open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hydra (constellation)

**Hydra** is a constellation that has parts in the northern sky and parts in the southern sky.  It is the biggest constellation.  It represents a water snake.  The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Hydra when he made a list of 48 constellations.  It is also one of the 88 modern constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union.

Even though Hydra is a very big constellation, it only has one bright star.  This star is named Alphard.  Alphard means "the solitary one" in Arabic. Hydra actually has little to identify it exept for a cluster of stars at its head. 

## References
Artemision Zeus

The ***Artemision Zeus*** is a Greek bronze statue. It dates to the Early Classical period, ca. 460 BC. It stands 2.09 m in height. It was found in the debris of a shipwreck near Cape Artemision in 1926-1928. It is in the National Museum, Athens. There has been some debate whether the statue represents Zeus or Poseidon. Caroline Houser believes it is unlikely the statue is Poseidon because his trident would obscure the statue's face.

## Gallery

File:Poseidon Of Cape Artemision.jpg|
File:Poseidon.jpg|
File:God of Cape Artemision 04.JPG
God of Cape Artemision 07.JPG|
File:Netuno16b.jpg|
File:Bronze statue of Zeus or Poseidon.jpg|
File:Statua di zeus o poseidone.JPG
File:Netuno19b.jpg

## References
Hang gliding

]]
**Hang gliding** is a sport which involves soaring in a very small aircraft without an engine.

## Related pages
*Paraglider
Arne Duncan

**Arne Duncan** (born November 6, 1964) is an American education administrator. He was the United States Secretary of Education from 2009 through 2015. Duncan previously served as CEO of the Chicago Public Schools. He is a Democrat. He supports gay marriage.

Duncan was born on November 6, 1964 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Harvard University. Duncan is married to Karen Luann. They have two children. He lived in Arlington, Virginia and in Chicago, Illinois.

## References
## Other websites
*United States Department of Education bio
*The Sue Duncan Children's Center
Thomas Wolfe

**Thomas Clayton Wolfe** (October 3, 1900 – September 15, 1938) was an American writer from North Carolina. He wrote *Look Homeward, Angel* and ''You Can't Go Home Again''.
Captain Tsubasa

***Captain Tsubasa*** (キャプテン翼 Kyaputen Tsubasa?), also known as ***Flash Kicker***, or ***Captain Majid*** in Arab speaking countries, is a popular long-running Japanese manga, animation, and video game series, originally created by Yōichi Takahashi in 1981. The series mainly revolves around the sport of Association football.

## Description 
The Captain Tsubasa manga series was originally serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump comic book magazine between 1981 and 1988, spanning a total of 37-tankōbon volumes. It was continued onto a sequel, Captain Tsubasa: "World Youth" Saga, which was serialized between 1994 and 1997 in Shōnen Jump, spanning 18 volumes, and another sequel, entitled Captain Tsubasa: Road to 2002, which was serialized between 2001 and 2004 in Weekly Young Jump, which spanned 15 volumes. The latest sequel entitled Captain Tsubasa: Kaigai Gekito Hen En La Liga, serialized in Weekly Young Jump from 2010 to 2012.
Happy Rockefeller

**Margaretta Large Fitler "Happy" Murphy Rockefeller** (June 9, 1926 &ndash; May 19, 2015) was the second lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977 as the wife of the 41st vice president of the United States, Nelson Rockefeller. She was also the first lady of New York from 1963 to 1973 when her husband was governor.

## Life
Her mother was Margaretta Large Harrison and her father was William Wonderly Fitler, Jr., an heir to a cordage fortune. Rockefeller is known by her nickname, "Happy", given when she was a child. She is a great-great-granddaughter of Union general George G. Meade, the commander in the Battle of Gettysburg.

## Marriages and family
She married Dr. James Slater Murphy, a virologist associated with Rockefeller Institute who was a close friend to Nelson Rockefeller on December 11, 1945, they divorced on April 1, 1963. They had the following four children, James B. Murphy II, Margaretta Harrison Murphy, Carol Slater Murphy, and Malinda Fitler Murphy, who married Francis Menotti, the adopted son of composer Gian Carlo Menotti.

At the home of Laurance S. Rockefeller in Pocantico Hills, New York, on May 4, 1963, a month after her divorce&mdash;which was granted for reasons of what *The New York Times* called "grievous mental anguish" and her former husband's lawyer called "irreconcilable differences"&mdash;she married Gov. Nelson Rockefeller. He had divorced his first wife, Mary Todhunter Clark, on March 16, 1962. Happy and Nelson Rockefeller had two sons: Nelson Rockefeller, Jr. (born 1964) and Mark Rockefeller (born 1967). She previously had worked as a member of his office staff until her resignation in 1961. 

Happy Murphy's involvement with Gov. Rockefeller was controversial at the time. As the British journalist Lady Jeanne Campbell wrote in the London Evening Standard, when the Murphy-Rockefeller involvement became a topic of media investigation after the announcement of Rockefeller's filing for divorce from his first wife and Happy Murphy's resignation from his staff, "Already people are comparing Happy Murphy to the Duchess of Windsor when she was plain Mrs. Simpson." Echoing the party-wide concerns, an official of the Michigan Republican Party told *The New York Times* that the couple's potential marriage likely would cost Rockefeller the 1964 presidential nomination. "The rapidity of it all&mdash;he gets a divorce, she gets a divorce&mdash;and the indication of the break-up of two homes. Our country doesn't like broken homes."

## Philantrophy
In 1971, Rockefeller served as chairwoman of the board for the Saratoga Performing Arts Center. She was appointed as a public delegate to the United Nations by President George H. W. Bush in 1991.

## Health and death
She was a breast cancer survivor who had suffered mastectomy in 1974, two weeks after Betty Ford underwent the same operation. She died of a short-illness at the age of 88.

## Related pages
*Rockefeller family

## References
Susana Martinez

**Susana Martinez** (born July 14, 1959) is an American politician who served as the thirty-first Governor of New Mexico. She was the first female governor of New Mexico and the first female Hispanic governor in the United States. Martinez was a Democrat before the mid 1990s, around which time she became a Republican.

Martinez is from El Paso, Texas.

## References
Shizuka Gozen

of the most famous shirabyōshi]]
**Shizuka Gozen** (1165–1211), or **Lady Shizuka**, was one of the most famous women in Japanese history and literature. She was a *shirabyōshi* (court dancer) of the 12th century, and a mistress of Minamoto no Yoshitsune. Since she, like many others, are featured largely in the Heike Monogatari (Tale of Heike), Gikeiki (Chronicle of Yoshitsune), and a number of plays of various traditions, her story is quite well known, but it is difficult to separate fact from fiction within it.
Park Gyu-su

**Park Gyu-su** (korean:박규수, hanja:朴珪壽, 1807 – 1877) was a Korean politician, Silhak and Neo-Confucianism philosopher, thinker, and liberal activist. One of his pennames was **Hwanjae**. His grandfather was Park Ji-won, a famous Silhak and Neo-Confucianism philosopher and novelist.

## Writing 
* Hwanjaejip (환재집 瓛齋集)
* Hwanjaejikgye (환재직계 瓛齋織啓)
* Hangjaesugye (환재수계 瓛齋繡啓)
* Geogajapbokgo (거가잡복고 居家雜服攷)
Kirby's Epic Yarn

'''''Kirby's Epic Yarn*** is a platformer video game for the Nintendo Wii console. It was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on October 14, 2010, in North America on October 17, 2010, in Australia on February 24, 2011, and in Europe on February 25, 2011.

The game was ported to Nintendo 3DS in March 2019 as ***Kirby's Extra Epic Yarn'''* which was last *Kirby'' game for the system.

The Successor for Tap Tap Buddy:Idle Clicker & Fun RPG and Hobber Play.

## Plot
One day, Kirby finds a tomato and eats it. While doing so, an evil being named Yin-Yarn takes Kirby into Patch Land, a place made out of yarn. There, Kirby's body becomes yarn. Kirby also has the ability to transform. This was given to Kirby by the tomato he ate earlier. Kirby uses this ability to rescue a boy named Prince Fluff. Prince Fluff says that Yin-Yarn broke Patch Land into different pieces that were held together by magic yarn. Kirby has to help him find the pieces of the magic yarn to restore Patch Land to normal.

## Gameplay
In ''Kirby's Epic Yarn'', Kirby does not have his inhale ability. Instead, Kirby has a whip-like attack. Kirby can use it both to attack enemies and turn them into yarn. Kirby can also no longer float in air with his breath. Instead, he transforms into an parachute. Kirby can also transform into a car and a dolphin. The car makes Kirby faster, while the dolphin allows him to go underwater.

Each level has three treasure chests to collect. There are also colored beads, which increases the player's score. Having a high score earns medals. The chests and medals unlock extra levels. Beads can be used to purchase furniture and wallpapers. These can be used to change Kirby's living space.

Unlike the other *Kirby* games, Kirby does not have health or lives. If Kirby is damaged or falls into a bottomless pit, he loses some of his beads.

## References
Mochizuki Chiyome

**Mochizuki Chiyome** （**望月千代女）** is a name given to ninja characters in fiction. They are specifically female ninjas, who did not exist. Although some non-academic books claim that Chiyome existed in Sengoku period, they did not exist in fact.

According to Katuya YoshimaruY17 (He is an associate professor of Mie University and studies ninja), the name of Chiyome was appeared for the first time in 1971 at a book "考証日本史" ("Investigation of Japanese history"); this book was written by non-academic writer 稲垣史生(Shisei Inagaki)Y17.

## Related pages 
* Mythology
** Chinese mythology 
** Japanese mythology 

## References
* [Y17]
Empress Gemmei

**Empress Gemmei** (660 – December 29, 721), also known as Empress Genmyō, was the 43rd monarch of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

## Related pages 
* Japanese empresses
* Heijō-kyō
* *Kojiki*

## References
Empress Genshō

**Empress Genshō** (683 – May 22, 748) was the 44th monarch of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Genshō ruled during the years 715 to 724.

In the history of Japan, Genshō was the fifth of eight women to take on the role of empress regnant, meaning that she was the ruler in her own right and not a ruler because she was a married to a ruler. 

Genshō was the only Japanese empress regnant to get her title from another empress regnant, rather than a previous male ruler.

## Related pages
* Japanese empresses
**Nihon Shoki*

## References
Essie Mae Washington-Williams

**Essie Mae Washington-Williams** (October 12, 1925 &ndash; February 4, 2013) was an American school teacher. She is best known as the oldest and natural child of Strom Thurmond, Governor of South Carolina and longtime United States Senator. 

In 2003, she came forward and announced that she was the daughter of United States Senator, Strom Thurmond. Williams said that Thurmond paid for her college. She was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.

## Early life
Williams was born on October 12, 1925 in Edgefield, South Carolina to Strom Thurmond and his family's 16-year-old African American servant, Carrie Butler. She studied at New York University and the University of South Carolina. 

## Marriage and family
Williams was married to Julius T. Williams from 1948 until his death in 1964. They had four children. 

## Death
Williams died on February 4, 2013 in her home in Columbia, South Carolina. She was 87.

## References
## Other websites
*Gross, Terry, "'Dear Senator', from Strom Thurmond's Daughter", Interview, National Public Radio, February 1, 2005.
*Rather, Dan, "Essie Mae Washington-Williams" , Interview, CBS *60 Minutes II*, December 17, 2003
*"South Carolina: Biracial Child Added To Thurmond Monument", *New York Times*, June 29, 2004
*More about Essie Mae Washington-Williams , Frank Wheaton Official Website
Herbert Boyer

**Herbert W. Boyer** (born July 10, 1936 in Derry, Pennsylvania) received the 1990 National Medal of Science, and is a co-founder of Genentech. He served as Vice President of Genentech from 1976 until his retirement in 1991.

With Stanley Cohen, he did possibly the first piece of genetic engineering.

## Career 
Boyer was a Professor of Biochemistry from 1976 to 1991, where he discovered that genes from bacteria could be combined with genes from eukaryotes. In 1977, Boyer's laboratory and collaborators described the first-ever synthesis and expression of a peptide-coding gene. In August 1978, he produced synthetic insulin using his new transgenic genetically modified bacteria, followed in 1979 by a growth hormone.

In 1976, Boyer founded Genentech with venture capitalist Robert A. Swanson.  Genentech's approach to the first synthesis of insulin beat Walter Gilbert's approach at Biogen which used genes from natural sources. Boyer built his gene from its individual nucleotides. 

In 1990, Boyer and his wife Grace gave the single largest donation ($10,000,000) bestowed on the Yale School of Medicine by an individual. The Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine was named after the Boyer family in 1991.

In 2007, St. Vincent College announced that they had renamed the School of Natural Science, Mathematics, and Computing the Herbert W. Boyer School.

Boyer is on the Board of Scientific Governors of The Scripps Research Institute.

## Awards
*1980 the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
*1989 the National Medal of Technology
*1990 the National Medal of Science from President George H. W. Bush
*2009 CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree 

## References
West Attica

**West Attica** () is a regional unit of Greece. It is part of Attica. The capital is the town Eleusis.

## Other websites
*Official website 
*News and info
The Graham Children

***The Graham Children*** is an oil painting by William Hogarth. It was painted in 1742. It measures 160.5 × 181 cm (63.2 × 71.3 in). It hangs in the National Gallery, London.

The children are painted life size, surrounded by plush furnishings and fabrics that reflect the family's wealth. A gilded bird cage is suspended from a cord and Thomas sits in an ornate baby cart with a fine silver fruit bowl at his feet. Richard plays a tune on a bird-organ which makes the bird sing.

## Details from the picture 

File:Cat and bird, The Graham Children, Hogarth.jpg|The cat and his prey.
File:Orpheus The Graham Children, Hogarth.jpg|Orpheus on the bird-organ.
File:Cupid with scythe The Graham Children.jpg|Time with scythe and hourglass.
File:Still life, The Graham Children, Hogarth.jpg|The fruit basket.
File:Bird on the carriage, The Graham Children, Hogarth.jpg|The flightless bird on the baby cart.

## Other pictures of Children by William Hogarth

File:A House of Cards, William Hogarth, 1730.jpg|*The House of Cards*, William Hogarth, 1730. Oil on canvas, National Museum Cardiff.
File:A Tea Party, William Hogarth, 1730.jpg|*The Tea Party*, William Hogarth, 1730. Oil on canvas, National Museum Cardiff.
File:The Cholmondeley Family, William Hogarth, 1732.jpg|*The Cholmondeley Family*, William Hogarth, 1732. Oil on canvas, National Gallery, London.

## References
Roger Bacon

**Roger Bacon** (c. 1214–1294) was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods. He is sometimes credited, mainly starting in the 19th century, as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Aristotle and later Arabic works, such as the works of Muslim scientist Alhazen.

However, more recent studies emphasize that he was essentially a medieval thinker, with much of his "experimental" knowledge obtained from books, in the scholastic tradition. A survey of the reception of Bacon's work over centuries found that it often reflects the concerns and controversies central to the receivers. 

## Life
Roger Bacon was educated at Oxford University. He studied modern science, theology, and philosophy. His family was rich, which helped pay for the many experiments he conducted. After lecturing at Oxford he moved to Paris to learn and study. Bacon was one of the first people to teach about Aristotle in Paris. During his time he wrote a book named *On the Marvelous Power of art and nature*. He wrote a long list of inventions he had in mind, naming steamships, telescope, eye glasses, and microscopes. 

He was apparently so intently concentrated in his experiments and he had an aggressive personality, he was known to be socially awkward. In 1247 he stopped teaching because of bad health and proceeded to study, experiment, and become a friar. Years later, he was sent to a monastery because of upsetting fellow friars and superiors. He was there for about 10 years, and was unable to conduct experiments and studies. He was then sponsored by Pope Clement IV, but shortly after the Pope’s death in 1278 Bacon was accused of being a “magician”. He was imprisoned in a convent in Paris for 12 years, until 1292. He died around 1294 when he was about 80 years old.

## References 
* Cerqueiro, Daniel. Roger Bacon y la Ciencia Experimental. Buenos Aires; Ed.P.Ven., 2008.
2013 Alabama bunker hostage crisis

On January 29, 2013, a five-year-old boy was taken hostage for almost seven days in Dale County, Alabama, in the United States. The boy, Ethan, was riding to school on a bus. A 65-year-old Vietnam War veteran named Jimmy Lee Dykes came aboard the bus and killed the driver. Dykes took Ethan to an underground bunker on his property, in the Wiregrass Region near U.S. Highway 231.

On the afternoon of Monday, February 4, after negotiations with Dykes had failed and believing the child was going to be hurt very soon, law enforcement agents raided the bunker. The abductor was shot dead. Ethan, who has Asperger's syndrome, was rescued.

Neighbors and officials had described Dykes as a survivalist with "anti-government" views.

## References
Nick Fury

**Colonel Nicholas Joseph "Nick" Fury** is a fictional war hero and spy who helps Marvel Comics heroes such as Hulk, the Fantastic Four, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, and Spider-Man. He formed two groups one with spies S.H.I.E.L.D. and another one with superheroes, the Avengers. He has an eye-patch and uses guns or advanced technology to fight criminals. He used to serve in World War II with Captain America.

## Movies and TV
In the Marvel movie versions about some heroes such as *Iron Man*, *Thor*, *Captain America: The First Avenger*, *Iron Man 2*, *Iron Man 3*, *The Avengers*, *Captain America: The Winter Soldier*, *Avengers: Age of Ultron* and *Spider-Man: Far from Home*, *Secret Invasion*, and *The Marvels,* he is played by actor Samuel L. Jackson.

## References
Ganache

**Ganache** (; from the French word for "jowl") is a glaze, icing, sauce, or filling for pastries  made from chocolate and cream. It is made by heating cream and pouring it over chopped dark semi-sweet chocolate.

## References
Ella Grasso

**Ella Tambussi Grasso** (May 10, 1919 &ndash; February 5, 1981) was a Democratic Party American politician. She was the first female governor of the state of Connecticut. Grasso was in office from 1975 to 1980. She was elected governor in November 1974. She was the first female governor elected in her own right. From 1971 to 1975, she was a member of the United States House of Representatives. Grasso was born in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.

Grasso died on February 5, 1981 in Hartford, Connecticut of a heart attack and multiple organ failure caused by ovarian cancer, aged 61.

In 1984, President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

## References
Mario Pinball Land

***Mario Pinball Land*** is a pinball video game for the Game Boy Advance console. It was developed by Fuse Games and published by Nintendo. It was released on August 26, 2004 in Japan, on October 4, 2004 in North America, and on November 26, 2004 in Europe.

## Plot
Mario and Princess Peach are visiting a funfair. At one point, Peach goes into a cannon. The cannon is operated by Goombas, who shoot her to Bowser's castle. To save her, Mario uses a machine that turns him into a ball. Mario has to play pinball through different worlds to save Peach.

## Gameplay
During the game, Mario has to get stars. These stars allow him to go further into the game by opening doors. A total of 35 stars are available. Five different worlds are played in the game. At the end of each world, Mario faces a boss.
PlayStation 4

The **PlayStation 4** (**PS4**) is the fourth home video game console produced by Sony Computer Entertainment and is not compatible with the PlayStation 3. It was officially announced at a press conference on February 20, 2013 and launched on November 15, 2013. The PlayStation 4 was discontinued in Japan on 5 January 2021.

Sony focused on "social" aspects as a major feature of the console. Although the PS4 has improved social functionality, the features are optional and can be disabled. Users can create or join community groups based on personal interest. Gamers can watch live gameplay of games which their friends are playing.  Online friends can join a play session via streaming.W

## History
### Presentation
Sony invited press to a New York City event on 20 February 2013. The company announced the event on Thursday 31 January, inviting us to "see the future".

### Add-ons
In 2016, Sony unveiled the PlayStation VR, a virtual reality headset add-on for the PlayStation 4. The PlayStation VR is not included in the pack. It comes with a Mono Headset. The PlayStation VR also has a PlayStation Camera.

## Models
There are three different models of the PS4:

*PS4 (2013, first model): 1.84 TFLOPS, 8 GB GDDR5 RAM, 256 MB DDR3 RAM, 2 x USB 3.0, 500 GB storage, 399 €.
*PS4 Slim (2016, replaced PS4): Same technical specifications, smaller housing, more quiet and more energy efficient in operation, 500 GB or 1 TB storage, 249 € (500 GB model), 299 € (1 TB model).
*PS4 Pro (2016, more powerful model): 4.198 TFLOPS, 8 GB GDDR5 RAM, 1 GB DDR3 RAM, more powerful GPU, higher clocked CPU, 3 x USB 3.1, 1 TB storage, 399 €.

## Related pages
*PlayStation
*PlayStation 2
*PlayStation 3
*PlayStation 5
*Sony
*PlayStation Portable also known as PSP.
*PlayStation Vita

## References
Naturalism (arts)

*Also see* Realism (art movement)

**Naturalism** in art refers to the  of  objects in a natural setting. The Realist movement of the 19th century supportednaturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects of Romanticism, but many painters have used a similar approach over the centuries. One example of Naturalism is the artwork of the American artist William Bliss Baker, whose landscape paintings are considered some of the best examples of the naturalist movement. Another example is the French artist Albert Charpin, from the Barbizon School, with his paintings of sheep in their natural settings.

Naturalism began in the early Renaissance and developed itself further throughout the Renaissance, such as with the Florentine School.

Naturalism is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details and portrays things as they are.

## Controversies about terms
Some writers restrict the terms "Naturalism" and "Realism" for use as labels for period styles of the middle and late nineteenth century in Europe and America, thus making available the terms "naturalism" and "realism," all lowercase, for tendencies of art of any period whose the works strive for an accurate representation of the visible world. Thus, "Naturalism" is tied to a time and place, and "naturalism" is timeless and is a major turning point in art.

## Sources
* 
* “History of Art: Study Guide 14th Century to the Present”. 18th Century Naturalism and The Enlightenment Era Natural Painting. 22 April 2011.

## References
John Warner

**John William Warner, Jr.** (February 18, 1927 &ndash; May 25, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He was the Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974. He was a United States Senator from Virginia from January 2, 1979, to January 3, 2009. 

He did not run for office in 2008. He has rejoined the law firm of Hogan Lovells, where he worked before joining the United States Department of Defense. 

Warner was also the sixth husband to actress Elizabeth Taylor, whom he married before being elected to the Senate. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2009.

Warner was born on February 18, 1927 in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Washington, D.C.. Warner studied at St. Albans School, at Woodrow Wilson High School, at Washington-Lee University, at University of Virginia Law School, and at George Washington University. 

Warner was married to Catherine Mellon in 1957 until they divorced in 1973, they had three children. Then he was married to Elizabeth Taylor from 1976 until they divorced in 1982. In 2003, he married Jeanne Vander Myde.

A critic of President Donald Trump, he supported Democrats Hillary Clinton in 2016 and Joe Biden in 2020.

Warner died on May 25, 2021 at his home in Alexandria, Virginia from heart failure at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*Warner Backs Resolution Opposing Troop Increase Jonathan Weisman, *Washington Post*, January 23, 2007
*Secretaries of the Navy  official list
*A public servant returns to private life
Reg Presley

**Reg Presley** (12 June 1941 – 4 February 2013) was a British singer-songwriter. In January 2012, Presley said he was retiring due to being diagnosed with lung cancer. Thirteen months later, he died at his house in Andover of lung cancer and strokes.

## References
Flannery O'Connor

'''Mary Flannery O'Connor'* (March 25, 1925 &ndash; August 3, 1964) was an American writer. Her books, include *Wise Blood* and *A Good Man is Hard to Find''. Her writing style is sometimes known as Southern Gothic. 

## References
American literature

**American literature** is poetry, fiction, drama, or essays written by Americans. It also includes literature written by people living in the United States (who are not American citizens).

## 19th Century 
The 19th century was a fertile era for the American novel and American poetry. The most popular American novelists of the 19th Century were women.  Emily Dickinson is one of the greatest American poets. Dickinson wrote many lyrical, religious, philosophical poems.  Walt Whitman wrote the epic poem Leaves of Grass. Masterpieces of Gothic fiction  include Nathaniel Hawthorn's Fall of the House of Usher and The Scarlet Letter).  Charlotte Perkins Gilman's feminist classic "The Yellow Wallpaper" is also Gothic fiction.  Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau wrote philosophical essays. Their philosophical school of thought is called Transcendentalism.

## 20th Century 
The 20th Century is often called The American Century in art. Novelists of the modern era include William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, and Pearl Buck.

Toni Morrison, Eugene O'Neill, Saul Bellow, Joseph Brodsky and Isaac Bashevis Singer won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

## 21st Century 
Contemporary fiction writers of include Don Delillo, Paul Auster, Jennifer Egan, Colson Whitehead, Giannina Braschi, David Foster Wallace, and Jonathan Frazen. These writers are often called Postmodern authors. 

There are many popular literary genres. Humorist David Sedaris writes funny short stories about his personal life and odd things about strangers.
Shel Silverstein and Dr.Seuss wrote rhyming poems for children’s books. Judy Bloom writes emotional stories about young girls for young readers. R.L.Stine writes scary stories (Goosebump Series) about monsters and ghosts for boys and girls. Stephen King writes horror novels for adults about murder, monsters, and kidnapping.

## References
Daniel Akaka

**Daniel Kahikina Akaka** (September 11, 1924 &ndash; April 6, 2018) was an American politician who was a United States Senator from Hawaii from 1990 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Akaka is the first U.S. Senator of Native Hawaiian ancestry. He was the Senior Senator of Hawaii for a few weeks when Daniel Inouye died in December 2012.

He studied at the University of Hawaii. In 1969, he was hired by the Department of Education as a chief program planner. In the 1970s he served in various governmental positions. He was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1976 to represent Hawaii's Second Congressional District, and he served for 13 years.

Akaka died in Honolulu of multiple organ failure on April 6, 2018 at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Percy Spencer

**Percy LeBaron Spencer** (July 9, 1894 – September 8, 1970) was an American engineer and inventor. He was the inventor the microwave oven. Spencer was born in Maine. He invented the microwave by accident when a chocolate bar his pocket melted when he was performing an experiment.

## References
Joseph Brodsky

**Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky** (;  ; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996), better known as **Joseph Brodsky**, was a Russian-American writer. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1987. He wrote poetry in Russian.

## Related pages
*List of Russian language poets

## References
Saul Bellow

**Saul Bellow** (June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was a Canadian-American writer. He was born Solomon Bellows in Lachine, Montreal to Russian parents. He moved to Chicago, Illinois, when he was nine. He became an American citizen in 1941. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976. He wrote the books *Henderson the Rain King* and *Herzog*. He died in Brookline, Massachusetts.
Tongs

-tipped tongs designed to withstand temperatures up to .]]
**Tongs** are  and lifting tools. They are used in laboratories or in cooking are used to pick up hot objects.
There are also laboratory tongs, which are used to grip objects that are kind of, but not very poisonous. (Added by: .)
After Earth

***After Earth*** is a 2013 American action adventure science fiction movie that M. Night Shyamalan made with Will Smith. Columbia Pictures produced it.

## Plot
1,000 years in the future, astronauts from another planet (played by Will Smith and his son Jaden Smith) go back to Earth for some reason. Their space ship wrecks and Will Smith gets hurt, so Jaden Smith then has to go signal for help. There are also really mean aliens that are trying to kill Jaden Smith. Will and Jaden hope to eventually escape and go back to their alien planet.

## Cast
* Will Smith as Cypher Raige
* Jaden Smith as Kitai Raige
* Isabelle Fuhrman as Rayna
* Kristofer Hivju as Security Chief
* Gabriel Caste as Ranger
* Zoe Kravitz as Senshi Raige
* Sophie Okonedo as Faia Raige
* David Denman as McQuarrie
* Lincoln Lewis as Bo

## Production
M. Night Shyamalan started filming *After Earth* in February 2012. Before that, Gary Whitta wrote the first script, then M. Night Shyamalan rewrote it, then Stephen Gaghan improved M. Night Shyamalan's script at the end of 2011. M. Night Shyamalan filmed most of the movie in Costa Rica, California, and Pennsylvania.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
*
John Betjeman

**John Betjeman** (28 August 1906 – 19 May 1984) was a English poet. He was Poet Laureate known for his light humorous verse. One of his most famous poems was about Slough, a town in Berkshire. 
It begins with the rhyme:
:'Come friendly bombs and fall on Slough
:It isn't fit for humans now...'

Betjeman was born in Highgate, London. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1933 he married Penelope Chetwode; they separated in the late 1940s. The couple's son, Paul was born in 1937. Their daughter was Candida Lycett Green (1942–2014). Betjeman's partner from 1951 until his death was Lady Elizabeth Cavendish.

Betjeman died of Parkinson's disease in Trebetherick, Cornwall. He was replaced as Poet Laureate by Ted Hughes. Betjeman was also known as an architectural and cultural critic. He is buried at St Enodoc in Cornwall, near Trebetherick.
Buzzword

A **buzzword** is a word or phrase that is made to either summarize a complex idea or reconstruct another word or phrase to reflect a particular point of view. Corporations make up buzzwords so that they can advertise stuff better. In this way, a buzzword is a lot like a product name or a proper noun. People can remember buzzwords better than non-buzzwords, which is why its good for advertising.

Example:
Multimedia has been a buzzword in the computer industry for years.

## References
* 
* 
* 
*
International trade

trade routes across Eurasia.]]
**International trade** is trade between different countries, also known as importing and exporting goods. Businesses in one country will then buy (import) or sell (export) goods to the businesses in other countries. Alternatively, the government of a country will sometimes directly buy from (or sell to) the government of another country.

Governments have sometimes forbidden or more often restricted international trade. When import of goods affects the prices of those same goods in the receiving country, that country's government may pass special laws to regulate the trading. They may then try to use protectionist methods such as high tariffs to discourage import. As a form of punishment or political pressure, some countries may impose economic sanctions, or embargoes that prevent trading altogether with a target country.  

To promote relations, countries may agree to trade with each other without protectionism. This is called "free trade". Free trade reduces trade barriers in exporting items. Free trade is generally supported by fiscal conservatives; trade-protectionism is generally supported by economic nationalist and leftist parties.

## Reelated pages 
*Multilingualism
Division of Higgins

The **Division of Higgins** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. 

It was created in 1949 and is named after Justice H. B. Higgins (1851–1929). Higgins was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly (1894), president of the Carlton Football Club (1904), a member of the Australian House of Representatives (1901–1906), and a judge of the High Court of Australia (1906–1929).

The Division of Higgins covers the inner eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Armadale, Ashburton, Malvern, Toorak and parts of Glen Iris, Camberwell, Carnegie, Murrumbeena, Prahran, and South Yarra.

## Members 
Higgins has been important in Australian federal politics and for the Liberal Party of Australia. The seat's first two members, Harold Holt and Sir John Gorton, were the 17th and 19th Prime Ministers of Australia. Higgins is the only Division to have been held by two Prime Ministers. 

Peter Costello the longest serving Treasurer of Australia and former Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party also held the seat from 1990–2009. He resigned in 2009 which meant a by-election had to be held. There had also been a by-election in 1967, after Harold Holt disappeared in the sea.

## Election results 
## References
*Division of Higgins – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites
* Kelly O'Dwyer's website
Division of Murray

The **Division of Murray** was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. 

It was located in the north of the state, next to the Murray River, which forms Victoria's border with New South Wales. It included the towns of Shepparton, Echuca, Cobram, Yarrawonga, Boort and Bridgewater.

Murray was created in 1949. It was named after the Murray River, which itself was named after British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Sir George Murray.  

The Division was abolished in 2019 and renamed Nicholls.

## Members
It was first held by Rt Hon Sir John McEwen, who was the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia after the disappearance of Harold Holt.

## Election results
* 2010 election results
* 2007 election results
* 2004 election results
* 2013 election results
* 2016 election results

## References
*Division of Murray – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites
* Dr. Sharman Stone's website
Eddie Fisher

**Edwin John "Eddie" Fisher** (August 10, 1928 &ndash; September 22, 2010) was an American singer, actor, writer, musician, and entertainer. Fisher had made hundreds of recording albums. 

Fisher was born on August 10, 1928 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to a Russian-Jewish family. He studied at Thomas Junior High School, South Philadelphia High School, and at Simon Gratz High School. It was during high school many people discovered that Fisher had a talent for singing. 

Fisher was married to Debbie Reynolds from 1955 until they divorced in 1959. They had two children; including actress Carrie Fisher. Then he was married to Elizabeth Taylor from 1959 until they divorced in 1964. Then he was married to Connie Stevens from 1967 until they divorced in 1969. They had two children. Then he was married to Terry Richard from 1975 until they divorced in 1976. Then he was last married to Betty Lin from 1993 until her death in 2001. 

Fisher died on September 22, 2010 in Berkeley, California after going into surgery, aged 82. Fisher broke his hip thirteen days before. He had hearing and seeing problems. His remains were cremated and were later buried. He was buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park next to his wife Betty Lin.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Thinking Of You: Eddie Fisher  on The Interlude Era site
**New York Times* Obituary
*Eddie Fisher: Life and Times  – slideshow by *Life magazine*
Shepparton

**Shepparton** () is a city on the floodplain of the Goulburn River in the north east of Victoria, Australia. It is about  north-east of Melbourne. In 2006 there were 27,707 living in the city.

Shepparton began as a sheep station and river crossing. It later became an important railway town. Today it is an agricultural and manufacturing city. It is at the centre of the Goulburn Valley irrigation system, one of the largest centres of irrigation in Australia. It is a major regional service city and is the civic administration centre for the City of Greater Shepparton. The Greater Shepparton area includes the towns of Tatura, Merrigum, Mooroopna, Murchison, Dookie, and Grahamvale.

## References
Merrigum

**Merrigum** is a small town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia. The town is part of City of Greater Shepparton local government area. It is  north of the state capital, Melbourne. In 2011 there were 672 people living in the town.

The name *Merrigum* is an Australian Aboriginal word meaning a small plain. Merrigum Post Office opened on 1 February 1875.

Golfers play at the course of the Merrigum Golf Club.

## References
Tatura

**Tatura** is a town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia, Australia. The town part of the City of Greater Shepparton local government area. It is  north of the state capital, Melbourne and  west of the regional centre of Shepparton. In 2011 there were 3,672 people living in the town.

There are several large companies based in Tatura. These include Tatura Milk Industries, Goulburn-Murray Water's corporate headquarters, Sinclair Knight Merz, and the Department of Primary Industries (Victoria). Several multinational corporations such as Unilever and Snow Brand Milk Products have processing factories in the town.

Attractions include the Cussen Park wetlands, the World War II Prisoner of War Camps, and the Irrigation Museum.

The name of the town is an Aboriginal word meaning "small lagoon".

## References
Great Artesian Basin

]]
 giving rise to an artesian well. The principle is the same for a huge basin]]

The **Great Artesian Basin** in Australia is the largest and deepest aquifer (artesian basin) in the world. It stretches over  , which is 22% of the surface area of Australia. This includes most of Queensland, the south-east corner of the Northern Territory, the north-east part of South Australia, and northern New South Wales. The basin is  deep in places. It may contain  of groundwater. Its temperature ranges from 30°C to 100°C. The Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee (GABCC) coordinates activity between the various levels of government and community organisations.

## Geology
The water of the GAB is held in a sandstone layer laid down by continental erosion of higher ground during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Lower Cretaceous periods. At the time when much of what is now Australia was below sea level. The sandstone was then covered by a layer of marine sedimentary rock. This formed a confining layer, trapping water in the sandstone aquifer.  The eastern edge of the basin was uplifted when the Great Dividing Range formed. The other side was created from the landforms of the Central Eastern Lowlands and the Great Western Plateau to the west. 

Most water enters the rock formations from the higher ground near the eastern edge of the basin (in Queensland and New South Wales). It very gradually flows towards the south and west.

## References
Averroes

, Spain]]
**Averroës** (also known as **Ibn Rušd** or **Ibn Rushd**; 14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198) was a Muslim polymath from Al-Andalus. He was a scholar of Greek and Islamic philosophy. He also studied Islamic theology, law, politics, classical music, and the sciences of medicine, psychology, physics, astronomy, geography and mathematics.

Averroes was born in Córdoba, Al-Andalus. He lived during a unique period in academic history. Interest in philosophy and theology was failing in the Muslim world but just beginning to become influential in Christian Europe. Averroes himself was influenced by the ideas of Aristotle. His philosophy was often criticised by fellow Muslims. He had a larger influence on Western European society. He has been described as the founder of secular thought in Western Europe.

Averroes is most famous for his commentaries of Aristotle's works. Aristotle had been mostly forgotten in the West since the 6th century. Averroes' interpretations of Aristotle's ideas revived Western scholarly interest in Aristotle and ancient Greek philosophy in general. They also led to the development of scholasticism in medieval Europe.

## Averroes's life
'' by Raphael.]]

Averroes was born as **ʾSan sebastián De La Cruz ʾAḥmad bin Rušd**. He was born in 1126 in Andalusia, which at the time was a Muslim country called Al-Andalus. At a young age Averroes had many teachers who helped him begin his study of Islam. He excelled in this and was also interested in law. He began studying medicine in Seville under a man named Abu Jafar al-Turjali.

Averroes began his career with the help of Ibn Tufail, a physician at the caliph's court in Marrakesh. He was able to go to Marrakesh and become a physician because of his knowledge of physics. Averroes was granted many honors and became a *Qadi* (judge) in Seville in 1169.

Two years later he became the Qadi of Córdoba. In his free time he studied and wrote. In 1195, Averroes wrote a paper about how he thought philosophy was less than useful for the discovery of religious truth. He was disgraced and many of his papers were burned. The Caliph imprisoned Averroes and exiled him from the country. He lived in Lucena for a short time, then he was brought back by the Caliph to be a judge. He died in 1198.

## References 
## Other websites
California State Route 1

**State Route 1** (**SR 1**) is a major north–south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U.S. state of California.

Highway 1 includes parts called **Pacific Coast Highway** (**PCH**), **Cabrillo Highway**, **Shoreline Highway**, or **Coast Highway**. Its southern end is at Interstate 5 (I-5) near Dana Point in Orange County. Its northern end is at U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) near Leggett in Mendocino County. Highway 1 also at times runs together with US 101, through a  stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge.

The highway is famous for running along some of the most beautiful coastlines in the USA. This is why people sometimes call it an 'All-American Road'. In addition to its scenic route to attractions along the coast, it is also a major thoroughfare in the Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and several other coastal urban areas.

File:PCH Near Laguna Beach.jpg|Heading south near Laguna
File:Pacific Coast Highway in Solromar.jpg|CA 1 in Ventura County
File:6506-BigSurDinosaurRock&BixbyBridge.jpg|Big Sur, Dinosaur Rock & Bixby Bridge
File:CA-1 Little Sur River.jpg|CA 1 in Big Sur

## References
Melancholia

* by Albrecht Dürer.]]
**Melancholia** is a mental illness. A person with melancholia has intense or long-lasting feelings of sadness, for no clear reason. In the 20th century, the term "melancholia" was mostly replaced by "depression" (also called Major Depressive Disorder).

## History
The first person to describe melancholia was Hippocrates, in the 4th century BC. In his *Aphorisms'', Hippocrates wrote that all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time", are symptoms of melancholia.

The name "melancholia" comes from the old medical belief that there are four basic liquids in the body (called humors). According to this belief, diseases happen when the humors are not balanced correctly in a person's body. Humors were also thought to determine personality types. According to Hippocrates, melancholia was caused by having too much black bile in the body.  The name "melancholia" means 'black bile'. It comes from the Ancient Greek words μέλας (melas), meaning "dark, black", and  χολή (kholé), meaning "bile".

Robert Burton, a16th century scholar, wrote in detail about the condition in *The Anatomy of Melancholy* (1621). It discussed melancholia from both literary and medical points of view. Burton wrote that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.

## References
## Related pages
*Melancholic depression
Improvised explosive device

]]

An **improvised explosive device** (**IED**), more commonly known as **roadside bomb**, is a bomb that is constructed by people for other purposes than military action. Paramilitary groups often use such devices for terrorist activities. Unconventional warfare which is done by guerilla forces also uses such devices. Improvised explosive devices are commonly made out of household materials such as fertilizer (that use ammonium nitrate), matches (that use potassium chlorate), and hydrogen peroxide. A simple switch or button which lights the explosive material on fire (with some sort of flammable fuel like gasoline or diesel) is added to some IEDs. Other IEDs use cell phones, garage door openers, or toy controllers are also used to blow up the explosive in some cases.

## References
Ladies' Home Journal

The '''''Ladies' Home Journal''''' is an American women's magazine that is published through Meredith Corporation. The magazine first appeared in February 1883, and went on to eventually become one of the leading women's magazines in the United States during the 20th century. LHJ hit 1 million subscribers around 1907. It went quarterly in 2014.
Super Bowl XLVI

**Super Bowl XLVI** (Super Bowl 46) was an American football game between  the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2011 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 21–17. The game was played on February 5, 2012, at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, the first time that the Super Bowl was played in the state of Indiana.

This Super Bowl is a rematch of Super Bowl XLII, which was also won by New York 17-14 and when they stopped the Patriots perfect season. This time, the Patriots entered the Super Bowl with a regular season 13-3 record, yet they were still the top seed and the New York Giants were the 4th seed.

## Sources
Orbital

**Orbital** means something related to an orbit. It might also mean:
*Atomic orbital
*Molecular orbital
*Frontier orbital

## Related pages
*Orbital period
*Orbital eccentricity
*Orbital hybridization
*Orbital speed
*Orbital plane (astronomy)