open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
South African Border War

The **South African Border War** refers to the conflict that took place from 1966 to 1990 primarily in South West Africa (now Namibia) between South Africa on one side and the South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) and its allies on the other.
 
The roots of the conflict can be traced back to World War I, when South Africa invaded and conquered the colony of German South West Africa on behalf of the British Empire and the other Allies of World War I. In the aftermath of the German defeat, the League of Nations awarded South Africa a mandate to administer the territory until its inhabitants were ready to govern themselves. 

Following World War II, South Africa refused to surrender South West Africa to a proposed United Nations Trusteeship agreement and instead requested the right to annex it as a fifth province. Steps were taken to integrate South-West Africa into South Africa, including giving the local white population the right to elect representatives to the Parliament of South Africa. 

In 1962, SWAPO was formed to resist South African rule and petition for South West African independence. With support from the Soviet Union, SWAPO began training guerrillas and from 1966 onwards frequently clashed with the South African police and army. The war entered a new phase in 1975, when Angola gained independence and its new communist government began providing support to the guerrillas. South African troops launched raids into Angola to destroy SWAPO bases, which led to battles with the Angolan army. Cuba, which had sent troops to bolster the Angolan government, was directly involved in some of these battles. 

In 1988, South Africa, Angola, and Cuba signed a Tripartite Accord committing them to peace. Cuba agreed to withdraw from Angola if South Africa withdrew from South West Africa and granted that territory independence. South-West Africa gained independence as Namibia in early 1990.

## References
2016 clown sightings

The **2016 clown sightings** are reports of people dressed up as evil clowns scaring and stalking passersby, such as near forests and schools. Other clown-related businesses have been affected. This was a case of mass hysteria with some marketing and a lot of social media. Many people shared videos and stories online, which helped the reports spread very quickly.

In 2013, the fad started when a "creepy clown" known as the Wasco Clown started stalking people and causing terror in the entire town since around September or October 2013.

## Maine 
In autumn of 2016, a clown was in Orono standing in a neighborhood for 15 minutes. Other towns reported seeing clowns. 

A local radio station reported:The clown sightings have caused genuine concern not just because they're scary, but we've all seen *IT*, so we have Stephen King to blame for our fear.

## References
Trident

A **trident**  is a three-pronged spear. It is used for spearfishing. Historically it was used as a polearm. Gladiators used them in Ancient Rome after they cast a net to trap their opponent. The trident is the weapon of Poseidon, or Neptune, the god of the sea in classical mythology. In Hindu mythology it is the weapon of Shiva and goddess Durga, known as *trishula* (Sanskrit for "triple-spear"). The word "trident" comes from the French word *trident*, which in turn comes from the Latin word *tridens*. 

## References
Lindisfarne Castle

**Lindisfarne Castle** is a castle on Holy Island, near Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England. The island is accessible from the mainland at low tide by means of a causeway. A fort was built here in 1550 during the time of Henry VIII. About 20 years later it was replaced by a stone fortress. It was abandoned in 1893 and afterwards used as a lookout by the Coastguard. In 1903, repair work started to change the fortress into a home by the new owner, Edward Hudson. In 1944, it was donated to the National Trust.

## References
Fred Hampton

**Fred Hampton** was a member of the Black Panther Party (BPP) in Chicago, Illinois. He was the chairman of the Illinois chapter of the BBP and the deputy chairman of the national BPP. He is mainly known for the way he died in 1969, aged 21. His apartment was raided on December 4th. In a gun battle lasting 20 minutes, Hampton was shot. Mark Clark, was also killed and four other Panthers were wounded. In spite of a ballistics report that showed the 14 police officers fired almost all the bullets in the raid, a grand jury failed to indict anyone. Hampton’s family later filed a civil suit, eventually winning the case with a $1.8 million settlement. The background and events of Hampton's death have been made into several documentary movies.

## References 
## Other websites 
* "The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther" - video report by *Democracy Now!* December 4, 2009.
*  (A 1971 documentary film directed by Howard Alk)
* FBI files on Fred Hampton
* "Power Anywhere Where There's People" A Speech By Fred Hampton
* Death of a Black Panther: The Fred Hampton Story: is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Mary Anna Custis Lee

, in 1845. She is around 37 years old in this picture.]]
**Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee** (1 October 1808 – 5 November 1873) was the wife of Confederate Army military officer Robert E. Lee. She was also his third cousin. They married at her parents' home, and had seven children together.

## Life 
She was born in Clarke County, Virginia on 1 October 1808; although her birth appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother to have happened in 1807. She was born at the Annefield plantation when her mother's coach stopped there during a journey. She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek.

She liked talking about politics with her father and later her husband. She kept current with all the new literature. After her father died, she edited and published his writings as *Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, by his adopted son George Washington Parke Custis, with a Memoir of this Author by his Daughter* in 1859.

She was a small but spirited woman. She knew her third cousin, Robert E. Lee, since childhood. She also dated Governor of Texas, Sam Houston.

Mary and Robert were married at her parents' home, Arlington House, on 30 June 1831. They had three sons and four daughters together: George Washington Custis "Custis", William H. Fitzhugh "Rooney", Robert Edward Jr., Mary, Eleanor Agnes (called Agnes), Anne, and Mildred Lee.

When the American Civil War began, her husband Robert and their sons were all called to service in Virginia. She didn't evacuate her home until 15 May 1861. Robert wrote to his wife saying:

War is inevitable, and there is no telling when it will burst around you . . . You have to move and make arrangements to go to some point of safety which you must select. The Mount Vernon plate and pictures ought to be secured. Keep quiet while you remain, and in your preparations . . . May God keep and preserve you and have mercy on all our people.

After the war, the Lees lived in Powhatan County for a short time before moving to Lexington. Robert E. Lee would become the president of the Washington College. Mary Anna Custis Lee visited her old home, the Arlington House, one last time in 1873.She hardly recognized the estate except for a few old oaks and some of the trees that she and Robert had planted.

She eventually got severe rheumatoid arthritis. Mary Anna Custis Lee died at 66 years old. She is buried next to her husband at the Lee family crypt at Lee Chapel on the campus of Washington and Lee University.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Lee Family Digital Archive 
* Collection of Mary Custis Lee digitized letters
*Correspondences of Mary Anna Custis Lee during the American Civil War - held in the Walter Havighurst Special Collections, Miami University
Patrick De Lacey

Captain **Patrick DeLacy** (November 25, 1835 – April 27, 1915) was an American soldier. He fought in the American Civil War. DeLacy received the Medal of Honor. It is the United States highest award for bravery in combat.  He got the medal for his action during the Battle of the Wilderness in Virginia on 6 May 1864. He was given the award on 24 April 1894.

## Biography
DeLacy was born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania on 25 November 1835. He enlisted into the 143rd Pennsylvania Infantry. He was promoted from private to sergeant major to lieutenant before he got out of the army in June, 1865. He was promoted to the rank of Captain after he died and after the war on June 8, 1987. This was due to the work of Elizabeth Hicks Jaquinot.  He died on 27 April 1915 and his remains are interred at Saint Catherine's Cemetery in Moscow, Pennsylvania. He got his Medal of Honor on 6 May 1864 when he shot a Confederate color bearer and took the flag of the 1st South Carolina Infantry regiment.

## Medal of Honor citation
## Related pages
*List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

## References
## Other websites
*Patrick DeLacy The Last Union Captain
Carbondale, Pennsylvania

**Carbondale** is a city in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. Carbondale is located in Northeastern Pennsylvania. It is about 15 miles northeast of Scranton. The population was 8,828 at the 2020 census.

The land area that became Carbondale was developed by William and Maurice Wurts. They were the founders of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. The company mined anthracite coal mining in the United States. It was also a major terminal of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.

## References
## Other websites
*The Carbondale Historical Society and D&H Transportation Museum 
* https://www.facebook.com/pages/Carbondale-Historical-Society-Musem-Incorporated/152276618138160?ref=ts&fref=ts
States' rights

'''States' rights''' is a belief found in the United States Constitution in which some rights are reserved for state governments and may not be changed by the federal government. They are also protected by the Tenth Amendment as part of the Bill of Rights. People are still debating about it.

## History 
States' rights, meaning the sovereignty and independence of individual US states, was guaranteed in the Articles of Confederation, the  to the US Constitution. It stated that the individual states "hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare". Within a short time, it was realized that a stronger central government and a constitution was needed. The question was the main point of debates between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists while the Constitution was being ratified. when the United States was expanding westward. They did not favor states' rights for new states joining the Union on the question of slavery. It was referred to a committee, which decided the gag order should go into effect for anything regarding slavery. They were not interested in the conflict over slavery but wanted only to create farms and to live in peace. Many in New England had grown wealthy in the slave trade before it was banned, but that part of the North had become a center for abolitionist movements. That contributed to the resentment felt by Southerners. and believed the popular idea at the time that blacks were inferior. Some historians argue slavery was the main cause of the war, and others say states' rights was the cause, but both issues were very closely connected. Even Southern churches supported slavery when Northern churches saw the ownership of another person as an . The framers of the Constitution, many of them slave owners, wanted to avoid the problem at the federal level.

On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln gave his first inaugural address as part of his being sworn in as 16th President of the United States. The speech was addressed primarily to Southern states and was intended to lay out his intended policies and desires toward the South. The preceding month (February), seven states had formed the Confederate States of America. His speech was written in a spirit of friendship toward the seceded states. Also, that a state did not have the right to tax the federal government to try to weaken the bank.
* *Dred Scott v. Sandford* (1857) The court ruled African Americans, whether free or slaves, were not US citizens. That meant that they could not sue in a federal court. Additionally, the Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional. The decisioon was that Congress could not regulate the production of goods. The US government had established limits on wheat production to stabilize wheat prices and supplies.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Jefferson and Hamilton Debate Federal vs. States' Rights
Curicó

**Curicó** is a Chilean city and commune in the Maule Region, in the Chilean Central Valley. Curicó is the capital city of the province of Curicó.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Curicó is . The month with the most precipitation on average is July with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Curicó is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

## Economy
The city's economy is based mainly on agriculture, because the Mediterranean climate creates comparative advantages with markets such as apples, wines, and cherries.

## Gallery

File:Iglesia la Merced en Curicó.JPG|La Merced church, Curicó
File:Municipalidad curico.jpg|Town hall of Curicó
File:Árboles nativos de la Plaza de Armas de Curicó.jpg|Native trees in town square
File:Calle Carmen Mayo 2011 (16013417240).jpg|Street in Curicó

## Related pages
*Communes of Chile
*Provinces of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Gobierno Regional del Maule  Official website 
* Province of Curicó website  
* Municipality of Curicó
Mk 19 grenade launcher

The **Mk 19** (or **Mark 19**) is a grenade machine gun capable of firing one grenade every second at a maximum range of . The Mk 19 fires 40mm grenades at a rate of 325-375 rounds per minute (rpm).  It has a maximum effective range of .  It was originally used by the U.S. Navy in Vietnam for river patrol boats. Later it was adopted and improved upon by the U.S. Army.  It is a man portable crew-served weapon that can fire from a tripod mounted position. It also fires from a vehicle mounted position (this is the preferred method since the weapon alone weighs ). The ammunition comes in 32 or 48 round ammunition boxes weighing  and .

## References 
## Other websites 
* MK-19 training day; YouTube
Obergesteln

**Obergesteln** is a village and former municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Obergesteln, Oberwald and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.
Lampeter

**Lampeter** (), also known locally as *Llambed*, is a town and community in Ceredigion, Wales. In 2011, it had a population of 2,970 people. It is the United Kingdom's smallest university town.

Its population makes it Ceredigion's third-largest settlement, after Aberystwyth and Cardigan.

The town's Welsh name *"Pont Steffan"* means ''Stephen's Bridge''.

Lampeter is best known as being the founding place of the Free Wales Army, a paramilitary organisation that wanted independence for Wales.

## Twinning
Lampeter is twinned with:
* Saint-Germain-sur-Moine, France

## Gallery

File:Uwlsdb.jpg|The St David's Building at the University of Wales, Lampeter
File:Lampeter-High Street.jpg|Lampeter High Street
File:Lampeter-Saint Peter church.jpg|St Peter Church, Lampeter
Champex-Lac

**Champex-Lac** or **Champex** is a village of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Champex-Lac is in the municipality of Orsières.

Champex is also a small ski-resort.

## Other websites 
*Champex, tourist office
Reckingen-Gluringen

**Reckingen-Gluringen** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Goms and the district Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2004, the former municipalities of Reckingen and Gluringen merged into the new municipality of Reckingen-Gluringen.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official Website
Emilia Lanier

**Emilia Lanier** (1569-1645) was an English poet, the author of only one book of poems named (in Latin) *Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum*. Her name and surname were written in many ways, Emilia, Amelia, Lanier or Lanyer. She was born in the beginning of 1569. She was baptised on 27 January 1569. She was partly of Italian origin. Her father was Baptist Bassano. He was a musician. He came from Venice. build of six lines (rhymed ababcc), seven lines (ababacc or ababbcc that is rhyme royal) or eight lines (abababcc that is ottava rima).

## Emilia Lanier or Dark Lady 
Emilia Lanier is considered to be the Dark Lady of William Shakespeare's sonnets. John Hudson suggests that she was the real author of some Shakespeares plays.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Æmilia Lanyer, *Salve Deus Rex Iudæorum* at luminarium.org
Satyameva Jayate

**"Satyameva Jayate"** ( ; lit. "Truth alone triumphs.") is a *mantra* from the ancient Indian scripture *Mundaka Upanishad*. Upon independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India.
It is inscribed in script at the base of the national emblem. The emblem and the words "Satyameva Jayate" are inscribed on one side of all Indian currency. The emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka which was erected around 250 BCE at Sarnath, near Varanasi in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is inscribed on all currency notes and national documents.

## References
Angioedema

**Angioedema** is swelling that is similar to hives, but the swelling is under the skin instead of on the surface.

Hives are often called welts. They are a surface swelling. It is possible to have angioedema without hives.

## Causes
Angioedema may be caused by an allergic reaction. During the reaction, histamine and other chemicals are released into the bloodstream. The body releases histamine when the immune system detects a foreign substance called an allergen.

In most cases, the cause of angioedema is never found.

The following may cause angioedema:
* Animal dander (scales of shed skin)
* Exposure to water, sunlight, cold or heat
* Foods (such as berries, shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, and milk)
* Insect bites
* Medicines (drug allergy) such as antibiotics (penicillin and sulfa drugs), Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood pressure medicines (ACE inhibitors)
* Pollen
Hives and angioedema may also occur after infections or with other illnesses (including autoimmune disorders such as lupus, leukemia, and lymphoma).

A form of angioedema happens in families and has different triggers, complications, and treatments. This is called hereditary angioedema.
Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye

'''Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye''' is a special university in France. The school is in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It was created in 2013.

It is a specialist in the fields of economics, administration, social sciences and politics.

## References
## More reading 
* Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye website
WSTRN

**WSTRN** is an English West London singing group consisting of Akelle Charles, Louis Rei and Haile. 
They are known because of their debut song, "In2", which was released on 13 October 2015 and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. Louis Rei was formerly known as LB, Akelle was formerly known as A-Star and is Haile's cousin.
Ain (river)

The **Ain** (in Franco-Provençal: ***En***) is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône river. It gave its name to the French department of Ain.

## Geography
The Ain river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Chazey-sur-Ain in the Ain department.

### Course
The source of the Ain is a *karst spring* (a spring that is part of a karst system) in the Jura mountains, between the Conte an the La Favière *communes* (Jura department), at an altitude of about . From here, the Ain flows to the south.

The Ain river flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 66 *communes*. It flows through the following *communes*, among others:

## Main tributaries
The main tributaries of the Ain river are:

**Left tributaries**:
* Saine - 19&nbsp;km
* Hérisson - 21&nbsp;km
* Drouvenant - 18&nbsp;km
* Cimante - 11&nbsp;km
* Bienne - 69&nbsp;km
* Oignin - 44&nbsp;km
* Riez - 13&nbsp;km
* Oiselon - 14&nbsp;km
* Cozance - 12&nbsp;km
* Albarine - 59&nbsp;km

**Right tributaries**:
* Serpentine - 11&nbsp;km
* Angillon - 27&nbsp;km
* Valouse - 42&nbsp;km
* Suran - 74&nbsp;km
* Toison - 15&nbsp;km

## Gallery

File:BronAin.jpg|Source of the Ain river
File:Rivière d'Ain et hameau de Bombois (Matafelon-Granges) depuis Corveissiat.jpg|The Ain river at Corveissiat
File:Pont-du-Navoy04.jpg|Pont-du-Navoy and the Ain river
File:Pont sur l'Ain à Pont-du-Navoy (39).JPG|Pont-du-Navoy - bridge over the Ain River

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## References
## Other websites
* La Basse Rivière d'Ain
Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram

**Brihadeshwara Temple** (also called **Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple** and **Gangaikondacholeeswaram**) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Ariyalur district, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. 

## Other websites
* Unesco Great Living Chola Temples
Human skeleton

**human skeleton** is the  framework of the body. It is made up of about 300 bones at birth. As some bones join together, there are 206 bones in adulthood. The bones are at their strongest around age 20. The human skeleton can be divided into the *axial skeleton* and the *appendicular skeleton*. The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The human skeleton performs six major functions. These are: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of s, and endocrine regulation.

The male and female skeletons are not so different as those of many other primates. There are subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull, teeth, long bones, and pelvis. In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements.

The human female pelvis is different from that of males in order to facilitate child-birth. The hips on a female are proportionately wider than males, and so the ball joints at the top of the legs are set more apart than in males. This, and the pelvic shape, gives a birth channel which allows the newborn foetus to pass through. The critical factor is the baby's head, which is much larger than in other primates.

Unlike most primates, human males do not have penile bones. This is an adaptation to the human upright stance.

## References 
## Other websites 
* human skeletal system; YouTube
* Skull Development: YouTube
Didier Guillemot

**Didier Guillemot** (born in 1960) is a French doctor, specialized in infection. He was President of the *Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines* from May 2016 to Septembre 2017.

Graduate from the Paris Diderot University in innovation and public health, he starts his career at Inserm in 1994. He moved to Institut Pasteur in 2001.

He worked on the HIV.
On April 2016, he was elected President of the *Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines*, succeeding Jean-Luc Vayssière. He left his in September 2017 for health reasons.

## References
Joseph Gérard

**Blessed Joseph Gérard**, OMI (March 12, 1831 – May 29, 1914) was a French Catholic missionary. 

Gérard mostly worked among the Basotho people of modern-day Lesotho and the Free State province of South Africa.

Gérard was beatified by Pope John Paul II on September 15, 1988. His feast day is on May 29.

## References
Ambattur

**Ambattur** is a neighbourhood place of Northern Chennai. It is located in the Ambattur taluk of the Chennai Corporation, Tamil Nadu. It was added in the part of the Chennai Corporation in the year 2011.

It is one of the fast growing residential area in the Chennai Corporation. The area of the place is 45&nbsp;km2.The neighbourhood is served by the Ambattur Railway Station.

In the time of 1960s Ambattur was a village with large extends of agricultural lands. The Ambattur Lake supported the irrigational purpose.The growth of the village heightened when the Ambattur industrial estate was established in the year 1964.

It was said that the place has got its name of Ambattur from the Tamil words (ஐம்பத்து ஊர்) becvause this place was the colloboration of 50 places.

The population of this area in 2011 is 466,205 with a sex ratio of 985 per 1000 males and literacy rate of 82%.
## References
Vossloh DE 18

The **Vossloh DE 18** is a Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotive. It is the first new diesel-electric locomotive to be built in Kiel since production of the DE 1002 ended in 1993.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Vossloh DE 18 product page
SNCF Class BB 61000

The **SNCF Class BB 61000** diesel locomotives were built by Vossloh to their G1206 design between 2002-2005 for the French state railways. Twenty three locomotives were built, numbered 61001-61023. As they are operated by the freight sector, the locomotives carry a '4' prefix (i.e. they are numbered 461001-461023).

These are the second locomotives to be numbered in this range, the first being the Class C 61000 (+ TC 61100).

## Fleet List 
## References
SNCF 040.DF

**SNCF 040.DF **was a class of one prototype diesel-hydraulic locomotive built for the SNCF built in 1952 by Renault.

In 1962 it was renumbered from 040.DF.1 to **BB 60041**.

Like the 060.DA, it was delivered in a livery of dark green with a yellow stripe.
TCDD DH3600

**TCDD DH3600** were diesel-hydraulic locomotive built for shunting operations on the Turkish State Railways. 38 units were built by Tüvasaş under licence from Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK). In 1980-81 the shunters were rebuilt with Cummins Diesel KT1150L engines.

## Other websites
* Trains of Turkey page on DH3600
Norman F. Bates

**Norman Francis Bates** (November 6, 1839 - October 16, 1915) was an American soldier. He got the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War. The Medal of Honor is the highest military award of the United States.

## Biography
Bates served in the American Civil War. He was in the 4th Iowa Cavalry for the Union Army. He got the Medal of Honor on June 17, 1865 for his actions at Columbus, Georgia.

## Medal of Honor citation
**Citation:**

Capture of flag and bearer

## Related pages
*List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Iowa Medal of Honor Heroes
SNCF Class BB 7200

The **SNCF Class BB 7200** is a 1.5&nbsp;kV DC electric locomotive. It is operated by the SNCF in France. The BB 7200 are part of the "Nez Cassé" family of locomotives. SNCF Class BB 15000 is the alternating current (AC) version. The Class BB 22200 is a dual-voltage version. They are numbered to show that the DC and AC class make the dual-voltage locomotives (7200 + 15000 = 22200). Another similar model is the NS Class 1600. It is operated in the Netherlands. It is a DC locomotive based on the BB 7200.

Locomotive numbers 7209, 7210, 7308 and 7348 have all been destroyed in accidents.

The class are numbered 7201 - 7440. Some have cast plates.

In 2012 and 2013, the locomotives numbered 7311, 7312, 7314, 7325, 7327, 7330m 7332, 7335, 7337, 7339, 7341 and 7342 were modified. They became BB 7600 locomotives. They were operated on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse line.

## Names
Some of the class carry the name of a city in France:

## Models
* This locomotive was reproduced in H0 scale by Jouef, Lima, Märklin and Roco.
* This locomotive was reproduced in N scale by Fleischmann and Minitrix.

## References
Crêt de la Neige

**Crêt de la Neige** is a  high mountain in the *commune* of Thoiry. It is the highest peak in the Jura Mountains and the department of Ain in France.

It is in the **Jura Mountains Regional Natural Park** ().

## Geography
 in the background]]
Crêt de la Neige is between the *communes* of Lélex (to the northwest) and Thoiry (to the southeast) in the Ain department.

It is found in the *Haute Chaîne*, the most eastern and highest chain of the French Jura mountains; it is in the *Pays de Gex* (the Arrondissement of Gex, Ain department), about  to the northwest of the city of Geneva.

The Crêt de la Neige is surrounded by the plain of the *Pays de Gex* to the east and the Valserine valley (a valley among the Jura mountains formed by the Valserine river) to the west.

From the summit (or near the summit because it is covered with shrubs and trees), it is possible to see Geneva and the *Pays de Gex* and there is a 360° view over the Lake Geneva, the Valserine valley, La Dôle (a peak of the Jura mountains that is in Switzerland) and the Alps. On a clear day, it is possible to see the Vosges mountains and the Black Forest.

### Elevation
In the past, the official elevation given for the Crêt de la Neige was , and so it appears in old maps, only  higher than the near peak of Reculet . But recent studies made by the Institut géographique national (IGN) in Villeurbanne found that the true altitude of the Crêt de la Neige is  above sea level. In 2024, a team of researchers locates the actual highest peak in a protected area and measures its elevation at 1720.83 m, while they found the geodetic marker at Crêt de la Neige at 1718.06 m elevation.

## Getting there
The easiest route to get to the Crêt de la Neige is from the Tiocan lookout point that is beyond Thoiry.

## Gallery

File:Cret De Neige Geneva.jpg|Looking towards Geneva from the summit of Cret de la Neige
File:Jura Mountains.jpg|Looking towards Lélex from just below Crêt de la Neige summit (1717.6m)
File:Crêt de la Neige.JPG|Crêt de la Neige viewed from the summit of Le Reculet
File:ReculetDepuisCretDeLaNeige.jpg|Le Reculet from the Crêt de la Neige

## References
## Other websites
* Crêt de la Neige in Camp-to-Camp 
* Crêt de la Neige in GeoFinder.ch 
* Crêt de la Neige at Altituderando.com
Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo

**Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo** (or Quebedo, 16th/17th century) was a Portuguese poet. Little is known about his personal life. He studied law at the University of Coimbra. He wrote lyrical poems, for example sonnets, but is best known fo his epic works. One of them is *Discurso sobre a Vida e Morte de Santa Isabel Rainha de Portugal* that was published in Lisbon in 1596. The greatest work by the poet is Afonso Africano, an epic poem in ottava rima (1611).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fragments of Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo's poems at Projecto Vercial.
Udara

* from Thailand]]

***Udara**'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species are found in the Indomalayan and the Australasian realms.
2016 United States presidential election in California

During the 2016 United States presidential election on November 8, in the state of California, all 55 electoral votes were for Democrat, Hillary Clinton because 61.7% of people in the state voted for her.

## Presidential 
### Results 
### Polling 
The following are poll results from www.realclearpolitics.com All polls showed that Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton had a big lead.

## Primaries 
### Democratic 
#### By county 
Again, yellow is a victory for Clinton while green is a victory for Sanders.

### Republican 
### Libertarian 
### Green 
### American Independent 
### Peace and Freedom 
## Related pages
* Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
* Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

## References 
## Other websites 
* RNC 2016 Republican Nominating Process 
* Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
* 2016 Presidential primaries , ElectionProjection.com
O.T. Genasis

**Odis Oliver Flores** (born June 19, 1987) is an American rapper. His stage name is **O.T Genasis**. He is well known for his songs "CoCo", "Do It" and "Cut It".

## Discography
### Mixtapes
### Singles
#### As lead artist
## References
Laura Ashley

**Laura Ashley** (née **Mountney**; 7 September 1925 – 17 September 1985) was a fashion designer and business woman from Wales. She began by making simple items out of her own printed cloth, but when her work became more popular she opened factories making clothes and furniture too. Ashley, along with her husband Bernard, set up a large business to sell her designs, with 219 across the world. The business faced difficult times in the 1990s, after Ashley's death, but there are still many Laura Ashley shops today, in Europe, Asia and Australia.

## References
Itapúa

The **Itapúa department** () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Encarnación.

Its ISO 3166-2 code  is **PY-7**.

## Geography
The Itapúa department is in the southeastern part of the country, in the *Oriental* region. It has an area of , with a estimated population for 2013 of 551,128 for a Population density of .

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Encarnación was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

## Districts
The department is divided in 30 districts:

## Related pages
* Departments of Paraguay
* ISO 3166-2:PY

## References
## Other websites
* Gobernación de Itapúa website  
* Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
2016 United States presidential election in Alaska

The **2016 United States presidential election in Alaska** was held on 8 November 2016. It was part of the 2016 United States presidential election, in which all other states plus the District of Columbia voted.

On 1 March and 26 March 2016, the state also voted for who they wanted to be the nominee of their respective parties.

## Presidential 
### Polling 
Below is a table with the polling results in Alaska. Alaska has voted Republican in the general election since 1968.

### Results 
## Caucuses 
### Democratic 
The Democratic caucus occurred on 26 March 2016.

### Republican 
The Republican caucus occurred on 1 March 2016.

## Related pages
* Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
* Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

## References 
## Other websites 
* RNC 2016 Republican Nominating Process 
* Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
* 2016 Presidential primaries , ElectionProjection.com
* Decision Desk Headquarter Results for Alaska
President-elect of the United States

**President-elect of the United States** is the title used for an incoming president of the United States between the general election on Election Day in November and noon Eastern Standard Time on Inauguration Day, January 20. During this time, the elected nominee is not in office yet.

Since the election for U.S. president is not by popular vote, the title is used for the apparent winner. The decision is finalized when votes of the Electoral College, cast in December, are counted by a joint session of Congress in early January. 

If the current president has won re-election, they are not given the title of president-elect because he or she is already in office and not waiting to become president. If a new president is scheduled to enter, then the current-standing one is said to hold the office on a lame duck basis.

## List of presidents-elect
## References
Mie Jans

**Mie Leth Jans** (born 6 February 1994) is a Danish football player who plays as defender for HB Køge and the Danish national team for which she debuted in 2013.

## Club career
Jans started her football career at Dragør Boldklub. She moved to Brøndby and then Ballerup-Skovlunde Fodbold (BSF) in 2012. After two seasons playing in BSF's first team, she went back to Brøndby in June 2014.

## International career
Jans's first match for Denmark came in November 2013. She was a substitute for future Brøndby team-mate Nanna Christiansen after 79 minutes of a 5–0 win over Malta in Valetta.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile  at Danish Football Association
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers

'''President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers''' were the militia of the loyal U.S. states called up on April 15, 1861 following the attack on Fort Sumter by the forces of the Confederate States of America. This was the beginning the American Civil War. President Lincoln called for 75,000 s for a period of 90 days. These limits were established by laws that had been passed in the late eighteenth century and were not necessarily a reflection of the number of troops or the amount of time Lincoln actually thought it would take to put down the rebellion. People were taking sides in the issue as never before. When open war broke out in the Kansas Territory (called Bleeding Kansas), Southern slaveholders, Northern abolitionists and Free-soilers flooded into Kansas. Each was trying to influence the vote whether Kansas would join the Union as a slave state or a free state. Most of them were at posts west of the Mississippi River. While the army was made up of trained professional soldiers, Lincoln realized he could not put down a rebellion of this size with the army he had.

## State Militias before 1861 
During the Colonial Period in North America, each colony had the right to summon all able-bodied white males to provide for the defense of that colony. Colonies had militia laws that required every able-bodied man to be available for militia  and to provide his own arms. In 1774 and 1775, the British government, which now had a larger presence, attempted to disarm American colonists. This caused the colonists to form private militias, independent of any control by the governors who were  by the British government.

## Lincoln's volunteers 
When Lincoln called for 75,000 men for federal service, members of his cabinet had advised him to ask for as many as 200,000. However, Lincoln knew that he would be breaking the law if he tried to call up that many men, and on a more practical note he probably also recognized the army did not have the arms or supplies to  a larger number and so he settled for the legal limit of 75,000. This was still four times the size of the regular army. Connecticut and Missouri each sent three times their quota. When the war started, both sides had to depend on their militias.

Congress soon changed the militia law to allow the President to call up serve for longer periods of time.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Abraham Lincoln’s Call for 75,000 Troops to Fight in the U.S. Civil War, 1861 - Hear and Read; YouTube
Lyudmila Pavlichenko

. Photo of 1942.]]
**Lyudimila Mykhailivna Pavlichenko** (12 July 1916  10 October 1974 was a Soviet sniper. She shot German soldiers in World War 2. She was one of the top military snipers of all time, and is credited with 309 kills. She was the most successful female sniper in history.

## References
Hérémence

**Hérémence** is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
*
Cooperative

A **cooperative** (also spelled **co-operative,** or **co-op**) is when several people come together in cooperation to reach a common goal through mutural aid. It is a type of organization used to make the lives of its members easier; it is usually not focused on making profit, instead focusing on serving member needs.

## Characteristics 
Cooperative ownership can have different details about what ownership means and how cooperation works. A basic cooperative-ownership structure has the following characteristics: 

* Ownership is based on voluntary participation
* Members of the cooperative are also users (also known as patrons)
* Decisions are made on a basis of one member = one vote

Co-operatives are democratic organizations owned by the people who use them. Cooperative organizations help people adapt to capitalism.

## History and examples 
The first cooperative was a store in Rochdale, England started in 1844.  The people who started it wanted food that was cheaper and better quality.  Since then, people have found many ways to cooperate.  

Examples of cooperatives:

* Farmers provide their own transport and marketing to get better prices for their crops
* Poor people protect themselves from money-lenders, and workers save for their retirement (as in a credit union)
* Fishers package their fish to get a better price
* Villagers provide themselves with electricity or water
* Residents own their apartment building

The International Cooperative Alliance was started in 1885.  It reports that there are 800 million cooperative members in the world.

## Other websites 
* Rochdale - Birthplace of Cooperation
* International Cooperative Alliance
Perfect Illusion

"**Perfect Illusion**" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga.  It is the lead single from her fifth studio album, *Joanne*.  The song was released on September 9, 2016.  It reached the top twenty in the US, UK, Australia, and Canada.  It reached number one in France and Spain.

## References
Georgian Wikipedia

The **Georgian Wikipedia** is a Georgian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Georgian Wikipedia started in November 2003. The Georgian Wikipedia has more than 130,000 articles.

## Administrators and users
There are 3 administrators and more than 73,000 registered users working in Georgian Wikipedia.

## Origin of edits
* Georgian editors-91.8%
* United States of America-1.6%
* Others-5.6%

## Reference
## Other websites
* Georgian Wikipedia home page
Malagasy Wikipedia

**Malagasy Wikipedia** is the Malagasy language edition of Wikipedia. Malagasy is an austronesian language mostly spoken in Madagascar as the first language. It is also the national language of Madagascar.

## Articles
Total number of articles written in Malagasy Wikipedia is 82000+.
## Administrators
This wikipedia has 3 administrators along with 13,423 registered users and 42 active users.

## Other websites 
* Malagasy Wikipedia
SJ T21

**T21**, originally **T2** is a diesel-hydraulic locomotive operated by Swedish State Railways () and Nora Bergslags Järnväg (NBJ) of Sweden. 60 units were built during the 1950s by Maschinenbau Kiel and Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna based on the German DB Class V65. The T21 was technically identical with the MaK 800D. The T21 was used to replace steam locomotives on branch lines. They were used until the 1990s.

The order consisted of 56 locomotives, of which ten were to be built in Sweden with a Swedish hydraulic shift, designated **T3**, later **T22**. The shift did not work particularly well, and only four were delivered, the rest with a German shift. Later two units were rebuilt to T21s. NBJ bought four T21 units in 1963.

## Other websites
* Järnväg.net on T21
Dakota people

, a West Dakotan author.]]
The **Dakota people** are a Native American tribe. They are also a part of the First Nations. They make up two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people. They are usually divided into the **Eastern Dakota** and the **Western Dakota**.

The Eastern Dakota are also called the **Santee**, and are located in the eastern Dakotas, central Minnesota and northern Iowa. They have many federally recognized tribes.

The Western Dakota are also called the **Yankton** or **Yanktonai,** and are located in the Missouri River area. They also have many notable federally recognized tribes. They were often mistaken to be the Nakota (who are actually a group of tribes that broke away from the main branches of the Sioux nation in earlier times).

## History 
The Dakota lived in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the 17th century. By 1700 some had moved to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota became alliances with French merchants. The French tried to use this alliance to help them control the North American fur trade against the English.

### Dakota War of 1862 
In the late 1850s, treaty violations by the United States and unfair payments by Indian agents (governmental people who were allowed to interact with the natives) led to increasing hunger and hardship among the Dakota. Even though the Dakota tried to negotiate with the U.S. government, nothing was successful. On 16 August 1862, a group of Dakota hunters killed a family of settlers. This led to more attacks on settlers, and soon a full war had begun. On 5 November 1862, 38 Dakota warriors were sentenced to death by hanging. This would later become the largest mass execution in U.S. history.

During and after the revolt, many Eastern Dakota and their family left Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to go to Canada, or settle in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation. They were then forced to move to the Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri river.

Others remained in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations that still exist, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some moved to Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri river.

Those who fled to Canada left nine small reservations for their families in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the four more (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.

## Language 
The Dakota language is part of the Siouan languages. People who speak Dakota can also understand the Lakota language. Dakota is written in the Latin script. The language has two major dialects between the Eastern and Western Dakota tribes.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Dakota Language Texts, from the Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages. Digital Collection.
Tessellation

**Tessellation** of a flat surface refers to the repeated placement of shapes with no overlaps and no gaps. These shapes are also called *tiles*. In mathematics, tessellations can be generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of geometries.

## In math 
Only three regular polygons can cover a perfectly level surface: triangles, squares, and hexagons. Other shapes, like pentagons, will need help from other shapes like rhombi.

Penrose tilings are special cases where the pattern never repeats, no matter how much it continues.

## In real life 
Since ancient times, people have used tessellations to decorate buildings.

The artist M.C. Escher was brilliant at painting pictures involving tessellation. He was inspired by the walls and floors in Muslim buildings.
Tessellations appear a lot in nature. One of the best examples is the honeycomb. Honeycombs are built with hexagonal holes to hold honey and bees. If you can build a square that's big enough to hold 225 bees, you can bend the edges into a hexagon and hold 260 bees. If you want to have a lot of area with only a certain amount of perimeter, the best shape is a circle, and the hexagon is the closest thing that the bees can have.
File:Belfast City Hall from above - geograph.org.uk - 6550389.jpg|All of the buildings in this picture of Belfast in Ireland are rectangular to fit together, with some spaces for alleyways.
File:Western honey bee on a honeycomb.jpg|This bee can hold more honey with the hexagon walls of its honeycomb than with square walls.
File:James Webb Space Telescope Mirrors Will Piece Together Cosmic Puzzles (30108124923).jpg|The James Webb telescope has 18 big hexagonal mirrors.
File:Egg-xagon.jpg|The yolks of these eggs fit together like hexagons due to the way that circles tesselate.
File:Lake Huron Bubbles on Driftwood.jpg|The same thing seems to happen with these bubbles.

## In puzzles 
Many puzzles like Tangram are built around tessellation.
File:Tangram diagram.png|This square is made of seven pieces...
File:Tangram-man.svg|but with a little imagination, it can be changed into a number of shapes like this one.
File:Siemens PC running Tetris. - 48929526253.jpg|This game is called Tetris, and the goal is to fit plenty of shapes together.
File:Metapuzzle1.png|This rectangle is made of 12 pentominoes, which are in turn made of 9 smaller pentominoes, so all together, the rectangle has 108 small pentominoes.

.