open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stamford Bridge (stadium)

**Stamford Bridge** is the home of Premier League club Chelsea F.C.. It is located in Fulham in southwest London. 

It was built for Fulham Football Club, who turned it down for money reasons, so Chelsea was created and decided to play at the ground. It currently holds a capacity of 41,631 seats. It is one of the oldest football stadiums in the world, being opened in 1877. It was renovated in 1998

## Other websites 
* Chelsea FC Website
* Aerial shot of Stamford Bridge
*It's the Theatre of Drams!  Man U and Chelsea grounds were shinty parks.
*Stamford Bridge webcam on camvista.com 
*Take a tour of Stamford Bridge
Norwegian Dawn

The ***Norwegian Dawn*** is a cruise ship that began sailing in 2002 and is currently in operation with Norwegian Cruise Line.

## History 
The *Norwegian Dawn* was ordered from shipbuilders Meyer-Werft, Papenburg, Germany. It was delivered in 2001 to Star Cruises. But, it was decided by Star Cruises that *SuperStar Libra* and *SuperStar Scorpio* would start being used as part of the fleet operated by subsidiary company Norwegian Cruise Line. These vessels would become *Norwegian Star* and *Norwegian Dawn*. In 2002, *Norwegian Dawn* was delivered to NCL. It is the second SuperStar.

## Cruises
The *Norwegian Dawn* sails from New York City to Port Canaveral, Florida; Miami, Florida; Nassau, Bahamas; and Great Stirrup Cay. 

## Related pages 
*SuperStar
*Cruise ship

## References
## Other websites 
* Norwegian Dawn Official Site 
* CruiseCritic.com review
* Photos of Norwegian Dawn
ELM

**Elm** could mean:

*Elms, trees of the Genus *Ulmus*
*Elm (e-mail client)
*Elm (range), a hill range in Germany
*Elm, Cambridgeshire, a village in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
*Elm, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Glarus
*Elmira-Corning Regional Airport near Elmira, NY and Corning, NY

To **people**:
* Professor Elm, fictional character from *Pokémon*
* Steven Elm, Canadian speed skater
Elm

**Elms** are  deciduous and semi-deciduous trees, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan. They have alternate, simple, single- or doubly-serrate leaves, usually asymmetric at the base and sharply pointed at the tip.

Elms are hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers, and which, being wind-pollinated, are without petals. The fruit is a round samara.

Elms take many decades to grow to maturity.

## References
*Collin, E. (2001). Elm. In Teissier du Cros (Ed.) (2001) *Forest Genetic Resources Management and Conservation. France as a case study.* Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bureau of Genetic Resources. INRA DIC. France.
*Cornell University: Elm hybrids (pdf file)
*Martín-Benito D., Concepción García-Vallejo M., Alberto Pajares J., López D. 2005. Triterpenes in elms in Spain. *Can. J. For. Res.* 35: 199–205 (2005). http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/rp/rppdf/x04-158.pdf 
*Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004) The history of elm breeding. *Investigacion agraria: Sistemas y recursos forestales* 13(1): 161-177 (2004).
*Ware, G. (1995). Little-known elms from China: landscape tree possibilities. *Journal of Arboriculture*, (Nov. 1995). International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria8/m87.pdf .

## Other websites
*Northern Arizona University: Elm trials.
Governor of Massachusetts

Just like the other 49 American states, Massachusetts has its own **governor**. The current governor is **Maura Healey**. She is a member of the Democratic Party. The first governor of Massachusetts was John Hancock.

## Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 1780–present 
This is a complete list of governors of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Acting governors, denoted as "A" instead of numbered, are included when the Governor resigned or died. Acting governors show a vacancy in the lieutenant governorship. They remain as Lieutenant Governors and merely *act* as governor. Lieutenant governors in Massachusetts do not ascend to the governorship upon death or resignation of their predecessor.

## References
Highway

.]]
A **highway** is a road made for travel by the public between important places, such as cities, towns and landmarks. The word "highway" can be different between countries and can also mean a road, freeway, superhighway, autoroute, autobahn, parkway, expressway, autostrasse, autostrada, byway or motorway.

Highways come in many different designs. They can include many lanes of traffic, a median (strip of lane or barrier) between lanes of opposing traffic, and access control (ramps and bridges). Highways can also be as simple as a two-lane road.

In many countries, these roads are numbered to easily tell them apart. These numbered highways are usually called **routes**. The United States includes a system called the Interstate Highway system, controlled by AASHTO, where major north/south routes are odd numbered and east/west are even numbered. In Canada, routes that are in the 400s are freeways. In China, types of routes are separated by the first letter of the route; "G" for national road, "S" for provincial road and "Y" for rural roads.

Highways are sometimes criticised because of the pollution cars make when driving highways. When too many cars travel along a highway, traffic slows down; this is known as a traffic jam. Public transportation (such as buses) and special lanes for those who have a given number of people in a car are used to help stop these problems.
London, Ontario

Centre at night]]

**London, Ontario** is a large city halfway between Detroit, Michigan and Toronto, Canada. The city had 422,324 people in it in 2021.

## History 
The city had 3,500 people in it in 1846. It had buildings including a jail and court house.

### Growing
Byron and Masonville, joined London in 1961 adding 60,000 people and almost doubling its area. After this, growth sped up as London grew in all directions.

On 1 January 1993, London nearly doubled in size again because other towns joined it.

## Parks 
London has a lot of parks. Victoria Park in downtown London has many events. Some other major parks are Harris Park, Gibbons Park, Fanshawe Conservation Area, Springbank Park, White Oaks Park and Westminster Ponds.

## Government and law 
London's local government is divided among fourteen councillors and the mayor. Josh Morgan was elected mayor in the 2022 election.

## Other websites 
* About London 
* London Ontario Community Information 
* Official City of London Website
* Museum of Ontario Archeology
* Local Weather
List of United States cities by population

The following is a list of incorporated places with the most people living in them in the United States. The United States Census Bureau says an "incorporated place" can have many names, such as city, town, village, borough, and municipality. A few special census-designated places (CDPs) are also in the Census Bureau's list of incorporated places. Consolidated city-counties are a type of place that includes all of a county, or something like it with a different name. Some consolidated city-counties, however, include more than one incorporated place. This list presents only that part (or "balance") of such consolidated city-counties that are not a part of another incorporated place.

## 50 states and the District of Columbia

The table below lists the 346 incorporated places in the United States with more than 100,000 people living in them on July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. A city is displayed in **bold** if it is a state or federal capital city, and in *italics* if it is the city with the most people of the state. Five states—Delaware, Maine, Vermont, West Virginia and Wyoming—do not have cities with more than 100,000 people living in them.
The table below shows the following things:
# The city rank by population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau
# The city name
# The city population density as of April 1, 2020 (residents per unit of land area)
# The municipio population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau
# The municipio population as of April 1, 2020, as counted by the 2020 United States census
# The municipio percent population change from April 1, 2020, to July 1, 2024
# The municipio land area as of January 1, 2020
# The municipio population density as of April 1, 2020 (residents per land area)
# The municipio latitude and longitude coordinates

## Cities that used to have 100,000 people
The table below lists U.S. cities that, in past censuses, have had more than 100,000 people living in them, but do not anymore. Some of these cities were merged into another city.

The table below contains the following information:
# Name of city
# Name of state
# The city population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau
# The city's peak population based on highest official enumeration recorded by the census
# The percent decline in population from its peak census count to the 2024 estimate
# The year of the highest recorded population
# Additional notes

## Notes and references
### Notes
### References
## Other websites
* United States Government
* United States Census Bureau
* United States Office of Management and Budget
Amy Winehouse

**Amy Jade Winehouse** (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an English jazz, soul and R&B singer and songwriter. She debuted with the well-received album *Frank* in 2003. Winehouse won five Grammy Awards for her 2006 album *Back to Black*. This made her the first British female to win five Grammys.
Winehouse had many uncles who were jazz musicians, and she was interested in jazz from a young age. She named her first album after Frank Sinatra. Her music was also influenced by girl groups of the 1960s.

## Early life
Amy Jade Winehouse was born to Jewish parents Janis and Mitch Winehouse. She was given her first guitar when she was 13 years old. When she was 14 she started writing songs. She'd often write music about her day to day experiences in a book given to her by father. It was later revealed that she used some of the songs she wrote as a teenager on her debut album Frank She went to Sylvia Young Theatre School and the BRIT School. Both schools have very notable alumni including soul-singer Adele and X-Factor contestant, Leona Lewis

## Career
On 20 October 2003 Winehouse's first album *Frank* was released. She won an Ivor Novello Award for it.

On 30 October 2006 her second album *Back to Black* was released. Five singles were released from the album. The first single "Rehab" spent 57 weeks in the UK Singles Chart. It won Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2008 Grammy Awards.
Winehouse sung on Mutya Buena's 2007 single "B Boy Baby". Winehouse performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th Birthday Party concert at London's Hyde Park on 27 June 2008. The next day she performed at the Glastonbury Festival.

In 2011 *Lioness: Hidden Treasures*, a collection of Winehouse's unreleased songs, was released. It reached No.1 in the UK Albums Chart. Winehouse sung on the song "Cherry Wine" on Nas' 2012 album *Life Is Good*.

## Personal life
She married Blake Fielder-Civil in 2007. They had legal troubles that resulted in criminal convictions for both of them. He was sent to prison. They divorced in 2009.

## Death and legacy
She was found dead in her flat in Camden, north London, on the afternoon by accidental alcohol poisoning on July 23, 2011 after years of drug and alcohol addiction. This made her a member of the 27 Club, a group of popular musicians who have died at that age, often due to drug or alcohol abuse. After Winehouse's death her dad published a book about her life called *Amy: My Daughter*. All of the money made from the book was given to the Amy Winehouse Foundation.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Stephanie McMahon

**Stephanie Marie McMahon** (born 24 September 1976), professionally called **Stephanie McMahon** is an American businesswoman and former professional wrestler who serves as the vice president of *Talent and Creative Writing* for WWE. She is also the daughter of Vince McMahon.

She was the former CEO of WWE before the return of her father. In 2023, Stephanie was listed *Top 10 richest WWE wrestlers* by Times of India.

## Biography
]]
Stephanie was born in Hartford, Connecticut to Vince McMahon and Linda McMahon with Shane McMahon as brother. She grew up in the United States and has served as the WWE chief brand officer since December 2013.

In 2003, She married Triple H.
## Accolades
In 2020, Women in Toys, Licensing & Entertainment announced Stephanie for the '*WIT Changemaker Award* alongside Pam Lifford, president of Warner Bros. Global Brands and Experiences for the WIT’s Mentor of the Year at the 16th Annual Wonder Woman Awards. She was named ''Variety's 2022 Women's Impact Honorees.''

## References
Cienfuegos

**Cienfuegos** is the capital city of the Cienfuegos province, Cuba. It has a population of about 150,000.
Hartley, Kent

**Hartley** is a village in Kent, England. It is 6 miles south of Gravesend and Dartford. The old church is called All Saints.

Hartley has many new buildings and some old houses, it now joins Longfield, the place in the north.  In 2001 there were 5,395 persons living here.  There are also woods and a farm near the houses.  Most of the 2,145 houses in Hartley are owned by the persons who live in them.

The name Hartley means "place in the wood where the deer are".   It was a very small place, but now is like a town.  No great events happened here, and not many famous persons lived in Hartley.

## Geology 
In the Cretaceous time, much of England was under the sea. In the deep waters, the chalk of the North Downs of Kent was made. Then the sea made the clay which is over the chalk. Then the Ice Age froze the chalk and there were rivers which made the "dry valley" at Hartley Bottom.

## History 
In the year 1086, 15 families and 3 slaves lived in Hartley.  Before the Black Death (1348) about 150 persons lived here.  53 persons made tax payments in 1377, which means about 85 lived here then.  In 1392 a paper tells us that there was a chief house, where a manager lived.  He farmed land for the owner.  This land was called Hartley Court.  Other persons who owned land in Hartley, had to go to the court of the owner and do some other work for him.  
There was a fight at Hartley Wood in 1554, between supporters and opponents of Queen Mary I of England. Her supporters won.  Hartley in 1650 was like the place in 1850, because almost all the buildings were there then.  In 1770 the writer Edward Hasted said not many persons go to Hartley.

Some buildings were made in the 1700s (like Hartley House and Yew Cottage).  In 1841 there were 224 persons living in Hartley.  Almost all worked on the farms.  There was also a wheel maker, metal worker and drink sellers.

The growth of Hartley started after the railway came to Longfield in 1876, and water by pipe came in 1902.  Next two companies – Payne, Trapps and Co Ltd, and Small Owners Limited sold land for houses and small farms.  After 1945 there were many new houses and roads.

## Other websites 
*Local information and history website
*Hartley Parish Council
The Internationale

"**The Internationale**" (, ; 
,
, , , ) is a very well known communist, socialist, and social democratic/socialist song. While it was originally written in French, it was translated into many other languages, including English. The most famous versions, however, are those in Russian and Chinese.

The French words, written by Eugene Pottier, were originally supposed to be sung to the tune of "La Marseillaise", but a separate tune was created for it by a Belgian named Pierre Degeyter.

The Russian version, written by Arkady Yakolevich Kots () in 1902, was adopted as the national anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR) in 1918 and as that of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the Soviet Union) in 1922. It stayed like this until 1944, when it was replaced by the State Anthem of the Soviet Union written by Alexander Alexandrov.

The Chinese lyrics were written by Qu Qiubai ().

The song is known by its tune, and its chorus, which in French begins with "" (meaning "It's the final battle").

## Original French lyrics 
## Russian lyrics 
## Chinese lyrics 
## Performance 
The song has been translated into over 100 languages, making it one of the most translated songs of all time. The song and its translations have been adopted and sung by communists all around the world. In communist countries, it is often sung not just in political party meetings, but also in official gatherings, schools, protests and many other situations.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Downloadable recordings in more than 30 languages 
*  Another large collection
Veronica

**Veronica** is a Latin name for females.

## Literature
**Veronica*, a 2005 book by Mary Gaitskill

## Music
*Veronica, an American dance singer
*"Veronica", a song by Elvis Costello
*Veronica Mehta, a British Asian singer
*The Veronicas, the twin sister pop rock group from Australia

## People
*Veronica De La Cruz, a CNN News anchor
*Veronica Finn, a former pop singer
*Veronica Franco, a poet and courtesan in sixteenth-century Venice
*Veronica Giuliani, an Italian mystic
*Veronica Lodge, a rich teenage girl in the Archie Comics universe
*Verónica Páez, an Argentine marathon runner
*Veronica Ruiz de Velasco, a neo-figurative Mexican artist
*Saint Veronica, with her famous veil (*Veil of Veronica*), is part of Christianity's many legends
*Veronica Lake, an American film actress

## Places
*Veronica, a city of Argentina

## Plants
**Veronica*, the Speedwells, a genus of plants

## Science and technology
*V.E.R.O.N.I.C.A. (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-Wide Index to Computer Archives), a computer search engine for Gopher

## Television
*Veronica, a television channel in The Netherlands
**Veronica Mars*, a television series starring Kristen Bell

## Other
*Veronica (bullfighting), a technique in bullfighting
Hartley

**Hartley** could mean
:
## Places
### In England
*In Cumbria
**Hartley, Cumbria (village)
**Hartley Castle
*In Devon
**Hartley, Plymouth (see Places in Plymouth)
*In Kent
**Hartley, Kent 
**Hartley, Cranbrook
*In Northumberland
**New Hartley
**Old Hartley, part of Seaton Sluice
### Worldwide
*Hartley, South Australia Australia
*Electoral district of Hartley is a state electoral district in South Australia.
*Hartley, New South Wales Australia
*Hartley's Creek, Queensland Australia
*Hartley Bay, British Columbia Canada
*Hartley, Texas, United States
*Hartley County, Texas, United States
*Hartley, Iowa, United States
*Hartley, Zimbabwe (formerly called Rhodesia)

## People
* Adele Hartley
* Aidan Hartley
* Al Hartley
* A. N. Hartley
* Alex Hartley
* Alfred Hartley
* Ann Hartley
* Anne Jane Hartley
* Anthony Hartley (1925-2000), British writer and critic
* Bill Hartley
* Bill Hartley (athlete)
* Blythe Hartley
* Bob Hartley
* David Hartley (philosopher) (1705-1757), English philosopher and psychologist
* David Hartley (the Younger) (1731-1813), Member of Parliament and son of the English philosopher
* Edmund Barron Hartley
* Fergal Hartley
* Fred Hartley
* Fred A. Hartley, Jr., U.S. politician, known for sponsoring the Taft-Hartley Act
* Gene Hartley
* Grover Hartley
* Hal Hartley
* J. R. Hartley, fictional character
* Jesse Hartley
* Joe Hartley K-O Joe, renowned boxer, cricket player and professor of English literature (born late 1970s)
* John Hartley:
**John Hartley (poet)  (1839–1915), Yorkshireman
**John Anderson Hartley (1844–1896), Australian educationalist
**John Hartley (tennis player) (1849–1935), English clergyman who won Wimbledon
**John Hartley (cricketer) (1874–1963), played for Oxford and Sussex
* Jonathan Scott Hartley
* Julia Hartley-Brewer
* Justin Hartley (born 1977), American actor
* L. P. Hartley (1895-1972), British author
* Lauren Hartley
* Linda Hartley
* Lindsay Hartley
* Mariette Hartley
* Marsden Hartley (1877-1943), American artist 
* Matthieu Hartley
* Mike Hartley
* Nina Hartley (born 1959), adult-film actress
* Oliver C. Hartley
* Paul Hartley
* Peter Hartley
* Phil "Otis" Hartley
* Ralph Hartley (1888-1970), electronics researcher
* Richard Hartley
* Steven Hartley
* Thomas Hartley
* Wallace Hartley (1878-1912), violinist and band leader who died on the Titanic
* Walter Hartley

* Hartley William Shawcross (1902-2003), British barrister and politician

## Other
*hartley (ban) unit of information
*Hartley Brewery, in Ulverston, Cumbria from c.1754 until about 1989.
*Hartley College, Point Pedro, Sri Lanka
*Hartley's Potato Chips, makers of kettle cooked potato chips since 1935, Lewistown, Pennsylvania
*Hartley oscillator
*USS Hartley, a Dealey class Destroyer Escort in the US Navy from 1957 to 1972

## Other websites
*Hartley Family Surname Research
Tuatara

**Tuatara** (*Sphenodon punctatus*) are a species of reptiles which look like lizards. However, they are the only surviving member of an order of reptiles which flourished 200 million years ago.

There is now only the genus ***Sphenodon***, with two species of Tuatara. Both are  to (only live in) New Zealand. Lizards and snakes are the closest living relatives of the tuatara.

Tuatara are green-brown, and measure up to 80&nbsp;cm from head to the end of their tail. They have a spiny crest along the back: the Māori word *tuatara* refers to this.
The crest is more pronounced in males. Tuatara are special in many ways. One of these is the pattern of their teeth. They have two rows of teeth in the upper jaw overlap one row on the lower jaw. This is unique among living species.

## Sense organs 
### Third 'eye' 
Tuatara are also unusual because they have a third 'eye'. They have two normal eyes. The third eye is on top of their head, in between their other eyes. It does not see like a normal eye. The parietal eye, as it is called, is only visible in hatchlings. They have a translucent patch at the top centre of the skull. After four to six months this becomes covered with opaque scales and pigment. Unlike lizards they have no eardrums or external male sexual organ.

### Hearing 
Tuataras do not have ears, but they can hear. They have a number of unique features in their skeleton (bones), some of them shared through common descent with fish.

## Endangered species 
The tuatara has been classified as an endangered species since 1895. The second species, *S. guntheri*, was not discovered until 1989. until the first mainland release into the heavily fenced and monitored Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in 2005.

## References
Dinosaur Jr

**Dinosaur Jr** is an American rock band. The band was formed in 1984 in Massachusetts. The band stopped playing in 1997 but came back together in 2007. The people in the band right now are J Mascis, Lou Barlow and Murph.  The band has recorded many albums over the years that were very important to rock music. Some of these albums are ''You're Living All Over Me*, *Green Mind* and *Beyond''.

The band is famous for J Mascis' guitar sounds and his powerful guitar solos.

## Discography 
* Dinosaur (1985)
* You're Living All Over Me (1987)
* Bug (1988)
* Green Mind (1991)
* Where You Been (1993)
* Without a Sound (1994)
* Hand It Over (1997)
* Beyond (2007)
* Farm (2009)
* I Bet on Sky (2012)
* Give a Glimpse of What Yer Not (2016)
* Sweep It Into Space (2021) 

https://www.dinosaurjr.com/music

## Other websites
*Official Dinosaur Jr site
Freeganism

The word "**freeganism**" (person: **freegan**; related: **freecycling**) means to get things for free rather than buy those items. 
A *freegan* is a person who does not like to pay for things, but does not steal either. Freegans like to find things that other people throw away that are still useful.  

People often throw things away that are not used up or broken.  Sometimes they throw things away because they are bored of them and like to shop for new things.  Freegans look through other people's rubbish bins and take what they can use, to the point of dumpster diving. This can be good for the environment, because no energy is used to make new things, in those cases. However, some cities have rules about taking things out of the rubbish, and freegans can get in trouble for this.
 
The name "freegan" rhymes with "vegan".  It combines the words "free" and "vegan".  Freegans are not necessarily vegans.

## References
Deir el Qamar Synagogue

The **Deir el Qamar Synagogue** is a synagogue in Deir el Qamar, Lebanon; it is the oldest synagogue in Mount Lebanon. The synagogue was built in the seventeenth century to serve the local Jewish Lebanese population. Some of them were under the rule of Emir Fakhreddine II. 

## Related pages
*History of the Jews in Lebanon
*Maghen Abraham Synagogue (Beirut, Lebanon)
*Wadi Abu Jamil

## Other websites
*The Jews of Lebanon blog 
*Corporation of Lebanese Jews in Canada
Hüsker Dü

**Hüsker Dü** was an American hardcore punk and later alternative rock band from the 1980s. The band formed in 1979 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The people in the band were Bob Mould who sang and played electric guitar, Greg Norton (later replaced by Enrique Peña Nieto) who played bass guitar and Grant Hart who sang and played drums. The band stopped playing together in 1987.

The band's sound changed very much over the years they were together, but it was always very loud and powerful. The band began as a hardcore band. They played extremely loud and very fast and often screamed their vocals instead of singing. As time went on, the songs began to get slower and more melodic. By the time the band had stopped playing together, their music was no longer punk rock and had changed to alternative rock.

Hüsker Dü always had more than one singer. This is because the band decided early in their time together that whoever wrote the lyrics of a song would sing that song. This meant that many of the songs were be very different from each other, but it also caused fights within the band. In 1987, the band stopped playing together because of these fights.
Interstate 75

**Interstate 75** (often shortened to **I-75**) is an Interstate Highway in the midwest and southeastern United States that runs north and south. It travels from State Road 826 (Palmetto Expressway) and State Road 924 (Gratigny Parkway) in Hialeah, Florida (just west of Miami) to Sault St. Marie, Michigan, at the Ontario, Canada, border. The route is  long.

## Major Cities along the highway 
*Sault Ste. Marie, MI
*Detroit, MI
*Toledo, OH
*Dayton, OH
*Cincinnati, OH
*Lexington, KY
*Knoxville, TN
*Chattanooga, TN
*Atlanta, GA
*Macon, GA
*Tampa, FL

## References
Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael

***Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael***  is a 1999 United States Supreme Court case. It  applied the *Daubert* standard to expert testimony from non-scientists.

## Facts of the case
Patrick Carmichael was driving his minivan on July 6, 1993, when the right rear tire blew out. One of the passengers in the vehicle died, and others were severely injured. Three months later, the Carmichaels sued the manufacturer of the tire, claiming that the tire was defective and the defect caused the accident. The Carmichaels' case rested largely on testimony from a tire failure expert.

The tire failure expert relied on features of tire technology that the manufacturer did not dispute, as well as background facts about the particular tire on the Carmichaels' van. The expert's conclusion that a defect in the tire caused the accident rested on certain observations about the tire that Kumho Tire vigorously disputed. Kumho also disagreed with certain aspects of the tire expert's methodology, and asked the federal district court hearing the case to exclude it under Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.

The district court took its cue from Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, which had given power for trial judges in admitting expert testimony. Under Daubert, certain factors contribute to the reliability, and hence the admissibility, of expert testimony, one of which is the general validity of the expert's methods. The district court found the tire expert's methods not to be scientifically valid, and hence excluded his testimony. This meant that Kumho Tire would prevail. The Carmichaels appealed to the Eleventh Circuit.

The Eleventh Circuit reversed the district court's ruling in favor of Kumho Tire. It reasoned that Daubert was expressly limited only to scientific expert testimony and did not apply to "skill- or experience-based observation." The tire expert's testimony rested on observation and experience, and so the Eleventh Circuit reasoned the district court should have made a different ruling based on Rule 702 without the Daubert gloss. Kumho Tire asked the Supreme Court to review whether Daubert applied solely to scientific evidence.
Josh Holloway

**Josh Holloway** (born July 20, 1969 in San Jose, California) is an American actor most known for his role as James "Sawyer" Ford on ABC's Emmy award-winning show *Lost*.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
## Music videos and games
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
Galicia (Spain)

**Galicia** or **Galiza** is a nationality in Spain that became a Spanish autonomous community in 1978. It is in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It shares borders with Portugal to the South and the communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east.

## History 
Galicia is a green country with Celtic features. Since re-gaining autonomy in 1978, Galicia has been governed by the Xunta de Galicia (government of Galicia). Galicia was strictly governed from 1990 until 2005, during the Manuel Fraga years. The Xunta de Galicia was then under a socialist president Emilio Perez Touriño, who had made Galicia more liberal than ever before, until 2009. From March 2009 Partido Popular (right-wing party) won power and the new president is Alberto Núñez Feijoo, who won a second term as president in 2012.

## Language 
Galicia has one main language:*Galician* "galego". It has many similarities with Portuguese. Galego and Portuguese have the same origin. Spanish is also spoken in Galicia, but mainly as a second language.

## Cuisine 
Galicia is very famous for its fishing industry and seafood remains an important part of its cuisine. A very popular dish in Galicia is *polbo á feira*, ("polbo" means octopus). There are many restaurants that serve seafood in Galicia.
Nelly Furtado

**Nelly Kim Furtado** ComIH (born December 2, 1978) is a Canadian singer-songwriter.
## Music
She can also play many musical instruments. She first started singing at the age of four. She could play the trombone, the guitar the keyboard and the ukulele at the age of twelve. She has released seven albums. The first album was released in 2000 and was called *Whoa! Nelly*. She become famous worldwide because the album was very popular. The first single released was "I'm Like a Bird" which earned her a Grammy Award. Her second album was *Folklore* released in 2003. It was not as popular as the previous album. Her third album in 2006 was *Loose* which spawned many hit songs including "Promiscuous", "Maneater", "Say It Right" and "All Good Things (Come to an End)".  She then released a Spanish language album in 2009 titled *Mi Plan* and in 2010 released a greatest hits album. Her next English language album *The Spirit Indestructible* was released in 2012. In 2017 she released her sixth album, *The Ride*. In 2024 she released her seventh album, named *7*. She sings in English, Spanish and Portuguese.

## Family
Furtado's parents are Portuguese immigrants.

## Biography
Her parents named her Nelly Kim in reference to Kazakh gymnastics champion Nellie Kim

## References
Anna Jurkiewicz

**Anna Jurkiewicz** (born February 9, 1984 in Oświęcim, Poland) is a Polish figure skater.

As a young girl, she was one of the best young skaters in the world. Then she had some health problems and was not able to skate. She returned in 2006 and has been competing internationally since autumn 2006.

## Other websites 
* Official Homepage 
* ISU Official Profile
Silesia

**Silesia** (; ; ; ; Schlasian: *Schläsing*) is a historical region of Germany, Czechia, and Poland. From 1742 to 1945, it was a province in east Prussia and later Germany. In 1945, all of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Red Army. In the following years, the communist poles forcibly chased away all of the remaining owners.

## Geography 
Silesia is along the upper and middle Oder River, upper Vistula River, and along the Sudetes and the Carpathian Mountains.

The highest point of Silesia is the Śnieżka, in the Sudetes.

### Cities 
Here is a list of cities in Silesia with a population of over 20,000 in 2015:

* Only partly in Silesia

## Famous people 
There are many famous people who were born in Silesia:

* **Writers, poets and playwrights** like Andreas Gryphius, Martin Opitz, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau, Carl Hauptmann, Gerhart Hauptmann (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1912), Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, Gustav Freytag
* **Members of the German Resistance** such as Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg, Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
* **Military officers** like Manfred von Richthofen, Erwin von Witzleben
* **Painters** like Adolph von Menzel
* **Philosophers** like Jakob Böhme
* **Actors** like Dieter Hildebrandt, Victor de Kowa, Ludwig M. Lommel, Wolfgang Neuss, Willy Fritsch, Hanna Schygulla, Georg Thomalla
* **Politicians** like Paul Löbe (SPD), Klaus Töpfer (CDU), Manfred Kanther (CDU), Ferdinand Lassalle, Erich Mende (FDP)
* **Scientists** like Hans G. Dehmelt (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1989), Paul Ehrlich (Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1908), Friedrich Bergius (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1931), Max Born (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1954), Fritz Haber (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1918), Reinhard Selten (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 1994), Konrad Bloch (Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1964), Bernhard Grzimek, Johannes Winkler, Maria Goeppert-Mayer (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1963), Kurt Alder (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1950), Otto Stern (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1943)
* **Builder and architects** like Carl Gotthard Langhans
* **Musicians** like Katja Ebstein, Roy Etzel, Michael Jary

## Gallery 

Image:Landkarte von Schlesien.jpg|First map of Silesia (1561)
Image:Breslau um 1900.jpg|City hall of Breslau, Germany between ca. 1890 and ca. 1900. View from the east.

Image:Krummhuebel Kirche Wang 1900.jpg|Krummhuebel, Church of Wang (German: Kirche Wang) between 1890 and 1905.
Image:Oppeln ring 1904.jpg|Postcard of the market square in the city of Oppeln in 1904.
Image:Gleiwitz - Haus Oberschlesien.jpg|Hotel "Haus Oberschlesien" (transl.: Upper Silesia House) in Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia, Germany, 1928

## Other websites 
* http://www.schlesien-lm.de(http://www.schlesien-lm.de) - official website of the Landsmannschaft Schlesien
* http://www.schlesierbund.de(http://www.schlesierbund.de) - Schlesierbund from Nürnberg, Germany
* http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/provinz_schlesien.htm(http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/provinz_schlesien.htm)  - Deutsche Schutzgebiete - Provinz Schlesien
Exmoor

**Exmoor** is a national park in England. The border of two counties, Devon and Somerset, runs through it. It is an area of sandstone hills which form tall cliffs on its north coast. The high ground of Exmoor is mostly rough grassland, but there are small woodlands on its lower slopes.

In Exmoor is an important water reservoir, Wimbleball Lake.

It is also famous for the Exmoor Pony.
## Other websites
*Exmoor National Park Authority
*North Devon & Exmoor Official Guide
Bideford

**Bideford** is a town in north Devon, a county in South West England. It is on the River Torridge. 14,407 people live there. It is a port, and its main export is clay.

## References
Band Aid (band)

**Band Aid** was a British and Irish charity music supergroup. It was started in 1984 by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure. The purpose was to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia by making the record '''"Do They Know It's Christmas?"''' The single was very successful. It was Number One on the music charts during Christmas. Two re-recordings of the song were done. They raised more money and also finished Number One on the charts.

Band Aid II re-recorded the song in 1989, and Band Aid 20 did the same in 2004.

## Other websites
*Registered Charity No. 292199  (Band Aid Charitable Trust)
Persian

**Persian** might mean:

*Something related to Iran, which used to be called *Persia* wrongfully by a small group of countries before 1935 regular Western years. 
*Persian language
*Persian people
Barnstaple

**Barnstaple** is a town in Devon, a county in South West England. 20,724 people live there. It is found  west southwest of Bristol,  north of Plymouth and  northwest of the county town of Exeter.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Barnstaple Town Council and Town Centre Management 
* North Devon District Council
* Barnstaple Webcam (from Civic Centre) 
* Barnstaple's History 
* Museum of Barnstaple & North Devon
* State of Devon's economy 2006 
* Pannier Market's History
391

## Events 
* Theodosius, the Roman Emperor, decrees that Christianity should be the only religion allowed in the Empire.
Beyond (album)

***Beyond*** is an album by the American alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr.  It was released in April 2007. It was the band's first album since 1997's *Hand it Over*. It was the first album since 1988's *Bug* to have all of the band's original members.  The album is in the usual Dinosaur Jr style of very loud guitars with many skillful guitar solos.  The album has been successful. It is generally well thought of by music critics.

## Songs on the Album
#"Almost Ready"
#"Crumble"
#"Pick Me Up"
#"Back to Your Heart"
#"This Is All I Can Do"
#"Been There All the Time"
#"It's Me"
#"We're Not Alone"
#"I Got Lost"
#"Lightning Bulb"
#"What If I knew"
British Board of Film Classification

The **British Board of Film Classification** is the organisation responsible for movie and some video game classification in the United Kingdom. The rating system can help parents decide which movies their children should not watch and what video games they should not play. It is based in London. It was formed in 1912 as the British Board of Film Censors; its name was changed in 1985.

## Ratings 
There are seven ratings:

## Other websites 
* BBFC
Janice Raymond

**Janice G. Raymond** (born January 24, 1943) is an American feminist activist. She is known for her work against violence, sexual exploitation and the "medical abuse" of women. She is also known for her writings and activism against transsexualism. She is retired professor of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. She has published many articles on prostitution and sex trafficking. She lectures around the world on many of these topics through Coalition Against Trafficking in Women.

## Career
In 1979 her first book, *The Transsexual Empire*, was published. In the book Raymond said that all transsexuals rape women's bodies. The book has been called hate speech against transgender people.

In 1993 her most recent book, *Women as Wombs: Reproductive Technologies and the Battle over Women’s Freedom* was published.

Raymond has received grants from the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. National Institute of Justice, the Ford Foundation, the United States Information Agency, the National Science Foundation, the Norwegian Organization for Research and Development (NORAD), and UNESCO.

## Personal life
Raymond graduated from Salve Regina College in 1965. She got her master's degree in Religious Studies from Andover Newton Theological School in 1971. She graduated from Boston College in 1977.

Janice Raymond is a former member of the Sisters of Mercy. She later left the convent. She is now an open lesbian.

## Related pages 
* Womb (uterus)
* Ovaries

## References
## Other websites
* The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto  by Sandy Stone.
* Where did we go wrong? Feminism and trans theory- two teams on the same side?  by Stephen Whittle, 2000.
Mulatto

'' by Diego Velázquez, 1650. De Pareja had a Black mother and a White father.]]

**Mulatto** is a Spanish word referring to a person who is born to one black parent and one white parent. The term may be considered offensive or rude to some, because of its origin. The term is also used to refer to a light brown color, because of a mulatto's skin color.  Many people prefer terms such as "biracial" and "of mixed race" over "mulatto".

In some cultures, such as in Cuba, there are a number of terms describing skin colour, and *none of them is taken as evaluative*. There are simply descriptive terms. And in the Spanish language the term **mulatta** would be used for females of mixed race.
 
There are other descriptive terms which are used in the Caribbean and Latin America, without their being regarded as racial in the pejorative sense.

## References
Water polo

**Water polo** is a sport played in water with a ball. It has similarities to basketball and soccer, although players are in the pool. Players try to get the ball into the goal more times than the opposing team, without using goggles.

## Outline 
Water polo is a team game. Two teams play a match. Each match has four periods called *quarters*. The length of each period is usually between 5 and 8 minutes. Because the amount of time spent on fouls or out throws is not counted in the quarter time, an average quarter really lasts around 12 minutes.

Each team has six field players and one goalkeeper. Water polo players need to be good at swimming and ball handing. They need good reflexes and awareness.

Players must keep floating in a game. Players may not stand on the bottom of the pool.

Water polo is played in a pool : depth is above 2 m, a vertical line is 30 m and width is 20 m.

## Positions 
* Goal Keeper (2)
* Floater (1)
* Floater Back (1)
* Driver (4)

## Equipments 
To play water polo, you need swimwear, caps, mouth guards, a ball and a goal.
The caps' design is unique. They are designed to protect head and ears.

## Fouls
* Putting an offensive player who does not have a ball under the water; a defensive player who does this should go outside of the field for 20 seconds
* Sinking a ball
* Grasping a carrier's swimwear
* Touching a ball with both hands
* Putting both hands up to defend from shoot

## History 
The rules of **water polo** were originally developed in the mid-nineteenth century in Great Britain by William Wilson. The game originated as a form of rugby football played in rivers and lakes in England and Scotland with a ball constructed of Indian rubber, probably from the 1850s onwards.

## Famous players 
* Francesco di Fulvio
* Kan Aoyagi
* Seichiro Okuda
* Yoshitaka Koike
* Gerben Zwiep (Verweggistan)

## Other websites 
* FINA Official Website
* Waterpolo-world
* Water Polo Planet 
* Coaching Information on Water Polo
Fishstick

**Fish sticks** or **fish fingers** are a type of food probably invented in the United Kingdom. They are made of a whitefish like cod, hake, haddock, or pollock, that is battered and breaded. They are often eaten with tartar sauce, or ketchup. *Fish sticks* are popular with children and their parents as an easy-to-prepare finger food that is somewhat healthy for kids.

## History
Fish sticks first came about as a result of the invention of the plate froster in 1929, the first quick freezer. For rapid freezing, food needed to be in slim rectangular . A suitable candidate for this freezing method was fishsticks, slivers (small, thin pieces) cut from large fish and dipped in bread crumbs for frying.

In Britain in the 1950s, most of the herring catch was pickled and exported to other North European countries. To make herring more appealing on the home market, companies tried to present it in a new way, creating herring fish sticks called “herring savouries”. They were tested on the market against a bland control product of cod sticks, sold as “fish fingers.” Shoppers in Southampton and South Wales, preferred the cod. Cod fish sticks were first produced in Great Yarmouth and introduced in Britain on 26 September 1955. They became very popular after television advertising began in 1956. 

## Production
On modern production lines, headless fish are processed through a machine that removes a fillet from each side of the backbone. The fillets then pass over a wheel and a blade that separates the skin from the flesh. Machine filleting leaves a few pin-like bones in the fillet, so the flesh containing the bones is cut out.

Fillets are formed into frozen blocks. A conveyor sends the blanks through batter and breadcrumbs, doubling the thickness of the fish stick. Then each is passed through a hot vegetable oil bath for about one minute to seal the coating and allow the fish stick to be grilled or fried. Then the fish stick is frozen again, with the center reaching -4&nbsp;°F/-20&nbsp;°C in less than 20 minutes. After packaging, it is stored at -18&nbsp;°F/-28&nbsp;°C, ready for distribution.

## Trivia 
* Fans of the New York Rangers of the NHL often taunt their rival team and fans, the New York Islanders because in the mid-1990s, the Islanders briefly changed their uniform from their traditional logo to a more new-age logo with a fisherman that many thought resembled the one on the box of Gorton's fish sticks. Rangers fans have been known to chant "We want Fish sticks" at both *Madison Square Garden* and the *Nassau Coliseum* during games between the teams.

## Sources
* Readers Digest. (1990). "Fish fingers: coated cod fillets ready for frying." *How in the World?* Pleasantville, NY: The Reader's Digest Association, Inc.
Tiverton

**Tiverton** is a town in Mid Devon, Devon, England. In 2001, it had a population of 18,621. It was once a centre of lace making, but this industry has now declined.

People have lived around the area since the Stone Age. There is a hillfort on a hill above the town. Roman fortifications have been found nearby. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Tiverton's Homepage 
* Genuki Tiverton page 
* 2nd Tiverton Scouts 
* Tiverton Town Council 
* Tiverton Town Football Club 
* Tiverton Town Youth Development The Youth section of Tiverton Town Football Club 
* Tiverton Museum
* Tiverton High School
* East Devon College 
* Tiverton Gazette
* Mid Devon District Council
* Tiverton on Panoramio
Nelly

**Cornell Iral Haynes Jr.** (born November 2, 1974) is an American rapper, singer, and actor better known by his stage name **Nelly**. He won three Grammy Awards in 2003 and nine Billboard Music Awards. Nelly's first five studio albums all reached the top three of the Billboard 200.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Remix albums
### EPs
### Singles
## Filmography 
## Notes
## References
Solo (music)

In musical performance, a **solo** is a piece or a section of a piece that is played or sung by a single performer. This performer is called a *soloist*. A soloist can be a singer or an instrumentalist.

Solos are common in classical music and jazz. In popular music, a *solo* is an improvised melody played by a single performer, such as a guitar solo. In the country music genre a solo is known as a *ride*.

## Related pages
* Concerto
* Virtuoso

## References
Boy band

]]
A **boy band** is a type of musical group with three or more young male singers. Usually, the singers are able to perform as dancers as well. Most singers in boy bands do not play musical instruments. Boy bands usually perform pop or R&B music.

## Best-selling boy bands
Despite negative critical reception, boy bands continue to be generally successful, with some notable ones managing to sell tens of millions of records, placing them among the world's best selling music artists. The best-selling boy bands based on sales figures are:

### Total sales 
## Examples 
:*For a full list, see :Category:Boy bands*
Some of the most popular boy bands include the following:

* Big Bang (band) (2000s–present)
* The Jackson 5 (1960s–80s)
* The Monkees (1960s-present)
* The Temptations (1960s–present)
* One Direction (2010s)
* 'N Sync (1990s–2000s)
* Backstreet Boys (1990s–present)
* O-Town (2000s–present)
* Westlife (1990s–present)
* Jonas Brothers (2000s–present)
* Blue (2000s–present)
* 98 Degrees (1990s–present)
* A1 (1990s–present)
* New Edition (1980s–present)
* New Kids on the Block (1980s–present)
* BTS (2010s - present)

## References
## Related pages 
* Girl group