open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Udenhout

**Udenhout** is a town in The Netherlands. In 1232 the abbey of Tongerlo was started which grew into the village that is now called Udenhout.

Udenhout has been part of the municipality of Tilburg since 1997.

## History of Udenhout 
There was a pilgrim who arrived after long reis going in Udenhout. He knocked in a castle whose lord was hospitable. He knew that he could spend the night. When he did not aanklopte castle or one of his employees open, but a buck driver. They were descendants of Hugo de bokkerijder. They were murdered and their lord moved into the castle. The pilgrim told how God would think about. But, they are not much of. The pilgrim was thrown from the castle. He walked across and looked at again. But the castle was gone. God had heard his word and the goats driver punished. Since then we call this the castle sunk castle. There is also a district that is named after this castle and also the shape and construction of a real castle. But the actual castle is still not found.

## Restaurants and Cafes in Udenhout 
* Bosch en Duin
* Gasterij Groenendaal
* Eetcafé 27-01
* De Rustende Jager
* De Stoofpot
* 't Plein
* 't Gommelen
* De Voorkamer
* L'Abeille
* De Heksenkethel
* Boslust
* Chinees rest. Diamant
* Chinees rest. Lei Ping
* Cafetaria Den Berk
* Cafetaria 't Haantje
* Grillroom Pizzeria STAR
* Hotel Wilshof
* 't Centrum
* De Schol
* De Hemeltjes
* 't Vosje
Battle of the year

**Battle of the year** (acronym BOTY) is a worldwide breakdancing tournament held every year. In 1990, Thomas Hergenröther founded BOTY in Hannover, Germany. There were 9 crews and 400 visitors at that time. As break-dancing became more popular, BOTY grew in size and found a new location in Braunschweig, Germany.

Regional BOTY (BOTY France, BOTY Korea and so on) first takes place to choose a single crew that will represent each nation in the upcoming BOTY international. Representing crews compete against each other first in a showcase in which every crew presents their own choreographed performances within 6 minutes or so. According to the rankings of the showcase, 2 semi finals in total between 1st and 4th crew and 2nd and 3rd crew takes place. The final battle follows between the winners of the semi finals to judge the champion crew of the year.

Judging Criteria for a showcase include; synchronicity, stage-presence, theme & music and choreography.
Criteria for individual B-Boys include; top rock, footwork, freeze and power move.
Criteria for a battle include; response, routines, strategy and attitude.

## References 
*http://www.battleoftheyear.de
Scott Young

**Scott Young** may refer to:

## Sportspeople
* Scott Young (American football) (born 1981), American football guard for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League
* Scott Young (ice hockey b. 1965) (born 1965), retired Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman
* Scott Young (ice hockey b. 1967) (born 1967), retired American professional ice hockey right winger
* Scott Young (Scottish footballer) (born 1977), Scottish footballer and manager
* Scott Young (Welsh footballer) (born 1976), Welsh football player
* Scott Young (footballer, born 1969), English footballer

## Others
* Scott Young (politician) (born 1961), Mayor of Port Coquitlam, British Columbia
* Scott Young (writer) (1918–2005), Canadian writer and sports journalist
Foot binding

**Foot binding** is an old Chinese custom of wrapping girls' feet with cloth in order to stop them from growing with age. This tradition lasted until the early 20th century, when it was banned by the People's Republic of China. 

Usually, the goal was to make the feet about  long, at most. Women who had their feet bound were usually impaired by permanent injuries for the rest of their lives. The physical consequences of foot binding stayed in Chinese society until very recently, according to a study published by the University of San Francisco. 

## History 
Some Chinese legends say people started binding women's feet as early as the Shang dynasty (1700&ndash;1027 BCE). However, writing says that foot binding began at the court of the Song dynasty (960&ndash;1279 CE).  

After Manchuria created the Qing dynasty (1644-1912 CE), Manchurian emperors wrote many laws banning foot binding. However, the laws did not work very well. In 1874, a British priest led the first anti-footbinding committee in Shanghai.  

After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, the republican government kept trying to stop foot binding. They gave fines (orders to pay money) to women who still had their feet bound after 1915.  

During the early 20th century, western fashion was affecting China more and more. The People's Republic of China eventually outlawed foot binding, although this was not very successful in actually ending the practice. According to Xinhua News Agency, the last factory to make shoes for foot-bound women stopped making those shoes in 1998, in Harbin, China. 

## Purpose 
Foot binding was a sign of social status. If a woman's feet were bound, it was a sign that she was a higher-class woman who did not have to do hard work. However, foot binding slowly spread to the lower classes, who wanted to improve their social status. By the 17th century, Chinese girls of all social statuses had their feet bound. 

Some people think that Chinese women were forced to bind their feet in order to please their husbands sexually. Some people also see foot binding as insulting to women. But other people argue that this view is biased against the Chinese culture in favor of modern Western standards.

## References 
* "Foot binding" *Encyclopædia Britannica Online* (2009). Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed 8 June 2009.

## Other websites 
*The lingering influence of foot binding
*Painful Memories for China's Footbinding Survivors
*History and the culture of the Song dynasty
Amazonas (Brazilian state)

**Amazonas** is the largest state of Brazil. It is in the North Region and borders Acre, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and some countries of Latin America. Its main city is Manaus. In Amazonas is found the highest part of Brazil, the Pico da Neblina.

Its name was given because of the Amazons legend, and it is also the name of its major river, the second longest river in the world. Other rivers in Amazonas are Rio Juruá, Purus, Madeira, Rio Negro, Rio Içá, Rio Uaupés, and Rio Japurá.

The economy is based in mining, fishing, and industry.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official homepage  
* Brazilian Embassy in London's Amazonas page
Scott Young (ice hockey b. 1967)

**Scott Young** (born October 1, 1967 in Clinton, Massachusetts) is an American retired professional ice hockey right winger. 

## Awards and achievements
***1986**: Hockey East Rookie of the Year
***1987**: World Junior Championship All-Star Team
***1991**: Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins
***1996**: Stanley Cup with the Colorado Avalanche

## Career statistics 
### Regular season and playoffs
### International
## References
## Other websites
*
Kinki Kids

**KinKi Kids** is a Japanese J-pop band. The members are Koichi Doumoto and Tsuyoshi Doumoto. They formed the duo in 1992, and they came out in 1997. They are from Kinki region. So, the duo named KinKi kids after Kinki region. They have same family name, but they are not relatives.
Scott Young (ice hockey b. 1965)

**Scott Young** (born May 26, 1965 in Oakville, Ontario) is a former professional ice hockey player who played in the minor leagues in North America and in Britain's top level leagues.

## Career statistics
## Other websites
*
List of London Underground stations

The London Underground is a metro system in the United Kingdom. It serves Greater London and the nearby districts of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire. London Underground was first opened in 1863 which makes it the oldest underground metro system in the world.

## Stations
This list includes all  stations on the London Underground and the Docklands Light Railway.  Listed for each station is the line or lines serving it, the local authority and London Travelcard zone in which it is located, the date it opened, previous names and passenger numbers in millions per year, where available.

There are three instances where two separate stations share the same name: Edgware Road, Hammersmith and Canary Wharf. Although the Hammersmith & City line platforms at Paddington are on the other side of the mainline station from the platforms of the other Underground lines, it is treated as a single station. It is currently shown this way on the Tube map, but has been shown as two stations at times. Canary Wharf has separate Jubilee line and Docklands Light Railway stations, which are shown as one station on current tube map.

## List
## Related pages
* List of former and unopened London Underground stations
* List of London railway stations
* List of Docklands Light Railway stations
* Timeline of the London Underground
* :Category:Tube stations in London by borough
* :Category:Railway stations in London by borough

## Notes
:***** Where more than one line serves a station, lines are listed in the order of opening. In some cases stations were first served by one underground line but later transferred to another:
::a  First served by Metropolitan line – Circle line services separately identified in 1949.

## References
## Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites
* London Underground – Transport for London
* Docklands Light Railway – Transport for London
West Silvertown DLR station

**West Silvertown** is a station on the Docklands Light Railway, opened in December 2005. 

## Opening and location 
The first train departed on 2 December 2005.

It is on the Woolwich Arsenal branch. Trains run Westbound to Bank in the City of London and Eastbound to Woolwich Arsenal, passing through London City Airport station.

The station is in the London Borough of Newham and is in Travelcard Zone 3, while it is the closest to London City Airport for planes to different countries.

## Gallery 

Image:West Silvertown stn look east.JPG|Platforms looking east
Image:West Silvertown stn westbound.JPG|Platforms looking west
Image:West Silvertown stn signage.JPG|Platform signage
Image:West Silvertown stn southern entrance.JPG|Entrance on southern side

## References
## Other websites 
* Docklands Light Railway website - West Silvertown station page
King George V DLR station

**King George V DLR station** is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which opened on 2 December 2005. It is named after the King George V Dock nearby. Until January 2009, the station served as a temporary southern terminus for the King George V branch of DLR but the line has since been extended to Woolwich Arsenal under the River Thames. 

The station is in the London Borough of Newham and is in Travelcard Zone 3.

## Gallery 

image:King George V stn platform 1 look west.JPG|Platforms, looking west. Unit 45 awaits departure having just terminated at King George V.
image:King George V DLR station platform 2 look east.JPG|Platforms, looking east. Note that the tracks has been laid part of the way towards Woolwich Arsenal station (photo taken August 2008).
Image:King George V stn signage.JPG|The platform signage
Image:King George V stn look east August 2008.JPG|A view that look  east, towards the incomplete extension towards Woolwich Arsenal station (photo taken August 2008).
Image:King_George_V_station,_Docklands_Light_Railway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_134065.jpg|Its overview from the footbridge seeing west

## References 
Extended to Woolwich Arsenal on 12 January 2009.

## Other websites 
* Street map of King George V DLR station from multimap.com
* Docklands Light Railway website - King George V station page
Woolwich Arsenal station

**Woolwich Arsenal station** is a National Rail and Docklands Light Railway interchange station in Woolwich, the London Borough of Greenwich in south-east London. It is a stop on the North Kent Line between London and Gillingham, served by Southeastern, and is the southern terminus of the Woolwich Arsenal branch of the Docklands Light Railway. The station faces General Gordon Square south-west of the station on the A200 road. It is named after the nearby Woolwich Arsenal. It is the only DLR station in Travelcard Zone 4.

## Services 
### National Rail 
The typical off-peak service from the station is:

*4tph (trains per hour) to London Cannon Street via Greenwich (stopping service). Calling at all stations.
*2tph to London Charing Cross via Greenwich (semi-fast service). Calling at all stations except Charlton, Maze Hill and Greenwich.
*2tph to London Cannon Street via Charlton and Lewisham (stopping service). Calling at all stations
*2tph to London Cannon Street via Sidcup and Lewisham (stopping service). Calling at all stations
*2tph to Dartford (stopping service). Calling at all stations
*2tph to Gillingham (semi-fast). Calling at all stations except Belvedere and Erith
*2tph to Plumstead

The station is on the North Kent Line. Typical journey times to London are in the region of 30 minutes.

## References
Critical thinking

**Critical thinking** is a smart way of thinking. It means looking carefully at information or problems and deciding if they are good or not. One has to think in a clear and organized way. One also has to ask questions, think about different ideas, and make choices based on proof and good reasons. Thinking ahead and analyzing things for the future is also part of critical thinking. It's not just about what's happening now, but also thinking about what might come next and how things could change in the future. Critical thinking is very important for making good decisions, solving problems, and handling difficult situations.

## Process
To  engage in reflective thinking about a statement of truth and avoid being easily fooled, questions about it can be written as clearly and simply as possible, making certain that all terms are well understood by giving definitions if necessary. Critical thinking is a method for determining whether a claim is true, false, sometimes true and sometimes false, or partly true and partly false. To establish the truth of a claim, one requires evidence or information to verify its legitimacy. Information is found in libraries, online sources, and through interviews with experts in the respective fields. Trained librarians can help in researching library materials, and some are proficient in helping with computer and internet resources. Then critically evaluating the context in which a claim is made, judging the quality of information (updated, thorough, well-informed, and impartial), understanding any biases present through asking probing questions, and recognizing how the pieces of information relate to each other, one can ascertain the accuracy of the statement of truth or a claim. To better understand biases one can use various methods, these include thinking about different ideas and reasons why people might disagree, checking what we think is true, being aware of how information is presented, spotting ways where the author is trying to convincing, recognizing how things that happened before can be similar to what might happen now if they share similar parts or situations, etc.

Critical thinking tools come from different fields of study like statistics, logistics, semantics, experimental research methodology, psychology, sociology, etc.

## Related pages
* Age of Enlightenment
* Argument
* Critic
* Dialectic
* Disinformation
* International Philosophy Olympiad
* Logic
Canning Town station

**Canning Town station** is a major inter-modal interchange station in East London. The station served by London Underground's Jubilee Line and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), is also served by local buses operated on the behalf of London Buses. It is in Travelcard Zone 3.

## Future developments 
The North London line platforms will be redeveloped as part of the Stratford International extension of the DLR from Canning Town to Stratford International via West Ham, which would see more frequent services to Stratford, and will connect London Underground to DLR at West Ham, so passengers to NLL destinations beyond will have to change.

On the DLR City Airport extension there is a station planned south-east of here called Thames Wharf, depending mainly on the regeneration of the area.

## Gallery 

Image:Canningtowntubestation1.JPG|Eastbound Jubilee Line platform looking north
Image:Canning Town stn Jubillee eastbound look south.JPG|Eastbound Jubilee line platform looking south
Image:CanningtownDLRplatform.jpg|Eastbound DLR platform looking south
Image:Canning Town stn DLR eastbound look north.JPG|Eastbound DLR platform looking north
Image:CanningtownDLR.jpg|Interior of the bus station
Image:Canning Town stn tube roundel.JPG|Jubilee line roundel, westbound platform
Image:Canning Town stn DLR signage.JPG|DLR signage, westbound platform

## References 
## Other websites 
*Docklands Light Railway website - Canning Town station page

**Current Services**

**Future Services**
London City Airport DLR station

**London City Airport DLR station** is a station on the Docklands Light Railway which serves the London City Airport, and so which opened in 2 December 2005. It is on the King George V branch. Trains run westbound to Bank in the City of London and eastbound to Woolwich Arsenal.

## Construction 
Until extension works to Woolwich Arsenal this station was the main reason of the DLR for this branch.  It continues to be an important King George V branch station on the DLR.  It has an excellent airport direct service covered connection with adjacent airport terminal building, of which has direct services through River Thames and Kent to Lithuania. Although the station maintains the DLR philosophy of basic good design it makes various concessions to cater for airport passengers including a fully enclosed waiting room on central island platform. The station is in the London Borough of Newham and is in Travelcard Zone 3.

## Gallery 

Image:London City Airport stn eastbound.JPG|Platforms looking east
Image:London City Airport stn look west.JPG|Platforms looking west
Image:London City Airport stn signage.JPG|Platform signage
Image:London City Airport and station main entrance.JPG|Main entrance to the Airport and Station (DLR sign visible near bridge)
Image:City Airport station.jpg|Platforms with westbound train calling
Image:LCYDLR.jpg|Westbound train approaching station

## References
## Other websites 
*
* Street map of London City Airport DLR station from multimap.com
* Docklands Light Railway website - London City Airport station page
Pontoon Dock DLR station

**Pontoon Dock** is a DLR station on the Woolwich Arsenal branch of the DLR, opened on 2 December 2005. It is in the east portion of Silvertown in the London Borough of Newham, and is in Travelcard Zone 3. 

## Gallery 

Image:Pontoon Dock stn eastbound.JPG|Platforms looking east
Image:Pontoon Dock stn westbound.JPG|Platforms looking west
Image:Pontoon Dock stn signage.JPG|Platform signage
Image:Pontoon Dock stn northern entrance.jpg|Entrance on northern side

## References 
## Other websites 
* Street map of Pontoon Dock DLR station from multimap.com
* Pontoon Dock DLR station page
Amazonas Region

The **Region of Amazonas** is a region of Peru. It is in the northwest part of the country. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas.

## Geography
The **Amazonas Region** has a lot of rainforests and mountain ranges. The rainforest zone covers 72.93% of the area, and it goes to the north, up to the border with Ecuador. It does this in the summits of the Cordillera del Cóndor. The mountain range zone is in the southern provinces of the Amazonas Region. It makes up 27.07% of the region's land.

## People
 natives.]]
Aguaruna and Huambisa people live in the region.

### Languages 
The 2007 Peru Census says that the language learnt first by most of the people was Spanish (84.90%). The following table shows the results of the language learnt first in the Amazonas Region by province:

## References
## Other websites
*Amazonas region official website 
*Peru Info: Amazonas Region 
*Chachapoyas map
*
*
Cheongsam

**Cheongsam (长衫)**  is typical, traditional clothing for Chinese women. Also known as Qipao (Ch'ipau).

A cheongsam usually has two long slits at either side of the hem for convenient movement and display of the legs. Unlike a short skirt, the slits of cheongsam show a woman's legs when she walks.

A more formal description is: a longer, figure-fitting, one piece garment with a standing collar, an asymmetric left-over-right opening (youren) and two side slits.  

The modern Cheongsam was developed in Shanghai in the 1920s. Several alterations have been made to the design. It was popular in China from the 1920s to 1940s, as many noble and high-class women wore it. Although the cheongsam is thought to be traditional Chinese clothing, it is modern. 
  
The traditional Qipao evolved from Manchu women's Changpao during the Qing Dynasty.
Wayuu

The **Wayúu** are a tribe of native people living in La Guajira Peninsula, between Colombia and Venezuela. 

## Geography
The Wayúu live in La Guajira Peninsula in Colombia and Venezuela. La Guajira Peninsula is on the Caribbean Sea coast. The two main rivers that flow through this area are; the Racheria River in Colombia and El Limon River in Venezuela. The Wayúu and other people that live there create ponds to keep water stored from the rain season.
East India DLR station

**East India** is a station on Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in Blackwall in east London. It takes its name from the nearby disused East India Docks, of the Port of London, where Blackwall ships trading with the Indian subcontinent entries, along the Saffron Islands. 

It is on the Beckton branch of the DLR, and is in Travelcard Zones 2 and 3. It opened, with the Beckton Branch, on 28 March 1994. 

## Other websites 
*Docklands Light Railway website - East India station page
Blackwall DLR station

**Blackwall** is a station on Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in east London. The station is close to the northern entry to the Blackwall road tunnel under the Thames.

It is the eastern terminus of the London buses route 15 from Charing Cross tube station.

## Geography 
Blackwall station is on the Beckton branch of the DLR between Poplar and East India stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 2.

## History 
The DLR station opened, with the Beckton Branch, on the 28 March 1994. There was a previous station on the same site, called Poplar station, which was served by the London and Blackwall Railway from 6 July 1840 to 3 May 1926. Blackwall station on the London and Blackwall Railway was actually farther east. The location of these two stations on the London and Blackwall Railway can be seen in the bottom-right hand corner of the Map of Poplar, 1885.

There is a crossover west of the station which allows trains from Beckton, Poplar or Woolwich Arsenal to reverse here.

## Other websites 
*Docklands Light Railway website - Blackwall station page
*Map of Poplar, 1885.
Lao language

**Lao** or **Laotian** is a language and is the official language of Laos. It is also spoken in the northeast part of Thailand. Lao, like the other languages of Laos, is written in an abugida writing system. The languages has variations, but the Vientiane dialect is considered the standard written form of Lao.

Lao and Thai are both Tai languages and are very similar to each other. In fact, speakers of northern Thai dialects and Lao claim that they can largely understand each other, making the dialects mutually intelligible.

## History 
Lao is one of the Tai languages, spoken in what is now northern Vietnam and southern China. Mongol invaders and  in China pushed the Tai people south towards India. Their language was influenced by other languages in the region like the Mon-Khmer and the Austronesian languages. The written form of Lao originally came from the Pali language in India. The script form was brought to the region by Buddhists about two thousand years ago.

Lao script is based on the Khmer script and is very similar to Thai script. However, the writing system was simplified several times, both during the French rule and the communist rule, to make it easier for native Lao speakers to read aloud written Lao. 

## Vocabulary
Lao has mainly native Lao words. Because of Buddhism, however, it has been influenced by other languages that contributed mostly religious terms. Lao has influenced Khmer and Thai  and vice versa.  The writing has many foreign loanwords, very similar to how Latin and Greek have influenced other European languages. 

For ness, pronouns (and more formal pronouns) are used, as well as ending statements with ແດ່ (dè ) or ເດີ້ (deu ).  statements are made more polite by ending with ດອກ (dok ). The following are formal register examples.
*  (khop chai lai lai deu, ) *Thank you very much.*
*  (khanoi hét bo dai dok, ) *I cannot.*
*  (khai pa too hai dè, ) *Open the door, please.*

## References 
## Other websites 
* Laotian Language 101, YouTube
* Learn Basic Lao Language
* Linguistics of Tonal Languages, YouTube
Shawm

The **shawm** was a musical instrument of the woodwind family that was played in Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.  The modern oboe was developed from the shawm.  Like the modern oboe, the shawm was played by blowing into a double reed.  It was usually made from one piece of wood, with a flare at the end (like a trumpet).  It sounded very loud, and was mostly used outdoors.

In German the shawm is called *Schalmei* or *Pommer*.  The first word may have come from the Latin word *calamus*  meaning "reed or stalk".  There were many kinds of shawm over the centuries in Europe and they had a variety of names.  There were also several different sizes.

.
Sukiyaki

**Sukiyaki** is a very popular one-pot meal in Japan. The main ingredient (or stuff) is thin sliced beef, and it is simmered in a skillet or pan in the sukiyaki sauce with many vegetables and other ingredients. The word "yaki" means "sautee" or "grill" in Japanese. The word is used because the beef in sukiyaki is sauteed in the hot skillet.

## History
In Japan, because of religious beliefs people were forbidden to eat beef, venison, horse, mutton and other meat from Asuka era to Meizi era. issue of religion. Cattle and horse were also work animals, therefore if people eat cattle and horse meat, people were punished. This custom was publicly decided by the then emperor on April 1, 675. But it is said that the real intention of this custom was to raise cultivation of rice product. This is a commandment (or rule) of Buddhism. But difficulty in making a living meant that people secretly ate boar and venison meat. Over time  people ate beef secretly. 

The first sukiyaki store opened in Kyoto at the last days of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The Meiji emperor ate beef. He liked taste of sukiyaki. After that, the emperor lifted the ban on eating beef. People were allowed to eat beef publicly. In the west it is called “Sukiyaki”, in the east it is called “Gyunabe”. It is popular all over Japan. Sukiyaki’s contents do not change now. It is thinly sliced beef cooked in an iron pot, with bean curd, sliced onion, mushroom and other kinds of seasoning. Then the beef and vegetables are picked directly from the pan by chopstick and eaten by dipping them into a small bowl containing raw egg. Sukiyaki became symbol of cultural enlightenment. 

## Preparation 
Each Japanese region has a preferred way of cooking sukiyaki. Japan can be divided into two regions. The big variation is between *Kansai* (western Japan) and *Kanto* (eastern Japan). In the Kanto (Tokyo) region, sukiyaki is based on *Gyunabe* that was in fashion in *Meiji* period. Before cooking sukiyaki, people prepare the soup stock mixing a seasonings (soy sauce, sugar, *sake* and *mirin*) together. They then stew beef in it.

In the *Kansai* region, people grill meat in the pan greased with lard. After that, they put the other ingredients over these, and the liquid is poured into the pan. They do not grill meat and the ingredients that make the meat tough, and they do not grill the meat and watery vegetables at a same time. This is the* Kansai* style of cooking sukiyaki.
The border between the styles of cooking sukiyaki is becoming unclear. Some people say that the border between eastern and western is in Aichi. But recently, ready-made stock, pre-mixed with seasoning used to flavor sukiyaki is sold all over Japan, so the border is no longer clear.

## References 
## Other websites 
*JAPAN MEAT INFORMATION SERVICE CENTER in English
*財団法人 日本食肉消費総合センター  in Japanese
Kikuyu

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**Kikuyu** is the largest tribe in Kenya. They are 22% of Kenya's population and are of Bantu ethnicity.

## History
There are two theories explaining where the Kikuyu came from. First, it is believed the Kikuyus came from Central Africa, where all the Bantus once lived. They then moved south towards present day Tanzania where the migrating group separated again and the Kikuyus moved towards Mount Kenya, where they settled. The second theory is that they came from a mythical place called Shungwaya, which is present day Somalia.

According to Kikuyu creation stories, Ngai (their God) made a man, called Gikuyu, and his wife, Mumbi, and settled them on Mount Kenya. Gikuyu and Mumbi had nine daughters who form the major groups of the Kikuyu people. Due to the fertile soil on Mount Kenya and the hard work of the Kikuyu people, they grew more than they needed and started trading with their neighbours, the Maasai (a Nilotic tribe). The Kikuyus swapped their farm produce and crops for the animal products from the Maasai, who kept livestock. It is also believed that the Maasai are the ones who married the nine daughters of Gikuyu and  Mumbi.

## Kikuyu language
Members of the Kikuyu tribe speak the Kikuyu language. The Kikuyu greeting is "Wi mwega?" which means "Are you fine?". There are a few Kikuyu dialects depending on region. Kikuyus from Nyeri, for instance, have other forms of greeting including: "Wakia Maitu" greeting an elderly female, "Wakia Awa" greeting an elderly male, and "Wanyua" for agemates.

The Kikuyu language is also similar to other languages like Meru, Mbeere, and Embu which are believed to have been once part of the Kikuyu tribe but moved away and formed their own tribes. Even though English and Kiswahili are the main languages spoken in Kenya across tribes, the Kikuyu language is still spoken a lot today as a sense of cultural pride.

## Famous Kikuyu people
Famous people from this tribe include: Jomo Kenyatta (the first president of the republic of Kenya), Mwai Kibaki (the third president of Kenya), Uhuru Kenyatta (the fifth president of the republic of kenya and the son of Jomo) and Wangari Maathai (the first African female Nobel Peace Prize winner and environmental activist)

## Other websites
**Kikuyu.com*
**Kikuyu origin*
Poplar DLR station

Poplar is a Docklands Light Railway station serving a junction of all four lines.

## Gallery

Image:Poplar DLR Station.jpg|Overview of the platforms looking east from glass-walled footbridge
Image:DLR 106.jpg|New DLR train at Poplar station

## References
## Other websites
*Docklands Light Railway website - Poplar station page
*Map of Poplar, 1885.
* Photograph of one of the platforms at Poplar
Shadwell DLR station

**Shadwell DLR station** on the Docklands Light Railway is between terminals of Bank and Tower Gateway to the west and Limehouse to the east. It stands on the viaduct shared with National Rail trains (on the c2c line to Essex), with a single island platform accessing using stairs and a passenger lift (via the main entrance on Watney Street). It opened on 31 August 1987 as part of the first Docklands Light Railway tranche of DLR stations. The 1991 Bank extension joins the main DLR line between Tower Gateway and Beckton just west of the station.

## References
## Other websites 
*
* Docklands Light Railway website - Shadwell station page
Wide receiver

A **wide receiver** (or WR, wideout) is an American football player whose main duty is to catch the football when it is thrown by the quarterback.

Wide receivers may also block, run with the football and sometimes throw the football besides just catching it. They can wear jersey numbers 10-19 and 80-89 in the National Football League, but there are no limits in college football.

 wideout Dez Bryant makes a catch.]]
Offensive linemen

**Offensive linemen** (also **OL**) are American football players who defend the quarterback or running backs by blocking defensive players.

## Details 
OL are separated from 4 positions.
*Center (C) (1)
*Guard (G) (2)
*Tackle (T) (2)
*Tight end (E) (0~2)

## Rules 
*OL (without C) must not touch a ball.
*Do not grab defensive players from behind.
*In pass play, don't cross the line of scrimmage.
*OL must wear uniform which the number is 50 to 79.

## References 
*NFL web cite
*Football Fanatics(Football shop)
Ripley, Derbyshire

**Ripley** is a town in the English county of Derbyshire.

## Earliest history 
Ripley existed in 1086 when it was held by a man called Levenot. In 1251 Henry III said there could be a weekly market here and two annual fairs. In 1291 there were "two water-mills with fish ponds" in Ripley.

## Industry 
The Ripley area has been industrialized since the late 18th century.

One of the earliest companies to take advantage of mineral resources around Ripley was Butterley Engineering, which started  in 1790. One of the early, and most well known, examples of the work of the company includes the graceful arched roof of St. Pancras Station in London, recently restored as an international rail terminal. A recent Butterley achievement was the design and construction of the Falkirk Wheel which lifts large canal boats.

## Notable residents
*Bombardier Charles Stone who was awarded the VC was born here.
*Barnes Wallis, inventor of the 'Bouncing bomb' lived for a time in Ripley. One of the town's parks is named after him.

## Education
*Ripley Mill Hill School, Peasehill
*Swanwick Hall School, Swanwick Hill, Swanwick 
*John Flamsteed School, Derby Road, Denby

## References
## Other websites
Madeira River

The **Madeira River** (Portugese: *Rio Madeira*) is a river in Brazil. It is also a tributary which flows in Bolivia.

## Other websites
*A very old book about Maderia River written by a man who visited the area in 1875 from Germany
Putumayo River

with the Putumayo River highlighted in pink]]
The **Içá** or **Putumayo** is one of the tributaries of the Amazon River. It makes the border between Colombia and Ecuador, and most of the border between Colombia and Peru.
Vaupés River

The **Rio Uaupes** is a river in Colombia.  It forms part of the border between Colombia and Brazil.  In Brazil it joins the Papurí River.  Both rivers are then called the Uaupés.

## References
Yoruba people

**Yoruba** is an ethnic group of people living in Africa. They live on the west coast of Africa, mostly they are one of the major tribes in Nigeria.
## Notable people
*Yemi Osinbajo, Vice President of Nigeria
*T. B. Joshua, religious figure
*Olajide Fashikun, journalist

## References
Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School

**The Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School** (also known as PA Cyber) is an online school, made as an alternative to regular schooling. It recently changed its name from the Western Pennsylvania Cyber Charter School.

Students from Pennsylvania in grades Prekindergarten-12 can attend PA Cyber for free. Students can have classes that are self-paced and classes that are "virtual" where the student participates in a "online classroom".

## Other websites 
*PA Cyber Website
*NNDS Website 
*Lincoln Interactive Website
Ladakhis

**Ladakhis**, or **Ladakspa** (ལ་དྭགས་པ།) are a Tibetic ethnic group living in India, China and Pakistan. They speak Ladakhi, which is a Ladakhi-Balti language of the Sino-Tibetan language family. They primarily live in the Ladakh region of India, Tibet in China and Baltistan in Pakistan. Most Ladakhis follow Tibetan Buddhism with many also following Shia Islam.

## References
International Union for Conservation of Nature

The **International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources** (**IUCN**) is an international organization set up to protect plants, animals and habitats. It was first called the "World Conservation Union." It was started in 1948, with its main office in Gland, Switzerland. The IUCN brings together 83 states, 108 government agencies, 766 Non-governmental organizations and 81 international organizations and about 10,000 experts and scientists from countries around the world.

IUCN's purpose is to influence, encourage and assist countries around the world to conserve the quality and diversity of nature. It also has to make sure that any use of natural resources is fair and  sustainable without harming the earth.

At the first meeting at Fontainebleau, France, on 5 October, 1948, 18 governments, seven international organisations, and 107 national nature conservation organisations agreed to form the International Union for the Protection of Nature.

From the start the most important task has been to explore and develop arrangements that can allow development as well as helping people and nations to better preserve their flora and fauna. The IUCN has always argued that needs of local communities, people and nations have to be the main part of a conservation plan. Areas needing protection and threatened species would be best protected:

The IUCN now has offices in many of the nations around the world. It is able to provide the services of a large group of mainly voluntary specialists, providing local level advice and conservation services.

## Related pages
* IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

## References 
## Other websites 
* IUCN official website
* Friends of World Heritage A non-profit organization that identifies projects that support local tourism activities that can help provide jobs and protect World Heritage sites.
* Review of the 2008 Red List of Threatened Species
Limehouse station

**Limehouse station** is a railway station in Limehouse district in east London. The station is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is located on Docklands Light Railway (DLR) services and by National Rail services (c2c). National Rail services are operated out of Fenchurch Street station. On the c2c route, Limehouse is between Fenchurch Street and West Ham stations. On the Docklands Light Railway, Limehouse is between Shadwell and Westferry stations.

## History
The station was opened on 3 August 1840 as part of the London and Blackwall Railway. The area were used to be known as Ratcliffe, whilst the station has been previously known as **Stepney**, **Stepney Junction** and later **Stepney East** station (the junction of District and c2c). Another station some distance to the east on the London and Blackwall Railway, open between 1840 and 1926, had previously been called Limehouse.

## Limehouse station today
The present Limehouse station is to the west of Limehouse Basin, a porting and residential complex, and the Regent's Canal. Nearby is the north end of the Rotherhithe Tunnel towards Canada Water station, and the western end of the Limehouse Link tunnel. The station holds Secure Stations Scheme accreditation.

According to train operators c2c, "Limehouse is a bustling commuter station in the rush hour with passengers changing onto the Docklands Light Railway. At quieter times of day, it's an ideal stop-off point for Limehouse Basin and Thames-side walks through London's Docklands".

## References 
**Notes**

## Other websites 
* Docklands Light Railway website - Limehouse station page
Lee Yunjeong

**Lee Yun-jeong** (b. December 20, 1976) is a South Korean singer and stylist. In 1995, She debuted in the musical world as a singer in Pippi-band, a three person singing group. In 2001, after her second solo album *Six sense*, she ended her singing career. After singing, She studied fashion design at Central Saint Martins College. After that, she had been active as a stylist for many Korean singer. These include Lee Hyori, Clazziquai, Leessang, Jaurim and Se7en. Lee Yun-jeong was also a stylist at the 2007 Mnet Korean Music Festival (MKMF). She created the design for the opening stage from clothes to props. She has appeared as a coordinator and stylist at M.net's television program *Trend Repot Feel*. 

In 2008, she made EE, an arts performance team. The team uses music, art, fashion and dance in its performance. The name of the team, EE, symbolizes many acronyms beginning with the letter E such as Eternity, 'Entertainment and Everybody. EE was created in an effort to perform all the genres available at the same time. Its first performance was named *Curiosity Kills*.

## Album 
* *The Cultural Revolution (문화혁명)* (1995) - Pippi Band
* *Impossible mission (불가능한 작전)* (1996) - Pippi Band
* *Bung Er BBang (붕어빵)* (1996) - Pippi Band, Remake album
* *Evolution (진화)* (1997)
* *Six sense (육감, 六感)* (2001)
* *The Complete Best 1995~1997* (2004) - Pippi Band, Best album
* *Curiosity Kills* (2008) - EE
* pppb (2014) - Pippi Band, EP album

## References
*Profile at Nate.com 
*Profile at Naver.com
*Curiosity Kills at Naver music
Cell biology

**Cell biology** is the study of how living cells work. This includes the structure and function of the cell organelles, and the carbon-based molecules which cells produce. Cell biology is an interdisciplinary subject, and uses ideas from  genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and other subjects and techniques. 

The most important molecules in cell biology are DNA, RNA and proteins.

The most important structures in the cell are the nucleus and the chromosomes, but there are others.The structure of eukaryotic cells is much more complex than prokaryotic cells. This is because endosymbiosis has occurred: some or all of the eukaryote organelles are former prokaryotes. Examples are mitochondria and plastids.

The most important function of cells is to divide by mitosis or meiosis. Cells in a multicellular organism also specialise in different functions.

*Cytology is mostly about the appearance and structure of cells.

## References
Albert Jacka

**Albert Jacka** VC, MC & Bar (10 January 1893 – 17 January 1932) was given the Victoria Cross, the highest medal for  "in the face of the enemy" that can be given to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces. Jacka was the first Australian to win the VC during the First World War, receiving the medal for his actions during the Gallipoli Campaign. After Gallipoli he was sent to the Western Front where he again was given medals for his bravery.

After the war, Jacka went back to Australia and started a business, *Roxburgh, Jacka & Co. Pty Ltd*, importing and exporting electrical goods. He was later elected to the local council, and became the mayor of St Kilda, Victoria. Jacka never fully recovered from the many wounds he got in the war and died at the age of 39.

## Early life
Albert Jacka was born on a dairy farm at Layard, near Winchelsea, Victoria on 10 January 1893. His parents were Nathaniel Jacka and his English wife, Elizabeth Kettle. The family moved to Wedderburn, Victoria when he was five years old, where he went the local school. He began working with his father transporting goods. He was working for the Victorian State Forests Department when the First World War broke out.

## Gallipoli and the VC
He joined the AIF, the Australian Imperial Force, on 18 September 1914. His battalion was sent to Cairo Egypt for training. They landed at Gallipoli on 26 April, 1915, the second day of the Gallipoli campaign. On 19 May the Turkish army started a large attack to push the ANZACs back into the sea. The Turks were able to capture a small section of a trench at Courtney's Post. Jacka jumped into the trench by himself and killed most of the Turkish soldiers in it. For this he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

## References
Red-collared lorikeet

The **red-collared lorikeet** (*Trichoglossus rubritorquis*) is a species of lorikeet. It was a subspecies of the rainbow lorikeet, but now they are regarded as separate species. The bird is found living in northern Australia.

## Habitat 
The red-collared lorikeet is found in Northern Australia, as far west as Broome, Western Australia, right through the Kimberley region, across the top of the Northern Territory to the bottom of the Cape York Peninsula.

## Description 
It is about  long with brightly colored feathers. It is the largest of the Australian lorikeets. The head and the face are blue, and it has an orange to red chest which narrows to a thin colored band around the neck, like a collar. Its wings and tail are green, with some yellow tips on the feathers. The feathers on its abdomen are dark blue to black. It has a red beak, and grey to brown legs and feet. The female is the same as the male but smaller. They can live up to 15 years.

## How they live
The bird is nomadic and moves about in large flocks. They feed on eucalyptus flowers, as well as nectar from other flowering plants such as grevilleas, and seeds from grass trees. It is described as being a restless and noisy bird, making a shrill shrieking noise when flying. 

## Breeding
It builds nests in hollows in eucalyptus trees, usually near a creek. They lay two dull white eggs in the breeding season from August and January or March to June or May to December.

## Other websites
* Red-collared lorikeet photos

## References
Pentaport Rock Festival

The **Pentaport Rock Festival** () is a rock festival in South Korea. It is held each year in Incheon for three days in the last week of July. Bands from many genres of music perform.

The name of this festival comes from five philosophical themes of the festival: music, , the environment, DIY (Do it yourself), and friendship. The festival started in 2006. and has many well-known musicians perform. The 2006 festival had Jason Mraz and The Black Eyed Peas. In 2007, L'Arc-en-Ciel and Muse performed at the festival. Ellegarden and Travis played in 2008. In 2012 the headliners were Manic Street Preachers, Snow Patrol and Baekdoosan.

## References
Westferry DLR station

**Westferry DLR station** is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR), in the Poplar district of east London. The station is in Travelcard Zone 2. To the west is Limehouse station, whilst to the east the DLR splits, with one branch going to Poplar station and the other to West India Quay station

It was built midway between the site of the old Limehouse and West India Docks stations on the disused London and Blackwall Railway. Limehouse Police Station is located nearby, as is St Anne's Church, built by Nicholas Hawksmoor.

## References
## Other websites
* Docklands Light Railway website - Westferry station page
WJAC-TV

**WJAC-TV** is the local NBC channel in the Johnstown-Altoona-State College, Pennsylvania area. It is owned by Cox Enterprises, which also owns WPXI-TV in nearby Pittsburgh.

## History 
WJAC-TV first appeared on television on September 15, 1949. It was originally owned by **J**ohnstown **A**utomotive **C**ompany. It was originallly on channel 13 before moving to channel 6 in 1952. In the 1960s, Johnstown Automotive sold the television station to *The Tribune-Democrat*. In 1997, it was sold to Sunrise Television, which later became part of Cox in 2000.

## Other websites 
*WJACTV.com - WJAC Website
WPXI

**WPXI** (channel 11) is the NBC provider television station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is owned by Cox Media Group.

## History
On September 1, 1957, WPXI first signed onto television as WIIC-TV.

Bill Cardille was the first to appear on this channel. Some of the first television shows to air on WIIC-TV included *Studio Wrestling* and *Chiller Theatre*

In 1964, the station was sold to current owner Cox Enterprises.

In 1981, the name was changed to WPXI-TV (**P**ittsburgh 11, with XI being the Roman numeral sign for 11). The WIIC is still used in Pittsburgh, but on a smaller and less known channel showing music videos.

## Other websites
*WPXI Web site