open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tent pegging

**Tent pegging** (sometimes spelled 'tentpegging' or 'tent-pegging') is a cavalry or equestrian sport of ancient origin.

## The sport
In the specific sport of tent pegging a mounted horseman, or at times a team of horsemen, rides at a gallop and uses a sword or a lance to pierce, pick up and carry away a small ground target (a symbolic tent peg) or a series of such small ground targets.

## Origins
The origins of tent pegging are ambiguous and subject to some controversy. Some historians and other scholars believe it originated in Arabia, others believe that it might have evolved in Central Asia, while others still believe in its Indian origins. It is believed that people have practised the game of tent pegging since at least the 4th century BC, and over the ages Middle Eastern, Asian and later European empires popularized the game around the world.

The term "tent pegging", however, historically emerged from the attacks by Arabian Muslim cavaliers on enemy camps at dawn or late night, where they would gallop to their tents and pluck out the pegs of their tents, so that these would collapse on them, thus causing havoc and terror in the camp. Several old medieval Arab books give descriptions of such tactics.

## Present
Today, tent pegging is practised around the world, but is especially popular in Australia, Pakistan, India, Israel, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Olympic Council of Asia included tent pegging as an official sport in 1982, and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports recognised it as an official equestrian discipline in 2004.

However, it is important to recognize the difference between tent pegging as an 'international sport' and the local, rural version of the sport played by the traditional tribal peoples such as the Bedu in the Middle East and Oman, the *Desi* horsemen of Pakistani and Indian Punjab and so on. The former is a milder sport, whereas the latter is a fiercer and more commanding contest.

## References
Josef Fritzl

**Josef Fritzl** (born 9 April 1935) is an Austrian criminal who has been convicted in the Fritzl case. He held his daughter Elisabeth captive in a basement dungeon under his house for 24 years without sunlight. Fritzl made his daughter write letters to him and her mother, saying she had joined a cult.

During the 24 years of confining his own daughter in the sunlight-less small basement space, Fritzl visited her only to commit rape. As a result of incest, seven children were born underground. One of the baby boys died and Fritzl burned his body. Three, of six remaining children, were brought upstairs to be raised above the ground with his wife. Other three remained underground with their mother and never saw the sunlight until they were well into their teenage years. One daughter saw the sunlight and other people only after she was already 19 years old.  The police eventually found out about his crimes when one of the children became very sick and he took her to the hospital.

Fritzl was tried and convicted on several charges, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment in a facility for the mentally ill in March 2009. Fritzl could become eligible for release after fifteen years, but he is expected to be in prison until he dies. 

A forensic psychiatrist diagnosed him with a personality disorder and a sexual disorder.

## References
OpenSolaris

**OpenSolaris** was an open source Unix operating system from Sun Microsystems. It was based on Sun's non-free Solaris operating system. The operating system was known for its ZFS file system. In 2010, Oracle Corporation bought Sun Microsystems and chose to stop making new versions of OpenSolaris. OpenSolaris was later forked into the illumos kernel and the OpenIndiana distribution.

## Other websites 
* OpenSolaris (archived)
* OpenIndiana (a fork of OpenSolaris)
Liz Smith (journalist)

**Mary Elizabeth "Liz" Smith** (February 2, 1923 &ndash; November 12, 2017)

Smith died at her Manhattan apartment on November 12, 2017 of natural causes at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* copy of transcript of her interview with CNN's  Larry King
Lucille Bliss

**Lucille Theresa Bliss** (March 31, 1916 &ndash; November 8, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actress. She was known for being the voice of Smurfette in *The Smurfs*.

Bliss was born on March 31, 1916 in New York City, New York. Her career began in 1935 and lasted until her death in 2012. Bliss died on November 8, 2012 in Costa Mesa, California from natural causes, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre

]]

The **Akhundov Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre** (Azeri: *Axundov adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Akademik Opera və Balet Teatrı*) is an opera house in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is used for opera performances and ballet performances. The building was built in 1911 and is in the Art Nouveau style. It is in the center of Baku. It was opened as an opera house in 1920, and in 1927 the opera house was named after the Azerbaijani writer Mirza Fatali Akhundov. The opera house has 600 seats. The opera house was  in 1985 but burned just after all the  were finished. In 1987, the opera house was renovated again, and after all the restoratory works were finished, the opera house finally reopened its doors.

## Other websites 
* Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater Official Website
Daws Butler

**Charles Dawson "Daws" Butler** (November 16, 1916 &ndash; May 18, 1988) was an American actor and comedian. He was is known for his voice roles as Yogi Bear, Quick Draw McGraw, Snagglepuss, and Huckleberry Hound.

Butler was born on November 16, 1916 in Toledo, Ohio. Butler's family later moved to Chicago, Illinois were he was raised. He began his career as an entertainer in Chicago.

Butler was married to Mytris Martin from c. 1940 until his death in 1988. They had four children. Butler died from a heart attack in Culver City, California on May 18, 1988, aged 71.

## References
## Other websites
*The Official Daws Butler Website
*
*
Lady Garden Park

The **Lady Garden Park** (originally '''Ladies' Garden'*) is a public park in Abbottabad town, Pakistan. 

## History
The park was established soon after the foundation of Abbotabad town itself (January 1853) by Major James Abbott. As distinct from the *Company Bagh* (East India Company Park) which was also founded down in the main bazaar for the recreation of "natives", the Ladies Garden was exclusively for the use of European or *White'' ladies and families. It was laid out over a whole block of the urban military cantonment area, opposite to St Luke's Church, Abbottabad. A number of trees and flowers imported from England and other places were also planted here.

While the British Raj in India lasted, this park retained its exclusive character, but after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was opened to all the general public.

## Present status
The park is a very popular recreational place for the citizens of Abbottabad. Apart from the general, open area with lawns and walks etc., a section has also been segregated for women and children, with swings, slides, see-saws and so on. A small snack-bar and benches are also placed in a pleasant location, under some fine old trees. A special feature of the park is the copy of the farewell poem written by Major Abbott, the town's founder, which has been carved on a big stone slab beneath a majestic cedar tree. Many tourists come to see and read this and get themselves photographed here (See Link Below for Abbott Poem Text).

## In literature
The park has some literary connections, or has been mentioned in some literary works, most notably:

* The Urdu poem "Abar" (Rain-cloud) by the national poet of Pakistan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal was written during a visit to this park in the town during the British period, in the early 20th century (probably in 1904).
* The park is mentioned in passing for its beautiful old trees in a poem by Pakistani poet and writer, Omer Tarin in the collection *A Sad Piper*, 1st edition, Islamabad, 1994.

## References
## Other websites
* Text of Abbottabad Poem at English Wikipedia, by Major James Abbott; Retrieved 17 November 2012
Robert Goulet

**Robert Gerard Goulet** (November 26, 1933 &ndash; October 30, 2007) was an American singer, movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor.

He was known for his deep voice and for his roles in *Beetlejuice*, *The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear*, and in the broadway version of Camelot as Lancelot. He won a Grammy Award and a Tony Award. He was a "lost Canadian".

Goulet was born on November 26, 1933 in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He studied at Victoria Composite High School and at The Royal Conservatory of Music.

He was married to Louise Longmore from 1956 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Carol Lawrence from 1963 until they divorced in 1981. Then he was married to Vera Novak from 1982 until his death in 2007.

Goulet died on October 30, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from respiratory failure caused by pulmonary fibrosis, aged 73.

## Filmography
### Animated Roles
* *Gary the Rat* - Robert Goulet
* ''Recess: School's Out'' - Mikey Blumberg (singing)

## References
## Other websites
*Robert Goulet official website
* 
*
Valonia ventricosa

***Valonia ventricosa***, also known as "bubble algae" and "sailors’ eyeballs", However, although genuinely a single cell, it has more than one nucleus.

## Characteristics
### Environment
*Valonia ventricosa* usually grow alone, but sometimes they grow in groups. They appear in the littoral zones and continental shelf of tropical and subtropical areas, like the Caribbean, north to Florida, south to Brazil, and in the Indo-Pacific. often living in broken coral.
The deepest water it lives in is about .

### Physiology and reproduction
The single-cell organism has a spherical to ovoid (egg-like) shape. The colour varies from grass green to dark green (though in deep dark water they may appear to be silver, teal, or even blackish).< In studying the cellulose lattice in the cell wall, *Valonia ventricosa* has undergone extensive X-ray analytical procedures. It has also been studied for its electrical properties, due to its unusually high electrical potential relative to the seawater that surrounds it.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Gulab Singh

Maharaja **Gulab Singh** (1792–1857), Dogra Rajput,  was the founder of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was the second largest princely state in British India.Though he was a man of principles, his descendents especially Hari Singh then turned out to be an autocratic ruler who suppressed the Muslims during his reign.

In 1821, Gulab Singh caprajauri from Azhar Khan and vishwa from raja tej Mohan Singh,that same year gulab into part in VI who had been leading of revolution against the Kishore Singh died in 1822 and gulab Singh was confirmed as raja of Jammu by his subject Ranjit Singh afterwards gulab Singh ticket, declaration of sun
## References
Ranjit Singh

**Ranjit Singh** (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839) was the founder and first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which came to power in the Punjab from the 16th-19th century. The capital was at Gujranwala, later moved to Lahore. Ranjit Singh first came to fame around the year 1798 when he took advantage of the Durrani Empire turmoil in the Punjab region and captured the city of Lahore expelling the Afghan Muslim army garrison in the city. He then expanded further towards Punjab, fighting the Afghan Empire garrison and conquered many cities through his general, Hari Singh Nalwa. At its height, the Sikh Empire stretched from Jamrud in the west, Amritsar in the east, Multan in the south and Srinagar in the north.

After Ranjit Singh's death, his successors were weak and divided, thus the entire Punjab region fell to the British East India Company, and was conquered by the British Empire later to become part of British Raj.

## References
Dogras

, the first Maharaja of Dogra Rajput dynasty which ruled Jammu & Kashmir.]]
The **Dogras** are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia. Dogras are mostly believed to be of Rajput origins. They are largely settled in the hilly areas of Jammu, in northern India. In terms of religion, they are mostly Hindus, with some Sikhs and Muslims too. They speak their native language Dogri.
Commemorative plaque

]]
A **commemorative plaque**, or simply plaque, is a plate made of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material. It is usually placed on a wall or a large stone. It usually has text and sometimes an image in memory of one or more persons, as used for epitaph, an event, a former use of the place, or some other thing.  A plaquette is a small plaque. The word plaquette is not usually used for outdoor plaques fixed to wall.

## United Kingdom
In England there is the Blue Plaques scheme. Plaques are put on to buildings to  their links with important people or events. The scheme has been run by English Heritage for over 140 years and is thought to be the oldest of its kind in the world.

Other commemorative plaque schemes are run by local councils and charities throughout the United Kingdom. These use their own rules for deciding when to put up a plaque. A list of schemes in England can be found on the English Heritage website.

## Theft
As the price of scrap metal has increased plaques have been stolen by thieves wishing to sell the metal for cash.

## Awards
Plaques or, more often, plaquettes, have text awarding someone or something.

## Examples

Image:6208-PointLomaCabrilloCommemorativePlaque.jpg|Plaque at Cabrillo National Monument, Point Loma, near San Diego, CA
File:Hong Kong Park Plaque.jpg|The plaque in the Hong Kong Park commemorating the park's opening by the Governor of Hong Kong in 1991
Image:Dickson library plaque ACT.jpg|An example of a plaque in Canberra, Australia
File:Wolverhampton Borough Council Coat of Arms.jpg|Plaque showing the historical coat of arms of Wolverhampton, England before 1898
File:Dorset Obelisk.jpg|Second World War memorial plaque

## References
## Other websites
* History of the First World War bronze memorial plaques 
* WW I memorial plaques history
* *Gallery of Commemorative Plaques* carved by lettercutter Ieuan Rees 
* Blue Plaque Scheme: English Heritage
* Open Plaques - list of commemorative plaques in UK and elsewhere
Tiwana

The **Tiwana**  are a Punjabi  Jatt clan from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. The Tiwanas in Indian Punjab are mostly Sikhs, while the Tiwanas of Pakistani Punjab are almost all Muslims. 

The best-known member of this clan was late Malik Sir Khizar Hayat Tiwana who for some time remained Premier of the Punjab in British India, following Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan's demise.
Khizar Hayat Tiwana

**Sir Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana** KCSI, OBE (7 August 1900 – 20 January 1975) () was a Punjabi politician of British India. He was a member of the Unionist Party (Punjab). He remained Premier of the Punjab region from 1942 to 1947, just before the Partition of India.

He was from a Tiwana Jat landowning family which had been prominent since the 15th and 16th centuries. His father Malik Sir Umar Hayat Tiwana had also been a faithful vassal of the British Raj and did much to elevate the family further.
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 15

'''''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 15'''* is the fifteenth cycle of *America's Next Top Model*. It premiered on September 8, 2010. The episode titles for this cycle were based on the guest judges. The international destinations for this cycle are Venice, Milan, Verona and Como. The winner was 19-year-old Ann Ward from Dallas, Texas.

## Contestants
*(ages stated are at time of contest)''

Chelsey's age during on the recap episode, when she turned 23.

### Call-out order
 The contestant was eliminated outside from judging panel

 The contestant won the reward challenge

 The contestant won the reward challenge but was eliminated

 The contestant was eliminated

*In episode 1, the pool of 21 girls was reduced to 14 who moved on to the main competition. However, this first call-out does not reflect their performance that first week.
*In episode 3, Terra was eliminated after makeovers, and was therefore not present at panel for judging.
*Episode 12 was the recap episode.

### Photo shoot guide
* Episode 1 photo shoot: Paired up wearing Cynthia Rowley designs (casting)
* Episode 2 photo shoot: Teen bullying
* Episode 3 photo shoot: Fallen angels
* Episode 4 photo shoot: Underwater beauty shots
* Episode 5 photo shoot: Lucha Va Voom
* Episode 6 photo shoot: Walking down Rodeo Drive
* Episode 7 photo shoot: Portraying iconic fashion designers
* Episode 8 commercial: H2T water on roller skates
* Episode 9 photo shoot: Gondola group shoot with a cassanova
* Episode 10 photo shoot: Marble statues coming to life
* Episode 11 motion editorial: Modelli folli ("*model madness*")
* Episode 13 photo shoot and commercial: CoverGirl Lash Blast Fusion print ad and commercial & *beauty In Vogue* spread

## References
Common ivy

**Common Ivy** (*Hedera helix*) is a vine. It is evergreen - it does not lose its leaves in winter. Originally, the plant grew on the Macaronesian islands, but it spread  through the Mediterranean and Europe to Asia. All parts of the plant are poisonous. It is often used as a decorative plant in gardens. Ivy is very important for ecology: its nectar and seeds are available when few other plants are. Sometimes ivy is considered to be an invasive species, esp. in North America.

## Other websites
**Hedera helix*  at Weedbusters (New Zealand)
*The Know Ivy League at the City of Portland, Park & Recreation Bureau website
Ann Richards

**Dorothy Ann Willis Richards** (September 1, 1933 &ndash; September 13, 2006) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Texas. She first obtained national attention as the state treasurer of Texas, when she delivered the keynote address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Richards served as the 45th Governor of Texas from 1991 to 1995 and was defeated for re-election in 1994 by George W. Bush. Ann Richards was the second woman governor of Texas.

Richards was born on September 1, 1933 in Lakeview, Texas. Richards was raised in Austin, Texas. She studied at Baylor University. Richards was married to David Richards from 1953 until they divorced in 1984. They have four children, including former President of Planned Parenthood Cecile Richards.

Richards died on September 13, 2006 just 12 days after her 73rd birthday from esophageal cancer in Austin, Texas, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography of Ann Richards from Northeastern University 
*
*Remembering Ann Richards  by Molly Ivins
*
Susannah York

**Susannah York** (**Susannah Yolande Fletcher**, January 9, 1939 &ndash; January 15, 2011) was an English movie, stage, voice, radio, and television actress. She was known for her role as Alice in ''They Shoot Horses, Don't They?''. She won a BAFTA Award for her role as Alice. She was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.

York was born on 9 January 1939 in Chelsea, London, England. She studied at Marr College and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts.

York was married to Michael Wells from 1960 until they divorced in 1976. They have two children. York died on 15 January 2011, six days after her 72nd birthday in a hospital in Chelsea, London, England from multiple myeloma, aged 72.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Tyne Daly

**Ellen Tyne Daly** (born February 21, 1946) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles as Detective Mary Beth Lacey in *Cagney & Lacey* and as Maxine Gray in *Judging Amy*. She has won six Emmy Awards, an Tony Award, and an Drama Desk Award.

Daly was born on February 21, 1946 in Madison, Wisconsin. She studied at Brandeis University and at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy. She was married to Georg Stanford Brown from 1966 until they divorced in 1990. They had three children. Her brother is actor Tim Daly; her father was actor James Daly.

## References
## Other websites
*Tyne Daly's official web site
*
*
Dhamrai Jagannath Roth

**Dhamrai Jagannath Roth** is a temple that is actually a chariot, that is located in the city of Dhamrai in Bangladesh. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu God Jagannath. The chariot is carved from wood, with many decorative carvings and paintings, and has six levels with statues inside. It is taken out in a grand procession once a year for a festival called the Roth Jatra (or the Rathyatra or Rathajatra). The Roth Jatra in Dhamrai is one of the most important events for the Hindu community of Bangladesh.

## References
Killer Instinct

***Killer Instinct*** is a fighting game published by Nintendo. The game premiered on arcade in November 1994 and onto SNES the following year. *Killer Instinct* is strongly similar to *Street Fighter*, except that the characters for this game are different with far more sophistication.
Macaronesia

The **Macaronesian islands**, or simply **Macaronesia** is a modern name for several groups of islands of volcanic origin in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Europe and Africa. They belong to three countries: Portugal, Spain, and Cape Verde.

## Origin of name
**Macaronesia** ( 'blessed', 'happy' and  'island'; 'blessed/fortunate islands'). This term was used by Ancient Greek geographers for islands to the west of the Strait of Gibraltar.

The modern use of the term Macaronesia goes to the botanist Philip Barker Webb in the 1830s for botanical descriptions. The name is occasionally misspelled "Macronesia" in analogy with Micronesia.

## Islands included
The following groups of islands (archipelagos) are commonly counted as being part of the Macaronesia - from north to south:
#Portuguese islands
#*Azores (): area , population 245,746 (2012)
#*Madeira Islands (): area , population 267,785 (2011)
#Spanish islands
#*Canary Islands (): area , population 2,117,519 (2011)
#Independent
#*Cape Verde (): area , population 523,568 (2013 est.)

Spanish is spoken in the Canary Islands and Portuguese in the rest of the islands. Cape Verde was a colony of Portugal but it is independent since 1975.

## Geography and environment
The islands of Macaronesia are volcanic in origin, and are thought to be the product of several geologic hotspots.

The climate of the Macaronesian islands goes from Mediterranean in the Azores and Madeira to arid in Cape Verde. The Portuguese archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a generally cooler climate and higher rainfall than the Canary Islands and Cape Verde.

Even if the distances between the different groups of islands are large, the plants and animals are similar and there are many endemic plants that are found only in these islands.

The islands have a unique biogeography, and are home to several distinct plant and animal communities. The laurel forests, known as *laurisilva*, of Macaronesia are a type of mountain cloud forest with species of a vegetation type which originally covered much of the Mediterranean Basin when the climate of the region was more humid and evolved to adapt to island conditions. These forests once covered most of the Azores, Madeira, and parts of the Canary Islands ("Canaries") between 400–1200 m altitude (the eastern Canaries and Cape Verde being too dry).

## Conservation issues
Cutting the trees for timber and wood, clearing vegetation for grazing and agriculture, and the introduction of plants and animals by humans has displaced much of the native vegetation. The laurisilva has been reduced to small pockets.  As a result, many of the endemic biota of the islands are seriously endangered or extinct.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Jérôme Petit et Guillaume Prudent, « Macaronésie », *Changement climatique et biodiversité dans l’outre-mer européen*, UICN/ONERC, 2008, p.&nbsp;124-137
Warraich

The **Warraich** or **Warraich** are found in Pakistan and India. They mostly live in Pakistani Punjab and also in Indian Punjab. They belong to Sikh religion and people left in Pakistan converted to Muslim. Apparently, the roots are from shrubs of Chenab River in Gujrat now district Gujrat , Pakistan. In the beginning 20th century the spread all over the Punjab including Pakistan and India after land allocation due to modern Punjab irrigation system introduced by British India government.mahraja ranjit singh belong warraich clan

## Religion
The majority of Warraich are muslim. The Warraich from the Pakistani side of Punjab are mostly Muslim, while those from the Indian states of Haryana and Punjab are predominantly Sikh.

## Geographical distribution
In Pakistan, the Warraich are mostly found in the districts of Gujrat and Gujranwala. They also live in Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, Dunyapur Tehsil of Lodhran, Faisalabad , Chichawatni and Sargodha.
In India, Warraich are mostly found in Haryana, Patiala and the Amritsar District. 

## References
Patricia Neal

**Patricia Neal** (January 20, 1926 &ndash; August 8, 2010) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actress who is known for her roles in ''Breakfast at Tiffany's*, *The Day the Earth Stood Still*, *Hud*, *A Face in the Crowd*, and in *The Fountainhead''. She has won an Academy Award in 1963, two BAFTA Awards in 1963 and in 1965, a Golden Globe Award 1971, and a Tony Award in 1947.

Neal was born on January 20, 1926 in Packard, Kentucky. She was raised in Knoxville, Tennessee. She studied at Knoxville High School and at Northwestern University. Neal was married to Roald Dahl from 1953 until they divorced in 1983. They had five children. She was partners with Gary Cooper before she meet Dahl. Neal died on August 8, 2010 in Edgartown, Massachusetts from lung cancer, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Doc Severinsen

**Carl Hilding "Doc" Severinsen** (born July 7, 1927) is an American pop and jazz trumpeter.  He is best known for leading the NBC Orchestra on *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson*. He has won a Grammy Award.

Severinsen was born on July 7, 1927 in Arlington, Oregon. He was married to Evonne Nyman from 1964 until they divorced in 1976. He married Emily Marshall in 1980. He has five children.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official website
* Doc Severinsen Discography
* Tonight Show Bio
Lena Horne

**Lena Mary Calhoun Horne** (June 30, 1917 &ndash; May 9, 2010) was an American singer, actress, civil rights activist and dancer.  
## Family Life
Horne was born on June 30, 1917 in Brooklyn, New York City. She was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and in New York City. When she was three years old, her father, Edwin “Teddy” Horne, and her mother, Edna, divorced. She lived with her grandmother, Cora Calhoun, and her grandfather, Edwin Horne. Her mother was an actor and singer, but she was not very successful. She took Lena to the South, where they moved often. When she returned to Brooklyn, she continued to move often. After her career started, Horne married Louis Jones. They divorced later. They had two children, Gail and Edwin “Teddy”. Then, she was married to Leonard George “Lennie” Hayton, a white musician. Because marriage between two races was against the law in California, they were married in Paris, France. In 1970, Horne's son and father died. The year after, Horne's husband died of a heart attack.

## Career
Even though her parents did not want her to be a singer, she still spent a lot of time doing it. Her family thought that she was able to do better things. Later, she decided to leave high-school to spend her time singing. Horne cared a lot about helping people without equality. Horne was a singer, actress, and dancer. She mostly sang a type of music called the blues and had a strong voice. Horne began her career in the arts by dancing and singing at the Cotton Club when she was 16. When she was 25, Horne became the first black singer with a long term singing contract. A few years later she was very popular in clubs. In the 1940s and 1950s she was in many movies and musicals, such as *Stormy Weather*, *The Wiz*, *Ziegfeld Follies*, *Till the Clouds Roll By*, *Death of a Gunfighter*, and in *The Duke is Tops*. At age 46, Horne wrote a book about herself called “Lena.” She won the Spingarn Medal, the Tony Award, and the Drama Desk Award. Horne won these awards at ages 64 and 66. Horne died on May 9, 2010 in New York City, New York from heart failure, aged 92.[1] 

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Hindkowan

**Hindkowans** is a general term used to identify speakers of the Hindko dialect of Punjabi in Pakistan. In fact this is not an ethnic grouping or category properly speaking, and comprises diverse elements in the Punjab, and small amount in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and in Mianwali District and Dera Ghazi Khan areas of Punjab (Pakistan). 

However, over time, this linguistic category or grouping has come to be linked to various indigenous regional demands and aspirations and is now thought to be an ethnic group in itself.
## References
Araliaceae

The **Araliaceae** are a family of flowering plants, also known as the **Aralia family** (after its type genus *Aralia*) or ivy family. The family includes 254 species of trees, shrubs, lianas and perennial herbaceous plants in two subfamilies. Species usually bear pinnately or palmately compound leaves, and usually have small flowers produced in large panicles.
Benjamin Wade

**Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade** (October 27, 1800 &ndash; March 2, 1878) was a U.S. lawyer and United States Senator. In the Senate, he was associated with the Radical Republicans of that time. Wade was only one vote away from becoming the President of the United States due to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

Wade was born on October 27, 1800 in Springfield, Massachusetts. He was raised in Jefferson, Ohio. Wade was married to Caroline M. Rosekrans from 1841 until his death in 1878. They had two children. Wade died on March 2, 1878 in Jefferson, Ohio from natural causes, aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
* Riddle, A.G. (1888). The life of Benjamin F. Wade. Cleveland: The Williams Publishing Company
Japanese New Year

New Year in Japan is one of the most important festivals. Unlike the Chinese New Year, it is held on January 1. 
## Related pages
*Heisei period
Thaddeus Stevens

**Thaddeus Stevens** (April 4, 1792 &ndash; August 11, 1868) was an American Republican leader. He was one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives from 1849 until his death in 1868.

He was chairman of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee. Stevens was a witty, sarcastic speaker and confident party leader. He dominated the House from 1861 until his death. Stevens helped create the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. He also helped with the act that helped the Reconstruction of the United States. He went to  Dartmouth College and the University of Vermont. Stevens was never married and had no children. He was in a relationship with his black housekeeper even when slavery was legal. He wore a wig because he was bald.

## Political career
He wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War. Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner were the prime leaders of the Radical Republicans during the war and Reconstruction era. He worked and supported Abraham Lincoln's plan to end slavery and the U.S. reconstruction plan. He was part of Andrew Johnson's impeachment.

## Death
Stevens died on August 11, 1868 in Washington, D.C. from a stomach infection, aged 76. He was buried in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

## Personal life
Stevens never married. However, there were rumors about his 20-year relationship (1848–1868) with his widowed housekeeper, Lydia Hamilton Smith (1813–1884). She was a light-skinned African-American; her husband Jacob and at least one of her sons were much darker than she was.

## Culture
He was played by actor Tommy Lee Jones in Steven Spielberg's 2012 biography movie *Lincoln*.

## References
## Other websites
*Stevens and Smith Historic Site
*Thaddeus Stevens Society
*Thaddeus Stevens's Legacy
Kingdom of God

The **Kingdom of God**, or **Kingdom of Heaven**  is an important religious idea. It is found in Judaism, Christianity and Islam
God has a 'Kingdom' of His own. The Parables of Jesus talk about the Kingdom. Life here is seen as a test for us and if we follow the orders of God and do good deeds then we shall be rewarded in an Afterlife, where 'good' people alone will enter the heaven with all its joys.

Those who do evil will not get to heaven.

## Related pages
* Heaven
* Hell

## References
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 16

'''''America's Next Top Model, Cycle 16'''* is the sixteenth cycle of *America's Next Top Model* and the tenth season to be aired on The CW network. It premiered on February 23, 2011. The international destination for this cycle is Marrakech, Morocco. The winner was 19-year-old Brittani Kline from Beech Creek, Pennsylvania.

## Contestants
*(ages stated are at time of contest)''

## Episodes
Episode 1
*Best: Molly O'Connell 
*Worst: Angelia Alvarez & Dominique Waldrup
*Eliminated: Angelia Alvarez

Episode 2
*Quit: Ondrei Aroe
*Best: Hannah Jones
*Worst: Nicole Lucas & Dalya Morrow
*Eliminated: Nicole Lucas

Episode 3
*Best: Alexandria Everett 
*Worst: Sara Longoria & Dominique Waldrup
*Eliminated: Dominique Waldrup

Episode 4
*Best: Kasia Pilewicz
*Worst: Alexandria Everett & Sara Longoria
*Eliminated: Sara Longoria

Episode 5
*Best: Hannah Jones
*Worst: Dalya Morrow & Molly O'Connell 
*Eliminated: Dalya Morrow

Episode 6
*Best: Brittani Kline
*Worst: Monique Weingart & Mikaela Schipani
*Eliminated: Monique Weingart

Episode 7
*Best: Jaclyn Poole
*Worst: Brittani Kline & Mikaela Schipani
*Eliminated: Mikaela Schipani

Episode 8
*Best: Alexandria Everett 
*Worst: Jaclyn Poole & Molly O'Connell 
*Eliminated: Jaclyn Poole

Episode 9
*Best: Molly O'Connell 
*Worst: Kasia Pilewicz & Alexandria Everett 
*Eliminated: Kasia Pilewicz

Episode 10
*Best: Molly O'Connell 
*Worst: Hannah Jones & Alexandria Everett 
*Eliminated: Alexandria Everett

Episode 11
*Best: Molly O'Connell 
*Worst: Brittani Kline & Hannah Jones
*Eliminated: Hannah Jones

Episode 12
*Final Two: Brittani Kline & Molly O'Connell 
*Winner: Brittani Kline

## Call-out order
: The contestant was eliminated
:  The contestant won the competition
: The contestant won the **reward challenge**

*In episode 2, Ondrei quit the competition during judging. She took no part in the call-out.
*Episode 9 was the recap episode.

## References
Adinath Temple, Maheshkhali

in the temple]]

**Adinath Temple** is a temple dedicated to the Hindu God Adi Nath - another name for Shiva. It is on the summit of a hill, on Maheshkhali Island, off the coast of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. The temple is famous for the fair held once a year at the foot of the hill. The fair lasts thirteen days and draws thousands of Hindus from across Bangladesh.
Alec McCowen

**Alexander Duncan "Alec" McCowen** CBE (May 26, 1925 &ndash; February 6, 2017) was an English movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor who was known for his roles in *Frenzy*, *Gangs of New York*, *Never Say Never Again*, *The Age of Innocence*, and in *Travels with My Aunt*.

McCowen was born on May 26, 1925 in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent. He was raised in London, England. McCowen studied at Skinner's School and at the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. He was gay. His partner, Geoffrey Burridge died from AIDS in 1987.

McCowen died at his home in London, England on February 6, 2017, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Bill Tarmey

**Bill Tarmey** (born **William Piddington** GBE; 4 April 1941 &ndash; 9 November 2012) was an English actor, singer,  author, and comedian, he was best known for playing the role of Jack Duckworth in the long-running ITV soap opera, *Coronation Street*, first playing the role in 1979, he played the role regularly from 1983 to 2010.

Tarmey was born on 4 April 1941 in Ardwick, Manchester, England. He was married to Alma Tarmey from 1962 until his death in 2012. They had a son and daughter. Tarmey died on the morning of 9 November 2012 in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain from a heart attack, aged 71.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stanley Tucci

**Stanley Oliver Tucci** (born November 11, 1960) is an American actor who is known for his roles in *The Devil Wears Prada*, *Winchell*, *The Lovely Bones*, *The Hunger Games* and *Conclave*. He has won two Golden Globe Awards and two Emmy Awards.

Tucci was born on November 11, 1960 in Peekskill, New York. He was raised in Katonah, New York. He studied at John Jay High School and at SUNY Purchase. Tucci was married to Kathryn Spath from 1995 until her death in 2009. Then he was married to Felicity Blunt since 2012. He has three children with Spath. He currently lives in London.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Francis Preston Blair

**Francis Preston Blair, Sr.** (April 12, 1791 &ndash; October 18, 1876) or **Preston Blair** was an American journalist and politician, before and during the American Civil War.  Blair wanted to reunite the North and the South during the war. Blair helped to create the Republican Party. He supported many Democrats, but was mostly the ally of Republican President Abraham Lincoln. He is nicknamed **The Father of the Republican Party** since he was one of the men who started the Republican Party.

## Early life 
Blair was born at Abingdon, Virginia on April 12, 1791. He moved to Kentucky and later graduated from Transylvania University in 1811. Blair became a journalist in Frankfort, Kentucky and Washington D.C., and a prominent leader of the Democrats. He was married to Eliza Violet Gist from 1812 until his death in 1876. They had five children. He founded Silver Spring, the second largest city in Maryland, in 1840.

## Political career
Blair helped create the Republican Party and supported the first nominee of the party, Abraham Lincoln. Although he had slaves, Blair was said that after the Mexican War that slavery should not be extended beyond where it was allowed. In 1848 he actively supported Martin Van Buren, the Free Soil Party candidate for the presidency. Later, he supported Franklin Pierce, but then went on to help organize the new Republican Party in supporting Anti-Slavery reforms at a convention at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in February 1856.

### Abraham Lincoln
Blair wanted John C. Frémont for president and supported him at the June 1856 convention. At the 1860 convention he supported the nomination of Edward Bates as president. When it was clear that Bates would not be nominated, Blair then supported the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. Blair helped many democratic politicians to vote yes on making slavery illegal and becoming the 13th Amendment.

Blair asked President Lincoln that once Savannah, Georgia fell, he should travel to the capital of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia to talk to President Jefferson Davis, whom he knew.  He organized a peace conference that failed.

In 1862, Blair had told his slaves that they could "go when they wished."

## Death 
Blair died on October 18, 1876 in Silver Spring, Maryland from natural causes, aged 85. He was later buried at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C. His wife, Eliza, died on July 5, 1877, a year after his death.

## Culture
In Steven Spielberg's 2012 biography movie *Lincoln*, Blair was played by actor Hal Holbrook.

## Legacy 
A town is named after him in Georgia, Blairville, Georgia.

His great-great grandson is American actor Montgomery Clift.

## References 
## Other websites
* Francis Preston Blair, Sr. at Find A Grave
Christian Lous Lange

**Christian Lous Lange** (September 17, 1869 &ndash; December 11, 1938) was a Norwegian historian, teacher, and political scientist. He was one of the world's foremost exponents of the theory and practice of internationalism.

Lange was born in Stavanger, Norway on September 17, 1869. His father was a military engineer. He graduated from secondary school in 1887 and later went to travel and study history, English, and French at the University of Oslo in Oslo, Norway. He received the cand. philol. degree in 1893. He taught at secondary schools for many years and eventually returned to the University of Oslo to receive a doctorate.

His support of internationalism was demonstrated by the first of a three volume historical treatise (Histoire de l'internationalisme). The work, published in 1919, was said to contribute to the ideological preparation for the League of Nations. For this and all his other activities, Lange shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Hjalmar Branting in 1921.

Lange died on December 11, 1938 in Oslo, Norway from an illness, aged 69.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mia Wasikowska

**Mia Wasikowska** (born 14 October 1989) is an Australian movie, television, and voice actress who is mostly known for her role as Alice in Tim Burton's *Alice in Wonderland*. She is also known for her television role as Sophie in *In Treatment*.
 
## Early life 
Wasikowska was born and raised in Canberra, Australia. She has an older sister named Jess, and a younger brother named Kai. Her mother, Marzena Wasikowska, is a photographer from Poland while her father, John Reid, is an Australian painter-and-collagist. As a child, she frequently accompanied her parents on their gallery rounds in Europe, and in her spare time, she continues to enjoy photography. She studied ballet as a child and turned to acting when she was 15.  
 
## Career 
After some television and movie works in Australia, Wasikowska moved to Los Angeles to be in the cable drama *In Treatment*. Her portrayal of a suicidal teen earned critical praise and led to more work in American movies, including *Defiance* and *Amelia*. In Tim Burton's Alice, Wasikowska co-starred with Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter and carried a blockbuster movie, appearing in almost every scene. She won an AFI International Award, a Teen Choice Award and nominated an Empire Award for her performance. In 2009, it was announced that Wasikowska was cast in the Lisa Cholodenko-directed indie comedy film *The Kids Are All Right* alongside Annette Bening, Julianne Moore, Josh Hutcherson and Mark Ruffalo. Film received positive reviews from critics, and Wasikowska received Hollywood Film Festival Breakthrough Actress Award for her role. From March to May 2010, Wasikowska filmed Cary Fukunaga's adaptation of Jane Eyre, in which she starred as the title character opposite Michael Fassbender as Mr. Rochester. In 2011, Wasikowska shot the small supporting role of Shia LaBeouf's character's love interest in John Hillcoat's *Lawless*. Then she filmed the lead in Park Chan-wook's English-language debut movie, *Stoker*, alongside Nicole Kidman and Matthew Goode. In 2014, she starred in David Cronenberg movie titled *Maps to the Stars* with Julianne Moore, John Cusack, Robert Pattinson, Olivia Williams, and Sarah Gadon which  premiered in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.

In November 2013, it was announced that Wasikowska was cast in *Alice Through the Looking Glass*, the 2016 sequel to *Alice in Wonderland*.

## Personal life 
Wasikowska lives in Bronte, New South Wales. In 2013, she began dating her *The Double* co-star Jesse Eisenberg. The two split in 2015.

## Filmography 
### Film
### Television
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Yoshirō Mori

is a Japanese politician. He was the 85th and 86th Prime Minister of Japan from 5 April 2000 until 26 April 2001. Mori has been described as having "the heart of a flea and the brain of a shark,". He was not a well liked prime minister. Mori is mainly remembered today for his many gaffes. He is currently President of the Japan Rugby Football Union as well as the Japan-Korea Parliamentarians' Union.

In 2014, he was appointed to be in charge of the organizing committee for the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. He resigned in February 2021 after he made some sexist comments at a committee meeting.

## References
Hjalmar Branting

**Karl Hjalmar Branting** (23 November 1860 &ndash; 24 February 1925) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (1907–1925), and Prime Minister during three separate periods (1920, 1921–1923, and 1924–1925). When Branting came to power in 1920, he was the first Social Democratic Prime Minister of Sweden. When he took office for a second term after the general election of 1921, he became the first socialist politician in Europe to do so following elections with universal suffrage. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921 with Christian Lous Lange.

He was also minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs.

Branting was born on November 23, 1860 in Stockholm, Sweden. He studied at the University of Uppsala. He was married to Anna Branting. Branting died on February 24, 1925 in Stockholm, Sweden from unknown causes, aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
*Nobel Committee information on 1921 Laureates
Fredrik Bajer

**Fredrik Bajer** (April 21, 1837 &ndash; January 22, 1922) was a Danish writer, teacher, and pacifist politician. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1908.
 
Bajer was born on April 21, 1837 in Vester Egede, Denmark. He fought  in the 1864 war against Prussia and Austria where he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. He was discharged in 1865, and moved to Copenhagen where he became a teacher, translator and writer.
 
He entered the Danish Parliament in 1872 as a member of Folketinget and held a seat there for the following 23 years. As a member of parliament, he worked for the use of international arbitration to solve conflicts among nations, and it is due to Bajer's efforts that foreign relations became part of the work of the Danish Parliament and that Denmark participated in the Inter-Parliamentary Union from the beginning and earned a distinguished position among its members.
 
He supported many peace organizations, both inside Denmark and Europe-wide. He helped guide the passage of a bill to reach arbitration agreements with Sweden and Norway.

Bajer died on January 22, 1922 in Copenhagen, Denmark from unknown causes, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Nobel Committee information on 1908 laureates
Charles Albert Gobat

**Charles Albert Gobat** (May 21, 1843 &ndash; March 16, 1914) was a Swiss lawyer, educational administrator, and politician. He jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize with Élie Ducommun in 1902 for their leadership of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.

Gobat was born on May 21, 1843 at Tramelan, Switzerland. He was the son of a Protestant pastor. He was the nephew of Samuel Gobat, a missionary who became bishop of Jerusalem. He was educated at the University of Basel, University of Heidelberg, University of Bern, and University of Paris. He received his doctorate in law, *summa cum laude*, from the University of Heidelberg in 1867.

In 1902, Gobat jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902 with Élie Ducommun for their leadership of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
 
After the death of Élie Ducommun in 1906, Gobat took over the direction of the International Peace Bureau.

Gobat died on March 16, 1914 in Bern, Switzerland from unknown causes, aged 70. He died while attending a meeting of the peace conference at Bern. He stood as if to speak but collapsed, dying about an hour later.

## References
## Other websites
*Nobel Committee Information on 1902 peace prize 
*about Charles Albert Gobat
Herzl Museum

The **Herzl Museum** is a biographical museum in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. It is dedicated to Theodor Herzl, the founder of the Zionism movement. It is located at the entrance plaza of the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Leif Garrett

**Leif Garrett** (born **Leif Per Nervik**; November 8, 1961) is an American singer, actor and television personality. He became famous in the late 1970s as a teen idol, but received much publicity in later life for his drug abuse and legal troubles.

Garrett was born on November 8, 1961 in Hollywood, California.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Official page at MySpace
*