open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner

**Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner** (Astrid Maud Ingeborg; born 12 February 1932) is the second daughter of King Olav V and his wife, Princess Märtha of Sweden. She is the older sister of King Harald V of Norway and younger sister of the late Princess Ragnhild.

## Life
Princess Astrid was born on 12 February 1932 at Villa Solbakken to the future King Olav V and Crown Princess Märtha. She was baptized in the Palace Chapel on 31 March 1932 and her godparents were: her paternal grandparents, King Haakon VII and Queen Maud of Norway; her maternal grandparents, Prince Carl and Princess Ingeborg of Sweden; her maternal aunt, Princess Astrid, Duchess of Brabant; Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother); Princess Thyra of Denmark; Prince Eugen of Sweden; and Prince George of the United Kingdom. Princess Astrid was named after her maternal aunt, paternal grandmother, and maternal grandmother.

Princess Astrid grew up on the royal estate of Skaugum in Asker and was privately educated during her childhood. During World War II, she joined her family fleeing the Nazis and spent the war with her mother, brother and sister in exile in Washington, DC.

Princess Astrid's mother died on 5 April 1954 from cancer at age 53 when Astrid was 22 years old. From her mother's death until her brother's marriage in August 1968, Princess Astrid was the senior lady of the court and acted as first lady of Norway, working side-by-side with her father on all representation duties, including state visits.

## Marriage and children
Princess Astrid married divorced commoner Johan Martin Ferner in Asker on 12 January 1961. Together, the couple have five children, seven grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.

## Titles, styles and honours
### Titles
* 12 February 1932 – 12 January 1961: *Her Royal Highness* Princess Astrid of Norway
* 12 January 1961 – present: *Her Highness* Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner

## Ancestry
Astrid is a great-granddaughter of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom and thus a second cousin to Queen Elizabeth II. At the time of her birth, she was 18th in the line of succession to the British throne.

## References
## Other websites
* Website of the Royal House of Norway: Princess Astrid
Midcourse Space Experiment

The **Midcourse Space Experiment** (**MSX**) is a Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) satellite experiment (unmanned space mission) to map bright infrared sources in space. MSX offered the first system demonstration of technology in space to identify and track ballistic missiles during their midcourse flight phase.

## History 
On 24 April 1996, the BMDO launched the MSX satellite on a Delta II booster from Vandenberg AFB, California. MSX was placed in a sun-synchronous orbit at 898&nbsp;km and an inclination of 99.16 degrees.  MSX's mission was to gather data in three spectral bands (long wavelength infrared, visible, and ultraviolet).

From 13 May 1998, MSX became a giving sensor to the Space Surveillance Network.

## Launch debris incident 
Lottie Williams was exercising in a park in Tulsa on January 22, 1997, when she was hit in the shoulder by a  piece of blackened metallic material. U.S., Space Command confirmed that a used Delta II rocket from the April 1996 launch of the Midcourse Space Experiment had crashed into the atmosphere 30 minutes earlier. The object tapped her on the shoulder and fell off harmlessly onto the ground. Williams collected the item and NASA tests later showed that the piece was matching up with the materials of the rocket, and Nicholas Johnson, the agency's chief scientist for orbital debris, believes that she was in fact hit by a piece of the rocket.

## Operations 
Operational from 1996 to 1997, MSX mapped the galactic plane and areas either missed or identified as especially bright by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) at wavelengths of 4.29 μm, 4.35&nbsp;μm, 8.28&nbsp;μm, 12.13&nbsp;μm, 14.65&nbsp;μm, and 21.3&nbsp;μm.

It carried the 33-cm SPIRIT III infrared telescope and interferometer–spectrometer with solid hydrogen-cooled five line-scanned infrared focal plane arrays (rows).

Calibration of MSX created a challenge for designers of the experiment, as baselines (measures of what occurs naturally) did not exist for the bands it would be observing under.  Engineers solved the problem by having MSX fire projectiles of known composition in front of the detector, and calibrating the instruments to the known black-body curves of the objects.  The MSX calibration serves as the basis for other satellites working in the same wavelength range, including AKARI (2006-2011) and the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST).

MSX data is now available in the Infrared Science Archive (IRSA) given by NASA's Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC). Group efforts between the Air Force Research Laboratory and IPAC has resulted in an archive containing images for about 15 percent of the sky, including the whole Galactic Plane, the Large Magellanic Cloud, and areas of the sky missed by IRAS.

## References
Tromsø Cathedral

**Tromsø Cathedral** is a church in Tromsø, Norway. It is made of wood and was built in 1861 in the Gothic Revival style by Christian Heinrich Grosch. The cathedral has a tower and a main entrance on the west side. It can seat 618 people but originally had almost 1000 seats. Tromsø Cathedral is important because it is the only cathedral in Norway made of wood. It is also the most northern Protestant cathedral in the world. The first church on the site was built in 1252 by King Haakon IV. Not much is known about the previous churches, but it is likely that there has been a church on the site since the 13th century. The present cathedral was consecrated in 1861 and cost about 10,000 Speciedalers to build. The interior of the cathedral is decorated with a copy of the painting "Resurrection" by Adolph Tidemand and stained glass windows designed by Gustav Vigeland.

## References
Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum

**Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum** is a museum in Northern Norway. The museum has many different artworks on display. It first opened in 1985 and moved to its current location in Tromsø in 2001. The building was first built to be a post and telegraph office in 1917. It was then used as a police station in 1967.

The museum has different exhibitions that change during the year. The exhibitions show art from different times and artists. They also have a collection with around 2,200 works. The museum collects art from many different sources, including private collections. They have art from artists like Peder Balke, Adelsteen Normann, and Olav Christopher Jenssen.

The museum is important for Northern Norway, and they have smaller exhibitions in different parts of the region. In 2015, they opened a new location called Kunsthall Svalbard. This location is dedicated to contemporary art and located in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. In 2017, Nordnorsk Kunstmuseum was named "Museum of the Year" in Norway.

## References
Håkøya

**Håkøya** is an island in Tromsø Municipality, Norway. It's a  island located in between two other islands called Kvaløya and Tromsøya. It's close to a town called Eidkjosen and a city called Tromsø.

Most of the trees are on the higher parts of the island. People mostly live near the water, and there are houses, small holiday homes, and farms.

There is a bridge that connects Håkøya to Kvaløya called Håkøybrua. The bridge used to be made of wood, but now it's made of steel and concrete.

During World War II, a ship called the Tirpitz was on Håkøya. The ship belonged to Germany, and it was there for about a month. But then British planes came and bombed the ship, and it sank. Many people died, and there is now a memorial on Håkøya to remember them.

## References
Alfheim Stadion

**Romssa Arena** is a football stadium located in Tromsø, Norway; Until 2023, its name was **Alfheim Stadion**. It is the home stadium of Tromsø IL, a Norwegian professional football club that currently competes in the Eliteserien. The stadium has a seating capacity of 6,691 and features an artificial turf ground. It is the second northernmost stadium to have been used in European football after the Finnmarkshallen, which is located  to the northeast in Alta, Norway, and is home to Alta IF. The stadium was built in the 1960s and was upgraded in the 1980s, including the building of artificial turf in 2006, to address issues with the condition of the natural grass pitch during the winter months.

## References
Line of succession to the Bhutanese throne

The line of succession to the throne of Bhutan is based on the constitution of Bhutan.

## Order of succession
* King Jigme Singye, The Fourth Druk Gyalpo (b. 1955)
**  **King Jigme Khesar Namgyel, The Fifth Druk Gyalpo** (b. 1980)
*****(1)** Prince Jigme Namgyel, The Druk Gyalsey (b. 2016)
*****(2)** Prince Jigme Ugyen (b. 2020)
****(3)** Princess Sonam Yangden (b. 2023)
****(4)** Prince Jigyel Ugyen (b. 1984)
****(5)** Prince Khamsum Singye (b. 1985)
****(6)** Prince Jigme Dorji, The Gyaltshab (b. 1986)
*****(7)** Ashi Decho Pema (b. 2014)
****(8)** Prince Ugyen Jigme (b. 1994)
****(9)** Princess Chimi Yangzom (b. 1980)
*****(10)** Dasho Jigme Ugyen (b. 2006)
*** **(11)** Dasho Jamyang Singye (b. 2009)
****(12)** Princess Sonam Dechen (b. 1981)
*****(13)** Dasho Jigje Singye (b. 2009)
*** **(14)** Dasho Jigme Jigten (b. 2013)
****(15)** Princess Dechen Yangzom (b. 1981)
*** **(16)** Dasho Ugyen Dorji 
*****(17)** Dasho Jigme Singye 
*****(18)** Ashi Dechen Yuidem Yangzom
****(19)** Princess Kesang Choden (b. 1982)
*** **(20)** Dasho Jamgyel Singye 
*****(21)** Dasho Ugyen Junay
*****(22)** Ashi Tshering Tshoyang (b. 2019)
** **(23)** Princess Euphelma Choden (b. 1993)

## Notes
The list is made up of the nearest family of the current monarch. The actual line of succession may be much longer as there could be other legitimate descendants of King Ugyen Wangchuck.

## Eligibility
The legitimate descendants of King Ugyen Wangchuck are presently entitled to succeed. If a king dies leaving a pregnant wife, the unborn child will automatically assume a place in the line of succession if there is no male heir. A person loses his or her succession rights if he or she marries a person who is not a natural born Bhutanese citizen.

## References
Kongsbakken Upper Secondary School

**Kongsbakken Upper Secondary School** is a modern school in Tromsø, Norway. It has many different types of classes and places to learn. In addition to traditional classrooms, the school has rooms designed for music, dance, and drama students. The school also has a large sports hall and outdoor sports facilities. The school's motto is "Knowledge, Respect, and Responsibility." During World War II, the school was closed down by German government officials who controlled and ruled over Norway during World War II , and the building was used as barracks. After the war, the school reopened, and the number of students continued to increase. In the 1960s and 1970s, the school was made bigger to allow a larger amount of students.

## References
All Saints Roman Catholic School, York

**The All Saints Roman Catholic School,** in Yorkshire, England, is made up of two schools in York. It has been said to be the best Catholic school in the North of England. The Upper School is for years 10-13 and contains the Sixth Form. The Lower Site is for years 7-9. The School was created in 1686. As it is the only Catholic school in the city of York, it is very important for Catholic teachings in the city.

## Entry 
All Saints is primarily a school for Catholic children from York and Yorkshire. However, it does accept students from other faiths and belief backgrounds.

## History 
### Setting up 
When All Saints first opened in 1686, it was the first Catholic school in Britain to teach girls.

300 years ago, a group of angry locals threatened to rob the school and its convent. However, it is said that Saint Michael appeared on a white horse with a large sword and scared them away.

During the 1800s, an additional building was built.

In 1925, the school became a grammar school.

### Second World War 
During the Blitz in 1942, the school was bombed.

### Mill Mount County Grammar School For Girls 
The school was set up in 1920 in the original Manor building and stables, which were built in 1850 for Charles Heneage Elsley Esq., J.P. and Recorder of York.

In 1965, a plan was proposed to merge Mill Mount with Nunthorpe Grammar School to become a sixth form college. However, this plan did not succeed,  and the site was sold to All Saints RC School.

### St Georges RC Secondary School 
In 1985, due to discussions on the reorganization of York's Catholic schools, St George's Secondary school closed and merged into All Saints RC School.

#### Headteachers 
There have been three headteachers since 1985:

* Dr Adrian Elliot
* Mr William Scriven
* Mrs Sharon Keelan-Beardsley

## Religion 
All Saints is the only Catholic secondary school in the area. It accepts students from all over Yorkshire. The school has links with English Martyrs Church, which is located 300 meters from the upper site. Every year, the whole school celebrates All Saints Day in the York Minster.

## Buildings 
The school has recently wanted to relocate to meet the demands of all its students. In March 2022, local MP Rachael Maskell raised the subject in the House of Commons. After this, the school was granted some money as part of the school rebuilding programme.

## Success 
In 2022, 70% of pupils achieved a strong pass or above in GCSE English and Maths.

Almost 50% of the sixth forms' A level grades were at A* or A.

In November 2022, the school achieved the fifth position in northern schools ranking.

### Mill Mount County Grammar School for Girls 
* Sue Doughty, Liberal Democrat MP 
* Dame Karen Jones CBE, businessperson

### Bar Convent Grammar School 
* Isobel McDonald-Davies, Deputy Registrar General for England and Wales 
* Tricia Walker, author

### All Saints RC School 
* Anna Docherty, four-time British champion cyclist

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Bar Convent
Ethel Cain

**Hayden Silas Anhedönia** (born March 24, 1998), known by her stage name **Ethel Cain**, is an American singer-songwriter. She was born in Tallahassee and lives in Pittsburgh.

Cain first started making music in 2017 under the name **White Silas**. She was inspired by Christian music and Gregorian chants. She released some music under that name on sites including Spotify, SoundCloud and Tumblr. In 2019, she changed to an alternative sound and started using the name Ethel Cain. Her music is Southern Gothic themed. She sings about poverty, substance abuse, domestic violence, death, and more.

Cain put out her first album in 2022 called ''Preacher's Daughter''. Many music critics called it one of the best albums of the year.

## Early life 
Hayden Silas Anhedönia was born in Tallahassee, Florida and raised in Perry. Her family is Southern Baptist. She is the oldest out of all her siblings.

She came out as a gay man to her family when she was 12. She left the church when she was 16.

## Career 
### 2017–2019: career beginnings 
In 2017, Cain thought about going to the film school at Florida State University. She started making choral inspired music on GarageBand with a lot of reverb. From 2017 to 2018, she posted some music just for her close friends and followers on Twitter and Instagram. She used the names White Silas and Atlas. In 2019, she released her first song as Ethel Cain, called 'Bruises'. Then she opened for Nicole Dollanganger at her concert in Chicago.

In September 2019, she released an EP called *Carpet Bed*. She released another one called *Golden Age* three months later. Wicca Phase Springs Eternal said in an interview that he likes Ethel Cain's music.

### 2020–2021: *Inbred* 
In January 2020, Cain met a rapper named Lil Aaron. He invited her to sign with a publishing company called Prescription Songs. In August 2020, Cain moved from Florida to Richmond, Indiana. In Richmond, she made an EP called *Inbred*, which was released on April 23, 2021.

### 2022–present: ''Preacher's Daughter* 
In May 2022, Cain released her first album called *Preacher's Daughter''.

## Personal life 
Ethel Cain still considers herself a Southern Baptist, but she says she is not a Christian and does not care about religion that much.

Cain is autistic, bisexual and transgender.

## Notes 
## References
List of current consorts of sovereigns

## List of current consorts of sovereigns 
## Unmarried sovereigns 
* Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia, who is personally committed to a monastic way of life. 
* Pope Francis, being an ordained priest of the Catholic Church, is sworn to celibacy.

## Sovereigns with a deceased consort 
* Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark. She married Henri de Laborde de Monpezat. He died on 13 February 2018 at Fredensborg Palace.
* Hans Adam II, Sovereign Prince of Liechtenstein. He married Marie Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau. She died on 21 August 2021 at Cantonal Hospital in Grabs.

## References
Willow (Joe Biden's cat)

**Willow** (born January 3, 2020) is a tabby domestic short-haired cat owned by President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden. 

## Life 
Willow is formerly a farm cat, born in 2020. As part of Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign, he promised to adopt a cat to live in the White House. In 2022, they adopted Willow.
Salford City Council

**Salford City Council** is the local authority of the City of Salford in Greater Manchester. It is a metropolitan borough council, one of the ten in Greater Manchester. It was set up by the Local Government Act 1972.  It runs most of the local government services in Salford. It is  part of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority.

The directly elected mayor is Paul Dennett.

Since 1973, political control of the council has been held by the Labour Party.

## References
South Tyneside

**South Tyneside** is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, North East England.

It is surrounded by the four other boroughs in Tyne and Wear – Gateshead to the west, Sunderland in the south, North Tyneside to the north, and Newcastle upon Tyne to the Northwest. 

There were 147,776 people living in the borough in 2021. 

The largest town is South Shields. Other large riverside towns are Jarrow and Hebburn.  The area was a centre for shipbuilding and repairing, coal mining and exports, and the chemical industries.  They all   declined in the half of the 20th century and there was a lot of unemployment.   

## References
North Tyneside

North Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in  Tyne and Wear, England. It is part of the greater Tyneside conurbation. North Tyneside Council has its main offices at Wallsend.

Newcastle upon Tyne is to the west, the North Sea is to the east, the River Tyne is to the south and Northumberland is to the north. Within North Tyneside are the towns of Wallsend, North Shields, Killingworth and Whitley Bay. it is part of a built-up area joining Newcastle.

There were 208,967 people living there in 2021.

It has a directly elected mayor, Norma Redfearn of the Labour Party.

## References
Adam (murder victim)

"**Adam**" was the name police gave to an unidentified boy whose torso was discovered in the River Thames in London, United Kingdom, on 21 September 2001. The child was between four and eight years old. Investigators believe the child was likely from southwestern Nigeria, and that several days before his murder, he had been trafficked to the United Kingdom for a ritual sacrifice. As of 2023, nobody has been charged with Adam's murder, and his true identity remains unknown. When he was found, the boy was wearing orange girls' shorts.

An examination done after the death of the boy found that he had been poisoned. His throat had been slit, likely to drain blood from his body. Also, his head and limbs had been removed. The boy likely came from a region of southwestern Nigeria near Benin City known as the birthplace of voodoo. Police think the boy may have been killed in a voodoo practice known as muti.

## References
Hålogaland Teater

**Hålogaland Teater** is a theater in northern Norway. It was built in 1971. The theater is in Tromsø and has a new building with three theaters. It shows different types of plays like drama, musicals, and plays for children. Many of the plays are in local Norwegian dialects. One of the theater's biggest successes was a play about a village hero named Oluf Rallkattli.

## References
Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe

**Virginia Eliza Poe** (née Clemm; August 15, 1822  January 30, 1847) was an American poet who was the spouse (wife) of Edgar Allan Poe. She was the author of only a single poem. They were first cousins. They first met in 1829. She was seven at the time. 
## Biography 
Virginia Clemm was born in 1822 to parents William Clemm and his spouse (wife) Maria Poe. Virginia's father William died when she was a child. 

In 1829, when Virginia's first cousin Edgar Allan Poe, the infamous American poet, fell into poverty, he moved into his aunt's house, where he met Virginia, then seven years old. Over the years, Edgar fell in love with Virginia. He decided that he wanted to marry her in the summer of 1835, when she was 13, and he was 26. (This is only known through letters he wrote to his aunt Maria). Even though it has been disputed exactly when Edgar and Virginia got married (due to lack of records), it is known that they were already married shortly before Virginia turned 14. This means Edgar and Virginia got married in either 1835 or 1836.

Virginia's husband Edgar realized she had great talent in singing and encouraged her to sing songs. 

In 1841, Virginia began to cough frequently, especially while singing to her husband and mother. 
Despite this, her husband encouraged her to continue singing. The coughing did not improve over time. 

By the middle of January 1842, while Virginia was singing, she began coughing up blood. At first, Edgar was of little concern, but when the coughing got worse and more blood began to come out after some time, Edgar's concern grew. Virginia was taken to a physician who diagnosed her with having tuberculosis. Upon hearing this, Edgar later moved her to the countryside hoping the nature over there would ease Virginia's pain. Virginia stayed in the countryside for around seven months, only to become weaker and much more ill during this time. By January 1847, Virginia was so weak and ill that she was starting to die. 

Virginia died on the 30th of January 1847, at the age of 24. 

Her body was buried in the nearby cemetery, but later moved to the Westminster Hall and Burying Ground in Baltimore, Maryland.

## References
Queen of My Heart

"**Queen of My Heart**" is a 2001 song by Westlife and is the leading single from their third studio album *World of Our Own*. It went to number 1 in Ireland, Scotland and the United Kingdom, number 3 in Sweden, number 4 in New Zealand, number 12 in the Netherlands and Norway and number 37 in Switzerland.

## Track listings
* **UK CD1**
# "Queen of My Heart" (radio edit)
# "When You're Looking Like That" (single remix)
# "Reason for Living"
# "When You're Looking Like That" (CD ROM video)

* **UK CD2**
# "Queen of My Heart" (radio edit)
# "When You're Looking Like That" (single remix)
# "Interview" (CD ROM)

* **UK cassette single**
# "Queen of My Heart" (radio edit)
# "When You're Looking Like That" (single remix)

* **European CD single**
# "Queen of My Heart" (radio edit)
# "Reason for Living"

## References
Taylor Swift (album)

***Taylor Swift*** is the self-titled debut studio album by singer Taylor Swift. In the United States and Canada, it came out on October 24, 2006. In the rest of the world, it came out on March 18, 2008. It was released by Big Machine Records. This is a record label.

## Background 
Taylor Swift decided to be a country singer when she watched a movie about Faith Hill. She wanted to move to Nashville, Tennessee because it is known as the home of country music.

She started making some songs to see if record labels would like them. She eventually joined Big Machine Records. She moved to Hendersonville, Tennessee because it is close to Nashville. She was one of the first people to be in Big Machine Records.

The first song on the album is called "Tim McGraw". It was released early on June 19, 2006.

The full album came out on October 24, 2006 in the United States and Canada. It came out on March 18, 2008 for the rest of the world.

## Reviews 
Most critics liked the album *Taylor Swift*. Some said the lyrical themes were childish and didn't have depth. Most said Swift's songwriting was good and used popular skills in a way that sounded new. On Metacritic, the album got 67 out of 100 points, based on five reviews. But fans instantly loved it and on a billboard poll, Our Song got the best song voted on the album closely followed by Teardrops on My guitar and Picture To Burn.

## Charts 
In the United States, *Taylor Swift* didn't chart high at first. It became more popular over time. In its first week, it went to number 19 on the *Billboard* 200 chart and sold 40,000 copies. Because albums often drop in sales after they come out, Swift did not think it would stay on the chart for a long time: "I would be incredibly lucky to see this, the album certified Gold."

At its highest, *Taylor Swift* was at number 14 on the Canadian Albums Chart and was certified Platinum by Music Canada (MC). In the Australian Albums Chart, it reached number 33 in March 2010, and was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). It reached number 81 on the United Kingdom albums chart and was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) because it sold more than 100,000 copies. As of October 2022, the album had sold 198,000 copies in the United Kingdom. It also appeared on the charts in New Zealand (number 38, at its highest point), Japan (53), Ireland (59) and Scotland (71).

### Weekly charts 
*Taylor Swift* reached its highest position on different days in each country.

### Year-end charts 
### Decade-end charts 
### All-time charts 
## Track listing 
All the songs were written by Taylor Swift and Liz Rose and produced by Nathan Chapman, unless someone else is listed.

## References
Imitation of Life (song)

"**Imitation of Life**" is a 2001 song by alternative rock band R.E.M. and is the leading single from their 12th studio album *Reveal*. It went to number 3 in Italy and Spain, number 4 in Norway, number 5 in Canada and Scotland, number 6 in the United Kingdom, number 12 in Denmark and Ireland, number 14 in Finland, number 18 in New Zealand, number 19 in Austria, number 32 in Australia and Sweden and number 35 in Germany. It was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2002. It was named after the 1933 novel of the same name by Fannie Hurst.

## Track listings
All songs were written by Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.

* **US maxi-CD single**
# "Imitation of Life" – 3:52
# "The Lifting" (original version) – 5:20
# "Beat a Drum" (Dalkey demo) – 4:27
# "2JN" – 3:25
# "Imitation of Life" (video)

* **US limited-edition 12-inch orange vinyl single**
: **Canadian, Australian, and European maxi-CD single**
# "Imitation of Life" – 3:52
# "The Lifting" (original version) – 5:20
# "Beat a Drum" (Dalkey demo) – 4:27
# "2JN" – 3:25

* **European CD and UK cassette single**
# "Imitation of Life" (album version) – 3:52
# "2JN" – 3:25

* **UK CD single**
# "Imitation of Life" (album version) – 3:52
# "The Lifting" (original version) – 5:20
# "Beat a Drum" (Dalkey demo) – 4:27

* **UK, European, Australian, and Japanese DVD single**
# "Imitation of Life" (video) – 3:50
# "2JN" (audio) – 3:25
# "The Lifting" (audio) – 5:20

## References
Pilbara Craton

The **Pilbara Craton** is one of only two unntouched Archaean 3.8–2.7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth.

The other is the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa. The youngest rocks are 1.7 Ga old in the historic area assigned to the Craton. Both locations may have once been part of the Vaalbara supercontinent or the continent of Ur.

## References
Princess Birgitta of Sweden

**Princess Birgitta of Sweden**  (Birgitta Ingeborg Alice; 19 January 1937 – 4 December 2024) was an elder sister of King Carl XVI Gustaf.

## Family
She was born at Haga Palace in Stockholm. She is the second child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and a granddaughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf. Her sisters are Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler, Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld, and Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson. She was a first cousin of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and Queen Anne-Marie of Greece. 

## Marriage
In 1959, Birgitta met Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern at a cocktail party in Germany. On 15 December 1960, their engagement was announced.

The couple married in a civil ceremony in the Hall of State of the Royal Palace of Stockholm on 25 May 1961. The bridesmaids were the bride’s sister Princess Christina and cousin Princess Benedikte of Denmark; the groomsmen were the bride's brother Crown Prince Carl Gustaf and her cousin Count Michael Bernadotte of Wisborg (son of Sigvard Bernadotte). A Roman Catholic ceremony was held at Sankt Johann Church at the groom's family seat of Sigmaringen, Germany, on 30 May 1961.

Princess Birgitta and Prince Johann Georg had three children:
* Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern Prince Carl Christian of Hohenzollern (b. 5 April 1962 in Munich)
* Princess Désirée of Hohenzollern (born 27 November 1963, Munich)
* Prince Hubertus of Hohenzollern  (born 10 June 1966 in Munich)

Prince Johann Georg and Princess Birgitta separated in 1990, although they stayed legally married (they did not divorce). She lived on the island of Majorca in Spain, while her husband lived in Munich. He died in 2016.

## Death
On 4 December 2024, Princess Birgitta died in Mallorca, Spain, at the age of 87.

## Ancestry
## References
## Other websites
Robert Motherwell

**Robert Motherwell** (January 24, 1915 – July 16, 1991) was an American artist. He was an important painter in the abstract expressionist movement.

Motherwell was born in Aberdeen, Washington in 1915. When he was 11 years old, he was given money to study art. In 1932 he studied painting at the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco. After getting a B. A. from Stanford University in 1937, he began to study philosophy at Harvard University. He studied in Europe for a year. He had his first art show in Paris in 1939. 

Back in New York, he was friends with artists William Baziotes, Willem de Kooning, Hans Hofmann, and Jackson Pollock.

Motherwell died in 1991, at Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

## References
The Weight

"**The Weight**" is a 1968 debut single by Canadian-American The Band and taken from their debut studio album *Music from Big Pink*. It went to number 63 in the United States, number 35 in Canada and number 21 in the United Kingdom. It is considered to be their best singles from the group. It was ranked #41 in the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. It has been covered by numerous artists.

## References
Aaliyah (given name)

**Aaliyah** is a female given name meaning "exalted one".

## People
* Aaliyah, American singer and actress (1979–2001)
* Aaliyah Alleyne (born 1994), West Indian cricketer
* Aaliyah Brown (born 1995), American sprinter
* Aaliyah Edwards (born 2002), American basketball player
Aaly

**Aaly** is an Asian given name. 

## People 
* Aaly Karashev (born 1968), Kyrgyz politician
* Aaly Tokombaev (1904–1988), Kyrgyz poet, composer, and writer
Aamir

**Aamir** is a name commonly used in the Indian subcontinent that comes from the Arabic name Amer. The spelling of Aamir is just a variation of Amer.

## People 
* Aamir Khan, Indian actor, director and producer
* Aamir Liaquat Hussain, politician in Pakistan
Aapo

**Aapo** is a name used in Finland and Estonia, and it comes from the name Abraham.

## People
* Aapo Häkkinen (born 1976), Finnish musician
* Aapo Halme (born 1998), Finnish football center-back
* Aapo Harjula (1880–1961), Finnish cooperative inspector and politician
Ward (electoral subdivision)

A **ward** is a local government area, mostly used for elections.

In some countries, wards are given names. It is common in the United States for wards to simply be numbered. In Ireland they are called electoral divisions. In Australia, some local government areas (LGAs) have wards; some of them are numbered and others have names. Most Australian wards elect multiple members, but some (such as those of the Brisbane City Council) elect only one member per ward.

The word "ward" seems have first been used in the City of London in the 11th century. There are now 25 wards there, all very small.

## By country
### Australia
In Australia, some local government areas (LGAs) have wards. Most of these are multi-member wards, but some are single-member wards. Some wards are named, while others are numbered. Most LGAs that have wards are in cities.

The Brisbane City Council, the council that governs the City of Brisbane (the LGA representing most of Brisbane) but acting rather like a state parliament, has 26 single-member wards. These wards elect 26 of the 27 councillors; the remaining seat is held by the Lord Mayor who is directly elected.

### Canada
### Japan
### New Zealand
### United Kingdom
The Local Government Boundary Commissions  change the wards quite often, especially in cities, to try and keep the numbers fair.   This can make it hard to keep track of statistics over time.

### United States
## References
Aake

**Aake** is a given name.

## People 
* Aake Kalliala (born 1950), Finnish actor
* Aake Anker Ording (1899–1979), Norwegian civil servant and politician
Tromsøysund Tunnel

**The Tromsøysund Tunnel** is a road tunnel in Norway. It goes under the sea and connects the island of Tromsøya with the mainland. It is part of a big road called European route E08. The tunnel has two sections and each section has two lanes for cars. One tube is 3,500 meters long and the other is 3,386 meters long. The tunnel goes down to 102 meters below sea level.

The tunnel opened on December 3, 1994. It was built to help with traffic problems on the Tromsø Bridge. The tunnel comes out near the University of Tromsø and the University Hospital of North Norway on the island side. On the mainland side, it comes out at a place called Tomasjord.

## References
Tromsøysundet

**Tromsøysundet** is a body of water in Norway. It is  long and separates the island of Tromsøya from the mainland. The body of water is crossed by a tunnel and a bridge. It connects to other fjords and .

## References
Tromsø Airport

**Tromsø Airport** is an airport in Norway. It is found in Tromsø city, which is part of Tromsø Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county. The airport's longest runway is  long. It is owned by the company Avinor. In 2014, the airport had 1,910,692 passengers, 43,219 aircraft movements, and 2,758 tonnes of cargo. This made Tromsø Airport the fifth-busiest airport in Norway.

The airport was opened in 1964 and replaced the older Tromsø Airport, Skattøra, which was a water airport. Tromsø Airport is the main airport for Widerøe's regional flights to Troms og Finnmark. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) operated main flights to other big airports. Braathens SAFE and its Busy Bee branch operated from Tromsø from 1967 to 2002. Norwegian Air Shuttle and Lufttransport also have operations at Tromsø. The current Terminal B was built in 1977. Terminal A opened in 1997 after a runway was made longer and a new control tower was built.

## References
Great Norwegian Encyclopedia

The **Great Norwegian Encyclopedia** or **Store Norske Leksikon** (SNL) is an online encyclopedia in Norwegian. It is one of the most popular Norwegian websites with over two million visitors each month. SNL was created in 1978 when two publishing houses, Aschehoug and Gyldendal, merged their encyclopedias. Before 1978, they had published their own encyclopedias.  The online version of SNL was launched in 2000 and became free to use in 2009. In 2010, Kunnskapsforlaget, the company that owned SNL, announced that they would close the online encyclopedia due to lack of funds. In 2011, two groups called Fritt Ord and Sparebankstiftelsen DNB bought the encyclopedia. In 2014, they made an association with members from universities and non-profit groups. In 2016, they hired a new chief editor, Erik Bolstad.

## References
Platymantis diesmosi

The **Mount Malinao forest frog** (*Platymantis diesmosi*) is a frog.  It lives in the Philippines on Luzon Island.  People have seen it in the forest between 900 and 1160 meters above sea level.

The adult male frog is about 28.3-39.1 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog isabout 49.8-52.7 mm long.  Unlike other frogs in *Platymantis*, it does not climb trees much.  Instead it lives on the ground.  It does have disks on its toes for climbing, but they are smaller than the disks of other frogs in *Platymantis*. This frog is dark brown in color with a white mark between its eyes.  The tops of its legs are lighter brown with black marks.  The iris of the eye is gold in color on top and darker gold on the bottom.

## Home
This frog lives in the place where water flows into the Tiwi River.  This is where the people in the town of Tiwi get their drinking water.  This means that the frog and the people need the same water to be clean.

## Threats
This frog is in danger of dying out.  This is because humans change the places where the frog lives.  They build farms and cut down trees so animals can eat grass.

## References
Alvin Bragg

**Alvin Leonard Bragg Jr.** (born October 21, 1973) is an American politician, attorney and the current New York County District Attorney since 2022. In 2021, Bragg became the first African American elected to the office. He had previously served as chief deputy attorney general of New York and as an assistant United States attorney in the Southern District of New York.

## References
1984–85 Austrian Cup

The **1984-85  Austrian Cup** was the national cup in Austrian football. SK Rapid Wien were the defending champions. 

Originally 2 finals were planned, but Rapid and Austria agreed shortly before the first leg to only play one final in the Hanappi Stadium - **Reasons:** Austria wanted to play both games in the Hanappi Stadium for financial reasons, but this resulted in massive protests from their own supporters. On the date of the second leg of the final, a district festival was announced around the Hanappi Stadium, which, in view of the Brussels tragedy a few weeks earlier, would have been a risk. 
## Second round 
First round with teams from the first and second league.

## Round of 32
## Round of 16
## Quarter finals
## Semi-finals First leg
## Semi-finals Second leg
## Final
***SK Rapid Wien:**
Michael Konsel – Leo Lainer, Heribert Weber (100. Rudolf Weinhofer), Karl Brauneder, Reinhard Kienast, Antonín Panenka, Petar Bručić, Gerald Willfurth (75. Peter Hrstic), Zlatko Kranjčar, Hans Krankl, Peter Pacultcoach:Otto Barić

* **FK Austria Wien:**
Franz Wohlfahrt – Erich Obermayer, Robert Frind, Johann Dihanich, Josef Degeorgi, Ewald Türmer, Herbert Prohaska (74. Fritz Drazan), Džemal Mustedanagić, Gerhard Steinkogler (110. Karl Daxbacher), Tibor Nyilasi, Alfred Drabits
coach: Thomas Parits

## Top goalscorers
## References
Hold on My Heart

"**Hold on My Heart**" is a 1992 song by Genesis and is the third single from their 14th studio album ''We Can't Dance''. It went to number 1 in Canada, number 4 in Denmark, number 12 in the United States, number 13 in the Netherlands, number 16 in the United Kingdom and Belgium, number 19 in Finland and number 20 in Ireland.

## Track listings
**7-inch and cassette single**
# "Hold on My Heart"
# "Way of the World"

**UK CD single**
# "Hold on My Heart"
# "Way of the World"
# "Your Own Special Way" (live)

**Australian and Japanese CD single**
# "Hold on My Heart"
# "Way of the World"
# "Home by the Sea" (live)
# "Your Own Special Way" (live)

## References
Michelle Ruff

**Michelle Ruff** is an American voice actress. She is best known for voicing Luna from *Sailor Moon* as well as other characters in various anime.
Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison

The **inauguration of Benjamin Harrison** as the 23rd president of the United States happened on March 4, 1889. It was the start of the only term of Benjamin Harrison as president and Levi P. Morton as vice president.

A public ceremony happened on the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The event was the 26th presidential inauguration. Chief Justice Melville Fuller administered the oath of office to Harrison. John James Ingalls administered the vice presidential oath of office to Morton.

The inauguration happened during a rainstorm in Washington D.C. Harrison's speech was short, and he spoke about the growth of the United States due to education and religion. He also told the states that harvested cotton and did mining to use the industrial technology the eastern part of the United States had. Harrison also talked about the territories to become US states, and for a raise in pension for veterans. He also talked about the Monroe Doctrine, as well as wanting a better and more modern Navy.

John Philip Sousa's band played at the Inaugural Ball. After the inauguration, Harrison stated his desire for an office separate from the White House, saying "There is only a door – one that is never locked – between the president's office and what are not very accurately called his private apartments. There should be an executive office building, not too far away, but wholly distinct from the dwelling house. For everyone else in the public service there is an unroofed space between the bedroom and the desk."

## References 
## Other websites 
* Text of Benjamin Harrison's Inaugural Address
Charles Chaplin Jr.

**Charles Spencer Chaplin III** (May 5, 1925 – March 20, 1968), known professionally as **Charles Chaplin Jr.**, was an American actor. He was the elder son of Charlie Chaplin and Lita Grey, and is known for appearing in 1950s films such as *The Beat Generation* and *Fangs of the Wild*.

## Other websites
* 
*
Countryliner

Countryliner was a bus company in Uckfield in England. It was big, running more than fifty bus services mostly in Sussex. The company closed on the 18th of January 2013 under a new bus operating licence called SwiftBus Limited that was before that known as the RJB (UK) Limited licence. The main Countryliner company closed on the 8th of October 2012.  
## Closure
The Countryliner company got involved in a Surrey County Council public inquiry which asked people what they thought about Countryliner. Countryliner was in quite a lot of debt, so they paid it as much of it off to try and stop the company from closing. Sadly, the company got closed because their buses had high M.O.T. failures.
## Sunray Travel
Countryliner's buses went to Sunray Travel when Sunray Travel started to drive service 479 Guildford-Epsom commercially.
## Fleet
Countryliner used a mixture of Plaxton Pointer Dennis Darts, MAN 12.220 MCV Evolutions, Optare Excels, Plaxton Premieres and more for their bus and school services.
## References
Lawrence, New Zealand

**Lawrence** is a small town in Otago, New Zealand. It is situated 35 kilometers northwest of Milton and 11 kilometers northwest of Waitahuna. It is located on State Highway 8 to the inland towns of Alexandra and Queenstown. It has an area school and a church within the township.

## References
Vasilissa (child martyr)

**Vasilissa, Holy Martyr** (300309) was a small child when martyred, suffering in Nicomedia not long after the death of Anthimus. According to the Russian Orthodox tradition, the torturers covered her whole body with wounds, but she remained faithful to Christ. She was also tortured with fire and was before wild beasts, yet remained unscathed. Her torturer, Alexander, seeing those wonders, repented and became a Christian. Vasilissa went out into a field, fell on her knees and prayed to God, thanking Him for her endurance under torture, and, while thus praying, gave her soul into God's hands. 
She died in 309 in Nicomedia.
Platymantis sierramadrensis

***Platymantis sierramadrensis*** is a frog.  It lives in the Philippines on Luzon Island.  It lives in the Sierra Madre Mountains.  People have seen it in the forest between 600 and 1200 meters above sea level.

## References
Municipal borough

**Municipal boroughs** were a type of local government district which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974, in Northern Ireland from 1840 to 1973 and in the Republic of Ireland from 1840 to 2002. There were similar structures in Scotland from 1833 to 1975.

There were boroughs in England and Wales since the middle ages.   In 1833 a  Royal Commission investigated them. 263 towns in England and Wales had some form of corporation.  The Municipal Corporations Act 1835  reformed the government of towns.  It set up municipal boroughs. They each had an elected town council, with a mayor, aldermen and councillors. To vote in the elections voters had to own property in the area. The councillors were directly elected for a three-year term,  If  there were more than 6,000 people the area was divided into wards with separate elections held in each ward each year. There were then 178 municipal boroughs.  

The smaller boroughs which had not been reformed were mostly abolished in the 1880s by the Municipal Corporations Act 1883, except for the City of London Corporation. 

The Local Government Act 1888 created county councils across England and Wales. Boroughs were divided into two sorts, with some becoming county boroughs which were entirely self-governing and independent from county councils.

There were over 200 municipal boroughs in 1974 when they were abolished by the Local Government Act 1972. In England, they were replaced by metropolitan or non-metropolitan districts and in Wales by districts.

## Ireland 
Similar things happened in Ireland under British rule. The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 set up the six largest cities - Belfast, Cork, Dublin, Limerick, Derry and Waterford as county boroughs. 

## References
Aare (given name)

**Aare** is an Estonian masculine given name meaning "treasure" in the Estonian language.

## People 
* Aare Heinvee (born 1956), politician
* Aare Laanemets (1954–2000), actor and stage director
* Aare Laht (born 1948), chemist
Asa Hutchinson 2024 presidential campaign

On April 2, 2023, Asa Hutchinson, the 46th governor of Arkansas from 2015 to 2023, announced his campaign for President of the United States during an interview with ABC News. He will formally launch his campaign in late April in his hometown of Bentonville.

Hutchinson announced the suspension of his campaign on January 16, 2024, the day after the Iowa Republican caucus.

## References
Aarni (given name)

**Aarni** is a masculine given name. 

## People 
* Aarni Neuvonen (20th century), Estonian criminal
* Markus Aarni Erämies Kajo (born 1957), Finnish reporter, screenwriter, and television host
GeoGebra

**GeoGebra** is a computer program for teaching geometry, algebra, statistics, and calculus. It can be used on Windows, macOS, Linux, Android tablets, iPadOS, and web browsers.

## History 
Markus Hohenwarter started making GeoGebra in early 2001 as part of his thesis at the University of Salzburg. In 2013, after a successful Kickstarter project, GeoGebra was released for tablet computers.

In December 2021, GeoGebra was sold to Byju's for about a hundred million dollars.

## References