open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
John Gilbert (bushranger)

**John Gilbert** (1842 – 1865) was a famous Australian bushranger.

He was born in Hamilton, Canada.  He came to Australia in 1852 when he was 10 years old.  His family came to dig gold in Victoria, Australia.  When he was 12 years old he got a job working with horses

When he was about 20 years old, Gilbert was living in New South Wales near Forbes.  He became a member of a gang which was led by Frank Gardiner. When he came back in May 1863, he started a new gang with Ben Hall.

## With Ben Hall
The Ben Hall gang robbed travelers on the roads, the mail coaches, the gold escorts, hotels, farm houses and even held up whole towns. The police seemed to be unable to stop the gang. At first people thought this was fun, the police being made to look like fools. Gilbert and John O'Meally did the first daylight bank robbery in Australia in July 1863. They rode into the town of Carcoar and tried to take money from the bank. The man working at the bank grabbed his gun and fired it twice. Gilbert and O'Meally ran out of the bank, quickly got on to their horses and rode away.

In 1865, another policeman was killed by another member of the gang, John Dunn.  Members of the gang were declared outlaws.  This meant they could be killed by anyone at anytime. The police killed Ben Hall near Forbes on May 5, 1865. On May 13, 1865 Gilbert and Dunn went to hide at John Kelly's (Dunn's grandfather) house. Kelly told the police at Binalong where the two bushrangers were hiding so he could get the reward money. The police went to the house, but Gilbert and Dunn climbed out a window and ran down to Billabong Creek to escape into the bush. Constable King and Dunn were both shot. Gilbert was shot and killed when he stopped to shoot back at Constable John Bright. After an inquest to record how he died, he was buried at Binalong in the field where the police kept their horses. Dunn escaped but was captured six months later. He was hanged in Sydney in March 1866.

## Gilbert in poetry and song
The story of John Gilbert was told in a poem, *How Gilbert Died*http://scs.une.edu.au/Bushrangers/poetry.htm#gilbert%20died , by Australian poet, Banjo Paterson. Paterson had lived in Binalong when he was a young boy.

## Related pages
* Ben Hall
* Frank Gardiner
* John Dunn
* Jugiong, New South Wales

## References
SWAT team

A **SWAT team** is a group of highly trained police officers who deal with very dangerous criminals. SWAT is an acronym that means **s**pecial **w**eapons **a**nd **t**actics. Originally SWAT stood for Special Weapons ASSAULT Team but years later was changed when Public Relations realized  Assault is a crime and had a negative connotation when these officers used excessive force. The original name has been  very effectively  swept from  internet sources and is difficult 
to now find references apart from microfiche newspaper articles. SWAT officers carry weapons of higher caliber than most police officers do, such as machine guns, shotguns, and sniper rifles. Usually, police departments use SWAT teams to catch people who sell illegal drugs or try to hold people hostage. They also respond to serious crimes like bank robberies when normal police officers cannot control the criminals.
The first SWAT team was formed in Los Angeles in 1966 by Police Commissioner Daryl Gates  in the wake of the 1965 Watts Riots. 
The SWAT teams are usually called to deal with hostage situations. They plan the entry into the building where the hostages are being held. They look closely at all building entrances to choose the best option. They make use of equipment such as rappelling ropes, night vision goggles, a tactical shield, flashbang and smoke grenades, snake cameras and small cameras that fit under doors and into very small holes, among others.

SWAT officers act as paramilitary units that tackle situations beyond the capability of conventional police forces. SWAT teams are called in when an incident presents significant risk to law enforcement officers or the public, as in:
*Counterterrorism operations
*Catching and arresting of armed and barricaded suspects
*Suicide intervention
*Warrant service under fire
*Protection of visiting dignitaries
*High-risk search and seizure
*Covert and undercover operations
*Crowd and riot control
*Fugitive tracking in rural environments

While all SWAT officers are expert marksmen with in-depth training in close combat, most play a specialized role within the team. Some serve as negotiators or medics while others are experts in handling assault vehicles or weapons. Each team includes several tactical officers who coordinate and carry out assaults on barricaded positions and catch and arrest armed suspects.

When not responding to crises, SWAT officers perform more routine duties. Many spend a majority of their time in conventional policing activities such as patrol and traffic enforcement. In some areas, they use their specialized tactical knowledge to conduct crime suppression exercises that ferret out dangerous offenders.

## References
Sunny Baudelaire

**Sunny Baudelaire** is one of the main characters from Lemony Snicket's series of books, *A Series of Unfortunate Events*. In the film she is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman.

She is the youngest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her two elder siblings are Violet and Klaus Baudelaire. She is described as being an infant throughout much of the series, and as a young (albeit advanced) child toward the end. Sunny cannot talk quite as well as the others because she's only a baby, but the baby noises that she makes are often very well translated into common English words by her older siblings. As the series progresses, her speech begins to grow and by the end of the series she is speaking in full sentences. Sunny's favorite book is *From Molars to Incisors: A Pictorial History of the Tooth*, and she hates limp food. Her love of biting is not as common late in the series, though, when she develops a love of cooking.
Klaus Baudelaire

**Klaus Baudelaire** is a fictional character in the popular children's book series, *A Series of Unfortunate Events* by Lemony Snicket. His first name is possibly derived from Claus von Bülow.

Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny. He is eleven years old at the beginning of the series, and turns twelve in The Reptile Room and turns thirteen in *The Vile Village*. He is fourteen by the end of the series.
Monarch Airlines

**Monarch Airlines** was a budget airline which is based in the United Kingdom. It was created on 5 June 1967. Its first flight was on 5 April 1968 from Luton in England to Madrid in Spain. Monarch flew to many different places around the world, and usually to holiday resorts. The airline stopped flying on 2 October 2017.

## Aeroplanes 
Monarch's fleet consisted of 35 aircraft: 9 Airbus A320 aircraft, 25 Airbus A321 aircraft and 1 Boeing 737-800 aircraft.

Monarch had ordered 45 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft which were due to be delivered in 2018.

## Accidents 
Monarch Airlines has had 2 accidents. Nobody was killed. On 22 May 2002, one of Monarch's Boeing 757s suffered broken landing gear at Gibraltar Airport because the pilot pushed the front wheels down too hard on landing.

On 17 March 2006, the flightdeck crew of a Boeing 757-200 lost visual contact with the runway while attempting to land at Gibraltar Airport. During the subsequent go-around, the crew nearly crashed into the Rock of Gibraltar. The aircraft diverted to Malaga to prevent a similar problem.
Nastia Liukin

'''Anastasia Valeri'yevna "Nastia" Liukina''' (simply credited as Nastia Liukin, born 1989, Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian born American artistic gymnast. She is daughter of Anna Kotchneva, former rhythmic gymnast and Valeri Liukin, a former artistic gymnast. He is also her . The family moved to America when Nastia was a baby. She trains in Texas. Liukin won the all-around Olympic gold medal in the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics. She is fluent in both Russian and American English.

## References
## Other websites
*
Shawn Johnson

**Shawn Machel Johnson East** (born January 19, 1992)  is an American artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic women's balance beam gold medalist.

Johnson East is the daughter of Doug and Teri Johnson. Her parents put her in a gymnastics class after they saw her climbing up cabinets and jumping down from tables. When she was six, Liang Chow opened a gymnastics school in her city. She was one of Chow's first students when he opened the school.

## References 
## Other websites
Neuschwanstein Castle

**Neuschwanstein Castle** (, , Southern Bavarian: *Schloss Neischwanstoa*), which translates as New Swan Stone Castle, is a Romanesque palace that was made in the 19th century by King Ludwig II of Bavaria. The palace is in Bavaria in southern Germany. It is one of the most famous sites among tourists.
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa

***Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa*** (also called ***Madagascar 2: Escape to Africa*** or simply known as ***Madagascar 2***)  is a 2008 computer-animated adventure comedy movie and the sequel to the *first movie* about the same characters. It is directed by Eric Darnell and written by Thomas "Tom" McGrath. It stars the voices of Ben Stiller, Chris Rock, Jada Pinkett Smith, David Schwimmer, Sacha Baron Cohen, Cedric the Entertainer and Andy Richter. Also providing voices are Alec Baldwin, will.i.am, Bernie Mac and Sherri Shepherd. It was made by DreamWorks Animation and was released in 2008.

In the movie, the New York Zoo animals, Alex the Lion, Marty the Zebra, Melman the Giraffe and Gloria the Hippo, still stranded on Madagascar, started to leave the island. All of the sudden, they landed in the wilderness of Africa. There, Alex soon meets the rest of his family and starting to have trouble communicating with them after much of his time at the Central Park Zoo. It was followed by ''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted*.

## Cast 
* Ben Stiller as Alex
* Chris Rock as Marty and other zebras
* David Schwimmer as Melman
* Jada Pinkett Smith as Gloria
* Sacha Baron Cohen as King Julien XIII
* Cedric the Entertainer as Maurice
* Andy Richter as Mort
* Elisa Gabrielli as Nana
* Bernie Mac as Zuba
* Alec Baldwin as Makunga
* Sherri Shepherd as Florrie (credited as "Mom")
* will.i.am as Moto Moto
* Tom McGrath as Skipper
* Chris Miller as Kowalski
* Christopher Knights as Private
* John DiMaggio as Rico
* Conrad Vernon as Mason

## Video games
Same as previously movie, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa has also adaptaion into video games. Release in platforms PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and also Microsoft Windows.

## Other websites
* Official website
* 
* 
* 
* *Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa*  on the DreamWorks Animation website
* Official video game website 
* *Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa'' (PS3)  at IGN
Paul Kelly (musician)

**Paul Maurice Kelly** (born 13 January 1955 in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and harmonica player. Kelly has led many groups including **Paul Kelly and the Dots**, **Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls** and **Paul Kelly and the Messengers**. His importance was recognised in 1997 when he was added to the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame.
## Works
Kelly writes and plays in many music styles, from bluegrass to reggae.  His main styles are folk, rock, and country. "To Her Door", written by Kelly, He has also had success with his albums with Top 20 hits on the National charts for *Gossip*, *Under The Sun* and *So Much Water So Close To Home* from the 1980s; *Comedy*, *Wanted Man*, ''Songs from the South: Paul Kelly's Greatest Hits* and *Words and Music* from the 1990s; and *Nothing But A Dream*, *Ways & Means* and *Stolen Apples* from the 2000s. The compilation album *Songs from the South* got to Number 2 in 1997. His highest charting studio album was *Nothing But A Dream'' which got to Number 7 in 2001.

## References
Chris Paul

**Christopher Emmanuel Paul** (born May 6, 1985) is a professional basketball player who currently plays point guard for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the New Orleans Hornets, Los Angeles Clippers, Houston Rockets, Oklahoma City Thunder, Golden State Warriors and Phoenix Suns. His nickname is **CP3**. In 2008, Paul won an Olympic gold medal as part of the United States basketball team.

Paul played college basketball at Wake Forest University.

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites
Apologetic proverb

**Apologetic proverbs** (also known as **Wellerisms**), make fun of proverbs by showing that they are wrong, in some situations.

They have : 
*a proverb  (or saying ), and
*an  explanation (often humorous ).

They often have sardonic humor.

## Examples
* A body can get used to anything, even to being hanged, as the Irishman said. (Lucy Maud Montgomery--*Anne of Green Gables*)
United States men's national basketball team

The '''USA Basketball Men's National Team**, commonly known as the **United States men's national basketball team''', is the most successful team in international competition, winning medals in all nineteen Olympic tournaments that it has entered, including sixteen golds. The team won Olympic gold medals in the professional time in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020.

## 1992 Men's Basketball Team (Barcelona) - *The Dream Team* 
In 1989, FIBA, international basketball's governing body, allowed professional NBA players to participate in the Olympics for the first time. Before the 1992 Summer Olympics, only European and South American professionals were allowed to play in the Olympics.

**1992 roster**
*Charles Barkley of the Phoenix Suns 
*Larry Bird of the Boston Celtics
*Clyde Drexler of the Portland Trail Blazers 
*Patrick Ewing of the New York Knicks
*Earvin "Magic" Johnson of the Los Angeles Lakers and the 1995–96 season)
*Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls
*Christian Laettner of Duke University
*Karl Malone of the Utah Jazz
*Chris Mullin of the Golden State Warriors
*Scottie Pippen of the Chicago Bulls
*David Robinson of the San Antonio Spurs
*John Stockton of the Utah Jazz
*Coach: Chuck Daly of the Detroit Pistons
*Assistant Coach: Mike Krzyzewski
*Assistant Coach: Lenny Wilkens
*Assistant Coach: P.J. Carlesimo

## 2008 Olympics Roster - *The Redeem Team*
The official 12-man roster:

 

|}
| valign="top" |
; Head coach
* 
; Assistant coach(es)
* 
* 
* 
; Team Physician
* 
; Athletic Trainer
* 
* 
----

;Legend:
* **(C)** Team captain
* **from** field describes last pro club before the tournament
|}

## Olympic medal record
*1936: 1st  
*1948: 1st  
*1952: 1st  
*1956: 1st  
*1960: 1st  
*1964: 1st  
*1968: 1st  
*1972: 2nd  (refused, never awarded)
*1976: 1st 
*1980: did not participate (1980 Summer Olympics boycott)
*1984: 1st 
*1988: 3rd 
*1992: 1st  1989 rule change by FIBA allowed USA Basketball to field teams with professional players
*1996: 1st 
*2000: 1st 
*2004: 3rd 
*2008: 1st 
*2012: 1st 
*2016: 1st 
*2020: 1st 

## FIBA World Cup record
*1950: 2nd 
*1954: **Champion**
*1959: 2nd 
*1963: 4th
*1967: 4th
*1970: 5th
*1974: 3rd 
*1978: 5th
*1982: 2nd
*1986: **Champion**
*1990: 3rd
*1994: **Champion**
*1998: 3rd
*2002: 6th
*2006: 3rd
*2010: **Champion**
*2014: **Champion**
*2019: 7th

## Related pages
*USA Basketball
*Basketball
*National Basketball Association
*Basketball Hall of Fame
*Basketball in the United States
*United States women's national basketball team
Jaisalmer

**Jaisalmer**, nicknamed "The Golden City", is a town in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The town is located on a ridge of yellowish sandstone which contains a palace and temples. It lies in the middle of the Thar Desert and has a population of about 78,000. It is the capital of Jaisalmer District. The city is named after Rawal Jaisal.

## Gallery 

Jaisalmer-Fort-08-von Gadsisar Lake-2018-gje.jpg|Jaisalmer Fort
Jaisalmer 04-vom Fort-2018-gje.jpg|View from Jaisalmer Fort
Jaisalmer-20-Fahrrad-2018-gje.jpg|Old city
Jaisalmer-10-Handel-2018-gje.jpg|Trading in old city
Jaisalmer-Fort-12-Kuh-2018-gje.jpg|Jaisalmer Fort
Jaisalmer-Fort-36-Palace-2018-gje.jpg|Fort palace
Jaisalmer-Patwon Ki Haveli-02-2018-gje.jpg|Patwon Ki haveli
Jaisalmer-Gadsisar Lake-16-Fischfuetterung-2018-gje.jpg|Lake Gadsisar

## Notable people
*Queen Harish, folk dancer
*Malika Jahan, Jaisalmer princess, and wife of Mughal emperor Jahangir
## References
Ozone

]]
**Ozone**, or **trioxygen**, is a chemical with the symbol **O3**. This means one molecule of ozone is made of three oxygen atoms. Ozone is rarely called *trioxygen*, even though this is its IUPAC systematic name.  Ozone is formed from oxygen gas (O2) by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. In total, ozone makes up only 0.6 ppm (parts per million) of the atmosphere by volume.

Ozone is important to life on planet Earth. There is a portion of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone, called the ozone layer. The ozone layer is 10 to 50 kilometers above the ground. It filters out damaging ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, like a kind of sun screen. Without this ozone layer things would not have been able to live on the surface of our planet. The ozone layer also absorbs a lot of heat from the sun's rays.  

However, ozone is toxic to animals and plants above concentrations of about 0.1 ppm. In humans, it can cause nasal and throat irritation, and nausea. Extended exposure can cause lung oedema.

## References 
**Notes**
Treaty of Lahore

The **Treaty of Lahore** was signed on 9 March 1846 after the First Sikh War. After the defeat of the Sikhs at the Battle of Sobraon the British were able to march into Lahore without any further battles. After the British reached the city of Lahore the treaty was signed.

The Sikhs (who had been defeated) were forced to sign the treaty with the British. As part of the treaty the Sikhs, agreed to handover Kashmir and Hazara and Jalandhar Doab to the British. The treaty also resulted in the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond falling into British hands.

Gulab Singh, an Indian prince, negotiated between the British and the Sikhs over how the Sikhs would surrender. As well as handing over land to the British, the Sikhs had to allow a British Resident and a British army contingent at Lahore and troops in other cities.

Also, under the treaty, the Sikhs had to pay 1.2 million pounds to the British. As they were unable to pay Gulab Singh was able to take Kashmir from the Punjab government by paying 750,000 pounds to the East India Company. The Sikhs were also forced to give up the territory between the Satluj and the Beas rivers to the British. The Sikh army was also reduced. Maharaja Duleep Singh was recognised as the new ruler of Punjab. The new rulers were forbidden to employ any European without the permission of the British.

## Related pages
*Treaty of Amritsar

## References
Treaty of Amritsar (1846)

The **Treaty of Amritsar** was signed on March 16, 1846 to settle a dispute over territory in Kashmir after the First Sikh War with the United Kingdom.  The treaty was signed in the city of Amritsar.  As part of the treaty land was given to Maharaja Gulab Singh Dogra. Gulab Singh was then able to rule over the lands to the west of the Ravi River including Chamba. Gulab Singh paid money to the British Government to get this land. The Treaty of Amritsar marked the beginning of Dogra rule in Kashmir, which was to end in 1948 after India got independence from Britishers.

## Related pages
*Treaty of Lahore
Amritsar district

**Amritsar district** (Panjabi:ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ ਜਿਲ੍ਹਾ) is one of the 26 districts in the state of Punjab in  West India. It has a population over 3,000,000  and covers an area of 5075&nbsp;km². The city of Amritsar is headquarters of this district.

## History
During British Rule Amritsar was part of Lahore Division and was subdivided into 3 tehsils, there were - Amritsar taluka, Tarn Taran taluka and Ajnala taluka. However, as part of the partition of India in 1947 Amritsar district was separated from the rest of the division and given to India. During the partition period, the Muslim population of the district, some 46%, left for Pakistan while Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan settled in the district.

As the British said, regarding Sikh Jats of Manjha (Majha), Jat Sikh is strong, tall, and muscular, with well shaped limbs, erect carriage, and strongly marked and handsome features. They are good cultivators and make fine soldiers. 

The Muhammadan Jats are poor cultivators. And to mention that Muhammadan Jats were mainly numerous in the Ajnala Riverside area only.

## Jat population of Amritsar District year 1891 census 
*Jat Sikh 174,448 (72%) now Tarn Taran district,  Amritsar areas

* Jat Muslim 50,424 (21%) mainly Ajnala Riverside area. 

* Jat Hindu 15,863 (7%) along side Batala Amritsar borders. 

*Total Jat population 240,735

## References
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105589/mode/1up
Lahore Division

**Lahore Division** () was a former division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. In 2000 the government of Pakistan ended divisions.

## History
Lahore Division was also an administrative division of Punjab Province of British India. It extended along the right bank of the Sutlej River from the Himalaya to Multan, and was made up of the six districts of Sialkot, Gujranwala, Montgomery, Lahore, Amritsar, and Gurdaspur. With the Partition of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947, Lahore Division was divided among the two countries.
Amritsar

**Amritsar** (, meaning: *The Lake of Immortality*,) is the capital of the Amritsar District in the state of Punjab, India. According to the 2001 Indian census, over 1,500,000 people lived in the city.

Amritsar is in the state of Punjab, India, 32&nbsp;km east of Lahore, Pakistan. The Harimandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, is there. The temple is the centre of the Sikh religion.

## History 
In the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 under British Rule a large number of protestors were shot at and killed by British troops.  The city is also famous for Operation Bluestar, a military operation carried out by India in 1984 that was ordered by the Prime Minister of India of the time, Indira Gandhi.  Many Sikhs were angered, as the holy Golden Temple of the Sikhs was damaged by the Indian Army.

## References
Divisions of Pakistan

Pakistan, including the disputed territory of Kashmir, originally had 37 political divisions during the United Pakistan period, that was inherited by British India, then from 1971-2000 it was reduced to 33 since four were lost to the independence of Bangladesh'' 

The **Divisions of Pakistan** () used to be a subdivision of Pakistan's provinces. Pakistan's four provinces were split into divisions and the divisions were split into districts. However after the year 2000, the government of Pakistan abolished divisions.

## Abolition 
In August 2000, local government reforms abolished the "Division" as an administrative tier and introduced a system of local government councils, with the first elections held in 2001. Following that there was radical restructuring of the local government system to implement "the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level". This meant devolution of many functions, to districts and tehsils, which were previously handled at the provincial and divisional levels. At abolition, there were twenty-six divisions in Pakistan proper - five in Sindh, six in Balochistan, seven in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and eight in Punjab. Abolition did not affect the two divisions of Azad Kashmir, which form the second tier of government.
Former subdivisions of Pakistan

The **former subdivisions of Pakistan** are states, provinces and territories of Pakistan. Most of which existed between 1947 and 1975.

## History 
Pakistan's subdivisions originate from those of British India, during their rule the British had established provinces and chief commissioners. After 1947 Pakistan and India became independent when British India was divided.

From 1947 to 1971, Pakistan was split into two areas (East and West Pakistan) that were 1600 kilometres apart separated by India in the middle. The eastern wing had one province - East Bengal which included the Sylhet District from the former Indian province of Assam, and also the former district of East Pakistan province. The western wing was formed from three Governor's provinces (North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab and Sind (historical), one Chief Commissioner's Province (Baluchistan), several Princely states and parts of occupied Kashmir.

## Related pages
* History of Pakistan

## Other websites 
* Government of Pakistan
Makran Division

**Makran Division** () was an administrative division of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished it.

## Related pages
*Makran
BD

**BD** can mean:

* Baud (Bd), the symbol per second
* Blu-ray Disc
* Bangladesh (ISO 3166 code: BD), a country
Makran

**Makran** is a partly-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan. It is along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman.

The narrow coastal plain rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges. The climate is very dry with very little rainfall. 
## History
Makran also Mekran and Mokrān was a vast area from Strait of Hormuz to the Indus River. The name Makrān has found a popular etymology in Persian phrase māhi-ḵᵛorān “fish eaters” (mahi = fish + khor = eat), but more probable is a connection with the name Magan, or Maka of the Old Persian. Until the early Islamic period, Makrān must have been within the sphere of Elamo-Dravidian or Brahui culture and language.

On his way homewards from the Far East in 1290, Marco Polo (II, pp. 334-35) sailed along the Makrān coast, calling it KisMacoran (i.e. Tiz Makrān), considering it as independent and attributing to it a ruler of its own. In the early 14th century, Ibn Battuta (II, pp. 341-2) records that, after the death of the Il-Khanid sultan (i.e. after 1335), a certain Malek Dinār took power in Makrān. It was during these centuries that Makrān was colonized by Baluch nomads moving southeastwards from Persia, so that it is today mostly Baluch-speaking. The boundary between Persian Makrān and that part coming within the British Indian province of Baluchistan (the easternmost part forming the Native State of Las Bela) and after 1947 within Pakistan, was demarcated by an Anglo-Persian Boundary Commission in 1870-72.

## Notes
Geography of Iran

range near Firouzkuh)]]

The **Geography of Iran** contains mountains, rivers as well as plain land. Iran is a country of Southwest Asia, it borders the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan. Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries. 

Iran has an area of 1,648,000 square kilometres and is the sixteenth largest in size. Iran is bordered to the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. The border with these countries are more than 2,000 kilometres long and includes nearly 650 kilometres of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.

Iran's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, ending at the Shatt al Arab (which Iranians call the Arvand Rud). The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the southern border (1,770 kilometres). To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the south. The distance from the Iran's border with Azerbaijan in the north-west to the border with Pakistan in the south-east is about 2,333 kilometres.

## Other websites 
* Iran in Maps - BBC (population, land, infrastructure)
* "Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan" is an old map from 1897 of Persia, also known as Iran
Districts of Pakistan

## Islamabad Capital Territory
## Balochistan
## Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
## Punjab
## Sindh
## Federally Administered Tribal Areas
## Azad Jammu and Kashmir
## Gilgit–Baltistan
*Before 2001*

## References
Chariot (album)

***Chariot*** is an album by rock singer Gavin DeGraw. The album features singles "I Don't Want to Be", "Chariot", and "Follow Through". The album was released in 2004. *Chariot* also was re-released in 2005 as a live acoustic album. 

## Track List 
### Original Album version
# "Follow Through" - 3:59
# "Chariot" - 3:59
# "Just Friends" - 3:25
# "(Nice to Meet You) Anyway" - 3:45
# "Chemical Party" - 3:01
# "Belief" - 4:27
# "Crush" - 3:25
# "I Don't Want to Be" - 3:37
# "Meaning" - 3:35
# "More Than Anyone" - 3:25
# "Over-Rated" - 4:01
Theistic Satanism

adapted from the *.* A common symbol of Theistic Satanism.]]

**Theistic Satanism** is the belief that Satan is a god or force, and the worship of him. It is a kind of Satanism. It is different from **Atheistic Satanism**, which sees Satan only as a symbol.

Theistic Satanists do not all believe the same things. Many have their own ideas. They disagree with Anton LaVey, who said that Satan is only a symbol.  Both kinds of Satanists may believe in magic and use rituals. But Theistic Satanists also believe that Satan is real and pray to him. Some say people in the past worshipped Satan in the same way, such as **La Voisin**, a French witch. Some even say they learned Satanism from their family.

## History 
In history, many people were called Satanists when they only had unusual beliefs. Because of this, it is hard to know if people really worshipped Satan. Paul Tuitean says that the idea of "reverse Christianity" was invented by the Inquisition. George Bataille, however, says that a Black Mass may have existed before the witch trials.

The poet **John Milton** was not a Theistic Satanist. But his poem *Paradise Lost* inspired many people who later admired Satan. The poet **William Blake** said that Milton was "of the Devil’s party without knowing it." 

''''* says that writers like Milton, Dante, Marlowe, and Goethe created the modern idea of Satan. He argues that these writers had a special "Luciferian vision" and a "diabolical consciousness" that shaped their works.]].]]
## Related pages 
* Satanism
* 
* Devil
* Left Hand Path
* 
* 
* Magic
* Folk religion

## References
## Further reading
* Ellis, Bill, *Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions and the Media* (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000).
* Hertenstein, Mike; Jon Trott, *Selling Satan: The Evangelical Media and the Mike Warnke Scandal'' (Chicago: Cornerstone, 1993).
* Brown, Seth "Think you're the only one?" (Barnes & Noble Books 2004)
*  Medway, Gareth J., *The Lure of the Sinister: The Unnatural History of Satanism* (New York and London: New York University Press, 2001).
* , *: A Study in Medieval Superstition* (English translation of 1862 French work).
* Palermo, George B.; Michele C. Del Re: *Satanism: Psychiatric and Legal Views* (American Series in Behavioral Science and Law) . Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd (November 1999)
* , ''* (1871)
* Richardson, James T.; Joel Best; , *The Satanism Scare* (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991).
* Vera, Diane, *Theistic Satanism : The new Satanisms of the era of the Internet''
* Translated from the German 'Satanskult und Schwarze Messe' by Christine Trollope.

## Other websites 
*Articles and essays about Theistic Satanism  from about.com
*Theistic Satanism and Left Hand Path oriented links 
*Open Directory Project: Satanism Organizations 
*Sinagogue of Satan
Automatix (software)

**Automatix** was a computer program to install software on Ubuntu in an easy way.

Automatix allowed the menu-driven installation of 56 different “capabilities”, including commercial closed source programs such as the Flash plugin, Acrobat Reader, multimedia codecs (DivX, MP3, Windows Media Audio) and fonts, and programming compilers.

Ultamatix was a fork of automatix.

## References
Presidency armies

The **presidency armies** were the armies of the three presidencies of British India. The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company until the Indian Rebellion of 1857, when the British government took over all three presidencies. All three presidency armies were eventually merged to form the Indian Army.

The presidency armies were named after the presidencies:

* The **Bengal Army**
* The **Madras Army**
* The **Bombay Army**

## Before the rebellion
From the mid-18th century, the East India Company began to keep armies at each of its three main stations, or ‘residencies’, in India: Calcutta (Bengal), Madras and Bombay. The Bengal Army, Madras Army and Bombay Army were quite different from one another since they all had their own lists of regiments and of European officers. All three armies had European regiments in which both the officers and the ordinary soldiers were Europeans, as well as a larger number of ‘Native’ regiments in which the officers were Europeans and the ordinary soldiers were Indians.

Also from the mid-18th century, the British government began to send regiments of the regular British Army to India to reinforce the company's armies. The troops are often referred to as ‘H.M.’s Regiments’ or ‘Royal Regiments’.

## After the rebellion
After the Indian rebellion of 1857 and the end of the East India Company, the compamy's European regiments were joined in 1860 with the British Army, but its ‘Native’ regiments were not. The three separate Presidency Armies continued to exist, and their European officers continued to be listed as members of the Bengal, Madras or Bombay Army, rather than of the British Army. However, the presidency armies began to be described as the Indian Army. Also artillery was to be used by only the British Army, not Indian troops.

In the 1890s, the three presidency armies were merged to form the Indian Army.

## Related pages
*Bengal Presidency
*Bombay Presidency
*Madras Presidency
Administrative units of Pakistan

Pakistan is a country in Asia. It is divided into five provinces and two territories. Pakistan also administers part of Kashmir. This part is divided into two separate areas. The rest of Kashmir is administered by India.

## Provinces and federal territories 
## List
## Local government
Each province of Pakistan is divided into *zillas* - zillah is an Urdu word () meaning district. There are 105 districts in Pakistan.

A district is divided into tehsils (). A tehsils is similar to a county. Tehsils are used in all provinces except in Sindh province where the word taluka () is used instead. Tehsils may contain villages or towns and cities.

Each tehsil is further divided into union councils. A union council is the smallest part of local government in Pakistan. They are sometimes made up of a few villages.

There are over 5,000 local government areas in Pakistan. Since 2001, these have been led by democratically elected local councils, each headed by a Nazim (the word means "supervisor" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as mayor). Women have been allotted a minimum of 33% seats in these councils; there is no maximum limit to the number of women in these councils.

## History 
In the 1960s, Pakistan was simply divided into two "units" these were East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Shortly before East Pakistan became independent as Bangladesh, West Pakistan reverted to a system with four provinces. The provinces consisted of subunits called "divisions", which were further subdivided into districts, tehsils, and villages or municipalities.

In August 2000, Pervez Musharraf's local government reforms abolished the "division" as an administrative tier. A system of local government councils was established, with the first elections being held in 2001. Since then Pakistan has had greatly changed the local government system. The government had a plan to allow devolution. This plan according to the government "follows the principle of subsidiarity, whereby all functions that can be effectively performed at the local level are transferred to that level."

This means mean that decisions are made locally by people who live in the area and not in far away cities. 

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Government of Azad Kashmir
* Government of Balochistan 
* Government of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas 
* Government of the Islamabad Capital Territory 
* Government of the Northern Areas 
* Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 
* Government of the Punjab 
* Government of Sindh 
* Decentralization Support Program 
* National Reconstruction Bureau
Maharaja

The word **Mahārāja** is Sanskrit for "great king" or "high king". Many languages have borrowed the word 'Maharaja', these languages include Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and Gujarati. Its use is mainly for important rulers. A female ruler is known as **Maharani** (or **Mahārāni**) which means great queen. She can be the wife of a Maharaja or a ruler herself.

British India contained more than 600 princely states each with its own ruler. Some states called the ruler Thakur (if the ruler were Hindu) or Nawab (if he was Muslim); there were many other titles as well. Many Muslim rulers also had the title of Raja, one of the most famous being the *Raja of Rajouri* who was a Muslim raja. Originally only rulers of large empires such as the ancient Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire were Maharajas but in later centuries even rulers of small kingdoms used the title. In 1971, the government of Indira Gandhi abolished the titles and money for all Indian rulers. However some people still claim such titles.
Jallianwala Bagh

**Jallianwala Bagh** is a public garden in Amritsar city in Punjab province of India. It has a memorial to remember those people who were killed  in the Massacre of 13 April, 1919. This date was also the Punjabi New Year 2,000 peaceful demonstrators had gathered in the garden.

The memorial is managed by *Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Trust*, which was established as per *Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act* passed by Government of India in year 1951.

## Related pages
*Jallianwala Bagh massacre

## Other websites 
* Text of *Jalliamwala Bagh National Memorial Act*, 1951
The Observer

***The Observer*** is a British newspaper published on Sundays. It is a sister paper to *The Guardian.* First published in 1791, it is the world's oldest newspaper that is published on Sundays.

## History 
The first issue was published on 4 December 1791 by W.S. Bourne.

It became part of the Guardian Media Group in June 1993, after a rival bid by *The Independent* was rejected.

## Reference
Banjo-Kazooie

***Banjo-Kazooie*** is a video game made by Rare for the Nintendo 64 in 1998. The name of the game comes from the names of the two main characters, a bear called *Banjo* and an orange bird called *Kazooie*, who lives in Banjo's backpack. The story follows Banjo and Kazooie as they set out on a quest to rescue Banjo's sister, who has been kidnapped by an evil witch named Gruntilda Winkybunion. It was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service in December 2008.
British Indian Army

The **British Indian Army**, officially called simply the **Indian Army** (**IA**), was the army in British India during British rule (1858–1947). The Indian Army served as a security force in India itself and fought in battles overseas, particularly during the two World Wars.

The term "Indian Army" was used to describe the presidency armies, especially after the Indian Mutiny. However, the first army officially called the "Indian Army" was raised by the government of India in 1895. In 1903 the Indian Army absorbed the three presidency armies (the Bengal Army, the Madras Army and the Bombay Army).

Between 1903 and 1947  the **Army of India** consisted of two separate parts: the Indian Army and the British Army in India. The first consisted of Indian Army regiments from India, while the second were British Army regiments from the United Kingdom which were sent to India.

The Army of India defeated the Ottoman Empire and conquered Iraq in the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I.

## Organization
), 6th Madras Light Cavalry. Circa 1845.]]
The Indian Army was formed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when the government of Britain took over rule from the British East India Company. Before that the company had their own army units, paid for by their profits and these joined with British Army units.

The army of the British East India Company recruited mostly Muslims in the Bengal Presidency (which consisted of Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh), and high caste Hindus mainly from the rural plains of Oudh. These troops rebelled against the British in 1857.

After the rebellion, the British started recruiting what the British called the "martial races," particularly Punjabi Muslims, Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Pashtuns, Garhwalis, Mohyals, and Dogras.

### After World War II
After World War II, the British formations and units that had been part of the British Army of India were divided between India and Pakistan.

Soon after the Partition of India, both the newly formed armies fought each other in the First Kashmir War from 1947 - '48 which begun the bitter rivalry that has continued into the 21st century.

## References
Halo Wars

***Halo Wars*** is a real-time strategy video game for the Xbox 360. It was developed by Ensemble Studios. The game was released by Microsoft. It was released in Japan and Australia on February&nbsp;26, 2009, in Europe on February&nbsp;27, and in North America on March&nbsp;3. It is based on the popular, award winning *Halo* series of video games, and is set in the year 2531, 21 years before the events of *Halo: Combat Evolved*. It's the first *Halo* game that is not a first person shooter.
Project Gotham Racing (series)

***Project Gotham Racing*** often known as **PGR** is a series of driving video games published by Microsoft for the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles. 

There are four games in the series 

* *Project Gotham Racing*
* *Project Gotham Racing 2*
* *Project Gotham Racing 3*
* *Project Gotham Racing 4*
In Love with a Girl (song)

"**In Love with a Girl**" is the #1 single by Gavin DeGraw on the album *Gavin DeGraw*. *In Love with a Girl* was released February 2008.

## Charts
## References
Outwood Academy Bydales

**Outwood Academy Bydales** (previously named **Bydales School**) is a secondary school in Marske-by-the-Sea, England which has about 750 students. A new school building was opened on 2 November 2006. It is rated as 'outstanding' by Ofsted. It is a technology college. The school has a small wind turbine, solar panels and a hydrogen fuel cell.

In 2015, the school changed to academy status and was named Outwood Academy Bydales.
## References
## Other websites 
*The school's website
Vinje

**Vinje** is a municipality in Norway. It is in the county of Telemark. The administration of this place is done from Åmot.

## Notable people from Vinje
*Terje Håkonsen, snowboarder
*Aslak Brekke, kveder (a type of folk musician)
*Myllarguten, or Targjei Augundsson (1801-1872), Master fiddler / artist 
*Odd Nordstoga, popular musician
*Aasmund Olavsson Vinje, author 
*Tarjei Vesaas, author 
*Dyre Vaa, sculptor. Sculptures by him are found in Oslo and Vinje.
*Aslaug Vaa, author

### Places of interest 
Vinje is the home of folk musician Myllarguten. His home there is now a small museum. A  monument of Myllarguten is located near Kosi. Myllarguten was a 19th-century musician. He who played for kings and inspired Edvard Grieg.

## History
Vinje was established in 1838 as a municipality. It is on the Hardangervidda and on the Setesdalsheiane Mountains plateaus.

Arabygdi lies in the western part of Rauland. It is on Lake Totak. The largest stone scree in Northern Europe, is Urdbøuri. The scree has huge boulders lying on the floor of the valley.

## The name
The municipality Vinje (originally the parish) is named after the old farm Vinje (Norse *Vinjar*), since the first church was built here. The name is the plural form of *vin* f 'meadow, pasture'.

## Other information
The mayor, Jon Rikard Kleven, is elected until late 2027.

## Related pages
*Vest-Telemark
*Setesdal
*List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027
Viola d'amore

The '''viola d'amore''' is a string instrument which was popular in the 17th and 18th century. It is a kind of viola. The name is Italian and means “viola of love”. It can have 6 or 7 strings. It is held under the chin and bowed like a violin. Sometimes it is used today to play music from the 17th and 18th centuries. Occasionally some modern composers have also written music for it.

## Structure and sound 
The viola d'amore is about the same size as a modern viola. However, the shape is more like the shape of a viol. Like viols, it has a flat back, a wide rib (the sides), sloping shoulders and a carved head at the top of the peg box. It does not have any frets (markings on the fingerboard) like a viol or a guitar. The sound-holes are often in the shape of a flaming sword.

The viola d'amore usually has six or seven playing strings which are played with the bow, just as with a violin. In addition, it has the same number of sympathetic strings. These are strings which vibrate when the other strings are played, making the sound richer and sweeter.

## The notes it can play 
The viola d'amore was often tuned to whatever notes were best for the piece it was to going to play. This is a kind of scordatura (changing the way the strings are tuned). Towards the end of the 18th century the usual tuning became: ''A, d, a, d', f#', a', d'''' (see music example. Notice the example uses the "viola clef")

## Use 
.]]

The viola d’amore became very popular during the 17th century. However, after a time it became less popular because the instruments of the viol family were not used much while the instruments of the violin family took over. The viola d’amore was too quiet and sweet to play with the modern violin family. However, in the 20th century some composers have written for the instrument again, e.g. Paul Hindemith.

The viola d'amore can regularly be heard today in groups who play Baroque music on period instruments. It can be heard, for example in Bach’s St John Passion.

## References 
* Grove Music Online (subscription)
Sœur Emmanuelle

**Sœur Emmanuelle** (born **Madeleine Cinquin**, November 16, 1908 – October 20, 2008) was a Belgian-born French nun.

She was born in Brussels, Belgium, the daughter of a family that made lingerie. At the age of six she saw her father drown. She learned at the Sorbonne, earning a degree in philosophy. In 1929 she made a religious promise and became a nun.

She worked in Notre-Dame de Sion high school in İstanbul in 1930s.

In 1971 she saw how poorly trash  in Cairo, Egypt were doing, and decided to live with them. She stayed until 1993, when she went back to France. After she went back, she became very famous in France and was liked by audiences and talk-show hosts.

Besides her work with the poor, she is also known for having had views that are not like how religion normally is, such as being for the use of birth control and being for the idea of priests to marry. She has been voted one of the most popular people in France, and has been compared to Mother Teresa. (Although she does not agree with this ). In 2003, French television broadcast *Soeur Emmanuelle: An exceptional woman*.

She died on 20 October 2008.

*Les Amis de Soeur Emmanuelle* (The Friends of Sister Emmanuelle) is a charitable organization based in Brussels.

## Other websites 
* 95-year-old nun is France's favourite woman
*  De Madeleine Cinquin à Sœur Emmanuelle
1934–35 NHL season

The **1934–35 NHL season** was the 18th season of the National Hockey League. Nine teams each played 48 games. The Montreal Maroons were the Stanley Cup winners as they swept the Toronto Maple Leafs in three games in the final series.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com