open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Warren G. Harding

**Warren Gamaliel Harding** (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923. Before becoming president, he was a senator and the assistant governor of Ohio. Before he was in government, he was an important newspaper manager. He was a Republican.

## Presidency
After World War I, he was elected on the promise to return the United States back to normal.  He supported limited government in the economy. During his term, he lowered taxes and believed that the economy should not be regulated too much. In 1922, Harding became the first president to have his voice transmitted by radio when he addressed a crowd in Baltimore.

Harding made the mistake of appointing his friends to high political positions. As a result, they corruptly abused their power for their personal gain and several scandals happened during his presidency, including the infamous Teapot Dome scandal, based in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, which involved Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall. Other untrustworthy people included Edward L. Doheny and Harry Ford Sinclair.

## Death
He died in office of a heart attack in 1923 in San Francisco while he was on a speaking tour. Vice President Calvin Coolidge then became president after.

## Personal life 
Harding cheated on his wife with Carrie Phillips, a family friend who supported Germany during World War I. In fact, many people thought that she was a spy.

He also cheated with Nan Britton, who was over 30 years younger, and fathered a child with her, Elizabeth Ann Blaesing. Afterward, she wrote a book'', The President's Daughter'', telling her story, but most people did not believe her. However, in 2015, DNA testing confirmed that she had told the truth about the baby.

## Legacy
When he died, Harding was one of the most popular presidents at the time, but shortly after, the scandals had become public. Historians consider him one of the worst presidents because of all the scandals that happened while he was president, including much corrupt and bribery, though he was not involved personally. However, in recent years, some historians have begun to reassess his legacy for his economic achievements that began the Roaring Twenties.

## References
## Other websites 
* Harding's White House biography
United States Senate

The **United States Senate** is the upper house of the United States Congress, which is a small group of elected people who decide the laws of the country. Every U.S. state elects two people to represent them in the U.S. Senate. These people are called **senators**. Since there are 50 states, there are 100 senators. In most cases, both of these groups have to agree on the suggested law and the President has to sign it before it becomes a law. A filibuster happens when senators banding together, they can stop bills from going through the senate. 

## Confirmation powers 
The Senate is also in charge of agreeing to treaties with other countries. The Senate has the sole responsibility for ing presidential ments. These include federal judges, foreign ambassadors and Cabinet members. If the Senate and President do not agree, the President has to pick someone else the Senate will agree to.

## Political parties 
Committees of the Senate and other important jobs in the Senate are assigned by its majority political party. As of 2025, the Senate is made up of 53 Republicans, which make them the Senate majority. The Senate minority is made up of 45 Democrats, with 2 independents who side with them.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* The United States Senate Official Website
** Sortable contact data
** Senate Chamber Map
** [ Standing Rules of the Senate]
** *Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present*
* List of Senators who died in office, via PoliticalGraveyard.com
* Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present, via Texas Tech University
* A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 , via Tufts University
* Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide&nbsp;– Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index 
* 
* First U.S. Senate session aired by C-SPAN via C-SPAN
* Senate Manual via govinfo.gov (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
* United States Senate Calendars and Schedules
* Information about U.S. Bills and Resolutions
Soil erosion

, Australia]]

; Spearman, Texas, April 14, 1935]]

**Soil erosion** is the washing or blowing away (by water or wind) of the top layer of soil (dirt). This is a serious problem for farmers.  If the soil has eroded, the crops that make food will not grow very well. 

Soil erosion was a big problem in the Midwestern United States in the 1930s dust bowl.

Erosion also leaves large sinkholes in the ground, which can weaken buildings and even cause them to collapse.   Urban areas are usually protected from soil erosion, so not many buildings collapse from erosion. 

## Steps for conserving soil from eroding 
Soil erosion can be conserved in several ways: 

* A wind break is a line of plants that are planted to stop or slow the wind.  A thick row of bushes or shrubs planted next to a field of crops can stop the wind from blowing the soil away.  This method also helps against water erosion, as the soil gets caught up against the roots of the bushes, rather than washing away.
* Terraces are level places that have been made on hill sides. They are used for Terrace farming.
* If the crops are growing on a slope, then one should plant them in contour lines that run across the slope, rather than up and down. So, if the slope goes downhill to the south, then the plants should be in rows that run from east to west.
* Groynes (wooden planks) along the beaches can resist erosion, or sea walls against cliffs can protect the cliffs.
West Germany

**West Germany** (German: *West Deutschland*) is the common English name for the **Federal Republic of Germany** (**FRG**; , **BRD**; ), retrospectively designated the **Bonn Republic**. It was a country in Central Europe. It was created on May 23, 1949. It ended on October 3, 1990 due to German Reunification. During the Cold War, West Germany was part of the Western bloc. It was created from the eleven states in Allied-occupied Germany after World War II. The capital city was Bonn.

West Germany was very important in the Cold War. The last capital city of Germany Berlin was also split into West Berlin and East Berlin.

## History
After World War II, Germany was split into four zones. These zones were controlled by the -
British, French, Americans, and Soviets. From 1946 to 1949, the British, French, and American zones combined (came together) to create West Germany. The Soviet zone became East Germany. The two zones would not come together again until 1990.

Konrad Adenauer was called in as chancellor from 1947 until 1962. He was not meant to be the chancellor for a long time, but he stayed longer than expected. As chancellor, he helped West Germany recover (get better) from World War II and improved the economy.

After Adenauer left, he was followed by Ludwig Erhard, who was also followed by Kurt Georg Kiesinger. In 1968 the West German student movement protests began.

In 1969 Willy Brandt became chancellor. Under him, West Germany was nicer to the Eastern countries, and he managed to sign agreements with East Germany, Poland, and Czechoslovakia, who had been more hostile to West Germany. Brandt had to resign in May 1974 when it was found out that one of his staff members was a spy.

Helmut Schmidt served as chancellor until 1982. He helped launch the European Monetary System (EMS). Schmidt was followed by Helmut Kohl, who was chancellor when the Berlin Wall collapsed and Germany reunified in 1990.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
Fair use

**Fair use** is the idea that it should be okay for a person to reuse something that another person has created, in certain amounts and for certain purposes, without breaking the law.
## Usage
In most countries, art and other made-up things, like stories, books, television shows and pictures, are owned by the person that first made them. This person can let someone else own the things they make, sometimes for money. The owner has a *copyright* for them, meaning that person can decide who can reuse their work. If someone else copies that work without asking the owner first, that person is breaking the law. The owner can take the person to court and try to get money from them because of what they did.

Since a lot of creative work is popular, people want to talk about them, and they may want to talk about them on TV or in a book. This might mean that they want to use a little bit of it when they talk about it. The idea of *fair use* was added to most copyright laws to make sure that it would be OK to do this, as long as only a little bit of someone's work is used.

## Software programs
Since a lot of creative work is now on computers and on the internet, it is very easy to copy things and send them to lots of people. To make sure that people cannot always do this, there are computer programs that try to stop people from copying other people's work, known as digital rights management. One problem with these programs is that they also mean that you cannot copy even a small part of someone's work, so you cannot do "fair use" without cheating the program. In some countries, cheating those software programs is also breaking the law.

## References
Lou Gehrig

**Henry Louis Gehrig** (born **Heinrich Ludwig Gehrig**; June 19, 1903June 2, 1941) was an American baseball player. Due to his reliability and stamina, he was nicknamed **the Iron Horse**. He played with Babe Ruth and the New York Yankees who were thought the best team of that time. He played with the Yankees for most of his playing time which started in 1923 and ended in 1939. He played in 2,130 games without a rest, which was the most of any player until Cal Ripken, Jr. in 1995. When he stopped playing as well, he went to a doctor who found out Gehrig had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS – which is now sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease). The doctor told Gehrig he had only a short time to live. On July 4, 1939, there was a celebration of Gehrig by the other Yankees, and Gehrig gave a speech that became well-known. When he spoke that day he said he was "the luckiest man on the face of the earth". The mayor of New York City congratulated him for his teamwork. He died less than two years later in New York City.

## References
## Other websites
*
Compost

**Compost** is a type of fertilizer that is made from  plants. It is easy and cheap to make, as all it really requires is vegetable waste. The vegetable waste is broken down by bacteria (germs), and made into compost.

## Making a compost heap 
To make a compost heap, you need some space fairly far from anyone who might have a problem with the smell. The bottom corner of a garden, or some other place a distance from the house is a good place. Compost heaps should also be placed on soil, or grass: a paved yard or concrete are bad places.
The compost heap should not be in a dark or closed corner.

The best base for a compost heap is a layer of sand, bricks or gravel about 1m long by 1m wide. This is not needed, but it can be a good idea. If using bricks, leave spaces to allow the air to move through. It also allows for the water to run away. The best compost heaps have lots of little spaces inside, to allow air to move around.

Once the first layer is down, one can begin adding the waste. 

Some good types of waste are:

*Vegetable/fruit peels and scraps
*Spoiled, rotten or moldy fruit
*Cut grass
*Leaves
*Straw
*Sawdust
*Eggshells

Adding meat scraps is a bad idea, as they rot slowly, smell bad and attract rats and other vermin. Human or pet feces is also a very bad idea, as this can transmit disease. Waste from plants that have died of disease is also bad. The disease can spread to the plants that the compost is used with.

When making a compost heap, different types of waste should be layered. A layer of cut grass can be followed by a layer of vegetable waste and table scraps.

Watering the compost heap is a good idea, especially in dry areas. The water helps encourage the waste to rot and turn into compost.

In anywhere from 3 to 6 months, the compost will be ready. The compost is ready when it smells like thick earth, with no smell of decay or rot. Of course, if you have been adding waste all this time, the compost will all be at the bottom of the heap, and will have to be dug out.

The stuff that has not rotted can be used as part of a new compost heap.

## Other websites 
*The Look of Compost 
*Cré, the Irish Composting Association Contains information on composting in Ireland.
*Composting Basics  Canadian Gardening Magazine
*An automatic composter
Hodgenville, Kentucky

**Hodgenville** is a town in the American state of Kentucky. It is the county seat of Larue County. It is most famous as the birthplace of President Abraham Lincoln. A memorial featuring a replica (copy) of the cabin Lincoln was born in is near the town.

## References
Husband (disambiguation)

A **husband** is the male spouse in a marriage.

**Husband** may also refer to:
*a kind of pillow.
*husbandry, the breeding of livestock, such as conservation or agriculture.
46 BC

Year **46 BC** was the last year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lepidus**.

## Events
* Titus Labienus defeated Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.
* Julius Caesar defeated the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians at Thapsus.
* Caesar leaves for Farther Hispania to deal with rebellion in Rome.
* Caesar changes the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The *Julian Calendar* remains the standard in the western world until the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.
* Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir.

## Births
* Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman politician (d. 9 AD)

## Deaths 
*Cato the Younger (Marcus Porcius Cato) (b. 95 BC)
*Metellus Scipio (b. c. 100 BC)
*Vercingetorix, Gaul leader
1500s

The **1500s** was a decade that started on 1 January 1500 and ended on 31 December 1509.

It is distinct from the decade known as the ***151th decade*** which began on January 1, 1501 and ended on December 31, 1510.

## Events 
* People begin to make cutlery in Sheffield, England.
* Leonardo da Vinci paints the *Mona Lisa*
* Spanish arrive in present-day Gulf of Mexico
* Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal.
Freddie Mercury

**Farrokh Bulsara** (5 September 1946 better known as **Freddie Mercury**, was a British singer, songwriter, record producer, and lead singer of the rock band Queen. Regarded as one of the greatest singers in popular music history, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and four-octave vocal range. Mercury wrote numerous hits for Queen, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", and "We Are the Champions". He led a solo career while performing with Queen, and occasionally served as a producer and guest musician for other artists.

He formed Queen in 1970 with guitarist Brian May, and drummer Roger Taylor. Bass guitarist John Deacon joined in 1971. Mercury died in 1991 at age 45 due to complications from AIDS, having confirmed the day before his death that he had the disease. In 1992, Mercury was posthumously awarded the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music, and a tribute concert was held at Wembley Stadium, London. As a member of Queen, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003, and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004. In 2002, he was placed number 58 in the BBC's 2002 poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He is often voted as one of the greatest singers in the history of popular music.

## Life and career 
### Childhood 
Freddie Mercury was born Farrokh Bulsara on 5 September 1946 in Stone Town in the British protectorate of the Zanzibar (now part of Tanzania). His parents were Jer and Bomi Bulsara, who were both Zoroastrians, from India.His father worked as a cashier in the British Colonial Office, a branch of the government. Mercury had a sister named Kashmira. His friends at school gave him the name "Freddie." His family then began calling him Freddie, too.

At age eight, Mercury was sent to a boarding school in India. The school, St. Peters English Boarding school in Panchgani, was about 50 miles outside the city of Bombay (now called Mumbai). He began to show talent as an artist and a sportsman. At age ten, he was named the school champion of table tennis. When he was twelve, he received a trophy called the Junior All-rounder.

### Music career, personal life, and death 
While in school he joined a choir and began to learn to play the piano. He had a four-octave vocal range.

He was a  follower of Zoroastrianism.

In 1964, Mercury moved to London with his family. While in London, he became fond of Mary Austin, a woman he met through his guitarist, Brian May. They lived together for several years before and after the band became famous. They moved into a house in London nicknamed "The Court of King Freddie". Mary still lived in that house after she and Mercury broke up.

Mercury was in love with a local barber when he died. He had been with him in a relationship for six years when it was learned by the media that Mercury had AIDS, which he was tested positive for in 1987. One day after the news was broadcast, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia caused by AIDS on 24 November 1991, at the age of 45. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Queen Archives: Interviews
Sun Tzu

::*This article is about the military strategist Sun Tzu. For the mathematician of the same name, see Sun Tzu (mathematician).*
, in Japan]]

**Sun Tzu** (544 BC – 496 BC) also called **Sun Wu**, was an ancient Chinese general, military , and philosopher. He is widely believed to have been the writer of the most important work of military strategy and theory, *The Art of War*. His name means "Master Sun". His family name is Sun, Tzu is an honorific (title of respect) meaning "master."

Most of what is known about Sun Tzu comes from Ssu-ma Ch'ien's *Shih chi*, also called the *Records of the Grand Historian*. According to Ssu-ma, Sun Tzu lived during the era called the Spring and Autumn Period of China (770 to 476 BC).

## Life 
Sun Tzu was born in the State of Qi (now Shandong Province). This is according to the Records of the Grand Historians. However, the *Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yueh* claim he was born in Wu. He became a general for King Helü of Wu.

Sun Tzu won battles by not actually fighting his enemy if it was unnecessary. He recommended spies,  and a commander having complete control of his soldiers. The great historian Sima Qian (145/135–86 BC), writer of *Shiji* (Historical Record), called Sun Tzu an exceptional strategic battlefield commander. He also said Sun Tzu was both flexible and had unlimited surprises for his enemies. It was translated to English only in the 20th century. Sun Tzu refused to see war as a sport. The American generals Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. and Colin Powell followed Sun Tzu's principles during the Gulf War.

## References
Western world

**Western world** has meant various things at various times. In the earliest history of Europe, it referred to Ancient Greece and the Aegean. During the Roman Empire, it meant the Western Roman Empire (covering the area from Croatia to Britain). At other times, it has meant the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. During and after the Cold War, it sometimes meant the democratic countries or those allied with the various NATO powers.

In this day and age, it often refers to the places that have a European cultural heritage, called Western civilization. This European heritage itself is a combination of Judeo-Christian ethic, classical Greco-Roman thinking and the cultural practices of the "barbarian" peoples of Northern Europe. 

It includes at least the following 27 countries:

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## Related pages 
* Eastern world
Mouse

A **mouse** (plural *mice*) is a small rodent, which is a kind of mammal.  
It has a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate. Most belong to the mus genus. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse (*Mus musculus*). Usually, house mice are brownish-gray. It is also a popular pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are also common. They are known to invade homes for food and occasionally shelter.

These small animals are often used in science experiments, or sometimes kept as pets. Some mice carry diseases. In some places they damage crops. This causes some people to think of mice as vermin or pests. Many other people think mice are cute and fun animals. 

Mice are rodents, therefore they are related to squirrels, rats, and beavers. Mice eat weeds, seeds, berries, and more. They are eaten by owls, foxes, snakes, weasels, and cats, amongst others.

## Types of mice 
The word "mouse" should only be used for small murines, but does get used for other distantly-related small rodents. The murines are the largest subfamily of mammals. In fact, it is larger than almost all mammal orders.

### House mouse 
The common house mouse is thought of as a pest.  They are found in the homes of humans.

### Vole 
Voles are *not* mice, they are in a different family of rodents. 

### Deer mouse 
These are not mice either, or only distantly related. These mice live in forests. They can run and jump better than mice, and they get their common name from this.

The aggressive *grasshopper mouse* rarely eats other mice, but it does like grasshoppers and insects. It is also only a distant relative.

## Mice in media 
Anthropomorphism makes cartoon mice look and act more like people than like real mice.  For example, the Disney characters Mickey and Minnie Mouse walk, talk, and act like people.  Jerry, the mouse star of Tom and Jerry cartoons, is similarly humanized.

## Mice used in research (or *laboratory mouse*)
Laboratory mice get used for experiments.

In 2024, media wrote about research where skin cells could possibly be turned into an egg (that has not been fertilized). That kind of egg is called a zygote.

## References
Advance Wars

***Advance Wars*** is a video game for the Game Boy Advance. It is based on earlier games for Nintendo systems such as the Famicom and Game Boy. It is a strategy game: players must think of ways to win.

The game can be played with two, three, or four players at a time. Each player takes turns controlling their military-style playing pieces, called "units." Every unit can move along the playing field, which is split up into squares. The amount of squares a unit can move in one turn is different for each unit.

Most units can attack other units. Each unit has its own strength and defense. Strength is how much damage the unit can do to another unit. Defense is how much damage it can avoid taking whenever it is attacked. For example, the tank unit has more defense than the soldier, so even though the helicopter always has the same amount of attacking power, it can do more damage to the soldier than the tank.

## References
Intestine

The **intestines**, divided into the small intestine and the large intestine, of an animal are like a tube through which food and bile from the stomach move.

The first part of the small **intestine** is called the duodenum, where most food is broken down by enzymes. Later, the small intestine absorbs useful compounds from the digested food, which is done using small villi or tiny microvilli  - hair-like structures in the walls of the intestine.

The large intestine, also called the **bowel**, absorbs water and any other nutrients, as well as vitamins made by the gut flora in the colon. Finally, waste is expelled through the anus.

## References
1880

**1880** (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Births 
* January 29 – W.C. Fields, American comedian

## Events 
* February 2 – The first electric streetlight is installed in Wabash, Indiana.
* Volapük created.

## Deaths 
* Ned Kelly, Australian bushranger (b. 1854)
Astrobiology

**Astrobiology** is the study of life in outer space. The field of astrobiology looks for conditions necessary for life, such as liquid water or a similar substitute, a good temperature, or the presence of oxygen.

Some possible places to find life in the solar system are Europa, Ganymede, moons of Jupiter, or Titan and Enceladus, both moons of Saturn. Some of these places may have liquid water, or, in the case of Titan, hydrocarbons that could support a different type of life. They may be too cold to support life on their surfaces, but if they have liquid water, the water must be warm enough to support life. Astrobiologists suggest that there may be a liquid water ocean under their surfaces.
## Related pages
* Abiogenesis
* Astronomy
* Earliest known life forms
* Extraterrestrial life
* Extraterrestrial sky
* Panspermia

## References 
## Other websites 
* Astrobiology.nasa.gov
* Spanish Centro de Astrobiología
* UK Centre for Astrobiology 
* Astrobiology Research at The Library of Congress
* Astrobiology Survey – An introductory course on astrobiology
Lucifer

**Lucifer** (means Lightbringer) is another name for *the* *Devil*. This is because people interpret a passage in the Book of Isaiah of the Bible in a certain way. Lucifer is Latin. It is made of two parts, *lux-lucis* (light) and *ferre* (to bring).
There are two mentions of *Lucifer* in the Latin Vulgate. is used to refer to the morning star, the planet Venus that appears at dawn: once in  to translate the Greek word "Φωσφόρος" (Phosphoros), which has exactly the same literal meaning of "Light-Bringer" that "Lucifer" has in Latin; and once in  to translate "הילל" (Hêlēl), which also means "Morning Star".

## Latin name for the Morning Star
 accompanied by Hesperus and Phosphorus: the corresponding Latin names are Luna, Vesper and Lucifer.]]
*Lucifer* is the Latin name for the "Morning Star", both in prose and poetry, as seen in works by Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC), Cicero (106-43 BC) and other early Latin writers

Cicero wrote:
:*Stella Veneris, quae Φωσφόρος Graece, Latine dicitur Lucifer, cum antegreditur solem, cum subsequitur autem Hesperos*

:The star of Venus, called Φωσφόρος in Greek and Lucifer in Latin when it precedes, Hesperos when it follows the sun.

And Pliny the Elder:
:*sidus appellatum Veneris … ante matutinum exoriens Luciferi nomen accipit … contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur Vesper*

:The star called Venus … when it rises in the morning is given the name Lucifer … but when it shines at sunset it is called Vesper

Poets also used the word "Lucifer". Ovid has at least eleven mentions of the Morning Star in his poetry.  Virgil wrote: 
:*Luciferi primo cum sidere frigida rura* 
:*carpamus, dum mane novum, dum gramina canent*

:Let us hasten, when first the Morning Star appears, 
:To the cool pastures, while the day is new, while the grass is dewy

And Statius:
:*et iam Mygdoniis elata cubilibus alto*
:*impulerat caelo gelidas Aurora tenebras*,
:*rorantes excussa comas multumque sequenti*
:*sole rubens; illi roseus per nubila seras*
:*aduertit flammas alienumque aethera tardo*
:*Lucifer exit equo, donec pater igneus orbem*
:*impleat atque ipsi radios uetet esse sororis*

:And now Aurora rising from her Mygdonian couch had driven the cold darkness on from high in the heavens, shaking out her dewy hair, her face blushing red at the pursuing sun – from him roseate Lucifer averts his fires lingering in the clouds and with reluctant horse leaves the heavens no longer his, until the blazing father make full his orb and forbid even his sister her beams

## Lucifer as Devil character of the Bible
Lucifer is the epitome of evil in the Christian religion. Lucifer is believed by some to be Satan's name when he was still an angel, but it is Latin for 'light bringer' and not originally in the Bible. 
The word *Lucifer* was also used in Latin to mean the "morningstar", the planet Venus, and this word was used in the Latin version of Isaiah 14, where the Hebrew version was speaking to a king of Babylonia. 

## References
Wikimedia Commons

**Wikimedia Commons** is a website owned by the Wikimedia Foundation, based on a wiki. 

Anybody can upload images, sounds, videos, and other multimedia files to Wikimedia Commons. The files uploaded to Wikimedia Commons are used by other Wikimedia Foundation projects, like Wikipedia or Wiktionary. For example, Wikipedia uses images on Wikimedia Commons to include pictures in their encyclopedia articles. The files can also be freely used by anyone else because they have free licenses.

## Categories
Wikimedia Commons has categories, which are groups of files that have something in common or similar. For example, there is a category for pictures of cats. Wikimedia Commons is a multilingual website, meaning that it can be used in every language. However, some parts of Wikimedia Commons are only in English, like names of categories.

### Sound files
Wikimedia Commons also has sound files. Not all of these are music. For example, there are recordings that read words out loud. These files are used in Wiktionary, a free dictionary, to teach people how to say words. For every file on Wikimedia Commons, the person who made it has to let everybody use it and change it as much as they want, including companies (see Creative Commons).

## Statistics
Wikimedia Commons reached 10 million files on April 15, 2011.

## Improvements 
The Wikimedia Foundation was given money to make it easier for people to use their websites. They used some of this money to make the Upload Wizard, a new system for uploading files on Wikimedia Commons. People started using the UploadWizard in December 2010.

The Upload Wizard also teaches new uploaders about copyright law.  It has a tutorial for users to read so that they can check if the file they are uploading is violating copyright.  Most uploads are by the Upload Wizard.

Before, Wikimedia Commons only let people upload one file at a time. The Upload Wizard lets people upload multiple files at the same time and include all the required information about each one.

## Logo 
The logo of Wikimedia Commons has a red circle inside a blue circle. There are many small blue arrows pointing from the blue circle to the red circle in the middle, and one big blue arrow pointing upwards. The small blue arrows represent the different projects of the Wikimedia Foundation. The large arrow is to show that Wikimedia Commons is constantly improving.

This logo was chosen in a vote in 2004.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Wikimedia Commons
* Simple English version of the Main Page
* 2004 logo vote
* Image sharing
Winter storm

on trees in Columbus, Ohio during the Winter Storm of December 2004]]
**Winter storms** or **snowstorms** happen when warm, wet air meets with cold air. The warm, wet air mass and the cold air mass can each be  or more in diameter. Snowstorms affecting Northeastern United States often get their moisture from air moving north from the Gulf of Mexico and cold air from air masses coming down from the Arctic. In the Northwest United States warm, wet air from the Pacific Ocean cools when it is pushed upward by the mountains. Many different things can affect the direction of movement, moisture content and temperature of air masses. All of these differences affect the type and severity of the snowstorm.

Winter storms and blizzards can make several meters of snow that blow into big drifts. Sometimes the drifts can be over  tall. They could even cover a house.

## History 
Lots of popular winter storms are part of North America's history. In 1846 the Donner Party traveled away by covered wagons from Illinois headed for Sutter's Fort near Sacramento, California. As an answer of bad decisions and slow going, they tried to go across the big Sierra Nevada Mountains in the late October. Usually, California is still warm at that time of the year. As the party crossed the Sierra Nevada Mountains, they did not see any snow and was not worried.
However, after they left, a huge snowstorm hit. The party was forced to camp near Truckee, California. The snow was so deep that the wagon wheels became stuck, so they could not move anyplace. They tried to wait the storm out, but when one blizzard ended, another began immediately before they had time to escape.
Their food became short, so some of the people decided to hike out and find help rather than to starve to death. Most of them died in the freezing weather, and many of those who stayed behind in the camp survived. Of the 87 people who started in Illinois, only 47 lived.

## References
Lake Ontario

**Lake Ontario** is the smallest of the Great Lakes in North America, but its maximum depth (802ft; 244m) is deeper than lake Erie's (210ft) and Lake Huron's (750ft). 

It forms most of the border between Ontario in Canada and New York in the United States of America. Its inlet is the Niagara River (from Niagara Falls), and its outlet is the Saint Lawrence River. Nearly 9 million Canadians live near Lake Ontario. It is the only Great Lake that does not touch the U.S. state of Michigan, the "Great Lakes State".
1864

## Events
* May 5 - American Civil War: The Battle of the Wilderness starts in Virginia.
* August 21 - American Civil War: In the Lawrence Massacre, Confederates attack the town of Lawrence, Kansas and kill 150 people.
* September 1 - The Charlottetown Conference starts.
* November 25 - The book Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne is published.

### Date unknown
* Fort Baker is built near Las Vegas, Nevada.
* Father Damien goes to Hawaii.
* The Great Central Fair is held in June in Philadelphia.
* Ponsonby's Column is destroyed by lightning.

## Births
* January 16 - Frank Bacon, American actor
* May 5 - Nellie Bly, American journalist
* June 14 - Alois Alzheimer, German psychiatrist

## Deaths
* May 19 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer
* December 31 - George M. Dallas, 11th Vice President of the United States
SS Edmund Fitzgerald

'*SS *Edmund Fitzgerald'''* was an freighter which sank during a storm on Lake Superior. The ship sank on November 10, 1975, at around 7:30 p.m. 

The ship weighed around 13,600 tons and was known for being the biggest of its time. It was one of the largest "iron boats" working the Great Lakes. 

Nobody knows how the boat sank. However, it is very possible that the dangerously high weight of its cargo and the violent winds and waves caused the ship to sink. 

All 29 men aboard the boat died, and to this day, no bodies have been recovered. 

## *The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald* 
To remember the men on the S.S. Fitzgerald, Canadian singer Gordon Lightfoot wrote a song titled *The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald.* The song describes the ship itself and mentions some theories on how it may have sunk.

The original song contained the following passage:*When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayin Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya. At seven P.M. a main hatchway caved in. He said Fellas, it's been good to know ya*This passage was proven false when a dive team sent in to recover the bodies found the main hatch to be in perfect condition. When informed of this, Gordon Lightfoot rewrote the verse to: *When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayin Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya. At 7 p.m., it grew dark, it was then he said, Fellas it's been good to know ya.'' 

## References 
## Other websites 
* News story from CBC
* SS Edmund Fitzgerald Online
Lake Superior

**Lake Superior** is a lake in Canada and the United States. 

The Ojibwe Native Americans call it **Gitchigume**. Lake Superior is in between Ontario and Minnesota to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan in the south, and is the largest of North America's Great Lakes. It is the world's third largest lake, and the world's largest freshwater lake (by area). Its outlet is the St. Marys River to Lake Huron. The Soo Locks allow carrying large amounts of iron ore and other cargo to the other Great Lakes.

Over 80 species of fish live in Lake Superior.
Cornish

**Cornish** might mean:

*Anything related to Cornwall, a county in England
** Cornish people
** Cornish language, a language from Cornwall
** Cornish dialect, a dialect of English spoken in Cornwall
** Cornish cookery, the cooking traditions of Cornwall
* Cornish, Maine, a town in the U.S. state of Maine
Gordon Lightfoot

**Gordon Meredith Lightfoot Jr.** (November 17, 1938 – May 1, 2023) was a Canadian singer and songwriter. He is famous around the world for his folk, country, and pop music songs. He was first heard in the 1960s. He had hit radio songs in the 1970s including "If You Could Read My Mind", "Sundown", "Carefree Highway", "Rainy Day People" and "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald".

Some of his songs have been recorded by other famous singers including Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Marty Robbins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Barbra Streisand and Tony Rice.

Robbie Robertson of the Canadian music group called the Band said Lightfoot was his "favourite Canadian songwriter".

Lightfoot's music career lasted sixty years. He recorded more than 200 songs. His folk music of the 1960s and 1970s influenced many famous singers including Bob Dylan and Jim Croce. Like Robertson, Bob Dylan called Lightfoot one of his favourite songwriters.

## Awards
In his career, Lightfoot received sixteen Juno Awards. He won Junos as top folk singer in 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977. He won a Juno as top male vocalist in 1967, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1973 And he won in 1972 and 1976 for being composer of the year.

Lightfoot received ASCAP awards for songwriting in 1971, 1974, 1976 and 1977.

Lightfoot was nominated for five Grammy Awards.

In 1980, Lightfoot was named Canadian Male Recording Artist of the Decade for his music of the 1970s.

Lightfoot was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1986. He was added to Canada's Walk of Fame in 1998. He was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001.

In May 2003, Lightfoot was made a Companion of the Order of Canada, which is one of Canada's highest awards.

## Death
Lightfoot died at a hospital in Toronto on May 1, 2023. He was 84 years old.

## Music 
*1966 *Lightfoot!*
*1967 *The Way I Feel*
*1968 *Did She Mention My Name*
*1968 *Back Here on Earth*
*1969 ''Sunday Concert'
*1970 *Sit Down Young Stranger*
*1971 *Summer Side of Life*
*1972 *Don Quixote*
*1972 ''Old Dan's Records*
*1974 *Sundown*
*1975 *Cold on the Shoulder*
*1976 *Summertime Dream*
*1978 *Endless Wire*
*1980 *Dream Street Rose*
*1982 *Shadows*
*1983 *Salute*
*1986 *East of Midnight*
*1993 *Waiting for You*
*1998 *A Painter Passing Through*
*2004 *Harmony*
*2012 *All Live*
*2020 *Solo''

## Notes 
## Other websites 
*Lightfoot.ca (official site)
*Order of Canada Citation 
*Lightfoot page at Canadian Encyclopedia 
*CBC Digital Archives: Gordon Lightfoot: Canada's Folk Laureate
*Clips and more about Gordon from CBC
*Additional clips
Interjection

An **interjection** is a spoken or written expression of emotion like "Wow!" for surprise, "Ouch!" for pain, or "Damn!" for anger, or "Argh!" for frustration. These phrases can stand alone, and are usually capitalized and punctuated.

## Related pages 
*Exclamation mark
*Monologue
Millard Fillmore

**Millard Fillmore** (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the 13th president of the United States. He was president from 1850 to 1853 following the death of Zachary Taylor. He was the last Whig president and the last president who was not a Democrat or Republican while in office.

He attempted to run in 1852, but failed to secure the Whig nomination. He ran for president in 1856 for the Know-Nothing Party but lost to James Buchanan.

## Early life
Millard Fillmore grew up in a  family. He worked hard to do well in school and go to college. He got a job as a lawyer in 1823. In 1828, he was voted to be part of the New York State Assembly and made friends in the Whig Party, which helped him get chosen to run for vice president in 1848.

## Vice presidency and Presidency
When he was vice president, Fillmore was in charge of the U.S. Senate while it was fighting over a decision about slavery involving Texas and New Mexico.

When he became president, the slavery issue was very intense to the point that the southern states were close to leaving the United States.

Fillmore signed the Compromise of 1850, five laws to calm down the slavery issue by pleasing both the northern states and the southern states. Although the Compromise of 1850 made the states get along, the peace did not last forever. In the late 1850s, the North and the South began arguing once more.

He personally fought a fire at the Library of Congress in December 1851. He then signed a bill to fund the replacement of all the books that were destroyed in the fire.

Fillmore admitted California as the 31st U.S. state on September 9, 1850.

His decision to sign the Compromise of 1850 made many of the people in his Whig Party angry at him. They refused to let him run president in 1852.

He started the first library at the White House.

## Later life 
Franklin Pierce became the 14th preside, succeeding Fillmore. Fillmore got a job in charge of the University of Buffalo. Fillmore joined the Know-Nothing Party and ran for president again in 1856, but he lost and came behind both the Democrat and the Republican candidates. He eventually moved to the Democratic Party following his defeat. He died in Buffalo, New York, of a stroke at the age of 74.

There is a statue of Fillmore at City Hall in Buffalo.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Fillmore's White House biography
Peter Davison

**Peter Davison** (born **Peter Moffett** 13 April 1951) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Tristan on *All Creatures Great and Small*, and as the Fifth Doctor on *Doctor Who* from 1981 to 1984 and 2022.
Ballerina

]]

A **ballerina** is a name given to a female ballet dancer. Only very good female ballet dancers are called ballerinas. A ballerina is a principal dancer in a classical ballet company. The highest ranking female dancer in a company was usually called the **prima ballerina**.

Today the term 'ballerina' has gone rather out of fashion. Now they are simply called 'Principal dancers'. Dancers in a company are ranked by the company, and paid accordingly. They have to prove themselves in lesser parts before they can get promoted. 

Example of the ranks in a modern dance company:

#Corps de ballet (these do not dance named individual parts)
#Coryphées (minor soloists)
#Principal character artists (dance roles with significant acting)
#Second soloists (dancers who take named solo roles)
#First soloists (one rank up from the previous)
#Principal dancers (if female, same as 'ballerinas'; they dance leading roles)
#Principal guest artist (a well-known and sometimes famous dancer, usually from abroad)

## References
Buffalo, New York

**Buffalo** is a city in the U.S. state of New York. Buffalo is the second-biggest city in New York State. 

There are about 278,000 people in the city of Buffalo. There are more than a million people in the surrounding area.

Buffalo is on the east end of Lake Erie near the Niagara River. It is close to Niagara Falls, and to Canada. Buffalo was a small village when the Erie Canal connected it to the Hudson River and New York City. It became a city. 
## Sports
Buffalo has an NFL team called the Buffalo Bills (who play in the suburb of Orchard Park, NY) and an NHL team called the Buffalo Sabres. There is also a Minor League Baseball team called the Buffalo Bisons. Additionally, there is a NLL team called the Buffalo Bandits.

## Gallery

Image:Buffalo_City_Hall.jpg|Buffalo City Hall Art Deco building.
Image:Darwin D. Martin House.jpg|Darwin D. Martin House by Frank Lloyd Wright.
Image:Kleinhans Music Hall.jpg|Kleinhans Music Hall by Eero Saarinen.
Image:Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society.jpg|Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society
Image:Old County Hall, Buffalo,NY.jpg|Erie County Hall
Image:Asbury Delaware Church, Buffalo 1.jpg|Asbury Delaware Church
Image:Buffalo Central Terminal 2.jpg|Buffalo Central Terminal
1394

## Events
* Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales.

## Births 
* November 24 – Charles, Duke of Orléans, French poet
Chameleon

**Chameleons** are  a family of lizards. Most can change the colour of their skins for camouflage, or to signal mood to other chameleons. 

They are a clade of lizards. They have parrot-like zygodactylous feet, 

Their eyes are separately mobile and stereoscopic. Their very long tongues can flick out, and their movement sways like leaves in the wind. Their prehensile (grabbing) tail can hang onto branches and many can change colour. They eat insects.

Chameleons have long sticky tongues that they can fire out in a fraction of a second. They stretch up to twice their body size. Their eyes can move independently. The largest species is about 50cm (1.5 feet) when fully grown. They are mainly insectivores, but larger species may take occasional smaller lizards and young birds.

There are about 160 species.  They live in Africa, Madagascar, Spain and Portugal, across south Asia, and Sri Lanka. They have been introduced to Hawaii, California and Florida, and are found in warm habitats that vary from rain forest to desert conditions. Chameleons are often kept as household pets.

## Tiny chameleons 
The world's tiniest reptile has been found on Madagascar.  It is a chameleon 13.5mm long. It hunts for mites on the rainforest floor and hides from predators at night in blades of grass. Other species of tiny chameleons have been found.

## Vision 
Chameleons have 360-degree eye-turning, the ability to zoom in and out, and binocular vision.

Each of the chameleon's eyes can move separately, allowing them to see all around them at all times. 

Chameleons have two eyes whose vision overlaps. This gives them  3D vision. They can switch to monocular vision, which is seeing with each eye independently. This gives them more flexible sight.

## In popular fiction 
* In Disney's Tangled (2010 movie), the main character, Rapunzel, has a green chameleon named Pascal 
* In Rango (2011 movie), the main character, voiced by Johnny Depp, is a chameleon

## References 
## Other websites 
* Chameleons! Online E-zine 
* Chameleon Care and Information Center website
* The Chameleon Forums
Ron Weasley

**Ronald Bilius "Ron" Weasley** (1 March 1980) is a fictional character from the *Harry Potter* stories.

## Story 
He is a red-haired child with lots of freckles. He comes from a poor background. He lives at The Burrow with his family of nine people. He is the youngest son in his family. He was a humorous and loyal boy. He wishes he had money, since he was born from the notoriously poor Weasley family. He is the sixth of seven children born to Molly Weasley (née Prewett) and Arthur Weasley, with five brothers and one sister, Ginny. He is Harry Potter's best friend. It is revealed in later books, that Ron is romantically interested in Hermione Granger. The two are hinted to be romantically involved in the Deathly Hallows. 

In movies, he is played by actor Rupert Grint.  Ron marries Hermione and they have two children: Rose Weasley and Hugo Weasley. He is the manager of the joke shop Weasley's Wizard Wheezes.  He will be portrayed by Alastair Stout in the upcoming television series *Harry Potter* for the streaming service HBO Max.
## References
Milk shake

A **milk shake**, or **milkshake**, is a cold drink made by mixing milk and sweet syrups like chocolate syrup. Usually a blender is used for the mixing. People usually drink milkshakes with a drinking straw and from a tall glass or cup.

## Comparison between smoothies and milkshakes
Milk shakes are similar to smoothies. Smoothies are a type of cold drink made with an electric blender. Smoothies are made with a liquid (either milk, fruit juice, or water), crushed ice or ice cubes, different fruits, and honey or maple syrup.

## In popular culture
Milk shakes and other cold drinks such as "ice cream floats" (a scoop of ice cream placed in a glass of cola or other carbonated soda drink) or "malts" (a milk shake with malt powder added to it) were popular among teenagers in the 1950s. Teenagers would go to ice cream parlors and order cold drinks.