open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Colour vision

**Color vision** is the capacity of an organism to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit. 

Color is a quality made by the visual brain and so it is *not* a property of objects, despite what children are taught. 

The wavelength reflected from an object is the objective fact: it does not depend upon perception. A 'red' apple does not emit red light. Rather, it simply absorbs all the frequencies of visible light shining on it except for a group of frequencies that are reflected. It is these frequencies which are seen or *perceived* as red.

## Mechanism
 The visible light spectrum ranges from about 380 to 740 nanometers. Colors of the spectrum such as red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet are in this range. These spectral colors do not refer to a single wavelength, but rather to a set of wavelengths: red, 625–740&nbsp;nm; orange, 590–625&nbsp;nm; yellow, 565–590&nbsp;nm; green, 500–565&nbsp;nm; cyan, 485–500&nbsp;nm; blue, 450–485&nbsp;nm; violet, 380–450&nbsp;nm.

The nervous system derives color by comparing the responses to light from the several types of cone photoreceptors in the eye. These cone photoreceptors are sensitive to different portions of the visible spectrum.

For humans, the visible spectrum ranges approximately from 380 to 740&nbsp;nm, and there are normally three types of cones. The visible range and number of cone types differ between species.

With color, vision gets better (more information) about the things the eye sees. This lets the eye see when fruit or vegetables are ripe, and can see animals hiding from plain sight. The advantage of color vision is mainly in the daytime. At night the main problem is to collect enough light to see in the weak light. This is something rods do better than cones.

## Types of color vision
Color vision is not an all-or-none state. Many groups of animals can distinguish color, but in different ways. In mammals, for instance, some groups have no color vision, and some are dichromats. The dichromats have two kinds of cones, and cannot see ultraviolet, red and orange light. 

It is thought that the mammals which survived though the Jurassic period were small nocturnal or burrowing animals with little need to see color. Later, after the extinction of the dinosaurs, many lines adapted to be more active in the daytime. Most developed a form of color vision, which is much more useful in the daytime. Primates developed full (trichromacy) color vision. For them, the ability to distinguish the color of fruit from leaves always was essential.

Many insects have color vision in the ultraviolet range, which humans do not. That is why honey guides on flowers are so noticeable in ultraviolet light photographs.

## Related pages
* Evolution of color vision
* Opsin
* Plant color

## References
Jacobson's organ

The '''Jacobson's organ**, is part of the body that helps an animal smell things. It is found in many animals. It was discovered by Frederik Ruysch and later by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. It is also called the **vomeronasal organ** or **VNO'''.

This body part is mainly used to detect pheromones: chemicals that carry information between individuals of the same species. So, sometimes it is called the "sixth sense."

## References
Los Angeles Zoo

The **Los Angeles Zoo**, founded in 1966, is a  zoo in  Los Angeles, California. The City of Los Angeles owns the entire zoo, its land and buildings, and the animals. Animal care, grounds maintenance, construction, education, public information, and administrative staff are city employees.

## History and overview 
The zoo, located in Los Angeles' Griffith Park, is home to 1,100 animals from around the world. The first zoo opened in 1912 and was about two miles (3.2&nbsp;km) north of its current site until about 1965.

In the 1971 20th Century Fox film *Escape from the Planet of the Apes*, the characters Zira and Cornelius are briefly kept at the Los Angeles Zoo.

The zoo is open from 10am–5pm every day of the year except December 25.

## Botanical Gardens
In 2002, the zoo became a certified Botanical Gardens and the official name of the institution was changed to the Los Angeles Zoo and Botanical Gardens. There are 15 different collections around the zoo. They show over 800 different plant species, with a total of over 7,400 individual plants.

## Gottlieb Animal Health and Conservation Center
The Gottlieb Animal Health and Conservation Center is in a restricted area of the zoo. Among other features, it includes a state-of-the-art intensive care unit, an on-site commissary, a surgical suite with observation area, and research facilities. In 2007 the facility handled 853 medical cases. The smallest patient treated was a spider tortoise (0.08&nbsp;kg) and the largest was an Asian elephant (4,826&nbsp;kg). It is named after Robert and Suzanne Gottlieb.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Phil Bronstein

**Phil Bronstein** (born October 4, 1950) was the executive vice president and editor of the *San Francisco Chronicle*. 

## Career
Bronstein's career began as a reporter with KQED-TV in San Francisco. He later moved to the *San Francisco Examiner*. At the *Examiner*, Bronstein specialized in investigations and was a foreign correspondent for eight years. He has won awards for his writing about the Philippines from the Overseas Press Club, Associated Press, the World Affairs Council and Media Alliance. He was named executive editor of the *Examiner* in 1991, having previously served as managing editor for news. Under his service, the *Examiner* circulation declined rapidly, which Bronstein blamed on the afternoon delivery of the paper.

Bronstein was named executive vice president and editor of the *San Francisco Chronicle* in March 2003. He had been senior vice president and executive editor of the paper when Hearst Corp. bought The Chronicle.

The newspaper had been selling fewer newspapers each year. In late March 2007, Bronstein called an emergency staff meeting and reportedly stated that the news business "is broken, and no one knows how to fix it." This meeting happened after several weeks of articles focused on the influence of the Internet and the blogosphere made front page headlines in the *Chronicle*.

On January 23, 2008, Bronstein announced that he was leaving his job as editor of the Chronicle. He became editor-at-large with Hearst Newspapers.

## Personal life
He was married to actress Sharon Stone from February 1998 until January 2004.  They adopted a son named Roan. Bronstein married again later. He lives in Mill Valley, CA with his wife and three kids.

In June 2001, he was seriously injured by a Komodo dragon. He entered its cage at the Los Angeles Zoo after being invited in by the dragon's keeper.  Bronstein was bitten on his bare foot. He did not wear shoes because the zoo worker had told him to take them off. The shoes were white could have excited the dragon.

## References
## Other websitess
*Bronstein's Official Hearst Corp. biography page
*Transcript: Sharon Stone vs. the Komodo Dragon  from Time.com regarding Bronstein's attack by a Komodo Dragon
Danny DeVito

**Daniel Michael** "**Danny**" **DeVito, Jr.** (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor, comedian and filmmaker. He has starred in and directed a number of movies. DeVito is of Italian descent. He was born in Neptune Township, New Jersey and grew up in Asbury Park, New Jersey.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites 
*
National Wildlife Federation

The **National Wildlife Federation (NWF)** is the United States' largest private, nonprofit conservation education and advocacy organization. It has over four million members and supporters.

NWF seeks to educate people of all ages by publishing a variety of wildlife magazines, including *Wild Animal Baby*, *Your Big Backyard*, *Ranger Rick*, and *National Wildlife Magazine*, and by the *Backyard Habitat* series on Discovery's Animal Planet along with IMAX films, such as Coral Reef Adventure, India: Kingdom of the Tiger, Bears, Wolves, and Dolphins. It has an online field guide of plants and animals called Enature.com. Also, the NWF offers hands-on training and support for habitat restoration through its Backyard Wildlife Habitat and Schoolyard Habitat programs.

Some of NWF's goals include: solutions to global warming; reducing mercury pollution; strengthening the Endangered Species Act; fighting invasive species; saving the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from oil drilling; restoring America's waterways; reforming the Army Corps of Engineers; and educating future environmental stewards.

NWF's headquarters is in Reston, Virginia.

## Board members 
The following individuals make up NWF's top executive staff:
***Larry J. Schweiger**, President & Chief Executive Officer
***Jaime Matyas**, Executive Vice President & Chief Operating Officer
***Dulce Gomez-Zormelo**, Treasurer, VP for Finance & Chief Financial Officer
***Cynthia Lewin**, Secretary, Senior VP and General Counsel

## Volunteer programs 
The NWF runs a large network of volunteer programs that reaches over 10 million people.

Some of the current programs include:

*Habitat Ambassadors
*Habitat Steward Volunteers
*Habitat Steward Hosts
*The Louisiana Grant Project
*Global Warming Ambassadors
*Wildlife Literacy Ambassador
*Frogwatch USA Volunteer
*Behind the Scenes Volunteers

## Regional offices 
Apart from its headquarters, the NWF runs ten regional offices across the United States.

## Other articles
*Sustainability
*Biodiversity
*Global warming
*Ecology
*Earth Science
*Natural environment
*Recycling

## References
## More reading
* Thomas B. Allen, *Guardian of the Wild: The Story of the National Wildlife Federation, 1936-1986* (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987) 

## Other websites
*National Wildlife Federation Website
*NWF Chief Naturalist Craig Tufts Memorial 
*Enature.com
*Arizona Wildlife Viewing
*NWF Budget Summary at CharityNavigator.com
*Alaska Youth for Environmental Action Website
*
Gums

The **gums** are the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla. They are also called **gingiva**. They surround the teeth and provide a seal around them. 

## About of healthy gums
### Color
Healthy gums are usually "coral pink."  Other colors like red, white, and blue can mean there is a problem. Red gums mean that the patient has gingivitis, or the inflammation of the gum.

### Shape
Healthy gums fill and fit each space between teeth.

### Texture
Healthy gums are firm and do not move very much.

### Reaction to disturbance
Healthy gums usually have no reaction to normal disturbance such as brushing.

## Additional images

 Image:Illu mouth.jpg|Mouth (oral cavity)
 Image:Illu03 mouth.jpg|Mouth

## Related pages
*Gum graft
*Head and neck anatomy
*Periodontitis

## Other websites
*Periodontal disease
Jeopardy! theme music

Since the show started in 1964, there were various songs and arrangements that were used as the show's main theme. Most of these were composed by Merv Griffin. The best known theme song is "Think!". It has served as the countdown music for the Final Jeopardy! round since 1964.

Between 1964 and 1975, a jazz tune called "Take Ten", composed by Julann Griffin, served as the main theme. When the series was revived in 1978, "January, February, March" served as the opening theme, and "Frisco Disco" served as the closing theme, both of which were composed by Merv Griffin himself. "January, February, March" was also used in the first pilot of the syndicated version.

Beginning with the Alex Trebek hosted syndicated version in September 1984, a rendition of "Think!" served as the show's main theme. The original version of the main theme consisted of saxophones and synthesizers along with the original recording of "Think!" retained for the final segment.  A swooshing sound effect was added during the show's introduction.

In 1992, the main theme was remixed to include congas. It was used for tournaments in Season 8, and then it was put permanently into use in Season 9. In 1997, both the main theme and "Think!" music were rearranged by Steve Kaplan. They both involved a more piano-driven, orchestral, jazzy sound.  In 2001, the 1997 theme was rearranged, and its tempo increased.  In 2008, Chris Bell Music & Sound Design overhauled the *Jeopardy!* music package for the show’s 25th anniversary.  And in 2021, Bleeding Fingers Music rearranged the 2008 theme.
Avoca River

The **Avoca River** drains a large area of western and central Victoria, Australia. It is 270 kilometres from its beginnings near Amphitheatre to Lake Bael Bael. It flows through several towns including Avoca, Bealiba, Charlton and Culgoa. It is not a deep river, most of it is less than 2m, but there are some deeper pools near Logan. The river carries varying amounts of water, and in summer can stop flowing for several months. At other times it can flood. In January 2010 the river flooded and covered about 80% of the town of Charlton. The roads into the town were cut and emergency food supplies had to be brought in by helicopter. The town of Culgoa was also flooded.

## References
Pink (singer)

**Alecia Beth Moore** (born September 8, 1979), is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She originally performed  R&B music. As of 2012, Alecia Moore sold over 40 million records as well as 70 million singles worldwide. She has won 3 Grammys and 1 Brit Award.

## Early life 
Alecia Beth Moore was born in Abington, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania on September 8, 1979, and raised in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in Bucks County. Alecia Moore's parents divorced when she was three years old. Alecia Moore was a member of the girl group Choice.

## Personal life 
In 2006, Pink married motocross racer Carey Hart in Costa Rica, after proposing to him at the X Games in Philadelphia, near her childhood hometown of Doylestown. They have two children together, daughter Willow Sage Hart (born June 2, 2011) and son, Jameson Moon Hart (born December 26, 2016).

## Discography
### Studio albums 
*''Can't Take Me Home* (2000)
**Missundaztood* (2001)
**Try This* (2003)
**I'm Not Dead* (2006)
**Funhouse* (2008)
**The Truth About Love* (2012)
**Beautiful Trauma* (2017)
**Hurts 2B Human* (2019)
**Trustfall* (2023)

### Compilations 
* *Greatest Hits... So Far!!!'' (2010)

## References
Predation

and cub eating a Cape Buffalo.]]
 swallowing a full grown Chital deer at Mudumalai National Park.]]

In ecology, **predation** describes a relationship and actions between two creatures. A **predator** catches, attacks, and eats its **prey**. Predators may or may not kill their prey before eating them. But the act of predation always causes the death of its prey and taking in the prey's body parts into the predators body. A true predator can be thought of as one which both kills and eats another animal, but many animals act as both predator and scavenger.

A **predator** is an animal that hunts, catches, and eats other animals. For example, a spider eating a fly caught at its web is a predator, or a pack of lions eating a buffalo. The animals that the predator hunts are called **prey**. Predators mostly do not eat other predators.   It has also been suggested that they know it may transmit disease.  A *top predator* or *apex predator* is one that is not the prey of other predators.

Predators are usually carnivores (meat-eaters) or omnivores (eats plants and other animals). Predators will hunt other animals for food. Examples of predators are hawks, eagles, falcons, cats, crocodiles, snakes, raptors, wolves, killer whales, lobsters, lions, and sharks.

## Ambush predator
* larva attacking  a *fish*.]]
*) capturing the female of a pair of mating flies.]]

**Ambush predators** or **sit-and-wait predators** are carnivorous animals or other organisms, such as some carnivorous plants. They capture or trap prey by stealth or strategy (not conscious strategy), rather than just by speed or strength.

These organisms usually hide quiet and wait for prey to come within striking distance. They often are camouflaged, and may be solitary. This may be safer for the predator, because lying in wait exposes it less to its own predators.

When a predator cannot move faster than its preferred prey, ambushing its prey is likely to be more efficient than pursuit. A predator that can move at high speed for a long time can be a pursuit predator, chasing until its prey tires and slows. There are however many intermediate strategies; for example when a pursuit predator is faster than its prey over a short distance, but not in a long chase, then either stalking or ambushing becomes part of the strategy.

## Gallery

File:Hawk eating prey.jpg|A young Red-tailed Hawk eating a California Vole.
File:Ants eating cicada, jjron 22.11.2009.jpg|Meat ants eating a cicada; some species take prey bigger than they are, particularly when working together.
File:American Alligator eating Blue Crab.jpg|American Alligator eating Blue Crab

## Related pages
*Prey-predator equations
*Hunting

## References
Imelda Marcos

**Imelda Marcos** (born **Imelda Remedios Visitacion Romualdez** on July 2, 1929) is a Filipino government person and widow of 10th Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. Her nicknames are *Steel Butterfly* and *Iron Butterfly*. Her son, Bongbong Marcos, is the President of the Philippines since 2022.

She is remembered both for her husband's presidential time, and because of her collection of 1,060 pairs of shoes. In 2001, Imelda opened the Marikina City Footwear Museum in the shoe-making district of Manila. The museum includes hundreds of her own shoes.

On 9 November 2018, Marcos was convicted and sentenced to 77 years in prison on corruption charges in a court proceeding that lasted twenty-seven years.

## First lady
More than five years after her husband became president, he stopped elections and gained more control. He stopped all that challenged him by scaring them. Imelda also gained power and became a government person up to 1986 when her husband's president time ended after the people removed him from power using peaceful actions.

## Later life
They went to Hawaii and her husband died there. Imelda came back five years later to try to become president but lost. Later, she tried other government jobs and won in two areas as a member representing them in the Philippines law-making building. Imelda has represented three areas (Manila, Leyte, Ilocos Norte) in the Philippines law-making building.

## Sources
Manila Sound

**Manila Sound** is a type of music that started in Manila, Philippines, from the last years of the 1960s to the middle of the 1970s. It is commonly known as the "bright side" of the time of President Ferdinand Marcos because of its cheerful words and was often used in protest to his dictatorship. 

This music type has affected all modern music types in the country as the beginner of Original Pilipino Music (OPM).

## Music type
Manila Sound was made famous by a folk rock band called Hotdog. Their songs: *"Ikaw Ang Miss Universe Ng Buhay Ko"* (or "You Are the Miss Universe Of My Life"), ''"'Manila'"*, and *"Beh Buti Nga"*; had catchy melody phrases common to the music type. Later, the singer-songwriter, Freddy Aguilar, used the music type with his music to express the suffering of the people. His song, *Bayan Ko*, was popular in protests.

The music type is a mix of Filipino folk music and rock music added with some funk, light jazz, and disco, and is sung in both Tagalog and English languages.

The lyrics are childlike and often humorous caused by the disco fever in that period and in contrast to the oppression by Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. It is sometimes described as "the marshmallow sound".

## Music-makers
### Singers and bands
*APO Hiking Society
*Asin
*Florante
*Hagibis
*Hotdog
*Rey Valera
*Rico J. Puno
*Sharon Cuneta
*Sampaguita
*Soul Jugglers
*The Boyfriends
*VST and Company

### Music companies
**Alpha Records*
**Vicor Music Philippines*
**Blackgold Record*
**Sunshine Records*
**Villar Records*

## Songs
**Manila*
**Anak*
**Beh Buti Nga*
**Ikaw Ang Miss Universe Ng Buhay Ko*
**Kay Ganda Ng Ating Musika''

## Sources
Goodbye Lullaby

***Goodbye Lullaby*** is the fourth studio album by Canadian Avril Lavigne. It was released on March 2, 2011 through RCA Records. Her first single off the album was "What the Hell" which was released on January 10, 2011. The second single, "Smile", was released on April 11, 2011. The album is a lot more personal and softer than her three previous albums, *Let Go*, *Under My Skin* and *The Best Damn Thing*.

## References
Alter Bridge

**Alter Bridge** is an American rock band from Orlando, Florida that was formed in 2004. It was formed by the then-former members of Creed. Alter Bridge has received relatively low mainstream success in the United States. They have released 3 studio albums and one live album. They released their latest album *AB III* which has received critical acclaim among critics.

Alter Bridge has been influenced by bands such as Led Zeppelin, Rush, and Tool. Alter Bridge's vocalist, Myles Kennedy is also known for his work with Slash. He is currently touring with Slash as the lead singer of his band. As of January 2011, Alter Bridge's most successful song is "Isolation" from their album "AB III". WWE Hall of Famer Edge used their song "Metalingus" as his theme song from November 1, 2001 to April 23, 2012. The band also appeared on WWE Raw during a backstage segment with Edge in 2005.

## Musical style 
Alter Bridge have a "heavy, yet melodic" musical style. Its been described as hard rock, heavy metal, progressive metal, and post-grunge. They also use elements of progressive rock, thrash metal, and classic rock.

## Discography
### Studio albums 
### Live albums 
### Box sets 
### Extended plays 
### Singles 
### Promotional singles 
### Videos 
#### Video albums 
#### Music videos 
## References 
## External links 
*
*
Thomas S. Monson

**Thomas Spencer Monson** (August 21, 1927 &ndash; January 2, 2018) was an American religious leader and writer. On February 3, 2008, he became the sixteenth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, after the death of Gordon B. Hinckley. He was appointed on the basis of seniority following the death of the previous president. He was replaced by Russell M. Nelson.

## Early life 
Monson was born on August 21, 1927 in Salt Lake City, Utah. His Father was George Spencer Monson (1901–1979) and his mother was Gladys Condie Monson (1902–1973). Nels Monson was his Swedish grandfather. Nels Monson was born in Torhamn, Sweden and moved to Utah at the age of 16. Thomas S. Monson was the second of six children. He grew up in a close family. Many of his mother's family lived on the same street. Aunts, uncles, and cousins frequently vacationed together. The family's neighborhood had many families from Mexico. Monson said he developed a love for the Mexican people and culture. Monson often spent weekends with family on their farms in Granger (now part of West Valley City).  Monson's father owned a printing business. Monson worked there when he was a teenager.

From 1940 to 1944, Monson attended West High School in Salt Lake City. In 1944, he started going to the University of Utah. While Monson was at school he met his future wife, Frances. Frances's family came from a higher social class on the east side of the city. Her father, Franz Johnson, was excited to meet Thomas. He knew Monson's great uncle, Elias Monson. Elias had baptized Franz into the LDS Church in Sweden.

## References
Lamprey

**Lampreys** are jawless fish, whose adults are characterized by a toothed, funnel-like, sucking mouth. Lampreys belong to the order **Petromyzontiformes**. They live in coastal and fresh waters, and are found in temperate regions around the world. 

## Description 
Lampreys are eel-like, scaleless animals. They range from about 15 to 100 centimetres (6 to 40 inches) long. They have well-developed eyes, one or two dorsal fins, a tail fin, a single nostril on top of the head, and seven gill openings on each side of the body. Like the hagfish, they lack bones, jaws, and paired fins. The skeleton of a lamprey consists of cartilage; the mouth is a round, sucking hole with sharp teeth.
Olivenza

**Olivença** (Spanish: Olivenza) is a  disputed by Portugal and Spain. The territory was under Portuguese rule between 1297 (Treaty of Alcañices) and 1801. Then, it was occupied and ruled by Spain. After the Napoleonic Wars, Spain promised to give Olivença back to Portugal. It still has not done this to this day.

Portugal does not recognize the Spanish rule of the Olivença/Olivenza territory. Therefore, the border between Portugal and Spain in the Olivença/Olivenza region has never been defined.

Olivença/Olivenza territory is 750 Km2 in area. 

Besides the town, the territory of Olivença/Olivenza includes seven villages:

*S. Francisco,
*S. Rafael,
*Vila Real / Villareal,
*S. Domingos de Gusmão / Santo Domingo de Guzmán,
*S. Bento da Contenda / San Benito de la Contienda,
*S. Jorge de Alor and
*Táliga.
Nat Turner

**Nathaniel "Nat" Turner** (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an enslaved black American and Christian preacher. In 1831 he led a two-day slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia.

## Rebellion 
Turner believed that God gave him visions. When he was 21 years old he escaped from his master, Samuel Turner, and hid in the woods, following in his father's footsteps. Thirty days later he had a vision telling him to "return”.  

Turner planned a slave rebellion, believing that an eclipse in February 1831 was a sign from God. Seventy black people, including slaves and free men, took part. They killed Samuel Turner and his family, and took their horses, firearms, hatchets and knives. Then they continued on. 

The Governor of Virginia sent around three thousand militiamen to stop the rebellion. After two days, the soldiers ended the violent rebellion, but Turner escaped. He hid for 6 weeks to avoid being killed.  

## Reaction 
Turner was found on October 30, 1931. He was executed on November 11 by hanging. After that, he was skinned and his head was decapitated. 

Slaves as far away as North Carolina were said to be connected with the rebellion. Many were tried and executed. A few were acquitted, but the State of Virginia executed 55 people. In retaliation for the Turner rebellion, groups of white people killed around 200 black people.

Because of the rebellion, new laws were made in Virginia. They made it illegal to bring together black people to teach them how to read and write. 

Many people view Nat Turner as an American hero.

## References
Common Sense (pamphlet)

]]

***Common Sense*** is a pamphlet (or a short book) written by Thomas Paine that was published on January 10, 1776. Paine wrote the pamphlet to change the minds of the Americans who wanted a peaceful settlement of their differences with the British government so that they would fight for independence. 

The pamphlet said that the British government and other European monarchies were tyrannical and did not acknowledge the rights of their people. Paine called the pamphlet *Common Sense* because he thought that it was against common sense for an island to rule a larger nation. Therefore, the American colonies should fight for independence from Britain.

The pamphlet was one of the bestselling 18th-century works in America. Paine wrote in a style that was easy for most people to understand, instead of the difficult writing that was common during the Age of Enlightenment. He also referred to the Bible and used idioms that many of the Protestant colonists would understand.

The document was an important part of the American Revolutionary War. It led to the Declaration of Independence, which the Second Continental Congress wrote and passed later that year. *Common Sense* helped the revolution by helping to create mass support for it and change peoples minds.
Thundersnow

**Thundersnow**, also known as a **winter thunderstorm**, a **snow thunderstorm** or a **thundersnowstorm**, is a thunderstorm with snow instead of rain.  This rare kind of weather is less rare around the Midwestern United States, the Great Lakes and Rocky Mountains, the Sea of Japan, and Mount Everest.  Thundersnow mostly happens in March.

## How it is made
*A thunderstorm at the front of a wave of cold air or warm air (cold front or warm front)
*The edge of a big ocean storm (or cyclone) where lower warm and higher cold air mix.
*Thunderstorms going over a warm lake while the air is cold (or lake-effect).

Thunder can be heard many miles away, but thundersnow thunder can only be heard a few miles away. The snow stops sounds of thunder more than rain does.
Princess Royal

**Princess Royal** is a title often given by the reigning British King or Queen to his or her eldest daughter. The title is a gift of the monarch, unlike Prince of Wales which is always given to the eldest son

There can only be one Princess Royal at a time, so Elizabeth II never held the title because her aunt, Princess Mary was already called Princess Royal.

## List of Princesses Royal
The following is a full list of women officially called  "Princess Royal":

Princess Louisa Maria (1692–1712), the last daughter of King James II (d. 1701), was born after he lost his crown in the Glorious Revolution.  She was given the title of *Princess Royal* during James's exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye and was so called by Jacobites, even though she was never even James's eldest living daughter.

## Eldest daughters of English sovereigns 
Before Charles II in 1660 started using the title of Princess Royal, the eldest daughters of the King of England had a special status.  Magna Carta made the Barons to pay for the eldest daughter's wedding, and later sleeping with her was made High Treason, punishable by death - a law only changed in 1998 

### List of Eldest daughters of English sovereigns
## References
Electron affinity

**Electron affinity** is a phrase used in chemistry.  When an atom that is neutral gets an electron, the energy that is changed in the atom is the electron affinity. Across a period, the electron affinity increases. 

## References
Royal Rumble (2011)

**Royal Rumble (2011)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on January 30, 2011 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the 24th Royal Rumble event held by WWE. As always, the Royal Rumble match winner, Alberto Del Rio got a main event match at WrestleMania XXVII for his choice at either the WWE Championship or the World Heavyweight Championship.

Six matches were on the event's card. The main event was the 40-man Royal Rumble match instead of the original 30-man match which featured wrestlers from both brands.

## Matches
### Royal Rumble entrances and eliminations 
Red ██ and "Raw" indicates a *Raw* wrestler, blue ██ and "SD" indicates a *SmackDown* wrestler and gold ██ and "FA" indicates a free agent entrant. A new entrant came out every 90 seconds.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Liver failure

**Liver failure** or **Hepatic failure** is when the liver is no longer able to work. Things the liver does include making proteins. Liver failure can either be acute or chronic.

## Related pages
*Alcoholism
*Paracetamol
Oleg Tverdovsky

**Oleh Fedorovych "Oleg" Tverdovsky** (; born May 18, 1976), was a Ukrainian-Russian  professional ice hockey defenceman that played for Salavat Yulaev Ufa of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He also played for the Los Angeles Kings, Carolina Hurricanes, New Jersey Devils, Phoenix Coyotes, Winnipeg Jets, and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim in the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Awards and achievements
*1996–97 NHL All-Star
*2002–03 NHL Stanley Cup  (New Jersey Devils)
*2005–06 NHL Stanley Cup  (Carolina Hurricanes)
*2007–08 RSL Champion of Russia (Salavat Yulaev Ufa)

## Career statistics
## International play
Played for Russia in:

*1994 -World Junior Championships (Bronze Medal)
*1996 -World Championships
*1996 -World Cup of Hockey
*2001 -World Championships
*2002 -Winter Olympics (bronze medal)
*2004 -World Championships
*2004 -World Cup of Hockey
*2009 -World Championships (Gold Medal)
*2010 -Winter Olympics (*reserve)

### International statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
Alexander Calder

**Alexander Calder** (July, 22,1898 – November 11, 1976) was an American sculptor. He lived in Philadelphia, in the United States. He invented the mobile. Mobiles are a kind of sculpture where the pieces are moved by motors or the wind. Mobiles are a kind of kinetic sculpture. He also made sculptures that did not move that were called "stabiles."

## Gallery 

file:Oeuvre de Calder.jpg|*Man* in Parc Jean-Drapeau, Montreal, Canada.
file:PikiWiki Israel 1042 STABILE מחווה לירושלים.JPG|Tribute to Jerusalem.
Aula Magna-Calder-UCV.JPG|*Acoustic Ceiling* 1953, in the Central University of Venezuela.
Wfm_calder.jpg|*The Empennage* 1953, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art.
Mobil 3 Moderna museet, Stockholm 2006.jpg|*The Four Elements* 1961, Stockholm.
De tre vingarna, Alexander Calder.JPG|*The Three Wings* 1967, Gothenburg Sweden.
Alexander Calder Crinkly avec disc Rouge 1973-1.jpg|*Crinkly with Red Disk* 1973, Stuttgart Germany.
Alexander Calder 1968.jpg|Alexander Calder 1968.

## Sources
House of Wittelsbach

The **Wittelsbach** family is a European royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria. 

Members of the family were rulers of Bavaria, either as Dukes, Electors or Kings, from 1180 until the revolution in 1918, after the defeat of Germany in World War I.

Other land, controlled by other branches of the family include

Wittelsbachs also ruled as
Jacobite succession

The Stuarts who claimed the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 were:  

When Henry died, the succession passed to a different house, and none of the Jacobite heirs since has claimed the thrones of England or Scotland or put the arms of England and Scotland in their coats-of-arms.

## House of Savoy 
*House of Savoy
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia was a descendant of  Charles I through his youngest daughter Henrietta Anne. Her daughter Anne Marie of Orléans married Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, and Charles IV was great-grandson of Queen Anne Marie in the male line.

## House of Austria-Este
## House of Wittelsbach
### Future descent after the Duke of Bavaria
The heir presumptive of Franz, Duke of Bavaria, is his younger brother
* Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria.  Then his daughter
** Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein,  and then her eldest son
*** Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein, born 24 May 1995 in London.  The first heir in the Jacobite line born in the British Isles since James III and VIII, *The Old Pretender* in 1688.

## References
Charlie Sheen

**Carlos Irwin Estévez** (born September 3, 1965), known professionally by his stage name **Charlie Sheen**, is an American actor in movies and television. He starred in television show *Two and a Half Men*. Sheen had a cameo appearance in ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off*. In 2010, Sheen was the highest paid actor on television and earned US$1.8&nbsp;million per episode of *Two and a Half Men''.

## Personal life
### Family and relationships
Sheen has been married three times. He has five children. His first daughter, Cassandra Jade Estevez, was born on December 12, 1984. Her mother is his former high school girlfriend, Paula Profit.

In January 1990, Sheen accidentally shot his fiancée, Kelly Preston, in the arm.

In the 1990s, Sheen dated a number of adult movie actresses, including Ginger Lynn and Heather Hunter. That same year, Sheen was named as one of the clients of an escort agency run by Heidi Fleiss. Sheen and Peele divorced in 1996. and Lola Sheen. In March 2005, Richards filed for divorce.  She accused Sheen of alcohol and drug abuse and threats of violence. 

On May 30, 2008, Sheen married Brooke Mueller. She later gave birth to their twin sons, Bob and Max. In November 2010, Sheen filed for divorce. On March 1, 2011, police removed Bob and Max from Sheen's home. 

On March 1, 2011, Sheen was living with two women, pornographic actress Rachel Oberlin and model and graphic designer Natalie Kenly. He called them his "goddesses". Oberlin left Sheen in April 2011. Kenly left in June 2011.

### Substance abuse and legal issues
On May 20, 1998, Sheen was overdosed while using cocaine. He was hospitalized. Sheen was already on probation in California for a previous drug offense. His probation was extended for an extra year. He entered a rehab clinic. In a 2004 interview, Sheen said that the overdose was caused by his experimentation with injecting cocaine.

On December 25, 2009, Sheen was arrested for assaulting his wife, Brooke Mueller in Aspen, Colorado. He was released the same day from jail after posting an $8,500 bond. Sheen was sentenced to 30 days in a drug rehab center, 30 days of probation, and 36 hours of anger management.

On October 26, 2010, the police removed Sheen from his suite at the Plaza Hotel after he reportedly caused $7,000 in damage. According to the NYPD, Sheen said he was drinking and using cocaine on that night.

## Health
On November 16, 2015, it was revealed that Sheen would make a formal announcement through a television interview that he is officially HIV-positive. He said he was diagnosed four years earlier.

## Filmography
### Movies
### Television
## References
## Other websites
*
*Charlie Sheen's Twitter
*
Quinoa

**Quinoa** (*Chenopodium quinoa*; ( or , from Quechua '** or **') is a species of goosefoot (*Chenopodium*). It is a grain-like crop grown primarily for its edible seeds. 

Quinoa is not a real cereal, or grain, but more of a vegetable, as it is not a member of the grass family. As a chenopod, quinoa is closely related to species such as beets, spinach, and tumbleweeds. Its leaves are also eaten as a leaf vegetable, much like amaranth. Quinoa greens are not widely available for purchase.  Quinoa gives high quality protein and other nutrients. It has been called a 'superfood'.

In February 2018, Malaysia's Prime Minister Najib Razak was mocked by the opposition for saying he no longer eats rice and now eats quinoa, which he claimed is healthier. He said his son introduced him to quinoa. Opposition leaders, including Mahathir Mohamad, criticized him for choosing the expensive quinoa, with Mahathir tweeting, "I only eat local rice."

File:Reismelde.jpg
File:Quinoa.jpg
File:500g bag of quinoa.jpeg
File:Quinoa-cornflakes.jpg
File:Chenopodium quinoa -red faro- MHNT.BOT.2007.43.66.jpg|Chenopodium quinoa -red faro- - Museum specimen

## References 
https://www.nasimahealth.com/is-quinoa-keto/
Kathy Griffin

**Kathleen Mary "Kathy" Griffin** (born November 4, 1960) is an American actress, stand-up comedian and television writer and producer. She is also an LGBT rights advocate. She hosted her own talk show, *Kathy*. From 2007 until 2016, she presented the New Year's Eve celebrations from New York City for CNN along with Anderson Cooper.

## Early life
Griffin was born on November 4, 1960, in Oak Park, Illinois.  Her parents are John and Margaret Griffin.  She was raised in an Irish American, Roman Catholic household.  The youngest child in her family, she has three older brothers and one older sister.

## Career
Griffin is a Grammy Award and Emmy Award-winning comedienne.  She is known for shows such as *My Life on the D-List*.  She holds a Guinness World Record for the most comedy TV specials.

As Executive Producer and star of the series, Kathy Griffin accepted the Emmy won by the show. Her remarks upon receiving the award were: “Now, look, a lot of people come up here and they thank Jesus for this award. I want you to know that no one had less to do with this award than Jesus. He didn’t help me a bit. If it was up to him, Cesar Millan would be up here with that damn dog. So all I can say is suck it Jesus, this award is my God now”:

### 2017 Donald Trump controversy
On May 30, 2017, Griffin was pictured holding a false head in the image of President American Donald Trump that was covered in blood.  Because of this, she lost several sponsorship deals and was fired from CNN's New Year's Eve program.  Well-known photographer Tyler Shields was in charge of the photo shoot.

## Health
In August 2021, Griffin announced that she had been diagnosed with lung cancer and needed to have half of her left lung removed.

## References 
*
Juliette Lewis

**Juliette Lewis** (born June 21, 1973) is an American actress and singer. She gained fame for her role in the 1991 thriller *Cape Fear*. She was nominated for both an Academy Award and Golden Globe. This followed with major roles in ''What's Eating Gilbert Grape*, *Natural Born Killers*, *The Evening Star*, and *From Dusk Till Dawn''. Her work in television has earned her two Emmy nominations.

She was the lead singer of rock band "Juliette and the Licks". Her father was actor Geoffrey Lewis.

## Other websites
* Juliette Lewis's website
Cam Plante

**Cam Plante** (born March 12, 1964 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman.  He was drafted in the seventh round, 128th overall, by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft.  He played two games in the National Hockey League with the Maple Leafs in the 1984–85 season.

Plante holds the Western Hockey League record for points in a season by a defenceman.  He scored 140 points as a member of the Brandon Wheat Kings in the 1983–84 WHL season. He finished his playing career with the Wichita Thunder of the CHL, having returned to North America following four seasons on the United Kingdom. Most of that time was spent with the Peterborough Pirates, but also encompassed short spells with the Chelmsford Chieftains and Humberside Hawks. He is the father of current Florida Panthers prospect Tyler Plante and current Edmonton Oilers prospect Alex Plante.

## Other websites
*
Charles Edward Stuart

**Charles Edward Stuart R** (Prince Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart R) 12-31-1720 to 1-31-1788.

Charles R 3 is better known as the grandson of KING James R 7 York whom Founded New York America. 

King James R 7 York gave American Real Estate to Americans after his Dad King Charles was Murdered. 

The retaliation for taking New Amsterdam  that became New York lead to invasion of England by Netherland. King James R 7 York survived the invasion on 12-23 1688. His son Prince James R 8 also survived the invasion. Prince James 8 is Charles R 3’s Dad.

After the Netherland Invasion of England.  German hanover took England and ended up with England. Charles 3, William, and Harold are from the German hanovers. 

The German hanovers used the name of 'The Young Pretender' for Charles R 3 as well as other misinformation campaigns to try to keep Scotland (the Nation of KING James) away from the rightful heirs.

57 Families of James R are documented in line prior to the German hanovers. The German hanovers claimed that all 57 Families of King James abandoned the King James Bible which was a lie and fabrication by German hanover whom initially did not even speak English while taking the King James throne.

King James R 7 York’s grandson was made KingEdinburgh Scotland at Holyrood in 1745.

The German hanovers eventually took Scotland away from King James family. But Scotland continues to vote for independence. The latest vote was 47% to 53%. And that vote was prior to the abdicated Andrew York with Epstein and the other controversy of Harold abdicating Sussex. Leaving 2 vacancies. 

The King James R family is the York Rite Royal Arch with over 18,000,000 Members Worldwide. Many of whom actively advocate for Scotland and the King James R family that loves the King James Bible instead of the German hanovers whom divorce and go against the Church.

Charles is perhaps best known as the leading the unsuccessful Jacobite uprising of 1745. He led a rebellion which ended in a heavy defeat at the Battle of Culloden. That ended the Jacobite cause. Charles's escape from Scotland after the uprising made him a romantic figure of heroic failure. The *Skye Boat Song* remembers him.

He lived, and died, in Rome, where his father had been given a home by Clement XI.

## References 
, 1745]]
Tyler Plante

**Tyler Plante** (born May 17, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently with the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League.

## Playing career
Tyler was drafted by the Florida Panthers in the second round, 32nd overall, in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. Tyler gained NHL attention playing for the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Western Hockey League and earning the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as the top rookie of the WHL in the 2004–05 season. After three full seasons with the Wheat Kings Plante was signed by the Panthers to a three-year entry level contract on June 1, 2007. Since then, he has spent most of his playing time with the Florida Panthers AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans.

He was recalled up to Florida for a pre-season game at the start of the 2008–09 NHL season, but did not get any playing time and started the season in Rochester. After a lackluster start with the Americans, he was demoted to the ECHL, and spent time with the Dayton Bombers. After spending over two months with the Bombers, he was called back up to Rochester, where he currently plays.

Plante was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and raised in Brandon, Manitoba. Plante was born in while his father Cam was a member of the Milwaukee Admirals. His brother Alex Plante was a first round draft pick of the Edmonton Oilers.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
Sargon

**Sargon** may refer to different rulers. The name *Sargon* is what texts in the Bible use, the people were not known as *Sargon* in their native language: 
*Sargon of Akkad, also known as *Sargon the Great*, Mesopotamian king
*Šarru-kên I, Assyrian king; the Bible refers to him as *Sargon I*
*Sargon II, Assyrian king
Šarru-kên I

'
**Šarru-kên I**, also known as *Sargon I* was the 35th king of Assyria. He reigned from 1920 BC to 1881 BC (Middle chronology), or 1856 to 1817 BC (short chronology). He bears the name Sargon with reference to Sargon of Akkad.