open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kat Bjelland

**Katherine "Kat" Lynne Bjelland** (born December 9, 1963) is an American singer. She became known as the singer of the punk rock band Babes in Toyland. In 2001 the band broke up. That year Bjelland released an album as part of Katastrophy Wife. Since then Katastrophy Wife has released one more album.

## Early life
Bjelland was born in Oregon. Her parents divorced when she was young. Bjelland said that her stepmother was "abusive" and that her mother beat her. When Bjelland was in second grade she was bought an acoustic guitar after she asked for one.

## Career
In 1982 Bjelland moved to Portland, Oregon. There she formed a series of bands. The Neurotics was the first. In 1981 Bjelland started Sugar Babydoll with her friend Courtney Love. Bjelland and Love made a new band called Pagan Babies around 1985. They made a demo tape of four songs. Bjelland wrote songs inspired by the punk rock band Frightwig. Love said, "you're never going to get anywhere playing that punk rock noise" and left the band. In 1986 Bjelland started The Italian Whorenuns.

In 1987 Bjelland started Babes in Toyland. The band released their first album, *Spanking Machine*, in 1990. 

In 1993 Babes in Toyland performed at the Lollapalooza tour. Bjelland started a band with her husband Glenn Mattson called Crunt. In 1994 they released an album, *Crunt*. In 1995 Bjelland divorced her husband and Crunt broke up. In 1999 Bjelland started Katastrophy Wife. Babes in Toyland broke up in 2001.

## Personal life
In 1999 Bjelland's son Henry was born.

## References
Imperial Highness

**Imperial Highness** is a style of address traditionally used by members of an emperor's family. It ranks as the highest and most prestigious style used among royalty. It outranks the style of Royal Highness. The style is often associated with the title of **Crown Prince**.

## Examples of usage
**Her Imperial Highness* Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. 
**His Imperial Highness* The Tsesarevich of Russia (The title for the heir to the Russian throne. Who later succeeded as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
* *His Imperial Highness* Naruhito, The Crown Prince of Japan.
**His Imperial Highness* Crown Princess Masako . Wife of the son of the present Emperor of Japan and therefore the heir to the Imperial throne. 
**His Imperial Highness* Prince Tomohito of Mikasa. Himself another member of the Japanese Imperial family.

## Related pages 
*Titles of European royal heirs

## References
Antonio Cafiero

**Antonio Francisco Cafiero** (September 12, 1922 &ndash; October 13, 2014) was an Argentine politician. He was the Governor of the Buenos Aires Province from 1987 through 1991. He was also its Senator from 1993 to 2005.

Cafiero was born on September 12, 1922 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He studied at the University of Buenos Aires. Cafiero died on October 13, 2014 of pneumonia in Buenos Aires, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
Reginald Palmer

**Sir Reginald Oswald Palmer**, GCMG, (15 February 1923 &ndash; 23 May 2016) was the Governor-General of Grenada from 6 August 1992 to 8 August 1996.

Palmer retired from public service in 1980 and entered the private sector, serving two terms as President of the Grenada Employer's Federation.

He died in May 2016 at the age of 93.

## References
Ioannis Grivas

**Ioannis Grivas** (; 23 February 1923 &ndash; 27 November 2016) was a Greek judge and politician. Grivas was the 87th Prime Minister of Greece. He served as a non-party interim Prime Minister.

Grivas was born in Kato Tithorea, Tithorea, Phthiotis in the region of Lokris. He studied at the University of Athens. Grivas died on 27 November 2016 in Athens, aged 93.

## References
Rafael Addiego Bruno

**Rafael Addiego Bruno** (February 23, 1923 &ndash; February 20, 2014) was a Uruguayan jurist and political figure. He was President of Uruguay from February to March 1985.

## References
## Other websites
* Photo
César Gaviria

**César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo** (; born 31 March 1947) is a Colombian economist and politician. He was the 28th President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994 under the Colombian Liberal Party.

Gaviria was born on 31 March 1947 in Pereira, Risaralda. He studied at the University of the Andes until 1969.

## References
## Other websites
*César Gaviria biography
Aziz Ansari

**Aziz Ansari** (born  February 23, 1983) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Tom Haverford on the NBC television program *Parks and Recreation*. He is also a movie actor, appearing in *Funny People* (2009), *I Love You, Man* (2009), *Observe and Report* (2009), and *30 Minutes or Less* (2011).

Ansari was born in Columbia, South Carolina. He is the son of an Indian Tamil Muslim family. He started acting after graduating from the New York University in 2004. He lives in Los Angeles, California and is an atheist.

## References
## Other websites
*
Georgina Henry

**Georgina Clare Henry** (8 June 1960 &ndash; 7 February 2014) was a British journalist. She worked with *The Guardian*. She held several senior positions at the newspaper.

Henry was born in Aden, Yemen (then a British colony) on 8 June 1960. At King's College she met Ronan Bennett, subsequently a writer, who became her life-long partner.

Henry died on 7 February 2014 in London, England from eye cancer, aged 53.

## References
Marty Plissner

**Martin Plissner** (1926 &ndash; February 6, 2014) was an American political commentator. He worked for CBS News from 1964 until his retirement in 1996. He first began his job during the United States presidential election, 1964 during Robert F. Kennedy's campaign. He was known for first using the phrase "too close to call".

Plissner was born in 1926 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Yale University. Plissner served in the United States Navy during World War II. He was married to Susan Morrison until his death. They had two daughters. He had one son from a last marriage. Plissner lived in Washington, D.C..

Plissner died on February 6, 2014 in Washington, D.C. from lung cancer, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Warren Mitofsky Memorial Service by Marty Plissner 
* Marty Plissner, longtime CBS News political director, dies at 87
Kal Penn

**Kal Penn** (born **Kalpen Suresh Modi**; April 23, 1977) is an American actor, producer, and civil servant. He is best known for his role as Lawrence Kutner on the Fox television program *House*. He is also well known for appearing in the movies *Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle* (2004), *Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay* (2008), and *A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas* (2011).

Penn was born in Montclair, New Jersey. He is the son of an Indian family. He started acting after graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1998. He lives in Los Angeles, California.

Penn was the Associate Director in the White House Office of Public Engagement for Barack Obama from 2009 through 2011.

## References
## Other websites
*
Evonne Goolagong

**Evonne Goolagong-Cawley**, AO, MBE (born 31 July 1951) is an Australian tennis player. She was one of the world's most successful players in the 1970s and early 1980s. She ranked No.&nbsp;1 in the world in 1976.

Goolagong won 14 Grand Slam titles. She won the women's title in singles tennis four times at the Australian Open, twice at the Wimbledon Championships, and once at the French Open. The other Grand Slam titles she won were in doubles tennis: six in women's doubles and one in mixed doubles.

## Early life 
Evonne Fay Goolagong was born in Griffith, New South Wales. She and her family are Aboriginal Australians. They belong to the Wiradjuri nation. Evonne was the third of eight children. She grew up in the small farming town of Barellan. Her father, Kenneth Goolagong, was a sheep shearer. Her family was poor. She became the first and only mother to win since Dorothea Douglass-Chambers 66 years before.

## Awards and recognition 
Goolagong was awarded Australian of the Year in 1971. After their wedding, the couple settled in Naples, Florida. They lived in the U.S. for eight years. They now live in Noosa Heads, in Queensland. They have two children: Kelly and Morgan.

## Career statistics 
Goolagong played a total of 869 singles matches. Of these, she won 704 (81.01%). In Grand Slam singles tournaments, she won 82.09% of her matches (133 wins, 29 losses).

* French Open: 84.21% (16–3)
* Wimbledon: 83.33% (50–10)
* US Open: 81.25% (26–6)
* Australian Open: 80.39% (41–10).

### Records 
## Footnotes 
*  The Australian Open was held twice in 1977, in January and December. Goolagong did not play in the January edition but made the final in the December tournament.

## References 
## More reading 
* *Home! The Evonne Goolagong Story*, Evonne Goolagong and Phil Jarrett (1993), 

## Other websites 
* 
* Evonne Goolagong, Tennis Champion
Armie Hammer

**Armand Douglas** "**Armie**" **Hammer** (born August 28, 1986) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in movies, including *The Social Network*, *The Lone Ranger* and *Cars 3*.

## Personal life
Hammer was born in Los Angeles. He is of Russian-Jewish, Danish, Swiss, Greek, Poland, Russian, English, Scottish, Scots-Irish and Cherokee origin. He took courses while at the University of California, Los Angeles. In a 2008 interview, Hammer stated, regarding his religious beliefs, "I have my own spiritual life, and I value it very much".

Hammer married television personality Elizabeth Chambers in May 2010. Their wedding was featured in the January 2011 issue of Town & Country. They were introduced by Hammer's friend, artist Tyler Ramsey. They have two children, including a daughter Harper (born 2014) and a son Ford (born 2017).

In January 2021, text messages which were said to be Hammer were shared by an anonymous person on Instagram. In the messages, the person talks about different sexual fetishes they have. Hammer denied it was him. A woman said that Hammer had raped her in April 2017. Hammer has denied these as well. Hammer's legal team said she is lying. The woman was later dropped by her attorney Gloria Allred for not signing a perjury declaration.

The accusations affected his career and led him either dropping out of or being dropped from many movies. The Los Angeles District Attorney and LAPD said that Hammer won't be charged.

## References
## Other websites
*
Amber Coffman

**Amber Dawn Coffman** (born June 15, 1984 in Austin, Texas) is an American singer and guitarist. Between 2005 and 2007, she was member of instrumental band Sleeping People. In 2007, she joined Dirty Projectors and released three studio albums with this band. She also worked together with Rusko ("Hold On"), J. Cole ("She Knows"), Major Lazer ("Get Free") and Snoop Lion ("No Regrets"). Since 2013 she has worked on her first solo album. Her debut solo album *City of No Reply* was released in June 2017.

## References
Tuusula

**Tuusula** is a town in Finland. It is in the province of Southern Finland and is part of the Uusimaa. Neighbouring municipalities are Vantaa, Nurmijärvi, Hyvinkää, Sipoo, Järvenpää and Kerava.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites 
* Homepage
Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.

**Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.** (; August 22, 1934 &ndash; December 27, 2012), better known as **Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.**, was a United States Army general who was the commander of the U.S. Central Command and the coalition forces in the Gulf War.

He was born in Trenton, New Jersey, the son of Ruth Alice (née Bowman) and Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr., both Americans of German origin. Schwarzkopf died from pneumonia on December 27, 2012, aged 78, in Tampa, Florida.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kivijärvi

**Kivijärvi** is a municipality in Central Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Karstula, Kannonkoski, Kinnula, Kyyjärvi, Perho and Viitasaari.

## Villages 
Kirkonkylä, Tiironkylä, Heitjärvi, Penttilänkylä, Sompala, Lahdenperä, Risuperä, Hoikanperä, Puralankylä, Talviaislahti and Lokakylä.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites 
* The official Kivijärvi page
Ii, Finland

**Ii** is a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Oulu, Pudasjärvi, Ranua and Simo.

## History
In 1749, there were 2378 people living in Ii.

Ii was merged with Kuivaniemi in 2007.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites
* Ii pages
Uusimaa

**Uusimaa** (or *Uudenmaan maakunta*) is a region in southern Finland. It is located next to Gulf of Finland.  Neighbouring regions are Southwest Finland, Kanta-Häme, Päijänne Tavastia and Kymenlaakso.

The historical province of Uusimaa covered a larger area than modern Uusimaa.

A very large number of people in Finland live in Uusimaa. As of 31 November 2013, there were over 1,500,000. Uusimaa is only 3% of the total area of Finland.

## Nature
The ground is bedrock, granite and gneiss.

## Other websites
*Uudenmaan liitto
Belisario Betancur

**Belisario Betancur Cuartas** (4 February 1923 &ndash; 7 December 2018) was an Colombian politician. He was the 26th President of Colombia from 1982 to 1986.

Betancur was born on 4 February 1923 in Amagá, Antioquia, Colombia. He studied at Pontifical Bolivarian University. Betancur died on 7 December 2018 in Bogotá from a kidney infection at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography by CIDOB Foundation 
* Betancur's page at the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
Pirkanmaa

**Pirkanmaa** is a region in western Finland. As of 2013 population was about 500,000. Neighbouring regions are: Southwest Finland, Satakunta, Kanta-Häme, Päijänne Tavastia, Southern Ostrobothnia and Central Finland

## Municipalities
* Akaa
* Hämeenkyrö
* Ikaalinen
* Juupajoki
* Kangasala
* Kihniö
* Lempäälä
* Vilppula
* Nokia
* Orivesi
* Parkano
* Pirkkala
* Punkalaidun
* Pälkäne
* Ruovesi
* Sastamala
* Tampere
* Urjala
* Valkeakoski
* Vesilahti
* Virrat
* Ylöjärvi

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites
*Pirkanmaan liitto
2014 Football League Cup Final

The **2014 Football League Cup Final** was a football match. It took place on 2 March 2014 at Wembley Stadium, London. It was the last match of the 2013–14 Football League Cup.

The final was played between Premier League clubs, Manchester City and Sunderland. This was Manchester City's fourth League Cup final. It was their sixth Wembley visit since 2011. This was Sunderland's second League Cup final. It was their first visit to Wembley since 1998.

## Sources
John Enderby

**Sir John Edwin Enderby** (16 January 1931 &ndash; 3 August 2021) was a British physicist. From 1976 to 1996 he was professor of physics at the University of Bristol. From 2004-2006 he was the president of the Institute of Physics. In 2004 he received a knighthood for services to science.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

Enderby died on 3 August 2021, aged 90.

## References
Kemijärvi

**Kemijärvi** is a city in Lapland in northestern Finland. The municipalities next to it are Pelkosenniemi, Salla, Posio and Rovaniemi.
Lake Kemijärvi is in Kemijärvi.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites
* Kemijärvi pages
Martha Chase

**Martha Cowles Chase** (November 30, 1927 &ndash; August 8, 2003), also known as **Martha C. Epstein**, was an American geneticist known for having experimentally showed in 1952 (with Alfred Hershey) that DNA rather than protein is the genetic material of life.

## Early Life and Education
Chase was born in 1927 in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1950 she received her bachelor's degree from the College of Wooster. In 1964 Chase received her PhD from the University of Southern California.

## Research and Later Life
In 1952 Chase was a young laboratory assistant to American bacteriophage expert Alfred Hershey at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory at the Carnegie Institution for Science. This was where the well-known Hershey-Chase experiment was performed. The experiment , otherwise known as the 'blender experiment' showed that it was DNA, and not protein, that was the genetic material through which traits were inherited.

A series of personal setbacks through the 1960s ended Chase's career in science. She died of pneumonia on August 8, 2003, at the age of 75.

## Key paper
*Hershey, A. D. and Martha Chase. "Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage." J. Gen. Physiol., 36 (1): 39-56. September 20, 1952. 

## References 
## Other websites
*Linus Pauling and the race for DNA: Martha Chase 
*Dawson, Milly. *Martha Chase Dies.*  Genome Biology
Ähtäri

**Ähtäri** is a city in Finland. Nearby municipalities are Alajärvi, Alavus, Keuruu, Multia, Saarijärvi, Soini and Virrat.

## Population growth
## Other websites 
*  

## References
Salla

**Salla**, (name was *Kuolajärvi* to 1936) is a municipality in Finnish Lapland, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kemijärvi, Kuusamo, Pelkosenniemi, Posio and Savukoski. Oulanka National Park is in the areas of Salla and Kuusamo. 

## Villages
Aatsinki, Aholanvaara, Ahvenselkä, Hautajärvi, Hietajärvi, Hirvasvaara, Isohalme, Kallunki, Kelloselkä, (Märkäjärvi), Kotala, Koutelo, Kursu, Käsmä, Naruska, Niemelä, Oulanka, Onkamo, Pahkakumpu, Paloperä, Saija, Salmivaara, Selkälä, Tuohikylä, Vallovaara, Varvikko, Vittikko.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites
* Salla pages
Saarijärvi

**Saarijärvi** is a city in central Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Karstula, Multia, Soini, Uurainen, Ähtäri and Äänekoski.

## History
Saarijärvi has been a city since 1986. However, there have been people living here for 6,000 years. In 1749, *Vanha Saarijärvi* had populatoin of 1,380. Its population was the largest in 1870 when there were 14,000 living there.

The neighboring municipality of Pylkönmäki was merged with Saarijärvi in 2009.

## Population growth
## References
Tilastokeskus reference, Finnish

## Other websites
* Saarijärvi pages
Kanta-Häme

**Kanta-Häme** is a region in Finland. Kanta-Häme has many features that are similar to the Finnish Lakelands. Neighbouring regions are Uusimaa, Päijänne Tavastia, Pirkanmaa and Southwest Finland.

## Nature
Torronsuo National Park and Liesjärvi National Park are both located in Kanta-Häme, near Tammela.

## Municipalities
Cities marked bold:
***Forssa**
*Hattula
*Hausjärvi
*Humppila
***Hämeenlinna**
*Janakkala
*Jokioinen
*Loppi
***Riihimäki**
*Tammela
*Ypäjä

## Population growth
## Traditional food
* Lammin sahti
* Mämmi

## References
## Other websites
*Hämeen liitto
Cindy Birdsong

**Cynthia Ann "Cindy" Birdsong** (born December 15, 1939) is an American singer, most famous for singing with the legendary soul groups The Supremes and Patti LaBelle & the Bluebelles.
Gomphotherium

***Gomphotherium*** is an extinct genus of proboscid which evolved in the lower Miocene of North America. It survived from 13.651.7 million years ago (mya).

They spread to Asia, Europe and Africa after a drop in sea level allowed them to cross over. It survived into the Pliocene, and its remains have been found in Chile, china, France, Germany, Austria, Kansas, Tennessee, Pakistan, Kenya and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

]] 
*Gomphotherium* stood around  high with an estimated weight of 4-5 tons, and looked similar to a modern elephant. However, it had four tusks; two on the upper jaw and two on the long lower jaw. *Gomphotherium* lived in dry wooded regions near lakes.

## Feeding method 
The lower tusks are parallel and shaped like a shovel. They may have been used to dig up food from mud. The female or male genders of these animals probably lived in swamps or near lakes, using their tusks to dig or scrape up aquatic vegetation. 

However, wear patterns on the teeth of its relative *Platybelodon* suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees, and may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree.

Unlike modern elephants, the upper tusks were covered by a layer of enamel. Compared to elephants, the skull was more elongated and low, indicating that the animal had a short trunk, rather like a tapir's. In comparison to earlier proboscids, *Gomphotherium* had fewer molars; the remaining ones had high ridges to expand their grinding surface.

## References
Arke (mythology)

In Greek mythology, **Arke** is the daughter of Thaumas. Her sister is Iris, the rainbow goddess. Arke and her sister Iris had wings and were the messengers of the Olympian gods. When the gods were fighting the Titans, Arke betrayed the gods and joined the Titans against them.

## References
Division of Riverina-Darling

The **Division of Riverina-Darling** was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1984. It was abolished in 1993. It was named for the region of Riverina and the Darling River. It was located in the towns of Broken Hill, Griffith, Hay and Narrandera. The Division of Watson (1934–69) replaced it when it was abolished.

## Members
Itä-Häme

**Itä-Häme** is the eastern part of the historical province Tavastia in Finland.

Municipalities in this area are: Heinola, Hartola, Sysmä, Joutsa, Luhanka and Pertunmaa.

## Related pages 
* Itä-Häme (newspaper), published in Heinola.
Hausjärvi

**Hausjärvi** is a municipality in Kanta-Häme, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Hyvinkää, Hämeenlinna, Hämeenkoski, Janakkala, Kärkölä, Mäntsälä and Riihimäki.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the municipality of Hausjärvi
Atlanta Rhythm Section

The **Atlanta Rhythm Section** (or **ARS**) was an American southern rock and popular music group. ARS was formed from 1970–74. The members originally were from Doraville, northeast of Atlanta, Georgia. Their hit songs include "So into You", "Champagne Jam" and "Neon Nites".

Several people within this music band have died throughout the years. Robert L. Nix died May 20, 2012 because of diabetes and multiple myeloma at age 67. The group split up shortly after 1981. They reunited from time to time to do tours.

## Albums 
* Atlanta Rhythm Section (1972)
* Back Up Against the Wall (1973)
* Third Annual Pipe Dream (1974)
* Dog Days (1975)
* Red Tape (1976)
* A Rock and Roll Alternative (1976)
* Champagne Jam (1978)
* Underdog (1979)
* Are You Ready (1979)
* The Boys from Doraville (1980)
* Quinella (1981)
* Truth in a Structured Form (1989)
* Partly Plugged (1997)
* Eufaula (1999)
* With All Due Respect (2011)

## References
Colman, South Dakota

**Colman** is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Moody County, and 634 people lived there at the 2020 census. Colman was founded in 1880. It is also known as Sankey.

## References
Tammela, Finland

**Tammela** is a municipality in Kanta-Häme, Finland. The municipalities next to it are Forssa, Hämeenlinna, Jokioinen, Karkkila, Lohja, Loppi, Somero and Urjala.

## Nature
Torronsuo National Park and Liesjärvi National Park are both located in Tammela.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites
* Tammela pages
Twista

**Carl Terrell Mitchell** (born November 27, 1973), better known as **Twista** (formerly Tung Twista), is an American rapper and record producer. He released his first album (under Tung Twista), ''Runnin' Off at da Mouth'', in 1992. In the same year, he was named the world's fastest rapper in the Guinness Book of World Records. He was dropped by the recording label Loud Records after his first album did not sell well. Twista released an his second album *Resurrection*, also under Tung Twista. *Resurrection* shares its name with fellow Chicago rapper Common's second album. In 1996, he collaborated with fellow Chicago hip hop group Do or Die on the track "Po Pimp". Twista then dropped the word "Tung" from his stage name after the release he signed with Atlantic Records which released third album *Adrenaline Rush* in 1997. He had his first number one single, "Slow Jamz", in 2003. "Slow Jamz" was from Twista's fourth album, *Kamikaze*. The single was also featured on fellow Chicago rapper Kanye West's first album *The College Dropout*.

## References
Lee Teng-hui

**Lee Teng-hui** (15 January 1923 &ndash; 30 July 2020), sometimes called the "father of Taiwan's democracy", was a politician of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan). He was the President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000.

Lee died of sepsis caused by multiple organ failure in Taipei on 30 July 2020, aged 97.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography from Office of the President, ROC
*Friends of Lee Teng-Hui Association 
*Lee Teng-Hui Academy 
*America and Taiwan, 1943–2004 
*Cornell University Magazine Profile
*http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2011/07/01/308215/Ex-President-Lee.htm 
*http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/07/01/2003507121
Backdoor (computing)

In computing, a **backdoor** is a way of bypassing security mechanisms to gain access to a resource that is otherwise secured. Backdoors give illegal access to an otherwise secured resource. A common example for  a backdoor is the existence of *default* passwords which can be used to access the BIOS of a computer. Very often, special programs that run on a computer provide the functionality of a backdoor.

## List of known backdoors in standards
* the MD2 algorithm was found in the 1996 announcement of RFC6149 to have a backdoor
* Ron Rivest's MD4 hash was found in the 2011 announcement of RFC6150 to have a backdoor
* SHA-1 (aka FIPS-180-1) was shown to be attackable in 2005 by Eli Biham and co-authors, as well as Vincent Rijmen and Elisabeth Oswald
* The Dual_EC_DRBG cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator was revealed in 2013 to have a kleptographic backdoor deliberately inserted by NSA, who also had the private key to the backdoor.
## References
Division of Dickson

The **Division of Dickson** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland, Australia. It was set up in 1992 and is named after Sir James Dickson, a supporter of the Australian Federation, the Premier of Queensland and Minister for Defence in the first Australian government. It covers the outer north-western suburbs of Brisbane, including Albany Creek, Arana Hills, Bray Park, Brendale, Cashmere, Dayboro, Eatons Hill, Everton Hills, Ferny Hills, Joyner, Kallangur, Lawnton, Mount Glorious, Mount Nebo, Petrie, Samford Valley, Strathpine, and Warner.

## 1993 Election
There was an unusual circumstance at the 1993 election. One of the candidates, an independent, died very shortly before the election. Because of this another election had to be called for the division a month later than the general election. The Labor Party won the election, and Prime Minister Paul Keating selected his new ministers on 27 March. He did not include an Attorney-General, keeping the position open for Michael Lavarch. Lavarch won the division, and was appointed to the ministry on 27 April.

## Members
Michael Lavarch had previously had been member for the Division of Fisher. He was Attorney-General in the Keating Government. Tony Smith did not receive Liberal Party support for the upcoming 1998 election, and so become an independent. Cheryl Kernot had been a member of the Australian Senate and leader of the Australian Democrats. She resigned, joined the Labor Party and won the division in 1998. Peter Dutton was a minister in the Howard Government and Minister for Health and Minister for Sport in the Abbott Government.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Dickson (Qld) &mdash; Australian Electoral Commission
* Peter Dutton's website
Alison Brie

**Alison Brie Schermerhorn** (born December 29, 1982), better known by her stage name **Alison Brie**, is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Annie Edison on the NBC sitcom *Community* and Trudy Campbell on the AMC drama *Mad Men*. She has also been in movies such as *Scream 4* (2011), *The Five-Year Engagement* (2012), and as Princess Unikitty in *The Lego Movie* (2014) and *The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part* (2019).

Brie was born in Hollywood, California. Her mother is Jewish and her father is of Dutch, Irish, and Scottish origin. She started acting in 2004 at the Jewish Community Center in Southern California. She lives in Los Angeles. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from the California Institute of the Arts in 2005. Before she was a movie actress, Brie worked as a clown at birthday parties. She also performed in theater in California. Brie also studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Scotland.

## References
## Other websites
*
TR-069

**TR-069** is a protocol that is mainly used for the communication with end-user devices, such as DSL modems. The number of such devices is rising steadily, and they are often very difficult to configure. For that reason, TR-069 allows to configure these modems remotely. This also poses problems, because it allows to change the configuration the managed device as well as other devices, which may be behind a firewall. Since the users are not aware of the configuration changes, TR-069 can be used to introduce a backdoor. This backdoor might allow a "remote search" by police or legal authorities of a country.

## TR069 Open source implementations
*EasyCwmp opensource implementation of the TR069 cwmp client developed with C/SHELL

## Other websites
*TR-069 Issue 1 Amendment 6 CPE WAN Management Protocol v1.4
*CPE WAN Management Protocol CWMP XML Schemas and Data Model Definitions
*Marketing Report  TR-069 Deployment Scenarios, Issue: 1, August 2010
*Specification of Technical Report 069 Specification of Technical Report 069
*TR-069 Protocol vs. SNMP Protocol 
*CPE Requirements for TR-069 Interoperability
Manoel de Oliveira

**Manoel Cândido Pinto de Oliveira** GCSE, GCIH (; 11 December 1908 – 2 April 2015) was a Portuguese director and screenwriter. At the age of 106, he is thought to be the second oldest movie director, just behind George Abbott at 107.

Manoel de Oliveira was born in Cedofeita, Porto and was raised as a Roman Catholic. He began making movies in 1927.

Oliveira married Maria Carvalhais on 4 December 1940. They have four children together that were all born in the 1940s. When he was younger, Oliveira competed as a race car driver.

He was also an athlete competing in the pole vault event.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nicholas Winton

**Sir Nicholas George Winton** MBE (born **Nicholas George Wertheim**; 19 May 1909 &ndash; 1 July 2015) was a English-born Jewish stockbroker, banker, and humanitarian of German descent, who saved the lives of many Czech Jewish children from 14 March to 2 August 1939, by transporting them from Czechia to Sweden and England. He was also known as the "British Schindler". The transports lasted almost five (5) months, in total.
He was never awarded *Righteous Among The Nations* by the Yad Vashem, because he never risked his lives to save the Jews, which would actually be against one of the policies required by the Yad Vashem in Israel. For all of his actions and responsibilities, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, for his service, in the year, 2003.

Winton was born in Hampstead, London, England. His parents were German Jews. The family later became Christians and Winton was baptised. In 1923, he began studying at Stowe School. He married Grete Gjelstrup, a woman of Danish origin, in 1948. They were married until Gjelstrup's death in 1999. They had three children together, Nicholas, Barbara and Robin.

Winton died from respiratory failure on 1 July 2015 in Slough, Berkshire, aged 106.

## References
## Other websites
*
Trent, South Dakota

**Trent** is a town in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Moody County, and 206 people lived there at the 2020 census. Trent became a city in 1884.

## References
Avivore

is a type of avivore.]]

An **avivore** is an animal that mostly preys on and eats birds. Birds that eats other birds, such as hawks, eagles, and falcons, are called **avian avivores**.

## Related pages
*Bird
*Bird of prey
Jomo Kenyatta

**Jomo Kenyatta**pron. (20 October 1893 – 22 August 1978) was a Kenyan politician. He was the leader of Kenya from independence in 1963 to his death in 1978. He served first as Prime Minister (1963–64) and then as President (1964–78). He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation.

As President, Kenyatta was against socialism and worked with the United Kingdom and the United States in the Cold War. He also was criticized within Kenya for corruption. He suffered a heart attack in 1966, and eventually died on 22 August 1978 from complications of a stroke, aged 83–84. His son Uhuru Kenyatta is the former president of the country.

## References
## Other websites
*Jomo Kenyatta sworn in as President - 1964 newsreel
*Mzee Jomo Kenyatta
*Famous People in Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta
Daniel arap Moi

**Daniel Toroitich arap Moi** (2 September 1924 &ndash; 4 February 2020) was a Kenyan politician. He served as the 2nd President of Kenya from 1978 to 2002. He also served as the country's 3rd Vice President from 1967 to 1978.

Moi was popularly known to Kenyans as "Nyayo", a Swahili word for "footsteps". He earned this name because they thought he was following the footsteps of the first President.

Moi was born in Kurieng'wo village, Sacho division, Baringo County on 2 September 1924.

Moi died at a Nairobi hospital on 4 February 2020 at the age of 95. He had Alzheimer's disease and was recently hospitalized for multiple organ failure.

## References
## Other websites
* Moi Africa Institute 
* State House Kenya  Profile of Daniel Toroitich arap Moi
Maicon (footballer, born May 1988)

**Maicon Pereira de Oliveira** (8 May 1988 – 8 February 2014) commonly known as **Maicon**, was a Brazilian footballer. He played for the Ukrainian club Illichivets on loan from Shakhtar Donetsk. He operated as a striker.

Maicon died in a car accident in Donetsk on 8 February 2014, aged 25.

## References
Shlomo Argov

**Shlomo Argov**, Hebrew: שלמה ארגוב , (December 14, 1929 – February 23, 2003) was a well-known Israeli diplomat. He was the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom. On 3 June, 1982 three Palestinians tried to kill Shlomo Argov. This was a cause of the 1982 Lebanon War.

## Early life and education
Argov was born in Jerusalem in 1929. His family had lived in Jerusalem for seven generations. As a teenager, he joined the Palmach, the elite force of the Haganah. During the 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, he was wounded in the Battle of Safed. When Israel was established and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War began, Argov joined the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

In 1950, he completed his military service and went to the United States to study. In 1952 he received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Georgetown University. While studying, he worked part-time at the Israeli Embassy. In this time he met his future wife Hava. Afterwards, he went to study in the United Kingdom. In 1955 he received a Master of Arts in international relations from the London School of Economics.

## Personal life
Argov had three children with his wife Hava: son Gideon and daughters Yehudit and Edna. Hava died in May 2002. There is another report that says that four men were coming close to Shlomo Argov. Said shot Argov in the head. Argov was not killed, but he was badly injured.

## Later life
Argov recovered from his coma and was returned to Israel. There, he was placed in Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem as a permanent patient. Though he could not move, he could clearly understand what was going on around him.

## Death
Argov died at Hadassah Hospital in 2003 aged 73 from the injuries in the attack. He had been paralysed and was placed in permanent hospital care for 21 years.

## References
Uhuru Kenyatta

**Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta** (born 26 October 1961) is a Kenyan politician. He was the fourth President of Kenya from 2013 to 2022. He was the son of Jomo Kenyatta, the first president.

Before he was President, Kenyatta was Deputy Prime Minister from 2008 to 2013. Before that, he was the Member of Parliament for Gatundu South Constituency beginning in 2002. Kenyatta was also Chairman of Kenya African National Union (KANU), which was a part of the Party of National Unity (PNU).

In October 2021, he was cited in the pandora papers scandal.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Uhuru Kenyatta
Raila Odinga

**Raila Amolo Odinga** (7 January 1945 &ndash; 15 October 2025), also popularly known to his supporters as ***Agwambo***, was a Kenyan politician. He was the last Prime Minister of Kenya. He was elected in 2008. He was leading to a coalition government from 2008 to 2013. He was the last prime minister of Kenya until the position was abolished in 2013.

Raila Odinga was born at Maseno Church Missionary Society Hospital, in Maseno, Kisumu District, Nyanza Province on 7 January 1945.

Odinga has unsuccessfully ran for President of Kenya five times, most recently in the 2022 election.

Odinga died on 15 October 2025 from cardiac arrest after walking into a hospital in Koothattukulam, Kerala, India at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
* http://allafrica.com/stories/201002100793.html
* http://www.biddho.com/horn-of-africa/kenya/21456-raila-odinga-embroiled-in-261-million-maize-scandal-in-kenya-newstime-africa.html 
* Raila Odinga personal site 
* Office of the Prime Minister – Kenya 
* Raila Odinga – Profile, Biography & Timeline  
* Raila Odinga political biography
* An Audience with Raila  – (video – London Sep 7th 2007) 
* An open letter to Hon. Raila Amolo Odinga by Jerry Okungu, Posted On: 2007-11-28
President of Kenya

The **President of the Republic of Kenya** () is the head of state and head of government of  Kenya. The president leads the executive branch of the Government of Kenya. The president is the commander-in-chief of the Kenya Defence Forces. The first president of Kenya was Jomo Kenyatta. Now the president is William Ruto.

## Role
Under the 1964 Constitutional Amendment establishing the Republic of Kenya, the President replaced the Monarch as head of state and the Prime Minister as chief executive. The President was initially elected by  the House of Representatives of Kenya, and, after the merger of the House of Representatives and Senate into a unicameral National Assembly, by the National Assembly, for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the Vice-President would have served as Acting President for 90 days until new elections were held.

Following the enactment of the 1969 Constitution of Kenya, the system of election by the National Assembly was replaced by direct elections under a first-past-the-post system, yet true separation of powers was still not established; The President had to also be elected as an MP and he had to appoint his Ministers from among MPs, the President was still able to dissolve the National Assembly, and the Assembly was still able to declare no confidence in the ministers. Not only that, but until the first multiparty elections in 1992, only one candidate - that of the Kenya African National Union - was nominated and automatically declared winner of the elections without voting actually being held. Nice jobby.

With the enactment of the 2010 Constitution, Kenya's current, the first-past-the-post system was replaced in presidential elections in favor of a two-round system, the post of Vice-President was renamed Deputy President and was made to automatically succeed to the Presidency in case of a vacancy for the remainder of the term in a full, not merely acting, capacity, and the requirement of the President, DP, and ministers to also be MPs was abolished, finally establishing separation of powers between the executive and legislature.

## Presidents of Kenya (1964 – present) 
KANCA 
NARC
PNU
Jubilee
UDA
;Status

## Other websites
Mykola Azarov

**Mykola Yanovych Azarov** (; Russian: Никола́й Я́нович Азaров, *Nikolay Yanovich Azarov*; né **Pakhlo**; Cyrillic: Пахло; born 17 December 1947) is a Ukrainian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Ukraine from 11 March 2010 to 27 January 2014. He was the First Vice Prime Minister and Finance Minister from 2002 to 2005 and again from 2006 to 2007.

Azarov was born in Kaluga on 17 December 1947 in the Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, to a mixed Estonian-Russian family.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Web page of Mykola Azarov 
*
Henry W. Bloch

**Henry Wollman Bloch** (July 30, 1922 – April 23, 2019) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the co-founder and (since 2000) the chairman of the American tax-preparation company H&R Block. Henry and his brother, Richard Bloch, founded H&R Block in 1955 in Kansas City, Missouri.

## References
G. Spencer-Brown

**George Spencer-Brown** (2 April 1923 – 25 August 2016) was an English polymath. He was best known  as the author of *Laws of Form*. He described himself as a "mathematician, consulting engineer, psychologist, educational consultant and practitioner, consulting psychotherapist, author, and poet."

## References
## Other websites
*G Spencer-Brown: Laws of Form , website with Tutorial, Flash animations, downloads.
* Richard Shoup's website devoted to Spencer-Brown, his work, and related ideas. Includes an extensive bibliography of the secondary literature on *Laws of Form*.
* Brief bio of G. Spencer-Brown.
* Draw a distinction... The space of imagination based on Spencer-Brown.
* Kauffman, Louis H., "Reformulating the Map Color Theorem".
* Transcript of Spencer-Brown's talks at Esalen, 1973.
* http://iconicmath.com/
Jim Rogers

**James Beeland "Jim" Rogers, Jr.** (born October 19, 1942) is an American businessman, investor and author. Rogers is the Chairman of Rogers Holdings and Beeland Interests, Inc. He was the co-founder of the Quantum Fund and creator of the Rogers International Commodities Index (RICI).

## References
## Other websites
*The Millennium Adventure, Official Jim Rogers website
*Jim Rogers News Blog 
*Jim Rogers Latest News  Hedge Journals
*Jim Rogers blog 
*The Fall-in-Love Fortune Cookie Singapore ver 2min8sec
Richard Bloch

**Richard Adolf Bloch** (February 15, 1926 – July 21, 2004) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is best known for starting the H&R Block tax preparation and personal finance company with his older brother Henry in 1955.  His personal experience with cancer led him to invest in helping others fight and overcome the disease.

Bloch died of heart failure on July 21, 2004 at the age of 78. He was survived by his wife, Annette, daughters Linda Lyon, Barbara Stanny and Nancy Linsely and ten grandchildren.

## References
## Other websites
* Bloch Cancer Foundation

## Related pages
* Henry Hillman
* John C. Bogle
* Kenneth Langone
María de Villota

**María de Villota Comba** (13 January 1979 &ndash; 11 October 2013) was a Spanish racing driver.

María de Villota was born in Madrid on 13 January 1980. She was the daughter of former Formula One driver Emilio de Villota. She was also the sister of Emilio de Villota, Jr., who also competed in Formula Palmer Audi. Before her death, de Villota was recovering from serious injuries on her head and face. These was caused by a straight-line testing accident at the Duxford Aerodrome in Duxford, Cambridgeshire, England on 3 July 2012. She married Rodrigo García Millán, a personal trainer and owner of Oxigeno Training, on 28 July 2013 in Seville. They got married less than three months before her death.

María de Villota died from a heart failure on 11 October 2013. She died in a hotel room in Seville, at the age of 33. Her death was said to have been caused by the accident she had in 2012. She was outlived by her husband and her family.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sean Edwards

**Sean Lawrence Guy Edwards** (6 December 1986 &ndash; 15 October 2013) was an English racing driver. He was best known for  winning the 24 Hours Nürburgring in May 2013 as a co-driver.

Edwards was born in London on 6 December 1986 and was of Irish and Welsh origin. His father was racing driver Guy Edwards. He studied at both Wellington College and Cherwell College in Oxford. At the time of his death, he lived in Monte Carlo, Monaco with his girlfriend, Laura.

Sean Edwards was killed in a crash during a private session on 15 October 2013, aged 26, at the Queensland Raceway in Willowbank, Queensland, Australia. He was outlived by his girlfriend and his family. The Sean Edwards Foundation, a foundation that aims to grow circuit safety, was set up after his death.

## References
## Other websites
*The Sean Edwards Foundation
Base (geometry)

In plane geometry, the **base** is the side on which a polygon rests on, and which is used as a referenced side for other measurements. The base of a triangle or quadrilateral is often written as b. It is used in the calculation of the area of a triangle and parallelogram.

Many geometric shapes of more than two dimensions are constructed by using regular two-dimensional shapes. For example, a tetrahedron is constructed with four triangles, and a cube with six squares. In that context, the shape that is used for construction is called base. The triangle is the base of the tetrahedron, and the square is the base of the cube.

However, there are also geometric figures that are constructed using different shapes. A pyramid, for example. uses one rectangle and four triangles.  In that context, the rectangle is said to be the base of the shape. A cylinder uses a circle or an ellipse as a base. 

## Related pages 
* Altitude

## References
Satya Nadella

2013.]]

**Satya Narayana Nadella** (; born August 19, 1967) is an Indian-American businessman. Since 4 February 2014, he has been the chief executive officer (CEO) of Microsoft.

Satya was born in Bukkapuram, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh to a Telugu family. After moving to the United States, he earned an Master of Science in Computer Science from the University of Wisconsin&ndash;Milwaukee and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. He married Anupama in 1992 and they live together with their three children in Bellevue, Washington.

## References
## Other websites
*Satya Nadella: Chief Executive Officer
Heinävesi

**Heinävesi** is a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. It had almost 3,710 living there in August 2013. The municipalities next to it are Savonlinna, Varkaus, Leppävirta, Tuusniemi, Outokumpu and Liperi.

The most notable lakes in the area are Kermajärvi and Juojärvi. Both are very clean and bright.

## Other websites 
* The official Heinävesi page
Tuusniemi

**Tuusniemi** is a municipality in Finland. More than 2,800 people lived there in August 2013. The municipalities next to it are Heinävesi, Juankoski, Kaavi, Kuopio, Leppävirta and Outokumpu.

## History
Between 1904 and 1975 there was an asbestos mine in Paakkila village. It was closed because workers died earlier than others.

## References
## Other websites 
* The official Tuusniemi page
Ii

**II** (or **ii**) is the Roman numeral for two.

**II**, **Ii** or **ii** can also refer to:

* ii, a digraph in certain alphabets
* Ii, Finland, a municipality of Finland
* Illegal immigrant
* Optic nerve, second cranial nerve
* Yi language (ISO 639 alpha-2, **ii**)
**Led Zeppelin II*, an album from 1969
*Inanimate Insanity, YouTube independent-animated web series
Aidos

**Aidos** () was the Greek goddess of shame, modesty and humility. She was a close friend of the goddess Nemesis. One source calls her the daughter of Prometheus.

Aidos is often considered to be more of a personification than a physical goddess. She was said to be the feeling of reverence that stops men from doing bad things. She was also said to be a feeling of shame that a rich person might get when they saw poor people.

She is spoken about in some early Greek plays, such as *Prometheus Bound* by Aeschylus, *Iphigenia at Aulis* by Euripides, and *Oedipus Rex* by Sophocles.

There were altars to Aidos in Athens and in Lacedaemon. 

## References 
## More reading 
**Mythology* by Edith Hamilton