open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Waka (poetry)

**Waka** () or **Yamato uta** is a genre of Japanese poetry. Waka literally means *"Japanese poem"* in Japanese. The word *waka* was originally created by poets during the Heian Period to make clear the difference between native Japanese poetry and the *kanshi* (, "Chinese poems"). This meant that they put together several different styles, one of them being **tanka** ( lit. "short poem") and the other **chōka** ( lit. "long poem"). There are others: **bussokusekika** ( lit. "rock of the Buddha's footprint poem"), **sedōka** ( lit. "whirling head poem") and **katauta** ( lit. "poem fragment").

These last three forms were no longer used at the beginning of the Heian Period, and *chōka* also disappeared a short time after. So, the term *waka* came in time to mean the same as *tanka*. Tanka is a much older form of Japanese poetry than haiku.

Waka did not follow any rules of rhyme, nor line; it was a free style kind of poetry. This can be seen in this example of tanka written by poet Yamanoue no Okura (660 - 733)

*Hyakunin Isshu

## Other websites
*Ogura Hyakunin Isshu - 100 Poems by 100 Poets  at University of Virginia Library Japanese Text Initiative
* 2001 Waka for Japan 2001 
*American Tanka magazine 
*Tanka Society of America 
*Selected Tanka Bibliography with notes
Isra' and Mi'raj

.  He is riding a creature called a Buraq.]]
The '''Isra and Mi'raj''' are two parts of a story that Muslims tell about Muhammad.  They say that in the year 621, while he was resting in the Kaaba in Mecca, an angel came to him, with an animal called a Buraq.  The Buraq carried Muhammad to a mosque that was far away, and then the Buraq took Muhammad up into heaven.  While in Heaven, Muhammad met Adam and Moses and Allah (God), and then came back down to Earth.

Every year, Muslims hold a festival for the Isra and Mi'raj.  They bring their children to the mosques, where the children can hear the story, and then pray with the grownups.  Afterwards there is a feast and everyone can eat.
Jorge Luis Borges

**Jorge Luis Borges** (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986) was an Argentine writer. He was best known in the English-speaking world for his short stories and fictive essays. Borges was also a poet, critic, translator and man of wisdom.

He was influenced by authors such as Dante Alighieri, Miguel de Cervantes, Franz Kafka, H.G. Wells, Rudyard Kipling, Arthur Schopenhauer and G. K. Chesterton.

## Quotations 
* "The earth we inhabit is an error, an incompetent parody. Mirrors and paternity are abominable because they multiply and affirm it." — (dogma of a fictional religion in "Hakim, the masked dyer of Merv".  Part of this quote is also attributed to a heresiarch of Uqbar in "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius".)

* "The central fact of my life has been the existence of words and the possibility of weaving those words into poetry."

* "I do not write for a select minority, which means nothing to me, nor for that adulated platonic entity known as 'The Masses'. Both abstractions, so dear to the demagogue, I disbelieve in. I write for myself and for my friends, and I write to ease the passing of time." — *Introduction to The Book of Sand*

* "I have always imagined that paradise will be a kind of library."

## Other websites 
*Borges Center, University of Iowa : important internet resources including bibliographies, chronologies, full text articles and books, and information on the journal Variaciones Borges
* BBC Radio 4: *In Our Time*  Archive page for edition about Borges in a series on the 'History of Ideas'. Includes link to streaming audio.
* The Modern Word: The Garden of Forking Paths . A comprehensive Web site dedicated to exploring Borges and his work, including pages that discuss writers that Borges influenced.
* Internetaleph. Fully bilingual (English/Spanish) portal dedicated to Jorge Luis Borges. Links, recent news, reading suggestions and an introduction for beginners.
* The Borgesian Cyclopaedia . "Being a Virtual Reference to the World of Jorge Luis Borges".
* Hallucinating Spaces, or the Aleph  An essay from *Borgesland* by Susana Medina
* The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society & Associates  A non-Governmental and not for profit organization with four distinctive entities that aim to promote artistic and intellectual talents along with civic virtues in new generations of mankind. Borges' works ("a writer of writers" for his extensive and insightful readings) are celebrated as a thread of Ariadne to walk the labyrinths of Philosophy and Literature and all fields of knowledge in quest of wisdom.
* Fundación San Telmo's Jorge Luis Borges Collection 
* The Norton Lectures, delivered at Harvard University in the fall of 1967, by Jorge Luis Borges 
* Borges' Bad Politics Slate.com presents an essay by Clive James arguing that Borges could have done more to engage with Argentina's political situation
* *"El Tango"*  on audio MP3 (in Spanish)
* Rend(er)ing L.C.: Susan Daitch Meets Borges & Borges, Delacroix, Marx, Derrida, Daumier, and Other Textualized Bodies William A. Nericcio (1993); pdf full-text
* Poem of Jorge Luis Borges in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 'Fundación mítica de Buenos Aires'
Vizier

A **vizier**  is an Arabic word for a kind of government official in some Muslim countries. A vizier would usually work for a Muslim monarch like a Caliph, Sultan or an Emir.

## Related pages
*Grand vizier

## Notes
## References
* Etymology OnLine
* Royal Ark, dynasties in historical context - see each muslim nation quoted in this article, often in the section 'Glossary'
* WorldStatesmen - click on each Islamic present state
Wind power in Texas

V47-660kW wind turbine at American Wind Power Center in Lubbock, Texas]]
]]
**Wind power in Texas** consists of many wind farms with a total installed generating capacity of 9,410&nbsp;MW from over 40 different projects. Texas produces the most wind power of any U.S. state, followed by Iowa with 3,670&nbsp;MW.

Several forces are working to the advantage of wind power in Texas: the wind resource in many areas of the state is very large, large projects are relatively easy to site, and the market price for electricity is relatively high because it is set by natural gas prices. The wind power industry is also creating many jobs and farmers may earn extra income by leasing their land to wind developers.

The Roscoe Wind Farm (781 MW) is the world's largest wind farm. Other large wind farms in Texas include: Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, Sherbino Wind Farm, Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm, Sweetwater Wind Farm, Buffalo Gap Wind Farm, King Mountain Wind Farm, Desert Sky Wind Farm, Wildorado Wind Ranch, and the Brazos Wind Farm.

## Overview
Wind power has a long history in Texas. West Texas State University began wind energy research in 1970 and led to the formation of the Alternative Energy Institute (AEI) in 1977. AEI has been a major information resource about wind energy for Texas.

Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development in the USA, ahead of Iowa and California. The expanding wind power market will help Texas meet its 2015 renewable energy goal of 5,000 new megawatts of power from renewable sources.

The table below lists the larger wind farms in Texas, currently operating or under construction. Wind farms which are smaller than 120 MW in capacity are not shown.

 off I-10]]
 near Elm Mott, an increasingly common sight in Texas]]
Several forces are driving the growth of wind power in Texas: the wind resource in many areas of the state is very large, large projects are relatively easy to site, and the market price for electricity is set by natural gas prices and so is relatively high.

Wind is a highly variable resource, but with proper understanding it can be readily incorporated into an electric utility's generation mix. Many areas contain areas with winds presently suitable for electric power generation. The number of commercially attractive sites will expand as wind turbine technology improves and development costs continue to drop.

Texas farmers may lease their land to wind developers for either a set rental per turbine or for a small percentage of gross annual revenue from the project. This offers farmers a fresh revenue stream without impacting traditional farming and grazing practices. Although leasing arrangements vary widely, the U. S. Government Accountability Office reported in 2004 that a farmer who leases land to a wind project developer can generally obtain royalties of $3,000 to $5,000 per turbine per year in lease payments. These figures are rising as larger wind turbines are being produced and installed. Wind technology and the various aspects of producing electricity from wind power can help to keep employment in Texas after the rigs stop producing oil.

## References
Yu Suzuki

is a famous Japanese game designer.  He was born in 1958.  For most of his life, he has worked for Sega.  Some people say he is as famous as Shigeru Miyamoto.  Suzuki created games like *Hang-On* and *Virtua Fighter* and *Shenmue*.  He was person #6 who was added to the Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame.

Both of Suzuki's parents were school teachers.  When Suzuki was growing up, he wanted to be a dentist.  But he could not pass the test, so he decided to study computers instead.  In 1983 he started working at Sega.  In 1993 he wrote a famous game called Virtua Fighter.  It was so famous, that it was added to the Smithsonian museum in Washington DC, as an example of an important game.
## Personal life
Suzuki said in an interview that he greatly enjoys creating games. However, he has doesn't care much about playing them. he would rather spend his free time watching movies and visiting theme parks.

## Games developed
### Canceled games
On top of games, Yu Suzuki lead the creation of a technical demo "Tower of Babel" prepared for the Dreamcast showcase at Tokyo New Otani Hotel on May 1st 1998. 

## Hardware developed
*Sega Space Harrier (1985)
*Sega Model 1 (1992)

*Dreamcast (1998)
*Sega NAOMI (1998)

## References
Offering

**Offering** can mean any of the following:

*An **offering** is a donation during religious worship. See also alms, tithe, charity, gift and virtue.

*An **offering** can mean a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life (blood sacrifice), or a sacrifice of precious things. An offering may also be in money, or may be of a purely spiritual nature, like offering one's heart or life to God (see also Oblation).

*An offering, in Buddhism, is a form of prayer.
Tsukioka Yoshitoshi

, also called   or **Yoshitoshi**,  was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

His adopted son was Tsukoka Kōgyō (1869-1927), who was also an artist.

## Gallery

File:Yoshitoshi - Fukami Jikyû - Tsuki hyakushi no. 55.jpg|From *100 Aspects of the Moon* (*Tsuki hyakushi*), 1885
Image:yoshitoshi 32 aspect.jpg|From *32 Aspects of Women* (*Fusoku Sanjuniso*), 1888

## References
## Other websites
* Artencyclopedia.com, Tsukioka Yoshitoshi Online
Odawara Castle

is a landmark in the city of Odawara in Kanagawa Prefecture. It was the fortress of various daimyo during the Muromachi period of Japanese history.

Odawara Castle was destroyed by the Meiji government. However, present Odawara Castle was rebuilt in 1960. It serves as a museum and is designated as an important historical monument. Odawara Castel premise is a park, and there are zoo and small amusement park in addition to historical site such as Castel tower. It was voted the 100 best historic parks in Japan in October, 2006.

## References 
## Other websites
*Odawara Castle
Hank Williams Jr.

**Randall Hank Williams** (born May 26, 1949) is an American musician and songwriter. He is the son of country music legend Hank Williams. His nickname is "Bocephus", given to him by his father. He has a half-sister, named Jett Williams.

From his boyhood, Hank Jr., performed his father's music publicly, because many people were still interested in it, and Hank Sr.'s career was cut short by alcohol and drug abuse. Young Williams wanted to perform music of his own, and to have his own musical career apart from his father's, but it was hard to "get out from his father's shadow", and be recognized for his own talents.

In time, Williams met musicians who liked him for his own ideas, and helped him to develop his own kind of music. He was able to become an original writer and performer, while still being proud to be Hank Sr.'s son. Some of his father's fans were sad that he wanted to do this, but others understood. He also gained new fans, performing his new music.

Some of Williams's songs are "Eleven Roses", "Family Tradition", "Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound", "All My Rowdy Friends", and "A Country Boy Can Survive". Even though he had hit records and many fans, it took years for people in country music to accept him and his chosen style. Williams lost out on many awards he could have earned. Finally in the 1980s, he began to win awards as a country performer.

In the 1990s, Williams recorded a  with his father, by using an old recording, and the two appeared together in a music video through electronic editing.

In 2005, Williams donated $125,000 to relief efforts in Mississippi, after Hurricane Katrina. 

## Discography
;Singles
*"Long Gone Lonesome Blues" (1964)
*"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight" (1984)
*"The Party's On" (2016)

;Studio albums

*''Your Cheatin' Heart* (1964)
**Connie Francis and Hank Williams Jr. Sing Great Country Favorites* (1964)
**Ballads of the Hills and Plains* (1965)
**Blues My Name* (1965)
**A Time to Sing* (1967)
**Songs My Father Left Me* (1969)
**Luke the Drifter Jr. Vol. 2* (1969)
**Live at Cobo Hall* (1969)
**Sunday Morning* (1969)
**After You, Pride's Not Hard to Swallow* (1973)
**One Night Stands* (1977)
**Hank Williams Jr. and Friends* (1975)
**The New South* (1977)
**Family Tradition* (1979)
**Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound* (1979)
**Habits Old and New* (1980)
**Rowdy* (1981)
**The Pressure Is On* (1981)
**High Notes* (1982)
**Strong Stuff* (1983)
**Man of Steel* (1983)
**Major Moves* (1984)
**Five-O* (1985)
**Montana Cafe* (1986)
**Hank Live* (1987)
**Born to Boogie* (1987)
**Wild Streak* (1988)
**Lone Wolf* (1990)
**Pure Hank* (1991)
**Maverick* (1992)
**Out of Left Field* (1993)
**Hog Wild* (1995)
**A.K.A. Wham Bam Sam* (1996)
**Three Hanks: Men with Broken Hearts* (1996)
**Stormy* (1999)
**The Almeria Club Recordings* (2002)
**I'm One of You* (2003)
**127 Rose Avenue* (2009)
**Old School New Rules* (2012)
* *It's About Time'' (2016)

## References
Mesosphere

The **mesosphere** is a part of the atmosphere. It is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. On Earth, the mesosphere starts at 50 kilometers above the planet to about 90 km above the planet. 

The mesosphere is the most poorly understood part of the atmosphere. The mesosphere lies above the highest point for flying a plane, but below the lowest point for flying a spaceship. It also has a layer of electrically charged particles called the ionosphere.

## Other websites 
* Description with links to other atmospheric topics
Ab urbe condita

**Ab urbe condita** is a way to measure time.

## Origin 
The phrase is Latin. It literally means *from when the city was founded*. The city talked about is the city of Rome. This way of measuring time was not used in Classical antiquity. The first to have used it was the historian Orosius, about 400 AD.

## History 
Marcus Terentius Varro found out that the city of Rome was founded 440 years after the fall of Troy. Romulus and Remus founded it. Varro thought that was in the spring of 753 BC.

Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius thought that Rome was founded one year after the 7th Olympic Games. That would have been in 752 BC.

## Other works 
Ab urbe condita is also the main work of Titus Livius, a Roman historian.
Magnetosphere

comes from left to right]]

A **magnetosphere** is a region around an astronomical object, such as a planet. It is the region where charged particles are  affected by the object's magnetic field. The magnetosphere of the Sun is called the heliosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the heliosphere. 

Since a magnetosphere is magnetic, it is invisible. However, the Earth's magnetosphere makes the Aurora. This causes the famous "Northern Lights" that shimmer in the night sky near the North Pole.

The border between magnetospheres is called a magnetopause and includes the bow shock.

## References
Utagawa Kunisada

**Utagawa Kunisada** (; 1786&nbsp;– 12&nbsp;January 1865), also known as **Utagawa Toyokuni III** (, ), was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

## Gallery

Image:Kunisada yoshiwara.jpg|*The Hours of the Yoshiwara*, c. 1818
File:Brooklyn Museum - View of Fuji from Miho Bay - Utagawa Toyokuni III (Kunisada).jpg|*View of Fuji from Miho Bay,* c. 1830
Image:Kunisada futamigaura.jpg|*Dawn at Futamigaura*, c. 1830
File:Hana No En.jpg|*Under the Cherry Blossoms*, 1852

## References
## Other websites 
* The Utagawa Kunisada Project
* List of Kunisada pictures
* Kunisada
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The **Massachusetts Institute of Technology** (**MIT**) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, and it has 32 academic departments, and gives much importance to scientific and technological research. MIT students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards, including 76 Nobel Prizes. In 2013 QS ranked MIT as the best university in the world. It started in 1861. It is one of the most selective universities. It accepted 8.9% of people who applied for class of 2016. Nine months' tuition and fees for 2012–2013 is $42,050. MIT gives financial aid so that anyone who is good enough can pay. In 2011-2012 64% of undergraduates had some kind of financial aid. The student:faculty ratio is 8:1. 45% of undergraduates are women. The most popular major is engineering.

## Other websites
* MIT, official web site
* MyMIT, admissions web site
* MIT Alumni Association

### Publications
* MIT OpenCourseWare, Free online publication of nearly all MIT course materials
*The Tech , student newspaper, the world's first newspaper on the web
*Tech Talk, MIT's official newspaper
*Technology Review, alumni magazine
*MIT Press, university press & publisher

### Maps
*MIT Maps 
*Early Maps of both the Boston and Cambridge Campuses  maintained by MIT's Institute Archives & Special Collections

## References
Taneda Santoka

was the pen name of a Japanese writer. He is known for writing haiku of free verse. His real name was Taneda Shouichi (種田正一).

## Other websites 
* e-texts of Santoka's works at Aozora Bunko
* Weeds, Falling Rain  a selection of Zen Haikai by Santoka Taneda, translated by Okami
* Santoka - a biography and poems 
*SANTOKA by Kametaro
* Fire on the Mountain: The Selected Haiku of a Wandering Zen Monk Taneda Santoka  translated by Hisashi Miura and James Green
* SANTOKA and SAKE by endoy
Cid Corman

**Cid (Sidney) Corman** (June 29, 1924 – March 12, 2004) was an American poet well known for editing the magazine *Origin*.

## Other websites 
*Thirty-one poems 
*Cid Corman on poetry over the radio, October 1952
*CID CORMAN & ORIGIN PRESS
*A large collection of Cid Corman's manuscripts is held at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at Austin 
*Additional papers (1942-76) are held in the Special Collections library at Kent State University 
*Additional papers (1962-1964) are held in the Special Collections library at Washington University, Saint Louis 
*An essay on Corman 
*New Origin Web site 
*About.com  Web page on Corman
*obituary in *The Guardian* of London
The Colbert Report

***The Colbert Report*** was an American television talk show starring Stephen Colbert.

It was aired on Comedy Central Monday to Thursday, starting October 17, 2005. The last episode aired on December 18, 2014. It was a spin-off of *The Daily Show with Jon Stewart*. Colbert acts as if he is very conservative, as a parody. His show makes fun of different conservative political commentary shows, especially Bill O'Reilly's show ''The O'Reilly Factor* on Fox News. The show also has many guests, usually one each night on the last part of his show. They are authors, actors, politicians, musicians and others. He also sometimes has other guests in other segments in his show, such as Congress members in his "Better Know a District" segment. The show is directed by Jim Hoskinson.

Colbert has also written three books with the writers of his show. The first book from 2007 is called *I Am America (And So Can You!)'' as the character he plays on television.

The show is aired in Canada on The Comedy Network, The Comedy Channel in Australia, and Comedy Central in New Zealand.

The show won two Emmy Awards in 2013. It ended in December 2014.

## Other websites 
*
*Colbert Nation
Octavio Paz

**Octavio Paz Lozano** (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat. He won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.

On April 19, 1998, Paz died of cancer in Mexico City, Mexico.

## Other websites 
* Pegasos biography 
* Nobel museum biography and list of works 
*  Octavio Paz's complete poems and essays from *Vuelta* magazine and literary criticism on his work
*  Octavio Paz: 'La verdad contra el compromiso'
Lenard Moore

**Lenard Duane Moore** (born February 13, 1958) is an American writer. He was born in Jacksonville, North Carolina. He has written more than 20 forms of poetry, drama, essays and literary criticism. He has been writing and publishing haiku for 25 years.

## Poetry
Lenard's poetry has been translated into several languages. He has written the following:
**Poems of Love & Understanding* (Carlton Press, 1982)
**The Open Eye* (NC Haiku Society Press, 1985)
**Forever Home* (St. Andrews College Press, 1992)
**Desert Storm: A Brief History* (Los Hombres Press, 1993)

## Awards
*1983, 1994, 2003 Haiku Museum of Tokyo Award
*1987-1988 Japan Air Lines Haiku Contest Finalist out of 40,000 entries
*1992 First Prize Winner in Traditional Style Haiku,Mainichi Daily News:Tokyo, JAPAN
*1992 Third Prize Harold G. Henderson Award, Haiku Society of America
*1996 Indies Arts Award
*1997 Margaret Walker Creative Writing Award
*1998 Tar Heel of the Week Award
*1998-2000 Cave Canem Fellow
*2000 Alumni Achievement Award
*2001 The Heron's Nest Award, First Runner-up for poem "summer moon-"
*2006 Sam Ragan Fine Arts Award for contributing to the fine arts of North Carolina
Raymond Roseliep

**Raymond Roseliep** (August 11, 1917 – December 6, 1983) was a poet. He wrote haiku. He was a Catholic priest. He has been described as "the John Donne of Western haiku".

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## Other websites 
*Selected Roseliep haiku
*An academic analysis of the poems of Roseliep
Kenneth Rexroth

**Kenneth Rexroth** (December 22, 1905 – June 6, 1982) was an American writer. He was one of the first poets in the United States to write in traditional Japanese poetic forms such as haiku. Rexroth is known as one of the main figures in the San Francisco Renaissance.

## Other websites 
*In Fall 2006, the literary journal Chicago Review  published a special issue on Rexroth that includes a large collection of his correspondence, an interview conducted by Bradford Morrow, and several essays and poems in his honor.
*Introduction to Sacramental Acts: The Love Poems of Kenneth Rexroth 
*Kenneth Rexroth Archive, a collection of works by and about Rexroth
*A biography of Kenneth Rexroth - focussing on his anarchist and working class politics
*Kenneth Rexroth , from the Anarchist Encyclopedia
*Communalism, Seabury 1972, e-text
* A Life of Kenneth Rexroth - R book reviews http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2078/is_n1_v37/ai_14766065 ; Fall, 1993; Donald Gutierrez; Literary Review
* On Rexroth's Poetry ; 1999; Donald K. Gutierrez; Modern American Poetry; Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign;
Gary Snyder

**Gary Snyder** (born May 8, 1930) is an American writer. He is also an essayist, lecturer, and environmental activist. Snyder is a winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.  Since the 1970s, he has often been called the "laureate of Deep Ecology." Since the 1950s, he has published travel-journals and essays.

## Other websites 
*Lannan Foundation, Wendell Berry and Gary Snyder 2001 (see Wendell Berry entry for link)
*1991 audio interview with Gary Snyder by Don Swaim of CBS Radio - RealAudio 
*Gary Snyder - Books, Selected Poems, Prose and Biography - in Russian 
*Blue Neon Alley - Selected Poems, Quotes and Directory 
*Shambala Sun article "The Wild Mind Of Gary Snyder" by Trevor Carolan 
* Modern American Poetry Collection - Ball State University Archives and Special Collections Research Center - Other website
Sonia Sanchez

**Sonia Sanchez** (born September 9, 1934) is an African-American poet. She is known for being part of the Black Arts Movement. 

Sanchez was born **Wilsonia Benita Driver** in Birmingham, Alabama on September 9, 1934. She studied at Hunter College, and New York University. She founded the Black Studies program at San Francisco State University. She was poet-in-residence at Temple University. 

She has written over twelve books of poetry. She has also written plays and children's books.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites 
*Academy of American Poets
*Sonia Sanchez Biography at Voices from the Gap
*Approaches to Teaching Sonia Sanchez's Poetry
*An Evening with Sonia Sanchez 
*Painted Voices: Sonia Sanchez Biography 
*Women of Color Women of Word 
*Sonia Sanchez Biography at Speak Out 
*Sonia Sanchez Article at the Heath Anthology of American Literature
Genpei Akasegawa

was a pseudonym of Japanese conceptual artist  (born 27 March 1937, died 26 October 2014). He started the art group Hi-Red Center with Jiro Takamatsu and Natsuyuki Nakanishi in 1963. Akasegawa helped to start the "Roadside Observation" art group (路上観察学会 in Japanese) with Terunobu Fujimori in 1986. He also created the word *Tomason* to describe a kind of found art. Tomason are parts of buildings that seem useless, but are interesting.

He used another pen name  for novels. He won the Akutagawa Prize in 1981 for a short story called "Chichi ga kieta".

## Works 
*超芸術トマソン (*Chōgeijutsu Tomason*), Byakuya shobō, 1985.  Reissue: Chikuma bunko, 1987, .
*仙人の桜、俗人の桜 : にっぽん解剖紀行 (*Sennin no sakura, zokujin no sakura*), JTB Nihon Kotsu Kosha Shuppan Jigyokyoku, 1993, .
*東京ミキサー計画 (*Tōkyō mikisā keikaku*), PARCO, 1984.  Reissue: Chikuma bunko, 1994, .

## References 
## Other websites 
*Genpei Akasegawa 
*Genpei Akasegawa
Aries (astrology)

**Aries** is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Aries. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun meets Aries from March 21 to April 20 beginning at the vernal equinox. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is now from April 15 to May 15. The opposite sign to Aries is Libra. The  month in the Babylonian calendar is *Arax Nisânu*, which is made for Anu.

## The symbol 
This sign for Aries was made from many stars which made up the head of the Aries constellation. The head of Aries is called *Aluathay* or *Salhay* and it is made up of four stars.

## Mythology 
In mythology Aries is related to Greek myth of the ram which carried Athamas's son Phrixus and daughter Helle to Colchis away from their evil stepmother Ino. This ram is also related to Theseus, from the Greek myth of the Minotaur.

## Astrology 
In astrology Aries is ruled by the planet Mars.

The Indian equivalent of Aries is **Mesha**, the Chinese equivalent is the Dragon.

## Traditional relationships with Aries 
* Birthstone =  Aquamarine, Diamond
* Starstone = Amethyst
* Colours = Red, White, Pink
* Metal = Platinum, Gold, Bronze

## References
Christy Turlington

**Christy Nicole Turlington** (born January 2, 1969) is an American supermodel. She grew up in Danville, California. Her father was British commercial pilot. Her mother was a Salvadoran flight attendant. 

Turlington is best known for representing Calvin Klein perfumes. She has done this since 1987. She has also worked on various campaigns for Maybelline and Giorgio Armani. She has appeared in several movies about the fashion industry.
Premier

**Premier** is a title that some countries might use for their head of government, sometimes used instead of Prime Minister. In some other countries, such as Canada, the Premier could be title of a regional government of a province or other local division.

## British Colonies 
When a colony is first allowed to elect its own government the head of the government is called the *Chief Minister*.  As the colony gets more able to rule itself it is given more powers and the title  of the Chief Minister is changed to *Premier*.  When the colony becomes independent the Premier becomes a Prime Minister, and British government ministers lose any authority to rule the new country.

## Australia and Canada 
The leader of the federal governments in Australia and Canada is called the Prime Minister, but the leader of the governments in Australian states and Canadian Provinces is called the Premier. This is because the states and provinces are not independent.

## References
Taurus (astrology)

]]

**Taurus** is an astrological sign, which is related with the constellation Taraus (a group of stars that make the shape of an animal or person) of the same name. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun meets Taraus from April 20 to May 20, and under the sidereal zodiac, it is currently from May 14 to June 19. 

## Mythology 
In mythology, Taurus is often with the Greek myth of the bull-form taken by Zeus in order to win Europa. Taurus is also associated with the Greco-Roman goddess Aphrodite/Venus and sometimes also the goddesses Hera/Juno, Ishtar, Isis, Freyja, and Frigg and the gods Pan, Dionysus/Bacchus, Xolotl, and Quetzalcoatl.

## Traditional relationships with Taurus 
* Birthstone=Emerald
* Colors=  Sea Green, Pale Blue, Pink 
* Gemstones= Diamond, Emerald
* Starstone= Red Coral
* Metal= Silver, Platinum, Tin, Copper, gold

## Famous people born in Taurus 
* Janet Jackson - musician, model, actress
* Lizzo - musician, model, actress
* Stevie Wonder - musician
* Ariyan A. Johnson- actress, model
* Malcolm X - civil rights activist, philosopher
* Trent Reznor - singer, producer, composer of Nine Inch Nailss
* Miranda Cosgrove - actress, model and singer
* Fred Astair - stage dancer, actor, singer
* George Clooney - actor, film director
* Joe Louis - boxer
* Elizabeth II - royalty
* Jack Nicholson - actor
* Ulysses S. Grant - eighteenth president of the United States of America
* Michelle Pfieffer - actress
* Sergei Prokofiev - composer
* Sugar Ray Robinson - boxer
* James Stewart - actor
* Orson Wells - film director, film producer, radio producer, screenwriter
* Audrey Hepburn - actress
* Dennis Rodman - athlete
* David Beckham - athlete
* Jessica Alba - actress
* Penelope Cruz - actress
* Katharine Hepburn - actress
* Swami Sri yukteswar giri- guru and yogi
* Miranda Kerr - model
* Linda Evangelista - model
* Satyajit Ray - director
* Adele- Singer, actress
* Prince Minor II Thakur Vinayak Singh Oberoi- Author, Philanthropist
* Mark Zuckerberg- Facebook founder

## Other websites
Aviation

**Aviation** refers to flying using an aircraft, like an aeroplane. It also includes the activities and industries related to flight, such as air traffic control. The biggest of the many uses of aviation are in air travel and military combat.

## History 
Humans first built devices to fly in the air a long time ago. In the sixth century, Yuan Huangtou from China created a kite. Some primitive types of parachutes and gliders were also created in North Africa.

The modern age of aviation started on November 21, 1783, when the Montgolfier brothers flew in their hot air balloon. Airships followed. On December 17, 1903, the  Wright brothers flew the first flight in an aeroplane which was heavier than air; their invention is known as the first aeroplane.

Military aircraft became somewhat important in World War I. In the 1930s airliners began carrying many passengers. Jet engines began flying in fighter aircraft in World War II and in airliners in the 1950s.

## References
Igbo language

**Igbo** is a language spoken in Nigeria. It is spoken by more than 18 million people. Igbo is a tonal language. The language is written in the Roman script.

## References
Prince of Wales

**Prince of Wales** is a royal title. It is usually held by the eldest son of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. It is the title of the royal who is first in line to the throne. The title is not automatic, but is given by the reigning monarch.

When a person becomes King or Queen, their eldest son immediately becomes Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay. The current Prince of Wales, Prince William, was born in 1982, and was known as *Prince William of Wales* (his father is King Charles III). In 2022, his father became King, and he became *The Duke of Cornwall* (in Scotland he was called *The Prince William, Duke of Rothesay*).  In 2022, the King made him *Prince of Wales*, and he is now called Prince of Wales, except in Scotland, where he is still The Prince William, Duke of Rothesay.

King George II created his son, Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales.  When Frederick died, the King made Frederick's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales.

## Princes from 1284 
For earlier rulers, see List of rulers of Wales.

### House of Anjou (Plantagenet) (1284 - 1484) 
* Edward of Caernarfon (1284-1307) (created 1301)
* Edward of Windsor (disputed) (1312-1327) 
* Edward of Woodstock (1330-1376) (created 1343)
* Richard of Bordeaux (1376-1377) (created 1376)

### House of Lancaster (1399 - 1471) 
* Henry of Monmouth (1399-1413) (created 1399)
* Henry of Windsor (disputed) (1421-1422)
* Edward of Westminster (1453-1461/1470-1471) (created 1454)

### House of York (1471 - 1484) 
* Edward of York (1471-1483) (created 1471)
* Edward of Middleham (1483-1484) (created 1483)

### House of Tudor (1486 - 1547) 
* Arthur Tudor of Winchester (1486-1502) (created 1489)
* Henry Tudor of Greenwich (1502-1509) (created 1504)
* Henry Tudor of Richmond (disputed) (1511)
* Edward Tudor of Hampton (1537-1547)

## Related pages
* Titles of European royal heirs
Wind shear

**Wind shear** is a difference in either wind speed or direction over a fairly short distance in the atmosphere. Wind shear can be divided into two different types: *horizontal* and *vertical wind shear*.
 schematic of the downward motion of the air until it hits ground.]]

## When wind shear is observed
Weather situations when the Wind shear is observed happen:
*At *weather fronts* when the temperature difference across the front is 5 °C or more, and the front moves at 15 kt or faster. 
*At *low level jets* when a significant low level vertical wind shear can develop near the lower portion of the low level jet.  
*At *mountains* when winds blow over and create vertical shear on the lee side.
*At *inversions* when on a clear and calm night a radiation inversion is formed near the ground.  
*At *downbursts* when an outflow boundary moves away from a thunderstorm.
*At *sailing* when wind shear affects sailboats by presenting a different wind speed and direction at different heights along the sailing mast.

## Related pages
*Airplane
*Refraction

## Notes
## Other websites
*National Science Digital Library - Wind shear
Humanity

**Humanity** could mean:

* The human race
* Human nature, the fundamental nature and substance of humans, "one's humanity"
** Compassion, altruism, etc.
* Humanities, the academic discipline studying human society with largely critical, analytical or speculative
Cyberpunk

**Cyberpunk** is a kind of science fiction. The Cyberpunk genre began in the early 1980s. Bruce Bethke made this word for his 1980 short story "Cyberpunk" by putting together two words: "cybernetics" and "punk rock".
Soon, people used this word to describe William Gibson's book, *Neuromancer*.

Cyberpunk authors put their stories in different settings. The time is usually set in the near-future and the settings are often dystopian (characterized by misery). These are often societies with very advanced technology. Often, only a few huge corporations control the society. These corporations control the technology. Instead of being beneficial to all, technology is used by the few corporations for their own interests only.  Many cyberpunk novels are about individual computer users. One hero fights a computer/Internet controlled society.

## Themes
Common themes in cyberpunk include advances in information technology and especially the Internet, artificial intelligence and prosthetics and post-democratic societal control where corporations have more influence than governments. Nihilism, post-modernism, and film noir techniques are common elements, and the protagonists may be disaffected or reluctant anti-heroes.

## Earlier books that influenced Cyberpunk
*Philip K. Dick, *Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?* (made into the movie: *Blade Runner*)

## Important authors and books
* William Gibson - *Neuromancer* and *Burning Chrome*
* Bruce Sterling - Editor of *Mirrorshades* anthology
* Neal Stephenson - *Snow Crash* (1992)
* Pat Cadigan - *Mindplayers*
* Rudy Rucker - *The Ware Series*
* John Shirley - *Heatseeker*

## In other media
* *Blade Runner* (1982) is an important example of the *cyberpunk* visual style.
**Akira* by Katsuhiro Otomo is an example of cyberpunk in manga and anime.

## References
Polar low

in December 2009]]

A **polar low** is a small sized and short-lived atmospheric low pressure system that is found over the ocean areas pole ward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The systems usually have a horizontal length scale of less than 1,000&nbsp;km and live for less than a couple of days. They are part of the larger class of mesoscale weather systems. Polar lows can be difficult to detect using standard weather reports and are a problem to high-latitude operations, such as shipping and gas and oil platforms.

Polar lows have been also known as by using many other terms, such as *comma cloud*, *mesocyclone*, *polar mesoscale vortex*, *Arctic hurricane*, *Arctic low*, and *cold air depression*. Today the term is usually set aside for the more-energetic systems that have near-surface winds of at least gale force (17&nbsp;m/s).

## Other websites
* European Polar Lows Working Group 
* NSIDC 
* Polar Low Forecasting by MetEd

### Further reading
Rasmussen,E.A. and Turner,J.(2003). Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 612.
Hispanidad

**Hispanidad** (literally **Hispanicness**) is the community formed by all the people and nations that share Spanish language and culture. The 25 nations included are all Spanish-speaking except Guam, and can be classified in four geographic areas: Spain, Hispanoamerica,  Hispanoafrica and the Hispanopacific. Every October 12  Hispanic Day is celebrated. Hispanidad or Spanish linguistic and cultural diffusion began when the 12 October 1492 Christopher Columbus sighted America and initiated the European colonization in the name of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. The kingdom of Castile (Castilla) built a global empire, spreading their culture and language in the Americas and biologically and culturally mixing with the indigenous peoples, altering the composition of the hemisphere. The penetration and reach of Spain at this time also extended into other European nations.

## The Hispanics in the world 
The Spanish is the mother tongue that spoken by more than 333 million people (in second place after Chinese). The total number of Spanish-speakers is more than 395 million people.

### Europe
In Europe, Hispanics are mainly confined to Spain. There are more than 30 million of them.

### America
Most Hispanics are in Hispanic America . There are more than 300 million. Countries like Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela . 

### Africa
Hispanics in the African continent are mostly in overseas territories of Spain (Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and Plazas de Soberanía) and in the nation of Equatorial Guinea. In Morocco and Western Sahara some people maintain Hispanic characteristics. Altogether in Africa two million speak Spanish.

### Asia-Pacific
The Philippines does not identify as Hispanic nor is Spanish the official language, but conserves some identifiably Hispanic influences in its culture. It is sometimes included in Hispanidad. 
Other countries in the Asia-Pacific region that maintain a similar degree of Hispanic influence as the Philippines are:
*Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, where Chamorro, a language with a lot of Spanish loanwords is spoken.
*Caroline Islands, which nowadays are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia in the eastern part, and Palau.
*Easter Island, nowadays an overseas territory of Chile. Spanish is the official language of the island.

## References
* Hispanitate"
Wind speed

]]**Wind speed** is the speed of the weather related air movement from one place to the next.

Wind speeds usually mean the movement of air in an outside environment, but the speed of movement of air inside is also important in many cases, including weather forecasting, aircraft and maritime operations, construction and civil engineering. High wind speeds can cause unpleasant side effects, and strong winds often have special names, including gales, hurricanes, and typhoons. The highest non-tornadic wind speed ever measured on earth, 253 miles per hour, was recorded on Barrow Island, Australia.  

## Measurement
The most simple method of measuring wind speed is to estimate the speed from the observed event against the Beaufort Scale. Obviously, this method is not the most accurate available, so each value on the scale represents a range of values, three on the scale, for example, covers the wind speeds between seven and ten knots.

## Notes
Minoan civilization

The **Minoan civilization** was a civilization on Crete named after Minos. It began in the Bronze Age between 3000 and 2700 BC. It lasted until about 1450 BC. 

The Minoan civilization is famous for its sea trading and well-planned cities. The Minoans had an agricultural system, which relied mainly on olives and grapes. Their religion worshipped mostly goddesses. 

Their civilization was later replaced by the Mycenaean culture.

## Architecture 
Cretans built palaces during their architecture era, from 2000 BC to 1450 BC. The Cretans might have gotten the money to create their palaces from working for the Egyptians.

Most of the palaces that Cretans built are very large. They were used as many things: government centers, storerooms, stores, and administrative offices. A non-royal palace had many small rooms with cooler places to sit, because Crete got very hot in the summer. 

The royal palace was very different. Everyone had toilets, baths, and running water. The king's and queen's palace was very fancy.

The architecture era was ended by a great fire.

## Further reading
*http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/history/minoans.htm 
*http://photo.pds.org:5005/student/article?id=ar028740
*Minoan civilization -Academic Kids
Alliance

An **alliance** is an agreement made between two or more parties to benefit them.

The word is used mainly in war. Two or more countries that make an alliance promise to help one other during war. Such countries are called *allies*. Those countries are said to be *allied*.

An example of an alliance with more than two countries is the Central Powers during World War I. That alliance was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
Persia (disambiguation)

**Persia** is another name for Iran, a country in Western Asia. Sometimes it means only the southwestern part of Iran.

The **Persian Empire** ( - '**) is another name for a few empires that ruled over modern-day Iran.

* Achaemenid Empire (550 BC – 330 BC), the first Persian Empire.
* Sassanid Empire (224 – 651 AD),  the second Persian Empire.
* Persia (1501-1935) under thé Safavid dynasty, Afsharid dynasty, Zand dynasty, Qajar dynasty and Pahlavi dynasty 
* Persian Empire, dynastic-states of Iranian origin that ruled Iran from the Medes to the Pahlavi period.

**Persia'* may also refer to:
*Persia, Iowa, a city in the United States
*Persian Gulf, an extension of the Indian Ocean between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula
*Fars Province, a province in Iran, also known as Pārs

## Related pages
* Persian (disambiguation)
**Prince of Persia'', a series of video games
Water lillies

**Water lilies** could mean:
* The water flowers named *Nymphaea*
* The famous series of paintings by Claude Monet: *Water Lilies*
Kousuke Atari

**Kousuke Atari** (, *Atari Kōsuke*; born July 13, 1980 in Amami island, Kagoshima) is a Japanese singer and Shimauta utasha.

## Albums 
## Other websites 
*  
* Sony Music Online Japan Artist 
* Kousuke Atari at EPIC-JP.net
Knot (speed)

A **knot** is a unit of speed. It is abbreviated kt or kn. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI. It is used around the world in meteorology and for maritime and aviation purposes.

## Definition 
1 international knot = 1&nbsp;nautical mile per hour = 1.852&nbsp;kilometres per hour exactly. This is based on the internationally agreed length of the nautical mile, as adopted by the US in 1954 (which previously used the US nautical mile of 1853.248 m), the UK in 1970 (which previously used the UK or Admiralty nautical mile of 1853.184 m) and other countries. This is the definition used in most, if not all, modern circumstances.  Knot is sometimes used for the nautical mile itself, but this is incorrect.

The speed of a vessel relative to the fluid in which it travels is usually measured in knots.  This may be referred to as 'boat speed', 'vessel speed' and, for aircraft, 'air speed'. The speeds of relevant fluids, such as tidal streams, river currents and wind speeds, are also usually specified in knots. Knots are then also used to describe the actual speed of a vessel over the ground (SOG) and for its rate of progress toward a distant point ('velocity made good' or VMG).

## Conversions 
One (international) knot is the same as 1.852 kilometres per hour (km·h−1), and is approximately equal to the following:

* 101.268591&nbsp;feet per minute
* 1.687810&nbsp;feet per second
* 514.4444 mm per second (mm·s−1) 
* 1.150779 mile (statute) per hour (mph)
* 0.99936 Admiralty knot

## Discussion 
Although knots do not fit within the primary SI system, they are used for nautical and aviation use  for navigational reasons, because the length of a nautical mile is almost identical to a minute of latitude. As a result, distance in nautical miles on a navigational chart can easily be measured by using  and the latitude indicators on the side of the chart.

## Related pages
* Metre per second

## References 
## Other websites 
* Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, and units based on fundamental constants  - At one time, the knot, along with the nautical mile, was discouraged for use by the BIPM, but it is now officially accepted for use (as of the 8th edition of the SI brochure), since its use is "expected to continue indefinitely", as well as having an exact SI definition.
* OnlineConversion.com: What is a knot? What is a nautical mile?