open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Adrar Province

**Adrar** is a province in southwestern Algeria.  It is named for its capital Adrar. It is the second-largest province. There are 402,197 people.

## Divisions
The province has 11 districts and 28 communes or municipalities.

### Districts
# Adrar
# Aougrout
# Aoulef
# Bordj Badji Mokhtar
# Charouine
# Fenoughil
# Reggane
# T'Sabit
# Timimoun
# Tinerkouk
# Zaouiet Kounta

## References
From each according to his ability, to each according to his need

**From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs** (or need) is a maxim popularised by Karl Marx in *Critique of the Gotha program*, published in 1875. The German original is *Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen*. According to Marx, once a communist society has been established, it will produce enough goods and services so that everyone's needs can be satisfied.

Even though the phrase is commonly attributed to Marx, he was not the first to use it. The slogan was common within the socialist movement. Louis Blanc first used it in 1839, in "The organization of work".  The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French communist Étienne-Gabriel Morelly, who proposed in his 1755 *Code of Nature* "Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society" including the following:

## References
Laghouat Province

**Laghouat** is a province  (*wilaya*) in central Algeria. The name means "the oases". The capital is Laghouat. Other  include Aflou, Ain Madhi, Kourdane and Makhareg.

## Divisions
The province is divided into 10 districts.  There are also 24 communes or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aflou
# Aïn Mahdi
# Brida
# El Ghicha
# Gueltet Sidi Saâd
# Hassi R'Mel
# Ksar El Hirane
# **Laghouat**
# Oued Morra
# Sidi Makhlouf

## References
Crater Lake National Park

**Crater Lake National Park** is a national park in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was created in 1902. It is the only national park in Oregon. The park includes the caldera of Crater Lake, the remains of the destroyed volcano Mount Mazama, and nearby hills and forests. 

The lake is  deep. It is the deepest lake in the United States, the second deepest in North America and the ninth deepest in the world. The lake is so deep because of the caldera it is in.

Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it. All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or flowing away underground. The lake is re-filled only from snow and rain.

## Related pages
* Cascade Volcanic Arc

## References
Oum El Bouaghi Province

**Oum El Bouaghi** or **Oum el-Bouaghi** is a province of Algeria. The capital is Oum El Bouaghi.

## Administrative divisions
The province is divided into 12 districts.  There are also 29 communes or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Babouche
# Aïn Beïda
# Aïn Fakroun
# Aïn Kechra
# Aïn M'Lila
# Dhalaâ
# F'Kirina
# Ksar Sbahi
# Meskiana
# **Oum El Bouaghi**
# Sigus
# Souk Naâmane

## References
Bob Carr

**Robert John "Bob" Carr** (born 28 September 1947) was a Labor member of the Australian senate from 6 March 2012 to 24 October 2013 and Foreign Minister  13 March 2012 to 18 September 2013. Before that, he was Premier of New South Wales from 1995 to 2005.

## References
## Other websites
National Liberation Front (Algeria)

**The National Liberation Front** (French: *Front de Libération Nationale* FLN)**,** is a nationalist, socialist political party in Algeria. It was formed on 1 November 1954, by several smaller groups, initially as a liberation movement, driven by anti-colonial ideology. It gained independence from France after the Algerian War. After independence in 1962, the FLN became the sole political party, and Algeria became a one-party state until in 1989 other parties were allowed to take part in elections.  

## History 
The FLN was created on 1 November 1954, yet its origins can be seen as far back as World War II when the rise of anti-colonialism and Algerian nationalist rhetoric began. It was founded to reconcile factions within the Algerian nationalist movement and to remove France as a colonial presence. By 1956 nearly all Algerian nationalist organizations had joined, the FLN had established itself as Algeria's main nationalist group.

### Algerian War 
The Algerian War was launched in 1954, as the FLN led forces with their military division, the National Liberation Army, against French occupation. The National Liberation Army used predominantly guerrilla warfare, which characterized this period for the group. In 1962 the FLN entered talks with the French President Charles de Gaulle, concluding with the signing of the Evian Accords, which led to Algerian independence

## Ideology 
### War-time 
The revolutionary party identified with an anti-colonial ideology that wished to gain independence from previous imperial powers. The FLN used ideology as a means to legitimize their party, they gained support from citizens who might not otherwise have supported the political goals of the party. Furthermore, the FLN had a nationalist and socialist ideology (which is also why it is considered a nationalist/socialist party) for several reasons. Oftentimes, when countries fight for independence, their movement is led by nationalists, as nationalism causes citizens to want to break free from their colonizers. The FLN's ideology not only legitimized their actions but also created a sense of solidarity and identity among Algerians. Also, the FLN created a sort of bridge between Algeria and other nations that were fighting colonialism.       
### Post-war 
Post-war Algeria's government had a nationalistic extremist ideology. Ironically, much of the left in France supported the regime associated with this ideology.

## Aftermath 
Algeria gained sovereignty over its political future concerning France after a referendum that was held on 8 January, 1961. Following the referenda, the French Government and the FLN had several negotiations between 7 and 18 March of the following year.  The negotiations led to an ending of the armed conflict between France and FLN-led Algeria on 19 March, 1962. The ending came about after a common agreement of cooperation between the two states.

## References 
## Other websites
Chlef Province

**Chlef** is a province in Algeria.  There are about 1 million people. The capital is Chlef. 

## Divisions
The province is divided into 13 districts.  There are also 35 communes or municipalities.

### Districts
# Abou El Hassan (دائرة أبو الحسن)
# Aïn Merane (دائرة عين مران)
# Béni Haoua (دائرة بني حواء)
# Boukadir (دائرة بوقادير)
# **Chlef** (دائرة شلف)
# El Karimia (دائرة الكريمية)
# El Marsa (دائرة المرسى)
# Oued Fodda (دائرة وادي الفضة)
# Ouled Ben Abdelkader (دائرة اولاد بن عبد القادر)
# Ouled Farès (دائرة اولاد فارس)
# Taougrit (دائرة تاوقريت)
# Ténès (دائرة تنس)
# Zeboudja (دائرة زبوجة)

## References
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

, one of the first sites in Australia to be chosen as a World Heritage Site.]]

A total of 20 places in Australia have been chosen as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Australia agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention on 22 August 1974.

## List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has  over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2020, there are 20 WHS places in Australia.
* Gondwana Rainforests (extension to existing property)
* Murujuga Cultural Landscape
* Flinders Ranges

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites
* UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
* List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites
Total Recall (1990 movie)

***Total Recall*** is a 1990 American science fiction action movie directed by Paul Verhoeven. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Ironside, Rachel Ticotin and Sharon Stone. It is set in the year 2084 in a terraformed Mars. The movie was released in June 1990. The story of the movie came from *"We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"* by Philip K. Dick.

It was remade in 2012.

## Other websites 
*
That's the Way (I Like It)

'''"That's the Way (I Like It)"''' is a disco-pop song released during late 1975 by the group KC & the Sunshine Band. It was risqué at the time because of certain lyrics. This single has been covered and sampled by various artists through the years.
Hefei

**Hefei** () is a city and municipality () in eastern China. Hefei is the capital the Anhui province. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Anhui. It is located in the central portion of the province, and it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Wuhu to the southeast, Tongling to the south, Anqing to the southwest and Lu'an to the west. Hefei has 7.06 million people, 2.18 million of whom lives in the urban area.

## History 
From the 8th to the 6th centuries BC, there were many small states in Hefei. The area later became a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made. In the 2nd century BC, the name 'Hefei' was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty.

In the 3rd century AD, the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford was fought at Xiaoyao Ford () in Hefei. Zhang Liao, a general of the Wei state, led 800 picked cavalry and defeated the 200,000-strong army from Wu. After this battle, Wu and Wei fought for several decades in Hefei.

## Political divisions 
Hefei Municipality is divided into 4 districts, 4 counties and 1 city.

*Luyang District ()
*Yaohai District ()
*Baohe District ()
*Shushan District ()
*Feidong County ()
*Feixi County ()
*Changfeng County ()
*Lujiang County ()
*Chaohu City ()

## References
Anhui

**Anhui** (; ) is a province in the east of China. The capital is Hefei. The area of Anhui is 139,400 km2, the population of it is roughly 62,548,000 (2017).

## Administrative divisions
Anhui is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions:
Indian Army

The **Indian Army** is the part of the Indian Military which operates on land. It is the largest part of the Indian Military. The Presidency armies were merged to create the British Indian Army in 1895. This became the army of independent India in 1947.

In 2010, Indian Army had 1,128,000 active personnel and 960,000 personnel. It has more soldiers than any other nation except China, the United States, and Russia. Majority of the Indian Army's forces are currently stationed in the northern region of Kashmir.

## References
Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte)

The **Australian Fossil Mammal Sites** is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Queensland and South Australia.

The UNESCO listing is for two separate areas where fossils from the Cainozoic era have been found. Riversleigh, Queensland is in the north west corner of Queensland and Narcoorte South Australia is in the south east corner of South Australia. The Riversleigh site is part of the Lawn Hill National Park.

The sites are important for their extinct marsupials. The fossils show the evolution of mammals in Australia over the last 20 million years. The Naracoorte site is part of the Naracoorte Caves National Park. Its fossils show the way marsupials adapted to the great climate changes that have affected the world over the last 170,000 years.

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## References 
## Other websites
*
Indian Armed Forces

The **Indian Armed Forces** are the military of India. It is made up of an Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. There are other parts like Central Armed Police Forces and Strategic Nuclear Command. The President of India is its Commander-in-Chief. However, it is managed by the Ministry of Defense.

In 2025, the Indian Armed Forces had 1.32 million active personnel. This makes it the 4th largest military in the world. Currently, the Indian Armed force is becoming more modern by buying and making new weapons. It is also building defenses against missiles of other countries. In 2011, India imported more weapons than any other nation in the world. From its independence in 1947, India fought four wars with Pakistan and one war with China. Every year, 7th December is celebrated as Armed Forces Flag Day.

## References
Na Hye-sok

**Na Hye-sok** (28 April 1896 – 10 December 1948) was a Korean independence activist and artist, poet, novelist, and feminist activist. She was a famous woman among early 20th century oil painters. Her nickname was Jeongwol.

## Work books 
* Na Hye-sok Jeonjip (나혜석전집, 羅蕙錫全集)
* Go on a honeymoon, the tomb of  first love (첫사랑의 무덤으로 신혼여행을 가다)
* Divorce testimony (이혼고백서, 離婚告白書)
* Na Hye-sok Works Collection (나혜석 작품집)
* Gyunghee (경희)
* Jeongsun (정순)

## Related pages 
* Uhwudong
* Heo Nanseolheon
* Hwang Jinyi
* Lim Yunjidang

## Other websites 
* Na Hye-sok (1896-1946)  
* Na Hye-sok 
* Na Hye-sok:Navercast 
* Times Weekender; Na Hye-Sok Lived Flamboyant Life to Tragic End. - Korea Times (Seoul, Korea) | HighBeam Research 
* Creating new paradigms of womanhood in modern Korean literature: Na Hye-sok's "Kyonghui".(Critical Essay) - Korean Studies | HighBeam Research  
* Most Feminine and Feminist 
* Kyonghui
Refining

**Refining** is the name for a number of processes that purify or concentrate a substance. The name is used for natural resources, food and technical products. The place where this is done, is often called a **refinery**.
## Petroleum
Petroleum contains hydrocarbons. After distillation, it still contains chemical compounds with sulfur, oxygen and  Nitrogen as well as other unwanted compounds, such as Alkalenes. Processed petroleum is used for lubricants; the substances mentione are unwanted in lubricants as they can speed up the aging process. For this reason, they are extracted using a process called hydrogenation. In hydrogenation, Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases are produced. These gases require special handling, as they are very toxic.

## Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils and fats are produced by chemical or mechanical extraction from plants. This produces a kind of oil that still has many unwanted substances, such as pigments and smell, which influence the quality of the refined product. In essence, the factors influenced are taste, shelf life, smell and color, as well as the ability to use the oil for further technical transformations. Depending on the process, between four and eight percent of usable vegetable oil is lost. There are two basic procedures to refine vegetable oil, chemical refining, and physical refining.

## Sugar
Sugar is washed, and treated with concentrated syrup. Its colored because most customers expect sugar to be white. The white sugar sold in shops in almost pure sucrose. It has an extent of 99,8 percent of its weight.

## Metals
 after electrolytic refining. The cube shown is 1 cubic centimeter in size.]]
There are two basic processes to refine metals: Refining by fire, and refining by  electrolysis. Higher grades of purity require both processes, lower grades use only the first process. 

## Table salt
Salt that is gained through evaportation of seawater needs to be cleaned; this is done by dissloving it in brine and then forcing it to crystallize. After the process, it is no lnoger possible to distinguish it from the salt extracted from rocks, by a mining process. Depending on the country, table salt for common use as a food additive may have iodine added. Sometimes Potassium fluoride is added as well.
American cheese

**American cheese** (also called a **cheese slice** or **processed cheese**) is a kind of pasteurized processed cheese. Usually, it has a mild taste. Originally, it was white, and made by mixing other kinds of cheese, most often cheddar cheese and Swiss. 

It is no longer produced by mixing existing kinds of cheeses, but by using a number of ingredients. In many countries, including the US, processed cheese is licensed differently to "real" cheese. American cheese may therefore not be sold as "cheese", but as "processed cheese". 

On the label, the word cheese is often left out, and the product is labeled "American slices", "slices" or similar. Since this kind of processed cheese is very common in the United States, it is often used to refer to all kinds of processed cheese. All the same, the term "American cheese" does have a legal definition in the American Code of Federal Regulations.
Village Voice

***The Village Voice*** is a free weekly newspaper and news and features website in New York City. It features investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts and music coverage, and events listings for New York City. It is also distributed throughout the United States on a pay basis. It was the first of the big-city tabloids that came to be known as alternative weeklies.

The *Voice* was launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, and Norman Mailer on October 26, 1955 from a two-bedroom apartment in Greenwich Village. This was its initial coverage area. It expanded to other parts of the city by the 1960s. The offices in the 1960s were located at Sheridan Square.  They are now at Cooper Square  in Manhattan in the East Village.

## Notes
Fraser Island

'''K'gari**, commonly (and formerly officially) known as **Fraser Island''', is a sand island of the east coast of Queensland in Australia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Fraser Island is  long. It is the largest sand island in the world. It has large shifting sand dunes, and highly coloured sand cliffs.  The World Heritage Site covers . 

The island has a range of plants including patches of rainforest. There are also perched freshwater lakes. These are lakes that are not connected to the groundwater, but sit above them. Half of the perched lakes in the world are found on Fraser Island. The water in the lakes is very clear.

The endangered cooloola sedge frog lives on Fraser Island.  Fraser Island is one of only three places where this frog lives.

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## References 
## Other websites
*
Purnululu National Park

**Purnululu National Park** is an Australian national park in the north east of Western Australia.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The site covers  and includes the Bungle Bungle Ranges. The ranges are made from Devonian era sandstone and have been eroded over 20 million years into shapes like towers and cones. The sandstone has horizontal stripes of orange coloured by iron oxide which dry out quickly, and dark strips where bacteria are growing in damp layers of stone. Other areas of the park include the sand plains which surround the Bungle Bungles; the Ord River valley, and limestone ridges.

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## References
## Other websites
*
Cinema of India

The **cinema of India** includes movies produced in India. It has been around since the early 20th century. Movies made in India are popular in the Middle East, South Asia, and Western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States as well as India. In 2010 India produced the most films, even more then Hollywood and China.

## References
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary

The **Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary** () is a World Heritage Site in Senegal. It is on the Senegal River. It has different wetland areas that are used by many migrating birds. Some birds use the wetland after they cross the Sahara desert. There are almost 400 kinds of birds. Some of the most common are pelicans and flamingos. Many different kinds of animals also live in the park.

## References
* WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet 
* Official UNESCO website entry
*Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature, des Bassins de rétention et des Lacs artificiels: Parcs et réserves , 13 October 2005.

## Other websites
Old City (Jerusalem)

The **Old City** (, *al-Balda al-Qadimah*, , ''Hin K'aghak*, , *Ha'Ir Ha'Atiqah'') of Jerusalem is the oldest part of the city located in Palestine (a country that can be dated back to as far as 12th BCE). It is an  area that is surrounded by walls. It contains some of the most important places for three major religions. These include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians, the Temple Mount for Jews, and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims. The Old City formed the whole city of Jerusalem until 1860, when a Jewish neighborhood was built outside the Western Wall.

The Old City is historically divided into four quarters, although the current quarters were introduced only in the 19th century. Today, the Old City is divided into the Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Jewish Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. After the war in 1948, the Old City was occupied by Jordan and the Jewish people living in the city were forced to move out. During the Six Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the Old City and the rest of East Jerusalem. Today, Israel still controls the whole area, which it says is part of its national capital.

In 1980, Jordan asked UNESCO to make the Old City a World Heritage Site. It was added to the World Heritage list in 1981. Because of the conflict over the territory, it was added to the list of sites in danger in 1982. UNESCO policy is that East Jerusalem, including the Old City, is part of the occupied Palestinian territory.

Jerusalem-Altstadt-18-Goldenes Tor-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Altstadt-42-von Dachterrasse-Minarett der Omarmoschee-Grabeskirche-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Altstadt-20-vom Oelberg-Grabeskirche-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Altstadt-34-vom Erloeserkirchturm-Passanten-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Via Dolorosa-02-Schild-1985-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Via dolorosa-20-Brettspieler-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Damaskustor-22-Haendler-2010-gje.jpg
Jerusalem-Mauerrundgang-26-2010-gje.jpg

## References
## Other websites
*
*Virtual tour of the Old City's historic sites
*Virtual tour of the Muslim Quarter 
*Virtual tour of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Lord Howe Island

**Lord Howe Island** is a small island about  north east of Sydney. It is governed by New South Wales. About 70% of the island is part of the Lord Howe Island Group which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. It is the only place in the world where daylight saving changes the time by 30 minutes, rather than 1 hour. 

The island was first discovered in 1788 by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, who was captain of the HMS Supply. He was taking convicts from Sydney to start a new prison colony on Norfolk Island. 

## References
Jaú National Park

The **Jaú National Park** ('Parque Nacional do Jaú') is in the heart of the Amazon rainforest in the Amazonas state of Brazil. 

It is the largest forest reserve in South America, covering an area over 6 million acres (23,000&nbsp;km²). Entry into the park is restricted; express permission from the Brazilian government is required to enter the reserve.

The park is a good example of tropical rainforest conservation in the Amazon. Its  forests, lakes and channels are a "constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world". The site protects key threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman and two species of river dolphin and the jaguar. There are many other species of animals and plants.

## More information 
The park is in the lower reaches of the Rio Negro branch of the Amazon. This branch is black with the organic matter picked up by the river. It has white-sand beaches during the dry season and flooded forest during the wet season. The streams turn into a 'ria' lake in the wet season, flooding huge areas of land, typical of all large rivers in the Amazon region. The site contains the nine-tier waterfall of the Carabinani River.

The Rio Negro flows through the eastern edge of Brazil’s Jau National Park. The river is the big strip of blue running from left to right across the image, and the other blue ribbons are tributaries. It starts at the border of Venezuela and Brazil, and meets up with the Amazon in central Brazil. Half-submerged islands can be seen in the center of the river. Between November and April when the river is at its peak, many of these islands disappear.

There is a high diversity of vertebrates in the park, with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and 320 fishes. The site is home to relics of past human occupation of the Amazon region.

## References 
## Other websites 
* NASA Earth Explorer page 
* Satellite photo (Google)
Béjaïa Province

**Béjaïa** is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Béjaïa. Gouraya National Park is there. The endangered primate, Barbary Macaque is found in the province's Gouraya National Park.

## Divisions
The province has 19 districts.  There are 52 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Adekar
# Akbou
# Amizour
# Aokas
# Barbacha
# **Béjaïa**
# Béni Maouche
# Chemini
# Darguina
# El Kseur
# Ifri-Ouzellaguen
# Ighil Ali
# Kherrata
# Seddouk
# Sidi Aïch
# Souk El Tenine
# Tazmalt
# Tichy
# Timezrit

## References
List of World Heritage Sites in Ecuador

The **List of World Heritage Sites in Ecuador** is a  of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

## History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries, not including Ecuador.

Ecuador agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention on June 16, 1975.

## List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has  over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2012, there are 4 places in Ecuador which are on the World Heritage List. 
* 2 cultural sites

* Sitio arqueológico de Ingapirca

## Related pages
* UNESCO World Heritage Site

## References 
## Other websites
* UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
* List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites
Biskra Province

**Biskra** is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Biskra. 

## Divisions 
The province has 12 districts.  There are 33 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# **Biskra**
# Djemourah
# Foughala
# El Kantara
# El Outaya
# M'Chouneche
# Ouled Djellal
# Ourlal
# Sidi Khaled
# Sidi Okba
# Tolga
# Zeribet El Oued

## References
Béchar Province

**Béchar**  is a province in Algeria.  It is named after its capital Béchar.  A large part of the province has sand dune fields that no one can live in.

## Divisions
The province has 12 districts.  There are 21 municipalities.

The districts are:

# Abadla
# **Béchar**
# Béni Abbès
# Béni Ounif
# El Ouata
# Igli
# Kénadsa
# Kerzaz
# Lahmar
# Ouled Khodeïr
# Tabelbala
# Taghit

## References
Bouïra Province

**Bouïra** is a province in Algeria.  The capital is also named Bouïra.

## Districts
The province has 12 districts.  There are also 45 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Bessem
# Bechloul
# Bir Ghbalou
# Bordj Okhriss
# **Bouïra**
# El Hachimia
# Haïzer
# Kadiria
# Lakhdaria
# M'Chedellah
# Souk El Khemis
# Sour El Ghozlane

## References
Tamanghasset Province

**Tamanrasset** or **Tamanghasset** is the largest province in Algeria. It was named after its capital Tamanrasset. The Province has two National parks: Tassili n'Ajjer National Park and Ahaggar National Park. The province makes up almost a quarter of the country's area.

## Administrative divisions
The province has 7 districts.  There are also 10 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Abalessa
# In Ghar
# In Guezzam
# In Salah
# Tamanrasset
# Tazrouk
# Tin Zaouatine

## References
Islam in Iran

's holiest places, in Jamkaran, near Qom, Iran.]]
**Islam in Iran** is the majority religion as most of the Iranian population is Shia Muslim. The Muslim conquest of Persia (637-651) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity. Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except short duration after Mongol raid and establishment of Ilkhanate. Iran became an Islamic Republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

Before the Islamic conquest, the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian, however, there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities. Eastern Iran (what is now Afghanistan) was predominantly Buddhist. There was a slow but steady movement of the population toward Islam. When Islam was introduced to Iranians, the nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert, Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the *Dihqans*, or landed gentry. By the late 11th century, the majority of Persians had become Muslim, at least nominally.

Though Iran is known today as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith, it did not become so until much later, around the 15th century. The Safavid dynasty made Shi'a Islam the official state religion in the early sixteenth century and aggressively proselytized on its behalf. It is also believed that by the mid-seventeenth century most people in Iran had become Shi'as, an affiliation that has continued. Over the following centuries, with the state-fostered rise of a Persian-based Shi'ite clergy, a synthesis was formed between Persian culture and Shi'ite Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other.

Nowadays Islam is the religion of 99% of Iranians, approximately 89% of Iranians are Shi'a and 10% are Sunni, mostly Turkomen, a minority of Arabs (mainly in Hormozgan Province), Baluchs, and Kurds living in the south, southeast, northeast and northwest. Almost all of Iranian Shi'as are Twelvers.

## References
Blida Province

**Blida** is a province in Algeria. The capital is Blida. The Chréa National Park is here.

## Districts
The province has 10 districts.  There are also 25 municipalities.

The districts are:

# **Blida**
# Boufarik
# Bougara
# Bouïnian
# El Affroun
# Larbaâ
# Meftah
# Mouzaïa
# Oued El Alleug
# Ouled Yaïch

## References
Patti Austin

**Patti Austin** (born August 10, 1950) is an American R&B singer and songwriter. She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Austin has had many hits on several music charts.

## References
Tizi Ouzou Province

**Tizi Ouzou** is a province in Algeria.  It is named after its capital.

## Divisions
The province has 21 districts.  There are also 67 communes or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn El Hammam
# Azazga
# Azzefoun
# Béni Douala
# Béni Yenni
# Boghni
# Bouzeguène
# Draâ Ben Khedda
# Draâ El Mizan
# Iferhounène
# Larbaâ Nath Irathen
# Maâtka
# Makouda
# Mekla
# Ouadhia
# Ouacif
# Ouaguenoun
# Tigzirt
# Tizi Gheni
# **Tizi**
# Tizi Rached

## References
Algiers Province

**Algiers** is a province in Algeria.  It is named after the capital, Algiers, which is also the national capital. There are about 3 million people.

## Divisions
Algiers province has 13 districts and 57 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
The districts, listed according to official numbering (from west to east), are:

## References
Tlemcen Province

**Tlemcen** is a province in northwestern Algeria. The Tlemcen National Park is there.

## Divisions
The province has 20 districts.  There are also 53 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Talout
# Bab El Assa
# Bensekrane
# Béni Boussaïd
# Béni Snous
# Chatouane
# Felaoucene
# Ghazaouet
# Hennaya
# Houanaine District (Honaine)
# Maghnia
# Mansourah
# Marsa Ben M'Hidi
# Nedroma
# Ouled Mimoun
# Remchi
# Sabra
# Sebdou
# Sidi Djillali
# **Tlemcen**

## References
Batna Province

**Batna** is a province of Algeria. The capital is Batna. Other important towns are Barika, Merouana and Timgad. Belezma National Park is there.

## Districts
Batna Province has 22 districts.  There are also 61 Communes.

The districts are:

# Aïn Djasser
# Aïn Touta
# Arris
# Barika
# **Batna**
# Bouzina
# Chemora
# Djezzar
# El Madher
# Ichmoul
# Menaâ
# Merouana
# N'Gaous
# Ouled Salem
# Ouled Si Slimane
# Ras El Aioun
# Seggana
# Seriana
# T'Kout
# Tazoult
# Théniet El Abed
# Timgad

## References
Djelfa Province

**Djelfa** is a province of Algeria.  The capital is Djelfa.  There are over 1.2 million people. Important towns are Tadmit, El Khemis, and Selmana.

## Division
The province has 12 districts.  There are also 36 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn El Ibil
# Aïn Oussera
# Birine
# Charef
# Dar Chioukh
# **Djelfa**
# El Idrissia
# Faidh El Botma
# Had Sahary
# Hassi Bahbah
# Messaâd
# Sidi Ladjel

## References
Jijel Province

**Jijel** is a province in Algeria.  It is on the eastern Mediterranean coast. The capital is Jijel.  Taza National Park is there.

## Divisions
The province has 11 districts and 28 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Chekfa
# Djimla
# El Ancer 
# El Aouana
# El Milia
# **Jijel**
# Settara
# Sidi Maârouf
# Taher
# Texenna
# Ziama Mansouriah

## References
Lactarius torminosus

***Lactarius torminosus***, commonly known as the **woolly milkcap** or the **bearded milkcap**, is a mushroom in the genus *Lactarius*. It is a common and widely distributed fungus, found in North Africa, northern Asia, Northern Europe, and North America. *L.&nbsp;torminosus* associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and the mushrooms grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests.  Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, it is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw. The toxins responsible for the  taste are destroyed by cooking.

The caps of *L.&nbsp;torminosus* mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to . Its color is a blend of pink and ochre hues, sometimes with circular zones of darker shades. The edge of the cap is rolled inwards, and shaggy when young. On the underside of the caps are narrow flesh-colored gills crowded closely together. It is on these fertile gill surfaces that the spore-bearing cells, the basidia are found. The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a downy surface, reaching a length of up to  and a thickness of . When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air. The variety *normandensis*, in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow.
Sétif Province

**Sétif Province** is a province in north-eastern Algeria. The capital and largest city is Sétif.  Another large city is El Eulma. There is also the World Heritage Site of Djémila there. 

## Divisions
The province has 20 districts.  There are also 60 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Arnat
# Aïn Azel
# Aïn El Kébira
# Aïn Oulmane
# Amoucha
# Babor
# Béni Aziz
# Béni Ourtilane
# Bir El Arch
# Bouandas
# Bougaâ
# Djémila
# El Eulma
# Guenzet
# Guidjel
# Hammam Guergour
# Hammam Souhna
# Maoklane
# Salah Bey
# Sétif

## References
Saïda Province

**Saïda** is a province of Algeria.  It is named after its capital.

## Divisions
The province has 6 districts and 16 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn El Hadjar
# El Hassasna
# Ouled Brahim
# Saïda
# Sidi Boubekeur
# Youb

## References
Skikda Province

**Skikda** is a province of Algeria.  It is on the Mediterranean coast.

## Divisions
The province has 13 districts and 38 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Kechra
# Azzaba
# Ben Azzouz
# Collo
# El Hadaik
# El Harrouch
# Ouled Attia
# Oum Toub
# Ramdane Djamel
# Sidi Mezghiche
# **Skikda**
# Tamalous
# Zitouna

## References
Annaba Province

**Annaba ** is a small province in the north-eastern corner of Algeria. Its capital, Annaba is Algeria's main port for mineral exports.

## Divisions
The province has 6 districts and 12 municipalities.

The districts are:

# **Annaba**
# Aïn El Berda
# El Hadjar
# Berrahal
# Chetaïbi
# El Bouni

## References
Tébessa Province

**Tébessa** is a province of Algeria. Tébessa is also the name of the capital. Another important city is El Ouenza. Tebessa is only 20 kilometers west from Tunisia border.

## Divisions
The province has 12 districts.  There are also 28 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Bir El Ater
# Bir Mokadem
# Cheria
# El Aouïnet
# El Kouif
# El Ma Labiodh
# El Ogla
# Morsott
# Negrine
# Ouenza
# Oum Ali
# **Tébessa**

## References
Constantine Province

**Constantine** is one of the 48 provinces of Algeria.  The capital is Constantine.

## Divisions 
The province has 6 districts and 12 communes or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Abid
# **Constantine**
# El Khroub
# Hamma Bouziane
# Ibn Ziad
# Zighoud Youcef

## References
Médéa Province

**Médéa** is a province of Algeria. The capital is Médéa. 

## Divisions
The province has 19 districts and 64 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Boucif
# Aziz
# Béni Slimane
# Berrouaghia
# Chahbounia
# Chellalat El Adhaoura
# El Azizia
# El Omaria
# Guelb El Kébir
# Ksar El Boukhari
# **Médéa**
# Ouamri
# Ouled Antar
# Ouzera
# Seghouane
# Si Mahdjoub
# Sidi Naâmane
# Souaghi
# Tablat

## References
M'Sila Province

'''M'Sila** (also spelled **Msila**, **M'sila** or **MSila''') is a province of northern Algeria.  It has 1 million people.  The capital is also called M'sila.  M'Sila is mostly known for its farming.

## Divisions
The province has 15 districts and 47 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn El Hadjel
# Aïn El Melh
# Ben S'Rour
# Bou Saâda
# Chellal
# Djebel Messaâd
# Hammam Dhalaâ
# Khoubana
# '''M'Sila'''
# Magra
# Medjedel
# Ouled Derradj
# Ouled Sidi Brahim
# Sidi Aïssa
# Sidi Ameur

## References
Mascara Province

**Mascara** is a province in Algeria. There was an earthquake in the capital Mascara City on 18 August 1994. The name means "military garrison" in Arabic. Another important town is Sig.

## Divisions
The province has 16 districts and 47 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Farès
# Aïn Fekan
# Aouf
# Bouhanifia
# El Bordj
# Ghriss
# Hachem
# Mascara
# Mohammedia
# Oggaz
# Ouled Attia
# Oued Taria
# Sig
# Tighenif
# Tizi
# Zahana

## References
Sidi Bel Abbès Province

**Sidi Bel Abbès** is one of the provinces of Algeria. The name is from the city of Sidi Bel Abbès. It is in the northwestern part of the country.

## Divisions
The province has 15 districts and 52 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn El Berd
# Ben Badis
# Marhoum
# Mérine
# Mostefa Ben Brahim
# Moulay Slissen
# Ras El Ma
# Sfisef
# Sidi Ali Benyoub
# Sidi Ali Boussidi
# **Sidi Bel Abbès**
# Sidi Lahcène
# Télagh
# Ténira
# Téssala

## References
Oran Province

**Oran** is a province in Algeria.  The capital is Oran.  There are 1,584,607 people.

## Divisions
As of 1984, the province has 9 districts and 26 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn El Turk
# Arzew
# Bethioua
# Bir El Djir
# Boutlélis
# Es Sénia
# Gdyel
# **Oran**
# Oued Tlélat

## References
Tiaret Province

**Tiaret** is a province of Algeria. The capital is Tiaret. 

## Divisions
The province has 14 districts.  There are also 42 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Deheb
# Aïn Kermes
# Dahmouni
# Frenda
# Hamadia
# Ksar Chellala
# Mahdia
# Mechraâ Sfa
# Medroussa
# Meghila
# Oued Lili
# Rahouia
# Sogueur
# **Tiaret**

## References
El Bayadh Province

**El Bayadh** is a province in Algeria.  It is named after its capital El Bayadh.

## Divisions
The province has 8 districts, and 22 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Boualem
# Bougtob
# Boussemghoun
# Brézina
# Chellala
# El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
# **El Bayadh**
# Rogassa

## References
Island of stability

The chemical elements beyond lead are radioactive, and they do not have stable isotopes. This means that they will decay into other elements. As their atomic number (the number of protons in their nucleus) increases, the time it takes for them to decay tends to get shorter, going from billions of years to less than one millisecond. There is a theory in physics that says that after a number of elements with short half lives, there will be others with longer half lives. These are generally known as "**islands of stability"**. These elements are expected to have isotopes that decay in several minutes.The theory is that, similarly to electron shells, the nucleus of an atom is made of "shells" (which can be thought of as layers of protons and neutrons), and that when a nucleus has entirely filled shells, it is significantly more stable. 

A filled shell would have "magic numbers" of neutrons and protons, known magic numbers are **2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126**; however, further numbers are predicted to exist. One element that is predicted to be quite stable is unbihexium, in particular, its isotope unbihexium-310, which would be "doubly magic" (both its atomic number of 126 and neutron number of 184 are thought to be magic) and so would be the most likely to be very stable. The next lightest doubly magic isotope of an element is lead-208, the heaviest stable isotope of any element and the most stable heavy metal.

Isotopes have been produced with enough protons to put them on an island of stability but with too few neutrons. It is possible that these elements possess unusual properties and, if they have isotopes with long enough lifespans, would be available for various uses (such as particle accelerator targets and neutron sources).

## Related pages
*Extended periodic table

## References
Bordj Bou Arréridj Province

**Bordj Bou Arréridj** is a province in east Algeria.  It is about 200&nbsp;km away from the capital Algiers. The capital is Bordj Bou Arreridj.

## Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 34 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Taghrout
# Bir Kasd Ali
# **Bordj Bou Arréridj** (*District-municipality*)
# Bordj Ghedir
# Bordj Zemmoura
# Djaâfra
# El Hamadia
# Mansourah
# Medjana
# Ras El Oued

## References
Lord Howe Island Group

The **Lord Howe Island Group** is a group of 28 small islands and rocks about  north east of Sydney. The islands are governed by New South Wales. The islands became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. 

## Geography
The islands were formed by a volcano which erupted for a period of about 500,000 years during the Miocene era, about 7 million years ago. This volcano is about  under the sea, and the islands are the tops of the volcano's peak. The main islands of the World Heritage Site are:
* Lord Howe Island
* Ball's Pyramid
* Admiralty Group
* Mutton Bird and Sail Rock
* Blackburn (Rabbit) Island
* Gower Island

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## References 
## Other websites
*
Guelma Province

**Guelma Province** is a province in eastern Algeria. The name is from the largest city Guelma.  There are 429,998 people who live here.

## Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 34 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Makhlouf
# Bouchegouf
# Guelaât Bou Sbaâ
# Guelma
# Hammam Debagh
# Hammam N'Bails
# Héliopolis
# Houari Boumédienne
# Khezaras
# Oued Zenati

## References
Ouargla Province

**Ouargla** or **Warqla** is a province in eastern Algeria. Its capital is Ouargla. Other important towns are Temacine, Touggourt, and Hassi Messaoud. It contains the Issaouane Erg desert.

## Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 21 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# El Borma
# El Hadjira
# Hassi Messaoud
# Mégarine
# N'Goussa
# **Ouargla**
# Sidi Khouiled
# Taïbet
# Témacine
# Touggourt

## References
Tindouf Province

**Tindouf**, also written **Tinduf**, is the westernmost province of Algeria.  There are 58,193 people. Tindouf has many resources including iron ore.

## Administrative divisions
The province has one district, **Tindouf**. There are two towns: **Tindouf** and Oum El Assel. 

## References
Tissemsilt Province

**Tissemsilt** is a province of Algeria. The capital is Tissemsilt. Théniet El Haâd National Park is there.

## Divisions
The province has 8 districts and 22 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Ammari
# Bordj Bou Naâma
# Bordj Emir Abdelkader
# Khémisti
# Lardjem
# Lazharia
# Théniet El Had
# Tissemsilt

## References
Illizi Province

**Illizi** is a province in the south-eastern corner of Algeria.  It is named after its capital Illizi.
It borders Libya to the east.

## Divisions
The province has 3 districts and 6 *communes* or municipalities.  The area has lots of natural gas.

### Districts
# Djanet
# **Illizi** (*district-municipality*)
# In Aménas

## References
El Oued Province

**El Oued** is a Saharan province of Algeria. The capital is El Oued. 

## Division
The province has 12 districts and 30 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Bayadha
# Debila
# Djamaâ
# El Meghaier
# **El Oued**
# Guemar
# Hassi Khelifa
# Magrane
# Mih Ouensa
# Reguiba
# Robbah
# Taleb Larbi

## References
Souk Ahras Province

**Souk Ahras** is a province in Algeria.  The capital is Souk Ahras. It is on the border between Algeria and Tunisia.

## Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 26 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Bir Bouhouche
# Haddada
# M'Daourouch
# Mechroha
# Merahna
# Ouled Driss
# Oum El Adhaïm
# Sedrata
# **Souk Ahras**
# Taoura

## References
Tipasa Province

**Tipasa** is a province on the coast of Algeria.  The capital is Tipaza.  It is 50&nbsp;km west of the capital of Algeria. 

## Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 28 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Ahmer El Aïn District *(Ahmer El Aïn)*
# Bou Ismaïl District *(Bou Ismaïl)*
# Cherchell District *(Cherchell)*
# Damous District *(Damous)*
# Fouka District *(Fouka)*
# Gouraya District *(Gouraya)*
# Hadjout District *(Hadjout)*
# Koléa District *(Koléa)*
# Sidi Amar District *(Sidi Amar)*
# Tipaza District *(Tipaza)*

## References
Mila Province

**Mila** is a province of Algeria.  The capital is Mila. 

## Divisions
The province has 13 districts and 32 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Aïn Beida Harriche
# Bouhatem
# Chelghoum Laïd
# Ferdjioua
# Grarem Gouga
# **Mila**
# Oued Endja
# Rouached
# Sidi Merouane
# Tadjenanet
# Tassadane Haddada
# Teleghma
# Terrai Bainem

## References
Boumerdès Province

**Boumerdès** is a province of northern Algeria.  The capital is the coastal city of Boumerdès.

## Divisions
The province has 9 districts and 32 *communes* or municipalities.

### Districts
# Baghlia
# Bordj Ménaïl
# Boudouaou
# **Boumerdès**
# Dellys
# Isser
# Khemis El Khechna
# Naciria
# Thénia

## References
Aïn Defla Province

**Aïn Defla** is a province in northern Algeria. It is southwest of Algiers, the capital. Towns in Ain Delfa include Miliana, Hammam Righa, and Aïn Torki.

## Administrative divisions
The province has 14 districts and 36 municipalities.

The districts are:
# **Aïn Defla**
# Aïn Lechiakh
# Bathia
# Bordj El Amir Khaled
# Boumedfaâ
# Djendel
# Djelida
# El Abadia
# El Amra
# El Attaf
# Hammam Righa
# Khemis
# Miliana
# Rouina

## References
Macquarie Island

**Macquarie Island** is a large island in the Southern Ocean. It is about  south east of Tasmania, and about half way between Australia and Antarctica. The island became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Macquarie Island is about  long and  wide. It was first discovered in July 1810, by Captain Hasselburgh, who was searching for places to hunt whales and seals.  No people live there now.  The only way to get to the island is by sea and there are no harbors to dock a ship.

## Geology
The island was formed by two tectonic plates meeting and forcing each other upwards. ''It is the only place on Earth where rocks from the Earth's mantle,  below the ocean floor, are being pushed up above sea level''. Confirmation is in this reference under section "Criterion (viii)".

## Plants and animals
Many birds and animals use Macquarie Island to breed. About 3.5 million seabirds and 80,000 elephant seals come to the island every year. Four types of penguins live on the island. There are about 850,000 royal penguins, 200,000 king penguins, 10,000 gentoo penguins, and rockhopper penguins with numbers thought to be between 20,000 and 1,000,000.

In 1977 Macquarie Island became a Biosphere Reserve.  The coastal ecosystem is  as part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## References 
## Other websites
*
* List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites
Aïn Témouchent Province

**Aïn Témouchent** is a province in northwestern Algeria.  The capital is Aïn Témouchent.

## Districts
The province has 8 districts and 28 municipalities.

The districts are:
# Aïn Kihel
# Aïn Larbaâ
# **Aïn Témouchent**
# Béni Saf
# El Amria
# El Malah
# Hammam Bou Hadjar
# Oulhassa Gheraba

## References