open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Provinces of Chile

A province is the second largest administrative division in Chile, after a region. Each region is divided in provinces. Chile has 54 provinces in total. Each province is ruled by a governor (*gobernador*) designated by the president. The provinces are also divided into communes which are ruled by a municipality.

## List of provinces by region
### XV - Region of Arica and Parinacota 
*Province of Arica
*Province of Parinacota

### I - Region of Tarapacá
*Province of Iquique 
*Province of Tamarugal

### II - Region of Antofagasta
*Province of Antofagasta
*Province of El Loa
*Province of Tocopilla

### III - Region of Atacama
*Province of Copiapó
*Province of Chañaral
*Province of Huasco

### IV - Region of Coquimbo
*Province of Elqui
*Province of Choapa
*Province of Limarí

### V - Region of Valparaíso
*Province of Valparaíso
*Province of Isla de Pascua
*Province of Los Andes
*Province of Petorca
*Province of Quillota
*Province of San Antonio
*Province of San Felipe de Aconcagua
*Province of Marga Marga

### VI - Region of O'Higgins
*Province of Cachapoal
*Province of Cardenal Caro
*Province of Colchagua

### VII - Region of Maule 
*Province of Talca
*Province of Cauquenes
*Province of Curicó
*Province of Linares

### VIII - Region of Biobío 
*Province of Concepción
*Province of Arauco
*Province of Biobío
*Province of Ñuble

### IX - Region of Araucanía 
*Province of Cautín
*Province of Malleco

### XIV - Region of Los Ríos 
*Province of Valdivia
*Province of Ranco

### X - Region of Los Lagos 
*Province of Llanquihue
*Province of Chiloé
*Province of Osorno
*Province of Palena

### XI - Region of Aysén 
*Province of Coihaique
*Province of Aisén
*Province of Capitán Prat
*Province of General Carrera

### XII - Region of Magallanes and the Chilean Antarctic 
*Province of Magallanes
*Province of Antártica Chilena
*Tierra del Fuego
*Province of Última Esperanza.

### RM - Metropolitan Region of Santiago 
*Province of Santiago
*Province of Cordillera
*Province of Chacabuco
*Province of Maipo
*Province of Melipilla
*Province of Talagante

## Related pages
*Regions of Chile

## Other websites
* Decreto Ley 2.868
The Brak Show

**The Brak Show** is a Adult Swim program starring Brak who was on several old Space Ghost cartoons. The show is also about Brak's mom and dad, his friends Zorak and Clarence, his brother Sisto, and his neighbor Thundercleese. At first the show had a plot, but later on became just crazy like its sister show Aqua Teen Hunger Force.

## Main Characters
*Brak: A childlike character that likes to sing a lot. He is very dumb, and he even thinks his dad is the smartest guy he knows. He is very close friends with Zorak even though Zorak is constantly mean to him. He is a very nice cat creature that would try to help about everybody that could use him. He wears a black suit with a blue x on his chest.
*Dad: A very short human looking alien. He is very lazy and bossy to his wife and Brak. He is almost always sitting in his kitchen chair, and when his chair was moved he got very mad. He has not worked since 1984. He has said that he has family members that he does not get along with. He is very dumb, and has a bad time remembering the past.
*Mom: A very nice mom and wife who does most of the work for Brak and Dad. She is a cat creature of the same race as Brak. She does not seem to be attaracted to Dad, except when she was drunk. When she was voiced by Marsha Crenshaw she was nice, but when Jonna Dainels voiced her she gave the character a British accent.
*Zorak: A pure evil pray mantis. He is a very bad friend and infulance to Brak. The only thing he cares about the pain and suffering of others. He is 40 years old, and he can turn invisible. He wears a blue vest and yellow gloves and boots. Evantually he will be sent to hell.
*Thundercleese: Brak's robotic next door neighbor. He often blows up Zorak for ruining his yard which wgot the yard of the year award. He says that he is a warrior. He was depowered by the company that created him, but then he was repowered so he could save the world. Brak really likes him, and he had a feud with Brak's Dad once.

## Voice cast
* Andy Merrill as Brak and Clarence
* George Lowe as Dad and Space Ghost
* C. Martin Croker as Zorak and Moltar
* Carey Means as Thundercleese
* Marsha Crenshaw as Mom (episodes 1-13)
* Jonna Dainels as Mom (episodes 14-28)
* Don Kennedy as Morlun and Poppy

Andy Merill and George Lowe appear in all episodes.

C. Martin Croker was absent for two episodes.Carey Means was absent for ten episodes.
Squidbillies

**Squidbillies** is a cartoon series on the Adult Swim block of the Cartoon Network. It is about a poor family of squids living in the Appalachian region. It was first shown on October 16, 2005. The show was created because of the popularity of the Aqua Teen Hunger Force. So far 50 episodes have been made.

## Characters
* Early Cuyler
* Rusty
* Granny
* The Sheriff
* Dan Halen
* Reverend

## Voice cast
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* 
* 
*
Cartoon Planet

**Cartoon Planet** is a short lived spin-off of the Adult Swim program *Space Ghost Coast to Coast*. The show ran from 1995 to 1998. The show has random skits and songs with the characters Space Ghost, Zorak, and Brak. Zorak and Brak are comic foils for Space Ghost. Moltar, a main character on Coast to Coast, does not appear on the show. In the credits everyone is credited by their first name only. The show has not been released on DVD, because of rights issues other than some segments being extras on The Brak Show Volume One. The show revived on Adult Swim briefly in 2005.

## Cast
* Andy Merrill as Brak 
* George Lowe as Space Ghost
* C. Martin Croker as Zorak
C. Martin Croker

**Clay Martin Croker** (January 10, 1962 – September 17, 2016), generally credited as **C. Martin Croker**, was an American voice actor and animator for Adult Swim.

## Voice acting 
* Zorak on Space Ghost: Coast to Coast, Cartoon Planet, and The Brak Show
* Moltar on Space Ghost: Coast to Coast and The Brak Show
* Dr. Weird on Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters
* Steve on Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters
X86

**x86** is a term used to describe a CPU instruction set compatible with the Intel 8086 and its successors, including the Pentium and others made by Intel and other companies. This is the CPU architecture used in most desktop and laptop computers.  Many 21st century workstations and servers also use x86 processors. In 1985, the original 16 bit x86 architecture was extended to 32 bits with the introduction of the i386 processor. It was extended again to 64 bits in 2003 with the introduction of the AMD Opteron processor. 

Intel adopted the 64-bit computing bit architecture in 2004 with the later versions of the Prescott Pentium 4.  The different versions are backward-compatible, meaning that a 32-bit x86 CPU can run a 32-bit or 16-bit operating system, and a 64-bit x86 CPU can run a 16, 32, or 64-bit operating system.  All x86 CPUs (with the rare exception of some Intel CPUs used in embedded systems) start in 16-bit real mode. A modern operating system (or sometimes the bootloader) switches the CPU into 32-bit protected mode or 64-bit long mode before booting the kernel.

## List of x86 CPUs 
### 16-bit 
* Intel 8086
* Intel 8088
* 80186
* Intel 80286

### 32-bit Intel 
* i386 (80386)
* i486 (80486)
* Pentium
* Pentium Pro
* Pentium 2 (or II)
* Pentium 3 (or III)
* Older versions of the Pentium 4
* Pentium M
* Intel Core
* Older versions of the Xeon processor 
* Mobile versions of Intel Atom
* Older versions of Celeron processors 

### 64-bit Intel 
* Newer Prescott Pentium 4
* Pentium D
* Core 2
* Intel Core:
** i3
** i5
** i7 and i9
* Newer Atom
* Pentium dual core
* Newer Celeron
* Newer Xeon

### 32-bit AMD 
* AMD386
* AMD486
* AMD586
* Am5x86-P75 (actually a 486 CPU)
* K5
* K6/K6-II/K6-III
* Athlon
* Athlon XP
* Duron
* Sempron
* Geode

### 64-bit AMD 
* Opteron
* Athlon 64
* Phenom
* Phenom 2
* FX
* Sempron
* APU A4/A6/A8/A10/A12
* APU Athlon
* APU Sempron
* Ryzen
*Epyc

### Others 
* Cyrix 386/486S/DLC, 5x86, 6x86, MII, MIII (32-bit)
* IDT Winchip (32-bit)
* Rise (32-bit)
* NxGen (32-bit)
* Via C3 and C7 (32-bit)
* Via Nano (64-bit)

## x86 Operating Systems 
### x86-only 
* MS-DOS, IBM PC-DOS, and FreeDOS
* XENIX, SCO OpenServer, and SCO UNIXWare
* Novell NetWare
* ReactOS
* DragonFlyBSD
### Originated on x86 
* Microsoft Windows
* Linux
* FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD
* OS/2
### Ported to x86 
* macOS
* Solaris

## References 
## Other websites 
* X86 -Citizendium
Brent Butt

**Brent Butt** (born August 3, 1966 on in Tisdale, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian actor and comedian. He is best known for portraying *Brent Leroy* in the Canadian sitcom Corner Gas and for his stand-up . Brent Butt has won four won Canadian Comedy Awards.

## Filmography
### Television
* *The Kids in the Hall* as Barfly (1992)
* *Maniac Mansion* as Applicant #1 (1992)
* *Get Serious: Seven Deadly Sins* (1995)
* *Millennium* as Short Order Cook (1997)
* *The X-Files* as Coroner (1998)
* *Dudley Do-Right* as A Bad Guy In Back (1999)
* *Rider Pride* as Les P. (2001) (Short)
* *Big Sound* as Todd (2001)
* *Cold Squad* as Barry (2003)
* *Robson Arms* as Reeves (2005)
* *Corner Gas* as Brent Leroy (2004-2009)
* *Hiccups* as Stan Dirko (2008)
* Corner Gas: Animated as Brent Leroy (voice) (2018-2021)

### Movies
* *Chill* (1999) (TV movie)
* *Screwed* as Buddy (2000) (TV series)
* *Becoming Dick* as Businessman #2 (2000) (TV movie)
* *Duets* as Kansas Motel Clerk (2000)
* Corner Gas: The Movie as Brent Leroy (2014)

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
University of Utah

The **University of Utah** is a public, co-ed university in Salt Lake City, Utah.

The University of Utah's athletic team's are called the *Utes*, which is named after a tribe of Native Americans called the Ute Tribe and they have 17 varsity teams.

## Other websites
Commonly misspelled words

The term "**commonly misspelled words**" (or sometimes, "common misspelled words") is about words in English that are often spelled wrongly.

In writing, some words are often misspelled, such as the wrong spelling "concensus"
found in many webpages on the Internet.
"independant" (for "independent"),
"readible" (for *readable*),
or "usible" (for *usable*).

## Documented list of common misspellings 
This list of about 350 words, is based on documented lists

### Typing errors 
Some spelling errors are because people's typing is not perfect, such as
* letters are doubled or tripled, such as "careeer" and "betweeen"
* letters are singled, such as "betwen"
* keys are transposed, so "because" becomes "becuase".

### Foreign words 
A misspelling in English might be a legitimate spelling in another language; for example, the word "address" is spelled in German as "adress" (one letter "d"). "immigrate" can be written "inmigrate" by speakers of Spanish.

## Notes
## References
* "100 Most Often Misspelled Words in English", LoveToKnow, Corp., December 2008, webpage: YDict .
* "Canadian, British and American Spelling", LukeMastin.com, December 2008, webpage: LM-spelling.
* "Canadian, British and American Spelling: Some Commonly Misspelled Words", LukeMastin.com, December 2008, webpage: LM-misspelled.
* "Merriam-Webster Online" (results for misspelling as "concensus"), Merriam-Webster, 2008, webpage: MW-concensus.
* "200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 1)", Richard Nordquist, About.com, December 2008, webpage: Aboutcom-misspelled-A .
* "200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 2)", Richard Nordquist, About.com, December 2008, webpage: Aboutcom-misspelled-B .
* "200 Most Commonly Misspelled Words (Part 3)", Richard Nordquist, About.com, December 2008, webpage: Aboutcom-misspelled-C .

## Other websites 
* "100 Most Often Misspelled Words in English", LoveToKnow, Corp., December 2008, webpage: YDict-100 .
Space Ghost Coast to Coast

***Space Ghost Coast to Coast*** is a parody talk show with characters from the Space Ghost action adventure show from the 1960s. It was the first Adult Swim program, and it had several spin-offs.

## Plot
Former superhero Space Ghost now hosts his own show. One of his former antagonists, Zorak, now does the music and another antagonist, Moltar, is now the producer and director. Space Ghost interviews several real people.

## Characters
* Space Ghost: The dumb and heroic host. He thinks that he's better than anybody.
* Zorak: The musician that wants to torture Space Ghost.
* Moltar: The show's director and producer. He is a creature lava man.
* Tansit: A very big, overweight coward
* Brak: A cat creature.

## Cast
* George Lowe as Space Ghost
* C. Martin Croker as Zorak and Moltar
* Andy Merrill as Brak and Lokar
* Don Kennedy as Tansit

## Related pages
* Aqua Teen Hunger Force
* The Brak Show
* Cartoon Planet
Mike Schatz

**Mike Schatz** is an American voice actor. He is best known for voicing Emory on the Adult Swim program *Aqua Teen Hunger Force* and the movie *Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Film movie for Theaters*. He also voiced Torpedo Vegas on *Frisky Dingo* and he played a guy in court on an episode of *Squidbillies*.

## References
All-America

In sports, an **All-America** "team" is a group of amateur athletes who are honored for being the best in the sport.  The players who are on these teams are usually selected by members of the media or companies who  the team.  In other cases, players become an All-American by achieving a standard such as placing in the top 40 of the NCAA cross country race.  Sometimes these teams play in games against other All-American teams, but most All-American teams never actually compete in events.
Matt Maiellaro

**Matt Maiellaro** is the co-creator and writer of the cult television animated Adult Swim shows *Aqua Teen Hunger Force* and *Perfect Hair Forever.* He is also the creator of *12 Oz. Mouse*. Maiellaro was a producer and writer for *Space Ghost Coast to Coast* since the show started in 1994.

## Filmography
## Related pages
* Dave Willis
Bear Bryant

**Paul William "Bear" Bryant** (September 11, 1913 – January 26, 1983) was an American college football coach. He was best known as the head coach of the University of Alabama football team. During his twenty-five years as Alabama's head coach, his teams won six national championships and thirteen conference championships. When he retired in 1982 he held the record for most wins as head coach in college football history. At the University of Alabama, the Paul W. Bryant Museum, Paul W. Bryant Drive and Bryant-Denny Stadium are all named in his honor. 

Before he worked at Alabama, Bryant was head football coach at University of Maryland, the University of Kentucky, and Texas A&M University.

## Other websites
* Paul W. Bryant Museum
* 
* "Paul 'Bear' Bryant" , Encyclopedia of Alabama
* Digitized speeches and photographs of Coach Bryant from the University Libraries Division of Special Collections, The University of Alabama
Robert Neyland

**Robert Reese Neyland** (February 17, 1892 – March 28, 1962) was an American football coach.  He also served in the United States Army and reached the rank of brigadier general.  He is one of the few college football head coaches to coach the same school twice with a break in between the jobs.  Neyland holds the record for most wins in University of Tennessee history with 173 wins in 216 games, six seasons without losing a game, nine regular seasons without losing a game, seven conference championships, and four national championships. At Tennessee, he has winning streaks of 33, 28, 23, 19, and 14 games.

Neyland is often referred to as one of the best, if not the best, defensive football coaches ever.  *Sports Illustrated* named Neyland as the defensive coordinator of its all-century college football team in its "Best of the 20th Century" edition.  In 112 of his wins, the other team did not score a point. In 1938 and 1939, Neyland's team set NCAA records when they did not allow a point in 17 straight games. His 1939 team is the last NCAA team in history to hold every regular season opponent scoreless. 

Neyland Stadium at the University of Tennessee is not only named for "The General", but was designed by him.  His plans included all expansions that have brought the stadium to its modern size with an over 100,000 seat capacity.  Neyland was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1956.    

## References
*Football's Greatest Coaches

## Other websites
*College Football Hall of Fame Page
Charles Whitman

**Charles Joseph Whitman** (born June 24, 1941 in Lake Worth, Florida – died August 1, 1966 in Austin, Texas) was a former marine and student who is best known for committing the Tower shooting at the University of Texas at Austin on August 1, 1966 where he killed 14 people and wounded 32 others. It was the deadliest school shooting until the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre.
Dean Corll
Bryant–Denny Stadium

**Bryant–Denny Stadium**, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, is the home stadium for the University of Alabama college football team. The stadium opened in 1929, and was first named Denny Stadium, in honor of former Alabama president George Hutchenson Denny. The stadium's name was changed to Bryant–Denny Stadium in 1975 to honor Alabama coach Paul "Bear" Bryant. It currently can seat 92,012 people, and is the fourth largest stadium in the SEC, the eleventh largest stadium in the United States and the 17th largest non-racing stadium by seating in the world.  Since the 1988 football season, the university has sold out every game played at the stadium.  In February 2009 the University of Alabama board of trustees gave approval to begin stadium expansion of the south endzone, with room to seat about 101,000, which, when it is completed, will make Bryant–Denny Stadium the largest stadium in the Southeastern Conference.

## References
## Other websites
*Bryant-Denny Stadium page on Rolltide.com
*Bryant-Denny Stadium and Seating page on Crimsontider.com
Axolotl

The **axolotl** (*Ambystoma mexicanum*) is the best-known of the Mexican mole salamanders: it belongs to the Tiger Salamander complex. The **axolotl** shows paedomorphosis: the larvae do not undergo metamorphosis, so the adults stay aquatic, with external gills. 

## Natural history 
The species evolved in the lake underlying Mexico City. Axolotls are often used in scientific research because they can regenerate most body parts, are easy to breed, and have large embryos. 

**Axolotls** are closely related to waterdogs, the larval stage of the closely related Tiger salamanders *Ambystoma tigrinum* and *Ambystoma mavortium*. These are common in much of North America and also sometimes become neotenic (see #Genetics and development below). The mudpuppies, *Necturus*, are fully-aquatic salamanders which are not closely related to the **axolotl,** but look like it.

**Axolotls** are capable of regenerating entire limbs, parts of the spinal cord, the heart, and sections of the brain without scarring. This regeneration is driven by a unique immune response that promotes healing and cellular dedifferentiation, allowing it to regrow complex tissues effectively.  This may be due to population growth in Mexico City, and the polluted waters of the lake. Non-native fish, such as African tilapia and Asian carp, have also recently been introduced to the waters. These new fish have been eating the **axolotls**' young, as well as its primary source of food. The axolotl is currently on the IUCN Red List of threatened species (critically endangered as shown in the infobox).

## Genetics and development 
Compared with land-dwelling salamanders, the sexually mature adult **Axolotl** is a  (mixture) of larval and adult tissues. A mutation in hormone production slows the development of the non-sexual tissues compared to the gonads. So, it ends up as an adult which looks like a larva, except that it is sexually mature. This is an example of neoteny, a type of heterochrony. **Axolotls** in the lab have reduced pigmentation and end up being a lighter pink color, while **axolotls** that live in nature are a darker, brown to black color. 

## References
Football Writers Association of America

The **Football Writers Association of America** (**FWAA**) is an organization of about 1,200 sports writers in the United States.  They attempt to achieve better working conditions for writers.  Each year, the FWAA picks an All-America team of college football players.  The organization also selects the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year, the Bronko Nagurski Trophy winner, the Outland Trophy winner, the Grantland Rice Award winner, a freshman All-America team, and weekly defensive player of the week. as well as developing scholarship programs and surveys for better working conditions. Since 1954, the association has awarded the Grantland Rice Trophy to the college football team they choose to be the National Champion.

## Other websites
*Football Writers Association of America official website
*FWAA all-time All-Americans since 1944
Coupe de France

The **Coupe de France**, also known in English as the **French Cup** is the premier knockout cup competition in French football organised by the French Football Federation (FFF).

## History
The Coupe de France was formed on 15 January 1917 by the *French Interfederal Committee* (**CFI**), an early predecessor of the French Football Federation.

## Champions
*Main article*: ''''

## References
## Other websites
* Official page on FFF site
Zichyújfalu

**Zichyújfalu** is a village in Fejér County, about 10&nbsp;km from Lake Velencei, which is more or less easy to reach on road and on railway (Pusztaszabolcs-Székesfehérvár line). The settlement used to be a part of Gárdony but declared its independence in December 1997.

The settlement is first mentioned in writing in 1239, when villa Nowa (Nova) belonged to the Vértes estates of the Csák clan. In 1447 it is mentioned as a noble name as Wyfalw (Újfalu).

The Family Zichy appeared as the landlord in Újfalu during Turkish occupation. After the Turkish rule the serfs of Seregélyes rented the land for some time. In 1784 the owner of the estate, János Zichy, the son of Ferenc Zichy had a castle built in Újfalu and established a deer-park.

The paphrase Zichy in the name of the settlement refers to these earlier landlords, the members of the Zichy family. The hunting residence of de count is also in the village; currently the Mayor's Office functions in this building, therefore the building can only be observed from outside. The park and the forest of the castle offer active relaxation.

## References
Tim Allen

**Timothy Alan Dick** (born June 13, 1953), known professionally as **Tim Allen**, is an American actor and comedian. Allen's films include *Jungle 2 Jungle* (1997), *Galaxy Quest* (1999), *Joe Somebody* (2001), *Big Trouble* (2002), *Christmas with the Kranks* (2004), *The Shaggy Dog* (2006), *Wild Hogs* (2007), *The Six Wives of Henry Lefay* (2009) and *Crazy on the Outside* (2010). He has voiced Buzz Lightyear for the *Toy Story* franchise and played Scott Calvin and Santa Claus in *The Santa Clause* franchise (1994–present). 

In television, he is known for playing Tim "The Toolman" Taylor on the ABC sitcom *Home Improvement* (1991–1999) and Mike Baxter on the ABC/Fox sitcom *Last Man Standing* (2011–2021).

## Personal life
Allen married Laura Deibel on April 7, 1984. Their daughter, Katherine, was born in December 1989. He and Deibel legally separated in 1999 and finalized their divorce in 2003. Allen married actress Jane Hajduk on October 7, 2006, in a small private ceremony in Grand Lake, Colorado. They had been dating for five years. Their daughter, Elizabeth, was born in March 2009.

Allen considers himself an "intellectual Christian" since his childhood, but chooses to only rarely discuss his beliefs in public. He has stated: "On a philosophical level, I'm very religious. I call myself an intellectual Christian. I've been seeking answers and information about Christianity, as well as Judaism, Islam and Hinduism, since my father died [when I was a kid], trying to explain life and death."

## Filmography
### Films
### Television 
### Video games 
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
AND gate

The **AND gate** is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) only when both of its inputs are 1 (true). Since 0 is false, AND outputs the product (result of multiplication) of its inputs. That means that if either or both of its inputs are 0, the output will be 0 (zero multiplied by any real number is zero).

## Symbols 
There are three symbols for the AND gate:
WTTE

**WTTE** is a television station in Columbus, Ohio. It is part of the TBD television network. They first broadcast in 1984 as a general entertainment station. In 1986, joined the FOX network. They have news called *Good Day Columbus* and FOX 28 News at 10 which is the most watched late news in Columbus, Ohio . in 2021 The Fox affiliations went to WSYX 6.2
B-flat major

**B major** or **B-flat major** is a major scale starting on B-flat. Its key signature has two flats. It has the pitches of B♭, C, D, E♭, F, G, A, and B♭.

Its relative minor is G minor, and its parallel minor is B minor.

B-flat major is the home key of many wind instruments, such as clarinets, trumpets, saxophones, and flutes in B-flat. This means they can be played the most easily in this key. Because of this, many works for concert bands (those you might have played in while you were at school) are written in this key or a closely related one such as F major or E-flat major.

Haydn's Symphony No. 98, which had both trumpet and timpani, is known as the first symphony that anyone had written in that key. Actually, his brother Michael Haydn had written one earlier. However, Joseph Haydn still gets credit for writing the timpani part at actual pitch with an F major key signature (instead of transposing with a C major key signature), something that made things easier and made more sense.

Five of Mozart's piano concerti are in B-flat major.

## Well-known classical compositions in this key
* Brandenburg Concerto No. 6 (Bach)
* Piano Concerto No. 15 (Mozart)
* Piano Concerto No. 27 (Mozart)
* String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven) 
* Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven)
* Piano Sonata No. 21 (Schubert)
* Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)
* Symphony No. 5 (Prokofiev)

## References
## Scales and keys
G minor

**G minor** is a minor scale based on G.

Its relative major is B-flat major.
G minor is one of two flat key signatures that needs a sharp for the seventh note (the other is D minor).

During the Baroque period, music in G minor was usually written with a one-flat key signature.

## Mozart's use of G Minor
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart thought that G minor was the most suitable key for showing sadness and tragedy, and many of his minor key works are in G minor, such as the Piano Quartet No. 1 and the String Quintet in G minor. G minor is the only minor key he used as a main key for his numbered symphonies (No. 25, and the famous No. 40). In the Classical period, symphonies in G minor almost always used four horns, two in G and two in B-flat alto. G minor symphonies like Mozart's No. 25 often used E flat major for the slow movement, including Haydn's No. 39 and Vanhal's G minor symphony from before 1771 (Bryan Gm1).

## Famous classical music in G minor
* Fantasia and Fugue in G minor "The Great", BWV 542- Bach
* Symphony No. 83 "The Hen" - Haydn
* Symphony No. 40 - Mozart
* Ballade No. 1 in G minor - Chopin 
* Polonaise in G minor - Chopin 
* Piano Concerto No. 2 - Saint-Saëns
* Slavonic Dance No. 8 in G minor - Dvořák
* Sicilliene, Op. 78 - Fauré
* Prelude in G Minor - Rachmaninoff
* Sonata for Cello and Piano in G minor - Rachmaninoff
* Most of Verdi's *Requiem* (the Dies Irae), is in G minor.
* Concerto No. 2 in G minor, Op. 8, RV 315, "Summer" from The Four Seasons - Antonio Vivaldi
* Adagio in G minor - "Albinoni's Adagio", now said to be written by Remo Giazotto
* Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26 - Max Bruch
* Christmas Concerto - Arcangelo Corelli
* Ya Lil (Al Anisa Farah) - Ramage

See also: List of symphonies in G minor.

## Variations 
There are many variations of G minor.

## References
F major

**F major** (or the **key of F**) is a musical major scale starting on F. Its key signature has one flat.

Its relative minor is D minor and its parallel minor is F minor.

F major is the home key of the English horn, the basset horn, the horn in F, the trumpet in F and the bass Wagner tuba. This means that if you want these instruments to sound in F major, you have to write in C major. Most of these sound a perfect fifth lower than written, except the trumpet in F which sounds a perfect fourth higher. (The basset horn also often sounds an octave and a fifth lower.)

Of the six Overtures Francesco Maria Veracini wrote for Prince Friedrich Augustus in Dresden, most are in either F major or B-flat major because the prince's orchestra had a lot of wind instruments that played best in these keys.

## List of compositions in F Major
* Brandenburg Concertos Nos 1 & 2 - Johann Sebastian Bach
* Piano Concerto No. 19 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* Symphony No. 6 in F Major, Op. 68, "Pastoral" - Ludwig van Beethoven
* Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90 - Johannes Brahms
* Piano Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich) - Dimitri Shostakovich
* Concerto No. 3 in F major, Op. 8, RV 293, "L'autunno" - Antonio Vivaldi

## Scales and keys
B minor

**B minor** is a minor scale based on B.  The harmonic minor raises the A to A.  Its key signature has two sharps.

Its relative major is D major, and its parallel major is B major.

In Baroque times, people thought that B minor was the key of  . Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart (1739-1791) said that it was a key that was complaining gently and quietly, something that matches Bach's use of the key in the St. John's Passion. By Beethoven's time, B minor had changed in people's minds: Francesco Galeazzi wrote that B minor was not suitable for music in good taste, and Beethoven labelled a B minor melodic idea in one of his sketchbooks as a "black key".
The chord was famously used as the first chord in Pink Floyd's 1979 hit "Comfortably Numb". The second movement of Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez, one of the most famous compositions for the classical guitar, is in B minor.

## Well-known Classical pieces in this key 
* *Violin Concerto No. 3 (Saint-Saëns) - Camille Saint-Saëns
* *Mass in B minor - Johann Sebastian Bach
* *Piano Sonata in B minor - Franz Liszt
* Piano Sonata No. 3 in B Minor, Op. 58 - Frédéric Chopin
* Waltz Opus 69 No. 2 in B Minor - Frédéric Chopin
* Violin Concerto No. 2 in B Minor (La Campanella) - Niccolò Paganini
* Symphony No. 8 in B minor - Franz Schubert
* Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, Op. 74 (Pathétique) - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
* E lucevan le stelle from *Tosca'' - Giacomo Puccini
* Cello Concerto in B minor - Antonín Dvořák
* Concerto for 4 Violins and Cello, RV 580 (Concerto No. 10 from L'estro armonico) - Antonio Vivaldi

## References
D major

**D major** is a major scale based on D. Its key signature has two sharps. Its relative minor is B minor.

D major is good for violin music because of the structure of the instrument, which has its four strings tuned to G D A E.  The open strings resonate with the D string, producing a special rich sound.

Because of this, many classical composers chose to write violin concertos in D major. Examples include Mozart's (No. 2, 1775, No. 4, 1775); Ludwig van Beethoven's (1806); Paganini's (No. 1, 1817); Brahms's (1878); Tchaikovsky's (1878); Prokofiev's (No. 1, 1917); Stravinsky's (1931); and Korngold's (1945).

It is also suitable for guitar music, with drop tuning for the lowest string making two Ds as open strings.

For some beginning wind instrument students, however, D major is not a very good key, because it transposes to E major for B flat instruments. E major has four sharps, which is harder for new learners to play.

Still, the clarinet in B-flat is often used for music in D major. It is probably the key with the most sharps that it can play well. However, when some composers write a piece in D minor with B-flat clarinets, they change to clarinets in A if the music changes to D major.

Most tin whistles are in D, because they are often used in music with fiddles.

In the Baroque period, D major was seen as "the key of glory"; so many trumpet pieces were in D major. Examples include concertos by Fasch, Gross, Molter (No. 2), Leopold Mozart, Telemann (No. 2), and Giuseppe Torelli; sonatas by Corelli, Franceschini, Purcell, Torelli; and "The Trumpet Shall Sound" and the "Hallelujah" chorus from Handel's *Messiah*.

After the valve trumpet was invented, composers began to write for trumpet in keys with more flats, so Haydn wrote his famous trumpet concerto in the key of E-flat major.

23 of Haydn's 104 symphonies are in D major, making it the most often used main key of his symphonies. A great number of Mozart's unnumbered symphonies are in D major, namely K. 66c, 81/73, 97/73m, 95/73n, 120/111a and 161/163/141a. The symphony came from the overture, and "D major was by far the most common key for overtures in the second half of the eighteenth century."

Scriabin saw D major as golden in color and when he talked to Rimsky-Korsakov, he gave an example from one of Rimsky-Korsakov's own operas where a character sang in D major about gold.

## Citations
A major

**A major** (or the **key of A**) is a major scale with a base note of A. Its key signature has three sharps.

Its relative minor is F-sharp minor.  The key of A-major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on \hat2 needs both a flat and a natural accidental.

There are not as many symphonies in A major as in D major or G major, but more than other sharp keys. Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Bruckner's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4 are almost all the symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major. Mozart used clarinets in A major often.

In chamber music, A major is used a lot. Johannes Brahms, César Franck, and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. Peter Cropper said that A major "is the fullest sounding key for the violin.", when he was talking about Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata.

According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, A major is a key that is good for "declarations of innocent love, ... hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God."

When music for orchestra is in A major, the timpani are normally set to A and E a fifth apart. In most other keys, they are set a fourth apart.

## Scales and keys
## References
* Colin Lawson, *Mozart: Clarinet Concerto*, A Cambridge Music Handbook, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
F-sharp minor

**F-sharp minor** is a minor scale based on F sharp. Its key signature has three sharps. 

Its relative major is A major.

Many people think it is a  and gloomy key.
Harry Farjeon says that F sharp minor is "light red", and that it is the key Mendelssohn uses when he is being passionate.
Johann Mattheson wrote that 'F minor, although it leads to great ,  is more languid and love-sick than . , it has something , , and misanthropic about it.'

## Famous music in this key
Very few symphonies are written in this key. Haydn's *Farewell Symphony* is one famous example. George Frederick Bristow and Dora Pejačević also wrote symphonies in this key.

Many piano pieces have been written in F-sharp minor.
Mozart's only composition in this key is the second movement to his Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major. 2 of Chopin's 52 mazurkas, and 1 of his nocturnes are in this key, though he seems to have liked the related key C-sharp minor better. Scriabin's Piano Sonata No. 3 is also in this key, and the 3rd movement of Beethoven's "Hammerklavier" Piano Sonata is too.

Both Reger's and Tippett's second string quartets are in this key, and so is Shostakovich's seventh string quartet.

## Scales and keys 
## References 
* A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers And Keys" in ''Bob's Poetry Magazine'', III.3 , 2006.
A-flat major

**A major** or **A-flat major** is a major scale that starts on A-flat. It has the pitches of A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭, F, G, and A♭.

Its relative minor is F minor and its parallel minor is A-flat minor.

A-flat major is a key that sounds peaceful. It was used often by Franz Schubert. Twenty-four of Frédéric Chopin's piano pieces are in A-flat major, more than any other key.

Charles-Marie Widor considered A-flat major to be the second best key for flute music.

Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works. This was also followed by Antonín Dvořák in his only C minor symphony and Anton Bruckner in his first two C minor symphonies. 
Since A-flat major was not often chosen as the main key for orchestral music of the 18th century, passages or movements in the key often kept the timpani tuned the same way as they were in the movement before it. For example, Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor has the timpani set to C and G for the first movement. With hand-tuned timpani, there is no time to retune the timpani to A flat and E flat for the slow second movement in A flat. In Bruckner's Symphony No. 1 in C minor, however, the timpani are retuned between the first movement in C minor and the following in A-flat major.

Edward Elgar's Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major is one of the best-known symphonies in that key. Arnold Bax's last symphony is also in the same key. A-flat major is the major key with the most flats that Domenico Scarlatti used in his keyboard sonatas, though he used it only twice– in K. 127 and K. 130. Felix Mendelssohn and John Field each wrote one piano concerto in A-flat.

## Scales and keys
## References
F minor

**F minor** is a minor scale based on F. The harmonic minor raises the E to E.  Its key signature has four flats. It has the pitches of F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭, and F.

Its relative major is A-flat major, and its parallel major is F major.

F minor is a key that people often link with passion. Some famous pieces in the key of F minor are Beethoven's *Appassionata Sonata*, Haydn's Symphony No. 49 in F minor, *La Passione*, and Vivaldi's The Four Seasons.

In the Baroque period, music in F minor was usually written with a three-flat key signature. Some modern printings of such music keeps it written that way.

## Notable songs
*Adele - Hello
*Máni Svavarsson - We Are Number One

## Notable compositions
*String Quartet No. 11, Op. 95 "Serioso"&nbsp;– Ludwig van Beethoven
*Violin Concerto ''L'inverno'', RV 297, Op. 8, No. 4&nbsp;– Antonio Vivaldi
*Piano Sonata No. 23, Op. 57 (Appassionata)&nbsp;– Ludwig van Beethoven
*Fantasia in F minor&nbsp;– Franz Schubert
*Fantaisie in F minor, Op. 49&nbsp;– Frédéric Chopin
*Harpsichord Concerto No. 5, BWV 1056&nbsp;– Johann Sebastian Bach
*Ballade No. 4, Op. 52&nbsp;– Chopin
*Piano Quintet, Op. 34&nbsp;– Johannes Brahms
*Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 21&nbsp;– Chopin

## E-sharp minor
The enharmonic equivalent of F minor is **E-sharp minor**. It is a minor scale based on the musical note E♯. Its key signature has eight sharps. Due to its use of more accidentals, E-sharp minor is considered impractical to use. It is usually replaced with F minor.

## Other websites
E major

**E major** is a major scale with a base note of E. Its key signature has four sharps. It has the pitches of E, F♯, G♯, A, B, C♯, D♯, and E. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor.

E major is hard for wind instruments to play. A violin is fit for playing in E major, because two of the open strings are A and E, the tonic and subdominant notes of this scale. Other orchestral string instruments can play well in E major, as can a guitar. When writing in E major, clarinets in A are easier to play than clarinets in B-flat. This is because clarinets are transposing instruments.

Symphonies in E major are quite rare, but the key is often used for concertos. One of them is Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto.

The bells of the Clock Tower in London's Palace of Westminster are tuned to the key of E major.

## References
C-sharp minor

**C-sharp minor** or **C minor** is a minor scale based on C. Its key signature has four sharps. It has the pitches of C♯, D♯, E, F♯, G♯, A, B, and C♯.

Its relative major is E major, and its parallel major is C-sharp major.

## Classical music in this key 
There are very few symphonies written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he later rewrote it in C minor. Another two are Mahler's Symphony No. 5 (though only the first movement is in C-sharp minor, and the finale is actually in D major) and Prokofiev's Symphony No. 7. Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No. 2 is also in C-sharp minor.

This key occurs more often in piano music. Domenico Scarlatti wrote two keyboard sonatas in C-sharp minor, K. 246 and K. 247. But after Beethoven's famous *Moonlight Sonata*, the key became more popular for piano. Beethoven used this key again in the outer movements of his String Quartet No. 14 (Op.&nbsp;131, 1826). However, Johannes Brahms rewrote his C-sharp minor Piano Quartet to be published as Piano Quartet No. 3 in C minor, Op. 60. One of the most famous pieces in this key is Chopin's *Fantaisie-Impromptu*. Other works include Chopin's Nocturnes  No. 7 (Op. 27, No. 1) and No. 20 (Op. posth.), and his "Raindrop" Prelude in D-flat major (Op. 28, No. 15). Waltz in C-sharp minor (op.64 No.2) is another well known musical piece from Chopin that uses this particular key (along with the D flat minor key). Another very famous example of a work in C-sharp minor is Rachmaninoff's Prelude in C-sharp minor (Op. 3, No. 2).

## References
B-flat minor

**B minor** or **B-flat minor** is a minor scale based on B♭. Its key signature has five flats. It has the pitches of B♭ , C, D♭, E♭, F, G♭, A♭, and B♭.

Its relative major is D-flat major, and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is A-sharp minor.

B-flat minor is often seen as a "dark" key. Tchaikovsky said that the oboe solo in B-flat minor in the second movement of his Symphony No. 4 was "the feeling that you get when you are all alone".

The old valveless horn could not play easily in B-flat minor. In fact, the only example found in 18th century music is a modulation in the first minuet of Franz Krommer's Concertino in D major, Opus 80.

## In classical music
*Frédéric Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2, Nocturne Op. 9 No. 1, and Scherzo No. 2
*Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Sonata No. 2
*Dmitri Shostakovich's ''Symphony No. 13
*Peter Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1
*Peter Tchaikovsky's Marche Slave
*Sir William Walton's *Symphony No. 1*

## In popular music
*"Part-Time Lover" – Stevie Wonder
*"Cannonball (Damien Rice song)" - Damien Rice
*All eight songs on The Raveonettes' *Whip It On* album are in the key of B-flat minor. Sune Rose Wagner said it was because "Shostakovich's symphony no. 13 was in B flat minor".

## References
G-sharp minor

**G-sharp minor** is a minor scale based on G.  For the harmonic minor, the F is raised to F.

Its key signature has five sharps.

Its relative major is B major.

The melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary.

G-sharp minor is usually not used in orchestral music except to modulate, but it is more common in keyboard music, like Scriabin's sonatas. For orchestration of piano music (writing it so an orchestra can play it), sometimes the music is transposed to G minor or A minor. If G-sharp minor must be used, B-flat wind instruments should have their part written in B-flat minor, not A-sharp minor. 

In a few scores, 5-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line.

## Scales and keys
## References
* A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers and Keys" in ''Bob's Poetry Magazine'', III.3 , 2006.
B major

**B major** is a major scale based on B. Its key signature has five sharps.

B major's relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major.

The key signature for B major is the least sharp key signature with three "lines" of sharps. In the treble clef, putting the sharp for A where it looks like it should be, next to the sharp for G, would mean that a ledger line would have to be used. In the bass clef it would be possible to do this without a ledger line, but because sight reading is easier when both staves look the same, it is not usually done in piano music. In the alto clef, used in orchestral music, the B major key signature is usually written in just two "lines" of sharps.

Although B major is usually thought of as a "far away" key because it has many sharps and is quite far from C major in the circle of fifths, Frédéric Chopin thought that it was the easiest scale of all to play, as its black notes fit the natural positions of the fingers well. Because of this, it was often the first scale he taught to beginning piano students, leaving the scale of C major till last because he thought it was the hardest to play.

While B major is not too difficult to play on keyboard instruments and guitar, the key of C-flat major is easier when writing music for the harp, as it is that instrument's home key.
G-flat major

**G-flat major** is a major scale based on G-flat.  Its key signature has six flats.

Its relative minor is E-flat minor, and its parallel minor is G-flat minor. This is usually replaced by F♯ minor because G♭ minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use.

Its enharmonic equivalent is F-sharp major, whose key signature also has six accidentals. In writing music in E major for B-flat instruments, it is preferable to use a G-flat rather an F-sharp key signature.

G-flat major is sometimes used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert, but rarely for orchestra.

Austrian composer Gustav Mahler liked to use G-flat major in his symphonies.

## Scales and keys
E-flat minor

**E minor** or **E-flat minor** is a minor scale based on E-flat.  Its key signature has six flats.

Its relative major is G-flat major, and its parallel major is E-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is D-sharp minor.

This key is not used much in orchestral music, and usually only to modulate. It is used in some keyboard pieces and has been most popular in Russian pieces. If piano music in this key must be arranged for orchestra, some people recommend transposing it into D minor or E minor.

In book 1 of the *Well-Tempered Clavier* by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following Fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor.

One of the few symphonies written in this key is Prokofiev's Symphony No. 6. A few other Soviet composers also wrote symphonies in this key, such as Eshpai, Janis Ivanovs (fourth symphony *Atlantis*, 1941), Ovchinnikov and Myaskovsky. Rachmaninov's "Elegie", Op. 3 No. 1 is in E-flat minor, as is his Études-Tableaux Op. 39 #5. These pieces are noted for being dark and , a mood this key has. This mood is shown even in the later jazz music "'Round Midnight" and "Take Five", which are also in the key.

The second movement to Gustav Mahler's Eighth Symphony has a long orchestral and choral introduction in E-flat minor. The dark orchestral introduction to Beethoven's only oratorio, Christ on the Mount of Olives, is also in this key.

## Scales and keys
## References
*A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers And Keys" in ''Bob's Poetry Magazine'', III.3 , 2006.
F-sharp major

**F-sharp major** is a major scale based on **F-sharp**. Its key signature has six sharps.

Its relative minor is D minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is G major.

## Use of this key 
This key is not used often in orchestral music except to modulate. It is used more often in piano music, like Scriabin's sonatas. When piano music in this key needs to be arranged for orchestra, sometimes it is better to change it to F or G major. If F-sharp major needs to be used, transposing instruments in B flat should have their music written in A-flat major, not G-sharp major.

The Presentation of the Rose scene in Act Two of Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier is written in F-sharp major.
F-sharp major is the key of Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Op. 78, of Chopin's Barcarolle, of Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, of Mahler's unfinished Tenth Symphony, Erich Korngold's Symphony Op. 40, and Scriabin's Fourth Sonata.

In a few scores, the F-sharp major key signature in the bass clef is written with the sharp for the A on the top line.

## References