open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ă

**Ă (uppercase: Ă, lowercase: ă)** is a letter in the Latin alphabet. It is made by adding a small mark called a breve (˘) to the letter A. This letter is used in Romanian and Vietnamese languages.

## How it sounds 
* Romanian: In Romanian, ă sounds like the mid-central vowel, which is similar to the sound of a in the English word “Canada”. This sound is called a schwa. It is a very common sound in Romanian and appears in many words.
** Example: The word “măr” (apple) uses **ă** and is pronounced like “mər”.
** Another example: The word “fată” (girl) uses **ă** and is pronounced like “fata”.
* Vietnamese: In Vietnamese, ă represents a "short a" sound. It is different from the regular a sound in Vietnamese, which is longer.
** Example: The word “ăn” (eat) uses **ă** and is pronounced like “an”.
** Another example: The word “cắt” (cut) uses **ă** and is pronounced like “cat”.

## Usage in Romanian 
In Romanian, the letter ă is very important. It is the second most common letter in the Romanian alphabet. It appears in many common words and is used in both formal and informal writing. The sound it represents is similar to the unstressed “a” in English words like “sofa” or “sofa”.

## Usage in Vietnamese 
In Vietnamese, ă is used to represent a short vowel sound. Vietnamese is a tonal language, which means that the meaning of a word can change depending on the tone used. The letter ă can appear with different tones, which changes the meaning of the word. For example:

* **chăn** (blanket/herd) - with a rising tone.
* **chẵn** (round) - with a falling-rising tone.

## Unicode 
The letter Ă has special codes in computers:

* Uppercase **Ă**: U+0102
* Lowercase **ă**: U+0103

These codes are used to represent the letter in digital text.
Skrull

The **Skrulls** are a spacefaring alien race in the Marvel Comics fictional universe. They first appeared in *Fantastic Four* #2 and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. They originated from the planet Skrullos and their empire is located in the Andromeda Galaxy. Their infiltration of Earth was a major event in the Marvel Comics universe as shown in the crossover event *Secret Invasion*.

The Skrulls have at times being villains and at times heroes, either to specific heroes, Earth itself, or the known cosmos. It's a race that has proven themselves to be a heroic, brave, and honorable people and at other times they have been deceitful, savage, and brutal. They have been led by megalomaniac tyrants and benevolent sovereigns. It is a race and empire with a history that spans tens of millions of years and therefore it is not a surprise that their history runs the gamut.

## In other media 
The Skrulls have made numerous appearances in animated television and video games before making their live-action cinematic debut in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie *Captain Marvel* (2019). Skrulls have also appeared in *Spider-Man: Far From Home* (2019) and the Disney+ series *WandaVision*, *What If...?* (both 2021) and *Secret Invasion* (2023), and the movie *The Marvels* (2023).
Vienne-le-Château

**Vienne-le-Château** () is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.

## History
The village existed in the 6th century, when the Bishop of Verdun owned it. A castle stood on a hill in the west of the town. It was built in the style of a Latin cross. The choir and the crossing were repaired between 1680 and 1690. It became a protected monument in 1922.

### Places related to World War I
**Le Camp de la Vallée Moreau**
Around 3&nbsp;km north of the town, is the site of a German Camp called the "West Moreau Valley". Soldiers were held in reserve there during World War One. It was occupied from February 1915 until September 1918. It has become larger over the years, first in 1924 then again in 1935 and 1936. It has the graves of 1,672 French soldiers from World War One and one from World War Two. The site was officially opened on 7 July 1929. A stone wall, with the inscription *Aux Morts de la Gruerie 1914-1918* stands over the ossuary. A niche in the wall holds a female statue with folded wings representing Victoria. With the face of Marianne and wearing a Phrygian cap, she holds the flame of remembrance in her right hand while her raised left arm and hand symbolise the collection of the dead. A basement lies below with a gallery with plaques to the dead. The statue is by Raoul Lamourdedieu.

## Gallery

File:Church - Vienne-le-Chateau.jpg|
File:Camp de la Vallée Moreau2.jpg|

## Related pages
*Communes of the Marne department

## References
Nikkei 225

The **Nikkei 225**, or , also called the ***Nikkei*** or the ***Nikkei index*** (), is a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE), operating in the Japanese Yen (JP¥). The Nikkei 225 measures the performance of 225 publicly owned companies in Japan. Since 2017, the index is calculated every five seconds. It was originally launched by the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1950.

## References
Perennial candidate

Harold Stassen has been called a perennial candidate because he unsuccessfully ran for U.S. President eight times]]
A **perennial candidate** is a political candidate who runs for elected office many times and rarely, if ever, win and election. 

Perennial candidates are seen where there is no limit on how many times a person can run for office or costs little to register as a candidate.

Some have called a candidate a "perennial candidate" for elected office when they have lost two to three times, and then decide to run a campaign again. However, some articles have listed a number of exceptions.

## References
Mike Schaefer

**John Michael Schaefer** (born March 25, 1938) is an American politician and former lawyer. He was seen as a perennial candidate. He has been a member of the California State Board of Equalization since 2019.

Schaefer was a member of the San Diego City Council from 1965 to 1971. He then ran for 33 local and state offices in California, Arizona, Maryland, and Nevada for nearly fifty years. He is a member of the Democratic Party, but before 2004, he was a member of the Republican Party. 

## Early life
Schaefer was born in San Diego, California on March 25, 1938. He studied at the University of California, Berkeley and at the Georgetown University.

## Career
During the 1960 presidential election, he supported U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy for President of the United States. He also worked as an analyst for the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

Schaefer won an election to the California Board of Equalization in 2018 in an upset victory. After being sworn-in at aged 80 in 2019, Schaefer became the oldest Californian to serve in a state constitutional office. 

Schaefer was a Democratic candidate for California's 47th congressional district in the 2024 election, but later switched to run for the U.S. Senate in Nevada. He lost the primary election to Senator Jacky Rosen.

In May 2025, Schaefer filed paperwork to run for Lieutenant Governor of California in 2026. However in January 2026, he switched races and decided to run for the U.S. House of Representatives again, this time for the 48th congressional district to replace retiring Republican Congressman Darrell Issa.

He said he loves to run for political office, which is why he runs for office many times.

## Legal problems
In 1970, Schaefer was arrested for bribery and conspiracies charges in 1970, but was later acquitted a year later. In 1993, Schaefer was convicted of misdemeanor spousal abuse.

## References
California State Board of Equalization

The **California State Board of Equalization** (**BOE**) is a public agency that is in charge with tax administration and fee collection in the state of California in the United States. They try to make sure that counties fairly assess property taxes, collect excises taxes on alcoholic beverages, administer the insurance tax program, and other tax collection related activities. 

## References
A. K. M. Fazlul Haque (surgeon)

**A. K. M. Fazlul Hoque** was born on 25 January 1958. He is a Bangladeshi Surgeon. He started the Department of Colorectal Surgery at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) in Dhaka.

## Early life 
Haque was born on 25 January 1958 in Gazipura village, Patuakhali district, which was part of East Pakistan at the time. His father is Rashid Ahmed.

## Education 
He passed Secondary School Certificate (SSC) in 1972 from the Jessore Board. In 1974, he completed his Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC). He earned MBBS degree in 1982 from Dhaka Medical College and received a fellowship (FCPS) from the Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons in January 1989.

## Career 
Dr. Haque worked in both government and private healthcare since April 1982 to the year 2021. He has only focused on colorectal surgery since 1997. In the last 18 years, he has examined around 950,000 new patients and performed 535,000 surgeries for piles, fistula, fissures, colon cancer, rectal cancer, polyps, rectal prolapse, and diverticulitis. He often carries out colonoscopies on his patients. He has attended several conferences and has conducted several international workshops. He also has teaching experience as a visiting professor in Tribhuvan University in Nepal.

## Contributions 
Haque is the pioneer of colorectal surgery in Bangladesh and the sub-continent. He also pioneered several modern surgeries for problems of the colon and rectum, such as the double stapling method for rectal cancer and the Longo operation for hemorrhoids. He also promoted non-surgical treatments for hemorrhoids, such as Rubber Ring Ligation, which is used for 70-80% of patients. Haque started "World Piles & Colorectal Cancer Day" on 20 November in Bangladesh and worldwide to create awareness. In 2006, Haque introduced the "MS degree" in colorectal surgery at BSMMU. In May 2008, he made history by leading an international training program for senior foreign specialists and teaching surgeons from Sri Lanka, Nepal, India, and the Maldives how to do the Longo operation successfully.
## Membership
*Member, American Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons
*Member, Endoscopic & Laparoscopic Surgeons of Asia, ELSA, SINGAPORE
*Life Member, Bangladesh College of Physicians & Surgeons
*Life Member, Society of Surgeons of Bangladesh
*Life Member, Bangladesh Medical Association
## Books and publications
Haque has written a book on colorectal surgery for the public. He has introduced some new surgeries in Bangladesh for the first time. These include the Low Anterior Resection with Double Stapling, the Longo Operation, and a complex fistula operation using the Seton technique.
## References
Loretta Weinberg

**Loretta Weinberg** (born February 6, 1935) is an American Democratic Party politician. She was a member of the New Jersey Senate from 2005 to 2022. She was also the State Senate Majority Leader from 2012 to 2022. Weinberg was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1992 to 2005.

Weinberg was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey in the 2009 election. She ran as Governor Jon Corzine's running mate. Corzine and Weinberg lost the election to the Republican Chris Christie and Kim Guadagno ticket.

Weinberg was born in New York City. She studied at the University of California, Berkeley and at Fairleigh Dickinson University.

Weinberg lost $1.3 million in a retirement fund that had been invested through a Beverly Hills, California financial planner with Bernard Madoff, without her knowledge.

In January 2020, Weinberg announced her retirement from politics when her current term expires in 2022. She officially resigned on January 7, 2022, four days before the end of her term.

In August 2024, Weinberg was seen as a replacement pick by Governor Phil Murphy to replace the resigning Senator Bob Menendez in the United States Senate. However, Murphy ended up picking his former Chief of Staff George Helmy to the U.S. Senate.

## References
New Jersey Senate

The **New Jersey Senate** is the upper house of the New Jersey Legislature by the Constitution of 1844, replacing the Legislative Council. There are 40 legislative districts. Each district has one senator and two members of the New Jersey General Assembly, the lower house of the legislature.

## Other websites
*New Jersey Legislature Homepage 
*New Jersey Senate Bill Search 
*New Jersey section  of Project Vote Smart, a national database of voting records and other information about legislators.
*Senate Democratic Office 
*Senate Republican Office
New Jersey General Assembly

The **New Jersey General Assembly** is the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature. The Assembly has been made up of 80 members. Two members are elected from each of New Jersey's 40 legislative districts for a term of two years. 

## References
## Other websites
*New Jersey Legislature official website
*Assembly Democrats official website
*Assembly Republicans  official website
*New Jersey section  of Project Vote Smart, a national database of voting records and other information about legislators.
Debbie Mucarsel-Powell

**Debbie Mucarsel-Powell** ( ; born January 18, 1971) is an American politician and academic administrator. She was the U.S. representative for  from 2019 to 2021. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

Mucarsel-Powell was the first Ecuadorian-American and first South American–born immigrant to serve as a member of the U.S. Congress. She lost her re-election bid in 2020 to Miami-Dade County mayor Carlos Giménez.

In August 2023, Mucarsel-Powell announced she would be running for the United States Senate in 2024 against incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Rick Scott. She won the Democratic nomination in August 2024. She lost the election to Scott in November 2024.

Mucarsel-Powell was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador, and raised in Miami, Florida. She immigrated to the United States when she was 14 years old with her mother and three older sisters.

## References
## Other websites
*

*
Hiroshi Moriyama

is a Japanese politician. He was the Secretary-General of the Liberal Democratic Party from 2024 until 2025. He was the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries from 2015 to 2016. He was a member of the House of Councillors from 1998 to 2004 and has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2004.

## References
Herbert Kickl

**Herbert Kickl** (born 19 October 1968) is an Austrian politician. He has been the leader of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) since June 2021. He has been a Member of the National Council since 2019. He was the Minister for the Interior from 2017 to 2019 and general-secretary of the FPÖ from 2005 to 2018. He has been seen as a far-right politician. 

Kickl led the FPÖ into the 2024 legislative election in which his party won the most seats in the National Council. The party won 29.2% of the vote, its best result in the party's history.

## References
Ŋ (letter)

**Ŋ** (lowercase: **ŋ**) is a letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is a letter in the Latin alphabet. It is used to represent a sound in many languages.

## Sound 
The sound of Ŋ is called a voiced velar nasal.

It is the same sound as the “ng” in the English word “sing.”

## Usage 
Many languages use the letter ŋ in their alphabets. 

Some examples include English. The letter is not used in usual English spelling, but the sound is common. For example, in “sing,” “long,” and “song.” 

A group of languages spoken by the Sami people in Northern Europe.

Inuit: Languages spoken by the Inuit people in the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, and Alaska.

Several African languages, such as Wolof and Bambara, use the letter ŋ.

## Appearance 
When it is uppercase, it looks like Ŋ. When the letter is lowercase, it looks like ŋ.

The lowercase letter looks like an “n” with a long right leg that goes to the left.

## History 
The letter ŋ was first used in the 19th century by Danish Linguist Rasmus Rask.

It was later put into the International Phonetic Alphabet to show the voiced velar nasal sound.

## References
Dhaka Medical College

**Dhaka Medical College Hospital** is a public medical college and hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is one of the most renowned public medical colleges and hospitals in Bangladesh. It is the largest public medical college and hospital in Bangladesh. DMCH stands among the top 20 hospitals in the world by considering its size and the number of patients being treated here. The college was established on 10 July 1946. The campus has both a medical school and a high-level care hospital within the premises.

## References
Android 14

**Android 14** is the fourteenth major release mobile operating system developed by the Open Handset Alliance led by Google, which was released to the public and the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) on October 4, 2023.

## References
Ṇ

**Ṇ** (uppercase: Ṇ, lowercase: ṇ) is a letter in the Latin alphabet. It is made by adding a dot below the letter N. This letter is used in the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) and in some Indic languages.

## How it sounds 
In Sanskrit and other Indic languages, **ṇ** represents a retroflex nasal sound. This means the sound is made by curling the tongue back in the mouth and letting the air flow through the nose.

For example, the word “अणु” (aṇu), which means “atom” in Sanskrit, is pronounced like “aṇu”.

## Usage in different languages 
### Sanskrit 
*Also see: Sanskrit language*

The letter ṇ is used in many Sanskrit words. It helps to show the correct pronunciation of words that have a retroflex nasal sound. One example is the word “कर्ण” (karṇa), which means “ear” in Sanskrit. It is pronounced like “karṇa”. Another example is the word for "hand" in Sanskrit: “पाणि” (pāṇi), pronounced like “pāṇi”.

### Hindi 
*Also see: Hindi language*

In Hindi, ṇ is used in words borrowed from Sanskrit and in some native words. For example, the word “ठण्डा” (ṭhaṇḍā), which means “cold”, is pronounced like “ṭhaṇḍā”. The word “गणेश” (Gaṇeś), the name of a Hindu deity, is pronounced like “Gaṇeś”.

### Marathi 
*Also see: Marathi language*

In Marathi, ṇ is used similarly to Hindi and Sanskrit. For example, the word “माणूस” (māṇūs), which means “man”, is pronounced like “māṇūs”.

## Historical development 
The letter ṇ has its origins in the ancient Brahmi script, which is the ancestor of many Indic scripts. The use of the dot below the letter N to indicate a retroflex nasal sound has been carried over into modern transliterations of Sanskrit and other Indic languages.

## Unicode 
The letter Ṇ has special codes in computers:

* Uppercase **Ṇ**: U+1E46
* Lowercase **ṇ**: U+1E47

These codes are used to represent the letter in digital text.

## References
Declaration of majority of Pedro II

The **Declaration of Majority of Pedro II** () was a document signed by the General Assembly of Brazil on July 23, 1840. It declared the 14-year-old Pedro II of Brazil to be of legal age, allowing him to assume the full powers of Emperor, earlier than the usual age of 18.

The declaration was meant to bring an end to the regency that had governed Brazil in Pedro II's name since the abdication of his father, Pedro I, in 1831. The regency had been plagued by political crises and unrest, such as the Ragamuffin War, the Sabinada, and the Cabanagem.

## Background 
Pedro II was declared emperor in the context of significant social and political turmoil. His premature rise to power was intended to bring stability to Brazil, with the hope that his authority as emperor would quell the ongoing revolts.

## Aftermath 
To assist the young emperor, a new ministry was formed, known as the *Ministry of the Majority*, which included prominent figures such as the Andrada brothers and the Cavalcanti brothers. The declaration marked the beginning of the Second Reign of Pedro II, which would last until 1889.

## Related pages 
* Pedro II of Brazil

## References
Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada

**Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada** (9 April 1775 – 23 February 1844) was a Brazilian politician who played a prominent role in the declaration of Brazil's independence and held various government roles during the early years of the Brazilian Empire. He was twice appointed as Minister of Finance under Emperor Pedro I and Pedro II.

## Early life 
Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada was born in Santos, São Paulo on 9 April 1775. He was the son of Colonel José Bonifácio Ribeiro de Andrada and Maria Bárbara da Silva. His brothers were Antônio Carlos and José Bonifácio de Andrada, both notable political figures in Brazil. Martim attended the University of Coimbra in Portugal, where he earned degrees in philosophy and mathematics in the late 1790s. He later received a PhD in Natural Sciences.

## Political career 
### Regency period 
In January 1822, Martim's brother, José Bonifácio de Andrada, was heavily involved in promoting Brazil's independence. Martim served as Secretary of State for Business and Finance in the first cabinet of the Empire of Brazil, starting in July 1822. During his time in office, he pursued nationalist policies to stabilize the economy, imposing taxes on imports, especially those from Portugal.

He refused to take foreign loans, opting instead for a ten-year compulsory loan secured by the income of the state of Rio de Janeiro. This policy helped generate public support by promising to modernize Brazil's economy.

## Later years and death 
Ribeiro de Andrada resumed his role as Minister of Finance in 1840 under Emperor Pedro II. He passed away in Santos, São Paulo on 23 February 1844 at the age of 68.

## References
PlaceAVote.com

**PlaceAVote.com** is a grassroots American organization founded in 2014, headquartered in Los Angeles, CA. The platform provides a peer-to-peer framework to review, discuss, and vote on every issue before the United States Congress. PlaceAVote aims to serve as a boundary-free, non-partisan forum where the collective will of the people can be communicated to their United States Congressional Representatives. The organization’s mission is to facilitate democracy and combat government corruption, both in the United States and abroad.

## History 
PlaceAVote was founded in 2014 by Luke Arrigoni, Ben Colman, and Job Melton. The platform was designed as a response to the growing disconnect between elected representatives and the will of their constituents. By using technology, PlaceAVote aimed to provide a direct means of representation, allowing voters to have their say on every issue before Congress.

The guiding principle of PlaceAVote is to create a forum for the people to express their views on legislative matters. The results of these discussions and votes would then be communicated to elected officials, ensuring representation based on voter consensus.

Since its launch, the platform gained significant traction, and over 50 candidates across the United States expressed an interest in running on the PlaceAVote platform during the 2014 primaries.

## 2014 Congressional elections 
In the 2014 Congressional elections, two candidates ran on the PlaceAVote.com platform, leveraging technology to fully represent their constituents. Job Melton, a Democrat running in California's 16th District, and John Catano, a Republican running in California's 22nd District, both utilized PlaceAVote to engage, educate, and interact with their constituencies.

The candidacies of Melton and Catano reflected the non-partisan nature of PlaceAVote. To emphasize this, both candidates switched their lifelong political party affiliations to match the constituency of their districts, demonstrating a commitment to represent the majority consensus.

## Related pages 
* Direct democracy

## References
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

A **malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor** (**MPNST**) is a form of cancer of the connective tissue surrounding peripheral nerves. It is classified as a sarcoma. About half the cases are diagnosed in people with neurofibromatosis. MPNST with rhabdomyoblastomatous component are called malignant triton tumors.

## References
California's 47th congressional district

'''California's 47th congressional district''' is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California.

After the 2020 redistricting cycle, the district moved to Orange County. The district now represents Irvine, Huntington Beach, Costa Mesa, Newport Beach, and Seal Beach. 

It is currently represented by Democrat Dave Min.

## References
Super Why!

***Super Why!*** is an animated educational superhero children's television series created by Angela C. Santomero and developed by Santomero and Samantha Freeman Alpert for PBS Kids. Santomero and Alpert additionally serve as executive producers alongside Steven DeNure and Anne Loi. The series was produced by Santomero and Alpert's New York City-based production company Out of the Blue Enterprises in co-production with Decode Entertainment for the first season and DHX Studios Halifax for the second and third seasons. Animation was by Toronto-based C.O.R.E. Toons (season 1), Gallus Entertainment (season 2) and DHX Media (originally through its Decode Entertainment division). The opening and closing theme songs were written by composers and lyricists Steve D'Angelo and Terry Tompkins, with D'Angelo also providing lead vocals for both. The background score for seasons 2 and 3 was composed by Lorenzo Castelli and Jeff Morrow.

The show was originally created as a stop motion pilot episode in 1999 by Cuppa Coffee Animation that was pitched to Nickelodeon/Nick Jr. It was later featured at the 2000 Annecy Film Festival. Nickelodeon ultimately opted not to pick up the show. Instead, Curious Pictures pitched another pilot to PBS Kids sometime in 2006, and PBS Kids further developed the series with funds from the United States Department of Education's Ready to Learn grant and aired the premiere episode on September 3, 2007. The original run ended on May 12, 2016 with a total of 103 episodes across three seasons.

## Characters 
* Whyatt Beanstalk becomes Super Why
* Littlest Pig becomes Alpha Pig
* Little Red Riding Hood becomes Wonder Red
* Princess Pea becomes Princess Presto
* Puppy becomes Woofster

## Episodes 
### Season 1 (2007–10)
## References
NJPW World Television Championship

The  is a professional wrestling championship in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). It is the promotion's television championship which means that it is defended on their weekly television shows. It also has a 15-minute time limit for its matches.

## History
On October 10, 2022 at Declaration of Power, New Japan Pro-Wrestling president and CEO Hiroyoki Mihira announced the creation of the NJPW World Television Championship. The reason for the championship's creation to celebrate New Japan Pro-Wrestling World, the promotion's streaming service, as well as, the over 50-year partnership between New Japan Pro-Wrestling and TV Asahi. All matches are broadcast on the New Japan Pro-Wrestling World service and have a 15-minute time limit.

A tournament was held to crown the first ever NJPW World Television Champion. The tournament had sixteen-men and was single-elimination. If a match went past the 15-minute time limit then a coin was flipped and the winner was chosen that way. The tournament began at Battle Autumn (Night 1) on October 14, 2022 and ended at Wrestle Kingdom 17 (Night 1) on January 4, 2023.

At Night 1 of Wrestle Kingdom 17, Zack Sabre Jr. would defeat Ren Narita to win the tournament and become the first ever NJPW World Television Champion.

El Phantasmo is the current champion. He is in his first reign as champion. He defeated Ren Narita, Jeff Cobb, and Ryohei Oiwa at Wrestle Kingdom 19.

## Title history 
## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Japanese website
*Official English website (Archive)
Věra Galusková

**Věra Galusková** (born 22 December 1906) was a Czechoslovak track and field athlete. She was specialized in the high jump. She was active during the 1920s, the early era of women's athletics. She represented Czechoslovakia at international competitions.

## Biography
Galusková was a member of AC Sl.Sl.Uh.Hradište, and from 1927 of SK Slavia. In September she finished third in the high jump event at the 1924 France–Czechoslovakia women's athletics match.

At the 1926 Czechoslovakia–France–Yugoslavia women's athletics match she won the high jump event and improved the national record with a height of 1.43 meters. Olmerová was in 1926 also a Czechoslovak member at the 1926 Women's World Games in Gothenburg, Sweden. 

She was the best Czechoslovak high jumper in 1924, 1926 and 1927.

## References
Android 15

**Android 15** is the fifthteenth and latest major release of Android developed by the Open Handset Alliance led by Google, which was released to the public and the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) on September 3, 2024. It was released for Google Pixel devices on October 15, 2024. The first developer preview was released on February 16, 2024.

## References
Colored pencil

A **colored pencil** (*Canadian* and *British* English: **coloured pencil**), is an art tool. It is made of a narrow, colored core inside a wooden cylindrical case. Unlike graphite and charcoal pencils, colored pencils' cores are wax or oil-based and have different proportions of pigments, additives, and binding agents.

## Related pages
*Pencil
*Art
Glinda the Good

**Glinda the Good** is a character in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. She is the Witch of the South. She explains to Dorothy how to use her magic Silver Slippers to go home to Kansas. She convinces Scarecrow that Ozma is the rightful Queen of Oz. She teaches The Wizard of Oz actual magic and she helps protect Oz from villains. One of the books, Glinda of Oz, is named after her.

The 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz had a Composite character of Glinda and The Good Witch of the North
Abraham Van Helsing

**Professor Abraham Van Helsing**, M.D., Phd, D.Litt is a character in the book Dracula by Bram Stoker. Dr. Van Helsing trained Dr. John Seward in Amsterdam.

## Role in the Book 
When Dr. Seward isn’t sure how to treat Lucy Westenra, he writes to his Dutch teacher Dr. Abraham Van Helsing and asks for help. Dr. Van Helsing comes from Holland to England and notices that Lucy lost a lot of blood so he keeps her alive with Blood transfusions. Van Helsing doesn’t know how Lucy got so sick. Van Helsing figures out that, even though he’s never heard of people getting sick with what Lucy has, animals that get bitten by bats called vampires get sick with it all the time. Van Helsing tries to find out if there were ever humans who were bitten by vampire bats and he learns that there are legends about people being bitten by vampire bats, dying, and becoming Undead monsters called Nosferatu. Van Helsing gives Lucy garlic and keeps her window closed since he’s afraid that a Nosferatu will find her.

When Lucy dies, Van Helsing tries to convince Dr. Seward to cut her head off so she won’t become a Nosferatu but he says no. Then Lucy becomes a Nosferatu and bites a lot of children. When Van Helsing convinces Dr. Seward and his friends that this happened, they attack and kill Lucy. Van Helsing cuts her head off so she will stay dead. Van Helsing says since they killed her while the children she bit were alive, the children won’t become Nosferatu. Van Helsing also says that if they had killed the Nosferatu who bit her before she died, then Lucy would never have become a Nosferatu.

After meeting Jonathan and Mina Harker, Van Helsing finds out that the Nosferatu who bit Lucy is the same man who kidnapped Jonathan in Transylvania, whose name is Count Dracula. Van Helsing also thinks that Dracula is Vlad the Impaler and that he became a Nosferatu after he died because when he was alive, he went to the Scholomance and learned Magic from The Devil. Van Helsing looks up everything they need to know about vampires.

Dr. Seward’s patient R.M. Renfield begs him to let him go but Dr. Seward doesn’t so Renfield invites Dracula into Seward’s house and Dracula bites Mina without her knowing. When Dracula finds out that Van Helsing and the others are chasing him, he bites Mina in front of Jonathan and he kills Renfield. Van Helsing decides that they can’t trust Mina anymore because Dracula can use her to spy on them but then Mina convinces him that they can use her to spy on Dracula. Van Helsing and the others chase Dracula to Transylvania and three female Nosferatu attack Van Helsing and Mina so Van Helsing draws a circle around Mina and surrounds it with Wafers and Garlic so that they can’t get into it. Mina starts to turn into a Nosferatu. Then the Sun comes up so the three women teleport into their graves and fall asleep. Then Van Helsing stabs each one of them through the heart and cuts their heads off.
Gavin Creel

**Gavin James Creel** (April 18, 1976 – September 30, 2024) was an American actor and pop singer-songwriter. He was best known for his work in musical theater. Creel was born in Findlay, Ohio. His career began in 1997. During his career, he won a Tony Award, a Laurence Olivier Award, a Drama Desk Award and a Grammy Award.

Creel had his first Broadway role in 2002 in the leading role of Jimmy in *Thoroughly Modern Millie*. He later starred as Claude in the 2009 Broadway revival of *Hair*. From 2012 to 2015, he starred as Elder Price in *The Book of Mormon*.

Creel was openly gay. In 2009, Creel dated actor Jonathan Groff.

In July 2024, Creel was diagnosed with a metastatic melanotic peripheral nerve sheath sarcoma.

## References
## Other websites
*  (official website)
* 
* 
* [ Gavin Creel] at *Billboard*
* Gavin Creel on Discogs
* 
* 
*
Googlebot

**Googlebot** is the web crawling software used by Google to index websites and gather information from across the internet for its search engine. It plays a crucial role in how Google Search functions by discovering and collecting data from publicly available web pages, which it then organizes into Google's search index. Googlebot operates as a web crawler, visiting websites systematically and following links to discover new or updated pages.

## Types of Googlebot 
There are two main types of Googlebot, each designed to handle different types of content:

1.	Googlebot Desktop: This version of the crawler mimics the behavior of a user on a desktop or laptop computer. It is optimized to collect data from websites as they would appear to desktop users.

2.	Googlebot Smartphone: In response to the growing importance of mobile browsing, Google introduced Googlebot Smartphone. This crawler simulates a mobile device's behavior and is used to prioritize mobile-first indexing, where Google primarily uses the mobile version of a site for indexing and ranking purposes.

## How Googlebot Works 
Googlebot operates by sending requests to web servers for individual web pages using a programmatic process known as crawling. The crawler starts with a list of URLs that are either provided through previous crawls, sitemaps submitted by webmasters, or links found during previous crawling sessions. When visiting a page, Googlebot downloads its content and stores it in Google's search index. It also follows internal and external links on that page to discover new content.

## Impact of Googlebot on SEO 
Googlebot plays a key role in Search Engine Optimization (SEO) strategies. Webmasters and digital marketers often take steps to ensure that their websites are easily crawlable and that important content is indexed correctly. This involves optimizing website architecture, improving page load speed, and ensuring that internal linking helps Googlebot discover relevant pages.

Googlebot's mobile-first indexing approach has made it even more important for websites to be mobile-friendly, as poorly performing mobile sites may impact a site's ranking in Google’s search results.

## Privacy and Ethical Concerns 
As Googlebot crawls the public web, it adheres to the ethical guidelines established by web standards like robots.txt. However, the extensive reach of Googlebot and other crawlers has raised privacy concerns among some users and website owners, who may worry about how their data is being indexed and used.
Despite these concerns, Google has emphasized that Googlebot only crawls publicly available pages and adheres to guidelines set by webmasters. Sensitive information can be protected by using noindex tags or blocking access through robots.txt files.

## References
Oresteia (Xenakis)

***Oresteia*** is a Greek opera by Iannis Xenakis made in 1965 and 1966. The work is based on *Oresteia* by Aeschylus.  It is made for a chorus and twelve instrument players and is 50 minutes. Xenakis made two additional parts of the music in the 1980s and 1992.

## Development 
Most of the opera was finished in 1966. It was made for an event in Ypsilanti, Michigan. 

In 1992, Xenakis would make his last part, *La Déesse Athéna* (the goddess Athena).

## Music and instrumentation 
The opera is made for a children's chorus and twelve instrumentalists. 

## References
Violin Concerto No. 1 (Saint-Saëns)

The **Violin Concerto No. 1 in A major**, Op. 20, by Camille Saint-Saëns is a musical composition for violin and orchestra that was made in 1859. While this concerto is named  "No. 1", it was Saint-Saëns' second concerto for the violin, but was made public first. This piece of music was written for violinist Pablo Sarasate, who was only 15 years old at the time. 

## Instrumentation 
The music was made for violin, 2 flutes/piccolo, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, and strings.

## Structure 
The music has one part, labeled *allegro*.

The music is played for 12 minutes. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Studies in Judaism, Christianity and the Religions of India

***Studies in Judaism, Christianity and the Religions of India*** (Arabic: دراسات في اليهودية والمسيحية وأديان الهند; Dirasaat Fi al-Yahudiyaat wa al-Maseehiyaat wa al-Adiyaan al-Hind) is a research book. It is written by Ziaur Rahman Azmi on comparative religion. The book is published by Al-Rushd Library, Riyadh in 2001.
The book is divided into two parts, one is Christianity and Judaism (Abrahamic religions), and another is Indian religions (Aryan religions). 
## Parts
The book is in two part:
* Al-Yahudiyyaat wa al-Masihiyyaat
* Fusulun Fi Adianil Hind
## References
Niklas Eriksson

**Niklas Eriksson** (born 17 November 1981) is a Swedish archer. Eriksson competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ylva Ivarsson

**Gun Ylva Marianne Haglund** (born 10 November 1964) is a Swedish archer. Ivarsson competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

## References
Mattias Eriksson

**Mattias Eriksson** (born 17 November 1981 in Sundsvall, Medelpad) is a Swedish archer. He competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics and at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

## References
The New 52

**The New 52** is a 2011 DC Comics event marking the relaunch of its entire line with the publication of 52 new comic series, all beginning at #1. The New 52 came out of the *Flashpoint* event. In September, 2011, DC Comics consolidated and relaunched their comic lines, discontinuing some series, and introducing yet other series, resulting in 52 titles, each with a new #1. That consolidation included the incorporation of both the Wildstorm Productions and the reincorporation of certain Vertigo properties into the mainstream DC Universe. The event takes its name from the company's thematic associations with the number 52, which began with the publication of the weekly series *52*, in which it was revealed that a Multiverse of 52 parallel realities existed within the DC Universe.

## New 52 series 
DC Comics initiated 52 new ongoing series, featuring characters from the DC Universe, with the goal of showcasing a modernized take on its heroes and villains.

## Rebooting continuity 
The New 52 involved a “soft reboot” of the DC Universe, meaning that while some histories remained intact, much of the storytelling and character arcs were retold, updated, or completely changed.

## Key titles 
Some of the prominent series included *Justice League*, *Batman*, *Wonder Woman*, *Aquaman*, and *Green Lantern*. *Batman*, in particular, received widespread acclaim, especially the story arcs written by Scott Snyder.

## Artistic changes 
The New 52 introduced new artistic styles and approached character designs that reflected contemporary aesthetics, often involving younger, edgier looks for many classic characters.

## Diverse representation 
The initiative aimed to diversify its character lineup, introducing new characters and versions of existing ones, including the new "Green Lantern" Simon Baz and a redesigned Static Shock.

## Concluding the Initiative 
The New 52 lasted until mid-2016, when DC Comics launched the DC Rebirth initiative. Rebirth sought to restore some of the elements of the pre-New 52 continuity while keeping the modernized aspects introduced during The New 52.

## Cultural impact 
The New 52 era had a significant impact on comics and pop culture, influencing adaptations in television, film, and other media, as well as shaping the way superhero stories were told in comics.

Overall, The New 52 was a bold strategy that aimed to revitalize DC Comics and engage new audiences, leaving a lasting legacy on the comic book landscape.
Rohan Mehra

**Rohan Mehra** (born 8 April 1990) is an Indian actor and model, known for his work in films, web series, and television. He gained popularity for his portrayal of Naksh Singhania in the popular television series Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai and Sameer Kapoor in Sasural Simar Ka. Mehra also became a household name after being a finalist on the reality TV show Bigg Boss 10.

## Early Life and Education 
Rohan Mehra was born on 8 April 1990. He completed his education at St. George's College, Mussoorie, Uttaranchal, where he developed an interest in acting and modeling.

## Personal Life 
Rohan Mehra is known for his versatile acting skills and continues to be active in the entertainment industry, making appearances in films, web shows, and television.

## References
Colorectal surgery

**Colorectal surgery** is a type of medicine that deals with problems of the rectum, anus, and colon. Doctors who work in this field are called colorectal surgeons or proctologists.

## Scope of the specialty 
Colorectal surgical disorders include:

* Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus (hemorrhoids)
* Cracks or tears in the anus (anal fissures)
* Abnormal passages between the rectum and the skin (fistulas)
* Severe constipation
* Loss of control over bowel movements (fecal incontinence)
* The rectum's walls pushing out through the anus (rectal prolapse)
* Birth defects like an imperforate anus (where the anus is blocked or missing)
* Treatment for severe digestive problems like Crohn's disease
* Colon and rectum cancer (colorectal cancer)
* Fixing the rectum if it falls out of place
* Cancer of the anus
* Injuries to the anus
* Removal of objects stuck in the anus
* Performing tests to check the colon (colonoscopies)
* Surgery to remove hemorrhoids (hemorrhoidectomies)

## Surgical treatment and diagnostic procedures 
 resected by minimally invasive colorectal surgery shows a dark red and pinned down  ]]
Surgical treatments for these conditions include removing part of the colon (colectomy), creating an opening in the colon or small intestine (ileo/colostomy), removing polyps (polypectomy), widening narrow areas in the intestines (strictureplasty), and removing hemorrhoids in severe cases (hemorrhoidectomy). Other operations include minimally invasive surgery, surgery of the anus-anoplasty-and more, depending on the need of the patient. Tests like a colonoscopy are very important for colorectal surgery because they help the doctor understand the condition and decide on the right surgery. Colorectal doctors conduct other tests which include proctoscopy, defecating proctography, and sigmoidoscopy. Now, the ratio of laparoscopic surgery is gaining more because of its lesser risks, quicker recoveries, and cuts due to special instruments used in this method.

## Mechanical bowel preparation 
Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is a process where the bowel is cleared of stool before surgery. This is usually done using sodium phosphate. But there is little evidence in medical research to show that it is necessary or helpful.

## References
Clara Brugada

**Clara Marina Brugada Molina** (born August 12, 1963) is a Mexican politician who is the head of government of Mexico City since 2024. She is a member of Morena. She was the mayor of the borough of Iztapalapa from 2009 to 2012.

## References
Manuel Ávila Camacho

**Manuel Ávila Camacho** (; 24 April 1897 – 13 October 1955) was a Mexican politician and military leader. He was the President of Mexico from 1940 to 1946. 

He served with General Lázaro Cárdenas as his Chief of his General Staff during the Mexican Revolution. He was known as "The Gentleman President" ("El Presidente Caballero"). As president, he pursued "national policies of unity, adjustment, and moderation."

During his presidency, he helped fix relations between Mexico and the United States during World War II.

Ávila Camacho died at his farm in Huixquilucan, Mexico from heart disease on 13 October 1955, aged 58.

## References
Gibran Rakabuming Raka

**Gibran Rakabuming Raka** (born 1 October 1987) is an Indonesian politician and businessman who has been the 14th and current Vice President of Indonesia since 2024. Before, he was the mayor of Surakarta from 2021 to 2024. He is the oldest child of 7th President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo.

In the 2024 presidential election, he successfully ran as the vice presidential candidate of Prabowo Subianto.

## References
Gerindra Party

The **Great Indonesia Movement Party** (), better known as the **Gerindra Party**, is a nationalist, right-wing populist political party in Indonesia. It has been the third-largest party in the House of Representatives (DPR). It won 86 seats in the latest election. It is led by the former army general and the president-elect of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto.

## References
Bhoota

**Bhoota** is a supernatural being. In Indian subcontinental culture and folktales, a bhoota is any ghostly being that often manifests from someone who has died. People of the subcontinent still believe in ghosts because of having many places said to be haunted, like old buildings, forts, and cremation grounds. In Bengali culture, ghosts are important both for Muslims and Hindus. In Pakistan, the term jinn is used for both bhootas and spirits from Arabic and Persian stories. These bhootas can either be ghosts of dead people or jinns from another world.

## Characteristics of Bhootas 
Bhutas are spirits that can change into various animals but generally take human forms. Their feet face backward. They float above the ground because they avoid touching the ground-as the earth is sacred in many Indian traditions. Bhutas do not have a shadow and speak with a nasal voice. They are often seen in white clothes and sometimes live in trees or haunt places where they were killed.

A special type of bhoota is called a churel, which is the spirit of a woman who died during pregnancy or childbirth. Churels take the form of women but have feet pointed backward, toes reversed, or some other strange features. They try to attract young men at road crossings or fields and if a man falls for a churel, she may cause his death.

## References
List of country musicians from Texas

This is a list of famous country musicians that were raised in Texas, USA.

:*Pages appear in :Category:Country musicians from Texas*

* Jim Reeves (d. 1964)
* Gene Autry (d. 1998)
* Waylon Jennings (d. 2002)
* George Jones (d. 2013)
* Ray Price (d. 2013)
* Emilio Navaira (d. 2016)

* Kris Kristoffersen, see List of country musicians raised in California

* Willie Nelson (born 1933)
* George Strait (born 1952)
* Ronnie Dunn (born 1953)
* Tanya Tucker (born 1958)
* Mark Chesnutt (born 1963)
* Tracy Byrd (born 1966)
* Tommy Shane Steiner (born 1973)
* Miranda Lambert (born 1983)
* Maren Morris (born 1990)

The following other musicians had at least one number one song or album on country music charts: Kip Moore Jeannie C. Riley Clay Walker.

The following other musicians had at least one "top five" song or album on country music charts: Danielle Bradbery, Radney Foster.

The following other musicians had at least 11 songs and 7 albums on country music charts: Boxcar Willie.

## Related pages
*List of country musicians from California

## References