open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Article (grammar)

An **article** is a word that is used with a noun. There are two kinds of articles: **definite articles** and **indefinite articles**. 

## Examples
### English
In English, there is just one definite article: *the*. There are two indefinite articles: *a* and *an*. The word *an* is used before a word starting with a vowel sound (which does not have to be a vowel letter): we say *a horse*, *a child*, *a European* (*European* has a "Y" sound, /j/, which is a consonant sound), *a university*, but *an orange*, *an elephant*. 

### French
Some languages have more than one word for *the* as each noun in those languages is either masculine or feminine, or in others, masculine, feminine or neuter. For example, in French, *le* is used for masculine nouns (*le jardin* - *the garden*) and *la* for feminine nouns (*la table* - *the table*). *The* becomes *les* in front of plural nouns. The indefinite articles in French are *un* (masculine) and *une* (feminine). 

### Germanic languages
Just as Ancient Greek, German, Dutch have masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, but in the case of Dutch the word for *the* is the same for masculine and feminine (*de*) so you do not need to know which it is. The Māori language uses one word for *the* for when the subject or object to which the *the* refers is one in number, and uses another word for *the* when the subject or object to which the *the* refers numbers more than one.

### Other languages
There are also many languages that do not have articles, including Russian, Hindi, Japanese, and Chinese. When speakers of these languages are learning English, it is often difficult to explain to them what an article is because English speakers use them naturally. Even though these languages do not have articles, they still have grammatical features that allow them to show definiteness.

## Illustrations
### English
In general: *the* in English is used for something you already know about or have already been talking about. The word *a* is used when introducing a new idea:

"The tired woman was looking for her cat. Suddenly she saw *the* cat up *a* tree". (We are already talking about the cat. The tree is a new idea).

"The tired woman was walking along when she suddenly saw *a* cat up *a* tree". (She had not been thinking about cats until then).

Sometimes we do not need an article, for example when talking about something in general:

"The dogs do not bite" (meaning: dogs that you are thinking about).
"Barking dogs do not bite" (barking dogs in general).
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The **Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth**, formally known as the **Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania** and, after 1791, the **Commonwealth of Poland**, was a state of Poland and Lithuania that was ruled by a common monarch. The Commonwealth was an extension of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, a personal union between those two states that had existed from 1386. It was one of the largest countries in Europe in the 16th and the 17th centuries and had one of the largest populations. The Commonwealth covered more than the present lands of Poland and Lithuania since it also had all of present-day Belarus, a large part of present-day Ukraine and Latvia, and the western part of present-day Russia.

The Commonwealth had high levels of ethnic diversity and religious tolerance. However, the amount of religious freedom varied over time.

After several decades of prosperity, it entered a period of political, military and economic decline. The Commonwealth ended with the final partition of Poland in 1795. Its growing weakness had led to it being invaded and divided by its more powerful neighbours: Austria, Prussia and Russia.

## Some information
*In Poland, the official languages were Polish and Latin. In Lithuania, the official languages were Old Belarusian, Latin, and Lithuanian.
*The Commonwealth was one of largest countries of its time. It had a large population and at one time covered about 400,000 square miles. Its population was around 11 million. People of different ethnicities lived in the Commonwealth.
*For about 200 years, the Commonwealth fought wars with other powers of Europe of that time: Muscovy Russians, the Ottoman Empire, and the Swedish Empire.
*The Commonwealth developed a system of laws and legislature that reduced the power of the monarch. Some concepts of democracy also developed in the Commonwealth like constitutional monarchy.
*In theory, the two countries of the Commonwealth were equal, but Poland had a leading role.
*The Commonwealth had a major influence of the Catholic Church. However, the government allowed  people to practice different religions and so there were many religions in the Commonwealth.
*The Commonwealth also produced a national constitution, which was the first in Europe.
*Agriculture was the main economic activity in the Commonwealth.

## References
**Notes**
Nupedia

that Nupedia used. It was coded in HTML.]]
**Nupedia** was an English-language  online encyclopedia. Its articles were written by volunteers and checked by experts. They were licensed as open content. It was founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger. Nupedia was online from March 2000 until September 2003. It is mostly known as the website which came before Wikipedia.

Unlike Wikipedia, Nupedia was not a wiki. It also had a long peer-review process for all of its articles. This was supposed to make its articles as good as professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars to help build it. Before it shut down, Nupedia had 25 articles that completed its own review routine.

In June 2008, CNET said that Nupedia was one of the greatest closed websites in Internet history.

## History 
During the late 1999, Jimmy Wales began thinking about an online encyclopedia built by volunteers. In January 2000, he hired Larry Sanger to manage it.
By November 2000, only two full articles had been published.

From when it started, Nupedia was a free content encyclopedia.

Also in January 2001, Nupedia started Wikipedia. At first, it was not meant to be an encyclopedia. Instead, it was meant as a side-project to allow people to work on articles for Nupedia before they were peer reviewed. As Wikipedia got bigger and attracted new users, it began to run without Nupedia. However, Larry Sanger first led activity on Wikipedia. This was because he was the chief editor on Nupedia.

Wikipedia led to the  shutdown of Nupedia. Jimmy Wales decided to stop paying Sanger in December 2001.

## Peer review
Nupedia's articles were all peer reviewed. These were the steps they had to follow:
#Assignment
#Finding a lead reviewer
#Lead review
#Open review
#Lead copyediting (when articles had their grammar, punctuation and layout changed to look better)
#Open copyediting
#Final approval and markup

People who wrote for Nupedia were supposed to be experts in what they wrote about. However, some articles could be written by a good writer, rather than an expert. People who *changed* content on Nupedia were expected to be "true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) possess PhDs", which means that they should be experts in what they are changing and (generally) have PhDs.

## Related pages
* Wikipedia
* Bomis

## References
## Other websites
* Earlier versions of Nupedia (from the Internet Archive)
* Larry Sanger: The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir Part 1 and Part 2. Slashdot, April 2005
* http://nunupedia.sourceforge.net
Rhododendron

***Rhododendron*** is a large genus of flowering plants. It includes 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). Some are evergreen, and some are deciduous. They are found mainly in Asia. 

Most of them have quite showy flowers. What gardeners know as **Azalea** is in fact a kind of rhododendron. Many people have rhododendrons in their garden or flower pot. It is the national flower of Nepal.  One rhododendron, *Rhododendron ponticum*, has become an Invasive species in North America.

File:Rhododendron caucasicum, Plants, Flowers, Caucasus Mountains.jpg|Rhododendron caucasicum
File:Parco della Burcina-Rhododendron-DSCF0199.JPG|*Rhododendron sp.*
File:A Unidentified Rhododendron blüte 123.jpg
File:A Rhododendron buds wp uf.jpg
File:Flower - Rhododendron.jpg|Rhododendron
East Asia

**East Asia** or **Eastern Asia** is part of the continent Asia. East Asia covers about , or 15% of the continent. 

These are the 6 countries and 2 territories in East Asia:
* People's Republic of China
* Hong Kong (territory)
* Japan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Macao (territory)
* Mongolia
* Republic of China (Taiwan)

## Population
About 1,575,784,500 people live in East Asia (). most of them live in China.

## Related pages
* China (People's Republic of China)
* Japan
* South Korea
* North Korea
* Mongolia
* Taiwan (Republic of China)
* Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China)
* Macau (Special Administrative Region of China) 
* Manchuria (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
* Tibet (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
* Inner Mongolia (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
* Xinjiang (Autonomous part of China but culturally outside China proper)
* Far East (Usually referring to the 6 countries of East Asia and 11 countries of Southeast Asia collectively)

## Other websites
Habemus Papam

***Habemus Papam*** refers to the announcement given in Latin by the Senior Cardinal Deacon  when a new Pope has been chosen.

The announcement is given from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. After the announcement, the new pope meets the people and he gives his first *Urbi et Orbi* blessing to the crowd.

The format for the announcement is:

:*Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum:*
:*Habemus Papam!*

:*Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum,*
:*Dominum [First Name],*
:*Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [ Last *name* ],*
:*Qui sibi nomen imposuit [ *Papal name* ].*

This, in English, means:

:*I announce to you a great joy:*
:*We have a Pope!*

:*The most eminent and most reverend Lord,*
:*the Lord [First Name],*
:*Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [ *Last name* ],*
:*Who takes to himself the name of [ *Papal name* ].*

In the *Habemus Papam* given by Jorge Cardinal Medina Estévez on 19 April 2005 upon the election of Pope Benedict XVI, the announcement was made after a greeting (*Dear Brothers and Sisters*) in several languages (Italian, Spanish, French, German, and English).
## List of cardinals who have given the announcement
## Other websites 
*Audio: Pericle Cardinal Felici announcing Karol Cardinal Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II
List of counties of the Republic of China

**Taiwan Province** is divided into 13 counties (縣; hsien) and 3 provincial cities (市; shih):

*Note*:The cities of Taipei and Kaohsiung are managed directly by the central government and are not part of Taiwan province, though the counties of the same name all around these cities are part of the province. The People's Republic of China, which does not control Taiwan Province, does not recognize Taipei and Kaohsiung as central cities and lists them as provincial cities.

## Counties 
## Provincial Cities
Tbilisi

**Tbilisi** is the capital, and the largest city in Georgia. It was founded in the 5th century by the Georgian king, Vakhtang Gorgasali. According to legend, when he was hunting, he killed a pheasant which dropped into hot water. Gorgasali discovered there were a lot of hot springs in this place, which he called Tbilisi as *tbili* means **hot** in Georgian.

Tbilisi-Abanotubani-04-2019-gje.jpg|Abanotubani
Tbilisi-Aghmashenebeli-20-2019-gje.jpg|Aghmashenebeli street
Tbilisi-Europaplatz-14-2019-gje.jpg|Europe square
Tbilisi-Festung Nariqala-04-2019-gje.jpg|Nariqala castle
Tbilisi-St Nicholas-02-2019-gje.jpg|St. Nicholas church
Tbilisi-St Nicholas-12-innen-2019-gje.jpg|St. Nicholas inside
Tbilisi at night, Holiday, Georgia.jpg
Sameba Cathedral, Courtyard, Dusk 2, Tbilisi, Georgia.jpg
Sameba Cathedral, Holy Trinity Cathedral, Interior 3, Tbilisi, Georgia.jpg 
Tbilisi at night, Georgia.jpg
Tbilisi, Panoramic view, South, Georgia.jpg
Tbilisi, Old Tbilisi, Kura River 2, Georgia.jpg
Fernando Alonso

**Fernando "Rookie" Alonso Díaz** (born July 29, 1981 in Oviedo, Spain) is a Formula One racing driver. He is from Spain. He won his first F1 title in 2005 and then became the youngest ever Formula 1 World Champion at the age of 24.

Alonso drove until 2006 in Formula 1 for the Renault F1-Team, with which he achieved the driver world championship in the year 2005 and had a major part to play in the Renault F1 Team winning the constructor championship in the same year.

The Drivers' Championship was won again by Fernando with Renault F1 for the second year in a row in 2006 (interestingly, had Alonso not become the youngest World Champion in 2005, he would have still achieved this feat with his 2006 victory) edging out Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari by 13 points. Renault also retained the Constructor's Championship, beating Ferrari by only five points.

In 2007 Alonso joined Team Vodafone McLaren-Mercedes and entered a four-way battle for the World Championship with his team-mate, the rookie Lewis Hamilton, and Ferrari drivers Kimi Räikkönen and Felipe Massa. Halfway through the season, with wins in Sepang and Monaco, Alonso trails his rookie team-mate by 14 points. The second half of the season should prove interesting.
In the second part Alonso won at Europe and Italy but missed the title by 1 point.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season still in progress.
### Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
 Season in progress.

## References
1508

## Events 
*February – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice
*June 6 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces;  he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice
*December 10 – League of Cambrai formed as an alliance against Venice between Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
*December – Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
*Lebna Dengel succeeds his father Na'od as Emperor of Ethiopia. Due to his young age, his grandmother Eleni acts as regent.
1610

## Events 
* January 7 – Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter.
* March 12 – Swedish troops under Jacob de la Gardie take Moscow
* May 13-14 – Francois Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France
* May 27 – Ravaillac is executed by pulling him apart in the Place de Grève
* July 5 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
* October 17 – Louis XIII of France crowned

* Johannes Fabricius is the first to observe sunspots by telescope.
* Poland captures Moscow, just to lose it again to Russian and Swedish troops.
* In Jamestown, Virginia, only 60 out of 500 settlers survive the harsh winter
* King of France expelled Muslims from his realm.
* Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
* Arabella Stuart, pretender to the English throne, imprisoned for marrying William Seymour
* The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.
* Bonham's Case decided by Edward Coke chief justice of England's Court of Common Pleas. Coke affirmed the supremacy of the common law which limited the power of Parliament as well as the king.
João Pessoa

**João Pessoa** () is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Paraíba. It has about 660,000 inhabitants and an area of 210.45 km².

## Sources
Natal, Rio Grande do Norte

**Natal** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It has about 780,000 inhabitants and an area of .

## References
Rio Branco

**Rio Branco** (Portuguese for *White River*) is a Brazilian city and capital of the state of Acre. It is located in the North Region of the country and about 364,000 people live there. It had an area of 9,223 km².
Xabi Alonso

**Xabier "Xabi" Alonso Olano** (born 25 November 1981), is a Spanish manager and retired footballer. He played as a midfielder. The last club he played for was Bayern Munich.

Alonso also played for the Spain national team from 2003 until 2014. He retired from football in 2017 and became a manager in 2018 for Real Madrid's youth sectors, which are known as "La Fábrica" (the factory). In 2019, he started coaching Real Sociedad's youth sectors. Real Sociedad is also the club where Alonso began his career in 1999.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
* The match away against Equatorial Guinea in November 2013 although included in Alonso's 114 caps is not considered a full international by FIFA (too many substitutions) but it is official for the RFEF
* FA Cup: 2005–06
* FA Community Shield: 2006
* UEFA Champions League: 2004–05; runner-up: 2006–07
* UEFA Super Cup: 2005
* FIFA Club World Cup runner-up: 2005

**Real Madrid**
* FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2011, 2012; 2nd team: 2014; 3rd team: 2013; 4th team: 2015; 5th team: 2016
* La Liga Best Midfielder: 2011–12
* UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2012
* UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2013–14
* Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2014–15

**Decorations**
* Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit: 2011

### Manager
**Bayer Leverkusen**
*Bundesliga: 2023–24
*DFB-Pokal: 2023–24
*DFL-Supercup: 2024
*UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2023–24

**Individual**
*Globe Soccer Best Coach of the Year: 2024
*VDV Bundesliga Coach of the Season: 2023–24
*Football Manager of the Year in Germany: 2024
*La Liga Manager of the Month: August 2025

## References
Porto Velho

**Porto Velho** is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rondônia. It has about 374,000 inhabitants and an area of 34,082 km².

## References
Recognition

**Recognition**, or **recognize**, is when humans or animals know something about the surrounding objects or beings. For example, an animal might recognize another animal as an enemy or friend, dangerous or harmless. These cognitive acts relate to the beings' perception, memory, learning, and experience.

## Pattern recognition in software 
In computer programs, pattern recognition tries to teach computers to perceive and recognize things as accurately as possible, how people do it or better. Pattern recognition by computers distinguishes objects, images, fingerprints, writing, audio, faces and other things automatically.

## Politics 
When a country recognizes another country, it means that the first country believes that the second country is legal and has a right to be a country.  
Countries that recognize each other have diplomatic relations.  That means they send diplomats to each other, and make different kinds of agreements, about trade, international laws and other things.
Council of Europe

]] 

The **Council of Europe** (, ) is an international organization of 47 member states in the European region. One of its first successes was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights.

The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg on the Franco-German border. The original meeting place was in the city's University Palace. The Palais de l'Europe, about two kilometres from city centre, has taken its place. Membership is open to all European democracies which accept the principle of the rule of law and guarantee fundamental human rights, civil rights and freedoms to their citizens and respect of rights of minority groups.

The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council, as it is a separate organisation and not part of the European Union. But all member states of European Union are also the member states of Council of Europe.

On 15 March 2022, Russia is excluded from Council of Europe because of 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
## Note
## Related pages
*European Union
*European Convention on Human Rights
*European Court of Human Rights
*Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
*European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
*Istanbul Convention

## Other websites 
*Council of Europe - Official site
De facto

***De facto*** is a phrase from the Latin language that means "in fact" or "in practice".  It is often used in  to *de jure* (which means "by law") when talking about law, governance, or technique.  When talking about law, "*de jure*" is used to describe what the law says, and "*de facto*" is used to describe what actually happens.

*De facto* is sometimes also used when there is no appropriate law or standard, but a common practice, that may not necessarily be widely accepted, exists. For example, the *de jure* name of Bill Clinton is William Jefferson Clinton.  This is his name according to official records.  His *de facto* name is Bill Clinton because this is what he is usually called.
Househusband

A  man who considers himself married and manages the household as his main occupation and whose spouse/partner usually earns the family income. Often looking after the children because the wife earns a better living. 

:
Fortaleza

**Fortaleza** is a city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Ceará. The city has a population of about 3 million people. It has an area of . The people who live in the city are known as *Fortalezenses*. The current mayor is José Sarto. 

The Pinto Martins International Airport connects Fortaleza with the major Brazilian cities. It also operates international flights. The Federal University of Ceará is located in Fortaleza.

## Location 
Fortaleza is located in the northeastern part of Brazil. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the east. To the south of the city are the cities of Pacatuba, Eusébio, Maracanaú and Itaitinga. To the east is the county of Aquiraz and the Atlantic Ocean. The city of Caucaia is west of Fortaleza. 

## Entertainment 
Things to do in Fortaleza includes bars, discos and restaurants. The area also has comedy shows with nationally famous people. An off-season carnival, *Fortal*, happens in Fortaleza, in July. Changes were made to the carnival in 2008. It now has parkinglots, bleachers, and a foodcourt. The event lasts four days. About 1.5 million people enjoy the nationally famous axé music bands. Fortaleza also has music festivals, for example Ceará Music. This event happens every year and lasts for three days. It includes local musicians and international pop rock musicians. Around twenty-five thousand people enjoy the concerts, electronic music tents, and fashionshows.
Port Dover, Ontario

**Port Dover** is a small fishing town in Ontario, Canada. During Friday the 13th, motorcycle fans dominate the town. There is also the famous *Arbor Restaurant* stand in the southern part of town where *Cherry Glows* are served instead of soft drinks and the bees frequent the outdoor place as much as the local customers and tourists do.

There was a public high school in the town where students aged 14 to 21 years of age study to earn their *Ontario High School Diploma*; it closed at the end of the 2013-14 school year. Port Dover is also the home to Ms. Carrie Sinkowski, a leader for rural equality, and a former candidate for the Canadian House of Commons. Live theatre is also done here as well as a miniature golf course, a beach, and a thriving seaport just to name a few attractions that Port Dover has to offer.

The town is dominated with little shops, with very few franchised businesses in the town; which sells irregular consumer items like British merchandise, local souvenirs and T-shirts that appeal to young tourists. Notable exceptions include Tim Hortons and Giant Tiger department store. On Friday the 13th, motorcycle people come to town in order to drink beer. However, they must be at least 19 years of age to perform this activity. While some violence has resulted in previous years, the 2007 running of the PD13 event was peaceful.
Julius Nyerere

**Julius Kambarage Nyerere** (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999), also known as **Mwalimu** (teacher), was President of Tanzania from 1964 to 1985. He was born in Butiama, Tanganyika. The direct descendant is Prince Kevin Nyerere.

Nyerere led Tanganyika to independence from the United Kingdom in 1961. He became the new country's first Prime Minister. The country became a republic in 1962. Nyerere was the country's first president. In 1964, Tanganyika united politically with Zanzibar and was renamed Tanzania. Nyerere was unopposed as the first president of the new country.

Nyerere used political repression against opponents. His attempt at using his socialist ideas of Ujamaa failed. This made Tanzania very poor and caused widespread starvation. He led the overthrow of Idi Amin's regime in Uganda.

Nyerere died of leukemia in London, England.

## Related pages 
* Museum Nyerere Memorial House

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Interahamwe

The **Interahamwe** (pronounced Een-tair-ah-hahm-way, with the 't' pronounced as an 'h') was the main mob army that started the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. In this mass murder, about one million Hutu and Tutsi people were killed.

## Methods 
The Interahamwe usually used machetes ('mupanga') to do the killing, but guns, grenades and primitive tools like nail-studded clubs and hoes were also used.

## Beginning 
About a half an hour after the President of Rwanda, Juvénal Habyarimana, was killed on the night of April 6, 1994, Interahamwe roadblocks were put up all over the city of Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. The violence that followed would last about 100 days. This resulted in at least 500,000 deaths, but some say even up to 800,000-1,000,000 deaths.
Lindsborg, Kansas

**Lindsborg** is an American city in the state of Kansas. It is called "Little Sweden"  and is located in McPherson County. Lindsborg is home to Bethany College.

## References
Campo Grande

**Campo Grande** is a city in Brazil. Campo Grande is the capital of Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil. Campo Grande means, "Great Field" in Portuguese, the language of Brazil. Campo Grande is home to the official headquarters of the Western Brazilian Army. Campo Grande's nickname is "Brown City," for it's brown colored soil.

Until the 1970s, Mato Grosso do Sul was part of Mato Grosso State. Even when Mato Grosso do Sul was part of Mato Grosso, Campo Grande had more people than the capital of Mato Groso, Cuiabá. When Mato Grosso do Sul left Mato Grosso and became its own Brazilian state, Campo Grande became the new capital.

Campo Grande International Airport serves Campo Grande and all of Mato Grosso do Sul State and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul is in Campo Grande.
Alarm clock

An **alarm clock** or **alarm** is a clock that alert an people or group of people at selected time such as 7:00AM. Most alarm clocks can make the sound to wake people up; some alarm clocks can make light or vibration. They can turn off sound or light just press button or handle. A classic along alarm clock has an extra hand or inset dial that how alarm will ring at selected time.

Most newer television, computers, mobile phones and digital watches have alarm features that automatically turn on or sound alerts at a selected time.

## Mobile phones alarms 
 have slide to turn off alarm]]
Many newer mobile phones have built-in alarm clock that do not need the phone to be turned on for the alarm to ring off. iPhone 2G became the first iPhone model to has a alarm function. Some of these mobile phones can set the alarm ringtone. Music can be downloaded to the phone and then chosen to play for waking.

## References
Customer service

**Customer service** is doing things to satisfy a purchaser's needs. This may be before, during, or after the purchase.

A major part of customer service is helping if merchandise is broken or not working properly. These situations are usually covered by a customer service policy.

Many stores will have a special desk or area where people can take their complaints. One purpose is to persuade the customer to buy other things later.

## Related pages
* Sales

## References
Democratic Kampuchea

**Democratic Kampuchea** was the official name of Cambodia, or Kampuchea, from 1976 to January 1979. Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge ruled the country. When Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1979 and took over the government, Democratic Kampuchea became the People's Republic of Kampuchea.

## Cambodian genocide
As many as 3,000,000 Cambodians ( of the Cambodian population) died in the Cambodian genocide ( **/** ) committed by Democratic Kampuchea's Khmer Rouge regime. This was around 25% of the population: one in every four people. 

### Killing fields
The Khmer Rouge massacred at least hundreds of thousands of people in the "killing fields," and buried them in mass graves to destroy evidence that could be used for proving their genocide. They also forced city populations into the countryside to work in labor camps, where many died from starvation, overwork, and disease. They removed the Khmer Rouge from power and propped up another pro-Vietnamese communist dictatorship, which was not recognized by many UN members. Many of whom immigrated to the United States afterwards.) through barbed wire.]]

### Trials
In 2006, the United Nations and the Cambodian government established a special court called the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). This court has tried some former Khmer Rouge leaders for crimes against humanity. He was eventually sentenced to life imprisonment.

In 2011, the ECCC convicted two top Khmer Rouge officials, Noun Chea and Khieu Samphan, for crimes against humanity, genocide, and breaking the Geneva Conventions.

## References
Sarcasm

.]]
**Sarcasm** is a figure of speech or speech comment which is extremely difficult to define. It is often a statement or comment which means the opposite of what it says. It may be made with the intent of humour, or it may be made to be hurtful.

The basic meaning is to be hostile under the cover of friendliness. The word's origin is Greek, *sarcasmus*, see sarchasaristic (Hobson 2018). However, it usually comes with a cue which helps the receiver to understand it. For example, a mother saying "Oh, that's clever!" when a child makes a mistake always signals her love with her tone of voice. Quite different when a hostile person says "Oh, here comes Mr Clever-clogs!". So a person learns how to decode the message.

Much more difficult it is when someone uses a neutral tone of voice, as in "deadpan" or "dry humor". Psychologists think such cases are basically hostile.

A point to remember is that it does not travel well in writing or translation.

## Related pages 
*Irony

## References
Brand

**Brand** might mean:

* an iron rod used to burn an ownership mark on cattle
* a trademark: a name, symbol, logo, or other item used to mark a product or maker. This distinguishes it from other companies and their products.
* the identity an organisation has
*a surname:
**David Brand (1912-1979), Australian politician
**Joel Brand (1906-1964), Hungarian humanitarian
**Ron Brand (born 1940), American retired baseball player
**Russell Brand (born 1975), British entertainer
Mud pie

**Mud pie** might mean:
*A pie made of mud, usually made by children during play
*Mississippi mud pie, a chocolate-based dessert
Apple pie

An **apple pie** is a pie or tart filled with apples. Sometimes it has whipped cream or ice cream on top. It is a common type of pie. It is commonly associated with American culture, e.g. the expression 'As American as apple pie'.

## Other websites
*A Apple Pie, by Kate Greenaway, 1886. Woodblock printed children's book, based on a much earlier rhyme; from Project Gutenberg
*Apple Pie  The largest apple pie recipes collection on the planet
Ribeirão Preto

**Ribeirão Preto** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population, in 2005, was 551,312 inhabitants and its area is 652.2 km². Its name means Black Creek in Portuguese.

## Other websites
Guarulhos

**Guarulhos** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population was 1,251,179 inhabitants in 2005 and its area is 317.1&nbsp;km².
1677

## Events 
* May 29 – Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians.
* May 31 – Danish ships clash with Swedish ships under Niels Iuel between Fehmarn and Warnemünde – Danish defeat the Swedish and capture number of ships.
* November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg.
Pumpkin pie

**Pumpkin pie** is a dessert pie with a spiced pumpkin-based custard filling. The pumpkin is a symbol of harvest time. In the United States and Canada, it is usually prepared for Thanksgiving and other occasions when pumpkin is in season.

Pies made from pumpkins use pie pumpkins that are about six-to-eight inches in diameter. Pie pumpkins are mostly smaller than jack-o'-lantern pumpkins.

## History
The pumpkin is native to North America. The pumpkin was an early export to France. During the 17th century, pumpkin pie recipes could be found in English cookbooks, like Hannah Woolley's ''The Gentlewoman's Companion'' (1675). But pumpkin "pies" made by early American colonists back then were more likely to be a savory soup rather than sweet custard in a crust.

It was not until the 19th century that pumpkin pie recipes appeared in American cookbooks. It also was not until that century that they became a part of the Thanksgiving dinner. The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England. The English method of cooking the pumpkin took a different course.

In the United States after the American Civil War, the pumpkin pie was resisted in the Southern United States as a symbol of Yankee culture brought to the South. Instead, the Southern United States prepared sweet potato pie.

## In popular culture
* Lydia Marie Child's Thanksgiving poem "Over the River and Through the Wood" refers to pumpkin pie in one of its verses. 

* John Greenleaf Whittier wrote in his poem "The Pumpkin": 

### Songs
"There's No Place like Home for the Holidays" makes a reference to homemade pumpkin pie from a man who wants to return to Pennsylvania"
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" says: "Later we'll have some pumpkin pie/And we'll do some caroling"
"Sleigh Ride makes reference to a happy feeling "as they pass around the coffee and the pumpkin pie" 

## References
São Bernardo do Campo

**São Bernardo do Campo** () is a Brazilian city in the ABC Region, state of São Paulo. Its population in 2003 was 745,161. Its area is .

The city was founded in 1553, one of the first cities in Brazil.
São Bernardo do Campo is very known because of the automobiles industries that came in 1950s, like: Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, Daimler Chrysler and Ford.

## Other websites 
* Official site of São Bernardo do Campo
São José dos Campos

**São José dos Campos** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2005 was 600,049 inhabitants. It is located about 100&nbsp;km (63 miles) from the city of São Paulo and has an area of 1,100 km² (424.7 mi²).
Osasco

**Osasco** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2016 was 696,382 inhabitants. Its area is 65 km².

## Other websites 
* Official site of Osasco
Google Earth

**Google Earth** is a virtual globe program that was first called Earth Viewer. Keyhole, Inc. created it in 2001. It has been owned by Google since 2004. The program maps the surface of Earth by combining pictures taken by satellites and airplanes. There are also 3D maps where users can look at areas from different angles. It is quite similar to Google Maps.

Google Earth is interactive and lets the user move the globe, and look at satellite imagery with overlays of roads, buildings, geographic features, and more. 

Teachers can use it to improve students' visual literacy. Students can use it to develop a background for three-dimensional and cultural differences.

## References 
## Related pages
*Google Maps

## Other websites 
*Official Google Earth website
*7 Things You Should Know About Google Earth
Google Videos

**Google Videos** is a division of the search engine Google that searches video sharing websites.

It is the successor to **Google Video**, a Google website that allowed people to upload videos through its servers so that they can be shared online. Google Video discontinued its service in August 2012, because of the high popularity of YouTube, which is a subsidiary of Google.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Zane Lowe

**Alexander Zane Reid Lowe** (born 7 August 1973) is a New Zealand radio disc jockey in the United Kingdom. He presents an early evening show on the British music radio station BBC Radio 1 on Mondays to Thursdays. Lowe also presented shows on the music television station MTV2.

## Other websites
*Official website
Dravidian languages

The **Dravidian languages** are a language family spoken by the Dravidian peoples. The languages are mainly spoken in South India, western Bangladesh, southern Sri Lanka and southern Pakistan. There are about 36 languages in this family. A total of about 215 million people speak the Dravidian languages.

Dravidian languages probably used to be spoken over a larger area of the Indian subcontinent. The are several ethnic groups in India, known as "Scheduled Tribes", that still speak their own Dravidian languages. Brahui, with 2,200,000 speakers, is a Dravidian language that is spoken in the Balochistan region of Pakistan. Kurukh language is spoken in parts of Nepal, Bhutan and Laos. The main Dravidian languages are below:
* Telugu: 85,000,000 speakers
* Tamil: 75,000,000 speakers
* Kannada: 49,000,000 speakers
* Malayalam: 38,000,000 speakers
* Brahui: 2,600,000 speakers

## Related pages 
* Languages of South Asia
William III of England

**William III and II** (4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702) was King of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689 (as William III) and he was king of Scotland from 11 April 1689 (as William II). He remained king until his death on 8 April 1702.

William was born in the Netherlands as Prince William Henry of Orange. His mother was Mary Stuart. Mary was the sister of the King of England, James II, so King James was William's uncle. William married King James's daughter Mary (his own first cousin) on 4 November 1677.

The Protestant majority in  England did not like King James, and he was overthrown in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688.  William landed in England (at Brixham) with a Dutch army.  When William landed, James's support melted away.  James was allowed to leave for France, and William became the last person to successfully invade England by force.   

The English Parliament offered the English crown to William and Mary jointly (and when one died the other would be monarch), making them William III and Mary II. This later came to be known as the reign of William and Mary. Laws were passed which protected Parliament from unreasonable acts of the Sovereign, guaranteed religious toleration to Protestant nonconformists, but restricted the religious liberty of Roman Catholics and non-Christian faiths.

William summoned a Convention of the Estates of Scotland in 1689 and sent them a conciliatory (~friendly) letter, unlike James, who had tried to give them orders.  On 11 April, the day of the English coronation, the Convention finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland. William and Mary were offered the Scottish crown, and they accepted on 11 May. The Jacobites tried for over 50 years to have James and his heirs reinstalled.

William's enemy was the King of France, Louis XIV, who protected and supported James in his efforts to return. In Ireland, the majority Roman Catholics were reinforced by French forces led by Jacobites. William personally led his army to victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. James fled back to France. 

There was next a Nine Years' War between a coalition led by William, and France. The Anglo-Dutch Alliance did well on sea and defeated a French fleet at La Hogue in 1692. On the other hand, the alliance lost Namur in 1692, and the Battle of Landen on land, in 1693.

Mary died on 12 December 1694 of smallpox, leaving William to rule alone. He was eventually succeeded by his sister-in-law, Queen Anne. One more fact is of great importance. In 1701 an Act of Parliament was passed which settled the succession of the thrones of England and Ireland on Protestants only. Scotland was not part of this arrangement until the parliamentary union of the two kingdoms in 1707.

## References
;Notes

## Other websites 
* [William III (Britain)](http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/William_III_(Britain))  Citizendium
Abigail Fillmore

**Abigail Powers Fillmore** (March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853), was the wife of Millard Fillmore, the 13th President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853.

She was born in Saratoga County, New York. Her father’s name was Lemuel Powers. Her father died shortly after her birth. After this, her mother moved away westward to less settled area. Abigail Powers had a brother also. Their mother gave them a good education with the help of her husband’s library. 

When Abigail Powers was around 19 years old and a student at an academy at New Hope, New York, she met Millard Fillmore. He was also studying in the same academy. They married in February 1826. In 1828, she had a son, named Millard Powers Fillmore. After few years, Fillmore bought a home in Buffalo, New York where she had a daughter, Mary Abigail. During the next few years, her husband was elected to the U.S. Congress. Her husband became a state comptroller. In 1849, her husband became the Vice President of the United States. The couple moved to the Washington, D.C.. After 16 months, President Zachary Taylor died. Millard Fillmore became the President and they moved into the White House.

During last several years, Abigail Powers had learnt to move in the high society. She did a fine role as the First Lady. 

She had a permanently injured ankle. This made standing difficult to greet guests. But she still continued to act as the first lady. Later on, due to her bad health, she gave many routine duties of the First Lady to her daughter, "Abby." 

Abigail Powers could get a special sanction of money from the government. With this, she bought many books for the library at the White House. After her husband’s retirement, she attended the inauguration of President Franklin Pierce. She returned to her hotel room. Due to very chill weather, she became sick with pneumonia. On 30th March, 1853, she died of pneumonia. In her respect, the United States Congress adjourned (that is, stopped working) for that day, and government offices remained closed. She was buried at Buffalo. 

After about five years of her death, her husband married a widow named Caroline Fillmore of Buffalo, New York. Millard died on March 8, 1874.
Javelin

A **javelin** is a light spear designed to be thrown. Historically it was a weapon, but from the Ancient Greeks to today it is used for sport. The javelin is almost always thrown by hand.

The javelin throw is a sports event, one of the field events which survive from the original Olympic Games. The athlete holds the javelin in one hand and, while running, throws it as far as possible. It is an official Olympic sport.

Unlike other throwing events, javelin allows the competitor to build speed over a considerable distance.
 
## Related pages 
*Discus throw
*Hammer throw
*Shot put
*Track and field athletics

## References
Edward Elgar

**Sir Edward William Elgar,** **1st Baronet** OM GCVO  (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was the most famous English composer of his time. He composed in the late romantic era.
## Birth
Elgar was born in Broadheath, Worcestershire. His father owned a music shop. Apart from having violin lessons Elgar taught himself about music, he studied the printed music in his father’s shop and often travelled with him when he went on his rounds to tune pianos. He heard a lot of cathedral music and often practised the organ. He took over his father’s job as church organist and soon became conductor of local orchestras and bands.

Worcester was a small town but the music there was good. The Three Choirs Festival took place there every third year. In 1884 he was playing the violin in the orchestra when the great Czech composer Dvořák was conducting.
## Marriage
In 1889 Elgar married. His wife Caroline Alice Roberts came from a family who had more money than the Elgars, and she was 8 years older than he was. Many people did not approve of the marriage, but she was a good wife to him and encouraged him in his efforts to be a successful composer.
## Works
In 1899 Elgar wrote an orchestral piece called the *Enigma Variations*. There is a main tune, and then a series of variations on the tune. Each variation describes one of his friends, but he did not say which friends they were: he only put their initials or nickname at the top of each variation. This is why the piece is an enigma (a “puzzle” or “secret”). People have managed to work out who each friend was, but the meaning of the main tune is still a puzzle. This music made Elgar very famous. 

The next work that he wrote is probably his greatest work: *The Dream of Gerontius* (1900). It is an oratorio. Gerontius is an old man who is dying and thinking about whether God will punish him for his sins or save him and take him to heaven. Elgar wrote two other oratorios: *The Apostles* and *The Kingdom*. He wrote two symphonies, a violin concerto, a cello concerto, Introduction and Allegro for Strings, Sea Pictures (five songs for mezzo soprano and orchestra) and chamber music including a violin sonata, a string quartet and a piano quintet.

Throughout his life his wife helped him by ruling neat manuscript lines on plain paper so that he could write his music. After she died in 1920 Elgar was so sad that he stopped composing. He died of colorectal cancer in Worcester.

Elgar’s most popular piece is the first of his *Pomp and Circumstance Marches*. It has the tune which is sung to the words “Land of Hope and Glory” and the audience always join in singing it at the Last Night of the Proms.
Polyp

: left, medusa and right, polyp]]

**Polyps** are one of two forms of the cnidarians. The other body form is the medusa. Polyps have a vase-shaped body with tentacles around the mouth opening.

Polyps may be sexual or asexual. They can all reproduce asexually by budding. In some species, the polyps can also reproduce sexually.

When medusae mate, the result may be polyps, when polyps replicate, the result may be medusae. The details vary between species. Some species are polyps all the time (such as *Hydra*, and the whole of the class Anthozoa (corals and anemones). 

In many cases the asexual buds formed do not separate from the parent but remain, thus forming colonies or 'stocks'. These may reach a great size, and contain a vast number of individuals. Slight differences in the method of budding produce great variations in the form of the colonies. The reef-building corals are polyp-colonies, strengthened by the formation of a firm skeleton.

Jellyfish (class Medusozoa) have two distinct life history stages (body forms) during their life cycle. The first is the polyp stage. Often, this polyp is attached to the sea floor, or to another hard surface. A polyp that lives that way is called sessile. 

In the second stage, the tiny polyps asexually produce jellyfish, each of which is known as a medusa. Tiny jellyfish swim away from the polyp and then grow and feed in the plankton. Jellyfish reproduce both sexually and asexually.

## References
Georges Bizet

**Georges Bizet** (25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875) was a French composer of the Romantic period. He is best known for his opera *Carmen*, which is the best-known of all French operas.

Bizet was born in Paris and died in Bougival. After he died, most of his work was not popular. Many of the manuscripts he made were lost. After many years, his work started to be performed more.

## References