open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Macroeconomics

**Macroeconomics** studies large-scale economic decisions. For example, a whole country's economy (or, its economic output) is summarised by the GDP (gross domestic product). Many governments use macroeconomic ideas to decide how much tax to collect and what interest rates should be.

It also considers the amount of unemployment, the rate that prices go up (inflation), and the exchange rates of its currency. The exchange rate affects the amount of imports and exports. Exchange rates and taxation are "levers of the economy".

Less dramatic, but also very important, are decisions about government spending inside the country. Such policy decisions are politically controversial due to differing political ideas on government spending. Another factor in macroeconomics is the make-up of the population. A growing population is economically different from a stable population (one which is not growing).

## Sources 
*Blanchard, Olivier 2011. *Macroeconomics updated*. 5th ed, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. 

## Related pages 
*Microeconomics
*Constitutional economics
*Political economy
Game theory

**Game theory** is the study of how and why people make decisions. (Specifically, it is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".) It helps people understand parts of science and politics. An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory.

In the Cold War period, the strategic decisions of the United States and the Soviet Union were sometimes viewed as an exercise in game theory. In that case the "players" being studied were the United States and the Soviet Union.

Game theory is not just about games, but how and why businesses make decisions, and just about any decision based on valuing likely .  In game theory, all of these situations are "games" since the people involved make  choices based on how they value the possible outcomes of the choices.  This is true even of cases where the decisions of a single person only affect that one person.

Game theory is found in the financial choices people make, and is found in the study of economics.

## Prisoner's Dilemma 
One example is the prisoner's dilemma.

Game theory has also challenged philosophers to think in terms of interactive Epistemology: what it means for a collective to have common beliefs or knowledge, and what are the consequences of this knowledge for the social outcomes resulting from agents' interactions. Philosophers who have worked in this area include Bicchieri (1989, 1993), Skyrms (1990), and Stalnaker (1999).

Using the ethics part of philosophy pursues Thomas Hobbes' project of deriving morality from self-interest. Since games like the Prisoner's dilemma present an apparent conflict between morality and self-interest, explaining why cooperation is required by self-interest is an important part of this project. This general strategy is a component of the general Social contract view in Political philosophy (for examples, see  and ).

Other authors have attempted to use evolutionary game theory to explain the emergence of human attitudes about morality and corresponding animal behaviors. These authors look at several games including the prisoner's dilemma, Stag hunt, and the Nash bargaining game as providing an explanation for the emergence of attitudes about morality.

## References
Taj Mahal

The **Taj Mahal** is a Mughal Historical Site, mosque and tomb in India. It was built in the 17th century by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

The building is in the city of Agra, Uttar Pradesh. It is widely thought as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. It is one of India's biggest tourist attractions.

The Taj Mahal is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, together with the Agra Fort, 2.5 kilometers away. It was listed as one of the 7 Wonders of the World in 2007. It is on the south bank of the Yamuna river in Agra.

The building was originally white. Because of pollution, it is turning yellow. Sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water molecules and becomes sulphuric acid, which slowly destroys the outer layer of the building. The building also appears to be pink in the morning, yellow-ish in the evening, and gold at night. 

The Taj Mahal is one of the most notable examples of Islamic architecture ever built. When it was built, most of India was ruled over by the Mughal Empire except the South. Shah Jahan was a Mughal emperor who came into power around 1628. According to historians, Shah Jahan loved building and architecture, which made his nickname “The Builder Of Marvels”. The Taj Mahal was built for Shah Jahan’s third wife, Mumtaz Mahal- meaning the “Jewel of the palace”. She became ill giving birth to their 14th child. As she was about to die, she asked Shah Jahan to make her the most beautiful tomb that was ever built. She died on 17 June 1631. In 1657, Shah Jahan fell ill. He died in captivity in 1666. His tomb was placed beside Mumtaz Mahal's.

## Construction 
The Taj Mahal is an example of Muslim Architecture – a mixture of building design influenced from Middle Eastern, Indian, Turkish, and Ottoman architecture.

The Taj Mahal was built with materials from all over the world. Over 20,000 people were used to move building materials. It is generally thought that Ustad Ahmad Lahauri (from Lahore) was in charge of the construction. The building was finished in 1648.

## Visitors 
The Taj Mahal had 2 million visitors in 2001. In 2014-2017 there were more than 7-8 million visitors.

## Damage 
Many people think the Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings ever built. However, it is slowly being damaged by acid rain in the nearby Yamuna Basin. A nearby oil refinery has been blamed for some of the damage. In 1996, the Indian Supreme Court said that local industry was harming the Taj Mahal. The court set up an area of 10,400 square metres around the Taj Mahal called the Taj Trapezium Zone. Industries within this zone must use Natural gas instead of coal.

Because of pollution, the Taj Mahal is getting yellower slowly.

## References
Venetian

**Venetian** might mean:

* Anything related to Venice
* Anything related to the Republic of Venice, as state that existed from the late 7th century until the late 18th century
* Venetian language
Gypsy

**Gypsy** may mean:
** Roma people), ⲣⲱⲙⲁ (meaning in coptic language: men or human being) is a group of people of Indian origin, their ancestors were the untouchable Chingari tribe of the Chandala group from North-West India, who once came to Egypt and moved later to Europe, often living in caravans. The Chandala are said are the descendants of Shudra-Brahmin mix. 
More generally, anyone who moves around often. For some Romani Groups, calling a person a Gypsy might be considered offensive, for other Romani Groups not. 

** Sinti, also a Romani people, mostly living in central Europe.
** Romanlar also named Xoraxane Roma, Turkish speaking Muslim Gypsys in the Balkans and Turkey.http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/the-perception-of-gypsies-in-turkish-society
** Gitanos (Spanish gypsies) who speak Caló
** "Travellers" found mainly in Great Britain, Ireland and the United States; and
** Lyuli Luli  in Central Asia.
** Luoli (Chinese name for Gypsy); lived in China in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368)

In music:
* The Gypsy Kings, a musical group of the 1980s that plays a pop-oriented version of traditional flamenco music (Not to be confused with Ricky Jevon, King of the Gypsies)
* Gypsy and the Haylocks, a reggae folk band who were deemed to be the first band to mix both genres in the 1970s. Traditionally from the Cambridgeshire area, they were fronted by Oliver Haylock and his half sister Emmly. (Emmly is the cousin of Bubbler Ranx, famous for singing on Peter Andre's Mysterious Girl)
* Gypsy, a song by Fleetwood Mac
* Gypsy, a song by The Moody Blues
* *Gypsy: A Musical Fable*, a musical inspired by the life of Gypsy Rose Lee

In fiction:
* Gypsy, a robot character from the TV series *Mystery Science Theater 3000*
* Gypsy, a fictional character from DC Comics
* Gypsy Moth, a fictional mutant character from Marvel Comics

Other meanings:
* Gypsy, West Virginia, USA
* Gypsy moth, a destructive insect that causes trees to lose their leaves
* Gypsy (software), the first modern document preparation system
* Winston "Gypsy" Peters, a Trinidad and Tobago politician and calypsonian
* A "gypsy" is a part on a boat windlass designed to haul chain. It may have a groove to enable it to haul rope and chain when it is called a combined gypsy and capstan
* Gypsy (elephant) is the name of an elephant given to Michael Jackson by Elizabeth Taylor
* The J/ψ particle, a subatomic particle
Uzbekistan

**Uzbekistan**, officially the **Republic of Uzbekistan**, is a country in Central Asia. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. There are about 37,5 million people living in Uzbekistan, in 2023. The neighbouring countries are Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. It is a doubly landlocked country, of which there are only two in the world. Most people in Uzbekistan speak a language called Uzbek, a Turkic language similar to Uyghur and Turkish. In the Uzbek language, Uzbekistan is called "O‘zbekiston" and it means "the land of the true nobles". Uzbekistan has a long history. Humans first lived in Uzbekistan from before the 2nd millennium BC. The current president today is Shavkat Mirziyoyev. The situation with the human rights in Uzbekistan is very bad, according to Human Rights Watch.

Sunni Islam is its largest religion with Hanafi being the main school of law.

## Provinces
Uzbekistan is divided into twelve provinces, one autonomous republic, and one independent city. The provinces are divided into districts.

## Notes
## References 
## Further reading 
* Poopak NikTalab. Sarve Samarghand (Cedar of Samarkand), continuous interpretation of Rudaki's poems, Tehran 2020, Faradid Publications {Introduction}
1200s

The **1200s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1200 and ended on 31 December 1209. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***121th decade*** which began on January 1, 1201 and ended on December 31, 1210.

## Events and trends 
* 1200 University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France
* 1202–1204 Fourth Crusade – diverted to Constantinople
* 1205 April 14: Battle of Adrianople (1205) between Bulgars and Latins
* 1209
** Albigensian Crusade against Cathars (1209–1218)
** the Franciscans are founded.
Can

C**an** could mean:
* A cylinder shaped object used for storing other things, especially liquids and food. They are usually made of metal.
* A verb meaning that something is possible, for example, "I can read a book."
* The buttocks.
* A toilet.
* Can, an experimental music group from the 1970s
* **Life** in Turkish, **can**; also, Turkish name **Can**.
Wok

A **wok** is a Chinese pan used for cooking. It has a round bottom. The most common use for the wok is stir frying, though it can also be used for deep frying, smoking, braising, roasting, grilling, and steaming.

In Indonesia, the wok is known as a *wadjang*, *kuali* in Malaysia, and *kawali* (small wok)  and *kawa* (big wok) in the Philippines.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Pro bono

**Pro bono** is a Latin phrase meaning "for [the] good", that is used to mean that a legal professional (lawyer) who would otherwise be paid money for their work,
works without being paid, for the benefit of society,
typically on behalf of a person or organization who cannot pay for some reason, such as poverty.

## Related pages 
*Volunteering
## References
Ziggy

**Ziggy** could mean:
* A comic strip character created by American Greetings in 1968;
* The first name of Ziggy Marley, the son of reggae artist Bob Marley.
* The first name of the fictional character Ziggy Stardust.
Chemical formula

A **chemical formula** is a way that chemists describe a molecule. The formula says what atoms, and how many of each type, are in the molecule. Sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are linked, and sometimes the formula shows how the atoms are arranged in space.

The letter shows what chemical element each atom is. These are called chemical symbols and they are one or two letters long. The subscript shows the number of each type of atom. For example, methane has one carbon (C) atom and four hydrogen atoms; the chemical formula is CH4. The sugar molecule glucose has six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms, so its chemical formula is C6H12O6.

Chemical formulas are used in chemical equations to describe chemical reactions.

The 19th-century Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius worked out this system for writing chemical formulas.

## Reading and writing formulas 
Chemical formulas are another way to represent the number of atoms. Chemical formulas are used to represent kinds of atoms in a combination. Chemical formulas use subscripts to tell how many of each atom are present in a combination. Subscripts are small numbers to the lower right of a symbol. They represent the number of atoms of that element in the equation. Before writing Chemical formulas, write down the symbol of each atom present in your equation. Writing chemical formula is a way of informing the chemical figure. It is most easily found in the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart of all well-known parts. Use the periodic table to reference the figure that cannot be remembered.

## Kinds of formulas 
A **molecular formula** is the most common kind: it says the number of atoms in a molecule. An **empirical formula** instead shows the ratio between atoms of different elements. For example, the empirical formula of glucose is CH2O, because there are the same number of carbon and oxygen atoms, and twice that number of hydrogen atoms. The empirical formula is used for salts, which make large networks instead of separate molecules.

## Related pages 
*Chemical equation

## References
Instant noodles

**Instant noodles** are a product used in cooking - a type of pre-cooked noodle. These noodles are cooked at the factory and packaged as dried noodles, often with a special powder that adds flavor to the noodles. The dish is prepared very quickly (usually five minutes or less), simply by putting the noodles together in hot water and then adding the powder. A kind of noodle soup is then ready to eat.  Unlike most foods, they can be safely stored for a long time.

Instant noodles are very popular in Asia, and among many students and poorer people, because they are very cheap to produce and to buy. In the United States, a package of instant noodles sometimes costs only ten cents.  They are the main currency of the informal economy in US prisons.

In 2022, according to the World Instant Noodles Association 121 billion servings were sold.  If they were laid out in a line it would be 6.2 billion kilometres long.

Instant noodles are a highly processed food. They are high in carbohydrates and food additives, but low on essential elements such as fiber, vitamins and minerals.  

There are many companies who manufacture Instant Noodles, some of them being:

* Maggi (Nestle)
* Toyo Suisan 
* Nissin Foods
* Top Ramen
* Chings
* Tasty Treat
* Nongshim

## References
United States Navy

The **United States Navy** is part of the U..S. Armed Forces (the military of the United States). It is the largest navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 U.S. allies or partner nations. It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned.

With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the U.S. Navy is the third-largest U.S. military service branch in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft, .

## History 
 in this a newspaper ad.]]
The Continental Navy was started in 1775 to fight in the American Revolutionary War. Congress disbanded it and sold the ships in 1785. It was started again as the Department of the Navy on April 30, 1798. 

The Department of the Navy needed places to make ships, which are called shipyards, in various port cities. Where slaves were available, it paid slaveowners to rent their slaves. Shipyards with slaves included those of Washington, D.C.; Norfolk, Virginia; and Pensacola, Florida.

## Sailors 
Today, the U.S. Navy has over 300,000 sailors and officers, and almost another 100,000 workers who are not official sailors.  

## Strength 
The U.S. Navy has about 300 warships, ships designed for fighting. 

## Ranks 
## Related pages
* United States Coast Guard
* United States Marines

## References
Tamil

**Tamil** is a language from South India. It might also mean:

*Something related to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu
*Tamil people, an ethnic group from south Asia
Fictional character

A **fictional character** is a person in a story (such as a novel, play, television series, or movie)   The character can be completely made up or based on a real person. . although it became widely used after its appearance in *Tom Jones*  in 1749. Character, mainly when played by an actor in the theatre or cinema, involves "the illusion of being a human person." In literature, characters guide readers through their stories, helping them to understand plots and ponder themes. Since the end of the 18th century, the phrase "in character" has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor. Since the 19th century, the art of creating characters, as practiced by actors or writers, has been called characterisation.

The word **character** can also mean "personality". We can say that someone has a "strong character" meaning a strong, confident personality. It is sometimes used as a noun in this sense: "He is a real character" (meaning someone you cannot easily forget).

A **character role** in a play means one of the people in the play who have a particular character (personality). They contrast with the main characters of the play. For example, a pair of lovers may be the main characters of the story. The character roles who help the story might be: a wicked stepmother, a kind nurse, an old wise man, a fool, a domestic worker who is very old, a "Mary Sue" who is virtually without flaws, and so forth. These may be archetypes.

## References
Madurai

**Madurai** is a city in Tamil Nadu, India. It was the capital of the earlier Pandyan Kingdom.

Meenakshi Amman Temple, Ayiram Kal Mandabam (Hall of Thousand Pillars) are some of the important tourist places in Madurai.

Madurai is always considered to be a good pilgrim center. Tourists from various part of the country and world are coming to madurai and enjoying a historical excellence.

The main attraction of the city is meenakshi amman temple. Various other tourist and pilgrimage places also there such as Alagar Koil, Thiruparangkundram, Palarmuthir solai (means garden with fruits), Thirumalai naicker Mahal (palace of Naickers), Teppakulam (a square tank almost half a kilometer length as one side length), gandi museum (where we can find blood spotted final dress of Gandiji), etc.

The city is said to be as City of Festivals almost all the days in year is having at least a small festival. The city is also called 'thoonganagaram' which means Non-sleeping city.

Road side shops are very famous in Madurai where all can get good foods in cheaper costs. Jigardhanda, a typical Muslim cool drink is one of the famous drink from madurai. Madurai is very famous for jasmine flowers and Alanganallur located near Madurai is famous for Jallikattu.     

## Other websites 
*A Blog for Madurai - News, Updates, Views and Improvement Thoughts
Price

There are different definitions of **price**. Perhaps the simplest definition is to say "price is the value of a product (good) or service". A price is expressed in other goods, services, or in money.

Here is an example about price: Peter raises sheep for their wool. Sally raises chickens for their eggs. Winter is coming, so Sally wants to make a warm wool coat.
She first measures how much wool she needs for a coat. She thinks she needs the wool from 2 sheep for the coat. She then goes to Peter and asks him what he wants for the wool she needs. Peter then tells her the price he is asking for his wool. Sally might trade some of her chicken eggs for the wool.

Sometimes trading eggs for wool is difficult. So people invented something they called *money*. This is cash or currency used for trading.

If Peter does not need eggs, he will not trade his wool for eggs. The price for his wool *in eggs* is zero, but Peter does need something else. So Sally goes to a market and sells some of her eggs for money. Then she goes to Peter and gives him money for the wool. How much money Peter wants for his wool is the price.
Salary

A **salary** is a type of payment a person gets for work done for a job. A *salary* is usually paid for a fixed period of time, such as a month or a week. Generally, it does not matter how many hours are worked, the salary remains the same. If someone is not a salaried employee, they are generally an "hourly" employee and are paid a certain amount for each hour which is known as "wages."

## Related pages 
*Minimum wage
*Worker
Arunachal Pradesh

**Arunachal Pradesh** is a state in  India bordered with China. The country that owns this region is disputed. China says that they own it and call it South Tibet (Zangnan 藏南). In 2017, China started renaming places in this territory.

## History 
The territory's northern boundary is about 550 miles long. It is known as the McMahon Line.

It is part of the border dispute between India and China. There is another dispute to the northwest in Aksai Chin (also with Pakistan).

In 1962, the Sino-Indian War was fought here. The war was short and ended in India's defeat. However, China withdrew back to the modern borders voluntarily. They still say that they own the region.

## Who lives there? 
The people share cultural similarities with their neighbors in Tibet and the Myanmar's hill region.

As of 2001, there were 1,091,117 people living in Arunachal Pradesh. The total area is 32,333 mi² (83,743 km²).

Most people speak Sino-Tibetan languages like Nyishi and Adi (over 50%). The rest speak Indo-Aryan languages like Nepali, Bengali, and Hindi.

## State symbols of Arunachal Pradesh

File:Great-Hornbill.jpg|Provincial bird
File:Gayal (Bos frontalis).png|Provincial animal
File:Pinkslipper.jpg|Provincial flower

## Related pages
* Tibet
* Sino–Indian border dispute

## References
Assam

**Assam** () is a state in the north eastern region of India. It has an area of 78,438 km² (30,285 mi²). It is bigger than Panama but smaller than the Czech Republic. There is one major river (Brahamputra) that flows through the length of the state. The state lies on the foothills of the Himalayas. There are two international borders touched by Assam: Bhutan and Bangladesh. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.

## Demography 
According to a 2021 survey, about 55% of the people are Hindus. About 40% are Muslim.  There is a small (4%) Christian minority. Others (1%) consists of (Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Animism).

Assam has a population of 36.5 million as per the 2021 population survey.

### Language
Assam has a population of 36.5 million as per the 2021 population survey.

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Assam
* Hinduism in Assam

## References
Bihar

**Bihar** (; ) is a state in the Republic of India, covering an area of 38,202 mi² (99,200 km²).  The capital is Patna.  Bihar is bordered by the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the west, Jharkhand to the south, and West Bengal to the east.  To the north of Bihar is the country of Nepal. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone. It is one of the poorest regions in India.

## Population 
A census in 2023 of the 130 million people in the state collected information about castes for the first time since 1931.  15.5% were upper caste.  27.1% were other backward class. 36% were extremely backward class and 21.4% were scheduled castes or scheduled tribes.  Brahmins, the highest  caste, were less than 4% of the population.

## Provincial symbols of Bihar

Image:Indian Roller I2m IMG 9934.jpg|Indian Roller, Provincial bird of Bihar
Image:Indian Bison (Gaur) 1 by N. A. Naseer.jpg|Gaur or Indian bison, Provincial animal of Bihar
Image:Pipal tree.JPG|Sacred fig, Provincial tree of Bihar
Image:Flower I IMG 8682.jpg|White Orchid-tree, Provincial flower of Bihar

## Related pages
* Sasaram

## References
## Other websites
Chhattisgarh

**Chhattisgarh** is a state within the Republic of India. It occupies . In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone.

The capital at present is Raipur which would change to 'Naya Raipur' near Raipur. It has eighteen districts: Raigarh, Bilaspur, Bijapur, Korba, Durg, Janjgir, Raipur, Koria, Sarguja, Bastar, Dantewada, Narayanpur, Rajnandgaon, Kanker, Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Jashpur and Kabirdham (Kawardha).
The main languages spoken are Hindi and Chhattisgarhi. The main religion is Hindu.

## Provincial symbols of Chhattisgarh

Image:Beo-2.jpg|Provincial bird of Chhattisgarh
Image:Asiatic water buffalo in zoo tierpark friedrichsfelde berlin germany.jpg|Provincial animal of Chhattisgarh
Image:Sal (Shorea robusta)- flowering canopy W Picture 117.jpg|Provincial tree of Chhattisgarh
Image:|Provincial flower of Chhattisgarh

## References
Gujarat

**Gujarat** () is a western state within the Republic of India. Gandhinagar is the capital of Gujarat. Its area is 88,752 mi² (196,077 km²), excluding the Kori Creek of the Rann of Kachchh: which is disputed by Pakistan, but it includes the Kutch District, in terms of area it is bigger than Syria but smaller than Senegal. 

In traditional Indian geography it falls under the West Indian zone. Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat, Bharuch, Porbandar, Rajkot, Jamnagar are some important cities in Gujarat. Champaner, Gondal, Bhavnagar, Utelia, Zainabad, Bhuj, Sasangir are some tourist places. People in Gujarat are mainly engaged in agriculture and business.

The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is native place to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.

## Etymology 
Gujarat is derived from the Sanskrit term *Gurjaratra*. Parts of modern Rajasthan and Gujarat have been known as *Gurjaratra* or *Gurjarabhumi* due to being ruled by Gurjaras before the period of the Islamic conquests.

## Provincial symbols of Gujarat

Image:Greater Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus roseus) W2 IMG 9616.jpg|Greater Flamingo, provincial bird of Gujarat
Image:Bristol.zoo.lion.yawns.arp.jpg|Asiatic or Indian Panthera leo persica, provincial animal of Gujarat
Image:Mangifera indica. Tropical Brazil.JPG|Mango tree, provincial tree of Gujarat
Image:Tagetes x erecta1.jpg|Marigold, provincial flower of Gujarat

## Regions
## References 
## Other websites
Haryana

**Haryana** () is a state in the Republic of India. The main language spoken in the area are Haryanvi and Panjabi. The area is . It is larger than Denmark but smaller than Estonia. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North Indian zone.

## Provincial symbols of Haryana

Image:Black Francolin.jpg|Provincial bird of Haryana
Image:Blackbuck male female.jpg|Provincial animal of Haryana
Image:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg|Provincial tree of Haryana
Image:Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).jpg|Provincial flower of Haryana

## Sources
## Other websites
Tamil language

**Tamil** is a Dravidian language.  It is spoken in the Tamil Nadu and other states of India and parts of Sri Lanka.  Many people in Singapore and Malaysia also speak it.  Many people speaking Tamil live in various places around the world.

The Tamil language is part of the Dravidian language family, which includes Telugu, Odia, Kannada and Malayalam. According to a survey, 1863 newspapers are published in the Tamil language every day. The oldest text found in Tamil is a grammatical work called the Tolkāppiyam. Tamil has a long literary history, and is spoken by almost 100 million people.

## Tamil script 
The modern Tamil script is an abugida, much like the other brahmic scripts that surround it and from whom it developed from. The Tamil script has 18 consonants and 12 vowels and the *āytam* ஃ,. The *āytam is* used with other letters to represent sounds not native to the language (usually with the English sound *f.)* The vowels are written as symbols above, below or on either side of the consonant. There are 247 letters in its alphabet. Much like other brahmic scripts, it is written from left to right.

Tamil is the dominant language in the state of Tamil Nadu which is situated in India, and Northern provinces of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by significant immigrant communities and the historical Tamil diaspora in like the United States, Germany, Fiji, Indonesia, France, Africa and Thailand and much more.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Tamil script stylistic text demonstration

*
Madhya Pradesh

**Madhya Pradesh** is a state in the Republic of India. The state has an area of . About 70,000,000 people are in Madhya Pradesh. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the West Indian zone. The capital of the state is Bhopal. 

The largest city is Indore. Other main cities are Jabalpur and Ujjain. Ujjain is well known for  mythological reasons. Mandav, Bhojpur and  Panchmadi are the main tourist attractions.

To the north of Madhya Pradesh is the state of Uttar Pradesh and to the northwest is the state of Rajasthan, while Maharashtra is to the southwest.

## Provincial symbols of Madhya Pradesh

Image:Terpsiphone paradisi -near Amaya Lake, Dambulla, Sri Lanka-8.jpg|Provincial bird of Madhya Pradesh 
Image:Barasingha.jpg|Provincial animal of Madhya Pradesh
Image:Big Banyan Tree at Bangalore.jpg|Provincial tree of Madhya Pradesh
Image:STS 001 Butea monosperma.jpg|Provincial flower of Madhya Pradesh

## References
Malayalam

, South Africa.]]
**Malayalam** is a language. Most people that speak Malayalam live in Kerala, in India. A speaker of Malayalam is called a *Malayali*.
Malayalam (/malayALam/) is the main language of the South Indian state of Kerala and also of the Lakshadweep Islands (Laccadives) of the west coast of India.

Malayalis (speakers of Malayalam), who - males and females alike - are almost totally literate, constitute 4 percent of the population of India and 96 percent of the population of Kerala (29.01 million in 1991). 

In terms of the number of speakers, Malayalam ranks eighth among the 18 major languages of India. 

Malyalam language has 52 phonemes. A few of the phonemes are unique for Malayalam.

The word /malayALam/ originally meant mountainous country (/mala/- mountain + /aLam/-place). Tamil Nadu is its neighbour on the south and east and Karnataka on the north and east.

## References
Mizoram

**Mizoram** is a state in the Republic of India. It is in the eastern region beyond Bangladesh. It covers an area of . It is bigger than the nation of El Salvador but smaller than the State of Israel. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone. In 2011, Mizoram had 1,091,014 people. It has fewer people than every other state except Sikkim.

The word "Mizoram" means "land of the Mizo people". It is one of the Seven Sister States in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. The capital of Mizoram is Aizawl.

## Provincial symbols of Mizoram

Image:Syrmaticus humiae.jpg|Provincial bird of Mizoram
Image:Ulluk-2.jpg|Provincial animal of Mizoram
Image:MesuaFerrea IronWood.jpg|Provincial tree of Mizoram
Image:|Provincial flower of Mizoram

## References
Nagaland

**Nagaland** is a northeastern state in the Republic of India. It has an area of . It is bigger than East Timor but smaller than Eswatini. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.

## Provincial symbols of Nagaland

Image:Tragopan blythii01.jpg|Provincial bird of Nagaland
|Provincial animal of Nagaland
Image:Alnus incana rugosa leaves.jpg|Provincial tree of Nagaland
Image:Rhododendron-by-eiffel-public-domain-20040617.jpg|Provincial flower of Nagaland

## References
Manipur

**Manipur** () is a state within the Republic of India. It has area of 22,347 km2 (8,628 mi2). In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North-east Indian zone.  During the days of the British Raj, the Kingdom of Manipur was one of the princely states.

The state is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to its north, Mizoram to its south and Assam to its west. Its eastern border is the Indian border with Myanmar. Manipur has a long recorded written history of kings ascended in the main throne of Kangla. The list of these kings can be found in a chronicle known as Cheitharol Kumbaba. **Cheitharol Kumbaba**, also spelled **Cheitharon Kumpapa**, is the court chronicle of the kings of Manipur. It recorded the history of the Kingdom of Manipur from the founding of the Ningthouja dynasty in 33 CE under king Nongda Lairen Pakhangba until the merger of the kingdom with India in 1949 and the subsequent abolition of monarchy. It ends with the last king of Manipur, Bodhchandra. The Cheitharol Kumbaba is probably one of the oldest chronicles of the region and is written on more than 1000 leaves of Meetei paper in Meetei Mayek, an early Meitei script.

## Administration 
### Districts of Manipur 
District	Headquarters	

#BPR	Bishnupur	Bishnupur	
#TBL	Thoubal	  Thoubal
#IE	Imphal East	Porompat
#IW	Imphal West	Lamphelpat	
#SE	Senapati	Senapati	
#UKR	Ukhrul	Ukhrul	
#CDL	Chandel	Chandel	
#CCP	Churachandpur	Churachandpur 
#TML	Tamenglong	Tamenglong	
#JBM	Jiribam	Jiribam	
#KPI	Kangpokpi (Sadar Hills)	Kangpokpi	
#KAK	Kakching	Kakching	
#TNL	Tengnoupal	Tengnoupal	
#KJ	Kamjong	Kamjong	
#NL	Noney	Noney	
#PZ	Pherzawl	Pherzawl

## Sports 
Manipur became the champion in the three consecutive years of the 2022, 2023 & 2024 Northeast Games.
## References 
## Other websites
Odisha

**Odisha**,  formerly **Orissa**, is a state in eastern India. It has an area of . The state has a population of almost 42 million. Oriya, or Odia, is the most widely spoken language in the state. It is used on an official basis with English. Chilika lake is in Odisha. It is the largest home to migratory birds on the Indian subcontinent.  Odisha is the eighth largest Indian state. It also has the eleventh highest population. The capital city of the state is Bhubaneswar. Other major cities in the state are Cuttack, Sambalpur and Rourkela. Odisha is bordered by the states of West Bengal to the north east, Jharkhand to the north west, Chhattisgarh to the west, Andhra Pradesh to the south. It has a ] coastline along the Bay of Bengal.

Modern-day Odisha falls under the boundaries of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga in the 3rd Century BCE, and the state is still sometimes referred to as Kalinga. Odisha is also known as Utkal, and is mentioned in the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, under this name. The Orissa province was founded on the 1st April 1936, and the anniversary of this is celebrated as *Utkal Dibas* throughout the state. The state was created on the basis of the Odia language, encompassing the native speakers of the language.

Popular tourist destinations in Odisha include the Konark Sun Temple, the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, the Puri Jagannath Temple, and Chilika Lake. Odisha has a rich culture, the Odissi classical dance form originates from the state and Odia cuisine is well-renowned for its seafood dishes and desserts. Odisha has successfully hosted several sports events as Asian Junior Women's Rugby Tournament, the 22nd Asian Athletics Championship, and the Men's Hockey World Cup in 2018.

Odisha is mostly inhabited by the Odia people, with Hinduism being the major religion in the state and Christian and Muslim minorities. There is a large tribal population in Odisha, referred to as the *adivasi* people, they are the indigenous people and speak various tribal languages and follow traditional religions, although many have converted to Christianity. Jainism and Buddhism also have important histories in the state.

Biju Patnaik International Airport (BBI) is Odisha's only airport, and the state is well-connected by railways, and national highways. The current Chief Minister of the state is Mohan Charan Majhi . 
File:Khandagiri caves ,odisha.jpg|Khandagiri Gumpha
File:Temple-Jagannath.jpg|The Jagannath Temple in Puri
File:Artistes performing Chhau dance.jpg|Chhau dance.

## Provincial symbols

File:Blue Jay or The Indian Roller.JPG|Blue jay, provincial bird of Odisha
File:Sambhar deer.jpg|Sambhar deer, provincial animal of Odisha
File:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg|Sacred fig tree, provincial tree of Odisha
File:Sita-Ashok (Saraca asoca) flowers in Kolkata W IMG 4146.jpg|Ashoka tree, provincial flower of Odisha

## References
Rajasthan

**Rajasthan** is a state in northwestern India. It is the largest state of India in terms of land area; 132,150 mi² (342,269 km²). It is bigger than the Republic of the Congo but smaller than Germany. In traditional India geography it falls under the North Indian zone. The Thar Desert covers most parts of the state. The capital of the state is city of Jaipur.

Rajasthan is known for its rich history, vibrant culture, and barren landscapes. With a population of over 68 million(2011), Rajasthan is home to a diverse group of people, including the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, Charans, and Bhils, who have contributed to the region’s unique identity and cultural heritage.

During the British Raj, the area of Rajasthan and parts of Eastern Pakistan were known as *Rajputana* (Land of the Rajputs); it consisted of many princely states of varying sizes, ruled by mostly Hindu Rajput kings.

## Rajasthani Singers
* Ila Arun
* Rajnigandha Shekhawat
* Seema Mishra
* Meme Khan
* Swaroop Khan
* Rapperiya Baalam
* Satkeer

## Districts 
There are 50 districts in Rajasthan 
* Anupgarh
* Balotra
* Beawar
* Deeg
* Didwana-Kuchaman City
* Dudu
* Gangapur City
* Jaipur North
* Jaipur South
* Jodhpur East
* Jodhpur West
* Kekri
* Kotputli-Behror
* Khairthal
* Neemkathana
* Phalodi
* Salumbar
* Sanchore
* Shahpura (Bhilwara)
* Sikar

## Divisions 
* Barmer
* Chittaurgarh
* Bhilwara
* Nagaur
* Sawai madhopur

## Provincial symbols of Rajasthan

Image:Sonchiriya.jpg|Provincial bird of Rajasthan
Image:Chinkara.jpg|Provincial animal of Rajasthan
Image:Khejari (Prosopis cineraria).JPG|Provincial tree of Rajasthan
Image:Oroxylum indicum W IMG 3170.jpg|Provincial flower of Rajasthan

## Read About Rajasthan 
* Population of Rajsthan In 2023 
* Sex Ratio of Rajasthan in 2023
Tripura

**Tripura** () ()  is a state in Northeast India. It covers an area of .It is the 3rd smallest state of India. It is bigger than Lebanon but smaller than Kosovo. The capital city is Agartala.

## Provincial symbols of Tripura

Image:DuculaAenea.JPG|Green Imperial Pigeon, Provincial bird of Tripura
Image:Phayre's Langur, Trachypithecus phayrei in Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary (21134240148).jpg|Phayre's leaf monkey, Provincial animal of Tripura 
Image:Aquilaria crassna.jpg|Agar, Provincial tree of Tripura
Image:Flower of Mesua ferrea.jpg|Cobra saffron/Nageshwar, Provincial flower of Tripura
Image:04012jfQueen Formosa pineapple Philippines Malolos Cityfvf 07.jpg|Natal Queen pineapple, provincial fruit of Tripura 

## References
Himachal Pradesh

**Himachal Pradesh** (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश) is a state in northern India. Shimla is the capital of Himachal Pradesh. It covers an area of . The land contains high mountains. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North Indian zone. It borders to Jammu and Kashmir to the north.

Himachal Pradesh was part of Indian Punjab before 1966.

## Administrative divisions of Himachal Pradesh 
The State of **HP** is divided into three Divisions, namely **Mandi Division**, **Kangra Division**, **Shimla Division**. The divisions are further sub-divided into 12 districts. These are further divided into 73 sub-divisions, 172 tehsils and 35 sub-tehsils.
## Districts of Himachal Pradesh 
#Bilaspur
#Chamba
#Hamirpur
#Kangra
#Kinnaur
#Kullu
#Lahaul & Spiti
#Mandi
#Shimla
#Sirmaur
#Solan
#Una

## Proposed districts
Following districts are proposed for creation in Himachal Pradesh:
*Mahasu
*Surendranagar
*Rampur Bushhar
*Karsog
*Palampur
*Noorpur
*Dehra

## Gallery

File:Mountain peaks, Lahul.jpg|Mountain peaks in Lahul, Himachal Pradesh
File:Rothang Pass and Lady.jpg| Lady near Rothang Pass, Himachal Pradesh

## State symbols of Himachal Pradesh

File:WestTragopan.jpg|Western tragopan, state bird
File:Uncia uncia.jpg|Snow Leopard, state animal
File:Cedrus deodara Manali 2.jpg|Cedrus deodara, state tree
File:Pink Rhododendron Blossom Prashar Himachal Apr11 P1020872.jpg|Pink Rhododendron, state flower

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Himachal Pradesh Government 
* Himachal Pradesh Development Report 
* Himachal Tourism Website 
* Himachal's Daily news website
Punjab, India

**Punjab** (, ) is a state in the northern Republic of India. About 30 million people live there. Its national capital city is Chandigarh. The state is in the Punjab region. It covers an area of 19,445 mi² or 50,362 km². It is bigger than Slovakia but smaller than Costa Rica. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the North Indian zone. The state of Punjab has 22 districts. It is mainly known as the land of god/gurus, Punjab's culture is very rich and the dwellers of Punjab respect their culture . The half population of Punjab depends on agriculture, that's why its known as food-provider (anna-datta-  in Punjabi). In Punjab people of all religions live with integrity and love .

## Etymology
The word *Doab* is a combination of the Indo-Iranian words *Doab* (*two*) and *āb* (*water*), and thus the (land of) *two rivers*. The two rivers are the Beas and Sutlej. Sometimes, in English, there can be a definite article before the name i.e. *the Doaba*. The name is also sometimes spelled as *Duoab* or *Douaab* or *Doaab*.
It originally contained 5 rivers before partition, British influence and the influence of the Indian government, so therefore its name came from the Punjabi word for five (Panj/Punj) and the word for river/water (ab).

## History
All of India and Pakistan was once ruled by the British Empire. The Indians wanted freedom, but the Hindus, Sikhs and the Muslims of India always argued. So it was decided to divide the country into two parts—one part for Muslims and one part for Hindus and Sikhs. In 1947 Punjab (British India),  which was a province of India, was divided into West Punjab and East Punjab (which the state is home to the active independence movement of Khalistan by the Sikh nationalists). East Punjab went to the Republic of modern India, and West Punjab went to Islamic Pakistan.

## Provincial symbols of East Punjab

File:Northern Goshawk ad M2.jpg|Northern Goshawk, provincial bird of East Punjab
File:Blackbuck male female.jpg|Blackbuck, provincial animal of East Punjab
File:Dalbergia sissoo.jpg|Indian Rosewood, provincial tree of East Punjab
File:Fleurs de lys.JPG|Madonna lily, provincial flower of East Punjab

## References
Uttarakhand

**Uttarakhand** (उत्तरखन्द्), is a state in northern India. It had a population of 8,479,562 people according to the 2001 census. It covers an area of . It is bigger than Bosnia and Herzegovina, but smaller than Croatia, although the border with China is still disputed. The land contains high mountains. In traditional Indian geography, it falls within the North Indian zone.

## Provincial symbols of Uttarakhand

File:Lophophorus impejanus Zoo DU 2.jpg|Provincial bird of Uttarakhand
File:Moschustier.jpg|Provincial animal of Uttarakhand
File:Rhododendron arboreum subsp. nilagiricum (1).jpg|Provincial tree of Uttarakhand
File:The Bramha Kamal.JPG|Provincial flower of Uttarakhand

## References 
## Other websites
Jharkhand

**Jharkhand** (, ) is a state in the Republic of India. As of the 2011 Census, about 33 million people live in Jharkand. The state covers . It is bigger than Sierra Leone but smaller than Panama. It has many villages and towns. Ranchi is the capital city. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the East Indian zone.It also known for minerals Which is actually found in Abundant Amount as compared to major part of states in india.

## Provincial symbols of Jharkhand(Chottanagpur)

Image:Asian Koel (Male) I IMG 8190.jpg|Provincial bird of Jharkhand
Image:IndianElephant.jpg|Provincial animal of Jharkhand
Image:Ficus religiosa Bo.jpg|Provincial tree of Jharkhand
Image:STS 001 Butea monosperma.jpg|Provincial flower of Jharkhand

## References
Szczecin

of St. Jacobs Cathedral in Szczecin]]

**Szczecin** () is a large city in Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of 2005, 411,119 people live there. The city is on the river Odra (), near the border to Germany. It is one of the largest sea ports on the Baltic. It is the historical capital of the German province of Pomerania. Szczecin has got one of the biggest harbours on the Baltic Sea.

Szczecin borders with Police, a district town at the Oder River.

## Sister cities
## References
Marathi language

**Marathi** ('''') is the language spoken in Maharashtra, India. It is also Maharashtra's official language. The written script is Devanāgarī.

, the state in India where the majority of Marathi speakers live.]]

People living in Maharashtra and parts of neighboring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, union-territories of Daman-diu and Dadra Nagar Haveli speak Marathi.

## References
## Other websites 
* Marathi News
* MarathiMati.net - Marathi Language Web Portal
Metropolitan area

image of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the United States and one of the largest in the world, with Long Island in the east and Manhattan in the image's center.]]
 as can be seen in this map of Madrid's metropolitan area (click on the map to enlarge it).]]
A **metropolitan area** is a metropolis and its surrounding suburbs. The word "metropolitan" comes from two Greek language words meaning "mother" and "city". A metropolitan area may be much larger than its inner city, and its suburbs may be smaller towns and villages which are now connected to the larger city as suburbanization has spread. The biggest such metropolitan area is that of Tokyo. 8.5 million people live in Tokyo itself, 36.5 million live in the *metropolitan area*.

A metropolitan area is a large urban area. The inner city may look little different from the surrounding area of buildings and roads. The entire built-up area is the metropolitan area. The inner city may be near the middle, or to one side. Some urban areas have more than one inner city.    

Some places, such as in Australia, have metropolitan government. The entire metropolitan area is included as a part of the city, and the population of the suburban area is considered to be part of the city's population.   

Sydney, for example, has a population of approx. 4.5 million people, which includes the population of the suburbs, although there are some places which are part of the Greater Sydney Area, whose population does not count toward the population of Sydney.

## Related pages
* List of largest cities (includes a list of metropolitan areas)
* Metropolis

## References