open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
River Mersey

The **River Mersey** is a river in north west England. It is 70 miles (112&nbsp;km) long, it stretches from Stockport, Greater Manchester, and ends at Liverpool Bay, Merseyside. For centuries, it formed part of the ancient county divide between Lancashire and Cheshire.

## Course 
The Mersey is formed from three tributaries: the River Etherow, the River Goyt and the River Tame. The modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt, in central Stockport, Greater Manchester. However, older definitions, and many older maps, place its start a few miles up the Goyt; for example the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica states "It is formed by the junction of the Goyt and the Etherow a short distance below Marple in Cheshire on the first-named stream."

## Environment 
Water quality in the River Mersey is not good.

But Salmon are now found in the river. They can be viewed on the Salmon Steps at Woolston between the months of September and November.

## In popular culture 
The river is now internationally famous thanks to the music of the 1960s known as Merseybeat and its strong association with Liverpool, which produced songs such as *Ferry Cross the Mersey*.

Also, Paul McCartney's 2007 song *That Was Me*, from his album *Memory Almost Full* mentions merseybeating with the band.

## Other websites 
*Liverpool Pictorial
* Mersey map - aisliverpool.org.uk  
* River Mersey Information  (PDF)
Metropolitan Borough of Wirral

**Wirral** is a metropolitan borough in Merseyside, North West England, which occupies the northern part of the Wirral Peninsula, more commonly known as **Wirral**.

Wirral Metropolitan Borough has a population of about 311,235 (2004 estimate) in an area of 60 square miles (155&nbsp;km2). It faces Liverpool over the River Mersey to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and the River Dee to the west. To the south it borders the borough of Ellesmere Port and Neston, in Cheshire.

## Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Wirral at current basic prices published (pp.240–253) by the *Office for National Statistics* with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

 includes hunting and forestry

 includes energy and construction

 includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

 Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

In September 2006 a large scale development called Wirral Waters was unveiled by the company Peel Holdings, that if constructed as outlined may see the creation of up to 27,000 jobs.

## Other websites
* Wirral Council home page 
* Vision of Britain 
* The Wirral Wide Web
Erin Sanders

**Erin Zariah Sanders** (born January 19, 1991 in Santa Monica, California) is an American actress. She is best known for the CBS &Nickelodeon television series *CSI: Miami* *With* *Zoey 101 & Big Time Rush*.
Merseyside

**Merseyside** is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1,365,900. Taking its name from the River Mersey, the title "Merseyside" came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974.

Merseyside is divided into two parts by the Mersey estuary: the Wirral is on the west side of the estuary upon the Wirral Peninsula; the rest of the county is on the east side. The northern part of Merseyside borders onto Lancashire to the north, Greater Manchester to the east, both parts border Cheshire to the south.

The football clubs are Liverpool and Everton, which they play. Also, they played together in a derby, the Merseyside derby.

## Local government
### Metropolitan boroughs
Merseyside contains the metropolitan boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, Sefton, St Helens and the Wirral.

## Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Merseyside at current basic prices published (pp.&nbsp;240–253) by *Office for National Statistics* with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

## Settlements
Merseyside is divided into two parts by the Mersey estuary, the Wirral is on the west side of the estuary, upon the Wirral Peninsula and the rest of the county is on the east side of the estuary.

The two parts are linked by two road tunnels, a railway tunnel, and the famous Mersey Ferry. Other districts that are part of the urban area (but not part of Merseyside) are Ellesmere Port and Neston and Halton. The designation "Greater Merseyside" has been adopted for the area that includes Merseyside and Halton, the term "Liverpool City-Region" is less well-defined. Most of the region was once served by the now scraped MTL Trust Holdings Ltd transport company.

## Places of interest
* Anfield
* St Helens' World of Glass

## References
## Other websites
* Mersey Wiki
* Merseytravel website
* Merseyside Police Authority website 
* Merseyside Fire and Rescue website
* Merseyside.com local guide, A-Z, street index
* Merseyside Today - regional guide 
* Mersey Reporter History - Merseyside History
Metropolitan borough

A **metropolitan borough** (or **metropolitan district**) is a type of local government district in England and covers urban areas within metropolitan counties.

## Current metropolitan boroughs (post 1974) 
The current metropolitan boroughs were created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as subdivisions of the new metropolitan counties which were created to cover the six largest urban areas in England outside Greater London

The new authorities were actually defined by law as **metropolitan districts**, however all of them have borough status or city status. The new metropolitan boroughs replaced the county boroughs, municipal boroughs and urban and rural districts which existed before. The districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million.

In 1986 the old metropolitan county councils were abolished by the Local Government Act 1985 and most of their functions were given to the boroughs, so they are to a large extent unitary authorities.  Some of the functions of the abolished county councils were taken over by joint bodies such as Passenger Transport Authorities, and joint fire, police and waste disposal authorities.

The 36 current metropolitan boroughs are:

## References
Fender Stratocaster

The** Fender Stratocaster**, also called a Strat, is a type of solidbody electric guitar. The Stratocaster was designed by Leo Fender, Freddie Tavares, and George Fullerton in 1954, and is made by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. The Stratocaster has been used by many famous guitarists, such as David Gilmour, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Buddy Guy, Buddy Holly, and Jeff Beck.

The Stratocaster has been copied as well. A guitar may look the same as a Stratocaster, but if it is not produced by Fender or Squier it is called a strat copy. 

Fender Stratocaster copies are mostly very cheap and low quality, but some guitar builders make high quality clones of the Stratocaster. Fender makes Stratocasters made in the United States of America, which are largely thought to be the highest quality. However they also make Stratocasters which are made in Japan, but only sell them to the Japanese. Many people view these guitars comparable and even superior to the American made Fenders.

Stratocasters are also made in Korea and sold as special editions. The cheapest Fenders are made in Mexico, but despite their price, these Stratocasters are very good quality guitars compared to the copies which are usually made in China. Squier makes Stratocasters in China and Indonesia.

Fender Strats made in Japan and Korea are sometimes equal to their American Standard cousin. Limited editions like the Pro Tone series and some early (1982-1986) Japanese models fetch prices from $400 – $800 depending on condition.  Korean Strats that have the Fender decal are the desirable ones over the Korean models with Squier on the headstock where Fender should be.  There are also American Made Squiers that can be of good quality.  Korean Pro Tones are the cream of the Korean Crop.
Act of Parliament

An **Act of Parliament** or **Act** is law made by the parliament (see legislation).

## Bills 
An Act of Parliament normally starts as a proposed law known as a Bill. The Bill will then be introduced into the Parliament (House of Commons, House of Representatives, House of Lords or the Senate) for debate and possible  and .

Bills that contain provisions significantly relating to taxation or public expenditure are introduced into the House of Commons in the UK; in Canada and Ireland, this is the law.

In the United Kingdom, Law Commission bills and consolidation bills start in the House of Lords.

In some countries, such as Spain and Portugal, a Bill has different names depending on whether it comes from the government (e.g. "Project") or from the Parliament (e.g. "Proposition" or Private Member's Bill).

An Act may be introduced to parliament also by means of a private bill.

## Related pages
* Constitution
* Constitutional economics

## Other websites 
* All Acts of Parliament (since 1988) and Statutory Instruments are available free on-line under Crown copyright terms from the Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI).
* Parliamentary Stages of a Government Bill (pdf) from the House of Commons Information Office.
* Acts of Parliament (since 1267) revised to date are available free on-line under Crown copyright terms from the Department of Constitution Affairs (SLD).
Legislation

**Legislation** (or "statutory law") is law which has been created by a legislature or other governing body. The term may refer to a single law, or the collective body of enacted law, while "statute" is also used to refer to a single law. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, which is typically also known as "legislation" while it remains under active consideration.

Under the Westminster system, an item of legislation is known as an Act of Parliament.

Legislation is usually proposed by a member of the legislature (e.g. a member of Congress or Parliament), or by the executive, then it is debated by members of the legislature and is often amended. 
Those who have the formal power to *create* legislation are known as legislators, the judicial branch of government may have the formal power to *interpret* legislation.

## Other means of law-making 
The act of making legislation is sometimes known as legislating. Under the doctrine of separation of powers, the law-making function is primarily the responsibility of the legislature. However, there are situations where legislation is enacted by other means (most commonly when constitutional law is enacted). These other forms of law-making include referenda and constitutional conventions. The term "legislation" is sometimes used to describe these situations, but other times, the term is used to distinguish acts of the legislature from these other lawmaking forms.

## Related pages
*Constitution
*Constitutional economics
*Democracy
*Legal rights
Carly Patterson

**Carly Rae Patterson** (born February 4, 1988 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) was an American gymnast. She was the 2004 Olympic All-Around Champion. After the Olympics, she started working as a singer.  She lives in Allen, Texas.

## References
Harrisonburg, Virginia

**Harrisonburg** is a city in Rockingham County, Virginia. It had 51,814 people at the 2020 census.

Harrisonburg is the county seat of Rockingham County. Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University and Eastern Mennonite University.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Harrisonburg Tourism
* City of Harrisonburg 
* Harrisonburg-Rockingham Chamber of Commerce
* Harrisonburg City Public Schools
* Daily News Record (Newspaper)
* WHSV - TV 3
* Rocktown Weekly (Alternative Newspaper owned by the DNR) 
* Virginia Quilt Museum
Bill (proposed law)

A **bill** is a proposed new law introduced within a legislature that has not been adopted. Once a bill has become law, it is thereafter an act; but in popular usage the two terms are often treated as if they meant the same.

## Types of bills 
Bills can be divided into:
* public bills, which apply to the general population
* private bills, which only apply to a single person or to a select group of people. If a private bill is punitive in nature, it is called a bill of attainder.
* hybrid bills, which combine elements of both public and private bills. Note that the concept of hybrid bills is not widely recognised outside the United Kingdom (in particular, it is expressly not recognised in Canada).
* local bills, which affect only a certain locality, and are often proposed by local government to the legislature

## Other websites 
### Hong Kong 
* Bills Committees of the Legislative Council

### New Zealand 
* List of current bills 

### United Kingdom 
* BBC Parliament Guide:
** Making new law
** Types of bill
** Bill procedure
** First reading
** Second reading
** Commons committee stage
** Lords committee stage
** Report stage
** Third reading
** Passage through the other House
** Royal assent
** Delegated legislation

### United States 
* How a law is made . From the North Carolina General Assembly
* How a bill becomes a law - related information .
* Currently hot issue regarding the Net Neutrality bills become the law .
Webkinz

**Webkinz** are stuffed animals. They were first sold by the Ganz company in 2005. The toys are similar to other small plush toys. Each toy comes with a special code that lets the person who owns it use the "Webkinz World" website. On the website, users can "adopt" an online version of the pet to play with.

The toys have been advertised in a way that is similar to Ty Beanie Babies. After some time, certain types of the toy are "retired" or no longer sold. This makes the toys more valuable after they are retired and people can sell them for more money. Usually,  retired Webkinz are sold at the $20 - $100 range. (USD) Webkinz have been very popular. Ganz says more than 2 million toys have been sold to retailers. They also say there are 1 million users of the Webkinz website. More than $1 million (USD) in toys were sold in the United States in 2006. 

When a person buys a Webkinz at a store, they get a code that allows them to use the website for one year. After that time, the person can still use the account, but there are some things that they can't do on there anymore. To be able to do everything, they must buy another Webkinz toy. Online, users can play with their pets in many ways. For example they can feed them, exercise them, or play games. When they play games, they earn "KinzCash", the money that is used on the site to buy things for their pets. 
 Now, Ganz has made the *Ganz E-store*, where you can buy Webkinz codes and items with just a credit card and a click. They also made tinier versions called ''Lil' Kinz'' plush toys.

## Other websites
* Webkinz official website
* Teddy Bear, Version 2.0 - Washington Post article
List of popes by length of reign

reigned for 31 years, 7 months, and 23 days (11,560 days) from 1846 to 1878.]]

The following is a **list of popes by length of reign**. It is split into the longest 12 and the shortest 11 .

## Popes
The term *pope* is the name several churches give to their highest spiritual leader. In English, the term usually means the head of the Catholic Church. The most accurate information about the popes is published every year by the Holy See in the .

## Popes with the longest reigns
Including Peter, who was the first Bishop of Rome and the first pope, the list of the 13 longest-reigning popes includes:

# Saint Peter (30–64 AD or 33–67 AD): 34 years.
# Pope Pius IX (1846–1878): 31 years, 7 months and 23 days (11,560 days).
# Pope John Paul II (1978–2005): 26 years, 5 months and 17 days (9,665 days)
# Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903): 25 years, 5 months and 1 day (9,281 days).
# Pope Pius VI (1775–1799): 24 years, 6 months and 15 days (8,962 days). 
# Pope Adrian I (772–795): 23 years, 10 months and 25 days (8,729 days).
# Pope Pius VII (1800–1823): 23 years, 5 months and 7 days (8,560 days).
# Pope Alexander III (1159–1181): 21 years, 11 months and 24 days (8,029 days).
# Pope Sylvester I (314–335): 21 years, 11 months and 1 day (8,005 days).
# Pope Leo I (440–461): 21 years, 1 month, and 13 days. (7,713 days).
# Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644): 20 years, 11 months and 24 days (7,664 days).
# Pope Leo III (795-816): 20 years, 5 months, and 17 days (7,474 days).
# Pope Clement XI (1700–1721): 20 years, 3 months and 24 days (7,414 days).

## Popes with the shortest reigns
The list of the 11 shortest-reigning popes reigned for 13 calendar days, died before consecration.
# Pope Boniface VI (April, 896): reigned for 16 calendar days
# Pope Celestine IV (October 25–November 10, 1241): reigned for 17 calendar days, died before consecration.
# Pope Theodore II (December, 897): reigned for 20 calendar days 
# Pope Sisinnius (January 15–February 4, 708): reigned for 21 calendar days
# Pope Marcellus II (April 9–May 1, 1555): reigned for 22 calendar days 
# Pope Damasus II (July 17–August 9, 1048): reigned for 24 calendar days
# Pope Pius III (September 22–October 18, 1503): reigned for 27 calendar days.
# Pope Leo XI (April 1–April 27, 1605): reigned for 27 calendar days
# Pope Benedict V (May 22–June 23, 964): reigned for 33 calendar days.
# Pope John Paul I (33 Days-1978)

## List of Popes
Towradgi

**Towradgi** is a small suburb, north of Wollongong. It is on the coast and close to beaches.

## Attractions  
It has a school, soccer fields, a lawn-bowling field, and many other attractions. It has a few restaurants/dining places.

## Sources
## Other websites
*Towradgi Surf Life Saving Club, NSW Australia 
*Towradgi Beach Hotel 
*Towradgi Community Web Portal
Aargau

(, , , ; anglicized *Argovia*) is one of the more northerly cantons of Switzerland. It is near the lower course of the river Aare, which is why the canton is called Aargau (meaning *Aare district*). The cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Solothurn and Bern lie to the west. Lucerne is to the south Zug and Zürich are to the east. To the north is Germany. 
About 580.000 people live in the canton. Its capital is Aarau.

## Districts 
Aargau is divided into 11 districts:

* Aarau with capital Aarau.
* Baden with capital Baden.
* Bremgarten with capital Bremgarten.
* Brugg with capital Brugg.
* Kulm with capital Unterkulm.
* Laufenburg with capital Laufenburg, Switzerland.
* Lenzburg with capital Lenzburg.
* Muri with capital Muri.
* Rheinfelden with capital Rheinfelden.
* Zofingen with capital Zofingen.
* Zurzach with capital Zurzach.

## Other websites 
* Company Formation Aargau
Database transaction

Depending on the model used, making changes to the data in a database can be complex. That means that several steps are needed to perform a change. In that context, all the steps are grouped. This group is called a **transaction**. Many databases give guarantees about the data, and they also do checks.  When something goes wrong in one step, all the steps in the group, or transaction, are undone. This is called a *rollback*. When all the steps have been executed, and there was no error, this state can be persisted. People will talk about *committing* a transaction. 

A database transaction is generally atomic. That means, it is either done completely, or it is not done. The state of it being done is not visible.

Most of the time, transactions are needed to guarantee the ACID principle of databases.

## References
List of municipalities of the Netherlands

**The Netherlands** has 342 **municipalities** in 12 provinces in Europe and 3 special municipalities (public bodies) in the Caribbean, the Caribbean Netherlands. Together 345 municipalities since 2023.

## Special municipalities in the Caribbean 
## Municipalities by province 
## Municipalities by alphabetical order 
## Related pages 
* Provinces of the Netherlands
* Municipality

## Other websites 
* Dutch municipalities
ACID

**ACID** is a concept used with databases. It is the way some databases keep their data true and meaningful. Not all databases use the concept of ACID, but relational databases usually do.

ACID is an abbreviation. It stands for
**Atomicity* - A change to the data in the database is either done completely, or not done at all. The process of doing it is not visible to users of the database. Users (people and programs) only see the result.
**Consistency* - A database can have rules about its data. Consistency means that the data always follows those rules. When a transaction (a change in the data) occurs, it can not break the rules. Rules are usually about *integrity*, such as what is allowed and what is not allowed in certain locations of the database.
**Isolation* - There can be more than one transaction occurring at the same time. Isolation means that one transaction can only see the changes of another transaction at the right time. Sometimes isolation means that transactions happening at the same time would do the same thing if they were done one after another.
**Durability* - When a transaction is done, if the result is unwanted it can be rolled back, which means it is made to go away as if it never happened. If the result of a transaction is still wanted, it can be committed, which makes the change permanent. After a transaction is committed, the change it made will still be there even if the database is shut down.

## References
Flevoland

**Flevoland** is one of the provinces of the Netherlands. Lelystad is its capital, but Almere is its biggest city. About 445,000 people are living in Flevoland (2023).

Location of the municipalities of Flevoland.

## Other websites 
*
North Brabant

**North Brabant** (Dutch: 'Noord-Brabant') is a  province of the Netherlands. It is in the south of the country. It is bordered by Belgium in the south, the Meuse River (*Maas*) in the north, Limburg in the east and Zeeland in the west.  See Google maps. Its capital is 's-Hertogenbosch. The largest city is Eindhoven. About 2,626,000 people are living in North Brabant (2023).

## Other websites 
*
Local Government Act 1985

The **Local Government Act 1985** was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom.  Its main effect was to  the county councils of the metropolitan counties that had been set up in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, along with the Greater London Council that had been established in 1965.

The main , section 1 stated that "the Greater London Council; and the metropolitan county councils" shall not exist anymore.

It came into effect on 1 April 1986. The metropolitan boroughs and London boroughs got some of the powers of the former institutions, but others went to central government. At the time of the Act, one third of the population of England were living in Greater London and the metropolitan counties.

The act established a system of joint-boards to take over some of the functions of the abolished councils in the metropolitan counties and in Greater London. The joint-boards had councillors appointed by the boroughs. 

The Act was passed by Margaret Thatcher's government after a series of disputes between the councils and the central government.

## References
List of popes

]] 
The **list of popes** begins with St. Peter and continues through the present day.  The pope is the head of the Catholic Church.

Peter was called the Bishop of Rome.  All others who became Bishop of Rome were also  as popes.

## Chronological list of popes 
The list sometimes says *interregnum*. This is Latin for "between reigns". It means there was no Pope; as in a Pope had died, and his successor hadn't yet been elected.

### From 30 to 249 
### From 250 to 499 
### From 500 to 749 
### From 750 to 999 
### From 1000 to 1249 
### From 1254 to 1492 
### From 1503 to 1740 
### From 1758 to 2005 
### From 2005 
## Related pages
* Papal name

## References 
 of the Holy See.]]

## Further reading
* John N.D. Kelly, *The Oxford Dictionary of Popes*, Oxford University Press, 1986.
* AA.VV., *Enciclopedia dei Papi*, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 2000.
* Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo, *I Papi. Venti secoli di storia*, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2002.

## Other websites 
* Catholic Encyclopedia
* Giga-Catholic Information
* Popes & Anti-Popes
Stockport

**Stockport** is a large town in Greater Manchester,  North West England. Seven miles (10 km) south east of the city of Manchester, it is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport in Greater Manchester, and has a population of 136,083 (2001 Census), with the borough as a whole having 281,000. This makes the borough 23rd most populated district in England.

The River Mersey begins in Stockport, at the meeting point of the Rivers Goyt and River Tame.  Until 1974 the area was part of  Cheshire.

## Geography and administration
The town lies in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport which is in Greater Manchester.

Image:Stockport Viaduct.jpg|The Stockport railway viaduct over the Mersey
Image:Stockport Pyramid.jpg|Stockport Pyramid
Image:Stockport Town Hall.jpg|Stockport Town Hall

## Twin Cities
The town of Stockport is twinned with the following towns:

* - Heilbronn, Germany. since 1999
* - Beziers, France, since 1972
* - Paisley, Scotland, since 2006
Paisley is not officially twinned with Stockport but the entry is probably a mark of friendship.

## People from Stockport
*Phil Foden (born 2000), footballplayer

## Other websites
* Stockport Council
* HatWorks Museum
* Stockport County Football Club
* Stockport Rugby Union Football Club
* The Stockport Express
* The National Library for the Blind 
* National Trust
* Stockport Harriers and Athletics Club
* Stockport Grammar School - an independent school near Manchester, England
* Stockport College
* Merseyway Shopping Centre

## References
Greater London Council

The **Greater London Council (GLC)** was the local government administrative body for Greater London from 1965 to 1986. It replaced the earlier London County Council (LCC) which had covered a much smaller area.

## Creation
The Labour Party had controlled the LCC from 1934 and by the 1950s the Conservative Government considered that elections were becoming one-sided, since the London County Council (LCC) covered only the inner (generally Labour-voting) districts. The government sought to create a new body covering all of London.

## Abolition
Livingstone's high-spend socialist policies put the GLC into direct conflict with Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government. Livingstone soon became a thorn in the side of the sitting Tory government.  He deliberately antagonised Mrs. Thatcher through a series of actions (including posting a billboard of London's rising unemployment figures on the side of, and endorsing a statue of Nelson Mandela whilst Thatcher regarded the future South African president as a terrorist.

By 1983, Thatcher was determined to crush both Livingstone and the GLC, and the Cabinet agreed "in principle" to abolish the GLC and give its functions to the boroughs. 

The Local Government Act 1985, which abolished the GLC, faced considerable opposition from many quarters but was narrowly passed in Parliament, setting the end of the council for 31 March 1986.

## Replacement
After its abolition, London was left as the only major city in the world without a central administrative body. Most of the powers of the GLC were given to the London boroughs. Some powers, such as the fire service, were taken over by joint boards made up of councillors appointed by the boroughs - see waste authorities in Greater London for an example. In total, around 100 organisations were responsible for service delivery in Greater London.

It was argued by many people that this situation was chaotic and un-coordinated and a new London-wide body was needed to co-ordinate the whole city. 

Tony Blair's Labour government was elected in 1997, and was committed to bring back London-wide government. In 1999 a referendum was held on the establishment of a new London authority and elected mayor, which was approved by a two to one margin.  

The new Greater London Authority (GLA) was established in 2000. The GLA has a very different structure to the GLC, it consisted of a directly elected Mayor of London and a London Assembly.  The Mayor of London elections were won by the same Ken Livingstone, who began his victory speech with the words: "As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago".

## References
Greater London Authority

The **Greater London Authority** (**GLA**) controls the 1579 km² (610 sq. miles) of Greater London, England, covering the 32 London boroughs and the City of London. The GLA members are the Mayor and the 25 people the London Assembly. The current Mayor of London is Sadiq Khan.

## Purpose 
The GLA was created to improve the coordination between the London boroughs, and the Mayor of London's role is to give London a single person to represent it. The Mayor proposes policy and the GLA's budget, and makes appointments to the capital's strategic transport body (Transport for London) and economic development body (the London Development Agency). 

One of the primary purposes of the London Assembly is to hold the Mayor of London to account. The Assembly must also accept or amend(change) the Mayor's budget on an annual basis(every year).

The GLA is different from the Corporation of the City of London with its largely ceremonial Lord Mayor. Corporation controls only the square mile of the City, London's chief financial centre. The GLA governs a much wider area 

The GLA is at City Hall, a new building on the south bank of the River Thames, next to Tower Bridge.

## Related pages
* Scotland Yard
* Lord Mayor of London

## References 
## Other websites 
*The GLA's website
*About the GLA - Website detailing the powers of the GLA
*Greater London Authority Review, 2005-06 - House of Commons Library Standard Note
*Wikisource - Referendum Results
*Citymayors.com profile page on GLA history
*MayorWatch.co.uk Independent guide to London Government
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

The **Rock and Roll Hall of Fame** (**RRHOF**), sometimes simply referred to as the **Rock Hall**, is a museum in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, which has information on the history of some of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, and other people who have in some major way influenced the music industry, mostly in the area of rock and roll and rock music.

## First artists
The first group of musicians, added on January 23, 1986, were Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, and Elvis Presley.

## Other websites
* The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - official site
* Future Rock Hall – lists eligible artists
* Images and architectural information
* How do you get into the Rock Hall of Fame? 
* 2007 Induction Concert and Ceremony Video Archived on Spinner.com
Lightning Hopkins

'''Samuel John "Lightnin'" Hopkins'* (March 15, 1912 - January 30, 1982) was a country blues guitar player and singer. He was  from Houston, Texas.

## Albums
*1959 - *Lightnin' Hopkins*
*1959 - *Lightnin' and the Blues*
*1960 - *Last Night Blues* (Bluesville)
*1960 - *Lightnin' * (Bluesville)
*1962 - *Walkin' This Road By Myself* (Bluesville)
*1962 - *Lightnin' and Co.* (Bluesville)
*1962 - *Lightnin' Strikes* (Vee Jay)
*1963 - *Blues in My Bottle* (Bluesville)
*1963 - *Smokes Like Lightnin' * (Bluesville)
*1963 - *Goin' Away* (Bluesville)
*1964 - *Down Home Blues* (Bluesville)
*1965 - *Hootin' the Blues* (Bluesville)
*1965 - *Lightnin' Strikes* (Tradition)
*1965 - *The Roots of Lightnin' Hopkins*
*1966 - *Soul Blues* (Bluesville)
*1967 - *My Life in the Blues* (Bluesville)
*1967 - *Original Folk Blues* (Kent)
*1967 - *Lightnin'!* (Arhoolie)
*1968 - *Freeform Patterns* (International Artists)
*1991 - *Swathmore Concert Live, 1964*
*1995 - *Po' Lightning*
*1999 - *The Very Best of Lightnin' Hopkins''

## Other websites
* Blues Foundation Hall of Fame Induction, 1980
Suit

**Suit** is a term with various meanings:

* A lawsuit, an action brought before a court, as to recover a right or redress a grievance.
* Suit (clothing), a combination of clothing, such as a jacket and matching trousers, 
* Environmental suit, a piece of clothing used for a particular activity or in a particular environment, for example a space suit or diving suit.
* Jumpsuit, catsuit, wetsuit, or swimsuit, a one-piece outfit. 
* Suit (cards), one of four categories into which a deck of cards is divided.
* Slang for a professional, The Establishment, management or government employee, because they wear a suit (clothing).  Used pejoratively by  Beats, artists, and hackers to refer to anyone in a position of authority.
* Suit (album), the name of one of rapper Nelly's 2004 albums.
* Suits, the third album by Fish.
*Suit (comic), a fictional character in the marvel universe, appearing first in the Venom series.
Mayor of London

The **Mayor of London** is an elected politician in London. 

The role, created in 2000, was the first directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom. The Mayor of London is also referred to as the **London Mayor**, a form which helps to avoid confusion with the Lord Mayor of London, the ancient and now mainly ceremonial role in the City of London. 

The Mayor of London is mayor of Greater London, which has a population of over 7.5 million while the City of London is only a small part of the modern city centre and has a population of less than 10,000.

The first elected Mayor of London is Ken Livingstone, who was re-elected in 2004. Boris Johnson was elected mayor in 2008. 

Johnson announced that he will not run for re-election in 2016. Sadiq Khan was elected mayor in 2016.

## Role
The Mayor is responsible for budgeting and strategic planning of some governmental functions across the whole of the London region. 

The plans of the mayor are looked at by the London Assembly and actioned by the Greater London Authority. 

Responsibilities include transport, the police, fire and emergency services, cultural strategy and economic development.

## Salary
The mayor of London's salary is one that ranks along that of a government cabinet minister's. The current salary is £137,579 per year.

## List of mayors of London 
## Other websites
* Mayor of London website
* Mayor of London's Cultural Strategy Group
* Page about the process of nomination 
* Page about Ken Livingstone's relationship with Labour

## References
Little Richard

**Richard Wayne Penniman** (December 5, 1932 – May 9, 2020), known by his stage name **Little Richard**, was an American recording artist, songwriter, and musician. He was one of the early creators of rock and roll music in the 1950s.

## Career
In 1951 Little Richard began his music career by making gospel and jazz influenced rhythm and blues. He did not sell many records until 1955 when he added a loud drum beat and loud Gospel-style singing and boogie-woogie piano playing. This new music would come to be known as of rock and roll.  Little Richard influenced many rock and roll musicians who started after him.

In 1957, when he was at his most popular point, Little Richard quit rock and roll music. He went to Bible college and became a church preacher. He then went on to play only Gospel music for many years. He returned to playing rock and roll when he was older, and also continued playing Gospel music.

In 1986, Little Richard was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He was one of the first seven people to be added to the museum.

## Death
Little Richard died of bone cancer on May 9, 2020 at his brother's home in Tullahoma, Tennessee at the age of 87. He is survived by his brother, sister and his adopted son Danny.

## Singles
## References
## Other websites
*Hear Little Richard on the Pop Chronicles
Monterey Pop Festival

The **Monterey International Pop Music Festival** took place from June 16 to June 18, 1967. Over 200,000 people went, and it is often seen as the beginning of the "rock era", replacing the earlier term "rock and roll". The festival was a cultural inspiration for future events. Many of the performers (like Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin) became major celebrities through their appearances, while older acts (like The Beach Boys, who were scheduled to appear but cancelled) were seen as obsolete.

## People who played
### Friday, June 16
*The Association
*The Paupers
*Lou Rawls
*Beverly
*Johnny Rivers
*The Animals
*Simon and Garfunkel

### Saturday, June 17
*Canned Heat
*Big Brother & The Holding Company
*Country Joe and The Fish
*Al Kooper
*The Butterfield Blues Band
*Quicksilver Messenger Service
*Steve Miller Band
*The Electric Flag
*Moby Grape 
*Hugh Masekela
*The Byrds
*Laura Nyro
*Jefferson Airplane
*Booker T and The MG's
*Otis Redding

### Sunday, June 18
*Ravi Shankar
*The Blues Project
*Big Brother & The Holding Company
*The Group With No Name
*Buffalo Springfield
*Scott McKenzie
*The Who
*The Grateful Dead
*Jimi Hendrix
*The Mamas & the Papas

## Other websites
*The Official Blog for the Monterey Pop Festival Foundation 
*Monterey Pop Festival Art Director Tom Wilkes 
*
Lord Mayor of London

**The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of London** is the Mayor of the City of London and head of the Corporation of London. The Lord Mayor of London is not the same person as the Mayor of London; The Lord Mayor is an officer only of the City of London. The Mayor of London governs the much larger area of Greater London.

The Lord Mayor is elected each year at the end of September or the beginning of October, and takes office in November. On the day after taking office, the Lord Mayor's Show is held. The Lord Mayor's role is mostly ceremonial and social, not political, although he does promote London's business credentials abroad. The Lord Mayor of London is also the chancellor of the City University of London.

The Lord Mayor for 2022-2023 is Nicholas Lyons.

## Titles and honours 
, by Leslie Ward, 1881]]
Of the 66 cities in the United Kingdom, the City of London is among the 30 that have Lord Mayors (or, in Scotland, Lord Provosts). The Lord Mayor is entitled to the style The Right Honourable; the same privilege extends only to the Lord Mayors of Bristol, York, Cardiff and Belfast, and to the Lord Provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow. The style, however, is used when referring to the office and not to the person; "The Rt Hon The Lord Mayor of London" would be correct, while "The Rt Hon John Smith" would be incorrect.

A woman who holds the office is also known as a Lord Mayor. A male Lord Mayor's wife is known as a Lady Mayoress. In speech, a Lord Mayor is referred to as "My Lord Mayor", and a Lady Mayoress as "My Lady Mayoress".

It was once use for Lord Mayors to be created knights when they took office and baronets when they retired. The custom was applied inconsistently from the sixteenth until the nineteenth centuries; creations became more regular from 1889 onwards. From 1964 onwards, the regular creation of hereditary dignities such as baronetcies stopped, but Lord Mayors continued to be granted knighthoods (usually of the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire) until 1993. Since 1993, Lord Mayors have not received any automatic honours upon appointment.

## Other functions
The Lord Mayor is also
* Chief Magistrate of the City of London
* Admiral of the Port of London
* Chancellor of City University
* President of the City of London Reserve Forces and Cadets Association
* Trustee of St Paul's Cathedral
* Ambassador for the London Olympics Team 2012 
* de facto Lord Lieutenant for the city, as he also presides over Her Majesty's Commission of Lieutenancy for the City of London
* A link with the Livery Companies of London

## Related pages
* Mayor of London

## Notes
## Other websites
* Lord Mayor official page
I Have a Dream

"**I Have a Dream**" is the name of a speech Martin Luther King, Jr. gave on August 28, 1963 while standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.. In his speech, he spoke of his wish for the future. His wish was that people of different races could live together peacefully in the United States. The speech was given to over 200,000 supporters. He spoke of the discrimination that the black men have faced even though they were to be treated as equals after the great Abraham Lincoln signed the momentous decree; the Emancipation Proclamation. The speech is very famous. Many have called it "the best speech given in the 20th century".

## References 
## Other websites 
* "I Have a Dream" Text and Audio from AmericanRhetoric.com
* "Free At Last"
* SouthCoastToday.com: A read on a 4th, 5th and 6th graders' take on Martin
A Simple English Video about the "I Have a Dream" Speech
MI6

The **Secret Intelligence Service** (**SIS**), commonly known as **MI6**, is the United Kingdom's intelligence agency which collects intelligence about foreign countries. It is a branch of the Foreign Service, and it reports to the Joint Intelligence Committee.

The service was formed in 1909 as the Secret Service Bureau, but its existence was not officially acknowledged until 1994. 

The service works with the Security Service (MI5), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence (DIS). SIS deal with the United Kingdom's espionage (spying) activities outside the United Kingdom.

The headquarters are at Vauxhall Cross in London in a purpose-built building. The building was approved in 1988 and completed in 1994. The cost of the project was £135 million for site purchase and the basic building or £152.6 million including the service's special requirements. In John le Carré novels the building is called *The River House*.

## Related pages
* Central Intelligence Agency
* Special Air Service

## References 
## Other websites 
* SIS web site
Gollum

**Gollum** is a Hobbit from *The Hobbit* and *The Lord of the Rings*. He is a minor antagonist of *The Hobbit* and a secondary antagonist of *The Lord of the Rings*.

## Fictional biography
Sméagol went fishing with his brother and found the One Ring. He strangled and killed his brother and kept the One Ring to himself. For 500 years, he lived longer but became ugly. He was encountered by fellow Hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who took his Ring. Decades later, he has been captured by Sauron's forces and shared Bilbo's location.

## Peter Jackson adaptations (2001-2003, 2012)
In Peter Jackson's movie adaptations of both books, Gollum's motion capture and voice were done by Andy Serkis. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the series, specifically the second Lord of the Rings movie. The screenwriters portrayed him as if he had Dissociative identity disorder.

## Other media
Gollum, voiced by Andy Serkis accepted a 2003 MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance with him yelling censored swears towards the crew, audience, Serkis and fellow book character Dobby from Harry Potter, whom he described as a "fucking fag". It was written by Philippa Boyens and Fran Walsh as a humorous response. The speech itself won a 2004 Hugo Award.

## Reception
His distinct voice and his catchphrase "My precious" are well-known for fantasy fans and Gollum is seen as one of the best computer animated characters in a live-action movie.
Fairy

]]
A **fairy** or **færie** (Old English spelling) is a supposed magical being that flies in the air. They are usually depicted as tiny girls or women. Some fairies have certain jobs, such as the Tooth fairy, who gives money or treats under the pillow of small children who have had a tooth fall out. 

## In literature
A fairy tale is a story with a  involving fairies. These stories are usually for children. Fairies come up in many fictional books such as "*Peter Pan*" and "*The Spiderwick Chronicles*".

## In folklore
Fairies can also be found in folklore. For instance, in Ireland and Scotland, fairies are thought of as creatures that were defeated by the human race thousands of years ago and now live in caverns in the world of Faerie.  Sometimes fairies are believed to be a kind of angel. Other times, they are believed to be demons or spirits of the dead. Fairies are said to steal human babies and replace them with Changelings.

## In Other Media
in Hyrule Warriors there is a playable fairy known as the Great Fairy.
1298

## Events 
* July 2 – The Battle of Göllheim is fought between Albert I of Habsburg and Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.
* 22 July – Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England defeats a Scottish army led by William Wallace
* End of the reign of Emperor Fushimi, emperor of Japan
* Emperor Go-Fushimi ascends to the throne of Japan
* While in prison in Genoa, Marco Polo dictates his *Travels* to a local writer
* A fire causes severe damage to the Palace of Westminster.
* The Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official) invents *wooden* movable type printing, while the earlier Bi Sheng invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century

## Births 
* December 12 – Albert II of Austria (died 1358)

## Deaths 
* July 2 – Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg, King of the Romans
* July 10 – King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (b. 1262)
* July 22 – Sir John de Graham, Scottish soldier at the Battle of Falkirk
* July 13 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian chronicler and archbishop of Genoa
* September 11 – Philip of Artois, French soldier (born 1269)
* Smilets of Bulgaria (born 1292)
1299

## Events 
* Osman I declares the independence of the Ottoman Principality
* The house of Holland becomes extinct. The County of Holland becomes a part of a personal union with the County of Hainaut.
* April 1, 1299 Kings Towne on the River Hull granted city status by Royal Charter of King Edward I of England.
* King Håkon V Magnusson moves the capital of Norway from Bergen to Oslo, and builds Akershus fortress in Oslo. Norway is ruled from this fortress the next 500 years.
* The Mexica settle Chapultepec, a former Toltec stronghold.
* A serious fire occurs at Westminster Palace.
1309

## Events 
* March 9 – Pope Clement V settles the papal seat in Avignon, following a visit.
* August 15 – The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island, and rename themselves as the Knights of Rhodes.
* Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, bought by the Percy family, later Earls of Northumberland.

## Births 
* Leo V of Armenia (died 1341)

## Deaths 
* May 5 – Charles II of Naples
* James of St. George, Savoyard military architect (born 1230)
1310

## Events 
* May 11 – In France, 64 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy
* Abu al-Fida becomes governor of Hama.
* The first purpose-built accommodation for students (Mob Quad) completed in Merton College, Oxford, England.
* Basarab I, after the battle against the Tatars, is named "big prince" of Wallachia by the feudal lords of the region. The country is to remain under Hungarian domination until 12 October 1330 and the Battle of Posada.

## Births 
* April 30 – King Casimir III of Poland (died 1368)
* November 30 – Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (died 1349)
* *date unknown*
** Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
** Guillaume Tirel, chef (died 1395)
** Pope Urban V (died 1370)

## Deaths 
* May 22 – Saint Humility (born c. 1226)
* June 5 – Amalric, Prince of Tyre (born c. 1272)
* October 1 – Beatrice, Burgundy of Bastia, Lady of Bourbon (born 1257)
* October 28 – Ecumenical Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople (born 1230)
* December 10 – Stephen I, Duke of Bavaria (born 1271)
** Shams al-Din ibn Ashraf Al-Samarqandi, astronomer (born 1250)
** George Pachymeres, Byzantine historian (born 1242)