open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mu'izzi

'''Amir Abdollah Muhammad Mu'izzi'* (1048-1125) was an 11th century and 12th century poet. He was from Persia, and was the poet laureate of Sanjar. He was from the village of Nisa. He is considered one of the great masters of the Persian panegyric qasideh.

He lived in the courts of Malik Shah I and Sultan Sanjar. His *divan'' of 18,000 distichs remain. Anvari says Mu'izzi copied the verses of other poets (this cannot be proven for certain). Anvari himself is known to have copied Mu'izzi's verses. Mu'izzi is said to have died by an arrow shot by the King's son in 1125 for unknown reasons. He was accidentally shot by Sanjar.

## Example 
Ghazel of Mu'izzi in Tajik:

:Эй руйи ту рахшандатар аз киблаи Зардушт,
:Бе руйи ту чун зулфи куж аст маро пушт.
:Ишки ту маро кушту хавои ту маро сухт,
:Чаври ту маро хасту чафои ту маро кушт.
:Харчанд хама чавру чафои ту кашидам,
:харгиз накунам мехру вафои ту фаромушт.
:Бархезу биё то зи руху зулфи ту имшаб,
:Пурлола кунам доману пурмушк кунам мушт

translation -

:Hey your face is brighter than qibla of Zarostra
:Without your face and ringlets crooked in my back
:Your love killed me and your air burnt me
:I have your oppression and your cruelty killed me
:Whatever your oppression and cruelty I suffered from
:Never I will forget your kindness and loyalty
:Get up and come this night
:I will make you full of tulips...

## Notes 
#  Granville, E. G. (1997) *A Literary History of Persia* 

## References 
* Jan Rypka, *History of Iranian Literature*. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968 . 
* The Influence of India and Persia on the Poetry of Germany
Shabestari

**Mahmud Shabestari** (1288-1340; ) is a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in the city of Tabriz. His most famous poem is called *Gulshan-i Rāz* (Persian:  meaning "A Secret Rose Garden"). *Gulshan-i Rāz* is an important Sufi text.
Saadi Shirazi

**Sheikh Muslih-ud-Din Mushrif-ibn-Abdullah Saadi Shirazi** (1184-1291) () or **Saadi** was a Persian poet. He was born in Shiraz, Iran. He went to Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences in Nizamiyya University of Baghdad. He travelled to Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and Iraq. His most famous poetry book is the *Bostan* (, meaning The Orchard). He also wrote the *Golestan* (, meaning The Rosery). His poems are in Persian and Arabic.
Saint-Paul, Réunion

**Saint-Paul, Réunion** is the second largest city in Réunion. The largest is Saint-Denis. In 2008, a train which connects Saint-Paul to Saint-Denis and the main international airport in Réunion will be completed. 

## References
## Other websites
*  (in French)
Federal

**Federal** could mean:
* Federalism, a political philosophy
* Federation, a union of states
* Federal republic
* Federal government of the United States
Ali Shariati

**Ali Shariati Mazinani** (1933-1977) (Persian: علی شريعتی مزینانی) or **Shariati** was an Iranian Muslim philosopher, sociologist, poet and writer.

## Shariati's life 
Shariati was born in 1933 in Mazinan, Iran. He studied sociology in the University of Paris. He returned to Iran in 1964. When he returned to Iran, the Shah regime arrested and imprisoned him for political reasons. He was released in 1965. Shariati began teaching at the University of Mashhad. He began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad institute in 1967. The Shah regime arrested him again. When he was freed in 1975, he was not allowed to teach or publish anything. Shariati decided to leave the country for England. Three weeks later he died in Southampton under suspicious circumstances. He was buried in Damascus, Syria.

## Shariati's most important books 
# * Hajj (The Pilgrimage)*
# *Where Shall We Begin?*
# *Mission of a Free Thinker*
# *The Free Man and Freedom of the Man*
# *Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources*
# *Martyrdom (book)*
# *Arise and Bear Witness*
# *Ali*
# *An approach to Understanding Islam*
# *A Visage of Prophet Muhammad*
# ''A Glance of Tomorrow's History*
# *Reflections of Humanity*
# *A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation*
# *Selection and/or Election*
# *Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity*
# *Expectations from the Muslim Woman*
# *Horr* (*Battle of Karbala*)
# *Abu-Dahr*
# *Hossein Heir of Adam*
# *Islamology*
# *Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism*
# *Jihad and Shahadat*
# *Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People*
# *A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers*
# *Art Awaiting the Saviour*
# *Fatemeh is Fatemeh*
# *The Philosophy of Supplication*
# The Fall
# One, in front of it,Zeros to eternity
# Father,mother,we are culprits
# The Tale, My brother
# The Three Idols
# History of Civilization
# *Man and Islam* - see chapter "Modern Man and His Prisons"
# *Religion versus Religion ''

## Related pages
*List of sociologists from Asia

## Other websites
*Dr Ali Shariati 
*Dr Ali Shariati PDF Books 
*History of Iran & Persian
Federalism

**Federalism** is a political philosophy in which a group of people are bound together, with a governing head. In a federation, the authority is divided between the head (for example the national government of a country) and the political units governed by it (for example the states or provinces of the country).

Several countries in the world have a federal government; examples are United States of America, Canada, Nigeria, Australia, India, Brazil, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. The European Union can be called a sort of federal government as well.

In the United States Constitution for example, the federal government and state governments both have power. When states and the federal government do not agree on something, the federal government can sue the state in court using the Supremacy Clause in Article VI of the Constitution. This case can go as far as the Supreme Court to decide which side is right. The federal government does not always do this. It has taken no action when several states made marijuana legal or when prostitution was made legal in parts of Nevada. It has sued over an immigration law in Arizona.

## References
Again

"**Again**" is the name of many songs:
* "Again" (1949 song), recorded by many singers, with Doris Day, Vic Damone and Vera Lynn
* "Again" (1993 album), by Alan Stivell
* "Again" (Alice in Chains song), by Alice in Chains
* "Again" (2002 song), by Archive
* "Again" (2004 song), by Earshot
* "Again" (2005 song), from the album *The First Lady* by Faith Evans
* "Again" (2006 song), by Yui Sakakibara
* "Again" (Lenny Kravitz song), the 2001 song by Lenny Kravitz
* "Again" (Janet Jackson song), from the album *janet.* by Janet Jackson
Iraj Mirza

**Jalalolmamalek pesar-e Gholam-Hossein Mirza** (October 1874 - 14 March 1926) () or **Iraj Mirza** () was an Iranian poet. He was born in Tabriz, Iran.

His most famous poems are Satan (in Persian: *Ebleess*), Mother (in Persian: *Maadar*), Woman's picture (in Persian *Tassvir-e-Zan*), Story of the Hijab (in Persian *Daastaan-e Chaador*) and the story of Zohreh and Manouchehr (in Persian: *Daastaan e Zohreh o Manouchehr*).

He died in Tehran on 14 March 1926. His tomb is in Shemiran, north of Tehran.
John Wayne

**Marion Robert Morrison** (May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), known professionally as **John Wayne**, was an American actor.

## Early life 
Born with the name **Marion Robert Morrison** in Winterset, Iowa. Wayne was Scotch Irish on his father and Irish on his mother's side. During Wayne's childhood, he moved to Palmdale, California then to Glendale, California. While attending Wayne started working in small local movie companies. And also started playing football in high school and participated in the Glendale school team before being recruited by the University of Southern California (USC).

## Career 
Wayne began his movie career in the 1920s. In 1928, he played an extra in John Ford's *Four Sons*. In 1930, he had his first leading role in *The Big Trail*.

Wayne was nominated for an Academy Award for *Sands of Iwo Jima*. One of his most important roles was that of Ethan Edwards a desperate man looking for his niece kidnapped by Comanche in the 1956 western movie *The Searchers*, directed by John Ford.

*The Alamo* was nominated for several Academy Awards. It won the award for Best Sound. Wayne received an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for his role in *True Grit*. His last role was in *The Shootist*. 
  
In 1999, the American Film Institute named Wayne thirteenth among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time. A Harris Poll released in 2007 placed Wayne third among America's favourite movie stars, the only star on the list who has died and the only one who has appeared on the poll every year.

## Cancer and Death 
Wayne had lung cancer in the 1960s. He had a lung removed and recovered. He died of stomach cancer.

## Filmography
;Key to studio abbreviations

## References 
## Notes 
## Other websites 
* http://rio-bravo.vip-blog.com
* The Official Website of John Wayne
* Official Licensee-John Wayne Six Guns-Red River  D Classic Movie Gun 
* 
* 
* The Un-Official Website of John Wayne
* The Birthplace of John Wayne Official Website 
* JWMB - DukeWayne.com - Largest Online Fan Community
* Find A Grave Entry
* John Wayne Cancer Foundation
* John Wayne Cancer Institute
* When Legend Becomes Fact: John Wayne and the American Identity 
* Wayne Enterprises , the sole and exclusive licensor of the John Wayne name, image, and 
* Did John Wayne die of cancer caused by a radioactive movie set?  (from *The Straight Dope*)
* The Religious Affiliation of John Wayne 
* John Wayne Celebrity Soundboards 
* John Wayne  Profile at USC Legends
* John Wayne's Narration on America 
* An Interview with Fr. Matthew Munoz - the Grandson of Actor John Wayne by Tim Drake
* Who shares his name 
* 
* John Wayne  at TopTenREVIEWS
* The Shelf: Top Ten John Wayne Westerns
Federal republic

A **federal republic** is a federation of a lot of states, with a republican form of central governments. It differs from a unitary state in that in a federal republic, the authorities of the state governments cannot be taken back by the central governments.

A republic is a country belonging to the people, whereas a federation is a form of government where by regional divisions are not branches of the central government. Thus, a federal republic has power divisions and regional governments fall under the power domain of the national government. 

Many countries have a federal republic government; some examples are the Republic of Austria, Federal Republic of Brazil, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Federal Republic of Germany, Republic of India, United Mexican States, Swiss Confederation, Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Boliviari Republic of Venezuela, and the United States of America.  As this list shows, some of these countries use "Federal Republic" in their name, and some do not. Federal Republics usually have presidents.

There can be more than one type of Federal republic. For example, the United States is a Constitutional Federal Republic. Ethiopia also has a Federal Republic government

## History of the American Federal republic 
The American Federal republican system has grown over the past 225 years. 

## References
Pan (moon)

**Pan** is a moon of Saturn. It is the closest moon to the planet, orbiting 133,600 km above Saturn's cloud tops. It was discovered in 1990 by Mark Showalter. He discovered Pan when he was analysing the photos taken by Voyager 2. It orbits inside the Encke gap which it has made Saturn's A Ring.

Pan was named after the Greek god Pan on 16 September 1991. It is also known as ''''''.

Its mass is in the range 4.95 \pm 0.75 \times 10^{15} kg.

## References
Square (algebra)

In mathematics, a **square** of a number means the result of multiplying the number by itself. For example, the square of 6 is 6×6 = 36.

It is named this because squaring a number gives the area of a square.

Squaring a number can also be written as 62 = 36. Squaring is the same as raising to the power of 2.

Many of the units of area are squares. For example, a *square meter* means the area equal to the area of a rectangle which is one meter tall and one meter wide.

## Related pages
* Square number
Square (disambiguation)

A **square** is a shape with four equal sides and four equal angles.

**Square** may also mean:

## Mathematics 
*To square, to multiply a number by itself
*Unit square
*Square wave
*Square root
*Square matrix
*Square number

## Units of Measure 
*Square inch
*Square foot
*Square yard
*Square mile
*Square metre
*Square kilometre
*Square (building area)

## Engineering and drafting 
*Carpentry square
*Combination square
*Machinist square
*Speed square
*Steel square
*Set square
*T-square
*Try square

## Locations 
A **town square** or market square is an open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town. Notable squares include:

* Dundas Square
* Harvard Square
* Naghsh-i Jahan Square
* Piłsudski Square, Warsaw
* Red Square, Moscow
* Tiananmen Square
* Times Square
* Trafalgar Square
* Triple Cross Square, Warsaw
* Union Square
* Victoria Square, Montreal

Other locations called "Square" include:
*Square Lake, Maine
*The Square Shopping Centre (Tallaght, Ireland)

## Military 
*Infantry square, a military tactical formation
*Pike square, a military tactical formation
*Square Division

## Music 
*Square (band)

## Sport and leisure
*a modifier adjective, used when describing fielding positions in cricket
*an adjective or noun, used when describing two positions parallel with one another relative to the goal in football

## Other 
*Square (slang), a cigarette
*Square (slang), an unhip person
*Square (cipher), a cryptographic block cipher
*Square (album) by Buck 65
*Square Enix, a video game company
**Square Co.
**Square Electronic Arts
**Square Pictures
*Square dance
*Square engine
*Mandarin square, a Chinese insignia
*Square rig, a sailing term
*Reef knot, also known as a square knot
*An astrological aspect of 90 degrees
*"■", written character
Prometheus (moon)

mission.]]
**Prometheus** is a moon of Saturn. Prometheus was discovered by Stewart Collins from Voyager 1 photos in 1981. It was named after the god of the same name in Greek mythology. The moon acts as a shepherd satellite for the inner part of Saturn's *F ring*.
Chris Daughtry

**Christopher Adam "Chris" Daughtry** (born December 26, 1979) is an American singer. He is best known for being the fourth-place finisher on *American Idol*. He is also the lead singer of Daughtry. His band released their first album in 2006.

Studio Albums By Daughtry.

# Daughtry (2006)
# Leave This Town (2009)
# Break The Spell (2011)
# Baptized (2013)
# Cage To Rattle (2018)
# Dearly Beloved (2021)

## Other websites 
* Official website
* Chris Daughtry at WikiMusicGuide 
*
Daphnis (moon)

.]]
**Daphnis** is a moon of Saturn. It is a tiny moon, measuring 6 to 8 km in diameter. It is discovered by the Cassini-Huygens space probe in 2005. It orbits inside the Keeler Gap in Saturn's rings.
Epimetheus (moon)

mission.]]
**Epimetheus** is a moon of Saturn. Epimetheus was discovered by Richard Walker in 1966. At first, Epimetheus was thought to be same as Janus, another moon that orbits at the same distance from Saturn. It was confirmed by Voyager 1 in 1980 that they were two separate moons.

**Epimetheus** has an Orbital period of around 3.5 hours.
Melinda Doolittle

**Melinda Marie Doolittle** (born October 6, 1977) is an American singer. She was a third-place finalist on *American Idol*.

## Discography
### EPs
## Other websites
*Biography on American Idol 
*
*Doolittle's credits on All Music Guide
*Doolittle's MySpace site
*Melinda's Backups - her support association 
*Melinda's Management Company
Janus (moon)

.]]
**Janus** is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966. Astronomers were first mistaken that another moon, Epimetheus, was the same as Janus. Voyager 1 confirmed in 1980 that there were two moons that share the same orbit.
Enceladus (moon)

]]
**Enceladus**  is a moon of Saturn. It is the sixth largest of Saturn's moons, and it has a diameter of 500 km. It reflects almost 100% of the sunlight that strikes the moon, making it the most reflective moon.William Herschel discovered Enceladus on August 28, 1789. In 2014, NASA reported that its Cassini spacecraft found evidence for liquid water on Enceladus. Scientists now think that there is a large underground ocean of liquid water, around 10&nbsp;km thick, near Enceladus' south pole. There are also cryovolcanoes (cold volcanoes) near the south pole. These volcanoes shoot large jets of water vapor, other volatiles, and some solid particles like sodium chloride crystals and ice particles into space. Some of these substances become part of Saturn's E ring.

## References and notes
Tethys (moon)

.]]
**Tethys** (pronounced *TEE-this*) It was one of the first Saturnian moons discovered.

## Physical characteristics 
### Mass, density and volume 
Tethys' mass is 617,551,805,221,061,000,000 kg, its density is 0.973 g/cm3 and its volume is 634,264,255&nbsp;km3.

### Craters and valleys 
It has a very large crater on its surface, called Odysseus. It is named after a Greek warrior king in Homer's two great works, *The Iliad* and *The Odyssey*. There is also a very long valley called Ithaca Chasma. It is 100 km wide and 2000&nbsp;km long.

### Orbit and rotation 
Tethys takes 45.3 hours to orbit (go around) Saturn and orbits Saturn 294,660&nbsp;km away. Tethys is tidally locked in phase with its parent planet - one side always faces toward Saturn.

## References
Thread

**Thread** could mean:
*A kind of thin yarn, thin fibers spun together, for sewing
*Screw thread, a ridge running in a spiral down the length of a screw
*Threaded discussion, a group of messages to a newsgroup, mailing list or Internet forum on a single topic
*Thread (computer science), a sequence of instructions which may execute in parallel with other threads
**Threads*, a 1984 BBC docudrama concerning the after-effects of a nuclear attack on Sheffield
*Thread, a destructive mindless alien spore in the *Dragonriders of Pern* series of science fiction novels
*"Threads", a Season 8 *Stargate SG-1* episode
*Thread (unit of measurement), a cotton yarn measurement, equal to 54 inches
**Thread*, a 1999 album by Wideawake
* Thread, a sugar stage in candy cookery
*Thread (business technology), a connection made to publicly record the quality of a business transaction
**Threads*, an social media app that is owned by Meta Platforms
Pandora (moon)

**Pandora** is a moon of Saturn. The moon was found in 1980 from Voyager 1’s photo and named after Pandora in Greek mythology. It is the outer shepherd satellite of Saturn's *F ring*, the inner satellite being Prometheus. Pandora has many craters in its surface.

## List of photos 

File:Pandora_PIA07632.jpg|Photo taken by Cassini–Huygens (September 2005).
File:Pandora_-_PIA07570.jpg|Pandora photo from the Cassini probe in 2005; the rings of Saturn are in the background.
File:Pandora_(moon)_PIA_12690.png|Cassini photo of Pandora (June 3, 2010).
File:Pandora_-_Voyager_2.jpg|Voyager 2 photo of Pandora (August 1981).

## Notes
## Sources
Cartridge (electronics)

home computer]]
A **cartridge** means an object that adds different functions or content to an electronic device (like a video game cartridge), or that refills something the device needs (like an ink cartridge for a printer).

Video game cartridges are quite simple to use. You simply slide it into the console and it usually displays a video game that you can now play from that cartridge.

A cartridge is easy to use. For example, an ink cartridge is easier to use than a bottle of ink. This is because all the ink is inside the cartridge.

A cassette is a small cartridge. The words have similar meanings.
EFL Cup

The **EFL Cup**, known for most of its history as the **Football League Cup** and also known in the past by several sponsored names, is a national association football competition in England, with a few clubs in Wales also playing. It is like the FA Cup, but has fewer teams, and starts and ends earlier in the season.

Unlike the FA Cup, which is open to hundreds of clubs belonging to The Football Association, which runs football in England, the EFL Cup is open only to the 92 teams in the top four divisions of English football—those playing in the top-level Premier League and the English Football League, which includes the next three lower divisions.

## Winners 
**Note:** * means *after extra time*

### 1961–1966 (two legs) 
### Since 1967 (single game)
Tropical Storm Franklin (2005)

**Tropical Storm Franklin** was a strong tropical storm that stayed in the western Atlantic Ocean for much of its life. Franklin was the sixth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and almost became a hurricane two times.

Tropical Storm Franklin formed north of the Bahamas on July 21 and moved steadily across the western Atlantic while coming close to Bermuda on July 26. Later, Franklin became an extratropical cyclone near Newfoundland, before being absorbed by another non-tropical system. Franklin caused no damages and killed no people while it stayed in the ocean during most of its life.

## Storm history
A tropical wave formed west from the African coast late on July 10. The wave entered the Bahamas on July 21 and strengthened into Tropical Depression Six while 70 miles (110&nbsp;km) east of Eleuthera. Initially the storm was predicted to move in a clockwise loop and slowly move to the west in response to a high pressure system. Several models showed the possibility of the storm to change westward and move into central Florida. Anyhow, soon after the depression formed, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Franklin.

Tropical Storm Franklin suffered a lot of wind shear related with the development of Tropical Storm Gert, which made the forecasters at the National Hurricane Center to say that Franklin could be destroyed in the next few days. However the shear stopped as Franklin moved to the northeast, allowing the storm to strengthen. The forecasters now said that Franklin could "attain and maintain hurricane strength" and make a close approach to Bermuda.
Shortly after on July 23, Tropical Storm Franklin reached its strongest point with 70&nbsp;mph (110&nbsp;km/h) winds. The storm passed to 200 miles (325&nbsp;km) to the west of Bermuda on July 26 and moved slowly northwards into the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream. The shear also reduced once again allowing Franklin to re-strengthen somewhat, with winds reaching 60&nbsp;mph (95&nbsp;km/h) on July 28. Meanwhile, Franklin began to accelerate to the northeast becoming an extratropical cyclone on July 30 to the south of Newfoundland. The extratropical storm passed close to the southern tip of Newfoundland later that day and was absorbed by a larger system on July 31. There were no damages or fatalities reported from Tropical Storm Franklin.

## Naming and records
When Franklin formed on July 21, it was the became earliest tropical cyclone ever in a season that the sixth tropical storm formed, breaking the previous record held by storm 6 from 1936 by 14 days. This was the first use of Franklin to name a tropical storm after the retirement of Hurricane Floyd from 1999. Because Frank filed to cause any deaths or damages, its the name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season.

## Related pages
* 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

## References
## Other websites
* NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Franklin
* NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Franklin
The Football Association

**The** **Football Association** (the **FA**) is the organisation that controls English football.

Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world. It is responsible for overseeing the amateur and professional game in England and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man.

The FA is a member of FIFA and UEFA and has a seat in the International Football Association Board (IFAB), which is responsible for the Laws of the Game. The FA is also a member of the British Olympic Association, which means that they also have control over the Great Britain Olympic football team.

The FA has only a little bit of control of the Premier League and the English Football League. Before the 2024–25 season, it directly operated the two top women's leagues, the Women's Super League and Women's Super League 2. However, all professional teams in England, whether men's or women's, are members of the FA.

 of The Football Association]]

## Competitions 
Some Competitions the FA runs are:

* FA Cup
* FA Trophy
* FA Vase
* FA Women's Cup
* FA Youth Cup
* FA Community Shield
* FA Futsal Cup

## Related pages
* Premier League
* Scottish Premiership
* FA Cup
* EFL Cup
* FA Community Shield

## References 
## Other websites 
* The FA web site
Atlas (moon)

.]]

**Atlas** is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Richard Terrile from photos taken by Voyager 1 in 1980. It was named after the Atlas in Greek mythology. It orbits just outside Saturn's *A ring*.
Büchner funnel

A **büchner funnel** is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to filter or separate a liquid from a solid. It is named after an industrial chemist called Ernst Büchner.

## Structure 
A Büchner funnel can be made out of porcelain, glass or plastic. On the top there is a container with a hole in the bottom. This container is put on top of a Büchner flask with a hole in the top and a hole in the side. In between the container and the Büchner flask there is a piece of filter paper which lets through liquids but not any solids. Attached to the hole in the side there is a vacuum which sucks the air out of the Büchner flask. This means that when any mixture is poured into the top, the liquid is sucked through the filter paper and the solid is left stuck in the filter paper.

## Uses 
A Büchner flask is used in chemistry to take unwanted solids out of any liquids. The advantages of using a Büchner flask over just a piece of filter paper held over a beaker is that the solid is dried as more and more liquid is sucked off of it by the vacuum. Most of the time it needs to be dried again in an oven, but sometimes no further drying is needed.

## Related pages
*Büchner flask

## Other websites
*A Büchner funnel manufacturer 
*Experiment using Büchner funnels
*More examples of Büchner funnels
Statue of Zeus at Olympia

The **Statue of Zeus** at Olympia, Greece was designed by Phidias about 432 BC. Phidias built his workshop at Olympia to construct this statue and probably stayed there the rest of his life. The statue was housed in the Temple of Zeus. With the base, it stood seven times larger than life or about 12.40 meters. The face, arms, and feet were made of ivory. The robe, sandals, the beard and hair were made of gold. He wore a silver olive wreath on his head. The throne was made of gold, bronze, ebony, ivory, and gems. It was decorated with scenes from mythology. This Zeus was the kindly Zeus rather than the fierce and powerful Zeus. The Roman emperor Caligula wanted the statue sent to Rome. He planned to take the head off and replace it with an image of his own. The statue does not survive. It was probably shipped to Constantinople about 393 AD and destroyed in a fire there in 475 AD. The statue was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.  

## References 
* 

## Other websites 
* "The Statue of Zeus at Olympia" 
* Colin Delaney, "A Wonder to Behold: The Statue of Olympian Zeus" 
* Archaeopaedia: Statue of Zeus  With bibliography
* (Ellen Papakyriakou) Olympia: Art: the chryselephantine statue of Zeus
* Michael Lahanas, "The colossal Zeus statue of Pheidias"
Tense

**Tense** may refer to:
*Grammatical tense, a system of verbs to indicate whether past, present, or future time is intended
*Tenseness, a phonological quality frequently associated with vowels and sometimes with consonants
*A state of muscle contraction

## Related pages
*Tension
Büchner flask

A **Büchner flask** (also called a vacuum flask, a filter flask, a side-arm flask or a kitasato flask) is a type of laboratory glassware similar to an Erlenmeyer flask, but made of a thicker glass and with a small protrusion near the top.

## Structure 
A Büchner flask has thick walls so that a pressure change will not break it. It has a hole in the top where a Büchner funnel can be put and a small tube in the side where a vacuum can be attached. The small tube has barbs on it so that the vacuum will not weaken.

## Uses 
A Büchner flask can be used with a Büchner funnel for separating solids and liquids. Water is poured into the Büchner funnel and the liquid passes through filter paper and is sucked up by a vacuum attached to the side of the Büchner flask, while the solid stays behind in the Büchner funnel.

The Büchner flask can also be used as a vacuum trap in a vacuum line to ensure that no fluids are carried over from the aspirator or vacuum pump (or other vacuum source) to the evacuated apparatus, or vice versa.

## History 
It is commonly thought to be named after the Nobel Laureate, Eduard Buchner, but it is actually named after the industrial chemist Ernst Büchner.

## Related pages
* Büchner funnel

## Other websites
* A Büchner funnel manufacturer 
* Experiment using Büchner funnels
* More examples of Büchner funnels
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

of the ***Mausoleum of Maussollos***, from a 1572 engraving by Marten Heemskerk (1498–1574), who based his reconstruction on descriptions]]

The **Mausoleum at Halicarnassus**, or **Tomb of Mausolus**, was a tomb built between 353 and 350&nbsp;BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey). It was built   for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, who was both his wife and his sister.

The building was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene. It was about 45&nbsp;meters (135&nbsp;feet) tall. Each one of the four sides was decorated with sculptural reliefs created by one of four Greek sculptors — Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus. It was such an accomplishment that Antipater of Sidon said it was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The word *mausoleum* has come to be used generically for any grand tomb.

## Related pages 
* Seven wonders of the world

## Further reading 
* Kristian Jeppesen, et al. *The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos*, 6 vols.
* 

## References 
## Other websites 
* penelope.uchicago - The Tomb of Mausolus (W.R. Lethaby's reconstruction of the Mausoleum, 1908)
Parachute (disambiguation)

**Parachute** could mean:
*Parachute, a fabric device to slow falling through the air
*Parachute, Colorado
**Parachute*, an album by the band Guster
**Parachute*, a 1970 album by The Pretty Things
**Parachutes*, an album by the band Coldplay
*"Parachute", a song by Something Happens
*Parachute (balloon)
*Parachute (drugs), a method of taking psychoactive drugs
*Parachute candidate or carpetbagger
*Parachute flare
*Parachute journalism
*Parachute music festival, a contemporary Christian music festival in New Zealand
*Parachute pants
*Parachute (video game), an Atari Video Computer System game released by Homevision
*Parachute (BDSM), a sex toy
*Parachute (iPod Game)
**The Parachute*, a book by Sinclair Dumontais
Telesto (moon)

.]]

**Telesto** is a tiny moon of Saturn. It was discovered by a number of astronomers in 1980, based from some observations from the Earth. It was named after Telesto in Greek mythology. Telesto orbits around Saturn together with much larger moon Tethys. Thus, Telesto is also known as a Trojan moon. The moon leads at a point 60 degrees in front of Tethys in its orbit. Another small moon, Calypso, orbits with Telesto.
Calypso (moon)

.]]
**Calypso** is a small moon of Saturn. It was discovered by a few astronomers in 1980, based on observations from the Earth. It is named after Calypso in Greek mythology. Calypso is a Trojan moon, as it orbits together with larger moon Tethys. It orbits behind Tethys by 60 degrees in its orbit around Saturn. Telesto is another moon which shares Calypso's orbit. Calypso was named after Calypso, a nymph in Greek mythology.
Methone (moon)

spacecraft.]]
**Methone** is a small moon of Saturn. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in 2004, the same time as a close-by moon, Pallene. It is only about 3 km in diameter.
Lighthouse of Alexandria

, Spain. It was probably built in the 2nd century, and is similar to the lighthouse of Alexandria.]]
The **Lighthouse of Alexandria**, or the ***Pharos***, was a tall tower built between 285 and 247 BCE. It was built on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt to serve as a lighthouse for sailors. The top of the tower had a mirror that reflected sunlight during the day; a fire was lit at night.

The word for "lighthouse" in some languages is *pharos* or its  equivalent.

## Construction 
Legend holds that Ptolemy I Soter would not allow Sostratus to put his name on the tower, but the architect left the following inscription on the base's walls:
ΣΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ ΔΕΞΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΚΝΙΔΙΟΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΣΩΤΕΡΣΙΝ ΥΠΕΡ ΤΩΝ ΠΛΩΙΖΟΜΕΝΩΝ. (Sostratus of Cnidus, son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods protecting those upon the sea.)
These words were hidden under a layer of plaster, on top of which was chiseled another inscription honoring Ptolemy the king as builder of the Pharos. After centuries the plaster wore away, revealing the name of Sostratus, the son of Dexiphanes.

With a height estimated at between 115 and 145 meters (384 – 469&nbsp;ft), it was among the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries. It was identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the World by Antipater of Sidon. It was the third tallest building after the two Great Pyramids (of Khufu and Khafra). It was destroyed by earthquakes.

## Recent archaeological research 
Divers discovered remains of the lighthouse in fall 1994 on the floor of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour. Some of these remains were brought up and were lying at the harbour on public view at the end of 1995. An episode of the PBS television series *Nova* chronicled the discovery. Later satellite imaging has revealed further remains. It is possible to go diving and see the ruins.

## References
Dione (moon)

**Dione** is the fourth largest moon of Saturn. It has a diameter of 1,123 km (698 miles). It is named after the titan Dione in Greek mythology. The moon has many craters and ice cliffs. It is tidally locked with Saturn, meaning the same face of Dione always faces Saturn.

## References
Polydeuces (moon)

**Polydeuces** also designated **Saturn XXXIV** is a small moon of Saturn. Its diameter is only around 3 km. It shares its orbit with larger moon Dione. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team on October 2004, by using images from the Cassini spacecraft.
Helene (moon)

]]
**Helene** is a moon of Saturn. It shares its orbit with larger moon Dione. It leads in front of Dione in its orbit around Saturn by 60 degrees. It was discovered in 1980 by a couple of astronomers based on observations from the Earth.
Boyfriend

A **boyfriend** is a term which usually means the male partner in a romantic non-marital relationship. Partners in a non-marital relationship are sometimes called "significant others". Using the word "boyfriend" to mean "a male partner or lover" was first done in 1906. It became popular in the 1920s, when people started to go out on dates rather than have romantic meetings at home.
It is less common to use the term "boyfriend" to mean a male friend in a platonic relationship.
Boyfriend can also mean a man or boy that somebody has a romantic or sexual relationship with. 
## Related pages
*Girlfriend

## References
Santa Fe, Argentina

**Santa Fe** is the capital city of the province of Santa Fe in Argentina. As of 2001, about 369,000 people lived there. It is situated in north-eastern Argentina, near the junction of the Paraná and Salado rivers.  It lies  from the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel that connects it to the city of Paraná.

The city is also connected by canal with the port of Colastiné on the Paraná River.  Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz has about 391,164 inhabitants per the . The metropolitan area has a population of 653,073, making it the eighth largest in Argentina.

## Other websites 
*
* 
*
*
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

n interpretation]]

The **Hanging Gardens of Babylon**, and the walls of Babylon (near present-day Al Hillah in Iraq) were one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They were built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC. He is said to have built the gardens to please his wife, Amytis of Media. She wanted to see the trees and plants of her homeland. The hanging gardens were destroyed in an earthquake after the 1st century BC.

## Existence 
Some people do not believe the Hanging Gardens were real. In ancient writings the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were first described by *Berossus*, a Chaldean priest. He lived in the late 4th century B.C. Greek historians later wrote more about them.

Recent archaeological digs of the palace in Iraq have uncovered evidence of a building with vaults and a well nearby. However, the place of the palace complex is different from where Greek historians said they were, which was on the banks of the Euphrates River. Also recently, there have been digs on the banks of the Euphrates River of some large 25 meter-thick walls.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Seven Wonders of the World: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 
* *Technology and Culture*. **44**, 1, 2003 Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the water screw: the context of invention in the ancient world"
Single

**Single** can mean the following:

*Single person, a person who has no mate
*Single (music), a song that is not part of an album
*Single (baseball), a type of baseball hit
Asturian language

The **Asturian language** is the native language of Asturias. Between 200,000 and 600,000 people speak it in Asturias. This language is very similar to Leonese Language, spoken in other territories that once made up the Kingdom of León (León, Western Zamora, Salamanca and Northwestern Cáceres where is called extremaduran), and to Mirandes Language, spoken in Miranda do Douro in Portugal. In Asturias, primary and secondary students can choose to study it.

## References
Classical mythology

**Classical** or **Greco-Roman mythology** usually means the mythology, and the related polytheistic rituals and practices, of Classical Antiquity. 

Roman religion joined with Greek religion over time. This began in the eighth century BC when Greeks colonized Magna Graecia in southern Italy. The two traditions had joined to the point of being almost the same by the first century BC. See

*Greek mythology
*Roman mythology
Colossus of Rhodes

, part of his series of the Seven Wonders of the World.]] 
 
The **Colossus of Rhodes** was a huge statue of the Greek god, Helios built on the Greek island of Rhodes (approximate coordinates 36°27'04"N, 28°13'40"E) by Chares of Lindos (a student of Lysippos)  between 294 and 282 BC.

It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World before being destroyed in an earthquake. The Colossus of Rhodes was 70 cubits tall, (32 meters, 105&nbsp;feet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.

## Construction 
Chares of Lindos was commissioned to build the statue after the lifting of Demetrius I Poliorcetes' siege of Rhodes (305BC). It had a bronze core and was reinforced by iron. It stood 70 cubits (105 feet [32 metres]) high and stood beside Mandrákion harbour, perhaps shielding its eyes with one hand, as a representation in a relief suggests. It is technically impossible that the statue could have straddled the harbour entrance, and the popular belief that it did so dates only from the Middle Ages. Construction started in 294 BC and finished 12 years later.

## Destruction 
The statue was an intelligent "advertising" of the city that erected it, a tangible proof of its wealth and technology. Unfortunately, in 222 BC, about 60 years after its unveiling, the Colossus collapsed as its knees were wrecked by an earthquake.  Falling wreckage is said to have demolished 30 homes.

Despite its terrible fall, the statue did not cease to belong to the great wonders of the ancient world. Even after a hundred years its destruction, Antipater of Sidon , a writer of Greco-Spanish origin, included the Colossus in his catalog of the seven wonders of the world. 

In 654 AD, 900 years after the collapse of the Colossus, the Saracens plundered Rhodes and sold the metallic remains of the colossus. It is said that the buyer used 900 camels to transport the fragments to Syria. Thus the image of the god who once saved the city from the foreign invasion had a fate similar to that of the siege machines of Demetrius, which when sold financed the construction of the Colossus. 

## Notes 
## References 
*  page 75

## Further reading 
* Herbert Maryon, "The Colossus of Rhodes" *The Journal of Hellenic Studies* **76** (1956), pp.&nbsp;68–86. A sculptor's speculations on the Colossus of Rhodes.
* D. E. L. Haynes, "Philo of Byzantium and the Colossus of Rhodes" *The Journal of Hellenic Studies* **77**.2 (1957), pp.&nbsp;311–312. A response to Maryon.
* M. H. Gabriel, *BCH* **16** (1932), pp 332–42.

## Other websites 
* Rhodes Guide
* http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/colossus.html
List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

This article is about a **list of retired Atlantic hurricane names**. Atlantic hurricane names only get retired if and when they are notable enough by causing a lot of damage or killing many people. They can also be retired if and when the government or country requests the name to be retired, by the World Meteorological Organization.

Below is a list of Atlantic hurricane names retired.

1950s: Carol, Edna, Hazel, Connie, Diane, Ione, Janet, Audrey
----
1960s: Donna, Carla, Hattie, Flora, Cleo, Dora, Hilda, Betsy, Inez, Beulah, Camille
----
1970s: Celia, Agnes, Carmen, Fifi, Eloise, Anita, David, Frederic
----
1980s: Allen, Alicia, Elena, Gloria, Gilbert, Joan, Hugo
----
1990s: Diana, Klaus, Bob, Andrew, Luis,  Marilyn, Opal, Roxanne, Cesar, Fran, Hortense, Georges, Mitch, Floyd, Lenny
----
2000s: Keith, Allison, Iris, Michelle, Isidore, Lili, Fabian, Isabel, Juan, Charley, Frances, Ivan, Jeanne, Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma, Dean, Felix, Noel, Gustav, Ike, Paloma 
----
2010s: Igor, Tomas, Irene, Sandy, Ingrid, Erika, Joaquin, Matthew, Otto, Harvey, Irma, Maria, Nate, Florence, Michael
----2020s: Laura, Eta, Iota, Ida, Fiona, Ian, Beryl, Helene, Milton

## Related pages 
*List of retired Pacific hurricane names
Aspirator

. The water inlet is at the top and the water outlet is at the bottom. The air inlet is on the side.]]
An **aspirator** is a device that makes vacuum, because of the Venturi effect. In the aspirator, fluid flows through it. The tube gets more thin, making the fluid flow faster, and making the pressure smaller. Then, vacuum is taken from it. The aspirator is also known as an **ejector** or a **filter pump**.

The most common type of aspirator is the **water aspirator**. It is used in laboratories for chemistry and biology. The aspirator has a fitted tee, which is attached to a faucet. It has a hose barb on one side. The flow of water passes through the straight part of the tee, which  the water flow at the intersection with the hose barb. The vacuum hose should be connected to this barb.

The strength of the produced vacuum is limited by the vapour pressure of the flowing water. However, the strength of the vacuum is not limited if a gas is used as the working force.
Temple of Artemis

in Turkey.]] 

The **Temple of Artemis** ( or  Latin: *Artemisium*), was a temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis. It was also known as the Temple of Diana (Diana was a Roman goddess). 

It was completed around 350 BC at Ephesus (in present-day Turkey). The area was under the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire, but some of its cities were Greek. Only ruins of the temple remain. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

## Location 
 of a Roman marble copy of a Greek replica of a lost Geometric period *xoanon*]]

The Temple of Artemis was near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 50&nbsp;km south from the modern port city of İzmir, in Turkey.

## Architecture and art 
Most of the description of the Temple of Artemis comes from Pliny, though there are different accounts that give different sizes.

Pliny said the temple was 115 meters long and 55 meters wide. He said it was made almost completely of marble. It was about three times as big as the Parthenon by area. The Temple has 127 Ionic-styled columns. Each is 17.5 meters in height.

The Temple of Artemis had many fine artworks. Bronze sculptures by famous Greek sculptors Polyclitus, Pheidias, Cresilas, and Phradmon were in the temple. Paintings and gilded columns of gold and silver were also in it. The sculptors often competed at creating the best sculpture. Many of these sculptures were of Amazons, who are said to have founded the city of Ephesus.

Pliny said that Scopas, who also worked on the Mausoleum of Mausollos, worked carved reliefs into the temple's columns.

Athenagoras of Athens names Endoeus, a student of Daedalus, as the sculptor of the main statue of Artemis in Ephesus.

## Cult and influence 
The Temple of Artemis was at a flourishing region. It was used as a religious institute. Merchants and travellers came to it from all over Asia Minor. The temple was influenced by many beliefs. It can be seen as a symbol of faith for many different peoples. The Ephesians worshiped Cybele. They joined many of their beliefs into the worship of Artemis. Artemisian Cybele became very different from the Roman goddess Diana. The cult of Artemis attracted thousands of worshipers from far-off lands. They all gathered at the site and worshipped her.

## References 
* Anton Bammer, "A Peripteros" of the Geometric Period in the Artemision of Ephesus" *Anatolian Studies* *40* (1990), pp.&nbsp;137–160.
* Lynn R. LiDonnici, "The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration" *The Harvard Theological Review* *85*.4 (October 1992), pp 389–415.

## Other websites 
* UnMuseum's The Temple of Artemis 
* Seven Wonders' Temple of Artemis 
* Florence Mary Bennett, *Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons:* (1912): Chapter&nbsp;III: Ephesian Artemis (text)
* James Grout: *Temple of Artemis*, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
* Diana's Temple at Ephesus (W.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;Lethaby, 1908)
Ink cartridge

:*See cartridge for other meanings*

An **ink cartridge** is a small container that contains ink. The manufacturers of Inkjet printers use special cartidges for their printers. There may be one cartridge per color. Sometimes, there is also just one cartridge for several colors. Cartridge package could be initial. It is not relying upon pipeline.