open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Customs

Most countries have a **Customs Service**. The customs service works mostly at ports, airports and the countries borders to make sure that people do not bring things into the country which are banned, or that the right amount of tax has been paid on goods that can be *imported* (brought into the country).

Some customs officers work at a post office. They do not meet the public, they examine letters and parcels which have been sent from outside the country, to make sure nothing illegal is being brought into the country.

In the United Kingdom the customs service was called "Customs and Excise". This is because it was once two separate bodies. The Customs service collected tax (called customs duty) on goods being brought into the country, for example brandy from France or tea from India. The Excise service collected tax (called excise duty) on goods made in the country, for example Scotch whisky or Irish whiskey. Today all cars and lorries must pay a tax to be allowed to drive on the road. Although most people call this "road tax" or "car tax", it is officially called "vehicle excise duty".

## Related pages 
* Border guard
* Law enforcement agency

## Footnotes
Italian Wikipedia

The **Italian Wikipedia** () is the Italian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started on 11 May 2001 and has over  articles. It is currently the 9th largest edition by article count.

## 2011 mass blanking protest
Volunteers on the Italian Wikipedia decided they did not like a proposed law before the Italian Parliament. The proposal was from 4 to 6 October 2011. During this time, all of the site's articles were hidden. Wikipedia's administrators blocked the website which was being debated at the time in the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Parliament.

This was the first time that a Wikipedia had blanked all its content to protest. The Wikimedia Foundation released a statement on 4 October. The Foundation Board officially supported the short closing of Italian Wikipedia. On 6 October 2011, the website content was put back. Wikipedia added a banner across the top of each page explaining the reason for the protest.

Italian newspaper Il Tempo journalist Alberto Di Majo described the closure of the Italian-language Wikipedia as an "unexpected merit" of the proposed law. Some people questioned whether a non-profit United States foundation should try to change laws written in Italy.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Italian Wikipedia main page
Quraysh

:''Quraish is also the name of a Sura in the Qur'an.*

**Quraysh** or **Quraish** was the dominant tribe of Mecca upon the appearance of the religion of Islam. 

It was the tribe to which the Islamic Prophet Muhammad belonged and which led the opposition to his message. Not very much of this tribe followed Islam.

## References 
## Sources 
* Sir William Muir: *Life of Mohamet*, 1894 
* Thomas Patrick Hughes (ed.): *A Dictionary of Islam*, 1885 
* Benjamin Walker. *Foundations of Islam*
* Karen Armstrong: *Muhammad*
* M. M. Sharif : *A History of Muslim Philosophy*
* Edward William Lane (ed.): *Selections from The Quran*, 1890
* Naseem Sadiqui: *Muhammad: The Benefactor of Mankind*, 1994 
* A. Guillaume: *Life of Muhammad'' (Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat), 2004

## Other websites 
* http://www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/quraysh.htm
Quraysh (surah)

**Surat Quraysh** (Arabic: سورة قريش ) (after the tribe of Quraysh) is the 106th chapter of the Qur'an.  It is a Makkah sura that consists of four ayat.  It urges the Quraysh tribe who dominated Mecca to serve Allah, who had protected them, for the sake of their own future.

## Other websites 
* Quraysh at Sacred Texts
* Quraysh at Altafsir.com
Arche (moon)

**Arche** or '***, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2002, and got the designation ***'.

Arche is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,717,000 km in 746.185 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (162° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.149.

It was named in 2005 after Arche, whom some Greek writers described as one of the four original Muses, an addition to the earlier three (Aoede, Melete, and Mneme).

Arche belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

## References
Chapter

**Chapter** could mean:
* Chapter (books), a main division of a piece of writing
* An organizational division, such as a **chapter** of the Audubon Society or of a fraternity.
* Chapter (religion), an assembly of members in a religious order

**Chapter** could also mean:
* Chapter Arts Centre, a cultural centre in Cardiff, Wales
* Chapter Music, a record label
* Chapters, a Canadian bookstore chain
* Chapter house, a building attached to a cathedral or collegiate church
Chapter (books)

A **chapter** is one of the main sections of a piece of writing of some length, such as a book. Chapters can be numbered in the case of such writings as law code (see *Chapter 7* or *Chapter 11*) or they can be titled. For example, the first chapters of some well-known novels are titled:
*"The Boy Who Lived" – ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone*, J. K. Rowling
*"Into the Primitive" – *The Call of the Wild'', Jack London

Many novels of great length do not have chapters. Non-fiction books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. In these works, chapters are often subdivided into sections. The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a table of contents. Novels sometimes use a table of contents, but not always.
 
In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of papyrus scrolls, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book. This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2", etc.

Tracks on a DVD or laserdisc are also called chapters.
Kore (moon)

**Kore** or '*** is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003 and given the designation ***'.

Kore is about 2 kilometers in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,239,000&nbsp;km in 723.720 days, at an inclination of 141° to the ecliptic (139° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2462.

It belongs, which is made up of non-spherical retrograde moon
It was named after Kore, another name for the Greek goddess Persephone (from the Greek κόρη, "daughter [of Demeter]").

## References
Sura (disambiguation)

**Sura** can refer to:
* Sura is a meal set of dishes, soup and dessert for king in ancient Korea
* Sura, a chapter of the Qur'an
* Sura (month), the first month in the Javanese calendar
* Sura (city), a city in ancient Babylonia
* Sura River, a river in Russia
* Sura, Penza Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Penza Oblast, Russia
* Sura, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia
* Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura
* Sura Saenkham
* Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility, a research facility in Russia
* Calf muscle
* Summer Undergraduate Research Award
* Sura, Arabic word which means to ascend and Arabic name of graphic designer Sura Design
* Sura drink In Hindi indicates an intoxicating drink.
* Surah is a twilled fabric made of silk or rayon, or a combination thereof.
* SURA, the Southeastern Universities Research Association (www.sura.org)
632

## Events 
* Khan Kubrat establishes Great Bulgaria.
* December – Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba.
* Queen Seondeok is crowned in Korea.
* Yazdgird III starts to rule in Persia.
* Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph and the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) is established. That means the first Schism within Islam.

## Deaths 
* June 8 — Muhammad, prophet of Islam
* October 12 — Edwin of Deira, king of Deira and Bretwalda
* Charibert II, King of Aquitaine
* King Chilperic of Aquitaine
625

## Events 
* March 23 - Battle of Uhud (Mohammad looses against the inhabitants from Mecca)
* October 27 — Pope Honorius I succeeds Pope Boniface V as the 70th pope.

## Births 
* Adamnan, abbot of Iona
* Empress Wu Zetian of China
* Hasan ibn Ali — 2nd Shia Imam and recognised as the 5th Caliph by the Shia
* Zhang Jianzhi, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 706)

## Deaths 
* October 25 — Pope Boniface V
Battle of Badr

The **Battle of Badr** (), was fought March 13, 624 CE  of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia). It was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory because of divine intervention. Also, it is attributed to the genius of Muhammad. Although it is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Muslim holy book, the Qur'an, virtually all contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, written decades after the battle.

## Related pages
* Battle of Uhud
* Jihad
* Islam

## Footnotes 

 

## References 
### Books and articles 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

### Online references 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Manaqib Ashab al-Badriyyin  A prayer citing the virtues and exploits of the Muslims who took part in the battle.
* Badr  at IslamAnswers.Net
* The Battle of Badr at Al-Islam.Org
* The first battle of Islam at Badr : Islamic Occasions Network
* Hope Springs Eternal  A nice multimedia presentation at IslamOnline.Net
* MSN Virtual Earth: A modern-day satellite image of Badr, now called "Badr Hunayn".
* Tafsir (Sura 8: verse 11 to 18) - Battle of Badr: Analysis of Qur'anic verses by Irshaad Hussain.
Battle of Uhud

The **Battle of Uhud** () was fought on 23 March 625 (7 Shawwal 3 AH of the Islamic calendar) at Mount Uhud, in what is now north-western Saudi Arabia. 

Many Muslims considered this battle's victory a proof that they had been favored by God (Arabic: Allah), and believed they were assured such victories in the future.

## Battle 
Quraysh soldiers met the Muslims at Uhud. Abu Sufyan and his Army flanked the Muslims, 'Amr ibn al-'As was leading the Muslim Cavalry then he fought against them, Muslim archers threw rocks at the Quraysh, they were forced to go back. The person who holds the Quraysh Flag was charging and he fought Ali ibn Abi Talib and then he was hit in the shoulder. Then Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib came in and fought many people.

## Bibliography 
;Books and journals

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

;Encyclopedias

* 

## References 
## Other websites 
* The battle of Uhud
* What were the reasons of the battle of Uhud? 
* http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/audio/yasir_index.htm 
* http://www.shia.org/ohud.html
Sponde (moon)

**Sponde** or '***, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation ***'.

Sponde is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,253,000&nbsp;km in 771.604 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.443.

It was named in August 2003 after one of the Horae (Hours), which presided over the seventh hour (libations poured after lunch). The Hours, goddesses of the time of day but also of the seasons, were daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and Themis.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000&nbsp;km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

## References
Hermippe (moon)

**Hermippe** or '***, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation ***'.

Hermippe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,182,000&nbsp;km in 629.809 days, at an orbital inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2290.

It was named in August 2003 by the IAU, after Hermippe, a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).

Hermippe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000&nbsp;km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## References
Tactic

**Tactic** could mean:

*Military tactics
*Tactic (method)
*Tactic (municipality)
*Tactical bombing
*Tactics (band)
*Tactics (game)
*Tactics (manga)
*Tactics (sports)
Khalid ibn al-Walid

**Khalid ibn al-Walid** (; died 642), also known as **Sayf- or Saif Allah** ('Sword of God', was a Rashidun military general who led the Muslim conquests of Syria the 7th century. 

He is famous for his military success, as he commanded the forces of Muhammad and of his immediate successors Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab. against the numerically superior forces of the Byzantine Roman Empire, Sassanid Persian Empire, and their allies. His greatest strategic  were his quick conquest of the Persian Empire and conquest of Roman Syria within three years from 633 to 636. His greatest tactical achievements were his successful double envelopment manoeuver at Walaja and his victories at Ullais and Yarmouk.

## References
## Bibliography
* A.I. Akram, *The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns,* Rawalpindi: Nat. Publishing House (1970) ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Map of Khalid bin Al-Waleed's Conquests
Geneva Conference

Several international or multinational conferences have been called the **Geneva Conference**, because they were held in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. These conferences include:

*The Geneva Naval Conference (1927) to discuss naval arms limitation
*The Geneva Conference (1932) to discuss general arms limitation http://www.indiana.edu/~league/conferencedata.htm
*An international conference, Geneva Conference (1954), to restore peace in Indochina and Korea, April through July 1954 that meant the division of Vietnam.
*A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1955), to discuss European security, German reunification, disarmament, and cultural exchange. Leaders from the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France met in July 1955.
*A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1958), to discuss nuclear weapons testing, involving the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States, beginning in October of 1958.
*A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1973), to find a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
*Geneva Accord, a 2003 extra-governmental and therefore unofficial peace proposal meant to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

## Related pages
*Geneva Conventions
Military tactics

**Military tactics** () are the art of organizing an army and the techniques for using weapons or military units to fight an enemy in battle. Tactics are distinct from strategy, which concerns a longer time scale. They have changed over time, mainly because of changes in military technology.

Tactics are methods to use military forces in combat and include basically many types of the military operations such as frontal assaults, attempts to flank the enemy, the keeping of troops in reserve, and the use of ambushes. Specialized tactics exist for many situations, such as securing a room or individual building, to large-scale operations, such as establishing air superiority over a region or the use of shock tactics.

Military tactics are used at all levels of command, from individual and group up to entire armed forces. The military theorist Carl von Clausewitz said "tactics is the art of using troops in battle; strategy is the art of using battles to win the war."

## Bibliography 
* Balck, W. 1914. *Tactics*. Vols 2. Trans. W. Krueger. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: U.S. Cavelry Association.
* Clausewitz, C. von. 1976. *On War*. ed and trans. M. Howard and P. Paret. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
* Creasy, E. 1963. *Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World*. London: Dent and Sons.
* Esposito, V., ed. 1959. *The West Point Atlas of American Wars*.New York: Praeger.
* Gerhard Muhm : La Tattica nella campagna d’Italia, in LINEA GOTICA AVAMPOSTO DEI BALCANI, (Hrsg.) Amedeo Montemaggi - Edizioni Civitas, Roma 1993
* Jomini, A.-H. 1862. *The Summary of the Art of War*. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
* 
* U.S. Department of the Army. 1986.* U.S. Army Field Manual 100-5: Operations*. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Napoleon's tactics and strategy
Hergiswil

**Hergiswil** is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

It was founded in 1378.

The main sights of Hergiswil are: an old clergy house, the church, the chapel *Maria zum guten Rat*, old mansion *Thumigerhaus*, and a glazier's workshop with museum. The workshop was established in 1817.  It burned down on one occasion.

]]

## References
## Other websites
*Official Homepage of Hergiswil
*Official Homepage of the Glasi in Hergiswil
*Glasi Ecuador site
Marching band

A **marching band** is a band of instrumental musicians who march while playing instruments.

They combine movement – usually some type of marching and other movements – with their musical performance.   The music usually has a strong rhythmic component suitable for marching.  Marching bands use a uniform, often bearing the name and emblem of their organization.  Most bands have a color guard, who perform with flags, swords, rifles and other props. 

In addition to traditional parade performances, many bands also perform field shows at special events (such as football games) or at competitions.

## Instruments in marching band 
Its instruments typically are brass instruments, woodwinds, and percussion instruments.

Instruments found in marching bands include:

* Trumpet
* Mellophone
* Baritone/Euphonium
* Sousaphone/Contra
* Flute
* Clarinet
* Saxophone
* Snare drum
* Tenor drum/Tom drums
* Bass drum
* Xylophone
* Marimba
* Vibraphone
* Bagpipes

## References 
* rec.arts.marching.band.college Usenet newsgroup FAQ

## Other websites
*MarchingWiki.com 
*Marching.com
*MarchingArts.com
*Compendium of College Marching Bands 
*marchingbandplanet.com 
*World Association of Marching Show Bands
Oberdorf, Nidwalden

**Oberdorf** is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.   

The economy of Oberdorf is mainly based in agriculture. The main sight of Oberdorf is the Benedictine convent Maria-Rickenbach. The convent can only be reached by cable car.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Website of Oberdorf
Max Bruch

**Max Christian Friedrich Bruch** (6 January 1838–2 October 1920) also known as Max Karl August Bruch, was a German Romantic composer and conductor who wrote over 200 works, including three violin concertos, one of which is a staple of the violin repertoire.

Bruch was born in Cologne. He had a long career as a teacher, conductor and composer, moving among musical posts in Germany: Mannheim (1862-1864), Koblenz (1865-1867), Sondershausen, (1867-1870) Berlin (1870-1872), Bonn, where he spent 1873 -1878 working privately. At the height of his reputation he spent three seasons as conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880-83). He taught composition at the *Berlin Hochschule für Musik* (the Berlin Conservatoire) from 1890 until his retirement in 1910.

His conservatively structured works, in the German romantic musical tradition, placed him in the camp of Romantic classicism exemplified by Johannes Brahms, rather than the opposing "New Music" of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. In his time, he was known primarily as a choral composer.

His *Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor*, Op. 26 (1868) is one of the most popular Romantic violin concertos. It uses several techniques from Felix Mendelssohn's *Violin Concerto in E minor*.

## References
* 

## Other websites 
* Classical Net, Basic Repertoire: Max Bruch
* Joseph Stevenson, "Max Bruch"
* "Max Bruch, *Kol Nidrei*"
* http://www.richmondsymphony.com/concerts/note_04_21-24_06.htm 
* Site dedicated to Max Bruch  (includes a list of works by opus number)
Postgraduate education

**Postgraduate** is the name for someone who is doing further education, after obtaining both a Bachelor's degree and a Master's degree  from a university. A typical form of this kind of education is a doctoral thesis, or Ph.D. Another such degree is probably the Master level of the revised Bologna system. Masters can be done in about 1.5 years after doing a bachelors degree, theses usually take 3–4 years, after the master level.

## Other page 
*Higher education
Stans

in Stans]]
**Stans** is the capital city of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland. It has a population of 7,300 people.  The area of Stans is 11&nbsp;km².

## History 
Stans was first noted in 1172. In 1798, it was  by French troops, followed the decision of Nidwalden not to adapt a new constitution. Children whose parents were killed by this event were gathered by the teacher Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi for his first school. The open-air assembly (*Landsgemeinde*) was held in Stans each year until 1997.

## Sights 
The main sights of Stans are:
* The Stanserhorn (1900m) mountain and tourist resort
* The Stanserhornbahn: A cable car which takes people from the base of the mountain to the hotel at the top. It was first built in 1893.
* The main square (*Dorfplatz*)
* Saint Peter and Paul church: built from 1641 to 1647 with a Romanesque tower
* The Saint Klara monastery
* A monument for the local hero Arnold von Winkelried and his birth place (*Winkelriedhaus*).

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Page 
*Stanserhorn
Wolfenschiessen

**Wolfenschiessen** is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

The main sights of Wolfenschiessen are: the parish church *St. Maria*, the chapel *St. Joder* in *Altzellen*, the mansions *Hechhuis*, and the *Grossitz* mansion.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official Website of Wolfenschiessen
Stansstad

**Stansstad** is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

The main sights of Stansstad are: a museum of the buildings, a tower (*Schnitzturm*), and the chaper *Marie Linden* in *Kehrsiten*.

 to Bürgenstock and Lake Lucerne. Stansstad is in the middle of the picture at the shore of the lake.]]

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website of Stansstad
Diessenhofen

**Diessenhofen** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
Bischofszell

**Bischofszell** is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in the country of Switzerland.  It has a population of 5,500 people.

The local industry is Bischofszell Konserven. It now belongs to Migros. They make jams, fruit juices, various cans, convenience food, among them Anna's Best. 

## References
## Other websites
Genius

** was one of the world’s most famous geniuses and a polymath.]]
: "Ghost of a Genius" (1922)]]

A **genius''' is a person who is exceptionally intelligent.  People may have different ideas of how clever one has to be in order to be called a “genius”.  A genius may be extremely clever at maths or science or games such as chess, or they may be creative geniuses who are brilliant writers, musicians or artists.  

Albert Einstein is perhaps the world’s most famous genius. He was extraordinarily good at math, but in other areas, such as languages, he was not particularly good.  Leonardo da Vinci and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were geniuses who can also be described as polymaths because they were brilliant in lots of different subjects.  Geniuses are usually child prodigies, i.e., they already show they are a genius when they are young children.

Genius is not quite the same as talent.  Talent means the ability to learn a particular skill very quickly.  A genius, on the other hand, is also very creative and able to do things that no one else has thought of.

Some geniuses, such as Goethe, are very sensible, reliable people who are good at organizing their lives.  However, there are many geniuses who have unusual personalities.  They may be very absent-minded, they may not have much common sense, or they may suffer at times from depression and changes of mood.
Ceasefire

A **ceasefire** (or **truce**) is a stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to stop aggressive actions for some time. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal peace treaty, but they have also been called part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.

## Historical examples
### World War I
On December 24, 1914, during World War I, there was an unofficial ceasefire  as both the Germans and the British sought to observe Christmas (the "Christmas Truce"). There was no treaty signed, and after a few days the war resumed.

### Korean War
A ceasefire was reached on July 27, 1953 to halt the conflict of the Korean War and establish a demilitarized zone. But no peace treaty has been signed. Therefore, officially North and South Korea are still at war.

## Present examples
### Kashmir conflict
Pakistan's government has repeatedly claimed that the Republic of India is violating the Simla Agreement by constructing a fence along the cesefire line in the Kashmir Conflict.  Then-Pakistani President and ex-Army Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan) Pervez Musharraf promised in 2002 to curb infiltration into the Territorial dispute.  After the November 2003 ceasefire line agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.  According to Indian Military sources, the fence has reduced by 80% the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the occupied territory of the disputed state to attack Indian soldiers.

### Israeli–Palestinian conflict
 in Finland calling for a **permanent ceasefire** between Israel and Palestine]]
Another example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between the State of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere."

## Related pages
* Demilitarized zone
* Peace
* War

## References
Affeltrangen

**Affeltrangen** is a municipality in Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Altnau

**Altnau** is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
Münchwilen, Thurgau

**Münchwilen** is a municipality and capital city of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## References
Betschwanden

**Betschwanden** is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites
*Official website of Betschwanden
Taygete (moon)

**Taygete** or ''''* is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, *et al.* in 2000, and given the designation *''''.

Taygete is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,439,000&nbsp;km in 686.675 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (163° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3678.

## History 
It was named in October 2002 after Taygete, one of the Pleiades, daughter of the Titan Atlas and mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus (Jupiter).

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000&nbsp;km and at an inclination of about 165°.

## References
Mendrisio District

The **district of Mendrisio** is the southernmost district of canton of Ticino and of Switzerland.

## Circles and municipalities 
The district of Mendrisio has 27 municipalities divided in 5 circles (*circoli*):
* Circle of Mendrisio: Mendrisio, Coldrerio, Genestrerio, Salorino;
* Circle of Balerna: Balerna, Casima, Castel San Pietro, Monte, Chiasso, Pedrinate, Morbio Inferiore;
* Circle of Caneggio: Caneggio, Cabbio, Vacallo, Sagno, Morbio Superiore, Bruzella, Muggio;
* Circle of Stabio: Stabio, Novazzano, Ligornetto.
Aadorf

**Aadorf** is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

With a population of 7,436 people (as of 2005), it is the canton's seventh largest municipality.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website of Aadorf 
*Website of Guntershausen 
*Website of Ettenhausen  
*Website of Wittenwil
Mendrisio

**Mendrisio** is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Mendrisio is the seat of the Accademia di Architettura of the university of Italian-speaking Switzerland (USI).

The municipality was created on 4 April 2004, when it incorporated the former municipality of Salorino. On 5 April 2009, it incorporated the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Rancate and Tremona.  On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Genestrerio

**Genestrerio** was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009, the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

## References 
## Other websites
Canton of Glarus

**Glarus** is a canton in east Switzerland. The capital is Glarus. In 2010, the 25 communes were merged to only three: Glarus, Glarus Nord, and Glarus Süd. Officially, Glarus is a German-speaking canton; of the roughly 40.000 people, 83.6 percent are German-speaking, and 6.8 percent speak Italian. According to a statistical survey done in 2000, 44% of the population are Protestant (including Jehovas Witnesses, and  the New Apostolic Church), 37.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.5% are Muslims, 6.5% are non-believers, 2.3% are either Eastern orthodox or Oriental orthodox and 3.7% belonged to other communities or did not say.

## Geography 
The canton of Glarus is dominated by the deep valley of the Linth River. Most of the area is mountainous. The total area of the canton of Glarus is 685 km².

## History 
]]
The history of this canton is dominated by religion. The people who lived in the Linth Valley were converted to Christianity in the 6th century by the Irish monk Saint Fridolin. He is still in the coat of arms of the canton today. He started Säckingen Abbey near Basel. The area around Glarus was owned by the abbey starting in the 9th century. By 1288, the Habsburgs slowly took over all the abbey's rights. Then the people of Glarus joined the Swiss Confederation in 1352.

Between 1506 and 1516, the reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a priest in Glarus. By 1564, all of Zwingli's followers were eliminated, but the Protestants and Catholics there still fought with each other. To make peace it was decided that each side should have its own assembly (*Landsgemeinde*) in 1623. In 1683, each side was granted the right to have its own tribunals.

Between 1798 and 1803, Glarus was part of the Canton of Linth made by Napoleon. In 1836 the constitution was changed to unite the assemblies and establish only one *Landsgemeinde*.

About two thirds of Glarus (593 buildings) were destroyed after a big fire in 1861. After the fire, Glarus was rebuilt in block fashion according to construction plans by Bernhard Simon and Johann Caspar Wolff.

On May 6, 2007 Glarus became the first Swiss canton to lower the voting age to 16.

## Industry 
The land of the canton helped to make slate works in the 1600s.

## Municipalities 
The 25 municipalities (*gemeinden*) were:
* Betschwanden
* Bilten
* Braunwald
* Elm
* Engi
* Ennenda
* Filzbach
* Glarus
* Haslen (united former municipalities Leuggelbach, Nidfurn and Haslen)
* Linthal
* Luchsingen (united former municipalities Diesbach, Hätzingen and Luchsingen)
* Matt
* Mitlödi
* Mollis
* Mühlehorn
* Näfels
* Netstal
* Niederurnen
* Oberurnen
* Obstalden
* Riedern
* Rüti
* Schwanden
* Schwändi
* Sool

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Statistics
* Official Site (German)
* the Linth valley on Google Maps
Sonoma Coast State Beach

**Sonoma Coast State Beach** is a series of beaches in Sonoma County, California. The beaches are protected as the **Sonoma Coast State Park**. It extends for about  along the Pacific Coast, from Bodega Head in Bodega to just north of Goat Rock Beach.

The nearest town is Jenner. The coastline consists of a number of named beaches, including Arched Rock Beach, Jenner Beach, Blind Beach, Goat Beach and Goat Rock Beach. Goat Beach is known for being one of the most dangerous surfing spots in California because of its powerful waves, and it is recommended to not go near the water when visiting the beach. Jenner Beach got attention in August 2004 when two Christian youth camp counselors, 22-year-old Lindsay Cutshall and 26-year-old Jason Allen, were found dead. Both had been shot in the head at close range. The murders have not been solved. 

## References
## Other websites
* California State Parks official site for Sonoma Coast State Park
Glarus

**Glarus** could mean different places.
* Glarus is one the Cantons of Switzerland.
* Glarus is also the capital city of the Canton of Glarus.
Aarberg

**Aarberg** is a municipality in Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Bargen, Bern

**Bargen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

It is a parish and is now part of the district of Aarberg. Its official language is German.

## References
## Other websites
* Commune of Bargen (in German)
* Google Maps
Euporie (moon)

**Euporie** or '*** is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation ***'.

Euporie is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,088,000&nbsp;km in 538.780 days, at an inclination of 145° to the ecliptic (145° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.0960.

It was named in August 2003 after Euporie, a Greek goddess of abundance and one of the Horae in Greek mythology (and thus a daughter of Zeus).

It is the closest member of the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000&nbsp;km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## References
Chert

**Chert** is a type of rock that includes flint, agate and quartz. It sometimes has fossils in it, usually shells.

It is a sedimentary rock, and it is very hard. Sedimentary rock is formed when sediments are compacted and cemented over a long period of time.

Historically, chert was used to make arrow heads because it forms hard and sharp edges when broken. 

The color of chert is usually white or gray, but can be red, yellow or dark grey. If there is a lot of iron oxide in the chert it can be dark red; this type of chert is called "jasper."

## References
Euanthe (moon)

**Euanthe** or '*** is a moon of Jupiter which is not fully round. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001.  It was given the designation ***'.

Euanthe is about 3 kilometres in diameter.  It orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,465,000 km in 598.093 days.  This orbit is at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2001.

It was named in August 2003 after Euanthe, who was the mother of the Graces, according to some Greek writers.

Euanthe is in the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000&nbsp;km, at inclinations of about 150°.

## References
Hegemone (moon)

**Hegemone** or '***, is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation ***'.

Hegemone is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,703,000&nbsp;km in 745.500 days, at an inclination of 153° to the ecliptic (151° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4077.

It was named in March 2005 after Hegemone, one of the Graces, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).

Hegemone belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000&nbsp;km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

## Popular Culture 
Season 2 Episode 11 of the expanse saw the hero ship hiding behind the moon

## References
Kalyke (moon)

**Kalyke** or '***, is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2000, and given the designation ***'.

Kalyke is about 5.2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,181,000&nbsp;km in 721.021 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2140.

It was named in October 2002 after the Greek mythological figure Kalyke or Calyce.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000&nbsp;km and at an inclination of about 165°.

## References
Emerald (color)

**Emerald** is a color that is a shade of green. It is light and bright, with a faint bluish cast. The name comes from the color of emerald.

The first written use of *emerald* as a color name in English was in 1598.

Emerald is a highly transparent color. This  color is evenly distributed, with no eye-visible color zoning. 

## Meaning of emerald
* The color emerald may be used to represent Ireland.  Ireland is often called *the emerald isle*. 

## Tones of emerald color comparison chart
## Related pages
* List of colors

## References
Suttungr (moon)

**Suttungr** or **Saturn&nbsp;XXIII**, is a moon of Saturn. It was found by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2000, and given the designation **S/2000&nbsp;S&nbsp;12**.

Suttungr is about 5.6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,667,000&nbsp;km in 1029.703 days, at an inclination of 174° to the ecliptic (151° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.131.

Suttungr may have formed from debris knocked off of Phoebe at some point in the past.

It was named in August 2003 from Norse mythology, where Suttung is a Jotun or giant who once owned the mead of poetry.

The name was said as **Suttung** in IAU Circular 8177. However, the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature later decided to add the nominative case ending *-r* to the base form *Suttung*. 

## References 
* IAUC 7548: *S/2000 S 12* 2000 December 23 (discovery)
* MPEC 2000-Y33: *S/2000 S 12* 2000 December 22 (recovery/discovery and ephemeris)
* IAUC 8177: *Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus* 2003 August 8 (naming the moon *Suttung*)
* IAUC 8471: *Satellites of Saturn* 2005 January 21 (correcting the name)
André-Marie Ampère

**André-Marie Ampère** (20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836) was a French physicist or a mathematician who helped discover electromagnetism. An electrical unit called the ampere is named after him.

## Life 
Ampere was born in France in 1775. During his childhood, Ampere's father taught him Latin, until he found out that his son was talented in mathematical studies. However, young Ampere continued his study on Latin, so that he could understand and master the works of Euler and Bernoulli.  In his later life, Ampere began to distinguish himself in mathematics, but also he studied history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.

During the French Revolution, a great sorrow came to Ampere's life; he lost his father who was executed by revolutionaries.  The death of his father brought a huge impact to Ampere.
In 1796, he met the daughter of a blacksmith living near Lyon named Julie Carron, and married her in 1799. Afterward, Ampere worked as a professor in Lyon, giving lessons in mathematics, chemistry, languages, and physics. He continued working as a professor even after the death of his wife in 1803. However, her death bothered Ampere for the rest of his life. Ampere died at Marseille and buried in the Cimetiere de Montmartre, Paris.  In his work *Journal et correspondence*, we can see his amiability and childlike simplicity of character.

## Works 
Ampere is most known for establishing the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and combining them into a new field called electromagnetism, or electrodynamics. On September 11, 1820, Ampere heard from the discovery of H.C.Orsted that a magnetic needle can be activated by a voltaic current. Only a week later, he came up with a much more advanced version of that kindred phenomena. It was such an amazing development. On the same day, he also discovered like charges repel and different charges come towards each other.

## More readings 
* 

## Other websites 
* Ampere and the history of electricity (Correspondence, bibliography, experiments, simulations, etc., edited by CNRS, France)
* Ampere's Museum  is in Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'or, near Lyon, France
* Catholic Encyclopedia on André Marie Ampère
Dive bomber

, a dive bomber from World War II, drops a bomb]]
A **dive bomber** is a bomber aircraft that dives towards the ground so it can get very close to its targets so that it is more likely to hit them. This can also limit the chance of anti-aircraft fire hitting the plane.

Diving nearly vertically at the target, the aircraft will release the bombs very close to the target at high speed. This allows a dive bomber to drop bombs accurately on a relatively small target, or a moving target quite easily. Dive bombers were widely used to attack high value targets such as ships and bridges. This also had the advantage of attacking ships at a weak spot. A ship's armour was heaviest near the water. On the top of the ship, however, either the armour was very thin, or there was no armour at all. Also, dive bombing allowed relatively small aeroplanes carrying a limited bomb load to do more damage than usual.

Because of better bombsights and better anti-aircraft warfare after World War II, dive bombers were replaced by attack aircraft.
Aarberg District

The district of **Aarberg** is a district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Aarberg. There are 12 municipalities in the district covering an area of 153&nbsp;km²:
* CH-3270 Aarberg
* CH-3282 Bargen
* CH-3257 Grossaffoltern
* CH-3283 Kallnach
* CH-3273 Kappelen
* CH-3250 Lyss
* CH-3045 Meikirch
* CH-3283 Niederried bei Kallnach
* CH-3271 Radelfingen
* CH-3255 Rapperswil
* CH-3054 Schüpfen
* CH-3267 Seedorf
Naters

**Naters** is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Birgisch and Mund merged into the municipality of Naters.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Canton of Bern

The Swiss **canton of Bern** has about 947,000 people. The canton is in west-central Switzerland and the city of Bern is its capital.

## Districts 
As of April 2004, there are 398 municipalities of the canton of Bern within the following 26 administrative districts:

* Aarberg with capital Aarberg
* Aarwangen with capital Aarwangen
* Bern with capital Berne
* Biel with capital Biel
* Büren with capital Büren an der Aare
* Burgdorf with capital Burgdorf
* Courtelary with capital Courtelary
* Erlach with capital Erlach
* Fraubrunnen with capital Fraubrunnen
* Frutigen with capital Frutigen
* Interlaken with capital Interlaken
* Konolfingen with capital Konolfingen
* Laupen with capital Laupen
* Moutier with capital Moutier
* La Neuveville with capital La Neuveville
* Nidau with capital Nidau
* Niedersimmental with capital Wimmis
* Oberhasli with capital Meiringen
* Obersimmental with capital Blankenburg
* Saanen with capital Saanen
* Schwarzenburg with capital Schwarzenburg
* Seftigen with capital Belp
* Signau with capital Langnau im Emmental
* Thun with capital Thun
* Trachselwald with capital Trachselwald
* Wangen with capital Wangen an der Aare

## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Official statistics
* Berner Oberland Tourism 
* Biel/Bienne and Seeland Tourism 
* Bernese Jura Tourism
Simplon

**Simplon** is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

A member of the Swiss Federal Council Josef Escher was born in Simplon.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official municipality website of Simplon 
* Official tourism website of Simplon
Composite material

**Composite** materials are made from two or more basic material. They are not just placed together. They are merged together. This create a material with *useful properties unlike the individual elements*.

The composite material as a whole may behave differently from either of its parts. For example, reinforced concrete (made of concrete and steel) has resistance to pressure and to bending forces. Bullet-proof glass (made of glass and plastic) is far more resistant to impact than either glass or plastic on their own.

Concrete itself is a composite material. It is one of the oldest man-made composites, used more than any other man-made material in the world.

Wood is a natural composite of cellulose fibres in a matrix of lignin. The earliest man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction. This ancient brick-making process was documented by Egyptian tomb paintings. It is still used today in some places.

Fibre-reinforced polymers are in wide use today, as is glass-reinforced plastic.

 is a common composite material that many people encounter in their everyday lives]]

The Biblical book of Exodus tells of the Israelites that were oppressed by Pharaoh and forced to make "*bricks without straw*". 

## Related pages
*Alloy
*Fibre
*Polymer
*Thermoplastic
*Reinforced concrete

## References 
## Other websites 
*Composite material key concepts 
*Society of Manufacturing Engineers: Plastics, Composites & Coatings Community