open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mohs scale of mineral hardness

'''Mohs' scale of mineral hardness** is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist. Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals.

Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder. The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms. It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals. For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better.

Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral.  There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond.  Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct – for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than corundum (at 9 on the scale). The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful. 

|1
|
|-
|**2**
|Gypsum
|

|2
|
|- 
|**3**
|Calcite
|CaCO3
|9
|
|-
|**4**
|Fluorite
|CaF2
|21
|
|-
|**5**
|Apatite
|Ca5(PO4)3(OH–,Cl–,F–)
|48
|
|-
|**6**
|Feldspar
|KAlSi3O8
|72
|
|-
|**7**
|Quartz
|SiO2
|100
|
|-
|**8**
|Topaz
|Al2SiO4(OH–,F–)2
|200
|
|-
|**9**
|Corundum
|Al2O3
|400
|
|-
|**10'''
|Diamond
|C
|1500
|
|-
|}

## Relative hardness of some items 
2.5
Fingernail
2.5–3
Gold, Silver 
3
Copper penny 
4–4.5
Platinum 
4–5 Iron
5.5 Knife blade
6.5 Iron pyrite 
5.5 Glass
6.5 Hardened steel file

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/mohs_scale_of_hardness.htm
* How to use the Mohs scale of mineral hardness
Cassiopeia (mythology)

and Cassiopeia thank Perseus for saving their daughter Andromeda, ''La Délivrance d'Andromède'' (1679) Pierre Mignard, Louvre ]]**Cassiopeia** was a woman in Macedonian mythology. She was the wife of Cepheus who was king of Ethiopia. They had a daughter called Andromeda. Cassiopeia was very beautiful but also very  and . She thought that she was better than other people. One day, Cassiopeia said that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than all of the Nereids. The Nereids were sea-nymphs. When the sea-god Poseidon heard what Cassiopeia had said, he was very angry. He sent floods and a sea monster called Cetus to destroy Ethiopia. Cassiopeia and her husband Cepheus asked an oracle what to do. The oracle said that they must  their daughter so they chained Andromeda to a rock. A hero named Perseus came and rescued Andromeda. Later, they got married.

Poseidon was still angry with Cassiopeia and wanted to punish her. He placed her in the sky. There is a constellation called Cassiopeia named after her.

## References
Cassiopeia

**Cassiopeia** (or **Kassiopeia**) can mean:

* Cassiopeia (mythology), a woman in Greek mythology
* Cassiopeia (constellation), a constellation in the northern sky
Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow

Saint **Tikhon of Moscow** was a  of Moscow in the beginning of the Soviet Union. His name, before he became a saint, was *Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin*(). He was canonized by the Synod of Bishops. It is possible that the character of the elder Zosimov in the Russian novel *The Brothers Karamazov* was influenced by him.
Chelicerata

The **Chelicerata** are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods. The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata.

The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Groups like this are often called living fossils. The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives.

The chelicerates originated as marine animals. The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period. Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.

The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates. This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods. There are 1,300 species of  these 'sea spiders'.

The life-style of chelicerates is largely carnivorous, or other kinds of heterotroph.

## References
Branch line

.]]
A **branch line** is a secondary railway line. It links to a more important route, usually a main line. A very short branch line may be called a ***spur line***. David Blyth Hanna, the first president of the Canadian National Railway, said that although most branch lines cannot pay for themselves, they are essential to make main lines pay.

## References
Atlantic Records

**Atlantic Records** (**Atlantic Recording Corporation**) is a major record label. It sold rhythm and blues, rock and roll, and jazz. It was founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. Some of its groups included Cream, Led Zeppelin, Yes, and Foreigner.

## Recording artists
## Related pages
* Jazz
* Rock and roll
* Record label

## References
Amazilia hummingbird

The **amazilia hummingbird** (*Amazilia amazilia*) is a species of hummingbird. The loja hummingbird (*A. alticola*) has less tan-brown underparts. It is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the amazilia hummingbird.

The amazilia hummingbird lives in western Peru and Ecuador. It is mostly common, and can be seen in big cities such as Lima and Guayaquil. It likes dry, open or partly-open habitats, but also lives in forests.

## References 
* Schulenberg T. *et al* 2007. *Birds of Peru.* Christopher Helm.
List of ChuckleVision episodes

This is a '*list of *ChuckleVision* episodes*'. *ChuckleVision* is a popular British children's television series.

## Series 1 (1987) 
## Series 2 (1988-1989) 
## Series 3 (1989-1990) 
## Series 4 (1990) 
## Series 5 (1991-1992) 
## Series 6 (1992) 
## Series 7 (1993-1994) 
## Series 8 (1995-1996) 
## Series 9 (1996-1997) 
## Series 10 (1997-1998) 
## Series 11 (1998-1999) 
## Series 12 (1999-2000) 
## Series 13 (2000-2001) 
All the episodes in Series 12-13 were originally 20 minutes in length, but in 2004 the BBC cut them down to 15 minutes in length to suit their schedule. The original length 20 minute episodes are very rarely broadcast.

## Series 14 (2002) 
## Series 15 (2003) 
**2003 Christmas Specials**

**The Series**

## Series 16 (2004) 
## Series 17 (2005) 
## Series 18 (2006) 
## Series 19 (2007) 
## Series 20 (2008) 
**2008 Christmas Special**

## References 
All information in this article is sourced from "http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006w487/episodes". Due to the fact that not all episodes are displayed on this website at any one time, the information in this article was also confirmed as being correct from the BBC helpline - 03700 100 222.
David Chalmers

**David Chalmers** is a philosopher. He was born in 1966 and lives in Australia.

Since 2004 he has been a professor of philosophy at the Australian National University.

He has challenged other philosophers to solve the "hard problem of consciousness". This is the problem of explaining the relationship between physical and mental states. For example, the brain has a physical way of processing information and this makes an experience, a mental state.

## Other websites
* Hard problem of consciousness
Australian giant cuttlefish

The **Australian giant cuttlefish** (*Sepia apama*) is the biggest species of cuttlefish.

It grows up to  in mantle length length and over  pounds in weight. Australian Giant Cuttlefish live in the southern coast of Australia, from Brisbane in Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It lives in rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sand or mud seafloor to a depth of 100 meters. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been seen to eat them.

## References
Panpsychism

**Panpsychism** is the theory that everything in the universe is somewhat sentient or conscious. They are all connected parts of the whole. 

## Overview
Panpsychists believe that all matter in the universe has some degree of consciousness.In other words the substance of the universe is composed entirely of mind or consciousness. This is not to say that rocks have a mind but that the individual atoms and other particles in the rock have some sort of awareness and are aware of each other. 

## Doctrine
Panpsychism is opposed to materialism or any doctrine that argues that the reality of the universe is composed solely of matter. Panpsychism needs no supernatural miracle to explain consciousness, it is consciousness. In other words we are all part of a grand communication scheme which is the glue that holds the universe together.

## Other websites
* Panpsychism.net 

## References
Plateosauridae

The Plateosaurids or **Prosauropods** were a group of early herbivorous dinosaurs that lived during the later Triassic and early Jurassic periods. 

They were the largest herbivores in their environment, and quickly reached (6 to 10 meters long). All prosauropods had a long neck and small head, forelimbs shorter than the hindlimbs, and a very large thumb claw for defense. They were originally thought to be the ancestors of the sauropods, but are now considered by some as a parallel lineage.

## Taxonomy 
***Infraorder Prosauropoda**
**?*Yimenosaurus*
***Meroktenos*
**?*Mussaurus*
**Family Riojasauridae
****Eucnemesaurus*
****Riojasaurus*
***Family Plateosauridae
*****Plateosaurus*
*****Sellosaurus*
****?*Unaysaurus*
****Family Massospondylidae
*****?*Adeopapposaurus*
******Coloradisaurus*
******Lufengosaurus*
******Massospondylus*
******Yunnanosaurus*
******Jingshanosaurus*
List of WWE Tag Team Championship reigns by length

This is the title history of the World Tag Team Championship. It was first called the WWE Tag Team Championship and was a SmackDown championship. That ended when it was made into one with the old World Tag Team Championship of Raw in 2009 and the WWE Brand Extension ended in 2011. The brand extension was brought back in July 2016. Then, the title became a Raw championship and was renamed the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship. In 2024 it was renamed the World Tag Team Championship.

## Title history
### Names 
### Reigns 
## Combined lengths 
### By team 
### By wrestler 
## References
## Other websites
* World Tag Team Title History
Admiral

**Admiral** is the highest rank in a navy. The term is used internationally by many countries. It derives originally from the Arabic word *emīr* (= commander), and came to English by way of Old French and Latin. 

Variations on the term are:
*Admiral of the Fleet: originally, the Admiral in charge of an operational fleet, later used to designate senior status.
*Vice-Admiral: step lower in rank than Admiral.
*Rear-Admiral: two steps lower in rank than Admiral.
*Admiralty: the department of government which administers the navy.
**Admiralty Board: committee of the Ministry of Defence (UK)
*Admiral: a butterfly of vivid color belonging to the Nymphalid family. 

## References
Cwmbran

**Cwmbran** is a town just outside of Newport. In 2001, about 47,254 people lived there. It has the second biggest undercover shopping center in Wales. Cwmbrân was created under the New Town Act of 1946 to house employees of the nearby steelworks. It has different industries, including the production of car parts, nylon yarn, and cookies.

## References
Drosera

***Drosera***, sometimes called **Sundews**, are carnivorous plants. They use a thick gluey mucilage to trap and digest their prey.The mucilage is attached to special hairs called trichomes. They are one of the most common carnivorous plants. They have at least 188 species. They are found everywhere in the world except Antarctica. Many sundews species usually live for two or more years. Others live for only one year and reproduce by seed. Some sundew species can live for 50 years.

## Description 
Its scientific name is from the Greek δρόσος: "drosos" = "dew, dewdrops". Its English name is *sundew*, from Latin *ros solis*, meaning "dew of the sun". Both names describe the sweet-smelling, sticky mucilage (goo) that comes down the ends of tentacles on each flower stalk. Sundew roots are not very strong. They are usually simply for taking in water and keeping the sundew firmly planted to the ground.

## What they eat 
.]]
A fly, butterfly, or other nectar-loving insect will find the sweet smell of the mucilage that oozes from the plant. Landing on the colorful tip, the insect will immediately be stuck. Many sundews can bend parts of themselves so that the prey will be as sticky as possible. One species, *Drosera capensis*, actually wraps its leaf around the prey in 30 minutes, as seen in the picture on the right. The prey usually  in about 15 minutes. The sundew will then absorb the entire insect except the outside exoskeleton. When the plant has finished eating, it opens up its tentacles and drops what's left of the insect to the ground.

## References 
## Other websites 
* A key to *Drosera* species, with distribution maps and growing difficulty scale 
*A virtually exhaustive listing of *Drosera* pictures on the web
* International Carnivorous Plant Society
* Carnivorous Plant FAQ
* Listing of scientific *Drosera* articles online (terraforums.com) 
* The Sundew Grow Guides 
* Sundew images from smugmug 
* Botanical Society of America, *Drosera* - the Sundews 
*An editor's website
Bee hummingbird

The **bee hummingbird** or **Zunzuncito** (*Mellisuga helenae*) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Cuba's Isla de la Juventud. It is the smallest bird in the world with an average length of only 5-6 cm.

A newly hatched bee hummingbird chick may weigh about a fingernail clipping. Its weight is less than a tenth of an ounce (2 g). Because of this, it is the smallest living bird as well as the smallest theropod dinosaur on record. Females grow to up to  long, weighing around . Male bee hummingbirds grow to be  long, weighing around .

Male hummingbirds have a red throat and head, with long neck feathers. They have a light underside,    spotted blue wing tips and black tipped tail feathers.  The rest of the feathers are blue or green. Females have green parts and white tips to the tail feathers. After mating season, the birds become dull and gray in color.

When flying, bee hummingbirds beat 80 times a second. During courtship flight, they beat up to 200 times per second.

When they are hatched, they are blind and nearly naked. The mother feeds the hatchlings by  regurgitating for 20-40 days while she stays over the nest. Only after their wing feathers are grown will the hatchlings leave the nest (around 23 days after hatching).

## References
Raje

**Raje** is a fedual honorary title of the elite Kshatriya Rajputs of Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India which was historically also used as a title for the Rajput kings or noblemans. In Rajasthan, the Rajput kings and chiefs were known by the titles that include Maharao, Maharawal, Rana, Darbar, Hukum and Maharana which are same as the term Raje.

It was later adopted by some Maratha warriors too. Some clans of the Maratha community put the name Raje before their original clan name. Examples of these include RajeBhosale and RajeShirke.

## Related pages 
* Raja
Blue-capped hummingbird

The **blue-capped hummingbird** or Oaxaca hummingbird (*Eupherusa cyanophrys*) is a species of hummingbird. It is endemic to subtropical moist forest in the southernmost part of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Its tiny range is threatened by habitat loss.

Like the White-tailed hummingbird, it is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the more common Stripe-tailed hummingbird.

## References
* BirdLife International 2004.  Eupherusa cyanophrys.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.
Flag of Colorado

The **Flag of the State of Colorado** has three horizontal stripes of the same width; the top and bottom stripes are blue, and the middle stripe white. On top of these stripes sits a circular red "C", filled with a golden disk. The blue is meant to  the skies, the gold stands for the sunshine enjoyed by the state, the white represents the snowcapped mountains and the red represents the earth.

## History
The flag was thought up by Andrew Carlisle Johnson in 1911 and adopted by the state's General Assembly on June 5 of the same year. 

However, the legislature did not  the size of the "C" or the exact shade of blue or red. Because of this, some flags were in slightly different colors and had the "C" wholly within the center stripe. On February 28, 1929, the General Assembly added to the statement that the flag would be the same color blue and red as the flag of the United States.  On March 31, 1964, the legislature further dictated the diameter of the gold disc to be equal to the center stripe.

## References
Amethyst woodstar

The **amethyst woodstar** (*Calliphlox amethystina*) is a species of hummingbird. Tiny, short-billed hummingbird of forests, forest edges, and savanna woodlands. Both sexes are green on the back with a white band across the rump. The males have a pink throat and a forked tail. Females have a white throat, a short tail, and cinnamon flanks and undertail. 

It is found in most of central, and eastern South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname (the Guianas), Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. The bird's range surrounds the "Amazon countries" into the Andes foothills and higher heights of upstream river systems, but is not along the Amazon River proper in the central Amazon Basin, or the central upper Basin; it is in Brazil at the river's outlet, and upstream for about 500 km.

The amethyst woodstar's natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.

The amethyst woodstar was named after the amethyst crystal.

## References
Harbor seal

The **harbor seal** (*Phoca vitulina*), also called the **common seal**, is a true seal. They are found in coastal waters of the northern Atlantic and Pacific ocean as well as Baltic and North Seas making them the most wide-ranging of the pinnipeds (walruses, eared seals, and true seals).

The females live longer than the males and females usually live to be 30 to 35, while males usually live up to 20 or 25 years old.

## References
Blue-throated hummingbird

The **blue-throated hummingbird**, (*Lampornis clemenciae*), is a species of hummingbird. It is a good sized hummingbird, 11.5 to 12.5 cm (4½ to 5 inches) in length and 6 to 10 grams in weight. 

The blue-throated hummingbird is darkish green on the top of its body, blending to medium gray on its belly. It has a bright white stripe behind its eye and a narrower stripe reaching backward from the corner of its bill, bordering a blackish cheek patch. Its tail feathers are iridescent blue-black with broad white tips on the outer two to three pairs. 

The species gets its name from the adult male's iridescent blue throat patch (gorget). The female does not have this. Instead it has a plain grey throat. Males sing two types of songs: a simple "peep song", which sounds like a squeaky wheel, and a quiet but hard "whisper song". The female is also thought to sing during the breeding season to  males.
Brown inca

The **brown inca** (*Coeligena wilsoni*), is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Unlike most hummingbirds, the brown inca are not brightly colored. Instead they are plain brown with a white patch on the shoulder and an iridescent purple throat if seen in the best light.

## References
*  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.
Elephant seal

The **Elephant Seal** is a huge seal of the genus ***Mirounga***. There are two species, one in each hemisphere. The southern elephant seal, is found in Antarctic waters, while the northern elephant seal lives on islands of California and Mexico. The elephant seal is the largest amphibious animal. The bulls have a huge proboscis, and may weigh , and  in length at maturity although old males can approach  long and weigh  in rare cases.

## Behaviour 
### On land 
Outside the breeding season, elephant seals come ashore only to shed their skin, a process known as *moulting*. In late summer, hundreds of seal gather on beaches and wallow in muddy pools of water. They lie close to gather while they gradually shed patches of hair and skin. Eventually, the old skin replaced by a new coat of sleek fur, and the seal return to water.

Mating is preceded by fights between males, who throw their huge bulk against each other. Winners get to mate with females.

### Diving 
Elephant seals dive to  beneath the ocean's surface: the deepest recorded dive of an Elephant seal is  . The average length of their dives is around 20 min for females and 60 min (1 hour) for males, as they search for their favorite food. Their diet includes skates, rays, squid, octopus, eels, penguin (Southerns only), and small sharks. Their stomachs also often contain gastroliths (stomach stones).

They are surprisingly good on land, faster than humans when moving over sand dunes.

## References
Nairobi National Park

**Nairobi National Park** is the smallest park in Kenya.

The park has lots of different kinds of animals.

The park has a lot of educational programmes for teaching visitors about the different species of animals, their habitats and their diet.

The park has an area called the Orphanage where orphaned and  animals are looked after.
James Thomas Humberstone

**James Thomas Humberstone** (July 8, 1850 - June 12, 1939) was an English chemical engineer. In 1872, he founded the Peru Nitrate Company in the Tarapacá Province of Peru (now part of the Tarapacá Region of Chile). He introduced the Schanks System and other innovations to the industry.

## Life 
Humberstone was born in Dover, England. His grandfather had been director of the band of the Scottish Guard. His father worked in a post office. 

His family moved to London when he was young. Humberstone worked for the London and North Western railway when he was 17. While he worked there, he learned about mechanics and chemistry. Later, he joined the Royal School of Mines in London. He was a very good student.

When he  was 25, he was hired by The Tarapaca Nitrate Company and moved to South America. Humberstone arrived at the Peruvian port of Pisagua on January 6, 1875, where he commenced working as a chemist and engineer.

In 1878 he implemented the Shanks system to make sodium carbonate. He also made other changes such as the transfer of waste water to avoid losing the materials in the gravel. 

In 1879 the Chilean army landed in Pisagua, and consequently, many office workers went to the Pampa for safety. Humberstone, his wife, his mother and his two daughters went with them.
When they got to Tarapaca, the governor said they should go to Arica because the military was coming. They crossed the desert because they did not want to be near the coast. It took them twenty days to get get to Arica . When the war ended, and Tarapaca became part of Chile , Humberstone continued working in the Agua Santa office. 

In 1936, King George VI made him a member of the Order of the British Empire. Humberstone died in Iquique on June 12, 1939 and is buried in the British Cemetery, Tiliviche, Chile.
Salomon Wininger

**Salomon Wininger** (13 December 1877, Gura Humora, Bukovina – December 1968, in Ramat Gan, Israel) was an Austrian-Jewish biographer.

Before World War I, Wininger lived in Chernivtsi and moved to Vienna during the war years, where he decided to write biographies of famous Jewish persons. This idea was pushed in order to counter the self-hating mood of Jewish youth in the city, created under the influence of Otto Weininger's works.

After his return to Chernivtsi in 1921, Shlomo Wininger wrote about 13,000 biographies and published them in seven volumes between 1925 and 1936. He survived the time of World War II in Chernivtsi and emigrated in 1951 to Israel.

Wininger is considered as one of the greatest Jewish biographers of all time.

## Works 
* *Große Jüdische National-Biographie* ("Lexicon of Jewish National Biographies"). Chernivtsi 1925–1936.
* *Gura Humora: Geschichte einer Kleinstadt in der Südbukovina* ("Gura Humora: History of a Small Town in South Bukovina").

## References 
* *Encyclopaedia Judaica*. Vol. 16. Keter, Jerusalem 1971.
* *Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert*. Vol. 3, S-Z. Ed.: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Wien. K. G. Saur, München 2002
Indo-Canadians

**Indo-Canadians** are Canadians whose family can trace back to India. The names "East Indian" and "South Asian" are used for people who originate from India, to tell them apart from the First Nations peoples of Canada who are often called Indian, and from the people of the Caribbean, who are sometimes called West Indian. Most Indo-Canadians call themselves "Indian", instead of "East Indian". This is because Christopher Columbus thought the Americas were India, and that Native Americans were Indian.

Most Indo-Canadians come from India, but some come from the Caribbean, South America, Africa, and the Middle East. They usually live in cities like Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Calgary, and Vancouver. They are one of the fastest growing races in Canada, because of immigration.

## References
#
Merit badge

A **Merit badge** is an award earned by youth members of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), based on things within an area of study by finishing a list of  updated . The purpose of the merit badge  is to allow Scouts to find subjects to figure out if they would like to further  them as a career or . At first, the program also exposed Scouts to the life skills of  an Merit Badge Counselor they had not met before,  a meeting and then showing the Merit Badge Counselor their skills, kind of like to a job or college interview.

Merit badges are an important part of earning the high ranks in Scouting (Star, Life, and Eagle).  Eagle requires earning 21 merit badges, including 12 in specific areas such as camping, first aid, and citizenship; Life requires eleven and Star six.

At first, there were fifty-seven merit badges; today, there are 122.

Merit badges are also used as ways to move up in Scouting in other countries, such as Ireland.

## List of Merit Badges
The following is a list of Boy Scout merit badges.  Merit badge that are required for Eagle are in *italics*

*American Business
*American Cultures
*American Heritage
*American Labor
*Animal Science
*Archaeology
*Archery
*Architecture
*Art
*Astronomy
*Athletics
*Automotive Maintenance
*Aviation
*Backpacking
*Basketry
*Bird Study
*Bugling
**Camping*
*Canoeing
*Chemistry
*Cinematography
**Citizenship in the Community*
**Citizenship in the Nation*
**Citizenship in the World*
*Climbing
*Coin Collecting
*Collections
**Communications*
*Composite Materials
*Computers
*Cooking
*Crime Prevention
*Cycling
*Dentistry
*Disabilities Awareness
*Dog Care
*Drafting
*Electricity
*Electronics
**Emergency Preparedness*
*Energy
*Engineering
*Entrepreneurship
**Environmental Science*

**Family Life*
*Farm Mechanics
*Fingerprinting
*Fire Safety
**First Aid*
*Fish and Wildlife Management
*Fishing
*Fly Fishing
*Forestry
*Gardening
*Genealogy
*Geocaching
*Geology
*Golf
*Graphic Arts
**Hiking*
*Home Repairs
*Horsemanship
*Indian Lore
*Insect Study
*Inventing
*Journalism
*Landscape Architecture
*Law
*Leatherwork
**Lifesaving*
*Mammal Study
*Medicine
*Metalwork
*Model Design and Building
*Motorboating
*Music
*Nature
*Nuclear Science
*Oceanography
*Orienteering
*Painting
**Personal Fitness*
**Personal Management*
*Pets
*Photography
*Pioneering
*Plant Science
*Plumbing
*Pottery

*Public Health
*Public Speaking
*Pulp and Paper
*Radio
*Railroading
*Reading
*Reptile and Amphibian Study
*Rifle Shooting
*Robotics
*Rowing
*Safety
*Salesmanship
*Scholarship
*Scouting Heritage
*Scuba diving
*Sculpture
*Shotgun Shooting
*Skating
*Small-Boat Sailing
*Snow Sports
*Soil and Water Conservation
*Space Exploration
*Sports
*Stamp Collecting
*Surveying
**Swimming*
*Textile
*Theater
*Traffic Safety
*Truck Transportation
*Veterinary Medicine
*Water Sports
*Weather
*Whitewater
*Wilderness Survival
*Wood carving
*Woodwork

### For 2010 Only
*Carpentry
*Pathfinding
*Signaling
*Tracking
Branko Mikasinovich

**Branko Mikasinovich** (born November 6, 1938) is one of the foremost scholars of Yugoslav and Serbian literature and a noted Slavist. He has edited *Introduction to Yugoslav Literature* (Twayne, 1973), the most representative anthology of modern Yugoslav prose and poetry in English; *Five Modern Yugoslav Plays* (Cyrco Press, 1977), a unique collection of plays written between 1945 and 1980; *Modern Yugoslav Satire* (Cross-Cultural Communications, 1979). which was selected for "Best Titles of 1979" by Library Journal, and included in the Puschart Prize V: The Best of the Small Presses; *Yugoslav Fantastic Prose* (Proex, 1991), the first anthology of Yugoslav supernatural tales in English, and *Yugoslavia: Crisis and Disintegration* (Plyroma Publishing Co., 1994).

He received his B.A. from Roosevelt University in Chicago (1965), M.A. from Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. (1967), and Ph.D from the University of Belgrade (1984). He has taught Russian language and Slavic Literature at Tulane University and the University of New Orleans, and was president of the Louisiana Association of Professors of Slavic and Eastern European languages. He has appeared as a panelist on Yugoslav press on ABC's "Press International" in Chicago and PBS's "International Dateline" in New Orleans. He also appears on "Voice of America" Serbian Service television program, "Open Studio."

Baron Mihailo Mikasinovich, who was instrumental in opening Serbian schools in Krajina in the 18th century, Stefan Mikasinovich, a teacher of Dositej Obradovic, a prime mover of the Serbian cultural rebirth in the period of Enlightenment, and his father Sava Mikasinovich inspired, to a large extent, the author's scholarly activities.
Weak entity

A **weak entity** is part of an Entity-relationship model (ER model) diagram that relies on other entities (Strong *Entities*). Without the strong entity, the weak entity wouldn't exist.
Plovercrest

The **plovercrest** (*Stephanoxis lalandi*) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. 

Its habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, and degraded former forest. The Plovercrest has a blue chest, green back and white flanks.

## References
* BirdLife International 2004.  Stephanoxis lalandi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.
Olive-spotted hummingbird

The **olive-spotted hummingbird** (*Leucippus chlorocercus*) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.

## References
* BirdLife International 2004.  Leucippus chlorocercus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.
William A. Shine Great Neck South High School

**William A. Shine Great Neck South High School**, also called **Great Neck South**, is a high school in New York. It is known for its high academic achievement. The school is located in Lake Success. However it is officially listed in Great Neck. It is part of the Great Neck Union Free School District. It teaches students from grade 9 to grade 12.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Horned sungem

The **horned sungem** (*Heliactin bilophus*) is a species of hummingbird. It can make 90 wingbeats per second when it's hovering to drink nectar from flowers. A wingbeat is one complete up-and-down movement, which means that the horned sungem moves its wing muscles at a rate of about 5,400 times per minute. It lives in Bolivia, Brazil, and Suriname. It likes mostly dry open or semi-open habitats, such as savanna and Cerrado. It does not like thick humid forest.
Gestalt therapy

**Gestalt therapy** is a form of psychotherapy. It is a way of treating people who feel ill at ease. It is based on the idea that it is best to experience what we feel "here and now" and not keep thinking about the past or worry about the future. The goal is to help clients become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them. 

It forms part of what is called humanistic psychology and was co-founded by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s-1950s. 

At the center of Gestalt therapy is the idea of "awareness" (knowing). The person being helped is encouraged to know his or her own feelings and behaviour, and the effect they have upon the world around them. 

With Gestalt therapy, the patient is helped to see that they are trying to avoid feeling emotions from the present. Once the patient realizes this, he or she can begin to get better.

## Related pages 
*Gestalt psychology
Shillong

**Shillong** (Khasi: Shillong, Hindi: शिलांग) is a city in India. Shillong is the capital of Meghalaya. The East Khasi Hills district is in Shillong. In 2001, the city had a population of 260,520. Shillong is a major place in north-east India for education, because it has many schools and universities.

## Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Shillong had a population of 232,946. Males and females are both 50% of the population. About 80% of people in Shillong can read, which is higher than the national average of 59.5%. 83% of males can read, and 78% of women can read. In Shillong, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Khasis make up most of the population. However, the percentage of Khasi people is decreasing because many other people are moving there. People of all the other northeast Indian tribes live in Shillong. Many Bengali, Nepali, Assamese, Biharis and Marwaris also live there.

Christianity is the main religion in the city. Protestants make up 75% of the Christian population of Shillong and Catholics make up the remaining 25%. A lot of people in Shillong follow the original Khasi religion. There are also many other religions in the city.

## References
## Other websites 
*Muslims in Shillong struggling to make their presence felt  - TCN News
*Eastern Panorama - Oldest Magazine of North East India
*Meghalaya State Government Portal
*Shillong.com
*Shillong Online
*Resubelpara
*The Shillong Times - North East India Second Oldest English Daily
Vanessa Hudgens

**Vanessa Anne Hudgens** (born December 14, 1988) is an American actress and singer. She is most well known for starring in *High School Musical*, *High School Musical 2* and *High School Musical 3: Senior Year* on Disney Channel. She has won many awards and has been nominated since *High School Musical*. She has been on many TV shows and movies. She began acting and singing at an early age. She is now married with her boyfriend Marshall TITO Armstrong.

## Early life
Vanessa was born in Salinas, California. Her mother, Gina (née Guangco), held a succession of office jobs, and her father, Gregory Hudgens, was a firefighter. She has a younger sister, Stella Hudgens, who is also an actress. She was raised as a Roman Catholic. Her father is of English ancestry, and her mother, a native of Manila, Philippines, is of Filipino ancestry. All of her grandparents were musicians.

## Discography
**V* (2006)
**Identified* (2008)

## Tours
*''The Party's Just Begun Tour* (2006)
**High School Musical: The Concert* (2006/2007)
**Identified Summer Tour'' (2008)

## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Tawny-bellied hermit

The **tawny-bellied hermit** (*Phaethornis syrmatophorus*), is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

## References
*  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.
Al Jazira Club

**Al-Jazira** is a football club in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

## Club history
Al-Jazira was founded in 1974 when Khaladiyah and Al-Bateen merged (were put together). It was at this time that the first board of directors was formed . Mohammad Khalifa Al Kindi and Sheikh Hamdan Bin Hamad Al Nahyan helped with the administrative work of the club for a long time. Sheikh Hamdan Bin Zayed AL Nahyan’s became the honorary chairman of the club and chairman of the honorary panel, along with H. H. Sheikh Mansour Bin Zayed Al Nahyan.

## Expansion
Al-Jazira is located in the capital Abu Dhabi. New branches of the club will be started in the Al Shawamikh, Al Bahya and Wathba areas. This is to encourage the discovery of new talented players and add them to the club teams. The total cost of these branches will be 60 million dirhams.
Rose (disambiguation)

**Rose** can mean:

*Rose, a flower
*Rose (color), a color

## People 
*Rose Byrne, Australian actress
*Rose Cleveland, First Lady of the United States (1885–1886)
*Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, American philanthropist, mother of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy
*Rose Marie, American and comedian
Mad Max (movie)

***Mad Max*** is a 1979 Australian action movie directed by George Miller. It is the first role of Mel Gibson.

*Mad Max* tells a story about life in an apocalyptic world.  There have been sequels.

## Other websites 
*
* Mad Max wallpapers
Goro

**Goro** can mean:

## Places
### Benin 
* Goro, Benin

### Ethiopia 
* Ejersa Goro, a town in Misraq Hararghe Zone, Oromia
* Goro, Bale, a town in Bale Zone, Oromia
* Goro, Mirab Shewa, a town in Mirab Shewa Zone, Oromia
* Goro, Oromia (woreda), a *woreda* in Bale Zone of Oromia Region
* Goro, Oromia, Debub Mirab Shewa (woreda), a *woreda* in Debub Mirab Shewa of Oromia Region
* Goro, SNNPR (woreda), a *woreda* in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region

### Italy 
* Goro, Emilia–Romagna, a *comune* in the Province of Ferrara

### New Caledonia 
* Goro, New Caledonia, a community in South Province

## People
* Goro Inagaki (born 1973), Japanese singer
* Gorō Miyazaki (born 1967), Japanese film director

## Characters
*Goro (*Mortal Kombat*)

## Other
* Goro (sweet bread), a Norwegian sweet bread
Sooty barbthroat

The **sooty barbthroat** (*Threnetes niger*) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in French Guiana and far north-eastern Brazil. Its habitat is humid tropical lowland forest. Though normally  in range, it is common enough to be thought a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN.

The taxonomy and systematics of the Sooty Barbthroat  has made much . Some authors thought the Sooty Barbthroat to be a "melanistic variant" of the pale-tailed barbthroat (*T. leucurus*).

Not only that, but some suggest that the bronze-tailed barbthroat (*T. n. loehkeni*) should also be thought a valid species and have the doubtful Christina's barbthroat (*T. n. christinae*) as a subspecies. Freire's Sooty barbthroat (T. n. freirei) is  between the sooty and bronze-tailed barbthroats however, and thus its status needs to be more clear before the problem is fixed.

## References 
*
Rutland County, Vermont

**Rutland County** is a county in the U.S. state of Vermont. In 2020, 60,572 people lived there.  Its county seat is Rutland. The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has 945&nbsp;square miles (2,447&nbsp;km²) of total area. Out of that, 933&nbsp;square miles (2,415&nbsp;km²) is land and 12&nbsp;square miles (32&nbsp;km²) is water. 

## Nearby counties 
* Addison County, Vermont - north
* Windsor County, Vermont - east
* Bennington County, Vermont - south
* Washington County, New York - west

## References
Esmeraldas woodstar

The **Esmeraldas woodstar** (*Chaetocercus berlepschi*) is a species of hummingbird. It is found only in Ecuador. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## References 
* BirdLife International 2004.  Chaetocercus berlepschi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.
Stonewall Jackson

**Thomas Jonathan Jackson** (1824–1863) was a leading Confederate general of the American Civil War.  He earned the name "Stonewall" after the First Battle of Bull Run. Jackson was considered Robert E. Lee's "right hand". His left arm was badly wounded requiring the doctors to amputate it two inches below his shoulder. He died on May 10, 1863. He was 39 years old. He likely died of a pulmonary embolism and not from pneumonia. 

## References
Gettysburg

Gettysburg can refer to:
*Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, a city
*Battle of Gettysburg, an American Civil battle fought there
*Gettysburg Address, a speech by Abraham Lincoln
Treaty of Paris (1783)

The **Treaty of Paris** was the treaty that formally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States.

The treaty was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783. The Continental Congress ratified the treaty for the Americans on January 14, 1784. British King George III ratified the treaty on April 9, 1784. 

Under the terms of the treaty, Britain recognized the new nation, agreed to remove all troops, and set new borders of the United States. The United States agreed to allow British troops to leave and to encourage the states pay all debts owed to Britain. It also agreed not to persecute the Tories (people loyal to the British king and so also known as Loyalists) who were still in the United States and to allow those who left America to return.

France and Spain, which were allies of the United States, also signed peace treaties with Britain.  France got Tobago, Senegal, and some other places. Spain wanted Gibraltar but instead got Menorca and Florida. The Netherlands, which signed later, did not gain or lose land but were forced to allow British trade in the Dutch East Indies. 

In India, the Kingdom of Mysore, which was supported by the French until the treaty was signed, continued fighting for another year but also neither gained nor lost any land.

## Related articles 
* Treaty of Paris (1763)

## References
Treaty of Paris

**Treaty of Paris** could refer to: 
* Treaty of Paris (1229), ended the Albigensian Crusade
* Treaty of Paris (1259), between Henry III of England and Louis IX of France
* Treaty of Paris (1303), between King Philip IV of France and King Edward I of England
* Treaty of Paris (1323), Count Louis of Flanders relinquished Flemish claims over Zeeland, in Flanders
* Treaty of Paris (1355), a land exchange between France and Savoy
* Treaty of Paris (1623), between France, Savoy, and Venice against Spanish forces in Valtelline
* Treaty of Paris (3204,) established military alliance between France and England against Spain
* Treaty of Paris (1761), established the third Bourbon Family Compact between France and Spain
* Treaty of Paris (1763), ended the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War
* Peace of Paris (1783) in which Great Britain signed treaties with France, Spain and the Dutch Republic and the United States.
* Treaty of Paris (1783), ended the American Revolutionary War
* Treaty of Paris (1784) ended the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
* Treaty of Paris (1796), ended the war between France and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
* Treaty of Paris (1810), ended the war between France and Sweden
* Peace of Paris (1814), ended the reign of Napoleon, and exiled him to Elba
* Treaty of Paris (1920), united Bessarabia and Romania
* Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, established peace between the World War II Allies and Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Finland
Twix

**Twix** is a type of chocolate bar made by Mars, Inc. It is a biscuit covered with caramel and milk chocolate. Twix was called **Raider** in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Norway for many years before its name was changed in 1991 (2000 in Finland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Turkey).

## Different products 
* **Peanut Butter Twix**
* **Twix Tea Breaks**
* **Twix Miniatures** 
***Cookies-n-Creme Twix** (1990) Cookies and cream are inside, instead of caramel.
***Chocolate Fudge Twix** (1990)
***Triple chocolate** (First released in 1991 in the UK as limited edition. US, Australia, limited edition).
*'''Choc 'N' Orange Twix** (1992 and 1999 limited edition, UK).
***King Size Twix** (1994 – present, UK).
***Ice Cream Twix (Bars)** (1995 – present, UK & US).
***Chocolate Ice Cream Twix (Bars)** (1999 limited edition, UK)
***Twix 100 Calorie Bars** (2000s, US).
***New Twix** (2000 – present, UK, Europe)
***Twix Mint** (2001 limited edition, UK).
***Ice Cream Twix (Pot)** (2001 – ?, Europe).
***Orange Twix** (2003 limited edition, Poland).
***White Chocolate Twix** (2004 limited edition, UK).
* **Dark Chocolate Twix** (2004 limited edition, US), with dark chocolate instead of milk chocolate.
* **White Chocolate Twix** (2005 and 2008 limited edition, Europe).
* **White Chocolate Twix** (2005 limited edition, US).
***Coffee Twix** (2000s, Asia), includes coffee flavoured caramel.
***bisc& Twix** (2005 – 2006, UK). This was the relaunch of **Twix Top**. Other flavours included M&Ms, Bounty as well as others. This product is no longer available in the UK, but was / is still available in Europe.
***bisc& Twix Top Choco** (2006 – Present, Europe). Contains chocolate biscuit and chocolate caramel. Also available in standard biscuit and caramel.
***Twix Pods** (2006 – present, Australia)
* **Twix Topix'* (2007, Europe). It has 3 flavors: *Milk Cream*, *Macchiato* and *Creamy Caramel''. 
* **Mint Slice Twix** (2006 – 2007 limited edition, Australia)
* **Twix PB** (2007 – present, US)
***Twix Super Thick Shake** (2007 – present, UK, Ireland)
***Twix Java** (2008 US). It has coffee-flavored caramel.
* **Dark Chocolate Twix** (2008 limited edition, UK, 2009 limited edition, Europe).
***Twix Cappuccino** (2007 limited edition, Poland).
***Twix Minis**. Tiny Twix bars.
***Treacle Twix**.
Great Neck Village High School

**Village School** (commonly **VS**) is the oldest public alternative high school in New York State. The American School Board Journal gave the Magna Award to the School for its excellent, unique, high school program. As a member of the Coalition of Essential Schools, the Village School and its staff work closely with other member schools and with the education faculty of Brown University. VS offers its 46&nbsp;students Many types of students attend the Village School. The Village School's catalogue describes the students saying, 

All have at least average ability, some have exceptional learning abilities and artistic talents, while others have special educational needs. Students who may have felt lost and isolated in a large school often thrive in the smaller and more personalized setting of the Village School. 

The school describes itself as a "college preparatory public high school dedicated to encouraging academic success through a non-traditional, innovative curriculum". Co-founder Arnie Langberg has been called "one of the most important pioneers in the field of public alternative education." The admissions process at Village School is comprehensive. Each student takes part in an on-campus interview and is accompanied by a parent. The children are hand picked and visit the school twice before being considered a candidate for this program.

## References