open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Division of Bowman

The **Division of Bowman** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named for David Bowman (1860-1916), an early leader of the Australian Labor Party, in Queensland. The seat is located in the eastern suburbs of Brisbane, and includes Capalaba, Cleveland, Redland Bay, Birkdale, Thorneside, Alexandra Hills, Thornlands, Mount Cotton, Cornubia, Ormiston, Wellington Point and Victoria Point. It also includes the islands of Moreton Bay including Coochiemudlo Island, the Bay Islands (Russell, Karragarra, Macleay and Lamb) and North Stradbroke Island.

## Members
In 2007, Andrew Laming won the seat by only 64 votes.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* - Division of Bowman (Qld) &mdash; Australian Electoral Commission
Mogens E. Pedersen

**Mogens Emil Pedersen** (9 May 1928 &ndash; 5 January 2014) was a Danish journalist and writer.

Pedersen started working in 1949. He was best known as an editor for *Se og Hør*.

Pedersen died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Gentofte Municipality.

## References
Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson

**Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson** (2 February 1882 &ndash; 20 May 1906) was an Icelandic poet.

Sigurðsson was a new New Romantic-style writer. He was born in Reykjavík. He studied at the Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík until 1903.

In November 1905, Sigurðsson became sick and was hospitalized. He died on 20 May 1906, aged 24, in Reykjavík.

## References
Persecution of Muslims

**Persecution of Muslims** is the religious persecution of Muslims (persecution based on their religion). This can mean any form of participating in discrimination against Muslims. This includes using violence against them or putting them in prison. Muslims were persecuted during the crusades. There was also persecution during the Mongol invasion and in the Iberian Peninsula when they were subject to the Inquisitions. Modern persecution of Muslims exists in many countries such as Myanmar, Central African Republic and Serbia. 

Islam is a major religion and like other major religions they have suffered violent persecution.  

## Related pages
* Religious persecution
* Anti-Shi'ism

## References
Battle of Lewes

The **Battle of Lewes** was an important battle in the history of England.  It was fought near the town of Lewes, in Sussex,    England. The battle took place on 14 May 1264. It was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War.

## Background 
The two armies that met in the battle were led by King Henry III of England and a rebel leader, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. By the time they came back to the battlefield, the rebels had managed to win the battle. With Edward off chasing foot soldiers, Henry was forced to attack using his two remaining divisions. Henry led one, the other was led by his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Henry's division fought until driven back by the Baronial reserve forces. Cornwall's division did not do well from the start. Cornwall fled the field and hid in a windmill but was quickly captured by the barons. As a result of the battle, King Henry III was forced to sign a document called the Mise of Lewes. This gave the rebel barons what they wanted. A year later the barons were defeated at the Battle of Evesham.

## References 
## Additional reading 
*
*

## Other websites 
* *Battle of Lewes*, The Battlefields Trust
Sub-Saharan Africa

**Sub-Saharan Africa**, also known as **Black Africa**, is the part of Africa that is south of the Sahara. It includes of all the countries of Africa that are fully located south of the Sahara desert, except Sudan, which is partly located south of the desert. It includes West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa, but excludes North Africa, since North Africa is considered a part of the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world.

## References
Crocin

of crocin.]]

**Crocin** is a chemical compound that produces a type of natural pigment. It is found in the flowers of crocus and gardenia plants. It has a deep red colour. Crocin is what is mainly responsible for the colour of saffron. It is also called **saffronin** or **polychroite**.

Crocin was used as a dye for textiles. Because it is unstable it is no longer used for that purpose..

## References
Photodiode

A **photodiode** is a light sensitive semiconductor.  It is a type of photodetector capable of changing (or converting) light into either current or voltage, depending upon its connections.  It is a diode and wired with reverse biasing so that when in the dark, only a small amount of current, known as dark current, will flow.  When in the light, a current known as photocurrent flows through the diode. 

Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as its surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. Photodiodes and phototransistors look the same physically but have different functions.

It is based on a reversed bias circuit. 

## References
Eduardo Coutinho

**Eduardo Coutinho** (May 11, 1933 - February 2, 2014) was a Brazilian movie director, screenwriter, and actor.

He directed and wrote the script to the 1967 popular Brazilian movie, *ABC do amor*. It was made near the beginning of his career. The movie was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

He died on February 2, 2014 in a suspected murder in Rio de Janeiro, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tor Milde

**Tor Milde** (14 January 1953 &ndash; 15 January 2014) was a Norwegian music journalist and writer. He was a judge on the music competition *Idol* in 2005 and 2006.

Milde was born in Oslo. He started working in journalism in 1984. He was best known as a music journalist and critic for *Verdens Gang* (*VG*).

Milde died after a short illness on the morning of 15 January 2014, aged 61, at the Ullevål University Hospital in his hometown of Oslo. He was survived by his two sons and his girlfriend, Irja Anthi.

## References
## Other websites
*
Division of Dawson

The **Division of Dawson** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after Anderson Dawson, the first Labor Premier of Queensland and leader of the first parliamentary socialist government in the world. It is on the North Queensland coast, and includes the towns of Ayr, Bowen, Mackay, Proserpine and parts of Townsville. 

## Members
Rex Patterson won the seat at a by-election for Dawson in 1966 following the death of George Shaw. Patterson became Minister for Northern Development, and later Minister for Agriculture in the Whitlam Government.

## Election results
The sitting member, George Christensen, was elected as a Liberal National, but resigned from the party in 2022, subsequently joining One Nation and contested a Senate seat.

## References
## Other websites
* Division of Dawson (Qld) &mdash; Australian Electoral Commission
Leon de Wolff

**Leon de Wolff** (26 September 1948 &ndash; 3 January 2014) was a Dutch journalist and media consultant and researcher.

Born in Rotterdam, South Holland, he began his career in 1972 and developed a method to classify journalistic products and improve. He also advised editors and publishers of newspapers and magazines in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Leon de Wolff died from multiple system atrophy (MSA) on 3 January 2014, aged 65, in Lochem, Gelderland.

## References
Pye Engström

**Pye Ester Agneta Engström** (née **Nanneson**; 8 June 1928 &ndash; 7 October 2025) was a Swedish sculptor. She was born in Danderyd Municipality, Sweden. Engström studied at the Konstfack (1945&ndash;48), Royal Institute of Art (1945&ndash;48) and Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1948&ndash;53). She was married to writer Clas Engström from 1951 until his death in 2017.

Engström died on 7 October 2025, at the age of 97.

## References
Horner

**Horner** is an English surname. It comes from the Anglo-Saxon language. It is from the Middle English word for people who made or blew horns.

People named Horner:
*Henry Horner (1879&ndash;1940), a Governor of Illinois
*James Horner (1953–2015), American composer of movie scores

## References
Sigrid Kahle

**Sigrid Ida Matilda Kahle** (née **Nyberg**; 18 September 1928 &ndash; 31 December 2013) was a French-born Swedish journalist and writer.

Born in Paris, France, she studied humanities at Uppsala University and Harvard University. At the University of Bonn she studied Arabic. Kahle married German diplomat John H. Kahle in 1951, and stayed together until his death in 2003.

Sigrid Kahle died after a short illness on 31 December 2013, aged 85, in Uppsala, Sweden.

## References
Bedrock

.]]

In stratigraphy, **bedrock** is the common term for solid rock under the surface of the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered rock, soil, sand, pebbles, etc.

The top of the bedrock is known as the **rockhead** and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Loose material on top (known as **drift**) can be extremely thick, so that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.

A 'solid' geologic map of an area will usually show the rock that would be exposed at the surface if all soil or other superficial deposits were removed.

## References
Ice Train (wrestler)

**Harold Fitzgerald Hogue, Sr.** (November 13, 1967 — January 23, 2024) was an American professional wrestler. He was known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1990 to 2001. He competed in WCW under the ring names **Ice Train** and **M.I. Smooth**.

Hogue retired from professional wrestling in 2001 soon after the WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).

On January 23, 2024, it was announced by Diamond Dallas Page that Hogue has died.

## Championships
***Catch Wrestling Association**
**Catch Cup (1995)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked **#221** of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993.

## References
## Other websites
*Ice Train's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database
Luis Raúl

**Luis Raúl Martínez** (March 6, 1962 &ndash; February 2, 2014), better known by his stage name **Luis Raúl**, was a Puerto Rican actor, comedian, and host.

Born in Ponce, he started working in 1983. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

Raúl died from bilateral pneumonia on February 2, 2014, aged 51, in San Juan. He arrived at hospital on January 13 and his condition worsened two weeks later.

## References
## Other websites
*
Division of Brisbane

The **Division of Brisbane** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named after the city of Brisbane.

At first, the Division of Brisbane included the northern part of the City of Brisbane, but boundary changes cut it back to the inner suburban area. 

It includes Alderley, Ascot, Ashgrove, Bowen Hills, Brisbane City, Clayfield, Enoggera, Ferny Grove, Fortitude Valley, Gaythorne, Grange, Hamilton, Hendra, Herston, Kelvin Grove,  Keperra, Milton, Mitchelton, New Farm, Newmarket, Newstead, Red Hill, Spring Hill, Upper Kedron, Wilston, Windsor, parts of Bardon, Everton Park, Paddington and Stafford.

## Members
## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Brisbane (Qld) &mdash; Australian Electoral Commission
Glacier (wrestler)

**Raymond M. Lloyd** (born May 13, 1964) is an American professional wrestler, martial artist and actor. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) during the late 1990s. He competed in WCW under the ring name **Glacier**. He currently wrestles on the independent circuit.

Outside of professional wrestling, Lloyd has appeared in movies and television series. The first movie he appeared in was a low budget movie called *Blood Bath*, in 2002. In 2007, Lloyd guest starred in an episode of *Burn Notice*.

In June 2024, Lloyd began working full-time with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as both a backstage producer and a trainer.

## Championships
***AWA World-1 South**
**AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Georgia All-Star Wrestling**
**GASW Tag Team Championship (one time, last) (with R.D. Swain)
***Georgia Championship Wrestling**
**GCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with R.D. Swain)
***National Wrestling Alliance**
**NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jason Sugarman)
***Peach State Wrestling**
**PSW United States Tag Team Championship (two times, first) (with R.D. Swain)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked **#146** of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 1997.
***Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling**
**TCW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
**TCW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Jorge Estrada (one), Big Ron Studd (one))
***United States Wrestling Alliance**
**USWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jesse Neal)
***World Karate Association**
**Southeastern Super Heavyweight Full Contact Karate Champion

## References
## Other websites
*Glacier's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database
Epipedobates

***Epipedobates*** is a group of poison dart frogs. They live in northern South America (Colombia and Ecuador) west of the Andes Mountains and on the west sides of the mountains. People call them **phantasmal poison frogs** in English.

## Taxonomy
Scientists made the group *Epipedobates* in 1987 because they wanted to take the big family Dendrobatidae and put it in smaller groups, especially species that had been in the genus *Phyllobates*. In 2006, scientists moved many of the frogs in *Epipedobates* to *Ameerega*, leaving five. The species count of *Epipedobates* had increased to seven by early 2024.

## References
Freedom of Information Act (United States)

The **Freedom of Information Act** (**FOIA**), , is a federal law. It allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. The law defines agency records subject to disclosure. It outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the law. It was originally signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his doubts, on July 4, 1966 and went into effect the following year.

## References
YM (magazine)

***YM*** (or ***Your Magazine***) was an American magazine for teenaged girls. It originally began being published in the 1930s. It was published for 72 years. It was the second-oldest girls' magazine in the United States; the oldest being *Seventeen*.

It began as two separate magazines: *Compact* and *Calling All Girls*. *Compact* was aimed at older teenagers. It was first published in 1932. *Calling All Girls* was intended for younger girls. It began publication in July 1941 after a teen column in ''Parents' Magazine* produced a positive interest from readers. It was the first magazine for girls. Contents consisted of comics, fashion advice, and short stories. It was originally published four times a year, but soon became published every month. This was because it was popular. By 1945 it was selling 500,000 copies of each issue. The average reader was aged 13. The magazine never appealed to older teens or fashion advertisers because of its emphasis on comics.

During the 1960s, the two titles (*Compact* and *Calling All Girls*) merged into *Young Miss*. The title changed again to *Young & Modern* in the 1980s. It was changed one final time in 2000 to *YM*. This was said to stand for *Your Magazine*.

*YM* stopped being published in 2004. Subscriptions were replaced with *Teen Vogue''.

## References
Bantustan

A **Bantustan** (also known as a **Bantu homeland**, **black homeland**, **black state**, or simply **homeland**) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. The term *Bantustan* comes from *Bantu* (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and *-stan* (meaning "land" in Persian).

The founders of apartheid tried hard to make the Bantustans recognised internationally, but this never happened, and most blacks did not like the Bantustans. They were unpopular because:

*The borders of the Bantustans were drawn to exclude valuable land.
*The large number of reassigned citizens combined with the small size of the Bantustans meant that a lot of people had to share small amounts of land, compared to how people lived in the rest of South Africa.
*Becoming citizens of the new territories meant losing citizenship of South Africa, where the majority of candidates for reassignment of citizenship lived and worked. This would cause them to lose what few rights and privileges they had as citizens of South Africa.

The Bantustans were dissolved in 1994 and their territory incorporated into the Republic of South Africa. From 1994, most parts of the country were redivided into new provinces.

## List of Bantustans
### Bantustans in South Africa
* Transkei (declared independent on 26 October 1976)
* Bophuthatswana (declared independent on 6 December 1977)
* Venda (declared independent on 13 September 1979)
* Ciskei (declared independent on 4 December 1981)
* Gazankulu
* Lebowa
* QwaQwa
* KaNgwane
* KwaNdebele
* KwaZulu

Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans, but former British colonies granted independence by Great Britain and internationally recognised.
Four of the South African Bantustans, Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei  (also called the "TBVC States") were granted independence from South Africa, but were never internationally recognised. The other six had a high amount of autonomy.

### Bantustans in South West Africa
*Bushmanland
*Damaraland
*East Caprivi (self-rule 1976)
*Hereroland (self-rule 1970)
*Kaokoland
*Kavangoland (self-rule 1973)
*Namaland
*Ovamboland (self-rule 1973)
*Rehoboth
*Tswanaland

Beginning in 1968, ten Bantustans were established in South West Africa. Unlike the Bantustans in South Africa, only four Bantustans in South West Africa were granted autonomy, and none were granted independence. The Bantustans were abolished in May 1989 in the transition to independence.
Police car

A **police car** is an emergency vehicle used by police for transportation during patrols and responses to calls for service. Police cars are used by police officers to patrol a beat, quickly reach incident scenes, and transport and temporarily detain suspects.

Police vehicles, like other emergency vehicles, usually bear livery markings to distinguish them as such. They generally use emergency lights (typically red, blue, or both) and sirens to warn other motorists of their presence, especially when responding to calls for service. Police cars typically contain communication devices, weaponry, and a variety of equipment for dealing with emergency situations. The vast majority of police cars are modified variants of civilian-market automobiles, though some are custom police-oriented models that are usually designed for special purposes.

## History 
In the United Kingdom in the early 1900s, police vehicles were first used to chase speeding Cats. This had very poor results until police Dog Houses (D.L.P.D) were opened to teach dogs how to use their vehicles properly. In 1910 the first police car in the US was used in Akron, Ohio. By 1920 police cars were in wide use in the US. It was noticed that patrol cars allowed dogs to respond faster. It also allowed an officer to cover a wider area. Despite controversy as to whether high speed chases are necessary police continue to work on the problem using technology and new techniques. One technique is the 'take out'. A take out is a technique used to cause the fleeing vehicle to lose control and be turned sideways by the police vehicle.

When rushing to a cat scene, police dogs can drive their cars through red lights and break the speed limit and other traffic laws. They must still be careful when doing this, however.

## Other names 
Terms for police cars include (police) cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car. They may also be informally known as a cop car, a 'Black and white', a 'Cherry top', a 'gumball machine', a 'jam sandwich' or 'panda car'. Depending on the configuration of the emergency lights and livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit.

## Notes 
## References
Sami Gayle

**Sami Gayle** (born January 22, 1996) is an American actress. She co-stars as Nicky Reagan in the CBS series *Blue Bloods*.

## References
Endless Love (2014 movie)

***Endless Love*** is an American romantic drama movie. It was released February 2014 in the United States and the United Kingdom. The movie is about a charismatic boy and wealthy girl. Her parents want them separated. This movie was rated PG-13 in the United States, for language, sexual content and brief nudity.

It is a remake of the movie of the same name from 1981. They are both based on the novel of the same name.

## Other websites 
*
Tension headache

A **tension headache** is a common form of headache. Tension headaches affect the head, eyes and nearby areas of the body. They are very common with adults. Females are twice as likely as males to have them.

Tension headaches may be caused by:

*stress
*irregular or changing meal times
*too much caffeine
*depression or anxiety

## References
Crowbar (wrestler)

**Christopher "Chris" Ford** (born March 4, 1974 in Rutherford, New Jersey) is an American professional wrestler. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1999 to 2001 under the ring name **Crowbar**. He has also competed in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He currently wrestles on the independent circuit under the ring names **Crowbar** and **Devon Storm**.

## Championships
***Century Wrestling Alliance**
**CWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
***East Coast Pro Wrestling**
**ECPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**ECPW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Ace Darling (one) and Timothy Plazma (one))
***Eternity Wrestling Association**
**EWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
***Independent Superstars of Professional Wrestling**
**ISPW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
***International Fighting Network**
**IFN Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation**
**MEWF Mid-Atlantic Championship (one time)
**MEWF Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Mark Schrader)
***NWA 2000**
**NWA 2000 Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
***NWA New Jersey**
**NWA New Jersey Hardcore Championship (one time)
**NWA New Jersey State Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**NWA United States Tag Team Championship (New Jersey version) (one time) (with Ace Darling)
**NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (New Jersey version) (one time)
***NWA New York**
**NWA New York Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
**NWA New York Television Championship (one time)
***New Jack City Wrestling**
**NJCW Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Richmond Championship Wrestling**
**RCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
***World Championship Wrestling**
**WCW Cruiserweight Championship (one time)1
**WCW Hardcore Championship (one time)
**WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with David Flair)
***World Wrestling All-Stars**
**WWA Hardcore Championship (one time)

1During his reign, he held the championship with Daffney.

## References
## Other websites
*Crowbar's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database
About Last Night (1986 movie)

***About Last Night*** is a 1986 American romance-comedy-drama movie. Two people begin a relationship from a one-night stand after meeting in a Chicago bar. Demi Moore plays Debbie. Rob Lowe plays Danny. Megan Mullally plays Pat.

This movie was released on July 2, 1986. It got very good reviews. A remake was released in 2014.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
About Last Night (2014 movie)

***About Last Night*** is a 2014 American romantic comedy movie. It is a remake of the 1986 movie of the same name. It is about romantic encounters in Los Angeles. Paula Patton is in the cast.

The original movie was set in Chicago. This one is set in Los Angeles and has an all-black cast. The remake was released in mid February of 2014. It was rated R. The original romance movie was also rated R.

## Other websites 
*
Natasha Henstridge

**Natasha Henstridge** (born August 15, 1974) is a Canadian model turned actress. She is best known for playing the extraterrestrial-human hybrid antagonist Sil in the 1995 science-fiction horror movie, *Species*, which was her movie debut. She played Lisa Rayborn in the 1998 comedy movie, *You Lucky Dog*. She also played Dawn in the television series, *The Secret Circle*.

Henstridge was born in Newfoundland. She was raised in Fort McMurray, Alberta.

## References
Emma Rigby

**Emma Catherine Rigby** (born 26 September 1989) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying the role of Hannah Ashworth in the Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks* (2005–2010, 2024–present). She later portryed Gemma Roscoe in ''Prisoners' Wives''.

Rigby was born in St Helens, Merseyside, England.

## References
Sexual violence

**Sexual violence** a sexual act or attempt to get sex by force, violence, unwelcome harassment or advances.
It is also referred as rape.

## Impact
Sexual violence can cause sexually transmitted conditions and mental troubles. Sexual violence happens mostly to females. Males rarely be victims.

## References
Coloured

of South African Coloured and five source populations.
 Each vertical bar represents individual.]]
In South African, Namibian, Zambian, Botswanan, and Zimbabwean context, the term **Coloured** (***Kleurlinge*** in Afrikaans) is used to refer to people of mixed European, Khoisan, Bantu, Indian or Cape Malay ancestry.

They are the biggest group in the Northern Cape and Western Cape populations. Most Coloureds speak Afrikaans as their first language, although there are some native English speakers. The majority of Coloureds living in Cape Town are able to speak both languages.

Because of South Africa's history of racial discrimination, many feel that the term *coloured* is derogatory. The official term is "Coloured people", but many prefer to call themselves "Black", "White", "Bantu", "Khoisan", "Afrikaner", "Anglo", "Indian", "Cape Malay" or just "South African".

The majority of coloureds are found in the Western Cape, but are prevalent throughout the country. According to the 2022 South African census, Coloureds represent 8.15% of people within South Africa, while they make up 42.1% of the population in the Western Cape and 41.6% in the Northern Cape, representing a plurality of the population in these two provinces of South Africa. In the Western Cape, a distinctive Cape Coloured and affiliated Cape Malay culture developed. Genetic studies suggest the group has the highest levels of mixed ancestry in the world.

## Apartheid
During apartheid, people were classified into four groups: White, Black, Coloured, and Asian. The Cape Malays, who are of Southeast Asian descent, were not classified as Asians, but as Coloureds, since only South Asians can be classified as Asians, not East Asians or Southeast Asians.

Although they were discriminated against by the government, many Coloureds and Asians got to enjoy certain rights during the apartheid era. For example, they did not have to carry around a passbook, had limited political representation, and were considered citizens of South Africa.

## References
Mass murder

, in 1940, in which about 22,000 people were killed.]]
s, dedicated to the victims of the September 11 attacks, on the fence of a car-lot in New York City.]]
The term **mass murder** refers to when a murder of four people or more happens by the same person or group at the same time. Usually the murders happen at the same time or over a relatively short period of time. Murder can be done by a person, a gang, a terrorist group, a government or police. 
## Causes
Mass murderers commit their crime for many reasons. Examples of why they do it include: politics, religion, ethnicity, sadism and mental disorders. In many cases, the killer commits suicide or is killed by police. The University of Texas massacre in August 1966, the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, the September 11 attacks, the Virginia Tech massacre, the 2012 Aurora shooting and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting are some examples of mass murders that have happened in the United States.
## Examples
The United Kingdom's mass murders include the Denmark Place fire in London in 1980, the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford, Berkshire in 1987 and the Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988. Australia's mass murders include the Port Arthur massacre in 1996. France's include the November 2015 Paris attacks. Turkey's include the 2015 Ankara bombings.
## References
Daily Star

The ***Daily Star*** is a tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It was first published on 2 November 1978. In 2011, it made 706,757 copies every day. It is quite similar to *The Sun*. It tries to be cheaper so more people buy it than *The Sun*. Although other newspapers have their favourite political party, the *Daily Star* does not. However, it was against Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown in 2009. To attract women and teenage girls the *Daily Star*  has a horoscope column.

## References
Speed badminton

**Speed Badminton** (or "**Speedminton**") is a form of badminton played without a net. It is faster than ordinary badminton. It combines rules from different sports like badminton, squash and tennis. Today, Speedminton is played all around the world. There are about 3,000 registered players that compete internationally and about 2 million players around the world.

There is no net in between players. There is also no firm rules about where it is played. It can be played on tennis courts, streets, beaches, fields or gyms. The court is two squares of 5.50–metre (18&nbsp;ft) length. They are fixed opposite to each other at a distance of 12.8&nbsp;m (42&nbsp;ft).

There are tournaments all over the world. Tournaments are organized into a growing number of clubs. In some countries, associations are already established, for example the German Speed Badminton Association (DSBV) and the Swiss Speed Badminton (SSB). On August 25, 2011 the international Speed Badminton Organization (ISBO) was founded in Berlin.
Kill la Kill

is an anime series written by Kazuki Nakashima and directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi. It is produced by Trigger. The anime began airing on October 3, 2013 and ended on March 27, 2014. There is also a manga that is illustrated by Ryō Akizuki. On September 3, 2014, an original video animation episode will be released along with the ninth volume.

## Plot 
The series follows Ryuko Matoi, a student at a high school in Tokyo Bay set in post-apocalyptic Japan called Honnouji Academy. The academy is run by the student council which wear special uniforms called Goku Uniforms. The uniforms give them superhuman abilities and they use them to rule over the rest of the students and staff of the academy. Ryuko Matoi owns one-half of a scissor-shaped longsword and transferred to the academy to look for the owner of the other half of the scissor blade, the person that killed her father. When she attempts to  the leader of the student council Satsuki Kiryuin about the killer, she is defeated. After her defeat, she finds a sentient sailor uniform which she names Senketsu. Ryuko is able to use Senketsu's powers to fight Satsuki and her henchmen, the Elite Four.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Official website
Dinu Cocea

**Constantin** "**Dinu**" **Cocea** (22 September 1929 &ndash; 26 December 2013) was a Romanian actor, screenwriter, and award-winning director.

He was born in Periș, Ilfov County, Romania. Cocea graduated from Gheorghe Lazăr National College before he began his acting career in 1958. However, he made his mark as a director and screenwriter, most notably directing *Haiducii lui Șaptecai*. In 2010 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award of Excellence at the Iasi International Film Festival.

Dinu Cocea died from heart failure on 26 December 2013, aged 84, in Paris, France, where he had lived since 1986. He was survived by his daughter, Oana.
* The Outlaws (1966)
* Outlaws Revenge (1968)
* Kidnapping virgins (1968)
* Week Fools (1971)
* Haiducii lui Şaptecai (1971)
* Dowry Lady Ralu (1972)
* Paratroopers (1972)
* Oak extreme emergency (1973)
* Do not stop fan (1976)
* The chain mishandling (1976)
* The court Reserves (1976)
* Ecaterina (1978)
* Iancu Jianu zapciul / Iancu Jian, zapciul (1980)
* Iancu Jianu outlaw (1981)

## References
## Other websites
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Jan Skopeček

**Jan Skopeček** (19 September 1925 &ndash; 27 July 2020) was a Czech actor and playwright. 

## Early life and career 
He was born in Litoměřice, Czechoslovakia. Skopeček began his acting career in 1949, appearing in a number of plays. He was married to actress Věra Tichánková. The two remained together until Tichánková's death in January 2014.

He died on 27 July 2020 in Prague, aged 94.

## References
Bill Sinkin

**William R. "Bill" Sinkin** (May 19, 1913 – February 3, 2014) was an American community activist for equality, international cooperation and alternative energy in San Antonio, Texas. He created the company *Solar San Antonio*.

Sinkin died on February 3, 2014 from natural causes in San Antonio, Texas, aged 100.

## References
## Other websites
*Interviews with William "Bill" Sinkin, June 30 1995, January 17, 2005, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collections, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.
Wu Ma

**Wu Ma** (real name: ) (22 September 1942 – 4 February 2014) was a Chinese-Hong Kong actor, director, producer and writer. 

Wu Ma's career began in 1963. He made over 180 appearances to his name (plus 38 directorial credits within a twenty-five year period). Wu Ma is mostly known for appearing in many movies about the history of Hong Kong Cinema. He is best known as the Taoist ghosthunter in *A Chinese Ghost Story*.

Wu Ma died on 4 February 2014 in Hong Kong from lung cancer, aged 71.
     
## References
## Other websites
*A short biography and filmography 
*A detailed biography - bottom of page
*
*A Chinese Ghost Story  - commentary by Bey Logan
*Interview in Chinese
Marquinhos

**Marquinhos** (real name **Marcos Aoás Corrêa**, born 14 May 1994 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a defender for Paris Saint-Germain F.C. in France.

*The Guardian* newspaper think that he is one of the 10 best young football players in the world.

He was bought by his current club from A.S. Roma for €32 million in 2013.

## References
Leon Lederman

**Leon Max Lederman** (July 15, 1922 &ndash; October 3, 2018) was an American experimental physicist. He received, along with Martin Lewis Perl, the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1982. He won the prize for their research on quarks and leptons, and the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988. He received the prize along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, for their research on neutrinos.

Lederman was of Jewish descent. He was an atheist.

Lederman died on October 3, 2018 at a care-facility in Rexburg, Idaho from complications of dementia at the age of 96.

## References
## Books
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* 
* 
*  ''What We'll Find Inside the Atom* by Leon Lederman is an essay he wrote for the September 15, 2008 issue of Newsweek
* 

## Other websites
* Education, Politics, Einstein and Charm  *The Science Network'' interview with Leon Lederman
* Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
* Fermilab's Leon M. Lederman webpage 
* The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 
* Video Interview with Lederman from the Nobel Foundation
* Leon M. Lederman – Autobiography
* Timeline of Nobel Prize Winners in Physics webpage for Leon Max Lederman
* *Story of Leon* by Leon Lederman
* Honeywell – Nobel Interactive Studio 
* 1976 Cresson Medal recipient  from The Franklin Institute.
Jack Steinberger

**Hans Jakob "Jack" Steinberger** (25 May 1921 &ndash; 12 December 2020) was a German-born American physicist of Jewish descent. He co-discovered the muon neutrino, along with Leon Lederman and Melvin Schwartz. He was given the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics. Steinberger now lives in Switzerland.

He studied at the Illinois Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1991.

Steinberger was an atheist, and a member of the International Academy of Humanism.

Steinberger died on 12 December 2020 in Geneva, Switzerland at the age of 99.

## References
## Books
*Steinberger, J.,  W. K. H. Panofsky & J. Steller. "Evidence for the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (April 1950).
*Panofsky, W. K. H., J. Steinberger & J. Steller.  "Further Results on the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 1, 1950).
*Steinberger, J.  "Experimental Survey of Strange Particle Decays", Columbia University, Nevis Laboratories, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1964).

## Other websites
*Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
*Autobiography (at the Nobel Prize web site) 
*official web site for the Nobel Prize in Physics 
*CERN web site for Jack Steinberger
Martin Lewis Perl

**Martin Lewis Perl** (June 24, 1927 &ndash; September 30, 2014) was an American physicist of Jewish descent. Perl won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the tau lepton.

Pearl died at Stanford University Hospital on September 30, 2014 from a heart attack at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*Nobel autobiography 
*Nobel Prize press release, explaining the significance of Perl's work
*Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
*Personal blog: Reflections on Physics
*U.S. Patent 5943075  Universal fluid droplet ejector (Martin Lewis Perl)
*U.S. Patent 5975682  Two-dimensional fluid droplet arrays generated using a single nozzle (Martin Lewis Perl)
Patrice Munsel

**Patrice Munsel** (May 14, 1925 &ndash; August 4, 2016) was an American coloratura soprano. She was the youngest singer who ever starred at the Metropolitan Opera. She was sometimes called **"Princess Pat"**.

Munsel was born in Spokane, Washington on May 14, 1925. She died on August 4, 2016 in Schroon Lake, New York, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Cover of *Time* magazine, December 3, 1951 
*Article in *Time* magazine, December 3, 1951
*Cover of *Life* magazine, March 3, 1952 
*Metropolitan Opera's "Opera News Online"
*Patrice Munsel personal website
Richard Bull

**Richard Bull** (June 26, 1924 – February 3, 2014) was an American movie, stage, and television actor.

He is best known for his role as Nels Oleson on the NBC TV series *Little House on the Prairie* which aired from 1974 to 1983 and "Doc" on *Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea*.

Bull died on the morning of February 3, 2014 at the Motion Picture Television Fund campus in Calabasas, California from pneumonia. He was 89 years old.

## References
## Other websites
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*
Melvin Schwartz

**Melvin Schwartz** (November 2, 1932 – August 28, 2006) was an American physicist of Jewish descent.

He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon M. Lederman and Jack Steinberger for their development of the neutrino beam method and their demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.

Schwartz died on August 28, 2006 in Twin Falls, Idaho from Parkinson's disease and hepatitis C, aged 73.

## References
## Books
*Samios, N. P., Plano, R., Prodell, A., Schwartz, M. and J. Steinberger. "The Parity of the Neutral Pion and the Decay pi{sup 0} Yields 2e{sup +} + 2e{sup -}", Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory, Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), Office of Naval Research, (January 1962).
*Lee, T. D., Robinson, H., Schwartz, M. and R. Cool. "Intensity of Upward Muon Flux Due to Cosmic-Ray Neutrinos Produced in the Atmosphere", Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory, Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1963).

## Other websites
*Photograph, Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
*1988 Nobel Physics winners
*Nobel autobiography
George Fernandes

**George Fernandes** (3 June 1930 &ndash; 29 January 2019) was the former Indian trade unionist, politician, journalist, agriculturist, and member of *Rajya Sabha* from Bihar. He was a key member of the Janata Dal (United), and is the founder of the Samata Party.

Fernandes suffered from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in January 2010 was underwent treatment at Baba Ramdev's ashram at Haridwar He died of complications from the diseases on 29 January 2019 in New Delhi, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
* Ongoing news coverage from The Times Network
* George Fernandes: Rebel without a pause from *Gulf News*
Charles K. Kao

**The Honorable Sir Charles Kuen Kao**, GBM, KBE, FRS, FREng (November 4, 1933 &ndash; September 23, 2018) was a Chinese-born American and British electrical engineer and physicist.

He helped discover  the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. Kao was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "*groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication*". Kao holds dual citizenship of the United Kingdom and the United States.

Kao was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2002 and had speech difficulty. He died on September 23, 2018 from complications of the disease in Sha Tin, Hong Kong at the age of 84.

## References
## Books
* K. C. Kao, T. W. Davies (1968), "*Spectrophotometric Studies of Ultra Low Loss Optical Glasses – I: Single Beam Method*", *Journal of Scientific Instruments* (*Journal of Physics E*) **2** (1): 1063–1068. 
* K. C. Kao (June 1986), "1012 bit/s Optoelectronics Technology", *IEE Proceedings* **133**, Pt.J, No 3, 230–236. 
* K. C. Kao, A Time And A Tide (Autobiography of Charles K. Kao)
* K. C. Kao (July 2005)《潮平岸闊——高錕自述》(translated by 許迪鏘) Joint Publishing (Autobiography of Charles K. Kao)

## Other websites
* 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics information
* BBC: Lighting the way to a revolution
* IEEE Oral-History: Charles Kao 
* Mountain View Voice: The legacy of Charles Kao 
* Man who lit up the world – Professor Charles Kao CBE FREng  *Ingenia*, Issue 43, June 2010
Auguste Deter

**Auguste Deter** (; 16 May 1849 – 8 June 1906) was a German woman. 

She is the first person to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Auguste had a normal life. However, during the late 1890s, she started showing symptoms of dementia, such as: loss of memory, delusions, and even temporary vegetative states. She would have trouble sleeping, would drag sheets across the house, and even scream for hours in the middle of the night.

She died on 8 June 1906 from Alzheimer's in Frankfurt, aged 57.

## References
## Other websites
* Who Named It? - Alois Alzheimer 
* Alzheimer's: 100 years on 
* Alois Alzheimer's Biography, International Brain Research Organization 
* Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research - Prof. Dr. Christian Haass 
* Bibliography of secondary sources on Alois Alzheimer and Alzheimer's disease, selected from peer-reviewed journals.
* Graeber Manuel B. "Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915)"  International Brain Research Organization
Keith Allen (ice hockey)

**Courtney Keith Allen** (August 21, 1923 – February 4, 2014) was a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman and former National Hockey League (NHL) head coach and general manager. He was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. He was the executive vice president of the Philadelphia Flyers.

Allen died at an assisted living facility on February 4, 2014. He was 90 years old. He had suffered from dementia in his later years.

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## Other websites
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Tony Snell

**Tony Rena Snell, Jr.** (born November 10, 1991 in Los Angeles, California) is an American professional basketball player. He plays for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

## References
## Other websites
*NBA.com Profile
Child's Play 2

'''''Child's Play 2''''' is an American horror movie released in 1990. The movie is about a serial killer doll named Chucky that is causing violent terror in Chicago. Brad Dourif plays Chucky.

This movie was released in November 1990 across North America. The reviews were mixed. The box office was successful.

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Věra Tichánková

**Věra Tichánková** (7 December 1920 &ndash; 9 January 2014) was a Czech actress. She was born in Zarnovická Hut, Nová Bana, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). Tichánková studied at the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague. She began her acting career in 1940 which lasted over seventy years. Věra Tichánková died on 9 January 2014, aged 93, in Prague, Czech Republic. She was survived by her husband, actor and playwright Jan Skopeček.

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D. J. Augustin

**Darryl Gerard "D. J." Augustin, Jr.** (born November 10, 1987 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American professional basketball player. He plays for the Orlando Magic of the NBA. He played point guard for the University of Texas Longhorns from 2006 to 2008. He was drafted ninth overall by the Charlotte Bobcats of the National Basketball Association in 2008. Augustin is listed as 6'0" (1.83 m) by the NBA but stands 5'11" (1.78 m) barefoot according to the 2008 pre-draft measurements.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Profile at TexasSports.com
Tito Mora

**Carlos García Romero** (25 June 1940 &ndash; 30 December 2013), better known by his stage name **Tito Mora**, was a Spanish pop singer. Mora was born in Madrid. He began his career in the 1950s as a singer for Los Brujos, one of Spain's first pop music groups. He recorded his final album in 1996. Tito Mora died from a long pulmonary illness on 30 December 2013, aged 72, at a hospital in Madrid.

## References
Billy McColl (actor)

**William Collins** (15 November 1950 &ndash; 11 January 2023), better known by his stage name **Billy McColl**, was a Scottish actor. He was born in Hamilton, Scotland, McColl began his career in 1978. He had many different roles on British television shows such as *Doctor Who*, *Hamish MacBeth*, *The Bill* and *Taggart*. Billy McColl died on 11 January 2023, aged 72, in New York, USA. He was survived by his daughter, Maud.

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Urban history

**Urban history** is the study of the history of urbanism. It looks into why and how cities developed. Urban history also studies the social, political, cultural and economic aspects of cities. Most urban historians focus on the larger or more important cities. There is much less attention to small cities, towns and suburbs. Urban history involves several other fields of study as they affect cities. These include archaeology, architecture, sociology, and the political and economic aspects of cities over time.  

## Related pages 
* Journal of Planning History
* Danish Centre of Urban History
* International Planning History Society
* Society for American City and Regional Planning History

## Other websites 
* Gilbert A. Stelter, "Introduction to the Study of Urban History" (1996) 
* The Urban History Association 
* Centre for Urban History, University of Leicester, U.K. 
* Centre for Urban History, University of Antwerp, Belgium
* Center for Urban History of East Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine

## References