open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Porcupine

A **porcupine** is a rodent with a coat of sharp spines, or quills, that defend them from predators. The porcupine is the third biggest rodent, after the capybara, and beaver. They are not to be confused with hedgehogs. Most porcupines are about 60–90&nbsp;cm long, with a 20–25&nbsp;cm long tail. Weighing between 12-35&nbsp;pounds (5–16&nbsp;kg), they are rounded, large and slow. Porcupines come in various shades of brown, grey, and the unusual white. The name "porcupine" comes from Middle French ''porc d'épine'' "thorny pork", hence the nickname "quill pig" for the animal. The correct term for a **baby** porcupine is a porcupette. A porcupette has soft quills made of hardened hair. This protects the mother from injury as she gives birth.

The animal's quills or spines take on many forms, depending on the type, but all are hairs coated with thick plates of keratin, and they are in the skin musculature. Old World porcupines (Hystricidae) have quills in clusters. New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) have single quills mixed with bristles, underfur, and hair.

Porcupine quills are as sharp as needles, can be removed very easily, and will stay stuck in an attacker. Unlike needles, however, the quills of New World porcupines have small, backwards-facing barbs on the tip that catch on the skin making them hard and painful to pull out. Quills are about 75&nbsp;mm long and 2&nbsp;mm wide. If a quill gets in the tissues of an attacker, the barbs act to pull the quill farther into the tissues with the normal muscle movements of the attacker, moving up to many millimeters in a day. Animals who try to eat porcupines can die because of quill penetration and infection. Quills can still penetrate animals and humans even after death. The ancient belief that porcupines can throw their quills at an enemy has long been proved to be incorrect.

Porcupines can live in a wide range of places in tropical and mild parts of Asia, Italy, Africa, and North and South America. Porcupines live in forests, deserts and grasslands. Some live in trees, others stay on the ground.

Porcupines in search of salt sometimes live in human places, eating plywood cured with sodium nitrate, certain paints, and tool handles, footwear, clothes and other items that have been coated in salty sweat. Porcupines like going near roads in areas where rock salt is used to melt ice and snow. They are known to gnaw on vehicle tires or wiring coated in road salt. Salt licks placed nearby can stop porcupine damage.

Natural sources of salt used by porcupines include salt-rich plants (such as yellow water lily and aquatic liverwort), fresh animal bones, outer tree bark and mud in salt-rich soils.

## References
Mike Gravel

**Maurice Robert "Mike" Gravel** (May 13, 1930 &ndash; June 26, 2021) was an American Democratic politician. He was member of the Libertarian Party from 2008 to 2010 when he re-joined the Democratic Party. He served as a United States Senator from Alaska (1969-1981) and, previously, as member of the Alaska House of Representatives (1953-1966, speaker from 1965-1966). Gravel was a two-time presidential candidate in 2008 and in 2020.

## Early years
Gravel was born in Springfield, Massachusetts. He studied at Assumption College, American International College and at Columbia University. He moved to Alaska in 1956.

## Senate years
From 1953 to 1966, Gravel was a member of the Alaska House of Representatives. From 1965 to 1966, Gravel was Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives. In 1969, he was elected United States Senator from Alaska. 

Gravel is best known for his successful effort to end military draft during the Vietnam War and put the Pentagon Papers into the public record in 1971. He was seen as a possible running mate for George McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign.

Gravel lost to Clark Gruening in the Democratic Party for re-election in the 1980 Senate election.

## Presidential campaigns
### 2008
As a candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination in 2008 he wanted withdrawal of US Armed Forces from Iraq, more health care and social security, and  preventing global warming. He is also one of the earliest and the most famous supporters of direct democracy in the United States.

### 2020
On March 19, 2019, Gravel created an exploratory committee to run for President once again in the 2020 election. He said he would run not to win the nomination, but to raise awareness of bigger issues. On April 2, 2019, Gravel filed to officially run for office. He dropped out of the race on July 31, 2019 after failing to qualify for the debates. He endorsed Bernie Sanders and Tulsi Gabbard for President on August 5. His campaign manager was a 17 year old high school student.

## Death
Gravel died on June 26, 2021 at his home in Seaside, California from multiple myeloma at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official campaign site
* Official youtube channel
* Congressional biography
Saxe-Altenburg

**Saxe-Altenburg** () was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.
Altenburg was independent for most of the 1600s until 1672. This is when the last male ruler died. Because only men could rule the Ernestine duchies Altenburg began to be ruled by the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, who had married the last ruler’s daughter.

In 1825 the ruler died, and he also had no male heirs. Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg was split up. Gotha was given to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Altenburg to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who in exchange gave up Saalfeld and Hildburghausen to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. This family ruled in the duchy until the end of the monarchies in 1918. Saxe-Altenburg became part of the new state of Thuringia in the Weimar Republic in 1920.

Saxe-Altenburg had an area of  and a population of 207,000 (1905). Its capital was Altenburg.

The Saxe-Altenburg line became extinct following the death of Prince George Moritz in 1991.

## Dukes of Saxe-Altenburg 
* Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1826-1834) *(Previously Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen)*
* Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1834-1848)
* Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1848-1853)
* Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1853-1908)
* Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1908-1918)

## Heads of the Ducal House of Saxe-Altenburg, post monarchy 
* Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (1918-1955)
* Georg Moritz, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Altenburg (1955-1991)

In 1991 the Saxe-Altenburg line became extinct.

Two branches descend from duke Ernest the Pious, the father of the progenitor of this Saxe-Altenburg branch: Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; according to old Wettin family law, they would have divided the actual territories between them (as happened to Gotha and Altenburg in 1826). The senior male agnate descending from duke Ernest the Pious, in 1991 , was prince Frederick-Alfred of Saxe-Meiningen (a monk, 1921-1997), and thus technically succeeded then as titular duke of Saxe-Altenburg and head of the whole branch; but, because he renounced all his succession rights in favor of his uncle Bernhard, was him instead Frederick-Alfred the general heir of the line of Saxe-Meiningen. His successor was Konrad, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, the present head of that branch.

## Related pages
* Ernestine duchies

## References 
## Other websites 
* Saxe-Altenburg family genealogy
Jakten på Billie Jo

''''''''* was a Swedish reality program. It was first broadcast on August 4, 2000. It was broadcast by the station TV4. The program followed three American actresses who auditioned for the role as "Billie Jo" in the Swedish soap opera *Nya tider''.

The winner was Alexandra Sapot. The winner was chosen by Swedish viewers' televotes and the production company Jarowskij.

## Contestants 
***Tanya Gingerich**  is an actress from Tarrytown, New York. She also played parts in series like *Hamlet* and *Shame No More*. 
***Melissa Hanson** is an actress born in Honolulu,Hawaii. She also played parts in series like *Grace Under Fire* and *Who shot Patakango?*.
***Hope Harris** is an American actress from Virginia. She also played roles in series like *The Sullivan sisters*,*Come On, Get Happy: The Partridge Family Story* and *Angel in Training*.
***Alexandra Sapot** is an actress and executive assistant on series like *Entourage*, and *Now and Again*.

## Other websites 
### About the contestants 
*
*
*
*
### About the show 
*
*Alex  blev Billie Jo (Alex Sapot won the role as Billie Jo, Aftonbladet article, in Swedish)
Dolores Hope

**Dolores Hope** (May 27, 1909 – September 19, 2011) was an American singer. She was the widow of Bob Hope.

## Early life
Hope was born Dolores DeFina on May 27, 1909. She was of Italian and Irish ancestry. She was born and raised in New York City. She began her career in the 1930s.

## Marriage to Bob Hope
In 1933, she met Bob Hope the first time in a Manhattan nightclub. They married in 1934. The couple adopted four children: Eleanora, Anthony, Linda and Kelly.

She and her husband entertained U.S. troops from the 1940s until the 1990s. Dolores Hope did this job over the time of a half century until the 1990s. In 1990, she was the only female entertainer who was allowed to go to Saudi Arabia.

## Awards
She was often awarded for her work, for example with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and seven honorary Doctorates. A street was named after Dolores Hope in the Bronx.

## Later life and Death
She was with her husband as he turned 100. Shortly after, and 69 years after their marriage, Bob Hope died in summer of 2003 at age 100. On May 27, 2009, Dolores Hope celebrated her 100th birthday. She died on September 19, 2011.

## Other websites
* 
* Dolores Hope biography 
* Anthony J. Hope, Bob Hope's Son, dies at 63
Sri Maha Bodhi

The **Sri Maha Bodhi** is a Sacred Fig tree in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. The site where it's on, **Sacred City of Anuradhapura**, is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 

It is said to be a tree grown from a sapling from the famous Bodhi tree where the first Buddha became enlightened. It brought down by Mihindu (Mahinda) and Sanghamitta. It was planted in 288 BC. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date. 

It was planted on a high terrace about  above the ground. It is surrounded by railings to protect it. It is one of the most sacred objects of the Buddhists in Sri Lanka, and respected by Buddhists all over the world. 

Its wall was built during the reign of King Kirthi Sri Rajasingha, to protect it from wild elephants which might have attacked the tree.

## History
In the 3rd century BC, the Buddha's fig tree was brought to Sri Lanka by Sangamitta, daughter of Emperor Asoka and founder of an order of Buddhist nuns, in Sri Lanka.

In 280 BC, Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi was planted in the Mahamevnāwa Park in Anuradhapura by King Devanampiya Tissa.

## Related pages
* Bodhi tree

## References 
## Other websites
*Living Heritage - Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi
Miranda

**Miranda** (late latin *Miranda* meaning to be admired at  or "watchtower", "vantage point"). Miranda is also a family name and a female given name. It may also refer to:

## People 
*Miranda Hart (born 1972), British actress and comedienne
*Miranda Krestovnikoff (born 1973), British television presenter
*Miranda Richardson (born 1958), British actress 

## Literature 
*Miranda (Shakespeare),  the daughter of Duke Prospero in William Shakespeare's *The Tempest*
*Miranda (novel), a novel by Antoni Lange written in 1924
*Miranda Cornielle, a character in the webcomic *User Friendly*
*Miranda Priestly, a character in the novel and movie *The Devil Wears Prada*

## Geography 
;Australia
*Miranda, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
;Brazil
*Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, a town in the Mato Grosso do Sul state of Brazil named for sitting on a river of the same name
;Colombia
*Miranda, Cauca, a town in Cauca province
;Italy
*Miranda, Italy, a city in the province of Isernia
;New Zealand
* Miranda, New Zealand, historical fort and small village in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand, best known as the location of the Miranda Shorebird Centre
;Portugal
*Miranda do Corvo, town and municipality
*Miranda do Douro, a municipality
*Terra de Miranda, the historical name of a mesa in northeastern Portugal
;Spain
*Belmonte de Miranda, also called Miranda in Asturian language, a municipality in Asturias
*Miranda de Arga, town and municipality in northern Spain
*Miranda de Ebro, an industrial city in the Burgos province of Spain
;Venezuela
*Miranda (state), one of the twenty-three states of Venezuela
;United States
*Miranda, California, a census-designated place in Humboldt County, California

## In biology 
* The scientific name for the yellow garden spider is *Miranda aurantia*
* *Miranda herba* another name for the pitcher plant *Nepenthes distillatoria*

## Other uses 
*Miranda (moon), a moon of Uranus
*Miranda (programming language), a functional programming language
*Miranda IM, an open source multiprotocol instant messaging application for Microsoft Windows
*Miranda Camera Company, a former Japanese camera manufacturer which ceased operations in 1976
*Miranda House, a residential college for women, forming part of Delhi University, India
* Miranda Do Douro language, see Mirandese language spoken in parts of Portugal
* Miranda railway station in Sydney, Australia
* A character from British science fiction television series Doctor Who
* *Miranda (TV series)*, British television series
Miranda (novel)

***Miranda*** is a novel written by Antoni Lange in 1924. It is the last great work of Lange  and his most famous book today. It is said that *Miranda* is an "occultic fiction" and a "romance ranked to a philosophical treaty". The novel is also known as a mix of dystopia and utopia. 
The novel was translated into English (in 1968), French, Spanish and Italian.

## Explanation of the novel's title
The novel's title refers to the character Miranda, from Shakespeare's play *The Tempest*. *Miranda* also has been influenced by work such as: *Men Like Gods* by Herbert George Wells; *The City of the Sun* by Tommaso Campanella; *Lenore* by Edgar Allan Poe,;*Genezis z Ducha* by Juliusz Słowacki; poems by Cyprian Kamil Norwid; writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (criticism of concept of the Übermensch); Arthur Schopenhauer; Plato; and Sanskrit epics of ancient India.

## Plot summary
The novel tells about a civilization of Brahmans who have powerful skills. They can speak with their minds, and levitate (float in the air). The Brahmans in the book value freedom, peace, and free love about all. Their country is led by the Ministry of Love, Ministry of Power and Ministry of Wisdom. The Brahmans use a strange chemical named Nivridium to keep their self-perfect idea. The story is the of a Polish emigrant named Jan Podobłoczny (Lange's own *parte-parole*) falling in love with a woman named Damayanti. The book ends in a tragedy. In the last chapter of the novel, Damayanti sacrifices her body in order to let her spirit fly to a greater level of though.

Miranda is a Scottish spiritual medium, who lives in Warsaw. She can talk with the soul of Damayanti and make a woman named Lenore appear. She meets Jan Podobłoczny when he is close to his death. In the moment when Damayanti dies, Miranda disappears.

## References
Miranda (state)

]]

**Estado Miranda** is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Los Teques.

Miranda State covers a total surface area of 7,950&nbsp;km². It is the second largest state in population after Zulia Venezuela, approximately 3,028,965 (2011).

## Administrative divisions 
### Municipalities and municipal seats
.]]

Miranda state is sub-divided into 21 municipalities,.  Otros ris del estado son: Guaire, Grande, Curiepe, Capaya, Guapo, Chupaquire, Panapo, Uchire, Chuspa and Aricagua.

#### Lagoons
In the state there are various gaps: Laguna de Tacarigua, Merecuere, Agua salud, El Conflicto y el Rosario.

### National parks
* El Ávila National Park.
* Guatopo National Park.
* Laguna de Tacarigua National Park.
* Macarao National Park.

### Natural monuments
* Cueva Alfredo Jahn.
* Pico Codazzi.
* Cuevas del Indio Park.

## Other sites of interest
* Acuario Agustín Codazzi.
* Birongo.
* El Pueblo El Jarillo.
* Higuerote.
* Playa de Carenero.
* Playa de Chirimena.
* Playas de Barlovento.
* Playas de Buche y Los Totumos.
* Puerto Francés.
* Tren El Encanto.

## References
## Other websites
* Gobernación del Estado Miranda
* Instituto Autónomo de Bibliotecas e Información del Estado Miranda 
* Estación Meteorológica de los altos mirandinos 
* Information about the region of the Tuy Valley 
* Notices about the region of Barlovento at Barloventoardiente.com 
* Guatire.net
* Guarenas.com
Great Awakening

The **Great Awakenings** were a few periods of religious revival in United States history. The term is used sometimes to refer to events like the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general trends within U.S. religious culture.  

There are four generally accepted Great Awakenings in U.S. history:

*The First Great Awakening (1730s - 1740s)
*The Second Great Awakening (1800s - 1830s)
*The Third Great Awakening (1880s - 1900s)
*The Fourth Great Awakening (1960s - 1970s)
Lycopene

**Lycopene** is the pigment of tomato. Its chemical formula is  C40H56.

Ketchup contains high concentrations of bioavailable lycopene.

Despite good antioxidant properties its low solubility reduces its bioavailability and pharmaceutical applications. In a recent work  its solubility was improved through complex with Isolated protein-whey (IWP) 

## Sources
[[Category:Tetraterpenes]
Housefly

**Housefly** is the common fly often found in houses. The Latin name for the housefly is *Musca domestica*. This species is always found near humans. It is the most common species found on hog and poultry farms, horse stables and ranches. Not only are house flies a nuisance, but they also carry disease-causing organisms. Flies are not only an irritant to farm workers but may be a public health concern. Houseflies are pests and can carry diseases.

Each female fly can lay about 9,000 eggs in its life, in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are laid on or near meat, often dead animals. Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed on dead and decaying organic material, such as garbage, carrion or faeces. They are pale-whitish, and have no legs. Their life cycle is from 14 hours to 36 hours. 

At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry, cool place and turn into pupae. These are coloured reddish-brown and about 8&nbsp;mm long. From the pupae emerge adult flies. The whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis. 

Adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild. After they come out from the pupae, the flies do not grow. Small flies of the same species did not get enough food when they were larvae.The function of an adult fly is to reproduce.

## References
Landfall

**Landfall** can mean:

* Landfall, an arrival at land on a sea or air journey
* Landfall (meteorology), the time at which a storm passes over shore
* Landfall, Minnesota
* *Landfall (journal)*, a New Zealand literary journal
* *Landfall (movie)*, a 1977 New Zealand movie
* "Landfall", a track from Mike Oldfield's *Tres Lunas* album
Chemical engineering

**Chemical engineering** is a branch of engineering dealing with chemistry that came to existence in the early 20th century. Before this time, chemical plants were designed by chemists, who were trained to work on a small scale only. A chemical engineer typically works in the design and supervision of chemical manufacturing processes. Chemical engineers may use their skills to solve problems in the production systems of food, medicine, leather, as well as in refineries.

Chemical engineering combines the jobs of a chemist and that of industrial engineer. This makes factories more efficient and chemicals much cheaper as they can be produced for less money. Optimization is a technique used for this. Chemical engineering uses physics (the science of moving objects and forces), chemistry (the science of substances), and mathematics. There are many different types of jobs for people with degrees in chemical engineering.

Some new topics in chemical engineering include:
* environmental sanitation at factories (making certain that nature is not hurt by the factories); 
* developing types of energy other than those from gas or oil;
* biomedical engineering.
* hydrogen processing

## Notes
Jocelyne Saab

**Jocelyne Saab** (30 April 1948 &ndash; 7 January 2019) was a journalist and movie director from Beirut, Lebanon.

Saab died on 7 January 2019 from endometrial cancer in Paris, aged 70.

## Movies
* 1975: ''Portrait d'un mercenaire français*
* 1975: *Lebanon in a Whirlwind*
* 1976: *Les Enfants de la guerre*
* 1976: *Sud-Liban - Histoire d'un village*
* 1976: *Pour quelques vies*
* 1976: *Beyrouth, jamais plus*
* 1978: *Égypte, la cite des morts*
* 1979: *Lettre de Beyrouth*
* 1985: *Adolescente, sucre d'amour*
* 1995: *Kanya Ya Ma Kan, Beyrouth*
* 2005: *Dunia*

## Awards
* Nomination for *Grand Prix des Amériques* 2005.
* Nomination for the *Grand Jury Prize* of the *Sundance Film Festival'' 2006

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Capybara

The **capybara or Greater capybara** (*Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris*) is a semi-aquatic rodent native to South America. It weighs about a hundred pounds, and is about  tall at the shoulder. The capybara is the world's largest rodent. 

Capybaras are closely related to guinea pigs and to chinchillas. When they are full-grown, they weigh about 55 kg, or 100 pounds. The capybara's stocky body is about  long, and its shoulder is about  high off the ground. Females are usually bigger and heavier than males. The top recorded weights are  for a wild female from Brazil and  for a wild male from Uruguay. Capybaras have brown or reddish-brown fur. When they are old their fur is thin, and their skin can get sunburned easily. Their eyes, ears, and nostrils are high on their heads, so they can easily be kept above water when the capybara is swimming. It is a giant cavy rodent living in South America.

## Lifestyle 
Capybaras live in grassy wetlands or close to rivers in many parts of South America. They are land animals who eat grass as their main source of nutrition. They spend the hottest hours of the day in the water.   They are good swimmers and divers. Webs between their toes help them swim. They can only hold their breath underwater for about five minutes at a time. Sometimes they hide in water for much longer, with only their noses sticking out to breathe. Many predators like to eat them. They are a favorite food for jaguars, eagles, anaconda snakes, and many other animals.   

Capybaras eat plants, mostly grass. Their babies are usually born in litters of four at one time. They can start to eat grass once they are about a week old, but they will also keep nursing from their mothers and even from other grown females until they are about four months old. They live in large groups, usually 10-30 capybaras together. Some groups even have 100 capybaras. They talk to each other using many sounds: clicks, grunts, whistles, and barks. 

## Conservation and contact with humans 
Capybaras are not endangered. Their population is stable, not increasing or decreasing very much. They can live in towns or zoos. Humans can touch them, but it is not common, as it can cause disease. Sometimes humans eat capybaras. They are hunted for meat, and sometimes they are raised on farms. Also, their tough skin is sometimes used to make high quality leather, especially for gloves. Capybaras are sometimes kept as pets. They can be kept as pets in the United States, but due to their classification as exotic animals, it is illegal to own them as pets in some states as well as Washington D.C. [see notes below]. They are also very liked in Japan, and are kept as pets there too.

## Notes 
## References
Randolph Turpin

'''Randolph Adolphus ('Randy') Turpin''' (7 June 1928 – 17 May 1966) was an English boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world in 1951.

Turpin was born in Leamington Spa to a white British mother and black Guyanan father. He became a professional boxer in 1946. In 1951, Sugar Ray Robinson traveled to England and gave Turpin an opportunity to fight for his middleweight championship. Turpin became only the second man to defeat Robinson when he won a fifteen-round decision.

Robinson and Turpin had a rematch in September 1951 where Robinson regained the title by a tenth-round knockout. 

He stopped boxing in the mid-1960s. He lived in Leamington Spa with his wife and four daughters. On 17 May 1966 in Leamington Spa he shot one of his daughters (who survived), then shot himself dead.

## References
## Other websites
*Boxing record 
*Tribute website
Sugar Ray Robinson

**Sugar Ray Robinson** (born **Walker Smith Jr.**, May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was an American boxer. He won the welterweight and middleweight world championships. Many boxing historians rank Robinson as the best boxer who ever lived.

## Early life 
Robinson was born in Ailey, Georgia. He moved to Harlem, New York City when he was 12.

## Career 
He had no losses as an amateur boxer. He became a professional boxer in 1940 and won the welterweight title from Johnny Bratton in 1946. He then beat Jake LaMotta (who had, up to that time, been the only man to beat him) for the middleweight championship in 1951. He lost and regained the title from Randy Turpin before trying, and failing, to beat Joey Maxim for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. He retired later that year. He made a comeback, however, and won the middleweight title again in 1955. He lost it to Gene Fullmer in 1957, but defeated him in a rematch. Later that year Carmen Basilio also beat Robinson for the title, but Robinson defeated him in 1958 to get the championship back.

## Death 
Robinson continued to fight until the 1960s. He died of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease at the age of 67 in Culver City, California in 1989. 

## Other websites 
* Boxing record 
* The Official Site of Sugar Ray Robinson
House of Windsor

The **House of Windsor** is the current Royal House of the royal family and each of the other Commonwealth realms. It replaces the now-extinct British Branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

## Descendants of Victoria
Queen Victoria married Prince Albert, a son of Duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Therefore her descendants are members of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria's eldest son, Edward VII and his son George V reigned as members of this house. But during World War I there was a lot of hatred of anything German. A lot of this feeling was stirred up by newspapers. People with German names were beaten up, and shops with German names had their windows broken.  Even the Royal Family were accused of supporting Germany. On 17 July 1917 George V ordered the Royal Family to give up their German titles, and change German-sounding titles and house names for English-sounding versions. Prince Louis of Battenberg became Lord Louis Mountbatten. The Duke of Teck became the Marquis of Milford Haven and the name of the royal house, and the royal surname was changed to Windsor, after the town of Windsor and Windsor Castle. 

When he heard about the change of name, German Emperor William II joked that he wanted to see Shakespeare's play *The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha*.

## Descendants of Queen Elizabeth II
In April 1952, Queen Elizabeth II said that her descendants will keep the name and House of Windsor.

On 8 February 1960, the Queen decided instead to keep the House and Family of Windsor, however for non-royal male line descendants, the surname *"Mountbatten-Windsor"* was created.  Mountbatten is the surname adopted by Prince Philip before his marriage, an anglicization of his mother's family name of Battenberg.

## List of monarchs in the House of Windsor
#King George V of the United Kingdom (died 1936)
#King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom abdicated  (died 1972)
#King George VI of the United Kingdom (died 1952)
#Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (died 2022)
#King Charles III of the United Kingdom (2022-)

The next in line for the throne is Prince William; if so he may be known as King William V of the United Kingdom.

## Related pages
* British Royal Family
* Windsor, Berkshire

## Further reading
*Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford). *The Royal House of Windsor*. Revised ed. Crown, 1984.
*Roberts, Andrew. *The House of Windsor*. University of California Press, 2000.

## Other websites
* Royal Family Name from royal.gov.uk
* House of Windsor from royal.gov.uk
* Royal Family of Great Britain  including the Houses of Hanover, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor.
Martha Jefferson

**Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson**, born **Martha Wayles** (October 30, 1748 – September 6, 1782) was the only wife of her second husband, Thomas Jefferson.  

She was a widow at her second wedding, as her first husband had died young.  When her second husband, Jefferson, was Governor of Virginia, she served as First Lady of Virginia from 1779 to 1781.
   
The Jeffersons had six children together. Only two daughters survived to adulthood, and only one past the age of 25. Weakened by childbirth, Martha Jefferson died several months after the birth of her last child, twenty years before her husband became the third President of the United States.  At her wishes, he never married again. 

## Other websites
* Colonial Williamsburg: Interview of Martha Jefferson, YouTube
* Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson , Monticello: For accurate, up-to-date information written and moderated by historians at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
* Martha Jefferson at Find-A-Grave
* "Martha Jefferson", First Lady Biography
Marie Picasso

**Marie Picasso** (born 24 April 1979) is a Swedish reality show star, model and singer who rose to fame in 2002 when she was a housemate on Big Brother. She later got a job as a game show host on TV4 leading two different game shows. In 2007 she entered Idol 2007 where she is currently in the top 10 of the Swedish version of Pop Idol. Picasso won Pop idol on 7 December 2007 in Globen Arena in Stockholm with 51,3% of the votes and she won over the first runner up Amanda Jenssen. Her debut single is called "This Moment".

## Source 
*From Big Brother to Idol 2007

## Other websites
Hostel

A **hostel** is a place that rents beds to travelers. They are cheaper than hotels and offer less privacy and a community experience.

## References
Bad Kissingen

**Bad Kissingen** is a city in Bavaria, Germany. About 22,421 people lived there in 2020.

## History 
It was first mentioned in 801 CE. It is a "spa town", a place where people go to rest and relax. The well that is the source of the spa was first mentioned in 823 CE.

## Well-known people 
* Jack Steinberger (born 1921), American physicist and Nobel Prize winner

## References
## Other websites
Eulipotyphla

The **Eulipotyphla** is an order of mammals. It was formed from those insectivorous mammals which are monophyletic, a single clade. The old order Insectivora is now abandoned because it was polyphyletic. The new order Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic.

The term **insectivorous** (insect eating) can still be used to describe lifestyle. It explains the food habits of this and some other groups of mammals, They are more closely related to Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears), Pholidota (pangolins), Chiroptera (bats), and Perissodactyla (equids). As part of the superorder Laurasiatheria.

## Lifestyles
Although moles and shrews are not all strictly insectivorous, insects and other small animal life make up the main food of most members of the group. Some kinds, the otter shrews of Africa and the star-nosed mole of North America, for example, feed also upon fish. The Townsend mole of the Pacific Northwest often is a nuisance to bulb growers because of its fondness for the bulbs of many kinds of plants.

Moles, as a group, are subterranean in habit. They spend most of their lives in the darkness of underground tunnels which they dig for themselves. The eyes of all moles are very small, in some species actually not opening to the outside, and of little value to them: vestigial organs. On the other hand, their senses of touch and smell are highly developed.

## Classification
* **ORDER Eulipotyphla** (old 'Insectivora')
** **Family Erinaceidae**
*** Subfamily Erinaceinae: hedgehogs
*** Subfamily Hylomyinae: moonrats and gymnures
** **Family Soricidae** (true shrews)
*** Subfamily Crocidurinae: white-toothed shrews
*** Subfamily Soricinae: red-toothed shrews
*** Subfamily Myosoricinae: African white-toothed shrews
** **Family Talpidae**
*** Subfamily Desmaninae: desmans
*** Subfamily Talpinae: moles
*** Subfamily Uropsilinae: shrew moles
** **Family Solenodontidae**: solenodons
** **Family Nesophontidae**: extinct West Indian shrews

## Discards
The following groups are now placed in other orders:

:* Order Afrosoricida 
:** Suborder Chrysochloridea
:*** Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles)
:** Suborder Tenrecomorpha
:*** Family Tenrecidae (tenrecs)
:* Order Macroscelidea
:** Family Macroscelididae (elephant shrews)
:* Order Scandentia
:** Family Tupaiidae (treeshrews)
:* Order Dermoptera
:** Family Cynocephalidae (colugos)

## References
**Notes**
AP

AP can mean:
*Associated Press - a news agency
*Advanced Placement - a program that allows college level classes to be taken at school
Associated Press

The **Associated Press** (also called the **AP** and **AP Wire**) is an American non-profit news agency company.  It is based in New York City. The AP is a non-profit cooperative owned by the major United States daily newspapers, radio and television stations who share its news stories. Most articles are written by staff members belonging to the Newspaper Guild Union, a part of the AFL-CIO. Many news organizations that are not members pay a fee to use the stories. The AP has more than 250 local news offices in more than 100 countries. The editor in chief for the education department is Jeffery Orr. 

In 2013 the United States Department of Justice announced it had secretly obtained records of telephone calls by AP a few months before the 2012 United States presidential election. Associated Press CEO Gary Pruitt called the DOJ action: a 'massive and unprecedented intrusion' of Freedom of the Press rights, according to Fox News. Eric Holder, the United States Attorney General, claimed that he was not involved.
## See
*AP official website
Saxe-Jena

The **Duchy of Saxe-Jena** was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.

Part of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar was given to Bernhard, the fourth son of Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1672. The second duke had no male heirs to inherit the title, so the territory was taken back by Saxe-Weimar when the second duke died in 1690. .

## Dukes of Saxe-Jena 
* Bernhard (1672 – 1678)
* Johann Wilhelm (1678 – 1690)
*Reincorporated into Saxe-Weimar*
BBC News (TV channel)

**BBC News** is a free news channel, broadcast by BBC. It began on 9th November 1997 as BBC News 24 until it was rebranded to its current name on 21 April 2008. The BBC's website, bbc.co.uk, also features a section called BBC News. This section contains news articles and videos of broadcasts from the news channel.

## Other websites 
*
*BBC News at TV ARK 
*The BBC News Styleguide 

## BBC News HD
BBC News HD was launched on 10 December 2013 alongside the sister channels CBeebies HD, CBBC HD, BBC Four HD and BBC Three HD.
Tilde Fröling

**Tilde Maria Henny Märta Fröling** (born May 15, 1980) is a Swedish television personality and actress. She is the daughter of actress Ewa Fröling.  Fröling was born in Stockholm.

## References
## Other websites
*
Reuters

**Reuters** ( ) is a British news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world.
, the founder of Reuters (photographed by Nadar, c. 1865)]]
The agency was  in London in 1851 by the German-born Paul Reuter. It was bought by the Thomson Corporation of Canada in 2008.

Reuter moved to London in 1851 and established a news wire agency at the London Royal Exchange. Reuter's company covered topics like commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms. Reuter's company started becoming famous for reporting on important topics first many times. For example, it was the first in Europe to report Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865. 

In 1872, Reuter's expanded into the Far East, followed by South America in 1874. In 1878, Reuter retired as managing director. He was replaced by his eldest son, Herbert de Reuter. In 1883, Reuter's began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers. In 1925, the Press Association (PA) of Great Britain became very interested in Reuters and some years later got full ownership. In 1945, Reuters was the first broadcasting company to broadcast news of Heinrich Himmler's attempts to negotiate with the western allies through Count Bernadotte, a Swedish nobleman.

## References 

## Other websites 
* 
* Times of Crisis – multimedia interactive charting the year of global change
* Bearing Witness award-winning multimedia reflecting on war in Iraq
* Reuters – The State of the World – News imagery of the 21st century
* Thomson Reuters Foundation  – philanthropic foundation
*
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

The **Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach** () was created in 1809 when the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were formally joined into one state. The two duchies had shared the same ruler since 1741, which is when the Saxe-Eisenach line had died out. It became a Grand Duchy in 1815.

In 1877, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach officially became the **Grand Duchy of Saxony** (), but this name was not often used. The Grand Duchy was abolished in 1918 with the other German monarchies, and the state joined others to form the new state of Thuringia in the Weimar Republic.

The Grand Dukes full title was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meißen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Lord of Blankenhayn, Neustadt and Tautenburg.

## Rulers of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 
### Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1809 – 1815 
* Carl August, 1809 – 15; Duke of Saxe-Weimar and of Saxe-Eisenach from 1758

### Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1815 – 1918 
* Carl August, 1815 – 28
* Carl Friedrich, 1828 – 53
* Carl Alexander, 1853 – 1901
* Wilhelm Ernst, 1901 – 18

### Heads of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1918 – *present* 
* Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst, 1918 – 23
* Hereditary Grand Duke Carl August, 1923 – 88
* Prince Michael, 1988 – *present*

## Related pages
* Ernestine duchies

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Alligatoridae

**Alligators** and **Caimans** make up the second largest family of the crocodilians, ***Alligatoridae***. There are 4 genera and about 7 known species of Alligatorids. Alligatorids range in size depending on species. The Chinese alligator (*Aligator sinensis*) is usually about  while the American Alligator (*A. mississippiensis*) is usually . The largest American alligator was  long. The Black Caiman of the Amazon can reach as much as .

Alligatorids live in the southern United States, Central America, northern South America and near the Yangzee river in China. 

## Alligators vs crocodiles
There are several differences between alligators and crocodiles. Alligators have shorter and wider snouts. They prefer fresh water to saltwater. Crocodiles have a gland that removes much of the salt. Alligators do not have this gland. In alligators, the fourth tooth of their lower jaw fits into a pit in the upper jaw. In crocodilians this tooth fits into a groove on the outside of the jaw. Alligators are also less aggressive than crocodilids. Usually only the largest of the species are a threat to humans.

## Species 
* **ORDER Crocodilia**
** **Family Alligatoridae**
*** Genus *Leidyosuchus* (extinct)
*** Genus *Deinosuchus* (extinct)
*** **Subfamily Alligatorinae**
**** Genus *Albertochampsa* (extinct)
**** Genus *Chrysochampsa* (extinct)
**** Genus *Hassiacosuchus* (extinct)
**** Genus *Navahosuchus* (extinct)
**** Genus *Ceratosuchus* (extinct)
**** Genus *Allognathosuchus* (extinct)
**** Genus *Hispanochampsa* (extinct)
**** Genus *Arambourgia* (extinct)
**** Genus *Procaimanoidea* (extinct)
**** Genus *Wannaganosuchus* (extinct)
**** Genus *Alligator*
***** *Alligator prenasalis* (extinct)
***** *Alligator mcgrewi* (extinct)
***** *Alligator olseni* (extinct)
***** Chinese Alligator, *Alligator sinensis *
***** *Alligator mefferdi* (extinct)
***** American Alligator, *Alligator mississippiensis*
*** **Subfamily Caimaninae**
**** Genus *Necrosuchus* (extinct)
**** Genus *Eocaiman* (extinct)
**** Genus *Paleosuchus*
***** Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman, *Paleosuchus palpebrosus* 
***** Smooth-fronted Caiman, *Paleosuchus trigonatus*
**** Genus *Purussaurus* (extinct)
**** Genus *Mourasuchus* (extinct)
**** Genus *Orthogenysuchus* (extinct)
**** Genus *Caiman*
***** Yacare Caiman, *Caiman yacare* 
***** Spectacled Caiman, *Caiman crocodilus *
****** Rio Apaporis Caiman, *C. c. apaporiensis *
****** Brown Caiman, *C. c. fuscus*
***** *Caiman lutescans* (extinct)
***** *Caiman sorontans* (extinct) - Not reported in the literature, probably a *nomen nudum*
***** Broad-snouted Caiman, *Caiman latirostris *
**** Genus *Melanosuchus*
***** *Melanosuchus fisheri* (extinct)
***** Black Caiman, *Melanosuchus niger*

## References
Gaza City

**Gaza** (), also called **Gaza City**, is the largest city inside Gaza and in Palestine. The city has a population of about 400,000. It is often named "Gaza City" to distinguish it from the larger Gaza.

The municipality of Gaza was established in 1893.

## References
## Other websites
James Van Der Beek

**James William Van Der Beek** (March 8, 1977 &ndash; February 11, 2026) was an American television and movie actor. He was born in Cheshire, Connecticut. He was best known for his role as Dawson Leery in ''Dawson's Creek''. 

In November 2024, Van Der Beek revealed that he has been diagnosed with colorectal cancer. He died from his illness on February 11, 2026 in Austin, Texas at the age of 48.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Maple

maple]]
]]
**Maple** (Latin name *Acer* ) is a genus of trees or shrubs. Sometimes they are put into a family of their own, the Aceraceae. At other times they are included in the Sapindaceae. To include them in the Sapindaceae is the more modern classification. There are between 100 and 200 species of maples. Most species are native to Asia, but some also occur in Europe, Northern Africa, and North America. 

The word *Acer* comes from a Latin word meaning "sharp". It was given because of the characteristic sharp points on the maple leaves. The first person to talk about the genus that way was French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1700. The type species of the genus is *Acer pseudoplatanus* (the sycamore maple).

*Theophrastus began the daunting task of applying specific names to plants, such as the maple, which was previously called several different names by various communities in ancient Greece.*

## Seed dispersal 
The maple's distinctive fruit are called samaras, and known by many children as "helicopters" by the way they spin as they fall. Inside the fruit are found their seeds, which are in pairs. Each one is enclosed in a "nutlet" attached to a flattened wing of papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind. One tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time. Some seeds can remain in the soil for several years before germinating.

## What are maples used for? 
Maple trees are often planted as ornamental trees in cities. Some species resist the cold rather well. Sugar maples are grown to make maple syrup. Some maples are grown for timber (wood that is used for furniture).

## Symbolism 
The flag of Canada shows a maple leaf. 
## References 
      *2. edited by Tom Jackson, BIOLOGY : an illustrated history of life science*
Dawson's Creek

'''''Dawson's Creek''''' is an American primetime television drama which aired from January 20, 1998, to May 14, 2003, on The WB Television Network. The lead production company was Sony Pictures Television. Reruns of the show are currently seen in the US in syndication on TBS and on The N. with Katie Holmes in one of the leading roles. It is set in Massachusetts.

## Other websites 
*
Popstars

***Popstars*** is a reality television franchise where a number of people audition for a place in a new pop group. The original version aired in New Zealand in 1999. Many countries have had their own versions of the show and it was the inspiration for *Pop Idol* and later *The X Factor*.

The most famous groups to be made on the show include TrueBliss and Hear'Say. The girl group Girls Aloud was also created on the UK's spin-off version of *Popstars*.
Nicole Scherzinger

**Nicole Prascovia Elikolani Scherzinger** (née **Valiente**; born June 29, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter, television personality, and philanthropist. She was the lead singer of the girl group The Pussycat Dolls. Scherzinger is also known for being a judge on TV talent shows such as *The X Factor* and *The Masked Singer*.

## Early life 
Her father is of Filipino ancestry. Her mother is of Hawaiian and Ukrainian ancestry. Her Catholic parents separated when she was a baby. At age six, she moved to Louisville, Kentucky. She took her German American stepfather's surname when he adopted her.

## Career 
Scherzinger was one of the group members in Edens Crush after winning a spot from the reality show *Popstars*. Scherzinger was later a member of the Pussycat Dolls. On November 16, 2007, she released her first solo album, *Killer Love*. 

She was a judge on The Sing-Off in 2009 and 2010. She was a judge on *The X Factor* in the United States in 2011. She was also a judge on *The X Factor* in the United Kingdom from 2012 to 2017. Scherzinger is also a panellist on *The Masked Singer USA*.

will.i.am is the executive producer of her second album.

## Personal life 
Since 2006, Scherzinger has had an on-off relationship with Lewis Hamilton. She has had bulimia nervosa.

## Discography 
### Solo singles 
### As featured performer 
### Album appearances 
## References
Wulfila Bible

]]
The **Wulfila Bible** (or **Gothic Bible**) is a translation of parts of the Bible into the Gothic language. It was done by an Arian Christian Bishop, called Wulfila, in the 3rd century. It contains mainly a translation of the New Testament. The basis for the translation was a Greek version of the Bible. Up till then, the Goths had used runes to write. This was impractical, though. For this reason Wulfila also invented the Gothic alphabet. The Gothic alphabet is based on the Greek one.

Many copies of parts of the text still exist today. Most of them are from the 6th to 8th century. The Wulfila bible is the oldest written text of a Germanic language. It is very important for studying language development. 

## Text of The Lord's Prayer in the Wulfilabible 
*þ* is pronounced like the English *th* in *the*.

:*atta unsar þu ïn himina*
:*weihnai namo þein*
:*qimai þiudinassus þeins*
:*wairþai wilja þeins*
:*swe ïn himina jah ana airþai*
:*hlaif unsarana þana sinteinan gif uns himma daga*
:*jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijai ma*
:*swaswe jah weis afletam þaim skulam unsaraim*
:*jah ni briggais uns ïn fraistubnjai*
:*ak lausei uns af þamma ubilin*
:*unte þeina ïst þiudangardi*
:*jah mahts jah wulþus ïn aiwins*
:*amen*

## Other websites 
* Full text of the Wulfilabible 
* Smaller gothic fragments