open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Artery

An **artery** is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body.  Almost all arteries carry blood with a lot of oxygen in it.  The only arteries that do not carry oxygen-rich blood are the pulmonary artery, and (in a fetus) the umbilical artery.

Every artery has three layers. The outer layer is a thick covering made of stretchy tissue.  The middle layer is made of muscle, so the artery can get wider or get smaller when the body needs it to.  The inner lining is made of the same cells that line the heart.

Arteries are deep under the skin.  They do not have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards.  Instead, every time the heart beats, the arteries stretch out so the blood has room to go through.  Once the walls have completely stretched out, the muscles in the arteries make them shrink back to their normal size.  This pushes the blood through.
* Does not connect to the aorta; and
* Carries blood that does not have much oxygen in it.  (This is called *deoxygenated blood.*)

The body uses the oxygen carried in the other arteries to make energy.  The blood in these arteries becomes *deoxygenated* - it does not have much oxygen left in it.  This blood then travels through capillaries to get from the arteries to the veins.  The veins' job is to carry the *deoxygenated* blood back to the right side of the heart.  The pulmonary artery carries this blood from the heart's right ventricle to the lungs.  In the lungs, the blood can pick up more oxygen.

If an artery in the brain starts bleeding, the bleeding can cause a stroke.

### Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis 
When a person has arteriosclerosis, the walls of their arteries get harder, stiffer, and less stretchy.  This makes it more difficult for blood and oxygen to get through the arteries to the body's important organs.

One type of arteriosclerosis is atherosclerosis.  Atherosclerosis is a disease where the arteries get narrower because they are clogged up with things like cholesterol and fat.  Like a clog in sink pipes makes it harder for water to get through the pipes, clogs in arteries make it more difficult for blood to get through.  This makes the heart have to work harder to push blood through the arteries.  Atherosclerosis is a big risk factor for high blood pressure and heart disease.  As the aneurysm gets bigger, it is more likely to break.  If the aneurysm breaks ("ruptures"), the artery will start bleeding.  If the artery is big, a person could bleed to death.  Also, if an artery is bleeding, blood cannot get through it.  The part of the body that the artery is supposed to feed will not get the blood and oxygen it needs.  A ruptured aneurysm is a medical emergency.

## Related pages
* Circulatory system

## References
Elasticity (economics)

In economics, people talk about **elasticity** of an economic variable, usually supply or demand, in relation to another economic variable such as income or price. The elasticity of a variable is a measure of how much the variable changes in response to a change in a second variable.

If the price for a good with a price-elastic demand goes up, the demand for it will go down. For example, people will buy fewer DVDs if DVDs get more expensive − DVDs have a price-elastic demand.

If a good has a completely price-inelastic demand, the demand for it will not be affected by the price of it. For example, if the price of salt increases, people will not buy less of it. They need their daily salt intake. The demand of salt is therefore price-inelastic.

Elasticity is often measured in percents. If a 2% increase in price causes people to buy 1% fewer of a product, it has a price elasticity of demand of -0.5. 

## Related pages
*Price elasticity of demand
St Andrew (disambiguation)

The element **St Andrew**, **St. Andrews** or '''St. Andrew's** is found in the names of many places and institutions.  All of them are named after Saint Andrew, a Christian saint and one of the New Testament Apostles.

**Saint Andrew**
Other saints who share this name include:
*Saint Andrew Corsini (San Andrea Corsini)
*Saint Andrew of Crete
*Saint Andrew Fool of Christ, who lived in Byzantium in the 10th century and is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.
*Saint Andrew the Scot
*Andrew of Lampsacus
*Andrew Avellino

**British Isles and Europe'''
* The Saint Andrew's Cross (or saltire) is the national Flag of Scotland or the current Russian naval ensign.
* The Royal Burgh of St Andrews is a coastal town in Fife, Scotland.
*The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, a world-famous golf club based in the above town.
* The University of St Andrews is a university in Fife, Scotland.
* Saint Andrew's High School, is a Catholic high school outside Glasgow, Scotland
* St Andrews is a suburb of Bristol, England.
* St Andrews is a parish in Guernsey in the Channel Islands.
* St Andrews is the home stadium of Birmingham City football club.
* St. Andrew's College (Dublin) is a private international secondary school in Dublin, Ireland 
*St. Andrews Major - a village parish in the Vale of Glamorgan, south Wales

**North America**
* St. Andrews, South Carolina is a city in South Carolina, United States
* St. Andrews-by-the-Sea is a town in New Brunswick, Canada.
* St Andrews is a town in Manitoba, Canada.
* St. Andrew's Society of Charleston, South Carolina is the first known immigrant Scottish society.
* St. Andrew is an electoral district in Ontario, Canada.
* St. Andrew's School is a boarding school in Middletown, Delaware.
* St. Andrew's College is an all-boys independent boarding school in Aurora, Ontario, Canada.
* St. Andrew's Episcopal School is an Episcopal school in Jackson, Mississippi.
* St. Andrew's Episcopal School is an Episcopal school in Potomac, Maryland.
* Saint Andrew Parish is the name of several parishes of the Caribbean.
* St. A's, short for St. Andrew's, is the name of a fraternity at Columbia and Yale Universities in the U.S.

**Australia, New Zealand, Japan**
* St Andrews is a suburb of Sydney, Australia.
* St Andrews is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia.
* St Andrews is a town in South Canterbury, New Zealand.
* St. Andrew's University is a university in Izumi, Japan.

**Egypt**
* St. Andrew's United Church in Cairo is a church serving mainly Western and African people in Egypt.

**Israel**
* St Andrew's Church, Jerusalem

**Malta**
* St. Andrew's is an informal district in St. Julian's, Malta.

**Morocco**
* Church of Saint Andrew, Tangier

**Other uses**
* A Saint Andrew's cross is also a kind of bondage furniture.

**See also**
* Disambiguation page: San Andreas
Worcestershire

**Worcestershire** (ˈwʊs.təˌʃə; abbreviated **Worcs**) is a county in the West Midlands region of central England. From 1974 to 1998 it was part of Hereford and Worcester. The city of Worcester, where the sauce named after Worcestershire was invented, is within this county.

The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, and Gloucestershire.

## Physical geography 
Worcestershire is a fairly rural county. The Malvern Hills, which run from the south of the county into Herefordshire, are made up mainly of volcanic rock, some of which date from before 1200 million years ago. For more on the geology of the Malvern Hills, see the other websites section below.

## Places of interest 
*Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings
*Walton Hill and the Clent Hills
*Malvern Hills Area of Outstanding Natural beauty
*Severn Valley Railway
*Worcester Cathedral
*Great Malvern Priory
*Leigh Court Tithe Barn
*Claines Church
*River Teme and valley
*Tenbury Wells with its unique Pump Rooms.
*River Severn at Worcester, River Avon at Pershore or Evesham
*Witley Court at Great Witley. A burnt out shell of a large English stately home, famous for its gigantic fountain, now restored to working order. Currently owned by English Heritage.
*West Midlands Safari Park
*Hanbury Hall
*Forge Mill Needle Museum at Redditch, the only remaining working needle mill in the world.

## Local groups 
*Worcestershire Conservative Future 
*Herefordshire and Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust

## Related pages
* Worcestershire sauce

## Other websites 
*Worcestershire County Council main site
*Official Worcestershire County Council eHub
Market forms

In economics, **market structure** (also known as **market form**) describes the state of a market with respect to competition.

Most market forms given below talk about a *homogeneous product*.  This simply means that they all make the same thing. They simply want to get the cheapest one, since all kinds of sugars (or soaps) look the same anyway. 

The major market forms are:

* Perfect competition: there are many numbers of buyers as well as many numbers of sellers, all the producers sell the homogeneous product and price remains unchanged
* Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market: there are a large number of  independent firms. Each firm has  a very small proportion of the market share.
* Oligopoly: A market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share.
* Oligopsony: A  market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers.
* Monopoly: There is only one seller and many number of buyers.
* Natural monopoly: A monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm.
* Monopsony: There is only one buyer in the  market.

The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions.

These somewhat abstract concerns usually determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade.

The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.

The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely.

## Related pages
* Economics
* Constitutional economics
* Political economy
* Microeconomics
* Macroeconomics
* Industrial organization

## Other websites 
* Microeconomics  by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition
Cadillac

**Cadillac**, officially the **Cadillac Division of the General Motors Company**, is a luxury car maker, owned by General Motors. During the 20th century, Cadillacs were so highly thought of that the phrase "the Cadillac of x" was coined, meaning that something of excellent quality and better than everything else in its category. 1902

The company is one of the oldest car companies and was founded in 1902. By the 1950s and 1960s, it had become famous for making high-quality and luxurious cars, often setting the standard for automotive styling. Cadillac had largely declined by the 1980s and lost much of its market to other companies. Since the early 2000s, Cadillac has regained some of its lost reputation. However, it is not the same company it once was. Cadillac is based in Detroit, Michigan. Many of its cars are available as a V-model, which is a sports package.

## Current production vehicles 
## Former production vehicles 
;Notes

### Brands 
## Gallery

File:Cadillac 6.5 HP Tonneau 1903 07-11-2010 13-54-25.JPG|Cadillac 6 1/2HP Tonneau 1903
File:Cadillac 8.25 HP Surrey 1904 03-11-2013 09-13-28.jpg|Cadillac 8 1/4HP Surrey 1904
File:Cadillac 10HP Tonneau 1904 03-11-2013 08-32-24.jpg|Cadillac 10HP Tonneau 1904
File:Cadillac 1904 6.5 HP Rear-entrance tonneau on London to Brighton VCR 2010.jpg|Cadillac 6 1/2HP Rear-Entrance Tonneau 1904
File:Cadillac 1904 8.25 HP Detachable-Top Limousine on London to Brighton VCR 2010 15-39-05.jpg| Cadillac 8 1/4HP Detachable-Top Limousine 1904
File:Cadillac 8.25 HP Tonneau 1904 07-11-2010 14-17-57.JPG|Cadillac 8 1/4HP Tonneau 1904
File:Cadillac 8.25 HP Tonneau 1904 07-11-2010 14-52-04.jpg|Cadillac 8 1/4HP Tonneau 1904
File:Cadillac 1904 8.25 HP tonneau on London to Brighton VCR 2010.jpg| Cadillac 8 1/2HP Tonneau 1904
File:Cadillac 1904 Rear Entrance Tonneau on London to Brighton 2010.jpg|Cadillac 10HP Tonneau 1904
File:Cadillac 1904 9HP Limousine on London to Brighton VCR 2010 15-52-37.jpg|Cadillac 9HP Limousine

## Other websites
* Cadillac.com – Official site
* Cadillac.GM.ca  – Official site of Cadillac in Canada
* CadillacEurope.com – Official site of Cadillac in Europe
* CadillacOwners.com – Community of Cadillac owners and enthusiasts with pictures, classifieds, auctions, discussions, tech tips and more.
* History and Picture Cadillac in Russian
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

The ***Encyclopædia Britannica*** **Eleventh Edition** (1910–1911) is one of the most famous editions of the *Encyclopædia Britannica*.  Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time. The articles are still of value and interest to modern scholars as examples for the knowledge of the 19th and early 20th centuries. They contain, however, a number of  areas for the modern scholar using them as a source. The eleventh edition is no longer restricted by copyright and is available online, both in its original text and in part in other online encyclopaedias and works.

## Background
The 1911 eleventh edition was  under the leadership of American publisher Horace Everett Hooper, and edited by Hugh Chisholm. American marketing methods assisted sales. Some 11% of the contributors were American, and a New York office was established to run that side of the enterprise.

Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the day, such as Edmund Gosse, J. B. Bury, Algernon Charles Swinburne, John Muir, Prince Peter Kropotkin, T. H. Huxley, G. K. Chesterton, Edmund Husserl and William Michael Rossetti, and others well known to that era.

The eleventh edition introduced a number of changes to the format of the *Britannica*. It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready. The content of the encyclopaedia was made up as follows:

The eleventh edition has become a commonly quoted source because of the reputation of the *Britannica* at that time and because it is now in the public domain and has been made available on the Internet. The *Encyclopædia Britannica* of 1911 has been used as a source for many modern projects, such as Wikipedia and the *Gutenberg Encyclopedia*.

## *Gutenberg Encyclopedia*
The *Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia* is actually the eleventh edition of the *Encyclopædia Britannica*, renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns. 

## Other websites 
### Free, public-domain resources
* Full-page scans in *tiff* format, at Tim Starling's Wikisource page.  Probably requires the AlternaTiff plugin.  In particular, see:
** In Volume 1, the "Prefatory Note" and "Editorial Introduction," which discuss the history and objectives of the edition. (These, and the different Prefatory Note from the Handy Volume edition of 1915, are also included in the Wikisource 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.)
**The article on Encyclopaedia
*Project Gutenberg Volume I
*The Project Gutenberg Volume II

### Articles about the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
* 'Information ... Slightly Coloured by Prejudice', by Lawrence Biemiller, *The Chronicle of Higher Education*, Notes From Academe, Volume 52, Issue 47, Page A40. (No longer available on-line).
*"Music and art in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica" by Charles T. Downey (Ionarts, 25 August 2006)
St Andrews

**St Andrews** is a town, that has its name from Saint Andrew the Apostle and is a former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland, and an important home of golf. It has a population of about 18 000, and stands on the North Sea coast between Edinburgh and Dundee. It is home to Scotland's oldest university, the *University of St Andrews*.

The town is called "home of golf" for two reasons. First, the *Royal and Ancient Golf Club*, founded in 1754,has authority over the game worldwide except in the USA and Mexico. Second, the beautiful *links* (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for The Open Championship, the oldest of the Men's major golf championships.

Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches.

## Buildings 
### Cathedral 
The Cathedral of St Andrew was at one time Scotland's largest building. It was founded by Bishop Robert (1122 - 1159). It was not completed and consecrated until 1318 in the reign of Robert the Bruce (1306-29).

### St Rule's Tower 
St Rule's tower stands in the Cathedral grounds but is older than the cathedral. Probably it was part of the Cathedral up to the early 12th century.

### Castle 
The ruins of *St Andrews Castle* stand on a rock at the sea. It is said that Bishop Roger erected the first stone castle on the site about the beginning of the 13th century as an episcopal residence.

### The University of St Andrews 
The University of St Andrews owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Lawrence of Lindores, abbot of Scone and a few others.

The university library, which now includes the older college libraries, was founded about the middle of the 17th century, rebuilt in 1764, and improved in 1829 and 1889 - 1890.

The modern buildings, in the Jacobean style, were erected between 1827 and 1847. University College, Dundee, became in 1890 affiliated to the University of St Andrews.

## Other websites 
* Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council 
* The Official Tourist Portal for St Andrews 
* 
* St Andrews Links 

## References 
*
Buick

**Buick** is an automobile maker, owned by General Motors. It is known for making near-luxury cars with excellent performance and value. After the discontinuation of the Saturn brand GM announced Buick's styling would be based off the German Opel's. 1903

## Production models
### Current
#### China
* Enclave (2020–present)
* Encore (2013–present)
* Encore GX (2020–present)
* Envision (2015–present)
* Excelle (2003–present)
* Excelle GT (2010–present)
* Excelle GX (2018–present)
* GL6 (2018–present)
* GL8 (2000–present)
* LaCrosse (2006–present)
* Regal (1999–present)
* Velite 6 (2019–present)
* Verano (2012–present) 

#### North America
* Enclave (2008–present)
* Encore (2013–present)
* Encore GX (2020–present)
* Envision (2016–present)
* Regal (1973–2004, 2011–present)

### Past
* Model B (1904)
* Model C (1905)
* Model F & G (1906–1910)
* Model 10 (1908–1910)
* Model 14 & 14B (1910–1911)
* Model 28, 29, 34, 36 & 43 (1912)
* Model 24, 25, 30, 31 & 40 (1913)
* Series B (1914)
* Series C (1915)
* Series D (1916–1917)
* Series E (1918)
* Series H (1919)
* Series K (1920)
* Series 21 (1921)
* Series 22 (1922)
* Series 23 (1923)
* Series 24 (1924)
* Master Series (1925–1928)
* Standard Series (1925–1928)
* Series 116, 121 & 129 (1929)
* Series 40 (1930–1935)
* Series 50 (1930–1935)
* Series 60 (1930–1935)
* Special (1936–1958, 1961–1969)
* Roadmaster (1936–1958, 1991–1996)
* Century (1936–1942, 1954–1958, 1973–2005)
* Super (1939–1958)
* Skylark (1953–1954, 1961–1972, 1975–1998)
* Invicta (1959–1963)
* Electra (1959–1990)
* LeSabre (1959–2005)
* Wildcat (1963–1970)
* Riviera (1963–1993, 1995–1999)
* Estate (1970–1979, 1990)
* Centurion (1971–1973)
* Apollo (1973–1975)
* Skyhawk (1975–1980, 1982–1989)
* Opel (1976–1979)
* Somerset (1985–1987)
* Reatta (1988–1991)
* Park Avenue (1991–2005, 2007–2012)
* Sail (2001–2004)
* Rendezvous (2001–2007)
* Rainier (2004–2007)
* Royaum (2005–2006)
* Terraza (2005–2007)
* Lucerne (2006–2011)
* Excelle XT (2010–2015)
* Cascada (2016–2019)
* Velite 5 (2017–2019)

## References
## Other websites 
* Buick Homepage
* Buick in Canada 
* Buick in China *(English and Chinese)*
* Buick in Israel  *(Hebrew)*
* Buick in Taiwan  *(Chinese)*
* History and Picture Buick in Russian
GMC (car brand)

**GMC** is an automobile maker, owned by General Motors. GMC is known for building trucks. Some of them are small, while others, like those promoted as "Professional Grade", are big. In the past, GMC was part of the *General Motors Diesel Division* which also made buses, motorhomes, and vehicles for the military.

The company was founded by Max Grabowsky in 1901. It was bought by General Motors in 1909. In 1989 GMC started to market the Suzuki Sidekick as the GMC Tracker in Canada. In 2006 GMC announced it would start selling unibody crossovers, its first was the GMC Acadia, replacing the Safari minivan, GMC Envoy XL SUV and the Pontiac Montana SV6 minivan. In 2009, GMC ended production of the medium-duty commercial trucks.  In 2020 GMC revived the Hummer nameplate as its model with Hummer EV SUV and SUT.  

## Actual GMC models 

File:GMC Acadia in Volcanic Red Tintcoat.jpg|Acadia
File:'22 GMC Terrain Denali.jpg|Terrain
File:23 GMC Canyon Denali.jpg|Canyon
File:2023 GMC Sierra 2500 Denali HD Ultimate in Titanium Rush Metallic, front right.jpg|Sierra
File:2024 GMC Sierra EV Denali front view.jpg|Sierra EV
File:2022 GMC Hummer EV pickup front.jpg|Hummer EV SUT
File:2024 GMC Hummer EV VUS au SIAM 2023.JPG|Hummer EV SUV
File:GMC Savana Metro Gas.JPG|Savana

## References
Saturn Corporation

The **Saturn Corporation** was an automobile maker. It was owned by General Motors. It was established on January 7, 1985.  Saturns are sold in the United States and Canada, some even being sold in Japan.  They are currently known for European styling, and no-haggle pricing. In the past, their most notable feature was plastic body panels.

General Motors tried to sell the company. Penske Automtive was going to buy it, but decided not to. Saturn Corporation went defunct on October 31, 2010 as part of General Motors downsizing due to its bankruptcy. The company was succeeded by Buick as GM's captive import brand. GM also decided to reuse some components of the brand's crossover for Chevrolet and GMC models.

## Model lineup
## References
## Other websites 
*Saturn official website
*Saturn Owner's Fanclub
Hummer

The **Hummer** is a line of sport utility vehicles and pickup trucks known for being able to drive off-road. The brand started in 1992 when AM General started selling a civilian version of its military vehicle, the Humvee. The actor Arnold Schwarzenegger helped make the Hummer popular in the 1990s.

In 1999, General Motors bought the rights to the Hummer started making new, smaller models like the H2 and the H3. In 2010, facing financial problems, General Motors tried to sell the Hummer brand but failed to find a buyer and was forced to shut down the brand. 

In 2020, General Motors started using the Hummer name again. This time, it was not its own separate brand. Instead, it became a model under GMC, another General Motors brand. The new vehicles, called the GMC Hummer EV, is a fully electric pickup truck and SUV.

## Models 
* H1, the first Hummer, based on the Humvee
* H2
* H3
* GMC Hummer EV

## Other websites 
* AM General official site
* GM's HUMMER homepage

## References
Holden

**Holden** was an Australian car maker, owned by General Motors. Holden was known for making rear-wheel drive cars with large, naturally-aspirated engines. The company closed down in 2020.

## Vehicles
### Former 
#### Original models
*Holden Monaro
*Holden Camira
*Holden Torana
*Holden Kingswood
*Holden Brougham
*Holden Special
*Holden Commodore (1978-2018)
*Holden Caprice
*Holden Sandman

#### Toyota-based models
*Holden Apollo (1989–1996)
*Holden Nova (1989–1996)

#### Opel-based models
*Holden Vectra (1997–2006)
*Holden Zafira (2001–2005)
*Holden Combo (1996–2012)
*Holden Calibra (1991–1998)
*Holden Insignia (2015–2017)
*Holden Cascada (2015–2017)
*Holden Tigra (2005–2007)
*Holden Barina (1994–2005)
*Holden Astra (1996–2009, 2015–2020)
*Opel Astra (2012-2013)
*Holden Commodore (2018–2020)

#### Chevrolet-based models
*Holden Cruze (2009–2016)
*Holden Malibu (2013–2016)
*Holden Suburban (1998–2001)
*Holden Volt (2012–2015)
*Holden Barina (2011–2018)
*Holden Trax (2013-2020)
*Holden Trailblazer (2015-2020)
*Holden Equinox (2018-2020)
*Holden Colorado (2008-2020)
*Holden Spark (2009-2020)

#### GMC-based models
*Holden Acadia (2018-2020)

#### Daewoo-based models
*Holden Epica (2007–2011)
*Holden Viva (2005–2009)
*Holden Captiva (2006–2018)

#### Isuzu-based models 
*Holden Jackaroo (1981–2004)
*Holden Rodeo (1981–2008)
*Holden Monterey 
*Holden Frontera (1995–2004)
*Holden Gemini
*Holden Piazza
*Holden Shuttle

#### Suzuki-based models
*Holden Drover
*Holden Scurry
*Holden Cruze (2002–2006)
*Holden Barina (1985–1994)

## Other websites 
*Holden Australia 
*Holden New Zealand
*Holden Special Vehicles
Battle of Dunkirk

The **Battle of Dunkirk** (French: Bataille de Dunkerque; also known as **Operation Dynamo**) was a major battle in Dunkirk, France during World War II. It lasted from the 26 May until 4 June 1940.   

## Battle 
The Allied forces were split into two by a German armoured advance to the Channel coast at Calais. The British and French commanders had been taken by surprise at the speed of the advance. The northern part of the army was surrounded In Dunkirk, France, a port on the English Channel. There they made a perimeter and waited for an evacuation.  

## Evacuation 
*See the main page: Dunkirk evacuation*

In the Dunkirk evacuation, over 900 small British ships rescued around 340,000 British, French, and Belgian soldiers from the beaches between 26 May 1940 and 4 June 1940. This was most of the British and about half of the French soldiers who fought in the battle. About 40,000 troops, mostly French, had to stay behind to keep the Germans away during the evacuation.  

Many of the evacuated French troops landed elsewhere and continued the Battle of France. 

## Related pages 
* Dunkirk evacuation
* World War II
* Allies of World War II

## References
## Other websites 
* WW2DB: Invasion of ''France and the Low Countries
Sports car

]]
A **sports car** is a small, fast, quick-turning automobile. Most of them only have two seats or very small seats in the back. Luxury versions of sports cars are known as "grand tourers".

## Name
A sports car is different from an automobile for racing. The sports car is allowed to drive on a normal road, whereas race cars cannot.

## History
Since the invention of automobiles, people have tried to make them faster. The first sports cars were made to be raced by rich people.

## Layout
There are different versions of sports cars. There are automobiles with the motor in the front and those with rear-wheel drive. Examples are the Chevrolet Corvette or the Honda S2000. There are also cars with the motor behind the passengers, in the middle of the car. One of the first cars like this was the Lamborghini Miura. Porsche uses a different layout. The motor in a Porsche 911 is in the back, behind the rear wheels. Since the 1980s, a lot of sports cars have four-wheel drive. The motor in the front and front-wheel drive is only used in a few sports cars.

## Seats
Most sports cars only have two seats. Some sports cars also have small seats in the back. For example, the Porsche 911. The **McLaren F1** has three seats, with driver sitting in the middle.

## Records
Sports cars are often fast and expensive cars.

* The fastest sportscar is the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport. The maximum speed is .

## Examples
These are some sports cars:
* Audi R8
* Chevrolet Corvette
* Honda S2000
* Lamborghini Aventador
* Porsche 911

## References
Pontiac

**Pontiac**, the **Pontiac Motor Division of General Motors** was one of the four motor divisions of General Motors. Pontiac was known for making affordable performance cars. It was established in 1926. In 2009, General Motors announced that it would close Pontiac due to Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The last Pontiac car was built at the end of 2010.

Pontiac is named for Pontiac (Ottawa leader), an 18th-century war chief, and for the town of Pontiac, Illinois.

## Models 
### Final models 
* Pontiac G3
* Pontiac G6
* G8 (coming in 2008)
* Solstice
* Pontiac Torrent
* Vibe a rebadged version of Toyota Voltz.
* Pontiac G5

### Older models 
* Pontiac Aztek
* Pontiac G2/Matiz
* Pontiac Bonneville
* Pontiac Grand Am
* Pontiac Grand Prix
* Pontiac Le Mans
* Pontiac Firefly
* Pontiac Sunbird
* Pontiac Sunburst
* Pontiac Sunfire
* Pontiac Sunrunner
* Pontiac GTO
* Pontiac Montana

## References 
## Other websites 
* Pontiac web site
* Canadian Pontiac web site 
* Forever Pontiac web site
Vauxhall Motors

**Vauxhall** is a car manufacturer. The company was founded in London in 1903 and was named after the area of the city where it was created. The company is based in Luton, Bedfordshire. They have 2 factories, 1 in Luton for the production of the Vivaro van and 1 in Ellesmere Port for the production of the Astra family car. In March 2017, Vauxhall and parent brand Opel were bought by PSA, the company that owns Peugeot and Citroen. The brand would become a part of Stellantis after a merger between PSA and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles in January 2021.

## Current products
### Passenger cars
The following tables list current and announced Vauxhall production vehicles as of 2022:

### Commercial vehicles
### VXR models
## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Vauxhall Heritage 
* Vauxhall UK Website
Mussel

**Mussels** are several families of bivalve molluscs. Mussels live in lakes, rivers, and creeks. They sometimes also live in intertidal areas along coastlines worldwide.  The freshwater mussels (several allied families, the largest being the Unionidae) and saltwater mussels (family Mytilidae) are not closely related, despite the fact that they may look similar. They are grouped in different subclasses.  The freshwater Zebra mussels and their relatives (family Dreissenidae) live attached to rocks in a manner similar to marine mussels, but are classified with the Heterodonta, the taxonomic group including most bivalves referred to as "clams".

From archeology, it is known that humans have been eating mussels for thousands of years. They can be cooked or eaten raw. Care must be taken however as mussels quickly become poisonous after they die.

## Other websites 
* Freshwater Mussel Genera 
* Methods of mussel farming 
* Photo of *bouchot* pilings for growing mussels 
* Gilbertson, Lance. (1999). *Zoology Laboratory Manual* (4th ed.), pp.&nbsp;11.1-11.4. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
* Mississippi River Mussels 
* Marine Ecology Station
Shellfish

s]]

**Shellfish** is a culinary term for some aquatic invertebrates used as food: molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. It is not a scientific term, and its use may vary from place to place.

Both saltwater and freshwater invertebrates are considered shellfish. Molluscs commonly used as food include the clam, mussel, oyster, winkle, and scallop.

Some crustaceans commonly eaten are the shrimp, prawn, lobster, crayfish, and crab.

Echinoderms are not eaten as commonly as molluscs and crustaceans. In Asia, sea cucumber and sea urchins are eaten.

Edible cephalopods such as squid, octopus, and cuttlefish and terrestrial snails, though all molluscs, are sometimes considered to be shellfish and sometimes not.

The term *finfish* is sometimes used to distinguish ordinary (vertebrate) fish from shellfish.

Jewish and Islamic dietary laws forbid the eating of shellfish (those that live on the land, and in the water).

In Japanese cuisine, chefs often use shellfish and their roe. Sushi and sashimi feature both raw and cooked shellfish.

## Related pages
*Seafood

## References 
## Other websites 
*Shellfish News 
*Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory  at Rutgers University
*Shellfish Gallery  from the Shellfish Association of Great Britain
*Shellfish Facts 
*University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Freshwater and Marine Image Bank -- Shellfish An ongoing digital collection of images related to shellfish.
Iwao Takamoto

**Iwao Takamoto** (29 April 1925 - 8 January 2007) was a Japanese-American animator, television producer, and film director. He was a production designer for Hanna-Barbera Productions and the artist/character designer of Scooby-Doo.

## Biography 
Iwao Takamoto's father moved from Hiroshima to the United States for his health. He only went back to Japan once, and that was to marry his wife. Iwao Takamoto was born on April 19, 1925 in Los Angeles, California. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Iwao Takamoto's family, like many Japanese-Americans, had to move to an internment camp. They spent the rest of World War II in the Manzanar internment camp. While he was there, Iwao Takamoto received basic illustration training from other people in the camp.

Iwao Takamoto first started doing cartoons professionally after the end of the war. He was hired as an assistant animator by Walt Disney Studios in 1947. Iwao Takamoto eventually became an assistant animator for the legendary Milt Kahl. He worked as an animator on such titles as *Cinderella*, *Sleeping Beauty*, *One Hundred and One Dalmatians*, and *Lady and the Tramp*.

Takamoto left Disney in 1961 and joined Hanna-Barbera shortly afterwards. He did many jobs there, but is probably best known as a character designer. He was responsible for the original character designs of such characters as Scooby-Doo, ''The Jetsons'* dog Astro, and Penelope Pitstop. He worked as a producer at Hanna-Barbera, supervising shows such as *The Addams Family*, *Hong Kong Phooey*, and *Jabberjaw*. He directed several feature-length animated films, including *Charlotte's Web* (1973) and *Jetsons: The Movie'' (1990). The inspiration for Scooby-Doo's creation as a Great Dane came from an employee of the Hanna-Barbera company who bred this dog.

Takamoto was Vice-President of Creative Design at Hanna-Barbera, and was responsible for overseeing Hanna-Barbera's product-related merchandising. In 2005, he received the Golden Award from the Animation Guild, to honor his more than 50 years of service in the animation field.

He died on January 8, 2007 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from heart failure at age 81.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Herefordshire

**Herefordshire** (known as **County of Herefordshire**) is a county  in the West Midlands region of England. It borders the English counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south east and the Welsh counties of Gwent to the south west and Powys to the west. It is not to be confused with Hertfordshire, a county north of London.

It is pronounced  (i.e. first syllable as in "herring", and -e- a separate syllable).

The county town of Herefordshire is the cathedral city of Hereford.

## Waterways
Historically, the Rivers Wye and Lugg were navigable but the wide seasonal variations in water levels mean that few craft larger than canoes and coracles are now used.  There are canoe centres at The Boat House,in Glasbury-on-Wye, at Want to Canoe?, in Hay-on-Wye, the Hereford Youth Service  and Kerne Bridge  Ross-on-Wye, as well as a rowing club in Hereford.

The early nineteenth century saw the construction of two canals, The Hereford & Gloucester Canal  and The Leominster &  Stourport Canal  but these were never successful and there are now few remains to be seen.

## Other websites 
*The Hereford Times Local news, sport & information
*Herefordshire Portal Local events, jobs, photos and news
*Herefordshire Libraries  10 Libraries across Herefordshire

## References
Gloucestershire

**Gloucestershire** (pronounced ; *GLOSS-ter-sher*) is a county in South West England. The county includes part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.

The county town is Gloucester, and other principal towns include Cheltenham, Stroud, Cirencester, and Tewkesbury.

Gloucestershire borders the county of Gwent in Wales, and in England the counties of Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Somerset and Bristol.

## Economy 
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by *Office for National Statistics* with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

## Antiquities and Other Places of interest 
* Berkeley Castle, an example of a feudal stronghold.
* Beverston Castle
* Calcot Manor
* Forest of Dean
* Hailes Abbey
* Owlpen Manor
* Sudeley Castle
* Tewkesbury Abbey
* Tyndale Monument
* Wildfowl and Wetland Trust, Slimbridge

## Other websites 
* Gloucester County Official Site 
* Gloucester City Council website
* Visit Gloucester Site 
* Gloucester jobs 
* Gloucestershire County Council 
* Gloucestershire Tourism Partnership 
* Official site for Cotswolds tourism
* Yate and Chipping Sodbury Guide  - A Guide to Yate and Chipping Sodbury in South Gloucestershire
* Archaeological Handbook of Gloucestershire by George Witts
* Tales of the River Severn  by Chris Witts
Cowry

fully extended.]]

**Cowry** shells (or **cowrie**), are marine snails of the family **Cypraeidae**.

They are found chiefly in tropical regions. There are about 200 different species of cowry.

## Shell 
The shell itself is almost always very smooth and shiny. They have with a long, narrow, slit-like opening. All varieties have a porcelain-like shine  and many have colorful patterns. In life the shell is covered by the slippery mantle.

Shell sizes range from 5&nbsp;mm (1/5") for some tropical species to 15&nbsp;cm (6") for the tiger cowry, *Cypraea tigris*.

## Predators
The slippery shell is very difficult for most animals to grip. The very narrow toothed aperture of the cowry shell makes it difficult for predators to reach into. However cowries are still vulnerable to predation:

* Some tropical crustaceans can break the dorsum of a cowry shell.
* Some mollusc-eating cones like *Conus textile* can inject venom into the cowry's flesh. The cone then extends its stomach into the shell, through the slit, to completely ingest the flesh.
* Some octopuses can gouge a small hole (using a special barb/tooth and an acidic secretion) through the shell to inject a venom that kills the animal within.

## Taxonomy
For nearly 200 years, every species in the family Cypraeidae was placed in one genus, *Cypraea*, but in 2002  the cowries were divided into many different genera.

## Uses 
Cowries (esp. *Cypraea moneta*) were used as a currency in Africa (Ghanaian cedi in Ghana named after cowry shells) and elsewhere, such as in China where the shell or copies of the shell were in theory used as a means of exchange. They are also worn as jewelry or otherwise used as ornaments or charms, as they are viewed as symbols of womanhood, fertility, birth and wealth.  Many find the shiny, porcelain-like shells pleasing to look at.

Cowry shells are sometimes used in a way similar to dice, e.g., in board games like Pachisi, or in divination (cf. Ifá and the annual customs of Dahomey).
A number of shells (6 or 7 in Pachisi) are thrown, with those landing aperture upwards indicating the actual number rolled.

Cowries have also been used in the recent past as a frame over which sock heels were stretched for darning. The cowry ridges allowed the needle to get under the cloth more easily.

The Ojibway aboriginal people in North America used the cowry shells in ceremonies, and the Whiteshell Provincial Park in Manitoba, Canada is named after this type of shell.  There is some debate about how they traded for or found these shells so far inland, away from the natural sources.  Oral stories and birch bark scrolls seem to indicate that they were found in the ground, and/or washed up on the shores of lakes or rivers.  The cowry shells so far inland may indicate the use of them by an earlier tribe or group in the area, and an extensive trade network in the ancient past.

The typewritten postage stamps of 1895 Uganda also are called "Cowries".

## References 
## Other websites 
* cowrys.org 
* Cowrie Genomic Database Project 
* Genus *Cypraea* on Animal Diversity Web 
* Cowries.info
Wiltshire

**Wiltshire** (short: *Wilts*) is an English county. It borders the counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire, and contains the unitary authority of Swindon. The county town is Trowbridge, in the west of the county at . The county covers 858,931 acres (3476&nbsp;km²) also Trowbridge is the Capital of Wiltshire.

## Settlements
Notable towns and cities in Wiltshire are:
* Bradford on Avon
* Calne
* Chippenham
* Devizes
* Malmesbury
* Marlborough
* Salisbury (city)
* Swindon
* Trowbridge
* Warminster
* Westbury

A full list of settlements is at List of places in Wiltshire.

## Places of interest

Notable places of interest in Wiltshire are:

Notable areas of countryside in Wiltshire are:
* Cranborne Chase 
* Marlborough Downs 
* Salisbury Plain 
* Vale of Pewsey 

Notable routes through Wiltshire are:
* A4 road
* M4 motorway
* A303 trunk road
* Fosse Way old Roman road
* Great Western Main Line railway
* Wessex Main Line railway
* Kennet and Avon Canal
* Swindon and Cricklade Railway 
* Thames Path, a long-distance footpath
* Wiltshire Cycleway
* National Cycle Route 4

Wiltshire is "Mid-Wessex" in the novels of Thomas Hardy

Salisbury-Kathedrale-06-2004-gje.jpg|Salisbury
Salisbury-Kathedrale-32-Kreuzgang-2004-gje.jpg|Salisbury
Wiltshire-18-Landschaft-2004-gje.jpg|Wiltshire
Avebury-118-Red Lion-1985-gje.jpg|Avebury
Wilton-House-04-2004-gje.jpg|Wilton House
Longleat-06-House-2004-gje.jpg|Longleat
Stourhead-20-Garten-2004-gje.jpg|Stourhead
Stonehenge-102-1985-gje.jpg|Stonehenge

## Other websites 
* Wiltshire County Council
* List of Councillors 
* Wiltshire Constabulary Online 
* BBC Wiltshire
* Wiltshire Tourist Office
* John Aubrey's The Natural History of Wiltshire
* White horses of Wiltshire 
* Wiltshire Gazette & Herald
* Wiltshire Times & Chippenham News
* Geology map of Wiltshire (PDF)
* Wiltshire & Swindon Intelligence Network
West Midlands (county)

The **County of West Midlands** is a metropolitan county in western central England with a population of around 2,600,000 people. The county contains three major cities, these being Birmingham, Coventry and Wolverhampton. Other large settlements in the county include Sutton Coldfield, Solihull, and the Black Country towns of Dudley, Walsall and West Bromwich.

The name "West Midlands" is also used for the much larger West Midlands region, which sometimes causes confusion.

## Geography 
The West Midlands borders the counties of Warwickshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south, and Staffordshire to the north.

The West Midlands is one of the most heavily urbanised counties in the UK. Birmingham, Wolverhampton, the Black Country and Solihull together form the largest conurbation in the UK outside London, with a combined population of around 2.27 million.

The West Midlands is not entirely urban; Coventry is separated from the Birmingham urban area, by stretch of green belt land roughly 15 miles across known as the "Meriden Gap", which retains a strongly rural character.

A smaller piece of green belt between Birmingham, Walsall and West Bromwich includes Barr Beacon and the Sandwell Valley.

## Towns and villages 
* Aldridge
* Balsall Common, Bloxwich, Bilston, Birmingham. Blackheath, Brierley Hill
* Coventry
* Dorridge, Dudley
* Halesowen, Hampton-in-Arden
* Little Aston
* Marston Green, Meriden
* Oldbury
* Rowley Regis
* Sedgley, Smethwick, Solihull, Stourbridge, Sutton Coldfield, Streetly
* Tipton
* Walsall, Wednesfield, Wednesbury, West Bromwich, Wolverhampton

## Places of interest 
* Aston Hall, Birmingham
* Bescot Stadium (Walsall FC)
* Birmingham Bullring
* Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery
* Birmingham Hippodrome
* Birmingham Railway Museum
* Birmingham Wheel
* Black Country Living Museum
* Blakesley Hall
* Cadbury World, Bournville, Birmingham
* Coventry Cathedral
* Coventry SkyDome Arena
* Coventry Transport Museum
* Dudley Castle
* Dudley Zoo
* Edgbaston Cricket Ground, Birmingham
* Internation Convention Centre (including Symphony Hall), Birmingham
* Molineux stadium (Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.)
* National Exhibition Centre
* National Indoor Arena (NIA), Birmingham
* Netherton tunnel
* Perrott's Folly
* Ricoh Arena (Coventry City Football Club)
* Sarehole Mill
* Sea Life Centre, Birmingham
* St Andrews (Birmingham City Football Club)
* The Hawthorns, (West Bromwich Albion Football Club)
* Thinktank, Millennium Point, Birmingham
* Villa Park (Aston Villa Football Club)
* Walsall Art Gallery
* Wightwick Manor

## Education 
The West Midlands contains 6 universities;
* University of Birmingham
* Aston University
* University of Central England
* University of Warwick
* Coventry University
* Wolverhampton University

Though Warwick and Birmingham are considered the most prestigious of the universities in the area, all have a large intake of students from around the country.

## Other websites 
* Photographs of Birmingham and the West Midlands
* Identity in the West Midlands 
* West Midlands Joint Committee 
* West Midlands NO! Campaign 
* West Midlands Groups Communities
Conurbation

File:Randstad.png|400px|thumb|right|Clickable schematic map of the Randstad, a big conurbation in the Netherlands.
circle 528 380 26 Schiphol
rect 426 356 498 436 Haarlemmermeer 
rect 399 166 479 245 Velsen
circle 250 716 32 Delft
circle 220 642 60 The Hague
circle 456 569 27 Alphen aan den Rijn 
circle 555 201 52 Zaanstad
circle 999 168 42 Lelystad
circle 798 474 29 Hilversum
circle 492 692 34 Gouda
circle 347 654 31 Zoetermeer
circle 944 532 40 Amersfoort
circle 521 24 33 Alkmaar
circle 442 294 44 Haarlem
circle 466 943 36 Dordrecht
circle 334 537 30 Leiden
circle 840 314 50 Almere
rect 245 738 400 869 Rotterdam
rect 13 725 81 789 Port of Rotterdam
rect 82 749 116 788 Port of Rotterdam
rect 117 778 148 803 Port of Rotterdam
rect 120 804 209 835 Port of Rotterdam
rect 158 826 247 857 Port of Rotterdam
circle 742 617 53 Utrecht (city)
circle 615 324 88 Amsterdam

A **conurbation** is an urban area that includes a number of cities, towns and villages which, through population growth and expansion, have physically merged to form one continuous built up area. It is a sort of agglomeration.

A metropolitan area usually combines one or several conurbations.
Dunkirk

**Dunkirk** (, pronounced  or ; ) is a harbour city in the northernmost part of France, 10 km (6&nbsp;mi) from the Belgian border.
 
The population of the whole metropolitan area was of 265,974 at the 1999 census. 

Until the middle of the 20th century the city was in the Dutch language area; today the local Dutch dialect still can be heard but has largely given way to French.

## History 
Dunkirk was first mentioned in 1067 as *Dunkerk* (). 

In World War II, heavy fighting took place around Dunkirk during the German invasion in 1940 (Battle of Dunkirk), but a lull in the action unexpectedly allowed a large number of French and British soldiers to escape to England. The British evacuation of Dunkirk through the English Channel was codenamed *Operation Dynamo*. 
During the war, Dunkirk was largely destroyed by bombing.

### Postwar Dunkirk 
On 14 December 2002, the Norwegian auto carrier *Tricolor* collided with the Bahamian-registered *Kariba* and sank off Dunkirk harbour, causing a hazard to navigation in the English Channel.

### Communes 
Since 9 December 2010, the former communes of Fort-Mardyck and Saint-Pol-sur-Mer were merged into the commune of Dunkirk.

## Economy 
Dunkirk has the third largest harbour in France, after those of Le Havre and Marseille. It is also an industrial city, heavily dependent on the steel, food processing, oil refining, ship building and chemical industries.

## Tourist attractions 
* The *Musée Portuaire* hosts exhibits images about the history and presence of the port.
* The *Musée des Beaux-Arts* has a large collection of Flemish, Italian and French paintings and sculptures.
* The Carnival of Dunkirk

## Miscellaneous 
### Transport 
Dunkirk has a ferry connection with Dover in England.

### Twin towns 
Dunkirk is twinned with:
*  Krefeld, Germany since June 15, 1974
*  Middlesbrough, United Kingdom since April 12, 1976

Dunkirk has cooperation agreements with:
* Dartford district, United Kingdom since March 1988
* Thanet district, United Kingdom since June 18, 1993

## References 
## Other websites 
* City council website 
* Tourist office website