open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Painting

caves. This cave painting is about 17.000 years old.]]

**Painting** is using colors to make visual art. It is also the word for a painted work of art. Many kinds of paints are used to create art. They include watercolors, acrylics and oils. Other artists like working with pencil or chalk. Sometimes charcoal can be used.

Famous paintings are often kept in art galleries, like the National Gallery in London and the Louvre (Paris) where one of the most famous paintings in the world hangs, the *Mona Lisa*, painted by Leonardo da Vinci. People do not have to go to a famous gallery to view art. There are private art galleries in many cities around the world.

Painting is an important type of art that you look at. It uses things like drawing, arranging the picture, brush strokes, telling stories, and simple shapes. There is a basic difference between drawing and painting. In drawing, a single layer is the entire image. In painting, one layer is painted over another to get the final image. As a result, most of the time the image will not be clear until it gets to the final stage.

There are four basic stages in painting: preparation, divide, layer, and touch up.
#Preparation: most artists prepare a canvas or other surface. A thin and uniform cover or "wash" of white or other color is laid on the whole surface. This may help the later layers to get the same fix all over the surface. Also, the unseen wash may help the reflection of light from the surface, thus improving the effect for the viewer. For really uneven or colored surfaces, such as wood or rough canvas, a more substantial covering is needed. That is called gesso, traditionally a mixture of chalk and gelatin, but nowadays available as a thick white acrylic. Painting on some surfaces requires a special technique. Painting on plaster uses the fresco method.
#In the divide stage, the canvas is divided into a few major areas (depending on the image you paint), and background for those areas are plotted.
#In the layer stage, a layer is plotted over another layer, to get the desired shape in each area. By the end of this stage, all objects in the image will be easily and clearly identifiable.
#The touch-up stage needs extra effort. This stage is to provide an extra look to the image, like precise bordering, merging layers and other visual effects.

## References
## Related pages
*Landscape painting
*Still life
Prayer

by Ary Scheffer (1795–1858).]]
**Prayer** is a worship and communication to God.  Prayer can be spoken, silent (no talking), or in a song.  It can be used to praise God or to ask for something including help and forgiveness. 

Prayer can take a variety of forms: it can be part of a set ritual or an individual invocation and can take the form of a hymn, a ritual statement, or a spontaneous expression. It can be done alone or in groups. 

In Christianity, prayers are varied. They can be completely spontaneous, or read entirely from a text, like the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The most common prayer among Christians is the Lord's Prayer which, according to the gospel accounts, is how Jesus taught his disciples to pray.

In Islam, salat is observed three or (most commonly) five times every day at prescribed times.

Hinduism has prayer to various divinities or holy beings.

## Dua
 Akbar doing a Dua prayer.]]
'''''' () is a prayer or request made by Muslims in which they ask for help from their God. Muslims see dua as a very serious way of worship.

Dua has been done by Muslims for a long time, as it is seen as very important by a lot of Muslims and Muslim families. They have been carried on as traditions.

## References
Afterlife

The **afterlife** is what some people believe happens after death. Different religions teach different things about the afterlife.

## Characteristics
Some religions believe in reincarnation (to come back to life as a different person or even animal). These religions include Buddhism and Hinduism. Hinduism specifically believes that at death the soul leaves the physical body but does not die. It lives in an astral body in an astral plane. Here the soul continues until it is born again in another physical body as a baby. Salvation (called Moksha) in these religions is a release from this endless cycle of re-births.

Most people in the world believe you go to another place after you die, such as heaven or hell. Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Jainism are religions that believe in this. For example, those that follow Christianity believe that if you accept the Christ (Jesus of Nazareth, the son of the Virgin Mary) as your saviour, you will spend eternity in heaven after death; if you do not accept him, you will be separated from him after death.

Many other religions believe in an afterlife of some kind. Ancient Egyptians believed in an 'afterlife'. They put things into the graves of important people. These were to be used in the next life. The Vikings had some similar beliefs. Others (like African animists) believe that some people change into spirits called ghosts.

There are also those who do not believe that there is an afterlife, and that you simply cease to exist once you die. Atheists believe there is no God and no afterlife. The Sadducees were a sect of Judaism in the time of Jesus. They believed there was no spirit in man. So, after death there was no more life. .

There are several reports around the world of visions of a supposed afterlife in near death experiences, which, although varying in accounts, typically contain drawing closer to a light, or seeing one's dead relatives. Some people who experience clinical death, but are revived afterwards, report still being able to think and see things even after their vitals flatlined. Several people who have claimed to have visited the afterlife have often claimed to have had new information revaled to them, and are sometimes able to describe events that occurred during their clinical death or provide knowledge of past/future events.

## Related pages 
* Funeral
* Immortality

### Notes
Mary Magdalene

**Mary Magdalene** is a woman in all four gospels of the New Testament. She became a faithful follower of Jesus after he delivered her from seven demons.
 She witnessed the crucifixion and burial of Jesus, and was the first person to see and talk with him after he arose from the dead.
 She told the apostles that she had seen him alive.

Mary is a saint in the Catholic church. She is remembered on July 22.

## References
Joseph (Hebrew Bible)

In the Bible, **Joseph** was a son of Jacob. Joseph's brothers hated him, because he was their father's favorite son, and his father gave him a coat with many colours. Joseph had dreams about his brothers bowing to him. One day they decided to kill him but changed their minds. According to Genesis they sold him as a slave. In Islamic tradition they threw him in a large well that had only a little salt water but when he drank it, by the will of God, it was very sweet. A passing caravan found him and took him as a slave to Egypt.

Joseph became the slave of the chief of the Pharaoh's guards but was put in prison, where he interpreted the dreams of other prisoners. The Pharaoh heard of his power and asked for interpretations of his own dreams. Joseph became the Pharaoh's prime minister. This caused the Israelites to leave Canaan and live in Egypt.
Corinthians

**Corinthians** is the name of different things:

* Two books in the New Testament. They are letters by Saint Paul to the church at Corinth.  They are called the First Epistle to the Corinthians and the Second Epistle to the Corinthians.

*Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, a Brazilian football team from São Paulo. It is very famous in Brazil and has the second biggest number of football supporters in this country.
Corinth

. Obverse:Pegasus with Qoppa () beneath. Reverse:Athena wearing Corinthian helmet. Qoppa symbolised the archaic writing of the city (Ϙόρινθος).]]

**Corinth** is a city in Greece. It gave its name to the Corinth Canal. This is in the middle of the Isthmus of Corinth, a narrow strip of land which joins the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece. It has a castle called the acrocorinth. Corinth is in the north of Peloponnese. It is a coastal city. It had 60,000 people at the 2011 census. 

## History 
During antiquity, Corinth was one of the most important Greek cities. It was often the opponent of Athens and these two cities competed with each other. It founded many colonies in south Italy and Sicily such as Siracusa. Corinth was conquered by Romans in 146 B.C. Two epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthian Christians are in the Bible.

The modern city of Corinth is about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northeast of the ancient ruins. Since 1896, the Corinth excavations by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have revealed large parts of the ancient city. Recent excavations by the Greek Ministry of Culture have brought to light important new discoveries.

During Middle Ages, it was an important city with a fortification. In 1460 it came under Turkish rule and it was liberated in 1830, after the Greek War of Independence.
Witness

A **witness** is someone who sees something happen. They are often used in court to help find the truth. During a trial, the two lawyers will bring in witnesses to help back up their arguments.  

In a criminal trial, the prosecution lawyer will often bring in the victim of the crime to say what happened, and anyone else who can prove the accused person did the crime. The defense lawyer will nearly always call up the accused person to explain why they are not guilty, and bring in other witnesses who can prove the accused person is not guilty. Each time a lawyer brings in a witness, the other lawyer will *cross examine* the witness - they will ask them questions to make sure they are telling the truth.

Witnesses have to swear to tell the truth during the trial. If a witness lies in court, it is known as *perjury*, which is a crime. A witness can be subpoenad, which means they are required to  in court. If the witness does not testify when given a subpoena, they can be punished.

## Related pages
*Notary

## Other websites
*Witness statements (UK) 
*Bergerandgreen
Peloponnese

The **Peloponnese** is a large peninsula in Greece. It is the part of Greece which is south of the Isthmus of Corinth.

The Peloponnese has many mountains and a long jagged coastline. The highest part is Mount Taygetus in the south. 

There are four south-pointing peninsulas within the Peloponnese. They are called Messenia, the Mani Peninsula, Epidaurus, and the Argolid.

There are also two groups of islands near the Peloponnese. In the east there are the Argo-Saronic Islands and in the west there are the Ionian Islands. There is also the island of Kythira, which is near to the Epidaurus peninsula. Kythira is often thought of as part of the Ionian Islands.

The Peloponnese has had people living on it since prehistoric times. Its name means *Island of Pelops*. Pelops was a person from Greek mythology, who took over the island. During the Middle Ages and the Ottoman Empire, the peninsula was known as the Morea.
Isthmus of Corinth

The **Isthmus of Corinth** is a narrow bit of land which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with mainland Greece.  It is near to the city of Corinth. The narrow Corinthian Canal cuts through the isthmus, connecting the Aegean Sea to the Gulf of Corinth.
Christian cross (symbol)

]]
]]
The **Christian cross** is the main symbol of the Christian religion. These crosses are usually found on Christian churches. 

Jesus, who many Christians believe is God the Son and their Messiah, was crucified (nailed to a large wooden cross). This was a commonly used method for killing people in Roman times. 

Christians believe that Jesus' death made the sins of all humans who trust in him, go away, and that they are forgiven. They also believe that Jesus was resurrected (came back to life) after three days. Because of this, the cross is a symbol for Jesus' sacrifice and suffering, but also a symbol of hope, forgiveness of sins, and victory over death.

There are several different Christian crosses that are symbols for different Christian groups or persons.

A cross with the body of Jesus on it is called a **Crucifix**.

The empty cross is usually favoured by Protestants and Eastern Orthodox, and the symbol reminds them of the Resurrection of Jesus, though the Orthodox will add a slanted footbar, as well. The crucifix is favoured by Catholic churches and is a reminder of Christ's sacrifice. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus died on a simple upright pole, a "torture stake" ; and only display it as a picture of an impaled Jesus in their literature.

Christians remember the death of Jesus on the cross on Good Friday every year.

## Latin Cross 
The most common cross is the Latin Cross. The cross represents and memorializes Christ's death.

This cross is a symbol of hope over death, and of victory in returning to life. (See Philippians 2:8-9)

## Other uses 
The non-Christian religion of Scientology, also uses the Latin cross (but with a star in the middle) as its symbol.

## Related pages 
* St. Andrew's Cross
* Latin cross
* Greek cross
*Celtic cross
Tripoli

**Tripoli** is a city in northwest Libya.  It is the capital of the country.  More than three million people live in the metropolitan area. 

Originally a Phoenician colony, Tripoli became in turn part of Greek and Roman Cyrenaica, a pirate port, a part of the Ottoman Empire, and the capital of the Italian empire in North Africa. 

## References
Argos

**Argos** is a city in south Greece, the capital of Argos-Mycenae Municipality. It is in the Argolis prefecture, which is on the Peloponnese peninsula. It is named after the child of Zeus and Niobe in Greek mythology. It is the biggest city in Argolida prefecture but the capital of prefecture is Nauplion. Argos is very historical city. The first residents arrived more than 7,000 years ago. It is considered the oldest city in Greece from ancient Greek writers. 

The city houses numerous archaeological monuments. Agriculture is an important sector of the local economy.
Achaea

**Achaea** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. It is on the Peloponnese peninsula. The capital of Achaea is Patras.

## References
Sparta

**Sparta** was a Greek city-state. It is the capital of the Laconia prefecture. It is in the south of Peloponnese peninsula. During antiquity, it was extremely powerful. Today, it is a small city. Around 16,726 people lived there according to the 2001 census. It was also known as **Lacedaemon**. 

The word *Spartan* is used to describe somebody who lives a simple life or somebody who suffered a lot without crying or showing that they suffered. It can also mean a life of simplicity, without anything fancy or costly.

Sparta is in the mountainous region of Laconia.  This place was called the *Apothetae*, which meant 'the place of rejection'.  Many Greek philosophers, especially Platonists, would often describe Sparta as a good state, strong, brave, and free.

Sparta was also seen as a  of  purity by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France.

Adolf Hitler thought Sparta was very good. He said in 1928 that Germany should be like them by making smaller "the number allowed to live". The Spartans had created "the first racialist state".

## Customs 
Young Spartans boys were taken from their homes at the age of seven to begin a military life.  The Spartans became soldiers at age 20, citizens at age 30, and retired at age 60. Men trained hard to become warriors of the Spartan army.  Women were encouraged to keep healthy so that they could produce healthy, fit babies to grow up to be strong.  Spartans saw little moral value in the concept of childbirth; unless the child was fit to become a Spartan, he would die.

Spartan men married when they were 30 years old. Plutarch writes of the strange custom of the Spartans for their wedding night:
The custom was to  women for marriage...The...'bridesmaid' took charge of the captured girl.  She first shaved her head...then dressed her in a man's cloak and sandals, and laid her down alone on a mattress in the dark.  The bridegroom...first had dinner...then would slip in...lift her and carry her to the bed.  The husband kept on visiting his wife in secret for some time after the marriage.  Only Spartans did these customs. Some people think that the cutting off of the wife's hair was a ceremony that showed she was going into a new life.

## History 
Sparta conquered the people of Messenia and Lakonia (the surrounding countryside) at around 680560 BC. These people became known as the *helots*. They were *not* slaves: they were serfs. They had a lower position in society, like serfs in mediaeval Europe. At most times, the helots outnumbered their Spartan masters 10 to 1. They rebelled often, but they were never able to overthrow their oppressors. 

Once a Spartan reached the age of 20, he or she would then become a *homoios*. A homoios was a member of the ruling class (a citizen).  Both men and women were citizens.  Sparta was an unusual society for women's rights, because women were considered to be equal.  

The Spartan army used the phalanx formation.  This contributed to the many battles Sparta won.  Their most famous loss is the Battle of Thermopylae where 300 Spartans held off a large Persian army for a week.

## References
Olympia

**Olympia** ( *Olympía*) was a place in ancient Greece. It was in Elis, which is now called Ilia; and is in the east of the city Pyrgos. It was the site of the Olympic Games in classical times, the most famous games in history. The Olympic Games were held every four years throughout Classical Antiquity, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. The first Olympic Games were in honour of Zeus.

## History 
]]
]]
]]
Olympia was a sanctuary, consisting of various buildings. These included a hippodrome, Palaestra, Gymnasium and several temples. The Olympic Games began here in 776 BC. They were founded by king Pelopas. They happened every four years, in the summers. All the ancient Greek towns competed. The winners of the Olympic games were important people. The Olympic games were abolished in 394 AD by the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I, who declared that all Pagan religious practices should end.

During ancient history, Olympia was a powerful and rich town. It ruled over the west of Peloponnese. Olympia kept its strength and during Roman period. During the Middle Ages it was an unimportant city.

### Gymnasium 
The Gymnasium at Olympia was a large, open air, quadrangle surrounded on all four sides by colonnades of the Doric order. Only the southern and eastern sides survive. They date to the second century BC. The River Kladeos has destroyed the western side. The gymnasium was used by runners and pentathlon athletes for training. Athletes trained in the nude. In bad weather, training took place under the eastern colonnade (210.51 meters) and the other three colonnades. Little of the gymnasium has been excavated. About 200 BC, a portico of the Corinthian order was built to join the gymnasium and the palaestra.

### Hippodrome 
The Hippodrome was the site of horse and chariot races at Olympia, Greece. It was 1,153 meters long. It was south of the stadium, but none of it survives. It was washed away by the Alpheios River.

### Palaestra 
## Footnotes 
## References 
* 

– 2: Prytaneion
– 3: Philippeion
– 4: Temple of Hera
– 5: Pelopion
– 6: Nymphaeum of Herodes Atticus
– 7: Metroon
– 8: Treasuries
– 9: Crypt (arched way to the stadium)
– 10: Stadium
– 11: Echo stoa
– 12: Building of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II
– 13: Hestia stoa
– 14: Hellenistic building
– 15: Temple of Zeus
– 16: Altar of Zeus
– 17: Ex-voto of Achaeans
– 18: Ex-voto of Mikythos
– 19: Nike of Paeonius
– 20: Gymnasium
– 21: Palaestra
– 22: Theokoleon
– 23: Heroon
– 24: Phidias' workshop and paleochristian basilica
– 25: Baths of Kladeos
– 26: Greek baths
– 27 and 28: Hostels
– 29: Leonidaion
– 30: South baths
– 31: Bouleuterion
– 32: South stoa
– 33: Villa of Nero
– I–XII: Treasuries
]]
Attica

**Attica** is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Attica contains Athens, the capital of Greece. In ancient period was the area of ancient Athenian state. Attica today is the prefecture with the largest number of people in Greece being the area where Athens, the capital of Greece, is. There are about 3,500,000 people. 

## Geography
Attica is in the south of Greece. It is a peninsula between Peloponnese and Euboea. Its the southest point is the cape Sounion. Attica has five mountains with an elevation over 1000 meters, Parnitha (the highest of all), Penteli, Hymettus, Pateras mountain and Kithairon. Attica has borders with Boeotia prefecture  to the north and Corinthia prefecture to the west. Attica is surrounded by the sea of Saronic gulf to the west and South Euboean golf to the east. These seas are a part of Aegean sea.
Mineralogy

**Mineralogy** is the study of minerals. Minerals are things that make rocks. There are many different types of minerals. Some are hard, like diamonds. Some are soft, like talc. Some are metal, like gold or silver. Minerals are put into special groups of minerals made of similar chemicals, or that have similar structures inside. For example, the chemicals that make up some minerals line up in chains, while in other minerals, they make bow-tie shapes. 

Studying minerals can be useful for figuring out certain things about a rock. Sometimes the shape or size of the mineral can tell something about the rock as well. For example, minerals in igneous rocks can help figure out how long the rock took to cool down (turn from lava into a rock). Larger minerals mean the rock cooled slowly (probably underground). Smaller minerals mean the rock cooled down quickly (probably above ground, like from a volcano). The type of mineral in a rock can also tell what kind of a rock it is, or what has happened to the rock since it formed. Many rocks are named based on what kinds of minerals they have.

Mineralogists (people who study minerals) study minerals in rocks with hand lenses (a magnifying glass), and in thin section (thin slices of rock) with microscopes. They record things about the minerals like how big they are, what shape they are, what color they are, and if the mineral changes colors when you turn it. Mineralogists also record what color minerals turn in a special light. These details can help mineralogists figure out what minerals they are looking at. 

Minerals can be used in a lot of different things, like mining, jewelry, farming, pottery, making metals, and more . Mineralogists can help find important minerals in the Earth using what they know and learn.

## Other websites
*International Mineralogical Association
*Mineralogical Association of Canada
*Virtual Museum of the History of Mineralogy 
*The Giant Crystal Project 
*The Geological Society of America
Chalkidiki

**Chalkidiki**, also known as **Halkidiki** or **Chalcidice**, is one of 51 prefectures of Greece in the region of Macedonia. It is the area of the ending of Central Macedonia which accesses deeply in the Aegean Sea forming three small peninsulas. The capital of Chalcidice is the Polygyros.

## Official links
Official website
Euboea

**Euboea** is an island of Greece. It is also one of the 51 prefectures of Greece. Euboea is the second largest island of Greece. Its total area is 3,655 km2. It is to the east of Boeotia and Attica prefectures. The island is surrounded by the Aegean Sea. The capital of Euboea and the biggest city on the island is Chalkida.
Grevena

**Grevena** is a Greek city and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. Grevena is a small city which is in the west of Macedonia. Its population is 12,037 inhabitants according to 2001 census. It is built at a height of 500 meter approximately. West of Grevena is the mountain range of Pindos with many forests and with a ski center which it is named Vasilitsa. This ski center has a lot of snow throughout the winter. 

## Geography 
Greneva has a total area of 1,860 square kilometers.
Cyclades

**Cyclades** is an island group in Greece. The group of Cyclades includes many islands. The larger islands of the group is Naxos, Andros, Tinos, Mykonos, Paros, Milos, Thira (or Santorini), Syros, Amorgos, Ios, Kythnos, Kea, Sifnos, Serifos, Sikinos, Folegandros and Anafi. The group, also includes many others small islands and islets. Also Cyclades is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Cyclades is the Ermoupolis in the island of Syros.

## References
Lesbos

**Lesbos**, also called **Lesvos**, is an island in Greece. It is in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Lesbos is the Mytilene. According to Classical Greek mythology, Lesbos was the patron god of the island. 

The word 'lesbian' comes from Lesbos. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Many of her love poems are written to women.
Chania

**Chania** is a Greek city which is the capital of Chania prefecture. It is in the west of Crete. 55,838 people live there. Chania has an important port which connects Chania with the port of Piraeus. 

## History 
Chania had an significant development from 13th century till 17th century. Then it was under Venetian rule. After the Venetians, ruled the Ottomans until 1912. This year Crete was liberated and it is united with Greece.
Xanthi (regional unit)

**Xanthi** is a Greek city and its one of 51 prefectures in Greece. Its population is 46,464 inhabitants. It is located in the north-east of Greece, in the district of Western Thrace. Many Muslims live in Xanthi. So this city has an oriental color.

## References
Serres

**Serres** is a Greek city. It is also one of 51 prefectures of Greece. There are 56,400 people in Serres. Serres is built on the large plain. It is in the north of Greece, in the region of Macedonia. It is near the Strymonas river.

## Other websites 
*Serres Prefecture Official Website
Samos

**Samos** is a Greek island. It is the eighth largest Greek island. It is in the east of Aegean sea. Opposite Samos is the west coasts of Turkey. Samos is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The prefecture in addition includes the Ikaria island and Fournoi Island. The capital of Samos is Samos City, commonly referred to by the locals as Vathi. The area of the island is 478 km squared.  It is separated from Asia Minor, by the approximately 1 mile wide Mycale Strait. While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains. A great portion of the island is covered with vineyards, from which wine is made. The island of Samos is a lush, very green island with forests and with many places to visit. It is also the birthplace of the mathematician Pythagoras. Today Samos is an island which attracts tourists from all over the world for the wonderful nature, the impressive mountainous and verdant landscape and the plethora of archaeological sites.

## Places of interest 
The most interest sight of Samos is the ancient aqueduct. It was construct by the ancient Greek mechanic Eupalinos, so it is called "Eupalinio Orygma" in Greek. It is a big tunnel which is  long. It had been constructed to carry water in the town of ancient Samos. Other important places is the ancient town which is in the south of island and the contemporary beautiful villages of Samos.

Samos-162-Karlovasi-Strand-1987-gje.jpg|Karlovasi
Samos-142-Strand Mourtia-1987-gje.jpg|Mourtia
Samos-Heraion-14-Saeulenbasen-1987-gje.jpg|Heraion
Aqueduct of Eupalinos.jpg|Aqueduct of Eupalinos
Samos-170-Kirche oberhalb des Klosters Timiou Stavrou-1987-gje.jpg|Timiou Stavrou monastery
Samos-156-Agios Konstantinos-Haus mit Bananenstaude-1987-gje.jpg|Agios Konstantinos
Samos-Marathokampos-06-Haus-1987-gje.jpg|Marathokampos
Samos-Kokkari-06-Netzflicker-1987-gje.jpg|Fisherman in Kokkari
Kanem (prefecture)

**Kanem** () was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital of Kanem was Mao. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
1845

## Births 
* February 25 – George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918)
* March 27 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physician and Nobel Prize Laureate
* 10 March - Alexander III of Russia , Czar of Russia and father of Czar Nicholas II .
Deaths

June 8 - Andrew Jackson, 78, seventh President of the United States, tuberculosis, dropsy and heart failure (b. 1767)

## New Books 
**Queen Margot* by Alexandre Dumas, père
Playboy

***Playboy*** was a monthly American men's magazine. It was founded by Hugh Hefner in Chicago, Illinois in 1953. Marilyn Monroe was the magazine's first cover model. The logo was created by Art Paul. 

The magazine featured articles about men's interests including clothing, sports, consumer goods, men's health, politics, and public figures.  The magazine always showed large pictures of nude women, except for one year in 2016–2017.

In each issue, a provocatively posed "Playmate of the Month" was featured in a pictorial several pages in length at the center of the magazine with an accompanying "centerfold" photograph. Unlike traditional pin up art, *Playboy* humanized their models by describing their real world jobs, accomplishments, and goals.

In 1963 Hefner was arrested for obscenity in Chicago after publishing nude photos of actress Jayne Mansfield that were taken on the set of *Promises! Promises!*  He was acquitted at trial by a hung jury.

Starting with the March 2016 issue, the magazine no longer had pictures of nude women. According to the company, "times change." Times changed again in February 2017 when nudity returned. In March 2020 the company announced that it would stop publishing the magazine on paper and only use digital copies instead. Between 1970 and 1985 *Playboy* was also printed in braille. It is also one of the few magazines whose microfilm format was in color, not black and white.

## References
Ron Howard

**Ronald William Howard** (born March 1, 1954) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter.

Ron Howard was born in Duncan, Oklahoma. His father is actor Rance Howard. He started acting as a young child. As an actor he was best known for his roles on television, as Opie Taylor on *The Andy Griffith Show* and Richie Cunningham on *Happy Days*. He appeared in movies like *The Music Man* (1962) and *American Graffiti* (1973).

He later quit acting and became a director. Some of the movies he has directed are: *Splash* (1984), *Cocoon* (1985), *Willow* (1988), *Parenthood* (1989), *Apollo 13* (1995), *How the Grinch Stole Christmas* (2000), *A Beautiful Mind* (2001), and *Cinderella Man* (2005).

His father Rance Howard, brother Clint Howard and daughters Bryce Dallas Howard and Paige Howard are also actors, as was his mother, Jean Speegle Howard.

Recently, he returned to television and made the TV show *Arrested Development*.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Larry David

**Larry David** (born July 2, 1947 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American actor and writer of Jewish descent.

He worked as a writer on *Fridays* and *Saturday Night Live*. He co-created the television series *Seinfeld*. He also created and stars in his own series called *Curb Your Enthusiasm*.  On the series, he appears as a caricature of himself.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam

**Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam** is a United States Navy and United States Air Force base in the U.S. state of Hawaii, on the south lagoon shore of Oahu. The navy base was started in 1899 and merged with the air force base in 2010. It is 8 miles (15&nbsp;km) west of downtown Honolulu.

The Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, which was a surprise. The attack led to America's fighting in World War II. The reason the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor was to destroy the U.S. Navy (Seventh Fleet), and prevent the U.S. from stopping the Japanese expansion in Asia.

## Other websites 
* WW2DB: Attack on Pearl Harbor
Paraguay

**Paraguay**, officially the **Republic of Paraguay** (), is a small country in South America. It is landlocked, meaning that it is not next to the ocean. It is bordered to the North and East by Brazil, the West by Bolivia, and the South and Southeast by Argentina. The main languages are Spanish and Guaraní.
Paraguay's population is about 6 million. The ethnic makeup of the population is the following: Mestizo (mixed European and Amerindian) 80%, European 20%, unmixed Amerindian 1-3%, Asian 1-4%.

Over (20%) of the population lives below the poverty line.

Paraguay has two official languages, Spanish and Guaraní. Guaraní is recognized as a national language.

The capital city is Asuncion. Asuncion was founded in 1537 by a Spaniard named Juan de Salazar. Paraguay was a colony of Spain, but became independent in 1811.

From 1865-1870 Paraguay lost land and most of its male population in the War of the Triple Alliance against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It gained land in the Chaco War against Bolivia in the 1930s.

Paraguay's main religion is Roman Catholicism.

The weather is humid in the east and dry in the west.

## Government and politics
### Administrative subdivisions
Paraguay has 17 departments and one capital district (*Distrito Capital*). The departments are formed by districts.

The departments are grouped in two geographic regions, separated by the Paraguay river:
* **Occidental** (Western) region or **Chaco**, to the north of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón and Presidente Hayes)
* **Oriental** (Eastern) region, to the south of the Paraguay river (departments: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro and Ñeembucú; the capital district is part of this region)

 

## References
**Notes**
Loch Ness

**Loch Ness** is a loch in the Scottish Highlands. It is also on the Great Glen Fault and part of the Caledonian Canal.

## Geography
Loch Ness is 36 kilometres long and only 1.5 kilometres wide. It is the second largest Scottish loch by surface area at , after Loch Lomond. Because of its great depth, it is the largest by volume. Its deepest point is . This is deeper than any other loch except Loch Morar. 

It has more freshwater than all the lakes in England and Wales combined, and is the largest body of water on the Great Glen Fault, which runs from Inverness in the north to Fort William in the south. In popular legend, it is the home of the "Loch Ness Monster", a mythological creature in Scottish folklore.

## References
Gary Burghoff

**Gary Burghoff**  (born May 24, 1943) is an American actor, artist, and musician. He is probably best known for his role as Walter "Radar" O'Reilly, a company clerk that had extraordinary hearing, in the 1970 movie *M*A*S*H* and on the television series of the same name.  Burghoff also has a deformed hand which was hidden on the show by special camera tricks and he held it behind his back a lot.

## Other websites
*
1847

## Events
* The book *Wuthering Heights* is published
* February 22 – The Battle of Buena Vista in the Mexican–American War
* March 29 – Veracruz is taken by General Winfield Scott
* May 7 – The American Medical Association is founded
* July 24 – The Mormon pioneers under Brigham Young arrive in Salt Lake City to begin settling Utah.
* July 26 – Liberia becomes a country

## Births
* February 11 – Thomas Edison
* March 3 – Alexander Graham Bell
* April 10 – Joseph Pulitzer
* September 5 – Jesse James

## Deaths 
* March 11 – Johnny Appleseed
* November 4 – Felix Mendelssohn
Fred Gwynne

**Fred Gwynne** (born July 10, 1926 - July 2, 1993) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Herman Munster in *The Munsters*.  He played Francis Muldoon in *Car 54, Where Are You?*.  *The Munsters* and *Car 54, Where Are You?* were television situation comedies.  He also wrote children's literature.

## References
Kastoria

**Kastoria** is a Greek city, and it is one of 51 prefectures of Greece in the region of Macedonia. Kastoria it is built on the bank of Lake Orestiada. There are 17,038 people living in the city. Kastoria has an old neighbourhood which is picturesque, and it is named Doltso. It has nice old houses with particular local architecture.

The name *Kastoria* means "place of the beavers" which used to live in the lake. These have all been hunted and killed for their fur.

## References
Nevada

**Nevada** is one of the United States' states. Its capital is Carson City. The largest city is Las Vegas. Other big cities are Henderson and Reno. More than two-thirds of the people live in the Las Vegas urban area.

Most of Nevada is in the Great Basin. It is the driest state in the United States.

Nevada was first inhabited by Native Americans. It was colonized by Spain and was part of New Spain. Later, it was part of New Mexico. It was taken by the United States in the Mexican–American War.

The most common ancestries in Nevada include Mexican, German, Irish, English, Italian and Asian. Many White people and Hispanics live in the state.

## History
Nevada was originally  in 1821 as part of the First Mexican Empire. The Mexican Empire turned into the Mexican Republic in 1823, along with Nevada. Before the arrival of Europeans, Nevada was inhabited by Native American tribes including the Shoshone, the Paiute, the Washoe, and the Mohave. 
### The Mexican-American Conflict
Fighting between the United States and Mexico started. They fought over what was to become the Southwestern United States and who could own this land. This was called the Mexican-American War. The war ended in an American  in 1848. Nevada later became an American territory in 1861. It was called the "Nevada Territory". This was not all of Nevada as it is today. The eastern part of Nevada was part of "Utah Territory"  and the southern part was part of "New Mexico". In 1859 in the Comstock Lode, gold and silver were first discovered. This started a huge growth in mining in the state which Nevada is known for.
### Gaining statehood
On October 31, 1864, now celebrated as "Nevada Day", Nevada was made the 36th state in the United States. It was given the distinct shape resembling a rectangle with a triangle. It was named *Nevada* meaning "snowy land" in Spanish, because it was snowy in the North. Later, on May 5, 1866, Nevada got its current borders because the Pah-Ute County in Arizona was taken as part of Nevada. It is now Clark County, Nevada. It was also agreed upon that the western part of Utah would become Eastern Nevada.

## Economy
Tourism is very important to the economy of Nevada. Many people visit Las Vegas, which has many casinos and resorts. There is not as much farming as there is in some other states, because Nevada is so dry. However, mining is big in Nevada. More gold is mined in Nevada than in any other state.

File:Basin and Range Nevada.JPG|Basin and Range
File:Welcome to fabulous las vegas sign.jpg|Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas
File:Sunset in the Navada desert.JPG|Sunset

## Related pages
* Colleges and universities in Nevada
* List of counties in Nevada

## References
## Other websites
* State of Nevada official website
Annie

***Annie*** (1976  present) is a musical. The book was written by Thomas Meehan. The lyrics were written by Martin Charnin. The music was written by Charles Strouse. *Annie* is based on characters and concepts created by Harold Gray for the comic strip *Little Orphan Annie*.

The musical premiered on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre in 1977. It ran for about six years. A West End production opened in 1978. *Annie* won three Tony Awards, including the Tony Award for Best Musical.

## Roles
* Annie, an 11-year-old orphan
* Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks, a billionaire
* Grace, his assistant
* Miss Hannigan, the matron of an orphanage
* Rooster, Miss Hannigan's brother
* Lily St. Regis, Rooster's girlfriend

## Story
Annie lives in an orphanage run by Miss Hannigan. She is chosen from the orphans to spend two weeks with Oliver Warbucks. He grows to love her. When he learns that she wants to find her parents, he offers a large reward. Miss Hannigan, Rooster, and Lily scheme to kidnap Annie, but their plot fails, and they are sent to prison.

## Adaptations
*Annie* was made into a movie in 1982 starring Albert Finney, Aileen Quinn, Bernadette Peters, and Carol Burnett.
James Taylor

**James Taylor** (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter. He is popular for his songs "Fire and Rain", "You've Got a Friend", and "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)". Taylor is a Democrat. He attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election. Taylor performed during Obama's second inauguration.

## References
Truro

**Truro** is the capital of Cornwall in South West England. It is the only city in Cornwall, and it is the most southerly city in the British Isles. The River Truro flows though Truro and boats can travel to Truro along the river.

## History
Truro became a large town in the 19th century because of the tin mining industry of west Cornwall. When a new Church of England diocese for Cornwall was set up in 1876 Truro became the seat of the bishop. Truro Cathedral took many years to build but was finished in 1910. It is built in the Early English Gothic revival style. Truro also became the county town of Cornwall when a county council was set up in 1888. The Royal Cornwall Museum is Cornwall's county museum and is owned by the Royal Institution of Cornwall (founded 1818).

## Facilities
The Royal Cornwall Hospital is a major NHS hospital.
Comoros

**Comoros** (officially called **Union of the Comoros**) is a small island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is between Madagascar and mainland Africa.  The capital is Moroni on Grande Comore.  The population (except for Mayotte) is about 798,000 people.

The Comoros Islands are in the Indian Ocean, between Mozambique and Madagascar. It is the southernmost member state of the Arab League.

There are 4 islands from west to east: Grande Cormore, Moheli, Anjouan and Mayotte.  All the islands are of volcanic origin. Islam is the official religion of Comoros with over 90% of the population being Sunni Muslims.

Mayotte is also a territory that is claimed by Comoros but is a part of France as an oversea territory. The other islands form the independent state of Comoros.

The country has a history with many ''coup d'état'' since independence in 1975. As of 2008, about half the people live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.

Mount Karthala is the country's highest point. Karthala is an active shield volcano on Grand Cormore. It had a minor eruption in May 2006.

## Geography
The Comoros is formed by Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Mwali (Mohéli) and Nzwani (Anjouan), the three major islands in the Comoros Archipelago. There are also many minor islets. The islands are officially known by their Comorian language names. International sources still use their French names (given in parentheses above). The capital and largest city is Moroni on Ngazidja.

At 2,034 km2 (785 sq mi), it is one of the smallest countries in the world. The interiors of the islands vary from steep mountains to low hills.

### Climate 
The climate is generally tropical and mild. The rainy season runs from December to April. It is called kashkazi/kaskazi, meaning north monsoon. The cool, dry season is from May to November. It is called kusi, meaning south monsoon.

The temperature reaches an average of  in March, the hottest month. The average low is  in the dry season. The islands are rarely subject to cyclones.

The islands have their own ecoregion, the Comoros forests.

## Government
The President of the Comoros is both head of state and head of government. The constitution was adopted on 23 December 2001. It was last amended in May 2009.

In November 1975, the Comoros became the 143rd member of the United Nations. The citizens of Mayotte chose to become French citizens and keep their island as a French territory.

There is a small standing army. This includes a 500-member police force and a 500-member defense force. A treaty with France provides navy protection for territorial waters.

### Cities
## Economy
The Comoros is one of the world's poorest countries.  Agriculture is the leading sector of the economy. Agriculture includes fishing, hunting, and forestry.

The Comoros is the world's largest producer of ylang-ylang. It is a large producer of vanilla.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Pelops

**Pelops** is a person from Greek mythology.  He was the son of Tantalus and Dione and the father of Pittheus, Plisthenes, Atreus, Thyestes, Chrysippus and Copreus. 
According to the mythology, the Peloponesus was named after Pelops.

Tantaus cut Pelops into pieces and served him to the gods in a stew. He was later put back together.
Job

A **job** is any legal activity that allows an individual to perform a service and in return earn credits they can use to buy things.

A job can mean "some work that has to be done", for example: there are jobs to be done in the house: washing up, mending things that are broken, etc.

A job can also mean: work that a person does to earn money.  The word "job" may be used when a person works for someone else "an employer" who pays them for the work. For example, a teacher's job is to teach children or adults. A taxi driver's job is to drive people in a taxi. A firefighter rescues people from burning buildings and puts out fires.   A dermatologist's job is to diagnose and treat skin diseases.  Some jobs pay very little.

The International Labour Organization was established to make people's job conditions better. It became an organization of the United Nations in 1946.

## Related pages
*International Labour Organization
*Constitution
*Constitutional economics
*Full employment
*Job satisfaction
*Recruitment
*Unemployment
Organ

**Organ** may be:
* Organ (anatomy), a part of the body
* Organ (music), a family of keyboard instruments which is usually played with both the hands and the feet.
Crop

**Crops** are living plants grown by farmers. Most crops are foods such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. Some crops are for drugs, such as quinine, or fibers such as cotton, or other materials such as rubber or wood. Farms are usually made to grow just one kind of crop. Crops are domesticated plants, most of which have been selected to improve their size, taste and other qualities. Many crops are farmed in monoculture. Growing crops is a part of agriculture.

The following crops are very important as food to humans. 

* Rice
* Wheat
* Sugarcane and other sugar crops
* Maize (corn)
* Soybean oil
* Other vegetables
* Potatoes
* Palm oil
* Cassava
* Legumes
* Sunflower oil
* Rapeseed and mustard oil
* Other fruits
* Sorghum
* Millet
* Groundnuts
* Beans
* Sweet potatoes
* Bananas
* Various nuts
* Soybeans
* Cotton oil
* Groundnut oil
* Yams

## References
Proletariat

The **proletariat** is a term used by communists and socialists for the working class. It describes the people in society that sell their labor/work in exchange for a wage or salary. Someone who is part of the proletariat class is called a **proletarian**. 

The political way of thinking of communism states that the proletariat should have a revolution and take control of the means of production away from the bourgeoisie.  

The proletariat is the laboring bulk of society that does most of the useful, necessary work, and pays most of the taxes. It is also perceived by capitalists as being necessary for those reasons: labor and taxes, plus being available to exploit to produce profits. 

## History 
The word proletariat comes from the Latin word *proletarius*, which means "maker of offspring". In Ancient Rome, the *proletarii* were the people who were so poor that the only form of property that they had were their children, who could be used as soldiers.

## Modern use 
Karl Marx used the word *proletariat* to describe people who did not own the means of productions (such as factories and land) and had to work for others for a wage. He thought the proletariat class will eventually overthrow the Bourgeoisie class. He was the creator of historical materialism and scientific Communism. In Marxist theory, the lumpenproletariat ("rag-proletariat" in German) were a class of people who were not interested in revolution.

Marx believed that the bourgeoisie exploited the proletariat.

## References 
## Related pages
*Bourgeoisie
*Class struggle
*Exploitation
*Marxism
*Lumpenproletariat
*The Communist Manifesto