open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Function composition

In mathematics, **function composition** is a way of making a new function from two other functions through a chain-like process.

More specifically, given a function *f*  from *X* to *Y* and a function *g* from *Y* to *Z*, then the function "*g* **composed** with *f*", written as *g ∘ f*, is a function from *X* to *Z* (notice how it is usually written in the opposite way to how people would expect it to be).

The value of *f* given the input *x* is written as *f*(*x*). The value of *g ∘ f* given the input *x* is written as (*g* ∘ *f*)(*x*), and is defined as *g*(*f*(*x*)).

As an example. let *f* be a function which doubles a number (multiplies it by 2), and let *g* be a function which subtracts 1 from a number. These two functions can be written as:

:f(x) = 2x 

:g(x) = x - 1 

Here, *g* composed with *f* would be the function which doubles a number, and *then* subtracts 1 from it. That is:

:(g \circ f)(x) = 2x - 1

On the other hand, *f* composed with *g* would be the function which subtracts 1 from a number, and *then* doubles it:

:(f \circ g)(x) = 2(x-1)
Composition of functions can also be generalized to binary relations, where it is sometimes represented using the same \circ symbol (as in R \circ S).

## Properties
Function composition can be proven to be associative, which means that:

:f \circ (g \circ h) = (f \circ g) \circ h

However, function composition is in general not commutative, which means that:

:f \circ g \neq g \circ f

This can be also seen in the first example, where *(g ∘ f)(2) = 2*2 - 1 = 3* and *(f ∘ g)(2) = 2*(2-1) = 2*.

## Related pages 
* Chain rule

## References
Double

**Double** may mean:

* Multiplication by 2
* Body double, someone who substitutes for an actor
* Doppelgänger, someone who looks almost identical to someone else
* Double (association football), winning the league and a cup competition in the same season
Universal Soldier

***Universal Soldier*** is a 1992 science fiction and action drama movie. The main star is Jean-Claude Van Damme. Dolph Lundgren also stars. This science fiction/action drama was released with strong box office revenues. The critics, however, gave negative reviews.

## Other websites 
* 
*
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

***The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers*** is a 2002 epic high fantasy adventure movie directed by Peter Jackson. It is the sequel to the 2001 movie The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, and serving as the second part to the *Lord of the Rings* trilogy.

Followed by the sequel, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, in 2003.

## Cast
* Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
* Ian McKellen as Gandalf the White
* Liv Tyler as Arwen
* Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn
* Sean Astin as Samwise Gamgee
* Cate Blanchett as Lady Galadriel
* John Rhys-Davies as Gilmi/Treebeard
* Bernard Hill as Theoden
* Christopher Lee as Saruman the White
* Billy Boyd as Pippin Took
* Dominic Monaghan as Merry Brandybuck
* Orlando Bloom as Legolas
* Craig Parker as Haldir
* Hugo Weaving as Elrond
* Miranda Otto as Eowyn
* Karl Urban as Eomer
* Brad Dourif as Grima Wormtongue
* John Noble as Denethor (extended version only)
* Sean Bean as Boromir
* David Wenham as Faramir
* Andy Serkis as Gollum
* Bruce Hopkins as Gambling
* John Bach as Madril
* Alistair Browning as Damrod
* Jed Brophy as Sharku/Snaga

## References
Wajih-uz-Zaman Khan

**Wajih uz Zaman Khan** also spelt **Wajeeh uz Zaman Khan** , Advocate, MP (born 1962) is a Pakistani lawyer and politician, belonging to the Swatis tribe of Oghi, Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 

He is of the family of the ex Khan of Agror.. He took a Law degree from the University of the Punjab  and went back to his native area to practice the legal profession.

He later took part in elections and was elected a member of the provincial parliament and also served a short while as Health Minister in his province's cabinet. He is still a serving member of this parliament at this time but he has been thrown out of his party for corrupt practices .
Hunter Tylo

**Deborah Jo Hunter** (also known as **Hunter Tylo**; born July 3, 1962, in Fort Worth, Texas) is an American actress. She works mostly in television soap operas. Her first appearance was in *All My Children* in 1985. She was fired three years later. She played Taylor Hayes in *The Bold and the Beautiful*. She also acted in other television programs.

## Other websites
*Hunter Tylo Official Site 
*Hunter Tylo's Charity
*
*Hunter Tylo on the Net 
*Retinoblastoma International
Familial hemiplegic migraine

**Familial hemiplegic migraine** is a rare type of migraine headache with aura. It is an inherited medical disorder that causes paralysis on one side of the body.

## References
Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen

is a rural district in Mittelfranken in the middle of Bavaria, Germany. Neighbor districts are: Roth, Ansbach, Eichstätt and Donau-Ries; Weißenburg i.Bay. is the capital of the district Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen.

## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website  (German)
Pokémon X and Y

***Pokémon X and Y*** are two role-playing games (RPGs) in the *Pokémon* series made by Game Freak for the Nintendo 3DS. 

The games were announced by Nintendo on January 8, 2013. They were released on October 12, 2013.

New starting Pokémon were revealed in the announcement video for the game. The starters for *X and Y* are the Grass-type Pokémon, Chespin, the Fire-type Pokémon, Fennekin, and the Water-type Pokémon, Froakie. The announcement video also showed two new legendary Pokémon, Yveltal,(Yah-val-tal) a bird-like Pokémon which has a shape kind of like the letter Y, and Xerneas, a deer-like Pokémon which has X-shapes in its eyes. Another Pokémon, Sylveon, is both a new Eevee evolution and an entirely new type called the Fairy-type, which is strong against Dragon-type Pokémon. Some older Pokémon, like Jigglypuff, Marill, and Gardevoir, have also been changed to be part Fairy-type. There is also a new gameplay element called Mega Evolution. Some Pokémon like Mewtwo, Blaziken, and Lucario are able to power up during a battle if they are holding a Mega Stone. Mega forms of Pokémon are stronger than their normal forms.

## References
## Other websites
*Nintendo's announcement video for *Pokémon X and Y*
Kepler (spacecraft)

**Kepler** is a space observatory launched by NASA to discover Earth-like planets orbiting other stars. The spacecraft, named in honor of the 17th-century German astronomer Johannes Kepler, was launched on 7 March 2009. It was active for  as of  , .
 
The Kepler mission is "specifically designed to survey a portion of our region of the Milky Way galaxy to discover dozens of Earth-size planets in or near the habitable zone and determine how many of the billions of stars in our galaxy have such planets". It works by the occultation method. A photometer continually monitors the brightness of over 145,000 main sequence stars in a fixed field of view. This data is transmitted to Earth, then analyzed. The aim is to find periodic dimming caused by extrasolar planets which cross in front of their host star. As of January 2013, there are a total of 2,740 candidates.
 
Kepler is part of NASA's Discovery Program of relatively low-cost primary science missions. The telescope's construction and initial operation were managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. To start with, the mission lifetime was 3.5 years. In 2012, this was extended to 2016, partly due to difficulties in processing and analyzing the huge volume of data collected by the spacecraft.
 
## Kepler retires 
The Kepler space telescope has had to give up its planet-hunting mission because its pointing system has problems which the engineers cannot fix.

## References
Dawn Wells

**Dawn Elberta Wells** (October 18, 1938 &ndash; December 30, 2020) was an American actor, producer and author. She worked mostly in television. She played Mary Ann Summers in the TV series ''Gilligan's Island'' during the 1960s. Before that, she was Miss Nevada in 1959 and competed in the Miss America Pageant in 1960.

Wells died on December 30, 2020 at the age of 82 in Los Angeles, due to problems caused by COVID-19.

## References
Thomas J. Hudner Jr.

**Thomas Jerome Hudner, Jr.** (August 31, 1924 &ndash; November 13, 2017) was a retired officer of the United States Navy. He is also a former naval aviator. He rose to the rank of captain. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions trying to save the life of his wingman, Ensign Jesse L. Brown. It was during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir in the Korean War.

## Biography
He was born in Fall River, Massachusetts. He was a student at Phillips Academy and the United States Naval Academy. At first he was not interested in aviation, but later he learned to fly and joined Fighter Squadron 32. He flew a F4U Corsair at the start of the Korean War. Arriving near Korea in October 1950, he flew support missions from the .

On 4 December 1950 Hudner and Brown were among a group of pilots on patrol near the Chosin Reservoir. Brown's Corsair was shot by Chinese troops and crashed. In an attempt to save Brown from his burning aircraft, Hudner intentionally crash-landed his own aircraft on a snowy mountain in freezing temperatures to help Brown. In spite of these efforts, Brown died of his injuries and Hudner was forced to leave, having also been injured in the landing.

Later, Hudner served aboard several U.S. Navy ships and with a number of aviation units, including a short time as Executive Officer of the  during the Vietnam War, before retiring in 1973. After retiring, he worked for veterans organizations in the United States. He lived in Concord, Massachusetts. The  guided missile destroyer  is named for him.

Hudner died at his home in Concord, Massachusetts on November 13, 2017 at the age of 93.

## Medal of Honor citation
Hudner was one of 11 men awarded the Medal of Honor during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. He was the first of seven U.S. Navy servicemen, and the only Naval aviator, to be awarded the Medal of Honor in the Korean War.

## Related pages
* List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients
* List of living Medal of Honor recipients

## References
## Sources
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**Online sources**

* 
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* 

## Other websites
* 
* Historic footage of Thomas Hudner receiving Medal of Honor from President Harry Truman.
Michelle Forbes

**Michelle Forbes** (born January 8, 1965 in Austin, Texas) is an American actress who has performed in many movies and television programs. She was in the series *True Blood*, *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, *Guiding Light* and *Homicide: Life on the Street*; she was also in *Swimming with Sharks* and *Escape from L.A.*. She also had other projects besides these.
Huell Howser

**Huell Burnley Howser** (October 18, 1945 – January 7, 2013) was an American actor, comedian, and television personality who is best known for the travel television show ''California's Gold''.

## Early life
Howser was born **Huell Burnley Howser** in Gallatin, Tennessee on October 18, 1945. He studied at University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee. He was raised in both Knoxville, Tennessee, and in Los Angeles, California.

## Death
On January 7, 2013, at 1:11 AM, Howser died in Palm Springs, California of prostate cancer at the age of 67.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Huell Howser Productions
* Huell's Interactive L.A.  from the KCET website
* Huell Howser - California's Dreamer , from the KVIE website
* PBS host Huell Howser on life, death and an unscheduled visit with ‘The Simpsons’ 
* Lunch With Huell  Q&A with Huell Howser by Aaron Proctor in the Pasadena Weekly August 20, 2008.
Bud Luckey

**William Everett "Bud" Luckey** (July 28, 1934 &ndash; February 24, 2018) was an American animator, artist, cartoonist, composer, designer, musician, singer and voice actor. He was known for designing some of the Disney-Pixar characters such as in *Toy Story*, *Monsters, Inc.*, *Ratatouille*, *Toy Story 2*, and in *Toy Story 3*. He won an Clio Award and an Annie Award in 2004.

Luckey was born on July 28, 1934 in Billings, Montana. He studied at Chouinard Art Institute and at University of Southern California. He had a son, Andy Luckey. Luckey died after stroke in Newtown, Connecticut on February 24, 2018.  He was 83 years old. *Incredibles 2* was dedicated to his memory.

## References
## Other websites
*
David R. Ellis

**David Richard Ellis** (September 8, 1952 &ndash; January 7, 2013) was an American child actor, movie director, and stuntman. He is known for directing *Snakes on a Plane*, *Final Destination*, *Cellular*, and *Shark Night*.

Ellis was born on September 8, 1952 in Santa Monica, California. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Ellis was the brother of Annie Ellis. He had a son, Twany Ellis. Ellis died aged 60 in his hotel room on January 7, 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa. At the end of his life he was directing *Kite*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Patrice O'Neal

**Patrice Lumumba Malcolm Oneal** (December 7, 1969 &ndash; November 29, 2011) was an American comedian, radio and television personality, and actor who is known for his type 2 diabetes health jokes and for his insult comedy.

O'Neal was born on December 7, 1969 in New York City, New York. He was raised in Boston, Massachusetts. O'Neal studied at West Roxbury High School and at Northeastern University. During his career he was influenced by George Carlin, Eddie Murphy, and by Richard Pryor. O'Neal had one child, Aymilyon. O'Neal died on November 29, 2011 from a diabetic stroke in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 41.

## References
## Other websites
*"Official Site"
*"Patrice O'Neal" . Comedy Central
*March 26, 2009 interview 
*
*"Patrice O'Neal on the Opie and Anthony radio show"
Accolay, Yonne

**Accolay** is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Deux Rivières.

## References
Free as a Bird

**Free as a Bird** may mean:
* "Free as a Bird" (song), a song by The Beatles
* *Free as a Bird* (album), an album by Supertramp
* "Free bird", a song by Lynyrd Skynyrd, in the album "Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd"
Erin Gray

**Erin Gray** (born January 7, 1950, Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television programs. She played Kate Summers in the 1980s sitcom *Silver Spoons*. She also acted in a few movies.
Joan Van Ark

**Joan Van Ark** (born June 16, 1943 in New York City) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television series. She played Valene Ewing in the soap opera series *Knots Landing*. She also played Gloria Fisher Abbott in CBS' daytime soap opera *The Young and the Restless*. She appeared in other programs as well.

## References
Supertramp (album)

***Supertramp*** is the first album of Supertramp. A&M Records released it in July 1970, but it was not released in the United States until 1977. Supertramp recorded this album in June 1970 in Willesden. Richard Palmer wrote all the lyrics of the songs. Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson wrote all the music.

## Songs 
## Credits 
* Richard Davies - organ, harmonica, piano, electric piano, vocals
* Roger Hodgson - acoustic guitar, bass guitar, cello, flageolet, vocals
* Robert Millar - drums, percussion, harmonica
* Richard Palmer - acoustic guitar, balalaika, electric guitar, vocals
Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association

The **Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association** (**CAAMA**) is an Australian organisation that supports Aboriginal music and culture. It was created as a public radio station in 1980, and started broadcasting in Alice Springs in 1988. CAAMA now operates several companies in the communications, music, film and radio industries. CAAMA Productions is currently the largest indigenous production studio in Australia.

The CAAMA Group includes:
* **CAAMA Radio 8 KIN-FM**, a radio station. It provides indigenous radio programs to over 500,000 people in Australia.
* **CAAMA Music**, a record label. About 90% of the music it produces is recorded in indigenous languages. It also organises music tours and live concerts.
* **CAAMA Corporate Services Group** is the operational management group of CAAMA.
* **CAAMA Technical Services** works with CAAMA and local Aboriginal communities to make sure their telecommunications equipment is working.
* **CAAMA Shops Pty Ltd** is a retail shop that sells products (videos, music, literature, craft, etc.) created by Aboriginal people in the local area.
* **CAAMA Productions Pty Ltd** is the largest indigenous-owned production studio in Australia, with programming based on indigenous culture, lifestyle and issues.
* **Imparja Television Pty Ltd** is a commercial television station that operates from Alice Springs.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Bassou

**Bassou** is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Yonne department

## References
*INSEE
Division of Lalor

The **Division of Lalor** is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of Victoria. It is located in the outer western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes the suburbs of Werribee, Point Cook, Laverton, Rockbank and Melton.

The Division was drawn up on 11 May 1949, for the 1949 Federal election. It was named after Peter Lalor, the leader of the miners at the Eureka Stockade, and a former member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. 

## Members 
Barry Jones was the Minister for Science under Bob Hawke and Labor National President. Jim Cairns, was the Treasurer and Deputy Prime Minister under Gough Whitlam. As Julia Gillard was Deputy Prime Minister prior to becoming Prime Minister, Lalor is the only federal electorate to have been held by two Deputy Prime Ministers.

## Election results 
|-
|  | &nbsp;
| style="text-align:left;"| United People's Party
| style="text-align:left;"| Aijaz Moinuddin
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,535
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.86
| style="text-align:right;"| +1.72
|-

## References
*Division of Lalor – Australian Electoral Commission
Bessy-sur-Cure

**Bessy-sur-Cure** is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

## References
Villefranche-d'Allier

**Villefranche-d&#39;Allier** is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.

## References
*INSEE
Richard Blanco

**Richard Blanco** (born February 15, 1968) is an American poet, public speaker, author, playwright, and civil engineer. He is the fifth poet to read at a United States presidential inauguration, having read the poem "One Today" for Barack Obama's second inauguration. He is the first immigrant, the first Latino, the first openly gay person and at the time the youngest person to be the U.S. inaugural poet. In 2023, Blanco was awarded the National Humanities Medal by President Joe Biden from the National Endowment for the Humanities. 

## Life
He was born in Madrid, Spain on February 15, 1968. His family had just left Cuba. Then the family went to New York. After that, they moved to Miami, Florida. He grew up there.
 
Blanco graduated from Florida International University in Civil Engineering in 1991. Then he got a Masters in Fine Arts in Creative Writing in 1997. 

After 1999, he traveled and lived in Guatemala and Brazil. He taught at Georgetown University, American University, and Central Connecticut State University. Later, he returned to Miami and lived there. Now he lives in Maine. 

In January 2013 he read his poem "One Today" at the second inauguration (swearing-in ceremony) of America's President Barack Obama.

His work has appeared in some magazines. These include *The Nation*, *Ploughshares*, *Indiana Review*, *Michigan Quarterly Review*, *TriQuarterly Review*, *New England Review*, and *Americas Review*.

## Awards
* 1997 Agnes Lynch Starrett Prize for *City of a Hundred Fires*
* Florida Artist Fellowship
* 2006 PEN Open Book Award (formerly known as Beyond Margins Award) for *Directions to the Beach of the Dead*
* 1988 Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize
* John Ciardi Fellowship from the Bread Loaf Writers Conference
* Residency Fellowship from the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts

## Works
* 
* "Somewhere to Paris", *Poetry Foundation* 
* 
* 
**How to Love a Country*. Beacon Press. 2019. ISBN 978-080702591-8
* 

### Anthologies
* 
* 
* 

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
* "Richard Blanco", *TRES Review*, Jack Anders Summer 2004
* Biography 
* Readings by the poet
Bert, Allier

**Bert** is a French commune that is in the Allier department in the center of France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Allier department

## Other websites
*INSEE
Vitray

**Vitray** is a former commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Meaulne-Vitray.

## References
*INSEE
Janice Dickinson

**Janice Doreen Dickinson** (who was born on February 15, 1955) is an American model who was very popular in 1970s and 1980s. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City and is of Polish maternal descent. She has been on the cover of many magazines, which include *Vogue*, *Marie Claire* and *Cosmopolitan*. She has been on several reality television shows.

In March 2016, it was revealed that Dickinson has been diagnosed with breast cancer.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Broût-Vernet

**Broût-Vernet** is a French commune. It is located in the Allier department in central France.

## References
* INSEE
La Chabanne

**La Chabanne** is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France. In 2017, 186 people lived there.

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Allier department

## References 
*INSEE
La Chapelle, Allier

**La Chapelle** is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France. This village in the Montagne Bourbonnaise area is part of the Vichy region. In the 2022 census, it had 396 residents. The people who live there are called Chapelois and Chapeloises, Chapellois or Chapelloises, or Chapelains and Chapelaines. 

## References
*INSEE
La Chapelle-aux-Chasses

**La Chapelle-aux-Chasses** is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.

## References
*INSEE
Hailee Steinfeld

**Hailee Steinfeld** (born **Hailee Puring Steinfeld**, December 11, 1996) is an American actress and singer. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress on the 2010 remake movie *True Grit*.

## Biography
Hailee Steinfeld was born as Hailee Puring Steinfeld in Tarzana, Los Angeles. Her mother is Cheri (née Domasin), an interior designer. Her father is Peter Steinfeld, a personal fitness trainer. Her father is Jewish and her mother is of African American, Filipino, Irish, Scottish and German descent. Her maternal grandfather, Ricardo Domasin is of African American and Filipino descent. Her older brother, Griffin, She was raised in Agoura Hills and in Thousand Oaks, California. She attended Ascension Lutheran School, Conejo Elementary, and Colina Middle School. She has been home-schooled since 2008, because of bullying.

Hailee Steinfeld started acting when she was ten years old, appearing in various short films, like the role of Talia Alden in "She's a Fox." She also had several appearances in TV shows and commercials. At the age of thirteen, she was chosen to play Mattie Ross in the Coen brothers' western movie "True Grit," which was released in December 2010. Her performance was praised by critics, with Richard Corliss from Time magazine calling it one of the top 10 film performances of 2010. He noted that Steinfeld delivered her lines naturally, portrayed the character convincingly, and won the hearts of the audience. Roger Ebert, the Los Angeles Times, and Rolling Stone also gave positive reviews of her performance. This role earned Hailee Steinfeld an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress in 2011. Just five months after "True Grit" was released, she was chosen as the new face of the Italian designer brand Miu Miu.

## Filmography
### Movie
### Television
### Music videos
## Awards and nominations
## References
Chirat-l'Église

**Chirat-l&#39;Église** is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.

## References
*INSEE
Commentry

**Commentry** is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France. Today, about 6500 people live in the city. The city developed, because of the coal reserves  that were found nearby. After the Second World War, a chemical industry developed. The other pillar of the industry was a steel mill, which is also in the city.  In 1882, the first socialist mayor of France is elected in Commentry, Christophe Thivrier. In 1902, the Socialist Party of France was founded in Commentry. The city of COmmentry only lies 8&nbsp;km from the geographical center of France itself.

## References
*INSEE
Estivareilles, Allier

**Estivareilles** is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France. It is about 10&nbsp;km north of Montluçon on the right-hand side of the Cher river. There is a lavoir (a public washing basin), a lantern of the dead and a church from the nineteenth century.

## Population
## References
*INSEE

## Other websites
* The official web site of the mayor of Estivareilles
* Estivareilles page at the National Geographical Institute
Steel mill

A **Steel mill** or **steelworks** is an industrial plant where steel is manufactured. Steel is an alloy of carbon and iron. Usually steel is produced in two stages: First, iron ore is reduced (or smelted) with coke and limestone. This is done in a blast furnace, and the result is pig iron. The part that is not used for pig iron is carried on as *molten iron*. Impurities are removed, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. Steel mills then turn molten steel into blooms, ingots, slabs and sheet through casting, hot rolling and cold rolling.
Suzanne Cleary

**Suzanne Cleary** is an American poet. She was born in Binghamton, New York. She grew up there. She has an M.A. in Writing from Washington University, and a Ph.D. in Literature and Criticism from Indiana University of Pennsylvania. She is Professor of English at State University of New York at Rockland.

## Quotation
"I love to read poems where I think the poet includes something that may not work or almost doesn't work. To me that's an exciting kind of risk."

## Awards
* Winner of the 2012 John Ciardi Prize for Poetry from the University of Missouri, Kansas City
* Julia Peterkin Award of Converse College
* Eugene Paul Nassar Poetry Prize
*Patterson Award for Literary Excellence
*2024 Laura Boss Narrative Poetry Award 

## Books
* *Keeping Time* (2002)
* *Trick Pear* (2007)
* *Beauty Mark* (2013)
* *Crude Angel* (2018)
* *The Odds* (2025)

## Critical writing 
* Cleary, Suzanne. "Be Still and Know: Silence in the Poetry of Jean Valentine," in *Laurel Review* 40.2. (2006)
* Cleary, Suzanne. "A Control Room inside of Me," *Georgia Review* September 25, 2014.

## Related material 
*List of poets from North America
*

## References
## Other websites
* Poet's page
*
Jane Curtin

**Jane Curtin** (born September 6, 1947, Massachusetts) is an American comedian and actress. She received several Emmy Awards for her acting. She played Allison Lowell in the sitcom *Kate & Allie*. She played Mary in *3rd Rock from the Sun*.
Shelley Long

in the Oval Office, February 1984.]]
**Shelley Long** (born on August 23, 1949 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is an American movie and television actress. She received several Emmy and Golden Globe Awards for her role as Diane Chambers in the sitcom *Cheers*. She was also in a few movies, including *Night Shift* (1982), *Irreconcilable Differences* (1984), *The Money Pit* (1986), *Outrageous Fortune* (1987), *Hello Again* (1987), *Troop Beverly Hills* (1989), *The Brady Bunch Movie* (1995), *A Very Brady Sequel* (1996), and *Dr. T & the Women* (2000).

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Lantern of the dead

is the highest in France, at 23m.]]
]]
A **Lantern of the Dead** is a free-standing structure much like a tower. They were built during the Middle Ages mostly in central France. In the upper part of the structure there is an opening, which can hold a light. Most of these larnerns were built in the 12th and 13th century. Their exact function is unclear, as there are no written sources about them. One of the theories states that they were built to satisfy different other beliefs, which had been around before Christianity. One of the ideas was that the deceased needed a light to find their way home. 
Lanterns of the dead exist in different forms: cylindrical, square, as a hexagon, or polygon, as a column. Sometimes they are attached to a chapel.
Lavoir

A **lavoir** is a public place where people were able to wash their clothes. Very often, these basins were near a river. Such places were built from about the 18th century onwards. Today, many have been restored and are tourist attractions.

File:Chénières Lavoir 1.jpg|Lavoir in Chénières
File:Bonnat lavoir 0425.jpg|Lavoir in Bonnat
File:Bourgogne_Noyers-sur-Serein_lavoir_2.jpg|Lavoir in Noyers, Yonne
Judith Krantz

**Judith Krantz** (January 9, 1928 &ndash; June 22, 2019) was an American author. She mostly wrote romance novels. One of them is *Till We Meet Again*. She wrote freelance articles for *Cosmopolitan* and ''Ladies' Home Journal''. She was born in New York City.

Krantz died on June 22, 2019, at her home in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles. She was 91.

## References
James M. Buchanan

**James McGill Buchanan, Jr.** (October 3, 1919 &ndash; January 9, 2013) was an American economist and educator. He is known for his public choice theory. His theories helped scientists figure out political science. Buchanan won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1968 for his theory.

## Early life
Buchanan was born on October 3, 1919 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. His ancestry includes Scottish and Irish. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois and in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Buchanan studied at University of Chicago, at the University of Tennessee, and at the State Teachers College, Murfreesboro.

## Ideas
Buchanan is the founder of a new Virginia school of political economy. Buchanan is largely responsible for the rebirth of political economy in the second half of 20th century.
The term "constitutional economics" was used by James M. Buchanan as a name for a new academic sub-discipline. Buchanan’s work in 1986 brought him the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his "development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making."
Buchanan rejects "any organic conception of the state" as superior in wisdom, to the citizens of this state." This philosophical position forms the basis of constitutional economics. Buchanan believes that every constitution is created for at least several generations of citizens. It must be able to balance interests of the state, society, and each individual.

In 2001 Buchanan received an honorary doctoral degree from Universidad Francisco Marroquín, in Guatemala City, Guatemala, for his contribution to economics.
The *New York Times* commented that the Nobel Prize-winning economist who championed public choice theory influenced a "generation of conservative thinking about deficits, taxes, and the size of government".

## Personal life and death
He was married to Ann Bakke from 1945 until his death in 2013. They had no children. Buchanan died on January 9, 2013, in Blacksburg, Virginia. He was 93 and he died from natural causes.

## References
## Related pages
*Constitutional economics
*Economics
*Political economy
*Nobel Prize in Economics

## Other websites
*Biography at GMU 
*YouTube Reflections on the Life and Work of James Buchanan
*Biography of James M. Buchanan at the *Concise Encyclopedia of Economics*
*'The Hobbes Problem: From Machiavelli to Buchanan' by Deirdre McCloskey.
The Last Stand

***The Last Stand*** is a 2013 American action crime movie. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Forest Whitaker star. The earlier plays Ray Owens, and the latter plays John Bannister. This action drama also has Johnny Knoxville acting in it.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Ronald Gamarra Herrera

Dr. **Ronald Álex Gamarra Herrera** (born December 10 1958) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. From 2008-2010 he was Executive Secretary of the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos (National Coordinator for Human Rights of Peru) and one of the lawyers representing the civil parties -the families of the Barrios Altos and La Cantuta victims- in the proceedings against former president Alberto Fujimori.

Gamarra Herrera was born in Lima in 1958. He studied law at the National University of San Marcos. He studied for a Master's degree in Law from the National Defense University, funded by the United States Department of Defense. He is currently a professor at the Faculty of Law and Political Science at the National University of San Marcos. 

## References
Indelibly Stamped

***Indelibly Stamped*** is the second studio album of Supertramp. A&M Records released it in June 1971. *Indelibly Stamped* was Supertramp's first album that was released in the United States. Supertramp recorded this album in April and May 1971 in London.

## Track listing
All songs written by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, except where noted.

All lead vocals by Rick Davies, except where noted.

*"Rosie Had Everything Planned" is the only original song in the entire Supertramp catalog for which Rick Davies receives no writing or co-writing credit.

## Personnel
* Rick Davies – acoustic and Wurlitzer pianos, organ, lead vocals, harmonica 
* Roger Hodgson – acoustic and electric guitars, bass guitar (Track 3), lead (Tracks 2, 3, 10) and backing vocals
* Dave Winthrop – flute, saxophone, lead vocals (Track 6)
* Frank Farrell – bass guitar, piano and accordion (Track 3)
* Kevin Currie – percussion, drums

**Production**
* Producer: Supertramp
* Engineer: Bob Hall
The Carrie Diaries

***The Carrie Diaries*** is an American television series. It is a prequel to the program *Sex and the City*. The subject of this series is Carrie Bradshaw during the 1980s in Connecticut and New York City. Carrie is played by AnnaSophia Robb. The show was cancelled by The CW on May 8, 2014.

## References
## Other websites
*
Division of Lowe

The **Division of Lowe** was a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was located in the inner western suburbs of Sydney, on the south shore of the Parramatta River. It included the suburbs of Drummoyne, Five Dock, Croydon, Croydon Park, Burwood, Enfield, Homebush, Strathfield, Concord, Rhodes, Canada Bay, Cabarita, Abbotsford and Mortlake.

The Division was named after the Rt Hon Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke. Lowe had been a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, and former Home Secretary of the United Kingdom.

## Members
## Election results
* 2004 election results
* 2007 election results

There was a by-election in Lowe in 1982 after Sir William McMahon resigned from the parliament.
## References
*Psephos: Adam Carr's Election Archive
*The Poll Bludger 
*ABC Elections
*Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites
*  (PDF, 184 kB)
Chloe Bridges

**Chloe Bridges** (born December 27, 1991) is an American actress. She works mostly in movies. She has also done some television programs. She starred in the comedic drama *Forget Me Nots*, and played Donna in *The Carrie Diaries*. She was born in Houma, Louisiana.

Bridges married actor and comedian Adam DeVine in 2021.

## References
Tracie Spencer

**Tracie Spencer** (born July 12, 1976 in Waterloo, Iowa) is an American R&B and pop singer. She has had several hit singles. Her singles are *This House*, *Hide & Seek* and *Tender Kisses*. Her first album, *Tracie Spencer*, was in 1988. Her second album *Make the Difference* was in 1990.
Palaeoptera

The **Palaeoptera** is the group of primitive (basal) winged insects which do not fold the wings back over the abdomen, as Neoptera do. Most of them are extinct; the living ones are the Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies).

The Palaeoptera may not be monophyletic: the issue is not yet settled. On the other hand, the Neoptera definitely are monophyletic. 

The absence of wing-folding does not necessarily mean the Palaeoptera form a natural group. They may just be a group of insects that "are not Neoptera", in other words, a wastebasket taxon. As it stands, the relationship of the two living Paleopteran groups to the Neoptera is unclear.

Probably the concept of Palaeoptera will be changed to better reflect insect evolution. In any case, three main palaeopteran lineages, traditionally treated as superorders, are recognized. Of these, the Palaeodictyopteroidea themselves might also be a paraphyletic assemblage of very basal Pterygota.

## Taxonomy 
### Infraclass Palaeoptera
(probably paraphyletic)

*Mayfly group
** Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
*†Palaeodictyoptera group (all are extinct)
** †Palaeodictyoptera 
** †Megasecoptera 
** †Archodonata 
** †Diaphanopterodea 
*Dragonfly group (sometimes all are placed in the Odonata)
** †Protodonata or Meganisoptera 
** †Protanisoptera 
** †Triadophlebioptera 
** †Protozygoptera or Archizygoptera 
** Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)

## Related pages
*Archedictyon
*Palaeodictyoptera

## References
Crime of the Century

***Crime of the Century*** is the third studio album of Supertramp. A&M Records released it in September 1974. Ken Scott produced the music. There is a text saying "To Sam" on the back cover of the album. Supertramp dedicated this album to Stanley August Miesegaes. He supported Supertramp financially from 1969 until 1972. *Crime of the Century* got to number 38 on the American Billboard Pop Albums chart, and to number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. The songs "Bloody Well Right" and "Dreamer" were also released as singles. This album and these singles made Supertramp successful and well-known.

## Songs 
## Credits 
* Bob C. Benbeg - drums, percussion
* Rick Davies - vocals, keyboards, harmonica
* John Anthony Helliwell - saxophones, clarinets, vocals
* Roger Hodgson - vocals, guitar, pianos
* Dougie Thomson - bass guitar
Palaeodictyoptera

The **Palaeodictyoptera** were large flying insects which are now extinct. They were common in the Upper Carboniferous, and became extinct at the end-Permian extinction. Their size varied from large to huge. For example, *Mazothairos* had a wingspan of about .

## Flight 
In addition to the normal four wings, they had two "pronota" in front. These pronota were smaller than the regular wings, but had wing veins just like the real things. They did not move up and down, so maybe they helped gliding.

## References
* Carpenter F.M. 1992. *Superclass Hexapoda*. Volume 3 of Part R, Arthropoda 4;  *Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology*, Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America.

## Other websites
*Paleodictyoptera  at the Tree of Life project (list of taxa)
*Google images for Palaeodictyoptera http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Palaeodictyoptera&hl=en&lr=&sa=X&tbo=u&as_qdr=all&tbm=isch&source=univ&ei=DsjzUL70Fs3B0gWkvIEg&ved=0CDMQsAQ&biw=741&bih=615
Broughton, Nova Scotia

**Broughton** (2001 pop.: 24) was a former town in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality about 12 miles from the former city of Sydney, Nova Scotia. Expected to be a boomtown when first settled, it was mostly abandoned when mining operations failed. 
During the First World War, Broughton was used by the 185th Cape Breton Highlanders as training ground. During this time the famous Broughton Arms Hotel burned to the ground in April 1916. The Hotel is believed to have had North America's first revolving door.

## History 
Broughton was first settled at the turn of the 20th century as a mining town for the Cape Breton Coal, Iron & Railway Company, started by British mining engineer Thomas Lancaster and British businessman Col. Horace Mayhew which intended to develop the coal seam at Cochrane's Lake (aka: Loon Lake).  The pair raised millions of dollars, mostly from English investors, and construction on the town was started, with streets laid out and a number of large official buildings constructed, including the Office Building, the Assistant Manager's House, the Broughton Arms Hotel and Crown Hotel. Remains of these substantial buildings can still be seen today, the scale of which giving an impression of the town's lofty ambitions.  A railway was built connecting to the Sydney & Louisburg Railway at False Bay Head, continuing through Broughton Junction to Broughton, a distance of 4 ½ miles, construction beginning in 1905 and completed in 1906. Seemingly too much money and effort was spent on the details and modern conveniences of the "most up-to-date modern city", one of the first attempts at a planned community in Canada, and not enough attention to the actual mine operation.  The company went bankrupt in 1907 after it failed to secure rail transportation to get its coal to port.  It is said this was due to the opposition of the Dominion Coal Company, which would not allow its Sydney and Louisburg Railway to carry the coal produced by the mine.

The community remained active until its peak in 1916. The army had taken over the hotels to house officers and men during the First World War. After the end of the war the community declined rapidly. Some residents still live in the area.

A long article, detailing this company's history, appeared in the *Montreal Daily Star*, 25 May 1907.

## References
Robin Kankapankatja

**Robin Kankapankatja** (born around 1930) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. He worked for most of his life as a labourer and conservationist. He is the manager and senior traditional owner of Walalkara, a homeland and Indigenous Protected Area on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. He began work as an artist in 2004, aged in his 70s. His artworks are now held in several major galleries in Australia.

## Life
Robin was born at Walalkara, a place in the Great Victoria Desert near Kaltjiti, South Australia. His father was Pitjantjatjara from the land west of Watarru; his mother was Yankunytjatjara from Makiri, northwest of Walalkara. Robin grew up living a traditional, nomadic life in the area around Kaltjiti. The first time he saw a whitefella was when he was a young teenager. As a young man, he worked on the cattle stations at Welbourne Hill and Everard Park.

When he was much older, Robin moved back to Walalkara and set up an outstation for his family on his homelands. He lives there with his wife, Tyayangka, and his children. Kankapankatja is the senior traditional owner ('''') of Walalkara. The people that live on this outstation are all part of his family. They are the land managers of Walalkara Indigenous Protected Area, a federally protected reserve created from an agreement between the Robin family and the Australian government. It covers  of the Great Victoria Desert. Until 2008, Kankapankatja and his wife Tyayangka worked as rangers of the reserve. When they retired, their children took over its management.

## Artwork
Robin began working as an artist in July 2004, while he was at home recovering from surgery. His paintings and drawings are about Walalkara. They depict the landscape, animals, and spiritual Dreaming stories associated with it. He is also known for  traditional tools, such as boomerangs, spears, spear-throwers and shields.

Since 2006, Robin's work has been shown in many exhibitions alongside other Kaltjiti artists. In 2007, he was featured at the Mossenson Galleries in Collingwood, Victoria. His work was featured as part of the annual *Desert Mob* exhibition in Alice Springs, in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. It was also exhibited in Adelaide at the Flinders University City Gallery in 2009, and the South Australian Museum in 2010.

In 2012, the Cross Cultural Art Exchange in Darwin held a solo exhibition of Robin's work. The exhibition was called *: this is my life from long ago*. It showcased a series of drawings that depict Robin's memories from growing up in the bush, and the legendary journeys of his ancestors. In the same year, his work was also shown at the annual *Our Mob* exhibition in Adelaide, at an exhibition of Kaltjiti Arts in the Darwin Aboriginal Art Fair, and in Germany, in an exhibition at the ArtKelch gallery in Freiburg im Breisgau.

Examples of Robin's work are held in the collections of the Araluen Arts Centre, Flinders University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Others are held in the national Artbank collection, and several private collections, such as the Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi in Melbourne.

## References
Division of Warringah

The **Division of Warringah** is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
It is located in the Northern Beaches region of Sydney. It covers most of the land between Middle Harbour and the Pacific Ocean. It extends from Port Jackson in the south to the suburb of Dee Why in the north. It includes the suburbs of Mosman, Balgowlah, Manly, Brookvale, Beacon Hill and Forestville.

The Division was named after the Warringah area of Sydney. This is an Aboriginal Australian word which means "rain", "waves" or "sea". The Division was created on 13 September 1922, for the 1922 Federal election. The seat is currently a safe Liberal seat. It has always been held by a member of a conservative party. It is currently held by Zali Steggall.

## Members for Warringah 
## Election results
## References
*Division of Warringah – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites
* Tony Abbott's website
LinkedIn

**LinkedIn** is a social networking website for people in professional jobs. The company started in December 2002, and the website opened May 5, 2003. Users can make connections with other people they have worked with, post their work experience and skills, look for jobs, and look for workers. The site is available in many languages, including most European languages, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, and Malay. LinkedIn has more than 200 million members around the world.

In 2012, the LinkedIn website was attacked by hackers from Russia, who stole passwords for more than 100 million user accounts. In 2016, a suspect was arrested in the Czech Republic.

The company which owns LinkedIn, the **LinkedIn Corporation**, was bought out by Microsoft in 2016 for US$26 billion.

## Statistics
In January 2013, the countries with the most LinkedIn users were:  

* United States with 74 million members
* India with 18 million members    
* United Kingdom with 11 million members
* Brazil with 11 million members 
* Canada with 7 million members

## References
## Other websites
* 
* SEC Form S-1 Registration Statement – LinkedIn's IPO filing
Leopold II

**Leopold II** may mean:
* Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Grand Duke of Tuscany
* Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria
* Leopold II, Margrave of Austria, fifth Margrave of Austria
* Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian general
* Leopold II, Prince of Lippe, eldest child of Leopold I and Princess Pauline
* Leopold II of Belgium, king of Belgium from 1835 until 1909