open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Diary of a Young Girl

***The Diary of a Young Girl*** is a  diary written in Dutch by Anne Frank. She began it in 1942, confiding to Kitty. She wrote it while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was caught in 1944 and Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.  After the war, the diary was found by Anne's father, Otto Frank. He was the only known survivor of the family. The diary has now been published in more than 60 different languages. It is now considered a classic of war literature. The diary was rescued from a reject pile by cookbook publisher Judith Jones.

It was first published as *Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 12 juni 1942 – 1 augustus 1944* (*The Annex: Diary Notes from 12 June 1942 – 1 August 1944*) by Contact Publishing in Amsterdam in 1947. After it was translated into English as *Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl* by Doubleday & Company (United States) and Valentine Mitchell (United Kingdom) in 1952, it became very famous critically. It became very popular, and the 1955 play *The Diary of Anne Frank* and movie version were both based on the diary. The play was first acted in New York City. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1956. The book is in several lists of the top books of the twentieth century. It discusses the themes of sharing and selfishness in the war, about how someone can be different on the inside and the outside, and about the loneliness of growing up.

## Related pages
**Le Monde*'s 100 Books of the Century
*Memory of the World Programme

## References 
## Other websites 
* Anne Frank House website
* Anne Frank Trust UK website
* , Jon Blair, 1995. (DVD)
* Quicktime video. Miep Gies describes giving Anne Frank's papers to Otto Frank
* Quicktime interview with Otto Frank's second wife, about the publication of Anne Frank's diary
* Anne's manuscripts
* Article about the publication of Het Achterhius, by The Anne Frank House
* Online exhibition of Anne Frank's manuscripts 
* Article on Anne Frank the writer
* *Voices on Antisemitism* Interview with Sayana Ser  from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Fruitadens

***Fruitadens*** is a genus of heterodontosaur dinosaur. It was a small ornithischian dinosaur, with young adults estimated at 65 to 75 cm (26 to 30 in) in length and 0.5 to 0.75 kg (1.1 to 1.7 lb) in weight. 

The name means "Fruita tooth", in reference to Fruita, Colorado, where its fossils were first found. Paleontologists have found partial skulls and skeletons from at least four individuals from rocks in the Morrison Formation in Colorado. 

## Characteristics 
*Fruitadens* was an omnivore. 

The dinosaur's lower jaws had an enlarged canine-like tooth, opposite a gap in the upper jaw (a 'diastema'). Unlike *Echinodon*, there wasn't an enlarged tooth in the upper jaw. A small peg-like tooth was present in front of the canine-like tooth. Replacement teeth were present in the jaws, unlike most other heterodontosaurids.
Odds

In mathematics, **odds** are the chance that an event will happen compared to the chance that it will not happen. For example, if there is an equal chance that it will rain or that it will not rain, the odds of it raining are 1:1 (which is read as "1 to 1"). If it is twice as likely that it will not rain, then the odds of it raining are 1:2 (read as "1 to 2").

## Uses for odds
Odds are often used in gambling, especially in horse racing. 

In statistics, when the odds are written as fractions, the ratio of the odds of two related experimental events is called the odds ratio. This is often written as OR for short. 

## Related pages 
* Probability

## References 
## Other websites
* Ask Dr. Math: Odds Slang for Probability?
Farnham

**Farnham** is a large market town in the county of Surrey, England. There are 37,000 people living in the town. It is famous for its castle and its historic buildings. The town is south of the River Wey.

## References
Crystal Castles II

***Crystal Castles***, also known as ***Crystal Castles II***, is the second album by electronic music group Crystal Castles. The album was released by Fiction Records on 24 May 2010.

## Critical reception
*Crystal Castles* has had mostly good reviews from people.

## Track listing
## Notes
* Ethan Kath sings "Not in Love", which is a cover of a song by 1980s new wave band Platinum Blonde.
* "Year of Silence" samples the vocal track from the Sigur Ros song called "Inní mér syngur vitleysingur".
* Both "Violent Dreams" and "Vietnam" contain parts of the song "A Walk In The Park" by Stina Nordenstam.
* The CD sleeve notes state that the album cover is a photo of X Tecumseh Clark taken by his father, avant-garde composer and poet Todd Tamanend Clark.

## Charts
### Album charts
## References
Battle of Leipzig

The **Battle of Leipzig**, or **Battle of the Nations**, was a battle of Napoleon I and his army against an  force of several nations on October 16 to 19, 1813. Napoleon's army had been defeated and depleted in the French invasion of Russia. The French were also losing the Peninsular War and retreating everywhere.

Being outnumbered, he attacked. His allies in the Confederation of the Rhine changed sides, and Napoleon was defeated. The batle was the one of the largest battles before World War I and involved about 600,000 soldiers and the largest cavalry charge ever. It was part of the War of the Sixth Coalition.

After the battle and the later defence of Paris (1814), Napoleon was taken to the Mediterranean island of Elba.

## References
## Other websites
* “Easily ranking as one of the largest battles in History”
* Allied Order-of-Battle at Leipzig: 16-18 October 1813
* French order of battle: II–XI Army Corps
* French order of battle: Cavalry Reserve and the Imperial Guard
*  http://www.voelkerschlacht1813.de/
*  http://www.voelkerschlacht-bei-leipzig.de/ 
*  http://www.leipzig1813.com
MU*

**MU*** refers to a family of text-based online game servers:

* TinyMUD
* MUSH
* MOO
* TinyMUCK
* and other related types

These are also called the **Tiny family**.  These are kinds of MUD.
Terracotta

, England.]]
, Beijing, China.]]
 lamenting the loss of Osiris (Eighteenth Dynasty, Ancient Egypt) Musée du Louvre, Paris]] 

**Terracotta**, sometimes spelled **terra cortta**, is a red clay-based baked ceramic, usually unglazed.  

Its uses include vessels, water and waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color, which varies considerably. 

## Production and properties
Clay is partially dried and cast, molded, or hand worked into the desired shape. After thorough drying, it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustible material in a pit, and then fired. 

After pit firing the hot ware is covered with sand to cool, and after kiln firing the kiln is slowly cooled. When unglazed, the material will not be waterproof, but it is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware, and sculpture or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for table ware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terracotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, but not as brightly as will ware fired at higher temperature, which is called stoneware. The fired material is weak compared to stoneware.

Some types of terracotta are created from clay that includes recycled terracotta ("grog").

The unglazed color after firing can vary widely, but most common clays contain enough iron to cause an orange, orangish red, or brownish orange color, with this range including various colors described as "terracotta". Other colors include yellow, gray, and pink.

## References
David Latta (ice hockey)

**David Latta** (born January 3, 1967, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger.  He was drafted in the first round, 15th overall, by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft and went on to play thirty-six games in the National Hockey League, all of them with the Nordiques.

## Other websites
*
*
Yo-yo effect

The **Yo-yo effect** means people quickly gaining weight after a diet. Other words for this activity are **yo-yo dieting** or **weight cycling**. People's weight can move down and back up like a yo-yo when they follow several diets one after another. A person's weight after the diet is often higher than it was before dieting.

## The Steps 
The steps to the weight cycle are normal eating, weight gain, diet, metabolism slow-down, and end of the diet. But they repeat again and that’s the Yo-Yo effect. For example, Sherman Morrison talks about someone on the website healevate.com, saying, “In the 1990’s she got up to 237 pounds, dropped it back down to 160 in the early 2000’s, but then crept back up over 200. Recently, however, she shed 30 pounds using Weight Watchers.” Which means she first gained weight, then she lost weight, and finally she gained it back. Basically, Morrison is describing that the Yo-Yo effect is gaining and losing weight over and over again.

## Causes
The body needs less energy after losing weight on a diet. People have less fatty tissue and often less muscle after the diet. Muscle tissue needs more energy than fatty tissue. Reducing the amount of muscle tissue therefore reduces the need for energy. Also, limit the number of calories people take in. At some point, a dieter's body will change the way it uses energy if there are less calories to burn. The body does this to make sure it survives when less food is available. These changes in the body cause people to gain weight rapidly when they stop dieting and return to their old eating habits.

## Avoiding It
People can avoid the yo-yo effect by changing their diet. If a diet works without the body switching to a more efficient way of using calories, there will be no yo-yo effect. A diet should change the dieter's eating habits for a long time. New eating habits should not give the body more energy than it needs. At the end of the diet, it also makes sense to raise the number of calories someone eats slowly. Exercise and sports can increase the amount of calories burned by the body rather than turned into fat.

## References
Pentti Lund

**Pentti Alexander Lund** (born December 6, 1925 – April 16, 2013) was a Finnish-Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played for the Boston Bruins and New York Rangers  in the National Hockey League.  During his first year he was the recipient of the Calder Trophy.  Lund is often said to have been the first Finnish player in the National Hockey League. (Albert Pudas, however, played 4 games with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1926-1927). Lund moved to Canada from Finland at the age of six.

## References
Mother Angelica

**Mother Mary Angelica of the Annunciation**  (**Rita Antoinette Rizzo**; April 20, 1923 &ndash; March 27, 2016) was an American Catholic nun. She created the Eternal Word Television Network (ETWN). It is a very popular television channel for Catholics.

Mother Angelica died on March 27, 2016, Easter Sunday, from complications of a stroke at her home in Hanceville, Alabama, aged 92.

## References
Nine Lessons and Carols

.  This painting shows the Three Wise Men visiting the baby Jesus.  The painting hangs behind the altar in King's College Chapel, Cambridge.]]

The Festival of **Nine Lessons and Carols** is a form of church service used at Christmas in the Anglican Church.  There are nine lessons (readings) and between each reading there is a carol sung, either by the choir on its own or by the whole congregation.  The story is told from the beginning of the Bible in which Adam disobeys God, to the coming of the baby Jesus.

The form of the service was started by Edward White Benson who was Bishop of Truro in Cornwall, for use on  Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880.  The service is now used by other churches all over the world, not just in  Anglican churches, but also in some Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. In the UK, the service has become the standard form for schools' Christmas carol services.

The best-known Nine Lessons and Carols service is the one held in King's College, Cambridge every Christmas.  The choir carols are sung by the famous Choir. This service has been broadcast by the BBC for more than half a century.

## Service at King's College, Cambridge
]]

The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918.  The music at the first service was directed by Arthur Henry Mann, who was the organist from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 trebles which was the number that Henry VI said there must be when he founded the college.  Until 1927 the men in the choir were choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, 14 undergraduates from the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, sing the men's parts.

The service was first broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout World War II in spite of the stained glass having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. The service is slightly different today: not all the readings are from the Bible.   Most of the carols are sung by the choir. There are generally more than nine carols.   The service starts with the famous carol "Once in Royal David's City".  Verse one is always sung as an unaccompanied solo by one of the boys in the choir.  The boy is not told that he is the one who has been chosen to sing the solo until just before the service begins.

Since 1982 the  Director of Music has been Stephen Cleobury.  Each year he commissions a composer to write a new carol for the Choir.  The service ends with the carol "O Come all ye faithful".  This is followed by the Organ Voluntary: "In Dulci Jubilo" (BWV 729) by Johann Sebastian Bach and then another Organ Piece (which is heard on the radio but not on television).

## References
## Other websites
*King's College Chapel's webpage about the service
Bearing

The word **bearing** can mean:

*Bearing (navigation), A word used for different methods that try to find out the angle between an object used for this purpose, and a reference direction
*Bearing (mechanical), A device to permit fixed direction motion between two parts
*Bearing (posture or carriage): as in *She walks with self-assured bearing*
*Bearing (relevance): as in *That has no bearing on the issue*.

The word may be used in less frequent contexts than these examples. If in doubt, check in a good dictionary.
Pope Innocent III

**Pope Innocent III** (; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 177th Pope from 1198 until his death in 1216.

## Early life 
Lotario di Conti was born at Anagni in central Italy. His father was Count Trasimund of Segni who was a member of the Conti family.

During the short reigns of Pope Lucius III, Pope Urban III, Pope Gregory VIII, and Pope Clement III, he served in the church bureaucracy.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes. Innocent was the first pope to form a Papal state.

### Crusades
Innocent III was responsible for starting the Fourth Crusade, the Albigensian Crusade, and the Fifth Crusade.

### Lateran Council
In 1215, Innocent brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Fourth Lateran Council.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Conti family

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope in sequence
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Segni
Flame test

A **flame test** is a test for chemicals. Normally it is used to see whether there are certain metals in a chemical compound. The chemical compound is heated in a flame and a colored flame is made. The colored flame can be turned into its spectrum to  it. Many metals produce flame colors. The colors are made by electrons jumping up to higher orbits in the atom when it is heated. They fall down soon, putting out light as energy. 

File:Flame Test K.jpg|Flame test for potassium
File:Flame Test Ca.jpg|Flame test for calcium
File:Zinc flame test 2.jpg|Flame test for zinc oxide on a kitchen stove
File:Flametest--Na.swn.jpg|Flame test for sodium. The yellow color is very bright and common.
File:Flametest--Cu.swn.jpg|Flame test for copper
File:FlammenfärbungLi.png|Flame test for lithium

## Related pages
*Chemical reaction
*Ion
Debby Boone

**Debby Boone** (born **Deborah Ann Boone** on September 22, 1956) is a singer, songwriter, and children's book author. She is the daughter of singer Pat Boone. She has won three Grammy Awards; in 1977, 1980 and 1984.
## Awards
* 1977: Grammy Award: Best New Artist of the Year, for the song "You Light Up My Life"
* 1980: Grammy Award: Best Inspirational Performance for the song "With My Song I Will Praise Him"
* 1984: Grammy Award: Best Performance by a duo or group for the song "Keep The Flame Burning" with Phil Driscoll
## References
Satyr

A **satyr** is a creature from Greek mythology. They are usually depicted with the upper half of a human and the legs of a goat, and horns on their heads. Satyrs were usually companions of Dionysus and Pan. They are often shown in art chasing after nymphs and were associated with nature and fertility. Sometimes satyrs were figured as the leader of drunks and pageantry. 

## Gallery 

Nymphs and Satyr, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau.jpg | *Nymphs and Satyr* (William-Adolphe Bouguereau, 1873).
SatryWithWomen.jpg | *Satyr on a mountain goat, drinking with women*, in a Gandhara relief of 2nd–4th century CE.
Carracci Le Satyre et la Nymphe.jpg | ''Satyr's public sex with a nymph*. A sketch of Agostino Carracci.
Hirschvogel_Satyr.jpg | *Fight between Satyr and a woman'', A sketch of Augustin Hirschvogel.

## Related pages
*Satyr play

## Other websites 
*
Sigur Rós discography

This page is about the music of the Icelandic band Sigur Rós.

## Albums
### Studio albums
## References
## Other websites
* Sigur Rós official website
* Sigur Rós official UK website
* The Spy Machine  Sigur Rós discography
* 
* 
*
Great northern bean

**Great Northern beans** are beans that are white in color. They are characterized by their light flavor profile and their size. Great Northern beans are commonly used in soups and stews. They are similar in shape to a Lima bean and typically slightly shorter.

File:Snijboon peulen Phaseolus vulgaris.jpg|
File:Phaseolus_vulgaris_MHNT.BOT.2016.24.73.jpg|
File:Tuinboon_zaden_in_peul.jpg|
File:Phaseolus vulgaris white beans, witte boon.jpg|

## References
White-tailed deer

The **white-tailed deer** (*Odocoileus virginianus*), also known as the **whitetail** or **Virginia deer**, is a type of deer that is found throughout most of North America, and only some in South America. The white-tailed deer were also brought over to Europe and New Zealand.

The white-tailed deer is normally between around 57 and 137 kilograms (125 to 301 pounds) in weight.  Its body is between 160 and 220 centimeters (63 to 86 inches) long.  It is mostly colored brown, but can also be greyish in winter and reddish in summer.  Male white-tailed deer have large antlers. These fall off in the winter.  The white-tailed deer mostly lives between two and three years long.  Sometimes, though, they will live for more than ten years. 

This type of deer is quite shy.  When they are scared, they run very fast, and wave their tails.  They mostly stay alone and in the same location throughout the year.  During the autumn, the deer engage in mating.

They mostly eat vegetation like tree leaves or smaller plants.  The deer feed mostly during the morning and evening.

Predators of the white-tailed deer include wolves, coyotes, bears and mountain lions, as well as humans.

## References
Jigsaw puzzle

A **jigsaw puzzle** is a puzzle with pieces in it. Most people think it is harder than normal puzzles. It is usually used as children's toy.

## Variations
Jigsaw puzzles come in many variations, for example they can vary in number of pieces. Standard puzzles contain from 300 to 1000 pieces. The largest commercially sold puzzle had 32,256 pieces. Versions designed for children come in great variety of puzzle piece sizes. Some puzzles are made double-sided so they contain 2 different puzzles on each side. 

There are also 3D jigsaw puzzles. Most of them are made of wood or styrofoam.

There are many jigsaw games available for computers and mobile devices too. Computers have the advantage of interactivity, for example some companies offer you to make custom puzzles based on your photo sent to them.

There is also the last type of a jigsaw puzzle, it is considered a 3D puzzle but made from a 2D pieces. After you assemble pieces in 2D, you bend and adjust the whole creation to make to 3D model.

## References
Tianyuraptor

***Tianyuraptor*** is a genus of short-armed dromaeosaurid dinosaur ('running lizard'; a type of small dinosaur considered to be closely related to birds) that lived during the Early Cretaceous, about 122 million years ago. Its remains have been found in western Liaoning, China. It was similar to other dromaeosaurids found in Liaoning, with the exception of being somewhat more primitive. The type specimen, formally described in 2009, shows features not seen in previously known Northern Hemisphere (Laurasian) dromaeosaurids, but present in Southern Hemisphere (Gondwanan) species and early birds. 

The generic name of *Tianyuraptor* combines *Tianyu*, referring to the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature where the holotype specimen is stored, with raptor, the Latin word for 'robber'.
Googie

is built in the Googie style|thumb|right|170px]]
**Googie** is the term given to a type of architecture and art in the United States in the 20th century.  It is also called **Doo Wop**, **Atomic age**, or **populuxe**.   It was very futuristic, echoing themes of the 1950s as a whole.  Some of Googie architecture was based on what spaceships look like.  It started in California soon after World War II and spread to the rest of the United States in the 1950s.  Many of the buildings built in the Googie style were coffee shops, bowling alleys and motels.  

Here are a few famous Googie buildings:

* The Space Needle
* Los Angeles International Airport
* The first Tomorrowland at Disneyland
* The first McDonald's
* Many of the early casinos in Las Vegas
President of South Korea

The **President of the Republic of Korea** is the head of state, leader of the executive of the South Korean government and the commander-in-chief of the South Korean Armed Forces.

The president is directly elected by the people to a five-year term, with no possibility of re-election. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae (the "Blue House").

If the National Assembly votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately.

## Powers and duties of the president 
The president is required to:
* uphold the Constitution
* preserve the safety and homeland of South Korea
* work for the peaceful reunification of Korea, typically act as the Chairperson of the National Unification Advisory Council

## List of presidents 
## Living former presidents 
As of , four former presidents are alive:

The longest-lived President was Yun Bo-seon, who died on July 18, 1990 (at the age of ).

The most recent President to die was Chun Doo-hwan, who died on November 23, 2021.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website of the President of the Republic of Korea
Zeebo

The **Zeebo** is a video games console. It was released by Zeebo Inc in 2009 in Brazil and Mexico. It has wireless capabilities. Players cannot online with the console anymore.
Normal force

**Normal force** is the force that the ground (or any surface) pushes back up with; if there was no normal force, you would fall into the ground.

The normal force on a object is always perpendicular (at a right angle) to the surface the object is on.

On a flat surface, the normal force of an object is mg (the object's weight, that is its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity).

On an inclined plane, the normal force is reduced by the angle, and the normal force is mg \cos\theta.

Note that on a flat surface, \theta (the angle) would be 0, and so \cos\theta would be 1. Thus, the two equations are equal.
Grading in education

**Grades** are a teacher's evaluation of a student's performance. They are often letters (e.g. A, B, C, D, F,) or numbers (e.g. 1-10.), although in some countries they do not use either of these systems.

Letter grades are most commonly used in the United States and some others. The grades D or C are usually enough to pass.

Grades can also be on a number scale. Typically a midpoint score is a pass. Sometimes the numbers can go in descending order to indicate better performance.

A *Grade Point Average*, or GPA, takes the grade(s) of a student and assigns point values to them. These points are added up and divided to calculate the GPA.

Simple grades can be found with this formula:

:\frac{\text{right}}{\text{right}+\text{wrong}}

The grade is the answer to that formula turned into a percent.

This is the type of grading the United States commonly uses.:

## References
List of presidents of South Korea

This is a **list of the presidents of South Korea**.

Since the creation of the Government of the **Republic of Korea** which is commonly known as **South Korea** in 1948, twelve people have served nineteen terms as President of South Korea. The president is the country's head of state as well as its head of government. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.

## List of presidents 
## Notes
## References
Elaphrosaurus

**Elaphrosaurus** is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 150 million years ago. It was 15 feet long, and weighed 450 pounds. 

*Elaphrosaurus* was a slender, fast, and agile predator that probably preyed on small ornithopods, such as *Dryosaurus*. 

The type specimen was found in the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. It was a nearly complete skeleton, but unfortunately, it lacked a skull. Since its body was similar to ornithomimids, it was originally thought to be the earliest ornithomimid. However, later studies showed that it is actually a ceratosaur. There is one named species, *Elaphrosaurus bambergi*. Remains very similar to it have also been found in the Morrison Formation in the western United States. These may possibly belong to *Elaphrosaurus*, indicating that this dinosaur had a wider range than previously thought.
National Organization for Women

The **National Organization for Women** (**NOW**) is the largest feminist organization in the United States. It was founded by Betty Friedan in 1966. About half a million people are members. It was one of the groups that wanted the Equal Rights Amendment and other ways to make women equal to men.

## Presidents
The following women have led the National Organization for Women;
# Betty Friedan (1966–1970)
# Aileen Hernandez (1970–1971)
# Wilma Scott Heide (1971–1974)
# Karen DeCrow (1974–1977)
# Eleanor Smeal (1977–1982)
# Judy Goldsmith (1982–1985)
# Eleanor Smeal (1985–1987)
# Molly Yard (1987–1991)
# Patricia Ireland (1991–2001)
# Kim Gandy (2001–2009)
# Terry O'Neill (2009–Present)

## Opposition to equal rights
The National Organization for Women has opposed tries to make men and women equal in the law. One of the biggest things they have opposed is shared parenting.

## Other websites
* National Organization for Women, Official website 

## References
Cnemidophorus

***Cnemidophorus*** is a genus of lizards which belong to the family of Teiidae, which are commonly referred to as **whiptail lizards** or **racerunners**. Over 30% of the *Cnemidophorus* genus are parthenogenic.
Balaur

specimen, showing the double sickle claws very clearly]]

***Balaur*** is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in southern Europe during the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago. 

The specimen is unique: unlike most other dromaeosaurs, it had *two* sickle claws on each foot, not just one.

The specimen was discovered in 2010. *Balaur* lived on a large prehistoric island called Hateg Island. Seventy million years ago, sea levels were much higher than they are today. Europe was an archipelago of islands. 

Possibly because it was relatively isolated from other dinosaurs, *Balaur* developed unique features. It was a small . This is an example of island dwarfism.

There is one known species, *Balaur bondoc*. *Balaur* was a velociraptorine. Studies have shown that it is most closely related to the famous Asian dromaeosaurid *Velociraptor*.

## References
Toxicofera

**Toxicofera** (Greek or Latin for "those who carry toxins"), is a hypothetical clade of living Squamata (lizards and snakes). It includes about 4600 living species. This is all venomous reptile species, plus related non-venomous species.

The clade was identified when research showed that the evolution of venom was very ancient, and that it might have occurred only once.

## Cladistics 
The Toxicofera combines the following groups from traditional classification:

* Suborder Serpentes (snakes)
* Suborder Iguania (iguanas, agamid lizards, chameleons, etc.)
* Infraorder Anguimorpha, consisting of:
** Family Varanidae (monitor lizards)
** Family Anguidae (alligator lizards, glass lizards, etc.)
** Family Helodermatidae (Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard)

## References
Tobolsk

**Tobolsk** is part of the Tyumen Oblast in Russia. It is near many rivers. It is one of the few towns in Russia that have stone fortresses, known as kremlins. According to the census in 2021, 100,352 people live inside it. Its economy depends mostly on its oil. In February 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne, and his family, including his youngest daughter Anastasia, were moved to Tobolsk.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Brumfield, *William Tobolsk: Architectural Heritage in Photographs Moscow: Tri Kvadrata*, 2006  (in English and in Russian)
Letter (message)

with the only surviving letter written by Joseph Merrick (Elephant Man)]]
A **letter** is a physical, written message that one person sends to another person (or group of people), often by mail. 

Ancient rulers of nations were probably the first people to send and receive letters.

Since the late 20th century, letter-writing has decreased because new forms of electronic communication have been created, including computers and telephones. However, many people still send letters, such as for business purposes. 

Since the late 20th century, scholars have begun to spend more time studying the practice of letter-writing academically.
## Related pages 
* Electronic mail
* Envelope
* Gallows letter
* Letter box
* Postcard
* Telegram

## References
Eve's Plum

'''Eve's Plum''' was an American rock band. The band existed from 1991 to 1998.

## Members 
* Colleen Fitzpatrick (vocals)
* Michael Kotch (guitar)
* Theo Mack (bass, 1994)
* Chris Giammalvo (bass, 1992-1994)
* Ben Kotch (drums)

## Discography 
* Envy (1993)
* Cherry Alive (1995)
Princess Helen of Serbia

**Princess Helen of Serbia** (4 November 1884 – 16 October 1962) was the daughter of King Peter I of Yugoslavia and his wife Princess Zorka of Montenegro. She was the older sister of George, Crown Prince of Serbia and Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro, or Stana, wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, and of Milica of Montenegro. They were the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra. She was born as *Princess Jelena of Serbia*. Her mother died when she was younger, so she was brought up mostly by her aunts. After she was married, she was known as *Elena Petrovna*, *Jelena Petrovna*, *Hélène Petrovna* or *Ellen Petrovna*. Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia liked her very much. After the Imperial family died, she was questioned about Anastasia Nikolaevna. When she was put in prison for a short time at Perm in 1918, she said that a guard took a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked her if the girl was the Tsar's daughter. When she did not recognize the girl, the guard took her away.
## References
Sulla

**Lucius Cornelius Sulla**  (c. 138 BC – 78 BC), usually called **Sulla**, was a Roman general and statesman. He was a *praetor* (a commander of an army) in 97 BC, and held the office of Consul twice. He was the only man in history to have attacked and kept both Athens and Rome.

Sulla unconstitutionally marched his armies into Rome and defeated his enemy Gaius Marius in battle. After his second march on Rome, he revived the office of dictator. Sulla was made Dictator in 81 or 82 BC. He had the Senate draw up a list of those he considered *enemies of the state* and published the list in the Roman Forum. Plutarch states in his *Life of Sulla* (XXXI): "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit".

This was remembered when Caesar became Dictator.

## References
Lithography

: *La Goulou at the Moulin Rouge*, a colour lithographed poster (1891)]]
**Lithography** (from Greek *λίθος* - *lithos*, 'stone' + *γράφω* - *graphο*, 'to write') is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal (steel or aluminium) plate with a completely smooth surface.

Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical posters. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.

## Introduction
Lithography used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate.

The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic (water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article.

This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images.

In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone).  After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite.

## Chromolithography 
**Chromolithography** (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.

By using more than one stone, different colours can be added to the same picture. Each colour needs a separate stone. The great posters of such artists as Alphonse Mucha and Toulouse-Lautrec are made like this. Complicated graphics may need twenty or more stones.

## References
Shortening

.]]
**Shortening** is a semisolid fat used in baking. It makes foods . Shortening doesn't smoke as easily as butter or oil, and it is 100% fat. Butter is 80% fat and is more expensive than shortening. 

Shortening works by stopping long gluten polymers from forming in the food. It does not need to be refrigerated. It can make foods last longer. 

Shortening is mostly made from hydrogenated oils, which have trans fats in them. Trans fats can cause heart attacks. People making shortening try to take out the trans fats.

## References
Semi-solid

A **semi-solid** is a state of matter. It is a substance that is in between a solid and a liquid. Another name for a semi-solid is a quasi-solid. 

Mayonnaise is an example of a semi-solid. Mayonnaise does not hold its shape like a solid but does not flow like a liquid. Gel or cream are terms often used of a semi-solid. 

Normally semi-solids are covalent in their chemistry. Covalent substances get softer and softer until they melt. Ionic substances melt at one temperature and do not get softer. 

Butter is a semi-solid when it is warm. Butter does not hold its shape but it does not flow like a liquid. Paint is also a semisolid, since it is highly viscous. The shape of curd is semi-solid, and is different from milk, which is liquid.

## Related pages 
*Thixotropy
*Viscosity

## References
Quiche

A **quiche** (Pronounced: *keesh*) is a type of pie. It is . It normally has a pie crust. The filling is made of eggs. Meat and/or vegetables and cheese are sometimes also in the filling.

The name is French.
Norm Maciver

**Norman Steven Maciver** (born September 1, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League as a member of the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Edmonton Oilers, Ottawa Senators, Pittsburgh Penguins, and the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes franchise.

## Career 
MacIver was never drafted by an NHL franchise and instead took the university route in order to reach the NHL. The defenceman played four seasons with the University of Minnesota Duluth and in 1985-86 was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, awarded to the NCAA's top player. While playing at the University of Minnesota, MacIver earned a communications degree and signed as a free agent with the NHL's New York Rangers upon graduation.

He played 500 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 55 goals and 230 assists for 285 points and collecting 350 penalty minutes. A career highlight came during the Ottawa Senators' debut season of 1992-93, when Maciver led the team in scoring with 17 goals and 46 assists for 63 points in 80 games. In the spring of 1996, he scored the final goal in Winnipeg Jets' history prior to the team's relocation to Phoenix in the sixth game of a first round playoff series against the Detroit Red Wings. After retirement he became an assistant coach for the American Hockey League's Springfield Falcons from 2000 to 2003, and then the NHL's Boston Bruins from 2003 to 2006.

Maciver is currently an amateur scout with the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks.

## Other websites
* 
*
Brigid

**Brigid** is the Irish goddess of fire. She is also called Bride, Bridey, Brighid, Brigit, Briggidda, Brigantia, and Breo-saighead. According to legend she was born at dawn, rising into the sky with fire streaming from her head. The daughter of an Irish god, Dagda, she later married an Irish king, Bres.

## References
## Other websites
* Brigid, Celtic Goddess of Inspiration and Healing
Hydrogenation

**Hydrogenation** is the process of adding hydrogen to organic compounds. It is done to alkenes. 

Vegetable oils have alkenes in them. Alkenes are liquid and spoil easily. People making shortening add hydrogen to the alkene, turning it into an alkane. The alkanes are more solid and stable. A catalyst is used to react the hydrogen with the oil. This makes trans fats, though. Margarine is an example of a hydrogenated spread.

Other things can be hydrogenated, too. Hot nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen under high pressure with a catalyst, usually nickel to make ammonia gas.
Tianhe-I

**Tianhe-I** is a supercomputer made and operated in the People's Republic of China and has been active since October 29, 2009. In 2010, it was the second fastest supercomputer in the world, replacing the Jaguar supercomputer. It has 98,304 GB of memory and has 2.507 petaflops at its . It uses a Linux operating system. It is being used for finding energy sources and doing  of aircraft right now.

## Upgrade
It used to have 5,010 CPUs and 2,560 GPUs and was ranked the fifth-fastest supercomputer. After the upgrade, it now has 14,336 CPUs and 7,168 GPUs, making it the fastest.

## Related pages
*Tianhe-2

## References
Equal Rights Amendment

The **Equal Rights Amendment** is a proposed amendment to the US Constitution in the 1970s and 1980s to give men and women full equality under the law. Alice Paul first wrote the ERA, which was introduced in 1923 to Congress for the first time. It passed both houses of Congress in 1972 after protesting by the National Organization for Women outside the Senate.

Some people opposed it because women were already becoming equal in most areas and feared that women would be drafted during the Vietnam War. The 35 states ratified it were too few for the amendment to pass (38 were needed). Most of the states that did not ratify it were in the South, which is the most conservative and religious part of the country.

Twenty-one states have a version of the ERA in their state constitutions. Sixteen of those states ratified the federal ERA.

The ERA was introduced into Congress each year from 1923 to 1972. It has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982. In 2011, it was introduced in the House of Representatives by 159 cosponsors and in the Senate by several senators.

## Text
The following is the entire text of the Equal Rights Amendment:

:**Section 1.** Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
:**Section 2.** The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
:**Section 3.** This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.

## References
Dracovenator

***Dracovenator*** was a meat-eating dinosaur that lived in southern Africa during the Early Jurassic period. That was about 185 million years ago. It is a relative of *Dilophosaurus*. It might have had a pair of crests, just like *Sinosaurus* and various other species.

Its name means "Dragon hunter". It was given this name because dinosaurs are similar to the dragons of mythology, and it was a carnivore, so this species were probably a hunter of both small and large animals. 

*Dracovenator* was a large carnivorous dinosaur, about 23 feet long. It is the first large meat-eating dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Africa to be discovered. *Dracovenator* was described first as an African species and named in 2006, based on a hand claw, an upper jaw with teeth, back bones, hip bones, ribs, and foot bones. There is one genus of this dinosaur, *Dracovenator regenti*. This species was discovered in the Elliot Formation in South Africa.
Arabidopsis thaliana

***Arabidopsis thaliana*** is a small flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. It is widely used as a model organism in plant genetics. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard (*Brassicaceae*) family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish. 

It was the first plant genome to be sequenced, completed in 2000 by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The most up-to-date version of the *Arabidopsis thaliana* genome is maintained by The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR). 

Much work has been done to find out what its 27,000 genes and 35,000 proteins do.
*Arabidopsis* is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.

## References
Eugene Botkin

**Dr. Yevgeny Sergeivich Botkin** (27 March 1865 – 17 July 1918), also known as **Dr. Eugene Botkin**, was the court physician for Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra. While he was in exile with the family, he often helped treat Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia.

Botkin went into exile with the Romanovs after the Russian Revolution of 1917. He was murdered with the family at Ekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. Like them, he was canonized as a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981. His wife Olga and he divorced after she had an affair with the children's German teacher.

Shortly before he died, he wrote a letter in which he said that he "unhesitatingly orphaned my own children in order to carry out my physician's duty to the end, as Abraham did not hesitate at God's demand to sacrifice his only son."

## References
Biz Stone

**Biz Stone** (born March 10, 1974) is an American software developer. He is also the author of two books. He is an advisor to many companies. He is Creative Director at Twitter.

## References
Evan Williams (entrepreneur)

**Evan Williams** (born March 31, 1972) is an American business person. He is responsible for product strategy at Twitter.
Amanita

The genus ***Amanita*** contains a species of basidiomycete mushrooms, including some of the most toxic known. It is found worldwide.

This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the **death cap** accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is amanitin, of which at least eight versions are known.

## Species 
*Amanita abietum
*Amanita abrupta
*Amanita albocreata
*Amanita bisporigera
*Amanita caesarea
*Amanita jacksoni
*Amanita muscaria
*Amanita ocreata
*Amanita pantherina
*Amanita phalloides
*Amanita verna
*Amanita virosa

## Notable species 
### Fly agaric 
***Amanita muscaria***, commonly known as the *fly agaric*, is a psychoactive fungus. It is known as the fly agaric for its ability to kill houseflies when combined with milk. The reason for this is that flies are attracted to the milk because it is so sweet. When they drink the milk they feel the effects of the mushroom and begin to get intoxicated.

### Death cap 
***Amanita phalloides***, commonly known as the *death cap*, is a deadly poisonous fungus, one of many in the genus *Amanita*. Widely distributed across Europe, *A. phalloides* forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, death cap has been accidentally introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of oak, chestnut, and pine. The large fruiting bodies (mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps are generally greenish in color, with a white stipe (stem) and gills (underneath the cap).

One mushroom, if eaten, may destroy the liver and cause death. There is no antidote.p211

### Toxins 
Their major toxic mechanism is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Without mRNA, essential protein synthesis, and hence cell metabolism, grind to a halt and the cell dies.

The liver is the organ most affected, because it is the organ which is first encountered after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Other organs, especially the kidneys, are susceptible.

## References