open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cheshire

**Cheshire** is a rural county in England. It is the North West part of the country, just south of Manchester. Cheshire covers 905 square miles (2,344 km2) and had a population of around 1.1 million in 2021. 

Cheshire's county town is the cathedral city of Chester, while its most populated town is Warrington. 

It is most famous for making salt and cheese. Cheshire is made up of lots of little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield, a market town. A main attraction is Kerridge, near one of the western foothills of the Pennines .
Cayman Islands

The **Cayman Islands** are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean Sea. The territory is made up of three islands: Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac. Its capital, George Town, is on the main island (Grand Cayman).

## Government 
The Cayman Islands are governed by the United Kingdom. The Monarch chooses a Governor to represent the territory. The Governor can use his powers freely, but the King still has executive power.

## Taxation 
There are no direct taxes that residents and companies have to pay. The government receives most income from indirect taxes. However, there are tourist taxes and airport taxes. 

## Climate 
The Cayman Islands have a Tropical climate. The wet season runs from May to October, and the dry season runs from November to April. 

## Tourism 
The Cayman Islands are a popular tourist spot because they have coral reefs. This is why many tourists travel on airplanes or on cruise ships to go snorkeling and scuba diving.

## Airports 
There are three airports in the Cayman Islands. The main one is Owen Roberts International Airport. It is located on Grand Cayman near George Town, in which the national airline, Cayman Airways is based.

## Other websites 
* Cayman Islands  at the CIA World Factbook

## References
1167

## Events 
* Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed *Daijo Daijin*, chief minister of the government of Japan
* Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily
* Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund
* Absalon fortifies Copenhagen
* William Marshal, "the greatest knight that ever lived", is knighted
* Afonso I of Portugal is defeated by the Kingdom of León
* Amalric I of Jerusalem unsuccessfully invades Egypt
* William of Tyre becomes archdeacon of Tyre
* May 29 – Battle of Legano, in which The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I
1097

## Events 
* Edgar I deposes Donald III to become king of Scotland.
* The First Crusade reaches Constantinople.
* Crusaders besiege Nicaea, win the Battle of Dorylaeum, and capture Latakia from the Seljuk Turks, and begin the siege of Antioch.
Pisa

with the leaning tower]]

**Pisa** is a city and a *comune* in Tuscany, Italy. About 90,000 people live in the city. The city has a very long and turbulent history. The "Leaning Tower of Pisa" is a famous landmark of Pisa.

## Important buildings 
]]

* The Leaning Tower, the most famous image of the city.
* Campo dei Miracoli (in English: "Square of Miracles") in the north of the old town center.
* Duomo di Pisa.
* The Baptistry.
* The Camposanto (The monumental cemetery of the city).
* Piazza dei Cavalieri, (the "Knights' Square" in English).
* Church o Santo Steano dei cavalieri,in the "Knights' Square".
* St. Sixtus,a small church.
* The church of St. Francis, designed by Giovanni di Simone, built after 1276. In 1343 new chapels were added and the church was elevated.
* Church of San Frediano, built by 1061.
* Church of San Nicola, built by 1097, was enlarged between 1297 and 1313
* The small church of *Santa Maria della Spina*,
* The church of ''San Paolo a Ripa d'Arno*,
* *Lungarno'', the avenues along the river Arno.
* The Medici Palace, a building of the Appiano family, who ruled Pisa in 1392–1398. In 1400 the Medici acquired it, and Lorenzo de' Medici lived here.
* The  is Europe's oldest university botanical garden.
* The  ("Royal Palace").
* , a Gothic building of the 14th century.
* , a Gothic building
* : where there are the original sculptures of Nicola Pisano and Giovanni Pisano.
* : showing the sinopias from the camposanto, the monumental cemetery.
* : exhibiting sculptures and painting from 12th century–15th century,of Giovanni and Andrea Pisano, the Master of San Martino, Simone Martini, Nino Pisano and Masaccio.

## Famous people born in Pisa 
* Jason Acuña
* Guglielmo Agnelli
* Christian Amoroso
* Anselm of Capraia
* Gerardo Appiani
* Giovanni di Balduccio
* Iacopo Balestri
* Michele Bartoli
* Ercole Bazicaluve
* Alfredo Biondi
* Alessandro Birindelli
* Bona of Pisa
* Guido Buffarini Guidi
* Philippe Buonarroti
* Ulisse Dini
* Pope Eugene III
* Fibonacci
* Galileo Galilei
* Giovanni Galli
* Orazio Gentileschi
* Ugolino della Gherardesca
* Ignazio Hugford
* Enrico Letta
* Fabio Lione
* Dario Marianelli
* Francesco Marianini
* Giuseppe Melani
* Antonio Pacinotti
* Pandolfo Masca of Pisa
* Andrea Parola
* Giovanni Pisano
* Nino Pisano
* Bruno Pontecorvo
* Gillo Pontecorvo
* Girolamo Riminaldi
* Orazio Riminaldi
* Titta Ruffo
* Rustichello da Pisa
* Paolo Savi
* Sidney Sonnino
* Marco Storari
* Antonio Tabucchi
* Terramagnino da Pisa
* Francesco Traini
* Soozie Tyrell

## Sisters cities 
* , Kolding
* , Angers
* , Acre
* , Niles
* , Unna
* , Cagliari
1782

## Events 
*January 7 – The first American commercial bank opens (Bank of North America).
*January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage
*February 5 – Spanish defeat British forces and capture Minorca.
*March 8 – In Ohio the Gnadenhutten massacre of Native Americans takes place in which 29 men, 27 women, and 34 children were killed by white militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group.
*April 6 – Rama I succeeded King Taksin of Thailand who was overthrown in an coup d'état.
*April 12 – A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in the West Indies.
*June 18 – In Switzerland, Anna Goldi in sentenced to death for witchcraft – the last legal witchcraft sentence
*August 7 – George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit to honor soldiers wounded in battle.  It is later renamed to the more poetic "Purple Heart".
*November 30 – American Revolutionary War: In Paris, representatives from the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized in the Treaty of Paris).
*London creates Foot Patrol for public security
*Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries try to cross the English Channel with a hot-air balloon
*The Parliament of Great Britain extends James Watt's copyright for the steam engine to the year 1800

## Births
March 18 - John C. Calhoun, seventh Vice President of the United States (d. 1850)

December 5 - Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States (d. 1862)

## Deaths
1210

## Events 
* End of the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado, emperor of Japan
* Emperor Juntoku ascends to the throne of Japan.
* Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Pope Innocent III for invading southern Italy in 1210
* Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem Tristan about 1210
* Beginning of Delhi Sultanate
* Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a Mongol campaign against the Kyrgyz

## Births 
* May 5 – King Afonso III of Portugal (died 1279)
* June 24 – Count Floris IV of Holland (died 1234)
* July 22 – Joan of England, Queen consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)
* Ibn Nafis, Persian anatomist (died 1288)

## Deaths 
* Lu You, Chinese poet (born 1125)
* Jinul, Korean Buddhist philosopher
* July 17, King Sverker II of Sweden (born in the 1160s), in the Battle of Gestilren
1231

## Births 
* March 17 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (died 1242)
* Guo Shoujing, Chinese astronomer and mathematician
* John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey (died 1304)
* Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Wigmore (died 1282)

## Deaths 
* April 6 – William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
* June 13 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese saint (born 1195)
* November 6 – Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (born 1196)
* November 17 – Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (born 1207)
* Abd-el-latif, Arab physician and traveller
1183

## Events 
* Emperor Go-Toba, reign of 82nd emperor of Japan starts (1183-1198)

## Deaths 
* June 11 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (born 1155)
* Alexius II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1167)
* William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester
* Maria Comnena, the *Porphyrogenita*, Byzantine princess, by poison (born 1149)
* Renier of Montferrat (the Caesar John), Italian husband of Maria Comnena, by poison (born 1162)

## References
1197

## Events 
* Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as King of Jerusalem.
* Theobald III becomes Count of Champagne.
* The town of Arbroath, Angus, Scotland is consecrated, and dedicated to St Thomas Becket.
* Kaloyan becomes tsar of Bulgaria.
* Corfu is occupied by the Genoese.
* Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, negotiates a peace with Wales.
* North Crawley is split into Great Crawley and Little Crawley.
* Philip of Swabia marries Irene Angela, daughter of Byzantine emperor Isaac II.

## Births 
* October 22 — Emperor Juntoku of Japan (d. 1242)
* Amadeus IV of Savoy (d. 1253)
* Raymond VII of Toulouse (d. 1249)

## Deaths 
* January — William Longchamp, Lord Chancellor of England and bishop
* April 28 — Rhys ap Gruffydd, Welsh ruler (b. 1132)
* September 10 — Henry II of Champagne (b. 1166)
* September 28 — Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1165)
* Marguerite of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (b. 1158)
1155

## Births 
* February 28 – Henry the Young King, son of Henry II of England (died 1183)
* May 17 – Jien, Japanese poet and historian (died 1225)
* November 11 – King Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
* Saito Musashibo Benkei, Japanese fighting monk
* Kamo no Chomei, Japanese writer (died 1216)
* Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi, a Sufi saint and mystic of Islam.
The Dillinger Escape Plan

**The Dillinger Escape Plan** was an American mathcore band. They formed in New Jersey in 1997. They are generally a heavy group, with punk roots and influences from punk bands like The Bronx and Bad Brains. They formed as a hardcore punk band as known as "Arcane" which later became the Dillinger Escape Plan.

## Albums
* *Calculating Infinity* (1999)
* *Miss Machine* (2004)
* *Ire Works* (2007)
* *Option Paralysis* (2010)
* *One of Us Is the Killer* (2013)
* *Dissociation* (2016)

## References
1567

**1567** (MDLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events 
*The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Count Lamoral of Egmont imprisoned.
*February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Edinburgh.
*May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell.
*June 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated at Carberry Hill by the Scottish nobles. She is imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.
*July 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicates the throne, succeeded by her son King James VI of Scotland.
*July 25 – The city of *Santiago de León de Caracas*, in Venezuela, is founded by Diego de Losada.
*July 29 – James VI is crowned at Stirling.
*September 9 – At a dinner, the Duke of Alva arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Horne for treason.
*September 29 – Beginning of the Second War of Religion in France when the Prince of Condé and Gaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to capture King Charles IX and his mother at Meaux. The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orleans), and march on Paris.
*November 10 – Battle of Saint-Denis – Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.
*King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway founds Fredrikstad in Norway.
Queensrÿche

**Queensrÿche** is an American heavy metal band. They formed in Bellevue, Washington in 1982. They have made 16 studio albums, one extended play (EP), and many DVDs. When the band was made, its members were singer Geoff Tate, guitarist Michael Wilton and Chris DeGarmo, drummer Scott Rockenfield, and  bassist Eddie Jackson.

Queensrÿche has sold over 20 million albums. They were pioneers of power metal and later progressive metal in the 1980s. Many people say that *Operation: Mindcrime*, an album they released in 1988, is one of the best heavy metal concept albums ever made. The band has been nominated for Grammy Awards three times.

## Studio albums 
* *The Warning* (1984)
* *Rage for Order* (1986)
* *Operation: Mindcrime* (1988)
* *Empire* (1990)
* *Promised Land* (1994)
* *Hear in the Now Frontier* (1997)
* *Q2K* (1999)
* *Tribe* (2003)
* *Operation: Mindcrime II* (2006)
* *Take Cover* (2007)
* *American Soldier* (2009)
* *Dedicated to Chaos* (2011)
* *Queensrÿche* (2013)
* *Condition Hüman* (2015)
* *The Verdict* (2019)
* *Digital Noise Alliance* (2022)

## References
1242

## Deaths 
* February 10 – Emperor Shijō of Japan (born 1231)
* October 7 – Emperor Juntoku of Japan (born 1197)
* William de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle
* Archambaud VIII of Bourbon
* Hojo Yasutoki, regent of Japan (born 1183)
* Richard Mor de Burgh
On the Waterfront

***On the Waterfront*** is a 1954 American movie about  violence among longshoremen (people who unload ships) in New Jersey. Directed by Elia Kazan, it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint and Karl Malden.

The movie won eight Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), Best Supporting Actress (Saint), Best Art Direction, Best Director (Kazan), Best Cinematography (Boris Kaufman), Best Film Editing (Gene Milford) and Best Original Screenpaly (Budd Schulberg). The catchphrase, "I could've been a contender", is said by Terry Malloy. In 2005, it ranked third on AFI's list of the one hundred most famous quotes in movie history http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1398449.htm. Five years earlier, it was the eighth most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.

## Other websites 
*
Faith No More

**Faith No More** is an alternative metal band. They were formed by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, and keyboarder Roddy Bottum in San Francisco, California, USA, in 1981 and broke up on April 20, 1998. However, they got back together in 2009 and have continued playing since.

They became successful with singer Mike Patton in the early 1990s. Their biggest hits were "Epic" and the cover song "Easy", originally from Lionel Richie.

## Discography
So far, Faith No More has released six studio albums, which include:
**We Care a Lot* (1985)
**Introduce Yourself* (1987)
**The Real Thing* (1989)
**Angel Dust* (1992)
**King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime* (1995)
**Album of the Year* (1997)
Nightmare

by Johann Heinrich Füssli (who was also known as John Henry Fuseli). He painted it in 1781]]
A **nightmare** is a very powerful dream that the sleeper finds disturbing or frightening. Nightmares usually have either physiological causes, like a high fever, or psychological ones, like trauma or  in the sleeper's life.  Nightmares are common, but nightmares that happen very often can cause problems with sleep. They may cause people to get medical help.

Nightmares usually happen during REM sleep.

## In earlier times 
In earlier times, people thought that such nightmares were really the work of demons. They thought people were having nightmares because an Incubus was sitting on the chest of the sleeper. This can also be seen on the image. Sometimes people also thought magic and demonic possession were involved. 

In the 19th century, people thought their diet was responsible. When Ebenezer Scrooge sees a ghost in A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, he thinks "*... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato...*" is responsible. Similarly, the *Household Cyclopedia* (1881) offers this advice about nightmares:

:"Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible."

## References
The Pretenders

**The Pretenders** are an English rock and punk rock band. They formed in Hereford in 1978.

## Discography 
* *Pretenders* (1980)
* *Pretenders II* (1981)
* *Learning to Crawl* (1984)
* *Get Close* (1986)
* *Packed!* (1990)
* *Last of the Independents* (1994)
* *¡Viva El Amor!* (1999)
* *Loose Screw* (2002)
* *Break Up the Concrete* (2008)
* *Alone* (2016)
* *Hate for Sale* (2020)
* *Relentless* (2023)

## References
Jon Bon Jovi

**John Francis Bongiovi** (born March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey) better known as **Jon Bon Jovi**, is an American musician and actor. He is best known as the lead singer of the hard-rock band, Bon Jovi.

## Biography 
In 1983, Jon was one of the founding members of Bon Jovi. Earlier he sang in bands *Starz* and *Atlantic City Expressway*.

In 2006, Jon was ranked in 31st place out of 100 the best vocalist in history.

He starred in 18 films, last time in 2011.

## Other websites
Singin' in the Rain

'''''Singin' in the Rain''''' is a 1952 American movie musical romantic comedy movie starring Gene Kelly. It was directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen. It is set in Los Angeles, California in 1927. It gives an amusing look at Hollywood's change from silent movies to "talkies".

It is considered to be among the best movie musicals ever made.

Shooting on the movie began on June 18, 1951, and ended on November 21.

## Other websites
*
North and South

***North and South*** is a novel by John Jakes. It is the first of three books about two friends who must fight against each other during the American Civil War.

*North and South* had two sequels. They are called *Love and War* and *Heaven and Hell*. The books were written in 1982, 1984, and 1987. 

There were also TV versions made. Three miniseries were done in 1985, 1986, and 1994. The two main characters were played by James Read and Patrick Swayze (Swayze's character does not appear in the third part).
Apparatus

**Apparatus** can refer to:

*object which can be used for a certain function. Examples of apparatuses include coffee-makers, pencil sharpeners, and computers. These things are also often called tools, machines, or *equipment*.
*process of an activity. For example, a political party or governmental organization can be called an apparatus.
*a set of equipment or tools or a machine that is used for a particular purpose

## Notes
Internet Movie Database

**IMDb** (or **Internet Movie Database**) is an online database of information (facts) about actors, movies, TV shows, and video games. The IMDb database started in October 1990, moved to the World Wide Web in 1993, and has been owned by Amazon.com since 1998.

## References 
## Other websites
* Internet Movie Database (IMDb) website
Detroit Red Wings

The **Detroit Red Wings** are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). 

## History 
### Early history 
The Red Wings were formed in 1926.  The Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) folded that year, and many of the players from the WCHL's Victoria Cougars went to play for Detroit.  As a result, the team was first called the Detroit Cougars, then later it changed to Detroit Falcons, before becoming known as the Red Wings.

### Later history 
In the late 1940s, the line of Sid Abel, Gordie Howe, and Ted Lindsey became very important to the team.  Abel won the Hart Trophy in 1949, and Lindsey won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1950.  Howe then won six Hart and six Art Ross Trophies between 1951 and 1963.  Terry Sawchuck was a star goaltender, who ended up with more career shutouts than any other goalie (103).  Red Kelly won the first ever Norris Trophy as best defence.  As a result of having such great players, the Red Wings won four Stanley Cups in six years:  1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955.  Two of these were very close:  they were won in overtime of the 7th and deciding game in 1950 (against the New York Rangers) and 1954 (against the Montreal Canadiens).  These are the only two times the NHL championship has gone to overtime of game seven.

The Red Wings continued to be a strong team throughout the 1960.  They lost the NHL Finals five times between 1956 and 1966.  Norm Ullman was their star center in the 1960s.

### Comeback 
They were not a strong team again until the late 1980s.  Steve Yzerman became a star at this time.  Sergei Fedorov became the first Russian to win the Hart Trophy in 1994.  The Red Wings won the President's Cup as top team in the NHL regular season in 1995, 1996 (with a record number of wins), and 2002.  They won the Stanley Cup in 1997, 1998, and 2002.  Nicklas Lidstrom won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times beginning in 2001.  The team was one of the richest in the NHL, which helped them get many good players.

## Winnings 
The Red Wings have won eleven Stanley Cups, the third most of any team, and the most of the United States teams. They first won in 1936 and 1937, and again in 1943. Ebbie Goodfellow won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1940.  Sid Howe was also a star on the team at this time.

## Related pages 
*List of Detroit Red Wings players

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Chlorofluorocarbon

s. C is carbon, Cl is chlorine and F is fluorine.]]
 

A **chlorofluorocarbon** (CFC) is a gas used for various purposes including solvents, refrigerants, and aerosol sprays. They are organic chemicals and contain carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. They were much used in the middle of the 20th century, replacing chemicals that were toxic or flammable or had other problems. 

In 1978, Sweden became the first country that banned CFC products. Later, the US and Canada did the same. Now, CFC products are not allowed in most countries, because they cause ozone depletion. CFCs are greenhouse gases. An alternative to chlorofluorocarbons is hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These do not destroy the ozone layer or increase global warming.

## Related pages 
*Thomas Midgley (American inventor)
*Freon

## References
Cameroon

**Cameroon** (officially called the **Republic of Cameroon**) is a country in Central Africa. Its capital is Yaoundé. The largest city in Cameroon is Douala. The population of Cameroon is about 20 million. Cameroon's president is Paul Biya. They speak nearly 250 languages in Cameroon. French and English are the official languages. The German Empire ruled Cameroon from 1884 until World War I when France took the majority and Britain took the northwest and southwest. 

## Geography
 dot the landscape near Rhumsiki, Far North Region.]]

At , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country. It is about the size of Papua New Guinea. The country is in Central and West Africa on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country's neighbours are Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south.

## Regions
The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 regions. On 12 November 2008, the President changed the divisions from provinces to regions. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.

The regions are divided into 58 divisions. These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers.

|}

## Cities
Some of the largest cities in Cameroon are:

## Languages 
The official languages of Cameroon are French and English. It is part of both the British Commonwealth and La Francophonie. Most people speak French, English is only spoken in the Northwest and Southwest regions of the country, formerly under British control.

## Related pages
* Cameroon at the Olympics
* Cameroon national football team
* List of rivers of Cameroon

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
It's a Wonderful Life

'''''It's a Wonderful Life'''* is a 1946 movie directed by Frank Capra. It is inspired by a story similar to *A Christmas Carol''.

## Cast
* James Stewart as George Bailey
* Donna Reed as Mary Hatch
* Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Potter

## Other websites 
* 
* Essay on the deeper meaning of the movie 
* Excerpts from Ray Carney's analysis of the movie.
Mauritius

The **Republic of Mauritius** is an island nation in the Mascarene Islands. It includes Rodrigues, Agaléga and St. Brandon as well as Mauritius. It was formerly ruled by the European countries: France, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, but is now independent from these all European Colonies.

Port Louis is its capital. In the 2000 census, the country had a population of 1,178,848 people. The country is prosperous, and trades mainly with South Africa and Indian Sub Continent.
The island of Mauritius was the home of the dodo.

## Location 
The island is in the southwest Indian Ocean. It is about  east of Madagascar. The country includes the island of Mauritius as well as the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands along with the French island of Réunion  to the southwest.

## Flag
The Mauritian flag is made up of four colours of equal width. 
The colours represent the following:
* Red represents freedom and independence,
* Blue is for their Indian Ocean which surrounds the island,
* Yellow for the sun, and 
* Green for their agriculture.

## History 
Mauritius, an island of volcanic origin sheltered by barriers of coral reefs forming natural, safe, crystal clear lagoons, has long been a dream destination. Known to the Arabs as early as the 10th century, but officially explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch in the 17th century. The Dutch were the ones who named the island in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU. 
Mauritius was occupied successively by the Dutch (1598-1712) and later by the French (1715-1810). The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island into an important naval base overseeing the Indian Ocean trade, and establishing a plantation economy of sugar cane. 
The British captured the island in 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars through the Treaty of Paris. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later on, an air station playing an important role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as the collection of signals intelligence. On 12 March 1968, Mauritius became Independent. Following resumed negotiations a treaty was signed on 22 May 2025 that will formally transfer the sovereignty of the territory to Mauritius once it comes into effect, while the Diego Garcia military base remains under British control during a 99-year lease.

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Mauritius
* Mauritius at the Olympics
* Mauritius national football team

## References
Mauritania

**Mauritania** is a country in northwest Africa. The capital city, which is also the biggest city in the country, is Nouakchott. It is on the Atlantic coast. Its president is General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani. 

At 1,030,700 km² (397,929 mi²), Mauritania is the world's 29th-largest country (after Bolivia). It is similar in size to Egypt. The land is flat in most places.

## Demographics 
### Religion
Mauritania is almost 100% Muslim, most of whom are Sunni.  People can be killed in Mauritania for being  an atheist. On 27 April 2018, The National Assembly passed a law that allows for the death penalty for certain apostasy-related crimes.

## Language 
### Afro-Asiatic languages 
Modern Standard Arabic is the official language of Mauritania. Hassaniya is the Arabic dialect that is widely spoken throughout the country. It is mostly used in daily life.

### Berber languages 
There are also some Berber languages that are spoken in Mauritania. In the south Zenaga is spoken and close to the border with Mali in the southeast Tamasheq (a variety of Tuareg) is spoken. Zenaga is only spoken by a few hundred people and seems to be close to disappearance.

### Foreign languages 
As Mauritania is a former colony of France, it is now part of the Francophonie. French is spoken including African French and Maghreb French.

### Niger-Congo languages 
There are several Niger-Congo languages that are spoken in Mauritania. These are Wolof, Soninke, Pulaar and Bambara.

## Economy 
Mauritania is rich in natural resources but has a low GDP. Many people living in Mauritania depend on farming and livestock. Mauritania has a large deposit of iron ore, which is almost half of the country's total exports.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Guinea-Bissau

image of Guinea-Bissau]]

**Guinea-Bissau** is a country in Africa. It borders Senegal to the north, Guinea to the south. The official language is Portuguese, and the capital is Bissau. About 1,442,000 people live in Guinea-Bissau as of 2006. The country was a Portuguese colony in the 19th century. At that time is was called Portuguese Guinea. It became independent in 1973. In 1974, the name of the country's capital was added so that it would not be confused with the neighboring country Guinea (which was called French Guinea, and became independent in 1958). Equatorial Guinea is another country in Africa with Guinea in its name. It lies further east, between Cameroon and Gabon.

Even though the official language of Guinea-Bissau is Portuguese, only about 35 percent of the people speak it. Most of the people speak a creole language, based on Portuguese, called Guinea-Bissau Creole. More than a quarter of the population of the country live in its capital. 

Since its independence, Guinea-Bissau has seen many military-led governments. Its last war was the Guinea-Bissau Civil War, fough in 1998/1999. Since its indpendence, there were some democratic elections. These never led to a lasting democracy, though. Guinea-Bissau has had seversl authoritarian governments. 

Corruption is common. Civil rights abuses are widespread. Guinea-Bissau is among the poorest countries in the world. There is almost no industry, most people live from farming. There are almost no exports, the only goods widely expoered are cashew nuts.

History: The leader of the country, fell from power because of the 2025 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état.

## Regions and sectors
Guinea-Bissau is divided into 8 regions and one autonomous sector. These are divided into thirty-seven sectors. The regions are:
*Bafatá
*Biombo
*Bissau*
*Bolama
*Cacheu
*Gabu
*Oio
*Quinara
*Tombali
* autonomous sector

## References
Lake Huron

**Lake Huron** is one of North America's five Great Lakes. It is the third one up from the mouth. Like Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior, it is also part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. The Huronian glaciation, billions of years ago, is named for the lake.

Lake Huron is more than 200 miles (325 km) long and is as much as 750 feet (230 m) deep. Many boats and ships go back and forth on Lake Huron, carrying useful things such as iron ore.

Lake Huron borders the Canadian province of Ontario and the American state of Michigan. There are no large cities on Lake Huron, but there are some small cities such as Sarnia, Ontario and Bay City, Michigan. 

The water that flows out of Lake Huron goes through a river that flows past Detroit, Michigan. The water then flows into Lake Erie on its way to the ocean.

On 1996 an hurricane-like storm appeared on Lake Huron, while the National Hurricane Center was not sure to call it a hurricane or not. Because the storm formed over Lake Huron and that it did not get a name from the NHC, many people nicknamed the storm, "Hurricane Huron".
Chief Joseph

**Chief Joseph** (1840 – September 21, 1904; whose real name was **Hinmaton-Yalaktit**) was the chief of the Nez Perce Native Americans, a tribe that lived in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States. 
His father was the leader of the Nez-Perce  before him, and his mother was a member of this tribe too.

When Joseph was young, his father always told him not to trust white men, he actually had problems with settlers. When his father died, Joseph became chief of the tribe, who resided in plateaus in Northeast Oregon, Southeast Washington and Western Idaho.

The turning point in their relationship to white men was the gold rush in 1863. It gave the US Government the opportunity to reduce their reservation to a small area in Idaho. Then, with the new waves of white men settling in the West, the Government wanted to drive Nez-Perces away from their territory.

Chief Joseph was extremely sad: this place was the tribe's territory where their ancestors were buried. In spite of that, he wanted to avoid conflict and remain in peace. In 1873 he decided to negotiate with the US Government. He travelled all the way to Washington D.C. and spoke to President Ulysses S. Grant. But he only got mean looks and little attention.

So a war began in 1877. The living conditions of Chief Joseph's tribe were awful: they had no food and no blankets. Some people were freezing to death. But the Nez-Perces impressed their enemy thanks to all the battles they won. Many men died on both sides. That's why Joseph decided to surrender. He gave up fighting in 1877.

He was destroyed by the death of his people, and also extremely disappointed: he felt betrayed by white people. He knew he could not trust them anymore. He was tired of being considered a savage. He felt it was not fair for people who were born on the same land to be treated differently. He delivered a lot of speeches on this subject, which are still really good examples of eloquence. But he did not feel listened to, and when he died in his reservation in 1904, the doctor said he "died from sadness". He was buried in Colville Native American Burial Ground, in Washington State.

## References
Réunion

**Réunion** () is an island of France. It is also a region of France and an overseas department of France, meaning France owns the island nation. It is in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, about 200 km (125 miles) southwest of Mauritius. Its capital is Saint-Denis. The highest point in La Reunion is La piton des neiges. The island is also famous for its black beaches, even though people think that there are white beaches. The island is 63 kilometres (39&nbsp;mi) long; 45 kilometres (28&nbsp;mi) wide; and covers 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi). It is similar to the island Hawaii as both are above hotspots in the Earth's crust.

The Piton de la Fournaise, a shield volcano on the eastern end of Réunion Island, rises more than 2,631 metres (8,632&nbsp;ft) above sea level and is sometimes called a sister to Hawaiian volcanoes because of the similarity of climate and volcanic nature. It has erupted more than 100 times since 1640 and is under constant monitoring. It most recently erupted on 2 January 2010. Before that, the most noticeable was during April 2007, when the lava flow was estimated at 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000 cu yd) per day.  The Piton de la Fournaise is created by a hotspot volcano, which also created the Piton des Neiges and the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues.

The Piton des Neiges volcano, the highest point on the island at 3,070 metres (10,070&nbsp;ft) above sea level, is northwest of the Piton de la Fournaise. Collapsed calderas and canyons are southwest of the mountain. Like Kohala on the Big Island of Hawaii, the Piton des Neiges is an extinct volcano. Despite its name, snow (French: neige) practically never falls on the summit.

## Other websites 
* Facts about Reunion 
* Pictures of Reunion Island
Square mile

A **square mile** (sometimes written *mi²* ) is a British and American unit of measurement of area. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one statute mile (5,280 feet or 1,760 yards). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is on a farm, or in a city or country, for example.

One square mile is just less than 2.59 square kilometres.
Regions of Peru

A **Region** is the name for one of 25 areas into which the land is divided in Peru. 

Provinces of Peru

* **Name of the region** (capital of the region)

# Tumbes (Tumbes)
# Piura (Piura)
# Lambayeque (Chiclayo)
# La Libertad (Trujillo)
# Ancash (Huaraz)
# Lima (Huacho)
# Callao (Callao)
# Ica (Ica)
# Arequipa (Arequipa)
# Moquegua (Moquegua)
# Tacna (Tacna)
# Cajamarca (Cajamarca)
# Huánuco (Huánuco)
# Pasco (Cerro de Pasco)
# Junín (Huancayo)
# Huancavelica (Huancavelica)
# Ayacucho (Ayacucho)
# Apurímac (Abancay)
# Cusco (Cusco)
# Puno (Puno)
# Amazonas (Chachapoyas)
# San Martín (Moyobamba)
# Ucayali (Pucallpa)
# Madre de Dios (Puerto Maldonado)
# Loreto (Iquitos)
&nbsp; &nbsp; ***** &nbsp; &nbsp; Lima Province (Lima)
Meat Puppets

The **Meat Puppets** are an alternative/punk rock group from Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. They were formed in 1980 by Curt Kirkwood (vocals, guitars), his brother Cris (bass) and Derrick Bostrom (drums). The band is probably best known for their 1994 radio hit "Backwater".

The band went on indefinite hiatus in 2001 as Curt formed two band projects Eyes Adrift (with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic and Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh) and Volcano (also with Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh). He also released a solo album. His brother Cris was in prison from August 2004 to 21 months.

In 2006, the Meat Puppets reformed and released a new album, *Rise to Your Knees* in 2007.

As of November 2009, Shandon Sahm is back as the drummer in the Meat Puppets. He replaces Ted Marcus, who was a member from 2006. 

The band was chosen by Animal Collective to perform their album *Up on the Sun* live at the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in May 2011.

## References
Ted Bundy

**Theodore Robert "Ted" Bundy** (November 24, 1946 - January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer, kidnapper, and rapist. He confessed to killing 30 women, although the actual number of murders committed is unknown.

## Biography 
Ted Bundy was born in 1946 in Burlington, Vermont, USA. He lived with his mother Louise Cowell and grandfather Sam Cowell when he was a child. to begin studying law at the University of Utah. He began killing again in October 1974. Bundy kidnapped and killed three girls in October 1974, one of them being the daughter of a police officer. On November 8, Bundy told a girl that he was a police officer and he told her to get in his car. She did, believing he really was a police officer. He then tried to handcuff her but she would not let him and she jumped out of the car and escaped. Bundy was angry that she had got away and so a few hours later he kidnapped another girl and killed her. Her body was never found. Bundy was still living in Utah in 1975 and was still attending law school but he began only killing people in Colorado. Bundy kidnapped and killed four women from Colorado and one more from Utah in the first half of 1975 (January to June).

On August 16, 1975, Bundy was arrested for not stopping his car when ordered to by a police officer. When they searched his car they found a ski mask, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags, and other items that they thought he must have been using to burglarize houses. The police then noticed that his car was the car the girl who escaped had told them about. Bundy was sentenced on March 1, 1976, to fifteen years in prison for kidnapping her. Bundy escaped from the police twice in 1977 before he could be sentenced for the murders he had committed. By early 1978 he had made his way to Florida where he killed two more women and injured three others. After that he murdered a 12-year-old girl called Kimberley Leach. She was the last girl murdered by Bundy before he was stopped by a police officer on February 15, 1978.

Bundy had antisocial personality disorder. He went on trial on June 25 until July 31 for the murders he had committed. He was sentenced to 3 death sentences, and was going to be executed by the electric chair. In the time he was in prison and waiting to be executed he helped the police investigate other murders and in 1988 he admitted to having killed eight more women than he was tried for. Bundy was executed by the use of the electric chair at the Florida State Prison on January 24, 1989. He was 42 years old.
## Copycat crimes 
The perpetrators of the 2006 murder of Cassie Jo Stoddart cited Ted Bundy as one their idols and inspirations.

## References
Longboarding

A **longboard** is a type of skateboard. It is often longer than a regular skateboard. Longboard are made in many different shapes. They are often  faster than regular skateboards. This is because of the size of the wheel and what the board is made of. Longboards are commonly used for cruising, traveling and downhill racing. Downhill racing is known as longboarding. Longboard 'dancing' and 'freestyle' are also popular. In this, the rider uses skateboard-like motions and steps up and down the board.

## History 
The first longboards were made by Preston Nichols in the 1940s and 50s. They replaced surfing when the waves were too dull. Early skaters made boards out of planks of wood and roller skates. It was called "Sidewalk Surfing". Longboards were first sold in 1959. Makaha, Jack's and Hobie were the first sellers. These early longboards were crude. They had wheels made of metal. Clay wheels were used later to make them safer. Longboarding became popular in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It had become much less popular by 1965. Longboarding started becoming popular again in 1972 when Frank Nasworthy and the Cadillac Wheel Company create the urethane longboard wheel. Urethane wheels let skaters move much faster than they could before. Reverse kingpins(RKP) also made them more stable.

These changes made the boards more stable. They helped downhill longboarding grow into a sport. The International Gravity Sports Association (IGSA) was its governing body. The cutout deck was added in the 1990s. It had sections cut out around the wheels. This stopped the wheels from touching the board during hard turns. There has been many changes to longboard technology because of the many different ways people ride them. Modern longboard decks can be made from many materials. These include fiberglass composites, aluminum and carbon fiber.

## Dimensions
Most boards are  in length. Widths vary from . Longboard are made in many shapes. These include pintails, swallowtails, flat-nose riders, drop-through decks, drop decks and boards with the same shape as a regular skateboard. Pintails have looser trucks and larger wheels. They are better suited for carving or a "smooth" feel. Drop decks and drop throughs let the rider be closer to the ground. This gives them a lower center of gravity which increases stability. This also makes the boards better for downhill racing. Mid-length boards,  have many different uses. They have more weight and bulk. This makes them move with a fluid motion by providing more momentum. The longboard's design lets rider make big turns or quick short carves. These movements are similar to the motions of surfers or snowboarders.

## References
Appellation d'origine contrôlée

'''''Appellation d'origine controlée'''* (AOC, "controlled designation of origin") is a French phrase which shows that a product comes from a certain area.  

Some products must come from a certain area and be made in a certain way in order to have the name of the product.  The most famous example is champagne, which must be fermented in the bottle and be made in the Champagne region of France.

The French government set up the *Institut national des appellations d'origine  et de la qualité'' (INAO, "National institute of controlled designation of origin") in 1935 to oversee the system.  Although usually linked with wines, the start of the system of protecting the name of goods started in the 15th century when the French parliament defined what could be called Roquefort cheese.   

AOCs are most often found in connection with:
* Wine regions (like Bordeaux Entre-Deux-Mers AOC)
* Some ciders
* Some cheeses (like Roquefort) and Parmesan (in Italy)

## References
Graffiti

**Graffiti** (plural; singular: **graffiti** or **graffito**, however *graffito* is rarely used except in archeology) is marks, scratching or drawings made on a surface on a public place. It is often created with paint or spray paint (paint that is sprayed from a can). A single mark could be called a **graffito** but the word graffiti is usually used, meaning that there is more than one mark. The word comes from Greek ''* (*graphein'')  meaning "to write".

Graffiti can take the form of art, drawings or words. When done without a property owner's permission it can be considered vandalism. Sometimes it is just a person's name or a rude word. Sometimes it is a public political protest because graffiti is illegal without permission.

## Types 
There are lots of different types of graffiti, and some people call some things graffiti that other people would not.

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In some kinds of graffiti, people write their name in different ways. It is usually not their real name. Sometimes people write the name of their crew, which is a group of friends who write together. Small writing like a signature is called a **tag**. Bigger writing that is very round and has an outline is called a **throw up**. A graffiti writing with lots of detail is called a **piece**, which is short for masterpiece.

Some graffit is made of pictures. This can be a small picture or a large mural.

Graffiti can be legal or illegal. Some towns have walls that anyone is allowed to paint on. Sometimes the government or a business will pay someone to paint, to attract tourists or advertise something. Some graffiti artists like Keith Haring became very famous.

## History 
]]
Paintings were done on cave walls over 40,000 years ago in Australia. The oldest graffiti that used writing was in the Roman Empire, people wrote messages on walls. It wasn't considered vandalism, instead people saw it as just a way to talk to one another.

In the 1700s and 1800s in the United States, some people began to write "monikers" on trains. Monikers were pictures and fake names. One famous moniker was Bozo Texino.

Modern graffiti was made famous in New York City in the early 1960s and 1970s by the children of the working class. They called it "writing" and called themselves "writers." At first they wrote on trains, but when the New York Subway started to make it harder, writers moved into the city to write on walls instead.

In a 1971 New York Times article, Norman Mailer first used the term "graffiti" was first used to refer to the new kind of art people were painting on trains. This period of the early 1970s is known as the "Original School." Later in the 1980s, the next generation of graffiti artists is known as "Old School."

## References 
## Other websites 
* Graffiti.CX  Online Graffiti Contest 
* Graffiti art on train
* Graffiti.org.br 
* Walls & bridges from south Belgium
* How to remove graffiti?
* Remove Graffiti From Different Surfaces?
* Graffiti art or vandalism