open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Virtual Boy

The **Virtual Boy** is a mostly portable (easily moved) video game console which has two screens that shows only red and black graphics. To use the system, one had to put one's face close to the system so that each eye could see only one screen. By showing each eye a different image, the system could create a 3D effect.

The way the system displayed images was not by LCDs, as some would think. At the time, LCDs could not be used because they had two problems when they were first tested on the console: they would blur if anything moved on the screen, and users would see double instead of depth. Instead, a vertical line of 224 very bright, but very small, LEDs was used for each eye. These LEDs flashed on and off very fast in certain patterns. This line of LEDs was then magnified by a lens, and a vibrating mirror would reflect each line at a certain time into each eye, creating a full image due to the human eye's persistence of vision. Unfortunately, due to the quick flashing of the LEDs, many users felt sick, became dizzy, or had headaches after playing for a long time. To help this, an "automatic pause" feature was added, which stopped the game play every 30 minutes for the player to rest their eyes.

The Virtual Boy was first sold in 1995, but was not popular. Consumers did not like the console's high price, monochrome graphics, eye and neck strain, and need for a stand for the system to rest on. Many were saving money for the soon-to-be-sold Nintendo 64. Nintendo lowered the price many times, but the system did not sell well. Because it didn't sell well, Nintendo stopped making the Virtual Boy in 1996. Only 22 games were released in Japan and North America. The Virtual Boy sold 770 000 units.

Popular games for the system include *Mario Tennis* and *Virtual Boy Wario Land* (known as *Wario Cruise* in Japan). A full list of games for the system can be found here.

In September 2025, Nintendo announced that a Virtual Boy accessory for the Nintendo Switch and Nintendo Switch 2 would be released. It is a type of cardboard that allows you to play Virtual Boy games in 3D on the Switch's online service. They also announced a shell shaped like the system for the Switch and Switch 2. 

## References
Existentialism

(1905–1980), one of the main existentialist philosophers]]

**Existentialism** is a way of thinking that focuses on what it means for people to exist. It is a philosophical movement. It became well known in books and movies of the 19th and 20th centuries. Existentialism is known for dealing with nihilistic problems, but is generally still a kind of . It says that humans have will and consciousness, but they live in a world that does not. The  that people must make choices about their life while knowing they are mortal is what existentialism is all about.
Kierkegaard was a very religious man, but existentialism in the 20th century became more and more atheistic. When he came out he gave a lecture called *Existentialism and Humanism*. This early lecture may be easier to read than his later work.

Many religions and philosophies (ways of thinking about the world) say that human life has a meaning (or a purpose). But people who believe in existentialism think that the world and human life have *no meaning unless people give them meaning*: ‘existence precedes [is before] essence’. This means that we find ourselves existing in the world, and then we give ourselves meaning, or 'essence'. As Sartre said, "We are condemned to be free".

The movie *Taxi Driver* (which has the actor Robert De Niro) from 1976 has existential ideas in it. The main character feels sad and lonely, because he cannot understand the world.
Jean-Luc Godard's "Vivre sa vie (film)" and Federico Fellini's 8 1/2 are prime examples of the Existentialism fashion in the European early 50's that influenced American films such as Easy Rider or The Graduate in the 1960s.

I Heart Huckabees is a 2004 film directed by David O. Russell. The movie revolves around a man who hires two existential detectives to find out about his "coincidence." He meets his "other" and is tempted with the dark side of existentialism.

## References
Duke University

**Duke University** is a private university in Durham, North Carolina. It was founded in 1838. The school was formed by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity.  The school moved to Durham in 1892.

It has advanced research.  Some famous people including former President of the United States, Richard Nixon went to the school. In its 2012 edition, *U.S. News & World Report* ranked the university's undergraduate program 10th among national universities.

Duke has good libraries, such as Bostock Library. It also has a famous medical school and law school. The school's colours are blue and white and its president is Vincent Edward Price.

Duke University owns 220 buildings on  of land.  This includes the  Duke Forest.

Duke University has own press, the *Duke University Press*.

## Athletics 
Duke has 26 varsity sports teams, known as the Blue Devils.  Duke's athletic programs are considered among the very best in the NCAA.  Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Its Men's Basketball Team under coach Mike Krzyzewski has won the NCAA Tournament five times, most recently in 2015. In football The Blue Devils have won seven ACC Football Championships.  They have had ten players honored as ACC Player of the Year (the most in the ACC), Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

## References
Hairdresser

]]
A **hairdresser**'s job is to organise hair into a particular  or "look". They can cut hair, add colour to it or texture it. A hairdresser may be female or male. Qualified staff are usually called "stylists", who are supported by assistants. Most hairdressing businesses are unisex, that is, they serve both sexes, and have both sexes on their staff.

Male hairdressers who simply cut men's hair (and do not serve females) are often called barbers.

Qualifications for hairdressing usually mean a college course, or an apprenticeship under a senior stylist. Some aspects of the job are quite technical (such as hair dying) and require careful teaching.

## Hairdresser vs. Barber: Key Differences 
A distinction is often made between hairdressers and barbers.

In many regions, barbering is licensed separately. Barbers often specialize in:

* Clipper fades
* Beard shaping
* Straight razor shaving

However, modern salons are largely unisex and integrate both disciplines.
Northern bluefin tuna

**Northern bluefin tuna** are the largest kind of tuna fish. They live for 11 to 26 years. It is one of the largest, fastest, and most colorful of all the world’s fishes.

## Origin 
Their name comes from the Latin: *Thunnus Thynnus*

## Appearance 
The normal size is 6.6 ft (2 m) at about 1,100 lb (500 kg). The I.G.F.A. record for a bluefin caught on rod and reel is 1,496 lb.

### Feeding habits 
Bluefins feed on mackerel, herring, mullet, whiting, squid, eels, and crustaceans. They are very powerful and fast and can swim at speeds up to 50 mph.

## Catching areas 
The following are percentages of tuna caught in different regions in the world.

* 40% North-West Pacific
* 19% North-East Atlantic
* 6% North-West Atlantic
* 35% Mediterranean

## References
Automaton

e is like an automaton, it also has different states it goes through. ]]
An **automaton** (one automaton, several *automata*), otherwise known as simply an **auton**, is a concept from mathematics. Sometimes the concept is called *state machine*. It is like an abstract machine. 

Such a machine can be given *input*, which is either rejected, or accepted. It's like a vending machine. When something is bought, coins (or money) needs to be inserted into the machine. If these are the right coins, they are accepted, and the requested item is dropped so it can be removed. If the coins are wrong, they are rejected.

Internally, the automaton has different *states* it can be in. Feeding it input may (or may not) change its state. That way, the automaton goes through all the input, consuming one item (which mathematicians call a symbol) at a time. When no symbol is left, the automaton is in a certain state. This may be an *final state*. In this case the input is accepted. Otherwise, the input is rejected.

If the machine has a countable, finite number of states, it is called *finite state machine*.  A diagram that shows all the states, and transitions of such a machine is called **finite state diagram**.

## Problems
Like in real life, there are machines that are too complex to understand. The mathematician and computer scientists therefore ask themselves if a certain automaton is *minimal*. If it is not minimal, there must be another automaton with fewer states that can do the same thing. An example of an automaton is the Turing machine.
Bar (business)

'', a type of bar originally from Britain]]
]]
A **bar** is a building or business where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or liquor) are served. Bars are also found in pubs and nightclubs. They may also serve snack food. In most countries, bars are regulated and licenced by the regional or local governments, which establish laws regarding the opening hours and serving policies. In Canada and the United States, a liquor tax is placed on the sales of alcoholic beverages.

Drink coasters are used in bars and restaurants to protect the table surface from alcohol.
Cape Horn

(center) and Cape Horn (lower right) as seen from space.]]
**Cape Horn** (; ) is a cape. It was named for the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. It is the southernmost land area of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile. Many people see Cape Horn as the southern tip of South America. Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes. The Drake Passage is directly to the south of it. For many years, it was a major milestone on the clipper route by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around the cape are very dangerous because of strong winds, large waves, and icebergs. These reasons have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.

Today, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route.
Iceberg

An **iceberg** is a large piece of ice floating in the sea. It is generally found in cold water near the North or the South Pole. Icebergs are especially common during spring when ice has begun to melt.

About 90% of icebergs are below the water line. Icebergs break off from larger structures made of ice like glaciers or ice shelves. They are formed by snowfall in very cold places that it do not melt in the summer. The snow builds up and compacts into ice, which is gradually pulled downhill by gravity and into the sea. The ice then falls off and makes icebergs, which can drift in the sea for years before they have melted completely.

## History 
The first person to give a correct scientific explanation of this phenomenon was Mikhail Lomonosov, who did so around 1750. He grew up on the shore of the White Sea in the European part of Russia. He studied in Marburg, Germany, and is credited with introducing the word *iceberg* into Russian.

The density of ice is about 0.92 kg per liter, and that of sea water is about 1.025 kg per liter, which causes 920 parts of the 1025, or about 90 percent, of the iceberg's volume to be below the water line. 

Icebergs are very dangerous to ships, and many ships have sunk after crashing into icebergs. The most famous case was RMS *Titanic* in 1912.

## Largest iceberg
D15A is the largest iceberg, as of the third quarter of 2025.

A23a used to be the largest iceberg.

Earlier, the largest iceberg that people know about was B-15. It broke off the Antarctic ice sheet in 2000 and was as large as the island of Jamaica (over 10,000&nbsp;km2). The iceberg soon started to break up into smaller pieces, some of which remained in 2008.

Icebergs have become large because of global warming.

## Colors 
There is a color of blue called iceberg.

## References
Circumnavigation

s can be used. The route uses the Panama Canal and the Suez Canal]]

**Circumnavigation** originally meant going around something, by ship. Usually, it means people going around the world. The first known circumnavigation was done by Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan), from 1519 to 1522. Magellan took five ships and went west, from Spain. He discovered a waterway which is now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. Magellan died in a fight with natives on the Philippine island Mactan in April 1521. The voyage was completed under command of Juan Sebastián Elcano. Elcano returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where the voyage had started, with 18 survivors and valuable cargo in 1522. This proved that the earth was a globe.

## Other Famous circumnavigations
* 1577-1580 led by the Englishman Francis Drake
* 1586-1588 by Thomas Cavendish
* 1598-1601 by the Dutchman Olivier van Noort
* 1614-1617 by Georg Spielberg, a German who sailed for the Dutch
* 1766-1769 by Louis Antoine de Bougainville (The first French circumnavigation)
* 1803-1806 by Adam Johann von Krusenstern, first Russian circumnavigation
Thought experiment

A **thought experiment** is an experiment that takes place in people's minds instead of in a laboratory or in the real world. In a real-life experiment, people can see and measure changes, but thought experiments only show special ways of thinking.  Anyone can do a thought experiment.

The usual goal of a thought experiment is to show what might happen: *if this were true, what would follow from it?*

The history of science has many thought experiments in it. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to use the German term '''' (means 'thought experiment') in about 1812. 

Posing hypothetical questions had been done for long time (by scientists and philosophers). However, people had no way of talking about it.

## Famous thought experiments
*Trolley problem
*Schrödinger's cat

## References 
## Related pages 
*Paradox
*Zeno's paradoxes
Breaking Benjamin

**Breaking Benjamin** is an American hard rock band from Pennsylvania, formed in 1999. The band is best known for their songs "Polyamorous" (which was their first hit), "So Cold", "Sooner or Later," "The Diary of Jane," and "Breath".  The band was formed in 1998 by lead vocalist Benjamin Burnley and drummer Jeremy Hummel. The band has released five albums: *Saturate* (2002), *We Are Not Alone* (2004), *Phobia* (2006), *Dear Agony* (2009), *Dark Before Dawn* (2015) and *Ember* (2018)

The band's album *Dark Before Dawn* was released on June 23, 2015. This album has made 5 singles which are "Failure", "Angels Fall", "Ashes of Eden" "Defeated" and "Never Again".

## References
Headland

, England]]
, England]]
A **headland** is an area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.  Very often, the land areas are called *cape*s. A **bay** is an area of water. It is surrounded by land on three sides. The water areas are also called *gulf*s. Headlands are formed when there are parallel sections of softer and harder rock perpendicular to the coast. The sea erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock, forming a bay. The harder rock that is left protruding into the sea is the headland.  

## References
King of the Hill

***King of the Hill*** is an American animated cartoon running from 1997 to 2010 on the American television network FOX. It featured a son, a wife, a husband, and their live-in niece. 

## Revival
On January 31, 2023, a revival was officially announced to air on Hulu. The revival takes place years in the future, with the characters being aged-up and Bobby becoming an adult. Johnny Hardwick, voice of Dale Gribble, recorded voice lines for six episodes before he died sometime in August 2023. Jonathan Joss, voice of John Redcorn, recorded voice lines for four episodes before he was shot and killed by a neighbor on June 1, 2025. Season 14 debuted on August 4, 2025.

## Characters
* '*** - An American propane and propane accessory salesman living in Arlen, Texas. He believes in old-fashioned ideals, and is favorite football team is the Dallas Cowboys. He is married to Peggy, and he has a son named Bobby and a dog named Ladybird. 
* **** - a substitute Spanish teacher at Arlen high school. She writes a column in the local newspaper and later is a realtor. She is married to Hank, and her son is Bobby. 
* **** - A middle school student who plays soccer and has hobbies, though his dad Hank wants him to play football. 
* ***' - Peggy's niece. A hairdresser who lives with the Hill family. Hank wants her to go to college or move out. She gets married to Lucky and has a child. 
* '''''' - Hank's neighbor and friend. He is paranoid, seeing everyone as being out to get him. He pretends his name is "Rusty Shackleford". He is married to Nancy. They have a son.
* '''''' - Hank's neighbor and friend. Bill is divorced and very depressed. He is an Army barber.
* '''''' - Hank's neighbor and friend. A ladies man who talks very fast and is hard to understand. He loves old muscle cars. 
* '''''' - A former high school football player, a friend of Hank, and Bobby's school principal.

## References
## Other websites
* *King of the Hill* on Retrojunk
Bay

.]]
A **bay** is a large body of water in the land next to a sea or lake between two headlands. The waves coming to the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this, many of them have a beach. A bay may be metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across. A large bay is often called a **gulf**, **sound**, or bight. A bay often contains beaches.

Bays form where weak rocks, such as sands and clays, are eroded, leaving bands of stronger rocks, such as chalk, limestone, or granite, forming a headland, or peninsula.  Bays are formed when there are parallel sections of softer and harder rock perpendicular to the coast.

## Gallery

File:Kells Bay.jpg|Kells bay, on the Ring of Kerry in Ireland
File:Hanauma Bay 1.JPG|Hanauma bay, on the island of Hawaii
File:Haifa Bay Panorama.jpg|alt=Haifa Bay, in Israel.|Haifa Bay, in Israel.

## References
Drake Passage

The **Drake passage** is a body of water.  It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To the north is Cape Horn and the South American continent, to the south are the South Shetland Islands, now part of the British Antarctic Territory.  It is part of the Southern Ocean.  It is named after the English privateer Sir Francis Drake, who accidentally discovered it.  He never sailed the passage, because sailing the Strait of Magellan was less dangerous. 

The Drake passage is also the shortest route from Antarctica to the rest of the world. The only islands in the passage are the Diego Ramirez Islands, about 60 km south of Cape Horn. 

The passage is also known for very rough seas. Waves of 10 m are not uncommon here. 

The passage is also good for seeing Whales, Dolphins, seabirds, and penguins. 

In old books, the passage is called **Drake Strait**.  In Spanish it is called "Pasaje de Drake" or "Mar de Moces".

## Other websites 
* National Oceanography Centre, Southampton page of the important and complex bathymetry of the Passage 
* A personal story describing crossing the Passage 
* A NASA image of an eddy in the Passage 
* Larger-scale images of the passage from the US Navy (Rain, ice edge and wind images) 
* BBC News story on a scientific study dating the age of the Drake Passage
Sight-reading

**Sight-reading** (or **sight-singing** for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before.  It is important to be able to read musical notation well in order to sight-read.

Many people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time.  One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading.  

People who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read.  The best way to improve is by regular practice. People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before.  

People who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand).  Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve.  Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun. 

When someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking.  In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing.  The player is "anticipating" (thinking about what is going to happen next).  In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.

A good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like.  In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.

Some pianists are very good at sight-reading.  The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight.

## Related resources
*SightReadingMastery
*Fast Keys
Glacier

in the Karakoram Mountains.  in length, one of the longest alpine-type glaciers]]

A **glacier** is a large body of ice and snow. It forms because the snow in an area does not all melt in summer. Each winter, more snow is added. The weight of all of the snow creates pressure, which turns the lower parts of the snow into ice. After that happens for many years, the glacier eventually becomes large and so heavy that gravity causes the ice to move.

A glaccier flows downwards like water but very slowly. It moves about  per year. New snow replaces the parts of the glacier that flow away.

Glaciers are the largest sources of fresh water on Earth. The largest bodies of salt water are the oceans.

## Creation 
]]
Glaciers form only in places that are cold enough and get enough snow over time. That can take a long time, and it often takes tens or hundreds of years for a glacier to form. There are two kinds of glaciers: continental glaciers and alpine glaciers (also called mountain glaciers):
* Continental glaciers are glaciers that spread out over a large area of land and were created mostly during the Ice Ages. There are still some continental glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica. They often flow downwards into the sea and break up. The broken parts that float in the sea are called icebergs.
* Alpine glaciers form in mountain areas and are smaller than continental glaciers. Alpine glaciers usually flow until they reach a place that the temperature is warm enough that the ice melts completely during the summer.

## Effects
Glaciers are very important and a large effects on the environment because they are very large and heavy. When they move, they erode mountains and land. Also, since they froze long ago, snow crystals and air bubbles in them are kept in good condition. They can provide a large amount of information for scientists.

Recently, glaciers have been melting more than they in the past. Many scientists think that is because ecause global warming is changing the climate.

## Appearance 
Glaciers are blue in color because water is very good at absorbing light. Only the strongest light, with the most energy, can escape. Blue is the color of light that has the most energy, which makes it the only color of light that can escape without being absorbed. The thicker the glacier, the more it appears blue.

## References 
### Uncited references 
* 

## Other websites 
* Swisseduc - Glaciers online Website on Glaciers in English and German
* Time lapse movies of Grosser Aletschgletscher
* Illustrated glossary on Glaciers online, in English and German
* Glacier information for schools
* National Snow and Ice Data Center - Glaciers 
* USGS Glacier Studies Project 
* Glaciers and Glacial Hazards - USGS
* 2003-08-15 Scientists Rewrite Laws Of Glacial Erosion
* Fjords National Park, Alaska
* NOVA scienceNOW - A 7-minute video of the NOVA broadcast of July 26, 2005. Hosted by Robert Krulwich, the video is about the world's fastest glacier and why it is moving too fast.
Puerto Rican

A **Puerto Rican** is a person from Puerto Rico or anyone who is descended from some one who was originally from Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans are American citizens, even though Puerto Rico is only a territory of the United States and not an official state. People from Puerto Rico can also be known as a "Boricua," "Borinquen," "Puertoriqueño," or the most known slang of "Boricua."

The name of "Boricua," and "Borinqueños" came from the island's original name of *Boriken*, meaning *Land of the Brave People*. This name was created by the Taino-Arawak people, who were highly advanced. Taino-Arawak ancestors date back to 4,000 B.C.

## Famous Puerto Ricans 
* Marc Anthony, singer
* Giannina Braschi, poet, novelist 
* Neil deGrasse Tyson, scientist 
* Jennifer Lopez, singer, actress
* Ricky Martin, singer, activist
* René Marqués, playwright 
* Lin-Manuel Miranda, creator of Broadway musicals 
* Sonia Sotomayor, Supreme Court judge
Child prodigy

]]

A **child prodigy** is a child who is very smart at an early age. They can do things that average people can only do when they are adults. Child prodigies are often musicians or mathematicians. A child prodigy does not always grow up to be a world-famous genius. Some of them lose their exceptional gifts in adulthood.

## Prodigies
* The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a child prodigy. He could play the harpsichord when he was three, and by the time he was six his father was taking him on concert tours to show off his son's talent. Fortunately Mozart did grow up to be a world-famous composer.

* The composer William Crotch was also a child prodigy. He could play *God Save the King* with both hands on the piano when he was two. But Crotch did not become famous like Mozart. He just grew up to be a good musician.

* There may have been many other child prodigies who never became clever adults at all, or who died before they could become famous. Sometimes their childhoods are very difficult because people expect so much of them.

* The great German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss was an exceptional child prodigy. It is said that when he was three he saw a mistake his father had made when adding up the wage bills. Another famous child prodigy was the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton. At the age of 13, Hamilton was not only a brilliant at math but also spoke 13 languages.

* In 2002 a 12-year-old Ukrainian boy called Sergey Karjakin became the youngest ever Grandmaster at chess.

* Zerah Colburn was the first of several children known as "mental calculators." Zerah was born in 1804 in Vermont. At age six, before he could read or write numbers, he could multiply a two-digit number by a two-digit number in his head. At age eight, he could compute 8 to the sixteenth power. His answer was 281,474,976,710,656. By the time he was 10 years old, Zerah's father took him to cities all over the United States to display his amazing abilities. He was also already well known in Europe. His abilities declined as he got older. Later he wrote an autobiography about his life and his unusual skills.

* William James Sidis had exceptional abilities in methematics and languages and his IQ was estimated to be about 275.
70s BC

## Events 
* Spartacus leads the slaves against Rome. His army was eventually defeated, and Spartacus is killed in battle, by Roman legionaries under Marcus Licinius Crassus.
* In Rome, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus becomes the third member of the Second Triumvirate, with Mark Antony and Octavian.
* The city of Tigranakert of Artsakh is built in Armenia.
* Salome Alexandria becomes queen of Judea after her husband dies.
* Hycarnus II becomes the high priest of Jerusalem until 66 BC.
* Pamplona is built in Spain
Toothbrush

toothbrushes in a cup]]
The **toothbrush** is a tool to clean teeth. The toothbrush has a small brush at the end of a handle. Toothpaste, which often contains fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to help clean the teeth. Both toothpaste and toothbrushes come in many different colours. Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours. Nice toothbrushes (especially electrical) can make toothbrushing fun and help your child on the way to perfect oral health.

## Invention 
Toothbrushes were first invented by a prisoner. Before anyone had thought of a toothbrush, people kept their teeth clean by chewing on a stick until one end got soft and frayed like a brush. Sometimes they dipped a finger in chalk or salt and then rubbed their teeth. Toothpicks were another way to take care of teeth, and toothpicks were very fancy then. They were made of gold or jewels, and people would stick them in their hats or hang them on necklaces when they were not using them. 

The first brushes came from China, where the Chinese made them out of hairs pulled from the back of wild hogs. The kind of toothbrush we know came from William Addis. He worked on the toothbrush while he was in jail. First, he saved a bone from one of his meals and poked some holes in it. The prison guard gave him some bristles. Joseph tied the bristles into little bundles, cut them to make them even, put glue on the ends, and stuffed them into the holes. The company he started still make millions of toothbrushes every year.

## Etymology
The word toothbrush came from the two parts of the word, first a noun and then a verb or noun. The action of brushing teeth with a toothbrush is basically the use of the invention of Joseph Addis.

## References
Homeostasis

**Homeostasis** is self-regulation, a basic property of all self-organising systems. In biology, it is the keeping of a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis is life's ability to stay balanced, when the environment changes. Animals keep their body in a stable condition. They do so by  their inner equilibrium. For example, they adjust their pH, temperature, amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood and so on. In living things, the study of how they keep in a stable condition is called physiology. Mostly, our physiology works unconsciously throughout life. We have many negative feedback systems which adjust our physiology so that we stay alive. These systems are self-organising and do not need to be learnt. They are inherited.

The concept was described by Claude Bernard, and the term was later coined by Walter Cannon in 1926, 1929, and 1932. Walter Cannon thought these were the features of homeostasis:
:#Constancy in an open system, such as our bodies, is done by mechanisms which maintain this constancy. Cannon based this on insights into the ways by which steady states such as glucose concentrations, body temperature and acid-base balance were regulated.
:#To keep a steady-state condition, any change automatically meets with factors that resist change. An increase in blood salt results in thirst as the body attempts to dilute the concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid.
:#The regulating system doing homeostasis has a number of cooperating mechanisms which act simultaneously or successively. Blood sugar is regulated by insulin, glucagons, and other hormones that control its release from the liver or its uptake by the tissues.

Examples of homeostasis:
* The operation of a thermostat
* The regulation of water and minerals in the body 
* The regulation of body temperature: mammals and birds have complicated systems which keep their body temperature within close limits.

In mammals, the main organs involved with homeostasis are:
*The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
*the lungs
*the skin
*the muscles
*the kidneys
*the liver and pancreas
The brain is also central to homeostasis. It controls behaviour, and the basic function of behaviour is to support life by taking action.

## References 
## Related pages
*Biology
*Biological rhythms
*Biochemistry
*Physiology
*Cybernetics
Toilet

.]]
A **toilet** is a human waste disposal device. Toilets used in  a sitting position with a toilet seat are popular in Europe and North America. There may be additional considerations for people with disabilities. Squat toilets, used in  a squatting posture are more popular in Asia.  This is a place where humans get rid of waste that comes from their bodies (urine and feces). Most toilets use water to flush the waste through plumbing into a sewage system. However, some modern toilets do not use water, and are called dry toilets.

A room that has a toilet can be called a "restroom" or "bathroom" in the United States. In other places it may be called the toilet, the lavatory, or the water closet (WC).

## Toilets in homes 
.]]
Almost all modern buildings have at least one toilet. In the home, a toilet may or may not be in the same room as a shower or a bathtub. Some toilets are outside, in an "outhouse".

In developing countries, many people do not have a toilet in their home. More than 4.5 billion people do not have access to toilets.

This has led to pooping in unsafe environments such as on the side of the road which has been made later made illegal.

## Public toilets 
.]]

A public toilet may or may not cost money to use. Toilets that cost money are called "pay toilets".

Public bathrooms often have many toilets with walls between them. This makes areas called *stalls* (US) or *cubicles* (UK). Bathrooms for men often also have separate urinals. Urinals can either be on the wall for a single user, or a basin or trough for many men to use at the same time. Urinals on walls sometimes have small walls or dividers for privacy reasons.

Outdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.) are a form of street furniture. These toilets are in individual cubicles. Some are simple and have little or no plumbing. Others are less simple, and some toilets even clean themselves after every use.

Some toilet-cubicles are mobile and can be put in place where and when they are needed. These toilets are called "portable toilets". Portable toilets are commonly used at large outdoor events like concerts, festivals or carnivals.

## Inventions 
In 1775, Alexander Cumming patented the S-bend. This was crucial in the development of the flushing toilet. It was a simple length of pipe with a curve in it.

Every day, toilets use 141 billion liters of water to flush waste. Engineers try to make toilets that do not need so much water. In 2019, one group made a chemical to put in  toilets to make them more slippery so that the waste flushes away with only a little water.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Toilet guide for travelers
*Public Toilet Near Me
*World Toilet Day celebrated on November 19
*World Toilet Organization
Psittacosis

**Psittacosis** is a bacterial disease caused by chlamydia psittaci. It is caught mainly from infected birds such as parrots, pigeons, and parakeets. It can also infect farm animals and other mammals. The disease is not common, with only 50 reported cases in the United States each year.

The disease is rarely fatal, with only 1% of those who get the disease dying.

## Symptoms 
After an incubation period of 5–19 days, psittacosis usually gives flu-like symptoms, such as fevers, chills, headaches, muscle aches, and a dry cough. In the first week an infected person can get red eyes (conjunctivitis), nose bleeds, and low white blood cells count. Blood analysis usually shows a normal white cell count, but marked leukocytosis is occasionally apparent . It also can cause diarrhea and vomiting. Sometimes, red/pink marks (called Rose spots) called Horder's spots appear on the skin in this stage. These spots look the same as what people get because of typhoid fever.   

At the end of the first week, confusion (stupor) and even coma can occur in severe cases. The spleen can become enlarged, before the disease develops into a serious lung infection. This is helpful for diagnosing psittacosis because an enlarged spleen and/or nosebleed at the same time as respiratory fever is indicative of this disease.   

The disease can also look like pneumonia on an x-ray. In rare cases (see Other presentations) Psittacosis can cause endocarditis, swelling of joints, and swelling of the cornea.  

### Other presentations 
**The second week** is more like acute bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia than it is psittacosis, with constant high fevers, headaches, cough, and dyspnea (trouble breathing). Headaches up until this point can be so painful that they are mistaken for other conditions, like meningitis.     

C. Psittaci signs and symptoms can include, but are rare, and not limited to: mendigo-encephalitis, infective endocarditis (inflammation of the inside of the heart, including the *valves* of the heart), hepatitis, nephritis, splenomegaly, and . Others include an enlarged         

## Diagnosis 
Diagnosis is made by serology (testing the serum) to check for chlamydia antibodies in the blood, using microimmunofluorescence (MIF), complement fixation (CF), and immunofluorescent antibody tests (IFA).

### Chest scans 
Psittacosis shows patchy consolidation (fluid build up in the lungs) and other signs of pneumonia. Diagnosis is done mostly by serum checks.

## Treatment 
Psittacosis can be easily treated with antibiotics, especially with Tetracycline. 

## References
Barneveld

**Barneveld** () is a municipality in the middle of the Netherlands, in the province Gelderland. The main centre is the village of Barneveld. 

The municipality has an area of 176.74 km². 

## Towns and villages of the municipality
Other centres are: Essen, Esveld, Garderbroek, Harselaar, Kallenbroek, Moorst (partly), Wessel and Recreatiegebied Zeumeren.

## Geography 
The municipality neighbours Nijkerk, Putten and Ermelo to the north. Apeldoorn lies to the east. Municipalities Ede, Renswoude, Scherpenzeel and Woudenberg are to the south. Municipalities Leusden and Amersfoort neighbour Barneveld to the west.

## Notable people born in Barneveld
* Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn (1851–1922), astronomer
* Eduard Daniel van Oort (1876–1933), ornithologist
* Egbert Adriaan Kreiken (1896–1964), teacher and astronomer
* Conny van Bentum (born 1965), freestyle swimmer
* Alfred Schreuder (born 1972), footballer

## References
Executable

of an executable real mode boot loader]]

An **executable** is a computer program written by a programmer and compiled by a compiler (See programming). When it is run, it 'executes' (or does) the actions it was programmed to.  

An example of a compiler is the GNU C Compiler, or GCC for short.  It reads in program code written in the C programming language, and converts it into binary machine code called an executable, so computers can understand it. On Microsoft Windows, these files end with '.exe.' To humans, these files are hard to read. Other Unix-like systems, like Macs, Linux, or BSD use other file extensions like '.dmg' or '.sh'.

## Other websites 
* GNU C Compiler website
National symbols

**National symbols** are patriotic symbols representing nations and countries. Similar symbols are  used for cultural or ethnic groups that do not have their own country yet. 

National symbols try to unite people or send a message by representing the national people, values, goals, or history. People often honor their nation, country, or group by celebrating their national symbol.

## Common official national symbols 
* The flag of a nation
* The coat of arms, seal (device) and stamp of the land and/or ruling dynasty
* The national colours
* Animals and plants or flowers, whether real or not
* Crosses or other symbols of religion
* National anthems, royal and imperial hymns
* The office of the Head of State
* The regalia of a monarchy, such as crown jewels
* The Father of the Nation and other founding fathers
* The Mother of the Nation and other honourable female leaders and politicians.

## Common unofficial national symbols 
* National myths about the country's history or founding
* National epics
* National dishes
* National dress
* National holiday
* National instrument
* Nationalism (music)
* National pastimes
* Folk dances
* Folk hero
* Folk instrument
* Folk music
* Culture hero
* Tricksters
* Monuments and cliches associated with tourism
* National personifications
* Various other national emblems
* in a nation with a particular religion, its symbols may be adopted as national symbols  e.g. the patron saint or equivalent deity, a major pilgrimage site, church or temple

## Related pages
* Cultural icon
* National symbols of India
* National symbols of Pakistan
* National symbols of Bangladesh
Lagomorpha

*).]]

**Lagomorpha** is a mammal order. It includes pikas, rabbits and hares. Although lagomorphs look like rodents, they are not rodents, but are closely related to them. They have four incisors on the upper jaw, not two as with rodents. Also, they only eat plant material, not meat as rodents do to some extent.

Rabbits were classified under rodents until the 20th century.  They are divided into two families: Leporidae, which are hares and rabbits, and Ochotonidae, the pikas.

It has been known for some time that Lagomorpha is an unusual group, and there have been many guesses about its evolution. Darren Naish explains this.

## Taxonomy 
* Order **Lagomorpha**
** Family **Ochotonidae** (Pikas)
*** Genus *Ochotona*
** Family **Leporidae** (rabbits and hares)
*** Genus *Brachylagus*
*** Genus *Bunolagus*
*** Genus *Caprolagus*
*** Genus *Lepus*
*** Genus *Nesolagus*
*** Genus *Oryctolagus* (includes the domestic rabbit)
*** Genus *Pentalagus*
*** Genus *Poelagus*
*** Genus *Pronolagus*
*** Genus *Romerolagus*
*** Genus *Sylvilagus''

## References
File extension

A **file extension** or **filename extension** is a suffix at the end of a filename. It is used to show the type of computer file. This tells the operating system what program can understand it. For example, MYWORDS.TXT is a plain text file and may be opened by a text editor. Filename extensions come after the name of the file, and many of them are three letters long. 

Some examples of common file extensions are:
* TXT files are plain text files
* Picture files
** BMP are bitmap picture files
** JPG are picture files in the JPEG format
* Audio files
** MP3 are music files in the MP3 format
** AAC are Advanced Audio Coding music files
** FLAC are Free Lossless Audio Codec
** ALAC are Apple Lossess Audio Codec
** WMA are Windows Media Audio sound files
** MPEG are motion picture encoded video files
** MKV are Mastroska Video Codec
** WMV are Windows Media Video files
* HTM or *HTML are Hyper Text Markup Language files such as web pages
* PHP are web server scripts which create web pages
* ODT are Open Document text files
* DOC are text documents in Microsoft Word format
* XLS are Microsoft Excel spreadsheet documents
* PPT are Microsoft PowerPoint presentation files
* EXE are Microsoft Windows executable program files
* DLL are Dynamic Link Libraries, a type of executable file, in MS Windows
* ZIP are Compressed files (Lempel Ziff algorithm in an archive)
* Z are Unix / Linux compressed files
* bz2 are bzip2 block compressed files (very good compression)
* jar are Java archive files
* JSP are Java server pages files
* java are Java source code files
* class are Java compiled source code files
* oc are Java run-time library files
* tar are Unix / Linux tape archive files
* sh are Unix / Linux shell script files
* awk are Unix C like pattern processing language source code files
* sed are Unix stream editor command files
* lex are Unix / Linux lexical analyzer C code generator specification files
* c are C programming language source files
** o are C programming language compiled (object) files
** cs are C# programming language files
* v are V programming language source files
** vsh are V programming language script files
* rb are Ruby programming language files
* pl are Perl or Prolog programming language files

There are many other commonly used file extensions.

In most operating systems, you can change the program defaults so that the computer knows which program to open each type of file extension with.
Lupus

**Lupus**, or **Lupus erythematosus**, is a disease of the immune system. It is chronic, which means it does not go away. It is an autoimmune disease, where the person's immune system attacks their own body.

The immune system is partly made up of white blood cells in your body that fight off disease. In lupus, these white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body around them are diseased, so they end up attacking healthy parts of the body. Lupus can be deadly. It causes swelling and tissue damage, and can attack any part of the body. It most commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys and the brain/nervous system. Some symptoms include: fatigue, fever with no cause, hair loss, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, a skin disease, and Raynaud's syndrome. There is treatment for lupus, called immunosuppression, which is medicine that stops the white blood cells from damaging healthy cells for a while. After a while, this medicine wears off, and then the white blood cells go back to hurting healthy parts of the body again. For the disease of lupus, there is no cure that stops the white blood cells from attacking healthy parts of the body forever, but doctors are not giving up on finding a cure.

Lupus takes its name from the Latin word "lupus", meaning wolf. This is because a lupus-caused  on a person's face makes the person's face look like the face of a wolf. In the United States alone, there may be 270,000 to 1.5 million (1,500,000) people with lupus. Worldwide, it is estimated (not known for sure, but a good guess) that over 5 million (5,000,000) people are living with lupus. The disease mainly affects young women, but men can be affected as well.

## Famous people with lupus
*Disney Star Selena Gomez was diagnosed with lupus in 2013.
*The pop singer Michael Jackson was diagnosed with systemic lupus in 1986.
*Toni Braxton has systemic lupus.
*British singer-songwriter Seal has had scarring on his face due to lupus since the age of 23.

## References
Nationalist Party of China

, Taiwan]]

The **Nationalist Party of China** (''''*) is main political party of Republic of China (*Taiwan'') since 1912. The Nationalist Party was founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 after the foundation of the Republic of China, but during the warlord era, the party turned yourself into an revolutionary and socialist party, starting an revolution in southern provinces of China in 1917. The Natinalist Party also created an army in 1925 and created along the communist party a new chinese government in 1927 after the fall of the Beiyang government, in Beijing.

* In Mainland China, the Nationalist Party ruled the government until 1949 when the communists captured the mainland and the nationalist party moved to Taiwan.

* In Taiwan, the party ruled the government from 1950 until the general elections of 2016 with the progressive party's victory.

The Nationalist Party's ideologies are nationalism, revolutionary socialism, Welfare state, Anti-capitalism and Social conservatism.

## Names 
The Nationalist Party of China is also called as **Chinese Nationalist Party** or ***Kuomintang*** (**KMT**; ; English: Chinese Nationalist Party), also known as ***Guomindang*** (**GMD**) in Mainland (Simplified Chinese)

## References