open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
George Balanchine

designed the New York State Theater to Balanchine's specifications.]]

**George Balanchine** (Saint Petersburg, January 22, 1904 – New York, April 30, 1983) was a ballet dancer and choreographer. His father was Georgian, his mother Russian.

He was one of the 20th century's most famous choreographers. He developed over 200 ballets, mostly in the United States. He was the co-founder and balletmaster of the New York City Ballet. He was a choreographer known for his musicality. He often with Igor Stravinsky: 39 of his ballets were choreographed to music by Stravinsky.

## Career 
Balanchine was trained at the Imperial Ballet School in St Petersburg. After the Revolution he joined what is now the Mariinsky Ballet. He escaped when the company toured Germany. He was picked up by Sergei Diaghilev to be a dancer and choreographer for the Ballets Russes.

After Diaghilev's death, Balanchine stayed in Europe until 1933. Then he was taken to New York by a wealthy patron, Lincoln Kirstein. Together they formed the American Ballet School. Later they formed the American Ballet Company. This company became the 'house' dance group of the New York Metropolitan Opera. Later, in 1938, Balanchine moved the company to Hollywood.

In 1948 he moved back to New York. This was to head the New York City Ballet at the New York State Theater. He designed this theater. From 1946 to 1982 he choreographed many dances for this company. Balanchine died in 1983 of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

## Marriages
In 1922 18 year old Balanchine married 15 year old Tamara Geva. After his divorce from Geva, Balanchine was with Alexandra Danilova from 1926 through 1933. He married and divorced three more times, all to women who were his dancers. There was Vera Zorina (December 1938–1946), Maria Tallchief (1946–1952), and Tanaquil Le Clercq (1952–1969). He did not have any children.

## References
KrioRus

**KrioRus** is a cryonics company that freezes dead people or animals. People do that in hope that, in the future when medicine becomes better, they can have life again, solve their health problems and have eternal life.

KrioRus is in Russia but can freeze people from every part of the world, specially from Europe and Asia.

## Related pages
* Cryonics

## Other websites 
* 
* Publications about KrioRus
Butler, Alabama

**Butler** is a city in Choctaw County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 1,871. The city is the county seat of Choctaw County.

## History
When Choctaw County was formed in 1847, Butler was created as the county seat. The town was located and settled in 1848. It is named in honor of Colonel Pierce Butler, a soldier killed in the Mexican-American War.

## Education
Public education is provided by the Choctaw County School District.  Choctaw County High School has grades 7 through 12. Choctaw County Elementary School has grades K through 6. Patrician Academy is a private school (grades pre-K through 12) located in Butler.

## Media
### Radio
*WMLV 93.5 FM (Hot Adult Contemporary)

## Notable natives 
*Ty Herndon - Country music singer
*Johnny Ruffin - Major League Baseball pitcher

## References
Barebacking

**Barebacking** is when people have sexual intercourse without using a condom. The term originated in the gay community, and was used to refer to unprotected anal sex. The word is related to *bareback*, which means riding a horse without a saddle. Barebacking refers to a deliberate decision to not use a condom, forgetting to use a condom is not barebacking.

Barebacking is dangerous, because there is a high risk of infection with sexually transmitted diseases, such as Syphilis, or HIV. Even if both partners are HIV positive, there is a risk of infection with other strains of HIV. This may mean that the disease becomes more difficult to treat, or that certain drugs stop working.
United States Military Academy

The **United States Military Academy at West Point** (also known as West Point, USMA, Army (athletic teams)) is a university that teaches students to become officers in the US Army.  Students are called "cadets" and are subject to military rules while studying subjects like engineering and military science for four years.  For many years, West Point only taught men, but in 1976 West Point admitted its first female cadets. Women currently comprise approximately 15% of entering new cadets.

Military officers compose 75% of the faculty. Civilian professors make up the remaining 25% of faculty positions.

Congress formally authorized and funded West Point on 16&nbsp;March&nbsp;1802. West Point was so successful, that military academies were added later for the Navy, Coast Guard and Air Force.

West Point was originally a Fort. The Continental Army used it to guard the Hudson River. General Benedict Arnold tried to betray it.

## Sports
West Point has a very broad sports program. All of its students are required to compete in at least one sport, either at the intramural (i.e., within the school) or intercollegiate (i.e., against other schools) level, in every semester.

The Army intercollegiate sports teams are nicknamed "Black Knights". Most Army teams play in the Patriot League. The football team plays at the highest level, known as Division I FBS, in the American Athletic Conference. The men's ice hockey team plays in Atlantic Hockey America.

## References
## Further reading
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## Other websites
* The Academy's official site
* Army Black Knights official site
Lalian

**Lalian** is a capital city of Lalian Tehsil in Punjab, Pakistan. It is on the Sargodha road from Chiniot.
Jesse Jackson

**Jesse Louis Jackson** (né **Burns**; October 8, 1941 – February 17, 2026) was an American church minister, activist and politician. He was an important activist during the civil rights movement and was close with Martin Luther King Jr. Jackson began his activism in the 1960s and founded the organizations that later merged to form the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition.

Jackson ran for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 1984 and in 1988. From 1991 to 1997, he was a shadow delegate and shadow senator for the District of Columbia. He was the father of U.S. Representative Jonathan Jackson and former U.S. Representative Jesse Jackson Jr.

## Early life
Born Jesse Louis Burns, in Greenville, South Carolina, his mother, Helen Burns, was 16 years old at the time he was born. He also received a scholarship to play college football at the University of Illinois, which he accepted. Jackson's address to the National Congress of American Indians and touring of southern Texas to test his appeal among Hispanics made people think that he would run for president.

Jackson ran for President in 1984 and 1988, coming in second in the 1988 Democratic party.  Both times, he ran on a very liberal platform that wanted people of all races to co-operate, as well as more emphasis on education, urban issues and infrastructure.  He wanted to be chosen as the Democrat's Vice-Presidential nominee, but Lloyd Bentsen was chosen instead.  From 1991 to 1997, he was a shadow senator from the District of Columbia. People thought Jackson might run against Bill Clinton in the 1996 primaries, but he did not. 

In 2016, during the 2016 United States presidential election he endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. In 2020, during the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he endorsed Bernie Sanders to be the democratic nominee.

## Controversy
He was known for saying some things that are controversial. In 1984, in an interview with Washington Post reporter Milton Coleman, he referred to Jews as "Hymies" and New York City as "Hymietown".  He also said that Barack Obama was "acting like he's white" and "talking down to black people."

## Personal life
Jackson's eldest son, Jesse Jackson Jr., is a former congressman from Illinois. His other son, Jonathan Jackson, is a congressman from Illinois as well.

### Health and death
In November 2017, Jackson was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

In August 2021, Jackson and his wife were hospitalized at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, with COVID-19.

In November 2025, Jackson was hospitalized in Chicago for cardiopulmonary problems and for progressive supranuclear palsy, which he was diagnosed with in April 2025.

Jackson died on February 17, 2026 in Chicago at the age of 84.

## References
Strangler fig

* on *Syzygium hemilampra*, Australia]]
]]
s that may eventually give structural support]]

A **strangler fig** is one of a number of tropical and subtropical plant species. There are some banyans and unrelated vines, and many other species:

**Ficus altissima*
* *Ficus aurea*, also known as the Florida strangler fig
* *Ficus benghalensis*
* *Ficus burtt-davyi*
* *Ficus citrifolia*
* *Ficus craterostoma*
* *Ficus tinctoria*
* *Ficus macrophylla*
* *Ficus obliqua*
* *Ficus virens*
**Ficus watkinsiana*
**Ficus henneana''

All these vines have a strangling habit which is very common in tropical forests. This is an adaptation for growing in dark forests where the competition for light is intense. Strangler figs suck up the nutrients from its victims, causing them to die eventually. 

One usually thinks that seeds start on or in the ground and grow upwards. Figs do it the other way round. Birds drop their seeds into the tops of trees, and the parasitic fig plant grows downwards, eventually round the whole tree. If not already at the top, they also grow upward to reach into the sunlight zone above the canopy.

## References
Conscription

**Conscription**, also called **draft**, is when a government forces people to enlist in the army or other military service. Usually, only men are conscripted, but in some countries such as Israel, Norway and Sweden, women are as well. A soldier who has been drafted to serve in the army is called a *conscript*. 

Conscription may or may not be compulsory. If compulsory, it may be resisted. Usually, exceptions are allowed. Since men in their late teens and twenties are the main objective, conscription clashes with higher education, and exceptions may be allowed.

The first large, modern conscript army was the French Grand Army after the French Revolution.  Conscription soon became a common way of making up the armies. Almost all of the powerful armies in the world except United Kingdom were conscript armies, but during the World Wars, even the British Army used mostly conscripts.

Conscription was introduced in August 1916 in New Zealand during the First World War  because the number of men needed to be recruited had not been met. 

## Problems 
Conscription armies are large, but they are often poorly equipped and trained and have poor morale. In combat they usually suffer many casualties. Usually conscripts serve with little pay. Conscription may be considered as a type of forced labour. In some countries, young men who refuse to join the army are sentenced to prison.  Many people "dodged" or illegally avoided conscription during the Vietnam War in the United States.

There are arguments for conscription. Some see it as fair since everyone shares the burden of service. A small country with few people can make up a large enough army by conscription. If a country is in the middleof hostile neighbours and war can break up at any time, or if the country is a *buffer state* (between two military powers), training all available young people as soldiers can be a good idea.

The alternatives for conscription are militia or universal conscription systems, as in Switzerland, or a professional army made up from volunteers. The United States gave up conscription during the Cold War. The Vietnam War proved so unpopular that the US Army no longer wanted conscripts, but volunteers, who have better motivation to serve. Most other Western countries followed the American example and gave up conscription. Some countries now have an all-volunteer army, and in Europe, universal conscription remains only in some countries like Finland, Russia and Turkey.

In Germany, conscription for the Bundeswehr was removed in July 2011 after a long discussion in the German Bundestag.

People who oppose conscription because of pacifism idea are called conscientious objectors. Some countries draft conscientious objectors but give them jobs in which they will not have to fight.
Dawn (spacecraft)

**Dawn** is an unmanned NASA space probe. It has orbited and studied the asteroid Vesta, and it is currently orbiting the dwarf planet Ceres. Both Vesta and Ceres are in the asteroid belt. Dawn is the first spacecraft to visit Ceres and the first to visit Vesta. It also is the first spacecraft to orbit two extraterrestrial bodies. It then travelled to Mars for a gravity assist, making its closest approach to Mars in February 2009.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
2001–02 Asian Club Championship

The **2001-02 Asian Cup Championship** was 21st and the last Asian Cup Championships. The AFC Champions League was created after this tournament. The champions were Suwon Samsung Bluewings, defeating Anyang LG Cheetahs 0[4] -0[2]. The tournament final was played in Azadi Stadium, Tehran.

Suwon Samsung Bluewings won their second title on this tournament.

## References
Aerial warfare

**Aerial warfare** is fighting a war in the air. This is usually done by using helicopters and airplanes. Bombers and attack aircraft fight enemies on the ground or bomb strategic targets in air raids. Fighter planes fight other airplanes. Transport aircraft carry infantry troops into battle or drop them as paratroopers.

## History 
Eight years after aircraft were  invented by the Wright brothers they were used in combat. Planes were mostly used for reconnaissance and as spotters for artillery before they were armed. At first enemy pilots threw bricks, rope or other objects at enemy pilots. Later they used small arms like pistols and rifles to try to shoot the enemy pilots. In 1914 machine guns were mounted on many planes and this has continued to modern day. Biplanes were mostly replaced by monoplanes in World War II. By then, the concepts of bombers, fighters and fighter-bombers had been developed. This was the first war where aerial warfare played a major role. A famous aerial battle in WWII was the Battle of Britain.

After the war propeller aircraft were replaced with jet aircraft and fighters started carrying air to air missiles. This was when fighter aircraft were very optimized for speed and only carried air to air missiles. This was because the dogfighting of previous wars was considered impractical with jet aircraft. This was wrong and soon jets were armed with guns and made more maneuverable again.
Phillips Exeter Academy

**Phillips Exeter Academy** (also called **Exeter,** **Phillips Exeter,** or **PEA**) is a high school for boys and girls in Exeter, New Hampshire. It is a boarding school, and 80% of the students live there. The school has 1.3 billion dollars, which is the most any school in New England has, and as much as many colleges do.

Phillips Exeter Academy is one of the oldest private boarding school in the United States, and was founded in 1781, during the American Revolution, by John Phillips, as a school for only boys. The school opened to girls also in 1970. The school is known for its special teaching method, the Harkness method, where students discuss concepts instead of being lectured. The school has many important buildings, like the Class of 45 Library and the Exeter Inn. It has an art museum, called the Lamont Gallery.

Its rival school, Phillips Academy, was founded three years before in Andover, Massachusetts by John Phillips' nephew, Samuel Phillips Jr. with the help of the older Phillips. Their football teams have played against each other almost every year since 1878. This makes their rivalry one of the oldest high school rivalries in the country.

Many politicians, writers, and other leaders have graduated from this school. An American president, Franklin Pierce, went there, as did the children of three other American presidents: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Grover Cleveland. The inventor of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, also did. The school has three mottos: *Non Sibi*, which means "Not For Oneself", *Finis Origine Pendet*, which means "The End Depends On The Beginning", and *Χάριτι Θεοῦ*, which means "By the Grace of God".
Emblem

An **emblem** is a pictorial image either abstract or representational. It represents a Armorial of sovereign states concept — for example, a moral truth, or an allegory — or a person, such as a king or saint. For example, the scallop shell is the traditional emblem of James, son of Zebedee. Pilgrims wore it on their hat or clothes to show that they were travelling to the shrine at Santiago de Compostela.

## Military Emblems

File:148th Fighter Wing.png
File:1st Reconnaissance Squadron.jpg
File:95th Reconnaissance Squadron.png
File:383d Fighter Squadron - Emblem - World War II.png|383d Fighter Sq
File:384th Fighter Squadron - World War II - Emblem.png|384th Fighter Sq

## Related pages
* Coat of arms
* Crest
* Emblem book
* Meme
* Mission patch
* National emblem
* Saint symbology
* Seal (emblem)
* Symbol
* Badge

## References
## Further reading
* Emblematica Online. The University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Libraries. 1,388 facsimiles of emblem books.
* Moseley, Charles, *A Century of Emblems: An Introduction to the Renaissance Emblem* (Aldershot: Scholar Press, 1989)
List of U.S. state shells

This is a list of official **state shells** for States of the USA that have chosen one as part of their state insignia.

These are seashells. They are the shells of various marine mollusks, gastropod and bivalves. They represent a maritime state.

## References
Lower Triassic

]] 

The **Lower Triassic** is the first of three epochs of the Triassic period. It lasted from about 252.2 million years ago (mya) to ~247.2 mya. The Lower Triassic is the oldest epoch of the Mesozoic era. These rocks were laid down just after the great Permian–Triassic extinction event.

The Lower Triassic was called the Scythian stage, which can be found in older literature. In Europe, most of the Lower Triassic is composed of sandstone.  It is a lithostratigraphic unit of continental red beds.  They were formed on land under desert conditions.

## Fauna 
The massive extinctions that ended the Paleozoic era caused extreme hardship for the surviving species. Many types of corals, brachiopods, molluscs, echinoderms, and other invertebrates had completely disappeared. The most common hard-shelled marine invertebrates were bivalves, gastropods, ammonites, echinoids, and a few articulate brachiopods. The most common land animal was the herbivorous synapsid *Lystrosaurus*. 

The earliest Triassic faunas lacked biodiversity and were like that throughout the epoch. Recovery on land took 30 million years. 

The first ichthyosaurs evolved in this epoch. The largest ichthyosaurs known come from the Triassic.

The climate during the Lower Triassic (especially in the interior of the supercontinent Pangaea) was generally dry. Deserts were widespread. The poles had a temperate climate. The relatively hot climate of the epoch may have been caused by widespread volcanic eruptions.

On land, the plants included the lycophytes, the dominant cycadophytes, ginkgophyta (represented in modern times by *Ginkgo biloba*), ferns, horsetails and glossopteris. 

.]]

## References
Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand

The **Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc.** (**Forest & Bird**) is an environmental organisation. It specialises in conservation of indigenous plant and animal life in and around New Zealand.
*The Society has over 45 active branches. They are located in urban and rural centres in New Zealand.
*Branches are very engaged in conservation projects on a community and regional basis.
*Society offices and staff are in Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington.
*The society publishes a journal four times a year: *Forest & Bird*.

## References
Tasman Bay

**Tasman Bay** is a large bay at the north of New Zealand's South Island. It is in the shape of a *V*. It is in the middle of the island's northern coast. It is 120&nbsp;km long and 70&nbsp;km wide. It is a part of the coast of the Tasman Sea, on the western side of the Cook Strait.
At the western side of the bay, the land around has dense vegetation. The separation point between the Tasman Bay and the next bay, Golden Bay, is in the west. It is a part of the Abel Tasman National Park. On the east side, the bay is bounded by valleys of the Marlborough Sounds. 

A few rivers enter the sea at this point. Some of them are Waimea River, Riwaka, the Motueka and Serpentine River. Tasman Bay contains the rare rock formation known as the Boulder Bank.

The land around the centre of the bay is cultivated. It is well known for its crops like apples, kiwifruit, olives, grapes and hops. Tasman bay produced Tobacco there in the middle of the twentieth century. Now there is a Tobacco museum in Motueka. This is also the most populated part of the South Island's north coast. Several towns and the city of Nelson are there. Other large towns are Motueka, Riwaka and Richmond.
Fishing dredge

(top) and sail driven dredges (bottom). From L'Encyclpédie of 1771]]

A **fishing dredge**, also known as a **scallop dredge** or an **oyster dredge**, is a kind of fishing net. It is pulled along the bottom of the sea by a fishing boat to collect scallops, oysters and other kind of clams, crabs, and sea cucumber. Fishermen then lift the dredge into the boat and empty it.

In Europe, dredges used to have "teeth" at the bottom, called **tynes**. These teeth raked or ploughed the sand and mud. This dug up buried clams. The weight and strength of this can dig up the ground. It overturns rocks and can crush animals and plants in its path.

File:Mussel dredgers at Carlingford harbour - geograph.org.uk - 174327.jpg|Mussel dredgers
File:N.58, Pascin - Nieuwpoort.jpg|Fishing ship with a benthic dredge, leaving the port of Nieuwpoort
File:PSM V06 D022 Vessels dredging for oysters.jpg|Boats dredging for oysters, c. 1875
File:Oyster boats, Carrick Roads - geograph.org.uk - 625045.jpg|Oyster boats of the Truro Oyster Fleet. This fishery is the last in the world to work by sail alone
File:PSM V06 D020 An oyster dredge at work.jpg|Oyster dredge at work, c.1875
File:Twachtman John Oyster Boats North River.jpg|*Oyster Boats North River,* by John Henry Twachtman (1853–1902)
File:Oyster Sloop, Cos Cob c1902 Childe Hassam.jpg|*Oyster Sloop, Cos Cob,* by Childe Hassam (c.1902)
File:Oysterdredging1.jpg|*Dredging For Oysters*, by Alexander Rummler. WPA mural.

## Related pages
* Scallop
* Levee#Dredging: the alternative approach

## References
* 

## Other websites 
* photo of scallop dredge 
* drawing of scallop dredge
2009–10 UEFA Champions League

The **2009–10 UEFA Champions League** was the 55th UEFA Champions League. The champions were Internazionale with their third title. They defeated Bayern Munich 2-0. No third place game was played, but Lyon and FC Barcelona were defeated in the semifinals.
Thomas Wolsey

**Thomas Wolsey** (born between 1471 and 1476 at Ipswich, Suffolk; died 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and archbishop. He was made a cardinal in 1515. Of humble origin, Thomas Wolsey became the principal figure in affairs of state for many years during the reign of King Henry VIII of England before falling into disgrace.  

Cardinal Wolsey chiefly developed his talents in managing the foreign policy of the kingdom on behalf of Henry VIII. In spite of the many enemies who envied his ambition, he was able to  acquire the confidence of the king until the latter decided to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled in order to marry Anne Boleyn.

## Chronology 
* Between 1471 and 1476: born at Ipswich.
* 10 March 1498: ordained priest.
* 1509: Dean of Lincoln; made royal almoner and member of the Council.
* 1514: Took Thomas More into his service to look after his revenue.
* 1515: Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England.
** 10 September 1515: Pope Leo X created Wolsey a cardinal.
* 1516: Obtained from Leo X the title of cardinal-legate.  He proceeded to take the possessions of thirty monasteries and put himself forward as a candidate to become Pope.
* 1518: Bishop of Bath and Wells (while still Archbishop of York)
* 1522: Resigned Bishopric of Bath and Wells
* 1525: Founded *Cardinal College* at Oxford (afterwards Christ Church), one of the largest and richest colleges of the University of Oxford.
* 1529: The varying attitudes of Wolsey, wishing to keep the Pope happy, had the effect of destroying his credit with the king.  In the autumn, impelled by Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII brought charges against Thomas Wolsey.  He was dismissed from his office of Lord Chancellor and deprived of his properties, including the palace of Whitehall, where Henry decided go and live, instead of Westminster Palace.
* 29 November 1530: He died of exhaustion at Leicester while being transferred to the Tower of London.

## References
## Other websites 
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Wolsey, Thomas 
* Catholic-Hierarchy, Thomas Cardinal Wolsey
Pacifier

A **pacifier** (called a **dummy** or **soother** in some countries) is an object that a baby  to comfort them. Sucking is a natural instinct for babies and it soothes them.

It generally consists of a teat (which is the part designed to be sucked) made from either silicone (a type of plastic) or latex (a form of rubber). Silicone is becoming more popular as it is more durable and easier to keep clean. The teat is mounted on a plastic plate which can vary in shape from circular, oval or butterfly shape. It can come in a variety of different colors with different designs like cartoon characters to make it look more appealing to the baby. The main purpose of the plastic mouth guard is to stop the baby from accidentally swallowing the pacifier. If for some reason the child is able to swallow it, the mouth guard is made to be too large to pass through the throat and if it should get lodged in the throat it also has holes to allow air to pass through so the child can still breathe. Finally there is sometimes a ring attached to allow the parent to remove the pacifier.

There is some concern that the use of pacifiers can affect the child's teeth so many teats now are a special shape to allow the teeth to form properly, these are called orthodontic teats. Non-orthodontic teats are sometimes called cherry teats.
Wilmington Quicksteps

The **Wilmington Quicksteps** were a baseball team in the Union Association. They finished with a 2–16 record and were managed by Joe Simmons. The team played home games in Union Street Park in Wilmington, Delaware.

## References
Games played

**Games played** ( as **G** or **GP**) is a statistic. It is used in team sports to show the total number of games in which a player has participated in.

## Baseball
In baseball, the statistic also applies to players who are included on a starting lineup card whether they play or not. 

## References
Triple (baseball)

sliding safely into third base, thus recording a triple]]

In baseball, a **triple** is when a batter reaches third base on a hit without an error occurring in the field. Chief Wilson hit the most triples, recording 36 in 1912.

## References
Jeddah Tower

**Jeddah Tower**, or **Kingdom Tower** is a skyscraper construction project in Jeddah, a major port city on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. When completed, the Kingdom Tower would be the tallest building in the world, a title currently held by the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Kingdom Tower is planned to be approximately  high, which is significantly taller than the current Guinness World Record holder, the Burj Khalifa which stands at  tall.

Kingdom Tower is the first stage in the Kingdom City project, a planned suburb of Jeddah intended to become a new city entirely. Plans for Kingdom Tower have been circulating since 2008, when it was originally named the "Mile-High Tower." However, the foundation where the Kingdom Holding Company wanted to build the tower was not stable enough to support a mile-high structure. Instead, the company settled for the kilometer-high title, where on August 2, 2011, Kingdom Holding announced that construction would commence shortly. The idea of Kingdom Tower is credited to the Prince of Saudi Arabia, Al-Waleed bin Talal, who is also the owner of Kingdom Holding Company. As one of the wealthiest men in the world, the Saudi prince is the main contributor to the project.

## Issues
However, many people are complaining that the tower is going to be a waste of much needed capital. The government has many problems and issues that require the money of the Saudi Arabian government, such as improving education and providing jobs that will benefit the country as a whole.  As such, there are some that believe the country cannot afford to pursue such a large project.  Many believe that this project is an elitist venture made simply to compete with the Burj Khalifa, which is known to be almost completely empty.  Saudi Arabians and immigrants alike fear that the project is going to be a failure in stimulating the lagging economy of Saudi Arabia, and will instead add to the debt of the country.

Still, others also believe that the project will benefit the economy of Saudi Arabia, bringing in much needed jobs to help construct the building, and will bring in a large amount of tourism already concentrated within the Hejaz area where Jeddah resides.

## References
*Harrington, Daisy. "Saudi Arabia to build world's tallest tower, reaching 1 kilometer into the sky." CNN.
Golden, Colorado

**Golden, Colorado** is a city in the US state of Colorado. It is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado. It was founded on June 16, 1859 during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. Golden City was the capital of the Territory of Jefferson from 1860 to 1861, and the capital of Colorado Territory from 1862 to 1867. In 1867, the capital was moved to Denver City.

In 2020, there were 20,399 people living in Golden.

## References
Sprawl trilogy

The '''*Sprawl* trilogy''' is William Gibson's first set of novels. The three books in the series are: *Neuromancer* (1984), *Count Zero* (1986), and *Mona Lisa Overdrive* (1988). It is also called  the **Neuromancer**, **Cyberspace**, or **Matrix** trilogy. *The Sprawl* is a name for a very large city in the novels.

The stories all happen in the same fictional future. The books share characters and themes. Some of Gibson's short stories "Johnny Mnemonic," "New Rose Hotel," and "Burning Chrome" also happen in the Sprawl.
Emerald, Victoria

**Emerald** is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is 44km south-east of Melbourne. In 2006 there were 6,135 people living in Emerald. The large Cardinia Reservoir which supplies water to Melbourne is in Emerald.

## References
Mohammad Ali Jauhar

**Muhammed Ali** (/mɔːˈlɑːnə mʊˈhɑːməd ɑːˈliː/; Arabic: محمد علي; 1874 – 13 October 1951) was an Indian writer and leading figure of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam.

## References
Markus Persson

**Markus Alexej Persson** (born 1 June 1979), better known as **Notch**, is a Swedish game designer. He is famous for creating the video game *Minecraft*. Persson started the company Mojang AB in 2009. On September 15, 2014, he announced that he would be leaving the company, and soon after he left.

He sold the company to Microsoft for $2.5 billion, making him a billionaire. In 2025, Forbes estimated his net worth at $1.2 billion.

## References
Pyeongchang

**Pyeongchang** is a city in the Republic of Korea. They hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics. 

The town has many mountains, with a lot of snow in the winter. As of 2013, its population was about 44,000.

## References
## Other websites
* Pyeongchang County government website
* Pyeongchang 2018 website
Cape Conran Coastal Park

**Cape Conran Coastal Park** is a coastal reserve near Marlo in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. It is 420 km east of Melbourne and 530 km south of Sydney. It covers an area of 11,700 hectares, and has 60 kilometres of coast line. Most of the area is covered in banksias and woodland which attracts many nectar feeding birds. Other birds seen in the area include the White-bellied Sea Eagles and Eastern Ground Parrots.
Whales and dolphins can sometimes be seen near the coast at certain times of the year.

## References
Way of St. James

The **Way of St. James** or '''St. James' Way''' (, , , ) is the pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain. Tradition says that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried there.

## Other websites 
* "Looking For Infinity: El Camino" (2017) follows the ancient pilgrimage path of St James's Way. Described by the Blue Mountains Australia Supporters of the Camino as “A beautiful, sincere and gentle work for those who want to savour life and slow down to see it, Working on many different levels, the film provides insight into what attracts many people to undertake a Camino and what the words “freedom” and “simplicity” mean to them when coupled with “giving” to others and always receiving more than you gave." 
* Camino de Santiago Community dedicated to help pilgrims plan their trip
* Comeon.ws , detailed and accurate information about The Caminos and Albergues (GPS tracks, POIs, maps)
* Virtual Visit  Cathedral Santiago de Compostela
* Camino de Santiago Backpacking Journals Follow hikers as they walk the Way of Saint James
*The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Way of St. James (p.&nbsp;175-183)
* Free Guide for Hikers on the Way of St. James
* Walk the Camino de Santiago de Compostela  First hand pilgrim advice for various European St. James pilgrimage walking routes
* App Mi Camino  for Android SmartPhones
* Free Android app and maps for navigation to Camino de Santiago for Android SmartPhones

## References
Hampstead

**Hampstead** is a district of London, England, about  north-west of Charing Cross. It is part of the London Borough of Camden and is in North London. It is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for the large and hilly parkland Hampstead Heath. Some of the most expensive housing in the London area, or indeed anywhere in the world is in Hampstead, with large houses selling for up to £50m (2008). The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom.

Hampstead has long been known as a residence of writers, composers, ballerinas, intellectuals, actors, artists and architects, many of whom created a bohemian community in the late 19th century. After 1917, and again in the 1930s, it became base to a community of avant garde artists and writers and was host to a number of émigrés and exiles from the Russian Revolution and Nazi Europe.

## References
Cosmic dust

interplanetary dust]]
**Cosmic dust** (also known as **star dust** and **space dust**) is a type of dust. It is very small crystals sent out from stars.

It is formed when a star, such as the Sun, sends out atoms. Interplanetary dust can be found between planets,

## References
Margot Fonteyn

**Dame Margaret Evelyn de Arias** DBE (*née* **Hookham**; 18 May 191921 February 1991), known by the stage name **Margot Fonteyn**, was an English ballerina. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest classical ballet dancers of all time.

She spent her entire career as a dancer with the Royal Ballet, eventually being appointed *Prima Ballerina Assoluta* of the company by Queen Elizabeth II. This is an honour rarely given to a dancer. The highest rank in the Royal Ballet today is *Principal dancer*. Fonteyn's appointment as a Dame commander of the British Empire is the female equivalent to a knighthood.

Fonteyn danced until 1979, when she was nearly 60. This is unusual for any dancer, male or female. Her career was expected to end round about 1960, but it was reborn by a new partnership with a Russian dancer who had escaped from the Soviet Union. He was Rudolph Nureyev, one of the three greatest male ballet dancers of the twentieth century. Though he was 19 years younger than her, the partnership flourished, and was called "the most famous partnership in ballet history".p188

She married a Panamanian politician in 1955. He survived an assassin's bullets ten years later. She continued dancing to raise money for his upkeep. The marriage was not happy; he had a mistress. However, the couple remained married until his death in 1989.

## Media 
### Film 
Several films were made of her performances.
* Various photos and early film clips http://danceinperformanceandrehearsal.blogspot.com/
* 1955 *The Sleeping Beauty*: with Michael Soames (NBC, colour). A black and white version is available on DVD.
* 1958 *The Nutcracker*: with Michael Soames
* 1960 *Swan Lake*: a colour film of her with Rudolf Nureyev as the Prince
* 2005 *Margot*: a documentary with filmed interviews with Nureyev, Frederick Ashton, Roland Petit, Ninette de Valois, Robert Helpmann, Lynn Seymour, and others.
* 2009. *Margot*: BBC 4, dramatised biography with Anne-Marie Duff.

### Books 
* 1976 Margot Fonteyn *Autobiography* New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

## References
Li Zehou

**Li Zehou** (13 June 1930 &ndash; 2 November 2021) was a Chinese scholar who lives in the United States. He was an important scholar of Chinese history and culture. He criticized the Chinese government's response to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Because of that, his books and articles were banned in China. He was invited to the United States to teach. He was granted permanent resident status. Li had an important role in Chinese culture. Professor Yu Ying-shih of Princeton University wrote that Li's books helped a whole generation of young Chinese students become free from communist ideas.

## Books 
**The Path of Beauty: A Study of Chinese Aesthetics*, Oxford University Press, 1988

## Related pages 
*List of Chinese dissidents
*Liu Xiaobo, a Nobel Peace Prize winning scholar who has criticized Li's work as a scholar.

## References 
## Other websites 
*"Modernization and the Confucian World", Colorado College's 125th Anniversary Symposium on Cultures in the 21st Century: Conflicts and Convergences, address given February 5, 1999 
*"Li Zehou And The Marxist Reconstruction Of Confucianism", *High Culture Fever*, UC Press Ebooks
Panzerschreck

A **Panzerschreck** (also known as a *Raketenpanzerbüchse*, abbreviated to RPzB) is an infantry weapon made by Nazi Germany. They fired an 88&nbsp;mm calibre anti-tank rocket. Unlike the Panzerfaust, they were reusuable.

## References
Cynthia DeFelice

**Cynthia DeFelice** (born in 1951 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American children's book writer. She has written 16 novels, and 12 picture books for young readers. Her novels are written for children at the reading level of ages nine to twelve.

## Biography
She was born Cynthia Carter in 1951. Her father was a psychiatrist, and her mother was an English teacher, who stopped working to raise DeFelice and her siblings. She credits her mother for her interest in books. She began writing children's books in 1987. She lives in Geneva, New York.

## Bibliography
### Children's novels
**The Strange Night Writing of Jessamine Colter*, Atheneum (1988), 
**Weasel*, Atheneum (1990), 
**Devil’s Bridge*, Gale Group (1992), 
**The Light on Hogback Hill* Atheneum (1993), 
**Lostman’s River*, Atheneum (1994), 
**The Apprenticeship of Lucas Whitaker* Farrar, Straus & Giroux (1996),  (ALA Notable Book 1996)
**The Ghost of Poplar Point*, Farrar Straus (1997), 
**The Ghost of Fossil Glen*, Farrar Straus (1998), 
**Nowhere to Call Home* Farrar Straus (1999), 
**Death at Devil’s Bridge* Farrar Straus (2000), 
**The Ghost and Mrs. Hobbs*, Farrar Straus (2001)
**The Ghost of Cutler Creek*, Farrar Straus (2004), 
**Under the Same Sky*, Farrar Straus (2005), 
**Missing Manatee*, Farrar Straus (2005), 
**Bringing Ezra Back*, Farrar Straus (2006) (sequel to *Weasel*)
**Signal*, Farrar Straus (2009),  

### Select children's picture books
**Dancing Skeleton*, illustrations by Robert Andrew Parker, Atheneum (1989)  (named a Best Book of the Year by the Library of Congress)
**Clever Crow*, illustrations by S.D. Schindler, Atheneum (1998), 
**Cold Feet*, illustrations by Robert Andrew Parker, DK Books for Children (2000),  (2001 Boston Globe-Horn Book award for best picture book)

## References
## Other websites 
*author website
*DeFelice at Macmillan Books website
*DeFelice at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database website
Oyster Burns

**Thomas P. "Oyster" Burns** (September 6, 1864 – November 11, 1928) was an American baseball player. He played 11 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Wilmington Quicksteps, Baltimore Orioles, Brooklyn Bridegrooms, and New York Giants. Burns mostly played as an outfielder but also played as a shortstop, second baseman, third baseman and pitcher. Over his career he compiled a batting average of .300 with 1,392 hits, 65 home runs, and 834 runs batted in (RBI) in 1,188 games played. Burns spent most of his career in the major leagues. He also played in minor league baseball. He first played in MLB at age 19. In his playing days, Burns was  tall and weighed .

Burns was nicknamed "Oyster" because he sold oysters in the . He was  as a "" with "an  voice and personality". Burns led the Bridegrooms to an American Association championship in 1889 and a National League pennant in 1890. He  from baseball in 1901. He died on November 11, 1928, in Brooklyn, New York.

## Early life
Burns was born on September 6, 1864, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents, Patrick and Mary Burns, both came to the United States from Ireland.

Burns began the 1884 season playing for the Wilmington Quicksteps. He left the team on August 21, 1884, after they joined the Union Association. Burns played in only 35 games that season but had six home runs. He hit more home runs than any other player on the team that season. He was later fined $25.

After playing in 79 games for Baltimore, Burns was moved to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms by Harry Von der Horst. Von der Horst owned both teams. While playing for the Bridegrooms, the *New York Clipper* described Burns as "the noisiest man that ever played on the Brooklyn team. His voice reminds one of a buzz-saw." In the World Series, the Bridegrooms played the New York Giants. Burns hit a three-run home run to win the fourth game of the series. This gave Brooklyn a 3–1 series lead. However, the Giants won the World Series after winning five straight games. He hit for the cycle on August 1, 1890. He was the first Bridegroom to do so. The Bridegrooms won the National League pennant. In the 1890 World Series, the team played against the Louisville Colonels. The series ended in a 3–3–1 tie because of bad weather. Burns' 1894 batting average (.355) was the highest of his career. He continued to play for the club until 1895, when he left the Grooms to play for the New York Giants. In his final MLB year, Burns batted .258 over 53 games.

After the 1895 season, Burns' contract was bought by the minor league Newark Colts. The Colts won the Atlantic League division with a 82–61 record. The next season, Burns served as a player-coach for the Hartford Bluebirds. He led the team in doubles and batting average. In his final year of managing, Burns coached for a minor league team in Portland, Maine.

## After baseball
After retiring from baseball, Burns lived in Brooklyn. He died on November 11, 1928. He was  in Holy Cross Cemetery in North Arlington, New Jersey.

## References
Otto Wagner

**Otto Koloman Wagner** (13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect and urban planner. He influenced the development of his hometown Vienna at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century. He also was the architect of important landmarks.

## Life
Otto Wagner was born in the Penzing district of Vienna. He studied in Berlin and Vienna. After work as brick layer he started as architect. His first buildings were in the  historism style. In the late 1880s he became a proponent of the realism style. In 1890 he designed a city plan for Vienna but only the railway netwerk Wiener Stadtbahn was built. In 1894 he became Professor of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he wrote down his ideas about the role of the architect, it based on his first lecture in the Academy. He called for an architecture based on modern materials and modern construction methods. In 1897, he joined Gustav Klimt, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser shortly after they founded the "Vienna Secession" artistic group. He died in 1918 in Vienna.

## Works of Otto Wagner

File:Penzing (Wien) - Otto-Wagner-Villa, Hüttelbergstraße 26 (2).JPG|Otto Wagner Villa
File:Graben Vienna June 2006 285.jpg|Anker-Haus, Wien;Am Graben
File:Otto-Wagner-Pavillon 110606.jpg|Railway station; Karlsplatz
File:Wien - Österreichische Postsparkasse, Georg-Coch-Platz.JPG|Postal Office Savings Bank Building
File:Penzing (Wien) - Kirche am Steinhof (4).JPG|Kirche Am Steinhof
File:Wien - Otto-Wagner-Kirche, Innenansicht.JPG|Kirche Am Steinhof interior

## Other websites 
*Otto Wagner Museum in Vienna 
*Great Buildings Online
*Images of several Wagner buildings
*Otto Wagner at WOKA (de/en) 
*Majolica House in Vienna by Otto Wagner  (with drawings and photos)
*AEIOU - Das österreichische Kulturinformationssystem
Digitized books from the architecture collection of AMS Historica, the digital library of the University of Bologna. 
*  skizzen 1*, Wien, 1905.
*  skizzen 2*, Wien, 1905.
*  skizzen 3*, Wien, 1905.
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day

***Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day*** is a children's picture book written by Judith Viorst and illustrated by Ray Cruz. It was published in 1972 by Simon and Schuster. It is a humorous story about a boy named Alexander and how one day everything went wrong for him, so he started thinking of moving to Australia. But at the end, he realized that other people have bad days too, even in Australia. In 2011 Century Fox confirmed to make a live-action film based on the book but was later picked by The Walt Disney Company. In 2014, Disney released a film adaption, of the same name loosely based on the book.

## References
Calibre

A **calibre** (or **caliber** in American English) is the diameter of the barrel of a gun. For example, a rifle with a diameter of 0.22&nbsp;inch is a .22 cal. Guns that have a particular calibre are designed to fit and use bullets of the same calibre.

## Types of callibre
Callibre is measured in inches, not millimetres. Common callibres include:

## References
Bitterness

**Bitter**, one of the five basic tastes.

Common bitter foods and beverages are coffee, pure chocolate, beer,  citrus peel and escarole. Quinine is also known for its bitter taste and is found in tonic water.

## Related pages
* Gustatory system
* Saltiness, the taste of salt
* Sweet (taste), the taste of sugar
* Sourness, the taste of lemon