open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Flag of South Africa (1928–1994)

The **flag of South Africa from 1928 to 1994** was the flag of the Union of South Africa from 1928 to 1961 and the flag of the Republic of South Africa to 1994. It was also the flag of South West Africa (now Namibia) to 1990, when that territory was under South African administration.

The design features three horizontal bands of orange, white and blue with three small flags (the flag of the United Kingdom to the left, the vertical version of the flag of the Orange Free State in the centre and the flag of the South African Republic to the right) centered on the white band. Because of its colours it was known as the **Oranje, Blanje, Blou** (Afrikaans for **Orange, White, Blue**) by citizens.

The flag is viewed as a symbol of apartheid and white supremacy, since 2019 it is illegal to display this flag in public in South Africa and is classified as a hate speech. This ruling is seen as a political move on the part of the ANC government, who has been ruling the country since 1994. The banning of the **Oranje, Blanje, Blou** is challenged by many in the South African Supreme Court of Appeal. In 2023, the ban was partially upheld by the Supreme Court which ruled that "gratuitous" display was unlawful but did not rule on if private display was unlawful.

## Gallery

Flag of South Africa (1928–1994, Prince's Flag, dark colors).svg|Prince's Flag
Flag of South Africa (1928–1994, small flags, dark version).svg|Flags of the United Kingdom, Orange Free State and South African Republic

## References
Undercurrent (1946 movie)

***Undercurrent*** is a 1946 American crime drama movie directed by Vincente Minnelli and was based on the 1944 story *You Were There* by Thelma Strabel. It stars Katharine Hepburn, Robert Taylor, Robert Mitchum, Edmund Gwenn, Marjorie Main, Jayne Meadows, Dan Tobin, Leigh Whipper and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Other websites
* 
* 
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Free European Song Contest

The **Free European Song Contest** (abbrev. as **FreeESC**) is a song contest run by the private channel ProSieben that started in 2020. Different singers representing countries in Europe (mainly) compete every year.

Some of the competitors are famous singers include: Nico Santos (famous singer in Germany), Max Mutzke (represented Baden-Württemberg at the Bundesvision Song Contest 2014, Ilse DeLange (represented the Netherlands at the ESC2014 as member of The Common Linnets), Sarah Lombardi (participant in the 8º season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar), Eko Fresh (German rapper of Turkish and Kurdish descent who won 5 awards).

The latest winner of the Free European Song Contest is Rea Garvey of Ireland.

The Free European Song Contest was created by Stefan Raab (with the collaboration of the private channel ProSieben and the production company Brainpool TV) after the cancelation of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The first contest took place at the ProSieben Studios, Cologne, Germany on 16 May 2020 at 20:15 CEST on the television channel ProSieben and the second contest took place at the Lanxess Arena, Cologne, Germany. 

## List of winners
## Highest placings of non-winning countries
## Related pages
*Eurovision Song Contest (Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light)
*Junior Eurovision Song Contest
*Eurovision Asia Song Contest (Asian version of Eurovision)
*AfriMusic Song Contest (African contest based in Eurovision)
*Bundevision Song Contest (previus contest made by ProSieben)
*Turkvision Song Contest (Turkish contest organised by TMB TV and created by TÜRKSOY for the Turkic countries and Turkic people)
## Other websites
*ProSieben.de FreeESC- the official website  at ProSieben 
*Brainpool's Info of FreeESC - at the official Production website 
*Free European Song Contest on IMDb
Kinuko Tanida

was a Japanese volleyball player. She was a member of the Japanese winning team, . Tanida won a gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

Tanida died on 4 December 2020 in Tokyo from a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 81.

## References
Helsinki Accords

The **Helsinki Final Act**, also known as **Helsinki Accords** or **Helsinki Declaration** was the document signed at the closing meeting of the third part of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland, during 30 July – 1 August 1975. 

All then-existing European countries as well as the United States and Canada, altogether 35 participating states, signed the Final Act in an attempt to improve the détente between the Soviet bloc and the West. 

## References
Lidia Menapace

**Lidia Menapace** (born **Brisca**, 3 April 1924 &ndash; 7 December 2020) was an Italian resistance fighter and politician. She was a member of the Senate from 2006 to 2008. She was a member of the Communist Refoundation Party.

Menapace died on 7 December 2020 in Bolzano, Italy from COVID-19, aged 96.

## References
László Kuncz

**László Kuncz** (29 July 1957 – 6 December 2020) was a Hungarian water polo player. He competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal.

Kuncz died on 6 December 2020 at the age of 63.

## References
Džej Ramadanovski

**Džej Ramadanovski** (; 29 April 1964 – 6 December 2020) was a Serbian pop-folk singer. He was known for his ballads. Ramadanovski was born in Belgrade. Džej made cameo appearances in movies *Hajde da se volimo 2* (1989) and *Vikend sa ćaletom* (2020). With songs such as "Nedelja" (1991), "Sunce ljubavi" (1995) and "Upalite za mnom sveće" (1996) he became one of the biggest regional artists in the 1990s.

Ramadanovski died in Belgrade of a heart attack on 6 December 2020 at the age of 56.

## References
Senta Wengraf

**Senta Wengraf** (10 May 1924 – 6 December 2020) was an Austrian actress. She was born in Vienna. Her career began in 1946. 

Wengraf was appeared in *Two Times Lotte* (1950), *Voices of Spring* (1952), *The Spendthrift* (1953), *Franz Schubert* (1953), *Don Juan* (1955), *Sissi – The Young Empress* (1956), *Kaiserjäger* (1956), *Sissi – Fateful Years of an Empress* (1957), *Scandal in Bad Ischl* (1957) and *When the Bells Sound Clearly* (1959).

Wengraf died in Vienna on 6 December 2020 at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Li Guanxing

**Li Guanxing** (; 14 January 1940 &ndash; 1 December 2020) was a Chinese nuclear material engineer. He was president of the CNNC North Nuclear Fuel Element Co., Ltd. between 2001 and 2004. He was chairperson and party chief of China Nuclear Society from 2008 to 2018. He was a delegate to the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. In 1999, Li became a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was born in Shanghai. 

Li died of an illness in Beijing, on December 1, 2020, aged 80.

## References
Dennis Ralston

**Richard Dennis Ralston** (July 27, 1942 – December 6, 2020) was an American professional tennis player. He was active during the 1960s and 1970s. Ralston was born in Bakersfield, California. He was coached by tennis pro Pancho Gonzales. He was the highest-ranked American player at the end of three consecutive years in the 1960s.

Ralston, a Davis Cup winner with the US Davis Cup team in 1963, continued to serve in the team as a coach from 1968 to 1971 and as a captain from 1972 to 1975, winning the title in 1972 over Romania.

Ralston was honored into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.

Ralston died on December 6, 2020 in Austin, Texas from cancer at the age of 78.

## References
Ole Espersen

**Ole Mogens Espersen** (20 December 1934 – 4 December 2020) was a Danish politician. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party. Espersen was Minister of Justice during two cabinets of Anker Jørgensen in the 1980s. He also was a member of the Folketing from 1973 to 1994.

Espersen died on 4 December 2020 at the age of 86.

## References
Ali-Asghar Zarei

**Ali-Asghar Zarei** () (1956 – 6 December 2020) was an Iranian military officer and conservative politician. He was a member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly representing Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr from 2008 to 2016.

Zarei died on 6 December 2020 at the age of 64.

## References
Baculum

The **baculum** (also **penis bone**),  is a bone found in the penis of many male mammals. It is absent in the human penis, but present in the penises of our close relatives the apes, such as the gorilla and chimpanzee.
The bone is located along the top of the penis and it aids in sex  by keeping it stiff for a long time during the sex act. 

A bone in the penis allows a male to mate for a much longer time with a female. This can be an advantage as it prevents a rival male from having sex with the female for some time.

Male animals without a penis bone tend to form close emotional bonds with a female and so ensure they are the father of her offspring.

## References 
How do you Sex a fossil? The Guardian Wed 24 Jan 2018
Young Mr. Lincoln

***Young Mr. Lincoln*** is a 1939 American biographical drama movie directed by John Ford and starring Henry Fonda, Alice Brady, Marjorie Weaver, Arleen Whelan, Pauline Moore, Donald Meek. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1940.

## Other websites
* 
* 
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Xu Shousheng

**Xu Shousheng** (; 23 January 1953 – 5 December 2020) was a Chinese politician. He was the Communist Party Secretary of Hunan from 2013 to 2016. He was the Governor of Hunan and Gansu provinces from 2006 to 2013. Xu was born in Jiangsu, China.

Xu died on 5 December 2020 in Nanjing, China at the age of 67.

## References
Somali Civil War (2009–present)

This is the newer part of the Somali Civil War which began in 2009. It is mainly between the al-Shabaab jihadist group and the Somali government. It is mainly happening in southern and central Somalia and parts of north eastern Kenya. It began in early February 2009 with the conflict between the forces of the Federal Government of Somalia, supported by African Union peacekeeping troops.

On 16 October 2011, the Kenyan Army crossed the border into Somalia in Operation Linda Nchi against al-Shabaab. They wanted to capture Kismayo.

In August 2014, the Somali government launched Operation Indian Ocean.

In 2017, the 14 October Mogadishu bombings killed over 500 people and injured over 300 others. In December 2019, a suicide truck bombing in Mogadishu killed at least 85 people.

An American airstrike carried out on September 12, 2025, in Badhan, in the region of Sanaag in Puntland, which targeted a traditional leader accused of being a member of Al-Shabaab, was executed, in coordination with the Somali federal government.

## Related pages
*List of ongoing armed conflicts
*Operation Atalanta

## References
Gam-COVID-Vac

**Gam-COVID-Vac** (, romanized: *Gam-KOVID-Vak*), trade-named **Sputnik V**, is a COVID-19 vaccine created by the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, and registered on 11 August 2020 by the Russian Ministry of Health. 

Gam-COVID-Vac has been approved for distribution in Russia.

## References
Klaus Ofczarek

**Klaus Ofczarek** (17 March 1939 &ndash; 6 December 2020) was an Austrian actor and opera singer. Ofczarek was born in Vienna. He was known for his roles as the old waiter in *Klimt* (2006) and as Redaktionsleiter in *North Face* (2008).

Ofczarek died on 6 December 2020 in Vienna at the age of 81.

## References
Li Ligong

**Li Ligong** (; February 1925 &ndash; 6 December 2020) was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Jiaocheng County, Lüliang, Shanxi. 

He was Communist Party of China Committee Secretary of his home province from 1983 to 1991 and political commissar of the People's Liberation Army Shanxi Military District from 1983 to 1985. 

He was a member of the 12th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1982 to 1987 and 13th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1992. 

He was a delegate to the 7th National People's Congress from 1988 to 1993 and 8th National People's Congress from 1993 to 1998.

Li died on 6 December 2020 in Beijing at the age of 95.

## References
Huangshi

**Huangshi** (), alternatively romanized as **Hwangshih**, is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Its population was 2,429,318 people at the 2010 census.

## References
Pancho Gonzales

**Ricardo Alonso "Pancho" González** (May 9, 1928 – July 3, 1995), known sometimes as **Richard Gonzales**, was an American tennis player.  He won 14 major singles titles (12 Pro Slam events, 2 Grand Slam events).

Gonzales was the world's leading professional player at a time when almost all players were amateur. His peak was from about 1952 to about 1958. He won many professional and open titles. He was always a serve-and-volley player at a time when many amateurs played a baseline game.

When he first turned professional, the reigning top man was Jack Kramer. At first, Kramer crushed him. Gonzales semi-retired in 1950/51. When he came back in late 1951, Gonzales was much improved. He reached the top in 1952, winning the professional hard-court title in Los Angeles.

The Tennis Hall of Fame says Gonzales rose to the rank of number one in 1952.

## References
Christian Serratos

**Christian Marie Serratos** (born **Bernardi**, ; born September 21, 1990) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Rosita Espinosa in AMC's *The Walking Dead* TV series, Suzie Crabgrass in the Nickelodeon series ''Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide*, Angela Weber in *The Twilight Saga'' series and as Selena in Netflix's *Selena: The Series*.

## References
Ricardo Antonio Chavira

**Ricardo Antonio Chavira** (born September 1, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Carlos Solis in the television series *Desperate Housewives* (2004–2012). 

He plays Abraham Quintanilla in the television series *Selena: The Series* (2020).

## References
United Socialist Party of Venezuela

The **United Socialist Party of Venezuela** (, **PSUV**) is a far left socialist political party in Venezuela which came from the fusion of some of the political and social forces that support the Bolivarian Revolution led by President Hugo Chávez. It is the largest political party in Venezuela.

## References
Grant Robertson

**Grant Murray Robertson** (born 30 October 1971) is a New Zealand politician and member of the Labour Party who was the 20th Minister for the Public Service from January 2023 until November 2023. He was the Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand from 2020 until 2023. He was the Minister of Finance from 2017 to 2023.

He was Member of Parliament (MP) since 2008. He is the first openly gay deputy prime minister.

## References
Juliari Batubara

**Juliari Peter Batubara** (born 22 July 1972) is an Indonesian politician. He was Minister of Social Affairs from 23 October 2019 until his arrest in December 2020 for alleged corruption. He is a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P).

On 6 December 2020, Juliari was arrested in Jakarta for receiving bribes from suppliers of social assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Juliari could face life imprisonment or the death penalty if convicted.

## References
Jacques Cheminade

**Jacques Cheminade** (; born 20 August 1941) is a French-Argentinian political activist and conspiracy theorist. He is the head of Solidarity and Progress, the French party of the LaRouche movement. He had ran for President of France three times in 1995, 2012 and 2017.

## References
Akito Arima

was a Japanese nuclear physicist and politician. He was known for his works in the interacting boson model. Arima was born in Osaka, Japan. He was a member of the House of Councillors between 1998 to 2004. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party.

Arima died on December 7, 2020 in Tokyo at the age of 90.

## References
John Sarbanes

**John Peter Spyros Sarbanes**  (born May 22, 1962) is an American politician who was the U.S. Representative for  from 2007 to 2025. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

## References
## Other websites
* Congressman John Sarbanes  official U.S. House website
* John Sarbanes for Congress 
* 

*
Jean Lassalle

**Jean Lassalle** (; born 3 May 1955) is a French politician serving as an Independent member of the National Assembly since 2002. He was a presidential candidate in the 2017 election and again in the 2022 elections. In March 2024, Lasalle announced that it would take the lead in the “Rural Alliance” list alongside Willy Shraen, the president of the National Hunters Federation.

## References
Tropical Storm Cristobal (2020)

**Tropical Storm Cristobal** was a devastating storm that formed from the remnants of Tropical Storm Amanda. The storm formed over the Bay of Campeche on June 1, and devastated Mexico in the following days. It then made landfall in Louisiana on June 7. The storm weakened into a tropical depression shortly after, and became post-tropical over Wisconsin.

The impact of the storm was worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic, which was rapidly growing at that time. This impacted the ability of medical staff, who were at the time dealing with the pandemic. The storm caused 15 deaths and $665 million.

## Storm history 
On May 31, the National Hurricane Center began to watch Tropical Storm Amanda in the Eastern Pacific for possible development in the Atlantic. Tropical Storm Amanda then made landfall in Guatemala, dissipating shortly after.  However, some of its remains survived, and on June 1, they moved over the Bay of Campeche, and started to reorganize shortly after. At this time, they were given a 90% chance of formation. Shortly after, it organized into a tropical depression. On July 2, it strengthened into a tropical storm, as the system started to turn toward the south. On June 3, it reached its peak intensity, with winds of 60&nbsp;mph, as it made landfall in Mexico. It then stalled near Ciudad del Carmen, as it weakened to a tropical depression.

However, as it weakened, it started to speed towards the north, and on June 5, it intensified into a tropical storm again, despite being over the Yutactán Peninsula. However, the system did not look like a tropical cyclone, but despite this, it made a second landfall in Louisiana, on June 6, at peak intensity. The storm moved to the east-north-east, weakening, and on June 10, the storm became post-tropical, over Wisconsin.

## References
## Other websites
* The NHC’s Advisory Archive of Tropical Storm CRISTOBAL
Jimmy Neutron (character)

**James Isaac Neutron** is the main character in the Nickelodeon show *The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius.* Jimmy Neutron lives in a house with his pet dog Goddard.

Jimmy Neutron first appeared on the 1998 television pilot.

## Other websites 
* Jimmy’s profile at Nick.com
Raging Abe Simpson and His Grumbling Grandson in 'The Curse of the Flying Hellfish'

"'''Raging Abe Simpson and His Grumbling Grandson in 'The Curse of the Flying Hellfish''*" is the 22nd episode of *The Simpsons'' 7th season. It was first broadcast on the Fox network on April 28, 1996.

## Other websites 
*
*
*
Zheng Jun

**Zheng Jun** (born 6 November 1967) is Chinese rock singer-songwriter. He was born in Xi'an. He attended Hangzhou Institute of Electrical Engineering (renamed Hangzhou Dianzi University). His first album, *Naked* (赤裸裸), was released by Red Star Productions in 1994. He then released *Third Eye* three years later, and *Bloom* two years after that.

## References
NORAD Tracks Santa

**NORAD Tracks Santa** is an annual Christmas-themed program in which NORAD simulates the tracking of Santa Claus, who is said to leave the North Pole to travel around the world on his mission to deliver presents to children every year on Christmas Eve. The program starts on December 1, but the actual Santa-tracking simulation starts on midnight of December 23. It is a community outreach function of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and has been held annually since 1955.

## References
## Other websites
*
Juana Inés de la Cruz

**Juana Inés de Asbaje y Ramírez de Santillana** (12 November 1648, San Miguel Nepantla, New Spain - 17 April 1695, Mexico, New Spain), better known as **Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz**, was a writer and Catholic nun in New Spain. She was in the Catholic Order of Saint Jerome. She was a well known writer of the Spanish Golden Age of the literature in Spanish.

## Early life
Juana was born in San Miguel Nepantla in Tepetlixpa municipality as the illegitimate daughter of Don Pedro Manuel de Asuaje y Vargas-Machuca, a Spanish navy captain from the Canary Islands involved in colonial transatlantic shipping and trade, and Doña Isabel Ramírez de Santillana y Rendón, a distinguished criolla, whose father leased the Hacienda de Panoaya, in Amecameca.

## Works 
* *La segunda Celestina*
* *Los empeños de una Casa*
* 1676 - *Villancicos, que se cantaron en la Santa Iglesia Metropolitana de Mexico. En los maitines de la Purissima Concepcion de Nuestra Señora*
* 1689 - *Inundacion castalida*. Madrid: Juan Garcia Infanson 
* 1693 - *Segundo tomo de las obras de soror Juana Inés de la Cruz, monja professa en el monasterio del Señor San Geronimo de la ciudad de Mexico*. Barcelona: Joseph Llopis
* 1701 - *Fama, y obras posthumas, tomo tercero, del fenix de México, y dezima musa, poetisa de la America, Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, religiosa professa en el Convento de San Geronimo, de la imperial ciudad de Mexico*. Barcelona: Rafael Figuerò
* 1709 - *Poemas de la unica poetisa americana, musa dezima, soror Juana Ines de la Cruz, religiosa professa en el monasterio de San Germonimo de la imperial ciudad de Mexico*. Valencia: Antonio Bordazar

## Related pages 
* New Spain

## References
Leominster, Massachusetts

**Leominster** is a city in Worcester County, Massachusetts in the United States. It is the second-largest city in Worcester County.

## References
1979 United Kingdom general election

An election was held on 3 May 1979 to elect all 635 seats of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party won the election and Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister. She was the first female Prime Minister of the UK.

The election happened because of a vote of no confidence in the James Callaghan passing by one vote in the House of Commons on the 28 March. This vote happened because Thatcher had brought it forward. It forced the election to happen.

## References
* 
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Walton Goggins

**Walton Sanders Goggins Jr.** (born November 10, 1971) is an American actor. He is known for roles in movies such as Clay Hawkins in *Lincoln* (2012), Billy Crash in *Django Unchained* (2012), Chris Mannix in *The Hateful Eight* (2015), Lawrence in *Maze Runner: The Death Cure* (2018), Mathias Vogel in *Tomb Raider* (2018) and Sonny Burch in *Ant-Man and the Wasp* (2018). His TV roles include Shane Vendrell in *The Shield* (2002–2008), Boyd Crowder in *Justified* (2010–2015), Venus Van Dam in *Sons of Anarchy* (2012–2014) and Lee Russell in *Vice Principals* (2016–2017). He was  for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his work in *Justified*. 

Goggins also produced and starred in the short movie *The Accountant* (2001). It won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.

Goggins was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He grew up in Lithia Springs, Georgia. He married Canadian businesswoman Leanne Kaun in 2001. They were married until her death by suicide in 2004. He married Nadia Conners in 2011. The couple have a son.

## References
## Other websites
*
Zhaoping tree frog

The **Zhaoping tree frog** or **Zhaoping tree toad** (*Hyla zhaopingensis*) is a frog from China.  Scientists have only seen it in eastern Guangxi.

## References
Neutrois

**Neutrois** is a non-binary gender identity that is usually associated with gender neutrality or the nullification of gender. Neutrois is often translated as indifference towards or lack of gender in the individual, similar to or including those who are agender. The term is often used by those who experience gender dysphoria and/or gender euphoria who may seek medical and/or social gender transitions to have a more neutral or androgynous appearance. Those who are neutrois may have complex gender identities, or be indifferent to their gender. Many people who are neutrois avoid gender expression which is strictly associated with femininity or masculinity.

## Etymology
Neutrois combines  ( or neuter), and  (), meaning neutral third, as in third gender.

## Resources
Ganglioglioma

**Gangliogliomas** are tumors that start from groups of nerve cells (ganglion and glial cells) and grow in the brain. They are usually small and noncancerous, and they do not spread to other parts of the body.

Gangliogliomas are rare tumors. Most gangliogliomas occur in children and young adults.

## Symptoms 
Seizures, headache, vomiting,
fatigue and weakness on one side of the body.
Eva Son-Forget

**Eva Son-Forget** (born 15 April 1983), previously known as **Joachim Son-Forget** (pronounced "son-for-zhay"), is a South Korean-born, French politician. From 2017 to 2022, she was a member of the National Assembly.

In February 2020, Son-Forget announced her candidacy for President of France in the 2022 election. However, she later dropped out and supported Éric Zemmour's unsuccessful campaign. In November 2024, she announced being a transgender woman and changed her first name to Eva.

## References
Camilla Power

**Camilla Joy Cynthia Power** (born 13 November 1976) is an Irish-born English actress. She is best known for portraying the roles of Jessica McAllister in the ITV soap opera *Emmerdale* (1993–1995), and Lorna Dickey in the BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road* (2006–2007).

## Personal life
Power was born in Cork, Ireland, but grew up in Wimbledon and Putney, England.

## References
## Other websites
*
Beyblade: Metal Fusion

**Beyblade: Metal Fusion**, or also known as **Metal Fight Beyblade** (メタルファイトベイブレード *Metarufaitobeiburēdo*) in Japan and other Asia regions, is the first anime of the *Metal Saga*. It was succeeded by *Beyblade: Metal Masters (Metal Fight Beyblade Explosion)*.

## Information | edit source 
Beyblade: Metal Fusion is adapted from the first four volumes of the manga, *Metal Fight Beyblade*. The manga the anime is based on was a reboot of the Beyblade franchise. As such, both anime and manga have nothing to do with the Bakuten Shoot Beyblade series before it.

### Comparison with the Original Seriesedit | edit source 
* The Metal Saga consists of a whole new set of characters and a new storyline.
* Similar to the previous work, Metal Fusion uses constellation-based motifs (Original Series: (Four Sacred Beasts)).
* Unlike the previous work, that consisted mostly of team battles, this work features mostly individual battles. Furthermore, Japan was the primary setting for the Original Series.
* In the English dub, Beyblades are now referred to as "Beys" instead of "Blades", following the Japanese version of the Bakuten Shoot Beyblade anime series
* The spirits in Beyblades are known as avatars (same goes to Burst), while the Original Series called them Bit-Beasts.

## Broadcast | edit source 
* **April 5, 2009**: Beyblade: Metal Fusion began broadcasting on TV Tokyo.
* It aired in the US on Saturdays at 7:30 on Cartoon Network.

## History | edit source 
* **2008**: Development for a new mixed-media project began, following the conclusion of the Original Series. This included both a manga and anime series.

## Synopsis| edit source 
Ginga Hagane. A young Beyblader who is searching for the hidden secrets of his past, with his partner Storm Pegasis. On a training journey, Ginga Hagane stumbles upon Metal Bey City, where he meets a bunch of friends and interesting rivals. What happens when Ginga and his friends set off on the journey of defeating the Dark Nebula organization? How will Ginga Hagane defeat Ryuga and his forbidden bey, Lightning L-Drago.

## Plot 
The series follows the adventures of Ginga Hagane, a Beyblader who is searching for his hidden past while trying to defeat the evil Dark Nebula organization and Ryuga, a man with the Forbidden Bey known as Lightning L-Drago.

The plot varies between the manga and anime with several differences. One notable difference is that in the manga, the Beys transform for their upgrades, while in the anime, the characters just switch parts or get an entirely new Bey. Another difference is that, in the manga, the characters started with the Metal System (4-piece top), while in the anime they started with the Hybrid Wheel System (5-piece top).

*
Alfred Kucharczyk

**Alfred Kucharczyk** (2 November 1937 &ndash; 2 December 2020) was a Polish gymnast. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics. He was born in Radlin, Poland.

Kucharczyk died in Wodzisław Śląski on 2 December 2020 at the age of 83.

## References
Jacqueline Obradors

**Jacqueline Danell Obradors** (born October 6, 1966) is an American actress. She has appeared in many movies such as *Six Days, Seven Nights* (1998), *Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo* (1999), *Tortilla Soup* (2001), *A Man Apart* (2003) and *Unstoppable* (2004). 

## References
## Other websites
*
Dejan Dabović

**Dejan Dabović** (3 August 1944 &ndash; 6 December 2020) was a Yugoslav water polo player. He was known for winning a gold medal in Mexico City in 1968, with the Yugoslavian water polo team. He was born in Herceg Novi.

Dabović died on 6 December 2020 in Belgrade at the age of 76.

## References
Jaromír Kohlíček

**Jaromír Kohlíček** (February 23, 1953 – December 6, 2020) was a Czech politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia from 2004 to 2019. He was born in Teplice. From 1998 to 2004, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic.

Kohlíček died on December 6, 2020 at the age of 67.

## References
Serial (Bad) Weddings

**Serial (Bad) Weddings** (French: ''Qu'est-ce qu'on a fait au Bon Dieu?'')  is a French comedy movie of 2014, directed by Philippe de Chauveron. 

## Plot 
A happy couple with many children, Claude and Maria Vernay, are raising four beautiful daughters. They are true Catholics who represent  an old France. They are respected in society, as they have a good job, four children and a big house. The parents did not expect that their three daughters would find husbands so quickly and get married. The only thing that confuses them is their sons-in-law, who are a little different from them: a Jew, a Chinese and an Arab. For parents, this is a serious problem. Their only hope is for their last daughter. Soon they learn the good news, their fourth daughter marries a true Catholic.  But it turns out that the groom is a black West African from the Ivory Coast.

## Production 
The movie as partly filmed in Chinon and mainly in Paris and in Normandy.

## References
Cliff Green

**Cliff Green** OAM (6 December 1934 – 4 December 2020) was an Australian screenwriter. He was best known for his work in *Picnic at Hanging Rock* (1975). In 2009, he was awarded the Order of Australia Medal. 

## Life and career 
He was born in Melbourne. He worked as a school teacher.

His screenplay for the 1990 TV movie, *Boy Soldiers*, was the first Australian drama to receive an Emmy nomination.

## References
Soedardjat Nataatmadja

**Soedardjat Nataatmadja** (30 June 19386 December 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was the Regent of Bogor from 1983 until 1988, the Vice Governor of Irian Jaya from 1989 until 1993, Inspector General of the Ministry of Internal Affairs from 1993 until 1997, and as the member of the People's Representative Council from 1997 until 1999.

Nataatmadja died at a hospital in Jakarta on 6 December 2020 at the age of 82.

## References
Fred Akers

**Fred Akers** (March 17, 1938 – December 7, 2020) was an American football player and coach. He was head football coach at the University of Wyoming from 1975 to 1976, the University of Texas at Austin from 1977 to 1986 and Purdue University from 1987 to 1990. Akers was born in Blytheville, Arkansas.

Akers died on December 7, 2020 at the age of 82.

## References
Dick Allen

**Richard Anthony Allen** (March 8, 1942 – December 7, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. During his 15-season Major League Baseball (MLB) career, he appeared as a first baseman, third baseman, and outfielder. He played for the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Dodgers, Oakland Athletics and Chicago White Sox.  Allen was born in Wampum, Pennsylvania.

## Candidacy 
He was going to get into the hall of fame, but he died before he could make it. So sad.

## Death 
Allen died on December 7, 2020 in Wampum from cancer at the age of 78.

## References
Wampum, Pennsylvania

**Wampum** is a borough in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 559 at the 2020 census.

## References
Tihomir Arsić

**Tihomir Arsić** (21 July 1957 – 7 December 2020) was a Serbian actor. He appeared in more than forty movies from 1975 until his death. He was born in Zemun, Serbia. Arsić was known for his roles in *The Promising Boy*, *Great Transport*, *Battle of Kosovo* and *The Optimists*.

Arsić died on 7 December 2020 in Belgrade at the age of 63.

## References
Philippe de Chauveron

**Philippe de Chauveron** (born 15 November 1965) is a French movie director, and screenwriter. He is a director of 2014 movie *Serial (Bad) Weddings*.

## Biography 
Philippe de Chauveron was born on November 15, 1965 in Paris. In 1986 he received a diploma from the Higher School of Cinematographic Research. He began his career in cinema as a screenwriter. He has written 10 screenplays and directed 5 films. In 2014, Philippe staged his most famous film about multicultural marriages, *Serial (Bad) Weddings*, which was a great success in France. The movie was watched by more than 12.2 million viewers. Box office in France reached 131 million dollars with a budget of 13 million euros. Box office in all countries was near $ 200 million.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
İrfan Gürpınar

**İrfan Gürpınar** (1943 &ndash; 7 December 2020) was a Turkish politician. He was born in Kırklareli, Turkey. He was Minister of Tourism from 1995 to 1996.

Gürpınar died of COVID-19 on 7 December 2020 in Ankara at the age of 77.

## References
Roger Moret

**Rogelio "Roger" Moret Torres** (September 16, 1949 &ndash; December 7, 2020) was a Puerto Rican professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher from 1970 to 1976 and in 1978 for the Boston Red Sox, Atlanta Braves and the Texas Rangers. He was born in Guayama, Puerto Rico.

Moret died on December 7, 2020 in Guayama from cancer at the age of 71.

## References
Vadim Petrov

**Vadim Petrov** (24 May 1932 – 7 December 2020) was a Czech composer. He was of Russian-Czech descent. He was born in Prague. Petrov taught music at the Prague Conservatory and at Jaroslav Ježek Conservatory.

Petrov died on 7 December 2020 in Prague at the age of 88.

## References
Janusz Sanocki

**Janusz Antoni Sanocki** (5 March 1954 &ndash; 7 December 2020) was a Polish politician and journalist. He was born in Nysa, Poland. Sanocki was a member of the Liga Nyska party. He was Mayor of Nysa from 1998 to 2001. Sanocki was a member of the Sejm from 2015 to 2019.

Sanocki died on 7 December 2020 in Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland from COVID-19 at the age of 66.

## References
Eduardo Galvão

**Eduardo Galvão** (19 April 1962 &ndash; 7 December 2020) was a Brazilian actor. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. His career began in 1989. He was known for his roles as Otacilio in *Porto dos Milagres*, Armando in *O Beijo do Vampiro* and as Dr. Roger in *Bom Sucesso*.

Galvão died of COVID-19 on 7 December 2020 in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 58.

## References
Aleksandr Gordon

**Aleksandr Vitalievich Gordon** (26 December 1931 &ndash; 7 December 2020) was a Russian actor and movie director. He was born in Moscow. His career began in 1956. His best known role as George in *The Killers* (1956). He directed and wrote the 1957 student movie *There Will Be No Leave Today*.

Gordon died on 7 December 2020 in Moscow, just a few weeks before his 89th birthday.

## References
Natalie Desselle-Reid

**Natalie Desselle Reid** (July 12, 1967 – December 7, 2020) was an American actress. She was known for her roles in *B.A.P.S.*, ''Def Jam's How to Be a Player*, *Set It Off* and *Cinderella*.

She also starred in the television series *Built to Last*, *For Your Love*, and *Eve.''

Reid died of colon cancer on December 7, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 53.

## References
Klaus Pagh

**Klaus Pagh** (29 July 1935&nbsp;– 8 December 2020) was a Danish actor, producer and director. He appeared in 32 movies between 1956 and 2001. Pagh was born in Hørsholm, Denmark. He was known for his roles as Holger in *Soldaterkammerater rykker ud* (1959) and as Rikard in *Me and the Mafia* (1973). He directed the 1973 comedy *Sunstroke at the Beach Resort* (1973).

Pagh died on 8 December 2020 in Copenhagen from Alzheimer's disease-related problems at the age of 85.

## References
TV4 (Sweden)

**TV4** is a Swedish free-to-air television network owned by TV4 AB. It is owned by the Bonnier Broadcasting Group. 

It started broadcasting by satellite in 1990 and, since 1992, on television. In 1994, TV4 became the largest channel and remained so for a number of years. 

From 2004 to 2019, the TV4 Group was a fully active member of the European Broadcasting Union.

## References
Tasiman

**Tasiman** (died 7 December 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was the Regent of the Pati Regency from 2001 to 2011. He was born in Juwana, Pati. Tasiman was chairman of the Regional People's Representative Assembly. Tasiman was a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle.

Tasiman died on 7 December 2020 from COVID-19 at a hospital in Medan, Indonesia.

## References
Sudjati

**Sudjati** (13 March 1954 &ndash; 8 December 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was born in Semarang, Indonesia. He was Regent of the Bulungan Regency from 2016 until his death. 

Sudjati died on 8 December 2020 in Tanjung Selor, Indonesia from COVID-19 at the age of 66.

## References
Christiane Taubira

**Christiane Marie Taubira** (; born 2 February 1952) is a French politician.

On 15 May 2012, Taubira was appointed Minister of Justice of France in the Ayrault Government under President François Hollande.  She resigned from office on 27 January 2016.

## References
Mare Winningham

**Mary Megan** "**Mare**" **Winningham** (; born May 16, 1959) is an American actress and folk-blues singer-songwriter. She was born in Phoenix, Arizona. Winningham began her acting career in 1976. She won two Emmy Awards during her career. She was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1995 movie *Georgia*. 

For a short time in 1981, she was married to actor and singer A Martinez.

## References
## Other websites
*
Lloyd Austin

**Lloyd James Austin III** (born August 8, 1953) is an American retired four-star general. He was the 28th United States Secretary of Defense from 2021 to 2025 during the Joe Biden administration. He was an Army officer and was the 12th commander of United States Central Command (CENTCOM). Austin was the first Black commander of CENTCOM.

On December 7, 2020, Austin was nominated by President-elect Joe Biden to be Secretary of Defense. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 22, 2021 which made him the first Black Secretary of Defense in American history.

In early January 2024, Austin was hospitalized in Walter Reed National Military Medical Center after having surgery. The surgery was kept private and was made public a few days later to much controversy. On January 9, 2024, it was revealed that Austin had surgery to treat prostate cancer and had a urinary tract infection.

## References
Myra, West Virginia

**Myra** is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, West Virginia, United States. 

A post office was operated at Myra from  September 7, 1883 until it was closed on March 19, 2011. 

The community was founded at the same time the post office was established.

## References
Naša riječ

Naša riječ ( : ’’) is a weekly newspaper published in Bosnia. It is distributed mainly in Zenica, where its headquarters is located. It was established in a year 1956. This newspaper costed 25&nbsp;dinars in SR&hairsp;BiH; current price is 1&nbsp;mark. The newspaper has more than 4000 issues.  Accompanying publications are * eko* and * sport*. Special  editions, such as for [[:en:w:May Day|]], have red instead of commonly used blue color at its front page.

## References
## External links
*nasarijec.ba
So It's Come to This: A Simpsons Clip Show

"'''So It's Come to This: A Simpsons Clip Show'*" is the 18th episode of *The Simpsons'' fourth season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on April Fools' Day (April 1) in 1993. In the episode, Homer plays many practical jokes on Bart. Bart shakes a can of Homer's beer very hard. When Homer opens the can, the house  and puts him in a coma. The Simpson family talk about the  of Homer's life by using episodes that were shown before this one.

## Other websites 
*
*
*
Doug Scott

**Douglas Keith Scott**  (29 May 1941 – 7 December 2020) was an English mountaineer. He was born in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire. He was known for being on the team that made the first ascent of the south-west face of Mount Everest on 24 September 1975.

In early 2020, Scott was diagnosed with brain cancer and lymphoma. He died on 7 December 2020 from the diseases, aged 79.

## References
Don't Torture a Duckling

'''''Don't Torture a Duckling''''' () is a 1972 Italian thriller horror movie directed by Lucio Fulci and stars Florinda Bolkan, Barbara Bouchet, Tomas Milian, Irene Papas, Marc Porel and Georges Wilson and was distribuited by Medusa Film.

## Other websites
*
Kelly Johnson (engineer)

**Clarence Leonard "Kelly" Johnson** (February 27, 1910&nbsp;– December 21, 1990) was an American Engineer at Lockheed Martin. He helped make planes, for example the SR-71 Blackbird and the P-38. He worked at the skunkworks at Lockheed Martin. There, with Ben Rich, "The Father of Stealth," they made the Blackbird. The SR-71 had a top speed of 2193&nbsp;mph or mach 3+. It flew at 80,000&nbsp;ft above the ground, the only plane to fly that high.

## Death 
Johnson died at the age of 80 at St. Joseph Medical Center in Burbank after physical deterioration and the advancement of senility, caused by the hardening of his arteries connecting to his brain.

## Other websites
* Clarence Leonard (Kelly) Johnson.
* Kelly Johnson's rules  for Skunk Works aircraft.
* "Lord of the Skunk Works ," from *Air Force Magazine*.
*
* "Control Boosters" a 1946 *Flight* article by Johnson
Claudia Christian

**Claudia Christian** (born **Claudia Ann Coghlan** on August 10, 1965) is an American actress, singer, author, musician, and activist. She is known for her role as Commander Susan Ivanova on *Babylon 5*, as Captain Maynard on Fox's *9-1-1*, and as the voice of Hera on the Netflix series *Blood of Zeus*.

## References
Cain (disambiguation)

**Cain** was the son of Adam and Eve and brother-husband of Luluwa. Cain may also refer to:

## People
*John Cain (41st Premier of Victoria), Australian politician
*Dean Cain, American actor
*Herman Cain, American Baptist minister
*Jackie Cain, American vocalist

## Other
*The Caine Mutiny, a war novel by Herman Wouk
*Cayn, a Darawiish region in northern Somalia and new name of Buhoodle district
Caliber 9

***Caliber 9*** () is a 1972 Italian crime movie directed by Fernando Di Leo and stars Gastone Moschin, Barbara Bouchet, Mario Adorf, Frank Wolff, Luigi Pistilli, Ivo Garrani and Lionel Stander.

## Other websites
*
Gandolfini

**Gandolfini** is a surname and may refer to:
* James Gandolfini (1961–2013), American actor
* Michael Gandolfini (born 1999), American actor
Spherical cow

of a spherical cow.]]
A **spherical cow** is a metaphor that is used when a complex scientific model is made more simple than it really should be.

The words "spherical cow" came from a joke where a dairy farmer talks to a theoretical physicist about how to get more money for his milk. The physicist later talks about an answer to the problem at a seminar. The physicist says "First, we  a spherical cow..." Sometimes, a "spherical horse" is used instead of a cow. For example, there is a joke about a physicist who says that he can find out who will  a race if it had a "spherical horse moving through a vacuum".
## References
How to Train Your Dragon 2

***How to Train Your Dragon 2*** is a 2014 3D American computer-animated action fantasy movie and the second installment in the series. A sequel to *How to Train Your Dragon*, It is directed and written by Dean DeBlois, It stars the voices of Jay Baruchel, Gerard Butler, Craig Ferguson, America Ferrera, Jonah Hill, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, T.J. Miller and Kristen Wiig.

## Voice cast 
* Jay Baruchel as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III
* America Ferrera as Astrid Hofferson
* Cate Blanchett as Valka
* Gerard Butler as Stoick the Vast
* Craig Ferguson as Gobber the Belch
* Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Fishlegs Ingerman
* Jonah Hill as Snotlout Jorgenson
* T.J. Miller and Kristen Wiig as Tuffnut and Ruffnut Thorston
* Djimon Hounsou as Drago Bludvist
* Kit Harington as Eret

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
No-hair theorem

The **no-hair theorem** is about black holes.  
Black holes can be described by just three visible properties: mass, electric charge, and angular momentum, or spin. 

The theory itself was first stated by Werner Israel, a Canadian physicist. Then John Archibald Wheeler said that black holes have no hairs. This gave the idea its name. What he meant was: except for these three properties, *no other properties can be got from a black hole*. However, Wheeler said that Jacob Bekenstein coined the phrase.

## References
Riders of Destiny

***Riders of Destiny*** is a 1933 American western movie directed by Robert N. Bradbury and starring John Wayne, Cecilia Parker, Forrest Taylor, George *Gabby* Hayes, Al St. John, Heinie Conklin, Yakima Canutt. It was distributed by Monogram Pictures.

## Other websites
*
Lipstick feminism

, in 2011]]
**Lipstick feminism** is a kind of feminism that originated with third wave feminism of the 1990s and 2000s. In the first two waves, feminists fought for ideas such as being able to vote in elections. Lipstick feminists still see themselves as feminists, but they also want to keep some of their attributes as women, such as their sexuality, or attractiveness. Women like Zora Neale Hurston and Emma Goldman have argued that by using philosophical ideas of aesthetics and ideas of femininity, it is possible to empower and analyze the ways that gender works in daily life.

Lipstick feminists also want to use certain derogatory words, such as slut, and use them in positive ways. There is a SlutWalk movement, which fights against victim blaming in rapes.
Knick knack

**Knickknacks** or **knick knacks** are small objects. Usually knick knacks are not useful. They are usually pretty or interesting. 

## Other meanings
There are many words that mean the same thing as knick knack. 
*bauble
*bric-a-brac
*trinket
*gimcrack
*tchotchke
*geegaw

## References
Azura

**Azura**  was the third daughter of Adam and Eve in the Abrahamic religions. Azura was also the sister-wife of Seth. The sibcestual relationship between Azura and Seth was the first of Adam and Eve's children which did not involve a twincestual pairing.

She is not mentioned in the writings that are considered the Bible for most Jews and Christians, but she is mentioned in the Book of Jubilees.

## References
Wuthering Heights (1939 movie)

***Wuthering Heights*** is a 1939 American romantic period movie directed by William Wyler and is the second adaption of the 1847 novel of the same name by Emily Brontë. It stars Laurence Olivier, Merle Oberon, David Niven, Flora Robinson, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Hugh Williams, Donald Crisp, Leo G. Caroll and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 8 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1940.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Counting Stars

"**Counting Stars**" is a song by pop rock band OneRepublic, from their third studio album, *Native*. The song was released as a second single of the album, on June 14, 2013. It became gold in the UK by number of sold copies.

It’s in C#m.