open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Borough

A **borough** is an administrative division in many countries.  It is a kind of local government. 

The term borough can means a self-governing township. 

In medieval times, boroughs were settlements with some self-government. Boroughs were particularly common in England, Germany and Scotland. In medieval England, boroughs had also the right to elect members of parliament. (*The Borough* in Southwark, London is thought to have been the original 'borough' of which all others come from.)

Usually a borough is a single town with its own local government. 
But in some cities it is a sub-division of the city (e.g. London, New York City, Toronto, Montreal). In such cases the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by the city's local government or no powers at all. For example London has no overall city government and London boroughs are instead part of the county of Greater London as the main unit of local government for Londoners. 

In other places, such as Alaska, a borough does not mean a single township, but a whole region - in other words, it is similar to a county.  In Australia borough can mean a town and its surrounding area, e.g. the Borough of Queenscliffe.  Boroughs exist in United Kingdom, more specifically in England and Northern Ireland, in the Canadian province of Quebec, in several U.S. states, in Israel, and formerly they also existed in New Zealand. 

At the end of a word, -borough (or -brough) is found in the name of many towns and cities in England; in southern England it is usually spelt -bury.  The suffix -bury is also used in the New England region of the United States, while -burg (or -burgh) is more common in Scotland and the American South and West.
Echo (mythology)

painter Alexandre Cabanel ]]

**Echo** was a nymph in Greek mythology, and an Oread (a mountain nymph).  She was very beautiful, but loved her own voice.

## Hera
According to *Ovid*, Echo once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women. She did this by leading Hera away and flattering her. When Hera found out she was very angry with Echo. She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the last words of other people after she had heard them. It is due to this story that we get the meaning behind the word *echo*.

## Narcissus
After she was cursed, Echo fell in love with Narcissus.  Narcissus was very handsome and anybody who saw him always fell in love with him.  However, Narcissus had no heart and could not fall in love with anybody.  Echo could not speak to Narcissus but wanted to be able to see him.  She therefore followed him everywhere, but made sure that he could not see her.

Narcissus got lost and called out "*Is anyone here?*".  Echo said back "*Here, here, here.*"  Narcissus then asked Echo to come out of her hiding place.  Echo did so and then told Narcissus that she loved him by hand movements. Narcissus, who was angry that so many people loved him, told Echo that he did not love her.

Echo was very upset and prayed to Aphrodite for death.  Aphrodite granted Echo's wish, but she liked Echo's voice so much she kept it alive.

Narcissus also rejected Echo and broke her heart. She then went and haunted valleys and mountainous areas where echoes are able to be heard in all hollow places of the earth.

## Pan
This is a different story about Echo's death.  Echo was a talented dancer and singer, but did not like the love of any man.  This caused another god, called Pan, to become angry.  He had Echo killed and split into pieces.  These pieces were spread about the world, but were collected up by Gaia.  Echo's voice was not collected, so it remains all over the world and still says the last words that other people have said.  In some versions of the story, Echo and Pan have a child who was called Iambe.
Bia

**Bia** is the goddess of force in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Styx and Pallas, and also the sister of Nike, Cratos, and Zelus.  She and her brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him.  

## References
Zelus

**Zelus** (, *zeal*) is the god of dedication and emulation in Greek mythology. He is the son of Styx and Pallas, and also the brother of Nike, Cratos, and Bia. He and his brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him. He was a constant companion of Zeus and personified zeal.

## Other websites
* Theoi Project, a site exploring Greek mythology and the gods in classical literature and art
Staten Island

**Staten Island** is one of the boroughs of New York City. Fewer than half a million people live there, the smallest population of any of the five boroughs. Three bridges connect Staten Island to New Jersey, and the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge connects to Brooklyn. A passenger railroad runs along the south shore to the northeast end of the island, which is called Saint George. The borough has the same boundaries as the county **Richmond County**.

The free Staten Island Ferry carries 21 million passengers each year the five miles (eight km) across New York Harbor between Saint George and Manhattan. Nine ferry boats provide the service which began in 1817.

When England took control of New Netherland in the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the 17th century and split it into New York and New Jersey, Staten Island became part of New York.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Staten Island Live
* Staten Island -Citizendium
Lilo & Stitch: The Series

***Lilo & Stitch: The Series*** is a Disney Channel animated television series based on the 2002 movie, *Lilo & Stitch*. It follows *Stitch! The Movie*, which was a pilot to the series. As with the first movie, it stars Daveigh Chase as Lilo Pelekai and Chris Sanders as her alien friend Stitch. In the show, they try to find Stitch's alien cousins and the job each cousin is perfect for.

## Characters 
* **626/Stitch** (voiced by Chris Sanders)
* **Lilo Pelekai** (voiced by Daveigh Chase)
* **Dr. Jumba Jookiba** (voiced by David Ogden Stiers)
* **Agent Wendy Pleakley** (voiced by Kevin McDonald)
* **Nani Pelekai** (voiced by Tia Carrere) Lilo's older sister.
* **Captain Gantu** (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson)
* **625/Reuben** (voiced by Rob Paulsen)
* **Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel** (voiced by Jeff Bennett)
* **Mertle Edmonds** (voiced by Liliana Mumy)
* **624/Angel** (voiced by Tara Strong)

## Other websites 
* Disney Channel site 
* 
* TV.com entry
David Tennant

**David John Tennant** (né **McDonald**; 18 April 1971) is a Scottish actor. He is known for portraying the Tenth Doctor on *Doctor Who* from 2005 to 2010, and portraying the Fourteenth Doctor in 2023, Giacomo Casanova in the television series *Casanova, and as Crowley in the television adaptation of the book Good Omens.*

In 2011, Tennant had a daughter with Georgia Moffett. Later that year, he adopted Moffett's son. The couple married in December 2011. In May 2013, the couple had a son. In November 2015, the couple had a daughter.

## Programmes he has been in 
*1994: ''Takin' Over the Asylum* — Campbell McBain
*1998: *Duck Patrol* — Darwin
*2001: *People Like Us* — Rob Harker (1 episode)
*2002: *Foyle's War* — Theo Howard (1 episode)
*2004: *He Knew He Was Right* — Rev Gibson
*2004: *Blackpool* — DI Carlisle
*2005: *Casanova* — Young Giacomo Casanova
*2005: *The Quatermass Experiment* — Dr Gordon Briscoe
*2005–2010, 2013: *Doctor Who* — The Doctor
*2005: *Secret Smile* — Brendan Block
*2005: *Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire* — Barty Crouch Junior
*2007: *Recovery* — Alan Hamilton
*2008: *Einstein & Eddington — Arthur Eddington
*2009: *Hamlet* — Hamlet
*2010: *Single Father* — Dave
*2011: *United* — Jimmy Murphy
*2011: *Lachlan Macquarie: The Father of Australia* — Narrator 
*2011: *The Decoy Bride* — James
*2011: *The Itch of the Golden Nit* — Stretchy McSteretch (Narrator)
*2011: *Fright Night* — Peter Vincent
*2011: *This Is Jinsy* — Mr. Slightlyman
*2011: *The Ballad of Russell & Julie* — Russell T. Davies • Self
*2023: *Doctor Who* — The Doctor

## Other websites 
*
Helios

**Helios** (, *Hēlios*; Ἠέλιος in Homeric Greek) is the god of the Sun in Greek mythology. He is often thought to be the personification of the Sun itself. He is the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. He is the brother of Selene, goddess of the Moon, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. During the Hellenistic period, particularly the 3rd Century BCE, he became more and more identified with Apollo, the god of light, music and prophecy. Helios' equivalent in Roman mythology was Sol.
ABC

**ABC** are the first three letters in the Latin alphabet.

## Media 
* American Broadcasting Company, a television network in the United States
* Associated Broadcasting Company, a television network in the Philippines
* Australian Broadcasting Corporation, a television network in Australia

## Music 
* "ABC" (The Jackson 5 song), a 1970 hit song

## Other 
* Abc notation, a musical notation language
*A-button challenge
Papua New Guinea

**Papua New Guinea** is an island country located on the Pacific Ocean. It is the east half of New Guinea island, plus some nearby islands. The capital city of Papua New Guinea is Port Moresby. The population of Papua New Guinea are mostly the Indigenous peoples of the island.

The island is in both Australasia and Oceania, which are two different terms for the continent of islands in the Pacific area. It borders Indonesia to the west and near Australia to the south.

Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country.

## History 
Long ago, around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago, people came to Papua New Guinea. They were related to people who left Africa a long time ago and moved to other parts of the world. A study in 2016 found that it was about 50,000 years ago that these people came to a big land called Sahul, which is Australia and New Guinea combined. About 10,000 years ago, the sea level rose and New Guinea became an island. But even before that, the people in Australia and Papua New Guinea became different from each other about 37,000 years ago. Scientists found out that the ancestors of Papuans mixed with another group of people called Denisovans when they were in Asia a long time ago. They share 4% to 7% of their genes with these ancient people.

Around 9,000 years ago, people in New Guinea started growing their own plants and farming. This was one of the few places in the world where people did this without learning it from others. Later, around 2,500 years ago, some people who spoke Austronesian languages moved to the coasts of New Guinea. They brought new things like pottery, pigs, and fishing methods with them.

In the 18th century, traders brought a new kind of food called sweet potato to New Guinea. It was from South America and introduced by Portuguese traders to the Moluccas. People in New Guinea liked it and it became a popular food. Sweet potato gardens produced more crops than the traditional taro, and this helped societies grow and become more prosperous.

## Divisions
### Administrative divisions 
Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions.  These regions are important for government, commercial, sporting and other activities.

The nation has 20 province-level divisions: eighteen, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and the National Capital District. Each province is divided into one or more districts.  The districts are divided into one or more Local Level Government areas.

The province-level divisions are as follows:

Parliament has approved two additional provinces by 2012: Hela Province, which will be part of the current Southern Highlands Province, and Jiwaka Province, which will be formed by dividing Western Highlands Province.

In Morobe (#11 on the map) there is a goldfield.

## References
## Other websites 
* Government of Papua New Guinea 
* Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea 
* 
* Papua New Guinea focused wiki 
*
Fox Broadcasting Company

**Fox** (styled as **FOX**) is an American television network. It is owned by Fox Corporation.  founded the Fox Broadcasting Company in USA and it’s fully owned subsidiaries. In USA it is managed as Fox Corporation under Lachlan Murdoch with global responsibility under John Gelke and his APAC lead Gerard Devan Group Exeutive Australia NZ and the Pacific among other executives. |alt=An old man with a bald head and a black suit, as well as glasses, is standing, smiling.]]

## Fox Television shows
**The Simpsons*
**Family Guy*
**American Dad*
**Universal Basic Guys*
**Futurama*
**King of the Hill*
* *Martin*
* *In Living Color*
**American Idol*
**The Bernie Mac Show*
**Malcolm in the Middle*
**Married...with Children*
**The Masked Singer*
*''Bob's Burgers*
**Bless the Harts*
**Duncanville*
*Dollhouse (TV series)
**Archer*
**Brickleberry*
**Last Man Standing*
**The Resident*
**9-1-1*
**9-1-1 Lonestar''

## Programming Blocks 
* Animation Domination - (2005 - 2014) (2021 - Present)
* Animation Domination High-Def - (2013 - 2014)

### Children’s programming blocks 
* Fox Kids - ( September 8, 1990 - September 7, 2002 )

* Xploration Station - (September 13, 2014 - Present)

## References
Roman Forum

The **Roman Forum** is an area of the city of Rome which the ancient city developed around. It is the place where commerce, business, cult, and the administration of justice took place. 

It was for centuries the centre of Roman public life. It was the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches. It was also the heart of commerce. Here statues and monuments mark the city's great men. It has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history. 

The Forum is in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Today it is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and excavations. It has 4.5 million sightseers each year.

## Buildings in the Forum 
The Roman Forum is famous for the number of buildings and other ancient ruins that it contains. These include:
*Temple of Castor and Pollux
*Temple of Vesta

## References
American Broadcasting Company

The **American Broadcast Company** (**ABC**) is an American television network. Along with CBS, NBC and Fox, it is one of the country's four major television networks. The network is owned by The Walt Disney Company following the acquisition of the Capital Cities/ABC by the company in 1995.

## ABC Television Shows
* *Abbott Elementary*
* *The Wonder Years*
* *Black-ish*
* *Scandal*
* *How To Get Away with Murder*
* *Will Trent*
* *Family Matters*
* ''Hangin' with Mr.Cooper*
* *Scrubs (TV series)*
* *The Geena Davis Show*
* Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
* Agent Carter (TV series)
* *The Goldbergs''
* It's All Realtive
* *The Rookie*
* *American Idol*
* *Dancing with the Stars*
* *The Bachelor*
* *Say Uncle*
* ''Grey's Anatomy*
* *The Good Doctor*
* *Big Sky*
* *The Rookies*
* *Dead of Summer*   
* The CAPER CAT Show
* *What's Happening!!*

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
* ABC  at the Museum of Broadcast Communications *Encyclopedia of Television''
*
Playwright

, one of the most acclaimed dramtists of history.]]
A **playwright** is a person who writes plays for the stage. Because the name of such a text is *drama*, another word for this person is **dramatist**. Sometimes, dramas are written to be read and not played. In that case, they are called *closet dramas*.

The word *wright* does not come from write. It is an ancient English term for a builder. For example, a *wheelwright* makes wheels. In a similar way, a playwright makes plays. When the term was first used, it was meant as an insult. Today it has lost this meaning.

## History
The first playwrights in Western literature whose plays still exist were the Ancient Greeks. They were written around the 5th century BC. These playwrights are important as they wrote in a way that is still used by modern playwrights. Important among them are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.

The most famous playwright may be William Shakespeare. A lot of later work is based on his tragedies and comedies. For example, *Kiss Me, Kate* is based on Shakespeare's *The Taming of the Shrew*, and his *Romeo and Juliet* has been made again many times. Tom Stoppard created the play *Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead* in 1966 which is a modern adaptation of *Hamlet*.

## Modern playwrights 
Modern playwrights are usually less famous than past playwrights. Since television and movies were invented, theater has become less popular. Because it is less popular, not as many tickets are sold now, and producers often do not have enough money to make plays, and many playwrights are not known.

## References
Iambe

**Iambe** was the goddess of rhyme and merriment in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Pan and Echo.

## Iambic pentameter 
Iambe is said to have created the iambic pentameter verse pattern in poetry. This is a metered verse with two different sounds, and it was named after Iambe. The iambic pentameter verse is used by many poets, one of which is William Shakespeare.

## Demeter 
In the myth, Demeter, was sad about losing her daughter, Persephone. It was only Iambe who was able to make Demeter laugh. She did this by using poetry and wit to cheer Demeter up. When Demeter was not sad any more, the earth became fertile again. Iambe then became Demeter's first priestess.
Speaker

**Speaker** could mean:

*Computer speaker
*Loudspeaker, refers to an electronic device that gives off sound
*Speaker (politics) is also the name of the person in charge of some legislatures, usually the lower house.
Perseus

, completed 1801 (Vatican Museums)]]

**Perseus** () is a hero in Greek mythology. He is the legendary founder of Mycenae and is most famous for killing the Gorgon Medusa. He is a demigod, the son of Zeus and the mortal princess Danaë. With his wife, the Ethiopian princess Andromeda, his children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone. Perseus is also the great-grandfather of Herakles, as well as his half-brother.

## Birth
King Akrisios of Argos was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.

Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.

A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.

## Perseus and Medusa 
Perseus was sent to retreive Medusa's head by King Polydectes, who wanted him dead so he could marry his mother. To do this, he was advised by Athena to seek the Gray sisters, who told him how to fight Medusa when he stole their eye. Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals, Hades lent him his helm of darkness (which makes the wearer invisible), and Athena lent him a shield which he could see Medusa's reflection in, since whoever looked her in the eye would turn to stone. With all these magic items, Perseus was able to cut off Medusa's head. On the way back home, he fights a sea monster to save Andromeda, who is chained to a cliff as a sacrifice, and marries her.
Violet (plant)

The **violet** is a genus of flowering plants. The common blue violet (*Viola sororia*) is the state flower of the U.S. state of Illinois. There is also a famous poem that refers to violets. It goes "Roses are red, violets are blue", and then the poet adds his or her own lines to it. It is also February's birth flower.

Some *Viola* species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their flowers. 

In horticulture, the term **pansy** is  used for the multi-coloured cultivars often used in bedding by professional gardeners. The terms 'viola' and 'violet' are normally used for small-flowered annuals or perennials, and the wild species.
Bernie Little

**Bernie Little** (*born* in McComb, Ohio on circa 1926 - *died* April 25, 2003) was the most successful owner in Unlimited Hydroplane racing history. His *Miss Budweiser* team won 134 of the 354 hydroplane races they entered. They won the high points championship 22 years in 40 years of competition, and the Gold Cup 14 times.

## Racing career 
Little's team is also known for making an enclosed driver's seat to improve driver safety, after driver Dean Chenoweth was killed in a crash during a race in 1982.

His team employed some of the biggest names in their field, including designer Ron Jones, and driver Chip Hanauer who won more Gold Cup races than any other driver. He is second only to Bill Muncey in total races won.

## Awards and recognition 
Little has been inducted into the Unlimited Hydroplane Hall of Fame, the Florida Sports Hall of Fame, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Chenoweth, Hanauer, and another driver for Little, Tom D'Eath, are also in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America.

## References 
*Bernie Little obituary  - from the American Boat Racing Association website
*Bernie Little - King of Boats - by Fred Farley - APBA Unlimited Historian
Aleksander Kwasniewski

**Aleksander Kwaśniewski** (; born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician. He served as President for two terms (1995-2000 and 2000-2005). 

He was born in Białogard in Northwest Poland. Before became a politician, he was a journalist. Before became president, he was minister and deputy to the Sejm. In the late 1980s, he participated in the Polish Round Table Agreement.

In 1995 election, he won in the second round, but five years later he won in the first round.

## Other websites 
* Official web page
Winnie the Pooh

**Winnie the Pooh**, also called **Pooh Bear**, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear. He was created by A. A. Milne. He is based on a stuffed toy that belonged to Milne's son, Christopher Robin Milne. The toy was named after "Winnipeg" ("Winnie" for short), who was a black bear at the London Zoo, and "Pooh", which was a nickname Milne and his son had given to a swan. The first book was published in 1926. Other books were published later. Walt Disney made a series of cartoons based on the books. The Walt Disney Company still owns the character.

Pooh is a small yellow bear. He is nearly  tall. He wears an old red t-shirt. His favorite food is honey. The first thing he says when he gets up in the morning is "What's for breakfast?". He invented the game "Poohsticks".

Pooh has several friends. Their names are Piglet, Eeyore, Tigger, Rabbit, Kanga and Roo, Owl, Gopher, and Christopher Robin. Piglet is a small timid pig. Eeyore is an old grey donkey. Tigger is an energetic tiger. Rabbit is a kind-hearted rabbit. Kanga is a female kangaroo. Roo is Kanga's son.

## Books, adaptations and/or mainstream series 
The first book, *Winnie-the-Pooh*, was published on October 15, 1926 by Methuen & Company. The second book was *The House at Pooh Corner*, which was published on October 11, 1928. The poetry book *When We Were Very Young* was published in 1924 and *Now We Are Six* was published in 1927. *Return to Hundred Acre Wood* was written by David Benedictus and published on October 5, 2009. *The Best Bear in All the World* was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first Winnie-the-Pooh book.

There have been quite a few series created by Walt Disney based on these books. The stories are translated into many languages. A Disney movie about Pooh, *The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh*, was made in March 1977. *Winnie the Pooh* was made in July 2011. A live-action movie directed by Marc Forster and based on A. A. Milne's books, entitled *Christopher Robin*, was released in 2018. 

## Other creative works
An Horror Film made By Rhys Frake-Waterfield titled *Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey* Premiered on February 15, 2023.

## Other websites
Viola sororia

***Viola sororia***, also known as ***Viola papilionacea***, **blue violet**, **common violet**, **meadow violet** or **purple violet**, is a species of  violet. It is a perennial flowering plant that lives in most of eastern North America.

The common blue violet is the state flower of the U.S. states of Rhode Island, Illinois, and New Jersey.

In developed areas it is often said to be a weed because it grows well in lawns.

## References
*Viola sororia  from the Connecticut Botanical Society
*Viola sororia  from the Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide
NAND gate

A **NAND gate** is a logic gate used to build digital logic circuits.
It is a combination of an AND and NOT gate.
The name refers to this.
The NAND gate is a “universal gate”, that means all other types of logic gates can be obtained by wiring exclusively one or more NAND gates in a particular manner.

## Behavior 
Given two inputs, A and B, A NAND B will be true if at most one of A and B is true.
In other words, A NAND B is false if both A and B are true, and true otherwise. 

## Symbols 
There are three symbols for drawing NAND gates in electrical circuit schematics:
the "distinctive shape" symbol, the “military” symbol, and the “rectangular” symbol.
For more information see logic gate symbols.

File:Nand-gate-en.svg|“Distinctive shape” NAND symbol, also that used by US ANSI
File:Logic-gate-nand-de.png|“Military” NAND symbol, also that used by DIN
File:IEC NAND label.svg|“Rectangular” NAND symbol, used by IEC 

## Application 
Since a NAND gate is a universal gate, microprocessors can be built using this type of gate only.
For example:
* the negation can be represented by ¬A ≡ A ⊼ A
* and the disjunction can be obtained by A ∨ B ≡ (A ⊼ A) ⊼ (B ⊼ B)
Under the Rainbow

***Under the Rainbow*** is a 1981 comedy movie starring Chevy Chase, Carrie Fisher, Eve Arden, and Billy Barty.

The plot is loosely based on the gathering of little people in a Hollywood hotel, to audition for roles as "munchkins" in the movie *The Wizard of Oz*. The movie also has nobility, assassins, spies, and tourists.

The movie was nominated for Razzie Awards for Worst Musical Score and Worst Supporting Actor (Billy Barty).

## Sources
## Other websites 
*
Gillidanda

'''Gilli 'गिल्ली" -danda "डन्डा"'* is a game played by children in South Asia. It is usually played by using a small round stick, about as long as a baseball or cricket bat. This is the *danda*. There is another smaller stick, round in the middle and tapering towards the ends. This is the *gilli*. The game gilli-danda is similar to cricket. It is also believed to be the origin of cricket.
## Players
This game is also know as *Viti Dandu*, *Kitti Pul'' and by other variations as well. It is a sport originated from the Indian subcontinent and is also played in the rural areas as well as in small towns over southern Asia, Cambodia, Turkey, South Africa, Italy, Poland and in some Caribbean Islands like Cuba.
## Rules
To play the game, one team uses the "danda" to hit one of the tapered ends of the "gilli" with force. This causes the "gilli" to flip through the air. While the "gilli" is airborne, the opposing team's hitter attempts to smack it like one would as if playing cricket. The one who hits the "gilli" the farthest will win. It is played with two teams. One side pitches the "gilli" using the big "danda" (not bare hands), to the other team's hitter. The hitter, using his "danda" hits the "gilli". In the course of play, if the "gilli" is caught, then those players who pitched with the big "danda" to the hitter, are out of the game.If the gilli falls on the ground the fielder closest to the gilli gets an opportunity to make the hitter out.He has to throw the gilli towards the danda if the danda is been hit by the gilli it means the striker is out if not then the fielder gains 1 point.When the striker gains 1 point he will get 3 tries to hit the danda if the gilli still doesn't hit the danda the striker is out.If he is successful,the 1 point which he gained will continue.At the end who has the maximum points wins the game.It was most popularly played around 1970 to 1980 throughout India and Pakistan and is played to this day.
Southern United States

.]]
The **Southern United States** (also known as the **Southern States** or the **South**) is a term for the southeast of the United States. All of the states in the Confederacy were in the South, but not all Southern states joined the Confederacy. The slave states that did not join are called the "border states." The Southern States that are the farthest to the south are called the "Deep South."

Even though Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California are geographically south in the United States, they are usually classified as being part of the Southwest, not the South. Their climate, culture, and ethnic makeup of the Southwest are different from those of the South.

Most of the South is a land of long, hot summers. Winters are mostly short and cool. There is much rainfall. That combination gives the South a long growing season. Important crops include cotton, tobacco, peanuts, and peaches.

Also, the cuisine of the Southern United States is distinct from those of other regions.

As defined by the United States Census Bureau, these states make up the South:
# Alabama
# Arkansas
# Delaware
# Florida
# Georgia
# Kentucky
# Louisiana
# Maryland
# Mississippi
# North Carolina
# Oklahoma
# South Carolina
# Tennessee
# Texas
# Virginia
# Washington, D.C. (although not a state)
# West Virginia

The border state of Missouri is also sometimes considered Southern although the Census classifies it as in the  Midwest.

Except for Florida and Texas, most of the South had few immigrants, unlike the rest of the United States, in the late 19th and the 20th centuries.  Most of the people in the South are of English, Scottish, or Irish ancestry or the descendants of African-American slaves. Some Southerners identify themselves as being of "American" ancestry.
Omaha hold'em

'''Omaha Hold 'Em''' is a poker game, similar to Texas Hold 'Em. In Omaha, each player is given four cards. Then there is a round of betting. Then three community cards are placed on the table. Another round of betting is after that. Then a fourth community card is put down. After this, there is another round of betting. Then there is the final community card put down, there is a last round of betting, and each player uses exactly two cards from the hand and three from the table to form a five-card poker hand. Whoever has the best hand wins all the money put in the middle during betting.

## Variations
Omaha can also be played as **Omaha Hi Lo**, where the best hand and the lowest hand splits the pot.
The low hand's cards have to be 8 or lower .

## Other websites 
*Omaha Holdem Poker versus Texas Holdem Poker
*Omaha Poker Strategy
Leverkusen

**Leverkusen** (Low Franconian: *Leverkuuse*) is a city near Cologne at the river Rhine in Germany. As of October 2005, about 162,000 people lived there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Leverkusen
Tocotronic

, Germany  ]]
, Germany  ]]

**Tocotronic** is a German indie rock band. They were founded in 1993 in Hamburg.
Bolesław Prus

**Bolesław Prus** () (20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912), real name **Aleksander Głowacki**, was a Polish writer.

He was born in Hrubieszów and died in Warsaw.  As a 15-year-old high-school student, he fought in Poland's January 1863 Uprising.

Prus is best known for his novels, *Lalka* (The Doll) and the historical novel *Faraon* (Pharaoh). He also wrote "Anielka," *Placówka* (The Outpost), *Emancypantki* (The New Woman), and many other stories and novels. He was an advocate of Positivist philosophy and social progressivism.

Prus is regarded as one of the greatest Polish writers, and one of the world's most prominent.
Redneck

A **Redneck** is a derogatory term for an American stereotype. It is a term for people who live in rural areas, especially on farms and ranches and is usually meant as an insult and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the Southern United States.

## References
2040

## Predicted events 
### January 
* January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1944 will enter the public domain in the United States.

### February 
* February 6 – Early Macintosh computers cannot recognise dates after this day.

### May 
* May 2 – Partial solar eclipse

### September 
* September 8 – Major alignment of the planets

### November 
* November 4 – Partial solar eclipse

### Unknown Dates 
* 2040 Summer Olympics will be held.
* Tuas Port in Singapore, the first fully automated container ship terminal in the world, will be completed and operational.
* If the United States had not returned land for bases on Bermuda in 2002, a ninety-nine year lease (signed in 1941) would have expired.

## Fictional events 
*The anime series *Macross Plus* and *Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo 2040* are both set in this year.
* In the universe of *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, the television becomes obsolete.
* A collection of *Doctor Who* short stories, *Short Trips*, is also set in that year.

## References
Wayne Mixson

**John Wayne Mixson** (June 16, 1922 &ndash; July 8, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in New Brockton, Alabama, but was raised in Jackson County, Florida. He was a democrat.

He served in Florida's House of Representatives. In 1978 he was elected a lieutenant governor (deputy governor) to governor Bob Graham. They were reelected in 1982. Mixson served as lieutenant governor from 1979 to 1987. During his second term he was also state Secretary of Commerce. In 1987, Graham resigned from office to become U.S. Senator. Mixson was sworn in as governor for three days, from January 3 to January 6, when governor-elect Bob Martinez (Rep.) took over.

During the 2004 presidential election, Mixson crossed party lines to endorse the re-election of President George W. Bush. 

Mixson died on July 8, 2020 in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 98.

## References
Neustadt an der Weinstrasse

**Neustadt an der Weinstraße** is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It has about 54,000 people. The main parts of the town's economy are tourism and winegrowing. Every year the town is the location of the German wine harvest festival with the election of the German wine queen.

## Districts 
Its districts are
* Diedesfeld,
* Duttweiler,
* Geinsheim,
* Gimmeldingen,
* Haardt,
* Hambach,
* Königsbach,
* Lachen-Speyerdorf,
* Mußbach, and
* Winzingen.

## Culture and sights 
* Hambach Castle
* Saalbau
* Elwetritsch fountain
* Railway Museum
* Villa Böhm
* Wolfscastle

## Traffic 
Neustadt have two on-ramps (North and South) of the highway A 65.
Except for the central station, the town have a second railroad station (Böbig) and a third (South).

## Economy 
Neustadt is the seat of the Hornbach Holding AG and Team Rosberg.

## Twin towns 
* , Lincoln
* , Mâcon
* , Musange
* , Manchester, New Hampshire
* , Mersin-Yenisehir
* , Wernigerode
* , Quanzhou

## References
## Other websites
*
Greenhouse gas

. Energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and Earth's surface. Energy exchanges are written in watts per square meter (W/m2).]]

**Greenhouse gas** reflects radiation that the Earth emits, preventing it from escaping into space. This occurrence is known as the "greenhouse effect".

Many greenhouse gases are natural, with water vapor being the most common and responsible for most of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Other significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) and ozone. 

Without greenhouse gases, life as we know it on earth would likely not be possible as heat is essential for sustaining life. Natural emissions of greenhouse gases vary, and events like massive volcanic eruptions such as those which created Siberian Traps around a quarter billion years ago, might have released enough gases to contribute to the Permian–Triassic extinction which caused to destructive effects on life on earth. 

However, humans are introducing additional greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and increase in the planet's average temperature. The most significant greenhouse gas that contributed by humans is carbon dioxide, currently composing approximately 0.04% of the atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuel such as oil, coal and natural gas for transportation, energy production and industrial processes are the main sources of carbon dioxide emission.  The major contributor to these emissions is the industrial sector.   The Food and Agriculture Organization has reported that emissions associated with livestock, contribute to 7.1 gigatons (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) per year, accounting for 14.5% of all human-caused greenhouse emissions. This exceeds the 13% that contributed by global transportation (including cars and planes) each year.

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, and it responds to climate changes. When the atmosphere is warm, it holds more water vapor, which increase the probability of cloud formation and precipitation. 

In addition to burning fossil fuels, human activities also reduce the earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by deforestation. Methane emission is also increase due to the activities like raising cattle and other farm animals, including as geese, turkeys, pigs, chickens, and sheep. Scientists have shown that producing 1&nbsp;kg of beef generated more CO2 emissions than a three-hour drive with all household lights on. Further, human activity introduces water vapor to the atmosphere through increased evaporation from cooling towers in thermal cycle power plants and creation of artificial lakes which contributes to the  global warming.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the Greenhouse gases
Harmonia

**Harmonia** (; ) is the goddess of peace, agreement and harmony in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. She is the opposite of Eris, goddess of disagreement. Her Roman equivalent is Concordia.

## Origins 
Harmonia is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. Her children are Ino, Polydorus, Autonoe, Agaue and Semele with Kadmos. As goddess of peace, she is the opposite of Eris, the goddess of disagreement.

## About 
Harmonia met Cadmus on a journey to Samothrace. He took her away with the help of Athena. When Cadmus wanted to leave Thebes, Harmonia followed him. When they came to the Enchelii, they helped them in their war against the Illyrians. They won over the enemy. Cadmus then became king of the Illyrians. But unfortunately, later he was turned into a snake. Harmonia was sad. She coloured herself with stripes. She asked Cadmus to come to her. As she was hugged by the snake Cadmus in wine, the gods then turned her into a snake. She was unable to stand in her snake form.

## Story
Harmonia is known for a dangerous necklace she had on her wedding day. When Athena made Cadmus the king of Thebes, Zeus gave him Harmonia. All the gods attended the wedding. Cadmus gave the bride with a cloth and the necklace. The necklace was made by Hephaestus. This necklace is commonly known as the necklace of Harmonia. It brought misfortune to all who had it. Other stories said that Harmonia took this necklace (ὅρμος) from some of the gods. It might be either from Aphrodite or Athena.

Polynices took the necklace. They gave it to Eriphyle. She asked her husband, Amphiaraus, to attack against Thebes. Through Alcmaeon, the son of Eriphyle, the necklace came into the hands of Arsinoe (named Alphesiboea in some stories). Then, the sons of Phegeus, Pronous and Agenor, took it. Lastly, the sons of Alcmaeon, Amphoterus and Acarnan, kept it in the temple of Athena Pronoea at Delphi. The necklace had brought bad luck to all who had took it. It continued to do so even after it was kept at Delphi. Phayllus stole it from the temple to make his lover happy. His lover was the wife of Ariston. She wore it for a time. Then, her youngest son became mad. He set fire to the house. In the fire, she died and all her treasures were burned.

Hyginus has another story. According to him, the thing which brought bad luck to the children of Harmonia is not a necklace. But it is a cloth given to Harmonia by Hepheastus and Hera. The necklace gave peace and had Harmonia's powers in it.

## Related pages
* Eris - the goddess of disagreement and the opposite god of Harmonia in Greek mythology

## References
Brok

**Brok nad Bugiem** (English: *Brok near Bug*) is a small town in Mazowsze Voivodship, Poland. Brok is in Ostrowian County (head town of this region is Ostrów Mazowiecka). Brok is one of the smallest places in Europe with town status (since 1500).

* Area: 28,05 km²
* Number of people (as of 2004): 1882
* Community: Brok
* Post code: 07-306
* Current Mayor: Stanisław Bębenek (since 2002)

Brok is regarded by many as one of the most beautiful places in this part of Poland. This is a tourist town near two rivers: Bug and one also named Brok.

Attractions include:
* Gothic Church (built 1560)
* Old Jewish Cemetery
* Location (Puszcza Biała, *White Wood*)
* Many old houses
1480

## Events 
* March 6 – Treaty of Toledo – Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize African conquests of Afonso of Portugal and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain
* Great standing on the Ugra river – Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde and Moscow becomes the capital of Russia.
* Ludovico Sforza becomes Regent of Milan (reigns until 1499)
* Concorts and co-rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition (looking for heretics in converted Jews)
* Leonardo da Vinci invents the parachute
* Mohamed II fails in his attempt to capture Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes
* Magdalen College School, Oxford starts.
* The Inca Empire conquers northwest Argentina.
 

## Births 
* Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the world.
* Pier Gerlofs Donia, a huge pirate who fought for the independence of Friesland.
* Pir Sultan Abdal, Turkish poet.
* Peter Henlein, German inventor who may have first invented the watch.

## Deaths 
* Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer
Lindsay Lohan

**Lindsay Dee Lohan** (born July 2, 1986) is an American actress and singer. Lohan is most famous for her movies *The Parent Trap, Freaky Friday, and* *Mean Girls*, which made her popular in the United States.

## Early life
Lindsay Lohan was born on July 2, 1986, in The Bronx borough of New York City, and grew up in Merrick and Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island, New York. She is the eldest child of Dina Lohan and Michael Lohan, both of whom are of Irish and Italian descent. She has a sister named Ali Lohan.

## Movie career 
Lohan has acted in several movies, including *The Parent Trap*, Scary Movie 5, *Life-Size*, *Get A Clue*, *Freaky Friday*, *Mean Girls*, *Confessions of a Drama Queen*, *Herbie Fully Loaded*, *Just My Luck*, *Georgia Rule, Freakier Friday,* and *Labor Pains*.

She plays the guitar and has done many singing parts.

## Music career 
She first sang in the soundtrack of the movie *Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen*.

In 2004, she released her first album named *Speak*. In 2005, her second album, *A Little More Personal (RAW)* was released. Now, in recent years she has been working on a new album with Ne-Yo, Snoop Dogg, Timbaland. This album was released at the end of 2008.

## Personal life 
Between 2008 and 2009, Lohan dated Samantha Ronson.  

However, Lohan now identifies as heterosexual. Lohan has lesser tattoos.   

She had a miscarriage in 2013. Leo Rivera, confirmed. In May 2011, Lohan was convicted of misdemeanor theft of a $2,500 necklace from a jewelry store in Venice Beach. 

On November 28, 2021, Lohan announced her engagement to financier Bader Shammas after three years of dating. On July 2, 2022, it was confirmed that Lohan and Shammas were married.

In July 2023, Lohan gave birth to her son Luai.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
### Television 
* *Another World* - 1996–1997
* *Bette* (2000–2001) - appeared October 11, 2000, in pilot episode only
* ''Punk'd* - one episode, December 14, 2003 (see above)
* *Saturday Night Live* - Host, May 1, 2004
* *2004 MTV Movie Awards* - Host, June 10, 2004
* *That '70s Show'' - "Mother's Little Helper" episode, November 10, 2004
* *Saturday Night Live* - Cameo for *Weekend Update*, December 11, 2004
* *Saturday Night Live* - Host, May 21, 2005 (season finale)
* *Saturday Night Live* - Host, April 15, 2006
* *2006 World Music Awards* - Host, November 2006
* *Ugly Betty*- episode *Jump*

### Albums 
* *Speak*
* *A Little More Personal (RAW)*
* Untitled third album

### Singles 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Casablanca (Universal) Records site 
* 
* 
* 
* Maxim cover shoot pictures and interview
Herb Alpert

**Herb Alpert** (born March 31, 1935 in Los Angeles, California) is an American musician. He is known for his trumpet playing with his group, **Tijuana Brass**. He is also the co-founder and one of the heads of A&M Records.

## References
## Other websites
*
1099

## Events 
* Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade:
** July 8 – 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem.
** January 13 – Crusaders set fire to Mara, Syria.
** July 15 – Christian soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege, killing nearly every inhabitant.
* August 12– the crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon.
Reubin Askew

'''Reubin O'Donovan Askew''' (September 11, 1928 &ndash; March 13, 2014) was an American politician. He was a Democrat from Florida. He was born in Muskogee (Oklahoma), but since 1937 he lived in Florida. He was a lawyer. He served both in US Army and US Air Force.

## Early life
Askew was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma. He studied at Florida State University and at University of Florida Levin College of Law. Askew married Donna Lou Harper in August 1956.

## Career
Prior to becoming governor, Askew served as state representative (1959-1963) and state senator (1963-1970). For a year (1969-1970) he was president pro tempore of this body.

He was elected governor in the same year and assumed duties in January 1971. He was one of the first southern governors (alongside Jimmy Carter of Georgia) to openly support desegregation. In 1972 then-democratic Presidential nominee, senator George McGovern of South Dakota offered him vice presidency, but Askew declined it. McGovern lost to Richard Nixon.

Askew was reelected in 1974 and served until early 1979. After leaving office he was, for two years, United States Trade Representative under President Carter.

In 1984 he ran for president, but was defeated in the primary.

## Personal life
Askew had two children; one son and one daughter. Askew lived in Tallahassee, Florida.

## Death
Askew died at the age of 85 on March 13, 2014 at his Tallahassee home, after a recent stroke.

## Legacy
He was regarded by many (including Harvard Scholars) as one of the best U.S. governors in the 20th Century.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Governor's portrait and biography from the State of Florida 
* Florida DeMolay hall of Fame website
* DeMolay hall of Fame website 
* NYTimes obituary