open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bill Watterson

**William Boyd Watterson II** (born July 5, 1958) is an American artist and cartoonist. He is most famous for his comic strip, "Calvin and Hobbes" which was published between 1985 and 1995. He is a very private person and not much is publicly known about him. He also did not want people to sell things with the pictures of his characters on them, and the only things he allowed to be made using his characters were books with collections of Calvin and Hobbes strips.

## References
Centimetre

A **centimetre** (the American spelling is **centimeter**, symbol **cm**) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) measurement system. It is equal to one hundredth of a metre. Centi- is placed in front to say 'a hundredth'. The centimeter is the base unit of length in the old centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system of units.

The centimetre is usually used to measure things that are too big for millimetre but too small for metres. A centimetre is close to the length of a fingernail. 

## Similarities to other units of length
1 centimetre is *equal* to:
* 10 millimetres
* 0.01 metre (1 metre is equal to 100 centimetres)
* about 0.393700787401575 inch (1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimetres) 
1 cubic centimetre is equal to 1 millilitre, under the SI system of units.

## Uses of centimetre
The centimetre is also used:
* sometimes, to measure how much rain has fallen into a rain gauge;
* for heights of people, especially athletes, in metric nations;
* in  maps, centimetres are used to change from map scale to real-world scale of landscapes (kilometres).

## Unicode symbols
The centimetre has Unicode symbols so it can be written in Mandarin Chinese, Japanese and Korean characters. 
* centimetre (㎝) - code 339D
* square centimetre (㎠) - code 33A0
* cubic centimetre (㎤) - code 33A4

They are placed into one character, and it is mostly used with East Asian fonts.

## References
## Other websites
* CJK Compatibility excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.4 and co-exterior users.
Marilyn Manson (band)

**Marilyn Manson** is a rock band, and also the name of the lead singer of the group. The name Marilyn Manson was taken from the first name of actress and sex symbol Marilyn Monroe and the last name of cult leader and serial killer Charles Manson. Some of the earlier band members also created stage names by taking the first name of a female sex symbol and the last name of a serial killer.

## Band history
When the band started in 1989 it was originally called *Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids*. The band had four bandmembers and a drumming machine. They played small concerts in their home state Florida (the Warner family had moved from Ohio to Florida when Manson was a teenager).

In 1993 frontman Manson met Trent Reznor, lead singer for Nine Inch Nails. Reznor liked their style and offered them a record deal and the chance to tour with Nine Inch Nails. To get the deal, the band had to change its name to just *Marilyn Manson*. They also had to find a real drummer.

In 1995, their cover of Sweet Dreams (originally by Eurythmics) became a hit, and the band was suddenly very popular.

The band is very good friends with Nat Morley who is often featured in their music videos.

## Discography
Their first album was *Portrait of an American Family*, which was released in 1993.

Other Marilyn Manson albums are 
* *Smells Like Children* (1995) (EP)
* *Antichrist Superstar* (1996)
* *Remix & Repent* (1997) (EP)
* *Mechanical Animals* (1998)
* *The Last Tour On Earth* (1999) (live album)
* *Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)* (2000) 
* *The Golden Age of Grotesque* (2003) 
* *Lest We Forget* (2004) (greatest hits)
* *Eat Me, Drink Me* (2007)
* *High End Of Low* (2009)
* *Born Villain* (2012)
* *The Pale Emperor* (2015)
* *Heaven Upside Down* (2017)
* *We Are Chaos* (2020)
* One Assassination Under God (2024)

Some of their greatest hits are *The Beautiful People*, *Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)*, *The Dope Show*, *Disposable Teens*, *Tainted Love*, and  *Personal Jesus*.

Marilyn Manson's songs about drugs, violence and anti-Christianity caused a lot of trouble, especially among Christians. There were protests at his concerts and they were not allowed to play in some cities.

## References
Aubrey Beardsley

**Aubrey Beardsley** (21 August 1872 – 16 March 1898) was a English illustrator. He is best known for his drawings for Oscar Wilde's Salome. Beardsley is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

## Early life
Beardsley was born in Brighton where his mother taught him to be interested in books and music. He was very good at music and drawing by the age of ten, but he was already sick with tuberculosis. After leaving school he worked as a  for an insurance company in London. He had to stop working at the end of 1889 because of his illness. He tried writing, but in 1891 he started to work full-time as an artist.

## References
Eagle

**Eagle** is a general term for many large birds of prey. Over 60 species have been described, and they live in many parts of the world. Most species of eagle are found in Eurasia and in Africa. 

Eagles are not a natural monophyletic group. The name describes a bird of prey big enough to hunt larger vertebrates. Eagles hunt during the day and have very good eyesight. Eagles are generally put in the family Accipitridae. They belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related.

The largest eagle that has ever lived is Haast's eagle. It is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its ecosystem. Though it is now extinct, it lived in New Zealand. Before man got there, it preyed on moas.

Eagles are carnivores. This means that they eat meat from other animals. Eagles are birds of prey, and so are vultures, falcons and owls. Eagles use their strong talons to catch and grab their food, and they use their sharp beaks to help them tear into the meat of their prey.

## References
Mae West

**Mae West** (August 17, 1893 – November 22, 1980) was an American actress. She worked in vaudeville and later in movies. She is best-remembered for her dirty jokes and comedy movies.

Her name when she was born was **Mary Jane West**. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City, and died in Hollywood, California. Her mother was a German immigrant and former model. 

## Trivia
*She is one of the famous people who appeared on the cover the Beatles album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. When asked if she wanted to be on the cover she said, "No, I won't be on it. What would I be doing in a lonely hearts club?", then later The Beatles told her what it was and she changed her mind.

## Other websites 
*Mae West: The Wild Woman of Film and Stage (VOA Special English)
Lenny Bruce

**Lenny Bruce** (October 13, 1925 – August 3, 1966), was an American comedian. His real name was **Leonard Alfred Schneider**. He is considered an innovator of modern stand-up comedy and changed the way many people see comedians. His jokes and routines were very improper and off limits for the time and he got in a lot of trouble for them. He is considered a hero for the defense of the First Amendment rights in the United States, especially for free speech. 

In the 1960s he was the last person arrested for impersonating and swearing, overwatched by martial law and police and banned from many cities and comedy clubs. 

He appeared on the cover of The Beatles' ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' album.

He died in 1966 of an accidental morphine overdose whist on trial. 

In 1970 the New York's highest court of appeals decided that he is "not guilty for using bad words".
Kimchi

**Kimchi** (; ; ), also spelled **kimchee** or **gimchi**, is a traditional fermented Korean side dish made of vegetables with many seasonings. In traditional preparation, kimchi was stored underground in jars to keep cool during the summer months and unfrozen during the winter months.  There are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made from napa cabbage, radish, scallion, or cucumber as a main ingredient.

Kimchi is usually very strong for non-Koreans. There are many different types and Koreans typically eat kimchi in every meal. It is a staple of Korean food. Kimchi can be stored for a long time and it does not go bad easily. However, when it is exposed to hot weather for certain time, kimchi turns sour. So, it should not be put out unless it is going to be eaten soon. In Korea kimchi pots are a common sight. They are large terra cotta pots where the kimchi is stored until it can be eaten or until it ferments. Kimchi usually takes about 2 weeks to ferment, but some varieties can be eaten right away. Some must be stored for over a year to be finished. 

The fermentation gives the kimchi a pickle-like quality and generally soggy or limp kimchi is not good.

## Varieties 
Every different kind of kimchi has a special taste and a different amount of time to ferment. Baechu Kimchi is one of the most famous kimchi. Kkakdugi is made of cubed Korean radish (mu). It’s especially contains more water and is hard to chew. Baek kimchi uses milder ingredients. It’s not spicy. Chonggak kimchi has a smallish white radish that comes with a ponytail. Gat kimchi is made from dark green Korean mustard (gat) leaves and stems. These can be kept for months or even longer. As these age, they taste like lemons. Oi Sobagi has a refreshing, cool, and hot taste. Cucumber is the main ingredient for it. It can be kept for about a week. As it ages, it also taste like a lemon. Dongchimi is a food and a beverage all in one. When it ferments, it becomes sweet and taste a lot like lemon water. It can be kept for about a month.

## Preparation 
The most common variety of kimchi is made from cabbage, radish, garlic, red pepper, salt and sugar. The cabbage is soaked in salt water for a few hours. Coarse rock salt is then rubbed in between the leaves of the cabbage. Red peppers are also rubbed in and most Kimchi has a lot of pepper in it. The radish is usually cut into long thin strips and added to the mix. A little sugar is added to help the fermentation process along much in the same way beer is made. The amounts of each ingredient vary between the type of kimchi you are making and the personal taste of the maker. Most kimchi has a special taste with shrimp or fish. The kimchi is allowed to ferment for a period of time, usually outdoors in a large kimchi pot. It is also quite common for these pots to be buried under ground. Kimchi can be kept for a long time and does not go bad. Koreans make kimchi with their families in December.

## References
Vietnam Veterans Memorial

The **Vietnam Veterans Memorial**, also called the Wall, honors the men and women who died in the Vietnam War. It is a black granite wall which has the names of every American killed in the war. It was designed by Maya Lin in 1981 and is in Washington, DC.

## Sources
Maya Lin

**Maya Ying Lin** (born October 10, 1959) is a Chinese-American architect and artist. She is most famous for her Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC and the Civil Rights Monument in Montgomery, Alabama. In 2016, Lin was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama.

## References
Manslaughter

**Manslaughter** is a type of homicide, the crime of killing a person.  When a person is killed, lawyers  look at the reasons and motives why this person was killed.  If the death of a person is not on purpose, but the killer did something that resulted in the death of a person, this is usually called manslaughter.  It is less serious than if a person were killed on purpose (sometimes with planning involved), which is called murder.  Killing someone in self-defence may be manslaughter.  Depending on the circumstances, killing in self-defence may be no crime at all.  Negligent homicide is an even lesser crime.

Manslaughter is a relatively new legal concept. It was first mentioned in an English statute in 1547, but was interpreted very loosely and not earnestly enforced, instead usually charging with murder.  Very few countries had manslaughter on their books until the latter half of the 20th century.  No jurisdiction in the United States had manslaughter on its books until the 20th century.  England and the United States were the first two countries to introduce manslaughter into their laws.

## Laws
*Legal dictionary
Bangkok

**Bangkok** (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร) is the capital city of Thailand. In 2010, the city had a population of 9,100,000 people. Since Bangkok has more than 55 times as many people as the second largest city, Nonthaburi, it is a primate city.

Bangkok has a tropical savanna climate (*Aw* in the Koeppen climate classification).

Bangkok is the world's most popular tourist destination; 23 million visitors stay overnight there per year. The main airport is Suvarnabhumi, 30&nbsp;kilometers east of Bangkok.

## Names
**Krung Thep Maha Nakhon** is [an] official name; "However, the name Bangkok is still recognised", media says. **Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (Bangkok)**
*  Beijing, China (PRC)
*  Moscow, Russia
*  Manila, Philippines (1997)
*  Saint Petersburg, Russia (1997)
*  Chaozhou, China (PRC) (2005)
*  Seoul, South Korea (2006)
*  Ankara, Turkey (2006)
*  Hanoi, Vietnam (2006)
*  Ulanbator, Mongolia (2006)
*  Brisbane, Australia (2007)
*  Milan, Italy (2007)
*  Liverpool, United Kingdom (2007)
*  Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan (2007)
*  Budapest, Hungary (2007)
*  Sydney, Australia (2007)
*  Perth, Australia (2007)
*  Stjørdal, Norway (2009)
*  Istanbul, Turkey (2009)
*  Gdańsk, Poland (2009) 
*  Ragunda, Sweden

## Related pages
*The 900 square meter sinkhole (year 2025)
## References 
## Other websites 
* Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 
* Bangkok Tourism Division
Silicosis

**Silicosis** is a disease that is caused by small particles of silica (glass) getting trapped in the lungs. When people have silicosis, the changes in their body often are cyanosis, a fever, or being not able to breathe properly. Sometimes doctors do not realize that someone has silicosis, and think that they have other illnesses like pneumonia, tuberculosis or fluid in the lungs.

It was first noticed in 1705 by *Bernardino Ramazzini* (an Italian doctor). He saw something that looked like sand in the lungs of stonecutters. The name silicosis is from Visconti in 1870. The name comes from the Latin *silex* which means flint.

## Related pages 
*Pneumoconiosis
*Asbestosis

## Other websites 
* "Preventing Silicosis" (*not simple English*)
Torquay

**Torquay** (pronounced: "tor-KEE") is a coastal town in Devon, South West England. It is perhaps most famous as birthplace of writer Agatha Christie and setting of the TV show, Fawlty Towers.
## Climate
*Torquay has one of the smallest average temperature ranges in Britain. It also has one of the mildest Winters in Britain.

## References
The Seven Samurai

***The Seven Samurai*** is a Japanese movie, written and directed by Akira Kurosawa, and released in 1954. It is a black and white movie.

## Plot
The fictional plot is set in Japan in 1587, which is the 15th year of *Tenshō*.

People in a village are worried about thieves and decide to get samurai to help defend them. It is hard to get enough samurai. The samurai that help do it for different reasons. There is a lot of planning while they are waiting for the thieves. There is a big fight with the thieves at the end.

## Similar movies
*The Magnificent Seven* was an American movie Western with a similar story. This is called a remake.

The movie was also adapted into an Japanese anime series in 2004 by GONZO, entitled Samurai 7. The anime series takes a more futuristic and fantasy take at the original story, replacing robots for thieves and bestowing superhuman abilities to the 7 samurais.

## References
## Other websites
*
Vacuum tube

]]

A **vacuum tube,** also called a **valve** in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons. The device may have other parts. Vacuum tubes must be hot to work. Most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break. Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which were large and need much work to continue operating.

## History 
Although the vacuum tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, it was Thomas Edison who discovered the "Edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid  material to move through; it can casually move through gas or vacuums as well.

John Ambrose Fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904. High powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly. Television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.

## Current uses 
 tube from a microwave oven]]

In the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment. Many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube. Some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:

* Systems which need high frequency operation, high-power output or very high amplification, such as television transmission, X-ray machines, radar, and microwave ovens. 
* People who enjoy listening to music on high-quality home stereo systems sometimes buy amplifiers which use vacuum tubes. (See tube sound).
* Musicians who play electric musical instruments such as electric guitar sometimes use vacuum tube amplifiers.
* Vacuum fluorescent displays, which are thin vacuum tube displays that display simple information such as numbers, are still fairly common in audio / video equipment and household appliances, although they are being replaced by LED displays.
* Several niche applications, such as photomultiplier tubes.

## References
Andrew Sachs

**Andrew Sachs** (**Andreas Siegfried Sachs**, 7 April 1930 &ndash; 23 November 2016) was a German-British actor. 

Sachs was born in Berlin. His family was Jewish. In 1938, they left Germany for London, shortly after Adolf Hitler became Germany's leader.  

Sachs is best known for his role as Manuel on *Fawlty Towers*. He also played Albert Einstein in a 1996 episode of Nova on PBS, and provided all the voices in the English version of the 1994 movie version of *Faust*. 

He was involved in a controversy when Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross left obscene phone messages on his answerphone stating that Brand had had sex with his granddaughter Georgina Baillie, a member of the Satanic Sluts.

Sachs died on 23 November 2016 at a nursing home in Northwood, London from vascular dementia, aged 86.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Andrew Sachs at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Kattegat

and the Kattegat seas]]

**Kattegat** is a sea in the northern part of Europe between the Danish peninsula Jutland, the Danish island Zealand, and the western coast of Sweden.

To the north-west is Skagerrak. Kattegat is connected to the Baltic Sea through the Danish Straits and Belts.

The sea is shallow, and life conditions are threatened by loss of oxygen in the water. The oxygen loss is caused by pollution. The pollution originates from farming. A century ago, the sea was very rich in cod, herring, and salmon, which were important sources of food in the countries around the sea.
Baltic Sea

The **Baltic Sea** is a sea in northern Europe between Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, the Baltic countries, Poland, and Germany.

Many big rivers in the surrounding countries drain into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is connected to the ocean through the narrow and shallow Danish straits and belts. For this reason, the water has a low amount of salt, so the northern parts of the sea freeze over in the winter. The ice can carry cars, and roads are established every winter between the islands in the archipelagos between Sweden and Finland.

For several thousand years, the Baltic Sea has connected the countries at her shores. For that reason, there are many cultural similarities in these countries. Since all of these countries are European, this sea is also considered European. 

## References
## Other websites
Minerva (automobile)

In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium. He started a bicycle factory there. By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while automobiles as well. In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England. The small 1 cylinder *Minervette* was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest automobile. 
In the years after the fame of the automobile was rising enormous. Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France. 
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence. The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States. These motors were extremely silent. The company did well in several automobile racing competitions in Europe. 
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury automobiles. The constructors star rose in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!). The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper. With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia. Imperia putted the name Minerva on their automobiles for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too). 
After worldwar II  the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army. Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953. The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956. But than the constructor diappeared completely. 

## Other websites 
*Minerva Cars
1324

## Events 
* *Defensor pacis* is published by Marsilius of Padua
* Emperor Kankan Musa I of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca

## Births 
* March 5 – King David II of Scotland (died 1371)

## Deaths 
* January 8 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (born 1254)
* July 16 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (born 1267)
* John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle
* Henry II of Jerusalem
* Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (born 1270)
E. B. White

**Elwyn Brooks White** (July 11, 1899 – October 1, 1985) was an American writer.

He is most famous for his 1959 manual about how to write well in English, *The Elements of Style* (which was first written by William Strunk Jr. in 1918), and also for his three children's books *Stuart Little* (1945), ''Charlotte's Web* (1952), and the *Trumpet of the Swan'' (1970).

He also wrote for magazines and newspapers in the United States.

E.B. White won many awards, including a Pulitzer Prize.

E.B. White had 1 child named Joel White.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America
Raffles Institution

**Raffles Institution** is an independent educational institution in Singapore. The school provides secondary education for boys only from Year 1 to Year 4, and pre-university education for both boys and girls in Year 5 and Year 6. The school offers the Gifted-Education Programme and the Integrated Programme. The schools is known to have 96 President's Scholars. The school alumni include first prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and the first president of Singapore, Yusof Ishak.

It was founded in 1823 as Singapore Institution by Sir Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore. It is the school with the longest history in Singapore. Its name was changed to "Raffles Institution" in 1868.

The current principal of Raffles Institution is Mr Aaron Loh, who replaced Mr Frederick Yeo when he left the school at the end of 2023.

## History
Sir Stamford Raffles founded Raffles Institution on 5 June 1823, making it the school with the longest history in Singapore. Raffles Institution was along Bras Basah Road at first, where Raffles City is now. The school moved to Grange Road in 1973, and then moved to its current location at Bishan in 1990. The Grange Road campus is now the MOE Teacher's Network.

## Other websites 
* School Website 

## References
Archipelago

with its large number of islands]]
An **archipelago** () is a chain or group of islands. The word *archipelago* means "chief sea", from Greek *arkhon* (*arkhi*-) ("leader") and *pelagos* ("sea").

Archipelagos are usually found in the open sea; less commonly, a big landmass may neighbor them, an example being Scotland which has more than 700 islands surrounding the mainland. Many archipelagos are volcanic, forming along mid-ocean ridges or hotspots. Others are island arcs neighboring an oceanic trench. Many other processes create archipelagos, including erosion, deposition, and land elevation.

The four biggest countries that are mainly archipelagos are Japan, the Philippines, the United Kingdom and Indonesia (the world's biggest country that is an archipelago, according to the CIA World Factbook). The biggest archipelago in the world by size is in Northern Canada, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which is in the Arctic Ocean.

## References
Topography

**Topography** means *the description of shape*. The word comes from Greek: '** "place" and  **' "(I) write". It is an important part of earth science.

When you talk of the topography of the land, you refer to the landscape features like valleys, hills and mountains, rivers and lakes, or the coastline. Everything that describes the form of the landscape, is part of the topography. Topographic maps show topography.

## Related pages 
*Cartography
Bornholm

**Bornholm** is a small, rocky island in the Baltic Sea. Bornholm is a Danish island.

The island is a popular holiday resort for Scandinavians, Germans and Poles. Many yachters come here in the summer.

At the end of World War II, the island was "liberated" by the Soviet red army, and held for several months after the German surrender. The island lies far east of the demarcation line between the allied forces in Europe. For some time the Soviet presence looked like an occupation. It was not until April 5th, 1946 that the island at last was free.
But then the Danish government took over and the island is today a Danish colony. But the struggle for a free island still goes on as it can be seen on this page Free Bornholm

## Other websites
Santa Monica, California

**Santa Monica** is a beach town in California. It is next to Los Angeles, California, US.

It was made a city in 1886. In 2020, there were 93,076 people living there.

It is famous for the Santa Monica Pier that has many fun rides. 

## Famous people from Santa Monica
* Sandy Nelson (d. 2022)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Santa Monica Convention and Visitors Bureau
* Santa Monica Chamber of Commerce
* Santa Monica Little League
* Santa Monica Public Library
* 
* 
* A Weekend in Santa Monica – slideshow by *The New York Times*
*
Tiny Tim

, late 1980s]]
**Herbert Buckingham Khaury**, better known as **Tiny Tim** (April 12, 1932 – November 30, 1996), was an American singer and musician. He became popular in the late 1960s due to his appearances on television, and songs played on ukulele with a falsetto voice. His most famous song was "Tiptoe Through the Tulips". His best-remembered television appearances were on ''Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In* and *The Tonight Show*. His first wedding took place on *The Tonight Show'' in 1969, at host Johnny Carson's suggestion.

## Career
Tim was not just a performer, he was also an expert musicologist, who studied American music from the earliest days of the United States, and performed many historic songs in his act. Over time, he used his falsetto voice less, and performed most songs in his natural, baritone voice.

When his popularity as a pop star lessened, he performed in small nightclubs and other places, as he had earlier. During the 1980s, he toured with a circus, and appeared in a movie as a circus performer who turned to crime. In the 1990s, he recorded new music (including a Christmas album), and joined comedian Pat Paulsen in his latest mock campaign to become President of the United States, as Paulsen's running mate.

## Personal life
Married three times, his last wife was a former fan, who met him when she made a documentary about his life and career. One of his later supporters was radio talk show host Howard Stern. Tiny Tim died in 1996, after suffering a heart attack during a performance.
Tourism

]]

**Tourism** means people traveling for fun and adventure. It includes activities such as sightseeing and camping. People who travel for fun are called "tourists". Places where many tourists stay are sometimes called "resorts". Places that people go to for tourism are called tourist s.

There are many reasons why people travel for fun:
* Some people travel to learn about the history or culture of a city or country, or about the people who live there, or their ancestors.
* People from cold places sometimes like to relax in the sun. Many people from northern Europe or North America travel to warmer places and visit beaches.
* Some people travel to do an activity which they cannot do at home. There are many ski resorts in the Alps of Switzerland and Austria, and seaside resorts in Greece and other warm countries.
* People sometimes visit friends and family in another city or country.
* Finally, some people enjoy a change in scenery. City people go to forests or deserts,  and vice versa.

## The tourism industry 
The tourism industry has different parts. Some of these are:

* Transport; such as airlines, railways, boats, and road transport.
* Places to stay; such as hotels, camping grounds or parks, youth hostels, and bed and breakfasts.
* Food and drink; such as restaurants, cafes and bars.
* Tour guides know a place well, guide tourists to interesting places, and tell them about the place.
Package tour operators can offer all these services to a group who will go together. This can be cheaper than paying for them separately.

## Damage tourism can bring 
Tourism can bring damage to the local area, and/or the tourists. Litter, scuba-diving and deforestation are problems for popular places such as St. Lucia, Hawaii and others. Scuba-diving can damage coral reefs which are home to hundreds of species of sea animals. Tourism can change culture when people learn each other's ways, and certain local traditions are being put aside for tourists.

## Related pages 
* Tourist attraction

## Other websites 
* Wikivoyage has tourism information for the whole world.
* Tourism Abbreviations, smartdefine.org
Berkshire

**Berkshire** is a county in southeast England. It is west of London. Its county town is Reading. In the past, a town named Abingdon was the county town, but this town is not in Berkshire any more.

Berkshire is also known as the **Royal County of Berkshire**.

## Cities, towns and villages
* Bracknell
* Datchet
* Caversham
* Hungerford
* Maidenhead
* Newbury
* Reading
* Slough
* Windsor, home of Windsor Castle, and which gives its name to the House of Windsor
* Wokingham

The towns below are not part of Berkshire now, but were in the past.
* Abingdon
* Didcot
* Wallingford
* Wantage
* Faringdon
Buckinghamshire

**Buckinghamshire** (abbreviated **Bucks**) is a county in  England, near the south and London. The county town is named Aylesbury.

## Cities, towns and villages 
Locations marked with a (*) are a part of the cerimonal county of Buckinghamshire, but are governed by the Borough of Milton Keynes.
* Amersham
* Aylesbury
* Beaconsfield
* Bletchley*
* Buckingham
* Chesham
* Eton*
* Fenny Stratford*
* High Wycombe
* Marlow
* Milton Keynes*
* Newport Pagnell*
* Olney*
* Princes Risborough
* Slough*
* Stony Stratford*
* Wendover
* Winslow
* Wolverton*

## Other websites 
This section needs expansion.
Computer monitor

A **computer monitor** is an electronic device that shows a viewer what is currently being displayed on a computer. Monitors often look like smaller televisions. The main difference between a monitor and a television is that a monitor does not have a television tuner to change channels. Monitors often have higher display resolution than televisions. A high display resolution makes it easier to see smaller letters and fine graphics.

There are three types of computer displays:
* The CRT monitor. These are big and heavy, and use a lot of desk space and electricity. It is the oldest technology used by monitors, and is based on the cathode ray tube technology that was developed for television. Monitors are made with better parts, which give a higher display resolution and picture sharpness than a television. This type of monitor is no longer popular.

* The LCD monitor, the most common kind of flat panel display. It is a newer technology than CRT. LCD monitors use much less desk space, are lightweight and use less electricity than CRT. They have been used for many years in the screens of laptop and notebook computers. They also work as touch screens in tablet computers, mobile phones, and other handheld technologies.  
** An **LED** Monitor (short for Light Emitting Diode) or LED display is an LCD Monitor that uses light emitting diodes for backlighting. The first LCD Monitors used cold cathode fluorescent lamps instead of LEDs to illuminate the screen.
* In the early 21st century, video projectors are now used in many places, like movie theaters, to show large images. These use various technologies to make the image including LCDs and Digital light processing (DLP), which uses very small mirrors to direct the light.
Diameter

In geometry, the **diameter** of a circle is a line from one side directly to the opposite side through the center. It can also be defined as the longest chord of a circle. The same explanations can be also used to describe the diameter in a sphere.

The letter *d* or the symbol **⌀** are often used as a symbol for the diameter. The diameter's length is often called the diameter itself.

The diameter's length is twice the radius, and therefore the relationship between the diameter's length and radius can be shown with the equations:

d = 2r   and   r = \frac{d}{2}

## Related pages 
* Circumference
* Pi

## References
Kelvin

The **Kelvin scale** (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature. It is named in honour of the physicist William Thomson, the first Lord Kelvin (1824–1907).

## Definition 
The Kelvin scale is defined by a specific relationship between the pressure of a gas and the temperature. This says that "the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature in Kelvin". This means that Kelvin is an absolute temperature scale, and scientists use this scale more than any other.

The kelvin is a base SI unit of measurement, since 2018 defined by setting the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant *k* to 1.380649×10−23 J⋅K−1.

The temperature of the triple point of water is a hundredth of a degree Celsius above the freezing point, or 0.01&nbsp;°C. The coldest possible temperature is called absolute zero and is equal to -273.15&nbsp;degrees&nbsp;Celsius, or zero&nbsp;kelvin (0&nbsp;K). By writing temperatures in kelvins one does not need to use negative numbers.

The absolute temperature scale was designed so that a change in temperature of 1&nbsp;kelvin is equal to a change of 1&nbsp;degree&nbsp;Celsius. This means that it is easy to convert a temperature from degrees Celsius to kelvin.
* To change a temperature in degrees Celsius into Kelvins you must add 273.15&nbsp;units. For example, 0&nbsp;degrees&nbsp;Celsius (0&nbsp;°C), which is the temperature at which water freezes, is 273.15&nbsp;kelvins (273.15&nbsp;K).
* To change a temperature in Kelvins into degrees Celsius you must subtract 273.15&nbsp;units. For example, 310&nbsp;kelvins is 36.85&nbsp;degrees&nbsp;Celsius, which is roughly the normal temperature of a human body.

It is important to notice that the name of this unit is simply *kelvin* (with a lowercase initial), not "degree Kelvin". In English, it undergoes normal plural inflection as *kelvins*. For example, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen is 77&nbsp;kelvins.

In everyday use, the kelvin is most commonly used to measure very low or very high temperatures, such as the temperature of liquid nitrogen or the temperature of a light bulb filament.

The rankine (or degree Rankine) is a related absolute temperature scale, but based on the degree Fahrenheit rather than the degree Celsius.

## References
## Related pages
* Temperature
* Celsius
1892

## Births
* January 3 – J. R. R. Tolkien
* February 10 - Alan Hale Sr., American actor (d. 1950)
* July 23 – Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia
* Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, British Indian statesman and leader of the Punjab.

## Art, music, theatre, and literature 
* December 17 – Tchaikovsky's *The Nutcracker* premieres in St Petersburg.
1904

**1904** (MCMIV) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* January 4 – In *Gonzales v. Williams*, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens and could enter the United States freely.
* February 8 – The Russo-Japanese War begins.

## Births 
* January 18 – Cary Grant, English actor (d. 1986)
* April 22 – Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (d. 1967)
* May 11 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish artist (d. 1989)
* June 2 – Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (d. 1984)
* June 17 – Ralph Bellamy, American actor and comedian (d.1991)
* June 26 – Peter Lorre, Hungarian-born movie actor (d. 1964)
* August 12 – Tsarevich Alexei of Russia (d. 1918)

## Deaths 
* May 1 – Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (b. 1841)
* July 15 – Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (b. 1860)
1642

## Events 
*On September 2, the Puritans force the London theatres to close, ending the era of English Renaissance drama.

## Births 
* December 25 (OS) – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)
## Deaths 
* January 8 – Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer (b. 1564)
1745

## Events
* June 4 &ndash; Frederick the Great destroys the Austrian army at the Battle of Hohenfriedberg.
* August 21 &ndash; Catherine the Great marries Peter III of Russia in Saint Petersburg.
* September 12 &ndash; Francis I is elected Holy Roman Emperor.

* January 4 – Benjamin Rush
404

## Events 
* January 1 – Last gladiator competition in Rome.
* Atticus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
* Honorius moves the capital of the Western Roman Empire to Ravenna.
* Saint Telemachus matyrdom.
1838

## Events 
* January 10 – a fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London.
* April 30 – Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation (See Nicaragua's early history)
* May – The People's Charter drawn up in the United Kingdom demanding universal suffrage.
* May 26 – USA: Trail of Tears – forced relocation of the Cherokee tribe, killing at least 8,000.
* 1 August – Trinidad and Tobago: Slavery officially abolished
* 7 September – The paddlesteamer *Forfarshire* foundered on the Farne Islands, UK, giving rise to the fame of Grace Darling, who rescued nine passengers.
* November 3 India: The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce is founded. This paper was later renamed to The Times of India in 1861
* November 5 – Central American Civil War begins with Honduras' separation from the Central American Federation.
* December – Beginning of Pastry War: Mexico invaded by French forces

## Births 
* January 4 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer and entertainer (d. 1883)
* January 6 – Max Bruch, German composer (d. 1920)
* January 16 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (d. 1917)
* February 6 – Henry Irving, English actor (d. 1905)
* February 10 – Gustav Oelwein, founder of Oelwein, Iowa (d. 1913)
* February 18 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher
* March 3 – George William Hill, American astronomer
* April 3 – John Willis Menard, African-American politician
* April 8 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German inventor
* April 12 – John Shaw Billings, M.D., American military and medical leader
* April 16 – Martha McClellan Brown, American temperance movement leader
* May 10 – John Wilkes Booth, the man who killed United States President Abraham Lincoln.
* May 20 – Jules Méline, French statesman
* September 23 - Victoria Woodhull - the first woman to be up for candidate for the President of the United States.
* September 28 – Sai Baba of Shirdi, Indian national saint (d. 1918)
* November 29 – Giovanni Losi, Italian Combonian catholic missionary (d. 1882)

## Deaths 
* January 3 – Prince Maximilian of Saxony
* January 5 – Anthony Van Egmond, rebel leader in Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 {died in jail}
* February 21 – Silvestre de Sacy, linguist
* March 13 – Poul Martin Møller, philosopher
* April 9 – Piet Uys, Voortrekker leader (in battle)
* May 17 – Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French diplomat
* July 19 – Christmas Evans, preacher
* August 17 – Lorenzo Da Ponte, librettist for Mozart
* August 21 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer
* September 1 – William Clark, American explorer
* October 1 – Charles Tennant, Scottish chemist and industrialist
* November 21 – Georges Mouton, count of Lobau, Marshal of France
1651

## Events 
* January 1 – Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. This is his first crowning.
* June 28 – June 30: The biggest battle of the 17th century, the Battle of Beresteczko, between Poles and Ukrainians is won by the Poles.
* September 3 –  English Civil War: Battle of Worcester – Charles II of England is defeated in the last main battle of the war.
1438

## Events 
* Pachacuti who would later create Tahuantinsuyu, or Inca Empire became the ruler of Cusco
* January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary
* March 18 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany
* Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway loses direct control of Sweden. Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.

## Births 
* Adolf, Duke of Gelderland
* William Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Beamont
* Giovanni Michele Alberto da Carrara
* Sönam Choklang, 2nd Panchen Lama
* Henrique Esteves da Veiga de Nápoles
* Husayn Bayqarah
* John III of Egmont
* Manduulun Khan
* Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse
* Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège
* Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo
* Marguerite de Bourbon
* Pachacuti
* Peter II, Duke of Bourbon
* Philip II, Duke of Savoy
* Reginald Ely
* Anne Woodville

## Deaths 
* Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel
* Bagrationi, wife of John IV of Trebizond
* Barsbay
* Richard, Count of Étampes
* Alexander Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Crawford
* Edward of Portugal
* Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
* Dorothy Garai
* Conrad Justinger
* Adai Khan
* James II, Count of La Marche
* Thomas Mapilton
* Marie of Valois, Prioress of Poissy
* Johannes Nider
* Olaus Laurentii
* Giordano Orsini
* Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama
* Peter, infans of Aragón
* Jacopo della Quercia
* Ulrich of Richenthal
* Matilda of Savoy
* Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Qutb al-Din
* Anne of Gloucester
* Simon Sydenham
Emperor

An **emperor** (female equivalent: **empress**) is a male who rules an empire. The word is taken from the Latin language *Imperator*. Often it is capitalized.

A woman who comes to power in an empire is called an empress. The wife of an emperor is also called an empress. An emperor or empress is often a hereditary monarch and comes to power when one of his parents, or relatives, dies. In some countries, people elected a new emperor from candidates. 

The only emperor in the world today is the Emperor of Japan (*tennō*), but he lacks political power. The true leaders of Japan are the Diet and Prime Minister because the country is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

The English word comes from Latin, the language of the old Roman Empire. At first, an *imperator* was a powerful general (army leader) but, after Augustus, it was only used by their most powerful rulers. There have been many countries in history whose leaders are called "emperors" in English. The leaders of the Byzantine Empire (*basileus*, *Autokrator*) in Greece, the Holy Roman Empire (*imperator*, *Kaiser*) in Austria and Germany, Russian Empire, Serbia , and Bulgaria (*tsar*), and the Ottoman Empire (*sultan*, *padishah*, *khagan*, *kaysar*) in Turkey all said they were just new parts of the old Roman Empire. 

The leaders of other countries who said they ruled the whole world or called themselves "King of Kings" are frequently also called emperors in English. For example, the old rulers of China (*Huangdi*), Iran (*Shah*), and Ethiopia (*Negusa negast*) are all known as emperors in English. There have also been emperors of France, Brazil , and Mexico, and the rulers of the United Kingdom called themselves the Emperors and empresses of India for a while.

## Countries ruled by Emperor 
* China (221 BC – 1911, 1915–1916, 1917)
* Ethiopia (1137–1975)
* Japan (The only empire that currently exists)
* Ottoman Empire (1299–1923)
* Roman Empire (27 BC – 476)
** Byzantine Empire (395–1453)
*** Latin Empire (1204–1261)
*** Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261)
*** Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
*** Empire of Thessalonica (1224–1246)
** Western Roman Empire (395–476)
*** Carolingian Empire (800–843)
*** Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
* Russian Empire (1721–1917)
* Empire of Vietnam (1802–1945)
* French Empire (1804–1814, 1815, 1852–1870)
* Haitian Empire (1804–1806, 1849–1859)
* Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
* Brazilian Empire (1822–1889)
* German Empire (1871–1918)
* Mexican Empire (1821–1823, 1864–1867)
* Indian Empire (1858–1947)
** Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
* Korean Empire (1897–1910)
* Empire of Manchukuo (1934–1945)
* Central African Empire (1976–1979)
* Inca Empire (1438–1533)

## Related pages
*King
*Czar
*Kaiser
*Sultan
*Leader
Fresno, California

**Fresno** is the largest inland city in the U.S. state of California. It has a population of 542,107 people (as of 2020). If the surrounding suburbs are included, it has a population near 1 million. It is the county seat of Fresno County, in the Central Valley.

Fresno is the closest major city to Yosemite National Park. Fresno has a major airport called Fresno Yosemite International Airport that has many flights by many airlines everyday. It was the first airport to use the new security systems made after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Fresno has a Hot Mediterranean Climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification), with cool, mild winters and long, hot, dry summers.

The majority of Fresno's immigrants are from Mexico, India, Laos, the Philippines and Thailand.

## Demographics
### 2020 census
In the 2020 census, there were 542,107 people, 175,944 households, and 123,337 families in Fresno. The population density was 4,706.8 people per square mile (1,817.3/km²). There were 184,226 housing units. The breakdown by race was 33.2% White, 14.7% Asian, 7.6% Black, 2.4% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 26.8% from one other race, and 15.2% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 50.5% of the people.

The median (middle) age was 32.2 years. The age breakdown was 27.7% under age 18, 59.8% from 18 to 65, and 12.4% over 65. The gender breakdown was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

Of the households, 39.7% had children under age 18, 40.6% had a married couple, 9.0% had an unmarried couple, 30.8% had a woman with no partner, 19.5% had a man with no partner, and 22.8% had one person living alone. The average household size was 3.02 people.

## References