open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Roger Casement

**Sir Roger Casement** (1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916) was an Irish nationalist and British diplomat. He served as British consul in Boma, the capital of the Congo Free State and reported human rights abuses there. He helped a campaign against King Léopold II of Belgium's rule in the Congo Free State, which led him to relinquish his African kingdom to the Belgian Parliament in 1908.

He then became an Irish revolutionary. After participating in the 1916 Easter Rrising, he was executed for treason by hanging by the British.

His role in the rising was in the importation of guns from Germany. He was arrested in Tralee, County Kerry. 

At his trial he was outed as gay, this was discovered through his diary.
Saving Grace (movie)

***Saving Grace*** is a 2000 British comedy movie set in Cornwall. Brenda Blethyn stars in the movie. It premiered at Sundance Film Festival. Critical reaction to this movie was positive. The movie received favorable notice for an independent British comedy; it was nominated for awards.

## Other websites 
*
Brenda Blethyn

**Brenda Blethyn** (born 20 February 1946) is a British actress. She has starred in movies, television and theatre. She has been nominated for Academy Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Emmy Awards. She has won a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award. Notable movies she has starred in include *Secrets & Lies* (1996).

## Filmography 
## Other websites 
*
So What (Pink song)

**"So What"** is a 2008 song performed by American pop rock singer Pink. The single was the first off her fifth album *Funhouse* and became her first solo #1 hit in the United States.
Lukas Katnik

**Lukas Katnik** (born 31 July 1989) is an Austrian footballer. He plays for FC Pasching in Austrias Regionalliga Mitte as striker.

## Career
He started playing football in the local clubs FC Mäder and FC Köblach in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. 2006 he went to FC Lustenau where he made his professional debut in 2007. In 2010, he went to FC Dornbirn where he scored 10 goals in the first part of the season. In January 2011, he went on to Red Bull Juniors but went at once to USK Anif on loan. In 2011/2012 he came back to the Juniors and is mostly part of the starting team in the Regionalliga West, which is the 3rd division in Austrian football.

After a cooperation with FC Pasching Katnik, he was transferred to this club on loan.

## References
* Players profile Transfermarkt.at
Frito-Lay

**Frito-Lay North America** is an American company connected under PepsiCo, Inc. The company creates potato chips, corn chips and other snack foods. It was founded around 1965. Its  is in Plano, TX.

## References
Belgian Congo

**Belgian Congo** was a Belgian colony in central Africa. It was formed in 1908. The government of Belgium took over the previously separate kingdom of Belgium's monarch Léopold II; the Congo Free State. Today it is called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It existed between Léopold II's formal transfer of his personal control to Belgium on 15 November 1908, and Congolese independence on 30 June 1960.

## References
## Other websites
*[Belgian Congo](http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Belgian_Congo_(addition)) article in *Encyclopædia Britannica* 1922 extension.
*Oasis Kodila Tedika and Francklin Kyayima Muteba. *Sources of growth in Democratic Republic of the Congo before independence. A cointegration analysis.* *Revue congolaise d’économie* / *Congo Economic Review*. Document de Travail / Working Paper. WP02/10 — July 2006.
Pope Benedict IX

**Pope Benedict IX** (; c. 1012–1056), born **Teofilatto** or **Theophylactus** of Tusculum, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 145th Pope from 1032 to 1045.  He is listed as the 147th Pope in 1045.

## Early life
Teofilatto was born in Rome c. 1012. He was the son of Alberic III of the noble Tusculum family.

He was the nephew of both Pope Benedict VIII and Pope John XIX.

## Cardinal
John XIX raised Teofilatto to the rank of a cardinal; but the date is unknown.

## Pope
In 1032, Alberic III used his money and influence to make his son the pope. This was called simony.  Pope Benedict chose his name in honor of his uncle, Benedict VIII.

Benedict is usually recognized as having had three terms or s as pope

### First term
Benedict's first period as pope  from 1032 to 1044 when a revolt in Rome forced Benedict out of the city; and an antipope was elected with the name of Sylvester III.

### Second term
Benedict's second period as pope lasted from his return six months later to 1045 when he sold his title to John Gratianus,  Benedict abdicated or resigned.

In 1046, there were three men with the title of pope.  The problem was solved by electing a new pope with the name of Pope Clement II, who died a short time later.

### Third term
When the death of Clement II in 1047, Benedict IX tried to claim the papacy again, but was driven out of Rome by German troops.  The timely election of Pope Damasus II became unimportant when he died 23 days later. and Pope Leo IX was elected in 1049.]]

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Teofillato
Shooting

with a Krag-Jørgensen bolt-action rifle in 1940.|thumb|200px|right]]

**Shooting** is when a rifle, shotgun or other weapons which fire a projectile, such as bows or crossbows, are fired. Even the firing of artillery, rockets and missiles can be called shooting. A person who is very good at shooting is a marksman. Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field in hunting, in shooting sports or in combat. Shooting is also an Olympic sport.

## Uses
Shooting is used for hunting birds such as grouse or pheasant, rabbits etc. Sometimes "shooting" just means "hunting".

## Violence
Shooting is also used in warfare, self-defense, crime, and law enforcement. When someone commits mass shooting of innocent people, it is sometimes caused by misanthropy – the hate of mankind.

## Competitive shooting
In several countries, rifle clubs have been made since the 19th century. Soon, international shooting events were started, including shooting at the Summer Olympics (from 1896) and International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) World Shooting Championships (from 1897). The ISSF is in charge of Olympic and non-Olympic rifle, pistol and shotgun competitions. However, there are also many national and international shooting sports which other groups are in charge of.

## Shooting supplies
In most countries, those who want to use firearms need a license. Firearms can usually be bought from registered shops.

## Related pages
* Gun
* Gun control

## Other websites
Tom McNeeley

**Thomas William McNeeley, Jr.** (February 27, 1937 – October 25, 2011) was a professional boxer. He was son of Tom McNeeley, Sr., who was also a professional boxer.  McNeeley attended Michigan State University where he played football.

His first professional fight was on July 17, 1958.  He fought 25 times without losing. On December 4, 1961, McNeeley fought Floyd Patterson for the World Heavyweight Championship. Patterson retained his .  McNeeley retired after a June 14, 1966 fight. He later served on the Massachusetts Boxing Commission for eight years. He was also a U.S. Marshall. Later, he worked in the athletic department of the Massachusetts prison system and as a counselor for state employees.

McNeeley's son, Peter McNeeley was also a professional boxer. Peter fought Mike Tyson.

## References
Pope John

**Pope John** may mean:

* Pope John I (523–526)
* Pope John II (533–535)
* Pope John III (561–574)
* Pope John IV (640–642)
* Pope John V (685–686)
* Pope John VI (701–705)
* Pope John VII (705–707)
*: Antipope John VIII
* Pope John VIII (872–882)
* Pope John IX (898–900)
* Pope John X (914–928)
* Pope John XI (931–935)
* Pope John XII (955–964)
* Pope John XIII (965–972)
* Pope John XIV (983–984)
* Pope John XV (985–996)
*: Antipope John XVI 
* Pope John XVII (1003)
* Pope John XVIII (1003–1009)
* Pope John XIX (1024–1032)
*: Pope John XX
* Pope John XXI (1276–1277)
* Pope John XXII (1316–1334)
*: Antipope John XXIII 
* Pope John XXIII (1958–1963)

*See also:*
* Pope John Paul I (1978)
* Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
Andy Williams

**Andy Williams** (December 3, 1927 - September 25, 2012) was an American singer. He had many gold and several platinum albums and songs, including 8 Christmas albums.

Williams was born in Wall Lake, Iowa. Some sources say he was born in 1927, others say 1928. Williams was married to Claudine Longet from 1961 until they divorced in 1975. He was later married to Debbie Meyer from 1991 until his death in 2012. Williams had 3 children. In November 2011, Williams was diagnosed with bladder cancer. Williams died on September 25, 2012 in Branson, Missouri from the cancer, aged 84.

In *The Simpsons* episode "Moonshine River", was dedicated to his memory.

## References
The Waitresses

**The Waitresses** were an American experimental new wave music group. They were from Akron, Ohio. The group formed in the early 1980s. Their song *I Know What Boys Like* was released in 1980 but did not chart until 1982. They also represented the theme song for the television series *Square Pegs* in 1982-1983. The group broke up in 1984. Their lead singer died due to lung cancer in 1996.
Kung Fu (1972 TV series)

***Kung Fu*** is an American television series created by Ed Spielman, and starring David Carradine as Kwai Chang Caine. The show was nominated for 2 Golden Globes.

## Plot 
*Kung Fu* follows the adventures of a Shaolin monk named Kwai Chang Caine traveling through the Old West of the United States as the only weapon, using his skills in martial arts and inner strength of his philosophy of life. Its purpose was to find his half-brother, Danny Caine, and start a new family, as Kwai Chang had fled China after the authorities put a price on his head.

63 episodes of the series were filmed between 1972-1975, including the 90-minute TV pilot.

## References 
*Action TV: tough-guys, smooth operators and foxy chicks, by Bill Osgerby,Anna Gough-Yates
*Cinephilia: movies, love and memory, by Marijke de Valck,Malte Hagener

## Other websites 
*
Valentín Paz-Andrade

**Valentín Paz-Andrade** (Pontevedra, 23 April 1898 &ndash; Vigo, 19 May 1987) was a Galician lawyer, writer, politician, journalist, poet, businesspeople and economist.

Galician Literature Day is dedicated to him in 2012.

## Works
* *Pranto matricial* (1955) .
* *Los derechos sobre el espacio marítimo* (1960) .
* *La anunciación de Valle-Inclán* (1967) .
* *Sementeira do vento* (1968) .
* *La marginacíón de Galicia* (1970) .
* X. R. Barreiro Fernández, F. Díaz-Fierros ..., *Los Gallegos*, (1976), *La sociedad y la economía*, (1975), pp.&nbsp;45–93.
* *A galecidade na obra de Guimarães Rosa* (1978) .
* *Cen chaves de sombra* (1979) .
* *Castelao na luz e na sombra* (1982) .
* 
* *O legado xornalístico de Valentín Paz-Andrade* (1997) .
* *Epistolario*, (1997) .

## References
### Further information
* Freixanes, Víctor F. (1982), *Unha ducia de galegos*. .
* Calvo, Tucho (1998), *Valentín Paz-Andrade, a memoria do século*. .
* 
* Rodríguez Vidales, Francisco (1999), *VPA, Valentín Paz-Andrade*. .

## Other websites 
* *Enciclopedia Galega Universal*
Gustav Kirchhoff

**Gustav Robert Kirchhoff** (12 March 1824&nbsp;– 17 October 1887) was a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and radiation by heated objects. He coined the term black body radiation in 1862. 

He proposed two sets of independent concepts in both circuit theory and thermal emission. They are all called 'Kirchhoff's laws' after him, as well as a law of thermochemistry. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after him and his colleague, Robert Bunsen. He also discovered rubidium with Bunsen in 1861.

## References
Pope Innocent

**Pope Innocent** may mean:

* Pope Innocent I (401–417), saint of the Roman Catholic Church
* Pope Innocent II (1130–1143) 
* Pope Innocent III (1198–1216)
*: Antipope Innocent III 
* Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254)
* Pope Innocent V (1276)
* Pope Innocent VI (1352–1362)
* Pope Innocent VII (1404–1406)
* Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492)
* Pope Innocent IX (1591)
* Pope Innocent X (1644–1655)
* Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689)
* Pope Innocent XII (1691–1700)
* Pope Innocent XIII (1721–1724)
Reactivity (chemistry)

**Reactivity** is a measure of how much a substance tends to react  with other things. Some substances are more reactive, and others are less reactive. Reactivity is set by several factors:
* the range of  (conditions that include temperature, pressure, or presence of catalysts) in which the substance reacts,
* the range of substances that will react with it,
* the equilibrium point of the reaction (that is, the extent to which all of it reacts), or
* the speed of the reaction.

Reactivity involves both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the particular chemical reaction. A reaction will be more reactive if the total energy of the products is less than the total energy of the reactants. A reaction will be more reactive if the energy of its transition is low.

Lithium reacts with water and air. Gold does not react with water or air. Gold is nonreactive, thus low on the reactivity series. Lithium is reactive. There are several ways to measure reactivity. Some substances are reducing agents, and others can be oxidizing agents. Some absorb water easily. Some break down easily.

## References
## Related pages
*Stereochemistry
Occupy London

**Occupy London** (also known as **Occupy London Stock Exchange**) was a peaceful protest and demonstration. The aims of the protest was to demand dialogue and to draw attention to several different issues such as the widening gap between rich and poor people in the UK as well as the great influence that companies and business groups have on decisions made by the UK government.   

## Location and History
The protest was mostly found in a group of tents in the grounds of St Paul's Cathedral in London, United Kingdom. The Cathedral is just in front of the London Stock Exchange. The protest started on 15 October 2011 with the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York, United States. On 22 October 2011 another protest was set up in Finsbury Square which is about 1&nbsp;km away. By June 2012 all the tents had gone.

## Organisation and Events
The protesters are not part of a political party and they do not have a .  They said they were protesting against  an "unjust and undemocratic" system. They called for "real global democracy". 

## Gallery 

File:Occupy London.jpg|Protesters at Occupy London
File:Occupy London - police.jpg|Police at Occupy London
File:Occupy London Tent.jpg|Protesters' tents.

## References
*The Occupy London website and blog
Gandhi (disambiguation)

**Mahatma Gandhi** was the leader of the Indian independence movement. He was also known as Mohandas Karam Chandra Gandhi.
**Gandhi** or **Ghandhi** may also refer to:

* Kanchi Natarajan Gandhi
* Gandhi (band)
* Gandhi (movie)
All I Want for Christmas Is You

"**All I Want for Christmas Is You**" is a widely popular Christmas song by American R&B singer Mariah Carey for her fourth studio album, *Merry Christmas*. It was first released in November 1994. The lyrics of the song declare that the protagonist doesn't care about the Christmas presents or lights and that all she is wanting is to be united alongside her lover for the Christmas holidays. The song has been remixed and covered by other musicians, such as The Cheetah Girls, Shania Twain, Miley Cyrus and John Mayer since it was introduced.  Carey wrote and produced the song with her longtime collaborator Walter Afanasieff.

The song's length is four minutes and one second.  On December 18, 2017, *Billboard* announced that the song had reached the top ten on the Hot 100 for the first time in the 23 years that the song was released.  In 2018, it reached number three on the Hot 100 and was at the top of the Canadian Hot 100 and Australian Singles Chart.

On December 16, 2019, *Billboard* announced that, after 25 years of release, the song had reached number one on the Hot 100, marking Carey's 19th chart-topper, extending her record as the soloist with the most US number-ones in history.

After peaking at number two, the song was at the top of the UK Singles Chart on December 11, 2020.

On December 3, 2021, the RIAA certified the song Diamond in the US for sales and streams of 10 million copies there.

## Popular culture 
In December 2016, British talk show host James Corden recorded a version of the song as part of his Carpool Karaoke segment on CBS's *The Late Late Show*.  The video features British musicians Adele, Elton John, and Chris Martin, along with American entertainers Lady Gaga, Selena Gomez, Nick Jonas, Demi Lovato, Gwen Stefani, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Carey herself, singing lines from the song. As of January 2021, this version has over 49 million views on YouTube.

## Charts
### Weekly charts 
### Year-end charts 
### Decade-end charts 
### All-time charts 
### Certifications
## References
AKUT Search and Rescue Association

**AKUT Search and Rescue Association** *(Turkish: AKUT Arama Kurtarma Derneği)* is a non-governmental and volunteer organization in Turkey, which was established in 1996 by a group of mountaineers. The association has established 27 teams in different regions of Turkey and has participated in more than 1000 search and rescue operations in and out of Turkey. It's also a member of the International Rescue Dogs Organization and United Nations' International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG).

In 2011 the association participated in INSARAG's classification event and since then it's a "medium search and rescue group".

## Other websites
* Official webpage 
* Official webpage of Ankara Team  *rev. 6. Nov. 2011*
* INSARAG USAR Directory *rev. 6. Nov. 2011*
* *IRO - Mitgliedsorganisationen*  *rev. 6. Nov. 2011 (in German)*
Orthacanthus

***Orthacanthus*** was an ancient Permian shark that had a long spine growing from the back of its skull. It had a very long dorsal fin, which ran all along the sharks back, giving it an eel-like appearance. 

*Orthacanthus* was an apex terror of freshwater swamps in prehistoric North America. Its body reached nearly 10 feet in length, and its powerful jaws were lined with double-fanged teeth.

*Orthacanthus* lived from roughly 280 million years ago during the end of the Permian period. They were around before the dinosaurs evolved. This makes *Orthacanthus* one of the most famous predators of all time. Males and females were highly different, but no one really knows if males and females were ever present in the species *Orthacanthus*.

*Orthacanthus* may have been sometimes a cannibal, feasting on others of its kind. This is also shown in some animals of the present day.

## Media 
*Orthacanthus* has appeared inactive in a Lost World novel. It also appeared in a episode of the series Primeval, where it was named as a species of shark from the future.
Tim Cook

**Timothy Donald "Tim" Cook** (November 1, 1960) is the chief executive officer of Apple Inc.. He joined the company in March 1998. On August 24, 2011, he was made the CEO of Apple after the resignation of Steve Jobs, who died on October 5, 2011 from pancreatic cancer.

## Early life and Education 
Cook grew up in Robertsdale, Alabama, near Mobile. His father was a shipyard worker, and his mother was a homemaker. Cook finished high school at Robertsdale High School, earned a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Auburn University in 1982, and his M.B.A. from Duke University's Fuqua School of Business in 1988.

## Career 
Cook spent six months at Compaq as the Vice President for Corporate Materials before he was hired by Steve Jobs to join Apple. At first, he was the Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations. In January 2007, Cook was promoted to COO.

Cook served as Apple CEO for two months in 2004, when Jobs was healing from pancreatic cancer surgery. In 2009, Cook was made Apple CEO again for several months while Jobs had to leave for a liver transplant.

In January 2011, Apple's Board of Directors allowed Jobs to leave again for medical reasons. During that time, Cook was responsible for most of Apple’s day-to-day operations while Jobs made most big decisions. After Jobs retired, Cook was made permanent CEO of Apple on August 25, 2011.

Cook is also on the board of directors of Nike. In 2014, he became the first and only CEO of a Fortune 500 company to come out as gay.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Executive Biography of Tim Cook at Apple
Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood

'', by Dante Gabriel Rossetti]]
 by Millais; Elizabeth Siddal is the model]]

The **Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood** (also known as the **Pre-Raphaelites**) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The three founders were soon joined by William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to form a seven-member "brotherhood". After they had broken up, John William Waterhouse painted in their style. Their influence shrank as the impressionists and post-impressionists became more important.

The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the 'mechanistic approach'. This was first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art. So, they are called Pre-Raphaelites. 

In particular, they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts, whom they called "Sir Sloshua". To the Pre-Raphaelites, according to William Michael Rossetti, "sloshy" meant "anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind".  In contrast, they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish art.

The Pre-Raphaelites continued to accept the idea of history painting, and the imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. Despite this, they were a reform movement: they created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, *The Germ*, to promote their ideas. Their debates were recorded in the *Pre-Raphaelite Journal*.

The Brotherhood were highly praised by the art critic John Ruskin, and in turn they were influenced by his ideas. Rossetti's wife Elizabeth Siddal was their favourite model, and she developed into  an excellent artist herself.

## References
Pretty Vacant

"**Pretty Vacant**" is a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols.  It was released in 1977, as the third single from their album ''Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols''.

The song is infamous for vocalist John Lydon's phrasing of the word "vacant", emphasizing the last syllable making it sound like the vulgar word "cunt".

The B-side is a cover of The Stooges' "No Fun" which they played on the spot without a proper rehearsal.

## References
Piccadilly

**Piccadilly** is a major street in central London, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is completely within the City of Westminster. St. James's lies to the south of the eastern section of the street, while the western section overlooks Green Park. The area to the north is Mayfair.

It is the location of Fortnum & Mason, the Royal Academy, The Ritz Hotel, the RAF Club and Hatchards book shop. Simpsons, once amongst the United Kingdom's leading clothing stores, opened on Piccadilly in the 1930s. The store closed in 1999 and the site is now the flagship shop of the booksellers Waterstone's.

## History
The name Piccadilly may come from a tailor named Robert Baker, in the late 16th century and early 17th century. He amassed a large fortune by making and selling *piccadills* – stiff collars with scalloped edges and a lace border, which were then in fashion. With his great fortune he bought a large tract of what was then open country to the west of London.

After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, Piccadilly and the area to the north (Mayfair) began to be systematically developed as a fashionable residential locality. Some of the grandest mansions in London were built on the northern side of Piccadilly: Clarendon House, Berkeley House (later Devonshire House), and Sir John Denham's house (later Burlington House) were built in the 17th century. Later mansions included Melbourne House (now The Albany), Apsley House, Bath House  and Cambridge House. Several members of the Rothschild family had mansions at the western end of the street, and that part was colloquially referred to as Rothschild Row. 

By the 1920s most of these buildings had been demolished or were in institutional use.  The enlargement of Park Lane and the formation of Hyde Park Corner as a major traffic gyratory system has cut off the western stretch of Piccadilly, with the result that Apsley House has become detached from it.

21st century Piccadilly is not one of London's principal shopping streets, despite the presence of several famous shops. The Ritz Hotel is in the street, along with some other luxury hotels. There are also some offices and some very expensive flats. Piccadilly is one of the widest and straightest streets in central London.
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)

**The Twelve Days of Christmas** is an English Christmas carol which was published around 1780 but may predate the publication by centuries.  It is a cumulative carol. It depicts a succession of gifts given (a variety of birds and five golden rings) and people and activities having to do with a Twelve Days of Christmas feast holiday (from Christmas Day to Epiphany), possibly in a royal court. (There have been claims on social media that)  it was written by Catholics in hiding during the days of Queen Elizabeth I of England's persecution. (The claim is that) it was invented (evidence needed of origin) to help teach children articles of the Catholic faith without drawing attention from government officials, using imagery as a tool to help the children remember. (However the articles of faith listed existed in both the Catholic faith and Church of England and this claim appears to be debunked.)  The song represents increasingly grand gifts given during each of The Twelve Days of Christmas. In the claim the following meanings were attached: The partridge in a pear tree symbolizes Christ on the Cross. The two turtledoves represent his Human and divine nature, the two books of the Old and New Testament, and the two tablets the Ten Commandments were carved on. The three French hens symbolize the Trinity of the Catholic faith: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, as well as the three Cardinal virtues of Faith, Hope and Charity. The four calling birds were the four Evangelists who wrote the gospels, etc.
This Christmas song has been subject to parody numerous times and has been covered by multiple musicians, including though not limited to Connie Francis, Natalie Cole, and the Muppets over many years.

File:Alectoris rufa (cropped).jpg|A partridge in a pear tree
File:Streptopelia decaocto - Eurasian Collared Dove 05.jpg|2 turtle doves
File:Male and female chicken sitting together.jpg|3 French hens
File:Eopsaltria australis - Mogo Campground.jpg|4 calling birds
File:Wedding rings photo by Litho Printers.jpg|5 golden rings
File:Domestic Goose.jpg|6 geese a-laying
File:Mute Swan Emsworth2.JPG|7 swans a-swimming
File:MilkMaid.JPG|8 maids a-milking
File:(Répétition à l'Opéra) (NYPL b12169492-5488629).jpg|9 ladies dancing
File:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States.jpg|10 lords a-leaping
File:25th National Day Brunei 05.jpg|11 pipers piping
File:PresidentsOwn1864band.jpg|12 drummers drumming

## Collage
Heidi Fleiss

**Heidi Lynne Fleiss** (born December 30, 1965 in Los Angeles) is an American television personality and columnist, regularly featured in American media. She is often called "Hollywood Madam" (formerly she was a madam and for a short time a prostitute) and is a periodic guest on Fox News programs. Her father was Paul M. Fleiss. She is of Jewish descent.

Fleiss had been convicted of tax evasion and spent some time in prison. She was in a domestic partnership with Dennis Hof until his death in October 2018.

## References
Pope Benedict V

**Pope Benedict V** (; &nbsp; -died July 4, 965), was an Italian deacon of the Roman Catholic Church and the 133rd Pope for five weeks in 964.

Benedict was known as Grammaticus because of his learning.

## Pope
After the death of Pope John XII, Cardinal Benedetto was elected pope by the Romans in 964; but the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I, did not approve.  Otto deposed Benedict who was then exiled.

Otto forced Benedict to travel to Germany where he was placed under the care of Adaldag, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes by length of reign

## References
 of the popes ]]

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope in sequence
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Benedetto
Wonderful Christmastime

"**Wonderful Christmastime**" is a Christmas song which was first recorded by Paul McCartney and released on 16 November 1979. The single did not chart on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in the United States. The song peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in December 2018 peaking at number 26 in January 2024. The song has been covered by many artists, including Kelly Rowland of Destiny's Child, Hilary Duff and Demi Lovato have covered this song throughout the years.

## Charts
## References
1906 San Francisco earthquake

The **1906 San Francisco earthquake** was the biggest earthquake that has ever hit San Francisco on April 18, 1906. It was felt from Los Angeles to Oregon and Nevada. The earthquake was about a 7.8 on the Richter scale. Around 3,000 people were killed and between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless. There were also fires because gas pipes were destroyed, and the gas caught on fire. Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fires that came later. The city is on the San Andreas Fault, which slid, causing the earthquake. Many people looted so then the Army had to come in to keep the peace, but there were reports of the army looting as well.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* The 1906 Earthquake and Fire from the National Archives
* Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897–1916 From American Memory at the Library of Congress.
* A geologic tour of the San Francisco earthquake, 100 years later  from American Geological Institute
* The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire from the Museum of the City of San Francisco website
Santa Baby

**"Santa Baby"** is a holiday themed song about a person who wants extravagant things for the Christmas season. It was first recorded in 1953 by Eartha Kitt, and many other musicians, including though not limited to Pussycat Dolls, Kylie Minogue, Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande and Madonna have covered this melody throughout the decades.

## Original recording
"Santa Baby" was originally recorded by Eartha Kitt with Henry René and his orchestra in New York City in July 1953. The song was a huge hit for Kitt, and she later said that it was one of her favorite songs to record.

## Ariana Grande version
**"Santa Baby"** is a song recorded by American recording artist Ariana Grande, featuring a guest appearance from American actress Liz Gillies. The song was released by Republic Records on December 10, 2013, as the fourth single from Grande's EP *Christmas Kisses*.

### Track listing
* **Digital download**
# "Santa Baby (feat. Liz Gillies)" – 2:51   

### Charts
## References
Saline (medicine)

into the veins.]]

In medicine, **saline** refers to any solution of salt in water; that is, salt water. Such solutions are sterile when they are to be placed into the body by infusion or injection. If the solution has more salt in it than is found in the human body, it is called *hypertonic saline*. The normal salt level is 0.9% and any salt amount more than 0.9% is called hypertonic.
Doug Ashton

**Douglas Joseph Ashton** (19 November 1919 — 3 November 2011) was the owner of the world's longest family run circus, and the oldest surviving travelling circus. Ashton's Circus was started by Doug Ashton's great grandfather, Joseph Henry Ashton, in 1847. Doug Ashton was born into the circus and was on the road travelling when only six days old. Ashton, and his wife Phyllis, were both awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1996 for their work for charity and the arts. He died in Perth, Western Australia, while travelling with his grandson's circus, Circus Joseph Ashton. Joseph Ashton trained Nicole Kidman to use the flying trapeze for Baz Lurhmann's movie, *Moulin Rouge!*.

## References
Bobby Vinton

**Bobby Vinton** (born April 16, 1935 in Pennsylvania) is an American musician of Polish descent. At first Vinton was not successful. Around 1963, he began making serious hit songs and albums. That continued into the 1970s and beyond. One of his most popular songs is "Blue Velvet" (a cover of the 1951 song recorded by Tony Bennett) which reached No. 1 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in 1963.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*Classic bands
Pope Leo

**Pope Leo** may mean:
*Pope Leo I Leo the Great (440–461)
*Pope Leo II (682–683)
*Pope Leo III (795–816)
*Pope Leo IV (847–855)
*Pope Leo V (903)
*Pope Leo VI (928)
*Pope Leo VII (936–939)
*Pope Leo VIII (964–965)
*Pope Leo IX (1049–1054)
*Pope Leo X (1513–1521)
*Pope Leo XI (1605)
*Pope Leo XII (1823–1829)
*Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903)
*Pope Leo XIV (2025–present)
Romeo (Shakespeare)

**Romeo** is the son of Lord and Lady Montague in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. He is one of the two protagonists of the story.

Romeo falls in love with Juliet Capulet, and secretly marries her. Juliet fakes her death to rid herself of a parental marriage arrangement with Count Paris. Romeo is not aware of the fake death. He believes Juliet is truly dead and kills himself.

Leonardo DiCaprio, Leonard Whiting, Leslie Howard and Douglas Booth have played Romeo in movie adaptations of the play. Romeo is also a character in opera and ballet adaptions of the play.

## Other websites
* Complete listing of all of Romeo's lines
Pulmonology

**Pulmonology** is a type of medicine where doctors know about the lungs and the heart.  They work on keeping lungs healthy.  A doctor working in pulmonology is called a **pulmonologist**.  Pulmonologists also work with respiratory therapists to educate and help make lungs healthy.

## Where do they work? 
* Hospitals
* Clinics (Regular doctors offices)
Andy Rooney

**Andrew Aitken** "**Andy**" **Rooney** (January 14, 1919&nbsp;– November 4, 2011) was an American radio and television writer. His "A Few Minutes with Andy Rooney" was a part of the CBS News program *60 Minutes* from 1978 to 2011. His final regular appearance on *60 Minutes* aired October 2, 2011. He died one month later, on November 4, 2011, at age 92.

He started as a reporter covering World War II in Europe. Rooney joined CBS in 1949, as a writer for ''Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts*, when Godfrey was very popular on radio and TV. He also wrote for *The Garry Moore Show''.

Rooney was an atheist.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* CBS Biography
* Archive  of previous "A Few Minutes&nbsp;..." segments
* Andy Rooney Podcast  among other CBS podcasts
* Snopes.com on Rooney E-Mail Snopes.com's article on false e-mail claims
* Andy Rooney Interview at Archive of American Television
* Some of Andy Rooney's Best Observations and Opinions
Photogram

A **photogram** is a photograph that is made without a camera. Something is placed on top of some photographic paper (or a similar material) and then shining light on it. At the end of this, you get a shadow picture. It usually has different tones. This depends on how  the object is.
Piccadilly Circus

via Coventry Street. London Pavilion is on the left, and Criterion Theatre on the right.]]

**Piccadilly Circus** is a road junction and public space in London's West End in the City of Westminster.

The Circus links Piccadilly with Regent Street, and the theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, as well as the Haymarket, Coventry Street (onwards to Leicester Square), and Glasshouse Street. 

The Circus is close to major shopping and entertainment areas in the West End. Its status as a major traffic intersection has made Piccadilly Circus a busy meeting place and a tourist attraction in its own right. 

The Circus is particularly known for its video display and neon signs mounted on the corner building on the northern side, as well as the fountain and statue of an archer popularly known as *Eros*. Actually the statue is that of *Anteros*, who in legend was the brother of Eros. The fountain is a pedestrian area: it and the Circus there is surrounded by several noted buildings, the London Pavilion and the Criterion Theatre. Directly underneath the plaza is Piccadilly Circus tube station, part of the London Underground system.

## Notes
Alghero

**Alghero** (Italian pronunciation: [alˈɡɛro]; , IPA: [ɫəɫˈɣe], locally: [lalˈɣe]; ; ), is a city of about 44,000 citizens in Italy. It lies in the province of Sassari in northwestern Sardinia, next to the sea.

In the 1930s, the Swedish writer Amelie Posse Brazdova wrote a book entitled *Sardinia Side Show*, where she told the complete story of 2 years she spent "interned" in Alghero old town during World War I.

## References
## Other websites
*City of Alghero Official website 
*Official Alghero tourism web site  
*Alghero Tourist Informations and Webcam Live  
*Alghero Tourism and Town Information  
*Alghero Tourism and Hotels Informations
Rodrigo y Gabriela

**Rodrigo y Gabriela** (Rodrigo and Gabriela), also known as "El Rodri y La Gabi", are a Mexican musical duo. They play fast, rhythmic music on acoustic guitars. The duo is Rodrigo Sanchez, lead guitar, and Gabriela Quintero, rhythm guitar and percussion. 

They became well known playing in the hotels and bars of Dublin, Ireland. One reviewer said that "...Rodrigo y Gabriela's secret is maybe quite simple. They are resourceful musicians, and are open-hearted, happy entertainers. That, very often, is what people want." Both are vegans and support animal rights. They  play a mixture of many influences and styles.

They met in Mexico City while playing in a thrash metal band and later moved to Dublin. Their album, *Rodrigo y Gabriela*, entered the Irish Albums Chart at Number One.

## Recordings
### Studio albums
**Foc* (2001)
**re-Foc* (2002)
**Rodrigo y Gabriela* (2006)
**11:11* (2009)
**Area 52* (2012)

### Live albums
**Live: Manchester and Dublin* (2004)
**Live in Japan* (2008)
**Live in France* (2011)

### Extended plays
*''Live Session (2007)

### Live gigs
The Porterhouse, Dublin (2002)

## References
## Other websites
* Official Rodrigo y Gabriela site
* Video Channel  on MUZU TV
* An early career interview with Rodrigo y Gabriela
* Interview on WNYC's Soundcheck.
* Interview with Gabriela for *Irish Migration Studies in Latin America journal*, March 2007
* Interview on NPR's *All Things Considered*, October 10, 2009
* Rodrigo y Gabriela Rock the White House
Triangulation station

]]
, Spain]] 

A **triangulation station** is a fixed surveying station, used in surveying. 

It may also be known as a **triangulation pillar**, **trigonometrical station**, **trigonometrical point**, **trig station**, **trig beacon** or **trig point**, and sometimes informally as a **trig**,

The names of triangulation stations vary regionally; they are generally known as *trigonometrical stations* in North America, *trig points* in the United Kingdom, New Zealand  and Australia, and *trig beacons* in South Africa; *triangulation pillar* is the more formal term for the concrete columns found in the UK.
Park Lane

**Park Lane** is a major road in the City of Westminster, in Central London.

Park Lane is about three quarters of a mile (1.2&nbsp;km) in length, and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch, along the length of the eastern flank of Hyde Park.  

Despite the traffic noise, the road is upmarket. It features five-star hotels, such as The Dorchester, Grosvenor House Hotel and InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel, and showrooms for several makes of high-end sports car. The hotels are part of the area known as Mayfair.

## History
Originally a country lane running north-south along what is now the eastern boundary of Hyde Park, it became a fashionable residential address from the eighteenth century onwards. It has views across Hyde Park and a position at the most fashionable western edge of London. It became lined with some of the largest privately owned mansions in London, including the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House and the Holford family's Dorchester House (demolished in 1929 and replaced by 1931 with The Dorchester, which are now both hotels, and the Marquess of Londonderry's Londonderry House, which has been demolished. 

On a corner with Oxford Street, Somerset House (No. 40), built in 1769-70, was successively the town house of Warren Hastings, a former Governor-General of India, the third Earl of Rosebery, and the Dukes of Somerset.

In the 1960s the Lane was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation. This required the demolition of a number of houses at Hyde Park Corner. It claimed land previously in Hyde Park to make room for the multi-lane carriageway. The result was to diminish the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address, as it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London. It has little or none of the countryside atmosphere that once made it popular. The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself, access to which is now by underpass.

## References
Pope Leo XI

**Pope Leo XI** (; 2 June 1535 – 27 April 1605), born '''Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici'*, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 233rd Pope for only 26 days in April 1605.

## Early life
He was born in Florence.  His grandmother was a sister of Leo X.

## Priest
In 1567, Medici was ordained as a priest.  He was called *Papa Lampo* ("Lightning Pope") because his papacy was so short.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Medici family
* List of popes by length of reign

## References
 popes]]

## Other websites
* 
* "Leo XI" in *Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XI
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Medici 
* Leo XI at St Peter's Basilica
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim

**TSG 1899 Hoffenheim** is a  football club based in Hoffenheim, a suburb of Sinsheim, Baden-Württemberg. They play in the German Bundesliga In the year 2000 they played in the 5th division but in  2008 they promoted to the Bundesliga. It was possible with the financial help of the software mogul Dietmar Hopp, who had played in the club's youth system. The financial help was widely criticized by other clubs, fans and by some in the German press. The most important points were the lack of tradition and the small fan base. Hoffenheim has only 3,300 inhabitants, and Sinsheim, where they play their home games, has only about 35,000 residents.
.

## Honors
The club's honours:

### League
* **2. Bundesliga**
** Runners-up: 2008
* **Fußball-Regionalliga**
** Runners-up: 2007
* **Oberliga Baden-Württemberg** (IV)
** Champions: 2001
** Runners-up: 2010‡
* **Verbandsliga Nordbaden** (V)
** Champions: 2000
** Runners-up: 2003‡

### Cup
* **North Baden Cup**
** Winners: (4) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
** Runners-up: 2007

### Youth
* '**German Under 17 championship**
** Champions: 2008
* **U17 Bundesliga South/Southwest**
** Champions: 2008
** Runners-up: 2011
* ‡ Won by reserve team.

### Current squad
### Players out on loan
## Staff
### First team
## Coaching history
Recent coaches of the club:

:caretaker coach.

## References
Mimosa pudica

***Mimosa pudica***  is a 
well-known species of *Mimosa*. It is a creeping annual or perennial herb often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, re-opening minutes later. The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a widespread weed.

## Description
The stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age. The leaves of the *Mimosa pudica* are compound leaves.

The leaves are bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10-26 leaflets per pinna.  The round-shaped flower heads, which are inflorescences, are 8–10&nbsp;mm in diameter (excluding the stamens). The floret petals are red in their upper part and the filaments are pink to lavender. The fruit consists of clusters of 2-8 pods from 1–2&nbsp;cm long each.  The pods break into 2-5 segments and contain pale brown seeds some 2.5&nbsp;mm long. The flowers are pollinated by the wind and insects. The seeds have hard seed coats which restrict germination.

## Plant movement 
*Mimosa pudica* is well known for its rapid plant movement.
Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep".  The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light.

The leaves also close when touched, warmed, blown, or shaken. When the plant is disturbed, specific regions on the stems release potassium ions which force water out of the cell vacuoles. The water diffuses out of the cells, producing a loss of cell pressure and cell collapse; this differential turgidity between different regions of cells results in the closing of the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole. This is quite a common trait in the Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae. The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighbouring leaves.  The function of this trait is not known. The plant may use its ability as a defense from predators. Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active one.  Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.

## References 
*Barneby, R.C. 1992. "Sensitivae Censitae: a description of the genus *Mimosa* Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World." *Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden*, **65**.
[change]
Pope Leo XII

**Pope Leo XII** (; 22 August 1760 – 10 February 1829), born **Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 253rd Pope from 1823 to 1829.

## Life
Della Genga was born in a family of Papal States nobility.

## Priest
Della Genga was ordained as a priest in 1783.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
*
* "Leo XII", *Encyclopædia Britannica*, 1911
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal della Genga
Jim Varney

**Jim Varney** (1949-2000) was an American actor and comedian. He is best known as his popular character Ernest in the Ernest movies and the voices of Slinky Dog in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 and Cookie in Atlantis: The Lost Empire.

## Filmography 
### Film
## Other websites
*
Pope Damasus II

**Pope Damasus II** (; died August 9, 1048), born **Poppo**, was a German priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 152nd Pope for only 24 days from July 17 to August 9, 1048.

He was the third German to become pope.

## Early life
He was born in Bavaria.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes by length of reign

## References
 of the popes ]]

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
Masazumi Soejima

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a  Paralympian Track and field competitor.  He competes in category long distance events.

## Marathon
In 2011, he won the wheelchair division of the New York City Marathon.  He completed the course in 1 hour 31 minutes 41 seconds (1:31:41).  He dedicated his race to the children in Japan, who were affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Soejima won the wheelchair division of the Boston Marathon in 2011.

## References