Woomera, South Australia

Woomera, South Australia, is a place with a very special history, famous for its military and space work. Woomera is a small village in the Far North region of South Australia, in the middle of the Australian Outback. It is about 446 kilometres (277 miles) north of Adelaide.

The village is part of the much larger RAAF Woomera Range Complex. This is a huge area—about the size of England—that is managed by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The Woomera Range Complex is the largest land-based test range in the Western world. Its main purpose is for testing war equipment, missiles, and other defense and aerospace projects.

It's the traditional land of the Kokatha people.

## History 
The name Woomera comes from an Indigenous Australian (Aboriginal) word for a spear-throwing tool. This tool makes a spear travel faster and further, which is a good name for a rocket testing site. The town was built in 1947 as a secret military base for the Anglo-Australian Joint Project (a partnership between Australia and the United Kingdom) to test long-range weapons.

Woomera was a very important place during the Cold War. In the 1960s, it was the world's second-busiest rocket range after Cape Canaveral in the USA. In 1967, Australia launched its first satellite, WRESAT, from Woomera. The town of Woomera was a "closed town" run by the military until 1982. This meant the public was not allowed to visit or live there.

The village itself is now open to the public. While only government or contractor personnel can live there permanently, tourists can visit and stay. The most famous tourist spot is the Missile Park, which has a collection of rockets and missiles that were tested in the area. There is also a Heritage Centre and a museum about the region's history. While the village is open, most of the surrounding Woomera Prohibited Area is still restricted. People like miners, farmers, and tourists who want to enter the larger area must have a permit from the Department of Defence.

## Geography 
The area typically associated with "Woomera" is the Woomera Prohibited Area (WPA) in the Far North region of South Australia. This vast area, encompassing over 122,000 square kilometers, is primarily a remote outback desert environment and is the world's largest land-based defense systems test range.

Situated in the north-west pastoral region of South Australia, approximately 446 kilometers (277 miles) north of the state capital, Adelaide. The region is characterized by arid and semi-arid rangelands with undulating, low-lying relief. The land includes features like ochre and red sand ridges partially covered in vegetation such as spinifex, sheoaks, mallee, and desert oaks. The eastern fringe of the Nullarbor Plain stretches into the far western area.

Woomera village, the domestic area of the RAAF Base, is located at an elevation of about 169 meters (554 ft) above sea level. The area falls predominantly within the arid biome of South Australia, which covers about 87% of the state.

## Climate and Environment 
The Woomera region experiences an arid or semi-arid climate, characterized by high temperatures and very low rainfall. Summers are hot and dry, with mean maximum temperatures reaching around 34.7 °C (94.5 °F) in January. Winters are cool, with mean minimum temperatures in July averaging around 5.8 °C (42.4 °F).

The area receives very low and erratic rainfall, with a mean annual rainfall of only about 183.9 mm (about 7.2 inches). The climate is dry and windy year-round, contributing to the sparsely populated outback landscape.

## Land Use 
The Woomera Prohibited Area is a unique region where national security and economic interests coexist under a special management framework. The WPA is primarily used by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as the Woomera Range Complex for the testing and evaluation of defense materiel, including aerospace systems, missiles, and munitions.

Despite its restricted status, the WPA also supports:
*Pastoral activity (grazing).
*Mining (the area contains significant mineral resources, including iron ore, copper, and gold, with several major mines operating).
*Opal mining (near Coober Pedy).
*Aboriginal traditional use (the WPA encompasses the traditional lands of six Aboriginal groups, and traditional owners maintain access for cultural activities).
*Zoning: To manage the multiple uses, the WPA is divided into different access zones (Red, Amber, and Green), which dictate the level of access and exclusion periods for non-Defense users.