open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Scottsdale, Arizona

**Scottsdale** (; ) is a city in the southwestern part of the state of Arizona in the United States. In 2020 there were 241,361 people living in Scottsdale.

## History and Culture 
Scottsdale was originally inhabited by Hohokam. From 800 to 1400, this ancient civilization farmed the area and built ingenious irrigation canals.

The city was incorporated in 1951. The seal, which shows a mounted cowboy surrounded by a 64-pointed star burst, was designed by Mrs. Gene Brown Pennington.

There are many businesses in Scottsdale. Many of them are in a business park known as The Scottsdale Air Park. Some of these companies are: AXA, GE Capital, DHL, Discount Tire Company, Tempo Creative, Fidelity Investments, JDA Software and The Vanguard Group.

Scottsdale is seen as an upscale tourist and shopping destination. It is also known as a good model of western American style. The New York Times described downtown Scottsdale as "a desert version of Miami's South Beach." The Times article also stated there was "plenty of late night partying and a buzzing hotel scene".

## Government 
Scottsdale is governed by a mayor and city council, all of whom are elected "at large" to represent the entire city. A city manager is responsible for the leadership of the city staff. He also helps carry out the council policies, develops programs and budgets to respond to council goals, and makes sure that people get effective and efficient city services. The city manager also serves as the city treasurer.

The Scottsdale City Hall was designed by architect Bennie Gonzales in 1968, and was designed with an area for community meetings.

## Education
Public education in Scottsdale is provided by the Scottsdale Unified School District. Some parts of the town fall under other school districts in the Phoenix Metro Area, including the *Cave Creek Unified School District*, Paradise Valley Unified School District, Phoenix Union High School District, Tempe Union High School District, and the Balsz Elementary School District

There are five major high schools in Scottsdale: Arcadia High School, Chaparral High School, Coronado High School, Desert Mountain High School, and Saguaro High School.

The primary college in the city is Scottsdale Community College. The college actually lies inside the Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Reservation. Many students also commute to nearby Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona. Penn Foster College, a distance education college, is based in Scottsdale

Scottsdale is also home of the International School of Arizona, a non-profit language school that teaches children who speak a foreign language (French or Spanish).

Scottsdale has four branches within the Scottsdale Public Library System. A fifth is currently being built.

## Sister cities
*  Álamos, Mexico
*  Cairns, Queensland, Australia
*  Interlaken, Switzerland
*  Haikou, China
*  Kingston, Ontario, Canada
*  Marrakesh, Morocco
*  Uasin Gishu, Kenya
*  Killarney, Ireland

## References
## Other websites 
* Official government website
* Scottsdale Area Chamber of Commerce
* Scottsdale Convention and Visitors Bureau
Ephraïm Inoni

**Ephraïm Inoni** (born 16 August 1947) is the former Prime Minister of Cameroon, a country in central west Africa. H.E. Ephraim Inoni comes from the South West province in Cameroon, which is part of the Anglophone provinces in Cameroon. Ephraim Inoni is a member of the ruling party and a strong supporter of President Paul Biya. He was part of President Paul Biya's campaign team in 2006.

"Chief Inoni Ephraim claimed his innocence after the judge gave him a 20 years sentence for his alleged participation in funds embezzlement in the Albatross affair."

Inoni was found guilty of conspiracy in the embezzlement of about $31 million in a fouled up 2001 deal to purchase an airplane for the President Paul Biya of Cameroon. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison by the Yaounde Special Criminal Tribunal.

## References
Carlisle

**Carlisle** is a city in the north of England near the border with Scotland. It is in  the countyof Cumbria. Carlisle has a population of 71,773 people.

Carlisle's football team is called Carlisle United and they play at Brunton Park.

Carlisle is famous for Carr's Table Water Biscuits. They are only made in Carlisle and are by appointment of her majesty the Queen. 

Several rivers run through Carlisle, including the Rivers Eden, Caldew, Petteril and Constitution River and Carlisle River.
Will

**Will** may refer to:

## Common meanings
* Will and testament, instructions for the disposition of one's property after death
* Will (philosophy), or willpower
* Will (sociology)
* Will, volition (psychology)
* Will, a modal verb - see Shall and will

## People and fictional characters
* Will (comics) (1927–2000), a comic strip artist
* Will (given name), a list of people and fictional characters named Will or Wil
* Will (surname)
* Will (Brazilian footballer) (born 1973)
* Will (singer), Italian singer-songwriter

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Films
* *Will: G. Gordon Liddy*, a 1982 TV film
* *Will* (1981 film), an American drama
* *Will* (2011 film), a British sports drama
* *Bandslam*, a 2008 film with the working title *Will*

### Literature
* *Will* (novel), by Christopher Rush
* *Will*, an autobiography by G. Gordon Liddy

### Music
* Will (band), a Canadian electronic music act
* *Will* (Julianna Barwick album), a 2016 album by Julianna Barwick
* *Will* (Leo O'Kelly album), a 2011 album by Leo O'Kelly
**Will*, a 1999 album by Akina Nakamori
* "Will" (Ayumi Hamasaki song), 2005
* "Will" (Mika Nakashima song), 2002
* "Will" (Joyner Lucas song), 2020

### Radio
* WILL (AM), an NPR member station licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States
* WILL-FM, an NPR member station licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States
* WRMR (FM), a radio station licensed to Jacksonville, North Carolina, United States, which called itself "Will FM" from 2006 to 2008
* WYHW, a radio station licensed to Wilmington, North Carolina, which called itself "Will FM" from 2008 to 2009

### Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
* *Will* (TV series), a TV series on the life of William Shakespeare
* *Will: The Death Trap II*, a video game
* WILL-TV, a PBS member station licensed to Urbana, Illinois, United States

## Law
* Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty, a conservative law firm
* Women in Law and Litigation ("WILL"), in India

## Ships
* , a slave ship
* , a 1925 Thames sailing barge

## Other uses
* Will County, Illinois, United States
* WiLL, a brand used by a small group of Japanese companies
* Weakside linebacker, or will, in gridiron football

## Related pages
*
Stanislas Konarski

**Stanisław Konarski**, Sch.P. (actual name: **Hieronim Konarski**; 30 September 1700 – 3 August 1773) was a Polish teacher and writer. He wrote political books, poems, and plays. He was a monk - member of the order of Piarists; he brought the Enlightenment in Poland.

Between 1725 and 1727, Konarski learned at the Collegium Nazarenum in Rome, where he became a teacher of rhetoric. After that, in order to better his own learning, he traveled through France, Germany and Austria. In 1730 he went back to Poland and began to work on a new text of Polish law ("Volumina legum"). 

From 1736 Konarski taught at the Collegium Resoviense in Rzeszów and in 1740 he started the Collegium Nobilium in Warsaw, a school for sons of the people of high social class ("szlachta"). Thereafter, he improved teaching of Piarists in Poland, in a way that agrees with his program of teaching (*Ordinationes Visitationis Apostolicae...*, 1755). His improvements became an important point in the fight of 18th century to make the system of Polish teaching more modern.

In the beginning, Konarski was joined politically with King Stanislas Leszczynski; later, he came near to Czartoryski's "Familia" and to King Stanislas August Poniatowski. He took part in the well-known "Thursday dinners". Stanislas August Poniatowski caused that a medal was made in the honor of Konarski, with his likeness. There was written in Latin: *Sapere auso* ("who was brave to be wise").
St. Catherine

There are nine St. Catherines:

*Saint Caterina Volpicelli  (1839-1894)
*Saint Catherine of Alexandria (4th century)
*Saint Catherine of Bologna (1413–1463)
*Saint Catherine of Genoa (circa 1447–1510)
*Saint Catherine Laboure (1806–1876)
*Saint Catherine of Ricci, O.P. (1522–1590)
*Saint Catherine of Siena, O.P. (Doctor of the Church, 1347–1380)
*Saint Catherine of Sweden (circa 1332–1381)
*Saint Katharine Drexel (1858-1955)

There is a

*St Catherine, Somerset
*Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai
*Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica

See also:
* Sainte-Catherine
* Santa Caterina
Gaetano Donizetti

**Gaetano Donizetti** (born Bergamo 29 November 1797; – Bergamo 8 April 1848) was an Italian composer. He was the most famous composer of operas in Italy in the years between the death of Bellini (1835) and the time when Verdi was becoming well-known. Bellini and Donizetti wrote operas in the bel canto style: music with beautiful, smooth melodies.

Donizetti’s family were very poor. His talent was discovered by Simon Mayr who was maestro di cappella (music director) at S Maria Maggiore in Bergamo. He opened a school which trained boys to sing in the church choir and gave them a good musical education. Donizetti learned a lot from Mayr and was always very grateful to him.

Donizetti’s first operas were performed in Venice. A rich lady who realized he was very talented paid so that he did not have to do military service. His opera *Zoraida di Granata* was very successful in Rome and he was given a contract for an opera for Naples. For several years he composed between two and five operas every year. They were not particularly successful. One of the reasons was that the libretti he was given (the words he had to set) were not very good. 

In the 1820s, while living in Rome, Donizetti met Virginia Vasselli, whom he would marry in 1828. None of their three children lived very long. His wife died in 1837 which made him very sad during his last years. This can be felt in his music.

His opera *Anna Bolena* made him internationally famous. It was performed in London and Paris. His opera *Maria Stuarda* was based on a play by Schiller. It was not popular at first. The audience did not like the tragic ending. Today it is recognized as containing some great music, especially in the final scene. After a visit to Paris he returned to Naples to produce *Lucia di Lammermoor* which was based on Scott’s novel *The Bride of Lammermoor*. There is a French version as well as an Italian version of this opera. 

In 1838, he moved to Paris where he had his operas performed in four theatres. Berlioz wrote very critical articles about him in a music journal. Donizetti had gone to Paris hoping that he would earn lots of money so that he could then retire, just like Rossini had done. However, his health was not good and he found it harder to concentrate. He managed to composed *Don Pasquale* which is one of the best comic operas every written, but it does have a lot of music that he had written earlier. He was obviously finding it difficult to think of new ideas. Soon he became really ill. He was suffering from syphilis. He was put in a sanatorium near Paris for 17 months. In 1847, some friends arranged for him to stay with them, but he was very ill by then. He was paralysed and almost unable to speak. His friends looked after him until he died.

He was buried in Bergamo. His remains are now in a church there. The house where he was born is a museum.
Blonde

with blonde hair]]
**Blond** or **blonde** is a light color of hair or a person with this color hair. The spelling *blonde* means a person with this hair color, and the spelling *blond* may mean another person with the same hair color. The color itself can have either spelling (*blonde* or *blond*), according to ''Merriam-Webster's Dictionary''.

Natural blonds have quite fair skins, and their skin is finer (less thick) than people with dark skin. Light skin is natural amongst people living (or whose ancestors lived) in northern climates. It is an adaptation for their skins to make vitamin D. This vitamin is essential for health, and people in northern climates may not make enough.

 Peter Frost's thematic map of blonde hair in and around Europe, according to a 2006 study on light hair, published by the University of St Andrews:

]]

One thing to mention: hair color may change during life, and many children have blond hair at first, but it grows darker as they get older. That's a normal thing. Blondes do not make the melanin for their hair (and skin) to go dark. It is very unusual to see a blond person with dark skin, but it does happen occasionally. 

People who are blonde have less pigment in their hair than dark haired people. To be blonde is usually to have blonde ancestors. It is not albinism. People may also use chemicals to make themselves blonde, but that is just a fashion thing. 

*Natural* blondes are most common around the Baltic Sea and Scandinavia. The Nordic countries such as Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Finland also have many blond people. Parts of the United Kingdom also have a high number of natural blondes. 
Likewise in Poland), north-western parts of Russia.

## References
Harold Macmillan

**Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton**, OM, PC (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986), was a Conservative politician. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963.

Macmillan was in the Grenadier Guards during the First World War. After the war he joined his family publishing company. He entered Parliament at the 1924 general election. After losing his seat in 1929, he won it again in 1931.

During World War II, Churchill made Macmillan Minister Resident in the Mediterranean. This made him the go-between for Churchill and the British forces in North Africa and the Middle East. The Mediterranean was a major theatre of war, and Macmillan's work made his name as a serious politician.

Macmillan became Foreign Secretary and then Chancellor of the Exchequer under Churchill's successor Sir Anthony Eden. When Eden resigned in 1957 after the Suez Crisis, Macmillan succeeded him as Prime Minister and Leader of the Conservative Party.

Macmillan  presided over a country becoming richer, with low unemployment and high (but uneven) economic growth. In his Bedford speech of July 1957 he told the nation they had 'never had it so good'.

Macmillan was granted the last hereditary peerage given to a prime minister when he became the Earl of Stockton and Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden.

## References
Crucifixion

**Crucifixion** is a type of execution usually by being nailed to a cross. It was used as a capital punishment by some ancient kingdoms, such as ancient Persia and Rome.   Different types of crosses were used for crucifixion: T-shaped, X-shaped, and sometimes just trees.  It killed people by making them bleed, go into shock, and making it hard for them to breathe, eventually to die of suffocation.  Some of the people would live for several days before dying. 

## Jesus
The most famous person to have been crucified was Jesus, the Son of God according to the Christian religion. He was crucified along with two thieves. The cross later became a symbol of Christianity. Six of the twelve apostles of Jesus were also crucified later on, but most of them asked to be crucified in a different way from Jesus. For example, Andrew (who later became the patron saint of Scotland) was crucified on an X-shaped cross. In the year 337 AD, Emperor Constantine I abolished crucifixion in the Roman Empire.

## References
Steeple

A **steeple** is the tower at the top of a church, which is a building or temple of the Christian religion. It often has a cross at the top, in memory of Jesus' crucifixion.

## Related pages
*List of church architecture terms
Kaleva

]]

**Kaleva** or **Kalevi** and his sons are people or creatures in Finnish, Karelian and Estonian stories. However many things about them are forgotten. 

## History 
### Estonian history 
The name of Estonian national Epos Kalevipoeg means "Sons of Kalevi" and the name of Finnish national epos Kalevala means "Land of Kaleva".

In Estonian stories sons of Kaleva are sons of King. 

### Finnish history 
Finnish people called Sirius *Kalevantähti* which means "Star of Kaleva". Belt of Orion was called Kalevas sword.

In Finnish stories they are more often giants. People told that some things in nature, like big or weird stones, are made by Kalevas sons. Stories tells that while people became Christians, they started to hate Kaleva's sons who remained pagans. Soon Kaleva's sons had to go away. All the time Christian people took more land, Kaleva's sons had to go farther away. At one island they staid and did not want to leave. Priests came and they cursed Kaleva's sons until they took a big stone and sailed with it away. They have not been seen since that, but sometimes they come at night and hits crop or even forest down.

## Other creatures 
Almost the same thing happened to Hiisi people who resembles trolls. Christian humans made them to flee also.
List of U.S. states by traditional abbreviation

This is a list of **traditional abbreviations for U.S. states** and territories. These abbreviations (short names) were used in mailing addresses before the introduction of two-letter U.S. postal abbreviations. The traditional abbreviations are still commonly used in other ways besides mailing addresses. For example, they can be used in writing after a city (like in "Miami, Fla."). In 1987 the Secretary of Commerce switched to the two-letter State Alpha Code for state abbreviations.

## States
## Territories
## References 
* The Riverside Publishing Company. (1984). ''Webster's II New Riverside University Dictionary''.    
* Chicago Manual of Style and AP Style Manual state abbreviations
* FIPS State Codes of the US and Outlying Areas
William Ewart Gladstone

**William Ewart Gladstone**  (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British  politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for the Liberal Party in four terms between 1868 and 1894.

His  lasted more than 60 years. He served as Liberal Prime Minister four times. This was more than any other person (1868&ndash;1874, 1880&ndash;1885, 1886 and 1892&ndash;1894). Gladstone was 84 years old when he resigned for the last time. This made him Britain's oldest ever Prime Minister. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times (1853&ndash;1855, 1859&ndash;1866, 1873&ndash;1874 and 1880&ndash;1882).

Gladstone was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
* 
* 
* 
*
Anthony Eden

**Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon** KG MC PC (12 June 1897–14 January 1977) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was better known throughout his time in office as **Sir Anthony Eden**. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

Eden was one of the best-known politicians of his generation. He was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1935 by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, and resigned in 1938 in protest at Chamberlain's appeasement of Adolf Hitler. He was Churchill's Foreign Secretary during World War II, and again in 19511955.

He had an operation to remove gallstones in 1953. The operation went wrong, and his health was ruined. He became Prime Minister in 1955 when Winston Churchill retired. He resigned as Prime Minister in 1957, and Harold Macmillan replaced him. The Suez Crisis of 1956 was a critical period. This and his health led up to his resignation as Prime Minister. Eden died of liver cancer, aged 79. His widow, Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon, was born in 1920 and died in 2021. She was a niece of Winston Churchill.

Eden's life can be described in two halves. The first half, in the 1930s and in wartime, was brilliant. But he is often ranked among the least successful British Prime Ministers of the 20th century. Two broadly sympathetic biographies (in 1986 and 2003) have gone some way to redressing the balance of opinion.

## Biography 
Born into an aristocratic family.

He volunteered for the British army at the beginning of the First World War, participated in the fighting in France.

In 1919—1922 he was a student at the Faculty of Oriental Languages at Oxford, graduating with honors.

From 1945 to 1973 he served as rector of the University of Birmingham.

In 1961, he received the title of count.

Eden had three sons. The elder and middle sons died before him. His Earl of Avon title was inherited by the younger son, Nicholas. When Nicholas died, the title became extinct.

## Political career 
Member of the House of Commons from 1923 to 1957.

From 1935 to 1938 (Baldwin's cabinet) Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chamberlain's cabinet on February 20, 1938, due to disagreement with the Prime Minister's policy of "appeasement" towards Italy and Germany.

He served as Foreign Minister in Churchill's military government (1940—1945), was considered Churchill's successor, but distinguished himself primarily as Foreign Minister in the war. Leader of the House of Commons from 1942 to 1945.

After Labor's election victory in July 1945, he was Deputy Leader of the Opposition.

From 1951 to 1955 Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister.

After Churchill's resignation in 1955, he was appointed prime minister. His premiership turned out to be short-lived and unsuccessful, both from a foreign policy point of view (the Suez crisis of 1956, which ended catastrophically for Great Britain), and from a domestic political point of view (he had to resign after mass protests by the population and cede leadership in the party to Macmillan).

## References
Stanley Baldwin

**Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley**,  (3 August 186714 December 1947) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. He presided over the economic crisis of the 1930s and abdication of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom.

He also believed in being soft on Germany since many people in nearby countries were German and wanted to become part of it, the country stopped the Soviet Union from spreading its communism and most British people did not want another world war.
## References
National park

, Ukraine]]
, Alberta, Canada]]
, Argentina]]
 7 image of Kavir National Park, Iran]]
, Spain]]
, Japan]]

A **national park** is a park or an area of land officially recognized and protected by a nation's government. National parks are often made to protect the animals that live inside them or the land itself.  There are many National Parks in the world.

The first one established (in 1872) was the United States Yellowstone National Park. It was the first national park in the world. But the idea of protecting areas from human development was proposed years earlier. American painter George Catlin offered the idea during the 1830s.

## Definitions
In 1969 the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) declared a national park to be a relatively large area with:  

*with one or more ecosystems (or ecological system) not much altered by humans. It should have plants and animal species, geology sites and habitats. These should be of special scientific, educative and recreative interest, or contain a natural landscape of great beauty.
*the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate exploitation or occupation in the area. They must enforce the respect for its ecological, geomorphological or aesthetic features.
*visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational, educative, cultural and recreative purposes.
*a minimum size of 1,000 hectares within zones where the nature is protected
*statutory (or legal) protection
*a budget and staff to provide sufficient effective protection
*no business use of natural resources (including the development of dams) except such activities as sport, fishing, the need for management, facilities, etc.

While national parks are generally understood to be administered by national governments (hence the name), in Australia national parks are run by state governments and predate the Federation of Australia. Also in Japan, some of them are called "Quasi-national Parks" (国定公園), which are recognized by the government and managed by local authorities.

## Examples 
*Manú National Park, Peru
*Everglades, Florida
*Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
*Yosemite National Park, California
*Grand Canyon, Colorado River, Arizona
*Yellowstone National Park, United States
*Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia
*Dartmoor, Devon, England
*Galapagos National Park, Ecuador
*Teide National Park, Spain

## Other websites 
* UNESCO — Man and the Biosphere Programme (Biosphere Reserves)
* World Heritage Sites
* UN Protected Areas database 
* EUROPARC federation — Europe's protected areas
* United States National Park Service
* National Parks of Japan by Ministry of the Environment,  Japan
* South Korea- Korea National Park Service
* European National Parks Centre (ENPC) 
* TeddyRoosevelt.com:  "The National Parks President" 

## References
Benjamin Disraeli

**Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield** (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881), born '''Benjamin D'Israeli''', was a British politician. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1852, from 1858 to 1859 and from 1866 to 1868. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1868 and from 1874 to 1880. His main opponent was William Ewart Gladstone. Disraeli was also a novelist and biographer.

Disraeli was born into a Jewish family which converted to Anglicanism. He is the only prime minister of Jewish heritage in British history. He followed his father, and converted to Anglicanism at the age of 12.

## Political ideas 
Disraeli invented the idea of "One Nation" conservatism, designed to appeal to all ranks in society. This is conservatism that values paternalism and pragmatism. Paternalism means looking after people, and pragmatism means it was practical not ideological. Disraeli wanted it to appeal to working-class men as a solution to worsening divisions in society. This idea was opposed to the Liberals (or "Whigs"), which was the party of the urban  (moneyed and well-educated people in towns and cities).

Disraeli made the Conservatives (Tories) the party that supported the British Empire and the military action to go with it. This was partly in reaction to Gladstone, who disliked the expense of empire, and partly because Disraeli knew it would be popular.

## Parliament in the 19th century 
The 19th century saw the Commons gradually take over from the Lords. In the first half of the century the prime minister and most of the cabinet were peers, members of the House of Lords. By the late 19th century, the prime minister and most of the cabinet came from the House of Commons. This happened gradually, and perhaps the reform of elections helped make the Commons the more important chamber.

## Disraeli's achievements 
In Disraeli's first short period as prime minister, his government passed legislation which had wide support. It ended public executions, and the Corrupt Practices Act did much to end electoral bribery. The government used an early version of nationalisation: the Post Office bought up the telegraph companies. There were changes to the school law, the Scottish legal system, and the railway laws were passed.

Disraeli's second government was from 1874 to 1880. The 12 cabinet members were equally divided between the Commons and Lords. His government passed a number of laws to improve the life and working conditions of ordinary people.

Also, he arranged for Britain to buy the Suez Canal, which was until then a private company. The canal was critical to Britain because it was the short route between the UK and British India. Disraeli got news that the Khedive of Egypt, Ismail Pasha, was planning to sell his shares in the canal company. Disraeli arranged for the banker Lionel de Rothschild to loan the funds to the government. Rothschild took a commission on the deal, and the Disraeli went to Queen Victoria saying, "it is settled; you have it, madam!".

Disraeli was made Earl of Beaconsfield by Victoria in 1876.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Herbert Asquith

**Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith** KG PC KC (12 September 1852&nbsp;– 15 February 1928) served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. Until 5 January 1988, he was the longest continuously-serving Prime Minister in the 20th century. He was not, however, in favour of the right of women to vote.

As Prime Minister, he led the Liberal Party to a series of domestic reforms, including social insurance and the reduction of the power of the House of Lords. He led the nation into the First World War, but a series of military and political crises led to his replacement in late 1916 by David Lloyd George. His falling out with Lloyd George played a major part in the downfall of the Liberal Party.

His ministry was significant for the Old Age Pension (1908), National Insurance Act (1911) and the Parliamentary Act (1911), the last of which restricted the power of the House of Lords. 

Asquith's descendants include the ambassador Dominic Asquith (great-grandson), the actress Helena Bonham Carter (great-granddaughter) and the actress Anna Chancellor (great-great-granddaughter).

## References
Commerce

**Commerce** is another word for trade or business and can mean simply the buying and selling of goods and services. Car-sales and online-stores are among the biggest commercial activities.

Some commerce involves high finance and big companies and organisations. Commercial real estate is a place to do business. 

Interstate commerce is the movement of goods, money or transportation between two or more states. International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.
## References
William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham

**William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham** (15 November 1708 – 11 May 1778) was a prime minister of Great Britain. He was appointed by King George III. 

His London house, in St. James's Square, is now the home of the international affairs think tank called Chatham House.

In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, he came up with the strategy of blocking the St. Lawrence River so the French troops in Quebec and Montreal could not get more supplies. This weakened the French side, and helped to win the war.

His son, William Pitt the Younger, was also a prime minister.

## References
Philip II of France

**Philip II of France** (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), was King of France from 1180 to 1223.

## Early life 
Philip was born on August 21st 1165. He was the son of Louis VII of France 'Louis The Younger' (1120-1180) and Adèle of Champagne. Philip was called at his birth 'Dieudonne' (meaning God-given), because he was the son that his father had longed for, for nearly 30 years.

## Ascension and early reign 
Louis VII died in 1180 at the age of 60, this meant Philip was now King Philip II of France at the age of only 15.

Though he was just a teenager, Philip quickly showed that a competent and ambitious King.
REO Speedwagon

**REO Speedwagon** is an American rock band. They formed in Illinois in the late 1960s. The band continues to record and tour to this day.  They were most popular in the 1980s, when they had a #1 album and two #1 singles.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *REO Speedwagon* (1971)
* *R.E.O./T.W.O.* (1972)
* ''Ridin' the Storm Out* (1973)
* *Lost in a Dream* (1974)
* *This Time We Mean It* (1975)
* *R.E.O.* (1976)
* *You Can Tune a Piano, but You Can't Tuna Fish* (1978)
* *Nine Lives* (1979)
* *Hi Infidelity* (1980)
* *Good Trouble* (1982)
* *Wheels Are Turnin'* (1984)
* *Life as We Know It* (1987)
* *The Earth, a Small Man, His Dog and a Chicken* (1990)
* *Building the Bridge* (1996)
* *Find Your Own Way Home* (2007)
* *No So Silent Night... Christmas with REO Speedwagon'' (2009) 

## Other websites
*REO Speedwagon's Official website
Edmund II of England

**Edmund Ironside** or **Edmund II** (; c. 989 – 30 November 1016) was the son of Æthelred the Unready. When his father died he was king of England from 23 April to 18 October 1016 and of Wessex from 23 April to 30 November 1016.
Arthur Balfour

**Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour,** KG OM PC (25 July 1848 – 19 March 1930) was a British Conservative statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 until 1905.

He was minister of Foreign Affairs from 1916 to 1919. In this capacity he wrote the so-called Balfour Declaration in 1917.
Pohjola

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**Pohjola** is an evil country in Finnish and Karelian ancient stories. Pohjola is at north and it is very cold place. Ruler of Pohjola is Louhi, an evil witch woman. We think that Pohjola does not really exist, but long ago when people thought about Pohjola they thought about Lapland and a region of Pohjanmaa.

There was high wall around Pohjola and there were gates of Pohjola that could be seen from far away. 

Many evil things, like diseases and cold are from Pohjola. In Pohjola lives people of Pohjola. They are great warriors and magicians. The ruler of Pohjola Louhi is ugly but powerful old woman who can do great magic. She had a husband and daughters. Daughters of Louhi were very beautiful. They were so white and bright that they were actually transparent; you could see flesh through their skin, bones through their flesh, and bone marrow through their bones. Daughters of Pohjola were sitting on the sky weaving gold and silver threads.

Many heroes went to Pohjola to ask daughters of Louhi them to be their wives. Louhi did not give her daughters easily. She made men to do almost impossible missions to have her daughters. One such mission was to make Sampo, a machine that would do money, crop and salt. One hero, Ilmarinen, did this machine, but still Louhi did not let her daughter to marry Ilmarinen. Ilmarinen and other heroes then stole Sampo from Louhi. Louhi attacked them. There was a big battle and Sampo was destroyed. Some pieces of Sampo drifted on sea and they came to shores of Finland. Since that they have made wealth to Finnish people.
Pine

**Pines** are a large and important genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. The Plant List of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden lists 126 species of pines, plus a lot of synonyms.

Pines live in almost the entire Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they live in the southern part of Arctic to Nicaragua and Hispaniola. In Europe, they live in areas from Portugal and Scotland to Russia. In Asia, they live in areas from Russia to Japan and the Philippines. They also live in the Himalayas, some northern parts of Africa, and north of Majorca (Mallorca) on the rugged mountains.

Pines are long-lived trees (rarely large shrubs), typically reaching heights of 5–70&nbsp;metres tall and ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, *Pinus longaeva*. One individual of this species, named "Methuselah", is the world's oldest living tree at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California.

## Cones 
Pines usually have male and female cones on the same tree (monoecious). The male cones are small, typically 1–5&nbsp;cm long, and are only present for a short period, usually in spring. They fall as soon as they have shed their pollen. The female cones take 1.5–3 years (depending on species) to mature after pollination, with actual fertilization delayed by one year. At maturity, the female cones are 3–60&nbsp;cm long. Each cone has numerous spirally arranged scales, with two seeds on each fertile scale; the scales at the base and tip of the cone are small and sterile, without seeds. The seeds are mostly small and winged, and are wind-dispersed. Some have larger seeds that look like nuts and are dispersed by birds. 

At maturity, the cones usually open to release the seeds, but in some of the bird-dispersed species (e.g. whitebark pine), the seeds are only released by the bird breaking the cones open. In others, the seeds are stored in closed ("serotinous") cones for many years until a forest fire triggers the cones to open, releasing the seeds. The resin on the cones holds the scales closed until it melts in the fire.

## References
Henry Pelham

**Henry Pelham** (25 September 1694–6 March 1754) was a British Whig statesman. He was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 27 August 1743 to his death about ten years later.
Toxicology

**Toxicology** is the study of how chemicals hurt living things. Toxicologists use biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine. Measuring toxicity of a substance (relation between does and effect), is a major part of the work. 

Many chemicals that we call poisons are only toxic when made into different chemicals by the body.  Many chemicals are made toxic in the liver by enzymes, for example paracetamol, which is a common drug. There is also some variation in liver enzymes (caused by genetic variation) in different people that can cause a substance to be more toxic in one person than it is in another. Some substances are also only toxic when they are with other chemicals, as one liver enzyme can cause activity in another enzyme.

## Some measures of toxicity 
* LD50 is a test that finds an average dose required to kill half of the animals being tested (normally rats in human toxicity).
* The Fixed Dose Procedure, an alternative to the LD50 which measures oral toxicity in a similar way, but using fewer animals and with less suffering.
* Minimum lethal dose (MLD, also LDmin), the smallest amount of drug that can produce death in an animal species under controlled conditions.
* Draize test
* LDLo
* IC50
* EC50

## Related pages
* In vitro toxicology
* Toxicity

## Other websites 
* Society of Toxicology
Monte Carlo

**Monte Carlo** is the largest quarter in Monaco. Its area is , and around four hundred people live there.
## Overview
Monte Carlo is also the centre of  gambling, politics, fireworks and culture. Monte Carlo has a lot of casinos, hotels and historical buildings.

Monte Carlo is one of Europe's leading tourist resorts. Within the casino complex is the Grand Théâtre de Monte Carlo, the Opéra de Monte-Carlo and ballet house, and the headquarters of the Ballets de Monte Carlo.

## References
Trickery

**Trickery** is the act of misdirection (leading into the wrong way of thinking) or an illusion (seeing things that are not true). 

For example, magic tricks are when someone makes the person seeing it think that the magic they are doing is true, but it actually is not. But magic tricks can also be pleasant entertainment when the audience know it's all tricks. 

A trick can also mean to lie or misdirect (lead to wrong way of thinking) a person so that someone who is *tricking* the person can enjoy winning the game they are playing for example gambling.

Trick is also slang for a prostitute's client.

## Animal tricks
Some sort of useful action taught to an animal, for example from "shaking hands" to handing back tools or dropped objects so that people seeing the action can enjoy the trick

## In the Norse mythology
Loki is the God of **trickery** and cunning in the Norse Mythology.
List of U.S. states by elevation

of the United States.]]This is a **list of United States states by alphabetical state**. Elevation means the height of something above sea level.  The highest point in the U.S. is Denali at 20,320 feet (6,194 m) above sea level. The lowest point on land in the U.S. is Badwater in Death Valley at 282 feet (86 m) below sea level.

## List
## Images

file:Denali Mt McKinley.jpg|Mount McKinley, highest point in the United States
file:Colorado_Rockies_from_space.jpg|The states with the highest mean elevation are near the Rocky Mountains.
file:Death Valley from space.JPG|Death Valley, California*lowest point*
file:Florida freshwater marshes usgov image.jpg|A Florida freshwater marsh. Florida has the smallest difference from lowest point to highest point

## References
*The Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2004
*No. 351 Extreme and Mean Elevations by State and Other Areas
*"Kentucky State Facts"' U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey 
* National Geodetic Survey web site

## Other websites 
*State Highpoints on SummitPost
*State Highpoints ranked by difficulty 
*Highpoints
Slide

In photography, a **slide**  is a thin translucent photograph bound in paper, plastic or similar frame and often used for projection with use of a slide projector for a slideshow. The terms **reversal film** and **transparency** are also used. 

One can  it from negative and print.

Image:Slide.jpg|A single **slide**, showing a color transparency in a plastic frame
Image:Ferraniacolor_R01.jpg|Italian reversal film from the 1950s: *Ferraniacolor*
Image:Diapositive.jpg|Slide frames, 1940 (metal) to 1985 (plastic)
Image:Diabetrachter.jpg|Slide viewer
Image:Slide_frame_60x60_hg.jpg|Slide frame 6x6 cm

## Related pages
* Slide projector
* Slide copier

## Other websites 
*Agfa SCALA 200x Professional film  
*Kodak TRI-X Reversal Film 7266 
*Chemical Reversal Processing of B&W Negative Film
Slideshow

**Slideshow** means a show of **slides**. It is a display of several slides  for information or for artistic purposes.  

Slideshows are presented using a tool, such as a slide projector, an overhead projector  or in more recent years, a computer running presentation software. The word comes from the use of slides which have been around for many years. Slides originally were projected on movie theater screens by magic lanterns as part of early movie house shows.

The word **slideshow** does not appear in the *Webster’s New Twentieth Century Unabridged Dictionary* (1973 edition), but is accepted as correct spelling in Microsoft Word in both *Office 2000* and *Office XP* editions. 

## Other websites 
*myPicPals - Online Sideshow Builder
*Myspace Slideshow  - Reviews of online slideshows
*Example of a show of objects of art
Projection

**Projection** can be any of:
* The display of an image by devices such as:
**Movie projector
**Video projector
**Overhead projector
**Slide projector

* Map projection, in cartography
* Graphical projection, the production of a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object
**Isometric projection
**Oblique projection
**Orthographic projection

* In **chemistry**, any one of:
** Fischer projection
** Haworth projection
** Newman projection
** Stereochemical projection

*Projection (mathematics), any of several different types of functions, mappings, operations, or transformations
**3D projection
**Projection (relational algebra)
**Projection (linear algebra)
*Power projection, the capacity of a state to implement policy by means of force, or the threat thereof, in an area distant from its own territory
*Psychological projection, a defense mechanism in which one attributes to others, one’s own unacceptable or unwanted thoughts or emotions
*a forecasting of future developments based on current statistics and trends
* Enamel projections, extensions of dental enamel beyond the normally smooth cervical margin and onto the root of the tooth
*Projection (Cylon ability), the ability to perceive your environment in any form you choose, displayed by the humanoid Cylons in the television series *Battlestar Galactica*
Slide projector

A **slide projector** is used to view photographic slides by using optical and mechanical methods. It contains an electric light bulb, focusing lenses. reflector and condensing lenses and a holder that holds the slide.  

A flat piece of heat absorbing glass is often placed between the condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the slide. This glass absorbs infrared. Light passes through the transparent slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a screen. So the audience can view its reflection.

The image may be projected onto a translucent "rear projection" screen. That is used for continuous automatic display for close viewing. This form of projection also avoids that people who look at the show interrupt the light stream or bump into the projector.

Slide projectors were common in the 1950s and 1960s as a form of entertainment; family members and friends would gather to view slideshows.

In-home photographic slides and slide projectors have largely been replaced by low cost paper prints, digital cameras, DVD media, video display monitors and digital projectors.

As of October 2004, *Kodak* no longer manufactures slide projectors. It is also increasingly difficult in some countries to locate photo processors who will process slide film. 

## Other websites 
* Kodak: Slide projectors family
Video projector

.]]
A **video projector** takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a screen using a lens system. All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings. Video projectors are widely used for conference room presentations, classroom training, and home theatre applications.

A video projector may also be built into a cabinet with a rear-projection screen to form a single unified display device, now popular for “home theater” applications. 

Common display resolutions for a portable projector include SVGA (800×600 pixels), XGA (1024×768 pixels), and 720p (1280×720 pixels). 

The cost of a device is not only determined by its resolution, but also by its light output, acoustic noise output, contrast, and other characteristics. 

## Obsolete technologies 
* Eidophor oil-film projectors
* Telaria oil-film projectors
* ILA (Image Light Amplifier) light valves.

## Major manufacturers 
* Hewlett-Packard
* Sharp
* Sony

## References 
* LCD VS. DLP in Projectors  SaveOnProjectors.com
Slide (disambiguation)

**Slide** could be related to any of these.

*Photographic slide - a thin translucent photograph bound in paper, plastic or similar frame and often used for projection with use of a slide projector for a slideshow.
*Slide (website) - a website that offers groups the ability to discover, share, and talk about photos together.
*Landslide - the movement of soil, mud or rock down a slope.
*Slide rule - a simple analog calculator.
*Slide trombone, a musical instrument, see also slide (wind instrument).
*Slide guitar - a method of playing guitar, see also slide (guitar).
*Slide whistle - a musical/wind instrument.
*Microscope slide - a thin glass sheet used to hold objects for examination.
*Water slide - a  popular water sport.
*Dark slide - a skateboarding trick.
*Slide (dance) – a popping dance move giving the impression of gliding around effortlessly.
*Jakarta Slide - a Content Management System software.
*Pistol slide - the upper half of a pistol that contains the barrel.
*Playground slide - a smooth, sloped surface down which (usually) children slide while sitting down.
*Slide (baseball) - in baseball, dropping to the ground when going into a base to avoid a tag.
*Slide (band) - American rock band of the 1990s.
**Slide* - a single by the Goo Goo Dolls.
**Slide (song)* - a song by Dido on the album No Angel. This is not a cover version of any other song entitled Slide.
**Step Back/Slide* - a double a-side single by Superheist
**Slide* - an album by Lisa Germano
*A 'slide edit' - a video editing term for moving a clip around in a timeline.
*Another word for a linear bearing.
* A Sliding tackle
*Slide (Sword of Truth) - a magically created creature from The Sword of Truth series.
Chemical Weapons Convention

The **Chemical Weapons Convention** (**CWC**) is an arms control agreement which prohibits chemical weapons and chemical warfare. It is forbidden to make, store or use the weapons. Every country can become a part of it and most countries (188 in 2010) are. The full name is the **Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction**. 

The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (abbreviated OPCW) is the international organization which organizes the discussions and decisions on the convention. It also checks if member states follow the rules by inspections.