open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chojnów

**Chojnów** is small city in Poland. As of the year 2000, 14,900 people live in the city. The city is on  the river Skora. The city belongs to the county Legnica. It is in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The average height of the city is 170 meters above sea level.

Chojnów is first mentioned in a note dated 1272 as a Haynow settlement. In 1288 it's called city (civitas) in documents of Prince of Legnica Henryk V Gruby. In 1333 in gained the status of a city (civitas).

## Activities and events 
Every year in first days of June, Days of Chojnów (Dni Chojnowa) are celebrated. The Whole-Poland bike race Masters has been organized in Chojnów once a year for the past few years.

Chojnów is an industrial and agricultural city. Among products produced in Chojnów are: paperware, agricultural machinery, chains, metal furniture for hospitals, equipment for the meat industry, beer, wine, leather clothing, clothing for infants, children and adults.

## Sites 
The most interesting monuments of Chojnów are prince of Legnica's castle from the 13th century (currently used as a museum), two old churches, Baszta Tkaczy (Weavers' Tower) and preserved fragments of city walls.

The biggest green area in Chojnów is small forest Park Piastowski (Piast's Park), named after Piast dynasty as part of Communist anti-German propaganda.

Wild animals that live around Chojnów are roe-deers, foxes, rabbits and wild domestic animals, especially cats.
Henry the Navigator

**Henry the Navigator** was born in 1394 and died in 1460. He was a prince from Portugal, the third son of King John I of Portugal. He was called Infant Dom Henrique in Portuguese. He was never a navigator himself. He got his name because he  many ocean voyages on which lands were found. He is seen as the man who started the Age of Discovery.  

He opened a navigation school in Portugal, so the technology of tools and ships could be made better. One of these developments was the caravel. His explorers discovered the first shipping routes directly from Europe to Asia for the Portuguese monarchy.

He was an ancestor of Anfrísio Avelino de Morais Sarmento (1877 - 1926), the Literate and landowner, Maria Bárbara Avelino de Araújo Costa (1881 - 1971), Lady of the Strait Farm, Zenaide Castelo Branco Ribeiro (Castelo Branco) (1952 - 2015), Public Servant of the State of Maranhão, Brazil, Raimundo Thomaz de Menezes (1906 - 1962), Visual Artist, Pedro Inácio da Silva (1896 - 1959), Administrator of the Municipal Entity of Teresina (PI), Raimundo Januário da Silva Borges Sampaio (1889 - 1966), Bachelor of Laws, and Lisandro Inácio da Silva, Filho (1896 - 1984), a professor.

## References
Marathon

**A marathon** is a long-distance running sport event where an athlete must run 42.195 kilometres (26 miles and 385 yards). There are many marathons held all over the world each year. It is a very difficult event and runners are advised to run many miles before they compete. This event was named after a battle of the Greco-Persian wars**. **

The famous battle of Marathon was fought in 490 B.C. An army from Persia came to fight the army of Athens. The army from Athens was not expected to win, but they did. After the victory, they sent their best runner, a man named Pheidippides back to Athens to tell everyone the good news. He ran about 25 miles and died of exhaustion when he arrived.

In 1896 the first modern Olympics was held. There was a race called the Marathon there. It was only about 25 miles (40&nbsp;km) then.

## Notes
Holy Roman Empire

The **Holy Roman Empire** (; ), occasionally but unofficially referred to as the **Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation**, was a polity in Western and Central Europe under the rule of an emperor, who was elected by the princes and the magistrates of its regions and cities.
On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Frankish King Charlemagne as Roman emperor and revived the title in Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the ancient Western Roman Empire in 476.

When Charlemagne died in 814, the Frankish Empire was given to his sons and divided into three different countries: West Francia, Lotharingia and East Francia. In 962, Otto I was crowned emperor by Pope John XII. The empire would last for over eight centuries, until it ended in 1806.

At the start of the empire, the emperor was quite powerful. As time went on, however, the empire's duchies and counties became more powerful than the emperor. 

## Politics 
Since Charlemagne, the polity was simply called the "Roman Empire". The name "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century. Before then, people had called the empire by different names like *universum regnum* ("the whole kingdom", meaning that it included all regions, not just local kingdoms) and *imperium christianum* ("Christian empire"). The emperor's right to rule came from the idea of *translatio imperii* ("transfer of rule"), which meant that he had the highest power, which had been passed down from the Ancient Roman emperors.

The Holy Roman Empire was not very centralised, unlike most countries today. Instead, it was divided into dozens and eventually hundreds of individual entities, which were governed by kings, dukes, counts, bishops, abbots and other rulers, who were collectively known as princes. The emperor directly ruled some areas, but he could not simply issue decrees and govern autonomously over the empire. His power was severely restricted by the various local leaders.

In the 16th century, the empire had to deal with the rebellion of the Frisians, which was led by Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama, from 1515 to 1523.

The empire was a rare state in Europe to have an elective monarchy. The emperor was chosen by a small group of prince-electors, but the previous emperor's dynastic heir was commonly elected to the throne. Until 1596 the elected emperor was crowned by the Pope to make him a real emperor. The House of Habsburg ruled most of the time between about 1280 and 1806, the end of the empire.

## References 
## Notes 
## Other websites
Ferdinand Magellan

**Ferdinand Magellan** (1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He became the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean, and the first to sail around the world. 

Though ancient Greek philosophers and astronomers had proposed that the earth was round as early as the 5th century BC, Magellan's voyage confirmed this.

## Early life 
Magellan was born in 1480. Records disagree about whether he was born in Sabrosa or Porto in Portugal. 

Magellan's parents were members of the Portuguese nobility. As a result, after they died, Magellan was able to get a job in the royal court. At age 10, he became a page for the Queen of Portugal. In the royal court, he learned many important skills, including map-making, navigation and astronomy.

## Accomplishments 
In 1505 Magellan joined the Portuguese navy. He traveled to many parts of the world, such as India, the Spice Islands, East Africa, and Morocco. He was wounded in Morocco in 1513, and walked with a limp for the rest of his life. 

After he lost his job for the King of Portugal, Magellan went to work for the King of Spain, Charles V. Charles V gave Magellan five ships for his voyage around the world. Only one ship, the *Victoria*, completed the voyage. 

In 1520, during his circumnavigation voyage, Magellan became the first European to sail through the Strait of Magellan (which was then named for him).

## Death 
Magellan was killed in Mactan, Philippines on April 27, 1521, aged 40-41. He was accused of stealing from the native people, which led to a battle. He was killed by a Filipino leader called Lapulapu and his warriors.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
* made by Noor Mohammad I. BH Hammouri
Groningen (province)

**Groningen** is a province in the Northeast of the Netherlands. At the east is the German region Lower Saxony, in the south is Drenthe, in the west is Friesland (or Fryslân in Frisian) and in the north is the Wadden Sea. About 596,000 people are living in Groningen (2023).

The capital of Groningen is also called Groningen. People from Groningen often call Groningen City "stad" ("city") and the rest of the province "Ommelanden" (which means something like "surrounding lands"). 

Important sources of income are agriculture and natural gas extraction Slochteren. 

Noticeable things in Groningen are the Gronings dialect, which is related to Low Saxon, and the strong support for the communist party in the Northeastern part of the province.

## Other websites 
* 
* Flag
* Website of the Capital City
* Alternative Website of the Capital City (Local Shops and Small Businesses)
* Map of Groningen
* Website of the University
* Website of the Polytechnic
* Map of Province
Groningen (disambiguation)

**Groningen** might mean:
* Groningen (province), a province in the Netherlands
* Groningen (city), the capital city of that province
* Groningen (Suriname), a town in Suriname
* FC Groningen, a professional football club in the Netherlands
Friesland

**Friesland** (**Fryslân** in West Frisian, **Friesland** in Dutch) is a province in the north of the Netherlands. The capital (city) of Friesland is Leeuwarden (*Ljouwert* in Frisian). People in Friesland speak West Frisian and Dutch. People also speak Frisian in a small part of Groningen (province), and in  East Friesland and North Friesland in Germany. In North Holland there is a region called West Friesland, but people who live there are not called Frisians. About 660,000 people are living in Friesland (2023).

Agriculture and tourism, on the lakes and the isles in the Wadden Sea, are important sources of income.

The province is also famous for its ice skaters and its Elfstedentocht (Eleven cities tour), an ice skating race of 200 kilometers.

It is also known for being home to some breeds of animals, such as the Stabyhoun and Wetterhoun dog breeds, the Friesian horse breed and the Holstein Friesian cattle breed.

## Notable Frisians 
In Friesland the Frisians live. They are an old ethnic group. Members of this ethnic group are: 
* Pier Gerlofs Donia was a giant from Friesland. He was said to be about 7 feet tall (2 meters and 15 centimeters).
* Wijerd Jelckama was a legendary freedom fighter, rebel and warlord who was as tall as his uncle Pier Gerlofs Donia
* Mata Hari was a famous courtesan and spy who was born a Frisian.
* Doutzen Kroes, a Frisian born supermodel, speaks Frisan and encourages people to learn about it.

## Population
In 2021, Friesland had a population of 651,459 and a population density of .

The years 1880–1900 showed slower population growth due to a farm crisis during which some 20,000 Frisians emigrated to the United States.

| valign="top" |

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|}

### Anthropometry
Since the late Middle Ages, Friesland is known for the exceptional height of its inhabitants. Even early Renaissance poet Dante Alighieri refers to the height of Frisians in his *Divine Comedy* when, in the canticle about Hell, he talks about the magnitude of an infernal demon by stating that "not even three tall Frieslanders, were they set one upon the other, would have matched his height".

## References
## Other websites 
*
Duke

A  **Duke** is someone part of nobility.  In monarchies, like the UK, the title has legal status, and is inherited in the male line. 

The first English dukes were created by Edward III in 1337, when he gave his eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince, the title of Duke of Cornwall.

Dukes are formally referred to as 'The Duke of (place name)', and addressed as "Your Grace". On State occasions, dukes rank below Royal Dukes, and above Earls. This is called the order of precedence, because in procession to the opening Parliament, or on other state occasions, they walk in order of their rank.

The office or position of a duke is called a **dukedom**. 

The wife of a duke is a **Duchess**. This is an honorary title, given for life to the lawfully wedded wife of a Duke. If she divorces and remarries a commoner, (person with no title) their children have no title. The children of a duke, on the other hand, do have honorary titles (so long as they are born in lawful wedlock). The eldest son may bear what is called a junior title which an ancestor was given before the dukedom was created. Other children would be called 'Lady' Jane (or other Christian name) and 'Lord' James (or other Christian name). Children use the family surname, not the Dukedom.

Historically, the land that is ruled by a duke is a duchy. The eldest son of a duke inherits the duchy when the duke dies. The word comes from the Latin word "dux", which means leader.

## References
Comics

In **comics**, stories or information are given using pictures, or pictures and words together. A story is told with pictures, mostly in panels.  The first panel is supposed to be read first, and takes place earlier in time than the panels that follow it.

There are many kinds of comics.  Comic strips are short comics which are often found in newspapers.  Comic books are thin comics magazines.  Graphic novels are books of comics.  

The first comic strips in the United States were funny. "Comic" is another word for "funny", so they were called "comic strips". The first comic books were collections of comic strips. Today, some comics are serious, but they are still called "comics".

In comics, speech is usually shown through word balloons.  There are many different kinds of balloons, such as the "speech balloon", the "thought balloon" and the "scream balloon".

## History of comics 
*Couperie, Pierre & Horn, Maurice 1968. *A history of the comic strip*. Crown Publishers, New York. [pre-ISBN]
*Sabin, Roger 1996. *Comics, Comix, & Graphic Novels: a history of comic art*. Phaidon, London. ISBN 0-7148-3993-0
*Sabin, Roger 1993. *Adult comics: an introduction*. Routledge, London. ISBN 0-415-04419-7
*Chapman, James 2011. *British comics: a cultural history*. Reaktion Books, London. ISBN 978-2-86189-855-5
*Estren, Mark James 1974. *A history of underground comics*. Ronin Publishing Inc. California. ISBN 0-914171-64-X
*McCloud, Scott 1994. *Understanding comics: the invisible art*. HarperCollins 1994. New York. ISBN 0-06-097625-X

## Related pages 
* Cartoon
* Manga
Karel Doorman

**Karel Willem Frederik Marie Doorman** (April 23, 1889 in Utrecht - February 28, 1942) was a Dutch admiral (Dutch: *schout-bij-nacht*) during World War II.

In 1942 he was made commander of the combined American, British, Dutch and Australian fleet in the Dutch East Indies.

In February 1942, he led his fleet against a much stronger Japanese fleet in the Java Sea. This battle became a disaster for the Allies. Doorman became a hero in the Netherlands, partly of his last words to the fleet: "Ik val aan, volg mij!" (I am attacking, follow me). 

Karel Doorman died when his ship *De Ruyter* (named after the famous Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyter) was hit by a torpedo and sank. There was enough time to escape, but Doorman rather went under with his ship, according to old tradition.
Abdou Diouf

**Abdou Diouf** (born 7 September 1935) was president of Senegal from 1981 to 2000. He was the second president since the country became independent.

Diouf was the Secretary General of *La Francophonie* from 2003 to 2014.

## References
Needle

needles have the hole near the point.]]
A **needle** is a small tool used to push or pull a thread through a small hole. It is most often used to make clothing and footwear.

The needle consists of a short stick with a sharp point and hole for the thread. Needles are now mostly made of steel, but in ancient or Stone Age times they would have been made of small bones or twigs.

Once the thread is put through the hole in the needle and "doubled-back" so that it cannot fall out, then the whole needle and its thread can be put through the material.

The term needle may also be used to refer to other sharp objects used for different purposes, such as the needles doctors use to give a shot.

## Other websites
Province

A **province** is a subdivision of a country. It is a kind of local government.

Some countries are divided into **provinces**. The word "province" comes from the Latin word *provincia*.

South Africa, Canada, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, Indonesia, and Denmark are examples of countries that are divided into provinces.

In some countries, provinces have different names:

* Département: France
* Canton: Switzerland
* State: United States, Mexico, Brazil, Australia, Venezuela, Austria, Germany, India
* Bundesland: Germany and Austria
* Voivodeship: Poland
* District: Serbia (*okrug*), Belize, Bhutan 
* Prefectures (県): Japan 
* County: United Kingdom
* Suba: Pakistan
* Praant: Although *Pradesh* is the Hindi word for states: Republic of India
* Fylke: Norway
* Parish: Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Departments usually have less power than provinces. States, Bundesländer and autonomous communities have more power than provinces.

Small countries like Singapore or Monaco are not divided.
Jade

]]

**Jade** is a kind of stone. We use the name "jade" for two different sorts of mineral. The first sort is **nephrite**. This is a form of actinolite (asbestos is a sort of actinolite, too). The second sort is the mineral **jadeite**, and it is a pyroxene. The first sort (nephrite) is harder than the second sort (jadeite). The first sort (jadeite) has more colors that the second sort (nephrite).

Nephrite is Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2. 
Jadeite is NaAlSi2O6. 

The two sorts of jade look nearly the same. People only found that they were two different sorts in 1863. The nephrite form of jade is very hard. In the past, Chinese people and the Maori used it to make knives and weapons. Later, when people could use metals, they liked jade because it looked nice and they thought it had special powers. Today people also use jade for jewelry.

Jade was found about 7000 years ago. The Chinese later made jewelry out of it. Only the rich could have jade because it was so rare and expensive. It was said that jade had healing powers and it was regarded as very lucky.
Viktor Yushchenko

**Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko** () (born February 23, 1954) is a previous President of Ukraine. On November 26, 2004, he lost the Ukrainian presidential election. However, he and his followers argued that the election had been corrupted. They argued that the election results had been falsified by the Ukrainian government, in support of the opposing candidate Viktor Yanukovych. They organized political demonstrations in the autumn and winter of 2004 that gathered millions of people all over the country. They called the demonstrations *The Orange Revolution*. The Constitutional Court ordered a second round of elections, which Yuschenko won.

Yulia Tymoshenko and Yushchenko were once strong allies (during the Orange Revolution). Today there is a lot of political misunderstanding between Tymoshenko and Yushchenko.

In February 2010, Yushchenko lost the presidential election to Viktor Yanukovych. 

From December 1999 till May 2001, Yushchenko was the Ukrainian prime minister. From January 1993 till December 1999, he was head of the national bank of Ukraine.

## References
## Other websites
Viktor Yanukovych

**Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych** (; born July 9, 1950, Yenakiieve, Stalin Region, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian politician who was the 4th President of Ukraine from 2010 to 2014; found guilty of treason. On January 12, 2015, he was declared wanted by Interpol.

## Political career
He was Prime Minister of Ukraine from November 2002 until December 2004 (he was forced to resign (leave office early) on 31 December 2004). He again was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 4 August 2006 until 18 December 2007. He is the former leader of the Party of Regions the biggest political party of Ukraine. The party was formerly part of the Ukrainian government.

Yanukovych was a victim of poverty in his childhood and was twice put in prison for violent crimes in his youth. Oleksandr Turchynov became acting president.

## Convictions 
On December 15, 1967, at the age of 17, Viktor Yanukovych was first sentenced to 3 years in prison for participating in a robbery.

For the second time, Viktor Yanukovych was prosecuted for inflicting moderate bodily injuries under Art. 102 of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR and sentenced on June 8, 1970 to 2 years of imprisonment.

## Criticism 
In connection with the events of Euromaidan, the phrase "Golden Toilet" became a symbol and synonym of the Yanukovych regime. In many informal speeches, the phrase is used as a euphemism for the rule of Viktor Fedorovich and his political entourage.

### Oppression of freedom of speech in Ukraine 
During the two months of Yanukovych's presidency and the existence of the pro-presidential majority and the government in Ukraine, the pressure on the media and the curtailment of freedom of speech intensified. In particular, independent experts noted the politicization of the First National TV Channel. The facts of censorship on commercial TV channels have become more frequent: journalists of "1 + 1" and "STB" have stated the facts of censorship by their management, and journalists of STB state the existence of facts of censorship since 2008.

### The enemy of the press 
Viktor Yanukovych, along with Prime Minister Mykola Azarov and Interior Minister Vitaliy Zakharchenko, became the biggest enemies of the Ukrainian press in 2012-2013, according to an annual survey by the Institute of Mass Media and the Independent Media Trade Union.

## Investigation 
As of May 15, 2014, 6 criminal cases of abuse of power were being investigated against Yanukovych. The cases are included in the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* CLAN of Yanukovich: YANUKOVICH
Salt

In chemistry, a **salt** is any neutral chemical compound made of cations (positive ions) attached to anions (negative ions). The most common example of a salt is sodium chloride, with the chemical formula  - this is the table salt that people use in food.

Classically, salts are the result of a reaction between an acid and a base. Sodium chloride, for example, is the product when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide:
:

Mixtures of salts in water are called electrolytes. Electricity is able to pass through electrolytes, as well as molten salts.

Salts can melt ice, because salts lower the temperature needed for liquid to freeze. Because of that, streets are sometimes treated with salt in winter, if the temperature is only a little below freezing.

A salt can also be explained as an ionic compound which dissociates, forming a positive ion other than hydrogen ion, and a negative ion other than hydroxide ion.

## History 
Because many germs cannot live in salt, it has been used to preserve food. Its use as a food preservative helped large amounts of food to be stored, sent a long way, and eaten all through the year. This helped populations to grow, cities to develop, and soldiers in wars to be fed. Salt was probably used in Egypt as long ago as 4000 BC. In ancient times, salt was more valuable than it is now, because it was hard to get in many places, and could be used not only to give foods flavour, but also to make them last longer. It allowed food to be kept past its season, and taken on long trips.

People often traded salt for other things. It was of high value in China, Turkey, the Middle East, and Africa. In the Mediterranean area, including Ancient Rome, salt was even used for money. The word *salary* comes from the Latin word for salt, because they paid people in salt. After people learned how to get salt from the ocean, salt became cheaper. The Phoenicians were some of the first to figure out how to do this, by pouring seawater on dry land. Then when it dried, they collected the salt and sold it.

Another use of salt was in war, as a way to punish a city by ruining its crops. This is called "salting the Earth". The Assyrians are said to have been one of the first to have done this to their neighbours.

## Looks 
### Colour 
Salts can be found in all different colours: yellow (sodium chromate), orange (potassium dichromate), red (mercury sulphide), mauve (cobalt chloride hexahydrate), blue (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferric hexacyanoferrate), green (nickel oxide), colorless (magnesium sulphate), white (titanium dioxide), and black (manganese dioxide). Most minerals and inorganic pigments, as well as many synthetic organic dyes, are salts.

## References
Business

A **business** is a place where people work together. In a business, people work to make and sell products or services. Other people buy the products and services. The business owner is the person who hires people for work. A business can earn a profit for the products and services it offers. The word *business* comes from the word *busy*, and means doing things. It works on regular basis.

Originally, individual trades people were qualified, and they hired assistants. The invention of the joint-stock company meant a new era in business. By this means, some people put up the money as capital, and others used it to run the business. There is a law which says this kind of company is a "legal entity": it has a legal life separate from its owners or shareholders. In this way, a company can outlive the people who started it. This idea was invented in medieval times, but really flowered in the 19th century. It has spread around the world since then.

Most businesses are created for commerce. There are big and small businesses. For example, one person can open a small barber-shop. A big business, like Microsoft,  employs thousands of people all over the world.

Some businesses need fixed locations. Examples are an office, store, or farm. For some businesses the worker goes to different locations. Examples are carpenters or electricians. They usually bring everything they need for work in their truck.

*Business* can also mean the work or current state of a business. A business owner might say: "I am doing a lot of business" or "My business is good" or "Business is bad".

The term can also be used in a more general way. As a noun, it can be used, for example, to speak about a broad area of activity.

## References
Winter

during winter.]]**Winter** is one of the four season and it is the coldest time of the year. The days are shorter, and the nights are longer. Winter comes after autumn and before spring.
## Overview
Winter begins at the winter solstice. In the northern hemisphere, the winter solstice is usually December 21 or December 22. In the southern hemisphere, the winter solstice is usually June 21 or June 22. Some animals hibernate in this season. In temperate climates there are no leaves on deciduous trees. People wear warm clothing, and eat food that was grown earlier. Many regions have snow in winter.

## Holidays
### Christmas
Holidays in winter for many countries include Christmas and New Year's Day. The name comes from an old Germanic word that means the "time of water" in reference to the rain and snow of winter in middle and high latitudes. Some nations do not have a time of the year which has temperatures too different than in other seasons. There is no snowing in many regions during winter.
 
## Related pages
* Spring
* Autumn
* Summer
* Astronomy
* Meterology
* Greek mythology
* Roman mythology
Junta

A **junta** is a Spanish word that is used for military dictatorships. 

Often juntas got their power because of a coup d'état. Juntas are different from other dictatorships because they are ruled by a group of military officers instead of one person.

Greece, Argentina, Chile, Mauritania, Guatemala, Brazil, South Vietnam, and El Salvador are examples of countries that were once ruled by juntas.

The most famous junta nowadays is that of Myanmar.

Some autonomous regional governments in Spain are also called **junta**.
Miguel Hidalgo

**Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla** (8 May, 1753 – 30 July, 1811) was a Mexican priest. He started the Mexican War of Independence against Spain.

Hidalgo made a speech in 1810 that is now called the Grito de Dolores. He called on the people to support the King of Spain against the rebellious Viceroy of Mexico. After a few months, he was taken prisoner and executed by firing squad. After he died, several other people like Vicente Guerrero kept fighting against the Spanish until 1821, when Mexico became an independent country.

Hidalgo is remembered today as a great liberator in Mexico. The Mexican state of Hidalgo is named after him.
## References
Kofi Annan

**Kofi Atta Annan** (8 April 1938 &ndash; 18 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat. He served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations. He did this from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. They were awarded the prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world".

## Early life
Annan was born in Kumasi, Ghana, to an elite family. His parents, Henry Reginald and Madam Rose Eshun are from the two major ethnic groups that make up the Akan – one of the groups of indigenous people of Ghana.

His father was half Asante and half Fante; his mother was Fante. The Asante were gold merchants while the Fante tribe were the middlemen in the gold trade between the Asante and the British.

Annan, whose first name means "born on a Friday", also had a twin sister, who died in 1991 from a still yet unknown disease. In Ghanaian culture, twins are considered special and are adored.

Annan probably got his first lessons in politics and diplomacy early on from his family. Both of Annan's grandfathers and his uncle were tribal chiefs. Upon his retirement, Annan's father, who worked as an export manager for the cocoa exporter Lever Brothers, was elected governor of Ghana's Asante province.

## Education
In 1954, Annan attended Mfantsipim School, a Methodist boarding school in central Ghana. The Secretary-General says that the school taught him "that suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere".

Annan went to Macalaster College in St. Paul, Minnesota and graduating in 1961. He was a Sloan Fellow at MIT in 1971–72, getting a master's degree in management.

## His work at the United Nations
Annan became Secretary-General of the United Nations in January 1997, succeeding Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt. Annan was a U.N. veteran who took his first job with the organization in 1962 and worked his way up through various posts including deputy director to the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (1980–83) and head of the U.N.'s peacekeeping efforts (1995–96). Annan was the first Secretary-General chosen from the ranks of the U.N.'s staff. He is also the first black man to hold the post and the second African (after Boutros-Ghali). His second term began in 2002 and ran through the end of 2006.

In 2001 he and the United Nations were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world".

## Death 
Annan died on 18 August 2018 in Bern, Switzerland after a short-illness, aged 80.

## Related pages
*List of African scientists by country

## References
United Nations General Assembly

The **United Nations General Assembly** is made up of all United Nations member states. The Assembly meets once a year, which usually begins on the third Tuesday in September and ends in mid-December. The first meeting was held on 10 January 1946.
 Mahathir Mohamad spoke at the United Nations General Assembly on 25 September 2003.]]
Voting in the General Assembly on important questions, for example suggestions on world peace, human rights and , is by two-thirds of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by popular vote. Each member country has one vote.

At present, the Holy See (Vatican City) and Palestine are the only two observer states at the United Nations. Switzerland also had that status until it became a member state.

The current President of the United Nations General Assembly is Philémon Yang since 10 September 2024.

United nations general assembly observers have the right to speak in the assembly. The observers have no rights to vote in the assembly.

## Related pages
* List of Members of the United Nations
Mining

:*Explosives that explode when they are hit are also called mine; Two common types are Land mines and Naval mines.*
 with a mine worker]]

**Mining** is the process of digging things out of the ground.  Any material that cannot be grown must be mined.  Mining things from the ground is called *extraction*.  Mining can include extraction of metals and minerals, like coal, diamond, gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin and iron.  Mining can also include other things like oil and natural gas.

Some mining is done by scraping away the soil (dirt) from the top of the ground.  This is called *surface mining*.  Some mining is done by going deep underground into a *mine shaft*. This is called *underground mining*.  Some mining, such as gold mining, is done in other ways.  Gold can be mined by searching in the bed of a river or other stream of water to remove the flakes of gold. This is called *panning/sifting* or *placer mining*.

A worker in a mine is called a miner. Underground mining is a  job.  Many mines have accidents. Hundreds of miners die every year from accidents, mostly in poor countries. Safety rules and special safety equipment is used to try and protect miners from accidents.  Underground coal mining is especially dangerous because coal can give off poisonous and explosive gases. 

Some towns are mining towns. People live there because they can make money as miners or by doing things for miners. When mining stops the town may become a ghost town.

Mining operations often make the environment worse, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most countries have passed regulations to decrease the effect of mining. Work safety has long been a concern, and has been improved in mines.
Bomber

A **bomber** is a type of airplane that is used to attack ground targets, mainly by dropping bombs. The first bombers were made at the start of World War I.

Bombers often fly low to the ground to confuse enemy radar. Most cannot fly very fast. Because of this, bombers are not outfitted to fight other airplanes. To make up for this, bombers in the past had many machine guns for defense. 

## World War II 
Dive bombers were numerous in World War II. They attacked surface targets including tanks and ships.
Strategic bombing became important. Bombers had large crews, sometimes as many as 12 people. Usually a bomber had a pilot, a bombadier, a co-pilot/navigator, and many machine gunners all around to shoot at enemy fighter aircraft defending the target. Friendly fighters often came along to help fight the defenders.

## Modern day 
Bombers now have one or two people in them. The other positions have been replaced by computers. Bombers have very few guns on them partly because they are much faster. In bombing missions now, the pilot drops a bomb and leaves as quickly as possible. During the Cold War, a few bombers were made that could travel supersonic, so a nuclear bomb could be dropped without killing the people in the airplane. They were never used that way, however.

## Other websites 
* WW2-era Bombers
* Bomber aircraft -Citizendium
Bull

A **bull** is the adult male member of the species *Bos taurus*. It is in the Bovidae family (Cattle, Goats, Sheep). They are muscular and aggressive like a cow, who is the adult female member of the species *Bos taurus*. This animal is also classified as a pet animal and a farm animal. A bull is Halal. 

The bull has long been an important symbol in many cultures, and plays a large role in beef ranching, dairy farming. They are also important in other cultural activities, including bullfighting and bull riding. The management of cattle in hot and cold climates is a popular thing. The physiological and behavioral changes induced in these animals compromise their welfare, breeding, health, zootechnical performance, resulting in final products (gametes, milk, meat) with unsatisfactory characteristics.

As with other animals, some bulls have been kept as pet animals.

## Life
The bull semen market is very lucrative. Animal agriculture forcefully breeds animals to have what it considers the best traits for food production. In 2011, the U.S. exported $124.7 million worth of bull semen to other nations, representing 32 percent of the global market. In February 2019, an Angus bull named SAV America 8018 sold for the record-breaking price of $1.5 million due to “superior genetics.” A bull can live up to 18 - 22 years.

## References
Huntingdon

**Huntingdon** is a town in Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. It stands on the River Ouse near the A1, a major road in England.
## History
The town was chartered in 1205 and founded by Anglo-Saxons.

Huntingdon also has the largest meadow in England; Portholme Meadow. There are many small villages in Huntingdon, it has a high street and a main supermarket. The A14 runs through it.
## People
Oliver Cromwell was born here in 1599.
Michiel de Ruyter

**Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter** (1607 – 1676) was a famous Dutch admiral. 

De Ruyter was born in Vlissingen. He fought the English in the three Anglo-Dutch Wars and scored several huge victories. He won amongst others the Four Days Battle and the Raid on Medway, close to London, the English capital. He also fought battles against Sweden and France. He died because of injuries he got on a battle against France, he is buried in Amsterdam.
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke

**Johan Rudolf Thorbecke** (14 January 1798 - 4 June 1872) was an important Dutch politician. In 1848, he wrote a constitution almost on his own. This constitution gave the king less power and the people more, so it made the Netherlands a democracy. Thorbecke was a liberal. Several times he was prime minister, and internal affairs minister.

Thorbecke was a Lutheran and had German roots. He was born in Zwolle and died in The Hague, aged 74.

## References 
*  Bio at Parlement.com
Channel Islands

The **Channel Islands** are a group of islands near the coast of France. The five largest islands are: 
* Guernsey
* Jersey
* Alderney
* Sark
* Herm
## Industry
The main industries are tourism, horticulture (growing plants for food) and financial services (businesses to do with money). Most people speak English, although some people in Guernsey, Jersey and Sark still speak the traditional language of their island. 
## Laws
Constitutionally, the islands are part of the British crown, but are not part of the United Kingdom. Being part of the mediaeval duchy of Normandy, allegiance is owed to the King but not to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which cannot pass laws for the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey except for defence and diplomatic matters, except if the bailiwicks ask it to. In general, the bailiwicks are self-governing, but they often pass laws which are like United Kingdom laws. However some of their laws are still based on Norman law.
Hedonism

was a main hedonist philosopher from ancient Greece|thumb]]

**Hedonism** is the view that pleasure and suffering are the basis for what is good or bad. It is a  that first appeared in ancient philosophy. "" is the ancient Greek word for "pleasure". There are many different beliefs in hedonism. But in all forms of hedonism, people think that what makes them happy is good. They also think avoiding suffering is good. Some forms of hedonism say it is important to get as many pleasurable experiences as possible. Others say that the quality of the pleasure matters.

Hedonism is often wrongly said to be related to sex. Sex can be a very pleasurable experience, but when philosophers talk about hedonism, they think more about the pleasure of reading a good book, listening to classical music, or discussing with other philosophers.

Two main types of hedonism are Cyrenaicism and Epicureanism. Cyrenaicism is where people make themselves happy in the fastest amount of time. Epicureanism is where people like to be happy but they do so slowly so that they cause less pain to themselves. They also look more into the future and go for the higher pleasures in life. On the other hand, Maslowism is the term for when you combine the concepts of utilitarianism and hedonism.

## Related pages 
* Egoism
* Utilitarianism

## References
Prince

A **prince** is a male member of a royal family. The female version of this title is called a princess. Different countries have different rules based on who is a prince. 

## Types of princes 
The title of "prince" is different depending on the country. Each royal family has its own rules saying who is called a prince. 

### Crown Prince 
 of the United Kingdom]]
A **crown prince** (female: **crown princess**) is the heir apparent of a country. This means that he is the person who will become king after the current king dies. 

Most of the time, the crown prince is the son of a king but can also be a close relative if the king has no children. 

In some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Spain, the crown prince is given their own unique title, such as Prince of Wales and Prince of Asturias. 

In addition, the siblings of a crown prince can also be called princes or princesses, even though they are not the heir to the throne. The siblings often continue to be called "prince" and "princess" even after the crown prince becomes king.

For example, Princess Anne and Prince Edward both have the title of princess/prince even though their brother, Charles was the crown prince (and now the king).

### Prince Consort 
 (left) was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II]]
A **prince consort** is the title of the husband of a Ruling Queen in many monarchies. 

Unlike kings, whose wives are called queens, the husband of a ruling Queen is called a prince. 

This is because historically, the title of "king" is seen as a higher rank than queen. Because the Queen Regnant is the monarch of her country, nobody can be given a "higher" title. For this reason, her husband is called a prince consort.

Some countries, however, do allow the husband of a queen to be titled "king consort". But this is very rare.

### Sovereign Prince 
 is the ruler of Monaco]]
A **sovereign prince** (also known as a **ruling prince**, **reigning prince** or **prince regnant**) is the ruler of a monarchy known as a principality. 

This is mainly to do with size, because principalities were considered too small to become actual kingdoms, duchies or empires.

The most famous principality is Monaco. This is because throughout Monaco's history, they were always allied with a country much larger and more powerful. For this reason, the rulers of Monaco did not call themselves kings and queens.
Princess

, a princess]]

A **princess** is a female member of a royal family. A son of a monarch is called a prince. A princess may become a ruler by heredity or by marriage. Sometimes the expression "princess" is used when a woman has noble qualities such as kindness, charity, and virtue.
Gainesville, Florida

**Gainesville** is a city in north-central Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of Alachua County.

It is home to the University of Florida, the largest public university in the state. An alligator (Gator) named Albert is the mascot of the University of Florida. (A mascot is a symbol of qualities the school admires).

People think that growth of the city comes from building the university in the city.  People of the city show their strong good feelings for the university by going to football games there, and by showing *Gator* symbols in businesses and homes.

The city is also famous as the birthplace of singer Tom Petty.
University of Florida

The **University of Florida** (UF) is a public university in Gainesville, Florida, US. The campus is 2,000&nbsp;acres and has more than 900 structures, as well as other locations in the state of Florida. Important research activities at the university are in medicine, at Shands Hospital, and in agriculture. The mascot of UF is an alligator, and students and fans of the university's athletic teams are often called "Gators."

## References
X-Men

The **X-Men**, are a team of fictional characters and superheroes who were born with special mutant powers, making them different from regular humans. The X-Men characters are owned by Marvel Comics, which publishes comic books featuring them as well as many other superheroes. The comic book was one of the first to combine social issues and social commentary into a superhero story, set in a world where people with mutant abilities are hated by those born without them. This is similar to acts of ableism seen throughout history. Unlike "some" mutants, the X-Men try to be good and show tolerance toward humans and other mutants. The idea behind the superheroes were inspired by the African-American equality supporters like Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.

## Characters 
The X-Men team lineup has varied throughout the years and splintered into several other newer teams.

The original team lineup as created by writer Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, were Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Beast, Angel, and Iceman as well as Professor X. The leader and mentor of the X-Men is Professor Charles Xavier, who is more commonly known as "Professor X" and has mental powers. He wants to gain civil rights for mutants in the way that Martin Luther King Jr. did for African Americans; through peace.

Later issues brought fan favorites and frequent members including Cable, Colossus, Gambit, Nightcrawler, Polaris, Psylocke, Rogue, Storm and Wolverine.

Some of the X-Men's enemies include Magneto, Mystique, Sabretooth, Toad, Juggernaut, Mister Sinister, and Apocalypse. Magneto and Mystique eventually became X-Men. He wants to gain civil rights for mutants in the forceful style of Malcolm X.

## In other media 
The X-Men characters have since been featured in various comic book series, motion pictures, toys, animated series, and much more.

## References