open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Boston Red Sox

The **Boston Red Sox** are an American baseball team from Boston, Massachusetts that play in Major League Baseball. They have nine World Series championships, most recently in 2018. The Red Sox are a member of Major League Baseball's American League East Division and of the American League itself. The Red Sox have played at Fenway Park since 1912

One of the American League's eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Boston in 1901. They had no real nickname, but were often called the Boston Americans because they played in the American League. Their first home field was the Huntington Avenue Grounds. They met the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first modern World Series, and defeated the Pirates in an upset.

In 1907, the Boston National League team stopped using red as their team color. The Americans team color had been blue. The next year, 1908, the Americans adopted red as their color, and officially became the Boston Red Sox.

In 1918, the team won its fifth World Series, and then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history. The Red Sox won the World Series in 1903, 1912, 1915, 1916, 1918, 2004, 2007, 2013, and 2018; they won the pennant, but lost the World Series in 1946, 1967, 1975, and 1986.

## The Curse of the Bambino
Many thought their championship drought between 1918 and 2004 was caused by the "Curse of the Bambino", said to have been caused by the trade of Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees in 1920. The drought was ended, and the "curse" reversed in 2004, when the team won their sixth World Series Championship. 

To get to the 2004 World Series, they beat the Yankees in the 2004 American League Championship Series; they lost the first three games to the Yankees, but then, facing elimination, they won the next four games and thereby won the ALCS. That was, and still is, the first and only time an MLB team has won a seven-game playoff series after losing the first three games. 

After the ALCS, the Red Sox swept the St. Louis Cardinals to win their first World Series since 1918 (86 years) in 2004.

## Other facts
They share a large and very famous rivalry with the New York Yankees. They also share a notably smaller rivalry with the Tampa Bay Rays because of the 2008 American League Championship Series and because of various on-field fights and disputes. They have not been doing very good lately in The American League Eastern Division, losing to the Yankees in the American League Wild Card series.

## References 
## Other websites 
* "Official" Red Sox Nation Website
* The Remy Report  Jerry Remy's Sox Page
* Boston Red Sox official website
'03 Bonnie & Clyde

'**03 Bonnie & Clyde** is a single by rapper Jay-Z, featuring American singer and songwriter Beyoncé. It was taken from his ninth studio album *The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse* (2002) and can also be found on the international s of Beyoncé's first solo album *Dangerously in Love*. Released in 2002, the song reached number four on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100. It was Jay-Z's second top ten single and Beyoncé's first top ten single as a solo artist. It also reached number two in the United Kingdom. The single is notable for causing drama between Jay-Z and Toni Braxton over what she said was a stolen sample. Jay-Z had to work with Suge Knight to secure the rights to cover this song from Tupac Shakur, because he made the original version of the song, which was called "Me and My Girlfriend". "Me and My Girlfriend" was on his 1996 classic *The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory*. Jay-Z also referenced this in his song "All I Need" from The Blueprint.

## Music video 
The music video for the song, which was directed by Chris Robinson, was nominated for "Best Hip-Hop Video" at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. However, it lost to Missy Elliott's "Work It." The name of the song is a reference to Eminem's song "'97 Bonnie and Clyde". 

There is a changed version of it called "Bonnie & Clyde '03" which has many of Beyoncé's vocals rather than Jay-Z's. It is included in her "Dangerously In Love" CD.

## Official versions 
* "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Clean version for the radio)
* "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Instrumental)
* "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Radio E)

## References
One Night Only

***One Night Only*** is a song from the 1981 Broadway musical *Dreamgirls*, with lyrics by Tom Eyen and music by Henry Krieger. In the context of the musical, "One Night Only" is performed twice in succession, as differing versions of the song - a soul ballad by the character Effie White and a disco version by her former bandmates Deena Jones & the Dreams - compete on the radio and the pop charts.

## Song information 
Both versions of "One Night Only" appear as one track on the original 1982 *Dreamgirls* Broadway cast album, performed by Jennifer Holliday as Effie and Sheryl Lee Ralph, Loretta Devine, and Deborah Burrell as Deena Jones & the Dreams. "One Night Only" was later covered on album by Elaine Page and Sylvester. Actor Hugh Jackman performed the song while hosting the 2004 Tony Awards ceremony, in a large production number featuring girl groups from the musicals *Caroline, or Change*, *Hairspray*, and *Little Shop of Horrors*.

## Single versions 
Releases of the single featured the different versions of the 2006 song.
*One Night Only (Eric Kupper & Richie Jones Club Mix - Edit) 
*One Night Only (Eric Kupper & Richie Jones Club Mix) 
*One Night Only (Eric Kupper & Richie Jones Club Mix - Instrumental) 
*One Night Only (Film Version) 
*One Night Only (Film Version - Instrumental)
Mioriţa

**Mioriţa** *(The Little Ewe)* is a Romanian traditional ballad.

## Other websites 
* Mioriţa in Romanian
* Mioriţa in English  (translation by W. D. Snodgrass)
1992 Pacific hurricane season

The **1992 Pacific hurricane season** was the most active Pacific season on record. The most notable storm was Hurricane Iniki, which caused billions of dollars of damage to the Hawaiian Islands. Hurricanes Lester, Virgil, Winifred, and Orlene also made landfall and killed several people, but were significantly less destructive. Hurricane Darby and Tropical Storm Agatha brought rains and more destruction to Mexico, without making landfall. Also of note are Hurricane Ekeka and Tropical Storm Hali, which formed in late January and March, respectively.

## Other websites
* [ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/pub/storm_archives/pacific/prelimep/ep1992/ NHC 1992 Pacific hurricane season archive]
* Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive
Dangerously in Love 2

Knowles re-recorded the song for her debut solo album, *Dangerously in Love* (2003), under the title "Dangerously in Love 2". Featuring a modified arrangement and background vocals by Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams, Knowles's version received a generally positive response from music critics. In the U.S. the song went for radio airplay only and was never released as a single in other countries. No music video exists for the song, though the performance on her DVD *Live at Wembley* was shown frequently on BET.

Knowles frequently performed the song live — often as a prelude to "Crazy in Love" or her live cover of the Jill Scott song "He Loves Me". She performed "Dangerously in Love 2" at the 2004 Grammy Awards, where it won in the category of "Best Female R&B Vocal Performance".

Other versions of the Knowles solo version of the song include an a cappella, an instrumental and the Svella remix.

## Charts
Ring the Alarm

***Ring the Alarm*** is an R&B song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean, and Sean Garrett for Knowles' second solo album *B’Day* (2006). Co-produced by Knowles, and Swizz Beatz, and eventually debuted at number twelve on the *Billboard* Hot 100, making the single her highest entry on the official American singles chart and the second highest debut of 2006 behind only Taylor Hicks's "Do I Make You Proud". It previously debuted at *Billboard* Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles at number seventeen.

## Formats and track listing 
These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "Ring the Alarm".
;CD Maxi single
# "Ring the Alarm" (Karmatronic remix)
# "Ring the Alarm" (Migtight remix)
# "Ring the Alarm" (The Tranzformas remix, featuring Collie Buddz)
# "Ring the Alarm" (Jazze Pha remix)
# "Ring the Alarm" (Grizz remix)
;CD Single
# "Ring the Alarm" (Album version)
# "Ring the Alarm" (Instrumental)

## Charts 
## References
Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer

***Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer*** is a DVD by R&B artist Beyoncé Knowles. It was released in the US on November 24, 2006. It features some of her exclusive footages in France, Japan, United Kingdom, New York among other places during her worldwide tour, the makings and music video.

## Tracklisting
*Footage
*Making of Ring the Alarm
*Ring the Alarm – Music Video

## References
I Got That

"**I Got That**" is a single by rapper Amil featuring Beyoncé Knowles of Destiny's Child. It was the first single by Beyoncé and also it is currently the last solo single by Amil. Eve makes a cameo appearance in the video.

## CD single 
# "I Got That (Radio Edit)" (Whitehead, A./Barnes, Samuel/Lewis, LeShan/Smith, Tamy/Carter, Shawn/Olivier, Jean Claude "Poke"/Davis, Makeda) – 3:21
# "I Got That (Instrumental)" – 3:19
Slaithwaite

**Slaithwaite** is a large village in the Colne Valley in Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It is placed alongside the Colne River.

## Age Distribution
Slaithwaite has a younger mean population than the rest of England, with a mean age of 38.4, compared to a mean of 39.3 in the rest of England.
Fighting Temptation

***Fighting Temptation*** is a single released by R&B singer Beyoncé and female rappers Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free in 2003 to promote the film *The Fighting Temptations*, in which Beyoncé has a part. The song is part of the official soundtrack.

As it was released just one month after the second single from Beyoncé's *Dangerously in Love*, "Baby Boy", the song did not become a big hit and failed to enter the *Billboard* Hot 100 and other important U.S. charts. However, the single received some attention from European countries, eventually peaking at number thirteen in the Netherlands. The film was also an instant success, mainly due to Beyoncé's success in Europe at that time.

## Track listing 
#"Fighting Temptation" (Album Version)
#Destiny's Child – "I Know" (Album Version)

## Other versions
*"Fighting Temptation" (Acapella)
*"Fighting Temptation" (Instrumental)
*"Fighting Temptation" (Radio Edit)
Green Light

***Green Light*** is an R&B/funk song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Sean Garrett, and Pharrell Williams for Knowles' second solo studio album, ''B'Day'' (2006). Co-produced by Pharrell and Beyoncé, it was released as fifth UK single on July 30 2007. The Freemasons remix of "Green Light" was on the BBC Radio 1 A-list by July 18 2007.

## Chart performance 
With the album version of the song being available digitally as soon as the album was released, it debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 152 after the video aired in July 2007. The album version peaked at number seventy-seven one week before the Freemasons remix became available. Because of heavy radio airplay of the Freemasons remix, as soon as it was available, the song climbed sixty places to number seventeen the following week, and then to number twelve, giving Knowles her eleventh top twenty hit in the UK. "Green Light" became Knowles's highest charting single on downloads alone on the UK Singles Chart without a prominent featured artist. The UK commercial CD single was cancelled at the last minute.

The album version was released in the Netherlands where it debuted on the Dutch Singles Chart at number 30.

## References
Jumpin' Jumpin'

"'''Jumpin', Jumpin''''" is a song recorded by Destiny's Child. It was the fourth and final single from the group's second album, ''The Writing's on the Wall''. The single achieved success in various charts.

Byron Rittenhouse's voice is on the song saying "Uh huh, I ain't worried 'bout my girl a'ight" in response to Beyonce's line "I ain't thinking 'bout my man tonight".

## Formats and remixes 
Two official urban remixes for this song exist. One, known as the Nitro remix features rapper Nitro, while the other is known as the So So Def Remix with Lil' Bow Wow, Da Brat and Jermaine Dupri. A video was filmed for the So So Def Remix later. Also, appearing as a second half of the So So Def Remix on the This Is the Remix (Destiny's Child album), Azza's Remix of Jumpin', Jumpin'. This version was a newly recorded version with slower singing and Kelly doing lead on chorus and high notes during break, and one of few remix songs from Writing's On The Wall that Farrah Franklin and Michelle are singing; the other being the WMBA version of the song.

:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (A Capella)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Instrumental)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Azza's Remix)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Digital Black 'N Groove Club Mix)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Hammerhouse Remix)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Radio Mix)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Jumpin' Retro Mix)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Mike Moore Remix)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Nitro Remix) (feat Mr Nitro)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Disney Party Remix) (feat Solange)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Def Remix) (feat Lil' Bow Wow, Jermaine Dupri & Da Brat)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So Far So Def Remix)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Dub)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Jameson Drum & Bass Mix)
:"Jumpin', Jumpin'" (WNBA Version)
EUX.TV

**EUX.TV**, or **the Europe channel**, is an independent digital television station from Brussels that talks about European matters.

## Other websites 
http://eux.tv/
Awadhi language

**Awadhi** is an Indo-Aryan language. This language was spoken in a wide area of Awadh including Lucknow and Ayoudhya (Awadh) earlier. Goswami Tulasidas wrote Ramcharitmanas, Geetavali, Kavitavali, and all his Shri Ram poems in this language.

Hindi is a much newer language derived on Awadhi.

## References
## Other websites
Westdeutscher Rundfunk

The **Westdeutscher Rundfunk** (WDR, official "Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln") is a German public-broadcasting institution based in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia with its main office in Cologne. WDR is a  member of  the consortium of German public-broadcasting institutions, ARD. The WDR produces the regional television service WDR Fernsehen (formerly known as WDF and West3) and six regional radio channels.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Five Pillars of Islam

The **Five Pillars of Islam** are five basic rules in Islam that all Muslims must follow.

The Five Pillars consist of :
# Shahadah - The shahadah means there is no other god except Allah (one God) and Prophet Muhammad is the messenger/prophet of Allah. The shahadah can be recited when a person chooses to revert to Islam as the words in the shahadah are the key fundamental beliefs in Islam. Shahada is the fundamental declaration of faith in Islam, and according to Islamic theology, it is a prerequisite for the acceptance of deeds.http://islamlegacy.com/five-pillars-of-islam/
# Prayer (Salat) - Praying five times a day, kneeling towards Mecca (a desert city in Asia).  There are specific religious movements and prayers that are said.
# Charity or alms-giving (zakat) - Each year a Muslim must give money to charity (Usually 2.5% of their savings). If a person does not have much money, they can give services to others instead.
# Fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm) - Islamic Fasting is not eating or drinking beverages when the sun is out, only when the moon is out
# Hajj - Pilgrimage (journey) to Mecca 

## Sources
Suga Mama

***Suga Mama*** is a song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Rich Harrison, and Makeba, and produced by Knowles and Harrison for Knowles' second solo album, ''B'Day'' (2006). It features a sample of Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers' song "Searching for Soul", which was written by Chuck Middleton. The music video for the song was released on television in the United Kingdom in April 2007.

## Music video and other promotion 
The "Suga Mama" music video was released to UK music channels in April 2007. It is black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina and Knowles for the ''B'Day Anthology Video Album'', which was released the same month; It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to "slowly become a woman" during the video, adding "Well, a sexier woman — I'm always a woman."

"Suga Mama" was included on the set list of Knowles's 2007 tour, The Beyoncé Experience, and *The Tennessean* wrote that the song "was even sexier and more gutbucket than on record". A remix of the song features rapper Consequence.

## References
Deutsche Welle

]]

The **DW** (Deutsche Welle) (until 5 February 2012: **Deutsche Welle**) is Germany's international broadcaster. It broadcasts news and information on shortwave, Internet and satellite radio in 29 languages (DW (RADIO)).

It has a satellite television service (DW (TV)) that is available in four languages, and there is also DW.DE, a 30-language online news site. *DW*, which in English means "German Wave", is similar to international broadcasters such as the BBC World Service, Radio Canada International, Voice of America, and Radio France Internationale.

On 6 February 2012 Deutsche Welle was completely relaunched and now operates only as **DW**.

## Censorship 
Since October 28, 2021, the site of Deutsche Welle can't be opened in Belarus.

In March 2022, a Belarusian court recognized the Telegram channel “DW Belarus” and the Deutsche Welle logo as extremist materials. In April 2024, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus labeled DW Belarus as an extremist group.
## Journalism Academy 
DW Academy has been active in Libya since 2011, promoting traditional and non-traditional media and journalists.

## Notes and references
## Other websites 
* Official site
* DW Livestream 
* The Bobs DW International Weblog Award
* DW on Satellite TV in the United States
Tibetan Book of the Dead

The ***Tibetan Book of the Dead*** is a religious text from Tibet, written as a guide for persons attending someone who is dying or recently dead, to bring comfort and " ". It includes prayers, instructions for both dying persons and their attendants, and descriptions of the afterlife. (Roman Catholicism has comparable rituals, called  or Last Rites.) The book has been translated into many languages, including English.

## Adaptations 
In the 1960s, professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert (later known as Baba Ram Dass) collaborated on a book titled *The Psychedelic Experience*, which adapted portions of the *Book of the Dead* as a guide for use in LSD experiences. They hoped to give users of LSD a simulation of death and , to "liberate" them from past problems or mistakes in their lives. Many persons did have positive results from their book. Others pursued it like a , and were not helped or changed for the better.

John Lennon of The Beatles adapted the adaptation in turn, using many of the book's ideas for his song "Tomorrow Never Knows". He later  *The Psychedelic Experience*, calling it "that stupid book of Leary's," but his song spread its influence. This book has real life experiences between life and death situations.

## Related pages 
* Book of the Dead
Kaaba

The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam.

The Kaaba was buried under the sand by Noah's flood. After a period of time, it was rebuilt by Prophet Abraham and his son, Prophet Ishmael. 

The Kaaba was a place of monotheism for centuries. Then Amr bin Luhayy brought an idol to the Kaaba. After that, the Kaaba became a place of pagan belief.

### After Prophet Muhammad 
Muslims began to manage the Kaaba in 630 AD. Idols are forbidden in Islam, and Prophet Muhammad removed them.  Muslims believe that Allah commanded man to build it. 

Muslims are required to make a pilgrimage (hajj) once in a lifetime to the Kaaba. Because it is the holiest place in Islam, all Muslims pray towards the Kaaba.

Three pillars (columns) inside the Kaaba support the roof. The floor is made of marble, while the ceiling is covered with cloth.

# The Black Stone is an egg-shaped black stone with red and yellow marks.
# The door is 2.13 m above the ground and made of pure gold. The Key has been held by the Shaiba family for 1400 years
# A rainwater pipe was added to protect the roof from the damage of accumulated rainwater.
# It is called al-Shadrawan, and it was added to protect the foundation of the Kaaba from the water.
# Hatim is a low wall. It is included as a part of the Kaaba’s sacred area. Muslims believe the place between the Kaaba and Hatim is the burial, area of Ishmael and Hajar.
# Al-Multezem, the part of the wall between the door and the Black Stone
# Station of Abraham, a glass and metal covering for Prophet Abraham’s footprint.
# Corner of Black Stone (East)
# Corner of Yemen (South-West)
# Corner of Syria (North-West)
# Corner of Iraq (North-East)
# Cover (Kiswah)
# The marble line helps pilgrims to count their walks around the Kaaba (Tawaf).
# The Station of Gabriel

The covers are produced by a factory every year. This factory was established in 1927, solely to produce these covers. The cover is replaced every year on the evening of Eid Al-Adha by 160 technicians.

The Kaaba’s cover contains Qur'anic verses. It is made of 450kgs of pure silk, and it includes hundreds of pounds of precious metals, 670 kgs of silver dyed black, about 120 kgs of pure gold and 50 kgs of silver. The cost of the cover is USD 4,534,325. Its size is 658 square metres.

## References
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor

The **F-22 Raptor** is a fighter aircraft made by Lockheed Martin.  It first flew on September 7th, 1997 and entered service in the United States Air Force in 2005.  Because it is very expensive and dogfighting isn't common today, there aren't as many of them as other fighter planes.  It is a stealth aircraft meaning it is very hard to see on radar.  It can hold six radar-guided medium-range AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles and two heat-seeking, short-range AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles, but it can hold other payloads. While its top speed is uncertain, it's known to exceed Mach 2.25 or 1,500 mph. It can also efficiently cruise at supersonic speeds without afterburner. It features thrust vectoring, whereby the plane's thrust nozzles turn to help turn it faster. Thrust vectoring is very useful in dogfights.

The F-22 Raptor is a 5th generation fighter and is a very expensive plane to produce.  In order to protect the F-22 Raptor's stealth technology and other secrets, the U.S. has not sold the F-22 Raptor to other countries, even to its closest allies.  Export versions not as powerful as the ones used by the U.S. might be sold in future.

## Similar airplanes 
* **Su-57** - Russian counterpart of the F-22.
* F-35 - A similar American 5th generation plane, except it is a multirole jet instead of a fighter.
* Palne - A cheap redesign built by a group of aerospace aspirants in Republika Srpska. It was a bomber variant in which the aspirants quoted "Dropped cluster bombs upon ground impact".
Hollywood (song)

***Hollywood*** is the fourth single from Jay-Z's ninth studio album *Kingdom Come* (2007). The song features Jay-Z's longtime girlfriend, singer Beyoncé. The song is also featured on Beyoncé's B'Day Deluxe Edition with more of Beyoncé's vocals and less of Jay-Z's under the title "Welcome To Hollywood". 

## Music video 
A video for Jay-Z's album version does not exist but an official video was created for "Welcome to Hollywood" using clips of different Beyoncé videos (much like the "Lose My Breath" megamix on the Destiny's Child Fan Pack II). The video is played as an interlude on Beyoncé's B'Day Tour, The Beyoncé Experience.

## Charts
Summertime (song)

***Summertime*** is a single released by R&B singer Beyoncé featuring rapper P. Diddy in 2003. The song was the second and final single released to promote the movie *The Fighting Temptations*, in which Knowles plays the leading lady. The song is not featured in the movie but is part of the official soundtrack. It first appeared as a B-side to Knowles' 2003 smash hit "Crazy in love".

As it was released just seven days after the third single from Knowles' *Dangerously in Love*, "Me, Myself and I", the song did not become a big hit and an official music video was never shot for it. The song however was part of the set list on Knowles' Dangerously in Love World Tour.

## Official versions
*Summertime (A Cappella featuring Diddy)
*Summertime (featuring Diddy)
*Summertime (movie Version)
*Summertime (Instrumental)
*Summertime (Remix - A Cappella featuring  Ghostface Killah)
*Summertime (Remix featuring Ghostface Killah)
*Summertime (Without Rap)

## Charts
Edom

d boundary of classical Idumaea.]]
**Edom** is a name given to Esau, the brother of Jacob, in the Hebrew Bible. It also means the nation that came from him.  The nation's name in Assyrian was **Udumi**. In Syriac it was '***. In Greek, it was **** (Idoumaía). In Latin, it was **** or ***'.

The Edomite people were a Semitic-speaking tribal people. They lived in the Negev Desert and the Arabah valley. The Arabah valley is now the south of Dead Sea and next to the Jordan. The area has much red sandstone. This may have made the name "Edom".  The nation of Edom is known to have existed back to the 8th or 9th century BC. The Bible dates it back several centuries further. Recent archaeological proof may show an Edomite nation as long ago as the 11th century BC. However, people are not completely sure. Others argue that the 8th or 9th century dates are right.  The nation stopped being a settled state after the Jewish-Roman Wars.

## References
Fabaceae

**Fabaceae** is the systematic name of the plant family that is commonly known as the Pea family. It consists of three subgroups: Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae (or better Faboideae). In modern systems like APG II this family Fabaceae is closely related to Quillajaceae, Polygalaceae or milkworts (including the families Diclidantheraceae, Moutabeaceae, and Xanthophyllaceae), and Surianaceae.

## Description 
The leaves are usually alternate and compound, in the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae commonly bipinnate (e.g. *Acacia*, *Mimosa*). In many species the leaves have structures evolved to attract ants, that, being predatory, protect the plant from herbivore insects. Extrafloral nectaries -a gland secreting nectar -are common among the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae and are also found in some Faboideae (e.g. vetches *Vicia sativa*). Fabaceae are typically entomophilous plants (i.e. they are pollinated by insects) and the flower are usually showy to attract the pollinators.

In the Mimosoideae the flowers are radial symmetric or actinomorphic. In the Caesalpinioideae and Faboideae (see diagram) are most often zygomorphic or bilateral in simmetry.

Lupinus polyphyllus3.JPG|lupin *Lupinus*
Senna61.jpg|Senna
Acacia dealbata.jpg|*Acacia dealbata* "wattle"
Wisteria sinensis nobackground labels.jpg|diagram of the flower

## Related pages 
* Senna (herb)
* Broom (shrub)
*Lupin
*Sophora

## Other websites 
*List of genera 

## References
Medical papyri

(around the 17th century BC), thought to be the earliest medical text.]]
The **medical papyri** (or **medical papyruses**) are a set of ancient Egyptian texts that give background info on medical practices from ancient Egypt. The papyri give details on disease, diagnostics, and remedies of disease, as well as traditional methods and by using magical spells. 

It is thought there were more medical papyri, but many have been lost due to grave robbing. The largest study of the medical papyri to date was undertaken by Berlin University and was titled "Medizin der alten Agypter" (Medicine of ancient Egypt).

Early Egyptian medicine was based on a mixture of magic and religious spells. Most commonly "cured" by use of amulets or magical spells, the illnesses were thought to be caused by spiteful acts or actions. Afterwards, doctors did various medical treatments if needed. The instructions for these medical rituals were later inscribed on papyrus scrolls by the priests performing the actions.

## Related pages
* Medicine
* Ancient Egypt
* Papyrus

## Other websites 
* The History and Treatment of the Papyrus Collection at The Brooklyn Museum
Federal Convention (Germany)

The **Bundesversammlung**, or *Federal Convention*, is a special federal body in Germany.

It is made up of all of the members of the Bundestag, plus an equal number of delegates elected by the parliaments of the Länder. Those delegates don't have to be memebers of the Länder parliaments; sometimes celebrities are chosen.

The convention usually has for about 1200 members. The only task of the Bundesversammlung is to elect the Federal President.

## Meeting 
The Bundesversammlung is called to meet by the President of the Bundestag, and the President of the Bundestag acts as Chairman of the Bundesversammlung.

The Bundesversammlung meets at least thirty days before the end of the Federal President's term of office ends, in order to elect the next president.  If the Federal President dies or is impeached, the Bundesversammlung meets within 30 days.

## Electing the President 
The Bundesversammlung does not hold debates or question any of the candidates for president.
It chooses the next Federal President by an absolute majority vote.  If no-one has an absolute majority on the first and second ballot, then they hold a third ballot, and the winner is the person who has the highest number of votes.
U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To)

'''''U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To) – The Remix EP'''* is the first EP by American R&B singer Brandy Norwood, released in 1999. It was released for promotional use only.

## Release
During 1999, her record company, Atlantic Records, released a 9-track remix EP entitled *U Don't Know Me... Like U Used To – The Remix EP*. The album contains remix versions with Da Brat, Ma$e, Fat Joe, Big Pun, Darkchild, DJ Premier and many other artists and producers. The album is seen as a maxi-single so the peak positions are the same as the peak positions of the single. The songs on *U Don't Know Me'' did not have much success with a peak position of #79 on the U.S. Hot 100, 50 in Canada and 25 in the UK. The album's lead single was "U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To) [Remix]".

## References
Friedrich Ebert

:*This article is about Friedrich Ebert Senior. For his son, who helped to found the GDR see Friedrich Ebert Jr.*

**Friedrich Ebert** (4 February 1871 in Heidelberg – 28 February 1925 in Berlin) was a German politician. He was a part of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He was Chancellor of Germany and its first president during the Weimar period.

Ebert was a social democrat. He became leader of the SPD in 1913, when the last leader August Bebel died. He was an important part of the German Revolution of 1918–19, and when Germany became a republic he became the first Chancellor. His goal was to make Germany more peaceful. He did this by putting down the Left-wing and Right-wing revolutions, working with the right-wing Freikorps and the left-wing Trade unions.

He was Chancellor until he died on 28 February 1925 from Septic Shock. He is praised for helping the Weimar Republic when it had only just been made, but people also say he was wrong for working with the right-wing, and that it helped Adolf Hitler come to power.

## References
## Other websites
The Boy Is Mine

***The Boy Is Mine*** is an R&B duet song by singers Brandy and Monica. It was written by LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jerkins III, Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins and Brandy Norwood for Norwood's second studio album *Never Say Never* (1998) but eventually released as the lead single off of both singers' second albums during the second quarter of 1998 (see 1998 in music). Co-produced by Darkchild, Brandy and Dallas Austin, "The Boy Is Mine" has become one of the most successful R&B singles of all time. The song's lyrics tell a story about two women disputing the love of a man and were inspired by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson's 1982 duet "The Girl Is Mine."

The song was number one on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 for 13 weeks in a row.  It finished as the second-best performing song of 1998 on that chart.

## References
Guildford Dudley

**Guildford Dudley** (1536 – February 12, 1554) was the husband of Lady Jane Grey. He was executed along with Jane on February 12, 1554.

## Pre-Marriage
Guildford (also spelled as Guilford) was the son of John Dudley, the Earl of Warwick and later Duke of Northumberland and Jane Guildford (that was how he got his unusual name). He was very handsome, but arrogant and selfish because his mother spoiled him ever since he was a child.

## Marriage
In 1553, Guildford was told by his father that he was to marry Lady Jane Grey. Like many other people in the sixteenth century, Guildford complied. However, Jane did not want to marry Guildford because she thought he was rude. Jane only agreed after her parents had beaten and whipped her.
When Jane became queen, in July 1553, they got into an argument about Guildford becoming king. Guildford claimed than he should be king, but Jane did not believe that Guildford had the qualities to become king. She said she would make him duke, but Guildford was unhappy. Guildford and his mother attempted to leave the Tower of London, but Jane had him brought back. Jane lost the throne on July 19, 1553.

## Inprisonment and Death
At first, Guildford and Jane were allowed to visit each other, but only in the garden. However, for the last few months of their lives, they were not allowed to visit each other anymore.
A few days before their execution, Guildford asked Jane if they could visit one last time, but Jane refused.
On February 12, 1554, Guildford was executed and, unlike his wife, he was not very calm when he went to his death. Days before his death, he cried endlessly. However, on the day he was executed, he was calm. At the sight of the block, however, he lost his courage and cried again. He is said to have cried “Pray for me!” many times.

## Other websites
* More on Guildford Dudley  Guildford's biography
Petr Eben

**Petr Eben** (Žamberk, 22 January 1929; died Prague 24 October 2007) was a Czech composer and organist. Many musicians think of him as the most important Czech composer of the late 20th century. He was known world wide for his organ playing. He was especially good at improvisation.

## His Life 
Eben grew up in Český Krumlov in south Bohemia. He learned to play the piano, and later the cello and organ. Because his father was a Jew he had to leave school in 1943 and spent the rest of the war years in concentration camp in Buchenwald. In the camp he saw many terrible things, including graves into which the Nazis were throwing lots of murdered Jews. These terrible things influenced his music in later years. He had a strong faith and this helped him to survive during 40 years of living in Czechoslovakia under communist rule.

After the war he went to Prague Academy for Music where he studied the piano with František Rauch and composition with Pavel Bořkovec. In 1955 he got a job as lecturer at Charles University in Prague. He stayed there until 1990. He was the country’s best composer, and he should have had promotion, but the communist politicians did not allow this. He went to church every Sunday with his family. This did not help his career in a communist state.

After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, when his country became free from the Soviet Union, he started to become a national hero. He was made Professor of Composition and president of the Prague Spring Music Festival. Many music festivals performed his compositions, and he traveled to hear the concerts in spite of the fact that he was starting to become ill. His music was often played in England, where he had spent two years as professor of composition at the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester from 1978 to 1979. In March 2007 the BBC Symphony Orchestra under their Czech conductor Jiří Bělohlávek performed his *Vox Clamantis*, a work he had written in 1968 which shows the Czech people’s longing to be free.

## His compositions 
Eben continued during his lifetime to develop the style of music in which he wrote. He was interested in Czech folk music and he wrote down many folk songs that he heard in Moravia. He listened to plainchant in church music. All this helped him to develop his own style of composition. He is best-known abroad for his organ music, especially works such as *Musica Dominicalis* (*Sunday Music*) which includes a popular piece called *Moto Ostinato*. Other organ works include *Faust* (1980), *Job* (1987) and *A Festive Voluntary* which is a set of variations on the tune of *Good King Wenceslas*, written for the reopening in 1986 of the organ at Chichester Cathedral which had just been restored. He also wrote a lot of music for orchestra as well as chamber music. He composed some beautiful music for children’s choir, including church music called *Liturgical Songs*.

## References
Totalitarianism

]]
 (left) and Adolf Hitler (right).]]
]]
**Totalitarianism** is a political system where a government has unlimited control.  In some totalitarian regimes, a dictator holds all of the power; in others, a single political party does. In all cases, the government tries to control every part of its citizens' lives, and individuals have few rights. 

Totalitarianism is a type of autocracy, and an extreme form of authoritarianism.

Totalitarian governments are like police states, except that their police do not have to follow laws or regulations. The Mauryan dynasty of India (c. 321–c. 185 BCE) and the Qin dynasty of China (221–207 BCE) are two early examples. Spain (under General Francisco Franco); and the Empire of Japan. 

Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin led totalitarian regimes in the former Soviet Union. So did Mao Zedong in The People's Republic of China. 

In modern times, North Korea (under Kim Jong-Un) is a totalitarian regime. So is Eritrea; Isaias Afwerki has been its only president since 1993. 

As of 2023, fifty-nine countries had authoritarian governments. These countries contain 40% of the world's population - two out of every five people on Earth.

## Related pages
* Syria
* Nazism
* Fascism
* Stalinism
* Theocracy
* Adolf Hitler
* Ante Pavelić
* Dictatorship
* Antisemitism
* Communism
* Joseph Stalin
* Khmer Rouge
* Ion Antonescu
* The Holocaust
* Authoritarianism
* Bosnian Genocide
* Cambodian Genocide

## References
Gothic metal

**Gothic metal** is a heavy metal genre. It is fusion of gothic rock, doom metal and death metal.

## Notable bands
* We Are the Fallen
* Evanescence
* Type O Negative
* Moonspell
* Tristania
* Tiamat
* Paradise Lost
* Within Temptation
Lüneburg

**Lüneburg** is a city in Lower Saxony in north Germany.  It is about 50&nbsp;km southeast of Hamburg. It is the capital of the District of Lüneburg.  About 102,660 people live there.

The Ilmenau River, a tributary of the Elbe, flows through Lüneburg.

In the Middle Ages, it was Principality and the town was very rich due to the salt trade.  Salt used to be transported along the Old Salt Route to the Baltic Sea from where it was sent by ship to other countries.   There were salt mines near the town for a thousand years.  Salt mining stopped in 1980.  The salt mining caused a lot of deforestation.  The countryside changed into heathland which is called the Lüneburger Heide (Lüneburg Heath).

On May 23, 1945, the Nazi war criminal Heinrich Himmler committed suicide in Lüneburg after he had been captured by the British Army. He swallowed a potassium cyanide capsule before his interrogation could begin.

Lüneburg is twinned with Scunthorpe, England.

image:AmSande.jpg|Am Sande
Image:Lueneburg KranKaufhaus.jpg|Old crane and old store at the medieval Lüneburg harbour
Image:Rathaus2.jpg|Town hall
Image:Skillshare, Alter Hafen Lüneburg.jpg|Old harbour

## References
## Other websites
Sharon Osbourne

**Sharon Rachel Osbourne** ( **Arden**; born 9 October 1952) is a British music manager, television personality, and talent show judge. Osbourne first became famous on *The Osbournes* which was a reality show that showed Osbourne and her family in their daily lives.  

Sharon was born at Westminster Hospital in London, She is youngest child of Don Arden and Hope Shaw, She have a one brother David.  

She has also been a judge on the talent shows *The X Factor* and ''America's Got Talent*. Her autobiography, *Extreme'', which Osbourne wrote about her life, was very successful and has sold 2 million copies.

She has recovered from colorectal cancer. She was married to the rock singer Ozzy Osbourne untill his death, and she has three children with him named Kelly Osbourne, Jack Osbourne and Aimee Osbourne.

## References
## Other websites
*Sharon Osbourne  at itv.com/xfactor
*Sharon Osbourne Website
*Sharon Osbourne biography  at mtv.com
*The Osbournes at mtv.com
*
Czech

**Czech** might mean:

*Anything related to the Czech Republic
*The Czech language
*Czechs, a Slavic people
Full Moon

**Full Moon** may refer to:

*Full moon, the phase of the moon
*Full Moon (band), a late '70s/early '80s hard rock band
*Full Moon (album), a 2002 album by Brandy Norwood which also includes a song of the same name:
**Full Moon (song)
*FullMoon, the 4th Sonata Arctica demo under the name Tricky Means.
**Full Moon* (manga), (also known as *Full Moon o Sagashite*), a manga and anime series by Arina Tanemura
*A Full Moon Consort, a band from St. Louis
**Full Moon, Dirty Hearts*, an album by INXS
*Full Moon and Empty Arms, a popular song from 1945
*Full Moon Features, a movie company best known for the *Puppet Master* series
*Full Moon Fever
**Full Moon High*, a 1981 horror comedy film
**Full Moon (Kris Kristofferson album)*
**Full Moon (Charlie Daniels album)*
*Fullmoon Maple
**Full Moon (novel)*, a 1947 novel about Blandings Castle by P. G. Wodehouse
*Full Moon Party, a party in Thailand
**Full Moon (play)*, a play by Reynolds Price
*Full Moon Productions, a black/death metal record label
*Full Moon Records, an American record label
* "Full Moon (short story)", a 1948 story by Georgette Heyer
*Mekhong Full Moon Party, a 2002 movie from Thailand
*Paschal Full Moon
*Until the Full Moon, a manga featuring a half-werewolf/half-vampire
Summertime

**Summertime** means a time in Summer, one of the temperate seasons, and it could also mean:  

In **music**:
* "Summertime" (Beyoncé song), a popular song by George Gershwin from the 1935 opera *Porgy and Bess*
* "Summertime" (song)
* "Summertime" (DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince song)
* "Summertime" (Kenny Chesney song)
* "Summertime", a song by Diana Ross from her 1987 album *Red Hot Rhythm & Blues*
* "Summertime", a 1998 single by SKAMP
* "Summer Time", a song by The Pretty Things from the 2000 reissue of their 1970 album *Parachute*
* "Summertime", a song by Bon Jovi from their 2007 album *Lost Highway*
* *Summertime* EP, an EP by The Subways
* *Summertime* (Joe Locke & Geoffrey Keezer Quartet album)
* *Summertime* (Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass album), a 1971 album by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass

In **movie, television, and theatre**:
* *Summertime* (movie), a 1955 movie starring Katharine Hepburn
* ''L'Heure D'été* (movie) (English: *Summertime*), a 2007 French movie starring Juliette Binoche
* *Summertime* (TV), a 1997 Irish television movie short
* *Summertime* (cartoon), a 1934 cartoon by Ub Iwerks, featured on an episode of *Pee-wee's Playhouse*
* *Summertime'', a play by Ugo Betti

In **timekeeping**:
* Summer Time, advancing the clock one hour during summer, in American English known as daylight saving time
Green Light: Freemasons EP

***Green Light: Freemasons EP*** is a remix EP by female R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. It was released on July 27, 2007, online as a digital download.

## Track listing
#"Green Light" (Freemasons Remix) (Beyoncé, Pharrell Williams, Sean Garrett) – 3:21
#"Beautiful Liar (Freemasons Club Remix)" (featuring Shakira) (Beyoncé, Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Amanda Ghost, Ian Dench) – 7:33
#"Déjà Vu (Freemasons Radio Mix)" (featuring Jay-Z) (Beyoncé, Rodney Jerkins, Delisha Thomas, Makeba, Keli Nicole Price, Jay-Z) – 3:17
#"Ring the Alarm (Freemasons Club Mix Radio Edit)" (Beyoncé, Kasseem "Swizz Beatz" Dean, Sean Garrett) – 3:28

## References
Listen

**Listen** could mean:
*Listen Media Player
*A **listen server**, a type of game server
*Project LISTEN, developing speech recognition reading tutorial software

## In music
### Albums
* Listen (album) - by A Flock of Seagulls, 1983
* Listen (Jordan Rudess album) - by Jordan Rudess, 1993
* Listen  - by Michelle Tumes, 1998
* Listen: The Very Best Of - by Herbs, 2002
* Listen (TQ album) - by Terrance Quaites, 2004
* Listen (C21 album) - by C21, 2004
* Listen... - by Monkey Gone Mad, 2005

### Songs
* Listen (song) - by Beyoncé, 2006 
* Listen!!! - by Talib Kweli, 2006
Brandenburg Gate

The **Brandenburg Gate** is the only remaining town gate in Berlin, Germany. It was built between 1788 and 1791.

## Location
The Brandenburg Gate is located between the Platz des 18. März and the Pariser Platz. To the north is the Reichstag building. During the Cold War, the Reichstag was located in West Berlin, while the Brandenburger Tor in East Berlin.

## Structure
The Brandenburg Gate has twelve columns: six on the entrance side and six on the exit. The columns form five roadways. Citizens were originally allowed to use only the outer two, while the central roadway was reserved for royal officials. It was badly damaged, but not destroyed.  After the war, it was restored by the governments of East Berlin and West Berlin.

### Berlin Wall
When the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, the Brandenburg Gate was closed because it was in the middle of the death strip. In 1963, when U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited it, the Soviets hung large banners across the gate to prevent him from seeing into East Germany. In the 1980s West Berlin mayor Richard von Weizsäcker said:

 In 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan gave his famous speech "Tear down this wall!" outside of the gate.

#### Fall of Berlin Wall
In 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn down. West and East Germany were reunified the following year under President Richard von Weizsäcker. On the 22nd of December 1989, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl walked to the Brandenburg Gate to be greeted by East German Prime Minister Hans Modrow, officially reopening the gate and the pathway between East and West Germany. After that, the Brandenburg Gate symbolized the freedom to unite the City of Berlin. 

## Post-Cold War
Between 2000 and 2002, the Brandenburg Gate was privately refurbished.

## Gallery

File:Charles Meynier - Napoleon in Berlin.png|Napoleon entering Berlin through the Gate
File:Brandenburger tor 1871.jpg|The Brandenburg Gate in 1871
|The Brandenburg Gate on the day construction of the Berlin Wall began, August 13, 1961
File:Photograph of President Reagan giving a speech at the Berlin Wall, Brandenburg Gate, Federal Republic of Germany - NARA - 198585.jpg|United States President Ronald Reagan giving a speech on June 12, 1987
File:Brandenburgertor SN.jpg|The Brandenburg Gate, 2007
File:Brandenburg Gate during UEFA Euro 2024, July 2024.jpg|Brandenburg Gate during UEFA Euro 2024, July 2024.
File:Archway of Brandenburg Gate during UEFA Euro 2024, July 2024.jpg|Archway of the Brandenburg Gate during UEFA Euro 2024, July 2024.

## Footnotes
## References
Languages of the Caucasus

The **languages of the Caucasus** are languages spoken by more than ten million people in the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

Some of those language families have no known members outside the Caucasus area. The term **Caucasian languages** may mean either only those families or all languages that are historically spoken in that area.

## Other websites 
* Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European  by V. V. Ivanov
* An overview of languages of the Caucasus
Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers

**Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers** (October 11, 1758 – March 2, 1840) was a German astronomer, physician and physicist.

## References 
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*