open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Słopnice

**Słopnice**  is a village in southern Poland. It is located in Limanowa County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Słopnice. It is located about  west of Limanowa and  south-east of the regional capital Kraków.

## References
Whirlpool galaxy

The **Whirlpool Galaxy**, is also known as **Messier 51a**, **M51a**, or **NGC 5194**. It is a large galaxy with well-defined spiral arms, with a smaller companion galaxy. They have been through a collision, and are still interacting.

The Whirlpool was the first galaxy to be classified as a spiral galaxy. Different methods put its distance as between 15 to 35 million light-years. Recently it was estimated to be 23 ± 4 million light-years from the Milky Way.

Its spiral arms are so impressive and well-defined that it is called a "grand design" spiral galaxy. It has an active galactic nucleus, no doubt fuelled by a massive black hole.

The galaxy and its companion, NGC 5195, are easily seen by amateur astronomers, in the constellation Canes Venatici. The two galaxies can be seen with binoculars. The Whirlpool Galaxy is also a popular target for professional astronomers. They study its galaxy structure (particularly the spiral arms) and galaxy interactions.

## Related pages 
* IC 1101
* Milky Way
* Andromeda Galaxy

## References
Museo del Prado

The **Museo del Prado** is a museum established on 19 November 1819, located in Madrid. It is one of the biggest and most important museums in the world. Its collection includes works of European artists, from the 12th to the 19th century. It was founded as a museum for paintings and sculptures, but also contains other types of works of art. The collections include many works of Francisco de Goya, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Titian and Peter Paul Rubens and Hieronymus Bosch. In 2012, about 2.8 million people visited the museum. Some of the most famous paintings in the museum include: Las Meninas, The Garden of Earthly Delights, The Third of May 1808, and La Maja Desnuda. The architects that constructed the museum are Rafael Moneo and Juan de Villanueva.
## References
Arab slave trade

The **Arab slave trade**, (also called the ***Indian Ocean slave trade***, the '''*Red Sea slave trade*,** or the ***trans-Saharan slave trade*''') was a slave trade in which slaves were mainly transported across the Sahara. Most were moved from sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa to be sold to Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations; a small percentage went the other direction. Estimates of the total number of black slaves moved from sub-Saharan Africa to the Arab world range from 6-10 million.  The trans-Saharan trade routes conveyed a significant number of this total, with one estimate tallying around 7.2 million slaves crossing the Sahara from the mid-7th century until the 20th century (in 1956 in Saudi Arabia) when it was abolished. 

The Arabs managed and operated the trans-Saharan slave trade, although Berbers participated in it along with also managing and operating their own Barbary slave trade furthermore with the help of Arabs. sub-Saharan Africans, Turks, Iranians, Europeans and Berbers were among the people traded by the Arabs, with the trade being practised throughout the Arab world, primarily in Western Asia, North Africa, East Africa, and Europe.

## History 
One of the oldest slave trades in history was the Arab trade of Zanj (Bantu) slaves in Southeast Africa. This trade began 700 years before the European Atlantic slave trade. Men taken as slaves were often used as servants, soldiers, or workers. Women and children were mainly used as servants and concubines. However, according to  Islamic law and Muslim jurists castration of slaves was deemed unlawful this view is also mentioned in the Hadith.

Most male slaves were castrated and became eunuchs. It is estimated that as many as 6 out of every 10 boys bled to death during this process. Female slaves were mainly kept as concubines. The trade of Southeast African slaves would continue until 1890, when British officials forced the Sultan of Zanzibar to end slave sales within his territories. Writer Tidiane N'Diaye and historian Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau state that between 15 and 17 million Sub-Saharan Africans were enslaved between the 9th Century and 1890. 

During the Arab slave trade,  
Europeans were among those traded by the Arabs. During the era of the Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171), the majority of slaves were Europeans taken along European beaches and during conflicts. But Muslim Berbers still own an estimated 90,000 Sub-Saharan African slaves. The children remain the property of their masters. They can be bought, sold, or exchanged for trucks, camels or guns.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Two Views of The History of Islamic Slavery in Africa
* The East African Slave Trade
* Slavery still haunts Africa, where millions remain captive
John King Jr.

**John B. King Jr.** (born January 5, 1975) is an American politician. He was the Secretary of Education at the U.S. Department of Education from 2016 to 2017. Before, he served as its Acting Deputy Secretary, and from 2011 to 2014, he was the New York State Education Commissioner. 

The former Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, was given the job of putting into effect the No Child Left Behind Act. However, King is required to put into effect the law that replaces that law, the Every Student Succeeds Act.

In April 2021, King announced that he would be running for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Maryland in the 2022 election. He lost the Democratic nomination in July 2022.

## References
Sally Jewell

**Sarah Margaret Roffey Jewell** (born February 21, 1956) is a British-born American businesswoman. She is the 51st United States Secretary of the Interior. She served in the government of President Barack Obama from April 2013 to 2017. She is the second woman to hold the position, after Gale Norton.

## References
Antennae galaxies

The **Antennae galaxies** (**NGC 4038**/**NGC 4039**) are two colliding galaxies. They are in the constellation Corvus. The process takes hundreds of millions of years, maybe even a billion years.

The collision, with its clouds of gas, dust and magnetic fields, causes extremely rapid star formation. This is their starburst phase, and might last a few hundred million years. They were discovered by William Herschel in 1785.

They are in the NGC 4038 group with five other galaxies. Before The Collision, NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. These two galaxies are known as the Antennae galaxies because they have two long tails of stars, gas and dust ejected from the galaxies as a result of tidal force in the collision that look like an insect’s antennae. The nuclei of the two galaxies are joining to become one giant galaxy, sometime in the future to form an Elliptical galaxy.

These interacting galaxies are nearer and less remote to the Milky Way than previously thought—at 45 million light-years instead of 65 million light-years.

## References
Yisroel Belsky

**Chaim Yisroel Belsky** (August 22, 1938 – January 28, 2016) was an American rabbi and posek of Orthodox and Haredi Judaism. He was one of the roshei yeshivas at Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, and rabbi of the summer camp network run by Agudath Israel of America. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Belsky was criticized by other rabbis for his repeated defense of sexual abusers. Some have claimed that he intimidated victims of abuse. Belsky has publicly stated that victims should not report their rape to the police.

Belsky was taken to hospital on January 22, 2016 in Brooklyn. He had a "serious illness". He died eight days later on January 30, at the age of 77.

## References
Jean-Marie Doré

**Jean-Marie Doré** (12 June 1938 – 29 January 2016) was a Guinean politician. He was the Prime Minister of Guinea from January 2010 until December 2010.

Doré was the President of the Union for the Progress of Guinea (UPG). He was opposition leader for years before being chosen to lead a transitional government that was in place during the preparation and conduct of the 2010 presidential election.
 
Doré died in Conakry on 29 January 2016, at the age of 77.

## References
Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero

***Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero*** is a book by British writer W. Stephen Gilbert. It was published in 2015 by Eyewear Publishing.

The book is an analysis of the rise of long-serving MP Jeremy Corbyn to the leadership of the Labour Party. The book talks about Corbyn's life and career and future as Labour leader. It received positive reviews.

## References
Georgia Davis Powers

**Georgia Montgomery Davis Powers** (October 19, 1923 – January 30, 2016) was an American politician and civil rights activist. She served for 21 years as a member of the state Senate of Kentucky. When elected in 1967, she became the first non-White person and the first woman elected to the Kentucky Senate. She was born in Springfield, Kentucky.

Powers died of congestive heart failure in Louisville, Kentucky on January 30, 2016. She was aged 92.

## References
Leader of the Labour Party (UK)

The **Leader of the Labour Party** is the leading politician within the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. Since 4 April 2020, Keir Starmer is leader. He represents the constituency of Holborn and St Pancras. Starmer is also the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

The post of Leader of the Labour Party was officially created in 1922. Before this time, between when Labour MPs were first elected in 1906 and the election in 1922, when substantial gains were made, the post was known as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party.

## Leaders of the Labour Party 2007-Present 
A list of leaders (including acting leaders) since 1906.

## References
T. N. Gopakumar

**T. N. Gopakumar** (1957 – 30 January 2016) was an Indian writer, movie director and journalist. He was the news editor in chief of Asianet News. Gopakumar was also the producer and anchorperson of the popular weekly programme *Kannadi* on Asianet.

Gopakumar died of cancer in a private hospital in Thiruvananthapuram on 30 January 2016. He was aged 58.

## References
Jean Paul Gaultier

**Jean Paul Gaultier** (; born 24 April 1952) is a French haute couture fashion designer. He created his own ready-to-wear brand in 1976. His first couture fashion show was in 1997. From 1993 to 1997, Trademark co-hosted *Eurotrash* with Antoine de Caunes on Channel 4 (UK). 

## Career 
He was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010. Gaultier ended his ready-to-wear line in 2014 in order to focus on haute couture and his perfume range.

## References
University of North London

The **University of North London** was a university in London, England, from 1992 to 2002. It was merged with London Guildhall University to form London Metropolitan University. Its former campus are now the university's north campus, on Holloway Road and Highbury Grove, Islington. In 1996, the university celebrated its centenary year.

## Other websites
*Internet Archive (University of North London, 17 January 2004)
Tom Watson (Labour politician)

**Thomas Anthony Watson** (born 8 January 1967) is a British Labour Party politician. He was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich East from 2001 through 2019. He was Minister for Digital Engagement and the Civil Service at the Cabinet Office from 2008 to 2009.

On 6 November 2019 Watson announced that he would be standing down both as an MP and as Deputy Leader, and leave office on 12 December 2019, stating that his reasons for standing down were "personal, not political."

## References
Union representative

A **union representative**, **union steward** or **shop steward** is an employee of an organization or company who represents and defends the interests of her/his fellow employees but who also works for a trades union. 

Ordinary members of the union are elected to this position by fellow workers or sometimes by appointment of a higher union body. While working as a representative, they keep their role as an employee of the company. 

As a result, the union steward becomes an important link and source of information between the union leadership and ordinary workers.
Plainfield

**Plainfield** is the name of several places 

## Canada 
* Plainfield, Ontario

## United States 
* Plainfield, California
* Plainfield, Connecticut
** Plainfield Village, Connecticut
* Plainfield, Illinois
* Plainfield, Indiana, a town in Hendricks County
* Plainfield, LaPorte County, Indiana, an unincorporated community
* Plainfield, Iowa
* Plainfield, Massachusetts
* Plainfield, New Hampshire
* Plainfield, New Jersey
* Plainfield, New York
* Plainfield, Ohio
* Plainfield, Pennsylvania
* Plainfield, Vermont
* Plainfield (town), Wisconsin
** Plainfield, Wisconsin, a village mostly within the town
* Plainfield Township, Kent County, Michigan
* Plainfield Township, Iosco County, Michigan
* Plainfield Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)

**Islington North**  is a constituency in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. The seat has been held since 1983 by Jeremy Corbyn of the Labour Party. Corbyn was Leader of the Labour Party and the Leader of the Opposition from September 2015 to April 2020.

At , it is the smallest UK Parliamentary constituency.

## Election results
## References
2015 Jeremy Corbyn Labour Party leadership campaign

In 2015, Jeremy Corbyn, the Member of Parliament for Islington North, stood as a candidate in the British Labour Party leadership election. His campaign that would eventually result in his becoming the leader of the Labour Party.

His campaign was announced in an article for the *Islington Tribune* on 3 June 2015. Corbyn promised support for the anti-austerity movement and because he wanted to "give Labour Party members a voice" in the debate.

## Background
### Announcement
He was originally seen as an "outsider" in the leadership race. This means that, though he was a member of the Labour Party, he was not someone people expected to be leader. Bookmakers had his odds of winning at 200-to-1. However, following a series of televised and radio debates with the other three candidates – Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall – Corbyn went on to gain the support of six of the fourteen trade unions affiliated with the Labour Party. This included the UK's two largest trade unions, Unite and UNISON. He received the highest number of supporting nominations from Constituency Labour Parties, winning over 100 by the end of July.

Many politicians, unions and celebrities supported Corbyn such as Ken Livingstone, Emma Thompson, Russell Brand, Daniel Radcliffe, Joseph Stiglitz, Bernie Sanders and Michael Meacher.

## Victory
To become a candidate in the party's election, 35 nominations from Labour MPs are needed. Commentators in the media widely predicted that Corbyn would struggle to get this many. However, he managed at a very late stage, to secure enough support, with 36 nominations in total. Around 12 of the MPs who nominated him actually supported other candidates, but "lent" him their support in order to widen the contest. Corbyn was reported to say: "We had two minutes to spare, it was easy."

On September 12, 2015, at a special conference held in the Queen Elizabeth Conference Centre, Corbyn was announced to have been elected Leader of the Labour Party. He won 59.5% of first-preference votes.

## References
## Other websites
*Campaign website 
*Jeremy Corbyn Campaign 2015 (Supporters) Ltd, Companies House
*Labour Party website
Piers Corbyn

**Piers Richard Corbyn** (born 10 March 1947) is a British businessman and conspiracy theorist. He was born in Chippenham. He is the owner of the business **WeatherAction** which makes weather forecasts.  It claims to make accurate forecasts up to a year in advance. He is the older brother of former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn.

## References
Michael O'Halloran (British politician)

'''Michael Joseph O'Halloran''' (20 August 1933 – 29 November 1999) was a British politician. He was a member of the Labour Party and the Social Democratic Party.

He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North in a by-election in 1969 after the death of MP Gerry Reynolds. He was secretary of the Constituency Labour Party. O'Halloran was among the Labour MPs who moved to the new Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. 

In 1983, the SDP chose John Grant, the MP for Islington Central (which was being abolished in boundary changes), to be its candidate in Islington North. O'Halloran left the SDP to stand as an independent Labour candidate in the 1983 general election. The official Labour candidate Jeremy Corbyn won while O'Halloran came in fourth with 11% of the vote. Grant came third with 22% of the vote.

He retired to County Wexford. He died on 29 November 1999 from a heart attack at the age of 66.

## Other websites
* About Michael O'Halloran
Whip (politics)

A **whip** (also called a **party whip**) is a legislator who acts as an "enforcer" for their political party. Their job is to make sure the other legislators in their party vote according to the official party policy. If a legislator votes against party policy, they might "lose the whip", being effectively expelled from the party.

A whip must also make sure that the elected representatives of their party are in attendance when important votes are taken. 

Whips exist in the legislatures of many countries, including the United States, and New Zealand.

## References
New Labour

**New Labour** refers to a period in the history of the British Labour Party. This period was from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, under leaders Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. The name dates from a conference slogan first used by the party in 1994. This slogan was later seen in a draft manifesto published in 1996, called *New Labour, New Life For Britain*. It was presented as the brand of a newly reformed party that had changed Clause IV and supported market economics.

## References
Bridgeport

**Bridgeport** may refer to:

## Places
In  **Canada**:
* Bridgeport, Nova Scotia

In the **United States**:
* Bridgeport, Alabama
* Bridgeport, California, in Mono County
* Bridgeport, Mariposa County, California
* Bridgeport, Nevada County, California
* Bridgeport, California, former name of Winslow, California, in Glenn County
* Bridgeport, California, former name of Bridgeville, California, in Humboldt County
* Bridgeport, Connecticut
* Greater Bridgeport, the metropolitan area of the city of Bridgeport, Connecticut
* Bridgeport, Illinois
* Bridgeport, Chicago, a neighborhood of Chicago in Illinois
* Bridgeport Township, Lawrence County, Illinois
* Bridgeport, Indiana
* Bridgeport, Kansas
* Bridgeport, Kentucky
* Bridgeport, Michigan
* Bridgeport Charter Township, Michigan
* Bridgeport, Nebraska
* Bridgeport, New Jersey
* Bridgeport, New York
* Bridgeport, Ohio
* Bridgeport, Union County, Ohio
* Bridgeport, Oklahoma
* Bridgeport, Pennsylvania
* Bridgeport, Tennessee
* Bridgeport, Texas
* Bridgeport, Utah
* Bridgeport, Washington
* Bridgeport, West Virginia
* Bridgeport, Wisconsin, town
** Bridgeport (community), Wisconsin
Karolína Kurková

**Karolína Kurková** (born 28 February 1984), is a Czech model. She is best known as a former Victoria's Secret Angel.

## Career
Kurková was discovered by Miuccia Prada in 1999. She became the face of Louis Vuitton in 2001, Chanel in 2003.

## References
## Other websites
Anti-austerity movement

in 2011]]
The **anti-austerity movement** refers to the mobilization of street protests and grassroots campaigns that has happened across many countries, especially in Europe, since the onset of the worldwide Great Recession. 

Anti-austerity actions are different and ongoing. They continue as of the present day. The global Occupy movement has arguably been the most noticeable physical enactment of anti-austerity and populist sentiment.

## References
United Kingdom government austerity programme

The **United Kingdom government deficit reduction programme** is a series of reductions in public spending, intended to reduce the government budget deficit and the welfare state in the United Kingdom. However, the NHS and education were "ringfenced" and protected from spending cuts.

## Background
The programme was created in 2010 by the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government. Its original stated goal was to, "achieve cyclically-adjusted current balance by the end of the rolling, five-year forecast period." At the June 2010 budget, the end of the forecast period was 2015–16. However, in 2014 the Treasury extended the proposed austerity period until at least 2018.

## References
Anti-war movement

, originally designed for the British Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament movement (CND)]]
 against 2023 Israel-Hamas war in Berlin]] 

An **anti-war movement** (also *antiwar*) is a social movement, usually against to a nation's decision to start or continue a war. It does not matter whether the nation has a just cause for war.

The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts. Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other peaceful means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict.

## Related pages
*Antiwar.com
*Conscientious objector
*Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
*Nuclear disarmament
*Pacifism
*Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

## Other websites
*Guide to anti-war websites by *The Guardian*
*Essays and speeches from the Antebellum Era peace movement
Non-interventionism

**Non-interventionism** or **non-intervention** is a foreign policy that holds a country should avoid all wars unless it is defending itself from attack. It promotes neutrality and discourages alliances with other nations, but still encourages diplomacy.

The original, more formal definition is that non-interventionism is a policy of not  in the affairs of another country without its permission.

## Related pages
* Non-Aligned Movement
* Peace of Westphalia

## References
Cayetano Paderanga Jr.

**Cayetano Paderanga Jr.** (October 9, 1948 – January 29, 2016) was a Filipino economist. He was Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), an agency of the government of the Philippines responsible for economic development and planning. He held this position twice, from 1990 to 1992 and from 2010 to 2012.

In his first term, Paderanga served under President Corazon Aquino. He was a member of the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1993 to 1999. He was also executive director for the Philippines in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 2001 to 2003.

Paderanga died in Taguig City, Philippines, from complications after heart surgery, on January 29, 2016. He was aged 67.

## Related pages
* List of Filipino scientists

## References
Unilateral disarmament

**Unilateral disarmament** is a policy option where a single country disarms or renounces weapons without expecting other nations or rivals to also renounce their use of weapons. It was most commonly used in the twentieth century in the context of *unilateral nuclear disarmament*, a recurrent mission of peace movements in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.

Nations do not often choose to dismantle their entire military capability. Unilateral disarmament is usually sought in one technical competency, such as weapons of mass destruction. Non-violent political movements from that of Mahatma Gandhi to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament have recommended unilateral disarmament as a step toward world peace.

## References
Insubordination

**Insubordination** is when people do not  an authority. In the military, for example, insubordination is when a serviceman or servicewoman disobeys the orders of a higher-ranking officer.

In civil life, a person may refuse to obey a law or order that he or she thinks is wrong. This is called civil disobedience.
Nuclear disarmament

symbol, designed by Gerald Holtom in 1958.]]
**Nuclear disarmament** talks about the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-weapon-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated.

Nuclear disarmament groups include the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Peace Action, Greenpeace,  International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Mayors for Peace, Global Zero, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017), Nihon Hidankyo (winner of Nobel Peace Prize in 2024) and the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. 

There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history.

In recent years, some U.S. elder statesmen have also advocated nuclear disarmament. Sam Nunn, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and George Shultz have called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and in various op-ed columns have proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end. The four have created the Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda. Organisations such as Global Zero, an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving nuclear disarmament, have also been established.

## References
## Other page
*Anti-nuclear movement
*Anti-war movement
*Trust, but verify
Socialist Campaign Group

The **Socialist Campaign Group** is a left-wing, democratic socialist group of Labour Party Members of Parliament in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. It was formed in December 1982 as an alternative Parliamentary left-wing group to the Tribune Group. The Campaign Group, as it's commonly known, is often considered on the hard left of the Labour Party and has been very critical of New Labour.

## References
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

in 1958. It has become a nearly universal symbol of peace with many different versions.]]
The **Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament** (**CND**) is an organisation that supports nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom. It also supports disarmament by other countries and stricter weapons rules through international agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It opposes military action that may result in the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons. It also opposes the building of nuclear power stations in the UK.

## References
Abjad

An **abjad** (Pashto: ابْجِدْ) is a writing system in which all of the letters are consonants. Although vowels can be added in some abjads as diacritics, they are not needed to write a word correctly. Abjad are commonly written from right to left, rather than left to right, like in other writing systems. Well-known examples of abjads are the Arabic alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet.

## History 
Abjads were the first phonetic writing systems and show only a word's pronunciation (instead of its meaning like ideographs or logograms. Abjads would later inspire the creation of alphabets, such as the Greek alphabet, which have letters for both consonants and vowels.

The earliest known abjad in the world is the Phoenician alphabet. Since in Afro-Asiatic languages, the root meaning of a word is found in its consonants, abjads are widely used in those languages. There are also languages without consonant roots that use abjads, such as Persian and Urdu, both of which use the Arabic alphabet.

## Related pages 
* Writing system
Stop the War Coalition

The **Stop the War Coalition** (**StWC**; informally **Stop the War**) is a British group created on 21 September 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks. It was created to campaign against what it believes are unjust wars.

The group has campaigned against the wars that are part of the "War on Terror" of the United States and its allies. It has campaigned against the war in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The demonstration against the Iraq War on 15 February 2003 was organised with Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB). It is claimed to be the largest public demonstration in British history.

*Stop the War* has been accused of supporting Bashar al-Assad in Syria, and the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014.

## References
Frank Finlay

**Francis Finlay**, CBE (6 August 1926 &ndash; 30 January 2016) was an English stage, movie and television actor. Finlay was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Iago in the 1965 movie version of William Shakespeare's *Othello*. He was also known for his role as Jacob Marley in the 1984 movie *A Christmas Carol*. He won a BAFTA Award in 1974.

Finlay died on 30 January 2016 at his home in Weybridge, Surrey. He died from heart failure after suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kington St Michael

**Kington St Michael** is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It is located about  north of Chippenham. It is about  west of the A350 which links Chippenham with junction 17 of the M4 motorway; the village is about  southwest of the junction. 

## Other websites
* Village website.
Pave Lane

**Pave Lane** is a hamlet in Shropshire, England. It is in the borough of Telford and Wrekin. It is located   south of Newport, near the border with Staffordshire. The hamlet is in a very rural area. It has excellent views of the Shropshire countryside. Pave Lane is near the former estate, Lilleshall Hall. 

Pave Lane was located on a toll road between Newport and Wolverhampton. Because of this, the area had many inns and coach houses. The road later became the A41.
Castle House School

**Castle House School** is a preparatory day school for boys and girls in England. It was first established in 1944, at Chetwynd End, Newport, Shropshire. The school is owned and operated by the Castle House School Trust Ltd, a registered charity, by up to twelve governors of the Trust.

## References
Palestine Solidarity Campaign

The **Palestine Solidarity Campaign** (PSC) is an activist organisation in England and Wales. It supports the Palestinian people. It was founded in 1982 during the build-up to Israel's invasion of Lebanon. It was  in the UK in 2004 as Palestine Solidarity Campaign Ltd.

## References
Newport, Shropshire

**Newport** is a market town and civil parish in the county of Shropshire in England. It is in the borough of Telford and Wrekin, near to the border with Staffordshire. It is around 6 miles (10 kilometres) north of Telford and around 12 miles (19 km) west of Stafford, Staffordshire's county town.

In 2011, a census revealed that the parish's population was 11,387 people.

The town has won seven Britain in Bloom gold medals, more than any other town in Great Britain.

Newport town centre has a lot of old buildings and architecture. The main street has a Norman design with a very wide High Street. 

## Gallery

File:Newport_from_cheeny_hill.jpg|Newport viewed from Cheney Hill
File:Newport_shropshire_high_street.jpg|Newport high street
File:Infantnewp.JPG|Newport Junior School
Haberdashers' Adams

'''Haberdashers' Adams** (previously named **Adams' Grammar School''') is a Co-educational boys' and girls' grammar school in England. It is located in Newport, Shropshire.

It was founded in 1656 by William Adams, a wealthy member of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers (one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies of the City of London). It is now one of the country's best-performing schools. It was rated by the Ofsted as a Grade 1 outstanding school.

In 2017, changed its name to Haberdashers' Adamshttps://www.shropshirestar.com/news/local-hubs/telford/newport/2017/12/06/petition-launched-against-school-name-change/ ,

In 2022, the school announced that from September 2024 it would be accepting girlshttps://www.shropshirestar.com/news/education/2022/07/08/historic-newport-school-set-to-offer-education-to-girls-from-11/ ending its 400 year history of being a boys-only grammar school.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Ramón Castro Jijón

Admiral **Ramón Castro Jijón** (15 November 1915 &ndash; 1 November 1984) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was the President of Ecuador from 11 July 1963 to 29 March 1966. He was appointed commander of the Ecuadorian Navy by Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy. He later overthrew Arosemena in a military coup. For his entire term as President he was chairman of a military junta.

## Other websites
* Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
Chiune Sugihara

was a Japanese diplomat. He served as Vice-Consul for the Empire of Japan in Lithuania during World War II. He was best known for helping about 20,000 Jews leave Lithuania during the Holocaust. He gave them visas to Japan. In 1985, Israel named him to the Righteous Among the Nations for his actions. He was sometimes called the "Japanese Schindler".

Sugihara was born in Yaotsu, Gifu. He was first married to Klaudia Semionovna Apollonova until their divorce in 1935. He was later married to Yukiko Sugihara. They had four sons.

Sugihara died on 31 July 1986 at a hospital in Kamakura. He was 86.

## References
## Other websites
* Chiune Sugihara at the Jewish Virtual Library
* Chiune Sugihara  at Yad Vashem
Union organizer

A **union organizer** (or **union organiser**) is a type of trade union official. In most unions, the organizer's role is to hire groups of workers under the organizing model. In other unions, the organizer's role is largely that of servicing members and enforcing work rules, similar to the role of a shop steward. In some unions, organizers may also take on industrial/legal roles such as making representations before Fair Work Australia, tribunals, or courts.

In North America, a union organizer is a union representative who "organizes" or unionizes non-union companies or work sites. Organizers are mainly there to help non-union workers in forming groups of locals, usually by leading them in their efforts.

A union organizer is either elected or appointed. Most unions appoint rather than elect their organizers.

## Other websites
*National Labor Relations Board 
*AFL-CIO Organizing 
*National Labor College 
*What is the Employee Free Choice Act?
Hebei

**Hebei** (Hanzi: 河北 ; pinyin: Héběi) is a province in China that wraps around the cities of Beijing and Tianjin, two of China's four "municipalities". The name Hebei means "North of the (Yellow) River" in Chinese. It was formed in 1928 after the central government dissolved Chihli province. Hebei province borders Liaoning province on the northeast. On the north it borders Inner Mongolia. To the west it borders Shanxi province. It borders the provinces of Henan to the south and Shandong to the southwest. Shijiazhuang is the capital of the province.

The abbreviated name of Hebei is Ji (冀), since there is another province that also has the syllable "He" (河) in it, Henan (河南). Due to Hebei completely surrounding Beijing and Tianjin, the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin and the province of Hebei are often lumped together and called Jingjinji, with the "Jing" being Beijing, the "Jin" being Tianjin, and the "Ji" being the abbreviation of Hebei.

## References 
## Other websites 
*[How to say (pronounce) *Hebei*], https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zh-Hebei.ogg

* Hebei Government website
Moodle

**Moodle** is a free and open-source learning management system written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. It was designed for education as online learning space.

The name *moodle* stands for "Module Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment".

It was developed by Martin Dougiamas.

## Development 
Moodle has continued to evolve since 1999 (since 2001 with the current architecture). It has been translated into over 100 different languages and is accessible in many countries worldwide. Institutions can add as many Moodle servers as needed without having to pay license fees. The Open University of the UK currently uses a Moodle installation for their 200,000 users while the UK government uses a Moodle installation for their Civil Service Learning platform serving half a million employees.

## References
## Other websites
*
Constituency Labour Party

A **constituency Labour Party (CLP)** is an organisation of members of the British Labour Party who live in a particular UK parliamentary constituency in England, Scotland and Wales. The Labour Party in Northern Ireland has, since February 2009, been organised as a single constituency.

For much of the Labour Party's history, especially during the 1980s, CLPs were perceived as the more left wing faction in the Labour Party. The unions were said to be a more moderate or pragmatic force.

## References
Drakensberg

**Drakensberg** (derived from Afrikaans **Drakensberge**, literally: Dragon mountains) is the highest mountain range in Southern Africa. The highest peak is in Lesotho, where they are called **Maloti**. The drakensberg are also known for their many waterfalls, and cave paintings done by the San people.UKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, which was created in 2000, is an UNESCO World Heritage Site which covers part of the range.
Torrington

**Torrington** may refer to:

## Places
In **Australia**:
* Torrington, New South Wales
* Torrington, Queensland

In **Canada**:
* Torrington, Alberta

In the **United Kingdom**:
* Black Torrington, a village in Devon
* East Torrington, a small village in Lincolnshire
* Great Torrington, a market town in north Devon
* Little Torrington, a village in Devon
* West Torrington, a small village in Lincolnshire
* Torrington (UK Parliament constituency), in Devon

In the **United States of America**:
* Torrington, Connecticut
* Torrington, Wyoming

## Related pages
* Thorrington
Lost River

**Lost River** may refer to:

## Communities
In Canada:
*Lost River, Quebec, part of Harrington, Quebec
In the United States:
*Lost River, Idaho
*Lost River, Indiana
*Lost River Township, Martin County, Indiana
*Lost River, Kentucky
*Lost River, West Virginia

## Related pages 
* Lost
Thomas Bibb

**Thomas Bibb** (May 8, 1783 – September 20, 1839) was the second Governor of Alabama. He was born in Amelia County, Virginia in 1783. Bibb was president of the Alabama Senate when his brother, Governor William Wyatt Bibb, died in office on July 10, 1820. The new state constitution specified the president of the senate was next in line as governor. So he took over the rest of his brother's term of office. Bibb served as acting Governor from July 25, 1820 to November 25, 1821. He decided not to run for the governorship again. Bibb was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1828 and 1829. He was the director of the Huntsville branch of the Alabama State Bank. Bibb was married to Parmelia Thompson.

## References
Councillor

A **councillor** is a member of a local government council. In the United Kingdom all local authorities are overseen by elected councillors. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, most larger borough, unitary authority or county councils pay their councillors basic allowances and pay for their .

**Councilmember**, **councilman**, **councilwoman**, **councilor**, or **councillor** is a title for a member of a council used in the United States.

## Related pages
* Alderman

## References
Francisco Flores Pérez

**Francisco Guillermo Flores** (October 17, 1959 – January 30, 2016) was a Salvadoran politician. He served as President of El Salvador serving from 1999 to 2004 as a member of the conservative Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) replacing Armando Calderón Sol. He was born in Santa Ana, El Salvador. At the time of his death, Flores was being investigated for corruption charges.

Flores died on January 30, 2016, at the age of 56. He died in a hospital in San Salvador from a Cerebral hemorrhage after having surgery to treat it.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography and tenure, by CIDOB Foundation  (in Spanish)
Camden New Journal

The ***Camden New Journal*** is a free, independent newspaper that covers the London Borough of Camden. It was created because of a strike in the 1980s supported by campaigning journalist Paul Foot, Holborn and St Pancras MP Frank Dobson and the paper's editor Eric Gordon. It has a lot of influence in Camden because of its news content, investigations and high number of readers.

It was named *Free Newspaper of The Year* at the Press Gazette's national industry awards in 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2010. It was nominated in 2002 and 2004.

## Other websites
* Official site
Annual

**Annual** may refer to:
*Annual publication, something published once each year
**Yearbook
**Literary annual
**Annual report
*Annual plant, a plant that lives for a year or less
*Annual average daily traffic
*Annual percentage rate
*Annual leave, a set amount of time given off work by an employer
*Annual giving
*Annual, Morocco, a town in northeastern Morocco
*Annuals (band), a musical group
Private Finance Initiative

The **private finance initiative** (**PFI**) is a way of creating partnerships between the public and private parts of the economy. It involves paying for public building projects (such as infrastructure) with money from private companies. It was created by the governments of Australia and the United Kingdom. It was used there and in Spain. PFI and its variants have now been used in many countries as part of the wider programme of privatisation and financialisation. This has been because of an increased need for accountability and efficiency for the spending of public money. PFI has also been used simply to avoid reporting costs and debt on the balance sheets.

## References
HM Revenue and Customs

'''His Majesty's Revenue and Customs** (**HM Revenue and Customs** or **HMRC''') is a department of the United Kingdom Government. It is responsible for the collection of taxes, the payment of some types of welfare, and the management of other regulations such as the minimum wage. Its headquarter is located in 100 Parliament Square.

HMRC was formed when the Inland Revenue and Her Majesty's Customs and Excise were combined. This happened on 18 April 2005. The department's logo is the St Edward's Crown enclosed within a circle.

## References
2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)

The **2015 Labour Party leadership election** was election to choose the leader of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. It won by Jeremy Corbyn. The election was held because Ed Miliband resigned on 8 May 2015, after the party's defeat at the 2015 general election. Harriet Harman, the Deputy Leader, became Acting Leader but announced that she would resign after the leadership election.

## Candidates
Four candidates were successfully nominated to stand in the election: Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper, Jeremy Corbyn and Liz Kendall. The voting process began on Friday 14 August 2015 and closed on Thursday 10 September 2015. The results were announced on Saturday 12 September 2015. Voting was by Labour Party members and registered supporters. They voted using the alternative vote system.

## Results
When Corbyn entered the election, he was considered unlikely to win. However, support for him increased quickly. Opinion polls showed him leading against the other candidates. This led to warnings from people such as Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, Jack Straw, David Miliband, and Alastair Campbell. Many of them claimed that Corbyn's election as leader would leave the party unable to win elections. Corbyn won the election in the first round, with 59.5% of the votes.

## References
National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers

The **National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers** (NUTGW) was a trades union in the United Kingdom. The union was founded as the '''Tailors and Garment Workers' Union''' (T&GWU) in 1920. In 1932, it was joined by the Amalgamated Society of Tailors and Tailoresses and renamed itself as the "National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers". The NUTGW had 118,700 members in 1945, making it the tenth largest union in Britain. The NUTGW merged into the General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trades Union in 1991.

## References
District health authority

A **district health authority** was a division of the National Health Service in England and Wales. It was introduced by the National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973. It was created in 1974 and disestablished in 1996. There were 205 when they were established in 1974, but some were later merged. In 1979 there were 199.

The district health authority worked alongside a Family Health Services Authority, which was responsible for managing primary care services such as general practice, pharmacy and dentistry. The districts were reorganised on a number of occasions in the 1990s. In 1996 new single-tier health authorities replaced districts and areas and the regions were again reorganised. In 2002, Health Authorities were replaced by Primary Care Trusts.

## References
Parliamentary select committees of the United Kingdom

A parliamentary **select committee** in the United Kingdom can be appointed from the House of Commons, like the Foreign Affairs Select Committee; from the House of Lords, or as a joint committee of Parliament drawn from both of them. Some of the committees are near-permanent and some are set up for some special work and then stop.  Most of the Commons committees look at the work of government departments and agencies but the Lords committees mostly look at big subjects. 

Committees may be nearly permanent), or as "ad-hoc" committees with a specific timeline by which to complete their work, after which they stop existing, such as the recent Lords Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change.

Both Houses have their own committees to review drafts of European Union directives: the European Union Committee in the House of Lords, and the European Scrutiny Committee in the House of Commons.

## References
Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013

The **Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013** (c. 30) is an Act passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It legalises same-sex marriage in England and Wales.

After the 2010 General Election, in September 2011, Liberal Democrat Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Equalities, Lynne Featherstone, announced they would try to make same-sex marriage legal from March 2012. The session closed in June 2012 and, in December 2012, the new Minister for Women and Equalities, Maria Miller, announced that the Government would be introducing a law before the next election. She also said that they were trying to get this done within parliament's current session. 

The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill was introduced into Parliament on 24 January 2013. The leaders of the three main political parties in the United Kingdom gave their MPs a free vote. This means they would not be made to vote in favour or against it; they could vote however they wanted.

## References
Harringay

**Harringay**  (pronounced ) is a housing area in the London Borough of Haringey in north London, in England. It is centred on the section of Green Lanes running between the New River, where it crosses Green Lanes by Finsbury Park, and Duckett's Common, near Turnpike Lane.

## References
Justice Select Committee

The **Justice Select Committee** is a committee made up of a small number of members of the British House of Commons. The committee looks at the policy, management and  of the Ministry of Justice. It also looks at the work of the Law Officers of the Crown, the Serious Fraud Office, and the Crown Prosecution Service. It gives reports with opinions and advice.

The committee also reviews draft Sentencing Guidelines issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council.

## References