open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
State atheism

**State atheism** is the discouragement or outlawing of religion within a country. State atheism is commonly associated with communist states, such as the Soviet Union and Vietnam, where it is based on Karl Marx's quote *religion is the opium of the people*. However, non-communist states can also be atheistic, such as Mexico during the Mexican revolution.
Farouk of Egypt

**Farouk I**  (; Arabic: *فاروق الأول*, full name: Farouk bin Ahmed Fuad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim bin Muhammad Ali bin Ibrahim Agha; 11 February 1920 — 18 March 1965) was the King of Egypt and the Sudan from 1936 until his abdication in 1952.

His full title was "His Majesty Farouk I, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and the Sudan". As king, Farouk was known for his extravagant playboy lifestyle. After the death of his father, King Fuad I in 1936, Farouk became king at the age of 16. He was very popular among the people. However, as time went by, Farouk's popularity slowly declined, perhaps due to the corruption and incompetence of his government. 

Eventually, the  Egyptian military, led by General Mohamed Naguib and the other Free Officers started a coup d'état. This started the Egyptian Revolution. Farouk was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his infant son, Ahmed Fuad, who succeeded him as King Fuad II. However, a year later in 1953, the monarchy was abolished and Egypt was declared a republic. Mohamed Naguib became its first ever President. Farouk died in exile in Rome, Italy in 1965 at the age of 45.

His sister, Princess Fawzia Fuad, was the first wife and consort of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

## Other websites
* 

* 
*Farouk and Narriman: Egypt’s Last Royal Romance

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## Sources 
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Suez Crisis

The *Suez Crisis* was the invasion of Egypt by Israel, the United Kingdom and France to regain control over the Suez Canal and remove then Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who nationalized the Suez Canal Company and Egypt's oil industry.

Before 1956, the Suez Company owned the Suez Canal, a private corporation mostly owned by British and French investors. In 1956, Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Canal. In other words, he took it away from the Suez Company and put the Egyptian government in control. Israel, the United Kingdom, and France invaded Egypt.

## References 
### Sources 
* Bromberger, Merry and Serge *Secrets of Suez* Sidgwick & Jackson London 1957 (translated from French ''Les Secrets de l'Expedition d'Egypte* by James Cameron)
* Doran, Michael. *Ike's Gamble*, Free Press. Oct.2016.
* Pearson, Jonathan. (2002) *Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis: Reluctant Gamble* (Springer, 2002). online
* 
* Shlaim, Avi. "The Protocol of Sevres, 1956: Anatomy of a War Plot." *International Affairs* 73#3 1997, pp.&nbsp;509–530. online.
* Smith, Simon C. ed. *Reassessing Suez 1956: New perspectives on the crisis and its aftermath* (Routledge, 2016).
* Troen, S. Ilan. "The Protocol of Sèvres: British/French/Israeli Collusion Against Egypt, 1956." *Israel Studies'' 1.2 (1996): 122-139 online.
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Israel's Second War of Independence, essay in Azure magazine.
* A Man, A Plan and A Canal  by Arthur L. Herman
* Sinai Campaign 1956
* Canada and the Suez Crisis
* July 2006, BBC, Suez 50 years on
* *Suez and the high tide of Arab nationalism* *International Socialism* 112 (2006)
* Detailed report on the Suez campaign by Ground Forces Chief of Staff General Beaufre, French Defense Ministry archive (**French**)
* Bodleian Library Suez Crisis Fiftieth anniversary exhibition 
* Suez index at Britains-smallwars.com – accounts by British servicemen who were present
* 26 July speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser (French translation)
* Speech by Gamal Abdel Nasser  (Original text in Arabic)
* 
* Newsreel film, British Prime Minister's broadcast  at Britishpathe.com
* *Blue Vanguard* (1957), National Film Board of Canada film for the United Nations about its role in restoring peace after the Suez Crisis (60 min, Ian MacNeill, dir.)
Bhadarwahi

**Bhadarwahi** is a dialect of Punjabi, spoken in the Bhadarwah region of Jammu and Kashmir, India.  It is an Indo-Aryan language from the Western Pahari languages.  There are also some speakers in Pakistan.
## References
1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union

The **1977 Soviet Constitution** was the final constitution of the USSR in effect from 1977 until the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991. It was also called the **Constitution of Developed Socialism** because the preamble to the 1977 Soviet Constitution says *The aim of the dictatorship of the proletariat having been fulfilled, the Soviet State has become the state of the whole people, representing everyone, not just the workers and peasants alone* The 1977 Constitution also led to some decentralization of powers from the central Soviet Communist Party to the governments underneath it. This constitution began to allow limited private enterprise, and loosened the hours citizens were required to work at state enterprises,  especially during the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev.
After Dissolution of USSR, Russia still used the 1977 Soviet Constitution until a new Constitution was adopted after 1993 crisis
Decentralization

**Decentralization** or **decentralisation** is the transfer of powers from a national government into the possession of the country's non-sovereign or semi-sovereign local governments of administrative divisions (state, provincial, municipal etc.) or to private entities or the citizens themselves.  

Decentralization can also refer to a similar process of decentralizing power within a non-governmental organization such as a corporation.
Willard Ives

**Willard Ives** (July 7, 1806 – April 19, 1896) was a United States Representative from New York. He was a member of the 32nd United States Congress from 1851 to 1853.

## Early life and career 
Willard Ives was born in the town of Watertown, New York on July 7, 1806 on the farm owned by his father, Titus Ives. Ives went to public schools in the Watertown City School District as a boy, and he also studied in Belleville and at an academy in Loweville.  In 1840, he became a director in the Bank of Watertown, and later in 1840 he became the president of the bank.

## Later life 
In 1846, he became president of the Jefferson County Agricultural Society. In 1848, his friends nominated him to be a member of the United States Congress. Ives was elected in the 32nd United States Congress on March 4, 1851 as a Democrat, and his term ended on March 3, 1853. He was one of the founders of Syracuse University, and he was a member of the board of directors from 1870 to 1886. In 1873, a school in Antwerp, New York was about to go bankrupt and needed $30,000, about $ in  because of inflation, and Ives gave them $8,000, about  in . The school was renamed to Ives Seminary on April 21, 1874 to thank him.

## Personal life and death 
Ives married Charlotte Winslow on December 27, 1827. Charlotte died on October 13, 1861, and Ives remarried to Lucina M. Eddy. Ives had no Children.

In 1850, he moved out of his childhood farm, and bought his own farm.

Ives died on April 19, 1896, and was buried in Brookside Cemetery in Watertown, New York.

## References 
### Sources 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
List of Kenya Twenty20 International cricketers

This list includes all players from Kenya who have played at least one T20I match.

## Key
## List of players
*Last updated 20 November 2021.*

## References
Rao Sahab

**Rao Sahab** is a feudal title of Indian Sub-Continent used by Ahir or Yadav kings. Also among Ahir who belongs to Yaduvanshi Lineage "Rao" is a Sub-caste. 

The female varient of the title is Rao Sahabni or Rao Sabani also used to describe the Wife of Rao Sahab.   
## Etymology 
The *Rao* word is Synonymous for the Ahirs of Haryana  traced their origin to Hindu deity Krishna and It was also stated that name of the state is also believed to be derived from the Abhirayanas (the original inhabitants of this region). It is also possible that the word Abhirayanas has its origin in the word Abhir or Ahirs.   
## History 
In the early 15th century, the king of Tijara Ruda Singh Rao, a Yadav Carved out Rewari from the Jungle-Jagir Obtained it from Mughal emperor Humayun. He created Rewari as the Capital of Ahirwal Region. Many people from the caste in this area founded Jagirs. People and other Kings called these Jagirdars Rao Sahab who are Dominant and powerful in the Region.

## Rulers with Title Rao
### Rao Gopal Dev
Rao Gopal Dev was a 19th century revolutionary in Rewari, who along with his cousin Tula Ram fought the British in the 1857 revolt.

### Rao Ruda Singh
Rao Ruda Singh, an Ahir ruler of Tijara, wwas awarded the jagir of the forests of Rewari in 1555 in return for his commendable strategic assistance. Ruda Singh made Bolni village, 12 km south-east of Rewari, his headquarters. He cleared the forests and established new villages. 

### Rao Ram Singh
After Ruda Singh, his son Rao Ram Singh (Ramoji) took over the throne of Rewari.Ram Singh built a fort in Bolni and stationed soldiers there for security purposes. He was a fearless warrior and after a long struggle he was successful in neutralizing the criminals. Ram Singh was on the throne of Rewari during the reigns of Akbar and Jahangir. Rao Ram Singh was martyred in the battle.
### Rao Shahbaz Singh
Rao Ram Singh was succeeded by his son and successor, Shahbaz Singh.

### Rao Bhavani Singh
Rao Gujarmal's son Bhavani Singh succeeded him. Bhavani Singh proved unsuccessful. Parts of his kingdom were captured by the Baloch Nawab of Farrukhnagar, the Nawab of Jhajjar and the Raja of Jaipur, and Bhavani Singh was left with only 22 villages. He was assassinated by a chieftain from his own kingdom in 1758.
### Rao Tularam Singh 
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Raja_Rao_Tula_Ram.jpg

Raja Rao Tularam Singhji (9 December 1825 – 1863), was an Ahir ruler, He was a leading figure in the 1857 independence revolution in Haryana. After the 1857 revolution, he left India and sought help from the rulers of Afghanistan, Iran and the Russian Tsars for the purpose of India's war of independence. But his plan failed due to his death on 23 September 1863 at the age of 38. 
### Rao Kishan Gopal
Rao Tula Ram's brother Rao Kishan Gopal was the commander of his Rewari army. He was also an officer in the British East India Company. The freedom struggle started in Meerut under the leadership of Ahir Veer Rao Kishan Gopal and it was he who killed General Timle in the Battle of Nasibpur. 

## References
Isaac Berger

**Isaac "Ike" Berger** (November 16, 1936 – June 7, 2022) was an Israeli-born American weightlifter. He competed for the United States at the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won one gold and two silver medals. He held eight world records (four official and four unofficial), and won the United States national title eight times. Berger was born to a rabbi in Jerusalem.

## References
Vladimir Yegorov

**Vladimir Grigoryevich Yegorov** (; 26 November 1938 – 8 June 2022) was a Russian politician and military person. He was the governor of Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia from 2001 to 2005. He was Admiral commanding the Baltic Fleet before he became governor. He was born in Moscow, Russia.

Yegorov died in Kaliningrad, Russia on 8 June 2022, aged 83.

## References
Stanley Fischer

**Stanley Fischer** (; October 15, 1943 – May 31, 2025) was an Israeli-American economist. He was the 20th Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve from 2014 to 2017. Fisher was the 8th governor of the Bank of Israel from 2005 to 2013. He is a citizen of both Israel and the United States.  

He was First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund and Chief Economist of the World Bank. 

On January 10, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Fischer to be Vice-Chairman of the US Federal Reserve Board of Governors. 

On September 6, 2017, Stanley Fischer announced that he was resigning as Vice-Chairman for personal reasons on October 13, 2017. 

Fischer died on May 31, 2025 at his home in Lexington, Massachusetts from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease, aged 81.

## References
The Valet (2022 movie)

***The Valet*** is a 2022 American romantic comedy movie directed by Richard Wong and written by Bob Fisher and Rob Greenberg. It is a remake of the French movie *The Valet* (2006). It stars Eugenio Derbez and Samara Weaving, with Max Greenfield, Betsy Brandt, Marisol Nichols, Amaury Nolasco, Carmen Salinas, Noemi Gonzalez, Armando Hernández, Carlos Santos, Ravi Patel, and John Pirruccello.

The movie is about a parking valet (Derbez) who is hired to date an actress (Weaving) trying to cover up an affair. It was released on Hulu on May 20, 2022 to positive reviews.

## References
Max Greenfield

**Max Greenfield** (born September 4, 1979) is an American actor. He was known for his roles in *Veronica Mars* and *Ugly Betty*. He also played Schmidt in the Fox sitcom *New Girl*.

## References
The Dark Crystal

***The Dark Crystal*** is a 1982 American British dark fantasy movie directed by Jim Henson and first time director Frank Oz. It stars Stephen Garlick, Lisa Maxwell, Billie Whitelaw, Jerry Nelson, Percy Edwards, Roberta Taylor, Barry Dennen and was distributed by Universal Pictures.

## Other websites
* Official Site
* 
* 
*
The Backrooms

The **Backrooms** is an urban legend started by a post on 4chan. It describes a large maze of empty yellow rooms. The 4chan post characterized the Backrooms' yellow wallpaper, the smell of moist carpet, and loud buzzing lights. The original 4chan post explained that people to fall into the Backrooms by “no-clipping”, which is a term used in video games in which things pass through a solid object.

There are lots of levels, and some unknown creatures. In Kane Pixels backrooms found footage 1, the person gets chased by an entity and dies.

Since its creation, The Backrooms have been spread into other forms of media and Internet culture, including video games, memes, and a horror/science fiction web series. Some people on the internet have added on to the legend of the Backrooms by adding additional “levels” and dangerous creatures known as “entities” that inhabit the Backrooms.

Some sources believe the Backrooms to have been the beginning of the internet's aesthetic of liminal spaces, A TikTok trend of videos that zoom in on Google Earth to reveal an entrance to the Backrooms have grown popular.

## Location
In May 2024, four people from Discord would eventually find the real location of the original Backrooms image from a photo taken back in 2003 in the WayBack Machine. The image was located at 807 Oregon Street, in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The place was a small HobbyTown store. According to the blog showing the image, the caption talked about a water leak that happened before the photo was taken:"Above is the original view of the East (Oval) room.  Notice no windows are visible?  You can not see in the pictures the extent of water damage, but it was there requiring all of this material to come out."Since then, the space has been renovated into an RC track. The levels in this canon include:

* ***Level 0***: The level showed in the original Backrooms photo, featuring all of the weird and creepypasta's most well known features - moldy carpet, based on only one color yellow walls and buzzing fluorescent lights. One of the things created by users for this level are dogs, described as Hounds. Another feature of this level is a noclip zone, which can bring wanderers back to Earth's dimension, return them to the starting point of Level 0, or to another level with different entities. The Backrooms was an inspiration for Apple TV+'s *Severance*.

### Movie adaptation 
In February 2023, A24 announced that they will be working on a movie about the Backrooms. YouTuber Kane Parsons is set to direct the movie. It will be based on his YouTube series about the Backrooms.

## References
Windows Speech Recognition

**Windows Speech Recognition (WSR)** is speech recognition software developed by Microsoft for Windows Vista that enables voice commands to control the desktop user interface, dictate text in documents and e-mail and more. WSR has support for all versions of Microsoft Windows except Windows Vista.

## Related pages 
* Windows Vista
MindGeek

**MindGeek** (formerly **Manwin**) is a Canadian company that focuses on pornography.

## References
## Other websites
*
Manawatū Standard

The **Manawatu Standard** is a regional daily newspaper in New Zealand. The newspaper is based in Palmerston North. The company started in 1880.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Paula Rego

**Dame Maria Paula Figueiroa Rego**  (26 January 1935 – 8 June 2022) was a Portuguese-British visual artist. She was known for her paintings and prints based on storybooks. Her works were seen as abstract and used pastels. Her works were usually about feminism. She was the first artist-in-residence at the National Gallery in London.

Rego died after a short illness, on 8 June 2022 in London at the age of 87.

## References
Aamir Liaquat Hussain

**Aamir Liaquat Hussain** (; 5 July 1971 – 9 June 2022) was a Pakistani politician, columnist and television host. He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from August 2018 to October 2021, when he resigned from the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. He was an assembly member before form 2002 until 2007. He also was the Minister of State for Religious Affairs from 2004 until 2007. Hussain was born in Karachi, Pakistan.

Hussain died on 9 June 2022 at a hospital in Karachi, one month before his 51st birthday. A few hours before, he had a heart attack at his home.

## References
Anne Cutler

**Elizabeth Anne Cutler** FRS FBA ( &ndash; ) was an Australian psycholinguist. She was the director emeritus of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics until 2012. Cutler was elected to fellowships of the Royal Society, the British Academy, and the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia during her career. She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1999. She was a professor at Western Sydney University.

## References
Oleg Moliboga

**Oleg Alekseyevich Moliboga** (, ; 27 February 1953 – 9 June 2022) was a Soviet volleyball player and Russian volleyball coach. He was born in Dnipro, Soviet Union. He took part in the 1976 Summer Olympics and in the 1980 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in 1976 and a gold medal in 1980.

Moliboga died on 9 June 2022, aged 69.

## References
Andrey Shumilin

**Andrey Anatolyevich Shumilin** (; 9 March 1970 – 8 June 2022) was a Russian wrestler. He competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and came fourth.

Shumilin died on 8 June 2022 at a hospital in Berlin, Germany from cancer, aged 52.

## References
Bajram Begaj

**Bajram Begaj** (born 20 March 1967) is an Albanian former military officer and politician. He is the 9th President of Albania since 24 July 2022. 

Begaj was the 26th Chief of General Staff of the Albanian Armed Forces from July 2020 to June 2022. 

He is an independent, but was nominated to the presidency by the Socialist Party as the candidate to the fourth round of the 2022 presidential election. Begaj is the fifth president in the history of Albania to have a military background.

## References
Costică Dafinoiu

**Costică Dafinoiu** (6 February 1954 – 8 June 2022) was a Romanian light-heavyweight boxer. His career began in 1969. He won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He retired in 1981.

## References
Scinax rossaferesae

***Scinax rossaferesae*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.  Scientists have seen it in and around Guartelá Canyon.

The adult male frog is 27.8–31.6 mm long from nose to rear end.  The iris of its eye is gold or yellow in color.  Parts of its legs are light brown.

## References
Tarhan Erdem

**Tarhan Erdem** (1933 – 8 June 2022) was a Turkish politician. He was born in Kurucaşile, Turkey. He was a member of the Republican People's Party. Erdem was a member of the Member of the Grand National Assembly from 1977 until 1980. He was the Minister of Industry and Technology for one month in 1977.

Erdem died on 8 June 2022 at a hospital in Bodrum, Turkey from problems caused by a stroke, aged 89.

## References
Central Asian Arabic

**Central Asian Arabic** (العربية الآسيوية الوسطى) is a severely endangered variety of Arabic historically spoken widely across Central Asia including Khorasan, but now dying out.  Many are now switching to Persian or Tajik.

## History
Much of the region of Central Asia was under the rule of Islamic Arab caliphates.  Many nomadic Arabs moved from Khuzestan and Oman to Samarkand and other parts of Central Asia.  After Soviet forces took the region, Arabic started dying.  The majority of Arabic speakers have switched to Dari in Afghanistan and Tajikistan.

## References
HIPRA

**Hipra** Laboratories, S.A. is a Spanish pharmaceutical multinational founded in 1954. It began in the field of veterinary medicine but is also developing a vaccine against COVID-19.

## History 
The founder of the company is the Catalan pharmacist, veterinarian and chemist Joan Nogareda i Gifre, a native of Olot. In 1971, he acquired a Madrid-based companyand moved it to the province of Girona in 1954. Since 1973, its headquarters have been in Amer. His brother Ernest and Pere Casadevall are involved in the new company. 

## Human health 
Since April 2020, Hipra has been developing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 with funding from the CDTI.2 Later, in November 2021, the vaccine went to phase 2 of human trials3, to finally start phase 3 in early 2022 with 3,000 volunteers in 20 hospitals, mainly from Spain but also from Italy and Portugal.

The company expects to make 400 million doses in 2022, having already agreed a supply of 50 million doses with Vietnam.

## Animal health 
Hipra markets a variety of products aimed at animal health, especially for farm animals but also for domestic animals such as pigeons and dogs.

Hipra has seven veterinary products registered in Spain.
## References
Kundal Shahi language

**Kundal Shahi** is a language spoken in the Kundal Shahi village.  It is a Dardic language from the Shina sub-group.  Only 700 people speak it and the new generation is shifting to Hindko.

## References
Marwari language

**Marwari** is a dialect of Rajasthani language spoken in Rajasthan, India.  It is also spoken in Pakistan primarily Sindh.  It has 70 million speakers.  It is spoken by the Marwari Rajasthani people.  In India it is written in the Devanagari script while in Pakistan it is written in Nastalik.
## References
Domari language

**Domari** is a language spoken by the Dom of West Asia. It is an Indo-Aryan language.  It is endangered because the young have shifted to Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish and Kurdish. 

## References
Jad language

**Dzad** is a Tibetic language spoken in Himachal Pradesh in India and also Azad Kashmir in Pakistan.  It is currently facing extinction.  Many Dzad people have stopped speaking Jad and have started speaking Ladakhi, Hindi, or Kashmiri.

## References
Pogali

**Pogali** is a variety of Kashmiri spoken in District Ramban and Other Parts in UT jammu and kashmir.  It is also spoken in Azad Kashmir.

## References
Jadgali language

**Jadgali** is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Balochistan region of Pakistan and Iran, also spoken in Oman. It is spoken by the Jadgal people. It is considered as dialect of Sindhi language and is closely related to Lasi dialect of Sindhi.

## References
Omani Arabic

**Omani Arabic** is a dialect of Arabic spoken in Oman, Zanzibar, and parts of Kenya, Somalia, the UAE, Iran, and Pakistan.

## References
Lasi dialect

**Lasi** is a Sindhi dialect spoken in Lasbela district also in Ormara area of Gwadar district in Balochistan, Pakistan. It is spoken by the Lasi people.

## References
Brokskat

**Brokskat**  is a Dardic language spoken in Ladakh, India and Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. 
 It is spoken by the Dard people in lower Indus Valley of Ladakh and Baltistan. Brokskat/Dardiarya is a branch of the Shina languages spoken in northern Pakistan.

## References
Sistani dialect

**Sistani** is a dialect of Persian spoken in Iran, primarily the Sistan and Baluchistan province and also Afghanistan and Pakistan.

## References
Wanetsi

**Wanetsi** is a Iranian language spoken in Pakistan's Balochistan province.  It is very closely related to Pashto, which some linguists consider it a dialect of.

## References
Human rights in Tanzania

]]
President Samia Suluhu Hassan became Tanzania’s first female president in March 19, 2021, after the death of President John Pombe Magufuli, although, issues are still existing.
## Media
Despite President Hassan’s pledge to remove restrictions on the media, Tanzanian authorities continued to restrict the right to free expression, including through arbitrary arrests of journalists and critics of the government. 
## Refugees
Tanzanian authorities also failed to protect refugees’ rights. In 2021, Burundian refugees in Tanzania reported threats and harassment by security forces. 
## Elections
The authorities have not done investigations into serious abuses in the 2020 elections.
Verdun Scott

**Verdun John Scott** was born on 31 July 1916. He died on 2 August 1980. Scott was a sportsman who played for New Zealand. He played both Test cricket and rugby league. As of 2022 he is the only player to have played both. In World War II he went to Egypt and Italy. 

## References
## Other websites
* Verdun Scott at Cricket Archive
* Verdun Scott at Cricinfo
Spiti language

**Spiti** is a Tibetic language spoken in the Spiti Valley.  It is spoken in Himachal Pradesh, India as well as Gilgit-Baltistan of Pakistan.

## References
Trainer (TV series)

***Trainer*** was a British TV show. It was on the BBC between 1991 and 1992. It was produced by Gerard Glaister as a follow-up to the show ''Howards' Way''. 

Trainer is about horse racing. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Zangskari language

**Zangskari** is a Tibetic language spoken in Ladakh and Baltistan of the Kashmir region.  It is spoken by Buddhist monks and is almost extinct.

## References
Those Daring Young Men in Their Jaunty Jalopies

**Monte Carlo or Bust!** is a 1969 comedy movie. In America the title is **Those Daring Young Men in Their Jaunty Jalopies**. It was made by people in the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. The story is based on the Monte Carlo Rally, a race that started in 1911. The movie is set in the 1920s. It was a very expensive movie. Paramount spent $10 million on it. The story is about a car race across Europe. There are characters from all over the world. They all really want to win.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Entry at imcdb.org
Parya language

**Parya** is an endangered isolated Indo-Aryan language spoken in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.  It is extinct is Afghanistan and Pakistan.  It is closely related to Hindi.

## References
Shughni language

**Shughni** is a Pamiri language spoken in Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan in the Hindu Kush region.  It is closely related to Rushani.  

## References
Purgi language

**Purgi** is a Tibetic language spoken in the Pakistani Baltistan and Indian Ladakh regions.  It is spoken by the historical Purigpa community of Kashmir.  Purgi is closer to Balti than Ladakhi.

## References
Zin Harris

**Parke Gerald Zinzan "Zin" Harris** (18 July 1927 - 1 December 1991) was a New Zealand cricket player. He played nine Test matches between 1955 and 1965.

Harris was a member of the New Zealand national cricket team. When they played against the South Africa national cricket team in 1961 to 1962, they reached a two-all draw in a five-match series. Harris was New Zealand's top scoring player in their Third Test of the series at Cape Town in South Africa. It was New Zealand's first overseas Test cricket victory.

Harris had two sons. They are both former first-class cricket players. Chris Harris played for New Zealand and Ben Harris played for Canterbury and Otago. Both of Harris' sons also have Zinzan as a middle name. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Walter Hadlee

**Walter Arnold Hadlee** was born on 4 June 1915. He died on 29 September 2006. He was a New Zealand cricketer and Test match captain. He played first-class cricket. Three of his five sons were Sir Richard, Dayle, and Barry. They also played cricket for New Zealand. The Chappell–Hadlee Trophy is named after the Hadlee family. 

## References 
## Other websites
*
*Walter Hadlee dies aged 91, Cricinfo, 29 September 2006.
*Obituary, *The Times*, 30 September 2006
Dameli language

**Dameli** is a Dardic language spoken by around 5,000 people in Chitral District.  It is primarily spoken in the town of Domel where the name of the language comes from.

## References
Indus Kohistani

**Indus Kohistani** or **Maiya** is a Dardic language spoken in the Kohistan District and the surrounding regions like Swat District and Hazara.  It is spoken by the Kohistani people and is the predominant language of Kohistan.  It has two dialects, Kohistan and Kanyawali.  It is written in the Nastaliq variant of the Arabic script.

## References
Kalami language

**Kalami** is a Dardic language spoken in Swat District, Pakistan.  It is also spoken in Dir District.  It is closely related to Torwali.  

## References
Kalkoti language

**Kalkoti** is a Dardic language of the Shina sub-branch of Pakistan.  It is primarily spoken in Upper Dir District, in the Kalkot Tehsil.  It has a lot of loanwords from Indus Kohistani.

## References
Fernando (footballer, born March 1999)

**Fernando dos Santos Pedro** (born 1 March 1999), player name **Fernando**, is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a forward for FC Red Bull Salzburg.

## Career
### Club
He started his career with Palmeiras São Paulo. In 2018 he went to the Ukrainian team  Shakhtar Donetsk. 2019 he went on loan to Sporting Lissabon for the 2019–20 season but came back already in January 2020.

In April 2022, Red Bull Salzburg announced the signing of Fernando from Shakhtar Donetsk. He came to Salzburg for training, because the league was stopped due to the war in Ukraine.

After 3 years he left Salzburg and moved to Red Bull Bragantino. 

## Career statistics
### Club
## Honours
### Club
**Shakhtar Donetsk**
*Ukrainian Premier League: 2018–19, 2019–20
*Ukrainian Cup: 2018–19
*Ukrainian Super Cup: 2021

## References
Kamviri dialect

**Kamviri** is a variety of the Kamkata-viri language spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan.  It is spoken by the Kom people and is closely related to Shekhani.

## References
Kata-vari dialect

**Kata-vari** is a variety of Kamkata-viri spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan (Chitral District).  It has two dialects, Eastern Kata-vari or Shekhani and Western Kata-vari.  It is spoken by 40,000 people.

## References
Slacker (movie)

***Slacker*** is a 1990 American comedy-drama movie directed by Richard Linklater (who also stars) and also starring Lee Daniel, Teresa Taylor, Abra Moore, Louis Black, Kim Krizan, Louis Mackey. It was distributed by Orion Pictures.

## Other websites
* 
*
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Vallegrande Province

**Jesús y Montes Claros de los Caballeros del Vallegrande**, known simply as **Vallegrande**, is a municipality and small city in Bolivia, capital of the Vallegrande province in the department of Santa Cruz. It borders the provinces of Florida and Manuel María Caballero.

## History 
During colonial times, communications between Charcas and Santa Cruz were very dangerous due to the presence of chiriguano Indians. This is the reason why the viceroy of Lima decided to populate the area to maintain communications.

It was founded by Pedro Lucio Escalante y Mendoza on March 30 in 1612.

## References
Tafelmusik

**Tafelmusik** (English "Table music") is a type of music. It is performed during banquets and feasts. Tafelmusik can be instrumental or vocal music. The term was first used in the 16th century.

## References
Tafelmusik (Telemann)

***Tafelmusik*** is a collection of instrumental music by Georg Philipp Telemann. It was first called ***Musique de Table***. The collection was first published in Hamburg in 1733. The collection is made up of three sets of music. Each set is called a *production*. Each *production* begins with a ouverture. 185 people bought copies of the collection. This includes George Frideric Handel, Johann Georg Pisendel, and Johann Joachim Quantz.

## References
Sovereign citizen movement

The **Sovereign citizen movement** is a loose political movement of tax protesters, conspiracy theorists, activists, auditors and certain other people who claim to be answerable only to their interpretation of laws and that governments and courts only have legitimate jurisdiction over them if they consent to be ruled. 

These people call themselves **sovereign citizens**, **sovereign beings** and similar terms. Sovereign citizens and their counterparts in British Commonwealth countries, **freemen on the land**, claim most forms of taxation, especially income taxes and property taxes, as illegitimate, and don't recognize government currencies as legal tender. 

The FBI classifies the sovereign citizen movement as a domestic terrorism movement.
Domestic terrorism

**Domestic terrorism** refers to a form of terrorism committed by a country's citizen in his or her own country.

## Examples
* *Charlie Hebdo* shooting
* 2025 Pahalgam Massacre
* Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
* 2025 D.C. Jewish museum shooting

## Related pages
* Islamic terrorism
* White nationalism
* Genocidal massacre

## References
Spanish moss

**Spanish moss** (*Tillandsia usneoides*) is a flowering plant that grows on trees in many tropical and subtropical areas in the Americas.

It is known in the United States. It is often found on the southern live oak (*Quercus virginiana*) and bald cypress (*Taxodium distichum*). It lives in the lowlands, swamps, and marshes of the mid-Atlantic and southeastern states, from the coast of southeastern Virginia to Florida and west to southern Arkansas and Texas.

Spanish moss is not parasitic: it is an epiphyte which absorbs nutrients and water through its own leaves from the air and rain falling upon it. Spanish moss has been used for many purposes, including building insulation, mulch, packing material, mattress stuffing, and fiber. In the early 1900s it was used commercially in the padding of car seats.
Teletoon Retro

**Teletoon Retro** was a Canadian specialty channel brodcasted nationwide. It was owned by Corus Entertainment. It was based on the Teletoon programming block. The service was dedicated to broadcasting classic animated television programs as well as some live-action series. It was shut down on September 1, 2015.  In Quebec, Teletoon Retro was called Télétoon Rétro.
Adjustable-focus glasses

**Adjustable focus glasses** are eyeglasses whose lens powers can be adjusted for focal distance and prescription. These glasses are viable options for certain people who need bifocals or trifocals. They can also be donated to people in the developing world where eye doctors and opticians are hard to come by and afford. There's two methods for achieving adjustable lenses. 

One design uses a crystal liquid in a flexible layer. The wearer then uses a dial to control the amount of liquid in the lenses, which in turn makes the lenses more convex, concave or flat.

The other design has double layers of lenses that slide over one another.
Gowro language

**Gowro** is a Dardic language spoken in Kohistan District, Pakistan.  There are around 1,000 speakers.

## References
Madaklashti

**Madaklashti** (مدگلاشتی) is a variety of Persian spoken in the Madaklasht valley of Chitral, Pakistan. It is spoken by the Tajik people and is almost identical to Tajik and Dari varities spoken in neighboring Badakhshan.

## References
Bank of Maharashtra

**Bank of Maharashtra** is a nationalised bank under the ownership of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. The bank had 35 million customers across the country with 2641 branches as of June 2025. It has the largest network of branches of any nationalised bank in the state of Maharashtra. The total business of the bank crossed ₹ 5,46,143 lakh crore as on 30 June 2025.

## History 
The bank was founded by V.G.Kale and D. K. Sathe in Pune, India.

The bank was registered on 16 September 1935 with an authorized capital of  and became operational on 8 February 1936. It provided financial assistance to small business and gave birth to many industrial houses. The bank was nationalised in 1969.

A. S Rajeev assumed charge as Managing Director & CEO of the bank on 2 December 2018. A.B. Vijayakumar joined as Executive Director on 10 March 2021. Asheesh Pandey joined as Executive Director on 31 December 2021.

## References
Bateri language

**Bateri** is a Dardic language spoken in Pakistan's Kohistan District and India's Jammu and Kashmir.  Bateri is closely related to Indus Kohistani.

## References
Edwardian architecture

, an example of Edwardian Baroque architecture or "Wrenaissance", in Belfast, Northern Ireland]]
**Edwardian architecture** refers to the architectural styles that was popular for public buildings in the British Empire during the Edwardian era from 1901 to 1910. The main style is watered-down baroque. Architecture up to 1914 (until the start of World War I) is commonly included in this style.

Edwardian architecture is generally less detailed than high or late Victorian architecture.

The Victorian Society campaigns to preserve architecture built between 1837 and 1914, and so includes Edwardian as well as Victorian architecture.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Edwardian Architecture (1901-14)
Texan English

**Texan English** or **Texas English** are the two main varieties of English native to Texas. A Southern American variety and a Spanish influenced one.
## Texas English
In the eastern part of the state, there's what some call a *Southern accent with a twist*. This *twist* refers to the other southern accents which came to Texas throughout the history of English being spoken there. 

Features include:

*Monothongization of ai (*i* dipthong), making words like *ride*, *dice* and *dike* sound like *rod* (or *rad), *dace* and *dock*. Such **glide deletion** is found in most varieties of Southern American English.
*The **cot-caught merger** in which words like *stalk* and *stock*, are pronounced exactly the same.
*The *o* in words like *majority*, *orange* and *horrible* is always pronounced like the o in *whore* rather than that in *stop*. 

## Tejano English
The second major Texas English variety is **Tejano English** - the Hispanic variety common in the southwest part of the state. 

Features include:

* Dropping of t and d in words that end in these letters.
* Pronunciation of the *i* monothong as ee.
* Conversion of th to t or d, so called *dentalization''.
Alien Nation (movie)

***Alien Nation*** is a 1988 American science fiction action movie directed by Graham Baker and starring James Caan, Mandy Patinkin, Terence Stamp, Kevyn Major Howard, Leslie Bevis, Peter Jason, Roger Aaron Brown, Jeff Kober. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and spwaned TV series and 5 television movies from 1994 to 1997.

## Other websites
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Presbyopia

**Presbyopia** is age based hyperopia that sets in usually after the age of 40 years old, and a lot of times, it worsens until around age 65. It is when people find it hard to look at objects closer to their eyes. These people would hold things like books and phones far away, or get headaches reading things closely.

## References
Estates of the realm

The **Estates of the realm** were the broad orders of social rank and hierarchy in Europe from the 6th century to the 17th century (up until the 18th century in the case of France under the Ancien Regime) that divided the population into a series of **estates**, although how many depended on the country and era. Often people who did not own any land were not included at all.   Medieval parliaments were generally divided to match.

In pre-revolutionary France, Scotland, Catalonia and Portugal the three estates were 
* **First Estate** - clergy.
* **Second Estate** - nobility.
* **Third Estate** - commoners.
In Sweden and Russia, burghers (the urban merchant class) and rural commoners were split into separate estates, so there were four estates.

In Rhodesia a similar system was set up in 1961 with voter rolls A and B for people who owned property or had educational qualifications. This was mostly the 230,000 white people. Most of the 4 million black didn't qualify.

Some people refer to journalism as the **Fourth Estate**.

## References
Chanson de geste

A **chanson de geste** (old French for *song of heroic deeds*) is a medieval French epic poem with a heroic narrative that formed part of the core of Charlemagne legends.
Amar Dedic

**Amar Dedić** (born 18 August 2002) is a Bosnian professional footballer. He plays as defender for Austrian Bundesliga club FC Red Bull Salzburg and the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.

## Club career
### Red Bull Salzburg
Dedić started playing football at a local club. Then he went to Sturm Graz youth in 2012. In 2015 he moved to Red Bull Salzburg's youth academy. There he played in all ranks. In August 2019 he signed his first contract with Red Bull Salzburg. He made his professional debut playing for Liefering against Amstetten on 26 July at the age of 16. On 19 June 2020, he scored his first professional goal in a triumph over Dornbirn.

He made his debut for Red Bull Salzburg in the cup match against Bregenz on 9 September.

In June 2021, he went on loan to Wolfsberger AC. In June 2022 he came back to Salzburg. In the 2022–23 season he became number 1 as right back. In the UEFA Champions League he played in all six group stage matches.

### Olympique Marseille
In February 2025, he left Salzburg after ten years . He went to France to play for Olympique Marseille.  He made ten appearances for Marseille in Ligue 1. For the 2025/26 season, he  came back to Salzburg. immediately sold on to Benfica Lisbon in Portugal, where he signed a contract until 2030. 

### Benfica Lissabon 
He was sold on to Benfica Lisbon in Portugal. There he signed a contract until 2030. 

## International career
Dedić represented Bosnia and Herzegovina at all youth levels. He was captain of the under-17 team.

In March 2022 he was called into the senior team for friendly games against Georgia and Luxembourg. He debuted against Luxembourg  on 29 March.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Bosnia and Herzegovina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Dedić goal.''

## Honours
*Austrian Champion:  2020–21,  2022-23
*Austrian Cup:  2021

## References
The Legend of Billie Jean

***The Legend of Billie Jean*** is a 1985 American drama movie directed by Matthew Robbins and starring Helen Slater, Peter Coyote, Christian Slater, Keith Gordon, Dean Stockwell, Yeardley Smith. It was distributed by Tri-Star Pictures.

## Other websites
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Law of Moses

The **Laws of Moses** were the laws that God gave to Moses. The first set of Moses' laws were the Ten Commandments which covered morality. The second was the set of social laws (on property, inheritance, and marriage). The third were the laws on food (what's considered kosher or not, cooking and storage of food, etc).

## Related pages 
* Halakha

## References
Ancien Régime

The **Ancien Régime** (French for *Old Regime* or *Old Order*) was the social and political system of absolute monarchy in France from 1500 to the French Revolution in 1792. The Ancien Régime was marked by the ideology of absolutism and the preservation of aristocratic privileges.
Bodø

**Bodø** (;) is a city in Nordland county, Norway.  It is part of the traditional region of Salten. 

Sports: In May 2025, the UEFA Europa League [had] a semi-final in the city; A local football team [played].

The mayor, Odd-Emil Ingebrigtsen, is elected until late 2027.

## References
Bruce Kent

**Bruce Kent** (22 June 1929 – 8 June 2022) was a British political activist and former Roman Catholic priest. He was known for his role and activism with Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). He was the organisation's general secretary from 1980 to 1985 and its chair from 1987 to 1990. In 1960 he joined the Christian Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. 

In 1992, Kent was a candidate for the Labour Party in the constituency of Oxford West and Abingdon, where he came third.

Kent died on 8 June 2022 in London at the age of 92.

## References
Oddleif Olavsen

**Oddleif Olavsen** (9 October 1945 – 5 June 2022) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Conservative Party. He was mayor of Bodø from 1995 to 1999. He then was on the Nordland County Council from 2003 to 2007. Before entering politics, he was a footballer and played for FK Bodø/Glimt.

Olavsen died on 5 June 2022 at the age of 76.

## References
Giuseppe Azzaro

**Giuseppe Azzaro** (15 October 1925 – 5 June 2022) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy party. He was in the Chamber of Deputies from 1963 to 1992. He was also Mayor of Catania from 1987 to 1988 and again in 1991.

Azzaro died in Rome, Italy on 5 June 2022 at the age of 96.

## References
Valentin Oehen

**Valentin Oehen** (26 June 1931 – 2 June 2022) was a Swiss politician. He was a member of Swiss Democrats. He was born in Lucerne, Switzerland. He was a member of the Swiss National Council from 1971 until 1987.

Oehen died in Nottwil, Switzerland on 2 June 2022 at the age of 91.

## References
Annaleigh Ashford

**Annaleigh Amanda Ashford** (née **Swanson**, born June 25, 1985) is an American actress, singer, and dancer. She is known for her work on television as Betty DiMello on the Showtime period drama *Masters of Sex*. She played Paula Jones in the FX drama *Impeachment: American Crime Story* (2021). She played Elizabeth Cote in four episodes of the mini-series *The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story* in 2018.

## References
Lucianne Goldberg

**Lucianne Steinberger Goldberg** (born **Lucianne Steinberger**; April 29, 1935– October 26, 2022), also known as **Lucianne Cummings**, was an American literary agent and author. She had an important role in the 1998 impeachment of President Bill Clinton. She  advised Monica Lewinsky’s friend Linda Tripp to tape Monica’s phone calls about their affair. The 20-hour recording was used in the Starr investigation.

She died on October 26, 2022, at her home in Weehawken, New Jersey.

## References
Betty Currie

**Betty Grace Currie** (née **Williams**; born November 10, 1939) is an American government official. She was the personal secretary for Bill Clinton when he was President of the United States. She became an important person in the Lewinsky scandal because she was accused of handling the gifts given to Monica Lewinsky by President Clinton.

Currie was born in Edwards, Mississippi and moved to Waukegan, Illinois.

## References
Scinax onca

The **jaguar snouted tree frog** (*Scinax onca*) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

Scientists used to think this was the same frog as *Scinax iquitorum*, but it is not.

The tadpoles look like ovals from the top and like triangles from the side.  They are gray-brown in color with one dark brown stripe from each eye to the nose.  There are brown spots on the fins.  The scientists found the tadpoles in a pond with no streams going into it or out of it.
## References
Nephila

***Nephila*** is a genus of araneomorph spiders. 

They are also known as the golden silk orb-weavers, golden orb-weavers, giant wood spiders, or banana spiders. Males are smaller than females. Females often get a choice to mate and share gifts with their mates.

*Nephila* spiders have large sexual dimorphism in size, with females being much larger than males.

*Nephila* species are often parasitized by *Argyrodes*, a genus of very small black-and-silver spiders. These small spiders are kleptoparasitic: they live by stealing food from their hostess.

## References