open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Goonies

***The Goonies*** is a 1985 American adventure movie about of a group of children living in a part of Astoria, Oregon called The "Goon Docks", who go on a search for a pirate's , to save their neighborhood from being bought and destroyed, to enlarge the (fictional) Astoria  and golf course. The movie was produced by Steven Spielberg and directed by Richard Donner. It stars Sean Astin, Josh Brolin, Corey Feldman, Jonathan Ke Huy Quan, Martha Plimpton, Anne Ramsey, Robert Davi, and Joe Pantoliano

## Cast 
* Sean Astin as Michael "Mikey" Walsh, the asthmatic leader of the Goonies
* Josh Brolin as Brandon "Brand" Walsh, a high-school athlete and Mikey's older brother and 
* Jeff Cohen as Lawrence "Chunk" Cohen, a clumsy, obese member of the Goonies and habitual fabulist
* Corey Feldman as Clark "Mouth" Devereaux, a Goonie nicknamed for his cheeky tongue
* Jonathan Ke Huy Quan as Richard "Data" Wang, a James Bond fanatic and amateur  Goonie
* Kerri Green as Andrea Theresa "Andy" Carmichael, a high-school cheerleader and Brand's love interest
* Martha Plimpton as Stephanie "Stef" Steinbrenner, Andy's best friend
* John Matuszak as Lotney "Sloth" Fratelli, the deformed and abused, but child-hearted son of the Fratelli family who Chunk befriends
* Anne Ramsey as Mama Fratelli, an Italian-born crime 
* Robert Davi as Jake Fratelli, Mama Fratelli's son and a counterfeiter
* Joe Pantoliano as Francis Fratelli, Mama Fratelli's son
* Mary Ellen Trainor as Irene Walsh, Mikey and Brand's fussy mother
* Keith Walker as Irving Walsh, Mikey and Brand's father and a curator at the local history museum
* Lupe Ontiveros as Rosalita, the Walsh family's Mexican 
* Adam Walsh as the ugliest monster ever and smells like aubergines
* Steve Antin as Troy Perkins, the  son of the Astoria Country Club's millionaire owner
* Curt Hanson as Mr. Perkins, Troy's millionaire father
* Michael Paul Chan as Mr. Wang, Data's father
* Charles McDaniel as Mr. Cohen, Chunk's father
* Paul Tuerpe as the Sheriff
* George Robotham as Prison Guard

Director Richard Donner makes a cameo appearance as a sheriff's deputy. The movie's cinematographer, Nick McLean, also has a cameo as Mouth's father. The part of the dead FBI agent was played by stuntman Ted Grossman.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Newar language

**Nepal Bhasa** is a language spoken by indigenous Newa people of Nepal. It is a Himalayan language of Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages group. 

Newah Bhaaye is the term used for Nepal Bhasa by its native speakers. The term 'Newari' has been used in derogatory form to replace the original name of the language. 

## Linguistics 
Nepal Bhasa shares the feature of Kirant and Tibetan dialects of Northern Himalayas. It consists of five major dialects and several sub-dialects spoken by Newa people living throughout the country.

## References
Early Middle Ages

The **Early Middle Ages** were a period in European history that lasted from the 5th century to the 10th century. This period in history is called the "Middle" Ages because it came between ancient history and modern history. It is also called the **Medieval** Age. The Early Middle Ages were followed by the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. 

The early Middle Ages has also been called “the Dark Ages” because scholars in early modern times could not find much information about that time. They thought that there was very little culture, good literature, art, good architecture, technology or progress during this period.

## Fall of Rome
The Early Middle Ages started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which had ruled much of Europe in ancient history. Eventually, the empire started to weaken.  In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric, the leader of the Germanic tribe known as the Visigoths. Rome survived but had been greatly weakened. 

In 476, when Rome was again invaded and sacked by Odoacer, he took the city for himself.  He made himself the king of Italy.  This ended the Western Roman Empire.  After that, Europe entered the Early Middle Ages.

## Life in the Early Middle Ages
As the Early Middle Ages began, Europe was experiencing the effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire.  Before, the empire’s communication systems made it possible for people all over Europe to share ideas and facts.  Now these communication systems were no longer working.  This made it much more difficult to exchange knowledge and new ideas.

For many years, the Roman army had defended the empire and kept peace between different parts of Europe.  Now, wars became common as people all over Europe started to fight each other for territory and resources.

The Catholic Church was very powerful during the Early Middle Ages.  Most Europeans were Christian at this time. 

## References
Cane

A **cane** is a stick from a piece of wood, or sometimes of metal. It is used by someone to help support themself when they are walking. A person might need a cane because of their age, or weight, or for another reason.

## Related pages
* Caning
* Walking stick
Pipe

**Pipe** or **pipes** can be several things:

*Pipe (material), a pole made of metal or of another material that is hollow in the middle, used for moving water or other things from one place to another
*Pipe (smoke), a small object for smoking tobacco or other things
*Bagpipes, sometimes called "pipes"
Homicide

**Homicide** is when one person kills (causes the death of) another person. Homicide is often a crime but sometimes it is not. If the killer wanted to cause death, it can be a crime called murder. If the killer did not want to cause death, but had no care for their own behavior, it can be a crime called manslaughter. Fighting to keep oneself safe from harm is called self-defense. If a person needed to kill for self-defense, it is usually not a crime. If a person killed in self-defense when they did not need to kill, it may be a crime. 
## References
Press Your Luck

***Press Your Luck*** was an American game show that aired from 1983 to 1986 and later in reruns, and was hosted by Peter Tomarken.  The three contestants on each show would earn spins by answering questions that they could later use on **"The Big Board"**.  On the board, they could earn thousands of dollars in cash and prizes but had to beware of the Whammy, a cartoon demon who stole players' money and prizes.  If a Whammy was hit, the contestant lost all earnings up to that point.  Four Whammies took a player out of the game.  The winner returned on the next show.

The show came back on the air in 2002 on Game Show Network as *Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck*.  It featured a new "Big Bank" feature, which gave the player a chance to earn all the money and prizes lost to the Whammy. It was hosted by Todd Newton and ran until 2003.

The original version of *Press Your Luck* was called *Second Chance*, which aired on television in 1977. Instead of the Whammy, players had to face a cartoon "Devil." It was hosted by Jim Peck, but did not last very long.

## ABC Revival
The show returned to ABC in 2019 with Elizabeth Banks as the host and is due to make its fourth season premiere on July 7, 2022. In the 2019 series, the contestant who wins with the highest amount of money goes to a bonus round in which the contestant tries to go through 6 rounds and try and win the jackpot prize of $1 million. Neil Ross is the announcer and Whammy voice for the current series.

## References 
## Other websites
*  (1983–86) (US)
*  (1987–88) (Australia)
Amazon (company)

**Amazon.com, Inc.**, known as **Amazon** (), is an American multinational technology company focusing on selling things online, cloud computing, online advertising, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. It is considered to be one of the Big Five American technology companies, alongside Alphabet (parent company of Google), Apple, Meta and Microsoft.

Amazon was founded by Jeff Bezos from his garage in Bellevue, Washington, on July 5, 1994. It started selling books online. Now it sells many things online, so it is sometimes called The Everything Store. It has multiple subsidiaries including Amazon Web Services (cloud computing), Zoox (autonomous vehicles), Kuiper Systems (satellite Internet), and Amazon Lab126 (computer hardware R&D). The company owns Ring, Twitch, IMDb, and Whole Foods Market. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US$13.4 billion substantially increased its footprint as a physical retailer.

On July 30, 2025, Amazon will pay the New York Times up to $25 million a year for the rights to its journalism content for AI model training, reports The Wall Street Journal. The Times will allow Amazon to use content from its daily journalism, NYT Cooking, and The Athletic for AI-related uses as part of the agreement.

## Companies owned 
Amazon owns over 40 smaller companies, including Twitch, Whole Foods Market, Zappos, Shopbop, Diapers.com, Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics), Audible, Goodreads, Teachstreet and IMDb. Amazon.com makes money by letting other people sell things and taking a percentage of the price. Amazon also allows companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.

## Other reading 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Last call bell

The **last call bell** is a bell found in bars. 

The last call bell is rung to:
*Tell people that the bar is getting ready to stop selling drinks
*Tell people that the bar is no longer selling drinks 
*Tell people the bar is closed.

Last call bells are related to bells used on ships. 

## Other websites 
*The National Pist article
Alpha Centauri

**Alpha Centauri** (also known as **Rigil Kentaurus**) is the brightest star in the southern Centaurus constellation. It is the fourth brightest star in the night sky, with a magnitude of -0.01. It is visible in the Southern Hemisphere, and is too far south for most of the Northern Hemisphere to see.

Alpha Centauri is a binary star system of two stars A & B. The distance between them is quite close. To the naked eye, the stars are too close for the eye to be able to see them as separate. Their orbit is about the distance of the giant planets from our Sun.

There is a third star, **Proxima Centauri** (or Alpha Centauri C). This is usually considered separately, but in fact it is also gravitationally connected to the other two. It is actually slightly closer to us, with a very much larger orbit around A and B.

## System 
Viewed as a triple star system, Alpha Centauri is the closest to our own, being 4.2-4.4 light years (ly) away. It consists of two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B (which form a binary star together) at a distance of 4.36 ly, and a dimmer red dwarf named Proxima Centauri at a distance of 4.22 ly. Both of the two main stars are rather similar to the Sun. The larger star, Alpha Centauri A, is the most similar to the Sun, but a little larger and brighter.

*The next closest star is Barnard's Star.

## Diameter and radius 
Alpha Centauri is 1,702,240 km in diameter and 851,120 km in radius.

## Future exploration 
Alpha Centauri is going to be the first target for a crewed or a robotic spacecraft mission.  Using current spacecraft technology, reaching Alpha Centauri would take thousands of years. However, with nuclear propulsion and solar sails, it could take several decades.

The existence of Proxima Centauri b, announced by the European Southern Observatory, could be a target for the first interstellar missions.

In 2069, NASA plans to send a space probe to Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to the Sun. The mission is supposed to launch on the 100th anniversary of Apollo 11.

## Related pages 
* Nature timeline

## Notes
Slur

**Slur** might mean:

*A **slur** is a type of offensive word that can cause hatred. (See Pejorative)
*To **slur** also means to talk very fast and mix words together in doing so.
*A **slur** might also refer to a symbol in music which tells the musician to play legato.
Caregiver

A **caregiver**, or **carer**, is someone who has the job of caring for . They usually care for people who are unable to care for themselves, for example, children, disabled people, or the elderly. When a caregiver is assigned to look after a baby or a child they are sometimes called a babysitter.

## Related pages
*Parent
*Infant attachment
TGV

]]

The **TGV** (Train à Grande Vitesse, French for "high-speed train"), is a category of high speed trains. They are used in France. They are also used for some travel between France and England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Spain. The trains normally travel at speeds between 270&nbsp;km/h and 320&nbsp;km/h. They were the fastest normal trains in the world, their average travel speed is at 279,4&nbsp;km/h.

In 2007, a special TGV set the speed record for rail vehicles, reaching 574,8&nbsp;km/h.

Inside France, there are the following high speed lines
* Paris to Lyon, later to Valence, Avignon and Marseille.
* Paris to Tours and Le Mans. Also used to run trains to Poitiers and Bordeaux.
* Paris to Lille, later Brussels (known as Thalys) and Calais, Dover, London (known as Eurostar).
* Paris to Strasbourg, sometimes to Frankfurt am Main, Basel and Zürich. The first part of this line has been built. The high-speed track ends at a station, about half-way between Nancy and Metz. Strasbourg is currently reachable from Paris is about two and a half hours, Basel takes 3.20, and Zürich about 4.30. The extension of the line to Strasbourg has been started,

Lines to Spain and Italy are being planned. A High speed line to Germany is being built.

The building of the network has made travel times much shorter. Paris to Marseille (750&nbsp;km) can now be done in 3 hours. Two thirds of the traffic volume is done by the TGV, only one third is done by airplanes.

## TGVs for other uses 
Since the beginning of the high-speed rail network, the French Poste uses TGVs to transport mail, mostly  between Paris, Mâcon and Cavaillon, but the train was retired in 2015. These use the high-speed lines (LGV Sud-Est) during the night.

In the north of France, the high-speed lines are also used to run regional trains over longer distances. There are currently train  from Lille to Dunkerque. This takes half an hour.  Other lines run to Calais, in forty minutes, or to Boulogne-sur-Mer in 55. In 2007, a line to Arras was opened, which is also very successful. Unfortunately, there are some problems with this approach. First, only high-speed lines can be used that are not saturated, because these trains run slower than regular TGVs. Secondly, using a TGV line costs more to the client, they have to pay extra. This makes these services more expensive.

## References
Odd number

An **odd number** is an integer when divided by two, either leaves a remainder or the result is a fraction. One is the first odd positive number. Some examples of odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.
 
An integer that is not an odd number is an even number. If an even number is divided by two, the result is another integer. On the other hand, an odd number, when divided by two, will result in a fraction. 

Since odd numbers are integers, negative numbers can be odd.

## Related pages 
* Parity (mathematics)
* Even number 

ffffe
1343

## Events 
* Magnus II of Sweden is no longer king of Norway, and his son Haakon VI of Norway becomes king. However Haakon is still very young, so Magnus makes most of his decisions.
* January 27, Pope Clement VI creates his Bull *Unigenitus*.
* The personal union between Sweden and Norway ends.
* Edward, the Black Prince becomes the Prince of Wales.

## Births 
* Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan (died 1394)
* Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (about this time) (died 1400)
* Emperor Chōkei of Japan (died 1394)
* Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, English rebel (died 1403)

## Deaths 
* December 15 – Hasan Kucek, Chobanid prince
* Sir Ulick Burke, Irish nobleman
* Aimone of Savoy
1344

## Events 
* English king Edward III creates three new gold coins, the florin. leopard, and helm. Unfortunately the amount of gold in the coins is different from their worth of six shillings, three shillings, one shilling, and sixpence. Because of this, they had to be taken back and many were melted down by August.

## Births 
* Meinhard III, Count of Tyrol
* Parameswara, Malay Srivijayan prince (died 1424)

## Deaths 
* Constantine IV of Armenia
* Gersonides, French rabbi and mathematician (born 1288)
* Jaghmini, Persian physician
* Simone Martini, Sienese painter (born 1284)
* William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury (born 1301)
Tent

family in front of goahti. Photo was taken around 1900 in northern Scandinavia.]]

A **tent** is a movable, lightweight shelter which uses fabric to protect people from wind, rain and from the cold. The fabric walls of a tent are supported by wood or metal poles and thin ropes (called "guy lines"), and the tent or the ropes are usually attached to the ground with plastic or metal pointed stakes, or lattice frames and internal posts in the cases of yurts and marquees. Tent camping exploded in popularity in the 1960s. Manufacturers introduced poles made of fiberglass or aluminum alloys, allowing for a greater range of shapes and a lighter weight tent to transport. Zippered tent doors replaced the traditional flap opening.

## Uses 
Tents are usually used as shelter during camping, hiking, and other outdoor recreational activities. Large tents are also used to provide temporary shelter for events such as outdoor weddings or circuses. Tents are also used to provide temporary sleeping quarters for military personnel or homeless, or for people who have been displaced by a disaster (such as refugees).

## References
Cottage

A **cottage** is a term often used for a small house. This word comes from England where it is used to mean a house that has one main storey, with a second, lower storey of bedrooms which fit under the roof upstairs. In many places the word cottage is used to mean a small old-fashioned house. In the United States the word cottage is often used to mean a small holiday home.

Cottages are usually found in villages or in the countryside, rather than in the town. They are nearly always built from material that can be found nearby. A cottage may be built of stone, of brick or of timber. It may have a roof of tiles, slates, shingles, shakes or thatch.
, Chile]]
Bullseye

Bullseye might mean:

* Bullseye (sports), the centre of a target and the name given to any shot that hits the bullseye
* Any design or pattern featuring concentric circles, like an archery target, may be referred to as a "bullseye"
* *Bullseye* (American game show)
* *Bullseye* (CNBC), U.S. TV program
* *Bullseye* (UK game show)
* Bullseye (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe (comics and film), primarily an enemy of Daredevil. 
* *Bullseye!*, a 1990 comedy motion picture starring Michael Caine and Roger Moore
* Bullseye (shooting competition), also known as *Conventional Pistol*
* Bullseye (mascot), mascot of Target Corporation
1342

## Events 
* May – Pope Clement VI becomes pope
* John III Comnenus becomes emperor of Trebizond
* Louis becomes king of Sicily and duke of Athens
* Constantine IV becomes king of Armenia
* Patriarch of Antioch moved to Damascus while Ignatius II is king
* Kitzbühel becomes part of Tyrol
* Louis I becomes king of Hungary
* The Vijayanagara Empire is created in South India

## Births 
* January 15 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (died 1404)
* November 10 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland (died 1408)
* Leo VI of Armenia
* Avignon Pope Clement VII (died 1394)
* Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (died 1373)
* Julian of Norwich, English mystic (died 1413)

## Deaths 
* January 29 – Louis I, Duke of Bourbon (born 1279)
* April 24 – Pope Benedict XII
* July 16 – King Charles I of Hungary
* November 29 – Michael of Cesena, Italian Franciscan leader (born 1270)
* Al-Jaldaki, Persian physician and alchemist
* William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros
* Marsilius of Padua, Italian scholar (born 1270)
American plaice

**American plaice** (*Hippoglossoides platessoides*) are salt water fish that live in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 700 metres deep, but spend most of the time at 90 to 200 meters. Their geographical range is from the coast of Labrador, south to the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The most are found off the eastern tip of Newfoundland. American plaice feed on sand dollars, brittle stars, crustaceans, polychaetes, and fish such as capelin and launce.

Like many flatfish, American plaice are sometimes said to be a flounder or dab, even though both are names for other fish species.

The U.K.-based Marine Conservation Society rates American plaice as 5, the most threatened category of over-harvested animals.

## Related pages
*Alaska plaice
*European Plaice

## References 
*American plaice information (Northeast Fisheries Science Center (U.S.))
*American plaice information (National Marine Fisheries Service (Canada))
*FishBase article
*Ecological status of American plaice  (Marine Conservation Society)
Spider web

A **spider web** is a sticky net that spiders make from silk to trap their prey. When insects fly or crawl into the web, they get stuck and the spider eats them. Most spider webs are very thin, but are also very strong. Different kinds of spiders make different types of webs. Spiders make different webs in different places to trap many kinds of prey. 

Image:Dewy spider web.jpg|A spider web, with dewdrops caught on it.
Image:Spider vdg.jpg|A spider on its web.
Image:Water drops on spider web.jpg|Another photo of dewdrops on a spider web.
Sleep paralysis

's 1781 painting the Nightmare  shows typical symptoms of sleep paralysis: heavy breath, limp muscles and hallucinations.]]
When people are dreaming, their muscles do not move, even if in their dream they are moving.  This is a natural process that prevents people from actually performing the movements they make in their sleep.

In general, people are not aware of this inability to move, as it usually stops as soon as they wake up. People suffering from **sleep paralysis** wake up and find that they are unable to move. This is because the paralysis has not stopped. Usually it lasts for only a few minutes, and people have said they feel a "presence" or "ghost" during it.

## Possible causes 
Little is known about the physiology of sleep paralysis. However, some have suggested that it may be linked to post-synaptic (neurons sending signals to other neurons) inhibition (restraint) of nerves in the pons (back) region of the brain. In particular, low levels of melatonin may stop the depolarization current in the nerves, which stops stimulation of the muscles.

Hallucinations of ghosts, demons and Out of Body Experiences during sleep paralysis may be caused by a part of the brain called the parietal lobe (top-middle part of the brain), and by neurons known as mirror neurons.

Studies suggest that many people get sleep paralysis at least once in their lives. People who have narcolepsy often get it much more. Many people try to induce sleep paralysis, to have an Out of Body Experience. 

Some report that various factors make paralysis and hallucinations happen more. These include:
* Sleeping on your back
* Irregular sleeping schedules; naps, sleeping in, sleep deprivation
* Increased 
* Sudden changes of lifestyle or environment
* A lucid dream just before it
* Medium to long-term imagining of involuntary movements with your eyes closed before sleep.

## Treatment 
There are few treatments available for sleep paralysis. One treatment is called Meditation-Relaxation Therapy. The treatment includes four steps: (1) one should close their eyes and remind themself that the experience is not dangerous in any way, and it is common around the world; (2) and that since it is not dangerous, they should not be afraid as that will only make the experience worse. (3) They should then focus very strongly on a positive thought or mental image (meditate); (4) and also relax their muscles and avoid movement. 

## References 
## Other websites
*The Guardian - The waking nightmare of sleep paralysis
*On the Neuroscience of Sleep Paralysis
Melissa Joan Hart

**Melissa Joan Catherine Hart** (born April 18, 1976) is an American actress. She was born and raised in Long Island, New York.

She played the title roles in the television series *Clarissa Explains It All* and *Sabrina, the Teenage Witch*. In 1999 she played the lead role in the movie *Drive Me Crazy*. From 2010 to 2015, she starred as Mel Burke in the ABC Family show *Melissa & Joey*.

## Personal life 
Since July 19, 2003, Hart has been married to musician Mark Wilkerson (born 1976). They have three sons together: Mason Walter Wilkerson (born January 11, 2006), Braydon Hart Wilkerson (born March 12, 2008) and Tucker McFadden Wilkerson (born September 18, 2012).

## Other websites 
* Melissa Joan Hart at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
* Melissa Joan Hart News and Video
Colleen Fitzpatrick

**Colleen Ann Fitzpatrick** (born July 20, 1972 in Old Bridge, New Jersey) is an American singer and actor. Her stage name is **Vitamin C**. Before she started her solo career, she was the lead singer of the band Eve's Plum.

## Music 
### Albums 
* *More* (2001)
* *Vitamin C* (1999)

### Singles 
* "Last Nite" (2003)
* "As Long As You're Loving Me" (2000)
* "The Itch" (2000)
* "Graduation (Friends Forever)" (2000)
* "Me, Myself, & I" (1999)
* "Smile" (1999)

## Movies 
* *Happy Is Not Hard to Be* (2005)
* ''My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception* (2001)
* *Rock Star* (2001)
* *Scary Movie 2* (2001) (voice only)
* *Get Over It* (2001)
* *Dracula 2000* (2000)
* *Da Hip Hop Witch* (2000)
* *The Haven* (2000)
* *Liar Liar* (1997)
* *St. Patrick's Day* (1997)
* *High School High* (1996)
* *Just Cause* (1995)
* *Higher Learning* (1995)
* *Crinoline Head* (1995)
* *The Mambo Kings* (1992)
* *The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear* (1991)
* *Hairspray'' (1988)

## Other websites 
*
Jamie Lynn Spears

**Jamie Lynn Marie Spears** (born April 4, 1991) is an American actress and singer. She is the younger sister of pop singer Britney Spears. She played the lead role in the television series *Zoey 101*.

Spears is now a country music singer. In November 2013 Spears released her first single, "How Could I Want More". She has been a celebrity contestant on *Dancing with the Stars* and ''I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here''.

## Personal life 
In late December 2007 it was revealed that Jamie Lynn was pregnant. Jamie Lynn's daughter, Maddie Briann Aldridge, was born on June 19, 2008.

## Filmography 
### Film 
### Television 
## Discography 
### Extended plays 
### Singles 
### Other appearances 
### Music videos 
## Awards and nominations 
## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Web Site of Jamie Lynn Spears (requires Macromedia Flash)
*Jamie Lynn Spears at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
*Jamie Spears Club
Opel

**Opel**, full name **Adam Opel AG**, is an automobile maker from Germany, founded in 1862. From 1929 to 2017, Opel is the German brand of the American automaker General Motors. Opel has about 35,000 workers. The company headquarters are in Rüsselsheim, Germany. Other German plants are in Eisenach and Kaiserslautern. In Great Britain, Opel cars are called Vauxhall. Opel would later engineer cars for GMDAT and GM Korea until the Opel brand was bought by PSA. From 2007 to 2009 three Opel models (the Antara, the Astra and the Vectra) were sold in the United States under the Saturn marque. Upon the discontinuation of the Saturn marque, Buick became responsible for importing the Opel models. The only Buick cars to not be Opels are the Enclave CUV and the full sized LaCrosse sedan. In March 2017, Opel and its parent brand Vauxhall were bought by PSA, the company who owns Peugeot and Citroën. 1862

## Car models 
**Passenger cars:**
Rocks-e | Astra | Corsa | Mokka  | Crossland   | Grandland | Zafira

**Commercial cars:**
Combo | Vivaro | Movano

**Concept cars:**
Antara GTC | Astra OPC X-Treme | Eco Speedster | Flextreme | Flextreme GT/E | Frogster | GTC Concept | GT Concept | Insignia Concept | Monza Concept | Manta GSe Electromod | RAK e | Snowtrekker | Trixx

**Historic cars:**
Adam | Antara | Ampera | Agila | Admiral | Ascona | Blitz | Calibra | Cascada | Commodore | Diplomat | Frontera | GT  | Insignia | Karl | Meriva | Kadett | Kapitän | Manta | Monterey | Monza | Olympia | Omega | Rekord | Senator | Signum | Sintra | Speedster | Tigra | Vectra | Zafira Tourer

## References 
## Other websites 
* Opel's Corporate Website
JAG (TV series)

***JAG*** (the American military acronym for Judge Advocate General) is an American legal, crime drama television show created by Donald P. Bellisario. It was on air between 1995 and 2005. The series is about the JAG officers Harmon "Harm" Rabb, Jr. (David James Elliott) and Sarah "Mac" MacKenzie (Catherine Bell) in Washington, D.C. In 2003, the series spawned the spin-off *NCIS*, which had the spin-offs called *NCIS: Los Angeles* and *NCIS: New Orleans*.

## Actors 
* David James Elliott as Capt. Harmon Harm Rabb Jr.
* John M. Jackson as Rear Admiral (upper half) A. J. Chegwidden (1996–2004)
* Tracey Needham as Lieutenant. j.G. (junior Grade) Meg Austin (1995–1996)
* Catherine Bell as Lt. Colonel Sarah Mac MacKenzie (1997–2005)
* Patrick Labyorteaux as Lt. Commander. Bud Roberts Jr. (1997–2005)
* Karri Turner as Lieutenant Harriet Sims (1997–2005)
* Steven Culp as Clayton Webb
* Sibel Galindez as Lieutenant Elizabeth 'Skates' Hawkes

## Other websites 
*
Binoculars

s which fold the light and shorten the instrument. The lenses magnify the image]]

**Binoculars** are a kind of tool that lets people see far-away things more clearly. The technology is called optics. Binoculars are made of a pair of matched telescopes which are held in front of the user's eyes. 

The two telescopes of the pair have lenses that focus light and magnify the image.  When someone looks through the binoculars at a far-away object, they can see details. 

Early binoculars had two Galilean telescopes without prisms. Today most have prisms inside, which fold the light path to shorten the length of the tubes. That is why a binocular is shorter than standard telescopes of similar power.

Binoculars were invented in the 17th century. They allow a telescope user to use both eyes.  The Royal Navy used single telescopes, but now all ships have heavy binoculars.  Heavy ones can be mounted on swivels to scan the horizon.  Binoculars are also standard issue in all armies. Night vision binoculars use photocathode electronics to intensify the image.

Binoculars are also used for theatre (opera glasses), birdwatching  amateur astronomy, and generally watching the scenery.

## Features 
These features are present in some or all binoculars:
#Focussing is usually by turning knobs.
##Large binoculars have independent focussing for each 'telescope' (each side).
#Eye relief: Eye relief is the distance from the rear eyepiece lens to the exit pupil or eye point. It is the distance the observer must position his or her eye behind the eyepiece in order to see the image. The longer the focal length of the eyepiece, the greater the eye relief. Binoculars may have eye relief ranging from a few millimeters to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) or more. Eye relief can be particularly important for eyeglass wearers. 
#Range finding. Many binoculars have range finding reticle (scale) superimposed on the view. This scale allows the distance to the object to be estimated if the object height is known. 
#Image stabilisation. On top-range models, by electronics.
#Optical coatings
##Anti-reflective: not just relections off the front lens, but every lens and prism. Anti-reflective coatings reduce light lost at every optical surface through reflection at each surface. Reducing reflection via anti-reflective coatings also reduces the amount of "lost" light bouncing around inside the binocular which can making the image appear hazy (low contrast).  
##Metallic mirror coating for its prisms.

* Warships  in World War II used very large binocular naval rangefinders (up to 15 metres separation of the two objective lenses, weight 10 tons) for ranging gun targets 25&nbsp;km away. Late-20th century technology made this application redundant (radar; laser sights; guided missiles &c).

* Modern military binoculars have filters that block laser weapons used against them. Some are specialised for night vision.
World Series

The **World Series** in Major League Baseball, is when the best team from the American League (the winner of the American League Championship Series) and the best team from the National League (the winner of the National League Championship Series) keep playing games of baseball until one of the two teams wins four games total and win the Commissioner's Trophy. The winners of the most recent World Series in 2024 were the Los Angeles Dodgers. They defeated the New York Yankees. 

The New York Yankees have 27 World Series championships, the most of any team.  The Cleveland Indians currently hold the longest active drought, having last won the Series before expansion teams were formed.  Recently, the three longest championship droughts were ended by the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and the Chicago Cubs.
Adobe Photoshop

**Photoshop** is a popular image changing software package. It is widely used by photographers for photo editing (fixing colors, reducing noise, adding effects, fixing brightness/contrast) and by graphic designers and Web designers to create and change images for web pages. The first version was introduced in 1990. Version Photoshop CC 2018 was launched on October 18 2017.

Photoshop works on computer systems like Windows and Mac. The software is made by the company Adobe Systems. A simpler version named Photoshop Elements is made for home users who do not want to buy the more powerful, more expensive full version. Photoshop Express, a free version, is even more limited. There are different pricing plans for the application.

## References
Finger

A **finger** is a type of digit attached to the hand. Our type of fingers are similar to those of other primates. They are used for doing things and feeling things.

Humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges. The first digit is the thumb, followed by the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or 'pinky'. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not. The four fingers have three phalanges each; the thumb has two.

## References
Burn (disambiguation)

**Burning** is the process of combustion, a reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer).

**Burn**, **burning** or **burned** can mean:
* Burn, injury to the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation
* Burn (stream), in Scotland and north-eastern England, a type of stream which is smaller than a river
* *Burn* (computer game), a first-person shooter computer game released in 2007
* Burn, a village in North Yorkshire, England
* Burn and Burn Sugar Free, energy drinks by Coca-Cola
* Burn in, to exercise components (such as electronics) before putting them into service
* Burning, a self-sustaining thermonuclear (nuclear fusion) reaction
* Burning, the recording process for various technologies based on compact discs or DVDs
* Burning-in, a manipulation during photographic enlargement to darken selected areas of the final print
* Burned (image), an image with highlights or shadows considerably outside the medium's gamut
* Execution by burning, an execution by fire, usually by being burnt to death on a pyre
* Indian burn, common school prank also called a Chinese burn
* Burn notice, an official statement issued between intelligence agencies stating that an individual or a group is or has become unreliable.

## In music
**Bands:**
* Burn (UK band), a heavy rock band from Loughborough, England
* Burn (U.S. band), a New York hardcore band

**Albums:**
* *Burn* (album), a 1974 album by Deep Purple
* *Burn*, a 1995 album by Sister Machine Gun
* *Burn*, a 2000 album by Jo Dee Messina
* *Burnin*', a 1970 album by The Wailers
* *Burning*, a 1999 EP by house DJ/producer Pépé Bradock
* *Burned*, a 1995 album by Electrafixion

**Songs:**
* "Burn" (Usher song), a song from Usher's 2004 album *Confessions*
* "Burn" (Nine Inch Nails song), a song by Nine Inch Nails found on the *Natural Born Killers* Soundtrack
* "Burn", a song by Rancid on the album ''Let's Go*
* "Burn", a song The Cure featured on *The Crow Soundtrack*
* "Burn", a song by Shannon Noll on his 2004 album *That's What I'm Talking About*
* "Burn", a song by Mushroomhead on their 2006 album *Savior Sorrow*
* "Burn", a song by Alkaline Trio on their 2005 album *Crimson*
* "Burn", a song by Collective Soul found on their album *Home*
* "Burn", a song by Three Days Grace on their album *Three Days Grace*
* "Burn", a song by Year Of The Rabbit on their EP *Hunted*
* "Burn", a song by Against Me! which first appeared on their 2001 EP *Crime As Forgiven By*
* "Burn", a song by King Diamond on the 1990 album *The Eye*
* "Burn", a song by Michael Angelo Batio on his 2005 album *Hands Without Shadows*
* "Burn", a song by Deep Purple on their 1974 album *Burn*
* "Burnnn!", a song by Pantera on their 1988 album *Power Metal*
* "The Burn", a song by Matchbox Twenty on their 2000 album *Mad Season*

## In media
* *Burn!*, a 1969 film
* *Burn*, a 1998 film directed by Scott Storm
* *Burn*, a 2005 novel by James Patrick Kelly
* *Burned*, a 2005 novel by Ellen Hopkins
* *Burn Notice'' (TV series), a 2007 television drama
Flight

in flight]]
 flies up because the upward force is equal or greater than the force of gravity.]]

**Flight** or **flying** is a process of movement of an object in a gaseous environment or a vacuum. In practice this means it moves through the air.

## Animals 
Best adapted for long controlled powered flight are flying birds and insects, bats (Chiroptera), and the extinct pterosaurs. 

All of these animals use (or used) the aerodynamic principles of flight, using the load-bearing properties of the wing for active flight. There are also many animals that glide and parachute flight, such as some spiders' webs, aeroplankton, flying clams, flying fish, and various forest-dwelling mammals and reptiles. 

The fastest flying animal is the peregrine falcon. The speed of its dive is over .

## Floating flight
An aerostat is a system that remains in the air by the use of floating. Man-made aerostats include balloons and airships. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin containing a lifting gas to provide floating, to which other parts are attached. By contrast, aerodynes use aerodynamic lift, which requires the movement of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass.

There are a huge number of plants which distribute their spores or seeds by air. Many bacteria and viruses do so as well. With these very small objects, the surface area is great in proportion to its weight. That is why they lift off.

## References
Bronze

**Bronze** is a metal alloy. Bronze is mostly copper, with some tin added (usually between 5% and 20% tin) to make it stronger. The most common alloy is just made of copper and tin. Some bronzes add other metals. 

Other bronzes are:
* Aluminum bronze, which uses aluminum instead of tin.
* Leaded bronze
* Silicon bronze
* Phosphor bronze, which has both tin and phosphorus added to the copper.

Bronze should not be confused with brass which is a different alloy of copper and zinc.

## History
Bronze was the first alloy that was used by humans. The first nation that used bronze was Egypt about 3500 years B.C. This gave the name for the Bronze Age.

Bronze is stronger than copper or tin alone. Bronze lasts longer than copper. Pure copper can be oxidized by air and also by water. When copper is oxidized by air or water, it turns green (the color of "copper oxide"), and falls apart.

When people learned how to make and work iron, the Bronze Age ended, and the Iron Age started. Iron can be made harder than bronze, but is susceptible to corrosion (see rust). Iron also wears away faster than bronze, when different pieces are moving against each other. Iron is very common, and easy to make. For this reason, iron costs less than bronze. This is the reason why iron is now used where bronze used to be used.

## Current use
Bronze is still used to make many parts of machines. We use bronze when the part must last for a long time around water and air, or must not wear away.  The main things that are made out of it are pump parts, bearings, bells, electrical components, gears, valves, and other things.

Bronze parts are usually cast in a foundry. After they are cast, bronze parts can also be worked in a lathe or milling machine, or drilled. Bronze is not normally worked with a hammer as iron is.

## Pictures

Image:Assorted bronze castings.JPG|Piece of bronze
Image:Bronze Marcus Aurelius Louvre Br45.jpg|Part of a bronze portrait of Marcus Aurelius
Congo

**Congo** can refer to several things:
*The Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly known as *Belgian Congo* which became independent in 1965. Also formerly known as *Zaire*
*The Republic of the Congo, formerly part of *French Congo*; independent since 1960
*The Congo River, which separates the two countries
*Congo Free State, a former area in central Africa
Dalton (unit)

The **dalton** or **unified atomic mass unit** (symbol: **Da**, **amu** or **u**) is a unit of measurement for measuring the mass of atoms, equalling ¹⁄₁₂ of the mass of the carbon-12 isotope, the most abundant form of carbon atoms in nature.

## History
The unit is named after English chemist and physicist John Dalton (1766 – 1844). 1 atomic mass unit is approximately 1.66 × 10-27 kg, or 1.66 × 10-24 g.

## Atomic physics
In atomic physics, 1 amu can be expressed as roughly 931 MeV (M = 106, 1 eV ≈ 1.60 × 10-19 J) due to mass-energy equivalence, illustrated by *ΔE = Δmc2*.

## Related pages
* Nuclear physics
* Quantum physics
* Electromagnetism
* Radioactive decay
* Nuclear binding energy

## References
Alaska plaice

**Alaska plaice** (*Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus*) are salt water fish that live in the north Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographical range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west. Alaska plaice feed mostly on polychaetes, but also eat amphipods and echiurans.

Most commercial fisheries do not want to catch Alaska plaice; but many are caught by trawlers trying to catch other bottom fish. So many Alaska plaice get caught anyway that, for example, the 2005 total allowable catch in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area (BSAI) was reached before the end of May of that year.

Alaska plaice can live for up to 30 years, and grow to 60 centimetres (24 inches) long, but most that get caught are only seven or eight years old, and about 30&nbsp;cm (12&nbsp;in).

## Related pages
*American plaice
*European Plaice

## References
*1998 Marine Fisheries Review article 
*Bulletin announcing reaching the total allowable catch of Alaska plaice for 2005 (National Marine Fisheries Service)
Anion

**Anions** are atoms or groups of atoms that have a negative electric charge. An anion has more electrons in its atomic orbitals than it has protons in its atomic nucleus. The opposite of an anion is a cation, which has a positive charge.

The name "anion" comes from the words anode and ion. In an electrochemical cell, anions are attracted to the positively charged anode.

Anions can be monatomic, made of only one atom, or polyatomic, made of multiple atoms. Anions can exist on their own only as gases: to make a solid, ionic liquid, or solution the total electrical charge must be zero, meaning  a mix of anions and cations.

## Properties 
In many crystals the anions are bigger; the little cations fit into the spaces between them.

All anions are Brønsted bases: they can make a chemical bond with a proton, , to form a conjugate acid.

## Examples 
Oxide is the most common anion on Earth. It is made from an oxygen atom with two extra electrons. The formula for oxide is written . The oxide ion reacts with water, so it cannot be dissolved to make a solution.

Chloride is a monatomic anion made from an atom of chlorine with an extra electron. The chemical formula is written . Chloride is the most common anion in seawater.

Sulfate is the second most common anion in seawater after chloride. It is made of a sulfur atom, four oxygen atoms, and two extra electrons. The formula for sulfate is written . Sulfate is a special type of anion called an oxyanion, which are made of a central element (like sulfur) surrounded by oxygen atoms.

Hydroxide is a polyatomic anion made of one oxygen atom, one hydrogen atom, and one extra electron. It has the formula . Hydroxide is the conjugate base of water, so it is the strongest base that can be mixed with water. Other strong bases, including the oxide anion, react with water to make hydroxide.

## Sources
David (Michelangelo)

***David*** is a statue by Michelangelo, begun in 1501 and completed in 1504. It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall. It is a statue of a shepherd, David, whose story is told in the Bible. David fought a battle with a giant soldier called Goliath. He beat Goliath by knocking him down with a small stone from his slingshot. David later became King of Israel.   

Michelangelo has carved the figure naked, in the way that Ancient Roman statues of Classical Gods were often made. He shows David before the fight, just as he is looking at Goliath and planning what to do. 

The statue was paid for by the wool-workers of Florence. To the people of the Republic of Florence, David, the teenage boy who fought a giant, was a symbol of how a small fierce town could battle off powerful invaders. David was a particularly important symbol to the wool-workers as well, because as a boy, he took care of his father’s sheep, and as a king, he was like a shepherd to his people. 

The statue of David is a symbol of the City of Florence, Italy,  and is Michelangelo's most famous work of sculpture.  It is often called *The David*. 

## Making the statue
From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral.  These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof. Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio.  Duccio was asked to carve a statue of David. He began carving the  statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs. He stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466.  Antonio Rossellino then worked on the statue for two years.  The block of stone was untouched for 33 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather.  Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501.  It was finished on September 8, 1504.

## Where the statue was placed
.]]

When it was finished, the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio.  During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage.  The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.

## Damage to the statue
In 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer. Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.

## Related pages
Other statues by Michelangelo:
*Moses
*Pietà

## References
The Birth of Venus

]]

***The Birth of Venus*** is a painting by Sandro Botticelli (1445 – May 17, 1510). It is of a Roman goddess who was called Venus. He pictured her standing on a shell because Venus was said to have been born from foam on the sea in *Stanze per la giostra*, a poem written by Angelo Poliziano. The painting shows Zephyr, god of the winds holding the gentle breeze Aura, blowing her toward the shore where Horae, goddess of the seasons, is awaiting her with a cloak. She is pictured naked to show her innocence and divinity.