open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Giraffidae

**Giraffids** are mammals, in the order of the even-toed ungulates. The family has two living species, the giraffe and the okapi.

## Taxonomy 
* Family **Giraffidae**
** Giraffe, *Giraffa camelopardalis*
** Okapi, *Okapia johnstoni*

## Habitat 
The giraffe and the okapi both live in Africa, south of the Sahara Desert. The giraffe lives in open savannas, while the okapi lives in the rainforests of the Congo.

## Appearance 
Both animals have long necks and legs and long blue tongues. Male and female giraffes and male okapis have small horn-like stumps on their heads which are covered with skin.

Giraffes are the tallest animal living on land, with a height of over 5 m. Okapis are smaller, only up to 2 m tall.
Nucleophilic substitution

A **nucleophilic substitution** is a chemical reaction. It is a type of substitution, or replacing, reaction. It happens when one nucleophile replaces another one on an atom. The other group leaves the atom and is called a leaving group.

There are different types of nucleophilic substitution. Which type happens depends on the type of the atoms and molecules involved. The two main categories of nucleophilic substitution are the SN1 reaction and the SN2 reaction.

## References
1572

**1572** (MDLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events 
*January 16 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
*April 1 – The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zealand, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam), under rebel control.
*June 25 – The Sea Beggars capture the city Gorkum. Several Roman Catholic priests are put into a prison.
*July 9 – The Sea Beggars hang 19 previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests at Brielle.
*August 18 – Wedding in Paris of the Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre with Marguerite de France, sister of King Charles, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics.
*August 24 – St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris. Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, including Gaspard de Coligny, at the order of King Charles IX. Henry of Navarre and the Prince of Condé barely escape the same fate. This brings about the Fourth War of Religion in France.
*November 9 – Siege of Sancerre Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city held out for nearly eight months without bombard artillery. It was one of the last time slings were used in European history.
* December – The Duke of Alva, Spanish commander in the Netherlands, lays siege to Haarlem.
* Ending of the Muromachi period in Japan
* Tycho Brahe observes the supernova SN 1572 in Cassiopeia
* Vilcabamba, last independent part of the Inca Empire, conquered by Spanish
Popular culture

**Popular culture** is culture which interests the general masses of people. It is influenced and spread by mass media. People experience or learn popular culture by hearing popular music on the radio, watching television, playing video games, or reading popular books and magazines. Popular culture may affect all kinds of knowledge or thought, including art, religion, or language. 

Popular culture does not follow any one system of ideas, customs, philosophy, religion, or morality. Some of its forms include grammar, language, or pictures that are not accepted under a society's customs. For this reason a society or government may not approve of popular culture. If a government thinks that any form of it may harm people or cause society to change in a bad way, the government may ban it. This practice is known as censorship. In some countries popular culture is protected under freedom of speech or other rights. 

## American popular culture 
The United States is an industrialized country (see industrialization) in which citizens use mass media. Its government protects language and cultures under freedom of speech. The U.S. has had periods of popular culture since the 20th century. For instance, after World War II a group of children known as Baby boomers experienced a sudden expansion of popular culture.

## Related pages 
* Folklore

## References
Psychiatric hospital

(1746-1828), *Casa de Locos* (House of Fools) shows how "fools" were treated before specialized treatment was available.]]
 (translates to fools' tower) was the first specialised building to lodge mentally ill patients. It was built in 1784. It is a museum of medical history today.]]
A **psychiatric hospital** is a residential facility where people with mental illnesses can be kept safe and receive treatment.

On some occasions, a person might choose to enter a psychiatric hospital to address their mental health. On other occasions, people can be forced into psychiatric facilities if a doctor thinks they are a danger to others or themselves.

Doctors who work at psychiatric hospitals are called psychiatrists.

## History
### "Lunatic asylums" 
Psychiatric hospitals used to be called lunatic asylums. Earlier asylums like the old Bethlem Royal Hospital in London (nicknamed "Bedlam") were like prisons. Patients received no treatment and were often imprisoned and chained. When he took over Bethlem, Philippe Pinel made a radical change: he got rid of the chains in his asylum.  

### Institutionalization 
In the 19th century, new asylums were built. These were designed to be pleasant places with gardens and airy rooms, and later became known as psychiatric hospitals. Although they no longer looked like prisons, patients still had little freedom or hope of leaving. Many experienced *institutionalisation* - they had lived in the hospital for so long that they could not cope with living outside of it.

### Deinstitutionalisation 
In the middle of the 20th century, new drugs were invented that made it easier to treat mental illness. Governments began to look for ways to care for patients outside of hospitals. They believed it would lead to better care for patients and save money. This is known as *deinstitutionalisation*. 

Since the 1970s, many countries have closed large numbers of psychiatric hospitals. Mentally ill patients are now also cared for in local hospitals, small clinics and in their own homes.

## References 
This section needs to be filled in.
Spinster

A **spinster** is an older word for an unmarried woman. A word used more often today is "single woman" or *bachelorette*. 

## Other meanings
A spinster is also someone who spins yarn from wool using a spinning wheel. Spinsters use the yarn to make clothes like a tailor, seamster, seamstress. One famous spinster is the girl in the story of Rumpelstiltskin.
Dick Clark

**Dick Clark** (November 30, 1929 — April 18, 2012) was an American television entertainer. He was nicknamed "the world's oldest teenager". From the 1950s to the 2000s, he entertained people from around the United States, as well as the rest of the world. He became famous due to his show *American Bandstand*. He also hosted game shows, including *The $100,000 Pyramid*. His other shows included ''Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest''. Clark died on the morning of April 18, 2012 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
Military camp

A **military camp** or **bivouac** is a semi-permanent  for where an army stays when it is not at its military base. Camps are erected when a military force travels away from a major installation or fort during training. It is also used for operations, and often form large campsites.

In the Roman era the military camp served an entire legion. Archaeological s have revealed many details of these Roman camps in places such as England and Scotland.

## References
Johannes Kepler

]]

**Johannes Kepler** (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German mathematics teacher, astronomer, optician, natural philosopher, astrologer and Lutheran theologian.

He was Tycho Brahe's apprentice. Tycho Brahe looked at the way the planets moved in the sky. Johannes Kepler found a simple way to say how the planets move. Kepler also studied other things like Kepler's supernova.

## How the planets move 
A planet moves along a path called an orbit. Kepler used three laws to say what form the path has and how fast the planet moves:

# Kepler's first law says that the form of the path is an ellipse, an oval or flattened circle that has two centers. The Sun is in one of the centers of the ellipse. Before Kepler, astronomers thought that planets moved in circles within circles (epicycles) according to the system of Claudius Ptolemy with Earth at the middle of the biggest circle.
# Kepler's second law says how fast the planet moves around the ellipse. When the planet is closer to the Sun, it moves faster. When it is farther from the Sun, it moves slower. If there is a line between the planet and the Sun, the line sweeps out an area as it follows the planet. The area it sweeps out in one day is always the same. Before Kepler, astronomers thought that planets always moved at the same speed along the circles.
# Kepler's third law says how fast different planets move. A planet that is farther from the Sun moves slower than a planet that is closer to the Sun. If a person multiplies the time (*T*) it takes for a planet to go around the Sun by itself (*T*2), that number is proportional to the distance (*d*) of a planet to the Sun multiplied by itself twice (*d*3).

Kepler published the first two laws in 1609, and the third in 1619.

## Writings by Kepler 
* *Mysterium cosmographicum* (*The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos*) (1596)
* *Astronomia nova* (*New Astronomy*) (1609)
* *Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae* (*Epitome of Copernican Astronomy*) (published in three parts from 1618 to 1621)
* *Harmonice Mundi* (*Harmony of the Worlds*) (1619)
* *Mysterium cosmographicum* (*The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos*) 2nd Edition (1621)
* *Tabulae Rudolphinae* (*Rudolphine Tables*) (1627)
* *Somnium* (*The Dream*) (1634)

## Related pages 
* Galileo Galilei
* Nicolaus Copernicus
* Tycho Brahe
* Kepler (spacecraft)

## Sources 
* Caspar, Max. 1993. *Kepler*. transl. and ed. by C. Doris Hellman; with a new introduction and references by Owen Gingerich; bibliographic citations by Owen Gingerich and Alain Segonds. New York: Dover. 
* Gingerich, Owen. 1993. *The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler*. American Institute of Physics. 
* Gingerich, Owen 1973. "Kepler, Johannes". In *Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, Volume VII. Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor. New York: Scribner's.

## Other websites 
* Kepler and the "Music of the Spheres"
* Gale E. Christianson- Kepler's Somnium: Science Fiction and the Renaissance Scientist 
* Kepler's Belief in Astrology by Nick Kollerstrom
* References for Johannes Kepler
* Johannes Kepler Citizendium
Hymen

The **hymen** (also called the **maidenhead**) is a thin fold of membranous connective tissue which "encompasses (surrounds) the lumen of the vagina". It surrounds and partially covers the opening of the vagina all around the edges, or sometimes completely blocks it (called a imperforate hymen) until it is fixed. It is close to behind or deeper inside the labia minora. 

The hymen has no known use. People used to believe that the hymen always tears after having sexual intercourse for the first time, and that you could tell if a woman was a virgin by looking at her hymen and seeing if it was torn. However, it turns out that it is impossible to tell if someone is a virgin by looking at their hymen. Studies have confirmed that all girls are born with hymens.

## Types 
There are several different types of hymen. In about 1 in 2,000 females, the hymen does not develop at all. The hymen may also not have a hole in it; this is called an "imperforate hymen". In this case a hole will need to be surgically cut into it to allow menstrual fluid (period blood) or other secretions out. Without this surgery, the patient might feel discomfort, pain, or be more prone to vagina infections. 

Other types of hymen are:

* crescent-shaped
* folding in on itself
* has one or more bands going across the opening
* has several holes

## What might damage the hymen 
When a girl reaches puberty, the hymen becomes stretchy. The hymen may be damaged by girls fall directly onto sharp objects . 

Sexual intercourse is an easy way to damage the hymen along with horseback riding and biking. A woman's hymen can also break while playing some sports.

## Hymens in other animals 
These animals all have a hymen:

There are many more animals which have hymens, but not all are listed here.

## The stages of growth 
When a fetus is developing, there is no vaginal opening. The hymen comes from the skin covering the vagina at that time.

In  babies, the hymen is thick and pink. This is because the mother is giving the baby hormones through breast feeding which keeps it thick. In adolescent girls, the hymen becomes thin, smooth and delicate because she has stopped taking in hormones. The hymen becomes very sensitive and can easily cause pain if touched. From puberty, the hymen gets thicker again and becomes pale pink. This is because of the hormone estrogen.

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Female Hymen and its Significance
*Hymen gallery  - Pictures of hymens
*The Hymen Revealed  - by The-Clitoris.com
Maidenhead

**Maidenhead** is a town in England in Berkshire. About 60,000 people live in the town. The town is about 25 miles (41 kilometres) from London. It is named after a wharf that was built there in 1297. It lies on the River Thames.
Perl

**Perl** is a programming language invented by Larry Wall to process text. The programming language has been changed many times to do some other things. Some of these things are tasks like making web pages show information in a better way than before, or take information and show it in a way that makes more sense to people.  Perl code is written using some symbols besides letters and numbers.

## Usage 
Perl is very good at searching through text looking for patterns, which lets people find words that they may be looking for, or also let people find words they are looking for, and change them with different words much more quickly than they would if they had to do it one word at a time.

Perl is also a high-level programming language. A high-level language has advanced features which let the programmer tell the computer what to do without having to worry about how the computer is going to do it as compared to low-level programming languages which often require more programmer effort. 

## Example 
An example Hello World program in Perl:

```perl
say 'Hello World!'
```

You can use variables in Perl.

A variable is a box where you can put items. In Perl, some variables starts with their own sigil. A sigil is the way to tell the Perl interpreter about what type of variable you are using. Variables can be scalar, array, hash, handle, regular expression, typeglob or subroutine.

For example:

```perl
my $a_scalar = 2;
my $b = 5.29 ;
my $c = "a string";
my $d = 'another';
my @e = ($b,3,4,$c,$d);
my %f = ('a'=>$b,'cad'=>'pqr',$c=>$d);
```

## Perl packages 
The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, aka CPAN, hosts a large number of extensions to Perl which may be downloaded for free.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Perl.org
* CPAN
* The Perl Foundation
Skene's gland

'''Skene's glands** (also called **lesser vestibular glands** or **paraurethral glands''') are glands in the upper wall of the vagina. They empty into the urethra. Their location is known as the Gräfenberg spot. In males, their homologue is the prostate gland.

The glands are named after the person who described them first, Alexander Skene. He was a physician.
Bartholin's gland

The '''Bartholin's glands''' are two glands found slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women.

## History 
They were first found in the 17th century, by the Danish anatomist, Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655-1738).

## Anatomy 
The glands  mucus to make sexual intercourse easier. Bartholin's glands secrete relatively minute amounts (one or two drops) of fluid when a woman is sexually aroused.

Sometimes, the Bartholin's glands become infected and can be swollen or painful. This can be treated by a doctor with antibiotics.

## Related pages
* Clitoris
* Prostate

## References 
## Other websites 
*  - "The Female Perineum: Muscles of the Superficial Perineal Pouch"
Gland

oily substance.]]

A **gland** is a group of cells in the body which make substances such as hormones. They are in humans and other animals, and in plants. 
*If the substance is put directly into the bloodstream, the gland is called **endocrine gland**. 
*If the substance is carried by a duct, the gland is called an **exocrine gland**. Exocrine  ducts empty outside the body, or into cavities inside the body.

Examples of glands in humans are:
*Sweat glands that produce sweat for perspiration.
*The pineal gland in the brain, which produces the hormone melatonin at night.
Amman

**Amman** (), is the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the capital of the Amman Governorate. It is the largest city in the Kingdom and one of the largest Arab cities in terms of population, with a population in 2014 of about 4 million, which also makes it one of the fastest growing cities in the world. The city is located in the center of the Kingdom at latitude 31 north and longitude 35 east in an area covering 20 mountains.

Amman is the commercial and administrative center of Jordan and its economic and educational heart. Amman has become a magnet for many Arab communities due to its distinguished location and contemporary architecture. Amman attracts many tourists annually from Western Europe, North America, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Australia, and from the neighboring and nearby Arab countries. Many families of the Arab Gulf countries in particular visit the city, as there are many tourist attractions in general and medical treatment in particular. As a result of Amman’s location in such a strategic location in the Levant and the Middle East, its location controls the national economy and drives 90% of investment at the national level.

The history of Amman dates back to the seventh millennium BC, and thus it is considered one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world. Amman is an ancient city built on the ruins of a city known as “Rabbath Ammon,” later “Philadelphia,” and finally “Amman,” a modification from “Rabbath Ammon,” and the Ammonites took it as their capital. The city was established on seven hills, and it seems that it was the center of the region at that time. It is one of the four capitals of the Levant. It is also one of the ancient Levantine cities that became the capital of the Emirate of Transjordan and then the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after its independence in 1946 from Britain.

Modern Amman is inhabited by a diverse group of residents of different origins who came from different regions. Some of them came from nearby Jordanian cities, some came from Palestine, and some came from the Caucasus, Syria and Iraq.

The Greater Amman Municipality has recently witnessed a huge development, as Amman has expanded in a way that the city has never seen before. Amman's comprehensive plan has won international awards, including the Global Leadership Award in Urban Planning and the City Award for the Asian Continent for 2007. The number of administrative regions in the Greater Amman Municipality is 22 geographically distributed regions, each region contains its staff. As for the administrative aspect, there is the Greater Amman Municipality Council, which includes 68 members headed by the Mayor of the Capital, and the council is in turn divided into 14 different committees.

It is noteworthy that March 2 was adopted as *city of Amman day* the after the Jordanian Cabinet approved a decision in the beginning of 2021, as part of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Jordanian state.

## References
## Other websites 
* Amman Street Food documentary on Youtube
* Amman Digital Community Facebook page
* Greater Amman Municipality Facebook page
* Amman public transportation map
Aegukga

"**Aegukga**" (; say: ), meaning "**The Patriotic Song**", is the national anthem of the Republic of Korea (South Korea). It should not be confused with North Korea's anthem, which has the same name.

The lyrics of the Aegukga sung today were created around 1907, a time when the country was under threat from foreign invasions, to inspire patriotism, loyalty, and a sense of independence. Over time, the lyrics were refined by various pioneers to their current form, and the melody was set to the Scottish folk song "Auld Lang Syne."   

Ahn Ik-tae (안익태), who was active abroad, felt it was unfortunate that the Aegukga was sung to a foreign melody. In 1935, he composed the melody that we sing today. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea adopted this composition as the national anthem, but it was only spread overseas. In Korea, the anthem continued to be sung to the Scottish folk melody until the establishment of the government after liberation.   

After the establishment of the South Korean government in 1948, Ahn's composition was used at official events and included in school textbooks nationwide, becoming widely sung across the country. Subsequently, this Aegukga was widely spread abroad and became established as the de facto national anthem.   

ith the formalization of the Aegukga as the national anthem, it was actively promoted in the 1950s through media like the Korean News. Additionally, various guidelines and directives, such as the "Instructions on Etiquette for Flag Hoisting and Aegukga Singing" (1966), gradually incorporated it into national ceremonies. The instructions stated that during the salute to the national flag and the singing of the Aegukga, people should show proper respect by standing still, and all passing individuals and vehicles should stop to show respect.  
## Lyrics 
### A more poetic translation
**I**
East Sea's waters and Baekdu Mountain stand strong and proud,
God bless our nation forever, let our cheers ring loud.

**Refrain**
Three thousand miles of Mugunghwa, beauty we hold dear,
Korean hearts and spirits, preserve our land with cheer.

**II**
Pines on Namsan stand resolute, adorned in their pride,
Through wind and frost unyielding, our spirit will abide.

***Refrain***

**III**
Autumn skies are vast and bright, with clouds not in our sight,
The moon shines pure and steady, reflecting our true light.

***Refrain***

**IV**
With this spirit and this heart, we'll serve our nation's call,
Through joy and through the hardships, love our land through it all.

***Refrain***

## References
Conquest

The word **conquest** can refer to different things:
* A military invasion
*Action of a Conquistador
* Impressing someone, possibly through courageous actions 
* A town in the state of New York
* A British historian, named Robert Conquest
1359

## Events 
* Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) 
* Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.
* Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband Louis of Bavaria are absolved from excommunication.
* Second Treaty of London signed between England and France, but rejected by the French States-General on May 25.
Hunting

**Hunting** is going out to find and kill animals. Animals and some humans, hunt for food. People have hunted at least since the stone age. They used spears, and now people mostly use guns and bows. Some people kill the animals for fur, to make clothes and shelter, or to decorate their homes, or to sell. Fox hunting is sometimes a keeping animal populations from getting too high. Hunting too much, though, can kill off species of animals, making them extinct. Hunting once made the dodo, a bird, become extinct.

Before they invented herding people got meat by hunting.  Boar hunting and fox hunting became became popular in early modern times.  Another form of hunting is not to use guns, bows and arrows or spears, but by animal trapping.   

Animal rights activists oppose to hunting. Anti-hunting laws (English Hunting Act 2004) strive to reduce hunting.  

## Gallery

File:37-svaghi, caccia,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 4182..jpg|Boar hunting, tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (XIV century)
File:War-hunt outfit in yoruba land.jpg|War-hunt outfit in yoruba land
File:Diana of Versailles.jpg|Artemis with a Hind, a Roman copy of an Ancient Greek sculpture, by Leochares

## Related pages 
* Animal trapping
* Farming
* Fox hunting
* Fishing
Tycho Brahe

in Prague]]

**Tycho Brahe ** (14 December 1546 — 24 October 1601) was an astronomer from Denmark. He observed the night sky before the invention of the telescope. With money from the King of Denmark he built a large observatory called Uraniborg on the island of Hven in Denmark. 

He discovered that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet. Johannes Kepler was his assistant. Tycho made very careful observations of the planets. When Tycho died in 1601, Kepler continued Tycho's work.

Tycho was not a modern scientist. He believed in astrology, and his astronomy was a strange mixture of scientific observation and religious belief. Although he rejected the Ptolemaic system, he also rejected the Copernican system. He developed a geocentric theory that imagined the Sun and Moon orbited the Earth, but the other planets orbited the Sun. 

Unlike most astronomers of his time, he did not believe in the unchanging celestial realm or spheres. Tycho's Nova, now called SN 1572, proved that changes did take place. Also, he worked out that comets were real celestial objects, and that their orbits were different from those of the planets.

## Related pages 
* Johannes Kepler
*List of Danish writers

## References 
## Other websites 
* Tycho Brahe – Accomplishments, Biography, & Facts. Encyclopædia Britannica
Pascal

**Pascal** is a programming language.
It was created in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth, to help people learn how to make computer programs.

## Development 
Now, there are many different dialects of the language, some of which support object-oriented programming.
In 1990 the “Pascal” and “Extended Pascal” standards were registered with the International Organization for Standardization.

## Description 
Every variable has to be declared before it is used.
Pascal is a strongly typed programming language:
Every variable has a data type.
You are only allowed to assign values to the variable that are valid for the data type.
This ensures that the programmer does not make unintentional mistakes.

Pascal is a imperative language.
The language distinguishes between procedures and functions.
A 
```pascal
function
```
 returns a value, a 
```pascal
procedure
```
 does not.
As such, a 
```pascal
function
```
 call appears in an expression, whereas a 
```pascal
procedure
```
 invocation is a statement.

## Code samples 
This code prints ```text
Hello world!
``` at console window:

```pascal
program helloWorld(output);
begin
	writeLn('Hello world!');
	{ which is short for: writeLn(output, 'Hello world!); }
end.
```

This code calculate factorial of a positive integer, using recursion.

```pascal
program factorialDemo(input, output);

function factorial(n: integer): integer;
begin
	if n < 2 then
	begin
		{ the result of a function is stored in a variable }
		{ that has the same name as the function: }
		factorial := 1;
	end
	else
	begin
		factorial := n * factorial(n - 1);
	end
end;

var
	n: integer;
begin
	write('Enter number: ');
	readLn(n);
	writeLn(factorial(n));
end.
```

## Pascal variants 
* GNU Pascal
* Object Pascal
* Free Pascal
* Delphi – Modern IDE for creating GUI programs for Microsoft Windows. There is an open source clone of it for Windows, Mac OS X and FreeBSD, named Lazarus.
* Turbo Pascal
G-spot

The **Gräfenberg spot** (usually called **G-spot**) is defined as a highly sensitive area near the entrance inside of the human vagina. It is believed to be a part of the urethral sponge. Some people believe it is a bundle of nerves in the female human reproductive system. If the area is stimulated, this can cause pleasurable sensations, female ejaculation and a strong orgasm in some women. Some doctors and researchers who specialize in the anatomy of women say that there is no anatomical evidence for the spot.

## Origin 
The "G-spot" concept was named by Addiego and others in 1981 or by Beverly Whipple and others in 1982. It is named after the German gynaecologist, Ernst Gräfenberg. Gräfenberg wrote first about *The Role of Urethra in Female Orgasm* in 1950. A book was first published about the G-spot in 1982, called *The G Spot and Other Recent Discoveries About Human Sexuality*, by three authors from the United States: Alice Kahn Ladas, a psychologist; Beverly Whipple, a registered nurse and sex counselor; and John D. Perry, a psychologist. However, there are two methods which are used to find it:
* self-reported levels of sexual arousal/pleasure
* stimulating an area in the vagina leads to female ejaculation

Some women say that they have "deeper" orgasms when the G-spot is stimulated. One research team experimented with the vagina by trying to touch the G-spot in certain places under experimental conditions; they found that in most cases, women had a sensitive area near the front of the vagina. Some people who are not doctors simply say that it is a "highly sensitive area" in the vagina.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The G-Spot  from UCSB's SexInfo
Aegukka

"**Aegukka**" (; say: ), officially translated as "**Patriotic Song**", is the national anthem of North Korea. To celebrate the country's independence from Japan, it was written by Pak Se-yong and composed by Kim Won-gyun, then it was adopted in 1947 shortly after.

It should not be confused with South Korea's national anthem, which has the same name but uses a different romanisation scheme. It is sometimes also known by the first bit of the song, "Achhimŭn pinnara" (), meaning "Let Morning Shine".

## Lyrics
## References
Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur

**Babur **, full name **Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur** (14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza, governor of Farghana.He fought and won in the first battle of Panipat.

## Plans of the establishment of Mughal empire 
 1589-90]]
In 1525 Babur set out to attack India. He had only about twelve thousand men with him but he had been promised help by Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of Punjab. They planned to march together against the ruling Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, who was the King of Delhi at that time. When Babur reached India, the government was afraid to help him, and eventually backed out, and so Babur started off to Delhi by himself with his small army of men.

Ibrahim Lodi was reported to have one hundred thousand men and one hundred elephants. But Babur had something which Ibrahim did not have – heavy guns and cannons, the first proper Turkic style artillery seen in medieval India. There were hardly any guns at that time in India and Babur had managed to get hold of some in Kabul. He had cannons and some firearms as well. He met Ibrahim Lodi and his army at Panipat in modern Haryana.

The two armies met at the famous First battle of Panipat, at a small village near Delhi. Both armies remained in position opposite each other for a week before the battle began. Babur was an excellent general and he planned the battle very carefully as conquering Delhi was indeed very important to him. After the battle about fifteen thousand men of the enemy were killed including their commander Ibrahim Lodi. 

Before the enemy could recover from their defeat, Delhi was captured.

## Consolidating victory 
Babur had to fight more major battles, the battles of Khanua and Gogra. In 1527 A.D. he had to face a fierce enemy of his at Khanua, the Rajput hero, Rana Sangram (or Sanga)of Mewar. A ferocious battle was fought between the two in the field of Khanua and Babur won the battle. 

In 1529 A.D., Babur got into a battle with the Afghans. Babur won, but the Afghans were not totally weakened. They joined hands with Mahmud Lodi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodi, to fight Babur again. But Babur approached forward and was a successful winner of this Battle in Gogra.

## Related pages 
* Mughal Empire

## References
Mantra

, many Buddhists carve mantras into rocks as a form of devotion]]

In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, **Mantra** means a group of words. There are many such groups of words. Some mantras have meanings. However, there are many mantras which are just syllables, with or without any words. Such mantras do not carry meanings. From the ancient times, Hindus, as well as in many cases, texts of Buddhism and Jainism contain many mantras.

Traditionally, people associate the mantras with various powers. However, it is more a matter of individual faith and experience than a fact of science.

The earliest examples of mantras are many hymns and verses of Vedas. People read them aloud. They thought that by doing so they would get the blessings of the gods and other beings. The system continued in Hindu practices of worship and meditation. Even now, many Hindus believe in the power of mantras to gain health and wealth. Mantras may form part of worship or people may simply recite them loudly or slowly. Some time no recitation may take place, and the person would just think of the mantra silently for long time.

## References 
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dallapiccola
https://vedic7.blogspot.com/2022/12/mantras.html
Line of Control

in the north and Jammu and Kashmir (JK) Pakistan Administered Kashmir (PAK) in the south. The area shown in orange is the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir. The diagonally-hatched area to the east is Aksai Chin, which is controlled by China.]]

The **Line of Control** (**LOC**) is the line that marks where the region of Kashmir is divided. The land on one side of the line is controlled by India, and the land on the other side is controlled by Pakistan. It is not a legal international border, but is the effective boundary between the two countries. India and Pakistan fought over Kashmir between 1947 and 1948. The line originally marked the military  when the two countries declared a ceasefire on 1/2 January 1949. The fronts gradually became a solid boundary. It was formally named the Line of Control after the Simla Agreement, which was signed on 3 July 1972.

All of Kashmir was previously the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. The part of the region that is now under Indian control is known as the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The two parts that are under Pakistani control are known as Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The Line of Control is  long.

Another cease-fire line separates the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area of Aksai Chin. This is further to the east and is called the Line of Actual Control (LAC). Although the other side is controlled by India, China regards this line as part of its border with Pakistan. China and Pakistan have agreed on a border, but India has not.

## Fencing 
India has built a fence along its side of the Line of Control. It is currently  long. It only runs part of the length of the line, the rest of the Line of Control is too inaccessible for construction of a barrier. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. Pakistan has objected to the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions on the region.

## Related pages
* Wagah
* Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
* Line of Actual Control
* Kashmir conflict
* Wakhan
* Border dispute

## References
Arnsberg

**Arnsberg** (;  is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 74,000 inhabitants, who are mostly Catholic.

## References
## Other websites
Linz

**Linz** is a city in Austria with nearly 200,000 inhabitants. It has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification). It is the third largest city in Austria, after Vienna and Graz. Linz is the capital city and a district of Upper Austria. There is the famous artcenter "Lentos" or the "Brucknerhaus" for concerts.

## Education 
* AeronautX Luftfahrtschule

## Other websites 
* Linz  a picture tour through Linz
Fruit tree

ing almond tree]]
A **fruit tree** is a tree that produces edible fruits to hold its seeds. However, although every tree produces fruit, not all fruit is edible for humans. Nut trees bear such fruits as almonds, walnuts, brazil nuts.

## Examples of tree fruit 
* Apricot
* Apple
* Cherry
* Citrus (Orange, Lemon, etc.)
* Coconut
* Damson
* Durian
* Fig
* Mango
* Medlar
* Nectarine
* Peach
* Pear
* Plum
* Quince
Basel

**Basel** (French: *Bâle*) is a city in the north of Switzerland. It is sometimes called **Basle** in English. Basel is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt. 

The city has a population of about 170,000 people and is the third largest city in Switzerland after Zürich and Geneva.

Basel borders Germany and France in the north and the canton of Basel-Land in the south. The Rhine river flows through the city.

## History 
Basel was a prince-bishopric from 999 until 1803. Most of the city was destroyed in the 1356 Basel earthquake, the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Central Europe. Basel joined Switzerland in 1501.

## Economy 
Basel is well known for the many chemical and pharmaceutical companies that are located in the city, such as Novartis, Syngenta and Hoffmann-La Roche.

The only ports in Switzerland are located along the Rhine river in Basel, which makes the city important for imports and exports to and from Switzerland. Water transport using cargo ships on the Rhine river connects Basel with the seaport of Rotterdam. Basel ports are connected to the Swiss railway and road network.

Basel shares the international airport EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg with the French city Mulhouse.

## Education 
The University of Basel was founded in 1460 and is the oldest in Switzerland and one of the oldest in the world. Erasmus, Paracelsus, Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler and Friedrich Nietzsche worked here.

## Gallery 

Image:Basler - Basler Münster Westfassade.jpg|Basel Minster
Image:Basler Rathaus.jpg|Town Hall
Image:River ferry (Basel, Switzerland).jpg|Cable ferry across the Rhine
Image:Basel - Roche-Gelände(2015).jpg|View over the city with the Roche Headquarters in the front

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the city of Basel
Innsbruck

**Innsbruck** (;  ; ) is a city in Austria. About 120,000 people live there. It is the capital of the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and of the Tyrolean district of Innsbruck-Land District. It is one of the biggest cities of Austria. It has an area of 104.91 km2. The highest area is the Praxmarerkarspitze (2641m). The deepest one is the Inn near Ampass (565m).

The name Innsbruck comes from the German words *Inn*, a river which crosses the city, and *brücke*, a bridge. It means "bridge over the Inn".

Innsbruck-14-Hoettinger Seite-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-24-Ottoburg-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-36-Hofburg-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-vom Stadtturm-08-Bergisel-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Dom-02-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Dom-16-Orgel-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Goldenes-Dachl-14-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Hofkirche-18-Grabmal Maximilians I-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Hofkirche-28-Grabmal Maximilians I-Marmorrelief-2006-gje.jpg
Innsbruck-Schloss Ambras-08-2006-gje.jpg

## References
## Other websites 
* The official website of Innsbruck
Graz

**Graz** is a city in Austria and capital of Styria. 

After Vienna, Graz has the second highest number of people living in the city. In 2014 the city and surrounding areas had 605,143 people. The city has six universities.

## History 
The oldest reference to Graz in historical documents is from 1128. In 1379 Graz became the capital of Inner Austria. (*Inner Austria* included Styria, Carinthia, Krain, Inner Istria and Trieste.) The Roman Empire used Graz as a stronghold to defend against enemies on the southeast. Two of the buildings created at that period (*Glockenturm* which is a clock tower, and *Uhrturm* which is a bell tower) have become landmarks of Graz.

The Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg is named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Webpage of Graz
Ellipse

with a plane.]]

An **ellipse**  is a shape that looks like an oval or a flattened circle. 

In geometry, an **ellipse** is a plane curve which results from the intersection of a cone by a plane in a way that produces a closed curve.  

Circles are special cases of ellipses, created when the cutting plane is perpendicular to the cone's axis.

A circle has one center, called a focus. An ellipse has two foci. 

An ellipse is simply all points on a graph that the sum of the distances from 2 points are the same. For example, an ellipse can be made by putting two pins into cardboard and a circle of string around those two, then putting a pencil in the loop and pulling as far as possible without breaking the string in all directions. The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus.  

In analytic geometry the equation of an ellipse is

\frac{(x-h)^{2}}{a^{2}} + \frac{(y-k)^{2}}{b^{2}} = 1   where the center of the ellipse is (h,k). 2A is the length from each end of the longer skinnier side.  2b is the length of the 2 ends of the short side.  A²-B²=C² for c is the length between the foci and the center.

An ellipse can also be expressed as 

\frac{(x-h)^{2}}{b^{2}} + \frac{(y-k)^{2}}{a^{2}} = 1 

In this case, it will be taller than it is wide.

## Other websites
* Ellipse & Hyperbola Construction  - An interactive sketch showing how to trace the curves of the ellipse and hyperbola. (Requires Java.)
* Ellipse Construction  - Another interactive sketch, this time showing a different method of tracing the ellipse. (Requires Java.)
* Ellipse on MathWorld - More on Ellipse
* The Shape and History of The Ellipse in Washington, D.C. by Clark Kimberling
*Collection of animated ellipse demonstrations. Ellipse, axes, semi-axes, area, perimeter, tangent, foci.
*Woodworking videos showing how to work with ellipses in wood.

## References
Reutlingen

**Reutlingen** is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
About 110,000 people live there.

## References 
## Other websites
Salzgitter

**Salzgitter** is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony, founded in 1942.

It has about 108,000 inhabitants.

## References
## Other websites
Witten

**Witten** is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area and has about 100,000 inhabitants.

## References
## Other websites
Fürth

**Fürth** (; East Franconian:  [; ) is a city in the German state Bavaria, next to Nuremberg (*Nürnberg*).
It has about 118,000 inhabitants. The first German railway connection was between Nürnberg and Fürth.

## References
## Other websites
Moers

**Moers** (, formerly *Mörs*) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Moers is near to Duisburg and belongs to the Ruhr area.
It has about 110,000 inhabitants.

## References
## Other websites
Sunni Islam

**Sunni Islam** () is the biggest branch of Islam and came through the Rashidun Empire, which started with Abu Bakr and ended by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Sunni beliefs are based on the Qur'an and the Kutub al-Sittah. Sunnis make up around 90% of the world's Muslim population. With approximately 1.8 billion followers, it is the largest religious denomination of any religion in the world.  Catholicism is the second-largest religious denomination in the world. There are four sub-groups (madh'habs) of Sunni Islam; Hanbalis, Malikis, Shafi'is and Hanafis.

Adherents of Sunni Islam are **Sunnis** or **Sunnites**. The word *Sunni* comes from the word sunna (), which means the tradition of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Sunnis are also called *ahl as-Sunnah wa l-Jamāʻah* (), which means people of tradition and congregation and means that the Sunnis are united.

## Definition
In the Meeting of the Aqidah Expert Panel of the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) held on 28 December 2010 at the Malaysian Islamic Training Institute (ILIM), Bangi, the panel decided that the definition of *Ahl al-Sunnah wa’l-Jama‘ah* is:  

'*“A group who understands and adheres to the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet through the Companions, the Tabi‘in, and the Tabi‘ al-Tabi‘in, who remained steadfast with them in the principles of creed (*aqidah*), law (*shari‘ah*), and ethics (*akhlaq*).”*'   ﷺ  

### Explanation of the definition 
*a) They are a group who understands and adheres to the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet  according to the methodology and approach of the *salaf* and *khalaf* (the Atharites).   ﷺ 

*b) They are a group with a balanced (*wasatiyyah*) understanding — neither extreme nor overly lax. This excludes the Khawarij, Shi‘ah Rafidah, Qadariyyah, Jabariyyah, Mu‘tazilah, anti-hadith groups, liberal Islam, religious pluralism, and the like.  

*c) They are a group who prioritizes Islamic unity and brotherhood over enmity, peace over conflict, and uphold the principle of not idolizing leaders, not being fanatical to the extent of declaring other Muslims as disbelievers (*takfir*) or deviants.

## Related pages 
* Shia Islam
* Uthmaniyya
* Sunnah
* Non-denominational Muslims

## References 
## Other websites
Ratingen

**Ratingen** (Low Franconian: *Rotinge*) is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It is near Düsseldorf. It has about 90,000 inhabitants.

## References
## Other websites
Castrop-Rauxel

**Castrop-Rauxel** is a town in the Ruhr area in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 78,000 inhabitants.

## References
## Other websites
Gland (city)

**Gland** is a city in Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud. In the year 2005, about 10,000 people live there. The city is halfway between Geneva and Lausanne, near Nyon.

## Other websites 
* Official website of the Town of Gland
Lausanne

**Lausanne** is a city in Switzerland. It has a population of about 140,000 people. The city is the capital of the district Lausanne. It is also the capital of the canton of Vaud. Lausanne is the fourth biggest city of Switzerland. The syndic of Lausanne (syndic is the French word for mayor in the canton of Vaud) is Grégoire Junod, from the Socialist Party, since 2016.

 Notre-Dame of Lausanne]]

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website