open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eocene

The **Eocene** was the second geological epoch in the Palaeogene, and by far the longest. It began 56 million years ago, and ended 33.9 million years ago with a global warming crisis. Before the period was the Palaeocene, and after the time was the Oligocene, the time where paraceratheres, indricotheres, entelodonts, hyaenodonts, archaeotheres, chalicotheres, arsinoitheres and cynodictids were the main animals.

The Eocene, like the Palaeocene before it, had a climate much warmer than today. At the start of the Eocene, the *Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum* was reached. This lasted for 100,000 years, and caused a large extinction event. The land was heavily forested, with temperate forests into Arctic and Antarctic regions. The many herbivorous mammals were browsers, not grazers. All the members of the new mammal orders were small, under 10 kg. Eocene mammals were only 60% of the size of the primitive Palaeocene mammals that came before them. They were also smaller than the mammals that followed them. The main animals of the time included *Propalaeotherium*, *Leptictidium*, *Ambulocetus*, *Pristichampsus*, *Gastornis* and *Hyracotherium*. 

The end of the Eocene was the beginning of the Oligocene (33.9 million years ago). Many plant and animal species went extinct. This was the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event. The extinction event was probably caused by meteorite strikes in Siberia and Chesapeake Bay. The fauna of this timeline included basilosaurs, arsinoitheres, dorudonts, andrewsarchids, paraceratheres, indricotheres, uintatheres, hyaenodonts, embolotheres, brontotheres and moeritheres.

## Swamp forests 
Tropical peatlands coexist with swamp forests in the Eocene. This is the most recent period which has left us coal measures. It was so hot in the Eocene that there was a high level of plant growth. Polar forests were quite extensive. Fossils and preserved remains of trees such as swamp cypress and dawn redwood from the Eocene have been found on Ellesmere Island in the Arctic.

The end-Eocene flora and some of its fauna is well seen at Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument, Rocky Mountains, Colorado.

## References
Palaeocene

recorded in a Wyoming rock (the white stripe in the middle)|alt=A dark brown slab of rock with a whitish stripe across the middle]]
 was caused by the subduction of oceanic crust under the North American plate|alt=A diagram of the Pacific Plate being subducted under the North American Plate]]
n landscape during the Palaeocene]]

The **Palaeocene** is the first geological epoch in the Palaeogene. It was from 66 to 56 million years ago. It started after the end of the Cretaceous, and it was followed by the Eocene epoch.

The word "Palaeocene" may be spelled "Paleocene" quite correctly. It is just an alternative spelling. 

The Palaeocene began and ended with an extinction event, each of quite a different character. The epoch began with the K/T extinction event, caused by a combination of a meteorite strike (Chicxulub crater) and a huge volcanic flood basalt eruption. The eruption produced the Deccan Traps in what is now India. This would have caused the extinction of many groups. 

The epoch ended with the *Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum*, a deep ocean anoxic event (DOAE). This means that the ocean depths were lacking oxygen, so no higher forms of life could survive there. This produced a mass extinction of between 35–50% of deep water forms such as benthic foraminifera. At the same time there was a major change of mammalian types on land.

## Climate 
After a cooler start, the climate grew warmer during the epoch, far warmer than today, and the world was heavily forested. There were no ice caps at the poles. Warm seas circulated throughout the world, including the poles. The earliest Paleocene featured a low diversity and abundance of marine life, but this trend reversed later in the epoch. Tropical conditions gave rise to abundant marine life, including coral reefs. With the extinction of marine reptiles at the end of the Cretaceous, sharks became the top predators. At the end of the Cretaceous, the ammonites and many species of foraminifera became extinct.

Marine faunas also came to look like modern faunas. Only the marine mammals and an important family of sharks, the Carcharhinidae, are missing.

Non-avian dinosaurs may have survived to some extent into the early Danian stage of the Paleocene Epoch about 66 mya. The controversial evidence for such is a hadrosaur leg bone found from Paleocene strata in New Mexico; but such stray late forms may be derived fossils. This means they were fossilised, then erosion uncovered them, then they were buried again in a younger layer of rocks.

## Polar forests 
The warm Paleocene climate, much like that of the Cretaceous, supported  polar forests. Rainfall is a major factor in plant diversity nearer the equator, but polar plants have to adapt to light (polar nights and midnight suns) and temperature. Because of this, plants from both poles evolved some similar characteristics, such as broad leaves. Plant diversity at both poles increased throughout the Paleocene, especially at the end, with the increasing global temperature.

## Stages of the Palaeocene 
The Palaeocene is divided into three stages:

## References
Permian–Triassic extinction event

. 
The End Permian extinction event is just above the coal layer.]]

The **Permian/Triassic extinction event** was the largest extinction event in the Phanerozoic eon. 57% of all biological families, 83% of all genera, 96% of all marine species became extinct. This includes many fish and the last surviving trilobites, 70% of all terrestrial vertebrates and many of the large amphibia, primitive reptiles and synapsids.  It is the only known extinction event of insects. It ended the Palaeozoic era, and began the Mesozoic era.

The event forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods, at about 252 million years ago. Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of life on Earth took much longer than after other extinction events.
The pattern of extinction is still unclear. Different studies suggest one to three separate pulses.

There are several proposed mechanisms for the extinctions. These include: large or multiple meteorite impacts, increased volcanism, sudden release of methane hydrates from the sea floor. Gradual changes include sea level change, oceanic anoxic events, increasing aridity, and a shift in ocean circulation driven by climate change.

One thing is probably significant. One of the largest ever flood basalt eruptions took place across the P/Tr junction. These eruptions, from 251 to 250 million years ago, produced the Siberian Traps, a huge volcanic province in Siberia. This would certainly have made the world's climate much worse, and is now thought to be the main cause of this great extinction.

Another factor is that global sea levels were at an historic low point at the time. Lastly, it should be remembered that Pangaea was in existence: volcanic eruptions would affect all lands, continental shelves and ocean floors near the continents.

## Related pages
* List of extinction events

## References
John Rutter

**John Rutter** (born London 24 September 1945) is an English composer and choral conductor.  He has composed a lot of church music.  Many of his anthems and songs are very popular indeed with church choirs as well as choral societies.  He writes in a style that can be enjoyed easily, and at the same time it is excellent music.

## Life
Rutter was born in London.  He went to school at Highgate School.  Another pupil in the school was John Tavener who was also to become a famous composer, although his style of music is very different.

Rutter studied music at Clare College, Cambridge.  He became director of music at Clare College in 1975 and made the choir internationally famous.

In 1974, Rutter visited the United States where he conducted his new cantata "Gloria" which became a great favourite.  He also conducted his "Eight Childhood Lyrics".

In 1981, Rutter started a choir of his own, the Cambridge Singers.  He still conducts them.  They have made many recordings.  Rutter still lives near Cambridge and spends his time composing and conducting all over the world.

Rutter has been given many honours, including  honorary Fellow of Westminster Choir College, Princeton (1980), Fellow of the Guild of Church Musicians (1988). In 1996, the Archbishop of Canterbury gave him the Lambeth Doctorate of Music to celebrate all he has done for church music.  He was made a CBE in 2007.

Rutter also works as an arranger and editor.  His collection of *Carols for Choirs* which he prepared together with Sir David Willcocks is extremely widely used in Britain.

## Compositions
Rutter's compositions include Christmas carols, anthems and longer choral works such as a *Gloria*, a *Magnificat*, and a *Requiem*.

In 2002 his setting of *Psalm 150*, written for the Queen's Golden Jubilee, was performed at the thanksgiving service in St Paul's Cathedral, London. He has also written an opera for young people called *Bang!*.  His *Mass for Children* was first performed in 2003 in the Carnegie Hall, New York.

Most of his songs and anthems were written at first with piano or organ accompaniment, but he has also arranged many of them for orchestral accompaniment as well.

## Other websites 
* Rutter at the Oxford University Press website
Rivallo

**Rivallo** () was a legendary king of the Britons as told by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He was the son of King Cunedagius. 

During the time he ruled he was troubled by disasters: a rain of blood which lasted three days, a terrible plague, and a great swarm of flies. After he died his son Gurgustius became king.
Victoria Wood

**Victoria Wood** CBE (19 May 1953, Prestwich, Lancashire – 20 April 2016, Highgate, North London) was an English comedienne, actress, singer, writer and television presenter.

## Career
Victoria Wood went to Bury Grammar Girls' School.  She wrote and starred in sketches, plays, films and sitcoms.  She was a stand-up comedian.  She sang and accompanied herself on the piano.

Her humour was usually about everyday life, known as observational comedy. It was often satirical. It referred to popular British media and brand names of British products.

She started her career in 1974 by winning the ATV talent show *New Faces*. It was not until the 1980s that she began to be known as a comedy star, with the award-winning television series *Victoria Wood As Seen On TV* and became one of Britain's most popular stand-up comedians.

In 1998, she wrote and starred in the sitcom *dinnerladies* (deliberately spelt with a small-case "d") which ran for 16 episodes over two seasons.

Wood often worked with Anne Reid, Maxine Peake, Julie Walters, Duncan Preston and Celia Imrie.

She won many awards, including the BAFTA award. She was made a CBE in 2008.

## Personal life
Wood married magician Geoffrey Durham in March 1980. They separated in October 2002 and divorced in 2003. They had a daughter, Grace (born 1988) who is a singer and son Henry (born 1992).

Wood's brother is the politician Chris Foote Wood.

## Death
Wood was diagnosed with terminal cancer in late 2015, but kept her illness private. She died on 20 April 2016 at her Highgate home, aged 62.

## BAFTA nominations
* Wood had four wins from fourteen nominations ( she also had a special Bafta that she received at a Bafta tribute evening in 2005, taking her total to five )

* *Victoria Wood As Seen On TV* won the BAFTA for "Best Entertainment Programme" in 1986, 1987 and 1988, these awards went to the producer, Geoff Posner.
* *An Audience With Victoria Wood* won the BAFTA for "Best Entertainment Programme" in 1989, this award went to David G. Hillier.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Horseshoes

**Horseshoes** is a game played outside. This game is played using four horseshoes and two stakes.

## References
Hans Spemann

**Hans Spemann** (27 June 1869 – 9 September 1941) was a German doctor. He won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of the 'organizer effect' in embryonic development 

## References
William P. Murphy

**William Parry Murphy** (February 6, 1892 – October 9, 1987) was an American doctor. He won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with George Whipple and George Minot, for discovering how eating liver could cure anaemia.

## References
Henry Hallett Dale

Sir **Henry Hallett Dale**, OM, GBE, PRS, (9 June 1875 - 23 July 1968) was an English pharmacologist. He won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Otto Loewi, for their discoveries about the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

## References
Silent Night

"**Silent Night**" () is a very popular Christmas carol and song. It was first performed in 1818, by Franz Xaver Gruber and Joseph Mohr. Gruber was an organist and headmaster of a primary school. Mohr was a priest. Mohr had written the poem in 1816; Gruber wrote the melody for it before Christmas 1818. Little else is known on how the song came to be.

One of the theses is that at the time it was not possible to play the organ in the church. For this reason Gruber and Mohr created a song that could be accompanied by a guitar. There are many other stories about how the song came to be.

The audience liked the performance very much. Gruber sang, and Mohr played the guitar. It is because of an organ-maker called *Mauracher* that the song became known to a wider audience. Mauracher could capture the attention of the crowd at a performance in Leipzig in 1832. From there it spread, first to the German-speaking countries, then to the world. Today there are translations into more than 300 languages and dialects.

The song was first published on a leaflet in 1833, with other "authentic Tyrolean songs". Frederick William IV of Prussia wanted to know the authors of the song, and asked St. Peter's Archabbey, Salzburg, in 1854. The abbey found Gruber, who was still alive. In the meantime, the song had been attributed to Michael Haydn. Through the latter half of the 19th and through most of the 20th century it has also been attributed to Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or Ludwig Van Beethoven.

The author Hertha Pauli, who was born in Austria had to flee from the persecutions during the Second World War. In 1943, she found that many Americans thought that "Silent Night" was an American popular tune. She then wrote the children's book, "Silent Night. The Story of a Song", where she explained where the song was from.

## References
Paul Dukas

**Paul Abraham Dukas** (October 1, 1865 – May 17, 1935) was a French composer and teacher of classical music.

## Early life
Paul Dukas was born in Paris to a Jewish father and Catholic mother. He was taught music by Théodore Dubois and Ernest Guiraud at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he became friends with the composer Claude Debussy. He then worked as a music critic and orchestrator.

## Early works
Although Dukas wrote a lot of music, he destroyed many of his pieces because he was unhappy with them. Only a few are left. His first important surviving work is the *Symphony in C* (1896). This is in the style of Beethoven and César Franck. Like Franck's only symphony, Dukas' is in three movements not the usual four: Allegro non troppo, ma con fuoco; Andante espressive e fuoco; Allegro spiritoso. 

In 1897 Dukas wrote another work for orchestra, ''L'apprenti sorcier* (English: *The Sorcerer's Apprentice'') based on Goethe's poem "Der Zauberlehrling". A short version of ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice* was used in the Walt Disney film *Fantasia''. Dukas's use of rhythm and his skill in writing for orchestras can be seen in both the *Symphony in C* and ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice*.

, 1929.]]

## Piano works
For the piano, Dukas wrote two complex and difficult works, a Sonata in E-flat minor (1901) and *Variations, interlude and finale on a theme of Rameau* (1902), again in the style of Beethoven and Franck. The Sonata has not been performed very often, but lately pianists, such as Marc-André Hamelin, have started to add it to their concerts. There are also two smaller works for piano solo.

## Opera
The opera *Ariane et Barbe-Bleue'' ("Ariadne and Bluebeard"), which he wrote between 1899 and 1907, has often been compared to Debussy's *Pelléas et Mélisande*. This is because it is similar in its musical style, and both operas are based on words by Maurice Maeterlinck. Dukas's last big work was the grand oriental ballet *La Péri* (1912). This is about a man who goes to the Ends of the Earth to find immortality, and finds a mythical Peri, holding The Flower of Immortality.

Because the opening of the ballet is very quiet, Dukas later added a short 'Fanfare pour preceder La Peri' which gave the usually noisy audiences time to settle in their seats before the main opera began.

## Teacher
In later life, Dukas became well known as a music teacher, with many famous students including Joaquín Rodrigo, Manuel Ponce, Maurice Duruflé, Xian Xinghai, Olivier Messiaen, Jehan Alain, Carlos Chávez, and David Van Vactor. After Dukas died he was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.

## Music
### Piano
* *Piano Sonata* (1900)
* *Variations, interlude et finale sur un thème de Rameau* (1902)
* *Prélude élégiaque sur le nom de Haydn* (1906)
* *La Plainte, au loin, du Faune* (1920)

### Orchestra
* *Symphony in C Major* (1896)
* ''The Sorcorer's Apprentice*, a symphonic scherzo (1897)
* *Villanelle for Horn & Orchestra* (1906)
* *Ariane et Barbe-bleue* (1907)
* *La Peri* (1912)
* *Sonnet de Ronsard'', for Voice & Piano (1924)

## References
Blaise Compaoré

**Blaise Compaoré** (born February 3, 1951) is a former President of Burkina Faso. He served from 1987 until his resignation in 2014. He started a political party called the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP). This is the ruling party of Burkina Faso. Compaoré became president in 1987 after a military coup and the assassination of Thomas Sankara, who was president then.

His attempt to change the constitution to extend his 27-year term caused the 2014 Burkinabé . The uprising began due to attempts at changing the constitution to allow him to run again and  his rule. He resigned on 31 October 2014 after ruling for 27 years.

In August 2021, the prosecutor of the High Court of Justice announced that the trial of members of the government suspected of having played a role in the suppression of the insurgency of 2014 will begin. Blaise Compaoré could again be summoned to answer the judges' questions.

## References
List of extinction events

An **extinction event** is a relatively fast drop in the number of species living on Earth. It occurs when the rate of extinction increases more than the rate of speciation. This is a list of the largest. Major extinction events are important to both geology and evolution. In order of time, latest first:

1. K/T extinction event. The Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction event ended the Mesozoic era and started the Cainozoic era.

2. End–Triassic extinction event or events.

3. P/Tr extinction event. The Permian/Triassic extinction event ended the Palaeozoic era and started the Mesozoic era.

4. Late Devonian extinctions, at the Frasnian/Famennian junction.

5. End–Ordovician extinction event. After a series of lesser events, the end-Ordovician extinction resulted in an estimated 84% species loss.

### Other extinction events 
Other extinction events in the Phanerozoic had a significant impact on the evolution of the biota. Overall, it seems that climate changes caused some extinctions, and hits by asteroids sometimes caused extinctions. 

### Before the Phanerozoic 
Before the Phanerozoic eon, there were even larger extinction events, which are often forgotten:

*The formation of the moon by a planet-sized body striking the Earth would probably have eliminated any early forms of life.
*Pre-Palaeozoic ice ages would have been extinction events. They were:
**The Huronian 2.5 to 2.2 billion years ago.
**The Cryogenian which lasted for the whole of the second period of the Neoproterozoic.

## References
Mossi

The **Mossi** are an ethnic group of people who live mostly in Burkina Faso in Africa, and also in Ivory Coast and Ghana. They make up 40% of all the people in Burkina Faso. They speak a language called Mòoré or More.

## History
The Mossi believe that they came from the marriage of a Dagomba princess called Yennenga (or Nyennega) and a Mandé hunter called Rialé. Yennenga was a warrior princess, daughter of a Dagomba king in Ghana. One day she lost her way and was rescued by Rialé. They got married and had a son called Ouedraogo. Ouedraogo is known as the father of the Mossi people.

## References
Park Kun-ha

**Park Kun-Ha** (born 25 July 1971) is a former South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an football player. He was a member of Korean national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="5"|K-League||34||14
|-
|1997||19||2
|-
|1998||22||2
|-
|1999||39||12
|-
|2000||19||6

|-
|2000||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||5||1

|-
|2001||rowspan="6"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="6"|K-League||30||4
|-
|2002||26||2
|-
|2003||31||0
|-
|2004||31||1
|-
|2005||26||1
|-
|2006||15||0
292||44
5||1
297||45
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1996||2||0
|-
|1997||15||5
|-
|1998||3||0
|-
!Total||20||5
|}

## References
Vikash Dhorasoo

**Vikash Dhorasoo** (born 10 October 1973) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1993–94||rowspan="5"|Le Havre||rowspan="5"|Division 1||8||0
|-
|1994–95||30||2
|-
|1995–96||30||0
|-
|1996–97||36||0
|-
|1997–98||34||2
|-
|1998–99||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||34||2
|-
|1999–00||32||0
|-
|2000–01||27||3
|-
|2001–02||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||28||1
|-
|2002–03||rowspan="2"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||37||2
|-
|2003–04||31||4

|-
|2004–05||Milan||Serie A||12||0

|-
|2005–06||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||34||0
|-
|2006–07||3||0

|-
|2007–08||Livorno||Serie A||0||0
364||16
12||0
376||16
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1999||2||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||11||1
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
!Total||18||1
|}

## Honours
**Lyon**
*Ligue 1: 2002–03, 2003–04
*Coupe de la Ligue: 2000–01
*Trophée des Champions: 2002, 2003

**Bordeaux**
*Coupe de la Ligue: 2001–02

**AC Milan**
*UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2004–05
*Supercoppa Italiana: 2004

**Paris Saint-Germain**
*Coupe de France: 2005–06

**France**
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006

## References
Ediacara

**Ediacara** can refer to several things:
* The Ediacara Hills are a small outlier of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia.
* The Ediacaran geological time period, named after the range.
* The Ediacaran biota, the oldest known complex multicellular life.
* The discoidal Ediacaran fossil genus *Ediacaria*.
Willy Sagnol

**Willy David Frédéric Sagnol** (born 18 March 1977) is a French professional football manager and former player who played as a defender. He is the manager of the Georgia national team. He went on a spree of hopping on baddie after baddie before the campions league final. He won the 2026 Champions League Final with Liverpool Football Club. 

## Career statistics
### Club
### Coaching record
## Honours
**Monaco**
*Division 1: 1999–2000
*Trophée des Champions: 1997

**Bayern Munich**
*Bundesliga: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08
*DFB-Pokal: 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08
*DFL-Ligapokal: 2000
*UEFA Champions League: 2000–01
*Intercontinental Cup: 2001

**France**
*FIFA Confederations Cup: 2001, 2003
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006
**wacking in public**

*Caught banging the meat in public: 6-7

## References
Cassiopeia (constellation)

**Cassiopeia** is a constellation in the northern sky. It was named after a queen in Greek mythology called Cassiopeia. It looks like a letter **W** or **M**, with five bright stars that make the **W** or the **M** shape. It has two very bright stars called ρ Cas and V509 Cas.

In 1572, a supernova called Tycho's Star, or SN 1572, was seen in Cassiopeia by many people. The best time to look for Cassiopeia is in late fall (September and early November.)
Ediacaran

The **Ediacaran** period (about 635–541 million years BC), is named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia. It is the last geological period of the Proterozoic eon. The Edicaran is followed by the Cambrian, the first period of the Palaeozoic. 

The period is famous for the first larger-bodied fossils, which are probably the first recorded animals. These were impressions or trace fossils, first found in England's Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. Geologists did not know what they had found. It was over 60 years later before fossils from the same period were found in South Australia.

The status of the Ediacaran as an official geological period was confirmed in 2004 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). This made it *the first new geological period declared in 120 years*.

## The Vendian 
The Ediacaran period was previously called the **Vendian** period. The Vendian period was proposed in 1952 by Russian geologist/paleontologist Boris Sokolov. The term *Vendian* is still widely used.

The two terms are not the same. The Vendian was a longer period: it included the whole of the Marinoan glaciation, which might have been a Snowball Earth. In other words, the Vendian included the last part of the Cryogenian period.

## Borders of the Ediacaran 
The Ediacaran lasted for about 90 million years. It began at the end of the Cryogenian Snowball Earth. It ended with the first appearance worldwide of some kinds of trace fossils (Treptichnus pedum) at the base of the Cambrian. The Ediacaran period's start is defined at the base of a carbonate layer, referred to as a "cap carbonate". This caps glacial deposits and shows a sudden climatic change at the end of the Marinoan ice age. The period ended with the mass extinction of almost all the Ediacaran fauna.

No exact dating has been possible at the type section of the Ediacaran period in South Australia.

## Ediacaran biota 
The Ediacaran biota include the oldest definite multicellular organisms. The fossils are traces or impressions of soft-bodies forms with segments, fronds, disks, or bags. Skeletons or shells are not found.

## References
Homing pigeon

A **Homing pigeon** is a special breed of pigeons. These pigeons have been domesticated. They have been selectively bred to find their way home. They can do this over very long distances. The wild rock pigeon from which these birds are bred also has this homing ability. This means  that it will generally return to its own nest and its own mate. This made it relatively easy to breed from the birds that repeatedly found their way home over long distances. Flights as long as 1800 kilometers have been recorded by birds in competition pigeon racing. Speeds of up to 95&nbsp;km/h (59&nbsp;mph) have been observed.

Homing pigeons are called carrier pigeons when they are used to carry messages. This is possible where a message is written on thin light paper (such as cigarette paper) and rolled into a small tube attached to the bird's leg; this is called pigeon post. Pigeons can only go back to one "mentally marked" point that they have identified as their home. So "pigeon mail" can only work when the sender is actually holding the receiver's pigeons. White homing pigeons are used in Release Dove ceremonies at weddings, funerals, and some sporting events. 

## References
Assis (footballer, born 1971)

**Roberto de Assis Moreira** (born 10 January 1971) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1999||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||29||8||2||1||2||0||33||9
29||8||2||1||2||0||33||9
29||8||2||1||2||0||33||9
|}
Paulo Isidoro (footballer, born 1973)

**Alex Sandro Santana de Oliveira** (born 30 October 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Bahia.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2000||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 1||9||2||0||0||4||1||13||3
9||2||0||0||4||1||13||3
9||2||0||0||4||1||13||3
Rafael Scheidt

**Rafael Scheidt** (born 10 February 1976) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||7||0
|-
|1996||0||0

|-
|1997||Kawasaki Frontale||Football League||26||5

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||23||2
|-
|1999||16||1

|-
|1999–00||Celtic||Premier League||3||0

|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||0
|-
|2001||14||0
|-
|2002||10||1
|-
|2003||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||35||2
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Botafogo||rowspan="3"|Série A||22||1
|-
|2005||36||0
|-
|2006||15||0

|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Shaanxi Chanba||rowspan="2"|Super League||15||0
|-
|2008||23||2
189||7
26||5
3||0
38||2
156||14
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

## References
David Soria Yoshinari

(born September 18, 1977, in Lima, Peru) is a Japanese Peruvian retired football player.

## Career statistics
### Club career statistics
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|Football League||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1997||6||0||2||0||0||0||8||0

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Deportivo AELU||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1999||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Sporting Cristal||rowspan="4"|Primera División||34||6||||||||||34||6
|-
|2001||35||6||||||||||35||6
|-
|2002||31||2||||||||||31||2
|-
|2003||20||5||||||||||20||5
|-
|2004||Coronel Bolognesi||Primera División||39||8||||||||||39||8
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Sporting Cristal||rowspan="3"|Primera División||35||4||||||||||35||4
|-
|2006||36||1||||||||||36||1
|-
|2007||19||0||||||||||19||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Universidad César Vallejo||rowspan="2"|Primera División||39||5||||||||||39||5
|-
|2009||24||0||||||||||24||0
|-
|2010||José Gálvez FBC||Primera División||||||||||||||||
8||0||2||0||0||0||10||0
312||37||||||||||312||37
320||37||2||0||0||0||322||37
|}

### International career statistics
|-
|2000||5||0
|-
!Total||5||0
|}

## References
Éric Abidal

**Eric Sylvain Abidal** (; born 11 September 1979) is a French former professional footballer who played as a left-back or centre-back.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## References
Pavel Badea

**Pavel Badea** (born 10 June 1967) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for Romania national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1983/84||rowspan="9"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="9"|Divizia A||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|1984/85||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1985/86||24||1||||||||||24||1
|-
|1986/87||23||4||||||||||23||4
|-
|1987/88||34||9||||||||||34||9
|-
|1988/89||29||4||||||||||29||4
|-
|1989/90||31||8||||||||||31||8
|-
|1990/91||31||10||||||||||31||10
|-
|1991/92||29||7||||||||||29||7

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Lausanne Sports||rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A||35||4||||||||||35||4
|-
|1993/94||30||1||||||||||30||1
|-
|1994/95||35||7||||||||||35||7

|-
|1995/96||Universitatea Craiova||Divizia A||19||4||||||||||19||4

|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="3"|K-League||||||||||||||||
|-
|1997||||||||||||||||
|-
|1998||||||||||||||||

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||8||0||1||1||0||0||9||1
|-
|1999||12||4||0||0||2||0||14||4
|-
|1999||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||10||0||4||0||5||0||19||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||24||2||2||0||2||2||28||4
|-
|2001||28||4||1||1||2||0||31||5

|-
|2001/02||Extensiv Craiova||Divizia B||13||6||||||||||13||6
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||26||4||||||||||26||4
|-
|2003/04||11||1||||||||||11||1
271||58||||||||||271||58
100||12||||||||||100||12
||||||||||||||
82||10||8||2||11||2||101||14
453||80||8||2||11||2||472||84
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1990||3||1
|-
|1991||4||0
|-
|1992||2||1
|-
!Total||9||2
|}

## References
Julio Hernán Rossi

**Julio Hernán Rossi** (born 22 February 1977) is a former Argentine football player.

## Club statistics 
## Honours
;Basel
* Swiss Super League: 2003–04, 2004–05
* Swiss Cup: 2002–03
Antonio de Trueba

**Antonio de Trueba** (24 December 1821 – 10 March 1889) was a Spanish poet, novelist, and folklorist born at Montellana, Biscay, in 1821 (some sources say 1819), where he was privately educated. 

## Other websites
Otto Loewi

**Otto Loewi** (June 3, 1873 - December 25, 1961) was a German doctor. He won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Henry Hallett Dale, for their discoveries about chemical transmission of nerve impulses 

In his most famous experiment, Loewi took fluid from a frog heart with a slowed beat and applied it to another. That slowed the second heart. This showed that synaptic signalling used chemical messengers.

It is now known that there are two different kinds of nerve synapses. One kind releases chemicals, and is a neurotransmitter synapse. The other is an electrical synapse which transmits voltage charges over gap junctions between nerve cells.

## References
Heinrich Lübke

**Heinrich Lübke** (October 14, 1894 – April 6, 1972) was the second President of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was president from 1959 to 1969.
Elisha Levy

**Elisha Levy** (; born on 18 November 1957 in Jerusalem) is a former professional football player.

## Player 
**Levy** played in Hapoel Hapoel Beit Sha'an youth team from 1968 to 1974.
After playing in Hapoel Beit Sha'an youth team, Elisha Levy was playing for Hapoel Beit Sha'an from 1974 to 1982. For 1 year, 1982-1983, Elisha Levy was played for Maccabi Haifa. In 1983-1987, Levy played in Maccabi Petah Tikva Elisha Levy was playing for Hapoel Beit Sha'an at 1987-1989.

Elisha Levy was retired from football after two years in Hapoel Beit Sha'an.

## Manager
Levy managed teams for 20 years. Currently, Elisha Levy manages Maccabi Haifa.
Mikaël Silvestre

**Mikaël Samy Silvestre** (born 9 August 1977) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is best known for a nine-year spell at Manchester United, with whom he won numerous Premier League titles, the FA Cup, the Football League Cup, two FA Community Shields, the Intercontinental Cup and the UEFA Champions League. 

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Silvestre goal''.

## Honours
**Manchester United**
*Premier League: 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07
*FA Cup: 2003–04
*Football League Cup: 2005–06
*FA Community Shield: 2003, 2007
*UEFA Champions League: 2007–08
*Intercontinental Cup: 1999

**France**
*FIFA Confederations Cup: 2001, 2003
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006

## References
Abelian group

In group theory, an **abelian group** is a group with operation that is commutative. Because of that, an abelian group is sometimes called a ‘commutative group’.

A group in which the group operation is not commutative is called a ‘non-abelian group’ or ‘non-commutative group’.

## Definition 
An abelian group is a set, *A*, together with an operation "•". It combines any two elements *a* and *b* to form another element denoted . For the group to be abelian, the operation and the elements  must follow some requirements. These are known as the *abelian group axioms*:

;Closure: For all *a*, *b* in *A*, the result of the operation *a* • *b* is also in *A*.
;Associativity: For all *a*, *b* and *c* in *A*, the equation (*a* • *b*) • *c* = *a* • (*b* • *c*) is true.
;Identity element: There exists an element *e* in *A*, such that for all elements *a* in *A*, the equation  holds.
;Inverse element: For each *a* in *A*, there exists an element *b* in *A* such that *a* • *b* = *b* • *a* = *e*, where *e* is the identity element.
;Commutativity: For all *a*, *b* in *A*, *a* • *b* = *b* • *a*.

## Examples 
One example of an abelian group is the set of the integers with the operation of addition. We often write this as (\mathbb{Z}, +), where \mathbb{Z} means the set of all integers. This is an abelian group because (\mathbb{Z}, +) is a group, and also for any integers a and b, the equation a+b = b+a is true. For example, 3 + 6 = 6 + 3, because both sides are equal to 9.
Regis Pitbull

**Regis Fernandes Silva** (born 22 September 1976), also known by the  **Regis** or **Regis Pitbull**, is a Brazilian professional athlete.  He is best known as a football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2000||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||21||4||0||0||4||3||25||7
21||4||0||0||4||3||25||7
21||4||0||0||4||3||25||7
|}

## References
## Other websites 
* Sambafoot.com, Regis Pitbull
* K-League, http://kleague.com/matchcenter/record_player.aspx?team_id=K10&player_id=2006139
List of WWE Raw guest hosts

The **WWE Raw Guest Host** was started on June 29, 2009 by WWE Chairman Vince McMahon, with the first host being injured WWE superstar Batista. The requirements for a guest host is a WWE Hall of Famer, a retired superstar, celebrity or injured wrestler. The guest host was responsible for the running of the show and had authority of a general manager for the evening. Below is the list of other WWE guest hosts.

## Guest host history
 as *Raw* guest host. His stint earned him the Guest Host of the Year award at the 2009 Slammy Awards .]]

## References 
;General
*
Fernando Botero

**Fernando Botero Angulo** (19 April 1932 &ndash; 15 September 2023) was a Colombian painter and sculptor. Botero was one of the best-known artists of Latin America. Starting in 1976, he did figure-sculpting. His figures are special because they are all *thick*, which makes them look different from others. Botero was born in Medellín, Colombia.

## Death
Botero died from problems caused by pneumonia on 15 September 2023, at the age of 91 in Monte Carlo, Monaco.

## Gallery

File:Perrodebotero.jpg|Dog, Medellin
File:Gatodebotero.jpg|Cat, Medellin
File:Caballodebotero.jpg|Horse, Medellin
File:Mujer con espejo-Botero.jpg|Woman with mirror, Madrid
Image:'Man on Horse', bronze sculpture by Fernando Botero (Colombian), 1992, Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel.JPG|Man on Horse, Jerusalem.
Bamberg-Liegende mit Frucht von Fernando Botero-Heumarkt-16-2011-gje.jpg|Liegende mit Frucht (Lying woman with fruit) in Bamberg (Germany)

## References 
## Other websites
* Botero's Cats
* Gallery of Botero's Artwork—
* Places to Go in Bogotá: Botero Museum Bogotá—Video and information
* Contini Art UK
*
VY Canis Majoris

.]]

**VY Canis Majoris** (**VY CMa**) is a red hypergiant star in the constellation Canis Major.  It is about  distant from Earth. It is one of the biggest known stars in the universe, and one of the most luminous of its type. 

VY Canis Majoris is 1,420 times bigger than the Sun. If placed at the center of the Solar System (where the Sun is), VY Canis Majoris's surface would extend beyond Jupiter's orbit. However, there is some differences in the estimates of how big it is. Other estimates of the radius made it bigger than the orbit of Saturn or even as small as the asteroid belt, but these are highly unlikely.

VY CMa is a single star, a "semiregular" variable with a period of about 2,001&nbsp;days. It has an average density of 5 to 10&nbsp;mg/m3.

When it dies it is expected to explode to a Supernova and then turn into a Black hole.

## Related pages 
*VV Cephei
*NML Cygni
*Mu Cephei
*List of largest stars

## References
Karolinska Institutet

, Stockholm]]
**Karolinska Institutet** (in English **Karolinska Institute**), and before 1968, the **Royal Caroline Institute** is one of Europe's biggest medical universities.

It was started in 1810 on Kungsholmen island on the west side of Stockholm. It later moved to Solna, just outside Stockholm, and a second campus has been built in Flemingsberg/Huddinge, south of Stockholm.

A committee of the institute decides on the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

The Karolinska University Hospital, in Solna and Huddinge, is the university's research and teaching hospital. It is one of Sweden's largest centres for training and research, with 30 percent of the medical training and 40 percent of the medical academic research. While most of the medical programs are taught in Swedish, most of the Ph.D. programs are taught in English.

The institute is a member of the League of European Research Universities. In the 2009 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the institute is the best university for medicine and pharmacy  in Europe, 8th in the world. It is listed as the best university in Sweden.

## History 
Karolinska Institutet was started between 1810 and 1811 to teach army surgeons. It was called the 'Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet'.

In 1817 the name 'Karolinska' was added as a reference to 'Karoliner' which was the name of soldiers under the Swedish king Karl XII. The full name became 'Kongl. Carolinska Medico Chirurgiska Institutet'.

In 1968 this name was changed to 'Karolinska Institutet'.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Karolinska Institutet - Official site
* KI Community  - Interactive internal website for scientists at Karolinska Institutet
Sydney (disambiguation)

**Sydney** can be any of the following:

## Places
*Sydney, New South Wales
**City of Sydney, local government area of New South Wales
**Electoral district of Sydney, electorate in state parliament of New South Wales
**Division of Sydney, electorate in federal parliament of Australia
**Sydney Cove
**Sydney Heads
*Sydney Island, Queensland, Australia
*Sydney Parade Avenue, Ireland
*Sydney, Nova Scotia

## People
### First name
*Sydney Allard (1910-1966), British car company founder
*Sydney Atkinson (1901-1977), South African athlete
*Sydney Barnes (1873-1967), English cricketer
*Sydney Brenner (born 1927), South African biologist
*Sydney Camm, (1893-1966), English aeronautical engineer
*Sydney Chaplin (1885-1965), English actor
*Sydney Earle Chaplin (1926-2009), American actor
*Sydney Dacres (1805-1884), English admiral
*Sydney Fremantle (1867-1958), English admiral
*Sydney Greenstreet (1879-1954), English actor
*Sydney Grundy (1848-1914), English dramatist
*Sydney Gun-Munro (1916-2007), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines politician
*Sydney J. Harris (1917-1986), American journalist
*Sydney Horler (1888-1954), British novelist
*Sydney Jacobson (1908-1988), British journalist
*Sydney Kentridge (born 1922), South African lawyer and judge
*Sydney Lamb (born 1929), American linguist
*Sydney Laurence (1865-1940), American painter
*Sydney Mufamadi (born 1959), South African politician
*Sydney Newman (1917-1997), Canadian film and television producer
*Sydney Parkinson (1745-1771), Scottish illustrator
*Sydney Penny (born 1971), American actress
*Sydney Poitier (born 1973), American actress
*Sydney Pollack (1934-2008), American film actor
*Sydney Possuelo (born 1940), Brazilian explorer and ethnographer 
*Sydney Ringer (1836-1910), British pharmacologist
*Sydney Schanberg (born 1934), American journalist
*Sydney Sekeramayi (born 1944), Zimbabwean politician
*Sydney Shoemaker (born 1931), American philosopher
*Sydney Skaife (1889-1976), South African entomologist 
*Sydney Silverman (1895-1968), British politician
*Sydney Smirke (1798-1877), English architect
*Sydney Smith (1771-1845), English writer
*Sydney Taylor (1904-1978), American author
*Sydney J. Van Scyoc (born 1939), American science fiction writer

### Surname
*Algernon Sydney (1623-1683), English politician
*Berenice Sydney (1944-1983), English artist 
*Grahame Sydney (born 1948), New Zealand artist
*Harry Sydney (born 1959), American football player 
*Joan Sydney (born 1936), English actress
*Robin Sydney (born 1984), American actress
*Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney (1732-1800), British politician
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

The **Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences** or *Kungliga Vetenskapsakademin* ("KVA") is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an , scientific, non-governmental organization, set up to support the sciences, mainly the natural sciences and mathematics.

The Academy was started on 2 June 1739 by naturalist Carl Linnaeus, economist Jonas Alströmer, mechanical engineer Mårten Triewald, civil servants Sten Carl Bielke and Carl Wilhelm Cederhielm, and politician Anders Johan von Höpken.

The academy was set up to find useful knowledge, and to write about it in Swedish. The academy was meant to be different from the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, which had been started in 1719 and published in Latin. It was built near the main business centre in Stockholm, (which unlike Uppsala did not have a university at this time). The Swedish scientists wanted it to be like the Royal Society in London and Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris, France.

Groups of the Academy meet to give out international prizes:
* Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry
* Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (also known as the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics)
* Crafoord Prizes in astronomy and mathematics, geosciences, biosciences (with an emphasis on ecology), and polyarthritis (rheumatoid arthritis)
* Rolf Schock Prizes in logic and philosophy
* Gregori Aminoff Prize in crystallography
* Oskar Klein medal
and national prizes:
* Göran Gustafsson Prizes for research in the natural sciences and medicine
* Söderberg Prize in economics or jurisprudence
* Tage Erlander Prize in physics, chemistry, technology, and biology
* Ingvar Lindqvist Prizes for teachers in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Wim Jonk

**Wim Jonk** (born 12 October 1966) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1986–87||rowspan="2"|Volendam||Eerste Divisie||36||23
|-
|1987–88||Eredivisie||23||5
|-
|1988–89||rowspan="5"|Ajax||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||17||6
|-
|1989–90||13||3
|-
|1990–91||17||1
|-
|1991–92||26||5
|-
|1992–93||23||3

|-
|1993–94||rowspan="2"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||6
|-
|1994–95||19||2

|-
|1995–96||rowspan="3"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||29||2
|-
|1996–97||32||9
|-
|1997–98||28||5

|-
|1998–99||rowspan="3"|Sheffield Wednesday||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||2
|-
|1999–00||30||3
|-
|2000–01||First Division||2||0
244||62
44||8
70||5
358||75
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1992||6||1
|-
|1993||3||2
|-
|1994||15||4
|-
|1995||5||1
|-
|1996||4||2
|-
|1997||6||0
|-
|1998||9||1
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
!Total||49||11
|}

## References
Reinhard Stumpf

**Reinhard Stumpf** (born 26 November 1961) is a former German football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1984–85||Kickers Offenbach||2. Bundesliga||21||0
|-
|1985–86||Karlsruhe||2. Bundesliga||9||1
|-
|1987–88||rowspan="2"|Kickers Offenbach||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||27||1
|-
|1988–89||36||1
|-
|1989–90||rowspan="3"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||28||0
|-
|1990–91||21||1
|-
|1991–92||16||0
|-
|1994–95||rowspan="2"|Köln||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||8||0
|-
|1995–96||13||0
179||4
179||4
|}

## References
Donizete Pantera

**Osmar Donizete Cândido** (born 24 October 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
## Honours
### Club
**UAG Tecos**
*Mexico Primera División: 1993–1994

**Botafogo**
*Campeonato Brasileiro: 1995

**Vasco da Gama**
*Copa Libertadores da América: 1998

### Individual
* Mexican Primera División Golden Ball: 1993–94
* Mexican league top-scorer: 1995
* Bola de Prata: 1995

## References
Jan Veenhof

**Jan Veenhof** (born 28 January 1969) is a former Dutch football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Omiya Ardija||Football League||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||23||0||3||0||1||0||27||0
|-
|2000||30||0||0||0||2||0||32||0
68||0||3||0||3||0||74||0
68||0||3||0||3||0||74||0
|}
Léo San

**Leonard Henriques da Silva** (born 22 July 1982), also known as **Léo San**, is a Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="6"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||38||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|2005||36||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|-
|2006||45||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||47||5
|-
|2007||43||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||45||1
|-
|2008||38||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||4
|-
|2009||J. League 1||21||1||0||0||0||0||21||1
221||11||10||0||0||0||231||11
221||11||10||0||0||0||231||11
|}