open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Salamander

**Salamanders** are amphibians. They are the order **Caudata** (or **Urodela**). There are about 500 different species.

Salamanders live in water and on land, and look rather like lizards, with four legs and a tail. They hatch as larvae from eggs in the water. At that stage, they have gills that stick out.

Most salamanders live on land when they are adults, after their change of shape (metamorphosis). On land, salamanders live in moist habitats. Their method of respiration varies. Some salamanders stay in the water, but look like adults. These are called newts. Some salamanders retain gills into sexual maturity, such as the Axolotl. This process is called neoteny.

Often, salamanders may have a chemical defence to predators; they are poisonous to eat. In this case, they will have warning colouration. Otherwise, if not poisonous, they will usually have camouflage.

Salamanders are the only tetrapods able to regenerate limbs, as well as other body parts.

## Features 
Respiration differs between species of salamanders. Species that lack lungs respire through gills. In most cases, these are external gills, visible as tufts on either side of the head, although the amphiumas have internal gills and gill slits. Some salamanders that are terrestrial have lungs that are used in respiration, although these are simple and sac-like, unlike the more complex organs found in mammals. Many species, such as the Olm, have both lungs and gills as adults.

Some terrestrial species lack both lungs and gills and perform gas exchange through their skin, a process known as valerian respiration in which the capillary beds are spread throughout the epidermis, and inside the mouth. Even some species with lungs can also respire through the skin in this manner.

The skin of salamanders secretes mucus. This helps to keep the animal moist when on dry land, and maintains their salt balance while in water, as well as providing a lubricant during swimming. Salamanders also secrete poison from glands in their skin, and some additionally have skin glands for secreting courtship pheromones. Permanently subterranean salamanders have reduced eyes, which may even be covered by a layer of skin. The larvae, and the adults of some highly aquatic species, also have a lateral line organ, similar to that of fish, which can detect changes in water pressure. Salamanders have no external ear, and only a vestigial middle ear.

## Classification 
There are ten families in the order **Urodela**, divided into three suborders:

## References
*

## Other websites 
* Caudata Culture
* Salamander Video 
* Caudatamedia
Newt

colouration warns predators of its highly toxic skin.]]

**Newts** or *efts* are small amphibia. They are in a subfamily of the salamanders. They are found in North America, Europe, and North Asia.

## Life cycle 
Females lay eggs and leave them. Tadpoles are born from those eggs.

Newts have three life stages. First as a tiny aquatic larva, which gradually undergoes metamorphosis. Then they leave the water for a year as a juvenile called an *eft*. They go back in the water to breed as adults.

In some species the adults stay in water for the rest of their lives. Others are land-based, but return to water each year to breed.

## Defences 
Many newts produce toxins in their skin secretions as a defence against predators. They have  skin colours as a warning to other animals.

*Taricha* newts of western North America are particularly toxic; the rough-skinned newt *Taricha granulosa* of the Pacific Northwest produces more than enough tetrodotoxin to kill an adult human. Recently, a 29-year-old man in Coos Bay, Oregon, who had been drinking heavily, swallowed a rough-skin newt for a dare; he died later that day despite hospital treatment. After handling, proper hand-washing techniques should be followed due to the risk from the toxins they produce and bacteria they carry, such as salmonella. It is illegal to handle or disturb great crested newts in the UK without a licence.

## Are newts a related group? 
The term "newt" has traditionally been used as a functional term for salamanders living in water, and not a systematic unit. The relationship between the genera has been uncertain, though they may be a natural systematic unit. Newer molecular analysis tend to suggest they actually do form a clade.
Newts only appear in one subfamily of salamanders, the Pleurodelinae (of the family Salamandridae).
Some genera occasionally listed as Pleurodelinae are not newts (*Salamandrina* and *Euproctus*).

## References
Powder

]]
**Powder** is very small, dry pieces or grains. When we press some dry solids very hard, or when we cut something up into lots of small pieces, we can sometimes make powder.  

For example, people sometimes put *face powder* on their faces, when they want to look good. Sometimes sports players put powder on their hands, to make them dry. We put *curry powder* in our food, to make it taste stronger. We put *washing powder,* which is a kind of soap, in the washing machine when we want to have clean clothes. People use *gunpowder* to make bombs and fireworks.

"Powder" is also a verb - meaning to apply powder.
Larva

Many animals develop in separate stages. A **larva** (plural: *larvae*) develops from the egg in those animals. It is a separate life stage from the adult reproductive stage. A larva does not look like the adult animal, and changes shape (known as metamorphosis) as it grows up. There may be several larval stages before the adult form. Tadpoles, maggots and caterpillars are larvae.

Marine organisms with a larval stage often release large numbers of eggs and sperms into the water column. After fertilisation, the eggs develop into tiny larvae. The larvae develop and grow for some time before metamorphosing into adults. Most marine invertebrates and many fish have a pelagic larval stage or pelagic eggs. These live in the plankton, and may be transported long distances.

## Evolutionary theory 
Probably the most widely accepted theory explaining the evolution of larval stages is the need for *dispersal*. Sessile organisms such as barnacles and tunicates, and sea-floor groups like mussels and crabs, need some way to move their young into new territory, since they cannot move long distances as adults. Many species have relatively long pelagic larval stages (how long a larva is in the water column). During this time, larvae feed and grow, and many species move through several stages of development. For example, most barnacles moult through six *nauplius* larva stages before moulting to a *cipris*, when they look to settle. The larvae eat different food from the adults, and disperse.

The other consideration is the small size of the eggs. If animals lay many small eggs (and most do), then the young stages cannot live the life the adults lead. They must live a separate life until they have the size and capability to live as an adult. This is what the larvae do.

### Origin of vertebrates 
A long-standing theory is that in transformed larvae of sea-squirts (tunicates) lies the origin of vertebrates. Tunicates are sessile, but their larvae are mobile, and have some features found in early vertebrates. The process of paedomorphosis, where juvenile features are retained in the adult, is the proposed mechanism. Genome analysis does show that the tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates.

## References
Father

]]

A **father** (also called **dad** or **daddy**) is a male parent. Most human beings are born from a mother and a father. The father of a person's husband or wife is their father-in-law. Fathers determine the sex of their child through a sperm cell which either contains an X chromosome (female), or a Y chromosome (male).

## Role of a father 
A father often helps to take care of and raise a child. This can include providing food, shelter, education, and emotional support. In many families, fathers share responsibilities with mothers in raising children.

Fathers can influence a child's behavior, confidence, and social skills. Studies show that children with involved fathers often have better emotional and educational outcomes.

## Biological and social father 
A biological father is the male parent whose sperm helped create the child. A social father is a man who raises a child but may not be the biological parent, such as a stepfather or adoptive father.

## In culture 
In many cultures, fathers are seen as protectors and providers for the family. However, roles of fathers can be different depending on society and time period.

## Related pages
*God the Father
*Patriarchy

## References
Gill

(a type of amphibian)]]]]
**Gills** are what fish, amphibians, and some other animals use to breathe in water. They have feathery parts which cause water to move across the animal's body, which contains dissolved oxygen, after the animal has swallowed the water. The oxygen is absorbed into the animal's blood, causing carbon dioxide to move out of the animal's blood and into the water through the gills.

Fish and frog gills are hidden on the sides of their heads. Sharks have many gills slits on their necks. Baby salamanders have gills that stick out like leaves from their heads.

In mushrooms, **gills** are the spore-bearing structure in agarics (gilled mushrooms) while fish and some young amphibians use them to get oxygen others breath.

Some insects that live in water have a **plastron**, which is a kind of gill. It is a patch of special hairs that keeps the water away from the insect's spiracles. This allows them to continue to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide while they are under water.
Bath

A **bath** (UK English) or **bathtub** (US English) is a basin large enough for people sit in when washing their body.  The bath is usually in the bathroom.  A less common name for a bath is a *washtub*.it can be painted with whiter color, a painted bathtub  have long life.

Sometimes people will add scents, oils and salts to the bath for better experience and relaxation.

A bath is also a place where people can sit in water (or other liquids, often hot) for their health. This is where the town name Bath comes from. Public baths for relaxing were built in all parts of the Roman Empire. The earliest known baths on record appeared somewhere around mid-2000 BC in Knossos, Crete. Another society known for their love of public bathing were the Romans. They invented the *Thermae*, which were grand in size, while *Balineaes* were smaller in stature. Similar to the Greeks, the Romans also used these places for socialising, while the rich and wealthy would build their own private bathhouses at home.

## Other 
* Bird bath
* Bathhouse
*Steam bath

## References
Utilitarianism

was a main utilitarian philosopher of the 18th and 19th centuries|thumb]]

**Utilitarianism** is the view that the right thing to do is whatever is most . It is a  about ethics. The word "utilitarianism" comes from the word "utility", which means "usefulness". In most forms of utilitarianism, things that increase human  or happiness are called useful. This is not limited to the happiness caused by a single action but also includes the happiness of all people involved and all future consequences.

In general, the theory of utilitarianism is that whatever brings the most happiness to the greatest number of people is the right thing to do.

## History 
The theory was made popular by 18th and 19th century British philosophers like Francis Hutcheson, Jeremy Bentham, and John Stuart Mill, but the idea goes all the way back to ancient times.

Bentham wrote about this idea with the words "The greatest good for the greatest number," but did not use the word *utilitarianism*. It was Mill, a follower of Bentham's ideas, who named the idea.

## Utilitarianism in Practice 
Many philosophers argue that utilitarianism has important practical implications for how we should live ethically. For instance, according to utilitarianism we should help the poor, prevent animal suffering, and ensure that future generations have good lives.

## Related pages 
*Hedonism
*Happiness pump

## References
Chalk

s in Sussex]]
 chalk]]

**Chalk** is a type of limestone. It was made by calcareous (CaCO3) skeletons of tiny planktonic algae called coccoliths. They live in the sea in huge numbers. They make chalk (CO2) as a by-product of their photosynthesis. The chalk cliffs of Dover and elsewhere were made when England was below the equator in a tropical sea. It was in the Upper Cretaceous, when the Earth was even warmer than now. There are coccoliths today, but not the same species as formed the white cliffs.

Air and water do not wear chalk away easily, so when chalk is next to the sea, it often makes a large cliff. The "White Cliffs of Dover" in Kent, England are a good example of this. Chalk holds water, so these chalk hills may have a lot of water in them. When the weather is very dry, water comes slowly from the chalk. 

**Blackboard chalk** is not real chalk. It is really gypsum (calcium sulfate), but people call it "chalk". People use it for drawing on hard things, because it is soft. If this chalk is rubbed on something hard or rough, it will leave a mark. People often write with chalk on a chalkboard or blackboard. A chalk eraser or water can be used to clean the chalk marks away so the board is clean again. Shops usually sell blackboard chalk in sticks that are about 5 cm long.

There are also big pieces of soft chalk for children to write on the ground with, for example on concrete (such as a sidewalk) or on asphalt. It is usually okay to write on the ground with this kind of chalk, because the rain will wash the chalk away.

'''Tailors' chalk''' is not real chalk either. It is talc (magnesium silicate). Tailors use it to draw on material when they are making clothes.
Village

, a village in West Java, Indonesia]]
A **village** is a place where people live, normally in the countryside. It is usually larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town or city.  In some places, it may be a kind of local government. The dwellings in a village are clustered fairly near one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape.

In the past, villages were where most people lived. Villages were a usual form of community for societies that do subsistence agriculture, and for some non-agricultural societies. After the industrial revolution, when people started making a lot of things in factories, people lived more in towns. Moving to towns is called urbanization. When villages grow a lot they can grow into towns and then cities. This is what happened to Athens and Chicago.

## United Kingdom 
In The U.K. the main difference between a hamlet and a village is that many villages have a church.

Most villages are long-standing. The land has been settled (peopled) since the ice age. The soil is generally very fertile, and the land was once heavily forested. Much of what was forest was cut down to make ships, and farming replaced it. The land is fertile because of the deep loam (soil) in many places. That is partly due to the ice age, since the ice cover moved and ground against the bedrock.

## United States 
### Incorporated villages 
The word "village" is not used in most states. However, in twenty  US states, a "village" is a sort of local government, similar to a city but with less power and for a smaller place. But this is not so in all the United States. In many states, there are villages which are bigger than the smallest cities in the state. The difference is not the population, it is how much power the different sorts of places have, and what they do for people living there.

#### New York 
In the state of New York, a village is a place which is usually called a town. 

### Unincorporated villages 
In many states, a "village" is only a place where people live, with no legal power, similar to a hamlet in New York state. The name for these is "unincorporated villages".

## References
Gangnihessou

**Do-Aklin** or **Gangnihessou** (Ganye Hessou) or **Dogbari** was the first of twelve kings of Dahomey in Africa. Gangnihessou might have been the king around the year 1620. One of his symbols was a bird called "gangnihessou" after his name. His other symbols were a drum, and sticks used for throwing or hunting. He had a younger brother called Dakodonou, who was a king. Some historians think Gangnihessou was not actually a king. Instead, Gangnihessou might have led people by giving advice to his brother.
No

**No** is an English word that has a  meaning. It is the opposite of the word *yes*, which is a  term.

*No* is used when someone is turning away something. It is also used when opposing an idea. It can also be used in different figures of speech.

In both sentences and talking, the words "No" and the word "Not" can both be used, though the word "No" is mainly used when speaking to other people. In some cases, however, "Not" is not acceptable, and vice versa. These words are not to be confused with the similar sounding words know and knot.

Examples of  of "No" and "Not":
*Is this green? No, it is not.
*There is no way round the back.
* This is not the way (but there is another way).
* I will not come.
* Oh, no!
* No, thank you.
* Not on my watch!
* I can not go anywhere.

Examples of  of "No" and "Not":
* That is no the way you do it.
* Oh not!
* I know how to tie a knot. *(Disambiguation)*
* I didn't no that!
* I can no go.
* Not way!

When there are multiple "no's" in a sentence, if the number of "no's" is even then the "no's" together mean "yes" (because when saying "no no", the first *no* cancels the second *no*). If the number of "no"'s is odd then together they mean "no".
Leon Trotsky

**Lev Davidovich Bronstein (** (; also transliterated *Leo*, *Lev*, *Trotskii*, *Trotski*, *Trotskij* and *Trotzky*; 26 October (O.S.) = 7 November (N.S.), 1879 in Kropyvnytskyi (Russian Empire, now in Ukraine) - 21 August 1940 in Coyoacán, Mexico) was the pseudonym of **Leib** or **Lev Davidovich Bronstein**. He was a Russian revolutionary and political theoretician of Jewish-Ukrainian descent.  After leading the Red Army in the Russian Civil War, he disagreed with other Bolsheviks,. had to leave Russia, and was later killed under Stalin's orders.

## Life 
Trotsky was a socialist and a Marxist. During the 1905 attempt at a revolution in Russia, Trotsky helped organize a committee of workers that was called the "soviet" in the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg. When the leader of the soviet was arrested, Trotsky took his place. Trotsky helped to expand on the idea of permanent revolution, a theory that had been originally thought up by Karl Marx. After the revolution's failure, Trotsky left Russia for his own safety.

In 1917, he returned to Russia because of the Russian Revolution. He successfully helped to bring about communism in Russia and to defend it during the Russian Civil War while was in charge of the Red Army. After the death of the leader of the Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, Trotsky became involved in a power struggle with Joseph Stalin for the leadership of the party. Trostsky lost despite being Lenin's preference, and Stalin came to power.

## Death 
Trotsky had to leave Russia because of Stalin, who was now an enemy of Trotsky and wanted to harm him. In 1938, Trotsky founded the Fourth International. Stalin tried several times to assassinate Trotsky. Stalin had one of his spies, Ramón Mercarder from Spain, fatally stabbed Trotsky with an ice axe in Mexico in 1940 with the help of Lavrentiy Beria .

## Trotskyism 
People who believe in Trotsky's ideas are called Trotskyists and follow Trotskyism.  Trotskyism is seen as being a more democratic form of communism than others, such as Stalinism and Maoism. The main Trotskyist organizations are now the Socialist Workers Party in the United Kingdom and the International Socialist Tendency worldwide. 

In the novel *Animal Farm* by George Orwell, Trotsky is represented by Snowball, a pig, and Stalin is represented by Napoleon, another pig. The book reflected real-world events.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fourth International (post-reunification) 
* Story of Trotsky's Murder 
* Trotsky's Grave
Insectivore

eating a praying manitis]]
An **insectivore** is an animal or insect that eats mostly insects for food. An anteater is an animal that eats ants. Insectivorous plants also eat insects. The Venus flytrap is one of them.

To eat insects for food is not very easy because insects are small. Large insect-eating animals must eat many of them. Anteaters eat hundreds of ants every day.

Some omnivores like humans and bears also eat insects for food. There was once a taxonomic group of mammals called Insectivora. Most of its animals are now called Eulipotyphla.

## Related pages
* Herbivore - an animal that eats mostly plants
* Carnivore - an animal that mostly eats meat from other animals.
* Detritivore - an animal that eats garbage, dead animals or other food left from another animal.
* Omnivore - an animal that eats animal meat, plants, fruit, and insects.
Copy

**Copy** means a thing that is made to look like another thing.

*Copying, making a copy, the duplication of information
**Photocopying, a process which makes paper copies of documents and other visual images
**Fax, a telecommunications machine used to transfer copies of documents over the telephone network
**Facsimile, a copy or reproduction that is as true to the original source as possible
**Replica, a copy closely resembling the original concerning its shape and appearance
*Copy (written), commonly used in newsrooms and publications to refer to a writer's written content
Line dance

, during a Wikimania in 2016]]
**Line dancing** is a form of group dancing that is done to either country or hip-hop music. The term line dance is derived from the idea that the group of people participating in the dance are all facing the same direction when conducting the series of moves in the line dance. A line dance can go from 32 beats upwards of up to 92 beats per minutes, and can also be either a 4 or 2 wall dance. When the dance starts off everyone is facing the front wall, after all of the counts of the dance are complete (let's say we were doing a 32 count dance) then everyone would finish the dance facing either the back wall or the left or right wall. One example of a line dance is the "Men In Black" line dance. This dance is usually done to a hip-hop song, such as "Yeah 3X", by Chris Brown. Once the first 32 counts of the dance are completed everyone will finish the dance facing the left wall, and would have turned one quarter to their left counter clockwise. Once the series of moves is completed 4 times the group will end up facing the front wall again.
Three Kingdoms of Korea

The **Three Kingdoms of Korea** were Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. They existed between the 1st century BC and 7th century CE. There were some smaller kingdoms like Gaya, Dongye, Okjeo, Buyeo, Usan, Tamna, etc.

Baekje helped spread Chinese characters, Chinese culture, Han Buddhism, and other technology to Japan.

The Three Kingdoms period ended in 668: Silla allied with the Tang Dynasty to conquer Baekje and then Goguryeo. Korea unified under Later Silla. The Tang occupied the northern parts of Korea. After this Korea split during the North and South States period.

Besides Chinese records, the books *Samguk Sagi* and *Samguk Yusa* also record the history of the era*.* "Samguk" (Hangul: 삼국, Hanja: 三國) means "Three Kingdoms". 

## Sources
Eckernförde

**Eckernförde** (, sometimes also *Egernfjord*, , sometimes also *Eckernföör*) is a German city in Schleswig-Holstein, Kreis Rendsburg-Eckernförde at the Baltic Sea near Kiel. The population was about 23,000 in 2023.

All 24 German submarines are stationed in Eckernförde.

Eckernförde is a well-known touristic centre in Northern Germany.

## History 
* In 1302 Eckernförde is first mentioned as a city.
* The Count Saint-Germain is supposed to be buried in Eckernförde near the St.-Nicolai-Church. His grave was destroyed by the great storm tide on 13 November 1872.

## Twin towns 
* , Macclesfield, (since 1953)
* , Hässleholm, (since 1958)
* , Tanga, (since 1963)
* , Nakskov, (since 1969)
* , Brzeg, (since 1989)
* , , Bützow, (since 1990)

File:Eckernförde Hafen.jpg
File:Eckernförde Leuchtturm2.jpg
File:Eckernförde Strand 3.jpg
File:Eckernförde Postpassage.jpg

## References
## Other websites
* Official homepage of Eckernförde 
* Official tourist information 
* Local Newspaper *(Eckernförder Zeitung)*
Black Hand

**Black Hand** or **Crna Ruka**, officially **Ujedinjenje ili Smrt** ("Unification or Death")  was a secret group of Serbian nationalists (Pan-Serbians). It was founded in 1911 in Serbia. 

Their aim was to create a country from other countries where Serbs lived, including Bosnia-Herzegovina which was a part of Austria-Hungary since 1908. 

## Killing of Franz Ferdinand 
Five members of The Black Hand were in Sarajevo, Serbia, on 28 June, 1914 where Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne in Austria-Hungary, visited with his wife. Ferdinand was driven through the city in a convertible car. The members of the Black Hand attempted to kill Ferdinand by throwing grenades at his car. One of the grenades bounced off his car and exploded under the car following Ferdinand's. One of the members swallowed cyanide and attempted to jump into the river, however the cyanide was old, and the river was shallow, so he was arrested. One of the men, a Bosnian student called Gavrilo Princip, went to a cafe after failing to kill Ferdinand. 

The Archduke and his wife decided to go and visit the people who were injured in the explosion in hospital, however the driver took a wrong turn and stopped outside the cafe where Princip was eating. Princip saw this and went outside. He took out a gun and shot at Ferdinand; two bullets hit the archduke, one hit his wife, and the other hit the car. Both Ferdinand and his wife died shortly after.

Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination. Austria-Hungary then declared war on Serbia, and Russia joined the war on Serbia's side because the people of Serbia were Slavic, like Russia, and the Slavic countries had agreed to help each other if they were attacked. Since Russia is a large country it had to move soldiers closer to the war, but Germany feared that Russia's soldiers would also attack Germany. Russia did not like Germany because of things Germany had done in the past to become stronger. Germany declared war on Russia, and used a plan to attack Russia that had been created before the war, but it also involved attacking France and Belgium. France and Great Britain joined the war because Great Britain had agreed to help Belgium if it were ever attacked by someone else.

This quickly led to a full-scale war. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Both country's allies became involved in the war, and soon most of Europe became involved.

The Black Hand also killed Alexander I of Serbia and Draga Mašin.

## References
Chastity belt

drawing from the 16th century about the uselessness of chastity belts. The young wife says: "No lock is of avail against the cunning of women; there can be no fidelity where love is not present: for that reason will I buy with your money the key I lack".]]

A **chastity belt** is a device locked around the wearer's genitals to prevent sexual intercourse and/or masturbation. Chastity belts for women were introduced into Europe from Italy, and saw some limited degree of use during the Renaissance period.

They were not used until the 16th century, and then only rather rarely. They first became widely available as 19th-century anti-masturbation medical devices. Many of the belts on public display in museums have now been tested to determine their correct age, with the earliest found to originate in the early 1800s.

In modern times, belts for both men and women are used in BDSM.

## References
Mount Arafat

on the Plains of Arafat]]

**Mount Arafat** or **Mount Arafah** ( transliterated *Jabal ‘Arafāt*) is a granite hill east of Mecca in the plain of Arafat. Arafat is a plain about  southeast of Mecca. Mount Arafat reaches about  in height and is also known as the **Mount of Mercy** (*Jabal ar-Rahmah*). According to Islamic tradition, the hill is the place where the Islamic prophet Muhammad stood and delivered the Farewell Sermon to the Muslims who had accompanied him for the Hajj towards the end of his life.

On the 9th of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah pilgrims go to Arafat from Mina, for the most important part of the Hajj. The Khutbah of Hajj is narrated and Zuhr prayer and Asr prayer are prayed together. The pilgrims spend the whole day on the mountain to supplicate to Allah to forgive their sins and to pray for personal strength in the future. 

## Hajj 
Arafah rituals end at sunset and pilgrims then move to Muzdalifah for a shortened Maghrib Prayer and Isha prayer and for a short rest.

The level area surrounding the hill is called the **Plain of Arafat**. The term Mount Arafah is sometimes applied to this entire area. It is an important place in Islam because during the Hajj, pilgrims spend the afternoon there on the ninth day of Dhul Hijjah (ذو الحجة). Failure to be present in the plain of Arafat on the required day invalidates the pilgrimage.
 
Since late 2010, this place is served by Mecca Metro. On a normal Hajj, it would be around  to walk.

## References
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

**Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Josef of Austria**, or Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este (Franz Ferdinand Karl Ludwig Josef; ) (18 December 1863&nbsp;– 28 June 1914), was an archduke (like a prince) of Austria and the heir presumptive of Austria-Hungary in 1896 until his assassination in 1914 before he would have become the emperor. That made Austria decide on war against Serbia, which started World War I.

## Death 
On 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand went to Sarajevo in Bosnia for a trip. He traveled to the Town Hall at 10pm with his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in the third car of a motorcade in a roofless limousine. Franz Ferdinand had jokingly mentioned that he would not be surprised if there was a few bombs waiting for him on his trip. On his way to the Town Hall, a man from the Black Hand tried to assassinate him, Trifun Grabež was standing in wait for Franz Ferdinand and tried to shoot him but froze and so let the car pass. He then went home and hid his gun and bomb but was later arrested.

On the same journey to the Town Hall, a man, also from the Black Hand, threw a bomb at the car and injured lots of Franz Ferdinand's staff, but Nedeljko Čabrinović failed to kill Franz Ferdinand and so tried to swallow cyanide. He jumped into the Miljacka River but failed to die and so he got arrested.

The Archduke was shocked but headed to the Town Hall anyway and did his speech. The paper was covered in the blood of an assistant, who had been injured in the bomb. After his speech he decided to go to the hospital to visit the 20 people injured in the bomb. As the driver took a turn to head to the hospital, Princip jumped out and shot Sophie in the abdomen.She collapsed and died instantly then shot the Archduke in his neck and in his leg. Franz Ferdinand died on the way to the hospital after his last last words: “Sophie! Sophie! Don’t die! For our children!

Princip was sentenced to 20 years in prison and was imprisoned at the Terezín Fortress and died in 1918. Čabrinović was also sentenced to 20 years in prison and died in 1916. Grabež was sentenced to 20 years and died in 1916. Their sentences were the maximum that their young age would allow.

## References
Jameson

**Jameson** is a famous brand of Irish whiskey.  It is amber in color and has quite a  strong smell. It is an alcoholic beverage.

In Ireland, people refer to it as *Jemmie*.
Ariel Sharon

**Ariel Sharon** (February 26, 1928 – January 11, 2014) was an Israeli politician of Likud and later Kadima. Sharon was Prime Minister of Israel from 2001 to 2006.

## Early life
Sharon was born on February 27, 1928 in Kfar Malal, British-Palestine. Sharon was in the Israel Army for many years. He fought in numerous battles, and in 1974 he left the army as General. After leaving the army he decided to go to politics.

## Politics
In 1977, he became Minister of Agriculture. In 1981 he became the Minister of Defence. In 1983, he was forced to quit the government as Minister of Defence after he was found guilty for failing to prevent the Sabra and Shatilla massacre in Lebanon where thousands of Palestinian civilians were killed by the right-wing Lebanese Phalange political party.

In 2001, he was elected for Prime Minister after the war between Israel and Palestine started. In 2004, he surprised many people when he said that Israel will get out of the Gaza Strip, which is the place where many Palestinian people live.

## Health
In December 2005, Sharon was taken into hospital. On January 4, 2006, Sharon was again taken to the hospital. He had a big stroke (bleeding in the brain).

s spread immediately of his death, though these were denied by his physicians. It was soon reported and later confirmed that Sharon was in a coma. Ehud Olmert, another member of Sharon's newly formed *Kadima* party, was acting Prime Minister until elections were held in Israel, after which Olmert became Prime Minister of Israel.

### Death
Sharon died on 11 January 2014. He died from kidney failure and stroke complications at the hospital in Ramat Gan. He had been in a coma at the time. He was aged 85.

His state funeral was held on 13 January. He was buried in line with Jewish burial customs. It was held as soon after death as possible. The day before the funeral, Sharon's body and coffin were placed in the Knesset building for people to see. His funeral began with an official ceremony held in the Knesset chamber. Politicians from Israel and other countries attended. His funeral was then held at his family's farm in the Negev desert. Sharon was buried there beside his wife, Lily.

Leaders attended his funeral service included U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, former Dutch Prime Minister Wim Kok, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, Czech Prime Minister Jiří Rusnok and German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier.

## References
## Other websites 
* Ariel Sharon's Biography – Detailed account of his military and political career 
* Ariel Sharon
* Ariel Sharon: Return to the Temple Mount 
* Ariel Sharon: an Israeli Caligula 
* The Sabra and Shatila Massacres (16–18 September 1982)
* Timeline of key events in Sharon's life
* Ariel Sharon Profile, ynet news lexicon
* Biography of Ariel Sharon at cnn.com 
* Prominent People – Sharon, Ariel "Arik" 
* Phonecall  – An authentic recording of Ariel Sharon talking to a soldier positioned at one of the Suez Channel bunkers at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War.
Vehicle

A **vehicle** is a machine to move people and things. A vehicle is not alive. A horse can move people and things, but it is an animal, not a machine or a vehicle.

The word vehicle is borrowed from French and Latin. French *véhicule*, going back to Middle French, borrowed from Medieval Latin *vehiculum* "medium, agent of transmission," going back to Latin, "wheeled vehicle, means of transport," from *vehere* "to carry, convey.

## Types of vehicles
### Land vehicles 
Some vehicles move on land. Most land vehicles have wheels. Examples of land vehicles are bicycles, cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, and trains.

Land vehicles that are powered by an engine or motor are called motor vehicles.

Some land vehicles, like tanks and snowmobiles, have tracks. These tracks look and work like conveyor belts.

### Water vehicles 
Some vehicles move on, or in, the water.  Examples are boats, ships, and submarines.

### Air and space vehicles 
Vehicles that move in the sky are called aircraft.  Examples are aeroplanes and balloons.

Some vehicles, like the Space Shuttle, can even leave the Earth's orbit and go to outer space.

## Power 
Vehicles can be propelled by various sources of energy.

* Human muscles.  Examples are bicycles and skateboards.
* Engines.  Examples are automobiles, ships, and aeroplanes.
* Electricity.  Examples are many passenger trains. 
* Animals.  Examples are carts and chariots.
* Wind.  Examples are sailboats and iceboats.

Some vehicles have no propulsion power.  Examples are gliders, balloons and even fixed tower cranes.
Synonym

A **synonym** is a word with the same meaning as another word.

## Examples
* *sick* and *ill*
* *child* and *kid*
* *baby* and *infant*
* *rich* and *wealthy*
* *make* and *create*
* *student* and *pupil*
* *car* and *automobile*
* *scared* and *frightened*

## Nature
Synonyms can be nouns, verbs, adverbs or adjectives, but both words must be of the same part of speech. That means, only a noun can be a synonym of another noun, only a verb can be a synonym of another verb, and so on. One can find sets of synonyms in a thesaurus, which is a book listing groups of related words. 

Some words are near-synonyms, which have similar but not exactly the same meaning. Examples of proper nouns, such as names of these languages, having synonyms or near-synonyms include:

* *Siamese* also known as *Thai*
* *Ute* also known as *Noochew*
* *Urdu* also known as *Lashkari*
* *Ghurkhali* also known as *Nepali*
* *Euskara* also known as *Basque*
* *Myanmar* also known as *Burmese*
* *Persian* also known as *Farsi* or *Parsi*

## History
The word *synonym* dates back over 500 years, to late Middle English.
The word has been taught to generations of English-language students and is commonly known by the public. Many other languages have a similar word for *synonym* with the same or similar spelling.

## Related pages
* Antonym
* Homonym
* Homophone

## References
Yosa Buson

was a Japanese Haiku poet and painter, usually referred to simply as "Buson". He is one of the greatest poets of the Edo period, comparable with Matsuo Basho and Kobayashi Issa.

He was born in Osaka, his real family name was **Taniguchi** (). From 1758, he began to live in Kyoto, and he stayed there for rest of his life. He got married when he was 45 years old, and became a father of his daughter **Kuno** ().

## References
Sandbox

**Sandbox** could mean:
## Arts, entertainment, and media
* Sandbox (band), a Canadian rock music group
* *Sandbox* (Guided by Voices album), 1987
* *Sandbox* (Michael Houser album), 2006, or the title track
* Sandbox Theatre, an experimental theatre group in Minneapolis, Minnesota
* *The Sandbox* (play), a 1960 one-act play by Edward Albee
### Video gaming 
* Sandbox game, a genre or *mode* of some video games for open-ended, nonlinear play
* *The Sandbox* (2012 video game), a 2012 game for mobile phones
* S&box (game engine), an in-development game engine by Facepunch Studios
* Sandbox Studios, a computer- and video-game developer
* The Sandbox (company), a metaverse platform developer
* Sandbox (video game editor), a game level editor for *Far Cry*

## Computing 
* Sandbox (computer security), a virtual container in which untrusted programs can be safely run
* Sandbox (software development), an environment in which code or content changes can be tested without affecting the original system
* Sandbox effect, in Google Internet search rankings

## Other uses
* Sand box (civil engineering), a device to remove centring
* Sandbox (locomotive), a container that holds sand for use in improving rail adhesion in slippery conditions
* Sandbox (missile) or SS-N-12, a Soviet anti-ship missile
* Sandbox, a container for pounce (calligraphy), used before the invention of blotting paper
* Sandbox therapy, a tool used by child psychologists
* Sandbox tree, the evergreen species *Hura crepitans* of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), also known as possumwood and jabillo, native to tropical regions in the Americas

## Related pages
* Litter box, an indoor sandbox, usually filled with kitty litter, in which house pets are trained to relieve themselves
Telephone

A **telephone**, also known as a **phone**, is a communication tool. People use it to talk with people far away. Originally, it was an electric tool sending analogue speech through wires. Many telephones in the 21st century are electronic tools sending digital signals on wires or radio transmission. Using a telephone, two people who are in different places can talk to each other. Early telephones needed to be connected with wires which are called fixed or landline telephones. Modern mobile phones use radio waves.

## History 
Alexander Graham Bell was the first person to patent the telephone, in 1876. Early telephones were wired directly to each other and could only talk to the phone that they were connected to. Later, telephone exchanges allowed connecting to other telephones. During the 20th century the machines that made the connections were automated.

## Types of telephones 
There are many different types of telephones. A telephone that can be carried around is called a mobile phone or cell phone. These became popular in the  1980s. It has become common for people to carry mobile phones and in many places it is unusual to not have one. The majority are smartphones, which can be used as computers. Some mobile phones can make telephone calls using communications satellites instead of masts on the ground, which means people can make calls from anywhere in the world.

In most countries there were public payphones.  To use one, people paid with coins, a credit card or a prepaid card.

Computers can use a machine called a modem or a Digital subscriber line router to talk to other computers over a telephone line. This allows a computer to connect to other computer networks including the Internet.  

Most countries have a telephone network. The telephones in one place are connected to a telephone exchange. The exchanges are connected together in a world-wide network. In developing countries cell phones are used as a cheaper and faster way to connect the countryside to the network.

## Telephone number 
Most telephones have their own number. Today, telephone numbers are about seven to ten digits long. In many countries, part of the telephone number is called the *area code*. Area codes are used to make sure the numbers are not the same in two different places. Areas have their own area code, and countries have their own country code.

## Usage 
By the end of 2009, there were nearly 6 billion mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers worldwide. This included 1.26 billion fixed-line subscribers and 4.6 billion mobile subscribers.

## References
Checkers

**Checkers** or **draughts** is the name of several different board games. All of these games are similar. In every kind of checkers, the other player's pieces can be taken by being "jumped" over.

"Checkers" is the American name. In British English, and in various other English-speaking nations, these games are called "**draughts**."

The rules and championships are controlled by the World Draughts Federation.

## History 
Checkers dates back certainly to the 12th century, in France. These authorities do not admit that discoveries of earlier checkerboards prove the game was played earlier, though it may have been. Some other writers have thought differently, but they were not professional historians.

There are two main types of checkers played: the Anglo-American version (which originally came from France) and the Polish or continental version. The Anglo-American version is played on an 8x8 checkerboard (chessboard) with 12 pieces. The continental version (so-called because it is played on the continent of Europe) is played on a 10x10 board with 20 pieces each. There are also a number of variations in various countries. 

## Rules 
In most games of checkers, there are two players. The players are at opposite ends of the board. One player has dark pieces, and one player has light pieces. They take turns moving their pieces. Players move their pieces diagonally from one square to another square. When a player jumps over their opponent's (the other player's) piece, you take that piece from the board. If you can take a piece, then you must take a piece.

### English draughts 
British people call the game "draughts". English draughts is played on an 8x8 chess board. Only the dark squares are used: the light squares are never used.
* **Pieces**. The pieces are flat and round. They are referred to as "men". They may be colored dark and light or red and white. The two sides are called *Black* and *White*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* World Draughts Federation
* World Mind Sports Games
Kobe, Hyōgo

:*For the basketball player, see Kobe Bryant.*

**Kobe** (Japanese: 神戸市; -shi) is a city in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. It is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture.

Kobe is an important port city in the Kansai district of Western Japan. It is near the cities of Osaka and Kyoto. Its population is around 1.53 million people as of 2008.

Kobe is next to the Seto Inland Sea. Its northern part, including the Rokko mountain, is hilly. A ropeway runs from the Rokko district in its southern area through Rokko mountain to the Arima Spa. Transportation includes, the Shinkansen train service, highways and roads along the coast. Many cargo trucks and tankers use the port. There is a ferry between Shanghai and Kobe periodically.

## History 
### Early history 
Already in the late 12th century powerful leader Taira no Kiyomori moved the capital of Japan from Kyoto to Fukuwara, nowadays the Fukuwara district of Japan. He planned for it to serve as a trade and political center of Japan. Kiyomori relied his political influence on the trade between Japan and China. But his plan failed and Kobe stayed a small village during a long time.

### Later history 
The area of Kobe was expanded and today it includes Mount Maya, Sumaura Park, Sumaike park with a good spa and the famous Arima spa. Arima spa is one of oldest spas in Japan, whose earliest record is found already in *Nihonshoki*. Kobe is also famous for its Kobe beef, a very expensive meat delicacy.

### Modern foundation 
Kobe was founded in 1868 as a port for serving foreign ships. In those days most ports in Japan were closed to foreigners. Many foreigners lived in Kobe, including: westerners, Chinese, Jews, and Indians. Kobe has one of the more important Chinatowns in Japan. People can find a synagogue and many Christian churches, too. Kobe is similar to Yokohama as a place from where modern international culture was introduced into Japan.

### Earthquake 
On January 17, 1995 a very powerful earthquake hit the city. Earthquakes are more common in other parts of Japan, but not in Kansai so this earthquake was a surprise for everyone. 6,434 people were killed in Kobe and its neighboring cities, and many more were injured. Many of the buildings were destroyed.

## Industry 
The northern area of Kobe is an industrial area. There are many factories. Sake production in Nada district has been known from the Edo period. Nagata district in the southwest area of Kobe was a center of shoe production in Japan but production suffered because of destruction caused by the Earthquake.

## Related pages 
*Vissel Kobe

## References
## Other websites
*
Philippe's

'''Philippe's''' is a sit-down restaurant in downtown Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.. It is at 1001 North Alameda Street, near Olvera Street. Phillippe's is famous for inventing the French dip sandwich (though another restaurant called ''Cole's'' claims to have invented it, too). It has been in business since 1908, and is the oldest operating restaurant in Los Angeles. The traditional meal served at Phillippe's is a French dip sandwich, a bag of potato chips, a soft-drink (preferably root beer or cola), and a tapioca pudding cup for dessert.