open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Damien Rice

**Damien Rice** (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. He plays guitar, piano, clarinet and percussion. Some call his music Brit-pop (British pop music) but he says his music is  alternative rock. He is known as a singer and songwriter who wrote sad but beautiful songs for on popular movie and television programs. ''The Blower's Daughter* is his representative song. It was used in the 2004 move *Closer*. His music is often used in ice skating. Recently, Rice was given "special thanks" in the end credits of the Academy Award winning 2007 Irish musical movie *Once*. The movie starred fellow Irish musician Glen Hansard.

He was born 7 December 1973 and raised in Celbridge, County Kildare Ireland. Before he started his own solo-career, he was a member of the rock band *Jupiter'' which later became Bell X1. In this band, he released 2 singles and 1 album. However, Rice became disenchanted with the label and left the band to pursue a solo career. When he start his own career, he form a band with new members. For example, Lisa Hannigan is famous for featuring Damien Rice's songs like *Cold water*, *9 crimes* and so on.

So far, he has released two studio albums: *O* in 2002, and *9* in 2006. And he also has released EPs *B side* in 2004. In 2002, his album was a strong commercial success and won the Shortlist Music Prize. After that, his second studio album *9* released not only in Ireland but also Europe and North America. 

Rice is also known for his charity work. He helped the Burma Campaign to free Burmese democracy movement leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Rice and Hannigan recorded a charity song, campaigning for her release, called *Unplayed Piano*, which they performed at the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo. In 2008 he participated in a music album called Songs for Tibet which is an initiative to support Tibet and to underline the human rights situation in Tibet.
Samaritans

The **Samaritans** are a group of people who live in the Levant. Samaritans believe in the same one God of Judaism, but use only the Torah as text.

There are more than 800 Samaritans. Most of them live in Holon and Nablus.

## Related pages 
* Samaritanism
* The Samaritan Museum

## References 
Archived. https://web.archive.org/web/20080512075303/http://www.jtsa.edu/prebuilt/exhib/scrips/index.shtml

https://archive.today/20130626180151/http://www.jtsa.edu/prebuilt/exhib/scrips/index.shtml
Indian religions

**Indian religions** or **Indic religions** are religions that originated from the Indian subcontinent. Dharma is an idea common to many of these religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.

## List of Indian religions 
### Dharmic religions 
The following religions are based on the ideology of Dharma:
*Buddhism
*Hinduism
*Jainism
*Sikhism
### Ethnic/folk religions 
The following religions are not necessarily based on the concept of Dharma and have their own ideologies:
*Sanamahism 
*Donyi Poloism 
*Bathouism 
*Sarnaism
Lembit Oll

**Lembit Oll** (23 April 1966 – Tallinn, 17 May 1999) was an Estonian chess grandmaster. He was already successful as a junior, becoming champion of Estonia in 1982 and junior champion of the Soviet Union in 1984. He also won multiple European and World junior championships. The FIDE awarded him the IM-title in 1983 and the GM-title in 1992. From that moment, he regularly played for Estonia during Chess Olympiads and European teamchampionships. Early 1998 he reached his highest rating on the FIDE rating list: 2655.
He played his last tournament in 1999 in Nova Gorica reaching a shared 2nd position.

Oll, who was married, fell into severe depressions after he divorced. He jumped out of the window of his house on the fifth floor and did not survive. Despite his personal problems, he still held the 42nd place on the world ranking list at that time. He was buried in Tallinn. His grave is not far from that of Paul Keres, another famous chess player.

## List of victories
*1989: Espoo, Tallinn (zonal tournament), Helsinki.
*1990: Terrassa.
*1991: Sydney, Helsinki.
*1992: Sevilla.
*1993: Vilnius, The Hague, Antwerp.
*1994: New York Open (shared 1st with Jaan Ehlvest).
*1995: Helsinki, Riga (zonal tournament).
*1996: Saint Petersburg.
*1997: Køge, Szeged (shared 1st), Hoogeveen (shared 1st).
Romanian hamster

The **Romanian hamster** (*Mesocricetus newtoni*) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in Bulgaria and Romania.
Matryoshka

**Matryoshka** (Russian: матрёшка) is a traditional Russian doll made of wood and painted with colorful ornaments. This doll is one of the most popular souvenirs in Russia. It is also widely distributed abroad under different names such as “Aunt Olga,” “Babushka” or “Mommy doll.”  Although Matryoshka is called a doll it is actually a set of dolls of different sizes placed one in another. The reason for that lies behind the name “Matryoshkг.” The name "Matryoshka" came from the traditional Russian name "Matryona". This name was associated with motherhood and fertility. The biggest doll symbolizes “mother” with her numerous “doll” family.

## References
Novak Djokovic

**Novak Djokovic** (born 22 May 1987) is a Serbian professional tennis player.

Djokovic has won a record 24 Grand Slam singles titles: the 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2023 Australian Open, the 2016, 2021 and 2023 French Open, the 2011, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2022 Wimbledon Championships as well as the 2011, 2015, 2018, and 2023 US Open. He is the first player since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at the same time. He is the third player after Roy Emerson and Rod Laver to win each Grand Slam tournament at least two times, and the first to win each at least three times.

Djokovic holds the record for most time ranked No. 1 in the world, with 428 weeks. He was ranked No. 1 in the world for the first time on 4 July 2011. His longest streak at No. 1 was 122 weeks, from 7 July 2014 until 6 November 2016.

He won the ATP Tour Finals in 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2022, and 2023, and helped Serbia win the Davis Cup in 2010. He won a gold medal in men's singles at the 2024 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He has won a record 40 Masters 1000 series titles, and a single season record six Masters 1000 titles in 2015.

Many tennis critics and former and current players consider Djokovic to be among the greatest tennis players of all time. Djokovic was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2019.

## Grand slam record 
This table shows Djokovic's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles.

## References 
## Other websites
* Djokovic's official site 
* Djokovic at ATP site
On the 6

***On the 6*** is the debut studio album by American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. The album's title refers to a time when Jennifer lived in the Bronx. The label released five singles to promote the album.

## Track listing 
## Charts 
## Sales and shipments 
## Notes
Islands (album)

***Islands*** is the fourteenth studio album by The Flower Kings. The album was released on October 30, 2020.

## Track listing
## References
Afro

The **afro** is a type of hairstyle that is noted for its large size. The hair is curled out, forming a ball shape. For some people, this is how their hair grows because it is naturally curly. Not all beauty salons can offer this hairstyle, though.

It is called the afro because most people who can grow an afro naturally have ancestors from Africa.  The afro became popular among Civil Rights activists in the 1960s in the United States.  They were tired of white people's hair and bodies being called beautiful and black people's hair and bodies being called ugly.  So they grew their hair into afros on purpose.  The afro became less popular in the middle of the 1970s through the late 1990s.  Then it came back with the natural hair movement.  In the 1960s, wearing an afro was seen as a political choice, but in the 21st century it can also be just a style choice.  Some people wear an afro only because they do not want to straighten their hair with hot tools or chemicals. Some Jewish people also can naturally grow afros, because of their curly hair. These hairstyles are often called "Jewfros."

The afro needs care. In a 2015 interview in *Glamour*, Dr. Rolanda Wilkerson of Pantene said people with afros should wash their hair once a week instead of every day, air-dry instead of using a hair dryer, and moisturize.

## References
Roborovski hamster

**Roborovski hamsters** (*Phodopus roborovskii*) are the smallest of all hamsters commonly kept as pets. Roborovski hamsters live in the wild around the Gobi Desert, throughout Mongolia's desert steppe and parts of northern China. Robo hamsters, as they are commonly called, are also extremly fast. Because of their size wired cages are not suitable for them
J.Lo

***J.Lo*** is the second studio album by American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. It was released on January 16, 2001 by Epic Records and became her best-selling album. Epic Records released 4 singles to promote the album.

The album was re-released in July 2001. It contained three bonus tracks. Due to usage of slurs such as "nigga", "bitch" and "fuck" in "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", the re-edition has been released with 'Parental Advisory' sticker. Also the album has been released without label, despite strong language and sexual content.

## Track listing 
# "Love Don't Cost a Thing" (Damon Sharpe, Greg Lawson, Georgette Franklin, Jeremy Monroe, Amille Harris) – 3:42
# "I'm Real" (Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, Cory Rooney, L.E.S) – 4:57
# "Play" (Anders Bagge, Arnthor Birgisson, Christina Milian, Rooney) – 3:32
# "Walking on Sunshine" (Lopez, Sean "Puffy" Combs, Mario Winans, Jack Knight, Michael "Lo" Jones) – 3:46
# "Ain't It Funny" (Lopez, Rooney) – 4:06
# "Cariño" (Lopez, Rooney, Manny Benito, Neal Creque, Jose Sanchez, Frank Rodriguez, Guillermo Edghill, Jr.) – 4:15
# "Come Over" (Combs, Winans, Michelle Bell, Kip Collins) – 4:53
# "We Gotta Talk" (Lopez, Rooney, Oliver, Tina Morrison, Steve Estiverne, Joe Kelly) – 4:07
# "That's Not Me" (Combs, Winans, Kandice Love) – 4:33
# "Dance with Me" (Combs, Winans, Knight, Jones) – 3:54
# "Secretly" (Lopez, Rooney, Oliver, Khalilah Shakir) – 4:25
# "I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, Cheryl Lorraine Cook, Clifon Nathaniel Chase, O'Brien Anth, Sylvia Robinson) – 3:44
# "That's the Way" (Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Nora Payne) – 3:53
# "Dame" (with Chayanne) (R. Jerkins, F. Jerkins, Daniels, Benito) – 4:25
# "Si Ya Se Acabó" (Benito, Greco, Contreras) – 3:37

### Latin American edition 
# "Amor Se Paga con Amor" (Sharpe, Lawson, Franklin, Monroe, Harris, Benito) – 3:44
# "Cariño" (Spanish) (Lopez, Rooney, Benito, Creque, Sanchez, Rodriguez, Edghill) – 4:17
# "Que Ironia (Ain't It Funny)" (Lopez, Rooney, Benito, Tommy Mottola) – 4:07

### Japanese edition 
Released January 24, 2001
#  "I'm Waiting" – 3:11

### Special edition 
Released July 24, 2001
# "I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, L.E.S., Jeffrey Atkins, Irving Lorenzo, Rick James) – 4:22

### UK, Australian, and Portuguese edition 
Released October 16, 2001 (AUS) / November 5, 2001 (UK)
# "Pleasure Is Mine" – 4:19
# "I'm Waiting" – 3:11
# "I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) – 4:22

## Charts 
## Sales and certifications 
## References 
|- style="text-align: center;"

|-

|-

|-

|-
Andrew Rivkin

**Andrew Rivkin** (born May 31, 1969) is a Canadian entrepreneur. He co-founded Cryptologic Inc
, which was one of the first online gambling software companies. He also co-founded Fun Technologies which is one of the largest online skill gaming provider worldwide. Andrew is an avid polo player, member of the Toronto Polo Club. He is also listed as a donor to the Mount Sinai Hospital of Toronto.

## References
Rio Rancho, New Mexico

**Rio Rancho** is the largest city in Sandoval County and third largest city in the U.S. state of New Mexico. A suburb of Albuquerque, it is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area. 

## References
## Other websites 
* City of Rio Rancho "City of Vision"
Watford tube station

**Watford tube station** is a station at the end of the Watford branch of London Underground's Metropolitan line in the north-western part of the network in Zone 7, previously zone A.

There are plans to close this station when a new line to Watford Junction railway station opens, called the Croxley Rail Link, by 2020.

## References
Ha Seung-jin

**Ha Seung-Jin** (; Hanja 河昇鎮, born 4 August 1985) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as a basketball player. He has played in the NBA for the Portland Trail Blazers. He was the first Korean to play basketball in the NBA.

Ha was born in Seoul. His father was a member of the national basketball team and his older sister is a member of the national basketball team. His height was 2.18&nbsp;m in middle school when he won the championship. Lots of universities wanted Seung-Jin to sign with their school. He decided to play for Yonsei University and won the university championship with them. He decided to go pro and signed with the Portland Trail Blazers in 2004.

His NBA career was short due to his low basic skills. So he decided to go back to Korea and enter the Korean Basketball League in 2008.

## References
Las Cruces, New Mexico

**Las Cruces** is the second largest city in the American state of New Mexico. The current population is about 110,000. The city is known for its large Urban Renewal Project that tore down much of its historic Main Street area.

The main campus of New Mexico State University is in Las Cruces.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Las Cruces "People Helping People"
J to tha L-O!: The Remixes

***J to tha L-O!: The Remixes*** is a remix album American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. It was her first remix album and her first of two albums to be released in 2002. It was the first remix album to debut at the top of Billboard 200. It was one of the best-selling remix albums of all time. The album sold more than three million copies.

## Track listing 
# "Love Don't Cost a Thing" (RJ Schoolyard Mix featuring Fat Joe) (Damon Sharpe, Greg Lawson, Georgette Franklin, Jeremy Monroe, Amille Harris, Joe Cartagena) – 4:18
# "Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah) (Jennifer Lopez, Cory Rooney, Irv Gotti, 7 Aurelius, Ja Rule, Caddillac Tah) – 3:49
# "I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Track Masters Remix) 1 (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, Samuel Barnes, Jean-Claude Olivier, Cheryl Lorraine Cook, Ronald LaPread) – 3:53
# "I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, L.E.S., Jeffrey Atkins, Irving Lorenzo, Rick James) – 4:18
# "Walking on Sunshine" (Metro Remix) (Lopez, Sean "Puffy" Combs, Mario Winans, Jack Knight, Michael "Lo" Jones, Adonis Shropshire, Karen Anderson, Mechalie Jamison) – 5:50
# "If You Had My Love" (Darkchild Master Mix) (Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Rooney) – 4:11
# "Feelin' So Good" (Bad Boy Remix featuring P. Diddy and G. Dep) (Rooney, Lopez, Christopher Rios, Cartagena, Combs, Steven Standard, George Logios) – 4:27
# "Let's Get Loud" (Pablo Flores Remix) (Gloria Estefan, Kike Santander) – 5:29
# "Play" (Sack International Remix) (Anders Bagge, Arnthor Birgisson, Christina Milian, Rooney) – 4:18
# "Waiting for Tonight" (Hex's Momentous Radio Mix) (Maria Christensen, Michael Garvin, Phil Temple) – 4:32
# "Alive" (Album Version) (Lopez, Cris Judd, Rooney) – 4:40

### European edition 
#  "Si Ya Se Acabó" (Radio Remix) (Manny Benito, Jimmy Greco, Ray Contreras) – 3:33
# "Que Ironia (Ain't It Funny)" (Tropical Dance Remix) (Lopez, Rooney, Benito) – 3:48
# "Una Noche Más" 2 (Christensen, Garvin, Temple, Benito) – 4:05
# "No Me Ames" (Tropical Remix with Marc Anthony) (Giancarlo Bigazzi, Marco Falagiani, Ignacio Ballesteros, Aleandro Baldi) – 5:34
* 1 The European edition includes the no-rap version of "I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Track Masters Remix)
* 2 Misprinted as being the Pablo's Miami Mix Radio Edit

## Charts 
### Certifications 
## References
Unconscious mind

, 1887]]
The **unconscious mind** is thought to be a deeper part of a person's mind that works without that person knowing it. Feelings, thoughts, desires or emotions appear to come out of nowhere, leaving the person to question where they came from.

The **unconscious mind** is a term coined by the 18th century German romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It is, however, an ancient idea which has been noticed in many civilisations and cultures. Also, whether other mammals have similar mental mechanisms to man is also a question with a considerable history.

## Freud's views 
 is often used to illustrate Freud's theory that most of the human mind operates unconsciously]]

The unconscious mind plays a large role in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. He discussed the importance of the unconscious mind in understanding conscious thought and behaviour.

However, the unconscious was not discovered by Freud. Historian of psychology Mark Altschule concluded, "It is difficult—or perhaps impossible—to find a nineteenth-century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not recognize unconscious thought as not only real but of the highest importance".

Freud's advance was not to uncover the unconscious but to devise a method for systematically studying it. However, his method is controversial, and so are the rest of his ideas. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious". He developed his idea in *The Interpretation of Dreams* (1899). The preconscious was described as a layer between conscious and unconscious thought; its contents could be accessed with a little effort. A key feature of the unconscious is what he called 'repression'. Freud believed that many people repress painful memories deep into their unconscious mind.

## Adaptive unconscious 
The **adaptive unconscious** is a set of unconscious mental processes influencing judgment and decision making. It is different from conscious processing: it is faster, effortless, more focused on the present, but less flexible.

In other theories of the mind, the unconscious is limited to "low-level" activity, such as carrying out goals which have been decided consciously. In contrast, the adaptive unconscious is thought to be involved in "high-level" cognition such as goal-setting as well.

The term 'adaptive unconscious' suggests it has  value and hence is an adaptation which was strongly selected in the past. Indeed, for much of vertebrate evolution, all mental activity was unconscious. No-one supposes that fish have consciousness. Thus our consciousness is added to an already-existing set of mechanisms which operate but whose operation is normally not felt by us.p23

## References
Palmengarten

The **Palmengarten** is one of two botanical gardens in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.  It is in the city area Westend-Nord.

The garden was privately paid for and built by the architect Heinrich Siesmayer.  Work was done in 1871 and the garden opened to the public. One special visit was from the American entertainer Buffalo Bill.  Buffalo Bill performed his Western show at the garden in 1890. In 1931, it was placed in the care of the city of Frankfurt.  Control of the  garden was later moved to the American occupation authorities after World War II.  When the Palmengarten was returned to the city's control in the 1960s, a major rebuilding started. The halls that were destroyed in the war were redeveloped and expanded. In 1992, the reconstruction finished and the Palmengarten showed in its new form.

Next to the area of the Palmengarten is the Frankfurt Botanical Garden, which belongs to the biology department of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt.

The botanical exhibits are placed according to their start in free-air or climate controlled greenhouses, which also contain many tropical and subtropical plants.

With , it is the biggest garden of its kind in Germany.

## Related pages 
* List of botanical gardens
Jeju-do

:*This article is about the province.  For the island itself, see Jeju Island.  For the World Heritage Site, see Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes.*
**Jeju-do** (Korean for *Jeju Province*) is a province in South Korea.  Most of Jeju Province is Jeju Island, which is the largest island in South Korea. The island was created as a result of a volcanic eruption. Jeju-do is in the southern part of South Korea. Many people visit this island on honeymoon or to sight-see. Because Jeju-do is in the southern part of South Korea, it's warmer than the rest of South Korea.

Jejudo has exotic views and fruits compared to other places in South Korea. A few things it is famous for are Jeonbokjuk (a kind of congee made of abalone) and Dekopon.  Hallasan, the highest mountain in South Korea, is at the center of Jeju-do. The Natural World Heritage Site Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes is also on the island.

## History
From ancient times, Jeju-do has been said to have plenty of women, winds, and stones.

Jeju-do is the only special autonomous province in South Korea.  It was established on July 1, 2006.  Before that, it had been an independent province since 1946.  During the Japanese occupation of Korea, Jeju was called  Jeju Myeon and considered part of South Jeolla Province.

In the middle of the 20th century, the Korean War divided Korea into two countries, North Korea and South Korea.  In 1948, there was an uprising on Jeju Island.   The government of what would become South Korea burned down most of the villages on Jeju Island and killed 30,000 people.  People disagree about exactly what happened and why.  Some people say the government was trying to stop Communists and other people say the Jeju Islanders who were killed were rebels who didn't want the country cut into two pieces.  In 2003, the government of South Korea apologized.

## Culture
Many television shows, for example *Dae Jang Geum*, are filmed in Jejudo.

The people who live in Jeju Province do not speak exactly the same type of Korean as other Koreans.  The Jeju dialect is recognized as a separate language, the Jeju language. Some of the residents of Jejudo do not like that there are so many tourists because they use up the water and leave garbage on the beaches.  Because many of the restaurants and hotels are owned by people from China, locals do not always get much money from visitors

## References
This Is Me... Then

***This Is Me... Then*** is the third studio album by American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. It was released in November 2002. The album debuted at number six on Billboard 200. t has sold 2.5 million copies in the United States and over five million copies worldwide. On November 26, 2022, Lopez announced a sequel to the album called *This Is Me... Now* due to be released February 16, 2024.

## Track listing 
;Notes
*"Still" contains elements of "Set Me Free", as written by LeRoy Bell and Casey James and performed by Teddy Pendergrass.
*"Loving You" contains:
**a portion of "Juicy Fruit", as written by James Mtume and performed by Mtume.
**an interpolation of "Never Give Up on a Good Thing", as written by Michael Garvin and Tom C. Shapiro and performed by George Benson.
*"I'm Glad" contains a sample of "P.S.K. What Does It Mean?", as written and performed by Jesse "Schoolly D" Weaver Jr.
*"The One" and "The One (Version 2)" contain an interpolation of "You Are Everything", as written by Thom Bell and Linda Creed and performed by The Stylistics.
*"All I Have" contains a sample of "Very Special", as written by Lisa Peters and William Jeffrey and performed by Debra Laws.
*"Jenny from the Block" contains:
**an interpolation of "Hi-Jack" (1975), as written by Jose Fernando Arbex Miro.
**a portion of "South Bronx" (1987), as written by Lawrence Parker and Scott Sterling.
**portions of "Heaven and Hell Is on Earth" (1975), as written by Michael Oliver.
*"You Belong to Me" contains a sample of "Catch the Beat", as written by G. Andrews, K. Nix, Brad Osborne, T. Ski Valley and performed by T. Ski Valley.
*"Baby I Love U!" contains an interpolation of "Midnight Cowboy" (1969), as written and performed by John Barry.

## Charts 
### Certifications
## References
El Cantante (soundtrack)

***El Cantante*** () is the soundtrack to the motion picture of the same name by American recording artists Marc Anthony and Jennifer Lopez. It was released on July 24, 2007 by Sony BMG. The entire album, except for the last track "Toma de Mí", is a cover album of songs originally written and recorded by the famous Puerto Rican salsa icon Héctor Lavoe.

## Track listing 
# "El Cantante" (Rubén Blades) — 6:47
# "Mi Gente" (Johnny Pacheco) — 3:52
# "Escándalo" (Rafael Cárdenas Crespo; Rubén Fuentes) — 3:58
# "Aguanile" (Willie Colón; Héctor Lavoe) — 5:15
# "Che Che Colé" (Willie Colón) — 3:26
# "El Día de Mi Suerte" (Willie Colón; Héctor Lavoe) — 5:19
# "Qué Lío" (Willie Colón; Joe Cuba; Héctor Lavoe) — 4:24
# "Quítate Tú Pa' Ponerme Yo" (Johnny Pacheco; Bobby Valentín) — 4:24
# "Todo Tiene Su Final" (Willie Colón) — 4:56
# "Toma de Mí" (Performed by Jennifer Lopez) (Nelly Furtado; Julio Reyes Copello) — 4:29

## Charts
;Album charts

;Year-end charts

## Credits and personnel
### Performance credits
*Yomo Toro – Cuatro
*Milton Cardona – Vocals, coro
*Tito Allen – Vocals, Coro
*Bobby Allende – Conga
*Renaldo Jorge – Trombone
*Myung Hi Kim – Violin
*Ozzie Melendez – Trombone
*Suzanne Ornstein – Violin
*Ricardo Tiki Pasillas – Percussion
*Marc Quiñones – Timbales
*Laura Seaton – Violin
*Gene Moye – Cello
*Sergio George – Piano
*Ray Colon – Bongos, bells
*Raul Agraz – Trumpet
*Luis Quintero – Percussion, timbales
*William Castro – Arpa
*William Duval – Vocals
*Sarah Seiver – Cello
*José Tabares – Bass
*Peter Winograd – Violin
*Ramon B. Sanchez – Conductor
*Robert Rinehart – Viola
*Daniel Panner – Viola
*Elizabeth Dyson – Cello
*Jenny Strenger – Violin
*Wilson Cifuentes – Flute, gaita
*Katherine Fong – Violin
*Duoming Ba – Violin
*Minyoung Chang – Violin
*Sarah OBoyle – Violin
*Wen Qian – Violin
*Sein Ryu – Violin
*Mario Guini – Electric guitar
*Julio Reyes Copello – Piano
*Jose Mangual – Vocals, Coro
*Daniel Caro – Bandola
*Oriol Caro – Tiple
*Angélica Gámez – Violin
*Laura Ospina – Cello
*Urian Sarmiento – Percussion

### Technical credits
*Marc Anthony – Producer, executive producer
*Sergio George – Producer
*Héctor Ivan Rosa – Engineer
*Jim Caruana – Engineer
*Luisito Quintero – Percussion overdubs
*David Kutch – Mastering
*Vlado Meller – Mastering
*Peter Wade Keusch – Engineer
*Bigram Zayas – Producer
*Alysia Oakley – Assistant music supervisor
*Maria Paula Marulanda – Art direction
*Matt Havron – Assistant Music supervisor
*Julio Reyes Copello – Arranger, programming, producer

## References
## Other websites
* Official *El Cantante* home page
Como Ama una Mujer

***Como Ama una Mujer*** () is the first full-length Spanish-language studio album, and fifth studio album by American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. The album was mainly produced by Colombian composers Julio Reyes and Estéfano.

## Background 
In 2004 Lopez worked on a song with her husband Marc Anthony called "Escapémonos". She enjoyed working on the song so much that she decided to record a full-length Spanish album; something she had wanted to do for years.

## Reviews 
## Track listing 
## Personnel 
* Vic Anesini – Mastering
* Marc Anthony – Arranger, Vocals (bckgr), Producer, Executive Producer
* Eduardo Avena – Percussion
* Odisa Beltrán – Production Coordination
* Andres Bermudez – Mixing
* Marco Britti – Drums
* Jorge Calandrelli – String Arrangements
* César Castillo – Quena, Sikus
* José Garcia De La Rosa – Engineer
* Sebastian DePeyrecave – Guitar, Assistant Engineer
* Nailton Bispo "Meia Noiche" Dos Santos – Percussion
* Tony Duran – Photography
* Vicky Echeverri – Vocals (bckgr)
* Estéfano – Vocals (bckgr), Producer
* Mauricio Gasca – Programming
* Armando Gola – Bass
* Mario Guini – Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar, Guitar (Electric)
* Anthony Kilhoffer – Engineer
* Jadi Leesley – Stylist
* The London Symphony Orchestra – Strings
* Jennifer Lopez – Executive Producer
* Juan José "Chaqueño" Martínez – Percussion
* Pedro Namerow – Assistant Engineer
* José Luis Pagán – Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar, Arranger, Guitar (Electric), Keyboards, Programming, Engineer
* José Luis Pagani – Arranger, Programming
* Ricardo Tiki Pasillas – Percussion, Drums, Vocals (bckgr)
* Ken Paves – Hair Stylist
* Julian Peploe – Art Direction, Design
* Erben Perez – Bass
* Gustavo Pichon Dal Pont – Engineer
* Julio C. Reyes – Piano, Accordion, Arranger, Conductor, Keyboards, Programming, Producer, Engineer, String Arrangements, Mixing
* Claudia Salgado – Production Coordination
* Bruce Swedien – Engineer, Mixing
* Guillermo Vadala – Bass
* Matthew Vanleeuwen – Make-Up
* Peter Wade – Engineer, Mixing

## Charts
## Sales and certifications
### Year-end charts
## Awards and nominations
* Billboard Latin Music Awards – **won** Latin Pop Album Of The Year, Female. 3 nominations for Latin Album Of The Year, Latin Pop Airplay Song Of The Year, Female and Latin Dance Club Play Track Of The Year (Que Hiciste)

## References
## Other websites
* Como Ama una Mujer – Spanish Content 
* e-card "Como ama una mujer"
Let's Get Loud (DVD)

'''''Let's Get Loud''''' is the second DVD by American singer Jennifer Lopez, released in February 2003 and recorded in Puerto Rico.

## Track listing
#Program Start – 0:37
#"Let's Get Loud" – 4:10
#"Ain't It Funny" – 11:08
#"Cariño" – 6:38
#"Play" – 5:43
#"Feelin' So Good" – 3:41
#"I'm Real" – 4:17
#Dancer Introductions
#Medley: "Secretly"/"Theme from *Mahogany* (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" – 5:12
#"I Could Fall in Love" – 7:01
#"Si Ya Se Acabó" – 4:38
#Band Introductions
#Medley: "Waiting for Tonight"/"Walking on Sunshine" – 8:04
#"If You Had My Love" – 7:17
#"Love Don't Cost a Thing" – 5:58
#"Plenarriqueña" – 5:42
#End Credits – 6:56
Ciscaucasian hamster

The **Ciscaucasian hamster** (*Mesocricetus raddei*) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found only in Russia and Georgia.
Gravitational lensing

]]

**Gravitational lensing** is caused by a massive body between a distant object and ourselves. It can create the appearance of two or more objects where there is really only one. The light from the object gets bent round the massive body in between.

The massive body, such as a galaxy or black hole, creates a very strong gravitational field in space. The exact nature of the effect depends on:
*relative distance and position between observer, lens and lightsource
*size of the lens
*mass inside the lens

## Einstein 
Albert Einstein predicted the possibility of gravitational lensing. The discovery that our Sun bends the light of distant objects when their light passes close to it was evidence that the general theory of relativity was correct.

## Types of lensing
There are three types of lensing:
*strong lensing
*weak lensing
*microlensing

### Strong lensing
Strong lensing betrays itself by producing multiple images from the same object. A well-known example is ''Einstein's Cross'' (Q2237+0305) at a distance of 8 billion lightyears. Here, the gravitational lens produces four images from the same object (a quasar), although it is only one object. The light of the quasar does not travel in a straight line to earth. Instead, it is bent along the gravitational field of a galaxy in front of it. This galaxy is at a distance of 400 million lightyears.

The first discovery of this kind (except the Sun) happened in 1979. Two quasars were close to each other. They both had the same spectrum and proved to be two images of the same quasar (Q0957+651). In 1980 scientists found out which group of galaxies functioned as the lens.

### Weak lensing
Weak lensing does not produce multiple images of the same object. Instead it produces a highly deformed or stretched image from an object far beyond the lens. In 1986 this was discovered in cluster Abell 370. Later it was understood that this was a greatly deformed image of a galaxy far beyond the cluster. 

The object can appear larger or smaller, as is shown in the table. Weak lenses allow us to observe very distant galaxies, which we would be unable to observe without such lens. By bending the light, the amount of light (magnitude) from the source increases. This way a very distant and faint galaxy can become visible, while we normally would not be able to observe it.

### Microlensing
In cases of microlensing, there is no distortion in shape. However, the amount of light visible from an object changes periodically. This can be used to detect exoplanets. Light from a distant star is bent and enhanced by the gravitational field of a closer star. The presence of an exo-planet rotating around that closer star bends the light of the star farther away periodically. Object OGLE-2005-BLG-390-Lb, discovered 25 January 2006, is the first exoplanet detected by using microlensing.
Como Ama una Mujer (miniseries)

The Jennifer Lopez produced dramatic mini-series "Como Ama Una Mujer" is Jennifer Lopez's first Spanish-Language TV Project. The five-part dramatic mini-series will debut on the Univision Television Network this fall.

The five episodes was released as a 2-Disc DVD set on December 18, 2007.

Jennifer Lopez expressed: 

## Summary 
An original production filmed in Mexico, "Como Ama Una Mujer" (How a Woman Loves) is inspired by the lyrics of Jennifer's first Spanish-language album of the same name released  in 2007. At the end of each episode, Jennifer herself will perform the theme song that inspired that episode. The five part mini-series tells the story of a woman's journey to find her true soul-mate, but with her glamorous life and professional success come heartbreak.

## Characters 
* Leonor Varela (Blade II, The Tailor of Panama) portrays the lead character of Sofia, a famous singer/actress.
* Raul Mendez (Los Justos, Un Mundo Maravilloso, Matando Cabos, The Legend of Zorro) plays Diego.
* Cristián de la Fuente (Soñar No Cuesta Nada, Driven, Vampires: Los Muertos) - Andres.
* Gabriela de la Garza (Ángel, Las Alas de Amor, Belinda) plays Laura.
* Rebecca Jones (Cuna de Lobos, Dos Vidas, and Huracan) - Barbara.
* Rocío Verdejo (Los Justos, Corazón Marchito) plays Adriana.
* Martin Altomaro (Un Mundo Maravilloso, Demasiado Amor) - Paco.
* Josefo Rodríguez (Sombra del Otro, Miroslava) plays Fernando.
* Karoll Marquez (La Verdad, Cotidiano) plays Sofia's brother Nicolas.
* Luis Fernando Padilla (Destruir Dice, Mujer, Casos de la Vida Real) plays Felipe, Andres' best friend and soccer teammate.
Hinduism in Bangladesh

**Hinduism** is the second largest religion in Bangladesh after Islam. It is followed by 8.5% of the population. In terms of population, Bangladesh has the third-largest Hindu population after the Republic of India and Nepal.

In nature, Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the forms and customs of Hinduism practiced in the neighboring Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as East Bengal) was united with that country until the Partition of India in 1947. The river Ganges is a sacred holy river for the Hindus that flows into the country from India.

Image: Bara Shiva Temple, Puthia (Front).jpg|The Temple at Puthia, Rajshahi
Image: Bangladesh Hindu Map.png|Distribution of Hindus by percentage.
Image: Durga puja in Dhakeshwari temple.jpg|Puja celebrations in Dhakeshwari Temple is the national temple of Bangladesh

## Demography
Bangladesh population is 149,772,364 of which, hindu population according to 2011 census of Bangladesh was 12,730,651 constituting 8.54% of the country's population.

However, at certain times different leaders and the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics have given different numbers estimation based on their research.

* Note: This was just their claim based on their estimation research and is not related to any government census authority.

## References
## Further reading
*Blood, Archer K. (2005). The cruel birth of Bangladesh: Memoirs of an American diplomat. Dhaka: University Press.
*Benkin, Richard L. (2014). A quiet case of ethnic cleansing: The murder of Bangladesh's Hindus. New Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan.
*Dastidar, S. G. (2008). Empire's last casualty: Indian subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other minorities. Kolkata: Firma KLM.
*Kamra, A. J. (2000). The prolonged partition and its pogroms: Testimonies on violence against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64.
*Taslima Nasrin (2014). Lajja. Gurgaon, Haryana, India: Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd, 2014.
*Rosser, Yvette Claire. (2004) Indoctrinating Minds: Politics of Education in Bangladesh, New Delhi: Rupa & Co. .
*Mukherji, S. (2000). Subjects, citizens, and refugees: Tragedy in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1947-1998. New Delhi: Indian Centre for the Study of Forced Migration.
*Sarkar, Bidyut (1993). Bangladesh 1992: This is our home: Sample Document of the Plight of our Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, and Tribal Minorities in our Islamized Homeland: Pogroms 1987-1992. Bangladesh Minority Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, (and Tribal) Unity Council of North America.
Bhutan–India relations

The **bilateral relations** between the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of India have been traditionally close. With independence in 1947, India inherited the suzerainty over Bhutan enjoyed by the British Raj. Although modified and modernised since, India remains influential over Bhutan's foreign policy, defence and commerce.
India–Ireland relations

**Indo-Irish relations** between the Republic of Ireland and the Republic of India picked up steam during the freedom struggles of the respective countries against a common imperial empire in the United Kingdom. Political relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped build relations. Indians recognise Northern Ireland as part of its country.
MacBook Pro

The **MacBook Pro** is a line of laptop computers made by Apple Inc.. It replaced the PowerBook G4 and was the second Mac to use an Intel processor when first released. It runs macOS and now uses Apple’s own Apple silicon chips.

Each MacBook Pro includes a built-in webcam, microphone, and a power adapter that connects magnetically using MagSafe or plugged in using USB-C. The computer’s case is made from recycled aluminum and is currently sold in 14‑inch and 16‑inch sizes.

## History 
### Intel era 
The first MacBook Pro was introduced in January 2006 at the Macworld Expo. It was the first professional-grade laptop from Apple to use an Intel processor, replacing the PowerBook G4.

Apple released many updates between 2006 and 2012. In June 2012, Apple introduced the first model with a *Retina Display*, which had a much higher screen resolution. The 17‑inch version was discontinued that same year.

In 2016, Apple added the *Touch Bar*, a thin touchscreen strip that replaced the top row of function keys. This feature was partially removed in 2019 by removing the escape key from the Touch Bar and later fully removed in 2021.

### Changing to Apple silicon 
At WWDC 2020, Apple announced that it would move the Mac lineup from Intel processors to its own chips. The first Apple silicon model, the 13‑inch MacBook Pro (M1), was released in November 2020, featuring an 8‑core CPU, 8‑core GPU, and a 16‑core Neural Engine (NPU).

In October 2021, Apple launched redesigned 14‑inch and 16‑inch models powered by M1 Pro and M1 Max chips. These brought back ports such as HDMI, SD card reader, and MagSafe charging.

Apple later released models with M2 Pro and M2 Max (2023), followed by M3, M3 Pro, and M3 Max chips in late 2023. In October 2024, Apple launched the Apple M4 Pro and M4 Max versions, which are faster, more efficient, and use less power. In October 2025, Apple launched the Apple M5 on MacBook Pro (M5). The MacBook Pro (M5) have two models, one for 14 inch and one for 16 inch.

## Models 
## Features 
### Battery 
* Apple silicon models might have up to 22 hours of battery life.
* Fast charging allows up to 50% charge in 30 minutes with a 96 W or 140 W adapter.
* Reaches ~1,600 nits peak brightness for HDR and ~1,000 nits sustained.
* Random-access memory (RAM) up to 64 GB on M2 Max, 96 GB on M4 Max models and now 128 GB.

### Processors and graphics 
* Uses Apple M‑series chips with integrated CPU, GPU, and Neural Engine (NPU) or Intel CPUs with AMD GPUs.
* M4 Max and future processors supports high‑end tasks like 8K video editing and AI processing.

## Environmental impact 
MacBook Pros include several features to reduce environmental impact:

* Arsenic‑free display glass
* BFR‑free and PVC‑free internal components
* Mercury‑free LED display
* 100% recycled aluminum enclosure

## References
Argentina–India relations

**Argentine-Indian relations** are foreign relations between Argentina and India.  Diplomatic relations were established on February 3rd, 1949.  India has an embassy in Buenos Aires and Argentina has an embassy in New Delhi. Indians have expressed its desires to agree with the Argentinian claims on British colonies in Southern Atlantic Ocean and other territorial border disputes with Chile.
Yaqui River

The **Yaqui River** (**Río Yaqui** in Spanish) (**Hiak Vatwe** in Yaqui) is a river in the state of Sonora in northwest Mexico. It is the largest river system in the state of Sonora. The Yaqui river is used for irrigation.

It is about 320km (200mi) in length, the Yaqui flows south and southwest to empty into the Gulf of California. 
The Yaqui river starts in the Sierra Madre Occidental and flows into the Gulf of California near the port of Guaymas.

Its course is broken up by several reservoirs like Plutarco Elías Calles (El Novillo), Lázaro Cárdenas (Angostura), or Álvaro Obregón (El Oviáchic, Lake Ouiachic), which provides the water for the heavily farmed region of Ciudad Obregón.
Rice riots of 1918

The ''''* were riots where many of the citizens of Japan became upset and rebelled against the government. This happened between July 1918 to September 1918. They caused the ending of the Terauchi Masatake government.

## Causes 
A very large rise in the price of rice caused very bad economic *(money)* problems, especially in rural areas *(outside of cities)'' where rice was the main food of daily life for the people.

Prime Minister Terauchi said he and his cabinet were to blame for the riots, and they all ended their jobs on 29 September 1918.

People studying this part of Japanese history think that the riots and so the need for rice in some way may have caused the Japanese to grow their occupation of other countries. Evidence of this is thought to be the increase in rice production in Taiwan and Korea.

## References 
* 
* 
* 

## Notes
Calligraphy

]]
 in Latin & Greek]]

**Calligraphy** is the art of writing. The word is from the Greek language and means "beautiful writing". In the west, this was an interest in decorating words on the page. Calligraphy in the Western world was always considered a minor art.

East Asian calligraphy was a "high art" form before the Tang Dynasty. It continues to have a high status among the arts. It is practiced today by many people including school children. 

## References 
]]
 manuscript, Nepal, 1869]]
Mad cow disease

**Mad cow disease** is the common name of **Bovine spongiform encephalopathy**. It's a prion disease that affects a cow's nervous system and their physical state. It comes from the chemistry structure of prion protein. When cattle get this disease, they have holes forming in their brains. The brain becomes spongy and begins to waste away. The cattle become very violent and show signs of mental disorder and have trouble when they move. It has a long incubation period, about 4 to 5 years. Cattle that are 4 to 5 years old can get the disease very easily.

It was not a common disease, but in 1996 the Minister of Health and Welfare in England said that it could be contracted by humans. Mad cow disease has damaged the cattle industry. Some food was made from cattle that had the disease. In England, the nation that was worst affected, more than 179,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million were killed in an attempt to get rid of the disease.

## Korea 
In 2012, Korean President Lee's negotiations about the import of beef from the USA made the public angry. Many people went to the square in front of city hall and protested. It caused a lot of trouble, and the approval rating of the president sharply decreased.

## India 
Only Indian (Desi Cow) cows were able to survive from the disease. Researchers are still trying to figure out why only the Desi Cows can resist succumbing to the disorder. Other countries have started importing Indian cow breeds to their countries.

## Related pages
* Prion disease
** Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ("Mad cow disease" in humans)
** Scrapie (Similar disease in sheep)
** Chronic wasting disease (Similar disease in deer)

## References
Lasse Lindh

**Lasse Lindh** (born 27 March 1974) is a Swedish indie pop musician. His first album, *Bra*, came out on EMI in 1998. It had three singles which made the charts in Sweden. Lindh began singing in English for his second album, *You Wake Up at Sea Tac* . The title is a reference to a line in *Fight Club*. The album  was released in 2002. Lindh's relationship with South Korea dates back to 2006. His songs "The Stuff" and "C'mon Through" were used in the MBC TV series *Soulmate*. In 2014, his song "Run to You" was used in the SBS drama *Angel Eyes.* In 2016-2017, his song "Hush" was used in the Korean drama *Guardian: The Lonely and Great God*. His most recent album is in  Swedish. Lindh has sang on the recordings of Club 8.

His most recent album is *Sparks*. It was released in 2009.

## Albums
* Bra (1998) 
* You Wake Up at Sea Tac (2002) 
* Lasse Lindh (2005) 
* Attica EP (2006) 
* Jag Tyckte Jag Var Glad (2007) 
* When You Grow Old... Your Heart Dies (2007)
* Pool (2008)
* Sparks (2009)

## Singles 
* Svenska hjärtan (2005)
* Sommarens sista smak   (2005)
* Radion spelar aldrig våran sång (2006)
* Du skär (2006)
* Varje litet steg (2007) 
* Ingen vind kan blåsa omkull oss nu (2007) 
* Du behöver aldrig mer vara rädd  (2008)
* Kom kampsång (with Timo Räisänen) (2008)
*
*
*

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* MySpace.com Blog
Galen

**Galen of Pergamum** (129–199/217 AD) was a prominent Greek physician and philosopher from Pergamon, a Greek city in western Asia Minor. Galen invented the 'Theory of Opposites' based on Hippocrates' Four Humours' theory, which helped develop medicine in the Roman age and again in the Middle Ages to include more natural-based medicine (rather than just religious medicine).

Later in the Renaissance period, people such as Andreas Vesalius wrote books showing that some of what Galen said was wrong. He was most famous for his discovery that proved that arteries carry blood and his dissection of a pig proved that the larynx nerves control the voice. He also proved that the brain controls the body and not the heart.

Galen was vital in the beginnings of natural medicine and is called the "Father of Anatomy". He is also called the "Father of Medicine" second to Hippocrates.

## Gallery

File:Galen detail.jpg|A 19th century lithograph of Galen by Pierre Roche Vigneron.
File:Claudius Galenus (1906) - Veloso Salgado.png|Galen dissecting a monkey as imagined by Veloso Salgado in 1906.
File:Statue of Galen of Pergamon.jpg|Modern statue of Galen in his hometown, Pergamon.

## References
### Citations
### Sources
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## Other websites
*Galen - A Biographical Sketch (Medicina Antiqua)
*Galen (Encyclopædia Britannica)
*Galen (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
*Works by Galen (Corpus Medicorum Graecorum) 
*Works by Galen (Perseus Digital Library)