open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ukrainian Wikipedia

The **Ukrainian Wikipedia** (, *Ukrayins’ka Vikipediya*) is the Ukrainian language edition of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia.

It started in 2004 and is the 14th largest edition by article count.

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Ukrainian Wikipedia's Main Page
Fox McCloud

is a video game character from the *Star Fox* series.  He was created by Shigeru Miyamoto and designed by Takaya Imamura. He is a red fox and the main character of the series.  

In the English version of *Star Fox 64*, he was voiced by Mike West. In both the Japanese version of *Star Fox 64* and *Super Smash Bros.*, Fox's voices were done by Shinobu Satouchi. For English dialogue of *Super Smash Bros. Melee* and *Star Fox Adventures*, Fox's voice was done by Steve Malpass. In *Star Fox: Assault* and *Super Smash Bros. Brawl*, his voice was done by Jim Walker in the English version and by Kenji Nojima in the Japanese version.
Wilhelm Frick

**Wilhelm Frick** (12 March 1877 in Alsenz - 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a well-known Nazi official. Between 1933 and 1943, he was a minister of the Third Reich. 

After Reinhard Heydrich was assassinated in 1942, Frick took Heydrich's place in the Gestapo.

After the end of World War II, Frick was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. He was executed in 1946 at Nuremberg.

## Related pages 
* The Nazi Party
* World War II
* The Holocaust
* War crimes
* Nuremberg Trials

## Other websites
Artur Schnabel

**Artur Schnabel** (17 April 1882 – 15 August 1951) was an Austrian classical pianist, composer and teacher. He was one of the best pianists of the twentieth century. He was most famous for playing music by Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert.

## Life
### Early life 
Schnabel was born in Kunzendorf, near a town called Bielitz in Austria-Hungary. Today Bielitz is called Bielsko-Biała and is in Poland, while Kunzendorf is called Lipnik. 

When he was two years old, Schnabel's family moved to Vienna. He started to play the piano when he was four. 

When he was nine he started to take piano lessons with the famous teacher Theodore Leschetizsky. He studied with Leschetizsky for seven years, until 1897. He also studied music theory and composition with Eusebius Mandyczewski. 

He gave his first concert in Vienna in 1897. After that he played more concerts in Budapest, Prague, and Brno.

### In Berlin 
Schnabel moved to Berlin in 1898. He gained fame by playing concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. He also played chamber music, which he loved and played throughout his life. Many famous musicians played chamber music with Schnabel, including violinists Carl Flesch, Joseph Szigeti and Bronislaw Huberman; violist Paul Hindemith; and cellists Pablo Casals, Gregor Piatigorsky and Pierre Fournier.

### Marriage & children 
Schnabel also played piano for the contralto singer Therese Behr (1876-1959). In 1905 they married. They had two sons. Karl Ulrich Schnabel (1909-2001) was a pianist and Stefan Schnabel (1912-99) was an actor.

### World War II & after 
In 1933 Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany, and Schnabel, who was Jewish, moved to England. He moved to the United States in 1939. 

After the end of World War II, Schnabel went back to Europe. He gave concerts there and in the United States for the rest of his life.  

### Death & burial 
Schnabel died in Axenstein, Switzerland, in 1951. 

He was buried in the nearby town of Schwyz. His wife Therese was buried in the same grave. 

Their son Karl Ulrich and his wife Helen (1911-1974), who was a pianist as well, were buried in the same tomb as Schnabel and his wife. So was their grandson Claude Alain Mottier (1972-2002), also a pianist, who was killed in a traffic accident. 

In 2006, the town of Schwyz declared the family grave a monument. This means that the site is protected and will not be dissolved.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Konstantin von Neurath

**Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath** (2 February 1873 in Vaihingen – 14 August 1956 in Vaihingen) was a German politician and diplomat. He was the Foreign minister of Germany between 1932 and 1938. In those early years of Adolf Hitler's regime, Von Neurath played an important role in the foreign policy. He helped the Nazi dictator to get around the Treaty of Versailles. He also helped in the territorial expansion before World War II. Hitler replaced Von Neurath with the more  and  Nazi Joachim von Ribbentrop.

Von Neurath served as *Reichsprotektor of Bohemia and Moravia* between 1939 and 1943. When he started to work for *SS-Obergruppenführer* Reinhard Heydrich his authority became nominal. He was one of the 24 accused at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sentenced to 15 years in Spandau Prison. He was freed in 1954.

Von Neurath was ambassador in Italy from 1921 to 1930 and ambassador in the United Kingdom from 1930 to 1932.

## References
David Popper

**David Popper** (born Prague, 18 June 1843; died Baden, Austria, 7 August 1913) was a Bohemian cellist and composer.  He composed many works for the cello which today are performed by cellists all over the world.

## Life
Popper was born in the old Jewish part of  Prague.  His father was a Cantor in two synagogues.   When he was three years old he was imitating his father’s singing.  He learned the violin when he was six and, at the age of twelve, he got a place to study music at the Prague Conservatory, but he had to learn the cello.   His cello teacher was Julius Goltermann.  His first job was as cellist to the Prince of Hohenzollern who soon gave him the title “Kammervirtuoso”.   He was only 21 when he played a difficult concerto by Robert Volkmann.  The conductor, Hans von Bülow, was very impressed and so were the critics.  He gave many concerts in Vienna and became very famous.  He started to travel around Europe, visiting England and Russia.  He had a lot of energy and was able to compose a lot while travelling.  He composed many short cello pieces.   His *Elfentanz* (Dance of the Elves) and *Spinning Song* were especially popular with the audiences.

## Budapest
In 1886 Popper married for the second time.  In the same year he took up a job at the Royal Hungarian Academy of Music in Budapest.  He was a famous teacher and charged a high fee for lessons.  He formed a string quartet with three other musicians including the violinist Jenő Hubay.  Hubay and Popper often played piano trios with Johannes Brahms.

Popper made a long visit to England and Scotland where he was described as the world’s greatest cellist by many people including George Bernard Shaw.  When he returned to Prague he played with Béla Bartók who was only 19 years old and not yet famous.  He was also impressed when he heard the young Pablo Casals, although he did not agree with his technique.

Popper had one son who died of tuberculosis in 1911.  Two years later Popper slipped on an icy pavement.  He was never able to use his right arm again.  He died the next summer of a heart attack.

## His music
Popper composed a very large number of cello pieces, many of which are short pieces suitable for encores at a recital.  One of the most popular (and not too difficult) is the *Gavotte in D major*.  He composed a *Requiem* for three cellos and orchestra, and he wrote four cello concertos.  However, his most important work for cellists is a collection of studies called *Hochschule des Violoncellspiels* (*High School of Cello Playing*).  This book contains 40 etudes, or musical exercises to develop technique, and is widely used today by cello students to improve their playing.

## References
*“The Great Cellists” by Margaret Campbell, London 2004, 
*“The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians” ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980,
Recognition signal

as a **recognition signal**]]
A **recognition signal** is a  where a person, a ship, an airplane or something else is d. They can be used during war or can be used to help the police recognize each other during  s. It can also be used in biology to signal that a molecule or chemical is to be  to another molecule.

## Recognition in war
These signals are  used to recognize s and  in a war. For military use these signals often use colored lights or the International marine signal flags

## Recognition of police
Other uses of the signal include the police who sometimes use a recognition signal so that officers in uniform can recognize officers in normal clothing (undercover). The NYPD often use headbands, wristbands or colored clothing as recognition signals which are known as the "color of the day".

## Related pages
*Signal
*Communication
*Enrique Peña Nieto
*International Code of Signals

## Notes
## Other websites
* Signalman manual
Undercover

Being **undercover** means that a person is wearing normal clothing and is hiding their identity from people. It is often used by police officers when they are  crimes or s. It is done to gain trust and also possibly to gather evidence. It is not the same as a police officer who is wearing normal clothing (a **plain-clothes** officer) but who is not hiding their real name and that they are a police officer. 

## Related pages
*Secret police
New York City Police Department

The **New York City Police Department** (**NYPD**), started in 1845, is the largest police force in the United States. There are approximately 33,000 Uniformed Police Officers and approximately 15,000 Civilian Members. It is the police force that  the five boroughs of New York City. The NYPD was one of the first "modern" style police departments in the United States with the Boston Police Department. The NYPD uses a color of the day to allow uniformed officers to recognize  officers to prevent accidental shootings.

## Street Crimes Unit 
The NYPD’s street crime unit (motto: "We Own The Night") was a 300+ member  unit for reducing crime that became well known after the 1999 killing of Amadou Diallo.  The four officers involved in the shooting were all members of the street crime unit. The unit was ended in 2002 because of the Diallo shooting.  The unit's last leader was Inspector Bruce H. Smolka, who was later made Assistant Chief. The street crime unit has been replaced by the local precincts Anti-Crime Units.
All of the officers involved in the shooting were found not guilty of the criminal charges in a long trial that took place in Albany after a successful request to change the location of the trial from the Bronx, where the shooting happened.

The street crime unit was started in 1971 and had a long history of success in catching armed criminals on NYC streets. The establishment of the street crime unit led to the development of the color of the day undercover officer recognition system.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* The NYPD Diaspora, *City Journal,* Summer 2008 
* On the Front Line in the War on Terrorism, *City Journal,* Summer 2007 
* NYPD-Badges 
* NYPD-Current Badges
* Auxiliary Police Benevolent Association
* Unofficial School Safety Myspace Page
* Full listing of NYPD Officers who have been killed in the line of duty 
* NYCPR and COPP NYC police misconduct organizations
* NY Daily News March 12, 2007 
* From database to crime scene: Network is potent police weapon, by Thomas Lueck, New York Times, June 7, 2007
* AM New York, December 8, 2006 
* Google Earth NYPD Car Model 
* Site with instruments used by Stephen Hasbrouck, First Surgeon General of the Department
* Homepage for the Civilian Complaint Review Board, the only official Civilian Oversight of Police Misconduct in NYC
* Collection of NYPD-Badges and Informations about the NYPD
List of WWE alumni

This is a list of professional wrestlers, managers and other workers that were employed in **World Wrestling Entertainment** from:
* 1952–1963 (as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation)
* 1963–1979 (as the World Wide Wrestling Federation)
* 1979–2002 (as the World Wrestling Federation)
* 2002–2011 (as World Wrestling Entertainment)
* 2011-present (as WWE)

## Alumni
## Died while under contract
## Related pages
* List of World Wrestling Entertainment employees

## References
## Other websites
* WWE alumni at WWE.com
* WWE alumni by decade at onlineworldofwrestling.com
Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police

The **Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police**, or ***MTA Police***, is the police force of New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority local railroad, or MTA.  Officers of the MTA Police are full police officers in New York State and in the state of Connecticut. The force was started in 1998.

### MTA Police officers replacing TBTA Peace officers 
The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) is undergoing a long-term transition where TBTA Peace Officers are being replaced by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department (MTAPD). This ongoing consolidation, continuing into 2026, aims to replace  bridge and tunnel officers with MTA Police, ensuring consistent, unified policing across bridges, tunnels, and railway properties..

* Key Aspects of MTA Police Transition:
* Replacement Process: TBTA Officer positions are being phased out in favor of the specialized MTA Police Force, a process noted as occurring over a decade.
* Security Upgrades: The shift involves replacing TBTA Peace Officers with MTAPD officers, providing more resources and authority.
* Unified Law Enforcement: The MTAPD, which already covers Metro-North and LIRR railroads, is extending its responsibility to cover bridge and tunnel duties, covering the 14-county commuting district.
* Focus on Efficiency: The transfer is designed to create a more coordinated, efficient response to crime and security threats.
* Operational Shifts: In 2026, the MTAPD with expaned it's patrols responsibilities from TBTA officers, with the MTA emphasizing increased visibility at all transit infrastructure.

## Related pages 
*Metropolitan Transportation Authority
*New York City Police Department
*Color of the day (police)

## Other websites
*MTA Police Overtime Adding Up
*MTA Police-A Consolidated Force 
*Request for Information Form
*TransitCop.com
Proboscis monkey

The **proboscis monkey** (*Nasalis larvatus*) is found only on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. 

They live in mangrove forests, and also lowland rainforests. It depends on the mangroves near river edges for resting and sleeping. They avoid deforested areas and avoid human settlements.

The proboscis monkey eats mainly fruit and leaves. It also eats flowers, seeds and insects to a lesser extent.  At least 55 different plant species are eaten. Groups usually sleep in adjacent trees. Monkeys tend to sleep near rivers, if they are nearby. Proboscis monkeys will start the day foraging and then rest further inland. Proboscis monkeys' daily activities consist of resting, traveling, feeding and keeping vigilant.

## References
Sidney Crosby

**Sidney Patrick Crosby**, ONS (born August 7, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he serves as their captain. He was the top pick in the 2005 draft. In his second season, he won the Art Ross Trophy. His nickname is *Sid the Kid*.

Crosby has won the Stanley Cup three times, all with the Penguins. He first won it in 2009 and again in 2016 and 2017.

He got the game-winning goal for Canada in the 2010 Winter Olympics in overtime against the USA and in doing so won the team the gold medal.

## Awards 
The Maurice 'Rocket' Richard Trophy (tied with Steven Stamkos) in 2010 

In both 2016 and 2017, he won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the playoffs.
 
## References 
## Other websites
*
28978 Ixion

**28978 Ixion** is a Kuiper belt object that was found on 22 May, 2001. Ixion is a plutino (an object that has a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune) and could be a dwarf planet. Astronomers think that it has a diameter of about 800&nbsp;km, which makes it the third biggest plutino. It is named after Ixion, a figure from Greek mythology. Before it was named **Ixion**, it had the provisional designation ''''''.

## References
New York City Housing Authority Police Department

The **New York City Housing Authority Police Department** was a police unit in New York City that ed from 1952 to 1995. The Housing Police, as well as New York City Transit Police, became part of the New York City Police Department in 1995 by order of New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani and is now called the Housing Bureau.

## Related pages
*New York City Transit Police
*Color of the day (police)

## Other websites
*NYPD Homepage
New York City Transit Police

The **New York City Transit Police Department**, that was started in 1953, was a transit police  for the New York City Subway and bus lines. It became part of the NYPD in 1995 as the Transit Bureau of the New York City Police Department by  of New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani.

## Transit police in movies
The New York City Transit Police were made famous in movies such as:
* *The Taking of Pelham One Two Three*
* *Money Train*
* *Die Hard 3*

## Related pages
*Amtrak Police
*British Transport Police
*New Jersey Transit Police Department
*Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police
*Port Authority Police Department
*Transit police
*TTC Special Constable Services
*Color of the day (police)

## References 
## Other websites
* New York City Police Department Transit Bureau
Metropolis

A **metropolis** is a very big city, that usually has over 500,000 people living in it.  A metropolis often has many smaller towns and cities in its metropolitan area. 

The word began in ancient Greece, from the words for "mother" and "city".  It meant the city-state of origin of a colony.  Later it came to mean the seat of a Bishop who also supervised the Church in other cities, or a city regarded as a center of some specified activity, or a large and important city. In India a "metropolis" is a city with more than a million people.

In the past many large cities were called metropolitan due to their size or importance; such as: Alexandria, Angkor, Antioch, Athens, Babylon, Baghdad, Beirut, Benares, Byblos,  Carthage, Constantinople, Corinth, Damascus, Ephesus, Great Zimbabwe, Harappa, Jerusalem, Kangla, Nanjing, Nineveh, Macchu Picchu, Mohenjo-Daro, Rome, Sarai, Side, Syracuse, Tenochtitlan, Teotihuacan, Tikal, Tyre, Xian and Ur.

The modern metropolises are increasing day by day in this world since pre-21st century.

## Africa
## North America
## Middle America
## South America
## Eastern Asia
## Southern Asia
## Southeastern Asia
## Western and Central Asia
### Europe
#### Central Europe
#### Eastern Europe
#### Northern Europe
## Southern Europe
## Western Europe
## Oceania
## Related pages
*Megacity
*Metropolitan area

## References
* Allen J. Scott (ed.) *Global City Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy*, Oxford University Press (2001).
* Monti, Daniel J., Jr., *The American City: A Social and Cultural History*. Oxford, England and Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. 391 pp.&nbsp;.

## Other websites
* **U.S. Census Bureau**: *About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistics*
* **Megalopolis, my Arcadia** , a podcast with a worldwide analysis of megacities (focus Latin America)
Christmas Island pipistrelle

The **Christmas Island pipistrelle** (*Pipistrellus murrayi*) was a species of bat in the Vespertilionidae family. Biologists believe the bat became extinct on 27 August 2009.

It was a small bat (it weighed ), and lived only on Christmas Island, Australia. It was thought to be the same as the *Pipistrellus tenuis*, but research on the bat's baculum (a penis bone) showed that *Pipistrellus murrayi* was a different species.

## Decline 
The numbers of Christmas Island Pipistrelle bats had dropped a lot in the last 20 years. It had once been seen all over the island, including in the Settlement. It went from at least 80% of its living range, and its numbers had dropped more than 90% since 1994.

## Cause of decline 
Scientists do not know why the Christmas Island Pipistrelle's numbers dropped. Several possible threats may have been:
*being eaten
*disturbed at their resting spots
*an unknown disease. Other scientists had said this would take too long, and the bats would become extinct. Scientists believed that by June 2009 there were only four of the bats left in the world. In July 2009, the Australian Government changed its earlier decision and said that it would try to capture the last of the bats and use them to try and breed more bats in captivity. During August and September 2009 scientists searched for the remaining bats to catch them and protect them.  At the end of August only one bat had been heard. Scientists tried to catch this bat, but it has not been heard from since the night of 26 August. It is now believed that the bat is extinct. This may be one of the few times that the extinction of a species in the wild can be known to the exact day.  Scientists will continue to search for the bat, but there has been no signs of the bat since.

## References 
*
Führer

***Führer*** is the German word for leader. The word *Führer* is most often used to name Adolf Hitler. Hitler was the German Chancellor during the Third Reich. After the death of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, he declared the office of President vacant and made himself *Führer* (both Head of State and Head of Government). He used the word *Führer* for his title *Führer und Reichskanzler* (*Leader and Reich Chancellor*).
Order theory

**Order theory** is a field of mathematics. It concerns itself with being able to compare different elements of a set. Given a binary relation it is then possible to put all the elements of the set in a certain order. It is also possible to say that a certain element "comes before" another one, for that relation. Another way to say this is to say that one of the two is "smaller than" the other.

For a specific set to be ordered it must be:

*reflexive: *each element of the set is within a relation with itself.

*anti-symmetric:* if A and B are in relation, and B is also in a relation with A, then A must be equal to B.

*transitive: *if A and B in a relation, and B is in a relation with C, then A and C must be in a relation.
Franz Seldte

(left) and Franz von Stephani (middle) in 1929]]
**Franz Seldte** (29 June 1882 in Magdeburg – 1 April 1947 in Fürth) was the co-founder of the Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten. He was a member of the NSDAP. He was also a minister of the Third Reich.
Otto Georg Thierack

(left)]]
**Otto Georg Thierack** (19 April 1889 in Wurzen – 26 October 1946 in Sennelager) was a German politician and jurist.

He served in the First World War as volunteer and got the Iron Cross.
Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach

**Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach** (9 February   1875 in Wahn am Rhein - 25 August 1943 in Linz am Rhein) was minister of mail and minister of transport.

## Notes
West New York, New Jersey

**West New York** is a town of Hudson County in the state of New Jersey, United States.  About 53,000 people were living in West New York as of 2020.  West New York has an area of 1.3 square miles.

## References 
## Other websites 
*West New York Town website
Haim Revivo

**Haim Michael Revivo** (; born February 22, 1972 in Ashdod) is a former Israeli football player. He played for Maccabi Haifa, Celta Vigo, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray. He was best known for his free kick  and his  celebrations after these goals. He was a member in the Israeli national team.

He currently lives in Los Angeles.
Wilhelm Keitel

General Wilhelm Keitel in c.1939 or 1940 during WW2.]]
**Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel** (born 22 September 1882 in Helmscherode, Duchy Of Brunswick, Germany – died 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany) was a German Nazi Army General and a field marshal, a Nazi war criminal and the chief of the Wehrmacht between 1938 and 1945 which controlled the Wehrmacht’s Nazi Heer (Army),Luftwaffe (Air Force),Kriegsmarine (Navy) . He was one of the 24 accused of the Nuremberg Trials and hanged in 1946. 

## Life 
### Early life and career 
Wilhelm Bodewin Johann Gustav Keitel was born on 22 September 1882 in Helmscherode in the Duchy Of Brunswick (today Lower Saxony). He joined the Imperial German Army in 1901, aged 19 .During World War I, Keitel served as a infantry soldier in the Military on the Western Front and took part in the fighting in Flanders, where he was gravely wounded.

### During Nazi era 
From 1919 to 1933, under Weimar Republic, Keitel was part of the Reichswehr’s German Army as a Junior Army Officer In 1934, he was promoted to the Senior army officer rank of Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal or General) after serving as a Army Oberst (Colonel) (1928-1929) and a Army Generalmajor (equivalent to Brigadier General or Major-General) and Generalleutnant (equivalent to Major General or Lieutenant-General),Generaloberst (equivalent to Colonel General or full General) from 1930-1934 and appointed chief of the Reich Ministry of War's Armed Forces Office (). In 1938, he became the chief of the Wehrmacht between 1938 and 1945.Keitel was a Nazi, and he was one of Adolf Hitler's most loyal followers. As the chief of the Wehrmacht, he was responsible for many war crimes, such as sending millions of Jews to extermination camps during the Holocaust and ordered by Adolf Hitler,Joseph Goebbels,Hermann Goring to have Senior Heer (Army) and Luftwaffe (Air Force) Officers and junior officers including ordering infantry soldiers of the German Army and paratrooper soldiers  in the Luftwaffe who served in the German Military to work with the SS troops to shoot wounded soldiers and execute POWS and civilians all over Europe during World War 2 from 1939-1945 .

## Death 
During the Nuremberg Trials in 1946, Keitel was convicted as a Nazi war criminal. He was executed by hanging on 16 October 1946, aged 64, for his war crimes.

## Legacy 
Wilhelm Keitel appeared in the movie Downfall.
Richard Walther Darré

**Richard Walther Darré** (born as *Ricardo Walther Oscar Darré*, 14 July 1895 in Belgrano, Buenos Aires - 5 September 1953 in Munich) was a leader of the German SS. He was also a member of the Cabinet Hitler. From 1933 to 1942, he was the minister of food and agriculture.
WWE No Mercy

**WWE No Mercy**, known as **NXT  No Mercy** since 2023, is a series of professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming shows made by WWE. The video game WWF No Mercy is based on the series. The event was aired yearly from 1999 to 2008 and was succeeded by WWE Hell in a Cell in 2009. It was bought back in 2016 and 2017 as a main roster event, and in 2023 for the NXT brand.

## Events
## References
Bernhard Rust

**Bernhard Rust** (30 September 1883 in Hanover – 8 May 1945 in Berne, Lower Saxony) was the German minister of education, science and national culture, between 1934 and 1945. He was also a member of the Hitler Cabinet during the Third Reich.

## References
Fritz Todt

possibly ]]
**Fritz Todt** (4 September 1891 in Pforzheim,Grand Duchy Of Baden, Germany– 8 February 1942 in Kętrzyn,East Prussia, Germany) was a German Engineer and Senior Nazi and was responsible for the German roadworks. In 1940, he became the minister for munitions and armaments. Todt was also a member of the Cabinet Hitler.

## References
.44 Magnum

**.44 Magnum** is a large revolver caliber. It is also used in some carbines and rifles. It is common in action movies such as *Dirty Harry*. 

## References
Albert Speer

**Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer** (19 March 1905 in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg Germany&nbsp;– 1 September 1981 in London, England) was a leading German architect in the Third Reich. Speer was born on 19 March 1905 in Mannheim, Baden, Germany. He joined the Nazi Party in 1931 and was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before he became the minister for munitions and armaments in 1942, replacing Fritz Todt in the Cabinet.  

After World War II he was convicted of slavery and spent 20 years in prison. After being released he wrote two autobiographical books. He portrayed himself as a well educated and apolitical architect who regretted failing to know the bad things Hitler and the Nazis were doing. 

Speer died of a stroke in 1 September 1981 in London. His son, Albert Speer Jr. was also an architect.
20000 Varuna

**20000 Varuna** is a big Kuiper belt object (KBO). It could be a dwarf planet. Before it was named **Varuna**, it had the provisional designation ''''''.

Varuna is named after the Hindu deity Varuṇa.

## Physical characteristics 
Varuna completes one rotation in about 3.17 hours (or 6.34 hours, depending on whether the light curve is single or double-peaked). Given the fast rotation, which is not common for objects so big, Varuna is thought to be a stretched spheroid, with a density around 1g/cm³ (close to the density of water).

The surface of Varuna is somewhat red and small amounts of water ice have been found on its surface.

## References 
## Other websites 
*  Site updated Reretrived on 2006-07-10
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
Alfred Rosenberg

**Alfred Ernst Rosenberg** (Born ; 12th January 1893 in Tallinn,Russia (Today Estonia)/Died ; 16th October 1946 in Nuremberg,Bavaria,Germany) was a German political philosopher from Baltic German origin.
## Life
He was an intellectual member of the NSDAP, and also a member of the Cabinet Hitler. He was one of the major developers of the racist theories of the Nazis. His most important work was *Der Mythus des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts* (English: *The Myth of the Twentieth Century*, published in 1930), which became a standard for Nazi Germany.

During the war he was minister for Eastern Europe affairs.

Rosenberg was one of the 24 accused of the Nuremberg Trials and because of war crimes sentenced to death. In October 1946 he was hanged. At the Nuremberg Trials it appeared that none of the accused had read his above mentioned book.
Hans Lammers

in c.1939-c.1940 possibly during Battle Of France|365x365px]]
**Hans Heinrich Lammers** (German ; Hans Heinrich Lammers ; Born ; 27 May 1879 in Lubliniec, Silesia, Prussia,  Germany (Today Poland)–Died ; 4 January 1962 in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany) was a Nazi German politician and a cruel Nazi War Criminal. He was a member of Hitler's Cabinet he was also a SS-Obergruppenführer in the Schutzstaffel/SS Secret Police. Hans Heinrich Lammers was on 27 May 1879 in Lublinitz in Silesia, Prussia in the German Empire (Now Today : Poland) he joined the Imperial German Army in 1914 during The Great War at age 35 when Germany and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia and France after Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip a Bosnian-Serb. During World War I, he got the Iron Cross in 1914. After World War 1 ended in 1918 and when Kaiser Wilhelm II was exiled to the Netherlands and stayed in the Netherlands until 1941 when Kaiser Wilhelm II died at age 82 just a year after the Battle of France in 1940 and 21 year’s after World War 1 ended in 1918. Hans Lammers was sentenced 20 year’s but 10 years from 1949-1959 instead and he died in 1962 at the age of 82 just 17 year’s after World War 2 and the Holocaust ended in 1945. 

Hans Heinrich Lammers joined the Nazi Party in 1932 at age 53 during the Weimar Era Germany from 1918-1933 he was also involved in Night of the Long Knives in 1934 as well as Kristallnacht in 1938. In 1940 at age 61 he became SS-Obergruppenfuhrer in the Schutzstaffel Secret Police under the command of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler and deputy head of the SS and head of the Gestapo Reinhard Heydrich. He was in the SS as a SS-Obergruppenfuhrer until April 1945 he was arrested by Adolf Hitler and removed from power by the Waffen-SS possibly before Battle of Berlin. He was going to be sentenced 20 year’s in prison but 10 year’s instead from 1949-1959 since he was a Old aged man.
Martin Bormann

]]
**Martin Ludwig Bormann** (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945) was a Nazi German politician and member of the Nazi Party. As Adolf Hitler's personal secretary, he was the second most powerful person in the Third Reich. He was also a member of Hitler's Cabinet.

## Early life 
Bormann was born in Wegeleben, a small town near Halberstadt, Germany, on 17 June 1900.

He was imprisoned in 1924 because he took part in a murder, but spent less than a year in jail.) 

In 1942, he became SS-Obergruppenfuhrer. After that, he became one of Hitler's closet advisors.

At the Nuremberg Trials in 1946, Bormann was convicted and sentenced to death *in absentia*. (This means the conviction happened while Bormann was not there.)

## References 
## Other websites 
*  
*
Maximum Ride

***Maximum Ride*** is a young adult science fiction/fantasy series written by the award-winning American author, James Patterson, starting from April 19, 2005 and continuing to the present. Right now, there are six titles in the series: 
* *The Angel Experiment*
* ''School's Out - Forever*
* *Saving the World and Other Extreme Sports*
* *The Final Warning*
* *Max: A Maximum Ride Novel*
* *Fang: A Maximum Ride Novel*
Each of the novels in the series has reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list.

The series focuses on six kids who are 98% human and 2% avian, Max, Fang, Iggy, Nudge, Gasman and Angel (also known as the Flock) who must escape from evil mad scientists from "The School". They are being hunted down by Erasers who are a human-wolf mix. The Flock work towards protecting the world from being ruled by strange figures, who have also shown an interest in their capture.

In January 2007 it was announced that a movie based on the *Maximum Ride* series would be made. The producer of it was Avi Arad, one of the producers of Spider-Man, X-Men and other Marvel movies. In an interview with James Patterson, it was told Arad had already planned out the first movie based on the series. On August 7, 2008, it was announced that Columbia Pictures bought the screen rights to the franchise, and that Don Payne would write the screenplay. The first *Maximum Ride'' movie released in 2016.  However, when they were making the film in 2016, the writers of its screenplay were changed to Angelique Hanus and Jesse Spears.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
* Maximum Ride at James Patterson.com
Crab-eating Macaque

The **crab-eating macaque** (*Macaca fascicularis*) is a monkey. It is mostly  native to Southeast Asia. It is also called the **cynomolgus monkey**, **Philippine monkey**, and the **long-tailed macaque**.

In 2018, scientists in China cloned the crab-eating macaque.  They named the two baby monkeys Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua.

## References
Donkey Kong (disambiguation)

**Donkey Kong** may mean to:
* *Donkey Kong* (video game), the original arcade game
** Donkey Kong, one of the games main characters
** *Donkey Kong* (series), the series of video games that followed, including:
*** *Donkey Kong* (Game Boy)
*** *Donkey Kong* (Game & Watch)
* Donkey Kong (truck), a monster truck
German National People's Party

The '''German National People's Party'* (German: *Deutschnationale Volkspartei* and short: *DNVP'') was national-conservative party of the time of the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. This party was founded in 1918, after World War I. In June 1933, the DNVP merged with the NSDAP.

## Chairman 
* 1918 to 1924 Oskar Hergt (1869-1967)
* 1924 to 1928 Kuno Graf von Westarp (1864-1945)
* 1928 to 1933 Alfred Hugenberg (1865-1951)

## References
Howler monkey

**Howler monkeys**, genus *Alouatta*, are one of the largest New World monkeys. There are 15 species. They are native to South and Central American forests.

These monkeys are famous for their loud howls, which can travel three miles (4.8&nbsp;km) through dense forest. They are the loudest monkey and may be the loudest land animal. Group males call at dawn and dusk, and at times during the day. The function of howling may relate to intergroup spacing and territory protection.

These social primates live high in the trees (the canopy) of the rain forests of Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Brazil, northern Argentina, and Bolivia. Howlers have a life span of about 20 years. They are in decline due to a loss of habitat.

## References 
 (*Alouatta caraya*) vocalising]]
Chronic condition

In medicine, a **chronic** condition or disease is one that takes a long time to heal (or go away), or one that comes again.  Many chronic diseases need special treatment, as this has to be done for a long time. A chronic disease can even last for a lifetime.

## Related pages
*Acute (medicine)
Turkish Wikipedia

The **Turkish Wikipedia** () is the Turkish-language version of Wikipedia. This Wikipedia project began in December 2002. , it is the 25th largest Wikipedia project. It has over  articles.

## References
Wristband

wristband.]]

A **wristband** is a piece of clothing, plastic, metal or other  that is worn around the wrist of a person. There are different types of wristband such as those on watches and on the ends of the sleeves of a piece of clothing. Other types are the awareness bands and security bands used for music concerts and school dances.

## Types of wristbands
### Watch wristbands
There are many  types of wristband. Watches have wristbands that are  made of metal, plastic or leather. A metal wristband on a watch is often called a bracelet. A plastic or leather wristband on a watch is often called a .

### Sports wristbands
s wristband]]
Many people wear wristbands when they exercise or play sports to  sweat.

**Hand Sweatbands**

In 2009 a new Sweatband was invented, primarily designed for runners, called a '*s*Q*oosh®** band. This groundbreaking design completely changed the look of sweatbands. Worn on the hand to precisely wipe sweat from the eyes and face, these bands join moisture wicking material to stretch terry cloth. **s*Q*oosh*' brands revolutionized the old-fashioned sweatband market with a new favorite for runners in the 21st century. Similarly designed hand-sweatbands started appearing on the market in 2012.

### Awareness wristbands 
Charities and  organizations often make wristbands that are  to people so that the money can help people who are sick or need other help, and to help other people learn about their charity or awareness organization. Some bands are those made for; Make Poverty History, Anti-bullying, disease awareness  charities and to help people learn about religions (such as the *Jesus Loves Me* band). These bands are often made of plastic or silicone. The making of some of these bands has been in the news as some were made in sweatshops in China and poor countries. This is said to be very bad because these wristbands are made to help people and charities and by being made in these sweatshops they have hurt the people making them because these places are often not safe, and the people working in them do not get paid much money for work they do.

Some of these wristbands are copied by criminals and sold to people without the money going to the organization they are trying to help.

#### Types of awareness bands
Some awareness bands:

### Identification wristbands
Hospitals also use wristbands on s so that they know who they are because patients do not carry  with them when they are in the hospital.

### Alcohol wristbands
Some local governments have  about using wristbands given to young people to let them buy alcohol in town pubs and s.

## Notes
## Other websites
*Livestrong – The Lance Armstrong charity
*Make Poverty History
Doutzen Kroes

**Doutzen Kroes** (Pronounced *Dow-tsen Croos*) (born 23 January 1985 in Eastermar, Friesland) is a Dutch-Frisian model who has become internationally famous. In the Netherlands she is not only famous as a model, but also for her support for the Frisian language which is her first language. She is married and has two children.

## Life
After she had finished school Doutzen sent a few holiday photos to a model agency *Paparazzi* in Amsterdam. She hoped she would be able to earn a little extra money. To her amazement she was so successful that in two years she had become a top model.

In 2005, Kroes was selected as "Model of The Year" on Vogue.com by readers and was featured as a supermodel on the cover of the May 2007 issue. Along with several of these models, she appeared in the 2008 Pirelli calendar.

Doutzen appears in shows for Versace and Dolce & Gabbana and has a contract with the cosmetic firm L'Oréal. This contract made her the highest paid Dutch model ever. In November 2007 she became one of Victoria's Secret angels. 

Doutzen’s first language is Frisian. She is very active in the campaign "Praat mar Frysk" ("Let’s speak Frisian") which helps to make the Frisian language popular. She earned a Frisian Press Prize for this work in December 2007.

In 2007 she was the 13th highest paid model in the world, having earned 3,8 million euro.

On 28 April 2008, Madame Tussauds added a wax model of Doutzen to the exhibition. The skirt she is wearing is said to be her favourite skirt. It is designed by Roberto Cavalli.

Doutzen spends most of her time in her apartment in New York.

In 2010 she married Sunnery James a Dutch DJ. Their first child, a boy named Phyllon Gore, was born in January 2011. Their second child, a girl named Myllena Mae, was born in 2014.

## References
## Other websites 
* Profile at YES Model Management
Juan Carlos I of Spain

**Juan  Carlos I** (, full name: **Juan Carlos Alfonso Víctor María de Borbón y Borbón**, born 5 January 1938) is a member of the Spanish royal family. He was the King of Spain from 1975 until his abdication in 2014. In Spain, since his abdication, Juan Carlos has usually been referred to as the  ('King Emeritus'). 

During most of his 39-year reign, he was very popular. When he became king in 1975, he transformed Spain from dictatorship to democracy this made people consider him the champion of democracy. He was a popular king and was considered Spain's hero and savoir. He ruled effectively and that the Spanish people loved him. He made Spain more modern and improved relations with many countries. The Spaniards would always experience prosperity.

However in 2012, Juan Carlos' popularity started to decline as posted a photo of him hunting with an elephant in Botswana. During this time, many Spaniards were struggling to make ends meet and when Juan Carlos posted this photo, his popularity started to decline. He also had a sex relationship with Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, his former mistress. One of the Spanish royal family members was also involved in a crime. All of this made him unpopular and he eventually abdicated the throne two years later in 2014 in favor of his son, Felipe who became king Felipe VI. In 2020, Juan Carlos fled the country and is now living in Abu Dhabi in the UAE.

## Titles and styles 
* 5 January 1938 – 21 July 1969: His Royal Highness The Infante Juan Carlos of Spain. 
* 15 January 1941 – 22 November 1975: His Royal Highness The Prince of Asturias. 
* 21 July 1969 – 22 November 1975: His Royal Highness The Prince of Spain.
* 22 November 1975 – 18 June 2014: His Majesty The King.
* 18 June 2014 – present: His Majesty King Juan Carlos.

## Notes 
## References
Pirelli calendar

The **Pirelli Calendar** is a calendar (publication showing dates for the year) published by Pirelli company's UK subsidiary.

It started in 1964 and is now very famous because only a few calendars are published each year, and these are given to important people (VIPs) and Pirelli customers.  The calendars have photographs of female models including nudes.

After 1974 publication of the calendar was stopped because there was not enough money after the oil crisis.  Ten years later it was started again and has been published regularly ever since.  Many famous models have been photographed for the calendar including: Sienna Miller, Naomi Campbell, Gisele Bündchen, Sonny Freeman Drane, Kate Moss, Cindy Crawford, Selma Blair, Lauren Bush, Elsa Benitez, Laetitia Casta, Rachael Leigh Cook, Milla Jovovich, Doutzen Kroes, Heidi Klum, Sophia Loren, Penélope Cruz, Brittany Murphy,  Amy Smart, Julia Stiles, Karolina Kurkova, Caroline Trentini, Raica Oliveira, Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Bridget Moynahan, Shannyn Sossamon, Mena Suvari, Monet Mazur, Aurelie Claudel, Fernanda Tavares, Isabeli Fontana, Frankie Rayder, Angela Lindvall, Hilary Swank and Yamila Díaz.

## Other websites 
*Official Pirelli Calendar Site with Image Archives
Sweatshop

, Illinois in 1903]]
A **sweatshop**  : is a place where people work, that is very crowded, where the work is very hard and the place is not safe to work in. Many sweatshops are in poor countries but sweatshops are also found in rich countries, where they often have people who are new to the country working in them, or people who are not legal residents. The amount of money people are paid in sweatshops is lower than the amount paid to workers in a richer country, but is often higher than the worker would earn in their old jobs on farms, or working in manual labour.  Children may also work in sweatshops. People in sweatshops often make clothes and shoes. Awareness wristbands for charities have also been made by sweatshops.

## Related terms 
* Assembly line
* Body Shops
* Child labour
* Contingent work
* Corporate abuse
* Economic development
* Emerging markets
* Exploitation
* Export processing zone
* Game sweatshop
* Globalization
* Maquiladora
* Precarity
* Race to the bottom
* SA8000 — Social Accountability Certification Scheme for Manufacturing Industry
* Slavery
* Sweating system
* Trafficking in human beings
* Union Organizer

## Organizations working on the problem of sweatshops 
* Clean Clothes Campaign 
* International Labor Rights Fund
* International Labour Organization 
* National Labor Committee  
* Co-op America 
* Students & Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior
* United Students Against Sweatshops 
* Woo Harry
* Free the Children

## References 
### Notes 
## Other websites 
### Activism 
*SweatFree Communities– Local Action Against Sweatshops 
*United Students Against Sweatshops
*National Labor Committee 
*Story about Adidas sweatshops 

### Shopping 
*Responsible Shopper Company Profiles
*"Shop with a Conscience" Consumer Guide 

### More reading 
*Discussion about the pros and cons of sweatshops (video) 
*Fair Labor Standards Act 
*National Bureau for Economic Research paper: The Effects of Multinational Production on Wages and Working Conditions in Developing Countries
*Matt Zwolinski on the definition, history, and morality of sweatshops
*Academic Paper: "Sweatshops, Choice, and Exploitation"
*Two Cheers for Sweatshops - *New York Times*, by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn
*The Campus Sweatshop Movement - American Prospect
*"Foreign owned businesses in Vietnam aren't sweatshops"  
*Triangle Fire: Photographs from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
*Immaculata High School Child Slave Labor News 
*Article on worker takeover of sweatshop in El Salvador
*Economist John Miller on sweatshops  in *Dollars & Sense*
*Paradise Lost: sweatshop labor on the U.S. island of Saipan  - *Ms. magazine*
*Rackets, muggings hit social networking sites: Online currency opens channels for money laundering - *ComputerWorld*
*Fashion Victims  - *War on Want*
Make Poverty History

]]
**Make Poverty History** is a British and Irish  that wants to stop people from being poor and to help richer people learn about the poor people of the World. The symbol of the campaign is a white "awareness wristband" made of cotton or silicone with the words written in dark black and the word 'poverty' written in light black (*e.g.:* '**MAKE**POVERTY**HISTORY**').

## References
## Other websites
*Make Poverty History (UK) 
***MAKE**POVERTY**HISTORY**(Republic of Ireland) 
*BBC News - About Make Poverty History
Saint James's Palace

survives from Henry VIII's palace.]]

'''Saint James's Palace''' is a royal palace in the City of Westminster, in London. It is between Pall Mall and The Mall, two streets in Central London, and opposite St James's Park. It is a working royal palace, and it is not open to the public. It was the most important home of the British royal family until Queen Victoria moved to Buckingham Palace in 1837.

Henry VIII built the palace in the early 1530s. Charles I spent his last night here before his execution in 1649.
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

**Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn** was the fourth son of George III of the United Kingdom.

Edward Augustus married in 1818 Princess Victoria Duchess of Kent. He had one daughter, who was later Queen Victoria. He died when his daughter was six months old in 1819.

## Ancestors 
## References