University of North Dakota

The **University of North Dakota** (**UND**) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States. It was started by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883.  That was six years before North Dakota became a state.

The university has the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. The John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences was the first in the country to offer a degree in using unmanned aircraft. Several national research centers are on the university's campus. These include the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center. It is listed as a "R1: Doctoral universities – very high research activity".

## History 
UND was started in 1883. UND began as a liberal arts school.  It later added more science research. The first classes were held on September 8, 1884. The first building at UND, Old Main, had all of the classrooms, offices, dorm rooms, and a library. In the 1880s, UND was only a few acres of property.  The campus was surrounded by farms and fields. It was located nearly two miles west of the city of Grand Forks. Students living off campus had to take a train or a horse and carriage bus from downtown to the campus.

### 20th century 
More buildings were built on campus.  A trolley system was built between the university and downtown Grand Forks. There were several major problems in the early 20th century. In 1918, flu killed 1,400 in North Dakota. UND had the most deaths from flu of any college in the United States. Classes were stopped in 1918 so the campus could become an army base for soldiers during World War I. The housing was nicknamed "Camp Depression." They were made of railroad cabooses. Eight male students lived in each caboose. Many new buildings had to be built. In the 1960s and 1970s, many student protests occurred at UND. The largest was in May 1970 when over 1,500 students protested the Kent State shootings. The 1997 Red River flood affected many buildings on campus. The rest of the school year was cancelled.

### 21st century 
A few important sports buildings opened for UND athletics at the start of the 21st century. The Ralph Engelstad Arena, home of men's and women's hockey, and the Alerus Center, home of UND football, both opened in 2001. The Betty Engelstad Sioux Center opened in August 2004.  It is home to UND volleyball and men's and women's basketball.

Millions of dollars' worth of building and repairs has happened on campus. UND built a Wellness Center, a parking garage, and a new Memorial Union.  They also improved the library and Gershman Center for graduate students. They also built an apartment-style housing complex. Other projects around campus have included a new LEED Platinum-certified alumni center, a renovated and expanded College of Education and Human Development, and an expanded Energy and Environmental Research Center. In 2016, a $124-million Medicine and Health Services building was built on the north end of campus.

In 2015, a study by the School of Economics at North Dakota State University said that UND helps make $1.4 billion for the state each year. It was the fourth-largest employer in the state of North Dakota, after the Air Force.

In August 2021, UND became the first school in the United States Space Force's University Partnership program.

## Campus 
The University of North Dakota's main campus is in Grand Forks on University Avenue. The campus is made up of 240 buildings (6.4 million square feet) on . The campus is about one and half miles from east to west. It is divided by the English Coulee stream. The western edge is bordered by Interstate 29.  The eastern edge is bordered with University Park. The Grand Forks railyards are the south side.  The north side is bordered by U.S. Highway 2 which is called Gateway Drive in Grand Forks.

In the middle of campus is the Chester Fritz Library.  It is the largest library in North Dakota. There are also northern and western campuses. The western part of the UND campus has modern styles of architecture.

## Academics 
UND has more than 225 areas of learning. It has 108 undergraduate majors, 69 minors, 81 master's programs, 37 doctoral programs, and two professional programs (medicine and law). UND also has a program that allows students to get a degree in almost any area of study. Some online classes and degree programs are offered for students around the nation and world. This online program has been highly ranked by US News and other online college rankings. On campus, academic classrooms range from smaller rooms that have seats for around 20 students to large lecture rooms for hundreds of students at a time. All areas have wireless internet for laptops. 

The university has ten academic divisions:

* John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences
* College of Arts &amp;amp; Sciences
* Nistler College of Business &amp;amp; Public Administration
* College of Education & Human Development
* College of Engineering & Mines
* School of Graduate Studies
* School of Law
* School of Medicine &amp;amp; Health Sciences
* College of Nursing & Professional Disciplines

### Libraries 
UND has three libraries that make up the largest system of research libraries in the state of North Dakota. The Chester Fritz Library is the largest library in the state. It has 1.6 million books.  It gives access to about 28,000 electronic journals.  It owns over 20,000 electronic books. The library is also a U.S. patent and trademark depository and a government document depository. Branches of the Chester Fritz Library include the Energy and Environmental Research Library, the F.D. Holland Geology Library, and the Gordon Erickson Music Library. and the School of Medicine has the Harley E. French Library of the Health Sciences.

## Student life 
### Student body 
Over 14,000 students go to classes on the UND campus each year. Students can live on or off campus. On campus, there are 14 residence halls and 700 student apartment rooms. There is also as 13 fraternities and seven sororities. There are over 275 student organizations at UND and an intramural sports program.

### Culture 
The North Dakota Museum of Art has exhibits throughout the year. It is the official art museum of the state of North Dakota, The Burtness Theater and the Chester Fritz Auditorium have theater and concert events. The Ralph Engelstad Arena also has non-athletic events including concerts. The nearby city-owned Alerus Center has several concerts each year as well as other events. Each year, UND hosts the University of North Dakota Writers Conference with important American and foreign writers.

### Media 
The *Dakota Student* is UND's student newspaper.

*North Dakota Quarterly*, a literary journal, is edited at UND.

*The North Dakota Law Review* is the journal of the State Bar Association of North Dakota. The UND School of Law has published it since 1924.

The *Alumni Review* is published by the UND Alumni Association and Foundation.

## Sports 
North Dakota's 17 sports teams play in the NCAA's Division I. Most of the teams play in the Summit League. Men's hockey plays in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference. The football team plays in the Missouri Valley Football Conference. The men's ice hockey team has won eight national championships.  It has been runner-up five times and plays in the Ralph Engelstad Arena.

The football team won the Division II national championship in 2001 and was the runner-up in 2003.  It plays at the Alerus Center. The basketball and volleyball teams play in the Betty Engelstad Sioux Center. The women's basketball team has won three national championships in 1997, 1998, and 1999 and was runner-up in 2001.

The colors of UND sports are green and white.  The school has used those colors for sports since the 1920s. The university's official school colors are green and pink. These are the colors of North Dakota's state flower, the Wild Prairie Rose. These colors are not usually used outside of official or ceremonial applications. From 1904 until 1930, UND's athletic teams were called the Flickertails. They then became the Fighting Sioux. They did not use a nickname from 2012 to 2015 because of the NCAA's rules about using Native American nicknames. On November 18, 2015, it was announced the new nickname would be "Fighting Hawks", effective immediately.

### Fight song 
The school's main fight song is "Stand Up and Cheer". Two other fight songs are "UND" and ''It's for You, North Dakota U* (or *North Dakota U*), written by Franz Rickaby in 1921.

## Notable people and students 
Phil JacksonPearl I. YoungCarl Ben EielsonPeople who attended the University of North Dakota have become known in many areas including politics and government, business, science, literature, arts and entertainment, and sports. Nine Governors of North Dakota were educated at UND.  These include Fred G. Aandahl, Kelly Armstrong, Louis B. Hanna, Lynn Frazier, William Langer, John Moses, Ragnvald A. Nestos, Allen I. Olson, and Ed Schafer.  Schafer was also the US Secretary of Agriculture from 2008 to 2009. Former Deputy National Security Advisor at the White House, Mark Pfeifle is a 1997 graduate in the School of Communications. Many U.S. Senators and Representatives of North Dakota were also graduates of UND.  These include former Senator Byron Dorgan and former Representative Earl Pomeroy. Former House Majority Leader Dick Armey is a UND graduate. Ronald Davies ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High School during the Civil Rights Movement as a federal judge. Leigh Gerdine was president of Webster University and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1989.  

UND alumni who became notable in business include chairman of TNSE & president of the Winnipeg Jets hockey club Mark Chipman, current president and former CEO of Cargill Gregory R. Page, current president and CEO of the Buffalo Wild Wings restaurant chain Sally J. Smith, current CEO of Forum Communications William C. Marcil, former Las Vegas casino owner and UND philanthropist Ralph Engelstad, and former CEO of American Skandia and founder of WealthVest Marketing Wade Dokken. 

Notable UND alumni in science include Harry Nyquist, Carl Ben Eielson, Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson, engineer and NASA astronaut Karen L. Nyberg, and leading NASA manager John H. Disher. Pearl I. Young, a UND graduate in 1919, became the first female technical employee at NASA (then NACA) in 1922. Her work at the agency resulted in a theater at NASA Langley being named for her in 1995.

Alumni who have become notable through writing include the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and author Maxwell Anderson, Rhodes scholar and poet Thomas McGrath, essayist and journalist Chuck Klosterman, and novelist Jon Hassler.  UND graduates have become editors of major magazines: Carroll Eugene Simcox of The Living Church, former *Ebony* editor Era Bell Thompson and former *LIFE* editor Edward K. Thompson. Alumni who have become notable in arts and entertainment include actor Sam Anderson and *America's Next Top Model'' winner Nicole Linkletter.

Former UND students who have gone on to notable careers in sports include former NBA player and coach and former president of the New York Knicks, Phil Jackson, 1980 Winter Olympics "Miracle on Ice" hockey player Dave Christian, NHL players Ed Belfour and Zach Parise, and professional football players Jim Kleinsasser and Dave Osborn. As of the 2018–19 season, more than 20 former UND players are in the NHL.  More than 100 former players have played in the NHL.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* University of North Dakota Athletics website