open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Howard Schmidt

**Howard Anthony Schmidt** (October 5, 1949 – March 2, 2017) was an American cyber security expert and partner with Tom Ridge in Ridge Schmidt Cyber LLC, a consultancy company in the field of cybersecurity.

He was the Cyber-Security Coordinator of the Obama Administration, operating in the Executive Office of the President of the United States. He announced his retirement from that position on May 17, 2012, effective at the end of the month.

Schmidt died in Muskego, Wisconsin on March 2, 2017 from brain cancer, aged 67.

## References
Paula Fox

**Paula Fox** (April 22, 1923 &ndash; March 1, 2017) was an American author of novels for adults and children and of two memoirs. For her contributions as a children's writer she won the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1978, the highest international recognition for a creator of children's books. She was born in New York City.

She also won several awards for particular children's books including the 1974 Newbery Medal for her novel *The Slave Dancer*; a 1983 National Book Award in category Children's Fiction (paperback) for *A Place Apart*; and the 2008 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis for *A Portrait of Ivan* (1969) in its German-language edition *Ein Bild von Ivan*.

Fox died at age 93 at a hospital in Brooklyn from congestive heart failure on March 1, 2017.

## References
## Other websites
* Interview by Ramona Koval for The Book Show on ABC Radio National (July 29, 2004).
* Interview with short biography by Jesse Lichtenstein for *Loggernaut* (no date)
* The Rumpus Long Interview with Paula Fox by Greg Gerke (January 24, 2010)
Míriam Colón

**Míriam Colón** (born **Míriam Colón Valle**; August 20, 1936 – March 3, 2017) was a Puerto Rican actress. She was the founder and director of the Puerto Rican Traveling Theater in New York City. She was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico.

Colón was known for her roles as Georgina Montana in *Scarface* (1983), Maria in *Gloria* (1999), and as Mercedes in *Goal!* (2005).

Colón died on March 3, 2017 from complications of a lung infection in New York City, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Miriam Colón bio  at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
* The Puerto Rican Traveling Theater 
*Miriam Colon's Interview on NBC Latino
Misha Mengelberg

**Misha Mengelberg** (5 June 1935 – 3 March 2017) was a Dutch jazz pianist and composer. He won the Gaudeamus International Composers Award in 1961.

Mengelberg died in Amsterdam on 3 March 2017, aged 81.

## Solo albums
* 1979: *Pech Onderweg* (BV Haast)
* 1982: *Musica Per 17 Instrumenti / 3 Intermezzi /Omtrent Een Componistenactie* Composer's Voice
* 1994: *Impromptus* (FMP)
* 1997: *Misha Mengelberg* (I Dischi Di Angelica)
* 1997: *The Root Of The Problem* (hatOLOGY)
* 1999: *Two Days In Chicago* (hatOLOGY)
* 2000: *Solo* (Buzz)
* 2005: *Senne Sing Song* (Tzadik)

## References
## Other websites
*1996 Mengelberg interview conducted by Dan Warburton
*Discography from the European Free Improvisation Pages 
*ICP Orchestra Homepage
*FMP releases
Chalais, Switzerland

**Chalais** is a municipality of the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Chalais
Rhys Wesser

**Rhys Joseph Wesser** (born 31 March 1979) is an Australian former professional rugby league player. He played in the National Rugby League (NRL) between 1998 and 2011. He was best known for playing for the Penrith Panthers, winning the 2003 premiership with them. He later played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs. He scored 129 total club tries in his career.

Wesser was born in Rockhampton, Queensland. He is of Indigenous Australian ancestry.

## References
## Other websites
* Rhys Wesser at the Rugby League Project
Edi Fitzroy

**Fitzroy Edwards** (17 November 1955 &ndash; 4 March 2017), better known by his stage name **Edi Fitzroy**, was a Jamaican reggae singer-songwriter. His career began in 1975 but best known for his work in the dancehall era. He was known for his songs "Miss Molly Colly" and "Deep in Mi Culture". He has been a regular performer at annual Peter Tosh memorial concerts in Jamaica.

## Personal life
Fitzroy was born in Chapelton, Clarendon Parish, Jamaica. He studied at Chapelton All-Age and Clarendon College. Fitzroy was a Rastafarian, stating that he has been "from birth".

## Songs
**Youthman Penitentiary* (1982), Alligator
**Check For You Once* (1982), Musical Ambassador
**Coming Up Strong* (1984), Musical Ambassador
**Eclipse* (1987), RAS
**Pollution* (1990), VP
**Deep in Mi Culture* (1993), Henry K
**We a Lion* (2000)
**Hold the Vibes* (2006), King Step
;Compilations:
**First Class Citizen* (2001), Musical Ambassador
**The Best Of Edi Fitzroy Featuring Sly and Robbie and The Roots Radics* (2010), Musical Ambassador

## References
## Other websites
*Edi Fitzroy on Myspace
John Negroponte

**John Dimitri Negroponte** (; born July 21, 1939) is a British-born American diplomat of Greek descent.  He served as a research fellow and lecturer in international affairs at Yale University's Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, United States Deputy Secretary of State, and the first ever Director of National Intelligence.

## References
John Michael McConnell

**John Michael "Mike" McConnell** (born July 26, 1943) is a former vice admiral in the United States Navy. 

During his naval career he served as Director of the National Security Agency from 1992 to 1996. His civilian career includes serving as the United States Director of National Intelligence from 20 February 2007 to 27 January 2009 during the Bush administration and seven days of the Obama administration.

McConnell was born and grew up in Greenville, South Carolina.

## References
Dennis C. Blair

**Dennis Cutler Blair** (born February 4, 1947) is the former United States Director of National Intelligence and is a retired United States Navy admiral. He was the commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific region. 

Blair was a career officer in the U.S. Navy and served in the White House during the presidencies of  both President Jimmy Carter and President Ronald Reagan. Blair retired from the Navy in 2002 as an Admiral. In 2009, Blair was selected as President Barack Obama’s first Director of National Intelligence, but after a series of bureaucratic battles, he resigned on May 20, 2010.

## References
Kenneth W. Dam

**Kenneth W. Dam** (born August 10, 1932) served as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (the second highest official in the United States Department of the Treasury) from 2001 to 2003. He worked in international economic development. 

Dam is a senior fellow of the Brookings Institution and a professor emeritus and senior lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School.

## Other websites
* University of Chicago law school biography of Kenneth Dam
* Brookings Institution announcement on Kenneth Dam's appointment as senior fellow
* Speech by Kenneth Dam on economic growth in Latin America 
*
James R. Clapper

**James Robert "Jim" Clapper Jr.** (born March 14, 1941) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force and is the former Director of National Intelligence.

He served as director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) from 1992 until 1995. He was the first Director of Defense Intelligence within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and simultaneously the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. Clapper has held several key positions within the United States Intelligence Community. He served as the director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) from September 2001 until June 2006.

On June 5, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Clapper to replace Dennis C. Blair as United States Director of National Intelligence. Clapper was unanimously confirmed by the Senate for the position on August 5, 2010.

## References
Michael Forest

, May 2013]]
**Gerald Michael Charlebois** (born April 17, 1929), better known as **Michael Forest**, is an American actor and pilot. He played the voice of Prince Olympius in *Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue*. 

In his earlier years, Michael was a movie and television actor, notably playing the part of Apollo in the 1967 *Star Trek* episode "Who Mourns for Adonais?" and most recently reprised this role in the *Star Trek Continues* episode "Pilgrim of Eternity" 47 years later.

## Personal life
Forest was born in Harvey, North Dakota. He moved with his family at a very early age to Seattle, Washington. He graduated with a B.A. in English and drama from San Jose State University. He is married to Diana Hale.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Michael Forest at the English Voice Actor & Production Staff Database
Pierre Guénin

**Pierre Guénin** (19 February 1927 &ndash; 1 March 2017) was a French journalist and gay rights activist. He was an early publisher of LGBT magazines in the late 1960s and the 1970s. He founded LGBT movie awards in France and the Prix Pierre Guénin for LGBT activists. He was also a journalist for *Cinémonde*.

Guénin was born in Étampes, France on 19 February 1927. He founded Editions S.A.N., a publisher of LGBT magazines, in 1967. He was also the founding editor of *Eden* and *Olympe*, whose writings were forbidden under President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1978.

Guénin died in Paris on 1 March 2017 from complications from pneumonia.

## List of books
*
*
*
*
*

## References
National High School of Chemical and Technological Engineers

The **National High School of Chemical and Technological Engineers** *(French: École nationale supérieure des ingénieurs en arts chimiques et technologiques)* is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
* *Ingénieur ENSIACET* (ENSIACET Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Master of Science
* *Mastères Spécialisés* 
* Massive Online Open Course

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSIACET.

Most of the 1000 graduate engineer students at ENSIACET live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports on a campus that is shared with students from University of Toulouse.

## Research labs 
Research activities at ENSIACET relate to the following topics:
* Engineering of materials
* Agro-industrial chemistry
* Coordination chemistry
* Chemical Engineering

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
Collect call

A **collect call**, also called a "reverse charge call", is a type of telephone call. Usually, when a telephone call is made, the person who makes the call pays for the call, rather than the person who receives the call at the other end. In a collect call, though, the person making the call wants the person they are calling to pay for the call instead.

In the past, these kinds of calls could only be done with a operator, who would need to ask the person receiving the call if they want to be charged for it. If the person receiving it does not want to be charged, the call cannot go through. Today, computers have made it possible to make or receive collect calls without talking to a person.

Collect calls used to be made a lot using payphones, but they are becoming less used since mobile phones and VoIP technology has come around and made long-distance calls cheaper to make.

It has been found out that the day of the year in which the most collect calls are made is Father's Day, even though the day when the most phone calls are made altogether is Mother's Day.

## References
Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir

**Mohamed Ould Mkhaitir** or **Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir** (Arabic: محمد الشيخ ولد امخيطير )(1985 – )  is a Mauritanian blogger and political prisoner. He was sentenced to death after he wrote an article about discrimination and the caste system in Mauritania.

Mohamed is an engineer from the northern industrial city of Nouadhibou.  He belongs to the Moulamines, or blacksmith group, the lowest social group in Mauritania.  He worked for SAMMA, a company partly owned by the Canadian mining corporation Kinross.

## Anti-slavery article 
Mohemed wrote an article called "Religion, religiosity and craftsmen," that criticized Mauritania's caste system.  The article was published on the news website Aqlame on December 31, 2013. Mauritania abolished slavery in 1981, but activists say it is still very common and that many Mauritanians are born into slavery. Mauritania passed a new anti-slavery law in 2015 that makes slavery a "crime against humanity". 

The editor of Aqlame took down the article, and said it was published by accident.

## Court cases 
On January 2, 2014, Mohamed was arrested in his home in the city of Nouadhibou.  He was charged with apostasy under Article 306 of the Mauritanian criminal code, and sentenced to death.

According to Abdel Nasser Beibe, a Mauritanian activist and representative of the Arab Thinking Foundation, there are many people who wrote about the same things as Mohamed, but they belong to the white community, who are the majority of the people, and no one asks for their death.  Their tribes and their families defend them against any attack.  But Mohamed comes from the "blacksmith" minority, and are very marginalized.  After the article, his family and caste had to deny him, and his parents had to go into exile in France. 

Mekfoula Brahim, activist and president of For a Green and Democratic Mauritania says that Mohamed was a victim of a very hard prison sentence because he belongs to a powerless and hated group.  Mekfoula says Muhamed's future is being controlled by street fanatics, who receive orders from extremist clerics influenced by radicals who have returned from Afghanistan and Iraq, who press them to execute the boy.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Text of "Religion, religiosity and craftsmen" article 
* Timeline (in Arabic)
Time in Sudan

**Time in Sudan** is Central Africa Time (CAT) (UTC+02:00), with no daylight saving adjustments. Sudan introduced DST in 1970, going forward on May 1, and ending on October 15. DST in years 1972-1985 started on the last Sunday in April, and ending on October 15. Sudan abandoned DST in 1986.On November 1, 2017, Sudan changed its time zone from UTC+03:00 to UTC+02:00.

## References
Jay Lynch

**Jay Lynch** (January 7, 1945 &ndash; March 5, 2017) was an American cartoonist. He was known for his key role in the underground comix movement with his *Bijou Funnies* and other titles. He was best known for his comic strip ''Nard n' Pat*. His work is sometimes signed **Jayzey Lynch**. Lynch was the main writer for *Bazooka Joe* comics from 1967 to 1990; he has contributed to *Mad'', and in the 2000s has expanded into the children's book field.

Lynch was born in Orange, New Jersey. He died on March 5, 2017 in Candor, New York from complications of lung cancer, aged 72.

## References
Louis Wade Sullivan

**Louis Wade Sullivan** (born November 3, 1933) is an American health policy leader, minority health advocate, author, physician, and educator. He served as the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services during President George H. W. Bush‘s Administration from 1989 through 1993 and was Founding Dean of the Morehouse School of Medicine.

## Other websites
* Official Website for Louis W. Sullivan, M.D. 
* Official Website for The Sullivan Alliance
* Excerpt from Missing Persons: Minorities in the Health Professions
*
Herb Kohl

**Herbert H.** "**Herb**" **Kohl** (February 7, 1935 &ndash; December 27, 2023) was an American businessman and politician. He was a United States Senator from Wisconsin serving from January 3, 1989, through January 3, 2013. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Kohl was also a philanthropist and the former owner of the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association. He did not seek reelection in 2012 and his term ended on January 3, 2013. He was succeeded by fellow Democrat Tammy Baldwin.

Kohl died at his home in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on December 27, 2023, at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
* Herb Kohl Educational Foundation
Ayer, Switzerland

**Ayer** is a village and former municipality in the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Ayer, Chandolin, Grimentz, Saint-Jean, Saint-Luc and Vissoie merged into the new municipality of Anniviers.

## References
Tommy Thompson

**Tommy George Thompson** (born November 19, 1941) is an American Republican politician. He was a state legislator in Wisconsin, and 42nd Governor of Wisconsin from 1987 to 2001.

Thompson is the longest serving governor in the state's history. During his term as governor he was the chairman of Amtrak, the nation's passenger rail service.  He served as the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2001 through 2005, appointed by George W. Bush. 

After his time in the Bush Administration, Thompson was a partner with the law-firm Akin Gump and Chairman of Deloitte's global healthcare practice and has served on the board of 22 other organizations.

Thompson was a candidate for the U.S. Presidential election in 2008, though he withdrew from the race before the primaries. 

In 2012, he was the Republican nominee for the United States Senate seat in Wisconsin, hoping to replace retiring Democrat Herb Kohl, but was defeated by Tammy Baldwin, making it his first statewide loss.

## References
Tom Ridge

**Thomas Joseph** "**Tom**" **Ridge** (born August 26, 1945) is an American politician.

Ridge served as the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security from 2001 to 2003, and the first United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2003 to 2005. 

Ridge was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 and the 43rd Governor of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party.

## References
## Other websites
*
Michael Chertoff

**Michael Chertoff** (born November 28, 1953) is an American attorney. He was the second United States Secretary of Homeland Security under President George W. Bush.  He was the co-author of the USA PATRIOT Act. He served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, as a federal prosecutor, and as Assistant U.S. Attorney General. He succeeded Tom Ridge as U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security on February 15, 2005.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mike Leavitt

**Michael Okerlund "Mike" Leavitt** (born February 11, 1951) is an American Republican politician. He served as the 14th Governor of Utah from 1993 to 2003, as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency from 2003 to 2005 and as Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2005 to 2009.

Leavitt serves as a co-leader of the Prevention Initiative at the Bipartisan Policy Center.

## References
Jack Riley (actor)

**John Albert** "**Jack**" **Riley Jr.** (December 30, 1935 – August 19, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for playing Elliot Carlin on *The Bob Newhart Show*, and for voicing Stu Pickles in the *Rugrats* franchise. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

Riley died in Los Angeles, California on August 19, 2016 from pneumonia, aged 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tonawanda, New York

**Tonawanda** (officially known as the *City of Tonawanda*) is a small city in New York, USA.  It is located in Erie County, near Buffalo, New York.

Tonawanda borders the Niagara River and the Erie Canal.
Jhulelal (Sufism)

, also known as 'Jhulelal Qalandar,' in Sindh, Pakistan.]]
**Jhulelal** (Sindhi/Urdu: جهوللال), refers to Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, a prominent Sunni Muslim of the Suhrawardy Sufi order. The term has been popularized by the song Dama Dam Mast Qalandar, in which Lal Shabaz Qalandar has been referred to as "Jhulelal Qalandar".

## References
Tommy Page

**Thomas Alden "Tommy" Page** (May 24, 1967 &ndash; March 3, 2017) was an American singer-songwriter and pianist. He was best known for his 1990 hit single, "I'll Be Your Everything". He later became a music industry executive for *Billboard magazine*.

## Career 
Page worked with many artists such as New Kids on the Block, Sa-Fire, La Casa, Sally Yeh, Donna De Lory, Amy Mastura, Ashley Tisdale, Tiffany, Green Day, Michael Bublé, Alanis Morissette, Josh Groban, and David Foster.

Page was born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey and raised in West Caldwell, New Jersey. He studied at James Caldwell High School. Page had three children with his partner, Charlie.

Page died on March 3, 2017 in New York City in an apparent suicide, aged 46.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Carl Adam Lewenhaupt

'*Carl Adam Göstasson *"Noppe"* Lewenhaupt*' (1 August 1947 &ndash; 28 February 2017) was a Swedish count, businessman and restaurateur.

Lewenhaupt worked at a bank and warehouse in London and New York. In the mid 1990s, he created and started Geddesholm Callcenter, one of Swedens largest call-centers, better known as Avesta teletjänst, which he sold in 2002. The same year he along with Erik Lallerstedt started the members only club *Noppe* at Östermalm in Stockholm.

Lewenhaupt was found dead on 28 February 2017 in a river outside Gärdet in Stockholm.

## References
Michael M. Ryan

**Michael McFoster Ryan** (March 19, 1929 &ndash; March 1, 2017) was an American actor. Ryan was best known for his long-running role as John Randolph on the serial *Another World* (1964-1979). He was also known for his movie roles in *Tootsie* and *Slayground*.

Ryan died on March 1, 2017 under hospice care in Kansas City, Missouri at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bill Hougland

**William Marion "Bill" Hougland** (June 20, 1930 &ndash; March 6, 2017) was an American basketball player and businessman. He competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics and in the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was also a member of the Kansas Jayhawks' 1952 NCAA Men's Basketball National Championship team.

Hougland played for the Phillips 66ers from 1952 through 1958.

He was part of the American basketball team, which won the gold medal. He played all eight matches. Four years later he won his second gold medal as part of the American team.

After his sports career, Hougland served as Vice-President of Koch Industries until his retirement in 1991.

Hougland was born in Caldwell, Kansas. He studied at the University of Kansas. Houghland died on March 6, 2017 in Lawrence, Kansas, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile: Bill Houghland
Florence S. Jacobsen

**Florence Smith Jacobsen** (April 7, 1913 &ndash; March 5, 2017) was an American religious leader. She was a member with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). She served as the sixth General President of the Young Women's Mutual Improvement Association from 1961 to 1972.

Jacobsen died in Salt Lake City, Utah on March 5, 2017 at the age of 103.

## References
## Other websites
*Janet Peterson and LaRene Gaunt (1993). *Keepers of the Flame: General Presidents of the Young Women* (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book)
*Lavina Fielding, “Florence Smith Jacobsen: In Love with Excellence,” *Ensign*, June 1977, pp. 25–26
River Parrett

The **River Parrett** is a major river in Somerset and Dorset, England. It starts in the County of Dorset near Chedington. From here it flows in a northwesterly direction through the Somerset Levels to Bridgewater. It flows into the Bristol Channel close to Burnham-on-Sea. At the mouth of the river is Bridgewater Bay National Nature Reserve. The river is tidal for  up to the hamlet of Oath, some  south east of Bridgewater. The river has a very slight fall between Langport and Bridgwater, only 1 foot per mile, or 20&nbsp;cm per km, and is prone to frequent flooding, in winter and high tides.

The River Parrett is  long and its main tributaries include the Rivers Tone, Isle and Yeo. The River Cary drains into the Parrett via the King's Sedgemoor Drain. The River Parrett drains an area of over , making up around 50% of the land area of Somerset.

## References
Arthur B. McDonald

**Arthur Bruce McDonald** (born August 29, 1943) is a Canadian astrophysicist. McDonald is the director of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Institute. He holds the Gordon and Patricia Gray Chair in Particle Astrophysics at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. 

McDonald was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics with Japanese physicist Takaaki Kajita.

## References
## Other websites
* Arthur B. McDonald and Oscillating Neutrinos
* Arthur B. McDonald Quotes With Pictures
Stephen Kearney

**Stephen Peter Kearney**  (born 11 June 1972) is a New Zealand professional rugby league coach and former player. He was the head coach of the National Rugby League (NRL) New Zealand Warriors from 2017 to 2020. He has also been head coach of the New Zealand national team and the Parramatta Eels. He also played for the Warriors and Melbourne Storm in the 1990s and 2000s.

Kearney was born in Paraparaumu, North Island. He is Māori.

## References
## Other websites
* Stephen Kearney at Rugby League Project
Moshe Safdie

**Moshe Safdie**, CC, FAIA (born  July 14, 1938) is an Israeli-Canadian architect, urban designer, educator, theorist, and author. He is known for designing the Habitat 67, which paved the way for his international career. He won the Wolf Prize in 2019.

## References
## Other websites
* The Safdie Hypermedia Archive-- McGill Univ. 
* Safdie Architects
* Historic Places in Canada
* CBC Digital archives-- "Moshe Safdie: Hero of Habitat"
* Moshe Safdie at the TED (conference), 2002
* Fallout  Zvi Elhyani, Maayan Magazine, 2005
* Power People: Moshe Safdie  Zvi Elhyani, Volume, 2005
* Salt Lake City Library on ARCHUtah 
* Interview on Charlie Rose August 23, 2011 
* Kauffmann Center for the Performing Arts, Kansas City, MO 
* http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/the-architecture-of-moshe-safdie-a-man-of-the-world/
M. S. Swaminathan

**Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan** (7 August 1925 – 28 September 2023) was an Indian geneticist, politician and international administrator. From 2007 to 2013, he was a member of the Rajya Sabha.

## Career
He is known for his  role in India's Green Revolution a program under which high-yield varieties of wheat and rice seedlings were planted in the fields of poor farmers. Swaminathan is also known as "Indian Father of Green Revolution" for his leadership and success in creating and further developing varieties of wheat in India. He is the founder and chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation.

From 1972 to 1979 he was director general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. He was Principal Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture from 1979 to 1980. He served as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute (1982–88) and became president of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1988.
## Death 
Swaminathan died on 28 September 2023, at age 98.

## Honors
In 1999, *Time* magazine placed him in the 'Time 20' list of most influential Asian people of the 20th century.

## References
## Other websites
*Islamic banking may solve farmer suicide crisis: Swaminathan  – TCN News
**Listen*:(8:46) to Dr. M. S. Swaminathan speaking at U. N. World Summit on Sustainable Development, p.83 27 August 2002
*Prof MS Swaminathan's Inspiring Talk on Biotechnology and Food Security at BITS Pilani Rajasthan
*Green Revolution Champion Prof MS Swaminathan at BITS Pilani
Kulanu

**Kulanu**, Hebrew: כולנו , meaning *All of Us*, was an Israeli political party.

## Overview 
Its ideology was centrist social liberal, and Zionist. It was interested mainly with economic matters. Its political leaders were Yifat Shasha-Biton and then Moshe Kahlon.

Kulanu was founded as a branch of Likud in 2014 and rejoined Likud in July 2019. It participated in the Fourth Netanyahu Government with 10 seats, and since April 2019 with 4 seats.

## Other websites 
*
Thirty-fourth government of Israel

The **thirty-fourth government of Israel** was installed on May 14, 2015 and ended on May 17, 2020. Prime minister was Likud politician Benjamin Netanyahu.

Participating parties (with seats in the 20th Knesset in brackets):
* HaLikud (Likud) (30)
* Kulanu (10)
* HaBayit HaYehudi (The Jewish Home) (8)
* Shas (7)
* Yahadut HaTorah (United Torah Judaism) (6)
* Yisrael Beiteinu (5) 

The Fourth Netanyahu Government can be characterized as a right-wing government with a great religious contribution.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Government 34, Knesset website
* Government 34, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
Stan Collymore

**Stanley Victor** "**Stan**" **Collymore** (born 22 January 1971) is an English former footballer. He played as a centre-forward from 1990 to 2001. He played for Nottingham Forest, Liverpool and Aston Villa and the England national football team.

Collymore was born in Stone, Staffordshire. He has depression.

## Career statistics
### Club
## Honours
**Individual**
* PFA Team of the Year: 1993–94 First Division
*Premier League Player of the Month: January 1996

## References
## Other websites
*
Henri Pirenne

**Henri Pirenne** (December 23, 1862 in Verviers – October 25, 1935 in Uccle) was a Belgian historian and academic. Pirenne is considered as one of the most important historians of Belgium.

## Biography 
He studied at the University of Liège and was a professor at the University of Ghent. His focus was on Medieval history, the history of Belgium and economic history.

He developed the so-called *Pirenne thesis* (nowadays out of date) in his book *Mohammed and Charlemagne* (published after his death in 1937). According to this opinion Mediterranean economics were disturbed by the early Islamic conquests and not by the barbarian invasions some centuries before.

Pirenne resisted the Dutchification of the University of Ghent. When this university had completely become Dutch-language spoken in 1930, he moved to the Brussels region where died in 1935, aged 72.

## Works 
* Histoire de Belgique (7 volumes) (1899-1932)
* The Formation and Constitution of the Burgundian State (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries), The American Historical Review (1909)
* Belgian Democracy, Its Early History (1910, 1915)
* The Stages in the Social History of Capitalism, The American Historical Review (1914)
* Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (1927)
* A History of Europe (1936)
* Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe (1936)
* Mohammed and Charlemagne (1937)
Alberto Zedda

**Alberto Zedda** (2 January 1928 &ndash; 6 March 2017) was an Italian conductor and musicologist. He was known for his work relating to the 19th-century Italian repertoire. He was born in Milan.

Zedda studied the works of Antonio Vivaldi, George Frideric Handel, Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini, Giuseppe Verdi, and most notably Gioachino Rossini. He was known for his research on vocal ornamentation and his aim at authentic performing style.

Zedda died on 6 March 2017 in Pesaro, Italy, aged 89.

## More readings
* Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, ''Le guide de l'opéra'', Fayard, 1986.

## References
Phil Neal

**Philip George Neal** (born 20 February 1951) is an English former footballer. He is best known for playing for Liverpool between 1974 and 1985. He won eight First Divisions, four League Cups, five FA Charity Shields, four European Cups, one UEFA Cup and one UEFA Super Cup with Liverpool. He also played for Northampton Town and Bolton Wanderers. He later managed Bolton, Coventry City, Cardiff City and Manchester City.

Neal was born in Irchester, Northamptonshire. He has two children, including a son, Ashley (born 1974), also a footballer.

## Career statistics
### Club
* 1 – Also played in the FA Charity Shield
* 2 – Also played in the Intercontinental Cup
* 3 – Also played in the Football League Super Cup

### International
## Honours
### Player
**Liverpool**
* Football League First Division (7): 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84.
* Football League Cup: 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84
* FA Charity Shield: 1976, 1977 (shared), 1979, 1980, 1982
* European Cup: 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1983–84
* UEFA Cup: 1975–76
* UEFA Super Cup: 1977
* Football League Super Cup: 1986

### Manager
**Bolton Wanderers**
* Football League Trophy: 1988–89

## References
## Other websites
* Phil Neal at LiverpoolFC.com
Anthony C. Beilenson

**Anthony Charles "Tony" Beilenson** (October 26, 1932 – March 5, 2017) was an American Democratic Congressman from Southern California. He served ten terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1997.

Beilenson was born in New Rochelle, New York. He studied at Harvard University. He was Jewish. Beilenson died on March 5, 2017 in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ian Callaghan

**Ian Robert Callaghan**  (born 10 April 1942) is a retired English footballer. He played between 1959 and 1982 as a midfielder. He is best known as a Liverpool player. He holds the record for most times played for Liverpool, at 857 appearances. He won 17 honours with Liverpool, including two European Cups, in 1977 and 1978. He also played four times for the England national football team.

Callaghan was born in Toxteth, Liverpool.

## Career statistics 
* Includes one appearance in the FA Charity Shield

^ Includes one goal in the FA Charity Shield

## Honours 
**Liverpool**
*Football League First Division: 1963–64, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77
*Football League Second Division: 1961–62
*FA Cup: 1964–65, 1973–74
*FA Charity Shield: 1964 (shared), 1965 (shared), 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977
*European Cup: 1976–77, 1977–78
*UEFA Cup: 1972–73, 1975–76
*European Super Cup: 1977

**England**
*FIFA World Cup: 1966

## Other websites
* Ian Callaghan at LiverpoolFC.com

## References
Jim Broyhill

**James Thomas "Jim" Broyhill** (August 19, 1927 &ndash; February 18, 2023) was a Republican former U.S. Representative and Senator from the state of North Carolina. He represented much of the Foothills region of the state in the House from 1963 to 1986, and served in the Senate for four months in 1986.

Broyhill died at a retirement home in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, on February 18, 2023, at the age of 95.

## References
Lois Capps

**Lois Ragnhild Grimsrud Capps** (born January 10, 1938) was the U.S. Representative for , serving in Congress from 1998 to 2017. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

Capps served on the U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, where she was a member of the Energy and Air Quality Subcommittee and the Subcommittee on Health. She was a member of the New Democrat Coalition.

## Other websites
*
British Association for Applied Linguistics

The **British Association for Applied Linguistics** (**BAAL**) is an academic society. Members are professional applied linguists, language teachers, and other people interested in these topics. BAAL is in the United Kingdom. BAAL has more than 800 members. They meet at different places in the UK. The association publishes conference proceedings and a regular newsletter. It also gives scholarships to students. Tess Fitzpatrick, Professor of Applied Linguistics in the Centre for Language and Communication Research at Cardiff University, is the chair from 2015-2018.

BAAL's Annual Meeting happens every September in the UK. BAAL is part of the *Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquee* (International Association of Applied Linguistics, AILA). In the UK, it is a registered charity. BAAL meetings usually have a theme.The theme of the 40th conference at the University of Edinburgh was 'Technology, Ideology and Practice in Applied Linguistics'.

## History
The association started in the 1960s. At that time, more people were becoming interested in the new science of modern linguistics and they were especially interested in practical results. One important area of applied linguistics is language teaching and learning. Also at this time, the European Union was becoming more important, so people in Europe needed better language teaching.

Peter Strevens, the Chair in Applied Linguistics at the University of Essex first had the idea to start BAAL. At a meeting at Birkbeck College in July 1965, the original idea for BAAL was to study mainly language teaching and machine translation. However, at the first full meeting in 1967 in Reading, Berkshire the group decided to study many different topics. BAAL became the UK member of AILA, and Pit Corder was its first Chair. At first, membership was only for academics because BAAL wanted people to think it was a group of experts, not a teachers' meeting. However, by the early 1970s it became easier to join BAAL. Since 1985, anyone can join. There are no requirements to become a member. In 1980, the Association began to publish a journal called, *Applied Linguistics*.

## References
*British Association for Applied Linguistics (1997) *Notes on the History of the British Association for Applied Linguistics 1967-1997*.
*Trim J (1988) *Applied Linguistics in Society*. In Grunwell P (ed.) *Applied Linguistics in Society: British Studies in Applied Linguistics 3*. London: Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research. .

## Other websites
*British Association for Applied Linguistics - official site
**Applied Linguistics* - journal published by Oxford University Press, in collaboration with BAAL, the American Association for Applied Linguistics and the International Association for Applied Linguistics

## Related pages
*Applied linguistics
*Language acquisition
*Linguistics
Lauch Faircloth

**Duncan McLauchlin** "**Lauch**" **Faircloth** (January 14, 1928 &ndash; September 14, 2023) was an American politician and businessman. He served one term as a Republican U.S. Senator from North Carolina from January 3, 1993 through January 3, 1999. He lost re-election in 1998 to John Edwards.

Faircloth was born in Sampson County, North Carolina.

Faircloth died at his home in Clinton, North Carolina, on September 14, 2023, at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*Oral History Interviews with Lauch Faircloth http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/I-0069/menu.html, http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/I-0070/menu.html from Oral Histories of the American South
Dick Clark (Iowa politician)

**Richard Clarence "Dick" Clark** (September 14, 1928 &ndash; September 20, 2023) was an American politician. He represented the state of Iowa in the United States Senate from 1973 to 1979. Clark was a member of the Democratic Party.

All throughout the campaign, polls showed Clark losing to Jack R. Miller by a large margin. 

As senator, he served on the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, the Committee on Environment and Public Works and the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship.

Clark was known for his efforts against the apartheid government in South Africa, his opponent, Roger Jepsen, called him "the Senator from Africa".

Clark was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He completed his BA in 1953 at Upper Iowa University and his Masters in 1956 at the University of Iowa.  He then became a professor at Upper Iowa University.

## References
## Other websites
*Congressional Biography
*Description of Dick Clark's papers at the University of Iowa
Clara Hughes

**Clara Hughes**, OC OM MSC  was born on September 27, 1972 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. She is a Canadian cyclist and speed skater who has won more than one Olympic medals in both events. She won two bronze medals in the 1996 Summer Olympics and four medals (one gold, one silver, two bronze) over the course of three Winter Olympics. She is known as a Canadian with the most Olympic medals.

Hughes is one of the few athletes who have competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games. Hughes is the only person ever to have won multiple medals in the winter and summer Olympics. Hughes is also the only Canadian to have won medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Hughes was the first Canadian woman to win a medal in road cycling at the Olympics, winning two in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

Hughes was named to both the Order of Manitoba and as an Officer of the Order of Canada because of her work in sports and for the help she had given to others. She works with Right to Play, a sports program that helps youth all over the world. After winning her gold medal in 2006, she donated $10,000 to Right to Play.

Throughout her career, Hughes received many other awards and trophies. She was named Female Athlete of the Year by Speed Skating Canada in 2004 for the long track. In 2006 she received a Sport and Community Trophy. She was then named to the 2006 List of Most Influential Women in Sport and Physical Activity. In the summer of the year 2010, she would receive a star on the Canada's Walk of Fame and on November 15, 2010, she was put into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.

She works for the Bell '''Let's Talk Mental Health** program, including Bell **Let's Talk Day**. Hughes uses her past problems with depression to help others. "Hughes battled deep depression, which [almost ruined] her life, after winning two bronze medals in cycling at the 1996 Olympics." Since 2013, Hughes has started yearly bike rides across Canada to talk about mental health. In 2015, the CTV-produced documentary **Clara's Big Ride''' premiered on the fifth annual Bell Let's Talk Day. Her memoir, *Open Heart, Open Mind*, was published in 2015.
Mehdi Mousavi

**Mehdi Mousavi**, also **Mehdi Moosavi**, (Farsi: مهدی موسوی)(born 1974, 1975, or 1976) is an Iranian poet. He is known for poems on social issues. Mousavi was arrested in 2013, along with poet Fatemeh Ekhtesari.  Mousavi was sentenced to nine years in prison plus 99 lashes. A group of poets signed a petition asking for his release.  Mousavi escaped from Iran in January 2016.

## Arrest 
On December 6, 2013, Fatemeh Ekhtesari and Mehdi Moosavi had planned to travel to Turkey for a literary workshop, but they were stopped at the airport.  They were told they were under a travel ban, and their passports were confiscated.  A few hours later they disappeared and did not appear again until December 24, 2014, when it was known they were in Section 2A of Evin Prison.  Torture and other abuse of prisoners is common in the prison, which is controlled by the Intelligence Division of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps.  On January 14, 2014, Ekhtesari and Mousavi were released on bail. Their lawyer said Moosavi was sentenced to six years in prison for "insulting the holy sanctities", three years for "storing tear gas", and 99 lashes for "illicit relations".

## Work 
Mehdi Mousavi is known for his collections of poetry, and as a leader in the "Postmodern Ghazal" movement, a radical poetry movement that challenges religious traditions.  Many of his works were banned in Iran and distributed underground. The authorities refused publication of two of his collections, "Suddenly" and "Beeping for the Sheep". Some of Mousavi's lyrics have been performed by Shahin Najafi, an Iranian singer in exile. 

Published works include:
*The Angels Have Committed Suicide (2002)
*I Only Publish These for You (2005)
*The Little Bird Was Neither a Bird nor Little (2010)

## Other websites 
* Four Poems by Mehdi Mousavi 

## References
Paul Wellstone

**Paul David Wellstone** (July 21, 1944 – October 25, 2002) was an American academic and politician who represented Minnesota in the United States Senate from 1991 until he was killed in a plane crash in Eveleth, Minnesota in 2002.

A member of the Democratic Farmer-Labor Party, Wellstone was a leader of the progressive wing of the national Democratic Party.

## Other websites
* 
* Wellstone Action political training centers 
*
Mack Mattingly

**Mack Francis Mattingly** (born January 7, 1931) served one term as a United States senator from Georgia. He was the first Republican to serve in the U.S. Senate from that state since Reconstruction.

Mattingly was born in Anderson, Indiana. He studied at Indiana University. 

In 1980, Mattingly unseated longtime Democratic Senator Herman Talmadge, which was seen as an historic political upset. 

## References
Joseph Tydings

**Joseph Davies Tydings** (May 4, 1928 &ndash; October 8, 2018) was a Democratic member of the United States Senate, representing the state of Maryland from 1965 to 1971.

Tydings was born in Asheville, North Carolina. Tydings moved to Maryland after he was adopted by Millard Tydings, U.S. Senator from Maryland. After serving in the military, he got his law degree at the University of Maryland and entered into practice. 

He served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1955 to 1961, and as United States Attorney from 1961 until his resignation in 1963 to run for Senate.

Tydings won election to the Senate in 1964. However, his controversial stances on gun control and crime in the District of Columbia cost him re-election in 1970. He made another attempt at his old seat in 1976, but was defeated in the Democratic primary election by Paul Sarbanes. 

He later served as a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Maryland, College Park and the University System of Maryland.

Tydings died in Washington, D.C., from cancer on October 8, 2018, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Timeline and Career of Senator Joseph Tydings
Chris Coons

**Christopher Andrew "Chris" Coons** (born September 9, 1963) is the senior United States Senator from Delaware and a member of the Democratic Party.

Coons won a special election in 2010 to succeed Ted Kaufman, who had been appointed to the seat when Joe Biden resigned to become the vice president of the United States.

## Other websites
*Senator Chris Coons official U.S. Senate site
*Chris Coons for Senate
*

## References
Rudy Boschwitz

**Rudolph Ely "Rudy" Boschwitz** (born November 7, 1930) is a former American Independent-Republican United States Senator from Minnesota. He served in the Senate from December 1978 to January 1991. In his re-election campaign in 1990, he was defeated by Paul Wellstone.

Boschwitz was born in Berlin to a Jewish family. His family moved from Nazi Germany to New York City to escape the Nazis. He was raised in New Rochelle, New York. He studied at New York University. Boschwitz served in the United States Army from 1954 through 1955. He is married to Ellen Boschwitz.

Boshwitz now serves on the Board of Directors of the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, is an AIPAC Board Member, and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

## References
## Other websites
* Rudy Boschwitz: An Inventory of His Papers at the Minnesota Historical Society
*
Brian Schatz

**Brian Emanuel Schatz** (pronounced ; born October 20, 1972) is an American politician. He is the senior United States Senator for Hawaii. Schatz was appointed by Governor Neil Abercrombie to replace Senator Daniel Inouye after his death in 2012.

Schatz served in the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1998 to 2006, where he represented the 25th Legislative District and was chairman of the Democratic Party of Hawaii from 2008 to 2010. He also worked as chief executive officer of Helping Hands Hawaii, an Oahu nonprofit social service agency.

Schatz ran for Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii in the 2010 Hawaii gubernatorial election as the running mate of Neil Abercrombie. He served as lieutenant governor until December 26, 2012, when Abercrombie appointed Schatz to serve out Daniel Inouye's U.S. Senate term until the 2014 special election.

## References
Maryon Pittman Allen

**Maryon Pittman Allen** (November 30, 1925 &ndash; July 23, 2018) was an American journalist. She served as United States Senator from Alabama for five months in 1978, after her husband, Senator James B. Allen, died in office.

Allen died on July 23, 2018 in Birmingham, Alabama at the age of 92.

## Early life 
Maryon Pittman was born in Meridian, Mississippi, in 1925. Her family moved to Birmingham, Alabama, where her father opened a tractor dealership. She went to public school there. From 1944 to 1947, she studied journalism at the University of Alabama but did not finish. In 1946, she married Joshua Mullins, and they had three children. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1959 when the children were still young.

## References