open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Plain English Campaign

**Plain English Campaign Limited** (PEC) is a commercial editing and training firm based in the United Kingdom. It was started in 1979 by Chrissie Maher. The company advocates for the use of simple ("plain") English. It tries to persuade organisations in the UK and abroad to communicate with the public simply. In 1990, Plain English Campaign created the Crystal Mark, its "seal of approval." This is a symbol printed on documents which the Plain English campaign thinks are very easy to understand. According to the Plain English Campaign, the symbol appears on over 20,000 documents worldwide.

The Plain English Campaign also gives out an annual "Foot in Mouth Award" for "a baffling comment by a public figure." The name of this award comes from a humorous English idiom. If a person has their "foot in their mouth," that means they are speaking badly and not paying attention to what they are saying. The plain English Campaign also gives out a "Golden Bull Award" for "the worst examples of written tripe". The name of this award also comes from a common English idiom. "Bull" is short for "bullshit," which literally means the excrement of a bull, but is often used to mean stupid, dishonest or unbelievable speech or writing. The word "tripe," similar to "bullshit," has both a literal and a figurative meaning. Literally, it means a food made from an animal's stomach lining. As it is used here, "tripe" means something very close to "bullshit."

In other words, the Plain English Campaign's "Foot in Mouth Award" is given to someone famous who speaks stupidly. The "Golden Bull Award" is given to someone famous who writes stupidly. Both awards are sarcastic. They are different from normal awards because they criticise, rather than honor, the people they are given to. Famous winners of the Foot in Mouth Award include George W. Bush and Donald Rumsfeld.

Plain English Campaign has worked for many organisations. Many UK forms and bills carry the Crystal Mark, including the British passport application form. Plain English Campaign is often described in the media as a "pressure group." 

It regularly makes public comments about language-related news stories and about jargon. For example, in 2006 its supporters voted Bill Shankly the author of the greatest football quotation of all time. Plain English Campaign did a survey in 2004 and announced that ‘At the end of the day’ was considered the most irritating cliché. Chrissie Maher, who created Plain English Campaign, was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1994 for her services to plain communication. Famous supporters of PEC include Margaret Thatcher and broadcaster John Humphrys.

## Other websites
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* 
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Karen Walker

**Karen Delaney St. Croix Popeil Finster Walker** or **Karen Delaney** was a character on the NBC television series *Will & Grace*. She was played by Megan Mullally. Karen was a friend with gay actor and dancer, Jack McFarland. She was in a relationship with Stanley Walker but ended it and married Beverley.  

Karen appears with Megan Mullally in *The Megan Mullally Show*.
Bart Simpson

**Bartholomew Jo-Jo "Bart" Simpson** is a fictional character in *The Simpsons*. At the age of 10, he is the oldest child of three children to Marge and Homer Simpson. He is the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart is someone who does not like school. At the time when The Simpsons was launched T-shirts were released that had a picture of Bart saying "Underachiever. And proud of it". Nancy Cartwright is the voice of Bart. Bart had a 10 year old love interest named Nikki. He's a skateboarder. He made his first appearance in the Simpson short, "Good Night", on *The Tracey Ullman Show*.

He likes to ride on a skateboard and makes prank phone calls to Moe's Tavern to annoy the owner, Moe Szyslak.

## School 
Bart goes to Springfield School along with his 8-year-old sister Lisa.  Bart often gets grade Fs in school, whereas Lisa gets A grades. At Springfield Elementary, Bart's best friend is Milhouse Van Houten. Bart has received detention multiple times, and during the start of the show he is seen writing things repeatedly on a blackboard as a form of punishment. He is a good pranker.

## Name 
The character of Bart is an anagram of brat. Matt Groening was going to name the character Matt, but he realized that would be a giveaway, so he decided to name him Bart.
Bart

**Bart** may refer to:

* Bay Area Rapid Transit a transportation organization for the San Francisco Bay Area
* Berkshire Arts & Technology Charter Public School (BArT), located in Adams, Massachusetts
* Bartholomew
* Bart Simpson
Alpha

**Alpha** (uppercase/lowercase **Α α**), is the first letter of the Greek alphabet, used to stand for the "a" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 1. Letters that came from it are the Roman A and Cyrillic А.

Alpha is often used in physics and chemistry as a symbol or in the names of things, for example alpha particles (which are two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle the same as a helium nucleus). The symbol is also used a lot in mathematics in algebra, for example in naming angles, and in statistics, to represent statistical significance level.

Alpha is also used in the modern day as a slang term to describe someone who is superior to another.  It gets it roots from an Alpha Male, or a wolf that is the head of the pack.  Additionally, alpha can refer to Generation Alpha.

## Related pages 
* Alpha male
* NATO phonetic alphabet
* Generation Alpha

## References
Preonzo

**Preonzo** was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

## References 
## Other websites
Beta

**Beta** (uppercase/lowercase **Β β**), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "b" sound in Ancient Greek and "v" in Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. Letters that came from it include the Roman B and Cyrillic Б.

The sounds [b] and [v] resemble each other a lot. In Ancient Greek the "b" sound became "v" around 200 BC. Therefore, the letter B means the "v" sound in the Cyrillic alphabet, and a new letter, Б, was made for [b]. 

The letter beta is also used in finance, science and mathematics. For example. the beta function is named after the capital letter Β, and the probability of type II error in statistics is written with the lowercase β.

## Related pages 
* Beta decay
* Beta particle

## References
Gamma

**Gamma** (uppercase/lowercase **Γ γ**), is the third letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "g" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 3. Letters that came from it include the Roman G, Roman C, and Cyrillic Г.

In mathematics, the lowercase γ is used to represent Euler–Mascheroni constant, and the uppercase Γ is used to represent gamma function and gamma distribution. 

In physics, gamma rays (γ-rays) are a kind of radiation that result from nuclear decay. In the physics and engineering, gamma is used to represent many different things, depending on the subject. 

## Related pages 
* Digamma

## References
Vajrayana

**Vajrayana** is one of the major schools of Buddhism. It is sometimes called esoteric Buddhism. It later spread to Mongolia and Bhutan. Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1959, the Tibetan form of Vajrayana has spread to many Western countries and has gained great popularity.

Vajrayana is a third and separate major school of Buddhism, the other two being Theravada and Mahayana. Vajrayana Buddhism comes from Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism has its own texts in the Tibetan and Sanskrit languages. It also contains the older Mahayana texts in Sanskrit and Theravada texts in the Pali language.

Vajrayana is sometimes known as **Tantric Buddhism** in the west. Tantric practice is one kind of Vajrayana Buddhism, but there are also other forms. 

Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as "**The** **Diamond Vehicle".**

## Features of Vajrayana 
The main features of Vajrayana are:
*The use of mantras, a form of chanting
*Strong focus on the guru, or teacher
*The importance of meditation, including concentration techniques such as the visualization of bodhisattvas.

Followers are introduced to these practices through initiation which is also called empowerment.

## Tibetan Vajrayana 
There are four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism: Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk. All four schools identify themselves as belonging to the Mahayana or "Great Vehicle" tradition, which is the most popular form of Buddhism in China, Korea and Japan.

### Levels of practice 
In the *ancient* or Nyingma school, the teachings are divided into six levels:
*Outer Tantras
**Kriyayoga
**Charyayoga
**Yogatantra
*Inner Tantras *(Anuttarayogatantra)*
**Mahayoga
**Anuyoga
**Atiyoga (also known as Dzogchen)

The *new* schools (Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk) divide the teachings into only four levels. The first three are the same as in the Nyingma school. The last level is simply called Anuttarayogatantra ("Highest Yoga Tantra"). These Highest Yoga Tantras are divided into "mother", "father" and "non-dual" tantras. The new schools use a practice called Mahamudra in place of Dzogchen.

## Other websites 
* The Berzin archive, Archive on texts and teachings of Vajrayana, Tibetan Buddhism, Islam and Bon
* Himalayan Art Resources, an online educational resource with over 30,000 images of Vajrayana art and ritual implements
Eta

**Eta** (uppercase/lowercase **Η η**) is a letter of the Greek alphabet. In very early Greek writing it stood for the consonant sound "h", but in Classical Greek it stood for a long vowel "e". In Modern Greek, it is pronounced as "i". In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 8. Letters that came from it include the Roman H and Cyrillic И.

In mathematics, the lowercase η is used to represent Dirichlet eta function. The same letter is also used to represent conformal time in cosmology, efficiency in telecommunications and elasticity in economics.

## Related pages 
* Heta

## References
Digamma

**Digamma** or **Wau** (uppercase/lowercase/numeral **Ϝ ϝ ς**) was an old letter of the Greek alphabet. It was used before the alphabet converted its classical standard form. It looked like a Latin "F", but it was pronounced like "w". In the 5th century BC, people stopped using it because they could no longer pronounce the sound "w" in Greek. However, they kept it as a sign for the number "6" in the system of Greek numerals. It was originally called "Wau" because of its sound. Later, when the sound was lost, it was called "Digamma", which means "double Gamma", because it looks like a Gamma (Γ) with two hooks. The Latin letter F was also taken over from Wau.

In mathematics, the name "digamma" is used in digamma function, which is the derivative of the logarithm of gamma function (that is, (\ln \Gamma (z) )').

## References 
## Other websites 
*Perseus Project: lexicon search for words starting with or containing digamma
Theta

**Theta** (uppercase **Θ** / lowercase **θ**), is a letter in the Greek alphabet. It represents the "th" sound (as in "think") in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9. The Cyrillic letter Ѳ came from theta.

In mathematics, the lowercase θ is used as a variable to represent an angle, and the uppercase Θ is used in big-theta notation (a variant of big-O notation). The lowercase θ is also used to represent the potential temperature in meteorology.

## References
Iota

**Iota** (uppercase/lowercase **Ι ι**), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "i" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 10. Letters that came from it include the Roman I and Cyrillic І.

In mathematics, the lowercase \iota is used to represent the inclusion function in set theory. The term "iota" is also used to refer to an infinitesimal amount or an insignificant quantity.

## Related pages 
* I (letter)

## References
Heta

**Heta** (uppercase/lowercase '''''') is another name for the letter Eta (Η), a letter of the Greek alphabet, and also for some other variant forms of it. This name is used to show that this letter at first was pronounced as "h", just like in Latin. Later, in the Ionian dialect of Greek, people stopped pronouncing the sound "h", and therefore they gave the letter a new meaning and used it for a long "e" sound instead. Some other dialects then took over this new letter "Eta", and so they had to find a new form for the letter for "h". In some dialects they invented a new letter "" to stand for "h". Today, the name "Heta" is also used for this letter.
Mu (letter)

**Mu** (uppercase/lowercase **Μ μ**) is a letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "m" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 40. Letters that came from it include the Roman M and Cyrillic М.

In mathematics and statistics, the lowercase μ is used to represent population mean and the Möbius function. It is also used to represent coefficient of friction, micrometre and muon in physics.

## Related pages 
* Mu (unit of area)

## References
Lambda

**Lambda** (uppercase/lowercase **Λ λ**) is a letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "l" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 30. Letters that came from it include the Roman L and Cyrillic Л. 

In mathematics, the lowercase λ is used as a variable for eigenvalues in linear algebra, and as the parameter of both exponential distribution and Poisson distribution. In physics, the same symbol is used as a variable representing wavelength. 

## Related pages 
* Anonymous function, where the word "lambda" is used

## References
Flag of Haiti

The **flag of Haiti** was adopted on February 25, 1986. The flag has two horizontal bands of equal height; the top stripe is blue and the bottom is red. In the center there is a white rectangle with the Coat of Arms of Haiti which consists of a palm tree with several flags at its sides. There are two cannons on either side of the palm tree. The civil flag and the ensign (the one used by commercial ships) do not have a coat of arms.

The Haitian flag was created by the revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1803 from the French flag (the *Tricolore*); he eliminated the white stripe and left only the blue and red stripes in the new flag.

From May 25 1964 to February 25 1986, during the dictatorship of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, the country had a different flag, in red and black, and divided vertically, not horizontally.

## Other websites 
* The Louverture Project: Flag of Haiti
Coat of arms of Haiti

The first **coat of arms of Haiti** was created in 1807, and has appeared in its current form since 1986.

It has a palm, with several flags at its sides, and two cannons on a green lawn. On the lawn there are several objects, such as musical instruments (a snare drum and bugles), guns, and ship anchors. Above the palm tree, there is a Phrygian cap placed as a symbol of freedom.  

The ribbon on the bottom displays the national motto: ''L'Union Fait La Force'' (French for "Union Makes Strength").
Pi (letter)

**Pi** (uppercase/lowercase **Π π**), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "p" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it had a value of 80. Letters that came from it include the Roman P and Cyrillic П.

In mathematics, the uppercase pi is used for the Pi product operator (for example. \Pi_{i=1}^5 i  = 5!), similar to the way summation is used. The lowercase pi is used as the mathematical constant pi, also known as Archimedes's constant.

## Related pages 
* Phi
* Tau

## References
Xi

**Xi** (uppercase/lowercase **Ξ ξ**) is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "x" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 60. The Roman letter X and Cyrillic letter Ѯ came from Xi.

In mathematics, both uppercase Ξ and lowercase ξ are used to refer to variants of Riemann Xi function (itself a variant of Riemann zeta function). In physics, the uppercase Ξ is used to represent the cascade particle and xi baryon.

## References
Rho

**Rho** (uppercase/lowercase **Ρ ρ**) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "r" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 100. Letters that came from it include the Roman R and Cyrillic Р.

In statistics, the lowercase Rho ("ρ") is used to represent population correlation. In physics, the same letter is used to represent density.

## Related pages 
* Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, represented by ρ

## References
Nu (letter)

**Nu** (uppercase/lowercase **Ν ν**) is a letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "n" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 50. Letters that came from it include the Roman N and Cyrillic Н.

In statistics, the lowercase \nu can be used to represent degrees of freedom. In physics, the same letter can also used to represent kinematic viscosity and the frequency of a wave.

When typesetting mathematics, sometimes the roman lowercase v is used in conjunction with \nu, sometimes leading to problems with both letters being indistinguishable from each other in some fonts.

## Related pages 
* Mu (letter)

## References
Koppa (Greek letter)

**Koppa** or **Qoppa** (uppercase/lowercase '***) was a letter of the Greek alphabet that was used in some Greek cities before the alphabet got its classic standard form. It is no longer used in normal writing today. It was pronounced as "k", just like Kappa (Κ). In the 5th century BC, people stopped using it and it fell out of use. Kappa then replaced it. In the order of the letters in the alphabet, it came between Pi and Rho, just like in the Latin alphabet the letter Q comes between P and R. However, they kept Koppa as a sign for the number "90" in the system of Greek numerals, but in a third numerical form. People still sometimes use it in this way, even though they do not use it as a letter to write words.

The letter Koppa at first looked like a circle with a small bar under it. Later it was written more like a pointed S. (**Ϟ**, **ϟ*')

The letter Q in the Latin alphabet and the letter Ҁ in the Cyrillic alphabet come from Koppa. 

## Other websites 
*Koppa (alphabetic use)
*Koppa (numeric use)
Tau

**Tau** (uppercase/lowercase **Τ τ**), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "t" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it had a value of 300. Letters that came from it include the Roman T and Cyrillic Т.

## Other Uses 
Many mathematicians believe Tau should be used in place of Pi, the special number that comes from circles. Tau would be equal to two times pi, or about 6.283.

These people want to use Tau because they think it would be easier for everyone to understand. There are many reasons in math why Tau could be useful or helpful. One of the simplest is that it would make learning about radians easier.

A radian is a way of measuring the angle of a circle. It says that the number of radians in an angle is equal to the length of the outside of the circle, or the 'arc length', that is covered by an angle, divided by the radius, or distance from the point in the center of a circle to anywhere on the outside (see the picture on the bottom right of the page).

If the distance covered around the outside of a circle is equal to the radius, than one radian is being covered. Around the whole outside of a circle, there are about 6.283 radians - or, Tau radians (Tau is just a number, like 0, or 7, or 100).

The advantage of this is that one quarter of a circle would simply become Tau / 4 radians, and one half of a circle Tau / 2 radians, which is more in line with our intuition on circles (see also the drawing below).

Not many people use Tau yet, but more and more are.

## Related pages 
* Tau lepton

## References
Epsilon

**Epsilon** (uppercase/lowercase **Ε ε**), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "e" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 5. Letters that came from it include the Roman E and Cyrillic Е. It is also used in calculus to represent a very small number (particularly in proofs involving limit). In set theory, a typographical variant of epsilon can be used to represent the statement "a is a member of set A" (symbolically a \in A).

(A little fact: The Ypsilon is the only letter of the alphabet that you can divide into syllables: Y-psi-lon)

## Related pages 
* Delta
* Limit of a sequence, where epsilon is used

## References
Phi

**Phi** (uppercase/lowercase **Φ φ**), is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "ph" sound in Ancient Greek. This sound changed to "f" some time in the 1st century AD, and in Modern Greek the letter denotes the "f" sound. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 500. The Cyrillic letter Ф came from Phi. In English, φ is pronounced like "f" but transliterated (re-written) as "ph" in words which originate in Ancient Greek. In those words which originate in Modern Greek, such as feta cheese, φ is transliterated as "f". The letter Phi is used to represent the golden ratio (which is about 1.618).

## Related pages 
* Euler's totient function

## References
Chi (letter)

**Chi** (uppercase/lowercase **Χ χ**) is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "ch" sound (as in Scottish "loch" or German "Bauch") in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 600. Letters that came from it include the Roman X and Cyrillic Х.

In mathematics, the lowercase \chi is used to represent characteristic function, chi-square distribution in statistics and Euler characteristic in geometry.

## Related pages 
* X (letter)

## References
Psi (letter)

**Psi** (uppercase/lowercase **Ψ ψ**) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "ps" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 700. Letters that came from it include Cyrillic Ѱ.

In mathematics, the uppercase \Psi is used as a variable for sets of sentences (in logic), and the lowercase \psi is used to represent the sum of reciprocals of Fibonacci numbers. Other applications include the polygamma function, the gamma function and the super golden ratio.

## Related pages 
* Phi

## References
Sigma

**Sigma** (uppercase/lowercase **Σ σ ς**) is the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "s" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 235. Letters that came from it include the Roman S and Cyrillic С. 
## Mathematics 
The uppercase Σ is the shorthand symbol for summation (the symbol is also known as the summation operator). It is often used to condense Taylor series and to write out trigonometric such as sine, cosine, and tangent as series.

The lowercase σ is used to represent population standard deviation in statistics, and permutation function in abstract algebra.

## Related page 
* Stigma (letter)

## References
Upsilon

**Upsilon** (uppercase/lowercase **Υ υ**), otherwise known as simply **u**, is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "u" sound in Ancient Greek and "i" in Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 400. Letters that came from it include the Roman U, V and Y, and the Cyrillic У.

In mathematics, the uppercase \Upsilon is used to represent the upsilon function (a variant of Riemann zeta function), while the lowercase \upsilon is used as a general variable. In physics, the uppercase \Upsilon is used to represent an upsilon meson. In astrology, the same letter is used for the sign of Aries.

## Related pages 
* U (Cyrillic)

## References
L'Anse aux Meadows

'''L'Anse aux Meadows''' is a historical settlement on the island of Newfoundland in eastern Canada. It was settled by Vikings from Greenland, Iceland, and Norway around the year 1000, almost 500 years before Christopher Columbus came to the Americas. It is the only known Viking place in North America outside of Greenland. The remains of the settlement were discovered in 1960, and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978.http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/index_e.asp
La Dessalinienne

***La Dessalinienne*** (, ; "The Dessalines Song") is the national anthem of Haiti, honoring Jean-Jacques Dessalines. The lyrics (words of the song) were written by Justin Lhérisson and its music composed by Nicolas Geffrard; it was adopted in 1904.

## Lyrics 
### French version 
### Haitian Creole version
## References
## Other websites 
* La Dessalinienne (mp3)
The Wealth of Nations

***An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations*** is better known simply as ***The Wealth of Nations***. It was written by Adam Smith in 1776, who was a Scottish man. It looks at division of work, following self-interest, and freedom of trade.

The book was the beginning of classical economics, and market economics. Smith said that if everyone did what was best for themselves, the result would be best for society. Before that, economics was about the king's personal interests, and the wealth of a nation was measured by the king's treasury or by the gold and silver in the country. 

Smith said what's important is what's best for the whole nation, and that wealth should be measured by the yearly income of the nation. He wanted to discover how wealth can grow, and how people could do things to support that growth. Smith's book said land, labor, and capital were the three "factors of production" and the main contributors to a nation's wealth.

Prices naturally adjust to having more or less of something: supply and demand. If there is too much of something (more supply), prices go down so that people have more reason to buy it. If a lot of people want something (high demand), there may not be enough of it (scarcity); there will be a competition among the people who want to buy it, and some people will agree to pay more to get what they want, and prices go up. 

]]
Smith said markets should be free. At the time, some big companies (like the East India Company) were controlled by the government. Sometimes the rulers made laws that were good for themselves but not for workers or customers. For example, in the American colonies, colonists could grow cotton but were not allowed to make clothing from it. They had to ship it to England to be made into clothing, then buy it back after it was finished. Smith said this was bad for individuals and for society. He thought it was better for money to flow freely and naturally between buyers and sellers without outside interference. Money would naturally go to the sellers who made the best product at the best price. This way if people did what was best for them, it would end up being best for society as a whole, almost like an "invisible hand" was guiding everything.

## References
Omega

**Omega** (uppercase/lowercase **Ω ω**) is the 24th and the last letter of the Greek alphabet. It stood for a long "o" sound in Ancient Greek. It still stands for "o" in Modern Greek, but there is no longer a difference between long and short vowels, so it sounds the same as Omicron. In the system of Greek numerals, it stands for the number 800. 

There was also once a letter "Omega" Ѡ in the Cyrillic alphabet. It was there so people could spell Greek names both in Cyrillic and in Greek in the same way. However, this letter is no longer used today.

In mathematics, the uppercase omega Ω is used in big-Omega notation (a variant of big-O notation). It is also used to represent the Omega constant. In electromagnetism and engineering, the uppercase Ω is used as the symbol for ohms, which are the units of electrical resistance. In physics and other sciences, the lowercase ω is often used to represent angular frequency. 

In modern English, the phrase "From alpha to omega" expresses the idea of "everything".

## Related pages 
* 4 on smallest infinitys

## out ir Chaos 
[[Category:Vowel letter

posty od tego powodu dla studentów konsulting to że to nie 🙂‍↔️ to że to zrobić w tym czasie produkt w skali kraju i tak nie można zainl nie jest wart jest to że i tak 🙂‍↕️ to i owo nie można zainl w tym czasie produkt to jest w stanie idealnym dla szkół ekonomicznych w u nas również czas trwania to omega
Museum of Modern Art

The **Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)** is a modern art museum in New York, New York, United States, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been called the most important museum of modern art in the world. Some of the artists featured at the museum include Jackson Pollock, Vincent van Gogh, Andy Warhol and Robert Indiana.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Museum of Modern Art official site
* Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: Patron of the modern 
* New York Times, 2007: Donors Sweetened Director's Pay At MoMA, Prompting Questions Controversy over the compensation package of MoMA's Director, Glenn D. Lowry.
* Taniguchi and the New MOMA
* Museum Conservation Lab Renovation
Aliteracy

The starting-point for this is to realize that speech is a relative newcomer in human evolution. Recently evolved behaviours are almost always less reliable than long-existing functions. Speech is evolutionarily recent and is unique to humans. Reading is built on speech (presupposes it). If speech itself is an evolutionary novelty, how much more should we expect reading to be a difficult skill?

If that were not enough, the problem of **aliteracy** exists. This is the state of being able to read but being uninterested in doing so. Teachers and school librarians are trying to deal with this problem. 

## Fortune magazine article
Stratford P. Sherman wrote, in a November 18, 1991 article in Fortune magazine, about the need for America to read more.  He began by saying that most Americans could not understand the article.  He referred to a study by John P. Robinson, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, showing that the average American at that time spent only 24 minutes per day in reading.  He mentioned the continuing decline in newspaper sales, and referred to a guess by Leonard Riggio, CEO of Barnes & Noble, that 50% of books sold by his company were never read.  He quoted Samuel Robert Lichter, director of the Center for Media and Public Affairs, on his preference for the ease of turning on the TV instead of reading a book.  Sherman went on, in his article, to mention the growing need for skillful commmunication in American business but also the decreasing quality of the same activity.  He quoted Monsanto CEO Richard Mahoney on the importance of reading in helping a business manager to see connections between events.  He described print media as being first among different media with respect to (1) the amount of information conveyed by so few widely understood symbols, (2) portability, (3) suitability for the user's own speed of use, and (4) economical distribution of broad and deep information which can be used immediately.

Sherman said that Motorola was making preparations to pay $5,000,000 to teach workers reading and other basic skills, and that, since 1982, Ford Motor Company had already sent 32,000 workers on a similar program. He said that Simon & Schuster  predicted a market of $500,000,000 per year in the sales of remedial programs to corporations.  He quoted a spokesman for the National Association of Broadcasters as saying that "the biggest predictor of scholastic success is the time parents spend reading to their children."  However, Sherman said that the amount of time thus spent meant that the outlook was "not bright".   

## Related pages
* Book
* Dyslexia
* Literacy

## Other websites 
* Reducing "Alliteracy" in H.S. Students by Joanne Collison
New Castle, Indiana

**New Castle** is a city in Henry County, Indiana, 44 miles (71&nbsp;km) east of Indianapolis, on the Big Blue River. In 1900, 3,406 people lived in the town; in 1910, 9,446; in 1920, 14,458; and in 1940, 16,620. The population was 17,396 in 2020. The city is the county seat of Henry County. New Castle is home to New Castle Fieldhouse, the largest high school gymnasium in the world.
## References 
## Other websites
* City of New Castle

### News & Media 
* The Courier-Times
* New Castle Online
High fidelity

**High fidelity** or **hi-fi** is a way of describing a very good home music system. "High fidelity" means that the sound is as close to the original as possible with no changes or added noise. People who like hi-fi are sometimes called audiophiles. Hi-fi is often now called "high-end audio".

## History 
In  the 1930s and 1940s, vacuum tubes were used to make radios and electronic amplifiers. Radio was becoming popular, and microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers began to be sold. Manufacturers began to compete to produce the best product. A lot of research was done at Bell Laboratories and products were made by Western Electric.

Then a new kind of vinyl record with less noise and better sound was invented. Manufacturers began to call their equipment and records "high fidelity" to help sell them. In the 1950s, "hi-fi" became the popular term, replacing "phonograph" and "record player".  Rather than playing a record "on the phonograph," people would play it "on the hi-fi".

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Westrex invented the stereo record that used two speakers. This led to more improvements in home audio. The word "stereo" replaced the word "hi-fi." Records were now played on "a stereo". 

Some people bought individual parts (separate speakers and amplifiers), and even built their own equipment. The term "high fidelity" is still used for very good music systems.

## Other websites 
* 
* A Dictionary of Home Entertainment Terms
* Renato Giussani: Optimal Stereo Soundstage and Imaging 
* The High Fidelity Museum
Stereo

**Stereophonic sound**, also simply called **stereo**, is the reproduction of sound using two or more audio  loudspeakers. This creates a pleasant and natural sound heard from various directions, as in natural hearing. 

The word "stereophonic" comes from Greek *stereos* = "solid" and *phōnē* = "sound". It was coined by Western Electric.

In popular usage, **stereo** usually means two-channel sound recording and sound reproduction using data from two speakers. The electronic device for playing back stereo sound is often called "a stereo".
Rankine scale

The **Rankine scale** is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale. It is based around absolute zero. Rankine is similar to the kelvin scale in that it starts at absolute zero and 0 °Ra is the same as 0 K but is different as a change of 1 °Ra is the same as a change of 1 °F (Fahrenheit) and not 1 °C (Celsius). Note that the abbreviation °R is ambiguous, as it can also refer to the Réaumur scale. 

The Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvins (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15&nbsp;°C or −459.67&nbsp;°F. Sometimes the unit is referred to without the degree symbol, similar to the kelvin.

The Rankine scale was originally used in the United States and France.
Tube sound

**Tube sound** (or **valve sound**) is the sound produced by a vacuum tube-based audio amplifier.  All amplifiers distort to some degree; some audiophiles prefer the sound produced by tube amplifiers.  The reasons for the difference in sound between tube and solid state electronic devices is a continuing debate among audiophiles.

## References 
*Hamm, Russell O. Tubes Vs. Transistors: Is There An Audible Difference? in *Journal of The Audio Engineering Society*, presented September 14, 1972, at the 43rd Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, New York.
*Rosenberg, Harvey (2004). Understanding Tube Electronics II .
*Santo, Brian. Volume cranked up in amp debate in *Electronic Engineering Times*, Issue 817, October 3, 1994.
Pop art

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**Pop art** is a modern art movement that developed in the 1950s and 60s. It was created by the Scottish sculptor and artist Eduardo Paolozzi in London, 1952. Andy Warhol, Robert Indiana and Roy Lichtenstein are examples of pop artists.

Pop art has themes and techniques drawn from popular mass culture, such as advertising and comic books. Pop art employs images of popular as opposed to elitist culture in art..

## Origin 
The Independent Group (IG), founded in London in 1951, is regarded as the starting point of the pop art movement. They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who were challenging modernist approaches to culture as well as traditional views of "fine art". The group discussions centered on popular culture implications from such elements as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology.

At the first Independent Group meeting in 1952, co-founding member, artist and sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi presented a lecture using a series of collages titled *Bunk!'' that he had assembled during his time in Paris between 1947–1949. After Paolozzi's seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising.

## Methods 
The artists use mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques which downplay the expressive hand of the artist.

Pop artists went for absolute clarity. Most forms were bordered with black lines as in comic books. The objects are often plain like a poster, and without perspective. The colours are clear, achromatic and primitive colours.

Objects of the everyday life get isolated and modified or processed in collages. Pop art is a connection between reality and art, handled with abstract means. Some of their catchwords are: popular, consumable, cheap, funny and outstanding.
 
Much of pop art is rather academic, as the unconventional organizational practices used often make it difficult for some to understand. Pop art and minimalism are considered to be the last modern art movements and so the precursors to postmodern art, or some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves.

## Famous pop artists 
* Peter Blake
* Jim Dine
* James Gill
* Red Grooms
* Richard Hamilton
* Keith Haring

* David Hockney
* Robert Indiana
* John Joven
* Roy Lichtenstein
* John McHale
* Claes Oldenburg

* Julian Opie
* Eduardo Paolozzi
* Peter Phillips
* Pietro Psaier
* Robert Rauschenberg
* Larry Rivers

* James Rizzi
* James Rosenquist
* George Segal
* Wayne Thiebaud 
* Andy Warhol
* John Wesley
* Tom Wesselmann

## References
Ely, Cambridgeshire

**Ely** (; IPA , rhyming with "freely") is a cathedral city in the East Cambridgeshire district of Cambridgeshire in the east of England and  north north-east of Cambridge.

Ely has been called a city for a long time because it has a cathedral. However, the Royal Charter making it a city was only issued in 1974. Ely's population was 15,102 in 2001. This means Ely is the third smallest city in England. Only after Wells in Somerset and the City of London which are smaller.

The University of Cambridge rowing team has a boathouse on the bank of the river and train there for the annual Boat Race against the University of Oxford.

The 1944 Boat Race was raced on the River Great Ouse near Ely, the only time it has not been held on the River Thames. The race was won by Oxford despite Cambridge being ahead early in the contest.

## Landscape 
Ely is built on an clay which is one of the highest points in the Fens. This is very different to the West of Cambridgeshire which is made up of limestone. The river Great Ouse runs through the city, and is one of the longest rivers in the UK with many others flowing into it. The drainage area of the rivers that form the Great Ouse is around 6000 square miles (16,000 square kilometres). This is five times larger than the Fens itself The landscape was a large marsh until the 18th century, when much of the Fens was drained, making Ely no longer an island. Because of this, the ground around the city is very fertile and most of the region is used for farming. The marshes also had many different animals in them such as the Eel, which the city is named after.

## Climate 
Cambridgeshire is one of the driest counties in Britain. It is protected from coastal wind from the east. It gets an average of 24 inches (600mm) of rain per year. Because of this, Cambridgeshire is warm in summer and cold and frosty in winter.

## References
Omicron

**Omicron** (uppercase/lowercase **Ο ο**), otherwise referred to as **o** for short, is a letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the short "o" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 70. Letters that came from it include the Roman O and Cyrillic О.

In mathematics and computer science, the uppercase Ο is used in big-O notation, while the lowercase ο is used in little-o notation (a variant of big-O notation).

## Related pages 
* O (letter)

## References
Derby (disambiguation)

**Derby** is the county town of Derbyshire. It may also refer to:

## Places 
In Australia:
* Derby, Tasmania
* Derby, Western Australia

In South Africa:
* Derby, South Africa

In the United Kingdom:
* Derby Road railway station, Ipswich, England
* West Derby, Liverpool, England

In the United States:
* Derby, Colorado
* Derby, Connecticut
* Derby, Iowa
* Derby, Kansas
* Derby, New York
* Derby, Vermont
* Derby Line, Vermont

## Sport 
* Derby County F.C., a football club currently playing in the Premier League
* Derby (horse race), a race usually restricted to three year old horses
** Epsom Derby
** German Derby
** Kentucky Derby
** New Zealand Derby
** Victoria Derby

* Local derby, a game between two neighbouring teams
* Demolition derby
* Roller derby
* Soap Box Derby
* Bike derby
* Fishing derby
* Home Run Derby

## Other meanings 
* Apache Derby, a Java relational database management system from Apache Software Foundation (ASF)
* Earl of Derby, a title in the peerage of England
* Derby hat, another name for a bowler hat
* Derby shoe
* Derby cigarettes, a brand of cigarettes sold in some parts of Latin America
* Royal Crown Derby, a pottery factory in Derby, England
* Derby Missile, a beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile developed by RAFAEL Armament Development Authority.
* Derby Records, a record label.
* Sage Derby cheese, a kind of cheese.
Phi (disambiguation)

**Phi** could mean:

*The letter phi
*The golden ratio
*Euler's totient function
* A statistical measure of association reported with the chi-square test
Pi (disambiguation)

**Pi (math)**, **\pi**, or **π**, is the mathematical constant equal to a circle's circumference divided by its diameter.

**Pi** may also refer to:
## Letter Pi (π)
*Pi (letter), the Greek letter
*Lowercase π:
** *π* (film), a 1998 film directed by Darren Aronofsky
** \pi(x)\,\! (pi function), the prime-counting function
** Pi bond
** Osmotic pressure
** A song from the Kate Bush album *Aerial*
** Shorthand for pion
** A men's fragrance from Givenchy
** The symbol for political life used in Boethius' *Consolation of Philosophy*
*Uppercase Π:
** The product symbol
** \Pi(x)\,\! (Pi function), the Gamma function when offset to coincide with the factorial
*** \pi(x)\,\!, the reciprocal of the Pi function

## Pi as a word
* Pi (instrument)
* Pi (.hack), a fictional character from the multimedia franchise *.hack//G.U.*
* *Pi Magazine*
* Pi Recordings, a record label
* "Pi", a song from the Hard 'n Phirm album *Horses and Grasses*; the song ends at 3:14
* Pi, a member of Team Robo in *Sega Soccer Slam*
* Pi, a fictional character in the novel *Life of Pi*
* Pi County, county in Sichuan, China
Gamma (disambiguation)

Gamma is a Greek letter. Used as a symbol or name it may refer to:

## Language
* Latin gamma, used as an IPA symbol for voiced velar fricative, and in the alphabets of African languages.

## Science and Mathematics
The Greek letter gamma is used in both science and mathematics very often.

### Unspecified
* Gamma wave, a type of brain wave
* Lapse rate, the temperature change with height in an atmosphere
* linewidth, relating to uncertainty of mass energy in short-lived particles
* Gamma is an old non-SI name for either a microgram or for a nanotesla, SI units
* Gamma quadra, in Socionics

### Lower case, γ
* Gamma correction, a property of images and video displays
* Gamma ray, also Gamma radiation, an electromagnetic ray
* Adiabatic index, also known as the Heat capacity ratio, the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to that at constant volume.
* Bayer designation, the third brightest star
* Euler-Mascheroni constant, a mathematical constant
* photon, seen as an elementary particle in physics
* Lorentz factor in relativity theory and astronomy
* propagation constant of an electromagnetic wave
* voiced velar fricative in phonetics

### Upper case, Γ
* Gamma distribution, a probability distribution function
* Gamma function, a mathematical function
* Christoffel symbol in General Relativity
* reflection coefficient in electrical engineering
* mathematical finance, where it is a risk measure, or *Greek*
* center of the Brillouin zone
* The Feferman-Schütte_ordinal Γ0

## Technology
* Gamma software, in computer software and video game development
* GM Gamma platform - a subcompact automobile platform by General Motors
* Gamma correction, in video, graphics, color spaces, and photographic imaging
* Elias gamma coding, in computer science, encoding, compression

## Things and places
* Tropical Storm Gamma, an Atlantic tropical storm

## Popular culture
* Brave New World, where it is the third caste
* E-102 Gamma, a video game character
* Gamma (band), a rock band
Chi

**CHI** could mean:

*Chile, the long and narrow South American nation between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean.
*Chicago, the IATA city code for a major US city (sometimes informally written "Chi" or "Chi-town"). Additionally, most Chicago sports teams can be called "CHI" or "Chi" when citing scores, etc.
** Chicago Bears, a National Football League team
** Chicago Blackhawks, a National Hockey League team
** Chicago Bulls, a National Basketball Association team 
** Chicago Cubs, a Major League Baseball team
** Chicago White Sox, a Major League Baseball team
* Child Health International, a UK based charity for children's health (especially Cystic Fibrosis) in poor countries
* Human-Computer Interaction, otherwise known as Computer-Human Interaction (CHI) 
** CHI, an annual, international academic conference on the topic of Computer-Human Interaction
* Chromosomal crossover, in homologous recombination, a viral DNA sequence called a "crossover hotspot instigator" (CHI)
*CHI, Longwood University's, secret honorary society formed in 1900 in Farmville, Virginia
* Closed Head Injury, meaning the skull is not broken.
* Columbia Helicopters, Inc of Aurora, Oregon.  Manufacturer and Operator of heavy lift helicopters
* Chingford railway station, London; National Rail station code CHI

## Chi 
**Chi** could mean:
* Chi, the Greek letter, Χ
** The Chi distribution, which is denoted by \chi
** The Chi-square distribution, which is denoted by \chi ^2
*Chi (kana), a letter used in the Japanese script Hiragana
* *Chi (magazine)*, an Italian magazine based in Milan
* Chi Cheng (musician), Bassist for Deftones
* Chi McBride, actor
* Chi River in North-East Thailand
* Chi, a fictional character in the anime/manga series *Chobits*
* In Igbo mythology in Nigeria, Chi is a god or personification of an individual's fate
* Chi is an  life force in every thing