open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Brittle star

brittle star from Regensburg, Germany.]]

**Brittle stars** are Echinoderms of the Class **Ophiuroidea**. The adults are superficially like starfish, but they are a different group, with different larvae. Like other echinoderms, they do have a skeleton of calcareous plates, and radial symmetry. There are about 1500 different species. 

Usually they have 5 *arms*, which can grow long, up to 60&nbsp;cm, in the largest species. The central disk of brittle stars can be three to eight inches in diameter. Unlike starfish, they live deeper in the ocean. Ophiuroids are known even from abyssal (>6000 m) depths.  However, brittle stars are also common members of reef communities, where they hide under rocks and even within other living organisms. Generally, brittle stars live below 500m of depth. 

There are two related groups of Ophiuroids: the *Ophiurida* (brittle stars) and the basket stars (*Eurialida*). Basket stars usually live in the deeper parts of the range. Brittle stars are mostly scavengers and detrivores, able to catch some small prey on occasion.

## Description 
Many brittle stars are more fragile than starfish, which is how they got their name. When they are picked up, their arms may fall off. This might make the animal seem brittle, but they often do this as a defense to escape from predators. 

### Movement 
]]

Brittle stars do not use their tube feet for movement, but instead use muscles in their long, thin arms to go around rocks. Ophiurids move quickly when disturbed, and are faster movers than starfish. In living ophiuroids the plates are linked by longitudinal muscles. Ophiurid arms only move horizontally. The way their plates interlock prevents the arms from moving in any other plane.

## Gallery 

Image:Metallogorgia 600.jpg|A basket star 
Image:Haeckel Ophiodea 70 Astrophyton darwinium.jpg|A basket star *Astrophyton darwinium*
Image:Sanc0416.jpg|A brittle star collecting coral eggs
Image:Brittle star.JPG|A brittle star on a sponge
Image:The Childrens Museum of Indianapolis - Jurassic brittle stars - detail.jpg|A Jurassic fossil brittle star (Children's Museum of Indianapolis)

## References
Card

**Card** may refer to:
* Playing card
* Greeting card

**Card** may also refer to:

* Business card, contains contact details for a business or business person
* Magnetic stripe card, a plastic card with data stored on it
** Credit card
** Debit card
** Smart card
* Membership card, given to a person when they become a member of a club or organisation
* Memory card, used to store digital data for computers
* Postcard, a card sent to friends or relatives while travelling, with a picture on one side and a message on the other
* Punched card, a card with information that is punched with holes
* Telephone card, used to pay for telephone calls
* Visiting card, used to identify a person as a visitor rather than staff

## Computer hardware 
* A small printed circuit board
** Sound card, controls the sound
** Video card, controls the graphics

## Other uses 
* card, when writing mathematics, a function that returns the cardinality of a set
* Arizona Cardinals, a National Football League team nicknamed the "Cards"
* St. Louis Cardinals, a Major League Baseball team nicknamed the "Cards"
Tray

.]]
A **tray** is a shallow container designed for carrying things.

Trays are flat, but with raised edges to stop things from sliding off of them. They are often rectangular, and may or may not have handles with which to carry them.

A butler's tray has a deeper surround, handles on the short sides (usually cut into the surround) so that it can be easily carried, and folding legs. It is used to carry drinks, and can be used as a side table.
Bishop

, Stephen Mamza, in Michika, Nigeria]]

**Bishop** is a type of clergy in some Christian churches. The bishop is the leader of the Christians and the Christian priests in each diocese. The diocese which a bishop governs is called a **bishopric**. **Episcopal** is the adjective for bishops. A cathedral is the church building where the bishop has an episcopal throne. The cathedral is the main church of the diocese and the bishop's see. A bishop may be given the rank of archbishop in an archdiocese. 

Christian priests in some denominations must be made priests by bishops. In these denominations, bishops are above parish priests in the hierarchy of the church's organization. However, some Protestant denominations have no bishops or archbishops. The Presbyterianism is an example. The leader of the Church of Scotland is the Moderator. The General Assembly elects the Moderator of the Church of Scotland each year. Other Christian movements have neither bishops nor priests: Quakers are one example.

In the Catholic church, the Pope is chosen by all the cardinals from amongst the bishops or archbishops. According to church law, this does not have to be the case: any male, unmarried, baptized Christian who is judged fit for the office can become pope. However, the last pope who was not a bishop or archbishop before becoming pope was Urban VI (elected in 1378).

The pope is also 'the Bishop of Rome' which is in religious contexts, the head of the Roman Catholic Church. In political aspects, the pope governs an independent state within Rome in Italy, called the Vatican.  All Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops answer to the pope (or to patriarchs in some orthodox churches).  In the Anglican church, bishops are governed by Archbishops.

Usually a bishop, along with an archbishop and the pope, can be identified by a special hat, called a mitre.

## Related pages 
* Auxiliary bishop
* Titular bishop
* Archbishop
* Archbishop ad personam
* Nuncio

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bishop Citizendium
Methodism

, Malaysia.]]

**Methodism**, or the **Methodist** movement, is a group of Protestant denominations. The movement started in Britain in the 18th century and spread to the United States and the British Empire. Originally it was popular with workers, poor farmers, and slaves. Mr. John Wesley started Methodism. He was a priest of the Church of England. His brother Charles Wesley was a famous writer of Church music. 

There are many Christians that trace their roots to the Wesley brothers. Many Churches have the word Methodist as part of their name, but others do not. Some of the churches which came from the Wesley movement are Nazarenes, Churches of God, Pentecostals, Holiness, and the Salvation Army. Many of these groups do good things to help people in addition to telling them about salvation from their sins. They start hospitals and schools and work with homeless and poor people.
 
## What the name means
John and Charles Wesley, and some other students at Oxford University started a "holy club". They used some methods to grow in Christian faith. These were prayer, Bible study, observing the Lord's supper, and helping poor people and prisoners. Other students laughed at them for their devotion. They called them "methodists" because of their methods. The members of the club took the name for themselves. 

## Methodist Beliefs
Methodists differ from other denominations in some beliefs. They are usually Arminian in their teachings about salvation. This means that they teach that anyone can choose to believe in Jesus. This is because of God's grace in making Himself known to all.https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/7972/Introducing_Wesleyan_Tradition.pdf This is also called "free will" teaching. Methodists differ from Baptists because Methodists baptize both babies and adults. They differ from Catholics and other conservative groups by allowing women to be pastors. Methodists tend to accept those whose beliefs are not exactly the same as theirs on less important things. The most important Methodist beliefs are listed in the 25 Articles of Religion.  They also use the sermons of John Wesley to define their faith. 

## Methodist organization
Because they came from the Anglican Church, most Methodists are in churches that are connectional. That means the individual churches are joined with other Methodist churches and have bishops to lead them. However, between 2019 and 2024 many Methodist churches left the United Methodist Church and thousands of them became independent. Many others joined a new denomination, the Global Methodist Church.

The separation was mainly about different understandings of the Bible and human sexuality.  A few of the more progressive churches left the UMC, but most of those leaving were traditional and left to be able to continue to keep their past beliefs.

## Related pages
*George Whitefield

## References 
## Other websites
*United Methodist Church website
*Global Methodist Church website
*Free Methodist Church website
Orkney Islands

The **Orkney Islands** (often also called only **Orkney**)  is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, United Kingdom. It is about 16 kilometres north of Caithness. 20 of the about 70 islands have people living on them.  The administrative centre is Kirkwall (with about 8000 people living there). The next largest settlements are Stromness (2000 people) and St. Margaret's Hope (with about 550 people).

In addition to the mainland, most of the islands are in two groups, the North and South Isles. All of them are made of sandstone. The climate is mild and the soil is fertile. Most of the land is farmed and agriculture is the main source of income for the economy. There are many birds and fish.

In 2023 there were proposals that the islands could change their status in the UK, to be more like the Isle of Man or even become a self-governing territory of Norway.

## Transportation 
Ferry services go much of the time to Lerwick (in Shetland). Most islands have air strips (for airplanes). This includes the shortest known flight service in the world, between Westray and Papa Westray. Official flight time is 2 minutes. If the wind goes in the right direction, the flight can take just over a minute.

## References 
]]

## Other websites 
* Orkney.com Official website
Vas deferens

The **vas deferens** (or *ductus deferens*)  is a duct in the body of man. It is also in other male vertebrates. Its function is to carry sperm away from the testes, towards the penis. Sperm that are removed from the vas deferens might swim in circles.

Mature sperm is stored in the vas deferens. If sperm are removed from the start of the vas deferens (the cauda epididymis) they might also display movement which seems directive, like they are swimming in a direction on purpose. The sperm go from the vas deferens into the urethra when the penis is ejaculating.

## Anatomy 
There are two of the ducts, which are tubes surrounded by smooth muscle. The smooth muscle protects the vas deferens. They connect the left and right epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in order to move sperm. 
*
* the vas deferens and ejaculatory duct are part of the spermatic cord. It  transports mature sperm to the urethra during ejaculation
* It runs from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to the urethra when the penis is ejaculting. This is  to the bladder
* The spermatic cord transports mature sperm to the urethra during ejaculation.

Sperm goes to the vas deferens from the testes to be stored as mature sperm until it is time to ejaculate. The sperm goes to the vas deferens upwards, along the posterior (front) of the testicles. 

## Vasectomy 
There is a surgery called vasectomy that is a method of contraception. The two vasa deferentia (Latin plural) are cut and sealed, so the sperm cannot get out of the body. This is usually permanent, but in some cases, it can be reversed. Sometimes instead of cutting the vasa deferentia, the surgeon puts something to block the sperm instead of cutting them.



## Notes
Salivary gland

, 
# the submandibular and
# the sublingual glands. 

There are also many small glands in the tongue, cheeks, lips and palate. All of those glands make mucous.

## Salivary secretions and structure 
Saliva consists of two fluids, **mucous** and **serous**.

### Mucous 
Mucous (slime) is a saccharide glycoprotein called **mucin**. With water it makes the slippery lubricant used in many parts of the body, where it lines the moving parts, surfaces and tubes. Here it lubricates the mouth, throat and alimentary canal. 

The mucous also has antiseptic qualities: it contains lysozyme and immunoglobulins. Mucous, with its antiseptic molecules and slime, traps fungi, bacteria and viruses and prevents infections. The body produces about a litre of mucous per day, in the mouth and other places.

### Serous Fluid 
The serous fluid contains the enzyme amylase which acts in the digestion of carbohydrates. Minor salivary glands on the tongue secrete the amylase. The parotid gland produces purely serous saliva. The other major salivary glands produce mixed (serous and mucus) saliva.

Another type of serous fluid is secreted by the two layered serous membranes which line the body cavities. The serous fluid between the two layers acts as a lubricant and reduces friction from muscle movement.

### Types of salivary gland 
* The parotid gland makes serous secretion only.
* The submandibular glands are mixed glands. They give serous and mucous secretions. 
* The sublingual glands make mucous only.

### Structure of salivary glands 
The glands are inside a capsule, of connective tissue. Inside, it is made of little parts called lobules. Blood vessels and nerves go into the lobules. There are three main types of cells in the major salivary glands:
# Serous cells  are shaped like a pyramid. They are joined together in a group that is shaped like a ball.
# Mucous cells are usually shaped like a cube. They are joined together to make a tubules, which are very small tubes.  
# Myoepithelial cells are all around the part of the gland where the saliva comes out. They can squeeze the saliva gland so the saliva comes out faster.

The small tubes go into ducts. Those ducts go into larger ducts that have little stripes on them, called striations. Those go into ducts between the lobes of the gland (called interlobar or excretory ducts). The main duct of the salivary glands then opens into the mouth.

## Where the glands are 
There are three salivary glands:
* The two parotid glands are near the ear (*par- = next to, -otid = ear*). They are the largest salivary glands.
* The sublingual gland is under the tongue.
* The submandibular gland is in the shape of a “U”. It is under the chin bone which is called the mandible.

## Medical notes 
:*See mumps*

Ducts can get blocked. This would cause pain and swelling of the gland.

Tumours of the salivary glands can occur. These are usually benign. Investigation is done by a **sialogram**, which is a radiocontrast study of a salivary duct.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Salivary Gland Disorders 
* Illustration 
* Illustration 
* Photo 
* eMedicine
Che Guevara

**Ernesto "Che" Guevara**, commonly known as **el Che** or **Che**  (June 14, 1928 - October 9, 1967) was an Argentine Marxist, revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla, diplomat, and military theorist. He is popular with socialists. In addition to that he was a writer and some of his articles and speeches were even published. 

Time magazine said he was one of the most influential people of the 20th century. Guevara's face, with his thick black hair, scruffy beard and familiar beret, has been printed on T-shirts, walls and banners. *Guerrillero Heroico, *a picture of him, is called "the most famous photograph in the world."

## Biography 
Che Guevara was born in Rosario, Argentina in 1928. Others see him as a bad man who wanted to hurt people. It can be found on many items. They include t-shirts, hats, posters, and other items.

Guevara is still an important person. He is seen as an example of youthful rebellion.

A movie, *The Motorcycle Diaries*, is about Che. It describes a trip that he took through South America. The trip took place in the 1950s. The movie was directed by Walter Salles. It was produced by Robert Redford.

## References 
## Other websites 
*  BBC News (January 17, 2001). "Profile: Laurent Kabila". Accessed April 10, 2008.
*  BBC News (May 26, 2001). *Che Guevara photographer dies*. Accessed January 4, 2006.
*  BBC News (October 9, 2007). "Cuba pays tribute to Che Guevara". *BBC News, International version*.
*  Lacey, Mark (October 26, 2007). "Lone Bidder Buys Strands of Che's Hair at U.S. Auction". *New York Times*.
*  Lacey, Mark (October 9, 2007). "A Revolutionary Icon, and Now, a Bikini". *The New York Times*.
*  O'Hagan, Sean (July 11, 2004). "Just a pretty face?". *The Guardian*. Accessed October 25, 2006.
Angara River

The **Angara** is a river in Siberia, Russia, close to the Jenissei. It is nearly  long. It flows out of Lake Baikal and into the *Jenissei*. A big city on the river is Irkutsk.
Magma

. This picture shows lava coming out of a volcano in Hawaii.]]

**Magma** is the melted rock under the ground. The liquid rock may have solid bits mixed in with it, and volcanic gas.  

There are different types of magma. One is called felsic magma. Felsic magma is thick and has silica minerals. It mostly makes light-coloured rocks. Another type is called mafic magma, which is runny and has less silica. It usually makes dark-coloured rocks. Magmas can be intermediate between both types. 

Magma may become solid  by cooling slowly below the surface. This makes "plutonic" rocks such as granite. When magma comes out from the ground in a volcano it is called lava. Lava cools quickly, and forms other kinds of rock such as basalt. 

Magma is produced by melting of the Earth's mantle or the crust. It happens at tectonic settings, such as subduction zones, continental rift zones, mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. 

Melted material from the mantle and crust moves up through the crust and collects in magma chambers. 

When they come up through the crust, magmas may feed a volcano and come out as lava. But they may solidify underground to form an intrusion (magma which cools and becomes solid). Intrusions eventually cool down and become igneous dikes or sills. 

The study of magma is usually done in lava flows. However, magma was found under the ground three times in geothermal drilling projects&mdash;twice in Iceland and once in Hawaii.

## References 
## Other websites
Glue

**Glue** is a  material (usually a liquid) that can stick two or more things together. Glue can be made from plant or animal parts, or it can be made from oil-based chemicals. 

Glue can also be made from rice or rice flour. The first glues may have been natural liquids that come out of trees when they are cut. Later, people learned to make glue by boiling animal feet, cartilage or bones. Some very strong glues were first made from fish bones, rubber or milk.

A simple glue can be made at home by mixing wheat, flour and water. This glue will stick pieces of paper together.
Many kinds of art can be made using glue. A collage is a work of art made by using glue to stick coloured things onto paper. 

Some glues can be used to keep water out of boats, buildings or vehicles. In this case, the glue may be called caulk. Some man-made materials, including wood-like materials, are made using glues to bind together small pieces of material or powders. In other cases, glue might have added ingredients, to give it water repellant or water resistant features. This glue is used in DIY near water or gluing things that sit near water in their use. Commercially made glue which does not contain chemicals to do this, would be less effective around water, because it is not that way without help. 

While many glues are safe, certain kinds of glue contain strong-smelling chemicals. Some people sniff these glues to get high. Sometimes people breathe in the vapors by mistake. This is a very bad idea because these chemicals are often poisons and may cause brain damage or illness. Despite lots of people thinking that glue consumption is unsafe, most glues (especially child-safe glues) are safe to eat. This is because glue is not biocidal. It is why glue manufacturers add biocides to glue, which otherwise allow germs to grow. This added chemical, which is added to kill germs and fungi, is probably not safe to eat however. 

Glue would become dangerous to people if it was eaten in large amounts or if germs were in it. Because of the way glue is used, bacteria would spread to the hands and parts of the body, or things that are touched, and transfer (give) bacteria to the things that touch it. Other uses for glue includes sticking together food, and this type needs to be safe to eat. In the meat industry, reclaimed food (scraps of the food that is blended up) are used to make meatballs and other meatlike products that look and taste like meat. Glue is often used in Chicken in America. The food that is made with reclaimedmeat might contain biocides (such as a desiccant to prevent rot and mould, preservatives, and be fortified. This type of glue is safe to eat but the food is not healthy or appealing normally. 

## References
Moonspell

**Moonspell** is a heavy metal band from Portugal. It was started in 1992. 

Moonspell's first EP was *Under the Moonspell*, which was released in 1994. 

## Albums 
* *Wolfheart* (1995)
* *Irreligious* (1996)
* *Sin/Pecado* (1998)
* *The Butterfly Effect* (1999)
* *Darkness and Hope* (2001)
* *The Antidote* (2003)
* *Memorial* (2006)
* *Under Satanæ* (2007)
* *Night Eternal* (2008)
* *Alpha Noir / Ómega White* (2012)
* *Extinct* (2015)
* *1755* (2017)
* *Hermitage* (2021)

## Band members
### Current members
*Fernando Ribeiro (Langsuyar) – vocals (1989–present)
*Miguel Gaspar (Mike/Nisroth) – drums (1992–present)
*Ricardo Amorim (Morning Blade) – guitar (1995–present)
*Pedro Paixão (Passionis/Neophytus) – keyboard/guitar (1993–present)
*Aires Pereira (Ahriman) – bass (2007–present)

### Previous members
*Luís Lamelas (Malah/Fenrir) – guitar (1992–1993)
*Jorge Fonseca (J.M. Tanngrisnir) – guitar (1993–1995)
*Duarte Picoto (Mantus) – guitar (1992–1995)
*João Pedro (Tetragrammaton/Ares) – bass (1992–1997)
*Sérgio Crestana – bass (1997–2003)
*Niclas Etelävuori – bass (2003–2006)
*Waldemar Sorychta – bass (2006–2007)

## Other websites 
* Official Moonspell page
Siberia

&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Geographic Russian Siberia
&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Northern Asia (and Siberia according to many non-Russian sources)]]

**Siberia** is the part of Russia that is in Asia. It covers wide landscapes, and stretches from the Ural Mountains in the east to the Pacific in the west. It also stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the border with China, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia in the south. 

The Yenisei river is sometimes called the border between east Siberia and west Siberia. Siberia covers about 70% of all Russian territory, but only 26% of Russians live there. It is one of the coldest places on Earth where people live. 70% of people in Siberia live in cities.

Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, with a population of more than . It is on the eastern coast near Japan.                    
Omsk and Krasnoyarsk also have populations of over a million people, while Tomsk and Kemerovo have populations of over 500 thousand. 
Tomsk is one of the most beautiful places in Siberia. It is said to have the best education in Siberia.
Omsk has very polluted air. This is quite common in Russia, where civilian protests are less effective than in Western countries.

## Siberian people
Many different ethnic groups live in Siberia. They are sometimes called Sibiryak *(*Russian: *сибиряк)* or Sybirak *(*Russian: *сыбирак,* from Polish*)* people. Most people in Siberia who are not Slavic are Turkic peoples. The first Slavic settlers, from European Russia, arrived in the 17th century.

## Related pages
* Siberian languages
* Russian Far East

## Sources 
* Russian Siberia: Ethnic History and Traditional Culture
* Groups of Russians of Siberia
* Russians in Siberia
* Russians: ethnographic description 
* History of Russians in the Krasnoyarsk Territory
Crown-of-thorns starfish

The **crown-of-thorns starfish** (*Acanthaster planci*) is a type of sea star. Usually, they have orange-red to purplish skin, with yellow or pink spikes on their skin. The crown-of-thorns is also one of the largest starfish in the world, as it has a diameter of up to 3 feet. The crown-of-thorns lives in the warmer areas of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

It only feeds on coral polyps, and usually at night. The crown-of-thorns climbs over its prey, releases digestive enzymes to break down its food, and then absorbs the coral polyp, which has now turned into a liquid. What is left behind by the sea star is the leftover coral skeleton.

They are usually of subdued colours, pale brown to grey-green, but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range. These bright colours warn animals that may want to eat it that it is venomous.

## Effect on coral reefs 
The crown-of-thorns is well known for its destructive habits of eating coral, especially on the Great Barrier Reef, which is a World Heritage Site. Usually, when there are not too many of them, these sea stars help maintain the coral reef by preventing the faster-growing coral from taking over the coral reef. However, when there are too many crown-of-thorns, they can devastate the reef.

## References
Ljubljana

**Ljubljana** is the capital city of Slovenia. It is the largest city in that country. The city became the most important settlement in the area when Romans ruled Slovenia. There are many museums with things from that time in Ljubljana.

As of 2002, there were 265,881 people living in Ljubljana. The University of Ljubljana is in Ljubljana.

## Geography 
The city has an area of 163.8&nbsp;square&nbsp;kilometers (63.2&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi). It is located about 320&nbsp;kilometers (200&nbsp;mi) south of Munich, 477&nbsp;kilometers (296&nbsp;mi) east of Zürich, 250&nbsp;kilometers (160&nbsp;mi) east of Venice, 350&nbsp;kilometers (220&nbsp;mi) southwest of Vienna, 224&nbsp;kilometers (139&nbsp;mi) south of Salzburg and 400&nbsp;kilometers (250&nbsp;mi) southwest of Budapest.

Ljubljana is 295&nbsp;meters (968&nbsp;ft) above sea level.

The main bodies of water in Ljubljana are the Ljubljanica, the Sava, the Gradaščica, the Mali Graben, the Iška and the Iščica Rivers. 

July and August are the warmest months.  The daily temperatures at these times are generally between 25 and 30&nbsp;°C (77 and 86&nbsp;°F).  January is the coldest month with temperatures closer to 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F).  Ljubljana is also one of the wettest European capitals. Yearly precipitation is about 1,400&nbsp;mm (55&nbsp;in).  It can also snow anytime from December to February.

## Cityscape 
Ljubljana features many kinds of architectural styles.  Prominent buildings include Prešeren Square, Ljubljana Castle, Town Hall, Ljubljana Cathedral, and Nebotičnik.

There are also several parks around the city.  Tivoli City Park (*Mestni park Tivoli*) is the largest park in Ljubljana.

The most notable bridges of Ljubljana are the Triple Bridge (*Tromostovje*), the Trnovo Bridge (*Trnovski most*), the Dragon Bridge (*Zmajski most*), the Hradecky Bridge (Slovene: *Hradeckega most*), and the Butchers' Bridge (*Mesarski most*). The Trnovo Bridge crosses the Gradaščica, whereas the others cross the Ljubljanica.

## Twin cities 
*  Belgrade, Serbia
*  Bratislava, Slovakia
*  Chemnitz, Germany
*  Chengdu, China
*  Cleveland, Ohio, USA
*  Klagenfurt, Austria
*  Mardin, Turkey
*  Leverkusen, Germany
*  Moscow, Russia
*  Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England
*  Vienna, Austria
*  Wiesbaden, Germany
*  Zagreb,Croatia

## References 
## Other websites 
* The official Ljubljana page, in Slovene and English
* History and Travel Information
Nukuʻalofa

**Nukuʻalofa** is the capital city of Tonga. It is on the island of Tongatapu.

35% of Tongans live in Nukuʻalofa. As of 1996, about 22,400 people lived there.
Bartolomeu Dias

**Bartolomeu Dias**(or *Bartholomew Dias*, 1450 - May 29, 1500) was a Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail past the Cape of Good Hope now Cape Town.

## Voyage to Africa 
In 1487, King John II of Portugal asked Dias to find a new route for the spice trade and to find a legendary Christian king named Prester John in the east. In 1488, Dias and his sailors sailed along the western coast of Africa. They got caught in a storm and landed at a cape in Southern Africa and so could not sail beyond that point. They named it "Cape of Storms" and later returned to Portugal. The king of Portugal considered it as a victory gained by the Portuguese adventurers and named it as "Cape of Good Hope".  Because Prester John did not really exist, they did not find his country, but they found the route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean that leads to Asia, which turned out to be valuable.

## Death and legacy 
Commanding a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's later expedition to Brazil and India, Dias died at sea in 1500 during a storm. 

There was a statue made for him later in Cape Town, South Africa.

## References
Fatu Hiva

on Fatu Hiva]] 
**Fatu Hiva** is a tropical island in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of French Polynesia and the Marquesas Islands. 

There are about 600 people living on Fatu Hiva. It is 22&nbsp;km away from Motu Nao. The three main villages are Hana Vave, Omo'a and Uia.
General Motors

**General Motors Company** is the largest American car company. It is based in the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan. It was founded in 1908 by a man named William Durant. It makes cars and trucks in 31 countries. About 209,000 people work for it. It is the second largest car company in the world, after Toyota.

In the 1950s and 1960s, it dominated the car industry, but it fell into decline by the 1980s and 90s. The company went through a bankruptcy in 2009 and was bought by the US Government, which has been selling its stake in the company.

As of April 2014, GM is being investigated by the United States Congress over the deaths of 13 people involving faulty ignition systems that have been used in many GM cars, with some built as early as 1997. In May 2014 the company was fined $35 million from NHTSA over the ignition problem.

## Brands 
GM has many brands, including:
* Cadillac
* Chevrolet
* Buick
* GMC
In the past, General Motors has used other brands, including Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Saturn, Hummer, Geo, and Daewoo, but none of these are produced by GM as of 2014. They either have gone out of business or were merged into Chevrolet. GM also owned Saab from 1989 to 2010, and also held stakes in Isuzu and Suzuki until 2008. In 2017 they sold Opel and Vauxhall Motors to Groupe PSA. Holden gone defunct in 2020.

## References
Tampere

**Tampere** () is the third biggest city in Finland. It is the capital of the  Pirkanmaa area.
Neighbour municipalities are Kangasala, Lempäälä, Nokia, Pirkkala, Vesilahti, Hämeenkyrö, Orivesi, Pälkäne and Ylöjärvi. 

The population of Tampere was 215,144 in 2011.  

## History
Tampere was started in 1779. At 1800's, Tampere became to be a notable industrialized city and one of the biggest cities in Finland.

## Gallery
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Tampere page, in Finnish
* The official Tampere Region visitor website
Asikkala

of Asikkala]] 

**Asikkala** is a municipality of Finland. It is in the province of Southern Finland and the region of Päijänne Tavastia. The downtown of Asikkala is called Vääksy. It has a canal, Vääksyn kanava. Asikkala has an area of 756.2&nbsp;km². 192.29&nbsp;km² of it is water.

Asikkala is on the coast of the lake Päijänne. As of 31 May 2013, 8,444 people live in the municipality.

## Other websites 
* The official Asikkala page
List of Holy Roman Emperors

**Holy Roman Emperor** was the title that was given to the ruler of a loose group of places in mostly Central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire. The title of "emperor" was passed from the Romans to the Frankish kingdom  (for which "France" is named) when, on 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
 from 1564 to 1576. The Emperors used the double-headed eagle as a symbol of their authority]]

## List of emperors
This list includes all emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whether or not they called themselves *Holy Roman Emperor*. There are some gaps. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor.

### Emperors before Otto the Great
Some historians say the Carolingian Empire was the start of the Holy Roman Empire. Others say the start of the Holy Roman Empire was 962. The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the West before 962 were as follows:

#### Carolingian dynasty
#### Guideschi dynasty
#### Carolingian dynasty
#### Bosonid dynasty
#### Unruoching dynasty
There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

### Holy Roman Emperors
#### Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty
#### Salian (Frankish) dynasty
#### Supplinburg dynasty
#### Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty
#### Welf dynasty
#### Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty
#### House of Luxembourg
#### House of Wittelsbach
#### House of Luxembourg
#### House of Habsburg
#### House of Wittelsbach
#### House of Habsburg-Lorraine
## References
CD-R

A **CD-R** (also called **Compact Disc Recordable**) is a compact disc that can be recorded once. When people record a compact disc, they put either music or data on it, or sometimes both, which is called an enhanced CD.

A compact disc that can be recorded multiple times (and erased) is the CD-RW.

When you put data onto a CD, it is called *burning* a disc. A laser "burns" pits into a dye layer on the disc, making them transparent. These transparent pits can later be read back by the CD drive or audio CD player as data or music.

The first CD-Rs from the early 1990s held 63 minutes of audio. In the mid-1990s, 74-minute discs became common. Most CD-Rs made from 2000 onward hold 80 minutes, or 700 MB of data. 90 and 99-minute CD-Rs are available since 2000, although they are non-standard and many players and recorders do not support them.

There are three types of dye used in CD-R discs. The most common is phthalocyanine, and it is usually light green. CMC Pro (formerly Taiyo Yuden) uses cyanine dye. It is usually teal or dark green. Verbatim uses phthalocyanine dye on some discs, and AZO dye on others. AZO dye is usually dark blue or blue-ish silver. The metal layer on the disc is usually made of silver. Archival discs and some professional audio discs use a gold top layer. Verbatim UltraLife discs have a silver main layer, and a gold upper protective layer, providing the reflectivity of silver and the chemical stability of gold. Early cyanine discs could decay and become unplayable within a few years. Recent cyanine discs have preservatives added to the dye to prevent this from happening. AZO and phthalocyanine dyes do not need preservatives and do not decay easily. Phthalocyanine is the most stable and longest-lasting dye, but it requires a more precisely calibrated laser than AZO or cyanine to get a good, error-free burn. A recording laser with too much or too little power will produce a poor recording on phthalocyanine dye.

There are two types of blank CD-R, "music" and "data". The only difference is that "music" discs have a bit set on the disc that indicates a royalty was paid to the music industry. Consumer-grade music recorders look for this bit and will not record to discs without it. This is done to meet the requirements of the Audio Home Recording Act and similar laws. Professional equipment (including rackmount audio CD recorders and all computer drives) is not affected and will record to either type of disc. The bit has no effect on playback once the disc has been recorded.

## References
Krill

**Krill** are small shrimp-like crustaceans  about an inch or so long, found in all the oceans of the world. In areas with nutrients, they occur in huge swarms, with more than 10,000 krill per cubic meter. They feed on phytoplankton and to a lesser extent zooplankton. 

Krill are ecologically very important, because they are near the bottom of the food chain. They make up the largest part of the diet of  many animals. In the Southern Ocean, one species, the Antarctic krill, *Euphausia superba*, makes up an estimated biomass of over , roughly twice that of the human race. They are eaten by many animals, including whales, seals, penguins, birds, fish, squid, and whale sharks. Of this, over half is eaten by each year, and is replaced by growth and reproduction. 

Most krill species make large vertical migrations. They are distinguished from other crustaceans such as true shrimp by their externally visible gills.

## Taxonomy 
The order Euphausiacea is divided into two families, Bentheuphausiidae and Euphausiidae. the first has one species, the second has 85 species. Well known species are the Antarctic krill (*Euphausia superba*), Pacific krill (*Euphausia pacifica*) and Northern krill (*Meganyctiphanes norvegica*).

## Bioluminescence 
Except for *Bentheuphausia amblyops*, krill are bioluminescent. They have organs called photophores which emit light. The light is made by an enzyme-catalysed chemiluminescence reaction. A luciferin (a kind of pigment) is activated by a luciferase enzyme. Krill probably get this substance as part of their diet, which contains dinoflagellates. Krill photophores are complex organs with lenses and focusing abilities, and can be rotated by muscles. The exact function of these organs is not known. The possibilities include mating, social interaction or as a form of camouflage to compensate for their shadow against the overhead light.

## References
Giraffe

A **giraffe** (*Giraffa camelopardalis*) is a mammal which lives in Africa. Giraffes have an even number of toes and are the tallest land animals. Giraffes and Okapi are the family *Giraffidae,* and are the only extant giraffids.

## Appearance 
Giraffes have a very long neck and long legs. Giraffes are the tallest land animals on Earth, with necks that can be up to 2-2.4&nbsp;m (6.6-7.9&nbsp;ft) in length. Fully grown giraffes stand  tall, with males taller than females. The tallest recorded male was  and the tallest recorded female was  tall. The average weight is  for an adult male and  for an adult female. Maximum weights of  and having been recorded for males and females, respectively. They have a long black tongue, up to 45&nbsp;cm in length. The females, who receive little to no aid from their partners in raising the calves, prefer the males that are victorious. Those with the longer and stronger necks will reproduce more frequently and keep their genes in the giraffe population for longer compared to the males with shorter, weaker necks.

There are about nine different subspecies of giraffe, with only small differences between them. When giraffes of two different sub-species breed, the young are called hybrids (mixed breeds). Of the nine sub-species of giraffe, only one, the Rothchild's, is endangered.

## References
Giant isopod

**Giant isopods** are big crustaceans that live at the bottom of the ocean. They can grow up to 45 cm long and weigh up to 1.7 kg. Currently about 9 different species are known. Giant isopods usually eat dead whales, fish and squid. They may also be active scavengers, and hunt slow-moving prey, such as sea cucumbers, sponges, nematodes. Perhaps they even catch live fish. They live in depths between 170m to about 2200m. Over 80% can be found between 365&nbsp;m and 730&nbsp;m&nbsp; of depth. They probably prefer a muddy or clay ocean floor environment, and lead solitary lives.

## References
Yenisei

near Krasnoyarsk]]
The **Yenisei** (*Енисе́й*) is a river in Siberia. It belongs to the greatest river system that flows into the Arctic Ocean. The Yenisei is the fifth-longest river in the world. It is a little shorter than the Mississippi River, but with 1.5 times the flow. It comes from Mongolia and follows a northern course to the Kara Sea. The river drains a large part of central Siberia. The longest stream following the Yenisei-Angara-Selenga-Ider is about 5539 km long. Its watershed, which includes the world's largest (by volume) lake, Lake Baikal, holds more water than any other river system.

The upper parts of the system have rapids and flooding, and pass through areas where very few people live. The middle section is controlled by a series of large hydroelectric dams. The dams were built to supply a major Russian primary industry. Partly built by gulag labor in Soviet times, industrial contamination is a big problem in the area. The area is very hard for the police to watch. Moving on through sparsely populated taiga, the Yenisei grows with many tributaries and finally reaches the Kara Sea in desolate tundra where it is covered with ice for more than half the year. As with other Siberian rivers, the flow has increased lately. People think this is because of global warming. A concern was also raised that a change in the salt in the Arctic may have a global impact on ocean currents.
Kesälahti

**Kesälahti** is a former municipality in Finland. It is part of the North Karelia region. There are almost 2,700 people living in Kesalahti.

## History 
Kesalahti is the southernmost municipality of North Karelia. It was officially founded in 1873. The area of the municipality is 582.67&nbsp;km². 195.42&nbsp;km² of it is water.

Kesälahti is advertised as a popular summer destination for families enjoying camping. The Puruvesi lake shores host three active camping grounds with cabins,¨and tent and trailer lots to let. The name of the municipality can be translated as 'summer bay'.

The current mayor is Jorma Turunen.

It was merged with Kitee on 1 January 2013.

## Villages 
Hummovaara, Kesälahti (centre), Marjoniemi, Purujärvi, Salokylä, Sarvisalo, Suitsansaari, Totkunniemi, Varmonniemi, Villala

## Other websites 
* The official Kesalahti page  
* Advocate of Kesälahti and North Karelian culture
Eckerö

**Eckerö** is a municipality in the Åland Islands, Finland. As of March 2006, there are 926 people living in Eckerö.

Eckerö is the westernmost municipality of Finland. Mariehamn, the capital of Åland, is located 35 km away. 95 % of the people in Eckerö speak Swedish as their first language. 

## Other websites 
* The official Eckerö page, in Swedish, Finnish, English and German
Utsjoki

**Utsjoki** is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. Utsjoki is the only municipality in Finland where most people speak Sami as their first language.

As of February 2005, 1,373 people lived in Utsjoki. The municipalities next to it are Inari in Finland and Karasjok, Tana and Nesseby in Norway. Nuorgam in Utsjoki is the northernmost village in Finland and the European Union.

Rivers: Teno River (related page, Tana River (Europe)

Names: In the Northern Sami language, the municipality is known as *Ohcejohka*.

## Population growth
## References
Elementary algebra

**Elementary algebra** is the most basic form of algebra taught to students. It is often one of the next areas of mathematics taught to students after arithmetic. While in arithmetic only numbers and operators like +, −, ×, and ÷ occur; in algebra, variables (like *a*, *x*, *y*) are used to stand for numbers. This is useful because:
* It lets people solve problems about "unknown" numbers. This means learning about equations and how to solve them (for example, "find a number *x* where 3x + 1 = 10").
* It allows the generalization of the rules from arithmetic. While some students understand that 3+4 = 4+3, it helps to prove that a + b = b + a for all *a* and *b*. This makes algebra a good step to learning about  (learning general ideas from many examples).
* It helps people understand and create functional relationships (also sometimes called cause and effect). An example of this is "if *x* tickets are sold, then the profit will be 3x - 10 dollars".

These three are the main strands of elementary algebra. Elementary algebra is often used in many other subjects, like science, business, and building. Abstract algebra, a much more advanced topic, is generally taught late in college.

## Simple algebra problems
If an equation has only one number that is unknown it is sometimes easy to solve. The unknown number is called "x":

:2x + 4 = 12. \,

To solve a simple equation with one unknown amount add, subtract, multiply, or divide both sides of the equation by the same number in order to put the unknown amount, x, on one side of the equation.  Once x is by itself on one side, use arithmetic to determine the amount on the other side of the equation.  For example, by subtracting 4 from both sides in the equation above:

:2x + 4 - 4 = 12 - 4 \,
getting:
:2x = 8 \,

Dividing both sides by 2:
:\frac{2x}{2} = \frac{8}{2} \,
getting:
:x = 4. \,

It may help to think of this equation as a see-saw or balance, what you do to one side, you must do to the other and your main aim is to get *x* by itself.

## Definitions 
3x^2 - 2xy + c has the following components:

)&nbsp; 2 – coefficient&nbsp; 3 – term&nbsp; 4 – operator&nbsp; 5 – constant term&nbsp; c – constant&nbsp; x y – variables]]

## Notes
Savitaipale

**Savitaipale** is a Finnish municipality in the South Karelia region. As of January 2014, more than 3,700 people lived in Savitaipale.
Savitaipale has an area of 690.78&nbsp;km². 151.63&nbsp;km² of it is water. The municipality is on the coast of the Lake Kuolimo. Helsinki is 220&nbsp;km away. Neighbouring municipalities are Kouvola, Lemi, Luumäki, Mikkeli, Mäntyharju, Puumala and Taipalsaari. The municipality was established in 1639.

## Villages 
Havola, Hyrkkälä, Jokeinmaa, Kaihtula, Karhula, Kaskeinkylä, Kaulio (Kauliala), Kokkola, Korhola, Korpela, Koskeinkylä, Kuivanen, Kunttula, Kurhila (Järviä), Kylliälä, Kärpänen, Laksiainen, Lamminpää, Luotola, Luotolahti, Lyytikkälä, Marttila, Monola, Niinimäki, Paukkula, Peltoinlahti, Pettilä, Purtoismäki, Pöntylä, Rahikkala, Rantala, Ratasalo, Savitaipale, Solkeinkylä, Susivuori, Säänjärvi, Tukiala, Uiminniemi, Valkolanmäki, Virmajärvi, Välijoki

## Other websites 
* The official Savitaipale page
Karstula

**Karstula** is a municipality in Central Finland. More than 4,900 people live in Karstula.

Karstula is located 100&nbsp;kilometres from the city of Jyväskylä. The municipality was founded in 1867.

The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Kivijärvi, Kyyjärvi, Saarijärvi and Soini.

## Villages 
Karstula, Oinoskylä, Kiminki, Rantakylä, Vahanka, Vastinki, Kangasaho, Humppi and Aho-Vastinki.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites 
* The official Karstula page, in Finnish and English