open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Santiago de los Caballeros

**Santiago de los Caballeros**, or ***Santiago*** for short, is a Dominican city and the head municipality of the Santiago, in the north central region of the country. By its population and economic activity, it is the second-most important city in the country, after Santo Domingo.

## History
Christopher Columbus built a small fort in the summer of 1495, on the northern side of the Yaque del Norte river in a place named "La Emboscada". This is several kilometres to the west of the present city. Columbus named the fort after *Santiago Apóstol*, in English "Saint James"

In 1504, Nicolás de Ovando, governor of the Hispaniola, moved the town to Jacagua  which is now the municipal district of San Francisco de Jacagua. This place was near the mountains and away from the river Yaque del Norte.

Santiago de los Caballeros is at  to the northwest of Santo Domingo and at an altitude of  above sea level.

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of  and the second is January with .

Santiago de los Caballeros is in a hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Administrative division
The municipality of Santiago de los Caballeros has five municipal districts:

## Economy
Even if farming is still a very important economic activity around the city, Santiago is now a modern city with many industries and companies of different kinds.

## Education
Santiago is home of two universities: *Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra* (PUCMM) and *Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago* (UTESA). Other universities present in Santiago are: *Universidad Organización & Método* (O&M), *Universidad Abierta para Adultos* (UAPA), *Universidad Nacional Evangélica* and one regional campus of the state university *Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo* (UASD).

## Twin cities
The twin cities of Santiago are:

* La Habana (Cuba)
* Santiago de Compostela (Spain)
* San Juan (Puerto Rico)
* Mayagüez, PR (United States)

## Gallery

File:SantiagoCityDominicanRep.JPG|Panoramic view of Santiago
File:CentroLeon.jpg|The Centro León
File:GTC Santiago.JPG|Regional Theatre of Cibao
File:A view of Santiago de los Caballeros Historical Center.jpg|Historical Centre

## References
Aritatsu Ogi

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Ogi was born in Hiroshima on December 10, 1942. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined his local club Toyo Industries in 1965. The club won Japan Soccer League champions 5 times (1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1970). He became a top scorer in 1966 and was selected Best Eleven for 7 years in a row (1966-1972). He was also selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year" awards in 1965 and 1970. He retired in 1976. He played 163 games and scored 57 goals in the league.

On August 8, 1963, when Ogi was a Chuo University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. He was selected for Japan for 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. He played all matches in both Olympics. At 1964 Olympics, he scored winning goal against Argentina in first match. At 1968 Olympics, Japan won Bronze Medal. In 2018, 1968 Olympics team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. He also played at 1966, 1970 and 1974 Asian Games. He played 62 games and scored 11 goals for Japan until 1976.

After retirement, Ogi became a manager for Toyo Industries in 1977 as Ikuo Matsumoto successor. He managed until 1980.

In 2006, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

## Statistics
|-
|1965||rowspan="12"|Toyo Industries||rowspan="12"|JSL Division 1||14||9
|-
|1966||14||14
|-
|1967||12||5
|-
|1968||14||5
|-
|1969||13||6
|-
|1970||14||2
|-
|1971||14||1
|-
|1972||14||4
|-
|1973||18||4
|-
|1974||9||1
|-
|1975||18||5
|-
|1976||9||1
163||57
163||57
|}

|-
|1963||1||0
|-
|1964||1||0
|-
|1965||2||0
|-
|1966||7||2
|-
|1967||5||3
|-
|1968||3||0
|-
|1969||4||0
|-
|1970||13||2
|-
|1971||5||2
|-
|1972||8||2
|-
|1973||5||0
|-
|1974||6||0
|-
|1975||0||0
|-
|1976||2||0
|-
!Total||62||11
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association
*Japan Football Hall of Fame (Japan team at 1968 Olympics) at Japan Football Association
Daiki Iwamasa

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Iwamasa was born in Suo-Oshima, Yamaguchi on January 30, 1982. He was educated at and played for Iwakuni High School and Tokyo Gakugei University before turning professional. He started his professional career at Kashima Antlers where he later became one of the club's longest serving players. He became a regular player at center back from late first season. The club won the champions in J1 League for 3 years in a row (2007-2009) first time in J1 League history. He was also selected Best Eleven for 3 years in a row. The club also won 2007, 2010 Emperor's Cup, 2011 and 2012 J.League Cup. His opportunity to play decreased in 2013 and he left the club end of the 2013 season.

In 2014, he moved to BEC Tero Sasana, Thailand, and helped the club win 2014 Thai League Cup in which he scored a goal in the final match. In 2015, he returned to Japan, playing for J2 League club Fagiano Okayama. In 2017, he moved to Regional Leagues club Tokyo United FC. He retired end of 2018 season.

He received the first call-up for Japan national team in 2008 by newly appointed coach Takeshi Okada. On 10 October 2009, he made his international debut in a friendly match against Scotland. He was also one of the final 23 Japan national football players participating in 2010 World Cup although did not play any minute during the tournament. After 2010 World Cup, in January 2011, he was selected Japan for 2011 Asian Cup by new manager Alberto Zaccheroni. At 2011 Asian Cup, he played in 4 matches and Japan won the champions. He played 8 games for Japan until 2011.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Managerial record
## Honours
### Club 
**Kashima Antlers**
*J1 League: 2007, 2008, 2009
*Emperor's Cup: 2007, 2010
*J.League Cup: 2011, 2012
*Japanese Super Cup: 2009, 2010

**BEC Tero Sasana**
*Thai League Cup: 2014

### International 
**Japan**
* AFC Asian Cup: 2011

### Individual 
*J.League Best XI: 2007, 2008, 2009

## References
## Other websites
*
Akira Konno

**Akira Konno** (born 12 September 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1998||4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
|-
|1999||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="7"|Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 1||20||3||1||0||4||0||25||3
|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||35||9||5||0||2||0||42||9
|-
|2002||21||2||5||1||colspan="2"|-||26||3
|-
|2003||41||7||4||1||colspan="2"|-||45||8
|-
|2004||24||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||25||2
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||9||1||0||0||4||0||13||1
|-
|2006||8||0||1||0||3||1||12||1
163||24||17||2||15||1||195||27
163||24||17||2||15||1||195||27
Toru Oniki

**Toru Oniki** (born 20 April 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics
## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Manager
;Kawasaki Frontale
*J1 League: 2017, 2018, 2020, 2021
*Emperor's Cup: 2020, 2023
*J.League Cup: 2019
*Japanese Super Cup: 2019, 2021, 2024

## References
Papyrus 46

**Papyrus 46** (also referred to as simply **\mathfrak{P}46**) is one of the oldest New Testament manuscripts known to exist. It was probably created between the year 175 and 225. Some leaves are part of the Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri Collection, and others are in the Papyri Collection of the University of Michigan. According to the website Bible Research, it contains (in order) "the last eight chapters of Romans; all of Hebrews; virtually all of 1st Corinthians and 2nd Corinthians; all of Ephesians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians; and two chapters of Thessalonians. All of the leaves have lost some lines at the bottom through deterioration."
## References
Maasai

The **Maasai** are an ethnic group of people that live in Kenya and in the north of Tanzania. They are well known for the way that they dress and because they live near some national parks in Africa that a lot of tourists go to. They speak a language called *Maa*.

The Maasai are an old nomad African  tribe in the group of Nilotes who have always lived in Africa principally in the north of Tanzania and southern Kenya. They were discovered by settlers around the 19th century.

They live near the African savannah in animal reserves, for example the Masaai Mara reserve and the Serengeti.

The women build houses called Manyatta; the men build a fence around the village to protect them from lions.

The Masaai people live with animals because they are pastrolists. The more cattle a Maasai man has, the richer he is. They can't live without animals because their wealth comes from them . The Masaai drink cow’s blood because they believe they will be stronger.

The Maasai speak Maa, very similar in pronuncuation to their Nilotic counterparts, the Luo and Kalenjin.

They are Christians, animists (their own religion) and some Maasai are Muslim.

Physically, they are very tall and slim. Everybody wears bandannas and beaded jewellry, apply dye from dried up cow blood.

They shave their women during marriages and their men pay a lot of dowry,in form of cattle to the bride's family.

During initiation,the boys in their teen ages, jump over fire and kill a lion in order to be called men. There on,they can get married.

The Maa people have a bad practice of Female Genital Mutilation in order to make them 'women'. This is a bad practice as this could make the young girls die from complications in birth,over bleeding. But the government of Kenya, Tanzania and NGO's have educated the locals over the dangers of FGM.

## Other websites
Koji Nakazato

**Koji Nakazato** (born 24 April 1982) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2000||rowspan="6"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="6"|J. League 2||6||3||3||0||0||0||9||3
|-
|2001||31||1||2||0||1||0||34||1
|-
|2002||4||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2003||29||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||33||2
|-
|2004||16||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2005||13||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2006||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||12||0||1||0||2||0||15||0
|-
|2007||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||17||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
128||3||12||0||3||0||143||3
128||3||12||0||3||0||143||3
|}

## References
Yosuke Kashiwagi

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Kashiwagi was born in Kobe on December 15, 1987. He joined J1 League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima form their youth team in 2006. He played many matches until 2006. Although Hiroshima won the 2nd place in the 2007 Emperor's Cup, was relegated end of the 2007 season. Hiroshima won the champions in 2008 and was returned to J1 in a year. In 2010, he moved to Urawa Reds. Urawa won the 2nd place in the 2014 and 2016 J1 League. In 2017, Urawa won the champions the 2017 AFC Champions League. Urawa also won the 2nd place in the 2019 AFC Champions League.

In 2007, Kashiwagi was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup. At this tournament, he wore the number 10 shirt for Japan and played all 4 matches as offensive midfielder. In January 2010, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup qualification. At this qualification, he debuted against Yemen on January 6. He also played at 2011 Asian Cup and Japan won the champions. He played 11 games for Japan until 2016.

## Statistics
|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J1 League||0||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2006||17||1||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1
|-
|2007||31||5||4||1||7||0||colspan="2"|-||42||6
|-
|2008||J2 League||31||4||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||35||4
|-
|2009||J1 League||33||8||2||1||5||3||colspan="2"|-||40||12
|-
|2010||rowspan="12"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="12"|J1 League||34||4||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||43||4
|-
|2011||31||5||2||1||6||1||colspan="2"|-||39||7
|-
|2012||30||6||3||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||39||7
|-
|2013||34||8||0||0||5||0||6||1||45||9
|-
|2014||33||3||2||0||8||1||colspan="2"|-||43||4
|-
|2015||33||5||2||0||2||0||5||0||42||5
|-
|2016||33||5||1||0||1||0||7||0||42||5
|-
|2017||27||5||0||0||0||0||10||1||37||6
|-
|2018||30||0||6||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|-
|2019||17||1||1||0||0||0||5||0||23||1
|-
|2020||9||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
423||60||31||3||51||6||33||2||538||71
423||60||31||3||51||6||33||2||538||71
|}

|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2011||2||0
|-
|2012||1||0
|-
|2013||0||0
|-
|2014||0||0
|-
|2015||3||0
|-
|2016||4||0
|-
!Total||11||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Carlos Bianchi

**Carlos Bianchi** (born 26 April 1949) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### Manager
## Titles
### Player
;**Vélez Sarsfield**
*Primera División (1): 1968 Nacional

### Manager
;Vélez Sarsfield
* Primera División (3): 1993 Clausura, 1995 Apertura, 1996 Clausura
* Copa Libertadores (1): 1994
* Intercontinental Cup (1): 1994
* Copa Interamericana (1): 1994

;Boca Juniors
* Primera División (4): 1998 Apertura, 1999 Clausura, 2000 Apertura, 2003 Apertura
* Copa Libertadores (3): 2000, 2001, 2003
* Intercontinental Cup (2): 2000, 2003

### Individual 
* Argentine Primera División Top scorer (3): 1970, 1971, 1981
* French Division 1 Top Scorer (5): 1973–74, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1978–79
* South American Coach of the Year (5): 1994, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003
* IFFHS World's Best Club Coach (2): 2000, 2003

## References
## Other websites
* Carlos Bianchi and the art of winning the Copa Libertadores at thesefootballtimes.co
* Carlos Bianchi: "self-belief in the face of adversity" at FIFA.com
*
Giuliano Tadeo Aranda

**Giuliano Tadeo Aranda**, better known as **Magrão** (born 21 February 1974), is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Palmeiras||rowspan="3"|Série A||5||1||||||||||5||1
|-
|1993||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|1994||2||0||||||||||2||0
|-
|1995||Goiás||Série A||13||10||||||||||13||10
|-
|1996||Coritiba||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||14||13||3||1||6||2||23||16
|-
|1997||9||6||0||0||4||0||13||6

|-
|1998||Palmeiras||Série A||11||1||||||||||11||1

|-
|1998–99||Badajoz||Segunda División||5||0||||||||||5||0

|-
|1999||Grêmio||Série A||14||5||||||||||14||5
|-
|2000||Botafogo||Série A||15||1||||||||||15||1
|-
|2001||São Caetano||Série A||23||11||||||||||23||11

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||29||22||2||1||8||6||39||29
|-
|2003||24||15||2||1||4||2||30||18
|-
|2004||10||5||0||0||5||1||15||6
73||28||||||||||73||28
86||61||7||3||27||11||120||75
5||0||||||||||5||0
164||89||7||3||27||11||198||103
|}

## References
2009 US Open (tennis)

The **2009 US Open** was a tennis event played on outdoor hard courts, held between August 31 and September 14, 2009, at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, New York City, New York, United States.

The event was originally scheduled to be a 14-day event, but due to rain at the men's singles final it was extended by one day.
## Seniors finals
### Men's Singles
 **Juan Martín del Potro** beat  Roger Federer, 3–6, 7–6(5), 4–6, 7–6(4), 6–2
### Women's Singles
 **Kim Clijsters** beat  Caroline Wozniacki, 7–5, 6–3
### Men's Doubles
 **Lukáš Dlouhý** /  **Leander Paes** beat  Mahesh Bhupathi /  Mark Knowles, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
### Women's Doubles
 **Serena Williams** /  **Venus Williams** beat  Cara Black /  Liezel Huber, 6–2, 6–2
### Mixed Doubles
 **Carly Gullickson** /  **Travis Parrott** beat  Cara Black /  Leander Paes, 6–2, 6–4.
## Juniors finals
### Boys' Singles
 **Bernard Tomic** beat  Chase Buchanan, 6–1, 6–3.

### Girls' Singles
 **Heather Watson** beat  Yana Buchina, 6–4, 6–1.

### Boys' Doubles
 **Marton Fucsovics** /  **Hsieh Cheng-peng** beat  Julien Obry /  Adrien Puget, 7–6(5), 5–7, [10–1]

### Girls' Doubles
 **Valeria Solovieva** /  **Maryna Zanevska** beat  Elena Bogdan /  Noppawan Lertcheewakarn, 1–6, 6–3 [10–7]
## Wheelchair finals
### Wheelchair Men's Singles
 **Shingo Kunieda** beat  Maikel Scheffers, 6–0, 6–0

### Wheelchair Women's Singles
 **Esther Vergeer** beat  Korie Homan, 6–0, 6–0

### Wheelchair Men's Doubles
 **Stephane Houdet /  Stefan Olsson** beat  Maikel Scheffers /  Ronald Vink, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

### Wheelchair Women's Doubles
 **Korie Homan** /  **Esther Vergeer** beat  Daniela DiToro /  Florence Gravellier, 6–2, 6–2

### Wheelchair Quad Singles
 **Peter Norfolk** beat  David Wagner, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3

### Wheelchair Quad Doubles
 **Nick Taylor** /  **David Wagner** beat  Johan Andersson /  Peter Norfolk, 6–1, 6–7(5), 6–3
## Qualifiers
Below are the lists of the qualifiers entering the main draw.

### Men's Singles
# Carsten Ball
# Thomaz Bellucci
# Michael Berrer
# Juan Pablo Brzezicki
# Marco Chiudinelli
# Somdev Devvarman
# Alejandro Falla
# Marsel İlhan
# Dieter Kindlmann
# Giovanni Lapentti
# Josselin Ouanna
# Peter Polansky
# Jesse Witten
# Michael Yani
# Donald Young
# Horacio Zeballos

### Women's Singles
# Monique Adamczak
# Chang Kai-Chen
# Marta Domachowska
# Carly Gullickson
# Eva Hrdinová
# Angelique Kerber
# Mariya Koryttseva
# Vesna Manasieva
# Petra Martić
# Yvonne Meusburger
# Shenay Perry
# Camille Pin
# Anastasia Rodionova
# Yurika Sema
# Valérie Tétreault
# Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová

The following players received a lucky loser spot in the Men's Draw:
# Peter Luczak
# Rui Machado
## Other websites
* Official site of US Open
Masahiko Inoha

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Inoha was born in Miyazaki on August 28, 1985. After dropping out from Hannan University, he joined J1 League club FC Tokyo in 2006. He played many matches as defensive midfielder and also played as side back and center back. In 2008, he moved to Kashima Antlers. He played many matches as center back. Kashima won the J1 League champions in 2008 and 2009. In July 2007, he moved to Croatian Prva HNL club Hajduk Split. In February 2012, he returned to Japan and joined Vissel Kobe. Although he played many matches, Kobe was relegated to J2 League end of 2012 the season. In 2013, he moved to Júbilo Iwata. However Iwata was relegated to J2 end of the 2013 season. He remained Iwata and Iwata was returned to J1 end of the 2015 season. In 2016, he rejoined Vissel Kobe and played in 3 seasons. In 2019, he moved to J2 club Yokohama FC. Yokohama was promoted to J1 from 2020.

In 2005, Inoha was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2005 World Youth Championship, but he did not play in the match. In January 2011, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against Saudi Arabia on January 17. He played 4 matches and scored 1 goal, and Japan won the champions. He was also selected the Japan for 2014 World Cup, but he did not play in the match. He played 21 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2014.

## Statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|FC Tokyo||rowspan="2"|J1 League||28||1||2||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||35||1
|-
|2007||20||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="4"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="4"|J1 League||23||0||2||0||1||0||2||0||28||0
|-
|2009||30||1||4||0||2||0||6||0||42||1
|-
|2010||26||0||5||0||2||0||5||0||38||0
|-
|2011||10||1||0||0||0||0||3||0||13||1

|-
|2011/12||Hajduk Split||Prva HNL||15||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||19||1

|-
|2012||Vissel Kobe||J1 League||29||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2013||rowspan="3"|Júbilo Iwata||J1 League||25||1||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1
|-
|2014||rowspan="2"|J2 League||25||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||1
|-
|2015||32||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||1
|-
|2016||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="3"|J1 League||27||0||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2017||15||0||3||1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||23||1
|-
|2018||10||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2019||rowspan="3"|Yokohama FC||J2 League||28||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|-
|2020||rowspan="2"|J1 League||19||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
347||6||18||1||31||0||16||0||412||7
15||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||19||1
362||7||21||1||31||0||17||0||431||8
|}

|-
|2011||9||1
|-
|2012||7||0
|-
|2013||4||0
|-
|2014||1||0
|-
!Total||21||1
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Toshihiro Aoyama

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Aoyama was born in Kurashiki on February 22, 1986. After graduating from Sakuyo High School, he joined J1 League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 2004. He played many matches as a defensive midfielder from 2006. Sanfrecce won the J1 League in 2012, 2013 and 2015. Aoyama was also selected as the J.League MVP in 2015.

In July 2013, Aoyama was selected for the Japan national team for the 2013 East Asian Cup. He debuted at this tournament against China on July 21. He played at 2014 World Cup and 2019 Asian Cup. He played 12 games and scored one goal for Japan between 2013 and 2019.

## Career statistics
### Club
.

### International
:''Scores and results list Japan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Aoyama goal.''

## Honours
**Sanfrecce Hiroshima**
*J1 League: 2012, 2013, 2015
*J2 League: 2008
*J.League Cup: 2022
*Japanese Super Cup: 2008, 2013, 2014, 2016

**Japan**
*EAFF East Asian Cup: 2013
*AFC Asian Cup runner-up: 2019

**Individual**
*J.League MVP Award: 2015
*J.League Best XI: 2012, 2013, 2015

## References
## Other websites
*
Yuzo Kurihara

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Kurihara was born in Yokohama on September 18, 1983. He joined J1 League club Yokohama F. Marinos from their youth team in 2002. Although he debuted as center back in 2003, he could not play many matches behind Japan national team player Naoki Matsuda and Yuji Nakazawa. In 2006, he became a regular player as stopper of three backs defense with Matsuda and Nakazawa. From 2007, he played many matches as center back with Nakazawa of four backs defense. After that, he played many matches as center back for a long time of four backs or three backs defense. In 2013, Marinos won the 2nd place in J1 League and the champions in Emperor's Cup. However his opportunity to play decreased from 2015. He retired from football at the end of the 2019 season.

In November 2003, Kurihara was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2003 World Youth Championship. He played in 2 matches. On August 9, 2006, he debuted for the Japan national team under new manager Ivica Osim against Trinidad and Tobago which is Japan's first match after the 2006 World Cup. However he could not play at all in the match after the debut. In April 2010, he played for Japan under manager Takeshi Okada against Serbia for the first time in 4 years. Although he was not select Japan for 2010 World Cup, he played several matches as center back every year under Alberto Zaccheroni after 2010 World Cup. In 2013, he was selected for 2013 Confederations Cup and 2013 East Asian Cup. At East Asian Cup, he played all 3 matches and Japan won the champions. This tournament is his last game for Japan. He played 20 games and scored 3 goals for Japan until 2013.

## Statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="18"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="18"|J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2003||7||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2004||8||0||2||0||7||0||4||2||21||2
|-
|2005||13||1||1||0||2||1||4||0||20||2
|-
|2006||30||1||3||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2007||25||1||1||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2008||24||0||4||1||5||1||colspan="2"|-||33||2
|-
|2009||26||3||2||0||10||0||colspan="2"|-||38||3
|-
|2010||28||2||0||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||34||2
|-
|2011||30||3||3||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||35||4
|-
|2012||31||0||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||37||0
|-
|2013||31||2||6||1||6||0||colspan="2"|-||43||3
|-
|2014||29||3||2||0||1||0||4||0||36||3
|-
|2015||11||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2016||12||1||2||0||9||0||colspan="2"|-||23||1
|-
|2017||8||0||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2018||3||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2019||0||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
316||16||33||2||85||3||12||2||446||23
316||16||33||2||85||3||12||2||446||23
|}

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0
|-
|2010||4||0
|-
|2011||3||0
|-
|2012||5||2
|-
|2013||7||1
|-
!Total||20||3
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Philippe Mexès

**Philippe Mexès** (born 30 March 1982) is a French former professional footballer who played as a centre back. He played for Auxerre, Roma and AC Milan.

## Career statistics
### Club
:Source:

### International
:Source:

:*France score listed first, score column indicates score after each Mexès goal*

## Honours
**Auxerre**
*Coupe de France: 2002–03

**Roma**
*Coppa Italia: 2006–07, 2007–08

**AC Milan**
*Supercoppa Italiana: 2011

**France U18**
*UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 2000

**France**
*FIFA Confederations Cup: 2003

**Individual**
*Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2002–03

## References
Klaas-Jan Huntelaar

**Klaas-Jan Huntelaar** (born 12 August 1983) is a former Dutch football player.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
.]]

Source:

:''Scores and results list the Netherlands' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Huntelaar goal*.
* Eredivisie: 2018–19, 2020–21
* KNVB Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2018–19
* Johan Cruyff Shield: 2006, 2007, 2019

**Schalke 04**

**Netherlands**
* FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2010;

**Individual**

* Eerste Divisie top scorer: 2003–04
* Eerste Divisie Player of the Year: 2003–04
* Eredivisie top scorer: 2005–06,
* UEFA European Under-21 Championship Golden Boot: 2006
* UEFA European Under-21 Championship Golden Player: 2006
* Bundesliga top goalscorer: 2011–12
* *kicker'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2011–12
* UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying top goalscorer

## References
Cesare Bovo

**Cesare Bovo**  (born 14 January 1983) is an Italian retired professional footballer who played as a centre back.

## Career statistics
### Club
## Honours
### Club
**Roma**
*Serie A: 2000–01

### International
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship: Germany 2004
*Olympic bronze: Athens 2004

### Orders
:* 5th Class / Knight: *Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana*: 2004

## References
Napoleon II

**Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte** (20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832) was the son of Napoleon and Marie Louise of Austria.

## Early life
Napoléon II was born in Paris in 1811. In 1814, Napoleon I was defeated during the War of the Sixth Coalition and then forced to resign by his own officers. Napoleon I originally wanted Napoleon II to succeed him, but that was rejected by the coalition. Napoleon II and his mother went into exile in Austria, and Napoleon I was exiled to Elba. In 1815, Napoleon I escaped and retook control of France, but he was forced to resign again after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

## Emperor of the French
Napoleon was arguably the Emperor of the French in late June and early July 1815.

## Life in Austria
Napoleon spent most of his life in Austria, where he was known as Franz. He became the Duke of Reichstadt at the age of seven and joined the Austrian Army when he was twelve.

Napoleon enjoyed a close relationship with Princess Sophie of Bavaria. It has been claimed that he was the father of Sophie's son, the future Maximilian I of Mexico, but that is widely rejected by historians.

## Death
Napoleon died of tuberculosis on July 22, 1832.

## Remains
In 1940, Adolf Hitler had Napoleon's remains moved from Vienna to the dome of Les Invalides, in Paris. His remains were buried next to his father's for some time but were later moved to the lower church.

## Legacy
 as Napoleon II in L'Aiglon]]
* Napoleon II was also known as "The Eaglet" (''L'Aiglon*). Edmond Rostand wrote a play, *L'Aiglon*, about his life. 
* The Serbian composer Petar Stojanović composed an operetta about him in the 1920s. 
* Arthur Honegger and Jacques Ibert worked together on an opera, *L'Aiglon'', which premiered in 1937. 
* The journalist Henri Rochefort joked that Napoleon II, who never really governed, was France's best leader since he brought no war, taxes or tyranny.

## Sources 
* Welschinger, *Le roi de Rome, 1811-32*, (Paris, 1897)
* Wertheimer, *The Duke of Reichstadt*, (London, 1905)
Shosuke Katayama

**Shosuke Katayama** (born 8 September 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Kokushikan University||rowspan="3"|Football League||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2003||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2004||5||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||9||0||0||0||3||0||12||0
|-
|2007||15||1||1||0||5||1||21||2
|-
|2008||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Yokohama||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||46||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||48||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
83||1||4||0||9||1||96||2
83||1||4||0||9||1||96||2
|}

## References
Edgar Álvarez

**Édgar** or **Edgard Anthony Álvarez Reyes** (born 9 January 1980) is a Honduran former soccer player who last played for Platense in the Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Honduras.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="7"|Platense||rowspan="7"|Liga Nacional||0||0
|-
|1997/98||0||0
|-
|1998/99||0||0
|-
|1999/00||21||2
|-
|2000/01||39||4
|-
|2001/02||32||2
|-
|2002/03||0||0

|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Peñarol||rowspan="2"|Primera División||15||0
|-
|2004||11||0

|-
|2004/05||Cagliari||Serie A||15||1
|-
|2005/06||Roma||Serie A||20||0
|-
|2006/07||Messina Peloro||Serie A||32||2
|-
|2007/08||Roma||Serie A||1||0
|-
|2007/08||Livorno||Serie A||8||0
|-
|2008/09||Pisa||Serie B||27||5
|-
|2009/10||Bari||Serie A||||
92||8
26||0
103||8
221||16
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||16||2
|-
|2004||9||1
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||44||3
|}

## References
Naoki Urata

**Naoki Urata** (born 27 June 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1997||rowspan="5"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="2"|Football League||4||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||2
|-
|1998||13||0||1||1||2||2||16||3
|-
|1999||J. League 2||28||6||2||2||1||0||31||8
|-
|2000||J. League 1||13||2||0||0||2||0||15||2
|-
|2001||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2002||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||10||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||1
68||11||3||3||6||2||77||16
68||11||3||3||6||2||77||16
|}

## References
Eusebio Sacristán

**Eusebio Sacristán** (born 13 April 1964) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1983/84||rowspan="4"|Real Valladolid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||11||0
|-
|1984/85||32||2
|-
|1985/86||33||4
|-
|1986/87||41||7
|-
|1987/88||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||27||3
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="7"|Barcelona||rowspan="7"|La Liga||37||4
|-
|1989/90||36||3
|-
|1990/91||32||2
|-
|1991/92||30||4
|-
|1992/93||32||1
|-
|1993/94||20||0
|-
|1994/95||16||0
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Celta Vigo||rowspan="2"|La Liga||35||1
|-
|1996/97||32||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="5"|Real Valladolid||rowspan="5"|La Liga||26||1
|-
|1998/99||21||0
|-
|1999/00||28||1
|-
|2000/01||28||3
|-
|2001/02||26||0
543||36
543||36

## International career statistics
|-
|1986||1||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
|1989||6||0
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||5||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
!Total||15||0
|}

## References
Initiation

initiation. 18th century]]
**Initiation** is a ceremony at the entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It can also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community. Rites of passage such as Christian baptism or confirmation, or Jewish bar or bat mitzvah, or graduation from school, are initiations. Acceptance into a fraternal organization like the freemasons or religious order like the Benedictines is also an initiation. A person taking the initiation ceremony is called an *initiate*.

## Etymology
The English word comes from the Latin, *initium*: "entrance" or "beginning. The related English verb, **initiate**, means to begin or start a particular action.

## Tribal initiations
Tribes often have initiations. In many African tribes, initiation means circumcision of males and sometimes circumcision/genital mutilation of females.  Initiation is thought to be necessary for the individual to be regarded as a full member of the tribe. Otherwise, the individual may not be allowed to take part in ceremonies or even in social ritual such as marriage. A man will not be allowed to marry or have any special relationship with a woman who didn't go to an initiation, because she is not considered as a woman.

Initiation may be thought of as an event which may help teens prepare themselves to be good husbands and wives. Because of modernization initiation is not taken so seriously as before, but there are still certain areas which still perform initiations.

In some African tribes, boys have initiation rites for 3–4 months and girls for 1–2 months.

Australian Aboriginal tribes usually had long periods of time to help prepare adolescent boys, teaching them the Law before they were ready to attend large elaborate ceremonies at the time of initiation when they were finally recognized as men in their society. Most tribes had circumcision and scarification as part of the male initiation rituals, while many Central Australian tribes also practiced subincision.

## Notes
## Literature 
*Mircea Eliade, *Rites and Symbols of Initiation*, first edition, New York, NY Harper and Row, 1958.
Bar and Bat Mitzvah

]]

In Judaism, a **Bar Mitzvah** is a Jewish boy, and a **Bat Mitzvah** a Jewish girl, who has turned 13 years old (or for a girl in the Orthodox movement, 12 years old). They go through a rite of passage which symbolizes the young person's responsibility for themselves. 
 
Before the bar mitzvah, the child's parents hold the responsibility for the child's actions. After this age, the boys and girls bear their own responsibility, and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life. It marks their coming of age. The terms are also used for the ceremony celebrating this event. 

* *Bar Mitzvah* (pl. ''B'nai Mitzvah*) comes from the Aramaic , "one (m.) to whom the commandments apply". (If it were Hebrew it would be  (ben) not  (bar).  is "son" in Aramaic, and  (ben) is son in Hebrew.).
* *Bat Mitzvah* (pl. *B'not Mitzvah*) is , "one (f.) to whom the commandments apply" (Ashkenazi: *Bas Mitzvah'').

According to Jewish law, when Jewish children reach the age of majority (generally thirteen years for boys and twelve for girls.) Then they become responsible for their actions, and "become a Bar or Bat Mitzvah". This is also the time when physical puberty normally begins. Before this the child's parents have the responsibility that the child follows Jewish law and tradition and, after this age, children have their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law, tradition, and ethics and have the right to take part in all areas of Jewish community life.

## References 
## Further reading 
Oppenheimer, Mark.  *Thirteen and a Day: The Bar and Bat Mitzvah across America*.  New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005.

## Other websites 
* Schauss, Hayyim. History of Bar Mitzvah 
* "Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah and Confirmation"
* The Official Israeli Ministry of Tourism Website with information about celebrating Bar/Bat Mitzvah in Jerusalem 
* Secular Humanistic Bar/Bat Mitzvah
Gianluca Curci

**Gianluca Curci** (born 12 July 1985) is an Italian former football player.

## Career statistics
## Honours
### Club
**Roma**
* Coppa Italia: 2006–07, 2007–08
* Supercoppa Italiana: 2007

## References
Joseph Bonaparte

**Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte** was an elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1806, he crowned him as King of Naples and Sicily and later King of Spain in 1808.

## Early Life 
He was born Giuseppe Buonaparte to Carlo Buonaparte, representative to King Louis XVI's court. He was educated in Corsica and France and studied law at Pisa. In the Corsican civil war, which marked the early years of the French Revolution, he sided with the French, as did his brother Napoleon. When the anti-French forces were victorious, he and the entire Bonaparte family fled to the Continent.As a lawyer, politician, and diplomat, he served in the Cinq-Cents (lower house) and was the French ambassador to Rome.In 1795 Joseph was a member of the Council of Ancients where he used his position to help his brother overthrow the Directory.

## King of Naples and Sicily 
In 1806, Joseph Bonaparte was given military command of Naples, and shortly afterward was made king by Napoleon I, to be replaced after two years by his sister's husband, Joachim Murat, when Joseph was made king of Spain in August 1808, soon after the French invasion.

## King of Spain 
Joseph Bonaparte reluctantly left Naples and arrived in Spain just in time for the Spanish revolt against French rule, and the beginning of the Peninsular War, in which the French were eventually expelled by Spanish guerrilla fighters and by an Anglo-Portuguese army. The Spanish remain loyal to their former king, Ferdinand VII.Bonaparte abdicated and returned to France after defeat at the Battle of Vitoria. He was seen by Bonapartists (supporters of Napoleon I) as the rightful Emperor of the French after the death of Napoleon's own son Napoleon II in 1832.  

## Head of the House of Bonaparte 
As the eldest in the family Bonaparte, he became its head in 1832, although he did little to advance his claim. Joseph Bonaparte lived primarily in the United States from 1817 to 1832, initially in New York City and Philadelphia. He was also reputed to have encountered the Jersey Devil while hunting there. Bonaparte returned to Europe, where he died in Florence, Italy and was buried in the Les Invalides building in Paris, He was succeeded by his younger brother Louis Bonaparte as head of the family, and is survived by his great great grandson Frederick Joseph Benton.

## Other websites 
*
* Joseph Bonaparte at Point Breeze
* Joseph Bonaparte and the Jersey Devil
Marcão (footballer, born 1975)

**Marcos Alberto Skavinski** (born 28 March 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Goiás.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2006||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 1||28||2||2||0||9||1||39||3
28||2||2||0||9||1||39||3
28||2||2||0||9||1||39||3
|}
Hiroshi Aso

**Hiroshi Aso** (born 8 April 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}
Ferydoon Zandi

**Ferydoon Zandi** (born 26 April 1979) is a former Iranian-German football player. He played for Steel Azin and Iran national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zandi goal.''

## Honours
**Esteghlal**
*Hazfi Cup: 2011–12

## References
Takeshi Suda

**Takeshi Suda** (born 14 April 1983) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}
Sota Kasahara

**Sota Kasahara** (born 9 May 1976) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1999||Otsuka Pharmaceuticals||Football League||18||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||30||3
|-
|2001||0||0
48||3
48||3
|}
Keita Kasahara

**Keita Kasahara** (born 14 June 1973) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996||Consadole Sapporo||Football League||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0
|}
Sorrento Calcio

**Sorrento Calcio** is a football club which plays in Italy.  They were founded in 1945.

## Noted players
*  Giuseppe Bruscolotti
*  Gennaro Ruotolo

## References
Takayoshi Ono

**Takayoshi Ono** (born 30 April 1978) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||28||2||2||0||1||0||31||2
|-
|2002||36||14||3||1||colspan="2"|-||39||15
|-
|2003||29||7||||||colspan="2"|-||29||7
92||23||5||1||1||0||98||24
92||23||5||1||1||0||98||24
|}

## Other websites
*
Larissa F.C.

**Larissa F.C.** (*official name is AE Larissas 1964*) is a football club which plays in Greece. The club based in the city of Larissa. It has won three titles totally,  one Greek championship and two Greek cups.
Yusaku Ueno

**Yusaku Ueno** (born 1 November 1973) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996||rowspan="4"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||27||7||2||0||11||0||40||7
|-
|1997||31||8||3||1||5||1||39||10
|-
|1998||24||1||2||0||2||1||28||2
|-
|1999||28||1||1||0||4||2||33||3
|-
|2000||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||5||1||0||0||2||0||7||1
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||42||10||4||2||2||0||48||12
|-
|2002||J. League 1||23||2||0||0||4||0||27||2
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Albirex Niigata||J. League 2||41||13||3||0||colspan="2"|-||44||13
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||30||5||1||1||6||0||37||6
|-
|2005||34||2||1||1||3||0||38||3
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||21||0||2||0||6||0||29||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Tochigi||rowspan="2"|Football League||19||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||19||2
|-
|2008||16||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||4
341||56||21||5||45||4||407||65
341||56||21||5||45||4||407||65
|}

## References
Swing vote

**Swing voters** are people who vote who do not always vote for the same party. Their vote is called a **swing vote**.

The swing vote is often closely studied when there are elections because it often decides who wins the election. In many elections parties try to convince the swing voters and the people who vote for the first time to vote for them. In contrast to the swing voters, there are other voters who have always voted for the same party in the past. A campaign for a vote therefore often focuses less on keeping the people who will always vote for their party; the parties spend more effort and money on convincing new people to vote for them.

## References
Cristian Chivu

**Cristian Chivu** (born 26 October 1980) is a Romanian football player. He plays for Internazionale Milano and Romania national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Reşiţa||Divizia B||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1997/98||Divizia A||23||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||2
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||26||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||3
|-
|1999/00||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Ajax||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||23||1||colspan="2"|-||4||0||27||1
|-
|2000/01||26||5||colspan="2"|-||4||0||30||5
|-
|2001/02||32||1||colspan="2"|-||6||0||38||1
|-
|2002/03||26||6||colspan="2"|-||12||0||38||6

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="4"|Roma||rowspan="4"|Serie A||22||2||2||0||4||0||28||2
|-
|2004/05||10||2||4||0||1||0||15||2
|-
|2005/06||27||2||7||0||4||0||38||2
|-
|2006/07||26||0||7||0||8||0||41||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||26||0||4||0||6||0||36||0
|-
|2008/09||21||0||2||0||2||0||25||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
56||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||56||5
107||13||colspan="2"|-||26||0||133||13
132||6||26||0||25||0||183||6
295||24||26||0||51||0||372||24
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||10||1
|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||6||1
|-
|2003||9||0
|-
|2004||2||1
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||7||0
|-
|2009||6||0
|-
!Total||69||3
|}

## References
Deadlock

A **deadlock** is a situation where two or more competing actions are waiting for the other to finish. As a consequence, neither ever does. It is often seen in paradoxes like the "chicken or the egg."

In computer science, **deadlock** refers to a specific condition when two or more processes are each waiting for each other to release a resource. It can also be that more than two processes are waiting for a number of resources. Deadlock is a common problem in multiprocessing where many processes share a specific type of mutually exclusive resource known as a *software lock* or *soft lock*. Computers intended for the *time-sharing* or *real-time* markets often have a *hardware lock* (or *hard lock*) which guarantees *exclusive access* to processes. Deadlocks are particularly troubling because there is no *general* solution to avoid (soft) deadlocks.

A similar situation is when two people are drawing diagrams, but they have only one pencil and one ruler. If one person takes the pencil and the other takes the ruler, a deadlock occurs when the person with the pencil needs the ruler and the person with the ruler needs the pencil to finish his work with the ruler. Both requests can't be satisfied, so a deadlock occurs.

The telecommunications description of deadlock is a little stronger: deadlock occurs when none of the processes meet the condition to move to another state (as described in the process's finite state machine) *and* all the communication channels are empty. The second condition is often left out on other systems, but is important in the telecommunication context.

## References