open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sniper rifle

TRG 42 Sniper rifle]] 

A **sniper rifle** is a type of gun used to accurately shoot targets a long distance away. A person who uses a sniper rifle in the military is called a sniper. 

A sniper rifle is much more accurate than a normal rifle. and semi-automatic ("semi-auto") rifles which fire a single shot each time the trigger is pulled, and automatically ready the next shot for firing.

Typically, bolt-action rifles have a longer range and are more accurate than semi-automatic rifles, however because each round must be chambered by hand, the rate of fire is slower than a semi-automatic rifle, which fires as fast as the shooter can squeeze the trigger. At close ranges, or in situations where a shooter must make a quick follow-up shot, a sniper may prefer to use the semi-automatic rifle instead. In contrast, large rounds like the .50 BMG are fired out of very large and heavy sniper rifles that are often used for destroying light vehicles and equipment. They can fire at extreme ranges of over a mile, but generally are too bulky, inaccurate at short ranges, and expensive for general purpose work. 

Sniper rifle barrels must be cleaned every day to get rid of any liquid. Not cleaning the barrel can allow to disastrous situations, or even let the barrel explode upon firing.

## Sniper rifles of history
On 7 October 1777, during the Battle of Saratoga, Timothy Murphy, a rifleman in Morgan's Kentucky Riflemen, shot and killed General Simon Fraser of the British army. Murphy was said to have taken the shot at roughly 500 yards. He was using the renowned Kentucky long rifle. Fraser was leading a recon in force against the rebellious colonists at Bemis Heights in New York. As a result of Fraser's death, the recon failed. This had a direct impact on the overall battle, leading to the British defeat. The Battle of Saratoga was considered one of the turning points of the War for Independence. 

Martin Luther King, Jr. was shot and killed from the bullet of the Remington .30-06 rifle.  Another example is when John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He was sniped by a Carcano-type Model 91-38 rifle.

## References
Galyat

The **Galyat** region is an area roughly 50–80&nbsp;km north-east of Islamabad, Pakistan, on both sides of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Punjab border. The word *Galyat* is the plural of the Urdu word *gali*, which means an alley between two mountains on both sides of which there are valleys and it is not the highest point in the range. Many of the towns in the area have the word *gali* as part of their names. These are popular summer-holiday destinations in Pakistan. Murree, one of the most popular hill stations of Pakistan, is the largest town of the Galyat area.

## Localities in the Galyat 
* Ayubia (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
* Bara Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
* Bhurban (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
* Changla Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
* Charra Pani (Punjab)
* Dunga Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
* Ghora Gali (Punjab)
* Khaira Gali (Punjab)
* Khanspur (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
* Murree (Punjab)
* Nathia Gali (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
* Thandiani (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
Kalam Valley

Kalam is a worth seeing site in Swat valley. Kalam is located at the distance of 100&nbsp;km from the mingora, in the northern upper part of Swat valley. It is located at the bank of the Suvastu river in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Kalam is encircled by green hills, thick forests and blessed with mesmerizing Lakes, lively meadows and waterfalls, which make the Valley a must wandering place. It is the birthplace of the Swat River, made of two major tributaries; Gabral River and Ushu River.

It is a vast sub-valley of Swat; is located at an elevation of about 2,000 meters (6, 562 feet) above sea level, and providing a room for a small but fertile plateau above Swat River, making it ideal for farming. A metalled road ends here in Kalam and a shingled road leads to the Ushu and Utror valleys. Visitors can see the snowy mountains from Matiltan, including Falak Sair Mountain, with height of 5, 918 meters (19,416 feet) and an unnamed peak of 6,096 meters (20, 000 feet) height.

## population 
According to the population survey of 2017 the population of Kalam valley is 84,434  persons & no of houses are 9810.

## Languages 
Kalam and Dir Kohistani (also called Gawri ) is one of about two dozen languages that are spoken in the mountain areas of northern Pakistan. The name Kohistan in Urdu and Persian means ‘land of mountains’, and Kohistani, when used as the name of a language, can be translated as ‘mountain language’.

## Ethnic Groups 
The Dardic people of the Kalam region in northern Swat are known as Kohistanis.

## Climate 
The climate in Kalam کالام is cold and temperate. Kalam کالام is a city with a significant rainfall. Even in the driest month there is a lot of rain. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Dfb. In Kalam کالام, the average annual temperature is -1.1&nbsp;°C | 30.0&nbsp;°F. The rainfall here is around 1361&nbsp;mm | 53.6 inch per year.

## Tourists Spots 
# The Kalam Bazaar (The Downtown)
# Matiltan
# Ushu
# Utror
# Gabral
# Mahodand Lake
# Kundol Lake
# Izmis Lake

## The Kalam Bazaar 
The Kalam Bazaar is the main marketplace and commercial centre of the Kalam valley. Despite being small, Kalam Bazaar has hotels, restaurants, cafes, medical stores, and a good number of general stores. This Bazaar serves as a high street or Downton for locals and tourists in Kalam.

## References
Harry Power

**Harry Power** (18 May 1819 – 11 October 1891) was born as Henry Johnson in Waterford, Ireland on 18 May 1819. He was a famous Australian bushranger. He is believed to be the man who taught Ned Kelly how to be a bushranger. 

Power was sent to Van Diemen's Land for seven years for stealing a bridle and a saddle. Released in 1848 he moved to Victoria where he set up a horse selling business in Geelong. The police offered a reward of ₤500 for his capture. Ned Kelly's uncle, James Quinn, told the police the location of the cave and Power was again caught and sent back to prison.

He was released in 1877 because of concerns for his health. He worked on a farm near Sunbury. In his old age he acted as a guide on a ship set up as a convict museum. In November 1891 he was found drowned in the Murray River, near Swan Hill.

## References
Patriata

**Patriata** also known as New Murree is a hill station in Murree District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is situated 15&nbsp;km south-east of Murree hill.
Malam Jabba

**Malam Jabba** (also Maalam Jabba, ) is a Hill Station in the Karakoram mountain range nearly 40&nbsp;km from Saidu Sharif in Swat Valley, Sarhad, Pakistan. It is 314&nbsp;km from Islamabad and 51&nbsp;km from Saidu Sharif Airport.

Malam Jabba is home to the largest ski resort in Pakistan. The area also contains two Buddhist stupas and six monasteries that are scattered around the resort. The presence of the monuments at such a height indicates that the area has been inhabited for over 2000 years.
Nubra Valley

**Nubra** () is a valley in the region of Ladakh, India. Diskit, the capital of the Nubra area, is about  north from Leh, the capital of Ladakh. Its name is derived from Ldumra (the valley of flowers).

## Nubra river
The **Nubra River** is a tributary of the Shyok River, which flows into the Indus River. It flows in the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir.
Invest (meteorology)

An **invest** in meteorology (weather) (also **INVEST**) is a labelled area of bad weather that is being looked at for a possible tropical cyclone being made. Invests are labelled by three hurricane centers: the National Hurricane Center, Central Pacific Hurricane Center and Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The labelling of an area of bad weather as an invest does not always mean that a tropical cyclone will be started.  Invests have numbers from 90 to 99, with a L in the Atlantic, E and C in the East and Central Pacific in that order, or W in the West Pacific after the number.

## References
## Other websites 
*Navy/NRL Tropical Cyclone Page  - tropical cyclones and INVESTS around the world right now
Bullet for My Valentine

**Bullet for My Valentine** often known as **BFMV** are a heavy metal band from Wales. They have released two albums on the major record label Jive Records. These albums are entitled *Scream Aim Fire* and *Fever*, released in 2008 and 2010 respectively. they also have a self-titled EP and DVD's of performances live from the O3 Brixton School.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *The Poison* (2006)
* *Scream Aim Fire* (2008)
* *Fever* (2010)
* *Temper Temper* (2013)
* *Venom* (2015)
* *Gravity* (2018)
* *Bullet for My Valentine* (2021)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Joe Namath

**Joseph William Namath** (born May 31, 1943, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania), also known as **Broadway Joe**, is a former American football quarterback. He is most famous for playing for the New York Jets and winning one Super Bowl with them.
Phil Simms

**Phillip Martin Simms** (born November 3, 1955 in Lebanon, Kentucky) is a former American football quarterback, and is now a television sportscaster for the CBS network. After playing college football for the Morehead State Eagles, Simms was selected in the first round by the New York Giants as the seventh overall pick in the 1979 NFL Draft. Simms was named Most Valuable Player (MVP) of Super Bowl XXI, after he led the Giants to a 39–20 victory over the Denver Broncos and set the record for highest completion percentage in a Super Bowl, completing 22 of 25 passes (88%), a record that still stands. He was also named to the Pro Bowl for his performances in the 1985 and 1993 seasons.

## References
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol

**Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol** (**XMPP**) (formerly named **Jabber**) is a protocol for instant messaging. It is inspired by XML.

It is different to most protocols because it is an open standard. This means that anybody who has a domain name and an internet connection can run their own server. Most of the software and the clients are open source.

Other software such as Google Talk and the Gizmo5 use the XMPP protocol. It has been installed on thousands of servers across the internet. There are over five hundred million users who use software based on the protocol. Clients include Pidgin and iChat.

## History 
Jeremie Miller started the Jabber project in 1998. The first major public release was in May 2000. This early software was the basis of XMPP. It was a competitor to SIMPLE, which was based on the SIP protocol.

In August 2001, the Jabber Software Foundation (JSF) was started. The main role of the JSF was to manage the XML protocols for XMPP by documenting them. As well as this, the organisation was to co-ordinate the many companies that were using the XMPP technology.

In 2002, the Internet Engineering Task Force created a working group to formalize the protocol. The group was named the *Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol Working Group*, or *XMPP WG*.

In 2007, Jabber Software Foundation (JSF) became XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF).

## XMPP and HTTP 
XMPP can use HTTP to send data to the servers. This is useful when there are strict firewalls in place, because data can be sent through the web instead of through a different port (port 5222 and 5223).

There are also open public servers which use standard ports (port 80 and 443) so that users can connect from behind most firewalls.

## References 
## Other websites 
* XMPP Standards Foundation
* Jabber.org (always maintained, the first XMPP server)
Anaconda

The **Anaconda** or **green anaconda** (*Eunectes murinus*) is one of the largest snakes in the world.

It is a non-venomous boa species from South America. It is the thickest, heaviest, and second longest known living snake (behind the reticulated python). The term "anaconda" usually means this species.

## Habitat 
The anaconda is also called the water boa. It lives in swampy areas of tropical South America. The snake spends a lot of time in shallow water. This hides it from unsuspecting prey. Anacondas give birth to live young. Twenty to forty baby snakes are born at one time. The largest specimens measured  long and weighed 

## Hunting and diet 
All snakes are carnivores (meat-eaters). Anaconda eat 4 to 5 times each year. This is because it takes them 3 to 4 months to digest their food. Anacondas normally hunt at night. Anacondas kill by constricting (squeezing) the prey until its heartbeat stops.  They may also drown their prey. Like all snakes, they swallow the prey whole. They swallow it head first. The anaconda's top and bottom jaws are attached to each other with stretchy ligaments/b This lets let the snake swallow animals wider than itself. Snakes do not chew their food. They digest it with strong acids in their stomach. Anacondas eat pigs, deer, caiman (a type of crocodilia), birds, fish, rodents (like the capybara and agouti) and other animals. After eating a large animal, the anaconda does not needs food for a long time/ It will rest for weeks after eating. The young (called neonates) can care for themselves soon after birth. This includes hunting. At this age, they are mostly defenseless against large predators. They eat small rodents (like rats and mice), baby birds, frogs and small fish. All anacondas are very expensive. Their cost is between $5,000 and $10,000, depending on their size and the breeder.

## Other species 
There are four species in the genus *Eunectes*:

## References
Transmutation

**Transmutation** is a basic process in alchemy. The most important form of transmutation is the change of lead into gold. Alchemists tried and failed to change *base metals* (metals of very little value) into a metal of high value like gold.

However, more recent work by James Chadwick and Irène Joliot-Curie in nuclear physics has established that radioactivity does lead to elemental changes.

## Links
Psychologist

A **psychologist** is someone who studies and practices psychology as a job. Psychologists study the human mind and behavior. They study human perceptions, emotions, and personality relationships.  Clinical psychologists help people overcome mental health issues without the use of drugs. They often use CBT or cognitive behavioral therapy.  

**Psychology** is the study of the mind, partly by studying what people do, and grounding the observations in science. The goal of Psychology is to gain an understanding of individuals, groups and relationships and how certain personality traits can influence the outcome of any given situation. Psychology tries to gain an understanding of mental functions in an individuals social behaviors, while also exploring the physiological and neurological processes that influence certain functions and behaviours.
Johannes Heesters

**Johan Marius Nicolaas "Johannes" Heesters** (5 December 1903 &ndash; 24 December 2011), known professionally as **Johannes Heesters**, was a Dutch actor, singer, and entertainer.

He worked for 90 years, almost always in German-speaking Europe. Heesters was one of the oldest working people in entertainment. Some people disliked Heesters because he once sang for Adolf Hitler and supported Nazi Germany during World War II.

Heesters was married twice: to Belgian actress Louise Ghijs (1906-1985) from 1930 until her death and from 1992-2011 to Simone Rethel. Heesters had two daughters from his first marriage and five grandchildren, eleven great-grandchildren, twenty-five great-great-grandchildren and one great-great-great-grandson as of 2011. His younger daughter Nicole Heesters is a well-known actress in the German-speaking world, as is his granddaughter Saskia Fischer.

On 1 January 2008, he fell down some stairs in his holiday house in Tyrol, Austria, breaking two ribs.

On 29 November 2011, he suddenly fell ill and was rushed to hospital. He was operated on to fit an artificial pacemaker. He was allowed home less than a week later. This was in time to spend his 108th birthday the next day with family. He did not feel strong enough to make the planned stage appearance to sing in celebration of his birthday. He also missed the premiere of his latest movie, *Ten*. Due to a relapse in his condition, on 17 December he went back to the hospital. He had a stroke and died on Christmas Eve 2011.

## Discography
;Albums
*1965: ''Jetzt geh' ich ins Maxim*
*2003: *Ich werde 100 Jahre alt''

;Singles
*1937: "Ich werde jede Nacht von ihnen träumen"
*1939: "Musik, Musik, Musik" (featuring Marika Rökk)
*1941: "Liebling, was wird nun aus uns beiden"
*1941: "Man müßte Klavier spielen können"
*1949: "Das kommt mir spanisch vor"
*1949: "Tausendmal möchte' ich dich küssen"
*1998: "Ich werde 100 Jahre alt" (song)
*2007: "Generationen" (featuring Claus Eisenmann)

## Honours, decorations, awards
*1984: Bavarian Order of Merit
*1993: Berlinian Order of Merit
*2000: Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna
*Bambi in 1967, 1987, 1990, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
*2001: Platinum Romy (TV award)
*2003: Goldene Kamera
*2004: Kammersänger

## Filmography 
## References
## Other websites
*
*Official website  (in German)
*Postcards and tobacco cards
Crayfish

**Crayfish** are crustaceans that are also known as crawdads, crawfish, kriddly wigs, and freshwater lobsters. they are closely related to lobsters, crabs, and shrimp. There are about 150 crayfish species in North America, and over 540 species worldwide.

Most live in freshwater habitats such as rivers.

## Anatomy 
The body of a decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn (shrimp), is made up of twenty body segments. They are grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Each segment may have one pair of appendages. In some groups these may be reduced or missing. On average, crayfish grow to  in length, but some grow larger. Walking legs have a small claw at the end.

## Habitat 
Crayfish live in streams, rivers, swamps, ponds, and other freshwater habitats. Most crayfish are strictly aquatic but some live in semi-aquatic environments. The semi-aquatic crayfish burrow into the soil to get to water (so that they can breathe).
Some can also be put in private aquarium to be used as pets

## Diet 
Crayfish are omnivores; they eat plants, animals, and decaying organisms. They are nocturnal (most active at night) and eat fish, shrimp, water plants, worms, insects, snails, and plankton. Larval crayfish are very tiny; they eat plankton.

## Name 
Crayfish might be sometimes be called crawfish in parts of the U.S.A.

## Further reading
* 

## References
Chappaquiddick Island

**Chappaquiddick** is a place in Massachusetts, United States. It became famous because U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy was involved in a car accident here in 1969, which killed the passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne.

## Other websites 
* Martha's Vineyard Vacation Tips 
* Chappy Ferry website
* Chappaquiddick Wampanoag 
* Mytoi Gardens
* Wasque Reservation
Submission

**Submission** may refer to:
**Submission* (movie), a movie directed by Theo van Gogh and written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali
**Submission*, a song from the 1977 album ''Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols''
*"Submission", a religion related to Islam practiced by the United Submitters International
*Dominance & submission (BDSM), accepting of dominance in an alternative lifestyle context
*Mail submission agent, electronic mail software
*the act of yielding to some power or authority
In **martial arts**:
*Submission (combat sport), a term for yielding to an opponent
*Submission wrestling, combat sports that focus on using submission holds
*Submission hold, a type of grappling hold

**Submission** may also be:
*Islam, the name of a religion meaning "submission" in Arabic
*A proposal for a presentation at an academic conference
*In biology and, a placatory response to an animal showing more Dominance (ethology)
Submission (movie)

***Submission*** was a movie made in 2004. It was directed by Theo van Gogh. Ayaan Hirsi Ali wrote the script. She made the story. The movie is 10 minutes long. The movie title is a direct translation of the word Islam into English.

The movie tells the story of four fictional characters.  All four characters are played by a single actress wearing a veil. The woman wears a see-through chador but is otherwise naked. Different verses of the Qur'an are painted onto her body.

The characters shown in the movie are Muslim women who have been abused in different ways.  For example, one woman has been raped by someone close to her. These women have a monologue - they speak to themselves.

The movie dramatically  highlights three verses of the Quran (  and ). These verses seem make it allowed to treat women badly. The authors of the movie show the verses painted on the women's bodies.

Mohammed Bouyeri assassinated Theo van Gogh, after the movie had been shown on Dutch TV. Bouyeri is a Moroccan-Dutch Muslim who was mad about the movie. The assassination happened on 2 November 2004. A letter linked the murder to Van Gogh's movie and his views regarding Islam. It was addressed to Ayaan Hirsi Ali and  called for *jihad* against *kafir*. Kafir is an Arabic word for unbeliever, a person who hides, denies, or covers the truth. The letter was also against America, Europe, the Netherlands, and Hirsi Ali herself. After the murder of Van Gogh, tens of thousands gathered in the center of Amsterdam to mourn Van Gogh's death. There were fire-bombings of mosques and Muslim schools. Christian churches were also attacked.  Eleven other Muslim men were also arrested, other than Bouyeri. They were charged with conspiracy to assassinate Hirsi Ali.

After the murder of Theo van Gogh, *Submission* gained international fame. It was withdrawn from the International Film Festival Rotterdam. The movie had been scheduled to be shown on Sunday during a discussion on freedom of speech in movie at the festival. Because of the violent murder of Van Gogh, the producer of *Submission*, Gijs van de Westelaken, said, "We do not want to take any chance of endangering anyone else who participated in the movie." The movie was shown on television in a number of European countries.

Hirsi Ali has said she would like to make a sequel to the movie because "By not making 'Submission Part II,' I would only be helping terrorists believe that if they use violence, they're rewarded with what they want." When she was asked if she would submit to threats against her life, she said "Not me."

## References
## Other websites
*
*Hirsi Ali on Film over Position of Women in Koran
Governor-General of Pakistan

The **Governor-General of Pakistan** was a post and the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Elizabeth II ("Queen of Pakistan") from 1952 until 1956 when Pakistan was proclaimed a republic.

When Pakistan became an independent, self-governing nation in 1947, it, like post-independent India, provisionally continued to use the Government of India Act 1935, as its written constitution until a post-independence constitution could be drafted; by default this contemplated the continuation of the constitutional monarchy as a Commonwealth realm Dominion. 

The monarch appointed a Governor-General, upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Pakistan to serve as de facto Head of State. 

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, considered *Quaid-e-Azam* ("Great Leader"), informed Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma: "when I am Governor-General the Prime Minister will do what I tell him to" -- however Jinnah's rapidly declining health made the issue moot.

After Jinnah's death the Governor-General of Pakistan continued to serve a larger role than the India Act prescribed, dismissing multiple Prime Ministers and consolidating power.

The office of Governor-General was replaced by the office of President of Pakistan when Pakistan became a republic in 1956. The then Governor-General, Iskander Mirza, became Pakistan's first president.
Kaghan Valley

The **Kaghan valley** is a valley in the Mansehra District of Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has a reputation as a place of great natural beauty. This valley also suffered from the earthquake disaster on 8 October 2005. , near Saiful Muluk Lake]]

## Lay out
The valley is approximately 160 kilometers long, starting from Balakot in the 'Lower Kaghan' to Babusar Pass at the extreme end of the 'Upper Kaghan'. It is mostly surrounded by the forests and hills of the Lesvjzxbser Himalayas and the Kunhar River runs though most of its length. The valley is mostly inhabited by semi-nomadic Gujars, and some Swatis, Awans and Syeds. 

## Background and main sights
Historically speaking, Kaghan was long a backward and neglected area, until the 1880s-1890s when officers of British India established a strategic supply line via the Babusar Pass to the northern areas of the Gilgit Agency. After that, the area soon opened up to tourism and resort centers like Shogran and Naran Valley were developed in it. The famous and lovely Saiful Muluk Lake is also a special feature of this valley as are some other lakes like Ansoo Lake, Dudupat Sar, Lulu Sar and the Lalazar Meadows. Malika Parbat is a high peak in the area.

Between May and August each year, thousands of tourists from Pakistan and abroad dive up from Abbottabad and Mansehra, to visit these places in the valley. For most of the rest of the year, Kaghan area is locked in by heavy snows. 

## Related pages
*Neelum Valley
Kunar Valley

**Kunar Valley** (), or **Chitral Valley**, is a valley in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Main geographic features are jungles and mountains.

## References
Intellect

**Intellect** is the capacity of the mind by which one reasons. It does not involve the power to feel and move but the power to think. Subjects like Logic, Philosophy and Mathematics all involve the intellect. The intellect involves the power to identify, associate and differentiate. To identify is to find out what a thing is exactly. To associate is to find similarities between things, how they are alike, how they are like each other. To differentiate is to find out how things are different from each other. The intellect is always involved in at least one of these three activities.

## Related pages 
* Cognition
* Thought
Naran Valley

**Naran Valley** () is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The Kunhar River, fed by glacier melt, flows through the Naran Valley. Makra Peak, Malka Parbat,Babu Sar Top and Saiful Muluk are the main attractions.

Image:Naran River Kunhar-Pk.jpg|River Kunhar in Naran Valley
Image:MalkaPerbat Naran PK.jpg|Malka Perbat Peak in Naran, Pakistan
Image:Naran Saifulmaluk-PAK.jpg|Jheel Saif-ul-maluk in Naran, Pakistan
Dmitry Medvedev

**Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev** (born 14 September 1965) is a Russian politician. He was the tenth and Prime Minister of Russia from 2012 through 2020. He previously served as the third President of Russia from 2008 to 2012. He is a close ally of the  current Russian President Vladimir Putin. He is the leader of the Pro-Kremlin United Russia party.

Medvedev was born in 1965 in Leningrad, Soviet Union. His parents were teachers. He studied law in the university there. In 1992, he became the law adviser to the Mayor.

In 2005, he was appointed as the Head of the Kremlin Staff under president Vladimir Putin and in 2008 he was elected as third Russian President and the youngest Russian Leader since Alexander Kerensky 1917.

In 2012, he was appointed as Prime Minister of Russia and Leader of United Russia. 

He is known for his modernisation reforms in Russian society, especially in economy and politics.

In January 2020, Medvedev announced his resignation as Prime Minister.

## References
## Other websites
* 24smi.org
* gazeta.ru
* ria.ru
* premier.gov.au
Yasin Valley

The **Yasin Valley** is a high mountain valley in the Hindu Kush mountains, in the northwest region of Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Yasin is separated from the Ishkoman Valley by a high mountain pass. To reach Yasin one must take the Karakoram Highway north from Islamabad, and then turn left to reach Gupis in Ghizar. After Gupis, one continues northwest to reach the Yasin Valley. Yasin valley has a spectacular natural beauty.

## History 
Yasin was originally ruled by the Khushwakhte Dynasty, part of the Katur Dynasty of Chitral.  The Rajas of Yasin were great warriors and fought against the Sikhs and the Dogras of Kashmir, but they eventually lost power and the ownership of Yasin changed hands several times between  the rule of the Mehtar of Chitral, and the Maharaja of Kashmir.

### British era
Although not highly or densely  populated, Yasin was of strategic importance because it leads to a high mountain pass, to Yarkhun in Chitral, and then to Broghol Pass, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, and into Tajikistan. Yasin could have formed an invasion route from Czarist Russia into British India.

## People
The primary language of Yasin Valley is the Burushaski language. The Khowar language is also spoken.

Most people in Yasin are Ismailies and lead their lives according to the Islamic principles more concerned with the imam of the time. Currently Prince Karim Aga Khan is the Imam and spiritual leader of the Ismailies. However, other sects of Islam like Sunni, and Shia also live in Yasin. 

Ethnically the people of Yasin are of Brosho origin. There are migrants from different parts of the country, mainly from Chitral and from outside the country.

## Passes 
The Darkut Pass connects Yasin with Broghol pass and Chitral. The Thoi Pass connects Yasin to Yarkhun Chitral. Asumber pass connects Yasin to Ishkomen. Darkot Pass is a historical pass which  has been labelled as a restricted zone by the Government of Pakistan. This pass used to be the shortest means of communication between Oxus and Indus ([www.yasinvalley.com]www.yasinvalley.com). Tourists love to trek along the Assumbur pass to Ishqamen Valley.
Nerf N-Strike

***Nerf N-Strike*** is an video game that was made by Electronic Arts. It is part of the Nerf series.  It was released on the Wii and Nintendo DS. The game was released in North America on October 28, 2008. 

## History
In August 2007, Electronic Arts gained the rights to some Hasbro brands, like *Monopoly*, *Littlest Pet Shop*, and Nerf.  In February, EA Casual Entertainment announced that their EA Salt Lake Studio would develop and release video games for *Littlest Pet Shop* and *Nerf N-Strike*.

## References
## Other websites
*Nerf N-Strike
Aaron Rodgers

**Aaron Charles Rodgers** (born December 2, 1983 in Chico, California, U.S.) is the starting American football quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL. He played college football in California, starting at Butte Community College before transferring to Cal Berkeley to play for the Golden Bears. The Packers chose him in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft with the 24th pick.

## Career 
He spent a few years as Brett Favre's backup, and after Brett Favre's first retirement fiasco, was named the starter of the Green Bay Packers. 

He became the Packers' starting quarterback in 2008 after Favre left the Packers to play for the New York Jets. He led the team to a Super Bowl championship in 2010 and was named the game's MVP in Super Bowl XLV. Rodgers is famous for his "championship belt celebration," which was used in commercials for State Farm as "a discount double check." Rodgers's best statistical season was in 2011. As of 2025, he has the best career passer rating in NFL history at 102.4 

He played the 2023 and 2024 seasons with the New York Jets before joining the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2025.

## References
Glenn Seaborg

**Glenn Theodore Seaborg** (April 19, 1912 &ndash; February 25, 1999) was an American chemist. He was born in Ishpening, Michigan. He won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edwin M. McMillan.

In 1980, he changed several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. His experimental technique, using nuclear physics, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atom. Seaborg's techique would have cost too much money to make of gold, but his work is the closest to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.

Seaborg worked at the Manhattan Project during World War II. He studied the chemical properties of plutonium as a part of the secret war research.

He served as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
He was said to be the author/co author of 500 scientific articles and multiple books. He was born in 1912 and died in 1999 from a stroke. He has a wife called **Helen Griggs** and his family consisted of his sister, **Jeanette** who was 2 years younger than him, and his parents, **Henry Theodore** and **Selma Olivia Erikson Seaborg**

Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of ten elements: plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and element 106, which was named seaborgium in his honor while he was still living. He also developed more than 100 atomic isotopes. Early in his career, Seaborg was a pioneer in nuclear medicine and developed many isotopes of elements that helped to diagnose and treat diseases. For example, he studied iodine-131, which is used in the treatment of thyroid disease. He developed the actinide concept which placed the actinide series beneath the lanthanide series on the periodic table. Seaborg also proposed the placement of super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.

## References
Bob McGrath

* concert starts. (Photo by David Fore of Lloyd David Photography)]]
**Robert Emmet "Bob" McGrath** (June 13, 1932 – December 4, 2022) was an American singer and actor. He is best known for playing the human character Bob on *Sesame Street''. He was born in Ottawa, Illinois. McGrath's character Bob was one of the longest-lasting human characters on *Sesame Street*.

McGrath died from problems caused by a stroke at his home in Norwood, New Jersey on December 4, 2022, at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Bob McGrath's official website 
*
BBC Radio 3

**BBC Radio 3** is a national radio station operated by the BBC within the United Kingdom. It devotes most of its schedule to classical music. Every year it broadcasts the BBC Proms concerts during the summer.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* , from BBC iPlayer.
Grow

**Grow** may mean:

* GROW, a non-profit peer support and mutual aid organization for recovery from, and prevention of, serious mental illness.
* Grow, a Law & Order Criminal Intent episode.
* Growth, an increase in some quantity over time or a measure of some principal.
BBC Four

**BBC Four** is a television channel developed and owned by BBC. The programme often shows documentaries and arts which often have a much smaller audience than BBC One and BBC Two. It shows programmes between 7 pm and 4 am every day timeshared along with CBeebies.

A high definition of the channel, BBC Four HD was launched on 10 December 2013 alongside the sister channels BBC Three HD, BBC News HD, CBBC HD, and CBeebies HD.

## References 
** BBC One which BBC TG24 closed on 18 October 2023.
** BBC Radio 2 in 2024 has UKTV standby BBC UKTV.
*'' ITV restarts Tee and Mo on CBeebies at 06:56:59 pm in Dave is no longer in the UK in 2020.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Kernel

**Kernel** can mean:

* A seed, in plants
* The atomic nucleus
* Kernel (computer science), the central component of most operating systems
** Linux kernel
* The kernel trick in machine learning
* In game theory, a cooperative solution concept
* Kernel (programming language), a Scheme-like language
* Kernel (*Lilo & Stitch*), experiment 014 from the *Lilo & Stitch* cartoon series
* Kernel Fleck, a character in the *Demonata* series of books
* In mathematics:
** Kernel (mathematics)
** Positive definite kernel
** Kernel (algebra)
** Kernel (linear operator)
** Kernel (matrix)
** Kernel of a function
** Kernel of an integral transform
** Kernel (statistics)
** Stochastic kernel
** Convolution kernel, as of a linear filter
** Kernel (category theory)
** Heat kernel
** Polygon kernel
Cricket frog

The **cricket frog**, genus *Acris*, is a group of frogs in the family Hylidae. They live in North America. They spend more time in the water than other frogs in Hylidae do. They live near bodies of water that do not dry up and have plants growing on the surface. Scientists named them cricket frogs because their voices sound like crickets.

## Species
## Other websites
*. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). *Acris*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
* [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: *Acris*. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
* taxon *Acris* at http://www.eol.org.
Duttaphrynus melanostictus

The **Common Indian Toad** or **Common Asiatic/Asian Toad** or **Black-spined Toad** (*Duttaphrynus bufo melanostictus*) is a species of toad that is common in South Asia. The species grows to almost 20 cm long. The species breeds during the monsoons and the tadpoles are black. Young toads may be seen in large numbers after the monsoons.
Duttaphrynus olivaceus

***Duttaphrynus olivaceus*** (also known as the **olive toad**, **Baluchistan coastal toad**, **Baluchestan coastal toad**, and **Makran toad**) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Iran, Pakistan, and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rivers, freshwater springs, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, ponds, and irrigated land.

## References 
* Stöck, M., Khan, M.S., Papenfuss, T., Anderson, S., Kuzmin, S., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Dutta, S., Ohler, A. & Sengupta, S. 2004. Bufo olivaceus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Duttaphrynus stomaticus

**Duttaphrynus stomaticus**, also known as the **Indian marbled toad**, **Punjab toad**, **Indus Valley toad**, or **marbled toad**, is a is a species of toad that can be found in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran and Pakistan. It is also known as the "house toad". These toads are usually found near cultivated plains which have still water. It is nocturnal and its diet consist of insects such as ants.

## Notes 
## References
Duttaphrynus himalayanus

***Duttaphrynus himalayanus*** (also known as the **Himalaya toad**, **Himalayan toad**,  **Himalayan true toad**,  **Himalayan broad-skulled toad**, and '''Günther's high altitude toad''') is a species of toad. It lives in India, China, Nepal, Bhutan, and Pakistan.

## Body
The frog is 130-132 mm long from nose to rear end. The skin of its back is brown in color.

## Home
This frog lives high in the mountains and in evergreen forests in hills nearby. It lives near streams in forests, places with small woody plants, and near farm fields. It is good at living in places that human beings have changed. Scientists saw the frog between 1000 and 3500 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in many protected parks: Tarai National Park, Chitwan National Park, Khunjgerab National Park, Central Karakorum National Park Jigme Dorji National Park, and Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve. It used to live in Namdhapa National Park, Mouling National Park, and Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve.

## Food
People have seen this frog eat grasshoppers, moths, ants, and other animals with no bones.

## Young
The tadpoles are dark in color with big bellies and flat heads. Their tails are not strong. The tadpoles are 28-30 with the tail. The tail by itself is 19-20 mm. They live in small pools of water where the water does not move fast. These pools have algae in them.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Human beings do change the places where the frog lives to make farms and other things people need, and pollution can kill this frog. Climate change could also hurt this frog.
## References
Bufo latastii

***Bufo latastii*** is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, arable land, and ponds. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## References 
* Stöck, M., Khan, M.S., Dutta, S., Ohler, A., Vasudevan, K., Vijayakumar, S.P., Papenfuss, T., Anderson, S. & Kuzmin, S. 2004.  Bufo latastii.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Euphlycitis ghoshii

The **Manipur frog**, '''Ghosh's frog**, **Ghosh's fanged frog**, or **Manipur skittering frog'* (*Euphlyctis ghoshi*) or *'Ghosh's frog''' is a species of frog found in Manipur, Asia. Scientists saw it in exactly one place, the Khugairk Reserve Forest, in Manipur, India.

## Habitat
People saw this frog in evergreen forests. Scientists saw this frog 925 meters above sea level.

## Danger
Scientists do not know if this frog is in danger of dying out.

## First paper
*

## References 
## Other websites
Tylototriton verrucosus

The **Himalayan Newt** (*Tylototriton verrucosus*) is a species of salamander found in South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Afghan hedgehog

The **Afghan hedgehog** (*Hemiechinus auritus megalotis*) is a subspecies of the Long-eared hedgehog native to Afghanistan and western Pakistan. It is larger and reddish in colour, but otherwise similar in appearance to the Long-eared hedgehog.
Argali

The **argali** or **mountain sheep** (*Ovis ammon*) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay). 

The argali is the biggest wild sheep. It can be up to 120 centimetres tall, and can weigh as much as 140 kilograms. The Pamir argali, also called the Marco Polo sheep, may be more than 6 feet in length. They were discovered by the explorer Marco Polo. The Pamir argali is globally endangered.

## References
## Related pages
Marco Polo sheep

**Marco Polo sheep** (*Ovis ammon polii*) is a wild sheep, and a subspecies of the Argali.

It takes its name from famed explorer Marco Polo who described the species during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271. The Marco Polo sheep is particularly known for its long horns. The longest horn ever found on a sheep was found on a Marco Polo sheep and measured 191 centimeters (75 inches). The sheep is unofficially the National animal of Afghanistan.

## Related pages
*Argali

it was named after Marco polo
its scientific name is Ovis ammon polii .They can reach 2 meters in length
horns starts to grow after 15 to 20 days after birth. number of rings on the horn indicates age of the male sheep
The argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).

It is the biggest wild sheep. It stands as high as 120 cm. It weights as much as 140 kg. The Pamir argali (also called Marco Polo sheep, for they were first described by that traveller) may be more than 2 meters in length. It is globally endangered.
Asiatic cheetah

The **Asiatic cheetah** (*Acinonyx jubatus venaticus*) is a critically endangered subspecies of the cheetah native to Asia.

It is also called the **Iranian cheetah** because the only living Asiatic cheetahs live in Iran. It is now extinct in India, but during British colonial times in India it was the famous **hunting leopard**. This name came about because some of these animals were kept captive by Indian royalty and used to hunt wild antelope.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Cheetah
Asian black bear

The **Asian black bear**, also called the **Asiatic black bear**, **White-chested bear**, **Moon bear**, or the **Himalayan black bear**, (*Ursus thibetanus* or *Selenarctos thibetanus*) is a medium-sized, sharp-clawed, black-coloured bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest.

It is a close relative of the American black bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor. It is called 반달가슴곰 (bandalgaseumgom) in Korean.  Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa. They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear. Asian black bears are omnivores. They feed on fruit, grass, leaves, insects, rodents, rabbits, carrion, nuts, and even deer, buffalo, and wild boar. Their predators are humans, tigers, and brown bears, while leopards, wolves, lynxes, jackals, and dholes are predators of black bear cubs. 

## References
Asiatic lion

The **Asiatic lion** (*Panthera leo persica*) is a subspecies of the lion. It survives in the wild today only in India, but has also been sighted in a few areas of Pakistan, especially in Pakistani Azad Kashmir.They once ranged from Southeast Europe to India, covering most of Southwest Asia, and hence it is also known as the Persian lion. It was the symbol of the Junagadh State.

Under the 10th Nawab of Junagarh (r. 1911-1948), the Junagadh State developed a conservation effort in what is now the Gir National Park. This saved the Asiatic lion from almost certain extinction. Since the turn of the 20th century, the range of the Asiatic lion has included the Gir National Park and the surrounding areas in the Indian state of Gujarat. The population has steadily increased since 2010. In May 2015, the 14th Asiatic Lion Census was conducted over an area of about 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi); the lion population was estimated at 523 individuals, comprising 109 adult males, 201 adult females and 213 cubs. In August 2017, surveyors counted 650 wild lions. In June 2020, an estimation exercise counted 674 Asiatic lions in the Gir forest region, an increase of 29% over the 2015 census figure. In 2023, an Asiatic lion was spotted by forest officials in the Barda Wildlife Sanctuary in the state's Porbandar district for the first time since 1879.

The Asiatic lion is smaller than the African lion. Male Asiatic lions are slightly bigger than females. The maximum recorded length of a male Asiatic lion in the Gir National Park is 115 inches (from head to tail). Like African lions, male Asiatic lions also have a mane at the top of their heads but the growth is shorter, making it possible to see the ears. The Asiatic lion’s tail tuft is larger than the African lion’s. A feature common in the species but absent in their African counterparts is the fold of skin on the belly.

Although lions are social species, male Asiatic lions are generally solitary and may form a loose pride of up to three males. Females are more social and often have a strong pride of up to 12 females and their cubs. The pride of female lions will always share carcasses among themselves. Males and females often only associate for a short time during the mating season. Males have a large home range (56-89 square miles) compared to females (26-33 square miles).

## Related pages 
* Lion
* Leopard
* Hyena
* Cheetah
* Mountain lion

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Asiatic Lion Information Centre (Includes an informative "News" section)
*Asiatic Lion Protection Society (ALPS), Gujarat, India 
*Panthera leo (lion) from “Animal Diversity Web”
* "Vanishing Herds Foundation (VHF), India" comes to the rescue of Asiatic Lion 
*Asiatic lions in online video (3 videos)