open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Maria Hill

Commander **Maria Christina Hill** is a fictional character that appears in the universe of Marvel Comics, and is a supporting character in most of the *Iron Man* comics. She was created by Brian Michael Bendis and David Finch, and first appeared in *New Avengers* #4. 

## Fictional character biography 
Hill is an agent (and later director) of S.H.I.E.L.D. She is also an ally of Nick Fury and the Avengers, mainly its prominent members, Iron Man and Captain America.

## In other media 
In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, the character is played by actress Cobie Smulders.
Panorama Point

**Panorama Point** is the highest natural point in Nebraska. It is at an elevation of  above sea level.
It is located in southwestern Kimball County, near the point where Nebraska and Wyoming meet on Colorado's northern border.  Despite its name and elevation, Panorama Point is not a mountain or a hill. It is a low rise on the High Plains. A stone marker, saying that the elevation is , and a guest register are located at the top of the drive. From the point people can see the nearby state corner marker, and a big plains landscape with the Rocky Mountains in the western distance. Panorama Point is located on the High Point Bison Ranch, which lets visitors drive to the point as long as they avoid the bison and pay a fee.

## References
Gandhara

Museum.]]
**Gandhara** was an ancient region in what is now northwest Pakistan. The main part of Gandhara was in Peshawar and Swat valleys. But the cultural impact of "Greater Gandhara" went beyond the Indus river to Taxila in Potohar Plateau and to the west in the Jalalabad valley in Afghanistan and Central Asia. The region of Gandhara in Pakistan is also the second holy land of Buddhism, the first being Magadha in Nepal and India.
, Pakistan.]]
 is one of the best preserved Gandhara site.]]
Gandhara had a significant impact on the development of Tibetan and Han Buddhism, playing a important role in spreading Buddhism to China, Korea, and Japan.

In the Iron Age, Gandhara became a major power around 550 BCE under King Pushkarasarin. It was later conquered by Cyrus I and Alexander the Great. Gandhara went through different rulers, including the Maurya Empire and the Indo-Greek Kingdom. It thrived as a center for Greco-Buddhism which later formed Gandharan Buddhism, influencing regions like Central Asia and East Asia.

## References
RMS Olympic

'*RMS *Olympic'''* was a British ocean liner, sister to the famous ships *Titanic* and *Britannic*. *Olympic* had a career spanning 24 years from 1911 to 1935. In September 1911, *Olympic* collided with the HMS *Hawke*. This included service as a troop carrier during World War I, which gained her the nickname *"Old Reliable".* In September 1915, during World War I, *Olympic* was painted in a dazzle camouflage, naming itself as the *'HMT *Olympic*'*. On 12 May 1918, she spotted a U-boat ahead, which is named *U-103*. 

*Olympic*’s port propeller sliced through *U-103*’s pressure hull. *Olympic* did not stop to pick up the survivors, but continues on to Cherbourg. She returned to passenger service as *'RMS *Olympic*'* after the war, and served successfully as an ocean liner throughout the 1920s and early 1930s. In May 1934, *Olympic* struck another ship, called Nantucket Lightship *LV-117*. 

Her scrapping began in 1935 in Jarrow. Between 1935 and 1937, *Olympic*’s superstructure was demolished, and then, on 19 September 1937, her hull was towed to Thos. W. Ward’s yard at Inverkeithing for final demolition which was completed by late 1937. *Olympic* was scrapped from 1935 to 1937 due to the Great Depression.

By the time of her retirement, *Olympic'' had completed 257 round trips across the Atlantic, transporting 430,000 passengers on her commercial voyages, travelling 1.8 million miles.

## References
High Tor Vineyards

High Tor Vineyards was a prominent winery located in Clarkstown, New York. The vineyard, which opened in 1950, played a significant role in the history of winemaking in the Hudson Valley region. It was revived in 2022.

## Winery Revival 
In 2022, a nearby private winery that operated between 1960 and 1990 became available. The former Salowey Winery has now become the site of the reborn High Tor Vineyards, which seeks to combine the innovation of both the original High Tor Vineyards and the Salowey Winery through organic farming methods and unique grape variety selections.

## History 
### Early Years 
High Tor Vineyards was established by Everett Crosby in 1950. Crosby was influenced by the work of winemaker Philip Wagner. High Tor Vineyards was the first winery to grow French-hybrid grapes in the Northeast.

### Legacy Winery 
For over 40 years and across 4 different owners, High Tor Vineyards established itself as one of the prominent East Coast wineries. Suburban economic pressures of increasing taxes and increasing land values made High Tor vulnerable to development. A controversial development proposal was combined with the controlled burning of a historic home on the property without any permits. The technical problems, combined with the burning of the historic home, resulted in strong local opposition. The local opposition led to the ultimate acquisition of the entire 54-acre property by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission for incorporation into the neighboring 500-acre High Tor State Park.

After Crosby sold the vineyard, he documented his trials and tribulations of being a vineyard owner in his book, *The Vintage Years: The Saga of High Tor Vineyards*. Members of the public can still visit the site of the one-time winery and vineyard using a side trail in High Tor State Park off the Long Path, which is maintained by the NY-NJ Trail Conference.

## References
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad

'''Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad''' () was a Salafist Islamist jihadist militant group. It was created in Jordan in 1999 and was led by Zarqa-born Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi for its lifetime.
High Tor State Park

**High Tor State Park** is a state park in Rockland County, New York, United States. The park is located on the South Mountain.

## Park description 
High Tor State Park is used during the summer months. It has picnic tables, a pool, hiking trails, and a spot to buy food.

## History 
### *High Tor* Play 
In 1937, playwright Maxwell Anderson wrote *High Tor* about a man who saves his crag from a crushing company. The play laster inspired the 1956 movie, *High Tor.*

### High Tor Vineyards 
78 acres of the original land was owned by Everett Crosby, a wine-maker. Crosby used this land to operate High Tor Vineyards, a prominent East Coast winery. The vineyard was later purchased by The Scenic Hudson Land Trust. The land was then added to the state park.

## References 
## Other websites 
* New York State Parks: High Tor State Park
* NY-NJTC: High Tor State Park
* Palisades Parks Conservancy: High Tor State Park
* NY-NJ-CT Botany Online: Facts about High Tor
Jeremy Fragrance

**Jeremy Fragrance** used the stage name Jeremy Williams from 2008 to 2010 and was a member of the unsuccessful casting band Part Six.

After that, he briefly joined the music project *Golden Circle* and released a solo music piece called "All of Me" in 2011.
Kristine Froseth

**Kristine Froseth** (born September 21, 1995) is an American-Norwegian actress. She is known for playing Kelly Aldrich in the Netflix series *The Society* and Alaska Young in the Hulu series *Looking for Alaska*.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Madurese people

dances.]]
**Madurese** (; ), also known as **Madurans**, are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Madura in the Java Sea. They speak the Madurese language and share a common history, traditions, and cultural identity. The Madurese are the fourth-largest ethnic group in Indonesia, and known for their contribution to the national dish Saté.

Approximately six million native Madurese reside on Madura Island, with half a million living in eastern Java. Some Madurese form a subgroup called Pandalungan Madurese, speaking a mix of Javanese and Madurese languages.

## Population and Distribution 
Official data on the Madurese population in Indonesia vary. The 2010 census states they make up 3.03% of the country's population, around 7.2 million people. Some sources suggest larger figures of 10.5 to 10.8 million. Regardless, Madurese people are among Indonesia's largest ethnic groups, ranking fourth after the Javanese, Sundanese, and Batak. Historically, Madurese inhabit Madura Island, smaller islands in the Java Sea, and parts of Java and Kalimantan islands. Significant Madurese communities exist in Jakarta, Bali, Bangka Belitung Islands, and even in neighboring countries like Singapore.

## Language and Religion 
The Madurese people speak the Madurese language, a Madura-Kangeanic language in the Austronesian family. The language varies across Madura Island, with Sumenep Madurese considered the standard. Madurese is recognized by the East Java provincial government and is used as a co-official language in certain regions, mainly in Madura.

The majority of Madurese people practice Islam, mainly following the Sunni sect system of Nahdlatul Ulama. Muslim theologians play a important role in their spiritual and social life. Many Madurese individuals receive education in traditional local Muslim schools called Pondhuk Pâsantrèn, which also contribute significantly to their spiritual and social development.

## References
Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra

**Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra** is an Swedish symphony orchestra based in Gothenburg.

## Discography
### Studio albums
## References
William II, Prince of Orange

**William II** (27 May 1626 – 6 November 1650) was sovereign Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, Overijssel and Groningen in the United Provinces of the Netherlands from 14 March 1647 until his death three years later. His only child, William III, reigned as King of England, Ireland, and Scotland.

## References
Karina Lipiarska

**Karina Lipiarska-Pałka** (born 16 February 1987) is a Polish recurve archer. Lipiarska competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## References
Philautus everetti

The '''Everett's flying frog'* (*Philautus everetti'') is a frog.  It lives in Borneo and the Phillippines. People have seen it on Palawan Island. People usually see it between 750 and 1800 meters above sea level. Sometimes people see it as low as 300 meters above sea level.

The adult male frog is 30-32 mm from nose to rear end and the adult female frog 45-49 mm. This frog can be green or brown in color. There is a mark between the eyes.

There are fewer of this frog than there were. Scientists say this is because humans change the places where the frog lives. For example, humans cut down forests where the frog lives to get wood to build with. Some of the places this frog lives are protected parks.

## References
Bartosz Mikos

**Bartosz Mikos** (born 8 March 1980) is a Polish archer. Mikos competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## References
Bhuvaneshvari

**Bhuvaneshvari** (Sanskrit: भुवनेश्वरी, IAST: *Bhuvaneśvarī*) is a Hindu goddess. She is the fourth amongst the ten Mahavidya goddesses in Shaktism, and one of the highest aspects of Mahadevi. She is identified as Adi Parashakti in the *Devi Bhagavata Purana*. She is considered to be a form of goddess Durga.
Pinkvilla

**Pinkvilla** is an entertainment platform based in India. As of June 2022, the company has more than 50,000,000 visitors on its website and app. It is the most popular entertainment portal in India.
## History
Pinkvilla was started in May 2007 by Nandini Shenoy.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Philautus acutus

The **sharp bubble-nest frog** (*Philautus acutus*) is a frog.  It lives in Malaysia. People have seen it 300 meters above sea level in Gunung Mulu National Park.

## References
Maria Mączyńska

**Maria Mączyńska** (born 22 May 1932) is a retired Polish archer. Mączyńska competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## References
Iwona Marcinkiewicz

**Iwona Marcinkiewicz** (born 23 May 1975) is an archer from Poland. Marcinkiewicz competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics, 2004 Summer Olympics, and 2008 Summer Olympics.

## References
Ibn Abbas

**Ibn Abbas** was the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad. He was considered the best of all Tafsir writers. He was the son of Muhammad's uncle and the nephew of one of Muhammad's wives. Ibn supported Ali and was made the governor of Basra in modern-day Iraq because of his support.  

## References
Gandhara art

**Gandhara art** or **Gandharan art**, also known as **Greco-Buddhist art**, is a blend of Ancient Greek and Buddhist influences that developed mainly in the northwestern regions of Pakistan in the ancient region of Gandhara. It had influences throughout Central, East and Southeast Asia. The first sculpture of Gautama Buddha in human form was created in this region. The Seated Buddha from Gandhara is the oldest surviving statue of Buddha in the world.

The Gandharan art began with interactions sparked by Alexander the Great's presence and flourished under the Kushan Empire during the 1st-3rd centuries CE. The Gandhara art reached its peak from the 3rd-5th century CE.

Gandhara art features Buddhist themes with a touch of Greco-Roman elements, showcasing a style influenced by Hellenistic art. Notably, it produced the earliest surviving images of Buddha in human form, marking the end of early aniconism (representing Buddha only with symbols) in Buddhism. The realistic portrayal of the human form in large sculptures had a significant impact, spreading Buddhist influence to neighbouring India, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan and as far east as China, Japan, Vietnam and Korea.

## References
Fatemiyoun

**Fatemiyoun** is a Afghani Shiite jihadist group in Syria to fight against rebels in the country and support the leader Bashar al-Assad. The group pledges allegiance to Iran (specifically the IRGC) and members of the group are given Iranian passports.  The group also uses child soldiers for fighting against rebels.

## References
Samer Abu Daqqa

**Samer Abu Daqqa** (;  – 15 December 2023) was a Belgian-Palestinian video journalist working for Al Jazeera. He was one of the founders of the channel’s office in the Gaza Strip where he worked as a photographer and technician for Al-Jazeera for almost twenty years. He also holds Belgian citizenship.

He was killed during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war after the Israeli army bombed an Al Jazeera crew in Khan Yunis on 15 December 2023, while he was covering a Haifa School airstrike.

## References
Japan News Network

The **Japan News Network** is a Japanese commercial television network run by TBS Television, owned by TBS Holdings (which is a part of the major conglomerate Mitsui Group).

## References
Abbas ibn Ali

Al-Abbas ibn Ali was a warrior and frontline fighter in the Battle of Karbala. He is the brother of Husayn ibn Ali and the son of Ali, he died trying to fetch water for his nephew from the Euphrates river and had lost both his arms while still being on his horse, he eventually fell when a battle axe hit him from behind, causing a fatal injury. His last moments we're with his brother Husayn and he was then martyred.
Torben Ulrich

**Torben Ulrich** (4 October 1928 – December 2023) born in Frederiksberg, was a Danish former tennis player, in addition to a musician, filmmaker, and writer. He played left-handed. His highest singles ranking was 96th. He died at the age of 95 in December 2023.
## References
Wayne Clement

**Wayne Clement** is a professional footballer who played as a striker for the Falkland Islands national football team and forward for Stanley F.C.. He is currently the Falkland Islands's all-time highest goalscorer.

## References
The Capilano Courier

The ***Capilano Courier*** is the indendent student newspaper at Capilano University.

## History 
First published in 1968, the *Courier* is run by students and alumni. They report on news, sports, campus life, arts and other national and international topics in their opinion and feature articles.

## Editors-in-Chief 
* 2004-2005: Erin Millar
* 2007-2008: Cole Robertson
* 2008-2009: Christine McLaren
* 2009-2010: Alamir Novin and Kevin Murray
* 2010-2011: Giles Roy
* 2011-2012: Sarah Vitet and Samantha Thompson
* 2012-2013: JJ Brewis
* 2013-2015: Leah Scheitel
* 2015-2017: Andy Rice
* 2017-2018: Carlo Javier
* 2018-2019: Christine Beyleveldt
* 2019-2020: Rachel D'Sa
* 2020-2021: Ana Maria Caicedo
* 2021-2022: Alisha Samnani
* 2023: Matt Shipley and Freya Emery
* 2023-2024: Freya Emery

## References
## Other websites
*
2023 Prague shooting

On 21 December 2023, 18 people were killed in a mass shooting at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University (including the shooter) on Jan Palach Square in central Prague, Czech Republic. 25 more were injured, nine of them seriously. The university building was evacuated. Police arrived at the scene, where they closed off the square and its surroundings. There was a shootout between the gunman and the police, after which he shot himself dead with a shotgun. At the time of the shooting, the student, who had a bachelor's degree from the same university, was studying for a master's degree there.

## References
## Other websites
* As it Happened, summary by The Guardian
Nancy Isime

Nancy Isime (born 1991) is a Nigerian actress who presents on Television including Hip TV and *The Nancy Isime Show.* She is also a model.

## Biography
Isime became popular in 2011. She lost her mother and was raised in Lagos by her father.
She studied in University of Lagos.
## Accolades
In 2009, She won Miss Valentine International Pageantry.

## Reference
The Ubyssey

***The Ubyssey*** is the student newspaper of the University of British Columbia. The newspaper started on October 18, 1918. 

## Publication
*The Ubyssey* is mostly online, but print issues appear once every two weeks from September to April.

## Notable writers 
*The Ubyssey* is the most read student-run paper in Canada. Notable writers throughout its history include Pierre Berton, John Turner, Allan Fotheringham, and Justin McElroy. 

## References
## Other websites
**The Ubyssey*'s website
**The Ubyssey*'s recent print issues in pdf form
*The UBC Library's collection of *Ubyssey* newspapers in pdf form
Funke Akindele

**Funke Akindele** is a Nigerian actress and Film producer. She was popularly known for ''Jenifa's Diary'' in 2015.

## Early life
She started alongside Folarin Falana, Juliana Olayode, Lota Chukwu, Paschaline Alex Okoli, Aderounmu Adejumoke, Michael Uba, Tobi Makinde in Jenifa's Diary.

## Selected Filmography
* *A Tribe Called Judah*
* *Omo Ghetto*

## Reference
Pete Edochie

**Pete Edochie** is a Nigerian actor and Igbo culture practitioner. Pete is the father of Yul Edochie.

## Biography
Pete is a Native of Nteje but was born in Zaria, Kaduna State.
## Controversies
He was abducted by Kidnappers who remained unknown and was later released in 2009.

## Reference
El Gordo

**El Gordo** (lit. *The Fat One*) (**ACT-CL J0102-4915** or **SPT-CL J0102-4915**) is the largest distant galaxy cluster seen as of 2011. 

It has (2014) the record for being the largest distant galaxy cluster we have discovered. Its mass is slightly less than three quadrillion solar masses Later its mass was reduced to about 2.1 quadrillion solar masses with a 10% uncertainty. 

It was found by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (funded by the National Science Foundation) and the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope.

## References
Saara Aalto

**Saara Sofia Aalto** (born 2 May 1987) is a Finnish singer. She was the runner-up of both *The Voice of Finland* in 2011 and *The X Factor UK* in 2016*.* She also represented Finland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 with the song "Monsters" and finished in 25th place.

She is a celebrity judge on the Finnish *X Factor* and was a contestant on *Dancing on Ice* in 2019.

## References
Oddiyana

.]]
**Oddiyana**, also **Uddiyana**, was a historical region which is considered important in the development and spread of Vajrayana Buddhism. In Tibetan Buddhist traditions, it is viewed as a Beyul, a legendary heavenly place.
.]]
Padmasambhava, an eighth-century Buddhist master and founder of the Nyingma school, is believed to be born in Oddiyana. He had a crucial role in introducing Buddhism to Tibet. Siddha Garab Dorje, the founder of Dzogchen school, is also associated with this region. Oddiyana. Oddiyana was also known as “the paradise of the Ḍākinīs" in some traditions.

## Location 
 in northern Pakistan.]]
Many Western scholars identify Oddiyana as the Swat Valley in present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Alexis Sanderson, after reviewing different views, suggests that it might have been near Kashmir, with the modern Swat Valley as a likely central point. Udyāna, meaning "garden" or "orchard" in Sanskrit, is mentioned as north of Peshawar along the Swat River. 

According to the 8th-century Korean monk Hye Cho, Udyana was a mountainous Buddhist region, and after visiting Gandhara, he traveled north, arriving in Udyana, then continued northeast to Chitral. Faxian noted similarities in food and clothing between Udyana and the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

John Reynolds suggests that Oddiyana is the name of a much wider geographical area than the Swat Valley alone, one embracing parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and even Western Tibet (Zhang Zhung)." Along the same line of thinking, Herbert V. Guenther suggests the region of Sogdiana, today corresponding to regions of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, as the location of Oddiyana. While professor Lokesh Chandra has argued that Oddiyana was located further in South India.

An alternate theory places its location in what is now the modern Indian state of Odisha. Though this theory has not been accepted by scholars.

## In Tibetan Buddhism 
In Tibetan Buddhist traditions, Oddiyana is considered a vital source of tantric teachings, with a rich history of flourishing Buddhist tantra. Many Tibetan Buddhist lineages, including Dzogchen founded by the siddha Garab Dorje, trace their roots to this region. It's believed that the first Vajrayana teachings were given by Gautama Buddha in Oddiyana, and important tantric texts like Mahayoga and Anuyoga were revealed there. 

, Pakistan.]]
In Tibetan Buddhist literature, Oddiyana is described as having multiple kings named Indrabhuti. Additionally, it is sometimes equated with Shambhala, a mystical land inhabited by Ḍākinīs, beyond reach for ordinary mortals. In the 'Seven Line Prayer' of Padmasambhava, Oḍḍiyāna is referred to as ཨོ་རྒྱན (o rgyan) in Tibetan.

## References
Maricá

**Maricá** is an Brazilian city in the state of Rio de Janeiro. In 2020, 164,504 people lived here. Its area is 362.6&nbsp;km².

The Maricá Airport is in the city.

## Territorial organization 
Maricá has 50 *bairros* (neighborhoods) and 4 *distritos* (districts).

## References
Bylot Island

**Bylot Island** is an island in Nunavut, Canada. It has an area of . It is located in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and is north of Baffin Island. No one lives there.

## References
Shwedagon Pagoda

The **Shwedagon Pagoda**, also known as **Shwedagon Zedi Daw** (Burmese: ရွှေတိဂုံစေတီတော်), is a  Buddhist stupa and pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar. It is considered the most sacred Buddhist site in the country. It's believed to hold relics of past Buddhas, including strands of hair from Gautama Buddha. The stupa is built on Singuttara Hill and stands 112 meters tall, towering over Yangon. The pagoda is important as it also contains relics like a staff and robe fragments of Kakusandha and Kassapa Buddhas.

The Shwedagon pagoda is prominent in the Yangon city skyline, zoning rules in Yangon limit nearby building heights to 127 metres.The Pagoda is also one of Yangon city's landmarks and heritage sites.

## History and legend 
Local legends say the Shwedagon Pagoda was built over 2,500 years ago, while Buddha was alive, making it the world's oldest Buddhist stupa. Merchants Tapussa and Bhallika, the first lay disciples, received eight strands of Buddha's hair and instructions to build a stupa. King Okkalapa enshrined the hair and relics of three Buddhas in this stupa on Singuttara Hill.

The first mention of the pagoda is only in 1362/63 CE in the royal chronicles , when it raised to 18 m by King Binnya U. Inscriptions from King Dhammazedi's reign (1471–1492) list repairs dating back to 1436. Queen Shin Saw Pu raised its height to 40 m, making it Myanmar's top pilgrimage site by the early 16th century.

Earthquakes, especially in 1768, damaged the pagoda. King Hsinbyushin restored it to 99 m in 1775. King Mindon donated a new hti  (the crown umbrella) in 1871. A 1970 earthquake caused misalignment, requiring extensive repairs.

The Shwedagon Pagoda Festival, which is Myanmar's largest festival, starts during the new moon of Tabaung and lasts until the full moon.

## Design of pagoda 
The stupa has a base made of gold-covered bricks. Only monks and males can access the terraces above it. Then comes the bell-shaped part, followed by the turban, the inverted almsbowl, and the lotus petals. It also hs an umbrella crown. The crown is adorned with 5,500 small diamonds, 2,300 rubies and 4,000 Gold bells. People across the country and successive monarchs, starting from Queen Shin Saw Pu, have donated gold to maintain the pagoda.
 performing a Blessing Ritual by pouring water over the Buddha statue at the Friday planetary post; Obama was born on a Friday.]]
There are four entrances leading up to the platform on Singuttara Hill. Giant leogryphs guard each entrance. Circling Buddhist stupas is a common practice in a clockwise direction. Starting at the eastern shrine, which houses a statue of Kakusandha Buddha, one can then visit the southern shrine with a statue of Koṇāgamana Buddha, the western shrine with a statue of Kassapa Buddha, and finally, the northern shrine with a statue of Gautama Buddha. Over time many smaller stupas have been built around the Shwedagon Pagoda.

## References
Philautus hosii

The **Borneo bubble-nest frog** (*Philautus hosii*) is a frog.  It lives in Borneo and Indonesia. People have seen it as high as 350 meters above sea level.

## References
856 Damghan earthquake

for the 856 earthquake and main fault structures|300px]]
The **856 Damghan earthquake** or the **856 Qumis earthquake** happened on 22 December 856 (242 AH). The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 7.9.  The area of maximum damage was about  long. It was along the southern edge of the eastern Alborz mountains of present-day Iran. The earthquake's epicenter  was close to the city of Damghan. Damgham was the capital of the Persian province of Qumis at the time. The earthquake caused about 200,000 deaths and is listed by the USGS as the sixth deadliest earthquake in recorded history. Some people do not think that this death toll is .

## References
Justyna Mospinek

**Justyna Mospinek** (born 8 November 1983) is an archer from Poland. Mospinek competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics.

## References
Sławomir Napłoszek

**Sławomir Napłoszek** (born 29 July 1968) is a Polish archer. Napłoszek competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## References
Joanna Nowicka

**Joanna  Nowicka** (born 25 July 1966) is a Polish archer. Nowicka competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics, 1992 Summer Olympics, 1996 Summer Olympics, and the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## References
What It Feels Like for a Girl

"**What It Feels Like for a Girl**" is a 2001 song by Madonna and is the third and final single from her eighth studio album *Music*. It went to number 7 in the United Kingdom and Scotland, number 23 in the United States, number 1 in Spain, number 15 in New Zealand, number 18 in Ireland, number 3 in Iceland, Romania, Portugal and Argentina, number 2 in Italy and Canada and number 4 in Greece and Croatia.

## Track listings and formats 
***Japanese and US CD maxi-single**
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Paul Oakenfold Perfecto Mix) – 7:18
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Richard Vission Velvet Masta Mix) – 8:08
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Calderone & Quayle Dark Side Mix) – 6:42
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Tracy Young Club Mix) – 8:45
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Above & Beyond 12" Club Mix) – 7:27
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Tracy Young Cool Out Radio Mix) – 4:45
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Richard Vission Velvet Masta Edit) – 3:39
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Above & Beyond Club Radio Edit) – 3:45
# "Lo Que Siente La Mujer" – 4:43

***European CD single**
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Album Version) – 4:43
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Above & Beyond Club Radio Edit) – 3:45

***European and UK 12-inch vinyl
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Above & Beyond 12" Club Mix) – 7:27
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Paul Oakenfold Perfecto Mix) – 7:18

***European VHS single and US DVD single**
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Video) – 5:00

***European DVD single**
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Video) – 5:00
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Calderone & Quayle Dark Side Mix) – 6:42
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Richard Vission Velvet Masta Mix) – 8:08

***Digital single (2021)**
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Radio Edit)&nbsp;– 4:03
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Paul Oakenfold Perfecto Mix)&nbsp;– 7:19
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Richard Vission Velvet Masta Mix)&nbsp;– 8:06
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Calderone & Quayle Dark Side Mix)&nbsp;– 6:43
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Tracy Young Club Mix)&nbsp;– 8:56
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Above & Beyond 12" Club)&nbsp;– 7:25
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Tracy Young Cool Out Radio Mix)&nbsp;– 4:46
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Richard Vission Velvet Masta Edit)&nbsp;– 3:39
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Above & Beyond Club Radio Edit)&nbsp;– 3:44
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (George Best Saturday Night Mix)&nbsp;– 5:23
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (That Kid Chris Caligula 2001 Mix)&nbsp;– 9:51
# "Lo Que Siente la Mujer"&nbsp;– 4:43

***U.S. CD-R PROMO'''
# "What It Feels Like for a Girl" (Tracy Young Instrumental)&nbsp;– 8:52

## References
Cease Fire (2006 movie)

***Cease Fire*** (Persian:آتش‌بس, romanized: *Atashbas*) is a 2006 Iranian romantic comedy movie directed by Tahmineh Milani and starring Atila Pesyani, Mohammad Reza Golzar, Mahnaz Afshar, Ahmad Mehranfar, Kaykavous Yakide.

## Other websites
*
Iwona Okrzesik

**Iwona Okrzesik** (born 22 June 1972) is a Polish archer. Okrzesik competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## References
Wael Dahdouh

**Wael Al-Dahdouh** (; born 30 April, 1970) also known as **Abu Hamza** is a Palestinian journalist and the bureau chief of Al Jazeera in Gaza City.

Wael started working for the press in 1998. He started his career as a correspondent for the Palestinian newspaper Al-Quds, and worked for other media outlets including Al-Arabiya in 2003 before joining Al Jazeera (Arabic) in 2004. Wael was famous for his continuous coverage of what was happening in the Gaza Strip during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, as he was the main correspondent for the Qatari channel in the Strip and was constantly present there. On October 25, 2023, the family of the Palestinian journalist was subjected to an Israeli air strike that targeted the house in which they were displaced in the Nuseirat camp, which caused the death of his wife, son, daughter and even his grandson. On 15 December 2023, while Al-Dahdouh and his colleague cameraman Samer Abu Daqqa were covering the Haifa School airstrike in Khan Yunis, they were hit by an Israeli missile, injuring Dahdouh and killing his colleague Abu Daqqa. His son Hamza al-Dahdouh who was also a journalist was killed by an Israeli airstrike in Khan Yunis on 7 January 2024.

## References
If I'm Lucky (song)

"'''If I'm Lucky'''" is a 2017 song by American singer Jason Derulo and is a non-album single. It went to number 15 in Romania, number 18 in Lebanon, number 23 in Belgium, number 25 in Scotland, number 28 in the United Kingdom, number 29 in Spain and number 31 in Germany.

## References
The Miracle of Love

"**The Miracle of Love**" is a 1986 song by Eurythmics. It was taken from their fifth studio album *Revenge*. It went to number 23 in the United Kingdom, number 18 in Sweden and Belgium, number 10 in Ireland, number 16 in France, number 2 in Spain, number 30 in New Zealand and number 14 in Australia.

## Track listing
### 7" single
*A: "The Miracle of Love" - 5:05
*B: "When Tomorrow Comes" (Live at the Roxy in Los Angeles) - 5:08

### 12" single
*A: "The Miracle of Love" - 5:05
*B1: "When Tomorrow Comes" (Live at the Roxy in Los Angeles) - 5:08
*B2 "Who's That Girl?" (Live on Rockline 21 July 1986) - 3:28*

later released on the 2005 remaster of *Touch*

## References
Arkham Knight

The **Arkham Knight** is a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The character is a mysterious master strategist and commander of a personal army that surfaced in Gotham City. He wears a militaristic version of the Batsuit and is revealed as **Jason Todd**, who was broken by the Joker and psychologically manipulated into hating **Batman**. Jason was declared dead and became the Arkham Knight, assembling high-tech weapons and an army of mercenaries to get revenge on his former partner. He later abandoned the Arkham Knight identity and adopted the vigilante persona known as the Red Hood. Arkham Knight was created by Rocksteady Studios and Geoff Johns for the video game *Batman: Arkham Knight*, first appearing in *Batman: Arkham Knight* #1 (2015).

In the regular DC Universe the persona was adapted as **Astrid Arkham**, daughter of Arkham Asylum doctor Jeremiah Arkham. Astrid was born during a riot at the asylum, in the course of which her mother was killed. Her father home schooled her at Arkham Asylum and she grew up making friends with incarcerated Batman villains like the Joker. She developed a grudge against Batman and soon began seeing him as an evil entity that hurt her only friends. When she became convinced that Batman was responsible for the death of her mother, Astrid started training herself into a skilled fighter in order to become the Arkham Knight and founded a cult of Arkham inmates called the **Knights of the Sun**. *Astrid Arkham* was created by Peter Tomasi and Doug Mahnke, first appearing in *Detective Comics* #1000. (2019)
Dąbrowa Tarnowska

**Dąbrowa Tarnowska** is a town in Lesser Poland Voivodeship in Poland. It is about  north of Tarnów. It is the capital of Dąbrowa County. In 2021, 11,828 people lived there.

Dąbrowa Tarnowska was first mentioned as a parish village in 1326. It has had town rights since 1693.

## References
Zgierz

**Zgierz** is a town in Łódź Voivodeship in central Poland. In 2021, 54,974 people lived there. Its area is 42.33&nbsp;km². It is on the river Bzura.

Zgierz is one of the oldest cities in central Poland. It was first mentioned in 1231. It bought its town rights before 1288.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Sin Egen Motståndare

**Sin Egen Motståndare** (also known as **Sin egen motståndare**, translated as '''One's own enemy''') is the first full length album by Swedish punk band Totalitär released by Finn Records in 1994 on CD. Most songs were recorded in 1994 in Studio D-Takt, but the 17th and 18th track were recorded in 1987 in Forsa Studio. It has had many reissues under American record label Prank.

## Track list 
## References
Frosta, Norway

**Frosta** is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. In 2022, 2,608 people lived there.

## Related pages 
* List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

## References
Flatanger

**Flatanger** is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. In 2022, 1,101 people lived there.

The mayor, Olav Jørgen Bjørkås, is elected until late 2027.

## References
Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts

is a private women's college in Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1876, and it was chartered as a university in 1949.

## References
Belal Jadallah

**Belal Jadallah** (Arabic: بلال جادالله; May 1, 1978 – November 19, 2023) was a Palestinian journalist born in Gaza City. He served as Chairman of the Board of Directors and General Director of the Press House Foundation in Gaza.

## Career
In 2014, Jadallah founded **Press House-Palestine**, a Gazan non-profit organization focused on freedom of the press and journalism education. Jadallah and his organization were influential to many Gazan journalists, and Jadallah was described as the "godfather of Palestinian journalists".
## Assassination
He was killed on November 19, 2023, by an air strike carried out by the Israeli Air Force on his car while he was on his way to the south of Gaza City, during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. According to his family, Jadallah's brother-in-law, Abdulkareem Abed, was also seriously injured in the attack.

## References
Soisy-sur-École

**Soisy-sur-École** is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Essonne department in north France.

## References
Vert-le-Grand

**Vert-le-Grand** is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Essonne department in north France.

## Twin towns 
Vert-le-Grand is twinned with:
*  Wingham, Kent, England

## References
Wingham, Kent

**Wingham** is a village and civil parish in Dover District, Kent, England. In 2011, there were 1,775 people living in Wingham. It has a church called St Mary's.

## Twin towns 
Wingham is twinned with:
*  Vert-le-Grand, France

## References
Novomykhailivka

**Novomykhailivka** can be some places in Ukraine:

## Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Sofiyivka Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Tomakivka Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

## Donetsk Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Kalmiuske Raion, Donetsk Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Kramatorsk Raion, Donetsk Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Pokrovsk Raion

## Kherson Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Henichesk Raion, Kherson Oblast

## Kharkiv Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Sakhnovshchyna Raion, Kharkiv Oblast

## Kirovohrad Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Dobrovelychkivka Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Dolynska Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Mala Vyska Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast

## Mykolaiv Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Bashtanka Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Mykolaiv Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Pervomaisk Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast

## Odesa Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Podilsk Raion, Odesa Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion, Odesa Oblast

## Sumy Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Sumy Raion, Sumy Oblast

## Zaporizhzhia Oblast
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Berdiansk Raion, Zaporizhzhia
*Novomykhailivka, a village in Zaporizhzhia Raion, Zaporizhzhia
Alif Dhaal Atoll

**Alifu Dhaalu Atoll** (also known as **Southern Ari Atoll** or **Ari Atholhu Dhekunuburi**) is an administrative division of the Maldives.

## References
Astrid Johanna Grents

**Astrid Johanna Grents** (born 14 May 1998) is an Estonian Muay Thai martial artist.

## Career 
She competed at the 2022 IFMA World Muaythai Championships finishing third, and 2023 European Games winning a gold medal in the Women's 60 kg class.

## References
Augustus, Grand Duke of Oldenburg

**Augustus I** or **Paul Frederick Augustus** () (13 July 178327 February 1853) was the reigning Grand Duke of Oldenburg from 1829 to 1853.
2017–18 Red Bull Salzburg season

The **2017–18 FC Red Bull Salzburg season** was the 85th season in club history. The team was able to defend the chmpionship. They lost the Cup final versus SK Sturm Graz.
 
## Squad
## Matches
## Table
## References
Camille Droguet

**Camille Droguet** (born 15 June 1999) is a French 3x3 basketball player.

She competed at the 2022 Mediterranean Games, wining a silver medal. She competed at the 2022 FIBA 3x3 Nations League, and 2022 FIBA 3x3 U23 World Cup. 

She plays for Lyon ASVEL, and Tarbes.

## References
Grand Duke of Baden

**Baden** was an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire and later one of the German states along the frontier with France, primarily consisting of territory along the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Alsace and the Palatinate.

## Elector of Baden, 1803–1806 
## Grand Dukes of Baden, 1806–1918
Roger Ducos

**Pierre Roger Ducos** (25 July 174716 March 1816), better known as **Roger Ducos**, was a French political figure during the Revolution and First Empire, a  member of the National Convention, and of the Directory.
List of Spanish-speaking countries by continents

A **Spanish-speaking country** is a country where Spanish is one of the official languages. The United States has at least four states which use Spanish. Most states list English as the sole official language.

## Africa 
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 'de facto'' independence
* Equatorial Guinea

## Europe 
* Spain 
* Andorra (Spanish is widely spoken in Andorra)
* Gibraltar** (Spanish is widely spoken in Gibraltar). Gibraltar is a British overseas territory.

## North America 
* Belize 
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Puerto Rico
* United States (Official documents are available in Spanish as well as English.)

Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States with Commonwealth status.
Countries with a minority of less than 15% are not traditionally Spanish-speaking. 

## Oceania 
* Federated States of Micronesia** (Spanish up to Kapingamarangi)
* There are about 200 people who speak Spanish in Micronesia.

## South America 
* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Uruguay
* Venezuela
Bette Kane

**Mary Elizabeth "Bette" Kane** is a superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by Bill Finger and Sheldon Moldoff, first appearing in *Batman* #139 (1961).

## Fictional character biography 
She is a non-powered super-hero vigilante and a member of the Batman Family. The original **Bat-Girl**, she served as sidekick to Batwoman and frequently wooed her counterpart Robin. During the Post-Crisis, she would adopt the alias **Flamebird** as a response to her counterpart's development as Nightwing. Post-Flashpoint, Bette would retire from the Flamebird alias and become **Hawkfire**, although she would later revert to Flamebird. She has been a member of the Teen Titans, Titans West, Young Justice and Titans Los Angeles.
Manchu alphabet

The **Manchu alphabet** is used to write the endangered Manchu language. The Xibe people also use a similar script, called Xibe script, which is considered either a dialect of Manchu or a closely related language. This alphabet is written vertically from top to bottom, with columns going from left to right.

## History 
In the 1800s, there were three ways to write Manchu: standard writing, semi-cursive writing , and cursive writing. The semi-cursive writing  had letters closer together, while cursive writing had rounded tails.

The Manchu alphabet was also used to write Chinese. For example, a book called "Manchu: a Textbook for Reading Documents" shows how Chinese sounds are written in Manchu letters. This helps the Xibe language borrow some words. Some books have Chinese words written with Manchu letters. The Manchu versions of the Thousand Character Classic and Dream of the Red Chamber are just Manchu writings of all the Chinese letters.

In a book made by the Qianlong Emperor, the Manchu alphabet is used for Evenki (Solon) words. In another book, also made by the Qianlong Emperor, the Manchu alphabet is used to write down Tibetan and Chagatai (related to Uyghur) words.

## Alphabets 
## References
Cassandra Cain

**Cassandra Cain** (also known as **Cassandra Wayne** and **Cassandra Wu-San**) is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. The character was created by Kelley Puckett and Damion Scott, first appearing in *Batman* #567 (1999). 

## Fictional character biography 
She is one of the world's greatest martial artists, and a vigilante acting as a member of the Batman Family. She is the daughter of assassins David Cain and Lady Shiva and was bred to become the perfect killer and taught fighting as her first language, without ever learning to talk. She later rebelled against her father and became **Batgirl** during No Man's Land following Barbara Gordon and Helena Bertinelli. She later adopted the alias **Black Bat**, as a member of Batman Incorporated, and **Orphan**, a name previously used by her father, before returning to Batgirl during Joker War. She has been a member of Justice League Elite, the League of Assassins, the Outsiders, Deathstroke's Titans East, Young Justice, the Gotham Knights and Birds of Prey.

## In other media 
The character made her cinematic debut in the DC Extended Universe movie *Birds of Prey*, portrayed by Ella Jay Basco.
Małgorzata Sobieraj

**Małgorzata Sobieraj** (born 16 October 1982) is a Polish archer. Sobieraj competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics.

## References
Philautus umbra

The **pinnacle bubble-nest frog** (*Philautus umbra*) is a frog.  It lives in Malaysia. Scientists think it might also live in Brunei. People have seen it between 900 and 1300 meters above sea level on Gunung Api.

This frog lives in forests that are not on mountains, in places where there is karst rock in the ground. The male frog sits about 2 m over the ground. This frog hatches out of its egg as a small frog. It never swims as a tadpole.

## References
List of governors-general of India

The history of the office of the Governor of Bengal dates back to 1644, when Gabriel Boughton procured privileges for the East India Company which permitted them to build a factory at Hughli, without fortifications. Various chief agents, governors and presidents were appointed to look after company affairs in the Bay of Bengal. In 1773, Warren Hastings was appointed as the first Governor General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal following the enactment of the East India Company Act of 1772. 

## List of governors-general 
### Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal (1773–1833) 
The Regulating Act of 1773 replaced the office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal with Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal was restored in 1833.

### Governors-General and Viceroys of India and Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1858–1950 
## References
Ursa (DC Comics)

**Ursa** is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by director Richard Donner, first appearing in his movie *Superman* (1978), *Superman II* (1980), and in the director's cut *Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut* (2006) portrayed by Sarah Douglas. 

## Fictional character biography 
The character is a Kryptonian super-villain who works with General Zod and Non. They were banished to the Phantom Zone for war crimes, allowing them to survive the destruction of Krypton. Eventually they escaped from their prison and tried to enslave humanity, making them enemies to Superman. Her child with Zod is Lor-Zod, raised by Superman as "Chris Kent" to become the hero Nightwing. She has been a member of the Kryptonian Military Guild and the Phantom Zoners.

## In other media 
After appearing in the *Superman* movies, Geoff Johns later adapted her into the DC Universe mainstream continuity in *Action Comics* #845 (2007).