open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Muri (disambiguation)

**Muri** can refer to:

**Switzerland**:
* Muri, a municipality in Switzerland
* Muri, a district of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland
* Muri Abbey
* Muri bei Bern

**Estonia**
* Muri, a village in Karksi Commune
* Muri, a village in Luunja Commune

**Nigeria**:
* Muri, a town and emirate in Nigeria

**India**
* Muri, Ranchi, a town in Ranchi district, Jharkhand

**Other**:
* MURI, Multi-University Research Initiative
* Andre Muri, Norwegian footballer
2006 Ryder Cup

The **36th Ryder Cup Matches** were held between 22 and 24 September 2006 at The K Club, Straffan, Co. Kildare, Ireland. Team Europe won the competition by a score of 18½ to 9½, equalling their record winning margin of 2 years earlier. This was the first time Europe had achieved three successive victories. Swedish rookie Henrik Stenson made the winning putt, just moments after Luke Donald had sunk a putt to ensure Europe retained the trophy.

## Other websites
* Official Ryder Cup site for Team USA 
* Official Ryder Cup site for Team Europe 
* Ryder Cup  Discussion
* Ryder Cup Diary
* Official K Club website

## References
Muri, Aargau

**Muri** is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

It was best known for the Muri Abbey, which dissolved in 1841.

## References 
## Other websites
Cairnryan

at Cairnryan.]]

**Cairnryan** is a small Scottish village overlooking Loch Ryan and is notable today for its large modern ferry port, operated by P&O, which links Scotland with Larne in Northern Ireland. The village has been of vital importance in maritime history.

## Other websites
* Larne Ferry Web - for news & history of ferries to Larne
Newquay

**Newquay** () is a town, civil parish, seaside resort, and fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, South West England. It is bounded to the west by the River Gannel and its associated salt marsh, and in the east by the Porth Valley. The town has been expanding inland (south) since it was founded. According to the 2001 census, it had a permanent population of 19,423. It is the largest holiday resort in Cornwall, and it is served by Newquay Airport. The large beach provides very good conditions for surfing. There are numerous shops, ranging from the usual charity shops to shops selling many different brands of surf clothing.  There are many places to enjoy eating within the town. 

## Climate
As with the rest of the British Isles and South West England, Newquay experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. The nearest Met Office weather station is St. Mawgan/Newquay Airport, about 3.5 miles to the north east of the town centre. Temperature extremes in the area since 1960 vary from  in June 1976 and August 1995  down to  during January 1987.

## References
## Other websites 
* Newquay Town Council
* Treninick entry in the Domesday Book
* 1st Newquay Scout Group
* Newquay Nightlife - Guide to bars, hotels, restaurants, beaches and more
Coleraine

**Coleraine** () is a very large town in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland near to the mouth of the River Bann. It is  northwest of Belfast and  east of Derry City, both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections. George Best Belfast City Airport to the south–east, City of Derry Airport,  to the west, and the main regional airport, Belfast International Airport, to the south are all relatively accessible from Coleraine.

## Notable people 
*Famous people who have lived in Coleraine include the actor James Nesbitt, Andrew Bonar Law who was Prime minister of the United Kingdom for a short period in the 1920s, and also suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams.

## References
## Other websites
* Coleraine Borough Council 
* Coleraine Community Safety Partnership 
* Coleraine Youth Forum
Stranraer

**Stranraer** (Gaelic: *An t-Sròn Reamhar*, ) is a town in the south of Scotland in the west of the region of Dumfries and Galloway and in the county of Wigtownshire. It was formerly the ferry port connecting Scotland with Belfast in Northern Ireland.  Ferries now leave from Cairnryan.

## References
Rostrevor

**Rostrevor** (in Irish: *Ros Treabhair*, i.e. Trevor’s Wood, also *Caislean Ruairi*, i.e. Rory's Castle) is a village in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is on Carlingford Lough and the hill of Slieve Martin, at the base of the Mourne Mountains and on the Kilbroney River. It had a population of 2,444 in the 2001 Census. The town is known for its folk music festival, Fiddler's Green Festival . It is in the Newry and Mourne District Council area. The name 'Rostrevor' first appeared circa 1618 and was named after Rose Ussher (the daughter of Henry Ussher, the Anglican Archbishop of Armagh) by her husband Edward Trevor (who came from Brynkynallt in Wales).

## References
County Down

**County Down**, (*Contae an Dúin* in Irish - meaning *the Fort*) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, and one of the nine counties of the ancient province of Ulster.

The county forms an area of 2,489 km² (961 square miles). The population in 2021 was 553,261. The county town is Downpatrick, and the largest town is Bangor.

## References
## Further reading
* Harris, Walter (attributed). 1744. *The Ancient and Present Stare of the County of Down...*'Dublin.
* *The Memoirs of John M. Regan, a Catholic Officer in the RIC and RUC, 1909–48*, Joost Augusteijn, editor, District Inspector, Co. Down 1930s, 1919, .

## Other websites
* County Down website
* Armagh and Down Tourism 
* Culture Northern Ireland - Industrial Heritage of County Down 
* Down Gaelic Athletic Association/Cummann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste An Dún 
* Genealogy indexes for County Down
* Ardglass Fishing port on East Down coast
Drogheda

**Drogheda** ( or ) (*Droichead Átha* in Irish, meaning "Bridge of the Ford") is an industrial and port town in County Louth on the east coast of Ireland, 56&nbsp;km (35&nbsp;mi) north of Dublin. 

Within legally defined boundaries, Drogheda is the largest town in Ireland, above its county neighbour, Dundalk, the town's total population (including suburbs and environs) is recorded to 67,000

Drogheda-Thosel-08-2017-gje.jpg|Thosel
Drogheda-St Peter-06-2017-gje.jpg|St. Peter
Drogheda-St Magdalene-Tower-06-2017-gje.jpg|Magdalene Tower
Drogheda-St Laurence Gate-04-2017-gje.jpg|St. Laurence Gate
Drogheda-Millmount-04-2017-gje.jpg|Millmount
Drogheda-Boyne-Eisenbahnbruecke-04-2017-gje.jpg|Boyne river

## References 
## Other websites 
* Drogheda Tourism
* Drogheda Borough Council 
* Architecture of Drogheda 
* Photo Survey of Navan Drogheda existing railway line 
* Drogheda Port 
* Drogheda Chamber of Commerce
* IDA Ireland, Drogheda profile 
* Drogheda's Municipal Art Gallery
* Drogheda United FC
* Droichead Arts Centre
Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands

.]]
**Saint John** is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). It is the smallest of the three main USVI islands.

St. John is about 4 miles east of Saint Thomas, and 4 miles south and west of Tortola, part of the British Virgin Islands. It is 50.8&nbsp;km² (19.61 sq mi) in area. It has a population of 3,881 (2020 census).

## References
## Other websites 
;Official sites
* St. John  - Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
* Cruz Bay Visitor Center  - Virgin Island National Park, U.S. Department of the Interior
* St. John, USVI  - Official site for the US Virgin Islands Hotel & Tourism Association
* VINP Archaeology -Friends of the Virgin Islands National Park Archaeology blog (provides weekly updates of National Park excavations on St. John)

;Map
* St. John USVI Google Map - Satellite Map of St. John, USVI
Culebra

**Culebra** (meaning *snake* in Spanish) has several meanings:
* Island of Culebra, part of Puerto Rico.
* Culebra Peak, the southernmost fourteener in Colorado, USA.
* Culebra (automobile), an English automobile manufactured in 1989.
* The Culebra Cut, an artificial valley located in the Panama Canal area, was renamed the Gaillard Cut in 1915.
Neuenhof, Aargau

**Neuenhof** is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
Niederrohrdorf

**Niederrohrdorf** is a municipality in the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Oberbözberg

**Oberbözberg** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Bözberg and district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Other websites
Dawlish

**Dawlish** () is a town on the south coast of Devon, South West England. It is 12 miles from the County town of Exeter. The town has a population of around 13,000 people. During the eighteenth century, it grew from a small fishing port to become a well-known seaside resort.

The Great Western Railway runs along the sea.  It is the main line to Cornwall. In 2014 a storm washed it away and it was closed for 8 weeks.  It has now been reinforced with a much stronger sea wall.

Dawlish was one of the pumping stations for Isambard Kingdom Brunel's atmospheric railway which opened in 1846.   

## Other websites 
* infodawlish.co.uk  An informative look at the Town & Businesses of Dawlish                     
* Dawlish (DMOZ.org) 

## References
Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)

The Federal **Ministry of Finance** () (BMF) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is based in Berlin and Bonn. It is led by the Minister of Finance, whose office is in the Detlev-Rohwedder House in Wilhelmstraße, Berlin. This was the old Reich Air Ministry Building. The ministry is supported by a scientific advisory board.

## Responsibility
The ministry works out how much the government can spend each year, and how to raise that money, in income tax and other taxes.

To help it do this, the ministry controls :
* the Federal Forestry Commission, Bundesforstverwaltung
* Federal Spirits Monopoly Administration, Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein
* Federal Portfolio Management, Bundesvermögensverwaltung, and

## Federal Ministers of Finance since 1949
Between 1990 and 1993, the senior civil servant () was Horst Köhler (CDU) who went on to become Federal President in, 2004.
Oberkulm

**Oberkulm** is a municipality in Kulm, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Wexford

**Wexford** (coming from Old Norse *Veisafjǫrðr* meaning "mudflat, stagnant pool", yola: Weiseforthe, also Irish: *Loch Garman*, Latin: *Menapia*) is the county town of County Wexford in the Republic of Ireland. It is found near the south-eastern tip of Ireland, close to Rosslare Europort. 

The town is connected to the capital, Dublin, via the N11 National Primary Route (European route E1), and the national rail network. It also has a major ferry port with modern terminal, Rosslare Europort. The port is in South East Wexford.

## Other websites
New York Mercantile Exchange

The **New York Mercantile Exchange** (NYMEX) is the world's largest physical commodity futures exchange. It is in New York City. Its two principal divisions are the New York Mercantile Exchange and the New York Commodities Exchange (COMEX) which were once independent companies but are now merged.

## Other websites
* National Futures Association
* New York Mercantile Exchange Official Website
Saba

**Saba** (spoken as "Sah-ba") is the smallest island of the Caribbean Netherlands and the former Netherlands Antilles. It is a special municipality (public body) of the Netherlands. It lies at . It is mostly made up of Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Scenery is a dormant volcano.

Saba has a land area of 13 km² (5 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, 1,349 people lived there. In 2004, about 1,424 people lived there.

## Gallery

Image:3959_aquaimages.jpg|Hawksbill Turtle
Image:Saba Flughafen.jpg|Saba's airport
Image:Sabaisland.jpg
Image:Sabaislandred.jpg

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Saba's Tourist Bureau homepage
* Saba Conservation Foundation's homepage
* Saba Ferry Dawn II
* Saba (N.A.): Bos en nationale parken. 54pp. 
* Saba University School of Medicine
Ray Nagin

**Clarence Ray Nagin, Jr.** () (born June 11, 1956) was the mayor of New Orleans. He was first elected on March 2, 2002, to succeed his fellow Democrat, Marc Morial. Nagin gained international attention in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the New Orleans area.

In 2014, Nagin was convicted on twenty of twenty-one charges of wire fraud, bribery, and money laundering related to bribes from city contractors before and after Hurricane Katrina and was sentenced to ten years in federal prison.

## References
## Other websites
* BBC NEWS | Americas |Profile: Ray Nagin, BBC News
* Nagin calls for rebuilding 'chocolate' New Orleans, CNN 1/17/2006
* The City of New Orleans 
* Campaign contributions made by Ray Nagin 
* Louisiana Emergency Operations Plan 
* Mayor to feds: 'Get off your asses', CNN transcript and the audio  of WWL-AM radio interview.
* Profile on CityMayors.com
* Southeast Louisiana Evacuation Plan Supplement 
* New Orleans “overrun” by Mexicans 
* Profile of Ray Nagin in Tulane University Magazine 
* Nagin Works Both Sides of Aisle for Aid *The Wall Street Journal,* January 10, 2006
* The Tavis Smiley Show - interview with Ray Nagin , January 13, 2006
* Ray Nagin's Redemption, by William Robinson, *Washington Post*, May 23, 2006
* Labou Movie  - Independent Film In Which Ray Nagin stars as the Mayor of New Orleans.
Royal Caribbean International

**Royal Caribbean International** () is a Norwegian-American cruise ship company based in Miami, Florida.

## Other websites
* Official site
* RCI ship history at Fakta om Fartyg  (only in Swedish)
* F/Y 2006 Report for Royal Caribbean from 10kwizard.com
* Independent Royal Caribbean Cruise resource
Sint Eustatius

**Sint Eustatius**, also known as **Statia**, or **Saint Eustace**, is one of the islands which make up the Caribbean Netherlands and formerly the Netherlands Antilles. It is in the northern, Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, some distance southeast of the Virgin Islands. It forms part of the inner arc of the Leeward Island chain, lying immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba at . The regional capital is Oranjestad. It is named after the legendary Catholic Saint Eustace.

Sint Eustatius is a special municipality (public body) of the Netherlands. 

Sint Eustatius has a land area of 21 km² (8.1 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, the population was 2,292 inhabitants, which means a population density of 109 inh. per km². In 2004, the population was estimated at 2,498 inhabitants.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* Sint Eustatius Tourist Office's homepage 
* Sint Eustatius info in Lonely Planet website 
* Sint Eustatius Center for Archaeological Research
Inagua

**Inagua** is the southernmost district of the Bahamas.  It is the islands of Great Inagua and Little Inagua.

Great Inagua is the third largest island in the Bahamas at 596 square miles (1544&nbsp;km²) and lies about 55 miles (90&nbsp;km) from the eastern tip of Cuba. The island is about 55 × 19 miles (90 × 30&nbsp;km) in extent, the highest point being 108&nbsp;ft (33 m) on East Hill. It encloses several lakes, most notably the 12-mile long Lake Windsor (also called Lake Rosa) which occupies nearly ¼ of the interior. The population of Great Inagua is 969 (2000 census).

The island's capital and only harbour is Matthew Town.

There is a large bird sanctuary in the centre of the island.  There are more than 80,000 West Indian Flamingoes and many other exotic birds such as the native Bahama Parrot, the Bahama woodstar hummingbird, Bahama pintails, Brown pelicans, Tri-colored herons, Snowy egrets, Reddish egrets, Stripe-headed tanangers, Cormorants, Roseate spoonbills, American kestrels, and Burrowing owls.
Mayaguana

**Mayaguana** is the most easterly island and district of the Bahamas.  It is one of only two Bahamian islands which retain their Arawak names, the other being Inagua. The population of Mayaguana in the 2000 census was 259 and is currently about 312. It has an area of about 110 square miles.

## Other websites
* Islands of the Bahamas: Mayaguana 
* Bahamas Getaway: Mayaguana 
* Images of Mayaguana
Oberflachs

**Oberflachs** was a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Oberflachs and Schinznach-Dorf merged into the new municipality of Schinznach.

## Other websites
*Official Website of Oberflachs
Catabolism

**Catabolism** is a kind of metabolism. It happens when food is digested and the molecules break down in the body for use as energy. It is the opposite of anabolic metabolism. An example of anabolism is gluconeogenesis, which is the body building molecules (carbohydrates, muscle) up.

Large, complex molecules in the body are broken down into smaller, simple ones. An example of catabolism is glycolysis.

It is also the process of breaking the chemical bonds among the atoms of macromolecules to extract the chemical energy that is stored in them, such as releasing the energy that results from the glucose oxidation (during cellular respiration process).

## Related pages
*Metabolism
*Anabolism
Indie rock

**Indie rock** is a subgenre of alternative rock music which originated in the United Kingdom and North America in the early 1980s. Initially a form of independent music, it was based on small labels with low budgets which produced lo-fi rock records. Indie rock, as a genre, is very diverse; indie rock has several subgenres, and each vary greatly in style. Nevertheless, indie rock distinguishes itself from indie pop as it is generally rougher and more hard-edged. 

Indie rock and alternative rock are often used interchangeably. Nevertheless, there are some differences between the genres. Initially, the term "indie" was used for British-based music, whilst "alternative" for American. In 1986, British magazine *NME* released a cassette, *C86*, which defined much of the sound of what is today regarded as "indie" music, notably the usage of jangly guitar sounds, retro elements borrowing from 1960s rock bands, and a DIY, amateur-like sound.

According to About.com, the term indie has two different general meanings in the UK and North America. In the UK, "indie" is a term used to describe "melancholy" and "non-rock" ballad-based music; in North America, on the other hand, "indie" is often used to refer to retro-sounding, "twee" and "Anglophilic" music.

Today, indie rock has been able to find some commercial success. Popular indie rock acts and artists include R.E.M., Pavement, Regina Spektor and Superchunk, to name a few.

Additionally, indie rock has fused to create several new genres and subgenres. Indietronica, or indie electronic music, is a genre which fuses elements of indie rock, pop and electronic music, and often makes usage of synthesizers and drum machines. Alternative dance music, or indie dance, is also a genre which fuses elements of electronic dance music, alternative rock, indie rock and new wave, usually incorporating elements of the rock genres and using them in a dance-based context.

## References
Acetic acid

contains acetic acid. Aceto balsamico, vinegar from red and from white wine. ]]
**Acetic acid**, or **ethanoic acid**, is a carboxylic acid. It is the main compound of vinegar, other than water. The chemical formula is CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H, HC2H3O2, or C2H4O2).

It tastes and smells sour; it has no color. Its melting point is 16.5&nbsp;°C (61.6&nbsp;°F) and its boiling point is 118.1&nbsp;°C (244.5&nbsp;°F). It has a pH of 2.4.

Acetic acid is commonly used as a food additive. It has the E numbers E 260 (acetic acid). 

Potassium acetate (E 261), sodium acetate (E 262), and calcium acetate (E 2639) are salts of acetic acid; they are commonly used to preserve food, usually vegetables. In sourdough, ethanol fermentation is used.

## References
Acklins and Crooked Islands

**Acklins and Crooked Islands** was a district of the Bahamas until 1996, and as **Acklins, Crooked Island and Long Cay** until 1999. The islands are at .

The population of Acklins was 428, and Crooked Island 350, at the 2000 census.

Since 1999, Acklins and Crooked Island are separate districts.

## References
Heat wave

difference in Europe from the average during a heat wave in 2003.]]
A **heat wave** is a period of unusually warm or very hot weather, and may be accompanied by high humidity. "Heat wave" is not an exact term: Any weather that feels warmer than people expect, might be called a heat wave. For example, temperatures normal for a warmer climate might be called a "heat wave" by people living in a place that is usually cooler.  So a "heat wave" could mean a little warm weather, (like "several days as hot as summer, but in winter"), or temperatures so high they make history, (such as, "the hottest summer in a hundred years").

## Related pages 
* Extreme weather
* List of heat waves

## References
## Other websites
* FEMA: Extreme Heat
* Hot Weather Tips 
* Marble Bar heatwave, 1923-1924
Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands

**Saint Thomas** is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). The territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie is on the island. As of the 2020 census, Saint Thomas had 42,261 peoplehttps://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/island-areas/us-virgin-islands/population-and-housing-unit-counts/us-virgin-islands-phc-table01.pdf, about 48% of the US Virgin Islands total. The district has a land area of 80.9&nbsp;km² (31.24 sq mi).

## Other websites 
;Official sites
*United States Virgin Islands  - Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
*Districts of the United States Virgin Islands, United States Census Bureau 

;Map
*St. Thomas USVI Google Map - Satellite Map of St. Thomas, USVI
Suite

**Suite** might mean:

*Suite (music), a collection of musical pieces, usually dances, which are played one after the other.
*In furniture a suite is a collection of sofas and chairs.  A “three piece suite” is usually a sofa and two arm chairs.
*Suite (hotel), a type of hotel room
*an “en suite” bathroom is a bathroom joined on to a bedroom, i.e. it is just for the use of the people who are using that bedroom.
*Suite (address), a kind of address or location in an office building, shopping mall, etc.
*Suite, a term in petrology, a collection of rock specimens from one particular area
*Software suite, a collection of software of related functionality
*A retinue or suite of retainers in service of a dignitary
Catalão

**Catalão** is a Brazilian city in the state of Goiás. It has 75.623 inhabitants. It covers . It was founded in 1833 and is today an important industrial center of state of Goiás.

Image:Museu Catalão 2.jpg
Image:Patio Mitsubishi.jpg
Image:Catalão2.JPG
Image:Represa Monsenhor Souza 1.jpg
Image:Lazer em Catalão.jpg
Image:Igreja Dom Bosco.jpg
Image:Lazer em Catalão.jpg
Image:Catalão cidade das flores.JPG
Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)

The **Federal Ministry of Defence** (BMVg) is a Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. At present the headquarters of the ministry are still in Bonn with 3230 working in the Hardthöhe. The second office employs about 500 people in the Bendlerblock in Berlin.

## Organisation
The BMVg is at the highest Federal authority and the highest command authority of the defence forces. The BMVg has civilian and military departments:
* the General staff (Führungsstab) of the defence forces, under the Inspector General of the Federal Armed Forces
* the top staffs of the 3 forces (Army, Navy and Air Force)
* the armaments department the department of defence administration, infrastructure and environmental protection
* the personel, social and central department
* the legal department
* the Budget department
* the department for modernisation.

Operatively the General Staff of the Defence Forces (or "FÜ S", which is short for ) is the most important, it has seven sections divided into 42 smaller sections

The press and information staff and the planning staff work directly under the minister

## Federal Minister of Defence
In peace time the Federal Minister of Defence is commander in chief of the Armed Forces, not the Federal President.

If Germany is attacked, or about to be attacked, command passes to the Chancellor.

## History 
In 1950 Chancellor Konrad Adenauer gave Theodor Blank the job of preparing for the time when Germany could have an army. In December 20 people where working in the "Blank Office". On 7 June 1955 it had 1300 employees, and it became the Federal Ministry for  Defence.

It was renamed in Federal Ministry of defence on December 1961 and was seen as one of the "classic departments" . At German reunification the National People's Army (Nationale Volksarmee) of East Germany was made part of the Federal Armed Forces. Not long after this, Germany's army took part in the war in Kosovo. This was the first time that Germany's army had been sent to fight outside Germany since the end of World War II

## Federal Ministers of Defence since 1955
## References
Equus (genus)

***Equus*** is a genus of mammals in the family Equidae. It includes horses, asses, and zebras. *Equus* is the only living (extant) genus of horses, and there are seven living species. They are the one-toed horses, and are adapted for living in various types of grasslands.

The term **equine** refers to any member of this genus. *Equus* has many extinct species known only from fossils. The genus most likely originated in North America and spread quickly to the Old World. Equines are odd-toed ungulates with slender legs, long heads, relatively long necks, manes (erect in most subspecies) and long tails. All species are herbivorous, and mostly grazers with simpler digestive systems than ruminants. They can live on low-quality vegetation.

Feral equine populations are widespread, but wild equines are found only in Africa and Asia. Wild populations may have a harem system. In this case one adult male or *stallion*, several females or *mares* and their young or *foals*. Otherwise they live in  a territory where males control territories with resources that attract females. In both systems, females take care of the foals, though males may play a role as well. Equines communicate with each other visually and vocally. Human activities have threatened wild equine populations and out of the seven living species, only the plains zebra is still widespread and abundant.

The one-toed horses of the grasslands developed from smaller three-toed horses which lived more in forests and wooded savannahs. Before the coming of humans, horses were much more varied and widespread, though the number of species is not known.

## Living horses 
There are seven species of living horses in the wild. They are:
*E. africanus*—African wild ass
*E. ferus*—wild horse
*E. grevyi*—Grévy's zebra
*E. hemionus*—onager
*E. kiang*—kiang
*E. quagga*—plains zebra
*E. zebra*—mountain zebra

This is not counting the many types of horse which mankind has modified by breeding. *Equus ferus* has been the species used by man as the basis of the various breeds of horse.

## References
Michael Chang

**Michael Te-pei Chang** (; born February 22, 1972) is an American retired tennis player. He was the youngest-ever male winner of a Grand Slam singles title, when he won the French Open in 1989 at the age of 17.

Chang was often in the Top 10 in the Association of Tennis Professionals world rankings for several years in the 1990s. His highest ranking (that is, the order in which it is shown how good he is in the sport at a certain time) was World No. 2.

When he won the French Open in 1989, Chang had a well known semi-final match with Ivan Lendl.  Before the match, many people thought the unseeded Chang would lose to the No. 1 ranked Lendl.  At first Chang was losing, but he won the important third set.  Starting then, Chang began to have leg cramps, but won the match through determination.  Today, many people remember this game as one of his best matches when the name Michael Chang is mentioned.

Chang was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, United States. His parents are Taiwanese. Chang is a Christian. With his family he started the Chang Family Foundation in 1999 "to introduce the Good News of Jesus Christ to the world".

## References
Angstrom

An **angstrom** or **ångström** (symbol Å) is a unit of length that equals 0.1 nanometer (nm). It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10−10&nbsp;m (normalized notation) or  (exponential notation) — both mean . It is sometimes used to express the sizes of atoms, lengths of chemical bonds and visible-light spectra, and dimensions of parts of integrated circuits. For example, a single atom is about two ångströms wide, and a human hair is about a million ångströms thick.

## History 
The ångström is named after the Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), one of the founders of spectroscopy who is known also for studies of astrophysics, flow of heat, the earth's magnetic field, and the aurora borealis. 

In 1868, Ångström created a spectrum chart of solar radiation that expresses each wavelength in the spectrum of sunlight in multiples of one ten-millionth of a millimetre, or 1 metres. This unit of length later became known as the ångström, Å.

Human beings can see light having wavelengths ranging from about 4,000 ångströms (violet) to 7,000 ångströms (deep red), so the ångström was a convenient unit of measurement. Because of its closeness to the scale of atoms and molecules it was also popular in chemistry and crystallography.

Today, the use of the ångström as a unit is less popular than it used to be, and the nanometre (nm) is often used instead (The ångström is officially discouraged by the International Committee for Weights and Measures, and by the American National Standard for Metric Practice.)

## References
Obersiggenthal

**Obersiggenthal** is a municipality of the district of Baden, in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Suite (music)

In music, a **suite** (pronounce "sweet") is a collection of short musical pieces which can be played one after another. The pieces are usually dance movements. The French word “suite” means “a sequence” of things, i.e. one thing following another.

In the 17th century many composers such as Bach and Handel wrote suites. They were collections of dances: usually an allemande, a courante, a sarabande, and a gigue. Sometimes other dances were included as well, e.g. a minuet, gavotte, passepied or bourree. Sometimes the first movement was not a dance movement but an introduction. It may have been called a prelude or even an overture. Some of Bach’s suites were called *Partitas*. The French composer François Couperin called his suites *Ordres*.

Bach wrote suites for orchestra which he called "overtures". Handel wrote two very famous collections of dance movements for orchestra: *Water Music* and *Music for the Royal Fireworks*. These are also suites although they are not given that title. He also wrote 22 suites for keyboard, and Bach wrote "French Suites", "English Suites" and "Partitas" for keyboard as well as partitas for unaccompanied violin and suites for unaccompanied cello.

Earlier composers, e.g. Renaissance composers, had also written suites, but the word “suite” was not used until around the middle of the 17th century.
By the 1750s composers had stopped writing suites as the symphony and concerto had become popularized. 

In the late 19th century, the word "suite" started to be used again. Composers who had written operas or ballets with lots of popular dance movements often made an arrangement of these movements for orchestra so that it could be played at concerts. Tchaikovsky wrote the "Nutcracker Suite" which includes the most popular dances from his ballet "The Nutcracker". Some composers used the word "suite" for pieces with movements which had a common theme: Gustav Holst called "The Planets" a suite, as each movement is about one of the planets. French composers of the Impressionist period such as Ravel and Debussy wrote suites for piano.
Ångström (disambiguation)

**Ångström** or **angstrom** can also mean:
*Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), Swedish physicist
*Ångström, a unit of length equal to 0.1 nanometre
*Ångström (crater), a lunar crater
*Ångström distribution, a Linux distribution
Olsberg

**Olsberg** could mean:

*Olsberg, Germany, a town in Sauerland, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
*Olsberg, Switzerland, a commune in Rheinfelden district in Aargau, Switzerland
*Olsberg, France, a village in the département of Moselle
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

The ***Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica*** (English: *Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy*) is a trilogy, written by Isaac Newton and published on 6 July 1687. 

The three-book work describes physics and mathematics. It states Newton's laws of motion and the derivation of Kepler's Laws, and observations on gravity.
Nowe Warpno

**Nowe Warpno** is a town in Poland in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. As of 2004, 1,214 people live there. The town is located on the Szczecin Lagoon, at the border with Germany. In the area of Nowe Warpno there are Police, Poland, Świnoujście, Szczecin, Eggesin and Ueckermünde.
Thomas de Maizière

**Karl Ernst Thomas de Maizière** (born 21 January 1954 in Bonn) was the Minister for Special Affairs in the German government and Head of the Federal Chancellery. On 3 March 2011, because of Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg's resignation, de Maizière became Federal Minister for Defence.

His father was Ulrich de Maizière, who was Inspector General of the Bundeswehr. The senior officer in all German Armed Forces. In the UK, he would be Chief of the Defence Staff and in the US, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Karl's cousin Lothar de Maizière was the only democratically elected Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic.

He later taught at the University of Leipzig.

## References
Szczecin Lagoon

The **Szczecin Lagoon** (Polish name) or **Stettin Lagoon** (German name) or **Lagoon of the Oder River** is an inland water basin found in the southwestern part of the Baltic Sea. It is shared by Germany and Poland. These are the towns that can be found at the Szczecin Lagoon: Świnoujście, Ueckermünde, Wolin (town) and Nowe Warpno.

## Towns, ports and beaches of Szczecin Lagoon 
### Poland 
* Towns:
** Nowe Warpno
** Świnoujście
** Wolin
** Trzebież
** Brzózki
** Kopice
** Czarnocin
** Skoszewo
** Płocin
** Sułomino
** Popielewo
* Ports:
** Trzebież
** Stepnica
** Nowe Warpno
** Wolin
* Beaches:
** Trzebież
** Popielewo
** Nowe Warpno
** Stepnica
### Germany 
* Towns:
** Ueckermünde
** Usedom
** Altwarp
** Vogelsang-Warsin
** Garz (Uznam)
** Kamminke

## Other websites
216 Kleopatra

**216 Kleopatra** is a Main belt asteroid found by Johann Palisa on April 10, 1880 in Pola. It is named after Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt. It is a dumbbell-shaped M-class (metallic) asteroid.

Kleopatra is an unusual object. Its odd shape was revealed by adaptive optics on the ESO 3.6m telescope at La Silla. By bouncing radar signals off the asteroid, a team of astronomers at the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico were able to develop a more detailed computer model of its shape, which confirmed the dog-bone like shape. A favored explanation is that Kleopatra is a contact binary: two similarly-sized asteroids that have hit and stuck together instead of breaking apart.

Kleopatra is a fairly big asteroid, measuring 217 × 94 × 81&nbsp;km. It is believed to be a loosely packed metallic object, based on its radar albedo.

## Other websites 
* Bilobated shape of 216 Kleopatra
* Astronomers Catch Images of Giant Metal Dog Bone Asteroid  – NASA article
* An Asteroid for the Dogs 

## References 
* [ftp://ftp.lowell.edu/pub/elgb/astorb.html The Asteroid Orbital Elements Database]
* Minor Planet Discovery Circumstances
* Asteroid Lightcurve Data File
Reinach

**Reinach** could mean:

*Reinach, Aargau (Reinach AG), a municipality in Switzerland
*Reinach, Basel-Country (Reinach BL), a municipality in Switzerland

A surname:

* Adolf Reinach
* Joseph Reinach
* Salomon Reinach
* Theodore Reinach
Reinach, Aargau

**Reinach** is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Reitnau

**Reitnau** is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipality of Attelwil merged into the municipality of Reitnau.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Lava dome

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In volcanology, a **lava dome** or **plug dome** is a round-shaped mound created by the eruption of viscous lava by a volcano.

Lava domes are formed when erupting lava is too thick to flow and makes a steep-sided mound as the lava piles up near the volcanic vent. Lava domes have formed in Mount St. Helens and experts say a lava dome is growing inside the Shinmoedake volcano in Japan.
Rekingen

**Rekingen** was a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Bad Zurzach, Baldingen, Böbikon, Kaiserstuhl, Rekingen, Rietheim, Rümikon and Wislikofen merged to form the new municipality of Zurzach.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official website
Livorno

**Livorno** is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany, Italy.

## History 
Today, Livorno is known for the fortified town walls and for the small streets. Many foreigners moved to Livorno such as Jews, Armenians, Greeks, Dutch, and English. Some Moriscos (Muslim Spaniards forced to turn Catholic), much later, also moved to Livorno (from Spain and during the 18th century).

## Main monuments 
Bridges, houses and streets, mostly from the neo-classical era are in the district of Livorno.

### Examples 
The "Monumento dei quattro mori" ("Monument of the Four Turks"), dedicated to Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici of Tuscany, is one of the most important monuments of Livorno.

Another important monument is the old fortress which has 3 bastions called “Capitana”, “Ampolletta” and “Canaviglia”. It was made before the Renaissance.

## Culture 
Politically, Livorno is one of the most left-leaning cities of Italy. The Communist Party of Italy was founded in Livorno on 21 January 1921.

## Economy 
Tuaca liqueur is produced in Livorno. The city also has a petrochemical industry.

## Sport 
Livorno has a football team in Serie A, A.S. Livorno Calcio.

## Languages 
Livorno inhabitants speak a Tuscan dialect of Italian, called *vernacolo*.

## Climate 
Livorno has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (*Csa* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Sister cities 
*  Bat Yam (Israel)
*  Guadalajara (Spain)
*  Haiphong (Vietnam)
*  Novorossiysk (Russia)
*  Oakland (United States of America)

## Important people from Livorno 
* Mario Ancona (1860-1931), opera composer
* Leonetto Cappiello (1875-1942), painter
* Giorgio Caproni (1912-1990), poet
* Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (born 1920), former President of the Republic of Italy
* Piero Ciampi (1934-1980), musician
* Giovanni Fattori (1825-1908), painter
* Voltolino Fontani (1920-1976), painter
* Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi (1804-1873), writer and politician
* Cristiano Lucarelli (born 1975), football player
* Pietro Mascagni (1863-1945), opera composer
* Matteo Mazzantini (born 1976), rugby player
* Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920), painter and sculptor
* Aldo Montano (born 1978), fencer, Olympic gold medalist
* Alfredo Muller (1869-1940), artist
* Armando Picchi (1935-1971), football player and manager
* Dario Resta (1884-1924), Racecar driver, Indy 500 winner
* Angiolo Tommasi (1858-1923), artist
* Alberto Fremura (born 1936), artist
* Francis Levett English merchant

## Other websites 
* Municipal website 
* ItalianVisits.com 
* Photographic map of Livorno
Cascade Range

The **Cascade Range** is a mountain range in western North America. It goes from Northern California, through Oregon and Washington, and ends in British Columbia, Canada. The range includes the Western Cascades in northern California and the North and Canadian Cascades in Washington State and Canada. 

 in the Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean. Volcanos in the range include Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Shasta. The Cascades are part of the "American Cordillera", the almost continuous spine of mountains which runs right down the western side of the Americas.

The highest mountain in the cascades is Mount Rainier at 14,411 feet or 4,392 metres. 

## Geology 
The Cascade range was formed by thousands of small, short-lived volcanoes that built a platform of lava and volcanic debris. Rising above this volcanic platform are a few strikingly large volcanoes, like Mount St. Helens, that dominate the landscape.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
Rohr, Aargau

**Rohr** was a municipality of the district of Aarau in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. Since 2009 Rohr is a part of the city of Aarau.
Rothrist

**Rothrist** is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
Volcanic eruption

A **volcanic eruption** occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some of these "ejecta".

It is worth remembering that the Earth below its solid cruse is still very hot, even after its long existence (over 4,000 million years). 

Eruptions can come from side branches or from the top of the volcano. Some eruptions are terrible explosions that throw out huge amounts of rock and volcanic ash and can kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.

## Volcanic Explosivity Index 
The Volcanic Explosivity Index (commonly shortened VEI) is a scale, from 0 to 8, for measuring the strength of eruptions. It is used by the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program to assess historic and prehistoric lava flows. It works in a way similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes: each interval in value is a tenfold increase in magnitude (it is logarithmic). Most volcanic eruptions are of VEIs between 0 and 2.

**Volcanic eruptions by VEI index**

## Related pages 
* Volcanism
* Volcano
Rohr

**Rohr** could mean any of the following:

## Places
### Austria
*Rohr im Gebirge, in Lower Austria
*Rohr im Kremstal, in Upper Austria

### France
*Rohr, in the Bas-Rhin *département*, Alsace region

### Germany
*Rohr, Thuringia, in the Schmalkalden-Meiningen district, Thuringia
*Rohr, Middle Franconia, in the Roth district, Bavaria
*Rohr in Niederbayern, in the Kelheim district, Bavaria
*A part of Plattling in the Deggendorf district, Bavaria
*A part of Waltenhofen in the Oberallgäu district, Bavaria
*A part of Blankenheim in the Euskirchen district, North Rhine-Westphalia
*A part of Freystadt in the Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz district, Bavaria
*A part of Rohrbach in the Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm district, Bavaria
*A part of Eurasburg in the Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen district, Bavaria
*A part of Neudrossenfeld in the Kulmbach district, Bavaria
*A part of Weilheim in the Waldshut district, Baden-Württemberg
*A part of Günzach in the Ostallgäu, Bavaria
*A part of Stuttgart-Vaihgingen, in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg

### Switzerland
*Rohr, in the Canton of Aargau
*Rohr, in the Canton of Solothurn

## People
*Adam L. Rohr (1976- ) 
*Heinrich Rohr (1902-1997) composer
*Franz Freiherr Rohr von Denta (1854-1927), last commander of the Austro-Hungarian First Army
*Tony Rohr Disc Jockey
*Ignaz Rohr (1866-1944) Catholic theologian
*Otto van Rohr (1914-1982) composer
*Richard Rohr (1943- ) Franciscan priest
Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival

**Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival**, best known as just **Coachella**, is an annual three-day music festival held in Indio, California. It has taken place every year since the first year in 1999, except in the year 2000. It has had artists ranging from Rage Against the Machine to Nickel Creek. The 2014 festival will have 184 artists. In 2024, the headliners were Lana Del Rey, Doja Cat, and Tyler, The Creator.

## References
Archers of Loaf

## Discography 
* Icky Mettle (1993)
* Vee Vee (1995)
* All the Nations Airports (1996)
* White Trash Heroes (1998)
Arctic Cordillera

The **Arctic Cordillera** is a mountain range running along the northeastern coast of North America from Ellesmere Island to the northernmost tip of Labrador. It is the only major mountain range in Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. The range has a surface area of . Its highest point is  at Barbeau Peak.

## Further reading
* Chernoff, M. N., H. R. Hovdebo, and J. Stuart-Smith. *Eastern Canadian Cordillera and Arctic Islands An Aerial Reconnaissance*. Ottawa: 24th International Geological Congress, 1972.
* Geological Survey of Canada. *Cordillera and Pacific Margin Interior Plains and Arctic Canada*. Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 1998-A. 1998.
* Hall, John K. *Arctic Ocean Geophysical Studies The Alpha Cordillera and Mendeleyev Ridge*. Palisades, N.Y.: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, 1970.
* Walker, Edward R. *A Synoptic Climatology for Parts of the Western Cordillera*. Montreal: McGill University, 1961.
Sarmenstorf

**Sarmenstorf** is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Scherz

**Scherz** was a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Scherz merged into the municipality of Lupfig.

## References
## Other websites
Schinznach-Bad

**Schinznach-Bad** was a municipality in Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, Schinznach-Bad became part of Brugg.

## References 
## Other websites
Schinznach-Dorf

**Schinznach-Dorf** was a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Schinznach-Dorf and Oberflachs merged into the new municipality of Schinznach.

## Other websites
Black-eyed Susan

***Black-eyed Susan*** *Rudbeckia* is one of at least four genera within the flowering plant family Asteraceae whose members are commonly known as coneflowers.
Blackeyed Susan is a common Missouri native wildflower which typically occurs in open woods, prairies, fields, roadsides and waste areas throughout the State.

The name was given by Carolus Linneaus in honor of his teacher at Uppsala University, Professor Olof Rudbeck the Younger (1660-1740), and his father, Professor Olof Rudbeck the Elder (1630-1702), both of whom were botanists. 

## Other websites
*http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A109 
*http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RUHI2
Fort Banks

**Fort Banks** (also known as the **Eastern Command Fixed Defences**), is an old World War II fort that was used to protect the entrance to Botany Bay. The fort is located north of Cape Banks in La Perouse, New South Wales Australia.

## History
Just before WWII, a small section of land on the Cape Banks Headland that was owned by the New South Wales Golf Club was used by the Australian Army to build a fort. The fort was made so that it could protect Sydney from an attack by a foreign navy ship. The fort had two BL 9.2 inch Mark 10 cannons that were put into concrete gun emplacements (pictured) and barracks that were finished just before the start of WWII. During WWII the Henry Head Battery was also reopened and had two BL 6 inch cannons. 

## References