open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Limited war

A **limited war** is a war carried out by a state that uses less than its total s and has a  of less than total  of the enemy. It is very often the high cost of war that makes limited war more  than total war.

In a limited war, a state's total  does not depend on the outcome of the war. For example, when Augustus sent his Roman legions to conquer Germania, the fate of the Roman Republic was not at stake.

The United States has a strategic position that has made since World War II find itself involved in a number of limited wars. The Korean, the Vietnam, the Gulf War, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq were all examples of limited wars. From the time of the Roman Republic to modern times, limited warfare has usually not had the desired results. While the world powers did nothing, he continued to invade weaker countries until finally a world war was all that could stop him. The military theorist Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) wrote about two kinds of war. One kind has its the goal being the total destruction of an enemy. When that is not possible, the other kind is limited war, It was a limited war, limited mainly by geography. From 1815 to 1854, Britain and Russia were the two main world powers. In September 1854, the  invaded Crimea to protect the Ottomans from Russia. After a long dispute over ownership with the United Kingdom, Argentina had its troops invaded the Falkland Islands on April 2, 1982. On June 14, 1982, the Argentine forces in the Falklands surrendered. which is clear from the *Pentagon Papers* in 1961 and 1962. Instead, they focused on how to engage in fighting a war guerilla forces and thought the solution lay in military operations and in political [eforms. At first, the Americans began to send military advisors to help train and support the South Vietnamese Army. After the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, the President of the United States was given the power to run large-scale military operations in Southeast Asia without declaring war. After 58,193 American deaths in Vietnam, US President Richard Nixon decided to get out of Vietnam. Under the Paris Peace Accords, which were signed on January 27, 1973, American military forces withdrew from South Vietnam, and prisoners-of-war were exchanged. On April 30, 1975, Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese and the war ended.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Gōjū-ryū

**Gōjū-ryū** is Japanese for "hard-soft style." It is one of the main traditional Okinawan styles of karate.  Gōjū-ryū uses a combination of hard and soft s. Both principles, hard and soft, come from the famous martial arts book used by Okinawan masters during the 19th and 20th centuries, the *Bubishi* ().  **Gō**, which means hard, refers to closed hand techniques or straight  attacks. **Jū**, which means soft, refers to open hand techniques and circular movements. Gōjū-ryū uses both circular and linear movements. It combines hard  attacks such as kicks. It also uses close hand punches with softer open hand circular techniques. These are used for attacking, ing, and ling the . This includes locks, grappling, takedowns and throws.

## References
Palmiro Togliatti

**Palmiro Togliatti** was an Italian politician. He was leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death. 

Togliatti began his political life in the Italian Socialist Party. After World War I he created the Communist Party of Italy with others. In 1926 Benito Mussolini outlawed the party. Togliatti became the leader in exile. In 1943, the name was changed to the Italian Communist Party. In 1944 Togliatti returned to Italy. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Crimea.

## References
Beatriz Montañez

**Beatriz Montañez López** (born 3 June 1977 in Almadén, Castile-La Mancha) is a Spanish journalist and radio speaker.

## Biography 
### Early years 
She began working in the radio at Onda Mancha from Almadén (currently Cadena SER Almadén). Afterwards she went to the University of California where she got a degree in journalism. At same time, Montañez worked in several Spanish language radio stations in the U.S., Telemundo and Radio KLVE among others.

Back in Spain, she studied audiovisual communication and  at Instituto de RTVE and made a master via online at Harvard University.

### LaSexta 
In 2006 began to work in LaSexta's *El Intermedio* as anchorwoman and El Gran Wyoming as host.

In 2011 she left the programme being replaced by Sandra Sabatés.

### Tele 5 
In 2013 was hired by Tele 5 to present along Jordi González: *El gran debate*. In March, 2014 hosted *Hable con ellas*, an interview TV-magazine at the same channel until July.

### Book 
On March 15, 2021, she publishes the book "Niadela", where she talks about how she decided to live a simple life alone in the mountains.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Keith Holyoake

**Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake**,  (; 11 February 1904 – 8 December 1983) was the 26th Prime Minister of New Zealand. He served for a brief period in 1957 and then from 1960 to 1972. He was also the 13th Governor-General of New Zealand, serving from 1977 to 1980.

Holyoake was a Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. He used the following Post-nominal letters:
***KG** Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
***GCMG** Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order Of Saint Michael And Saint George
***CH** Order of the Companions of Honour
***QSO** Companion of the Queen's Service Order
***KStJ** Knight of Justice of The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem

## References
Decisive victory

The term **decisive victory** refers to a military victory that decides a  or a conflict. A decisive victory has to result in a  outcome for the victor and create a condition of peace between the two warring states. By comparison, an inconclusive victory is one in which one side won, but the issues between them are not . A desirable goal for all armies fighting conventional wars is a quick and decisive victory with few casualties. For example, in the Six-Day War that started on 5 June 1967, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) achieved a decisive victory over the d armies of Egypt, Syria and Jordan. Instead, the theory of limited war seemed more practical in the age of nuclear weapons as it would not escalate into a full-scale war that would result in mutual assured destruction. War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.”

Sun Tzu (544 BC – 496 BC) also wrote about decisive victory. In his book *The Art of War*, he wrote: “Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him”. It marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece.

The Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) was a  between the Anglo-Saxon English and an invading Norman army. In the battle, the English King Harold Godwinson was killed by an arrow through his eye. The victor, William Duke of Normandy, was crowned as King William I of England 10 weeks later. The Norman conquest was a major turning point in England's history.

Another example of a decisive victory is the Battle of Yorktown (1781) fought at the end of the American Revolutionary War. The American and the French forces ed the British Army, led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis. It was a decisive victory for the United States Navy over the Japanese Navy. It was the turning point in the war allowing the U.S. forces to go on the offensive against the Japanese. The Japanese fleet commander, Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, chose to attack Midway Island to draw out the few remaining U.S. Aircraft carriers and ambush them. Unknown to the Japanese, the Americans had been able to decypher their coded messages. Reading the coded messages, they knew what the Japanese plan was. The result was the complete destruction of the Japanese carrier fleet (the Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu) with 322 aircraft and over five thousand sailors. The Americans lost 147 aircraft and about three hundred sailors. While the battle did not directly end the war, it crippled Japanese sea power and ended the Japanese capability to stop the Americans and their allies.

## Related pages 
* Strategic victory
* Tactical victory
* Pyrrhic victory
* Victory

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Crimean War : Malakoff, the Decisive Victory; YouTube
Savio (river)

The **Savio** () is a river that starts in the Apennines mountain and flows to east into the Adriatic Sea. It is the longest river of the Romagna region.

## Geography
The Savio river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season: in the autumn could be as high as 1,000 cubic metres per second but is very low during summer. Most of the time, the discharge is about 6 cubic metres per second.

### Course
The Savio river starts, with the name of *Fosso Grosso*, in the Mount Fumaiolo, a mountain in the Apennines, at an elevation of about , in the commune of Verghereto, in the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. At its source there is monument with symbols that represent the Romagna region and the Verghereto commune.

In *Montecoronaro*, a *frazione* (an Italian subdivision of a municipality) of Verghereto, the river takes the name of *Savio*. The river flows through the communes of Bagno di Romagna and San Piero in Bagno and, after a few kilometres, it forms an artificial reservoir, the *Lago di Quarto*, where it is joined, on the right side, by its first important tributary, the stream *Para*.

It flows through the communes of Sarsina, Mercato Saraceno and Cesena, all in the province of Forlì-Cesena. In *Botello* (a *frazione* of Cesena), it is joined on the left side by its main tributary, the stream *Botello*. Then it goes into the province of Ravenna and flows through *Castiglione di Cervia* (commune of Cervia) and *Castiglione di Ravenna* (commune of Ravenna).

Finally, after 126 kilometres, it flows into the Adriatic Sea between Lido di Classe, a seaside resort, and Lido di Savio.

## Main tributaries 
The tributaries of the Savio are all small streams; the main are the Botello, left tributary, and Para, coming from the right.

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Italy

## References
## Other websites
* F.I.P.S.A.S. Sezione Provinciale di Forlì-Cesena: *Fiume Savio*  
* Weather statistics for Fiume Savio
Germania

**Germania** was a Roman name originally given to a tribe of people who lived along the Rhine River. They were a Teutonic people, who were first mentioned in the 4th century BC. This was a vast forested wilderness to the north that Rome knew very little about. On the north it was bounded by the North Sea and on the south by the River Hister (Danube). Some of the tribes known to live here were the Menapii, Batavi, Condrusi, Atuataci and Eburones. He built a bridge across the Rhine in 55 BC and entered Germania. The Foothills of the Alps were conquered during the reign of Augustus. The battle was Rome's greatest defeat. He knew not to attack Roman legions in open battle. In the Teutoburg Forest he lured the 17th, 18th and 19th legions into an ambush. The battle was fought in several places during the encounter. Those who were not killed were taken . When Emperor Augustus heard the news he supposedly cried out "Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!" The numbers XVII (17), XVIII (18) and XIX (19) were never again used as legion numbers.  

Germanicus was ordered to avenge the loss of the legions. In 14 AD he started the conquest of Germania again. However after two years he decided he had done enough to avenge Rome's great loss and returned to Rome. He left Germania to their own feuds. Arminius was murdered in 21 AD by relatives because of internal fighting.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Germanic Tribes Histoy
* [Germania A Roman Province Too Far 1/2 Documentary
* Cornelius Tacitus, *Germany and its Tribes*, complete text
Paraguarí Department

The **Paraguarí department** () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Paraguarí. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is **PY-09**.

## History
The territory of this department is in a valley formerly called "Yarigua'a" that was part of the mission of Jesuit priests during the colonization.

At the end of the 16th century, the Franciscan missionaries founded the city of Yaguarón with Guarani people. More towns were founded on which today form part of this department:
* Carapeguá (1725)
* Quiindy (1733)
* Ybycuí (1766)
* Pirayú (1769)
* Paraguarí (1775), the present capital of the department
* Quyquyhó (1776)
* Ybytimí and Acahay (1783)
* Caapucú (1787)

The department was created in 1935. In 1945, the old department of Quyyndy was made part of Paraguarí.

## Geography
The Paraguarí department is in the southwest of the *Oriental* region. It is one of the smallest of the departments of Paraguay, with an area of . It has a population of 239,633 for a population density of .

### Limits
* To the north: Cordillera and Caaguazú departments.
* To the east: Guairá and Caazapá departments.
* To the south: Misiones department.
* To the west: Ñeembucú and Central departments.

## Districts
The department is divided in 17 districts:

 

## Related pages
* Departments of Paraguay
* ISO 3166-2:PY

## References
## Other websites
* Gobernación de Paraguarí website  
* Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
* Secretaria Nacional de Turismo
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit

**Oswald the Lucky Rabbit** is the first animal-based character made by Disney productions.  In 1927, Universal Studios hired Disney studios to make him for *Alice Comedies*. Universal Studios owned the character by law.

According to Disney, Universal Studios named him "Oswald" by picking the name out of a hat.

Oswald was called the lucky rabbit because of the idea of rabbits' feet being lucky.  In his cartoons, Oswald would pull off his own foot, rub it for luck, and then put it back.

Oswald is drawn with big eyes, big ears and shorts like the ones Mickey Mouse wears Unlike Mickey, Oswald does not have buttons on his pants.

When Disney separated from Universal Studios, the artists there made a new character called Mickey Mouse. Meanwhile, Universal used Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in comics in 1935 and in animated programs until 1943.

Disney bought Oswald back in 2006. Disney put him in the video game *Epic Mickey* in 2010 for the Nintendo Wii

Since 2024, all of the Disney-era Oswald cartoons are in the public domain. In the same year, the Winkler Oswald cartoons released in 1928 are in the public domain.

## References
Ataxia

**Ataxia** is trouble with balance that is not caused by a person's muscles being weak.  Instead, ataxia is caused by a neurological problem.

People with cerebellar ataxia may have trouble with actions like these:
* Controlling how hard their muscles contract, how fast, and in what direction
* Getting their muscles to work together (asynergy)
* Walking (gait abnormality)
* Moving their eyes
* Swallowing (dysphagia)
* Saying words (dysarthria)
* Judging how far away something is (dysmetria)
* Reacting quickly

### Sensory ataxia
Sensory ataxia is caused by the loss of proprioception (knowing where parts of the body are).  It is usually caused by damage to the parts of the spinal cord that carry information about proprioception to the brain.  However, it can also be caused by damage to the parts of the brain that receive that information (the cerebellum, the thalamus, and the parietal lobes of the brain).

A person with sensory ataxia may have these symptoms:
* They may have trouble walking.  They may stomp their feet and hit their heels hard against the ground while they walk
* Trouble walking that gets worse when the person cannot see well
** For example, if the person stands with their feet together and their eyes closed, their balance problems will get much worse, and they may fall.  Doctors call this a "positive Romberg's test.

### Vestibular ataxia
Vestibular ataxia is caused by problems with the vestibular system.  This is the body's main sensory system that controls balance and movement.  It includes the inner ear.

### Acquired ataxia 
A person is not born with acquired ataxia.  *Acquired* means that something happened during the person's life to cause the ataxia.
* Problems that damage parts of the cerebellum.  These problems can include:
** Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, or use of certain medications which can cause ataxia
* Hypothyroidism
** Head injury
** Viral illnesses, like viral meningitis
** Celiac disease
* Mercury poisoning
* Radiation poisoning
* Vitamin B12 deficiency (not having enough vitamin B12 in the body)

### Genetic (hereditary) ataxia 
Genetic ataxia is caused by hereditary disorders that damage the cerebellum or spine.  People are born with these disorders.  In most cases, they get worse over time. A review of the management of degenerative ataxia was published in 2009.
* Medications
* Physical therapy
* Occupational therapy
* Using a cane or walker to help with balance

Some people with severe ataxia may need to use wheelchairs.

## Related pages
* Balance
* Proprioception
* Cerebellum
* Spinal cord
* Vestibular system

## References
Fátima Bernardes

**Fátima Bernardes** (born September 17, 1962) is a Brazilian journalist and talk show host. She has worked at Rede Globo since 1987. In this television network she  started to work in TV newscasts and became very famous. In 2011, she trended worldwide on Twitter after announcing her new professional phase as show host. Forbes has said Bernardes could become as popular as Oprah''. 

## Filmography 
## References
San Felipe de Aconcagua Province

**San Felipe de Aconcagua Province** () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). The city of San Felipe is the capital of the province.

## Geography
The San Felipe de Aconcagua province has an area of , the third largest province in the Valparaíso region; only the Petorca and Los Andes provinces are more large.

## Population
 (last national census), there were 131,911 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is San Felipe, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 57,760 inhabitants. Other cities are Llaillay (16,215), Santa María (8,126) and Putaendo (7,214).

## Administration
As a province, San Felipe de Aconcagua is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes (*comunas*). The city of San Felipe serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional de Valparaíso  Official website 
* Province of San Felipe de Aconcagua website
1926 Miami hurricane

The **1926 Miami Hurricane** (or the **Great Miami Hurricane**) was a very large and violent tropical cyclone. The hurricane caused a lot of damage in the Miami metropolitan area of southern Florida and in the Bahamas.

The storm caused $78.5 million in damage to the United States. Estimates from 2010 put the damage at $165 billion, meaning the storm surpasses Katrina as the costliest U.S. hurricane.

Between 372 and 540 deaths happened because of the hurricane.

## References
Valparai

**Valparai** is a town in the district of Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu. Valparai is 100&nbsp;km away from the district headquarters Coimbatore. Areas in Valparai are mostly owned by private tea companies and large forest areas. It is a hill station, located 3500 feet(1100m) height above sea level on the Anaimalai Hills range of the Western Ghats.

Earliest records say that in 1846 Ramasamy Mudaliar started a coffee plantation here. Later in 1864, the Karnatic coffee company started a coffee plantation in this area. In 1890, W.Wintil and Nordan bought this area from the Madras State Government (present Tamil Nadu) under the British Raj. Mr.Wintil deforested the forest areas in Valparai to cultivate tea and coffee.

According to the 2011 census, Valparai has a population of 70,859 with sex ratio of 1013 per 1000 males and literacy rate 78.47%. 59.68% of the population consist of Scheduled Castes and 1.75% population of the Scheduled Tribes.

## References
Gaafar Nimeiry

**Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry** was the President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985. His name is also spelled **Jaafar Nimeiry**, **Gaafar Nimeiry** or '''Ga'far Muhammad Numayri'''.

Nimeiry came to power after a military coup in 1969. In 1972 he signed the Addis Ababa Agreement, ending the First Sudanese Civil War. In 1983 he imposed Sharia law. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War. He was removed from power in 1985. Nimeiry went into exile in Egypt.

## References
Mahe district

Mahé district (Malayalam: മയ്യഴി ജില്ല,  is one of the four districts of the union territory of Puducherry, India. It consists of the whole of the Mahé region.[1] Mahé is the smallest district of India by size. The total area of Mahé district is surrounded on three sides by Kannur District and one side by Kozhikode District. Geographically Mahé district is part of North Malabar region.

Mahe is surrounded on three sides by Kannur district and a side by Kozhikode district, as it is located in Kerala state. Puducherry union territory consists of four unconnected districts.

Mahe district has a very small area of just 8.69 sq.kms. The total population of the district is 41,934, roughly equal to Liechtenstein. The literacy rate of the district is 98.35%. The population density of Mahe district is 4659 inhabitants/1 square km and 12070 inhabitants/1 square miles.

## Reference
Vice President of India

The **Vice President of India** is the second-highest constitutional official in India, after the President.

Article 63 of the Indian Constitution states that "there shall be a Vice-President". The person who holds the post of Vice-President acts as the President of India during the absence of the President due to resignation, death, impeachment and other reasons. The Vice President is also the Ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both houses of the Parliament of India.

The salary for the Vice-President is 125,000 Rupees.

## Salary and pension 
There is no specific guidance for the salary of the vice president of India, according to existing laws. The vice president receives a salary in the capacity of the *ex officio*, or "from the office" chairman of the Rajya Sabha, which is currently  per month (revised from 125,000 in 2018). In addition, the vice president is entitled to free and furnished residence, medical, travel, and other facilities. The constitution provides that when the vice president acts as the president or carries out the duties of the president, the vice president is entitled to the salary and privileges of the president. The pension for the vice president is 50% of the salary. In fact, he is the only official who does not get any salary and payment for the services of his designated post (i.e. vice president).
## List
## Reference
Alikovsky District

**Alikovsky District** (; , *Elĕk rajonĕ*) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the northwestern central part of the republic and borders with Morgaushsky and Yadrinsky Districts in the north, Krasnoarmeysky District in the east, Vurnarsky and Shumerlinsky Districts in the south, and with Krasnochetaysky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a *selo*) of Alikovo. Population:  The population of Alikovo accounts for 14.5% of the district's total population.

## History
The district was formed on October 1, 1927.

## Economy
There is a construction plant in Alikovo.

### Transportation
The Cheboksary–Yadrin and the Cheboksary–Krasnye Chetay autoroute cross the territory of the district.

## Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, 98% of the population was Chuvash.

## Education
There is a middle school in Alikovo.

## Culture
There is a museum, a people's theater, a folk band, a veteran's orchestra, a school's brass band, and a chorus. Regional Chuvash music festival "Vir'yal shevlisem" (lit. ''Viryal's pancakes'') takes place in May of each year.

## Notable people
* Alexander Artemiev, writer and poet
* Anatoly Serep, writer and poet
* Arcady Aris, writer
* Arkady Malov, poet and translator
* Boris Markov, actor, director
* Gerasim Pileš, writer and playwright
* Ille Toktash, writer and poet
* Nikita Larionov, writer and poet
* Nikolai Yut, writer, folklorist, and literature critic
* Stanislav Voronov, artist

## Further reading
* L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
* "Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L.A., Yefimov E.L., Ananyev A.A., Terentyev G.K., Cheboksary, 2009, .

## References
### Notes
### Sources
* 
*
Thirunallar

**Thirunallar** is a small town in the district of Karaikal, Puducherry Union territory, India. It is on the banks of Noolaaru River and Vanchiaaru River in the north and the banks of Arasalar River in the south.

Thirunallar is specially famous for the temple dedicated to Lord Shani, or Lord Saturn. The temple is named after him, Thirunallar Saniswaran temple. The main deity of the town is Lord Dharbharanyeshwarar, a form of Lord Shiva.

The temple of this town is the only temple dedicated to Lord Shani in the whole world. Whenever Lord Saturn passes from one zodiac sign to the other (Sani Peyarchi), millions of people comes to Thirunallar for worshiping the lord. The Nala theertham or Nalan kulam is the temple tank of this temple, which is said to be washing away all misfortunes caused by karma. That is why Lord Shani is renowned as "the dispenser of Karma".

Thirunallar is believed to be named for King Nala, the king of the country of Nishadha.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official page
Tirumalairayanpattinam

**Tirumalairayanpattinam** is a census town in Karaikal district, Puducherry Union territory, India. This is also a religious town like the other main renowned towns in the Karaikal district. The town's name is often shortened to **TR Pattinam**. This town is on the banks of Thirumalairajanar River

TR Pattinam is named after a king like the town of Thirunallar. Tirumalairayanpattinam is named after King Thirumalai Raja, who ruled this town from 1453 to 1468. At his time both the river and the town was named after him. But later the name of the town changed to Tirumalairayan pattinam.

## Famous things in the Tirumalairayan Pattinam
* A 160 year old bridge still stands in the Tirumalairajan River. 
 
* Aayiram Kaali Amman Temple is an ancient temple. The deity is made entirely of wood. 
 
* Maasi magam festival 

* Arulmigu Abhirami Amman Temple is also a famous temple.
## Transportation
TR Pattinam has its own railway station under the control of the Indian Railways. It is also well connected with the port city and the district headquarters, Karaikal.
## Reference
*
Yanam district

**Yanam district** is one of the four districts of the Union Territory of Puducherry.

Yanam is a small territory of just 20&nbsp;km2. It is in Andhra Pradesh. But **Yanam district**, Mahe district, Karaikal district and Puducherry district comes under Puducherry Union territory, as they were French colonies up to 1954.

Yanam is surrounded by the district of East Godavari of Andhra Pradesh. Yanam district consists of 7 revenue villages and a town. Yanam is a town as well as the district headquarters. The other villages are Agraharam, Darialatippa, Farampeta, Guerempeta, Kanakalapeta, Kurasampeta and Mettakur. The total population of the district is just 55,616, roughly equal to the population of Greenland.

## References
Controlled flight into terrain

A **controlled flight into terrain** (**CFIT**, usually pronounced *cee-fit*) is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is ly flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an . In a typical CFIT , the crew is not aware of the  until it is too late to stop it. The term was ed by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s.

Accidents where the aircraft is out of control at the time of , because of mechanical failure or pilot error, are not considered CFIT (they are known as *uncontrolled flight into terrain*). Accidents resulting from the  action of the person flying the aircraft, such as acts of terrorism or suicide by pilot.

According to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life. It has caused over 9,000 deaths since the beginning of the commercial jet age.

## References 
* Fatal Plane Crash Recorded From Inside The Plane (CFIT); YouTube 
* Controlled Flight Into Terrain - by Cessna; YouTube
Conventional weapon

**Conventional weapons** are those weapons that are not weapons of mass destruction. They can include weapons such as armoured fighting vehicles, armed helicopters, combat aircraft, artillery and warships. They can also include (but are not limited to) small arms, ammunition, cluster munitions, incendiary device and land mines. But they are the main weapons used in modern conventional warfare. UN member nations add details of their imports and exports of conventional weapons.
* Category II – Armored combat vehicles.
* Category III – Large-calibre artillery systems.
* Category IV – Combat aircraft.
* Category V – Attack helicopters.
* Category VI – Warships.
* Category VII – Missiles and missile launchers.

## Related pages 
* Small arms
* Nuclear weapon
* Chemical weapon
* Biological weapon

## References 
## Other websites 
* Nuclear and Conventional Weapons 
* Small Arms: The Real Weapons of Mass Destruction | Military Update; YouTube
Edward Gierek

**Edward Gierek** (; 6 January 1913 – 29 July 2001) was a Polish communist politician. 

Gierek is known for opening communist Poland to Western influence. He made economic changes. For a time these changes helped Poland's economy stabilize. He modernized industry and increased access to products. Later the 1973 oil crisis made prices increase. Poland had many foreign debts. There were several revolts because of the economy. The Polish people were unhappy with Gierek and he was removed from power.

## References
Aconcagua River

The **Aconcagua River** is a river that flows from east to west through the Valparaíso region in north central Chile and flows into the Pacific Ocean  north of Valparaíso.

Although it has the same name, the Aconcagua river does not starts in the slopes of Aconcagua, which is in Argentina about  from the beginning of the river, in Chilean territory.

## Geography
The Aconcagua river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Aconcagua river starts on the Andes at an elevation of about , at the confluence of two rivers:
* *Juncal* river, that starts in the Nevado Juncal mountain; it is  long.
* *Blanco* river, that is  long.

From its start, the river flows through the Aconcagua valley. Before the city of Los Andes, the river is joined, as a right tributary, by the *Colorado* river,  long, and then, after the city of San Felipe, by the *Putaendo* river, also a right tributary with a length of .

The river keeps flowing to the west, running through the cities of La Calera and Quillota, in the Quillota province. Finally, the Aconcagua river flows in the Pacific Ocean at the city of Concón, in the Valparaíso province.

## Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Aconcagua river are:

Left tributaries:
* Estero Los Loros - 18&nbsp;km

Right tributaries:
* Colorado- 58&nbsp;km
* Putaendo - 34&nbsp;km
* Estero Quilpué - 47&nbsp;km
* Estero Limache

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Chile

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Cuenca Río Aconcagua  
* Saneamiento de los ríos Aconcagua y La Ligua
Luis Carrero Blanco

**Luis Carrero Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero Blanco, Grandee of Spain** (4 March 1904 &ndash; 20 December 1973) was a Spanish admiral. He was a trusted associate of dictator Francisco Franco. He was assassinated by a member of ETA, a Basque group.

## References
Lon Nol

Marshal **Lon Nol** (, also ; 13 November 1913 – 17 November 1985) was a Cambodian politician and military leader. He led a coup against Prince Norodom Sihanouk in 1970. Nol made himself President of the newly created Khmer Republic. The Khmer Rouge took leadership of Cambodia. Lon Nol fled from Cambodia to Indonesia and then to the United States (US).
## Related pages
* Cambodian genocide
* Cambodian genocide denial
## References
Chiang Ching-kuo

**Chiang Ching-kuo** (27 April 1910&nbsp;– 13 January 1988) was a Taiwanese politician. He held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China (ROC).

Chiang Ching-kuo was the son of Chiang Kai-shek. He succeeded his father to serve as Premier of the Republic of China. He was the President of the Republic of China from 1978 until his death in 1988.

## References
Gennady Yanayev

**Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev** (26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010) was a Soviet politician. He was the vice president of the Soviet Union,. Yanayev served from 1990 to 1991.

Yanayev held several political positions. He served during the rules of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko. With the help of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yanayev was the last and only elected Vice President of the Soviet Union. He later served a President of the Soviet Union during the August Coup and led the GKChP to depose President Gorbachev. The coup ended after 3 days. Yanayev was arrested. In 1994 he was pardoned by the State Duma.

## Decorations and awards
* Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice
* Order of the Badge of Honour, twice

## References
Tinnitus

**Tinnitus** is a symptom of hearing loss and other hearing problems. It is described as hearing sound in the head or ears that does not come from an outside source. Many people will hear ringing, buzzing, hissing or whistling sounds, but tinnitus can be other sounds such as roaring and humming as well.  

Different people will hear different sounds from tinnitus but how they hear it can also be different. Tinnitus can be loud or quiet and it can be continuous or occasional and some people will not notice their tinnitus but some people become very annoyed from it, especially when they feel tired or stressed.

Tinnitus can be Unilateral (one ear). Bi-lateral or Head (Usually in the occipital region), Continuous or pulsating, as a background noise or with associated symptoms such as anxiety  or depression. The trigger can be noise induced such as exposure to military sounds, or Loud speakers. Tinnitus may be combined with Vertigo, Dizziness or Unsteadiness. The medication that may cause Tinnitus in many sufferers is chronic treatment with Acetyl-salicylic Acid (Aspirin) in high dose.

The treatments can be divided to two categories: Palliative and Curative. The aim of the Palliative treatments is to help the patient to cope with his medical condition. Psychological treatments such as hypnotherapy, biofeedback, CBT and other psycho therapies are used.

The aim of the Curative treatments is to cure the tinnitus. Objective tests such as MRI and blood tests are used in order to find treatable causes. Many times the findings does not help to cure the patient. Trauma to the skull may cause tinnitus. Many times the Neurologist may decide to avoid surgery because it may make the tinnitus worse.
 
There are many things that can cause people to get tinnitus. These are the main reasons:
*Listening to loud noises 
*Extreme stress
*Old age 
*Some diseases 
*Some medicines

## Treatments and therapies 
People of different range of age can develop tinnitus. It is not a disorder but the symptom of some underlying health condition.

People with tinnitus may take part in yoga, exercise regularly, perform sound therapies or join a tinnitus community .  Playing a faint background noise in the background also helps in keeping the phantom noise at bay.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Resonate Health Find an audiologist in New Zealand.
Ernest Bevin

**Ernest Bevin** (9 March 1881 – 14 April 1951) was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour politician. Bevin strongly opposed communism. He helped in the creation of NATO.

## References
Hellenistic period

The **Hellenistic period** in Ancient Greece (323–146 BC) was the time period between the death of Alexander the Great when the generals of Alexander created their own empires and the Roman conquest of mainland Greece. 

During this era: Greek culture, art and power expanded all over the Eastern Mediterranean (including Anatolia, Egypt, the Levant and the Balkans). Of all the Hellenistic empires that were established, the Seleucid Empire was the largest. The Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt is the most famous and the longest lasting due to its famous Library of Alexandria and members like Cleopatra VII.
Frankfurt Universe

The **Frankfurt Universe** are a German American football team from Frankfurt, Hesse.

The club was formed in 2007. Previously, Frankfurt had the NFL Europa team Frankfurt Galaxy. In late 2014, the club announced that it had purchased the rights for the Galaxy name. Once again, they played under the name Frankfurt Galaxy. In the official 2015 table of the German Football League however, the team is still listed as Frankfurt Universe. It was renamed again as Frankfurt Universe in 2016.

Starting in 2015, the team plays at Frankfurter Volksbank Stadion, home ground of association football team FSV Frankfurt.

The team won the GFL 2 south in 2015 with a perfect season. They earned a promotion to the GFL after the eighth placed GFL team, the **Franken Knights**, withdrew from the promotion/relegation round.

## Honours
The team's honours:
* **German Bowl**
** **Runners-up**: 2018
* **EFL Bowl**
** **Champions**: 2016
* **Eurobowl**
** **Runners-up**: 2017, 2018
* **German Football League – Southern Division**
** **Runners-up**: 2016, 2017
** **League membership**: 2016–present
* **German Football League 2 – Southern Division**
** **Champions**: 2015
** **Runners-up**: 2012, 2013

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website  
* German Football League official website  
* Football History   Historic American football tables from Germany
Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

There are 4 **arrondissements in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are:

## History
Since its creation, the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department has had few changes:
* 1790 : creation of the department with five districts: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron; the capital was Digne.
* 1800 : creation of five arrondissements: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron.
* 1926 : the arrondissements of Castellane and Sisteron were eliminated.
* 1942 : Castellane was made again an arrondissement.

## Related pages
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Typhoon Meranti

**Typhoon Meranti**, also known in the Philippines as **Typhoon Ferdie**, was one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record. The storm struck the Philippines, Taiwan and mainland China. In terms of pressure, Meranti was the strongest typhoon since Typhoon Megi in 2010. It was also the strongest in terms of wind speeds since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Furthermore, it was the strongest tropical cyclone in 2016.

The storm caused more than $2.6 billion in damage. It led to more than 30 deaths.

## References
Arrondissement of Barcelonnette

The **arrondissement of Barcelonnette** is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Barcelonnette.

## History
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Barcelonnette was part of that original department.

## Geography
The *arrondissement* of Barcelonnette is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. It is bordered to the northeast by Italy, to the southeast by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Castellane and Digne-les-Baines *arrondissements* and to the west and north by the Hautes-Alpes department.

The *arrondissement* of Barcelonnette is the smallest *arrondissement* of the department both in area, , and population (8,004 inhabitants).

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

There is only one canton in the *arrondissement* of Barcelonnette, with all its communes in the *arrondissement*: the canton of Barcelonnette  (0401).

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Barcelonnette has 14 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 
# Barcelonnette (04019)
# Ubaye-Serre-Ponçon (04033)
# La Condamine-Châtelard (04062)
# Enchastrayes (04073)
# Faucon-de-Barcelonnette (04086)
# Jausiers (04096)
# Le Lauzet-Ubaye (04102)
# Val-d'Oronaye (04120)
# Pontis (04154)
# Méolans-Revel (04161)
# Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye (04193)
# Saint-Pons (04195)
# Les Thuiles (04220)
# Uvernet-Fours (04226)
 

The *communes* with more inhabitants in the *arrondissement* are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Arrondissement of Castellane

The **arrondissement of Castellane** is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Castellane.

## History
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Castellane was part of that original department.

The *arrondissement* was eliminated in 1926, but became again an *arrondissement* in 1952. cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

There is only one canton in the *arrondissement* of Castellane, with all its communes in the *arrondissement*: the canton of Castellane  (0402).

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Castellane has 41 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

# Allons (04005)
# Allos (04006)
# Angles (04007)
# Annot (04008)
# Barrême (04022)
# Beauvezer (04025)
# Blieux (04030)
# Braux (04032)
# Castellane (04039)
# Castellet-lès-Sausses (04042)
# Val-de-Chalvagne (04043)
# Chaudon-Norante (04055)
# Clumanc (04059)
# Colmars (04061)
# Demandolx (04069)
# Entrevaux (04076)
# Le Fugeret (04090)
# La Garde (04092)
# Lambruisse (04099)
# Méailles (04115)
# Moriez (04133)
# La Mure-Argens (04136)
# La Palud-sur-Verdon (04144)
# Peyroules (04148)
# La Rochette (04170)
# Rougon (04171)
# Saint-André-les-Alpes (04173)
# Saint-Benoît (04174)
# Saint-Jacques (04180)
# Saint-Julien-du-Verdon (04183)
# Saint-Lions (04187)
# Saint-Pierre (04194)
# Sausses (04202)
# Senez (04204)
# Soleilhas (04210)
# Tartonne (04214)
# Thorame-Basse (04218)
# Thorame-Haute (04219)
# Ubraye (04224)
# Vergons (04236)
# Villars-Colmars (04240)

The *communes* with more inhabitants in the *arrondissement* are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains

The **arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains** is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Digne-les-Bains.

## History
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Digne-les-Bains was part of that original department.

## Geography
The *arrondissement* of Digne-les-Bains is in the central part of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. It is bordered to the north by the *arrondissement* of Barcelonnette, to the east by the  *arrondissement* of Castellane, to the south by the Var department and to the west by the *arrondissement* of Forcalquier.

The *arrondissement* of Digne-les-Bains is the largest *arrondissement* of the department in area, , but the second in population (55,758 inhabitants), after the *arrondissement* of Forcalquier.

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

In the *arrondissement* of Digne-les-Bains, there are 6 cantons and 4 of them with all their *communes* in the *arrondissement*:

# Digne-les-Bains-1 (0404)
# Digne-les-Bains-2 (0405)
# Oraison (0410) (partly)
# Riez (0412)
# Seyne (0413) (partly)
# Valensole (0415)

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Digne-les-Bains has 46 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

# Aiglun (04001)
# Archail (04009)
# Auzet (04017)
# Barles (04020)
# Barras (04021)
# Beaujeu (04024)
# Beynes (04028)
# Bras-d'Asse (04031)
# Le Brusquet (04036)
# Le Castellard-Mélan (04040)
# Le Chaffaut-Saint-Jurson (04046)
# Champtercier (04047)
# Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban (04049)
# Châteauredon (04054)
# Digne-les-Bains (04070)
# Draix (04072)
# Entrages (04074)
# L'Escale (04079)
# Estoublon (04084)
# Ganagobie (04091)
# La Javie (04097)
# Majastres (04107)
# Malijai (04108)
# Mallefougasse-Augès (04109)
# Mallemoisson (04110)
# Marcoux (04113)
# Les Mées (04116)
# Mézel (04121)
# Mirabeau (04122)
# Montclar (04126)
# Moustiers-Sainte-Marie (04135)
# Peyruis (04149)
# Prads-Haute-Bléone (04155)
# La Robine-sur-Galabre (04167)
# Sainte-Croix-du-Verdon (04176)
# Hautes-Duyes (04177)
# Saint-Jeannet (04181)
# Saint-Julien-d'Asse (04182)
# Saint-Jurs (04184)
# Saint-Martin-lès-Seyne (04191)
# Selonnet (04203)
# Seyne (04205)
# Thoard (04217)
# Verdaches (04235)
# Le Vernet (04237)
# Volonne (04244) 

The *communes* with more inhabitants in the *arrondissement* are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References
Conductive hearing loss

**Conductive hearing loss** is one of the main types of hearing loss.  It happens when sound is blocked from going through the outer and middle ear into the inner ear and will only make noises sound less loud. 

Most of the time, conductive hearing loss can be treated but how it is treated depends on the causes and is different for everyone.

## Causes
* Ear infections - some infections can cause the ear to swell and can make pus that blocks the ears
* Ruptured ear drums - a hole in the ear drum that makes it harder for sound to travel through the ears
* Objects blocking ear canal - some objects such as cotton tips and sometimes even ear wax can block the ears

## Treatment
*Medical - some ear infections can be treated by medicine
*Surgery - sometimes surgery is needed to remove objects that are blocking the ears
*Hearing aids - since conductive hearing loss usually makes noises sound quieter, hearing aids can help by making the sounds louder for users

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing problems.
* Resonate Health Find an audiologist in New Zealand.
* Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on hearing problems.
Hu Yaobang

**Hu Yaobang** (20 November 1915 – 15 April 1989) was a Chinese politician and a high-ranking official of the People's Republic of China.

Hu Yaobang was a political ally of Deng Xiaoping. They fought together in the Chinese Civil War. Both were part of the communist force that took power of Sichuan in 1949. Hu became the leader of the Communist Youth League from 1952–1966.

During the Cultural Revolution, Hu Yaobang was said to not be true to the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong. He was rehabilitated twice. He was an important supporter of Deng Xiaoping's rise to power.

Hu Yaobang's death in 1989 was a cause for the Tiananmen Square protests.

## References