open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eland

The **eland** is the largest antelope. There are two species, both African. 

The **common eland**, *Taurotragus oryx*, is from East Africa and South Africa. The **giant eland**, *Taurotragus derbianus*, is found in Sudan, Central African Republic, Cameroon and Senegal  and West Africa.

The two species are rather similar in size: males range in size from  and may even reach a ton on rare occasions; females range from .

Giant eland are alert and wary, making them difficult to approach and observe. They are gregarious, and migrate in small herds of twenty or so animals. Giant eland live in open forest and savannah where they eat grass, leaves, and branches. Common eland live in large herds. 

Observers have, as usual, found it difficult to measure their speed of running. Some claim they move quickly, running at over , and despite their size are exceptional jumpers, easily clearing heights of . Others claim elands are one of the slowest antelopes, but can even jump a height of  or more.

When walking, tendon or joints in the eland's foreleg produce a sharp clicking sound, the cause of which is not known. The sound carries some distance and is a good indication of an approaching herd. Naturalists think it is a form of communication in elands.

## References
National Academy of Sciences

]]**National Academy of Sciences** (**NAS**) is United States corporation whose members serve as advisers to the nation on science. New members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research.

The National Academy of Sciences is part of the United States National Academies, which also includes: 
* *National Academy of Engineering* (NAE) 
* *Institute of Medicine* (IOM) 
* *United States National Research Council* (NRC)

The NAS is running  21-month project which will study how humans might influence weather patterns, assess dangers and investigate possible national security implications of climate geoengineering attempts to mitigate global warming.  The project is funded by the CIA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and NASA.

## Other websites
*National Academy of Sciences: About the NAS

## Notes
Air India Flight 182

**Air India Flight 182** was a passenger plane which, on June 23, 1985, exploded from a bomb that was placed on the plane. The aircraft was going between Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, Montreal, Quebec, and New Delhi, India. It was an Air India Boeing 747-237B, registration VT-EFO. The bombing was called the largest mass murder in modern Canadian history, and the deadliest act of air terrorism before 9/11.

## Bombing
The flight was going between Montreal and New Delhi. The plane exploded when it was flying 31,000 feet over Atlantic Ocean South of Ireland. The bomb was hidden in a Sanyo tuner in a suitcase which was in the forward cargo hold. Around fifty-five minutes later after the loss of the aircraft, a suitcase which was checked in by one of the accused perpetrators in the bombing exploded at Japan’s Narita Airport and killed two baggage handlers and injured four other people nearby. The suitcase was on its way to another airliner at Narita. At least 329 people were killed in the explosion aboard Flight 182.

## Passengers
Most of the victims on-board were Canadians, but 27 came from the United Kingdom, and 10 more came from the United States, five from Brazil, four from Germany, three from France, two each from Italy and Australia, one each from Japan, Mexico, Russia, China, and Belgium. Four passengers and all 22 crew members were from India' 

## Suspects
The suspects in the bombing were from the Sikh separatist group called the Babbar Khalsa:

*Talwinder Singh Parmar
*Inderjit Singh Reyat
*Ripudaman Singh Malik
*Ajaib Singh Bagri
*Surjan Singh Gill
*Hardial Singh Johal and Manmohan Singh
*Daljit Sandhu
*Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode
Sintel

***Sintel*** is a short 15-minute movie made with computers using open source software. Blender was the main program used to make the movie. It began production in September 2009 and was released on September 28, 2010. The online release was made available for download on September 30, 2010.
  It was first developed under the name *Projet Durian*, named after a type of smelly fruit. It was changed to '''' a word from the Dutch language, which can mean 'cinder', or 'ember'.

## Overview 
*Sintel* is a story about a girl who lives in the made-up city.  One day, a dragon lands on the roof of a house she is standing next to.  The dragon is hurt, so she helps it.  She and the dragon (which she names Scales) become good friends.  One day, Scales goes to chase a group of birds flying in the sky.  Another, bigger, dragon comes along, and kidnaps Scales.  Sintel goes to looks for Scales.  She finds the adult dragon in a Dragon Blood tree, There she fights the big dragon and kills it.  But, it turns out that the big dragon is actually Scales.  The movie ends with Sintel sad, because she accidentally killed her friend.

Ton Roosendaal announced the movie in May 2009. He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation. The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Film Fund paid for part of the project. The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD. Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the movie's credits. The movie was released for download on the Official Durian Project website on October 1, 2010.

## The movie 
## Other websites
* The Sintel website 
* The Blender website (Blender was the program used to make Sintel)

## References
Tatyana Ali

**Tatyana Ali** (born January 24, 1979) is an American actress, R&B singer, songwriter and model. She is best known for playing Ashley Banks in the NBC sitcom, *The Fresh Prince of Bel Air*. She later played Roxanne in the CBS soap opera*The Young and the Restless*.

Ali was born in North Bellmore, New York, a suburb of New York City.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
## Discography
### Studio albums
### Extended plays
### Singles
### Other appearances
## Awards
;Caribbean Heritage Organization
* 2011: Recipient, Living Legacy Award

;NAACP Image Awards
* 1996: **Won**, Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress – *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*
* 1997: Nominated, Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress – *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*
* 2010: Nominated, Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama – *The Young and the Restless*
* 2011: Nominated, Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series – *Love That Girl!*
* 2011: **Won**, Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama – *The Young and the Restless*
* 2012: **Won**, Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama – *The Young and the Restless*
* 2012: Nominated, Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series – *Love That Girl!*
* 2013: Nominated, Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series – *Love That Girl!*

;Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
* 1996: Nominated, Favorite Television Actress – *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*

;Young Artist Awards
* 1991: **Won**, Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series – *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*
* 1992: Nominated, Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series – *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*
* 1993: Nominated, Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series – *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*
* 1994: Nominated, Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series – *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*
* 1995: Nominated, Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series – *Name Your Adventure*

## References
## Other Websites
*
United States National Academies

**United States National Academies** or **National Academies** comprising 
* *National Academy of Sciences* (NAS)
* *National Academy of Engineering* (NAE) 
* *Institute of Medicine* (IOM) 
* *National Research Council* (NRC)
serve collectively as the scientific national academy for the United States.  The NAS, NAE, and IOM are honorary membership organizations, with a total membership of over 6,000 scientists, engineers, and health professionals.  New members for each organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research.  The NRC is called the "working arm" of the Academies, which serves to collect, analyze, and share information through studies and reports.

The National Academies produce independent recommendations and policy reports by enlisting top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts (not limited to those in Academies membership) to address important scientific and technical problems. 

The National Academies do not perform original research; rather they provide independent advice. Federal agencies are the primary financial sponsors of the Academies' work; additional studies are funded by state agencies, foundations, other private sponsors, and the National Academies endowment. The external sponsors have no control over the conduct or results of a study, once the statement of task and budget are finalized.

## Other websites
*The Institute of Medicine 
*The National Academy of Engineering

## Notes
Belinda Carlisle

**Belinda Carlisle** (born August 17, 1958) is an American Grammy Award nominated singer, songwriter and memoirist. She gained fame as the lead vocalist of The Go-Go's, and and went on to have a prolific career as a solo artist after the Go-Go's disbandment in 1985.

Carlisle was born in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Raised in Southern California, Carlisle was the lead vocalist of The Go-Go's, which she co-founded in 1978. With their chart-topping debut studio album "*Beauty and the Beat*" in 1981, the group helped popularize new wave music in the United States. The Go-Go's have sold over seven million records worldwide.

After the break-up of The Go-Go's in 1985, Carlisle went on to have a successful solo career with radio hits such as "Mad About You", "Heaven Is A Place On Earth", "I Get Weak", "Circle In The Sand", "Leave A Light On", and "Summer Rain". The Go-Go's reformed in 1999; Carlisle maintained her solo career and performed with the band until its disbandment in 2022, returning for two festival performances in 2025.

Carlisle's autobiography, "*Lips Unsealed*", published in June 2010, was a *New York Times* Best Seller and received favorable reviews. In 1999, Carlisle was ranked No. 76 with The Go-Go's in VH1's "*100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll",* In 2011, Carlisle, as a member of The Go-Go's, received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She and the band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2021 and the California Hall of Fame in 2024.

## Discography 
* *Belinda* (1986)
* *Heaven On Earth* (1987)
* *Runaway Horses* (1989)
* *Live Your Life Be Free* (1991)
* *Real* (1993)
* *A Woman & A Man* (1996)
* *Voila* (2007)
* *Wilder Shores* (2017)
* *Once Upon A Time In California* (2025)

## References
Jens Seipenbusch

**Jens Seipenbusch** (born 6 August 1968) is a German politician and physicist. He was leader of the Pirate Party of Germany.

Seipenbusch was a founding member of his party.  He studied physics at the University of Münster. He was first elected party leader in May 2007.  In May 2008 he became deputy leader for one year, before he became re-elected leader of the party in July 2009, and once more in May 2010. In May 2011, Sebastian Nerz became leader of the party.

## References
## Other websites
* [*Jens Seipenbusch (Vorsitzender)*](http://www.piratenpartei.de/navigation/partei/bundesvorstand/jens-seipenbusch-(stellvertretender-vorsitzender)) , German Pirate Party's website
Kim Delaney

**Kim Delaney** (born November 29, 1961) is an American movie and television actress. She played Jenny Gardner in the soap *All My Children*. She played a detective in the television series *NYPD Blue*. She also acted in the television series *Philly*. Delaney was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Aedes

***Aedes*** is a genus of mosquito originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but has spread by human activity to all continents excluding Antarctica. Several of the species transmit important human diseases and one species, *Aedes albopictus*, is the most invasive mosquito in the world. The name comes from the Greek *aēdēs*, meaning "unpleasant" or "odious", so called because of the diseases this type of mosquito transmits, including dengue fever and yellow fever.
Scirpophaga innotata

The **Rice White Stemborer** (*Scirpophaga innotata*) is a species of moth of the Crambidae family. It is found in Indonesia, Pakistan the Philippines and the tropical north of Australia.
Aedes aegypti

***Aedes aegypti***, also called **yellow fever mosquito**, is a mosquito that can spread the dengue fever, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, and other diseases. 

The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the thorax. It is a small mosquito, with a body length of about half one centimeter.

## Related pages 
* Wolbachia
* World mosquito program
Caviar

**Caviar** is a luxury food. Caviar is  salted and un-fertilized sturgeon roe eggs. The world's largest producer and exporter of caviar is Iran. The producer of 90 percent of the world's caviar is the Caspian Sea. 

Caviar is usually put in gold, plastic, wood, ivory containers. It is rarely in silverware or steel because this may interfere with the flavor and color.
K-os

**Kevin Brereton** (born February 20, 1972 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter and producer better known by his stage name, **k-os** which is an acronym for Knowledge of Self and is spelt with a lowercase "k".

## Discography
### Albums
k-os has released 4 studio albums:

### Compilations
### Mixtapes
## Other websites
* k-os's Official website
Jackson, Wyoming

**Jackson** is an American town in the state of Wyoming. It is in Teton County. As of 2020, the population was 10,760. Many tourists travel through Jackson when visiting nearby Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and the National Elk Refuge.

## References
## Fun Facts 
* The location of the largely popularized Videogame (as well as its sequel)  and TV series, "The Last of Us" is based in the town of Jackson, Wyoming and, in the game and show, used as a sort of base or "Safe Haven," established by fictional characters, Maria Miller and her father (Who's name is unstated and does not appear in the game or show). The Safe Haven is called home by the two widely loved protagonists of the game franchise, Joel Miller (AKA the Goat) and Ellie Williams. 

## Other websites
*Jackson's Official website
Hank Hill

**Hank Rutherford Hill** (born April 15) is a fictional character in the television series, King of the Hill. He lives in Arlen, Texas with his wife Peggy and his son Bobby. He was named one of the wisest people on television by The Economist. He suffers from Diminished Gluteal Syndrome (DGS) which is a fictional genetic disorder. He works at Strickland Propane and sells propane and propane accessories. He was born in the women's bathroom of Yankee Stadium in The Bronx, New York which he was horrified to find out. His father's name is Cotton who was a World War II veteran who had his shins "blowed off by a Japanman's machine gun" in combat, and had his feet attached to his knees, he has a Japanese half brother named Junichiro, and his cousin is the bassist and vocalist for ZZ Top, Dusty Hill. He is usually seen hanging out with his friends Dale, Bill and Boomhauer.

## References
**Notes**
2009 Pacific typhoon season

The **2009 Philippine region typhoon season** was the period that tropical cyclones formed in the Western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout the year during 2009, with most tropical cyclones forming between May and November.The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones (including tropical depressions) that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility. These names, however, are not in common use outside of the Philippines.

During the season, 39 tropical depressions developed within the Western Pacific, whilst 2 formed outside the region before moving into the Western Pacific.

## Storms 
### Philippines 
*Tropical Depression Auring
*Tropical Depression Bising
*Typhoon Crising
*Typhoon Dante
*Typhoon Emong
*Tropical Storm Feria
*Tropical Depression Gorio
*Tropical Depression Huaning
*Typhoon Isang
*Tropical Depression Jolina
*Tropical Storm Kiko
*Tropical Storm Labuyo
*Tropical Depression Maring
*Typhoon Nando
*Typhoon Ondoy
*Typhoon Pepemg
*Typhoon Quedan
*Typhoon Ramil
*Tropical Storm Santi
*Tropical Depression Tino
*Tropical Depression Urduja
*Tropical Depression Vinta
Body of Proof

***Body of Proof*** is an American medical drama television series on  ABC starring Dana Delany and Jeri Ryan.

## Plot 
The series stars Delany as Dr. Megan Hunt, a medical examiner. The show focusses on Hunt's efforts to balance the demands of her professional life with her personal life. Hunt was previously employed as a top-flight neurosurgeon who had a life-changing automobile accident.

Her boss is the city's chief medical examiner, played by Ryan.

## Cast 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
Wale (rapper)

**Wale Victor Folarin** (born **Olubowale Victor Akintimehin**; September 21, 1984 in Washington D.C.) is an  American rapper better known by his stage name **Wale**. 

In 2010, Wale was nominated for Best New Artist from both the Soul Train Awards and BET Awards. He did not win.

## Discography
### Studio albums
Wale has released 7 studio albums:
* *Attention Deficit* (2009)
* *Ambition* (2011)
* *The Gifted* (2013)
* *The Album About Nothing* (2015)
* *Shine* (2017)
* ''Wow... That's Crazy* (2019)
* *Folarin II* (2021)

### Mixtapes
Wale has released 8 mixtapes:
* *Paint a Picture* (2005)
* *Hate Is the New Love* (2006)
* *100 Miles & Running* (2007)
* *The Mixtape About Nothing* (2008)
* *Back to the Feature* (2009)
* *More About Nothing* (2010)
* *The Eleven One Eleven Theory* (2011)
* *Folarin'' (2012)

### Singles
Wale has had 5 singles:

## References
## Other websites
* Wale's Official website
Sharon Stone

**Sharon Vonne Stone** (born March 10, 1958) is an American actress and movie producer. She received a Golden Globe Award for her part in the 1995 movie *Casino*. Her role in the movie *Basic Instinct* was also notable. 

Stone won the title of Miss Crawford County in Meadville.  She was a candidate for Miss Pennsylvania. In 1977, Stone left Meadville, moving in with an aunt in New Jersey. Within four days of her arrival in New Jersey, she was signed by Ford Modeling Agency in New York.

While living in Europe, she decided to quit modeling and become an actress. Stone was cast for a brief role in Allen's *Stardust Memories* (1980).  She had many roles in movies in the 1980's.  Being in *Total Recall* (1990) with Arnold Schwarzenegger helped her career.  To promote the movie, she posed nude for *Playboy*.

The movie that made her a star *Basic Instinct* (1992).  She played a person thought to be a serial killer.  In the movie's most notorious scene, her character is being questioned by the police. She crosses and uncrosses her legs, exposing her genitalia, which are not covered by underwear.  After *Basic Instinct*, she was listed by *People magazine* as one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world.

In November 1995, Stone received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6925 Hollywood Blvd.

In 2003, she appeared in three episodes from the eighth season of *The Practice*. For her performances, she received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.

Stone tried a return to the mainstream with roles in the movies *Cold Creek Manor* (2003) with Dennis Quaid and *Catwoman* (2004) with Halle Berry.  Both movies were not well liked by either the public or critics.

## Personal life 
Stone married Michael Greenburg in 1984.  They separated in 1987 and the divorce was finalized in 1990.

In 1993, Stone met William J. MacDonald (aka Bill MacDonald) on the set of the movie *Sliver*. MacDonald left his wife Naomi Baca for Stone and became engaged to her. They separated one year later in 1994.

While working on the movie *The Quick and the Dead* in 1995, Stone met Bob Wagner and they became engaged.

On February 14, 1998, Stone married Phil Bronstein, executive editor of the *San Francisco Examiner*. They adopted a son, Roan Joseph Bronstein (born on May 22, 2000) in late May or early June 2000.  They divorced in 2004.  After her divorce she adopted another two boys, Laird Vonne Stone (born on May 7, 2005) and Quinn Kelly Stone 
(born in June 2006).

Stone is a convert to Tibetan Buddhism. She is an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church.

## Filmography
## References
## Other websites
*
SF1 Kraken

**SF1 Kraken** is a weapon mainly used by police forces during riots to restore order. It is not lethal (hit causes only injury, not death). The weapon is specially made for usage against civilians without risking casualties (loss of life). The average distance of fire is about 30m, maximum is 100m and depends on type of bullet. SF1 Kraken uses the energy of gases from .357 Magnum blank cartidges (without a bullet) which are made by Libra a.s. in the Czech Republic. It is also able to use several types of 59mm calibre bullets.

## Bullet types
* *Common tennis ball* - to stop or paralyse human or animal, for distances up to 30m.
* *Gas grenade* - covers an area or some of friendly units with harmless smoke.
* *Tear gas grenade* - covers an area of crowd with tear gas, causes intensive crying and burn of eyes.
* *P1 charge* - uses strong acoustic effect (similar to simple banger or firecracker) to frighten or shock human or animal.
* *P2 charge* - uses acoustic effect and tear gas, combination of *Tear gas grenade* and *P1 charge*.
* *Shot gun* - filled with 20 rubber balls (instead of lead bullets).

## General charasterictics
* Calibre: 59 mm
* Barrel length: 230 mm
* Weapon length (without shoulder pad): 436 mm
* Weapon length: 711 mm
* Weight: 1,5 kg
* Fire mode: repeating (the gun must be manually reloaded after every shot)
* Cartridge calibre: .357 Magnum blank
* Muzzle velocity: 110 m/s (with thennis ball)
* Rate of fire: 6 rpm
* Muzzle energy: 403 J
* Impact energy (30m): 227 J
Dianne Wiest

**Dianne Wiest** (born March 28, 1948) is an American actress. Her movies include *Edward Scissorhands* in 1990. She has won two Emmy Awards and two Academy Awards. She was also in other movies, including *Footloose* and *Parenthood*.  Wiest was born in Kansas City, Missouri.

She also made a surprise appearance on an American TV show called Brooklyn Nine-Nine. She later went on to make multiple episodes of her own failing TV-show called "Get rid of that Wiest Infection". She was also the star in multiple weetabix commercials, dubbing them Wiestabix.

## References 
## Other websites
Patty Loveless

**Patty Lee Ramey** (or **Patty Loveless**; born January 4, 1957) is an American country singer and songwriter. She emerged onto the country music scene around 1986. She has also sung Bluegrass and country pop. She was born in Pikeville, Kentucky.

## Awards
**Academy of Country Music**
*1996 Top Female Vocalist
*1997 Top Female Vocalist

**American Music Awards**
*1989 Favorite New Country Artist

**Country Music Association**
*1995 Album of the Year – "When Fallen Angels Fly"
*1996 Female Vocalist of the Year
*1998 Vocal Event of the Year with George Jones – "You Don't Seem to Miss Me"

**Grand Ole Opry**
*Inducted in 1988

**Georgia Music Hall of Fame**
*Inducted in 2005

**Grammy Awards**
*Best Country Collaboration with Vocals – "Same Old Train" (1998)
*Best Bluegrass Album – *Mountain Soul II* (2011)

**Kentucky Music Hall of Fame**
*Inducted in 2011 (announced 17 March 2010) 

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Patty Loveless* (1986)
* *If My Heart Had Windows* (1988)
* *Honky Tonk Angel* (1988)
* *On Down the Line* (1990)
* *Up Against My Heart* (1991)
* *Only What I Feel* (1993)
* *When Fallen Angels Fly* (1994)
* *The Trouble with the Truth* (1996)
* *Long Stretch of Lonesome* (1997)
* *Strong Heart* (2000)
* *Mountain Soul* (2001)
* *Bluegrass & White Snow: A Mountain Christmas* (2002)
* *On Your Way Home* (2003)
* ''Dreamin' My Dreams* (2005)
* *Sleepless Nights* (2008)
* *Mountain Soul II'' (2009)

## References
Oedema

**Oedema** (U.S. **edema**) is **dropsy**. It was usually called *dropsy* until about the middle of the 20th century. 

It is a medical condition, and a sign or symptom. It is swelling caused when fluid leaks out of the body's capillaries into the tissues. The fluid builds up and gets trapped in the tissues around the leaking blood vessels. This causes swelling. If there is enough swelling, oedema can be seen from outside of the skin.

Oedema can happen in any part of the body However, it is easiest to see in the arms and legs, including the hands, ankles, and feet.

Pulmonary oedema is fluid in the lungs and affects breathing. Pulmonary oedema is dangerous because having fluid in the lungs makes breathing difficult. If pulmonary oedema gets bad enough, a person can drown in the fluid.

Oedema in the abdomen is called ascites*.*

## Signs and symptoms
Some of the signs and symptoms of oedema are:
* Eating too much salt
* Staying still for long periods of time
* Pregnancy
* Side effects from some medication

However, oedema can also be a sign of serious disease.
* Liver damage (cirrhosis). Liver damage can cause fluid to back up in the abdomen (ascites) and the legs
* Kidney problems*.* The kidneys' job is to remove extra fluid from the blood. If the kidneys are not doing this job, the fluid builds up in other parts of the body
* Varicose veins

## Treatment 
If oedema is not very serious, it often goes away on its own. If a person has mild oedema in an arm or leg, they can often make oedema go away quicker by keeping the arm or leg raised above the level of the heart.

If oedema is more serious, it is treated with medicines called diuretics. These are medicines which help the body get rid of extra fluid by urinating it out.

If oedema is caused by a disease, that disease needs to be treated.

## References
Nissan Altima

The **Nissan Altima** is a car made by Nissan. It was first made in 1993 and has had four generations.  The car won the 2002 North American Car of the Year and the 2010 Altima received the NHTSA's Highest Front- Impact Crash Safety Rating (five stars). There is a hybrid version of the Altima available which was first made in 2007. The car comes in a 4-door sedan and a 2-door coupe.

## Other websites
*Altima at nissanusa.com
National Research Council

**National Research Council** (NRC) of USA is the working arm of United States National Academies, carrying out most of the studies done in their names. The National Research Council was organized in 1916 in response to the increased need for scientific and technical services caused by World War I.

The president of National Academy of Sciences is the chair of its *Governing Board* and *Executive Committee*; the president of the National Academy of Engineering is vice chair. Its members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. 

## Other websites
* The National Research Council 
* The Institute of Medicine
Linas Kleiza

**Linas Kleiza** (born January 3, 1985 in Kaunas, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian executive, and a former basketball player. 

Kleiza played college basketball with the University of Missouri Tigers. Kleiza was drafted into the NBA by the Portland Trailblazers in 2005, and was traded to the Denver Nuggets. Kleiza played in Denver from 2005 until 2009. In 2010, Kleiza joined the Toronto Raptors. In 2013 Kleiza left Toronto, and went to play for Fenerbahçe Basketball.

He has played for the Lithuanian national basketball team. 

## References
## Other websites
*Linas Kleiza's NBA profile
Coxiella

***Coxiella*** refers to a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Coxiellaceae. It is named after Harold Herald Rea Cox (1907–1986), an American bacteriologist. *Coxiella burnetii* is the only member of this genus. It is one of the Gammaproteobacteria.
Shewanella

***Shewanella*** is the only genus included in the **Shewanellaceae** family of marine bacteria. *Shewanella* is a marine bacterium capable of modifying (or converting to an altered state) metals so they are much less toxic and can break up in the environment.
National Academy of Engineering

**United States National Academy of Engineering** (**NAE**), a private, non-profit institution that was founded in 1964. Election to the NAE is considered the highest achievement in engineering-related fields and often comes as a recognition of a lifetime's worth of accomplishments. The NAE is part of United States National Academies advising the federal government on engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research.

New members of the organization are elected annually by current members composed of senior professionals in business, academia, and government who are among the world’s most accomplished engineers in one or both of the following categories:
* Engineering research, practice, or education, including, where appropriate, significant contributions to the engineering literature.
* Pioneering of new and developing fields of technology, making major advancements in traditional fields of engineering, or developing/implementing innovative approaches to engineering education.

The Academy annually awards three prizes that award $500,000 to the winner. In a sense these constitute the "Nobel Prizes of Engineering."

## Notes
Paul Bibeault

**Joseph Arsine Paul Emile Albert "Babe" Bibeault** (April 12, 1919 – August 2, 1970) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs and Boston Bruins. Bibeault served briefly in the army, after he was discharged he joined the Toronto Maple Leafs in December, on loan for half of the 1943-44 NHL season. Bibeault was part of the 1944 NHL All-Star Team.

Bibeault is in the NHL record book for being one of five goaltending victims of a player’s five goals in a single playoff game.

Bibeault died on August 2, 1970 at the age of 51.

## Other websites
*
*
*
Michael Frolík

**Michael Frolík** (born February 17, 1988 in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for Rytíři Kladno of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). 

He is also known for his time playing in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Florida Panthers, Chicago Blackhawks, Winnipeg Jets, Calgary Flames, Buffalo Sabres, and Montreal Canadiens.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Frolík played two seasons for Rimouski Océanic of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 10th overall pick in the 2006 NHL Draft. He would play three seasons with them.

Frolík was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks, along with Alexander Salák for Jack Skille, Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan on February 9, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

During the 2013 NHL Entry draft, the Blackhawks traded Frolík to the Winnipeg Jets in exchange for the 74th and 134th overall picks in the 2013 NHL Entry draft.

On 1 July 2015, Frolík signed a five-year, $21 million contract with the Calgary Flames. He would play five seasons with them.

On 2 January 2020, the Flames traded him to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for a fourth-round pick. He would play nineteen games with them.

On 23 December 2020, he signed a one-year, $750,000 contract with the Montreal Canadiens. He would play eight games with them and it would be the last time he would play in the NHL.

On 15 October 2021, Frolík would head oversea to play for Lausanne HC of the National League (NL).

On 21 July 2022, he would sign with Bílí Tygři Liberec of the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

On 26 July 2023, he would return to Rabat Kladno (now known as Rytíři Kladno), where he started his career.

## References
## Other websites
*
Martina McBride

**Martina Mariea Schiff** (born July 29, 1966), known professionally as **Martina McBride**, is an American country music singer and songwriter. McBride has been called the "Celine Dion of Country Music" for her big-voiced ballads and soprano range. She debuted around 1992, having five #1 singles between 1995 and 2001 and another during 2003. She has had a string of major hit singles.

## Discography
;Singles
* "Independence Day" (1994)
* "Girls Like Me" (2020)

;Other songs on music charts
* "White Christmas" (2000)

;Studio albums
* *The Time Has Come* (1992)
* *The Way That I Am* (1993)
* *Wild Angels* (1995)
* *Evolution* (1997)
* *White Christmas* (1998)
* *Emotion* (1999)
* *Martina* (2003)
* *Timeless* (2005)
* *Waking Up Laughing* (2007)
* *Shine* (2009)
* *Eleven* (2011)
* *Everlasting* (2014)
* *Reckless* (2016)
* ''It's the Holiday Season'' (2018)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Johnny Knoxville

**Philip John Clapp** (born March 11, 1971), known professionally as **Johnny Knoxville**, is an American actor, comedian, filmmaker and stunt performer. He is best known for being the co-creator and star of the MTV television series, Jackass.

## Filmography
**Desert Blues* (1995) - *Bob*
**Coyote Ugly* (2000) - *College Guy*
**Life Without Dick* (2002) - *Dick Rasmusson*
**Big Trouble* (2002) - *Eddie Leadbetter*
**Deuces Wild* (2002) - *Vinnie Fish*
**Men in Black II* (2002) - *Scrad/Charlie*
**Jackass: The Movie* (2002) - *Himself*
**Grand Theft Parsons* (2003) - *Phil Kaufman*
**Walking Tall* (2004) - *Ray Templeton*
**A Dirty Shame* (2004) - *Ray Ray Perkins*
**Lords of Dogtown* (2005) - *Topper Burks*
**The Dukes of Hazzard* (2005) - *Luke Duke*
**Daltry Calhoun* (2005) - *Daltry Calhoun*
**The Ringer* (2005) - *Steve Barker*
**Jackass Number Two* (2006) - *Himself*
**Jackass 2.5* (2007) - *Himself*
**Father of Invention* (2010) - *Oswald*
**Jackass 3D* (2010) - *Himself*
**Jackass 3.5* (2011) - *Himself*
**The Dry Gulch Kid* (2011) - *Bobby Ryder* 
**Movie 43* (2013) - *Pete*
**Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa* (2013) - *Irving Zisman*

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Jack Skille

**Jack Skille** (born May 19, 1987 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Florida Panthers, and Columbus Blue Jackets.

Skille was traded to the Florida Panthers, along with Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan for Michael Frolik and the rights to goaltender Alexander Salak on February 9, 2011.

On July 1, 2014, Skille signed one-year, two-way contract with the New York Islanders.

## References
## Other websites
*
Niko Tinbergen

'''Nikolaas 'Niko' Tinbergen'* (15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz. Their discoveries were about individual and social behaviour patterns, and how they are triggered.

In the 1960s Niko collaborated on a series of wildlife movies, including *The Riddle of the Rook* (1972) and *Signals for Survival'' (1969), which won the Italia prize in that year and the American blue ribbon in 1971.

## Aspects of his life 
Niko, who had two eminent brothers, Luuk and Jan, was a prisoner of war during World War II. His experience as a prisoner of the Nazis led to some friction with longtime intellectual collaborator Konrad Lorenz, and it was several years before the two reconciled.

After the war, Tinbergen moved to England, where he taught at the University of Oxford. He remained in England for the rest of his life. Several of his Oxford graduate students went on to become prominent biologists; these include Richard Dawkins, Marian Dawkins, Desmond Morris, and Iain Douglas Hamilton. He married Elisabeth Rutten and they had five children.

## Supernormal stimuli 
The body of Tinbergen's research focused on what he termed supernormal stimuli. This was the concept that an artificial object could be a stronger trigger for an instinct than the natural object for which the instinct originally evolved.

He constructed plaster eggs to see which a bird preferred to sit on, finding that they would select those that were larger, had more defined markings, or more saturated colour—and a dayglo-bright one with black polkadots would be selected over the bird's own pale, dappled eggs.

Tinbergen found that territorial male stickleback fish would attack a wooden fish model more vigorously than a real male if its underside was redder. He constructed cardboard dummy butterflies with more defined markings that male butterflies would try to mate with in preference to real females. The superstimulus, by its exaggerations, clearly showed what features were triggering the response.

## Four Questions 
He is well known for originating the four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour, which were:

**Proximate mechanisms:**
* 1. **Causation** (Mechanism): what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recent learning?
* 2. Development (**Ontogeny**): how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown?

**Ultimate mechanisms:**
* 3. Evolution (**Phylogeny**): how does the behaviour compare with similar behaviour in related species, and how might it have arisen?
* 4. Function (**Adaptation**): how does the behaviour impact on the animal's chances of survival and reproduction?

## Autism 
Niko gave his Nobel Lecture on autism in children, which he and his wife had been researching for some time.

## References 
* Hans Kruuk 2003. ''Niko's nature: the life of Niko Tinbergen and his science of animal behaviour''
Tyler Seguin

**Tyler Seguin** (born January 31, 1992 in Brampton, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey center for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was selected by the Boston Bruins with the 2nd overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons in the OHL with the Plymouth Whalers. Seguin has also played in the NHL for the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons. During his time with the Bruins, he won the Stanley Cup on June 15, 2011 when they defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0. On July 4, 2013, he was traded by the Bruins along with Rich Peverley, and Ryan Button to the Dallas Stars for Loui Eriksson, along with Reilly Smith, Matt Fraser, and Joe Morrow.

He won a gold medal in the 2009 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in Slovakia and a gold medal in the 2009 World U-17 Hockey Challenge in British Columbia.

## Awards 
*He won the Spengler Cup in 2012.
*He won the Boston Bruins 7th Player Award in 2012.
*He played in the 2012 NHL All-Star Game
*Stanley Cup (2011) - with the Boston Bruins
*He won the Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy for highest scorer in the Ontario Hockey League, alongside Taylor Hall of the Windsor Spitfires (2009–10)
*He won the Red Tilson Trophy for the most outstanding player in the Ontario Hockey League (2009-10)
*He won the CHL Top Draft Prospect Award as the top eligible prospect for the NHL Entry Draft from the Canadian Hockey League.
*He won the gold medal in the 2009 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in Slovakia
*He won the gold medal in the 2009 World U-17 Hockey Challenge in British Columbia.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Jeff Skinner

**Jeffrey Skinner** (born May 16, 1992 in Markham, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was picked by the Carolina Hurricanes with the seventh overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the Kitchener Rangers. He was currently the youngest hockey player in the NHL during the 2010-11 season.

## Awards 
*He was a NHL All-Star in 2011 becoming the youngest All-Star selection ever in the four major North American sports (baseball, basketball, American football, ice hockey).
*He won the Calder Trophy in 2011.
*He was named Sporting News Rookie of The Year.
*He was named The Hockey News Rookie of the Year.

## Other websites 
*Jeff Skinner's NHL Player Page
Pirate Party Germany

The **Pirate Party Germany** (German: *Piratenpartei Deutschland*; short: *PIRATEN*, "Pirates") is a political party in Germany based on the model of the Swedish Piratpartiet.

## Party Platform 
The party opposes the loss of civil rights in telephony and on the Internet, in particular the rules for keeping information about telephone calls and Germany's new Internet censorship law called *Zugangserschwerungsgesetz*.

The party favours the civil right to information privacy and reforms of copyright, education, computer science and patents.

It wants more open and transparent government, and the electronic inspection and control of government operations by the citizen.

## History 
The party was founded on 10 September 2006. Party leader has been Patrick Schiffer since August 2016. Previous leaders were among others Sebastian Nerz, Dirk Hillbrecht, Jens Seipenbusch and Christof Leng.

In February 2009, the village spokesperson of Hohenstein, a city councillor in Strausberg, Jens Knoblich joined the Pirate Party Germany. In June 2009, Bundestag member Jörg Tauss, who has been charged with the crime of child pornography possession and distribution, left the SPD and joined the Pirate Party after the *Zugangserschwerungsgesetz* was passed. He said that while he supports the fight against child pornography, the means are unacceptable. In late August 2009, Herbert Rusche, one of the founding members of the German Green Party and, in the 1980s, the first openly homosexual member of parliament in Germany, joined the Pirate Party.

## Election results 
### 2009 German Federal election
On 27 September 2009, the PIRATEN received 2.0% (845,904 votes) in the 2009 German federal election. This result means that the party failed to secure any seat in the Bundestag, however this was also the best result among the parties who did not achieve the required 5% threshold. Among the first-time male voters the party received 13%.

The election results in 2009 means the party still qualifies for some government funding of campaign finance.

### 2009 European Parliament election
It received 229,117 votes in the 2009 European Parliament election, which was 0.9%, but not enough (at least 5%) for a seat. The number of party members has increased since then. As of March 2010, the party had over 12,000 members.

### German State and Regional elections
On 30 August 2009, the PIRATEN received 1.9% in the 2009 Saxony state election. On the same day, the party also received one seat in each council in the local elections of Münster and Aachen, although candidates of the party ran for office only in some constituencies of both cities.

Support for The PIRATEN differs between States. The party received 1.8% in the 2009 Schleswig-Holstein state election and 1,5% in the 2010 North Rhine-Westphalia state election (though without securing seats), but only 0.5% in the 2009 Hesse state election and did not participate in the 2009 Brandenburg and Saarland state elections

## References 
## Other websites
* Piratenpartei Deutschland
* Junge Piraten - Youth organisation
Haley Joel Osment

**Haley Joel Osment** (born April 10, 1988) is an American actor and voice artist. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the brother of Emily Osment. He had many television and movie roles throughout the 1990s. He is best known for starring in movies including *Forrest Gump* (1994) and *The Sixth Sense* (1999).

## Other websites 
*
Karl von Frisch

**Karl Ritter von Frisch** (20 November 1886 – 12 June 1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, together with Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. 

His work was on the communication and senses of the European honey bee. He was the first to translate the meaning of the waggle dance. By doing the dance when they come back to the hive, honey bees indicated where they have found nectar, and other details.

His theory was originally disputed by other scientists and greeted with skepticism, but by the time he got the Nobel Prize almost everyone agreed he was right.

## Bee perception 
**Sense of smell:** Frisch discovered that bees can distinguish various blossoming plants by their scent, and that each bee is “flower constant”.45–51

**Polarization pattern:** Light scattered in a blue sky forms a pattern of partially polarized ultraviolet light. This depends on the position of the sun, and is invisible to human eyes. Each lens unit of a compound eye has a UV receptor, and a UV filter oriented differently in each of these units, so a bee is able to detect this polarization pattern. A small piece of blue sky is enough for a bee to recognize the pattern changes occurring over the course of a day. This provides not only directional but also information on the time of day.

**Variations in the daytime position of the sun:** Karl von Frisch proved that variations in the position of the sun gave bees with a tool for navigation. They use this capability to get information on the progress of the day deep inside a dark beehive. This makes it possible for the bees to convey up-to-date directional information during their waggle dance, without having to make a comparison with the sun during long dance phases. 

**Internal clock:** Bees have an internal clock with three different synchronization or timekeeping mechanisms. If a bee knows the direction to a feeding place found during a morning excursion, it can also find the same location, as well as the precise time at which this source provides food, in the afternoon, based on the position of the sun.

## References
Mikhail Chigorin

**Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin**  (Gatchina, Russia, 12 November 1850 – Lublin, Poland, 25 January 1908) was a leading Russian chess player.

He was a major source of inspiration for the "Soviet school of chess", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century.

Chigorin was for a while one of the world's top four players. He twice challenged Wilhelm Steinitz for the World Chess Championship. Both matches were held in Havana. In 1889 Steinitz won 10½–6½, and in 1892 by 12½–10½. Chigorin drew an 1893 match with Siegbert Tarrasch in Saint Petersburg (11–11); Tarrasch was probably the world #2 at that time.

Chigorin made a number of contributions to the theory of chess openings. The most important were the Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.O-O Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 O-O 9.h3 Na5) and the Chigorin Defence to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6).

Chigorin gave many lectures, wrote magazine articles and chess columns. He subsidised or otherwise supported a number of periodicals to keep them afloat despite low readership levels. He also founded a chess club in Saint Petersburg and tried for many years to establish a chess association, an attempt that finally succeeded just a few years after his death.

His early death was caused by diabetes, for which there was no remedy at the time.

## References
Mary Chapin Carpenter

**Mary Chapin Carpenter** ( b. February 21, 1958 ) is an Grammy Awards winning American folk and country singer - songwriter. Her first album was released in 1987. She has won five Grammy Awards. Carpenter has had many hit songs and albums. 

## Early life
Carpenter was born February 21, 1958 in Princeton, New Jersey.

## Discography
;Studio albums
**Hometown Girl* (1987)
**State of the Heart* (1989)
**Shooting Straight in the Dark* (1990)
**Come On Come On* (1992)
**Stones in the Road* (1994)
**A Place in the World* (1996)
**Time*Sex*Love* (2001)
**Between Here and Gone* (2004)
**The Calling* (2007)
**Come Darkness Come Light : Twelve Songs of Christmas* (2008)
**The Age of Miracles* (2010)
**Ashes and Roses* (2012)

;Singles
*"Down at the Twist and Shout" (1991)