open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Roberto Alagna

**Roberto Alagna**  (born near Paris, 7 June 1963) is a French operatic tenor.

Alagna's family came from Sicily. He was born in Clichy-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis, near Paris,  France in 1963. When he was a teenager he started singing pop music in Paris cabarets. Later he started to sing in operas. He won the Luciano Pavarotti Voice Competition. He started to sing professionally in 1988 singing the part of Alfredo Germont in Giuseppe Verdi's *La Traviata* with the Glyndebourne touring opera Soon he was being asked to sing all over the world in opera houses such as La Scala, Covent Garden and the Metropolitan Opera. His performances of Romeo in *Romeo and Juliet* by Charles Gounod at Covent Garden in 1994 made him a great international star. When he sang that role on 15 December 2007 at the Metropolitan Opera with Anna Netrebko as Juliet the performance was broadcast by the Met into 447 theaters worldwide in high definition and seen by about 97,000 people.

## Personal life
Alagna's first wife, Florence Lancien, died of a brain tumor in 1994; they had one daughter, Ornella, who was born in 1992. In 1996 he married the Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu. They often performed together in operas. However, they separated in 2009.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Airs & Duos* (1996)
* *Massenet: Werther* (1999)
* *Berlioz* (2003)
* *Tenor!* (2007)

## References
## Other websites
*
Citadel

.]]
A **citadel** is a large fortress or castle that is usually built to protect cities or towns from attacks or disaster, though citadels have been built for other reasons as well. Citadels are often built to be the final protection for a city or town, in case enemies break through other protections such as walls or soldiers. 

The citadel of a city is most often built around the center of administration and government, which is where the king or city council makes their rulings. Other common places for a citadel to be placed are the downtown (central core) of the city, the holy center or religious square of the city (many shrines), and the business or financial area, where money is traded for goods, and invested.

## History 
### 3300 BCE - 1300BCE 
### –1300 BCE 
The oldest known citadels were built in the Indus Valley Civilization, where the citadel may have been used as a symbol of authority (power), though no one is entirely sure why they were built. 

### 800–600 BCE 
In Ancient Greece, the Acropolis was important in the life of the people, serving as a place of safety in times of trouble. It contained military supplies, food, a shrine, and often a palace or citadel. The most well-known is the Acropolis of Athens, but nearly every Greek city-state had one. 

### 167–141 BCE 
Citadels were sometimes built so strongly that enemies could take over the rest of the city, but fail to take over the city's citadel. During the Maccabean Revolt, the Maccabean rebels managed to take over all of Jerusalem except its citadel. It wasn't until 20 years later that they finally managed to take over the citadel too.

### 1600 CE–present 
Citadels were not always built to keep away a city's enemies. During the Anglo-Dutch Wars, King Charles II of England built a citadel at Plymouth that could not only keep out enemies, but also the city's people in case they tried to rebel against the King.

### Modern Usage 
The *Citadelle* of Quebec still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America after more than 200 years of existence.

Since the middle of the 20th century, citadels usually protect military center, rather than cities or towns. These citadels are built to protect the center from heavy attacks, such as aerial or nuclear bombardment. The military citadels under London are an example of this.
Hugues Cuénod

violinist Jeroen van der Wel]]

**Hugues-Adhémar Cuénod** (born 26 June 1902; died 6 December 2010) was a Swiss opera singer. He was a tenor. He was particularly famous for singing comic roles in opera. He had an extremely long career, lasting over 65 years. He was still singing in opera at the age of 92. He died at the age of 108.

## Career
Hugues Cuénod was born in Corseaux-sur-Vevey. He studied at the Ribaupierre Institute in Lausanne, at the conservatories in Geneva and Basel, and in Vienna. At first he sang in concerts. Then, in 1928, he got a part in the jazz opera *Jonny spielt auf* by  Ernst Krenek when it was performed in Paris. The next year he sang for the first time in the United States in Noël Coward's *Bitter Swee t*. He worked in Geneva until 1933, then he went to Paris where he met the music teacher Nadia Boulanger. She had a big influence on his musical development. He made a concert tour of North America. From 1940 to 1946 he taught at the Geneva Conservatory. In 1943 he started singing in opera again, singing in Johann Strauss II's *Die Fledermaus* in Geneva. Then he sang at Milan's La Scala (1951), the Glyndebourne Festival (from 1954 on) and London's Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (1954, 1956 and 1958).

Cuénod sang music by many different composers. He was famous for singing the part of  Basilio in Mozart's *The Marriage of Figaro*, the Astrologer in Rimsky-Korsakov's *The Golden Cockerel*, and Sellem in Stravinsky's ''The Rake's Progress''. He sang with a light tenor voice, not a heavy heroic voice.

One of the most famous opera houses in the world is the Metropolitan Opera in New York. He did sing there, but not until he was 84. By that age almost all singers have been long retired. He sang the part of the Emperor Altoum in Puccini's *Turandot* in 14 performances there.

The very last time he sang on stage was in 1994 when he was 92. He sang M. Triquet in Tchaikovsky's *Eugene Onegin* when it was given by the Lausanne Opera at the Théâtre du Jorat in Mézières.

## Personal life
Cuénod lived with his male partner, Alfred Augustin, in the Vaud region of Switzerland. They lived in an 18th-century castle that had belonged to members of his family for several generations. The couple were in a civil union.

On his last birthday on 26 June 2010 he turned 108. He died in Vevey on 6 December that year.

## References
Covent Garden

**Covent Garden** is a huge piazza or open area in London, between the West End and the City of London. It is north of The Strand and east of Trafalgar Square. Once it was a huge fruit, vegetable and flower market with many taverns, theatres, coffee-houses, prostitutes and brothels.

Now it is a huge commercial area and "tourist trap". The former market has been redeveloped, keeping its glass roof and cast iron spans. The area is hugely popular with visitors to London, and has a number of remarkable buildings nearby.

The Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, is the main theatre for ballet and opera in London. It has several rehearsal rooms with full-size stages, a large costume department and restaurants.

The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane is nearby. It has been purchased and restored by Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber.

Bow Street is also nearby; it is a boundary road to Covent Garden. This was the road where the original police force of London, the Bow Sreet Runners, was formed in the 1740s. The Bow Street Magistrate's Court was one of the most famous criminal courts in London until it was closed in 2006. It is going to be a boutique hotel.

]]
Salzburg Festival

The **Salzburg Festival** () is an internationally famous festival of music and drama. It is held each summer (for five weeks starting in late July) in the Austrian town of Salzburg.  Salzburg is the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

In modern time there is also an annual *Salzburg Easter Festival* held by the same organization.

## Other websites
* Official web site
Essex County, New Jersey

**Essex County** is a county in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of 2020, 863,728 people lived there, making it the third most populous county in the state, behind Bergen County and Middlesex County, and the second most densely population county in the state after Hudson County. The seat of the county is Newark, the largest city in the state.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Essex County's Main Website
Bergen County, New Jersey

**Bergen County** is a county in the U.S. State of New Jersey.  It is rich and has more people living in it than other counties in New Jersey.  As of the 2020 census, it had 955,732 people. It is part of the New York metropolitan area. The county is the one of the last remaining counties in the nation where shops are closed on Sundays because of "blue laws." In compliance to the blue laws, nearly all retail stores in Bergen County are closed on Sundays.

## References
Kakashi Hatake

**Kakashi Hatake** (はたけカカシ, *Hatake Kakashi*) is a fictional character in the anime and manga series Naruto created by Masashi Kishimoto. He is the leader of Team 7, originally consisting of Naruto Uzumaki, Sasuke Uchiha, and Sakura Haruno. After Sasuke defects, Team 7 receives Sai as a replacement.
Zipeg

**Zipeg**  is an open source free software. Zipeg unpacks files from ZIP, RAR and other archives. Zipeg works on Mac OS X and Windows. Zipeg can preview files and photographs. It is not capable of compressing files. Zipeg is able to extract compressed files. Zipeg supports RAR, ZIP and other formats. Zipeg is built on top of the 7-Zip backend. Zipeg user interface is implemented in Java and is open source.

Zipeg automatically detects filenames in national alphabets (code pages). Zipeg correctly translates filenames from national alphabet to Unicode. Zipeg reads EXIF thumbnails from JPEG digital photographs. Zipeg uses thumbnails for "tool tip" style preview and item icons.

## References 
* Zipeg review from c|net
* Zipeg review by Macworld

## Other websites
* Zipeg main site http://www.zipeg.com/ 
* Zipeg source code http://zipeg.googlecode.com/
* Zipeg at apple.com downloads
Phil Kessel

**Philip Joseph Kessel, Jr.** (born October 2, 1987 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American professional ice hockey right winger for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons and the Toronto Maple Leafs for 6 seasons. Kessel played hockey in college for the University of Minnesota's Golden Gophers.

On July 1, 2015, Kessel was traded along with Tyler Biggs, Tim Erixon, and a conditional second round draft pick to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Kasperi Kapanen, Scott Harrington, Nick Spaling, and conditional first- and third-round draft picks.

## Awards 
*Kessel won the Bob Johnson Award at the USA Hockey Annual Congress (for excellence in international hockey competition during a specific season of play) in 2005.
*Kessel was named the WCHA Rookie of the Year was named to the WCHA All-Rookie Team and won the MacNaughton Cup in 2005-06.
*Kessel won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for overcoming testicular cancer and continuing to play.
*Kessel was named the NHL's "First Star" of the Week during the week of December 8-14, 2008 with 8 points (3 goals and 5 assists) in four games in 2008-09.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Greg Giraldo

**Greg Giraldo** (December 10, 1965 – September 29, 2010) was an American comedian television personality, and retired lawyer. Giraldo is probably best known for his many appearances on Comedy Central's roast specials and is also known for being a regular on Lewis Black's Root of All Evil.

He was married twice, once when he was 24. According to Giraldo, his first marriage hadn't lasted very long. At the time of his death he had 3 children and had been divorced.

He accidentally overdosed on prescription medication and he was scheduled to appear at a comedy performance at the Stress Factory in New Brunswick, New Jersey. When Giraldo failed to appear the police were called to his hotel room where they found him and they rushed him to Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital. It was reported that he had been in a coma for four days before his family had life support removed and he died on September 29, 2010.

On March 18, 2011, Comedy Central aired a special called *Give it up for Greg Giraldo*, that featured celebrities Jon Stewart, Colin Quinn, Lewis Black, Daniel Tosh, Denis Leary, Sarah Silverman, Jeffrey Ross, Nick Swardson, Dave Attell, Jim Gaffigan and Conan O'Brien as well as others as they talked about his life and career.

## References
## Official website
*Greg Giraldo's Official website
Rock Band 2

***Rock Band 2*** is an interactive music game by Harmonix. It is a sequel to the game *Rock Band*. To play the game, players use a microphone to sing or a controller to hit notes on the screen. Players get points by hitting the right notes at the right time. Earning points can help a player earn stars, which show how well a player performed the song. If a player misses too many notes or hits too many of the wrong notes, they fail out of the song. It has a quickplay mode and a world tour mode.

In quickplay mode, players choose songs from a list to play. In world tour mode, players can play songs in venues (public places) in cities around the world. Rock Band 2 also has a practice mode, where players can play a song without failing out of it. Players can choose one of four skill levels to play. The skill levels are Easy, Medium, Hard, and Expert.The songs in Rock Band 2 are sorted by how hard they are to play. Zero dots means the song is one of the easiest to play, and five red dots means that the song is one of the hardest. Players can play solo (by themselves) or with other people.

## References
## Other websites
**Rock Band 2* at rockband.com
Angela Lansbury

**Dame Angela Brigid Lansbury**  (16 October 1925 &ndash; 11 October 2022) was a British-Irish-American actress of stage, movie, and television. She was best known for her roles as Jessica Fletcher in the long-running whodunit television series *Murder, She Wrote* (1984–1996), and as the voice of Mrs. Potts in Disney's 30th animated feature movie *Beauty and the Beast* (1991).

## Death 
Lansbury died on 11 October 2022, five days before her 97th birthday at her home in Los Angeles, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tridentine Mass

.]]
**Tridentine Mass** is the formula of the Roman Rite Catholic Mass that was commonly used before 1969. The Roman Missal contained the Church's guidelines on the Tridentine Mass for the first time in 1570. The missal was changed several times, and the last change to it was made in 1962. The celebration is done almost exclusively in the Latin language. Today, it is permitted as an alternative to the current form of the Mass that was introduced by the Second Vatican Council. There is also a translation into Church Slavonic which uses that language instead of Latin. The Slavonic form is in use mainly in the Balkans.
Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud

**Ahmed Mohamed Mahamoud Silanyo**  (1938 &ndash; 15 November 2024) was a Somaliland politician. He was the Chairman of the Peace, Unity and Development Party (Kulmiye) and President of Somaliland. Standing as an opposition candidate, Silanyo was elected as president during the June 2010 presidential election.

Mohamoud died on 15 November 2024 in Hargeysa, Somaliland at the age of 86.

## References
Teena Marie

**Mary Christine Brockert** (5 March 1956 – 26 December 2010), known by her stage name **Teena Marie**, was an American singer, songwriter, and producer. She is famous for songs such as "Lovergirl" and "Square Biz". Teena died on December 26, 2010 at age 54, from problems caused by a seizure.

## Discography
**Wild and Peaceful* (1979)
**Lady T* (1980)
**Irons in the Fire* (1980)
**It Must Be Magic* (1981)
**Robbery* (1983)
**Starchild* (1984)
**Emerald City* (1986)
**Naked to the World* (1988)
**Ivory* (1990)
**Passion Play* (1994)
**La Doña* (2004)
**Sapphire* (2006)
**Congo Square* (2009)

## References
Hohenzollern

The **Hohenzollern** family ruled various territories in and near modern Germany, and later of all Germany. The **Royal House of Hohenzollern** began ruling the area around Berlin and Brandenburg, now in Germany, in 1415.
]]

The family became one of the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor and then were kings of Prussia in 1702 and German emperors in 1871.  

It stopped ruling after World War I, when Germany became a republic. Prussia was abolished by the four Allies that controlled Germany in 1947.

The family took it name from its ancestral home, Hohenzollern Castle, in what is now Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The area around the castle was once ruled as a separate principality.
  

## References 
## Other websites
Hohenzollern (disambiguation)

**Hohenzollern** may refer to:  

* House of Hohenzollern, German dynasty which ruled Brandenburg-Prussia, Germany, and Romania, among other states
* House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a cadet branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty
* House of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, the seniormost branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty
* House of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch, medieval German county
* Burg Hohenzollern, Swabian castle and ancestral seat of the Hohenzollern dynasty
* Province of Hohenzollern (1850-1952), Prussian province
* *Hohenzollern*, yachts of the German Emperors
* House Order of Hohenzollern, chivalric order
* Crown of Wilhelm II, also known as the Hohenzollern Crown
* Hohenzollern Locomotive Works, a German locomotive-building company
Something About Airplanes

***Something About Airplanes*** is the debut album by Death Cab for Cutie. It was released in 1998 on Barsuk Records, and it was re-released for its tenth anniversary in 2008. Its re-release features the band performing live at the Crocodile Cafe in Seattle, Washington.

## Track listing
All songs written by Ben Gibbard except where noted.
#"Bend to Squares" (Gibbard/Christopher Walla)&nbsp;– 4:33
#"President of What?"&nbsp;– 4:01
#"Champagne from a Paper Cup"&nbsp;– 2:38
#"Your Bruise" (Gibbard/Walla)&nbsp;– 4:19
#"Pictures in an Exhibition"&nbsp;– 3:49
#"Sleep Spent" (Gibbard/Walla)&nbsp;– 3:37
#"The Face That Launched 1000 Ships" (Jay Chilcote)&nbsp;– 3:41
#"Amputations"&nbsp;– 4:54
#"Fake Frowns" (Gibbard/Walla)&nbsp;– 4:30
#"Line of Best Fit"&nbsp;– 7:16

;Reissue bonus disc&nbsp;– Live at the Crocodile Cafe, February 1998
#"Your Bruise"
#"President of What?"
#"Fake Frowns"
#"Sweet and Tender Hooligan (feat. Sean Nelson)"
#"State Street Residential"
#"Amputations"
#"Pictures in an Exhibition"
How the Grinch Stole Christmas (movie)

***How the Grinch Stole Christmas*** is a 2000 comedy-drama Christmas movie that was produced by Ron Howard and Brian Grazer and was directed by Ron Howard. *How the Grinch Stole Christmas* is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book, *How the Grinch Stole Christmas!* and the 1966 TV Christmas special.

## Cast 
* Jim Carrey as The Grinch
* Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who
* Kelley as Max the Dog and Frank Welker as his voice
* Jeffrey Tambor as Mayor Augustus May Who
* Christine Baranski as Martha May Whovier
* Bill Irwin as Lou Lou Who
* Molly Shannon as Betty Lou Who
* Clint Howard as Whobris
* Mindy Sterling as Clarnella
* Jeremy Howard as Drew Lou Who
* T. J. Thyne as Stu Lou Who
* Jim Meskimen as Officer Wholihan
* Josh Ryan Evans as the Grinch (8 years old)
* Ben Bookbinder as Augustus May Who (8 years old)
* Landry Allbright as Martha May Whovier (8 years old)
* Reid Kirchenbauer as an Whobris (8 years old)
* Deep Roy as a Post Office Clerk
* Anthony Hopkins as the Narrator

## Soundtrack 
#Green Christmas by Barenaked Ladies
#Christmas, Why Can't I Find You by Taylor Momsen
#Better Do it Right by Smash Mouth
#Christmas of Love by Little Isidore and the Inquisitors
#Who-bilation by Chores
#Christmas Dreaming by I Found God
#Grinch 2000 by Jim Carrey & Busta Rhymes

## Ratings 
*How the Grinch Stole Christmas* gained average reviews:

* Rotten Tomatoes - 53%
* Metacritic - 56% out of 100

## References
## Other websites 
* How the Grinch Stole Christmas' Official website 
*
Banyan

, Italy]]

A **banyan** (or 'banian') is a kind of fig. It usually starts life by growing on another plant as an epiphyte. Its seeds germinate in the cracks and crevices on a host tree, or on other structures like buildings and bridges.

"Banyan" usually means the Indian banyan or *Ficus benghalensis*. It is the National tree of the Republic of India. and of Bangladesh. However, the term actually includes all figs which share their epiphytic life cycle. They are put in the subgenus ***Urostigma***.  The seeds of banyans are dispersed by fruit-eating birds. The seeds germinate and send down roots towards the ground. These roots may envelop (cover) part of the host tree or building structure, from which they get the casual name of **strangler fig**.

A number of tropical forest species grow by strangling. There are other examples in the genus *Ficus* that competes for light. Any *Ficus* species showing this habit may be termed a strangler fig.

The leaves of the banyan tree are large, leathery, glossy green and elliptical in shape. Like most of the fig-trees, the leaf bud is covered by two large scales. As the leaf develops the scales fall. Young leaves have an attractive reddish tinge.

Older banyan trees have aerial prop roots that grow into thick woody trunks which, with age, can become indistinguishable from the main trunk. Old trees can spread out laterally using these prop roots to cover a wide area.
 
Like other Fig species (including the common edible fig *Ficus carica*), banyans have unique fruit structures and are dependent on fig wasps for reproduction.

## The fatal embrace 
Once the roots get to the ground, they suck up nutrients and grow faster and thicker. They cover the trunk of the host tree, and their leaves and branches in the canopy block the light from the host. Lacking enough nutrition and light, the host tree eventually dies. Its wood is destroyed by beetles, termites and fungi. Only the hollow space inside the banyan remains. The banyan roots make a huge cylinder, and it stands up perfectly well.

Often the banyan tree is formed from several different fruits which germinated on the same host tree. This has been proved by genome analysis.p170

## References
Hohenzollern-Hechingen

**Hohenzollern-Hechingen** was a county and principality in southwestern Germany, part of what is now Baden-Württemberg. Its rulers were members of a branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern family.

## History
The County of Hohenzollern-Hechingen was created in 1576, when the County of Hohenzollern was divided.  The county was ruled as a part of the Holy Roman Empire.  When the last count of Hohenzollern, Charles I of Hohenzollern (1512–1579) died, the territory was to be divided up between his three sons:
* Eitel Frederick IV of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1545–1605)
* Charles II of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1547–1606)
* Christoph of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (1552–1592)

Unlike the Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg and Prussia, the Hohenzollerns of southwest Germany remained Roman Catholic. The County was raised to a principality in 1623.

The principality joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 and  was a member state of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1850. The democratic Revolution of 1848 was relatively successful in Hohenzollern, and on 16 May 1848, the Prince was forced to accept the constitution limiting his power. However, the conflict between monarch and democrats continued, and on 6 August, Hohenzollern was occupied by Prussian forces. On 7 December, 1849, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Konstantin sold the country to his relative, King Frederick William IV of Prussia. On 12 March 1850, Hohenzollern-Hechingen officially became part of Prussia.  Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, which also became part of Prussia in 1850,  were called the Hohenzollernsche Lande .

## Rulers
### Counts of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1576-1623)
* Eitel Friedrich IV (1576–1605)
* Johann Georg (1605–1623) became Prince in 1623

### Princes of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623-1850)
* Eitel Friedrich V. (1623–1661)
* Philipp Christoph Friedrich (1661–1671)
* Friedrich Wilhelm (1671–1735)
* Friedrich Ludwig (1735–1750)
* Josef Friedrich Wilhelm (1750–1798)
* Hermann (1798–1810)
* Friedrich (1810–1838)
* Konstantin (1838–1850) died 1869 last male member in dynastic line
Keith Ballard

**Keith Ballard** (born November 26, 1982 in Baudette, Minnesota) is a former American NHL ice hockey defenceman for the Minnesota Wild. He was picked by the Buffalo Sabres with the eleventh overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He played hockey in college for the University of Minnesota's Golden Gophers. Ballard has also played for the Phoenix Coyotes for 3 seasons and the Florida Panthers for 2 seasons before being traded to the Vancouver Canucks in 2010 during the 2010 NHL Entry draft for Michael Grabner, Steve Bernier, and Vancouver's first round pick and 25th overall selection in that draft. On July 3, 2013, he was placed on waivers and his contract was bought out by the Canucks. On July 4th, 2013, Ballard signed a two-year $3 million contract with the Minnesota Wild.

Ballard is married and had a daughter with his wife in May 2010.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Christoph Ahlhaus

** Christoph Ahlhaus ** (born 28 August 1969) is a German politician. He is a member of the German Christian Democratic Union. From 25 August 2010 to 7 March 2011 he was the First Mayor of Hamburg.

Ahlhaus was born on 28 August 1969. He is married and studied law at the universities of Heidelberg, Munich and Berlin.

From 7 May 2008 to 24 August 2010 Ahlhaus was state minister of the Interior in Hamburg.

## References 
:*This article was initially partly translated from German wikipedia.*
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport

**Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport** , also known as **Atlanta Airport**, **Hartsfield Airport**, and **Hartsfield–Jackson**, is a public airport in Atlanta, Georgia. It is the world's busiest airport by number of passengers and number of landings and take-offs since 2005. It serves 89 million passengers per year. The airport is the main hub of AirTran Airways, Delta Air Lines, and ExpressJet. The Delta hub is the world's largest airline hub.  Delta Air Lines flew most (59%) of passengers from the airport in February 2011. The airport has 199 gates. It has both domestic and international gates.

## Overview 
Hartsfield–Jackson was still the world's busiest airport in 2010.  It had an average of 243,000 passengers each day. It also had a total of  950,119 flights. Many of the flights are flights inside the United States. Atlanta is a major hub for travel throughout the Southeastern United States.

Hartsfield–Jackson International Airport has international service to North America, South America, Central America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.   The airport is located mostly in unincorporated areas in Fulton and Clayton counties. The citylimits of Atlanta, College Park, and Hapeville end at the airport grounds.

Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport  the following airlines:

* Air Canada
* Air France
* Alaska Airlines
* American Airlines
* Boutique Air
* British Airways
* Continental Airlines
* Delta Airlines *main Hub*
* Frontier Airlines
* KLM
* Korean Air
* Lufthansa
* Qatar Airways (starts June 1)
* Southwest Airlines
* Spirit Airlines
* Turkish Airlines (starts May 16)
* United Airlines
* Virgin Atlantic

## Statistics
### Yearly traffic
## Gallery

File:ATL Concourse A.jpg|Concourse A at the airport.
File:Planes of Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (1993).jpg|Several planes parked at the airport.
File:Airbus A300B Eastern.jpg|An Eastern Air Lines airplane at Atlanta in 1987. Eastern used to be one of the largest airlines at the airport before it stopped flying in 1991. 
File:N756SA (8514890874).jpg|A Southwest Airlines Boeing 737-700 taking off from Atlanta.

## References
Carlos Andrés Pérez

**Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez** (October 27, 1922 &ndash; December 25, 2010) was a president of Venezuela.  He was born in 1922, served twice as president in the early 1990s, and died in 2010.

## Biography
Pérez was born on 27 October 1922 in Rubio, Venezuela.  He went to school in Caracas, where he studied law.  In 1948, he married Blanca Rodríguez, one of his cousins.  During the same year, because he opposed a coup d'état, he was put in prison, but got out and left Venezuela.  In 1958, Venezuala became a democracy, and Pérez became a part of the government led by Rómulo Betancourt.

In 1973, Pérez became president of Venezuala. He left office in 1979, and soon after, Venezuala's economy went through a low period. In 1989, Pérez became president again. Soon after, he made government spending much smaller and made prices of goods like gasoline higher.  There were many riots because of this.

In 1992, there were two coups that tried but failed to remove Pérez from being president. In 1993, though, he was impeached because he was thought to have paid for bodyguards for Violeta Chamorro, who was a former president of Nicaragua.  He went to prison after this for ten weeks.  After prison he was put in house arrest for two years.

After Hugo Chávez became president of Venezuala in 1998, Pérez went to the Dominican Republic. In 2003, he moved again, this time to the United States. While he was in the US, people in Venezuala tried to force him to return because he was wanted in connection with the riots his laws caused in 1989. He also married Cecilia Matos during this time.

He died on 25 December 2010 in Miami at the age of 88.  María Francia Pérez, his daughter, said that he had died of a heart attack.

## References
Masashi Kishimoto

**Masashi Kishimoto** (, *Kishimoto Masashi*) (born 8 November 1974) is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for creating the manga series *Naruto*. He has been drawing from a very early age. Osamu Kajisa (*Tattoo Hearts*) and Yuuichi Itakura (''Hand's'') served as his assistants. Masashi Kishimoto was born in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. His brother is Seishi Kishimoto.

## References
RC Cola

**RC Cola** or (**Royal Crown Cola**) is a soft drink (soda) similar to Coca Cola in its color. Each can of RC Cola contains 160 calories. RC Cola is manufactured by Cott Beverages and the Dr Pepper Snapple Group.

## History 
RC Cola was invented by Claude A. Hatcher, a pharmacist of the state of Georgia, in 1905. RC Cola was the first soda to be sold in a aluminum can. The first diet soda ever sold was introduced by the company in 1958 and was called Diet Rite. 

## Flavors
The company sells all sorts of flavors of RC Cola such as:

*RC Cola
*Diet RC
*Diet Rite
*Royal Crown Draft Cola - limited U.S. availability
*Cherry R.C. - Available in limited markets
*RC Edge - Available in limited markets
*RC 100 - Discontinued
*Caffeine Free RC - Available in limited markets
*RC Free - Only available in Israel

## Other websites
*RC Cola's Official website
Exit (command)

`exit` is a command on the  in many operating systems and scripting languages. It is used to stop all processes that are running in the terminal and close the terminal window. This is also the command to use to safely end all processes in the terminal.

Using this command will log the  out of his/her  in the terminal. Many scripting languages, like Perl and PHP uses this command.
Dave Freudenthal

**David Duane "Dave" Freudenthal** (born October 12, 1950 in Thermopolis, Wyoming) is an American politician. He was the 31st Governor of Wyoming. Freudenthal was re-elected to his second term on November 7, 2006, and announced on March 4, 2010, that he would not attempt to seek a third term as Governor of Wyoming.

Freudenthal is married to Nancy D. Freudenthal who currently serves as a judge on the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming and they have four children: Donald, Hillary, Bret and Katie.

## References
Tara Reid

**Tara Donna Reid** (born November 8, 1975 in Wyckoff, New Jersey) is an American actress. She made her movie debut in the 1987 horror movie ''A Return to Salem's Lot*. She had a recurring role on the television show, *Scrubs'' as Danni Sullivan. She is best known for her role as Victoria 'Vicky' Lathum in the American Pie movie series.

From August 18 - September 2, 2011, she was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother UK.

## Filmography
* ''A Return to Salem's Lot* (1987) - *Amanda*
* *The Big Lebowski* (1998) -  Bunny Lebowski
* *Girl* (1998) - Cybil
* *I Woke Up the Day I Died* (1998) - Prom Queen/Nightclub Bartender
* *Urban Legend* (1998) - Sasha Thomas
* *Cruel Intentions* (1999) - Marci Greenbaum
* *Around The Fire* (1999) - Jennifer
* *American Pie'' (1999) - Victoria 'Vicky' Lathum
* *Body Shots* (1999) - Sara Olswang
* *Dr. T & the Women* (2000) - Connie
* *Just Visiting* (2001) - Angelique
* *Josie and the Pussycats* (2001) - Melody Valentine
* *American Pie 2* (2001) - Victoria 'Vicky' Lathum
* ''National Lampoon's Van Wilder* (2002) - Gwen Pearson
* *Devil's Pond* (2003) - Julianne (straight-to-video)
* *My Boss's Daughter* (2003) - Lisa Taylor
* *Alone in the Dark* (2005) - Aline Cedrac
* *The Crow: Wicked Prayer* (2005) - Lola Bryne
* *Silent Partner* (2005) - Dina (straight-to-video)
* *Incubus* (2006) - Jay (straight-to-video)
* *If I Had Known I Was a Genius* (2007) - Stephanie (straight-to-video)
* *7-10 Split/Strike* (2007) - Lindsay/Lil Reno (straight-to-video)
* *Senior Skip Day* (2008) - Ellen Harris (straight-to-video)
* *Clean Break/Unnatural Causes* (2008) - Julia McKay (straight-to-video)
* *Land of Canaan* (2010) - Amy (post-production)
* *Last Call* (2010) - Lindsay (post-production)
* *The Fields* (2011) - Bonnie (post-production)
* *Sharknado*
* *Sharknado 2: The Second One''

## Other websites 
*
Naruto Uzumaki

***Naruto Uzumaki*** (*うずまきナルト*, *Uzumaki Naruto*) is the protagonist of the anime and manga franchise *Naruto* made by Masashi Kishimoto. At the start, he is a ninja student who lives in the village of Kohoha. The others in the town do not like him because he has the soul of the Fox Demon Kurama sealed inside him, but Naruto wants to become the Hokage (town's leader). During his studies, Naruto learns many jutsu (techniques), including a Shadow Clone jutsu which he excels at also a jutsu taught by his sensei Master Jiraiya the Rasengan. His energetic personality lets him make friends with many people, including his friend and rival Sasuke. 

In every official *Weekly Shōnen Jump* popularity poll of the series, Naruto ranks in the top five characters. From the beginning of 2012, he has been in first place twice. Naruto was placed sixth in IGN's Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time.

## References
International Institute of Social History

**The International Institute of Social History** (Dutch: *Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis*; : *IISG*) is a historical research institute in Amsterdam. It was founded in 1935 by Nicolaas Posthumus. It has collections of the most works and manuscripts by socialist including Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Rosa Luxemburg. It is now part of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

## Other websites 
* International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands: The Official Website
Lenape

The **Lenape**, **Lenappe**, **Lenapi** or **Lenni Lenape** (meaning "*the people*" or "*true people*") are a group of several bands of Native American people who share cultural and linguistic .  They are also known as the **Delaware Indians**. They spoke two similar languages known as the Delaware languages: *Unami* and *Munsee*.  The three subtribes of the Lenape are Munsee, Unami and Unalachtigo.  They lived in different regions in Pennsylvania.  

The Lenape lived in the part of the Northeast Woodlands called **Lenapehoking**, roughly the area around and between the Delaware and lower Hudson Rivers.  These areas are known today as the U.S. states of New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania around the Delaware and Lehigh valleys. They also lived on the north shore of Delaware and much of southeastern New York, mostly the lower Hudson Valley and Upper New York Bay. Nowadays most live in Oklahoma, Wisconsin and Ontario.

## References
Ice lolly

An **ice lolly**, **ice lollipop**, lolly ice or **ice pop**, is a frozen snack of flavoured ice. It is made by freezing flavoured liquid (such as fruit juice) or cream around a wooden stick. Once the liquid freezes solid, the stick can be used as a handle to hold the ice pop. In the United States, the snack is also referred to as a **popsicle** after the brand.

In the city of Liverpool, UK, the term ‘Lolly Ice’ is used, for reasons unclear. This is specific to Liverpool; the remainder of the UK use the term ‘Ice Lolly’.

## Term usage in UK, USA and Canada
The term ice lolly is used primarily in the United Kingdom, with variations used in other English-speaking countries. In the United States and Canada, the same frozen snack is often termed a 'popsicle' or 'ice pop'. The term has also been used as branding for the tourism website  Ice Lolly.

## References
Scottie Upshall

**Scott "Scottie" Upshall** (born October 7, 1983 in Fort McMurray, Alberta) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey right winger for the Arizona Coyotes. He also played for the St. Louis Blues, FLorida Panthers, Columbus Blue Jackets, and Nashville PredatorsHe was picked by the Nashville Predators with the sixth overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the WHL with the Kamloops Blazers. Upshall has also played with the Nashville Predators for 4 seasons and the Philadelphia Flyers for 3 seasons before being traded to the Phoenix Coyotes on March 4, 2009 for Daniel Carcillo.

## Awards 
*He won a Bronze medal in the 2000 World Hockey Challenge.
*He was named to the CHL - All-Rookie Team (Canadian Major Junior) in 2001.
*He was named the Rookie of the Year in the CHL in 2001.
*He was named to the WHL All-Rookie Team in 2001.
*He won the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy for the WHL Rookie of the Year in 2001.
*He was named to the WHL West Second All-Star Team in 2002.
*He won a Silver medal in the 2002 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in 2002.
*He won a Silver medal in the 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in 2003.
*He won the Calder Cup with the Milwaukee Admirals of the AHL in 2004.
*He won a silver medal in the 2009 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships in 2009

## Other websites 
Scottie Upshall's NHL Player Page
Special Cases

"**Special Cases**" is a song on English trip-hop band Massive Attack's fourth full-length album, *100th Window*. It was released as the first single from this album on 24 February 2003, reaching #15 in the UK Singles Chart.  Having Sinéad O'Connor on vocals, it was for many fans of the band their first exposure to the new album.

In addition to a radio edit of the original song, the single release contains a remix by Canadian electronica artist Akufen, as well as "I Against I", a song performed with Mos Def that appeared on the soundtrack of the 2002 film *Blade II*.  12" vinyl releases contained more remixes of "Special Cases" by Vladislav Delay, who is credited as "Luomo" for this release.

The song was also made into two separate videos.  The Enhanced CD contains one of these, and the other video is on a rare DVD release of the single.

## Track listing 
;CD (VSCDT1839)
# "Special Cases" (radio edit) – 3:46
# "Special Cases" (Akufen Remix) – 9:56
# "I Against I" – 5:40
# "Special Cases" (Video Version 2) – 5:09

;12" (VST1839)
# "Special Cases (Akufen Remix)" – 9:56
# "Special Cases (Luomo's Casing)" – 7:56

;DVD (VSDVD1839)
# "Special Cases" (Video Version 1) – 5:09
# "Special Cases" (radio edit) – 3:46
# "Special Cases" (Akufen Remix) – 9:56
# "Special Cases" (Luomo's Casing Edit) – 4:43

## References
## Other websites
* inflightdata.com - Massive Attack Discography 
* MASSIVEATTACK.IE song info entry on Special Cases
Little Nicky

***Little Nicky*** is a 2000 American fantasy comedy movie that was produced by Jack Giarraputo and Robert Simonds and was directed by Steven Brill. It stars Adam Sandler and is set in New York City.

## Cast 
* Adam Sandler as Nicky
* Rhys Ifans as Adrian
* Tom 'Tiny' Lister, Jr. as Cassius
* Harvey Keitel as Dad (Satan)
* Allen Covert as Todd
* Patricia Arquette as Valerie Veran
* Robert Smigel as the voice of Mr. Beefy
* Rodney Dangerfield as Grandpa (Lucifer)
* Jonathan Loughran as John
* Peter Dante as Peter
* Leah Lail as Christa
* Jackie Sandler as Jenna
* Dana Carvey as the Referee
* Michael McKean as Chief of Police
* Kevin Nealon as Stanley the Gatekeeper
* Reese Witherspoon as Holly (Nicky's Mom)
* Blake Clark as Jimmy the Demon

### Cameos
Other than the cast there was also a lot of cameos in the movie:
* Regis Philbin as Himself
* Ozzy Osbourne as Himself
* Bill Walton as Himself
* Dan Marino as Himself
* Henry Winkler as Himself
* Rob Schneider as The Townie (Playing his character from *The Waterboy*)
* Carl Weathers as Chubbs (Playing his character from *Happy Gilmore*)
* Clint Howard as Nipples
* Jon Lovitz as Peeper
* Fred Wolf and the Harlem Globetrotters
* Radio Man as Himself
* Quentin Tarantino as Blind deacon
* Ellen Cleghorne as Mom at Globetrotters game
* Laura Harring as Mrs. Dunleavy

## Ratings 
*Little Nicky* gained mainly negative reviews:

* Rotten Tomatoes - 22%
* Metacritic - 38% out of 100

## Other websites 
* 
*
Declaration of Rights and Grievances

The **Declaration of Rights and Grievances** was a document that made it official that taxes forced on British colonists without their  consent were not lawful. This was especially for the Stamp Act, which required that documents, newspapers, and playing cards were to be printed on special stamped and taxed paper.
Woody Woodpecker

**Wooddrow "Woody "Woodpecker** is an animated cartoon character, an anthropomorphic woodpecker who appeared in theatrical short movies produced by Walter Lantz, and distributed by Universal Pictures.

Woody Woodpecker cartoon was created in 1940 by Ben "Bugs" Hardaway. He also created the cartoon characters of Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck when he worked at the Schlesinger/Warner Bros. studio in the late 1930s.

## Family 
**Knothead and Splinter** are the nephew and niece of Woody Woodpecker. They first appeared in the cartoon *Get Lost!.* Originally Knothead and Splinter were Woody's nephews in the New Funnies comic books. Knothead was Nuthead and Splinter was a boy. However, in 1949, Nuthead was turned into Knothead and Splinter was a girl. In the late 1950's Knothead and Splinter appeared in both animated cartoons and comic books. They were both voiced by June Foray.

Woodpecker also has a girlfriend named Winnie Woodpecker. In *The New Woody Woodpecker Show*, Winnie is voiced by B. J. Ward.

## Voice actors 
* Mel Blanc (cartoons: 1940–1941; archive recordings: 1942–1972; Capitol Records: 1948–1955)
* Danny Webb (1941; *Pantry Panic*)
* Kent Rogers (1941–1943, gulping in *Wild and Woody!* (archive recording))
* Dick Nelson (1943, 1954; *Ration Board*, conscience in *Under the Counter Spy*)
* Ben Hardaway (1944–1949)
* Lee Sweetland (1944–1947; singing voice in *The Barber of Seville*, *The Beach Nut*, *Ski for Two*, *Chew-Chew Baby*, *The Dippy Diplomat* and *Smoked Hams*)
* Theodore von Eltz (1947; *Sally in Hollywoodland* [unaired radio pilot])
* Harry Babbitt (1948; "The Woody Woodpecker Song")
* Danny Kaye (1948; "The Woody Woodpecker Song" cover)
* Grace Stafford (1950–1991, 1995; *Destination Moon*, cartoons: 1950–1972; *The Woody Woodpecker Show*, commercials, *51st Academy Awards*, *Walter, Woody and the World of Animation*, ''Let's All Recycle*, Pepsi commercial (archive recording))
* Gladys Holland (1953; imitating Ga Ga Gazoo in *Belle Boys*)
* Dallas McKennon (1954, 1964, 1966; growling in *Wrestling Wrecks*, Indian voice disguise in *Saddle-Sore Woody*, monster sounds in *Monster of Ceremonies*)
* Hal Smith (1957; *Woody Woodpecker Presents*)
* Daws Butler (1963–1964, 1969, 1972; Indian voice disguise in *Greedy Gabby Gator'', imitating Homer's boss in *Freeway Fracas*, monster sound in *Spook-a-Nanny*, yelling in *Little Skeeter*, imitating Floyd Farkle in *Pecking Holes in Poles*)
* Benny Rubin (1963; with the Mad Professor's voice in *Science Friction*)
* Cherry Davis (1988; *Who Framed Roger Rabbit*)
* Dave Spafford (1991; 63rd Academy Awards)
* Jeff Bennett (1996; *Animaniacs* (as "Woodpeckerman"))
* Billy West (1998–2002; *From the Earth to the Moon*, *The New Woody Woodpecker Show*)
* Eric Kelso (2001; Universal Studios Japan, *Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure*)
* Dan Castellaneta (2008; *The Simpsons* (as a parody named "Robby Robin"))
* Seth Green (2014; *Robot Chicken*)
* Eric Bauza (2017–present; *Woody Woodpecker*, *Woody Woodpecker*, MeTV promotion, *Woody Woodpecker Goes to Camp*)
* Dan Milano (2025; *Robot Chicken*)

## Related pages
*Knothead and Splinter
*Andy Panda
*Chilly Willy
Nissan Micra

The **Nissan Micra** is a subcompact car produced by Nissan since 1982. It entered its second generation in 1992, then its third generation in 2002, and its fourth generation in 2010. It can have three or five doors and three or four cylinder engines. The Micra is called the March in some countries including Japan. 

## Gallery 

File:Nissan Micra front 20071212.jpg|First generation
File:Nissan Micra front 20080116.jpg|Second generation
File:2010 Nissan Micra N-TEC 1.2 Front.jpg|Third generation
File:Nissan Micra 1.2 Acenta (K13) – Frontansicht, 17. September 2011, Düsseldorf.jpg|Fourth generation
File:2017 Nissan Micra N-Connecta IG-T 900cc Front (1).jpg|Fifth generation
Fort Amsterdam

from 1660. Fort Amsterdam is located on the southern tip.]]
**Fort Amsterdam** (later called **Fort James**, **Fort Willem Hendrick**, **Fort James** (again), **Fort William**, **Fort Anne** and **Fort George** between British and Dutch rule) was a fort on the southern tip of modern-day Manhattan that was the administrative headquarters for the Dutch and then British rule of New York from 1625 to 1790, when it was torn down after the American Revolution.
Guilder

**Guilder** is the English translation of the Dutch ***gulden***, meaning "golden". The guilder used to be a gold coin, but has been a used for silver or metal coins for some centuries. The name is also called florin. The guilder was used most in the Netherlands (as the Dutch guilder), until it was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2002. The Netherlands Antillean guilder is currently the only guilder officially in use, though the Netherlands no longer accepts the currency in their banks.

## References
Splitting the Atom

**Splitting the Atom** is an EP by Massive Attack. It was released in October 2009 to download. Only 1,000 copies were released on vinyl. 

## Track listing
Butterfly Caught

"**Butterfly Caught**" is a song by trip-hop band Massive Attack. It was released in June 2003. The song was written by Neil Davidge and Robert Del Naja.
The Narrows

view of the Narrows.]]
**The Narrows** is the tidal strait splitting up the New York City boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn. It connects the Upper and Lower New York Bay and makes the channel where the Hudson River can empty into the Atlantic Ocean. It is believed that the Narrows were most likely formed after deposition of the Harbor Hill Moraine about 18,000 years ago just before to the end of the last ice age. Staten Island and Brooklyn used to be connected and the Hudson River emptied into the ocean through the Raritan River and taking course through present day northern New Jersey. A build up of water in the Upper Bay allowed the river to break through to form the Narrows less than 12,000 to 13,000 years ago as it exists today.

The first recorded European entrance into the Narrows was in 1524 by Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, who set anchor in the strait and was greeted by a group of Lenape in canoes. A 1964 bridge across the Narrows was named for him.

## References
Governors Island

**Governors Island** is a 172-acre (70 ha) island that lies on the Upper New York Bay, about one-half mile (1 km) from the southern tip of Manhattan Island and away from Brooklyn by Buttermilk Channel. It is legally part of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. 

Governors Island was a military base for over three hundred years. Fort Jay is the largest fort there. The island was made bigger by about 82 acres (33 ha) of landfill on its southern side when the first New York City Subway was excavated in the early 20th century.

## References