open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cesare Borgia

**Cesare Borgia** (1475–1507) was the son of Pope Alexander VI. He benefited from Pope Alexander VI's nepotism (placing family in important roles) and became ruler of Romagna, a historical region of Italy, by murdering those who opposed him. He was banished by Pope Julius II and died during the invasion of Castile. His policies were famously described by Niccolò Machiavelli in *The Prince*.

## References
Firewalker (movie)

***Firewalker*** is a 1986 American action adventure comedy movie directed by J. Lee Thompson and starring Chuck Norris, Louis Gossett Jr., Will Sampson, Melody Anderson, John Rhys-Davies, Sonny Landham, Ian Abercrombie and Zaide Silvia Gutiérrez. It was distributed by The Cannon Group.

## Other websites
* 
*
Kenneth Koch

**Kenneth Koch** (February, 27 1925 – July 6, 2002) was an American poet, playwright, and teacher.

As a student at Harvard University, Koch met fellow students Frank O’Hara and John Ashbery. With them and others in the 1950s, he was part of what people called The New York School, a loose group of poets and painters. At Harvard, he received a bachelor of arts degree. Then he attended Columbia University for his PhD..

He taught at Columbia University. He thought about how to teach children and older people to write poetry. He explained these ways in books like *Wishes, Lies and Dreams;* *Rose, Where Did You Get That Red;* and *I Never Told Anybody*.

He was known for using much humor in his poems.

*New Addresses* (2000) was a finalist for the National Book Award. *One Train* and *On the Great Atlantic Rainway, Selected Poems 1950–1988* both earned him the Bollingen Prize in 1995. He won the Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry in 1996. He was given three Fulbright scholarships and a National Endowment for the Arts grant.

## Books
**Poems* (1953)
**Ko: or, A Season on Earth* (1959)
**Thank You and Other Poems* (1962)
**Bertha, & other plays* (1966)
**The Pleasures of Peace and Other Poems* (1969)
**When the Sun Tries to Go On* (1969)
**Wishes, Lies and Dreams: Teaching Children To Write Poetry* (1970)
**The Art of Love* (1975)
**The Duplications* (1977)
**The Burning Mystery of Anna in 1951* (1979)
**On the Edge* (1986)
**Seasons on Earth* (1987)
**1000 Avant-Garde Plays* (1988)
**One Train* (1994)
**I Never Told Anybody: Teaching Poetry Writing to Old People* (1997)
**Straits* (1998)
**New Addresses* (2000)
**A Possible World* (2002)

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
*Kenneth Koch at PennSound
Ichthys

**Ichthys** is an affix used in fish. *Leedsichthys*, the largest ray-finned fish, is an example of a fish having this affix. Other examples include *Amakusaichthys* and *Goodrichthys*.

## Related pages 
* Ichthys, a Christian symbol
Tiger I

The **Tiger I** was a tank made by Nazi Germany. It was first made in 1942 by the Henschel und Sohn company. The tank was used during World War II in the North African Campaign and Operation Barbarossa. The Tiger I used a 8.8 cm KwK 36 gun. It had  of armor. 

The Tiger I has been called an outstanding design for its time. It has also been called overengineered. It was built using costly materials. The methods used to make it were  labour-intensive. Early version of the Tiger would often have track failures and breakdowns. It also had a limited range because it used a large amount of fuel. The tank was costly to maintain but was mechanically reliable. It was hard to transport. It could not move well in areas with mud, ice and snow. These conditions would often result in jamming the tracks solid.

The tank was given its nickname "Tiger" by Ferdinand Porsche. The Roman numeral was added after the Tiger II was being made. The original name was *Panzerkampfwagen&nbsp;VI&nbsp;Ausführung&nbsp;H.* 

Today, only seven Tiger I tanks still exist. They are in museums and private collections worldwide. , Tiger 131 (captured during the North Africa Campaign) at the UK's Tank Museum is the only Tiger I restored to running order.

## Notes
## References
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Brinkmanship

has been described as brinkmanship.]]
**Brinkmanship** (or **brinksmanship**) is the practice of trying to get a good outcome by pushing events to the brink of active conflict. This succeeds by causing the opponent to back down and make concessions. If they do not back down, they risk engaging in a conflict that would not be good for either side.  That might be done with diplomacy. It is done by making the others think that one party will do something bad rather than concede.  The tactic occurs in international politics, foreign policy, labor relations, modern military strategy, terrorism, and high-stakes litigation. 

The term is mainly associated with US Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, from 1953 to 1956 during the Eisenhower administration. Dulles tried to prevent aggression by the Soviet Union by warning that the cost might be massive retaliation against Soviet targets.

## References
List of programs broadcast by Paramount Network

The following is a list of programs that have aired on **Paramount Network**, an American pay television channel owned by the Paramount Media Networks division of Paramount Global.

## Original programming
### Current original programming
#### Drama
#### Unscripted
##### Reality
### Former original programming
#### Scripted
#### Docuseries
#### Unscripted
##### Reality 
##### Sports 
### Original special programming
**I Am Paul Walker* (August 11, 2018)
**I Am Patrick Swayze* (August 18, 2019)

### Upcoming original programming
**American Tragedy: The Waco Trials* (2023)
**6666* (2023)

## Syndicated programming
### Current
* *Mom* (2018–present)
* *The Office* (2019–present)
* *NCIS* (2021–present)
* *Two and a Half Men* (2018–present)
* *Law & Order* (2023–present)
* *Mike & Molly* (2023–present)

### Former
* *American Ninja Warrior* (2018)
* *Friends* (2018–2019)
* *M*A*S*H* (2018)
* *Roseanne* (2018)
* ''America's Most Musical Family* (2019)
* *The King of Queens* (2019–2020)
* *The New Adventures of Old Christine* (2019)
* *Yes, Dear* (2019)
* *Without a Trace* (2020)
* *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air* (2021)
* *South Park'' (2022)

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Windsor, Invercargill

**Windsor** is a suburb of New Zealand southernmost city, Invercargill. It has two primary schools in the suburb. It is located northeast of Invercargill Central.

## References
Jeff Zients

**Jeffrey Dunston Zients** (born November 12, 1966) is an American businessman and politician who was the 31st White House Chief of Staff from 2023 until 2025 during the Joe Biden administration. From February 2014 to January 2017, he was the director of the National Economic Council. Zients was also acting director of the Office of Management and Budget in 2010 and 2013.

Zients was a member of Facebook's board of directors from 2018 to 2020.

In December 2020, Joe Biden named Zients as coordinator of the COVID-19 response and counselor to the president in his administration.

In January 2023, it was announced that Zients would replace Ron Klain as White House Chief of Staff in February.

## References
Sophomore

**Sophomore** is a term used in the United States to describe a student in the second year of study (generally referring to high school or university study).  The word is also sometimes used in the USA as jargon for the second album released by a musician or group, the second movie of a director, or the second season of a professional athlete.

The word comes  from Greek, *sophisma* ‘clever device’ from *sophizesthai* ‘to devise, become wise’, and the original English spelling was "Sophumer".  It was not until 1726 that the spelling was established in America as "sophomore."

## Education 
### High school 
In the United States, the 10th grade is usually the second year of a student's high school period and is referred to as sophomore year. High school sophomores are expected to begin preparing for the college application process, including reducing and focusing their extracurricular activities. Most students reach the age of 16 while they are sophomores. The year is considered a watermark for independence, closely connected with getting a driver's license in most states. The PSAT, a college preparatory exam taken across the U.S., is now most commonly taken during a student's sophomore year. Students at this level are also considered to be developing greater ability for abstract thinking.

### College 
In the U.S., colleges generally require students to declare an academic major by the end of their sophomore year. College sophomores are advised to begin thinking about career options and to get involved in volunteering or social organizations on or near campus.

## References
Cornufer cryptotis

***Cornufer cryptotis*** is a frog. People have seen it in exactly two places, western Papua New Guinea and Yapin Island in Indonesia. Scientists saw found it no more than 50 m from the Utowa River, 150 meters above sea level.

## References
Phyllodytes praeceptor

***Phyllodytes praeceptor*** is a frog. It lives in the state of Bahia in Brazil not far from the ocean.  People have also seen it in Serra da Jiboia, 694 m above sea level.

The adult male frog is 20.7-25.8 mm long from nose to rear end.  This frog has large eyes.

This frog is not in danger of dying out. This is because it lives in such a large place.  Human beings cut down much of its forest during the past hundred years, but the forest is so big that there is still a large place left. This frog lives in forests where the branches of the trees come together like a roof. This frog lives on bromeliad plants that live on large trees. The female frog lays eggs in the plant and the tadpoles swim in the water in the middle of the plant.

Human beings grow cacao under trees to shade the cacao plants. These frogs can live on these farm trees too. This is another reason why the frogs are not in danger.

Scientists think that the frogs might be in danger if people take away their bromeliad plants, but they do not think anyone is doing this as of 2021.

## References
Heinrich Müller (footballer)

**Heinrich "Wudi" Müller** (May 13, 1909 – April 5, 2000) was an Austrian football player and coach. In the early 1930s he was an  part of Austria's  Wunderteam. He played as midfielder mainly for Wiener AC and later for FK Austria Wien.

## Club career
The trained shoemaker played from 1921 to 1935 for Wiener AC. With this club he won the 1931 Cup of Austria. In 1935 the  midfielder moved to MTK Budapest  where he won the Hungarian championships of 1936 and 1937. In June 1940 Müller returned to Vienna and joined Austria Wien.

## International career
In the early 1930s he played five times for the Austria national football team. He scored four goals. This includes two nominations for the famed Wunderteam.
## International statistics 
:''Scores and results list Austrias's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Müller goal.*

## Manager career
As a coach, his name is primarily associated with FK Austria Wien. He was three times coach of the team. In total, he coached the club for 12 years.

Most successful was his first period which reached from 1945 to 1954. They became champions  in the years 1949, 1950 and 1953 and Austrian Cup winner in 1948 and 1949. In the first three years he also played league matches for the club.

In 1956 he was coach of the Netherlands national football team for one match. In the later 1950s and early 1960s he coached Neherlands first division side Willem II in Tilburg.

In December 1964 after a short time with AEK in Athens, he returned to *Austria* Although they had promising players the club ended up seventh in the league and Ernst Ocwirk was placed as "sporting director" alongside Müller and replaced him fully by the end of the year. In the 1971–72 season he made another comeback on the coaching bench of *Austria'', but was without titels again.

## Statistical summary
## Other websites
*Player profile
*Manager profile
2023 New Zealand general election

The **2023 New Zealand general election** was held on 14 October 2023 to determine the 54th Parliament of New Zealand. Voters elected 120 members to the New Zealand House of Representatives under the mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting system, a proportional representation system in which 72 members were elected from single-member electorates and 48 members from closed party lists.

The incumbent centre-left Labour majority government, led by Chris Hipkins, tried to win a third term in government. However, they were defeated by the centre-right National Party, led by Opposition Leader Christopher Luxon, in a landslide. National will need support from the ACT party (and possibly also New Zealand First) to form government.

At the 2020 election, the centre-left Labour Party, led by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, won an outright majority in the House. The main opponents to the Labour government is the centre-right National Party, led by Christopher Luxon, and the right-wing ACT party, led by David Seymour.

On 19 January 2023, Ardern announced she would resign as Labour leader and prime minister before 7 February.

## Candidates

File:Chris Hipkins NZ Labour (cropped).jpg|Prime Minister**Chris Hipkins**(Labour Party)from Remutaka
File:Christopher Luxon (crop).jpg|Opposition Leader**Christopher Luxon**(National Party)from Botany
File:Aotearoa New Zealand Green Leadership 2020.jpg|Members of Parliament**James Shaw** and **Marama Davidson**(Green Party)for List
File:David Seymour (cropped).jpg|Member of Parliament**David Seymour**(ACT)from Epsom
File:Purple - replace this image female.tif|Member of Parliament**Debbie Ngarewa-Packer**(Māori Party)for List

## Opinion polls 
 is set to span = 0.65]]

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Electoral Commission website
Hong Chau

**Hong Chau** (born June 25, 1979) is a Thai-born American actress. She became well known for her role in *Downsizing*. She had roles in the television shows *Watchmen* (2019) and *Homecoming* (2018–2020).

In 2023, Chau was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in *The Whale*.

## References
Paul Mescal

**Paul Mescal** (; born 2 February 1996) is an Irish actor. His role in the miniseries *Normal People* (2020), earned him a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award. His role in the 2022 movie *Aftersun*, earned him nominations for the BAFTA and Academy Award for Best Actor. He is also known for playing William Shakespeare in the 2025 movie *Hamnet* (2025).

## References
Avenue of Mathematics (Seville)

The **Avenida de las Matemáticas** is a public avenue located in Seville, Spain.

## Background
In December 2019, a group of young people from the *Montaigne College* in Seville promoted, together with their mathematics teacher, José Carlos Gámez, a campaign on Change.org to collect signatures and create a mathematics avenue in Seville. They created a website (callematematicassevilla.wordpress.com). In 2020, they had the support of the Seville Institute of Mathematics and the University of Seville.

On March 14, 2022, International Mathematics Day, the mayor of Seville, Antonio Muñoz, received the promoters of the campaign and approved the proposal. That same year it was presented at the *XX Jornadas para el Aprendizaje y Enseñanza de las Matemáticas*.

## Inauguration
On January 10, 2023, the Avenue was presented with the mayor of Seville, the education minister of the Junta de Andalucía, and various members of the Seville mathematical community.

Some people also complained that the opening ceremony of the Avenue was too exclusive, or that the street chosen was not the most suitable.

## References
Nataša Pirc Musar

**Nataša Pirc Musar** (born May 9, 1968) is a Slovenian attorney and author. She is the 5th President of Slovenia since December 23, 2022. She is the former Information Commissioner and former president of the Slovenian Red Cross (2015–2016). She is the first female president of Slovenia.

## References
Denys Monastyrsky

**Denys Anatoliiovych Monastyrsky** (; 12 June 1980 – 18 January 2023) was a Ukrainian lawyer and politician. He was Ukraine's Minister of Internal Affairs from 16 July 2021, until his death in a helicopter crash in January 2023.

## References
Universal Credit

Universal Credit is part of the  United Kingdom Social Security system. It was started in 2013 to replace six benefits for working-age people with a low income: income-related Employment and Support Allowance, income-based Jobseeker's Allowance,  Income Support, Child Tax Credit, Working Tax Credit and Housing Benefit. Like them it is means tested.    

It is paid to families once a month and is designed to help people to work as much as they can.  People under 25 get less. An extra amount is paid for children, but only for 2 unless they were born before 6 April 2017, are adopted or are born as part of a multiple birth. Extra money is paid for disabled people, disabled children and carers.

According to the New Economics Foundation the rates of benefit were not sufficient to meet the minimum income standard calculated by Loughborough University’s Centre for Research in Social Policy in April 2023.

People who are working can claim back up to 85% of their childcare costs. People who are responsible for a child or young person or living with a disability or health condition that affects their ability to work get a ‘work allowance’.  Each £1 earned (above the monthly work allowance if there is one) reduces the payment by 55p.  Universal Credit is paid monthly.  People who are paid 4 weekly will get 2 sets of wages in one assessment period once a year, which will reduce their Universal Credit payment.

There is money for rent and some service charges. This is called the housing element.  In every area there is a Local Housing Allowance for people renting private property.  Help is limited to this level.  It was set at the rent of one of the cheapest 30% of homes in the area in 2012. There are different levels for homes with different numbers of bedrooms.  It was increased in September 2019  but since then in many places rents have risen more than the allowance.  Two-thirds of lower income privately renting households have to find at least a quarter of their rent. 

People who are able to work must look for work or increase their earnings or their payment may be reduced. Self employed people are generally given a  *minimum income floor.* This is treated as their income each month that their reported income is less. 

Claims are generally made and managed online.  People can go to Jobcentre Plus offices where their claims are managed.  Citizens Advice are paid by the government to help people to claim. 
 
5.7 million people were getting Universal Credit in July 2022. 30% were not required to work. Half the households had children.  The average monthly payment was £810.

## References
Kerry Condon

**Kerry Condon** (born 9 January 1983) is an Irish actress. She played Octavia of the Julii in *Rome* (2005–2007), Stacey Ehrmantraut in *Better Call Saul* (2015–2022), and has voiced F.R.I.D.A.Y. for the Marvel Cinematic Universe.  

Her role in the 2022 movie *The Banshees of Inisherin*, earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won her the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.

## Awards and nominations 
## References
Stephanie Hsu

**Stephanie Ann Hsu** ( ; born November 25, 1990) is an American actress. She is well known for her role in the 2022 movie *Everything Everywhere All at Once* as Joy Wang/Jobu Tupaki. This role earned her a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

## Awards and nominations 
## References
All Quiet on the Western Front (2022 movie)

***All Quiet on the Western Front*** () is a 2022 German epic anti-war movie. It is based on the 1929 novel of the same name by Erich Maria Remarque. It is directed by Edward Berger. It stars Felix Kammerer, Albrecht Schuch, Daniel Brühl, Sebastian Hülk, Aaron Hilmer, Edin Hasanovic and Devid Striesow. 

*All Quiet on the Western Front* was released to streaming on Netflix on October 28, 2022. It had strong positive reviews from critics. It received a leading 14 nominations at the 76th British Academy Film Awards and nine at the 95th Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

## References
The Banshees of Inisherin

***The Banshees of Inisherin*** is a 2022 dark tragic comedy movie directed, written, and co-produced by Martin McDonagh. The movie stars Colin Farrell and Brendan Gleeson as two lifelong friends, who are no longer friends which causes bad things to happen to their lives. Kerry Condon and Barry Keoghan also star.

## Plot
The setting is year 1923 on an island, that also is a place of fiction (or not real); The island is on the Irish west coast; A farmer (Colin Farrell) lives there in a simple house with his sister Siobhan (Kerry Condon); They have two cows and a small donkey.

## Awards
The movie received nine nominations at the 95th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (for McDonagh), Best Actor (for Farrell), Best Supporting Actor (for both Gleeson and Keoghan), Best Supporting Actress (for Condon) and Best Original Screenplay. 

It also had eight nominations at the 80th Golden Globe Awards, winning three Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Musical or Comedy (for Farrell), and Best Screenplay.

## References
## Other websites
*
Everything Everywhere All at Once

***Everything Everywhere All at Once*** is a 2022 American absurdist comedy-drama movie written and directed by Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (known as the "Daniels"). Kwan and Scheinert produced it with Anthony and Joe Russo and Jonathan Wang.

## Plot
The movie is about a Chinese-American immigrant (played by Michelle Yeoh) who discovers that she must connect with parallel universe versions of herself to prevent a powerful villain from destroying the multiverse. 

The movie also stars Stephanie Hsu, Ke Huy Quan, Jenny Slate, Harry Shum Jr., James Hong, and Jamie Lee Curtis.

## Awards
The movie was named a top-ten movie of 2022 by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute. The movie also received two Golden Globes for Yeoh and Quan at the 80th Golden Globe Awards. It was nominated for 6 awards at the Golden Globes.

It was nominated for eleven awards at the 95th Academy Awards. It won seven of them, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress for Yeoh,Best Supporting Actor for Quan, and Best Supporting Actress for Curtis. It is the first science-fiction movie to win Best Picture.

## References
## Other websites
* Official screenplay
The Fabelmans

***The Fabelmans*** is a 2022 American coming-of-age drama movie directed by Steven Spielberg, who co-wrote and co-produced it with Tony Kushner. The movie is a bit of an autobiographical story based on Spielberg's early years and first years as a filmmaker.

It stars Gabriel LaBelle as Sammy, alongside Michelle Williams, Paul Dano, Seth Rogen, and Judd Hirsch. The movie is dedicated to the memories of Spielberg's real-life parents Leah Adler and Arnold Spielberg.

The movie received seven nominations at the 95th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay, Best Director for Spielberg, Best Actress for Williams, Best Supporting Actor for Hirsch.

It also earned five nominations at the 80th Golden Globe Awards in 2023, winning Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director for Spielberg.

## Awards and nominations
## References
Citizens Advice

**Citizens Advice** (used to be called Citizens Advice Bureau) is the biggest independent advice organisation in the United Kingdom. The first 200 offices opened on 4 September 1939, four days after World War II started.  In 1973, the government paid NACAB, the National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux, to open more offices. In 2008/9, there were 416 member organisations offering advice from over 3,300 [laces in England and Wales and 22 more in Northern Ireland. They are all independent Charitable organizations. 

## References
Triangle of Sadness

***Triangle of Sadness*** is a 2022 black comedy movie written and directed by Ruben Östlund. It stars Harris Dickinson, Charlbi Dean, Dolly de Leon, Zlatko Burić, Henrik Dorsin, Vicki Berlin, and Woody Harrelson. The movie is about a celebrity couple on a luxury cruise with rich guests.

The movie had positive reviews. It received three nominations at the 95th Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

## References
Women Talking (movie)

***Women Talking*** is a 2022 American drama movie written and directed by Sarah Polley. It is based on the 2018 novel of the same name by Miriam Toews. The movie stars Rooney Mara, Claire Foy, Jessie Buckley, Judith Ivey, Ben Whishaw, and Frances McDormand.

It was released on January 20, 2023, by United Artists Releasing. It was named one of the top ten movies of 2022 by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute. At the 95th Academy Awards, it received nominations for Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay.

## References
The Whale (2022 movie)

***The Whale*** is a 2022 American drama movie directed by Darren Aronofsky and written by Samuel D. Hunter. It is based on Hunter's 2012 play of the same name. It stars Brendan Fraser, Sadie Sink, Hong Chau, Ty Simpkins, and Samantha Morton.

The movie is about a depressed English teacher with obesity who tries to fix his relationship with his teenage daughter.

*The Whale* was released on December 21, 2022 by A24. The movie was controversial for its portrayal of obese people, however Fraser's and Chau's performances had positive reviews, both of which would earn nominations for an Academy Award. 

## References
Tár

***Tár*** is a 2022 psychological drama movie written and directed by Todd Field and stars Cate Blanchett, Nina Hoss, Noémie Merlant, Sophie Kauer, Julian Glover, Allan Corduner, and Mark Strong.

*Tár* premiered at the 79th Venice International Film Festival in September 2022. It was released on October 28, 2022, by Focus Features to positive reviews. The American Film Institute named it one of the top 10 films of the year.

At the 95th Academy Awards, *Tár* received six nominations including Best Picture, Best Director for Field, Best Actress for Blanchett, and Field for Best Original Screenplay.

## References
Son Lux

**Son Lux** is an American experimental band. Their careers began in 2008. The band composed the music for 2022 science fiction action movie *Everything Everywhere All at Once*, which received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 95th Academy Awards.

## References
Babylon (2022 movie)

***Babylon*** is a 2022 American epic period comedy-drama movie written and directed by Damien Chazelle. It stars Brad Pitt, Margot Robbie, Diego Calva, Jean Smart, Jovan Adepo, and Li Jun Li with Tobey Maguire. It is about how the change from silent to sound films in the late 1920s affected Hollywood actors.

It was released in the United States on December 23, 2022 by Paramount Pictures to mixed reviews. 

It received three nominations at the 95th Academy Awards, including Best Original Score for Justin Hurwitz and five nominations at the 80th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, winning Best Original Score.

## References
Soft play area

An indoor play structure, also known as a **soft play area**, is a form of children's play structure that is commonly used indoors. These play structures often feature slides, ball pits, and ziplines. They may be very large (Billy Beez in the Mall of Dhahran in Saudi Arabia), or very small (the Alpine Soft Play Village at We Are Vertigo - Newtownbreda).

## References
Daniels (directors)

**Daniel Kwan** () and **Daniel Scheinert**, known collectively as **Daniels**, are American movie directors and screenwriters. They are known for directing the science-fiction movie *Everything Everywhere All at Once* (2022). For this movie, the Daniels won the Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay.

## References
Hauschka

**Volker Bertelmann** (born 1966) is a German pianist and composer. He performs and records under the name **Hauschka**. In 2023, he won an Academy Award for Best Original Score for his work in *All Quiet on the Western Front* and a BAFTA Award.

## References
Soot

**Soot** is a mass of carbon particles. It comes from incomplete burning. It is known to cause  cancer and lung diseases.

## References
Sirius XM

**Sirius XM Holdings Inc.** is an American broadcasting company. It uses satellite radio and online radio to broadcast in the United States. The company was made in 2008. It was made because Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio merged into one company.

Sirius XM has many different radio channels. One of its most popular channels is SiriusXM Hits 1.

In 2018, Sirius Xm bought Pandora. Pandora is a music streaming company. 

As of 2016, the company has surpassed 30 million subscribers.

## References
Harriet Monroe

**Harriet Monroe** (December 23, 1860 – September 26, 1936) was an American editor, poet, and patron of the arts.

She started *Poetry* magazine in 1912. She was its editor until she died in 1936.

Monroe was the daughter of a lawyer in Chicago. She attended a private girls school in Washington, D. C. Then she wrote for the Chicago Tribune newspaper.

She thought that American poetry should be different from European poetry. She also thought that poetry should be more original than many of the poems that were being printed in other places.

Monroe died suddenly in 1936 in Peru.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America
## References
FilmFreeway

**FilmFreeway** is a Canadian website for people who make movies. They use it to submit their movies to hundreds of movies festivals around the world. It was the official sponsor of the 2020 Orlando cinema festival.
 
## Partners
Partial list of partners:
*Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
*Sundance
*Doc NYC
*Raindance
*Slamdance

## Other websites
*
Louis V of France

**Louis V** (26 February 967 — 22 May 987) nicknamed **the Do-Nothing** () was the King of West Francia from 986 until his death a year later in 987. Unlike his father, Louis was an unpopular, ineffective, and unsuccessful ruler. During his reign, the nobles ruled the country and their power increased as Louis was not interested in ruling.
Rudolphina Menzel

**Rudolphina Menzel** (March 1, 1891–1973) was an Austrian-Jewish cynologist, or dog expert, and dog breeder. She created the dog breed called the Canaan dog. She founded the first Kennel Club (now the Israeli Kennel Club).

## Early life 
Menzel has been fascinated with dogs ever since she got bitten when she was four years old.

Menzel Bred her own dog called the Canaan dog. 

Menzel knew that dogs were used by police in Europe to hurt Jewish people. She was sad that Jewish people had become scared of dogs. Her goal for breeding dogs in Palestine was to bridge between the Jewish people and dogs.

Menzel’s dogs can track and carry sent and messages over many kilometers. Menzel created the breed known as "Israel's national dog."

## References
Childeric III

**Childeric III** ( 717 –  754) was King of Francia from 743 until 751. He was deposed by Pope Zachary because of Pepin the Short. Although who his parents were is not known, he is believed to be the last Frankish king from the Merovingian dynasty. After he was deposed, Pepin the Short was made king. This started the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin was the father of emperor Charlemagne,

## References
## Sources
*
*
Mount Sinai

**Mount Sinai** ( *Har Sinai*; Aramaic: ܛܘܪܐ ܕܣܝܢܝ *Ṭūrāʾ Dsyny*), also known as **Jabal Musa** (, translation: Mount Moses), is a mountain on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt. It is possibly the place where Moses was given the Ten Commandments, according to the Torah, Bible, and Quran, .

It is a  high mountain near the city of Saint Catherine in the region known today as the Sinai Peninsula. The mountain is surrounded on all sides by higher peaks in its mountain range. It is next to Mount Catherine which, at , is the highest peak in Egypt.

## References
Todd Field

**William Todd Field** (born February 24, 1964) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for directing *In the Bedroom* (2001), *Little Children* (2006), and *Tár* (2022). Field has earned six Academy Award nominations, including Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay. His father-in-law was screenwriter Bo Goldman.

## References
Hethum II of Armenia

**Hethum II** (Armenian: Հեթում Բ; 1266 – November 17, 1307), was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1289 to 1293, 1295 to 1296 and 1299 to 1303, while Armenia was a subject state of the Mongol Empire. He was the son of Leo III of Armenia.
Alice B. Toklas

**Alice Babette Toklas** (April 30, 1877 – March 7, 1967) was the life partner of American writer Gertrude Stein. Later in her life, she wrote cookbooks and her memoirs.

Toklas was born in San Francisco. Her parents were rich. She went to private schools and The University of Washington in Seattle. After the San Francisco earthquake in 1906, she met the brother and sister-in-law of Gertrude Stein. They told her about life in Paris, and she was very interested in that.

In September 1907, Toklas went to Paris and soon met Gertrude Stein. They became friends and lovers. They lived together in Paris and southern France until Stein died in 1946. Toklas managed their household. She took care of the details of everyday life. This let Stein work on her writing. In Paris they were able to hold weekly gatherings where Stein's art collection would be shown. Many important artists and writers came to these, such as Pablo Picasso and Ernest Hemingway.

In 1933 Stein wrote her own life story, but she called it *The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas*. The book was very popular, and Toklas became famous. From October 1934 to May 1935, she went to America with Stein. Stein gave lectures about writing and was very popular.

After Stein died, Toklas wrote her cookbook. It included little stories about Stein and their adventures in France. And she wrote her memoir of life with Stein. She died in 1967. She is buried next to Stein in the Pére-Lachaise cemetery in Paris.

## Books
**The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook (1954)*
**Aromas and Flavors of Past and Present* (1958)
**What Is Remembered* (1963)

## References
San Fernando City, La Union

**San Fernando City, La Union** is a 3rd class component city in La Union, Philippines. It is the regional capital of Region 1 (Ilocos), and has a population of about 125,640, according to the 2020 Region 1 census. The City of San Fernando is in the mountains at almost the mid-section of La Union along the China Sea. It was founded in May 6, 1786 and made the “cabecera” or provincial capital on the same day that La Union became province in 1850.

## Tourist spots 
Some famous tourist spots in San Fernando include:
* Taoist Temple
* Christ the Redeemer Statue (Not to be confused with the Christ the Redeemer (statue) in Rio de Janiero, Brazil)
* Acapulco Beach

## References
Martin McDonagh

**Martin Faranan McDonagh** (; born 26 March 1970) is a British-Irish playwright, screenwriter, producer, and director. He has been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director and won four BAFTA Awards, three Laurence Olivier Awards. He was nominated for five Tony Awards. He directed the dark comedy movies *In Bruges* (2008), *Seven Psychopaths* (2012), *Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri* (2017), and *The Banshees of Inisherin* (2022).

## References
Ruben Östlund

**Ruben Östlund** (born 13 April 1974) is a Swedish filmmaker. He is known for his movies *Force Majeure* (2014), *The Square* (2017) and *Triangle of Sadness* (2022). For his 2022 movie *Triangle of Sadness*, he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay.

## References
Vasudeva

According to Hindu scripture, **Vasudeva** (Devanagari , IAST '**), also called **Ānakadundubhii''' ("Drum", after the sound of drums heard at the time of his birth), is the father of the Hindu deities Krishna (Vāsudeva, i.e. "son of Vasudeva"), Balarama and Subhadra. He was king of the Vrishnis. He was the son of king Shurasena. Moreover, Vasudeva was not a brother or cousin of Nanda, the foster-father of Krishna. His sister Kunti was married to Pandu. Kunti plays a big role later in the war Mahabharata.    

According to the Harivansa Purana, Vasudeva and Nanda (who took care of Krishna during his early years as a child) were not brothers and Nanda was a Gwala and friend of Vasudeva.

## Sage Kashyapa incarnated as Vasudeva
Sage Kashyapa is said to have incarnated as Vasudeva, the father of Krishna due to a curse of the god Brahma. Once, the sage performed a yajna (a Vedic sacrifice) in his hermitage for the welfare of the world. Kashyapa sought the help of the god Varuna for the offerings of milk, ghee etc. Varuna granted the sage a holy cow which will provide the offerings on the condition that the sage returns the same to Varuna after the sacrifice. After completing the sacrifice after several days, Kashyapa was overcome with greed, realizing the miraculous power of the cow, and refused to return the cow arguing that whatever is offered to a Brahmin like Kashyapa should never be sought back, and whoever does that would turn out to be a sinner.
 
Varuna requested Brahma for intervention. Brahma told the sage to get rid of his greed which is capable of destroying all his virtues, but Kashyapa remained adamant. The enraged Brahma cursed Kashyapa that he would be born on earth again as a cowherd and his two cows Aditi and Surabhi would be his two wives. This was King Vasudeva with his wives Rohiņi and Devaki, and the god Vishnu would be born as his son.

## References
Louis X of France

**Louis X** (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), known as **the Quarrelsome** (French: *le Hutin)*, was King of France from 1314 and King of Navarre as Louis I from 1305 until his death. He freed serfs who could not buy their freedom and allowed Jews into France. His short reign was marked by tensions with the nobility because of economic reforms, which had started during the reign of his father, Philip IV. He was succeeded by his son John I.

Louis inherited the Kingdom of Navarre from his mother, Joan, on 4 April 1305 and was crowned on 1 October 1307. Louis' first wife would be found guilty of infidelity during the Tour de Nesle affair.

He died on 5 June 1316 from either pneumonia or pleurisy after a game of real tennis and was buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, where his effigy still exists.
Borough (New Jersey)

A **borough** (also spelled **boro**) is a type of local government in New Jersey.

There are 253 boroughs in New Jersey. They are led by a mayor and a council with six people in it. The first borough was Elizabeth, which is now a city.

## Laws 
The **Borough Act of 1878** allowed towns smaller than  with less than 5,000 people to become a borough. This led to "boroughitis", where a large number of boroughs were made.

## Related pages 
* List of municipalities in New Jersey

## References
Smbat I Hetumian

[[File:Sempad.jpg|thumb|A coin of Smbat. Legend: ՍՄԲԱ[Տ ԹԱԳԱԻՈՐ ՀԱՅՈՑ] (Smbat, king of the Armenians).]]
**Smbat** (Armenian: Սմբատ; 1277 – c. 1310) was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1296 to 1298. He was the son of Leo III of Armenia and Queen Keran of Armenia.
Axios (website)

***Axios*** (also written as **ΛXIOS**) is an American news website. It was started in 2016 by Jim VandeHei, Mike Allen and Roy Schwartz. The three founders were journalists working for *Politico*. The site's name is a Greek word: ἄξιος (*áxios*), meaning "worthy".

Articles on *Axios* are always shorter than 300 words and use bullet points to make it easier for people to read. Axios produces news articles, daily and weekly newsletters for various industries, and two daily podcasts.

## History 
VandeHei said he wanted *Axios* to be a "mix between *The Economist* and Twitter". The company started by covering a mix of business, politics, technology, health care, and media. When they launched, Nicholas Johnston, a former managing editor at Bloomberg, was the editor-in-chief.

In 2016, *Axios* got $10 million in a round of funding led by Lerer Hippeau Ventures. As of November 2017, *Axios* had raised $30 million. *Axios* makes money from short adverts and sponsored newsletters. It earned more than $10 million in revenue in its first seven months.

## References
Carer's Allowance

**Carers Allowance**  is a Social Security benefit for people in the United Kingdom who care for disabled people but are not paid to do so.    

It was started as Invalid Care Allowance in 1976, and married women were not eligible then.  The European Court in 1986 decided that this was  unlawful sexual discrimination and the law was changed.  

To qualify a person must show that they care for a disabled person for at least 35 hours a week. There is no definition of caring.  Only one person can claim to care for each disabled person.   The disabled person must be getting one of these benefits:

* middle or highest rate Disability Living Allowance care component;
* Attendance Allowance
* Personal Independence Payment daily living component (either rate);
* Constant Attendance Allowance at or above the normal maximum rate with an Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit, or basic (full day) rate with a War Disablement Pension;
* Armed Forces Independence Payment
* the middle or higher rate of Child Disability Payment (Scotland)
* the daily living component of Adult Disability Payment (Scotland).

The weekly payment is £69.70 per week from April 2022 to 2023. It is taxable and counts as earned income. This is less than most other benefits.  

People under 16,  in full-time education, or  or  getting a  State Pension cannot get it.  A person cannot get it if they earn more than £132 per week (after deductions including tax, national insurance and certain expenses)  They can claim Universal Credit and will get extra as a carer.  There is no earnings limit for carers on Universal Credit.

About 5 million people said in the 2021 census that they were unpaid carers. Only 977,506 claimed Carer's Allowance in 2022, according to Carer's UK. in a 2023 survey  41% had to give up paid work completely.  23% had reduced the hours they worked. 14% were using food banks.  More of the people getting Carer’s Allowance said they were struggling to make ends meet than those who weren't.

## References
Disability Living Allowance

**Disability Living Allowance (DLA)**  is a Social Security benefit for disabled people in the United Kingdom. It was started in 1992, joining Mobility Allowance and Attendance Allowance into one benefit for people under 65 with two new lower rates of benefit.  Since 2013 it is only for children under sixteen. After that age disabled people have to claim Personal Independence Payment.  The Scottish Government started a new benefit for disabled children In November 2021, called Child Disability Payment.  In February 2022 there were about 1,349,000 children getting Disability Living Allowance, including those in Scotland.

There are two parts of the benefit - care and mobility.

The care part has three rates. For the lowest rate, £24.45,
the child must need help with their bodily functions for some of the day. Bodily functions includes things like washing and dressing, eating, using the toilet, talking and listening.  For the middle rate, £61.85, they must need frequent help all through the day, or watching to avoid danger to themselves or other people. Or they must need a lot of help during the night, or need a person to be awake and watch over them at night.  A child who meets both day and night conditions gets the highest rate, £92.40.

The mobility (walking) part has two rates. To get the high rate, £64.50, the child must be unable to walk, or only able to walk for a very limited distance, or at a limited speed or manner.  Children who are blind or have no feet qualify.  A child who has intelligence and behaviour problems so that they cannot be left alone can  get the high mobility rate, if they get the highest rate of care. If they get the high rate it can be used to get a car or wheelchair from  Motability. To get the lower mobility rate, £24.45, they have to show that they need to be guided or watched most of the time.   

Rates are for 2022-3.

The help the child needs must be more than a normal child of their age needs.

## References
Point-blank range

. When the bar on the rear sight is raised, the barrel of the rifle points slightly upwards compared to the sights. This compensates for bullet drop over a given range.]]

**Point-blank range** refers to any distance where a certain firearm can hit a target without the need to adjust for bullet drop. When a bullet leaves a firearm, it is pulled downwards by gravity. 

## In practice
When shooting at a distant target, the shooter must point the firearm above the target to adjust for this. If the target is close enough to the shooter, the distance the bullet drops will be very small. In this case, the shooter can aim the gun straight at the target. The sights of a gun are set so that the barrel has a small upward tilt. 

When the bullet leaves the gun, it starts by rising and later drops. This means that weapon hits too low for very close targets, too high for mid-range targets, too low for very far targets. It hits point blank at the two distances when it crosses between too low and too high. 

## Examples
For a .270 Winchester, the bullet first crosses the line of sight at about 23 m (25 yards) as it isrising and again at about 250 m (275 yards). With this gun, point blank range for a deer size target is about 275 m (around 300 yards). Point-blank range is different for each weapon. The flatter the bullet's trajectory or the larger the target, the longer the point-blank range will be.

## Popular usage
In popular usage, point-blank range has come to mean very close range but not close enough to be a contact shot.

## References
James Schuyler

**James Marcus Schuyler** (November 9, 1923 – April 12, 1991) was an American poet, art critic, and novelist.

Schuyler was born in Chicago and grew up in East Aurora, New York. He went to college at Bethany College in West Virginia from 1941 to 1943. Then he joined the U. S. Navy. In 1947, he moved to the Isle of Ischia in Italy for two years. He lived in the rented house of poet W. H. Auden and was his secretary.

He moved to New York City in 1950. He shared an apartment with his friends, the poets Frank O’Hara and John Ashbery. He wrote about art for the magazine *Art News*. At the Museum of Modern Art, he organized travelling art shows. He became friends with painters Fairfield Porter, Willem de Kooning, Elaine de Kooning, Jane Freilicher, and Larry Rivers.

Schuyler's first important poetry book, *Freely Espousing*, came out in 1969 when he was 46. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1981 for *The Morning of the Poem*. Along with his friends O'Hara, Ashbery, Barbara Guest, and Kenneth Koch, he was part of what was called The New York School of poets.

Schuyler died in New York City in 1991. He is buried in Suffolk County, Long Island, New York.

## Books
**Alfred and Guinevere* (1958) novel
**Salute* (1960)
**May 24th or So* (1966)
**Freely Espousing* (1969)
**A Nest of Ninnies* (with John Ashbery) (1969) novel
**The Crystal Lithium* (1972)
**Hymn to Life* (1974)
**What’s for Dinner* (1978) novel
**The Morning of the Poem* (1980)
**A Few Days* (1985)

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## Other websites
*James Schuyler at PennSound

## Publications about Schuyler
*Kernan, Nathan.  *A Day Like Any Other:  The Life of James Schuyler*.  Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2025. 512 pp.

## References