open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kamakura, Kanagawa

is a city in Kanagawa, Japan. It is about  south of Tokyo.  It was the  capital of Japan during the Kamakura period (1203-1333).

In 1250, Kamakura was the 4th largest city in the world with 200,000 people.  The other two large cities in Japan at this time were Kyoto and Nara.

Kamakura was made a municipality on November 3, 1939.  

Today, Kamakura is famous as an upper-class area for people to live. This is because of the history and because it is close to the mountains and the sea.

## History
* 1192 (*Kenkyū 3, 12th day of the 7th month*): Kamakura Shogunate founded by Minamoto no Yoritomo

* 1252 (*Kenchō 4*): Large bronze statue of Buddha is .

* 1293 (*Einin 1, 4th month*): A  earthquake; fatalities in Kamakura were estimated to be 10,000 people.

* 1923 (*Taishō 12*): Sagami Bay was the  of the Great Kantō earthquake. The disaster caused widespread damage in the region.  Fatalities in Kamakura were more than 2,000 .

## Tourism
Kamakura has many Buddhist temples.  The huge outdoor bronze statue of Buddha at Kamakura is world famous. 

 shrine at Kamakura.]]
The city has many Shinto shrines, including 
* Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū Shinto shrine

Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine is one of the three major Hachimangu located in Kamakura. It is the most popular spot in Kamakura, especially, Yabusame in September is very famous. Tsurugaoka Hachimangu was built in 1063 and became the capital and center of Kamakura Government established by Minamoto no Yoritomo. Turugaoka Hachiman-gu has many beautiful maple and ginkgo trees. In autumn, the vew at this shrine is nice. In June, hydrangeas grow. Many temples have beautiful gardens of hydrangeas. The Hase temple is the most well-known of these temples.

## Sister cities
Kamakura has international sister cities. 
* Nice in France
* Dunhuang in the People's Republic of China

## References
## Other websites 
* Rudyard Kipling poem, "The Buddha at Kamakura", 1892
* Official web site 
* Kamakura's Daibutsu 
* Kamakura's History - Chronological table 
* 
*
Gerhard Domagk

**Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk**  (October 30 1895 – April 24 1964) was a German doctor. He won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,  for discovering the antibacterial effect of protonsil.

## References
Henrik Dam

**Carl Peter Henrik Dam**  (February 21 1895 — April 17 1976) was a Danish chemist. He won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,  along with Edward Doisy,  for the discovery of Vitamin K.

## References
Tomoyoshi Ikeya

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player and coach.

## References
## Other websites
* Roasso Komamoto at J-League.or.jp
Josip Kuže

**Josip Kuže** (13 November 1952 &ndash; 16 June 2013) was a Croatian football manager. He manages for Albania national team.

## References
Park Kyung-hwan

**Park Kyung-Hwan** (박경환 born 29 December 1976) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1998||Bellmare Hiratsuka||J. League Division 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

## References 
## Other websites
* http://people.nate.com/people/info/pa/rk/parkkyunghwan/
Alexander Alekhine

**Alexander Alekhine**  (31 October 1892 – 24 March 1946) was the fourth World Chess Champion, and the only one to die holding the title.p309–313 Whether Alekhine was personally anti-semitic is not so clear. He had good relationships with some Jewish chess players, and his fourth wife was Jewish. Negotiations with Mikhail Botvinnik for a world title match were proceeding in 1946 when Alekhine died in Portugal. "It is not too callous to say that he was fortunate to have died at that time. Feeling was very strong in France against those who came under suspicion of collaboration with the enemy".p75

## Books 
Alekine wrote over twenty books on chess. Some of the best-known are:
*  Originally published in two volumes as *My best games of chess 1908-1923* and *My best games of chess 1924-1937*
* 
* 
* Alekhine, Alexander 1972. *International chess tournament*. New York 1927. Chess Digest, Dallas.
* 
* Alekhine, Alexander 1932. *Auf dem Wege zur Weltmeisterschaft*. Berlin, De Gruyter. Translated as *On the road to the world championship* (transl. C.J. Feather & K.P.Neat) Pergamon, Oxford.
* 
* Alekhine, Alexander 1947. *Gran ajadrez: mis mejores analisis*. Madrid.
* Skinner L.M. and Verhoeven R.G.P. 1998. ''Alexander Alekhine's chess games 1902–1946''. McFarland, Jefferson NC.

## References
Cairo International Book Fair

The **Cairo International Book Fair** is one of the biggest book fairs in the world with hundreds of book sellers and about two million visitors every year. It is the largest book fair in the Arab world, as well as the oldest. In 2006 it was the second largest book fair in the world after the Frankfurt Book Fair. It is held every year in the last week of January in Cairo, Egypt, at the Cairo International Fair Grounds in Madinat Nasr, near Al-Azhar University. It is organised by the General Egyptian Book Organisation.

## Size 
Cairo publishers make 60% of Arabic language books printed in the world. Lectures, readings, and other public events take place during the three weeks the of the book fair, with items in Arabic, English, and other languages. The fair brings in ordinary Egyptians, with media on a range of topics, outdoor events, and even fireworks to entertain the large crowds.

The CIBF was started by the General Egyptian Book Organisation, a government publishers and retailers group, in 1969 as part of the celebrations of the 1000th anniversary of the start of the city of Cairo.

## Controversy
The CIBF has had problems in recent years. Leftist and Muslim militant authors, works critical of the government, and works with sections or topics that are seen as sexually or culturally controversial have been banned from the book fair. During the 2000 book fair, Islamist protests became violent. That year, more than 2000 members of Muslim student groups protested outside Al-Azhar University. This led to rare public protests against the Egyptian government, violence, 75 arrests and a number of injuries. The students were protesting an Egyptian Ministry of Culture publisher printing and selling copies of the 1983 novel *A Banquet for Seaweed* by the Syrian writer Haidar Haidar. After the protests, two members of the government printing house were also arrested for "disparaging religion" and publishing a work "offensive to public morals".

In later years a number of books from foreign publishers have been taken by Egyptian authorities. These have included works by Czech Milan Kundera, Moroccan Mohamed Choukri, Saudi Ibrahim Badi, Lebanese Hanan al-Sheikh, and fellow Lebanese novelist Elias Khoury  In 2005, Egyptian police arrested a number of book sellers and activists at the book fair. Two Egyptian journalists were arrested for giving out "false propaganda against the government" and others for presenting socialist work.

## References
* Cairo International Book Fair . ISTC Travel guide. 2005.
* Ingrid Wassmann. Censorship and social realism at the Cairo Book Fair. Arab Media & Society. Issue 5, Spring 2008.
* The 40th Cairo Book Fair: Competition between Center and Periphery. Mona Naggar. Translated from the German by Isabel Cole. Neue Zürcher Zeitung/Qantara.de 13 February 2008.
* Pink suitcases, flowerpots turn heads at book fair. Shaina Azad. Daily News Egypt. January 29, 2009.

## Other websites
* www.cairoibf.org : official site (Arabic).
Kamakura period

The   is a time in the Japanese history from 1185 through 1333 in the history of Japan.  This grouping of years is named after city of Kamakura which was the center of power of the Kamakura shogunate.

The government of shoguns which was   in 1192 by Minamoto no Yoritomo.

The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate. Imperial rule was re-established under Emperor Go-Daigo.

Mongol Invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) also happened in this period. 

## Flourishing of Buddhism
Buddhism expanded during this period. A number of monks founded separate Buddhist sects, including
:• Hōnen, founder of the *Jōdo shū* sect
:• Shinran, disciple of Hōnen; founder of *Jōdo Shinshū*
:• Ippen, founder of the *Ji* sect
:• Dōgen, founder of the *Sōtō* school of Zen
:• Eisai, founder of the *Rinzai* school of Zen
:• Nichiren, founder of the sect of Buddhism named after him

The older Buddhist sects such as Shingon and Tendai continued to thrive.

## Timeline 
* **1185** (*Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month*): Taira clan (Heike) defeated at sea by Minamoto Yoshitsune
* **1191** (*Kenkyū 2*): Esai establishes Zen in Japan
* **1192** (*Kenkyū 3*): Minamoto Yoritomo   as shogun
* **1207** (''Ken'ei 1*): Hōnen and his followers are exiled
* **1221** (*Jōkyū 3*): In the , Emperor Go-Toba tried to take power from the Kamakura shogunate. The effort did not succeed.
* **1252** (*Kenchō 2*): Great Buddha of Kamakura was put in place at Kōtoku-in.
* **November 19, 1274** (*Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month''): Kublai Khan sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan;  or the "Bun'ei War".
* **1281** (*Kōan 4*):  or the "Kōan War".
* **1293** (*Einin 1*):  Disastrous  and tsunami hit Sagami Bay and Kamakura, killing 23,034 people.
* **1333** (*Genkō 3*): Nitta Yoshisada destroys the Kamakura shogunate in the .
*

## Gallery

File:Farsari Daibutsu.jpg|*Dai Butsu* of Kamakura. Hand-coloured image by Adolfo Farsari, between 1885 and 1890*see 1252 above*
File:MokoShuraiE-Kotoba IV.jpg|Painting scrolls on the Mongol invasions by Fukuda Taika, 1846 *see 1274 and 1281 above*

## Related pages 
* List of Japanese eras

## References
## Other websites 
* Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392)
* British Museum, Kamakura period (AD 1185-1333) 
* Japan-guide.com, Kamakura Period (1192 - 1333)
Elevated building foundation

**Elevated building foundation** (EBF) is a kind of seismic base isolation technology which is made a major part of a building superstructure. It is made to protect the building's superstructure against damage from the shaking caused by an earthquake.

 Municipal Services Building in Glendale, CA]]
This goal can be met with the right building materials, size, and setup of elevated building foundation for the building site and local soil conditions.

As a result of multiple wave reflections and diffractions, as well as energy dissipation of the seismic waves as they move up through the elevated building foundation, any movement of seismic wave energy into the building superstructure will be decreased, which will lower seismic loads and improve seismic performance of the structure.

In other words, the building does not shake as much because it is sitting on the elevated building foundation, and will probably take less damage from the earthquake.

## Notes
Smoke grenade

A **smoke bomb** or **smoke grenade** is a bomb that produces a cloud of smoke. It can be used as a toy to make large clouds of colored smoke.  

Military smoke bombs are used to hide positions and objects from sight behind a thick cloud of smoke.  Armies also use smoke grenades to hide soldiers from the enemy.  Smoke grenades can be used to mark a spot on the ground (for example, a spot where you want a helicopter to land).  Smoke bombs can be thrown or shot. They normally contain a powdered chemical.  When ignited, it produces a large cloud of smoke quickly.  Then something else starts burning, keeping the smoke cloud thick. 

## Related pages
*Grenade
*Bomb
Seismic load

**Seismic load** is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a building structure or its model. It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami., heavily damaged at 2010 Haiti earthquake.]]

Seismic loading depends, primarily, on:

* Anticipated earthquake’s parameters at the site
* Geotechnical parameters of the site
* Building structure’s parameters
* Characteristics of the anticipated gravity waves from tsunami (if applicable).

Sometimes, seismic load exceeds ability of a structure to resist it without being broken, partially or completely. Due to their mutual interaction, seismic loading and seismic performance of a structure are intimately related.

## Other websites
*Earthquake Performance Evaluation Tool Online

## Notes
Kenji (era)

was a  which came after ''Bun'ei* and before *Kōan*.  The period started April 1275 and ended February 1278. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the *Kenji* era 
* **1275** (*Kenji 1''): The Mongols sent an ambassador to Kamakura along with the delegation sent from the Goryeo.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
Kōan (Kamakura period)

was a  after *Kenji* and before *Shōō*.  This period started in February 1278 and ended in April 1288. During this time, the emperor|emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Kōan* era
* **1281** (*Kōan 4*): Second invasion attempt by Mongol forces. This is called the Kōan War (*Kōan no Eki*).

* **1297** (*Kōan 10, 10th month*): In the 14th year of Go-Uda's reign, the emperor abdicated; and his cousin became the new emperor.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period
* Kōan (Muromachi period), 1361-1362

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
Tuned mass damper

After seismic waves make a structure vibrate, a **tuned mass damper** (or **seismic damper**) can decrease their damaging effect and improve the building's seismic performance. Vehicles use small dampers and buildings use large ones. Some examples of dampers' design and implementation are presented in the images below:

File:LRBtest.jpg|Heavy damping Lead-Rubber Bearing being tested at the UCSD facility.
File:Taipei 101 Tuned Mass Damper.png|Tuned mass damper in Taipei 101, the world's second tallest skyscraper.
File:TransamericaPyramidFromTI.jpg|Pyramid-shaped skyscraper to prevent buildings' resonant amplifications.

## Related pages
*Seismic Dampers 
*Seismic vibration control

## References
Bun'ei

was a  after *Kōchō* and before *Kenji*.  This period started in February 1264 and ended in April 1275. During this time, the emperors were  and .

## Events of the ''Bun'ei* era 
* **17 March 1272** (*Bun'ei 9, 17th day of the 2nd month*): Former Emperor Go-Saga died.

* **1274** (*Bun'ei 11, 1st month''): In the 15th year of Kameyama's reign, the emperor .  

* **1274** (''Bun'ei 11, 3rd month*):  Emperor Go-Uda became the monarch of Japan.  The retired Emperor Kameyama continued to be important and powerful.

* **1274** (*Bun'ei 11, 10th month''): Former Emperor Go-Fukakusa's son Hirohito*-shinnō* was named Crown Prince and heir to Emperor Go-Uda.  Hirohito and Go-Uda were first cousins.

* **19 November 1274** (''Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month*): Kublai Khan sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan. Some military forces are landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū.  However, a storm sank many of the ships.  The major part of the invading army was drowned. The invaders retreated to Korea.  During the brief fighting, the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground.  This 1274 event was called *Bun'ei no eki.''

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
Nobuyuki Uenoyama

**Nobuyuki Uenoyama** (born 26 May 1957) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yanmar Diesel.

## References
Edson (footballer, born 1962)

**Edson Aparecido de Souza** (born November 29, 1962) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club statistics
Dan Ito

**Dan Ito** (born 3 November 1975) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Churchill Brothers.

## References
*Official blog
Edson Rodrigues

**Edson Rodrigues** (born March 13, 1967) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|–||||||9||0||9||0
|-
|1993||29||3||3||0||4||0||36||3
|-
|1994||23||1||2||0||0||0||25||1
52||4||5||0||13||0||70||0
52||4||5||0||13||0||70||0
|}
Matsuichi Yamada

**Matsuichi Yamada** (born 21 February 1961) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Honda.

## References
Motoaki Inukai

**Motoaki Inukai** (born 5 July 1942) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Mitsubishi Motors. He is currently the President of Japan Football Association.

## References
*Japan Football Association
Josep María Comadevall

**Josep María Comadevall Crous** (born 24 November 1983), known as **Pitu**, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a central midfielder.

## Other websites
*
Henk ten Cate

**Henk ten Cate** (born 9 December 1954) is a former Dutch football player.

## Playing career statistics
## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Manager
**MTK Budapest**
* Magyar Kupa: 1999–2000

**Ajax**
* KNVB Cup: 2006–07
* Johan Cruijff Shield: 2006, 2007

**Al Jazira**
* UAE Pro League: 2016–17

## References
Kōchō

was a  after ''Bun'ō* and before *Bun'ei.*  This  period started in February 1261 and ended in February 1264. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the * Kōchō* era
* **1261** (*Kōchō 1, 12th day of the 5th month*): Nichiren was exiled to Izu Province.
***1262** (*Kōchō 2, 28th day of the 11th month*): Shinran Shonin died at age 90.
* **1263** (*Kōchō 3, 22nd day of the 2nd month''): Nichiren was .

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
Seismic analysis

**Seismic performance analysis** or **seismic analysis** is an intellectual tool of earthquake engineering which breaks the complex topic into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of seismic performance of building and non-building structures or their models.

In general, seismic analysis is based on the methods of *structural dynamics*. For decades, the most prominent instrument of seismic analysis has been the earthquake *response spectrum method*  which, also, contributed to the proposed building code's concept of today.

However, those *response spectra* are good, mostly, for single-degree-of-freedom systems. Numerical *step-by-step integration*, applied with the *charts of seismic performance*, seems to be a more effective method of analysis for multi-degree-of-freedom structural systems at severe process of earthquake excitation.

The design of structures rests on authorized engineering procedures, principles and criteria meant to design or retrofit structures subject to earthquake exposure. Those criteria are consistent just with the contemporary state of the knowledge about building structures. Therefore, the building design which blindly follows some seismic code regulations does not guarantee safety against collapse or serious damage.

The price of poor seismic analysis may be enormous. Nevertheless, seismic analysis has always been a trial and error process no matter it was based upon physical laws or empirical knowledge.

## References
Powder monkey

**Powder monkeys** were boys or young teenagers who used to work on board the old sailing ships when they went to war.  When there was a battle it was the powder monkeys'  job to carry bags of gunpowder from the place where it was stored to the people who were operating the guns.  This had to be done quickly, so young boys were ideal because they could run fast and they were small.  It was not unknown for girls to disguise themselves as boys and get a job as a powder monkey.

## Other websites
* HMS Victory: The Crew
Samarkand

**Samarkand**  It is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province.

The city is on the old Silk Road between China and the West, and is an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century, it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane), and is the site of his mausoleum, the Gur-e Amir. The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most famous landmarks. The Registan was the ancient centre of the city.

Most of the inhabitants of this city are Persian-speaking and speak the Tajik Persian dialect.  This city is one of the historical centers of the Tajik people in Central Asia, and was an important city of the great empires of Iran and Turan.

In 2001, UNESCO added the 2,750-year-old city to its World Heritage Site list as *Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures*.

## History 
Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the trade route between China and the Mediterranean (Silk Road). At times Samarkand has been one of the greatest cities of Central Asia.

Started about 700 BC by the Persians, Samarkand has been one of the main centres of Persian civilization from its early days. Maracanda was the ancient Greek name for it Alexander the Great conquered the city in 329 BC. 

### Medieval history 
At the start of the 8th century, Samarkand came under Arab control. Under Abbasid rule, the legend goes, the secret of papermaking was learned from two Chinese prisoners in 751. This led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe.

Samarkand was sacked by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1220. Some of the people survived, but later, Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol attack. The town took many decades to recover from these disasters. In *The Travels* of Marco Polo, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road, Samarkand is described as "a very large and splendid city..." He also writes about a Christian church in Samarkand, which miraculously remained standing after a portion of its central supporting column was removed.

In 1370, Timur the Lame, or Tamerlane, decided to make Samarkand the capital of his empire, stretching from India to Turkey. During the next 35 years, he built a new city and populated it with artisans and craftsmen from all of the places he had conquered. Timur gained a reputation as a patron of the arts, and Samarkand grew to have a population of about 150,000.

### Modern history
In 1499, the Uzbek Turks took control of Samarkand. They moved the capital to Bukhara and Samarkand went into decline. The city came under Russian rule in 1868. The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely to the west of the old city.

The city later became the capital of the Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan and grew in importance still further when the Trans-Caspian railway reached the city in 1888. It became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1925 before being replaced by Tashkent in 1930.

## References
Wiener Werkstattpreis

The international **Wiener Werkstattpreis** is a literary prize in Austria and has been founded in 1992. Since the year 2000, the prize is given every year. The organizers want to promote writers who are not well-known yet.

The prize is 1,100 EUR. In 2007, the authors could send in their texts in three categories: short story, poetry and essay.

Supported and partly paid by the Austrian government and the city administration of Vienna, the prize is organized by the publishing house FZA.

## Winners 
*2009 Wolfgang Ellmauer and Markus Thiele
*2008 Axel Görlach
*2007 Klaus Ebner (main price and winner in the categories short story and essay)Winner in the category poetry: Norbert Sternmut
*2006 Constantin Göttfert
*2005 Felician Siebrecht
*2004 Ingeborg Woitsch and Daniel Mylow
*2003 Uljana Wolf
*2002 Susanne Wagner
*2001 Olaf Kurtz
*2000 Christine Thiemt
*1994 Franzobel

## Other websites 
*Information Wiener Werkstattpreis
Inferno Metal Festival

**Inferno Metal Festival** is an annual extreme metal festival in Oslo, Norway. The festival take place at Rockefeller Music Hall.

## Other websites
* Official site
Sailing ship

, a sailing ship in service with the Indian Navy.]]
A **sailing ship** is a big boat with sails attached to the mast, to catch the wind.  The wind pushes the boat along.  A sailing ship had a rig of at least three masts, square rigged.  

Sailing ships have been used since prehistoric times. They were greatly improved around the 15th century, and were the main kind of ship until the middle 19th century. They were very important for trade and war. All large boats became known as "ships", so when steam power was invented people talked about "steam ships" to distinguish them from "sailing ships".

Small boats with sails are called "yachts" or sailboats.  They are used today for leisure activities.
Feldkircher Lyrikpreis

The *Feldkirch Poetry Prize*, in German **Feldkircher Lyrikpreis**, started by Erika Kronabitter, an Austrian artist and writer, is given every year by the theater *Theater am Saumarkt* in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg/Austria. Among the sponsors, there are the Austrian government, the local administration of Vorarlberg and private banks. In 2003, the poetry prize was organized for the first time.

Poets from all countries may send in their poems. German philologists and poets are the jury. The winners are presented to the public during Fall. The winning poems are archived in the Library of Vorarlberg.

## Winners
### 2012 
# Elisabeth Steinkellner
# Sascha Kokot und Andra Schwarz

### 2011 
# Tobias Falberg
# C. H. Huber
# Claudia Scherer

### 2010 
# Kenah Cusanit
# Regina Hilber
# Udo Kawasser

### 2009 
# Marcus Pöttler
# Silke Peters and Thilo Krause (ex aequo)

### 2008 
# Andreas Neeser
# Martin Strauß
# Lina Hofstädter

### 2007
# Klaus Händl
# Bernhard Saupe
# Alexandra Lavizzari
# Thomas Steiner

### 2006
# Adelheid Dahimène
# Christine Haidegger
# Ludwig Laher
# Hans Eichhorn

### 2005
# Knut Schaflinger
# Julia Rhomberg
# Udo Kawasser
# Klaus Ebner

### 2004
# Elsbeth Maag
# Knut Schaflinger
# Lisa Mayer
# Gertrude Pieber-Prem
# Sabine Eschgfäller
# Udo Kawasser und Walter Pucher

### 2003
# Elfriede Kehrer
# Norbert Mayer
# Walter Pucher
# Mechthild Podzeit-Lütjen
# Ulrike Ulrich

## Other websites
*Theater am Saumarkt 
*Article of the Austrian television on the 5th Poetry Prize 

## Sources
*Austrian newspaper *Vorarlberger Nachrichten*
Weather radar

]]
A **weather radar** is a type of radar used to show where precipitation is. Weather radar data can be analyzed to tell the movement of precipitation, what type it is (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast its future.

Modern weather radars are mostly Doppler radars, which can find the direction and speed of rain drops and the intensity of the precipitation. Both types of information can be used to find the structure of storms and tell if they signify any severe weather (tornadoes, flash floods, etc.).

## References
## Other websites
* Radar tutorial
* Weather Underground
* Canadian weather radar FAQ
Arovell Verlag

**Arovell Verlag** is an Austrian publishing house for modern literature. It was founded in 1991 by the Austrian writer, artist and musician, Paul Jaeg. Today, Jaeg is still the director.

Each year, Arovell prints between ten and twenty new books. Some authors, such as Peter Paul Wiplinger, have already published several books with Arovell, but others use Arovell to publish their first book(s).

Arovell publishes modern literature in the German language. They include short prose, stories and poetry. The covers of all books show a painting by Paul Jaeg.

Arovell also publishes a magazine about literature, music and art, which gives information about new books and public events. The magazine prints sometimes short texts from the books by Arovell.

The publisher organizes literary, musical and artistic events, especially in Upper Austria and Salzburg, but also in Vienna.

Arovell's headquarter is in Gosau in Upper Austria and has branch offices in Vienna and Salzburg.

## Published authors (examples)
*Hans Dieter Aigner
*Peter Assmann
*Reinhold Aumaier
*Klaus Ebner
*Karin Gayer
*Constantin Göttfert
*de:Fritz Huber
*Paul Jaeg
*Christoph Janacs
*Günther Kaip
*Wolfgang Kauer
*de:Hermann Knapp
*Dorothea Macheiner
*Dirk Ofner
*Wolfgang Pollanz
*Fritz Popp
*Herbert Reiter
*Christine Roiter
*Leopold Spoliti
*Nikolai Vogel
*Wolfgang Wenger
*Christine Werner
*Peter Paul Wiplinger

## Other websites
*Website of Arovell publishing house
*Information at the center for German Philology *Germanistik im Netz*
Kōan (Muromachi period)

was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after *Enbun* and before *Jōji*. The period started in March 1361 and ended in September  1362.  During this time, the pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the *Kōan* era 
* **1361** (*Kōan 1, 6th month*): Snowfall was unusually heavy; and there was also a disastrous fire in Kyoto as well as a violent earthquake.
* **1361** (*Kōan 1*): Eigen-ji was founded. It is a Zen Buddhist temple in what is now Shiga Prefecture.
* **1362** (*Kōan 2*): Hosokawa Kiyouji and Kusunoki Masanori attack Kyoto. Ashikaga Yoshiakira fled.

## Southern Court *nengō*
* Shōhei, 1346–1370

## Related pages
* Muromachi period
* Kōan (Kamakura period)

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"
Toru Yoshida

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1984||rowspan="8"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||22||0||||||2||0||24||0
|-
|1990/91||12||0||||||5||0||17||0
|-
|1991/92||3||0||||||1||0||4||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||7||0||7||0
|-
|1993||26||0||2||0||5||0||33||0
|-
|1994||17||0||0||0||2||0||19||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Brummell Sendai||rowspan="3"|Football League||12||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|1996||25||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||27||2
|-
|1997||9||0||0||0||6||0||15||0
126||1||6||1||28||0||160||2
126||1||6||1||28||0||160||2
|}

## References
Strength training

**Strength training** is the use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the *physical strength* and *endurance*. There are many different methods of strength training, the most common being the weight/gravity training and the training with the help of resistive equipment.

When properly performed, strength training can provide significant functional benefits and improvement in overall health and well-being, including increased bone, muscle, tendon and ligament strength, improved joint function, reduced potential for injury, increased bone density, a temporary increase in metabolism, improved cardiac function.

Training commonly uses the technique of progressively increasing the force output of the muscle through incremental increases of weight, elastic tension or other resistance, and uses a variety of exercises and types of training equipment to target specific muscle groups. Strength training is primarily an anaerobic activity.

Strength training differs from *bodybuilding*, *weightlifting*, *powerlifting*, and *strongman*, which are sports rather than forms of exercise, although training for them totally depends on strength training. Many other sports use strength training as a part of their training regimen, notably football, lacrosse, basketball, hockey and track and field.

## Some samples
Some samples of strength training exercises in a gym are shown in the picture gallery below.

|

File:WPS.gif

## Basic principles 
The basic principles of strength training involve a number of repetitions (reps), sets, tempo, exercises and force to cause wanted changes in strength, endurance, size or shape by overloading of a group of muscles. Specific combination of reps, sets, exercises, resistance and force depend on the purpose of the person performing the exercise: sets with fewer reps can be performed using more force, but have less impact on endurance.

## Related pages
* Calisthenics
* Exercise
* Flexibility training
* Healthy lifestyle
* Jogging
* Mixed martial arts
* Physical fitness
* Training
* Weight training

## References
Naohiko Minobe

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1984||rowspan="8"|Matsushita Electric||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||7||0||||||0||0||7||0
|-
|1990/91||21||1||||||0||0||21||1
|-
|1991/92||18||1||||||3||0||21||1
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||2||1||2||1
|-
|1993||13||2||0||0||4||0||17||2
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|Football League||29||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||32||0
|-
|1995||13||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
101||4||3||0||9||1||113||5
101||4||3||0||9||1||113||5
|}

## Other websites
* Naohiko Minobe official site
Hitoshi Nakata

**Hitoshi Nakata** (born 17 January 1962) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Fujita and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals.

## References
*Tokushima Vortis
Karin Gayer

**Karin Gayer** (born 1969 in Mödling near Vienna) is an Austrian writer. She published poetry and fiction.

## Life
Karin Gayer was born in May 1969 in Mödling and lives today in Vienna. She began to study psychology but ended her studies before the end because she “could not find what she was looking for″. Then she worked in several social professions. Karin Gayer began to write literature at school. In the beginning she only published in Austrian literary magazines, for example in *Zenit* and *Wienzeile*. Her first book made was printed in 2002 by the publisher Arovell Verlag.

## Books
* *Flechtwerk*, poetry and small prose, Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2002, 
* *Vorgänge im Labyrinth*, poetry and prose (anthology, with 3 co-authors), Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2004, 
* *Nachtfieber*, novel, Arovell Verlag, Gosau 2009, 

## Notes
## Other websites
* 
* Arovell Verlag, Gosau (Upper Austria)
* Website of the writer
Franzobel

**Franzobel** is the pseudonym of the Austrian writer **Stefan Griebl**. He was born on March 1, 1967 in Vöcklabruck. He now lives in Vienna.

## Books 
* Der Wimmerldrucker. Ein Lexikaroman. Eigenverlag, 1990.
* Thesaurus. Ein Gleiches. Gedichte. Eigenverlag, 1992.
* Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Prosa. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1993.
* Überin. Die Gosche. Prosa. Ill.: Franzobel. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1993.
* Masche und Scham. Die Germanistenfalle - Eine Durchführung & Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Proklitikon. Klagenfurt: Edition Selene, 1993.
* Die Musenpresse. Aus einem Roman von Margarete Lanner. Mit mehreren Bildnachweisen. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 1994.
* Elle und Speiche. Modelle der Liebe. Gedichte und Prosa. Wien: Das Fröhliche Wohnzimmer, 1994.
* Ranken. Prosa. Ill.: Carla Degenhardt. Klagenfurt: edition selene, 1994.
* Hundshirn. Prosa. Ill.: Franzobel. Linz: Blattwerk, 1995.
* Die Krautflut. Erzählung. Nachw.: Thomas Eder. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1995.
* Schinkensünden. Ein Katalog. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 1996.
* Unter Binsen. [Mit Christian Steinbacher] Graz: edition gegensätze, 1996.
* Linz. Eine *Obsession*. München, Berlin: Janus Press, 1996.
* Der Trottelkongreß. Commedia dell'pape. Ein minimalistischer Heimatroman. Klagenfurt, Wien: Ritter, 1998.
* m. T. [mit Klangwerkstatt Berlin]. Siegendorf: NN-Fabrik, 1998.
* Böselkraut und Ferdinand. Ein Bestseller von Karol Alois. Wien: Zsolnay, 1998.
* Das öffentliche Ärgernis. Proklitikon. & Masche und Scham. Die Germanistenfalle - eine Durchführung. Wien: Edition Selene, 1998.
* Met ana oanders schwoarzn Tintn. Dulli-Dialektgedichte. Weitra: Bibliothek der Provinz, 1999. (In Anspielung auf H. C. Artmann)
* Scala Santa oder Josefine Wurznbachers Höhepunkt. Roman. Wien: Zsolnay, 2000.
* Best of. Die Highlights. o. O: Edition Aramo, 2001.
* Shooting Star. Klagenfurt: Ritter, 2001 (aufgrund rechtlicher Auseinandersetzungen vom Markt genommen)
* Mayerling . Die österreichische Tragödie. Stück. Materialien. Collagen. Wien: Passagen, 2002.
* Lusthaus oder Die Schule der Gemeinheit. Roman. Wien: Zsolnay, 2002.
* Mundial. Gebete an den Fußballgott. Graz, Wien: Droschl, 2002.
* Austrian Psycho oder Der Rabiat Hödlmoser. Ein Trashroman in memoriam Franz Fuchs. Bibliothek der Provinz, 2002.
* Luna Park. Vergnügungsgedichte. Wien: Zsolnay 2003.
* Das Fest der Steine oder Die Wunderkammer der Extentrik. Wien: Zsolnay 2005.

## Plays 
* 1996 *Das Beuschelgeflecht*
* 1998 *Paradies*
* 1998 *Nathans Dackel oder Die Geradebiegung der Ring-Parabel. Eine Lessingvollstreckung*
* 1997 *Kafka. Eine Komödie*
* 1998 *Bibapoh*
* 1999 *Phettberg. Eine Hermes-Tragödie*
* 1999 *Der Ficus spricht. Minidrama für A, B, einen Volkssänger, ein Blumenmädchen und einen Gummibaum*
* 1999 *Volksoper
* 2000 *Olympia. Eine Kärntner Zauberposse samt Striptease*
* 2003 *Black Jack*
* 2004 *Flugangst*
* 2008 *Der Impressario von Schmierna''

## Other websites 
* Franzobel's homepage 
* Franzobel: New German dramatic art. Goethe-Instituts Website
Intonation (linguistics)

In linguistics, **intonation** is variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish words. (Compare tone.) Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.

All languages use pitch semantically, that is, as intonation, for instance for emphasis, to convey surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Tonal languages such as Chinese and Hausa use pitch to distinguish words in addition to intonation. 

*Rising intonation* means the pitch of the voice increases over time; *falling intonation* means that the pitch decreases with time. A *dipping intonation* falls and then rises, whereas a *peaking intonation* rises and then falls.

The classic example of intonation is the question-statement distinction.
For example, northeastern American English, like very many languages (Hirst & DiCristo, eds. 1998), has a rising intonation for echo or declarative questions (*He found it on the street?*), and a falling intonation for *wh-* questions (*Where did he find it?*) and statements (*He found it on the street.*). Yes or no questions (*Did he find it on the street?*) often have a rising end, but not always. Some languages like Chikasaw and kalaallisut have the opposite pattern: rising for statements and falling with questions.

Dialects of British and Irish English vary substantially, with rises on many statements in urban Belfast, and falls on most questions in urban Leeds.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, **"global"** rising and falling intonation are marked with a diagonal arrow rising left-to-right  and falling left-to-right , respectively. These may be written as part of a syllable, or separated with a space when they have a broader scope:

:*He found it on the street?*
:
Here the rising pitch on *street* indicates that the question hinges on that word, on where he found it, not whether he found it. 

:*Yes, he found it on the street.*
:

:*How did you ever escape?*
:
Here, as is common with *wh-* questions, there is a rising intonation on the question word, and a falling intonation at the end of the question. 

## References
Heinz Gerstinger

**Heinz Gerstinger** (born October 13, 1919 in Vienna; died April 28, 2016 in Vienna) is an Austrian writer, playwright and historian.

## Life 
Heinz Gerstinger studied history and dramatics at the University of Vienna. He has worked for the universities of Graz and Vienna, as well as for theaters in Graz, Augsburg and Vienna. As he published in literary magazines and newspapers, he worked for the Austrian radio and television. Heinz Gerstinger was a member of the Austrian P.E.N. and the writers' association Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband.

## Works 
### Movie 
* As an actor: Bernhard Wicki (director): *Das falsche Gewicht* following the book by Joseph Roth

### Literature 
* *Calderón*, Velber Hannover, Friedrich 1967
* *Spanische Komödie - Lope de Vega und seine Zeitgenossen*, Friedrich Velber Verlag, Hannover 1968
* *Theater und Religion heute*, 1972
* *Der Dramatiker Anton Wildgans*, 1981
* *Österreich, holdes Märchen und böser Traum - August Strindbergs Ehe mit Frida Uhl*, Herold, Vienna 1981
* *Der Dramatiker Hans Krendlesberger*, Wagner, Innsbruck 1981
* *Wien von gestern - ein literarischer Streifzug durch die Kaiserstadt*, Edition Wien, Vienna 1991, 
* *Frau Venus reitet... - Die phantastische Geschichte des Ulrich von Lichtenstein*, 1995
* *Ausflugsziel Burgen - 30 Burgen rund um Wien*, Pichler, Vienna 1998, 
* *Altwiener literarische Salons - Wiener Salonkultur vom Rokoko bis zur Neoromantik (1777-1907)*, Akademische Verlagsanstalt Salzburg 2002, 
* *Der heilige Dämon - Pope Gregory VII*,  Faksimile Verlag, Graz/Salzburg, 

## Notes 
## Other websites 
*
*Critical review on *Ausflugsziel Burgen* , in German
Ingrid Reichel

**Ingrid Reichel** (born 1961 in St. Pölten, Lower Austria) is an Austrian artist, painter, essayist, and a reviewer of arts and literature.

## Biography
Ingrid Reichel has grown up in Kabul, Afghanistan and between 1967 and 1981 in Paris, France. Then she moved to St. Pölten, the capital of Lower Austria, where she still lives with her family. She had her first art exhibitions in 1991. Her works address sociopolitical topics. Ingrid Reichel is very active in the cultural life of St. Pölten and introduces children to arts and literature. Since 2005 she writes critical reviews, essays and portraits of artists. She is a directing member of the Literary Society St. Pölten (Literarische Gesellschaft) and writes also for its literary magazine *etcetera*.

## Exhibitions
* 1998: Cycle *Nackte Gedanken*, Prehistoric Museum/Castle of Traismauer and Gallery Kleiner Bischofshof in Vienna
* 1999: *Reflections*, group exhibitions
* 2000: Cycle *ZOOM*, ORF Landesstudio Niederösterreich (TV of Lower Austria), St. Pölten
* 2000: *IM_PULS*, Dentist Congress, Melk
* 2001: Cycle *TABU*, Communal Museum of St. Pölten
* 2002: Cycle *Geh.ende*, Gallery fein.sinn, St. Pölten
* 2003: Cycle *isen formunge*, Haus Kremayr, Museum Ybbsitz
* 2005: *zart beseitigt*, poster series, exposition stock.WERK, St. Pölten, and Library of Lower Austria
* 2007: *high.matt.ade*, Aktionsradius, Vienna
* 2008: *Zwischen Sein & Schein, 30 Meter Sonnenschein*, façade of the Communal Museum of St. Pölten

## Other websites
*Homepage of the artist, retrieved on 2009-09-14
*Literary magazine etcetera, St. Pölten, retrieved on 2009-09-14
*Eva Riebler interviews Ingrid Reichel (in German), retrieved on 2009-09-14
*Artistic project *Zwischen Sein & Schein* in the communal museum of St. Pölten , retrieved on 2009-09-14
*Critical review on the drama *Her mit den Prinzen und weg mit dem Speck*, Landestheater of Lower Austria, retrieved on 2009-09-14
Bun'ō

was a  after *Shōgen* and before *Kōchō.*  This  period started in April 1260 and ended in February 1261. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the ''Bun'ō* era
* **1260** (*Bun'o 1*): Nichiren wrote *Rissho Ankoku Ron'' ("On Securing the Peace of the Land through the Propagation of True Buddhism").

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, The Japanese Calendar"
Naïve

**Naïve** (pronounce: "na-EEV") is a French word which is used in English to mean that someone is very simple and does not understand about the dangers around them.  Someone who is naïve does not have enough experience of life to know about things he or she ought to know; for example, they may be very trusting, not realizing that some people in the world are evil and that some situations are perilous.

The word is sometimes spelt in English without the French double dot on the letter i, "naive", due to the default settings for typing in English lacking it.   It is an adjective.  The noun is **naïveté**, but is sometimes spelt naïvety in English.  It is similar in meaning to the word "innocent" and is not always a negative quality in that being naïve implies a lack of acquired prejudice.

The word naïve is used in other special ways in the arts and sciences.  It often means "lack of experience", but it does not necessarily mean it in a critical way.

* Naïve art is art which is created by people who have not been trained as artists.
* Naïve realism is the way that most people see and understand the world.
* In ecology it can mean animals that have not learned to be afraid of other animals that might attack and eat them.

## Related pages
*Innocent
Impressment

**Impressment**  (**the Press**) was the act of forcing men to serve in the navy.  The people who were "pressed" to join the navy were usually young men.  A naval officer would lead a **press gang** and force men onto warships where they were made to serve as sailors.  Their families (if they had families) seldom knew where they had been taken.

This was a normal practice in the Royal Navy during the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries.  Many people said that it should be stopped, but the Navy said it was a good way to get sailors who were needed to defend their country.  After the Napoleonic Wars the need for sailors was less and the Navy stopped impressing them. 

## Other websites
* The Impress Service, basic article on "press gangs" in British ports, charged with impressing sailors into the Navy.
Miodrag Božović

**Miodrag Božović** (born 22 July 1968) is a former Montenegrin football player.

## Career statistics
### Club
## Managerial statistics
## Club statistics
## References
Elpídio Silva

**Elpídio Pereira Silva Filho** (born 19 July 1975), known as **Silva**, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a striker.

## Club statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*
Takahiro Shimada

**Takahiro Shimada** (born 9 February 1965) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Gamba Osaka.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|Matsushita Electric||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||||||||||||||||
|-
|1990/91||21||0||||||1||0||22||0
|-
|1991/92||19||1||||||3||0||22||1
|-
|1992||rowspan="6"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||12||0||0||0||1||0||13||0
|-
|1994||16||2||0||0||3||1||19||3
|-
|1995||38||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|-
|1996||10||1||4||0||11||0||25||1
|-
|1997||15||0||1||0||6||0||22||0
131||4||8||0||25||1||164||5
131||4||8||0||25||1||164||5
|}

## References
Ryuji Ishizue

**Ryuji Ishizue** (born 22 July 1964) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|All Nippon Airways||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||||||||||||||||
|-
|1990/91||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1991/92||6||0||||||0||0||6||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||5||0||5||0
|-
|1993||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1994||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="4"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|Football League||23||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|-
|1996||30||0||3||0||0||0||33||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||28||0||2||0||5||0||35||0
|-
|1998||13||0||2||0||4||0||19||0
107||0||11||0||16||0||134||0
107||0||11||0||16||0||134||0
|}

## References
*Vissel Kobe
Shuichi Mase

**Shuichi Mase** (born 22 October 1973) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for North American, Central American, and Croatian clubs. He is currently a football coach and interpreter.

## References
*Fagiano Okayama
Amar Osim

**Amar Osim** (born 18 July 1967) is a Bosnia and Herzegovina former football player. He is one of the most successful Bosnian-Herzegovinian football managers.

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Manager
**Željezničar** 
*Bosnian Premier League: 2000–01, 2001–02, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13
*Bosnian Cup: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2010–11, 2011–12
*Bosnian Supercup: 2001

**JEF United Chiba** 
*J.League Cup: 2006

**Individual**
*Bosnia and Herzegovina Manager of the Year: 2002, 2012
*Bosnian Premier League Manager of the Year/Season: 2010, 2011–12, 2012–13
*Qatar Stars League Manager of the Month: February 2015

## References
Be Good to Me

"**Be Good to Me**" is a song on Ashley Tisdale's first album, *Headstrong*. "Be Good to Me" was the first song released off the album. It was released in the United States on December 25, 2006 and in South America in January 2007. The album version has rap vocals by David Jassy.