open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pearl Krabs

**Pearl Krabs** is one of the ten main characters of *SpongeBob SquarePants*. She is a young whale who lives in an anchor with Mr. Krabs. When Pearl grows up, Mr. Krabs wants her to continue the family business by inheriting the Krusty Krab and become the owner. Her family is her father Eugene, her mother Mrs. Krabs, her aunt Eugene's sister, her grandfather Victor, her grandmother Betsy, her great-grandfather Redbeard, her granduncle Alan, her great-grandmother Grandma Krabs, her great-grandaunt Sally, and her great-great-grandfather Great Grandpa Krabs.
Paul Hornung

**Paul Vernon Hornung** (December 23, 1935 – November 13, 2020), nicknamed **The Golden Boy**, was a professional American football player and a Hall of Fame running back for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1957 to 1966. He was an offseason player with the New Orleans Saints in 1967.

He won the Heisman Trophy in 1956 and the Super Bowl in 1966. In 1986, he was honored in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. 

Hornung died on November 13, 2020 in Louisville from dementia-related problems, aged 84.

## References
Adolfo Bolea

**Adolfo Bolea Sanz** (24 March 1933 – 14 November 2020) was a Spanish football forward and manager. He spent most of his career playing and managing with Cádiz. He played 309 games and scored 115 goals in Segunda División.

## References
Halina Kwiatkowska

**Halina Kwiatkowska** (born **Helena Królikiewiczówna**; 25 April 1921 &ndash; 12 November 2020) was a Polish actress and educator. She was born in Bochnia, Poland. She was known for her roles as Katarzyna Staniewiczowa in *Ashes and Diamonds* (1958), Krzeszowska in *The Doll* (1968) and as Zofia in *And Along Come Tourists* (2007).

Kwiatkowska died on 13 November 2020 in Konstancin-Jeziorna, Poland at the age of 99.

## References
József Halzl

**József Halzl** (19 December 1933 – 13 November 2020) was a Hungarian businessman and mechanical engineer. He was born in Győr, Hungary. He was the  co-founder of the Hungarian Democratic Forum. He was an Honorary Life Chairman of the Rákóczi Association. He chaired the association from 1990 to 2018.

Halzl died in Budapest on 13 November 2020, aged 86.

## References
Peter Florjančič

**Peter Florjančič** (5 March 1919 – 14 November 2020) was a Slovenian inventor and Olympic athlete. He competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He invented a perfume atomiser, plastic injection molding machines, and the plastic photographic slide frame.

Florjančič died on 14 November 2020 at the age of 101.

## References
Chromosome 21

**Chromosome 21** is one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. It has 48 million base pairs (the building material of DNA). This is about 1.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. Chromosome 21 is the smallest human autosome (non-sex chromosome).

There are two copies of chromosome 21 in most people. Anyone with three copies of chromosome 21 has Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21. 

In May 2000, researchers working on the Human Genome Project announced that the sequence of base pairs which make up this chromosome had been identified. Chromosome 21 was the second human chromosome to be completely sequenced. Chromosome 22 was the first.
Louis Rostollan

**Louis Rostollan** (1 January 1936 – 13 November 2020) was a French professional road bicycle racer. He was a professional from 1958 until 1967, winning the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré in 1958 and the Tour de Romandie in 1960 and 1961. He was born in Château-Gombert, Marseilles, France,

Rostollan died on 13 November 2020 of lung disease in Château-Gombert at the age of 84.

## References
Jean-Pierre Chevènement

**Jean-Pierre Chevènement** (; born 9 March 1939) is a French politician. He was a minister in the 1980s and 1990s. He is best known for his candidacy in the 2002 French presidential election. 

He was mayor of Belfort. He was elected to the Senate for the Territoire de Belfort in 2008. He is a co-founder of the PS and founder of the Republican and Citizen Movement (MRC).

## References
Kićo Slabinac

**Krunoslav "Kićo" Slabinac** (28 March 1944 – 13 November 2020) was a Croatian pop rock singer-songwriter and musician. He was born in Osijek, Independent State of Croatia. His career began in the 1960s. His best known work was the 1971 hit single "Tvoj dječak je tužan". He performed it at  that year's Eurovision Song Contest.

Slabinac died on 13 November 2020 in Zagreb from a long-illness, aged 76.

## References
Vladimír Székely

**Dr.** **Vladimír Székely** (January 11, 1941 – November 13, 2020) was a Hungarian electrical engineer. He was professor emeritus at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. In 2010, he became a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 

He published research results in 360 peer-reviewed papers listed in Web of Science. He was best known for his works relating to the electro-thermal phenomena simulation and test.

Székely died on November 13, 2020 in Budapest at the age of 79.

## References
Hungarian Academy of Sciences

]]
The **Hungarian Academy of Sciences** ( (**MTA**)) is the most important and prestigious learned society of Hungary. Its seat is at the bank of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi  and Akadémia utca. 

Its main responsibilities are to support and grow science, scientific findings, supporting research and development, and representing Hungarian science domestically and around the world. There are over 1,300 members.

## References
John Meurig Thomas

**Sir John Meurig Thomas** or **JMT**  (15 December 1932 &ndash; 13 November 2020) was a Welsh scientist, educator, university administrator, and historian. He was known for his work on heterogeneous catalysis, solid-state chemistry, and surface and materials science.

From 1986 to 1991, he was Director of the Royal Institution. In 1989, he was elected a member of the Academia Europaea. In 2016, he was awarded the Royal Medal. Thomas was born in Carmarthenshire, Wales.

Thomas died on 13 November 2020, at the age of 87.

## References
Walter Eichner

**Walter Eichner** (6 May 1950 &ndash; 13 November 2020) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria. Eichner was born in Finning, Bavaria. He was the Chief Administrative Officer of the Landsberg district between 2002 to 2014.

Eichner died on 13 November 2020 in Landsberg am Lech, Bavaria at the age of 70.

## References
Skaneateles (village), New York

**Skaneateles** ( ,  ) is a village in the town of Skaneateles, in Onondaga County, New York,  United States. As of the 2020 census, the village had a population of 2,533 residents.

## References
Attila Horváth

**Attila Horváth** (28 July 1967 – 13 November 2020) was a Hungarian discus thrower. He represented Hungary at two Summer Olympics (1992 and 1996). His personal best was 68.58 metres, thrown on 24 June 1994 in Budapest. He was a nine-time national champion in the men's discus event, including eight in a row (1990–1997). He was born in Kőszeg, Hungary.

Horváth died on 13 November 2020 from COVID-19 in Szombathely, Hungary at the age of 53.

## References
Chandrawati

**Chandrawati** (8 January 1928 – 15 November 2020) was an Indian politician. She was the first woman member of Haryana Vidhan Sabha and also the first woman member of parliament from Haryana, where she served from 1977 to 1979. She was Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry from 19 February 1990 to 18 December 1990. She was a member of the Janata Party.

Chandrawati died of COVID-19 at a hospital in Rohtak, Haryana on 15 November 2020 at the age of 92.

## References
Rohtak

**Rohtak** () is a city and the administrative headquarters of the Rohtak district in the Indian state of Haryana. It lies  north-west of New Delhi and  south of the state capital Chandigarh.

## References
Sterlington, Louisiana

**Sterlington** is a town in northern Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, United States, near the boundary with Union Parish. At the 2020 census, the population was 1,980.

## References
Carmarthenshire

**Carmarthenshire** (; ;  or informally '''') is a unitary authority in southwest Wales, and one of the historic counties of Wales. The largest town in Carmarthenshire is Llanelli, a market town with a population of 25,000.  The area has many farms, and the land is very rural and has many hills.

## Towns
Carmarthenshire has twelve towns, which are listed below. Carmarthenshire also has many villages.

*Ammanford
*Burry Port
*Carmarthen
*Kidwelly
*Laugharne
*Llandeilo
*Llandovery
*Llanelli
*Llanybydder
*Newcastle Emlyn
*St Clears
*Whitland

## References
Norman Taylor (basketball)

**Norman Taylor** (1965 – November 15, 2020) was an American-born Australian basketball player. He played three seasons in the Australian National Basketball League (NBL) for the Illawarra Hawks from 1989 to 1991. He played center for the Hawks at 6'7". Taylor was born in New York City. He was undrafted (not picked by any team) during the 1988 NBA draft.

Taylor died on November 15, 2020 from a heart attack in Wollongong, New South Wales at the age of 55.

## References
Harry Holman (footballer)

**Harold William Holman** (16 November 1957 – 6 November 2020) was an English professional footballer. He played as a forward for Exeter City and Peterborough United in the Football League. His career lasted from 1976 to 1979. He was born in Exeter, England.

Holman died on 6 November 2020, just ten days before his 63rd birthday.

## References
Conway, Missouri

**Conway** is a city in Laclede County, Missouri, United States. The population was 729 at the 2020 census. Conway is located  southwest of Lebanon.

## References
Harry Holman

**Harry James Holman** (March 15, 1862 &ndash; May 3, 1947) was an American character actor. He appeared in over 130 movies. His best known roles were as Grimwig in *Oliver Twist* (1933), the mayor in *Meet John Doe* (1941) and as the high school teacher Mr. Partridge in ''It's a Wonderful Life* (1946)*.

Holman died of a heart attack on May 3, 1947 in Hollywood, California at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Alfred Muller

**Alfred Muller** (23 December 1940 – 13 November 2020), was a French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of France from 1993 to 1997. He also was the Mayor of Schiltigheim from 1977 to 2008. He was born in Strasbourg, France. He was a member of the Socialist Party.

Muller died on 13 November 2020 at the age of 79.

## References
Edward Francis Blewitt

**Edward Francis Blewitt** (January 2, 1859  May 26, 1926) was an American civil engineer, businessman, and politician. He was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 22nd district from 1907 to 1910.

He was a maternal great-grandfather of Joe Biden, the President of the United States.

## References
Paul Rodriguez (actor)

**Paul Rodriguez Sr.** (born January 19, 1955 His family later migrated to Compton, California. Is of Indigenous Mexican heritage.

He is a well known Republican having supported the presidential campaigns of Mitt Romney and Donald Trump.

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Kosolapov

**Richard Ivanovich Kosolapov** (; 25 March 1930 &ndash; 15 November 2020) was a Soviet Russian scientist, author, social philosopher and journalist. He was born in Novonikolaevskaya, Volgograd Oblast.  He was a Professor at the Moscow State University (MSU).

Starting in 1974, he became the First Deputy Chief Editor of *Pravda*, and in 1976 became the Editor-in-Chief of the *Kommunist*, a post which he held until 1986. During his time at *Kommunist*, he was twice elected to the Central Committee of the CPSU, in 1976 and 1981.

Kosolapov died on 15 November 2020 in Moscow at the age of 90.

## References
Mohammad Ali (Bangladeshi politician)

**Mohammad Ali** ( – 13 November 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was a Member of Parliament of Cox's Bazar-4 from 1996 to 2001. Ali was a member of the Awami League.

Ali died on 13 November 2020 at a hospital in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh at the age of 76.

## References
Landsberg am Lech

**Landsberg am Lech** (Landsberg at the Lech) is a town in southwest Bavaria, Germany, about 65 kilometers west of Munich and 35 kilometers south of Augsburg. It is the capital of the district of Landsberg am Lech.

## Geography
Landsberg is on the Romantic Road and is the center of the Lechrain region, the boundary region between Swabia and Bavaria. It is noted for its historic center.

## Notable people
*Lanspergius (1489–1539), Carthusian monk and ascetical writer
*Ignaz Kögler (1680–1746), Jesuit missionary and mathematician
*Dominikus Zimmermann (1685–1766), architect
*Sir Hubert von Herkomer (1849–1914), artist, film and theatre director
*Alois Wolfmüller (1864–1948), inventor and aeronautical engineer
*Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb (1876–1956), World War II field marshal and war criminal
*George Remus (1878–1952), attorney and famed bootlegger during U.S. Prohibition
*Adolf Hitler (1889–1945), dictator (was in prison in Landsberg 1923/24)
*Luise Rinser (1911–2002), writer and politician
*Johnny Cash (1932–2003), American singer/songwriter stationed here in the early 1950s while serving in the U.S. Air Force
*Siegfried Rauch (1932–2018), actor
*Samuel Bak (born 1933), painter and writer
*Anton Posset (1941–2015), holocaust researcher and founder of the European Holocaust Memorial located in Landsberg
*Erwin Neher (born 1944), biologist
*Julian Nagelsmann (born 1987), football manager
*Michael Unterbuchner (born 1988), darts player

## Twin towns – sister cities
Landsberg am Lech is twinned with:

* Hudson, United States (1984)
* Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France (1986)
* Bushey, England, United Kingdom (1989)
* Rocca di Papa, Italy (1989)
* Waldheim, Germany (1990)
* Siófok, Hungary (2002)

## Sports
Landsberg is home to the following sports clubs:

## Sources
* 
* Thomas Raithel, *Die Strafanstalt Landsberg am Lech und der Spöttinger Friedhof (1944-1958). Eine Dokumentation im Auftrag des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte München-Berlin* (München: Oldenbourg 2009).

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website (in German) 
* European Holocaust Memorial  Citizens´Association European Holocaust Memorial Foundation
* The Holocaust in the Landsberg area - Citizens´ Association "Landsberg in the 20th Century" (English) 
**Landsberger lager-cajtung (Landsberg am Lech, Germany)*, B1110 is a digitized periodical at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York
Brown River tree frog

The **Brown River tree frog** (*Litoria vocivincens*) is a frog from Papua New Guinea.  It lives not far from the ocean.  Scientists saw as high in the hills as 1000 meters above sea level.

## References
Witold Sadowy

**Witold Sadowy** (7 January 1920 – 15 November 2020) was a Polish actor, publicist and columnist. He was a columnist of the *Gazeta Wyborcza* daily and *Życie na gorąco* magazine. He was born in Warsaw.

He made his theatre debut in 1945. His best known roles were in *Zakazane piosenki* and *Bad Luck*.

In January 2020, at the age of 100, he publicly came out as gay. 

Sadowy died on 15 November 2020 in Konstancin-Jeziorna, Poland at the age of 100.

## References
Victor Popa

**Victor Popa** (15 April 1949 – 15 November 2020) was a Moldovan politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Moldova from 2010 until 2013. He left office when he was named a Justice of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova.

Popa died on 15 November 2020 at the age of 71.

## References
## Other websites
* Popa Victor 
* Site-ul Partidului Liberal
* Canal multimedia PL pe YouTube
* Parlamentul Virtual
Kereta Api Indonesia

**Kereta Api Indonesia** (or KAI) is a railway company in indonesia. Began operation in 1945 from former railway ompanies like Statspoorwegen,NIS,and others. The company starts with name-brand DKA (Djawatan Kereta Api),Later PJKA ,PT.Kereta Api and PT.KAI.
Snow in Florida

. This happened on January 29, 2014 after a winter storm.]]
The U.S. state Florida does not get snow very . Most of the time,  cities in Florida do not get snowfall that can be measured. Some areas in the far north are able to get snow more often. The National Weather Service says that the Florida Keys and Key West have not gotten a snow flurry in more than 300 years. In Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and Palm Beach, only one snow flurry was recorded. This happened in January 1977. Miami, Fort Lauderdale, or Palm Beach have not had a snow flurry before or after that.

Florida's climate is low latitude and subtropical. Temperatures that are cold enough to have snowfall do not happen long. Frost is more likely to happen than snow because it needs a temperature of 32°F or 0°C, less than 2 m or 7 ft above sea level, no clouds in the sky, and a relative humidity of 65% or more. For snow to happen in Florida, a polar jet stream must go south through Texas and the Gulf of Mexico. A cold front has to stop around the south part of Florida and curve  to add very cold air into clouds.

The earliest known time Florida got snow was in 1774. People in Florida thought it was " white rain." The first White Christmas in the northeast part of Florida was on December 23, 1989.

## References
Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń

The **Basilica of Our Lady of Licheń**   is a Roman Catholic church located at the Shrine of Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland, in the village of Licheń Stary near Konin in the Greater Poland Voivodeship in Poland. 

It was designed by Barbara Bielecka and built between 1994 and 2004. The construction was funded by pilgrims' donations. With a tower measuring 141.5 meters in height, it is one of the tallest and largest churches in the world.

## References
Lawrence LeShan

**Lawrence LeShan** (September 8, 1920 – November 9, 2020) was an American psychologist, educator and the author. He was best known for writing the best-selling *How to Meditate* (1974) a practical guide to meditation. He wrote about 75 articles in the professional literature and thirteen books about psychotherapy, war, cancer treatment, and mysticism. 

LeShan was born in New York City. He died on November 9, 2020 at the age of 100.

## References
Yairus Gwijangge

**Yairus Gwijangge** (31 December 1968 &ndash; 15 November 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was born in Mapenduma, Papua, Indonesia. Gwijiangge was the Regent of Nduga from 2011 to 2016 and again from 2017 until his death.

Gwijangge died on 15 November 2020 at a hospital in Jakarta, aged 51.

## References
Walid Muallem

**Walid Mohi Edine al Muallem** (; 13 January 1941 – 16 November 2020) was a Syrian politician. He was a member of the Ba'ath Party. He was Foreign Minister from 2006 to 2020 and as Deputy Prime Minister from 2012 to 2020. Muallem was born in Damascus, Syria.

Muallem died on 16 November 2020 in Damascus from heart disease at the age of 79.

## References
Carlos Amadeu

**Carlos Amadeu Nascimento Lemos** (6 September 1965 – 15 November 2020), known as **Carlos Amadeu**, was a Brazilian footballer and manager. He played as a left back. He was born in Salvador, Bahia.

Amadeu joined Bahia's youth setup in 1983. In 1987, after two seasons as a senior, Amadeu moved to Galícia. 

On 15 November 2020, Amadeu was found dead in Riyadh after having a heart attack at the age of 55.

## References
Michèle Flournoy

**Michèle Angélique Flournoy** (born December 14, 1960) is an American politician and businesswoman. He was Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Strategy under President Bill Clinton and Under Secretary of Defense for Policy under President Barack Obama.

He was a principal advisor to U.S. Secretaries of Defense Robert Gates and Leon Panetta from February 2009 to February 2012.

During her tenure in the Clinton administration, Flournoy was the author of the May 1997 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR).

## References
Handover of Hong Kong

The **handover of Hong Kong**, or the **transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong** (also called "the Handover" or "the Return" in mainland China) was when the country that controlled Hong Kong was changed from the United Kingdom to China. The handover happened on 1 July 1997. Before this day, British Hong Kong was controlled by the United Kingdom as a colony and a British Dependent Territory. After the handover, Hong Kong became a special administrative region (SAR) of China.

The handover was the end of British control of Hong Kong. They governed over it for 156 years. Because the number of people living in Hong Kong was 6.5 million in 1997, it was the majority of people (97%) living in all British Dependent Territories. Some people think that the handover was the end of the British Empire.

## History
### Background
The United Kingdom controlled many parts of India by the 1830s. Their goal in this land was to grow cotton so that they didn't have to buy so much from the United States. They were not able to grow cotton, but they found out that they could grow poppies in India and turn them into opium. The British smuggled opium into China so that they could buy tea. This was one of the reasons the Opium Wars happened, when Britain and China fought with each other. After the Opium Wars, the two countries signed three different treaties with the Qing Empire, who controlled China at the time.

Britain was given the power to control the land of Hong Kong in these treaties:
* In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking gave Britain control of Hong Kong Island forever
* In 1860, the Convention of Peking gave control of the Kowloon Peninsula forever as well

## References
## Other websites
*  by the BBC World Service
Bellary

**Bellary**, officially **Ballari**, in the eponymous Bellary district, is a major city in the state of Karnataka,Bharat, India. It is  from the state capital of Bangaluru and  from Hyderabad. Bellary has an urban population of 4,10,445 and metro population of 7,70,929.

## References
Primordial black hole

In cosmology, **primordial black holes** (**PBHs**) are black holes that we think might exist in the Universe today. These black holes might have been created just after the Big Bang.

Immediately after the Big Bang, when the Universe was still getting bigger, the universe was an extreme place full of subatomic particles and lots of energy. Inside this extreme place, there were places where matter was very denser than the matter around it. In these places, gravity caused these places to collapse. This gravitational collapse would have created primordial black holes. These black holes are not created when very massive stars die like with stellar black holes but we're created in the early universe.

The idea of primordial black holes was first introduced by Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich and Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov in 1966. But, it was the Stephen Hawking who studied these interesting objects even more in 1971. Whether or not primordial black holes are real is still being talked about by scientists.

In September 2022, researchers gave an idea that primordial black holes might be the reason for the very massive early galaxies found by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Another interesting idea is that primordial black holes could be dark matter though we don't know if this is true.

## References
Neopronoun

**Neopronouns** are new words used as third-person pronoun, used in place of he, she, it, one pronoun and singular they. Neopronouns are 
neologisms (new language) used by some non-binary people. The 2021 Gender Census of non-binary people found that the most common neopronoun was xe/xem. Another example of neopronouns are thon/thons.

Neopronouns that are based on nouns are called nounself pronouns, such as fae/faer, moss/mossself, bun/bunself, moth/mothself, and rot/rotself. Spivak pronouns are based on they/them, such as ey/em and ae/aer.

## References
Ravi Belagere

**Ravi Belagere** (15 March 1958 – 13 November 2020) was an Indian writer and journalist. He was born in Ballari, Karnataka. He was the editor of Kannada language tabloid *Hai Bangalore* and the magazine *O Manase*.
## Early life and education
Ravi Belagere was born on 15 March 1958 in Ballari, Karnataka, India. He studied in Ballari and later moved to Bengaluru for higher studies. He completed a master's degree in history and worked as a lecturer before becoming a full-time writer and journalist.

## Career
Ravi Belagere became well known as the editor of Hai Bangalore, a popular Kannada tabloid started in the 1990s. The tabloid became famous for its bold and sensational reporting. He also started the magazine O Manase, which focused on youth issues and personal development. He wrote many books, including novels, biographies and crime stories. His writing style was direct, emotional and sometimes controversial.

He also worked in television and was a popular speaker and columnist. His columns like "Papigala Lokadalli" (In the World of Criminals) gained a lot of attention.
## Death
Ravi Belagere died from a heart attack on 13 November 2020 in Bangalore. He was 62 years old.    

## References
Dorothy Dells

**Dorothy Emily Dells** (July 16, 1928- April 3, 2020) was born on July 16, 1928 in Medford Oregon. Her career began when she was discovered while working at a drive in restaurant on Sunset Blvd. She was immediately signed for the TV series Have Gun, Will Travel. She went on to gain recognition in many TV shows including 77 Sunset Strip, Rawhide, My 3 Sons, The Richard Boone Show, Hollywood Wife"s and Bachelor Father. She appeared in TV movies as well as in segments of Quincy Jones, Chips and Lou Grant. She costarred in the Chuck Norris film, An Eye For an Eye, Sledge Hammer, Death Warrant and The Beach Boys Summer Dream's.

She died in San Luis Obispo on April 3, 2020. She lived a long and prosperous life and will be remembered fondly by many.
Book of the Consulate of the Sea

The ***Book of the Consulate of the Sea*** or ***Book of the Consulate of Sea*** is a 15th-century maritime commercial law treaty. Is a compendium of maritime law that governed trade in the Mediterranean for centuries. Of Catalan origin, it was translated into many languages and served as the basis for current international maritime law.i

The text serves as disclosure of the practice in the sea, commenting on the uses and customs as a manual. Considered an excellent primary source on the customs of the time, it collects a lot of information on the legal systems of the time in Europe. The*editio princeps* is in the Catalan language, and was printed in Barcelona in 1484, reprinted again ten years later. The first Italian translation is of 1519, it is the work of Antonio Blado and the second at Venice by Giovanni Battista Pederzano (1549), and then by Francesco Lorenzini (1564). If there are more than twenty editions in Italian and others in English, French, German, Dutch, and Spanish.

## Origin 
According to Chiner and Chacon, the Ordinances of the Ribera (i.e. seaside) (* Ordianationis Ripairiœ *), written in 1258, did not yet encode the maritime customs of Barcelona, and that the first reference to "Sea consuls" appears in Barcelona in 1282, just one year before the Consulate of the Sea was created in Valencia. Also note that the consuls of Barcelona had no independence assigned later on in the *Book of the Consulate of the Sea*. Customs collected in the book would be in part coming from a Barcelona origin,  but many would have been created and consolidated in Valencia, from which have been copied to the subsequently created consulates. According to Arcadi Garcia Sanz, the main difference between the consulates of Barcelona and Valencia would be the fact that the latter had from the start a "royal jurisdiction", and therefore has influenced so strongly in the other consulates in the fifteenth century.

## Related pages 
*Catalan navy

## References 
## Bibliography
*
*
*

## Other websites 
*  Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su '''Consolato del mare'
*britannica.com
* Consolat de Mar fund in the Library of Ateneo Barcelonés
* **Libre apellat con(n)solat de mar** in Cervantes virtual (in catalan) 
* Consolat de Mar Derogation
Fluorocarbon

is a common cooling agent, and a solvent. Its is a fluorocarbon.]]
**Fluorocarbons** are chemical compounds that only contain fluorine and carbon. The terminology isn't strictly followed, many organic compounds are called fluorocarbons. Another name is **Perfluorocarbon**. Fluorocarbons belong to the group  of hydrofluorocarbons. Fluorocarbons are commonly used in insulation, and as cooling agents, called refrigerants. Because they take a long time to decay, they are considered greenhouse gases.
Anne Covell

**Anne Covell** (9 August 1950 &ndash; 3 November 2020) was a Canadian sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Delta, British Columbia.

Covell died on 3 November 2020, aged 70.

## References
José Luis Espert

**José Luis Espert** (born November 21, 1961) is an Argentine economist and politician. He believes in liberalism. He was a candidate for the Argentine presidency in the 2019 elections.

Espert was born in Pergamino, Buenos Aires (Argentina). He graduated in economics at the University of Buenos Aires and then got master's degrees from the University of CEMA and the National University of Tucumán.

He writes for several newspapers: La Nación, El Cronista, El País.

In the 2019 elections for the Presidency he received 1.47% of votes. Since 2021, he has been a National Deputy elected in Buenos Aires Province for the Avanza Libertad coalition.

## References
Raúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga

**Raúl Eduardo Vela Chiriboga** (1 January 1934  – 15 November 2020) was an Ecuadorean prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the Archbishop of Quito from 2003 to 2010. He was born in Riobamba, Ecuador.

Vela Chiriboga died on 15 November 2020 in Quito at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Profile on the Archdiocese of Quito's website 
*Catholic Hierarchy entry
Kay Wiestål

**Kay-Arne Arvid Wiestål** (16 October 1940 – 14 November 2020) was a Swedish footballer and businessman. Wiestål played for Djurgårdens IF and won Allsvenskan in 1966. He later played in the North American Soccer League for Oakland Clippers and St. Louis Stars.

In 1970, he joined Ope IF as playing manager.

Wiestål died on 14 November 2020 from COVID-19, aged 80.

## References
Jacob M. Landau

**Jacob M. Landau** (20 March 1924 – 12 November 2020) was a Moldovan-born Israeli political scientist. He was Professor Emeritus in the Department of Political Science (in the field of Middle Eastern Studies) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. he was born in Chișinău, Moldova. In 2005, he won the Israel Prize.

Landau died on 16 November 2020 in Jerusalem at the age of 96.

## References
Katherine Schwarzenegger

**Katherine Eunice Schwarzenegger Pratt** (born December 13, 1989) is an American author. She is the oldest child of actor and former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger and broadcast journalist Maria Shriver.

Her granduncles were President John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy because her grandmother Eunice Kennedy was their sister. 

She started dating actor Chris Pratt in June 2018. Schwarzenegger and Pratt announced their engagement on January 13, 2019. On June 8, 2019, they were married in Montecito, California. 

## References
Shawkat Ali (politician)

Col. (retd.) **Shawkat Ali** MP (; 27 January 1937 – 16 November 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was deputy speaker of the National Parliament from 2009 to 2014. He was a member of the Awami League. He was a member of parliament from 1979 to 1986 and again from 1991 to 2014. Ali was born in Shariatpur District, Bangladesh.

Ali died on 16 November 2020 at the age of 83.

## References
Schiltigheim

**Schiltigheim** (, , and sometimes  by non-local speakers of French; Alsatian: *Schelige* ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Hurricane Iota

**Hurricane Iota** was a devastating late-season Category 4 Atlantic hurricane which caused severe damage to areas of Central America already devastated by Hurricane Eta just less than two weeks prior. The 31st and final tropical cyclone, 30th named storm, 14th hurricane, and record-tying seventh major hurricane of the record-breaking 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Iota originated as a tropical wave that moved into the Eastern Caribbean on November 10. Over the next few days, the wave began to become better organized and by November 13, it developed into a tropical depression north of Colombia. The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Iota six hours later. The storm was initially impacted by some wind shear, but a center relocation and relaxed shear allowed Iota to quickly strengthen into a hurricane on November 15, after which it underwent explosive intensification, peaking at Category 5 with wind speeds of 160 mph (257 km/h), operationally. However, the peak was adjusted down to a 155 mph (249 km/h) high-end Category 4 in post-season analysis. After weakening slightly, Iota made landfall in northeastern Nicaragua as a high-end Category 4 hurricane, becoming the strongest recorded hurricane to make landfall in Nicaragua in November. Iota then rapidly weakened as it moved inland, dissipating on November 18, the storm killed 61 people and 41 were reported missing during the storm

## References
Nduga Regency

**Nduga Regency** is one of the regencies (*kabupaten*) in Papua Province of Indonesia.  Nduga Regency was separated from Jayawijaya Regency on 4 January 2008. It covers an area of 12,942 km2, and had a population of 79,053 at the 2010 Census. The administrative centre is at Kenyam.

## References
Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church

The **Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church**, also known in the United States as the **Byzantine Catholic Church**, is an Eastern Catholic church that uses the Byzantine Rite. It is one of the 23 Eastern Catholic churches that are in full communion with the Holy See. There are two main communities within the church: American and European. In the United States, the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh is self-governing (*sui iuris*).

## References
Kenyam

**Kenyam** is a town and district in Nduga Regency, Papua, Indonesia. It is the capital of the regency. Its population is 8,148.

## References
Gerald Nicholas Dino

**Gerald Nicholas Dino** (January 11, 1940 &ndash; November 14, 2020) was an American prelate of the Ruthenian Catholic Church. He was the bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Phoenix from 2008 to 2016. He was born in Binghamton, New York. In 1965, he was made a priest for the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Passaic. 

On December 6, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him bishop of the Eparchy of Van Nuys, and on March 27, 2008 he was consecrated a bishop.

On reaching the age of 75, Dino submitted his resignation to Pope Francis.

Dino died on November 14, 2020 at the age of 80.

## References
Papua (province)

**Papua** is a province of Indonesia. It is in Western New Guinea. It is bordered by the state of Papua New Guinea to the east.

According to the 2010 census by Statistics Indonesia, Papua had a population of 2,833,381, the majority of whom are Christians. The province is divided into twenty-eight regencies and one city. Its capital and largest city is Jayapura.

## References
Harry van Raaij

**Hendrikus Jacobus Maria "Harry" van Raaij** (29 August 1936 – 16 November 2020) was a Dutch businessman. He was the chairman of PSV Eindhoven, a Dutch sports club, between 1996 and 2004. Van Raaij was born in Haps, Netherlands. He was a manager at Philips.

## References
Lake Stevens, Washington

**Lake Stevens** is a city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States, and is named for the lake that it surrounds. It is located  east of Everett. The city's population was 35,630 at the 2020 census.

## References
Makassar

**Makassar** () is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi. It is the largest city in the region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, and Medan.

## References
Snohomish, Washington

**Snohomish** is a city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 10,126 at the 2020 census. 

## References
Jayapura

**Jayapura** is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Papua.

Jayapura is the fourth largest city by economy in Eastern Indonesia—after Makassar, Denpasar, and Manado—with a 2016 GDP at Rp19.48 trillion.

## References
Municipality of Ljutomer

The **Municipality of Ljutomer** (; ) is a municipality in northeastern Slovenia, some  east of Maribor. It was part of the region of Styria. It is now included in the Mura Statistical Region. Its largest settlement and the administrative seat is Ljutomer.

## References
Ljutomer

**Ljutomer** (; ) is a town in northeastern Slovenia, some 40&nbsp;km east of Maribor. It is the seat of the Municipality of Ljutomer. It was part of the region of Styria. It is now included in the Mura Statistical Region. The economy of Ljutomer is largely based on grape farming and wine making.

## References
Peace of Riga

The **Peace of Riga**, or The **Treaty of Riga** (Polish:*Traktat ryski)*, was signed in Riga on March 18 1921 by the Second Polish Republic, Soviet Russia, and Soviet Ukraine and ended the Polish-Soviet War.

The borders between Poland and Russia that were changed by the treaty stayed the same until World War II, when the Soviets took eastern Poland. That was finalized by the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference.

## World War I
World War I changed the imperial borders of Europe. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution, Russia gave up Poland at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. After the war ended by Germany losing. Poland was recreated after over 100 years of being divided by three countries.

## Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War gave Poland the chance to regain the land that had been controlled by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth but was taken by Russia in the 18th century. Meanwhile, the Soviet leaders wanted to attack Poland to respond to the leader of Poland, Józef Piłsudski, who had moved into Ukraine. The Soviets saw Poland as a land bridge to Western Europe, which they could cross to expand communism to the West. That started the Polish-Soviet War. A grear victory for Poland happened at the Battle of Warsaw. Both sides were now tired and wanted to end the war. Other victories by Poland placed it under pressure by the League of Nations, which also wanted to end the war after it had taken a lot of land.

## Negotiations
Peace talks started in Minsk on August 17, 1920, but since the Poles' counterattack had moved closer, the negotiations moved to Riga and continued on September 21. The Soviets suggested two solutions, one on 21 September and a second on 28 September. The Poles suggested another solution on October 2. Three days later, the Soviets suggested a change to the offer to the Poles, who accepted it. An end to the war was signed on 12 October, and the war actually ended on 18 October 1920. The leading negotiators were, Jan Dąbski from Poland and Adolph Joffe from Soviet Russia. The Soviets did not let the anti-communist Ukrainian leaders be in the negotiations. 

The Soviets' military problems made them give up much of the land that they wanted. However, to many other people, it looked as if Poland had lost the war.

Most of the Polish negotiators were members of the National Democrats, who were Piłsudski's political enemies. They did not want more than a third of the people living in Poland to be ethnic non-Polish and so they agreed to get less land than they could have gotten although many Poles would be left on the Soviet side of the border. The Soviets had been willing to give up even Minsk.
Medan

**Medan** ( , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra. The nearby Strait of Malacca, Port of Belawan, and Kualanamu International Airport make Medan a regional hub and multicultural metropolis, acting as a financial centre for Sumatra and a gateway to the western part of Indonesia. About 60% of the economy in North Sumatra is backed by trading, agriculture, and processing industries, including exports from its 4 million acres of palm oil plantations. The National Development Planning Agency listed Medan as one of the four main central cities in Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. In terms of population, it is the most populous city in Indonesia outside of the island of Java. Its population as of 2023 is approximately equal to the country of Moldova.

As of the 2020 Census, Medan had a population of 2,435,252 within its city limits; the official population estimate as of mid 2023 was 2,474,166 - comprising 1,231,673 males and 1,242,493 females. When the surrounding urban area is included, the population is over 3.4 million, making it the fourth largest urban area in Indonesia. The Medan metropolitan area—which includes neighbouring Binjai, Deli Serdang Regency, and a part of Karo Regency—is the largest metropolitan area outside of Java, with 4,744,323 residents counted in the 2020 Census.

The city was founded at the confluence of the Deli River and the Babura river by a Karonese man named Guru Patimpus. Then called *Kampung Medan Putri*, it became part of the Deli Sultanate, established in 1632. In the late 19th century, colonial Dutch seeking new plantation areas chose Medan and Deli as plantation hubs to found the Deli Company. Within a few years, the Dutch tobacco trade transformed Medan into an economic hub, earning it the nickname  ("the land of the money"). The Deli Railway, established to ship tobacco, rubber, tea, timber, palm oil, and sugar from Medan to the Port of Belawan for worldwide export, brought further rapid development to Medan. The city became first the capital of the State of East Sumatra, and then the provincial capital of North Sumatra.

## References
Campbell Forsyth

**Robert Campbell Forsyth** (5 May 1934 – November 2020) was a Scottish footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for St Mirren, Kilmarnock and Southampton. He also made four international appearances for Scotland in 1964.

Forsyth died in November 2020 at the age of 86.

## References
Anya Phillips

**Anya Phillips** (?, 1953 – June 19, 1981) was part of the 1970s punk rock scene.  She was a co-founder of legendary New York nightclub the Mudd Club along with Steve Maas and Diego Cortez. She managed New York-based musician James Chance (aka James White). Phillips helped create the fashion, sound and look of the New York-based no wave scene of the late 1970s. She was born in Taipei, Taiwan. Phillips died of cancer in June 1981 in Valhalla, New York, at the age of 26.

## References
Francisco Sagasti

**Francisco Rafael Sagasti Hochhausler** (born October 10, 1944) is a Peruvian engineer, academic, and politician. He was the 62nd President of Peru from  November 16, 2020 to 28 July 2021. 

In March 2020, he was elected as a Member of Congress for the Lima constituency. 

He is a founding member of the Purple Party. 

## Presidency
Following the removal of Martín Vizcarra, President of Congress Manuel Merino became President of Peru after a controvertial express impeachment due to allegations of "moral incapacity" (a 19th century concept for mental incapacity) considered a covert parliamentary coup by many people. After a week of violent repression of the massive protestsMerino resigned as the country's leader and Sagasti was elected by his fellow Congressmen to succeed Merino as president of Congress on the 16th November. The next day Sagasti succeeded him as acting President of Peru. 

Sagasti is scheduled to conclude the presidential term on 28 July 2021. He would be eligible to seek election for a full term, however the Purple Party nominated Julio Guzmán as their candidate for the 2021 Peruvian general election, with Sagasti on the ticket as Second Vice President.

His government coincided with the development of social conflicts such as the agrarian strike in Ica, Piura and La Libertad and Apurímac, which were resolved after the repeal of the so-called "Chlimper Law" that promoted investment in agriculture through meager labor benefits for workers from the field. His government has called itself a “transitional and emergency government”.

## References
Novo Mesto

**Novo Mesto** (; ; also known by other alternative names) is the city on a bend of the Krka River in the City Municipality of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia, close to the border with Croatia. The town is known as the economic and cultural centre of the historical Lower Carniola region.

## References
Sadri Skander

**Sadri Skander**  (, born April 10, 1982) is a Tunisian television presenter and producer. He is also an editor-in-chief and an entrepreneur. He is also publisher and editor-in-chief of Tunisie Automobile magazine and co-produces and hosts the AutoPRO program on the Attessia TV channel and previously the AutoPlus and Karhabtek Labess programs on El Hiwar El Tounsi.

## Television career 
In 2012, he made his debut as a producer and host on Tunisna TV, with the show Drive and Fast. In 2013, he switched to Nessma, to produce 100% auto.

From 2016 to 2018, he was also the presenter of the Karhabtek Labès show dedicated to tuning, of a social nature and broadcast on El Hiwar El Tounsi during the Labès talk show.

From 2014 to 2018, he was presenter and co-producer of the auto show Auto +, broadcast every Sunday on El Hiwar El Tounsi.

From 2019 to 2020, he is presenter and co-producer of the automotive show AutoPRO, on Attessia TV.

## Career 
In 2015, he launched a bimonthly automotive magazine, Tunisie Automobile, of which he is editor-in-chief.

In April 2017, he launched AutoPRO, the largest sales center for used vehicles in Tunisia.

In October 2018, he signed with a partaneriat with Italcar, representative of Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Jeep and Lancia, and with Stafim, representative of Peugeot, in May 2019.

Since 2018, he has co-produced and hosted the AutoPRO show on Attessia TV .

In January 2020, he became the face of the Bridgestone brand on the Tunisian market during his contract with the commercial rubber tire company "S.C.P".

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Laura Olascuaga

**Laura Victoria Olascuaga Pinto** (born 1995 in Cartagena, Colombia) is a Colombian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Universe Colombia 2020 pageant on November 16, 2020. She will represent Colombia at Miss Universe 2020.

## Life and career
### Early life
Olascuaga was born in Cartagena, the capital of the department of Bolívar. She graduated from the Universedad del Norte in Barranquilla, where she earned her bachelor’s degree in social communication and journalism.

### Pageantry
Olascuaga began her pageantry career representing the department of Bolívar in Señorita Colombia on November 12, 2018. She placed first runner up, being awarded the title of “Virreina”, but resigned the following day. On November 16, 2020, Olascauga, representing the department of Bolívar, won the title of Miss Universe Colombia 2020 and was crowned by former Miss Germany and current director of Miss Universe Colombia, Natalie Ackermann. As the new titleholder, Olascuaga will represent Colombia at Miss Universe 2020.

## References
Moderna

**Moderna** is an American biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. They focus on drug discovery and development, and vaccine technologies based on messenger RNA.

As of November 2020, Moderna was valued at $35&nbsp;billion, and while none of its drugs had been approved, its COVID-19 vaccine candidate was close to being authorized for mass use.

In 2023 it is to build a centre in Harwell, Oxfordshire, to produce vaccines for Covid, flu and respiratory syncytial virus.

## References
Steve Ricchetti

**Steven J. Ricchetti** is an American political aide and lobbyist. On November 17, 2020 he was hired to be the Counselor to the President under President-elect Joe Biden.

He was Chief of Staff to Vice President Joe Biden during the Obama administration and Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations under President Bill Clinton.

## References