open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Peter Handke

**Peter Handke** (born December 6, 1942 in Griffen (Carinthia)) is an Austrian author and translator of books.

Peter Handke is known for his extremely critical (and perhaps even absurd) plays. Perhaps his best-known play is called *Publikumsbeschimpfung* (translates roughly as *insulting /offending the audience*).  The play consists of actors insulting and offending the audience, and later congratulating them for the good performance. The play has been labelled as  *antitheater*.

In 2019, Handke was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

## Note
## Other websites
*Peter Handke, *Song of childhood* 
*
*"A son's long good-bye", *Svenska Dagbladet*, Karl-Erik Tallmo, September 23, 1988
IDD

**IDD** is an abbreviation that could mean:
*International Direct Dialing (see also: List of country calling codes)
*Iodine deficiency disorders. This term is often in use when people talk of plans to stop it.
*Insulin-dependent diabetes
Gram

A **gram**, or **gramme**, is a unit of measure in the metric system. It measures mass, or how much matter something is. The symbol is **g**. One gram used to be defined as the mass of one cubic centimetre of pure water at 3.98 degrees Celsius. Now one gram is defined as 1/1000 of a kilogram. A milligram is 1/1000 of a gram.

## References
Density

**Density** is a measurement that compares the amount of matter an object has to its volume. An object with much matter in a certain volume has high density. An object with little matter in the same amount of volume has a low density.
Density is found by dividing the mass of an object by its volume:
: \rho = \frac{m}{V}

where *ρ* is the density, *m* is the mass, and *V* is the volume.

## Changes of density 
In general, density can be changed by changing either the pressure or the temperature. Increasing the pressure always increases the density of a material. Increasing the temperature usually lowers the density, but there are exceptions. For example, the density of water increases slightly between its melting point at 0&nbsp;°C and 4&nbsp;°C. When water freezes, it expands by about 9% in volume, making ice that is less dense than liquid water. Water expands as it drops below 4&nbsp;°C.

## Measures 
Fresh water is often used as a standard of relative density. This is called specific gravity.

The most common SI units for density are g/cm3 and kg/m3. When the numerator is much larger than the denominator, that means the substance has a higher density. When the denominator is much larger than the numerator, the substance has a lower density.

## Other uses of the term 
"Density" sometimes means the ratio between other properties instead of mass and volume.  Then it means how much of a property can be found in a specific piece of what they are looking at.  For example, *population density* is how many people live within the same amount of land area. The population density in the city is higher than the country side because people live closer to each other in the city. In computers, *storage density* is how much data can fit on a data storage device in relation to its physical size. A Blu-ray disc has a higher storage density than a DVD which has a higher storage density than a CD, even though they all have almost exactly the same volume.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Archimedes' principle
Longitude

**Longitude** is a way to say where a place is on the Earth. It is measured starting from an imaginary north–south line called the Prime Meridian. (A meridian is an imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole.) Longitude says how far east (positive numbers) or west (negative numbers) of the Prime Meridian any place is.

Longitude is measured using degrees, the same way an angle is. The Prime Meridian is 0° (zero degrees), and the farthest away is +180° eastward and -180° westward. Unlike latitude, which has the equator as a natural starting position, there is no natural starting position for longitude. Other meridians have been used in the past, but most scientists now agree to use the Prime Meridian.

For centuries navigators at sea were seldom able to know their longitude. The problem was solved by making better clocks (chronometers) in the early 19th century.

Unlike  latitude, longitude does not maintain a constant distance between degrees since meridians all come together at the poles and are far apart at the equator. This means people near the North or South Pole can cross many degrees of longitude by travelling a short distance. The time difference between longitudes is 4 minutes per degree. The distance between degrees of longitude is maximum at the equator.

## Related pages
* Latitude

What are the lines latitude and longitude
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs

'''AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs'* is a list of the top one hundred comedy movies in American cinema. The American Film Institute presented it on June 14, 2000.

## The list 
# *Some Like It Hot* (1959)
# *Tootsie* (1982)
# *Dr. Strangelove* (1964) 
# *Annie Hall* (1977)
# *Duck Soup* (1933)
# *Blazing Saddles* (1974)
# *M*A*S*H* (1970)
# *It Happened One Night* (1934)
# *The Graduate* (1967)
# *Airplane!* (1980)
# *The Producers* (1968)
# *A Night at the Opera* (1935)
# *Young Frankenstein* (1974)
# *Bringing up Baby* (1938)
# *The Philadelphia Story* (1940)
# *Singin' in the Rain* (1952)
# *The Odd Couple* (1968)
# *The General* (1927)
# *His Girl Friday* (1940)
# *The Apartment* (1960)
# *A Fish Called Wanda* (1988)
# *Adam's Rib* (1949)
# *When Harry Met Sally...* (1989)
# *Born Yesterday* (1950)
# *The Gold Rush* (1925)
# *Being There* (1979)
# *There's Something About Mary* (1998)
# *Ghostbusters* (1984)
# *This Is Spinal Tap* (1984)
# *Arsenic and Old Lace* (1944)
# *Raising Arizona* (1987)
# *The Thin Man* (1934)
# *Modern Times* (1936)
# *Groundhog Day* (1993)
# *Harvey* (1950)
# *National Lampoon's Animal House* (1978)
# *The Great Dictator* (1940)
# *City Lights* (1931)
# *Sullivan's Travels* (1941)
# *It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World* (1963)
# *Moonstruck* (1987)
# *Big* (1988)
# *American Graffiti* (1973)
# *My Man Godfrey* (1936)
# *Harold and Maude* (1972)
# *Manhattan* (1979)
# *Shampoo* (1975)
# *A Shot in the Dark* (1964)
# *To Be or Not to Be* (1942)
# *Cat Ballou* (1965)
# *The Seven Year Itch* (1955)
# *Ninotchka* (1939)
# *Arthur* (1981)
# *The Miracle of Morgan's Creek* (1944)
# *The Lady Eve* (1941)
# *Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein* (1948)
# *Diner* (1982)
# *It's a Gift* (1934)
# *A Day at the Races* (1937)
# *Topper* (1937)
# *What's Up, Doc?* (1972)
# *Sherlock, Jr.* (1924)
# *Beverly Hills Cop* (1984)
# *Broadcast News* (1987)
# *Horse Feathers* (1932)
# *Take the Money and Run* (1969)
# *Mrs. Doubtfire* (1993)
# *The Awful Truth* (1937)
# *Bananas* (1971)
# *Mr. Deeds Goes to Town* (1936)
# *Caddyshack* (1980)
# *Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House* (1948)
# *Monkey Business* (1931)
# *Nine to Five* (1980)
# *She Done Him Wrong* (1933)
# *Victor/Victoria* (1982)
# *The Palm Beach Story* (1942)
# *Road to Morocco* (1942)
# *The Freshman* (1925)
# *Sleeper* (1973)
# *The Navigator* (1924)
# *Private Benjamin* (1980)
# *Father of the Bride* (1950)
# *Lost in America* (1985)
# *Dinner at Eight* (1933)
# *City Slickers* (1991)
# *Fast Times at Ridgemont High* (1982)
# *Beetlejuice* (1988)
# *The Jerk* (1979)
# *Woman of the Year* (1942)
# *The Heartbreak Kid* (1972)
# *Ball of Fire* (1941)
# *Fargo* (1996)
# *Auntie Mame* (1958)
# *Silver Streak* (1976)
# *Sons of the Desert* (1933)
# *Bull Durham* (1988)
# *The Court Jester* (1956)
# *The Nutty Professor* (1963) 
# *Good Morning, Vietnam'' (1987)
Tootsie

***Tootsie*** is a 1982 American romantic comedy-drama movie from Columbia Pictures. It stars Dustin Hoffman as a struggling actor, who dresses as a woman and soon has a role in a soap opera.

In 1998 the United States Library of Congress chose the movie to keep in the National Film Registry.
## Theme song
The theme song to the movie, "It Might Be You", was a Top 40 hit in the U.S., and also hit #1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart.  Stephen Bishop sang the song and the music was by Dave Grusin / Marilyn and Alan Bergman.

## Cast
* Dustin Hoffman as Michael Dorsey / Dorothy Michaels
* Jessica Lange as Julie Nichols
* Teri Garr as Sandy Lester
* Dabney Coleman as Ron Carlisle
* Charles Durning as Leslie "Les" Nichols
* Bill Murray as Jeff Slater
* Sydney Pollack as George Fields
* George Gaynes as John Van Horn
* Geena Davis as April Page
* Doris Belack as Rita Marshall
* Lynne Thigpen as Jo
* Estelle Getty as Middle Aged Woman
* Michael M. Ryan as Elderly Aged Man

## Awards
The movie was nominated for ten Academy Awards. Lange was the only winner, for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.

The nominations were:
*Best Picture: Sydney Pollack and Dick Richards
*Best Actor in a Leading Role: Dustin Hoffman
*Best Actress in a Supporting Role: Teri Garr
*Best Director: Sydney Pollack
*Best Original Screenplay: Larry Gelbart, Murray Schisgal and Don McGuire
*Best Original Song ("It Might Be You"): Dave Grusin (music), Alan Bergman (lyrics) and Marilyn Bergman (lyrics)
*Best Sound: Arthur Piantadosi, Les Fresholtz, Dick Alexander and Les Lazarowitz
*Best Cinematography: Owen Roizman
*Best Film Editing: Fredric Steinkamp and William Steinkamp

The movie was number two in the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list in 2000.

It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Continental shelf

A **continental shelf** is the part of the continent that is under water. The shelf was part of the land during the ice ages in the glacial periods, but under water in the interglacial periods. We are at present in an interglacial period.

Every continent is in the sea, like an island. Most of the island is above the water line, and we see it as a continent. Some of it though, is below the water line. Beyond the continental shelf, the bottom goes down to much greater depths.

The continental shelf is a shallow ocean. It varies in depth, up to 140 metres deep. It varies greatly in its width. At the leading edge of a moving continental plate there will be little or no shelf. The western edge of the Americas are an example. The shelf on a passive edge of a plate will be wide and shallow. The widest shelf is the Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean: it is 1500&nbsp;km (930 miles) in width.

## Inland seas 
There have been, at some periods, shallow seas *inside* continents. These are called epicontinental seas. Much of present-day North America was covered by an epicontinental sea called the Sundance Sea during the Jurassic period. In the Cretaceous an even larger area was covered by the Western Interior Seaway.

## Ecology 
 bloom off Cornwall, England. The light blue is caused by billions of white coccolithophorid skeletons of *Emiliana huxleyi*.]]
Continental seas have the richest life of the oceans, more species and greater numbers than anywhere else. This is because it has both sunlight and nutrients for photosynthesis. This causes microscopic algae and cyanobacteria to bloom, and then animals eat the phytoplankton. Most of the nutrients in the oceans are washed down from the continents by rivers. In particular, the continents are almost the only source for some key elements such as iron. The lack of nutrients away from continents explains why so much of the Pacific Ocean is almost barren of life, and why the shelves are so rich in life.

## Topography
The shelf usually ends at a point of decreasing slope (called the **shelf break**). The sea floor below the break is the **continental slope**. The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins. With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly ; this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now.p43
	 
## References
Mariana Trench

The **Mariana Trench** is the deepest known submarine trench. It is also the deepest known location on Earth itself. Water pressure is more than a thousand times as great as at the surface.
 
The Challenger Deep has been reached four times by submersibles, namely the manned bathyscaphe *Trieste* on 23 January 1960, the unmanned robotic deep-sea probes *Kaiko* (Japanese) in 1995 and *Nereus* (U.S.) in 2009, and by James Cameron in the Deepsea Challenger on 26 March, 2012. Cameron was able to film a 3D movie of the bottom of the trench.

### Lifeforms 
The HMS *Challenger* expedition found radiolaria in the two dredged samples taken when the Challenger Deep was first discovered. 

On their 1960 descent, the crew of the *Trieste* noted that the floor consisted of diatomaceous ooze and reported observing "some type of flatfish, resembling a sole, about 1 foot long and 6 inches across" lying on the seabed. The report has since been questioned, with suggestions that it may have been a sea cucumber. The video camera on board the *Kaiko* probe spotted a sea cucumber, a scale worm and a shrimp at the bottom. At the bottom of the Challenger deep, the *Nereus* probe spotted one polychaete worm about an inch long.

An analysis of the sediment samples collected by *Kaiko* found large numbers of simple organisms at . 

The overwhelming majority of the organisms collected were simple, soft-shelled foraminifera (432 species according to National Geographic).  

Eighty-five percent of the specimens were organic, soft-shelled forams. This is unusual compared to samples of sediment from other deep-sea environments, where the percentage of organic-walled foraminifera ranges from 5% to 20%. As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from survivors of the biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now.

## Tectonic plates 
The trench formed because of a large boundary where two oceanic tectonic plates have converged (collided).

At the boundary, the western edge of the Pacific Plate is subducted beneath the small Mariana Plate. Because the Pacific plate is the largest of all the tectonic plates on Earth, crustal material at its western edge has had up to 170 million years to compact and become very dense; hence its great height-difference relative to the higher-riding Mariana Plate, at the point where the Pacific Plate crust is subducted. This deep area is the Mariana trench proper. The movement of these plates is also responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands.

## References
Brassière

]]

A **brassière**, commonly called a **bra**, is an undergarment for women. Its main purpose is to support their breasts, but is sometimes also used for sexual attraction in the form of lingerie. The bra is a nineteenth century invention which took off as a fashion garment in the 20th century.

## Brassière measurement 
Brassière measurement (also called bust size or bra size) refers to the size of bra a woman wears. Bra sizes were first introduced in the 1910s. The sizes vary from one manufacturer to another. Bra size systems are often used to label off-shelf bras and not custom-made bras.

The term *cup*, in relation to bras, began being used in 1916 when two patents were issued. Cup sizes are given in letters such as A, B, C, D, E, F and G the Further the letter is the bigger the bra needed so for example a C size bra is bigger than an A size bra.
Bra sizes in most countries have a number and a letter (for example, 34B). The number comes from the measurement of the ribcage directly underneath the breasts. The letter is a measure of how much larger the breasts are than the ribcage. This is found by measuring the chest over the breasts (across the nipples) and subtracting the ribcage measurement from the breast measurement, then finding the matching letter of the alphabet. For example, someone with a 3-inch difference between the breast measurement and the ribcage measurement would have a C-cup bra. However, this does not always work, since different manufacturers have differently-sized bras. Many women prefer to find a brand and size that works for them by trial and error.

Many Males and Females can find looking at bulging bras arousing.
Hilary Duff

**Hilary Erhard Duff** (born September 28, 1987) is an American actress and singer. She got celebrity famous by being in the television program show' Lizzie McGuire she has gone onto a movie career, with roles in mainstream pictures. Among the movies she plays in are *Cheaper by the Dozen*, *The Perfect Man*, *A Cinderella Story*, *Raise Your Voice*, *Material Girls* and independent movies such as *War, Inc.* and *Greta*. Duff has also ventured into a music career as a pop musician, releasing 8 albums (for example *Most Wanted*, *Dignity*, *Metamorphosis*, *Hilary Duff*) and 15 music videos (for example "Reach Out", "With Love", "Stranger", "Wake Up", "So Yesterday", "Come Clean"). Lately she has also ventured into a fashion career as a designer for DKNY, with her new line *Femme for DKNY*.

## Personal life 
Duff has an older sister, Haylie, who is also an actress.

Duff was married to hockey player Mike Comrie from 2010 to 2016; they share a son, Luca. She is currently married to music producer Matthew Koma since she dated him in 2015. They have three daughters together, Banks, Mae and Townes, born in 2018, 2021 and 2024.

## Filmography 
## Discography 
;Studio albums
* *Santa Claus Lane* (2002)
* *Metamorphosis* (2003)
* *Hilary Duff* (2004)
* *Dignity* (2007)
* *Breathe In. Breathe Out.* (2015)

;Compilation albums
* *Disney Artist Karaoke Series: Hilary Duff* (2005)
* *Most Wanted* (2005)
* *4Ever* (2006)
* *Best of Hilary Duff* (2008)
* *Metamorphosis / Hilary Duff / Dignity* (2009)

;Live albums
* *The Girl Can Rock* (2004)
* *Live At Gibson Amphitheatre - August 15th, 2007* (2009)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official music site
*
Scanner

**Scanner** may refer to:

## Technology
* Scanner (radio), for searching for and receiving radio broadcasts
* Image scanner, which digitizes a two-dimensional image
* 3D scanner, which digitizes the three-dimensional shape of a real object
* Neutron scanner, a scanner which utilizes neutrons to penetrate objects for analysis
* Port scanner, in computer networking
* Virus scanner (Antivirus)
* Vulnerability scanner, a computer program that probes for weaknesses
* Barcode reader, which reads the data encoded in a barcode
* Lexical analyzer, a computer program
* Stepper, a part of the photolithography process
* A rotating radar antenna
* An outside broadcasting control vehicle
* An automotive electronic control unit diagnostic tool
* An automated spotlight
* A biometric scanner, an electronic device with a sensor to read patterns or images from faces, irises and finger pads to create a biological template or profile
* WikiScanner, a tool that provides a searchable database of anonymous Wikipedia edits

## Popular culture
* Scanner (comics), a mutant appearing primarily in X-Men comics.
* Scanner (band), a German speed metal band
* Scanners (band), an alternative band from London
* Scanner, the stage name of British electronic musician Robin Rimbaud
* Scanner (Code Lyoko), a fictional teleportation device
* Scanner (*Half-Life*), a floating enemy in the *Half-Life* video game series
* *Scanners Live in Vain*, a science fiction short story by Cordwainer Smith
* *A Scanner Darkly*, a science fiction novel by Philip K. Dick
* *Scanners*, a 1981 science fiction horror film
* In much science fiction, especially older science fiction, the term *scanner* is used to refer to what is usually now termed a *computer monitor.*

## Other
* A personality type described by self-help author Barbara Sher
Image scanner

In computing, an **image scanner** is a device used to transfer images or text into a computer. There are special models for scanning photo negatives, or to scan books. In the computer, the signal from the scanner is transferred to a digital image. This image can then be edited, printed, etc. All scanners have special parts which are used to take a picture from an object.

Charge-coupled device or Contact Image Sensor parts take the light from the object and change it into a digital signal. The digital signal is then transferred to the computer memory or is read in the scanner's processor. With some software it can be changed to a compressed digital image, like JPEG or PNG. Text printed or written by hand can be changed to ASCII code by an OCR program.

## Types 
The main types of scanner 
**Desktop scanner* (flatbed scanner). This is probably the most popular type. An object to be scanned (picture, image, text sheet) is put on the glass. Under the glass, there is a moving Image Sensor.
**Hand scanner*. The device is moved on the paper by hand. It was popular during the 1990s. 
**Rotary scanner* (drum scanner) used for fast scanning large numbers of sheets of paper.
**Smartphone scanner* scans a document by taking a photo with the smartphone's camera.

## Producers 
* Canon
* HP
* Lexmark
* Mustek
* Plustek
* Other

## References 
## Related pages
* Digital camera

## Other websites 
* Scanning tips
* More tips on scanning 
* HP scanning
Mariana Islands

The **Mariana Islands** (also **the Marianas**; up to the early 20th century sometimes called *Islas de los Ladrones* meaning "Islands of Thieves") are a group of islands made up by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the western Pacific Ocean. 

They are the southern part of a seamount range that goes on for 1,565 miles (2,519 km) from Guam to near Japan. The Marianas are the northernmost islands of a larger island group called Micronesia. The Marianas have a total land area of 396 square miles (1026 km²) and are composed of two administrative units:
*Guam is a US territory
*the Northern Mariana Islands (including the islands of Saipan, Tinian and Rota) comprise a Commonwealth of the United States .

The first European to discover the island group was Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. In 1667 Spain formally claimed them, and named them after Spanish queen consort and later regent Mariana of Austria.
Cheaper by the Dozen (movie)

***Cheaper by the Dozen*** refers to two movies based on the book of the same name by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey:

* *Cheaper by the Dozen* (1950 movie), the 1950 original, starring Clifton Webb
* *Cheaper by the Dozen* (2003 movie), a 2003 remake starring Steve Martin, Ashton Kutcher and Hilary Duff
Torture

**Torture** is when someone puts another person in pain as a punishment or in order to force them to do or say something. This pain may be physical or psychological. People who have been tortured often suffer from long term physical problems or mental health issues and the person may even die. 

## Reasons for torture 
Reasons for torture can include punishment, revenge, political re-education, deterrence, and interrogation. Victims or third parties may be forced to take actions against their will. Torture may be for the sadistic gratification of those watching the torture.

### Torture for information 
A common reason for torture is to get information from the victim, for example, to get confessions or the names of accomplices. Information got by torture is unreliable, because people suffering tend to say whatever the questioner wants them to say. Nevertheless, it was used for centuries by all kinds of societies. It was authorised by the Christian Church during the  Inquisition from 1252 to 1816.
 
In 1600 Anton Praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches. 

## Present day 
Almost all countries agree that torture is a violation of human rights and one of crimes against humanity. On 10 December 1948, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Article 5 states, "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". To ensure human rights protection against torture, the Convention against Torture has adopted by United Nations in 1984.

Amnesty International is the leading non-governmental organisation against the use of torture. It has regularly reported on which countries it thinks still use torture. It says "Over the last five years, Amnesty has reported torture in at least three quarters of the world - 141 countries".

## References
1680s

The **1680s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1680 and ended on 31 December 1689. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***169th decade*** which began on January 1, 1681 and ended on December 31, 1690.

## Events 
* The Treaty of Ratisbon between France and England in 1684 ended the Age of Buccaneers.
* 1685: The Chinese army attacks a Russian post at Albazin. The events lead to the Treaty of Nerchinsk. 
* Isaac Newton publishes *Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica*. In this , he introduces his laws of motion, and his theory of gravity.
* The Glorious Revolution brings William and Mary to power in England.

## World leaders 
* King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699)
* King Charles II of England and Scotland (1660–1685)
* King James II of England and Scotland (1685–1688)
* Queen Mary II of England and Scotland (1689–1694)
* King William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702)
* King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715)
* Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705)
* King Peter II of Portugal (1667–1706)
* Tsar Feodor III of Russia (1676–1682)
* Tsar Ivan V of Russia (1682–1696)
* Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725)
* King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700)
* King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697)
* Padshah Aurangazeb (Mughal Empire)
* Bhonsle Dynasty of the Marathas
# Shambhaji (1680–1689)
# Rajaram Chhatrapati (1689–1700)

## Births 
* Stede Bonnet

## Deaths 
* Pierre Corneille

## Reference
Dependency

**Dependency** has a number of meanings:
* Dependency theory
*In project management, a dependency is a link amongst a project's terminal elements.
*In computer science, dependency is a state in which one object uses the functions of another object.

* Dependency theory is an economic worldview.
* A dependent area is a classification of territory.
* A dependent territory.
* Co-dependency is a state of behaviour.
* A chemical dependency is such a strong need for a substance in order for an animal (usually a person) to function properly.
* A former or current colony, such as those governed by the United Kingdom.
Iqaluit

**Iqaluit** (Inuktitut: ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ) is the capital of and largest community in Nunavut in Canada. It is the most northerly capital in Canada, and it was once Canada's fastest growing community. 

## History 
The name '''' is Inuktitut word meaning "place of many fish". It is built on the mouth of the Sylvia Grinnell River, on Frobisher Bay. English explorer Martin Frobisher sailed into the bay in 1576 and thought he had discovered the Northwest Passage. The settlement was called Frobisher Bay from 1955 until 1987. The weather in there is normally cold.

## References
Enterprise architecture

**Enterprise architecture** is comprehensive framework used to manage and align an organization's business processes, information technology, computer hardware and software, local and wide area networks, people, operations and projects with the organization's overall strategy.

A strong enterprise architecture process helps to answer basic questions.

## Frameworks 
There are numerous enterprise architecture frameworks defined. Here is a list of a few prevalent frameworks:

* Zachman Framework
* TOGAF
* Agile Architecture
Margrethe II of Denmark

**Margrethe II** (*Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid*; born 16 April 1940) was the Queen regnant of Denmark from 1972 until her abdication in 2024.

## Life 
Princess Margrethe was born at Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen. Her parents were Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Ingrid. She was baptised on 14 May 1940 at the Naval Church in Copenhagen. As King Christian X of Denmark was also the King of Iceland at the time of her birth, the Princess was given an Icelandic name, *Þórhildur* (spelled with the Icelandic thorn character, simplified as "th").

She studied archaeology at Girton College, Cambridge, from 1960 to 1961. She was also at the London School of Economics in 1965.

Margrethe was not born to be monarch, even though she was the eldest child of the Crown Prince, later King. At the time of her birth, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark.

The act of succession was changed in 1953.

Her father King Frederik IX died in 1972, and Queen Margrethe II became the first female Danish Sovereign.

In 2018, her husband Prince Henrik died of pneumonia in February and her first cousin Princess Elisabeth died in June.

On 31 December 2023, during her annual New Year's Eve address, Margrethe announced that she will abdicate the throne in favour of her son, Crown Prince Frederik, on 14 January 2024, exactly 52 years after she ascended the throne to Frederik X.

## Titles and styles 
* 16 April 1940 – 14 January 1972: Her Royal Highness Princess Margrethe of Denmark
* 14 January 1972 – 14 January 2024: Her Majesty The Queen of Denmark
* 14 January 2024 –: Her Majesty Queen Margrethe

## Notes
## Other websites
* The Queen's Homepage 
* The Official Website of The Danish Monarchy 
* Illustrations - Lord of the Rings
Jan Mayen

**Jan Mayen** is an island in the Arctic Ocean. It is part of Norway. The island's area is 373&nbsp;km². A large part of the island is an active volcano, the Beerenberg, which is 2,277m high. Jan Mayen is 600&nbsp;km north of Iceland, 500&nbsp;km east of Greenland and 1000&nbsp;km west of the Norwegian mainland.

There is a radio station and a meteorological station on the island. The staff at these stations are the only people living on the island.

## History
There are many claims and stories about discovery of the island. Some claims and possible discoveries are as early as the beginning of the 6th century. However, the first discovery that is certain was in 1614. The Dutchman Jan Jacobs May van Schellinkhout visited the island then and it is named for him. His first mate made maps of some of the coast.

It is incorrectly assumed that Henry Hudson discovered the island in 1607 and called it ''Hudson's Tutches* or *Touches*, but there is no evidence for this. Thereafter it was allegedly seen several times by navigators who claimed its discovery and renamed it. Thus, in 1611 or the following year whalers from Hull named it *Trinity Island*; in 1612 Jean Vrolicq, a French whaler, claimed in 1629 that he had discovered the island and called it *Île de Richelieu;'' and in 1614 English captain John Clarke named it Isabella. 

The island has very few residents. The Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base has a staff of 14 and a weather services station has a staff of four. The staff members of both stations live in Olonkinbyen. The island has no native people living on it, but is given the ISO 3166-1 country code SJ, the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .no (.sj is allocated but not used ) and data code JN.  Its amateur radio call sign prefix is JX.

## Related pages
* Svalbard

## References
## Other websites
*Satellite Radar image of Jan Mayen 
*[warning from Norway's last outpost] https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/l3k8yA/jan-mayen-utposten-som-varmes-opp. 2023-10-09. VG.no
*Photographs and information on Jan Mayen 
*Jan Mayen crew 
*LORAN-C mast Jan Mayen
City gate

.]]
A **city gate** is a gate that is found in many medieval cities. It was the place where people could enter or leave a walled city. Very often, city gates were closed during the night.
Mutilation

**Mutilation** is when the way a body looks is permanently changed. This change may be due to an accident, or it may be the result of torture.

Losing a part of the body (like a hand), or permanent scars (different looking skin after a bad injury heals) on the body, might be a result of mutilation.

## Related pages 
*Amputation
*Female genital mutilation
*Scarification
* Body modification
* Self harm
Preview (computing)

]]
A **preview** is a small piece of something used to show what the whole is like before it is generally available. Typically, previews exist for movies and possibly video games. They usually are a small portion of video showing what the game or movie is like to advertise it.

In software, a preview can be a feature that allows a user to see what a document looks like before the user prints it out, or posts it on a website.
Atomic mass

An **atomic mass** (symbol: *m*a) is the mass of a single atom of a chemical element. It includes the masses of the 3 subatomic particles that make up an atom: protons, neutrons and electrons.

Atomic mass can be expressed in grams. However, because atoms are very small, this is not easy to do. Instead, atomic mass is expressed in unified atomic mass units (unit symbol: u). 1 atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12 of the mass of a single carbon-12 atom. 1 u has a value of 1.660 539 066 60(50) × 10−27 kg.

A carbon-12 atom has a mass of 12 u. Because electrons are so light, people can say that the mass of a carbon-17 atom is made of 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Because the masses of protons and neutrons are almost exactly the same, it can be said that both protons and neutrons have a mass of roughly 1 u. An atom of an element with a certain number of neutrons is called an isotope. Each isotope has its own atomic mass, called its **isotopic mass**. In the case of chlorine, chlorine-35 has a mass of around 35 u, and chlorine-37 around 37 u.

The atomic mass of an atom is not the same as its mass number. The **mass number** (symbol: **A**) of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus. To find the relative atomic mass of a sample of an element, someone would work out the abundance-weighted mean of the relative isotopic masses. For example, to continue the chlorine example from above, if there is 75% of chlorine-35 and 25% of chlorine-37 in a sample of chlorine,

:A_r = \frac{(35\times75)+(37\times25)}{100} = \frac{(2625)+(925)}{100} = \frac{3550}{100} = 35.5

## Related pages 
*Relative atomic mass
*Mass number
*Atomic mass unit

## References 
## Other websites 
* Atomic mass -Citizendium
Bern

**Bern** (French: *Berne*, Italian: *Berna,* Romansh: *Berna*, Bernese German: *Bärn*) is the capital city of Switzerland. It is also the capital of the canton of Bern.

As of early 2006, 127.000 people lived in the city.

## History 
Bern was started in 1191 by Berchthold V. von Zähringen. A legend says that he said he would name the city after the next animal he caught. So when he caught a bear (German: "Bär") the city was named Bern. Zähringen built the city in the half-circle the river Aare makes.

## Traffic 
Public streetcars and buses are run by an organization called BernMobil. There are 3 streetcar lines and about 15 bus lines. Most of the lines are in the city but some travel away from the city. There is also the Marzilibahn, a funicular (inclined- or cliff-railway) which goes from the banks of the Aare up to the Federal Building (German: "Bundeshaus"). The Marzilibahn is 105 meters long. It is the shortest funicular in Europe. Another funicular, called the Gurtenbahn, goes from the section of Bern called Wabern, which is on the river Aare, up to the top of Gurten, a large hill 585 meters high that is just south of Bern. A small airport, Belpmoos, is located a short distance south of Bern in Belp.

## Folk Festivals 
### Zibelemärit (onion market) 
Each year, on the 4th Monday in November, there is the Onion Market in Bern, where onions are sold. Many people visit the market in the early morning and throw confetti. They also hit other people with hammers made out of plastic

### Aareleuchten (glowing Aare) 
Since 1996,  every August 1 (a national holiday in Switzerland) they hold the Aareleuchten. The Aareleuchten is paid for by SwissAid. During the festival, people put small ships with a light in them into the river Aare. All of these small lights make the Aare "glow."

## Gallery 

Image:Parlement of Bern.JPG|The Swiss parliament building in Bern
Image:The cathedral- Das Münster.JPG|View towards the cathedral called "Münster"
Image:Suisse 2005 Berne fontaine arquebusier.jpg|One of the many fountains in the old part of the city
Image:Aare river in Bern.jpg|View over the river Aare towards the modern part of the city.
Image:Suisse 2005 Berne aare 2.jpg|Another picture of the Aare in Bern

## References
## Other websites
*
*Bern Public Transportation Website (BernMobil)
*
* 
*Gurtenfestival
*Buskers Bern
Gate

A **gate** is a place between two parts of a wall, or a fence which could be opened and closed to let people go through it.

In the Middle Ages, a city gate also allowed people to go into a (walled) city.

Nowadays, people also talk about *gates* at airports. When going on an aircraft, people need to get together in a certain area of the airport first. They then pass through some kind of doorway to get onto the plane. That is what is called *gate*.

Image:Garden Gate.JPG|A typical gate in a garden or park.
Image:Pergamonmuseum Babylon Ischtar-Tor.jpg|Ishtar Gate is the oldest city gate in existence.
Image:Sankt Petersburg Winterpalast 2005 e.jpg|Gates to official residences often feature elaborate ironwork.
File:PolandSzczecinPortGate.JPG|Port Gate in Szczecin, Poland
Doping

**Doping** or **dope** can mean:

* Adding a dopant to something
** Doping (semiconductor), adding impurities into a semiconductor to change its electrical properties
* Doping in sport, the use of drugs to improve athletic performance
** Blood doping, increasing the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream
** Aircraft dope, a type of lacquer formerly used in airplane skins
1660s

The **1660s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1660 and ended on 31 December 1669. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***167th decade*** which began on January 1, 1661 and ended on December 31, 1670.

## Events 
*The Great Fire of London in England.
*The Ottoman Empire attacks Europe, but is beat back at the Battle of Saint Gotthard.

## Births 
*Cotton Mather, American pastor
*Queen Anne of Great Britain
*Jonathan Swift, Irish writer
## Deaths 
*Blaise Pascal, French thinker
*Shah Jahan, Emperor of India
*Frans Hals, Dutch painter

## World leaders 
*King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
*King Charles II of England (1660–1685).
*King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
*Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
* King John II of Poland (1649–1668).
*King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1669–1673).
*King Afonso VI of Portugal (1656–1667).
*King Peter II of Portugal (1667–1706).
*Tsar Aleksey I of Russia (1645–1676).
*King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665).
*King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700).
*King Charles X of Sweden (1654–1660).
*King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697).
*Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia (1667–1682).
1640s

The **1640s** was a decade that started on 1 January 1640 and ended on 31 December 1649. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***165th decade*** which began on January 1, 1641 and ended on December 31, 1650.

## Events 
* The Qing dynasty begins in China.
* Europeans reach New Zealand and Tasmania.
* The English Civil War.

## Births 
* William Penn, English Quaker 

## Deaths 
* Galileo Galilei, Italian writer and scientist

## World leaders 
* King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (1588–1648).
* King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
* King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (1625–1649).
* King Louis XIII of France (1610–1643).
* Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of France (1624–1642).
* Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France (1642–1661).
* Anne of Austria, Queen Dowager and Regent of France (1643–1651).
* King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
* Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657).
* Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland (1625–1647).
* William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland (1647–1650).
* Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644).
* Pope Innocent X (1644–1655).
* King John IV of Portugal (1640–1656).
* King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665).
* Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–1654).
Heiner Zieschang

**Heiner Zieschang** (born 12 November 1936 in Kiel; died 5 April 2004) was a German mathematician.  He was a professor at Ruhr-University Bochum from 1968 till 2002. In 1996 he was made an honorary doctor of the University of Toulouse and in 1997 he was an honorary professor of Moscow State University.

## Literature
*Heiner Zieschang: *Flächen und ebene diskontinuierliche Gruppen.* Berlin 1970, 
*Heiner Zieschang: *On decompositions of discontinuous groups of the plane.* Math. Zeit. 151 (1976), 165-188
* Heiner Zieschang: *Surfaces and planar discontinuous groups*, Berlin 1980 
* Heiner Zieschang: *Finite groups of mapping classes of surfaces.* Berlin 1981, 
* Gerhard Burde ; Heiner Zieschang: *Knots*, Berlin [u.a.] 1985 
*Ralph Stöcker, Heiner Zieschang: *Algebraische Topologie.* Teubner, Stuttgart 1988, 
*Heiner Zieschang: *Lineare Algebra und Geometrie.* Stuttgart 1997, 

## Other websites 
* Heiner Zieschang at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
1670s

The **1670s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1670 and ended on 31 December 1679. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***168th decade*** which began on January 1, 1671 and ended on December 31, 1680.

## Events 
*The Franco-Dutch War
*Father Jacques Marquette continues to explore the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River.  Other Frenchmen explore North America.
*The Quakers come to America from England.
* Newton and Leibniz independently discover calculus.
* Popish Plot started by Titus Oates. Oates' aim is to kill King Charles II. Plot fails and ends in 1681.

## Deaths 
*John Milton, British poet

## World leaders 
*King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
*King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699).
*King  Charles II of England and Scotland (1660–1685).
*King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
*Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
*King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1669–1673).
*King John III of Poland (1674–1696).
*King Peter II of Portugal (1667–1706).
*Tsar Aleksey I of Russia (1645–1676)
*Tsar Feodor III of Russia (1676–1682).
*King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700).
*King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697).
Unemployment

's *Migrant Mother* shows poor children in California with their 32-year-old mother, Florence Owens Thompson. She said "that they had been living on frozen vegetables , and birds that the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. There she sat in  with her  her, and seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me.]]
**Unemployment** or **joblessness** is when a person who is of normal working age (usually about 15-18 to about 60-65) does not have a paid job. They therefore do not get paid a salary. It is one of social issues and human rights violations. In some parts of the world, there are social networks to care for the unemployed.

## Overview 
The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed people divided by the total population of that age group of a country. The unemployment rate is influenced by many things, including the government of a country to the average age of a country's population. Unemployment is a bad thing for society.

A certain amount of unemployment is natural. 'Full employment' does not mean no-one is out of work. Governments now aim to increase the number of jobs (which can be done) rather than cut out all unemployment (which cannot be done).

## Most affected groups 
People with Autism and other mental disabilities are mistreated in the workplace, leading to only around 15% of autistic people being employed at all.

## Invisible unemployment
**Discouraged workers** are the number of people who do not have work but who are not counted in government reports. For example, people who have stopped looking for a job.  The **underemployed**  are people who work less than they want to do, or people who are overqualified for their job.

## References
Louis Armstrong

**Louis Armstrong** (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971) nicknamed **Satchmo** or **Pops** was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana. He sang the blues and played the trumpet and the cornet. He was famous in many countries. He was also known for his good singing voice and he also encouraged the style of scat to the jazz world. Armstrong won many awards during his career.

He died of a heart attack on July 6, 1971 in Corona, Queens, New York City.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
1430s

The **1430s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1430 and ended on 31 December 1439. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***144th decade*** which began on January 1, 1431 and ended on December 31, 1440.

## Events and trends 
*The Treaty of Arras ends the alliance of Burgundy and England.  This changes the Hundred Years' War to help France.
Element

**Element** can mean:
* The four basic or natural elements in mysticism, alchemy, mythology and fantasy fiction - Fire, Water, Air and Earth
* *The elements* or weather
* One part of something bigger or one of many in a group
* A thing that a set holds
* Chemical element, a substance that can not be divided into smaller chemical parts
* A book by Euclid called the *Elements*. In it, Euclid talks about geometry.
CBS

**CBS Broadcasting Inc.** (**CBS**) (full name: **Columbia Broadcasting System**) is an American television network. Along with ABC, NBC and FOX, it is one of the country's four major television networks.

## Stations
KCBS Los Angeles, California 

WCBS New York, New York

WBBM Chicago, Illinois 

KLAS Las Vegas, Nevada

WUPA Atlanta,  Georgia

WUSA Washington, D.C. 

## Other websites
* Official site
Prime Minister of Canada

The **prime minister of Canada** () is the head of government and chief executive of Canada. The prime minister is the senior most minister of the cabinet of Canada and directs the executive branch of the federal government, known as the Council of Ministers. The minister is usually always the leader of the majority party in the Canadian Parliament. In 2025, Mark Carney became the 29th prime minister of Canada.

## List of prime ministers
## Living former prime ministers
As of , there are six living former prime ministers of Canada, the oldest being Jean Chrétien (born 1934). The most recent former prime minister to die was Brian Mulroney, on February 29, 2024. The living former prime ministers, in order of service, are:

File:JoeClark.jpg|**Joe Clark**(1979–1980)Age: 
File:Kim Campbell.jpg|**Kim Campbell**(1993)Age: 
File:Jean Chrétien 2010.jpg|**Jean Chrétien**(1993–2003)Age: 
File:Paul Martin in 2011 crop.jpg|**Paul Martin**(2003–2006)Age: 
File:Stephen-Harper-January-26-2012.png|**Stephen Harper**(2006–2015)Age: 
File:Justin Trudeau March 5 2024 (cropped).jpg|**Justin Trudeau**(2015-2025)Age: 

## References
## Other websites
* History of Prime Ministers
Blues (disambiguation)

**Blues** can mean more than one thing:

* The blues is a type of music.

* *The blues* is another name for sadness, or depression (mood).

* The **Blues** refers to many sports teams who play while wearing a blue kit.
Amapá

**Amapá** is one of the states of Brazil.  It is in the far north, bordering French Guiana in the north. To the east is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south and west is the Brazilian state Pará.

The state is mostly covered by rainforest. The state is known for producing iron and other metals.

Amapá has only been a Brazilian state since 1988.

## References