open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Metropolitan Division

The National Hockey League's **Metropolitan Division** was formed in 2013 as part of the Eastern Conference in a league realignment. It followed the Atlantic Division  which and some teams also joined from the Southeast Division. Six of its teams had been in the Patrick Division  from 1981–93 (one joined in 1982). As of the 2013–14 season, it is the only NHL division without a Canadian team. Five of the division's teams are located in either the New York City area or in Pennsylvania.

## Division lineups
### 2013–2020
* Carolina Hurricanes
* Columbus Blue Jackets
* New Jersey Devils
* New York Islanders
* New York Rangers
* Philadelphia Flyers
* Pittsburgh Penguins
* Washington Capitals

#### Changes from the 2012–13 season
* The Metropolitan Division is formed due to NHL realignment
* The Northeast and Southeast Divisions are dissolved due to NHL realignment
* The New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers, and Pittsburgh Penguins come from the Atlantic Division
* The Carolina Hurricanes and Washington Capitals come from the Southeast Division
* The Columbus Blue Jackets come from the Central Division

### 2020–2021
* Division not used for the 2020–21 NHL season

#### Changes from the 2019–20 season
* Due to COVID-19 restrictions the NHL realigned into four divisions with no conferences for the 2020–21 season
* The Carolina Hurricanes and Columbus Blue Jackets move to the Central Division
* The New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins and Washington Capitals move to the East Division

### 2021–present
* Carolina Hurricanes
* Columbus Blue Jackets
* New Jersey Devils
* New York Islanders
* New York Rangers
* Philadelphia Flyers
* Pittsburgh Penguins
* Washington Capitals

#### Changes from the 2020–21 season
* The league returned to using a four division and two conference alignment
* The Carolina Hurricanes and Columbus Blue Jackets come from the Central Division
* The New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins and Washington Capitals come from the East Division

## Division champions
* 2014 – Pittsburgh Penguins (51–24–7, 109 pts)
* 2015 – New York Rangers (53–22–7, 113 pts)
* 2016 – Washington Capitals (56–18–8, 120 pts)
* 2017 – Washington Capitals (55–19–8, 118 pts)
* 2018 – Washington Capitals (49–26–7, 105 pts)
* 2019 – Washington Capitals (48–26–8, 104 pts)
* 2020 – Washington Capitals (41–20–8, 90 pts)
* 2021 – Division suspended for season
* 2022 – Carolina Hurricanes (54–20–8, 116 pts)
* 2023 – Carolina Hurricanes (52–21–9, 113 pts)

### Season results
;Notes
* The 2019–20 NHL season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the imbalance in the number of games played among teams, the regular season standings were determined by points percentage.

## Stanley Cup winners produced
#2016—Pittsburgh Penguins
#2017—Pittsburgh Penguins
#2018—Washington Capitals

## Presidents' Trophy winners produced
#2015—New York Rangers
#2016—Washington Capitals

## Metropolitan Division titles won by team
**Teams in bold are currently in the division.**

## References
Bourg-Saint-Pierre

**Bourg-Saint-Pierre** (German name: *St. Petersburg*) is a municipality of the district of Entremont in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website 
*
2015–16 NHL season

The **2015–16 NHL season** was the 99th season of operation (98th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL). Thirty teams competed. There were 82 games in the regular season from October 7, 2015 to April 10, 2016.

The 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 13, 2016 and ended June 12. The Pittsburgh Penguins won their fourth Stanley Cup. None of the seven Canadian-based teams qualified for the playoffs. The only other time in league history with no Canadian teams in the playoffs was in 1970.

## References
## Other websites
*NHL.com
Yvan Cournoyer

**Yvan Serge "The Roadrunner" Cournoyer** (born November 22, 1943) is a retired Canadian hockey right winger who played in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens from 1963 to 1979.
2016 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia

The **2016 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia** became the 9th IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia, an annual international ice hockey tournament held by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It took place between 12 and 18 March 2016 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

## Top Division
**Participants**

### Preliminary round
### Awards and statistics
#### Awards
*Media All-Stars:
** MVP:  To Weng
** Goalkeeper:  Ahmed Ald Dhaheri
** Defenceman:  Yen-Lin Shen
** Forward:  Hung-Ju Lin

#### Scoring Leaders
*GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalties in Minutes* 

 Source: IIHF.com

#### Goaltending leaders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.

*TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); SA = Shots Against; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; Sv% = Save Percentage; SO = Shutouts*

Source: IIHF.com

## Division I
The Division I competition will played between 9 and 14 April 2016 in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

**Participants**

### Preliminary round
## References
## Other websites
*International Ice Hockey Federation
*Challenge Cup of Asia - IIHF
2015–16 Euro Hockey Tour

The **2015–16 Euro Hockey Tour** is the 20th season of **Euro Hockey Tour**. It started on 5 November 2015 and lasted until 30 April 2016. It consisted of Karjala Cup, Channel One Cup and Euro Hockey Tour Games. Sweden won the tournament.

## Total standings

## Karjala Cup
The Karjala Cup was played between 5–8 November 2015. Five of the matches were played in Helsinki, Finland, and one match in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. Tournament was won by Sweden.

## Channel One Cup
The Channel One Cup was played between 17–20 December 2015. Five of the matches were played in Russia, and one match in Czech Republic. Tournament was won by Czech Republic.

## Euro Hockey Tour Games
*All times are local.*

## Other websites
* Official Site of European Hockey Tour
Bagnes

**Bagnes** was a municipality in Entremont in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Bagnes and Vollèges merged to form the new municipality of Val de Bagnes.

## Villages
Val de Bagnes, Bruson, Champsec, Cotterg, Fionnay, Le Châble, Les Morgnes, Lourtier, Medières, Mauvoisin, Montagnier, Prarreyer, Sarreyer, Verbier, Versegères and Villette

## References
## Other websites
Verbier

seen from Verbier]]
**Verbier** is a village in southwestern Switzerland in the canton of Valais. It is a holiday resort and ski area of the Swiss Alps and is recognized as one of the premiere "off-piste" resorts in the world.

Verbier is in the municipality of Bagnes, in the Swiss canton of Valais. The village lies on a south oriented terrace at around 1,500 metres facing the Grand Combin massif. The terrace lies on the east side of the Val de Bagnes, a valley located south of Martigny.

## Other websites
* Official website
Piezoelectricity

**Piezoelectric** material generates a small electrical voltage, when its shape is deformed. This can be by as little as a 0.09% change, and can produce 12mAh worth of electricity at 230V (standard power output). It is important to note that the actual values of a piezoelectric material's volume or surface area do not change, as only the ratios of each axis (x, y and z) that are altered. E.g. a cuboid with 20 meters cubed volume can have the normal dimensions 1 meter by 2 meters by 10 meters, and the deformed dimensions 2 meters by 2.5 meters by 4 meters; the volume would remain the same, .

When processed, the piezoelectric crystal become sharper as they get refined through heating and cooling. This process makes the material much more sensitive to changes in pressure, as well as increases their resistance to compressive stress that would impede its ability to function.

## Sources
## Related pages 
*Crystal oscillator
*Pierre Curie
GNU Anubis

**GNU Anubis** is an outgoing mail processor. It goes between the Mail User Agent (MUA) and the Mail transport agent (MTA), and can perform various sorts of processing and conversion on the outgoing mail in accord with the sender's specified rules, based on a configurable regular expressions system. It operates as a proxy server, independently from mail user agents.

## Other websites
* GNU Anubis homepage
2014–15 NHL season

The **2014–15 NHL season** was the 98th season of operation (97th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Thirty teams competed. There were 82 games in the regular season from October 8, 2014 to June 15, 2015. The 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 15, 2015, and ended on June 15, 2015. The Chicago Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup.

## Other websites
*NHL.com
2013 IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships

The **7th IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships** took place in the SPART Complex in Goyang, South Korea from April 12 - 20, 2013. It was the first time that South Korea hosted the IPC Ice Sledge Hockey World Championships. In the final, Canada defeated the United States 1-0, to win their third title. Russia defeated the Czech Republic 3-0 for the bronze medal.

## References
2013 World Junior A Challenge

The **2013 World Junior A Challenge** was an international Junior "A" ice hockey tournament organized by Hockey Canada. It was hosted in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, from November 4–10, 2013, at the Mariners Centre. The event included the 9th annual Canadian Junior Hockey League Prospects Game Challenge, marking the third time the two events have been paired together.

## Teams
* Canada East (8th Appearance, 3rd as Hosts)
* Canada West (8th Appearance)
* Russia (8th Appearance)
* Switzerland (3rd Appearance)
* United States (7th Appearance)
* Czech Republic (3rd Appearance)

## Background
Canada East, Canada West, Russia, United States, Switzerland, and Czech Republic all return.

## Exhibition schedule
|}

## 2013 Tournament
### Group A
|}

### Group B
|}

### Results
|}

### Championship Round
|}

### Final standings
## Statistics
### Scorers
|}

### Goaltenders
|}

## Awards
:**Most Valuable Player**:  Nick Schmaltz
***All-Star Team***
:**Forwards**:  Nick Schmaltz,  Connor Hurley,  Kirill Pilipenko
:**Defense**:  Neal Pionk,  Adam Plant
:**Goalie**:  Maxim Tretiak

## CJHL Prospects Game
For the third consecutive year, the Canadian Junior Hockey League Prospects Game was a part of the WJAC festivities.  Just like the previous four Prospects Games, the event was actually two "prospect" games with the President's Cup going to the winning goal aggregate.

Prospects East won their fourth President's Cup in nine years with an 8-4 aggregate victory (4-2, 4-2) over Prospects West.

### Results
|}

## Other websites
*HC's WJAC Website
2011–12 NLA season

The **2011–12 National League A season** was the fifth ice hockey season of the National League A since the reorganization of the Swiss league. 12 teams participated in the league, which was won by EV Zug.

## Regular season
### Standings
### Attendance
### League Leaders
#### Scoring
## Playoffs
### Tournament Bracket
### Quarter-Finals Results
#### EV Zug (1) vs. EHC Biel (8)
#### HC Davos (2) vs. ZSC Lions (7)
#### HC Fribourg-Gottéron (3) vs. HC Lugano (6)
#### Kloten Flyers (4) vs. SC Bern (5)
### Semi-Finals Results
#### EV Zug (1) vs. ZSC Lions (7)
#### Fribourg-Gottéron HC (3) vs. SC Bern (5)
### Finals Results
#### SC Bern (5) vs. ZSC Lions (7)
## Playout
The bottom 4 teams of the National League A will compete in a losing team advances tournament to determine if they should stay in the League. The loser of this tournament will compete against the champions of the National League B to determine which league they will play in next season.

### Tournament Bracket
### Semi-Finals Results
#### Genève-Servette HC (9) vs. Rapperswil-Jona Lakers (12)
#### SCL Tigers (10) vs. HC Ambrì-Piotta (11)
### Finals Results
#### Genève-Servette HC (9) vs. HC Ambrì-Piotta (11)
## Playdowns
Ambrì-Piotta would later defeat SC Langenthal, Champions of the National League B, 4–1 to remain in the National League A

## Other websites
*
2013–14 NLA season

The **2013–14 National League A season** is the seventh ice hockey season of Switzerland's top hockey league, the National League A. Overall, it is the 76th season of Swiss professional hockey. It was won by ZSC Lions after beating Kloten Flyers 4-0 in the play offs.

## Regular season
### Teams
After the 2012–13 season, SCL Tigers were defeated by Lausanne HC of National League B, switching places with them. The number of teams stands at 12.

## Regular season
## Playoffs
## Relegation round
Six games were played as part of the relegation round. Results from the regular season carried over.

### Final
The bottom two teams played in the final.

*EHC Biel - **Rapperswil-Jona Lakers** 2:4 (3:2 OT, 1:3, 2:3, 4:3 OT, 1:4, 4:5)

## Playouts
The bottom team from the relegation round, EHC Biel, played against HC Viège, the National League B champion, for the right to play in the 2014-15 NLA season.

***EHC Biel** - EHC Visp 4:1 (5:2, 2:5, 5:1, 4:1, 3:2)

## Other websites
*Official League Website  
*Official League Website
2012–13 NHL season

The **2012–13 NHL season** was the 96th season of operation (95th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL). 

30 teams competed. There were 48 games. The regular season began on January 19, 2013 and ended on April 28, 2013. The season start was to begin on October 11, 2012 but was delayed due to the 2012–13 NHL lockout

The playoffs began on April 30, 2013. The Chicago Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup on June 24, 2013 after defeating the Boston Bruins in six games.

## Other websites
*NHL.com
2013–14 NHL season

The **2013–14 NHL season** was the 97th season of operation (96th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL). 

This season had a realignment. The league's 30 teams changed from six divisions to four divisions. The regular season began October 1 and ended April 13. The 2014 Stanley Cup playoffs began April 16. For the first time since 1973, only one Canadian team made the playoffs: the Montreal Canadiens.

There was no all-star game this season, due to the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Prior to the season, the NHL, International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and Olympic officials reached an agreement to send NHL players to the Olympics game. The league took a break on February 9 and resumed play on February 25.

The new divisions are:

**Western Conference**

**Eastern Conference**

## References
## Other websites
*NHL.com
2011–12 NHL season

The **2011–12 NHL season** was the 95th season of operation (94th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL). Thirty teams competed. There were 82 games in the regular season from October 6, 2011 to April 7, 2012.

The 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 11, 2012. The Los Angeles Kings won the Stanley Cup.

During the off-season, the Atlanta Thrashers relocated to Winnipeg, Manitoba, to become the Winnipeg Jets.

## Other websites
*NHL.com
2015 Stanley Cup Finals

The **2015 Stanley Cup Finals** was the championship series of the National Hockey League (NHL) .

The Western Conference champion Chicago Blackhawks defeated the Eastern Conference champion Tampa Bay Lightning four games to two. This was the sixth championship for the Blackhawks.

## Rosters
Years in **boldface** under the "Finals appearance" column signify the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year.

### Chicago Blackhawks
### Tampa Bay Lightning
## References
2014 Pan American Ice Hockey Tournament

The **2014 Pan American Ice Hockey Tournament** was the first Pan American Ice Hockey Tournament, an annual event run by the Federación Deportiva de México de Hockey sobre Hielo. It took place in Mexico City, Mexico between March 2 and March 9, 2014. Canada won the tournament, winning all five of its game and defeating Mexico in the gold medal game. Colombia finished third place after defeating Argentina in the bronze medal game.

## Participants
;North America
* 
*  *(host)*

;South America
* 
* 
* 

## Round-robin
;Standings

;Schedules
(UTC–06:00)

## Final round
;Bronze medal game
(UTC–06:00)

;Gold medal game
(UTC–06:00)

;Final standings

## References
2013 Stanley Cup Finals

The **2013 Stanley Cup Final** was the championship series of the National Hockey League (NHL)  season. The Western Conference playoff champion Chicago Blackhawks defeated the Eastern Conference playoff champion Boston Bruins in six games. This was the fifth championship for the Blackhawks.

Due to the 2012–13 NHL lockout the 2013 Cup Finals began on June 12.  The last game was June 24. This tied the , also impacted by a lockout, for the latest in June that the Stanley Cup was awarded.

In Game six, the Blackhawks were losing 2-1 with 76 seconds left in the third period. In 17 seconds, Bryan Bickell and then Dave Bolland scored to take the lead and win the series.

## Rosters
Years in **boldface** under the "Finals appearance" column signify the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year.

### Boston Bruins
### Chicago Blackhawks
## References
Hoek van Holland Haven metro station

**Hoek van Holland Haven**  (*Hook of Holland Harbour*) is a railway station in the Netherlands. Trains used to connect with the Stena Line Dutchflyer boat service  to Harwich International in England. This station is being converted into the Rotterdam Metro.  Buses replace trains.
Dark web

The **dark web** is the world wide web content that exists on darknets. These are overlay networks which use the public  internet but need specific software, configurations or authorization to access.  The dark web is a small part of the deep web. The deep web is the part of the web not accessed by search engines. Sometimes the term "deep web" is wrongly used to refer to the dark web only.

The dark web includes small, friend-to-friend peer-to-peer networks, as well as large networks like Freenet, I2P, and Tor. Users of the dark web refer to the regular web as the clearnet because it is not encrypted. The Tor dark web may be referred to as **onionland**,

## References
2014 Stanley Cup Finals

The **2014 Stanley Cup Finals** was the championship series of the National Hockey League (NHL)'s  season.

The Western Conference champion Los Angeles Kings defeated the Eastern Conference champion New York Rangers four games to one. This was the second championship for the Los Angeles Kings.

## Rosters
Years in **boldface** under the "Finals appearance" column signify the player won the Stanley Cup in the given year.

### New York Rangers
### Los Angeles Kings
Bellwald

**Bellwald** is a municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Forever (Brooke Valentine song)

"**Forever**" is a song by Brooke Valentine. It was released in February 2012. The song's video premiered on 106 & Park on February 22, 2012.

## Release history
## References
Virtual image

In optics, a **virtual image** is an image formed when the outgoing rays from an object always diverge (move apart). A plane mirror forms a virtual image positioned behind the mirror. Light from the source only exists in front of the mirror. The image in a plane mirror appears to be as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror.

In contrast, a real image is one that is formed when the outgoing rays form a point converge at a real location. Real images can be projected onto a diffuse reflecting screen, but a screen is not necessary for the image to form.

## References
2016 California Proposition 64

The **Adult Use of Marijuana Act** (also known as AUMA or Proposition 64) was a 2016 voter initiative that legalized Cannabis in California. The full name of the measure was the "Control, Regulate and Tax Adult Use of Marijuana Act". A similar initiative was on the ballot in 2010, Proposition 19. It did not pass. The initiative passed with 56% voter approval and became law on November 9, 2016.

## Content 
The initiative made recreational cannabis legal for anyone over the age of 21. It also allowed people to grow marijuana plants and sell them. The state would then be able to tax the sale of purchase of the substance.

AUMA allows adults to carry up to an ounce of marijuana. They can also grow up to six marijuana plants in their home. Marijuana packaging would be required to provide the net weight, origin, age, and type of the product, as well as how much of tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and other cannabinoids are in the product. It must also provide any information about if any pesticides were used during the production.

Smoking marijuana in public is still illegal, and anyone caught doing so will have to pay a $100 fine. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*[California Proposition 64, Marijuana Legalization (2016)](https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_64,_Marijuana_Legalization_(2016)) at Ballotpedia
*Official Voter guide for California voters, November 2016, pages 14, 90-99, 212-218.
Vollèges

**Vollèges** was a municipality in Entremont in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Bagnes and Vollèges merged to form the new municipality of Val de Bagnes.

## Villages
Vollèges, Le Levron, Chemin-Dessus, Vens, Etiez and Cries.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Marxism–Leninism

**Marxism–Leninism** was practiced by the Soviet Union (USSR) after the Bolshevik Revolution. It was also practiced by the Stalinists in the USSR. 

The purpose of Marxism–Leninism is to turn a capitalist state into a socialist state. This is done by a revolution by the proletariat to overthrow the old government. The new government then creates a "dictatorship of the proletariat". This new government leads the country based on democratic centralism.

The communist party is supposed to lead society from capitalism to socialism.  According to ML, socialism was more "advanced" than capitalism, but communism would be more "advanced" than socialism.  Indeed, ML is supposed to provide only a first step: from capitalism to socialism, on the way to  a communist society with no class or state..

Today, the only remaining countries that claim adherence to Marxism–Leninism are: China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Laos, with North Korea moving to its own political philosophy, Juche, though the ideology was also influenced by Marxism–Leninism.

## Beliefs 
 and Kliment Voroshilov in 1937]]

Marxism–Leninism is an extension of Leninism. It developed as a form of Marxism with adaptations from the works and theories of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. Mao Zedong has also made contributions to Marxism–Leninism through Maoism.

## References
2016–17 NLA season

The **2016–17 National League A season** is the tenth ice hockey season of Switzerland's top hockey league, the National League A. Overall, it is the 79th season of Swiss professional hockey.

SC Bern is the defending champions.

## Teams
## Coaching changes
On September 22, 2016, Fribourg-Gottéron's Gerd Zenhäusern was relieved of his duties of head coach after posting a 1-1-1-3 record through 6 games this season. It was later announced that Larry Huras would take over the job for the remainder of the season.

On October 1, 2016, the SCL Tigers fired head coach Scott Beattie after posting a 1-0-2-7 record through 10 games this season. He eventually went on to coach his final game that same day against EHC Kloten, which Langnau won 5-3. On October 2, 2016, it was announced that Heinz Ehlers would be Langnau's new head coach for the remainder of the season and through the 2017-18 season should the team stay in the NLA.

## Arenas
Lausanne is playing its final season at Malley before playing two seasons in a temporary arena which will be located in the old city's slaughterhouse. Meanwhile, their new 10,000-seat arena will be built on the site of the old Malley.

This is Fribourg's last season in the current BCF Arena before it undergoes major renovations in the spring of 2017, which will last for about two years and increase the capacity from 6,500 to 8,500. The team should still be able to play in the arena during the renovations.

## Regular season
## Playoffs
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
John Gilliland

**John Sanford Gilliland, Jr.** (October 18, 1935 &ndash; July 27, 1998) spoke on the radio.  He made the *Pop Chronicles* music documentary, which told the story of popular music in America.  He was an original member of The Credibility Gap comedy group.  He was born and died in  Quanah, Texas.  He worked for radio stations in Texas and California including KOGO in San Diego (1961–1965), KRLA 1110 in Los Angeles (1965–1970), and KSFO (AM) in San Francisco (1971–1978).

Gilliland worked on his radio documentary, *The Pop Chronicles*, for over two years.  Then it was first broadcast in 1969. It covered popular music of the 1950s and 1960s. In 1969, KRLA and many other radio stations broadcast this show.  This show can now be heard online.

At KSFO in San Francisco, he also produced and broadcast, beginning in 1972,

He edited and in 1994 published ''Pop Chronicles: the 40's* as a four-cassette audiobook.  This book was also called *The Big Band Chronicles''.  When he was retired, he still worked for KREB in Houston and KXIC in Quanah.  He died in 1998.  In 2003, Gilliland's sister donated the Pop Chronicles tapes to the University of North Texas Music Library.  They form  The John Gilliland Collection.

## Recordings 
* 1968: *An Album of Political Pornography*, with Lew Irwin and The Credibility Gap (Blue Thumb)
* 1994:  ''Pop Chronicles the 40's: The Lively Story of Pop Music in the 40's'' (Mind's Eye)  . .

## Sources 
## Other websites 
* [ The Pop Chronicles] (audio) from the University of North Texas Music Library
*
* Los Angeles Radio People, G
* Obituary from laradio.com
*
* The Man on the Beat: John Gilliland and The Pop Chronicles , 2008  Association for Recorded Sound Collections conference presentation by Andrew Justice and Jonathan Thorn (audio  & slides).
Ukraine International Airlines

**Ukraine International Airlines** is the flag carrier of Ukraine. The airline began in 1992, after Ukraine became an independent country from the Soviet Union. It started flying cargo in 1994. It flies mostly Boeing 737 airplanes.  It goes from Ukraine to Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Commonwealth of Independent States. 74% of the airline owned by Ukraine and 26% is owned by Cyprus. 

## Gallery

File:18bg - Ukraine International Airlines Boeing 737-2T4; UR-GAD@FRA;01.04.1998 (5618455191).jpg|Boeing 737-200 of UIA in 1998.
File:Ukraine International Boeing 737-9KVWL, UR-PSI (17433942513).jpg|A Boeing 737-900 of the airline in Amsterdam.
File:Ukraine International Airlines Boeing 737-500; UR-GAK@TXL;09.04.2013 701bz (8888555814).jpg|A UIA plane taking off.

## References
Nouvelle cuisine

(a three-star *Michelin Guide* chef) *nouvelle cuisine* presentation]]

**Nouvelle cuisine** (French, "new cuisine") is an approach to cooking and food presentation in French cuisine. In contrast to the older haute cuisine, nouvelle cuisine has lighter, more delicate dishes, and pretty presentation. It started in Paris in the 1970s, and by the 1980s was seen in London and New York. The movement is now almost worldwide.

The reasons are connected with modern business life, where long two-hour lunches are a thing of the past. Also, customers began to look for lighter food menus. Food critics Henri Gault and his colleagues André Gayot and Christian Millau put out a new restaurant guide, the *Gault-Millau*, or *Le Nouveau Guide*.

Gault and Millau listed ten characteristics of this new style of cooking. They were:
*Simpler cooking.
*Cooking times for most fish, seafood, game birds, veal, green vegetables and pâtés were reduced to try to keep the natural flavour. 
*The cuisine was made with the freshest possible ingredients.
*Large menus were abandoned in favour of shorter menus.
*Strong marinades for meat and game were not used.
*Heavy sauces like *espagnole* and *béchamel* were dropped. Instead, dishes were seasoned with fresh herbs, high-quality butter, lemon juice, and vinegar.
*Regional dishes were introduced in place of *cuisine classique* dishes.
*New techniques and modern equipment were used; sometimes used microwave ovens.
*Chefs paid close attention to the dietary needs of their guests.
*The chefs were inventive, and created new combinations and pairings.  François Marin worked in the same tradition.

In the 1880s and 1890s, the cooking of Georges Auguste Escoffier was sometimes described as *nouvelle cuisine*.

## References
Mambru Went to War

**Mambru Went to War** (*Mambrú se fue a la guerra* in Spanish) is a 1986 Spanish dramatic-black comedy movie.  Fernando Fernán Gómez both directed and starred in the movie.

## Plot 
The news of the death of Francisco Franco has special meaning to the family of Florentina. The family includes her daughter Encarna, her son Hilario, and her grandchildren Juanita and Manolín. At the same time, Florentina tells the rest of the family that her husband Emiliano is still alive. He was thought to have died in the Spanish Civil War. He actually spent the time hidden at their family home.

## Cast 
* Fernando Fernán Gómez as Emiliano
* María Asquerino as Florentina
* Emma Cohen as Encarna
* Agustín González as Hilario
* Nuria Gallardo as Juanita
* Jorge Sanz as Manolín
* Alfonso del Real as the Mayor
* Francisco Vidal as Priest
* Mimí Muñoz as Sanctimonious
* María Luisa Ponte as Dña. Ramona

## Reception 
### 1st Goya Awards 
## References 
## Other websites
*  
* Ficha en FilmAffinity 
* Ficha en Fotogramas.es 
* Ficha en decine21.com
Sumitra Mahajan

**Sumitra Mahajan** (born 12 April 1943) is an Indian politician and 16th Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 5 June 2014 to 19 June 2019. She is a member of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party.In 2014 she got elected 8 times and she is currently the longest serving women member. She also served as the Union Minister. Sumitra Mahajan is the second longest serving women speaker after Meira Kumar.

Sumitra Mahajan was born in Chitpavan Brahmin family in Chiplun, Maharashtra on 11 April 1943. She married Jayant Mahajan of Indore. She received MA and LLB after marriage from the Indore University.

Sumitra became the first Indian women to represent the same Lok sabha constituency on the same party eight times in a row.Her record was included in the LIMCA book.

## References
Afonso Africano (epic poem)

**Afonso Africano** is an epic poem by Portuguese poet Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo e Castelo Branco. It was first published in 1611. It is composed of twelve cantos. It is written in ottava rima which in Portugal is known as oitava rima. This stanza is made up of eight lines and rhymes abababcc. The same was earlier used by Luís de Camões in his Lusiads. Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo's poem narrates about Portuguese king Afonso who was called The African. In the poem his expedition to Morocco, the war and the sieges of Arzilla and Tanger are described. The first stanza is typical for Renaissance epic poems.

: *As armas e o varão ilustre canto*
: *que de Africano tem insígnia e nome,*
: *cuja alta fama será viva, enquanto*
: *no dourado horizonte o Sol assome.*
: *Donde começarei? Que o grande espanto*
: *me tem suspenso, que princípio tome,*
: *que tantas obras quantas me apresenta*
: *vivo calor que mais e mais se aumenta.*
## References
Sikandar Lodi

**Sikandar Khan Lodi** was the Sultan of Delhi and second ruler of the Lodi dynasty after Bahlul Khan Lodi. He was the most successful sultan of the Lodi dynasty of Delhi Sultanate. Sikandar Khan Lodi ruled the sultanate from 17 July, 1489 to 21 November, 1517.

Sikandar Khan Lodi was born to the first sultan of the Lodi dynasty Bahlul Khan Lodi and Bibi Ambha, daughter of a Hindu goldsmith, in 1458.After he became the ruler he proved that he is an ablest ruler. He encouraged trade across his territories. He conquered Gwalior from the Rajputs in 1490 and Bihar from the rebellious Afghan chiefs in the region.

Sikandar Khan Lodi constructed the present day city of Agra. He wrote Persian poetry using the pen name *Gulrukhi*. Sikandar enlarged his territories in his sultanate that extended from the region of Punjab to Bengal and the territories between River Satluj and Bundelkhand region.

He died on November 21 1517 and was buried in the Lodi Gardens located in Delhi. 

He was succeeded by his son, **Ibrahim Lodi**.

## References
Dairy farming

**Dairy farming** is a type of agriculture that is focused on producing milk. This is different from raising animals to produce meat. Milk can be used to produce dairy products, including cheese. Species commonly used are cows (also called dairy cows), goats, sheep and camels. Sometimes donkeys are used to produce an alternative to cows' milk for babies. Some babies can digest donkeys' milk better than cows' milk.

Producing milk has been part of farming since prehistoric times.  In the 20th century, farmers have become more specialized.  Some farmers started with farms that only produce milk.

## References
2017 IIHF World U18 Championships

The **2017 IIHF U18 World Championship** will be the 19th IIHF World U18 Championship, and will be hosted by Poprad and Spišská Nová Ves, Slovakia. The tournament will played 13 to 23 April 2017. Finland will enter the tournament as the defending champions.

## Top Division
### Preliminary round
#### Group A
#### Group B
### Relegation round 
### Playoff round
## Division I
### Division I A
The Division I A tournament will be played in Bled, Slovenia, from 7 to 13 April 2017.

|}

### Division I B
The Division I B tournament will be played in Bled, Slovenia, from 15 to 21 April 2017.

|}

## Division II
### Division II A
The Division II A tournament will be played in Gangneung, South Korea, from 2 to 8 April 2017.

|}

### Division II B
The Division II B tournament was played in Novi Sad, Serbia, from 13 to 19 March 2017.

|}

## Division III
### Division III A
The Division III A tournament will be played in Taipei, Taiwan, from 21 to 27 March 2017.

|}

### Division III B
The Division III B tournament will be played in Querétaro, Mexico, from 17 to 19 March 2017.

|}

## References
## Other websites
*IIHF.com
Kingdom of Galicia

The **Kingdom of Galicia** (; ; ; ) was a political entity (a state) in southwestern Europe, in a region that today includes parts of northern Portugal and northwestern Spain.

## History 
, 1560|left]]Galicia was first part of the Roman province of Gallaecia and it became a kingdom under the Germanic Suebi in the 5th century, and later, from 585 to 711, it was integrated into the Kingdom of the Visigoths. 

In the 8th century Galicia became a part of the newly founded Christian kingdoms of the northwest of the peninsula, sometimes called ***Galicia*** or derivates, and others Asturias and León. Sometimes it got independence under its own kings. Rulers were titled as "Kings of Galicia" even when they governed from cities like Oviedo or León. This has led to significant historiographical controversy. 

Compostela became the capital of Galicia in the 11th century. The independence of Portugal (1128) made its southern boundary. The accession of the Castilian King Ferdinand III to the Leonese kingdom in 1230 brought Galicia under the control of the Crown of Castile. The kingdom of Galicia was now a political division in the larger realm, but it continued to maintain a distinct cultural identity.

## Related pages 
*Galicia (Spain)
*Galician language
*Galician-Portuguese
*Kingdom of Galicia in historiography
*Umayyad conquest of Hispania
*Kingdom of Portugal

## References 
## Other websites 
* Culture and Society in Medieval Galicia. A Cultural Crossroads at the Edge of Europe James D'Emilio. University of South Florida
Fiesch

**Fiesch** is a municipality in Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. It is at the foot of the Eggishorn mountain.

Fiesch has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its view of the Jungfrau-Aletsch Protected Area.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Fieschertal

**Fieschertal** is a village and municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Grafschaft

**Grafschaft** was a municipality of the district Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2001, the former municipalities of Biel, Ritzingen and Selkingen merged into the municipality of Grafschaft and On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Grafschaft, Blitzingen, Münster-Geschinen, Niederwald and Reckingen-Gluringen merged into the new municipality of Goms.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Secession in the United States

**Secession in the United States** refers mainly to state secession. It applies to the outbreak of the American Civil War when on December 20, 1860, South Carolina officially declared their secession from the United States. It was followed four months later by the states of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas and Louisiana. Then, on April 12, 1861, hostilities began at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. After this, the states of Virginia (except the northwestern counties), Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy. The disagreements still go on today. Many said that slavery was the main cause of the war.

* The U.S. prevented Georgia from an "equal enjoyment of the common Territories of the Republic"." They added, only the black man can work in our hot climate. The North gives us only two choice: either abolishing slavery and suffering complete ruin or seceding from the Union. The reasons included:

* The Federal government has repeatedly violated the United States Constitution by not respecting the states' rights reserved by the state of South Carolina. Where the interests of two people are different, each must be able to govern itself or it cannot be free.
* The first act of violence between the confederate states and the union states was at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.

### Texas 
Texas became a state on December 29, 1845 with the assurances of becoming an equal state in the Union and was accepted with her own constitution. That constitution protected and maintained the institution known as slavery. Texas gave up a being a sovereign country to join the United States to promote the welfare, security and liberty of her people. Her declaration of causes included: 

* The federal government seeks to destroy slavery in both Texas and other slaveholding states. This disloyalty by the Northern states has permitted outlaws in the state of Kansas to trample on federal laws and subvert slavery. 

* By the use of violence and mob law the Northern states intend to trample on the rights of Southern citizens.

* The federal government has failed to protect the people and property of the state of Texas by allowing Indian savages on our border. More recently, they have allowed Mexican s to  into Texas. The state has had to bear the s of protecting its citizens with no ment from the federal government.

* Texas is no longer as safe as it was when it was the Republic of Texas.

## Related pages 
*Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War
*Border states (American Civil War)
*51st state
*League of the South
*Ordinance of Secession
*Second Vermont Republic
*Southern nationalism
*Submissionist

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Curicó Province

**Curicó Province** () is one of four provinces of the central Chilean region of Maule (VII). Its capital and largest city is Curicó.

## Geography
The Curicó province has an area of , the third largest province in the Maule region. The provincial capital, Curicó, is about  south of Santiago.

The province is bordered to the northwest by the Cardenal Caro province (O'Higgins region), to the north by the Colchagua province (O'Higgins region), to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Talca provinces and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.

## Population
 (last national census), there were 244,053 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km². The urban population was 157,876 persons ( of the total).

The largest city of the province is Curicó, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 93,447.

## Administration
As a province, Curicó is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 9 communes (*comunas*). The city of Curicó serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## Gallery

File:Iglesia la Merced en Curicó.JPG|La Merced church, Curicó
File:Plaza de Armas Molina.JPG|Central square, Molina
File:Capilla cerca de Romeral, Curico (9426981536).jpg|Chapel near Romeral

## Related pages
* Provinces of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional del Maule  Official website 
* Province of Curicó website
My Own Prison

***My Own Prison*** is the debut studio album by Creed. The album was released on April 14, 1997 through Blue Collar Records.

## Track listing
## References
Magnús Scheving

**Magnús Örn Eyjólfsson Scheving** (born 10 November 1964) is an Icelandic writer, actor, producer, entrepreneur, and athlete. He is the creator, CEO & Co-founder of Lazytown Entertainment, from which he is the creator and co-star of the children's television show *LazyTown*, in which he starred as Sportacus.
ISIPCA

'''Institut supérieur international du parfum, de la cosmétique et de l'aromatique alimentaire (ISIPCA)'* is a renowned graduate cosmetics school in France. It is in a campus of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Northern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
* Bachelor of Science
* Master of Science
* *Mastères Spécialisés'' (MS)
* Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages.

## Research labs 
Research activities at ISIPCA relate to the following topics:
* Perfume
* Cosmetics
* Flavor

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
Theory of mind

**Theory of mind** is the ability to understand that other people have their own minds with their personal state of knowledge, their personal beliefs, wishes and intentions, and that these may differ from one's own mind. Autistic people typically show an impaired ability to recognize other people's minds. They experience difficulties with explaining and predicting other people’s behaviour. This leads to problems in social communication and interaction. Children on the autistic spectrum usually develop the theory of mind more slowly than other children. They have difficulties with it throughout their lives. However, autistic people's performance on theory of mind tasks varies.

For testing whether someone lacks the theory of mind, the *Sally-Anne* test is performed. The child sees the following story: Sally and Anne are playing. Sally puts her ball into a basket and leaves the room. While Sally is gone, Anne moves the ball from the basket to the box. Now Sally returns. The question is: where will Sally look for her ball? The test is passed, if the child correctly assumes that Sally will look in the basket. The test is failed if the child thinks that Sally will look in the box. Children below the age of four as well as older autistic children typically fail this test.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Philosophy of mind
Gertrude Bell

**Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell** CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was a British archaeologist, traveller, and diplomat.

She explored and mapped countries in the Middle East. She influenced British imperial policy-making with her knowledge and contacts. Bell travelled mainly in Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia.

## Early life 
Gertrude's father was Hugh Bell (later Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet). Gertrude Bell was the oldest of her father's five children, and his only daughter. Gertrude's mother was Bell's first wife, Mary. Theirs was a rich family. Hugh Bell worked in the iron industry, and his own father had been the industrialist Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, 1st Baronet.

Gertrude Bell grew up at Red Barns, her father] house near Redcar in County Durham. Gertrude's mother, Mary Bell, died in 1871, after she gave birth to her son Maurice. Mary's death made Gertrude unhappy but also made her more independent. She had a close connection with her father. He married Gertrude's step-mother Florence Olliffe in 1876, and together they had Gertrude's three step-siblings: Hugh Lowthian; Florence Elsa; and Mary Katharine. Gertrude was very good at all kinds of things: she was good at sport, she was good at school, and she was funny and clever in conversation. Her school was Queen's College, London. In April 1886, Bell started studying at Lady Margaret Hall (a college of the University of Oxford). She studied for seven hours every day and did all kinds of sports. She was friends with Janet E. Courtney (then Janet Hogarth) and Edith Langridge. Bell graduated in 1888, with a first-class bachelor's degree in Modern History. After this she went on a tour of Europe.

Bell was in Bucharest in 1888 and 1889, where she lived with Frank Lascelles: he was the brother-in-law of Bell's stepmother Florence. Lascelles was the British diplomatic representative in the Kingdom of Romania. There Bell met Valentine Chirol, the journalist for *The Times* in the area. Through Chirol, Bell met Charles Hardinge and started to learn about diplomacy between the Great Powers. Bell returned to Britain in 1899, after first going to Constantinople. For three years she did charity work and was part of the London "season" in the summers.

## References 
* Gertrude Bell (1919) [1907]. *The desert and the sown: travels in Palestine and Syria*. London: Heinemann.
Orchard Island, Ohio

**Orchard Island** is an unincorporated community and tourist area located in Washington and Stokes townships, Logan County, Ohio, United States. Orchard Island is part of an island chain which includes the southeastern shore of Indian Lake, north of Russells Point. Orchard Island is the largest of the nearby islands. These include Wolfe, Fox, Willow Bank, and Crystal Beach.

## References
Ernen

**Ernen** (Walliser German: *Ärne*, ) is a municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2005, the former municipalities of Ausserbinn, Ernen, Mühlebach and Steinhaus merged into the municipality of Ernen.

In 1997, Ernen was awarded the Wakker Prize for the preservation of its architectural heritage.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website