open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Batter

**Batter** may mean:
* Batter (baseball)
* Batter (cooking)
* Batter (cricket)
* Batter (linuxoid)
* To hit or strike a person, as in committing the crime of battery
* To hit or strike a person, as in committing the tort of battery, a common-law offense
* Slope
* Batter head, on a drum, the head that is struck
Sana'a

'''Sana'a** or **Sanˤā'''' (, romanized as Ṣanʻāʼ or Sanaa), is the capital city of Yemen and the capital of Sana'a Governorate, but instead forms the separate governorate of *ʾAmānat al-ʿĀṣimah* (). It had a population of 1,747,627 (as of 2004). 

In the 2010s, it became a battlefield in the Civil War.  The government moved to Aden as the city fell under control of the Houthi movement, on September 21, 2014. 

## References
Campania

**Campania** is a region of the south of Italy. The capital is Napoli. The population in 2021 was about 5,679,759.

## Provinces 
* Province of Avellino
* Province of Benevento
* Province of Caserta
* Province of Naples Capital
* Province of Salerno
* Provincia Campanese

## Other websites 
* Official site (IT)
Cantabria

**Cantabria** is a region in the north of Spain. It has 563,000 people living in it. In Cantabria most people speak Spanish. The people of Cantabria have autonomy in Spain, which means they have their own local government and much control over their region. The capital is Santander. This city is on the coast of the Cantabrian Sea and is very popular with tourists. Cantabria belongs to the Green Spain, the name given to the strip of land between the Cantabrian Sea and the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain.

## Culture
Many different examples of prehistoric cave art have been found, suggesting the Cantabrian culture is at least 15,000 years old. Cave art is the best known feature of the Cantabrian life. The latest round of systematic cave explorations began in the early 1970s. Now new art can be discovered every year. Some of the cave art is engraved, and others are painted. Much of the cave art is of animals. There are often pictures of red deer found from this area of Spain. There are also other unusual symbols that can be found. This attracts much interest and many tourists to this culture. The Cantabrian life revolves mainly around art, tourism, and fishing. Rich deposits of coal, iron, and zinc are also mined in the Cantabrian Mountains. Tourism is a very large part of the Cantabrian life, and their economic success.
## Climate
Cantabria is known for a rainy and cool climate. The region is also greener than southern Spain and is very mountainous.
Civil Aviation Authority

The **Civil Aviation Authority** (CAA), is the publicly owned organisation in charge of flying (Aviation) in the United Kingdom. It was created in 1972, doing the tasks previously done by the Department of Transport.

This means it is in charge of:
* Rules about aviation (policy)
* Licencing of both personnel and machinery
* Pricing of certain services (Air Traffic Control, Landing fees, etc.)

The CAA no longer provides air traffic control services (ATC), this responsibility was passed to a private company called National Air Traffic Services (NATS) in 2001 which the government owns 49% of.

Some other duties have passed to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), such as type certification. CAA-UK is part of the rulemaking group of the EASA.

## References
Apulia

**Apulia** (; ; ) is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Bari.

Its southernmost portion, known as Salento peninsula, has the shape of a high heel on the "boot" of Italy.

## Geography 
Apulia is in Southern Italy.  It has an area of . There are 4,077,166 people living in the region, for a density of .

The region is bordered by Molise to the northwest, Campania to the west, Basilicata to the southwest, the Strait of Otranto and the Ionian Sea to the southeast, the Gulf of Taranto to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to north and to the east.

## Provinces
The region is divided into six provinces:

## Gallery

Castel del Monte BW 2016-10-14 12-26-11 r.jpg|*Castel del Monte* in Andria, symbol of the region
Bari - Teatro Petruzzelli - Façade.jpg|*Teatro Petruzzelli* in Bari
Ostuni.jpg|The medieval town of  Ostuni

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Environmental League Puglia
Basilicata

**Basilicata** is a region in the south of Italy. The capital is Potenza. The population was about 597,768 in 2004. The region is very mountainous. Because of this, communication in the area was very difficult until modern times. This has also caused Basilicata to be one of the least developed areas of Italy. Basilicata borders the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Gulf of Taranto at its lowest elevations. The highest point in the area is Monte Pollino at 2233m (7325ft). The area also includes a dead volcano, Monte Vulture. The region has an area of .
 
Basilicata also used to be one of the poorest regions in Italy. It has become richer over the past couple of years because of the discovery of oil.

## Provinces 
Basilicata is divided into two provinces. 
* Matera
* Potenza

## Other websites 
* Official Site  (IT)
Astrid Lindgren

**Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren** (born **Astrid Anna Emilia Ericsson**; November 14, 1907 – January 28, 2002) was a famous Swedish writer. She wrote many books for children. She had a son named Lars and a daughter named Karin.

## Biography 
Astrid Lindgren grew up in Näs, near Vimmerby, Småland, and many of her books are based on her family and childhood memories. However, Pippi Longstocking, her most famous character, was invented for her daughter Karin, who was, at the time, ill and had to stay in the bed.

Lindgren was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson and Hanna Johnsson. She had two sisters. Her brother, Gunnar Ericsson, was a member of the Swedish parliament. She finished the school and  took a job with a local newspaper in Vimmerby. When she became pregnant with the chief editor's child in 1926, he proposed marriage. She did not accept, and moved to Stockholm, learning to become a typist and stenographer. There she gave birth to her son Lars in Copenhagen and left him with another family to care for him.

Although poorly paid, she saved whatever she could and travelled as often as possible to Copenhagen to be with Lars; often just over a weekend, spending most of her time on the train back and forth. Eventually, she managed to bring Lars home, leaving him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Stockholm. In 1931 she married her boss, Sture Lindgren (1898-1952). Three years later, in 1934, Lindgren gave birth to her second child, Karin, who later became a translator. The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on Dalagatan, with a view over Vasaparken, where Astrid lived until her death.

Astrid Lindgren died in 2002, at the age of 94.

## Politics 
 (Right Livelihood Award) in the Swedish parliament. On the table the Award and a program of the German musical about her book "Ronia the Robber's Daughter (composer: Axel Bergstedt), which had been given for the first time in the same month." ]]In 1976, they had a scandal in Sweden when Lindgren's had to pay taxes 102% of her income. This is known as the "Pomperipossa effect" from a story, which she published in *Expressen* http://www.astrid-lindgren.com/astridlindgren/Ldates/1974-1976.htm  on 3 March 1976. 
Astrid Lindgren was well known both for her support for children's and animal rights, and for her opposition to corporal punishment. In 1994, she received the Right Livelihood Award (also known as the Alternative Nobel Prize), "...For her commitment to justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature."

## Books 
Some of her books include:
*The *Pippi Longstocking* series (Pippi Långstrump)
**The Six Bullerby Children* (Barnen i Bullerbyn)
**Mio, my Mio* (also known as Mio, my Son) (Mio, min Mio)
**Karlsson-on-the-Roof*
**Madicken*
**Emil of Lönneberga*
**The Brothers Lionheart* (Bröderna Lejonhjärta)
*''Ronia the Robber's Daughter'' (Ronja rövardotter)

## Related pages
*List of Swedish-language writers

## References
1. ^ John-Henri, Holmberg (1997/1999), "Scandinavia", in Clute, John, and John Grant, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, pp.&nbsp;841.
Pescara

**Pescara** is an Italian city in Abruzzo of 123,400 inhabitants. In 1957, the only Pescara Formula One Grand Prix was held, and won by British driver, Stirling Moss. It was the longest ever Formula One track, using over  of local roads. It was first used for motor car racing in 1924, and closed in 1961.

## References
Chieti

**Chieti** is a city and *comune* in Southern Italy,  east by northeast of Rome. It is the capital of the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region.

Chieti is on a hill between the Aterno-Pescara and the Alento rivers and is near the coast of the Adriatic Sea and the mountains.

## Geography
Chieti is in the central eastern part of the Abruzzo, at an average altitude of  above sea level. It is on a hill that separates the watersheds of the Aterno-Pescara river (to the north) and of the Alentro stream (to the south). The *comune* has an area of .

### *Frazioni*
The following *frazioni* (hamlets) are part of Chietiː Bascelli, Brecciarola, Buonconsiglio-Fontanella, Carabba, Chieti Scalo, Colle Marcone, Crocifisso, De Laurentis Vallelunga, Fonte Cruciani, Iachini, La Torre, San Martino, San Salvatore, Levante, Tricalle, Sant'Anna, Santa Barbara, Santa Filomena, Selvaiezzi, Vacrone Cascini, Vacrone Colle San Paolo, Vacrone Villa Cisterna, Vallepara, Villa Obletter, Villa Reale.

## Population
The people from Chieti are called *Chietini* but also *Teatini* after the old name of the city ().

, there are 51,330 persons living in the *comune*, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population**

Colors=
  id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
  id:darkgrey  value:gray(0.7)
  id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)
  id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8)

ImageSize = width:500 height:373
PlotArea = left:50 bottom:30 top:30 right:30
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:60000
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:5000 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:2500 start:0
BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

BarData=
 bar:1961 text:1961
 bar:1971 text:1971
 bar:1981 text:1981
 bar:1991 text:1991
 bar:2001 text:2001
 bar:2011 text:2011
 bar:2016 text:2016

PlotData=
 color:barra width:30 align:left

  bar:1961 from:0 till: 47792
  bar:1971 from:0 till: 51436
  bar:1981 from:0 till: 54927
  bar:1991 from:0 till: 55876
  bar:2001 from:0 till: 52486
  bar:2011 from:0 till: 51484
  bar:2016 from:0 till: 51330

PlotData=
  bar:1961 at: 47792 fontsize:S text: 47,792 shift:(-13,1)
  bar:1971 at: 51436 fontsize:S text: 51,436 shift:(-18,5)
  bar:1981 at: 54927 fontsize:S text: 54,927 shift:(-18,5)
  bar:1991 at: 55876 fontsize:S text: 55,876 shift:(-18,5)
  bar:2001 at: 52486 fontsize:S text: 52,486 shift:(-18,4)
  bar:2011 at: 51484 fontsize:S text: 51,484 shift:(-18,8)
  bar:2016 at: 51330 fontsize:S text: 51,330 shift:(-18,8)

## Gallery 

File:Palazzo del Tribunale Chieti.jpg|Justice Palace.
File:Palazzo Fasoli Chieti.jpg|*Palazzo Fasoli*.
File:Museo archeologico nazionale d'Abruzzo 01.jpg|The National Archaeological Museum of Abruzzo.
File:Teatro Marrucino-palco II (Chieti).jpg|Teatro Marrucino.
File:Corso Marrucino, Chieti.JPG|Corso Marrucino, the main street of the old town.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Chieti official website
Cryptozoology

**Cryptozoology** is a folkloric pseudoscience that purports to study animals that people think might exist, but can't be proved to exist. It also is the study of animals many scientists think are extinct, but which people sometimes report. Those who study or look for such animals are called *cryptozoologists.* Some people call the unproven creatures **cryptids.** John Wall was the first person to use this word in 1983.

## List of cryptids 
* Bigfoot
* Chupacabra
* Fresno Nightcrawler
* Great South Bay Giant Horseshoe Crab 
* Loch Ness Monster
* Loveland Frogman
* Mokele-mbembe
* Yeti
* Kraken
* Leviathan
* Jersey Devil
* De-Loys monkey (*Ameranthopoides loysi*), also known as Didi or Vasitri

### Mongolian Death Worm 
The **Mongolian Death Worm** is a strange snake-like animal that lives in the Gobi Desert. Scientists do not know if it really exists or not. 

People who report seeing it say it is like a red, fat worm around 2 – 4 feet long. People who live in Mongolia call it *allghoi khorkhoi*. These people also say the creature spits yellow poison that will kill you as soon as it touches you and it can produce electricity so powerful that it could kill large animals.

## References
Matera

**Matera** is a city in the area of Basilicata, in the southern part of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Matera. On October 17, 2014, Matera was declared Italian host of European Capital of Culture for 2019

## References
Potenza

**Potenza** () is an Italian city in south of Italy, in the region Basilicata. It is the capital of Basilicata and also the center of Potenza province. About 70,000 people live there.

Potenza means strength in Italian.
The altitude of the city center is 819m, thus making it the highest provincial capital in Italy.

Potenza has a cathedral.

## References
Kara Sea

The **Kara Sea** () is part of the Arctic Ocean. It lies north of Siberia. The Kara Sea is separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya.

## Size 
It is roughly 1,450 kilometres long and 970 kilometres wide. It has an area of around 880,000&nbsp;km² and an average depth of 110 m.

## Geography 
The Kara receives a large amount of fresh water from the Ob, Yenisei, Pyasina, and Taimyra rivers, so its salinity is very variable.

## Uses 
Its main ports are Novy Port and Dikson and it is important as a fishing ground although the sea is ice-bound for all but two months of the year. Significant discoveries of petroleum and natural gas, an extension of the West Siberian Oil Basin, have been made but have not yet been developed.

## Problems 
There is concern about the levels of nuclear waste the former Soviet Union dumped in the sea which included six nuclear submarine reactors and ten nuclear reactors, and the effect this will have on the marine environment. An International Atomic Energy Agency appraisal showed that releases are low and localised.

## Other websites 
* International Atomic Energy Agency:Radiological Conditions of the Western Kara Sea
L'Aquila

of L'Aquila]]
 of L'Aquila]]
'''L'Aquila''' is an Italian city.
It has about 71,989 inhabitants. It is the capital of Abruzzo.

It is on a hill in the valley of the Aterno river. It is circled by the Apennine Mountains. The Financial Times, an important newspaper, wrote that L'Aquila is "the most handsome city of Abruzzo".

It is a very old town, full of beautiful buildings and churches. It has a university.

## History 
Emperor Frederick II founded this town. He told the people of 99 villages to move in the new town. Frederick's son, Conrad IV of Germany finished the town in 1254. When Conrad died, his brother Manfred destroyed the town in 1259. Charles I of Anjou, king of Sicily, built it again soon.

It became soon the second city of the Kingdom of Naples.

The city of L'Aquila had much power because the 99 original villages helped it. Each village owned a borough (a small part of the town) and the borough was a part of the mother-village. That is also why the number 99 is so important in the history of L'Aquila.

The people also built a very peculiar monument, the Fountain of the 99 Spouts (*Fontana delle 99 Cannelle*).

The city was an important market for the countryside. The saffron (a very important spice) was grown in fields around town; shepherds had millions of sheep near L'Aquila.

After a few years L'Aquila became an important point of communication between cities in and out of the kingdom.

On 29 August 1294, the hermit Pietro del Morrone became pope Celestine V. The ceremony was in the church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio.

To thank the town, Celestine V decided that every year on that day every Christian who went to L'Aquila would be pardoned for his sins (bad actions). This is called Perdonanza, and it still happens every year on August 28 and 29. The Perdonanza is similar to the Jubilee Year, but arrived earlier.

The Perdonanza made the town more rich. But after a long time the plague (a dangerous illness) struck L'Aquila in 1348 and 1363. An earthquake struck it in 1349.

Saint Bernardino of Siena visited L'Aquila two times. The first time he came to preach to King René of Naples. In 1444 he died in the city.

In the 16th century, the Spanish viceroy Philibert van Oranje destroyed L'Aquila again. After this, he built a Castle.

Another earthquake damaged again the city in 1703. Another occurred in 2009.

## Sport 
The city is the home of L'Aquila Rugby. This team won the Italian championship five times.

## Twinned cities 
L'Aquila is twinned with these cities:
*  - Rottweil
*  - York
*  - Cuenca
*  - Hobart
*  - Zielona Gora
*  - Bernalda
*  - Bistriţa
*  - Baalbeck

## References 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Official website
* A portal for L'Aquila
* Inside Abruzzo: Insider Tips Uncovered 
* n the Land of Bears and Castles, The Financial Times (29 June 2007)
* Image gallery 
* [news:italia.laquila.discussioni newsgroup ]
* L'Aquila Rugby 
* L'Aquila Tourism  Places of interest in L'Aquila
* Turistical and historical informations about L'Aquila, Abruzzo
Prototheria

The **Prototheria** is a former subclass of mammals, now no longer in use. The name comes from Greek *prōtos* means 'first', and *thēr*, 'beast'. The only surviving animals in this subclass are the Monotremes.

There are two other subclasses, the  Metatheria  and  the Eutheria. Metatheria contains the marsupials. All the other mammals are Eutherian.

Evidence is accumulating that the Prototheria is not a natural group, but alternative suggestions are not yet agreed. The term is not listed in Benton's 4th edition (2015), so it is now a dead term. 

## References
Sex education

**Sex education** is telling people about sexual intercourse. Usually, parents tell their children when they reach puberty. This usually includes things like how to make babies, how to protect against unwanted pregnancies, and how not to get any of the sexually transmitted diseases there are. It should also include the fact that men and women are anatomically different, how the sex organs work, and what happens during puberty, when children change into adults  In many cultures speaking about sex or sexual education is a taboo.

Some level of sex education is also done in school; in many places, the government passed laws that say that sex education must be done in school. Some parts of sex education vary by culture, e.g. the moral and ethic aspects.

## Other websites 
* SIECUS  Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States
Ankylosaurus

*Ankylosaurus* (note spikes and dragging tail), Royal Alberta Museum]]

***Ankylosaurus*** ***magniventris*** was a type of armored dinosaur. It was the largest of its type, with a maximum length of  and height of .

The body was broad and low-slung and covered in armor. Carnivores, attacking from above, would find no weak points, and the animal could defend itself by using its clubbed tail.

*Ankylosaurus* was a herbivore, like all ankylosaurs. It probably ate ferns and cycads, which were common low-growing plants.

## Armor
The most obvious feature of *Ankylosaurus* is its armour, consisting of massive knobs and plates of bone, known as osteoderm or bony scutes, embedded in the skin. Osteoderms are also found in the skin of crocodiles, armadillos and some lizards. The bone was probably overlain by a tough, horny layer of keratin. 

These osteoderms ranged greatly in size, from wide, flat plates to small, round nodules. The plates were aligned in regular horizontal rows down the animal's neck, back, and hips, with the many smaller nodules protecting the areas between the large plates. Smaller plates may have been arranged on the limbs and tail. Compared to the slightly more ancient ankylosaurid *Euoplocephalus*, the plates of *Ankylosaurus* were smooth in texture, without the high keels found on the armor of the contemporaneous nodosaurid *Edmontonia*. A row of flat, triangular spikes may have protruded laterally along each side of the tail. Tough, rounded scales protected the top of the skull, while four large pyramidal horns projected outwards from its rear corners.

Underneath it was covered by normal skin, but to get at it the carnivore would have to turn over an animal weighing up to .

## In movies 
*Ankylosaurus* features in the Jurassic Park series of movies. In *Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom*, several *Ankylosaurus* flee from a volcanic eruption and at least one is captured by mercenaries. It was later auctioned off to a wealthy Indonesian.

## References
Umbria

**Umbria** is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in center Italy. It is the one of the smallest Italian region. Its capital is Perugia.

It is the only region without a coastline or a border with another country.

## Geography
The region is located in Central Italy with an area of . It is bordered by Marche to the east and northeast, Tuscany to the west and northwest, and Lazio to the south and southwest.

The main river in the region is the Tiber. Other important rivers are the Nera, Paglia, Topino, Chiascio and Nestore.

The largest lake of Umbria is the Trasimeno, one of the largest lake of Italy.

The highest mountain in the region is Cima del Redentore, in the Sibillini Mountains (), with an altitude of .

## Provinces 
Umbria is divided into two provinces:

### Largest municipalities
The 10 comuni with more people living in it are:

## References
## Other websites
* Official Site
Marche

**Marche** is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Central Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is the city of Ancona.

## Geography 
The region is located in Central Italy bordered by Emilia-Romagna and the republic of San Marino to the north, Tuscany to the west, Umbria to the southwest, Abruzzo and Lazio to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the east.

Marche is the 15th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main rivers in the region are:
* Metauro, 
* Tronto, 
* Potenza, 
* Chienti, 
* Esino, 

The Nera river is  long but is a tributary of the Tiber and flows mainly in the Lazio region.

The highest mountain in the region is Monte Vettore, in the Ascoli Piceno province, with an altitude of .

## Provinces 
The region is divided into five provinces:

### Largest municipalities
The 10 comuni with more people living in it are:

## Gallery

File:452AscoliPPzaDelPopolo.JPG|Ascoli Piceno: *Piazza del Popolo*.
File:Palazzo Ducale di sera.jpg|Pesaro: *Palazzo Ducale*.
File:Vista frontale del Palazzo Ducale di Urbino, Marche 04.jpg|Urbino: *Palazzo Ducale*.
File:Maceratapiazza.jpg|Macerata.
File:Duomodifermotramonto.JPG|Fermo: *duomo*.

## References
## Other websites
* Blog in English just about Le Marche Italy

* Official Site
Mont Blanc

**Mont Blanc** (*Monte Bianco* in Italian) is a mountain in the Alps. Its height is 4810.90 metres. When Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) in the Caucasus is left out, Mont Blanc is often considered the highest point in Europe.

Mont Blanc is on the Italy/France border.

## References
## Other websites
*
Shia crescent

The **Shia Crescent** (sometimes referred to as the "Shiite Crescent") is used as a political and geopolitical term to describe the different countries in the Middle East whose majority is Shia or who have a strong Shia minority in the population. It is often used to describe the rivalry and the potential of a conflict between the Shia majority and Sunni majority countries in the Middle East. 

The countries where Shia Muslims form a dominant majority are Azerbaijan, Iran, Bahrain and Iraq. The shape of these countries put together resembles a crescent or half moon. Large minorities also exist in Turkey, Lebanon, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India, UAE, and Syria. However, Pakistan, India and Azerbaijan are excluded from the Shiite Crescent, and although Shias are a large majority in Azerbaijan, the country is a secular state and the percentage who worship Shia Islam, Islam or any religion are much lower.

## Related pages 
* Shiaphobia

## Literature 
* Ferhad Ibrahim: *Iran und die arabische Welt *, in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Nr. 9, Bonn 2004, S. 39-47. (German)
* Vali Nasr: When the Shiites Rise  in: Foreign Affairs July/August 2006 pp.&nbsp;58– 74.
* Asher Susser: Aufgang des schiitischen Halbmonds, in: Internationale Politik,  Nr. 9, 61. Jahr, (2006),  pp.&nbsp;68-S.74 (German)

## Other websites 
* Le Monde diplomatique: Die Schiiten und ihr Kampf um Gott 
* Deutsche Welle: Die Hisbollah in der arabischen Misstrauensfalle 
* Brockhaus: Ulrich Ladurner: Machtpoker am Persischen Golf  
* Der Tagesspiegel: Der schiitische Halbmond 

## References
Carcass

A **carcass** or **corpse** is another word for a dead body. The dead body may be of any animal, including Homo sapiens.

## Related pages
*Autopsy

## Other websites
Air gun

An **air gun** is a gun which uses gas to fire a projectile instead of burning gunpowder that an ordinary gun uses.

The oldest air guns used a bellows to compress (squeeze) air in a tube. When the gun was fired the air was released. The only way for the air to go was by pushing the pellet out. 

A later invention was the spring piston, these can only fire one shot before the spring has to be reset. Newer guns use air or another gas in a small cartridge, these guns can fire many more shots before the cartridge needs to be changed or refilled.

The projectile for an air gun is usually a pellet. Some guns of this sort fire small round pellets call "bb"s. Some people think this means ball bearing, but it does not. The letters bb stood for a size of shot that was used to make shotgun cartridges, This was used in the first bb guns.

The most popular calibres (pellet sizes) for air weapons are  mm  (also called .177 to .22). In many countries there are strict rules that limit the sales of air guns so not everyone can have one. 

They are not as powerful as other guns but they can still hurt or even kill . 

Many people enjoy air rifle and pistol shooting either for fun or hunting. In the Olympics and target games, air pistols are used in some of the shooting events.

## References
Unit circle

.]]
In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1. The equation of the unit circle is x^2 + y^2 = 1. The unit circle is centered at the Origin, or coordinates (0,0). It is often used in Trigonometry.

## Trigonometric functions in the unit circle
In a unit circle, where t is the angle desired, x and y can be defined as \cos (t) = x and \sin (t) = y. Using the function of the unit circle, x^2 + y^2 = 1, another equation for the unit circle is found, \cos^2(t) + \sin^2(t) = 1. When working with trigonometric functions, it is mainly useful to use angles with measures between 0 and \pi\over 2 radians, or 0 through 90 degrees. It is possible to have higher angles than that, however. Using the unit circle, two identities can be found: \cos (t)  = \cos (2 \cdot \pi k + t) and sin (t) = \sin (2 \cdot \pi k + t) for any integer k.
Middle East Airlines

.]]
**Middle East Airlines** is an airline based in Lebanon. It flies between the Asia, Europe and Africa.

## History
Middle East Airlines opened for business on May 31, 1945. It was opened by Saeb Salam, with support from BOAC. MEA's work started on January 1, 1946 with flights between Beirut and Nicosia. Then its airplanes started to fly to Iraq, Egypt, Syria, and Cyprus. The company bought two Douglas DC-3 planes in mid-1946.  Pan American World Airways bought a stake and management contract in September 1949.

Pan Am was replaced when BOAC acquired 49% of MEA's shares in 1955.  It  merged with Air Liban on 7 June 1963 and took over Lebanese International Airways. 

On September 7, 2006, Israel ended its 8-week long air blockade on Lebanon. A Middle East Airlines plane from Paris flew to the Rafik Hariri International Airport at 6:06 p.m. Lebanese time (3:03 p.m. GMT). MEA resumed its normal flight timetable on September 11, 2006. The MEA has a large assortment of airplanes including the a321neo as its newest plane.

## Destinations
 in France]]
Middle East Airlines flies its planes to these countries and their cities (since June 2006):

### Africa 
* Côte d'Ivoire
** Abidjan
* Egypt
** Cairo
** Sharm el Sheikh (sometimes)
* Ghana
** Accra
* Nigeria
** Kano
** Lagos
* Niger

### Asia 
* Jordan
** Amman
* Kuwait
** Kuwait City
* Qatar
** Doha
* Saudi Arabia
** Dammam
** Jeddah
** Riyadh
* United Arab Emirates
** Abu Dhabi
** Dubai

### Europe 
* Cyprus
** Larnaca
* Denmark
** Copenhagen (sometimes)
* France
** Nice (sometimes)
** Paris
* Germany
** Düsseldorf (sometimes)
** Frankfurt am Main
* Greece
** Athens
* Italy
** Milan
** Rome
* Switzerland
** Geneva
* Turkey
** Istanbul
* United Kingdom
** London

## References
Blackmail

**Blackmail** means threatening to say something bad about someone unless that person pays some money.

If someone has committed a crime, another person might blackmail them. The blackmailer might, for example, say that if the criminal does not give them a large amount of money, they will tell the police.

A blackmailer may threaten to say something embarrassing that someone unless they hand over a sum of money. For example, it maybe something about an intimacy that they are having that they do not want everyone to know about.

Sometimes, a business may blackmail another business. They might threaten to harm that business in some way unless money is paid.

Blackmail is against the law. People who are caught blackmailing may be sent to jail.

## History 
Blackmail started on the borders of England and Scotland. Blackmail was the money left out by landowners in England so that raiders from Scotland did not steal their animals or damage the property.

## Related pages
*Bribery
Bribery

**Bribery** means offering something (such as money) to a person in return for some favour that is bad in some way.

A **bribe** is the money that is offered, and the verb is **to bribe**.  **Active bribery** is offering payment and asking for favour, and **passive bribery** is asking for payment and offering favour.  It is still called bribery if the trade is never done.

It is sometimes difficult to decide whether something is a bribe or just a reward. If a father pays his son for washing the car, that is just a reward or payment. However, if a parent pays a child for eating up its dinner, that might be thought of as a bribe because most people would think that is not right.

Bribery can be a crime in more serious cases, such as when a person offers money to hide their own wrongdoing. If a motorist is caught speeding by a policeman and offers the policeman money or a bottle of vodka to persuade him not to report him, that is bribery. If people want to take something into a country that is forbidden (or that would be taxed), they might offer the customs officer a bribe to persuade him to let them through. Some corrupt people will not do their jobs at all (like delivering a package) unless they get a bribe on top of their normal pay.

Those examples are clearly illegal (against the law) and are rare in many countries, but bribery is quite common in business in many parts of the world, where it is difficult to get anything done without offering bribes. Giving business people presents in the hope that they will want to do business may at times seem just like good manners, but in some cases, it may seem more like bribery.

People who are found to be taking bribes can sometimes lose their jobs. In some cases like the case of the motorist, both parties become criminals.

## Related pages
* Blackmail

## References
Papatoetoe

**Papatoetoe** is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is in South Auckland, in the Manukau District.

## Other websites
*http://www.papatoetoe.org.nz(http://www.papatoetoe.org.nz)
Humour

ing or smiling often show a sense of humor and that the person is happy.]]

**Humour** or **humor**  () is the way that some experiences can make people laugh or feel happy. Most people are able to be amused (laugh or smile at something funny) and have a **sense of humor**. People can use puns with words that sound similar but have different meanings, or a word that has two meanings. Other examples of humor are satire, saying yes or no when it is not expected, and using different kinds of logic. People of different ages and cultures can find different things humorous. A comedian is someone who is paid to make people laugh.
Humor is describing things in a funny way, having the ability to make the jokes.

## Related pages
*Comedy
*Joke

## References
Rubella

**Rubella** (also known as **German measles**) is a disease caused by the ***Rubella virus***.

It is often mild and an attack can pass unnoticed. However, this can make the virus very difficult to diagnose.

The disease can last 1–5 days. Children recover more quickly than adults.

The virus usually enters the body through the nose or throat. Like most viruses living along the respiratory tract, it is passed from person to person by tiny droplets in the air that are breathed out.

Rubella can also be transmitted from a mother to her developing baby (fetus) through the placenta.  This can be very dangerous to the fetus, especially if the mother gets rubella early on in her pregnancy.  Rubella can cause deafness, heart problems, intellectual disability, and many other problems in developing fetuses.

The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks during which it becomes established. Common symptoms are a red/pink rash, swollen lymph nodes, and a high fever.

The disease is named *German measles* because it has a similar red rash to measles and was first described in detail by German doctors.

## Eliminated in North and South America 
On April 29, 2015, it was announced that rubella has been eliminated in North American and South America. A scientific group of experts said it took 15 years of work for this to happen. Among the groups are: Pan American Health Organization, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, and the United Nations Foundation.

## References
Treviso

**Treviso** is a *comune* and city in the Veneto region, in Northeast Italy. Treviso is the capital of the province of the same name. The city is about  north of Venice, the capital of the region.

## Geography
Treviso is at the confluence of the *Botteniga* and *Sile* rivers,  north of Venice,  east of Vicenza,  north-east of Padua, and  south of Cortina d'Ampezzo.

The city is at about  southwest the right bank of the Piave river, on the plain between the Gulf of Venice (Adriatic Sea) and the Alps.

The *comune* of Treviso has an area of  and its altitude is .

### Climate 
The climate of Treviso is an oceanic climate with template summers, **Cfb** (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

The average temperature for the year in Treviso is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Treviso is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

## Population
, there are 83,731 persons living in the *comune*, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population in Treviso**

Colors=
  id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9)
  id:darkgrey  value:gray(0.7)
  id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1)
  id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8)

ImageSize = width:488 height:373
PlotArea = left:50 bottom:30 top:30 right:30
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:95000
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:10000 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5000 start:0
BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo

BarData=
 bar:1961 text:1961
 bar:1971 text:1971
 bar:1981 text:1981
 bar:1991 text:1991
 bar:2001 text:2001
 bar:2011 text:2011
 bar:2016 text:2016

PlotData=
 color:barra width:30 align:left

  bar:1961 from:0 till: 75017
  bar:1971 from:0 till: 90446
  bar:1981 from:0 till: 87696
  bar:1991 from:0 till: 83598
  bar:2001 from:0 till: 80144
  bar:2011 from:0 till: 81014
  bar:2016 from:0 till: 83731

PlotData=
  bar:1961 at: 75017 fontsize:S text: 75,017 shift:(-13,5)
  bar:1971 at: 90446 fontsize:S text: 90,446 shift:(-18,5)
  bar:1981 at: 87696 fontsize:S text: 87,696 shift:(-18,5)
  bar:1991 at: 83598 fontsize:S text: 83,598 shift:(-18,5)
  bar:2001 at: 80144 fontsize:S text: 80,144 shift:(-18,5)
  bar:2011 at: 81014 fontsize:S text: 81,014 shift:(-18,5)
  bar:2016 at: 83731 fontsize:S text: 83,731 shift:(-18,5)

## Twinned towns
Treviso is twinned with:
*  Orléans, France
*  Timișoara, Romania
*  Sarasota, Florida, United States
*  Caen, France
*  Curitiba, Brazil
*  Neuquén, Argentina

## Gallery

File:Treviso - Duomo - facciata.jpg|Treviso cathedral.
File:Palazzo dei Trecento.jpg|*Piazza dei Signori* and *Palazzo dei Trecento*.
File:PortaSanTomaso3.JPG|*Porta San Tomaso*.
File:Il Sile a Treviso.jpg|San Martino bridge on the Sile.

## References
## Other websites
* Treviso official website
Tony Hoare

Sir **Charles Antony "Tony" Richard Hoare** (11 January 1934 &ndash; 5 March 2026), also known as **C. A. R. Hoare**, was an English computer scientist. He was probably best known for the development of Quicksort. Quicksort was the world's most widely used sorting algorithm. He also developed Hoare logic. Hoare  the Turing Award in 1980 "for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages".
## Life
Hoare was born in Colombo, in Sri Lanka. He got his Bachelor's degree in Classics from the University of Oxford in 1956. He stayed in Oxford for one more year to study graduate-level statistics.

From 1956 to 1958, he served in the Royal Navy. He then studied computer translation of human languages at *Moscow State University* in the Soviet Union in the school of Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov.

In 1989 he was elected a member of the Academia Europaea.

Hoare died on 5 March 2026 at the age of 92.

## References
Flea (musician)

**Flea** (**Michael Peter Balzary**) is an Australian-American bassist. He was born on October 16, 1962, in the city of Melbourne, Australia. He plays in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He has been with the band since its beginning in 1983 along with vocalist Anthony Kiedis. He is also known onstage for wearing weird costumes that largely appeal to the audience.

Flea is known for his unique bass . He uses a wide range of bass guitar techniques, mainly popping and slapping and changing the speed of his tempo during songs and his quick improvisation. Flea is also a skilled trumpet player. Flea was responsible for getting John Frusciante back into Red Hot Chili Peppers.

In September 2009, it was announced that Flea would be playing with Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke, to perform some of Yorke's material.

Flea is generally regarded by the public as the greatest rock bassist of all time, among similar artists such as Les Claypool and Victor Wooten.

## References
Andrey Kolmogorov

**Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov** (, 25 April 1903&nbsp;– 20 October 1987) was a Soviet mathematician and computer scientist. He made major advances in the fields of probability theory and topology. Born in a Russian family in Tambov, he worked early in his career on intuitionistic logic, and Fourier series. He also worked on turbulence, classical mechanics, and information theory; and was a founder of algorithmic complexity theory which is often referred to as simply Kolmogorov complexity theory.

Kolmogorov worked at Moscow State University. He studied under Nikolai Luzin, earning his Ph.D. in 1929. In 1931 he became professor at this university. In 1939 he received the title of academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He died in Moscow.

## References
Jack Irons

**Jack Irons** (born 18 July 1962 in Los Angeles, California) was the drummer for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was in the original band when they formed in 1983. He left Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band What Is This? with his friend Hillel Slovak. He came back to the band in 1986 to record *The Uplift Mofo Party Plan*. In 1987, Hillel Slovak, the guitarist, died of a drug overdose. He quit the band because of this. Jack Irons has also played in many other bands, most notably Pearl Jam.
Dave Navarro

**David Michael Navarro** (born June 7, 1967 in Santa Monica, California), better known as **Dave Navarro**) is an American guitarist. He played in many different bands, most notably Jane's Addiction and Red Hot Chili Peppers. With the Red Hot Chili Peppers, they recorded *One Hot Minute* in 1995. Also, he was married to Carmen Electra from 2003 to 2006. He was in Red Hot Chili Peppers from 1993 until 1998.
Charles Babbage

**Sir Charles Babbage** (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist. He was the first person to invent the idea of a computer that could be programmed. Unfinished parts of his mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. 

Charles Babbage was born in England, at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banker in London who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth.

His Brain is also on display in the Science Museum in London.
## Works 
Babbage worked and wrote on many ideas of science, engineering and mathematics, but he is most famous for two machines he started and never finished. His Difference Engine would have been a much better calculator than any made before then. His Analytical Engine would have been the first real computer.

Knowing that there were many errors in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage wanted to find a way to calculate them mechanically, removing errors made by humans. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables and differential calculus; and work on calculating machines already done by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. He first talked about the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1822.

Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed because he did not have enough money. Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent. Although Babbage's machines were large machines they were organized in a way similar to modern computer architecture. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit. Ada Lovelace studied how to program them.

## Related pages 
*Analogue computer

## Other websites 
* Charles Babbage -Citizendium
Brescia

**Brescia** is a city in northern Italy. Brescia is in the Lombardy Region. It has 192,165 people.

## References
Cremona

**Cremona** is a city in northern Italy. Cremona is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 71,533 inhabitants. It is in the Po Valley on the North side of the Po River.

## History 
In the year 218 BCE, Romans founded the city. Before that, it was a village of the Gauls.

## References
Mantua

**Mantova** (or **Mantua**) is a city in northern Italy. Mantova is in the Lombardy Region. It has a population of 48,103 people. The Etruscans founded the city, Today, Mantua is one of the biggest markets for agricultural products in northern Italy. Vergil was born in a small village near Mantua. 

Mantua was named "Capital of the Italian culture 2016". 

## Twin cities 
*  Azuchi, Japan, 2005
*  Madison, United States, 2001
*  Weingarten, Germany, 1998
*  Pushkin, Russia, 1993
*  Charleville-Mézières, France, 1963

*  Nevers, France, 1963
*  Hyderabad, India
*  Oradea, Romania
*  Vitória, Brazil
Lodi

**Lodi** (; Lombard: *Lòd*) is a city in northern Italy. Lodi is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 43,488 people (as of 2008). The people who live in Lodi are called Lodigiani. Lodi is famous for a cake called Tortionata.

Lodi was built after the destruction of the ancient roman city of Laus Pompeia during the war with Milan.

The construction of the new city was aided by the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.

## Sister Cities
*  Constance, Germany
*  Lodi, California, United States
*  Omegna, Italy.
* Fontainebleau, France.

## References
* 
* 
* Mario-Giuseppe Genesi, Gli Organi Storici del Lodigiano, Piacenza, L.I.R. Editrice, 2017, pp.&nbsp;720.
Chad Smith

**Chad Smith** (born October 25, 1961 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States) is a drummer in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He joined the band in 1988 with John Frusciante when guitarist Hillel Slovak died of a heroin drug overdose, and Jack Irons left because of his friend dying. Chad has stayed in the band since then, playing the drums for every single album up to today.

## Discography
**With Red Hot Chili Peppers**
* ''Mother's Milk* (1989)
* *Blood Sugar Sex Magik* (1991)
* *One Hot Minute* (1995)
* *Californication* (1999)
* *By the Way* (2002)
* *Stadium Acradium* (2006)
* *I'm With You'' (2011)

## References
Ticket (admission)

.]]
A **ticket** is a piece of printed paper that gives you the right to enter somewhere or do something. Tickets are often used as proof that you have paid for public transport, theaters, cinemas or sporting events. Tickets often display printed information like serial number, barcode, price, expiry date, seat number and class of ticket.

Sometimes, you have to take a ticket, such as at the start of a toll road, to help calculate how much you should pay the at end of your journey. Some tickets are becoming electronic barcodes, and are displayed on a screen instead of paper.
Anthony Kiedis

**Anthony Kiedis** (born November 1, 1962 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American singer. He is the lead singer of the rock band the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was put in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012.

He has been in the band since it started in 1983. He is known for his fast rapping, but in more recent albums he has also started singing. Kiedis is a popular rock singer, but he had many problems singing until the band made *Californication* (1999). This is when he felt that he could control his voice well. His singing ability has greatly improved over the years. He is known for his on stage charisma. He released a memoir book called *Scar Tissue* in 2004. It sold many copies around the world. Kiedis has had many drug problems. He has been clean since December 24, 2000. Kiedis was with Heather Christie who is also the mother to his son Everly Bear Kiedis. He lives with his son in Malibu, California.

## References