open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Xiongnu

The **Xiongnu** () were a group of nomads who lived north of China from the 3rd century BC to the 460s AD. Their lands were infertile, so they often attacked China. To stop these attacks, the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, built the Great Wall of China between 214 and 206&nbsp;BC. Some Han dynasty emperors tried to make peace with them, but the Xiongnu continued to attack Chinese borders.

Some people believe that the Xiongnu were related to the Huns, and this idea is still widely accepted today. In the past, different nomadic tribes often lived together, even if they spoke different languages. Around 60&nbsp;BC, a power struggle led to the Xiongnu breaking up into five smaller groups.

In 202&nbsp;AD, the leader of the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to Cao Cao, the Prime Minister of the Han dynasty.

The Han dynasty sent unrelated women falsely labeled as princesses and members of the Han imperial family when they were practicing Heqin marriage alliances with the Xiongnu.

The Xiongnu practiced marriage alliances with Han dynasty officers and officials. The older sister of the Chanyu (the Xiongnu ruler) was married to the Xiongnu General Zhao Xin, the Marquis of Xi who was serving the Han dynasty. The daughter of the Qiedihou Chanyu was married to the Han Chinese General Li Ling after he surrendered and defected. The Yenisei Kirghiz Khagans claimed descent from Li Ling. Another Han Chinese General who defected to the Xiongnu was Li Guangli who also married a daughter of the Chanyu. The Han Chinese diplomat Su Wu married a Xiongnu woman given by Li Ling when he was arrested and taken captive. Han Chinese explorer Zhang Qian married a Xiongnu woman and had a child with her when he was taken captive by the Xiongnu. Han Emperor Wu dispatched the Han Chinese explorer Zhang Qian to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the Xiongnu. During this time Zhang married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader.

The Kyrgyz khagans claimed descent from the Chinese general Li Ling, grandson of the famous Han dynasty general Li Guang. Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE. And since the Tang royal Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kirghiz Khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang Imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan Are (阿熱) invaded Uyghur Khaganate and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to Chang'an by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).

## References
InuYasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time

***InuYasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time*** is the first anime movie for the manga series *InuYasha*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Anime Classics Zettai!: 100 Must-See Japanese Animation Masterpieces
* DVD Vision Japan
Litmus paper

**Litmus** is a mixture which is made from different dyes which can be taken from lichens. It is water-soluble. It is used to tell whether a solution is an acid or an alkali.

Litmus is put onto filter paper. This paper is then called 'litmus paper'. The paper can then be used to give a rough indication of the pH value of a solution. Blue litmus paper will turn red, when acid is present; red litmus paper will turn blue when alkalines are present. At room temperature, this usually happens for pH values between 4.5 and 8.3.

Alternatively, a solution can be prepared which works the same way, but does not need the paper.

Although litmus and litmus paper can determine if any substance is acidic or alkaline, it cannot determine its pH. Universal indicator can be used to determine its exact pH.

## Related pages 
*pH#Indicators

## References
Gene Snitsky

**Eugene Alan "Gene" Snisky** (born January 14, 1970 in Nesquehoning, Pennsylvania) better known by his ring name **Snitsky**, is an American professional wrestler and actor, best known for the four years he spent with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). 

Snitsky was released from his WWE contract on December 11, 2008. Snitsky announced his retirement from wrestling on June 22, 2018.

On May 24, 2023, it was announced that Snitsky would be coming out of retirement and make his return to professional wrestling with Major League Wrestling on July 8 at Never Say Never paperview. He won his debut match by defeating Yoscifer El in a singles match.

## In wrestling
### Finishing moves
*Fireman's carry swinging side slam
*Pumphandle slam

### Signature moves
*Chokeslam
*Elbow drop
*Fallaway slam
*High knee
*Running big boot
*Scoop slam
*Sidewalk slam

### Entrance themes
*"Hell Camp" by Chris Tsangarides (2004-2005)
*"Not My Fault" by Jim Johnston (WWE; 2005-2006)
*"Unglued" by Jim Johnston (WWE; 2007-2008)

## References
Independence Hall

**Independence Hall** is a historic building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  It is called Independence Hall because the Declaration of Independence was passed there.  The United States Constitution was also written there.  It served as the capital of the United States several times, mostly during the Revolutionary War.  It was also the meeting place of the state legislature of Pennsylvania.  It is a World Heritage Site.  It is on the back of the $100 bill.

The Liberty Bell was originally in the bell tower of the building.

Abraham Lincoln's funeral included coming to Independence Hall, where over 300,000 people viewed the president's body.

## Inside the building
Psychopathic Records

**Psychopathic Records** is a record label based in Royal Oak, Michigan. It was founded in 1991 by Alex Abbiss and Horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse. The company is currently distributed by Fontana Distribution.

The Psychopathic Records mascot is Hatchetman.

## Psychopathic's current signed artists
*Insane Clown Posse
*Twiztid
*Blaze Ya Dead Homie
*Anybody Killa
*Boondox
*Dark Lotus
*Mike E. Clark

## Other websites
Psychopathic Records official website
Jordan Hendry

**Jordan Hendry** (born February 23, 1984 in Nokomis, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Straubing Tigers of the DEL.

He played college ice hockey with the University of Alaska Fairbanks Nanooks. Hendry has played in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Blackhawks from four seasons and the Anaheim Ducks for 2 games. He has also played for HC Lugano of the National League A.

Hendry won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks on June 9, 2010 which he took to his hometown of Nokomis.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Cartman Gets an Anal Probe

"**Cartman Gets an Anal Probe**" is the 1st episode for the 1st season of *South Park*. It was first shown on Comedy Central in the United States on August 13, 1997. The episode introduces the main characters, Stan Marsh and Kyle Broflovski. They try to rescue Kyle's brother Ike from a group of aliens.

## Plot
Stan, Kenny, Cartman, Kyle, and his little brother, Ike, are standing at the bus stop. Cartman tells them about the dream about getting abducted by aliens. The boys tell Cartman that it was not a dream and that he was actually abducted by aliens, but Cartman refuses to believe them. Chef drives up and asks the boys if they saw the space ship appearing in the sky. He tells stories about aliens performing anal probes. As the boys get on the bus and drive off they discover the aliens abducting Ike.

The boys are in the cafeteria and after Chef sees a machine emerge from Cartman's rear end, Chef helps the boys escape the school to save Ike by pulling the fire alarm. They escape outside and Cartman believes that being abducted by aliens was a dream until he is hit by a beam that makes him sing and dance and space ship appears. When Kyle throws a rock at the ship, it fires back and hits Kenny, who ends up getting killed by a herd of cows and a police car.

Stan, Kyle, and Wendy Testaburger meet at Stark's Pond and Wendy suggests that they use the device in Cartman's rear-end to contact the aliens, the boys tie Cartman to a tree, and a big satellite dish emerges from Cartman's rear-end. The spaceship appears and Ike leaps to safety. The aliens then begin to talk to the cows seeing them as the smartest species on the planet and Cartman is abducted once again, but is returned to the bus stop the next day.

## Other websites
*
Joe McElderry

**Joe McElderry** (born 16 June 1991) is an English singer. He was born in South Shields, Tyne and Wear. He won the 2009 series of singing competition *The X Factor* UK. He is openly gay.

## References
Absolute value

of the absolute value function for real numbers.]]
In mathematics, the **absolute value** of a real number x, written as |x| or \text{abs}(x), is the value of x when the sign is dropped (or x without its sign). That is, |x|=x for a positive x, |x|=-x for a negative x, and |0|=0 

For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3 (|x|=|-x|). The absolute value of a real number may be thought of as its distance from zero. It can be defined as follows:
: 
\begin{cases}
\ \ \ x &\mbox{if}\ \ x \geq 0\\
-x &\mbox{if}\ \ x 

Because a distance is always positive, the absolute value of a number is always positive.

Similarly, the absolute value of a complex number may be thought of as its distance from the origin.

It is defined by the equation

: 
\begin{cases}
\ \ \ x &\mbox{if}\ \ x \geq 0\\
-x &\mbox{if}\ \ x 

The absolute value of x is always either positive or zero, but never negative. From an analytic geometry point of view, the absolute value of a real number is that number's distance from zero along the real number line. The absolute value of the difference of two real numbers is the distance between them.

In calculus, the absolute value function is differentiable except at 0. It is continuous everywhere.

In linear algebra, the norm of a vector is defined similarly as the distance from the tip of the vector to the origin. This is similar to the way the absolute value of a complex number is defined.

The square root notation without sign represents the *positive* square root. So, it follows that:

:|a|=\sqrt{a^2}

which is another definition of absolute value.

The absolute value has the following four main properties:

:

Other important properties of the absolute value include:

:\mbox{ (if }b\ne0)
| ()
|Preservation of division (equivalent to multiplicativeness)
|}

Two other useful properties related to inequalities are:
:|a|\le b\Leftrightarrow -b\le a\le b
:|a|\ge b\Leftrightarrow a\le -b\mbox{ or }b\le a

These relations may be used to solve inequalities involving absolute values. For example:

|x-3|\le9\Longleftrightarrow -9\le x-3\le9\Longleftrightarrow -6\le x\le12

### Complex numbers 
For a complex number z=a+bi, where a is the real part of z and b is the imaginary part of z,
:|z|=|a+bi|=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}

## Related pages 
* Magnitude (mathematics)

## References
JSGF

**JSGF** stands for **Java Speech Grammar Format** or the **JSpeech Grammar Format**.  It is a special format used to describe a set of text that fits into a certain language.

## References
Art Garfunkel

**Art Garfunkel** (born November 5, 1941) is an American singer of Jewish descent. Along with Paul Simon, he was part of the duo Simon and Garfunkel, a popular group in the 1960s and early 1970s. After that, he made several solo albums. He has also acted in a few movies. 

## Albums
* ''The Animal's Christmas* - (1986) with Amy Grant, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Kings College School Choir, songs by Jimmy Webb.
* *Angel Clare* (1973)
* *Breakaway* (1975)
* *Watermark* (1978)
* *Fate For Breakfast* (1979)
* *Scissors Cut* (1981)
* *The Art Garfunkel Album* (1984)
* *Garfunkel* (1988)
* *Lefty* (1988)
* *Up 'Til Now* (1993)
* *Across America* (1996)
* *Songs From A Parent To A Child* (1997)
* *The Best of Art Garfunkel* (1998)
* *Everything Waits To Be Noticed* (2002)
* *Some Enchanted Evening* (2007)

## Movies
* *Catch-22* (1970), directed by Mike Nichols, with Alan Arkin, Orson Welles, Martin Sheen, Anthony Perkins, Martin Balsam and Jon Voight.
* *Carnal Knowledge'' (1971), directed by Mike Nichols, with Jack Nicholson.

## Other websites
* The official Art Garfunkel website

## References
Stewie Griffin

**Stewie Griffin** is a character in the television comedy *Family Guy*. 

## Overview 
He is the youngest child of Lois and Peter Griffin. He has two older siblings, Meg and Chris. They are an American family, although Stewie is the only one in his family with a British accent. Seth MacFarlane, is the man responsible for voicing (imitating) and creating the voice for Stewie Griffin. Seth said in an interview that Stewie's voice was inspired by that of Rex Harrison's voice.

Stewie is known for his evil scheme-plotting. During the earlier seasons of Family Guy, Stewie often planned on killing Lois, however, this has since stopped. Stewie built his own time machine that is stored in his room. In the time machine, he has gone to places such as Leonardo da Vinci's house, Poland during the beginning of World War 2, and even traveled back to the 1st of January 1999 (the first ever episode of Family Guy).

Stewie is often with his stuffed teddy bear called Rupert. 

With Stewie being a baby, only a few main characters can actually understand him. The characters that can understand him include: Brian Griffin and Chris Griffin. There is much debate over which characters in *Family Guy* can understand Stewie. In an interview, the shows creator Seth MacFarlane said that everyone can understand him, but they ignore him or just think to themselves "oh how cute" when he talks. 

However, at the 2011 Comic-Con panel, he would say that Brian always hears Stewie, and more recently so does Chris, but the writers usually try to have Peter, Lois, and Meg not hear him. 

Once Stewie leaves the house, the question of who can hear him depends on the story. MacFarlane also states that these rules can be broken for the sake of comedy, so this usually changes from one episode to another.
Tikkakoski

**Tikkakoski** is a town in Jyväskylä, Finland. In 2010, 6,000 people live in Tikkakoski. 2,321 of them live in Tikkakoski's downtown.

## References
## Other websites
WTC

WTC can mean:
*World Trade Center (1973–2001), the name of several large buildings in New York destroyed in 2001.
*World Trade Center (2001–present), the new complex built at the same place as the old one.
*Wu-Tang Clan, a group of hip-hop singers.
*Well-Tempered Clavier, music written by Bach.
ColecoVision

The **ColecoVision** was a second generation home video game console known mostly for its expansion packs including the **Expansion Module #1** which gave it the largest library of games for its time by having compatibility with Atari 2600 games.  The system competed with other game systems popular at the time such as Atari 2600 and the Intellivision. The ColecoVision offered arcade-quality graphics and gaming style, and the means to expand the system's basic hardware. River West Brands currently owns the ColecoVision brand name. It was released in 1982 and was discontinued in 1985. The CPU was a Zilog Z80A at 3,58 MHz. It contained 1 KB RAM, 8 IN ROM and 16 KB VRAM. Thanks to it's GPU, a TMS9918, it could display arcade type graphics.

## Related pages
*Video game console
Fashion in the 15th century

''.]]
**Fashion in the 15th century**, in Europe was characterized by a series of extremes and extravagances, from the voluminous gowns called houppelandes with their sweeping floor-length sleeves to the revealing doublets and hose of Renaissance Italy. Hats, hoods, and other headdresses assumed increasing importance, and were swagged, draped, jewelled, and feathered. Full-bodied houppelandes with voluminous sleeves worn with elaborate headdresses are characteristic of the earlier 15th century.

As Europe continued to grow more prosperous, the urban middle classes, skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites. National variations in clothing seem on the whole to have increased over the century. 

Wool was the most popular fabric for all classes by far, followed by linen and hemp. Wool fabrics were available in a wide range of qualities, from rough undyed cloth to fine, dense broadcloth with a velvety nap; high-value broadcloth was a backbone of the English economy and was exported throughout Europe. Wool fabrics were dyed in rich colours, notably reds, greens, golds, and blues, although the actual blue colour achievable with dyeing with woad (and less frequently indigo) could not match the characteristic rich lapis lazuli pigment blues depicted in contemporary illuminated manuscripts such as the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.

Silk-weaving was well-established around the Mediterranean by the beginning of the century, and figured silks, often silk velvets with silver-gilt wefts, are increasingly seen in Italian dress and in the dress of the rich throughout Europe. Stately floral designs featuring a pomegranate or artichoke motif had reached Europe from China in the previous century and became a dominant design in the Ottoman silk-producing cities of Istanbul and Bursa, and spread to silk weavers in Florence, Genoa, Venice, Valencia and Seville in this period. 

Fur was worn, mostly as a lining layer, by those who could afford it. The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten. Toward the end of the century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular. Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.
Ocean pollution

, it is often the pollutants that we cannot see that do the most harm.]]

**Ocean pollution** is pollution in the sea. It is a form of water pollution. "Ocean pollution" and "marine pollution" mean the same thing.

## Ocean pollution 
**Marine pollution** occurs when harmful effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine pollution are land based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algae growth.

Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are either deposit or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains.

When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem, they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, these pesticides can cause mutations, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web.

Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behaviour, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products.  

Every time we wash a car or use fertilizer on our lawns we are polluting the ocean. People often think that water pollution comes from big factories, but most of the pollution comes from everyday people doing everyday things. This kind of pollution is called *nonpoint-source pollution* because we cannot point out where it came from directly. All waste water, in time, enters a body of water (usually a stream). Every stream leads to a river, and every river leads to an ocean.

### Oil spills 
Because so many people use oil, large ships must take billions of  of it across the oceans. If it is not handled carefully, these trips can be very bad. In 1989, the United States experienced a large oil spill in Prince William Sound, a waterway on the Alaskan coast. The *Exxon Valdez*, a very big ship, hit a reef and spilled more than 260,000 barrels of oil. The  were very bad. A great number of animals were covered in oil and began dying immediately. Animals that ate these oil-filled animals also died. Many Alaskans who lived by fishing these animals lost their businesses. Even though many animals were saved, and the Exxon Oil Company spent 2.5 billion dollars trying to clean up the oil, Alaska's wildlife still .

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Mercury pollution
*How Oil Spill Absorbent Products Work
*Facts about Marine Mercury Pollution from Oceana.org 
*Science News / Marine Pollution Spawns 'wonky Babies'
George Rodrigue

**George Rodrigue** (March 13, 1944 &ndash; December 14, 2013) was an American artist who grew up in New Iberia, Louisiana. He went to an all-boys high school and then later studied at two art colleges, one in Louisiana and one in California. He later trained in New York. He began by painting outdoor scenes at family gatherings, using an oak tree as his main subject in hundreds of paintings. Later he started abstract painting of Louisiana legends and the history of its people. 

He is best known for his Blue Dog series of paintings. He modeled the Blue Dog after his own pet named Tiffany. She had died a couple years before the first painting was ever made. That first painting was made for the cover of a scary book. It was a little eerie, the subject being a pale scruffy dog with red eyes. Eventually they became friendlier images of the Blue Dog. He died of prostate cancer on December 14, 2013, aged 69.

## References
Markov chain

of switching from one state to another is indicated by the numbers next to the arrows.]]
A **Markov chain** is a model of some random process that happens over time. Markov chains are called that because they follow a rule called the Markov property. The Markov property says that whatever happens next in a process only depends on how it is right now (the state). It doesn't have a "memory" of how it was before. It is helpful to think of a Markov chain as evolving through discrete steps in time, although the "step" doesn't need to have anything to do with time.

Markov chains can be discrete or continuous. Discrete Time Markov Chains are split up into discrete time steps, like t = 1, t = 2, t = 3, and so on. The probability that a chain will go from one state to another state depends only on the state that it's in right now. Continuous Time Markov Chains are chains where the time spent in each state is a real number. The amount of time the chain stays in a certain state is randomly picked from an exponential distribution, which basically means there's an average time a chain will stay in some state, plus or minus some random variation.

An example of a Markov chain are the dietary habits of a creature who only eats grapes, cheese or lettuce, and whose dietary habits conform to the following (artificial) rules:
* It eats exactly once a day.
* If it ate cheese yesterday, it will eat lettuce or grapes today with equal probability for each, and zero chance of eating cheese.
* If it ate grapes yesterday, it will eat grapes today with probability 1/10, cheese with probability 4/10 and lettuce with probability 5/10.
* Finally, if it ate lettuce yesterday, it won't eat it again today, but will eat grapes with probability 4/10 or cheese with probability 6/10.

This creature's eating habits can be modeled with a Markov chain since its choice depends on what it ate yesterday, not additionally on what it ate 2 or 3 (or 4, etc...) days ago. One statistical property one could calculate is the expected percentage of the time the creature will eat cheese over a long period.

File:Randmodel.png|Classical RAND Markov model of cocaine use.
Another classical example of a Markov chain is the 1995 model of cocaine use in Los Angeles designed by the RAND Corporation. The model is governed by a series of equations, which describe the probability of a person being a non-user, light user (L) or heavy user (H) of cocaine at time *t*+1, given their prior probabilities at time *t*:

*L(t+1)* = *I*(*t*)*-aL(t) +fH(t)-bL(t)*

*H(t+1)* = *bL(t)-fH(t)-gH(t)*

*I(t)*+*L(t)*+*H(t)*=1

## References
Family Computer Disk System

'' disk card.]]
The **Family Computer Disk System**, **Famicom Disk System**, **FCD**, **FCDS** or **FDS** is a disk drive add-on for the Family Computer video game console that was released in Japan and Hong Kong. It used floppy disks which made it very easy for piracy to occur.
## Other websites 
* Video of Disk System features at Powet.TV
* More Disk System video at Powet.TV
* Video Game Den - Disk System game reviews, screenshots, boxart
* Famicom World - More information on the Disk System
* N-sider.com - NintendOnline  - 4 page article about Nintendo's online history
Han Fei

**Han Fei Zi** (281 BC – 233 BC) was an early Chinese philosopher.  He is part of a group said to have created of doctrine of the *School of Law* or Legalism.
Américo

**Domingo Jonhy Vega Urzúa** (December 24, 1977, Arica, Chile), commonly known as  **Américo**, is a Chilean singer. He became known when he started leading the band *Américo y la Nueva Alegría*. He is the son of the boleros singer Melvin "Corazón" Américo, who sings duets with his wife, Marcela Toledo.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
; With *La Nueva Alegria*
* *Así Es* (released May 15, 2008; peaked #2 Chile)
* *A Morir* (released October 25, 2008; peaked #1 Chile)

### Singles 
; With *La Nueva Alegria*
* *El Embrujo* (#1 Chile)
* *Traicionera* (#9 Chile)
* *Te Vas* (#2 Chile)
* *Que Levante La Mano* (#3 Chile)

## Other websites 
* Official Americo's website
WWE One Night Stand

***WWE One Night Stand***, also known as ***ECW One Night Stand*** and ***One Night Stand: Extreme Rules*** was a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 2005 to 2008. The matches during these events usually centered around hardcore wrestling.

The first two editions were reunion events for the original Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) promotion, which was active from 1992 until 2001. WWE purchased it in 2003 and made a documentary, called *The Rise and Fall of ECW*. Its popularity led to the company making ECW One Night Stand, featuring WWE and former ECW wrestlers. In May 2006, WWE brought back ECW as their third brand, alongside Raw and SmackDown!. 

The 2007 and 2008 editions were called *WWE One Night Stand: Extreme Rules*, as WWE began calling their hardcore matches "Extreme Rules matches" since the restart of ECW. In 2009, Extreme Rules was established as its own pay-per-view, replacing One Night Stand.

## Events 
## See also 
* Extreme Championship Wrestling
* List of WWE pay-per-view events
* WWE Extreme Rules

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official One Night Stand website
False consensus

**False consensus** or the **effect of the false consensus** is the tendency for people to assume that everyone else thinks the same way they do.

It is a cognitive bias in which a person overestimates the "agreement grade" that the other people have with them. In other words, people tend to think that others agree with them. Most of the time, a person thinks that their own attitudes, beliefs, values and habits are the most common ones. In reality, the person's thoughts may not be shared by others.

Another effect which can occur with false consensus is called pluralistic ignorance. In pluralistic ignorance, people support a norm or a belief in public, even though they really think it is wrong.

## Related pages
* Intensity of preference

## References 
## Other websites
* Changing minds: the false consensus effect
* False Consensus Effect - Not Everyone Thinks the Same Way As You
Castling

**Castling** is a special move in chess that uses both a rook and the king. In castling, the king is moved two squares toward the rook, and the rook moves past the king to the square right next to the king. 

Castling takes one move, and is the only way for a player to move two of his own pieces on the same move. Castling can be done on either side of the board. 

## Rules for castling
Castling is only possible if each of the following things are true:

*Neither the king nor the rook being used to castle have moved in the game.
*The king is not in check, and is not moving into check or through check. (It is okay if the rook is being attacked, though).
*There are no pieces between the king and the rook.

## Benefits of castling 
Good players castle in most of their games. It is normally a good idea because it often moves the king into a safer place. The middle of the board is normally not a safe place for the king to be in the game. Castling also makes it easier to get the rook into the game. Castling kingside is generally viewed as being safer, and is more common than castling on the queenside. 

Castling was part of the changes made to the original version of chess. As the power of the pieces were increased, the kings had to be given a means of escape. Instead of being in the heat of battle, they needed to be tucked safely away. These changes were made in the 15th century (see the history of chess).
Cherry cake

A **cherry cake** is a soft, creamy cake with firm bread and ripe cherries inside it. It is served with cherry icing, made of icing sugar, butter, and water. Sometimes, pink food coloring is added to the icing, to make it look like it is made of cherries.

## Variation 
Cherry cakes may also be presented with sprinkled icing, and desiccated coconut.

## References
Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis

**Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis** (BWV) is a list of all the pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach that are known.  In English it means **Bach Works Catalogue**.

The catalogue was made by Wolfgang Schmieder in 1950. He took all the music that is known by Johann Sebastian Bach (some of Bach's music has been lost) and gave each piece a number. Each piece of music by Bach therefore has a BWV number. For example, the *Mass in B minor* is BWV 232. Giving each piece a number helps musicians to know exactly which piece of music we are talking about. For example, there are several Preludes and Fugues in G major, but putting *Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 550* makes it clear which one it is.

The BWV numbers are not listed chronologically (in the order they were written). They are grouped according to what kind of music it is: all the cantatas together, all the concertos together, etc.

Some pieces of music may be written by Bach, but we are not sure. Those doubtful pieces of music are listed separately as *BWV Anhang* (BWV appendix). Some of what Schmieder wrote in 1950 has been updated because some new music by Bach has been discovered.  Other pieces of music have now been proved not to be by Bach.

Bach, like many composers from long ago, did not use opus numbers, because very few of his works were published during his lifetime.

Some older books write "S" instead of "BWV" (S for Schmieder), but Schmieder did not want this.  He wanted Bach's name to be used, not his own.

## Other websites
*BWV catalogue (downloadable PDF)
Walnut cake

**Walnut cake** is a cake made of walnuts. It is a lightly golden, thick, creamy cake made of coffee cream and chocolate hazelnut spread. Unfilled Walnut cakes can be preserved and for one month.

Walnut cakes may also be served with a punnet of strawberries, reserving four berries for decoration. Also, strawberry cream can be spread over the top and sides of the cake.

## References
Eudimorphodon

***Eudimorphodon*** is a recently discovered pterosaur, and comes from shale laid down Upper Triassic rocks in Italy.

A nearly complete skeleton was found in 1973. This showed it was a member of the long-tailed sub-order of pterosaurs, the Rhamphorhynchoidea. *Eudimorphodon* was small in size, with 110 teeth packed into a jaw only 6 cms long. Teeth at the front are fangs, further back the teeth are small and multipointed, many with five cusps. This is  among pterosaurs, whose teeth are usually of a simple conical form.

Stomach contents showed it had eaten a small fish, *Parapholidophorus*. The top and bottom teeth of *Eudimorphodon* came into direct contact with each other when the jaws were closed, especially at the back of the jaw. The teeth were multi-cusped, and tooth wear shows that *Eudimorphodon* was able to crush or chew its food to some degree. Wear along the sides of these teeth suggests that *Eudimorphodon* also fed on hard-shelled invertebrates.

Juvenile *Eudimorphodon* had somewhat different and fewer teeth, and may have eaten insects.

An unsolved puzzle is the flexibility of the tail, which lacks the very long stiffening vertebral extensions other long-tailed pterosaurs have. This flexibility is a basal trait; its functional significance in this genus is unknown. However, it is known that the stiffened tail of *Rhamphorhynchus*-like pterosaurs is a device which adds  to their flight. Without this stability, the animal would be more , but their flight would need more control by the brain.

## References
Siren Song of the Counter Culture

***Siren Song of the Counter Culture*** is the third album by American punk rock band Rise Against. It was released on August 10, 2004. It is the band's first release on a major label. The album sold very well, mainly because of the success of its single, "Swing Life Away", which reached number 12 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, making it the band's highest-ranking single at the time. Also faring well were the album's other three singles, "Give It All" (number 37) and "Life Less Frightening" (number 33) and "Paper Wings". Despite its big commercial success, Siren Song of the Counter Culture is not Rise Against's highest charting album on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 136;  albums The Sufferer & The Witness and Appeal to Reason both charted higher, peaking at number 10 and number 3. The album was awarded Gold by the RIAA on March 10, 2009.

## Track listing
# "State of the Union" – 2:19
# "The First Drop" – 2:39
# "Life Less Frightening" – 3:44
# "Paper Wings" – 3:43
# "Blood to Bleed" – 3:48
# "To Them These Streets Belong" – 2:49
# "Tip the Scales" – 3:49
# "Anywhere But Here" – 3:38
# "Give It All" – 2:50
# "Dancing for Rain" – 4:01
# "Swing Life Away" – 3:20
# "Rumors of My Demise Have Been Greatly Exaggerated" – 4:14

### Bonus tracks 
13. "Obstructed View" - 2:01 
14. "Fix Me (Black Flag cover)" - 0:54
Pepperjack cheese

pepper jack cheese.]]
**Pepper jack cheese** is a type of Monterey Jack cheese that is made with spicy hot peppers for flavor. Pepper jack is a spicy, buttery cheese that is soft and has a tart flavor.

## History 
Although the origins of Pepper jack cheese is undocumented, it is rumored to have been created in California in late 19th century by Mexican-American cheesemakers who created Monterey Jack cheese with Jalapeño peppers for additional flavor.
Joey Tempest

**Joey Tempest** (born **Rolf Magnus Joakim Larsson**; August 19, 1963) is the singer and main songwriter of the Swedish rock band Europe.

## Solo albums
**A Place to Call Home* (1995)
**Azalea Place* (1997)
**Joey Tempest* (2002)
Roger Goodell

**Roger Goodell** (born February 19, 1959) is the current commissioner of the National Football League (NFL). He has held this position since August 8, 2006 when he took over duties for the retiring Paul Tagliabue.

As the commissioner, he has focused on how players behave off of the field, making more rules that can lead to players who get into trouble off of the field or with the law being fined or suspended. He also expanded teams to big market cities and made the league a global phenomenon. 

## References
Commune

, a Chilean *comuna (commune)*]]
**Commune** is a word that can have different meanings:

* In many languages, especially those coming from Latin, it can stand for an administrative division, see municipality. 
* In the Mass of many Christian groups, it stands for a number of texts that are common among different forms of Mass, see common (liturgy)
* A larger number of people who have similar ideas or values, sometimes form what is called an intentional community. 
* A medieval commune
Cardenal Caro

.]]
**Cardenal Caro** is a Chilean province. Is the only province in the Region of O'Higgins that has instant access to the sea. It has a population of 41,160 inhabitants. It has a surface of 3.295,07 km². Its capital is Pichilemu, main turistic place of the region during the summer months. In the past, it was part of the Province of Colchagua. The province is named after José Maria Caro, the first Chilean Catholic cardinal.

## Communes of the province 
The province has 6 communes:
* Pichilemu (capital)
* La Estrella
* Litueche
* Marchigüe
* Navidad
* Paredones

## Related pages
* José María Caro
Punta de Lobos

**Punta de Lobos** () is a Chilean beach 6&nbsp;km south of Pichilemu and 177&nbsp;km southwest of Rancagua, in the Province of Cardenal Caro, Region of O'Higgins.

It has a fine and gray sand. The beach is surrounded by In addition to its fine gray sand, its principal characteristic is that its surrounded by cliffs that are 50 metres high. The famous rocks of the beach are frequently visited by sea-lions. The beach is perfect for bathing and shore fishing. It is also a good place for surfing and kiteboarding practice, especially in winter. The sea waves at the beach oscillate between the two and three height meters, and allows the surfers to select their perfect waves.

## References
Computus

invented the *Anno Domini* era to calculate the Easter date.]]
**Computus** (Latin for "computation") is the method for calculating the date of Easter. In the early 4th century there was confusion about when Christian Easter or the Resurrection should be celebrated.

## History 
### Background 
At the Arles Council, in 314, all of Christianity was obliged to celebrate Easter on the same day. This date was to be assigned by the Pope, who would send epistles to all the churches in the world with the necessary instructions. However, not all the congregations followed those precepts.
### Nicaea Council 
In the First Council of Nicaea, in 325, this question was resolved.

It was established that the Resurrection Easter had to be celebrated fulfilling some norms:
* Easter had to be celebrated on Sunday.
* It could not coincide with the Jewish festival of Passover, celebrated independently which day of the week it was.
* Christians could not celebrate Easter twice the same year. This was because the new year started in the spring equinox, so the celebration of Easter before the real equinox was prohibited.

However, there still were discussions between the Roman Church and the Alexandrian Church, while the Nicaea Council said that the Alexandria Church was right, they had to calculate the date (in Alexandria), then communicate it to Rome. The Roman Church had to spread the *computus* to the rest of the Christianity.

## Calculation 
Let's define 5 variables, *a*, *b*, *c*, *d*, and *e*; and two constants, *M* and *N*. For the years between 1900 and 2100, M and N take the values 24 and 5, respectively (see table below). We'll call *A* the year that we want to calculate the Easter date.

:*a* is the remainder of the division \frac{A}{19}, or technically according to the modular arithmetic we should say A\ mod \ 19,

:*b* is the remainder of the division \frac{A}{4},

:*c* is the remainder of the division \frac{A}{7},

:*d* is the remainder of the division \frac{19a+M}{30},

:*e* is the remainder of the division \frac{2b+4c+6d+N}{7}.

If *d* + *e*  9), will be in April (*d* + *e* − 9).

There are 2 exceptions:

* If the obtained date is April 26, the Easter date will be April 19, **not** April 26.
* If the obtained date is April 25, with *d* = 28, *e* = 6 and *a* > 10, then the Easter date will be April 18.

The values for M and N for years before 1900 or after 2100 can be obtained from the following table:

## Further reading 
* Mosshammer, Alden A. *The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. .
Nick Jr.

**Nick Jr.** is an abbreviation of *Nickelodeon Junior*. It was launched in 1988 in the United States.

## International versions 
### United States 
Launched on January 4, 1988. The US version did not had the similar graphs, promos or design as the UK, Italy or Australia except the logo. The mascots was *Moose A. Moose* and *Zee*. Currently it airs some early and late Nick Jr. shows. The new logo is a lot different then the block's logo.
* *64 Zoo Lane*
* *The Adventures of Spot*
* *Barney & Friends*
* *Bear in the Big Blue House*
* *Boohbah*
* *Brum (TV series)*
* *The Busy World of Richard Scarry*
* *Connie the Cow*
* *Dora the Explorer*
* *Franklin (TV series)*
* *Hi-5 (American band)*
* *LazyTown*
* *Little Bear (TV series)*
* *Maggie and the Ferocious Beast*
* *Maisy*
* *Make Way for Noddy*
* *Miffy and Friends*
* ''Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends*
* *The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh*
* *Oswald (TV series)*
* *Peppa Pig*
* *Play with Me Sesame*
* *Pocket Dragon Adventures*
* *Rolie Polie Olie*
* *Rubbadubbers*
* *The Save-Ums!*
* *Sesame Street*
* *The Shoe People*
* *Stoked (TV series)*
* *Square One Television*
* *Teletubbies*
* *Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)*
* *Tiny Planets*
* *Tweenies*
* *Ultraman Kids*
* *The Upside Down Show*
* *Yo Gabba Gabba!''

### United Kingdom 
Launched on September 1, 1999 as the first Nick Jr. channel. Until 2005 it aired from 6:00a.m. to 8:00p.m. Then in 2005 a classic children's programming block called **Nick Jr. Classics** was launched, airing was also increased to 10:00p.m. After Nick Jr. Classics was dropped, it began airing for 24 hours.
* *64 Zoo Lane*
* *Connie the Cow*
There is a similar service titled **Nick Jr. Too**. It launched in April 2006 as **Nick Jr. 2**, but the name was changed in November 2014.

### Australia 
Launched on March 2004. The Australian version includes some PBS Kids series like *WordWorld*, *Sid the Science Kid*, or *Martha Speaks*, and original programming like *Ollie*.

### France 
Similar to the US version. Launched on January 26, 2010. Name stylized as **Nickelodeon Junior**.

## References
## Other websites
*
WWE Cruiserweight Championship (1991–2007)

The  **WWE Cruiserweight Championship** was a professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment. It was competed for by cruiserweights at no more than a weight of 220 poundshttp://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/cruiser// and was originally a World Championship Wrestling title. During its time in WWE, it was only competed for on the SmackDown brand.

A new WWE Cruiserweight Championship was created in 2016. The title did not continue the history of WWE's old Cruiserweight Championship.

## History 
Following the title's introduction in 1991 as the **WCW Light Heavyweight Championship**, a tournament was held to determine the first champion. On October 27, Brian Pillman beat Richard Morton in the tournament final to win the title. However, it was vacated on September 2, 1992, due to Brad Armstrong's knee injury during his reign. Then, on March 20, 1996, Shinjiro Ohtani beat Chris Benoit in another tournament final to win the **WCW Cruiserweight Championship**. 

In March 2001, World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. (WWF) purchased World Championship Wrestling. Following this, the "Invasion" angle happened, in which WCW was "destroyed". During the "Invasion", only four WCW championship titles remained active, including the WCW Cruiserweight title. On July 30, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship and the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship were both competed for in what was called a unification match. The reigning WWF Light Heavyweight Champion, X-Pac, beat the WCW Cruiserweight Champion, Billy Kidman.  However, the titles were still defended separately after that. After the end of the Invasion at Survivor Series 2001, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship remained active and was renamed the **World Wrestling Federation (WWF) Cruiserweight Championship**, while the Light Heavyweight Title was retired.

In March 2002, when the brand extension started, the championship became exclusive to the SmackDown! brand. On May 6, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) changed its name to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) after the company lost a lawsuit from the World Wildlife Fund over the WWF trademark. So the championship was renamed to **WWE Cruiserweight Championship**. After six months without a champion, on March 3, 2008, WWE removed the championship from the active championship web page, where originally the title was listed as "vacant." Afterward, the title was removed from the active titles list on WWE's title histories web page to the defunct (or retired) championship list. In this way, the title was quietly retired. As a result, Hornswoggle is the last WWE Cruiserweight Champion.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*WCW/WWE Cruiserweight Title History
A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story

***A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story*** is a 2006 LGBT biography television movie that was directed by Agnieszka Holland and was shown on the Lifetime Television network. The story is about the real life murder of Gwen Araujo, a transgender teenager who was murdered after some people that she knew found out that she had male sex organs. Scenes showing the murder trial are shown alternating with the story of Gwen's life.

The movie stars J.D. Pardo as Gwen, Mercedes Ruehl as her mother, and Avan Jogia as her brother, Danny. It first aired on the Lifetime Television network on June 19, 2006.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site 
* 
* Rolling Stone article about the real life events
Henry Fielding

**Henry Fielding** (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754) was an English writer and magistrate. He was born in Sharpham, Somerset, attended Eton College then later the University of Leiden in Holland. He left Leiden in debt and eventually drifted to London to work in the theatre, and was a prolific playwright, becoming one of London's most popular writers until 1737 when his career was ended by The Licensing Act, which required all plays to be performed only in patent theatres and to be approved by the Lord Chamberlain. Fielding's sharp satire was one of several reasons the First Minister Wapole pushed through The Act. 

Fielding then turned to the law and trained to be a barrister. During this time he continued writing and editing. 

During his later writing career he produced three novels and is considered, along with Samuel Richardson, a founder of the modern novel. *Tom Jones* and *Joseph Andrews* were written in a picaresque style.  *Amelia*, his last novel, was more sombre. He as well published in1743 a work of extended political irony, The Life and Death of the Late Jonathan Wild, the Great - a political satire. 

In 1749 he was made justice of the peace and magistrate for Westminster and Middlesex where he, and later with his half brother John Fielding, introduced innovations in criminal apprehension, gathering a small band of "thief takers" who were supported with money from the secret service. These men were known as "Mr Fielding's people", afterwards nicknamed "the Bow Street runners" (named after the Bow Street house where Fielding lived and held court, which later became Bow Street Magistrate's Court) and eventually evolved into The Metropolitan Police Force. 

Henry had suffered from gout and most probably cirrhosis of the liver (he was a very heavy drinker despite his remarkable energy and abilities) from his late 30s and by 1753 was very ill, his health made worse by overwork and long hours in the courtroom. In 1754 he resigned his post as magistrate, which was taken over by his half-brother John Fielding (later Sir John Fielding) and journeyed to Lisbon, Portugal to try to recover, but soon thereafter died and is buried in the English Cemetery. His last gift to the world was a humorous account of the travails of travel and sea,*The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon* - a triumph of courage and humour in the face of his fatal illness.
Belinda

**Belinda** can mean:

* *Belinda (book)*, by Maria Edgeworth
* Belinda (moon)

**People:**
* Belinda (entertainer)