open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Miguel de Cervantes

**Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra** (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) was a Spanish writer. His most famous book was *Don Quijote de la Mancha*. It is considered the first modern novel, and therefore Cervantes was the first novelist. The book has been published in 65 countries. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. He is sometimes called "The Prince of Satire".

## Military history and captivity 
 (c. 1572 Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice)]]

Nobody knows for sure the reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is another mystery. 

In any event, in going to Italy, Cervantes was doing what many young Spaniards of the time did to further their careers. Rome would reveal to the young artist its ecclesiastic pomp, ritual, and majesty. In a city teeming with ruins Cervantes could focus his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry (knowledge of Italian literature is readily discernible in his own productions) and on rediscovering antiquity. He could find in the ancients "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments". Thus, Cervantes' continuing desire for Italy, as revealed in his later works, was in part a desire for a return to an earlier period of the Renaissance.

By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish naval elite corps, Infantería de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the *Marquesa*, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of King Philip II's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria, that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Gulf of Lepanto near Corinth, at great cost to both sides. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and begged to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying that he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought bravely on board a , and received three gunshot wounds&nbsp;– two in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless. In *Journey to Parnassus* he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of *Don Quixote*). Cervantes always looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride; he believed that he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history.

## References
Macau

The **Macao Special Administrative Region** (**Macau** or **Macao**, , ) is one of China's two Special Administrative Regions. (The other one is Hong Kong).  Macau is a small city in the southern coast in China. Like Hong Kong, Macau also has a large amount of autonomy, with its own passport, currency, economic rules, and constitution.

It consists of Macau Peninsula (Ou3mun2 Bun3dou2), Taipa Island (Dangzai Dao), Coloane Island (Luhuan Dao) and Cotai (Ludangcheng), the new reclaimed land between Taipa and Coloane. It is very densely populated, with over half a million people living in just over 12 square miles.

Macau used to be a colony of Portugal. Although Portuguese is an official language alongside Chinese (as a result of it being a Portuguese colony in the past), very few Macanese actually speak Portuguese; only about 0.7% speak it at home. As a matter of fact, English is more commonly spoken, despite it not being an official language (about 2.3% speak it at home). Cantonese is the main dialect of Chinese spoken in Macau. However, Mandarin has also become more common since Portugal returned it to China in 1999.

Today, Macau mostly makes money from offshore gambling. In fact, Macau generated 7 times greater gambling revenue than Las Vegas in 2013.  People in Macau also make some money from exporting clothing.

As Macau was previously a Portuguese colony, you can easily find traces of how the Portuguese culture is presented in the city. One of them is itinerary for couples, who are intending to spend a day exploring Macau.

## Economy of Macau
Macau’s economy relies on gambling. Eighty percent of the government’s revenue  is derived from gambling. The revenue generated by gambling  in 2019 was $36.5 billion, which is about 6 times larger than Las Vegas. Macau has 41 casinos including several  that belong to Wynn resorts and Sands.

Macau is the only part of China where gambling is legal. Many of the customers of casinos are wealthy Chinese.

Around 2020 Chinese new year  authorities closed down travel from China to Macau. Visits fell eighty percent. It is estimated by some observers that the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak will cost Macau between 5-15 percent of its gambling revenue.

## References
Pope Paul VI

**Pope Paul VI** (; ), born **Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 263rd Pope from 1963 until his death in 1978. Paul was a spiritual leader and the head of the church bureaucracy. Pope Benedict XVI declared in 2012 that Paul had lived “a life of heroic virtue.” Two years later he was beatified by Pope Francis. He was canonized by the same pope in October 2018.

## Early life
Montini was born in Concesio. That is near Brescia in northern Italy.  His father was editor of a Roman Catholic newspaper.  He received degrees in civil and canon law, theology and philosophy.

## Before the papacy
Montini was ordained and celebrated his first mass in 1920. His first encyclical is the only one in the Vatican archives which is in the handwriting of the pope who delivered it. Paul VI was known as the "pilgrim" pope for his numerous travels.  He was the first pope to fly in an airplane.  

In 1964, Paul was the first pope to travel from Rome to the Holy Land. In 1970, the pope visited Australia, the Phillipines, and Indonesia. In 1975, Paul declared 1975 to be a "jubilee" year with themes of renewal and reconciliation.

In 1978, Prime Minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped in Rome. Pope Paul VI made an offer to exchange his life for Moro's. The offer was not accepted. Moro was killed 55 days later.

## Death
At the age of 80, Pope Paul VI died at Castel Gandolfo, Italy, from a heart attack.

## Legacy
The Pope Paul VI Hall is the modern building in which mass papal audiences are held.

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## More reading
Serafian, Michael. (1964). *The Pilgrim.* New York: Farrar, Straus. OCLC 386084?

## Other websites
* Vatican webpage, Paul VI biography
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul VI
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Montini
Catalan

**Catalan** might mean:
*Anything related to Catalonia
*Catalan language
*Catalan people, the people of Catalonia
Bob Chiarelli

**Robert (Bob) Chiarelli** (born September 24, 1941) is a retired Canadian politician, who from 2001 to 2006 was the mayor of Ottawa. In 2006, Chiarelli was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, serving as the Member of Provincial Parliament for the riding of Ottawa-West-Nepean. In the 2018 Ontario provincial election, Chiarelli was not reelected and decided he would retire from politics. Chiarelli grew up in Ottawa, and was married to the late Carol Chiarelli.

## References
GP2X

The **GP2X** is a handheld gaming console. It uses the Linux operating system. An operating system goes inside another system. It helps the other system do what it needs to. The GP2X can have music, videos, games, and pictures. There are updates to the GP2X so it will get more things. The GP2X can have DivX, XviD, MP3, and Ogg Vorbis. DivX and XviD are ways to keep videos and MP3 and Ogg Vorbis can keep music. It can also be able to emulate video games. Emulating means you copy a system. It can emulate systems like the Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Master System, Turbo Grafx 16, Game Boy, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Genesis.

## Other websites 
* Germany, Austria and Switzerland (GP2x.de) Official distributor.
Gizmondo

**Gizmondo** is a handheld video game system. It is made by Tiger Telematics. It has GPRS and GPS. GPRS is used to go on the Internet, and GPS is where you can see where you are. Some games use the Gizmondo's GPS. It has a camera. It can also send text (words) and multimedia (pictures and videos and music) messages, play MP3/WAV/MIDI music and WMA/MP4 video, and play games. MP3, WAV, and MIDI are ways to keep music, and WMA and MP4 are ways to keep videos.

## Releases
The Gizmondo came out in the United Kingdom in March 2005 for £229. It came out in the USA in October 22, 2005. Games include *Agaju: the Sacred Path*, *Colors*, and *Chicane*. 

In February 2006, the company was forced into bankruptcy and stopped making the Gizmondo.
Taipei

**Taipei City** () is the capital city of the Republic of China, known by most people simply as Taiwan. It is the largest city in Taiwan. It has a monsoon  humid subtropical climate (*Cwa* in the Köppen climate classification). Its population in 2014 was about 2.7 million people. Its mayor is Ko Wen-je.

Taipei is the political, economic, educational, and cultural center of Taiwan island, and one of the major hubs of Greater China. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area. Railways, Taipei Metro, high-speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan. Taipei is home to various world-famous architectural or cultural landmarks which include Taipei 101, Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, Dalongdong Baoan Temple, Taipei Zoo, National Taiwan University, Hsing Tian Kong, Lungshan Temple of Manka, National Palace Museum, Presidential Office Building, Taipei Guest House, Ximending, and several night markets dispersing over the city. Its natural features such as Maokong, Yangmingshan, and hot springs are also well known to international visitors.

## History
In 1626, Spanish people took over and started to spread their religion. The Dutch moved out Spanish and took over their fortresses than the Dutch started their trading business. In 1661 Koxinga came to Taiwan and expel the Dutch. And he started to reclaim Taiwan, used a system called Tuntian (a state-promoted method of agriculture), it successfully help Taipei to grow more food. Taipei officially became part of the Tianxing county of China.

In 1683 Taiwan got marked as part of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, a lot of Chinese moved into Taipei, so there were many villages and streets formed, like the Mengjia, Shilin Street, Xikou Street and Dadaocheng. Dadaocheng is a place that produces tea, it has an important impact on how Taipei became prosperous. It was the biggest external trade port that . Foreign countries started to set their business stores in Taipei.

## Divisions
Taipei City is divided into 12 districts. Among the notable one is Tamsui.

## Air quality 
When compared to other Asian cities, Taipei has "excellent" capabilities for managing air quality in the city. Its rainy climate, location near the coast, and strong environmental regulations have prevented air pollution from becoming a substantial health issue, at least compared to cities in southeast Asia and industrial China. However, smog is extremely common and there is poor visibility throughout the city after rain-less days.

Motor vehicle engine exhaust, particularly from motor scooters, is a source of air pollution in Taipei. There are higher levels of fine particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mornings because of less air movement; sunlight reduces some pollution.

## Related pages
* List of counties of the Republic of China
* Kaohsiung (Second largest city in Taiwan)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Kansas City, Missouri

**Kansas City, Missouri** (**KC** or **KCMO**) is the biggest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and size. Most of the city is in Jackson County, but other parts are in Clay, Platte, and Cass counties. The Kansas River and Missouri River meet one another in Kansas City. The city has about 508,090 people, and the entire metropolitan area has about 2,000,000 people, some of whom live in the state of Kansas. Its mayor is Quinton Lucas. Some sports teams there are the Royals (baseball), the Chiefs (American football), and the Wizards (soccer). Kansas City is well known for some of its barbecue restaurants, and is also an important place for business.

## References
Upton Sinclair

**Upton Beall Sinclair** (September 20, 1878 &ndash; November 25, 1968) was a writer of many works from the United States. His most famous book, *The Jungle* from 1906, was about the American meat-packing industry.

Upton Sinclair had socialist political opinions.  Most of Sinclair's books, including *The Jungle*, dealt with social injustice. He also wrote a book called *Mental Radio* where he claimed to have conducted telepathic experiments with his wife. 

He wrote many other books.  His book *The Flivver King* was about the Ford Motor Company.  *The Flivver King* was written at the time when workers at Ford factories were trying to start a labor union.  He wrote a series (many books in a row) with Lanny Budd as the main character.  There were eleven (11) Lanny Budd books.  The Lanny Budd books were about current events in the World at the time.

He later joined the Democratic Party and ran for governor of the state of California in 1934.  He wanted California to start new businesses which would be run by the state government.  This was to help people who were unemployed (did not have jobs) because of the Great Depression.  He lost the election.  

He retired in the town of Buckeye, Arizona.

## Other websites
*

*
*Works by Upton Sinclair in audio format from LibriVox
*
* *The Jungle*  Department of American Studies, University of Virginia
* *The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest*, Bartleby.com
*Guide to the Upton Sinclair Collection , Lilly Library, Indiana University
* .
*Upton Sinclair, "EPIC", Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
* .
*
Al Gore

**Albert Arnold Gore Jr. ** (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician, businessman and environmentalist. He was the 45th vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under Bill Clinton. Before becoming vice president, he was a junior U.S. senator from Tennessee from 1985 to 1993. He was also a U.S. representative from 1977 to 1983 and again from 1983 to 1985.

He was chosen as the Democratic nominee of the 2000 United States presidential election, but lost the electoral college vote to Republican candidate George W. Bush because of Florida recount and the U.S. Supreme Court ruling a 5-4 favor of Bush. He was supposed to be president before the supreme court decision.  Gore got more votes, though. After the election, Gore became an activist focusing on climate change. Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.

## Early life
Albert Gore, Jr. was born at Columbia Hospital for Women in Washington, D.C. He is the second of two children. His father, Albert A. Gore Sr. was a Senator for Tennessee and congressman. His mother, Pauline LaFon Gore was one of the first women to have graduated from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century, and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War. At least two of these ancestors, Jacob Waggoner and Lewis Stunston, owned slaves. Gore was brought up in both Washington and Tennessee. His older sister was Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984.

## Political career
Gore was a Representative from 1977 to 1985 and a Senator from 1985 to 1993. In 1988 he ran for president for the first time, but lost to Michael Dukakis in the Democratic primary. In 1993, he became vice president to Bill Clinton. He ran for president in 2000, but lost to George W. Bush (many people still argue this). Even though he lost the race, Gore won in the popular vote by over 500,000 votes.

## After the vice presidency
He is a fighter for issues involving the environment.  He released a movie in 2006 about global warming and climate change called *An Inconvenient Truth*, which was based on a slide show he had given to millions of people.  In 2007, Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize which he shared with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

## Potential 2016 presidential campaign
Interest in having Gore run for the 2016 Presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015. Gore did not run in 2016 and has expressed no interest to run in future elections.

## Personal life
He currently lives in Nashville and was married to Tipper for 40 years. In June 2010, they filed for divorce. The Gores have 4 children and 2 grandchildren.

## References
Antarctic Treaty System

The **Antarctic Treaty System** is a set of agreements about the continent of Antarctica. It was signed in December 1, 1959 and took effect in 1961. So far, it has been signed by 58 countries.

The ATS is used for governing the continent. The main idea of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is to make sure that Antarctica is:
* is used peacefully and taken care of.
* is not  or used for animal hunting.
* is not involved with military use unless for peaceful purposes.
* is not owned by one group.
* is not ruled by any country and/or continent.
* is not used for violence e.g. testing nuclear missiles.

## References
Community

A **community** is a collection of living creatures that share a common habitat. They are frequently interested in the same things. People in human groups share some of the same values and needs, which has an impact on the group's and individuals' identities. Despite the fact that communities are established on personal interests, each individual is unique in their own manner, which is the primary source of social variety in a community. Communal forces are the forces of a social group or community as opposed to individual forces. Communal forces have common interests leading to common modes of action and speech. Common interest is the interest of all or a controlling number of the community.
## References 
## Related pages 
*International community
*Virtual community
Allah

**Allah** (  lit. 'The God') is the common name for God in Arabic. It is similar to *Ha-El*, the name for God in Hebrew, and *Alaha-i*, the name for God in Aramaic. Muslims commonly use the word *Allah* for God. Sometimes, people who speak Arabic still use the word *Allah* when they speak English. 

## In Arabic 
### Where the word comes from
Around 2000 BC (4000 years ago) a group of people called the Canaanites lived in the Middle East. They had many gods, and the ruling god was called El. According to their beliefs, El created the earth and everything else. They believed El had total power, ruled over everything, and lived forever. 

Later, the word *El* became *Eloh* or *Eloah* in Aramaic. Hebrew changed the Aramaic word to *Eloah*. In the New Testament (the second book in the Christian Bible), the words *Eli* and *Elohi* were used to mean god. 

*El* is also in some people's names, such as *Gabriel*, *Mikael*, *Azrael*, *Israel*, *Yishmael*, and *Emanuel.*

### As a common noun 
In Arabic, the general word for a god is *ilaah*. It can mean a specific god, or any god at all, depending on how it is used.

### As a proper noun 
As a proper noun, *Allah* is a name for one God: the god of the Abrahamic religions. In Arabic, the word *al* is an article (a word for *the*), so *al-ilaah* means *the God*. Usually, Muslims use the word *Allah*. However, Arabs of different faiths also refer to God as *Allah*. 

The name *Allah* is made of four letters in Arabic:  (or Alif Lam Lam Ha, from right to left, A-L-L-H, 2111), which when brought together to make الله

## In Islam 
There are many different names for God in Islam. However, *Allah* is the most common. For Muslims, *Allah* is:

* A single God who is all-powerful, all-good and all-knowing, so he cannot make mistakes  
* The Originator (Arabic: الْخَالِقُ) of everything, including the heavens and the Earth 
* The Absolute (free from any limitation and unlike any of His creation who are relative to Him and dependent on Him The word *Allah* was also used in old translations of the Bible into Turkish due to Islamic culture being common in Turkey, and because Turkish was influenced by Arabic.

## References
Cascading Style Sheets

**Cascading Style Sheets**, or **CSS**, is a way to change the look of HTML and XHTML web pages. CSS was designed by the W3C, and is supported well by most modern web browsers. The current version of CSS is CSS3. CSS4 is available, but is split into parts.

One advantage to using CSS is a web page can still be displayed, even if the CSS is not working or removed.

CSS code is saved in files with the `.css` file extension.

To import a CSS file you would use  or for a folder you would use  in HTML. 

In CSS, you would use `@import url("CSS_FILE_NAME_HERE.css");` or for a folder you would use `@import url(FOLDER_NAME_HERE/CSS_FILE_NAME_HERE.css");` to import CSS into your CSS. 

You could also use `@import` in a set of import goes here tags to import the CSS in your HTML from your CSS. You could also put your CSS directly into the HTML by putting in a set of css here tags.

## CSS Examples 
### Paragraphs 
To make all paragraphs on a page blue and sized 20% bigger than normal text, we would apply this CSS rule to a page:

```css
p {
color: blue;
font-size: 120%;
background-color: white
}
```

The `p` refers to all HTML elements with the `` tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The `color` and `font-size` are both properties, and the `blue` and `120%` are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.

### Main Title 
To give the main Title on a page a solid red border underneath, we would apply this CSS rule to the page. 5px otherwise known as pixels, represents the thickness of the line:

```css
h1 {
border-bottom: 5px solid red;
}
```
The `h1` refers to all HTML elements with the `` tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The `border-bottom` is the property and the `5px` and `solid red` are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.

### Button 
To give a button a hover effect and make it blue with no border, we would apply this CSS rule to this page. The CSS is being used to change this element. The button refers to all HTML elements with the  tag.  
```css
button:hover {
padding:25px 35px;
}

button {
 display: block;
  color: white;
border:0px;
  transition:0.3s;
  text-align: center;
  padding: 20px 27px;
  text-decoration: none;
  background-color: rgb(0, 150, 255);
  border-radius: 15px;
  font-size:18px;
}
```
Preview with the HTML code  button  used: 

Preview of the button being hovered over:

## Other websites 
* W3C
* Website about CSS3
Single-player video game

:*For single-player card games, see solitaire.*
 is an example of a famous first person game.]]
In the context of video gaming, a **singleplayer** game is one which only allows for one person to play per session. In singleplayer games, the player usually must fight against AI (artificially intelligent) opponents.
Magnum, P.I.

***Magnum, P.I.*** is an American crime drama television series. It stars Tom Selleck and John Hillerman. It was on TV from 1980 to 1988. It is about Thomas Magnum III, a smooth private detective working in Hawaii.

## Other websites 
*
Twin Peaks

***Twin Peaks*** was an American television series that ran from 1990 to 1991. It told the story of an FBI agent who comes to the strange small town of Twin Peaks, Washington, to investigate the murder of a teenage girl. It was made by David Lynch. The show was successful around the world. In 1992, a Twin Peaks movie 'Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me' was released.

## Cast
*Dana Ashbrook
*Kyle MacLachlan
*Peggy Lipton
*Joan Chen
*Sam Stanley

## Other websites 
*
1818

**1818** (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* January 3: Venus occulted (block from view) Jupiter.
* February 12: Chile became independent from Spain.
* December 3: Illinois becomes a state.
Carmen Miranda

**Carmen Miranda** (February 9, 1909 – August 5, 1955) was a Portuguese-Brazilian singer and actress. She was best known for her exotic costumes and hats made of fruit.

## References
Abby and Brittany Hensel

**Abigail Loraine Hensel** and **Brittany Lee Hensel** (born March 7, 1990 in Minnesota, United States) are conjoined twins with mostly one body and two heads. They are joined at the pelvis and each one controls one side of their body, which means they have to do things together. Brittany is on the left, and Abby is on the right. They have two spines that join at the pelvis. They have two stomachs and four lungs, and at birth they had a third arm in between their heads. The third arm was not properly developed, so it was removed.

They currently star in their own reality series on TLC.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
*Sites in German language with photos
*Shared Lives
*"Conjoined twins: Together vs. Apart" from *Teen Newsweek*
*BBC Science on conjoined twins
*The Most Intimate Bond  from Time magazine , March 25, 1996.
*Hensel documentary videos for sale
*YouTube video
*YouTube video
52 BC

Year **52 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Scipio** (or, less frequently, '*year 702 *Ab urbe condita'''''). This year has been called 52 BC since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the most common method in Europe for naming years.

## Events 
* Julius Caesar conquers Paris.
Cape Town

of Cape Town, South Africa]]

**Cape Town** is the second biggest city of South Africa.  It is also home to the South African Parliament where the country's representatives assemble.

It is at the Cape of Good Hope on the south-west coast.  It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate.

The city's dominant natural feature is Table Mountain, a mountain with a flat top.

## History
It was originally called the "Cape of Storms" by Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, a Portuguese explorer but was changed by King John II of Portugal to "Cape of Good Hope". The town was started as the center of the Dutch Cape Colony in 1652.

## References
Names of God in Islam

The 99 **Names of  Allah** (, translit: ) also known as the **99 attributes of Allah**, according to Islamic tradition, are the names of Allah  revealed by the Creator (الله) (Allah) in the Qur'an. These are considered to be the attributes of Allah. The 99 Names of Allah are very important to Muslims and in Islamic tradition they are taken from different verses of the Holy Qur'an.
 
According to Islamic tradition, whoever memorizes and acts upon the 99 names of Allah, will enter Paradise. 

They are: 

‘Allah’ is a title for All-Mighty Allah. The word Allah means One and only Allah in Arabic. It is a combination of ‘Ilah’ in Arabic which means Allah, and ‘al’ the alif and laam letters of the Arabic alphabet which denote the definite article, Allah, meaning "the God".

## References
* https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah
The Clash

**The Clash** are an English punk rock band formed in London in 1976. Their lead singer was Joe Strummer (1952-2002). The group was one of the most popular punk bands in England in the mid-1970s.

## Music style 
Although The Clash are known as an early punk rock band, they were willing to experiment with different styles, which they added to their music. Some of these styles were ska, reggae, and funk. Lyrics in their songs often dealt with political issues or stories in the news.

## Awards
In 2003, the band entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, *Rolling Stone* made a list of the Top 500 Rock Songs of All Time, and *London Calling*, a song by The Clash, was listed as song No. 15 on the list. No song by a punk rock band was higher on the list.

## Members 
* Joe Strummer - Vocals and rhythm guitar
* Mick Jones - Lead guitar and vocals
* Paul Simonon - Bass guitar
* Topper Headon - Drums

## Discography 
# *The Clash* - (8 April 1977) #12 UK, #126 U.S.[1] [2]
# ''Give 'Em Enough Rope* - (10 November 1978) #2 UK, #128 U.S.
# *London Calling* (2LP) - (14 December 1979) #9 UK, #27 U.S.
# *Sandinista!* (3LP) - (12 December 1980) #19 UK, #24 U.S.
# *Combat Rock* - (14 May 1982) #2 UK, #7 U.S.
# *Cut The Crap'' - (4 November 1985)

## References
Oasis (band)

**Oasis** are an English rock band started in Manchester in 1991. The band came from an earlier group, the Rain, and its first members were Liam Gallagher (lead vocals, tambourine), Paul Arthurs (guitar), Paul McGuigan (bass guitar), and Tony McCarroll (drums). Noel Gallagher (lead guitar, vocals) later joined as a fifth member. While the band were active, they had many different members, though the Gallagher brothers stayed as a part of the band up until their break-up in 2009, which was minutes before they were about to play a concert.

## Discography 
* *Definitely Maybe* (1994)
* ''(What's the Story) Morning Glory?* (1995)
* *Be Here Now* (1997)
* *Standing on the Shoulder of Giants* (2000)
* *Heathen Chemistry* (2002)
* *Don't Believe the Truth* (2005)
* *Dig Out Your Soul'' (2008)
English people

**English people** refer to people who are citizens of England or of English descent. England is one of the nations that is a part of the Island of Great Britain. It shares the island with Scotland (Scots) and Wales (the Welsh). England is also a part of the United Kingdom, along with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Because of this, English people are also British people.

White English people descended from Anglo-Saxons and Frisians from Central Europe. Non-white English people often have ancestors from many different non-European countries.

Many people leave England to live in former British colonies. These include the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. The countries with the most English people, other than the United Kingdom are the United States, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand.

## Citizenship 
Citizenship refers to the United Kingdom rather than just England. Many citizens in the U.K. are not ethnically white. In the past, the British Empire controlled countries all over the world. People from many of these countries moved to England and had families. Over time, this led to many citizens from different ethnic groups. Examples of these groups include Indian people and other groups from the Indian subcontinent, people from sub-Saharan African countries, people from the Caribbean islands and people from Hong Kong.

Emigration from Britain is even more significant. About 40 to 44 million people in other countries have British ancestors. Census data provide the evidence for these statements.

## References
Roy Hodgson

**Roy Hodgson**  CBE  (born 9 August 1947) is an English former football player and manager who is currently manager of Premier League club Crystal Palace. He was recently Manager of Crystal Palace from September 2017 to May 2021 and then twice from March 2023 onwards. He, along with Larry Barilli, are amongst the oldest active managers in football history.

On 23 February 2019, Roy Hodgson became the oldest man to manage a Premier League match, at the age of 71 years and 198 days.

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
Hodgson was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to football.

He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Greenwich in 2019.

### Manager
**Halmstad**
*Allsvenskan: 1976, 1979

**Örebro**
*Division 2 Norra: 1984

**Malmö**

* Swedish Champion: 1986, 1988
*Allsvenskan: 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989

**Inter Milan**
*UEFA Cup runner-up: 1996–97
*Danish Super Cup: 2001

**Fulham**
*UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2009–10

**Individual**
*LMA Manager of the Year: 2010
*Premier League Manager of the Month: August 1997, December 1997, October 2009, February 2010
*London Football Awards Manager of the Year: 2018

## References
Mime

]]
**Mime** is a type of acting that does not use words or speech. Mime is all about physical movement and exaggerating your expressions. **Mimes** (people who practice mime) must use their actions to send a message or tell a story. They are not allowed to speak directly to the audience.

Probably the most well-known mime was Marcel Marceau. Mime originates from Rome and Greece. Some people also believe that cavemen used mime to communicate as they could not talk.

## Other websites 
*The World of Mime Theatre

## Related pages
*Pantomime
*Physical theatre
Device driver

A **device driver** is a program that lets the operating system communicate with specific computer hardware. 

Computer parts need a driver because specific devices need different instructions to function correctly.  For example, video cards from Advanced Micro Devices (or AMD) and Nvidia do the same job, but each requires its own driver as different hardware requires different instructions.  Different operating systems will also have different drivers for hardware. A driver written for macOS would not work on Microsoft Windows or on Linux.

Many parts of a computer need drivers, and common examples are:
*Computer printers
*Graphics cards
*Modems
*Network cards
*Sound cards

Some other computer parts do not need drivers (or the driver is built-in to the operating system) because they use a driver that follows a certain standard for that device. This would allow the operating system to use and more easily recognize that hardware.

This depends, but devices that don't need a device driver installed would more commonly would be:
*Processors
*RAM
*Compact disc (called CD) and digital versatile disc (called DVD) drives (including player and burner).
*Mouse and keyboard
*Integrated video cards
*PC speaker (the speaker inside the computer case that beeps)
*Floppy drives
*Hard drives
*Webcams
*USB sound cards
*USB hubs (devices that turn one USB port into two or more)
Rush (band)

**Rush** was a Canadian rock band. They formed in the late 1960s in Toronto. The last and longest members of the group were Geddy Lee, the singer, who also plays the bass guitar and synthesizers, Alex Lifeson, who plays the guitar, and Neil Peart, who played the drums. In 2013 Rush were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

## Discography
### Studio albums
**Rush* (1974)
**Fly by Night* (1975)
**Caress of Steel* (1975)
**2112* (1976)
**A Farewell to Kings* (1977)
**Hemispheres* (1978)
**Permanent Waves* (1980)
**Moving Pictures* (1981)
**Signals* (1982)
**Grace Under Pressure* (1984)
**Power Windows* (1985)
**Hold Your Fire* (1987)
**Presto* (1989)
**Roll the Bones* (1991)
**Counterparts* (1993)
**Test for Echo* (1996)
**Vapor Trails* (2002)
**Snakes & Arrows* (2007)
**Clockwork Angels* (2012)

## Other websites
*Rush's official website
Running of the Bulls

The **Running of the Bulls** (in Spanish **el encierro**, meaning "the enclosing") is an activity that involves running in front of bulls on a course of a sectioned-off area of a town's streets. It is done all around Spain, but the most famous running of the bulls is in Pamplona. In most bull runs the bulls are not killed, and they live for a whole season. This is a  activity but very exciting. Safety varies in some places like Xabia the area is surrounded by cages that people can slip in and out of but the bulls can not.
Red shift

, and on the right one from a far off galaxy. As you can see, all the lines shift towards the red end of the spectrum due to red shift.]]

**Red shift** is a method astronomers use to tell the speed of any object that is very far away in the Universe. The red shift is one example of the Doppler effect. 

The easiest way to experience the Doppler effect is to listen to a moving train. As the train moves towards a person, the sound it makes as it comes towards them sounds like it has a higher tone, since the frequency of the sound is squeezed together a little bit. As the train speeds away, the sound gets stretched out, and sounds lower in tone. This is also the same as filling a water bottle under a tap. As you fill, the sound of the filling gets higher and higher, for the same reason that the noise the train makes gets higher as it gets closer to you. The same happens with light when an object that emits light moves very fast. An object, like a star or a galaxy that is far away and moving toward us, will look more blue than it normally does.  This is called blue shift.  A star or galaxy moving away from us will look more red than it would if the source were not moving in our frame of reference. This is where red shift got its name, since the colours are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.

The reason astronomers can tell how far the light gets shifted is because chemical elements, like hydrogen and oxygen, have unique fingerprints of light that no other element has. Astronomers use spectroscopy to analyse the light from an object (galaxy or star). Once they know that, they check to see the difference between where the spectral lines are compared to where they normally are. From that, they can tell whether it is moving toward us or away from us, and also how fast it is going. The faster it goes, the farther the spectral lines are from their normal position in the spectrum.

## Other websites
*Ned Wright's Cosmology tutorial
*Article on redshift from SPACE.com
*Cosmic reference guide entry on redshift 
*Mike Luciuk's Astronomical Redshift tutorial 
*Animated GIF of Cosmological Redshift by Wayne Hu
Spectral line

A **spectral line** is the way scientists can tell one element from another by looking at color.

## The colors of the rainbow 
In order to understand **spectral lines**, color has to be understood. In a rainbow, the colors of light go from purple to red. Several hundred years ago, the famous scientist Isaac Newton did an experiment where he showed that even white light from the Sun was made up of all the colors of the rainbow. When other scientists following him looked at this rainbow very closely, they noticed that there were dark lines breaking up the rainbow, where certain shades of colors should be. These lines were very small, but could be seen when the rainbow got stretched out very far. They investigated this further, and discovered that certain chemical elements, like the hydrogen and helium that make up the Sun, absorbed certain frequencies of light where those colors should be, like a sponge absorbs water, but does not absorb chalk.

## Elemental fingerprints 
Soon, scientists discovered that when they heated other chemical elements, like calcium and oxygen, so hot that they shined with a white light, they found similar lines, but in different places. No two chemical elements had these lines in exactly the same places along the rainbow, and they also soon discovered that could be used to be able to tell what stars were made up of in the Universe. The lines that a particular element produces are called the emission spectrum of that element.

The reason the chemical elements can do this is because of the number and places of electrons orbiting around the center of each atom of each chemical element. These electrons, when light hits them, absorb a specific wavelength, or color of light, and what color they absorb depend on their position around the atom. Since each chemical element has a certain number of electrons, each chemical element has this unique set of **spectral lines**.

## Red shift 
Since each set of **spectral lines** was unique, scientists could also be able to use this in a technique called red shift. Red shift is a method astronomers use, after they know what a star is made of, to tell how fast an object far away in the Universe is moving. It also tells them how far away it is.
1101

**1101** (MCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.  It was the first year of the 12th century.

## Events 
* A second wave of crusaders arrives in the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, after being heavily defeated by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclia. See Crusade of 1101.
* Raymond IV of Toulouse, count of Tripoli, takes Ankara from the Seljuk Turks.
* Robert Curthose signs the Treaty of Alton, giving up his claim to the Anglo-Norman throne and establishing Henry I as King of England.
* The County of Berg, Germany is established.
* Canute II of Denmark is canonized.
1137

## Events 
* Louis VII becomes King of France and marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
* Rochester Cathedral is hurt by a fire, but is soon rebuilt.
1090s

The **1090s** was the decade that started on January 1, 1090, and ended on December 31, 1099. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***110th decade*** which began on January 1, 1091 and ended on December 31, 1100.

## Events 
* 1090 - Béjaïa becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria.
* 1091 - King William II of England invades Normandy.
* 1093 - Sviatopolk II becomes Grand Prince of Kiev and ruler of Kievan Rus'.
* 1094 - El Cid becomes ruler of Valencia, Spain.
* 1095-1099 - The First Crusade
1207

## Events 
* Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III.
* Pope Innocent III declares for Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Otto IV.
* King John issued letters patent creating the new Borough of Liverpool

## Births 
* September 8 – King Sancho II of Portugal
* September 30 – Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (died 1273)
* October 1 – King Henry III of England (died 1272)
* Henry II, Duke of Brabant (died 1248)
* Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (died 1231)
* Philip I of Savoy (died 1285)

## Deaths 
* January 4 – Simon II, Duke of Lorraine
* June 17 – Daoji, Chinese buddhist monk (born 1130)
* Amaury of Bene, heretic
* Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria
* Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (born 1140)

## Monarchs/Presidents 
* France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
* Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
* Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
* England – John King of England (reigned from 1199 to 1216)
* Latin Empire of Constantinople – Henry of Flanders (reigned from 1205 to 1216)
* Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216)
The Beach Boys

**The Beach Boys** are an American pop/surf rock group from Hawthorne, California. They formed in 1961. The original members were brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and their friend Al Jardine.  Many of the band's early songs were about life in southern California, the beach, girls, cars, and surfing.

David Marks replaced Jardine when he went away to school; after Jardine's return, Marks left the band. Bruce Johnston later became a regular band member, first replacing Brian Wilson on tour, then  joining in on recording sessions. Reunions with some of the original band members still occur from time to time.

## Discography
**Studio albums**

* ''Surfin' Safari* (1962)
* *Surfin' U.S.A.* (1963)
* *Surfer Girl* (1963)
* *Little Deuce Coupe* (1963)
* *Shut Down Volume 2* (1964)
* *All Summer Long* (1964)
* *The Beach Boys' Christmas Album* (1964)
* *The Beach Boys Today!* (1965)
* *Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)* (1965)
* *Beach Boys' Party!* (1965)
* *Pet Sounds* (1966)
* *Smiley Smile* (1967)
* *Wild Honey* (1967)
* *Friends* (1968)
* *20/20* (1969)
* *Sunflower* (1970)
* *Surf's Up* (1971)
* *Carl and the Passions – "So Tough"* (1972)
* *Holland* (1973)
* *15 Big Ones* (1976)
* *The Beach Boys Love You* (1977)
* *M.I.U. Album* (1978)
* *L.A. (Light Album)* (1979)
* *Keepin' the Summer Alive* (1980)
* *The Beach Boys* (1985)
* *Still Cruisin'* (1989)
* *Summer in Paradise* (1992)
* *Stars and Stripes Vol. 1* (1996)
* *That's Why God Made the Radio* (2012)

**Selected archival releases** 
* *The Pet Sounds Sessions* (1996)
* *The Smile Sessions* (2011)
* *The Big Beat 1963* (2013)
* *Keep an Eye on Summer 1964* (2014)
* *Becoming the Beach Boys: The Complete Hite & Dorinda Morgan Sessions* (2015)
* *Beach Boys' Party! Uncovered and Unplugged* (2015)
* *1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow* (2017)
* *Wake the World: The Friends Sessions* (2018)
* *I Can Hear Music: The 20/20 Sessions* (2018)

**See also**
* *Smile'' (1966–1967) 
* Discographies of Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson, Carl Wilson, Mike Love, and Al Jardine

## Other websites
*
1194

## Events 
* July 5 – Emperor Guangzong of Sung China was forced to step down.
* November 20 – Palermo falls to Henry VI
* December 25 – Henry VI becomes king of Sicily.
* City of Portsmouth awarded its Royal Charter.
* Henry Marshal becomes Bishop of Exeter.
* Yellow River of China experienced a major course change. It took over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years.

## Births 
* July 16 — Clare of Assisi, Italian follower of Francis of Assisi (d. 1253)
* December 26 — Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1250)

## Deaths 
* February 20 — King Tancred of Sicily
* May 5 — King Casimir II of Poland (b. 1138)
* June 27 — King Sancho VI of Navarre (b. c. 1133)
* June 28 — Emperor Xiaozong of China (b. 1127)
* September 27 — Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (b. 1125)
* November 15 — Margaret I of Flanders
* December 31 — Duke Leopold V of Austria (killed at a tournament) (b. 1157)
* Benedictus Abbas, English chronicler
* Guy of Lusignan, king consort of Jerusalem (b. c. 1150)
* Raymond V of Toulouse (b. 1134)
* Roger III of Sicily (b. 1175)
* Sviatoslav III of Kiev
3DO

The **3DO Interactive Multiplayer** (often just called the **3DO**) is a video game console invented by The 3DO Company. It was created by Trip Hawkins, the man who created Electronic Arts. The 3DO was not built by the company itself. They had a list of instructions that other companies could use to build their own. Panasonic made the first models in 1993, and other types of the machine were sold in 1994 by Sanyo and GoldStar.

Many good things were said about it when it was created, including being named Time Magazine's "1993 Product of the Year". It also had many technologies that were new and advanced. It was able to do many things that the Super Nintendo and Sega Genesis (video game consoles that could be purchased at the same time) could not do, including 3D. But the 3DO cost more money than the video game consoles that were already popular. This meant more people bought consoles from Sega or Nintendo instead of the 3DO. Because of this, no more 3DO consoles were made after 1996.  It was also not advertised very well, so almost no one knew about it. Some games planned for it include *Alone in the Dark,* *Myst,* and *Street Fighter II*. The 3DO Company also wanted to make another console called the M2, but it was never released.

## References
APF-M1000

The **APF-M1000** was a video game console made by APF in 1978. The controllers had numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 called a numeric keypad) and a joystick. With a joystick, the player moves the joystick and uses it to control the action in the game. It could only be used on a color TV. It came built-in with the game "Rocket Patrol". It was included with the APF Imagination Machine

## Specifications 
*CPU: Motorola 6800 at 3579 kHz
*RAM: 1 KB
*Colors: 8 on-screen
*Resolution: 256 by 192

## Cartridge list 
***MG1008** Backgammon
***MG1006** Baseball
***MG1007** Blackjack
***MG1004** Bowling/Micro Match
***MG1012** Boxing
***MG1005** Brickdown/Shooting Gallery
***MG1009** Casino I: Roulette/Keno/Slots
***MG1001** Catena
***MG1003** Hangman/Tic Tac Toe/Doddle
***MG1011** Pinball/Dungeon Hunt/Blockout
***Built-In** Rocket Patrol
***MG1013** Space Destroyers
***MG1010** UFO/Sea Monster/Break It Down/Rebuild/Shoot
List

A **list** is a part of a text, which has many words separated by commas (,) or a group of words going down the page that may use bullet points, letters, or numbers. Semicolons (;) are also used sometimes to separate items in a list.

These are lists:

I have invited **Peter, Mary, and Henry** to my birthday.

People who I have invited to my birthday are:
***Peter**
***Mary**
***Henry**

People I invited to my birthday: **Peter; Mary; Henry.**

## Related pages 
* Mailing list