open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alexandre Guilmant

**Alexandre Guilmant** (born Boulogne-sur-Mer, 12 March 1837; died Meudon 29 March 1911) was a French organist and composer.

## Life
### Early life and career
Alexandre Guilmant was born in Boulogne-sur-Mer. His father was an organist and organ builder, and gave young Alexandre lessons. Otherwise Alexandre was largely self-taught. He did study with Belgian teacher Jacques-Nicolas Lemmens, but by that time he was already a very good organist. From the 1860s he travelled widely in Europe, playing organs and becoming famous. Later he also visited the United States. In 1871 he became organist of the Trinité church in Paris. He kept this job until 1901.

### His teaching
Guilmant became well known in France as a teacher. Together with two other musicians, Charles Bordes and Vincent d’Indy, he started the Schola Cantorum, a private college where students could study music. He taught the organ there. Earlier he had succeeded Charles-Marie Widor as organ teacher at the Paris Conservatoire. His Conservatoire pupils included Joseph Bonnet, Nadia Boulanger and Marcel Dupré.

### Influence as organist
Guilmant did not just play the organ for church services. He became very famous for giving organ recitals. Often he played on organs which had been constructed by the brilliant organ builder Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He helped to make these organs popular in France, and they were a very important influence on the way that organists composed music for their instrument.

Both Guilmant and Widor produced large works for the organ which they called “symphonies”. These usually had at least four movements each, and gave the player opportunities to use many different sound effects.

### His compositions
Guilmant wrote eight organ symphonies, as well as a symphony for organ and orchestra, and several shorter works for the same combination. He composed a great many miniatures, not just for organ but also for harmonium. This was useful for musicians in smaller churches which had a harmonium instead of a big organ. He wrote a book on how to play the organ, and for many years he edited collections of organ music which had been written by earlier composers.

## References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
New American Bible

The **New American Bible** is a Roman Catholic translation of the Bible into English. It was translated from the Bible's original languages and first made in 1970.

## Other websites
*The New American Bible  online edition
Emission nebula

, are examples of emission nebulae.]]
An **emission nebula** is a cloud of plasma emitting light in many colors. The glowing is caused by a star being near the nebula. There are many types of emission nebula. H II regions are caused when stars are forming and are very hot, causing the plasma to heat up. Planetary nebulae are made when where a dying star has thrown off its outer layers. This causes the core of the star to heat up the plasma.

## General information
A nebula's color depends on what chemicals are in it, and how ionized it is. Because most of the universe is made of hydrogen, many emission nebulae appear red. Hydrogen glows red when it is hot. If the nebula is very hot, other types of gas will be heated and the it might also glow blue and green. By looking at which colors are glowing in a nebula, one can figure out what it is made of.

Emission nebulae sometimes look like they have dark areas in them. This is because clouds of dust block the light when it is traveling between the nebula and the Earth. 

## Related pages
*Reflection nebula
*Planetary nebula
Reflection nebula

1000 light years from Earth), is caused by the bright star Rigel in the constellation Orion. The nebula glows because it reflects light from Rigel. Dust in the nebula reflects the light.]]

In astronomy, a **reflection nebula** is a cloud of dust which reflects the light of a star or many stars. The light from the nearby stars is not hot enough to ionize the gas of the nebula to make an emission nebula. However, is enough to make the dust visible because the light reflects off of the dust. 

Reflection nebulae are usually blue because the scattering works better for blue light than red (this is the same reason that the sky is blue and sunsets are red).

Reflection nebulae and emission nebulae are usually seen together and sometimes are called 'diffuse nebulae'. A good example of this is the Orion nebula.

Reflection nebulae may also be the site of star formation.

## Related pages
* Variable nebula

## References 
* James B. Kaler (1998). *Kosmische Wolken. Materie-Kreisläufe in der Milchstraße.* Spektrum Akademischer Verlag.
Variable nebula

picture of NGC 2261, a variable nebula.]]
A **variable nebula** is a reflection nebula that gets brighter and darker because of changes in its star.
Nucleosynthesis

**Nucleosynthesis** is the physical process where lighter elements are changed into heavier elements. This usually happens in the center of a star, both during its life and especially during its violent death. It is also thought that this happened at the beginning of the universe, in the big bang.

## Related pages 
*Stellar nucleosynthesis
*Big Bang nucleosynthesis
Stellar wind

**Stellar wind** is gas being thrown off from the upper atmosphere of a star.  Different types of stars have different types of stellar winds.  The Sun's stellar wind is called solar wind.  Most stars, especially very bright ones, show continuous outflows of gas from their surfaces making the stellar wind.  Radiation pressure is thought to be the main force that pushes the gas away, but modern research uses computer simulations and observations with the most powerful telescopes to understand it further.

## References
Dumbbell nebula

The **Dumbbell nebula** (sometimes called **Messier 27**, **M 27**, or **NGC 6853**) is a planetary nebula in the constellation Vulpecula. It is about 1,360 light years away from earth. The Dumbbell nebula was the first planetary nebula to be discovered; by Charles Messier in 1764. 

## Other websites
* SEDS Messier page on M27 
* M27 Dumbbell Nebula 
* M27 image taken by Stargazer Observatory
Charles Messier

**Charles Messier** (June 26, 1730 – April 12, 1817) was a French astronomer who is remembered for publishing a list of famous objects in space that came to be called the 103 "Messier objects".

## Messier's life
Messier was born in Badonviller in the Lorraine region of France. Six of his brothers and sisters died as children and in 1741, his father died. Charles became interested in astronomy after he saw the great six-tailed comet in 1744 and by a solar eclipse on July 25, 1748.

In 1751 he started working for Joseph Nicolas Delisle, the astronomer of the French Navy, who told him to write down everything he saw.

Messier discovered thirteen comets&nbsp;:

* C/1760 B1 (Messier)
* C/1763 S1 (Messier)
* C/1764 A1 (Messier)
* C/1766 E1 (Messier)
* C/1769 P1 (Messier)
* D/1770 L1 (Lexell)
* C/1771 G1 (Messier)
* C/1773 T1 (Messier)
* C/1780 U2 (Messier)
* C/1788 W1 (Messier)
* C/1793 S2 (Messier)
* C/1798 G1 (Messier)
* C/1785 A1 (Messier-Mechain)

## Related pages
* Messier object
* List of Messier objects
* Messier marathon

## References
## Other websites
* Amateur Photos of Charles Messier Objects 
* Messier Marathon  Tries to find as many Messier objects as possible in one night.
* New General Catalog and Index Catalog revisions
* Clickable table of Messier objects
TED (conference)

gives a TED talk in 2007]]
**TED** is short for "Technology, Entertainment, Design". It is a conference that began in 1984 and met every year at Long Beach, California until 2014. Since then, it has met in Vancouver. People give talks about many things, for example, science, art, and business. Famous people like Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Ray Kurzweil, Aubrey de Grey, Elon Musk, and Bill Gates have all talked at TED. The talks have been online for people to watch for free since 2006.

## Other websites
* Official website
* YouTube page
William Huggins

Sir **William Huggins**, KCB, OM, FRS, (7 February 1824–12 May 1910) was an English astronomer best known for his work in astronomical spectroscopy. 

## Life and work 
William Huggins was born at Cornhill, Middlesex in 1824.  He married Margaret Lindsay, who was also an astronomer. 
Huggins built his own observatory from where he and his wife looked at spectral emission lines and absorption lines of astronomical objects.  He was the first person to figure out the difference between nebulae and galaxies. 
Huggins was president of the Royal Society between 1900 and 1905.
Emission spectrum

The **emission spectrum** of an element or compound is how bright certain frequencies are when energy is added to the atoms or molecules.

Each atom's emission spectrum has different spectral lines and can be used to figure out if that atom is part of a compound
Luminosity

. It shows the huge luminosity of the central star clusters, suggesting there are 10 to 100 supergiant stars in each of these, packed into regions just a few parsecs across.]]

**Luminosity** is the amount of power given off by an astronomical object.

Stars and other objects emit energy in the form of radiation. It is measured in joules per second, which are equal to watts. A watt is one unit of power. Just as a light bulb is measured in watts, the Sun can also be measured in watts. The sun gives off . This amount of power is known as 1 sol, the symbol for which is L_\odot.  

There are other ways to describe luminosity. The most common is apparent magnitude, which is how bright an object looks to an observer on Earth. It only applies to light, that is, visible wavelengths. Apparent magnitude is contrasted with absolute magnitude, which is an object's *intrinsic brightness* at visible wavelengths, irrespective of distance.  The apparent magnitude is the less, for objects more than 32.6 light years away.

When talking about the total power output across all wavelengths, that is called bolometric magnitude.
Solar mass

**Solar mass** is a unit of measurement of mass. It is equal to the mass of the Sun, about 332,950 times the mass of the Earth, or 1,048 times the mass of Jupiter. Masses of other stars and groups of stars are listed in terms of solar masses. Its mathematical symbol and value are:

:M_{\odot}=1.98892\times10^{30}\hbox{ kg} (kg being kilograms)
Interstellar medium

. Pillars made of dense cold gas are visible.]]
In astronomy, the **interstellar medium** (sometimes called the **ISM**) is the tenuous gas and dust that fills the void between stellar systems in galaxies, that consisting mainly of huge clouds of ionized, neutral, or molecular hydrogen. This gas and dust not distributed uniformly in interstellar space, but displays significant variations in density, temperature, and ionisation state.

Various gases exist in outer space. Most common are hydrogen and helium. Interstellar cosmic dust makes nebulae.

## References
Astronomical spectroscopy

**Astronomical spectroscopy** is the science of using spectroscopy to figure out what elements astronomical bodies, such as stars, planets and nebulae, are made of. It can also be used to work out how those objects are moving, using doppler shift.

The study of spectroscopy and spectra is used in astronomy to help scientists study the whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, which radiates from stars and other hot celestial objects. Spectroscopy can be used to find properties of distant stars and galaxies. It can find out their chemical composition, temperature, density, mass, distance, luminosity, and relative motion using doppler effect measurements.

## Chemical properties of stars 
]]
]]
]]

Isaac Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color, and Fraunhofer's high-quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin.

It was not until the 1850s that Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen explained the dark lines. Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum, and hot gasses emit light at specific wavelengths. However, hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gasses show a near-continuous spectrum with *dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gasses*. By comparing the absorption lines of the
Sun with emission spectra of known gasses, the chemical composition of stars can be discovered.

## References
Feynman diagram

(e-) and positron (e+) destroy each other, producing a
virtual photon (γ) which becomes a quark-antiquark pair (q\bar{q}). Then one radiates a gluon (g)]]

A **Feynman diagram** is a diagram that shows what happens when elementary particles collide.

Feynman diagrams are used in quantum mechanics. A Feynman diagram has *lines* in different shapes—straight, dotted, and squiggly—which meet up at *points*. The points in Feynman diagrams represent a meeting between three particles at the same point in space at the same time. The lines in a Feynman diagram represent the probability amplitude for a particle to go from one place to another.

In Feynman diagrams, the particles are allowed to go both forward and backward in time. When a particle is going backward in time, it is called an antiparticle. The meeting points for the lines can also be interpreted forward or backwards in time, so that if a particle disappears into a meeting point, that means that the particle was either created or destroyed, depending on the direction in time that the particle came in from.

All the lines and points have an amplitude. When you multiply the probability amplitude for the lines, the amplitude for the particles to go from wherever they start to wherever they meet, and to the next meeting point, and so on, and also multiply by the amplitude for each meeting point, you get a number that tells you the total amplitude for the particles to do what the diagram says they do. If you add up all these probability amplitudes over all the possible meeting points, and over all the starting and ending points with an appropriate weight, you get the total probability amplitude for a collision in a particle accelerator, which tells you the total probability of these particles to bounce off one another in any particular direction.

Feynman diagrams are named after Richard Feynman, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics. His diagrams are very simple in the case of quantum electrodynamics (QED), where there are only two kinds of particles: electrons (little particles inside atoms) and photons (particles of light). In QED, the only thing that can happen is that an electron (or its antiparticle) can emit (or absorb) a photon, so there is only one building block for any collision. The probability amplitude for the emission is very simple—it has no real part, and the imaginary part is the *charge* of the electron.

## References
Rival

A **rival** is a  person or group of people who are trying to do the same thing as someone else, and trying to do it better.  They are "competing" against one another.  Usually they are about equally good.

Competing in this way is called **rivalry**.

Two (or more) businesses may be rivals.  For example: they may be selling ice creams in the same area.

Brothers and sisters may be rivals.  For example: they may both be trying to get their mother's attention.

Countries may be rivals.  For example: they may be trying to have power over the same thing.  This can be a dangerous thing which, in some cases, can lead to war.

In sport, two teams may be rivals.  This is a more friendly kind of rivalry. An example of a team rivalry is the Chicago Bears–Green Bay Packers rivalry in the National Football League. 

## References
Trimbach, Switzerland

**Trimbach** is a municipality in the district of Gösgen.  It is in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Myopia

**Myopia**, also called **near-sightedness** or **short-sightedness**, is a problem with the focusing ability of the eye. It is when the eye is not able to focus properly on objects in the distance. This condition is very common and it often occurs with many members of the same family. It happens when the lens becomes a different shape (too curved) from usual, or when the eye is longer than normal, so light entering the eye focuses on a point *in front of* the retina, rather than right on it. This makes distant objects look blurry. People with myopia often  while watching television or trying to see distant objects. Sudden myopia can often be the first symptom of diabetes. 

In most cases, it can be fixed easily using glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.
Radcliffe Line

The **Radcliffe Line** became the international border between India and Pakistan (which also included what is now Bangladesh) during the partition of India. The line divided Bengal into Indian held West Bengal and East Bengal which became East Pakistan in 1956. The line was decided by the Border Commissions headed by , who was to divide equitably  of territory with 88 million people.
The line took effect on 17 August 1947 after the Partition of India. When the partition was implemented, there were some problems:
*The Chittagong Hill Tracts had a mostly Buddhist population, but they were given to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
*To counterbalance the relatively small share of Gurdaspur district awarded to Pakistan, Radcliffe attempted to instead transfer Ferozpur and Zira tehsils in Muslim-Majority Ferozpur District to Pakistan. This was opposed by the Maharaja of Bikaner because Harike headworks on the confluence of the Sutlej and the Beas rivers, from where a canal originated, was the only source of water for his desert state was in Ferozepore. It was only after he threatened Lord Louis Mountbatten, that he would accede his princely state to Pakistan if Firozpur was awarded to West Punjab province, that the award was changed at the last minute and all of Firozpur District was awarded to East Punjab in the Republic of India.
*The Gurdaspur District was moslty Muslim, but was given to India.
*Sometimes the line  divided villages, so one part of the village was in each country. At other instances, it went through houses, different rooms of the same house were in different countries.

## Related pages
* Punjab (India)
* Bengal (India)
Carbonation

**Carbonation** is the process of carbon dioxide dissolving in a liquid. For example, carbon dioxide is added to flavored water under pressure to make it "fizz" as a carbonated water soft drink.

## Geology
When rain passes through the atmosphere, it takes in or mixes with carbon dioxide, turning it into a weak carbonic acid.  When the rain falls on limestone, it dissolves the calcium carbonate in the rock, turning it into calcium bicarbonate and taking it away.  Holes and large cracks form in the rock.  Such a place is called karst.  If a stream or river passes through it, it could be swallowed up by a hole called a swallow hole.  It  can go through a series of underground caves and may appear on the surface again.  An example of a karst area is the Burren National Park, in County Clare, Ireland.
## Chemistry
Carbon dioxide is weakly soluble in water, therefore it separates into a gas. The process of carbon dioxide bubbling out (effervescing) from a solution is represented by this chemical reaction. This shows aqueous carbonic acid converts to carbon dioxide and water:

: \mbox{H}_2\mbox{CO}_3 \longrightarrow  \mbox{H}_2\mbox{O} + \mbox{CO}_2

## Biochemistry
Carbonation also describes the incorporation of carbon dioxide into chemical compounds. Carbon-based life originates from a carbonation reaction that is most often catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO. This carbonation process is so important that a significant fraction of leaf mass consists of this carbonating enzyme.

.]]

## References
Seneschal

A **seneschal** was an officer in the houses of important nobles in the Middle Ages. In the French administrative system of the Middle Ages, the **sénéchal** was also a royal officer in charge of justice and control of the administration in southern provinces, equal to the northern French *bailli*.

## Related pages
*Grand maître de France - the Great Officer of the Crown of France in charge of the Royal Household (the "Maison du Roi")
Acetonitrile

**Acetonitrile**, also known as **MeCN (methyl cyanide)** is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest of the nitriles, organic compounds with a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. Acetonitrile is a clear liquid. It is used mostly as a solvent.

## Uses 
Acetonitrile is mostly used in chromatography. It is also used as a solvent to make pharmaceuticals and to purify butadiene.

## Production 
Acetonitrile is not made in large quantities as a primary product. Instead, it is a byproduct of the production of acrylonitrile from ammoxidation of propylene. Acrylonitrile is an ingredient in important plastics like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Large amounts of acrylonitrile are made for plastics, which also means large amounts of the acetonitrile byproduct are available for chemical use.

## Safety 
Acetonitrile is flammable, and can cause severe health problems if in contact.

## Sources 
## Other websites
*Safety Data
Ranunculaceae

**Ranunculaceae** is a family of flowering plants also known as the "buttercup family" or "crowfoot family". Members include *Anemone* (anemones), *Ranunculus* (buttercup), *Aconitum* (aconite), and *Clematis*.
Orem, Utah

**Orem** is a city in Utah County in the state of Utah, United States.  As of the 2020 census, 98,129 people live in Orem.

## References
Hubble Deep Field

The **Hubble Deep Field**, sometimes called the **HDF**, is an image of a small part of the night sky. The image was taken in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995.

It is important because it shows some of the earliest (farthest away) galaxies ever seen, over 3000 in total.

The area of the sky the HDF was taken in makes up less than 1/10th the width of a full Moon, yet it contains over 3,000 galaxies.

Because of the time it takes for light from these galaxies to reach Earth, many in the picture look exactly as they did over 10 billion (10,000,000,000) years ago. Because of this it allows scientists to look at what the Universe was like at that time, and how it changed to become what it is now. Add to this the cosmological principle, which suggests that on large scales the Universe is roughly the same no matter what direction you look, and the HDF becomes a very important tool for astronomers studying how the Universe has changed.

For these reasons the HDF is sometimes called 'the most important image ever taken'.

## Related pages
* Hubble Ultra Deep Field
* Hubble Extreme Deep Field
* Hubble Space Telescope

## References
Human T-lymphotropic virus

]]
**Human T-lymphotropic virus** is a virus. It is a kind of retrovirus. Human T-lymphotropic virus causes leukemia as well as other diseases. Currently, four kinds are known (labelled I to IV).
Bon Scott

**Bon Scott** (9 July 1946 – 19 February 1980) was a Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter. He was the lead singer of hard rock band AC/DC from 1974 until he died of alcohol poisoning in 1980.

## Biography
Scott was born in Forfar, Scotland and brought up in Kirriemuir, Scotland. He and his family moved to Fremantle, Australia in 1952. He left school when he was 15 and spent a short time in a juvenile institution. In 1964, he formed a band called The Spektors. They later became a different band called The Valentines. When the Valentines broke up in 1970, Scott joined a band called Fraternity. Fraternity left Australia and went to Europe, but came back soon after. Scott then joined a band called the Mount Lofty Rangers. In 1974 he had a motorcycle accident and was in hospital for a few months. After he left hospital he joined AC/DC.

## Career
AC/DC's first two albums were *High Voltage* and *T.N.T.*. They were only released in Australia. Their first worldwide album was released in 1976. It had songs from both *High Voltage* and *T.N.T.*, and was also called *High Voltage*. They released another album that year called *Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap*. Their next albums were *Let There Be Rock*, *Powerage*, and a live album called ''If You Want Blood You've Got It''. AC/DC's last album with Scott as their singer was *Highway to Hell*.

## Death
Scott died of alcohol poisoning in London on 19 February 1980. He was 33 years old at the time. Brian Johnson became AC/DC's new lead singer. There is a bronze statue of Bon Scott in Fremantle. Shortly after his death, AC/DC released a tribute album to Scott, Back in Black.

## References 
## Other websites
* Bon Scott story 
* Bon Scott's death
Border Gateway Protocol

The **Border Gateway Protocol** (**BGP**) is the main routing protocol of the Internet. It decides how data gets from one place to another on the Internet. It was made to get rid of the EGP routing protocol to make the Internet more independent.

Most Internet users do not use BGP. It is the ISPs who use it to talk to other ISPs so they can send and get data from each other. It is one of the most important protocols of the Internet.

## Related pages
* Shortest Path Bridging
* Intermediate System to Intermediate System
Commitment scheme

In cryptography, a **commitment scheme** is a way for someone to tell people something, and then later reveal what they said. Someone would do this to make sure they can prove who they are. Someone may also do this to make sure that someone does not cheat at a game. This is like putting a letter in an  and giving it to someone. You can tell the other person what the letter says. The other person can then open the envelope and know that you wrote the letter.

This is done by using a one-way function to change a string (a name for a list of letters) into a hash. This is called the *commit phase*. The person can then tell people the hash. Later, if someone needs to prove that they were the one who made the commitment, then they can tell people the string they used. This is called the *reveal phase*. Other people can then make sure that the string was used to make the commitment.

## Examples 
Two people want to flip a coin to decide something. If they are not in the same room, it would be easy to cheat. Person 1 could guess a side, and Person 2 can lie about which side the coin landed. Person 2 can do this because he knows Person 1's guess.

A fix could be using a **commitment**. Person 1 gives Person 2 a commitment to his guess. Then, Person 2 reveals what side the coin landed on. After, Person 1 can reveal what his commitment was. Person 2 can then make sure that Person 1 is not lying.

## References
Power metal

**Power metal** is a type of heavy metal music that mixes traditional metal with thrash metal or speed metal. There are two types of power metal. One comes from North America that sounds more like speed metal, and a more popular one from Europe (especially Finland, Germany, Italy, Scandinavia) and Japan that usually sounds happier and usually uses keyboards.  It is usually characterized by high, clean, melodic vocals, fantasy based lyrics as well as complex and fast lead guitar solos.

Some of the most popular European style bands include:
* Helloween (1984-present) from Germany is one of the first, and most influential power metal bands.
* Gamma Ray from Germany
* Stratovarius from Finland
* Luke Fortini from Italy
* Sonata Arctica from Finland
* Blind Guardian from Germany
* Edguy/Avantasia from Germany
* Kamelot from the U.S.A. but they are of a European style
* HammerFall from Sweden
* DragonForce from England
* Power Quest from England, frequent use of keyboards
Defense Support Program

The **Defense Support Program** (DSP) is a group of satellites that orbit the Earth. They are owned by the United States Air Force to run the *Satellite Early Warning System* used by the United States. DSP satellites are used to detect missile and spacecraft launches. DSP is also used to detect nuclear explosions. It does this by using infrared sensors on the satellite.
Blackheath

**Blackheath** can be any of the following:

*Blackheath, London, England
*Blackheath, Surrey, England
*Blackheath, West Midlands, England
*Blackheath, New South Wales, Australia
*Blackheath (hundred), Kent, England
*Black Heath (Chesterfield County), Virginia, USA
SHA hash functions

In cryptography, the **Secure Hashing Algorithms** are a group of cryptographic hash functions released by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The algorithms take an input and produce a *hash* value (often shown in hexadecimal). The length of the *hash* depends on the digest length of the algorithm.

## Family 
* **SHA-0:** It was the name used for the original Secure Hashing Algorithm that was released in 1993. It was no longer used because it was not safe to use and was quickly replaced with SHA-1.
* **SHA-1:** It is the first name used for the official Secure Hashing Algorithm. It was released after a weakness in SHA-0. It was made by the National Security Agency (NSA). It was also found to be weak and unsafe.
* **SHA-2:** It is one of the most popular type of SHA. There are options to set the length (by changing the digest size) of the hash to 256 or 512 bits.**:**  The latest type of SHA. It was made by Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters and Gilles Van Assche.

The Secure Hashing Algorithms, being Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) compliant algorithms are subject to the Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program

## References
Urban legend

An **urban legend** is an often circulated story that is not necessarily based on truth, but merely conjecture and rumor. However, there may or may not be a grain of truth from which the story originated.

## Urban legends and the Internet
The Internet has made it easier for urban legends to spread, as people often spread them to their friends or family using e-mail. As a result, some websites such as Snopes.com and TruthOrFiction.com, among others, have been made that look at urban legends and try to see whether or not they are true.

An example of an urban legend is a report that years after the defeat of St Clair in 1791 at Ft Recovery Mercer Country Ohio - a skeleton of a Captain Roger Vanderberg was found in Miami County Ohio inside a tree along with a diary; in fact no one of this name was a casualty of the 1791 battle - it was a story that orginated in 1864 from a Scottish novel! Another example of a urban legend is a young woman and her mother going to visit the Paris Exposition; the mother falls ill, the daughter rushes off to get help only to find her mother gone! The woman either goes insane or is told the truth-her mother had the plague which was the reason for the coverup. This became the premise of a 1950s movie *So Long at the Fair*. In fact the basis for the legend was a story in 1897 in a Philadelphia newspaper...and no other sources in fact!

Other urban legends concern the Chase Burial Vault in Barbadoes although the lone account has no other basis in fact. Another urban legend concerns organized crime: In New York city at the turn of the century there was a "Murder Stable" where criminals killed one another. In fact, the report was exaggerated. Allegedly, an unknown killer named "Shotgun Man" committed dozens of murders with a shotgun in Chicago, Illinois after the turn of the century between 1910 and 1911 - although a check of a database of Chicago murders from that time period shows only one shotgun killings between 1900 and 1920.

## References
Thuringian Forest

The **Thuringian Forest** is a forest in the German state of Thuringia. It is about  long and  wide. The highest elevation is the *Großer Beerberg*, at .
Gertrude (crater)

**Gertrude** is the biggest crater on Uranus's moon Titania that we know about. It is nearly 326 kilometers across, which is about twenty percent of the moons' diameter.

## References
Powell's Books

'''Powell's Books''' is a bookstore in Portland, Oregon, United States. It has seven locations. It says it is the world's largest independent new and used bookstore in the world with more than one million (1,000,000) books on its shelves.  The main store covers an entire city block between West Burnside Street, NW Couch Street, NW 10th and 11th avenues.

The bookstore began in 1971.
In 2002, *USA Today* said Powell's was one of America's ten best bookstores.

Powell's wants to add as much as two floors to the store's southeast corner—at least .  The plan was submitted to the City of Portland to be approved in November 2008.

## References
Orange-bellied euphonia

The **Orange-bellied euphonia** (*Euphonia xanthogaster*) is a species of bird in the Fringillidae (finch) family.  It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Bandipur National Park

**Bandipur National Park** is a national park in India. It contains Gaurs and Asian Elephants, as well as tigers. In 1973 it was decided that Bandipur National Park would be protected as a place for tigers to live safely, as part of a project called 'Project Tiger'. 

The national park has an area of 874.20 km2. 
## References
Hurricane Irene (1999)

**Hurricane Irene** was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm caused heavy damage across Florida and North Carolina in October 1999. Irene developed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 13 from a tropical wave.

Irene was a wet hurricane for Florida, similar to many hurricanes of the 1930s and 1940s. In North Carolina and Virginia, the storm produced heavy rainfall of more than 10 inches.

Irene caused 18 deaths and $800 million in damage in the United States.

## References
Tropical Storm Katrina (1999)

**Tropical Storm Katrina** was a short-lived, weak tropical cyclone that produced minor damage across areas previously devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1998.
Prague (disambiguation)

**Prague** is the capital of the Czech Republic.

**Prague** can also be any of the following:

* Praha, Slovakia, a village 
* Prague, Nebraska
* Prague, Oklahoma
* New Prague, Minnesota
* Praha, Texas
Hurricane Floyd

**Hurricane Floyd** was the strongest, costliest, and deadliest hurricane of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. Floyd, at first looked as if it were headed for Florida as a category 4 hurricane. It was about twice as large as Hurricane Andrew, which if Floyd struck Florida it could have caused even more damage than Andrew. Instead of striking Florida, Floyd struck North Carolina and caused flooding from North Carolina up to some states in New England. Floyd left $4.5 billion in damage from Florida to Maine. Floyd also killed about 76-86 people in the United States. One person was also killed in the Bahamas.

## Retirement
The name Floyd got retired in the Spring of 2000. The name Franklin was used in 2005 instead.
Nitrile

.]]
**Nitrile** is a functional group in organic chemistry. Chemicals that have this group are also called **nitriles**. The nitrile group has a triple bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom. This is written . Inorganic nitriles are called cyanides.

It smells like a fruit, and can be a type of poison.

The simplest nitrile is acetonitrile (, where the nitrile is connected to a methyl group. Acrylonitrile is a nitrile used to make plastics.

## Reactions 
### With water 
Nitriles react with water. This is a type of hydrolysis. Nitriles and water react to make amides, and the amide can react further to make carboxylic acids and ammonia:
:
:

### With hydrogen 
Hydrogen gas, , is a reducing agent. Combined with a catalyst like Raney nickel, it reacts with nitriles to make amines.
1981 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1981 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1981 and ended on November 30, 1981. However this season a storm formed on May 6. This season was high in activity. The only notable storms of this season were Hurricane Dennis, Tropical Depression Eight, and Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Dennis and Tropical Depression Eight caused the most damage. However, Hurricane Katrina was the only storm that killed people in 1981.

## Storms
*Tropical Storm Arlene 
*Tropical Depression Two 
*Tropical Storm Bret 
*Tropical Depression Four 
*Tropical Storm Cindy 
*Hurricane Dennis 
*Tropical Depression Seven 
*Tropical Depression Eight 
*Hurricane Emily 
*Hurricane Floyd 
*Hurricane Gert 
*Hurricane Harvey 
*Tropical Depression Thirteen 
*Hurricane Irene 
*Tropical Depression Fifteen 
*Tropical Storm Jose 
*Hurricane Katrina 
*Subtropical Storm Three 
## Unused names
## Retirement
No names were retired in 1982. As a result, all names would be repeated in 1987.

## Other websites
* Monthly Weather Review
* HPC Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for 1981
Willem Wissing

**Willem Wissing**, also known as **William Wissing** (1656, Amsterdam or The Hague - 10 Sep 1687 Burghley House), was a Dutch portrait artist. He painted many famous people of the day, including William III of England,Mary II of England,Anne of Great Britain.

## References
Teosinte

The **teosintes** are a group of large grasses of the genus ***Zea*** found in Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua. 

There are five recognized species of teosinte: *Zea diploperennis*, *Zea perennis*, *Zea luxurians*, *Zea nicaraguensis* and *Zea mays*.
Burj Al Arab

The **Burj Al Arab** is a hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the fourth-largest hotel in the world. It is very expensive to stay at the Burj Al Arab. The construction started in 1994 but was opened on 1999.

Burj Al Arab is known as the world's only 7-star hotel. On the top of the Burj Al-Arab, there is a helipad which is sometimes used as a tennis court for high-paying guests. The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts,the interior design was done by Khuan Chew and John Carolan of KCA International. The hotel was worth $650 million to build.

It is currently owned by The Jumeirah Group, a company owned by Dubai Holding.

## References
Cuentos del Sil

***Cuentos del Sil*** (Tales of the Sil) is a Leonese language book written by nine leonese language writers. It was sponsored by the Provincial Government of León, and Leonese language associations "El Fueyu" and "El Toralín". The authors com from the Sil Valley, specially from El Bierzu and it is the collective book in the Leonese language where there are more authors.

The writers are from teenagers to those who are in their eighties:

* Severiano Álvarez
* Alejandro Díez
* Daniel Fernández
* Eva González
* Roberto González-Quevedo
* Xuasús González
* Félix Llópez
* Adrianu Martín
* Abel Pardo

## Related pages
* Leonese language
* Leonese language writers
* Kingdom of León

## References
## Other websites 
* Cuentos del Sil website (in Leonese language) 
* Leonese Language Association from El Bierzu (in Leonese language) 
* Leonese Language Association "El Fueyu" (in Leonese language and English)
* Top Level Domain for Leonese Language (Leonese language, English, Italian, Catalan, French Romanian, and other languages)
List of Leonese-language writers

This is a list of writers who have worked  in the Leonese language (Llingua Llïonesa in Leonese), a language developed from Vulgar Latin with contributions from the pre-Roman languages which were spoken in the territory of the Spanish provinces of León, Zamora, and Salamanca and in some villages in the District of Bragança, Portugal. The Leonese language belongs to Leonese or Astur-Leonese subgroup of Iberian languages.

* Abel Pardo (1974-)
* Adrianu Martín (1986-)
* Alejandro Díez (1985-)
* Amando Álvarez Cabeza
* Caitano Bardón (1881-1924)
* Daniel Fernández (writer) (1974-)
* Emilce Núñez
* Eva González (1918-2007)
* Félix Llópez (1988-)
* Germán Suárez Blanco
* Gumersindo Álvarez Cabeza
* José Aragón Escacena (1891-1945)
* Roberto González-Quevedo (1953-)
* Severiano Álvarez (1933-)
* Xuasús González (1981-)

## Related pages
* Leonese language
* Cuentos del Sil

## Other websites 
* http://www.eltoralin.com/cuentosdelsil  Cuentos del Sil website (in Leonese language)
* http://www.eltoralin.com  Leonese Language Association from El Bierzo (in Leonese language)
* http://www.elfueyu.net Leonese Language Association "El Fueyu" (in Leonese language and English)
* http://www.puntuLLI.org  Top Level Domain for Leonese Language (Leonese language, English, Italian, Catalan, French Romanian, and other languages)
Stockman

In Australia, a **stockman** is the name given to a person who looks after the livestock on large farms known as a station. Stations are owned by a  or a grazing company. A stockman can also be the persons employed at abattoirs, feedlots, on live export ships or with stock and station agencies.

People who work on station, including stockmen, are also known as “station hands”. Men learning how to become station managers are known as "jackaroos", while women are known as "jillaroos". Girls are often stockmen on farms. Some stations are now making it easier for women to work on stations by building female living quarters and putting in machinery to do some of the heavy work.

A related job is that of the drover, who, like the shearer may be an temporary seasonal worker. Drovers are employed in looking after the livestock while they are travelling on a stock route. 

The word *stockman* was used in the United States and Canada as meaning a person who raised livestock, mainly cattle. The word *stockgrower* is used now. This meaning is very different from the Australian use of the word *stockman*.

## References
1980 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1980 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1980, and ended on November 30, 1980. This season had about average activity with 15 storms, of which 11 got named. This season featured the very powerful Hurricane Allen.

## Storms
*Tropical Depression One 
*Hurricane Allen 
*Hurricane Bonnie 
*Tropical Depression Four 
*Hurricane Charley 
*Tropical Depression Six 
*Tropical Storm Danielle 
*Hurricane Earl 
*Hurricane Frances 
*Hurricane Georges 
*Tropical Storm Hermine 
*Hurricane Ivan 
*Hurricane Jeanne 
*Tropical Depression Fourteen 
*Hurricane Karl 
## Unused names
## Retirement
In the spring of 1981 the name "Allen" was retired and replaced by Andrew in 1986.

## Other websites
* Monthly Weather Review
Eva González (Leonese language writer)

**Eva González** was a Spanish writer. She was born in Palacios del Sil (province of Llión, Spain) in 1918. She died in León in 2007. She has a dedicated street in León city for her contribution to the literature in Leonese language.

She wrote:

* Poesías ya cuentus na nuesa tsingua (1980).
* Bitsarón. Cousas pa nenos y pa grandes na nuesa tsingua (1981).
* Xentiquina (1983).
* Xeitus: poesías ya cuentus (1985).
* Branas d'antanu ya xente d'anguanu: poesías ya cuentus (1990) reedited (2003)

Collective books:

* Cuentos de Lleón (1996)
* Cuentos del Sil (2006)
* El Dialecto Leonés, edición conmemorativa (2006)

## Other websites 
* Asociación Berciana en defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín  (in Leonese language)
* Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu (in Leonese language and English)
* del Sil Cuentos del Sil  (in Leonese language)
* Top Level Domain for Leonese Language (in Leonese language and several more)
Star Trek: The Motion Picture

***Star Trek: The Motion Picture*** was the first movie set in the *Star Trek* universe. It was made in 1979 by Paramount Pictures. A strange and dangerous alien cloud called V'ger is coming straight at Earth, destroying everything in its path. Admiral James T. Kirk becomes captain of his old ship - the USS Enterprise - to save the Earth.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Star Trek III: The Search for Spock

***Star Trek III: The Search for Spock*** was the third movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1984 by Paramount Pictures. It happens after the events of the last movie, *The Wrath of Khan*. The crew of the USS Enterprise go home to Earth after losing their friend Spock. Admiral James T. Kirk finds out that Spock's essence (his soul) is inside Leonard McCoy. They return to Genesis, where Spock died, to find his remains and take them to Vulcan.
Star Trek V: The Final Frontier

***Star Trek V: The Final Frontier*** was the fifth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1989 by Paramount Pictures. It happens after the events of *The Voyage Home*. Spock's half-brother Sybok goes on a spiritual journey to find "God" and takes the Enterprise to the centre of the galaxy.

## Other websites
*
El Toralín

**The Bercian Association in Defense of the Leonese Language "El Toralín"** (*Asociación Berciana en defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín*, in Leonese language) was a Leonese association from El Bierzo that promoted Leonese language in that shire, born in 2006.

## Activities 
This association developed two Leonese language courses in Ponferrada (Province of Llión), and some campaigns for promoting the knwoledge of Leonese language in the shire. They also participated in other activities as Leonese Language Day, Mother Language Day, and collaborated in publcations like "Cuentos del Sil", where writers from the shire wrote a collective book with simple stories in Leonese language.

## Related pages
* Leonese language
* Cuentos del Sil
* APMLL

## References 
## Other websites 
* Asociación Berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín 
* Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu
* Top Level Domain for Leonese Language 
* Cuentos del Sil, Collective Leonese language book
Hurricane Lenny

**Hurricane Lenny** was the last major hurricane, hurricane, named storm and depression of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. There are three main reasons to remember Lenny. One, it was strongest November Atlantic hurricane; two, the damage it caused in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and three, it moved the opposite way storms usually moved across the Caribbean Sea. Some people at the National Hurricane Center nicknamed it "Wrong Way Lenny". Lenny left $330 million in damage, this amount is likely not all the damage. This is because it was reported for U.S. territories only, such as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

## Retirement
Because the damage was high and likely higher, the name Lenny was retired. In 2005 the name Lee was used instead. The name Lee in 2005 was not retired, so Lee is on the list for 2011 and 2017.

## Reference
1974 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1974 Atlantic hurricane season** began on June 1, 1974 and ended on November 30, 1974. This season was about average in activity 11 storms, 7 of which got named. This season was one of the deadliest on record, most deaths were caused by Hurricane Fifi. This season also had the most Subtropical storms (4).

## Storms
*Subtropical Storm One
*Subtropical Storm Two
*Subtropical Storm Three
*Tropical Storm Alma
*Hurricane Becky
*Hurricane Carmen
*Tropical Storm Dolly
*Tropical Storm Elaine
*Hurricane Fifi
*Hurricane Gertrude
*Subtropical Storm Four

## Unused names
## Retirement
In 1975 the names Carmen and Fifi were retired.

## Other websites
* HPC rainfall page for 1974 tropical cyclones 
* Monthly Weather Review
Dracaena

***Dracaena*** is a genus of about 40 trees and succulent shrubs. 

The name comes from Ancient Greek *drakaina*, meaning female dragon. Most of them are native to tropical Africa, some occur in Southeast Asia, and tropical South America. They are usually classified into *Dragon trees* and *shrubby dracenas* according to how they grow. The latter are also often grown as house plants.
1972 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1972 Atlantic hurricane season** began on June 1, 1972 and ended on November 30, 1972. 1972 had a very inactive hurricane season with only 7 storms all were named this was one of the seasons that subtropical storms had a separate naming list. One of the only notable storms this season Hurricane Agnes which at that time it was the costliest hurricane in US history.

## Storms
*Subtropical Storm Alpha 
*Hurricane Agnes 
*Hurricane Betty 
*Tropical Storm Carrie 
*Hurricane Dawn 
*Subtropical Storm Charlie 
*Subtropical Storm Delta 

## Storm names
This is the list of names that were set aside for the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season. Name that were not used are marked in 

## Unused Subtropical Storm names
## Retirement
Agnes was retired in 1973.
## Other websites
* HPC rainfall pages for 1972 Tropical Cyclones 
* Monthly Weather Review