open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nundle, New South Wales

**Nundle** is a village in the New England area of New South Wales, Australia.  It was once the centre of Nundle Shire. Most of this area, including the village of Nundle, was added to the new Tamworth Regional Council in 2004. The village is 400&nbsp;km north of Sydney and about 56&nbsp;km south east of Tamworth. In 2006 there were 289 people living in Nundle. People from California, Europe and China were also digging along the Peel River and up the mountain slopes. By 1865 there were about 500 people living there and about 50 shops and small businesses had started. A  school building was put up in December 1871. Lessons started in 1872.  Nundle was made a town in 1885. In 1924 the Peel River Bridge was built. In 1941 electricity was connected to the town. During 1966 the swimming pool was opened by the Rt Hon. Ian Sinclair. There were 1350 people living in the area in 1969. In 1979 the Premier of New South Wales, Neville Wran, opened the new Chaffey Dam. Sheep, cattle and timber are now the main business activities in Nundle.

There are many old buildings: the Nundle Woollen Mill, old Court House, Peel Inn and Primitive Methodist Church. The old Nundle Courthouse and Police Station have been placed on the Register of the National Estate.

Nundle is of the best areas in the State for finding crystals. Some gold and other precious stones can be found including zircons, green jasper, sapphires and serpentine minerals. Nundle is a popular tourist destination for both casual travellers and motorcycle riders. Nearby is the interesting Hanging Rock mining village with good views of the Nundle valley.

A new bridge across the Peel River at Nundle was finished in 2008. The cost of $683,000 was paid by the NSW State Government.

In July 2008 the rare Euphrasia arguta was rediscovered in a State Forest near Nundle. This plant was last recorded in 1904. It is believed to have grown after fire control burning the previous summer.

## Facilities
*	Caravan and cabin park
*	Bus service to Tamworth secondary schools
*	General Store
*	Nundle Pre-School
*	Nundle Public School
*	Rural Health Service
*	Post office
*	Pony Club
*	Golf and Bowling Club
*	Tennis Club with synthetic surface tennis courts

## Events
The annual Go for Gold Festival is held each Easter with around 4,000 visitors. The State Member for Tamworth told the NSW Parliament “that visitors had come to Nundle from all points of the compass during the Easter weekend to enjoy the relaxed atmosphere and the beautiful setting.”    The Great Nundle Dog Race, only open to working dogs, is run on the first Sunday in May and attracts many visitors. This event helps to raise money for sporting equipment, computers, books and trips for students at the Nundle Public School.

## References
* Tamworth Information, Tamworth City Council
* Explore Australia, 20th edition, 2002, Viking
Voice over Internet Protocol

**Voice over Internet protocol** (or **VoIP**) is a term used for a number of protocols that are used to carry *voice data* over packet switched networks. Before, telephony used a dedicated line that was only for calls. This was known as PSTN (or "public switched telephony network"). Using VoIP will reduce costs, as the "dedicated line" for telephony (and fax) is no longer needed.

There are a number of technical problems that must be solved first, though:
* Carrying voice data needs service guarantees (mostly in the form of "throughput", and "response time"). Not having this will result in a loss of signal (or in "hiccups")
* Most telephony networks provide the possibility to operate a phone, even when the power is lost in the area. This is done so that emergency calls can still be made. VOIP usually does not provide this possibility.
* The LAN is now used both for voice and data, and becomes a single point of failure. If there are problems with the LAN, this can also affect VOIP calls. 
* The encoding schemes used for voice calls are not good choices for fax or other uses of the telephony network.

The vast majority of VoIP systems rely on two main protocols:

**SIP** :- **SIP**, or also known as session initiation protocol, has become the standard for multimedia sessions on the internet. The Engineering Task Force thinks of this protocol as the standard for audio, video and even instant messaging solutions. This task force is simply a large, international community, composed of anyone involved in the networking evolution online. SIP is modular, meaning that it can be changed around in whatever way needed. Depending on the type of data your business is wishing to transmit, your SIP deployment will need to be designed specifically for this. With that being said, VoIP and IM communications will need to work around these aspects, and be designed for one total approach. 

**H.323 :-** This protocol has become the international standard for all communication over packet-switched networks. This includes LAN, WAN and even the general internet networks we all connect to. H.323 is considered an umbrella that includes all types of standards, which is what the internet is based on. H.323 focuses on voice, video, and data communications, designed specifically to operate over IP networks. At this point, this protocol has become the world market leader for voice and voice communications over IP networks. H.323 was developed by the international telecommunications union, which is the organization responsible for building the public telephone network. 

## References
British royal family

The **British royal family** are the people who are relatives (family) of the monarch, currently Charles III, of the United Kingdom. They often attend events and help the monarch carry out their duty.

## Members
King Charles III and Queen Camilla 

:The Prince and Princess of Wales
:::Prince George of Wales
:::Princess Charlotte of Wales
:::Prince Louis of Wales
::The Duke and Duchess of Sussex
:::Prince Archie of Sussex
:::Princess Lilibet of Sussex
:The Princess Royal 
:The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh
:Princess Beatrice
:Princess Eugenie
:The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester
:The Duke of Kent
:Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
:Prince and Princess Michael of Kent

## References
*Royal Gov website Retrieved 3 July 2012\
*https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/155209306/person/302050214240/story For HRH Blake Royall Shaner
MQV

**MQV** (**Menezes-Qu-Vanstone**) is an authenticated protocol for key agreement based on the Diffie-Hellman scheme. MQV provides protection against an active attacker. 

## References
* Burton S. Kaliski Jr., An unknown key-share attack on the MQV key agreement protocol. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. 4(3): pp275–288 (2001)
* Laurie Law, Alfred Menezes, Minghua Qu, Jerry Solinas, Scott A. Vanstone, An Efficient Protocol for Authenticated Key Agreement. Des. Codes Cryptography 28(2): pp119–134 (2003)
* Peter J. Leadbitter, Nigel P. Smart: Analysis of the Insecurity of ECMQV with Partially Known Nonces. ISC 2003: pp240–251
*  A. Menezes, M. Qu, and S. Vanstone, Some new key agreement protocols providing implicit authentication, Preproceedings of Workshops on Selected Areas in Cryptography (1995).

## Other websites
* Articles on MQV and ECMQV in Certicom's newsletter *Code and Cipher*.
* HMQV: A High-Performance Secure Diffie-Hellman Protocol by Hugo Krawczyk
* Another look at HMQV
* An Efficient Protocol for Authenticated Key Agreement
Flag of Oman

The national flag of Oman () consists of two horizontal stripes of upper white and lower green, separated by a red horizontal "T" shape in the centre that contains the national emblem of Oman (Khanjar and two swords).

## Design 
]]

### Meaning behind the colours 
## History 
Until 1970, Oman used the plain red banner of the indigenous people. In 1970, the Sultan introduced a new national flag and set of ensigns. The simple red flag of Muscat and Oman was modified by addition of the white and green bands to the fly, and the national emblem, the badge of the al-Busaidi dynasty, was placed in the canton. This depicts crossed swords over a *khanjar*, a traditional curved dagger. White has been associated historically with the Imam, the religious leader of Oman, and at times the political rival to the ruling Sultan. It also symbolizes peace. Green is traditionally associated with the Jabal al-Akdar, or "Green Mountains," which lie toward the north of the country. Red is a common color in Gulf state flags. The national emblem is said to date back to the 18th century. A curved dagger is fastened over a pair of crossed swords. An ornate horsebit links the weapons and culture.

Between 1970 and 1995, the size of the middle band of the triband was slimmer than the other two, making up approximately one fifth of its height, the other bands two-fifths.

On 25 April 1995, the flag's proportions were changed from 3:4 to 1:2.

On 22 May 2004, the flag's proportions were changed to 4:7.

## Other flags 
The naval ensign shows an *azure* (blue) field, with the flag of Oman in the canton and the naval service emblem in the fly.

The standard of the Sultan of Oman is red with a green border whose width is about one-sixth of the height of the flag, surrounded by a red border of about the same width. It bears the country's emblem as a charge in the center, colored gold.

## Gallery

File:Royal Standard of Oman.svg|Standard of the Sultan
File:Flag of Oman (3-2).svg|3:2 ratio version
File:Royal Army of Oman Flag.svg|Flag of the Royal Army of Oman
File:Air Force Ensign of Oman.svg|Ensign of the Royal Air Force of Oman
Naval Ensign of Oman.svg| Naval Ensign of the Royal Navy of Oman
File:Flag of Muscat.svg|Flag of the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman 1856–1970
File:WhiteFlag.png|Imamate of Muscat and Oman 1868 to 1871
File:Flag of the Imamate of Oman (1954–1959).svg|Flag of the Imamate of Oman from 1954 to 1959
File:National emblem of Oman.svg|The official emblem of Oman as provided by the government.
File:Flag of Oman (1970–1995).svg|Sultanate of Oman Flag from 1970 to 1995

## Related pages 
* Coat of arms of Oman

## References 
## Other websites
*
Runtime

In computer science, **runtime** or **run time** describes the operation of a computer program, the duration of its execution, from beginning to termination.

The term **runtime** can also refer to a virtual machine to manage a program written in a computer language while it is running.

**Run time** is sometimes used to mean  runtime library, a library of basic code that is used by a particular compiler but when used in this fashion, **runtime library** is more accurate.

A **runtime environment** is a virtual machine state which provides software services for processes or programs while a computer is running.

Runtime activities include loading and linking of the classes needed to execute a program, optional machine code generation and dynamic optimization of the program, and actual program execution.

For example, a program written in Java calls for services from the Java Runtime Environment by issuing commands from which the expected result is returned by the Java Runtime. By providing these services, the Java Runtime Environment is considered the runtime environment of the program. Both the program and the Java Runtime Environment request services from the operating system. The operating system kernel provides services for itself and all processes and software running under its control. The Operating System may be considered as providing a runtime environment for itself.

## Related pages
* Compile time and compiling
* Interpreter (computing)
* Run-time system

## References 
* Jon Byous, *Java technology: The early years*. Sun Developer Network, no date [ca. 1998]. Retrieved April 22, 2005.
* James Gosling, *A brief history of the Green project* . Java.net, no date [ca. Q1/1998]. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
* James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, and Gilad Bracha, *The Java language specification*, third edition. Addison-Wesley, 2005.  (see also online edition of the specification)
* Tim Lindholm and Frank Yellin. *The Java Virtual Machine specification*, second edition. Addison-Wesley, 1999.  (see also online edition of the specification).
Station-to-Station protocol

The **Station-to-Station (STS) protocol** is a cryptographic (information-hiding) key agreement scheme based on the classic Diffie-Hellman key exchange that provides mutual key and entity (party) authentication.

In addition to protecting the established key from an attacker, the **STS** protocol uses no timestamps and provides perfect forward secrecy.  It also requires two-way explicit key confirmation, making it an *Authenticated key agreement with Key Confirmation* (Acronym: AKC) protocol.

STS was originally presented in 1987 in the context of ISDN security , finalized in 1989 and generally presented by Whitfield Diffie, Paul C. van Oorschot and Michael J. Wiener in 1992.
Shared secret

In cryptography, a **shared secret** is a piece of data only known to the parties involved in a secure communication. The shared secret can be a password, a passphrase, a big number or an array of randomly chosen bytes.

The shared secret is either shared before parties start to communicate; in this case it can also be called a pre-shared key. Or it is created at the start of the communication session by using a key-agreement protocol, for-instance using public-key cryptography such as Diffie-Hellman or using symmetric-key cryptography such as Kerberos.

The shared secret can be used for authentication (for instance when logging in to a remote system) using methods such as challenge-response or it can be fed to a key derivation function to produce one or more keys to use for encryption and/or MACing of messages.

To make unique session and message keys the shared secret is usually combined with an initialization vector (IV).  An example of this is the derived unique key per transaction method.

## References 
* *Handbook of Applied Cryptography* by Menezes, van Oorschot and Vanstone (2001), chapter 10 and 12.
Internet Key Exchange

**Internet Key Exchange** (**IKE** or **IKEv2**) is the  used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties.

IKE builds upon the Oakley protocol.

## History 
IKE was originally defined in November 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in a series of publications (Request for Comments) known as RFC 2407, RFC 2408, and RFC 2409. 
* RFC 2407 defined The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP.  
* RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)  
* RFC 2409 defined The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)  

IKE was updated to version two (IKEv2) in December 2005 by RFC 4306.  IKEv2 has been further expanded by RFC 4301 (Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol) through RFC 4310 (DNS Security Extensions Mapping for the EPP). More RFCs are being added all the time as the need arises to further develop the features of the protocol.

The parent organization of the IETF, The Internet Society (ISOC), has maintained the copyrights of these standards as being freely available to the Internet community.

## Related pages
* Key-agreement protocol

## References 
## Other websites
* RFC 2407 The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
* RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
* RFC 2409 The Internet Key Exchange (IKE), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
* RFC 4306: Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) *(obsoletes RFC 2407, 2408, 2409)*
* An architecture for the Internet Key Exchange Protocol
* Overview of IKE (from Cisco)
The following Open Source implementations of IKEv2 are currently available: 
* OpenIKEv2, 
* IKEv2, 
* Racoon2  from the KAME project.
Pre-shared key

In cryptography, a **pre-shared key** or **PSK** is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it is used. Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. 

The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it; some system require that such keys be in a specific format. It can be a password like 'bret13i', a passphrase like 'Idaho hung gear id gene', or a hexadecimal string like '65E4 E556 8622 EEE1'. The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems.  

The term is used in Wi-Fi encryption such as WEP or WPA, where both the wireless access points (AP) and all clients *share* the same key.   

Since one weakpoint of the crypto system is the encryption algorithm's key, the key strength is important, and since the strength of a key is in part dependent on the key length, it is important to choose a key whose length is cryptographically secure (see password strength). There are several tools available to help one choose a strong key.  The Diceware method is one example.
Corse-du-Sud

**Corse-du-Sud** is a department in the south of France. Its prefecture is Ajaccio. As of 2006, about 125,000 people live there.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department
Java virtual machine

A **Java virtual machine** (**JVM**) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which use a virtual machine model for the execution of other computer programs and scripts.  The model used by a **JVM** accepts a form of computer intermediate language commonly referred to as Java bytecode. 

**Java virtual machines** operate on Java bytecode, which is normally (but not necessarily) generated from Java source code; a JVM can also be used to implement programming languages other than Java. 

The **JVM** is an important component of the Java Platform. Because **JVM**s are available for many hardware and software platforms, Java can be both middleware and a platform in its own right – hence the expression "write once, run anywhere." The use of the same bytecode for all platforms allows Java to be described as "compile once, run anywhere", as opposed to "write once, compile anywhere", which describes cross-platform compiled languages. 

## References 
* *Clarifications and Amendments to the Java Virtual Machine Specification, Second Edition* includes list of changes to be made to support J2SE 5.0 and JSR 45
* JSR 45 – Specifies changes to the class file format to support source-level debugging of languages such as JSP and SQLJ that are translated to Java

## Other websites
* The Java Virtual Machine Specification
* 
* A decade after Java arrived, there have been improvements in the runtime performance of platform-independent virtual-machine based software. 
* Sun to build virtual machine for iPhone - ComputerWorld
Styphnolobium japonicum

**Pagoda Tree** or **Chinese Scholar Tree** (*Styphnolobium*) is a genus of flowering plants in the *Fabaceae* family. After the segregation of Sophora, this genus comprises 9 species.

## References 
## Other websites
*http://www.fw.vt.edu/DENDRO/DENDROLOGY/distributionMap.cfm?family=Select%20a%20Family&genus=Styphnolobium%20(Sophora)&species=japonicum%20(japonica)&common=&state=&zone=%207, 
* http://www.about-garden.com/a/en/3806-sophora-japonica-pendula-japanese-pagoda-tree/
Côtes-d'Armor

'''Côtes-d'Armor''' is a department found in the west of France. Its prefecture is Saint-Brieuc and its population is about 561,000 (). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

Côtes-d'Armor has also 3 subprefectures: Dinan, Guingamp and Lannion.
Jigglypuff

**Jigglypuff**, known in Japan as **Purin** (プリン), is one of the fictional species of Pokémon from the *Pokémon* media franchise owned by Nintendo and Game Freak. Since it was introduced early in the *Pokémon* anime, it has become one of the most famous Pokémon.

Jigglypuff is perhaps most famous for the song it sings which puts everyone who hears it into a deep sleep. Jigglypuff then becomes upset because it assumes everyone is very bored by the song, and it draws all over their faces with a marker.

Jigglypuff is a small Pokémon, slightly shorter than Pikachu. It is shaped like a balloon and has a pink body with blue eyes, catlike ears, and a strange tuft of fur on its forehead.

## In video games
In the *Pokémon* video games, Jigglypuff is famous among players because it learns the move Sing, which puts enemy Pokémon to sleep. This often causes them to lose the battle, and many players find it very annoying.

Jigglypuff was introduced in *Pokémon Red and Blue*, the first *Pokémon* games. It has appeared in most of the games since then. It evolves into Wigglytuff, an "upgraded" form of Jigglypuff. Starting with *Pokémon Gold and Silver*, Jigglypuff has a pre-evolved evolutionary form, Igglybuff. Igglybuff was one of the 100 new Pokémon introduced in *Gold* and *Silver*. Previously there were only 151.

Jigglypuff has also appeared in *Super Smash Bros.,* *Super Smash Bros. Melee*, *Super Smash Bros. Brawl*, and *Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U*. It is a light and fast character who is great in the air. Its special moves are Rollout, Pound, Sing, and Rest. Its Final Smash is Puff Up.

## In anime
Jigglypuff is one of the most famous Pokémon, alongside Pikachu, Bulbasaur, Charmander, and Mewtwo, mostly because it has appeared many times in the still-running *Pokémon* anime. It usually appears unexpectedly and puts Pokémon and humans near it to sleep for a few minutes by singing its trademark song. It has a black permanent marker, similar to a Sharpie, with which it often draws on people and Pokémon's faces while they are asleep. This is an act of revenge because everyone falls asleep when they hear Jigglypuff's song and Jigglypuff assumes it's because they are very bored by it. Since people are upset when Jigglypuff puts them to sleep, and Jigglypuff is upset when they fall asleep, it is a vicious circle.

In the episode "Beach Blank-Out Blastoise", Jigglypuff somehow got stuck in Blastoise's hydro cannon. When it was finally freed, it put everyone to sleep and then drew on their faces.

## References
Victoria Falls

**Victoria Falls** is a waterfall in south central Africa in the Zambezi River between southeast  and northwest . It is 108.3 m high and 1,703 m wide.

The falls were discovered by David Livingstone in November 1855, when he saw it on what is now known as Livingstone Island. He named it after Queen Victoria. The Chitonga name for the Falls is **Mosi-oa-Tunya**. That word means "the smoke that thunders". They call it that because the Falls are very misty.

The Falls more or less dry up in the dry season.

It is listed as one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

## Related pages
* Iguaçu Falls

## References
Vicente López y Portaña

**Vicente López y Portaña** (September 19, 1772, Valencia, Spain – July 22, 1850, Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish painter. He was one of the most well known portrait painters of his time. He became the court painter to Queen Isabella II. His most famous painting is a portrait of the artist Goya.

## References
Théophile Gautier

**Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier** (August 30, 1811 – October 23, 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and literary critic. He was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. This group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.
Gautier wrote the 1841 ballet story for *Giselle* with Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges.

## References
El Escorial

**El Escorial** is a famous royal site in Spain. It was built in the late 1500s. El Escorial is a monastery, a royal palace, a museum and a school. It is located about  northwest of the Spanish capital, Madrid, in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Five miles from the main building is a hunting lodge called Granjilla de La Fresneda, which is also part of the Escorial.

## Architecture 
The building was designed by the architect Juan Bautista de Toledo to the plans of King Philip II. El Escorial is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is a very popular tourist attraction.

El Escorial was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

File:El Escorial distant view2 cropped.jpg
File:A Black and White Photograph of the Royal Seat of San Lorenzo de El Escorial in Spain.jpeg|
File:A black and white photograph taken at El Escorial in Spain.jpeg
File:A Black and White Photograph from Spain.jpeg|
File:Monastery El Escorial Spain Gardens Old Style Cut Into A Maze Pattern for Walking.jpg|
File:EscorialBiblioteca.jpg
File:Courtyard of the Kings 02.jpg
File:ElEscorial Cupola1.jpg
File:Sala Vicarial.jpg

## References
## Other websites 
* El Escorial site
* El Escorial Monastery - History and Photos
* Maps showing areas of outstanding natural beauty, educational, scientific or cultural importance in Spain 
* El Escorial tourist and travel connexions guide (Eng) 
*
Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)

**Muhammad al-Qaim Bi-Amrillah** (893 - 17 May, 946) () was the second Caliph of the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to Isma'ili Faatemi faith.

Al-Qaim (sometimes also spelled '''Ka'im''') was born in Salamya in Syria in 895 with the name Abd ar-Rahman. After his father Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (910-934) seized power in Ifriqiya he was named heir to the throne in 912, and helped put down several revolts. But campaigns into Egypt failed because of the resistance of the Abbasids (914-915 and 919-921).

In 934, Al-Qaim succeeded his father as Caliph. The Fatimid realm became an important power in the Mediterranean. After the re-conquest of Sicily the Byzantine province of Calabria and the coast of Italy and France were . 

But from 944 to 947, there was a crisis by the revolt of Abu Yazid, who had united the Kharijite Berber tribes of eastern Algeria and overrun Ifriqiya. Imam Al-Qaim was able to hold out in Mahdia with the help of the navy for over a year, but died (17 May 946) before the revolt could be put down. 

He was succeeded by his son Ismail al-Mansur (946-953).
He died on 13 th Shawwal 334 AH (Mahdiyya)/ 17th May 946 AD

## Other websites 
* Imam al-Qaaim, the 12th Fatimi Imam. 
*
Chuck Baldwin

**Charles Obadiah "Chuck" Baldwin ** (born May 3, 1952) is a founder-pastor of Crossroad Baptist Church in Pensacola, Florida, and 2008 presidential nominee of the Constitution Party. He was also the Constitution Party nominee for Vice President in 2004.

## References
Darrell Castle

**Darrell Castle** (born October 11, 1948) is an American politician, activist and lawyer from Memphis, Tennessee, and the 2008 vice-presidential candidate of the Constitution Party. He was the party's presidential nominee for the 2016 presidential election.

## References
United States Electoral College

, showing the amount of votes from each state and federal district]]
The **United States Electoral College** is a name used to describe the official 538 presidential electors who come together every four years during the presidential election to give their official votes for President and Vice President of the United States.  

The number of electors each state has is determined by the number of representatives a state has, plus its two senators. No state can have fewer than three electors.  There are 435 representatives in total and 100 senators.  The 23rd Amendment to the Constitution awarded Washington, D.C. three electors.  Combined, there is a total of 538 electors. 

Electors usually vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state.  In some states, they vote depending on the popular vote in each congressional district.  The Constitution leaves states to decide how electors will vote.  Faithless electors are electors that vote against the popular vote, although there is a fine for this in some states.

The Electoral College was created as the Founding Fathers were afraid the popular vote would be easily swayed.  Because congressional representatives is determined by population, electors are assigned based on representatives.  More populous states have more electors.  Because most states have a winner-take-all system, where the winner of the popular vote in a state gains all of the electors, several presidents have lost the popular vote and won the electoral vote.  A candidate needs to win a majority of electors, or 270, to become the president-elect.

The Electoral College plays a very important role in today's elections. It is the subject of controversy as some people approve of the system, but for various reasons, some don't. The people who approve of the system often argue and say that it gives smaller states more power, and that this a good thing, because if it were done by population, someone could win a majority of the votes in certain states but not win the majority of states. The Electoral College favors those who win more states, big and small. Even though it can be won with 11 states, often certain states stay Democratic or Republican ensuring it likely won't happen this way. Those who are against it bring up the latter argument that it can be won with 11 states and often the candidate who wins does not win the popular vote. Third parties can change the outcome of an election, and it is often debated whether they play a role.

## References 
## Other websites 
* U.S. Electoral College FAQ (www.archives.gov)
* Historical Documents on the Electoral College
* U. S. Electoral College -Citizendium
List of governors of Alaska

The **Governor of Alaska** is the leader of Alaska's government and the state's military. The governor has the right to make state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Alaska Legislature, to meet the legislature, and grant pardons, not for impeachment.

The current Governor of Alaska is Mike Dunleavy.

## Governors of Alaska
## Living former Governors of Alaska 
As of February 2026, there are six living former Governors of Alaska, the oldest being Frank Murkowski (served 2002-2006), at 92. The most recent death of a former governor was that of Bill Sheffield (served 1982-1986) on November 4, 2022.

## Notes
## References
Maine-et-Loire

**Maine-et-Loire** is a department found in the west of France in the Pays de la Loire region. Its prefecture is Angers and its population is about 810,000 (2015 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.

## References
Haute-Marne

**Haute-Marne** is a department in the northeast of France named after the Marner river. It is in the Grand Est region and its prefecture (capital) is the city of Chaumont.

Charles de Gaulle lived until his death in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises.

## History
Haute-Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Chaumont as is capital. It was formed with parts of the former provinces of Champagne,  Burgundy, Lorraine and Franche-Comté.

It was divided in six districts: Bourbonne, Bourmont, Chaumont, Joinville, Langres and Saint-Dizier.

In 1800, with the creation of the *arrondissements* in France, the six districts were changed into three *arrondissements*: Chaumont, Langres and Wassy. and is in the *Langres* plateau.

The main river is the Marne river; it starts in the Langres plateau and flows through  in the department.

### Climate
This area is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Saint-Dizier is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Saint-Dizier is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Saint-Dizier is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 

## Administration
Haute-Marne is managed by the *Departmental Council of Haute-Marne* in Chaumont. The department is part of the Grand Est region.

### Administrative divisions
There are 5 *arrondissements* (districts), 23 *cantons* and 427 *communes* (municipalities) in Haute-Marne.

The following is a list of the 17 cantons of the **Haute-Marne** department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

# Bologne (5201)
# Bourbonne-les-Bains (5202)
# Chalindrey (5203)
# Châteauvillain (5204)
# Chaumont-1 (5205)
# Chaumont-2 (5206)
# Chaumont-3 (5207)
# Eurville-Bienville (5208)
# Joinville (5209)
# Langres (5210)
# Nogent (5211)
# Poissons (5212)
# Saint-Dizier-1 (5213)
# Saint-Dizier-2 (5214)
# Saint-Dizier-3 (5215)
# Villegusien-le-Lac (5216)
# Wassy (5217)

## Demographics
The inhabitants of the Haute-Marne department are known, in French, as *Haut-Marnais* (women: *Haut-Marnaises*),

Haute-Marne had a population, in 2014, of 180,673,

## Gallery

File:2012 0057 Remparts de Langres.jpg|View from the walls of Langres
File:La Boisserie 04.jpg|De Gaulle's house in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises
File:Joinville-Eglise (18).jpg|Joinville
File:FR52 Cirey-sur-Blaise Château.jpg|Château of Cirey-sur-Blaise

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Haute-Marne department
* Communes of the Haute-Marne department

## References
## Other websites
* Departmental Council website  
* Prefecture of the Haute-Marne department  
* Tourism in Haute-Marne
Pas-de-Calais

**Pas-de-Calais** (Picard: *Pas-Calés*; Dutch: *Nauw van Kales*) is a department found in the north of France in the Hauts-de-France region. Its prefecture is Arras. Its population is about 1,456,000 (2006 estimation). It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French Revolution.
## Arrondissement
The department has 7 arrondissement:
*Arrondissement of Arras
*Arrondissement of Béthune
*Arrondissement of Calais
*Arrondissement of Montreuil
*Arrondissement of Boulogne-sur-Mer
*Arrondissement of Lens
*Arrondissement of Saint-Omer

## Cantons
 The department has 39 cantons:
*Canton of Aire-sur-la-Lys
*Canton of Arras-1
*Canton of Arras-2
*Canton of Arras-3
*Canton of Auchel
*Canton of Auxi-le-Château
*Canton of Avesnes-le-Comte
*Canton of Avion
*Canton of Bapaume
*Canton of Berck
*Canton of Béthune
*Canton of Beuvry
*Canton of Boulogne-sur-Mer-1
*Canton of Boulogne-sur-Mer-2
*Canton of Brebières
*Canton of Bruay-la-Buissière
*Canton of Bully-les-Mines
*Canton of Calais-1
*Canton of Calais-2
*Canton of Calais-3
*Canton of Carvin
*Canton of Desvres
*Canton of Douvrin
*Canton of Étaples
*Canton of Fruges
*Canton of Harnes
*Canton of Hénin-Beaumont-1
*Canton of Hénin-Beaumont-2
*Canton of Lens
*Canton of Liévin
*Canton of Lillers
*Canton of Longuenesse
*Canton of Lumbres
*Canton of Marck
*Canton of Nœux-les-Mines
*Canton of Outreau
*Canton of Saint-Omer
*Canton of Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise
*Canton of Wingles

## References
Yvelines

**Yvelines** is a department in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Versailles. About 1,395,000 people live there (2006 estimation).
Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant

The **Zwentendorf power plant** is a nuclear power plant in Zwentendorf an der Donau in Austria. It has never been used.  This is because the people of Austria voted against using it in 1978. 

Today, the plant is used to get replacement parts to other plants of the same type (mainly in Germany), and for staff training. It is not possible to visit the power plant. Because the nuclear power plant was never in use, a coal power plant was built in 1987 to replace it.

The plant is now owned by Austrian energy company and used as a Solar Power Plant. 

## Related pages
*Anti-nuclear movement

## Notes
Val-d'Oise

'''Val-d'Oise''' is a department to the north of Paris in the Île-de-France region. Its prefecture is Cergy. About 1,139,000 people live there (2006 estimation).
Quimper

**Quimper** () is a town in France. It is the prefecture of the Finistère department in the Brittany region. Its population is around 65,000 (2006). 

## Sister cities
Quimper is twinned with:
*  Limerick, Ireland
*  Remscheid, Germany
*  Falkirk, Scotland
*  Ourense, Spain
*  Yantai, China
Samuel Chase

**Samuel Chase** (April 17, 1741 – June 19, 1811), was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and earlier was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland.

## References
Georges Cuvier

**Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier** (23 August 1769–13 May 1832), usually called **Cuvier**, was a French naturalist and zoologist.

Cuvier was a very important figure in scientific circles in Paris during the early 19th century. He helped establish the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology by comparing living animals with fossils. He proved extinction was a fact. He was the most influential person believing in  catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century. His most famous work is the ''Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation* 1817; translated into English as *The Animal Kingdom''.

Cuvier was a member of the elite Académie française and the French Academy of Sciences. He is remembered for strongly opposing the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and Geoffroy. Cuvier believed there was no evidence for the evolution of organic forms, but there was evidence for successive creations after catastrophic extinction events.

Some of Cuvier's most influential followers were Louis Agassiz, and Richard Owen. His is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

He was the elder brother of Frédéric Cuvier (1773–1838), also a naturalist. Cuvier died in Paris, of cholera.

## References
Santa Cruz, Bolivia

s in the city.]]

**Santa Cruz de La Sierra**, also known as **Santa Cruz**, is the largest city in Bolivia. It is the capital city of the Santa Cruz department (in the eastern region of the country). In 2006, the municipality's population was 1,528,683. In 2008, the urban population was 1,545,161.

Santa Cruz is not only the most populated city in Bolivia, but the department is also the richest, with over 30% of the national GDP. The city is a major center of petrochemical production in Bolivia, especially because the production of natural gas that exports to neighboring countries. The main sectors that drive the economy are the oil, forestry and agrobusiness firms.

## History 
Santa Cruz de la Sierra was founded on February 26, 1561 by Ñuflo de Chaves, after an expedition composed of 158 soldiers who left the city of Asunción del Paraguay. The new town was baptized with the name of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in honor of the founder's hometown in the Castilian Extremadura. The foundation was made on the banks of the Sutús stream in the Chiquitos mountain range.

In 1601, the city was moved to Cotoca, about  to the west (Santa Cruz La Nueva).

At the same time, most of the population of the original Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz La Vieja) moved to San Lorenzo el Real de la Frontera, a nearby town founded in 1590 and moved in 1595.

In 1622, Santa Cruz and San Lorenzo el Real de la Frontera merged. The new city resulting from this union, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, is on the Piraí River.

## References
Arithmetic logic unit

; D is an output status]]

In computing, an **arithmetic logic unit** (**ALU**) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a basic building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer,  even the simplest microcontrollers contain one for purposes such as timing. 

Now, modern microprocessors, microcontrollers and CPUs have very powerful and very complex ALUs. Also, more recent CPUs may contain up to more than 4 ALUs (see superscalar CPUs).

Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945.

## Related pages
* FPU
* Execution unit

## References
*
*

## Other websites
*A Simulator of Complex ALU in MATLAB 

*ALU full Form
Eating disorder

An **eating disorder** is when someone begins eating too much, or when someone begins to avoid eating. This affects their mental and physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are two of the most well-known eating disorders today. Nine percent of the U.S. population or 28.8 million Americans will have an eating disorder in their lifetime time. Eating disorders affect all genders, with females being two times more likely to have an eating disorder. Eating disorders and addictions are closely related.

Eating disorders involve more than just food. Many people with eating disorders are very sad and feel alone. They might get depressed and eating in front of other people can be stressful for them. Some people eat food to feel better when they are sad, stressed, or upset. They might eat a lot of food in a very short period or throw up their food because they feel guilty. They eat very little because they want to lose weight, even if they are already dangerously underweight (weighing less than what it is considered healthy). Even if they are underweight, they can see themselves as very fat. Many people with eating disorders suffer malnutrition (not getting enough nutrients that the body needs to be healthy), or electrolyte imbalances (a change in the number of elements such as sodium or potassium that causes problems in the body's function). Eating disorders can cause death.

## References
## Other websites 
* National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders
* National Eating Disorders Association
* Effects of Eating Disorders
Paresthesia

**Paresthesia** (pron. ; **paraesthesia** in British English, pron. ) is a feeling of tingling, prickling, or numbness with no permanent effects. It is commonly called "pins and needles". This feeling may last a short while, or may be more long-lasting. A long-term effect means there is something wrong with neurons in the body.

An example of this can be felt when sitting cross-legged for a long time and your foot "falls asleep". The tingling feeling you get when you move is paresthesia.

## Causes
Paresthesia has many known causes, including the following:

*Alcoholism
*Anticonvulsant drugs such as topiramate, sultiame, and acetazolamide
*Anxiety and/or Panic Disorder
*Decompression sickness
*Dehydration
*Fabry disease
*Fibromyalgia
*Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)
*Heavy metals
*Hyperventilation
*Hyperkalemia
*Hypothyroidism
*Immune deficiency, such as Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
*Ingestion of Beta-alanine
*Lidocaine poisoning
*Lomotil
*Low blood-sugar (Hypoglycaemia)
*Menopause
*Migraines
*Multiple sclerosis
*Nitrous Oxide, long term exposure 
*Obdormition
*Radiation poisoning
*Vitamin B5 deficiency
*Vitamin B12 deficiency
*Withdrawal from certain SSRIs, such as paroxetine

## References
## Other websites
* Paresthesia in detail 
* What makes your arms, legs and feet fall asleep?
Garonne

]]
The **Garonne** is a river that runs through northern Spain and the southwest France. Its mouth is at the Atlantic Ocean. It is  long.
Physical abuse

**Physical abuse** is a form of abuse which causes feelings of pain, injury, or other physical suffering. Physical abuse may lead to low self-esteem and other mental problems.

## Types of physical abuse
Physical abuse has many forms. A few examples of physical abuse are:

* Striking or hitting
* Punching
* Slapping
* Whipping
* Striking with an object
* Pinching
* Kicking
* Strangling
* Drowning
* Sleep deprivation
* Freezing
* Burning
* Electric shock
* Cutting
* Poisoning
* Withholding food or medication
* Assault
* Neglect
* Torture
* Any other excessive physical treatment.
Floating point unit

A **floating point unit (FPU)** is a part of a computer system specially designed to carry out operations on floating point numbers. Typical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root. 

Some systems can also perform more advanced functions as exponential or trigonometric functions calculations, however in most modern processors these functions are done with software library routines, not by hardware.

In most modern general purpose CPUs, one or more FPUs are integrated inside the CPU; however many embedded microcontrollers, especially older designs, do not have hardware support for floating point operations. 

In the past, some systems as the Intel 8086 have implemented floating point via a coprocessor that is controlled by the CPU rather than as an integrated unit.

Most modern computers have integrated FPU hardware; but not all. In the absence of an FPU, many FPU functions can be emulated, which saves the added hardware cost of an FPU but is significantly slower.

## Related pages
* Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
* Execution unit
Perfectionism

**Perfectionism**, in psychology, is a type of personality where there is a need for oneself or others to be the best in any given part of life. There are only two outcomes; anything less than perfect is taken to be unacceptable. The belief holds that one can achieve perfection and should aim for it. A person who believes this is called a *perfectionist*.

At first, some consider perfectionism as helpful. Perfectionism can lead people to achieve great things and give them motivation. However, it is considered to be a belief that is mostly unhealthy and harmful. Perfectionism makes people set goals that are unrealistic and cannot be reached. Perfectionism may also lead to procrastination as it allows one to avoid being less than perfect ("I can't do this project until I can do it the right way."). This can mean low productivity.

Perfectionistic behaviour is growing in the newer generation. Perfectionism has received more attention by popular sayings like “practice makes perfect”. There are also more and more people who see themselves as a perfectionist. These people also mentioned their difficulties which comes with this behaviour.

Both types set high standards for themselves. This shows that the psychological problems that come with perfectionism come from viewing oneself strictly. released one of the most detailed models.

1.     Self-oriented perfectionism,

2.     Other-oriented perfectionism, and

3.     Socially prescribed perfectionism.

The difference between these parts is not behavioural displays. It is to whom perfectionism is directed to (self or others) or to whom the perfectionistic behaviour is placed by (socially prescribed).

Self-oriented perfectionism refers to the setting of impossible standards and strictly examining oneself. Although there are harmful effects, it also results in motivation by aiming to achieve perfection while avoiding failure.

Other-oriented perfectionism is placing unrealistic standards for significant others. There is a focus on others being perfect and strictly examining them. This leads to blaming, lack of trust, and unkind feelings towards others. However, this dimension may link to leadership ability and giving motivation to others.

Socially prescribed perfectionism is the believed need to achieve unrealistic standards placed by other people on oneself. As the standards placed by others are felt as too much, it may often lead to anger, anxiety and depression.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Why Perfect Is Not Always Best (BBC article)
* Seeking Perfection BBC Science and Nature
* The RIGHT Stuff - Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder: A Defect of Philosophy, not Anxiety  Steven Phillipson, Ph.D., Center for Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy
Goulburn

**Goulburn** () is a city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is 190 km south-west of Sydney on the Hume Highway. It is 690 metres above sea-level. In 2006 there were 20,127 people living in Goulburn. Goulburn calls itself as "Australia's first inland city". The city of Bathurst also claims to be the first inland city in Australia. 

Goulburn was named by James Meehan after Henry Goulburn, a British politician. The Governor Lachlan Macquarie approved the choice of name. The Aboriginal name for Goulburn is Burbong. This is a Murring/Wiradjuri word meaning a special place.

Goulburn has a railway station on the Main Southern railway line. It is a service centre for the many farms in the area. It also provides a rest stop for those travelling on the Hume Highway. It has a central park and many historic buildings, including old houses near the railway station on Sloane Street. It also has two 19th-century cathedrals. It is home to the *Big Merino*, the world's largest cement sheep.

## References
## Other websites