open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Christ Illusion

***Christ Illusion*** is the tenth studio album by American thrash metal band, Slayer. *Christ Illusion* was released on August 4, 2006 through American Recordings. It is Slayer's first album to feature original drummer Dave Lombardo since the release of *Seasons in the Abyss* on October 9, 1990.

The album peaked at #5 on the *Billboard* 200, #2 on the Top Rock Albums, and at #1 on the Top Tastemaker Albums charts. In 2007, the song "Eyes of the Insane" won a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance. The next year, the song "Final Six" won a Grammy Award in the same category.

The album art featured a mutilated Jesus painted by Larry Carroll which caused controversy. Lyrics from the album also caused controversy. The lyrics for the song "Jihad" describe the September 11 attacks from a terrorist perspective. An Indian Christian group based in Mumbai were angry and demanded that the albums be recalled. All of the Indian stocks of the album were recalled and destroyed by EMI India.

## Songs
## References
## Other websites
*
Ice-cream headache

An **ice-cream headache**, also known as **brain freeze** or **cold-stimulus headache** is a form of brief head pain or headache. The scientific name is *sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia*. It is often due to quickly eating cold beverages or foods such as ice cream and ice pops. It is caused by having something cold touch the palate of the mouth. It is believed to result from a nerve response or a "referring" of pain from the roof of the mouth to the head. The rate of intake for cold foods has been  as a  factor.

## References
Yo no creo en los hombres

***Yo no creo en los hombres*** (English: ''I don't believe in men*) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Giselle González for Televisa. It is based on *Yo no creo en los hombres'' (1991), produced in México.

Alejandro Camacho, Adriana Louvier and Gabriel Soto star in the series. Flavio Medina, Azela Robinson and Rosa María Bianchi also star.

## Cast 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Bartonella

***Bartonella*** is a genus of bacteria. It is the only one in the family Bartonellaceae. The species can be  parasitic and cause diseases in animals and humans. They live mostly in the cells of the host, as intracellular parasites.

*Bartonella* species are pathogens. *Bartonella* species are transmitted by vectors such as ticks, fleas, sand flies, and mosquitoes. At least eight *Bartonella* species or subspecies are known to infect humans.

*Bartonella* is named after Alberto Leonardo Barton (1870–1950), a medical  microbiologist.

## References
Nitrosomonadaceae

The **Nitrosomonadaceae** are a family of bacteria. They  ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3−). They are lithoautotrophic meaning they do not need organic substance to live.
* *Nitrosomonas*
* *Nitrosospira*

## References
World Painted Blood

***World Painted Blood*** is the eleventh studio album by American thrash metal band, Slayer. *World Painted Blood* was released on November 3, 2009 through American Recordings and Sony Music Entertainment. It is Slayer's last album to feature drummer Dave Lombardo who was fired and guitarist Jeff Hanneman who died of liver failure, both in 2013.

The album peaked at #12 on the *Billboard* 200, #18 on the Digital Albums, #2 on the Top Hard Rock Albums, #4 on the Top Rock Albums, and at #1 on the Top Tastemaker Albums charts. In 2010, the song "Hate Worldwide" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance. The next year, the song "World Painted Blood" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the same category.

## Songs
## References
## Other websites
*
Planomicrobium

***Planomicrobium*** is a bacterium. The cells are coccoid or rod shaped. They can move with  one or two flagella. They are aerobic, they need oxygen.
* *Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum*
* *Planomicrobium chinense*
* *Planomicrobium flavidum* 
* *Planomicrobium glaciei* 
* *Planomicrobium koreense*
* *Planomicrobium mcmeekinii*
* *Planomicrobium okeanokoites*
* *Planomicrobium psychrophilum*
* *Planomicrobium soli*
* *Planomicrobium stackebrandtii*

## References
Shane Harper

**Shane Steven Harper** (born February 14, 1993) is an American actor, singer-songwriter, and dancer. He is known for playing Spencer on Good Luck Charlie as well as Josh Wheaton in the independent Christian movie ''God's Not Dead*. His self-titled debut album was released on February 14, 2012.

## Filmography
## Discography
### Studio albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
### Promotional singles
### Music videos
## Awards and nominations 
## Concert tours
;Headlining
**Shane Harper Tour* (2012–13)

;Opening act
* *Dancing Crazy Tour* (2011)
* *Summer Tour'' (2013)

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Photios I of Constantinople

**Photios I** was born c. 810 or 820 in Constantinople and died 891 in Bordi (Armenia). He was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 858 to 867 and from 877 to 886. In the Eastern Orthodox churches he is called **St. Photios the Great**. Photios a  and  Patriarch of Constantinople. As a scholar, Photios possessed a tremendous knowledge of Greek literature. He was a leading intellectual of his time, "the leading light of the ninth-century renaissance". He was a central figure in both the religious conversion of the Slavs to Christianity and the Photian schism.

## References
Filibacter limicola

***Filibacter limicola*** is a bacterium. *Filibacter limicola* is the only species of the genus *Filibacter*. It is gram-positive. The species is aerob: It needs oxygen. It is filamentous and composed of more than one cells. The cells are curved or straight. It is a gliding bacterium.

## References 
## Other websites 
* List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
Planomicrobium chinense

***Planomicrobium chinense*** is a species of bacteria. It was first found by Xin Dai. It is gram-positive. The cells are short rods or coccoid. They can move by using polar flagella. *Planomicrobium chinense* doesn't form spores.

## References 
## Other websites
*LPSN
Norman Scribner

**Norman Orville Scribner** (February 25, 1936 – March 22, 2015) was an American conductor, composer, pianist, and organist.  He was most widely known as the founder of The Choral Arts Society of Washington, and as its artistic director for over 45 years. He was born in Washington, D. C..

Scribner died in Washington, D. C. on March 22, 2015 at the age of 79.

## References
List of The Walking Dead episodes

***The Walking Dead*** is an American television series based on the comic book of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore and Charlie Adlard, and developed for television by Frank Darabont. It premiered on the cable network AMC on October 31, 2010. The series focuses on Rick Grimes, a sheriff's deputy who slips into a coma after being shot. He awakens to find himself in a dangerous new world that has been overrun by "walkers". He joins a group of survivors (including his wife and son) as they try to survive in a world among the undead.

As of October 5, 2018, 115 episodes of The Walking Dead had aired. The series was to enter its ninth season on October 7, 2018. It has been renewed for a tenth season.

## Series overview 
|+Series overview

## Episodes 
### Season 1 (2010) 
### Season 2 (2011-12) 
### Season 3 (2012-13) 
### Season 4 (2013-14) 
### Season 5 (2014–15) 
## References
Mark Dean (computer scientist)

**Mark E. Dean** (born March 2, 1957) is an American inventor and a computer engineer. 

## Early life
Dean went to Jefferson City High School. He liked to build things. He once built a tractor from scratch with the help of his father. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1979. He got straight A's. Dean received a master's degree in electrical engineering from Florida Atlantic university in 1982. Dean received a doctorate from Stanford University in 1992.

## Public life
Dean's first job was at IBM as an engineer.  He invented three important technology's at IBM, including the color PC monitor and the first gigahertz chip. A gigahertz chip is a revolutionary piece of technology that is able to do a billion calculations per second. Dean holds 3 of IBM's patents. Dean became the black engineer of the year in 1987.  

## References
Sporosarcina ureae

***Sporosarcina ureae*** is a species of bacteria. It is the type species of its genus and is closely related to *Bacillus* species. It lives in the soil. It is able to break down urea. Therefore, the name (Latin: *urea*). The cells are coccoid. It has some flagella. *Sporosarcina ureae* is heterotrophic. It is aerobic, it needs oxygen.

## References
Benjamin Banneker

**Benjamin Banneker** (November 9, 1731 – October 9, 1806) was a free African American almanac author, inventor, scientist,  surveyor, naturalist and farmer.

## Early life 
Benjamin Banneker was born on November 9, 1731 in Baltimore County, Maryland. His parents are Mary Banneky, a free black, and Robert, a freed slave from Guinea.

In 1788, a man named George Ellicott  Banneker books and equipment to study astronomy more . Banneker sent George Washington his work calculating a solar eclipse the following year.

## References
Jackie Joyner-Kersee

**Jacqueline "Jackie" Joyner-Kersee** (born March 3, 1962) is a retired American athlete. She is one of the greatest athletes in the women's heptathlon as well as in the women's long jump. Joyner-Kersee represented the United States at four Olympic games (1984-96). She won a total of three gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals. Joyner-Kersee was voted "the greatest female athlete of the 20th century" by *Sports Illustrated* magazine.

## References
Yehuda Avner

**Yehuda Avner** (;  December 30, 1928 – March 24, 2015) was an Israeli prime ministerial advisor, diplomat, and writer. He served as advisor to Israeli Prime Ministers Menachem Begin, Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres. He served as speechwriter to Israeli Prime Ministers Golda Meir and Levi Eshkol. Avner was the Israeli Ambassador to Australia, United Kingdom, and the United States

Avner was born in Manchester, England to Israeli Jewish parents. He died of cancer in Jerusalem, Israel, aged 86.

## Other websites
*www.tobypress.com  The Toby Press website
*theprimeministers-thefilm.com The Prime Ministers documentary website
*www.jpost.com The Jerusalem Post interview
*www.bloomberg.com Bloomberg News article
*www.tabletmag.com  Tablet interview
*www.thejewishweek.com  The Jewish Week interview
Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum

***Planomicrobium chinense*** is a species of bacteria.
It is gram-positive. The cells are shaped like rods. *Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum* doesn't form spores.

## References 
## Other websites
*Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
Daniel Hale Williams

**Daniel Hale Williams** (January 18, 1856 – August 4, 1931) was an African-American surgeon. In 1893, he became the first surgeon to  a cardiac surgery.

## Early life 
Daniel Hale Williams III was born on January 18, 1856, in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, to Sarah Price Williams and Daniel Hale Williams II, who was a barber. The couple had several children. Williams III started as a shoemaker apprentice. Later he worked with the Equal Rights League, which was a black civil rights organization active during the Reconstruction era. He went to Chicago Medical college. 

## Public life
In 1891, Williams opened Provident Hospital and Training School for Nurses. It was the first hospital with an interracial staff. In 1893, Williams was the first surgeon to perform open-heart surgery in the United States.  The following year, he became chief surgeon at Freedmen's Hospital.

## References
James Edward Maceo West

**James Edward Maceo West** is an African-American inventor and professor who developed a microphone component that is used in ninety percent of the microphones used today.

## Early life
West was born on February 10, 1931. From an early age, West liked to take things apart. After an accident with a radio he had tinkered with, he became very interested in the concept of electricity. West attended Temple University.

## Public life
In 1960, West teamed up with a fellow scientist Gerard M. Sessler. They developed an inexpensive, compact microphone. It relied on their invention of electric transducers and became the industry standard.

West was appointed president-elect of the Acoustical Society of America in 1997. He joined the National Academy of Engineering in 1998. West retired in 2001

## References
Edward Bouchet

**Edward Alexander Bouchet** became the first African American to earn a doctoral degree.

## Early life
Bouchet was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1852. He graduated from Hopkins School. Bouchet earned his bachelor degree from Yale University in 1874. At the time, there were few opportunities for African Americans seeking higher education.

## Public life
Bouchet is best known for becoming the first African American to earn a doctoral degree in the United States in 1876.  After getting his Ph.D. bouchet could not land a college professorship due to his race. With this accomplishment, Bouchet joined a selected group of academics.  He taught at the school for Colored Youth in Philadelphia for more than 25 years.

## Death 
Bouchet died in 1918. In 1998, Yale University honored Edward Bouchet by establishing the Edward Alexander Bouchet Graduate Honor Society in his name, including the Bouchet Leadership Award to academics who helped advance diversity in higher education.

## References
*
Jerry Lawson (engineer)

**Gerald Anderson "Jerry" Lawson** (December 1, 1940 – April 9, 2011) was an American electronic engineer. He was known for his work in designing the Fairchild Channel F video game console.

## Early life
Jerry Lawson was born on December 1, 1940. His father was a longshoreman. His mother worked for New York City and as a member of a PTA. He had one brother, Michael. To earn money, Lawson dabbled in electronics. He repaired televisions. Lawson attended Queen College, which is part of City University of New York.

## Public life
Lawson was a member of the Silicon Valley Homebrew Computer Club in the 1970s. He met many of the pioneers of personal computing, like Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the founders of Apple Computer. In 1976. Lawson was the director of engineering and marketing at Fairchild Semiconductor. At that time, he developed a video game console called Fairchild Channel F. The console was the first which could play multiple games instead of one, marking his name permanently in history. 

## Death 
On Mountain View, California, At the age of 70, Lawson died from Guillain-Barré syndrome. 

## Source
*
Frederick McKinley Jones

**Frederick McKinley Jones** was an African-American inventor who is known for the development of refrigeration equipment used during World War II.

## Early life
Jones was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on May 17, 1893. When he was 9 years old, both of his parents died. After his parent's death, he went to live with a priest in Kentucky. He stayed there for two years. At the age of 11, Jones returned to Cincinnati. There he found a small job working as a janitor. He served in World War I. Jones had talent for and interest in mechanical work. He read extensively on the subject. In addition to his daily work, he educated himself in his spare time. When the town decided to fund a new radio station, Jones built the transmitter needed to broadcast its programming.

## Public life 
Jones designed a portable air cooling unit for trucks carrying food. He started a company called Thermo Control Company in the 1930's. He received more than 60 patents. 

## Death 
Unfortunately, Jones died of lung cancer in Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 21,1961. However, he won a National Medal of Technology after he died. Not to mention that he was inducted into the Minnesota a Inventors Hall of Fame in 1977.

## References
Lewis Howard Latimer

**Lewis Howard Latimer** (September 4, 1848 – December 11, 1928) was an African-American inventor and draftsman. He was born in Massachusetts in America.  

## Early life
Latimer's family were slaves in Virginia when a local minister led them to freedom. When he was 10 Latimer attended Phillips Grammar School. When he was 16 Latimer lied about his age to join the U.S Navy. 

## Public life
Latimer started working at Crosby and Gould, a patent law firm. He learned to draw diagrams. While at the law firm, Latimer invented an improved railroad car bathroom and an early air conditioning unit. Later, Latimer helped Alexander Graham Bell by drawing diagrams for his patent for the first telephone. Latimer also helped Thomas Edison with his patent for the light bulb, and invented a better way to make carbon filaments for light bulbs.

## Death 
Latimer died on December 11, 1928 in Flushing, Queens, New York at the age 80.

## References
Elijah McCoy

**Elijah J. McCoy** (May 2, 1844 - October 10, 1929) was a Canadian-American inventor of African-American descent who is best known for inventing lubrication devices to make trains run better.

He was born in Colchester, Ontario and died in Detroit, Michigan. He was born May 2, 1844. He was an engineer and inventor, initially employed as a railroad fireman and oiler and fudger. 

## References
Granville Woods

**Granville Tailer Woods**  (Columbus, Ohio, April 23, 1856 – January 30, 1910)  was an African-American inventor who was awarded more than 50 patents. One of his best know inventions was the Multiplex Telegraph, a device that sent messages between train stations and moving trains.

Granville Woods worked for Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy Railroad Company in 1878.

Woods' first patent was for an improved steam boiler furnace. He later developed the telephone transmitter. Woods developed what would become trolley's. Woods registered nearly 60 patents in his lifetime.

Woods died in 1910 from a cerebral hemorrhage.

## References
Sabrina Carpenter

**Sabrina Annlynn Carpenter** (born May 11, 1999) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and record producer. She was born and raised in Quakertown, Pennsylvania. Her parents are David and Elizabeth Carpenter. She has three older sisters.

## Career
Carpenter was born in Pennsylvania, United States. In 2010, She placed third in the online singing contest *The Next Miley Cyrus Project*, which was run by Miley Cyrus. 

She moved to Los Angeles at 13. Carpenter acted as Maya Hart, the best friend of Riley Matthews (portrayed by Rowan Blanchard), in the Disney Channel series *Girl Meets World* from June 2014 to January 2017*.* She was signed to Hollywood Records at age 14, before moving to Island Records in 2021.

Sabrina Carpenter gained more success in 2024 with the singles "Espresso" and "Please Please Please", from her fifth studio album, ''Short n' Sweet*. "Espresso" became her first UK number-one hit and reached the top three in the US and Canada. "Please Please Please" became her first US and Canadian number-one song and second UK number-one.

The third single from the album, "Taste", debuted at number two on the Hot 100 and topped the UK chart. It became both her third UK number-one and third US pop radio airplay number-one. The album entered at number one on the US *Billboard* 200 album chart, selling 362,000 copies there in its first week.

In April 2024, Sabrina Carpenter released the single "Espresso". The next day, she performed at Coachella. "Espresso" was in the *Billboard* Global 200. *Espresso* was at number three on the *Billboard'' Hot 100 chart. It went on to win the MTV Video Music Award for Song of the Year. 

Sabrina Carpenter followed with a second single, "Please Please Please" on June 6, 2024, which became Sabrina Carpenter's second global chart-topper and her first US Hot 100 number one single. With these songs, she became the first female artist to hold the number one and two positions on the UK singles chart for three weeks in a row.

Carpenter became haircare brand Redken's first global ambassador. She also partnered with American coffee and donut chain Dunkin' for an exclusive coffee drink, the Brown Sugar Shakin' Espresso.

## Discography
* *Eyes Wide Open* (2015)
* *Evolution* (2016)
* *Singular: Act I* (2018)
* *Singular: Act II* (2019)
* ''Emails I Can't Send* (2022)
* *Short n' Sweet* (2024)
* *Man's Best Friend'' (2025)
## Tours
**Headlining**
* Evolution Tour (2016–2017)
* The De-Tour (2017)
* Singular Tour (2019)
* Emails I Can't Send Tour (2022–2023)
* Short n' Sweet Tour (2024–2025)
**Opening act**
* Ariana Grande – Dangerous Woman Tour (2017)
* The Vamps – Middle of the Night Tour (2017)
* Taylor Swift – The Eras Tour (2023–2024)

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Stage
### Video games
## Awards and nominations 
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Benvenuto Cellini

**Benvenuto Cellini** (; 3 November 1500 &ndash; 13 February 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor, draftsman, soldier and musician, who also wrote a famous autobiography. He was one of the most important artists of Mannerism.

He was born in Florence, and died there.
## References
Cryptic Writings

***Cryptic Writings*** is the seventh studio album by American thrash metal band, Megadeth. *Cryptic Writings* was released on June 17, 1997 through Capitol Records. It was Megadeth's last album to feature drummer Nick Menza.

The album peaked at #10 on the *Billboard* 200 and at #17 on the Canadian Albums Chart. In 1998, the song "Trust" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance.

## Songs
## References
## Other websites
*
Sonoran Desert

The **Sonoran Desert** is a North American desert. It covers large parts of the Southwestern United States in Arizona and California. It also covers parts of Northwestern Mexico. This includes Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur. It is the hottest desert in North America. The Sonoran Desert has an area of . The western portion of the United States–Mexico border goes through the Sonoran Desert. It is the hottest desert in North America. It is known for its giant Saguaro cactuses.

## References
I'm Alive

'''I'm Alive''' is the tenth studio album by Jackson Browne. The album was released on October 11, 1993. It did not have any major hits but the album managed a gold record.

## References
Häagen-Dazs

**Häagen-Dazs** is a brand of ice cream shops and ice cream franchises. They specialize in ice cream cones, ice cream cups, and ice cream shakes. They have franchises in the United States and many other countries around the world. Häagen-Dazs was created in 1961 by Reuben and Rose Mattus in The Bronx, New York. They opened their first store on November 15, 1976 in Brooklyn.

The "Häagen-Dazs" name was invented by Mattus since it was "Danish-sounding". He used it as a tribute to Denmark's good treatment of Jews during World War II. An outline of Denmark was also used on their early labels. The name is not Danish.

In 1983, Häagen-Dazs was bought by Pillsbury. Pillsbury was then bought by General Mills in 2001.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Nissan Titan

The **Nissan Titan** is a full-size pickup truck that is built by Nissan. The Nissan Titan is in its second generation. It was designed by Diane Allen.

The Titan was discontinued in 2024 due to poor sales.
## First generation (A60, 2003-2015) 

File:Nissan-Titan-crewcab.jpg|Front
File:Nissan Titan V8 SE King Cab 4x4 2007 (16949005192).jpg|Rear
File:Nissan Titan Crew Cab Pro-4X Flex Fuel interior.jpg|Interior

## Second generation (A61, 2016-2024) 

File:2018 Nissan Titan Platinum Reserve Crew Cab in Deep Blue Pearl, Front Left, 2024-03-12.jpg|Front
File:2017 Nissan Titan SV Crew Cab in Deep Blue Pearl, rear left, 2025-04-26.jpg|Rear
File:Nissan Titan XD '16.jpg|Front (XD)
File:2016 Nissan Titan XD SL Crew Cab 5.0L rear 6.15.18.jpg|Rear (XD)
File:2023 Nissan Titan interior.jpg|Interior

## Sales
## References
## Other websites
*Nissan Titan on Nissan.com
*Nissan Titan on Nissan.ca
Octavia E. Butler

**Octavia E. Butler** was an American science fiction writer. She won many awards including for her short stories. She won the Hugo and Nebula awards more than once. She won the MacArthur Fellowship in 1995.

## Early life
Butler was born in Pasadena, California on June 22, 1947. She lost her father at a young age. Butler was raised by her mother, who worked as a maid. Butler started creating her own stories early on. Butler was dyslexic but she didn't let it challenge her from developing a love of books. She decided to make writing her life's work at the age of ten. As a child Butler was known for her shyness and her impressive height. She attended many colleges. She earned her associate degree at Pasadena City College. She also went to California State University, and University of California at Los Angeles.

## Public life
Butler studied fiction with Harlan Ellison and became an author of books for both children and adults. She was a very good science fiction writer. Important books she wrote were Pattermaster and Mind of My Mind. She won the 1984 Best Short Story for "Speech of Sounds," and she won the Nebula Award. Octavia E. Butler was known for mixing African American spiritualism and science fiction together in her stories. 

## Death 
Butler died at her home of a stroke in Seattle, Washington on February 24, 2006.

## References
Tha Dogg Pound

**Tha Dogg Pound** is an American gangsta rap duo. The group was founded in 1992. They were originally signed to the record label Death Row. They made their first appearance on the Dr. Dre album *The Chronic*. They were also on Snoop Dogg's album *Doggystyle*.

Their first album, *Dogg Food* came out in 1995.

During 1993–94, the group assisted MC Hammer on his *The Funky Headhunter* album along with Suge Knight.

## References
Hennessy

**Jas Hennessy & Co.** is a company that makes cognac. Its headquarters are in Cognac, France. The company sells more than 50 million bottles a year worldwide. It is the world's largest Cognac maker. It is owned by Moët Hennessy, which is co-owned by LVMH (66%) and Diageo (34%). 

## History 
Hennessy was established in 1765 by Irishman Richard Hennessy. His son James created the brand Hennessy and named the company Jas Hennessy & Co. He greatly expanded his father's business. While an Irishman, he served in the French Navy. He set up the distillery on the Charent River in Cognac.

The company has been run by eight generations of Hennessys. Their master distillers have been seven generations of the Fillioux family. Currently their biggest market is China.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Hennessy
* About Hennessy Cognac
Raphe nuclei

The **Raphe nuclei** (singular = Raphe nucleus) are a cluster of nuclei in the hindbrain which release a neurotransmitter called serotonin (5-HT). The serotonin molecules get sent all over the brain, where they are needed for all sorts of roles. 'Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor' (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets. Many opioids (drugs that calm people down) can act on the Raphe nuclei to secrete too much 5-HT.

## References
Flags of North America

This is a gallery of flags of North American countries and affiliated international organizations.

## International

File:Flag of CARICOM.svg|Flag of the Caribbean Community and Common Market
File:Flag of the Central American Integration System.svg|Flag of the Central American Integration System
File:Flag of NATO.svg|Flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

## North America
### Nations

File:Flag of Canada.svg|Flag of Canada*See also: List of Canadian flags*
File:Flag of Mexico.svg|Flag of Mexico*See also: List of Mexican flags*
File:Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg|Flag of the United States*See also: Flags of the United States*

### Territories

File:Flag of Greenland.svg|Flag of Greenland ()

## Central America
### Nations

File:Flag of Costa Rica (state).svg|Flag of Costa Rica
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|Flag of El Salvador
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|Flag of Guatemala
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|Flag of Nicaragua
File:Flag of Panama.svg|Flag of Panama

## Caribbean
### Nations

File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|Flag of Antigua and Barbuda
File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|Flag of the Bahamas
File:Flag of Barbados.svg|Flag of Barbados*See also: List of Barbados flags*
File:Flag of Belize.svg|Flag of Belize
File:Flag of Cuba.svg|Flag of Cuba
File:Flag of Dominica.svg|Flag of Dominica
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|Flag of the Dominican Republic
File:Flag of Grenada.svg|Flag of Grenada
File:Flag of Haiti.svg|Flag of Haiti
File:Flag of Jamaica.svg|Flag of Jamaica*See also: List of Jamaican flags*
File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis
File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|Flag of Saint Lucia
File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|Flag of Trinidad and Tobago

### Territories

File:Flag of Anguilla.svg|Flag of Anguilla ()
File:Flag of Aruba.svg|Flag of Aruba ()
File:Flag of Bermuda.svg|Flag of Bermuda () 
File:Flag of Bonaire.svg|Flag of Bonaire ()
File:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg|Flag of the British Virgin Islands ()
|Flag of the Cayman Islands ()
File:Flag of France.svg|Flag of Clipperton()
File:Flag of Curaçao.svg|Flag of Curaçao ()
File:Flag of French Guiana.svg|
File:Flag of Guadeloupe (local).svg|Unofficial Flag of Guadeloupe ()
File:flag of Martinique.svg|Flag of Martinique ()
File:Flag of Montserrat.svg|Flag of Montserrat (])
File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|Flag of Puerto Rico ()*See also: Flags of Puerto Rico*
File:Flag of Saba.svg|Flag of Saba ()
File:Flag of Saint Barthelemy (local).svg|Unofficial Flag of Saint Barthélemy ()
File:Flag of France.svg|Flag of Saint Martin ()
File:Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|Unofficial Flag of Saint Pierre and Miquelon ()
File:Flag of Sint Eustatius.svg|Flag of Sint Eustatius ()
File:Flag of Sint Maarten.svg|Flag of Sint Maarten ()
File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands  ()
File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|Flag of the United States Virgin Islands ()
Flags of South America

This is a gallery of flags of South American countries and affiliated international organizations.

## International

File:Flag of the Andean Community of Nations.svg|
File:Flag of CARICOM.svg| 
File:Flag of Europe.svg|
File:Flag of Mercosur.svg|
File:Flag of OPEC.svg|
File:Flag of La Francophonie.svg|
File:Flag of UNASUR.svg|

## Countries

File:Flag of Argentina.svg|
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|
File:Flag of Bolivia (state).svg|
File:Flag of Brazil.svg|
File:Flag of Chile.svg|
File:Flag of Colombia.svg|
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg|
File:Flag of Guyana.svg|
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg|
File:Flag of Peru.svg|
File:Flag of Peru (state).svg|
File:Flag of Suriname.svg|
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg|
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg|
File:Flag of Venezuela (state).svg|

## Related pages
*Flags of North America
Arthur A. Hartman

**Arthur Adair Hartman** (March 12, 1926 – March 16, 2015) was an American career diplomat. He was Ambassador to France under Jimmy Carter. He was Ambassador to the Soviet Union under Ronald Reagan.

## References
Antoine Valois-Fortier

**Antoine Valois-Fortier** (born March 13, 1990) is a Canadian former athlete. He is best known as a judoka.

## History
He was the winner of the Canadian National Judo Championship in the -81 kg category in 2010.

Valois-Fortier won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, defeating Travis Stevens of the United States in the men's 81 kg half-middleweight judo. It was the Canada's first medal in Olympic Judo since 2000 when his coach Nicolas Gill won a silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

On December 2, 2021, Valois-Fortier announced that he was retiring and was going to become a coach for the Canadian national team.

## References
## Other websites
*Antoine Valois-Fortier at the Judoinside.com
*Canadian Olympic team profile
Philadelphia Orchestra

The **Philadelphia Orchestra** is an American orchestra. It is based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It does over 130 subscription concerts a year from September to May. In the summer the Orchestra performs an outdoor session for a month. It originally gave concerts at the Academy of Music. The orchestra was founded in 1900. It has performed at the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts since 2001.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* ''David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf'' (1978)

## Music Directors
* Fritz Scheel (1900–1907)
* Karl Pohlig (1908–1912)
* Leopold Stokowski (1912–1938)
* Eugene Ormandy (1936–1980)
* Riccardo Muti (1980–1992)
* Wolfgang Sawallisch (1993–2003)
* Christoph Eschenbach (2003–2008)
* Charles Dutoit (2008–2012, chief conductor)
* Yannick Nézet-Séguin (2012–present)

## References
Walter Burkert

**Walter Burkert** (; born 2 February 1931, Neuendettelsau, Bavaria; died 11 March 2015, Zurich) was a German scholar of Greek mythology and cult.

A professor of classics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, he taught in the UK and the US. He has influenced generations of students of religion since the 1960s. During his career he taught poets, historians, and philosophers.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1995.

## Other websites
*Walter Burkert, Emeritus Professor for Classical Philology (includes complete bibliography) 

## References
The World Needs a Hero

***The World Needs a Hero*** is the ninth studio album by American thrash metal band, Megadeth. *The World Needs a Hero* was released on May 12, 2001 through Sanctuary Records. It is Megadeth's last album to feature original bassist David Ellefson until he returned in 2010. It is also the only Megadeth album to feature Al Pitrelli on lead guitar and the last of two studio albums to feature drummer Jimmy DeGrasso.

The album peaked at #16 on the *Billboard* 200 and at #20 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

## Songs
## References
## Other websites
*
Fistula

and rectum ]]
The word **fistula** comes from a Latin word that means tube or pipe. In medicine, a fistula is an  connection between two hollow spaces. This can be blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs. Fistulas are usually caused by injury or surgery. But they can also result from an infection or inflammation. Fistulas are generally a disease condition, but doctors may create fistulas by surgery for medical reasons.

## Treatment 
Treatment for fistula depends on the reason for the fistula and on how serious it is.  Doctors often treat fistula with surgery and antibiotics. The first step in treating a fistula is usually an  by a doctor.  The doctor determines the size and "path" that the fistula takes in the body. 

## Types of fistula 
*Rectovaginal fistula between the rectum and vagina.
*Obstetric fistula between either the rectum and vagina or the rectum and bladder after severe or failed childbirth, when adequate medical care is not available.
*Vesicovaginal fistula - a type of urogenital fistula (between the vagina and bladder)

## References
Batman: The Ride

**Batman: The Ride** is a steel inverted roller coaster found in Six Flags theme parks. It was built by Bolliger & Mabillard. The rides rise to heights of  and reaches top speeds of . The original roller coaster at Six Flags Great America was partially designed by the park's manager Jim Wintrode. Batman: The Ride was the world's first inverted roller coaster when it opened in 1992. It has since been awarded Coaster Landmark status by the American Coaster Enthusiasts. Its theme is based on the first *Batman* film. Clones of the ride exist at amusement parks around the world.

## References
Maria Radner

**Maria Friderike Radner** (7 May 1981&nbsp;– 24 March 2015) was a German contralto and internationally renowned opera singer. After studying at the Robert Schumann Hochschule in Düsseldorf, she appeared internationally in opera and concert. In January 2013, she played the Schwertleite in *Die Walküre* at the Teatro Comunale Florence, Italy under Zubin Mehta, and in March the Erda at the Grand Théâtre de Genève, conducted by Ingo Metzmacher. Her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in 2012 in *Götterdämmerung* was part of the documentation of the production in the film ''Wagner's Dream''.

Radner died on 24 March 2015 along with her husband Sascha Schenk and their infant son Felix, and colleague Oleg Bryjak, in the Germanwings Flight 9525 crash, which occurred near Prads-Haute-Bléone, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France. She and Bryjak were returning from performances of Richard Wagner's *Siegfried* at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona.

## References
Moncef Ben Salem

**Moncef Ben Salem** (; February 1, 1953 – March 24, 2015) was a Tunisian politician and university professor. He served as the Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research under Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali.

## References
Sexting

]]
**Sexting** is the act of sending sexually suggestive electronic messages, mainly between mobile phones. The term became popular during the early 21st century. The term is a portmanteau of *sex* and *texting*.

The term was first used in print in 2005 in Australia. A naked picture that you make of yourself is sometimes called a nelfie, a mix of the words naked and selfie.

If adults exchange such pictures, this is not a problem as long as both  consent. The problem starts when children do this: The image of a teenager or child with little clothes may be child pornography. Many countries have laws against child pornography. This usually includes penalties for owning or spreading such images.

## References
Gandhism

of the Khudai Khidmatgars and Gandhi of the Indian National Congress]]
**Gandhism** is a set of ideas that describes the inspiration, vision, and the life work of Mohandas K. Gandhi. It is especially connected with his contributions to the idea of nonviolent resistance, sometimes also called civil resistance.

The word "Gandhism" also includes what Gandhi's ideas, words, and actions mean to people around the world and how they used them for guidance in building their own future.

However, Gandhi did not approve of the term "Gandhism". As he explained:

Without a "Gandhism" approved by Gandhi himself, there is a way of thinking that one has to get what Gandhism stands for, from his life and works. One such deduction is a philosophy based on "truth" and "non-violence" in the following sense. First, one should recognize and accept the truth that people are different at all levels ("truth"). Second, one should never resort to violence to settle built-in differences between human beings at any level: from between two people to two nations to two races or two religions ("non-violence").

## References 
## Books on the topic 
* Louis Fischer, *The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas*, New York, Vintage, 2002, ISBN 1400030501.
* David Hardiman, *Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas*, Columbia University Press, 2004, ISBN 0231131143.
* Homer Jack, *The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings*, Grove Press, 1956, ISBN 0802131611.
* Ramesh Mashelkar, *Timeless Inspirator-Reliving Gandhi*, Sakal Papers, 2010, ISBN 9789380571485.
* Anil Dutta Mishra, *Fundamentals of Gandhism*, New Delhi, Mittal Publications, 1995, ISBN 9788170996064.
* Shriman Narayan, *Relevance of Gandhian economics*, Navajivan Publishing House, 1970, ISBN 9788171009862.
* Narendar Pani, *Inclusive Economics: Gandhian Method and Contemporary Policy*, Sage Publications, 2002, ISBN 9780761995807.
* Rashmi Sharma, *Gandhian economics*, Deep and Deep Publications, 1997, ISBN 9788171009862.
* Mark Shepard, ''Gandhi today: a report on Mahatma Gandhi's successors*, Shepard Publications, 1987, ISBN 9780938497042.
* Thomas Weber, *Gandhi, Gandhism and the Gandhians'', Roli Books, 2006, ISBN 8174364684.
Moshe Arens

**Moshe Arens** (27 December 1925 &ndash; 7 January 2019) was an Israeli aeronautical engineer, researcher and former diplomat and politician. He was a member of the Knesset between 1973 and 1992 and again from 1999 until 2003. Arens was a member of Likud.

He served as Minister of Defense three times and once as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Arens also served as the Israeli ambassador to the U.S. and was professor at the Technion in Haifa.

Arens was born in Kaunas, Lithuania. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at the California Institute of Technology. Arens died at his home in Savyon, Israel on 7 January 2019 at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*Charlie Rose – Moshe Arens 
*Moshe Arens Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Herberto Hélder

**Herberto Helder** (November 23, 1930 – March 23, 2015) was a Portuguese poet. He was born in Funchal, Madeira. He was thought to be one of the most important Portuguese poets. His poetry is not yet enough studied by academics because he does not like the attention and refused several literary awards.

## Published works 
### Poetry 
* O Amor em visita (Love in visit), Lisbon, 1958
* A Colher na Boca (The spoon in the mouth), Lisbon, 1961
*Poemacto (Poemact), Lisbon, 1967
*Lugar (Place), Lisbon, 1962
*Electronicolirica (Electronicalyrics), Lisbon, 1964
*Húmus (Humus), Lisbon, 1967
*Retrato em movimento (Portrait in movement), Lisbon, 1967
*O bebedor nocturno (The nocturnal drinker), Lisbon, 1968
*O ofício cantante (The singing craft), Lisbon, 1968
*Cobra (Snake/Cobra), Lisbon, 1977
*Photomaton e Vox (Photomaton and Vox), Lisbon, 1979
*Poesia Toda (All Poetry), Lisbon, 1981
*A Cabeça entre as mãos (The head between the hands), Lisbon, 1982
* As Magias (1987)
* Última Ciência (1988)
* Do Mundo (1994)
* Poesia Toda (1º vol. de 1953 a 1966; 2º vol. de 1963 a 1971) (1973)
* Poesia Toda (1ª ed. em 1981)
* A Faca Não Corta o Fogo – Súmula & Inédita (2008)
* Ofício Cantante (2009)
* Servidões (2013)
* A Morte sem Mestre (2014)

### Fiction 
*Os passos em volta (The steps around), Lisbon, 1963
*Apresentação do rosto (Presentation of the face), Lisbon, 1968

## References
## Other websites
Gender performativity

**Gender performativity** is a term first used by the feminist philosopher Judith Butler in their 1990 book *Gender Trouble*. They argue that being born male or female does not determine behavior. Instead, people learn to behave in particular ways to fit into society. The way we fit into gender is an act, or performance. This act is the way a person walks, talks, dresses, and behaves. They call this acting "gender performativity." What society regards as a person's gender is just a performance made to please social expectations and not a true expression of the person's gender identity. The way we behave is not because of our gender, it is because of the ideologies set by ourselves and also by the society.

Performativity is also used by Butler to refer to the opposite, of a social change in gender. They argue that when language changes about gender or sex, the society around us also changes. By appearing, speaking, or acting in certain ways, society changes to reflect those new ideas. 

The concept of gender performativity has also been applied to online environments, where gender is expressed and interpreted through mediated forms of self-presentation. In text-based contexts, gender may be communicated through linguistic and interactional cues, and the use of text can facilitate experimentation with gendered presentation.Dent (2011).

In online role-playing games, players may perform gender and sexuality through avatars and character interactions; these practices can support empathy and belonging, but may also be shaped by community norms such as gender policing.Osborne (2012). 
Digital platforms can also preserve performances through profiles, posts, and other traces, which may influence how identities are maintained and understood over time.van Doorn (2011).

## References
Abdul Halim of Kedah

'''Almu'tasimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Alhaj Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah''', GCB KStJ (28 November 1927 – 11 September 2017) was the 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (supreme head of state) of Malaysia. He was the 27th Sultan of Kedah. He retired as Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 12 December 2016.

He previously served as the fifth Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1970 to 1975. He is the first person to hold the position twice, as well as the oldest elected to the office. He is a week older than the world's longest reigning monarch, King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.

Halim died on 11 September 2017 at the age of 89 at his palace on Istana Anak Bukit around 2.30 p.m. (MST).

## Titles and styles
***28 November 19276 August 1949**: *Yang Mulia* Tunku Abdul Halim ibni Tunku Badlishah
***6 August 194915 July 1958**: *Duli Yang Teramat Mulia* Raja Muda Kedah Tunku Abdul Halim ibni Sultan Badlishah
***From 15 July 1958**: *Duli Yang Maha Mulia* Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ibni Sultan Badlishah
***21 September 197020 September 1975**: *Seri Paduka Baginda* Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ibni Sultan Badlishah
***From 13 December 2011**: *Seri Paduka Baginda* Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ibni Sultan Badlishah

## References
## Other websites
* List of Sultans of Kedah
Michelle (name)

**Michelle** [ mi-**shel** ] is a female given name. The name was originally the French feminine form of Michael, meaning "who is like God?". Michelle is also a last name. This name was ranked #394 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People named Michelle include Michelle Pfeiffer, Michele Steffin and Michelle Obama. Fictional characters include Michelle Tanner from the sitcom *Full House*.

## People 
* Michelle Obama, Lawyer and Former First Lady of the United States
* Michelle Pfeiffer, American actress
* Michelle Jenneke, Australian athlete and model

## References
Angel of Death (song)

"**Angel of Death**" is a song by American thrash metal band Slayer. It is the opening song to their third studio album, *Reign in Blood*. The song was released on October 7, 1986. The song is based on Nazi physician Josef Mengele who worked at the Auschwitz concentration camp and did human experiments. Both the lyrics and music were written by guitarist Jeff Hanneman. 

*Stylus Magazine*'s Clay Jarvas said that the song "smokes the asses of any band playing fast and/or heavy today. Lyrically outlining the horrors to come, while musically laying the groundwork for the rest of the record: fast, lean and filthy."

"Angel of Death" caused controversy and led to accusations that Slayer were Nazi sympathizers. Hanneman said about the controversy: "I know why people misinterpret it – it's because they get this knee–jerk reaction to it. When they read the lyrics, there's nothing I put in the lyrics that says necessarily he was a bad man, because to me – well, isn't that obvious? I shouldn't have to tell you that."

## References
## Other websites
*