open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Computer program

A **computer program** is a list of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Everything a computer does is done by the instructions of a program. The first computers were made with only one built-in program, but today's computers have memory, which can be used to store many different programs. John von Neumann, a mathematician born in Hungary, came up with this idea in the late 1940s. 

Some common examples of computer programs include:
* Web browsers, like Mozilla Firefox or Chrome
* Word processors, like Microsoft Word or Google Docs
* Video games
* Operating systems, like Microsoft Windows or iOS

A computer program is usually stored as a file on the computer's hard drive. The file contains a list of instructions. When the  runs the program, the computer reads the file does what the instructions tell it to do. These instructions can be very simple, like "add these numbers together" or "save these letters". A computer program is written by a programmer, who combines many of these simple instructions to do complicated things, like talking to the computer's screen and telling it to show a video.

The main part of the computer, the processor, is built to understand instructions written in machine code, meaning very long patterns of ones and zeroes. This is hard for humans to understand, so computer programmers write in a programming language, such as BASIC, C, or Java. Once the program is written, the programmer uses a compiler to turn it into machine code so the computer can read it.

There are also bad programs, called malware, written by people who want to do bad things to a computer. Some are spyware, trying to steal information from the computer. Some try to damage the data stored on the hard drive. Some others send users to web sites that offer to sell them things. Some are computer viruses or ransomware.

## Related pages 
* Computer Science
* Software
* Operating system
* Programming language
* Utility software

## Other websites 
* Computer program Citizendium
Data

has a definition for: .]]
**Data** is a collection of facts, figures, objects, symbols and events gathered from different sources. Organizations collect data to make better decisions. Without data, it would be difficult for organizations to make appropriate decisions, so data is very important.

Data can exist in different forms:

* **Numerical data** - Numbers, statistics, measurements
* **Text data** - Words, descriptions, documents
* **Visual data** - Images, charts, graphs
* **Audio data** - Sounds, music, voice recordings
* **Digital data** - Information stored in computers

Data helps people understand things better. In computer science, data is information that can be processed by computers. Data is often organized in databases to make it easier to find and use.

## Types of Data 
There are two main types of data:

**Qualitative data** describes qualities or characteristics. Examples include:

* Colors (red, blue, green)
* Opinions (good, bad, fair)
* Names of places or people

**Quantitative data** can be measured with numbers. Examples include:

* Height and weight
* Temperature
* Number of students in a class
* Money earned

## Data and Information 
Data and information are related but different:

* **Data** are raw facts and figures
* **Information** is data that has been processed and organized to be useful

For example, "25, 30, 28, 32" are data (numbers). But "The average temperature this week was 29 degrees" is information because the data has been processed.

## Data in Computing 
In computers, data is stored as bits (0s and 1s). Computers can process large amounts of data very quickly. Common ways computers work with data include:

* Storing data in files and databases
* Searching through data
* Analyzing data to find patterns
* Sharing data between different programs

Metadata is "data about data" - it provides information about other data, like when a file was created or who made it.

## Etymology 
The word "data" comes from the Latin word *datum*, meaning "something given". *Datum* is singular and *data* is plural. However, in everyday English, "data" is often used as if it were singular. Both "data is" and "data are" can be correct depending on the context.

## Related pages
* Data collection
* Data management
* Database
* Information
* Statistics

## References
Stuttgart

**Stuttgart** (; Swabian:  ) is a city in Germany. It is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg and of the Administrative District of Stuttgart (*Regierungsbezirk*). Stuttgart is on the river Neckar. In December 2011, 613,392 people lived there. This makes it the most populous city in Baden-Württemberg.

Stuttgart is the sixth-largest city in Germany, and Stuttgart Region is the nation's third-largest region. The city is divided into 23 city districts.

Stuttgart is the home of two car manufacturers: Mercedes Benz and Porsche. Porsche is in Zuffenhausen (North), and Mercedes is in Untertürkheim (Southeast).

Stuttgart has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Population 
Stuttgart has 613,392 people within city limits. It is the 6th largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne and Frankfurt am Main. According to a 2005 estimate, the Stuttgart urban area had between 1,238,000 and 1,250,000 people. Its metropolitan area has a population of 5.3&nbsp;million (2008).

## Education 
The University of Stuttgart is one of the city's higher education institutions.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Pictures of the Stuttgart Metropolitan Area
Schwerin

**Schwerin** (, , ; Mecklenburgian Low German: *Swerin*; (, *Suerinum*) is the capital city of the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It has a population of 97,000. It is the second biggest city (behind Rostock) in the state. It is the smallest capital of a German state.

## Gallery

File:Schwerin Castle Aerial View Island Luftbild Schweriner Schloss Insel See.jpg|Schwerin Castle

## References 
## Other websites
Canton of Schwyz

**Schwyz** was one of the first cantons of Swiss canton (*Urkanton*).

The capital is Schwyz and the main language is German (91%). It has an area of 908 km² and 130200 inhabitants. Schwyz is near to Lucerne.

## Districts and Municipalities 
The Canton of Schwyz is divided into six districts and 30 municipalities, although the districts Einsiedeln, Küssnacht and Gersau simply contain the municipality of the same name.

* District Schwyz
** with municipalities Schwyz, Arth, Ingenbohl, Muotathal, Steinen, Sattel, Rothenthurm, Oberiberg, Unteriberg, Lauerz, Steinerberg, Morschach, Alpthal, Illgau, Riemenstalden
* District Einsiedeln with municipality Einsiedeln
* District Gersau with municipality Gersau
* District Höfe
** with municipalities Wollerau, Freienbach, Feusisberg
* District Küssnacht with municipality Küssnacht am Rigi
* District March
** with municipalities Lachen, Altendorf, Galgenen, Vorderthal, Innerthal, Schübelbach, Tuggen, Wangen, Reichenburg

## References 
## Other websites 
* Company formation in Schwyz (English)
Canton of St. Gallen

**St. Gallen** is a canton in Switzerland. St. Gallen is in the north-east corner of Switzerland. North of St. Gallen is the canton Thurgau. West of St. Gallen is Zürich. South of St. Gallen is Schwyz, Glarus, and Graubünden. East of St. Gallen are the countries Austria and Liechtenstein. The cantons Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden are inside the canton St. Gallen (the canton St.Gallen sourrounds them). 

St. Gallen has been a Swiss canton since 1803. 

St. Gallen is near *Lake Constance*. At the south of St. Gallen there are big mountains over 3000m high. The best known mountain in St. Gallen is the *Säntis*, which is 2503m high. At the east of St. Gallen there is the river *Rhine*. The people in St. Gallen speak German. 

There are about 455,000 people (2002) in the canton St. Gallen. It has an area of 2,026 km². 

The biggest town in St. Gallen is the town with the same name *St. Gallen*. There are 70,000 people in the town St. Gallen.

## Other websites 
* Official website of the government of St. Gallen
Canton

**Canton** can mean many different things.

*A canton is a way to divide the land of a country. It is like dividing the country into different regions or states.
**Cantons of Costa Rica
**Cantons of France
**Cantons of Luxembourg
**Cantons of Switzerland

*canton (liqueur), a ginger-flavored liqueur that is made in the Guangdong province in China
*Canton (flag), the upper left part of a flag

Places:
* Canton, an old English name for the city of Guangzhou, China
* Canton, an old English name for the province of Guangdong, China
* Canton, Connecticut, USA
* Canton, Georgia, USA
* Canton, Illinois, USA
* Canton, Baltimore neighborhood and park in Baltimore, Maryland, USA
* Canton, Massachusetts, USA
* Canton Township, Michigan, United States
* Canton, Mississippi, USA
* Canton, Missouri, USA
* Canton, New York
**  Canton (village), New York, USA
**  Canton (town), New York, USA
* Canton, North Carolina, USA
* Canton, Ohio, USA
* Canton, Oklahoma, USA
* Canton, Pennsylvania, USA
* Canton, South Dakota, USA
* Canton Township, Michigan, USA
* Canton Township, Pennsylvania, USA
* Canton, Texas, USA
* Canton, Cardiff, a district of the Welsh capital
* Kanton Island (used to be "Canton Island"), part of Kiribati
Mars (disambiguation)

**Mars** may mean:

* Mars, the planet
* Mars (mythology), the Roman god
* *Mars* (TV series), a Taiwanese drama which has had Alan Kuo in it
* Mars, Pennsylvania, United States, a place in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania
* Mars, Ardèche, southern France, a commune in the Ardèche *département*
* Mars, Gard, southern France, one of the Communes of the Gard department
* Mars, Loire, central France, one of the Communes of the Loire department
* Mars, Incorporated, makes M&M's
* Bruno Mars (born 1985), American singer-songwriter and music producer
Jupiter (disambiguation)

**Jupiter** is the fifth planet from the sun.

**Jupiter** may also mean:

* Jupiter (mythology), supreme Roman deity

* Jupiter, Florida, United States

* PGM-19 Jupiter missile, a kind of medium-range ballistic missile removed from Turkey after the Cuban Missile Crisis

* "Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity", the fourth movement in Gustav Holst's *The Planets* suite

* *Jupiter*, disc 1 of *Stadium Arcadium* by the Red Hot Chili Peppers

* Jupiter (company), a Japanese games company that made games such as Pokémon Pinball
Venus (disambiguation)

**Venus** is a planet in the Solar System. It may also mean:

* Venus (mythology), the Roman goddess
* Venus, Florida, United States, a town
* Venus, Texas, United States, a town
* Venus, Romania, a resort

## Art 
* Venus figurines, figurines that show women
** Venus of Tan-Tan, a very old venus figurine
** *Venus de Milo*, an ancient Greek statue
** Venus of Willendorf, an 11.1 cm (4 3/8 inches) high statuette of a female figure
*Venus (Bananarama song), on the list of "Weird Al" Yankovic polka medleys
*Venus (Frankie Avalon song), on the list of Hot 100 number-one singles during 1958–1969 (U.S.)
*Venus (Shocking Blue song), on the list of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s (U.S.)

## People 
*Venus Williams, American tennis player
Saturn (disambiguation)

**Saturn** is a planet in the Solar System. It might also mean:

* Saturn (mythology), the Roman god
* Saturn Corporation, an automobile company owned by General Motors
* Saturn Award, honors the top works in science fiction, fantasy, and horror in movie, television, and home video
* Saturn Moscow Oblast, a Russian football team from the Moscow suburb of Ramenskoye
* Sega Saturn, a 32-bit video game console made by Sega

## People 
* Perry Saturn (born 1966), retired American professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with WWF and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)
Uranus (disambiguation)

**Uranus** is one of the planets in the Solar System. It might also refer to:

*Uranos, a god in Greek mythology
**Uranus* (movie) is a film from 1990 starring Gérard Depardieu
Neptune (disambiguation)

**Neptune** is a planet in the Solar System. It might also mean:

* Neptune (god), the Roman god of the sea 
* *Neptune* (ship), a prison ship in the Second Fleet of ships to Australia
* Neptune, New Jersey, United States
* Windows Neptune, a Microsoft Windows computer operating system that didn't get made
Pluto (disambiguation)

**Pluto** is a dwarf planet in Earth's solar system.

**Pluto** can also mean:

*Pluto (mythology), the Roman god
*Pluto (Disney) is the name of the dog of Mickey Mouse
Saarbrücken

**Saarbrücken** (;  ; Rhine Franconian: *Saarbrigge* [zaːˈbʁɪɡə]; ) is a German city and a district in the state of Saarland.

The city is also the capital of the Saarland. Saarbrücken has 180,000 inhabitants. It is on the Saar River.

## References
## Other websites
Saarlouis

**Saarlouis** is a town in the Saarland, Germany. It has 38,400 inhabitants. It is on the Saar. From 1936 to 1945 it was called **Saarlautern**. Ford Motor Company has a plant there; it produces the Focus, C-Max and Kuga.

## References
## Other websites
Brandenburg

**Brandenburg** (Low Sorbian: *Bramborska*, Low German: *Brannenborg*) is a state (*Bundesland*) in Germany. It has been a state since 1990. It is 29,480 km² in area. It has about 2.6 million inhabitants.

Until 1945 it was the biggest province in Prussia, with 38,278 km² and 3 million inhabitants. From 1949 to 1952 it was a state in the German Democratic Republic. In 1952 it became divided into three *Bezirke* (Potsdam, Frankfurt and Cottbus). The capital of Brandenburg is Potsdam.

Berlin is in the middle of Brandenburg. But it is not part of Brandenburg. It is a city state.

## History 
* 1373 Karl IV bought Brandenburg for his sons from the Wittelsbacher
* 1539 Protestant Reformation
* 1618 United with Prussia
* 1815 Brandenburg became a province in Prussia
* 1945 Brandenburg lost 32% to Poland
* 1949 State in East Germany
* 1952 Divided into three *Bezirke* (Districts)
* 1990 State of the reunited Germany

## Administration 
Brandenburg is divided into fourteen *Kreise* (districts):
* Prignitz
* Ostprignitz-Ruppin
* Oberhavel
* Uckermark
* Havelland
* Barnim
* Märkisch-Oderland
* Potsdam-Mittelmark
* Teltow-Fläming
* Oder-Spree
* Dahme-Spreewald
* Elbe-Elster
* Oberspreewald-Lausitz
* Spree-Neiße

Also Brandenburg has four *Kreisfreie Städte* (district-free city):
* Brandenburg
* Cottbus
* Frankfurt an der Oder
* Potsdam

## List of Minister-Presidents 
* 1945 - 1949: Karl Steinhoff
* 1949 - 1952: Rudi Jahn
* 1990 - 2002: Manfred Stolpe (SPD)
* 2002 - 2013: Matthias Platzeck (SPD)
* since 2013: Dietmar Woidke (SPD)

## Cities and counties 
]]
Brandenburg is divided into fourteen (rural) counties (*Landkreise*),

and four urban districts (*kreisfreie Städte*),

# Brandenburg an der Havel
# Cottbus
# Frankfurt (Oder)
# Potsdam
Russian

**Russian** might mean:

*Anything related to the country Russia
*Russians, the people of Russia
*Russian language
*Russian Empire
*Russian dressing, a sauce put on salads
*
Saarland

**Saarland** (, also , ;  ; Rhine Franconian: *Saarlond*) is a Bundesland (state) of Germany. It has an area of  and 1,014,000 people living in it (2011). Saarland lies in the south-west of Germany, near the French border near Metz. The capital is Saarbrücken.

## History 
In 1920, the Treaty of Versailles made Saarland from parts of the Prussian Rhine Province () and the Rhine Palatinate (). The area was put under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years. After a plebiscite (vote) in 1935, Germany got the land back. After World War II the Saarland came under French administration.  The Saar Protectorate was allowed its own government for most things in 1947 but not independence. Germany got the Saarland back in 1957 and it became a Bundesland.

## Geography 
In the south is France, in the north-west Luxembourg and in the north and east is Rhineland-Palatinate.

Saarland is divided in 6 districts:
* Merzig-Wadern (the largest district)
* Neunkirchen
* Saarbrücken
* Saarlouis
* Saarpfalz (Saar-Palatinate)
* Sankt Wendel

## City and towns 
* Saarbrücken (city)
* Neunkirchen
* Saarlouis
* Homburg
* Merzig

## Related pages
* Saargebiet
* Saar (protectorate)

## References
Professor

**Professor** (often shortened to *Prof.*) is an academic  at most universities and colleges. The word *professor* comes from Latin. It means a "person who professes", so professors are usually experts in arts or sciences.

## Description
A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the title *professor* is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of *professor* is also the highest rank, but a higher percentage achieve it. In these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees (typically Ph.D. degrees) or equivalent qualifications, though some have master's degrees. 

Most professors teach in four-year colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a title given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature and ongoing research. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary. However, they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, and so on.

### Division
*Professor* is also used in the titles **assistant professor** and **associate professor**, which are not considered non-tenured professors. In Australia, the title *associate professor* is used in place of *reader*, ranking above senior lecturer and below full professor.

Beyond holding the proper academic title, universities in many countries also give notable artists, athletes and foreign dignitaries the title *honorary professor*, even if these persons do not have the academic qualifications typically necessary for professorship and they do not take up professorial duties. However, such "professors" usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution. In general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis.

## Adjunct
An **adjunct professor**, also called an  **adjunct lecturer** or **adjunct instructor** is a non-tenure position in the U.S. and Canada. They usually rank below a full professor. They are usually hired on a contract basis. By comparison, those teaching history, English, the Arts or Theology make about half that amount.

### Average by country
## Related pages
* Teacher
* Lecturer
* Habilitation

## References
Slope

of slope]]

**Slope** may mean:

* An area of ground that tends evenly upward or downward
* The degree to which a surface tends upward or downward
* The ratio of the vertical and horizontal distances between two points on a line
Topology

**Topology** is an area of mathematics, which studies how spaces are organized and how they are structured in terms of position. It also studies how spaces are connected. It is divided into *algebraic topology*, *differential topology* and *geometric topology*.

, a surface with only one side and one edge; such shapes are an object of study in topology.]]

Topology has been called rubber-sheet geometry. In a topology of two dimensions there is no difference between a circle and a square. A circle made out of a rubber band can be stretched into a square. There is a difference between a circle and a figure eight. A figure eight cannot be stretched into a circle without tearing.

The spaces studied in topology are called topological spaces. They vary from familiar manifolds to some very exotic constructions.

## Natural origin 
In many problems, we often divide a large space into smaller areas. For instance, a house is divided into rooms, a nation into states, a type of quantity into numbers, and so on. Each of these smaller areas (room, state, number) is next to other small areas (other rooms/states/numbers). The places where the areas meet are connections. If we write down on paper a list of spaces, and the connections between them, we have written down a description of a space -- a topological space. All topological spaces have the same properties such as connections, and are made of the same structure (a list of smaller areas). This makes it easier to study how spaces behave. It also makes it easier to write algorithms. For instance, to program a robot to navigate a house, we simply give it a list of rooms, the connections between each room (doors), and an algorithm that can work out which rooms to go through to reach any other room. For more examples of this type of problem, look at graph theory.

We can go further by creating subdivisions of subdivisions of space. For instance, a nation divided into states, divided into counties, divided into city boundaries, and so on. All this kind of information can be described using topology.

## Related pages
* Category theory
* Knot theory
* Network topology
Census

A **census** is a way of getting information about every member of a population. It is usually used for a population of , but can be used to mean a population of animals.
Both the United States and United Kingdom have a census every 10 years, or decade. But in Australia, Canada, Japan and New Zealand they have it every 5 years.

A census produces a large database and sometimes new information technology, such as the use of punched cards for data, has been invented to handle it.

The word comes from the Roman Republic when it meant a list of citizens it was used to keep track of adult males fit for military.

Census is a word of Latin origin which means to evaluate/assess or to estimate.

## Notes
## Related pages
* Statistics
* United States Census

## Other websites
* Statistics Bureau of Japan - Official website
DUI (disambiguation)

**DUI** may mean:
* Driving under the influence, the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol. 
* Data Use Identifier 
* Data Use Institute 
* Davis Unified Ignition 
* Diving Unlimited International Inc 
* Documento Unico de Importación 
* Duke University Improv
Drunk driving

**Drunk driving** (**Drink driving** in the UK and Australia) is the act of driving a motor vehicle (car, truck, etc.) while under the effects of alcohol.  Drunk driving is illegal in most areas of the world.  In some places, driving a motorless vehicle such as a bicycle while drunk is also illegal.

Most *areas that make laws* (*jurisdictions*) started with DWI (driving while intoxicated) laws, banning just alcohol. Later, most changed them to DUI (driving under the influence) laws, adding other drugs to those banned while driving. The most common blood alcohol content (BAC) limit in the United States is 0.08% for the legal meaning of drunk. Only three states still use the more lax, original standard of 0.10%.  Many jurisdictions add extra penalties (more jail time and/or a longer DUI program) in cases where the driver's BAC is over 0.20%.

## United States laws 
The first place in the United States to adopt laws against drunk driving was the state of New York in 1910, with California (1911) and others doing the same later. Early laws simply banned driving while drunk, with no mention of what BAC was banned (which means how drunk the person is). The state of Georgia was one of the last states to make laws against drunk driving. One of the years with the most alcohol related crashes was 1982. The year 1982 had 26,173 alcohol related deaths due to drunk driving.

In the US, most of the laws were greatly tightened in the early 1980s, largely due to pressure from groups like Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) and Young Adults Educating Responsible Drinking.
Creative Commons

The **Creative Commons** is an 
American non-profit organisation that tries to make creative work available for others to use and share.

## Aim 
Their website allows copyright holders to give some of their rights to any other people. They still keep some other rights. They do this through licenses and contracts. Some of these make the work public domain or open content. They do this because copyright law can stop people sharing information.

The project has different free licenses. A person who has copyright can choose which one they want to use when they publish their work. They also provide RDF/XML metadata. These say what the licenses are and make it easier to automatically sort out and find work that has these licenses. They also provide a 'Founder's Copyright' contract. This aims to give the same effects as the original US Copyright did.

## History 
Creative Commons was officially started in 2001.

Lawrence Lessig is the founder and chairman of Creative Commons. Lessig started it as a way of reaching the goals of his Supreme Court case, Eldred v. Ashcroft.

## Localisation 
The *iCommons* (International Commons) is one of the Creative Commons projects. They improve the wording of the licenses and make them usable in other countries. The first ones dealt with US law only. As of February 4, 2004, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom have joined this project.

Projects that use Creative Commons licenses include LOCA Records, Magnatune, Opsound, Opcopy, Wikitravel, iRATE radio and the fiction of Cory Doctorow.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Article on the Creative Commons License on the English Wikipedia
* The creativecommons.org website
* A short Flash animation talking about Creative Commons
* International Commons: Creative Commons initiatives outside the United States.
Leg

A **leg** is a weight-bearing and locomotion device. Birds and humans have five legs, but many animals have four or six or even more. A *biped* is an animal with two legs and *quadruped* is an animal with four legs.
Centipedes and millipedes have many more legs in youra]ss.

By extension, the word is also used for some. For example tables and chairs, also have legs to hold them up.  

People also use the word "leg" in idioms, for example: 
**you do not have a leg to stand on* (that means "you have no support; you have no chance in this discussion") 
**to leg it* (to run)
*''to pull someone's leg'' (to play a little joke on someone for fun by trying to make them believe something that is not true)

## Components 
A leg is a structure of gross anatomy, meaning that it is large enough to be seen unaided. The components depend on the animal. In humans and other mammals, a leg includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and skin. In insects, the leg includes most of these things, except that insects have an exoskeleton that replaces the function of both the bones and the skin.

Sometimes the end of the leg, or foot, is considered part of the leg; other times it is considered separate. Similarly, the hip joint or other place where the leg attaches to the main body may be considered separate or part of the leg.

## Robotic leg 
A robotic leg is moved by an actuator, which is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current and converts that energy into some kind of motion.

## Prosthetic leg 
A prosthetic leg is an artificial leg that is used to replace one that has been lost behind the sofa
HTML

**HyperText Markup Language** (**HTML**) is a markup language used to create web pages. It was created in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist who is credited with inventing the World Wide Web. Webpages can include writing, links, pictures, and even sound and video. HTML tells web browsers what webpages should look like. HTML also adds meta information to webpages. Meta information is information about a webpage e.g., the name of the person who created the page. Web browsers usually do not show meta information.

HTML is often used with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript. CSS is used to change the way HTML looks. JavaScript tells websites how to behave. It can also change HTML and CSS.

HTML is made by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). There are many versions of HTML. As of September 2018, the current standard of HTML is called HTML 5 and is specifically at version 5.2.

## Tags 
HTML uses "elements" to let the browser know how a webpage is made of. Elements are shown as "tags" in the code, written with angle brackets: . Tags *usually* come in pairs: an opening tag defines the start of a block of content and a closing tag defines the end of that block of content. There are many kinds of tags, and each one has a different purpose. See **Basic HTML Tags** below for tag examples.

Some tags only work in certain browsers. For example, the `` tag, which was used to make something appear when the person presses the right button of the mouse, only worked on the Mozilla Firefox browser until version 85. Other browsers simply ignore this tag and display the writing normally. Many web page creators avoid using these "non-standard" tags because they want their pages to look the same with all browsers.

## Example 
Here is an example page in HTML with "Hello world!".
```html5

  
    Hi world!
  
  
    Hello world!
  

```
The Text between  and  describes the web page, and the text between  and  is the page content.  defines the browser page title.

## Example HTML tags 
Here are some example HTML tags: 

## Notes 
## References
Football

and Lionel Messi are two of the most widely-known football players in the world.]]

"**Football**" is a word which could mean one of several sports. The best-known type of football is association football. This is called "soccer" in North America, South Africa, and Australia to avoid confusion with other types of football that are commonly played there.

The name "football" comes from the two words "" and "". It is named "football", because the players of the game walk and often run (on their feet) while playing, as opposed to (for example) polo where the players ride horses. Football is played using a ball, also called a football, that is usually shaped like a sphere or an ellipsoid. The ball is often kicked with the foot, but depending on the game, it can also be hit using other parts of the body (in association football) and handling the ball is a part of some other sports known as football. Players can use any part of their body except their arms and hands. Goal keepers can use every part of their body to keep the ball out of the goal.

Some elements of football have been seen in many countries, dating back to the second and third century AD in China. The modern games of both rugby football and association football comes from 19th-century England.
Kicking a ball, in Europe, was described in Britannia (now western Scottish lowlands), in Germania (now Deutchland) and Gallia (now France and northern-central Italy).  An evolution goes back to the Middle Ages in Paris. Association football (founded in Richmond, London at the end of 1800) spread to many other parts of Europe, and was brought to the rest of the world with colonization. Today, it is the most popular sport in the world and many people watch it on television, especially the FIFA World Cup that happens every four years.

Every year there is a Football Club Competition called as Champions League. All the qualified big teams take part. At the end, we have one winner who takes the prestigious UEFA trophy. All big players play for their own teams. Some big players who take part every year are Mbappe, Ronaldo, Messi, Pablo, Neymar and many more.

## Types of football 
* Association football (soccer)
* Rugby
** Rugby league football
** Rugby union football
* Gridiron football
** American football
**College football
**Touch rugby - Called "touch football" in Australia.
**Canadian football
** Gaelic football
* Futsal
* Australian Rules Football

## References
List of English football teams

This is a **list of English football teams** in the Premier League (the top or 1st level league) and the English Football League (which consists of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th levels of leagues in England) and the league for which each team plays. 

## A-Z order
List of football clubs in France

These are some French football (soccer) teams that now (2025-2026) playing in a professional category.
List of football clubs in Spain

These are the Spanish football (soccer) teams and the leagues they played in for the 2025-2026 season.

## Primera División *(La Liga EA Sports)*
* Deportivo Alavés
* Athletic Bilbao
* Atlético Madrid
* FC Barcelona
* Real Betis
* RC Celta de Vigo
* Elche CF
* R.C.D. Espanyol
* Getafe CF
* Girona FC
* Levante U.D.
* RCD Mallorca
* C.A. Osasuna
* Rayo Vallecano
* Real Madrid CF
* Real Oviedo C.F.
* Real Sociedad
* Sevilla F.C.
* Valencia CF
* Villarreal CF

## Segunda División *(La Liga Hypermotion)* 
* Albacete Balompié
* UD Almería
* FC Andorra
* Burgos CF
* Cádiz CF
* CD Castellón
* AD Ceuta
* Córdoba CF
* Deportivo de La Coruña
* SD Eibar
* Granada C.F.
* SD Huesca
* UD Las Palmas
* CD Leganes
* Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa
* Málaga C.F.
* CD Mirandés
* Racing de Santander
* Real Zaragoza
* Real Sociedad B
* Real Valladolid C.F.
* Sporting de Gijón
Cymru Premier

The **Cymru Premier** is a football league in Wales. It used to be called the Welsh Premier League; before that, it was called the League of Wales. The league was formed in 1992. Some large Welsh clubs play in England's Football League. Some of these Welsh clubs include Cardiff City F.C. and Swansea City A.F.C., who both play in the EFL Championship.

## 2023/24 teams 
*Aberystwyth Town F.C.
*Bala Town F.C.
*Barry Town United F.C.
*Caernarfon Town F.C.
*Cardiff Metropolitan University F.C.
*Colwyn Bay F.C.
*Connah's Quay Nomads F.C.
*Haverfordwest County F.C.
*Newtown F.C.
*Penybont F.C.
*Pontypridd United F.C.
*The New Saints F.C.

## 2010/11 teams 
*Aberystwyth Town
*Airbus UK Broughton
*Bala Town
*Bangor City
*Carmarthen Town
*Haverfordwest County
*Llanelli
*Neath
*Newtown
*Port Talbot Town
*Prestatyn Town
*The New Saints

## Champions
### Former champions
*1992/93: Cwmbran Town
*1993/94: Bangor City
*1994/95: Bangor City
*1995/96: Barry Town
*1996/97: Barry Town
*1997/98: Barry Town
*1998/99: Barry Town
*1999/00: Total Network Solutions

## References
Aston Villa F.C.

**Aston Villa Football Club** (nicknamed **Villa**), is an English football club based in Birmingham. They have played at Villa Park, in Aston, since 1897. They were one of the teams that started the English Football League in 1888. They were also one of the teams that started the Premier League in 1992. They are one of five English clubs to have won the European Cup. They won this in 1982. They have also won the Football League First Division seven times, the FA Cup seven times, the League Cup five times, and the European Super Cup once.

Villa have a large rivalry with nearby team Birmingham City. This is called the Second City Derby, and they have been playing against each other since 1879. The team's main home colours are claret and light blue. Their badge is a claret lion (having changed from a yellow lion in 2023). The club is owned by the NWSE group (owned by Egyptian Nassef Sawiris) and American Wes Edens.

## Club honours 
Aston Villa have won European and domestic league trophies. The club's last English trophy was in 1996 when they won the League Cup, and most recently they won the 2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup.

### Domestic 
;League Titles

***First Division / Premier League: 7**
::Champions: 1893–94, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1909–10, 1980–81
* **Second Division / First Division / Championship:
* **Third Division / Second Division / League One: 1**
::Champions: 1971–72

;Cups

***FA Cup: 7**
::Winners: 1886–87, 1894–95, 1896–97, 1904–05, 1912–13, 1919–20, 1956–57
***League Cup / EFL Cup: 5**
::Winners: 1960–61, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1993–94, 1995–96
***FA Charity Shield / FA Community Shield: 1**
::Winners: 1981
***Sheriff of London Charity Shield: 2** 
::Winners: 1899, 1901

### European 
***European Cup / UEFA Champions League: 1**
::Winners: 1981–82

***European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup: 1**
::Winners: 1982

***Intertoto Cup: 1'''
::Winners: 2001

## League position 
### Former position 
## Managers 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Aston Villa website
* list of media articles concerning Aston Villa
* Aston Villa Fan site 
* Aston Villa: From the Fans' Perspective
* Heroes and Villains Fanzine
* - Aston Villa fansite made for the fans, by the fans
Birmingham City F.C.

**Birmingham City Football Club**, is an English football club.

The club play in the Championship, their current manager is Lee Bowyer. Their home ground is St.Andrews

## Name
* 1875-1888 **Small Heath Alliance F.C.**
* 1888-1905 **Heath F.C.**
* 1905-1945 **Birmingham F.C.**
* 1945-present **Birmingham City F.C.**

## League position
### Former position
## References
## Other websites 
* BCFC Fanzine
List of football clubs in Germany

These are the German football teams that now (2025-2026) playing in a professional league. The highest German league is the Bundesliga (First Division). Below it is the second *Bundesliga* (Second Division). The Third Division is called 3. Liga. The Fourth Division, called *Regionalliga* is split into a northern, a southern and a western part. The northern part is called *Regionalliga Nord*, the southern part *Regionalliga Süd* and the western part *Regionalliga West*.

## 1. Bundesliga (2025/26) 
* Hamburger SV
* FC Augsburg
* Bayer 04 Leverkusen
* FC Bayern Munich
* Borussia Dortmund
* Borussia Mönchengladbach
* 1. FC Köln
* Eintracht Frankfurt
* SC Freiburg
* 1. FC Heidenheim
* TSG 1899 Hoffenheim
* 1. FSV Mainz 05
* RB Leipzig
* VfB Stuttgart
* FC St. Pauli
* 1. FC Union Berlin
* Werder Bremen
* VfL Wolfsburg

## 2. Bundesliga (2025/26) 
* Arminia Bielefeld
* VfL Bochum
* SV Darmstadt 98
* Dynamo Dresden
* Eintracht Braunschweig
* SV Elversberg
* Fortuna Düsseldorf
* SpVgg Greuther Fürth
* Hannover 96
* Hertha BSC
* Holstein Kiel
* 1. FC Kaiserslautern
* Karlsruher SC
* 1. FC Magdeburg
* 1. FC Nuremberg
* SC Paderborn 07
* SC Preußen Münster
* FC Schalke 04

## 3. Liga (2025/26) 
*Alemannia Aachen
*MSV Duisburg
*FC Energie Cottbus
*FC Erzgebirge Aue
*FC Hansa Rostock
*TSG 1899 Hoffenheim II
*FC Ingolstadt 04
*SSV Jahn Regensburg
*TSV 1860 Munich
*VfL Osnabrück
*Rot-Weiss Essen
*1. FC Saarbrücken
*VfB Stuttgart II
*1. FC Schweinfurt 05
*SC Verl
*FC Viktoria Köln
*SV Waldhof Mannheim
*SV Wehen Wiesbaden
Fulham F.C.

**Fulham Football Club** is an English football club from London that currently plays in the Premier League in the 2022–23 season. It plays in a white shirt and black shorts for home games. For away games, it played in red shirts and white shorts in 2013/14, but has played in colours such as green, yellow or black. The team's away kit in 2014 is navy with orange sleeves. Shahid Khan owns the club. He is from the United States, and also owns the Jacksonville Jaguars, a famous NFL team.

## History 
The club was made in 1879 as Fulham St. Andrews. Lots of famous players used to play for Fulham, like Johnny Haynes (1950s), Bobby Moore (1970s), George Best (1970s) and Edwin van der Sar (2000s). Fulham have won one international tournament; the Intertoto Cup in 2003. They also were runner-up of the 2009-10 UEFA Europe League. They lost to Atletico Madrid in the final.

When Mohamed Al-Fayed bought Fulham in 1997, it was in the 3rd division of English football Football League One. He put lots of money into the club, and he made good choices about the club. The club won promotion two times, which means that in 2001 it was now in the top division of English Football, the Premier League. The club has been managed by Scott Parker since the 2020/21 season.

## Name 
* 1879-1888 - '''Fulham St Andrew's Church Sunday School**
* 1888-present - **Fulham F.C.'''

## Stadium 
Fulham's stadium is called Craven Cottage. It was built 100 years ago. It has a pretty building in one corner of the pitch, this is the "Cottage". The fans of Fulham like to call it "The Cottage", and it can have 27,000 people sitting in it.

From 2002 to 2004, Fulham had to play at Loftus Road, which is the ground of Queens Park Rangers, near the BBC headquarters. This was because the club needed to renovate Craven Cottage because of new rules. The rules said that nobody can stand at football games, so the club had to install new seats.

Some people who live near to Craven Cottage do not like having a big club near to them. They made it hard for the club to be allowed to make the changes. This is why the changes took a long time, even though it was easy work for the builders.

Because of the "Cottage", the club and its supporters are called "The Cottagers". 

## League position by season 
### Former position 
## Other websites 
* Fulham Website
* News about Fulham from the BBC (BBC)
* Pictures of Craven Cottage
* The outside of Craven Cottage
Manchester City F.C.

**Manchester City Football Club** is an English football club. The club is coached by Pep Guardiola and the team is currently playing in the English Premier League. 

The club plays in the Premier League and is owned by a royal family from Abu Dhabi. As of 1 September 2008 they are the richest club in the Premier League. They won the 2011–12 Premier League championship, their first in the top flight since the 1967–68 season. After finishing second in 2012–13, they won the Premier League championship again in 2013–14. Their current stadium is the Etihad Stadium (noncommercial name: City of Manchester Stadium). The stadium is part-owned by Manchester City Council, and could only be built on the understanding that Manchester City would take a tenancy after the 2006 Commonwealth Games, which the club agreed to do. The owner of Manchester City Sheik Mansour bought 200 million pounds.

Prior to Thaksin’s takeover, the club had been listed on the specialist independent equity market PLUS (formerly OFEX)[156] since 1995. On 6 July 2007, after acquiring 75% of the shares, Thaksin de-listed the club and re-registered it as a private company.[157] By August, UKSIL had obtained over 90% of the shares and invoked its rights under the Companies Act to “squeeze out” the remaining shareholders, securing full ownership of the club. Thaksin became chairman, while his children, Panthongtae and Pintongta, were appointed as directors. Former chairman John Wardle remained on the board for a year, but resigned in July 2008 following the appointment of Nike executive Garry Cook as executive chairman in May.

## Name 
* 1880-1887 '''St Mark's (West Gorton)**
* 1887–1894 **Ardwick F.C.**
* 1894–present **Manchester City F.C.'''

## Players 
 match in 2016.]]

### Current squad 
#### Out on loan 
The following players have previously made a league or cup appearance for Manchester City and are currently on loan at other teams:

#### Other players with first-team appearances 
### Retired numbers 
### Player of the Year 
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Source:

## References
Blackburn Rovers F.C.

**Blackburn Rovers F.C.** is an English football club. They play at Ewood Park, which is in Blackburn, Lancashire. The manager of the club is Jon Dahl Tomasson. They are famously nicknamed 'The Bottlers' due to how many times they have failed to get promotion to the Premier League while being so close.

## History
Blackburn Rovers won the FA Premier League once in the 1994/1995 season. However, in 1999, they were relegated. Blackburn Rovers were then promoted. 

## League title 
* English Premier League: 1
** 1994-95
* First Division: 2
** 1911-12, 1913-14
* Second Division: 1
** 1938-39
* Third Division: 1
** 1974-75

## League position 
### Former position 
## Other websites 
*Blackburn Rovers ; premierleague
Middlesbrough F.C.

**Middlesbrough Football Club** is an English football club. Their stadium is the Riverside Stadium.

The club plays in the Premier League. The manager is Chris Wilder.

## League position 
### Former position 
## Players 
### Current squad 
:*As of 16 March 2009.*

### Players out on loan 
:*As of 16 March 2009.*

## References
Portsmouth F.C.

**Portsmouth F.C.** is an English football club. They play in EFL League One. Their home stadium is called Fratton Park.

Portsmouth's manager is John Mousinho. The most famous manager was probably Harry Redknapp who took the team to an FA Cup victory in 2008 which subsequently got the team into the UEFA Europa League (then called the UEFA Cup) for the first time. The club has since been hit with financial problems and see themselves in the fourth tier of English football.

They have a big rivalry with a team called Southampton F.C. They are also from Hampshire.

## League position 
### Former position
Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

**Tottenham Hotspur Football Club** is an English football club. The club plays in the Premier League. 

Their current stadium is the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium in North London. 

Famous Tottenham Hotspur players include Pat Jennings, Paul Gascoigne, Glenn Hoddle, Dave Mackay, Gary Lineker, Danny Blanchflower, Teddy Sheringham and Jimmy Greaves. 

They have many rivals in London, but their most famous rivals are Arsenal. Chelsea are widely regarded as Tottenham's second biggest rival. 

Tottenham were the first winners of the UEFA Cup tournament, and the first team in the 20th century to achieve the league and cup double. 

In the 2016–17 Premier League, they finished in second position and earned a place in the European Champions League. They reached the Champions League final in the 2018–2019 season, but ultimately lost 0–2 to Liverpool.

There is also a Tottenham Hotspur women's football club.

## First-team squad
## Name 
*1882–1884 **Hotspur F.C.**
*1884–present **Tottenham Hotspur F.C.**

## Directors 
## League position 
## References
Bolton Wanderers F.C.

**Bolton Wanderers F.C.** is an English football club. It is based 15 miles north of Manchester. The club plays in the English football league 1, the third tier league in England. Their home is the University of Bolton Stadium. It holds around 28,723 people. Their manager is Ian Evett. At home they play in a white shirt, navy blue shorts & white socks. Away they play in a navy blue shirt, white shorts and navy blue socks.

## Name 
* 1874-1877 **Christ Church F.C.**
* 1877-present **Bolton Wanderers F.C.**

## League position 
### Former position
Sunderland A.F.C.

**Sunderland Association Football Club** is an English football club. They are from the city of Sunderland.

The club played in the Premier League in the 2005/2006 season, they finished bottom. They played in the Football League Championship in 2006/2007, but were promoted back to the Premiership for 2007/08 under manager Roy Keane.

Sunderland AFC were created in 1879 and joined the Football League in 1891. They have won the league six times. The last time Sunderland won the league was in 1936. Sunderland have won the FA Cup two times, in 1937 and 1973.

For 99 years, Sunderland played their home games at Roker Park. In 1997 they moved, and now play their home games at the Stadium of Light. The stadium holds 49,000 people.

## Seasons
;Notes

## References
West Bromwich Albion F.C.

**West Bromwich Albion Football Club** (**West Brom**, **WBA**) is an English football club. The club plays in the Championship. Their home stadium is called the Hawthorns. 

Albion were one of the founding members of The Football League in 1888 and have spent the majority of their existence in the top tier of English football. They have been champions of England once, in 1919–20, but have had more success in the FA Cup, with five wins. The first came in 1888, the year the league was founded, and the most recent in 1968, their last major trophy. They also won the Football League Cup at the first attempt in 1966. The club's longest consecutive period in the top division was between 1949 and 1973, and from 1986 to 2002 they spent their longest ever period out of the top division. The 2011–12 season will be their sixth season in the Premier League since 2002. The Hawthorns is a stadium on a hill.

## Names in their history
*1878-1880 **West Bromwich Strollers F.C.**
*1880-present **West Bromwich Albion F.C.**

## League position
### Former position
## Other websites 
*West Bromwich Albion: Official website 

## References