open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yoshio Kato

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Kato was born in Saitama on August 1, 1957. After graduating from Osaka University of Commerce, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric (later *JEF United Ichihara*) in 1980. The club won the league champions in 1985/86. The club also won 1982 and 1986 JSL Cup. However, he could not play in the game much, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Choei Sato. Kato became a regular goalkeeper in later 1980s. He retired in 1993. He played 87 games in the league.

On June 9, 1980, Kato debuted for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. He played 8 games for Japan until 1981.

After retirement, Kato started coaching career at JEF United Ichihara from 1994. In 2000s, he became a goalkeeper coach for U-17 and U-20 Japan national team. In 2006, he became a goalkeeper coach for Japan national team. He coached Japan until 2010 World Cup under manager Ivica Osim and Takeshi Okada.

## Statistics
|-
|1980||rowspan="12"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="12"|JSL Division 1||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|1981||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|1982||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1983||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1984||3||0||||||||||3||0
|-
|1985/86||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1986/87||17||0||||||||||17||0
|-
|1987/88||19||0||||||2||0||21||0
|-
|1988/89||19||0||||||0||0||19||0
|-
|1989/90||2||0||||||2||0||4||0
|-
|1990/91||1||0||||||5||0||6||0
|-
|1991/92||6||0||||||1||0||7||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="2"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||||||4||0||4||0
|-
|1993||18||0||0||0||3||0||21||0
87||0||0||0||17||0||104||0
87||0||0||0||17||0||104||0
|}

|-
|1980||3||0
|-
|1981||5||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Genki Haraguchi

is a Japanese football player. He plays for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Haraguchi was born in Kumagaya on May 9, 1991. He joined J1 League club Urawa Reds from their youth team in 2008. He played many matches from 2009. He played 167 matches and scored 33 goals until 2014. In June 2014, he moved to German Bundesliga club Hertha. He played many matches until the 2016/17 season. However he lost his position in the 2017/18 season. In January 2018, he moved to 2. Bundesliga club Fortuna Düsseldorf. In June 2018, he moved to Bundesliga club Hannover. The club was relegated to 2. Bundesliga end of the 2018/19 season.

On October 7, 2011, Haraguchi debuted for the Japan national team against Vietnam. He played many matches as left midfielder under manager Vahid Halilhodžić from summer 2015. In 2018, he was selected Japan under manager Akira Nishino for 2018 World Cup. He played 3 matches as right midfielder and scored a goal against Belgium at the round of 16 match. He also participated 2019 Asian Cup. He played all 7 matches and scored 2 goals, Japan won the 2nd place.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Japan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Haraguchi goal.''

## Honours
**Fortuna Düsseldorf**
*2. Bundesliga: 2017–18

**Japan**
*AFC Asian Cup runner-up: 2019
*EAFF East Asian Cup: 2013

**Individual**
* J. League Cup New Hero Award: 2011

## References
Alceu (footballer)

**Alceu** (born 7 May 1984) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.

## Club statistics
*Updated to 23 February 2016*.

## References
*Kashiwa Reysol
Kota Morimura

is a Japanese football player currently playing for Criacao Shinjuku.

## Career statistics
*Updated to end of 2018 season*.

## National team career statistics
### Appearances in major competitions
## References
Hisao Sekiguchi

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Sekiguchi was born in Saitama on October 29, 1954. After graduating from high school, he joined his local club Mitsubishi Motors in 1973. In 1973, the club won the champions Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup. In 1980s, the club also won 1980 Emperor's Cup, 1981 JSL Cup and 1982 Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1988. He played 153 games and scored 36 goals in the league.

On May 23, 1978, Sekiguchi debuted for the Japan national team against Thailand. In July, he also played for Japan. He played 3 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1978.

## Statistics
|-
|1973||rowspan="15"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="15"|JSL Division 1||0||0
|-
|1974||1||0
|-
|1975||2||0
|-
|1976||15||8
|-
|1977||16||5
|-
|1978||18||4
|-
|1979||16||3
|-
|1980||13||5
|-
|1981||11||4
|-
|1982||12||2
|-
|1983||9||1
|-
|1984||13||3
|-
|1985/86||6||0
|-
|1986/87||13||1
|-
|1987/88||8||0
153||36
153||36
|}

|-
|1978||3||1
|-
!Total||3||1
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Kei Uemura

**Kei Uemura** (born 24 September 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="7"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="6"|J. League 2||6||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|2005||2||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2006||9||0||2||0||11||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2010||J. League 1||||||||||||
17||0||3||0||20||0
17||0||3||0||20||0
|}

## References
*Shonan Bellmare
Yukitaka Omi

is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Omi was born in Tokyo Metropolis on December 15, 1952. He joined Yomiuri in 1971. The club was promoted to new division Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1972 and Division 1 in 1978. In 1979, the club won their first major title, JSL Cup. The club won the league champions in 1983 and 1984. The club also won 1984 Emperor's Cup and 1985 JSL Cup. He retired in 1986.

On May 23, 1978, Omi debuted for the Japan national team against Thailand. In 1980, he was selected Japan for 1980 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 6 games for Japan until 1980.

After retirement, Omi started coaching career at Yomiuri (later *Tokyo Verdy*). In July 2001, he became a manager as Yasutaro Matsuki successor. However, he was sacked in April 2002. In April 2005, he signed with Arte Takasaki and managed the club in 1 season.

## Statistics
|-
|1971||rowspan="15"|Yomiuri||Regional Leagues||||||||||||||||
|-
|1972||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 2||18||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||5
|-
|1973||18||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||4
|-
|1974||18||3||||||colspan="2"|-||18||3
|-
|1975||18||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||3
|-
|1976||18||6||2||0||4||0||24||6
|-
|1977||18||3||2||0||4||1||24||4
|-
|1978||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||18||2||2||0||5||0||25||2
|-
|1979||17||1||2||0||4||0||23||1
|-
|1980||18||2||3||0||2||0||23||2
|-
|1981||18||2||5||0||1||0||24||2
|-
|1982||17||0||3||0||1||0||21||0
|-
|1983||18||0||3||0||3||0||24||0
|-
|1984||18||0||5||0||2||0||25||0
|-
|1985/86||12||0||0||0||4||1||16||1
244||31||23||0||30||2||297||33
244||31||23||0||30||2||297||33
|}

|-
|1978||1||0
|-
|1979||0||0
|-
|1980||5||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Takumi Shimohira

**Takumi Shimohira** (born 6 October 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||3||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2008||15||0||2||0||3||0||7||0||27||0
|-
|2009||27||0||3||1||1||0||5||0||36||1
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
45||0||6||1||4||0||12||0||67||1
45||0||6||1||4||0||12||0||67||1
|}

## References
*Gamba Osaka
Kenta Hoshihara

**Kenta Hoshihara** (born 1 May 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

## References
*Gamba Osaka
Kim Tae-yeon (footballer)

**Kim Tae-Yeon** (born 27 June 1988) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||J. League 2||5||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2007||J. League 1||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|2008||Ehime||J. League 2||27||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2009||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||47||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||48||2
|-
|2010||Fagiano Okayama||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
84||2||2||0||1||0||87||2
84||2||2||0||1||0||87||2
|}

## References
Gakuto Kondo

**Gakuto Kondo** (born 10 February 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics
*Updated to 20 February 2018*.

## References
Alexis Ruano Delgado

**Alexis Ruano Delgado** (born 4 August 1985) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Valencia.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Málaga||rowspan="3"|La Liga||3||0
|-
|2004/05||13||0
|-
|2005/06||34||3
|-
|2006/07||Getafe||La Liga||24||2
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Valencia||rowspan="3"|La Liga||14||0
|-
|2008/09||24||1
|-
|2009/10||||
112||6
112||6
|}

## References
Yosuke Ishibitsu

**Yosuke Ishibitsu** (born 23 July 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Vissel Kobe||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||27||1||2||0||3||0||32||1
|-
|2008||28||2||2||0||5||0||35||2
|-
|2009||30||2||3||2||5||1||38||5
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
85||5||7||2||13||1||105||8
85||5||7||2||13||1||105||8
|}

## References
*Vissel Kobe
Matthew (ship)

The ***Matthew*** was a caravel sailed by John Cabot in 1497 from Bristol to North America, presumably Newfoundland.  After a voyage which had got no further than Iceland, Cabot left again with only one vessel, the *Matthew*, a small ship (50 tons), but fast and able.  The crew consisted of only 18 people.  The *Matthew* departed either 2 May or 20 May 1497.  She sailed to Dursey Head (latitude 51°36N), Ireland, from where she sailed due west, expecting to reach Asia.  However, landfall was reached in North America on 24 June 1497.  His precise landing-place is a matter of much controversy, with Cape Bonavista or St. John's in Newfoundland the most likely sites.
Object (grammar)

An **object** in grammar is the target of an action, and occurs in any sentence with a transitive verb. It is an element in the clause which follows the verb, as in:
:*The cat ate **breakfast***.
:*She hit **him and then said go away from here*** 

These are **direct objects**. The following are **indirect objects**:
:*The dog brought **Jane** his lead*.
:*I sent my **son** a letter*.
The structure of these sentences is (S/V/O/O) where S = subject, V = verb and O = object. The first object is an *indirect object*, the second is a *direct object*. Notice that, in the last example, you sent a letter, not your son. The sentence makes perfect sense without the indirect object.

An equivalent sentence to the last example is:
:*I sent a letter to my son*. 
Here some grammarians also see *son* as the indirect object (*letter* is the term which cannot be left out).p720

## References
Frigate

A **frigate** () is a warship. The term has been used for warships of many sizes and roles for a few centuries.  During the age of sail they were small, agile ships that were extensively used in the American War of Independence, and later against the British.  Their main use was shore defense.

In the modern day the term *Frigate* covers a broad range of ships. This is primarily for political reasons. The generally accepted term is of a warship less that 6, 000 dwt and greater that around 2, 000 dwt. Its primary purpose is usually anti-submarine warfare. It can also be a long range patrol vessel or in smaller navies an anti-air vessel.
Eugène Gigout

**Eugène Gigout** (23 March 1844 – 9 December 1925) was a French organist and composer of European late-romantic music for organ.

## Early life
Gigout was born in Nancy, and died in Paris.

A student of Camille Saint-Saëns, he served as the organist of Saint-Augustin Church in Paris for 62 years. He became known as a teacher. Also, his output as a composer was large and of high quality. Renowned as an expert improviser, he also founded his own music school. His nephew-by-marriage, Leon Boëllmann, became another fine organist and composer for the organ (but died at the very young age of 35).

## Works 
The *10 pièces pour orgue*, composed in 1890, are Gigout's most famous compositions. They are the *Toccata in B minor*, his best-known composition, which turns up as a common encore at organ concerts. Also fairly often performed, and to be found in the same collection, is a *Scherzo in E major*.

Other compositions by Gigout sometimes played nowadays are *Grand Choeur Dialogué* and *Marche Religieuse*. Gigout's works are now available on many commercial recordings.

## References 
## Other websites
Schola Cantorum

**La Schola Cantorum** is a  music school in Paris. It was started in 1894 by Charles Bordes, Alexandre Guilmant and Vincent d'Indy. It was to make up for the Paris Conservatoire's emphasis on opera. Its past students are many significant figures in 20th century music.
Voice (grammar)

**Voice** in grammar expresses the way the action (or state) that the verb expresses relates to the subject or object. 

In English grammar, there are two voices: *active* and *passive*. When a clause is in the active voice, the subject is the doer of the action. When a clause is in the passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the action. The active voice is much more commonly used than the passive voice.

*Active voice: *Jane **chose** the furniture*.
*Passive voice: *The furniture **was chosen** by Jane*.

This example shows how the word order changes the emphasis of the sentence. The first clearly answers the question "Who chose the furniture?" The second is more of an incidental comment.

The active voice is usually easier to say, and easier to understand than the passive voice. When a person learns a language, it is learnt first, and uses fewer words than the passive voice. Therefore, given an equal choice, the active voice is usually chosen.

## References
Shu Kurata

is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Kurata was born in Takatsuki on November 26, 1988. He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 2007. Although he did not play many matches, Gamba won the champions in the 2008 AFC Champions League. In 2010, he moved to J2 League club JEF United Chiba on loan and became a regular player. In 2011, he moved to J1 club Cerezo Osaka. In 2012, he returned to Gamba Osaka. However Gamba was relegated to J2 end of the 2012 season. In 2013, Gamba won the champions and returned to J1 in a year. In 2014, Gamba won all three major title in Japan; J1 League, J.League Cup and Emperor's Cup.

In July 2019, Kurata was selected the Japan national team for 2015 East Asian Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against South Korea on August 5. He played 9 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 2017.

## Statistics
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="3"|J1 League||6||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2008||13||0||4||0||2||0||3||0||22||0
|-
|2009||3||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2010||JEF United Chiba||J2 League||29||8||3||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||32||9
|-
|2011||Cerezo Osaka||J1 League||33||10||5||0||1||0||5||1||44||11
|-
|2012||rowspan="10"|Gamba Osaka||J1 League||31||7||4||1||2||0||3||1||40||9
|-
|2013||J2 League||28||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||8
|-
|2014||rowspan="8"|J1 League||30||6||6||3||11||2||colspan="2"|-||47||11
|-
|2015||31||5||4||1||4||0||11||2||50||8
|-
|2016||34||2||2||0||5||0||5||0||46||2
|-
|2017||33||8||2||0||2||0||4||0||41||8
|-
|2018||31||4||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||38||4
|-
|2019||31||7||1||0||8||3||colspan="2"|-||40||10
|-
|2020||34||4||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||38||8
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
367||69||37||5||45||5||32||4||481||83
367||69||37||5||45||5||32||4||481||83
|}

|-
|2015||1||0
|-
|2016||0||0
|-
|2017||8||2
|-
!Total||9||2
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Subject (grammar)

The **subject** in grammar is the agent (the 'doer') in an active sentence such as: *Alan kissed Jane*.

However, there is a difficulty. The following two sentences are identical in meaning:
**Our children planted a tree*. 
**A tree was planted by our children*.
Only in the first sentence is *our children* the grammatical subject. So there is a difference between the logical subject and the grammatical subject.p996 Also, many sentences have no subject, for instance:
**Come here!*
**Identifying the thief may take some time*.

If a sentence does have a subject, then the rest of the sentence may be called the *predicate*. 

## References
Masaki Yokotani

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yokotani was born in Kyoto Prefecture on May 10, 1952. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Hitachi in 1975. The club won the 1975 Emperor's Cup and 1976 JSL Cup. He moved to Division 2 club All Nippon Airways in 1984. In 1984, the club was promoted to Division 1. He retired in 1986.

On July 23, 1974, when Yokotani was a Hosei University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Romania. He also played at 1976 Asian Cup qualification and 1978 World Cup qualification. He played 20 games for Japan from 1974 to 1977.

## Statistics
|-
|1975||rowspan="9"|Hitachi||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 1||18||1
|-
|1976||18||0
|-
|1977||18||0
|-
|1978||15||1
|-
|1979||17||0
|-
|1980||0||0
|-
|1981||14||0
|-
|1982||15||0
|-
|1983||9||0
|-
|1984||rowspan="2"|All Nippon Airways||JSL Division 2||||
|-
|1985–86||JSL Division 1||1||0
125+||2+
125+||2+
|}

|-
|1974||1||0
|-
|1975||10||0
|-
|1976||6||0
|-
|1977||3||0
|-
!Total||20||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Desert scorpion

The **desert scorpion** (*Hadrurus arizonensis*) is the largest scorpion in North America. It reaches a length of .

Scorpions are arachnids, with eight legs. Their body has two body parts, called abdomen and cepholothorax.

## Habitat 
The desert scorpion’s habitat is the desert. It is a warm place where the hottest days can reach . Desert scorpions range is south west.  In extreme weather conditions, the extra layer of fat under scorpion’s exoskeleton helps it to survive. It lives in sandy places in the desert like sand dunes.

It is a burrowing scorpion, but often found under rocks. Its diet consists of large insects, spiders, and small vertebrates. This is an aggressive and active scorpion. Like all scorpions, it is nocturnal. Also like all scorpions, the giant desert hairy scorpion gives birth to live young, which stay on the mother's back for a week or more before leaving.

## References 
*Mann, Rachel 2002. *Desert life*. Scholastic Inc. 
*York, Penelope 2002. *Bugs*. DK. 
*Johnson Jinny 1996. *Children’s guide to insects and spiders*. Simon and Schuster.
Beer Sheba

**Beer Sheba** is a city on the northern edge of the Negev region in Israel. It is the home of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

## Notable sites
* The Abrahams Well International Visitors Center archaeological museum.
* Israeli Air Force Museum, at the nearby Hatzerim air force base.

## References
## Other websites
Pill bug

**Armadillidiidae** is a family of woodlice, a terrestrial crustacean group in the order Isopoda. They are commonly known as **pill bugs** or **potato bugs** or **rollie pollies**. Pill bugs are not insects, but are crustaceans. Crustaceans are animals with hard shells made from many pieces for protection.

Pill bugs look like gray pills. The pill bug's abdomen has seven segments. Pill bugs have flat bodies. The pill bug has three basic body parts called the head, thorax, and abdomen, moce and they can be many sizes.

The head has three eyes (simple and compound) and a mouth. Pill bugs have two sets of antennae. One of the sets is visible to see. The thorax holds the legs. The abdomen holds the exopods of uropods and is attached to some crustaceans' abdomens. Pill bugs consume decaying organic matter, like rotten plants, rotten animals, old garbage, and even bits of food in animal dung. This diet allows for Pill bugs to return essential nutrients to the soil, improving its structure. Pill bugs do not breathe through lungs; they have gills. Because of this, they need to be in a damp place or they will die. They also prefer dark rocks or any other dark place to stay that is dark. They are more active at night and early morning because of the darkness. Pill bugs are not beneficial to potted plants. If you notice your potted plants have one or two of them crawling around on the plant, there are probably many more that you don't see feeding off of the roots.

Pill bugs reproduce by laying eggs in a moist environment, where the female carries them in a specialized pouch called a marsupium until they hatch into miniature versions of adults.Pill bugs have the typical lifespan of an isopod, living two years average and five years maximum. 

For some people, looking for pill bugs in their garden is helpful to their garden and also enjoyable, especially for small children. To some people, keeping pill bugs as pets is also an enjoyable thing. To keep a pill bug as a pet, its area where it is kept in must be moist and/or damp, with plants that are fresh and plants that have begun to rot.

## References
Ready to Fall

"**Ready to Fall**" is the first single by melodic hardcore band Rise Against from their fourth studio album, *The Sufferer & The Witness* (2006).

An acoustic version of this song was done live on the CJZN Radio station in Victoria, British Columbia, on January 18, 2007, before a Billy Talent concert featuring Rise Against, Anti-Flag, and Moneen.

On March 12, 2009, the song became a downloadable song in the video game, *Guitar Hero World Tour*. It is also shown in Tap Tap Revenge 3 on the iPhone and iPod Touch as a downloadable double song pack with Audience of One. The song was also shown in 2009 action movie 12 Rounds.

## Music video
The video was made in 2006. It is about pollution and its effects on the environment. The video is 3 minutes and 52 seconds long. It cuts between shots of the band playing and shots of animals being saved or dying, if not already dead. This is from many environmental dangers made by humans. At the end of the video, lead singer Tim McIlrath says, "Every action has a reaction. We've got one planet, one chance."

There was also a version played on television. There are also ones that are more graphic. This was never really released. But it is available on some websites. The video serves a  to veganism. Rise Against is an active supporter of PETA, an animal rights organization, and the band members are all active vegetarians.

## Chart performance
The song got to number 13 on the *Billboard* Modern Rock Tracks chart. It is the lowest charting single from *The Sufferer & the Witness*. Although, it was the band's second highest charting single.

## References
Black widow

**Black widows** are spiders. Their scientific name is *Latrodectus mactans*. They share the genus name *Latrodectus* with several similar spiders (sometimes called "widow spiders"). 

The female spider is shiny black and has a round abdomen with a red hourglass pattern on its underside. They are closely related to another group called *Steatoda* (sometimes called "false widow spiders). That group contains species that are not dangerous to humans. All of the true widow spiders can give bites that are harmful to human beings and may kill children or people who are not in good health.

Female widow spiders are rather large. They have a body length of approximately 0.5&nbsp;inch. The males of the widow spiders are much smaller than the females.

Both the widow spiders and the *Steatoda* spiders belong to a larger group that includes many kinds of spiders that make similar kinds of webs and have the same general body shape.

## Habitat
Black widow spiders live in warm places all over the world. They like to build their webs in safe places under something like an overturned box sitting on the ground. Often they are found under the seats of outdoor toilets. They like to be left alone, so they rarely come inside places where people live.

## Biting
Like other spiders, black widows bite for two reasons: to kill things to eat and to protect themselves. They catch flying insects in their webs and bite them so that they will stop fighting to get free. When people put their hands into this spider's web they might get bitten by mistake, but usually people get bitten when they squeeze a spider and the spider defends itself. Unfortunately, humans are very sensitive to the venom that the spider gives in its bite. The good thing is that widow spiders almost always run away if they can. If something big hits their web then they drop straight down to the ground and run away.

## Diet 
Black widows eat mostly flies and moths. The female black widow is infamous for eating males of its kind, hence the "widow" in black.

## Sources 
*Stidworthy, John 2000. *Creepy crawlies*. Parragon Publishing, 
*Resnick, Jane 1996. *Spiders*. Kids Books.
Soccer City

**Soccer City** is a sports stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was first built in 1987. At that time, it was named the FNB Stadium.

## Renovation 
In 2009, the stadium was improved.  More seats were added. New locker (dressing) rooms and new floodlights were built.

## FIFA World Cup 
The stadium co-hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup matches were played.

**2010 World Cup Matches**

All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

## Nelson Mandela 
On June 29, the South African  government announced that a memorial service for Nelson Mandela would be held 10 to 14 days after his death at Soccer City. Mandela died on December 5, 2013 and a memorial service was held at Soccer City.

## Post World Cup Use 
FNB Stadium is mostly used for concerts and local 5-a-side tournaments.  When South Africa's most popular soccer team, the [Kaizer Chiefs] play in the stadium, they attract approximately 15,000 fans, during rival soccer matches and derbies  they attract approximately more than 75 000 fans when they play there among the rotating venues that they use.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Soccer City Site 
* Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
Transitivity (mathematics)

In logic and mathematics, **transitivity** is a property of a binary relation. It is a prerequisite of an equivalence relation and of a partial order.

## Definition and examples 
In general, given a set with a relation, the relation is transitive if whenever ***a*** is related to ***b*** and ***b*** is related to ***c***, then ***a*** is related to ***c***. For example:

*Size is transitive: if A>B and B>C, then A>C. 
*Subsets are transitive: if A is a subset of B and B is a subset of C, then A is a subset of C. 
*Height is transitive: if Sidney is taller than Casey, and Casey is taller than Jordan, then Sidney is taller than Jordan.
*Rock, paper, scissors is not transitive: rock beats scissors, and scissors beats paper, but rock doesn't beat paper. This is called an **intransitive relation**.

Given a relation R, the smallest transitive relation containing R is called the transitive closure of R, and is written as R^+.

## Related pages 
* Symmetric relation

## References
Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts

. It is written from right to left.]]
 scholar Su shi's work, the *Han Shik Chup* (寒食帖). It can be read from right to left.]]
Many East Asian scripts can be written both **horizontally** and **vertically**.

## History 
Documents around the world have many different ways of writing. But there are mainly two ways of writing: writing horizontally (횡서, 橫書) or vertically (종서縱書).  There are two kinds of horizontal writing. One kind can be read from left to right (좌횡서, 左橫書); the other is read from right to left (우횡서, 右橫書). There are two kinds of vertical writing as well: from left to right (좌정서, 左縱書) or from right to left (우정서, 右縱書), both of these are written from top to bottom. Traditionally, the countries in the East Asian cultural sphere (such as Korea, China, Japan or Vietnam) write vertically from right to left. When it was necessary to write horizontally, they wrote horizontally from right to left. When the Western culture began influencing them, they began writing horizontally from left to right, which is now used widely.

Most Western languages are written horizontally from left to right, but Arabic and Hebrew are written horizontally from right to left. Mongol letters are written horizontally from left to right.

Long ago, people used hieroglyphs. Hieroglyphs were very flexible characters. They were often written from left to right in the first line, and then right to left in the second line, and so on. This is called boustrophedon. A person can tell which direction to read by which direction the hieroglyphs of animals and people were facing. If the hieroglyphs were facing left, then the line must be read from left to right. If they were facing right, they must be read from right to left.

## References 
*  
*  

## Other websites 
* 
*
Mimosoideae

**Mimosoideae** is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae. Members of this family usually have flowers with small petals and many stamens. 

Some classification systems, for example the Cronquist system, treat Fabaceae in a narrow sense, raising Mimosoideae to the rank of family as Mimosaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group treats Fabaceae in the broad sense.
Acacia

***Acacia*** is a genus of shrub or tree are belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first described in Africa by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1773. Many non-Australian species tend to be thorny, whereas the majority of Australian Acacias are not. 

## Defences 
Acacias are heavily defended against herbivores. Different species have different combinations of defenses:
# Thorns (except Australia)
# Chemicals: bitter tannins and psychoactive alkaloids are common in Acacias. Some species have up to 40% tannins in their bark
# Ants: in Africa and Central Americs, symbiosis with ants can deter all sizes of enemy, from elephants to caterpillars and stem-boring beetles.  Some species of ants will also fight off competing plants around the acacia, cutting off the offending plant's leaves with their jaws and ultimately killing it. Other associated ant species appear to do nothing to benefit their hosts.

Products from the acacia plants have often been used for medicinal purposes.

## Gum arabic 
Various species of acacia yield gum. True gum arabic is the product of *Acacia senegal*, abundant in dry tropical West Africa from Senegal to northern Nigeria.

*Acacia arabica* is the gum-Arabic tree of India, but yields a gum inferior to the true gum-Arabic.

## The Whistling Thorn (Acacia drepanolobium) 
This species of acacia grows two kinds of thorns. The main defense is provided by pairs 5cm long arranged nearly at a right angle. Smaller stipular spines grow between the pairs of big thorns. These emerge from hollow galls, bulbous swellings 2 to 3cm across. One of four different species of ant lives in each of these igloos, which they open up by cutting holes into them. A dying bush whistles as the wind blows over these entrances. Most acacias make toxins that rush to leaves that are under attack by browsers. The whistling thorn does not. It is infested with stinging ants that swarm out and prepare to bite anything they can when the branch is disturbed. Most browsers seem to avoid infested bushes, perhaps because the ants stink of formic acid.

## References 
## Other websites
Enigma

**Enigma** may refer to:

*Enigma (machine), a machine used to encrypt messages during World War Two
*Enigma Variations, a set of short pieces written by Edward Elgar about his friends
Affix

An **affix** is a piece added to a word, or root, which signals or changes its role in a sentence. It is part of grammar.p18 Affixes may occur in various positions in a word:

* **Prefix**: before the word/root, for instance: **anti**-climax; **re**-write.
* **Suffix**: after the word/root, for instance: clima**ctic**; walk**ed**. Most plurals.
* Infix: Inside the word/root. Rare in English, example: the **m** in recu**m**bent.
* Interfix: between words, to connect them: the reduced *and* in sun '**n** sand; editor-**in**-chief.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Inflection
Text grammar

A **text grammar** is the study of texts above the level of the sentence. It shows how texts are put together so as to convey ideas, facts, messages, and fiction. 

A similar term is discourse analysis. Both are mostly concerned with natural language use; discourse analysis would include spoken language. Speech is also the parent of **rhetoric**, the ancient study of persuasive speaking. In a similar way, literary criticism s text grammar, because both concentrate on the printed word. A text grammar approach puts emphasis on the linguistic structure of a text, rather than its cultural or symbolic meaning.

A text is a coherent body of sentences. Coherent means they are linked by a consistent *theme*. The text ends when *completion* is signalled. For example, when a problem introduced at the start is solved, or when a promised discussion has reached a conclusion.  

## Text types 
Each text focuses on certain things. If texts are grouped by what they are doing, then there are five basic text types:
#. Common in science and technology.
#. Covers the passage of time, and is common in the humanities.
#Exposition. In which the narrator or writer offers a detailed analysis and explanation of some issue.
#Argumentation. In which the communicator compares alternative points of view, judges and persuades.
#. In which the communicator tells readers what to do. Uses "action-demanding sentences in sequence".
Many texts, of course, can and do have a mixture of two or more of these types. 

## References
Super Paper Mario

***Super Paper Mario*** (also known as ***Paper Mario 3***) is a Wii role playing game released in 2007. It is the third game for the *Paper Mario* series to be released on platform. The game was going to be released for the GameCube, like its predecessor, but was instead released for the Wii.

## Gameplay
The player controls Mario and his companions and has to explore different dimensions linked to a town called Flipside, fights enemies to gain levels and solves puzzles. As the story progresses, Princess Peach, Luigi, and Bowser become playable. *Super Paper Mario* is a 2D and 3D game since one of Mario's abilities is to change the perspective of the environment.

## Story
Mario and his friends set out to collect eight Pure Hearts in each chapters, in order to destroy the Chaos Heart and prevent the black hole from destroying the world.

## Companions
In each *Paper Mario* game, there have always been members that follow Mario and help him in battles. Pixl is a name that comes from the word pixel, but is also a reference to pixie, which is a name for a fairy. Each pixl has a different power and look, but despite having many members, the player can only use one. In *Super Paper Mario*, Tippi, also called Tiptron, is the player's butterfly partner. She has the ability to give tips to Mario and makes invisible objects appear. The player can recruit one of the Pixls in each chapters as the game progresses.

## Reception
Most of the reviews for *Super Paper Mario* were positive such as IGN that gives a score of 8.9 out of 10. Most critics praised the plot because it has a great sense of humor, but said that the graphics were fine, but not extraordinary.  The game has sold more than 2.28 million copies worldwide.

## References
Power-up

A **power-up** is an  in a video game that gives the player's character the  to do something. Power-ups can be found in many video games.
Discourse analysis

**Discourse analysis** is a subject which studies a text or a conversation. This is a subject in linguistics which does not study sentences, like in syntax, but the entire text or conversation. The text or conversation is known as discourse. Discourse analyst prefer to use real life discourse in their studies, rather than invented sentences like in traditional linguistics. This way of studying real life discourse is called corpus linguistics. 

Discourse analysis is related to text linguistics. However, text linguistics studies how discourse is structured so that they are connected (how sentences are joined to each other). Discourse analysis studies this, and also how the discourse is connected to the context. This context includes who the people talking or writing are, the social and cultural context. Also, it studies the way mode, which is the way the language is represented (is it a letter, speech, email, Internat chat?), influences discourse. Discourse analysis is also interested in the genre (topic) of the discourse. 

Discourse analysis is studied not only in linguistics, but also in sociology, anthropology, psychology, communication studies and translation studies.

## Other websites 
* Daniel L. Everett, statement concerning James Loriot, p.&nbsp;9 
* The Discourse Attributes Analysis Program and Measures of the Referential Process .
* Linguistic Society of America: *Discourse Analysis*, by Deborah Tannen 
* Strategies for analysing a case study
Kamloops

**Kamloops** is a city in British Columbia, Canada. It is ranked 36th on the list of 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada.   

At the 2021 census, 97,902 lived in Kamloops.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tsutomu Sonobe

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Sonobe was born in Ibaraki Prefecture on March 29, 1958. After graduating from Mito Commercial High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries in 1976. The club won the league champions in 1977, 1979 and 1981. The club also won 1977 and 1979 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1989. He played 173 games and scored 2 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1978 and 1979.

On May 23, 1978, Sonobe debuted for the Japan national team against Thailand. He played 7 games for Japan until 1981.

## Statistics
|-
|1978||4||0
|-
|1979||0||0
|-
|1980||0||0
|-
|1981||3||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Vincent d'Indy

'''Paul Marie Theodore Vincent d'Indy''' (27 March 1851–2 December 1931) was a French composer and music teacher. Born in Paris, he was encouraged to learn music by his uncle who had studied with César Franck. D'Indy later also studied with Franck at the Paris Conservatoire. 

He also wrote books including a biography of César Franck, and a book on how to write music.

## References
Masaaki Kato

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Kato was born in Nagoya on December 22, 1958. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Toshiba in 1981. The club won 1981 JSL Cup. However he left the club for injury in 1983. In 1985, he joined Division 1 club All Nippon Airways. However the club was relegated to Division 2 end of 1985/86 season. He retired end of 1987/88 season.

On August 30, 1981, Kato debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. On September 3, he scored a goal against India. He played 3 games and scored 1 goal for Japan in 1981.

## Statistics
|-
|1981||rowspan="3"|Toshiba||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||||
|-
|1982||||
|-
|1983||7||3
|-
|1985–86||rowspan="3"|All Nippon Airways||JSL Division 1||8||1
|-
|1986–87||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||0||0
|-
|1987–88||2||0
17+||4+
17+||4+
|}

|-
|1981||3||1
|-
!Total||3||1
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Naoji Ito

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Ito was born in Mie Prefecture on July 1, 1959. After graduating from Yokkaichi Chuo Technical High School, he joined Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Honda in 1978. In 1980, the club won the champions and was promoted to Division 1. In 1985/86, the club won the 3rd place and he left the club end of season. He joined PJM Futures in 1988. He retired in 1993.

On June 19, 1981, Ito debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia.

## Statistics
|-
|1978||rowspan="8"|Honda||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||||
|-
|1979||||
|-
|1980||||
|-
|1981||rowspan="5"|JSL Division 1||18||3
|-
|1982||16||4
|-
|1983||12||1
|-
|1984||13||1
|-
|1985/86||9||0
68+||9+
68+||9+
|}

|-
|1981||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Satoshi Yamaguchi (footballer, born 1959)

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yamaguchi was born in Oita Prefecture on August 1, 1959. After graduating from Oita Technical High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1978. However he did not play in the game, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Japan national team player Mitsuhisa Taguchi. He retired in 1984. Eventually he could not play in the game.

In August 1979, Yamaguchi was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. However he did not play in the match, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Yasuhito Suzuki. In February 1981, although Yamaguchi did not play at his club, he was selected the Japan national team because Japan's manager Saburo Kawabuchi actively appointed young players. On February 19, Yamaguchi debuted for Japan national team against Singapore.

## Statistics
|-
|1978||rowspan="7"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="7"|JSL Division 1||0||0
|-
|1979||0||0
|-
|1980||0||0
|-
|1981||0||0
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||0||0
0||0
0||0
|}

|-
|1981||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Toru Yoshikawa

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yoshikawa was born in Mie Prefecture on December 13, 1961. After graduating from Yokkaichi Chuo Technical High School, he joined Hitachi in 1980. In 1992, he moved to Kyoto Shiko Club (later *Kyoto Purple Sanga*). In 1995, he moved to Kyoiku Kenkyusya (later *FC Kyoken*). He retired in 2000.

On February 12, 1983, Yoshikawa debuted for the Japan national team against Syria.

## Statistics
|-
|1983||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Mitsugu Nomura

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Nomura was born in Muroran on November 21, 1956. After graduating from Sapporo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries in 1979. In 1979, the club won Japan Soccer League and Emperor's Cup. In 1981, the club also won Japan Soccer League and he was selected Best Eleven. He retired in 1989. He played 150 games and scored 4 goals in the league.

On June 2, 1981, Nomura debuted for the Japan national team against China. After debut, he played all matches until July 1982. He played 12 games for Japan until 1982.

In 2007, Nomura signed with Nadeshiko League Division 2 club TEPCO Mareeze. He led the club to won the champions and promoted to Division 1. He resigned end of 2008 season.

## Statistics
|-
|1979||rowspan="10"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="10"|JSL Division 1||3||0
|-
|1980||9||0
|-
|1981||18||1
|-
|1982||18||1
|-
|1983||18||0
|-
|1984||18||0
|-
|1985/86||20||0
|-
|1986/87||15||1
|-
|1987/88||19||0
|-
|1988/89||12||1
150||4
150||4
|}

|-
|1981||8||0
|-
|1982||4||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Hiroshi Yoshida

**Hiroshi Yoshida** (born February 11, 1958) is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yoshida was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on February 11, 1958. After graduating from Hosei University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1980. In 1981, he scored 14 goal and became a top scorer. In the 1985–86 season, he became a top scorer again and he was selected for the "Japanese Footballer of the Year awards". The club also won the league championship. In Asia, the club won the 1986 Asian Club Championship. This was the first time a Japanese club had won the competition. He retired in 1990.

On February 8, 1981, Yoshida debuted for the Japan national team against Malaysia. He also played at 1982 Asian Games. He played nine games and scored one goal for Japan until 1983.

After retirement, Yoshida started coaching career at Shimizu S-Pulse. From 2000s, he mainly coached the women's team. Through Japan women's national team assistant coach, he became a manager for Japan U-17 women's national team in 2007. He managed at the U-17 World Cup three times, in 2008, 2010 and 2012. At the 2010 U-17 World Cup, Japan got to second place. He also became a manager for the Japan U-20 women's national team in 2011. He managed at the 2012 U-20 World Cup and Japan reached third place. In 2014, he signed with AS Elfen Saitama and managed in the 2015 season.

## Club statistics
## National team statistics
## Honors
### Personal honors
*Japan Soccer League First Division Top Scorer - 1981, 1985–86
*Japanese Footballer of the Year - 1985

### Managerial honors
*AFC U-16 Women's Championship - 2011
*AFC U-19 Women's Championship - 2011

## References
## Other websites
*
Edgard Varèse

**Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse**, whose name was also spelled **Edgar Varèse** (December 22, 1883 – November 6, 1965), was a French composer who spent the greater part of his career in the United States.

Varèse's music has an emphasis on timbre and rhythm. He made up the term "organized sound." This phrase means that some timbres and rhythms can be grouped together. Although his finished works only last about three hours, he has been thought as an  by many big composers of the late 20th century. His use of new instruments and electronic resources led to his being known as the "Father of Electronic Music" while Henry Miller described him as "The stratospheric Colossus of Sound".

## References
Masaru Uchiyama

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Atsushi Uchiyama also played for Japan national team.

## Biography
Uchiyama was born in Shizuoka Prefecture on April 14, 1957. After graduating from University of Tsukuba, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yamaha Motors in 1980. The club won 1982 Emperor's Cup and 1987/88 Japan Soccer League. He retired in 1989. He played 122 games and scored 6 goals in the league.

On May 26, 1985, Uchiyama debuted for the Japan national team against Uruguay.

## Statistics
|-
|1980||rowspan="9"|Yamaha Motors||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||9||3
|-
|1981||16||1
|-
|1982||JSL Division 2||18||0
|-
|1983||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 1||6||1
|-
|1984||18||1
|-
|1985/86||21||0
|-
|1986/87||22||0
|-
|1987/88||12||0
|-
|1988/89||0||0
122||6
122||6
|}

|-
|1985||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References