open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Manta ray

The **manta ray** (*Manta birostris*) is the largest species of the rays. The largest known specimen was more than  across, with a weight of about . It ranges throughout tropical waters of the world, typically around coral reefs. They have the largest brain-to-body ratio of the sharks, rays and skates (Elasmobranchii), a brain which is kept warm during lengthy dives to as deep as  in cold water.

Mantas may be at least two different species, the giant manta (*Manta birostris*), which migrates, and another smaller one called the reef manta (*Manta alfredi*), which does not. The genus may need revising.

Manta rays are probably at the top of the food chain. Some shark species, such as the tiger shark may hunt them. 

## References
Yulia Barsukova

**Yulia Vladimirovna Barsukova** (Russian **Ю́лия Влади́мировна Барсуко́ва,**) December 31, 1979, Moscow,Russia) is a Russian former rhythmic gymnast. She won the all-around gold medal at the Sydney Olympics. She left gymnastic to pursue a career in couple figure skating alongside her ex-husband and soon left the sport and gave birth to a child in 2008.
Ratodero

**Ratodero** is the capital of Ratodero Taluka a *sub-division* of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is located some 30&nbsp;km away from the district capital Larkana.

## Administration
Ratodero Taluka is administratively subdivided into 9 Union Councils two of which form the town of Ratodero these are:

*Ratodero-I
*Ratodero-II

## Famous People
There have been many people from Ratodero including two former Prime Ministers - Zulfikar and Benazir Bhutto.

Hazrat Sufi Ghamdil sain

## References
President of Pakistan

The **president of Pakistan** (, *Sadr-e-Mumlikat*) is the head of state of Pakistan. Pakistan has a parliamentary form of government. According to the Constitution, the President is chosen by the Electoral College to serve a five-year term. The electoral college is made up of the Senate, National Assembly, and the provincial assemblies.

The position of president in Pakistan has usually been one of a figurehead. That is with real power being given to the Prime Minister. However the power of the president has changed over the years, due to the military changing the role.

## History 
In 1947, Pakistan became a dominion and part of the British Commonwealth with the British Monarch as head of state, represented by the Governor-General of Pakistan. In 1956 Pakistan established its first constitution and became a Republic, and the Queen and Governor-General were replaced by the president.

Pakistan's first president was Iskander Mirza, who was also the last Governor General. In 1958, he removed the constitution and declared martial law. A few weeks later, he was overthrown by General Ayub Khan, who then declared himself president. The constitution was changed and the president became the ruler of Pakistan. The constitution also said that the president be elected by the people. Elections were held in 1963, and Khan defeated Fatima Jinnah, sister of founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

## List of presidents of Pakistan 
## List of presidents of Pakistan 
## Living former presidents

File:President of Pakistan Dr Arif Alvi.jpg|  

## Present holder of the post 
The President is now **Arif Alvi**, a former dentist. He has been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan since August 2018. Before, he was a member of the National Assembly from June 2013 to May 2018. He is a member of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, a moderate Party with democratic ideals.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
* President of Pakistan: Official Website
Tag team

World Tag Team Championship. Shelton Benjamin (on the mat) from The World's Greatest Tag Team has been stuck in the corner of champions Cade and Murdoch, away from his partner Charlie Haas; both of these teams can tag in the third team, The Highlanders.]]
In professional wrestling, a **tag team** is a team of two wrestlers who are working together as a team (more than two is called a stable). Most of the time they are close partners and backstage friends who team with each other almost all the time, while other times they are wrestlers that fight by themselves most of the time who team together for just one match.

They usually wrestle against the same number of other wrestlers on the other team or teams, however in the occasional "handicap match" there may be more wrestlers on one team then the other, for example André the Giant often wrestled against two or more opponents.
Languages of Pakistan

English is the official language of Pakistan. Urdu is the national language. It is also known as ***Lashkari Zaban*** or just ***Lashkari***. It is believed to have started in Punjab with Lahore as its capital during Ghaznavid rule. 
## Provincial languages
There are also provincial languages, Balochi language, Pashto, Sindhi and Punjabi, and one semi-provincial language Koshur (Kashmiri language).
## Background
Pakistan is heir to one of the most ancient civilizations in the world along with Iraq and Egypt. They also had ancient indigenous languages before being replaced by their present-day languages, which are of Indo-Iranic origin. These languages have not been used in the domains of power because the rulers of these regions were generally foreigners. But the foreigners, whether the Persians, ancient Greeks, Arabs, Turco-Mongols as well as the British, have all influenced the indigenous languages so that their vocabulary is multilingual and varied. As the people of these areas converted to Islam, Arabic and Persian words influenced and became part of their identity, and remain so. In a sense, it is their very presence, as well as the Arabic-based scripts of all 75 Pakistani languages, which gave them a cultural unity.

## Linguistics
Linguistically, Pakistan is almost entirely Indo-Iranic as its languages belong to the Indo-Iranic family of languages. Its scripture and vocabulary owe very much so to Arabic and based on Farsi (which also derived its own script from Arabic). 

For example; the national anthem is a highly Persianized form of Urdu.

## Other languages
Other languages include Burushaski, Balti, Domaaki, Gawar-bati, Erina, Wakhi, Shina and Brahvi.

## References
Virgin Killer

***Virgin Killer*** is the fourth album by the German heavy metal band Scorpions. It was released in 1976, and it helped the Scorpions gain fans outside Europe. The album's cover has caused controversy, as it features a naked young girl. Some of the band members have said that the cover is okay, but others have said that they feel bad about releasing it. Some magazines and websites, such as *Cracked* and Gigwise.com, have called it one of the worst album covers of all time.

In 2008, the English Wikipedia page for *Virgin Killer* was put on a blacklist (a list of bad content) by the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF), a UK organization. Because of this, many major Internet service providers (ISPs) in the UK were banned from seeing the page. The IWF called the cover "indecent".

## References
BT Group

**British Telecommunications Group plc** which trades as **BT**, (sometimes known as **British Telecom** and still occasionally referred to by that name) is the privatised  UK state telecommunications operator.

BT Group is the largest communications service provider in the United Kingdom.
Virgin Media

**Virgin Media Inc.** (formerly known as **ntl:Telewest**, after a merger of **NTL Incorporated** with **Telewest Global, Inc.**), became in 2006 the first "quadruple-play" media company in the United Kingdom, bringing together a service consisting of television, Internet, mobile phone and fixed-line telephone services.
Be Unlimited

**Be Unlimited**, or simply *"Be"*, is a growing UK Internet service provider. *Be Unlimited* and *Be* are trading names of *Be Un Limited*.

## References
Demon Internet

**Demon Internet** is a British Internet service provider ("ISP") founded in 1992. It was one of the earliest ISPs, targeting the "dial-up" audience. The company was started on June 1st, 1992, from an idea posted on CIX by Cliff Stanford of Demon Systems Ltd.

Currently, Demon Internet is operating as a brand of Vodafone.

## References
Book of Baruch

The **Book of Baruch**, sometimes called **1 Baruch**, is a deuterocanonical or apocryphal book of the Bible, meaning it is considered part of the Bible by Catholics and members of the Orthodox Church but generally not by Protestants.  Even though it is not in the Hebrew Bible, it is in the Septuagint and in the Vulgate Bible, and also in Theodotion's version of the Bible. The Book claims to be have been written by the secretary of the prophet Jeremiah called Baruch in the sixth century BC, which might be true, but the Book was likely only completed in the first century BC. A manuscript of Baruch was found at the Caves of Qumran. The Book of Baruch contains prayer, a request for forgiveness, a recommendation to learn wisdom, a call to be hopeful in the face of Jerusalem's destruction, as well as a reminder to avoid worshiping idols.

Catholic Bibles also add the Letter of Jeremiah to the Book of Baruch as a sixth chapter.

## References 
## Other websites 
**Jewish Encyclopedia*: Baruch
* 
*N.A.B. Introduction to Baruch 
*Prophecy of Baruch  Full Text by chapter
*Latin Vulgate with Douay-Rheims freeware with bookmarking, search, and other features
*The Book of Baruch Full text from http://St-Takla.org (also available in Arabic)
*World Wide Study Bible: Baruch
*Encyclopedia Britannica: Baruch
Bachelor

A **bachelor** is a man who has not been married and is not cohabiting. He lives on his own or with a flatmate/housemate. A woman in this situation is sometimes known as a bachelorette. A bachelor cannot have been married, as a man who married but then divorced is called a divorcé. A man whose wife is dead is a widower.

Sometimes, when a bachelor is going to be married, a bachelor party is organized to celebrate the last day that the person will be a bachelor for.
Nativity scene

, Orthodox Church of the Archangel Gabriel over source Mary (2014)]]

A **nativity scene** is a three-dimensional depiction of the Nativity of Jesus. It is also called a crib, manger or crèche. Typically, a large scale scene includes: the Holy Family, the angels, the Magi, the ox and the donkey, and an assortment of shepherds, villagers, servants and others.

## Types 
There are two types of scenes: static representations of figures made of clay or other material, and living scenes. Static scenes are often displayed on a table top in the home. In living scenes, humans and animals portray the characters in the scene.  

## History 
St. Francis of Assisi is said to have created the first nativity scene in 1223 (a "living" one) near Greccio, Italy. It was a "hit". The scene's popularity inspired communities throughout Catholic countries to stage similar scenes.

## Controversy 
In the modern world, nativity scenes have provoked controversy. Animals are said to be abused in living scenes and objections have been placed against static scenes displayed on public lands. In addition, outdoor scenes are often the target of vandals. Theft or destruction of outdoor figures is not uncommon.

## References
## Other websites 
*Roman presepi 
*The message of the child — Original Nativity scenes made with natural stones
*The Neapolitan Crib (Presepe)
*International crèche school - History of Nativities and instructions for building them 
* Nativiti scene - Florece,FaQ - Video details
KBO

**KBO** can mean:

* Kuiper Belt object
* Korea Baseball Organization
* Keep the Bastards Out, a fictional organization invented and promoted by Seattle Post-Intelligencer columnist Emmett Watson
* KBO!, a hardcore punk band from Serbia
* Keep Buggering On, a catchphrase used by Winston Churchill
Korea Baseball Organization

The **Korea baseball organization** (KBO) manages and administrates Korean professional baseball League. In addition, KBO works on many things about baseball. First of all, KBO collects and keeps baseball records. Second, KBO supports amateur baseball. Third, KBO works for international exchange or activities such as Olympic game and World Baseball Classic(WBC) and so on. Fourth, KBO supplies and develops baseball skills. KBO was established with Korean professional baseball league in 1982. KBO’s main office is located in 946-16, Do-kok dong (), Kang-nam ku (), Seoul (), South Korea. In Korean league, there are 10 teams which are Lotte Giants, Samsung Lions, SK Wyverns, LG Twins, Doosan Bears, Hanwha Eagles, KIA Tigers, Nexen Heroes, NC Dinos, and KT Wiz.

## Korean league
Each team plays totally 133 games per one year. These 133 games are called the pennant race. After the pennant race, top four teams go to tournament. Firstly, semi-final game is called semi-play off. In this Semi-playoff, two teams (3rd and 4th in the pennant race) play the game and a team which wins 3 games of total 5 games goes to the next stage. The next stage is called playoff. And this is also 3 out of 5(A team wins 3 games first, then that team can go to next stage.). In playoff, a team which is a winner of semi-playoff plays with 2nd team in the pennant race. A winner of playoff plays with 1st team in the pennant race. This is called Korean series. This is 4 out of 7. (If a team wins 4 games first, that team becomes the team of that year.) In Korean league, there is also all star game like major league baseball(MLB)in America. KBO manages all of these games.

## Organizaion
The president of KBO is Gu boneneung in 2011. KBO consists of many groups such as an executive office, KBOP, an umpire committee, a record committee and an education committee. As not permanent committees, there are a prizes and penalties committee, a rules committee and an advisory committee.

## Other websites
* KBO history page
* BaseballGuru.com
List of General Secretaries of the Soviet Union

**General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union** was the top position in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. As the leader of the only legal political party, the General Secretary served as the de facto leader but not necessarily head of government or head of state, although the actual head of government was the Premier or the Chairman, before Stalin turned the position of **General Secretary** into the most powerful in the Soviet Union. According 1977 Constitution the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was the President and Chairman of the Council of Minister was the Premier. Lenin led the nation as Chairman of the People's Commissars.

The office was called **First Secretary** from 1953 to 1966.

## List of General Secretaries
https://www.historyhit.com/the-8-de-facto-rulers-of-the-soviet-union-in-order/.:
https://historum.com/t/who-was-the-best-of-the-soviet-unions-general-secretaries.53265/.:
https://www.historyhit.com/the-8-de-facto-rulers-of-the-soviet-union-in-order/.:
Internet Watch Foundation

The **Internet Watch Foundation (IWF)** is an organisation in the United Kingdom that gets reports from people and acts on those reports. They help remove things that could be illegal content on the Internet. 

## Notes
## Other websites
* Internet Watch Foundation
Military diving

**Military diving** is underwater diving done by members of armed forces for military purposes.

Any method of diving may be used. It is the military purpose that makes it military diving.

Military diving for offensive purposes is usually done using rebreathers as they do not make much bubbles which can be seen by the enemy. These divers may be called frogmen or combat divers.

Othe military divers do work to remove obstructions and explosive devices like mines. They are called clearance divers. 

Military divers may also do inspections and repair work on the bottoms of ships, and underwater work in support of military engineering operations.
Dagens Næringsliv

***Dagens Næringsliv*** is one of Norway's main newspapers. It was founded in 1889.

*Dagens Næringsliv* is owned by media conglomerate Norges Handels og Sjøfartstidende (NHST Media Group).

## History
The newspaper was first named *Norges Sjøfartstidende*.

On 5 September 2013, the newspaper said that it is one of 17 international partners cooperating with Wikileaks about the Spy Files 3 project that spotlights the international surveillance industry. 

In July 2015, one former journalist said that he had done plagiarism, in several articles he wrote for the newspaper, said the website of the trade union, Norsk Journalistlag.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
Forsvarets Spesialkommando

**FSK** (*Forsvarets spesialkommando*) is the name of the special forces of Norway's Ministry of Defence.  They were established in 1981.
Zifeng Tower

**Nanjing Greenland Financial Center** or **Greenland Square Zifeng Tower** is a skyscraper in Nanjing, China. It is 459 meters (1476&nbsp;feet) tall and has 89 floors. It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites 
* Emporis.com - Nanjing Greenland Financial Center
*SkycraperPage.com – Nanjing Greenland Financial Complex
Modular arithmetic

**Modular arithmetic**, sometimes also called **clock arithmetic**, is a way of doing arithmetic with integers. Much like hours on a clock, which repeat every twelve hours, once the numbers reach a certain value, called the *modulus*, they go back to zero.

In general, given a modulus *n*, we can do addition, subtraction and multiplication on the set \{ 0, 1, \ldots, n-1\} in a way that "wraps around" *n*. This set is sometimes represented by the symbol \mathbb{Z}_n, and called the set of integers modulo *n*.

People talked about modular arithmetic in many ancient cultures. For instance, the Chinese remainder theorem is many centuries old. The modern notation and exact definition of modular arithmetic were first described by Carl Friedrich Gauss.

## Congruence
Modular arithmetic can be used to show the idea of **congruence**. In general, given a positive integer *n*, two integers *a* and *b* are **congruent modulo n**, if they have the same remainder when both are divided by *n*. Congruence can be written this way:
:a \equiv b \pmod n\,
The number *n* is called the **modulus**. Another definition of congruence, that means the same thing but is sometimes more useful, is that the two integers are congruent modulo n if the difference (*a* - *b*) is an integer multiple of *n*. That is, if *n* is a factor of (*a* - *b*), then *a* and *b* are congruent **mod** *n*.

For example:
:32 \equiv 11 \pmod 7,\,
The remainder when 32 is divided by 7 is 4, and the remainder when 11 is divided by 7 is also 4. This tells us that they are congruent—when the modulus is 7.

We can use this example with the other definition too. The difference, (*a* - *b*), is 32 - 11 = 21. This shows the two numbers are congruent, because 21 = 3 × 7 and 7 is a factor of 21.

## Uses
Modular arithmetic is useful in many fields, and its applications include RSA algorithm in cryptography, primality testing in computer science, and 12-tone arithmetic in music. It is often used in calculating checksums and check digits.

## Related pages 
* Modulation
* Primitive root modulo n

## References
Shakargarh

**Shakargarh** is a city in the north-east of Pakistan in Narowal District of Punjab province. It is the headquarters of Shakargarh Tehsil. The city is at 32°16'0N 75°10'0E and is on the west bank of the Ravi River.

## History 
In old times Shakargarh was used as a route for the Mughals to enter Gurdaspur and going to Delhi. During British rule (before the independence of Pakistan), Shakargarh became the capital of Shakargarh Tehsil.

In 1947 when the British were leaving, they divided British India between Pakistan and the modern republic of India. The border between the two countries was known as the Radcliffe Line (this was named after Cyril John Radcliffe who drew the borders). The line divided Shakargarh from the rest of Gurdaspur district (which then became part of India). Shakargarh then became part of Sialkot District, however when Narowal District was created in 1991, Shakargarh became part of that district.

## References
Underwater diving

**Underwater diving** is going underwater to do things. There are different reasons to do this:
***Recreational diving** is done for fun. It is sometimes called sport diving. It can be done using air from cylinders carried by the diver. This is called scuba diving. It can also be done for shorter dives by holding your breath. This is called freediving or skindiving.
***Military diving** is diving for a military purpose.
***Commercial diving** is diving to do underwater work. This is done as part of a project where the work must be done under water.
***Scientific diving** is diving done to find things out for scientific purposes. It may be part of the job for a scientist, or done by volunteer for a citizen science project.
***Public safety diving** is diving done by a public service organisation like the police of a fire department to rescue people or to find and bring back bodies or evidence.

There are also different ways to dive:
***Surface supplied diving** gets air for breathing through a hose from a pump above the surface of the water.
***Scuba diving** is done with metal cylinders carried by the diver to hold the breathing air. In open-circuit scuba the air comes out of the mouthpiece when the diver breathes in, and goes into the water when the diver breathes out. When a rebreather is used, some of the same air is breathed many times, and the machine puts oxygen into the air to make up for the oxygen that is used up, and takes out the carbon dioxide by using a chemical to absorb it. A rebreather lets the diver use less air, but it can go wrong in more different ways.
***Saturation diving** is diving where the divers stay in pressurised rooms between dives and go to the underwater workplace and return in a sealed diving bell, so they stay at the same pressure for days or weeks at a time before the pressure is reduced to normal air pressure when they finish the contract. The breathing gas is supplied from the surface through a hose so this is also a kind of surface supplied diving.
***Freediving** is diving underwater without an air supply. The diver must hold their breath until they get back to the surface.
Scorpions (band)

**Scorpions** are a heavy metal/hard rock band from Hanover, Germany, probably best known for their 1980s rock anthem **"Rock You Like a Hurricane"** and their singles **"No One Like You"**, **"Still Loving You"**, and **"Wind of Change"**. The band has sold over 100 million albums worldwide  and were ranked **#46** on VH1's *Greatest Artists of Hard Rock* program.

## Band members 
### Current members 

* **Klaus Meine** - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, percussion, tambourine, backing vocals (1970-present)
* **Matthias Jabs** - lead & rhythm guitars (1978-present)
* **Rudolf Schenker** - rhythm & lead guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Hey You" (1965-present)
* **Paweł Mąciwoda** - bass, backing vocals (2003-present)
* **Mikkey Dee** - drums, percussion, backing vocals (2015-present)

### Former members 

* **Lothar Heimberg** - bass, backing vocals (1965-1973)
* **Wolfgang Dziony** - drums, percussion (1965-1973)
* **Michael Schenker** - lead & rhythm guitars (1970-1973, 1979)
* **Ulrich Roth** - lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Drifting Sun", "Fly to the Rainbow", "Dark Lady", "Sun in My Hand", "Hell Cat", "Polar Nights" (1973-1978)
* **Francis Buchholz** - bass, backing vocals (1973-1983, 1984-1992, 1994)
* **Achim Kirschning** - keyboards (1973-1974)
* **Joe Wyman** - drums, percussion (1973)
* **Jürgen Rosenthal** - drums, percussion (1973-1975)
* **Rudy Lenners** - drums, percussion (1975-1977)
* **Herman Rarebell** - drums, percussion (1977-1983, 1984-1995)
* **Don Dokken** - lead vocals, backing vocals (1981)
* **Jimmy Bain** - bass (1983-1984)
* **Neil Murray** - bass (1983-1984)
* **Bobby Rondinelli** - drums, percussion (1983-1984)
* **Ralph Rieckermann** - bass (1993-2000, 2000-2003)
* **Curt Cress** - drums, percussion (1996)
* **Ken Taylor** - bass (2000)
* **Barry Sparks** - bass (2004)
* **Ingo Powitzer** - bass (2004)

### Manager 
* **Stewart Young** (1995-Present)

## Discography 
### Albums 

* *Lonesome Crow* (1972)
* *Fly to the Rainbow* (1974)
* *In Trance* (1975)
* *Virgin Killer* (1976)
* *Taken by Force* (1977)
* *Tokyo Tapes* (1978, *live*)
* *Lovedrive* (1979)
* *Animal Magnetism* (1980)
* *Blackout* (1982)
* *Love at First Sting* (1984)
* *World Wide Live* (1985, *live*)
* *Savage Amusement* (1988)
* *Crazy World* (1990)
* *Face the Heat* (1993)
* *Live Bites* (1995, *live*)
* *Pure Instinct* (1996)
* *Eye II Eye* (1999)
* *Moment of Glory* (with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, 2000)
* *Acoustica* (2001, *acoustic*)
* *Unbreakable* (2004)
* *Humanity: Hour I* (2007)
* *Sting in the Tail* (2010)
* *Return to Forever* (2015)
* *Rock Believer* (2022)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
Live – Friday the 13th

**Live – Friday the 13th** is a live album released on Sept. 20th, 2005. The album was released as a live CD/DVD album featuring all 12 original songs from Pop band Maroon 5's hit debut called *Songs About Jane*. This album has been released with the *Copy Control* protection system in some regions. The CD has the length of 77:58. 

## Performance
Maroon 5 performed in Santa Barbara, California on Friday, May 13th of 2005. 

## Songs
The songs from the hit debut album by Maroon 5 called *Songs About Jane* were all featured performed live on this album. Two songs are performed called *Hello* by band *Oasis* (cover), and ''Ain't No Sunshine'' (cover).

## Track listing
#"Shiver" – 4:49
#"Through with You" – 3:19
#"Tangled" – 3:37
#"Harder to Breathe" – 2:59
#"The Sun" – 7:52
#"Wasted Years" – 5:23
#"Secret" / "Ain't No Sunshine" – 7:11
#"Not Coming Home" – 4:28
#"This Love" – 5:14
#"Must Get Out" – 4:08
#"Sunday Morning" – 6:37
#"Sweetest Goodbye" – 9:38
#"Hello" (Oasis cover) – 3:52
#"She Will Be Loved" – 8:51
Jin Mao Tower

**Jin Mao Tower** is a skyscraper in Shanghai, China.  It is  tall. It has 88 floors.  It was built between 1994 and 1999 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Photo gallery 

Image:Jin Mao Building 2005.png
Image:Shaghai Jin Mao.JPG
Image:JinMaoTower.JPG

## Relates pages 
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## References
*Jin Mao Tower at emporis.com

## Other websites 
* Emporis.com - Jin Mao Tower
* SkycraperPage.com – Jin Mao Tower
Tropicana Field

**Tropicana Field** is a domed baseball stadium that serves as the home field for the Tampa Bay Rays since 1998. The stadium was opened in 1990 in hopes of snatching a team away from another city. Two teams almost moved to Tampa to call Tropicana Field home; they were the Chicago White Sox and the San Francisco Giants. They stadium also served as the former home for the NHL team, Tampa Bay Lightning and the former home for the AFL's Tampa Bay Storm. Former Rays manager, Joe Maddon, has nicknamed the stadium **"The Pit"**. While the fans nicknamed it **"The Trop"**. The former name of the stadium was the **Florida Suncoast Dome**. It has also been called the **Thunderdome**.

In 2023, it was announced that a new stadium was approved to be built. The new stadium would replace Tropicana Field as the home of the Rays. It is expected to cost at least $1.2 billion. Taxpayers would pay half and city council blocked taxpayers from expressing their opinion to council on it or voting on it.

## References
## Other websites 
*Ballpark Digest review of Tropicana Field 
*Official website of Tropicana Field
Gentoo penguin

in the Falklands]]

The **gentoo penguin** (*Pygoscelis papua*) is a species of penguin easily recognized by the white stripe across its head. They are the largest penguins of the stiff-tailed family, which also makes them the largest penguin except the two giant penguins, the emperor penguin and the king penguin.

## Appearance 
The gentoo penguin is, on average, 5 kilograms in weight and 80 centimeters in height, but can range from 8.5&nbsp;kg to 4.5&nbsp;kg and 51 to 91&nbsp;cm. They have very large male reproductive organs, and are also the fastest at swimming underwater among the penguins, reaching speeds of 36&nbsp;kilometers per hour.

## Life 
Gentoo penguins generally live on Antarctic islands, with their largest colony on the Falkland Islands. There are approximately 320,000 breeding pairs of gentoo penguins.

These penguins nest on the ground, making nests of stones, sticks, grass, feathers, and various other materials. They usually lay two eggs by mid-October, which hatch in about 34 days, and put equal care into caring for either chick. Young chicks remain in the nest for 3 to 4 weeks until their second down feathers grow in, during which their parents hunt for food in order to feed them. Afterward, they leave the nest but remain in the colony in groups of chicks, called creches that free their parents to hunt for food for them.

Gentoo penguin pairs often stay together for a long period of time.

Gentoo penguins usually eat crustaceans, such as krill, but genrally eat what is easiest to get. At sea, they may be under attack from sea lions, leopard seals, and orcas. While on land they have no natural predators, but skua, gulls, and other birds of prey have been known to attack and eat young chicks and eggs.

## Other websites 
* Gentoo penguins from the International Penguin Conservation Web Site
* www.pinguins.info : information about all species of penguins
* Gentoo Penguin images
* Gentoo penguin webcam from the Antarctic – worldwide first webcam with wild penguins; photo quality

## References
Two International Finance Centre

**Two International Finance Centre** ("**Two** **ifc**") is a skyscraper in Hong Kong.  It is 415 meters (1362&nbsp;feet) tall and has 88 floors.  It was built in 2003 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

## Photo Gallery 

Image:International Finance Centre taken in afternoon 001.jpg

## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## References
## Other websites 
* Emporis.com - Two International Finance Centre
* SkycraperPage.com – Two International Finance Centre
Flag of Florida

The **Flag of Florida** is a white flag with the Seal of Florida centered on it. Behind the Seal, it has a red saltire, which resembles the Spanish Cross of Burgundy flag used in Florida since the early 1500s. The current flag was adopted in 1900, however the State Seal in the center of the flag was updated in 1985 to reflect the proper historical dress of a Seminole maiden, in the previous seal she was dressed in buckskin with a feathered headband.
Flag of Libya

The **Flag of Libya** has three horizontal stripes of red, black, and green, with a white crescent and star in the center of the black stripe.  It has been the official flag of Libya since 3 August 2011.

## Overview 
The flag is the same as the flag of the earlier Kingdom of Libya, used from 1951 to 1969.  During the dictatorship of Muammar al-Gaddafi the flag was changed twice and it was just a plain field of green. It was unique for being the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, emblems, coat of arms, or any other details. It was adopted on 11 November 1977.

## Related pages
*Flag of Libya (1977–2011)
## References
Chambar

**Chambar**, or **Chamber**, is a town of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the capital Chamber Taluka (a subdivision of the district). The town itself is subdivided into two Union Councils. 

## References
Matt Joyce

**Matthew R. Joyce** (born August 3, 1984) is an outfielder for the Oakland Athletics. He has also played for the Detroit Tigers, Tampa Bay Rays, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and Pittsburgh Pirates.

In 2011, Joyce was picked to play in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game.

## References
## Other websites
*
CITIC Plaza

**CITIC Plaza** is a skyscraper in Guangzhou, China.  It is 391 meters (1283 feet) tall and has 80 floors.  It was built in 1997 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites
* Emporis.com – CITIC Plaza
*SkycraperPage.com – CITIC Plaza
Salesforce Tower (Indianapolis)

**Salesforce Tower** is a skyscraper in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It is 247 meters (811 feet) tall and has 49 floors and is one of the tallest buildings in the world. It was built in 1990 and was named **Bank One Tower**. In 2004, its name was changed to **Chase Tower** because Chase Bank bought Bank One Corporation. In 2017, its name was changed again, to **Salesforce Tower** because Salesforce bought the naming rights.

## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## References
## Other websites
* Chase Tower Website 
* Emporis.com - Chase Tower
* SkycraperPage.com – Chase Tower
Duncan II of Scotland

**Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim** (Modern Gaelic: *Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim*) renamed as **Duncan II** (before c. 1060 – 12 November 1094) was king of Scots. He was son of Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) and his first wife Ingibiorg Finnsdottir, widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson.

## References
Gray whale

The **gray whale** (*Eschrichtius robustus*) is a baleen whale (a filter feeder) that has a layer of blubber up to 10 inches (25 cm) thick. Because a mother gray whale would  her calf so  it would actually attack whalers and overturn their boats, whalers often called the gray whale a **devilfish**. 

Whales prefer one fin over the other, just like humans are right-handed or left-handed. It is possible to see whether a gray whale is left-fineed or right-finned. The fin that has least barnacles is the fin it uses most. This is because the whale likes to dive down to the ocean floor to scoop up huge amounts of sand from the bottom, filtering out small prey animals that live in it. When the whale does this, many of the barnacles on the side that rubbed along the bottom are scraped off. So, whichever side has fewest barnacles is the side the whale prefers to use when it digs up sand.

## Migration 
Gray whales migrate on both sides of the Americas. One route is a really long migration from the Arctic Ocean (northwest of Alaska) to the coast of Mexico, and back each year. They travel about 20,000 km (~12,500 miles) each year, staying near the coast. They feed in the cold Arctic waters and calve and mate in the warm, protected tropical lagoons of the Pacific Ocean off Mexico.
As they migrate, they may be preyed upon by pods of killer whales (*Orca*). This has been recorded in the cold current running down west of California.

## References
New York Film Critics Circle Awards

**New York Film Critics Circle Awards** are awards given every year for excellence in cinema worldwide. They are given by an organization of movie critics from New York City-based publications. It is considered one of the most important movie critics awards in North America.

## Other websites 
* New York Film Critics Circle Awards Official Website
Kalamata

**Kalamata** is a Greek city. It is in the southwest of the Peloponnese peninsula. 54,065 people live there. Kalamata it is built at the foot of Taygetos mountain. It is also a coastal city and it has a big beach, in front of the city.

## History 
Kalamata became the first city which was liberated in the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Kalamata was liberated on 21 March 1821. Kalamata is also known because of the big earthquake in 1986. At that time, Kalamata had a lot of disasters.
Dryococelus australis

***Dryococelus australis***, also known as the **Lord Howe Island stick insect** or **tree lobster**, is a phasmid which is sometimes called a land lobster. It was thought to have become extinct in 1930, but more were found in 2001. It no longer lives on Lord Howe Island which was its main habitat. It is now only found on the small rock island called Ball's Pyramid. With less than 30 of the stick insects left alive in the wild, it has been called "the rarest insect in the world". Melbourne Zoo has been able to breed the stick insects with more than 9,000 hatched. It is hoped that the insects will be released back on Lord Howe Island in the future.

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Lord Howe Island Phasmid: an extinct species reborn  by David Priddel, at the Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife
*Sticks and stones article, Sydney Morning Herald, 18 October 2003 (with picture)
Malay alphabet

The modern **Malay alphabet** is based on the Latin alphabet. It is used to write Malay.

It contains the same letters as the English language alphabet. Q, V, and X are not used in native Malay words. The Malay alphabet contains 26 letters:

## Letter names and pronunciations
:

**Diphthongs**

**Consonant combinations**

## Usage
Actual written examples of the Malay language:

**Good day** 
Apa khabar

**What is your name?** 
Siapa nama awak?

**Do you speak Malay?** 
Awak boleh cakap bahasa Melayu ke?

## Related pages
* Malay language

## Other websites
* Malay alphabet
* Omniglot
* Coba-coba(Cuba-cuba) Bahasa Indonesia ＆ Bahasa Melayu 
* Sistem Ejaan Bahasa Melayu 
* Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Melayu
Central Plaza (Hong Kong)

**Central Plaza** is a skyscraper in Hong Kong, China. It is  tall. It has 78 floors. It was built in 1992. It is one of the tallest buildings in the world

## Photo Gallery 

Image:Central-plaza2.jpg
File:Wan Chai Overview 2008.jpg
Image:Convention & Exhibition center and central plaza at night.JPG

## Related pages
* List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites
* Emporis.com - Central Plaza
*SkycraperPage.com – Central Plaza
Fin whale

The **fin whale** (*Balaenoptera physalus*) is a huge baleen whale. It is the second largest animal on Earth (the blue whale is the biggest). This whale is sometimes called the "greyhound of the sea" because of its fast swimming speed; it can swim up to 23&nbsp;mph (37&nbsp;km/hr) in short bursts. The fin whale is also called the finback, finner, razorback, common rorqual, and herring whale.

The fin whale is a streamlined whale that is found worldwide; it is most common in the North Atlantic. There are three separate populations of fin whales, one in the North Pacific, one in the North Atlantic, and one in the Southern Hemisphere; they do not interbreed. Many groups of fin whales migrate between feeding grounds and breeding grounds. This whale usually swims in pods of 3-7 whales but larger groups (up to 300 animals) may form at rich feeding grounds.

## Diet and baleen 
Fin whales are filter feeders that eat plankton (tiny crustaceans like krill and copepods) and small fish from the water.  They have very fine grey-black baleen that traps very small particles of food. Each side of the upper jaw has 270-470 baleen plates.

## References
James Skinner (East India Company officer)

**James Skinner** CB (1778 – December 4, 1841) was an Anglo-Indian military adventurer in India.

Skinner was born in India, son of Lieutenant-Colonel Hercules Skinner and a Indian lady from Bhojpur. Because of his Indian heritage, Skinner was unable to serve as an officer in the East India Company army

## References
Nauplion

**Nauplion** is a Greek city. It is in the Argolida's prefecture, in the east of Peloponnese peninsula. Near Nauplio is the historical city of Argos. Nauplio was the first capital of Greece. Nauplio is a coastal city. It has three castles. The most famous are the Palamidi castle, and Bourtzi castle which is on the islet in front of the port. The population of Nauplion is 13,124 inhabitants. 

## History 
Nauplion was the second capital of Greece. In 1834 the king Otto carried the capital to Athens. Nauplion was one of the first cities which were liberated during the Greek War of Independence.

## Sites of interest 
Nauplion has many sites of interest. The most interesting sites are its three castles. Its old neighborhoods are also very beautiful places for visiting. In Nauplion there are many old beautiful buildings from previous centuries.
Lincoln, Alabama

**Lincoln** is a city in Talladega County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 6,845.

## References
Linden, Alabama

**Linden** is a city in and the county seat of Marengo County, Alabama, United States. The population was 1,930 at the 2020 census.

## References
Chamber Tehsil

**Chamber Taluka** is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Chambar is the capital.

## References
Le Père Fouettard

**Le Père Fouettard** (French for *The whipping Father*) was a character who went with Saint Nicholas in his rounds at Christmas giving the  children the whipwhile St. Nick gives gifts to the well behaved.
He wore a long, dirty, dark colored robe and had a beard that was poorly groomed.

## References
Fortress

A **fortress** is a building designed to be defended, which means it was very hard for enemies to get inside. Fortification kept the people inside safe. There is little difference between a fortress and a castle. Fortresses normally have thick stone walls, thicker but less tall than in castles so artillery cannot break them. There were very small windows, without glass, so that soldiers inside could fire out through them. As time passed, the weapons they used changed, from bow and arrow, crossbow, gun or cannon. Soldiers outside had great difficulty firing into such small windows. The people defending the fortress were also able to drop things like rocks and boiling oil on the heads of those below. Successful attacks were usually sieges. 

Fortresses were not designed for comfort. They were dark and often damp. The Tower of London is an example of a fortress.
Iridaceae

**Iridaceae** are perennial herbs from rhizomes, bulbs or corms comprising about 80 genera and 1,500 species. The leaves are distichous and have a sheathing, equitant base and a generally ensiform or linear blade with parallel venation. The flowers are bisexual, usually showy, and are actinomorphic or zygomorphic.

Some genera:
* *Gladiolus*
* *Ixia* 
* *Iris*
* *Libertia*
Neamț County

**Neamţ** () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historic region of Moldavia, with the county seat at Piatra Neamţ.

## Demographics 
In 2002, it had a population of 557,000 and a population density of 99/km².

*Romanians - 98.66%
*Hungarians - 0.05%
*Rromas - 1.08
*Lipovans - 0.07%, and others

## References 
## Other websites 
* **www.piatra-neamt.net - Neamt info portal** 
* prefecturaneamt.ro - The Neamt Prefecture
* judetulneamt.ro - Neamt county map 
* neamt.ro - a website about Neamt county 
* mont.ro - biggest newspaper in Neamt
Retezat Mountains

The **Retezat Mountains** (, ) are one of the highest massifs in Romania. They are part of the Southern Carpathians. The highest peak is Peleaga (Vârful Peleaga), at an altitude of . Other important peaks are Păpuşa (Varful Păpuşa) and Retezat Peak (Vârful Retezat).

The Retezat Mountains have many glacial lakes. The largest glacial lake in Romania, Bucura Lake (lacul Bucura) is in these mountains. It covers  and is located at an altitude of  metres. The area also contains the Retezat National Park, Romania's first national park.

## Other websites
*Retezat page on **SummitPost**
*Website of Retezat National Park
*Maps of the Retezat
*Jiu Valley Portal  - Romania's principal coalmining region and a gateway to the Retezat National Park
*Retezat - photographs + information in Czech 
*Alpinet
Swainsona formosa

**Swainsona formosa**, commonly called ''Sturt's Desert Pea'', is the floral emblem of South Australia It was named after explorer Charles Sturt.

This plant is a part of the pea family, Fabaceae. It is only found in Australia. It grows in the drier areas of the country except in Victoria. Explorer William Dampier was the first European to collect a sample of the plant. He found it growing in what is now called the Dampier Archipelago in Western Australia in 1699. 

## Other websites
* Download a line drawing of the plant http://www.anbg.gov.au/emblems/swainsona-formosa-line.html

## References
Gossypium sturtianum

'''*Gossypium sturtianum*,'* commonly called *Sturt's Desert Rose'', is the floral emblem of the Northern Territory. It was named after explorer Charles Sturt who found the plant in creeks near the site of Broken Hill, New South Wales in 1844. He collected the seeds and brought them back for Robert Brown (1773-1858), a Scottish botanist, to study.

A stylized drawing of the flower is used on the Northern Territory's flag.

## References
Live at Wembley '86

'''''Live at Wembley '86'''* is a set of two discs recorded by English rock band Queen.

It was recorded live on Saturday July 12, 1986 during the *Magic Tour'' at Wembley Stadium in London, England and was released on May 26, 1992.

A DVD was released in June 2003. The album was re-sold in a new CD with bonus tracks in August 2003 in the United States as **Live at Wembley Stadium** after the DVD.
Tampa Bay Area

The **Tampa Bay Area** is an area in West Central Florida that includes Tampa and St. Pete. Among notable residents is John Cena, a WWE pro wrestler and former 3-time WWE Champion and reigning World Heavyweight Champion.

## References
Lincoln City F.C.

**Lincoln City F.C.** is an English football team currently playing in Football League one (the third tier of the English football league system).

The team play at the 10,127 capacity Sincil Bank in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, and are nicknamed the Imps after the legend of the Lincoln Imp. More recently, they have also been known as the Red Imps. Traditionally they play in red and white striped shirts with black shorts and red and white socks.

## League position 
### Former position
Trams in Melbourne

Melbourne, Australia introduced trams in 1885 and now it is the largest tram network in the world, consisting of  of tracks, 500 trams, 24 routes, and 1,700 tram stops. The trams are powered using 600V DC delivered by overhead wires and run on standard gauge track. Currently operated by a private company, Yarra Trams under contract from the Victorian Government, the owner of the network. Melbourne's trams give a lot to the city's distinctive character and are loved by the people of Melbourne. 

In 2023-2024,a total of 154.8 million passengers took rides on Melbourne’s trams.

## References
Livingston, Alabama

**Livingston** is a city in Sumter County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 3,436. The city is the county seat of Sumter County.

## References
Mureș County

**Mureş** (, ) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. The capital of Mureş County is Târgu Mureş.

## Geography 
Mureş County has an area of 6,714&nbsp;km².

## Population 
In 2002, about 582,000 people lived in Mureş County.

## Divisions 
Mureş County has 4 municipalities, 7 towns and 91 communes.

### Municipalities 
* Târgu Mureş (Marosvásárhely) 
* Sighişoara (Segesvár)
* Reghin (Szászrégen) 
* Târnăveni (Dicsőszentmárton)

### Towns 
* Iernut (Radnót) 
* Luduş (Marosludas) 
* Sovata (Szováta) 
* Miercurea Nirajului (Nyárádszereda) 
* Sărmaşu (Nagysármás) 
* Sângeorgiu de Pădure (Erdőszentgyörgy) 
* Ungheni (Nyárádtő)

### Communes 
## References 
## Other websites 
*  Mureş Info
*  Mureş online
Mariehamn

**Mariehamm** () is the capital city of the Åland Islands, an autonomous region in Finland. As of January 2014, more than 11,400 people lived in Mariehamm. Many ships sail between Mariehamn and the port of Turku.

## Other websites
* infopage
Sokhumi

**Sokhumi** or **Sukhumi** () is the capital and largest city of the breakaway independent state of Abkhazia.

Sokhumi was a multi-ethnic city. The people were Georgians, Abkhazians (Apsuans), Russians, Turks, Armenians and Greeks during Soviet Rule. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict, Georgians in Abkhazia were forced to leave. Most Greeks have also left.

## References
Iepe Rubingh

**Iepe B. T. Rubingh** (; 17 August 1974 &ndash; 9 May 2020) was a Dutch artist who was best known for starting chess boxing in 2003. He was born in Rotterdam.

Rubingh died on 9 May 2020 in Berlin, aged 45.

## References
## Other websites
*His own website
*An interview with the artist
Teresa Stratas

**Teresa Stratas** (born May 26, 1938) is a Canadian soprano opera singer and actress. She was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

## References
## Other websites
*