open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Antofagasta Region

The **II Antofagasta Region** () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. It is the second-largest region of Chile. To the east it borders Bolivia and Argentina.

The capital of the region is the port city of Antofagasta.

## History
The area away from the coast was populated by the Atacama people around the great dry salt lake called Salar de Atacama, the river basin of the Loa and valleys and oasis across the altiplano, with the most important settlement being the town of San Pedro de Atacama.

The region used to be Bolivian until the War of the Pacific started in 1879.

## Geography
The Antofagasta region borders the Tarapacá region to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the southeast, the Atacama region to the south and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

The Llullaillaco volcano is the region's highest elevation at ; it is on the border with Argentina.

The only  river of the region is the Loa river, the longest river of Chile, with a length of .

### Climate
The climate of the region is extremely arid (a desert climate) but somewhat milder near the coast and the highest mountains.

The three types of desert climate in the region are, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest cities (2002 census) of the region are the capitals of the three provincesː Antofagasta (285,255 inhabitants), Calama (126,135 inhabitants) and Tocopilla (23,352 inhabitants).

## Administration
The Antofagasta region is divided in three provincesː

## Related pages
*Atacama Desert

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Official website of the Local Government
Smoothbore

A **smoothbore** weapon is one that has a barrel without rifling.  Smoothbores range from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars. The majority of shotguns are smoothbores and the terms "shotgun" and "smoothbore" can be synonymous.

## History 
The earliest mention of a smoothbore weapon was about the year 1000 in Dunhuang. The weapon was called a fire lance. The gun must also have a way to  the black powder charge. The earliest guns were made of bamboo, later replaced with metal barrels. If the match was not lit when the gun needed to be fired, the mechanism was useless. This was a real problem in wet weather. Another drawback was the burning match itself. At night, the match would  in the darkness showing the matchlock holder's position. The smell of burning match-cord also gave away a musketeer's position. The main  of the matchlock was that it allowed the shooter to hold the weapon at eye level so as to better  the weapon.

### Flintlock 
After about 200 years, the next major development was the flintlock. It used a flint striking mechanism. The hammer was pulled back to the first click, called "half-cocked". It was also called a caplock. The percussion cap was based on the discovery of fulminate of mercury in about 1800. When struck with a sharp blow, mercury fulminate detonates. It added the step of placing a cap on the nipple cone, but it was a real advantage to troops in battle. One of the first weapons used in Europe was the bombard. They were built in different diameter barrels to fire anything from a small rock to a  cast iron ball. Many of the American weapons were captured British cannon.

In 1853 France introduced the Canon-obusier de 12, a 12-pounder capable of firing both shot and shell. The U.S. Army adopted the Napoleon 12-pounder in 1857 as the Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun. It became the most popular field gun on both sides during the American Civil War. They were ultimately replaced by rifled barrel cannons beginning after the Civil War.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Gunsmithing: Versatility of Smoothbore Muskets (Gunworks)
Rümligen

**Rümligen** was a municipality in Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, Rümligen became a part of Riggisberg.

## References
## Other websites
Rüeggisberg

**Rüeggisberg** is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The municipality is on a plateau along the southern flank of the Längenberg.

## References
The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)

"**The Charge of the Light Brigade**" is a poem written in 1854 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. It is about a British brigade in the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War.

## Other websites
* Manuscript in Tennyson's handwriting at Archive.org
*
Blowback

**Blowback** is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gases created by the ignition of the propellant charge.

Several blowback systems exist, distinguished by the methods used to control bolt movement. In most actions that use blowback operation, the breech is not locked mechanically at the time of firing: the inertia of the bolt and recoil spring(s), relative to the weight of the bullet, delays opening of the breech until the bullet has left the barrel. A few locked breech designs use a form of blowback (example: primer actuation) to perform the unlocking function.

Other operating principles for self-loading firearms include blow forward, gas operation, recoil operation, revolver, Gatling, and chain. The blowback principle may be considered a simplified form of gas operation, since the cartridge case behaves like a piston driven by the powder gases.

## Simple Blowback
Simple blowback operation is where the recoil of the cartridge moves the bolt rearwards to load the next round. This operation is found in automatic pistols and submachine guns and firearms chambered in lower pressure rounds. The  rifle rounds which have higher pressures are usually deemed unsuitable for simple blowback operation. However, there is Delayed Blowback where the chamber is locked until the pressures drop to a safe level to reload.

## Delayed Blowback
Delayed blowback is similar to simple blowback but is capable of handling the pressures of rifle rounds. It uses an operation that delays the opening of the bolt when firing.

### Lever delayed blowback
Lever delayed blowback is where the bolt has a lever that slows the opening of the bolt but accelerates the bolt carrier, the bolt then also accelerates with the bolt carrier. The AA52 machine gun and the FAMAS use this operation.

### Roller delayed blowback
Roller delayed blowback is where the bolt has two rollers that pop out both sides of the bolt to lock the chamber. The Sturmgewehr 45 assault rifle, Heckler & Koch MP5 and Calico submachine gun uses this operation.

### Primer actuated blowback
Primer actuated blowback is when the round is fired, the primer moves the firing pin rearwards to unlock the bolt. The Garand Model 1919 and Postnikov APT use this operation.

## References
* Primer actuated M16 bolt
* http://www.orions-hammer.com/blowback/
Llullaillaco

**Llullaillaco** is a  stratovolcano in the Andes range, in Argentina and Chile. It is the 7th highest mountain in the Andes.

It lies in the Puna de Atacama, a region of very high volcanic peaks on a high plateau within the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in the world.

## History 
The first recorded ascent was on 1 December 1952, by Bión González and Juan Harseim, from Chile. They found archaeological evidence that people were at the top of Llullaillaco in the pre-Columbian period.

During 1983–1985, American archaeologist Johan Reinhard directed three surveys of archaeological sites on the summit and slopes  of the mountain.

The summit is the highest archaeological site in the world. The mummies of three Inca children were found on it in 1999. These were found by Johan Reinhard and Constanza Ceruti and their expedition. Other artifacts were also found along with the mummies. It is believed that the children were part of a human sacrifice.

## Geography 
The volcano is in the Chile-Argentina boder and is part, on the Chilean part, of the Llullaillaco National Park ().

The Llullaillaco is a stratovolcano. There were eruptions in 1854, 1866 and 1877. Since then, no volcanic activity has been recorded. It is the world´s second highest active volcano, second to *Ojos del Salado*.

It is an ultra-prominent peak, or **Ultra** for short, because it has as a summit with a topographic prominence of  or more.

## Gallery 

Chozas dobles.jpg|Archaeological ruins at the top of the volcano
Llullaillaco 1.jpg|Llullaillaco volcano
Paranal Observatory and the Volcano Llullaillaco.jpg|Paranal Observatory and Llullaillaco, 200&nbsp;km away

## Related pages 
* List of volcanoes

## References 
## Other websites 
* Andeshandbook: A Complete Description, history, place names and routes of Llullaillaco
* Llullaillaco at SummitPost.org
* Instituto de Arqueología de Alta Montaña, Universidad Católica de Salta
List of Nepalese actors

This is a **list of Nepali actors**.

## A 
* Hari Bansha Acharya
* Keki Adhikari
* Nisha Adhikari
## B 
* Anup Baral
* Nischal Basnet
* Biraj Bhatta
* Salon Basnet
* Shovit Basnet

## G 
* Shrawan Ghimire
* Tulsi Ghimire
## H 
* Rajesh Hamal
## K 
*Sitaram Kattel
*Kalyan Ghimire
*Priyanka Karki
*Shweta Khadka

## L
*Jiwan Luitel
## M
*Saugat Malla
## N
*Udit Narayan
## R
*Dayahang Rai
*Wilson Bikram Rai
*Dilip Rayamajhi
*Nima Rumba
## S 
*Neer Shah
*Shiva Shankar
*Madan Krishna Shrestha
*Namrata Shrestha
*Shiv Shrestha
*Shree Krishna Shrestha
*Aryan Sigdel
*Niruta Singh
*Saurab Dhakal
* Barsha Siwakoti

## T
*Suraj Singh Thakuri
*Bipana Thapa
*Arpan Thapa
*Rekha Thapa
*Sunil Thapa
## U
*Nikhil Upreti
El Loa

The **Province of El Loa** () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II). It is named after the longest river of Chile, the Loa. The provincial capital is Calama.

## Geography
The El Loa province has an area of .

The province is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by Bolivia, on the south by Argentina and on the west by the Antofagasta and the Tocopilla provinces.

## Population
 (last national census), there were 143,689 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Calama, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 126,135 inhabitants.

## Administration
As a province, the El Loa province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three communes (*comunas*). The city of Calama serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Province of El Loa website
Röthenbach im Emmental

**Röthenbach im Emmental** is a municipality in the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Gallery

File:Roethenbach iE Sunset.jpg|Röthenbach im Emmental
File:Picswiss BE-94-13 Chuderhüsi ob Würzbrunnen (Röthenbach).jpg|View from the Chuderhüsi observation tower above Würzbrunnen
File:Roethenbach Wuerzbrunnen Kirche.jpg|Church of Würzbrunnen
File:Roethenbach Kirche.jpg|Church of Röthenbach im Emmental

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Asprovalta

**Asprovalta** () is a town near Thessaloniki in northern Greece. It was the seat of the Agios Georgios municipality. Since January 2011, Asprovalta belongs to the Municipality of Volvi. The population is around 3,039 people.

## History 
According to a book about Simonopetra, Asprovalta was built in the 16th century. Its first name was Aspra Valta. After the Greco-Turkish War, 54 families from western Turkey moved to Asprovalta.

## References
Elizabeth Lada

**Elizabeth Lada** (born 19??) is an American astronomer. 

The American Astronomical Society honored her work by awarding her the Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy Prize in 1992.  She also was named as a Hubble Fellow during her work at the University of Maryland. She was awarded a National Science Foundation's CAREER Award in 1999.  Lada got her Bachelor of Science in Physics degree at Yale University in 1965. She did her Ph.D. in Astronomy at the University of Texas in 1990.  Lada is currently Professor of Astronomy at the University of Florida.

## References
Rüschegg

**Rüschegg** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is also a Swiss Reformed Church parish.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the municipality of Rüschegg
Rüti bei Riggisberg

**Rüti bei Riggisberg** was a municipality in the district of Seftigen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg merged into the municipality of Riggisberg.
Saanen

**Saanen** () is a municipality and ski resort in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is the capital of the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Muzzleloader

A **muzzleloader** is any firearm where the projectile and usually the propellant charge is loaded from the muzzle of the gun. This is distinct from the more popular modern designs of breech-loading firearms. The term "muzzleloader" may also apply to the marksman who shoot muzzleloading firearms. The term of art includes rifled muzzleloaders and smoothbore muzzleloaders. There are several different calibers of muzzleloading firearms. Modern muzzleloading firearms a variety of firing mechanisms. These include sidelock, flintlock and percussion models of the Pennsylvania rifle (after the early 1800s called the Kentucky rifle). Muzzleloading can apply to anything from cannons to pistols. But in modern use the term most commonly applies to black powder small arms. It usually, but not always, involves the use of a loose propellant (like gunpowder) and a projectile, as well as a separate method of ignition or .

## History 
Some of the earliest muzzleloaders were matchlocks. The matchlock, named for its firing mechanism, was the first invention that made it possible to keep both hands on the weapon and at the same time keep the shooter's eyes on the . The design allowed a cloth or stick with a flame on the end—called a "match"—to be lowered into a "flashpan" filled with gunpowder which ignited the main charge, firing the gun. The matchlock mechanism was used to produce muskets. The gun barrels were smooth inside and used round ball ammunition. Those who used muskets were called "musketeers". Very few pistols used this design but some shotguns from this period were matchlocks. He was variously an artist, a crossbow maker and a gunsmith (*harquebuzier*). By covering the priming powder until the gun was fired, it would usually work even in windy or  weather. In 1722, the British Army called for a standard pattern of muzzleloading flintlock musket. It was also called a caplock. The percussion cap was based on the discovery of fulminate of mercury in about 1800. When struck with a sharp blow, mercury fulminate detonates. It added the step of placing a cap on the nipple cone, but it was a real advantage to troops in battle. A pin at the bottom fires the primer, which then ignites the main propelling charge. One of the first weapons used in Europe was the bombard. They were muzzleloaders built in different diameter barrels to fire anything from a small rock to a  cast iron ball. Many of the American weapons were captured British cannon.

In 1853 France introduced the *Canon-obusier de 12*, a 12-pounder capable of firing both shot and shell also called a "Napoleon". The U.S. Army adopted the Napoleon 12-pounder in 1857 as the Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun. It became the most popular field gun on both sides during the American Civil War. They were ultimately replaced by breach-loading cannons after the Civil War.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Shooting traditional muzzleloaders; YouTube
* Live Fire With a Civil War (muzzleloader) Cannon: YouTube
Gstaad

**Gstaad** is a village in the municipality of Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is known as a ski resort.

## Other websites
* Official website
Chevron (geology)

, North Cornwall]]
]]

A **chevron** in geology is a sharply-folded rock formation. Chevron folds are regular folded beds with straight limbs and sharp hinges. Well developed, these folds produce a set of v-shaped beds.  

They develop in response to compressive stress. The angles of the folds are generally 60 degrees or less. Chevron  folding  is helped if the bedding alternates between beds of different make-up. with alternating sandstones and shales, are the typical geological setting for chevron folds to occurs.

Chevrons can also form in land deposits, especially where there are sand dunes.

## References
Antofagasta Province

The **Province of Antofagasta** () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II).  The capital is the port city of Antofagasta.

## Geography
The Antofagasta province has an area of .

The Antofagasta province is bordered on the north by the Tocopilla and El Loa provinces, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Atacama region (Chañaral province) and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

## Population
 (last national census), there were 318,779 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Antofagasta, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 285,255 inhabitants.

## Administration
As a province, the Antofagasta province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four  communes (*comunas*). The city of Antofagasta serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional de Antofagasta 
* Province of Antofagasta website
Rifling

microgroove rifled barrel.]]
**Rifling** consists of spiral grooves cut into the inside of a barrel of a gun. It causes the bullet or projectile to  as it flies through the air. This greatly improves the accuracy of the bullet over longer distances. The first muskets to use this technology were called rifles.

## History 
Gaspard Kollner, a 15th century gunmaker in Vienna, is thought by many to have invented rifling. Others think it was Augustus Kotter of Nuremberg who invented rifling in about 1520. From this early beginning and a number of different guns, the smoothbore  Musket was in use in Europe by the 15th century. While it could not fire and reload as fast as an archer and could not be reloaded on horseback, it could penetrate armor. Its greatest advantage over the bow was that anyone could learn to fire a musket in a very short period of time. It took much longer to properly train an archer. The British army used the musket along with pikemen until about 1705 when the pikes were abandoned. In 1722 the army adopted a standard musket called the Brown Bess and continued to use it until about the 1830s. When it exited the barrel it could take a variety of paths making the musket inaccurate. So soldiers were massed together very closely and fired in  (all at the same time). This sent bullets flying generally in the direction of the enemy on the theory that at least some of the bullets would hit some of the soldiers. The smoke from repeated vollies prevented soldiers from seeing what they were shooting at. In the heat of battle, soldiers who wanted reload and fire faster sometimes omitted ramming the bullet and powder into the barrel with the ramrod. Instead, they would try to seat the ball by sharply hitting the butt of the musket on the ground. When fired, the bullet expanded to fit the rifling inside the gun barrel.
* Broach rifling - Uses a hardened steel broach that has several cutting rings. some firearms typically homemade by enthusiasts use barrels rifled with a technique called Electrochemical Machining (ECM), which uses electricity to erode a metal's (in this case, the barrel's) surface.

## References 
## Other websites 
* History of the Gun Part-7: Rifling; Ruger
* Rifling and twist rate explained; YouTube
* The First American Sharpshooters: YouTube
Interlaken District

The district of **Interlaken** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 23 municipalities in an area of 724 km².

* CH-3803 Beatenberg
* CH-3806 Bönigen
* CH-3855 Brienz
* CH-3856 Brienzwiler
* CH-3707 Därligen
* CH-3818 Grindelwald
* CH-3814 Gsteigwiler
* CH-3815 Gündlischwand
* CH-3804 Habkern
* CH-3858 Hofstetten bei Brienz
* CH-3800 Interlaken
* CH-3807 Iseltwald
* CH-3822 Lauterbrunnen
* CH-3706 Leissigen
* CH-3816 Lütschental
* CH-3800 Matten bei Interlaken
* CH-3853 Niederried bei Interlaken
* CH-3854 Oberried am Brienzersee
* CH-3852 Ringgenberg
* CH-3813 Saxeten
* CH-3855 Schwanden bei Brienz
* CH-3800 Unterseen
* CH-3812 Wilderswil
Meteorite strewnfield

]]

A **meteorite strewnfield** is the area where meteorites and glassy tektites from a single meteor fall are found.

## Formation
There are two ways for strewnfields to form:
# Mid-air fragmentation. When a large meteor enters the atmosphere it often fragments into many pieces. This showers the material over a large oval-shaped area. The shape of this oval is caused by the flight path of the meteor. When multiple-explosions occur, the material may be found in several overlapping ovals.
# Impact fragmentation: the fragmentation can occur on impact. In this case the strewnfield shape may be different, usually circular.

## Example 
* The Australasian strewnfield is the youngest and largest of the tektite strewnfields. Recent estimates suggest it may cover 10%-30% of the Earth's surface.

## References
La Neuveville District

The district of **La Neuveville** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 5 municipalities in an area of 59 km².
Konolfingen District

The district of **Konolfingen** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 29 municipalities in an area of 214 km².

* CH-3672 Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach
* CH-3112 Allmendingen bei Bern
* CH-3508 Arni
* CH-3507 Biglen
* CH-3674 Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach
* CH-3533 Bowil
* CH-3671 Brenzikofen
* CH-3510 Freimettigen
* CH-3506 Grosshöchstetten
* CH-3510 Häutligen
* CH-3671 Herbligen
* CH-3629 Kiesen
* CH-3510 Konolfingen
* CH-3434 Landiswil
* CH-3673 Linden
* CH-3532 Mirchel
* CH-3110 Münsingen
* CH-3504 Niederhünigen
* CH-3672 Oberdiessbach
* CH-3504 Oberhünigen
* CH-3531 Oberthal
* CH-3629 Oppligen
* CH-3113 Rubigen
* CH-3082 Schlosswil
* CH-3502 Tägertschi
* CH-3083 Trimstein
* CH-3512 Walkringen
* CH-3114 Wichtrach
* CH-3076 Worb
* CH-3532 Zäziwil
Frederick McDonald

**Frederick Albert McDonald** (c. 1872? April 1926 In 1922 he stood for election to the Australian House of Representatives, and won the new seat of Barton for the Labor Party. His main opponent was Hector Lamond, who had been the Nationalist member for the abolished seat of Illawarra.

## Disappearance
In the 1925 election, McDonald was narrowly defeated by Nationalist candidate Thomas Ley. McDonald took the result to court, claiming that Ley had tried to bribe him, asking him not to put in his nomination papers. However, on 15 April 1926 McDonald disappeared on his way to a meeting with New South Wales Premier Jack Lang. They were planning to have the election result declared void. Neither McDonald's body nor his brief case were ever found.  

Thomas Ley was found guilty of murder in England, but it was decided he was insane. He was sent to Broadmoor Hospital, where he died.  It is believed that Ley was responsible for McDonald's disappearance. He is also suspected of being involved in the suspicious deaths of other of his political opponents.

## Related pages
*List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

## References
Aster Yohannes

**Aster Yohannes** is the wife of an Eritrean political activist.  In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named her one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

Yohannes' husband, Petros Solomon, is a member of the G-15, a group of politicians who called for reforms. He was arrested in 2001. Yohannes was arrested in 2003, when she returned from the United States.

Aster Yohannes and Petros Solomon fought for the Eritrean People's Liberation Front.  They helped Eritrea get independence from Ethiopia in 1993.  Solomon was the Minister of Marine Resources in the Eritrean government.

When her husband was arrested, Aster Yohannes was studying in the USA. After she graduated, she returned to Eritrea to be with her children. The Eritrean government told her she would not be arrested. When she arrived in Eritrea in December 2003, she was arrested at Asmara International Airport. They took her to Karchele security prison in Asmara.  She did not see her children.  They did not let her speak to her family.  Her health is not good.  She has asthma and a heart problem.

## References
Bill Burr

**William Frederick Burr** (born June 10, 1968) is an American stand-up comedian, writer and actor. He is the host of the *Monday Morning Podcast*, and appeared in the AMC crime-drama show *Breaking Bad*. In 2013, *The New York Times* wrote that Burr "has been one of the funniest, most distinctive voices in the country for years. He has released six stand-up specials.

Burr was born in Canton, Massachusetts. His parents are of German and Irish ancestry. His father worked as a dentist. He married producer, director and screenwriter Nia Hill in 2013. Their daughter was born in 2017. As of May 2015, Burr is a licensed helicopter pilot and he has played the drums for a long time.

*Rolling Stone* magazine called Burr "the undisputed heavyweight champ of rage-fueled humor." Burr often makes himself look like "that loud guy in the bar" with "uninformed logic." In an interview with *the Boston Globe*, Burr stated, "I'm the 'dude, bro' guy." He has also been known to not care about being politically correct."

## Discography
* *Emotionally Unavailable* (2003) [CD]
* *Emotionally Unavailable: Expanded Edition* (2007) [CD]
* *Why Do I Do This?* (2008) [CD/DVD/Netflix]
* *Let It Go* (2010) [CD/DVD/Netflix]
* *You People Are All The Same* (2012) [Netflix and download]
* ''Live at Andrew's House* (2014) [limited vinyl release]
* *Bill Burr: I'm Sorry You Feel That Way'' (2014) [Netflix]

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Tocopilla

**Tocopilla** is a city and commune in the Antofagasta region in the north of Chile. It is the capital of the province of Tocopilla.

## Geography
The commune of Tocopilla has an area of .

The commune is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by the María Elena commune, on the south by the Antofagasta province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

## Population
 (last national census), there were 23,986 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The inhabitants of Tocopilla are known as *Tocopillian*; in Spanish, *tocopillano* for men and *Tocopillana* for women.

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional de Antofagasta 
* Province of Tocopilla website 
* Municipalidad de Tocopilla website
Oberhasli (district)

The district of **Oberhasli** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 6 municipalities in an area of 551.0 km².
Obersimmental District

The district of **Obersimmental** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 4 municipalities in an area of 334 km². The municipality of Zweisimmen is the district capital, with the prefect residing at Blankenburg Castle. 

## References
Schwarzenburg District

The district of **Schwarzenburg** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 4 municipalities in an area of 157 km².
Damian Lillard

**Damian Lamonte Ollie Lillard Sr.** (born July 15, 1990) is a professional basketball player who last played for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the Portland Trail Blazers.

In 2014, he made a game winning buzzer beater in game 6 against the Houston Rockets, giving the Blazers a 4-2 series victory. It was the first time the Blazers had won a playoff series in 14 years. 5 years later, he hit a 37-foot buzzer beater to beat the Thunder in Game 5, winning the series as well. These shots, as well as his celebration after hitting the second, led to him being given the nickname "Dame Time". 

He has been selected twice for the NBA All-Star Game. In 2014, he became the first player ever to compete in all 5 All-Star Weekend events. He competed in the 3-Point Contest, Slam Dunk Contest, Skills Challenge, Rising Stars Challenge, and the All-Star Game.

On September 27, 2023, Lillard was involved in a three-team trade which sent Lillard to the Milwaukee Bucks, Jrue Holiday, Deandre Ayton, Toumani Camara and a 2029 first-round draft pick to the Blazers, and Grayson Allen, Jusuf Nurkić, Nassir Little, and Keon Johnson to the Phoenix Suns. In 2025, he was released by the Bucks after they signed Myles Turner.

## References
Trachselwald District

**Trachselwald** was a district in the Swiss canton of Bern. It had 10 municipalities in an area of 191 km².
Wangen District

The district of **Wangen** was one of the 26 districts in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It had an area of 129 km².
Big Hero 6

**Big Hero 6** may refer to:

* *Big Hero 6* (comics), a team of superheroes appearing in Marvel Comics
* *Big Hero 6* (movie), a 2014 computer-animated superhero movie based on the comics characters
Frank E. Sagendorph, 2nd

**Frank Elijah Sagendorph**, 2nd (March 28, 1883 – May 5, 1972) was a leading Philadelphia industrialist and president of the Penn Metal Corporation of Pennsylvania, also known as Penco, which was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## Life and career 
Frank Elijah Sagendorph, 2d, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was six years old in 1889 when his family moved to Philadelphia. He was the second son of L. Lewis Sagendorph and Catherine Crainor.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* Penco Products
L. Lewis Sagendorph

**L. Lewis Sagendorph** (September 26, 1842 - April 13, 1909) was an American inventor and leading manufacturer of sheet metal products in the late 19th and very early 20th centuries. He founded what later became the Penn Metal Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## Life and career 
Longley Lewis Sagendorph, Jr. was born in Hudson, New York and later moved to Rhode Island where he served in the with the 10th Rhode Island Regiment in the American Civil War. L. Lewis Sagendorph was buried at West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* 
* 
*
Adam Basanta

**Adam Basanta** (born 1985) is a Canadian sound artist and experimental composer. 

## Work
Basanta most often makes sound sculptures. In 2013 Basanta got a honorable mention in the Hybrid Art category at the Prix Ars Electronica. Prague, New York City and London.

## References
Year 100 problem

The **Year 100 problem** (also known as the **Y1C problem**, **Y1C Bug**, and **Y1C**) was a problem. It happened because some early computer programs of Taiwan were made to handle only years containing 2 digits of the Minguo calendar system, and people started fearing that date-related processing would happen incorrectly for dates and times after December 31 2010. The event caused a big concern that very important industries (such as electricity or financial) and government functions would stop working at exactly midnight, January 1 2011, and on other critical dates which were called "event horizons". 

However, the government sector restricted themselves to using the Minguo calendar system, so it didn't affect most of the private sector. More people were panicked by press coverage and other media reports, as well as corporate and government reports. Companies and organisations in Taiwan had to check and upgrade their computer systems. 

The preparation for Y1C thus had a huge effect on the computer industry. No major computer failures occurred when the year changed to 100. Debate continues on whether the absence of computer failures was the result of the preparation undertaken or whether the problem had been bigger than expected.

## What was year 100 
Year 100 was 2011 in Minguo calendars. Taiwan started use of Minguo calendar from 1912.

## Similar bugs 
* Year 2000 problem
Selçuk İnan

**Selçuk İnan** (born 10 February 1985) is a Turkish football player. He plays for Galatasaray and Turkey national team.
## Club Career statistics
.

### Club
## References
Arrondissements of the Vienne department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Vienne department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Vienne are:

## History
Since its creation, the Vienne department has had some changes:
* 1790 : creation of the Vienne department with six districts: Châtellerault, Civray, Loudun, Lusignan, Montmorillon and Poitiers. Poitiers was the capital of the department.
* 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Châtellerault, Civray, Loudun, Montmorillon and Poitiers; Lusignan was left out.
* 1926 : the arrondissements Civray and Loudun were eliminated.

## Related pages
*Arrondissement of Châtellerault
*Arrondissement of Montmorillon
*Arrondissement of Poitiers
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Hakan Balta

**Hakan Balta** (born 23 March 1983 in Berlin) is a retired Turkish football player. He played for Galatasaray and the Turkey national team.
Company (military unit)

A Company is a Military Unit. It usually has 80 to 250 soldiers. A company is usually led by a captain or a major or another officer. Most companies are comprised of three to six platoons, although the exact number may vary by country and type of unit (infantry, armor, etc.). Several companies are grouped to form a battalion or regiment. In the United States military, before the September 11 attacks, companies trained in conventional warfare for basic offensive and defensive operations. Since then companies have had to train for a much wider variety of tasks. In artillery units (as well as some other examples), the name "company" may be replaced by the name "battery" or “troop”. There is one specialized Company in the United States Army. It is the 911th Technical Rescue Engineering Company.

## References
Pennsylvania rifle

The **Pennsylvania rifle**, which from about 1815 on became almost ly known as the **Kentucky rifle**, is a  American gun. For decades in American History, it was the best shooting long-distance rifle in America. The Pennsylvania rifle was the product of German gun makers who moved to Pennsylvania hundreds of years ago. This was in the early 1700s. Settlers and people who lived on frontiers started to really like the gun. One of the early frontiers was Kentucky. People like Daniel Boone used the gun there. So the rifle started to be known as the "Kentucky rifle". 

## History 
The Pennsylvania rifle developed from earlier and much heavier Jaeger rifle which were brought to the American colonies by German gunsmiths. The Jager rifle was a short, heavy rifle that fired a large caliber bullet. It was designed for hunting in Europe by the well to do. From about 1730 and through the War of 1812, the Pennsylvania rifle was the preferred long range rifle in America. Well out of range of the British Brown Bess smoothbore musket, militiamen and snipers could target individual soldiers and officers from a long distance. This could and did change the outcome of several battles. Ashley Halsey Jr. wrote:

The sharpshooters who carried these weapons are part of American history and myth. But they most certainly did exist and played an important part in battles such as the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 and the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. Worse, due to the barrel length, the shooter almost had to stand up to carefully measure the powder, load the ball and patch, and tamp it down with a ramrod. It is no wonder Pennsylvania riflemen hid behind trees so as not to expose themselves to enemy fire. The main weapon during the Revolutionary war was the musket on both sides. Fewer than 10% of the American soldiers carried a long rifle.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Daniel Boone's Kentucky-Pennsylvania rifle 
* Pennsylvania Rifle
* 
*
Mehmet Topal

**Mehmet Topal** (born 3 March 1986) is a Turkish football player. He plays for Fenerbahçe and Turkey national team.
Binali Yıldırım

**Binali Yıldırım** (born 20 December 1954) is a Turkish politician who was the 27th Prime Minister of Turkey and the leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) from May 2016 to 2018. He was the Minister of Transport, Maritime and Communication from 2002 to 2013 and again between 2015 and 2016. Between 2014 and 2015, he served as Senior Advisor to President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

## Awards and honours 
Yıldırım has been awarded honorary doctorates by many Turkish universities, the World Maritime University, Malmö and the Technical University of Berlin.

; 2006

* Honorary Doctorate by the Girne American University, Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus (20 July)

; 2009

* Honorary Doctorate by the Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun (19 June)

; 2010

* Honorary Doctorate by the Cumhuriyet University, Sivas (7 May)
* Honorary Doctorate by the Bozok University, Yozgat (29 September)

; 2011

* Honorary Doctorate by the Anadolu University, Eskişehir (28 February)
* Honorary Doctorate by the Erzincan University (12 September)
* Honorary Doctorate by the Kırklareli University (20 September)
* Honorary Doctorate by the Technical University of Berlin (23 December)

; 2012

* Honorary Doctorate by the Pamukkale University, Denizli (6 June)
* Honorary Doctorate by the World Maritime University, Malmö (2 December)

; 2013

* Honorary Doctorate by the Okan University, Istanbul (22 March)

; 2019

* Honorary Doctorate by the Yalova University, Yalova (11 October)

## References
Gunsmith

A **gunsmith ** is someone who makes and or designs guns. The job of a gunsmith is similar, but not the same as an armorer.  The  of the word gunsmith dates back to the 1580s.

## History 
The first firearms can be dated to about the 1200s in China. In Europe, the first gun barrels were made by p Italian craftsmen. But gunsmithing was new in the Middle Ages. For a long time they did not have their own guilds and many joined blacksmiths’ guilds. Gunsmiths were generally gun makers who repaired their own weapons for their s. This was the product of German gunsmiths who immigrated to Pennsylvania in the early 18th century. It was lighter, longer and more accurate than European designs. The rifle soon became the favorite of colonial settlers and Frontiersmen.

About the middle of the 18th century, gunsmith Honoré Blanc developed the concept of interchangeable parts for muskets. Blanc tried to interest other European gunsmiths, but they were not impressed by the idea. But he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 12,000 muskets built under the new system. This was about the time Gun manufacturers began to be distinguished from gunsmiths.

## Gunsmithing schools 
Long a part of American history and culture, gunsmithing is an occupation with a long history. Today, the way to become a gunsmith is to attend a gunsmithing school or take gunsmithing classes.
* Trinidad State Junior College, Trinidad, Colorado.
* Piedmont Technical College, Greenwood, South Carolina. Their webpage is https://www.ashworthcollege.edu/.
* Penn Foster Career School offers a gunsmithing program. At times, larger gun makers or repairers may take on someone to learn the trade. These positions are not usually advertised and are often discovered by word of mouth or through friends or family. Smaller gunmakers and gunsmiths cannot usually afford to take on an apprentice.

## References
## Other websites 
* How to Become a Gunsmith: YouTube
* An Introduction to Gunsmithing; YouTube
Gambler's fallacy

The term '''Gambler's fallacy** refers to a misconception about statistics. It is also known **Monte Carlo fallacy** or **fallacy of the maturity of chances'''. In statistics, a random event has a certain probability of occurring. The fallacy is that if the event has occurred more frequently in the past, it will occur less frequently in the future; or that if it has been less frequent in the past, it will be more frequent in the future.

## Childbirth 
As early as 1796, the idea of the gambler's fallacy was used to "predict" the sex of children. In his work *A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities*, published in 1796, Pierre-Simon Laplace wrote of the ways in which men calculated their probability of having sons:"I have seen men [who wanted to have] a son, who could learn only with anxiety of the births of boys in the month when they expected to become fathers. Imagining that the ratio of these births to those of girls ought to be the same at the end of each month, they judged that the boys already born would render more probable the births next of girls." In short, the expectant fathers feared that if more sons were born in the surrounding community, then they themselves would be more likely to have a daughter.

Some expectant parents believe that, after having multiple children of the same sex, they are "due" to have a child of the opposite sex. While the Trivers–Willard hypothesis predicts that birth sex is dependent on living conditions (i.e. more male children are born in "good" living conditions, while more female children are born in poorer living conditions), the probability of having a child of either sex is still generally regarded as near 50%.

## References
Ozan Tufan

**Ozan Tufan** (born 23 March 1995) is a Turkish football player. He plays for Fenerbahçe and Turkey national team.

## Club career statistics
Jura bernois (administrative district)

The administrative district of **Jura bernois** in the canton of Bern has 49 municipalities in an area of 541.75 km².
Ruppoldsried

**Ruppoldsried** was a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Ruppoldsried merged into the municipality of Rapperswil.
Armorer

A modern **armorer** is someone whose job is ing,  and testing of small arms. Originally, an armorer was a person who created armor for medieval knights and noblemen. They were very rich as long as they were trust worthy and made good armor. Today an armorer is someone who belongs to an organization such as the police or military and who maintains guns and weapons belonging to that organization. An armorer keeps these weapons in top working condition always ready for trouble-free use in the field. By doing this an armorer extends the service life of these weapons at minimum cost to the organization. He was highly skilled and worked with wood and leather as well as metals. Because he did custom work and produced high quality armor for nobles and knights, he was paid more money than a blacksmith was. Armorers could also specialize in what type of armor they produced (mail or plate). They also specialized in various tasks involved in creating armor. An armorer cleans and adjusts all the handguns used by police officers. He or she also maintains the shotguns, semi-automatic and automatic weapons the officers must depend on in a crisis. Other  maintained by armorers includes gas masks, gas-grenades, smoke grenades and similar s. An armorer is often involved in training other members of a department in chemical warfare equipment and practices.  

## Military armorer 
In the various militaries around the world, armorers often maintain the armory of a military organization. An armorer instructs military personnel on the proper maintenance and care of weapons issued to them. The armorer maintains receipts for equipment issued locally and also while on deployment. He or she is responsible for inspecting and repairing all arms they are responsible for.

## Movie studio armorer 
On a film crew, an armorer is the person responsible for all the weapons and firearms used during the production. Armorers work with the producer, director and property master to create a list of all the weapons that will be needed. For specialty weapons the armorer consults with the production designer and the prop maker. The armorer is responsible to make sure all weapons are used comply with federal and local laws. For scenes outside the studio, armorers work with police departments to get the necessary permits. To get the weapons they need, armorers may rent or lease them from licensed armories. Many movie armorers also have their own collection of weapons they may use. Armorers explain safe weapons handling to actors and crews making certain all safety rules are met. It is their responsibility to make sure nobody is hurt while weapons are being used.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Smith & Wesson M&P Pistol Armorer's Course AGI 149; YouTube
* Day in the Life of a US Marine Armorer: YouTube
List of renamed cities in Azerbaijan

The following is a **list of cities in Azerbaijan** that have undergone a name change in the recent past:

*Mardakert → Ağdərə (1991)
*Aşağı Ağcakənd → Şaumyanovsk (1938) → Aşağı Ağcakənd (1990)
*Astraxan-Bazar → Cəlilabad (1967)
*Beyləqan → Zhdanov (1939) → Beyləqan (1991)
*Biləsuvar → Puşkino (1938) → Biləsuvar (1991)
*Dəvəçi → Şabran (2010)
*Duvannı → Sanqaçal
*Gəncə → Elisabethpol (1805) → Gəncə (1918) → Kirovabad (1935) → Gəncə (1989)
*Goranboy → Qasım-İsmayılov (1938) → Goranboy (1990)
*Helenendorf → Yelenino → Xanlar (1938) → Göygöl (2008)
*Karyagino → Füzuli (1959)
*Krasnaya Sloboda → Qırmızı Qəsəbə (1991)
*Xonaşen → Martuni → Xocavənd (1991)
*Noraşen → İliç[evsk] → Şərur (1991)
*Petropavlovka → Petropavlovsk → Sabirabad (1931)
*Port-Ilich → Liman (1999)
*Prishib → Göytəpə
*Qutqaşen → Qəbələ (1991)
*Qazı-Məmməd → Hacıqabul
*Şəki → Nuxa (1840) → Şəki (1968)
*Şəmkir → Şamxor → Şəmkir (1991)
*Tərtər → Mir-Bəşir (1949) → Tərtər (1991)
*Traubenfeld → Vinogradnoe Pole → Tovuz
*Vartaşen → Oğuz (1991)
*Xankəndi → Stepanakert (1923) → Xankəndi (1991)
*Yelizavetinka → Lüksemburq → Ağstafa (1939)
*Yeni Şamaxı → Ağsu
*Zubovka → Əli-Bayramlı (1938) → Şirvan (2008)
*Pirçivan → Zəngilan (1957)
List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network

This is a list of television programs broadcast on **Cartoon Network**.

## Current programming
### Original programming
#### Cartoon Network Studios
#### Warner Bros. Animation
#### Preschool
### Acquired programming
#### American co-productions
#### Canadian co-productions
#### French/Canadian co-productions
#### Preschool
### Repeats of ended programming
## Upcoming programming
### Original programming
#### Preschool
## Former programming 
An asterisk (*) indicates that the program initially aired as a Cartoon Network program.

A double-asterisk (**) indicates that the program became a Boomerang program.

A triple-asterisk (***) indicates that the program became an Adult Swim/Toonami program.

### Original programming
#### Live-action and live-action/animated series
#### Preschool/Tickle-U/Cartoonito
#### Miniseries
#### Short series
### Programming from Hanna-Barbera/Turner Entertainment Co. 
### Programming from Warner Bros. Animation 
### Programming from Adult Swim
### Acquired programming 
#### Co-productions 
#### Animated 
#### Anime 
#### Live-action and live-action/animated series 
#### Preschool (Cartoonito)
### Former specials
## Programming blocks
### Current programming blocks
### Former programming blocks
## Pilots
### Short format
This is a list of pilot episodes on Cartoon Network, along with their premiere dates for each.

#### Picked up
#### Not picked up
### Long format
This is a list of pilot movies on Cartoon Network, along with their status and premiere dates for each.

## Related pages
* List of programs broadcast by Cartoonito
* Cartoon Network Studios filmography

## Notes
## References
**General**

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

**Specific**