open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ine of Wessex

**Ine** (26 March 670 - 728) was a West Saxon nobleman who was King of Wessex from 688 to 726. He established Wessex as a true kingdom by introducing a code of laws. He strengthened the position of the Church in Wessex. He was seen as one of Wessex's greatest and most powerful kings especially his long and successful reign and ahead of his predecessor. That is until Alfred the Great took that title away and made Ine second.

Just like Caedwalla, in 726, Ine abdicated the throne to go to Rome in Italy where he died there 2 years later. He was succeeded by his son, Athelheard.

## Atheling 
Ine was the son of Cenred, an underking of Wessex. His brother was Ingild, ancestor of Alfred the Great. His sister Cuthburh was married to King Aldfrith of Northumbria. When he abdicated in 688 it left a power vacuum. Wessex was broken up into several sub-kingdoms. Each was ruled by a underking. Ine many have started as a sub-king but before long was able to establish himself as the sole ruler of Wessex. In many respects Ine was the first true king of Wessex.

Ine wrote his laws between 688 and 694 He mentions in the preamble bishop Erconwald who helped him. This is Erconwald who from 675 to 694 was bishop of Essex (London). He was replaced in 994 by Waldhere. But the mention of Ine's father still being alive points to the laws being written earlier in this period rather than later. For the next two centuries there were no law codes written after those of Ine. Not until Alfred the Great was a more extensive law code created. This was part of his campaign against the Britons and expanding the borders of Wessex west to the River Tamar. Ine was defeated by the Cornish in 722 at the Tamar river.

Ine was a strong supporter of the Church. While he resisted the creation of a second bishopric at Sherborne, he did support the first bishop there in 705, bishop Aldhelm. The first synods in Wessex trace back to his reign.
* Cuenburg, Ine's sister.
* Cuthburh, Ine's sister.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex
Hitachi

**Hitachi** is a large Japanese manufacturing company. It was created in Tokyo in 1910. Hitachi is involved with small electrical items and large-scale projects, including one of the nuclear reactors at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.

## Other websites
*Official site
East Coast hip hop

**East Coast hip hop** is a type of hip hop music that comes from the East Coast of the United States. It originated in New York during the 1970s. East Coast hip hop only became a distinct subgenre after artists from other regions of the United States emerged with different styles.

## Notable East Coast hip hop artists 
* LL Cool J
* Nas
* KRS-One
* Heavy D
* The Notorious B.I.G.
* Eve
* Public Enemy
* DMX
* Chubb Rock
* De La Soul
* A Tribe Called Quest
* Wu-Tang Clan
* Naughty by Nature
* Big L
* Eric B. & Rakim
* Run-DMC
* Mobb Deep
* 50 Cent
* Jay-Z
* Kool Moe Dee
* Busta Rhymes
* Gang Starr
* Whodini
* Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

## East Coast hip hop record labels 
* American King Music, founded in 2006 by Mims
* ASAP Worldwide, founded in 2011 by ASAP Rocky and ASAP Yams
* Babygrande, founded in 2001 by DJ Chuck Wilson
* Bad Boy Records, founded in 1993 by Sean Combs
* Blacksmith Records, founded in 2005 by Talib Kweli and Cory Smith
* Bloodline Records, founded in 2000 by DMX
* Cold Chillin' Records, founded in 1987 by Tyrone Williams
* D-Block Records, founded in 2001 by The Lox
* Dame Dash Music Group, founded in 2005 by Damon Dash
* Def Jam Recordings, founded in 1983 by Rick Rubin and Russell Simmons
* Definitive Jux, founded in 1999 by Jaime "El-P" Meline and Amaechi Uzoigwe
* Desert Storm Records, founded in 1997 by Duro and DJ Clue
* Diplomat Records, founded in 2002 by Cam'ron 
* Dream Chasers Records, founded in 2012 by Meek Mill
* Duck Down Records, founded in 1995 by Dru Ha and Buckshot
* Enjoy Records, founded in 1962 by Bobby Robinson
* Flipmode Records, founded in 1994 by Busta Rhymes
* Fort Knocks Entertainment, founded in 2004 by Just Blaze
* Full Surface Records, founded in 2001 by Swizz Beatz
* G-Unit Records, founded in 2003 by 50 Cent
* Get Low Records, founded in 1999 by Memphis Bleek
* Good Hands Records, founded in 2002 by DJ Truth and Art Beeswax
* Griselda Records, founded in 2014 by Westside Gunn and Conway the Machine
* Ill Will Records, founded in 1999 by Nas
* Infamous Records, founded in 2000 by Mobb Deep
* Murder Inc. Records, founded in 1998 by Irv Gotti and Chris Gotti
* Loud Records, founded in 1991 by Steve Rifkind
* M3 Records, founded in 2003 by Masta Ace
* MVB Records, founded in 2006 by Abdel Russell
* Rawkus Records, founded in 1995 by Brian Brater and Jarret Myer
* Relativity Records, founded in 1982 by Barry Kobrin
* Roc-A-Fella Records, founded in 1995 by Jay-Z , Damon Dash and Kareem Burke
* Ruff Ryders, founded in 1988, by The Dean Family
* RSMG, founded in 2005 by Russell Simmons
* Select Records, founded in 1981 by Fred Munao
* Streetsweepers Entertainment, founded in 2000 by DJ Kay Slay
* Terror Squad Entertainment, founded in 1997 by Fat Joe
* Tommy Boy Entertainment, founded in 1981 by Tom Silverman
* TrapHouse Icon, founded in 2001 by Mark. R
* TVT Records, founded in 1985 by Steve Gottlieb
* Uptown Records, founded in 1986 by Andre Harrell
* Violator, founded by Chris Lighty
* ZNO Records, founded in 2001 by Benzino
## Related pages
* West Coast hip hop

## References
Pentatomidae

**Pentatomidae**, Greek *pente* meaning *five* and *tomos* meaning  *section*, is a family of **stink bugs**. There are about 4,700 species in the family.

In agriculture, many stink bugs and shield bugs are considered pest insects, because they can damage crops, and are not easily killed by pesticides.

## References 
## Other websites
*Pentatomidae
Matthew Boulton

**Matthew Boulton** FRS (3 September 1728&nbsp;– 17 August 1809) was an English manufacturer and the business partner of Scottish engineer James Watt.

In the last quarter of the 18th century, the partnership installed hundreds of Boulton & Watt steam engines. A great advance on the state of the art, they made possible the mechanisation of factories and mills. Boulton applied modern techniques to the minting of coins, striking millions of pieces for Britain and other countries, and supplying the Royal Mint with up-to-date equipment.

Born in  Birmingham in 1728, Boulton was the son of a Birmingham manufacturer of small metal products who died when Boulton was 31. By then Boulton had managed the business for several years, and he expanded it considerably at the Soho Manufactory, built by him near Birmingham.

When Watt's business partner, John Roebuck was unable to pay a debt to Boulton, he accepted Roebuck's share of Watt's patent as settlement. He then successfully lobbied Parliament to extend Watt's patent for an additional 17 years. This enabled the firm to market Watt's steam engine. The firm installed hundreds of Boulton & Watt steam engines in Britain and abroad, initially in mines and then in factories.

Boulton was a key member of the Lunar Society, a group of Midlands men in the arts, sciences, and theology.  Members included Watt, Erasmus Darwin, Josiah Wedgwood and Joseph Priestley.  The Society met each month near the full moon.  Members of the Society developed concepts and techniques in science, agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport that laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution.

Boulton founded the Soho Mint, which he adapted to steam power.  He sought to improve the poor state of Britain's coinage. After several years of effort obtained a contract in 1797 to produce the first British copper coinage in a quarter century.  His "cartwheel" pieces were well-designed and difficult to counterfeit, and included the first striking of the large copper penny, which continued to be coined until decimalisation in 1971. He retired in 1800, though continuing to run his mint, and died in 1809. His image appears alongside James Watt on the Bank of England's new Series F £50 note.

## References
Westgate shopping mall attack

On 21 September 2013, ten gunmen attacked Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya. The attack lasted until 24 September. The attackers held hostages and later fought in gun battles with Kenyan security forces. A total of 72 people were killed, including 61 civilians, 6 Kenyan soldiers and 5 attackers. Over 200 people were injured.

The Islamist group al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack. It said that it was in retaliation for the Kenyan military's role in the Somali Civil War. Newly released intelligence report named Kenyan commander and chief in attack.

## References
Eurovision Song Contest 2014

The ** Eurovision Song Contest** was held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The competition went to Denmark, after Emmelie de Forest won the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. The first semifinal took place on 6 May 2014, the second semifinal on 8 May 2014 and, the Grand final was held on 10 May 2014.

## Semi-final 1
Spain, France, and Denmark will vote in this semi-final. The top 10 countries will qualify to the final.

:1.The song is in English; however, there are some phrases in Latvian.

## Semi-final 2 
Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom will vote in this semi-final. The top 10 countries will qualify to the final.

## Finalists 
:2.The song is in French; however, there is one sentence in English and one sentence in Spanish.

## References
British Darts Organisation

The **British Darts Organisation** (**BDO**) was a group that organised darts tournaments for amateurs and professionals founded on 7 January 1973 by , and dissolved in 2020 under the stewardship of Des Jacklin. There were 66 member counties in Britain. The BDO was a founder member of the World Darts Federation. The BDO also staged a World Professional Darts Championship from 1978 to 2020.

## External links
*
Jalal Talabani

**Jalal Talabani** (12 November 1933 &ndash; 3 October 2017) was a leading Kurdish politician. He served as President of Iraq from 2005 to 2014. He was the first non-Arab president of Iraq, although Abdul Karim Qasim was of partial Kurdish heritage.

Talabani was the founder and secretary general of one of the main Kurdish political parties, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). He was a prominent member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council, which was established following the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime by the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Talabani has been an advocate for Kurdish rights and democracy in Iraq for more than 50 years.

Apart from his native Kurdish, Talabani is fluent in Arabic, Persian, and English.  Talabani is a member of the Socialist International.

Talabani was born on 12 November 1933 in Kelkan, Iraq. He studied at the University of Baghdad. He is married to Hero Ibrahim Ahmed. They have one son, Qubad.

On 18 December 2012 Talabani suffered a stroke and was in intensive care in Baghdad where his condition eventually stabilized after reports that he was in a coma. A statement on the President's official website said that he was being treated for blocked arteries. On 20 December, Talabani's condition has improved enough to allow travel to Germany for treatment.

Talabani died of a cerebral hemorrhage as complications from a stroke at a hospital in Berlin on 3 October 2017 at the age of 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Kurdistan Regional Government
Fishbourne Roman Palace

**Fishbourne Roman Palace** (or Fishbourne Villa) is a huge Roman villa from the 1st century AD, about thirty years after the Roman conquest of Britain. It is near the south coast in the village of Fishbourne, Chichester in West Sussex. It was built on the site of a Roman army supply base built during Claudian invasion in 43 AD. 

The palace is by far the largest known Roman residence north of the Alps. At about 500 feet (150 m) square, it is larger than Buckingham Palace. It is about the size of Nero's Golden House in Rome or the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina in Sicily. In plan it closely mirrors the layout of the emperor Domitian's palace, the Domus Flavia, completed in AD 92 on the Palatine Hill in Rome.

The rectangular palace surrounded formal gardens, the northern half of which have been reconstructed. There were extensive alterations in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, with many of the original black and white mosaics being overlaid with more sophisticated coloured work, including the perfectly preserved dolphin mosaic in the north wing. More alterations were in progress when the palace burnt down in around 270, after which it was abandoned.

One theory is that it was built for Sallustius Lucullus, a Roman governor of Britain of the late 1st century. Two inscriptions recording the presence of Lucullus have been found in nearby Chichester and the dating of the palace to the early AD 90s, would fit. If the palace was designed for Lucullus, then he may have only used it for a few years: the Roman historian Suetonius says Lucullus was executed by the delusional emperor Domitian in or shortly after AD 93.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official webpage
Funk Volume

**Funk Volume** was an independent record label and production company. It produced hip hop music. It was founded in 2009 by rapper Hopsin and Damien "Dame" Ritter. So far, Funk Volume has signed artists such as Dizzy Wright, Jarren and Hopsin. They have released 2 albums under Funk Volume.

Funk Volume began in 2009 after Hopsin left Ruthless Records. Before he launched it, he made a mixtape to promote the label.

## References
Bugsy Malone

***Bugsy Malone*** is a British criminal comedy musical movie from 1976. It was directed by Alan Parker. It is set in 1929 in New York City. The story is very loosely based on events in New York City from the early 1920s to 1931 in the Prohibition Era. It is about gangsters like Al Capone and Bugs Moran. The movie feature only child actors. The singing voices are provided by adults. It was aimed at an audience of children. Jodie Foster and Scott Baio acted in the movie. Bugsy Malone was released by Fox-Rank Distributors in the United Kingdom and Paramount Pictures in the United States.

## Other websites 
*
Amber alert

.]]
.]]
An **AMBER Alert** is a system that warns people about children who have been kidnapped. It started in the United States in 1996. It was named for Amber Hagerman, a nine-year-old girl who was kidnapped and killed in Arlington, Texas. It is a backronym for '''America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response'''. They are also shown on television and heard on radio.

AMBER alerts are issued by police organizations in the state that the kidnapping happens in. They have the name and a description of the child who was kidnapped, a description of the person who police think kidnapped the child, and if available, a description and license plate number of the vehicle of the person who kidnapped the child.

## References
## Other websites
* U.S. government AMBER alert site 
* Crime Library on Amber Hagerman
Armide

***Armide*** is an opera. The music was written by Jean-Baptiste Lully. The words were written by Philippe Quinault. The story of the opera is based on *Jerusalem Delivered* by Torquato Tasso. It was first performed February 15, 1686 by the Paris Opéra at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal. It was revived several times in the 18th century. The story is about an enchantress named Armide and her love for a knight named Renaud.
The Miser

's plays]]

***The Miser*** is a play by Molière. It was first performed on September 9, 1668, in the theatre of the Palais-Royal in Paris. The play is based on the Latin comedy *Aulularia* by Plautus. It is also based on Italian comedies of Molière's times. The play is about the silly situations in the home of a penny-pinching old man.
Dom Juan

***Dom Juan, or The Feast with a Stone Statue*** is a play by Molière. It was first performed on February 15, 1660, in the Theatre of the Palais-Royal, Paris. The play is about the legendary , Dom Juan. It ends with him going to Hell when he refuses to  his sins. The play was one of the source materials used by Lorenzo da Ponte and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart when they wrote the opera, *Don Giovanni*.
Eartham Pit, Boxgrove

s]]

**Boxgrove Quarry**, once a gravel quarry, is now a Palaeolithic archaeological site. It is at Boxgrove in the English county of West Sussex. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

When excavations began in 1983, flint tools 500,000 years old were discovered. At that time this was the oldest evidence of humans discovered in the UK. In 2005 flint tools 700,000 years old were discovered at Pakefield, and in 2010 flint tools at least 800,000 years old were discovered at Happisburgh. However, Boxgrove remains a site of great importance, for many reasons. The tools were found in a largely undisturbed state, *in situ* in their prehistoric landscape. The tools and evidence of the landscape were buried several metres down.

There were many well-preserved animal bones, many flint artifacts, and hominid bones which are among some of the most ancient found in Europe. Several of the animal bones are the oldest found specimens of their species, such as the wing bone of the Great Auk found at the site in 1989. The combination of bones, stone artifacts, and the geology of the landscape gives a very complete picture of the coastal plain as it existed half a million years ago.

Parts of the site complex were excavated between 1983 and 1996 by a team led by Mark Roberts of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. The site is in an area that features a buried chalk cliff that overlooked a flat beach (which contained a waterhole) stretching around half a mile (1&nbsp;km) south to the sea.

## Boxgrove Man
In 1994 archaeologists unearthed a lower hominin tibia bone at the Boxgrove quarry site. This partial leg bone is dated to between 478,000 and 524,000 years old. Several  teeth were also found. These remains were assigned to *Homo heidelbergensis*, an early proto-human species which occupied France and Great Britain. Both were connected by a land bridge at the time.

## References
Les Précieuses ridicules

in Paris]]
'''''''''' () is a one-act play by Molière. It was first performed November 18, 1659 at the Théâtre du Petit-Bourbon. It is a satire about the elegant, witty women of Molière's day.
The Doctor in Spite of Himself

in Paris]]
***The Doctor in Spite of Himself*** is a play by Molière. It was first performed in 1666. It is about a drunkard who pretends to be a doctor.
Viktor Zinger

**Viktor Aleksandrovich Zinger** (29 October 1941 — 24 September 2013) was an ice hockey goaltender who played in the Soviet Hockey League. Zinger was a five-time world champion and also won the gold medal with the Soviet ice hockey team at the 1968 Winter Olympics. Zinger was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1967.

He died on September 24, 2013 in Moscow, Russia.

## References
## Other websites 
*Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame bio
The School for Wives

in Paris]]
***The School for Wives*** () is a play by Molière. It was first performed in December 1662 at the Palais Royal theatre.

## Other websites
* School for Wives: History and Analysis of the Play
The Learned Ladies

on Rue de Richelieu in Paris]]
***The Learned Ladies*** () is a five-act play by Molière. It was first performed on March 11, 1672 at Théâtre du Palais-Royal. It is a satire written in verse about women's education.

## Other websites
*"Les Femmes Savantes" Original French Text
*"The Learned Women" English translation on Project Gutenberg
Monsieur de Pourceaugnac

as Julius Caesar, 1658]]
***Monsieur de Pourceaugnac*** is a play by Molière. It was first performed 1669. It is a comedy-ballet. The music was written by Jean-Baptiste Lully.
Extra-sensory perception

**Extra-sensory perception** (**ESP**) is being able to know things without using the recognized physical senses. 

The study of extra-sensory perception is part of parapsychology. Almost all scientists think of it as pseudoscience.

## Related pages
*Telepathy

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Extrasensory Perception at Video HQ
* Online Chat Psychics
Aníbal Cavaco Silva

**Aníbal António Cavaco Silva**, GCC (born 15 July 1939) served as the 19th President of Portugal. He served from 2006 to 2016. He won the Portuguese presidential election on 22 January 2006 and was re-elected on 23 January 2011, for a second five-year term. Cavaco Silva was sworn in on 9 March 2006.

He was previously Prime Minister of Portugal from 6 November 1985 to 28 October 1995. His tenure of ten years was the longest of any Prime Minister since Salazar, and he was the first Portuguese Prime Minister to have won an absolute parliamentary majority under the current constitutional system (which was established after the country's redemocratization following the Carnation Revolution).

Silva was born on 15 July 1939 in Boliqueime, Portugal. He studied at Technical University of Lisbon and at the University of York. Silva has been married to Maria Cavaco Silva since 1963. They have two children. He lived in Belém Palace.

## References
## Other websites
Lockheed T-33

The **Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star** is a US military jet aircraft. It was used as a training aircraft. It was designed and built by adding a second seat to the P-80 Shooting Star. It was used by many countries in the world and built under licence in Canada and Japan. The last one retired in 2017. More than a hundred are on display in museums around the world.
History of science

* by Raphael. Aristotle (pictured in blue in the centre arch) wrote that the truth can be found through observation and induction. This was his scientific method.]]

The **history of science** is the study of the historical development of science and scientific knowledge. The English word *scientist* is relatively recent  first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves "natural philosophers".

**Science** is a body of knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who observe, explain, and predict real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods. 

Facts about the natural world have been described since classical antiquity. Ancient Greece is perhaps most famous for its contributions to astronomy and mathematics. Aristarchus of Samos came up with the idea of the Sun at the centre of what we now call the Solar system many centuries before Galileo.
Others, like Thales and Aristotle were interested in the natural world.

Scientific methods have been used since the Middle Ages (Roger Bacon), but the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Important figures in the development of modern science include Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Robert Boyle, Charles Darwin, Wilhelm Roux and Albert Einstein.

Scientific methods are so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be *pre-scientific''. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

The natural sciences are these:
*Astronomy
*Physics
*Chemistry
*Geology
*Biology
**Botany and Zoology
**Cell biology
**Genetics and evolution

There are various applied sciences which depend on one of more of the natural sciences. Medicine is an example.

## Related pages
*Innovation
*Scientific method
*History of astronomy
*History of mathematics
*History of physics
*Medical Renaissance
*Philosophy of science
*Four Great Inventions

## References
Lunar Society of Birmingham

in Handsworth, Birmingham, a regular venue for meetings of the Lunar Society]]

The **Lunar Society** was an important club in the Midlands of 18th century England. It was a dinner club, and a learned society. Its members were industrialists and inventors, natural philosophers (scientists), and other intellectuals. They met regularly in Birmingham and elsewhere from 1765 to 1813. 

The name arose because the society met during the full moon. The extra light made the journey home easier and safer in the absence of street lighting. The members cheerfully referred to themselves as "lunarticks", a pun on lunatics. Venues included Erasmus Darwin's home in Lichfield, Matthew Boulton's home, Soho House, and Great Barr Hall.

It leading members were Matthew Boulton, Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Day, Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Samuel Galton, Jr., James Keir, Joseph Priestley, William Small, Jonathan Stokes, James Watt, Josiah Wedgwood, John Whitehurst and William Withering. Other great men of the day visited, or corresponded with, the Society. It had no formal membership list, and was flexible in its arrangements. Anyone could be invited.

The club was seriously affected by the Priestly Riots of July 1791, which started in Birmingham, and spread. Some of the Society were personally attacked; Priestley's house was burned to the ground. The causes of the riots are not entirely clear, but for sure the rioters were against "freethinkers and dissenters". They were stirred up by being told that the dissenters were in favour of the French Revolution.

## References
Fat Girl

***À ma sœur!*** (English title ***For My Sister*** and ***Fat Girl***) is a melodramatic-erotic 2001 French-Italian movie. The subjects in this movie are sex, obesity and relations. The movie was not rated by the MPAA. It has explicit sexual content and violent material.
Oras (company)

**Oras Oy** is a Finnish manufacturer of bathroom and kitchen faucets. It is in Rauma. It was established in 1945. In 2012, there were 920 workers.

Oras is the fourth-largest manufacturer of faucets in Europe. It makes 30–80% of the faucets in Finland.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Company's homepage
Water pollution

and industrial waste in the New River as it passes from Mexicali to Calexico, California]]
 color this stream blue.]]
**Water pollution** is the harmful pollution of bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, seas, the oceans, as well as groundwater. It occurs when pollutants reach these bodies of water, without treatment. Waste from homes, factories and other buildings get into the water bodies and as a result water gets polluted.

Water pollution is a problem for the species and ecosystems there. It affects plants and organisms living in the water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the wider biological communities. The color is usually green or brown but normal water can be blue.

Agriculture is one of the major sources of water pollution. The fertilizers given to the crops for better growth are washed into rivers and lakes, which in turn pollutes the water.

There are many chemicals that are naturally found in these bodies of water. Today water may be polluted by nitrates, phosphates, oil, acid rain, and debris such as sediment, fallen logs and so on. When people and animals drink water from such rivers, the poisonous chemicals may affect them. Life in rivers is also affected, and  humans who consume fish may also have health problems.

## Related pages 
*Ocean pollution

## References
Treaty of Ghent

. Also, the British Undersecretary of State for War and the Colonies, Henry Goulburn, is carrying a red folder.]], where the American plenipotentiaries stayed and one of the locations that the treaty was negotiated. It was located at the retail "Esprit" store on Veldstraat 47.]]
The **Treaty of Ghent** was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. It was signed on 24 December 1814 in the Dutch (now Belgian) city of Ghent. The treaty restored the borders of the two countries where it had been when the war began.

The treaty was ratified by Parliament on 30 December 1814. It was signed into law by the British Prince Regent (the future King George IV).  An American army under Andrew Jackson scored a major victory at the Battle of New Orleans in early January 1815. The treaty was not in effect after it was ratified by the US Senate (unanimously) in February 1815.

## References
Heated shot

, in order to heat cannon shots (ca. 1860)]]

**Heated shot**, or **hot shot**, is the heating of round shot before firing from muzzle-loading cannons. The purpose is to set fire to enemy warships, buildings, or equipment. 

The use of heated shot dates back centuries and was stopped when vessels armored with iron replaced wooden warships in the world's navies. It was a powerful weapon against wooden warships, where fire was always a hazard. It was used mainly on shore batteries and forts because of the need for a special furnace to heat the shot.  

The use of heated shot from a ship was so dangerous that it was against Royal Navy regulations. The American ship USS *Constitution* had a shot furnace installed for heated shot to be fired. 

## References
Runaway (dependent)

A **runaway** is a child or minor who has left their parents or legal guardians without permission. A person who runs away usually does so because of problems in the family.  Girls run away more often than boys.

## Risk factors 
Studies suggest that most children run away for one or more of these reasons: 

* Their parents do not care much about them
* There is physical or sexual abuse in the family
* At least one parent is addicted to drugs or alcohol
* There is violence in the family
When the runaway children were asked in a 2007 study, half of them said they had at least one parent who abused alcohol. A third had at least one parent who was addicted to drugs.

After studying runaways in a province of Pakistan, a 2011 journal article concluded that other children gave the runaway the idea to leave home in nearly 9 out of 10 cases (89%).

The likelihood of depression among female runaways is related to family conflict and communication. Depression in male runaways is typically related to the father being an alcoholic and poor family relationships. Negative interactions within the family appear to greatly influence depressive symptoms for both genders.

## Problems after running away 
According to a 2010 article, about half of the children that run away will no longer go to school. Some will become homeless. 

Runaways are at a higher risk of:

* Suffering from depression
* Trying to die by suicide
* Becoming criminals or victims 
* Becoming addicted to drugs
* Getting sexually transmitted infections
* Having an unwanted pregnancy
* Being sexually exploited
* Post-traumatic stress disorder (trauma generally begins with runaway's family experiences and worsens with additional traumatic events) 

## Related pages 
* Poverty
* Homelessness

## References
## Other websites 
* National Runaway Switchboard for young people in the United States and U.S. Territories
* The Runaway Helpline for young people in the United Kingdom
* Family and Youth Services Bureau 
* National Clearinghouse on Families & Youth
Warsaw Metro

**Warsaw Metro** is a metro system in Poland.

Its first line (M1) was opened in 1995, with another section being added in 2008. It has 21 stations. The next two stations are being planned. 

In 2015, a second line (M2) was opened. There are 27 stations in the second line. 

The system has 39 stations.

The person whose voice is used to announce station names in the Warsaw Metro is Ksawery Jasieński.

As of 2025 it is the only metro system in Poland.

## References
DMX

**Earl Simmons** (December 18, 1970 &ndash; April 9, 2021), better known by his stage name **DMX** (short for **Dark Man X**), was an American rapper and actor. 

He was best known songs like "Ruff Ryders' Anthem", "How's It Goin' Down", "Whats's MY Name?", "Party Up (Up in Here)", "Where the Hood At?" and "X Gon' Give It to Ya". He was also the founder and owner of Bloodline Records. He was one of the best-selling hip hop artists ever. He released seven albums.

As an actor, DMX starred in movies such as *Belly*, *Romeo Must Die*, *Exit Wounds*, *Cradle 2 the Grave*, and *Last Hour*. In 2006, he starred in the BET reality television series *DMX: Soul of a Man*.

## Health problems and death
On February 10, 2016, he was found unresponsive at a parking lot at a Ramada Inn in Yonkers, New York. He was resuscitated by first responders and intravenously given Narcan, an opioid-reversal drug; he responded quickly to Narcan and became semi-conscious. Simmons was subsequently rushed to the hospital. A witness said he ingested a powdered substance before collapsing, but police found no illegal substances on the property. Simmons stated that it was from an asthma attack. 

He died on April 9, 2021 at the age of 50. A week earlier he had been rushed to a hospital in White Plains, New York where he was reported to be in critical condition following a heart attack at his home possibly resulting from a drug overdose. The next day, his attorney Murray Richman confirmed Simmons was on life support. That same night, Simmons suffered cerebral hypoxia as paramedics attempted to resuscitate him for 30 minutes. Simmons's former manager, Nakia Walker, said he was in a "vegetative state" with "lung and brain failure and no current brain activity". His manager, SRC and Loud Records founder Steve Rifkind, stated Simmons was comatose and that he was set to undergo tests to determine his brain's functionality and his family will "determine what's best from there". 

It was revealed on July 8, 2021, by the Westchester County Medical Examiner's Office that Simmons' official cause of death was a cocaine-induced heart attack. 

## References
;Notes

## Other websites
*
Al-Shabaab (militant group)

**al-Shabaab** is an Islamist militant group based in Somalia. It seeks to eliminate Sufism from Somalia and has opposed various Sufi groups. It is recognised as a cell of al-Qaeda in 2012 until now. The official name of the group is **Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen** (). Its name is Arabic for The Movement of Youthful Mujahideen.
 
Some people who were in the Islamic Courts Union formed al-Shabaab in 2006 or 2007. Wahhabi ideas inflenced al-Shabaab. al-Shabaab wants to create an Islamic state at the Horn of Africa, and to take part in a global jihad, a holy war against infidels on Islamic lands.

al-Shabaab controls parts of southern Somalia. In the area it controls, there is a strict form of Sharia law. The group has claimed responsibility for various terrorist attacks including the Westgate shopping mall attack in 2013, Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack early 2019 in Westlands, Nairobi, Kenya and the Garissa University attack which killed 142 people in April 2015.

## References
Patience

**Patience** (or '''''') is the ability to go through difficult times without getting mad. Patience may involve focus and without any emotional response relating to disrespect/anger. 

In psychology, patience is studied as a decision-making problem, involving the choice of either a small reward in the short-term, versus a more valuable reward in the long-term.

## References
Fan death

**Fan death** (Korean: 선풍기 사망설) is a widely-held belief in Korea that leaving an electric fan on overnight will kill a person. However, no people are known to have been killed by this.

## Supposed cause of death
The supposed cause of death is often said to be carbon monoxide poisoning, although this is impossible because an electric motor does not create carbon monoxide. Another supposed cause is asphyxiation, which is also impossible because a fan does not remove any air from a room. Hypothermia is also said to be the cause, although it too is impossible because a fan does not lower the temperature of the body enough to cause hypothermia.

## References
Copenhagen Zoo

The **Copenhagen Zoo** is a zoo in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was built by Niels Kjærbølling in 1859. It is one of the oldest zoos in Europe. 1,161,388 people visited the zoo in 2008. It is the most visited zoo in the world, and the fourth most visited place in Denmark. Its Elephant House was built by Norman Foster.

The zoo's observation tower is 43.5 metres (142.7 ft) high. It was built in 1905. It is one of the tallest wooden observation towers in the world. It has a look similar to the Eiffel Tower.

It is the only zoo outside of Australia to have the Tasmanian devil. It also has the  Amur leopard, okapi and muskox.

A healthy young male giraffe, Marius, was killed on 9 February 2014 on the recommendation of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria so that they can save the population of them at the zoo.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Runaway

**Runaway** can mean several things:

* Runaway (dependent), a child who has left home without permission
* Fugitive, a person who is fleeing from prison
* Bolting (horse), a horse running away without control
* *Runaways* (comics), a comic book series by Marvel Comics that began in 2003
* *Runaway* (movie), a science-fiction action movie from 1984
Civil Registry and Identification Service of Chile

]]
The **Civil Registry and Identification Service** () is an institution for public service in Chile. It registers people's civil statuses and other issues which, by law, it has to register.

## References 
* Departamento de Estudios Financieros del Ministerio de Hacienda. 1958. *Manual de Organización del Gobierno de Chile*. Santiago de Chile. Talleres Gráficos La Nación S.A. 

## Other websites
* Official website
Thomas Merton

**Thomas Merton** (January 31, 1915 – December 10, 1968) was an American writer and Catholic Trappist monk. He was based in Kentucky. He is known for his books on spirituality and quiet pacifism. He was a member of the Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani.

## Other websites
*Merton center
South Orange, New Jersey

**South Orange, New Jersey** is a place in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is west of Newark, and south of the city of Orange. Around 18,000 people live there.

Seton Hall University is in South Orange.

A notable person from South Orange is actor Kevin Spacey.

## Other websites
*Official site
Southern Methodist University

**Southern Methodist University** (**SMU**) is a private university in University Park, Texas, a city located within the Dallas city limits. (The campus has a Dallas mailing address.) SMU was founded in 1911 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, one of the churches that would later merge into the United Methodist Church (UMC). In 2019, SMU filed with the state of Texas to split from the UMC due to ongoing conflicts within that church. The university won a lawsuit filed by the UMC that tried to prevent its split from the church.  

It is the site of the George W. Bush Presidential Center.

## Other websites
*Official website
Rauma (Finland)

**Rauma** is a city in Finland on the southwest coast. It is most famous for the wooden architecture of its old city centre, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The smallest street in the country, is in the city; The street is a little wider than 2.50 m.

## Villages
## Population growth
## References
## Other websites
*Website
National Zoological Gardens of South Africa

The **National Zoological Gardens of South Africa** is a zoo in Pretoria, South Africa. It is one of the top ten zoos in the world by acreage (210 acres in 2013), and number of species (705 species in 2013). There are about 9,000 individual animals in the zoo. The zoo is divided by the Apies River.

## References
* The Top 10 Largest Zoos in the World
Ann C. Crispin

**Ann Carol Crispin** (April 5, 1950 – September 6, 2013) was an American science fiction writer. She wrote twenty-three published books. Her writing career began in 1983. She wrote several books related to *Star Trek*. Crispin was born in Stamford, Connecticut. She died from cancer in Maryland.
Moscow Zoo

The **Moscow Zoo** is a zoo in Moscow, Russia. It is one of the ten largest zoos in the world. It covers  (in 2013). The zoo holds over 6,000 individual animals, of 927 species (in 2013). The zoo opened in 1864. The most recent exhibits include a sea aquarium, an aviary, a sea lion exhibit, and children's attractions. A footbridge connects the two parts of the zoo that are separated by Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Street.

Moscow 05-2017 img25 Zoo main entrance.jpg|Entrance, 2021
Moscow Zoo Entrance.jpg|Entrance, 2010
Giraffa camelopardalis 02.JPG|Giraffe at Moscow Zoo
Huge bird of prey.jpg|Huge bird of prey at Moscow Zoo
Raccoon Moscow zoo.JPG|Raccoon
Lions Moscow zoo.jpg|Lions Moscow zoo
Orangutan (bornean) 02.JPG|Orangutan
Bald eagle Moscow zoo.jpg|Bald eagle

## Moscow Zoo Museum 
Founded in 2008 in a two-storey building of the 19th century, built in the late XIX - early XX centuries, located on the territory of the zoo. Since 2015, the museum has been open to the public and everyone. In the central and side halls there is an exposition devoted to the history of the Moscow Zoo and a natural science permanent exposition. The collection of the museum includes more than 10,000 zoo coat of arms from all over the world, hundreds of paintings, sculptures and drawings by the masters of Russian animalistics, such as Vasily Vatagin, Alexei Komarov, Vadim Trofimov, Andrei Marts and Alexei Tsvetkov.

## Research & Educational Center 
The Moscow Zoo has her own educational institute. In addition to full-training for zoo staff and teachers, there is a continuing education program for zoo and aquarium staff, veterinarians, teachers and volunteers, as well as courses in zoo psychology. Since the Moscow Zoo has been chairman of all zoos in Russia since the Soviet period, it is a national training center. It was founded in 2017 by the current director Svetlana Akulova and Björn Stenvers.

## References
* The Top 10 Largest Zoos in the World 

## Other websites
*
*Moscow Zoo Academy
Afrosoricida

**Afrosoricida** is an order of mammals, which includes the Tenrecs and the Golden mole. Tenrecs look like hedgehogs in appearance. Golden moles look like moles. Sequence analysis found that these animals are not closely related to other insectivores.

Some biologists use **Tenrecomorpha** as the name for the tenrec-golden mole clade, but Gary Bronner and Paulina Jenkins argue that Afrosoricida is more appropriate, despite their misgivings about the similarity between the name "Afrosoricida" and the unrelated shrew subgenus *Afrosorex*.

## References
Berlin Zoological Garden

The **Berlin Zoological Garden** is 86 acres in size and houses 1,200 species. 

It holds the most comprehensive collection of species in the world. There were more than 20,219 individual animals in the zoo in 2017. 

The zoo opened in 1844. It was the first Zoo to be built in Germany. It is located in the southwestern section of the Tiergarten. It was the home of the famous baby polar bear Knut.

Several architects have created the houses for the different species in the zoo.  The Antelope House dates to 1872 and the Elephant House to 1873. The Hippopotamus House dates to 1997. It demonstrates the application of modern zoo concepts to a particular species. The hippos live under a roof of 13,000 square feet of glass solar panel. They can now be seen above and beneath the water.

## References
Brookfield Place

in August 2000.]]

**Brookfield Place**, originally and commonly known as the **World Financial Center** is a complex of office buildings in Battery Park City in Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is near the World Trade Center. It is home to the offices of a number of companies such as Merrill Lynch, American Express, Brookfield Office Properties, and others. It was opened in 1988. It was designed by César Pelli.

The complex was very badly damaged in the September 11 attacks. It had to be closed for several months while repairs were being done.

The complex was renamed to "Brookfield Place" in 2013.

## Buildings
* One World Financial Center
** Address: 200 Liberty Street
** Height:  577&nbsp;ft (176 m)
** Floors: 40
** Built: 1986
* Two World Financial Center
** Address: 225 Liberty Street
** Height:  645&nbsp;ft (197 m)
** Floors: 44
** Built: 1987
* Three World Financial Center
** Address: 200 Vesey Street
** Height: 739&nbsp;ft (225 m)
** Floors: 51
** Built: 1985
* Four World Financial Center
** Address: 250 Vesey Street
** Height: 500&nbsp;ft (152 m)
** Floors: 34
** Built: 1986
* Winter Garden Atrium (1988), a 45,000&nbsp;ft² glass domed building that has a number of plants, trees, and flowers. It also has shopping areas and cafes. It was very badly damaged in the September 11 attacks. It was reopened on September 11, 2002.
* NYMEX building
** Address: 1 North End Avenue
** Height: 253&nbsp;ft (77 m)
** Floors: 16
** Built: 1997

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Petting zoo

A **petting zoo** is a small zoo where visitors (mostly children) can get up close to animals and  them. Animals in such zoos are typically gentle, domesticated baby animals like lambs, piglets, chicks, puppies, kittens, ducklings, and bunnies.

Petting zoos are usually a children's feature of larger zoos. Backdrops may be fairy tale settings such as the three pigs' houses of straw, twigs, and brick or Old Macdonald's farm. Wishing wells, footbridges, and other objects that appeal to children may also be featured. Food for the children to give to the animals may be available.

Sometimes petting zoos are found along roadsides in farm country. Petting zoos are well supervised to prevent injury to either children or the animals. A small fee might be charged to enter a petting zoo.
Cædwalla

**Cædwalla** (c. 659–689) was the King of Wessex from  until his abdication in 688. His name comes from the British name Cadwallon. He was a powerful king and war leader. It was through his efforts that Wessex rose to become the third kingdom, after Northumbria and Mercia, in what would become the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the heptarchy. Cædwalla was a pagan king who fought for and promoted Christianity.

## Early career 
Cædwalla was born . He the son of Cenberht (Coenbryht) and the brother of Mul. They were of the royal house of the Gewissae. Cædwalla was a descendant of Cerdic. His family took refuge in the great forest of the Weald Cædwalla was apparently one of those trying to claim territory in Wessex after the death of Cenwalh. But he was exiled from Wessex in 680 by Centwine. The remaining underkings in Wessex did not oppose him and kept their territories. During the three years Cædwalla reigned over Wessex he was constantly at war. In 687 the men of Kent rose up against Mul and he was burned with twelve of his companions. They soon restored their own royal line on the throne. Cædwalla invaded a second time and ruled Kent himself. Cædwalla next invaded the Isle of Wight. King Arwald was killed. Caewalla allowed the two young athelings of Wight, Arwald's brothers, to convert to Christianity before executing them. He then began to kill all the inhabitants and replace them with settlers from Wessex. Although still a pagan, he gave several large estates on the Isle of Wight to bishop Wilfrid. It was during his war on the Isle of Wight that Cædwalla was badly wounded. His wound seemed mortal to him. But he had succeeded in conquering most of the south-east of England. In 688 he abdicated the throne of Wessex. He was able to journey to Rome where on Easter day 689, he was baptised by Pope Sergius. About ten days later on 20 April he died and was buried in Rome. He set a precedent for the west Saxon kings who followed him to dominate all of south-east England.

Cædwalla remained a pagan until end of his life. He was a friend of bishop Wilfrid and at times called himself the defender of the church. He granted land for a monastery to an Abbot Ecgbald at Hoo in Kent. His authority in Surrey is demonstrated by a grant of land for an monastery in Farnham. He saw his attempts to remove all the Jutes from the Isle of Wight as a war of Christianity against the pagans. When he left England on his pilgrimage to Rome he stopped at Calais and donated money to build a church there. He did the same at the court of the Lombards before going on to Rome. Cædwalla was succeeded by Ine.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex
Columbus Zoo and Aquarium

The **Columbus Zoo and Aquarium** is a zoo in Ohio, United States. It is one of the largest zoos in the world in terms of area () and species of animals (about 790). The zoo is located north of Columbus, in Powell, Ohio. There are about 10,000 individual animals in the zoo.

## References
* The Top Ten Largest Zoos in the World