open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alberto Falcone

**Alberto Falcone** is a fictional Batman character who is also known as **the Holiday Killer**. He appears in American comic books published by DC Comics.

## Fictional character biography 
He is the son of Gotham Mafia leader Carmine Falcone. He is also a mobster, but does not have control over his dad's crime organization.

## In other media 
Luke Brandon Field portrayed Al Falcone in the DC Extended Universe movie *The Flash*. He also appeared in the HBO television miniseries *The Penguin* (2024) set in *The Batman* shared universe, portrayed by Michael Zegen.
Alison Sweeney

**Alison Sweeney** (born September 19, 1976 in Los Angeles) is an American actress. She stars mostly on television programs. She has acted as Samantha Brady on the soap *Days of Our Lives*. She also does reality television programs.

## References
Black Mask (character)

**Black Mask** is the name of two fictional Batman villains from DC Comics who have a black skull and a black suit who in some cases is a crime boss leader.

## Fictional character biographies 
### Roman Sionis 
The first Black Mask was **Roman Sionis** who hated masks, but he wore toxic make-up that made him to have the black skull. 

### Jeremiah Arkham 
The second Black Mask was **Jeremiah Arkham**, the boss of Arkham Asylum, so after the death of the first Black Mask he wanted to continue his legacy, so he became the second Black Mask.

## In other media 
In *Batman Returns*, Christopher Walken's character Max Shreck was burned and the corpse had a look alike to Black Mask. He was portrayed by Ewan McGregor in the 2020 movie *Birds of Prey*.
Killer Moth

**Killer Moth** is a supervillain in the DC Comics universe, primarily known as an adversary of Batman and Batgirl. He first appeared in *Detective Comics* #163 in 1951, created by writer Bill Finger and artist Dick Sprang. He is sometimes confused with Firefly.

## Fictional character biography 
Drury Walker was originally a criminal who sought to become a counterpart to Batman, believing that he could be a "moth" to Batman's "light." His character has been portrayed in various ways over the years, sometimes as a more comedic villain and other times as a more serious threat.

## Powers and abilities 
Killer Moth does not possess superhuman abilities but is equipped with various gadgets and technology that enhance his capabilities. He has a moth-themed costume that includes wings, which allow him to glide, and he often uses a variety of weapons and traps inspired by moths and insects. 

## In other media 
Killer Moth has appeared in various comic book series, animated shows, and video games. He has been featured in storylines that explore his motivations and his rivalry with Batman and Batgirl. In some adaptations, he has been depicted as a more tragic figure, struggling with his identity and his place in the world of Gotham's criminals.
Dick Grayson

as Dick Grayson.]]
**Richard John "Dick" Grayson Wayne** is a comic book superhero created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger for DC Comics. As a supporting character to Batman, Dick was first introduced as Batman's crime-fighting partner **Robin**. As he transitioned into adulthood, Dick decided to take on the persona of **Nightwing**.

Grayson has served as a leader for various teams, including the Teen Titans and the Outsiders. His leadership is marked by his ability to inspire and strategize effectively.

## Fictional character biography 
When his circus acrobat family was brutally murdered, Dick Grayson was taken in by billionaire and bat-friendly super hero Bruce Wayne. Bruce shared his secret life as Batman with the young boy and eventually molded him into Robin—the Dark Knight's partner in Gotham.

## Abilities 
Richard Grayson was a acrobatic prodigy who was part of the "Flying Graysons" act, who were well known for conducting acrobatic acts without a net. As a result of his skill, he garnered success for Haly's Circus. As a result of his status as an agent of Spyral and being taught by Helena Bertinelli, Richard is proficient in the art of Espionage. Dick is an expert marksman and is highly skilled in the use of firearms. Being trained by the Dark Knight himself in various fields, Richard Grayson is shown to have a naturally high level of intelligence, though not as high as Batman's own. Richard Grayson was taught in various fields by Batman and as a result, is a capable tactician. In addition to that, he is skilled in reading the body motions of others, using this skill to aid in defeating multiple armed opponents and anticipate an opponent's next move. Taught by Alfred Pennyworth in acting, Richard Grayson is proficient in the art of disguise. He was able to pose as Joker in Arkham Asylum and occasionally poses as Batman whenever Bruce Wayne and Batman needed to be sighted at the same time. Like Batman, Grayson has honed his detective skills. He is adept at solving crimes and analyzing situations quickly. 

## In other media 
Dick Grayson has appeared as Robin in several other media adaptations: the 1943 serial played by Douglas Croft, the 1949 serial played by Johnny Duncan, the 1966–1968 live action *Batman* television series and its motion picture portrayed by Burt Ward, and played by Chris O'Donnell in the 1995 movie *Batman Forever* and its 1997 sequel, *Batman & Robin*. Dick Grayson appeared in the *Titans* television series for the DC Universe streaming service and HBO Max played by Brenton Thwaites. Loren Lester voiced the character Robin in *Batman: The Animated Series* and later as Nightwing's first screen adaptation in *The New Batman Adventures*, Jesse McCartney voices Grayson as both Robin and Nightwing in *Young Justice: The Animated Series*, Sean Maher voices Nightwing in the *DC Animated Movie Universe*, and Michael Cera voices an overly cheerful Grayson as Robin in *The Lego Batman Movie*. In May 2011, IGN ranked Dick Grayson No. 11 on their list of the "Top 100 Super Heroes of All Time". In 2013, ComicsAlliance ranked Grayson as Nightwing as No. 1 on its list of the "50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics".
Hush (comics)

**Hush** (**Dr. Thomas Elliot**) is a fictional Batman character who is an identity thief and is also a friend of Bruce Wayne. His parents were in a car crash that he planed, but his mother lived from an operation from Thomas Wayne which made him angry.

## References
Jason Todd

**Jason Todd** is a fictional Batman character who was the second Robin when the first left. Todd was founded by Batman when he tried to steal some parts from the Batmobile. Batman later trained him to become the second Robin. He was later killed by The Joker when he beat him-up and then blew him up with a time bomb. He later returned as the Red Hood.

## Other websites
* Jason Todd  at Titans Tower
* Red Hood (Jason Todd) at the DC Database Project
Jimmy Olsen

**Jimmy Olsen** is a fictional Superman character from the DC Comics universe, who works for the *Daily Planet* with Clark Kent and Lois Lane. His boss is Perry White. He thinks that Clark Kent and Lois Lane are his "heroes". He becomes *The Nail* in a comic book theme.

## In other media 
The character has appeared in most other media adaptations of Superman. He was portrayed by Tommy Bond in the two Superman movie serials, *Superman* (1948) and *Atom Man vs. Superman* (1950). Jack Larson played the character on the *Adventures of Superman* television show; Marc McClure in the *Superman* movies of the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the 1984 film *Supergirl*; Michael Landes in the first season of *Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman* and Justin Whalin in the subsequent three seasons; Sam Huntington in the 2006 movie *Superman Returns*; Aaron Ashmore in The CW's *Smallville*; and Michael Cassidy in the 2016 DC Extended Universe movie *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice*. In the Arrowverse series *Supergirl*, he was portrayed by Mehcad Brooks. He is portrayed by Skyler Gisondo in the 2025 movie *Superman,* set in the DC Universe (DCU) franchise.

## References
Gérard Depardieu

in 2010]]
**Gérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu** (born 27 December 1948) is a French actor, movie producer and director. He was born in Chateauroux, Indre. He is one of the most prolific actors in film history, having completed approximately 170 movies since 1967.

He  won the César Award for Best Actor for his performances in *The Last Metro* (1980). He received the Venice Film Festival Award for Best Actor in *Police* (1985). For *Cyrano de Bergerac* (1990) he won the Cannes Film Festival for Best Actor, his second César Award and his first Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. Depardieu won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor for his role in *Green Card*.

He lives in Belgium.

A trial started in France, in March 2025. In May, he got a suspended sentence of 18 months in prison. He has asked to get a trial in a court of appeal.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Martha Wayne

**Martha Wayne** (**née Kane**) is a fictional Batman character from DC Comics who was the mother of Bruce Wayne. She was the wife of Thomas Wayne. After her and her husband were killed, her only son, Bruce becomes Batman because of their killing. She was created by Bill Finger.

## In other media 
Lauren Cohan plays Martha in the DC Extended Universe first appearing in *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice* (2016).

## References
Thomas Wayne

**Thomas Alan Wayne, M.D.** is a fictional Batman character who was the father of Bruce Wayne and the husband of Martha Wayne. He was the founder of Wayne Enterprises and was one of Gotham's best doctors. He had a strong relationship with Bruce until he was killed along with his wife by Joe Chill. From his death Bruce became Batman to avenge their deaths.

## In other media 
Jeffrey Dean Morgan plays Thomas in the DC Extended Universe first appearing in *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice* (2016) and Brett Cullen plays him in the 2019 movie *Joker*.
Pavel Datsyuk

**Pavel Datsyuk** was born 20 July, 1978. The city where he was born is named Yekaterinburg in Russia. He was a professional ice hockey player and played for SKA Saint Petersburg. He used to play in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings.

## Family
His mother died when he was 12 years old. In the middle of the 1990s, he started to play for the farm team of Dynamo Yekaterinburg. There he was noticed by the new trainer of the team, Vladimir Krikunov. He saw the talent of the young Datsyuk on the soccer field. He noticed his anticipation, vision and intelligence were certainly over the average of the team. It took a long time before Pavel was contacted by an NHL scout, because he was too small. He was only 1,73m and 66&nbsp;kg when he began his professional career. He was not supposed to be drafted in the NHL, but the scout of the Detroit Red Wings came to watch the defenseman Dimitiri Kilimine and he was impressed by this little sized player.

## National Hockey League career
Pavel Datsyuk was drafted in 1998 by the Detroit Red Wings, 171st overall. He began to play in the NHL in 2001-2002; he played 70 games and scored 11 goals. One year later, a new prospect joined the team, Henrik Zetterberg. They played together with the veteran, Brett Hull. Since that season, Henrik and Pavel are still playing with each other. Pavel is a center and one of the best two way player of the NHL. In a survey made by the journalist, 247 hockey players, consider Pavel as the most difficult player to take the puck off during a game. He won many trophies in the league. Four years in a row he won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy.  The most productive years of Pavel Datsyuk were in 2008-2009, where he collected 97 points for 32 goals and 65 assists.

## References
## Other websites 
* Pavel Datsyuk Biography, IMDb
Bat-Signal

in Pittsburgh during the filming of *The Dark Knight Rises*.]]
The **Bat-Signal** is a fictional distress signal appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics that shines a light into the sky with a shadow in the shape of a bat to call Batman and Robin when there's a crime happening or when James Gordon has a lead on a case in Gotham City. Gordon, Harvey Dent, Harvey Bullock, Hamilton Hill, and Barbara Gordon have access to the machine. Many spoofs of the machine are made in many television shows.

## In other media 
It doubles as the primary logo for the Batman series of comic books, TV shows, and movies.

## References
Jonathan and Martha Kent

**Jonathan and Martha Kent** are fictional Superman characters who were the adopted parents when they found the baby Superman in the field. They appear in American comic books published by DC Comics. They cared for "Clark Kent" until he became an adult. The Kents died from a rare tropical disease with Martha dying first. Before he died, Jonathan told the Clark should use his powers for good in earth. In other cases, Jonathan dies and Martha is still alive.

## Jonathan and Martha Kent in other media 
Glenn Ford and Phyllis Thaxter play Jonathan and Martha in *Superman: The Movie*, Eva Marie Saint plays Martha in *Superman Returns*, while Kevin Costner and Diane Lane play them in *Man of Steel*. Pruitt Taylor Vince will portray Jonathan Kent and Neva Howell will portray Martha Kent in the upcoming movie *Superman*, set in the DC Universe (DCU) franchise.

## References
## Other websites
* Supermanica: Jonathan and Martha Kent
Wayne Enterprises

**Wayne Enterprises, Inc.,** also known as **WayneCorp** and **Wayne Industries,** is a fictional company that appears in American comic books published by DC Comics, most commonly in *Batman* stories. It was created by Thomas Wayne. The company has three main owners Bruce Wayne, Dick Grayson, and CEO of the company Lucius Fox. The enterprises makes one the leading materials and technology in Gotham City. The company also makes and gives Batman all his gadgets and weapons he needs to save Gotham. The enterprise has about $31.6 million dollars.

## In other media 
The company has been adapted to different forms of media, including movies, television series, and video games.

## References
Batboat

The **Batboat** is the fictional waterboat that the DC Comics character Batman uses to travel to places on the sea or lakes. The boat was a product from Wayne Enterprises made by Lucius Fox. The boat holds many weapon buttons from Batman can push them to pull out a gadget and use it during and attack. The boat has enough space for two. The boat can also turn in a submarine.

## In other media 
The boat has appeared in *Batman*, *Batman Returns*, and in *Batman Forever*.

## References
Jean Charest

**John James** "**Jean**" **Charest** (born 24 June 1958) is a French Canadian politician. He was Premier of Quebec from 2003 until 2012 under the Quebec Liberal Party.

## Early life
Charest was born and grew up in Sherbrooke, Quebec. Before politics, he worked as a lawyer. He received his diploma from the University of Sherbrooke in 1981, and was admitted to the Bar of Quebec the same year.  After 3 years of working in court, Charest decided to join the Conservative Party of Canada in 1984. He was only 26 years old when he was elected as the representative of Sherbrooke. He was given the job of Minister of State for Youth.  Jean Charest was against the idea of Quebec leaving the union. The results were very close, but Quebec stayed as part of the country.

After his resignation, Jean Charest decided to give more time to his family and begin working again as lawyer.  At least five law firms have shown interest in his services, especially one in Toronto. He lost the election in September 2022 to Pierre Poilievre.

## Family
At the age of 18 years old, Jean Charest met Michèle Dionne who became his wife.  They met while they were studying in Sherbrooke. Michèle Dionne had been considerate as a big part of his career, she has supported and has influenced many of his choices while he was in politics.  Amélie, Antoine and Alexandra are their 3 children.

## References
Batcave

The **Batcave** is the fictional secret lair of the DC Comics superhero Batman. It is on the foundation of Wayne Manor. There are two ways into the cave, one is through a waterfall on the back of the cave and the other is a built-in elevator that leads from the library of Wayne Manor to the bridge of the cave. It holds all of Batman's secrets, gadgets, the Batmobile, and a real gorge. The cave also has millions of bats.

## In other media 
The Batcave has appeared in different forms of media, including movies, television series, and video games.

## References
## Other websites
* Top 10 Batcave Trophies  Article on ComicsBulletin about the Batcave Hall of Trophies
Wayne Manor

which was used as the Wayne Manor in several live-action Batman adaptations.]]
**Wayne Manor** is the home of Gotham City billionaire Bruce Wayne / Batman and his butler Alfred Pennyworth. It appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. The manor was the childhood home of Bruce when his parents were alive. The Manor was part of the Wayne's family for generations. Under the manor is the Batcave or Batman's lair.

## References
## Other websites
*Wayne Manor
Batgirl

**Batgirl** is the name of several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is one of Batman's side-kicks and a member of the Batman Family similar to Robin. There have been several women to take the position over the years. 

## Publication history 
Batgirl was created as Betty Kane by Bill Finger and Sheldon Moldoff, first appearing in *Batman* #139 (1961).

Barbara Gordon was created by Julius Schwartz, Gardner Fox and Carmine Infantino after a concept by William Dozier, first appearing in *Detective Comics* #359 (1967).

Helena Bertinelli first appeared as Batgirl in *Batman: Shadow of the Bat* #83 (1999).

Cassandra Cain was created by Kelley Puckett, Damion Scott and Alex Maleev, first appearing as Batgirl in *Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight* #120 (1999).

Charlotte Gage-Radcliffe started acting on her own as Batgirl in *Birds of Prey* #96 (2006).

Stephanie Brown took the position in *Batgirl* (Volume 3) #1 (2009).

## Fictional character biographies 
### Bette Kane 
The original Batgirl during the Silver Age was **Bette Kane**. This was later removed from continuity, and the character was reintroduced under the alias Flamebird.  

### Barbara Gordon 
The most well-recognized Batgirl is **Barbara Gordon**, daughter of Commissioner Gordon, and the original in modern continuity. She was Batgirl for many years until the Joker shot her through the spine during the events of *The Killing Joke* and paralyzed her. Barbara still fought crime from her wheel-chair as Oracle, an international super-hacker and invaluable computers expert for heroes everywhere. 

### Cassandra Cain 
**Cassandra Cain**, daughter of the assassin David Cain, became the next Batgirl while seeking redemption for her father's crimes. She was eventually manipulated into going rogue by Deathstroke and gave up the cowl after she had recovered from her mental breakdown. 

### Misfit 
The teleporter **Misfit** briefly called herself Batgirl when she started her vigilante career on the streets, although she changed her name after she was taken in by the Birds of Prey.

### Stephanie Brown 
**Stephanie Brown**, originally known as Spoiler and a former Robin, became Batgirl after the apparent death of Batman. Gordon has since returned to the position in the DCnU following a recovery.

## In other media 
The character has appeared in different forms of media, including toys, movies, television series and video games.

## Other websites
* Canarynoir: Home of Birdwatching&nbsp;– *Birds of Prey*
* Television Obscurities - Batgirl and the Batman Phenomenon
Batman: The Animated Series

***Batman: The Animated Series*** was an Emmy Award-winning television series that ran from 1992 through 1995. The series was about the daily life and the crimes Batman faced in Gotham City. The voice casts includes Kevin Conroy, Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Bob Hastings, Mark Hamill, Adrienne Barbeau, Roddy McDowall, Brock Peters, Adam West, Michael Ansara, John Glover, Henry Polic II, Lloyd Bochner, Arleen Sorkin, Henry Silva, and Paul Williams. The series won four Emmy Awards and was nominated for nine.

## Other websites
* Official website
* *The Adventures of Batman & Robin* at Fox Kids (Archive)
* *Batman: The Animated Series* at The World's Finest
* *Batman: The Animated Series* at Legions of Gotham
* 
* *Batman: The Animated Series*  at Big Cartoon DataBase
Batcycle

The** Batcycle** is the fictional personal motorcycle for the DC Comics superhero Batman that has built-in guns. It also as a bullet proof window guard. The batcycle either comes alone or it is built into the Batmobile. The batcycle appeares in *Batman* and as the** Bat Pod** in *The Dark Knight* and in *The Dark Knight Rises*. In the Christopher Nolan movies, *The Dark Knight, *the cycle was built into the Batmobile,* *and in* The Dark Knight Rises* the cycle was given to Catwoman. The cycle was built in Wayne Enterprises by Lucius Fox.

## References
Bonnie Tyler

**Gaynor Hopkins** (born 8 June 1951), known as **Bonnie Tyler**, is a Welsh singer, songwriter. 

She has had several major hit songs such as "Holding Out for a Hero", "Lost in France," "It's a Heartache" and "Total Eclipse of the Heart" which became major hits in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 

Tyler represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö with the song "Believe in Me". The song finished in 19th place.

## Awards and nominations 
Tyler was nominated for a Grammy Award three times and a Brit Award three times. She was awarded an MBE in 2022.

## Albums
A list of Tyler's albums:

* *The World Starts Tonight* (1977)
* *Natural Force* (1978)
* ''It's a Heartache* (1978)
* *Diamond Cut* (1979)
* *Goodbye to the Island* (1981)
* *Faster Than The Speed Of Night* (1983)
* *Secret Dreams And Forbidden Fire* (1986)
* *Hide Your Heart* (1988)
* *Notes From America* (1988)
* *Bitterblue* (1991)
* *Angel Heart* (1992)
* *Silhouette In Red* (1993)
* *Free Spirit* (1995)
* *All In One Voice* (1998)
* *Heart And Soul* (2002) with the City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra
* *Simply Believe* (2004)
* *Wings* (2005)
* *Rocks and Honey'' (2013)

There are also collections of songs from the above albums.

## References
## Other websites
* Bonnie Tyler official website
Batplane

**The Batplane**, later known as **the Batwing** is the personal airplane for Batman. The plane was built by Wayne Enterprises by Lucius Fox. It is part plane part helicopter or *The Batcopter*. The plane holds many guns and gadgets in case of an air attack. It also can air-park while up in the air. The plane appeared in *Batman*, *Batman Forever*, and as **The Bat** in *The Dark Knight Rises*.

## References
## Other websites
*Batman: Collected Issues of the Dark Knight - Batman #203 
*Batman: Yesterday, Today, & Beyond
*History of the Batplane
Blackgate Prison

**Blackgate Prison** is a fictional prison where normal prisoners are taken into jail. The prison is off the coast of Gotham Bay which is like Alcatraz Island. In other cases the prison is in the city such as in *The Dark Knight Rises*.

Blackgate Prison is unlike Arkham Asylum, in which many people like Rupert Thorne, Carmine Falcone, The Penguin, Ventriloquist, and Victor Zsasz are held. The prison was in *The Dark Knight Rises* when Bane used the Batmobile to shoot the prison open to free all the prisoners to occupy Gotham.

## References
## Other websites
* Blackgate Penitentiary at DC Comics Wiki
Chairlift

]]
A **chairlift**, also called an **elevated passenger ropeway**, is a type of public transport. It is like a chair that runs on cables. The cable is placed over the chair to lift it from the ground and they run between two (or more) stations. The cable is moved around by motors and lifted from the ground by towers. There are many chairs on the cable so that many people can be transported.

Chairlifts are found in skiing resorts, where they help skiers go up the mountain. They are sometimes better than gondola lifts because the skier does not need to remove the skis. They can sit down on the chair and then leave it at the top of the mountain very quickly. Old chairlifts are small and slow. Newer ones can carry up to eight people. They are also faster overall, but they slow down at the station, making it easier to get on and off. Sometimes they even have a glass bubble that can be closed to keep people warm inside.

## Related pages 
*Gondola lift
*Cable car
Yasmine Bleeth

**Yasmine Amanda Bleeth** (June 14, 1968 in New York) is an American actress. She works mainly on television programs. She played Caroline Holden in the television soap *Baywatch*. She also did other television shows. She was born in New York City.
Gena Lee Nolin

**Gena Lee Nolin** (born November 29, 1971, Duluth, Minnesota) is an American actress. She performs mostly on television. She starred in the primetime television soap opera *Baywatch*. She also created her own show, *Sheena*, in 2000.
Laura Leighton

**Laura Leighton** (July 24, 1968 in Iowa City, Iowa) is an American actress. She works mainly on television programs. She plays Ashley Marin in *Pretty Little Liars*. She also played Sydney Andrews in the primetime soap opera *Melrose Place*. Leighton has also appeared in other television shows.

## References
Arkham Asylum

**Arkham Asylum** is a fictional asylum in Gotham City where the crazy Batman criminals live. It appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. This includes: The Joker, Bane, Two-Face, Harley Quinn, Poison Ivy, Mr. Freeze, Riddler, Penguin, Scarecrow, Killer Croc, and Jeremiah Arkham. The leading doctor of Arkham was Jeremiah Arkham before turning into the second Black Mask. Arkham was destroyed many times and many times the criminals escaped.

## In other media 
It has appeared in the movies, television series, and video games as well. Arkham appeared in *Batman Forever*, *Batman & Robin* and in *Batman Begins*. Besides, *Batman: Arkham Asylum* is an acclaimed action-adventure videogame created in 2009, followed by *Batman: Arkham City* (2011) as the prequel called *Batman: Arkham Origins* (2013) and the most recent installment *Batman: Arkham Knight* (2015), which are set in the Batman universe, specifically in this fictional place.

## References
## Other websites
* Arkham Care 
* Batman-On-Film.com BOF's review of Arkam Asylum, A Serious House on a Serious Earth
* Official Videogame Website
Show jumping

**Show jumping** is an equestrian event that uses English riding. The rider and horse must complete an obstacle course under the rules of the International Federation of Equestrian sports (FEI).

The sport was born in the 18th century by fox hunters when England introduced fencing laws. Hunters were now obligated to jump fences and this became a very popular activity. In 1912, show jumping made its first appearance in the Olympic Games.

Show jumping is one of the very few sports where men and women are equal in competitions. This sport requires a muscular horse with a good cardiovascular endurance. Also, it must have a quick and stable temperament for the best performance. The breeds that are the most sought for this sport are Selle Français, Anglo-Arabe, Oldenburg, Warmblood (including Holsteiner and Hanoverian), Thoroughbred and Trakehner.

## Rules 
To win the first place, the rider and his horse must complete the course as quickly as possible without making any mistakes. A fault or mistake occurs when the horse knocks down a fence or obstacle or if it disobeys; such as refusing to jump or makes a run-out. In fact, if a fault occurs the rider receives a penalty and loses automatically four points per mistake. Also, a rider can lose some points if he exceeds the given time; a penalty is deduced at each exceeding second. Also, a rider can be eliminated because of a fall down or does not do the course correctly. The course is established in advance by the course designer. A designated judge decides whether the rider is eliminated or not and if he is, the judge decides when.

The riders who complete a course without any mistake can go to the next step, which is the jump-off. It is a shorter race: again the goal is to complete the course as quickly as possible and without making any mistake. The rider who has the best time wins the competition. If mistakes are made, seconds are added to the final time and this is why only the time score determines the winners.

## References
Diverticulitis

**Diverticulitis** is a disease of the digestive system. It is caused by inflammation of pouches (diverticula) in the walls of the bowel. It usually occurs in the large intestine. Diverticula can also be in the upper digestive tract at the level of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine.

## Symptoms
Symptoms of diverticulitis depend on the extent of inflammation in the intestine. Diverticulitis can be very painful. The pain is usually present in the lower abdomen on the left side. People with diverticulitis can also have nausea, vomiting, difficulty or pain while passing urine and changes in bowel habits.

## Complications
One of the complications of diverticulitis can be the formation of an abscess in the abdominal cavity. The inflammation or infection can then reach the abdominal wall and causes peritonitis. This infection can also spread to other parts of the body such as organs near the intestine, causing sepsis, which is dangerous. In addition, a fistula may form between the intestine and other organs. Diverticulitis may also cause a blockage in the colon.

## Prevention
To prevent diverticulitis, it is important to be active and to have a diet rich in fibers. These include eating (fruits, vegetables, legumes and cereals). It is also possible to reduce the risks of diverticulitis in several ways: chew foods before swallowing, defecate as soon as you feel the need, eat less fats and meats, do more physical activities, eat probiotics and drink water regularly.

## Diagnosis
To diagnose diverticulitis, it is important to do a barium enema X-ray to see the shape of the intestine wall.  Diverticula can be seen with a axial tomographie scan (CT scan). It is also possible to prescribe an abdominal radiograph to indicate if there is a perforation. After the acute phase or absence of acute diverticulitis, the doctor can prescribe a colonoscopy to look at the colon and determine the evolution of the disease.

## References
Islamic philosophy

**Islamic philosophy**  is philosophy that is practiced in countries where Islam has a strong influence on society. The product of Islamic philosophy is an Islamic society.  Philosophy, as a "project of independent philosophical inquiry", began in Baghdad in the middle of the eighth century.

Early Islamic philosophy refers to the time period of the 8th to the 12th century. This time is often called the Islamic Golden Age. There are two main branches of philosophy, Kalam, and Falsafa. Falsafa is a word that comes from Greek; it refers to the kind of philosophy much like it was done in Ancient Greece. Kalam literally means "speech": it uses dialectic in philosophy. One of the first "discussions" was about free will, a school called "Qadar" said there was free will, another school called the Jabarites said there was not.

## References
Great highland bagpipe

The **Great Highland bagpipe** is a four-reed woodwind instrument from Scotland. The instrument is made of a leather or synthetic bag. The three drones are single-reed instruments and make harmonies. The chanter is a double-reed instrument used to play the melody. The instrument also has a blowpipe used to inflate the bag.
  
## Bag and blowpipe
The bag is filled with air by the player to inflate it and flow air into the drones and the chanter. The bag used to be made of leather (sheepskin or cow) but is now commonly made of synthetic material (Gore-Tex) for the ease of maintenance. The blowpipe is a simple pipe used to inflate the bag with the player’s breath.  

## Drones
The great highland bagpipe has three drones used for harmonies. The big one is called a “bass drone” and the two little one are called the tenors. These three drones are tuned on the same note and give the background sound that harmonizes with the chanter. The length of the drones can be adjusted to tune them. If the length is shorten, the pitch will be sharper, if it’s lengthen, the pitch will be lower.    

## Chanter
The chanter is a conical bored instrument with height holes in it. This instrument has been  made of wood since the instrument's origin but is now made of plastic in some cases. The player opens or closes some of these holes with his fingers to give the melody.

## References
Moral equivalence

**Moral equivalence** is a term used in political arguments or debate. It is an informal fallacy.  The phrase describes a kind of indirect proof, but the reasoning is flawed because it distorts issues.  It draws comparisons between different things to make a point that one is just as bad as the other or just as good as the other.

The user of the term imagines a kind of independent position above or beyond the two contenders.  The moral equivalence theory allows someone using the term to appear both objective and detached at the same time.

The general form of the context for the use of the trope is 
* The actions of A are morally equivalent to the actions of B, therefore A is just as good or bad as B, regardless of what the actual actions are. 
* Doing X is morally equivalent to doing Y, therefore someone doing X is just as good or bad someone doing Y, regardless of what X and Y actually are.

The concept of moral equivalence is not a term of philosophy; rather, it is only a logical fallacy used in arguments.

## History
It is usually used to suggest a moral or ethical hierarchy for two sides in a conflict -- that one is better or worse than the other. The term originates from a 1906 speech *The Moral Equivalent of War* by William James.

The term's popular use was expanded by Jeane Kirkpatrick, who was US ambassador to the United Nations when  Ronald Reagan was President of the United States. In 1986, Kirkpatrick published "The Myth of Moral Equivalence" which responded to the argument that there was "no moral difference" between the Soviet Union and democratic states.

## Related pages
* False analogy
* Apples and oranges
* Morality
* Ethics

## References
Louise Fletcher

**Estelle Louise Fletcher** (July 22, 1934 – September 23, 2022) was an American actress. She won many awards for her television and movie acting. She is most famous for playing the main antagonist "Nurse Ratched" in the movie ''One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest* (1975). That earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress, a BAFTA Award, and a Golden Globe Award in 1976. She was also well known for her role as the Bajoran religious leader "Kai Winn Adami" in the television series *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* (1993–99). She acted in many other movies and television series.

Fletcher studied dramatic arts at the University of North Carolina, then moved to Los Angeles and acted in 1950s television series. She married the producer Jerry Bick in 1960 and quit acting to raise their two sons.  Fletcher and her family moved to London in 1967. Later, in the 1970s, she tried to return to acting but at first was unsuccessful. Finally, Robert Altman persuaded her to act in his crime drama, Thieves Like Us (1974).  The film was produced by her husband, making her fear being accused of nepotism.

When Fletcher accepted her Oscar for *One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' she ended her speech in sign language in recognition of  her parents' disability.  Alhough Fletcher never received a part as memorable as Nurse Ratched in later life, she continued to act throughout her life.

On September 23, 2022, Fletcher died at her home in Montdurausse, France, at the age of 88.

## References
## Other webbsites
* 
* 
*
Condenser (apparatus)

]]
A **condenser** is a type of laboratory glassware. It is used to condense hot gases into liquids. A condenser is usually a long, circular glass tube. Inside the tube, there is another, smaller tube. The hot gas goes through the smaller inside tube surrounded by cold water from the outside. Cold water surrounds the smaller tube to lower the temperature of the gas inside the smaller tube. The cold water will keep getting replaced in the larger tube so that the cold water can keep removing heat from the gas.

A condenser is used for example in distillation, where the hot vapour needs to be cooled down back to liquid to be collected. It is also used in reflux where it makes sure that the solvent used does not boil and go away.
Margaret Whiting

**Margaret Whiting** (July 21, 1924 - January 10, 2011) was a US pop music singer. She recorded more than 700 songs, and sold millions of records.

Whiting was born in Detroit in 1924 into a musical family. Her father, Dick Whiting, was a song writer, and her mother, Eleanor Whiting, managed several performers. She began her recording career while she was still a teenager. Her father had worked with Johnny Mercer, and Mercer wrote songs and recorded with Whiting. Their duet, ''Baby It's Cold Outside'', was huge hit.

## References
Batmobile

'', directed by Christopher Nolan.]]
The **Batmobile** is a fictional car appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. It is the personal car for Batman and Robin. The Batmobile was made from Wayne Enterprises by Lucius Fox. The Batmobile appeared in all Batman movies ever made, but in Christopher Nolan's *The Dark Knight Trilogy* it was named **The Tumbler** throughout the trilogy. The Batmobile holds many weapons and gadgets.

## In other media 
The Batmobile has been adapted to different forms of media, including toys, movies, television series, and video games.

## References
## Other websites
*1989 Batmobile Replica from Batman Movies 
*The History of the Batmobile
*Batman: Yesterday, Today and Beyond
*1966 Bat Fan
*Batmobile - Batman Wiki
Pauline Gill

**Pauline Gill** is a writer from Quebec, member of . She grew up in Bas-St-Laurent and lived in Longueil for thirty-three years. She has been in Verchères since 2006.  She studied sociology, pedagogy, history and letters at university. From 1996 to 2001, Pauline Gill was a linguistic reviser for the Collège Rosemont and some publishing houses. She co-founded  in 1988, so she wrote some chronicles in its newspaper by the years.  In 2001, she has been co-scenarist to produce a television series on her trilogy ''*.  Pauline Gill has accomplished a lot of things in her life.
     
Before starting only writing, she taught a lot (1959-1996) in primary schools, high schools and colleges. She taught sociology, gerontology and history of Quebec. She has also been a research assistant for the INRS (Briefly, ), sector society and culture. Since 1990, she has been writing full time. She writes history books that talk about women of the past who built Quebec. She wrote the trilogy *Docteure Irma'', about the life of Irma LeVasseur, first French Canadian woman who has studied medicine. She also wrote '**, which is about Victoire Du Sault, the first lady to become a shoemaker. Other works are **', '**, and **'.

However, she not only wrote about history. She has also written for young people.

## Works
* La porte ouverte, Éditions du Méridien, 1990.
* Les enfants de Duplessis, 1991.
* Le château retrouvé, 1996.
* Dans l'attente d'un OUI, 1997
* Guide pour les aidants naturels, 1999
* La Cordonnière, 1998
* La jeunesse de la cordonnière 1999
* Le testament de la cordonnière, 2000
* Béni des dieux, 2000
* Réveil brutal à la forêt de Bonamandou, 2001
* Et pourtant elle chantait, 2001
* Les fils de la cordonnière, 2003
* La saga de la cordonnière, 2003
* Marie-Antoinette la dame de la rivière Rouge, 2005
* Docteure Irma, tome 1 - La louve blanche, 2006
* Dans les yeux de Nathan 2006 (Jeunesse)
* Le miracle de Juliette 2007 (Jeunesse)
* Évangéline et Gabriel, 2007
* Docteure Irma, tome 2 - L'Indomptable, 2008
* Docteure Irma, tome 3 - La soliste, 2009
* Gaby Bernier 2012

## References
Hiroyuki Imaishi

is an animator and director from Japan. He first worked on the show *Neon Genesis Evangelion* in 1995. He also worked on *FLCL*. He also directed the movie *Dead Leaves* and the giant robot show *Tengen Toppan Gurren Lagann*. His style of animation is wild and fast.
Jason Voorhees

**Jason Voorhees** is a fictional character from the *Friday the 13th series*. He first appeared in *Friday the 13th* (1980) as a young boy. When he was a boy, he went to a summer camp "Camp Crystal Lake" where he was bullied because of his appearance. He had a deformed face and body. They threw him into the lake and he drowned. It was later discovered he survived and became a killer after a teenager killed his mother, Pamela Voorhees.

In the sequel to the Friday the 13th, he wears a tan colored hood, so that nobody could see his face. It wasn't until in the third movie he wore a hockey mask and since then he wore that hockey mask throughout the series. He uses a machete to kill the teenagers who come to Camp Crystal Lake. He later had a battle with Freddy Krueger in *Freddy vs. Jason*.

## References
## Other websites
* *The Many Faces of Jason*&nbsp;– a look at the various shots of Jason behind the mask
University of Bordeaux 1

The **University of Bordeaux 1** (**Bordeaux 1**) is a public university in Bordeaux. University of Bordeaux 1 has ten schools and colleges and gives much importance to scientific and technological research. 

## References
## Other websites
* Bordeaux I , official web site
John McClane

**John McClane** is a fictional character who is the protagonist of *Die Hard* movie series. He has a daughter Lucy and son Jack.

He was born in Plainfield, New Jersey. In the movies, he is played by the actor Bruce Willis.
Mike Ward (comedian)

**Michael John Ward** (born September 14, 1973, Quebec) is a Canadian comedian. He performs mostly in Quebec but has also performed in many other countries. These include France, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Ireland and England. He has performed for the Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan. People have described his style of comedy as very "raw". This can mean that he says things that some people wouldn't say and has many strong opinions about many subjects. But it also means he says things that some people don't like. He talks about topics such as war, racism, poverty, sex and religion. 

During his career, he has had two major shows. These are "Haïssable" and "Mike Ward s'eXpose". For these two shows, he sold almost 200 000 tickets in total for his many performances. He been on many television series as comedian and animator. He has been on *Cliptoman*, *Un gars le soir*, *Gala juste pour rire* and * Testostérone*.

He also has a podcast on iTunes. 

## Controversy 
Because of his humour, Mike Ward had been the subject of many controversies. One of these affected many people in Quebec. During one of his shows, he did a joke on the Quebec government. In this joke, he talked about "Cédrika Provencher". A few weeks after the show, a journalist wrote a negative newspaper article about the show. Some people thought that Ward was making fun of Provencher but other people think that the joke was taken out of context.

## TV series 
A TV show featuring Mike Ward, premiered first on Nickelodeon in August 1, 2016 and on Teletoon on August 31, 2016. It also prmeiered on CITV in the UK. The show follows Mike Ward in his randomnist show, A 8 year-old logo featuring Disney made it's whole show cameo. The show prmeiered on it's sister channel Nicktoons. All episodes we're avabile on the Nick.com app.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official biography
Kebechet

In the Ancient Egyptian religion, **Kebechet** (also known as Qebehet, Kebhut, Kebehut, Qebehut, and Kabechet) was the goddess of  and purification. She was known as the "wandering goddess" or the "lost child". She was the daughter of Anubis and his wife Anput and was thought to help her father in his role as the god of embalming. She was particularly associated with embalming fluid used during mummification.

Kebechet was often depicted as a snake, sometimes with a body of stars. She was also depicted as a woman with the head of a snake. Sometimes she takes the form of an ostrich, linking her to the goddess of Ma´at who represented justice and balance in the universe and was involved in the judgement of the dead.
Gena Rowlands

**Virginia Cathryn** "**Gena**" **Rowlands** (; June 19, 1930 &ndash; August 14, 2024) was an American actress. She won several Golden Globe and Emmy Awards. She starred opposite Robert Lansing in *The 87th Precinct* as a woman who was deaf. She also acted in the 1980 picture *Gloria* as the title character. In 2004, she starred as old Allie in *The Notebook*.

In November 2015, Rowlands received an Honorary Academy Award in recognition of her unique screen performances.

## Early life
Rowlands was born on June 19, 1930, in Madison, Wisconsin. She was raised in Washington, D.C., Milwaukee, Wisconsin and in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She left for New York City to study drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

## Personal life
Rowlands was married to director John Cassavetes from 1954 until his death in 1989. They had three children, including director Nick Cassavetes. In 2012, Rowlands married businessman Robert Forrest.

In June 2024, it was revealed that Rowlands had been living with Alzheimer's disease for the past five years. She died from the disease at her home in Indian Wells, California, on August 14, 2024, at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*
Spring Breakers

***Spring Breakers*** is a 2012 American movie set in St. Petersburg, Florida. The movie is written and directed by Harmony Korine. It is about four college-aged girls who rob a restaurant to pay for spring break expenses. Starring are Vanessa Hudgens, Selena Gomez, Ashley Benson, and Rachel Korine. *Spring Breakers* is rated R by the MPAA.
Heather Morris

**Heather Elizabeth Morris** (born February 1, 1987 in Thousand Oaks, California) is an American dancer, actress, and singer. She played Brittany Pierce in *Glee*. She was also in *Bedtime Stories* and *Ice Age: Continental Drift*. She was a backup dancer for Beyoncé.
Pascal's law

'''Pascal's law** is a law about the physics of a fluid. It says that if pressure is exerted on a non compressible fluid in an enclosed vessel, this pressure will be distributed evenly throughout the fluid. It is named after Blaise Pascal who discovered it in 1647. An example of **Pascal's law''' is the way a fluid flows out of one syringe to another through a pipe or tube.