open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dr. Strangelove

***Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb*** (better known as only **Dr. Strangelove**) is a 1964 British-American black comedy movie directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick, and starring Peter Sellers.

The story concerns an unhinged United States Air Force general, Sterling Hayden as Jack D. Ripper. He orders a first strike nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. It follows the President, his advisers, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and a Royal Air Force (RAF) officer as they try to recall the bombers to prevent a nuclear apocalypse. It separately follows the crew of one B-52 bomber as they try to deliver their payload.

The key to the film is the acting of Peter Sellers, who played three main roles:

#Dr. Strangelove, the President's Scientific Adviser in the War Room. This role is the key to the film's success. Strangelove, a wheelchair-using former Nazi scientist, has become a naturalized U.S. citizen. His former role slips into the film via his right arm, with its black-gloved hand. The arm persists in giving the Nazi salute, and Strangelove occasionally refers to the President as *Mein Fuhrer*. The accent is a brilliant copy of such German-origin Americans as Edward Teller, the "father of the H-bomb".
#President Merkin Muffley, played as a decent midwesterner, such as Adlai Stevenson.
#Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the RAF.

Sellers was due to play Maj. Kong as well but exhaustion made him feign injury to get out of the role. The role of Maj. Kong went to Slim Pickens instead.

During the movie's ending, the world is blown up by a Soviet deterrence weapon, the  Cobalt-Thorium G  "doomsday machine", whose existence had not been announced. Vera Lynn's recording of "We'll Meet Again" is played as the world meets its end (it was a famous song of World War II).

This is sometimes said to be a movie of the book  Peter George's thriller novel *Red Alert* (1958). But in this book Strangelove's character does not appear. It seems the director Stanley Kubrick had intended to use ideas from the book, but as the movie developed the influence of tragic-comedy and the genius of Peter Sellers changed its direction.

In 1989, the United States Library of Congress chose this movie to be kept in the National Film Registry. This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older  that was used to make movies.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
**Happy Birthday, Dr. Strangelove!* April 3, 2014 Issue of *The New York Review of Books*
Animal husbandry

**Animal husbandry** is the care and breeding of animals, particularly livestock. People have done this for a very long time; it is much older than agriculture. Nomadic people and people In rural areas often teach their children how to care for their animals. 4-H is an organization that also teaches children in the United States how to raise and care for farm animals.

Some people who specialize in animal husbandry try to make sure that the animals are well cared for, while others try to make sure that the animals cost as little as possible to raise.

Examples of animal husbandry are:

* Beekeeping
* Dog breeding
* Farming
* Horse breeding
* Pig farming
* Raising cattle
* Sheep farming
* Dairy farming

Animal husbandry includes domestication of animals to obtain animal products (like milk, meat, wool, leather), and use them for transportation.

## Branches
### Dairy
Dairy farming is a branch of animal husbandry whereby dairy animals are raised for their milk. The cow is mainly used throughout the world to produce milk and milk products for human consumption. Other animals used to a lesser extent for this purpose include sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, yaks, reindeer, horses and donkeys. In the past, cows were kept in small herds on family farms, grazing pastures and fed hay in winter, nowadays they are kept in larger herds, more intensive systems and the feeding of silage.

### Meat
 is a hardy breed of beef cattle, now raised in many countries around the world]]
Many animals are raised for their meat. Meat, mainly from farmed animals, is a major source of dietary protein around the world. Cattle generally produce a single offspring annually which takes more than a year to mature; sheep and goats often have twins and these are ready for slaughter in less than a year; pigs give birth to more than one litter of up to about 11 piglets each year. Horses, donkeys, deer, buffalo, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas are farmed for meat in various regions.

### Poultry
Poultry includes all birds domesticated by man. They are kept for their eggs and for their meat. They include chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks. Chickens are mainly used throughout the world for egg production. Methods for keeping poultry range from free-range systems, where the birds can roam as they will but at night they are kept in barns for their own protection, through semi-intensive systems where they are kept in barns and have perches, litter and some freedom of movement, to intensive systems where they are kept in cages.

## References
1472

## Events 
* February 20 – The Orkneys and Shetlands are annexed to the crown of Scotland
* Possible discovery of Bacalao (possibly Newfoundland, North America) and João Vaz Corte-Real.
* Beginning of extensive slave trade in modern Cameroon, as the Portuguese sail up the Wuori River.
* Fernão do Po claims the central-African islands Bioko and Annobón for Portugal.
* Banca Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena, the world's oldest bank, is founded.
Voting

**Voting** is when a group of people decide something by saying what they want. It can be for electing a leader or representative, passing a law, and other things. When people are done voting, the votes are counted (often by machines) and the winner is determined.

Voting can be done in small groups (friends deciding what to do over weekend), societies (building committee deciding on whether to paint a building), nations (voting for president or - in some cases - voting for independence) and global (United Nations deciding how to limit nuclear weapon development). 

Usually the side that gets most votes will win. This is called majority rule. The right to vote is called suffrage.

In some cases, a certain percentage may be needed to win a vote. This is often the case when voting to change the constitution of a country, or when electing a government official. When choosing a government official, there may be several rounds. In the first round, votes can be cast for all candidates. In the second round, only the two or three candidates with the most votes can be chosen.
Voting is done in democratic government.

There may also be different systens: In some cases, each person has one vote. Other systems may be like ranking, such as picking the three options the person sees most suitable, for example out of five.

Especially in bigger votes, it is often not be possible to track who cast a certain vote.

## Images

File:Afghan man at the ballot box during Loya jirga.jpg|An Afghan man votes
File:2009 Elections, Indonesia (10657564924).jpg|Indonesian woman voting
File:Voting booths.png|Voting booths are often used so that people are not disturbed when they cast their vote
File:Flickr - europeanpeoplesparty - EPP Political Assembly 4-5 February 2010 (48).jpg|A ballot paper, where people have two options (they can vote for either, but not for both)

## Related pages 
* Election
Nucleotide

(at center), 
a nitrogenous base called adenine (upper right), 
and one phosphate group (left). 
The whole structure along with the phosphate group is a nucleotide, a constituent of DNA.]]

A **nucleotide** is an organic molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. These two types of nucleic acid are essential biomolecules in all forms of life on Earth.

A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose), and one phosphate group. Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. **Ribonucleotides** are nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose. **Deoxyribonucleotides** are nucleotides in which the sugar is deoxyribose.

In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses uracil in place of thymine.  Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures.

Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy for the many cellular functions that need it. Examples are: amino acid, protein and cell membrane synthesis, moving the cell and cell parts (both internally and intercellularly), cell division, and so on. In addition, nucleotides work in cell signaling, and they are in important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g. coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+).

In experimental biochemistry, nucleotides can be labeled using radionuclides to make radionucleotides.

## References
Carl Friedrich Gauss

**Carl Friedrich Gauss** (pronunciation: , Latin: **Carolus Fridericus Gauss**) (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a famous mathematician from Göttingen, Germany. Gauss contributed to many areas of learning. Most of his work was about number theory, statistics, and astronomy.

## Childhood 
He was born in Braunschweig. That city was then part of the duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. Today the city is part of Lower Saxony. As a child, he was a prodigy, meaning he was very clever. When he was 3 years old, he told his father that he had made a mistake on his complicated payroll. The child was correct.  Gauss also taught himself to read.

When he was in elementary school, his teacher once tried to keep the children busy, telling them to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100. Gauss did it quickly, like this: 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, and so on. There were a total of 50 pairs, so 50 × 101 = 5,050. The formula is \frac 1 2 * (n*(n+1)). There are many other versions of this story.

The Duke of Brunswick gave Gauss a fellowship to the Collegium Carolinum, where he attended from 1792 to 1795. This meant that the Duke paid for the education of Carl Friedrich Gauss at the Collegium. After this, Gauss went to the University of Göttingen, from 1795 to 1798.

## Adulthood 
When Gauss was 23, scientists spotted the asteroid Ceres but they did not see it for long enough to know its orbit. Gauss made calculations that let them locate it.

Later in life Gauss stopped working on pure math and turned to physics. He did work in electromagnetism and made an early electrical telegraph.

## Work 
Gauss wrote Disquisitiones Arithmeticae which is a book about number theory. In that book he proved the law of Quadratic reciprocity. He also was the first mathematician to explain Modular arithmetic in a very detailed way. Before Gauss, mathematicians had used modular arithmetic in some cases but did not know much about using it broadly.

Gauss made important discoveries in Probability theory.

## Related pages 
* Heptadecagon
* Gauss's law
* Normal distribution
* 

## References
Joule

The **joule** (symbol: **J**) ( or sometimes ) is a unit in the SI system named after English physicist James Prescott Joule.

## Classical mechanics
 measured in m.]]. The work done in this case equals the gain in potential energy of the block.]]1 J is defined as the amount of energy  to an object when a force of 1 newton (kg m s-2) is  on it over a distance of 1 metre (1 J = 1 N × 1 m), which is related to the W, a unit of power (P): One watt is defined as one joule per second of energy transfer. Algebraically, work done in classical mechanics (*W*) can be expressed as:

## Electromagnetism
### Electronics
1 J is defined as the work done for one ampere of electric current to pass through an electric circuit with external resistance equivalent to one ohm per second. It can be illustrated by the following equations:

*E* = *C* *V* — (1)*V* = *I* *R* — (2)*P* = *V* *I* — (3)*E* = *P* *t* — (4)Combining (2), (3) and (4),*E* = *I2* *R* *t*

where *V* is the voltage, *E* is the electrical energy, *C* is the charge, *I* is the current, *R* is the resistance, *P* is the power and *t* is the time of energy transfer.

## Atomic physics
Arithmetically, 1 J ≈ 6.24 × 1012 MeV due to mass-energy equivalence. One unified atomic mass unit (**u**, **amu** or **Da**) is approximatey 931 MeV of energy (M = 106).

**Derivation**1 amu ≈ 1.66 × 10-27 kg (¹⁄₁₂ mass of a carbon-12 isotope by definition). Speed of light (*c*) = 3.00 × 108 ms-1.
***ΔE = Δmc2****ΔE* = (1.66 × 10-27)(3.00 × 108)2= 1.49 × 10-10 J∵ 1 eV ≈ 1.60 × 10-19 J1 MeV = 1.60 × 10-19 × 106 J= 1.60 × 10-13 J1.49 × 10-10 J =  MeV = 931 MeV (3 *s.f.*)

**∴ 1 amu ≈ 931 MeV**

## Related pages
*Energy

## References
1490s

The **1490s** was a decade that started on 1 January 1490 and ended on 31 December 1409.

It is distinct from the decade known as the ***150th decade*** which began on January 1, 1491 and ended on December 31, 1500.

## Events 
*Christopher Columbus finds the American continent while looking for India. This leads to much exploring of the New World.
*Moors driven out of Spain.

## Births 
*Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer
* King Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479–1516)
* Queen Isabella of Castile (1474–1504)
* King Henry VII of England (1485–1509)
* King Charles VIII of France (1483–1498)
* King Louis XII of France (1498–1515)
* Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1440–1493)
* Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1493–1519)
* King James IV of Scotland (1488–1513)
* Duke Ivan III of Russia
* King John I of Denmark

## Deaths 
*Lorenzo de' Medici, Italian ruler
*Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Inca ruler of Tahuantinsuyu
Alberto Fujimori

**Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto** (July 26, 1938 &ndash; September 11, 2024) was the President of Peru from 1990 to 2000.   A controversial figure in Peruvian politics, his government is credited with defeating the Shining Path insurgency and restoring Peru's macroeconomic stability.

In 2016, Fujimori's head of intelligence, Vladimiro Montesinos, was convicted for the force disappearances of a professor and two students in 1993.  Many people accused Fujimori of being complicit due to his having direct control of the military, led by Montesinos.

After that, Fujimori went to Japan, as his Japanese ancestry had allowed him citizenship there. Japan protected him from Peruvian law since they do not find any valid accusation. Fujimori resigned the Presidency of Peru. Valentín Paniagua was elected president by the Congress soon after Fujimori resigned.

His daughter, Keiko Fujimori is also a politician and ran for president three times, the most recent being is 2021.

## Prison and release
In 2005 Fujimori was detained in Chile. After his extradition in 2007 the Peruvian government put him on trial and convicted him. He was sentenced to several years in prison. On 24 December 2017, President Kuczynski pardoned him on health grounds but in 2019 he was put back in prison. He was released in December 2023 because of bad health.

## Death
Fujimori died of problems caused by tongue cancer on September 11, 2024 in Lima at the age of 86.

## References 
## Other websites
* Biography and tenure by CIDOB Foundation 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* The Fall of Fujimori on *POV* at *PBS*, 2006
* State of Fear a documentary of Peru's war on terror based on the findings of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission
List of presidents of Peru

This is a **list of presidents of Peru**.

## Republic of Peru (1839–present)
The Republic of Peru was reestablished on August 25, 1839.

## References
Blood plasma

**Blood plasma** is the yellow liquid part of blood. In normal blood, the blood cells are suspended in the plasma.

Plasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is mostly water (90% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. Plasma is the transport medium for excretion.

In hospitals, blood plasma is prepared like this for blood transfusion. An anti-coagulant stops the blood clotting. Then tubes of blood are spun very fast in a centrifuge. The blood cells go to the bottom of the tubes. The plasma is poured into another container.

Hospitals may give patients:
#Saline solution (pure water plus salt) for blood volume. This can be done quickly in an emergency.
#Blood plasma.
#Packed red cells.
#Whole blood.

**Blood serum** is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors (that is, whole blood minus both the cells *and* the clotting factors).

## References
New York Rangers

The **New York Rangers** are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They play in Madison Square Garden in New York City.  The team began in 1926, and has won four Stanley Cup championships.

## History 
### Early years 
The Rangers were started by a promoter named Tex Rickard. Newspapers began calling the new team "Tex's Rangers", a play on the famous police force known as the Texas Rangers. The team picked up on the nickname, and have been called "Rangers" ever since.

The Rangers were successful in their early years, winning the Stanley Cup in 1928, 1933, and 1940.  Bill Cook won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring leader in 1927 and 1933, and Bryan Hextall won it in 1942.  "Babe" Pratt was a star defenceman around this time.

### Later years 
The Rangers did very poorly in the mid-1940s, but improved by 1950, when they lost the Stanley Cup final in overtime of the deciding game seven to the Detroit Red Wings.  Buddy O'Connor won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1948, goaltender Chuck Rayner won it in 1950, and Andy Bathgate won it in 1959.

The team did not make the finals again until 1972, when they lost to the Boston Bruins.  They were led by players such as Jean Ratelle, Brad Park, Ed Giacomin, and Rod Gilbert.  The Rangers made the finals again in 1979, losing to the Montreal Canadians.

## Rivalry 
There was another team in New York, the Americans.  The Americans felt that the Rangers were favoured by Madison Square Garden, and that their team folded in 1942 because of the Rangers.  The Americans' coach and general manager, Red Dutton, claimed the Rangers would never win another Stanley Cup as long as he lived.  This became known as Dutton's curse.

## Comeback 
Red Dutton died in 1987, and his curse came true.  Finally, the Rangers improved, winning the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1992 and 1994.  Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1992, and Brian Leetch won two Norris Trophies as best defence.  They led the Rangers to the Stanley Cup in 1994, after 54 years of not winning.

### Problems and Today 
Recently, the Rangers have been a poor team, missing the playoffs many years in a row.  However, in 2005-06, the team has improved again, much due to the play of star Jaromír Jágr and rookie (first year) goalie Henrik Lundqvist. They reached the Finals in 2014 and lost to the Kings in 5 games. Lundqvist would go on to play his entire 15-year career with the team as he retired prior to the 2020-21 season.

## Related pages 
*List of New York Rangers players

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Headstone

A **headstone**, **gravestone** or **tombstone** is a marker, normally made from stone, that is used to identify a person who is buried beneath it (in the grave).

These markers can be plain or beautifully carved with writing (epitaph or inscriptions) and pictures, but at times some gravestones can be unmarked, leaving a dead person unidentifiable. 

## Other websites
Plasma

**Plasma** could mean:

* Plasma (physics), a state of matter
* Blood plasma
* Cytoplasm
* Plasma display
Folding

**Fold** or **folding** could mean:

*fold (geology)
*folding, in poker, is the act of withdrawing or forfeiting from a hand rather than meeting the bet
*folding ingredients together is a cooking technique
*protein folding
*origami, the art of paper folding
*pattern welding, the folding of metal
Mi Reflejo

***Mi Reflejo*** is the second studio album and the first Spanish-language album by American singer Christina Aguilera. It was released on 2000. There are 11 songs in this album. Six of them are new songs. Five of them are from her first album *Christina Aguilera* but in Spanish.

This album was nominated Grammy Award as Best Latin Pop Album in 2001. It was the Latin Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album.
## Track listing
## References
Annie Hall

***Annie Hall*** is a 1977 American romantic comedy movie from United Artists. Woody Allen directed and stars in it. At first it was called *Anhedonia*, then *It Had To Be Jew*, but these titles would not sell the movie. *Annie Hall* has been considered a biography of Allen's real life, but the actor has denied this claim.

## Plot
The movie takes place in New York City and the latter half in Los Angeles, California. It tells the story of Alvy Singer, a comedian from Brooklyn, who is obsessed with death. He has an affair with the title character, Annie Hall (played by Diane Keaton) and the two embark on a romance. He encourages Annie to further her career as a nightclub singer.

Alvy recalls how his Brooklyn house was below a roller coaster on Coney Island. His father was the owner of a place that had bumper cars, something that reflected the marriage between Alvy's father and Alvy's mother. 

Throughout the film, many flashbacks are included, often humourously; however, when Alvy recalls his times with Annie, the comedic mood turns nostalgic and Alvy is left wondering what could have happened differently if his insecurities were not in the way.

Alvy asks Annie to marry him after they split. She tells him no, as she wants to stay friends.

## Techniques
*Annie Hall* is noted for its use of special elements such as double exposure (two pictures in one) and magic themes in a real setting.

There is an animated scene with a cartoon version of Allen, and the Witch from Disney's *Snow White*.

## Awards and success
### Academy Awards
The movie won four Academy Awards:
*Best Picture
*Best Director (Allen)
*Best Actress (Keaton)
*Best Original Screenplay (Allen and Marshall Brickman)

Allen was nominated for Best Actor.

The movie won one Golden Globe Award, for Best Actress in Musical or Comedy (Diane Keaton).  It was nominated for three more: Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), Best Director (Woody Allen), and Best Actor in Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen). The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

### Recognition
It has been called one of the best comedy movies of all time. It has appeared on IMDb's Top 250 List, and was number thirty on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.  In 1992, it was selected to keep in the United States National Film Registry.

## Influence
Many of today's romantic comedy movies have been influenced by *Annie Hall*. The  that was worn by Keaton's character was popular at the time of the movie's release.

Christopher Walken, who would later become more famous, had a role as the title character's brother.
## References
## Other websites 
*
*Details on the plot and production
Hurricane

A **Hurricane** is a cyclone type that is formed in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

 1991.]]

## Related pages 
*Typhoon
*Cyclone
*Tropical cyclone
*Extratropical cyclone
Behavior

**Behavior** (or **behaviour**) is what a person or animal does and how they act. Behaviors may be conscious or unconscious. They may be inherited or learned. The term is also used for systems and for machines which interact with their environment. The term is not well-defined.

In experiments, behavior is the observed reaction which occurs when an organism is given a stimulus. Some organisms are more complicated than others and may be more aware of their surroundings. If their behavior is conscious it means that they know what they are doing. If they are not aware of what they are doing this is unconscious behavior.

Humans will pull their hand back without thinking if they accidentally touch something hot. This is done because we (and other animals) inherit nervous system reflexes which cause us to pull away from the thing that is causing the pain.

Behavior is linked to the nervous system as well as the endocrine system. The nervous system reacts, and notices what happens. The hormone system is much slower. It makes some kinds of behavior more, or less, likely. A simple example is the change from being a child to an adult. This involves a whole range of hormones which affect growth and behavior.

Behavior is also linked to learning. Organisms which are more complicated can learn better than those that are simpler. However, even the simplest animals show habituation, which is a primitive kind of learning. For organisms, learning means that they change their behavior because they remember having been in that situation before and know how to react.

People often use the word "behavior" to mean the way people interact with (behave towards) one another. Children are taught what is good behavior and what is bad behavior. Good behavior is about being polite and thoughtful to other people. It is the kind of behavior that people in a society expect from others.

## Related pages 
* Behaviorism

## References
Hayao Miyazaki

is a leader in the area of anime, or Japanese animation. His name is pronounced "Ha-ya-oh Me-ya-za-key". He worked with Isao Takahata.

His company made the animated movies *Spirited Away* (2001), *My Neighbor Totoro* (1988), ''Kiki's Delivery Service* (1989), *Porco Rosso* (1992) and *Princess Mononoke* (1997).

His company is named Studio Ghibli. In 2001, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for *Spirited Away''. It was the first anime to win the award in that category.

During a press conference at Italy's Venice Film Festival, he announced that he was going to retire from the production of feature-length films.

Miyazaki announced his retirement on September 2, 2013.

## Works directed by him
* *The Castle of Cagliostro, * 1979
* *Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind,* 1984
* *Castle in the Sky,* 1986
* *My Neighbor Totoro,* 1988
* ''Kiki's Delivery Service,* 1989
* *Porco Rosso,* 1992
* *Princess Mononoke,* 1997
* *Spirited Away,*2001
* *Howl's Moving Castle,* 2004
* *Ponyo on the Cliff,* 2008
* *The Wind Rises,'' 2013
* The Boy and the Heron, 2023

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Nausicaa.net
*Stubio Ghibli site (in Japanese)
Aymara language

The **Aymara language** is spoken by the Aymara tribe in Bolivia, Peru, and northern Chile. In Chile, only a third of the tribe say that they speak it well. An inflected language, it is one of the few Native American languages to have over a million speakers.

## Sources
*Currency and Displacement of the Aymara Language in Chile. Estud. filol. [online]. GUNDERMANN, H, GONZALEZ, H and VERGARA, JI. Sept. 2007, no.42 [cited 20 April 2008], p.&nbsp;123-140.
Rochester, New York

**Rochester** is the fourth-largest city in the U.S. state of New York. It has a little over 200,000 people living in it and over a million people living in the metropolitan area. It is on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. It is between the cities of Buffalo and Syracuse.

## Media 
WHEC NBC

WROC CBS

WXXI PBS

WOKR American Broadcasting Company

WUHF Fox Broadcasting Company

WGBT UPN

## Geography 
Rochester is on the shore of Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes. Also, the Genesee River flows through it. In the area near Rochester, there are many streams, large hills called drumlins, and lakes, such as the Finger Lakes. The weather in Rochester is warm in the summer and cold in the winter, with a lot of snow falling in the winter and early spring.

## Economy and education 
Rochester is the headquarters of Eastman Kodak, a company that makes cameras and camera film. Rochester is also the home to universities such as the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology.

## Other websites 
* City of Rochester 
* Interesting Sights in Rochester 
* Downtown Rochester
* Rochester's Deaf Community
Zhou

**Zhou** is a Chinese name that refers to:
*one of two dynasties in 1122 BC - 256 BC and 690 AD - 705 AD;
*a political division in the modern-day country.

It is also the Chinese word for "U. S. state".

**Zhou** (周) is also a common Chinese surname. Famous people with that name include:
*Stephen Chow, Hong Kong actor and director
*Chow Yun-Fat, actor from *Anna and the King* and *Bulletproof Monk*
*Zhou Enlai, People's Republic of China politician
*Jay Chou, singer
*Norm Chow, American football coach
*Olivia Chow, Canadian politician
*Zhou Yu, a great general of the Kingdom of Wu.
Michelle Bachelet

**Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria** AC (; born 29 September 1951) is a Chilean politician. She served as the 35th President of Chile from 11 March 1995 to 11 March 1999. She was also President of Chile from 11 March 2006 to 11 March 2010. She was the first woman president of Chile.

In 2010, Bachelet became the president of UN Women. In 2013, she resigned from that position.

Bachelet is a socialist. Her father was general Alberto Bachelet (1923&ndash;1974) and her mother was archaeologist Ángela Jeria (1926&ndash;2020).

In 2018, Bachelet became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

She was named after the French actress Michèle Morgan.

On 23 September 2025, Bachelet was nominated by Chilean president Gabriel Boric to become the next Secretary-General of the United Nations upon the end of António Guterres' tenure in 2026.

## References
Mackinac Bridge

The **Mackinac Bridge** is a suspension bridge in the U.S. state of Michigan. It connects that state's Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula. The bridge is  long. It carries a four-lane interstate highway, Interstate 75.  It was built by the state of Michigan.

The Mackinac Bridge passes over a strait of water that connects two Great Lakes, Lake Michigan (to the west of the bridge) and Lake Huron (to the east).  

At the center of the Mackinac Bridge is a long suspension span. The bridge, made of steel and concrete, hangs from wires that run down from two huge, curved cables.

The government agency that runs the Mackinac Bridge charges motor vehicles a toll to drive over it.  In 2020, the toll was $4.00 for an automobile.

The government hangs colored lights from the big cable. The lights come on at night so that the bridge can be seen from many miles away.

The Mackinac Bridge was opened in 1957. This started a major economic boom in northern Michigan as tourists drove from all over North America to see the bridge, the Great Lakes, and the northern forests.

## References
## Other websites
Vancouver Canucks

The **Vancouver Canucks** are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They started to play in the NHL in 1970. They play in Vancouver, British Columbia at Rogers Arena.

## History 
### Early games 
The Canucks were first a team in the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL), winning the championship in 1946 and 1948. In 1952 the PCHL changed its name to the Western Hockey League (WHL). The Canucks stayed in the WHL.

#### Beginning 
The Canucks joined the NHL in 1970. They were not a good team at first, though they won their division in 1975. Andre Boudrias was a star for the team at this time. The team made the Stanley Cup finals in 1982, which surprised many people, since they had finished below average in the regular season. Goaltender Richard Brodeur, along with forwards Stan Smyl, Thomas Gradin, and Darcy Rota, led the team. Coach Roger Neilson and some players raised white towels on top of their hockey sticks to "surrender" to the referees, who they thought were unfair (a white flag means surrender or "I give up"). After that, the fans all waved white flags during Canucks playoff games (this is called "Towel Power"). The team lost four games to zero in the finals to the New York Islanders.

#### Comeback 
In the late 1980s, players such as Toni Tanti and Petri Skriko led the team. They made the finals again in 1994, due to players such as goaltender Kirk MacLean, the "Russian Rocket" Pavel Bure (who scored the most goals in the NHL that year), Trevor Linden, and Cliff Ronning. However, they lost the series four games to three to the New York Rangers.

### 1990-present 
The Canucks did poorly in the late 1990s, but improved in the 2000s. Markus Naslund came second in scoring in 2002 and 2003, and was named the Pearson Trophy winner as players' choice for the best player in 2003. Todd Bertuzzi, Matthias Ohlund, and Ed Jovanovski were also important players who helped lead the team to the division title in 2004. However, they lost in overtime of deciding game seven to the Calgary Flames in the first round of the playoffs (just as they had done in 1989), and the Flames went to the finals (just like 1989).

The Canucks just missed the playoffs in 2006. Two of the young stars, identical twins Daniel and Henrik Sedin, along with players such as Anson Carter, were important to the team that year.

In 2011 the Canucks won the President's Trophy as they were the best team in the NHL regular season. They also made the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, but lost to the Boston Bruins. The Bruins won the Stanley Cup. The Canucks won the President's Trophy again in 2012, but lost to the La Kings in the first round in five games.

On April 8, 2014, the Canucks fired General Manager Mike Gillis. Not too long afterward, they announced that they had hired Trevor Linden as their new General Manager.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Politician

]]

A **politician** (from Classical Greek πόλις, "polis")   can be anyone who seeks to get power  in any bureaucratic institution.  It is most used for a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government.  In democratic countries, politicians seek elective positions within a government through elections or, at times, temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died, resigned or have been otherwise removed from office.  In non-democratic countries, they employ other means of reaching power through appointment, bribery, revolutions and intrigues.    

Some politicians are experienced in the art or science of government.  Politicians propose, support and create laws or policies that govern the land and, by extension, its people.  The word politician is sometimes replaced with the word statesman. 

Politicians have always used language, as in speeches or campaign advertisements.  They use common s to develop their political positions in terms familiar to the voters.  Politicians become experts at using the media   With the rise of mass media in the 19th century they made heavy use of newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters.  The 20th century brought radio and television, and television commercials became the single most expensive part of an election campaign.  In the 21st century, they have become increasingly involved with social media based on the Internet and smartphones.

## Common political offices 
* Alderman
* Assemblyman
* Chancellor
* City manager
* Congressperson
* Councillor
* County executive
* Governor
** Lieutenant governor
* Mayor
** Deputy mayor
* Member of Parliament
* Minister
* President
** Vice President
* Prime Minister
* Representative
* Senator

## References 
## Other websites 
* Noam Chomsky - Why Do Politicians Lie? YouTube
* Professor Colin Hay on 'Why we hate politics'; YouTube
Saturated fat

**Saturated fat** is a kind of fat. It has no double bonds. It has carbon atoms that are fully saturated with hydrogen. Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature. They have no double bonds, while unsaturated fat has one or two. Due to no double bonds, their oxidation process is slow.

## Health 
Saturated fat may be a risk factor for heart disease (CVD). The question has many controversial views.  Although most in the mainstream heart-health, government, and medical communities hold that saturated fat is a risk factor for CVD, some recent studies have produced conflicting results.

For a long time scientists have believed that eating saturated fat was a leading cause for heart attack, cancer, or other diseases. However, new research have shown that there is no connection between how much saturated fat you eat and heart diseases. This is still a controversial question.

Things like butter, coconut, lard and meat have lots of saturated fat.

## Compound 
Saturated means that it holds all the hydrogen atoms that it can, meaning that all of the carbon (c) atoms have two hydrogen (H) atoms attached to it. 

## Types 
*Stearic acid
*Palmitic acid
*Myristic acid
*Lauric acid
*Caproic acid
*Caprylic acid
*Capric acid
*Butyric acid
*Propionic acid
*Acetic acid

## Related pages 
* Unsaturated fat
* Polyunsaturated fat

## Other websites 
*Foods high in saturated fat. http://www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/foods-highest-in-saturated-fat.php

## References
Unsaturated fat

**Unsaturated fat** is a kind of fat. It is different from saturated fat in that it is liquid at room temperature while saturated fat is more solid. Its molecules contains double bonds whose  carbon atoms that are not fully saturated with hydrogen. There are two types: 
# Monounsaturated; or those with one double bond
# Polyunsaturated; or with more than one double bond
In cellular metabolism, an unsaturated fat molecule contains somewhat less energy (that is fewer calories) than the saturated fat molecule of the same length.

Examples of unsaturated fats are palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, myristoleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. Foods containing unsaturated fats include avocado, nuts, and vegetable oils such as canola and olive oils. Meat products contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.

## Health 
Unsaturated fat is better for people than saturated fat. Some testing has shown that it can raise a person's HDL ("good" cholesterol) levels.
Unsaturated fat is also very important for a healthy brain.

People think that unsaturated fats are 'healthier' than saturated fats. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended that the amount of unsaturated fat consumed should not exceed 30% of one's daily caloric intake (or 67&nbsp;grams given a 2000 Calorie diet). The new dietary guidelines have got rid of this recommendation at the request of the meat and dairy industries.

Most foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fats. Food packages promote only one or the other, depending on which is the largest share in the product. Various unsaturated fat vegetable oils, such as olive oils, also contain saturated fat.

## References
Cusco Region

**Cusco** is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cusco.

Cusco Region is home to Machu Picchu, one of the most famous landmarks in South America.

## References
1095

## Events 
* The county of Portugal is established for the second time.
* Pembroke Castle is built in Wales.
* The cathedral in Valence, France is consecrated.
* Coloman becomes King of Hungary.
* March – Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus sends ambassadors to Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza, to discuss sending mercenaries against the Seljuk Turks.
* November 18 – The Council of Clermont began. The council was called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
* November – Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France.
* November 28 – On the last day of the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV of Toulouse to lead the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
Jennifer Granholm

**Jennifer Granholm** (born February 5, 1959) is a Canadian born American politician. Granholm was the 16th United States Secretary of Energy from 2021 to 2025 under the Joe Biden administration. She was the Governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011.  Granholm was born in Canada and raised in California.  She ran for governor of Michigan in 2002, even though she had lived in the state for less than 15 years.

On December 15, 2020, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Granholm to be Secretary of Energy. Her nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 25, 2021 with a 64-35 vote.

## References
John Paul Stevens

**John Paul Stevens** (April 20, 1920 &ndash; July 16, 2019) was an American lawyer. He was a United States Supreme Court justice. He was nominated by President Gerald Ford in 1975. He voted with minority in Bush v. Gore case (2000). He also voted with majority in Furman v. Georgia case (1976), but later became against the death penalty. In 2010, he announced his retirement in the Supreme Court.

Stevens died on July 16, 2019 from problems caused by a stroke while under hospice care in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the age of 99.

## References
Andy Richter

**Paul Andrew "Andy" Richter** (born October 28, 1966) is an American comedian and actor. He is best known for his former role as Conan O'Brien's sidekick on ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien*. Richter was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He is the second of four children. He was raised in Yorkville, Illinois. While attending Columbia College, Chicago, he played in several Chicago comedy groups, including the Annoyance Theatre, before getting on *Late Night*.

Richter left *Late Night'' in 2000. He said he wanted to focus on an acting career. His first major work was FOX's critically acclaimed but little watched *Andy Richter Controls the Universe*. It was cancelled after two short runs. His next FOX sitcom, *Quintuplets*, was not liked by the critics. It lasted only one season. He is married to actress Sarah Thyre. They have two children.

In addition to his television work, Richter has appeared in movies such as *Seeing Other People*, Olsen Twins' *New York Minute*, *Madagascar*, and *Cabin Boy*.

## References
Antonin Scalia

**Antonin Gregory Scalia** (March 11, 1936 &ndash; February 13, 2016) was a Conservative jurist on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was an Associate Justice. Scalia was put on the Court in 1986 by Ronald Reagan and was the longest-serving justice on the Court. Before becoming a justice, he was on the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and was a law professor. He was a Roman Catholic born to Italian American parents. He was the first Italian-American on the Court.

## Early life
Scalia was born in Trenton, New Jersey, but grew up in Queens, New York. Scalia went to Georgetown University, the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, and Harvard Law School. He began his career in Cleveland, Ohio and traveled to Chicago, Illinois during his early life.

## Supreme Court Justice
Scalia was noted for holding a conservative approach to the law. He also believed in originalism. This means he wanted the Constitution interpreted exactly as its framers had wanted it. Scalia and fellow judge Clarence Thomas often had the same viewpoints. He was friends with justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

## Death
Scalia died in his sleep on February 13, 2016 at a ranch in Shafter, Texas at the age of 79. After Republicans refused to give Garland a confirmation hearing, his nomination expired in January 2017. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Gorsuch was sworn into office on Monday, April 10, 2017, in two ceremonies.

## Honors
In November 2018, Scalia received a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Donald Trump.

## References
## Other websites
* Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues
*
Anthony Kennedy

**Anthony McLeod Kennedy** (born July 23, 1936) is a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on November 11, 1987, and took the oath of office on February 18, 1988, serving until July 31, 2018.

Kennedy became the most senior Associate Justice on the court following the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016. after the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, he was the swing vote on many of the Court's 5–4 decisions. He authored the majority ruling in many of these cases, including *Lawrence v. Texas*, *Boumediene v. Bush*, *Citizens United v. FEC*, and *Obergefell v. Hodges*.

On June 27, 2018, Kennedy announced his retirement from the Supreme Court, effective July 31.

## Background
Kennedy was born in Sacramento, California, on July 23, 1936.  He went to Harvard University, Stanford University, and the London School of Economics.  He was a private lawyer, a professor, and in 1975, he was appointed by Gerald Ford to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.  In 1988, Ronald Reagan nominated him for the Supreme Court.  He became a member of the court on February 18, 1988. He has two sons and a daughter.

## References
David Souter

**David Hackett Souter** (; September 17, 1939 &ndash; May 8, 2025) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He served from October 1990 until his retirement in June 2009. Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat left by William J. Brennan, Jr., Souter sat on both the Rehnquist and Roberts courts and came to vote reliably with the court's liberal members.

## Pre-Supreme Court
He was the only Justice during his time on the Court with court experience outside of a federal appeals court. He served as a prosecutor (1966–1968), in the New Hampshire Attorney General's office (1968–1976), as the Attorney General of New Hampshire (1976–1978), as an Associate Justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshire (1978–1983), as an Associate Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1983–1990) and briefly as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990).

Souter died at his home in Hopkinton, New Hampshire on May 8, 2025, at the age of 85.

## Related pages
*Supreme Court of the United States

## References
Clarence Thomas

**Clarence Thomas** (born June 23, 1948) is the Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thomas has been a Justice since 1991. He is the second African American to serve on the court, after Thurgood Marshall. During his confirmation process, Professor Anita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment. Regardless, Thomas was confirmed in October 1991.

## Early life 
Clarence Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia.  His father left his family when he was only two years old. He did not meet his son Clarence again until Clarence was nine years old. This left his mother, Leola Anderson, to take care of the family.

Clarence and his brother were sent to live with his mother's parents in Savannah, Georgia. His grandfather wanted him to become a priest. Thomas was sent to St. John Vianney Minor Seminary, an all-white boarding school near Savannah. He gave up all ideas of becoming a priest after the death of Martin Luther King Jr.. Thomas then obtained a law degree at Yale University. Thomas said that was not true. The Senate confirmed his  by a vote of 52-48. All Republicans, except Bob Packwood of Oregon and James Jeffords of Vermont, voted for confirmation.

## References
Stephen Breyer

**Stephen Gerald Breyer** (; born August 15, 1938) is an American politician, academic and lawyer. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1994. Breyer was generally associated with the more liberal side of the Court.

In January 2022, Breyer announced that he would be retiring from the Supreme Court at the end of the term. Breyer left the court on June 30, 2022 when his retirement became official. He was replaced by Ketanji Brown Jackson.

## Background
Breyer is of Jewish descent. Breyer generally supported a liberal interpretation of the law; he is pro-choice and pro-civil liberties. Breyer had the second-longest tenure as the most junior justice on the bench.  Breyer was also the only justice to appear on a quiz show (''Wait Wait Don't Tell Me''). Before being a judge, he was a professor at Harvard Law School and a judge on the First Circuit Court of Appeals. Breyer is an Eagle Scout.

## References