open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Xiphosura

**Xiphosura** is an order of marine chelicerates. It includes a large number of extinct lines and only four recent species in the family Limulidae, which include the horseshoe crabs. 

The group has hardly changed in millions of years. The modern horseshoe crabs look almost identical to prehistoric genera such as the Jurassic *Mesolimulus*, and are considered to be living fossils.

Xiphosura are traditionally placed in the class Merostomata. This term was originally made for the eurypterids; now, with the Xiphosura added, it is known to be paraphyletic. 

Although the name Merostomata is still seen in textbooks, without reference to the Eurypterida, some have urged that this usage should be discouraged. The shared features of the two groups traditionally grouped in the Merostomata are now thought to be retentions of primitive conditions (symplesiomorphies). It is estimated that the Xiphosura diverged from the Arachnida 480 million years ago.

## References
Amblypygi

**Amblypygi** is an order of Arachnids also known as **whip spiders** or tailless **whip scorpions**. The name 'amblypygid' means "blunt rump", a reference to a lack of the telson (tail). They are harmless to humans.

The Amblypygs are in the subphylum Chelicerata of the phylum Arthropoda. The order has 5 families, 17 genera and about 155 species. They are found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Some species are subterranean; many are nocturnal. During the day, they may hide under logs, bark, stones, or leaves. They prefer a humid environment.

## Notes
Lebanon (disambiguation)

Lebanon is a Middle Eastern country on the Mediterranean Sea.

Lebanon may also mean:

*Lebanon, Kentucky

*Lebanon, Illinois

*Lebanon, Virginia

*Lebanon, Kansas

*Lebanon Junction, Kentucky

*Lebanon, Indiana
Oculocerebrorenal syndrome

**Oculocerebrorenal syndrome** (also called **Lowe Syndrome**) is a rare genetic disorder in humans. It affects the eyes, the brain and the kidneys. It is also known as **Oculocerebrorenal syndrome**. People with lowe syndrome are born with cataracts, that is the lenses of their eyes are not totally clear. Many people with the syndrome develop kidney problems at an early age. The brain develops differently, the development of the child happens slower. Such children may often have learning difficulties. Epilepsy can also occur.

The disorder is caused by a gene defect on the X-chromosome. As a result, much more boys are affected than girls. The syndrome is named after Dr. Charles Lowe, who first described it in 1952. Its occurrence is about one case in half a million live births.

## References
Bushel

A **bushel** is an imperial unit of dry volume, equal to 4 pecks or 8 gallons. It is most often used in agriculture. A bushel is  as **bsh.** or **bu.**

Since the volume of a gallon in UK has been defined as the volume of ten pounds of water, the volume of a bushel in SI units is 36.3687 litres.

The United States bushel is slightly smaller than the British bushel because the American gallon is smaller than the British gallon. Its volume has been defined as 2150.42 cubic inches, which makes 35.2391 litres.

## References
In Rainbows

***In Rainbows*** is the seventh album by the band Radiohead. It was released on 10 October 2007. It was released by the band as a download, and people were able to choose how much they wanted to pay for it. Later, it was released in physical forms (such as vinyl and CD).

## Track listing 
All songs written by Radiohead.

# "15 Step"&nbsp;– 3:58
# "Bodysnatchers"&nbsp;– 4:02
# "Nude"&nbsp;– 4:15
# "Weird Fishes/Arpeggi"&nbsp;– 5:18
# "All I Need"&nbsp;– 3:48
# "Faust Arp"&nbsp;– 2:09
# "Reckoner"&nbsp;– 4:50
# "House of Cards"&nbsp;– 5:28
# "Jigsaw Falling into Place"&nbsp;– 4:09
# "Videotape"&nbsp;– 4:42

## References
Rubicon

The **Rubicon** is a river that flows into the Adriatic Sea south of Ravenna, Italy. In the time of Julius Caesar, a river with this name was the border between the Roman province Gallia Cisalpina, and Italy, which was not a province at the time. The exact river Caesar referred to is unknown; the river that is known as *Rubicone* today was selected and named by Benito Mussolini.
Eurypterid

The **eurypterids**, related to arachnids, were the largest known arthropods. They are members of the extinct order **Eurypterida**. It is a most diverse Chelicerate order. They are also called **sea scorpions**.

The largest, such as *Jaekelopterus*, reached 2½ metres in length, but most species were less than 20 cm (8 inches). They were the largest arthropods of all time. They were predators which thrived in the warm, shallow seas and lakes of the Ordovician to the Permian periods, around 460 to 248 million years ago. Recent research suggsts their eyesight was not very good.

The move from the sea to fresh water probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian period. Eurypterids went extinct during the Permian–Triassic extinction event 251 million years ago, and their fossils have a near global distribution.

## Description 
The typical eurypterid had a large, flat, semicircular carapace, followed by a jointed section, and finally a tapering, flexible tail, most ending with a long spine at the end (*Pterygotus*, though, had a large flat tail, possibly with a smaller spine). Behind the head of the eurypterids were twelve body segments. These segments are formed by a dorsal plate, called a tergite, and a ventral plate, called a sternite. The tail, known as the telson, is spiked in most eurypterids.

A recent discovery of a new fossil species of eurypterid, *Pentecopterus*, has been made. It is two meters long, and lived 467 million years ago, in the Middle Ordovician period.

## Some genera 
* *Megarachne*
* *Bassipterus*
* *Jaekelopterus*
* *Orcanopterus*
* *Eurypterus*
* *Pterygotus*
* *Slimonia*
* *Mixopterus*
* *Terropterus*

## Gallery 

File:Eurypterus Paleoart.jpg|*Eurypterus*
File:20210106 Jaekelopterus rhenaniae.png|*Jaekelopterus*
File:Megarachne BW.jpg|*Megarachne*
File:Anji Biota.jpg|*Archopterus*
File:Bassipterus.jpg|*Bassipterus*

## References 
## Other websites 
* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982220314226
Marcin Gortat

**Marcin Janusz Gortat** (born February 17, 1984 in Łódź, Poland) is a Polish basketball player who currently plays for the Phoenix Suns as a Power forward and Center. 

He has also played for the Orlando Magic from 2008 to 2010 before being traded to the Phoenix Suns along with Vince Carter, Mickael Pietrus, a 2011 first-round draft pick, and $3 million for Hedo Türkoğlu, Jason Richardson, and Earl Clark.

Gortat is also the creator of the famous "Gortat Screen" a basketball play widely regarded as one of the most unstoppable moves, as Lebron James and JJ Redick said on the Mind The Game podcast

## References
## Other websites
*Marcin Gortat's Official website 
*Marcin Gortat's NBA player profile
Soulmate (song)

**"Soulmate"** is a 2007 song by the English singer and songwriter Natasha Bedingfield. The song was released during July 2007 in United Kingdom. It was not until late 2008 that this song was released in the United States. It got mixed to negative review from critics within the United Kingdom, though Soulmate did become commercial success. This song gained popularity in the U.S. after being played on an episode of MTV's *The Hills*.
Leaf insect

The family **Phylliidae** (often misspelt 'Phyllidae') includes the living true **leaf insects** or **walking leaves**, which include some of the most remarkable leaf mimics in the entire animal kingdom. They occur from South Asia through Southeast Asia to Australia. There are different views about their taxonomy.

## Characteristics 
Leaf insects use camouflage to take on the appearance of a leaf. They do this so accurately that predators often cannot distinguish them from real leaves. In some species the edge of the leaf insect's body even has the appearance of bite marks. To further confuse predators, when the leaf insect walks, it rocks back and forth, to mimic a real leaf being blown by the wind.

They and stick insects go together in the Order Phasmatodea.

The scholar Antonio Pigafetta may have been the first to document the creature.  Sailing with Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigational expedition, he studied and chronicled the fauna on the island of Cimbonbon as the fleet hauled ashore for repairs.

File:The Childrens Museum of Indianapolis - Leaf insect.jpg|A leaf insect in the Children’s Museum of Indianapolis
File:Leaf insect in Pakke Tiger Reserve.JPG|Leaf insect in Pakke Tiger Reserve

## Related pages 
* Stick insect

## References
Adelina Patti

**Adelina Patti** (10 February 184327 September 1919) was a highly acclaimed Italian-French 19th-century opera diva, earning huge fees, sometimes $5000 in gold,  at the height of her career in the music capitals of Europe and America. She first sang in public as a child in 1851, and gave her last performance before an audience in 1914.

## Biography
She was born **Adelina Juana Maria Patti**, in Madrid, the last child of tenor Salvatore Patti (1800–1869) and soprano Caterina Barilli (died 1870). Her Italian parents were working in Madrid, Spain, at the time of her birth. Because her father came from Sicily, Patti was born a subject of the King of the Two Sicilies, but had a French passport for most of her life, as two of her three husbands were French.  She settled in South Wales in 1903, and after her last concert, for the Red Cross, in 1914 she died there, of natural causes.

## References
Sally Kirkland

**Sally Kirkland** (October 31, 1941 &ndash; November 11, 2025) was an American movie and television actress. Kirkland was named after her mother. Her mother was a fashion editor for *Vogue* and *LIFE* magazines). She had small roles for 1970s movies (*The Sting*, *The Way We Were* and *A Star is Born*). She also starred in many television roles in the soap operas *Valley of the Dolls* and *Days of Our Lives*.

Kirkland was born in New York City.

Kirkland died under hospice care in Palm Springs, California on November 11, 2025 from problems caused by dementia at the age of 84.

## References
Magnus Johansson

**Magnus Johansson** (born September 4, 1973 in Linköping, Sweden) is an Swedish ice hockey defenceman for the Linköpings HC of the SHL where he is also the captain. He has also played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks for 1 season and the Florida Panthers for 1 season before being signing a contract with the Atlant Moscow Oblast of the KHL and then retured back to Linköpings HC where he was named the team's captain. 

## Other websites 
*Magnus Johansson's NHL Player Page
Spirochaete

* spirochaetes under scanning electron microscope]]

**Spirochaetes** (or Spirochetes) are the phylum **Spirochaetae**. These are double-membrane bacteria with long, helically coiled (spiral-shaped) cells. 

Spirochaetes are bacteria. They have flagella, which run lengthwise between the cell wall and outer membrane. The flagella cause a twisting motion which moves the spirochaete about. 

Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are many parasitic species.

## Classification 
The spirochaetes are divided into three families (Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae). They are all put in a single order, the **Spirochaetales**. Disease-causing members of this phylum include:

* *Leptospira* species, some of which cause leptospirosis
* *Borrelia* species, some of which cause Lyme disease
** *Borrelia recurrentis*, which causes relapsing fever.
* *Treponema pallidum* subspecies which cause syphilis and yaws.
*  *Brachyspira'' species, which cause intestinal spirochaetosis.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Introduction to the Spirochetes. UCMP. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/spirochetes.html
Achterhoek

**Achterhoek** (Dutch Low Saxon: *Achterhook*) (literally in English: back-corner) is a region in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. It consists of the eastern part of Gelderland, behind the IJssel river, except for the southwestern part, which consists of the region of (De) Liemers. The Achterhoek region borders the Salland and Twente regions (both province of Overijssel) in the north and the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia in the (south)east.

The Achterhoek lies in the Dutch Low Saxon language area and has a dialect of his own called Achterhooks.

Another name for the Achterhoek is the County of Zutphen, which was historically connected to Guelders

Significant towns include Aalten, Borculo, Bredevoort, Doetinchem, Eibergen, Geesteren, Groenlo, Hengelo, Lichtenvoorde, Neede, Silvolde, Varsseveld, Vragender, Winterswijk, Zelhem, and Zutphen.

Doetinchem, Winterswijk and Zutphen are the largest towns in the Achterhoek.

## Municipalities 
These 10 municipalities belong to the Achterhoek region:

* Aalten
* Berkelland
* Bronckhorst (small part in Liemers)
* Doesburg (partially in Liemers)
* Doetinchem (partially in Liemers)

* Lochem
* Oost Gelre
* Oude IJsselstreek (partially in Liemers)
* Winterswijk
* Zutphen

## Related pages 
* Liemers
* Salland
* Twente

## References 
* Plaatsengids.nl
Lorraine Bracco

**Lorraine Bracco** (born October 2, 1954) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Karen Hill in the 1990 movie *Goodfellas* and Jennifer Melfi in the HBO series *The Sopranos*. She has also been in other movies, such as *Medicine Man* and *The Basketball Diaries*.
Adolphe-Marie Hardy

**Adolphe-Marie Hardy** (23 May 1868 in Dison – 19 June 1954 in Laeken) was a Belgian writer first published in 1888  He rose to be a major figure in French literature.

Hardy was educated at Herve, before starting at the University of Louvain in 1886, studying law.  After getting his doctorate he returned to Dison, where he carried on his literary work as well as working as a lawyer.

Hardy was editor or assistant editor of several literary journals from 1900 onwards, including Rappel de Charleroi,  Dépêche de Liège and the Journal de Bruxelles.
In 1935 he married Madeleine Verhelst. In 1940, they escaped to Issigeac, France. After his wife's death, in 1941, he married Germaine Van Den Boeck. 

In May 1954 he was made a Freeman of the City of Dison, and died at Laeken on June 19 of that year. also lists a chicken dish, *Cotelettes De Poulet A La Adolphe Hardy*.

## Related pages
* List of foods named after people

## Other websites
* Friends of Adolphe Hardy 
* Adolphe Hardy's House, Wallonia Tourist Office

## References
Lua

**Lua** is an open source programming language. It was created in 1993 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes. Lua is used for many different things, especially in video games such as World of Warcraft, SimCity 4 and Transformice. It is also used in the popular virtual world sharing website Roblox under a dialect called Luau. In June 2010, Apple Inc. changed the terms of use for the software development kit of its iOS operating system to allow the use of Lua. This led to Lua being used to make iPhone applications such as Angry Birds. In June 2011, Lua was ranked the tenth most popular programming language by the TIOBE Index.

## History 
Lua was created in 1993 by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo, and Waldemar Celes. They are members of the Computers Graphics Technology Group (Tecgraf) at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janerio.

From 1977 until 1992, Brazil had strong trade barriers for computer hardware and software; these barriers were called a market reserve. At the time, clients of Tecgraf could not afford software from abroad. They would have to go through a complicated process to prove their needs could not be met by Brazilian companies. This caused Tecgraf to implement its needed tools from scratch.

Lua followed SOL (Simple Object Language) and DEL (data-entry language). They are computer languages that described and managed data. They had been independently developed at Tecgraf for two different projects. These projects were for engineering applications for the Petrobras company. Petrobras later wanted more power in SOL and DEL. They lacked functions to control flow.

Lua’s syntax for control flow was mostly borrowed from Modula. It also taken influence from other programming languages: CLU for multiple inputs and outputs from calling functions, C++ for local variables, and SNOBAL and AWK for associative arrays. LISP and Scheme also influenced the focus on tables. These two languages used a single structure mechanism.

## Examples 
An example Hello World program in Lua:

```lua
-- !/usr/bin/lua
print("Hello World!")
```

An example of setting a value, then printing it:

```lua
--!/usr/bin/lua
a = "Hello World!"
print(a)
```

An example of a function, then using it:

```lua
--!/usr/bin/lua
local function TestFunction()
   print("Hello World!")
end

TestFunction()
```

An example of a loop that prints each entry in the list in order:

```lua
--!/usr/bin/lua
local list = {"Hey","my","name","is","Dan"}

for i, v in pairs(list) do
   print(v) 
end
```

Lua also supports Object-Oriented Programming:

```lua
--!/usr/bin/lua
local TestFunction = function()
   print("Hello World!")
end

TestFunction()
```

## References 
## Other websites 
* Lua.org
* lua-users.org
All Saints (group)

The **All Saints** are an English-Canadian pop group. They were founded in 1993. The members of All Saints are British Melanie Blatt, Shaznay Lewis and Canadian sisters Natalie and Nicole Appleton. The group were one of the most successful pop groups in the UK in the 1990s with nine Top 10 singles, two platinum albums and two gold albums. The groups biggest hit was the 1997 single *Never Ever*.

## Albums 
* *All Saints* (1997)
* *Saints & Sinners* (2000)
* *Studio 1* (2006)
* *Red Flag* (2016)
* *Testament* (2018)

## References
Gnarls Barkley

*Not to be confused with Charles Barkley.*

**Gnarls Barkley** is a music group with DJ and music producer Danger Mouse and American rapper Cee Lo Green. The group had a hit song in 2006 with *Crazy*. *Rolling Stone* later named the song as one of the "Best Songs of the 2000s". Gnarls Barkley has released two albums: *St. Elsewhere* in 2006, and *The Odd Couple* in 2008. 

## History
In 2006 Gnarls Barkley released their first album *St. Elsewhere*. It went straight to number one in the UK. The album's first single "Crazy" was the best-selling song of 2006 in the UK. The song won a Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance in 2007. In 2008 Gnarls Barkley released their second album *The Odd Couple*. It had a less pop sound than their first album. It was nominated for the Grammy for Best Alternative Album.

## References
Phosphorus pentafluoride

**Phosphorus pentafluoride**, PF5, is a phosphorus halide. It's a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure. It can be formed when OF2 reacts with phosphorus.
Alexander Urbom

**Alexander Urbom** (born December 20, 1990) is a Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for EC Red Bull Salzburg of the ICE Hockey League (ICEHL). 

He has also played for New Jersey Devils and Washington Capitals in the National Hockey League (NHL), with Djurgårdens IF and Skellefteå AIK in the Elitserien/Swedish Hockey League (SEL/SHL), Severstal Cherepovets of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), and Düsseldorfer EG of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).

He was drafted by the New Jersey Devils in the third round, 73rd overall, in the 2009 NHL Draft.

## Career statistics
## References
*
OK Computer

***OK Computer*** is an album by the band Radiohead. It was released in 1997. It reached No.1 in the UK Albums Chart. Four singles were released from it. "Paranoid Android" reached No.3 in the UK. "No Surprises" reached No.4. It got good reviews. Pitchfork gave it 10 out of 10.

## Reception 
Many music writers and fans loved *OK Computer*. Both English and American writers said the album would be important for a long time, and that the album was new and interesting. It was compared to ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band*, another famous and important album. In the English press, the album got good reviews in *NME*, *Melody Maker*, *The Guardian*, and *Q*. In North America, *Rolling Stone*, *Spin*, and Pitchfork Media published good reviews. In *The New Yorker'', Alex Ross compared Radiohead's new and artistic music to the more classic rock sounds of Oasis. Ross wrote that "this band has pulled off one of the great art-pop balancing acts in the history of rock."

However, not all critics enjoyed the record. Robert Christgau from *The Village Voice* called it "arid" art rock.

The album appeared in many 1997 critics' lists and listener polls for best album of the year. Many magazines listed it as the best or second best of the year. It was a nominee for the 1997 Mercury Prize, a prestigious award recognising the best British or Irish album of the year.

Radiohead found it hard to deal with how much people liked *OK Computer*. Some members of the band thought the press loved it too much. The band did not like that their songs were called "art" when they thought their songs were pop music. However, singer Thom Yorke was happy that some people understood his musical goals: "People got all the things, all the textures and the sounds and the atmospheres we were trying to create."

## Track listing
## Personnel
;Radiohead
* Colin Greenwood – bass guitar, bass synthesiser, percussion
* Jonny Greenwood – guitar, keyboards, piano, mellotron, organ, glockenspiel, string arrangements
* Ed O'Brien – guitar, FX, percussion, backing vocals
* Phil Selway – drums, percussion
* Thom Yorke – vocals, guitar, piano, laptop, programming, illustrations

;Additional personnel
* Chris Blair – mastering
* Stanley Donwood – illustrations
* Nigel Godrich – production, engineering
* Nick Ingman – conducting
* Jim Warren – production, engineering

## Charts and certifications
### Weekly charts
### Singles
### Certifications
## Notes 
**Footnotes**

**Citations**
Daniel Tetrault

**Daniel Tetrault** (born September 4, 1979) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman for the Wichita Thunder of the Central Hockey League. He won the Central Hockey League Most Outstanding Defenseman in the 2001-02 CHL season.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
Rapid City Rush

The **Rapid City Rush** are an American professional ice hockey team. They began playing in 2008 in the Central Hockey League (CHL). The team now plays in the ECHL. They play their home games at The Monument in Rapid City, South Dakota. They are the ECHL affiliate for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). They are also the affiliates for the Calgary Wranglers of the American Hockey League (AHL). 

In 2014, the CHL would end up going out of business. In October 2014, the Rush, Allen Americans, Brampton Beast, Missouri Mavericks, Quad City Mallards, Tulsa Oilers and Wichita Thunder would all be accepted as new teams in the ECHL.  

## References
## Other websites
*
Mitläufer

**Mitläufer** is a German term (plural: *Mitläufer*) used in the denazification proceedings in West Germany after World War II to describe people who supported Nazism without directly participating in Nazi atrocities such as genocide.  *Mitläufer* is usually translated in English as either "fellow-traveler" or "hanger-on". 

## Other websites
http://www.woxikon.com/wort/mitl%C3%A4ufer.php
Silas Marner

***Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe*** is a novel by George Eliot. It is her third novel. It was first published in 1861. It tells the story of Silas Marner, a lonely linen weaver.

## Other websites
* *Silas Marner*, online at Project Gutenberg
* *Silas Marner* , online at Ye Olde Library 
* *Silas Marner* , complete unabridged book at sparknotes.com 
* *Silas Marner* Cliff Notes 
* *Silas Marner* audio book at Librivox
* *Silas Marner - Stage Version* 
* Discussion of *Silas Marner* on BBC Radio 4's *In Our Time*
Freiherr

**Freiherr** was a title of nobility used in German speaking countries.  Its equivalent in English is *Baron*.

Since the end of the German Empire titles of nobility have not been allowed, but are still used, as if they were part of the name.

In Austria the use of titles, even as names, is illegal.
Robbie Neale

**Robbie Neale** (born April 17, 1953) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward who played in the World Hockey Association.

## Career statistics 
## Other websites
*
Ministries Trial

__NOTOC__

The **Ministries Trial** (or, officially, ***The United States of America vs. Ernst von Weizsäcker, et al.***) was the eleventh of the twelve trials for war crimes the US authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II.

Disagreements between the Allies meant only one trial was held by the International Military Tribunal (IMT). Other trials were held by the Allies in their own zones of occupation. The Americans held twelve trials, in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice as the IMT. These twelve trials are known as the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials" or, more formally, as the "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals" (NMT).

This case is also known as the **Wilhelmstrasse Trial**, because the German Foreign Office was on the Wilhelmstrasse in Berlin. The defendants in this case were officials of various *Reich* ministries, facing various charges for their jobs in Nazi Germany and responsibility for the numerous atrocities committed both in Germany and in occupied countries during the war.

The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal IV, were William C. Christianson (presiding judge) from Minnesota, Robert F. Maguire from Oregon, and Leon W. Powers from Iowa. The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor; the chief prosecutor was Robert Kempner. The indictment was filed on November 15, 1947; the hearings lasted from January 6, 1948 until November 18 that year, and then the judges took a whole five months to compile their 833-page judgment, which they presented on April 11, 1949. The sentences were handed down on April 13, 1949. Of all the twelve trials, this was the one that lasted longest and ended last. Of the 21 defendants arraigned, two were acquitted, the others were found guilty on at least one count of the indictment and received prison sentences ranging from three years including time served to 25 years' imprisonment.

## Defendants 
 Stuckart was tried again in 1950 before a denazification court and sentenced as a *Mitläufer* (follower) a fine of DM 50,000.

Herbert Ernst Backe, the former minister for agriculture who should also have been tried, committed suicide on April 6, 1947 while in custody awaiting the trial.

## References 
* Description from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
* Another description 
* Transcript  of a German radio broadcast from 1999 (in German).
LoveGame

"**LoveGame**" is a song by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga. It was released from her 2008 debut album, *The Fame*. It is the second song on the album.  "LoveGame" was the third single from *The Fame* to be released in North America. The video for the song was banned by MTV Arabia.

The song reached number five on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and number two on the Canadian Hot 100.  The song was planned to be the third single released in the UK, but "Paparazzi" was released instead because of “LoveGame”'s music video and controversial lyrics.  "LoveGame" managed to become Gaga's third number-one song on *Billboard*'s Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs radio chart.

## Music video
The video depicts Gaga dancing in a garage surrounded by cars and dancers.  She rides in a subway car and performs choreography.  The video is known for its sexual content.

## References
Hurricane Gracie

**Hurricane Gracie** was a major hurricane in September of 1959. This hurricane moved erratically for five days before making landfall over South Carolina as a strong Category 3 hurricane. Gracie caused $14 million in damage (1959 USD). Twenty-two people died due to this storm.

It is unknown whether or not the name *Gracie* was retired.
Tabloid

The term **tabloid** is used to describe newspapers or magazines with pages smaller than regular journals, although there is no standard for the exact dimensions of a tabloid. It is also used (sometimes inappropriately or as an insult) to describe a newspaper that sensationalizes news stories, often with a focus on personalities and gossip, and much less detailed coverage of topics such as politics and economics than is offered by newspapers regarded as more serious. Tabloids usually include more "celebrity" news than political.

## Related pages
*Yellow journalism
Dresdner Bank

**Dresdner Bank AG** was one of Germany's largest banking corporations and was based in Frankfurt. It was formed in 1872, and bought by competitor Commerzbank in December 2009.

## History 
Dresdner Bank was established in 1872.  It moved its headquarters to Berlin in 1884, although its registered office stayed in Dresden until 1950.   

By 1900, Dresdner Bank had the largest German branch network. During the First World War, the London branch was forced to close; however, the overall branch network expanded.

After the banking crisis in 1931 the Weimar Republic owned 66%  Dresdner Bank shares. Its deputy director was Dr Schacht, Minister of Economy under Nazism. The Bank was reprivatised in 1937. 

During World War II, Dresdner Bank controlled various banks in countries under German occupation.  

The introduction of the Deutsche Mark in 1948 helped return banking to normality.

Dresdner Bank expanded its network with acquisition and opening new offices not only in Europe but also in the United States, Singapore, Canada, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and China. Dresdner Bank was the first to open its own office in former East Germany in Dresden in 2 January 1990. 

In 2002 Dresdner Bank became a wholly owned subsidiary of the insurance corporation Allianz. Allianz sold Dresdner Bank, which was legally merged with Commerzbank on 11 May 2009 and ceased to be an independent company.

## Controversies 
### Hitler's Germany 
Dresdner Bank was known as the bank of choice for Heinrich Himmler's SS.

The bank took part early on in the Third Reich's policy of confiscating Jewish property and wealth.

The bank was closely involved in the occupation of Europe, "essentially acting as the bank of the SS in Poland". Warnig became Chairman of the Board of Directors of Dresdner Bank ZAO, Dresdner Bank Russian subsidiary.

The bank has had a lucrative business relationship with Gazprom and the state oil company Rosneft. The bank was also involved in the controversial  forced sale of Yukos assets.

## References
New York Daily News

The ***New York Daily News*** is a daily tabloid newspaper. It is published in New York City. As of a 2009 study by BurrellesLuce , a media relations measurement service, it is the fifth most-widely distributed daily newspaper in the United States, publishing and selling.  The original *New York Daily News* was started by Benjamin Wood, but the business fell after his death. Joseph Medill Patterson went onto create a newspaper of the same name in 1919, it was America's first official tabloid journal. The paper has won 10 Pulitzer Prizes.

## References
Valerie Plame

**Valerie Elise Plame Wilson**, known simply as **Valerie Plame**, is a former officer of the Central Intelligence Agency, politician and the author of two books related to her career. Her identity was revealed to public on July 14, 2003; that ended Plame's career with the CIA, from which she resigned around December 2005.

In May 2019, Plame announced her plans to run for the United States House of Representatives for New Mexico's 3rd congressional district. She lost the primary for the Democratic nomination on June 3, 2020.

## References
Paul Menard

**Paul Menard** (born August 21, 1980 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin) is an American racecar driver. Menard drives the No. 21 Ford Mustang for Wood Brothers Racing in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, and runs part-time for Team Penske in the NASCAR Xfinity Series. Menard won the 2006 AT&T 250 (now NorthernTool.com 250) in the Nationwide Series. 

Menard won his first NASCAR Sprint Cup race, the Brickyard 400, on July 31, 2011 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Menard is the son of home improvement store magnate John Menard.

## Other websites
*Paul Menard's NASCAR profile
Paraná Association of Electrical Engineers

**The Paraná Association of Electrical Engineers** () exists to promote scientific and technological development and to protect the interests of professional electrical engineering, such as: Electrical, Electronics, Telecommunications, Computer, Automation, of the state of Paraná, Brazil. It is a nonprofit organization.

It was founded on August 2, 1984, in Curitiba, capital of Paraná.

## References
Ricki Lake

:*The article about her talk show is Ricki Lake (TV series)*

**Ricki Pamela Lake** (born September 21, 1968) is an American television host and actress.  She  her own talk show, named *Ricki Lake*, from 1993 until 2004. Lake played Tracy Turnblad in the 1988 movie *Hairspray*. During the 1990s, she starred in many movies. These included *Serial Mom* and *Mrs. Winterbourne*. She recently hosted another talk show named *The Ricki Lake Show* which began in 2012.

## Early life
Lake was born to secular, Jewish parents, Barry who is a pharmacist and Jill who is a housewife. Lake went to Ithaca College and Professional Children's School.

## After her first talk show
Lake hosted *Gameshow Marathon* on CBS in 2006.

In September 2011, Lake competed in *Dancing with the Stars* with Derek Hough. She got third place.

## Personal life
Lake married Rob Sussman on March 1994. They have two sons, Milo Sebastian Sussman born March 22, 1997 and Owen Tyler Sussman born June 18, 2001. They separated in August 2003. Lake and Sussman divorced in 2005. She started dating Christian Evans in 2009. Lake and Evans married on April 8, 2012.

## Movies
## Television
## Awards
## Related pages
* Hairspray
* Ricki Lake (TV series)

## References
## Other websites
*
Oxygen difluoride

**Oxygen difluoride** is the chemical compound with the formula OF2. It has a V-shaped molecular structure like H2O, but has different properties. It is a strong oxidizer.

## Preparation
Oxygen difluoride was first prepared in 1929. It was made by the electrolysis of molten potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid. The chemicals had a small amount of moisture.   In the modern day, it is prepared by the reaction of fluorine with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Sodium fluoride is left as a side-product:

:2 F2 + 2 NaOH →  OF2 + 2 NaF + H2O

## Reactions
It is a very powerful oxidizing agent. This is proved by the oxidation number of +2 for the  oxygen atom. This oxidising number is quite unusual. Above 200 °C, OF2 decomposes to oxygen and fluorine.

OF2 reacts with many metals. It produces oxides and fluorides.  Nonmetals also react with it. Phosphorus reacts with OF2 to form PF5 and POF3. Sulfur produces SO2 and SF4 with it. A noble gas, xenon also reacts with it. It produces XeF4 and xenon oxyfluorides.

Oxygen difluoride reacts very slowly with water to form hydrofluoric acid:
:OF2 (aq) + H2O (aq) → 2 HF (aq) + O2 (g)

Oxygen difluoride oxidizes sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide:
:OF2 + SO2 → SO3 + F2
However, in the presence of UV radiation the products are sulfuryl fluoride, , and pyrosulfuryl fluoride, :

:OF2 + 2 SO2 → 

## Safety
OF2 is a dangerous chemical. This is because it is highly oxidising.
## References
## Other websites
* National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet 
* WebBook page for OF2
Valerie Bertinelli

**Valerie Anne Bertinelli** (born April 23, 1960) is an American actress and television personality. She is known for her roles as Barbara Cooper Royer on the sitcom *One Day at a Time* (1975–84), Gloria on the religious drama series *Touched by an Angel* (2001–03) and Melanie Moretti on the sitcom *Hot in Cleveland* (2010–15). Since 2015, she has hosted the cooking shows ''Valerie's Home Cooking* and *Kids Baking Championship'' on Food Network.

## Early life 
Bertinelli was born in Wilmington, Delaware to Nancy (née Carvin) and Andrew Bertinelli, a General Motors executive. Her father is of Italian descent and her mother is of English descent. She has three brothers: David, Patrick and Drew. She had an elder brother, Mark, who died at 17 months from an accidental poisoning before she was born. Because of her father's career, the family frequently moved.  Over various periods, they lived in Claymont, Delaware; Clarkston, Michigan; Shreveport, Louisiana; Oklahoma City and the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, California, where Bertinelli studied acting at the Tami Lynn School of Artists. She attended Granada Hills High School. She was raised Roman Catholic.

## References
## Other websites
*
Murray–Darling basin

The **Murray-Darling Basin** is an area in Australia around the Murray and Darling Rivers.   Three million Australians inside and outside the basin are directly dependent on its water. 

About 6 per cent of Australia's total rainwater falls into the Murray-Darling Basin. About 85 per cent of all irrigation in Australia takes place in the basin, which supports an agricultural industry worth more than $9 billion per annum.

The Murray-Darling Basin covers  or approximately one-seventh (14%) of the total area of Australia. 

Over two million people live in the Basin.

## References
Buick Regal

The **Buick Regal** is a mid-size automobile that is built by General Motors's Buick brand. The Buick Regal has had five generations, the newest one in 2011. The assembly for the car's are in Shanghai, China, Rüsselsheim, Germany and Oshawa, Ontario, Canada. Prior to the fifth generation Buick Regal was strictly front-wheel drive, beginning with the fifth generation all-wheel drive (AWD) became an option. From 1974-2003 certain generations shared the same frame and design with the Buick Century, in 1997 the Regal was released with a new design making it a more upscale version of the Century. The only changes were the grille and interior.

## Other websites
*Buick Regal at GM.ca
Sissy Spacek

**Mary Elizabeth "Sissy" Spacek** (born December 25, 1949) is an American actress and singer. She played Carrie White in the 1976 movie *Carrie*. She also played country singer Loretta Lynn in the 1980 movie ''Coal Miner's Daughter''. Spacek is known mainly as a dramatic actress, but she has acted in comedies. She was born in Quitman, Texas.

## Other websites 
*
Bucky Covington

**William Joel "Bucky" Covington III** (born November 8, 1977 in Rockingham, North Carolina) is an American country music singer and songwriter.

Covington was part of the 5th season of *American Idol* where he placed eighth.

Covington released his debut album, *Bucky Covington*, in 2007.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Bucky Covington* (2007)
* *Good Guys* (2012)

## References
Spiritual séance

, 1872]]
**Spiritual séance** or, simply, **Séance** is a meeting at which a group of people often including a medium attempts to contact a ghost and communicate with it.  Participants of such meeting need not be seated while engaged in a séance.

One of the earliest books on the subject is *Communitation With the Other Side* by George, First Baron Lyttelton, published in England in 1760.

Some notable people who attended séances and believed in all that include the United States President Abraham Lincoln, and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln; the social reformer Robert Owen; the journalist and pacifist William Thomas Stead, and more.

Scientists who have conducted a search for real séances and believed that contact with the dead is a reality include the evolutionary biologist Alfred Russel Wallace, the inventor of telephone Alexander Graham Bell, and the inventor of television technology John Logie Baird, who claimed to have contacted the spirit of the inventor Thomas Edison, and more.

## Related pages
*Spiritualism
*Spiritism

## Other websites
*A Séance Procedure (courtesy of the Other World Society)
*Ghostsandstories.com Ghost stories and haunted places.
*Your Ghost Stories People sharing their ghost experiences.

## Notes
Mileage

The term "**mileage**" refers to distance traveled. It often refers to distance per unit of fuel, such as **miles per gallon** (mpg) or **litres per 100 kilometres** (L/100 km). In the U.S., the fuel efficiency of motorized vehicles (such as cars, trucks, or motorcycles) is measured in mpg, as miles per U.S. gallon of gasoline. However, in the UK, the fuel efficiency is often measured in litres of fuel used per 100 kilometres, or in miles per imperial gallon.

## Related pages
* U.S. customary units
* imperial units
Patsy Cline

**Patsy Cline** (born **Virginia Patterson Hensley**; September 8, 1932 – March 5, 1963) was an American country music singer.

Some of Cline's greatest known hits were "She's Got You," "I Fall to Pieces," "Walkin' After Midnight," "Sweet Dreams," and "Crazy".

In 1973, Cline was named to the Country Music Hall of Fame. This was after she had died. She was the first woman to enter the Country Music Hall of Fame.

She died on March 5, 1963 in a plane crash near Camden, Tennessee. She is buried at Shenandoah Memorial Park in Winchester, Virginia.

## Related pages
* List of country musicians from Virginia

## References
Chris Bosh

**Christopher Wesson Bosh** (born March 24, 1984 in Dallas, Texas) is an American former professional basketball player. He attended college at Georgia Tech where he played basketball. Chris Bosh started his NBA career when he was drafted by the Toronto Raptors in the 2003 NBA Draft with the 4th pick in the 1st round. Bosh would play 7 seasons with the Raptors becoming a star player before doing a sign-and-trade deal with the Miami Heat after the 2009–10 NBA season.

## Other websites 
*Chris Bosh's Official website
Fiat Cinquecento

The **Fiat Cinquecento** is a car produced by Fiat, introduced in 1991 and produced in Poland. It launched in the UK in June 1993 and was replaced by the Fiat Seicento in 1998. A fictional version called the Hawaii became famous in the British sitcom The Inbetweeners. 

## Engines 
* *Cinquecento ED* 22 kW (30 hp)
* *Cinquecento* 29 kW (40 hp)
* *Cinquecento Sporting* 40 kW (54 hp)
Bowers Coaches

at Showbus 2002]]
**Bowers Coaches** was a bus operator based in Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbyshire.

It operated local bus services centered around the towns of Buxton, Glossop and New Mills. The company specialised in local bus services and the service area covers the High Peak Borough and some surrounding areas such as the town of Marple in Stockport and Ashbourne in the Derbyshire Dales.

The company became 'defunct' on 1 April 2012 as it combined with Trent Barton to form High Peak. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Daniel Nathans

**Daniel Nathans** (October 30, 1928 - November 16, 1999) was an American biologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978. His parents were both Russian Jews who came to the U.S for a better life.

Daniel Nathans parents, Samuel and Sarah Nathans met each other in the U.S and were married in Philadelphia in 1910. Sarah Nathans (Daniel’s mother) came to the U.S from Russia when she was 18 years old. Samuel Nathans (Daniel’s father) came to the U.S when he was a teenager. Daniel was born on October 30, 1928. He was the last of nine children in his family. He attended the University of Delaware in 1950 and earned a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry. He then attended the Washington University in St. Louis and earned a Master's Degree in 1954.

In 1978, he won a Nobel Prize with Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith for finding restriction enzymes. He won a National Medal of Science in 1993. Nathans died on November 16, 1999 at the age of 71.

## Other websites 
* http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/nathans-autobio.html 
* http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/nathans.html
Seminole County

**Seminole County** is the name of many counties in the United States:

*Seminole County, Florida
*Seminole County, Georgia
*Seminole County, Oklahoma
Bay County

**Bay County** is the name of two counties in the United States:
* Bay County, Florida
* Bay County, Michigan
American Civil Liberties Union

The **American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)** is a group of two non-profit organizations that fight for what they believe are important civil liberties issues. It was started in 1920 by Crystal Eastman, Roger Nash Baldwin, and Walter Nelles.

ACLU affiliates are active in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico.

Some issues that are important to the ACLU are the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (which says that people have free speech and freedom of religion, as well as other rights), privacy, the right of people to be treated fairly if they are accused of a crime and arrested, and the right for everybody to be treated the same under the law. 

One way the ACLU tries to reach its goals is by helping people in court whom it believes are not being treated fairly by the law. The ACLU has lawyers that file lawsuits for people it represents. The ACLU also tries to change laws by teaching people about issues and by lobbying the government about what it believes.

## Controversy
Some people in the United States disagree with the ACLU. Some conservatives do not like that the ACLU believes that people have the right to an abortion and that it believes in the separation of church and state. Also, some of the people or groups that the ACLU has represented in court have been unpopular, such as the Westboro Baptist Church, which is famous for protesting the funerals of American soldiers who died at war.

## References
Barbara Hershey

**Barbara Lynn Herzstein** (b. February 5, 1948), better known as **Barbara Hershey**, is an American movie and television actress. She has starred in many movies and television series. Her acting career began around 1965, but she did not get famous until the second half of the 1980s. She was born in Hollywood, California.

She won the Golden Globe Award in 1991 for "Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV". She was also in *Black Swan*, *The Last Temptation of Christ* and *Hannah and Her Sisters*.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Louise Henriette de Bourbon

**Louise Henriette de Bourbon** (20 June 1726 – 9 February 1759) was Duchess of Orléans and the mother of Philippe Égalité. By birth and marriage she held the prestigious rank of a Princess of the blood.

## Background
Louise Henriette was born in Paris the only daughter of Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon. In her youth she was known at court as *Mademoiselle de Conti* and had been bought up in a convent. 

## Marriage
One of Louise Henriette's cousins, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV, had proposed marriage to her, but her mother's choice fell upon the Duke of Chartres. As a result on 17 December 1743, aged of seventeen, Louise Henriette married her second cousin Louis Philippe d'Orléans at Versailles. 

The Duke of Chartres' father, Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, known as the *Pious*, accepted her as she had had a religious upbringing however after a passionate beginning, Louise Henriette's scandalous behaviour caused the couple to break up. She later had an affair with the Count of Melfort after the birth of her son. Her son later said that he was in fact the illegitimate son of the Count of Melfort but this was ignored as he looked so much like his father.

## Death
Louise Henriette died on 9 February 1759 at the age of thirty-two, with her husband and children at her side, at the Palais-Royal, the Orléans residence in Paris. Her premature death was a consequence, it was said, of her debaucheries.

After her death, her husband had several mistresses, ultimately finding the love of his life, the witty but married marquise de Montesson, whom he married after she became a widow.

## Children
#A daughter (13 July 1745 – 14 December 1745).
#Philippe d'Orléans (13 April 1747, – 6 November 1793) married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon and had children.
#Bathilde d'Orléans (9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822) married Louis Henri, Prince of Condé and had children.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***20 June 1726 – 17 December 1743** *Her Serene Highness* Mademoiselle de Conti*
***17 December 1743 – 4 February 1752** *Her Serene Highness* The Duchess of Chartres
***4 February 1752 – 9 February 1759** *Her Serene Highness'' The Duchess of Orléans