open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Crécy-en-Ponthieu

**Crécy-en-Ponthieu** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France, located south of Calais. It gives its name to Crécy Forest, which starts about two kilometres to the south-west of the town and which is one of the largest forests in the north of France. A very small river, the Maye, runs through the town.

## History
Crécy-en-Ponthieu is best known as the site of the Battle of Crécy in 1346, one of the earliest and most important battles of the Hundred Years' War.
Yet there are other significant historical links. One is the Chausee Brunehaut which passed within two miles of the town and is the Roman road from Paris and Amiens to Boulogne, and is still visible and walkable today.
And just to the north of the town, slightly to the west of where the Battle was fought, there was an airfield used in the Second World War.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Cynric of Wessex

**Cynric** (died 560) was the King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He reigned from about 534 to 560.

## War leader and king 
Cynric, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was the son of Cerdic. Most of what is known about Cynric and his father Cerdic comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. According to the chronicle, Cerdic and Cynric, both chiefs, arrived in 495. Cerdices ora is the name of the place they landed and fought the Britons there on the same day. In 519 they defeated Britons at Cerdices ford and took Wessex. In 527 at a place called Cerdices leaga they battled with the Britons again. In 530 they conquered the Isle of Wight. As king, Cynric was involved in two more major battles in and around Wiltshire. The first in 552 was at Searoburh. The second battle was at Beranburh (Barbury Castle) in 556. In this last battle Cynric's son Ceawlin was fighting alongside him.
* Ceolwulf, who did not reign.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex
The Chew

***The Chew*** is an American television talk and cooking show. It airs on ABC. It started on September 26, 2011. It replaced the soap opera *All My Children*. The show's name was inspired by talk show *The View*. It focuses on food-related and lifestyle topics. It is hosted by Mario Batali, Michael Symon, Carla Hall, Clinton Kelly, and Daphne Oz.

On April 11, 2012, ABC announced that the show would air for a second season.

On May 23, 2018, ABC announced that it had cancelled The Chew after seven seasons. The final episode aired on June 28, 2018.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Ceawlin of Wessex

**Ceawlin** (also spelled **Ceaulin**, **Caelin** and **Celin**; 27 February 530 — 25 April 593) was the King of Wessex from 560 until in 592 where he was overthrown by his nephew, Ceol, who became his successor. His reign is mostly known thanks to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. It was said that Ceawlin was very active fighting in battles. It was also said that it was during Ceawlin's reign where Wessex greatly expanded.

## War leader and king 
Ceawlin was the son of Cynric. He is mentioned as fighting alongside his father against the Bretons at Branbury in 556. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Ceawlin became king of the West Saxons in 560. Bede states Ceawlin was the second king to rule the southern English as overlord. The informal term for a king that ruled over other kings was *bretwalda*. The term comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and means 'Britain ruler'. These overkings typically received tribute from other Anglo-Saxon kings in the south.

In 577 Ceawlin, with his son Cuthwine, led the Gewisse against the Britons at 'Deorham' (Dyrham in Gloucestershire). They reportedly killed three kings, Coinmail, Condidan, and Farinmail. Ceawlin and Cuthwine captured Gloucester, Cirencester and Bath. This also divided the Britons so they could no longer communicate by land.

About 592 Ceawlin fought a battle at Woddesbeorg (or Wodnesbeorg) also called  Adam's Grave, east of Devizes in Wiltshire. His nephew Ceol replaced him as king in 592. Ceawlin died in 593. At the end of his reign, the Gewisse or West Saxons held the lands of Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire and much of Gloucestershire.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex
Kendrick Lamar

**Kendrick Lamar Duckworth** (born June 17, 1987), also known as **Kendrick Lamar**, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is from Compton, California, and based in Orlando, Florida. He is best known for his albums *Overly Dedicated*, *Section.80*, *Good Kid, M.A.A.D City*, *To Pimp a Butterfly*, *DAMN.*, ''* and *GNX''. He has also released five mixtapes. Lamar also works and releases music with his band Magnolia Park.

In October 2013 Lamar won five awards at the 2013 BET Awards. He performed "Money Trees" at the show.

He was the only guest rapper on Eminem's album *The Marshall Mathers LP 2*, which was released November 5, 2013.

Lamar did eighteen concerts with Kanye West as part of West's October-December 2013 Yeezus Tour.

Lamar also has a younger cousin by the name of Justin Renard Withers, who is 14.

Lamar was nominated for seven Grammy Awards in 2013. He performed "m.A.A.d city" and a remix to "Radioactive" with Imagine Dragons at the awards ceremony.

In 2015, Kendrick Lamar released the studio album *To Pimp a Butterfly*. It won the award for Best Rap Album at the Grammy Awards. The project also got a nomination for Album of the Year. The single "I" earned Grammy Awards for both Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance in 2014. Two more songs from the album earned awards at the 2015 ceremony, with "Alright" winning both Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance, and "These Walls" winning an award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.

In 2018, Lamar served as the primary curator of the soundtrack for the superhero movie *Black Panther*. The tracks earned seven Grammy Award nominations, including for Album of the Year, in 2018. The track "King's Dead" (with Future, Jay Rock and James Blake) earned the award for Best Rap Performance. It won the award for *Best Rap Album* and was nominated for *Album of the Year* at the 2023 Grammy Awards.

Later the same year, on November 22, 2024, Kendrick released his sixth studio album *GNX* as a surprise release. *GNX* became Lamar's first number-one album on the UK Albums Chart since *To Pimp a Butterfly* (2015). 

Early next year, on February 9, 2025, Kendrick preformed at the Superbowl LIX Halftime Show. His performance included songs from *GNX, Damn, The Black Panther Soundtrack,* and various singles.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Joely Fisher

**Joely Fisher** (born October 29, 1967) is an American actress. She played Nina on the ABC show *Desperate Housewives*. She also played Susan in the 1994 holiday comedy movie *Mixed Nuts*.

Fisher was born in Burbank, California.

In September 2021, Fisher was elected Secretary-Treasurer of SAG-AFTRA.

## References
Cooking show

A **cooking show** (also called a **cookery programme**) is a television program where one or more hosts show people how to cook food dishes in a kitchen studio set. The show's host, often a celebrity chef, will make one or more food dishes in an episode. They will show the inspiration for the dish, how to make it, and the stages of cooking. These types of shows are often meant to be educational, although some shows are competitions that are meant to entertain the viewer.

The cable television network Food Network airs these types of shows.

## References
Cerdic of Wessex

**Cerdic** (475-4 May 534) was the first Anglo Saxon King of the Gewisse, also called the king of Wessex. He was the ancestor of the kings of Wessex and the Anglo-Saxon kings of England beginning with Athelstan.
  
## War leader and king 
According to the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, Cerdic, along with his son Cynric, came to Britain in 495. Their three ships landed at Cerdic's ora fought the Britons there on the same day. In 519, Cerdic and his son defeated Britons at Cerdic's ford and took Wessex. In 527 at a place called Cerdic's leaga, Cerdic and Cynric battled the Britons again. In 530, they conquered the Isle of Wight. and was succeeded by his son Cynric.

The *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* gave Cerdic a pedigree going back to the Saxon god Woden. However, the historian Kenneth Sisam showed that the legendary pedigree was *borrowed* from the kings of Bernicia and was not historic. 

On the other hand, archaeological evidence shows that outside Kent and Sussex, the main area of settlement was in the upper Thames Valley. That agrees with much of the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* although the dates are harder to verify.

It should be noted that the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* is not a reliable document for the period contemporary to Cerdic's supposed reign. It should also be noted that Cerdic is a British name, not an Anglo-Saxon one. It is also unlikely that Wessex was the name of his proposed kingdom. Ultimately, Cerdic should be considered as mythology.

## Family 
Cerdic had one son:

* Cynric (died 560)

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex
Euler characteristic

In mathematics, the **Euler characteristic** of a shape is a number that describes a topological space, so that anything in the space will have the same number. It is calculated by taking the number of points in the shape, the number of lines in the shape, and the number of  of the shape. One can find the Euler characteristic with this formula:

:\chi=V-E+F \,\!
where *V* is the point count, *E* the line count, and *F* the face count. For most common shapes (convex polyhedron), the Euler characteristic is 2.

For spheres, the Euler characteristic is also 2.

## Related pages 
* Platonic solid

## References
Oberon

**Oberon** (also spelled **Auberon**) is a king of the fairies in medieval and Renaissance literature. He is best known as a character in William Shakespeare's play ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''. In this play, he is married to Titania, the Queen of the Fairies. His servant is Puck. Puck plays tricks. 

In the play, Oberon and Titania are arguing. Titania falls asleep. Oberon tells Puck to put a potion in her eyes. This potion will make her love the first thing she sees when she wakes. She sees a man with a donkey head. Oberon and Titania make up. All ends happily.

## References
Howard the Duck

**Howard the Duck** is a character from Marvel Comics created in 1973. He is a anthropomorphic duck from outer space. His story was made into a movie in 1986. 

## Early Life 
Howard is the offspring of two ducks called Dave and Dottie. As a young duckling, Howard frequently witnessed his father wander off and disappear for a few weeks, only to return with Duck Milk.

## In other media 
Howard the Duck was portrayed by Ed Gale and voiced by Chip Zien in the critically and commercially unsuccessful 1986 self-titled film. Starting in 2014, the character, voiced by Seth Green, appeared in cameos in several Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movies, the Disney XD animated series *Guardians of the Galaxy* (2015–19) and *Ultimate Spider-Man* (2016; with Kevin Michael Richardson), and the Disney+ series *What If...?* (2021–present).

## Other websites
* Dark Mallard of the Night
Horchata

**Horchata** is the name of several kinds of traditional drinks common in Central America. It is made of ground almonds, sesame seeds, rice, barley, or tigernuts *(chufas)*. It has a light brown color and a sweet flavor. Usually you drink horchata cold.
Aescwine of Wessex

**Aescwine** was a King in Wessex from about 674 to 676. He was one of several underkings in Wessex at the time.

## King in Wessex 
Aescwine was the son of Cenfus, who also ruled Wessex as a subking. They both claimed descent from Cynric through his son Ceolwulf. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Cenwalh was succeeded as ruler by his wife Seaxburh. She ruled for about one year trying to hold central control over Wessex. Aescwine reigned from about 674 to 676. He was succeeded by Centwine.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex
Makenzie Vega

**Makenzie Jade Vega** (born 10 February 1994) is an American teen actress. She did the character Grace in the television program *The Good Wife* on CBS. She also played Vera on the show *ER*. The actress was born in Los Angeles.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
The Road to Wellville

***The Road to Wellville*** is a 1994 comedy-drama movie. This movie is about the doctor and clean-living advocate John Harvey Kellogg and his unusual methods for maintaining health. Anthony Hopkins plays Doctor Kellogg. Lara Flynn Boyle plays Ida. Camryn Manheim plays Virginia. The movie was released October 28, 1994 in the United States. The reviews of *The Road to Wellville* were not good. The movie performed poorly in the box office.
Notre Dame Stadium

**Notre Dame Stadium** is the home football stadium for the University of Notre Dame. The university's football team are the Fighting Irish. The stadium is located on the university's campus in Notre Dame, Indiana, just north of the city of South Bend. It was opened in 1930. The stadium can seat over 80,000 people.

## History
The stadium opened in 1930. It replaced the old stadium Cartier Field. It cost more than US$750,000 to build. The head coach of the Fighting Irish, Knute Rockne, played an important role in the design of the stadium. The design was based on Michigan Stadium. The stadium originally held 54,000 people. It measured a half-mile (0.8&nbsp;kilometres) in circumference and stood  high. It was built by the Sollitt Construction Company of South Bend. They began building in April 1930, and took six months to build. The Irish played their first game in the new stadium on 4 October 1930. They beat the SMU Mustangs 20&ndash;14. The official dedication was on October 11 against Navy.

Over the years, the stadium's seating capacity was gradually increased to 59,075. This was mainly done by making most of the seats smaller. In 1997, 21,000 new seats were added to the stadium, bringing the seating capacity to the present 80,795. Permanent lights were also installed. The lights were paid for by NBC, which has held the exclusive television rights to all home games since 1991.

The playing surface was natural grass throughout the stadium's history until FieldTurf, an advanced artificial surface, was installed before the 2014 football season.

## *Touchdown Jesus*
The stadium is known for its view of *Touchdown Jesus* (actually titled *The Word of Life*), a large mural of the resurrected Jesus. The mural is painted on the southern exterior wall of the Hesburgh Library. It is  high and  wide. It can be seen over the northern end zone of the stadium. The mural was designed by Millard Sheets and was constructed in 1964. It cost US$200,000. It is contains 81 types of stone from 16 countries, and is composed of hundreds of panels which incorporate 6,700 pieces of granite.

In 1997, fans protested the university's plans to add 20,000 seats to the stadium. These seats would have blocked the view of *Touchdown Jesus* from the field. The university then considered limiting seats in the end zone. For aesthetic reasons however, developers went with a larger bowl all the way around. As a result, the view of *Touchdown Jesus* was partially blocked.

## References
## Other websites
*Notre Dame Stadium
Father of the Pride

***Father of the Pride*** is an American animated television series. The series is based on Siegfried & Roy's performances.

The animation was originally produced by Imagi Animation Studios.

The family was conceived by Katzenberg when he visited Siegfried & Roy's Secret Garden in Las Vegas in 2002.  The series only ran for one season.

## Premise
### Characters
The show revolves around the adventures of a family of white lions, consisting of father Larry, the bumbling yet well-intentioned star of Siegfried & Roy's show; Kate, a pretty, stay-at-home mother who is a member of a special women's group; Sierra, their teenage daughter who is constantly annoyed by her family; Hunter, their awkward young son, who is a huge fan of *Lord of the Rings*; Sarmoti, Kate's father and Sierra and Hunter's grandfather who has an annoyance for Larry; and Snack, Larry's mischievous gopher friend.

Recurring characters appear alongside the lion family; these include Larry's friends Roger, Chutney, Vincent, and Nelson; Larry's rival Blake and his wife Victoria; Sarmoti's friends Bernie, Duke, Chaz, and the Snout Brothers; Hi Larious; Kate's friends Foo-Lin, Lily, and Brittany; two lesbian gophers Chimmi & Changa; and Sierra's boyfriend Justin.

### Setting
The primary setting of *Father of the Pride* is Las Vegas, Nevada.

## Development
 (pictured) is the creator of the series.]]
It took more than 200 animators 2 years to make *Father of the Pride*. Computer animation was produced at Imagi Animation Studios in Hong Kong.

The series employed a small group of seasoned directors, which included Mark Risley, Bret Haaland, Steve Hickner, John Holmquist, John Stevenson, and Mark Baldo. Felix Ip served as creative director for Imagi. For the first season, DreamWorks created 30 principal sets, 500 special props, and about 100 characters. In fact, a typical episode unfolds across all 30 principal sets and features two or three unique locations as well. The lion habitat is inspired by the real Secret Garden in Las Vegas, where the actual Siegfried & Roy lions reside. In *Father of the Pride*, the Secret Garden has residences for the main characters and their families and public areas ranging from the community bar to a school classroom.

Since Larry and his family drive the story lines for most of the episodes, their residence is the most detailed, with separate sets for the living room, the kitchen, and the children's bedrooms. Meanwhile, the assets are stored in individual files in order to be loaded into separate layers and assembled modularly.

## Voice cast
* John Goodman as Larry
* Cheryl Hines as Kate
* Danielle Harris as Sierra
* Daryl Sabara as Hunter
* Carl Reiner as Sarmoti
* Orlando Jones as Snack
* Julian Holloway as Siegfried Fischbacher
* David Herman as Roy Horn
* John O'Hurley as Blake
* Wendie Malick as Victoria

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
*
Cage (rapper)

**Chris Palko** (born 1973), better known by his stage name **Cage** or **Cage Kennylz**, is a rapper from New York. He is best known for his albums *For Your Box*, *Movies For The Blind*, ''Hell's Winter* *Depart From Me and'' . Cage was born in Germany but raised in New York.
2013–14 Hull City A.F.C. season

'''Hull City's 2013–14 season''' is their first season back in the Premier League after finishing second in the Npower Championship last season and gaining automatic promotion.

## Results
## References
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

**Bukit Timah Nature Reserve**, or BTNR, is on Bukit Timah Hill. It is the largest primary forest in Singapore. Singapore’s original tropical primary rainforest ecosystem is half of the reserve. At the top of the hill, there is a rock showing the height, latitude and longtitude.

## ASEAN Heritage Park status 
BTNR is the second ASEAN Heritage Park in Singapore, after Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. BTNR became a Heritage Park on 18 October 2011.

## References
Afternoon Delight

***Afternoon Delight*** is an American comedy-drama movie from 2013. The movie is about sexual awakenings during a sexless and loveless marriage. Juno Temple plays the stripper McKenna. The movie was first shown at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013.

## Plot 
Rachel is a mother living in an unhappy life, frustrated by the roles of being a stay-at-home mom and not having had sex with her husband Jeff for months. She visits her therapist, Lenore, but is unable to find any help in her advice.

## References
Arrondissements of the Côte-d'Or department

There are 3 '''arrondissements in the Côte-d'Or department'*. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements'', which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Côte-d'Or are:

## History
Since its creation, the Côte-d'Or department has had few changes:
* 1790 : creation of the department with seven districts: Châtillon-sur-Seine, Is-sur-Tille, Dijon, Saint-Jean-de-Losne, Beaune, Arnay-le-Duc, Semur-en-Auxois
* 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Dijon, Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Semur-en-Auxois
* 1926 : the arrondissement of Montbard was made with the arrondissements of Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois and the subprefecture is moved from Semur-en-Auxois to Montbard

## Related pages
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Agilbert

**Agilbert** (flourished 650–) was Frankish by birth and educated in Ireland. He became the second Bishop to the West Saxons after Bishop Birinus. Following a disagreement with king Cenwalh of Wessex he returned to Gaul to eventually become the Bishop of Paris.

## Career 
### Wessex 
Agilbert studied in Ireland for several years. In 650 he came to Wessex as a missionary. Cenwalh, the king, was impressed by his background he offered Agilbert the bishopric of Dorchester. This was the seat originally given to Bishop Birinus who founded a church at Dorchester on Thames. Birinus had died in 650 and Cenwalh was looking for a replacement. But after some time Cenwalh grew tired of not being able to understand the bishop, who apparently did not speak the Anglo-Saxon language. Cenwalh created a new diocese at Winchester in 660 and made Wine the first bishop.

### Northumbria 
Agilbert did not leave England immediately but visited Northumbria. 
A controversy had occurred in the Northumbrian church over the date of Easter. This left Wessex without a bishop. Cenwalh sent appeals to Agilbert to return to Wessex. But he sent his nephew Leutherius in his place. Leutherius was welcomed in Wessex as the new bishop of Winchester. Agilbert died sometime after 679. He was buried at the monastery of Jouarre.

## Notes
## References
Nicholas Oresko

**Nicholas Oresko** (January 18, 1917 – October 4, 2013) was a United States Army veteran and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions on 23 January 1945, during World War II.

Oresko was born on January 18, 1917, in Bayonne, New Jersey. He had Ukrainian family. Oresko later joined the Army from that city in March 1942.  

Following the death of Barney F. Hajiro in January 2011, Oresko became the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient. Oresko lived in Cresskill, New Jersey.

Oresko died while undergoing surgery for a broken femur on October 4, 2013 in Englewood, New Jersey. He was 96 years old.

## References
Wine cellar

A **wine cellar** is a place to  wines, typically in bottles or barrels. When stored in a wine cellar, wine is protected from light. Temperature should be 6–20°C.
Theresa Caputo

**Theresa Caputo** (born c. 1965/1966 or 1966/1967) (sources do not agree) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying herself as someone who can talk to dead people on a television show. Many news organizations have called that claim fake.

Caputo was born and raised in Hicksville, Long Island, New York

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Rod Grams

**Rodney Dwight "Rod" Grams** (February 4, 1948 &ndash; October 8, 2013) was a politician from Minnesota and a radio personality. He served as a Republican in both the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Grams first began as a TV News anchor, but quit his job in order to run for the senate.

## Early life 
Grams was born in Princeton, Minnesota and attended Brown Institute, 1966–8, Anoka-Ramsey Community College, 1970–2, and Carroll College, 1974–5.

## Career 
After David Durenberger announced he would not seek reelection, Grams surprised many by announcing, just months into beginning his first term in the US House, that he would run for the US Senate.  However, Grams faced opposition for the Republican party endorsement from State Senator Gen Olson, Bert McKasy (former chief of staff to David Durenberger), and Doug McFarland.

In the general election against Democratic Farm Labor candidate Ann Wynia and Independence Party candidate Dean Barkley, Grams won a close election to become Minnesota's next US Senator.

Grams ran for re-election in 2000 as the incumbent, losing to Mark Dayton. During the campaign, Grams' wife Christine Gunhus was revealed to have written anonymous disparaging emails about Grams' potential Democratic rival, Mike Ciresi, from her home computer. She received a fine and suspended sentence for violating political advertising regulations.

## Personal life 
Grams was married to Christine Gunhus until his death in 2013. On September 4, 2013 it was announced that Grams had been battling cancer since 2012 and had entered hospice care.

### Death 
Grams died of colon cancer on October 8, 2013 at his home in Crown, Minnesota.

## References
List of road routes in New South Wales

Major roads in New South Wales are organised into many . These help drivers to navigate their way between places in the state. Each route is given its own route number. The number consists of a letter (M, A or B) and a one- or two-digit number. 'M' routes are motorways, 'A' routes are national routes, and 'B' routes are state routes. The route system includes highways, motorways, and other important roads that have not been declared highways.

Route numbers have been allocated to roads in New South Wales since 1955. To supplement the national route number system, three *ring roads* were built in Sydney in 1964. These were numbered 1, 3 and 5. In 1973, a system of numbering freeways was introduced to New South Wales to complement the national routes and ring roads. In 1974, the National Highway network was defined, which in New South Wales included the Hume Highway, Federal Highway, Barton Highway, Sydney-Newcastle Freeway (now Pacific Motorway) and New England Highway. In 1993, Sydney's Metroad system was introduced.

In 2013, the state replaced its entire system of State Routes, National Routes, National Highways and Metroads with a new route numbering system of letters and numbers. The roads no longer uses National Highway shields on any route. This new system of routes are the routes that are listed below.

## Motorways (M routes)
## Routes of national significance (A routes)
## Routes of state significance (B routes)
## References
Depart From Me

**Depart From Me** is the third studio album by American rapper Cage. It was released by Definitive Jux on July 2009. The guitar strings are played by Sean Martin, who works with Cage. It was supported by the singles **"I Never Knew You"** and "**I Found My Mind In Connecticut**".
Picts

The **Picts** were ancient Celtic people from northern and eastern Scotland.  

They are first mentioned in written records in AD 297, before the Roman conquest of Britain. The name 'Pict' is from the Latin *pictus* meaning 'painted.' This may have been due to reports from the Romans that the Picts tattoos on their bodies, It may also refer to a name they called themselves, that was recorded by the Romans.  

They spoke a Pictish language. It was related to the Brythonic languages spoken by the Britons living to the south. Picts were possibly the descendants of the Caledonians and other tribes that were mentioned by Roman historians. 

The area of Scotland called Pictland gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. This formed the kingdom of Alba, later known as Scotland. Alba then expanded, absorbing the British kingdom of Strathclyde and Bernician Lothian. By the 11th century the Pictish identity had become a part of the Scottish people.

## References
Young Buck

**David Brown** (born March 15, 1981), better known as **Young Buck** or **Buck** for short, is an American rapper.  He is from
Nashville, Tennessee. He is best known for his albums 'Buck The World' and 'Straight Outta Cashville'. Brown is the founder and president of his own record label Ca$hville Records.

## References
Janet Yellen

**Janet Louise Yellen** (born August 13, 1946) is an American economist and professor. She was the 78th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 2021 to 2025 during the Joe Biden administration. Yellen was the 15th Chair of the Federal Reserve from 2014 to 2018. She is a Democrat. 

## Chair of the Federal Reserve 
In October 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Yellen to be first female Chair of the Federal Reserve. She replaced Ben Bernanke. She chaired the Federal Reserve from February 3, 2014 until February 5, 2018. In November 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Federal Reserve Board of Governors member Jerome Powell to replace Yellen.

Earlier, she was the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve System in the Clinton administration.

## U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
In November 2020, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Yellen to be the next United States Secretary of the Treasury. She is the first woman to be Treasury secretary. on January 25, 2021. With her swearing-in by Vice President Kamala Harris the next day, Yellen became the first person in American history to lead the three most powerful economic bodies in the Federal government: the Treasury Department, the Federal Reserve, and the White House Council of Economic Advisers.

## Personal 
She was born in Brooklyn, New York City, and has a Jewish background. She is married to Nobel Prize winning economist George Akerlof.

## References
Gordian I

**Gordian I** (;  159 – 12 April 238) was a Roman Emperor. He was only emperor for one month, alongside his son Gordian II in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. He was involved in a rebellion against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax. His armies were defeated by those loyal to Maximinus. Gordian then killed himself.

## References
Maggie Siff

**Maggie Siff** (born June 21, 1974) is an American actress. She has acted in many television programs and movies. She played Teresa Stowe in the movie *Push*. Siff was born in The Bronx, New York City.
Ray Bolger

**Raymond Wallace Bolger** (January 10, 1904 – January 15, 1987) was an American singer, dancer, and actor. He was born in Boston. His theatrical career started in vaudeville. He appeared in Broadway shows. He went to Hollywood. He appeared in several movies. He played the Scarecrow in the 1939 MGM movie *The Wizard of Oz*. He married Gwen Rickard in 1929, but they did not have children. Bolger died of bladder cancer in Los Angeles, California, five days after his 83rd birthday.

## References
Jack Haley

**Jack Haley** (August 10, 1897 – June 6, 1979) was an American singer, actor, and dancer. He played the Tin Woodman in the 1939 MGM movie *The Wizard of Oz*.

Haley was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Haley died of a heart attack at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California at the age of 80.

## References
Fragile X syndrome

**Fragile X syndrome** (**FXS**) is a genetic syndrome that causes a range of intellectual disabilities as well as unusual physical and behavioural characteristics. Males and females can have FXS but it is more common, and often more serious, in males. It is one of the most common causes of autism and intellectual disability among boys. Individuals with this condition lack an important gene product. Between 45 and 54 repeats is considered a "grey zone". Between 55 and 200 repeats in length is described as a premutation allele. Individuals with fragile X syndrome have a full mutation of the *FMR1* allele, with over 200 repeats of the CGG codon. 

In these individuals with a repeat expansion greater than 200, there is methylation of the CGG repeat expansion and *FMR1* promoter. This silences the *FMR1* gene, and its end-product is not made.

## References
Bert Lahr

**Bert Lahr** (born **Irving Lahrheim**, August 13, 1895 – December 4, 1967) was an American entertainer. He was born Irving Lahrheim in New York City. He started his career in vaudeville. He performed in Broadway musicals. He was in Cole Porter's  musical *DuBarry was a Lady* in 1939. He was also in the movie *The Wizard of Oz* in 1939. He played the Cowardly Lion. Lahr was married twice. He had three children. He died of cancer, aged 72.
Billie Burke

**Billie Burke** (August 7, 1884 - May 14, 1970) was an American stage, movie, and television actress. She was born Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke in Washington, D.C. Her father was the circus clown, Billie Burke.  She married Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. on 11 April 1914. He died on 22 July 1932. They had one child, a daughter. Burke played Glinda, the Good Witch, in the 1939 MGM movie *The Wizard of Oz*. She died of natural causes in Los Angeles, California.
Canadian literature

**Canadian literature** is literature written in Canada, or by Canadians. Notable writers include Charles Sangster, Saul Bellow, Margaret Atwood, Mordecai Richler, Michael Ondaatje and Alice Munro.

French Canadian literature is literature written by French Canadians.
## Other websites
*In English 
*Charles Sangster at Allpoetry.com
Consumer protection

**Consumer protection** means protecting the rights of consumers. It also helps to protect fair trade competition and truthful information in a market economy. Various laws and organisations are designed to do this. 

The laws are designed to stop companies using unfair practices to gain an advantage over their competitors. Examples of such practices are fraud and "false advertising", where a company advertises their product with false information. 

Consumer protection laws are a form of regulation.

## More reading 
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Lubricant

A **lubricant** is a substance used to reduce friction between moving surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as *lubricity* (slipperiness).

A good lubricant has the following characteristics:

* Does not get affected by temperature or pressure at all
* Does not burn easily, and may also prevent rusting
* High viscosity (feels like a very thick liquid)
* Does not mix with water

The most often used lubricant is motor oil, which is used in engines of cars and motorcycles.

Sometimes, chemicals are added to normal oil to give it special properties. A lubricant, like motor oil, can also help in reducing heat. Simply put, cooling depends on surface area in contact. So, if something normally has a small surface area, you can put that thing into a bigger pot, and put oil in the pot. This way, oil comes in contact with small surface area of the small object, and transfers that heat to the big surface area of the big vessel. As a rule, liquids can transfer heat better than gases.

In manufacturing, sometimes oil is used to cool the item being made. This also helps in removing metal that was just chipped off. This chipped-off metal normally flows with the oil until it is filtered. Then the oil is reused. The filtered metal chips are normally scrapped.

Sometimes, lubricants are used for hydraulic machines. A hydraulic machine uses the fact that the hydraulic oil cannot be compressed, and performs a simple conversion – it works like a lever.

Some common lubricants are:
* Solid: graphite (used in lead pencil), 
* Semi-solid: grease
* Liquid: Oil of various grades and types

Oils can cause pollution, especially water pollution, if released into the open.
Owain Glyndŵr

**Owain Glyndŵr** (also known as **Owain Glyn Dŵr** and **Owen Glendower**), (c. 1355 – c. 1415) was the last person born in Wales to be Prince of Wales. He was prince between 1401 and 1416. He started the Welsh Revolt against Henry IV of England's rule of Wales. In the late 19th century, the Young Wales (Cymru Fydd) movement decided that he was the father of Welsh nationalism. Since then, he has been seen as a hero by the Welsh. There is a university in Wales that is called Glyndŵr University after him.

Glyndŵr was born into an Anglo-Welsh family in about 1355. His family were reasonably rich and had large properties in the north east of Wales. He was educated in England, and later joined the English army. There is an award that is given every year for arts and writing called the Glyndŵr Award. The band Manic Street Preachers wrote a song about Owain in 2007 called "1404". There are many statues throughout Wales of Owain, there is a building at the University of Cape Town, called Glendower Residence, that is named after Owain. It used to be a hotel, and is now where students live. 

## References
Marie Claire

***Marie Claire*** is a major monthly magazine for women. It was first published in France, although it later expanded into other countries. The edition in the United States focuses mostly on women. *Marie Claire*, however, also covers health, fashion and beauty topics. The magazine was started in 1937 by Jean Prouvost and Marcelle Auclair.

## References 
## Other websites
*Marie Claire's American website
Tromsø (city)

**Tromsø** (; ) is a city in Troms county, Norway. It is located on the island of Tromsøya, just off the mainland of Northern Norway. The city has an estimated population of 64,492 people and an area of . It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway. 

## Economy 
The University of Tromsø and University Hospital of North Norway are the largest workplaces in the city. The fishing industry is also important, and Tromsø is home to the headquarters of Norges Råfisklag and Norges sjømatråd (seafood council). 

## Geography 
Tromsø is located in the Arctic region on the island Tromsøya. It is surrounded by mountains. The highest one, called Tromsdalstinden, has an elevation of  above sea level.

Tromsø is also surrounded by fjords. The Ullsfjorden is a notable one east from Tromsø. These fjords make it possible to engage in activities such as fishing, boating, and wildlife observation.

## Wildlife 
The waters around Tromsø are home to different types of sea animals, such as Atlantic cod, herring, seals, and whales. The yearly whale migration can be seen in Tromsø. Humpback whales, orcas, and fin whales can be seen in the fjords during the migration.

Tromsø is also home to many land animals. The mountains and forests are a place to live for reindeer, Arctic foxes, and many types of birds. Seabirds like puffins, kittiwakes, and guillemots can be seen.

## Climate 
Tromsø is warmer than other places at the same latitude, thanks to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream. However, the Gulf Stream is showing signs of uncertainty because of global warming. The city center of Tromsø has the highest number of old wooden houses in Northern Norway, with the oldest house dating back to 1789. The city is a cultural center for the region, with several festivals taking place in the summer.

## History 
Tromsø has a long history, with evidence of people living there from at least 10,000 years ago. The area was first settled by the indigenous Sámi, who still live there today. In the 13th century, Norwegians started to settle in the area and Tromsø grew into an important trading post. The city became a centre for fishing and whaling, which were important industries for many years.

Tromsø also has a big role in polar exploration. Many expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic regions started in Tromsø, including those of Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen. During World War II, Tromsø was occupied by the Germans, and there were many battles fought in the area.

## References
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

The **Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons** (OPCW) is an international organisation made in 1997 in order to watch countries according to Chemical Weapons Convention. The main office of OPCW is in The Hague, Netherlands. On October 11, 2013, OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

## Related pages 
*Laws of war
*Chemical weapon

## References 
## Other website 
*Official site of OPCW
Ca$hville Records

**Casville Records **(often stylized as **Ca$hville Records**) is an independent record label based in Nashville, Tennessee. It was started by rapper Young Buck in 2006. It was originally called **G-Unit South**. However, since Buck and 50 Cent had engaged in a feud while Buck was signed to G-Unit Records, he was kicked out and had to change the label's name because he could no longer use the G-Unit logo to distribute his music. Its artists are gangsta rap or southern rap musicians. It has so far signed acts such as Outlaws and Lil Scrappie and is currently being distributed by RED distribution.

## Other websites 
* Official website
G-Unit

**G-Unit** is a hip hop group from New York. It consists of rappers 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo. They are signed to 50 Cent's record label G-Unit Records. They have released several albums. The have also engaged in feuds with other musicans in the industry including Ja Rule, Game and Young Buck.
Susanne Sundfør

**Susanne Aartun Sundfør** (born 19 March 1986 in Haugesund) is a Norwegian singer-songwriter. She has released five studio albums since 2007. She is currently making her sixth album. She has made songs with Röyksopp ("Ice Machine", "Running to the Sea"), Timbuktu ("Kapitulera"), Morten Myklebust ("Away"), Maps ("A.M.A."), Nils Petter Molvær ("Baboon Moon"), Real Ones ("Sister to All"), M83 ("Oblivion"), and Siri Nelsen and Susanna ("Death Hanging"). Odd Martin Skålnes sings on "Morocco" on *Susanne Sundfør*. Sundfør produced Bow to Each Other's 2013 single "Darkness". Christian Wallumrød, Ådne Meisfjord, Øystein Moen, and Morten Qvenild composed *A Night At Salle Pleyel.* She is a member of Hypertext. Her music contains elements of classical, jazz, and electronic music. She has been given two Norwegian Grammy Awards. Her first album *Susanne Sundfør* reached #3 in the Norwegian chart. *The Brothel* and *The Silicone Veil* reached number 1 in Norway. She released her first all instrumental album in 2011, *A Night At Salle Pleyel*. Her fifth album, *The Silicone Veil,* was released in 2012. Three singles were released from it in Norway: "White Foxes", "The Silicone Veil", and "Among Us". "White Foxes" was made for the movie *Verden Venter*. It reached 19 in the Norwegian chart. In 2015 Sundfør's sixth album *Ten Love Songs* was released. She lives in Oslo. She did her first tour in the United States in 2013.

## References
Badulla District

**Badulla** is a district in the Uva Province of Sri Lanka. The entire land area of the Badulla district is 2,861&nbsp;square kilometres. A total of 837,000 people live there. The district borders the districts of Monaragala and Rathnapura on the east and south, Ampara and Kandy districts on the north and Nuwara Eliya and Rathnapura on the west.

The economy of the district mostly depends on farming and livestock. Tea and vegetables are grown in the upper, hilly areas of the district. Paddy fields cover much of the lower parts.

## Places
### Towns
* Badulla, largest city
* Bandarawela

### Major villages
* Haputale
* Mahiyanganaya
* Diyatalawa
* Hali-Ela
* Ella
* Haldummulla
* Beragala
* Welimada
* Kandaketiya
* Meegahakivula
* Passara
* Lunugala
* Pangaragammana

## References
Actuator

An **actuator** is a type of motor that either pushes, pulls, or rotates.

## Linear Actuators
Linear actuators are actuators that move in a straight line. They can be made to move by electricity, or by pushing water or air very hard. When water (or oil or another liquid) is used, it is called hydraulic, and when air is used, it is called pneumatic. Hydraulic systems are used for moving very heavy things, like in cranes, excavators, or bulldozers.
First Battle of the Marne

The **First Battle of the Marne** was a battle in the First World War. It was fought between the German Empire on one side, and the French and British on the other. The battle ended with a tactical retreat of the German army. It was one of the first signs that the Schlieffen Plan had failed. The battle cost the lives of over one million French and British soldiers. It also cost the lives of over 750,000 soldiers on the German side. The battle was fought from 5 - 12 September 1914. The battle marked the end of the German advance into France. It marked the beginning of trench warfare that World War I became famous for.

## Prelude 
The Schlieffen Plan called for an attack through Belgium. The Germans were to avoid the main French fortifications, on the German frontier. They invaded Belgium on August 3rd 1914. The Germans pushed through the Belgium army with little difficulty. After destroying the main fortifications in Liege and Namur, the German First Army and Second Army under the command of Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bülow, moved toward Paris. At the Battle of Mons the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) halted the German forces temporarily. They inflicted heavy casualties on the Germans. But the French army and the BEF finally retreated towards the River Marne where they waited for the Germans. The Germans were so close that they could fire their massive railway guns (massive cannons mounted on railroad cars) right into Paris.
 

### The Parisian taxis 
During the battle there was not any way to move French troops fast enough to the front. But there was a solution. General Gallieni called for every taxi and driver to report for duty. Paris had about 10,000 taxis but because of the war only had about 7,000 drivers. Gallieni's plan was to move the troops by taxi, which at the time was a very new invention. The taxis moved through the night and day to carry soldiers. The drivers received 0.20 francs (₣) per kilometer. But by September 8, the taxis had only brought about 5,000 soldiers from Paris. In a battle with over a million men, 5,000 could not make a great difference. Also, most of the soldiers that came by taxi were held in .

### A critical mistake 
The German Second Army led by Bülow decided to move south to destroy the French Fifth Army. General Von Kluck did not know about this so he continued to move up and  the French. With this movement a large gap was created between the two German armies. The British and French counterattacked into the gap and by September 10 the Germans retreated. Paris was saved.

The Germans retreated forty miles from the Marne. Since their plan had failed they did not know what to do. They had not been trained in trench warfare but their only recourse was to dig in and wait for the allies. Eventually the trenches they dug reached 300 miles in length.

## References 
## Other websites 
* PBS: The Outbreak of War
Ilene Graff

**Ilene Susan Graff** (born February 28, 1949) is an American actress and singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Marsha Owens in the sitcom *Mr. Belvedere*. She acted in this role from 1985 until 1990.

Graff was born in Brooklyn, New York. Her parents were both involved in music. She began her professional career as a teenager when she performed as a singer and commercial actress. She was taught at Martin Van Buren High School in Queens Village. She graduated from Ithaca College in 1970.

She has acted on Broadway, including in the plays *Promises, Promises*, *Grease*, *Truckload*, and *I Love My Wife*. Her work in television includes *Barnaby Jones*, *Laverne & Shirley*, *Mork & Mindy*, ''Three's Company*, *Lewis & Clark*, and *St. Elsewhere''.

## Filmography 
* Hart of Dixie (Hart of Dixie) (2011-2013)                             
* The Things We Carry  (The Things We Carry) (2009)
*Ma-i pa-deo (Ma-i pa-deo) (2007)
* Loving Annabelle (Loving Annabelle) (2006)
* Mister Belvedere  (Mister Belvedere) (1985-1990)
* American Playhouse  (American Playhouse) (1987)
* Earthlings(Earthlings) (1984)
* 13 Thirteenth Avenue  (13 Thirteenth Avenue) (1983)
* Lewis & Clark  (Lewis & Clark) (1982)
* Mork y Mindy (Mork y Mindy) (1982)
* Laverne y Shirley  (Laverne y Shirley) (1980)
* Angie  (Angie) (1980)
* Supertren (Supertren) (1979)
* Barnaby Jones  (Barnaby Jones) (1979)

## Personal life 
Graff  married songwriter Ben Lanzarone. Married since 1978, the couple has a daughter Nikka Graff Lanzarone. Ilene is the older sister of Tony Award-nominated actor Todd Graff. Her cousin is actress Randy Graff.

## Other websites
*

## References