy
*Compassion

## References
First ascent

In climbing, the first climb to reach the top of a mountain is called **first ascent**. 
The risks for the climbers are often very high, because the way to the top is not known. That is why first ascents are often carefully recorded as part of the history of a mountain and usually mentioned in books about that mountain. 

Some use the words **"last ascent"** as a joke for a way that was no pleasure and no one wants to do it like the first climbers.

## Other websites 
* Alpinist Magazine  Peter Mortimer's *First Ascent*. Issue - 17
Mochi

**Mochi** is a type of Japanese confectionery made from pounded glutinous rice, then molded into shape. Mochi often has a filling inside, such as ice cream, azuki (red bean) paste, and others. In Japan, mochi is often eaten in New Year's Day in one of two dishes: ozōni (お雑煮) or oshiruko (おしるこ). 

Mochi is similar to *dango*, which is made with rice flour instead of pounded rice grains. 

## Mochitsuki(餅つき）
Mochitsuki is a traditional mochi-making ceremony in Japan. It requires two people. One person pounds steamed rice into the dough with a traditional mortar (臼:usu) and a mallet (杵:kine). The other person turns over rice each time it is pounded. They have to keep rhythm to make mochi well. These days, normal families rarely do classic mochitsuki, but it is still popular at community events or with children's groups.

## Mochi dishes
* Yaki mochi (grilled mochi)
* Kusa mochi (mochi produced by mixing mugwort into glutinous rice and pounding the mixture)
* Kinako mochi (mochi with powdered soybeans)
* Ozōni (soup dish which contains mochi and other ingredients)
* Oshiruko (mochi in a sweet soup which is obtained by boiling red beans)
* Daifuku (soft round mochi stuffed with sweet filling, such as sweetened bean paste or fruit)

## Choking hazard
Mochi can be dangerous food for old people because it is difficult to bite off and is sticky.
Many old people choke to death while eating mochi every year.
Japanese know mochi is dangerous traditional food, so the accident is one's own responsibility.

## See also 
* Japanese food
* *Tteok*, similar rice cakes from Korea

## References
## Other websites
* http://janmstore.com/mochitsuki.html/
Tom Clancy

**Thomas Leo "Tom" Clancy Jr.** (April 12, 1947 – October 1, 2013) His stories take place during and after the Cold War. He owned with some other people a Major League Baseball team. Clancy also produced popular video games.

## Early life 
**Thomas Leo Clancy Jr.** was born on April 12, 1947, in Maryland. He finished school 1965. After school he studied English Literature at Loyola College in Baltimore and finished that in 1968. He said he studied English because he was not smart enough to do physics.

## Personal life
Clancy married his first wife, Wanda, in the 1970s. They have four children together and separated in 1998.

In 1993, Clancy bought with some other people the Baltimore Orioles (Baseball team) from Eli Jacobs.

In 1999, Clancy, at age 52, married the 32-year-old writer Alexandra Marie Llewellyn, on June 26. Llewellyn is a distant relative of Colin Powell.

### Political views 
Clancy is known to have been politically conservative, and gave over $200,000 to Republican Party politicians.

## Death 
Clancy died October 1, 2013, of heart failure at Johns Hopkins Hospital, near his Baltimore home at age 66.  Clancy is survived by his wife, Alexandra; their daughter, Alexis; and four children from a previous marriage to Wanda King: Michelle Bandy, Christine Blocksidge, Kathleen Clancy and Thomas Clancy III.

## Bibliography 
From the books *The Hunt for Red October*, *Patriot Games*, *Clear and Present Danger*, and *The Sum of All Fears* films were made, that many people wanted to see. The first NetForce book was filmed for television.

The website IMDB says that Tom Clancy's novel *Without Remorse* is to be made into a movie in 2008. No other details are available (27 June 2007).

Several books that are written by other writers have Tom Clancy's name on them, because the books are written in the same way and have the same stories as his own. These are:
* ''Tom Clancy's Op-Center*
* *Tom Clancy's Power Plays*
* *Tom Clancy's Net Force*
* *Tom Clancy's Net Force Explorers*
* *Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell*

Only two books of Clancy are not with Jack Ryan and/or John Clark.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Transcript of interview with Deborah Norville on the War in Iraq - April 2004
* Detailed Tom Clancy Book Reviews 
* Tom Clancy FAQ
* Internet Book Database of Fiction bibliography 
* 1984, 1986 interviews of Tom Clancy  by Don Swaim at Wired for Books

### Literary reviews and criticism 
* "Something for the Boys" by Christopher Hitchens, *The New York Review of Books'', November 14, 1996. A review of Clancy's *Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit.*
Mount Thor

**Mount Thor** is a mountain on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is the steepest mountain on Earth. It has a straight drop at 1,250 m (4,100 feet), with an average angle of 105 degrees.

## References
Atlantic Beach, Florida

**Atlantic Beach** is a city in Duval County, Florida,  United States. When the majority of communities in Duval County consolidated with Jacksonville, Florida in 1968, Atlantic Beach, along with Jacksonville Beach, Neptune Beach, Ponte Vedra Beach and Baldwin, Florida, remained quasi-independent. Like the other towns, it maintains its own municipal government but its residents vote in the Jacksonville mayoral election and have representation on the Jacksonville city council. The population was 13,513 at the 2020 census.
## References 
## Other websites
* City of Atlantic Beach
* City of Jacksonville
Saccharide

**Saccharide** can mean different things:
**Saccharides* are the anions and salts of the sweetener saccharin (*sodium saccharide*, *denatonium saccharide*). Saccharin is sometimes used to replace sugar.
**Saccharide* is a general synonym for sugars. Common kinds of sugar are monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.
Nike, Inc.

**Nike, Incorporated** is a company formed in the United States. It is based near Beaverton, Oregon. 

Nike is the world’s biggest brand of sports shoes, clothes and .

Nike has approximately 62,600 employees worldwide as of 2015.

Their net income is $2.7 billion and their revenue is $27.8 billion.

## History
The company was founded on 25 January 1964. Nike was named Blue Ribbon Sports at first ( it changed to Nike in 1971). The original founders of Nike are Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight. The company is named after Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.

## Products
Nike sells its products under its own name as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike + iPod, Air Jordan, and Team Starter. Nike also owns the brands Bauer, Cole Haan, Hurley International, and Converse. *Nike, Incorporated* also funds certain sports events such as the FIFA World Cup 2014.

## References 
## Other websites
*Corporate website
Alexander von Humboldt

, 1843]]

**Alexander von Humboldt**  (Berlin, 14 September 1769 – Berlin, 6 May 1859) was a Prussian naturalist and explorer. Humboldt's work on botanical geography was very important in the field of biogeography.

## Life 
Humboldt was born in Berlin. His father, Alexander Georg von Humboldt, was a major in the Prussian Army. He married Maria Elizabeth von Colomb in 1766. The couple had two sons, the younger was Alexander. Alexander's elder brother was the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt. 

In his childhood Humboldt already liked to collect plants, shells, and insects. Humboldt's father died very early (in 1779). From that time on his mother took care of his education.

Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled to Latin America and was the first scientist who wrote about it. He was one of the first who said that South America and Africa were once one continent. 

Late in his life he attempted to bring together different fields of science in his work *Kosmos*.

Honors and namesakes: Many places and species are named after him, as is the Humboldt Current.

## Relevant pages 
*List of science books#19th century

## Other websites 
* The website of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation 
* 
* Works by Alexander von Humboldt at Internet Archive
* of the Brothers Humboldt" an extensive biography available from the Million Book Project:
* Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie: biography of Humboldt at Wikisource

* Online version of *Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New World* 
* "Alexander von Humboldt", from *In our time*, a 45 minutes BBC Radio 4 program.

## References
Goblin Valley State Park, Utah

The **Goblin Valley State Park** is a State park in the southern Utah.

## Goblins
The valley, which is only about  across and  long, is full of thousands of mushroom-shaped pinnacles. These pinnacles are each a few meters high. Because of their height and shape, people referred to them as goblins. They are made of large orange-brown boulders of hard rock on top of weaker sandy layers. The sandy layers have eroded more quickly causing their shape. The "Goblins" are well hidden from the nearby road. The land to the east is flat and empty. It is near a long narrow ridge with eroded layers of grey and red-brown rocks. The far side of this empty land gives the best views of the landscape. The Goblins look as if they join with the cliffs. This gives giving the look of a strange skeletal structure with skull-like rocks and bony ridges. 

## The park
There are several trails passing through the park. These trails are not easy to notice and people can walk almost anywhere. 

## Wilderness
The land west of Goblin Valley State Park is part of the San Rafael Swell. It is similar to much of south Utah. The land is far away from most things and beautiful. It is crossed only by a few dirt tracks. 4WD vehicles are very useful here. There are many slot canyons in this area. Some of these, for example Little Wild Horse Canyon, may be explored easily.
Buskerud

**Buskerud** is a county of Norway. It became a county again, in 2024. (It was a county, before 2020.) The main city of Buskerud is Drammen.

## History
On 1 January 2020 the county merged with Akershus and Østfold to the current county of Viken.
Telemark

**Telemark** is a county in Norway. Skien is the main city in Telemark.

Geology: The Fen Complex has Europe's largest reserves of rare earth metals; No permits for commercial mining have been given (as of 2024); The place is in Nome municipality.

## History
On 1 January, 2020 the county merged with Vestfold to the county of Vestfold og Telemark. On 1 January, 2024, they split apart again.

## References
West Highland White Terrier

The **West Highland White Terrier** or **Westie** is originally a Scottish dog. 

The Westie was first used for hunting foxes and otters. The breed is well known for high stamina, courage and agility. Westies have a double white coat which protects them from  and cold weather. They have dark black eyes.

They are small dogs and are lively, playful and alert. They are loyal to their owner, but can be stubborn at times. They are known to kill small animals, such as moles, squirrels, chipmunks and birds. They like to be outdoors.
Soldier (song)

"**Soldier**" is an R&B/hip hop song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Rich Harrison, Sean Garrett, T.I., and Lil Wayne for Destiny's Child's fourth studio album, *Destiny Fulfilled* (2004). It was produced by Knowles and Harrison and released as the album's second single in fall 2004. The song reached number 3 in Australia and the United States. It became the group's tenth and final consecutive top 10 hit in the US. It peaked in the top 10 in New Zealand, the UK, Denmark, Ireland, Israel, Finland, Italy, Greece and Switzerland. The song also was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration category. It won the Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best R&B/Soul Single by a Group, Band or Duo.

## Credits and personnel 
* Lead vocals - Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams
* Vocal production - Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland
* Recorded by Jim Caruna at Sony Music Studios, NYC
* Additional vocals recorded by Tom Tapley, Fabian Marasciullo
* Audio mixing - Dexter Simmons
* Additional pro tools editing - Rommel Nino Villanueva
* Mastered by Tom Coyn

## Official versions
* "Soldier Part II" (feat Rohff)
* "Soldier" (Remix) (feat Stack Bundles, Lil' Wayne & T.I)
* "Soldier" (DJ Noodles Remix) (feat. T.I. & Trazz)
* "Soldier" (JS Nu Soul Remix)
* "Soldier" (Kardinal Beats Remix)
* "Soldier" (Maurice's Joshua Nu Anthem Remix)
* "Soldier" (Maurice's Joshua Soul Remix)
* "Soldier" (Maurice's Joshua Nu Beat Remix)
* "Soldier" (Danny Howell & Dick Trevor's Kinkyfunk Remix) (feat. T.I.)
* "Soldier" (Grizz Blackmarket Remix) (feat. T.I. & Lil' Wayne)
* "Soldier" (MGM Antiloop Confusion Mix)
* "Soldier" (Bizarre Remix)
* "Soldier" (Remix) (feat. B.G.)
* "Soldier" (Remix) (feat. Bizarre of D-12)
* "Soldier" (Gogh's In House Mix)
* "Soldier" (Soldja Boy Crank Mix) (performed by Beyoncé Live on her 2007 Tour)
Abrasion (medical)

.]]

In dermatology, an **abrasion** is a damage to the skin that affects only the surface, generally not deeper than the epidermis. But it can give mild bleeding. Mild abrasions, also known as 'grazes' do not scar, but deep abrasions may lead to the development of scarring tissue.

Abrasion injuries occur rather often when exposed skin comes into moving contact with a rough surface causing trauma to the upper layers of the epidermis.

Such injuries, where caused by abrasive contact with textiles or carpet, are sometimes referred to as '**rug burn**' or '**carpet burn**'. 

## Related pages
* Wound
Eastern European Time

**Eastern European Time** (**EET**) is one of the names of UTC+2 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used in some European, North African, and Middle Eastern countries. Most of them also use Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+3) as a summer daylight saving time.

## Where it is used
Two countries uses **Eastern European Time** all the year: 
* Libya
* Egypt

The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use **Eastern European Time** during the winter only:
* Bulgaria, since 1894
* Cyprus, (Northern Cyprus abolished daylight saving and has switched to Moscow Time all year long in September 2016, but returned to EET in October 2017)
* Estonia, in years 1921-40 and since 1989
* Finland, since 1921
* Greece, since 1916
* Israel, since 1948
* Jordan
* Latvia, in years 1926-40 and since 1989
* Lebanon
* Lithuania, in 1920 and since 1989
* Moldova, in years 1924-40 and since 1991
* Palestinian territories
* Romania, since 1931
* Syria
* Ukraine, in years 1924-30 and since 1990

Moscow used EET between 1922-30 and 1991-92. In Poland this time was used between 1918-22.
Turkey, used EET between 1910-2016 except for the years 1978-85 and has switched to Moscow Time all year long.

In time of World War II MET (CET) was used in eastern countries, occupied by Germany.

## Major metropolitan areas 
*Athens, Greece
*Beirut, Lebanon
*Brasov, Romania
*Bucharest, Romania
*Cluj Napoca, Romania
*Chişinău, Moldova
*Damascus, Syria
*Helsinki, Finland
*Jerusalem, Israel
*Kyiv, Ukraine
*Lviv, Ukraine
*Minsk, Belarus
*Nicosia, Cyprus
*Riga, Latvia
*Sofia, Bulgaria
*Tallinn, Estonia
*Tel Aviv, Israel
*Thessaloniki, Greece
*Timişoara, Romania
*Vilnius, Lithuania
Abrasion (disambiguation)

**Abrasion** may mean:

*Abrasion (medical), damage to the skin, generally not deeper than the epidermis
*Abrasion (dental), the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element
*Abrasion (geology) (*corrsion*), mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles during their transport in wind, glacier, waves, gravity or running water.
***Abrasion** (materials science), abrasive wear is the erosion of material from a solid surface by the action of another solid.
*Abrasion (band), a heavy metal trio formed in Melbourne, Australia.
Compacted oxide layer glaze

**Compacted oxide layer glaze** describes the often shiny, wear-protective layer of oxide formed when two metals (or a metal and ceramic) are slid against each other at high temperature in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The layer forms on either or both the surfaces in contact and can protect against wear.

## References 
* I.A. Inman. 2003. *Compacted oxide layer formation under conditions of limited debris retention at the wear interface during high temperature sliding wear of superalloys*. Ph.D. dissertation, Northumbria University.  (preview )

## Related pages 
* Wear (erosion)
Wear

**Wear** can mean:
* Wear (erosion), the erosion of material from a solid surface by the action of another material
* The River Wear, a river in northeast England
* WEAR-TV, an ABC affiliate, in Pensacola, Florida
* Wear is a lesser used synonym for jibe, generally referring to tall ships.
* To have on one's person, like an item of clothing.
* *Wear* (journal), a scientific journal
Chick Corea

**Armando Anthony "Chick" Corea** (June 12, 1941 &ndash; February 9, 2021) was a famous American jazz pianist/keyboardist and composer.

He was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, and learned to play drums and piano with his father.  His career began in 1962 and he moved to New York City where he went to music schools and played with famous jazz musisicans such as Stan Getz, Sarah Vaughan and Miles Davis.  In 1972 he started his own jazz band called Return to Forever, where he played electric piano.  In the 1980s he formed one band called the Acoustic Band and one called the Electric Band.  He also had small trios and bigger bands. One of his recents bands was called "Spanish Heart Band" and had 8 members.

All together, he made around 80 records and won 23 Grammy Awards.  Some of his best known jazz compositions were called "Spain", "500 Miles High", "Fiesta", "Armando's Rhumba", and "Windows".

Corea died from cancer at his home in the Tampa Bay Area of Florida on February 9, 2021, at age 79.

## References
Monthey District

**Monthey** is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

* Champéry
* Collombey-Muraz 
* Monthey
* Port-Valais 
* Saint-Gingolph 
* Troistorrents
* Val-d'Illiez 
* Vionnaz 
* Vouvry
Waluigi

**Waluigi** is a character in Nintendo's series of *Mario* video games. He is the villainous version of Luigi in the same way that Wario is the evil version of Mario. Waluigi is a very tall and skinny man who wears purple and black.

## Characteristics
Waluigi is very tall and thin. He wears black overalls with a purple shirt, and has brown, pointed shoes. He has an upside-down L (Γ) on his hat, gloves and moustache that looks like a Greek letter Gamma.

He was made as a partner for Wario by the company Camelot in *Mario Tennis* and other Mario spinoff games and has no real story behind him. He is in *Super Smash Bros. Brawl*, *Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U*, and *Super Smash Bros. Ultimate* as an Assist Trophy. Waluigi is known to be smarter than Wario but acts sillier.

## Notable appearances
## Reception
Waluigi was ranked in the tenth slot on GameDaily's top 10 Nintendo characters that deserve their own games. They also listed him as one of the top 25 videogame anti-heroes, saying that it was too bad that he has never had the spotlight.

However, he also ranked number one on the Top 10 Worst *Mario* Characters list from Game Daily, which said, "''for every likable character there's one that continues to annoy us even years after we're done with the game they came from''". Waluigi has been criticised by others as well. Cracked.com said that he was a lazy excuse to add a new villain to the spin-off games and even called him an "abomination".

## References
## Other websites
*Waluigi on Giant Bomb
Raron (district)

**Raron** was a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

* Ausserberg
* Betten
* Bister 
* Bitsch 
* Blatten 
* Bürchen 
* Eischoll 
* Ferden 
* Filet
* Grengiols 
* Hohtenn 
* Kippel 
* Martisberg 
* Mörel 
* Niedergesteln 
* Raron 
* Riederalp 
* Steg 
* Unterbäch 
* Wiler
Saint-Maurice District

**Saint-Maurice** is a district in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

* Collonges 
* Dorénaz
* Evionnaz
* Finhaut
* Massongex
* Mex
* Salvan
* Saint-Maurice 
* Vernayaz
* Vérossaz
Sierre District

**Sierre** is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

* Ayer
* Chalais 
* Chandolin 
* Chermignon 
* Chippis 
* Grimentz 
* Grône 
* Icogne 
* Lens 
* Miège 
* Mollens 
* Montana-Vermala
* Randogne 
* Sierre 
* Saint-Jean 
* Saint-Léonard 
* Saint-Luc
* Venthône 
* Veyras 
* Vissoie
Street children

street boy, in Kabul, in 2003]]
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, India, in 2006]]
Children that are homeless, and that have to look for themselves are called **street children**. They may have run away, or they may have no relatives who look after them.   

Looking at it more closely, there are two different concepts:  

* Children on the street: They spend most of the day on the street, because they have to work. They sleep at home.  
* Street children in the proper sense: The center of the lives of these children is on the street. They also sleep there (because they have nowhere else to go).   
According to the European Federation for Street Children, they are an extremely vulnerable group living in very difficult conditions. The human rights of many of these children are often violated: They are exposed to violence or sexual exploitation and abuse. They may be addicted to drugs.

Article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) says that the state recognises the right of every child to a standard of living that is adequate for the development of the child. 

“State parties recognize the right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social 

development.” Homelessness denies each one of those rights. According to an Inter-NGO Program on street children and youth, a street child is “any girl or boy who has not reached adulthood, for whom the street (in the widest sense of the word, including unoccupied dwellings, wasteland, etc.) has become his or her habitual abode and/or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, directed, and supervised by responsible adults.”

Children who have no home but the streets, and no family support. They move from place to place, living in shelters and abandoned buildings.
#‘Child on the street': children who visit their families regularly and might even return every night to sleep at home, but spends most days and some nights on the street because of poverty, overcrowding, child sexual abuse or physical abuse at home.
#Part of a street family: these children live on sidewalks or city squares with the rest of their families. They may be displaced due to poverty, wars, or natural disasters. The families often live a nomadic life, carrying their possessions with them. Children in this case often work on the streets with other members of their families.
In institutionalized care: children in this situation come from a situation of homelessness and are at risk of returning to a life on the street or facing at the child labour or child prostitution.

## References
Sion District

**Sion** is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It contains the following municipalities:

* Arbaz 
* Grimisuat 
* Salins
* Savièse 
* Sion 
* Veysonnaz
Visp District

**Visp** is a district in the canton of Valais in southern Switzerland. It contains the following municipalities:
Steckborn District

**Steckborn** is a former district of the canton of Thurgau. The capital city was Steckborn.

It contains the following municipalities:
Kreuzlingen District

**Kreuzlingen** is a district of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. The capital city is Kreuzlingen.

It contains the following municipalities:
American badger

The **American badger** (*Taxidea taxus*) is an animal usually found in the Great Plains area of North America. 

It looks similar to the European badger, but it is  not closely related to them. It is found in the western, central, and eastern United States, northern Mexico, and south-central Canada.

The American badger's habitat lives in open grasslands eating prey (such as mice, squirrels, and groundhogs). The badger likes areas such as prairies  with sandy loam soils where it can dig easily for its prey. They are found in many places from high alpine meadows to sea level.

American badgers are excellent diggers, and can tunnel rapidly through the soil using their powerful forelimbs.

Badgers are carnivorous.  Unlike many carnivores that stalk their prey in open country, badgers catch most of their food by digging. They can tunnel after ground-dwelling rodents with amazing speed.

## References
Steckborn

**Steckborn** is a municipality in Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. It was the capital city of Steckborn.

Steckborn is near Lake Constance. In 2005, 3,398 people lived there.

## History 
People already lived in the area around Steckborn in the 100s. There are also Roman ruins of walls and other buildings. Probably in the 800s, the village became part of the territory of the monastery of Reichenau. This is the period when it is first written about.

## Trivia 
*Karl Friedrich Gegauf, entrepreneur
*Fritz Gegauf, inventor of the sewing machine and founder of Bernina

## References 
## Other websites 
*www.steckborn.ch 
*BERNINA International site
Frauenfeld

**Frauenfeld** is the capital city of the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. It is also the capital city of the district of Frauenfeld.

## History 
### Early history 
The city is first written about in 1246. It grew up around the Frauenfeld castle on the land of the Reichenau convent.

In 1264, it became the property of the Habsburgs. In 1374, the Habsburgs bestowed the right of judgment for all of Thurgau (which then included St. Gallen) on the Duke of Frauenfeld.

Twice in the 1700s, Frauenfeld was partly destroyed by fire, in 1771 and in 1788.

The fall of the old Old Swiss Confederacy in 1798 as a result of the French invasion brought an end to the gatherings in Frauenfeld.

### Modern history 
In 1919, the municipalities of Langdorf, Kurzdorf, Huben, Herten, and Horgenbach became part of Frauenfeld. In 1998, Gerlikon, Schönenhof, and Zelgli joined Frauenfeld.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Official website