open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
National Assembly of Belarus

The **National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus** is the parliament of Belarus. The two parts of the National Assembly are:

*Council of the Republic- The upper house
*House of Representatives- The lower house

The houses meet every year. The first session starts October 2.  It cannot be more than 80 days. The second session starts April 2. It does not last more than 90 days. Sometimes the President can have them meet a third time.

## Council of the Republic
The Council of the Republic is the upper house.  It has 64 members.  The members are based geographically.  Eight members of the Council are picked by the President of Belarus.  The remaining members are elected by secret vote: eight members of the Council are elected from each of the country's regions and Minsk City.  Members must aged 30 and more and live in the region they are elected from for at least five years.

### Speakers of the Council of the Republic
* Pavel Shipuk January 13, 1997&ndash;December 19, 2000
* Alyaksandr Vaytovich December 19, 2000&ndash;July 28, 2003
* Henadz Navitski July 28, 2003&ndash;October 31, 2008
* Boris Batura October 31, 2008&ndash;May 20, 2010
* Anatoli Rubinov May 24, 2010&ndash;January 16, 2015
* Mikhail Myasnikovich January 16, 2015&ndash;December 6, 2019
* Natalya Kochanova December 6, 2019&ndash;present

## House of Representatives
The House of Representatives is the lower house.  It has 110 deputies.  Any citizen of 21 years is eligible for election.

### Speakers of the House of Representatives
## References
Seine department

**Seine** was a département in France. It was created as *Paris* in 1790, and renamed to Seine in 1795. On the 1st of January 1968 it was abolished, together with the department Seine-et-Oise which surrounded it. The area was distributed into 4 departements, Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, and Val-de-Marne. In 1968, about 5.7 million people lived in the area; about 2.5 million lived in the city of Paris.
Pecados y Milagros

***Pecados y Milagros*** () is the seventh album by Mexican Latin singer Lila Downs. It was released in 2011. It reached the top of the charts in Mexico, Germany, Argentina, Colombia, Spain and the United States. It also reached the top ten in other major markets. Downs did a tour for the album called the "Pecados y Milagros World Tour". The singles on *Pecados y Milagros* are: "Palomo del Comalito", "Zapata se Queda" and "Mezcalito". In 2012 the album *Pecados y Milagros* won a Grammy Award for "Best Regional Mexican Music Album (Including Tejano)". The same year it won a Latin Grammy Award for "Best Folk Album". The main music genres which make up the album are pop, folk and ska.

## Track listing
## References
Shake Away

***Ojo de Culebra*** () is the sixth studio album by Mexican Latin singer Lila Downs.

This album was recorded in New York and Mexico. All the songs on this album were composed by Lila Downs and Paul Cohen, except "I Envy The Wind" (by Lucinda Williams) and "I Would Never" (by Paul Buchanan). It includes a version of "Black Magic Woman" by Peter Green. In "Ojo de Culebra" they mix instruments and electronic music. It includes collaborations with Enrique Bunbury, La Mari, Mercedes Sosa and Ramon Gutierrez, among others.

## Songs
## Charts 
The album had the following chart activity in 2008:
* Top Heatseekers - #48
* Top Latin Albums - #36
* Top World Music Albums - #3

## References
## Other websites
* Ojo de Culebra credits
Raging Bull

***Raging Bull*** is a 1980 American biographical sports drama movie directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's 1970 memoir *Raging Bull: My Story*. The movie, distributed by United Artists, stars Robert De Niro as Jake LaMotta, an Italian-American middleweight boxer whose self-destructive and obsessive rage, sexual jealousy, and animalistic appetite destroyed his relationship with his wife and family. Also featured in the film are Joe Pesci as Joey, LaMotta's well-intentioned brother and manager who tries to help Jake battle his inner demons, and Cathy Moriarty as his wife. Nicholas Colasanto, Theresa Saldana, and Frank Vincent all play supporting roles in the movie.

Scorsese was initially reluctant to develop the project, though he eventually came to relate to LaMotta's story. Schrader re-wrote Martin's first screenplay, and Scorsese and De Niro together made uncredited contributions thereafter. Pesci was an unknown actor prior to the film, as was Moriarty, who was suggested for her role by Pesci. During the filming, each of the boxing scenes was choreographed for a specific visual style and De Niro gained approximately 60 pounds (27&nbsp;kg) to portray LaMotta in his later post-boxing years. Scorsese was exacting in the process of editing and mixing the movie, expecting it to be his last major feature.

*Raging Bull* premiered in New York on November 14, 1980, and was released in theaters on December 19, 1980. The movie had a lukewarm box office of $23.4 million against its $18 million budget. The movie received mixed reviews upon its release; while De Niro's performance and the editing were widely acclaimed, it garnered criticism due to its violent content. Despite the mixed reviews, the movie was nominated for eight Academy Awards at the 53rd Academy Awards (tying with *The Elephant Man* as the most nominated movie of the ceremony), including Best Picture and Best Director, and won two: Best Actor for De Niro (his second Oscar) and Best Editing.

After its release, *Raging Bull* went on to garner a high critical reputation, and is now often considered Scorsese's magnum opus and one of the greatest movies ever made. In 1990, it became the first movie to be selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in its first year of eligibility.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Japan Atomic Energy Agency

The  or **JAEA**, is a Japanese organization that seeks to research, promote, and monitor the peaceful use of nuclear energy.  It is an Independent Administrative Institution.

## History
The Japan Atomic Energy Agency was formed October 1, 2005 by a merger of the  Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) and the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC).

The "Japan Atomic Energy Agency Act of 2005" established the  of agency concerns, including
* Basic research of nuclear energy
* Promotion of research and development results
* Human resource development 
* Study and analysis of safety regulation, prevention of nuclear disasters, international non-proliferation, etc.

## Related pages
* Independent Administrative Institution
* List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
* Fukushima I nuclear accidents

## References
## Other websites
*English JAEA website ;
Seven (movie)

***Seven*** is a 1995 American neo-noir crime horror thriller movie. It was directed by David Fincher and produced by Arnold Kopelson. It stars Brad Pitt as David Mills and Morgan Freeman as William Somerset, police detectives who are working together to catch serial killer John Doe, played by Kevin Spacey. Doe murders people he believes are guilty of the seven deadly sins. Mills' wife Tracy is played by Gwyneth Paltrow.

## Other websites 
*

## References
Core (Stone Temple Pilots album)

***Core*** is the first album by the American rock band Stone Temple Pilots.  It was released on September 29, 1992 through Atlantic Records. The album made #1 on the *Billboard* Heatseekers chart and #3 on the *Billboard* 200. It was the band's best-selling album.

## Track listing
All lyrics written by Scott Weiland, except where noted.

## Charts
## References
FanMail

***FanMail*** is the third studio album by American girl group TLC. It was released on February 23, 1999. It was released by LaFace Records. It features a more electronic and hip hop influence to the album, along with the group's signature R&B sound.

## Release and reception 
On the first day of release, the album sold 318,000 copies in the United States. It debuted at number one on the US *Bollboard* 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It also reached the top ten in Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The album was given eight Grammy Awards nominations. It won the Grammy Award for "Album of the Year". According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album sold 4,700,000 copies in the United States. It was certified 6x Platinum (6,000,000 copies shipped) by the RIAA.

## Track listing
### Notes
## References
Celia Cruz

**Celia Cruz** (October 21, 1925 – July 16, 2003) was a Cuban-American salsa performer. She earned twenty-three gold albums. She was called the "Queen of Salsa" as well as "La Guarachera de Cuba."

She spent most of her career living in New Jersey. She worked in the United States and several Latin American countries. Leila Cobo of *Billboard Magazine* once said "Cruz is indisputably the best known and most influential female figure in the history of Cuban music."

## Discography
* 2003 *Homenaje a Beny Moré*
* 2003 *Celia & Johnny*
* 2003 *Dios Disfrute a la Reina*
* 2003 *Son Boleros, Boleros Son*
* 2003 *Reina de la Música Cubana*
* 2003 *Regalo del Alma*
* 2003 *Más Grande Historia Jamás Cantada*
* 2003 *Estrellas de la Sonora Matancera*
* 2003 *Celia in the House: Classic Hits Remixed*
* 2003 *Carnaval de la Vida*
* 2003 *Candela Pura*
* 2002 *Unrepeatable*
* 2002 *Hits Mix*
* 2001 *La Negra Tiene Tumbao*
* 2000 *Siempre Viviré*
* 2000 *Salsa*
* 2000 *Habanera*
* 2000 *Celia Cruz and Friends: A Night of Salsa*
* 1999 *En Vivo Radio Progreso, Vol. 3*
* 1999 *En Vivo Radio Progreso, Vol. 2*
* 1999 *En Vivo Radio Progreso, Vol. 1*
* 1999 *En Vivo C.M.Q., Vol. 5*
* 1999 *En Vivo C.M.Q., Vol. 4*
* 1998 *Mi Vida Es Cantar*

* 1998 *Afro-Cubana*
* 1997 *También Boleros*
* 1997 *Duets*
* 1997 *Cambiando Ritmos*
* 1996 *Celia Cruz Delta*
* 1995 *Irresistible*
* 1995 *Festejando Navidad*
* 1995 *Double Dynamite*
* 1995 ''Cuba's Queen of Rhythm*
* 1994 *Merengue Saludos Amigos*
* 1994 *Mambo del Amor*
* 1994 *Irrepetible*
* 1994 *Homenaje a Los Santos*
* 1994 *Guaracheras de La Guaracha*
* 1993 *Introducing*
* 1993 *Homenaje a Beny Moré, Vol. 3*
* 1993 *Boleros Polydor*
* 1993 *Azucar Negra*
* 1992 *Verdadera Historia*
* 1992 *Tributo a Ismael Rivera*
* 1991 *Reina del Ritmo Cubano*
* 1991 *Canta Celia Cruz*
* 1990 *Guarachera del Mundo*
* 1988 *Ritmo en el Corazón*
* 1987 *Winners*
* 1986 *De Nuevo*

* 1986 *Candela*
* 1983 *Tremendo Trío*
* 1982 *Feliz Encuentro*
* 1981 *Celia & Willie*
* 1980 *Celia/Johnny/Pete*
* 1977 *Only They Could Have Made This Album*
* 1976 *Recordando El Ayer*
* 1975 *Tremendo Caché*
* 1974 *Celia & Johnny*
* 1971 *Celia Y Tito Puente en España*
* 1970 *Etc. Etc. Etc.*
* 1969 *Quimbo Quimbumbia*
* 1968 *Serenata Guajira*
* 1968 *Excitante*
* 1967 *A Ti México*
* 1967 *Bravo Celia Cruz*
* 1966 *Son con Guaguancó*
* 1966 *Cuba Y Puerto Rico Son*
* 1965 *Sabor y Ritmo de Pueblos*
* 1965 *Canciones Premiadas*
* 1959 *Mi Diario Musical*
* 1958 *Incomparable Celia*

## Grammy awards
|-
| align="center"|1989
| "Ritmo En El Corazon"
| Best Tropical Latin Performance
|
|-
| align="center"|2000
| *Celia Cruz and Friends: A Night of Salsa*
| Best Salsa Performance
|
|-
| align="center"|2001
| "Siempre Viviré"
| Best Tropical Traditional Album
|
|-
| align="center"|2002
| *La Negra Tiene Tumbao*
| Best Salsa Album
|
|-
| align="center"|2003
| *La Negra Tiene Tumbao*
| Best Salsa Album
|
|-
| align="center"|2003
| *Regalo del Alma*
| Best Salsa/Merengue Album
|
|-
| align="center"|2004
| *Regalo del Alma''
| Best Salsa Album
|

## References
South West Trains

**South West Trains** was a train company in the United Kingdom. It served 213 stations and ran 185 of those. The company  had 371 trains and ran the Island Line

## References
Philip Seymour Hoffman

**Philip Seymour Hoffman** (July 23, 1967 &ndash; February 2, 2014) was an American actor.

## Early life
He was born in Fairport, New York. He had a brother, writer Gordy Hoffman (born 1964) and two sisters. Hoffman's mother was a Roman Catholic of Irish origin. His father was a Protestant of part-German origin. Hoffman studied at New York State Summer School of the Arts and at Tisch School of the Arts.  

## Career
Hoffman first started acting in 1991 in an episode of *Law & Order*. His first movie role was as Matt in the 1992 movie *Leap of Faith*. He then acted in many movies. His performance as Truman Capote in *Capote* earned him an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award. He also acted on television and in theater. His last movie was *The Hunger Games: Catching Fire* and in *A Most Wanted Man*.

## Personal life and death
Hoffman lived in Manhattan with his partner Mimi O'Donnell. They were a couple from 1999 until 2013. They had a son and two daughters. His funeral was held at St. Ignatius Loyola church, Manhattan, on February 7, 2014.

## Selected filmography
**Boogie Nights*
**Next Stop Wonderland*
**Happiness*
**Flawless*
**Magnolia*
**The Talented Mr. Ripley*
**State and Main*
**Almost Famous*
**Punch-Drunk Love*
**Owning Mahowny*
**Capote*
**Mission: Impossible III*
*''Before the Devil Knows You're Dead*
**The Savages*
**Charlie Wilson's War*
**Synechdoche, New York*
**Doubt*
**Jack Goes Boating*
**The Ides of March*
**The Hunger Games: Catching Fire''

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Philip Seymour Hoffman Biography 
* NPR Interview (09/2005)
* Brandt Tribute  Lebowski Podcast's tribute to Hoffman's character in The Big Lebowski.
London Midland

**London Midland** was a train operating company in the United Kingdom. It ran  of track and served 146 stations. During 2007, it carried 591.5 million passengers. London Midland operated the West Midlands franchise between 2007 and 2017. 

In August 2017 the franchise was awarded to a new train operating company, West Midlands Trains, who took over on 10 December 2017.

## References
Kristen Schaal

in July 2010]]
**Kristen Schaal** (born January 24, 1978) is an American stand-up comedienne, actress and voice artist. She is the voice of Mabel Pines in *Gravity Falls*. She also is the voice of Louise Belcher in ''Bob's Burgers* and Uma Kinnik in *Atlantis Forest*. Schaal was born in Longmont, Colorado.

## Filmography
### Animated Roles
* *Adventure Time* - Boobafina, Jake Jr.
* *American Dad!* - Girl, Librarian
* *Bob's Burgers* - Louise Belcher
* *The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange* - Squash McAdams
* *Gravity Falls* - Mabel Pines
* *Atlantis Forest* - Uma Kinnik
* *The Penguins of Madagascar* - Buffy the Rabbit, Fluffy the Rabbit, Muffy the Rabbit
* *The Simpsons* - Louise Belcher

### Film Roles
* *Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2* - Barb the Orangutan
* *Despicable Me 2* - Shannon
* *Shrek Forever After* - Palace Witch, Pumpkin Witch
* *Toy Story 3* - Trixie
* *Toy Story 4* - Trixie
* *Woody's Roundup: The Movie'' - Trixie

## References
## Other websites
*
Heineken

**Heineken** is a Dutch beer (5% abv pale lager) which has been brewed by Heineken International since 1873. It is the flagship product of the Heineken company and is made of processed, impure water, sometimes advertised as purified water, malted barley, hops, and yeast. In 1886 H. Elion finished the development of the *Heineken A-yeast*, which is still used in the brewing process today. The beer is force carbonated. It is popular worldwide.

## Awards 
* May 1875 — ''Medaille d'Or* (Gold Medal) at the International Maritime Exhibition in Paris
*1883 — *Diplome d'Honneurs* (Honorary Diploma) at the International Colonial and Export Exhibition in Amsterdam
*1889 — *Grand Prix* (Grand Prize) at the Exposition Universelle in Paris
*1900 — *Hors Concours Membre du Jury'' in Paris

## References
East Coast

**East Coast** can mean:
*East Coast blues
*East Coast hip hop
*East Coast Main Line
*East Coast of the United States
*East Coast (train company)
Kathryn Joosten

**Kathryn Joosten** (December 20, 1939 – June 2, 2012) was an American television and voice actress. She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She won two Emmy Awards. She died of lung cancer in Westlake Village, California.

## Filmography
* 1996: *Murphy Brown* as Secretary #83
* 2005-2012: *Desperate Housewives* as Karen McCluskey
* 2009: *Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel* as Aunt Jackie

## References
## Other websites
*
Heathrow Connect

train at Ealing Broadway]]
**Heathrow Connect** was a train service in London that ran between Paddington station and Heathrow Airport. It was provided by the Heathrow Express company together with First Great Western. The first train ran on 12 June 2005.

The Heathrow Connect service ran every half-hour throughout the day and evening from Monday to Saturday and every hour on Sunday. It followed the same route as the Heathrow Express service, but while Heathrow Express ran non-stop between Paddington and the airport, Heathrow Connect stopped at some stations in between. Altogether, there were eight stations at which Heathrow Connect trains stopped, so the train could connect places in west London with each other, the airport, and Central London. The trains used on the line were five Class 360s made by Siemens.

On 20 May 2018 TfL Rail took over operation of the Heathrow Connect service.
Japanese Sign Language

, also known as **JSL** or **NS**, is the main sign language in Japan.

## History
In 1878, the first school for the deaf was established in Kyoto.

In 1900, the  was founded.

In 1948, Deaf children were required to attend school.

In the late-20th century, Japanese sign language began to be recognized.

The Japanese Federation of the Deaf is for those Japanese whose primary language is JSL.

JSL has a friend in the Imperial family. Kiko, Princess Akishino has studied JSL and is a trained sign language interpreter.  She also signs in informal Deaf gatherings.

In 2006, the Japanese government amended the "Supporting Independence of People with Disabilities Act."  The new language in the law encourages local governments to increase the number and use of JSL interpreters.

## Elements of Japanese Sign Language (JSL)
As in other sign languages, JSL (usually called simply 手話 *shuwa*, "hand talk") consists of words, or signs, and the grammar with which they are put together.

### Examples of JSL signs

File:JSLbaiku.gif|A noun: "bicycle"
File:JSLdesu001.gif|A verb: "to be"
File:JSLcyuu.gif|A Chinese character: 
File:JSLdesuka001.gif|A grammatical particle: interrogative sentence ending

## References
## Further reading
* Monaghan, Leila Frances. (2003). *Many Ways to be Deaf: International Variation in Deaf Communities.* Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. ; OCLC 248814292
* Nakamura, Karen. (2006). *Deaf in Japan: Signing and the Politics of Identity.* Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ; ; OCLC 238810838

## Other websites
*Japanese Association of Sign Linguistics (JASL) 
*手話教室 (online JSL lessons and dictionary, in Japanese)
*Online JSL dictionaries 
*Kyoto Prefectural Education Center Website with explanations in English
Abellio Greater Anglia

**Abellio Greater Anglia** is a British train operating company that provides all suburban and express passenger rail services from Liverpool Street station in the City of London to destinations in the East of England (such as Stansted Airport, Colchester, Cheshunt, Hertford East, Ipswich, Norwich and [[Cambridgeshire|]]). 

## Background 
Since 31 May 2015, the Lea Valley and Romford Upminster lines are transferred from this to London Overground.

In August 2016, it was announced that Abellio had won the franchise again until 2025. They promise to replace all its trains by 2020. Sadly this has not happened.

## References
Heathrow Express

at London Paddington]]
**Heathrow Express** is a train service in London that provides an airport rail link service between Paddington station and Heathrow Airport. It is operated by the Heathrow Express Operating Company, owned by the same company which owns Heathrow Airport itself, and the first train ran on 23 June 1998.

The Heathrow Express service runs every 15 minutes throughout the day and evening, seven days a week. It runs non-stop between Paddington and the airport. (The Heathrow Connect used the same route but made some stops in between.) At the airport, trains from Paddington stop at two stations, both of which are located underground: Heathrow Central (for terminals 2 and 3) and Heathrow Terminal 5. There is also a shuttle train that goes between Heathrow Central and a station at Terminal 4, which is also underground. The 12 trains used on services between Paddington and Heathrow are Class 387, while the shuttle service to Terminal 4 used one Class 360.

Heathrow Express is not part of National Rail, and is not run as a franchise, even though it shares track with National Rail trains for much of its journey and ends its trip at a London mainline station.
RBD

**RBD** was a two-time Latin-Grammy nominated Mexican pop group.  They gained popularity from Televisa's teen drama series *Rebelde*. RBD sold over 17&nbsp;million digital downloads and over 57&nbsp;million albums worldwide in four years. The band was officially formed on October 4, 2004.  They announced their separation on August 15, 2008.

## Members
## Discography
### Spanish albums
*2004: *Rebelde*
*2005: *Nuestro Amor*
*2006: *Celestial*
*2007: *Empezar Desde Cero*
*2009: *Para Olvidarte De Mí*

### Bilingual albums
*2005: *Rebelde
*2006: *Nosso Amor Rebelde*
*2006: *Celestial
*2006: *Rebels*

### Live albums
*2005: *Tour Generación RBD En Vivo*
*2006: *Live in Hollywood*
*2007: *Hecho En España*

### Compilation albums
*2008: *RBD: Greatest Hits* (Only Mexico)
*2008: *Hits Em Português* (Only Brazil)
*2008: *Greatest Hits RBD* (Only E.U.A)

## References
Thalía

**Ariadna Thalía Sodi Miranda** (born August 26, 1971), known as **Thalía**, is a Mexican singer, songwriter and actress. She has sold over 60 million albums worldwide. She has sung in Spanish, English, French, Portuguese and Tagalog.

Thalia has been nominated for various Latin Grammy, Latin Billboard and many other awards.

She was also in very successful soap operas like *Marimar* and *María la del Barrio*. She is also an occasional author, businesswoman and fashion designer.

## Discography
### Studio albums
**Thalía* (1990)
**Mundo de Cristal* (1991)
**Love* (1992)
**En éxtasis* (1995)
**Amor a la Mexicana* (1997)
**Arrasando* (2000)
**Thalía* (2002)
**Thalía (English)* (2003)
**El Sexto Sentido* (2005)
**Lunada* (2008)
**Habítame Siempre* (2012)
**Viva Kids Vol. 1* (2014)
**Amore mio* (2014)
**Latina* (2016)
**Valiente* (2018)
**Viva Kids Vol. 2* (2020)
**desAMORfosis* (2021)

### Compilation albums
**Nandito Ako* (1997)
**Thalía con banda: Grandes éxitos* (2001)
**Hits Remixed* (2003)
**Greatest Hits* (2004)

### Live albums
**Primera Fila* (2009)

### Music groups
**Din Din* (1981–83) – (4 albums)
**Timbiriche* (1986–89) – (3 albums)

### Tours
**High Voltage Tour* (2004)

## Filmography
### Soap operas 
**Pobre Señorita Limantour* (1987) – Diana
**Quinceañera* (1987–88) – Beatriz Villanueva
**Luz y Sombra* (1989) – Alma Suárez
**María Mercedes* (1992–93) – María Mercedes Muñoz Del Olmo
**Marimar* (1994) – Marimar Perez / Bella Aldama
**María la del barrio* (1995–96) – María Hernández De la Vega
**Rosalinda* (1999) – Rosalinda Perez Romero / Paloma Dorantes

### Theater 
**Vaselina* (1984) – Sandy

### Films 
**La Guerra de los Pasteles* (1979)
**Anastasia* (1997) – (soundtrack performer, Spanish version)
**Mambo Café* (1999) – Nydia

### TV Shows 
**VIP de Noche* (1991–92)
**Las Aventuras de Eebee y Thalia* (2009–10)

### Radio Show 
**Conexión Thalía Radio Show* (2007–11)

## Written works 
**Thalía: ¡Belleza! Lessons in Lipgloss and Happiness* (2007)
**Thalía: ¡Radiante! Your Guide to a Fit and Fabulous Pregnancy* (2009)
**Thalía: Growing stronger* (2011)

## References
21 Grams

***21 Grams*** is an American drama movie directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu and written by Guillermo Arriga. It stars Sean Penn, Naomi Watts, Benicio del Toro, whose lives are connected when del Toro's character Jack Jordan kills the husband and two daughters of Watts' character Cristina Peck in a hit-and-run road accident. His heart is transplanted into Penn's character, mathematician Paul Rivers.

## Other websites 
*
Great Lake Swimmers

**Great Lake Swimmers** is a Canadian folk rock and Indie band originally from Wainfleet, Ontario and now based in Toronto, Ontario. They released their self-titled debut album on January 28, 2003 and it was re-released on April 5, 2005. Great Lake Swimmers has five members in the band; the current band members are Tony Dekker, Erik Arnesen, Greg Millson, Miranda Mulholland and Bret Higgins. The band was named Favourite Folk/Roots Artist/Group in 2010 by the Canadian Indie Awards.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Great Lake Swimmers* (2003)
* *Bodies and Minds* (2005)
* *Ongiara* (2007)
* *Lost Channels* (2009)
* *New Wild Everywhere* (2012)
* *A Forest of Arms* (2015)
* *The Waves, the Wake* (2018)
* *Uncertain Country* (2023)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Bottle tree

The **bottle tree** is a plant that has adapted to hot climates, such as the desert. They are called bottle trees because the shape of their trunk is a bottle shape. There are several different species including:

* *Adansonia* species, the baobabs;
** *Adansonia gregorii* (the boab)
* *Pachypodium lealii*, (Apocynaceae), the bottle tree of Namibia and Angola;
* The genus *Moringa*, (Moringaceae), of Madagascar;
* *Brachychiton* species, (Malvaceae), of Australia;
* *Ceiba* species, the floss silk tree or *palo borracho* of South America.

The name bottle tree is also used to describe an artificial tree made of glass bottles, usually of colored glass.  Associated with Hoodoo and primarily found in the Southern United States.
Principality of Polotsk

The **Principality of Polotsk**, also known as the **Kingdom of Polotsk** or the **Duchy of Polotsk** was a medieval principality of the Early East Slavs.  It was considered one of the principalities in the Kievan Rus'.  It had a wide degree of power to make its own rules. It was started around the ancient town of Polotsk. It is not clear the date it started.  Polotsk is mentioned in the mid 9th century as part of Novgorod. In the second half of 10th century Polotsk was ruled by its own dynasty. The first ruler that is mentioned in the history was a semi-legendary Rogvolod (? - 978). Rogvolod is better known as the father of Rogneda. The Principality was in several succession crises of the 11-12th centuries and a war with the Land of Novgorod. By the 13th century it was added into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. At the time it was largest the principality stretched over large parts of today's northern and central Belarus and a smaller part of today's southeastern Latvia.
Maná

**Maná** is a Mexican rock band from Guadalajara, Jalisco.  Their career has been more than three decades. The group has earned four Grammy Awards, seven Latin Grammy Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards Latin America, five Premios Juventud awards, nine Billboard Latin Music Awards and 13 Premios Lo Nuestro awards.

The band formed in 1986 and released its first album, *Falta Amor*, in 1990.  In 1992, the group released *¿Dónde Jugarán Los Niños?*, which sold more than 3 million copies worldwide. It was the best selling Spanish-language rock album of all time.  

The band's sound comes from the pop rock, Latin pop, calypso, and reggae music genres. They first received international commercial success in Australia and Spain. They have since gained popularity in the US, Western Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Their worldwide sales stand at more than 25 million albums as of 2011.

## Members
Official members:
* Fher Olvera—lead vocals, acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar
* Alex González—drums, backup vocals
* Juan Calleros — bass guitar
* Sergio Vallín — electric guitar

Live band members:
* Juan Carlos Toribio — keyboards, piano, flute. From 1994–present.
* Fernando "Psycho" Vallin — rhythm guitar, 2nd bass guitar, backup vocals. From 1997–present.
* Luis Conte - percussion MTV Unplugged 1999.
* Hector Quintana — percussion, backup vocals. From 2006–present
*Aaron Alberto Barrios - Guitarra/Coros invitado al grupo (2012)

Former members:
* Abraham Calleros — drums. From 1978–1985.
* Gustavo Orozco — electric guitar. From 1978–1985.
* Ulises Calleros — electric guitar. From 1978–1991.
* César "Vampiro" López — electric guitar. From 1991–1994.
* Ivan Gonzalez — keyboards. From 1991–1994.
* Sheila Rios — backup vocals. From 1992–2003.

## Discography
### Sombrero Verde
(before Maná)
* 1981: *Sombrero Verde*
* 1983: *A Tiempo de Rock*

### Maná
* 1987: *Maná*
* 1990: *Falta Amor*
* 1992: *¿Dónde Jugarán los Niños?*
* 1994: *Maná en Vivo*
* 1995: *Cuando los Ángeles Lloran*
* 1997: *Sueños Líquidos*
* 1999: “Maná MTV Unplugged”
* 2002: *Revolución de Amor*
* 2006: *Amar es Combatir*
* 2008: *Arde el Cielo*
* 2011: *Drama y Luz*

## Tours
* 1993-1995: ¿Dónde Jugarán Los Niños? Tour
* 1998: Liquido Tour
* 1999: Unplugged U.S. Tour
* 2002–2003: Revolución de Amor Tour
* 2007–2008: Amar es Combatir Tour
* 2011 - 2012: Drama y Luz World Tour

## References
Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The **Grand Duchy of Lithuania** was a European state from the 12th
–13th century until 1569. In 1569 it became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791. It was started by the Lithuanians. The duchy grew to include large parts of the former Kievan Rus' and other Slavic lands. It  covered the land of present-day Belarus,  Latvia, Lithuania  and parts of Estonia, Moldova, Poland, Russia and Ukraine. At its biggest in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe. There was great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage.

Bringing together of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 12th century. Mindaugas, the first ruler of the Grand Duchy, was crowned as Catholic King of Lithuania in 1253. The pagan state was targeted in the religious crusade by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. When Gediminas began to rule, he allowed people to have different religions. This grew under his son Algirdas. In 1386 Jogaila changed the religion to Catholicism.  He also made a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.

 mounds in Kernavė, now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.]]
Vytautas the Great grew the land of the Grand Duchy.  He also led the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. After Vytautas's death, Lithuania's relationship with the Kingdom of Poland was not good. The Union of Lublin of 1569 created a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this federation, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a separate government, laws, army, and treasury.  They were invaded by Russia in 1792.  The land was divided out among the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria in 1795.

## References
Republics of the Soviet Union

The **Republics of the Soviet Union** or the **Union Republics** of the Soviet Union were administrative units that report directly to the Government of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was a highly centralized state.

## References
Artillery (band)

**Artillery** is a thrash metal band from Denmark. They started in 1982 and have split up and reformed twice.

## Discography
So far, as of 2012, Artillery has released six studio albums, which include:
**Fear of Tomorrow* (1985)
**Terror Squad* (1987)
**By Inheritance* (1990)
**B.A.C.K.* (1999)
**When Death Comes* (2009)
**My Blood* (2011)

* *Legions* (2013)
* *Penalty by Perception* (2016)
* *The Face of Fear* (2018)
* *X* (2021)
Voivod

**Voivod** is a heavy metal band from Canada. Their musical style has been changing since their beginnings. They started out as a speed metal band, but eventually began adding a mix of progressive metal and thrash metal to create their own unique metal style.

Today, Voivod have released eleven studio albums as well as one EP, one live album, two compilations, seven demos and one DVD featuring a live concert. They rose to popularity with their fifth studio album *Nothingface* (1989), which was the first Voivod album to enter the *Billboard* 200 charts, peaking at number 114, and is their most successful one yet. The last studio album Voivod released is "Target Earth", from 2013. They are working on a new album.

The band's bassist, Jason Newsted, joined Voivod after he left Metallica in 2001.

## Discography
**War and Pain* (1984)
**Rrröööaaarrr* (1986)
**Killing Technology* (1987)
**Dimension Hatröss* (1988)
**Nothingface* (1989)
**Angel Rat* (1991)
**The Outer Limits* (1993)
**Negatron* (1995)
**Phobos* (1997)
**Voivod* (2003)
**Katorz* (2006)
**Infini* (2009)
**Target Earth* (2013)
* *The Wake* (2018)
* *Synchro Anarchy* (2022)
* *Morgöth Tales* (2023)

## References
Soviet invasion of Poland

The **1939 Soviet invasion of Poland** was a Soviet military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September, 1939. It was during the early stages of World War II. After Nazi Germany had invaded Poland from the west on September 1. The Soviet Union invaded from the east and ended on 6 October 1939. Germany and the Soviet Union divided the whole of the Second Polish Republic.

In early 1939, the Soviet Union asked the United Kingdom, France, Poland, and Romania to make an alliance against Nazi Germany. The Soviet Union wanted Poland and Romania to let Soviet troops go through their territory, but Poland and Romania refused for fear that the Soviets would never leave. The Soviet Union made a secret deal with Nazi Germany on 23 August. They planned to divide Northern and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet lands.

One week later, German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast to wait for French and British support. The Soviet Red Army invaded the eastern Polish region of Kresy on 17 September. The Soviet government used the excuse that it was acting to protect the Ukrainians and Belarusians, who lived in the eastern part of Poland.

The Soviet government took over the area. In November 1939, it made the 13.5 million formerly-Polish citizens become Soviet citizens. The Soviets sent hundreds of thousands of people from the region to Siberia and other remote parts of the Soviet Union.

Soviet forces stayed in eastern Poland until the summer of 1941, when the German Army invaded Operation Barbarossa. The area became under German occupation until the Red Army reconquered it in the summer of 1944. An agreement at the Yalta Conference let the Soviet Union keep almost all of what it had occupied in the Second Polish Republic. The People's Republic of Poland got the southern half of East Prussia and lands east of the Oder-Neisse line. The Soviet Union put those areas into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

## Notes 
## References
Los Temerarios

**Los Temerarios** are a Mexican musicgroup.  They were started in 1978 by brothers Adolfo Angel and Gustavo Angel and their cousin Fernando Angel. During their early years, they were known as *Conjunto La Brisa*.

*Los Temerarios* have recorded more than 20 albums. They have gotten many awards and award nominations. In 1991, they earned 5 Billboard awards nominations in the Latin categories. 

## Discography
* 1983 - *Los 14 Grandes exitos De Los Temerarios*.
* 1984 - *Los Temerarios En La Altura*
* 1985 - *Cumbias Y Nortenas*
* 1986 - *Pero No*
* 1988 - *Los Temerarios*
* 1989 - *Incontenible*
* 1990 - *Internacionales y Romanticos*, *Revelacion Romantica de los noventas*.
* 1992 - *Seduccion Romantica De Los Noventas*, * Mi Vida Eres Tu*
* 1994 - *Tu Ultima Cancion*, *Los Temerarios En Concierto Volumen Uno*
* 1995 - *Camino del Amor*, *Nuestras Canciones*,*Te Quiero*
* 1997 - *Nuestras Canciones Volumen 2*, *Los Temerarios En Concierto Volumen Dos*
* 1998 - *Como Te Recuerdo*
* 2000 - *En La Madrugada se Fue*
* 2002 - *Una Lágrima No Basta*
* 2004 - *Veintisiete*
* 2005 - *Sueño de Amor*
* 2007 - *Recuerdos del Alma*
* 2008 - *Si Tú Te Vas*
* 2009 - *Evolucion de Amor*
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

The **Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic** or in short, the **Ukrainian SSR** or **Soviet Ukraine** was in the southwestern part of the Soviet Union. It had the second largest population of the fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union. This lasted from 1922 to 1991.

The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations. It did not really have much power because it was tightly controlled by central all-Soviet Union authorities. When the Soviet Union broke apart, the Ukrainian SSR became Ukraine.

During its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times. The eastern city of Kharkiv was the republic's first capital. However, in 1934, it was moved to the city of Kyiv. Kyiv is still the capital of Ukraine. Among other largest cities there were Odesa, Dnipro, Donetsk (named Stalino before 1961), Lviv, Zaporizhia.

## History
Ukrainian SSR was one of 4 first republics of USSR.

In 1939 some lands of Western Ukraine was incorporated in Ukrainian SSR. It was occupied by Poland in 1921 and had cities Lviv, Ternopil, Stanislav (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Rivne.

In 1940 was taken from Romania Nortern Bukovina (Chernivtsy oblast) and part of Bessarabia.

During the WWIV all of its territory was occupied. There was large partisan movements. 
Kyiv and Odesa became hero cities.

In 1953 former head of Communist party of Ukraine Nikita Khrushchev became the General Secretary of the CPSU. In 1964 he was removed by Ukrainian Leonid Brezhnev who was in office before his death in 1982.

In 1954 Crimea was incorporated in Ukrainian SSR.

In 1986 there was Chernobyl atomic station catastrophe.

## Demographic 
In the republic there were about 29 mln people in 1926, 47.1 mln in 1970, 49.6 mln in 1979, 51.7 mln in 1989.

In 1989 5 cities had more than 1 million people. It was Kyiv (2.6 mln), Kharkiv (1.6 mln), Dnipro (1.2 mln), Odesa (1.1 mln) and Donetsk (1.1 mln).

The larger nation was Ukrainians, 2nd nation was Russians during all the history. Among the other nations were Jews, Belarusians, Moldovans and Romanians, Poles, Greeks.

## References
Cimmerians

The **Cimmerians** or **Kimmerians** were ancient horse-riding nomads of Iranic origin.

According to the Greek historian Herodotus, the Cimmerians lived in the north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea during the 8th and 7th centuries BC.  They lived in what is now Ukraine and Russia. Others have said there is no evidence of Cimmerians in the southern parts of Russia.

Most experts assess Cimmerians belong to the Iranian speaking group. A recent DNA analysis (Oct. 2018) of three Cimmerians indicate "the appearance of East Asian haplogroups in the steppe populations might be associated with the Iron Age nomads, starting with the Cimmerians." The authors found it "noteworthy that the oldest of the Cimmerians studied here (cim357) carried almost equal proportions of Asian and West Eurasian components, resembling the Pazyryks, Aldy-Bel, and Iron Age individuals from Russia and Kazakhstan. The second oldest Cimmerian (cim358) was also the only one with both uniparental markers pointing toward East Asia. The Q1* Y chromosome sublineage of Q-M242 is widespread among Asians and Native Americans and is thought to have originated in the Altai Mountains. It has previously been identified in numerous ancient samples from Siberia, the Americas, and in representatives of the Siberian Bronze Age and nomadic populations. This is the first indication that Cimmerians did not originate in the PCS region but were nomads tracing their origin to the Far East." A new study in July 2019 revealed that 2 other Cimmerians were of haplogroup R1a-Z645 and R1a2c-B111.

## References
Yaroslav the Wise

**Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus**, known as **Yaroslav the Wise** (c. 978 – February 20, 1054) was Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kyiv.  He brought together the two principalities for a time under his rule.

A son of the Varangian (Viking) Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father’s death in 1015. His oldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and took power in Kyiv. Yaroslav, with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk.  He became the Grand Prince of Kyiv in 1019. Yaroslav started to write down the legal customs. This served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Justice"). During his long reign, Rus' reached the height of its cultural flowering and military power.

## References
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia

**Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic** or **Litbel** was a Soviet republic.  It was in the territories of modern Belarus and eastern Lithuania.  It existed for about seven months during 1919. It was formed after the merger of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. The republic was went away after the Polish Army took over its claimed territory of eastern Lithuania during the Polish–Soviet War.

## References
Belarusian Democratic Republic

The '''Belarusian People's Republic**, historically called the **White Ruthenian Democratic Republic'*, was a self-declared independent Belarusian state. They said they were independent in 1918. It is also called the *Belarusian Democratic Republic* or the *Belarusian National Republic''. This is to be separate from the Communist People's Republics. The BNR was recognized by several Central Powers and former Russian countries.  It was not recognized by most of the international community.  They country ended when Belarus went under Soviet control. The Byelorussian SSR was founded in 1919.
The leaders of the government went into exile. They still say the Belarusian People's Republic is a country.  
## Presidents 
Chairmans of the Council of BNR:
* Jan Sierada (1918–1919)
* Piotra Krečeŭski (1919–1928)
* Vasil Zacharka (1928–1943)
* Mikoła Abramčyk (1944–1970)
* Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič (1970–1982)
* Jazep Sažyč (1982–1997)
* Ivonka Survilla (1997–present)
Luis Miguel

**Luis Miguel Gallego Basteri** (April 19, 1970) is a Mexican singer. He is widely known only by the name **Luis Miguel**. He is often called "**El Sol de México**" (The Sun of Mexico) or simply "**El Sol**" (The Sun). 

Luis Miguel has won five Grammys and four Latin Grammys among other numerous awards. He is considered as one of the top male pop vocalists in the world. At the age of fifteen, Luis Miguel received his first Grammy for his duet "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" (I Like You Just The Way You Are) with Sheena Easton.

## Discography
*1982:  *Un Sol*
*1982:  *Directo Al Corazón*
*1983:  *Decídete*
*1984:  *Ya Nunca Más*
*1984:  *Palabra De Honor*
*1984:  *Meu Sonho Perdido*
*1985:  *Fiebre de amor*
*1986:  *Canta in italiano*
*1986:  *Tambien es Rock*
*1987:  *Soy Como Quiero Ser*
*1988:  *Busca Una Mujer*
*1990:  *20 Años*
*1991:  *Romance*
*1992:  *América & En Vivo*
*1993:  *Aries*
*1994:  *Segundo Romance*
*1995:  *El Concierto*
*1996:  *Nada Es Igual*
*1997:  *Romances*
*1998:  *Todos Los Romances*
*1999:  *Amarte Es Un Placer*
*2000:  *Vivo*
*2001:  *Mis Romances*
*2002:  *Mis Boleros Favoritos*
*2003:  *33*
*2004:  *México En La Piel*
*2005:  *Mexico En La Piel: Edición Diamante*
*2005:  *Grandes Éxitos*
*2006:  *Navidades*
*2008:  *Cómplices**2009:  *Cómplices: Edición Especial*
*2009:  *No Culpes a La Noche*
*2010:  *Luis Miguel*
*2017:  *¡México Por Siempre!*

### Videography
*1989:  *Un Año De Conciertos*
*1991:  *Luis Miguel: 20 Años*
*1992:  *Romance: En Vivo*
*1995:  *El Concierto*
*1996:  *Los Videos*
*2000:  *Vivo*
*2001:  *Romances (DVD Audio)*
*2002:  *Mis Boleros Favoritos*
*2005:  *Mexico En La Piel: Edición Diamante*
*2005:  *Grandes Exitos Videos*

### Billboard No.&nbsp;1 Hot Latin Tracks
* 1987: "Ahora Te Puedes Marchar" (*Soy Como Quiero Ser*)
* 1988: "Fría Como el Viento" (*Busca Una Mujer*)
* 1989: "La Incondiconal" (*Busca Una Mujer*)
* 1990: "Tengo Todo Excepto a Tí" (*20 Años*)
* 1990: "Entrégate" (*20 Años*)
* 1991: "Inolvidable" (*Romance*)
* 1992: "No Sé Tú" (*Romance*)
* 1993: "Ayer" (*Aries*)
* 1993: "Hasta Que Me Olvides" (*Aries*)
* 1994: "El Día Que Me Quieras" (*Segundo Romance*)
* 1994: "La Media Vuelta" (*Segundo Romance*)
* 1995: "Si Nos Dejan" (*El Concierto*)
* 1997: "Por Debajo De La Mesa" (*Romances*)
* 1997: "El Reloj" (*Romances*)
* 1999: "O Tú, O Ninguna" (*Amarte Es Un Placer*)
* 2002: "Cómo Duele" (*Mis Romances*)
* 2003: "Te Necesito" (*33*)

## References
William Haines (Australian politician)

**William Clark Haines** (1810–3 February 1866) was the first Premier of Victoria. He served two terms as premier, the first from 30 November 1855 to 25 August 1856, and a second term from 29 April 1857 to 10 March 1858.

Born in London, Haines attended Charterhouse school, and then Cambridge University where he studied surgery. He resigned when several of the ministers wanted the elections by secret ballot. He thought this would increase corruption and bribery.  He was reappointed when the Council decided that it, not the ministers should make the decision. He was the Chief Secretary until the first election in November 1856. After the election, as a member of the new Legislative Assembly, Haines became Premier until his government was defeated in 1857 by a group led by Sir John O'Shanassy.  The O'Shanassy government was soon defeated and Haines again became Premier. In 1858 he was defeated during arguments about how the electorates should be divided. 

Haines traveled to the USA and Europe. On his return to Victoria in October 1860, he was again elected to the parliament, and became Treasurer in O'Shanassey's government.  After losing his seat in 1863, he was appointed to the Legislative Council. 

## References
Polish–Soviet War

The **Polish–Soviet War** (February 1919 – March 1921) was an armed conflict between Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine against the Second Polish Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic.  It was for control of what is now Ukraine and part of Belarus.

A formal peace treaty, the Peace of Riga, was signed on 18 March 1921. It divided the land between Poland and Soviet Russia. Much of the land that was given to Poland became part of the Soviet Union after World War II.

## Notes
## References
Pripyat (river)

The **Pripyat River** or **Prypiat River** is a river in Eastern Europe.  It is about  long. It flows east through Ukraine, Belarus, and Ukraine again.  It drains into the Dnieper.

The Pripyat passes through the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl reactor, site of the nuclear disaster. It is polluted with radionuclides. The amount of caesium-137 in river sediments continues to go up.  The city of Prypiat, Ukraine (population 45,000) was completely evacuated after the Chernobyl disaster.

## Tributaries
* Horyn River (*659&nbsp;km; 22,700&nbsp;km2*)
** Sluch (*451&nbsp;km; 13,800&nbsp;km2*)
Neman

**Neman** or **Niemen** or **Nemunas** is a major Eastern European river.  It starts in Belarus and flows through Lithuania before draining into the Curonian Lagoon and then into the Baltic Sea at Klaipėda. It is the northern border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast in its lower reaches.  It also very briefly forms part of the border between Lithuania and Belarus.  It is the largest river in Lithuania and the 3rd largest in Belarus. People are able to travel on it for most of its 900-kilometer length. Its depth varies from one meter to five meters.

## The Neman tributaries 
The Neman  tributaries are:
the rivers Neris (Viliya), the Shchara, and the Šešupė,  Svisloch, Nevėžis River, Dubysa, Jūra, Minija, Western Berezina, Zelvyanka, Molchad, Roś, Servech, Losha, Gorodnichanka and others.

## Biological communities
The following fish have been found in the Neman: perch, pike, zander, roach, tench, bream, rudd, ruffe, and bleak. Its tributaries also contain  stone loach, the three-spined stickleback, minnows, trout, sculpins,  gudgeon, dace and chub.

Atlantic salmon used to migrate upstream to spawn.  The dams on the river made there be less. The dam at Kaunas does not provide fish ladders.