open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
San Antonio Spurs

The **San Antonio Spurs** are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in San Antonio, Texas. They began playing in the NBA in 1976. They play their home game at the Frost Bank Center. They are currently coached by Mitch Johnson. They made six Finals appearances and won five NBA Championships in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014 respectively. From 1999–00 to 2016–17, the Spurs won 50 games each season, setting a record of 18 consecutive 50-win seasons. In the 2018–19 season, the Spurs matched an NBA record for most consecutive playoff appearances with 22.

Notable players for the Spurs are George Gervin, David Robinson, Tim Duncan, Sean Elliott, Tony Parker, Manu Ginóbili, Kawhi Leonard, Tracy McGrady Victor Wembanyama,  Johnny Moore, Robert Horry, Bruce Bowen, Dennis Rodman, Chris Paul,  Boris Diaw, Patty Millis, Tiago Splitter, Marco Belinelli, Avery Johnson, LaMarcus Alridge, Matt Bonner, and Cory Joseph.

## References
## Other websites
*
Michael Vick

**Michael Vick** is a current college football coach and former American football quarterback of the National Football League (NFL). He played 14 seasons and played in three Pro Bowls. He played for the Atlanta Falcons, Philadelphia Eagles, New York Jets, and Pittsburgh Steelers.

Vick was born in Newport News, Virginia on June 26, 1980. He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies. The Atlanta Falcons chose him with the first pick in the 2001 NFL Draft.

In 2007, he was arrested for forcing dogs to fight each other. Some of the dogs died. He had been doing this since 2002. He was sent to prison, and was released in 2009. The Falcons did not want him back, and drafted another quarterback, Matt Ryan.

After Vick was released from prison, he accepted an offer to join the Philadelphia Eagles. In 2009, he backed up Donovan McNabb and Kevin Kolb, but became a starter in the following two seasons. He was elected as a Pro Bowler in 2011. Vick has been known as a great running quarterback. He rushed for 1,000 yards in 2006 with the Falcons.

## References
Atlanta Hawks

The **Atlanta Hawks** are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play their home games at State Farm Arena in Atlanta, Georgia.

## Team history
The Hawks have played in several cities throughout the team's history, and have also had other names. The team was first the Buffalo Bisons in 1946, then moved to Moline, Illinois that same year, being called the Tri-Cities Blackhawks until 1951. (They did not join the NBA until 1949). In 1951, they changed their name to the Hawks and moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, then moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1955. While in St. Louis, they won an NBA championship in 1958. As of 2022, this is the only championship the team has won. The Hawks moved to Atlanta in 1968, and have been there ever since.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Atlanta Hawks  at the New Georgia Encyclopedia
WWE NXT

**WWE NXT** is a brand and television program by professional wrestling promotion WWE based in Orlando, Florida. as WWE's second developmental territory when they ended their relationship with Deep South Wrestling. It became their only developmental territory in early 2008 when they ended their relationship with Ohio Valley Wrestling.

FCW's first show was on June 26, 2007 in Tampa, Florida. A 21-man Battle Royal was held during the show, with Harry Smith winning to become the first ever FCW Southern Heavyweight Champion. The next year, the FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship was introduced, with Jake Hager becoming the first champion at a battle royal on February 15, 2008 and defeating Ted DiBiase, Jr.. The FCW Florida Tag Team Championship was also introduced in February, with the Puerto Rican Nightmares (Eddie Colón and Eric Perez) beating Steven Lewington and Heath Miller to win it in the finals of a tournament. The two heavyweight titles were later unified, keeping the "Florida Heavyweight" name.

FCW regularly ran shows every Tuesday at Bourbon Street Nightclub, as well as shows on other nights at other venues in and around the Central Florida area. As NXT, it now runs live shows at several locations around Florida.

In August 2012, WWE retired all FCW championship belts and changed the promotion's name to "NXT". WWE had previously used NXT for a reality television program that featured FCW wrestlers trying to earn a WWE contract. *WWE NXT*, which had been the name of the reality show, is now used as the title of their TV show.

After the name change WWE started a TV show, usually taped at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida (from 2012 to 2020 at Full Sail University in Winter Park). NXT has six exclusive championships right now: The NXT Championship, the NXT Tag Team Championship, the NXT Women's Championship, the NXT North American Championship, the NXT Women's North American Championship and the NXT Heritage Cup. It also used to have the NXT Cruiserweight Championship and the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship. The show also featured the WWE United Kingdom Championship before NXT UK started.

## Roster 
## Champions 
## Related pages
* WWE
* WWE NXT Level Up

## References
Sacramento Kings

The **Sacramento Kings** are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Sacramento, California. They began playing in the National Basketball Association in 1948. They play their home games at Golden 1 Center (their last arena being Sleep Train Arena (formally known as Arco Arena)). Notable players that played for the Kings include: Chris Webber, Jason Williams, Mike Bibby, Vlade Divac, Peja Stojaovic, Doug Christie, DeMarcus Cousins and DeAaron Fox.

## References
## Other websites
*
Philadelphia 76ers

The **Philadelphia 76ers** (called **76ers** or **Sixers** for short) are an American professional basketball team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They started in the year 1946 as the Syracuse Nationals. They joined the NBA in 1949. The 76ers have won three NBA championships in 1955, 1967, and 1983. They most recently went to the NBA Finals in 2001. 

## References
## Other websites
*
New York Knicks

The **New York Knicks**, officially the **New York Knickerbockers**, are a team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in New York, New York. The current head coach of the team is Mike Brown. The Knicks play their home games at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan, New York.

## References
## Other websites
*
Utah Jazz

The **Utah Jazz** are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Utah. They were originally from New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 1970s. Jazz music is popular in New Orleans, and the team was named the Jazz when it was in New Orleans. The team kept the name when it moved to Utah.

The Jazz are in Salt Lake City, Utah's capital, and they made it to the NBA Finals in 1997 and 1998. John Stockton and Karl Malone were players that led them to these championship games. They played the Chicago Bulls both times, and Michael Jordan helped the Bulls win against the Jazz both times in six games.

Jerry Sloan has coached the Jazz for over 20 years. He started coaching after Frank Layden stopped coaching the Jazz. Sloan felt a big load on his shoulders with his role as coach, and that became clear when he announced in 2011 that he decided to step down. His main assistant, *Phil Johnson*, also stepped down. This came as a big surprise to many sports fans. The Utah Jazz hired Tyrone Corbin as the head coach in time for their next game of the 2010-2011 season. Corbin had played for the Jazz, and had been an assistant coach under Sloan for the team as well. Jeff Hornacek, a former Jazz player, also helped the Jazz by deciding to join the organization again as an assistant to Coach Corbin.

The Jazz had another big change in 2011. They traded Deron Williams, a veteran NBA player, to the New Jersey Nets. These big changes in the Jazz' profile in little over a month were preceded by a big change in 2009, when the owner and founder of the Jazz, Larry H. Miller, died. His son, *Greg Miller*, is now in charge, and Larry's wife Gail Miller still helps with decisions and feedback for the team.

## References
## Other websites
*
Golden State Warriors

The **Golden State Warriors** are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association. They are one of the oldest teams in the NBA. They played in Philadelphia as the **Philadelphia Warriors** from 1946 to 1962, in San Francisco from 1962 to 1971 and in Oakland as the Golden State Warriors from 1971 to 2019. Currently, they play in San Francisco, California at the Chase Center. The Warriors have won seven NBA championships, in 1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2022. The Warriors are the third for both the most NBA championships and most Finals appearances; only the Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics have more. Many great basketball players have played or still play for the Warriors, these players are Wilt Chamberlain, Al Attles, Rick Barry, Nate Thurmond Joe Fulks, Paul Arizin, Neil Johnston, Tim Hardaway, Chris Mullin, Mitch Richmond, Chris Webber, Latrell Sprewell, Guy Rodgers, Jason Richardson, Gilbert Arenas, Antawn Jamison, Baron Davis,  Stephen Curry, Kevin Durant, Klay Thompson, Draymond Green, Andre Iguodala, Shaun Livingston, Harrison Barnes, Matt Barnes, Zaza Pachulia, Kevon Looney, David West, Andrew Wiggins, Chris Paul, Jimmy Butler, and Jordan Poole.

In the 2007 NBA playoffs, they pulled off one of the biggest upsets in NBA playoff history by upsetting the Dallas Mavericks, who lost to the Miami Heat in last year's Finals in six games and finished with 67 wins and 15 losses. The Mavs also had Dirk Nowitzki, who won MVP that year. Before they shocked Dirk's Mavericks, the Warriors had Baron Davis and they also had 42 wins and 40 losses. They won the series 4-2 in Game 6, but lost to the Utah Jazz in five games in the second round. 
 
In 2016, the Warriors went back to NBA Finals and met the Cleveland Cavaliers, who they beat the year before in six games, but they became the 11th team to blow a 3-1 series lead and the first to do it in the NBA Finals and lost. Before losing 4-3 to the Cavaliers, they had 73 wins and 9 losses, breaking the 1996 Chicago Bulls' 72-10 record and also becoming the 10th team to overcome a 3-1 series deficit to win the series against the Oklahoma City Thunder. With the addition of Durant, the Warriors would win back-to-back titles against the Cavaliers in 2017 and 2018 (including sweeping the Cavs in the latter) with Durant being the Finals MVP both times before losing to the Toronto Raptors in 2019 in six games following injuries to Durant and Klay, ending their chances of a three-peat. Durant then left the Warriors and joined the Brooklyn Nets. After missing the playoffs the next two seasons, the Warriors (with their core at full strength) returned to the 2022 Finals and defeated the Boston Celtics in six games.

## References
## Other websites
*
Houston Rockets

The **Houston Rockets** are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Houston, Texas. They play their home games at the Toyota Center. They began playing in the NBA in 1967 and were originally known as the **San Diego Rockets** from 1967 to 1971. 

Hakeem Olajuwon was a star player for the Rockets leading them to their first championship in 1994 and their next in 1995 with Hakeem being the Finals MVP both times. Clyde Drexler, Charles Barkley, Yao Ming, Steve Francis, Tracy McGrady, Russell Westbrook,  James Harden and Kevin Durant were also a star players for the Rockets.

## References
## Other websites
*
Portland Trail Blazers

The **Portland Trail Blazers** are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from Portland, Oregon. They play their home games at the Moda Center. They won 1 NBA Championship in 1977.

## References
## Other websites
*
Infant baptism

**Infant baptism**, also known as **pedobaptism**, is the practice of baptizing ("christening") young children or infants. 

## Related pages
*Anabaptists
*Baptism
*Believers baptism
*Church

## Other websites 
**INFANT BAPTISM: How My Mind Has Changed* by Dr. Dennis E. Johnson
**Infant Baptism discussed at www.CatholicBridge.com 
**A Scriptural Critique of Infant Baptism* by Pastor John MacArthur
**The Assemblies of God on Baptism
Julius Eastman

**Julius Eastman** (October 27, 1940 – May 28, 1990) was an American composer, pianist, and singer. He was a minimalist.

## Life and Work
Eastman grew up in Ithaca, New York. He began piano at age 14. He studied piano at the Curtis Institute of Music, with Mieczyslaw Horszowski and composition with Constant Vauclain.

In December 1966, he made his debut in New York at The Town Hall concert theatre, playing mostly his own compositions.  

In 1970, Eastman joined the Center for the Creative and Performing Arts at SUNY Buffalo, where he met the Czech-born composer, conductor, and flute player Petr Kotik. Eastman and Kotik played together in the early to mid 1970s. Eastman was a maker of the S.E.M. Ensemble. From 1971 he performed and traveled with the group.

In 1974, Eastman was nominated for a Grammy award for his vocal performance of *Eight Songs for a Mad King* by Peter Maxwell Davies.

He died alone in Millard Fillmore Hospital in Buffalo, New York of heart problems. No attention was given to his death until an obituary in the *Village Voice* by Kyle Gann January 22, 1991, eight months after he died. 

## Known works
* Tripod (1960s) for unspecified instruments
* Piano Piece I (1968) for solo piano
* Piano Piece II (1968) for solo piano
* Piano Piece III (1968) for solo piano
* Piano Piece IV (1968) for solo piano
* Thruway (1970) for chorus (plus other unspecified instruments)
* The Moon's Silent Modulation (1970) for dancers, vocalists and chamber ensemble
* Touch Him When (?) for piano 4 hands
* Macle (1971) for voices and electronics
* Comp 1 (1971) for solo flute
* Mumbaphilia (1972) for solo performer and dancers
* Wood in Time (1972) for metronomes
* Stay on It (1973) for voice, clarinet, 2 saxes, violin, piano and percussion
* 440 (1973) for voice, violin, viola and double bass
* Femenine (1974) for chamber ensemble
* If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich? (1977) for violin, 2 French horns, 4 trumpets, 2 trombones, tuba, piano, 2 chimes and 2 basses
* NF (1978) for piano
* Piece for 2 pianos (1979)
* Evil Nigger (1979) for 4 pianos
* Gay Guerilla (ca. 1980) for 4 pianos
* Crazy Nigger (ca. 1980) for 4 pianos
* The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc (1981) for ten cellos
* Untitled [Prelude to The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc] (1981?) for solo voice
* His Most Qualityless Majesty (1983) for piano and voice
* Piano 2 (1986) for solo piano

## Recordings
* 2005 - *Unjust Malaise* by various artists (New World 80638) (Includes "Stay On It"; "If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich"; "Prelude to The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc"; "The Holy Presence of Joan d'Arc"; "Gay Guerilla"; "Evil Nigger"; "Crazy Nigger"; and Spoken Introduction to Northwestern University Concert)
* 1987 - Davies, Peter Maxwell. Miss Donnithorne's Maggot; Eight Songs For a Mad King. London: Unicorn-Kanchana. (Includes Julius Eastman, baritone.)
* 1981 - Monk, Meredith. Dolmen Music. (Includes Julius Eastman, voice.)
* 1972 - Kolb, Barbara, and Richard Moryl. New York: Desto. (Includes Julius Eastman, narrator, on Side A.)

## Other websites 
* The Julius Eastman Project

## References
Extreme

Uses for the term **extreme**, which is sometimes spelled **xtreme**, include:

## Geography and astronomy
* Extremes on Earth
* List of extrasolar planet extremes

## Mathematics
*Extreme value, the largest or smallest element of a set

## Science and technology
### Science
*Extreme weather, severe or unseasonal weather
*Extremism, ideas or actions beyond what is deemed acceptable
*Extremophile, an organism which thrives in or requires "extreme" 

### Technology
*Extreme Networks, a California-based networking hardware company
*Extreme Programming, a software engineering methodology
*Xtreme Mod, a peer-to-peer file sharing software for Windows based on eMule

## Sports and entertainment
### Sports
*Extreme sport, a sport featuring speed, height, danger or spectacular stunts
**Extreme skiing
*Extreme Sports Channel, a Netherlands television channel
*Extreme Championship Wrestling, a former wrestling promotion
*Xtreme Pro Wrestling
*Los Angeles Xtreme, a defunct XFL franchise
*Xtreme Turf, an artificial turf or synthetic grass system

### Music
*Extreme (band), an American band
***Extreme* (album), an album by Extreme
*Xtreme (group), a bachata duo
***Xtreme* (album), an album by Xtreme
**Extremes* (album), an album by Collin Raye
*Extreme Records, a record label
*Agostino Carollo or X-Treme, an Italian singer, DJ, and producer

### Entertainment
*Extreme (CSI: Miami)
*Extreme (TV series)
**Going to Extremes*, a UK television series
**Extreme (Travel Channel series)*, a US television series
*Extreme Associates, an adult film production company
**Dance Dance Revolution Extreme*, a music video game by Konami
**Extreme Paintbrawl*, a first-person shooter video game
**Dance Dance Revolution Extreme* (North America), a music video game by Konami

### Games
*Extremes (Combat Arms)

## Literature
**Extreme Studios*, a defunct studio of Image Comics
*Adam X the X-Treme, a Marvel Comics character
**Extreme*, an autobiography by Sharon Osbourne

## Other uses
*Extreme Pita, a Canadian-based restaurant chain
*Chevrolet S-10 xtreme
Paul Pierce

**Paul Anthony Pierce** (born October 13, 1977 in Oakland, California) is a retired American basketball player of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at the University of Kansas. Pierce won an NBA championship with the Celtics in 2008, and won the NBA 3-Point Shooting Contest in 2010. He was the Most Valuable Player of the 2008 NBA Finals.

## References
Scotty Bowman

**William Scott "Scotty" Bowman** (born September 18, 1933 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a former National Hockey League head coach. He holds the record for most wins with 1,244.

## Early years
Bowman was born on September 18, 1933 in Verdun, Quebec. He played minor league hockey until a fractured skull resulting from a slash by Jean-Guy Talbot ended his playing aspirations.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
*
Nigel Mansell

**Nigel Ernest James Mansell** OBE (born 8 August 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire) is a British racing driver from England who won both the Formula One World Championship (1992) and CART World Series (1993). He is the only person in history to hold both titles simultaneously, and was the first person to win the CART title in his debut season. During the early nineties, Mansell was commonly known, by the British media especially, as *Our Nige*.

His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons, with his final two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series. Mansell remains the second most successful British Formula One driver of all-time in terms of race wins with 31 victories, only behind Lewis Hamilton. He is eighth overall on the Formula One race winners list. He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by Murray Walker, who was a Formula One commentator for 50 years. In 2008, American sports television network ESPN ranked him 24th on their top drivers of all-time.

Mansell raced in the GP Masters series and signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007.

## References
Graham Hill

]]

**Norman Graham Hill** (15 February 1929 – 29 November 1975) was a British racing driver and two-time Formula One World Champion. He was born in Hampstead, London and died in a plane crash in Arkley, London.  

His son Damon Hill and Damon's son Josh Hill are racing drivers.
Beşiktaş

in Beşiktaş district]]
**Besiktas** (*Turkish*: Beşiktaş) is a district in the European part of İstanbul. Beşiktaş is on the coast of the Bosphorus.

Beşiktaş has a football team called Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (BJK) (English: Besiktas Gym Club). BJK is one of the biggest and one of the most popular football team in Turkey.

## Historical buildings
Dolmabahçe Palace is an Ottoman palace located in Besiktas along the coast. This is the palace where the founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, died.
List of NBA champions

This is a **list of NBA Champions.**

## Champions
* The first brackets in the *Western champion* and *Eastern champion* columns indicate the teams' playoff seed. The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team's NBA Finals record to date.

**Notes**

## References
Scuderia Ferrari

**Scuderia Ferrari HP**, often just called **Scuderia Ferrari** or just **Ferrari**, is the part of Ferrari SpA, an Italian car-making company, that builds racing cars. Most of the team's money is used for its Formula One team, **Scuderia Ferrari**. "*Scuderia*" is Italian for "Stable", and Ferrari is the surname of Enzo Ferrari, the founder of the Ferrari company. They are also sometimes called the **Prancing Horses** because of Ferrari's logo.

Scuderia Ferrari was started in 1929, and raced for Alfa Romeo until 1939. Ferrari first started in Formula One when it began in 1950, making it the oldest F1 team. The team's fans are called "*tifosi",* meaning "fans" in Italian, and there are tifosi worldwide.

One of the most famous Ferrari drivers was Michael Schumacher, who won five Formula One Drivers' Championships with Ferrari. He drove in this team from 1996 until 2006. Schumacher worked with Ferrari after he stopped racing. In , Kimi Räikkönen won the Drivers' Championship for Ferrari. In , Felipe Massa lost the Championship to Lewis Hamilton by one point. Ferrari won the Constructors' Championship in 2007 and 2008. 

Charles Leclerc and Lewis Hamilton are the team's drivers as of 2026.

## Related pages 
*Ferrari Grand Prix results

## References
Memphis blues

The **Memphis blues** is a type of blues music that was created in the 1920s and 1930s.

## Memphis blues musicians 
* W. C. Handy
* Frank Stokes
* Furry Lewis
* Willie Nix
* Sleepy John Estes
* Ida Cox
* Junior Parker
* Memphis Minnie
* Howlin' Wolf
* Rosco Gordon
* Bobby Sowell
* Big Mama Thornton
* Robert Wilkins
Cnbc-e

**Cnbc-e** is a TV channel which broadcasts financial and entertainment programs in Turkey. Cnbc-e broadcasts TV series and movies in original languages (mostly American series and movies) with Turkish subtitles.

## TV series
*Desperate Housewives
*Cold Case
*Assy McGee
*Prison Break
*24
*How I met your mother
*Gilmore Girls
*The Simpsons
*My Name is Earl
*Pushing Daisies
*Heroes
*Smallville
*Family Guy
Kanal D

**Kanal D** is a popular Turkish television channel broadcasting nationally. Euro D broadcasts Kanal D programmes to all Europe.

## TV Series 
*Aşk-ı Memnu
*Arka Sokaklar 
*Geniş Aile   
*Yaprak Dökümü  
*Hanımın Çiiftliği 
*Kavak Yelleri
*Bir Bulut Olsam
*Akasya Durağı
*Küçük Kadınlar
*Küçük Sırlar
CNN Türk

**CNN Türk** is the Turkish version of international CNN. CNN Türk broadcasts nationwide in Turkey.

## Programmes
*News
*Sports
NTV (Turkish TV channel)

**NTV Turkey** is a Turkish nationwide television channel which consists of news, sports programmes and documentaries.

## Other websites
*Official site
*NTV Turkey at LyngSat Address
Milliyet

**Milliyet** is a major Turkish daily newspaper founded in 1950. Abdi İpekçi, the editor of Milliyet, was murdered in 1979 when coming from the newspaper to his home.

## References
## Other websites 
*Milliyet's official website
TRT

|center]]
The **TRT** (Turkish Radio and Television Corporation) is the first television broadcaster and national public broadcaster of Turkey. It launched on 1926 as TR (Radio), 1964 May 1st as TRT (Radio), and 1968 January 31 (Television). Currently it has 14 channels. (one of HD)

## Related pages
* TRT Haber
* TRT World
List of newspapers in Turkey

There is a list of newspapers published in Turkey.

*Sözcü (The Spokesman)
*Milliyet (The Nation)
*Sabah   (The Morning)
*Hürriyet (The Independence)
*Birgün  (One day)
*Evrensel  (Universal)
*Fanatik (Fanatic)
*Akşam (The Evening)
*Cumhuriyet (The Republic)
*Bugün (Today)
*Güneş (The Sun)
*Zaman (The Time)
*Posta (The Mail)
*Şalom (Peace)
Aphid

**Aphids** are small bugs which feed on plants. Aphids cause more plant damage than any other insects. There are over 4,000 different species of aphid.

About 250 species are serious pests for agriculture and forestry as well as an annoyance for gardeners. They vary in size from 1-10&nbsp;mm long.

Important natural enemies include the predatory lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), hoverfly larvae, lacewings (Neuroptera),  larvae of the aphid midge *Aphidoletes aphidimyza*, crab spiders, and insect-eating fungi like *Lecanicillium lecanii*.

Aphids are found many places on earth. Aphids are most common in temperate zones.
Aphids can travel far in the air. For example, the lettuce aphid spread from New Zealand to Tasmania.  They have also been spread by human transportation of infested plant materials.

]]

## References
Aigle

**Aigle** is the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The town has a population of 8,100 people.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website of the Commune of Aigle 
* 
* Webcam on the Rue de la Gare
Afrotheria

The **Afrotheria** is a group of mammals, (a superorder or a clade). It includes the golden moles, elephant shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants and manatees. 

Biologists made this group based on DNA sequence analysis. Afrotheria are one of four major groups in the Eutheria (placental mammals). Afrotheria means "African animals", "afro" for Africa and "theria" for animals. 

More recent genomics suggests that Afrotheria and Xenarthra are sister taxa at the base of the placental mammal radiation.

Relations between the various afrotherian orders are still being studied. Elephants and manatees seem to be related, and likewise elephant shrews and aardvarks. These findings are compatible with the work of earlier anatomists.

## Organization
Afrotheria is a clade of placental mammals.
* **Afrotheria**
**†*Ocepeia*: (basal)  
**†Hyopsodontidae: (possible member of stem group) 
**Clade Afroinsectiphilia
***Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews (Africa)
***Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles (Africa)
***Order Tubulidentata: aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara)
***Order †Bibymalagasia: (probable member)
***Order †Ptolemaiida: poorly understood carnivorous mammals (extinct).
*** Order †Afredentata: Pangolin (probable member) 
**Clade Paenungulata
***Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Arabia)
***Order Proboscidea: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)
***Order Sirenia: dugong and manatees (cosmopolitan tropical)
***Order †Desmostylia
***Order †Embrithopoda

## References
Eli Manning

**Elisha Nelson "Eli" Manning** (born January 3, 1981) is a retired American football quarterback. Manning played for the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons.

## College career
Manning played college football at the University of Mississippi after attending high school at Isidore Newman School in New Orleans. 

## Professional career
When Manning entered the NFL Draft (which is where professional American football teams choose new players for their teams), he was first chosen by the San Diego Chargers.  But, the same day that the San Diego Chargers chose Manning, they decided to allow him to play for the New York Giants. In return, the New York Giants allowed Philip Rivers to join the San Diego Chargers. The New York Giants also allowed the San Diego Chargers to choose more players the next time the NFL Draft happened.

## Personal life 
Eli Manning's home is in Hoboken, New Jersey. He is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning. Eli is the younger brother of Peyton Manning.

In 2007, Manning asked Abby McGrew to marry him. He met her while they were in college. On April 19, 2008, Manning and McGrew were married in San José del Cabo|San José del Cabo, Mexico.

When he is not playing football, Manning likes collecting antiques with his mother and wife.

On April 30, 2008, Eli Manning and the rest of the people who play for the New York Giants visited United States President George W. Bush at the White House for the Super Bowl champions celebration.

Manning plays golf with his father and brothers several times a year.

## References
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

]]
The'''''Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile*** (**FIA**; ) is a non-profit association. It was first called "Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus" (AIACR) and was created on June 20, 1904 to promote car companies. Most people know the FIA for controlling motor racing events such as Formula One. They also try to make driving and racing safer.

Headquartered at 8, Place de la Concorde, Paris, the FIA has 213 national member organisations in 125 countries worldwide. Its current president is Mohammed ben Sulayem since 2021. 

The **FIA*' is generally known by its French name and acronym, but is sometimes called the *International Automobile Federation* in English-speaking countries.

## References
Presociality

live and hunt in presocial packs]]
 from the family Sphecidae, which includes a number of primitively social species]]

**Presociality** is a term which applies to animal behaviour. Presocial animals have close family relationships, more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species. However, they do not form the extreme colonies of eusocial insects, such as ants.

Presocial animals can live together and take care of their young. They may have some division of labor, but they do not have all the three essential traits of eusocial animals, which are: 
#There are many generations that are alive at the same time.
#There is extreme division of labour. Some animals may be specialised for a certain function. Some animals may be sterile.
#The older animals cooperate to care for the young.

Presocial behavior is much more common in the animal kingdom than complete eusociality. Examples include canines that live in packs, numerous insects, especially hymenoptera, humans, many birds, chimpanzees, and many other animals that display social behavior.

The concept of presociality can be further divided:
***Subsocial**: parents interact with young. This applies to all mammals without exception, almost all birds, many reptiles and fish, and quite a few insects.
***Parasocial**: individuals of the same generation live in a single, cooperative dwelling and interact with each other
**Communal: each individual care exclusively for her or his own young
**Quasisocial: individuals care cooperatively for all brood; however, all members of the colony are reproductive
**Semisocial: a few individuals reproduce, yet the arrangement is not quite eusocial. For example, adult generations might not overlap, the reproductive dominance might be temporary.

Among the Vespid wasps, the pressures of predators and parasites selected subsocial behaviour. It is easier to guard the eggs and grubs when the mother wasp stays in her nest to watch over her larva. More so if other adults stay with her. Then the other adults need to collect more food than just for themselves. And so on. It becomes less likely that parasites will be successful in preying on the nest.
## Related pages  
*Eusociality
*Collective animal behaviour

## References
Murrumbidgee River

The **Murrumbidgee River** is a big river in New South Wales, Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory.  It joins in with the Murray River. The word *Murrumbidgee* is from the Wiradjuri language (Indigenous Australian) and means "big water", "track goes down here" or "very good place". There are many large towns built next to the river, Gundagai, Wagga Wagga, Narrandera, Hay and Balranald.

## References
Bregenz

]]

**Bregenz** (Vorarlbergian: *Breagaz*)  is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. About 27.000 people live in the city proper, its agglomeration has about 60.000 people. Together with Lindau, the settled area (which reaches into the south of Germany, and into Switzerland) has about 120.000 people. The city has a port on Lake Constance and is a railway hub. 

Humans have lived in the area since about 1500 BC. During Roman times, there was an Oppidum. Parts of the city are fortified. Bregenz has the right to hold a market once a week since 1330. 

The borders of Switzerland and Germany are less than 10 km away. 

The main ethnic groups are Austrians, Turkish, Italians, Serbians, and Germans.
Neotominae

***Neotominae*** is a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. It consists of three tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice. Most of them are found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.

Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae. Many authorities place them all in a single subfamily, **Sigmodontinae**.

## Taxonomy
*Subfamily **Neotominae**
**Tribe Baiomyini
****Baiomys* - Pygmy Mice
****Scotinomys* - Brown Mice
**Tribe Neotomini
****Neotoma* - Pack Rats
****Xenomys* - Magdalena Rat
****Hodomys* - Allen's Woodrat
****Nelsonia*
**Tribe Ochrotomyini
****Ochrotomys* - Golden Mouse
**Tribe Peromyscini
****Peromyscus* - Deer Mice
****Reithrodontomys* - New World Harvest Mice
****Onychomys* - Grasshopper Mouse
****Neotomodon* - Mexican Volcano Mouse
****Podomys* - Florida Mouse
****Isthmomys* - Isthmus Rats
****Megadontomys* - Giant Deer Mice
****Habromys*
****Osgoodomys* - Michoacan Deer Mouse

## Related pages
*New World rats and mice

## References
*Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick, R. D. Bradley.  2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40:251-258.
*Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Chinchillidae

The family **Chinchillidae** contains the chinchillas, viscachas, and their fossil relatives.  They are restricted to southern and western South America. Often they can be found in the Andes. They are large rodents, weighing from 800&nbsp;grams to 8 kilograms. They have strong hind legs and large ears. All species have thick, soft fur. Their fur is considered valuable in some species.

## Classification 
There are three extant and three fossil genera currently recognized.
*†*Eoviscaccia* *incertae sedis*
*Subfamily Chinchillinae
***Chinchilla* –  chinchillas
***Lagidium* –  mountain viscachas
*Subfamily Lagostominae
***Lagostomus* –  plains viscachas
**†*Pliolagostomus*
**†*Prolagostomus*

## References
*McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. *Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.* Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp.&nbsp;
* Woods C. A. and C. W. Kilpatrick.  2005. Hystricognathi pp.&nbsp;1538–1600 *in* D. E. Wilson and M. A. Reeder, eds. *Mammal Species of the World*, 3rd edition, p.&nbsp;1553.
Mouse-like hamsters

**Mouse-like hamsters** are a group of small rodents found in Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.  They are found in rocky and slightly high areas in desert regions.

The mouse-like hamsters are not real hamsters, although they look like hamsters.  They were once thought to be hamsters based on the shape of their teeth, but they do not have the cheek pouches, and short tail of the true hamsters. All animals in this genus were part of the same species before, *Calomyscus bailwardi*, but they are now separate species because they have big differences in chromosome number, skull length and weight, and other differences.

In Europe, species of *Calomyscus* can be kept as a pet. They are called *Calomyscus bailwardi mystax* or *Calomyscus bailwardi*. Only special people sell them, not pet shops. And so only people who really like mice will buy them.

Mouse-like hamsters live the longest of all the mouse species.  They have been recorded as living 9 years, 3 months and 18 days in captivity.  They regularly live over 4 years in captivity.  The species which lives the second longest in the muroids lives 7 years, 8 months, which is the Canyon Mouse, *Peromyscus crinitus*.  

## Species 
**Calomyscus bailwardi* - Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster from Iran
**Calomyscus baluchi* - Pakistan mouse-like hamster from Pakistan and Afghanistan
**Calomyscus elburzensis* Goodman's mouse-like hamster from northeastern Iran and southern Turkmenistan
**Subspecies *Calomyscus elburzensis zykovi* Zykov's mouse-like hamster from southeastern Turkmenistan
**Calomyscus grandis* - Noble mouse-like hamster from near Teheran
**Calomyscus hotsoni* Hotson's mouse-like hamster from southern Pakistan
**Calomyscus mystax* Great Balkhan mouse-like hamster from Turkmenistan
**Calomyscus tsolovi* Syrian mouse-like hamster from Syria
**Calomyscus urartensis* Urar mouse-like hamster from Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran

## References 
*Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
*Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
*Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 *in* Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
*Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
*Volf, J. 2003. Rekord dlouhovekosti kreckovitych savcu (Cricetidae). Gazella 30:69-72.

## Other websites 
* Animal Diversity Web: Detailed description
* Photos of the Turkmen Mouse-like hamster (German page)
Myomorpha

Suborder **Myomorpha** has 1,137 species of mouse-like rodents, almost a quarter of all mammals. mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings and voles are in the group. They are grouped according to how the jaw looks like and how the molar teeth look like. They are very good at biting and chewing. Myomorphs are found all around the world, except Antarctica, in almost all land places. They are usually animals who are more active at night and they are seed-eaters.

Most myomorph species belong to superfamily Muroidea:
* Superfamily Muroidea
** Family Platacanthomyidae
** Family Spalacidae
** Family Calomyscidae
** Family Nesomyidae
** Family Cricetidae
** Family Muridae
* Superfamily Dipodoidea
** Family Dipodidae
Kimi Räikkönen

**Kimi-Matias Räikkönen** () (born October 17, 1979 in Espoo, Finland) is a race car driver, currently driving for Alfa Romeo Racing. He is the 2007 Formula One World Drivers' Champion.

Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001. Having previously only raced in very junior open-wheel categories, he was given his Super Licence from the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) after a performance delivery promise from his team boss, Peter Sauber. He joined McLaren Mercedes in 2002, and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the 2003 and 2005 championships to Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso, respectively.

Switching to Ferrari in 2007, Räikkönen became the highest paid driver in the sport, and secured his first Formula One World Drivers' Championship, beating McLaren drivers Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso by one point.

Räikkönen is very calm, cool, and calculating in his race strategy—prompting the nickname "Iceman", which is subtly written on the side of his current helmet design. His other nicknames include Kimppa, Räikkä and Kimster (used by his mechanics).

## NASCAR 
Räikkönen joined the ranks of former F1 drivers who have moved to NASCAR in 2011. His first race was the Camping World Truck Series on May 20 at the Charlotte Motor Speedway in Charlotte, North Carolina. He finished in 15th place on the lead lap. He hopes to work his way up to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.

Räikkönen's second NASCAR race was also at Charlotte. He raced in the Nationwide Series. He received a penalty for speeding on pit lane, and finished in 27th place. After the race, he returned to Europe to compete in some more rally races. Räikkönen said his plans are to "see what happens."

## Results and records 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress
 As a guest driver, Räikkönen was ineligible for points

### Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position; races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
* Season still in progress.

### Complete WRC results 
 Season in progress

## References
Eskişehir

**Eskişehir** (''eskē'shehēr'', , "Old City") is a city that can be found in the northwestern part of Turkey. It is the capital district of Eskişehir Province.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Eskişehir Photo Gallery
Cricetidae

The **Cricetidae** are a family of rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice. With almost 600 species, it is the second largest family of mammals, and has animals in it in the New World, Asia, and Europe.

## Characteristics 
The cricetids are small mammals, ranging from just 5 to 8&nbsp;cm and 7&nbsp;grams in weight in the New World Pygmy Mouse, up to 41 to 62&nbsp;cm and 1,100&nbsp;grams in the Muskrat. How long the tail is depends on how big the body is, and the tails can be either with hair or a little hair. Most species have brown fur, with a white colored underbelly, but there are also many other patterns, especially in the cricetine and arvicoline subfamilies.

Like the Old World Mice, cricetids live in a wide range of habitats, in the high Arctic to tropical rainforests and hot deserts. Some are good at climbing, with long balancing tails and other way to help them to climb, while others can swim, with webbed feet and small external ears. Yet others are burrowing animals, or ground-dwellers, which live in the ground.

Their diet is also variable, with herbivorous, omnivorous, and insectivorous species known. They all have large, biting and chewing, incisors separated from grinding molar teeth by a gap, or diastema. 
There can be a lot of these animals in a very short time, because the mother gives birth to them after 15 to 50 days, and they have a lot of babies at one time. The young are usually born blind, hairless, and helpless.

## Taxonomy 
 (*Phodopus roborovskii*) of the Cricetinae]]

The cricetids are thus classified to contain one prehistoric and 5 living subfamilies, around 112 living genera and approximately 580 living species:
* Arvicolinae - voles, lemmings, muskrat
* Cricetinae - hamsters
* Democricetodontinae (fossil)
* Neotominae - North American rats and mice, including deer mice, pack rats, and grasshopper mice
* Sigmodontinae - New World rats and mice, predominantly South American genera such as brucies.
* Tylomyinae - New World climbing rats and relatives

## References 
*  (1984): Cricetidae. *In:* : *The Encyclopedia of Mammals*: 640-655, 672-673. Facts on File, New York. 
*  (2004): Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. *Mol. Phyl. Evol.* **31**(1): 256-276.  PDF fulltext 
*  (2001): Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. *Mol. Biol. Evol.* **18**(11): 2017-2031. PDF fulltext
*  (2004): The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). *Mol. Phyl. Evol.* **31**(3): 972-978. 
*  (1986): *Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide*. Facts on File, New York. 
*  (2004): Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. *Systematic Biology* **53**(4): 533-553.  PDF fulltext
Baklava

**Baklava** is a traditional Middle Eastern sweet made from pastry and often eaten as a dessert. It is also known in many countries of the Middle East, Western Asia and the Balkan Peninsula. It developed from the cookery of the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Baklava is a popular dessert in Greece and Turkey. 
Baklava is made of thin pastry layers filled with nuts, pistachios or walnuts. It sweetened with special syrup or honey. Baklava can also be served with ice cream or kaymak (clotted cream).

## References
Radikal

**Radikal** was a nationwide newspaper in Turkey. Radikal was a center-left newspaper. It shares social liberal ideas. 
On Sundays it gave an extra called **Radikal2**.

## Other websites 
*Radikal's official website
Ahmet Necdet Sezer

**Ahmet Necdet Sezer** (born September 13, 1941 in Afyonkarahisar) is a Turkish politician who was the tenth President of Turkey. He was president from May 16, 2000 until August 28, 2007. He was a republican and supporter of secularism in Turkey.
Eumuroida

**Eumuroida** are a group of all muroid rodents, or the true muroids. It was made in 2004. The group is not in the standard taxonomic classification, but it is between superfamily and family. The Eumuroida is the clade including all organisms which evolved from the most recent ancestor of the Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae. 

## Taxonomy
*Family Calomyscidae
**Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
*Family Nesomyidae
**Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
**Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
**Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
**Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
**Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
*Family Cricetidae
**Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
**Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
**Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
**Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
**Subfamily Tylomyinae
*Family Muridae
**Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
**Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
**Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
**Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

## References
*Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

*McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.

*Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

*Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.

*Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Kamer Genç

**Kamer Genç** (February 23, 1940 &ndash; January 22, 2016) was a Turkish politician. He was a member of parliament as a member of the Republican People's Party in the 18th, 19th, and 23rd election cycles, and in the 20th and 21st as a member of the True Path Party. He was born in Nazımiye, Tunceli Province.

Genç died of cancer in Istanbul, Turkey on January 22, 2016 at the age of 75.

## References
## Other websites
Emine Erdoğan

**Emine Erdoğan**, born as *Emine Gülbaran*, (born 16 February 1955 in Üsküdar, Istanbul) is the First Lady of Turkey and the wife of current Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. They were married on 4 July 1978. She is of Arab descent.

Her family is originally from Siirt in southeast Turkey. She went to Istanbul Mithatpaşa Vocational Institute for Girls.

## References