open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Tonight Show

***The Tonight Show*** is a popular late night television talk and comedy show in the United States. It appears on the NBC television network. The show started in 1954 and was hosted by Steve Allen. In 1957, Jack Paar became the host, with Ernie Kovacs hosting on some nights.

In 1962, Johnny Carson took over and stayed until 1992, with announcer Ed McMahon as sidekick, and Doc Severinsen as bandleader. Carson, McMahon, and Severinsen retired from *The Tonight Show* in 1992, when Jay Leno became host. Leno left the show in 2009, and Conan O'Brien (of *Late Night* and *Saturday Night Live* fame) became host from June 2009 to January 2010 before leaving due to controversy with *The Tonight Show*'s timeslot. Jay Leno became the host of the show again on March 1, 2010. Leno retired in 2014 when Jimmy Fallon took over.

## 2009 timeslot controversy
In late 2009, NBC said that they would be moving the *Jay Leno Show* to 11:35 PM, the time usually slotted for *The Tonight Show*. The *Jay Leno Show* would be 30 minutes long. *The Tonight Show* would be moved to 12:05 AM, but would still be a full hour long. NBC did this because Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien were not getting enough viewers, and they believed that moving *The Jay Leno Show* to late night would increase their prime time viewers.

After being told this, Conan O'Brien said that he would be leaving *The Tonight Show*. He said that he believed that moving the show to 12:05 would ruin it, and that it would be unfair to *Late Night*, which would have been moved to 1:05 AM. The deal was made that O'Brien would receive $33 million and that his staff of almost 200 people would receive $12 million. Conan O'Brien's last show aired on January 22, 2010.

## Music and announcers 
, a regular replacement host during the time when Steve Allen was the host of the show.]]

, in 1973.]]
Jimmy Fallon began hosting *The Tonight Show* on February 17th, 2014. His band, The Roots, joined him, and also announcer Steve Higgins. Fallon has sometimes had guests to help him host the show, with the first co-host being Cardi B and she co-hosted on April 9th, 2018, Kevin Hart co-hosted on September 19th, 2018. Dave Grohl co-hosted on May 24th, 2021, Jimmy Kimmel hosted on April 1st, 2022, (with Fallon switching to guest host *Jimmy Kimmel Live.)* Shawn Mendes co-hosted on April 29th, 2022, Megan Thee Stallion co-hosted on August 11, 2022, Demi Lovato co-hosted on August 17th, 2022. Jack Harlow co-hosted on October 6th, 2022, and Bad Bunny co-hosted on January 13th, 2025.

## See also 
* Late night television
1492

It was an important year in the history of the world.

The most important events centred around Spain. Muslim forces were finally expelled (sent away) from Spain. This ended 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.

Jews were also expelled. With the backing of the King of Spain, Christopher Columbus set off on the voyage by which he would discover the "New World", by which was meant the Americas.

Fall of Granada: Muhammad XII, the last Emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) after a long siege.

These discoveries and changes made Spain a large empire, not just a country in Europe.

## References
Vessel

**Vessel** or **vessels** may refer to:

*Blood vessel, a tube that carries blood around the body
*Lymph vessel, a thin walled, valved structure that carries lymph
*Vessel element, a narrow tube that carries water in plants (such as the xylem)
*Bowl, a common open-top container
*Drinking vessel, for holding drinkable liquids
*Marine vessel, any kind of boat or ship
Five solas

In Europe in the 16th century, there was a big change in the Christian religion. During the Protestant Reformation, hundreds of thousands of people left the Catholic Church to form Protestant churches all over Europe.

"The Five solas" are an important part of reformed theology for the Protestant leaders:

* **Sola scriptura** (meaning "The Bible only"): Protestants believe that they need only to read the Bible to find out what God wants, instead of listening to the Pope or the Catholic Church.

* **Solus Christus**  (meaning Christ only"): Protestants believe that the only way to heaven is by Jesus dying on the cross, thus they do not have to pray to Mary, saints, or angels.

* **Sola Gratia** (meaning "grace only:" Protestants believe that God lets people into heaven, but no one deserves it.

***Sola fide** (meaning "faith only"): Protestants believe that people must trust Jesus for him to let them into heaven.

***Soli Deo Gloria** (meaning "only glory to God"): Protestants believe that God alone should be worshipped, not the Pope or priests, and people should not trust the Church to get to heaven.

The words "Sola Scriptura", "Solus Christus", "Sola Gratia", "Sola Fide" and "Soli Deo Gloria" are in Latin.

## Other websites 
*Articles on the Five *Sola*s—from a conservative Calvinistic perspective
*FiveSolas.com—a Reformed page devoted to the *Sola*s
Göran Persson

**Göran Persson** (born January 20, 1949) was the Prime minister of Sweden between 1996 and 2006. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, but quit in March 2007. He was replaced by Mona Sahlin as leader of the party, the party's first woman to do so.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Government Offices of Sweden - Göran Persson
Jane Fonda

**Jane Seymour Fonda** (born December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist and former fashion model. She is the daughter of Henry Fonda, the sister of Peter Fonda and the aunt of Bridget Fonda, both of whom are actors. She won two Academy Awards. Fonda made instructional videos on exercise and aerobics. She was also known for her nude scene in *Circle of Love*, which was the first by a major American actress in a foreign movie.

## Personal life 
Fonda was born on December 21, 1937 in New York City. She is the daughter of actor Henry Fonda (1905–1982) and the Canadian-born socialite Frances Ford Seymour (1908–1950). According to her father, their surname comes from Italian ancestors who immigrated to the Netherlands. There they intermarried and began to use Dutch given names. She is also of English, Scottish, French-Canadian, German, and Norwegian ancestry. She was named after the third wife of English king Henry VIII, Jane Seymour. Her mother is distantly related to Jane Seymour. Her brother was actor Peter Fonda (1940–2019) and through him, her niece was his daughter Bridget. In 1950, her mother committed suicide when Jane was 13.

In the early 1950s, Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York. She attended the Emma Willard School in Troy, New York, and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, but dropped out to become a fashion model.

## Health 
Fonda was diagnosed with breast cancer and osteoporosis in her later years. In April 2019, Fonda revealed she had a cancerous growth removed from her lower lip in March 2018 and had pre-melanoma growths removed from her skin.

In September 2022, Fonda announced that she has been diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Degree

**Degree** generally means to have a level in something.

**Degree** can mean:
*Academic degree  awarded by a university to people who graduate from it
*A degree is a unit of how we measure temperature
*Degree (angle) in geometry, 1/360th of a circle
*Degree (mathematics), the highest power of x occurring inside a polynomial
High school

]]
]]

**High school** is a kind of school, a place where people go to learn skills for use in life. In a three-part system such as in the United States, children go to high school after middle school ("junior high"). In a two-part system such as in South Africa and the United Kingdom, the change is from primary school to secondary school at around 12 years and 11 years of age respectively. High school is also sometimes called an **senior high school** or just *senior high*. 

In the United States, a high school is a school that students go to usually for grades 9 through 12, from the ages of about 14-15 to about 17-18. It is also the last school that the law requires the student to go to. However, students with behavioral issues that are too much for the school to handle cannot attend. This is called expulsion. Some states have an age or certain grade where a student does not have to attend school, this is called the compulsory age, for example in New York, students below 17 years of age are required to attend school unless the child is excused. Some people may choose to take some tests called GED (General Education Development) as another way to finish high school. A student is allowed by law to stop going to high school after a certain age without having graduated. In most this is 16, however, in a few states, it is 18 or higher, for example, Wisconsin.

In the United Kingdom, the law requires the student to go to school until 16. The term 'high school' is only used in Scotland.
The term 'secondary School' is used for most of the UK instead of 'high school'.
'Secondary school' is the school year between 7-11; which are pupils aged 11-16.

There are public high schools and private high schools in the United States and many other countries.

## References
Public school

A **public school** means different things in different countries:

## USA and Canada 
In the United States and Canada, public schools are schools that are paid for by the government. They are open to all students who live nearby without any charge. They are usually paid for through property taxes that are applied to everyone who owns buildings in the area around the school.

Public schools greatly expanded  in the United States in the 19th century. Every U.S. state now has free public schools.

Some people think that public schools have done a bad job of education in the United States. One solution has been to give "vouchers" to parents that help them send their children to private schools. Critics say this takes money away that could go to improving public schools.

See British public school, where the meaning is different.

## Philippines 
In the Philippines, a public school is a school managed by the Department of Education and funded by the national government, generally tuition-free or charge minimal fees for certain activities or materials. These schools aim to provide education to all Filipino children and are a crucial component of the country's education system. Due to high enrollment rates, public schools may have larger class sizes compared to privately-owned schools.

## Related pages 
*Co-education
Welfare state

In a **welfare state**, the government has a duty to provide some level of basic support for the welfare of its citizens, including Social Security and pensions for retirees.

## Examples 
The government provides scholarships to people who do not have as much as most other people in terms of education. The state may also give homes to people who do not have them, particularly those who cannot afford homes due to lack of education. The state has a system in place to monitor the progress of above such aids. 

To make this happen, there have to be economical reformation, and the state and organisations must come together to achieve it. The state also will aid in tax audits initially to put such a measure in place. The taxes vary and the pyramid information will be available for such a complex socio-political structure. 

A welfare state could also be paid for if the government borrows money from people, mainly by selling bonds. It is run by the government which helps the poor and the needy out.

Scholarship schemes at varying levels would be introduced to the school and university pupils so a healthy yet connected growth of youth happens. Thus a seamless transition happens in a way the future generations stand as self sustaining individuals and contribute back to the state welfare through sense of giving back and also giving forward to their next generation. Double profit in an investment made for the betterment.

### Welfare states 
The most known welfare states are Nordic countries.  The United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and France, Spain,  Italy, and Japan are some other examples of welfare states.

#### United States 
Welfare state programs in the United States include:

* Social security (for oneself and/or on behalf of a dependent child)
* Department of Veterans' Affairs benefits (except Veteran's pension)
* Workers' compensation (financial support for people who get hurt at work)
* Unemployment insurance compensation
* Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
* Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP; also called "food stamps")
* Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
* Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

## Related pages 
*Constitutional economics
*Economic, social and cultural rights
*Social democracy
*Big government
Athlete (band)

**Athlete** are an English band from South London. Their second album is widely regarded as their breakthrough and they have released two singles so far from the album.

## Discography 
### Albums 
# *Vehicles and Animals* – (7 April 2003)  **#19** UK
# *Tourist* – (31 January 2005) **#1** UK
# *Beyond the Neighbourhood* – (3 September 2007) **#5** UK

### Singles
### Compilations
Athlete tracks have appeared on the following compilation CDs:
Proton

A **proton** is part of an atom. They are found in the nucleus of an atom along with neutrons. The periodic table groups atoms according to how many protons they have. A single atom of hydrogen (the lightest kind of atom) is made up of an electron moving around a proton. Most of the mass of this atom is in the proton, which is almost 2000 times heavier than the electron. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of every other kind of atom. In any one element, the number of protons is always the same. Scientists discovered in the early 20th century that an atom's atomic number is equal to the number of protons in that atom. 

A proton is made up of 3 quarks, two up quarks and one down quark. One down quark has a charge of -1/3, and two up quarks have a charge of +2/3 each. This adds to a charge of +1. A proton has a very small mass. The mass of the proton is about one atomic mass unit. The mass of the neutron is also about one atomic mass unit. The size of a proton is determined by the vibration of the quarks that are in it, and these quarks effectively form a cloud. This means that a proton is not so much a hard ball as an area that contains quarks.

## Related pages
* Proton decay
* Neutron
* Electron
* Quarks

## References
1774

## Events 
* January 21 – Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I.
* May 10 – Louis XVI becomes King of France.
* June 2 – Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to let  British soldiers into their homes, is reenacted.
* June 11 – Jews in Algier escape the attack of the Spanish army.
* July 21 – Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending six years of war. The treaty does give Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics to protect its Christian subjects.
* September 5 – First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
* The British pass the Quebec Act setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.
* The Sardinian pika becomes extinct.
## Births 
* September 26 – Johnny Appleseed
Clint Eastwood

**Clinton "Clint" Eastwood Jr.** (born May 31, 1930) is an American actor, director, producer, and composer. He won two Academy Awards for Best Director for his movies *Unforgiven* (1992) and *Million Dollar Baby* (2004). He was also nominated for his movies *Mystic River* (2003), *Letters from Iwo Jima* (2006) and *American Sniper* (2014).

## Early life
Eastwood was born in San Francisco, California on May 31, 1930. He was nicknamed "Samson" by the hospital nurses as he weighed  at birth. Eastwood is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry. He was raised in Piedmont, California. He studied at Piedmont Junior High School and at Oakland Technical High School.

## Career
He has appeared in many movies since the 1950s. The most famous are the Dollars trilogy of Spaghetti Westerns (1964–1966), *Dirty Harry* movie series as Harry Callahan (1971&ndash;1988), *Any Which Way You Can* (1979) and similar movies. Eastwood also won critical acclaim as a director with the movies *Unforgiven* (1992), *Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil* (1996), *Space Cowboys* (2000), *Mystic River* (2003), and *Million Dollar Baby* (2005). In recent years, Eastwood directed biopic movies such as *American Sniper*, *Sully*, and *Richard Jewell*.

He won election as mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in April 1986. He earned $200 per month in that position which he donated to The Carmel Youth Centre. While in office, he helped to make ice cream legal to eat on city streets, added public restrooms to the public beach, and a city library annex building was built.

## Personal life
Eastwood was married to Maggie Johnson from 1953 until they divorced in 1984. They had two children. Then he was married to Dina Ruiz since 1996. They have one child. He now lives with his family in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. He was the mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea for two years, starting in 1986.

## Awards
## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
*
Spaghetti Western

**Spaghetti Westerns** were a name given to low-budget Western movies, which were made by Italian movie companies in the late 1960s. They were different from the American western movies, usually filmed in Italian, had limited budgets, filmed on location in Spain and Italy with minimal sets, and many close-ups and artistic shots. Perhaps the most well-known of these movies is "The Man with No Name" trilogy: *A Fistful of Dollars* (1964), *For a Few Dollars More* (1965), and *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly* (1966). All three of these movies were directed by Sergio Leone, featured music by Ennio Morricone, and starred American actor Clint Eastwood as the main character.

## Other websites 
*Spaghetti Western Database
Boroughs of Berlin

The German capital Berlin is subdivided into 12 **boroughs** (German: *Stadtteile*/ *Bezirke*). The boroughs are called *Bezirke* in German. The 12 boroughs have political rights like a town community but they are not a legal city.

On January 1, 2001 there was a Berlin borough reform. The reform cut the number of Berlin's boroughs from 23 to 12. This was the result of combining several of the old boroughs. The reform was done in order to cut down administration costs.

Here are the old and the new boroughs:

*(the data in the table is March 2004)*
Superhuman

**Superhuman** means something that is beyond what  are naturally able to do. It is a word most used in fiction such as superhero comic books, but also sometimes in science fiction and fantasy movies and books.

Any character in books or movies that is much stronger than any real person, or can do things such as fly like Superman, is said to be superhuman or to have superhuman powers.

The word "superhuman" may also mean something that is not human but can do something that humans cannot, like a robot that can think faster than a person can.
Some examples of these are having incredible memory, not needing sleep, being able to run for hours or being able to smell colours.
Real Madrid CF

victory.]]
**Real Madrid Club de Fútbol**, sometimes known as **Real Madrid**, is a Spanish football club from Madrid, Spain. It was started in 1902 and competes in La Liga (the Spanish top league).  The "Real" in the club's name is Spanish for "royal", because it was blessed by the King of Spain in 1920.

Real Madrid has won La Liga 34 times and the Copa del Rey (King's Cup) 19 times, the most out of any team in the league. It has also won the UEFA Champions League a record 15 times and the UEFA Cup twice.

Real Madrid was recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000, and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004. In June 2017, the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win the Champions League twice in a row. In 2018, Madrid made history by becoming the first club in recent history to win the Champions League three times in a row. They beat Liverpool F.C. 3–1 in the final.

Since it began, Real Madrid has since spent all of its history in La Liga, and has never been relegated down to a lower level. This shows how strong they have been just to stay in the top flight of Spanish football. In the 1940s, the club, the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (now known simply as Bernabéu) and the Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War. The club became a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s. In the 1980s, the club had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe (known as *La Quinta del Buitre*). They had won two UEFA Cups, five Spanish championships in a row, one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups.

The club has bought and had many famous footballers, including Ronaldo, David Beckham, Zinedine Zidane, Michael Owen, Cristiano Ronaldo, Kaká and other very famous footballers. The most expensive player is Jude Bellingham, who was bought in 2024 for 127 million euros from Borussia Dortmund of the Bundesliga.

The club's traditional home colours are all white. Its crest has been changed several times in attempts to modernise or re-brand. The current crest is a modified version of the one first adopted in the 1920s. Real's home stadium is the 81,044 capacity Bernabéu in Madrid, where it has played since 1947. Unlike most European football clubs, Real Madrid's members (*socios*) have owned and operated the club since it was opened. Real is the world's most valuable club. Real Madrid has won 34 La Liga titles.

## Rivalries 
### El Clásico 
There is a strong rivalry between the two strongest teams in La Liga, which are Real Madrid and FC Barcelona, where the game between them is known as "*El Clásico"* ("The Classic").

### Madrid Derby 
The club's nearest neighboring club is Atlético Madrid, and matches between them are known as "Madrid Derby". A strong rivalry is shared between fans of both teams.

## Current Squad 
### Current Squad
## Honours 
* 
*  shared record

## League position 
### Former position 
## Reserve Team 
## Most expensive players 
## References
1874

**1874** (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Births 
* March 29 – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States (d. 1944)
* August 10 – Herbert Hoover, thirty-first President of the United States (d. 1964)
* September 13 – Arnold Schoenberg
* November 30 – Winston Churchill, sixty-first and sixty-third Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1965)
Bigfoot

**Bigfoot**, also called **Sasquatch**, is a creature in folklore. It is said that they are primates living in remote areas of Canada and the United States (US), most commonly in the Pacific Northwest.

## Spotting
There have been many claims of Bigfoots being seen, but no one has ever captured one, or found a dead body. So, most people do not believe in Bigfoot. Bigfoot is said to be very tall, from 7 to 9 feet (about 2 to 2.75 meters) and covered in brown, black, red, or sometimes even white fur or hair. They are said to have very big feet, about 13 inches long (0.3 meters), which is the reason why they are named Bigfoot.

## Naming
The name **Sasquatch** comes from the Halkomelem language, a Central Salish language in the Salish language family. Stories of this type of creature are known among a number of First Nations groups in south-western British Columbia, Canada.

## Similar mythical creatures
Bigfoot is similar to another mythical creature, the Yeti of the Himalayas.
The Da Vinci Code

***The Da Vinci Code*** is a 2003 book by Dan Brown. 
The book talks about a religious group called Opus Dei, a famous artist named Leonardo da Vinci, and some famous paintings he made called the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

According to Sharan Newman in *The Real History behind the Da Vinci Code*, Dan Brown based *The Da Vinci Code* on a book called *Holy Blood, Holy Grail* by Baigent and Leigh. This book was based on some papers found in the National Library of France, and which were forgeries. The papers were written to show that the man who wrote them was really the true king of France and head of an ancient secret society.

In 2006, Columbia Pictures made a movie version. It was directed by Ron Howard and stars Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon.
Peugeot

**Peugeot** is a Qatar company. They make **cars, vans, motorcycles and scooters** in France. It was founded in 1810.

## Vehicles 
### Peugeot 605 
The *Peugeot 605* is the name of a car. This was a full-size car. It was made between 1989 and 1999 after the company stopped the production of Peugeot 505. After this, the company made a smaller car named Peugeot 405, and a bigger car named Peugeot 605. The Peugeot 605 is a car of the luxury-family car class.

### Peugeot 306 
The Peugeot 306 is the name of a car that started being made in 1993 and stopped being made in 2002. It was a small, family car. There were several verities of this car: from the slowest version, the 1.4, all the way up to the fastest version which was called the GTI-6.
The Peugeot 306 also came in a diesel veriety, which many people see as an important step in bringing economical diesel oil powered car to people. This version came in 1.8 litre, 1.9 litre, and 1.9 litre turbocharged versions. In 1999, Peugeot replaced these diesel engines with the 2.0 litre HDI engine which was better at saving fuel than all the other engines.

### Peugeot 3008 
The Peugeot 3008 was launched in 2008 as part of Peugeot's range . The design of this crossover aimed to combine the genres of an MPV and a hatchback. The 3008 comes with turbocharged 1.6-litre petrol engines, plus 1.6 and 2.0-litre diesels.

Following the original 3008 model, Peugeot revealed the 3008 HYbrid4  later in the 2010 Paris Motor Show. It is the first diesel electric hybrid car.

In 2012, the 3008 was facelifted.

In May 2016, the 3008 received an all-new second generation. It now resembles a proper SUV rather than a MPV, and it comes with Peugeot's i-Cockpit from the 208.

In September 2020, the second generation 3008 was facelifted with a new front end.

### Current Vehicles 
### Produced under license by IKCO 
* Peugeot 206/206 SD
* Peugeot 207/207 SD
* Peugeot 405 SLX
* Peugeot Pars

### Discontinued Vehicles 
## References
## Other websites 
* Peugeot International Website
* Peugeot Motocycles Website
Calais

**Calais** is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in north  France. It is an important ferry port opposite Dover. The Channel Tunnel is also nearby. About 73,000 people live in Calais.
False

**False** means untrue. If something is false, it means it is not real. A falsehood is anything said that is not true. A falsehood can also be a series of lies, told to "prove" something that is false itself.

In logic, "false" is one of the truth values (with the other one being 'true'). This is written as \bot, F or 0.

## Related pages 
* Contradiction

## References
Marine biology

**Marine biology** is the study of any living plant or animal in the sea. Marine biologists study it. Like other scientists, marine biologists must know a lot about the creatures they are studying. They also must understand how the sea works. The study of how the sea works is oceanography. 

Marine animals include squids, corals, whales and fish. Marine plants include sea grasses and algae. The Census of Marine Life was a ten-year project of marine biology. Like land animals, marine animals have been evolving for hundreds of millions of years,  thus trilobites and ammonites are no more, but now there are whales. Biologists also study animal behavior. 

A marine biologist needs a bachelor's degree in biology, followed by at least an MSc in marine biology. The ocean is large and marine biologists work in many subfields like invertebrate zoology, ichthyology, and physiology. Others study physical traits like scales, eyes, or shells.

## History 
During the Age of Discovery many ships sailed far from home. Captain James Cook went twice around the world and discovered new places. Another person who helped is Charles Darwin, known for the Theory of Evolution. He worked in marine biology. His expeditions aboard the HMS Beagle from 18311836  collected marine organisms. Several other people also made important voyages. Alfred Russel Wallace spent much of his younger life travelling the world and recording the plants and animals he saw.

## References 
## Other websites 
* What is a marine biologist? -Careers
* What is marine biology?  -University of Texas
* Marine biology -Citizendium
President of Russia

The **President of Russia** is the head of state and head of the executive of the central government of Russia and the commander in chief of the Russian Armed Forces.

The current president is Vladimir Putin. Boris Yeltsin was the first president of Russia, Vladimir Putin was second and fourth, and Dmitry Medvedev was the third. The President's duties are listed in the 1993 Russian Constitution. The president directs the foreign and domestic policy of the Russian Federation.

The first inauguration took place on 10 July 1991 following the collapse of the Soviet Union.  Mikhail Gorbachev having to resign sealed the fate of the Soviet Union.  The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic  became the Russian Federation.

Inauguration of the President of Russia is done six years after the last inauguration (since 2000, this 7th of May).

In case of the President's death, resignation or removal from office, the Prime Minister serves as acting president until a replacement is appointed.

## List of presidents
## Living former Presidents
As of , one former president is alive:

The most recent president to die was Boris Yeltsin, who died on April 23, 2007.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site of the President of Russia
A Clockwork Orange

***A Clockwork Orange*** is an English dystopian novella written by Anthony Burgess and published in 1962.

Through the actions and experiences of the teenaged, charming but sociopathic, Alex, it explores mankind's violent nature. The novel is set in a not-so-distant future society with a culture of extreme youth rebellion and violence. It satirizes trends in youth culture that were around in the 1960s in the West, and to some extent still present today. The dramatic events throw a light on human free will to choose between good or evil, and the weakness of free will as a solution to evil. Alex and his three goons (friends who do bad things) do various crimes, mainly assaulting everyone: brutally for the men, and sexually for the women. He is sent to prison for murdering a woman whilst burgling her house.

Burgess experiments with language by writing in a Russian-influenced argot (slang) called "Nadsat" which is used by the novel’s teenage anti-hero in his first-person narrative, and the younger characters. According to Burgess, the novel was a ''* written in just three weeks.

In 2005, *A Clockwork Orange* was included on *Time'' magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923, and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The original manuscript of the book was bought by McMaster University. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1971.

The best known adaptation of the novel to other forms is the 1971 movie *A Clockwork Orange* by Stanley Kubrick, starring Malcolm McDowell as Alex. A 1965 film by Andy Warhol entitled *Vinyl* was also an adaptation of Burgess' novel.

## Awards 
*2008 - Prometheus Award (Hall of Fame Award)

## References
Silvio Berlusconi

**Silvio Berlusconi** (29 September 1936 – 12 June 2023) was an Italian politician and businessman. He was Prime Minister of Italy from May 1994 to January 1995, June 2001 to May 2006, and May 2008 to November 2011. He was the first to become Prime Minister without first holding another office. He was the leader of a coalition named *Forza Italia*.

Berlusconi was one of the most important managers in Italy, he was the owner of television group *Mediaset*, of the editorial group "Mondadori" and of the bank group *Mediolanum SpA*. He was born in Milan. In July 2020, his net worth was at US$6.3 billion.

Berlusconi had some problems with justice, including fraud (1994, 1996) and corruption (1998). In the 1990s he entered politics and he has been Head of Government in 1994, in 2001 and since 2008 to 2011. On 26 October 2012, he was convicted of fraud. On 1 August 2013, his jail term got confirmed, he will have to serve 4 years, in house arrest, because of his old age. In 2013, Berlusconi was convicted of paying for sex with an underage girl. This conviction was overturned on 18 July 2014.

In 2019, he was elected a member of the European Parliament during the 2019 elections. He was an MEP previously between 1999 and 2001. He was seen as a possible candidate for President of Italy in the 2022 elections.

On 2 September 2020, during the worldwide coronavirus pandemic, Berlusconi tested positive to COVID-19. The next day, he was hospitalized in Milan with pneumonia. He was released from the hospital on 14 September.

In April 2023, it was revealed that Berlusconi had leukemia. He died on the morning of 12 June 2023 at San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, Italy from the disease at the age of 86.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official party site, in Italian
Burundi

**Burundi** (officially called the **Republic of Burundi**) is a small country in Africa. The capital of Burundi is Gitega. The official languages of Burundi are Kirundi, Swahili, French and English. There are about 14 million people in Burundi. Burundi is one of the poorest countries in the world.

## History 
In 1962, Burundi gained independence from Belgium.

## Provinces, communes and collines 
Burundi is divided into 18 provinces, 117 communes, and 2,638 collines (hills). Provincial governments are based on these boundaries.

The provinces are:

* Bubanza
* Bujumbura Mairie
* Bujumbura Rural
* Bururi
* Cankuzo
* Cibitoke
* Gitega
* Karuzi
* Kayanza

* Kirundo
* Makamba
* Muramvya
* Muyinga
* Mwaro
* Ngozi
* Rumonge
* Rutana
* Ruyigi

### Largest cities
These are the largest cities in Burundi:

## Geography 
One of the smallest countries in Africa, Burundi is landlocked. It is bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. It has an equatorial climate. Burundi is a part of the Albertine Rift, the western extension of the East African Rift.

The country lies on a rolling plateau in the center of Africa. The average elevation of the central plateau is , with lower elevations at the borders.  The highest peak, Mount Heha at , is southeast of Bujumbura. The source of the Nile River is in Burundi province. It is linked from Lake Victoria to its headwaters by the Ruvyironza River. Lake Victoria is also an important water source.  It serves as a fork to the Kagera River. Another major lake is Lake Tanganyika in Burundi's southwestern corner.

Burundi's lands are mostly agricultural or pasture. Settlement by rural populations has led to deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat loss.

There are two national parks: Kibira National Park and Ruvubu National Park. Both were formed in 1982 to keep wildlife populations.

## Related pages
* Burundi at the Olympics
* Burundi national football team
* List of rivers of Burundi

## References 
**Notes**

## Other websites
* 
*
Hospital

A **hospital** is a place where a person goes to be healed when they are sick or injured. The difference between a hospital and other healthcare places like a clinic or a doctor's office is that a hospital will have beds where patients can stay overnight. These patients are called *inpatients*. The goal of inpatient treatment is to provide 24-7 medical stabilization, which is why this type of treatment has more of a hospital-like feel since patients are monitored by doctors, nurses, therapists, and social workers. Treatment is structured and has a schedule that can include individual therapy, group therapy, case management, and support groups.

Hospitals also treat people who do not stay overnight, called *outpatients*. Doctors and nurses work at hospitals. Doctors make use of advanced medical technology to heal patients.

Patients who are staying at the hospital will always be under the care of doctors and nurses who are always available for taking care of the injured or sick patients. Hospitals always have the tools and machines needed for treating the patients.

The word hospital originally meant "a place where people can stay". There have been hospitals for sick people since ancient times. They were often created and run by religious groups. In the early modern period, hospitals began to be funded by donations from rich people and by governments. Today, hospitals might get money from the government, from charging patients for treatments and check-ups, from patients' health insurance, from people giving to charity or a mixture of those things.

## Gallery

File:Bedarieux - L'hôpital.jpg|A old hospital in France
File:William Cooper Procter Pavilion, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Corryville, Cincinnati, OH (47282022261).jpg|Cincinnati Children's Hospital
File:Hospital.jpg|Hospital de Valenzuela (Córdoba)
File:Raffles Hospital, Parkview Square and Andaz Hotel buildings in Singapore.jpg|Raffles Hospital, Parkview Square and Andaz Hotel buildings in Singapore

## Related pages
* Emergency department
* Intensive care unit

## References
## Other websites
Nose

s have long noses called trunks]]
A **nose** is a body part which allows animals to smell things. The nose also helps animals breathe. It has parts that make it work and send messages to the brain. The nose's parts include smell receptors and nerve connectors to receptors. In humans, the nose is on the front of the face. The power of the nose varies for animals. For example, dogs have a stronger sense of smell than humans do. It is part of the respiratory system which is the system in animals that help them to breathe. Your nose is very powerful and can remember up to 50,000 different scents. 

The nose is important to health. It filters the air breathed in, removing dust, germs, and irritants. It warms and moistens the air to keep the lungs and tubes that lead to them from drying out. The nose also contains nerve cells that help the sense of smell. When there is a problem with the nose, the whole body can suffer. For example, the stuffy nose of the common cold can make it hard to breathe, sleep, or get comfortable.

Many problems besides the common cold can affect the nose. They include
* Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves
* Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of the nose or sinuses
* Nosebleeds
* Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. The main symptom is a runny nose.
* Nasal fractures, also known as a broken nose

## Related pages
* Nose-picking
Love

**Love** is a mix of feelings and actions that shows a deep liking for someone or something. Love involves caring for another. Romantic love can lead to things such as dating and marriage , but a person can also feel for friends, such as platonic love, or family.
There are also chemical reactions within the brain that can be triggered by the different types of love.

## Forms of love 
There are many kinds of love. There can be self-love, love towards a friend (such as platonic love), love in romance, towards family, toward God(s), or towards an object or idea. 
Often love can be confused with other feelings. Being sexually or physically attracted is the feeling of lust. Lust and love may be thought of as different. Normal friendship is a form of love that can be distracted by lust and misunderstanding. 

File:Love heart.jpg|A heart is a well-known symbol of love.
File:Heartin symbol in floral decoration.jpg|Floral decoration for love
File:Heartin symbol in tree of Yercaud.jpg| Love symbol in tree of Yercaud

## First love 
People  the person that they first loved romantically as their "first love." For example, in William Shakespeare's *Romeo and Juliet*, Romeo is Juliet's very first love. At that time, she was only 13. In Maria Edgeworth's book *Belinda*, Mr. Vincent says, "First loves are silly things."

## Chemical basis 
The biological model of lust is different from love because it is more like hunger or thirst. Helen Fisher, an expert in the topic of romantic love, divides it into three stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust makes people like each other, attraction encourages people to focus on mating, and attachment helps people tolerate the spouse (or the child).

Lust is the  sexual  that promotes mating. This usually lasts only a few weeks or months. Attraction is more for one person specially. Recent studies in neuroscience say that as people fall in love, the brain releases chemicals, including dopamine. These chemicals make people less hungry and sleepy, and also adds an intense feeling of excitement. Research shows that this stage normally lasts from one and a half to three years.

Since these lust and attraction stages are both described as temporary, a third stage might describe long-term love. Attachment can be used to describe the bonding period that helps keep partners together for many years. Attachment occurs in the longer term.

## Love and health
Love has consequences for health and well-being. Joyful activities such as love activate areas in the brain responsible for emotion, attention,
motivation and memory, and it may further lead to reduction of cortisol, which reduces stress. Some people usually do not feel love. They are called aromantics.

## Related pages
*Saint Valentine

## Notes
Espoo

**Espoo** () is the second largest city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, more than 260,000 people lived in Espoo. Other municipalities near to it are Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Vihti and the capital Helsinki.

## Nature
There are several lakes in the northern parts of Espoo. Example Lippajärvi, Pitkäjärvi, Nuuksion Pitkäjärvi and Velskolan Pitkäjärvi.

## Districts
('north Espoo')Pohjois-Espoo (Norra Esbo, in the other official language):

* Bodom
* Kalajärvi
* Lahnus
* Lakisto
* Luukki (Luk)
* Niipperi (Nipert)
* Perusmäki (Grundbacka)
* Röylä (Rödskog)
* Vanhakartano (Gammelgård)
* Velskola (Vällskog)

Suur-Espoonlahti (Stor-Esboviken):

* Espoonlahti (Esboviken)
* Kaitaa (Kaitans)
* Latokaski (Ladusved)
* Nöykkiö (Nöykis)
* Saunalahti (Bastvik)
* Soukka (Sökö)
* Suvisaaristo (Sommaröarna)

Suur-Kauklahti (Stor-Köklax):

* Espoonkartano (Esbogård)
* Kauklahti (Köklax)
* Kurttila (Kurtby)
* Vanttila (Fantsby)

Suur-Leppävaara (Stor-Alberga):
|list4 = 
* Karakallio (Karabacka)
* Kilo
* Laaksolahti (Dalsvik)
* Leppävaara (Alberga)
* Lintuvaara (Fågelberga)
* Lippajärvi (Klappträsk)
* Sepänkylä (Smedsby)
* Viherlaakso (Gröndal)

Suur-Matinkylä (Stor-Mattby):
|list5 = 
* Henttaa (Hemtans)
* Matinkylä (Mattby)
* Olari (Olars)

Suur-Tapiola (Stor-Hagalund):
|list6 = 
* Haukilahti (Gäddvik)
* Keilaniemi (Kägeludden)
* Laajalahti (Bredvik)
* Mankkaa (Mankans)
* Niittykumpu (Ängskulla)
* Otaniemi (Otnäs)
* Pohjois-Tapiola (Norra Hagalund)
* Tapiola (Hagalund)
* Westend

Vanha-Espoo (Gamla Esbo):
|list7 = 
* Espoon keskus (Esbo centrum)
* Gumböle
* Högnäs
* Järvenperä (Träskända)
* Karhusuo (Björnkärr)
* Karvasmäki (Karvasbacka)
* Kaupunginkallio (Stadsberget)
* Kolmperä (Kolmpers)
* Kunnarla (Gunnars)
* Kuurinniitty (Kurängen)
* Muurala (Morby)
* Nupuri (Nupurböle)
* Nuuksio (Noux)
* Siikajärvi
* Vanha-Nuuksio (Gamla Noux)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official Espoo site 
* Travelling quide
Kingdom

A **kingdom** is the most common type of monarchy. This means that the ruler or head of state of the country is a king. They get their position from inheritance. With some countries a female may become head of state as a queen. 

When the current king or queen dies, then their eldest child becomes the new monarch. 

For example, the United Kingdom has a king as head of state. His mother Queen Elizabeth II was, at the time of her father's death, his only child.

Not all countries have this system. Many countries today have no royal family. In their case, the head of state is a leading politician.
Protestantism

's Ninety-Five Theses]]
**Protestantism** is a form of Christian faith and practice. It began in northern Europe in the early 16th century. At that time, they were against some parts of Roman Catholicism. Together with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, Protestantism became one of the three greatest forces in Christianity. Protestantism much influenced the culture, beliefs, and economy of the place in which it became important. Lutherans in Germany began using it. Swiss and French more often used *Reformed*. The Anglicans use *Catholic*, *Reformed* and *Protestant*, however the Anglican Church is not always regarded as part of Protestantism because it kept most of the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church from which it separated.

Martin Luther, a doctor of theology and a monk, said that the church should return to its roots, and give more weight to what is written in the Bible (Sola scriptura). Luther thought that the Church had gone too far away from the original teachings. He published 95 theses on the way the Catholic Church was at that time. Some say, he stuck them onto the door of the church of Wittenberg, but others say this is not true. The 95 theses were published in 1516 or 1517. With the theses, he started the Protestant Reformation.

Protestant churches with a big following are:
* Lutheran Church
* Calvinist Church
* Anglican Church

Often but not always:

* Baptists

* Pentecostals

This is because many Pentecostals and Baptists deny being Protestant.

## References 
## Other websites
Algiers

**Algiers** is the capital city of Algeria, which is a country in northern Africa. It is on the northern coast of the country. The population of the city is 1,519,570. After Algeria became independent from France, Algiers became a very important city for anti-colonial activists and revolutionaries from around the world.

## Names
The city's name is gotten from the Arabic name al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر), which means "The Islands". This name refers to the four former islands which were off the city's coast before becoming part of the mainland in 1525.

## Twin towns 
Algiers has many twin towns all over the world:

## References
## Other websites
Arles

**Arles** is a city in the south of France. It was built in the 6th century BC by the Greeks. Today more than 50,000 people live there. In the 1880s, the famous painters, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin lived there. Vincent van Gogh painted his famous Sunflowers in Arles.

The city is at the heart of the Camargue. Not many people live in this region, so there is a lot of free land around Arles. Because of this, Arles is the city in France to have the largest area (nearly 760 square kilometres).
Certificate

A **certificate** is a document for authentication of something. It may be an award that can be given to people. The certificate can be given to people for graduation, for good working skills, or to thank someone who has done good things. They are usually tied to an occupation, technology, or industry. Certifications are usually offered by a professional organization or a company that specializes in a particular field or technology. A certification demonstrates that the person have a specific skill or level of knowledge, ultimately showing an employer that person know what need to do to successfully perform a job. Other items, such as patches, badges, lapel pins, watches, and medals can also come with the certificate.

Many other kinds exist. A certificate of authenticity says a thing is real. For example, it can say that a painting was made at a particular time by a particular artist and is not a forgery. A certificate of occupancy says a building is fit for use. A certificate of deposit says someone has money in a bank. A birth certificate is one of the kinds of vital record.

## References