open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Self-replication

**Replication** is a general word for making a copy. **Self-replication** is how a thing might make a copy of itself. Biological cells, in suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. The process is self-organising, given the basic machinery of a cell. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. 

Other kinds of replication occur. RNA viruses use the mechanism of a cell to replicate their own RNA strand and make its protein coat. Retroviruses are one of most important RNA viruses; there are a number of other types. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the reproductive machinery of cells through infection. Computer viruses reproduce using the hardware and software already present on computers.

Memes reproduce using the human mind and culture as their reproductive machinery.

## References
* von Neumann, J., 1966, *The Theory of Self-reproducing Automata*, A. Burks, ed., Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
* 
* Kenyon, R., *Self-replicating tilings*, in: Symbolic Dynamics and Applications (P. Walters, ed.) Contemporary Math. vol. 135 (1992), 239-264.
* http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~sipper/selfrep/  The Artificial Self-Replication Page
Analogy

An **analogy** is a comparison between two things that are similar in some way. When you draw an analogy between two different things, you are comparing them because you want to make a concept easier to understand.

:"In general (but not always), such arguments belong in the category of inductive reasoning, since their conclusions do not follow with certainty but are only supported with varying degrees of strength".

There is a difference between superficial analogies and profound analogies. Two things might look alike, but work quite differently, or they might look different, but work in ways like each other. Most effort is put into finding profound analogies which teach us something worth knowing. As another philosopher puts is:

:"The goal has been to find the formal criteria that distinguish good from bad analogical inference. These efforts have met with mixed success, at best".

Mario Bunge sees analogy as a main way of getting new hypotheses which can be tested. He points out that analogies may be based on similarities in behaviour, or in structure.

## Famous examples 
*The parables of Jesus are analogies. For instance, in the parable of the sower the analogy of the seed falling on good ground is to "such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit".
*Charles Darwin chose the term "natural selection" as an analogy with the selection of domesticated animals and plants. The artificial selection of  breeds of pigeons was one of his favourite studies.

## References 
## Other websites and references
* *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*: Medieval Theories of Analogy.
* Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991).  Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy.
* Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 
* Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process.  Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
* Juthe, A. (2005). "Argument by Analogy", in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.
* Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, .
* Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). The Analogical Mind.
* Lamond, G. (2006). Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Wimbledon Championships

The **Wimbledon Championships**, commonly called **Wimbledon**, is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Wimbledon, a suburb of London in England, Great Britain. The Championships are unique because they are the only Grand Slam played on a grass court. Wimbledon is the third tennis grand slam of the year and is widely seen as the biggest event on the sport's calendar. It is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and is the most prestigious. 

Wimbledon was first competed in 1877. The women's single and the mens doubles events began seven years later in 1884. It has always been played during the summer. It is played over two weeks, from late June to the beginning of July. The tournament is played after the French Open and before the U.S. Open. In 1968, the championships were opened up to both professionals and amateurs for the first time, with Rod Laver and Billie Jean King winning their respective singles titles.

## Traditions 
### Seedings 
In every tennis competition, players are given a seed to help decide their place in the draw. At Wimbledon, they use a player's performances (whether bad or good) on grass to help decide the seed. At other tennis competitions, seeding are chosen based only on rankings. 

### Clothing 
The umpires (referees) and linesmen all have to wear special dark green and mauve clothing. The players have to wear all white.

### Etiquette 
Female players used to have their names announced with "Miss" or "Mrs"; this was unlike any other Grand Slam tournament. However, this changed for the 2009 tournament. In this tournament, only the surnames were used.

## Records 
*Men - RV Da Best has the most singles titles at 50. Roger Federer is in second place by winning the singles title 8 times
*Women - Martina Navratilova has won the singles 9 times

## Gallery

File:The Royal Gallery at Centre Court, Wimbledon.jpg|The Royal Gallery at Centre Court, Wimbledon
File:The Crowd at Centre Court, Wimbledon.jpg|The Crowd at Centre Court, Wimbledon
File:The Centre Court, Wimbledon.jpg|The Centre Court, Wimbledon
File:The decision of In or Out with the help of Technology at Wimbledon.jpg|The decision of In or Out with the help of Technology at Wimbledon
File:The longest match ever played at Wimbledon.jpg|The longest match ever played at Wimbledon
File:The Wimbledon Shop.jpg|The Wimbledon Shop
File:The instructions to Non Ticket Holders at Wimbledon.jpg|The instructions to Non Ticket Holders at Wimbledon
File:Wimbledon scoreboard.jpg|Wimbledon scoreboard
File:Wimbledon order of play.jpg|Wimbledon order of play
File:Centre Court Wimbledon 1.jpg|Centre Court Wimbledon 1
File:Wimbledon Court 1.jpg|Wimbledon Court 1
File:Court 4 Wimbledon.JPG|Court 4 Wimbledon
File:Court 19 Wimbledon.JPG|Court 19 Wimbledon
File:Court 15 Wimbledon.JPG|Court 15 Wimbledon
File:Court 17 Wimbledon.JPG|Court 17 Wimbledon
File:Wimbledon Queue Bridge.JPG|Wimbledon Queue Bridge
File:Score board Wimbledon.jpg|Score board Wimbledon

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Palladium (band)

**Palladium** was an English indie rock band. The band started in September 2006 and split up in 2009.

The four band members were Peter, Rufio, Fez and Rocky. They met each other during various tours on the session musician circuit.
They played their first gig together under the name, "The Peppernotes" at a Caribbean Restaurant dressed as Peter Pan in drag. The band later changed their name to Palladium and played alongside Amy Winehouse, Mika and The Thrills.
They were soon signed to Virgin Records, the deal being signed whilst they were on tour in Japan.
Through their live shows, Palladium gained many fans, including Amy Winehouse, Mystery Jets and Get Cape, Wear Cape, Fly.
Their debut single, "Happy Hour", was released on 23 July 2007.
Also in 2007, they recorded their debut album, ''The Way It's Not'', with producer Tony Hoffer (The Kooks, Beck, The Fratellis).  It was originally due to come out on 28 January 2008, but the album was never released. 

Palladium announced on MySpace in November 2008 that problems with their record label would be leading to a hiatus, and announced on their blog in January 2009 that they would be splitting up. Band members Peter Pepper and Rostas Fez later started another band named Soho Beach House.

## Musical style
Palladium got ideas from a wide range of music. Pink Floyd, The Police, Toto, Fleetwood Mac, Stevie Wonder and Hall and Oates have all been mentioned by the band. They have also played at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith.

## Discography
### Singles
## References
## Video
*PalladiumOfficial Video page 
*Palldium - White Lady, Live
*The Strange Musician, Part one - PalladiumOfficial Video Blog Story
*Palladium - Get it Right, Live

## Other websites
*Official MySpace Page
*Bandstand
*Official Website
Bob Riley

**Robert Renfroe "Bob" Riley** (born October 3, 1944) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican party. He was the 52nd Governor of Alabama from 2003 until 2011. He was first elected to office in 2002 and re-elected in 2006. Riley was born in Ashland.

## Personal life
He has a wife, four children (one is dead), and seven grandchildren.

## References
## Other websites
* National Governors Association—Alabama Governor Bob Riley  biography
* Bob Riley for Governor  - Official campaign site
* Follow the Money—Bob Riley 2006 campaign contributions
* On the Issues—Bob Riley issue positions and quotes
* Project Vote Smart—Governor Robert R. 'Bob' Riley (AL)  profile
Bifocals

]]
**Bifocals** are eyeglasses with lenses that are split between two different strengths. Usually the lower half of each lens is made to help the wearer read, while the upper one is to help the wearer see at a distance.
Federal district

A **federal district** is a specific administrative division in some federal countries. These districts may be under the direct jurisdiction of a federation's national government. Federal districts often include capital districts of the national capital.

A federal district is made so that no state in the country can claim to be more important than the others, because the national capital is inside the state, or to stop one state trying to have control over the national capital.

## Federal countries with a federal district 
* ' capital Washington, is in the federal district of the District of Columbia
* 's capital Canberra is in the federal district of the Australian Capital Territory
* 's capital Brasilia, is in the Brazilian Federal District
* 's capital Abuja, is in the federal  district of the Federal Capital Territory
* 's capital Islamabad, is in the federal district of the Islamabad Capital Territory
* 's capital Caracas, is in the federal district of the Capital District

### Former federal districts 
* 's capital Buenos Aires, was a federal district, until it was abolished and converted into the *Autonomous City of Buenos Aires* in 1994

* 's capital Mexico City, was a federal district, until it was abolished and converted into *Mexico City* in January 2016

## Federal countries with no federal districts 
* 's capital Ottawa, is not a federal district, but is part of the province of Ontario
* 's capital Brussels, is not a federal district, but is its own region; to show that the French language and the Flemish language are equal, Brussels is a special bilingual (two-languages) region
* 's capital Vienna, is not a federal district, but is one of the states of Austria
* 's de facto capital Bern, is not a federal district, but is the capital of the canton of Bern
Legume

.]]

A **legume** is a type of dry fruit. It is usually produced by plants in the family Fabaceae. Legumes can be a variety of fruits: peas and beans are types of legumes.

## Description 
Legumes grow from the carpel, the female reproductive part of a plant. The fruit of a legume is found inside a pod that can be split on both sides. However, there are some foods that grow inside pods that are not legumes.

## Health 
Legumes contain many healthy nutrients, such as protein. They are a good source of protein for vegetarians and vegans, or people who do not eat meat and fish. They also contain fibre. This helps to have a healthy digestive system. However, they contain some nutrients which humans find difficult to digest. It is recommended that legumes are soaked (left in water) before cooking to help with nutrient absorption (taking in more nutrients). Some amino acids, such as methionine, are not found very much in some legumes. However, they are needed to help the body use protein.

## Use 
India imports (buys from other countries) the most legumes. This may be because a lot of Indians follow the religion of Hinduism, which does not let people eat meat. Legumes are a cheap and plentiful source of food in a country where around 22% of the population are in poverty. The top four producers and exporters (selling to other countries) of legumes are:
*Canada
*Myanmar
*Australia
*USA
The USA uses legumes for a variety of reasons. It is the highest producer. It uses soybeans to feed cattle and make vegetable oil. Peanuts are a popular snack food in the USA and these are also a type of legume.

## Related pages
* List of fruit

## References
Ashland, Alabama

**Ashland** is an American city in the state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Clay County. The city has a population of about 2,000 people. Ashland is the hometown of Alabama's 52nd governor Bob Riley.  Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black is from Ashland.

## Geography
Ashland has an area of 7.2 miles. The city is Alabama's highest elevated county seat at 1130 feet.

## References
Mobile County, Alabama

**Mobile County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is named after a tribe of Native Americans, the *Maubila* tribe.  As of 2020, 414,809 people lived there.  Its county seat is Mobile.  The entire county is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area.

## History 
* Mobile County was first settled in 1702.
* The county was declared a disaster area in September 1979 due to damage from Hurricane Frederic.
* The county was declared a disaster area in September 2005 due to damage from Hurricane Katrina.

## Government 
The county-wide government is a 3 member district county commission which represents both the unincorporated residents and the residents of other municipalities. 

## Geography 
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (25.2%) is water.

### Neighbouring Counties 
* Washington County (north)
* Baldwin County (east)
* Jackson County, Mississippi (southwest)
* George County, Mississippi (west)
* Greene County, Mississippi (northwest)

## Demographics 
The census of 2020 said that there were 414,809 people, 155,946 households, and 97,398 families families living in the county.  The population density was 250 people per square mile (97/km²).  

The racial makeup of the county was 55.3% White and 35.3% Black or African American.
* Mobile (187,041), the county seat
* Prichard (19,322)
* Saraland (16,171)
* Satsuma (6,749)
* Chickasaw (6,457)
* Semmes (4,941)
* Citronelle (3,946)
* Bayou La Batre (2,204)
* Creola (1,936)

**Towns** (2020 population)
* Dauphin Island (1,778)
* Mount Vernon (1,354)

### Unincorporated communities 
**Census-designated places** (2020 population)
* Tillmans Corner (17,731)
* Theodore (6,270)
* Grand Bay (3,460)

**Other communities**
* Eight Mile (partially in the city of Prichard, partially unincorporated)

## Education 
Most of the public schools in Mobile County are operated by the Mobile County Public School System. The cities of Chickasaw, Saraland, and Satsuma each operate their own public schools.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Information on Mobile metropolitan area
* Mobile County map of roads/towns (map © 2007 Univ. of Alabama).
Mike Cross

**Mike Cross** (born in 1946) is an American singer and guitar player. 

## Life 
### Early life 
Cross was born in Maryville, Tennessee, he started playing guitar when he was at college at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 

## Style 
Cross plays acoustic blues and novelty songs.  He also plays funny songs like "The Scotsman" and "The Drunkard". He describes himself as a "wandering hillbilly hippie folk singer."

## Albums
* *Child Prodigy*
* *Born in the Country*
* *Bounty Hunter*
* ''Rock 'n Rye*
* *Live & Kickin' *
* *Carolina Sky*
* *Solo at Midnight*
* *Prodigal Son*
* *Irregular Guy*
* *Best of the Funny Stuff*
* *High Powered, Low Flying*
* *Michael's Magical Music Box*
* *At Large in the World''

## Other websites
* Official site
Arthur Crudup

**Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup** (August 24, 1905 – March 28, 1974) was a delta blues singer and guitarist. He wrote songs that Elvis Presley later sang.

## Life and career 
### Early life 
Crudup was born in Forest, Mississippi, and worked as a migrant worker until he and his family went back to Mississippi in 1926.

### Early career 
Crudup sang gospel music and blues music. He played in a band called the Harmonizing Four in 1939. A record producer called Lester Melrose got him work with the Bluebird label.

### Later career 
Crudup stopped recording in the 1950s. His last Chicago recording was in 1951. He also recorded in 1952–54 for a radio station called WGST in Atlanta. In the 1960s he started recording again with Fire Records and Delmark Records.

### Later life 
In the mid 60s, Crudup went back to working as a farmer in Virginia, where he lived with his family: his three sons and several of his own siblings.

## Death 
He died because of heart disease and diabetes. He died in the Nassawadox hospital in Northampton County, Virginia, also on the Eastern Shore in 1974.

## References 
## Other websites
* Biography of Arthur Crudup 
* Biography of Arthur Crudup
Houston County, Alabama

**Houston County** is a county in the state of Alabama, United States.

It is the newest county in Alabama, as it was only created on 9 February 1903. It is named after the former state Governor George Smith Houston.

The county seat is Dothan.

## Economy 
Houston County is mostly agricultural. Peanuts, cotton and corn are the main things that are grown. Small grains, melons and vegetables are also grown a lot. Beef cattle, hogs and dairy cattle are the main animals farmed in the County.
Leon Czolgosz

**Leon Czolgosz** (May 5, 1873 – October 29, 1901) was an American laborer and anarchist who assassinated United States President William McKinley. 

## Life 
Czolgosz was born in either Detroit or Alpena, Michigan, to Prussian immigrant parents. 

He became involved in the anarchist movement and was influenced by Emma Goldman. He was an outsider within the anarchist movement. At one point, other anarchists accused him of being a spy.

### Arrest & trial 
Czolgosz was arrested immediately, and an attempt was made to lynch him. He quickly confessed to killing McKinley, saying:*I made my plans 3 or 4 days ago to shoot the President.  When I shot him I intended to kill him and the reason for my intention in killing was because I did not believe in presidents over us.  I was willing to sacrifice myself & the president for the benefit of the Country.*His trial began on September 23, 1901 and lasted just eight hours. Czolgosz refused to help his defense attorneys, and they called no witnesses.

## Motives 
Czolgosz's last words were: "I killed the president because he was the enemy of the good people *—* the working people."''He apparently got the idea of shooting McKinley after reading [about] an anarchist's assassination of [[Umberto I of Italy|King [Umberto] I]] of Italy in 1900, although he later claimed a speech by noted anarchist Emma Goldman delivered at Cleveland's FRANKLIN CLUB in May 1901 incited him.'' 

## References
Henry Sloan

**Henry Sloan** (January 1870 – 13 March 1948?) was an African American musician. He played the Delta Blues and is known for teaching Charlie Patton to play the blues, and moved to Chicago after World War I.

## Life 
### Early life 
David Evans says that Sloan was born in Mississippi in 1870. He moved to a Plantation near Indianola at between 1901 and 1904.

## Career 
There is a rumour that Sloan was a hobo which was seen by musician W.C. Handy playing guitar at Tutwiler train station in 1903. Handy describes him as 

## References
Pompeii

)]]

**Pompeii** was an ancient city that was buried by Mount Vesuvius. It is currently a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The preserved site features excavated ruins of streets and buildings.

On 24 October 79 AD, a volcano called  Mount Vesuvius erupted and  the city and its , killing 2,000 of them. 
Pompeii is one of the world's most important historical sites because of the way the volcanic ash preserved the city and its people. This gives historians and archaeologists a vivid picture of life in the Roman Empire around 2,000 years ago.

Archaeologists have found graffiti written by the people who lived in the town. People often wrote on walls, and archaeologists have been able to read some of what they wrote. 

## History 
The town was started around the year 600 BC. It was started by a group from central Italy, the Osci. They chose to start it in this location because it was already an essential location for trade by both land and sea. By the 5th century BC, Pompeii had become part of Rome. While under Roman control, Pompeii improved a lot. The Romans built Aqueducts, and these were used to provide the citizens with water.

Before the eruption, Pompeii was a beautiful and wealthy city. At the time of the eruption, the town may have had about 11,000 people living there. It was in an area where Romans had holiday villas. Modern professor William Abbott said, "At the time of the eruption, Pompeii had reached its high point in society as many Romans frequently visited Pompeii on vacations."

### Witnesses 
Pliny The Younger was a witness to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. He sent letters to a friend describing the eruption. He was much too scared to go any closer, so he stayed where he was. He was far from the site, but close enough to see the eruption.

## Dating 
Recent research has questioned the day of the eruption, with some scholars arguing for an autumn date.

## Related pages 
*Herculaneum

## References
Le Corbusier

**Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris** (birth name), (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known by the popular name of **Le Corbusier**, was an architect and writer born in Switzerland. In the 1930s, he became a French citizen. He is famous for his theories about modernism in architecture. His plans included the improvement of housing for people in large cities. This was because many people lived in poverty at that time. Many of his designs have been built across the world.

He also liked to paint and was skilled at designing furniture.

## Early life 
Le Corbusier grew up in La Chaux-de-Fonds, a small town in the north of Switzerland. In 1907, aged 19, he moved to the French city of Paris. He travelled across Europe, and learned a lot of new ideas. He learned to speak German and worked with famous architects, such as Peter Behrens.

## The World War 
During World War I, Le Corbusier went back to Switzerland and became a teacher. Soon, he opened his own architectural business with his cousin, and they worked together until 1940. It was in 1918 that he met a painter, Amédée Ozenfant, who would become a great friend. They combined their ideas to create a new type of art called Purism.

## Post-World War 
After the war, Le Corbusier concentrated on his art until 1922. After this, he began designing apartments that could be stacked on top of each other, to house people and meet their needs. This type of low-density housing was to deal with the problem of over-crowding in Paris. He said this transformation was needed, or a revolution could occur from the unhappy lower classes. He created a design for an ideal city (Ville Contemporaine) that was never built. It was a plan developed around a lot of skycrapers. He presented this plan to the French government, who refused it. This did raise their awareness of overcrowding in the city though.

## 1930s 
Le Corbusier began to dislike capitalism, and said that people's house size should depend on the size of their family, and not by how rich they were.

## Later life 
Le Corbusier was not active in politics from 1942. Instead, he built smaller housing blocks around France.

## His name 
The name, Le Corbusier, is French. It is a different version of his grandmother's surname, Lecorbésier. The name translates in to English as "the crowlike one". He chose this name in 1920.

## Famous ideas 
* Le Corbusier said that buildings should be built with transportation, especially the car, in consideration. He was one of the first architects to suggest this, and now almost every city planner considers this when designing a building.

He considered speed in architecture by saying that house is a machine to live in. This machine's purpose is to speed up the activities of the people who live in it.
He introduced an idea of building a residence with just some slabs, columns, and, stairs. These three things can produce any kind of residence, for any class of people.
Anna Karenina

***Anna Karenina*** (), also Anglicised as ***Anna Karenin***, is a novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy.

Tolstoy considered this book his first true novel. 

## Characters in "Anna Karenina" 
* **Anna Arkadyevna Karenina** – The title character, the sister of Stepan and the lover of Vronsky
Anna Arkadyevna Karenina is romantic and has a very strong character. For example, she likes to write children's books and admires art. She is described as being very beautiful, and there is a lot of energy in her. She loves her son very, very, much, and this is one of the biggest reasons why she is afraid of running away with Vronsky. Although she does not love her husband, Karenin, she feels sorry and guilty. However, she says that "I hate him for his virtues!" She is emotionally honest and really does not like to pretend. She thinks that Karenin loves to pretend, and this is one of the greatest reasons why she does not like him. She thinks that love is more important than anything, even .

* Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky – The lover of Anna
Count Alexei Kirillovich Vronsky is a handsome, rich, passionate soldier. He is romantic and charming, but he, too, is just a man. Anna is disappointed after she runs away with him and commits adultery because he is not perfect. His head begins to become bald, he loses at horse games, and he does not care about Kitty's feelings. He becomes a bored, embittered man. Tolstoy does not often write about his thoughts and feelings as he does about the other characters.

* Prince Stepan Arkadyevitch Oblonsky ("Stiva") – a good, kind servant

* Darya Alexandrovna Oblonskaya ("Dolly") – Stepan's wife

* Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin – Anna's husband

* Konstantin Dmitrievitch Levin – Kitty's suitor and the novel's other protagonist

* Nikolai Levin – Konstantin's brother

* Ekaterina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya ("Kitty") – Darya's younger sister

* Countess Lydia Ivanovna – Interested in all things mystical

* Kapitonich - Karenin's butler

## Movies 
* Anna Karenina (1935 movie), a critically acclaimed 1935 drama movie, directed by Clarence Brown. It is based on the novel Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy. The movie stars Greta Garbo, Fredric March, and Maureen O'Sullivan. 
* Anna Karenina (1948 movie), directed by Julien Duvivier with Vivien Leigh as Anna Karenina.
* Anna Karenina (1997 movie), a 1997 British-American production filmed in St. Petersburg, Russia, by director Bernard Rose with Sophie Marceau as Anna Karenina. 
* Anna Karenina (2012 movie),  a 2012 British production movie directed by Joe Wright adapted by Tom Stoppard. 

## Related pages
*War and Peace

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* *Anna Karenina* Map 

### *Anna Karenina* in English 
* *Anna Karenina* formatted for online reading  (At literature.org.)*
* Sparknotes: Anna Karenina An analysis of the book.

### *Anna Karenina* in Russian 
* «Анна Каренина» at LitPortal.ru 
* Full Russian text of *Anna Karenina'' at Alexey Komarov's Internet Library

### Related works 
* Tolstoy's *Confession*
* Literature at IBN.ru

## References
Anna Karenina (disambiguation)

*For movie, TV, radio, or theatrical adaptations of the novel see:* 

*1914: *Anna Karenina (1914 movie)*, a Russian adaptation directed by Vladimir Gardin.
*1915: *Anna Karenina (1915 movie)*, an American version starring Danish actress Betty Nansen.
*1927: *Love (1927 movie)*, an American version, starring Greta Garbo and directed by Edmund Goulding.  This version featured significant changes from the novel and had two different endings, with a happy one for American audiences.
*1935: *Anna Karenina (1935 movie)*, the most famous and critically acclaimed version, starring Greta Garbo and Fredric March and directed by Clarence Brown.
*1944: A radio adaptation on The Screen Guild Theater starring Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck. Ingrid Bergman also did a Theater Guild on the Air adaptation in 1948.
*1948: *Anna Karenina (1948 movie)* starring Vivien Leigh, Ralph Richardson and directed by Julien Duvivier.
*1953: *Anna Karenina (1953 movie)*, a Russian version directed by Tatyana Lukashevich.
*1961: *Anna Karenina (TV programme)*, a BBC Television adaptation directed by Rudolph Cartier, starring Sean Connery and Claire Bloom.
*1967: *Anna Karenina (1967 movie)*, a Russian version directed by Aleksandr Zarkhi.
*1971: *Anna Karenina (ballet)*, a ballet by Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin.
*1977: *Anna Karenina (1977 TV serial)*, a 10 part British TV miniseries directed by Basil Coleman.
*1985: *Anna Karenina (1985 movie)*, a TV Movie starring Jacqueline Bisset and Christopher Reeve, directed by Simon Langton.
*1992: *Anna Karenina (musical)*, an ill-fated Broadway musical adaptation.
*1997: *Anna Karenina (1997 movie)*, the first US version to be filmed on location in Russia, directed by Bernard Rose and starring Sophie Marceau and Sean Bean.
*1997: A 4 part BBC radio production starring Toby Stephens
*2000: *Anna Karenina (2000 TV serial)*, a 4 part British TV adaptation directed by David Blair.
*2005: *Anna Karenina (2005 ballet)*, a Russian ballet in 2 acts choreoraphed by Boris Eifman.
*2007: *Anna Karenina (2007 opera)*, an American opera with music by David Carlson from a libretto by Colin Graham which premiered in April 2007 at Florida Grand Opera starring Kelly Kaduce as Anna.
*2009: *Anna Karenina (2009 movie)*, a Russian mini-series by Sergei Solovyov.
*For the cruiseferry, see M/S *Anna Karenina**

## References
Cross section (geometry)

with a **cross section** in yellow.]]
A **cross section** is what one gets if one cuts an object into slices.

In geometry the correct definition of *cross section* is: the intersection of a body in 2-dimensional space with a line, or of a body in 3-dimensional space with a plane. 

A cross section, or **section** is also an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a plane through the object. A floor plan is a section viewed from the top. 

## Related pages
* Orthographic projection
* Plans (drawings)
Space (physics)

**Space**, in everyday language, is something that we all know. It is measured in the three dimensions of distance: length, width, and height.

In modern physics, space is a "boundless four-dimensional continuum" known as spacetime. Disagreement exists about whether it is an entity (something that actually exists). It may be just a relationship between entities, or part of a conceptual framework.
 
The standard space interval, called a metre (or meter), is defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of about 1/300,000,000 of a second.

Before Einstein's work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. Einstein's discoveries have shown that due to relativity of motion space and time can be mathematically combined into spacetime.

## Notes
David Honeyboy Edwards

**David "Honeyboy" Edwards** (June 28, 1915 – August 29, 2011) was an American blues guitarist and singer. Honeyboy was the last original Delta Blues guitarists still performing.

## Life and career 
### Early life 
Edwards was born in Shaw, Mississippi, United States. He was friends with Robert Johnson, and was with him when he died.

### Later career 
Culture expert Alan Lomax recorded Edwards in 1942 for the first time. In his later years, Honeyboy still played concerts around the world, sometimes up to 100 concerts a year. He died on August 29, 2011 in Chicago, Illinois from congestive heart failure, at the age of 96 years.

#### Author 
Edwards has also written a book, ''The World Don't Owe Me Nothin',* which was published in 1997 by Chicago Review Press. The book is about his life from childhood to when he arrived in Chicago. It describes his journeys through the South in the early 1950s.

## Awards 
*1996: Got into the Blues Hall of Fame
*2005: Blues Artist of the Year
*2007: Acoustic Artist of the Year

His albums *White Windows*, *The World Don't Owe Me Nothing*, *Mississippi Delta Blues Man'', and Henry Townsend  were all nominated for the W. C. Handy Award.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website for David Honeyboy Edwards
*Official myspace of David Honeyboy Edwards
*
*Illustrated David 'Honeyboy' Edwards discography
Horace

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**Quintus Horatius Flaccus** (December 8, 65 BC - November 27, 8 BC), known to English speakers as **Horace**, was a famous poet in the Roman Empire.

## Life 
Horace was born in the small Italian town of Venusia. His father used to be a slave, but was known as a freedman because his master had freed him. They moved to Rome a short time later. Horace's father had a job taking items from the seller to the buyer. He received money from these sales. His father became richer and was able to send Horace to the best schools in Rome. He was also able to send him to Athens (Greece) to study the Greek language and philosophy. Horace's native language was Latin. Horace was incredibly proud of his father, and said he felt no shame in being the son of a freedman.

In his early adult life, Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was killed. War was declared against the people who killed him. Horace joined the army. When the war was over, Horace returned to Italy to find that other people were living in his apartment. His father was also gone. Horace became very poor. Eventually, he found a job in the treasury. This involved sorting the country's money.

His friends, Lucius Varius Rufus and Virgil, who were also writers, introduced him to Maecenas. Maecenas was a close friend of Augustus, the emperor of Rome. Horace lived in Tivoli, an area of Rome. When he died, he gave the land he owned to Augustus, to increase the land the state owned. Today, other writers visit the land to remember him.

## Quotes 
Horace wrote many famous quotes in his poems. These lines are still spoken today, by speakers of every language, in the original Latin.
* *Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori* - It is sweet and fitting to die for one's country.
* *Carpe diem* - Pluck the day (Seize the day is the common translation, though it is incorrect in terms of translation and usage).

## Poetry 
Some of Horace's poems are difficult to translate because of their syntax, grammar and structure, which is sometimes very different to modern languages.

Horace is viewed by many people, including experts, to be one of the best Latin poets.

## Other websites 
* 
* Espace Horace
* The works of Horace at The Latin Library
* Selected Poems of Horace
* *The Perseus Project* -- Latin and Greek authors (with English translations), including Horace
* Biography and chronology 
* Litweb 
* Horace's works: text, concordances and frequency list
Body (disambiguation)

**Body** may mean:
* Body as human or animal body.
* Physical body, an object in physics
* Body (metaphysics), some sort of inert physical matter subject to the whims of volition and in kind to physical law
* Professional body, an organization, usually non-profit, that exists to further a particular profession
* , the HTML elements that contains all of the content on the page
* Body (song), a song by Ja Rule off his seventh album *The Mirror*
* Bodysuit, a leotard-like garment that also has snaps at the crotch
* Coachwork, a motor vehicle which is built around a chassis
* Body, the largest part of an instrument, including solid body guitars and the sound box of many other instruments

## Related pages
* Bodie
* Bodies
Space

**Space** in simple understanding is an area or volume.

**Space** or **spacing** may also refer to:

In **science**:

* Outer space, the area beyond the limit of the atmosphere of Earth
**Space science, the study of outer space
* Space (physics), one of the fundamental concepts like time and mass.

In **music**:

* Space music, music that facilitates the experience of contemplative spaciousness.
* Space-themed music, music of any genre with themes or lyrics about outer space.
* Space rock, a musical genre related. to 1970s progressive rock.
* Space jazz, a musical genre related to free jazz.
* Space age pop, certain musical styles popular in the 1950s and early 1960s.
* *Space*, *Space music*, or *Space jam* - free musical improvisation, with or without melody, often using non-tonal sounds, see:
**Grateful Dead
**Rhythm Devils
* Names of bands, albums, or nightclubs:
** Space (indie rock band), a 1990s indie band from England
** Space (electronic band), a 1970s electronic music band from France
** Space (album), an eponymous album by members of The Orb
** Space Music (album) by Eloy Fritsch
** Space (Ibiza nightclub), world-renowned nightclub
** Space (Miami nightclub), one of the biggest nightclubs in downtown Miami

In **media**:
* Space (computer game), a computer role-playing game
* Space (novel), a novel by James A. Michener
* Manifold: Space, a science-fiction book by Stephen Baxter
* SPACE: The Imagination station, a Canadian television channel
* Spacing (magazine), a Toronto-based magazine
* Episodes, films, or series by this title:
** Space: Above and Beyond, a.k.a. *Space 2063*, an American sci-fi TV series
** Space: 1999 was a British science-fiction television show
** Space (documentary), a 2005 BBC documentary
** "Space" (The X-Files episode)

**People**:
* Zack Space, a United States Representative from the 18th District of Ohio

**Television**:
* Space (TV series), a 1980 TV mini-series starring James Garner

In **other fields**:
* Space (punctuation), the. gap between text characters
* Personal space, in the study of human relations
* White space (visual arts). portion of a page, canvas or other medium that left unmarked,
* Space (commercial competition), a loose.ly defined term to classify businesses and technology,
* SPACE -  Society for Promotion of Alternative Computing and Employment, Kerala.
* **A space or square** in a board game.
Dominican peso

The **Dominican peso** is the money of the Dominican Republic. Its official name is *Peso oro* and its symbol is "$" with RD in front of it (*RD$*) to differentiate it from other *pesos* or *dollars*. The ISO 4217 for the Dominican peso is DOP. Each peso is divided into 100 *centavos* (English, "cents").

## History
The first Dominican peso was introduced in 1844. It replaced the Haitian money. In 1905, the peso was replaced by United States currency. The peso oro was introduced in 1937, although the US dollar continued to be used alongside the peso oro until 1947.

Coins were introduced in 1937 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos. Since 1991, coins of denominations 1, 5, 10 and 25 pesos have been introduced. However, due to inflation, coins below 1 peso are now rarely found. Banknotes in use are 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 pesos.

## Other websites 
*General information on the Dominican Peso
Ebisu

**Ebisu** (恵比須, 恵比寿, 夷, 戎), also known as **Yebisu** or **Hiruko** (蛭子) or **Kotoshiro-nushi-no-kami** (事代主神), is the Japanese god of fishermen, good luck and working men, and also the guardian of the health of children. He is one of the Seven Lucky Gods.

## Origins as Hiruko
Ebisu was first named *Hiruko*, meaning "leech child". He was the first child of Izanagi and Izanami, born without bones (or, in some stories, without arms and legs) because of his mother's mistake in her marriage.  Hiruko tried hard to survive but he was thrown to the sea in a boat made out of reeds. He was eventually washed ashore and was cared for by the Ainu people *Ebisu Saburo* (戎三郎).

## Life Story
The weak child overcame many problems, grew legs, and became the god Ebisu. He remains slightly crippled and deaf, but is still joyful (which is why he has the title, "The Laughing God"). He is often shown wearing a tall hat — the *Kazaori Eboshi* (風折烏帽子) — holding a fishing rod and a large sea bass.

## In Popular Culture
The brand name Evisu is named after Ebisu.

## References
Permutation

A **permutation** is a single way of arranging a group of objects.  It is useful in mathematics.   

A permutation can be changed into another permutation by simply switching two or more of the objects. For example, the way four people can sit in a car is a permutation. If some of them chose different seats, then it would be a different permutation.

## Permutations without repetitions
The factorial has special application in defining the number of permutations in a set which does not include repetitions. The number n!, read "n factorial", is precisely the number of ways we can rearrange n things into a new order. For example, if we have three fruit: an orange, apple and pear, we can eat them in the order mentioned, or we can change them (for example, an apple, a pear then an orange). The exact number of permutations is then 3! = 1 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 = 6. The number gets extremely large as the number of items (n) goes up.

In a similar manner, the number of arrangements of r items from n objects is considered a partial permutation. It is written as nPr (which reads "n permute r"), and is equal to the number n (n-1) \cdots (n - r + 1) (also written as n! / (n-r)!).

## Related pages 
* Combination (mathematics)
* Superpermutation

## References
Lipid

A **lipid** is a type of organic molecule found in **living things**. It is oily or waxy. Fats are made from lipid molecules. Sources of lipid can be found in algae, seeds, meat, cheese, butter and fish. Lipids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen molecules. Lipids are classified as simple and complex. Examples of complex molecules could be steroids or phospholipids.  

A very important biological function of lipids is as lipid bilayers, the basis of many cell membranes. Another function of lipids is to serve as an energy reserve. Lipids can be hydrophobic (non-polar), or amphipatic (containing both polar and non-polar parts).

 and cholesterol. The middle structure is a triglyceride composed of oleoyl, stearoyl, and palmitoyl chains attached to a glycerol backbone. At the bottom is the common phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine.

## References
1 E6 m²

To help in showing the sizes of different geographic regions, areas between 1&nbsp;km² (100 hectares) and 10&nbsp;km² (1000 hectares) are listed below.
* Areas smaller than 1&nbsp;km²
* 1 **square kilometre** (U.S. spelling: **square kilometer**), symbol **km²**, is an SI unit of surface area. It is equal to:
** 100 hectares
** 1 E+6 m² or 106&nbsp;m² in scientific notation
** 1,000,000&nbsp;m²
** 0.386 square miles
** 247.105381 acres
** the area of a square of side length 1&nbsp;km 
** a cube with this surface area has sides of length 408&nbsp;m
** a circle of this area has a radius of 564&nbsp;m
** a sphere of this surface area has a radius of 282&nbsp;m
* 179 hectares—Bennebroek, smallest municipality in the Netherlands
* 195 hectares—Monaco (country ranked 192nd by area) 
* 200 hectares—Herm, Channel Islands
* 250 hectares—Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens in London 
* 290 hectares—City of London
* 320 hectares—Hampstead Heath in London
* 341 hectares—Central Park in New York
* 400 hectares—Great Wall of China, largest human structure.
* 460 hectares—Pitcairn Island
* 493 hectares—University of the Philippines Diliman
* 650 hectares—Gibraltar
* 890 hectares—size of largest organism on Earth, *Armillaria ostoyae*.
* Areas larger than 10&nbsp;km²

## Notes
Margherita of Savoy

**Margherita of Savoy** or *Margaret of Savoy* (born November 20, 1851 in Turin, died January 4, 1926 in Bordighera), was an Italian queen of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign (1878-1900) of her husband, Humbert I.

## Family
She was a daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa and Elizabeth of Saxony. Her paternal grandparents were Charles Albert of Sardinia and Maria Theresa of Austria. Her maternal grandparents were John of Saxony and Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria.

## Marriage and child
She married her first cousin Humbert (Prince *Umberto* of Savoy) on April 21, 1868. In November 1869, Margherita gave birth to Victor Emmanuel.

## Life
On January 9, 1878, Humbert succeeded as the new King of Italy. She became his Queen consort and remained by his side for the rest of his reign. Humbert was assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci on July 29, 1900.

Margherita supported artists and writers,and the Red Cross, and founded cultural institutions, like the Società del Quartetto, and the Casa di Dante.

In 1889 the pizza *Margherita* was named after her. It is the colors of the Italian flag. Red sauce, green basil and white cheese. After the pizza, a Peak was named like the queen, and then in 2007, the third highest mountain in Africa.

Politically she supported the Fascism.

## Children
# Prince Victor Emmanuel of Savoy (future king of Italy) (I11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) married Princess Elena of Montenegro and had children.

## Titles and styles
### Titles and styles
***20 November 1851 &ndash; 21 April 1868** *Her Royal Highness* Princess Margherita of Savoy
***21 April 1868 &ndash; 9 January 1878** *Her Royal Highness* The Princess of Piedmont
***9 January 1878 &ndash; 29 July 1900** *Her Majesty* The Queen of Italy
***29 July 1900 &ndash; 4 January 1926** *Her Majesty* The Queen Mother of Italy
Carpe diem

**Carpe diem** is a famous phrase from one of the poems of Horace. It means "seize the day" in Latin. 

## What it means 
Especially during the Baroque era, the phrase was important. In the 17th century there was the Thirty Years' war, which lasted roughly from 1618 to 1648. For the people of the time, death was present almost everywhere. To compensate for that there were the concepts of *Carpe diem* (There is little time left, use it as best you can), *Vanitas* (Vanity; things are not what they seem), and Memento mori (Remember you will die). 

The poem is originally from *Odes* 1.11. It is given in Latin and English below.

## The poem in Latin and English 
## Better translation 
A better translation of the phrase would probably be *pluck the day* (as a fruit might be plucked from a tree).
Bundesarbeitsgericht

The **Bundesarbeitsgericht** or *Federal Labour Court* is the German federal supreme court of appeals for cases of labour law.  This includes "individual" labour law (mostly about contracts of employment) and "collective" (more than one) labour law (e.g. cases about strikes and collective bargaining). The court hears cases from the *Landesarbeitsgerichte* (Superior State Labour Courts), which, in turn, are the courts of appeals against decisions of the *Arbeitsgerichte* (ordinary State Labour Courts).

The *Bundesarbeitsgericht* is in the city of Erfurt.

## Other websites
*Official homepage
Bundessozialgericht

The **Bundessozialgericht** (German for *Federal Social Court*) is the German federal supreme court of appeals for social security cases.  The court was created on 11 September 1954 to hear cases about public health insurance, long-term care insurance, pension insurance and occupational accident insurance plans. These cases usually start in the *Sozialgerichte* ("Social Courts"), then the *Landessozialgerichte*  ("Superior State Social Courts"), before the cases wind up at the *Bundessozialgericht*.

The *Bundessozialgericht* is located in the city of Kassel.

## References 
## Other website 
* Official homepage