open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mutual intelligibility

**Mutual intelligibility** is where the speakers of one language can understand another language because they are alike. This is sometimes (but not always) used to decide whether they are different languages or different dialects.

There are noticeable differences in accent, vocabulary, and spelling between British and General American English, but speakers can largely understand each other without serious problems.  These dialects are therefore **mutually intelligible**.

Sometimes, even different languages can be mutually intelligible. Hindi and Urdu are called different languages, but speakers of both languages can largely understand each other if they are using everyday language. This is because the two languages used to be dialects of Hindustani, the official language of British India until India became independent. Since the two languages are so alike, they are sometimes called together as Hindi-Urdu.

Also, dialects of a certain language can sometimes be mutually unintelligible. Chinese, for example, has hundreds of different dialects, and many native speakers of those dialects cannot understand each other without knowing the other's dialect. For example, the local dialects of Beijing and Shanghai are Mandarin and Shanghainese, or *Wu Chinese*, respectively.

If natives from each of these cities were to talk to each other in their native dialects, they would not understand each other. This is because they are too different from each other. This is why the governments of China and Taiwan want their citizens to speak Standard Mandarin in public so that there can be a spoken dialect of Chinese everyone can understand. While the spoken dialects are mutually unintelligible, they all use the same written code, Chinese alphabet and mutual understanding is possible in written communications.

Such examples show the difference between language and dialect to be hard to define, even for linguists.

When a speaker of a language can understand what a speaker of another language is saying but not the other way around, it is called **asymmetric intelligibility**. An example of this is Portuguese and Spanish. While Portuguese speakers claim to be able to understand Spanish without issues, Spanish speakers, on the other hand, have a very difficult time understanding |Portuguese speakers. This situation is actually quite common across languages.

## Related pages
*Language varieties and styles
*Comparative linguistics
*Dialectology

*Linguistics
*Bilingualism
*Multilingualism
*Iranic languages
*List of languages
*Japonic languages
*Afro-Asiatic languages
*Indo-Iranian languages
*Sino-Tibetan languages
*Indo-European languages
Islandia, Florida

**Islandia** is an unincorporated area in Florida in the United States. By law, it was a city until 2012. It included some small islands of the Florida Keys in Miami-Dade County.

## References
Keystone Heights, Florida

**Keystone Heights** is a city of Florida in the United States.

## Geography 
Keystone Heights has a total area of 1 square mile.
Lake City, Florida

**Lake City** is a city of Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of Columbia County.

## Geography 
Lake City has total area of 12.3 square miles.
Lake Helen, Florida

**Lake Helen** is a city of Florida in the United States.

## People 
In 2020, Lake Helen had a population of 2,842 people.

## References
Lake Wales, Florida

**Lake Wales** is a city in Polk County, Florida, United States. As of 2020, 16,361 people lived there. Lake Wales is in central Florida, west of Lake Kissimmee and east of Tampa.

## Sources
## Other websites
* City of Lake Wales official site
Lake Worth Beach, Florida

**Lake Worth Beach** is a city of Florida in the United States. In 2020, 42,219 people lived there.

## References
Hialeah, Florida

**Hialeah** is a city of Florida in the United States.
## Education
### Primary and secondary schools
#### Public schools
Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves Hialeah. Two high schools serving the Hialeah community, Mater Academy Charter High School and Miami Lakes Educational Center, were named as "Silver" award winners in ''U.S. News & World Report's'' "Best High Schools 2008 Search".

#### Elementary schools and K-8 centers
*Amelia Earhart Elementary School
*Ben Sheppard Elementary School
*Bob Graham Education Center
*Ernest R. Graham Elementary School
*Flamingo Elementary School
*Hialeah Elementary School
*Hialeah Gardens Elementary School
*James H. Bright Elementary
*James W. Johnson Elementary School
*Joella Good Elementary School
*John G. Dupuis Elementary School
*M.A. Milam K-8 Center
*Mae M. Walters Elementary School
*Meadowlane Elementary School
*Miami Lakes Elementary School
*North Hialeah Elementary School
*North Twin Lakes Elementary School
*Palm Lakes Elementary School
*Palm Springs Elementary School
*Palm Spring North Elementary School
*South Hialeah Elementary School
*Twin Lakes Elementary School

#### Middle schools
*Henry H. Filer Middle School
*Hialeah Middle School
*Lawton Chiles Middle School
*Miami Lakes Middle School
*Palm Springs Middle School

#### High schools
*American Senior High School
*Barbara Goleman Senior High School
*Hialeah High School
*Westland Hialeah High School
*Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior High School
*José Marti Math and Science Technology (MAST) 6-12 Academy
*Miami Douglas MacArthur Senior High School North
*Miami Lakes Educational Center

#### Charter schools
*Mater Academy Charter School

#### Private schools
*Champagnat Catholic School - Serves mainly southern and south-central Hialeah
*Our Lady of Charity School 
*St. John the Apostle School - Serves mainly southern and south-central Hialeah
*Immaculate Conception School
*Horeb Christian School

### Community colleges
*Miami-Dade College Hialeah Campus.

### Private colleges and universities
*College of business and technology 
*Florida National College

## References
Laurel Hill, Florida

**Laurel Hill** is a city of Florida in the United States. It was once one of the first English-speaking places in Florida.

## References
Mexico Beach, Florida

**Mexico Beach** is a city of Florida in the United States. Mexico Beach was completely wiped out because of Hurricane Michael.

## References
Lake Buena Vista, Florida

**Lake Buena Vista** is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. It is mostly known for being home to the Walt Disney World Resort. It is one of two Florida municipalities controlled by The Walt Disney Company. The other city is Bay Lake.

Lake Buena Vista is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Points of interest
* Walt Disney World
** Typhoon Lagoon
** Disney Springs
** Lake Buena Vista Golf Course

## Education
Lake Buena Vista is within Orange County Public Schools.

## Related pages
*Bay Lake, Florida
*Central Florida Tourism Oversight District

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Minneola, Florida

**Minneola** is a city of Florida in the United States.

## Geography 
Minneola has a total area of 11.5 square miles.
Miramar, Florida

**Miramar** is a city of Florida in the United States. Wayne Messam became mayor of Miramar in 2015. As of the 2020 census, the population was 134,721.

## References
North Miami, Florida

**North Miami** is a city in Florida in the United States. It is in Miami-Dade County. It was founded in 1926. Florida International University is located here.

## Other websites 
*North Miami at Infoplease
Osteen, Florida

**Osteen** is an unincorporated community of Florida in the United States.  It is in the southwestern part of Volusia County.

## References
Pahokee, Florida

**Pahokee** is a city of Florida in the United States and in Palm Beach County. Pahokee is on the shore of Lake Okeechobee. In 2020 5,524 people lived in Pahokee.

## References
Palm Coast, Florida

**Palm Coast** is a city in Flagler County, Florida in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 89,258 people lived there.

## References
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida

**Palm Beach Gardens** is a city in Northeastern Palm Beach County, which is a county in Florida. 

## References
Panama City, Florida

**Panama City** is a city in the US state of Florida. It is along U.S. Highway 98 in Bay County. It is the county seat of Bay County. In 2020, 32,939 people lived there.

## References
Pensacola, Florida

**Pensacola** is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the county seat of Escambia County.

As of 2020, the population was 54,312. Pensacola is the principal city of the **Pensacola Metropolitan Area**, which had 509,905 residents in 2020. Pensacola has one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region, the largest between New Orleans and Tampa.

## References
Riviera Beach, Florida

**Riviera Beach** is a city in Florida in the United States.  It is in Palm Beach County. It is home to the Port of Palm Beach and a United States Coast Guard station.

## References
San Antonio, Florida

**San Antonio** is a city of Florida in the United States. There were 1,297 people living there according to the 2020 census.

## References
Safety Harbor, Florida

**Safety Harbor** is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, in the United States.  About 17,000 people were living in Safety Harbor in the year 2020.

## References
St. Augustine Beach, Florida

**St. Augustine Beach** is a city of Florida in the United States.

## Geography 
St. Augustine Beach has a total area of 2.2 square miles.
Sweetwater, Florida

**Sweetwater** is a city of Florida in the United States.

During the 1920s, the Miami-Pittsburgh Land Company bought land near Miami. They planned to build "Sweetwater Groves." In 1926, a category 4 hurricane, (the Great Miami Hurricane), struck the area. Between the hurricane and problems with  real estate value at the time, this construction never happened.

In 1938, Clyde Andrews bought most of the "Sweetwater Groves" land and began to sell it for homes.  A group of Russian midgets were some of the people who bought the land. They were looking for a place to retire after their career in the circus. They built several homes on the land. These homes were not built for people of normal height. The homes were built smaller than normal so that the group would be comfortable living in them. This caused Sweetwater to be called the "midget" community for many years. Sweetwater became incorporated in 1941. . The first mayor of the town was the manager of the group of midgets. The town grew to a population of about 500 people by 1959. In 1970, Sweetwater was still a small town. Its population was about 3000.

During the 1970s, Sweetwater began to grow quickly. In 1972, Florida International University began teaching students at its campus just south of the town. Two large highways were being built in the area. One north of the town and the other to the west of it.  The area also got noticed by the Dade County Hispanic community. All of this caused the population of Sweetwater to double. The town had the largest growth of all cities in Dade County during the 1970s.

The city's population is currently over 19,300 people. Ninety-three percent of the population is of Hispanic origin.

## References
* 

## Other websites
* Official city website
Titusville, Florida

**Titusville** is a city of Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of Brevard County.

## History
Henry T. Titus founded Titusville in 1867. It was almost called Riceville, but Henry challenged a man named Clark Rice to decide the name. Titus won and it was named Titusville.

## Notes
Wildwood, Florida

**Wildwood** is a city in Sumter County, Florida, United States. The population was 15,730 at the 2020 census.

## References
George Foreman

**George Edward Foreman** (January 10, 1949 – March 21, 2025) was an American two-time World heavyweight boxing champion and entrepreneur. He was born in Marshall, Texas, and grew up in Fifth Ward, Houston.

He became the oldest man ever to win a major heavyweight title when, at 45, he knocked out 26-year-old Michael Moorer in the 10th round. He is still the oldest person to do that and has been named one of the 25 greatest fighters of all time by *Ring Magazine*.  Nicknamed "Big George", he became a businessman and an  Christian minister. 

Foreman has ten children, and each of his five sons is named George: George Jr., George III, George IV, George V, and George VI. They are also known by the nicknames "Monk", "Red", "Joe" "Big Wheel" and "Little George". His five daughters are Michi, Georgetta, Freda George, Natalie, and Leola. He also has two adopted daughters.

Late in the 20th century he gave his name to the electric George Foreman Grills.  They cook food and allow the fat to drain off into a bowl, making the food less fatty.

## References
Lect

A **lect** is a specific form of language.

Some examples of lects:

* Cryptolect
* Dialect
* Idiolect
* Sociolect
* Register
Register (linguistics)

A **register**, in linguistics, is the way people use different words, spelling or grammar—talk or write differently—to different people, in different . They might be more polite to strangers, for example. Or they will be more  to their  at work.

This chart shows the words or phrases that one would use depending on different registers:

## Related pages
* Diglossia
Digraphia

**Digraphia** means the use of more than one writing system for the same language. 

The standard examples are Hindustani and Turkish. With Hindustani there is at the same time an Urdu version written in the Urdu script, and a Hindi version written in Devanagari.

Japanese can use kanji, which is based on logograms, or hiragana or katakana, which are syllabic. The Romanization of Japanese also exists.

Moldovan is written in the Roman alphabet because it is almost the same as Romanian. But in parts of Moldovia, the Cyrillic script is used instead. The written languages are identical but use different scripts.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Multilingualism
West Palm Beach, Florida

**West Palm Beach** is a city of Florida in the United States. West Palm Beach is the county seat of Palm Beach County, Florida. As of 2020, the population of West Palm beach was 117,415. This made West Palm Beach the oldest incorporated municipality in the county and in South Florida.  The town council quickly addressed the building codes and the tents and shanties were replaced by brick, brick veneer, and stone buildings. The city grew rapidly in the 1920s as part of the Florida land boom. Many of the city's landmark structures and old neighborhoods were built during this period. Dixie Highway at the time was the way of travel for native Americans to come from Georgia and North Florida. With West Palm Beach being so close to the Everglades this led to a huge population growth as West Palm was a place by the water they could go to and use for travel. 

Originally, Flagler intended for his Florida East Coast Railway to end in West Palm but after the area experienced a deep freeze, he chose to extend the railroad to Miami instead.

In the 1960s, Palm Beach County's first enclosed shopping mall, the Palm Beach Mall, and an indoor arena were completed. They led to a short revival for the city, but crime continued to be a serious problem and by the early 1990s there were not many people living or working in downtown. Since the 1990s, developments such as CityPlace and renovation of 1920s architecture on Clematis Street have brought people back to downtown for the entertainment and shopping district.

## Notable area residents, past and present 

*Hank Aaron, former all-time home run king.  A street is named for him
*Tori Amos, singer-songwriter
*Bob Barker, Entertainer/Gameshow Host
*Jason Bonham, drummer and son of Led Zeppelin's legendary drummer John Bonham
*Glenn Close, actress
*Celine Dion, singer
*Jeff Gordon, NASCAR driver
*Devin Hester, NFL Player with the Chicago Bears
*Hey Monday, alternative rock band
*Alan Jackson, Country singer
*Tommy Lee Jones, actor
*Rush Limbaugh, Radio talk show host
*Joe Namath, former NFL quarterback
*Olivia Newton-John, actress, singer
*Lilly Pulitzer, Fashion Designer
*Burt Reynolds, Actor, graduate of Palm Beach High School
*Adrian Rogers, former president Southern Baptist Convention and pastor of Bellevue Baptist Church
*Rod Stewart, singer
*Donald Trump, real estate mogul, TV host
*Serena Williams, former No.1 ranked Tennis Champion
*Venus Williams, former No.1 ranked Tennis Champion
*Tiger Woods, Professional Golfer on the PGA Tour
*Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook
 

## References
Romanization of Japanese

Japanese uses the Roman alphabet as well as kanji, hiragana, and katakana.  Romanized text being used for Japanese words, for example for computers, is called *romaji* (*ローマ字*). 

## Differences among romanizations
This chart shows in full the three main systems for the romanization of Japanese: Hepburn, Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki:

This chart shows differences, which can be clearly seen among them:
Language attrition

**Language attrition** happens when someone forgets all or part of a language learned earlier.

## Related pages
*Endangered language
*Language death
*Extinct language
Language death

**Language death** is a when language is no longer being used as a first language (also called mother language or native language) or a second language and so it becomes an extinct language. It should not be confused with a dead language, such as Latin, which is still spoken as a second language.

**Language revival**, a dead language becoming a living language again. The only widely-known example of a language being revived is Hebrew.

## Related pages
*Language attrition
*Sacred language
Code-switching

**Code-switching** is an ability when a person mixes more than one language or lect when they talk, depending on who they’re talking to.

## Related pages 
*Multilingualism
Winter Garden, Florida

**Winter Garden** is a city  west of Orlando. It in the western part of Orange County, Florida, United States. The city was established by Henry Harrel in 1857. It was formerly called **Beulah**. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2022, 48,523 people lived there.

 
## References
FreeOTFE

**FreeOTFE** is a free, open source, computer program used to automatically encrypt and decrypt information stored on a hard disk.

FreeOTFE was originally written for Microsoft Windows and was later copied to Windows Mobile (FreeOTFE4PDA).

It can encrypt information using a large number algorithms including AES (aka Rijndael), Blowfish, CAST6, MARS, RC6, Serpent and Twofish.

Sarah Dean is the developer of FreeOTFE.

## Related pages
* Encryption
* Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption
* PuTTY - SSH encryption

## Other websites 
* Official WWW site
Windows Mobile

**Windows Mobile** is a discontinued operating system that came with basic applications for mobile devices.

It is designed to look like desktop versions of Microsoft Windows.

The first version was Pocket PC 2000, released in April 2000. It was based on the kernel of Windows CE 3.0 (Handheld PC 2000). Then came Pocket PC 2002, released about two weeks before Windows XP. It was similar to 2000, having full compatibility with Windows CE. Windows Mobile 2003, released in April 2003, was the first version called Windows Mobile. It was software-compatible with Windows
CE 3.x and 4.x.

Windows Mobile 5 was released around July/August 2005. It was similar to WM2003, except for a few new additions.

Windows Mobile 6.0 was released in February 2007 and had a kernel powered by Windows CE 6.x.
6.1 in 2008 was much the same, and 6.5, released in 2009/2010, was the last version.
It was discontinued in March 2010 and replaced by Windows Phone.

Microsoft ended sale of Windows Mobile devices on June 13, 2010 and ended all support of it on August 21, 2010.
Two months later, Windows Phone was released.

## References
Shoot (professional wrestling)

A **Shoot** is something in professional wrestling that is completely real and is not scripted. In other words, broken kayfabe. A shoot rarely happens.

## Worked shoot 
On the scripted level, a **Worked shoot** is a scripted segment that takes place in a show with elements of reality being exposed, such as an off-screen incident between wrestlers being used as fuel for an on-screen rivalry between them. It can also be a segment that fans are meant to believe is a shoot, but is not.
Proto-World language

A **Proto-World language** is a possible proto-language that all other languages came from.

## Related pages
* Proto-Indo-European language
Parkland, Florida

**Parkland** is a city in northern Broward County, Florida. As of the 2020 census, there were 34,670 people living there. Parkland is part of the Miami metropolitan area. It is known for its zoning laws which protect "park-like" character of the city. 

Until the mid-1990s and early 2000s, there were no stores or traffic lights in Parkland. 

## Geography 
Parkland is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . Its land area is  while it has  (12.8%) of water.

### Politics 
Parkland elects a five-member City Commission. Elections are technically non-partisan.

## Notable people 
* Hi-Rez, professional rapper and songwriter
* Anthony Rizzo, professional baseball player for the Chicago Cubs
* Caesar Bacarella, NASCAR driver
* Jon Weiner, ESPN Radio host
* Roberto Luongo, Former NHL Goalie for the Florida Panthers, has lived in Parkland since 2000 
* XXXTentacion, rapper, singer and songwriter. He lived in Parkland from 2017 until his death 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Natural language

A **natural language** is the kind which we use in everyday conversation and writing. For example English, Hindi, Chinese. Natural languages are always very flexible, and people speak them in slightly different ways.

There are some natural languages which are simplified, such as Basic English and Special English.

An artificial language is quite different, as it is built for some special purpose. They are always very precise, and must be used according to pre-set rules. Symbolic logic, mathematics, programming languages.

## Related pages
*Artificial language
*Formal language
*Natural language processing
Proto-language

A **proto-language** is a language that all languages in a language family came from.

## Related pages
* Historical linguistics
* Proto-World language
* Proto-Indo-European language
WrestleMania X-Seven

**WrestleMania X-Seven** was the 17th yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view to be made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It happened on April 1, 2001 at the Reliant Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The event was the first WrestleMania held in the state of Texas. The number of people who went to the event broke the record for total number of people attending at the Reliant Astrodome and was counted at of 67,925. The event resulted in total receipt of $3.5 million. It is often cited as the end of The Attitude Era.

The main event was a No Disqualification match between Steve Austin and The Rock for the WWF Championship. During the match, Austin turned heel after he told Vince McMahon, a man that he had called his nemesis, to give him a chair. Austin hit The Rock with sixteen chair shots, which led to Austin pinning The Rock and becoming the new WWF Champion. The PPV ended with Austin and McMahon shaking hands and sharing beers.

The main matches on the undercard featured Triple H versus The Undertaker, the second TLC match for the WWF Tag Team Championship, and Vince McMahon versus Shane McMahon in a Street Fight.

## Matches
### Battle Royal
## References
## Other websites
*Official *WrestleMania X-Seven* website
Central Florida

**Central Florida** is the central region of the United States state of Florida, on the East Coast. The region enjoys a hot but stormy climate, with many thunderstorms, and hurricanes threatening often.

The exact boundary of the area may be in dispute. Central Florida tends to be thought of as the area around metropolitan Orlando, including Orange, Osceola, Seminole, Lake, Brevard, and Volusia counties. Polk and Sumter counties are considered by some, including the local media, to be part of Central Florida. Although geographically in the central part of the state, usually the west central coast, including Hillsborough, Pinellas, Pasco, and Hernando counties, is considered the Tampa Bay area or the Suncoast, rather than a part of Central Florida. This area is known as the I-4 corridor.

In 2020, the total population of the Central Florida area was about 8 million people. Central Florida is a mix of deep south and typical Floridian culture.  This is what makes the area unique.

The largest cities in Central Florida are Orlando, Palm Bay, Lakeland, Melbourne, Deltona, Daytona Beach, Kissimmee, Altamonte Springs and Sanford. 

The region has grown over the last two decades.  A lack of growth management has led to massive urban sprawl in the area. Outdated and unplanned building has led to an overload of vehicle traffic. Local governments, in dispute with each other over growth, have now started taking a more regional approach and several transportation programs.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Kissimmee Convention & Visitors Bureau, Osceola County 
*University of Central Florida
*Central Florida Hurricane Center
*Trails.com List of Central Florida Trails
*Altamonte Springs Community Blog 
*Around Central Florida community pages 
* Central Florida Free MLS Real Estate Search  
*Central Florida Event Guide
Emil Adolf von Behring

**Emil von Behring** (**Emil Adolf von Behring**), born **Emil Adolf Behring** (15 March 1854 – 31 March 1917), was a German doctor. He won the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for making a serum to stop people getting the disease diphtheria

## Biography
Behring was born on March 15, 1854, in Hansdorf, Deutsch-Eylau. He was the oldest son in a large family of 13 children. Because his family couldn't afford to send him to a university, he joined the Army Medical College in Berlin in 1874. This allowed him to study medicine without financial burden but required him to serve in the military for several years after graduating in 1878 and passing his state exams in 1880. He was then sent to work in Poland, where he studied diseases and the effects of iodoform, discovering it could neutralize toxins from bacteria. In 1882, he published his findings. Recognizing his talent, the military health department sent him to Bonn for further training. In 1888, he returned to Berlin to work at the Institute of Hygiene under Robert Koch, where he collaborated with other scientists like Paul Ehrlich. In 1894, Behring became a professor of hygiene in Halle and later moved to a similar position in Marburg in 1895.

## References
Ronald Ross

**Ronald Ross** (13 May 1857 – 16 September 1932) was an English doctor. He won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for work on malaria transmitting by *anopheles* mosquitos.

## References
Robert Koch

**Robert Koch** (11 December 1843 - 27 May 1910) was a German doctor. He won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for studying tuberculosis.

The Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Disease started in 1891, is now called the Robert Koch Institute.

## Koch's postulates 
Koch developed a system to check whether a microorganism caused a disease. The system was four questions, known as Koch's postulate.
Koch's postulates are the following:

#The micro-organism must be common in all organisms with the disease, but absent from healthy organisms.
#The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
#The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
#The microorganism must be taken from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and shown to be identical to the original one which caused the disease.
The postulates are still useful. Many variations have been developed.

## Other websites 
* https://www.youtube.com

## References
Niels Ryberg Finsen

**Niels Ryberg Finsen** (December 15, 1860 – September 24, 1904) was an Icelandic-Faroese doctor. He won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for treating lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation.

## References
Camillo Golgi

**Camillo Golgi** (7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926) was an Italian doctor. He shared the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Santiago Ramón y Cajal for their work on the parts of the nervous system.

## References
Santiago Ramón y Cajal

**Santiago Ramón y Cajal** 1 May 1852  18 October 1934) was a Spanish doctor. He shared the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Camillo Golgi for their work on the anatomy of the nervous system.

Ramón y Cajal worked on thin slices of brain tissue which were laid on microscope slides and stained with silver. The stain was invented by Golgi, who shared the Nobel Prize with him.

Ramón y Cajal's investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain were original: he is considered by many to be the father of modern neuroscience. He was skilled at drawing, and hundreds of his illustrations of brain cells are still used for educational purposes today.

Image:CajalHippocampus.jpeg|Drawing of the neural circuitry of the rodent hippocampus
Image:CajalCerebellum.jpg|Drawing of the cells of the chick cerebellum
Image:SparrowTectum.jpg|Drawing of a section through the optic tectum of a sparrow
Image:Cajal Retina.jpg|From *Structure of the mammalian retina* Madrid, 1900.
Image:PurkinjeCell.jpg|Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum 

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Europe

## References
Robert Douglas (footballer)

**Robert James Douglas** (born 24 April 1972) is a Scottish former professional footballer and current coach for Arbroath who played as a goalkeeper.

## Honours
**Livingston**
*Scottish Football League Third Division: 1995–96

**Dundee**
*Scottish Football League First Division: 1997–98
*Scottish Challenge Cup: 2009–10

**Celtic**
*Scottish Premier League: 2000–01, 2001–02, 2003–04
*Scottish Cup: 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05
*UEFA Cup runner-up: 2002–03

## References
Alphonse Laveran

**Alphonse Laveran** (Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, 18 June 1845  18 May 1922) was a French military doctor. He won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the way protozoa can cause disease.

## References
Phasianidae

The **Phasianidae** is a family of birds which includes the pheasants, partridges, grouse, junglefowl (including chicken). These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump, with broad relatively short wings. Many have a spur on their legs. 

Males of the larger species are often brightly coloured. The typical diet is seeds with some insects and berries.

## References
Ilya Mechnikov

**Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov**  (16 May 1845 – 16 July 1916) was a Ukrainian zoologist of (partly) Jewish descent (his mother was Jewish). He won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Paul Ehrlich, for finding out how immunity fights disease.

Mechnikov was a protozoologist who became better known for the discovery of macrophages in 1882. He discovered how they dealt with germs by phagocytosis. Macrophages are found in virtually all tissues, and patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement.

He is also credited with coining the term gerontology in 1903, for the emerging study of ageing and longevity.

He was born in Kharkov (now Kharkiv), Russian Empire (now Ukraine)
## Related pages 
*List of biologists

## References 
## Other websites
Paul Ehrlich

**Paul Ehrlich** (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a German doctor of Jewish descent. He won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Ilya Mechnikov, for finding out how immunity fights disease.

Ehrlich directed a research program which discovered the first treatment for syphilis which worked. It was a compound of arsenic which went by the trade name of *Salvarsan*. He studied trypanosomiasis and other protozoal diseases. He produced trypan red, which was (as his Japanese assistant Shiga showed) effective against trypanosomes.

## References
Sum 41 discography

This is the complete **discography of the Canadian Punk rock band Sum 41**.

## Albums
### Studio albums
### Live albums
### Compilation albums
### Demo tapes
## Extended plays
## Singles
### Promotional singles
## Other appearances
* "Rock You" - a cover of Helix from the movie soundtrack *FUBAR: The Album*.
* "Things I Want" - with Tenacious D for the KROQ compilation *Swallow My Eggnog*.
* "Unwritten Christmas" - with Unwritten Law for the KROQ compilation *Swallow My Eggnog*.
* "Little Know It All" - guest performance with Iggy Pop, later released as a single for the record *Skull Ring*.
* "Get Back" (Sum 41 rock remix) - a collaboration with Ludacris for the iTunes versions of *Chuck* and *The Red Light District* albums.
* "Killer Queen" - a cover of Queen recorded for the *Killer Queen: A Tribute to Queen* album.
* "Attitude" - a Misfits cover which was released only on the band's Myspace in 2006, during the recording sessions for *Underclass Hero*.
* "Loser" - a song by DJ Yodah and Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee, featuring Lil Wayne, Sparkdawg, Big Sean, Joell Ortiz, J-Son, & Sum 41 under Geffen Records.
* "Look at Me" (extended version) - was leaked on the Internet.
* "Moron" - was recorded for *Rock Against Bush Vol 1*. A re-recorded version later appeared as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of *Chuck*.
* "Morning Glory" - an Oasis acoustic cover which Deryck has performed by himself.
* "How You Remind Me" - a cover of Nickelback which was perform on MTV's 2001 New Year's Anniversary.
* "Paint It Black" - a cover of The Rolling Stones which was performed during almost all of the 2010 tour dates with guitarist Tom Thacker singing lead vocals. A studio version of this cover has been officially released on *Heaven :x: Hell*.
* "Rebel Yell" - a cover of Billy Idol which was performed during the early 2011 shows.
* "American Girl" - a cover of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers which was performed during the early 2011 shows.
* "Master of Puppets" - a cover of Metallica which the band has performed during the *MTV Icon* of Metallica in 2003, and again through the 2009–2010 tour dates, randomly.
* "Enter Sandman" - a cover of Metallica which the band has performed during the *MTV Icon* of Metallica in 2003, and again through the 2009–2010 tour dates, randomly.
* "For Whom the Bell Tolls" - a cover of Metallica which the band has performed during the *MTV Icon* of Metallica in 2003, and again through the 2009–2010 tour dates, randomly.
* "Motorbreath" - a cover of Metallica which the band has performed during the *MTV Icon* of Metallica in 2003, and again through the 2009–2010 tour dates, randomly.
* "Battery" - a cover of Metallica which the band has performed during the *MTV Icon* of Metallica in 2003, and again through the 2009–2010 tour dates, randomly.
* "Blackened" - a cover of Metallica which the band has performed during the *MTV Icon* of Metallica in 2003, and again through the 2009–2010 tour dates, randomly.
* "Stone Cold Crazy" - a cover of Queen
* "We Will Rock You" - a cover of Queen

## Videos
### Video albums
### Music videos
## Notes
## References
Aberdeen, Idaho

**Aberdeen** is a city in the state of Idaho in the United States. It is in Bingham County. In 2020, there were 1,756 people living there.

## Location 
The United States Census Bureau says that the city is . All of this is land. There are no rivers, lakes, or other kinds of standing water in Aberdeen.

The city is at  (42.943405, -112.839322),. It has an elevation (height) of  above sea level.

## Demographics
In the 2020 United States Census, there were 1,756 people living in Aberdeen. They made up 592 households. The population density was 1,807.9 people per square mile (696.5 people/km²). The people of Aberdeen were 39.6% white, 0.2% black or African-American, 1.7% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 45.0% other races, and 13.3% were two or more races. 63.3% of the people said they were Hispanic or Latino.

Pocatello Regional Transit runs a shuttle bus between Aberdeen and Pocatello. The bus runs three times a day on weekdays and two times a day on weekends.

## Education
Aberdeen Public Schools are part of the Aberdeen School District #58. The Aberdeen schools are: 
* Aberdeen Elementary School
* Aberdeen Middle School
* Aberdeen High School

## Sources 
## Other websites 
*  - City of Aberdeen
* *The Aberdeen Times*  - local newspaper
Acequia, Idaho

**Acequia** (pronounced *ah-SEE-kwa*) is a place in  Idaho, United States. The population was 158 according to the 2020 census.

## Geography 
Acequia has a total area of .6 square miles.

## References
Albion, Idaho

**Albion** is a city in Idaho in the United States.  It is in Cassia County.  The population was 234 at the 2020 census. Albion was the county seat of Cassia County from 1879 to 1918.

## References
Ammon, Idaho

**Ammon** is a city in Idaho in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 17,694 people lived there.

## References
Atomic City, Idaho

**Atomic City** is a settlement in Idaho in the United States.

## History
Atomic City was once called Midway. This might have been because the town is halfway between the towns of Blackfoot and Arco. The town had a bigger population when the nearby DOE site was bigger.
Bruneau, Idaho

**Bruneau** is an unincorporated community of Idaho in the United States.  It is in Owyhee County.  Bruneau Sand Dunes State Park is to the east.

## References
Buhl, Idaho

**Buhl** is a city in Idaho in the United States.  It is in Twin Falls County.  The town is on the old Oregon Trail.

It is called the "Trout Capital of the World". The hatcheries produce most of the rainbow trout eaten in the United States. Clear Springs Foods processes over 20 million pounds of rainbow trout each year.  This makes it the world's largest producer.

## References
Challis, Idaho

**Challis** is a city in Idaho in the United States. The 2020 United States Census found out that the population of the city is about 902.

## References
Council, Idaho

**Council** is a city in and the county seat of Adams County, Idaho, United States. The population was 867 at the 2020 census.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  was land and  (2.4%) was water.

## Population history
*2020 - 867
*2010 - 839
*2000 - 816
*1990 - 831
*1980 - 917
*1970 - 899
*1960 - 827
*1950 - 748
*1940 - 692
*1930 - 355
*1920 - 388
*1910 - 312
*1900 - 177
*1890 - 77
*1880 - 60

## Notable people
*Harriet Miller, American politician

## Transportation
U.S. Route 95 goes through the city, connecting it to New Meadows to the north and Cambridge and Weiser to the south.

## References
## Other websites
* City website
* **The Adams County Record**, local newspaper
Craigmont, Idaho

**Craigmont** is a city of Lewis County in the state of Idaho in the United States. About 458 people were living in Craigmont as of 2020.

## References
Dietrich, Idaho

**Dietrich** is a city in Idaho in the United States. In 2020 census, there were 284 people living there. 

## References
## Other websites
* dietrichidaho.com - city information
Fernwood, Idaho

**Fernwood** is an unincorporated community in Idaho in the United States.  It is in the southeastern corner of Benewah County.

## References
Dubois, Idaho

**Dubois** is a city in Idaho in the United States.
## Events
In 1916, Joseph Henry Loveless, an American-born bootlegger and accused murderer had died at the age of 45 in Dubois, Idaho.
Filer, Idaho

**Filer** is a city in Twin Falls County, Idaho, United States. In 2020, there were 2,738 people living there. It is just west of the intersection (crossing) of U.S. Route 93 and U.S. Route 30. The town sits on  of land.

The Twin Falls County Fair is in Filer. It is the city's biggest attraction.
## References
Firth, Idaho

**Firth** is a city in Bingham County in the state of Idaho, United States. In 2020 there 517 people living in Firth.

## References
Fruitland, Idaho

**Fruitland** is a city in Idaho in the United States.

## Geography 
Fruitland has a total area of 2.1 square miles
Donnelly, Idaho

**Donnelly** is a town of Idaho in the United States. It is in Valley County. In 2020, there were 249 people living in the town.

## References
Hayden, Idaho

**Hayden** is a city of Kootenai County in the state of Idaho in the United States.  About 15,570 people were living here as of 2020.  Hayden has an area of 10.4 square miles.

## References
Incarnation (Christianity)

, 16th c.: Resurrection of Jesus]] 
In the Christian religion, the **Incarnation** is the belief that God the Son, the second person of the Trinity who had no beginning and was fully divine, "made himself nothing" by becoming a human being named Jesus. Since Jesus had two natures—human and divine—he was at the same time fully human and fully God.

In the Incarnation, the divine nature of Christ was joined—but not mixed—with human nature. Two natures in one person: Jesus was both "truly God and truly man". The Incarnation is celebrated each year at the Feast of the Incarnation, also known as the Annunciation.

## Related pages
*God-man (mystic)
*Incarnation
*Pre-existence of Christ
*Trinity
*God the Son
*Avatar, the Hindu idea of a deity's "descent" or incarnation upon a world

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Seven Ecumenical Councils, from the *Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers*, vols. 2-14 (Trinitarian)
*On the Incarnation  by Saint Athanasius of Alexandria. (Trinitarian)
*The Incarnation from the Catholic Encyclopedia. (Trinitarian)
*'De trinitatis erroribus' , by Michael Servetus (Oneness)
*The Oneness of God  by Dr. David K. Bernard. (Oneness)
Emil Theodor Kocher

**Emil Theodor Kocher** (August 25, 1841 &ndash; July 27, 1917) was a Swiss doctor. He won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the thyroid gland".

## References
Albrecht Kossel

**Albrecht Kossel** (16 September 1853 – 5 July 1927) was a German doctor. He won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on proteins and nucleic substances. He discovered histones, which package and regulate DNA transcription.

## References
Royal Museum

**Royal Museum** **of Scotland** is on Chambers Street, Edinburgh, UK. It is part of the National Museums of Scotland, the other part being the adjacent Museum of Scotland. Both names merged with each other in 2007 to become the **National Museum of Scotland**.

It was designed by Francis Fowke and built from 1861-1888.   http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201226 

## References 
http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=201226
Allvar Gullstrand

**Allvar Gullstrand** (5 June 1862 – 28 July 1930) was a Swedish ophthalmologist (eye doctor). He won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on light refraction and the eye.

## References
North Bay, Ontario

**North Bay** is a city in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1891. In 2021 its population was 52,662.

## Media
CKFX 101.9

CKAT 600

## Sources
Nipissing District, Ontario

**Nipissing District** is a district of Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1858. The district seat is North Bay. 

In 2021, the population was 84,716. The area that it covers is .

## References
Alexis Carrel

**Alexis Carrel** (28 June 1873  5 November 1944) was a French surgeon. He won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs.

## References
Francisco de Quevedo

**Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Santibáñez Villegas** (Madrid, 14 September 1580 – Villanueva de los Infantes, 8 September 1645) was a nobleman, politician and writer of the Spanish Golden Age.

## References
Charles Robert Richet

**Charles Robert Richet** (August 26, 1850 - December 4, 1935) was a French physiologist. He won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on anaphylaxis.

## References
Robert Bárány

**Robert Bárány** (April 22, 1876 – April 8, 1936) was an Austrian doctor. He won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his work on the ear and balance.

## References
Jules Bordet

**Jules Bordet** (June 13, 1870 - April 6, 1961) was a Belgian doctor and microbiologist. He won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discoveries about immunity.

## Related pages
*List of biologists

## References
Eureka Stockade

The **Eureka Stockade** is  the name given to a rebellion by gold miners at Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. It took place at sunrise, on December 3, 1854. The miners came from England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Canada, Italy, Hungary, France, Germany, China and Australia. The miners refused to pay a licence fee to look for gold. The miners said that the money for the licence was a tax, and that if they had to pay tax then they should be represented in the parliament. Irish miner Peter Lalor became the leader of the miners. They built a fort, or stockade, on Bakery Hill above the gold diggings on the Eureka gold lead. They were attacked by the British Army. More than 30 people were killed. The battle went for 20 minutes. 

## Flag
The miners made their own flag which was flown at the Eureka Stockade. The flag was torn down during the battle and taken away by one of the soldiers. It was given to the Ballarat Art Gallery in the 1890s. Pieces of the flag were sometimes given to important visitors to Ballarat. It is believed that Queen Elizabeth II has a small piece. In the 1973 the flag was restored and put on display at the Art Gallery. The display was opened by the Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam. The flag has been put on the Victorian Heritage Register and was named an icon by the National Trust in 2006. In August 2010, the Ballarat Art Gallery said that the flag needed further work to keep it safe. It was sent to South Australia to be restored at a cost of more than AU$100,000. The Gallery has built a new airtight case to hold the flag.

## The symbol
The flag has often been used as a symbol of rebelion. Trade unions used the flag in their marches. The Prime Minister, John Howard, banned the flag from being flown on building sites.

In 2008, the Football Federation of Australia tried to stop the flag from being flown by supporters of the soccer team, Melbourne Victory. They said it was against their rules for teams to use political symbols.

Many nationalist groups have started to use the flag as a symbol. It was used during the racial riots at Cronulla, New South Wales. People are concerned that it will become a symbol of leaving people out, and not a symbol of Australian democracy.

## References
Eddie Vedder

**Eddie Vedder** (born **Edward Louis Severson III**; December 23, 1964) is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known for being the lead singer and one of three guitarists of the alternative rock band Pearl Jam. He is commonly seen as an icon of alternative rock.

## References
Paradise-crow

The **paradise-crow** (*Lycocorax pyrrhopterus*, also known as the **silky crow**) is a medium-sized (approximately 34cm long) crow-like bird-of-paradise with all-dark, soft and silky plumage. It has a black bill, crimson eyes, and a call that sounds like a dog's bark. Both genders look about the same. The female is a little smaller than the male.

The paradise-crow is monogamous and can be found in the forests of the Maluku islands in Indonesia. They eat fruits and arthropods.

## References 
*  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
Manucodia

The **Manucodia** is a genus of the bird of paradise that has five  medium-sized members. Members of this genus are monogamous and sexually monomorphic.
They can be found in the lowland forests of northeastern Australia, New Guinea and nearby islands.

## Members 
* Glossy-mantled manucode, *Manucodia atra*
* Jobi manucode, *Manucodia jobiensis*
* Crinkle-collared manucode, *Manucodia chalybata*
* Curl-crested manucode, *Manucodia comrii*
* Trumpet manucode, *Manucodia keraudrenii*