open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Difference quotient

The **difference quotient** is a formula that finds the average rate of change of any function between two points. In calculus, the difference quotient is the formula used for finding the derivative, which is the limit of the difference quotient between two points as they get closer and closer to each other (this limit is also the rate of change of a function at a single point). The difference quotient was formulated by Isaac Newton.

## Definition 
### Introduction 
The difference quotient can be described as the formula for finding the slope of a line that touches a curve at only two points (this line is called the secant line). If we are trying to find the slope of a perfectly straight line, then we use the slope formula, which is simply the change in *y* divided by the change in *x*. This is very accurate, but only for straight lines. The difference quotient, however, allows one to find the slope of any line or curve at any single point. The difference quotient, as well as the slope formula, is merely the change in *y* divided by the change in *x*. The only difference is that in the slope formula, *y* is used as the y-axis, but in the difference quotient, the change in the *y*-axis is described by f(x). (For a detailed description, see the following section.)

### Mathematical definition 
The difference quotient is the slope of the secant line between two points.
 THE SLOPE FORMULA
 \mathrm{if \;} y = f(x), \mathrm{\; then \;} m= \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x} = \frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1} = \frac{f(x_2)-f(x_1)}{x_2-x_1}. 
If one uses the notation x_2 = x_1 + \Delta x, then this becomes m = \frac{f(x + \Delta x) - f(x)}{(x + \Delta x) - x_1} = 
   \frac{f(x + \Delta x) - f(x)}{\Delta x}
  .

(here, \Delta x is called the limiting variable of the difference quotient. Other variables, such as \delta x and h, are used as well.)

The difference quotient can be used to find the slope of a curve, as well as the slope of a straight line. After we find the difference quotient of a function and take the limit as two points get closer and closer to each other, we have a new function, called the derivative. To find the slope of the curve or line, we input the value of *x* to get the slope. The process of finding the derivative via the difference quotient is called **differentiation**.

## Applications of the difference quotient (and the derivative)
The derivative has many real life applications. One application of the derivative is listed below.

### Physics 
In physics, the instantaneous velocity of an object (the velocity at an instance in time) is defined as the derivative of the position of the object (as function of time). For example, if an object's position is given by x(t)=-16t^2+16t+32, then the object's velocity is v(t)=-32t+16. To find the instantaneous acceleration, one simply takes the derivative of the instantaneous velocity function. For example, in the above function, the acceleration function is a(t) = -32.

## Related pages 
* Partial derivative

## References
Arata Izumi

is a Japanese-born Indian professional athlete. He is  an Association football or soccer player.

## Career 
After graduating from high school in Japan, he joined Albirex Niigata FC (Singapore) of Singapore's S.League.

He played in Japan Football League for one season; and then he began playing in India.

In India, he plays attacking midfielder.

## Honours
**India**
* SAFF Championship runner-up: 2013

**East Bengal**
*Indian Super Cup: 2006
*Calcutta Football League: 2006

**Mahindra United**
*IFA Shield: 2008
*Mumbai Football League: 2007–08, 2008–09

**Pune**
*I-League runner-up: 2012–13; third place: 2009–10
* Durand Cup runner-up: 2014
*Bhutan King's Cup runner-up: 2014

## References
## Other websites
* Arata Izumi blog
* Interview with Arata Izumi
23 (Bushido & Sido album)

**23** is a collection of Bushido and Sido songs which was released on October 14, 2011 in three versions: Standard, Premium and Deluxe. The album reached number 1 in the German Amazon music charts and hip-hop charts. 

## Songs 
* "Intro"
* "Mit nem Lächeln" ("With a smile")
* "Und schon wieder" ("And once again")
* "So mach ich es" ("That's how I do it")
* "Willy 1 (Skit)"
* "Engel links Teufel rechts" ("Angel left devil right")
* "Auch wenn es manchmal regnet" ("Still when it rains sometime")
* "Erwachsen sein" ("To be adult")
* "Bring mich heim" ("Bring me home")
* "Ein Märchen" ("A fairytale")
* "Willy 2 (Skit)"
* "Haus aus Gold" ("House of gold")
* "Schattenseiten" ("Shady sides")
* "23"
* "Verriegel deine Tür" ("Lock your door")
* "Kopf kaputt" ("Head broken")	
* "Schöne neue Welt" ("Beautiful new world")

## References
Peter Higgs

**Peter Ware Higgs** CH FRS FRSE  (29 May 1929 &ndash; 8 April 2024) was an English theoretical physicist, and emeritus professor at the University of Edinburgh.
## Works
He was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for predicting the existence of the Higgs boson, the "most sought-after particle in modern physics". Higgs shared the prize with François Englert. Higgs was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour in 2013.

In the 1960s, he proposed broken symmetry in electroweak theory. This explains the origin of mass of elementary particles in general. It also shows the origin of the W and Z bosons. The theory known as Higgs mechanism was proposed by several physicists at the same time. It proposes the existence of a new particle, the Higgs boson. On 4 July 2012, CERN announced they had found a new particle much like the Higgs boson in experiments, but that more work was necessary to analyse its properties and see if it had the properties expected from the Standard Model Higgs boson.

The Higgs mechanism is generally accepted as an important part of the Standard Model of particle physics, without which particles would have no mass.

Higgs has received a number of awards. These include the 1997 Dirac Medal and Prize for outstanding contributions to theoretical physics, the 2004 Wolf Prize in Physics, and the 2010 Sakurai Prize.

## Death
Higgs died after a short illness at home in Edinburgh, Scotland on 8 April 2024, at the age of 94.

## References
Pebmarsh

**Pebmarsh** is a village and civil parish in Braintree district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 479 people living in Pebmarsh.

## References
Roadrunner

The **roadrunner** (*Geococcyx*) is a fast-running bird. The roadrunner is also called the "chaparral bird" and the "chaparral cock".

## Species
The roadrunners are a genus of ground cuckoos. The two species of roadrunners are the greater roadrunner and the lesser roadrunner. The greater roadrunner, (*Geococcyx californianus*) lives in Mexico and the southwestern U.S.A. The lesser roadrunner, (*Geococcyx velox*) lives in Mexico and Central America.

## Description
The roadrunner is a large, slender, black-brown and white streaked ground bird which has an average weight of 8 to 15 ounces, and is about 18 inches (46 cm) to 22 inches (56 cm) from tail to beak. It has long legs, strong feet, and a big dark beak. The roadrunner is terrestrial (lives on land). Even though it can fly, it spends most of its time on the ground. When they fly their wings are short and rounded and have a white crescent on the feathers. Roadrunners and other members of the cuckoo family have zygodactyl feet (two toes on the front and two toes on the back). Roadrunners can run up to the speed of 20 miles per hour (32 km per hour). They fly to escape predators.Some Roadrunner run til 26 miles per hour.

## Habitat
Roadrunners live in deserts of the southwestern U.S.A, Mexico and Central America.They also live in the sonoran desert

## Diet
Roadrunners are omnivores, meaning they eat both meat and plants. They eat insects like grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, and caterpillars, small reptiles like lizards and snakes, rodents and other small mammals. They also eat tarantulas and other spiders, scorpions, centipedes, snails, small birds and eggs. The plants they eat are fruits and seeds like prickly pear cactus and sumac. Roadrunners search on the ground to find food. They usually run after their prey but also sometimes may leap to catch insects. Because of its fast speed, the roadrunner is one of the few animals that preys upon the rattlesnake.
The roadrunner is the only real predator of the tarantula hawk.

## Nest and eggs
The nest of roadrunner is made up of mainly sticks and sometimes leaves, and snake skin. A nest usually contains 2-6 eggs which are white colored. Roadrunners have bi-parental care. Both parents take care of the nest and feed the hatchlings, but males take care of the nest at night and females at day. For the first 1 to 2 weeks after the young hatch, one parent always remains at the nest. After the hatchlings are 2 to 3 weeks old they leave and never return to the nest.

## References
Colne Engaine

**Colne Engaine** is a village and civil parish in Braintree, Essex, England. In 2001, there were 979 people living in Colne Engaine.

## References
List of The Ren & Stimpy Show episodes

This is a list of episodes of the animated series *The Ren & Stimpy Show*. It was first on Nickelodeon on August 11, 1991. It went for five seasons for 52 episodes.

In 1995, *The Ren & Stimpy Show* was cancelled by Nickelodeon, its creator, John Kricfalusi, made a new series about the characters. It was called *Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon"*. It was for a more adult audience.

## Series overview 

 
The episodes were interspersed with short segments that sometimes aired before or after the main cartoons, which are named below.

## Episodes 
## References
Southminster

**Southminster** is a town and civil parish in Maldon district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 4021 people living in Southminster.

## References
Chippenham railway station

**Chippenham railway station** is a main train station in Chippenham, Wiltshire, South West England.

## Services
The station has trains to , Didcot,  and London; and trains to Bristol, Bath and Wales.  These trains are every half an hour in both directions, and, there are also trains to stations further away.

There are also trains to Trowbridge, Melksham, and Westbury. These trains go to Southampton Central around Westbury and Salisbury. Trains in the other direction start from Westbury, services to Southampton come from Great Malvern or from Cheltenham Spa. There is a train to Cheltenham Spa which goes around Swindon and Gloucester in the morning and late afternoon. There are also two Saturday trains each way (but at different times to the weekday ones) and a single train each way on Sundays.

In 2010, Go-Op wanted to run trains from Birmingham Moor Street, around Oxford and Swindon, to Yeovil, which would call at Chippenham. They wanted to start running trains in December 2011, but they have not started yet.

## Future
There are plans to electrify the line Chippenham's on, which would bring faster and bigger 'Super Express' trains on the line. This would make the journey shorter.

A new bridge and lifts were installed in November 2014.

## Awards
In 2004, the station was given an award to show how safe the station was. The award, which was for 2 years, was given to the station as a passenger vote said that 98% of the passengers who went from Chippenham said they felt 'safe' or 'very safe' whilst at the station. The station has 24 hour CCTV and is alarmed. 

## References
German order of precedence

The **German order of precedence** is a hierarchy of the government officials in the Government of Germany. It is not official, but it is used.

# President of Germany
# President of the Bundestag
# Chancellor of Germany
# President of the German Bundesrat
# President of the Federal Constitutional Court

## References
Source: Order of precedence Website of the Federal Ministry of the Interior
List of football clubs in India

The **List of Indian football teams** is .  The list is changing as the  of Association football (soccer) grows in India. 

## History
The Indian Football Association (IFA) was established in Calcutta in 1893. 

## League system
The National Football League was established in 1996 by the All India Football Federation.

### I-League
The I-League was founded in 2006. The I-League has 14 clubs.

### I-League 2nd Division
The I-League 2nd Division has 21 clubs.

* Ar-Hima F.C., Shillong, Meghalaya
* Aizawl F.C., Aizawl, Mizoram
* Bhawanipore F.C., Kolkata, West Bengal
* Eagles F.C., Ernakulam, Kerala
* Golden Threads F.C., Kochi, Kerala
* Green Valley F.C., Guwahati, Assam
* Guwahati Town Club, Guwahati, Assam
* Kalighat F.C., Kolkata, West Bengal
* Kenkre F.C., Mumbai, Maharashtra
* KGF Academy, Bangalore, Karnataka
* Langsning F.C., Shillong, Meghalaya
* Luangmual F.C., Aizwal, Mizoram
* Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata), Kolkata, West Bengal
* PIFA F.C., Mumbai, Maharashtra
* Quartz S.C., Malabar, Kerala
* Royal Wahingdoh F.C., Shillong, Meghalaya
* Samaleswari S.C., Bhubaneswar, Orissa
* Simla Youngs F.C., New Delhi
* SESA Football Academy, Vasco de Gama, Goa
* Southern Samity, Kolkata, West Bengal
* Techno Aryan F.C., Kolkata, West Bengal
* United Sikkim F.C., Gangtok, Sikkim
* Vasco S.C., Vasco de Gama, Goa

## Related pages 
* Sports in India

## References
Ilyophis

***Ilyophis*** is a genus of eels in the cutthroat eel family **Synaphobranchidae**.

## Species 
It currently contains the following species:
* *Ilyophis arx* C. H. Robins, 1976
* *Ilyophis blachei* Saldanha & Merrett, 1982
* *Ilyophis brunneus* C. H. Gilbert, 1891 
* *Ilyophis nigeli* Shcherbachev & Sulak, 1997
* *Ilyophis robinsae* Sulak & Shcherbachev, 1997
* *Ilyophis saldanhai* Karmovskaya & Parin, 1999

## References 
*
Gandhinagar

**Gandhinagar** is the  city of Gujarat state in India. It is  from the city of Ahmedabad and 464&nbsp;km from Mumbai.  

The famous Akshardham temple is in this city. This temple was attacked by two terrorist in the year 2002.

## Governance 
The city is divided into 30 sectors and Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation manages the civic infrastructure and administration of the city.

## References
## Other websites
Plekocheilus distortus

***Plekocheilus distortus*** is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Amphibulimidae.
 
## Distribution 
This species occurs in:
* Brazil
* El Hatillo Municipality, Miranda, Venezuela

## References
## Other websites 
* http://data.gbif.org/species/16158557
* Photo of the shell
Exeter St Davids railway station

**Exeter St Davids railway station** is the main train station in Exeter, England.

It is the second busiest station in Devon, with around 200,000 fewer customers each year than Plymouth. Passenger numbers increased by 30% between April 2002 and April 2007..

The station opened on 1 May 1844.

## Services
There are two ways from St Davids to London. The main line is the First Great Western service by the Bristol to Exeter line to Paddington station, but there is also a train by South Western Railway on the West of England Main Line to Waterloo. The station is one of the few that have trains to London going in other ways at both ends of the station. There are also trains by CrossCountry to Birmingham New Street, the North of England and Scotland.

## References
Nagpur

**Nagpur** is a city in state of Maharashtra in India. It is in the centre of India. In the Marathi language, *nag* means snake and *pur* means city. The city is called Nagpur because of the *Nag* river in this city which flows like a snake. It is the winter capital of Maharashtra. After Mumbai and Pune, Nagpur is the third largest city in Maharashtra. It is a very clean city. It was selected as the second greenest city of India.

Many oranges are grown in this city, so it is also called *Orange City*.

## References
## Other websites
Swindon railway station

**Swindon railway station** is a train station in Swindon, Wiltshire, South West England. It was opened on 17 December 1840 by the Great Western Railway.

The station has services between London and Bristol. There are also trains to Cardiff.

A new platform, platform 4 opened in 2003.

## Plans
In December 2005, people were told that stations in the Thames Valley area were to be made better. 

On 1 March 2011, Philip Hammond MP, (the UK Government's Secretary of State for Transport) said that he had made plans for making the Great Western main line electric from Didcot to Swindon, and  and Cardiff, through Bath Spa and Chippenham. The Department's reading said that new electric trains would be made by Hitatchi. The electrification had first been told by the last Labour Government's Transport Secretary, Lord Andrew Adonis..

## References
Établissement public à caractère administratif

In France, an **Établissement public à caractère administratif** (**EPA**, in English **French administrative public body**) is a public legal person with an administrative and financial autonomy, for a mission of general interest and non industrial commercial, placed under the control of the State or a local authority.

## Some EPAs 
* Bibliothèque nationale de France
* Conservatoire de Paris
* École des Ponts ParisTech
* French Civil Aviation University
* Musée d'Orsay
* Musée du Louvre
* Right of Asylum in France

## References
Aida Turturro

**Aida Turturro** (September 25 1962) is an American television actress. She is best known as Janice in the HBO series *The Sopranos*.

Turturro is the first national spokesperson for rheumatoid arthritis in the United States. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Histiobranchus

*]]
***Histiobranchus*** is a genus of eels in the family Synaphobranchidae.  It currently contains the following species:
* *Histiobranchus australis* Regan, 1913
* *Histiobranchus bathybius* (Deepwater arrowtooth eel) Günther, 1877
* *Histiobranchus bruuni'' (Bruun's cutthroat eel) Castle, 1964
 

## References 
*
Gaza superba

***Gaza superba*** is a species of deep sea sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description
The shell is 2,5 to 4 cm. in width and  present a spire somewhat elavated. Apex open in adult. Umbilicus about 75% covered by callus. The color of the shelll is old ivory a Golden sheen. The early whorls faintly wine colored. The operculum is circular and yellow to brown colors

## Distribution
Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.

### Habitat
Muddy sand bottom; from 380 to 925 m depth, mostly around 600 m depth.

## References
## Other websites
* Integrated Taxonimic Information System (ITIS): Gaza superba  (Dall, 1881) Taxonomic Serial No.: 70015
* Sea Life Base: *Gaza superba*   (Dall, 1881)
* ZipCodeZoo.com: *Gaza superba*
BioWare

**BioWare** is a Canadian video game developer company that was started in 1995. The headquarters for BioWare is in Edmonton, Alberta. It was started by medical doctors Ray Muzyka, Greg Zeschuk, and Augustine Yip. The company currently has six studios: BioWare Edmonton, BioWare Montreal, BioWare Mythic, BioWare Austin, BioWare San Francisco, and BioWare Ireland. They were acquired by the American company Electronic Arts in 2008. They developed their first game *Shattered Steel* in 1996. The company is probably best known for the *Mass Effect* and *Dragon Age* video game series.

## Games developed (made)
**Shattered Steel* (1998)
*''Baldur's Gate* (1998)
**Baldur's Gate: Tales of the Sword Coast* (1999)
**MDK2* (2000)
**Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn* (2000)
**Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal* (2001)
**Neverwinter Nights* (2002)
**Neverwinter Nights: Shadows of Undrentide* (2003)
**Neverwinter Nights: Hordes of the Underdark* (2003)
**Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic* (2003)
**Jade Empire* (2005)
**Mass Effect* (2007)
**Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood* (2008)
**Mass Effect Galaxy* (2009)
**Dragon Age: Origins* (2009)
**Mass Effect 2* (2010)
**Dragon Age: Origins – Awakening* (2010)
**Dragon Age II* (2011)
**Star Wars: The Old Republic* (2011)
**Mass Effect 3* (2012)
**Dragon Age: Inquisition* (2014)
**Mass Effect: Andromeda* (2017)
**Anthem* (2019)
**Mass Effect Legendary Edition* (2021)

## Games in development
**Dragon Age: Dreadwolf* (TBA)
**New Mass Effect'' (TBA)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Acanthopleura granulata

***Acanthopleura granulata***, the West Indian fuzzy chiton, is a medium-sized tropical species.

It is common in the tropical western Atlantic. It is often not noticed: its color and texture are similar to the rocks on which it lives.

In the West Indies, these and other common intertidal chitons are known as "curb". The foot of the animal is eaten by people and is also used as bait for fishing.

This chiton occurs from southern Florida to Mexico, south to Panama, and in the West Indies.

]]

## References
Acanthopleura

***Acanthopleura*** is a genus of chitons in the family Chitonidae.  In this genus the girdle is spiny or spiky. It has eight described species at present.

## Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), species in the genus *Acanthopleura* include
* *Acanthopleura brevispinosa* (Sowerby, 1840)
* *Acanthopleura echinata* (Barnes, 1824)
* *Acanthopleura gemmata* (de Blainville, 1825)
* *Acanthopleura granulata* (Gmelin, 1791) 
* *Acanthopleura loochooana* (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)
* *Acanthopleura planispina* Bergenhayn, 1933
* *Acanthopleura spinosa* (Bruguiere, 1792)
* *Acanthopleura vaillantii* de Rochebrune, 1882
* *Acanthopleura hirtosa*
* *Acanthopleura gaimardi* Blainville 1825

## References
## Other websites
*
Paul Rohrbach

**Paul Rohrbach** (29 June 1869 – 19 July 1956) was a German writer.  He mostly wrote about "world politics."  He was born at Irgen, Courland, Latvia. Between 1887 and 1896 he attended the universities of Dorpat, Berlin, and Strasbourg. 

He traveled very much in Asia (especially China) and Africa.  From 1903-06 he was Royal Commissioner to southwest Africa.  His writings include many books on political conditions in the countries he visited.

## Related pages
* German–Armenian Society

## References
This article has text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Moore, F., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
Augeias of Elis

**King Augeias of Elis** is a character in Greek mythology. He was the son of Helios (the sun-god) and Iphiboë or Naupiadame, the daughter of Amphidamas. Some say his father was Poseidon. He was rich and happy because he had huge herds of cattle. His son was Phyleos. He is famous for his dirty cattle stables. Cleaning these stables was one of the Labors of Herakles. Augeias did not respect his part of the bargain made with Herakles in the cleaning of the stables. Herakles took him to court. Augeias's son testified against his father. Augeias drove both his son and Herakles out of the land. Herakles later came back to make war on Augeias. The hero would found the sanctuary of Olympia and the Olympic Games near Elis.

## References 
*
Jack-o'-lantern (disambiguation)

A '''jack-o'-lantern''' is a carved pumpkin.

The name also may mean:
*in English folklore, an alternative term for  Will-o'-the-wisp or *ignis fatuus*, an unearthly light which attracts travellers
*in Irish folklore, an alternative term for Stingy Jack.
*in American English, jack-o'-lantern, a decoratively carved and internally lit pumpkin or turnip, named after the role of such vegetables in folklore tales about such lights
* The *Omphalotus olearius* mushroom
* Dartmouth *Jack-O-Lantern* magazine  
* Jack O'Lantern (DC Comics), several DC Comics superheroes
* Jack O'Lantern (Marvel Comics), several Marvel Comics supervillains
National Day Parade

The **Singapore National Day Parade** (Abbreviation: **NDP**) is a national ceremony in Singapore.  It includes a parade on Singapore's National Day on August 9 to celebrate Singapore's independence.  It is usually held at the Padang (1966 - 1974), the National Stadium, or The Float@Marina Bay. 

 in front.]]

Singapore celebrated its first National Day in 1966.  This was one year after Singapore's independence from Malaysia on 9 August 1965.

## Related pages
* National Day Parade, 2009

## Other websites
*Singapore NDP official website
Job for a Cowboy

**Job for a Cowboy** is an American death metal band from Glendale, Arizona. Job for a Cowboy has five members in the band; the current band members are Jonny Davy, Al Glassman, Chad Cortez, Tony Sannicandro and Nick Schendzielos.

The band was formed in 2003. The band first posted their songs and gained popularity on the social networking website MySpace. They released their debut album "*Genesis*" on May 15, 2007. They are currently signed to Metal Blade Records. They released their third studio album "*Demonocracy*" on April 10, 2012.

## Band members
;Current members
* Jonny Davy – lead vocals (2003–present)
* Al Glassman – rhythm guitar (2008–present)
* Tony Sannicandro – lead guitar, backing vocals (2011–present)
* Nick Schendzielos – bass (2011–present)
* Chad Cortez - drums (2018-present)

;Former members
* Ravi Bhadriraju – rhythm guitar (2003–2008)
* Andrew Arcurio – lead guitar (2003–2006)
* Chad Staples – bass (2003–2004)
* Andy Rysdam – drums (2003–2004)
* Brent Riggs – bass, backing vocals (2004–2011)
* Elliott Sellers – drums (2004–2006)
* Bobby Thompson – lead guitar (2006–2011)
* Jon "The Charn" Rice – drums (2007–2013, 2016)

;Session musicians
* Danny Walker – drums (2013–2014)

## Discography
As of 2012, Job for a Cowboy had released 3 albums:
### Albums
**Genesis* (2007)
**Ruination* (2009)
**Demonocracy* (2012)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Sikandar Hayat Khan (Azad Kashmir politician)

** Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan** (1 June 1934 &ndash; 9 October 2021) was twice a former Prime Minister and President of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. He was the longest serving Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

## Early life
Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan was born into a famous political family of Kashmir.  He was the son of Sardar Fateh Muhammad Khan Karela vi. Sardar Sikandar Hayat Khan graduated from Gordon College (Rawalpindi) in 1956. He then went to the University Law College in Lahore for a law degree in 1958.

## Political career
He returned to Kotli to start a law practice.  He joined the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference.  He also successfully ran for membership of the local council.  He had this position for eight years. During this period he was also elected as President of Bar Association, Kotli. In 1970, he was elected to the Azad Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly.

He has been returned to office from his constituency in every election held in Azad Kashmir between 1970 and 2001, barring the years when he was President of Azad Kashmir. His brother Sardar Muhammad Naeem Khan served as a member from that area during that period.

He was acting President of the Jammu & Kashmir Muslim Conference in the 1976-78 period. He was elected President in 1978, a position he held until 1988.

In 1985, he was elected Prime Minister of Azad Jammu & Kashmir.  He kept that office for the next five years. He was leader of the opposition in the Assembly during the next two years.  Then he was elected President of Azad Jammu & Kashmir for a five-year term in 1991.

He was sworn in as Prime Minister of Azad Jammu & Kashmir on July 25, 2001 for the second time.  He retired from active politics in July 2006 after completing his second term.

## Death
Khan died in Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir from heart disease on 9 October 2021, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* PakDef E-Reporter Vol. I, Issue 3 - page 20 
* Profile of Sardar Muhammad Naeem Khan, Minister of Revenue, Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Inuyama, Aichi

(literally 'dog mountain') is a city in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

In 2010, the city had a population of 75,449. The total area is 74.97&nbsp;km². The city is along the edge of Aichi Prefecture.  It is separated from neighbouring Gifu Prefecture by the Kiso River. It was founded on 1&nbsp;April 1954.

## Inuyama Castle 
There are a number of famous attractions in and around the city. The most famous attraction is Inuyama Castle on a 40m&nbsp;rise overlooking the Kiso river. This Japanese castle is also known as Hakutei-jō (White Emperor Castle).  It was named by the Confucian scholar Ogyū Sorai during the Edo period. It is a four-story structure with two underground levels, although it has only three roofs. The castle was made a Japanese national treasure in 1935 and again in 1952. It the oldest original wooden castle in Japan.

## Other sights 
Another famous attraction is the Urakuen tea garden used for tea ceremonies. This garden has the Joan tea house, built in 1618. The Joan tea house was originally built in Kyoto. It was moved to its current location in 1972. The building is one of the finest examples of tea house architecture.

The Kiso river also has some very beautiful rapids upstream of the castle. These rapids and the rock formations are called the Nihon Rhine after the Rhine river in Germany.  Boat tours are available. Cormorant fishing on the Kiso river is also done, although nowadays almost only for tourists.

Near Inuyama is the Meiji Mura.  This is an open-air architectural museum for keeping and showing structures of the Meiji (1867–1912) and Taishō (1913–1926) eras. As of 2005, 67 historical buildings are kept on an area of 1,000,000&nbsp;m2. The most famous one is the main entrance and lobby of Tokyo's old Imperial Hotel. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1923.

There is also the Japan Monkey park, with different species of monkeys and other entertainment.

Inuyama is the site of the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, one of the world's foremost centres for research in non-human primate biology and behaviour.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Official website
List of cities in Kentucky

There are 419 **cities in the U.S. State of Kentucky**. 

## List of incorporated cities
, Largest City in Kentucky]]
]]
]]
]]
, Capital of Kentucky]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]

]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]

Click on the double triangles at the top of a column to sort the table by that column. 

* **A** All but two of Kentucky's county seats are cities. The exceptions are Whitley City (McCreary Co.) and Burlington (Boone Co.).  Two Kentucky counties have dual seats of government: the seats of Campbell Co. are Alexandria and Newport and the seats of Kenton Co. are Independence and Covington.
* **B** Dates are those of the most recent formal incorporation, according to the records of the Commonwealth of Kentucky's Land Office.
* **C** For municipalities located in more than one county, the primary county (according to the U.S. Census) is listed first.

## References
Tilbury Juxta Clare

**Tilbury Juxta Clare** is a village and civil parish in Braintree district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 140 people living in Tilbury Juxta Clare.

## References
Bristol Parkway railway station

**Bristol Parkway railway station** is a train station in Stoke Gifford, near Bristol, England

## Services
The station has trains by First Great Western to Paddington, Cardiff, Weston-super-Mare, Swindon, Bristol Temple Meads and a limited services to Chippenham. It also has trains by CrossCountry to Temple Meads, Manchester Picadilly, with longer services to and from South West England. There are also trains to Plymouth and Edinburgh, as well as trains to and from Glasgow Central or  in the north and Penzance in the south.

## Plans
Parkway had a new third platform (Platform 4) put in, in 2007, to give a new platform for trains going to London and Birmingham and to make trains better between London and south Wales. A new fourth platform was opened in April 2018.

## References
My Family

***My Family*** was a British television sitcom. It was shown on BBC One from 19 September 2000 until 11 September 2011. It was created by Fred Barron and is set in Chiswick, west London. It stars Robert Lindsay as dentist Ben Harper and Zoe Wanamaker as Susan Harper. They are a middle-aged, middle-class married couple who have three children. They elder son is Nick (played by Kris Marshall), who is stupid, cheerful and has no direction in life. The daughter is Janey (played by Daniela Denby-Ashe), who is attractive, has many boyfriends and becomes a single mother. The younger son is Michael (played by Gabriel Thomson), who is very intelligent and comes out as gay.

## Other websites 
*
Ashok Singh

**Ashok Singh** (born 1 March 1989) is an Indian professional athlete.  He is best known as an Association football or soccer player.

## Career
Singh's professional career has been with Sporting Clube de Goa.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|2010||rowspan="3"|Sporting Goa||rowspan="3"|I-League||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011|||||||||||||||| 
|-
|2012|||7||||||||||||7||
 ||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||
|}

## References
Conus beatrix

***Conus beatrix*** is a species of sea snail. It is a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae (the cone snails and their allies).

Like all species within the genus *Conus*, these snails are predatory and poisonous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, so live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.

It is feared by most other aquatic snails, because few other species have the ability to sting. 

## Distribution
Conus beatrix lives only in the seas of the Philippines.

## References
## Other websites
* The *Conus* Biodiversity website 
*Cone Shells - Knights of the Sea
Sporting Clube de Goa

**Sporting Clube de Goa** are an Indian football club based in the state of Goa.  

Sporting Clube de Goa is one of the teams which compete in the I-League.

## History
The club known as *Cidade de Goa* until the late 1990s.  Changes were made which were  after Sporting Clube de Portugal.

Sporting Clube de Goa was established in 1999.

The team became part of the I-League in the 2007-2008 season.

## Related pages
* Sports in India
* List of Indian football teams

## References
## Other websites
* Sporting Clube de Goa website 
* Sporting Clube de Goa at iloveindia.com
Calocochlea pan

***Calocochlea pan***  is a species of large air-breathing land snail, a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Bradybaenidae. This species is very common in the Philippines. The shell is between 41 and 47 millimeters long with brown spiral bands and a cream-colored background.

## References
## Other websites
* Animal Life Forms: *Calocochlia pan* 
* BioLib:*Calocochlia pan* W. J. Broderip, 1841
* ZipcodeZoo.com: *Calocochlia pan*
Adil Ahmed Khan

**Adil Ahmad Khan** (born July 7, 1988) is an Indian professional athlete.  He is best known as an Association football or soccer player. He has played for the Indian national team.

## Career
Khan has been a part of the Sporting Clube de Goa since 2007.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
#### International goals
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first''

## Honours
**India**
* King's Cup third place: 2019

## References
National Anthem of Chile

"**How Pure, Chile, is Your Blue Sky**" is the national anthem of Chile. First adopted in 1828, the national anthem originally did not have any words in it. The melody of the song was composed by Ramón Carnicer. Later, the Chilean government wanted words for the song, so eventually, a poet by the name of Eusibio Lillo wrote the lyrics to the national anthem in September 1847.

## History
After Chile won its independence from Spain, the Chilean government demanded that there be a national anthem with lyrics (words) and music. The first version of *Canción Nacional* was written by Eusebio Lillo in 1819, and Ramón Carnicer composed the music a year later. While Carnicer was exiled in England, he composed the second (and current) version until he returned to Barcelona, Spain in 1827. A year later, Carnicer's new anthem premiered in Santiago, Chile. Then in 1847, Eusebio Lillo wrote the new lyrics, which was then revised (changed for the better) in 1909.

## Lyrics
### Poetic translation 
Pure Chile, your sky a vibrant blue,
Gentle breezes dance through you as well.
And your fields of flowers embroidered,
Are the happy copy of Eden's spell.
Majestic is the white mountain's grace,
Given to you as a fortress by God,
Given to you as a fortress by God,
And that sea that so peacefully flows,
Promises a future bright and broad.
And that sea that so peacefully flows,
Promises a future bright and broad.

Sweet Homeland, receive our solemn vows,
With which Chile swore on your sacred ground:
That you will be the tomb of the free,
Or the refuge against oppression found.
That you will be the tomb of the free,
Or the refuge against oppression found.
That you will be the tomb of the free,
Or the refuge against oppression found.
Or the refuge against oppression found.
Or the refuge against oppression found.

## Related pages 
* Flag of Chile
* Coat of arms of Chile

## References 
## Other websites 
* MIDI version
1928 Okeechobee hurricane

The **1928 Okeechobee hurricane**, also called the **San Felipe hurricane**, was a very bad tropical cyclone. Almost 4,100 people died in the northeast Caribbean, Puerto Rico and southeast Florida to North Carolina. This hurricane had wind close to Category 5 level when it hit Puerto Rico, when it was also a large hurricane. Over 2,500 people died in the United States, making the storm one of the deadliest natural disasters in U.S. history at that time. It struck Florida at Category 4 levels.

The hurricane hit the coast in Palm Beach County, Florida and damaged many buildings.  But then it went inland.  It caused the waters of Lake Okeechobee to rise ten feet.  The lake flooded 75 miles of Florida.  Because people were not prepared for the flood, many died.  Dead bodies lay in the hot Florida sun for days. Sometimes whole families were killed, so no one was left to identify the bodies.

After the hurricane, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built a large dike near Lake Okechobee to stop future floods.

## Related pages
*Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, showing the difference between different categories of hurricanes
*Hurricane Maria

## References
Letícia Sabatella

**Letícia Sabatella** (born March 8, 1971 in Belo Horizonte) is a Brazilian actress. 

Letícia was two years old when her family moved Itajubá (MG) to the mining town of Conceição das Alagoas. Her father was an engineer at the Big Bend Power Plant. She said she learned to appreciate nature in this place full of greenery and people of different nationalities. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
George Cukor

**George Dewey Cukor** (July 7, 1899 – January 24, 1983) was an American movie director. He made many comedy movies and movies based on books.  Cukor directed several of RKO's most important movies such as *Little Women* (1933). At MGM he directed *Dinner at Eight* (1933), *David Copperfield* (1935)  *Romeo and Juliet* (1936) and *Camille* (1936). He went on to direct *The Philadelphia Story* (1940), ''Adam's Rib* (1949), *Born Yesterday* (1950), *A Star Is Born* (1954) and *My Fair Lady'' (1964). He continued to work into the 1980s. He was born in New York City and died in Los Angeles, California.
David Copperfield (1935 movie)

***David Copperfield*** is a 1935 black and white movie directed by George Cukor. The movie was based on the 1850 book of the same name by Charles Dickens. The movie was a great success. It was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award.

## Main cast
* Freddie Bartholomew as the young David
* Edna Mae Oliver as his aunt Betsey Trotwood
* W. C. Fields as Mr. Micawber 
* Basil Rathbone as Edward Murdstone
* Maureen O'Sullivan as Dora
* Lionel Barrymore as Dan'l Peggoty
Little Women (1933 movie)

***Little Women*** is a 1933 black and white American RKO movie directed by George Cukor. The movie was based on a book of the same name by Louisa May Alcott. The movie stars Katharine Hepburn as Jo, Joan Bennett as Amy, Jean Parker as Beth, Frances Dee as Meg, Edna May Oliver as Aunt March, Spring Byington as Marmee, Paul Lukas as Professor Bhaer, Henry Stephenson as Mr. Laurence, and Douglass Montgomery as the boy-next-door Laurie. The movie is about the lives of four sisters in a nineteenth century Massachusetts village during the American Civil War. The movie was a success and was nominated for (but lost) the Best Picture Academy Award.

## Notes about the production 
The movie's budget was $1 million. Four thousand people worked on the movie for a year. A lot of research was done to make all the 3,000 costumes and props look like they came from the Civil War period. The set decorator modeled the inside of the March home after Louisa May Alcott's Massachusetts house.

David O. Selznick went back to RKO from MGM to produce the movie. He was given no credit. This was the last movie in his contract with the studio. Katharine Hepburn asked costume designer Walter Plunkett to make a special dress for her character. This dress was based on one worn by her grandmother in an old photograph (a tintype) Hepburn owned. Plunkett also had to redesign many of Joan Bennett's costumes because she was going to have a baby.

## References
Kashmir (disambiguation)

**Kashmir** mainly refers to the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent shared by India, Pakistan, and China.

It may also be:
* Kashmir Valley, surrounded by Pir Panjal mountain ranges, between Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu region and Ladakh.
* Kashmir and Jammu (princely state), the former princely state which came to an end in 1947.
* The Kashmir Conflict, the territorial dispute over the Kashmir region:
** Jammu and Kashmir, area of Kashmir administered by Republic of India as a state; disputed by Pakistan.
** Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, areas of the disputed Kashmir region military controlled by Pakistan.
** Trans-Karakoram Tract, an area ceded by Pakistan to China by the Sino-Pak Border Agreement in 1963.
** Aksai Chin, an area of disputed Kashmir region administered by China as part of Xinjiang; disputed by India.

* Cashmere wool
* Cashmere goat

## Music
* "Kashmir" (song), the 1975 song by rock band Led Zeppelin from the album *Physical Graffiti*
* "*Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin*", a tribute album to Led Zeppelin
* Kashmir (band), a Danish rock band
* "Kashmir", an instrumental track by Scooter from *Back to the Heavyweight Jam*
* "Kashmir," a song by the band Liquid Blue

## Maritime
* SS *Kashmir*, P & O liner that was a troopship during World War 1
* HMS *Kashmir*, World War 2, Royal Navy destroyer
Eliane Giardini

**Eliane Teresinha Giardini** (born October 20, 1952 in Sorocaba) is a Brazilian actress.

Although she didn't achieve much fame until her 40th birthday, she is now considered one of the best and most beautiful Brazilian actresses. Formerly married to actor Paulo Betti, she is the mother of two girls, Juliana and Mariana Betti, both actresses themselves.

## Filmography
### TV
* Ninho da Serpente (as Lídia)
* Campeão (as Cristina)
* Vida Roubada (as Hilda)
* Meus Filhos, Minha Vida
* Uma Esperança no Ar (as Débora)
* Helena (as Joana)
* Caso Verdade
* Desejo (as Lucinda)
* Felicidade (as Isaura)
* Renascer (as Dona Patroa/Yolanda)
* Incidente em Antares (as Eleutéria)
* A Comédia da Vida Privada (as Helena)
* Irmãos Coragem (as Estela)
* Engraçadinha (as Maria Aparecida)
* Você Decide
* Explode Coração (as Lola)
* A Indomada (as Santa Maria)
* Você Decide (as Sílvia)
* Mulher (as Anita)
* Hilda Furacão (as Berta)
* Torre de Babel (as Wandona)
* Andando nas Nuvens (as Janete)
* Você Decide (as Ana)
* O Belo e As Feras (as Ludmila)
* Zorra Total (as Maria Rosa)
* Zorra Total (as Roxana)
* Os Maias (as The Countess of Gouvarinho)
* Os Normais (as Marta)
* O Clone (as Nazira Rachid)
* A Casa das Sete Mulheres (as Caetana)
* Um Só Coração (as Tarsila do Amaral)
* América (as Neuta)
* J.K. (as Tarsila do Amaral)
* Cobras & Lagartos (as Eva/Esmeralda)
* Eterna Magia (as Pérola)
* Capitu (as Dona Glória Santiago)
* Caminho das Indias (as Indira Ananda)
* Tempos Modernos (as Hélia Pimenta)
* Afinal, o Que Querem as Mulheres? (as Profª Noemi)
* Lara com Z (as Sandra Heibert)
* Avenida Brasil (as Muricy Araújo)

## Other websites 
*
Okan Yalabık

**Okan Yalabık** (born 13 December 1978 in Bigadiç, Balıkesir) is a Turkish actor.

Yalabık attended İstanbul University State Conservatory, Department of Performing Arts. There he was educated by professionals, one of which was Yıldız Kenter. He started his professional career in television serials in 2000. In 2011 he was granted the best actor award for Muhteşem Yüzyıl.  In 2011 he also received the best co-starring actor award for his role in Hunting Season.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
* Okan Yalabık at the SinemaTurk.com
Beren Saat

**Beren Saat** (born 26 February 1984) is a Turkish actress.

Saat went to Başkent University to study Business Administration. While at university, she was in the TV competition *Türkiye’nin Yıldızları * where she finished runner up. 

After being in a series of candy commercials, Saat made her television debut in *Aşkımızda Ölüm Var*.  She played Ece Uslu's sister. In 2004, she acted in *Aşkımızda Ölüm Var* and in 2005, she had her first lead role in *Aşka Sürgün*. Then she played Yasemin Ünsal in Tomris Giritlioğlu's * Hatırla Sevgili*.  This show gave her nationwide fame.

In 2008, she again worked with Giritlioğlu in the movie *Güz Sancısı* (Pains of Autumn). The same year Saat played Bihter Yöreoğlu (Samar) in an adaptation of Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil's classic novel *Aşk-ı Memnu* set in the modern day. She won consecutive Golden Butterfly Awards for Best Actress for her performance. Saat was the lead in director Serdar Akar's movie *Gecenin Kanatları* (Wings of the Night) released in December 2009. In 2010-2012, she acted in an adaptation of author Vedat Türkali's story *Fatmagülün suçu ne?*

## Filmography
* *Aşkımızda Ölüm Var* (2004)
* *Aşka Sürgün* (2005)
* *Hatırla Sevgili* (2007)
* *Avrupa yakasi*
* *Güz Sancısı* (2008)
* *Aşk-ı Memnu* (2008-2010)
* *Gecenin Kanatları* (2009)
* ''Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?* (2010-2012)
* *İntikam* (2013-2014)
* *Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem'' (2015-)
* "Toy Story 3" in its Turkish-dubbed version as the voice of Barbie

## References
## Other websites
*
Aquatic plant

An **aquatic plant** is a plant that has adapted to live in the water. This can be either freshwater, such as in rivers and lakes,  saltwater as in the sea, or brackish water, as in the estuary of a river. 

Some aquatic plants are partly submerged. Others are totally submerged.  Common adaptations include leaves that float on the water, and special tissue that allows to transport air and other gases inside the plant.Some plants from the water can be adapted in land. 

Aquatic plants require special adaptation for living in submerged water or at the water's surface. 

Hydrophytes are the plants which live completely or partially submerged in fresh water. Such plants do not face the problem of water shortage. They have developed mechanisms for the removal of extra water from their cells. Hydrophytes have broad leaves with a large number of stomata on their upper surfaces. This characteristic helps them to remove extra amount of water. The most common example of such plants is Water Lily.

## References
Murder of Linda Andersen

**Linda Andersen** was murdered by her two teenage daughters, Sandra and Elizabeth Andersen, on January 18, 2003 in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The names in this article are aliases, for legal reasons.  

Sandra and Elizabeth Andersen were each sentenced to 10 years in prison in 2005. Neither sister served their full-time prison sentence: Sandra Andersen was released to a halfway house in 2009 and Elizabeth Andersen was released in 2010. To pass the bar in Ontario, individuals are required to "be of good character". They are also required to report all criminal proceedings to the Law Society of Ontario, which could result in a hearing to determine if they meet ethical and professional standards. Liam O’Connor, a criminal defense lawyer, said in 2018 that he "might give a youthful killer a second chance" to become a lawyer, but not an adult murderer.

## References 
## Other websites 
*How To Kill A Mother review 
*May 3, 2008 story on *The Star*
**Perfect Sisters* the movie based on the murder