open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Languages of Africa

The **languages of Africa** include more than 3,000 languages. These languages include native languages (languages that come from Africa) and colonial languages, which were brought to Africa by colonists from Europe. The continent has the highest concentration of languages in the world.  At least 30% of the world's languages come from in Africa. 

Over the years, many African languages have died out and become extinct. This happens for several reasons, including wars and genocide by other African tribes. Other languages were abandoned, or its speakers disappeared.

## Organization 
 showing the six traditional language families in Africa.]]
There are more than 3,000 languages spoken in Africa. These languages are grouped into several major language families. Linguists do not agree about which groupings are "correct" and valid.

Most linguists organize the African languages into four major language families. These are:
* **Afroasiatic languages**, spoken by 350 million people in the Middle East, North Africa, Horn of Africa, and Sahei. 
* **Niger-Congo languages**, possibly the world's largest language family, spoken in sub-Saharan Africa. 
* **Nilo-Saharan languages**, spoken by 50 million people in the upper parts of the Chari River and Nile River. 
* **Khoisan languages**, spoken by about 120,000 people,  which include all "click" languages. 
This classification of languages is based on the research of the linguist Joseph Greenberg, who published *The Languages of Africa* in 1963.

The African languages were traditionally (historically) organized into six language families. Today, some linguists doubt that some of these groupings are valid. The six traditional families are:
* **Afroasiatic languages**, spoken from North Africa to the Horn of Africa and Southwest Asia 
* **Niger-Congo languages**, spoken in West, Central, and Southeast Africa
* **Nilo-Saharan languages**, spoken in Sudan and Chad
* **Khoe languages**, spoken in the deserts of Namibia and Botswana
* **Austronesian languages**, spoken in Madagascar
* **Indo-European languages**, spoken in Southern Africa

Still other linguists believe that the Nilo-Saharan languages and the Niger-Congo languages are part of the same family. These linguists organize the African languages into only three language families: **Niger-Congo languages**, **Afroasiatic languages**, and **Khoisan languages**.

No matter how the major language families are organized, there are many smaller families and language isolates. In addition, there are some obscure (rare, uncommon) languages that are not yet classified into any family. Africa also has some sign languages, which are mostly language isolates.

## References 
### Bibliography 
* 
* 
* 
*
Herbert Rettensteiner

**Herbert Rettensteiner** (born 26 August 1946 in Schwarzach, Austria) was an Austrian football goalkeeper. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

## Career
He started playing with his local club SV Lend. In 1967 he went to SK Bischofshofen and played with them in the second league. His next team was FC Wacker Innsbruck in the Nationalliga (then first league in Austria). In Innsbruck the club joined with Wattens and Wacker Innsbruck and formed SSW Innsbruck.

The goalkeeper of Wattens, Friedl Koncilia, often played instead of him so Rettensteiner, after the second title with Innsbruck, went to SK VOEST Linz. In 1975 he went on to SV Austria Salzburg, where he played in the first and second division until 1982.

In his time with Salzburg he scored two penalty goals. After the end of his professional career he became part of the coaching team of SV Austria Salzburg and was coach of SV Grödig. 
## International
He played his first match for the national football team on 12 April 1970 against CSSR when he came on in the second half. He played his last international match in 1974.
## International matches 
## Honours
*Austrian Cup:1970 (Innsbruck)
*Austrian Champion:1970/71; 1971/72(Innsbruck) ;  1973/74 (SK VOEST Linz)
*15 matches for the Austrian national football team
Nair

on an elephant]]

**Nair**, also known as **Nayar**, is a Hindu caste of the Indian state of Kerala on the Malabar Coast. 

## History
According to some theories, the Nair have Indo-Scythian ancestry. During British rule, Nair were known as Nayarkutti and were important in politics, government, medicine, education, and law.

## Related pages 
* History of India

## References 
## More reading 
* Fawcett, Fredrick. (1901). *Nâyars of Malabar.* Madras: Madras Government Press. OCLC 457840401
* Fuller, Christopher John. (1976). *The Nayars Today.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; ; OCLC 2238183
* Jeffrey, Robin. (1976). *The Decline of Nair Dominance: Society and Politics in Travancore 1847-1908.* London: Sussex University Press. ; OCLC 461808228
* Panikkar, Kavalam Madhava. "Some Aspects of Nayar Life," *Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,* July-December 1918, Vol. 48, pp.&nbsp;254–293.

## Other websites 
* Digital Colonial Documents (India)
Independent sources

The term "**multiple independent sources**" in journalism, criminal justice, science and general research, are two or more unconnected people, organizations, or objects which provide a given set of information or samples. For example, two separate people who see a traffic accident, at the spot, could be considered independent sources. However, if one person saw the accident and told the other one about it, then they would not be *independent*, since one would *depend* on the other for their information. Also, if two witnesses to an event discuss what they saw before they are asked about it and agree to tell the same story, then they are also no longer independent. As another example, two scientific devices could be considered independent sources of measurement data, unless they shared the same wiring or electrical power supply (or similar factors).

Consulting multiple independent sources is a common technique for detecting errors and deception, as any divergences or contradictions between statements, or data samples, would likely indicate one of these.

Famously, the ''New York Times' * minimal standard for reporting a fact not otherwise attributed to a single speaker is that it be verified by at least two independent sources.

Circular reporting is a situation where multiple sources *appear'' to be independent, but in reality originate from a single source.  Because circular reporting can happen inadvertently in many situations, extra care must be taken to ensure that multiple sources actually are independent, rather than interconnected in an obscure manner.

## Related pages
* Editorial independence, not permitting advertisers to dictate news content

## References
Clarissa Explains It All

***Clarissa Explains It All*** is an American teen sitcom set in Ohio. It was aired on Nickelodeon from March 1991 to October 1994. Melissa Joan Hart plays Clarissa Darling, who lives with her parents and younger brother.

## Other websites 
*
Polstead Heath

**Polstead Heath** is a hamlet in Polstead, Babergh, Suffolk, England. A chapel was built in 1838. It also has three listed buildings, including Spencer's Farmhouse, The Orchards and White House Farmhouse. In "The Dentists Register 1999" there was a dentist at Spencers Farm. A developer (someone who plans housing) wanted to add some housing in Polstead Heath, but this was not wanted. There is also a 19th century orchard in Polstead Heath.

## References
Johnny Rebel (singer)

**Clifford Joseph Trahan** (born September 25, 1938 in Moss Bluff, Louisiana; died September 3, 2016 in Rayne, Louisiana), better known as **Johnny Rebel** or **Pee Wee Trahan**, was an American country music singer-songwriter who is known for writing and performing racist songs under the name, Johnny Rebel. His songs usually use the racial slur nigger and sometimes he voices sympathy for Jim Crow-era segregation, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Confederacy. He went on hiatus for about three decades and then came back in 2001 after the September 11, 2001 attacks and issued his CD single "Infidel Anthem".

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Singles
## References
Hadleigh Heath

**Hadleigh Heath** is a hamlet in Polstead, Babergh, Suffolk, England. A chapel was built in 1823, it was removed to Polstead in 1849. It also has one listed building called Evans Hall.

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.genuki.org.uk/cgi-bin/churchentry?CCC=SFK,ID=10669,FT=Polstead%20Chapel%20Evans%20Heath-Hadleigh%20Heath%20General%20Baptist
Girl, Interrupted (movie)

***Girl, Interrupted*** is a 1999 American drama movie. The cast of the movie are Winona Ryder, Angelina Jolie, Brittany Murphy and Whoopi Goldberg. The story of the movie is about a young woman's 18 month stay on a mental ward in Pennsylvania in the late 1960s after taking a drug overdose. Ryder plays Susanna Kaysen, the central character on whose novel the movie is based. Kaysen has borderline personality disorder. Jolie won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Lisa Rowe, who has antisocial personality disorder. Murphy's character Daisy Randone has bulimia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

## Other websites 
*
Donnie Wahlberg

**Donald Edward "Donnie" Wahlberg** (born August 17, 1969, Boston, Massachusetts) is an American singer, movie actor, director and producer. In the 1980s and 1990s he was a part of the group New Kids on the Block; he has rejoined the group from 2008 and after. He also had featured roles in the *Saw* franchise. His father is of Swedish and Irish descent and his mother is of English, French-Canadian, Irish and Scottish descent. He stars on *Blue Bloods* since 2010 on CBS.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Levamisole

**Levamisole** is a drug that was used to treat infections with parasitic worms, and for some forms of chemotherapy, to treat cancer. The drug was discovered in 1966. It was withdrawn from  the US and Canadian markets in 2000 and 2003, because of a serious risk of side effects; better drugs can replace it. 

Currently, levamisole remains in veterinary use as a dewormer for livestock. The drugs has also been used as an adulterant in cocaine sold in the US and Canada. This use resulted in serious side effects. 

## References
New Kids on the Block

**New Kids on the Block** (sometimes called **NKOTB**) is an American boy band that was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1984. They had many hit songs in the 1980s and 1990s. They disbanded in 1994 and regrouped in 2008.

Fans of the group are often called  "Blockheads."

In 2024, they released a brand new album titled "Still Kids".

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *New Kids on the Block* (1986)
* ''Hangin' Tough* (1988)
* *Step by Step* (1990)
* *Face the Music* (1994)
* *The Block* (2008)
* *10* (2013)
* *Still Kids'' (2024)

## Members 
### Current
*Jordan Knight – primary lead vocals, background vocals (1984–present)
*Donnie Wahlberg – co-secondary lead vocals, rapping, background vocals (1984–present)
*Joey McIntyre – co-secondary lead vocals, background vocals (1985–present)
*Danny Wood – tertiary lead vocals, background vocals (1984–present)
*Jonathan Knight – tertiary lead vocals, background vocals (1984–present)

### Former 
*Jamie Kelly (1984)
*Mark Wahlberg (1984)

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
*NKOTB News
Nedging

**Nedging** is a village in the civil parish of Nedging-with-Naughton in Babergh, Suffolk, England. Nedging has a church.

## References
Steve Earle

**Stephen Fain "Steve" Earle** (born January 17, 1955 in Hampton, Virginia) is an American country/rock singer-songwriter. He has received a total of fourteen nominations for Grammy Awards and has won three; one for Best Contemporary Folk Album for *The Revolution Starts Now*, one for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album (Vocal or Instrumental) for *Washington Square Serenade* and one for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album for *Townes*. 

He is also known for being a political activist and his views towards anti-war and anti-death penalty policies.

## Albums
## Other websites
*Official website

## References
Bupropion

**Bupropion**, also sold as **Wellbutrin** or **Zyban**, is an antidepressant kind of medicine that helps with major depressive disorder. It is also used to help people quit smoking. Bupropion is different from other antidepressants because it does not often cause weight gain, sexual problems or sleepiness. However, it has a higher chance of causing seizures than other antidepressants.

Common side effects of bupropion are having a dry mouth, nausea, lack of sleep, a lot of sweating, anxiety and constipation (difficulty passing stools). It can also increase blood pressure. Using bupropion while pregnant can give the baby congenital heart defects.

Bupropion was made by Nariman Mehta in 1969. It was first used in the United States in 1985. Bupropion was first called amfebutamone, but it was renamed in 2000. In 2020, it had more than 25 million prescriptions in the United States.

## References
Metaphilosophy

**Metaphilosophy** is the study of the nature of philosophy. Philosophy is the study of ideas connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Metaphilosophy investigates the aims, boundaries, and methods of philosophy. Metaphilosophers ask the question, "What is philosophy?" and seek to understand what its purpose is.

## Related pages 
*Analytic philosophy
*Meaning of life
*Metaphysics
*Philosophy of mathematics
Aaron Spelling

**Aaron Spelling** (April 22, 1923 - June 23, 2006) was an American executive producer of many television shows. He was born in Dallas, Texas. His shows included *Beverly Hills, 90210* and *Melrose Place*.

Spelling was diagnosed with oral cancer in 2001. He died of a stroke in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California.

Spelling had a daughter, Tori, and son, Randy.
 
## Other websites 
*
Richard Petty

**Richard Lee Petty** (born July 2, 1937) is a former NASCAR racing driver. Petty won 200 Cup races, more than any other driver in the NASCAR Cup Series. Richard has also won the Winston Cup (now NASCAR Cup Series) seven times. Only Dale Earnhardt, Jimmie Johnson and Petty have this championship seven times. Richard is often called "The King" of NASCAR.

## References
App Store

**App Store** means "Application Store" and means a method of online shopping for software, including mobile apps. It may be a mobile app itself, or a website:

*Google Play, for the Android system (was *Android Market*)
*App Store (iOS), for the iPhone and iPad
*Mac App Store, for the macOS operating system
*Amazon Appstore, for Google's Android
*Several other digital distribution platforms
Barycenter

-Charon system.]]
The **barycenter** (or **barycentre**; from the Greek *βαρύκεντρον*) is the point between two objects where they balance each other. For example, it is the center of mass where two or more planets orbit each other. When a moon orbits a planet, or a planet orbits a star, both bodies are actually orbiting around a point that lies outside the center of the larger body. For example, the moon does not orbit the exact center of the Earth. It actually orbits a point on a line between the center of the Earth, and the Moon. This is about 1,710&nbsp;km below the surface of the Earth. This is the point where the mass of the moon, and the mass of the Earth balance. This is the point about which the Earth, and Moon orbit as they travel around the Sun.

The solar system of course also has a barycenter—depending on the current locations of the planets the barycenter of the solar system is below the surface of the sun or more than twice the sun’s diameter outside of the sun's surface.

Also the barycenter exists in the world of geometry. For example, the circle has a barycenter.

## Related page
*Barycenter (physics)
Nicolae Dică

**Nicolae Dică** (born 9 May 1980) is a former Romanian football player. He plays for Romania national team.

## Honours
### Club
;Steaua Bucureşti
*Romanian First League: 2004–05, 2005–06
*Romanian Cup: 2010–11
*Romanian Supercup: 2006
*UEFA Cup semi-finalist: 2005-06

;CFR Cluj
*Romanian First League: 2009–10
*Romanian Cup: 2009–10

### Individual
* Romanian Footballer of the Year: 2006
* In the 2006–2007 season, Dică was voted by the fans across the whole of Europe as the third best football player in the UEFA Champions League after Kaká and Cristiano Ronaldo.

### Club activity 
### International goals 
:''Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first. "Score" column indicates the score after the player's goal.''

## References
## Other websites 
*Nicolae Dica Fansite 
*Nicolae Dica at National Soccer Teams 
*Nicolae Dică at Romaniansoccer.ro
*Nicolae Dică at UEFA.com
Southern Bantu languages

The **Southern Bantu languages**, also known as **Bantu zone S**, are a group of languages in the Bantu language family. It was first described by Malcolm Guthrie in 1948. Guthrie's divisions of the Bantu languages were based on geography, not on language characteristics. The Southern Bantu languages, however, are also a valid linguistic group.

The Southern Bantu languages are a group of languages in the Niger-Congo language superfamily. The group includes all of the important Bantu languages of South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. It also includes some important languages of southern Mozambique.

## Languages
The Southern Bantu language group includes six sub-groups of languages:
* Chopi
* Nguni
* Shona
* Sotho-Tswana
* Tswa-Ronga
* Venda

## Related pages
* Languages of South Africa
John Ritter

**Jonathan Southworth "John" Ritter** (September 17, 1948 - September 11, 2003) was an American television and movie actor and comedian. He was featured in the 1970s television series *The Waltons*. He performed in several situation comedies on television, including ''Three's Company*. He starred in the dark comedy movies *Problem Child* and *Problem Child 2*. He also appeared in the horror television series *It''. He also did the voice for Clifford the Big Red Dog.

Ritter was born in Burbank, California, where he died on September 11, 2003 of aortic dissection caused by heart disease, six days before his 55th birthday and on his daughter's fifth birthday.

Ritter was first married actress Nancy Morgan, from 1977 to 1996. Together they have three children, Two sons, Jason and Tyler who are also actors, and a daughter Carly.

After divorced from Morgan, he later married actress Amy Yasbeck on September 18, 1999, at the Murphy Theatre in Wilmington, Ohio. Their daughter was born on September 11, 1998, one year before their marriage.

Ritter's parents were Tex Ritter and Dorothy Fay.

He died of an aortic dissection on September 11, 2003, at a hospital in Burbank, California, at the age of 54.

## References
## Other websites 
* John Ritter Foundation
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Estelle Yancey

**Estelle "Mama" Yancey** (January 1, 1896–April 19, 1986) was an American blues singer. She was the wife of pianist Jimmy Yancey. She recorded often with her husband.

## Life and career
Yancey, born **Estelle Harris**, grew up in Chicago, where she sang in church choirs and learned how to play the guitar. In 1917, when she was 21, she married Jimmy Yancey. She often sang with him at meetings and house parties in the 1930s and 1940s and performed with him at Carnegie Hall, New York in 1948. Because Jimmy Yancey was a great boogie-woogie/blues piano player, but a poor singer, Estelle recorded frequently with her husband. In 1943, the Yanceys recorded for Session Records, and went back into the studio to record the album *Pure Blues* for Atlantic Records. The session was just a few months before Jimmy Yancey's death that same year.

Estelle continued to perform and record. Mama Yancey's recordings with other pianists include "South Side Blues" for the Riverside label (1961), some records with Art Hodes for Verve Records in 1965, and ''Maybe I'll Cry'' with Erwin Helfer for the Red Beans label in 1983, recorded at age 87.

Estelle Yancey died April 19, 1986 in Chicago, Illinois.

## Selected discography
## References
## Other websites 
*Mama Yancey Bio
George "Harmonica" Smith

**George "Harmonica" Smith** (born April 22, 1924 in West Helena, Arkansas; died October 2, 1983 in Los Angeles, California ) (born **Allen George Smith**) was an American blues harmonica player. 

## Life and career
Born in West Helena, Arkansas he was brought up in Cairo, Illinois.He began playing professionally in 1951. He joined Muddy Waters' band in 1954. He was again member of the band in 1966.He left Chicago and spent much of his adult life on the West Coast.

Smith played with the blues combo, Bacon Fat, and mentored its harmonica player Rod Piazza. After this he played harmonica for Big Mama Thornton in the 1970s. He appeared on her album *Jail* (1975).Another student of him was William Clarke.

On the few solo albums he recorded one can hear the influence of Little Walter on his harmonica playing.George "Harmonica" Smith died in 1983, in Los Angeles, California at the age of 59.

## Selected Discography
* *Harmonica Ace* - Ace Records
* *Harmonica Blues King* - Dobre Records 1061

## References
## Other websites 
*Biography at bluesharp.ca
Uchiwa

**Tuan Shan**, also known as round silk fan, is a traditional Chinese fan. The **Tuan Shan** (団扇), a type of traditional handheld fan, was introduced to Japan from China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD). During this period, cultural and artistic exchanges between China and Japan were frequent, especially through the missions sent by Japan to the Tang Dynasty. These missions brought back many elements of Chinese culture, art, and technology, including the **Tuan Shan,** which is called uchiwa in japanese.

**Tuan Shan** is often used to create a breeze to keep cool in hot weather. They are part of Chinese seasonal traditions and are often given as gifts during these times. Originally, circular fan were made from big leaves and animal hair. The purpose was to purify and pray. Over time they have changed, and are now made from bamboo and paper. They may even be made of plastic and emblazoned with advertisements and are commonly freely given on the streets in large cities. There are many kinds of pattern; during the Han Dynasty they were often decorated by famous calligraphers. The **Tuan Shan** subsequently spread to other parts of Asia, including Burma, Thailand, Cambodia and Sri Lanka, and such fans are still used by Buddhist monks as "ceremonial fans".

## History
The oldest **Tuan Shan** can be seen in the records of ancient China, as well as the wall paintings of Ancient Egypt. By the end of the Kōan (Muromachi period) period, uchiwa was made from bamboo and paper.

## Function
**Tuan Shan** is used to fan cooking and to keep cool. Some people use it to purify disease. **Tuan Shan** is almost always used in summer festival dances.

## References
Fabio Quagliarella

**Fabio Quagliarella** (born 31 January 1983) is an Italian professional football player. He plays for and captains U.C. Sampdoria and Italy national team.

## Club career statistics
## International career statistics 
: ''Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Quagliarella goal''.

## References
Expedition

An **expedition** usually means a long journey or voyage done for a specific purpose, often exploratory, scientific, geographic, military or political in nature.

## Some famous expeditions
* The Burke and Wills expedition in 1860—61 to cross Australia from south to north.
* The Central Australian Expedition of 1844 led by Charles Sturt to find an Australian inland sea.
* The Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804—06 to explore Louisiana.
* The Overland Expedition in 1897—98 to rescue whale ships trapped in ice.
* The Terra Nova Expedition to the South Pole in 1910—13 led by Robert Falcon Scott.
Zero-knowledge proof

A **zero-knowledge proof** or **zero-knowledge protocol** is a protocol used in cryptography. In such a protocol, two parties are communicating. The task of one party is to convince the other that it knows some secret, but without revealing the secret.

## Example 

There is a well-known story showing some of the ideas of zero-knowledge proofs. Usually, the two parties in a zero-knowledge proof are called Peggy (the **p**rover of the statement) and Victor (the **v**erifier of the statement).

In this story, Peggy has uncovered the secret word used to open a magic door in a cave. The cave is shaped like a circle, with the entrance on one side and the magic door blocking the opposite side. Victor says he'll pay her for the secret, but not until he's sure that she really knows it. Peggy says she'll tell him the secret, but not until she receives the money. They devise a scheme by which Peggy can prove that she knows the word without telling it to Victor.

First, Victor waits outside the cave as Peggy goes in. They label the left and right paths from the entrance A and B. Peggy randomly takes either path A or B. Then, Victor enters the cave and shouts the name of the path he wants her to use to return, either A or B, chosen at random. Providing she really does know the magic word, this is easy: she opens the door, if necessary, and returns along the desired path.  Note that Victor does not know which path she has gone down.

However, suppose she did not know the word. Then, she would only be able to return by the named path if Victor were to give the name of the same path that she had entered by. Since Victor would choose A or B at random, he would have a 50% chance of guessing correctly. If they were to repeat this trick many times, say 20 times in a row, her chance of successfully anticipating all of Victor's requests would become very small.  

For this reason, if Peggy reliably appears at the exit Victor names, he can conclude that she is very likely to know the secret word.

## References
University for Development

**Universidad del Desarrollo** (Spanish for "University for development") is a private university in Chile. It has three campuses in Concepción and 3 other campuseses in Santiago de Chile. The school has about 10,000 students. 

## History 
The univerity was founded in 1990 by some Chilean economists. 

## Faculties 
* Architecture and Art
* Journalism
* Law
* Design
* Business and Economy
* Humanities and Education
* Political Sciences
* Engineering
* Medicine
* Psychology

## Other websites 
* Universidad del Desarrollo official website
Alessandro Matri

**Alessandro Matri** (born 19 August 1984) is an Italian football player. He plays for Brescia (on loan from Sassuolo) and Italy national team.

## Statistics
University of the Andes, Chile

**University of the Andes** (**Universidad de Los Andes**) is a private university with headquarters located in Santiago de Chile. There are about 6,048 students.

## History 
The university was founded in 1989.

## Some Faculties 
* Journalism
* Law
* Business & Economy Sciences
* Engineering
* Sciences
* Medicine
* Psychology

## Other websites 
* Universidad de Los Andes official website
Capacitance Electronic Disc

The **Capacitance Electronic Disc** (also known as a **CED**) was a type of video disc. It was made in 1964 by the company RCA. The CED is similar to a record because it stores the video and sound as small groves on a black disk. Because of this, the CED is an analog disc format instead of a digital format like a CD. The CED is stored inside a plastic case to prevent the user from touching it, as it is very easy to damage. On the plastic case is a label that has the name of the movie on the disc as well as other information such as a summary of the movie.

## History
The first CED was made in 1964 but were not available for purchase until 1981. About 200 movies were made available on CED. Each movie that was on CED was about $15 to $35 depending on the length of the movie. The CED did not sell well for many reasons; one is because the disc was not recordable, unlike video tape. The production of the CED stopped in 1986.

## Details of a CED
CEDs are conductive vinyl platters that are 30.0 cm (11.8 in) in diameter. To avoid using the metric system to name their discs, they were called "12 inch discs" even though they were actually slightly smaller. Each side of the disc has grooves that are about 19 miles long and are 37 times smaller than the grooves on a regular phonograph record. When the disc is playing, it spins at about 450 times per minute and each rotation of the disc contained several frames of audio and visual information. 

To read the disc, a titanium needle was placed very lightly on the outer edge of the disc. A small electric current was then passed through the center of the needle, where it would touch the bottom of the groove and read the audio information, which was stored in small holes. The needle would read these by detecting how much air was between the needle and the pit and then the electronics of the player would convert these into audio. The visual information was stored in the grooves and were read like a regular phonograph record. As the needle passed over the grooves, it would vibrate and the player would convert the vibrations into the pictures.
Superstars (British TV programme)

***Superstars*** is TV program. The show is a sports competition between very good athletes from different sports. They try to win a series of athletic events similar to a decathlon.  Figure skating champion Dick Button developed the idea.  ABC bought it as a special for the winter of 1973. The first *Superstars* competition was held in Rotonda West, Florida in March 1973. The winner was pole vaulter Bob Seagren.  The BBC covered the competition and aired their own programme on December 31, 1973. The BBC version featured British athletes.

Competitors usually participate in ten different sporting events, including a 100-yard dash,  run, obstacle course, weightlifting, bowling, rowing, tennis, basketball, bicycle racing, and swimming. Sometimes the sports have changed over time and between the European and American competitions. For example, in the first USA competition, there was no obstacle course, but there was table tennis and baseball. Athletes get points for the position they finish in each event. The competitor with the most points at the end of all ten events is the winner.

## List of American winners 
## Other websites
*'The Superstars': a page describing the Superstars competitions over the years.
*BBC *Superstars* website
Kakuni

is a dish of braised pork found in Nagasaki, Japan. The name literally means *simmered square*. Kakuni of pork is the dish which is boiled softly with sweet sake, soy sauce, and sake. It is very popular among Japanese people. When people visit Nagasaki, they often buy it as a souvenir.

## Other websites
Kiki Cutter

**Christina "Kiki" Cutter** (b. July 24, 1949) is an alpine skier from the United States. She was the first American to win a World Cup skiing event. She came in first in the World Cup slalom race in 1968 in Oslo, Norway. She only competed in World Cup skiing for a just over three years. But, she had five World Cup wins. That was the U.S. record for most World Cup victories by a U.S. skier for eleven years from 1968 to 1979. Phil Mahre went past her total in 1979.

## References
Hatchet (movie)

***Hatchet*** is a 2006 supernatural horror and comedy movie set in the Louisiana bayou. A group of tourists learn that a legend is real and more scary than they thought. The movie was originally given a rating of NC-17 for extreme violence and gore, although it was later edited for an R-rating. This motion picture was released during 2007 in the United States.

Kane Hodder, Joel Murray, Richard Riehle, Robert Englund, Tony Todd, Patrika Darbo and John Carl Buechler star in the movie.

## Other websites 
*
Charismatic Movement

**Charismatic** refers to Pentecostal-style Christianity outside of Pentecostalism. The Acts of the Apostles describes the apostles as having supernatural gifts such as the power of healing and the ability to speak other languages. Charismatics believe theat those gifts of the Holy Spirit are still available to Christians.

## Other websites
*International Communion of Charismatic Churches
Secret sharing

**Secret sharing** is used as a term to refer to ways of sharing a secret among many people. Each person knows part of the secret that is shared, but a number of people need to cooperate to rebuild the secret. The knowledge of one person alone is not enough to reconstruct the secret. Adi Shamir and George Blakley developed the method independently of each other, in 1979.

One example where secret sharing is used is the RSA cryptosystem. It uses a *secret key*. If this key is distributed among many people, no single person can make a signature. Even if the part of one person is revealed or lost, a number of them can still make a signature. This is often used is areas where security is very important, such as banks, or the military.

The dealer hands each player their part of the secret. In an easier setup, the parts of the players can be combined to form the secret, but with each part there is extra information. Say that a secret needs five parts, and three parts are known. In this setup, guessing the two parts that are missing will be easier than guessing the secret awhen no parts are known. The other setup is said to be secure from the point of view of information theory, because knowing part of the required number of player parts will not change how difficult it is to guess the secret. 

There are different methods of secure secret sharing techniques.

## Shamir's method
In this method, any t out of the n shares may be used to recover the secret. The idea is that a polynomial of degree t-1 is defined by t points on the polynomial: It takes two points to define a straight line, three to define a quadratic curve, four for a cubic, and so on. It takes t points to define a polynomial of degree t-1. That way it is possible to build a polynomial, the first coefficient is the secret; there are n randomly picked coefficients. Each player receives one of the n coefficients. If there are at least t players, they can rebuild the original curve, and get the secret.

## References
Parietal bone

The **parietal bones** are bones that are part of the human skull. They form the sides and the roof of the cranium. The Latin name for one such bone is *os parietale*. The musculus temporalis, which is used for chewing, is attached to the **parietal bone**.
Men in Black (movie)

***Men in Black*** is a 1997 American supernatural action comedy movie. It is set in New York City and stars Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones.

In the film, a New York police officer, James Edwards, is persuaded to join a very secret organisation known as Men In Black. The name comes from the black clothes they wear. He is given the new name Agent J and works with Agent K. The organisation is intended to monitor the many alien beings that live on Earth - mainly in New York - disguised as normal humans.

One day, a flying saucer crashes into Earth. The 'Bug' that it contains is a powerful alien that takes the body of a human. It is searching for an energy source called "The Galaxy".  Agents J and K must stop the bug before it can escape. This they manage to do. At the end of the film, Agent K decides that he doesn't want to do this work anymore, and is treated by Agent J so that he won't remember the work he used to do.

The movie made over $500 million worldwide in total.

It was followed by sequels Men in Black II and Men in Black 3.

## Cast 
* Tommy Lee Jones as Kevin Brown / Agent "K"
* Will Smith as James Edwards / Agent "J"
* Linda Fiorentino as Dr. Laurel Weaver / Agent "L"
* Vincent D'Onofrio as Edgar the Bug
* Rip Torn as Chief Zed
* Tony Shalhoub as Jack Jeebs
* Tim Blaney as Frank the Pug
* Mark Setrakian as a Rosenberg alien
*Brad Abrell as a worm guy
*Thom Fountain as a worm guy
*Carl J. Johnson as a worm guy
*Drew Massey as a worm guy
*Fred Newman as various other aliens
Additional voice artists are:Tress MacNeille,Tom Kenny, Greg Baldwin, Mithcell Whitfield, Kevin Michael Richardson, Fred Tatasciore, Jim Cummings, Phil LaMarr, Billy West, Tara Strong, Jennifer Hale, Grey Griffin, Jeff Bennett, Jess Harnell, Dee Bradley Baker, Kim Mai Guest, Chris Edgerly and Paul Michael Robinson.

## Other websites 
*
*
Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir

**Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir** (pronounced ), (born 4 October 1942) is a former Icelandic politician and the former Prime Minister of Iceland. She has been a politician for many years. She was  Iceland's Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security from 1987–1994 and 2007–2009. She has been a member of the Althing (Iceland's parliament) for Reykjavík constituencies since 1978. She has been re-elected eight times. She became Iceland's first female Prime Minister on 1 February 2009, the world's first openly gay head of government of the modern era.

Jóhanna is a social democrat and Iceland's longest-serving  member of Parliament. In the 1990s, when she lost a bid to head the party, she lifted her fist and declared "Minn tími mun koma!" -- *"My time will come!"*—a phrase that became a popular Icelandic expression.

## References
House 2

***Dom-2*** (*House-2*) is a Russian reality television show created by TNT channel. In the show, contestants are building a house and trying to find someone to love in the process. Couples then compete for the house itself.

First episode of *Dom-2* was aired on May 11, 2004. It remains the most highly-rated, profitable and long-running reality show on television in Russia. *Dom-2* broadcasts on the TNT channel at 11 pm every day. It is hosted by Vlad Kadoni, Olga Orlova, and Kseniya Borodina.

After more than 3,000 episodes, as on August, 2012, it is the longest running reality show in the world. At December 18, 2020 TNT channel officially announced a House-2 lockdown. The last ultimate episode of show will come out at December, 30.

## Seasons
# «House-2. Love» — May 11, 2004 — November 6, 2004
# «House-2. Wintering» — November 7, 2004 — February 28, 2005
# «House-2. The First Spring» — March 1, 2005 — May 31, 2005
# «House-2. Heat» — June 1, 2005 — August 31, 2005
# «House-2. That's Love!» — September 1, 2005 — November 14, 2005
# «House-2. New Love» — November 15, 2005 — August 31, 2006
# «House-2. Fallove» — September 1, 2006 — November 30, 2006
# «House-2. About Love» — December 1, 2006 — August 31, 2007
# «House-2. Dreams Come True» — September 1, 2007 — October 31, 2007
# «House-2. City of Love» — November 1, 2007 — November 14, 2010
# «House-2. City of Fat Stu» (Gleb and Danielles) — November 15, 2010 — present
Periodic comet

A **periodic comet** is a comet which orbits around the Sun. A short-period comet will complete its orbit in less than 200 years. The Shoemaker-Levy comets were named after Eugene Shoemaker, Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy. A few comets are named after the person who calculated the orbits, such as 2P/Encke and 27P/Crommelin. It is very difficult to work out the orbit of a long-period comet because the orbit changes. The gravity of planets, or the release of gas or material from the comet itself, changes the orbit. Short-period comets can be predicted very accurately.

Periodic comets sometimes have the same name, for example there are nine Shoemaker-Levy comets and twenty-four NEAT comets. The Minor Planet Center, a part of the International Astronomical Union gives comets a different number prefix or uses the full title such as 181P/Shoemaker-Levy and 192/Shoemaker-Levy which are both "Comet Shoemaker-Levy". Sometimes an informal numbering system is used for periodic comets so 181P is Comet Shoemaker-Levy 6 and 192P is Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1. Because non-periodic Shoemaker-Levy comets are included in the number sequences there appear to be gaps in the numbers, for example C/1991 B1 is between Shoemaker-Levy 2 and 3, C/1991 T2 is between 5 and 6, C/1993 K1 and D/1994 E2 after Shoemaker-Levy 9.

In naming a comet, the letter before the "/" is:
* "C" for a non-periodic comet
* "P" is a periodic comet

## References
## Related pages
* List of comets

## Other websites
*
Enamel

**Enamel** is a smooth hard covering substance. It may refer to:
* Tooth enamel, the hard mineralized surface of teeth
* Enamel (glass), a smooth, durable coating made of melted and fused glass powder

## Related pages
* Enamel paint, a commercial paint that dries to an especially hard glossy finish
* Enameled wire, wire insulated with enamel-like coating
Dunkleosteus

***Dunkleosteus*** was a prehistoric arthrodire. It was a primitive fish from the later Devonian period, about 382.31 to 358.86 million years ago. It was a heavily armoured placoderm. Fossils have been found in Morocco, Africa, Poland, Belgium, China, and the USA. This fish was a pelagic creature living in open waters, and one of the first vertebrate apex predators of any ecosystem.

*Dunkleosteus* first appeared in the Late Silurian, and the group became extinct during the transition from the Late Devonian to the Late Carboniferous, leaving no descendants. It lasted barely 50 million years compared to the 400 million year-long history of sharks. It preyed on *Stethacanthus* and *Cladoselache*.

One new species from 2023, *D. tuderensis*, was named based on an infragnathal from the Famennian of the Tver Oblast, Russia.

## Description 
This top predator was up to 11.5 ft (3.5 m) long and had large, scissor-like cutting jaws with serrated, razor-sharp bones but no teeth. Its skull was over 2 feet (65 cm) long. It had a jointed neck, a normal fish tail, a scale-less body, and hinged body shields.

## Species 
* †*D. amblyodoratus* Carr & Hlavin, 2010
* †*D. belgicus* (?) (Newberry, 1873)
* †*D. denisoni* (Kulczycki, 1957)
* †*D. magnificus* (Hussakof & Bryant, 1919)
* †*D. marsaisi* Lehmann, 1956
* †*D. missouriensis* (Branson, 1914)
* †*D. newberryi* (Clarke, 1885)
* †*D. raveri* Carr & Hlavin, 2010
* †*D. terrelli* (Newberry, 1873 [originally *Dinichthys*])
* †*D. tuderensis* Lebedev et. al., 2023

## References 
## Other websites 
** *Introduction to the Placodermi: Extinct Armored Fishes with Jaws*. Waggoner, Ben (2000). Retrieved Aug 1, 2005
**
Sophie Ellis-Bextor

**Sophie Michelle Ellis-Bextor** (born 10 April 1979) is an English singer, songwriter and model. She first came to prominence in the late 1990s, as the lead singer of the indie rock band Theaudience. After the group disbanded, Ellis-Bextor went solo, achieving success in the early 2000s. Her music is a mixture of mainstream pop, disco, nu-disco, and 1980s electronic influences.

Her solo debut album, Read My Lips, was released in 2001. The album reached number two in the UK Albums Chart and was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The record experienced international success, selling more than 2 million copies worldwide. It produced four singles, three of which reached the top three in the UK. In 2003, Read My Lips won the Edison Award for "Best Dance Album". Ellis-Bextor's second album, Shoot from the Hip, was released in 2003. The album reached number 19 in the UK and produced two top ten singles. Trip the Light Fantastic, her third album, was released in 2007 and reached number seven in the UK. The album produced three singles, one of which reached the top ten in the UK.

Her fourth studio album, Make a Scene (released in 2011) and its third single "Bittersweet" achieved top 40 positions in the UK. In 2014, Ellis-Bextor released her fifth studio album, Wanderlust which became her highest charting album since Read My Lips. Her sixth album, the Latin-inspired Familia earned critical acclaim in 2016.

## Early life 
Ellis Bextor was born in London. She is the daughter of television producer-director Robin Bextor and television presenter Janet Ellis.

## Personal life 
Sophie has been married to musician Richard Jones since 25 June 2005. The couple have four sons together: born in 2004, 2009, 2012 and 2015.

## Other websites 
*Ellis-Bextor's official website
*[ Sophie Ellis-Bextor] at Allmusic
*
*I am Sophie Ellis-Bextor...  Heat World Interview (2009)
Å

**Å** (or **å**) is a letter used in the Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish languages. It is an A with an overring. Å came from the Old Norse vowel á.

## Unused letters with Å 
* Ǻ

## Meanings for Å 
* In science, å is used as a short form of angstrom.
Sutton Hoo

cast was taken, from which a fibre-glass shape was produced.]]

**Sutton Hoo** is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries dating to the 6th and early 7th centuries CE that is located near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. One contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of Anglo-Saxon artefacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance, which are now held in the British Museum in London. Other sites had produced significant finds, but had previously been looted.

The ship-burial, probably dating from the early 7th century and excavated in 1939, is one of the most magnificent archaeological finds in England for its size and completeness, its meaning, the quality and beauty of its contents, and for the profound interest of the burial ritual itself.

## References 
*R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford et al., *The Sutton Hoo ship-burial* (3 Vols in 4) British Museum, London 1975, 1978, 1983.

## Other websites
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Chronicle*.
Translation of this scanned page. ]]
,which is not by the same hand as above.]]
The ***Anglo-Saxon Chronicle**'' is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created in the late 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and independently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154.

Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, but not all are of equal historical value, and none of them is the original version. The oldest seems to have been started towards the end of Alfred's reign, and the most recent was written at Peterborough Abbey after a fire at that monastery in 1116. 

Almost all of the material in the chronicle is in the form of annals, by year; the earliest is dated at 60 BC, and historical material follows until the year in which the chronicle was written, when contemporary records begin. The manuscripts are collectively known as the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*.

The chronicle is not unbiased. There are occasions that comparison with other medieval sources makes it clear that the scribes who wrote it omitted events or told one-sided versions of stories. There are also places in which the different versions contradict one another. 

Taken as a whole, the chronicle is the single most important historical source for the period in England between the end of Roman rule in Britain and the decades following the Norman Conquest. Much of the information in the chronicle is not recorded elsewhere. In addition, the manuscripts are important sources for the history of the English language; in particular, the later Peterborough Chronicle is one of the earliest examples of Middle English in existence.

Seven of the nine surviving manuscripts and fragments of the chronicle are now in the British Library. The remaining two are in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and the Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.

## References
Ape Escape 3

***Ape Escape 3*** is a video game that was published by Sony Computer Entertainment and was developed by Japan Studio. The game is only available for the PlayStation 2 system. The game is the third game in the Ape Escape series.

The game was first released in Japan on July 14, 2005, and was later released in North America on January 17, 2006, in Europe on May 5, 2006, and in Australia on May 18, 2006. The game was then re-released in Japan on the PlayStation 2 on November 2, 2005.

The game received positive reviews with a X-Play giving it a 3/5, Game Informer gave it a 8.5/10, Computer Games Magazine gave it 90/100 and stated "''This is the best and most spirited of the Ape Escapes, which is faint praise if you're only familiar with the recent half-assed PSP version.''".

## Other websites
*Official game website 
*