open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Víctor Jara

**Víctor Jara** (September 28, 1932- September 15, 1973) was a singer from Chile, South America. 

He was born into a family of very poor peasants but through a lot of hard work and effort was able to enter the University of Chile - something very unusual in a poor country like Chile. In this manner he was able to escape the poverty of his parents. 

At University he studied dramatic arts or acting; he taught and directed theatre productions. During this time he met and married  Joan Turner, a British ballet dancer and choreographer who worked in Chile. 

Later Víctor Jara started to write and sing songs. He began to sing songs about the life of humble and poor people in his country: peasants, factory workers, miners, abandoned children, poor women. He also dedicated music albums to people who live in the shanty towns. 

Víctor Jara tried to use his music to bring awareness about the inequality between the richest and the poorest people in society. How poor folk have a hard time acquiring the most basic things, such as food, health care, education, and housing. He also supported politicians who called for a fairer distribution of wealth to end poverty. 

In 1973 Víctor Jara was killed by a military dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet for singing songs about social problems and social injustice. The U.S. government of Richard Nixon supported the military regime.

## Popular Songs
* *El Derecho de Vivir en Paz * (The right to live in peace)
* *Plegaria a un Labrador* (Prayer to a laborer)
* *Duerme, duerme negrito * (Sleep little black child)
* *Vientos del Pueblo * (Winds of the people)
* *El Amor es un camino que derrepente aparece * (Love is a road that suddenly appears)
* *Cuando voy al trabajo* (On my way to work)
* *Te Recuerdo Amanda* (I remember you Amanda)
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

**Cardiopulmonary resuscitation** (**CPR**) is a set of actions that should be done if a person stops breathing, or if their heart stops.  The goal of CPR is to force blood and oxygen to keep flowing through the body.  Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive.  CPR does not start a person's heart again.  However, it can keep pushing blood and oxygen around the body long enough that sometimes, it can keep the body from getting damaged by not having enough oxygen.

There are different types of CPR.  Regular people, who are not medical professionals, can do these things:
* Realize that a person is not breathing or has suddenly collapsed
* Call 911 (or whatever the emergency telephone number in their country is)
* Do chest compressions (press hard and fast in the middle of the chest, on the breastbone, until help comes; this will force blood to keep flowing to the body)
Many medical professionals can also do these things:
* They can use a machine called a defibrillator to give an electric shock to the heart.  This will not restart a heart that is not beating.  However, if the heart is beating in a way that is not normal, the electric shock may make the heart go back into a normal rhythm.
*If the heart is not beating at all, they can give medicines (like epinephrine or atropine) to restart the heart. 
* If the heart is not beating in a normal rhythm, they can give medicines to make it start beating in a normal rhythm again
* They can force oxygen into a patient's lungs, in a few different ways:
** With a bag-valve-mask (by placing a mask over the patient's face and squeezing a bag that is attached and is filled with oxygen)
** By placing a tube down a patient's throat to deliver oxygen more directly (this is called intubation).
* They can use an artificial pacemaker to do the heart's job, and force the heart to beat at a certain speed and rhythm

## Images 

Image:CPR training-04.jpg| CPR being performed on a medical-training dummy. Image: CPR training image #04

Image:CPR training-01.jpg|CPR training image #01

Image:CPR training-02.jpg| CPR training image #02

Image:CPR training-03.jpg| CPR training image #03

## Statistics
Time is very important.  Each minute that passes before CPR is started lowers the chance of survival by about ten percent. If CPR starts within the first three to five minutes, and a defibrillator is available, the chance of survival can be as high as 50%, or even 75% (That is: one out of two, or three  out of four survive). In European countries, emergency services take about eight minutes or more to arrive, once they have been alerted. A victim's survival therefore largely depends on other people who are there and what they do. A quick call to emergency services, and a quick start of basic CPR, especially defibrillation, can double to triple the chance of survival - with adults and children.

## Related pages 
* Life support system
* Defibrillation
* Troponin

## Related pages 
* Automated external defibrillator (AED)

## References 
## Further reading 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* CPR: NHS Choices
* How to resuscitate a child: NHS Choices
* Dhaka Thai Spa
Scutellosaurus

***Scutellosaurus*** was a small bipedal herbivorous dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period, 200&ndash;196 million years ago. It was about a metre long.

Its back was armoured, and it is placed in the Thyreophora with the other armoured dinosaurs. It was one of the earliest members of this group, and the most basal (primitive) form so far known. Its closest relatives may have been *Emausaurus* and *Scelidosaurus*. These, and the larger armoured dinosaurs *Ankylosaurus*, *Stegosaurus* and *Huayangosaurus*, were all quadrupedal. The lightly built bipedal *Scutellosaurus* is similar in form to the ancestral dinosaurs, which were bipedal.

## Description
*Scutellosaurus* was around  long,  tall at the hips, and weighed . The fossil evidence includes two partial skeletons recovered from Arizona, although of the skull only the lower jaw has been recovered. There were also several hundred scutes running along its neck to its back and as far down as its tail. Some of these shields were flat, while others were pitted. It had an unusually long tail, possibly a counterbalance to the weight of the armoured body, and long arms that suggest it may have browsed on all fours.

## References
Finlandia

***Finlandia*** is a symphonic poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. He wrote it in 1899 and made some changes to it the next year. "Finlandia" is the Latin name for Finland. At the time Sibelius wrote it, Finland was called the "Grand Duchy of Finland". This was because it was being ruled by Russia. The Finnish people wanted to rule Finland for themselves. The music was composed for a pageant to encourage the Finnish people to work for freedom.

The music of *Finlandia* is exciting and dramatic. It sounds like the Finnish people struggling to be free. Towards the end the music becomes calm and a lovely tune is played. It is a hymn tune which became known as *Finlandia*. Many years later Sibelius set some words to this hymn and it is often sung as a separate piece by a choir. The words were written by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi. It has become Finland's best known song and almost feels like a second Finnish national anthem. It is often sung as a hymn in Christian churches to the words "Be still, my soul: the Lord is on your side". The tune was also used as the national anthem of the short-lived African country Biafra.
Stomata

under a microscope]]
s look red in this picture]]

In botany, a **stoma** (plural = *stomata*) is a tiny opening or pore. It is found on plant leaves and stems, and any other green parts of the plant. It is used for gas exchange. Stomata are mostly found on the *under-surface* of plant leaves.  all  plants have stomata.

Stomata have two main functions. First is gaseous exchange i.e. intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen. The second is the process of transpiration in plants.

Air enters the plant through these openings. The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, which also produces oxygen. The plant uses some of the oxygen but the rest is waste that exits through these same openings. Also, water vapor goes into the atmosphere through these pores in transpiration.

The pore is formed by a pair of cells known as **guard cells**. These adjust the size of the opening by opening or closing. To open a guard cell, protons  (hydrogen ions, H+) are pumped into the guard cells. Water enters into them, the cells gets filled, and they open.

## References
Aspirin

**Aspirin** (also known as **acetylsalicylic acid**) is a drug. It is most commonly used as a painkiller and to treat headaches, toothache, and period pain. It is also used to reduce fever, flu-like symptoms or colds, and inflammation. It usually starts working 20-30 minutes after taking it. 

It has an anti-platelet effect, which means it reduces the number of platelets in the blood, which in turn reduces blood clotting. Because of this, it is used to treat heart attacks. Low-dose aspirin is sometimes prescribed to people who are at a greater risk of heart attacks or stroke

Aspirin is one of the most-used medical drugs in the world and is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

Humans (children) under 16 (used to be 12 and then 14) can develop Reye's syndrome from using aspirin. This causes the liver to become fatty and not work properly. The brain may also become enlarged. Reye's syndrome can be fatal or lead to permanent brain damage, but most children survive with treatment.

There are possible side-effects to this drug. For example, large amounts can damage the kidneys.

People with lung, kidney disease, gout, hyperuricemia (high amounts of uric acid in the blood), hemophilia, diabetes, or high blood pressure should not take aspirin except on the advice of a qualified medical professional. People who are allergic to aspirin, or to ibuprofen or naproxen should not take aspirin. People with asthma, where attacks are brought about by aspirin, should avoid using any anti-inflammatory drugs based on it.

Aspirin was invented in Germany in 1897. Bayer has a trademark on the brand name "aspirin" in 80 countries. But in other countries, "aspirin" is the common name for the drug.

## Related pages 
* Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
* ibuprofen

## References
WWE

**WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment)** is a big company that produces professional wrestling shows. It is now the most popular company in the wrestling business. Vince J. McMahon started the company in 1963. His son, Vince K. McMahon was the Executive Chairman of the company and ran the company from 1982 until Feburary 2024, when he stepped down after a lawsuit. Currently the CEO is Ari Emanuel, and the president is Nick Khan. Vince's son-in-law Paul Levesque, better known as Triple H, acts as the chief content officer. The company is owned by TKO Group Holdings.

The company used to be known as the **World Wrestling Federation** or the **WWF**. They changed their name to World Wrestling Entertainment after a lawsuit filed by the World Wide Fund for Nature, formerly known as the World Wildlife Fund, which uses the "WWF" initials in the United States. In 2011, the company rebranded itself as WWE, although its legal name is still World Wrestling Entertainment.

On April 3, 2023, the WWE and Endeavor agreed that the WWE and Zuffa (Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC's parent company) would merge to create TKO Group Holdings and would be going public on the New York Stock Exchange. The WWE and UFC will stay two seperate products even though their company is now merged. The merger was made official on September 12, 2023.

## Shows 
### Weekly shows
### Pay-per-view events
## Championships and accomplishments 
At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy is the Undisputed WWE Championship on *SmackDown* and the World Heavyweight Championship on *Raw*. There are two world championships available for female wrestlers: the WWE Women's Championship on SmackDown and the Women's World Championship on Raw. There are three tag team championships: the World Tag Team Championship on *Raw*, the WWE Tag Team Championship on SmackDown for the men and the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship. There are four secondary titles in WWE: *Raw* has the WWE Intercontinental Championship and the WWE Women's Intercontinental Championship, while *SmackDown* has the WWE United States Championship and the WWE Women's United States Championship.

WWE's developmental brand *NXT* features its own set of championships. There is the NXT Championship, the NXT Women's Championship, the NXT Tag Team Championship, the NXT North American Championship, the NXT Women's North American Championship and the NXT Heritage Cup.

### Champions
#### Main roster 
#### Developmental 
#### Open 
### Other accomplishments
### Retired championships 
## Related pages
* List of WWE personnel

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
Famine

]]
**Famine** is a situation where most people do not have enough food to eat. Without food, the human body grows weaker and weaker until the person becomes very sick or dies (see malnutrition). In poor countries with much subsistence farming such as in parts of Africa and Latin America, famine can be .

## Famous famines 
* 1816, the Year without a Summer was caused by Mount Tambora erupting. Tens of thousands died.
* The Irish Potato Famine lasted from 1846 to 1849.  It was caused by a potato blight.
* In the Holodomor, about 7 million of people starved to death in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933.
* The Great Leap Forward killed a few tens of millions of Chinese, in what was probably the biggest famine in history.

## Other websites
*Famine Early Warning System  monitors agricultural production and other warning signs worldwide
*United Nations World Food Programme Hunger relief against poverty and famine
*International Food Policy Research Institute Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
*In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis, BBC News
Frequency modulation

In telecommunications and signal processing, **frequency modulation** transmits information over a carrier wave by varying the frequency.  This technique is different from amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude, but keeps the frequency constant. This kind of modulation is used in broadcasting and other radio work.

In the context of broadcasting, Frequency modulation is often shortened to **FM**. When transmitting analogue sound,  the sound quality of FM signals is better than that of amplitude modulation (AM) signals. However, FM signals do not travel as far as AM beause they use higher frequencies that do not bounce off the Kennelly–Heaviside layer.

Many radio stations send out both kinds of signals. AM may be used for talk shows, and FM for music. FM broadcasting usually includes a difference signal, which can cause two different speakers at home to create different sounds. This creates stereo sound.

## Other websites 
* Frequency Modulation 

## References
Classified

**Classified** could mean:

*Classified information — sensitive information to which access is restricted by law or regulation to particular classes of people
*Classified advertising
*Classified (rapper) — rapper from Halifax, Nova Scotia
**Classified* (album) — a Sweetbox album released in 2001
**Classified* (bond album) — a bond album released in 2005
*Classified as in biological classification
Satellite city

usually includes a main city and a series of smaller satellite cities as can be seen in this map of Madrid's metropolitan area (click on the map to enlarge it).]]
**Satellite cities** are smaller cities that are near to a large city that is the center of a metropolitan area. They are different from suburbs, subdivisions and bedroom communities because they have their own center. Satellite cities could be separate cities outside of the larger metropolitan areas. However, working as part of a metropolis, a satellite city gets "cross-commuting" (people living in the city working outside of the city and people from other places working in the city). For example, London has several satellite cities, like Brentwood, Crawley and Chelmsford. New Haven and Bridgeport are among the satellite cities of New York City. Ipswich, Queensland, is a satellite city of Brisbane, Australia, and Kitchener and Guelph are satellite cities of Toronto, Canada. 

Satellite cities are almost self sufficient in terms of amenities and facilities. They usually have all of the things to categorize them as a separate city, but they rely on the parent city or the nearby larger metropolitan area for some of their needs like education or employment.
Pterodactyloidea

**Pterodactyloidea** is the suborder of short-tailed pterosaurs. Their fossil record starts in the middle Jurassic. They became extinct in the K/T extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period. *Pterodactylus*, *Pteranodon* and *Quetzalcoatlus* are in this suborder.

In 2014 remains of the earliest pterodactyloid was found in China. It is called *Kryptodrakon*. Its minimum age was 162.7 million years ago (mya). This is about five million years older than any previously known confirmed specimens.

Recent work shows that the group had more variety at the end of the Cretaceous than was thought earlier. In the early 2010s, several new pterosaur taxa were discovered dating to the late Cretaceous. These finds include some small sized pterosaur species.

At the end of the Cretaceous period, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which made all non-avian and most avian dinosaurs, as well as many other animals, extinct. The pterosaurs seem to have gone extinct in this event.

## Classification
This is the classification of the different divisions of pterodactyloidea:
* **Order Pterosauria**
** **Suborder Pterodactyloidea**
*** Superfamily **Ornithocheiroidea**
**** Family Istiodactylidae
**** Family Ornithocheiridae
***** *Coloborhynchus*
**** Family Pteranodontidae
***** *Pteranodon*
*** Superfamily **Ctenochasmatoidea**
**** *Pterodactylus*
**** Family Ctenochasmatidae
***** *Pterodaustro*
*** Superfamily **Dsungaripteroidea**
**** Family Dsungaripteridae
***** *Dsungaripterus*
*** Superfamily **Azhdarchoidea**
**** Family Lonchodectidae
**** Family Tapejaridae
***** *Thalassodromeus*
***** *Tupuxuara*
**** Family Azhdarchidae
***** *Quetzalcoatlus*

## References
Shanty town

'') of Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.]]
**Shanty towns** are slums on the outskirts of many cities – especially in third world countries. Normally there are not many shanty towns in more economically developed countries. Often of low cost, with houses badly built with plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, cardboard or any available material. Often irregular structures good enough to keep the rain away or to protect from the summer sun. Pets and animals are often left to roam for food and water.

Lack of clean water, sanitation and toilets often make people, especially children, more exposed to illnesses such as hepatitis and cholera.

Many are built on land without a permit and often have no roads,  numbered street, electricity or telephone lines. Some homes in shanty towns have some services but they are unkept and pose health and fire hazards. Sometimes shanty towns can take up whole parts of a city and may include millions of dwellers  – such as in the cities of Brazil- see Favelas.

Many shanty town settlements are built on the banks of rivers and as a result the residents suffer the effect of floods or from industrial toxins in the water. Some are built close to rubbish dumps.
 
Residents of shanty towns often have poor health, lack education, suffer from high levels of crime and suicide, and have a shorter life expectancy.
Denver Broncos

The **Denver Broncos** are a professional American football team in the National Football League (NFL). They play their home games in Denver, Colorado, U.S. at **Empower Field at Mile High**.  The Broncos play in the West Division of the American Football Conference (AFC). The Broncos won Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII, and Super Bowl 50. They are named after a certain type of horse.

Their current head coach is Sean Payton. In 2015, they had the NFL's best defense led by defensive coordinator Wade Phillips.

. Note the horse on his helmet. That is the team logo.]]

## Hall of Fame players
Six players who have played for the Broncos are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Shannon Sharpe, Terrell Davis, Steve Atwater, Peyton Manning, Floyd Little, and Gary Zimmerman.

## Other websites 
* Official Website
* The Orange Mane - Denver Broncos News and Discussion 
* 2005 Team Statistics at NFL.com
Indianapolis Colts

The **Indianapolis Colts** are an American football team in Indianapolis, Indiana. They play in the National Football League. They were originally the **Baltimore Colts**.  The team's name is based on a young horse. Their logo is a blue horseshoe. The team moved to Indianapolis in 1984. They.ve won one Super Bowl in 2006 lead by quarterback Peyton Manning.

## Other websites 
* Indianapolis Colts official website
Prometheus

, 1611-1612]]
**Prometheus** is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Iapetus and Clymene. He created humans, originally made out of gold. He also stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans. As punishment, Zeus had Prometheus chained to a mountain. Every day an eagle (symbol of Zeus) would come and eat his liver. Prometheus is immortal, so he never died, and his liver grew back every night. But he still felt great pain.

After a long time, Zeus sent his son Heracles to free Prometheus by breaking the chains which held him.

Aeschylus wrote a play about Prometheus.

## Gallery

Image:Gustave Moreau 006.jpg|*Prometheus* by Gustave Moreau, (1868).
Image:Prometheus Adam Louvre MR1745 edit.jpg|*Prométhée enchaîné* (*Prometheus Bound*) by Nicolas-Sébastien Adam, (1762). Prometheus chained to a rock having his liver torn out by the eagle.

## Other websites 
* Theoi Text, *Theogony*
* Theoi Text, *Works and Days*
* Theoi Text, *Prometheus Bound*
* Theoi Mythology, Prometheus
* Theoi Mythology, Pronoea
* GML, Prometheus 
* Encyclopedia Mythica, Prometheus 
* Messagenet, Prometheus 
* Prometheus, a poem by Noevel (French) 
* Prometheus, a poem by Byron
London Eye

The **London Eye** is a Ferris wheel. It is also known as the **Millennium Wheel** and is one of the largest observation wheels in the world. The London Eye is at the western end of Jubilee Garden, on the South Bank of the river Thames, between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.

The Eye was opened in 2000.  It is  high. At the time it was built, in 1999, it was the tallest giant wheel in the world, and at present it is Europe's tallest Ferris wheel. It offered the highest public viewing point in London. The  observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard is now the highest public view of London.  
 
It is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom: there are over 2.2 million visitors annually, and the Eye has made many appearances in popular culture.

The London Eye was overtaken in height by the Star of Nanchang, which is  high. On 11 February 2008, the Singapore Flyer overtook the Star of Nanchang with . In 2018-19 a plan for a taller observation wheel named the Whey Aye was proposed for Newcastle upon Tyne
Pitch (music)

In music, the **pitch** of a note means how high or low the note sounds. For example, a violin usually has a higher pitch than a string bass. Pitch mostly depends on the frequency of the sound &mdash; how fast the air vibrates back and forth. In physics, frequency is measured in a unit called Hertz.  A note that is vibrating at 261&nbsp;Hz will be caused by sound waves that vibrate at 261 times a second.  This will be Middle C on the piano. 

Not all musical instruments make notes of a certain pitch.  Many percussion instruments like drums, triangles and cymbals are instruments used for rhythms.  They do not play tunes because they have no definite pitch (although often a definite pitch can just be heard when listening carefully.)

Some musicians have a sense of **absolute pitch** or **perfect pitch**.  This means that they always know what note is being played, even without comparing it to another note.  Having a sense of absolute pitch does not necessarily make someone a good musician, although it can be very useful.

There is evidence to suggest that well-known composers of classical music, such as Haydn, Beethoven, Mozart, and Bach, had developed and perhaps even mastered their sense of pitch.

Pitch is not exactly the same as frequency. Frequency is used as a scientific means for measuring and changing sound and its possible pitches. Pitch is a more psychological quality. It depends on how the ear perceives sounds, and how the brain interprets them.

## Related pages
*note (music)
*musical notation
*scale (music)
*wave (physics)

## Other websites 
* [Pitch (music)](http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Pitch_(music)) Citizendium
Technique

A **technique** may refer to:

* Technology, the use of the knowledge of tools and crafts
* Skill, a learned ability to do something
Soursop

The **soursop**, also known as the **zuurzak**, is the fruit of the tree *Annona muricata*. The tree is from warm parts of the Americas. At first it was only found in the Caribbean islands, parts of Central America and parts of South America. Now it is grown in other warm and wet places, such as the Pacific Islands, Florida and Southeast Asia.

This fruit is large. It has a spiky green skin, which is not eaten. The inside of the fruit is white. It contains a sweet but sharp-tasting juice. The soursop contains black or brown seeds that are not eaten. The fruit can be eaten raw, or it can be made into juice for drinking. The juice is used to make candy and ice cream.

Some people use the soursop fruit or leaves as a medicine. Although the fruit contains sugars and a lot of vitamins, it may not be good to eat a lot of it. Scientists think that the soursop may make some people ill.
Pore

A **pore**, in general, is some form of opening, usually very small.

**Pore** might mean:
*Pore (skin), an opening in the surface of the skin
*Stomata, a similar opening in a leaf
Emergency telephone number

for an emergency telephone to report a fire. ]]
An **emergency telephone number** is a telephone number that can be used to quickly contact emergency services for assistance. Emergency services usually include police, medical, or firefighting public services. Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the **universal emergency telephone number** or the **emergency services number**. Most emergency service numbers are 3 digits long so that they can be dialed quickly and remembered easily. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services and are different only by the last digit. 

There is little or no data protection, when emegency services are called: Usually, the call is recorded. The  number is visible to the people taking the call. In the case of a call from a mobile phone, the phone also sends its current location if it has this information. There are systems such as e-call, which alert emergency services automatically.  

## Variations 
In Europe, the telephone number for emergency services is **1-1-2**. In North America, the number for emergency services is **9-1-1.** It can be dialed from any phone connected to a network, as a cellular service plan isn't required or charged for emergency calls. Some countries, such as Israel, maintains separate but consecutive numbers for police, fire, and medical services. When the number is dialed on the phone keypad, the call is routed to the nearest emergency telephone operating center. This center is oftentimes found within the same city or town that the call is made from. This provides a strong connection and allows emergency services to get to the location better. In some areas, calls are able to be traced on a map with GPS from cell towers. This can be helpful if a person calls but is unable to speak or if the telephone connection line disconnected before the call was ended intentionally.

## Technological Implications 
The ability to contact emergency services has changed in recent years as technology has advanced. Some mobile devices like the Apple iPhone and Apple Watch and mobile applications such as Noonlight offer capabilities to contact emergency services without having to call or speak to an emergency phone operator. These features are still being tested and developed by using a smart phone's ability to maintain a very accurate GPS location.

There is also a mobile app called *EmerGa*, developed by a French first aid association recognized as serving the public interest, this tech solution offers quick access to emergency services worldwide through an intuitive visual interface.

## References
Vegetation

**Vegetation** means the plant life of a region or the plant community. It means all ground cover by plants, and is the main element of the biosphere. When you say *vegetation* you do not think of any species composition, life forms, structure, spatial extent, "naturalness", or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. That is meant by *flora* which refers exclusively to species composition.

*Vegetation* can refer to a wide range of spatial scales. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are meant by the term *vegetation*.

## Other websites 
### Classification
*Terrestrial Vegetation of the United States Volume I – The National Vegetation Classification System: Development, Status, and Applications  (PDF)
*Federal Geographic Data Committee Vegetation Subcommittee 
*Vegetation Classification Standard  [FGDC-STD-005, June 1997] (PDF)

### Mapping-related
*USGS - NPS Vegetation Mapping Program 
*Checklist of Online Vegetation and Plant Distribution Maps 
*Free Vegetation Distribution Site – "free access to almost the entire *Spot Vegetation* ten daily synthesis archive"

### Climate Diagrams 
*Climate Diagrams Explained 
*WBCS Worldwide Climate Diagrams
Transpiration

**Transpiration** is the evaporation of water from plants, especially leaves. It is a type of translocation and part of the water cycle. The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, the light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil water supply. The process of  **Transpiration** helps in regulating temperature in the plant. 

Transpiration was first worked out by Stephen Hales (17 September 1677 – 4 January 1761), an English clergyman. He proved what is still believed, that the evaporation of water molecules from leaves is the main force pulling the water column up from its origin in the roots.

## How transpiration works 
Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, which act rather like pores. In most plants there are more on the undersides of the leaves than on the top. The stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore.  Transpiration happens when the guard cells open the stomata.  This lets oxygen and water vapour flow out, and carbon dioxide flow in.  The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, and the oxygen is produced by photosynthesis.

Transpiration also pulls water through the plant. This brings with it the mineral nutrients from roots to shoots. Water moves out of the leaves into the atmosphere. This exerts a pull on the water column, which brings the water up against gravity. Water gets into the plant at the roots by osmosis, and it transports dissolved mineral nutrients to the upper parts of the plant through the xylem. A fully grown tree may lose hundreds of gallons (thousands of liters) of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day. About 90% of the water that enters a plant's roots is used for this process; most of the rest is used in photosynthesis.

Desert plants and conifers have adaptations which reduce water loss.  Examples are: thick cuticles, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and hairs. All these reduce transpiration and conserve water. Many cacti do photosynthesis in succulent stems, rather than leaves. The surface area of even a fat stem is far less that the total surface of leaves in a tree. Also, stomata of desert plants are usually closed during the day and open at night, when transpiration is lower.

## Related pages 
* Translocation (botany)

## References
## Other websites 
* A description of transpiration, including the mechanism of transpiration & factors affecting Transpiration.
Player killing

**Player Killing** (**PKing**) is a part of online gaming with real people. It is when you kill another person's character. Some other terms in pking are: PJing, which means pile jumping, or attacking someone when they are picking up the items dropped by a player they have just killed a player, Safer, which means someone who PKs safely (especially when eating or healing) and does not take risks, making it widely considered 'unfair' on the people trying to PK them and DD which means death dot, which is when people in a Player Killing team all stand in the same place as each other, making it appear to other players that there is only one person there. However, "safing" varies in how other people perceive it. It can be used to stay alive, however you usually lose a chance to hit when healing.

## References
Michael Praetorius

**Michael Praetorius** (born Creuzburg an der Werra, near Eisenach 15 February 1571? ; died Wolfenbüttel, 15 February 1621) was a German composer, organist and music theorist. He was one of the most important composers of his day and he wrote lots of different kinds of music. A lot of his music is based on hymns of the Protestant church.

We are not quite certain about the date of his birth. He was born at a time when there was a lot of argument about religion in Germany. His father was a strict Lutheran and lost his job more than once because of his beliefs. We know very little about the life of Praetorius. He seems to have gone to the Lateinschule (“Latin School”) in Torgau where he had music lessons from Michael Voigt. He probably never had music lessons after he left school. Then he went to the University of Frankfurt an der Oder. There Praetorius graduated in divinity. Afterwards he found a job as organist to the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He soon earned a good salary. He married in 1603 and had two sons.

Although he had his job in Wolfenbüttel for many years he also worked a lot in Dresden where he met Heinrich Schütz and in Magdeburg where he met Samuel Scheidt. His health was not good, possibly because he worked so hard. When he died he left a lot of money to the poor.

## His music 
Praetorius wrote a very large amount of music. Much of it has been lost. He wrote a collection of French dances called *Terpsichore* for a small group of instruments. These are very happy pieces and are very popular today. A lot of his music is based on Protestant hymns, written for the services in the Lutheran church. He liked to write music in which two groups of singers or instrumentalists alternate (take it in turns to sing/play). His music for choir, which includes many motets, shows him to be one of the best composers of his time. He liked to write music for two, three or four choirs (all singing different parts). The tune would be in the top part so that the congregation could join in.

## His theory works 
Praetorius wrote a book about music theory called *Syntagma Musicum*. Part One talks about religious music. It is very interesting for us today because it tells us a lot about the way that Martin Luther wanted to change music in the church services. In Part Two he described the musical instruments of his day. Part Three talks about musical forms: this included discussions about things like music notation (the way music was written), transposition (music), solmization and how to write for large choirs. He was going to write a Part Four in which he wanted to discuss the technique of musical composition, but he died before he could write it.
Last Of The Conquerors

***Last of the Conquerors*** is a 1948 novel by African-American novelist William Gardner Smith. It concerns African-American GI's serving in United States occupied Germany after World War II. The protagonist, Hayes Dawkins, has an affair with Ilse, a white German woman. He and Ilse fight against racist Army officers and policies to sustain a relationship that some white soldiers condemn (although there are also many friendly whites who help them).

*Last of the Conquerors* shows post-Nazi Germany as more racially tolerant than the United States. While this  may or may not be correct, Smith's novel gives an opinion of the Marshall Plan claiming that American society should be a model for the world, while African-Americans continued to deal with racism.

The novel begins on  a homecoming US troopship, as the Statue of Liberty comes into view, the reaction from the US troops is somber and wary,  resigned, but not at all glad to be home from the war. Why? They are "colored" troops. After experiencing life in a society (recently liberated Germany), where racial prejudice was not a big factor, they steel themselves for dealing with a still very divided America. An eyeopening look inside a (now hopefully past) society and its impact on those forced to deal with  the unremitting pressure of distrust and hate. A profound reading experience.
Id Software

**id Software** is an American video game company. They are most famous for their first-person shooter games. They started in 1991.

## Games 
ID has made many games.
### Early Work 
* *Wolfenstein 3D* (1992)
* *Spear of Destiny* (1992)
* *Doom* (1993)
* *Doom 2* (1994)
* *Heretic* (1995)
* *Hexen* (1995)

### Full 3D Games 
**Quake* (1996)
**Quake 2* (1998)
**Quake 3* (1999)
**Doom 3* (2004)
**Quake 4* (2006)

## Other websites 
*Official id Software website
*"A Chat With id Software ", a GameSpy interview with people at id Software
Heretic (video game)

***Heretic*** is a first-person shooter video game made by ID Software for computers. It is like *Doom*, but it takes place in a fantasy world. The monsters are mostly not human. The player has the ability to look up and down, which they could not do in *Doom*. The weapons are also fantasy weapons. It uses the same base as *Doom* and *Doom 2*. It has two sequels: *Hexen* and *Heretic 2*.

## Other websites 
*Official *Heretic* website from Raven
*Official *Heretic* website from id Software
Locomotion

In a general sense, **locomotion** simply means active movement or travel, not only of biological individuals.
* In biology, locomotion is the self-powered movement of limbs or other anatomical parts by which an individual moves itself from place to place.  

Forms of locomotion are walking (and knuckle-walking), running, crawling, climbing, swimming and flying.  
* In engineering:
** Locomotion No. 1 is the name of an early steam railway locomotive, even older than Stephenson's Rocket.
** Robot locomotion
* Chris Sawyer's Locomotion is a 2004 computer game by Chris Sawyer.
* Locomotion is a 1981 arcade game by Konami.
* Locomotion (puzzle game) is a 1992 puzzle game by Andre Wuthrich published by Kingsoft. Music by Gunnar Gaubatz (info from Gamebase database)
* "The Loco-Motion" is a 1960s hit song, originally performed by Little Eva, and its accompanying dance.
* "Locomotion" is a museum in the town of Shildon, County Durham, England.
* "Locomotion" was a cable TV channel in Latin America.
* *Locomotion* is a young adult novel in poetic form by Jacqueline Woodson.
* *Locomotion* is a 9-piece horn band based in Connecticut (USA).  Started in June 1987, the band plays clubs, weddings, fairs, fund raisers, and private functions of all types.  
* *Locomotion* is a 6-piece soul band based in Wiltshire (UK).  Started in 1993, this band also plays clubs, weddings, fairs, fund raisers, and private functions of all types.
Microorganism

magnified 10,000 times.]]

A **micro-organism** or *microbe* is an organism which is microscopic, which means that they are so small that people cannot see them with the naked eye. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. 

Micro-organisms include bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists and viruses, and are among the earliest known life forms. The first of these four types of micro-organisms may either be free-living or parasitic. Viruses can only be parasitic, since they always reproduce inside other living things. 

Most micro-organisms are unicellular organisms with only one cell, but there are unicellular protists that are visible to the human eye, and some multicellular species are microscopic.

Micro-organisms live almost everywhere on earth where there is liquid water, including hot springs on the ocean floor and deep inside rocks within the earth's crust. Such habitats are lived in by extremophiles.

Micro-organisms are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems, because they act as decomposers.  Because some micro-organisms can also take nitrogen out of the air, they are an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Pathogenic, or harmful, microbes can invade other organisms and cause disease.

## Free-living micro-organisms 
Free-living microbes get their energy in many different ways. Some use photosynthesis, like plants do. Some break down natural chemicals in their environment. Others feed on things that were once living, such as fallen leaves and dead animals, causing them to breakdown or decay. Some fungi and bacteria cause food to decay. Moldy bread or fruit, sour milk, and rotten meat are examples of decayed food. In nature, decayed materials mix with soil, providing essential nutrients for plants to use. Without this process, the nutrients in the soil would run out. These types of organisms are called decomposers. They are the natural recyclers of living things on our planet.

Microbes also help us make some of our foods, such as bread, cheese, yogurt, beer, and wine. They feed on the sugar in grain, fruit, or milk, giving these foods a special texture and taste. 

## Parasitic microbes 
Some microbes, often called germs, cause illness or disease. They are parasites which live by invading living things. Chickenpox, mumps, and measles are all caused by viruses.

## References
## Other websites 
* Microbe News from Genome News Network
* BBC News, 28 September, 2001: The microbes that 'rule the world' Citat: "... The Earth's climate may be dependent upon microbes that eat rock beneath the sea floor, according to new research....The number of the worm-like tracks in the rocks diminishes with depth; at 300 metres (985 feet) below the sea floor, they become much rarer..."
* BBCNews: 16 January, 2002, Tough bugs point to life on Mars Citat: "...This research demonstrates that certain microbes can thrive in the absence of sunlight by using hydrogen gas..."
* BBCNews: 17 January, 2002, Alien life could be like Antarctic bugs
* Microbiology 
* Microbe fixes nitrogen at a blistering 92 C
Ferrara

**Ferrara** is a city in Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. About 130,000 people live in Ferrara. The city was owned by the Este family during medieval times. The current mayor is Tiziano Tagliani.

## Other websites 
* Official site
Amoeba

***Amoeba*** (plural = amoebae) is a well known genus of unicellular organism, a protist. One of its most common species, the ***Amoeba Proteus***, is about 0.2 to 0.3&nbsp;mm large. The amoeba was first discovered by August Von Rosenhof in 1757.  It is a genus of protozoa that moves with *false feet*, called pseudopodia.

The amoeba is a member of a whole group of amoeboid eukaryotic protists called Amoebozoa. They are heterotrophs, eating bacteria and other protists.

The pseudopodia (false feet) are extensions of the organism's cell membrane. They are used by the amoeba for phagocytosis (active food/nutrient intake) and motility (self-propelled movement).

## Life 
Amoebae are often found within freshwater, typically on vegetation in decay in still or slow moving water, or in the benthic zone (the flora and fauna found at the bottom of the sea or lake ) of some lakes. However, they are common organisms of study because it is easy to keep them in a laboratory. They are used to study sex
*protozoa* and to demonstrate cell structure and function.

## Other websites 
* Wikibooks: compare size of cells
* Amoeba info

## References
Modena

**Modena** is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy. About 190,000 people live in Modena. It is the city of engines since the factories of the famous Italian sports car makers Ferrari, De Tomaso, Lamborghini, Pagani, and Maserati.

## References
Laboratory

, 19th century physicist and chemist, in his lab]]
 laboratory at the University of Cologne]]
A **laboratory** (**lab** for short) is a work place where scientific research, experiments, or measurement are done. 

The word *laboratory* is also used for other places where the work done or equipment used are like those in scientific laboratories. These include:
* a film laboratory or photographic laboratory
* a computer lab
* a medical lab
* a clandestine lab for making illegal drugs

Scientific laboratories can be found in schools and universities, in hospitals, in industry, in government or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft.
Diablo (video game)

***Diablo*** is a fantasy role playing computer game. It was created by Blizzard Entertainment in 1997. It has magic spells and demons in it. You can be 3 different characters. It was a very popular game. Sequels of the game, Diablo II and III, were made.

***Diablo IV***, which is not yet ready, might come out in 2022. ***Diablo Immortal***, which is also not yet ready, is designed to be played with touchscreen. At the 2018 conference, the presenter asked the following rhetorical question,

## Other websites 
* Official Site
* Jarulf's Guide to *Diablo* and *Hellfire* - According to Blizzard http://www.blizzard.com/support/?id=msi0506p , *"the definitive in-depth guide to Diablo."*

## References
Hexen: Beyond Heretic

***Hexen*** is a first person shooter video game. It is a sequel to the computer game Heretic, created by ID Software and Raven Software. The player can choose to play as a fighter, a cleric (knight), or a mage (wizard). Each character can use 4 different weapons. The monsters are like the monsters in Heretic, but there are a few new ones. This game uses a better design and plays much better than Heretic. In *Hexen*, doors can open forward instead of just going up, you can jump, glass can break when you shoot it, and monsters can make things happen when they die, like making an item. There is also more of a story in *Hexen*.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* Official *Hexen* website from Raven
* Official *Hexen* website from id Software 
* Official website for the *Deathkings of the Dark Citadel* expansion
Worms (1995 video game)

***Worms*** is a video game where the player controls little cartoon worms who fight with weapons. There are many games in this series. It has guns and other weapons, but is not very violent because it is all cartoons. 

## References
## Other websites 
* *Worms* series
*
* Official Worms 2 website 
* Official Worms Armageddon website 
* Official Worms World Party website 
* Official Worms 3D website 
* Official Worms Forts website 
* Official Worms 4: Mayhem website 
* Official Worms website  – information on older releases
Prune

**Prunes** are dried plums. They look like very large raisins, but they are in the genus *Prunus*.

Most prunes come from California. Prunes can be wrapped in bacon, eaten on their own, or mixed with cereal.

## References