open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Deaths in 2021

The following is a list of **deaths that should be noted in 2021**. For deaths in each month, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.

## Months
* January
* February
* March
* April
* May
* June
* July
* August
* September
* October
* November
* December

## Related pages
* List of deaths due to COVID-19
* 2021 in association football deaths
* Deaths in 2015
* Deaths in 2016
* Deaths in 2017
* Deaths in 2018
* Deaths in 2019
* Deaths in 2020
* Deaths in 2022
* Deaths in 2023
* Deaths in 2024

## Other websites
**The Guardian*, UK obituaries
**The Telegraph* obituaries
*Obituaries, *Chicago Tribune*
*Obituaries, *Los Angeles Times*
**The New York Times*, US obituaries
**The Washington Post* obituaries
**The Sydney Morning Herald*, Australian obituaries
Cecilia Rouse

**Cecilia Elena Rouse** (born December 18, 1963) is an American economist. She was the 30th Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers from 2021 to 2023 under the Joe Biden administration. In 2012, she became dean of the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University.

She was a member of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisers from 2009 to 2011.

In November 2020, President-elect Joe Biden announced his plans to nominate Rouse as the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers. The Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 95&ndash;4 on March 2.

In November 2022, it was announced that Rouse would be leaving her position as Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers following the 2022 midterms. In February 2023, Jared Bernstein was nominated as her successor by President Biden.

## References
Montebelluna

**Montebelluna** is a city and *comune* in Veneto, Italy, about  northwest of Venice. It has a population of 32,000. 

## References
Viorel Turcu

**Viorel Turcu** (9 August 1960 – 29 November 2020) was a Romanian footballer. He played as a midfielder. He was born in Popești, Romania. Turcu made seven appearances for the national team in 1982.

Turcu died on 29 November 2020 in Piatra Neamț, Romania at the age of 60.

## References
David Gergen

**David Richmond Gergen** (May 9, 1942 &ndash; July 10, 2025) was an American political commentator. He was a presidential adviser during the administrations of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton. He is a senior political analyst for CNN. Gergen was a professor of public service and he was the first director of the Center for Public Leadership at the Harvard Kennedy School.

In December 2024, it was revealed that Gergen had Lewy body dementia. He died at a retirement home in Lexington, Massachusetts, on July 10, 2025, at the age of 83.

## References
Valorant

***Valorant*** (stylized as **VALORANT**) is a free-to-play multiplayer tactical first-person shooter developed and published by Riot Games, for Microsoft Windows. First talked about under the codename *Project A* in October 2020, the game began a closed beta period with limited access on April (6) 7, 2020, followed by official release on June 2, 2020.

VALORANT Mobile Beta Registration Now Open
Nernst equation

Nernst Equation is a scientific equation used to find the reduction potential or voltage of an electrochemical cell. It is widely used in cell physiology and neurobiology. It is named after Walther Nernst. He was a German chemist who created this equation. 

This equation can be used to check which combination of chemicals will be suitable to construct a powerful electric cell.

## Expression 
Nernst Equation:

E_{cell}={E^o}- \frac{RT}{zF}\ln{Q}

where 

Ecell = Reduction potential or voltage of the electrochemical cell. In SI units, the voltage counts the one kilogram blocks you have to push one meter for each 6.2x1018 electrons you move across the cell. In a perfect world, every time a 9 volt battery moves 6.2x1018 electrons, we could harness the slow-moving electrons to move 9 blocks one meter.

E = Standard potential of the cell. It is the reduction potential of the cell or voltage under standard conditions (Temperature = 298 Kelvin, Pressure = 1 bar).

R = Gas constant. It is an important constant used in thermodynamics. Its value is 8.314 J.K-1.mol-1.

T = Temperature of the electrochemical cell in Kelvin.

z = Number of moles of electrons that got transferred when reduction took place.

F  = Faraday constant. It is equal to the charge carried by 1 mole of electrons. Faraday constant = 96,485.3329 s Ampere/mole.

Q = Reaction quotient of the chemical reaction that is driving the cell.

## Equilibrium 
When the reduction potential of a cell = 0 V, it is in equilibrium. At equilibrium, the reaction quotient Q = Keq (equilibrium constant).
Demis Hassabis

**Demosthenes "Demis" Hassabis**  (born 27 July 1976) is a significant figure in artificial intelligence. He is a British researcher, neuroscientist, video game designer, entrepreneur, and five times winner of the Pentamind board games championship.

Hassabis and John M. Jumper were awarded half of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their protein folding predictions. 

## Career
Hassabis is the CEO and co-founder of DeepMind, a machine learning and AI research lab, founded in London in 2010 with Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman. Hassabis met Legg when both were postdocs at University College London's Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, and he and Suleyman had been friends through family. Hassabis also recruited his university friend and Elixir partner David Silver.
 
DeepMind's mission is to "solve intelligence" and then use intelligence "to solve everything else". More concretely, DeepMind aims to use powerful general-purpose learning algorithms to build an artificial general intelligence (AGI).

The company was bought by Google for £400 million. 

They created AlphaGo, a program which defeated world champion Lee Sedol at the complex game of Go. Go had been considered a holy grail of AI, for its high number of possible board positions and resistance to existing programming techniques. However, AlphaGo beat European champion Fan Hui 5-0 in October 2015 before winning 4-1 against former world champion Lee Sedol in March 2016. 

More recently, DeepMind turned its artificial intelligence to protein-folding, one of the toughest problems in science. In December 2018, DeepMind's tool AlphaFold won the 13th Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) by successfully predicting the most accurate structure for 25 out of 43 proteins.

Although Hassabis is expert at many games, he does not program specific rules into Deep Mind. For Go and chess, the machine played many games with itself, learning from its results. In other words it taught itself how to play, given the basic rules of the game.

## Honors
* 2018: Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in May 2018.
* 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

## References
George Carter (basketball)

**George Carter** (January 10, 1944 – November 18, 2020) was an American professional basketball player. He was a 6'4" swingman. He was born in Buffalo, New York. His career lasted from 1967 to 1977. He played for the Detroit Pistons and for the New York Nets.

Carter died on November 18, 2020 in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 76.

## References
Eduardo Lourenço

**Eduardo Lourenço** GCSE, GCIH (23 May 1923 – 1 December 2020) was a Portuguese essayist, professor, critic, philosopher, and writer. He was a professor at the University of Coimbra. He won the Camões Prize in 1996. Lourenço was born in Almeida, Portugal.

Lourenço died on 1 December 2020 in Lisbon at the age of 97.

## References
November 2020 lunar eclipse

at 9:24 UT]]
A **penumbral lunar eclipse** took place on 30 November 2020. It was visible mainly in North America with visibility reaching to some other places such as parts of South America and Asia.

## References
DeepMind

**DeepMind Technologies** is a UK based artificial intelligence company and research laboratory founded in September 2010. It was bought by Google in 2014. The company merged with Google AI's Google Brain division to become Google DeepMind in April 2023. 

The company is based in London, with research centres in Canada, France, and the United States. 

## Related pages 
*Demis Hassibis
*John M. Jumper

## References
Miguel Algarín

**Miguel Algarín Jr.** (11 September 1941 &ndash; 1 December 2020) was a Puerto Rican poet, historian and writer.

## Works
* 
*
*
*
*
**Action.* Touchstone. 1997. 
**Survival Supervivencia*. Arte Publico Press. 2009. 

### Editor
*
*
*

## References
## Other websites
*Miguel Algarin Web Site  
*Nuyorican Poets Café
*View Current TV's program on Nuyorican Power
*View list of past American Book Award winners
Jim McFarland

**James Darrell McFarland** (October 4, 1947 – November 27, 2020) was an American football player. He played tight end for six seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Buffalo Bills, St. Louis Cardinals, and Miami Dolphins. He was born in North Platte, Nebraska.

After leaving football, he became a member of the Nebraska Legislature between 1986 to 1991 as a Democrat. He unsuccessfully ran for Governor of Nebraska in 1998.

McFarland died of pancreatic cancer on November 27, 2020, in Omaha, Nebraska at age 73.

## References
Dieter Popp

**Dieter Popp** (24 November 1938 – 27 November 2020) was a West German insurance agent. He worked as a spy between 1969 and 1990. He was born in Bonn. He was a spy for the Military Intelligence Service of the East German National People's Army.

Popp died on 27 November 2020, three days after his 82nd birthday.

## References
Clifton Bertrand

**Clifton Bertrand** (2 March 1936 &ndash; 28 November 2020) was a Trinidadian sprinter. He was born in Arima, Trinidad and Tobago. He won three bronze medals at the Pan American Games in 1959 and 1963. Bertrand also competed during the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics.

Bertrand died on 28 November 2020 in New York City at the age of 84.

## References
Shams Badran

**Shams Al Din Badran** (; 19 April 1929 – 28 November 2020) was an Egyptian politician. He was Minister of Defence of Egypt during Gamal Abdel Nasser's era from 1966 to 1967. He also was Commander of the Egyptian Armed Forces at the same time. He was removed from the ministry during the Six-Day War and later imprisoned. 

Badran died at a Plymouth, Devon hospital on 28 November 2020 while living in exile since his prison release in 1974, aged 91.

## References
Miša Aleksić

**Miroslav "Miša" Aleksić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Мирослав-Миша Алексић, 16 August 1953 — 29 November 2020) was a Serbian musician. He was best known as the bass guitarist for the Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Riblja Čorba.

On 29 November 2020, Aleksić died from problems caused by COVID-19 in Belgrade at the age of 67.

## References
KaTeX

**KaTeX** is a JavaScript library that shows mathematical notation on any web browser. It aims to be fast and easy to use.

It was initially developed by Khan Academy. This is why it starts from K. KaTeX is known to be one of the top five popular projects on GitHub in September 2014.

## Features 
KaTeX claims to be:

* Fast: It doesn’t need to reload the webpage.
* Print quality: It is based on LaTeX.
* No dependencies: It doesn't need anything else for installation.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* "KaTeX is a (partial) alternative to (some of) MathJax"
* "KaTeX - a new way to display math on the Web"
* KaTeX-MathJax comparison
José Rafael Barquero Arce

**José Rafael Barquero Arce** (27 October 1931 &ndash; 29 November 2020) was a Costa Rican Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest in 1956. He was titular bishop of 'Arindela' and was auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Alajuela, Costa Rica, from 1979 to 1980. He then was bishop of the diocese from 1980 until 2007.

Barquero Arce died on 29 November 2020 at the age of 89.

## References
Marco Dino Brogi

**Marco Dino Brogi**, O.F.M. (12 March 1932 – 29 November 2020) was an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church

Brogi was born in Cairo, Egypt. He was became a priest on 5 May 1963. Pope John Paul II made Brogi titular archbishop of Città Ducale, Apostolic Nuncio to Sudan, and Apostolic Delegate to Somalia on 13 December 1997. Pope John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Egypt and Apostolic Delegate to the Arab League on 5 February 2002.

Brogi ended his service as Nuncio on 27 January 2006. Benedict named him a Consultor to the Congregation for the Oriental Churches on 15 September 2007.

Brogi died on 29 November 2020 in Rome at the age of 88.

## References
Irina Antonova

**Irina Aleksandrovna Antonova** () (20 March 1922 – 30 November 2020) was a Russian art historian. He was a Director of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow for 52 years, from 1961 to 2013. She was the oldest and the longest serving director of a major art museum in the world. 

Antonova was honored with the State Prize of the Russian Federation and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. She was the President of the Pushkin Museum.

Antonova died of COVID-19 at a Moscow hospital on 30 November 2020 at the age of 98.

## References
Dee Benson

**Dee Vance Benson** (August 25, 1948 – November 30, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was born in Sandy, Utah. He was nominated to the United States District Court for the District of Utah in 1991 by President George H. W. Bush. From 1999 to 2006, he was chief justice of the court. 

Benson died of brain cancer on November 30, 2020 at his home in Salt Lake City, Utah at the age of 72.

## References
## Other websites
* BYU Law Review 
* Crandall Canyon Mine - Deseret News 
* Mineral Leasing Act 
* Secretary of the Interior
Sandy, Utah

**Sandy** is a city in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, located in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States. The population of Sandy was 96,904 at the 2020 census. 

## References
Tan Eng Bock

**Tan Eng Bock** (29 April 1936 &ndash; 30 November 2020) was a Singaporean water polo player He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Tan died in Singapore on 30 November 2020 at the age of 84.

## References
Ben Bova

**Benjamin William Bova** (November 8, 1932November 29, 2020) was an American writer. He was the author of more than 120 works of science fiction. He was a six-time winner of the Hugo Award. 

He was an editor of *Analog Magazine*, an editorial director of *Omni*; he was also president of both the National Space Society and the Science Fiction Writers of America. He was known for his *Grand Tour* novel series.

Bova died on November 29, 2020 at a hospital in Naples, Florida from pneumonia and a stroke caused by COVID-19, aged 88.

## References
Abhay Bharadwaj

**Abhay Ganpathrai Bharadwaj** (2 April 1954 – 1 December 2020) was a Ugandan-born Indian politician, activist and lawyer. He was born in Kampala, Uganda.

Bharadwaj was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 22 July 2020 until his death. He was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He also was a member of the national Law Commission from 2016 to 2018.

Bharadwaj died of COVID-19 on 1 December 2020 at a hospital in Chennai, India at the age of 66.

## References
Delian League

in 431 BC.]]
 
The **Delian League** was founded in 478 BC. It was an association of Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens. The League had a many cities: at various times between 150 and 330. 

The League was led by Athens to continue fighting the Persian Empire. The Greeks had won the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece. 

The League's modern name comes from its official meeting place, the island of Delos, where congresses were held in the temple. The treasury stood there, until Pericles moved it to Athens in 454 BC.

Soon after the League was set up, Athens began to use the League's funds for its own purposes. This led to conflict between Athens and the less powerful members of the League. By 431 BC,  the League presented a threat to Sparta. This, and Athens's heavy-handed control of the League, started the Peloponnesian War. The League was dissolved after the war's end in 404 BC by the order of Lysander, the Spartan commander.

## References
Gillette Stadium

The **Gillette Stadium** is an outdoor stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts. It is the home stadium of NFL team New England Patriots and MLS team New England Revolution.

## Other websites
*Official Site
SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom

***SpongeBob SquarePants: Battle for Bikini Bottom*** is a 2003 platformer video game based on the acclaimed animated TV show *SpongeBob SquarePants*.

## Gameplay
The game lets you play as either SpongeBob, Patrick or Sandy. SpongeBob can switch places with either Patrick or Sandy in the levels. They have to collect Patrick's socks, shiny objects and Golden Spatulas to progress through the game.

## Plot
Plankton has made a robot army.

## Reception
The game had mixed to positive reviews but became a cult classic among speedrunners.
Legacy of Kain: Defiance

***Legacy of Kain: Defiance*** is a 2003 platform/action game released for various platforms. It is the fifth entry of the *Legacy of Kain* franchise.

## Gameplay
The player can switch between the material and soul realms as Razel and attack enemies as Kain.

## Plot
Kain has reunited with Raziel and knows that the Elder God is evil.

## Development
The game was made after the success after Soul Reaver 2 and Blood Omen 2.

## Reception
The game had great reviews but didn't sell well.
Thomas and the Magic Railroad

***Thomas and the Magic Railroad*** is a 2000 live-action fantasy adventure movie based on *Thomas the Tank Engine* and *Shining Time Station*. The Fat Controller is on holiday while Thomas and his friends were working hard . 

## Cast
*Peter Fonda as Mr. Stone
*Alec Baldwin as Mr. Conductor
*Mara Wilson as Lily Stone
*Edward Glen as the voice of Thomas

## Production
By 2020, a workprint of the movie has been released including narration done by Mara Wilson instead of Alec Baldwin.

## Reception
The movie got mixed to negative reviews, including from British reviewers.

## Cancelled sequel and live-action adaptation
On July 1, 2000, it was reported that Destination Films began working on a sequel, but it was cancelled.

In 2009, HiT announced a live-action film of *Thomas & Friends* called *The Adventures of Thomas*. It was going to be released in late 2010 release, but this was changed to Spring 2011. In January 2011, the release date had been changed to 2012. In 2012 HiT was bought by Mattel and in 2012 they cancelled the project.

## Fan film
* *The Magic Railroad Parody* (2020)

## References
Turtles Forever

***Turtles Forever*** is a 2009 television movie based on the *TMNT* franchise. It is a crossover between the 1984 comics, 1987 cartoon and 2003 cartoon.

## Production
The 4Kids crew weren't able to get the voice cast of the 1987 show involved due to that the show was recorded in Los Angeles instead of New York.

## Voice cast
* Jason Griffith as 1984 Leonardo
* Dan Green as 1987 Leonardo
* Michael Sinterniklaas as 2003 Leonardo
* Sean Schemmel as 1984 Raphael
* Sebastian Arcelus as 1987 Raphael
Scary Movie 2

***Scary Movie 2*** is an American comedy movie. It is a parody of horror movies. It is directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans. It stars Anna Faris Regina Hall, Marlon Wayans and Shawn Wayans. It was released to mixed reviews on July 7, 2002.

## Production
Marlon Brando was going to have a role but he wouldn't make it due to his declining health.

## Other websites 
*
Marcus Terentius Varro

**Marcus Terentius Varro Reatinus** (116 – 27 BC) was a Roman writer. He wrote many books, but only one work survives completely - *Three books on Agriculture*.  In this work, he describes farming in Roman times. 

Scholars say this book has a little microbiology and epidemiology. Varro warned his contemporaries to stay away from swamps and marshes: 

...there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, but which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and cause serious diseases.

## References
Tableau vivant

*Schönheitsabende*]]
, in a tableau vivant, in 1890]]

 is the modern version of a tableau vivant. This one is in Santiago de Chile]]

A **tableau vivant** is when people pose and make the scene look like the one in a picture. People in a tableau vivant don't move or speak. The name comes from French, and translates as "living picture". The plural is **tableaux vivants**. 

In Europe, tableaux vivants became popular towards the end of the 19th century. Sometimes, there was even music. Jean Sibelius composed his work *Finlandia* (1900) for a sequence of tableaux vivants.

At the beginning of the 20th century, they became notorious, because usually naked women would present them in revue theatres. The dancer Olga Desmond became well-known because of her posing naked in revues at the beginning of the 20th century.

There was also a type of *tableau* used in the professional theatre. It took advantage of a special case in law: Nudity could be shown as long as the actors did not move. Tableaux featured  ('flexible poses') by models, who were almost nude. This provided a form of erotic entertainment, both on stage and in print.

## References
Vipassana

***Vipassanā*** (Pāli) or ***vipaśyanā*** (Sanskrit) is a Buddhist word that is usually translated as "insight". It is a form of meditation which aims to have "insight into the true nature of reality."

## References
1992 United Kingdom general election

A general election was held on 9 April 1992 to elect all 651 members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party won the election, winning 336 seats, and John Major stayed as Prime Minister. Many people thought that the Labour Party would win the election because opinion polls had shown them to be ahead.

## Notes
## References
1987 United Kingdom general election

A general election was held on 11 June 1987 to elect all 650 members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party won the election, winning 376 seats, and Margaret Thatcher stayed as Prime Minister for the third election in a row. The Labour Party won 20 more seats than the last election, mostly from the Conservatives.

## Sources
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
1983 United Kingdom general election

A general election was held on 9 June 1983 to elect all 650 members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The Conservative Party won by the largest majority since Labour in the 1945 general election. It meant that Margaret Thatcher stayed as Prime Minister.

## Notes
## References
Cassie Cage

**Cassie Cage** is a fictional character in the *Mortal Kombat* Series. She is the daughter of Johnny Cage and Sonya Blade.

## Portrayals
She was most prominently and notably portrayed in the games by both Ashley Burch and Erica Lindbeck.

## Reception
Cassie Cage has been well-liked by fans for her very most appealing personality and gameplay character development.
Omnisexuality

**Omnisexuality** is a sexual orientation that describes a person that is attracted to all genders, but gender usually plays a role in the person's attraction and preference. It can be seen as a form of multisexuality, or non-monosexuality.

Omnisexuality can be described as being under the bisexual umbrella. It is similar to, but distinctly different from pansexuality. Omnisexuality is the attraction to all genders, but gender or sex preference will play a role in that attraction.

An international survey conducted by Ipsos found that around 1% of the global population self-identify as pansexual or omnisexual, while in the United States, this proportion is estimated to be approximately 2%

## References
Moller's tree frog

The **Iberian tree frog** or '''Moller's tree frog'* (*Hyla molleri'') is a frog from Europe.  Scientists saw it in Spain, Portugal and France.

## References
Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy

The 38th Super Bowl was shown on television as it was happening on February 1, 2004 on CBS. The halftime show of the Super Bowl got controversy when Janet Jackson's breast was  by Justin Timberlake to everyone watching the show. This caused a big debate on broadcasting things that people might see as .

MTV was the producer of the halftime show. 143.6 million people watched the halftime show when it first happened. The  with Jackson and Timberlake made CBS and MTV remove Jackson's songs from its radio and television channels. The Federal Communications Commission gave CBS a fine of US$27,500 for the incident. The fine was made bigger for US$325,000 and then even bigger, for US$550,000. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals removed the fine in 2011. The FCC tried to put another fine on CBS in 2012, but it was .

The incident made Janet Jackson the most searched words ever on the Internet. It also became the most watched event on TiVo and made 35,000 people become new subscribers to TiVo. The term "wardrobe malfunction" (meaning an error related to clothing) was made because of the incident. It was later added to ''Webster's Dictionary''.

## References
Lithuanian Americans

was a Lithuanian American working in the EPA before being elected President of Lithuania. Adamkus (right) is pictured with U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney during the 2006 Vilnius Conference.]]
**Lithuanian Americans** refers to American citizens and residents who are Lithuanian and were born in Lithuania, or are of Lithuanian descent. New Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has the largest percentage of Lithuanian Americans (20.8%) in the United States. Lithuanian Americans form by far the largest group within the Lithuanian diaspora.

## References
Antica Dolceria Bonajuto

**Antica Dolceria Bonajuto** is a chocolate factory founded in Modica in 1880, known as the oldest in Sicily and one of the oldest in Italy.

## History 
Francesco Bonajuto founded the current place in 1880 but with the name of Caffè Roma, a socialist inspired meeting place, which became Antica Dolceria Bonajuto in 1992.

Over the years many illustrious people of the chocolate shop have been, among them: writer, journalist and art critic Leonardo Sciascia, his friend and colleague Gesualdo Bufalino, or American Journalists Raymond Walter Apple Jr. of the New York Times and Frederika Randall of the Wall Street Journal.

## Awards 
In 1911 Francesco Bonajuto's chocolates won the gold medal at the Turin Universal Exposition (1911) which was organized in conjunction with other national exhibitions such as those in Rome (where Bonajuto was awarded) and Florence.

## Bibliography 
* The Bonajuto confectionery. History of the oldest chocolate shop in Sicily, Giovanni Criscione, Palermo, Kalós edizioni d’arte, 2014.

## Related pages 
* Cacao tree
* Cocoa butter

## References 
## Other websites 
* https://www.bonajuto.it/ *(official site)*
Arecibo Telescope

The **Arecibo Telescope** is now destroyed by a collapse.

The radio telescope was a  spherical reflector dish built into a natural sinkhole at the Arecibo Observatory which was completed in November 1963. 

For more than 50 years, the Arecibo Telescope was the world's largest single-aperture telescope. In July 2016 the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) in China was put into service.

On 19 November 2020, the National Science Foundation announced that they would close and dismantle the telescope. On 1 December 2020, the telescope collapsed.

## References
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine

**Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine** is a COVID-19 vaccine, developed by BioNTech, Pfizer and Fosun Pharmaceutical.

The vaccine is given by injection. It is an RNA vaccine made of nucleoside-modified mRNA which is meant to create spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. 

## References
Mony Elkaïm

**Mony Elkaïm** (7 November 1941 – 20 November 2020) was a Moroccan-Belgian psychiatrist and psychotherapist. He was a part of the anti-psychiatry movement in the 1970s. He was born in Marrakesh, French Morocco.

Elkaïm died on 20 November 2020 in Brussels at the age of 79.

## References
Bonifácio Piccinini

**Bonifácio Piccinini** (13 May 1929 &ndash; 28 November 2020) was a Brazilian Roman Catholic archbishop. He became a priest in 1960. He was titular archbishop of Turres in Byzacena and as coadjutor archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cuiabá Brazil, from 1975 to 1981 and as archbishop of the archdiocese from 1981 to 2004.

Piccinini died on 28 November 2020 at the age of 91.

## References
Peg Murray

**Margaret L. "Peg" Murray** (February 14, 1924 – November 29, 2020) was an American actress. She was born in Denver, Colorado. She won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance as the villain "Fräulein Kost" in the original Broadway production of *Cabaret* (1966). 

Murray died on November 29, 2020 in Southold, New York at the age of 96.

## References
Southold, New York

The **Town of Southold** is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 23,732 at the 2020 census.

## References
Southold (CDP), New York

**Southold** is a census-designated place (CDP) that is in the Town of Southold in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP population was 6,040 at the 2020 census.

## References
Blue Whale Challenge

The **Blue Whale Challenge**, also called **Blue Whale game**, or simply **Blue whale** is an internet phenomenon that started in 2016, in Russia. Over a period of 50 days, participants are assigned tasks. Each player gets one task a day. At first, the tasks are harmless (such as: get up at 4.30am, and watch a horror movie). Later, the tasks require the participants to hurt themselves. The final task requires the player to commit suicide.

When people want to quit, they are threatened. Sometimes, this includes threats to the family of the participant.

The first to report on this was the Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta, in 2016. It  linked many deaths of children. All these children had been members of the group "F57", in the Russian social network called VK. The article claimed there were 130 deaths because of the challenge. The article was later criticized, because it made connections where none existed. None of the suicides were found to be related to the activities of the group. There were several suicides which have been linked to the challenge. So far, no link has been proven.

## Notable cases 
Two girls in Irkutslk, aged 14 and 15 years committed suicide together, after solving 50 tasks. They jumped off a building. Another 14 year old threw herself in front of a train.

## References
Liliane Juchli

**Liliane Juchli** (19 October 1933 – 30 November 2020) was a Swiss nurse and writer. She was a member of the Merciful Sisters of the Holy Cross. She was the main author of an important German-language nursing textbook which was called "the Juchli". She was born in Obersiggenthal, Switzerland.

Juchli died in Bern, Switzerland from COVID-19 on 30 November 2020 at the age of 87.

## References
Roger Chappot

**Roger Chappot** (17 October 1940 – 7 April 2020) was a Swiss professional ice hockey player. He played for HC Villars and Genève-Servette HC in the National League A.  He also represented the Swiss national team at the 1964 Winter Olympics.

Chappot died from COVID-19 during the pandemic on 8 April 2020 at the age of 79.

## References
Aleksandr Shatskikh

**Aleksandr Shatskikh** (21 January 1974 – 30 November 2020) was a Kazakh footballer. He played as a striker. He was born in Taldıqorğan, Kazakhstan. His career lasted from 1990 to 2009.

Shatskikh played club football for Zhetysu / Taldykorgan, Qaynar, Chkalovets, Astana Aqmola / Zhenis Astana, Irtysh Pavlodar, CSKA-Qayrat Almaty, Esil Bogatyr, Megasport and Lokomotiv Astana.

He appeared once for the Kazakhstan national team in 2003.

Shatskikh died on 30 November 2020, aged 46.

## References
Anne Sylvestre

**Anne Sylvestre** (, born **Anne-Marie Beugras** 20 June 1934 – 30 November 2020) was a French singer-songwriter and guitarist. She was born in Lyon, France. She was known for her children's songs such as "Fabulettes" (1962). She also appeared many times as a musical guest on the television program *Discorama*.

Sylvestre died in Paris on 30 November 2020 from problems caused by a stroke, aged 86.

## References
Dennis W. Sciama

**Dennis William Siahou Sciama**,  (; 18 November 1926 – 18/19 December 1999) was a British physicist. He was an important scientist for the development of British physics after the Second World War. 

He was the PhD supervisor to many famous cosmologists, including Stephen Hawking, Martin Rees and David Deutsch. He is seen as one of the fathers of modern cosmology.

## References
Ali-Asghar Shahbazi

**Ali-Asghar Shahbazi** (; November 1922 – 29 November 2020) was an Iranian actor. He was born in Tehran. He was known for his role as Nader's father in the 2011 drama *A Separation*.

Shahbazi died on 29 November 2020 in Tehran from cardiopulmonary arrest at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
*
Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov

**Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov** (; ; 17 October 1919 – 9 January 2021) was a Soviet-born physicist. He was known for his role in developing the BKL conjecture in general relativity. Khalatnikov was born in Dnipro, Ukraine.

Khalatnikov directed the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Moscow from 1965 to 1992. He was elected to the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1984. In 1994, he became a fellow at the Royal Society.

Khalatnikov died in Chernogolovka, Russia on 9 January 2021, aged 101.

## References
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

The **Supreme Court** (initialism: **UKSC** or the acronym: **SCOTUK**) is the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom for civil cases, and for criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 

It hears cases of the greatest public or constitutional importance.

## Current Justices
## References
Luciano Guerzoni (born 1938)

**Luciano Guerzoni** (1 April 1938 – 1 December 2020) was an Italian Communist politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies three times representing Parma for his first two terms from 1983 to 1992, and Mirandola in his final term from 1994 to 1996. Guerzoni was born in Naples, Italy.

Guerzoni died on 1 December 2020 in Modena, Italy at the age of 82.

## References
Brian Kerr, Baron Kerr of Tonaghmore

**Brian Francis Kerr, Baron Kerr of Tonaghmore**,  (; 22 February 1948 – 1 December 2020) was a British politician and lawyer. 

He was Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland and then as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from 2009 until his retirement in 2020. Until his retirement, Kerr was the longest serving Supreme Court Justice, and the last original member of the Court.

Kerr died on 1 December 2020 at the age of 72.

## References
Mohammad Maleki

**Mohammad Maleki** (; 11 July 1933 – 1 December 2020) was an Iranian academic and pro-democracy nationalist-religious activist. He was president of the University of Tehran for a short time in 1979.

Maleki died of cancer and diabetes in Tehran on 1 December 2020 at the age of 87.

## References
Jane Hawking

**Jane Beryl Wilde Hawking Jones** (born 29 March 1944) is an English author and teacher. She was married for 30 years to Stephen Hawking. She was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England. In 1999 she wrote an autobiography about her first marriage, *Music to Move the Stars: A Life with Stephen*.

Hawking was played by Felicity Jones in the 2014 movie *The Theory of Everything*.

## Written works
* * At Home In France: Guide to Buying and Renovating Property In France *Allegro Publications 1994 
* * Music to Move the Stars: A Life with Stephen *Macmillan Publishers, London 1999 
* *Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen* Alma Books 2007 

## References
Henri Teissier

**Henri Antoine Marie Teissier** (21 July 1929 – 1 December 2020) was a French-Algerian Catholic prelate. He was the  Bishop of Algiers and Archbishop Emeritus of Algiers from 1998 to 2008. He was born in Lyon, France.

Teissier died on 1 December 2020 at a hospital in Lyon from problems caused by multiple strokes at the age of 91.

## References
Moreirense F.C.

**Moreirense Futebol Clube** is a Portuguese professional football club based in Moreira de Cónegos, Guimarães Municipality, in Minho. It was founded on 1 November 1938 and it plays in the Primeira Liga.

## Other websites
*Official website 
*Zerozero team profile
Mohamed Abarhoun

**Mohamed Abarhoun** (3 May 1989 2 December 2020) was a Moroccan professional footballer. He played as a defender.

Abarhoun joined Portuguese Primeira Liga club Moreirense in 2017.  After two seasons he joined Turkish club Çaykur Rizespor.

Abarhoun played nine games for the Morocco U20 team and eight for the Morocco U23 team, including three at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He made his senior international debut in 2013, earning 7 international caps.

## References
Hasna Begum

**Hasna Begum** (February 24, 1935 – December 1, 2020) was a Bangladeshi philosopher and feminist. She was a professor of philosophy at the University of Dhaka until her retirement in December 2000. Begum was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Begum was chair of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Dhaka from 1991 to 1994 and was appointed to the University Grants Commission (UGC) of Bangladesh's Rokeya Chair in 2010. 

She was a board member of the International Association of Bioethics (IAB) from 1997 to 2005. She was a member of the editorial board of *Bioethics*.

Begum died at a Dhaka hospital on December 1, 2020 from COVID-19 at the age of 85. 

## References
Boris Plotnikov

**Boris Grigoryevich Plotnikov** (; 2 April 1949 – 2 December 2020) was a Soviet and Russian actor. His career began in 1970 and he retired in 2019. Plotnikov appeared in more than seventy movies and television series. He was born in Nevyansk, Soviet Union.

His best known roles were as Sotnikov in the 1977 drama movie *The Ascent*, as Nikolai in the 1988 crime movie *The Cold Summer of 1953* and as Ivan in the 1988 science fiction television movie *Heart of a Dog*.

Plotnikov died on 2 December 2020 in Moscow from COVID-19 at the age of 71.

## References
Erlend Rian

**Erlend Rian** (15 June 1941 – 1 December 2020) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Conservative Party. He was editor-in-chief of the newspaper *Tromsø* from 1974 to 1979. He was mayor of Tromsø City from 1980 to 1995.

Rian died on 1 December 2020 in Tromsø at the age of 79.

## References
Dolichostyrax longipes

***Dolichostyrax longipes*** is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1913 and is known from Borneo.

## References
Bullseye (mascot)

in 2009.]]**Bullseye** is the mascot of Target Corporation. It is a Bull Terrier that is used for Target's advertising and marketing starting in 1999. The dog has the Target logo on its left eye. The makeup used for the logo is natural and -toxic. 

There have been many Bull Terriers that have had the role of Bullseye. Only one dog works as Bullseye at a time until another one can get the role.

## References
Sabrina Ferilli

**Sabrina Ferilli** (born 28 June 1964) is an Italian actress. She played Ramona in the 2013 movie *The Great Beauty*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hyla orientalis

***Hyla orientalis*** (also known as the **oriental tree frog**, **eastern tree frog**, **Caucasian tree frog** or '''Shelkovnikov's tree frog'*) is a frog from both Europe and Asia.  Scientists saw it in Turkey, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia.  It may also live in Greece.

Scientists used to think this frog was part of *Hyla arborea'' but they do not think so now.

## References
Defection

**Defection** is when a person leaves their home country in a way the home country claims to be illegal. To the first country, they can be seen as traitors.
It is a political label used by authoritarian countries.

More broadly, it involves abandoning a person, cause, or doctrine to which one is bound by some tie. The tie may be one of allegiance or of duty.

An example of this today are North Koreans who escape the country to live in a new country, such as South Korea or the United States. The North Korean government makes leaving the country without permission illegal, and punishments for this are extremely harsh. Escapees who are caught usually get sent to a prison camp or are publicly put to death. There have been around 33,000 **defectors** from North Korea since the North Korean famine.

## References
Dewberry

A **dewberry** (*Rubus caesius*) is a type of berry. It is similar to a blackberry. Dewberries are very dark blue.
Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut

***Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut*** (titled onscreen as simply ***Superman II***) is a 2006 director's cut of the 1980 superhero movie *Superman II,* originally directed by Richard Donner. It is a sequel to the 1978 movie *Superman*, based on the DC Comics superhero of the same name. This version was released in 2006 and offers a different perspective from the theatrical release, incorporating scenes and footage that Donner shot but were not included in the original theatrical version, which was completed by different directors after Donner was replaced during filming.

## Cast
* Gene Hackman as Lex Luthor
* Christopher Reeve as Clark Kent / Superman
* Marlon Brando as Jor-El
* Ned Beatty as Otis
* Jackie Cooper as Perry White
* Sarah Douglas as Ursa
* Margot Kidder as Lois Lane
* Jack O'Halloran as Non
* Marc McClure as Jimmy Olsen
* Terence Stamp as General Zod

## Reception
Many people considered it better than the 1980 theatrical release.
Scrat: Spaced Out

***Spaced Out*** (known in French as ***Allô la Terre, ici les Martin***) is an animated TV show. It was made by Alphanim, Tooncan Productions, and Cartoon Network Europe, with help from other companies and TV networks. The show has one season with 26 episodes.

The show was on Cartoon Network in Europe.

In the US, the show was on Toon Disney starting from October 4, 2002.

## Synopsis 
George Martin lives in a normal neighborhood with his family. He applies for a job at a big company called Krach Industries. They do not want to hire him, but his application gets mixed up with the chosen ones. George is hired as the director of a secret space station called Operation SOS. He and his family have to live there for an experiment by Krach.

When the Martins arrive at the station, they meet other people sent by Krach to live there. They are surprised to see their neighbor and their children's teacher from Earth. She is also on the station with her son. Later, they save a Russian astronaut who decides to live with them.

The Martins live on the space station. They have personal problems, meet aliens, and deal with Krach.

## References
Spider-Man: Friend or Foe

***Spider-Man: Friend or Foe*** is a 2007 action-adventure beat 'em up video game based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. The game borrows characters and designs from Sam Raimi's *Spider-Man* trilogy, with a plot that is non-canon to the films. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, and PlayStation Portable in October 2007. The game was also going to be released on the PlayStation 3, but was canceled.

## Gameplay
Players team up with famous heroes from the Marvel Universe to combat villains in epic boss battles, whom they then convert into sidekick allies to aid them for the rest of their journey.
Ambiamory

**Ambiamory** is the capability of experiencing and enjoying monogamous and polyamorous relationships.
## References
Romance (1930 movie)

***Romance*** is a 1930 American drama movie directed by Clarence Brown and is the second version of the 1913 play of the same name by Edward Sheldon. It stars Greta Garbo, Lewis Stone, Gavin Gordon, Elliott Nugent, Florence Lake, Clara Blandick and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1930.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
The Divorcee

***The Divorcee*** is a 1930 American drama movie directed by Robert Z. Leonard and was based on the 1929 novel *Ex-Wife* by Ursula Parrott. It stars Norma Shearer, Chester Morris, Conrad Nagel, Robert Montgomery, Florence Eldridge, Helene Millard, Mary Doran and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 4 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1930.

## Other websites
*
*
*
Flash (camera)

A camera **flash**, sometimes called a strobe or just a flash, is a device used in photography to allow pictures to be taken of dark areas by producing a flash of very bright light.

Flashes are often built into cameras, but external flashes are available and are mostly used by professional photographers, they can be mounted directly to the camera, or used 'off-camera' on a special stand or tripod.

Flashes were first used in the late 1800's in the form of a stick with magnesium on the top that when burned would produce very bright light (the stick was held in the air, and the camera shutter released at the same time), later camera flashes used a special type of light bulb known as a flashbulb, and modern flashes use LED's or a special type of tube which emits a flash of mostly blue light when electricity is applied to it from the flash capacitor (known as a xenon flashtube).

The use of a flash to take photographs is mostly known as 'flash photography' 

The use of flashes is not allowed in some places where it may be annoying to other people or where the bright light could damage rare or very old objects (like paintings) such as in a museum.
Malaya (movie)

***Malaya*** is a 1949 American World War II adventure movie directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Spencer Tracy, James Stewart, Sydney Greenstreet, Lionel Barrymore, DeForest Kelley, Roland Winters, Richard Loo. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Other websites
*
George Ross Anderson Jr.

**George Ross Anderson Jr.** (January 29, 1929 – December 1, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a Judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina from 1980 until his retirement in 2016. He was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to the court. He also was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1955 to 1956. 

Anderson was born in Anderson, South Carolina. He was a Democrat. Anderson died on December 1, 2020 at a South Carolina nursing home at the age of 91.

## References
United States District Court for the District of South Carolina

The **United States District Court for the District of South Carolina** (in case citations, **D.S.C.**) is the federal district court. They cover the state of South Carolina. 

Court is held in the cities of Aiken, Anderson, Beaufort, Charleston, Columbia, Florence, Greenville, and Spartanburg.

## Other websites
* United States District Court for the District of South Carolina Official Website
* United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina Official Website
The Utah Kid

***The Utah Kid*** is a 1930 American western movie directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Rex Lease, Boris Karloff, Dorothy Sebastian, Mary Carr, Lafe McKee, Walter Miller. It was distributed by Tiffany Pictures.

## Other websites
*
*
Arnie Robinson

**Arnie Paul Robinson Jr.** (April 7, 1948 – December 1, 2020) was an American athlete. He won a bronze medal in the long jump at the 1972 Olympics and a gold medal in 1976. Robinson was born in San Diego, California.

Robinson died on December 1, 2020 at the age of 72.

## References
Walter E. Williams

**Walter Edward Williams** (March 31, 1936 – December 1, 2020) was an American economist, commentator, and academic. He was the John M. Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics at George Mason University. He was known for his classical liberal and libertarian views. His writings frequently appeared on Townhall.com, *WND*, and *Jewish World Review*. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Williams died on December 1, 2020, in Devon, Pennsylvania at the age of 84.

## References
Devon, Pennsylvania

**Devon** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Easttown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,580 at the 2020 census.

## References
Chamalières

**Chamalières** (Auvergnat: *Chamalèira*) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.

Chamalières is the third-largest town in the department and lies about  from Lyon.

## References