open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Robert Grubbs

**Robert Howard Grubbs** (February 27, 1942 &ndash; December 19, 2021) was an American chemist. He won Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2005.

## Personal life 
In his Nobel Prize autobiography  he says, "In some places, my birthplace is listed as Calvert City, Kentucky and in others Possum Trot (both in Marshall County). I was actually born between the two, so either one really is correct." He spent his early childhood in Marshall County and attended public school at McKinley Elementary, Franklin Junior High and Paducah Tilghman High School in Paducah, Kentucky. Grubbs studied chemistry at the University of Florida where he was awarded a B.S. and an M.S.. He worked with Merle Battiste in Florida University, and Columbia University, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1968. He was taught by Ronald Breslow in Columbia. 

He next spent a year with James Collman at Stanford University. He was then made part of the faculty at Michigan State University. In 1978 he moved to California Institute of Technology where he still works as the Victor and Elizabeth Atkins Professor of Chemistry. 

His main interest is for organometallic chemistry and organic chemistry. These interests are for catalysts, such as Grubbs' catalyst for olefin metathesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization and norbornene. He also produced some important work on "living polymerization".

Grubbs died from a heart attack while receiving lymphoma treatment at a hospital in Duarte, California on December 19, 2021, at age 79.

## Awards 
* Alfred P. Sloan Fellow (1974-76)
* Camille and  Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award (1975-78)
* Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship  (1975)
* ACS Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry (2000)
* ACS Herman F. Mark Polymer  Chemistry Award (2000)
* ACS Herbert C. Brown Award for Creative Research in  Synthetic Methods (2001)
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2005)
* He was made part of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1989 and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1994.

Grubbs received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Richard R. Schrock and Yves Chauvin, for his work in the field of olefin metathesis.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Web page at Caltech 
* Chemistry laureates 2005 site
* Autobiography at Nobel Chemistry Laureates site
* Biography @ University of Missouri-St. Louis 
* Thomson prediction Nobel prize 2005
* Robert H Grubbs U.S. Patents 
* Materia Inc. The Company that sells and developes the technology.
Formaldehyde

**Formaldehyde** (or **methanal**) is an organic chemical compound with the formula . It is the simplest aldehyde.

It is a colorless gas with a strong smell. Like other aldehydes, it is flammable and toxic.
 
Its main application is as a disinfectant. It is a biocide, this means it can kill most bacteria and fungi. It is also used to make dyes, to make textiles, wrinkle-free preservatives, explosives, and certain polymers. About 23 million tonnes (50 billion pounds) of formaldehyde was made worldwide in 2005.

## References
Tulu language

**Tulu** is a language spoken in south India, mainly in the states of Karnataka and Kerala. In Karnataka it is spoken mainly in the district of Dakshina Kannada. In Kerala it is spoken in the Kasargod district. The area where Tulu is spoken is sometimes called Tulunadu.

## Dialects 
There are various dialects. The most important are: 
* Brahmin dialect: Spoken by Tulu Brahmins. 
* Jain dialect: Spoken by the Jains in the northern part of Tulu Nadu.
* Common dialect: Spoken by the majority of people of Tulu Nadu; the dialect of commerce, entertainment and art.
* Tribal dialect: Spoken by tribal people; closely resembles the Common dialect.
bunt

## References
SMart

***SMart*** is a long running British children's art show. The presenters show how to create pictures from items easily found around the house.

## Presenters 
* Mark Speight (1994-2007)
* Kirsten O’Brien (1999-2009)
* Mike Fischtti (2007-2009)

## End Credits 
## Segments 
* Make 1
* Smart Gallery 
* Colours (Series 13)
* Your Space (Series 13)
* Make 2
* Smart Toon Tips (Series 9-11,14)
* Morph (Series 1-12)
* Smart Tips (Series 1-7,9)
* Arty Towers (Series 11-12)
* Smart Surgery (Series 10-12)
* MasterMark (Series 13)
* Make 3
* Make 4 (Series 14)
* Big Picture (Series 1-13,15-16)

## Series Overall 
## Full Episodes 
### Series 7 
### Series 12 
### Series 13 
## Award And Nominees 
* Mark Speight Was 7 Nominations For Presenter
* Kirsten O’Brien Was 1 Winner And 10 Nominations For Presenter
* SMart Was 1 Winner And 2 Nominations For Live Action 
* SMart Was 14 Nominations For Entertainment
Hot Space

***Hot Space*** is an album by English rock band Queen, released in 1982.

## Track listing
#Staying Power
#Dancer
#Back Chat
#Body Language
#Action This Day
#Put Out the Fire
#Life Is Real
#Calling All Girls
#Las Palabras de Amor
#Cool Cat
#Under Pressure

## References
The Works (Queen album)

***The Works*** is a 1984 pop/rock album by English band Queen. It was the band's eleventh studio album.

## Track listing
## References
Continental divide

A **continental divide** is a line of raised ground that creates a border between two watersheds. Water falling on one side of the line travels to one ocean, and water on the other side travels to another, perhaps on the other side of the continent. 

Because the exact border between bodies of water is usually not very easy to see, the continental divide is not always clear. The International Hydrographic Organization's publication *Limits of Oceans and Seas* describes the exact boundaries of oceans, but it is not recognized around the world. A complication is that some rivers empty into deserts or inland seas, and so do not end up in the ocean.
A Kind of Magic

***A Kind of Magic*** is a 1986 album by English rock band Queen. It was the band's twelfth studio album, and is based on the soundtrack to the movie *Highlander*.

## Track listing 
#One Vision
#A Kind Of Magic
#One Year Of Love
#Pain Is So Close to Pleasure
#Friends Will Be Friends
#Who Wants to Live Forever
#Gimme the Prize
#Don't Lose Your Head
#Princes Of The Universe

## References
CBS Corporation

**CBS Corporation** (also known as CBS Entertainment in production) was an American mass media corporation focused on broadcasting, publishing, and television production. Until 2005, the company was known as Viacom. A new company, keeping the Viacom name, was spun off from CBS.

In 2019, CBS Corporation and Viacom were merged together. This created ViacomCBS, a combination of the two companies. The merger was finished on December 4, 2019.

## Notes
## References
The Miracle (album)

***The Miracle*** is a 1989 album by English rock band Queen. It was the band's thirteenth studio album.

## Track listing
#Party
#Khashoggi's Ship
#The Miracle
#I Want It All
#The Invisible Man
#Breakthru
#Rain Must Fall
#Scandal
#My Baby Does Me
#Was It All Worth It
#Hang On In There
#Chinese Torture
#The Invisible Man (12" Version)
Innuendo (album)

***Innuendo*** is a 1991 album by English rock band Queen. It is the band's fourteenth studio album and the last to be composed entirely of new material. It is also their final studio album to be released while lead singer Freddie Mercury was still alive.

## Track listing
#Innuendo
#I'm Going Slightly Mad
#Headlong
#I Can't Live With You
#Don't Try So Hard
#Ride the Wild Wind
#All God's People
#These Are the Days of Our Lives
#Delilah
#The Hitman
#Bijou
#The Show Must Go On

## References
Edguy

**Edguy** is a metal band from Fulda, Germany. Their style of metal is power metal. They formed in 1992. The members right now are: Tobias Sammet (vocals), Jens Ludwig (guitar), Dirk Sauer (guitar), Tobias Exxel (bass), Felix Bohnke (drums).

## Discography
### Demos
**Evil Minded* (1994)
**Children of Steel* (1994)

### Studio albums 
* *Savage Poetry* (1995)
* *Kingdom of Madness* (1997)
* *Vain Glory Opera* (1998)
* *Theater of Salvation* (1999)
* *The Savage Poetry* (2000) (re-recorded *Savage Poetry*)
* *Mandrake* (2001)
* *Hellfire Club* (2004)
* *Rocket Ride* (2006)
* *Tinnitus Sanctus* (2008)
* *Age of the Joker* (2011)
* *Space Police: Defenders of the Crown* (2014)

### Live albums
**Burning Down the Opera* (2003)
**Fucking with Fire - Live* (2009)

### Singles 
* "La Marche Des Gendarmes" (Enhanced Cardsleeve, 2001)
* "Painting on the Wall" (2001)
* "Lavatory Love Machine"  (2004)

### EPs 
* *King of Fools* (2004)
* *Superheroes* (2005)

### Compilation albums
**Hall of Flames* (2004)
**The Singles* (2008)
**Monuments* (2017)

### Videos
*"All the Clowns" (2001)
*"King of Fools" (2004)
*"Lavatory Love Machine" (2004)
*"Superheroes" (2005)
*"Ministry of Saints" (2008)
*"Robin Hood" (2011)
*"Love Tyger" (2014)

### DVDs
*"Superheroes DVD" (2005)
*"Fucking With Fire - Live" (2009)
*"Monuments" (2017)
Flesh

**Flesh** is the soft part of the body between the skin and the bones. It is sometimes compared to bones, in the saying *flesh and bone*. If it is to be eaten, it is normally called meat instead.
Locomotive

In rail transport, a **locomotive** or a **rail tractor** is the part of a train that makes the train move. Locomotives are typically bigger and stronger than regular cars and trucks. It is the first part of the train, and has an engine. Steam locomotives were the usual kind in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Electric and Diesel-electric ones have been the usual kinds since the middle 20th century. Some trains do not have a separate locomotive; they have motors in the other parts of the train.

## Diesel locomotive 
A diesel locomotive is powered by a diesel engine. The diesel engine may drive the locomotive's wheels directly via a gearbox, shaft or chain (called mechanical transmission) or by using a hydraulic transmission system (diesel-hydraulic). Most of the locomotives in the world are diesel-electric, due to their ease of use and reliability. They generate electricity and use it to power the wheels. They can be more powerful than steam locomotives and do not need an expensive power grid like electric locomotives.

## Steam locomotive 
A steam locomotive uses wood, coal or oil (but mostly coal) as fuel to heat water in a boiler, which turns into steam which pushes pistons to power the train. Steam locomotives were invented in the early 19th century and built until 1960 though some were built in the 70’s during post World War 2. They are not widely used any more due to their operational costs, especially the fuel costs; steam locomotives are now mostly only used on tourist railroads. 
## Electric locomotive 
An electric locomotive runs on electricity as the name suggests. Electric locomotives cost the least to buy and operate. However, the railway electrification system is very expensive, so only tracks used by many trains per day are usually electrified. Thus, electrics are only the second next used type, behind diesel locomotives.
Regent

.]]
A **regent** is a position of government in a country where there is a monarchy (like a king or queen). As an "acting monarch" the regent does the job of a monarch where the real monarch is either too young, sick or cannot do what they are meant to for some other reason. 

A regent may also be voted in if there are no heirs in line to the throne, for example, if the monarch that is ruling at the time dies with no living relatives.

## Related pages
*Regency era
Turbonegro

**Turbonegro** is a punk band from Oslo, Norway. They formed in 1989. They call their style *deathpunk*, which is a mixture of punk and hard rock. The members are: Hank von Hell (vocals), Happy-Tom (bass), Euroboy (guitar), Pål Pot Pamparius (guitar, keyboard), Tomas Dahl (drums)
Friends of the band are Bam Margera.
Simony

speaks to Pope Nicholas III, committed to the *Inferno* for his *simony*, in Gustave Doré's wood engraving, 1861.]]

**Simony** means that one pays for an office or a position in the hierarchy of Christian church. It is an offense against canon law. Simony became widespread in the Catholic Church in the 9th and 10th centuries. The name comes from Simon Magus, who appears in the Acts of the Apostles 8:18-24. Simon Magus offers the disciples of Jesus, Peter and John, payment so that anyone he would place his hands on would receive the power of the Holy Spirit. This is the origin of the term *simony*. but it also extends to other forms of trafficking for money in "spiritual things".

## Catholic Church 
In the Middle Ages there were problems with simony and accusations of simony, especially during the Investiture Controversy. Rulers wanted to employ the educated and centrally organized clergy in their administrations.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Lord Mackay of Clashfern (ed.) (2002) ''Halsbury's Laws of England'', 4th ed. Vol.14, "Ecclesiastical Law", **832** 'Penalties and disability on simony'
* — **1359** 'Simony' (see also current updates)
* Weber, N. A. (1913) "Simony", *Catholic Encyclopaedia*
Honshū

''''''  is the biggest island of Japan. The area is 227,960 km2

Honshū is also Japan's main island. It is south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku(四国) across the Seto Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Strait. It is the seventh biggest island, and is the island with the second highest number of people in the world after Java. 

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Most Haunted Live!

***Most Haunted Live*** is a British paranormal television program based on investigating possible paranormal activity.  It is shown on the satellite and cable channels Living, Living2 and Virgin 1 (Formerly Ftn), mainly for the UK market. It is the Live version of *Most Haunted* which is going into its 10th series on February 19, 2008. It is made by Antix Productions, and is led by Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie.

## Production
The team's latest series leads them to travel to Italy, Turin. Investigating possible paranormal 'hotspots' for 24 hours witihn the city.

## Episodes (Satan's City)
## Team (Satan's City)
**Investigators** 

**Presenters** 

## Related pages
*List of Most Haunted episodes
*Most Haunted

## References 
## Other websites
* The Official *Most Haunted Live* Homepage 
* The Official *Most Haunted* Homepage
* Antix Productions  - Production company for *Most Haunted*
* The Official Site and Forum for Karl Beattie 
* The Official Fansite and Forum for David Wells 
* Most Haunted blog  Offers an alternative view on *Most Haunted*
Roentgenium

**Roentgenium** (, ) is a chemical element. It is a transition metal. Its symbol is **Rg**, and its atomic number is 111.
]]

The element is named in honor of a German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen.

So far, it has not been found in nature. There seem to be 7 isotopes. All of them are radioactive. They have a half life of between 1.6 milliseconds and 26 seconds. Because of the Inert pair effect, it could have a color similar to that of gold.
Cheek

's cheek]]
**Cheeks** (also called the **buccal cavity**) are the area of the face under the eyes and between the nose and the ears.

It is fleshy in humans and mammals, the skin being held up by the chin and the jaws, and making the wall of the human mouth, touching the cheekbone below the eye.

In animals, markings on the cheek area (i.e. stripes/spots), often are features between species or individuals.
Made in Heaven

***Made in Heaven*** is Queen's fifteenth and final studio album, released in November 1995. After Freddie Mercury's death in 1991, the remaining band members John Deacon, Roger Taylor and Brian May worked with vocals that Mercury had previously recorded, along with newly recorded lyrics by the remaining band members. *Made In Heaven* was the last studio album performed by all four original band members.

## Track listing 
#"It's a Beautiful Day"
#"Made in Heaven"
#"Let Me Live "
#"Mother Love"
#"My Life Has Been Saved"
#"I Was Born to Love You"
#"Heaven for Everyone"
#"Too Much Love Will Kill You"
#"You Don't Fool Me"
#"A Winter's Tale"
#"It's a Beautiful Day (Reprise)"
#"Yeah"
#"Track 13"

## References
Gerolamo Cardano

**Gerolamo Cardano** or **Girolamo Cardano** (English **Jerome Cardan**, Latin **Hieronymus Cardanus**; September 24, 1501 - September 21, 1576) was a celebrated Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, and astrologer.

As he was an illegitimate child, he could not enter the college of physicians. Despite this he was a relatively successful physician. The first description of Typhoid fever is attributed to him. 

Today he is mainly known as a mathematician. He made some discoveries in algebra. He proposed ways to solve cubic and quartic equations. Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia told him about the solution of one particular cubic equation, *x^3+ax+b=0*. This caused a long fight. His student Lodovico Ferrari solved the quartic equations. Cardano also speaks about imaginary numbers in the same book, *Ars Magna*.

Cardano was often short of money, and gambled compulsively. A book of his, *Liber de ludo aleae* (*Book on Games of Chance* in the English), contains the first systematic treatment of probability, as well as a section on cheating. He wrote it *c.* 1564, but it was first published posthumously, in 1663.

He invented various things, including the  and the . He also believed that perpetual motion was impossible, except for stars.
International health

**International health** means two different, but related, things. It means care of people who travel from one country to another, and knowledge of diseases foreign to the traveler. It also means people from one country trying to improve health in another.

## Groups 
There are different kinds of groups that are involved in international health. They engage in international health for different reasons and with different ethics and rules.

Governments of rich, "developed" countries are often interested in the health of other countries. They are especially interested in the health of neighbor countries. The reasons for this are many: if they have extra resources, they may want to share them with their neighbors; but also they may want to stop spread of diseases from their neighbor country across the border. For example, the United States is a richer country than Mexico and has little problem with measles (in children) or rabies (in mammals) in the interior, but along the border with Mexico these diseases are more common.

The Western Hemisphere's countries have formed PAHO, the Pan American Health Organization, to deal with these kinds of problems  in an organized way. PAHO knows that people and goods flow across borders in both directions, and a problem in one country will soon be a problem in its partner countries. PAHO is an example of an international organization.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are associations organized outside of the government by volunteers and others, and which serve a particular interest. Often, NGOs interested in health perform important functions in international health, both in direct care and in development.

## References
Tekken 3

***Tekken 3*** is a 1998 fighting video game made by Namco.

## Characters
### Returning Characters 
* Paul Phoenix
* Nina Williams
* Yoshimitsu
* Lei Wulong
* Anna Williams (unlockable)
* Heihachi Mishima (unlockable)

### New Characters 
* King
* Jin Kazama
* Ling Xiaoyu
* Hwoarang
* Eddy Gordo
* Forrest Law
* Kuma (unlockable)
* Panda (unlockable)

* Julia Chang (unlockable)
* Bryan Fury (unlockable)
* Gun Jack (unlockable)
* Mokujin (unlockable)
* Ogre (unlockable)
* True Ogre (unlockable)
* Tiger Jackson (unlockable, extra costume for Eddy Gordo)
* King (succesor to the first King)

### Bonus Characters (PlayStation version)
* Gon (unlockable)
* Doctor Boskonovitch (unlockable)
Salam

**Salam** (, '**), sometimes spelled **salaam**, is an Arabic word that literally means "peace", but is also used as a general greeting, above all in Arab countries and by Muslim countries around the world in general. The word is also borrowed from Arabic in the Pashto, Persian, and Urdu languages.

**As-salamu ʿalaykum'* () is a greeting in Arabic that means "peace be upon you". The greeting is a standard salutation among Muslims, whether socially or within worship and other contexts.  The typical response to the greeting is *wa-ʿalaykumu as-salām* (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ; "and upon you be peace").

The full version of the greeting is *as-salamu ʿalaykum wa-rahmatullahi wa-barakatuh* (, "peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and His blessings"), with the full response being *wa-ʿalaykum as-salam wa-rahmatullahi wa-barakatuh'' ().

It is also preferred to use the greeting when arriving and also while leaving. It was reported that Abu Hurairah said "When one of you joins a gathering, let him say 'Peace'. When he wants to get up and leave, let him say 'Peace'. The former is not more important than the latter." 
* According to hadith, Prophet Muhammad was asked who should begin the greeting and he said, "The one who is riding should greet the one who is walking and the one who is walking should greet the one who is sitting and the smaller group should greet the larger group."
* It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: "But when you enter the houses, greet one another with a greeting from God blessed and good."
* Shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as *A.S.*, ''As'kum* (in Malaysia), or *AsA* is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using messaging services such as Snapchat. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place of *ṣallá l-Lāhi ʿalayhi wa s-salām*. However, this trend is considered improper by the majority of scholars and does not give the same blessings as saying it properly.
In addition, *As-Salam* is one of the 99 Names of God.

The Arabic *salam* means "Peace", which is similar to the Hebrew *shalom* and the Amharic *selam''.

## Related pages 
* Shalom, the Hebrew version of Salam
* Shalom Aleichem, the Hebrew version of Salam Alaykum

## References
Tekken (series)

***Tekken*** is a fighting video game series made by *Namco* (now *Bandai Namco Games*).

## Games 
* **Tekken** - Arcade/PlayStation
* **Tekken 2** - Arcade/PlayStation
* **Tekken 3** - Arcade/PlayStation
* **Tekken Tag Tournament** - Arcade/PlayStation 2
* **Tekken Advance** - Game Boy Advance
* **Tekken Card Challenge** - WonderSwan
* **Tekken 4** - Arcade/PlayStation 2
* **Death By Degrees** - PlayStation 2
* **Tekken 5** - Arcade/PlayStation2
* **Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection** - Arcade/PlayStation Portable/PlayStation 3
* **Tekken 6** - Arcade/PlayStation 3/Xbox 360/PlayStation Portable
* **Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion** - Arcade
* **Tekken Hybrid** - PlayStation 3
* **Tekken Tag Tournament 2** - PlayStation 3/Xbox 360/Wii U
* **Tekken Revolution** - PlayStation 3
* **Tekken 7** - Arcade/PlayStation 4/Xbox One/Microsoft Windows
* **Tekken 8** - Arcade/PlayStation 5/Xbox Series X/S/Microsoft Windows

## Movies 
* **Tekken: The Motion Picture**
* **Tekken** (2010)
* **Tekken: Blood Vengeance**
* '''Tekken 2: Kazuya's Revenge**

## Others 
* **Urban Reign**
* **Death by Degress**
* **Capcom X Namco**
* **Project X Zone**
* **Project X Zone 2**
* **Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2'''

### Characters
* Kazuya Mishima
* Marshall Law
* Paul Phoenix
* Jin Kazama
* Jun Kazama
* Michelle Chang
* King
* Jack
* Combot
* Mokujin
* Kuma and Panda
* Ling Xiaoyu
* Anna Williams
Michigan International Speedway

The **Michigan International Speedway** (or **MIS**) is a two-mile (3.22 km) long racetrack. It contains more than 1,400 acres, near Brooklyn, Michigan. The track is used mostly for NASCAR events. It is sometimes known as the "sister track" of Texas World Speedway. Construction for the track began on September 28, 1967, and opened October 13, 1968 with budget of around $4–6 million.

Michigan is now one of the fastest tracks in NASCAR due to its wide, sweeping corners and long straightaways. It normal speeds of more than 190 mph, but corner entry speeds easily pass 200&nbsp;mph (~320 Km/h).

## Other websites 
* Official website
* NASCAR 

## References
Tatar

**Tatar** might mean:

* Tatars, an ethnic group from Asia and Europe
* Tatar language, a language spoken by the Tatars
Sola scriptura

***Sola scriptura*** (Latin for "by scripture alone") means "the Bible alone ." Protestant Christians who subscribe to the doctrine of Sola scriptura believe that the Bible is the only infallible (that is, always correct) to the Christian faith, rather than Catholic or Eastern Orthodox Christians who believe that tradition and early church writings have equal authority with the Bible.

*Sola scriptura* was a principle of Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation and is a principle of Protestants today (see five solas).

## Related pages
*Quranism, the Islamic equivalent
**Sola fide*
*Muwahhidism, the concept of returning the Islamic faith back to its original foundations
*Ijtihad, the Islamic concept of interpretation of religion and law not limited by tradition

## Other websites
*Many articles on *Sola scriptura* from a Protestant perspective
*Many articles on *Sola scriptura*  from a Catholic perspective
*"A Critique of the Evangelical Doctrine of Sola Scriptura", an excerpt from *The Shape of Sola Scriptura* (2001) by Keith Mathison (himself a Calvinistic evangelical)
*A written debate on *Sola scriptura*  between Douglas Jones and Gerald Matatics from *Antithesis Magazine*
*A formal written debate on *Sola scriptura*  between Julie Staples and Apolonio Latar
*A Catholic rebuttal to *Sola scriptura* 
*An Orthodox Christian rebuttal to *Sola scriptura*
Arms trafficking

- the most commonly smuggled gun in the world.]]
**Arms trafficking** or **gun-running** is smuggling of weapons and ammunition. Arms trafficking happens everywhere but it is a very big problem in places with violent political conflict or civil war. International organizations for human rights, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are looking into fixing this problem.
Sola fide

**Sola fide** means "faith only" in Latin. It is used by Protestants, who believe that people must trust Jesus to bring them back into relationship with God. Sin creates a gap between people and God, but Jesus, who was perfect, died by taking the punishment for sin for the people and so bridged the gap. That is called salvation because Jesus "saves" people from being without God. The idea is that trust in Jesus is the only way to be saved and to get to heaven after people die.

That belief was a principle of the Protestant Reformation, which was started by Martin Luther, and is a principle of Protestants today (see five solas). It contrasts with Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox, who believe that Jesus died to bridge the gap between God and people, but they must also behave to be saved.

Protestants agree that people need to do what is right, but they believe that  salvation depends on faith alone, not on acts.

## Related pages
*Sola scriptura
Human Rights Watch

**Human Rights Watch** is an international non-governmental organization. Its activities include research and advocacy on human rights. The headquarters of the organization is in New York City.

## Focus of the organization 
* Arms trafficking
* Land mines
* Abortion rights
* Freedom of religion
* Gay rights and rights of transgender according to the Yogyakarta Principles
* Rights of AIDS patients
* Safety of civilians in war; opposes use of cluster bombs
* Child labor
* Child soldiers
* Child prostitution
* Street children
* Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity
* Torture
* Extrajudicial killings and abductions
* Legal cases against human rights abusers
* Trafficking in women and girls
* Abolition of capital punishment worldwide

## Other websites 
* Official Website
Tekken Tag Tournament

***Tekken Tag Tournament*** is an update to Tekken 3. It has most of the characters from the past games. It was released for PlayStation 2 in 2000.

## Story 
The game does not have a story, but it is considered non-canonical.

### Characters
Marshall Law, the Jack robot from the original *Tekken* game, King, Kuma, Doctor Boskonovitch and Gon, (the manga character who appeared in the PlayStation version of *Tekken 3*) were excluded as characters in *Tekken Tag Tournament*. However, Doctor Boskonovitch makes a cameo in the Tekken Bowling minigame.

#### Returning characters 
|width=28% valign=top|
*Heihachi Mishima
*Paul Phoenix
*Yoshimitsu
*Nina Williams
*Michelle Chang
*Armor King
*Ganryu
*Anna Williams
*Lei Wulong
*Jun Kazama
*Baek Doo San
*Eddy Gordo
*King
|width=28% valign=top|
*Hwoarang
*Ling Xiaoyu
*Jin Kazama
*Bryan Fury
*Forrest Law
*Julia Chang
*Gun Jack
*Kunimitsu (unlockable)
*Bruce Irvin (unlockable)
*Jack-2 (unlockable)
*Lee Chaolan (unlockable)
*Wang Jinrei (unlockable)
|width=44% valign=top|
*Roger (unlockable)
*Alex (unlockable)
*Kuma (unlockable)
*Panda (unlockable)
*Kazuya Mishima (unlockable)
*Ogre (unlockable)
*True Ogre (unlockable)
*Prototype Jack (unlockable)
*Mokujin (unlockable)
*Devil (unlockable)
*Angel (unlockable, acts as a costume change for Devil)
*Tiger Jackson (unlockable, acts as a costume change for Eddy Gordo)

#### New characters 
*Tetsujin (unlockable)
*Unknown (unlockable)

## Trivia 
* If the player chooses Kazuya and Devil on the same Tag Team, Kazuya will transform into Devil (and vice-versa) instead of them tagging.
* If Unknown and Devil are on the same team and Unknown is using Kazuya's moves, instead of tagging out, she will transform into Devil.
Chassiers

**Chassiers** is a town and commune in the Ardèche *département*, in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 850 people as of the year 1999.

## References
Châteaubourg

**Châteaubourg**can be one of 2 communes in France:

* Châteaubourg, Ardèche
* Châteaubourg, Ille-et-Vilaine
Rosenhan experiment

The **Rosenhan experiment** is a test in psychiatry. It wants to see how good or bad the doctors in a hospital are at seeing if a person has an upset brain.   The first person to do the test was David Rosenhan. The test is named after him. It was first conducted in 1972. Rosenhan published the results in the journal *Science* under the title "On being sane in insane places."

The test is made of two parts. In the first part, people with not-so-upset brains were sent into a hospital.  These psychiatrically sane people said they heard hallucinations, to get admitted to a psychiatric ward. This was done to test how the psychiatric hospitals would react. The second part was the reverse. Rosenhan told the hospitals, he would send *fake patients*. But he did not send any *fake* patients. 

The results of the study were very controversial. When Rosenhan sent the people, the hospitals were unable to detect them. On the other hand, when he told them he had sent some patients, but really did not, the hospitals recognised a large number of *fake patients*.  The study said that it was impossible to tell a difference between the sane and the insane. 

## References
Dominican Order

The **Order of Preachers** (Latin:*Ordo Praedicatorum*, *OP*) is a Roman Catholic religious order. Its members follow the rules Saint Dominic gave them in the 13th century.

After the 15th century they are commonly known as **Dominicans**.

## Other websites
*
Dominican

**Dominican** might mean:

*Something related to the Dominican Republic
**Dominican people (Dominican Republic)
**Dominican Spanish, the version of the Spanish language spoken in the Dominican Republic
*Something related to the country of Dominica
*Dominican Order, a Roman Catholic religious order
Diploma

A **diploma** is a certificate that is received from a school when the student has studied or completed the subject with good results. For many jobs a diploma is needed, because it proves that the person is good at the subject that was studied. A diploma is usually a basic degree that is lower than a bachelor's degree. In the past, it has also referred to a charter or official document of diplomacy.

## References
Authorized King James Version

first *Authorized King James Version* of the Bible, painted by Cornelius Boel.]]  

The **Authorized King James Version** is a translation of the Christian Bible into English. It is also called the *Authorized Version* (*AV*) or the *King James Version* (*KJV*) in the United States.

The name comes from King James I of England. He brought together the Hampton Court Conference of the Church of England and told its members to begin working on the version in 1604. Its first book was published in 1611.

Although it is one of the oldest English translations of the Bible, it is still one of the most widely-read versions. A 2014 survey in the United States found that 55% of those who read the Bible used the King James Version. The next most widely-read version was the New International Version, at 19%, and other versions were used by less than 10%.

## Source 
## Other websites 
* Online Searchable King James Dictionary
* King James Version  -Gutenberg Project
M-Train

**M>Train** was a train operator of half of Melbourne's suburban railway network. It stopped operations at 3:00am 18 April 2004, with Connex Melbourne then taking over all rail operations. M>Train and M>Tram's slogan was ***Moving Melbourne***. M>Train operated the Craigieburn, Cranbourne, Frankston, Pakenham, Sandringham, Sydenham, Upfield, Werribee, Williamstown lines, and maintained the 3 underground city loop stations. Their network was more than 268 kilometers long, and owned 125 trains, with 62 new trains on order when M>Train stopped operations.

## History
Bayside Trains (later known as M>Train) were awarded a 15-year contract to run half of Melbourne's railway network on 31 October 1999, by the Victorian State Government. On 1 October 2001, Bayside Trains renamed themselves to M>Train, along with Swanston Trams renaming themselves to M>Tram .
 

## References
Society of Jesus

The **Society of Jesus** (Latin: *Societas Iesu*, *S.J.* and *S.I.* or *SJ*, *SI* ) is a Roman Catholic Church religious order whose members are called **Jesuits**, *Soldiers of Christ*, and *Foot soldiers of the Pope*, because the founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a knight before becoming a priest.

Jesuits are the largest male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church with 19,216 members (13,491 priests, 3,049 scholastic students, 1,810 brothers and 866 novices).

The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of the Madonna Della Strada.  It is led by a Superior General, currently Arturo Sosa.

The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome.

Within the Catholic Church, there has been a sometimes tense relationship between Jesuits and the Vatican.  This is due to questioning of official Church teaching and papal directives, such as those on abortion, birth control, women deacons, homosexuality, and liberation theology.
However, as of 2025, the previous and most recent Pope, Pope Francis, was a Jesuit.
## References
## Other websites 
### Jesuit documents 
* The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599 
* The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, 1591-1610 
* 

### Jesuit websites 
* The Jesuit Portal - Jesuit Worldwide Homepage

:**Africa**
* Jesuits in South Africa 

:**Asia-Oceania**
* Jesuits in the Philippines

:**Europe**
* Jesuits in Britain

:**North America**
* Jesuits in Canada
* United States Jesuit Conference

:**South America**
*Jesuits in Chile

### Media 
* The BBC Radio 4 *In Our Time* programme on 18 January 2007 was devoted to the early history and educational role of the Jesuits; the programme's website offers a free podcast and 'listen again' service In Our Time website
* Pray-as-you-go: latest initiative by the British Jesuits, providing daily prayer in MP3 format for use "on the go"
* Documentary by the Society of Jesus Province of Chicago (Windows Media Player)
Recke

**Recke** is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Geography 
Recke is about  north-east of Rheine and  north-west of Osnabrück.

### Municipalities near Recke 
* Ibbenbüren
* Hopsten
* Mettingen 
* Voltlage
* Neuenkirchen

## Twin town
*  Ommen (Overijssel, Netherlands)

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
Bryggen

**Bryggen** (Norwegian for *the Wharf*), also known as **Tyskebryggen** (*the German Wharf*), is a series of Hanseatic commercial buildings found on the eastern side of the fjord coming into Bergen, Norway. Bryggen is on the UNESCO list for World Heritage sites. The name has the same origin as the Flemish city of Brugge.
Rheine

**Rheine** is a city in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the biggest city in the district.

## Geography 
Rheine is on the river Ems, about  north of Münster, about  west of Osnabrück and  east of Enschede (Netherlands).

### Division of the town 
Rheine consists of 15 districts:

### Neighbouring municipalities 
* Salzbergen
* Spelle
* Hörstel
* Emsdetten 
* Neuenkirchen

## History 
Although a lot of people have lived in the area around the city since prehistorical times, Rheine was first mentioned in a document signed by Louis the Pious only in 838. On 15 August 1327 it got its town charter from Louis II, Bishop of Münster. 

The settlement was founded by reason of two old merchant roads crossing nearby, as well as a ford crossing the river Ems. Frankish soldiers secured this strategic point by a barrack yard at first. Later a church and more buildings were added to this outpost. 

In the end of Thirty Years' War the city burned down almost completely. Swedish and Hessian troops besieged imperial soldiers who entrenched themselves in Rheine. On 20th/21st September and 19th October 1647 glowing cannonballs set fire to the city, 365 houses got razed.

During the industrialisation textile industry prospered. It continued to be an important economical factor until the second half of the 20th century. Today engineering industries and services form the largest part of economy in Rheine.

## Twin towns 
*  Borne (Netherlands) -- since 1983
*  Bernburg (Saale) (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) -- since 1990
*  Leiria (Portugal) -- since 1996
*  Trakai (Lithuania) -- since 1996

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site
* Association for Rheine's twin towns
Michelle Branch

**Michelle Jacquet Branch-Landau** (born July 2, 1983) is a singer from the United States. She writes songs and plays the guitar. She made her first album, *Broken Bracelet*, in 2000, and released the platinum-selling albums *The Spirit Room* and *Hotel Paper* in August 2001 and June 2003, respectively. During this period, she worked with Carlos Santana on the single "The Game of Love", which won a Grammy Award. In 2004, she formed the musical duo The Wreckers with fellow musician Jessica Harp.

## References
Casimir III the Great

**Casimir III the Great** () (April 30, 1310 – November 5, 1370) was the King of Poland from 1333 until 1370. He was the son of Wladyslaw I the Short. He was the last king of the Piast dynasty, his daughter Jadwiga having married the Lithuanian duke Wladyslaw Jagiello.

Casimir III is the only Polish king to ever receive the title of "the Great". His reign was a time of prosperity and growth for the Polish kingdom. He focused on the economy and strengthening of the country and not on wars and expansion. He kept peace with the Teutonic Order during his reign, for he knew that Poland was weak and would not survive the confrontation with the knights. Because of that, he focused his attention on the south-eastern borders of the country and expanded there. In 1340, he conquered Red Ruthenia (Lviv along with it) from Hungary. Various trade laws created by him made it easier for Polish cities to gather more wealth. Cracow and Lviv gained in importance during his reign.

## Curiosities 
* There is a proverb about the king: "Zastał Polskę drewnianą, a zostawił murowaną" (When he ascended Poland was wooden, when he left us, it was from stone) – he had raised many castles during his reign.
* The old Jewish part of Cracow is called "Kazimierz". It was one of the many cities established by the king.

## Other websites 
* Poland during the reign of king Casimir III
Scanning electron microscope

s taken on an SEM show the characteristic depth of field of SEM micrographs.]]
The **scanning electron microscope** (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons in producing a variety of signals at the surface of a solid specimen. T he signals produced by the interacting electrons contain useful information such as the shape, atomic structure and conductivity.

When an electron hits the surface, it may be reflected (*backscattered*), absorbed, or conducted away.  Electrons that are absorbed can cause the atom that they hit to become unstable, forcing it to give off another electron (a secondary electron), or to give off light in order to stabilize.  Different detectors, for the different types of reactions, may be fitted to an electron microscope, depending on what is being looked for.

The magnification that can be achieved in a scanning electron microscope depends on how narrow the beam of electrons that strikes the surface can be, and can reach 1 nanometer, about the size of 3 to 5 atoms. The beam is controlled using magnetic fields, with other magnetic fields being used to shape the beam, and to move it across the sample. Magnification may range from 30x to as high as 500,000x.
## Sample
The electron beam is affected by air and water molecules, so the sample must be placed in a vacuum. The sample must also be conductive to allow the electrons not reflected or absorbed to be conducted away. This gives some limits on the type of sample that can be used. In the case of samples from plants or animals, it often means that they must first be coated in gold before they can be placed in the microscope. This is done in order to preserve the sample and keep it from changing or decaying throughout the scanning process.
## Components
The scanning electron microscope is made up of several components:

1. The electron gun is located at the very top or bottom of an SEM and is used to fire a beam of electrons at the object that we are looking at under SEM.

2. The lenses are used to focus electron beams so that we can get clear and detailed images of the examined object. They are not made of glass, but they are made of magnets that change the path of electrons created from the electron gun.

3. The sample chamber is the area where the specimen of interest is examined under SEM. As the technique is very sensitive, the chamber must be very sturdy and have no vibrations happen. This is to allow for the specimen to be kept very still in order for the SEM to produce good images.

4. The detector is the "eyes" of the microscope. It is able to produce the most detailed images of a specimen's surface. Many different detectors can be used depending upon the information wanted from the sample used.

5. The vacuum chamber protects the electron beam from constant interference from air.  The air particles are bad for electron beams, because the electrons would be knocked out of the air and onto the specimen.  Those electrons would be out of focus and would distort the view of the surfaces of the specimen.
The Pillows

**The Pillows** (or **the pillows**) is a Japanese rock band made in 1989. They sang FLCL's theme song.

## Members 
* Sawao Yamanaka - vocals, guitar, the leader.
* Yoshiaki Manabe - guitar.
* Shinichirou Sato - drums.
* Jun Suzuki - bass.

## Albums 
* *Moon Gold* (1991)
* *White Incarnation* (1992)
* *Kool Spice* (1994)
* *Living Field* (1995)
* *Please Mr. Lostman* (1997)
* *Little Busters* (1998)
* *Runners High* (1999)
* *Happy Bivouac* (1999)
* *Smile* (2001)
* *Thank You, My Twilight* (2002)
* *Penalty Life* (ペナルティーライフ, 2003)
* ''90's My Life Returns* (2004)
* *Good Dreams* (2004)
* *My Foot* (2006)
* *Wake Up! Wake Up! Wake Up!* (2007)
* *Pied Piper'' (2008)

## Other websites 
* Official website
Thunbergia

***Thunbergia*** Retz. is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar and southern Asia. Its members are known by various names, including **thunbergias**; **clockvine** on its own usually refers to *Thunbergia grandiflora*, while *Thunbergia alata* is often known as **Black-eyed Susan vine** or just **Black-eyed Susan** (not to be confused with other flowers called Black-eyed Susan). Orange clockvine is the name of *Thunbergia gregorii*.

Thunbergia was named for Carl Peter Thunberg.

## References
Leporidae

(*Lepus europaeus*).]]

**Leporidae** is a mammal family in the order Lagomorpha. It has about 60 species of rabbits and hares. The animals of the family Leporidae are called **Leporids**. The names "rabbit" and "hare" are not names of separate biological groups, but are "randomly" given to different leporid species.

## Taxonomy 
* Family **Leporidae**
** Genus *Brachylagus*
*** Pygmy Rabbit, *Brachylagus idahoensis*
** Genus *Bunolagus*
*** Riverine Rabbit, *Bunolagus monticularis*
** Genus *Caprolagus*
*** Hispid Hare, *Caprolagus hispidus*
** Genus *Lepus* (true hares, ca. 30 species)
*** Antelope Jackrabbit, *Lepus alleni*
*** Cape Hare, *Lepus capensis*
*** European Hare, *Lepus europaeus*
*** Granada Hare, *Lepus granatensis*
*** Mountain Hare, *Lepus timidus*
*** White-tailed Jackrabbit, *Lepus townsendii*
** Genus *Nesolagus*
*** Annamite Striped Rabbit, *Nesolagus timminsi*
*** Sumatran Striped Rabbit, *Nesolagus netscheri*
** Genus *Oryctolagus*
*** European Rabbit, *Oryctolagus cuniculus* (includes the domestic rabbit)
** Genus *Pentalagus*
*** Amami Rabbit, *Pentalagus furnessi*
** Genus *Poelagus*
*** Bunyoro Rabbit, *Poelagus marjorita*
** Genus *Pronolagus*
*** Natal Red Rock Hare, *Pronolagus crassicaudatus*
*** Jameson's Red Rock Hare, *Pronolagus randensis*
*** Smith's Red Rock Hare, *Pronolagus rupestris*
** Genus *Romerolagus*
*** Volcano Rabbit, *Romerolagus diazi*
** Genus *Sylvilagus* (Cottontail rabbits, ca. 14 species)
*** Swamp Rabbit, *Sylvilagus aquaticus*
*** Brush Rabbit, *Sylvilagus bachmani*
*** Tapeti, *Sylvilagus brasiliensis*

## Other websites
Mallow, County Cork

**Mallow** (Irish *Mala* "plain of the rock") is the "Crossroads of Munster" and the administrative capital of north County Cork, in the Republic of Ireland. The Northern Divisional Offices of Cork County Council are in the town.
Rio Negro (Amazon)

The **Rio Negro** is a river which flows through the Amazon rainforest in north-western Brazil, in the state of Amazonas.

It is the largest blackwater river in the world. It is called *Negro* (Spanish and Portuguese for "black") because its waters are colored by particles of humus, which make them look much like tea.

The Rio Negro is the largest tributary of the Amazon on the left-hand side (as it goes towards the sea). It starts in Colombia and ends in the Amazon basin.

Rio Negro has a very high species richness. About 700 fish species have been documented in the river basin, and it is estimated that the total is 800–900 fish species, including almost 100 endemics and several undescribed species. Among these are many that are important in the aquarium trade, including the cardinal tetra.

## References