List of scientists from Europe

This is a list of scientists from Europe.

## Albania
*Bashkim Fino, was prime minister; economist; He died in 2021.
*Rexhep Meidani, former president of Albania; physicist; b. 1944

## Austria
*Sigmund Freud, pioneer of psychoanalysis; neurologist, psychologist
*Karl Landsteiner, discovered that there are different types of human blood; had a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine; d. 1943
*Lise Meitner, Austrian-Swedish, helped discover nuclear fission; physicist d. 1968
*Erwin Schrödinger, thought of the Schrödinger equation; physicist; d. 1961

## Azerbaijan
*Vafa Guluzade - he was a Foreign Policy State Advisor for Azerbaijan President; the political scientist died in 2015.

*Lotfi A. Zadeh - pioneer (or one of the earliest scientists) of fuzzy logic; computer scientist, electrical engineer, mathematician; d. 2017

## Belarus
*Barys Kit, he was author of the first book on rocket propellant 
*Lev Vygotsky, credited for starting the concept, zone of proximal development, or ZPD, which is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she cannot do; Psychology; died in 1934

## Belgium
:*Pages appear in :Category:Belgian scientists*

## Bosnia and Herzegovina
:*Pages appear in :Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina scientists*
*Alojz Benac - became a corresponding member of the Yugoslav/Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Archeology; died in 1992.
*Smilja Mučibabić, she was a biologist

## Bulgaria
*Lyubomir Ivanov, got the award, *Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize*, the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics.; Linguistics, Mathematics

## Croatia
:*Pages appear in :Category:Croatian scientists*
*Dubravka Jurlina Alibegović, former cabinet member; economist
*Slaven Letica, was member of parliament; economist
*Miroslav Tuđman, information scientist
*Roger Joseph Boscovich, maker of a precursor of atomic theory; made the first geometric procedure for finding out the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position; discoverer of the absence of atmosphere on the Moon; he was from a city in what later became Croatia; died in 1787

## Czechia 
:*Pages appear in :Category:Czech scientists*
*Gerty Cori, Czech-American; she had a Nobel Prize; biochemist
*Milan Nakonečný, mathematician

## Denmark
:*Pages appear in :Category:Danish scientists*
*Tycho Brahe, he discovered (before the invention of telescopes) that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet; astronomer
*Niels Bohr, physicist, d. 1962

## Estonia 
:*Pages appear in :Category:Estonian scientists*

*Karl Ernst von Baer, Embryology (within Biology); died in 1876
*Madis Kõiv - he got the award, the  Tuglas short story award; physicist, writer and philosopher; died in 2014
*Jaak Panksepp, he was an Estonian-American neuroscientist, psychobiologist; pioneer of the term "affective neuroscience", the name for the field that studies the neural mechanisms of emotion.

## Finland
:*Pages appear in :Category:Finnish scientists*
*Linus Torvalds, famous for his operating system Linux; computer scientist

## France
:*Pages appear in :Category:French scientists*
*Irène Joliot-Curie
* Sophie Germain
*Blaise Pascal, he was the creator of Pascal's Triangle

## Georgia 
:*Pages appear in :Category:Scientists from Georgia (country)*
*Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze,  was a member of the Parliament of Georgia;  assyriologist (and therefore a linguist)
*Jamshid Giunashvili - he was a linguist (Iranologist); died in 2017
*Giorgi Maisashvili, was presidential candidate, economist
*Ghia Nodia, minister of education and science; political scientist

## Germany
*Alexander von Humboldt, geographer, botanist d. 1859
*Max Planck, physicist, d. 1947
*Martin Heidegger, philosopher, d. 1976

## Great Britain
:*Pages appear in :Category:British scientists*
*John Law, Scottish economist, writer; Controller General of Finances under the Duke of Orleans, who was regent for Louis XV of France
*Meave Leakey, anthropologist
*James Mirrlees, Scottish, won a Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences

## Greece
:*Pages appear in :Category:Greek scientists*
*Yanis Varoufakis, finance minister; economist

* Eratosthenes
* Euclid
* Pythagoras

## Hungary
:*Pages appear in :Category:Hungarian scientists*
*János Bolyai, mathematician, one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry — a geometry that differs from Euclidean geometry in its definition of parallel lines; died in 1860
*John von Neumann, Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist; he had an Enrico Fermi Award

## Ireland
:*Pages appear in :Category:Irish scientists*
*Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish, known for Boyle's law; physicist, chemist

## Italy
:*Pages appear in :Category:Italian scientists*
* Gerolamo Cardano, he invented - partially - the gimbal consisting of three concentric rings allowing a supported compass or gyroscope to rotate freely, and the Cardan shaft; died in 1576
*Enrico Fermi, Italian-American, was creator of the first nuclear reactor; physicist
*Rita Levi-Montalcini, she had the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; neurologist

## Kosovo
*Idriz Ajeti (the first chief of Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts)

## Latvia
:*Pages appear in :Category:Latvian scientists*
*Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds, discovered Freivalds' algorithm for checking the correctness of matrix products; Theoretical computer science; died in 2016
*Wilhelm Ostwald, Latvian-German; he had a Nobel Prize in Chemistry

## Lithuania
*Gitanas Nausėda, president, economist
*Vyda Ragulskienė, was the first woman to become Dr.habil. of technical sciences in Lithuania
*Ingrida Šimonytė, prime minister, economist

## Luxembourg
:*Pages appear in :Category:Luxembourgian scientists*
*Ernest Mühlen, was Member of the European Parliament; economist
*Jean-Paul Pier, was known for his works on the harmonic analysis and the history of mathematics

## Macedonia
*Ratko Janev, was a member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Atomic physics

## Moldova
*Natalia Gavrilița, prime minister, economist

## Netherlands
:*Pages appear in :Category:Dutch scientists*
*Pieter Zeeman, he shared a  Nobel Prize in Physics

## Norway
:*Pages appear in :Category:Norwegian scientists*
*Niels Henrik Abel, did the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation (en) in radicals; mathematician; died in 1829
*Kaare R. Norum
* Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta, French-Norwegian, the first female mathematical sciences professor in Norway; Applied mathematics, she died in 2017

## Poland
:*Pages appear in :Category:Polish scientists*
*Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer, d. 1543
*Hugo Steinhaus, was known for his Banach–Steinhaus theorem

## Portugal
:*Pages appear in :Category:Portuguese scientists*
*Carlos Moedas, mayor of Lisbon; civil engineer, economist

*Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues, former president of the Assembly of the Republic; economist

## Romania
## Russia
:*Pages appear in :Category:Russian scientists*
*Andrei Sakharov (d. 1989), Russian-born Soviet nuclear physicist; peace activist
* Leonid Kantorovich - Russian mathematician
* Sofya Kovalevskaya - Russian mathematician

## Slovakia
*Philipp Lenard (d. 1947), physicist, born in Pressburg (*Pozsony*, in today's Bratislava, Slovakia), in the Kingdom of Hungary

## Slovenia
:*Pages appear in :Category:Slovenian scientists*
*Janez Stanovnik, was president of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia; economist

## Spain
:*Pages appear in :Category:Spanish scientists*
*Clara Ponsatí i Obiols,  Counsellor of Education of the Generalitat of Catalonia; economist
* Santiago Ramón y Cajal, was a medical doctor who got a Nobel Prize

## Sweden
:*Pages appear in :Category:Swedish scientists*
*Alfred Nobel (d. 1896), chemist, engineer, inventor

## Switzerland
:*Pages appear in :Category:Swiss scientists*
* Leonhard Euler, was the first to show the notion of (or idea about), a mathematical function; died in 1783

## Turkey
* List of Turkish scientists

## Ukraine
:*Pages appear in :Category:Ukrainian scientists*
*Anatoliy Kinakh, former prime minister; economist
*Kostiantyn Sytnyk - he was a Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (a parliament) of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic;  Botany; he died in 2017
*Arseniy Yatsenyuk, has been prime minister; economist

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Africa
*List of scientists from Asia
*List of scientists from North America
*List of scientists from Oceania
*List of scientists from South America
*List of sociologists from Europe

## References