open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Division of Throsby

The **Division of Throsby** was an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It was named after Charles Throsby (1777–1828), a pioneer and explorer in the areas south of Sydney.

Throsby included Albion Park, Berkeley, Berrima, Blackbutt, Bowral, Cringila, Dapto, Exeter, Fitzroy Falls, Horsley, Kembla Grange, Lake Illawarra, Mittagong, Moss Vale, Oak Flats, Port Kembla, Robertson, Warrawong, Welby, Willow Vale, and parts of Warilla.

## Members
Jennie George was the first woman to be the President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) 1996–2000.

## Election results
* 2004 election results
* 2007 election results
* 2010 election results
* 2013 election results

## References
## Other websites
* Division of Throsby, Australian Electoral Commission
* Stephen Jones website
Olympus Has Fallen

***Olympus Has Fallen*** is an American action movie from 2013. It is about commandos from North Korea holding people hostage in the White House. It stars Gerard Butler, Morgan Freeman, and Aaron Eckhart. It was released in summer of 2013.

A sequel, *London Has Fallen*, was released in March 2016.
José Sulaimán

**José Sulaimán Chagnón** (born May 30, 1931 &ndash; January 16, 2014) was a Mexican boxing official. He was the president of the World Boxing Council. He was entered into the International Boxing Hall of Fame on June 10, 2007.

Sulaimán was born in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. He died in Los Angeles, California.

## References
## Other websites
*Q & A
That Awkward Moment

***That Awkward Moment*** is a 2014 American romantic comedy movie written by Tom Gormican in his drectorial debut. It stars Zac Efron, Miles Teller, Michael B. Jordan, Imogen Poots, Mackenzie Davis and Jessica Lucas.

## Plot
After Mikey's break-up, Jason and Daniel promise to stay single with him. However, they both end up falling in love and have to avoid facing their promise.

## Cast
* Zac Efron as Jason
* Miles Teller as Daniel
* Michael B. Jordan as Mikey
* Imogen Poots as Ellie
* Mackenzie Davis as Chelsea
* Jessica Lucas as Vera
* Parker Block
*Emily Meade as Christy
* Josh Pais as Fred
* Victor Slezak as Actor
* Kate Simses as Glasses
* Alysia Reiner as Amanda
* Dan Bittner as Preppy Guy
* Demetrice Jackson as Michael
* Evelina Turen as Sophie

## References
## Other websites
*
Anne Jeffreys

**Anne Jeffreys** (January 26, 1923 &ndash; September 27, 2017) was an American actress and singer. She was known for her works in *Topper*, *Street Scene*, and the musicals *Kiss Me, Kate* (1948) and the musical *Three Wishes for Jamie* (1952). She replaced Patricia Morison in the musical *Kiss Me, Kate*.

Jeffreys was born **Annie Carmichael** in Goldsboro, North Carolina on January 26, 1923.

Jeffreys died on September 27, 2017 at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Anne Jeffreys profiled in book 
* Huell Howser interview of Anne Jeffreys and Ann Rutherford
Home Alone: The Holiday Heist

***Home Alone: The Holiday Heist*** (also known as ***Home Alone 5***) is an American children's criminal family comedy television movie. It is set in Maine. It is the fifth movie in the successful *Home Alone* movie series. It stars Christian Martyn, Malcolm McDowell, Debi Mazar, Eddie Steeples. The movie was first shown on ABC Family on November 25, 2012. It is the second and final film to be made-for-television. Like *Home Alone 3*, it does not focus on the McCallister family or any of the characters from the first two movies. *Home Alone: Taking Back The House* has some of the main characters from the first two movies, but all of the roles have different actors. It includes many references to the original movies.

## Plot
Finn Baxter (Christian Martyn) sets up booby traps to catch the ghost of his new home's former occupant, only to discover he must protect the house and his sister, Alexis (Jodelle Ferland) from the evil Miss Kathleen Gidney (Angelina Hantseykins) and her bumbling art thieves and henchmen: Sinclair (Malcolm McDowell), Jessica (Debi Mazar), and Hughes (Eddie Steeples).

## References
## Other websites
*
7.92×57mm Mauser

The **7.92×57mm Mauser**, aka **8mm Mauser** round is a German bullet first used in the G98 Mauser rifle. Other German rifles chambered (Size of the bullet the gun can take) in 7.92×57mm include weapons such as the K98, MG34, MG42, FG42, G41, and G43. 

A variant (Different style) of the 7.92×57mm, the 7.92×33 mm "8mm Kurz", was created as an intermediate cartridge intended to be used in urban warfare, as the German army learned from fighting in cities, mainly in Russia after Operation Barbarossa. The 8mm Kurz was used in the STG44 assault rifle. This round, weapon, and concept was picked up and expanded on by the Russians after the war, and this led up to the development of the 7.62×39mm cartridge used in the SKS45, AK47 (and variants), and the RPD light machine gun.

After World War II, Germany was split into two countries, West Germany and East Germany, and both countries stopped using 8mm Mauser weapons. This was because the alliances they made required them to use the same ammunition for all their weapons as their allies. West Germany would use NATO weapons, and East Germany would use Warsaw Pact weapons.
Sage the Gemini

**Dominic Wynn Woods** (born June 20, 1992), better known by his stage name **Sage the Gemini**, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer. He is from Fairfield, California. He is a member of The HBK Gang. He is known for his single "Gas Pedal", featuring Iamsu!, which peaked at #29 on the Billboard Hot 100. This made it both artists' first top-40 hit. It was #6 on the *Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs* and #4 on the *Hot Rap Songs charts* in 2013.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* 2014: *Remember Me*

;EPs
* 2013: *Gas Pedal EP*

;Mixtapes
* 2013: *Gang Forever* 

### Singles
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Imogen Poots

**Imogen Poots** (born 3 June 1989) is a British movie and television actress. She is best known for playing Tammy in *28 Weeks Later*.

## Filmography
## Other websites
*
Arvid Carlsson

**Arvid Carlsson** (25 January 1923 &ndash; 29 June 2018) was a Swedish neuropharmacologist. He was best known for his work with the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects on Parkinson's disease. 

He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 1979. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

For his work on dopamine, Carlsson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000. He won the award alongside Eric Kandel and Paul Greengard.

## References
## Other websites
*Nobel Prize Biography
*The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg
Josh Pais

**Joshua James Atwill "Josh" Pais** (born June 21, 1958) is an American actor in movies and television.

## Filmography
* *A Beautiful Mind*
* *Phone Booth*
* *That Awkward Moment*
*Scream 3

## Personal life
Pais married actress Lisa Emery on August 27, 1990; actor Zane Pais is their son. They divorced in 2003. Pais is married to Marie Forleo.

## Other websites
*
All Is by My Side

***All Is by My Side*** is a British and Irish drama movie about Jimi Hendrix. It was released in 2013. It was written and directed by John Ridley.

## Cast
* André 3000 as Jimi Hendrix
* Hayley Atwell as Kathy Etchingham
* Burn Gorman as Michael Jeffery
* Imogen Poots as Linda Keith
* Ruth Negga as Ida
* Demetrice Jackson as Reed
* Ashley Charles as Keith Richards
* Amy De Bhrún as Phoebe
* Clare-Hope Ashitey as Faye
* Laurence Kinlan as John
* Jade Yourell as Roberta Goldstein
* Sam McGovern as Ted
* Robbie Jarvis as Andrew Loog Oldham

## Other websites
*
Charlotte Riley

**Charlotte Riley** (born 29 December 1981) is an English actress. She is best known for playing Sarah in *Easy Virtue*. She also played Kate Hansen in the movie *Entity*.

Riley was born in Stockton-on-Tees. She married actor Tom Hardy in 2014.

## References
Assassination Games

***Assassination Games*** is a 2011 American action thriller movie directed by Ernie Barbarash, and starring Jean-Claude Van Damme and Scott Adkins. This movie is about two people wanting revenge for different reasons. One is asking for money, the other revenge. Due to Interpol getting on their trail, two assassins, Vincent and Roland, work together to kill their victims before they themselves are killed. Jean-Claude Van Damme plays Vincent.

## Release
The film had a limited release on July 29, 2011. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the DVD in the United States on September 6, 2011, and in the United Kingdom on October 10, 2011.

## Reception
IGN gave the film a 6 out of 10 stars and wrote, "If you need a quick dose of action, *Assassination Games* should do the trick. Don't expect a masterpiece and you should walk away moderately pleased with the experience".
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Soundtrack on iTunes
JJ Cale

**John Weldon Cale** (December 5, 1938 – July 26, 2013), commonly known as **JJ Cale**, was an American singer and songwriter. He was one of the people who started the Tulsa Sound. In 2008, he won a Grammy Award.

## References
The Big Wedding

***The Big Wedding***, 2013, is a romantic-comedy movie. It is about marriage and divorce in New England. It is also about deception. Katherine Heigl plays Lyla, Susan Sarandon plays Bebe, and Amanda Seyfried plays Missy.

The movie was released on April 26, 2013. The movie made almost $4 million more than its budget of $32 million. That, however, was not considered very good.

## References
Thomas W. Sneddon Jr.

**Thomas W. Sneddon Jr.** (May 26, 1941 &ndash; November 1, 2014) was the district attorney of Santa Barbara County, California. He was best known for prosecuting charges of child molestation against pop singer Michael Jackson in 2005. He retired in 2007. Jackson wrote a song about Sneddon called "D.S.". It was on his 1995 album *HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I*. The song was in response to Sneddon's investigation into Jackson for child molestation in 1993.

Sneddon died on November 1, 2014 from complications of cancer, aged 73, at Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.

## References
Diana (movie)

The movie ***Diana*** is a 2013 British-French-Belgian-Swedish biographical movie. It is on the life of Princess Diana. In particular, the movie is about the last two years of her life after her divorce from Prince Charles. Naomi Watts plays Diana.

The movie was released on 20 September 2013 in the UK. It was condemned almost immediately by British press. In the United States, reviews were negative.

## References
Jon Snow

**Jon Snow** (born 28 September 1947) is a British journalist and television presenter. He was born in Ardingly, Sussex. He went to Ardingly College. In 1989 he started presenting *Channel 4 News*. 

## Personal life and family
In March 2010 he married Precious Lunga.

His father was George D'Oyly Snow. His grandfather was Thomas D'Oyly Snow. His cousin is Peter Snow.

## References
Ferrari California

The **Ferrari California** is a sports car produced by the Italian manufacturer Ferrari. It is a two door "2+2"  convertible with a folding metal top. The California is powered by a  V8 engine. The California has a top speed of . Both its chassis and body are made of aluminum.

The California is built in a new production line next to the existing factory at Maranello, Italy. The existing production line produces 27 cars per day, or 6,000 per year.

## Design
The California represents a number of firsts for Ferrari:

* The first mid-front engined Ferrari with a V8
* The first with a folding metal roof
* The first with multi-link rear suspension
* The first with direct fuel injection

## Other websites
* Ferrari California official website
* Photoshoot of a Ferrari California 

## References
Bruno Spoerri

**Bruno Alexander Spoerri** (born 16 August 1935) is a Swiss jazz and electronic musician. Bruno was born in Zurich, and studied psychology. He plays the saxophone and the electric saxophone. In 1978 he published his first album, *Voice of Taurus*.

## References
Bảo Đại

**Bảo Đại** (22 October 1913 – 30 July 1997) was the last king of Vietnam. He was the 13th and last king of the Nguyễn Dynasty. He was the leader of the country during World War II.

Bảo Đại ruled as the King of Annam from 1926 to 1945. Japan briefly took control of Vietnam in 1945, and Bảo Đại was made Emperor of Vietnam but with little real power. France took back control of Vietnam in 1949 as the State of Vietnam. Bảo Đại served as Chief of State from then to 1955, but the French had the real power.

## Early Life 
Bảo Đại was born on 22 October 1913 and given the name of Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy in the Palace of Doan-Trang-Vien. He was sent to France to be educated. On 8 January 1926, he was made the emperor after his father's death and took the name Bảo Đại (Protector of Grandeur).

## Independence and abdication 
In 1940, during the WW2, Imperial Japan took over French Indochina. In 1945, the Japanese made Bảo Đại into declaring Vietnamese independence from France as a member of Japan's sphere of influence; the country then became the Empire of Vietnam. The Japanese surrendered to the Allies in August 1945, and the Viet Minh aimed to take power in Vietnam. Due to Hồ Chí Minh's popular political stand against the French and the 1945 famine, he was able to persuade Bảo Đại to abdicate and hand over power to the communists.

## Return to Power 
Bảo Đại was an advisor during the First Indochina War. During the war, he signed many treaties that made him very unpopular.

After the First Indochina War, a peace deal was made to split Vietnam into two, with State of Vietnam receiving the South. Bảo Đại remained "Head of State" of South Vietnam but moved to Paris and appointed Ngô Đình Diệm as his prime minister.

## Second Removal From Power 
A rigged referendum made Ngô Đình Diệm the president of the new Republic of Vietnam, so Bảo Đại was removed from power. 

## References
Gary Eck

**Gary Eck** is an Australian comedian and actor. He has been an actor and writer for many movies including, *The Night We Call Day*, *Boy Town* and *Happy Feet Two*. Eck has also starred in many comedy shows and produced his first CD, *Gary Eck Live!* In 2004 he was nominated for an ARIA Award for his movie comedy album *The Hollywood Motel*.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Elon Gold

**Elon Gold** (born September 14, 1970) is an American comedian, television actor, writer and producer. Gold was a guest judge on the celebrity impersonation series, *The Next Big Thing*. He has been in multiple movies such as *Cheaper by the Dozen*. He was also in the sitcom *In-laws*.

Gold is from New York. In his younger years, Gold attended the Westchester Day School, in Westchester, and the Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy, in Manhattan. Gold has also stated that he is an observing Jew.

## References
James Cronin

**James Watson Cronin** (September 29, 1931 &ndash; August 25, 2016) was an American nuclear physicist. Cronin and co-researcher Val Logsdon Fitch were awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics for a 1964 experiment that proved that certain subatomic reactions are not the same as to fundamental symmetry principles (called CP violation).

Cronin died on August 25, 2016 in Saint Paul, Minnesota at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
* Cronin's Nobel lecture on CP Symmetry Violation
* James Watson Cronin at Nobel-winners.com
* James Cronin at nobelprize.org
* the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons. 
* Short biography at the University of Chicago
Val Logsdon Fitch

**Val Logsdon Fitch** (March 10, 1923 – February 5, 2015) was an American nuclear physicist. For this discovery he and his student James Cronin received the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics.

## References
## Other websites
* Photograph, Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy

* Research page from the Princeton University Physics department
* Val Logsdon Fitch
* the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons
Franco Bracardi

**Franco Bracardi** (16 May 1935 – 27 February 2005) was an Italian actor, composer, pianist and stand-up comedian. He was born in Rome and began working at night clubs by the early 1950s. Later, in the mid-1960s, he started composing songs for Mina, Mirelle Mathieu, Raffaella Carrà. During those same years, he started work as an actor and comedian.

## References
Walter Kohn

**Walter Kohn** (March 9, 1923 &ndash; April 19, 2016) was an Austrian-born American theoretical physicist of Jewish descent.

He was awarded, with John Pople, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998.

Kohn was one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

Kohn died on April 19, 2016 at his home in Santa Barbara, California from jaw cancer, at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Photograph of Walter Kohn: http://www.badw.de/aktuell/pressemitteilungen/2003/PM_11_2003/kohn2003.jpg 
*"Quantum Chemistry Comes of Age,"  *The Chemical Educator*, Vol. 5, No. 3, S1430-4171(99)06333-7, , © 2000 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
*Freeview video interview with Walter Kohn by the Vega Science Trust
*Official homepage of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998
*Kohn's faculty website  at University of California-Santa Barbara. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
Paul Greengard

**Paul Greengard** (December 11, 1925 &ndash; April 13, 2019) was an American neuroscientist (neurobiologist), biochemist, and pharmacologist of Jewish descent.

He was best known for his work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons. In 2000, Greengard, Arvid Carlsson and Eric Kandel were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.

Greengard died on April 13, 2019 in New York City at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Nobel Prize Biography
* The Greengard Lab at The Rockefeller University 
* Paul Greengard US Patents
John Pople

**Sir John Anthony Pople**,  (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was an English scientist. He was a Nobel Prize winning theoretical chemist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in the year 1998.

## References
## Other websites
*Pople's autobiography
*Pople's early photo (1950's)
*John Pople Oral history (pdf)
Michael Uppendahl

**Michael Uppendahl** is an American television and movie director. He is very well known in the movie industry. He directed over seven hours of the major show *Mad Men*. Along with *Mad Men*, he has worked with AMC to direct multiple episodes of other shows such as The Walking Dead.

## References
Tip O'Neill

**Thomas Phillip** "**Tip**" '''O'Neill, Jr. '''(December 9, 1912 – January 5, 1994) was an American politician and Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

O'Neill was an outspoken liberal Democrat and influential member of the House of Representatives, serving for 34 years and representing two congressional districts in Massachusetts.

He served as Speaker of the House from 1977 until his retirement in 1987, making him the only Speaker to serve for five complete consecutive Congresses, and the second longest-serving Speaker in U.S. history after Sam Rayburn. O'Neill retired from Congress in 1987 but remained active in public life. 

O'Neill died of cardiac arrest on January 5, 1994.

## References
## Other websites
*George Bush Presidential Library and Museum - *Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards* 
*Biographer John A. Farrell's remarks on Tip O'Neill at congressional forum on the Speaker
*Links to searchable version and opening chapter on Tip's boyhood from ''Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century*
**Booknotes* interview with Gary Hymel on *All Politics Is Local and Other Rules of the Game*, January 23, 1994. 
**Booknotes* interview with John Farrell on *Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century'', May 20, 2001. 
*
Juicy J

**Jordan Michael Houston** (born April 5, 1975), better known by his stage name **Juicy J**, is an American rapper, songwriter and record producer. He is from Memphis, Tennessee. He is a founding member of the Southern hip hop group Three 6 Mafia. They formed in 1991.

## Discography
* *Chronicles of the Juice Man* (2002)
* *Hustle Till I Die* (2009)
* *Stay Trippy* (2013)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Juicy J at Discogs
*
Ian Watkins

**Ian Watkins** may refer to:

*Ian "H" Watkins (born 1976), pop singer and member of Steps
*Ian Watkins (Lostprophets) (1977–2025), rock musician and sex offender
James Best

**James Best** (July 26, 1926 &ndash; April 6, 2015) was an American actor. He is best known for his starring role as bumbling Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane in the CBS television series *The Dukes of Hazzard*. He has also worked as an acting coach, artist, college professor, and musician.

Best died on April 6, 2015, in Hickory, North Carolina from complications of pneumonia. He was 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*James Best's website 
*James Best Bio at HazzardNet.com 
*James Best Crystal Reel Awards
James Baskett

**James Baskett** (February 16, 1904 &ndash; July 9, 1948) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Uncle Remus, singing the song "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" in the 1946 Disney feature movie *Song of the South*. He was given an Honorary Academy Award, making him the very first male performer of African descent to receive an Oscar.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
South African Army

The **South African Army** is the army of the South African National Defence Force, which is the military of South Africa.

The South African military traditions evolved from the frontier warfare fought by the commando forces, because the Afrikaners did not trust standing armies. After the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, General Jan Smuts, South Africa's first Minister of Defence, placed a high priority on creating a unified military from the four separate armies of the provinces. This led to the creation of the Union Defence Force (UDF).

The modern day South African Army is made up of professional soldiers of all races. The South African Army has been with peacekeeping operations with the United Nations and the African Union in countries such as Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## References
Empire of Vietnam

The **Empire of Vietnam** (, French: ) was a puppet state controlled by Japan. It was formed on 17 March 1945 and ended on 30 August 1945. This was towards the end of World War II. The capital city was Huế. The emperor was Bảo Đại, and the prime minister was Trần Trọng Kim.
State of Vietnam

**State of Vietnam** was a former autonomous state controlled by France. It was established in 1949. It was an associated state and a constituent territory of the French Indochina until 1954. From 1954, it became fully independent from France since this country lost the First Indochina War. It was replaced by Republic of Vietnam in 1955. It proclaimed its sovereignty over all of Vietnam's territories, but in fact, it only controlled small parts of its proclaimed territories. Most of its territories was controlled by Viet Minh and Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Only French-occupied territories in Vietnam was controlled by the **State of Vietnam**. From 1954, the 1954 Geneva Accords divided Vietnam into two countries: North Vietnam and State of Vietnam. North Vietnam's territory is from Quang Binh Province to the North. The State of Vietnam's territory is from Quang Tri Province to the South. Its area was 173,809&nbsp;km2 from 1954.

## History
**State of Vietnam** was established in 1949. It was preceded by the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. It was established in 1948. In 1950, it was recognised by France, United Kingdom and United States with the capital of Saigon and the chief of state of Bao Dai. In 1954, France lost the First Indochina War. That led to the 1954 Geneva Accords. It divided Vietnam into two countries. State of Vietnam and France gathered their troops in  Southern Vietnam. On 26 October, it was replaced by Republic of Vietnam.

## Military
Following the signing of the 1949 Élysée Accords in Paris, Bao Dai was able to create a National Army for defense purposes.

It fought under the State of Vietnam's banner and leadership and was commanded by General Nguyen Van Hinh.

## Related pages
* Empire of Vietnam
* Republic of Vietnam

## References
Gingalain

**Gingalain** () is a knight from the Arthurian legend of the Round Table. He is the title character in *Le Bel Inconnu*, a poem written by Renaut de Beaujeu (1180s–1230). He is also in the (destroyed) 12th-century manuscript, *Gliglois*. It is uncertain if the Gliglois of the medieval manuscript refers to Gawain's son or some other character in the "Fair Unknown" cycle.

## References 
## Other websites 
* "The Fair Unknown"
Childfree

The term **childfree** means people who choose not to have children. It includes people who have had sterilisation (surgery such as a vasectomy) to make themselves unable to have children.

The most common reasons for being childfree are:

*not liking children
*asceticism or religious reasons
*not wanting to become a parent
*thinking that wanting to reproduce oneself is narcissistic
*not having enough money to take care of children
*personal well-being

People may also choose not to have children for ethical reasons, such as antinatalism. By choosing not to have their own children, childfree people have choices of saving large amounts of money. They can also focus on themselves. They usually benefit society more by being childless rather than having children. Research has found no significant evidence that older child-free adults experience more life regret than older parents, challenging the stereotype that child-free individuals might be less satisfied with their life choices compared to their counterparts with children.

Being childless was considered unusual in the 1950s. Since then, the number of adults without children has increased. Many researchers say childfree adults are more educated, less likely to be religious and more likely to live around cities. In the late 2000s to early 2010s, the rate of women in the United States becoming pregnant dropped almost 9%. The birth rate between 2010 and 2013 was the lowest in the country's history.

## Related pages
* Antinatalism
* Abortion
* Birth control
* Childlessness
* Sterilization

## References
Childlessness

**Childlessness** is not having a child. Since the 1970s, there are more childless people. There are two kinds of childlessness, voluntary and involuntary.

Voluntary childlessness is when people choose to not have children. People do this for several reasons, which include:
*Celibacy (not having sexual intercourse)
*Not wanting to have a child (see Childfree)
*Not having enough money to take care of a child
*Being too old to have a child
Voluntary childlessness is sometimes called childfree.

There are also several reason for involuntary childlessness, including:
*Infertility, which means they are unable to biologically have children.
*the death of an infant or child either before, during, or shortly after birth.

## Options for involuntary childlessness
Sometimes a couple can have a child through artificial insemination, when a sperm is place in a woman's uterus immediately after ovulation. Another option is in vitro fertilization (or IVF). In this process, a sperm and an egg are placed together until fertilization happens, then the egg is put into the uterus.

## References
Michael Shermer

**Michael Brant Shermer** (born September 8, 1954) is an American science writer. 

He was a fundamentalist Christian. During graduate school he stopped believing in God.  He started The Skeptics Society and Skeptic (U.S. magazine) in 1992. The society has over 55,000 members.
The Birds II: Land's End

'''''The Birds II: Land's End'''* is a television movie from 1994. It is a horror movie, and the sequel to *The Birds'' (1963). It is about birds attacking people in a house. The movie was rated R due to horror and violence.

The reviews on the movie were negative.
Howard Baker

**Howard Henry Baker, Jr.** (November 15, 1925 &ndash; June 26, 2014) was a Senate Majority Leader, Republican U.S. Senator from Tennessee, White House Chief of Staff, and a former United States Ambassador to Japan. He worked as a lobbyist and adviser at Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz.

Baker died on June 26, 2014 at the age of 88 from complications of a stroke he suffered the week prior. He died in his native Huntsville, Tennessee, with his wife, Nancy, by his side.

## References
## Other websites
*Biography from the Howard H. Baker Center for Public Policy at the University of Tennessee 
*Citigroup biography
Clear and Present Danger

***Clear and Present Danger*** is a 1994 American spy movie. The movie is about agents in the CIA, FBI and murder around Washington, D.C. and Colombia involving the Cali drug cartel and corrupt powerful American politicians and bureaucrats. Harrison Ford plays Jack Ryan, who has become the Director of the CIA. Anne Archer plays his wife Cathy Ryan. Thora Birch plays his daughter Sally Ryan. Other actors who play in the movie include James Earl Jones, Willem Dafoe, Harris Yulin and James Cromwell.

This movie was released August 3, 1994. The run time is 141 minutes. Its reviews were excellent. It made a lot of money at the box office.

It is the sequel of the 1992 movie *Patriot Games*.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Zimbabwe Rhodesia

**Zimbabwe Rhodesia** () was an unrecognized state in southern Africa. It replaced the Republic of Rhodesia from 1 June 1979 to 12 December 1979. It was replaced by the re-established British colony of Southern Rhodesia for three months before being replaced by the present day Republic of Zimbabwe.

## References
Shannon Tweed

**Shannon Tweed** (born March 10, 1957) is a Canadian actress and model. She acts mostly in erotic thriller movies. In *Detroit Rock City*, she played Amanda Finch.

Tweed was born in St. John's, Newfoundland.

## References
Komla Dumor

**Komla Afeke Dumor** (3 October 1972 – 18 January 2014) was a Ghanaian journalist. He was born in Accra, Ghana. His grandfather was Philip Gbeho, composer of the Ghanaian national anthem. As of June 2012, Dumor was the main presenter of the BBC World News programme *Focus on Africa*.

Dumor died suddenly on 18 January 2014, in London after suffering cardiac arrest.

## References
## Other websites
*About Us, BBC World Service 
*Focus and Network presenters, BBC World Service. 
*"Ghana: Komla Dumor Anchors BBC Africa Business Report",by Cephas, 21 August 2009, allAfrica.
*[http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Telling-the-African-Story-Komla ]
Death and funeral of Néstor Kirchner

passing by her husband's coffin at the *Latin American patriots* hall of the Casa Rosada.]]

Néstor Kirchner was the former President of Argentina and the first Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations. He died of heart failure on the morning of 27 October 2010. He was aged 60. His wife, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, was with him when he died. He had been expected to run for president in 2011.

Kirchner's funeral began on 28 October. His body was put on display in his coffin at the Casa Rosada. Over more than 24 hours, hundreds of thousands of people came to see him. Many Argentine politicians and eight South American leaders attended the funeral. In the afternoon the next day, his body was moved to the metropolitan airport. A procession of many people walked with his coffin from Casa Rosada. From the airport of Río Gallegos, Kirchner's body was taken to the cemetery.

## References
## Other websites
*The Boston Globe
*La Nación 
*Urbanphoto
Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. She died of a stroke in London on 8 April 2013. She was aged 87. A ceremonial funeral was held on 17 April. It included a formal procession and then a service at St Paul's Cathedral. Her body was cremated. Her ashes were buried next to those of her husband Denis Thatcher at the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London on 28 September 2013. This was what she had wanted. She had refused a state funeral.

At the event, the crowds were peaceful. Thousands of supporters cheered and applauded.

## References
The Client

***The Client*** is a 1994 American melodramatic legal crime drama movie. It was directed by Joel Schumacher. It is based on the novel of the same name. This is about murder, suicide and Mafia activities in New Orleans. Brad Renfro plays Mark Sway. Tommy Lee Jones plays Reverend Foltrigg. Susan Sarandon plays Regina Love. Mary-Louise Parker plays Dianne.

The movie was released on July 20, 1994. It got positive reviews from most movie critics. It made a lot of money at the box office.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Aminomethyl propanol

**Aminomethyl propanol** is a clear, colored liquid that neutralizes acids to create salts and water. It is used for the preparation of buffer solutions. It does not dissolve in water. It has about the same density as water.

## References
*http://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient/aminomethyl-propanol 
*http://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB0320043.htm
Death and funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska

in the Presidential Palace's chapel in Warsaw]]

Lech Kaczyński, the fourth President of the Republic of Poland, died on 10 April 2010. He died in a plane crash outside of Smolensk, Russia. The plane was a Tu-154 belonging to the Polish Air Force. The crash killed all 96 on board. His wife, Maria Kaczyńska, was also among those killed.

The speaker of parliament, Bronisław Komorowski, soon became Acting President by law.

After the death of Kaczyński was announced, Komorowski declared a week of mourning. It went from 11 to 18 April. A state funeral for Lech and Maria was held on the last day. Several countries observed a day of national mourning on the day of the funeral. Afterwards, the couple were buried together in a crypt in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.

President of the United States Barack Obama cancelled his plans. He made a public statement. He spoke of his sadness and blamed the volcanic ash that was disrupting air travel over Europe at the time.

## References
André Gide

**André Paul Guillaume Gide** (22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French writer. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1947. 

Gide was born in Paris into a middle class Protestant family. During a trip to Alegeria, Gide realized that he was gay. His first novel *The Notebooks of Andre Walter* was published in 1891. Gide met Oscar Wilde in 1894. In October 1895 Gide married his cousin Madeleine. When Gide was 47 15-year-old Marc Allégret became his lover.

Gide also opposed colonialism and exploitation of slavery in Africa and was interested in communism and visited Soviet Union, but he expressed critical idea on the totalitarian regime.
The Ant and the Aardvark

***The Ant and the Aardvark*** is a series of 17 theatrical short cartoons produced at DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and released by United Artists between March 5, 1969 and June 16, 1971.

## Plot
The cartoons follow attempts of a blue aardvark named Aardvark (voiced by John Byner impersonating comedian Jackie Mason), to catch and eat a red ant named Charlie (also voiced by John Byner, but impersonating Dean Martin. Aardvark does this by inhaling with a loud vacuum cleaner sound. In the episode *Rough Brunch*, he claims that his name is simply "Aardvark." Charlie Ant gives his nemesis several names as sly terms of  (Ol' Sam, Ol' Ben, Ol' Blue, Claude, Pal, Buddy, Daddy-O). In several bumper sequences of *The Pink Panther Show*, he is called "Blue Aardvark."

## Filmography
All the voices were provided by John Byner unless otherwise noted.

## Production
*The Ant and the Aardvark* series was originally released by United Artists. Seventeen theatrical shorts were produced in the original series, and were subsequently featured in various television syndication packages, usually shown with DFE's other characters such as the Pink Panther and The Inspector. Most of the 17 entries appear in their television syndication form (complete with an audible laugh track added by NBC-TV) on the video on demand service Amazon Video.

When *The Ant and the Aardvark* first appeared on *The New Pink Panther Show* in the fall of 1971, the series became wildly popular, so much in fact that the duo became a featured part of the NBC series.

## References
Reykjavík Summit

]]
The **Reykjavík Summit** was a meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev.

It was held in Höfði in Reykjavík, the capital city of Iceland, on October 11–12, 1986. This was during the Cold War. The talks focused on peace between the United States and the Soviet Union. 

The talks failed near the end of the meeting. However, the progress that had been made eventually led to the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between the two countries.

## References
Mr. Lordi

**Mr. Lordi** (born 15 February 1974) is a Finnish musician, painter and graphic designer. He is the singer and songwriter for the hard rock band Lordi. He also makes all the costumes for the band. His real name is **Tomi Petteri Putaansuu**.

Putaansuu was born in Rovaniemi, Finland. He studied filmmaking in Tornio. While there, he created Lordi's first music video, "Inferno". He formed the band Lordi in 1992. All publicity photographs of Mr. Lordi have his face hidden behind his mask and stage makeup. He does not talk about his private life or his real name for the media.

## References
Anti-balaka

**Anti-balaka** is a name for a group of Christian militias in the Central African Republic. They are the main militias fighting the Seleka rebels. Anti-balaka means "anti- machete" or "anti-sword" in the local Sango and Mandja languages.

In September 2021, Eugène Ngaïkosset, anti-balaka leader and former member of President François Bozizé's close guard, was arrested. Eugène Ngaïkosset is accused of numerous crimes in the CAR.

## References
Bruce Dern

**Bruce MacLeish Dern** (born June 4, 1936) is an American actor. He was nominated for two Academy Awards, including Best Supporting Actor for *Coming Home* and Best Actor for *Nebraska*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Bruce Dern at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 
* Cinema Retro's Evening with Bruce Dern at The Players, New York City
Rich Whitney

**Rich Whitney** (born April 21, 1955) is an American politician and civil rights attorney. He was the Illinois Green Party's nominee for Governor of Illinois in the elections of 2006 and 2010.

## References
## Other websites
*Whitney for Governor (Official Website)
*Rich Whitney for Governor on MySpace
*A look at Rich Whitney, Green Party candidate for governor
*"Don't Fear the Spoiler: Why it's (probably) safe to vote Green for governor"  (Chicago Reader, Oct. 2006)
Mona Lisa (actress)

**Gloria Lerma Yatco** (June 22, 1922 &ndash; August 25, 2019), better known as **Mona Lisa**, was a Filipino movie actress. She was one of the most popular Filipino actresses of the 1940s. She resumed her movie career in the 1970s retiring for 20 years and remained in her 80s.

Her best known roles were *Insiang*, *Giliw Ko*, and *Cain at Abel*.

Lisa died on August 25, 2019 at her home in Manila from Alzheimer's disease-related problems at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
*
Death and funeral of Hugo Chávez

Hugo Chávez, the President of Venezuela, died on 5 March 2013. He was 58 years old. Because of his death, the Venezuelan constitution required an election for a new president to be held within 30 days. Vice President Nicolás Maduro became temporary president. On 14 April, and he was officially elected.

Chávez' funeral was held on 8 March. Maduro originally said that Chávez' body would be embalmed and permanently displayed in a glass coffin at a military museum. However, on 13 March Maduro announced that this would not happen. This was because the government could not get prepared in the short time that had passed. Maduro extended the National Mourning for four days more, to eleven days. By the end of this, Chávez' body was moved to the Museum of the Revolution at Fort Montana. This had been where Chávez had tried to overthrow the government in 1992.

Chávez's body was never embalmed. He was buried at a cemetery in Venezuela.

## References
Iberian Union

The **Iberian Union** was a state that governed the Iberian peninsula between 1580 and 1640. After the young king of Portugal and his uncle died, three of their relatives fought the War of the Portuguese Succession. Philip II of Spain won, thus linking the monarchies of Portugal and the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg. This dynastic union joined the crowns of Castile, Portugal and Aragon along with their respective colonial possessions, under the rule of the Hispanic monarchy. The institutions, government and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; they merely had the same king of Habsburg Spain.  The alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in all the other Iberian kingdoms.  The term *Iberian union*  was not used at the time, it is a creation of modern historians.

The monarchs had long wanted to unify the peninsula: They had the  visigothic monarchy in mind. Sancho III of Navarre and Alfonso VII of León and Castile both took the title *Imperator totius Hispaniae*, meaning "Emperor of All Hispania" centuries before.  If  Miguel da Paz (1498–1500), Prince of Portugal and Asturias had become king, the union could have been achieved earlier.  However, he died early in his childhood.

The history of Portugal from the dynastic crisis in 1578 to the first House of Braganza monarchs was a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire's spice trade was peaking at the start of this period.  Vasco da Gama had finally reached the East by sailing around Africa in 1497–98, completing the exploratory efforts started by Henry the Navigator.  This opened an oceanic route for the profitable spice trade into Europe that bypassed the Middle East.

Throughout the 17th century, the increasing predations and surrounding of Portuguese trading posts in the East by the Dutch, English and French, and their rapidly growing intrusion into the Atlantic slave trade, undermined Portugal's near monopoly on the lucrative oceanic spice and slave trades. This sent the Portuguese spice trade into a long decline. To a lesser extent the diversion of wealth from Portugal by the Habsburg monarchy to help support the Catholic side of the Thirty Years' War, also created strains within the union, although Portugal did benefit from Spanish military power in helping to retain Brazil and in disrupting Dutch trade. These events, and those that occurred at the end of Aviz dynasty and the period of Iberian Union, led Portugal to a state of dependency on its colonies, first India and then Brazil.
## References
Roberta Cowell

**Roberta Elizabeth Marshall Cowell** (8 April 1918 – 11 October 2011) was a British racing driver and World War II fighter pilot. She was born in Croydon, Surrey. She was also the first known British transsexual woman to undergo sex reassignment surgery.

She died on 11 October 2011 in Hampton, London. Her funeral was attended by only six people and (on her instructions) was unpublicised - her death was not publicly reported until two years later, when a profile of her was printed in *The Independent* newspaper in October 2013.

## References
Division of Watson

The **Division of Watson** is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It was set up for the 1993 election to replace the abolished Division of St George. It is named after Chris Watson, the first Labor Prime Minister of Australia. 

The division is located in the southern suburbs of Sydney, including Belfield, Belmore, Burwood Heights, Campsie, Chullora, Clemton Park, Enfield, Greenacre, Lakemba, Mount Lewis, Roselands, Strathfield South and Wiley Park and parts of Ashbury, Bankstown, Beverly Hills, Burwood, Canterbury, Croydon, Croydon Park, Earlwood, Kingsgrove, Narwee, Punchbowl, Riverwood and Strathfield.

## History
There was an earlier Division of Watson (1934-69). It was in the south-eastern suburbs of Sydney, however that Division is not connected to this one except in name.

## Members
Leo McLeay was Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives.

## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Watson – Australian Electoral Commission
April Ashley

**April Ashley**, MBE (born; 29 April 1935 &ndash; 27 December 2021) was an English model and restaurant hostess. She was one the first British people to be outed as a transsexual, this was done by the *Sunday People* in 1961.

She was also known as one of the first British people to undergo sex reassignment surgery, after racing driver and World War II fighter pilot Roberta Cowell, and the ninth in the world to have the surgery.

Ashley died on 27 December 2021 in London, at the age of 86.

## Out-of-wiki websites 
*

*
*
* April Ashley's Odyssey  The text and pictures from her 1982 book 
* April Ashley Photo Gallery Tribute 
* How Prescott made a woman out of me - Daily Mail profile, 3 June 2006
* April Ashley Documentary
Cyclomatic complexity

, so the cyclomatic complexity of the program is 9 - 8 + (2*1) = 3.]]
**Cyclomatic complexity** is a measurement to see how difficult a computer program is to understand. The measurement was developed by Thomas J. McCabe, Sr. in 1976. It looks at the program's source code and measures the number of independent paths through the source code. The concept is similar to the general text complexity, which is measured by the Flesch-Kincaid Readability Test.

Cyclomatic complexity is computed using the control flow graph of the program: the nodes of the graph correspond to indivisible groups of commands of a program, and a directed edge connects two nodes if the second command might be executed immediately after the first command. Cyclomatic complexity may also be applied to individual functions, modules, methods or classes within a program.

One testing strategy, called Basis path testing by McCabe who first proposed it, is to test each linearly independent path through the program; in this case, the number of test cases will equal the cyclomatic complexity of the program.
## References
Jane Kean

**Jane Kean** (April 10, 1923 &ndash; November 26, 2013) was an American actress, writer, and singer. Her most famous roles were as Trixie Norton on *The Honeymooners* with Jackie Gleason, and as the voice of Belle in ''Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol''.

Kean died on November 26, 2013 at age 90, at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California of complications from a fall.

## References
## More reading
* 

## Other websites
* 
*
Tom Laughlin

**Thomas Robert "Tom" Laughlin** (August 10, 1931&nbsp;– December 12, 2013) was an American actor, director, screenwriter, author, educator and political activist. He was known for his role as Billy Jack on the television series *Billy Jack*. He ran for President of the United States in 1992, 2004, and 2008 for the Democratic Party.

Laughlin died of complications from pneumonia on December 12, 2013 at Los Robles Hospital and Medical Center in Thousand Oaks, California.

## References
## Other websites
* Official *Billy Jack* website, including information on Tom Laughlin's political aspirations
*
Riihimäki

**Riihimäki** is a town in Finland. It locates 70 km from Helsinki to north. As of 31 August 2013, almost 30,000 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Janakkala, Hausjärvi, Hyvinkää, and Loppi.

## History
Riihimäki's population center grew around railwaystation. Riihimäki railway station is one of the 1862 opened Helsinki-Hämeenlinna railways stations. Story tolds that this not dense populated area was simply named by the kiln what was upon a hill.

## Other websites
* Community website