open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Quincy Jones

**Quincy Delight Jones Jr.**, (March 14, 1933 – November 3, 2024) was an American arranger, composer, conductor, record producer, and film music composer born in Chicago, Illinois. He is particularly recognized as the producer of the albums *Off the Wall*,  *Thriller*, and *Bad* by pop icon Michael Jackson, which has sold more than 110 million copies worldwide, more than any other album ever, and as the producer and conductor of the No.1 charity song “We Are the World”. He has been nominated for 79 Grammy Awards. He has won 27 Grammy Awards. This is more than any other artist who is alive. He has been nominated for 7 Academy Awards. 

In 1990 Jones made his own company, Quincy Jones Entertainment, which produced The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. He joined the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2013.

## Career
Jones played trumpet on Dizzy Gillespie's 1954 album *Afro*. Quincy Jones' first album, *This Is How I Feel About Jazz*, was released in 1957 on ABC Records. Jones met Michael Jackson when they worked on the 1978 movie *The Wiz*. He produced Michael Jackson's 1979 album *Off the Wall*. He produced Jackson's 1982 album *Thriller*. The album won eight Grammy Awards in 1984. He produced the 1985 movie *The Color Purple*. The last Jackson album he produced was *Bad*. *Bad* was released in 1987. It sold 30 million copies. Jones sued Jackson's estate in 2013 for 10 million dollars. In 1994 Jones won the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award. In 2010 *Q Soul Bossa Nostra* was released. Many famous musicians sang on it, including Amy Winehouse.

## Family
He has seven children from five different mothers. His daughter Rashida Jones is an actress. His other daughter, Jolie Jones Levine, is the president of the Take it Back Foundation.

## Death
Jones died on November 3, 2024 at his home in Los Angeles, California from pancreatic cancer at the age of 91. His publicist confirmed his death.

## Discography 
His earliest album was released in 1955, Jazz Abroad.

His latest album was released in 2010, Q Soul Bossa Nostra.

He also was producer for albums (before and after that year).

## Filmography 
* *Yakety Yak, Take it Back* (1991) ... Himself
* *Fantasia 2000* (1999) ... Himself/Host (Segment "Rhapsody in Blue")

## References 
## Related pages
*You Don't Own Me (song produced by Quincy Jones)

## Other websites
*Official website
Southern University of Chile

The **Southern University of Chile** () is a Chilean university. It is in Valdivia in Puerto Montt, Osorno and Coyhaique. It was started in 1954. 

## Other websites 
*Official website
Joe Paterno

**Joseph Vincent "Joe" Paterno** (; December 21, 1926 — January 22, 2012) was an American college football coach.  He was the head coach of the Penn State Nittany Lions for 46&nbsp;years from 1966 through 2011.  Paterno's nickname was "**JoePa"**.

Paterno was an Italian-American who was born and raised in Brooklyn. His team won 409 games with him as coach, so he had the record for the most wins by an NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) coach. He is the only FBS coach to reach 400 victories. He coached five undefeated teams that won major bowl games. In 2007, was entered the College Football Hall of Fame.

Penn State trustees fired Paterno in the middle of the football season in November 2011. The university was concerned about Paterno's possible responsibility after long-time assistant coach Jerry Sandusky was arrested on child sexual abuse charges.

Paterno died of lung cancer on January 22, 2012.

## References
## Other websites
* Penn State profile 
*
Jinder Mahal

**Yuvraj "Raj" Dhesi** (born July 19, 1986 in Calgary, Alberta) is an Indian-Canadian professional wrestler. He is best known for working with WWE under the ring name **Jinder Mahal.** He is a former WWE Champion, United States Champion and two-time 24/7 Champion. He has also worked on the independent circuit under the ring name **Tiger Raj Singh**. During his first WWE run from 2010 to 2014, Mahal was known for being part of the stable 3MB (three-man-band) along with Heath Slater and Drew McIntyre.
 
On June 12, 2014, Mahal was released from his WWE contract. However, he returned in August 2016 looking much stronger than when he left. At WrestleMania 33, he was the last person eliminated from the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal which was won by Mojo Rawley. On the April 18, 2017 episode of SmackDown, he won a #1 contender's six-pack challenge for the WWE Championship and at Backlash, he won the title from Randy Orton. This made him the first wrestler with family from India to win the title. On April 19, 2024, Mahal was released by WWE a second time.

Dhesi is of Sikh descent.

## Championships
***Prairie Wrestling Alliance**
**PWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Stampede Wrestling**
**Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Gama Singh, Jr.)
***WWE**
**WWE Championship (one time)
** WWE United States Championship (one time)
** WWE 24/7 Championship (two times)

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Jinder Mahal Images
Heo Gyun

**Heo Gyun** (Korean: 허균, Hanja: 許筠, 1569-1618) was a Korean writer, politician and poet during the Joseon Dynasty. His Chinese name was **Danbo** (단보, 端甫). Other names were **Gyosan** (교산, 蛟山), Seongso (성소, 惺所), Baikwolgeosa (백월거사, 白月居士).

## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=188527
* http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=3377
* http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=13504
Oki Airport

is a Japanese airport on the island of Dōgo which is one of the Oki Islands.  

The airport is in the town of Okinoshima.  This is part of the Shimane Prefecture. 

It is officially classified as a 3rd class airport.

## Related pages
* List of airports in Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Oki Airport guide
Holly Valance

**Holly Valance** (born Holly Rachel Vukadinovic on 11 May 1983) is an Australian actress, singer and model. She is a dual citizen of Australia and the United Kingdom. She was born in Melbourne to an English immigrant mother and Serbian immigrant father. She began her career in 1999 as Felicity Scully on Australian soap opera *Neighbours*. She began her singing career in 2002. 

Valance was a contestant in the 2011 series of *Strictly Come Dancing*.

## Other websites 
*
*Official website
Bob Monkhouse

**Robert Alan Monkhouse** OBE (1 June 1928 – 29 December 2003) was a British writer, actor, comedian and presenter. He was born in Beckenham, Kent. He wrote and presented on radio. He acted in films and wrote and acted on television. He was a game show host and stand-up comedian. Some of the most famous game shows he presented include The Golden Shot, Celebrity Squares, Family Fortunes, Bob's Full House and Wipeout. 

Monkhouse died of prostate cancer in Bedford aged 75.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Mount Baker

**Mount Baker**, also known as **Koma Kulshan** or **Kulshan**, is an active volcano in the Pacific Northwest. It is located in Washington in the United States.

The volcano's height is .

## References
Winter sport

**Winter sports** are sports played during winter.  They often must be played on ice or snow.  The International Olympic Comittee has the Winter Olympics, which are every four years. In the Winter Olympics, people try to win at winter sports for their country. Cold countries, for example Russia, Canada and Norway, are good at winter sports.

Winter sports include:
*Ice skating
*Skiing
*Snowboarding
*Sleighing
*Bobsleighing
*Ice Hockey
*Bandy
*Curling
*Snowmobile
Bandy

and Norway]]
**Bandy** is a sport like ice hockey but with a ball instead of a puck and on a larger field. It is played on ice. The rules are much like the rules for association football.

## Rules
There are 11 players on each team. The game is 90 minutes long with 45 minutes in each half, like association football (soccer). The size of the bandy field is the same as in association football.

The rules are set by the Federation of International Bandy.

## International
There are 32 countries in the Federation of International Bandy.

Bandy World Championship for men has been played recurringly since 1957.

## Other websites
* Federation of International Bandy
Trace Adkins

**Tracy Darrell "Trace" Adkins** (born January 13, 1962) is an American country music musician and singer.  Trace was born Springhill, Louisiana.  He has had 3 number one hits on the *Billboard* country charts.

In January 2010, Adkins left his long-time record label, Capitol Nashville.  He then signed with Show Dog-Universal Music.

## Albums
*1996: ''Dreamin' Out Loud*
*1997: *Big Time*
*1999: *More...*
*2001: *Chrome*
*2003: *Comin' On Strong*
*2005: *Songs About Me*
*2006: *Dangerous Man*
*2008: *X*
*2010: *Cowboy's Back in Town*
*2011: *Proud to Be Here*
*2013: *Love Will...*
*2013: *The King's Gift''

## Awards
## References
Airline hub

is a hub city for Lufthansa]]

An **airline hub** is an airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination.

The airport is part of a " and  model". for example British airways hub is London Heathrow.  

## Related pages
* List of aviation terms

## References
Bipasha Basu

**Bipasha Basu** **Singh Grover** known as  **Bipasha Basu** (born 7 January 1979) is an Indian movie actress who appears in Hindi language movies. She has also worked in Telugu, Tamil and Bengali language movies. She was a successful model before appearing in movies.

Basu's first movie as an actress was *Ajnabee* (2001). Her first successful movie was *Raaz* (2002). She was chosen for Filmfare Best Actress Award for Raaz. She then appeared in commercial successes like *No Entry* (2005), *Phir Hera Pheri* (2006) and *Race* (2008). *Dhoom 2* (2007) is her biggest commercial success so far. Her work in *Apaharan* (2005), *Corporate* (2006) and *Bachna Ae Haseeno* (2008) was praised by movie critics. This led to her becaming a leading actress in the Hindi movie Industry.

Basu is also known for her dances like "Phoonk De" in *No Smoking* (2007) and "Beedi" in *Omkara* (2006). She has completed filming her first international movie, *Singularity*. Basu married boyfriend of two years TV Actor Karan Singh Grover in a private Bengali ceremony on 30 April 2016.

## Early life and modelling career 
Basu was born to a Bengali Hindu family in New Delhi. She lived in Pampoosh Enclave, Nehru Place and studied at Apeejay High School. She was 8 when her family moved to Kolkata. She continued studying in Kolkata at Bhavan's Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir.

Basu studied commerce at Bhawanipur Education Society College after 12th standard. She had planned to become a doctor before taking commerce. She did modelling shows in her college as a hobby. In 1996, she won the Godrej Cinthol Supermodel Contest and went to New York to became a successful model.

## Acting career 
### Early work (2001-02) 
Vinod Khanna was one of the judges at the supermodel contest in which Basu participated. He wanted to introduce her with his son Akshaye Khanna in *Himalay Putra*. Basu felt she was too young and refused the offer. Later, Anjala Zaveri agreed to the role. Another judge Jaya Bacchan wanted to introduce Basu with her son Abhishek Bacchan in *Akhari Mughal*. However, *Akhari Mughal* was never made.

In 2001, Basu finally appeared in her first movie *Ajnabee* (2001). The movie was directed by Abbas-Mustan. It failed commercially and received negative reviews from critics.

## References 
## Other website
* 
* 
* 
*
LaGuardia Airport

**LaGuardia Airport**  () is an airport in the northern part of the New York City borough of Queens. The airport is on the edge of Flushing Bay and Bowery Bay.  It borders the neighborhoods of Astoria, Jackson Heights and East Elmhurst.

La Guardia is popular because of its location near to Manhattan. Although the airport is small in size, wide-body airliners once flew there often. The McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 were designed for use at LaGuardia. The Boeing 767-400ER is the largest airliner that once flew to LGA; from 2000 to 2005, Delta used the 764 with 285 seats. Today, there are usually no widebody flights. Delta Air Lines does use a Boeing 767-300 at times for one of its Atlanta flights, and Air Canada sometimes sends their 767-300s there. On July 11, 2012, the airport became a domestic hub for Delta Air Lines.  It is also a focus city for American Airlines and American Eagle.

LaGuardia is the smallest of the New York metropolitan area's three main airports.  The other two are John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in southern Queens and Newark Liberty International in Newark, New Jersey. LaGuardia is the closest of the three to Manhattan. These three airports are the largest airport system in the United States. They are the second most busy system of airports in the world by number of passengers. They are the first in the world in terms of total flight operations. In 2010, the airport had just under 24.0 million passenger. JFK had 46.5 million and Newark had 33.1 million. Nonstop flights to or from LaGuardia are limited to only . This does not include flights on Saturdays and flights to Denver. Because of this most flights across the continent and international flights use JFK or Newark.

The airport was first named **Glenn H. Curtiss Airport**. It was named for Glenn Hammond Curtiss. It was later renamed **North Beach Airport**. New York City took control of the airport and named it **New York Municipal Airport-LaGuardia Field**. In 1953, it was named "LaGuardia Airport" for Fiorello La Guardia, the mayor of New York when the airport was built. The airport is run by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

## Airlines  
* Air Canada
* Air Canada Express:
::Jazz Air
* American Airlines
* American Eagle
* Delta Air Lines
* Delta Connection:
::Chautauqua Airlines
::Compass Airlines
::Pinnacle Airlines
::Shuttle America
* Delta Shuttle
:: Delta Air Lines
::Shuttle America
* Frontier Airlines
::Republic Airlines
* JetBlue Airways
* Southwest Airlines
* Spirit Airlines
* United Airlines
* United Express:
::Chautauqua Airlines
::ExpressJet
::Mesa Airlines
::Shuttle America
::SkyWest Airlines

### Top airlines and destinations
## References
## Other websites
*LaGuardia Airport (official site)
*LGA Airport Monitor  (from Passur.com)
*Transportation Methods for Getting to LaGuardia Airport 
*Using the subway/bus to cheaply get to LaGuardia Airport
*LaGuardia by private jet 
*
*
*LaGuardia airport information (from airport-viewer.com)
*
*Heli Flights Heliports and Helipads near Manhattan  (New York City Helicopter landing pads)
Pentathlon

, and included the discus and javelin throw.]]
A **pentathlon** is a sports contest with five different events. The name comes from two Greek words.  *Pente* means five and *athlon* means competition. The first pentathlon was in Ancient Greece and was part of the Ancient Olympic Games. The five events were long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw, followed by the *stadion* (a short foot race) and wrestling. 

## Modern pentathlon
The modern pentathlon is a sports contest that includes five events.  They are pistol shooting,  fencing, 200 m freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a 3 km cross-country run. It was invented by Pierre de Coubertin. 

The event was first held at the 1912 Olympic Games. It was won by Swedish athlete Gösta Lilliehöök. Since 1949 there is a yearly World Championship unless there is an Olympic Game.

## Related pages
* Biathlon

## References
Kawauchi, Fukushima

is a Japanese village in Fukushima Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

## History
Kawauchi was evacuated because of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. The village is 30 kilometers (19 miles) from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. People had to leave their homes because of radiation.

In 2012, the village government urged (asked) people to come back to their homes. In 2013, only 400 of the 2,000+ citizens of the village have decided to return.

## Gallery

Futaba District vs Fukushima evacuation zones.png|Fukushima disaster evacuation zones

## References
## Other websites
*Kawauchi official website
Namie, Fukushima

is a Japanese town in Fukushima Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

## History
Namie was damaged in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

In April 2011, the Japanese government made people leave here because of radiation from the Fukushima I nuclear accidents.

Before people left, stone from a quarry in Namie was sent to make concrete for about 60 buildings. The stone and the concrete is radioactive.

The people who used to live in Namie are called "nuclear refugees".

## Gallery

Futaba District vs Fukushima evacuation zones.png|Fukushima disaster evacuation zones

## References
## Other websites
*Namie official website 
**Translated to English  by Google
Rik Mayall

**Richard Michael** "**Rik**" **Mayall** (7 March 1958 &ndash; 9 June 2014) was a British comedian and actor and writer of comedy. He starred in many sitcoms, including *Man Down*,*The Young Ones*, *Blackadder*, *Filthy Rich and Catflap*, *The New Statesman* and *Bottom*. He also starred in the movies *Eye of the Needle* (1981), *Drop Dead Fred* (1991) and *Guest House Paradiso* (1999). He also won an Emmy Award in 1997 for *The Willows in Winter* (1995).

Mayall was born in Harlow, Essex. When he was three, he moved to Droitwich Spa, Worcestershire. He studied drama at the University of Manchester. He had a relationship with writer Lise Mayer in the early 1980s. He was married to Scottish make-up artist, Barbara Robbin from 1985 until his death. The couple had two daughters and a son together. His autobiography was published in 2005.

On 9 April 1998, Mayall was injured in a quad bike accident near his home in Devon. After waking up from a coma and having operations, he made a full recovery but was left with epilepsy.

Mayall died from a heart attack after a morning run on 9 June 2014 at his home in Barnes, London. He was 56.

## References
## Other websites
*
Lauryn Hill

**Lauryn Noelle Hill** (born May 26, 1975) is an American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer, and actress. She began her career while still in high school as a member of the Fugees. She rose to greater fame when she released her first solo album, *The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill*. The album received critical acclaim, won many awards, including five Grammy Awards, and was commercially successful. After the release of her debut album, she took a four-year break. In 2002, Hill released *MTV Unplugged No. 2.0*, an album with more personal content that was recorded live, mostly solo with an acoustic guitar. In recent years, she has recorded songs for soundtracks and has performed at secular music festivals. Hill has six children.

## Discography 
* *The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill* (1998)
* *MTV Unplugged No. 2.0* (2002)

## References 
## Other websites 
* **Lauryn Hill**'s official website
*
Nigel Lawson

**Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby** PC (11 March 1932 &ndash; 3
April 2023) was a British Conservative politician. He was born in Hampstead, London, and was of Jewish descent.

He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he got a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. He was a journalist during the 1960s. Lawson was a Member of Parliament from 1974-1992. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1983-1989. Lawson was made a life peer in 1992.

Lawson had six children. They are: Dominic (a journalist), Thomasina (who died of breast cancer), Nigella (a food writer), Horatia, Tom and Emily.

Lawson died on 3 April 2023, three weeks after his 91st birthday.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Commission des titres d'ingénieur

The '''Commission des titres d'ingénieur** (**CTI'*) (in English *engineering accreditation institution'') is the French administration that deals with accreditation of Master's degree in engineering schools (engineering *Grandes écoles*). It was created in 1934.

## Accredited French Engineering Schools before 1934   
The following list mentions the current name (for instance, in 1934, the name of the present-day École Centrale de Nantes was Institut polytechnique de l'Ouest)

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Winnie the Pooh (2011 movie)

***Winnie the Pooh*** is a 2011 American animated musical movie produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 51st movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It is based on the A. A. Milne stories of the same name. In the movie, Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, Rabbit, Piglet, Owl, Eeyore, Kanga and Roo go on a journey to save Christopher Robin from a menacing monster called the Backson (which Owl mistakes "back soon" on Christopher Robin's note as such). The plot of the movie was similar to Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin, but also had a sub-plot in which Eeyore finds his tail, which was based on 1 of the books.

As of 2024, Winnie the Pooh was Walt Disney Animation Studios' most recent fully hand-drawn movie and it's most recent G-rated movie. Despite this, producer Peter Del Vecho and *Frozen* directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee confirmed in 2019 that there would be possibilities for hand-drawn feature films in the future.

## Cast
*Jim Cummings as:
**Winnie the Pooh, a kind-hearted anthropomorphic bear who loves honey. Mark Henn served as the supervising animator for Pooh.
**Tigger, a hyperactive and brave tiger. Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Tigger.
*Travis Oates as Piglet, a small cowardly pig and Pooh's best friend. Bruce W. Smith served as the supervising animator for Piglet. 
*Bud Luckey as Eeyore, an old miserable grey donkey who loses his tail during the events of the movie. Randy Haycock served as the supervising animator for Eeyore.
*Huell Howser as Backson, the mysterious creature who was thought to have kidnapped Christopher Robin. Eric Goldberg served as the supervising animator for the Backson.
*Jack Boulter as Christopher Robin, a young human boy and one of Pooh's best friends. Henn also served as the supervising animator for Christopher Robin.
*Tom Kenny as Rabbit, a pretentious and strait-laced rabbit who loves planting vegetables in his garden. Goldberg also served as the supervising animator for Rabbit.
*Kristen Anderson-Lopez as Kanga, a female kangaroo and Roo's mother. Smith also served as the supervising animator for Kanga. 
*Wyatt Dean Hall as Roo, Kanga's excitable joey. Smith again served as the supervising animator for Roo.
*Craig Ferguson as Owl, an elderly owl who is not as wise as he thinks and tells very long and boring stories about his family. Dale Baer served as the supervising animator for Owl.
*John Cleese as The Narrator

## Awards
## References
Aeronautical teaching certificate

The **Aeronautical teaching certificate** (**CAEA**) (in French ''Certificat d'aptitude à l'enseignement aéronautique'') is the French national degree needed to teach aviation to high school and university students.

It was created in 1999. The exam to earn the degree is in five subjects. These subject cover all of aeronautics.

## References
Frank Borman

**Frank Frederick Borman II** (March 14, 1928 &ndash; November 7, 2023) was an American astronaut and the commander of Apollo 8. He received a Bachelor of Science at West Point and a Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology. Apollo 8 was the first mission to fly around the Moon. The other members of Apollo 8 were Jim Lovell and Bill Anders.

After leaving NASA, he was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Eastern Air Lines from 1975 to 1986. Borman was a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

Borman died on November 7, 2023 of a stroke in Billings, Montana at the age of 95.

## References
## More readings
*
William Anders

**William Alison Anders** (October 17, 1933 &ndash; June 7, 2024) was a United States Air Force officer, NASA astronaut, businessman, and engineer. He was a member of the Apollo 8 space mission. Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell were the first astronauts to leave the orbit of the Earth and go to the Moon.

The crew took the first pictures taken of the earth from the Moon.

The Anders crater on the Moon was named in his honor.

He was married to Valerie E. Hoard. He had six children, Alan, Glen, Gregory, Eric, Gayle and Daina.

He was a fighter pilot and an air defence commander. He received a Bachelor of Science degree and a Master of Science degree in Nuclear Engineering. He graduated from Naval Academy. In 1964, NASA selected him as an astronaut with important responsibilities.

## References
Kara Tointon

**Kara Louise Tointon** (born 5 August 1983) is a British actress. She was born and raised in Essex. She is best known for her role from 2005-2009 as Dawn Swann in *EastEnders*. She and Artem Chigvintsev won the 2010 series of *Strictly Come Dancing*. Her younger sister Hannah is also an actress.

## Other websites 
*
*Curtis Brown
Army Cadet Force

The **Army Cadet Force** (ACF) is a youth organisation in the United Kingdom where members train in military skills.

It was founded in 1859, and had its official 150th birthday in 2010, marked by the Cadet 150 celebrations.

The ACF gives a lot of youth in the UK an ability to change their lives with the opportunities it offers for little money. The ACF offers many activities such as the Summer Mountain Foundation Course (SMF). A lot of these skills can be used in both civilian and military life.

In the Army Cadets, cadets will progress through a rank structure which will improve the cadets’ team work and leadership skills while they are under pressure.

In the summer the ACF offers the opportunity for cadets to attend Annual Camp. On Annual Camp cadets will take part in hiking, fieldcraft and combat training exercises among many more activities.

## References
Atlas cedar

The **Atlas cedar** (*Cedrus atlantica*) is a large coniferous tree of the cedrus genus and is native to the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. It is conical in shape when younger and is a more open shape when mature. It grows to 40m in height. The bark is silvery grey with deep cracks. The leaves of the Atlas cedar are 2.5&nbsp;cm long, pointed, usually 4 sided and dark green to glaucous blue in colour. The female cones are 6–10&nbsp;cm long, barrel-shaped, green when young, becoming brown as they mature.

## References
Kisarazu Air Field

is a Japanese military air field of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.  It is also known as . 

The air field is north northwest of Kisarazu, Chiba Prefecture. Private charter jets also use the airport 

## Operations
JGSDF Kisarazu is home to the JGSDF 1st Helicopter Brigade.  These forces are part of the Central Readiness Force. 

The immediate JGSDF response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami included helicopters from the 1st Helicopter Unit.

After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, helicopters from Kisarazu sprayed seawater from above the plant onto the damaged reactor.

## History
Kisarazu Air Field was originally established in 1936 as a base for the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in the Yokosuka Naval District.

After the end of World War II, the base was used by the United States Air Force (USAF) as "Kisarazu Air Base".

In 1955, the runway was expanded to multiple jet bomber operational length. 

In 1956, control of the base was officially transferred to the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).  Some USAF units remained.

By the 1960s, the US only used Kisarazu to repair United States Navy jets stationed on aircraft carriers in the Pacific. The US military units at this air field were withdrawn. 

In 1968, the JASDF relocated to Iruma Air Base, and Kisarazu was transferred to JGSDF.

## Related pages
* List of airports in Japan

## References
Lucretius

**Titus Lucretius Carus** (ca. 98 BC – ca. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. He is known for *De rerum natura* (in English:"On the Nature of the Universe"). It is an epic philosophical work about the beliefs of Epicureanism.

There are not any details about his life. Saint Jerome tells of how he became insane because of a love potion and wrote his poetry in between fits of insanity. Modern scholarship thinks this was just used to explain how he behaved. The *De rerum natura* had a large affect on the Augustan poets, including Virgil and Horace. The work were lost for a time. It was later found in a monastery in Germany. This work played an important part both in the development of atomism and in the efforts of many people of the Enlightenment era to build a new Christian humanism.
Robert Wilson

**Robert Woodrow Wilson** (born 10 January 1936) is an American Nobel Prize-winning astronomer. He found part of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964. He was working at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey on an antenna with Arno Penzias. This antenna picked up any background 'noise' they could not get rid of. Their findings were justified by others predictions. Fourteen years later, they won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery.

## References
Cedrus libani

has the Lebanese cedar in the middle of it.]]
***Cedrus libani***, the **cedar of Lebanon** or the **Lebanese cedar** is a large coniferous tree of the *cedrus* genus, it is native to the eastern Mediterranean Sea from Lebanon to Turkey. The tree grows to a maximum height of 40m and 10m wide, with a trunk of 2.5m covered in thick, scaly, black, grey-brown bark. When young it is conical in shape but as it matures it becomes flatter on top and more open in structure. The pointed, needle-shaped leaves are glaucous-blue to dark green in colour, 4 sided and about 2.5&nbsp;cm long. The female cones are a dullish green when young, maturing to brown, 6–10&nbsp;cm long and barrel-shaped.

The Cedar of Lebanon has great landscaping value and is widely planted in park and large gardens.

## References
Bruce Forsyth

**Sir** **Bruce Joseph Forsyth-Johnson** CBE (22 February 1928 &ndash; 18 August 2017) was an English television personality, actor and dancer. He has  *Sunday Night at the London Palladium*, *Play Your Cards Right*, *The Generation Game*, *You Bet?* and *The Price Is Right*. He presented *Strictly Come Dancing* from 2004 to 2013.

Forsyth was born in Edmonton, Middlesex. He was educated at The Latymer School.

In 2008 he was awarded the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. He received a Royal Television Society Lifetime Achievement Award on 17 March 2009. On 26 January 2011 he received the National Television Awards special recognition award.

## Personal life and Death
From 1953 to 1973, Forsyth was married to Penny Calvert.  They had three daughters: Debbie, Julie and Laura. According to his autobiography, he dated Miss World 1964 Ann Sidney during her reign. In a 2009 interview, Kathy Kirby said she was Forsyth's lover and that he proposed marriage. From 1973 to 1979, he was married to Anthea Redfern, who was the hostess on *The Generation Game*.  They had two daughters: Charlotte and Louisa. He fell in love with his fellow judge, Wilnelia Merced, at the 1980 Miss World competition. They married in 1983, and had one son together, Jonathan Joseph Forsyth Johnson (born 1987). By his six children, he had eight grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

On 18 August 2017, Forsyth died at his home in Surrey, England of complications of bronchopneumonia, aged 89.

## Television and movies
## Discography
## References
## Other websites 
*
Cantor set

The **Cantor set** is a subset of real numbers with certain properties that are interesting to mathematicians. These properties relate to topology, measurement, geometry, as well as set theory. Some of them are:
*When represented geometrically, the set is a fractal, it has a Hausdorff dimension which is not an integer
*It has the same cardinality as the set of real numbers
*It is self-similar
The set is named after Georg Cantor. Henry John Stephen Smith discovered it in 1875, and Cantor first described it in 1883.

The set is made by starting with a line segment and  removing the middle third.  The Cantor set is the (infinite) set of points left over.  The Cantor set is "more infinite" than the set of natural numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.).  This property is called uncountability.  It is related to the Smith–Volterra–Cantor set and the Menger Sponge. The Cantor set is self-similar.

## Related pages 
* Fractal
* Set theory
* Smith–Volterra–Cantor set
* Cantor dust
* Menger Sponge

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* Cantor set at PRIME 
* 
## References
Bioleaching

**Bioleaching** is getting metals from their ores by using living organisms. This is much cleaner than the traditional method using cyanide. Bioleaching is one of several methods used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt. 

Bioleaching uses certain types of bacteria to produce a solution called a "leachate". By leaving these bacteria with a low-grade metal ore, they can produce leachates which have a compound of that metal. Because this is in a solution it can be used in electrolysis to make the pure metal. This only produces small amounts each time, and is repeated to make it economically viable.

## References
London Heliport

S-76A landing on London Heliport's helipad jetty on the River Thames. Battersea Railway Bridgeis in the background]]

**London Heliport**  at Battersea, London is the capital's main and busiest heliport. 

It is on the south bank of the River Thames, 3 nautical miles (3.5 miles or 5.6 km) southwest of Westminster Bridge and the Palace of Westminster. It is on a jetty between Wandsworth Bridge and Battersea Railway Bridge. The nearest railway station is Clapham Junction, and the nearest tube station is Fulham Broadway.

The heliport, once owned by Westland and then Harrods, is a very small site. It uses a concrete surface on a jetty as a helipad for take-off and landing. There is onshore parking for between three and four aircraft, usually just the smaller helicopters. The heliport has landing, parking and refuelling services between 08:00 and 21:00. Flights are permitted between 07:00 and 23:00. 

In 2012 it was bought by the Reuben Brothers, for £35 million. In 2016, the heliport's official name became the **NetJets London Heliport**, after the private jet company signed a branding deal with the owners.

The nearest main line railway station is  and the nearest London Underground station is .

## References
Erykah Badu

**Erica Abi Wright** (born February 26, 1971), better known by her stage name **Erykah Badu** (), is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, model, dancer and actress. She rose to fame in 1997 when she released her critically well liked first album, *Baduizm*. For this album she received two Grammy Awards. Badu has won a total of four Grammy Awards out of nineteen nominations. Her songs include parts from R&B, hip hop and jazz. Badu is best known for her role in the rise of the neo soul sub-genre, and for her eccentric, creative musical stylings and sense of fashion. She is known as the "Queen of Neo-Soul".

## Personal life
Badu has three children.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Baduizm* (1997)
* ''Mama's Gun* (2000)
* *Worldwide Underground* (2003)
* *New Amerykah Part One (4th World War)* (2008)
* *New Amerykah Part Two (Return of the Ankh)* (2010)

;Live albums
* *Live'' (1997)

## References 
## Other websites 
* **Erykah Badu ** – official website
*
Cyprus cedar

The **Cyprus cedar** (*Cedrus brevifolia*) is a large coniferous tree in the *Cedrus* genus native to Cyprus, where it is found in the Troödos Mountains. Some experts consider it to be either a variety or a subspecies of the Cedar of Lebanon.

This tree can grow up to 25 meters in height and 12 meters in width. When young, it has a conical shape, but as it matures, it broadens and develops a flattened top. Its bark is initially silvery-grey and becomes thickened with deep cracks as the tree ages. The needle-like leaves are grey-green to mid-green, occasionally bluish-green, and are arranged singly on long shoots or in dense clusters of 20–30 on short shoots. The cones are cylindrical, measuring 7–10 cm in length. They are green when young but turn pale brown as they mature and shed their scales and winged seeds.

## References
Glaucous

**Glaucous** is a color that is bluish-green or bluish-grey. In botany it refers to a pale bluish waxy or powdery layer on a surface such as a leaf or a fruit. In birds it refers to a pale bluish grey color of the feathers, legs or some other part of the bird.

*Glaucous* appears in the name of some plants and birds. For example, - Glaucous Gull, *(Larus glaucescens)* or Glaucous Macaw, *(Anodorhynchus glaucus)*. In botany there is the Glaucous Sedge, *(Carex flacca)* and the Glaucous Michelmas Daisy, *(Symphyotrichum laeve)*.

Often grapes, plums and other fruit have a glaucous waxy or powdery layer on the surface of their skin. That layer protects the fruit from water. It can be easily rubbed off.

File:Glaucous-winged Gull RWD1.jpg|Gaucous Gull showing glaucous wing color
File:A Black grape bunch.JPG|Black grapes showing glaucous bloom on their skins
File:T. princeps 1.jpg|*Trachycarpus princeps* showing glaucous underside to leaves

## References
Guido Cavalcanti

**Guido Cavalcanti** (1259 – August 1300) was an Italian poet from Florence. He was the best friend of Dante Alighieri as well as an influence on his thinking. Cavalcanti is one of the most important poets of Dolce stil novo, and he is widely regarded as the first major poet of Italian literature.

## Biography 
Cavalcanti was born into a noble Guelph family; his father was Cavalcante de Cavalcanti. In 1267 he got married to Bice, daughter of Farinata degli Uberti, leader of the Florentine Ghibellines. In 1284 he became a member of the general council, together with Brunetto Latini and Dino Compagni. On June 24 1300 he was exiled, so he went to Sarzana. On August 19 of the same year he could return in Florence, but he died after a few days, on August 29.

## Works 
Guido Cavalcanti wrote sonnets and ballads. Only fifty two poems by the poet are known today. Hist best works are the canzone *Donna mi prega* (*A lady asks me*), the ballad ''I' prego voi che di dolor parlate* (*I ask you that speak about suffering*) and the sonnet *L’anima mia vilment’ è sbigotita* (*My soul is in distress'').

## Translations 
Cavalcanti's poems were translated into English by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ezra Pound and A.S. Kline.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* *Sonnets and Ballate of Guido Cavalcanti* with translations of them and an Introduction by Ezra Pound, Stephen Swift and Co. Ltd., London 1912.

## Other websites
* Guido Cavalcanti's poems translated by A. S. Kline.
Cliff Richard

**Sir Cliff Richard**  (born **Harry Rodger Webb**; 14 October 1940) is a British singer, musician and actor. He is the only male solo artist to have had number one singles in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. His most recent album, *Music... The Air That I Breathe* was released in 2020.

## Early life
Richard was born in Lucknow, India. In 1940, he and his British parents moved from India to England, first moving to Carshalton, Surrey, then to Waltham Cross, followed by Cheshunt, both in Hertfordshire.

## Career
Richard began his music career in 1958 and is still performing. His name Richard comes from Little Richard. His backing group are The Shadows. He performed the United Kingdom entry at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1968 and in 1973.

In 1980 Richard was given an OBE. In 1995, he became a Knight. This means that he has a 'Sir' in front of his name. A person is given a Knighthood by the British Monarch. In 1995 that was The Queen.

Between 1960 and 1963 Richard presented *The Cliff Richard Show*.

In 2008 a book that he wrote about his life so far, *My Life My Way* was published. It was also released as an audiobook.

## Personal life 
Richard is a devout Christian.

In August 2013, Richard's Berkshire home was searched by police over a claim of sexual assault on a boy aged under 16 in 1985. He was not arrested or charged.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website 
*
Francesco Guicciardini

**Francesco Guicciardini** (March 6, 1483 – May 22, 1540) was an Italian historian and statesman. He is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance and the Father of Modern History. He was a friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli.

## Biography 
, Florence.]]
His family was illustrious and noble; after the usual education of a boy in grammar and elementary classical studies, his father, Piero, sent him to the universities of Ferrara and Padua, where he stayed until the year 1505. In 1512, he went to the court of the King of Aragon, Ferdinand the Catholic as ambassador.

In 1515 he became working for the Pope Leo X, who made him governor of Reggio Emilia in 1516 and of Modena in 1517.

## Works 
* *Storie fiorentine* (1508–1510)
* *Diario di Spagna* (1512)
* *Discorso di Logrogno* ("Discourse of Logrogno"; 1512)
* *Relazione di Spagna* (1514)
* *Consolatoria* (1527)
* *Oratio accusatoria* (1527)
* *Oratio defensoria* (1527)
* *Del reggimento di Firenze or Dialogo e discorsi del reggimento di Firenze* ("Dialogue on Florentine Government" or "Dialogue on the Government of Florence"; 1527)
* *Considerazioni intorno ai "Discorsi" del Machiavelli sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio* ("Observations on Machiavelli's Discourses"; 1528, or possibly 1530)
* *Ricordi* or *Ricordi* politici (as the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica refers to it) or *Ricordi civili e politici* (the name given by Giuseppe Canestrini when he first published (1512-1530)
* *Le cose fiorentine* (second "History of Florence"; 1528–1531)
* ''Storia d'Italia'' ("History of Italy"; 1537–1540)
Kadena Air Base

is a United States Air Force base in Japan.

The military base is in the towns of Kadena and Chatan and the city of Okinawa in Okinawa Prefecture.

## History
During the invasion of Okinawa in 1945, the airport was bombed by the US.  The damage was repaired and it became a US air base.  

The American air base on this Japanese island is controversial.

## Related pages 
* List of airports in Japan

## References 
## Other websites 
* Kadena Air Base
Variety (botany)

In botany, **variety** is a rank (like species or subspecies) or a taxon in that rank. Like a subspecies, a variety gets a three-part name (a trinomial); such a variety name will include the name of the species and the variety epithet. The term "variety" is often shortened to "var."  Some examples of this use are:
* *Acer palmatum* var. *atropupureum* (Purple Japanese maple)
* *Abies lasiocarpa* var. *arizonica* (Corkbark fir)
* *Hosta undulata* var. *undulata* (Plantain lily) However, a taxonomist can use their own judgement as to at what rank they want to recognize a different plant. What one taxonomist will call a variety, another will call just a form, or will decide not to recognize as being distinct.

Different varieties of a species will be able to breed together if given the opportunity (just like subspecies, and forms, or for that matter many species).

## Not to be confused 
A variety is not to be confused with a cultivar, which is something else entirely. The name of a cultivar can be recognized because it includes an epithet that is written with initial capital letters, in a different font and is set in single quote marks as shown in these examples:

* *Helleborus foetidus* 'Wester Flisk' 
* *Fuchsia magellanica* 'Riccartoni' 
* *Dryopteris affinis* 'Crispa Congesta'

## References
## Related pages
*Variation
Iced tea

**Iced tea** (also known as **ice tea**) is cold tea (drink) usually served in a glass with ice.  

## Kinds of iced tea
Sometimes, sugar is added to iced tea. This is sometimes called "sweet tea". Sometimes, fruit flavors like lemon, peach, or raspberry are added to the tea.

Many kinds of iced tea can be bought in bottles or cans.
The Hobbit (movie series)

***The Hobbit*** is a three-part fantasy movie. These parts are *The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey* (2012), *The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug* (2013) and *The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies* (2014). The movies are based on J. R. R. Tolkien's book *The Hobbit*. The film series stars Martin Freeman, Ian McKellen, Luke Evans, Lee Pace, Stephen Fry, Orlando Bloom and other.

## The movie trilogy 
* *The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey* (2012)
* *The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug* (2013)
* *The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies* (2014)

## Cast 
* Ian McKellen as Gandalf
* Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
* Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield
* Aidan Turner as Kíli
* Dean O'Gorman as Fíli
* Graham McTavish as Dwalin
* Ken Stott as Balin
* John Callen as Óin
* Peter Hambleton as Glóin
* William Kircher as Bifur
* James Nesbitt as Bofur
* Stephen Hunter as Bombur
* Mark Hadlow as Dori
* Jed Brophy as Nori
* Adam Brown as Ori
* Billy Connolly as Dain
* Andy Serkis as Gollum
* Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug and Necromancer
* Lee Pace as Thranduil
* Orlando Bloom as Legolas
* Evangeline Lily as Tauriel
* Stephen Fry as Master of Lake-town
* Ryan Gage as Alfrid
* Luke Evans as Bard the Bowman
* John Bell as Bain
* Peggy Nesbitt as Sigrid
* Mary Nesbitt as Tilda
* Ian Holm as old Bilbo Baggins
* Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
* Hugo Weaving as Elrond
* Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
* Christopher Lee as Saruman
* Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn
* Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
* Jeffrey Thomas as Thror
* Antony Sher as Thrain
* Barry Humphries as the Great Goblin
* Manu Bennett as Azog
* Conan Stevens, Lawrence Makoare and John Tui as Bolg
* Stephen Ure as Fimbul
* Ben Mitchell as Narzug
* Allan Smith as Ragash
* Bret McKenzie as Lindir
* Jarred Blakiston as Musical Elf
* Andrew Fitzsimons as Elf
* Branden Casey and Cameron Jones as Thranduil's Lieutenant
* Craig Hall as Galion
* Robin Kerr as Elros
* Eli Kent as Lethuin
* Simon London as Feren

## Other websites
Boyar

A **boyar** was a member of the ruling nobility in medieval Russia and some other Slavic countries such as Bulgaria.  The boyars held the most important jobs in the army.  They met in a group called the duma and gave advice to the ruling prince or, in later times, the tsar.  In the 13th and 14th centuries they were rich landowners who could advise the prince, but they were free to go and work for another prince if they wanted to.

In Moscow from the 15th to the 17th centuries they were a closely bonded aristocracy.  There were about 200 boyar families.  Their ancestors were former princes, or Moscow boyar families or foreign aristocrats.  They were not nobility in the European sense.  Many of them had bad manners and not many of them could read.  They did not travel, and they were suspicious of anything foreign

In the 17th century they started to lose power. In the early 18th century Tsar Peter the Great abolished the title of boyar.

## References
Pretender

A **pretender** is someone who says that he or she has the right to be ruler.  The word is often used to describe someone who claims that they have the right to be king, queen, emperor etc.  They claim that the ruler who is on the throne should not be there. 

Sometimes people call such a person a "claimant". The person may be an imposter (someone who is pretending to be someone else).  Often they are pretending to be a prince or other royal person who is missing or whom people think is dead.  However, they may have a genuine right to the throne.  The word *pretend* comes from the French word *prétendre* (from the Latin *praetendo* lit. "to stretch out before").  It means: to profess, to make a loud statement.  In modern English the word *pretend*  means "to claim falsely".

## Related pages
*War of the Roses
*Boris Godunov
*Bonnie Prince Charlie
*Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia

## References and notes