July 27

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
* 1054 &ndash; Siward, Earl of Northumbria invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, somewhere North of the Firth of Forth.
* 1202 &ndash; Georgian-Seljuk Wars: At the Battle of Basian, the Kingdom of Georgia defeats the Sultanate of Rum.
* 1214 &ndash; Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France decisively defeats Imperial, English and Flemish armies.
* 1299 &ndash; According to Edward Gibbon, Osman I invades the territory of Nicomedia for the first time, usually considered to be the founding date of the Ottoman State.
* 1302 &ndash; Battle of Bopheus: Ottoman victory over the Byzantines, opening up Bahynia for Turkish conquest.
* 1549 &ndash; Jesuit priest Francis Xavier's ship reaches Japan.
* 1663 &ndash; The English Parliament passes the Second Navigation Act, requiring that all goods bound for American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.
* 1689 &ndash; The Jacobite Army defeats Government forces in the Battle of Killiecrankie.
* 1694 &ndash; A Royal Charter is granted to the Bank of England.
* 1778 &ndash; American Revolution: First Battle of Usant – British and French fleets fight to a stand–off.
* 1789 &ndash; The United States Department of Foreign Affairs is founded, later being renamed the United States Department of State.
* 1793 &ndash; Maximilien Robespierre takes control of the 'Committee of Public Safety'.
* 1794 &ndash; Maximilien Robespierre is arrested after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 'Enemies of the Revolution'.
* 1830 &ndash; The July Revolution in France against King Charles II of France.
* 1862 &ndash; Sailing from San Francisco to Panama City, the SS *Golden Gate* catches fire and sinks off Manzanillo, Mexico.
* 1865 &ndash; Welsh settlers arrive in Chubut, Argentina.
* 1866 &ndash; The first permanent transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully completed, from Valentia Island, Ireland to Heart's Content, Newfoundland.
* 1880 &ndash; Second Anglo-Afghan War: Battle of Maiwand – Afghan forces led by Mohammad Ayub Khan defeats a British Army.
* 1890 &ndash; Vincent van Gogh is believed to have shot himself, leading to his death two days later.
* 1900 &ndash; Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany makes a speech comparing the Germans to the Huns. The word 'Huns' has often been used as an offensive word to describe Germans ever since.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1919 &ndash; The Chicago Race Riot breaks out after an incident on the South Side. Subsequent rioting leads to 38 deaths.
* 1921 &ndash; University of Toronto researchers, led by Frederick Banting, prove that the hormone insulation regulates blood sugar.
* 1924 &ndash; The 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris come to an end.
* 1929 &ndash; The Third Geneva Convention, on dealing with prisoners of war, is signed by 53 nations.
* 1940 &ndash; Bugs Bunny makes his debut (first appearance) on television.
* 1941 &ndash; World War II: Japanese troops occupy French Indochina, in what is now Vietnam.
* 1942 &ndash; World War II: Allied forces successfully halt a final Axis advance into Egypt.
* 1945 &ndash; Clement Attlee becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
* 1953 &ndash; The Korean War ends.
* 1955 &ndash; The Allied occupation of Austria officially ends.
* 1976 &ndash; Former Prime Minister of Japan Kakuei Tanaka is arrested on suspicion of violating foreign exchange and foreign trade laws.
* 1983 &ndash; At Weikada High Security Prison in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 18 Tamil prisoners are massacred by Sinhalese prisoners.
* 1990 &ndash; Belarus declares independence.
* 1990 &ndash; The Jamaat al–Muslimeen group attempts a coup d'état in Trinidad and Tobago.
* 1995 &ndash; The Korean War Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, DC.
* 1996 &ndash; A bomb explodes at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, US, killing 1 person. Eric Rudolph carried out the attack.
* 1997 &ndash; Jan Ullrich becomes the first German to win the Tour de France.
* 1997 &ndash; About 50 people are killed in the Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria.

### From 2001 
* 2002 &ndash; In New Zealand's election, Helen Clark's Labor Party Government is reelected.
* 2002 &ndash; The world's worst ever air show disaster occurs in Lviv, Ukraine, as a Sukhoi Su–27 fighter crashes, killing 85 people.
* 2005 &ndash; NASA suspends Space Shuttle flights, just a day after the Discovery launch, as, during it, part of the foam insulation sheds from the fuel tank. Repairs are performed on space walks and the Shuttle lands safely on August 9.
* 2006 &ndash; The Federal Republic of Germany is deemed guilty in the loss of Bashkirian 2937 and DHL Flight 611, because it is illegal to outsource flight surveillance.
* 2007 &ndash; Two news helicopters, from TV Stations KNXV and KTVK collide over Phoenix, Arizona, while covering a police chase.
* 2012 &ndash; The 2012 Summer Olympics in London begin.
* 2013 &ndash; Between 65 and 100 people are estimated to have been killed in clashes between the military, and supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi in Cairo, Egypt.
* 2018 &ndash; The longest–lasting total lunar eclipse of the 21st century is seen in many parts of the world; coincidentally, it occurs at the same time as Mars' closest approach to Earth in 15 years.

## Births 
### Up to 1900 
*1452 &ndash; Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1508)
*1667 &ndash; Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1748)
*1733 &ndash; Jeremiah Dixon, English surveyor and astronomer (d. 1779)
*1734 &ndash; Princess Sophie of France (d. 1782)
*1740 &ndash; Jeanne Baret, French naturalist (d. 1803)
*1768 &ndash; Joseph Anton Koch, Austrian painter (d. 1839)
*1768 &ndash; Charlotte Corday, French aristocrat who killed Jean-Paul Marat (d. 1793)
*1773 &ndash; Jacob Aall, Norwegian politician and historian (d. 1844)
*1773 &ndash; Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily (d. 1802)
*1781 &ndash; Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (d. 1828)
*1784 &ndash; Denis Davydov, Russian general and poet (d. 1839)
*1824 &ndash; Alexandre Dumas, fils, French writer (d. 1895)
*1833 &ndash; Thomas George Bonney, geologist (d. 1923)
*1834 &ndash; Miguel Grau Seminario, Peruvian national hero (d. 1879)
*1835 &ndash; Giosuè Carducci, Italian writer (d. 1907)
*1848 &ndash; Lorand Eotvos, Hungarian physicist (d. 1919)
*1851 &ndash; Guillermo Billinghurst, President of Peru (d. 1915)
*1851 &ndash; Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery, British noblewoman (d. 1890)
*1853 &ndash; Vladimir Korolenko, Russian writer (d. 1921)
*1854 &ndash; Takahashi Korekiyo, 20th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)
*1857 &ndash; José Celso Barbosa, Puerto Rican political leader (d. 1921)
*1857 &ndash; Augusta Stowe-Gullen, Canadian physician and feminist (d. 1943)
*1857 &ndash; E. A. Wallis Budge, English Egyptologist and philologist (d. 1934)
*1866 &ndash; Antonio José de Almeida, Portuguese politician (d. 1929)
*1867 &ndash; Enrique Granados, Spanish composer (d. 1916)
*1870 &ndash; Hilaire Belloc, English writer (d. 1953)
*1877 &ndash; Ernst von Dohnanyi, Hungarian composer and conductor (d. 1960)
*1878 &ndash; Iwane Matsui, Japanese general (d. 1948)
*1879 &ndash; Jack Laviolette, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1960)
*1880 &ndash; Joe Tinker, American baseball player (d. 1948)
*1881 &ndash; Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945)
*1882 &ndash; Geoffrey de Havilland, British aircraft designer (d. 1965)
*1886 &ndash; Ernst May, German architect (d. 1970)
*1896 &ndash; Robert George, Scottish–born 24th Governor of South Australia (d. 1967)
*1896 &ndash; Henri Longchambon, French politician (d. 1969)
*1900 &ndash; Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark (d. 1976)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
*1903 &ndash; Michail Stasinopoulos, Greek politician (d. 2002) 
*1903 &ndash; Nikolai Cherkasov, actor (d. 1966)
*1904 &ndash; Lyudmila Rudenko, Russian chess player (d. 1986)
*1905 &ndash; Leo Durocher, American Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1991)
*1906 &ndash; Jerzy Giedroyc, Polish writer and activist (d. 2000)
*1907 &ndash; Gregory Vlastos, American philosopher (d. 1991)
*1908 &ndash; Joseph Mitchell, American writer (d. 1996)
*1910 &ndash; Julien Gracq, French writer (d. 2007)
*1910 &ndash; Lupita Tovar, Mexican actress (d. 2017)
*1915 &ndash; Mario Del Monaco, Italian tenor (d. 1982)
*1916 &ndash; Elizabeth Hardwick, novelist (d. 2007)
*1916 &ndash; Keenan Wynn, American character actor (d. 1986)
*1916 &ndash; Amha Selassie, Crown Prince of Ethiopia (d. 1997)
*1917 &ndash; Bourvil, French actor (d. 1970)
*1918 &ndash; Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984)
*1919 &ndash; Jack Goody, English social anthropologist (d. 2015)
*1922 &ndash; Norman Lear, American television writer and producer
*1923 &ndash; Masutatsu Oyama, founder of Kyokushin marshal art (d. 1994)
*1924 &ndash; Vincent Canby, movie critic  (d. 2000)
*1927 &ndash; Heinz Wewers, German footballer (d. 2008)
*1927 &ndash; John Seigenthaler, American journalist and academic (d. 2014)
*1927 &ndash; Guy Carawan, American folk musician (d. 2015)
*1928 &ndash; Karl Mai, German footballer (d. 1993)
*1928 &ndash; Joe Kittinger, American pilot
*1929 &ndash; Jean Baudrillard, French philosopher (d. 2007)
*1930 &ndash; Shirley Williams, British politician
*1931 &ndash; Jerry Van Dyke, American actor (d. 2018)
*1931 &ndash; Khieu Samphan, Cambodian politician
*1937 &ndash; Don Galloway, American actor (d. 2009)
*1938 &ndash; Isabelle Aubret, French singer
*1938 &ndash; Gary Gygax, American game creator (d. 2008)
*1939 &ndash; Michael Longley, Northern Irish poet
*1939 &ndash; William Eggleston, American photographer
*1940 &ndash; Pina Bausch, German dancer and choreographer (d. 2009)
*1940 &ndash; Gary Kurtz, American film producer (d. 2018)
*1942 &ndash; John Pleshette, American actor, director and screenwriter
*1942 &ndash; Dennis Ralston, American tennis player
*1943 &ndash; Jeremy Greenstock, English diplomat
*1943 &ndash; John Button, English racing driver (d. 2014)
*1944 &ndash; Tony Capstick, English comedian (d. 2003)
*1944 &ndash; Bobbie Gentry, American singer-songwriter
*1944 &ndash; Jean-Marie Leblanc, French cyclist
*1944 &ndash; Barbara Thompson, British musician and composer
*1948 &ndash; Peggy Fleming, American figure skater
*1948 &ndash; Hans Rosling, Swedish physician, academic, statistician and public speaker (d. 2017)
*1949 &ndash; André Dupont, Canadian ice hockey player
*1949 &ndash; Rory MacDonald, Scottish musician (Runrig)
*1949 &ndash; Maureen McGovern, American singer and Broadway actress
*1949 &ndash; Maury Chaykin, American–Canadian actor (d. 2010)

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
*1951 &ndash; Roseanna Cunningham, Scottish politician
*1951 &ndash; Eduardo Gómez, Spanish actor and comedian (d. 2019)
*1952 &ndash; Roxanne Hart, American actress
*1954 &ndash; Peter L. Allen, actor and musician
*1954 &ndash; Philippe Alliot, French racing driver
*1957 &ndash; Bill Engvall, American comedian
*1957 &ndash; Allan Simmons, English Scrabble player
*1958 &ndash; Christopher Dean, English figure skater
*1958 &ndash; Barbara Rudnik, German actress (d. 2009)
*1959 &ndash; Siobhan Redmond, Scottish actress
*1960 &ndash; Conway Savage, Australian rock singer–songwriter and pianist (d. 2018)
*1960 &ndash; Emily Thornberry, English politician
*1960 &ndash; Jo Durie, English tennis player
*1961 &ndash; Daniel C. Burbank, American astronaut
*1962 &ndash; Tony Leung, Chinese actor
*1963 &ndash; Donnie Yen, Chinese–Hong Kong actor, director, producer and martial artist
*1965 &ndash; José Luis Chilavert, Paraguayan footballer
*1965 &ndash; Trifon Ivanov, Bulgarian footballer (d. 2016) 
*1967 &ndash; Juliana Hatfield, musician
*1967 &ndash; Monique Sluyter, Dutch model
*1967 &ndash; Kellie Waymire, actress (d. 2003)
*1968 &ndash; Cliff Curtis, New Zealand actor
*1969 &ndash; Maria Grazia Cucinotta, Italian actress
*1969 &ndash; Triple H, American professional wrestler
*1969 &ndash; Jonty Rhodes, South African cricketer
*1972 &ndash; Jill Arrington, American sports reporter
*1972 &ndash; Maya Rudolph, American actress, singer and screenwriter
*1972 &ndash; Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, Malaysian surgeon and astronaut
*1973 &ndash; Abe Cunningham, American drummer (Deftones)
*1974 &ndash; Eason Chan, Hong Kong pop singer
*1975 &ndash; Alessandro Pistone, Italian footballer
*1975 &ndash; Shea Hillenbrand, American baseball player
*1975 &ndash; Alex Rodriguez, American baseball player

### From 1976 
*1976 &ndash; Fernando Ricksen, Dutch footballer (d. 2019)
*1977 &ndash; Jonathan Rhys-Meyers, British actor
*1977 &ndash; Björn Dreyer, German footballer
*1979 &ndash; Sidney Govou, French footballer
*1979 &ndash; Shannon Moore, American professional wrestler
*1980 &ndash; Nick Nemeth, American professional wrestler
*1983 &ndash; Goran Pandev, Macedonian footballer
*1983 &ndash; Lorik Cana, Albanian footballer
*1984 &ndash; Tsuyoshi Nishioka, Japanese baseball player
*1984 &ndash; Arynne Sherouse, American writer, actor, and singer
*1984 &ndash; Iekeliene Stange, Dutch model
*1985 &ndash; Matteo Pratichetti, Italian rugby player
*1986 &ndash; DeMarre Carroll, American basketball player
*1986 &ndash; Ryan Flaherty, American baseball player
*1987 &ndash; Marek Hamsik, Slovakian footballer
*1987 &ndash; Jordan Hill, American basketball player
*1989 &ndash; Charlotte Arnold, Canadian actress
*1989 &ndash; Mohamed Bangura, Sierra Leonean footballer
*1990 &ndash; Indiana Evans, Australian actress
*1990 &ndash; Nick Hogan, American reality TV personality
*1990 &ndash; Cheyenne Kimball, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
*1991 &ndash; Rena Matsui, Japanese singer (AKB48)
*1993 &ndash; Jordan Spieth, American golfer
*1994 &ndash; Winnie Harlow, Canadian model

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
* 432 &ndash; Pope Celestine I
* 916 &ndash; Clement of Ohrid, Slavic archbishop and scholar (b. 840)
* 1101 &ndash; Conrad II of Italy (b. 1074)
* 1276 &ndash; King James I of Aragon (b. 1208)
* 1365 &ndash; Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1339)
* 1382 &ndash; Joanna I of Naples (b. 1326)
* 1656 &ndash; Salomo Glassius, German theologian (b. 1593)
* 1675 &ndash; Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, French general (b. 1611)
* 1759 &ndash; Pierre Louis Maupertuis, French mathematician (b. 1698)
* 1770 &ndash; Robert Dinwiddie, British colonial Governor of Virginia (b. 1693)
* 1783 &ndash; Johann Philipp Kirnberger, German composer and music theorist (b. 1721)
* 1841 &ndash; Mikhail Lermontov, Russian writer, poet and painter (b. 1814)
* 1844 &ndash; John Dalton, English physicist and chemist (b. 1776)
* 1863 &ndash; William Lowndes Yancey, American journalist and politician (b. 1813)
* 1873 &ndash; Fyodor Tyutchev, Russian poet (b. 1803)
* 1883 &ndash; Montgomery Blair, American politician (b. 1813)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1917 &ndash; Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss doctor, won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1841)
* 1924 &ndash; Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist (b. 1866)
* 1946 &ndash; Gertrude Stein, American writer and publicist (b. 1874)
* 1948 &ndash; Joe Tinker, American baseball player (b. 1880)
* 1962 &ndash; Richard Herrmann, German footballer (b. 1923)
* 1962 &ndash; James H. Kindelberger, American aerospace pioneer (b. 1895)
* 1970 &ndash; António de Oliveira Salazar, President of Portugal (b. 1889)
* 1971 &ndash; Charlie Tully, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1924)
* 1978 &ndash; Bob Heffron, Premier of New South Wales (b. 1890)
* 1978 &ndash; Willem van Otterloo, Dutch conductor and composer (b. 1907)
* 1980 &ndash; Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran (b. 1919)
* 1985 &ndash; Smoky Joe Wood, American baseball player (b. 1889)
* 1987 &ndash; Travis Jackson, American baseball player, coach and manager (b. 1903)
* 1988 &ndash; Frank Zamboni, American inventor (b. 1901)
* 1990 &ndash; Elizabeth Allan, British actress (b. 1908)
* 1991 &ndash; Gino Colaussi, Italian footballer (b. 1914)
* 1995 &ndash; Miklos Rozsa, Hungarian–American composer (b. 1907)
* 1995 &ndash; Melih Esenbel, Turkish politician (b. 1915)
* 1999 &ndash; Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, Russian mathematician (b. 1912)

### From 2001 
* 2001 &ndash; Leon Wilkeson, American guitarist (Lynyrd Skynyrd) (b. 1952)
* 2003 &ndash; Bob Hope, English–American comedian (b. 1903)
* 2008 &ndash; Horst Stein, German conductor (b. 1928)
* 2010 &ndash; Maury Chaykin, American–Canadian actor (b. 1949)
* 2011 &ndash; Agota Kristof, Hungarian writer (b. 1935)
* 2012 &ndash; Jack Taylor, English football referee (b. 1930)
* 2012 &ndash; Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (b. 1944)
* 2012 &ndash; Norman Alden, American actor (b. 1924)
* 2012 &ndash; R. G. Armstrong, American actor (b. 1917)
* 2012 &ndash; Tony Martin, American singer (b. 1913)
* 2012 &ndash; Russ Mayberry, Scottish–American television director (b. 1926)
* 2013 &ndash; Lindy Boggs, American politician (b. 1916)
* 2013 &ndash; Jon Leyne, British journalist (b. 1958)
* 2014 &ndash; Francesco Marchisano, Italian cardinal (b. 1929)
* 2014 &ndash; Kyozan Joshu Sasaki, Japanese–American Rinzai Zen teacher (b. 1907)
* 2014 &ndash; Paul Schell, 50th Mayor of Seattle (b. 1937)
* 2014 &ndash; George Freese, American baseball player (b. 1926)
* 2015 &ndash; A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Indian scientist and politician, 11th President of India (b. 1931)
* 2015 &ndash; Samuel Pisar, Polish–born American lawyer and author (b. 1929)
* 2016 &ndash; Einojuhani Rautavaara, Finnish composer (b. 1928)
* 2016 &ndash; Jack Davis, American artist (b. 1924)
* 2016 &ndash; Richard Thompson, American cartoonist (b. 1957)
* 2016 &ndash; James Alan McPherson, American writer (b. 1943)
* 2016 &ndash; Jerry Doyle, American actor, broadcaster and political commentator (b. 1956)
* 2016 &ndash; Piet de Jong, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1915)
* 2017 &ndash; D. L. Menard, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1932)
* 2017 &ndash; Ovidio Messa, Bolivian footballer (b. 1952)
* 2017 &ndash; Sam Shepard, American playwright and actor (b. 1943)
* 2017 &ndash; Marty Sklar, American businessman (b. 1934)
* 2017 &ndash; Magnus Böcker, Swedish businessman (b. 1961)
* 2018 &ndash; Michael P. DeLong, United States Marine Corps Lieutenant General (b. 1945) 
* 2018 &ndash; Marco Aurelio Denegri, Peruvian sexologist and television presenter (b. 1938)
* 2018 &ndash; Bernard Hepton, English actor (b. 1925)
* 2018 &ndash; Vladimir Voinovich, Russian novelist and journalist (b. 1932)
* 2018 &ndash; Gervase Markham, British computer programmer (b. 1978)
* 2018 &ndash; Enrique Verástegui, Peruvian poet, physicist and philosopher (b. 1950)
* 2019 &ndash; Carlos Cruz-Diez, Venezuelan artist (b. 1923)
* 2019 &ndash; Humphrey Mijnals, Surinamese–Dutch footballer (b. 1930)
* 2019 &ndash; Mike Roarke, American baseball player (b. 1930)
* 2019 &ndash; John Robert Schrieffer, American physicist (b. 1931)

## Observances 
* National Sleepy Head Day (Finland)
* Victory Day (North Korea)
* José Celso Barbosa Day (Puerto Rico)