open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show

***The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show*** is an alternative name for two separate American television animated shows: *Rocky and His Friends* (1959–1961) and *The Bullwinkle Show* (1961–1964).
## Cast
*Bill Scott as Bullwinkle, Dudley Do-Right, Fearless Leader, Mister Peabody, Gidney, Mr. Big and various others
* June Foray as Rocky, Natasha Fatale, Nell Fenwick, various witches, princesses and hags in Fractured Fairy Tales and every other female character on the show
* Paul Frees as Boris J. Badenov, Captain Peter "Wrongway" Peachfuzz, Cloyd, Inspector Fenwick, narrator for Dudley Do-Right and various historical figures in Peabody's Improbable History
* Walter Tetley as Sherman
* Daws Butler as Aesop Jr. and various characters in Fractured Fairy Tales and Aesop and Son
* Charles Ruggles as Aesop
* Hans Conried as Snidely Whiplash
* William Conrad as narrator for Rocky and Bullwinkle and narrator for Dudley Do-Right (shared)
* Edward Everett Horton as narrator for Fractured Fairy Tales
* Hal Smith as various other characters

## Other websites
Marcel Marceau

**Marcel Mangel** (22 March 1923 – 22 September 2007) better known by his stage name **Marcel Marceau**, was a French mime. He was one of the most popular mimes in the world. He was said to be "single-handedly responsible for reviving the art of mime after World War II."

Marceau created many personalities. The most famous of these is probably *Bip the clown*. He received several awards for his works.
*The French Legion of Honour, in the rank of an Officer, 1986
*Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres
*The French Order of Merit

## References 
## Other websites 
*The World of Mime Theatre Library: Marcel Marceau
*Compagnie Bodecker&Neander : Alexander Neander and Wolfram v. Bodecker are assistants and members of the Compagnie MARCEL MARCEAU.
*Salon - Brilliant Careers
Kew Gardens

**Kew Gardens** or the **Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew** is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in the United Kingdom.

Kew’s historic landscapes and buildings are a collection of gardens and parks and glasshouses.

Kew has the world's largest collection of plant specimens, and is one of the most important centres of research in botany.

## History
Early work on the gardens started in the 17th century when King Henry VII built Richmond Lodge in the area.

The land was a private royal garden until the Victorian era. In 1840, the Royal Botanic Garden was established.

The great expansion of the British Empire in the 19th century brought an expanded interest in exotic plants, so the gardens expanded.

In the 20th century, the gardens continued to grow larger and even more important in plant science.

The gardens were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003. 

## Gallery

File:Kew Gardens 004.JPG|Orangerie at Kew
File:Kew Mersekelt1.jpg|Temperate House at Kew
File:Kew Gardens Alpine House.jpg|Alpine House at Kew
File:Kew Gardens Water Lily House.jpg|Water Lily House at Kew
File:Princess of Wales Conservatory, Kew Gardens - July 2009.jpg|Princess of Wales Conservatory at Kew
File:Japanese gateway in spring, Kew Gardens - geograph.org.uk - 166671.jpg|Japanese garden at Kew in Spring

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
*List of botanical gardens

## References
## Other websites
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew website 
* Millennium Seed Bank Project
* Images and some highlights of Kew
* BBC, Marianne North collection of plant paintings
Dell

**Dell Inc.** is an American technology company formed in 1984 by Michael Dell, the CEO and founder of the company. Dell makes and sells laptops, desktop computers, servers, software, and computer accessories, including computer monitors and printers. They used to make portable music players, called the Dell DJ, and PDAs too.

Dell is headquartered in Round Rock, Texas. In 2006, they employed over 78,000 people. Some of their computers have a Linux operating system. Most computers for consumer usage will come with Microsoft Windows.

## History 
Michael Dell — Founder of the Company.

Founded by Michael Dell, in 1984 in the city of Austin (Texas) as PC Limited, since 1988 — Dell Computer, after 2003 — Dell, Inc.

In 1987, Dell entered the European market, in 1994 they went to the market of the Asia-Pacific region. In 2005, Fortune called Dell "the company causing the greatest admiration in the United States" (in the world ranking, Dell was third place). The growth rates of profit and sales volumes of the late 1990s to the early 2000s significantly exceeded industry indicators.

In 2013, Michael Dell at the expense of its own funds and funds provided by the investment company Silver Lake Partners, for $25 billion bought a controlling stake in the company from the exchange. 75% of the company passed under the control of Dell.

### Mergers and acquisitions 
Dell acquired Perot Systems, Ross Perot's IT infrastructure services company, for approximately $3.9 billion.

On October 12, 2015, the American corporation Dell signed an agreement to acquire EMC for $67 billion, which is the largest deal in the history of the IT industry.

On September 7, 2016, the acquisition of EMC was completed. The acquired EMC became part of the updated Dell Technologies Corporation as a subsidiary with the name "Dell EMC". Moreover, it is planned to transfer Dell units involved in the sale of corporate servers to this business unit, data storage systems and some others related to the corporate market.

## Other websites 
* Dell website
Landscape

, Uganda, Great Rift Valley. The mountains formed about three million years ago in the late Pliocene, pushed up by tremendous forces originating deep within the earth’s crust.]]
 where hard metamorphic rocks to the north give way to the softer sedimentary rocks of Strathmore. This view is taken looking upriver towards the Bridge of Craigisla.]]
A **landscape** means an area of land as one can see it. This includes landforms, flora, fauna and human elements, for instance human activity or the built environment.

According to its meaning, lighting and weather conditions are part of landscape as well. Objects inside the building can sometimes be considered part of landscape as well.

## Geology 
The landscape is determined mainly by the underlying geology. This can be seen clearly in the East African Great Rift Valley. There almost everything in the landscape is caused by or connected with the pulling apart of Africa which is happening there. Even in Great Britain, a geologically quiet place, the whole landscape can be understood by understanding its geological past.One geological place is the rain forest

## Etymology
The word was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century, when Dutch artists began to become masters of the landscape genre. The Dutch word *landschap* had earlier meant simply “region, tract of land” but now meant “a picture depicting scenery on land”.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Landscape architecture
*Landscape painting
*Landscape urbanism
Kaz II mystery

The ***Kaz II*** is a 12 metre catamaran that was found drifting 160 km (80 nautical miles) off the northern coast of west indies on April 18, 2007. What happened to the crew of the boat is not known. The  in which they disappeared are  and have been compared to that of the 1800s ship *Mary Celeste*.

## References
Digital Object Identifier

A **Digital Object Identifier** (or **DOI**) is a permanent way to  an online .  This  is not related to its current location.

A typical use of a DOI is to give a scientific paper or article a unique number that can be used by anyone find the  of the paper. It may also make it possible to find an electronic copy, for example, on the Internet. The DOI system has a **DOI resolution system** which is used to locate where the document is. When the document is moved, the DOI resolution system is updated with the new location of the document.

For example, ''''* links to "Web 2.0 authorship: Issues of Referencing and citation for academic integrity" by Kathleen Gray *et al.*  The work was published in *The Internet and Higher Education,'' Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2008.

## References
## Other websites 
* Welcome to the DOI System
* Factsheet: DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications
Svartahrid

**Svartahrid** is a black metal band from Norway. The band was formed in Skien, Telemark in 1994.

## Members 
*Istar - guitarist and singer
*Forn - drummer
*NidGrim - bassist

## Studioalbums 
* Forthcoming Storm (1999)
* As The Sunrise Flickers (2000)
* Sadness And Wrath (2007)
* Malicious Pride (2008)

## Other websites 
*Svartahrid at Encyclopaedia Metallum
James L. Brooks

**James L. Brooks** (born May 9, 1940) is a three-time Academy Award, nineteen-time Emmy and Golden Globe-winning American producer, writer, and movie director.

He is best known for creating American television programs such as *The Mary Tyler Moore Show*, *The Simpsons*, *Rhoda* and *Taxi*. His best-known movie is *Terms of Endearment*, for which he received three Academy Awards in 1984.

## References
* 
* 

## Other websites
* 
* Gracie Films Website
Wi-Fi

**Wi-Fi** is a way of connecting to a computer network using radio waves instead of wires.  It was invented to connect computers that are near each other, and nowadays is much used for Internet connections.  

The Wi-Fi Alliance says Wi-Fi is any "wireless local area network" (WLAN) that follows the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 specification. A Wi-Fi device can work with any Wi-Fi network anywhere in the world.  

The word *Wi-Fi* is a play on words with hi-fi, and was invented to replace the name "IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum".

As of 2013, most wireless networks use one of two radio frequency bands. These are not the only two bands, but are the most used. One of the bands is at around 2.4 GHz, and the other is at 5 GHz. Both of these have benefits and drawbacks: The 2.4 GHz band is widely used, and devices are usually cheaper. Microwave ovens, DECT telephones and other wireless devices also use the 2.4 GHz band, and sometimes cause interference which slows transmissions. The 5 GHz band has more frequencies and usually less interference, but there are more rules for using it.  In some places, the 5 GHz band may not be used outdoors. Because fewer devices use the 5 GHz band, devices that do are often more expensive.

The World Health Organization (WHO) says that Wi-Fi is not dangerous.

## Related pages
*Hotspot (computers)

## References
## Other websites 
* Wi-Fi Alliance 
* Free WiFi  - A list of free Wi-Fi around the world
Encyclopaedia Metallum

**Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives** is a website which lists bands from various forms of heavy metal music.

## Other websites 
*Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives
Bugs Bunny

**Bugs Bunny** is an Academy Award-winning animated rabbit who starred in the *Looney Tunes* and *Merrie Melodies* series created by Warner Bros. He made the iconic quote "''What's Up, Doc?''" popular as early as 1940.  Other things he says are "I knew I shoulda taken that left turn at Albuquerque", "Of course you realize, this means war", and "Ain't I a stinker?". He is often seen as a very studious character, with a carrot in his mouth. His counterpart is commonly Daffy Duck, with whom he is usually arguing.  In other shorts, he comes up against Wile E. Coyote, Elmer Fudd, or Yosemite Sam.  Bugs speaks Bronx/Brooklyn/Flat Bush/Jersey/New York with an Bronx/Brooklyn/Flat Bush/Jersey/New York accent, causing him to drop his "Rs". Bugs is somewhat based on the comedian Groucho Marx. Bugs is one of a dozen cartoon characters to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame; he was the second after Mickey Mouse.

## Appearances
* *Transylvania 6-5000* (1963) -- (Main role)
* *Yakety Yak, Take it Back* (1991) -- (Supporting role)
* *Trash Talk* (1992) -- (Minor role)
* *Space Jam* (1996) -- (Main role)
* *Looney Tunes: Back in Action* (2003) -- (Main role)
* *Space Jam: A New Legacy* (2021) -- (Main role)

Further reading

* 
* 
* *Chuck Amuck : The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist* by Chuck Jones, published by Farrar Straus & Giroux, 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Warner Bros. Studios
* Bugs' Toonopedia profile
The Simpsons shorts

'''*The Simpsons* shorts'* are a series of one-minute television shorts that ran on the variety show *The Tracey Ullman Show'' for three seasons. The shorts were created by cartoonist Matt Groening.

## Shorts 
### Season 1: 1987 
### Season 2: 1987-1988 
### Season 3: 1988-1989 
## Related pages
* The Simpsons
* The Tracey Ullman Show

## References 
## Other websites
*
Flora (disambiguation)

**Flora** is plant life as distinct from animal life (fauna); or, a book or other work that describes the plant species in a particular area or region.

**Flora** may also refer to:
* Gut flora, the bacteria and other microorganisms in the intestines of a larger animal.
* Flora (grape), a cross between Sémillon and Gewürztraminer.
* Flora (margarine), the name used in the UK and Ireland for the Becel brand of margarine made by Unilever
* Flora (mythology), a goddess in Roman mythology
* Flora (Prague Metro), a station on Line A of the Prague Metro
* 8 Flora, an asteroid
* FC Flora Tallinn, a football team in Estonia
* Flora (Winx Club), a fictional character from the show *The Winx Club*
* *Flora*, a painting by Titian

**People named Flora:**
* Flora Brovina, a Yugoslavian pediatrician, feminist, poet, and human rights activist
* Flora Larsson (1904-2000), Commissioner in The Salvation Army, writer, mother of John Larsson,
* Flora MacDonald, a Canadian politician
* Flora MacDonald (Scottish Jacobite), a Jacobite who aided Bonnie Prince Charlie
* Flora Robson, a British actress
* Flora Sheldon, the grandmother of US President George H. W. Bush
* Flora Stevenson, a Scottish educational reformer
* Flora Tristan, a founder of modern feminism
* Flora Twort, an English painter
* Flora Purim, the singer on Chick Corea's early *Return to Forever* albums
* Jim Flora, an American illustrator
* Paul Flora, an Austrian painter and cartoonist
* Snowden Flora, an American meteorologist and tornado researcher
* Flora the Valentinian - a 2nd-century Valentinian

**Places named Flora include:**
* Flora, Norway
* Flora, Apayao, The Philippines
* Flora, Illinois, USA
* Flora, Indiana, USA
* Flora Township, Minnesota, USA
* Flora, Mississippi, USA
Software piracy

**Software piracy** (officially called copyright infringement of software) refers to the illegal copying of software.  It often uses the Internet.  Some countries have laws about this.  The problem is considered to be bigger in certain countries than in others.  Those who hold the copyright get less money because of copyright infringement.  As a result of this, some copyright holders publish “anti-piracy” campaigns to tell people about the effects of infringement.

Very often, the people making the laws have to make a trade-off between allowing people to copy and use the software, and the copyright holders charging for the content. At the same time, even not allowed distribution makes the content more popular. Because of these two reasons, infringement of copyright for proprietary software and content can be bad also for free software and content.

In 2010 to 2012, the entertainment industry advocated changes to United States law to make it easier to end piracy websites, called Stop Online Piracy Act and Protect IP Act.  Some websites including the English Wikipedia protested these proposals on January 18, 2012.  The next day, the United States Department of Justice seized the Megaupload website which is claimed to be one of the largest piracy websites.

## Why people use pirate software 
Some reasons on why people pirate are: 

* Digital rights management (DRM) may limit people from using the software in ways they want.
* The price of software may be high.
* Not available in their country; no legitimate stores sell it there.
* The experience or quality may be bad for a person, but the pirate's service can be better than a legitimate seller's.
* Anonymity: Software piracy doesn't require an email, or other information that may identify the user.
* A person may be opposed to copyright law in general.

## How to distinguish software piracy 
Illegally distributed proprietary software often has the following features:
* Can't meet the proprietor's requirement for a legal copyright certificate.
* No after-sales service.
* Unusually low price (though legitimate prices also vary).
* Can't upgrade by the official method. 
* Distribution by download from other than the maker's official Website.
* No DRM, letting people use the software offline or for other purposes.

## Related pages 
* Copyright infringement

## References
Eric Cantona

**Eric Daniel Pierre Cantona** (born 24 May 1966 in Marseille) is a French football player turned actor. He was one of Manchester United's greatest players. Cantona has more than 140 appearances with Manchester United. He ended his professional footballing career with the team. Cantona had earlier played for Leeds United before moving to Manchester United in 1992. He has also played for France national team from 1987 to 1994. He retired from football in 1997 and became a film actor.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1983–84||rowspan="3"|Auxerre||rowspan="3"|Division 1||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1984–85||5||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||2
|-
|1985–86||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||8||0
|-
|1985–86||Martigues||Division 2||15||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||4
|-
|1986–87||rowspan="2"|Auxerre||rowspan="2"|Division 1||36||13||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||36||13
|-
|1987–88||32||8||5||1||colspan="2"|-||2||1||39||10
|-
|1988–89||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||22||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||22||5
|-
|1988–89||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||11||6||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||6
|-
|1989–90||Montpellier||Division 1||33||10||8||8||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||41||18
|-
|1990–91||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||18||8||5||1||colspan="2"|-||3||1||26||10
|-
|1991–92||Nîmes Olympique||Division 1||17||2||2||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||19||4

|-
|1991–92||rowspan="2"|Leeds United||First Division||15||3||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||3
|-
|1992–93||Premier League||13||6||0||0||1||0||5||1||19||7
|-
|1992–93||rowspan="5"|Manchester United||rowspan="5"|Premier League||22||9||1||0||0||0||0||0||23||9
|-
|1993–94||34||18||5||4||5||1||4||2||48||25
|-
|1994–95||21||12||1||1||0||0||2||0||24||13
|-
|1995–96||30||14||7||5||1||0||0||0||38||19
|-
|1996–97||36||11||3||0||0||0||10||3||49||14
198||58||20||12||colspan="2"|-||6||2||224||72
171||73||16||10||7||1||21||6||215||90
369||131||36||22||7||1||27||8||439||162
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|1987||3||1
|-
|1988||2||0
|-
|1989||4||3
|-
|1990||7||6
|-
|1991||4||2
|-
|1992||9||2
|-
|1993||7||5
|-
|1994||8||1
|-
|1995||1||0
|-
!Total||45||20
|}

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Kitty Pryde

**Katherine Anne "Kitty" Pryde**, also known as **Shadowcat**, **Ariel**, **Star-Lord** (**Star-Lady**), **Captain Kate Pryde**, **Red Queen**, and **Shadowkat**, is a fictional character from Marvel Comics, first introduced in *Giant-Size X-Men* #1 in 1975. Created by writer Len Wein and artist Dave Cockrum, she is a member of the X-Men and has the mutant ability to phase through solid objects, allowing her to become intangible.

## Overview 
Kitty is known for her intelligence, bravery, and strong sense of justice. Over the years, she has played significant roles in various X-Men storylines, often serving as a key member of the team and sometimes even leading the group. She has also been associated with other characters in the Marvel Universe, including her romantic relationships with Colossus and other members of the X-Men.

## In other media 
Kitty's character has been notable for her growth from a teenage superhero to a more mature and experienced member of the X-Men, and she has appeared in a variety of comic series, animated shows, and movies, including the *X-Men* movie franchise.
Buffyverse

The **Buffyverse** is a fictional universe created by writer/director Joss Whedon. It is the setting used for the movie *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* (BtVS), the *BtVS* television series and the *Angel* television series.  Comic books and novels based on both the Buffy and Angel television series and the Fray comic book also take place in the Buffyverse. The term Buffyverse was created by the s of the shows and later used by Whedon as the name for his world. The term has also been used in the titles of published works.

The Buffyverse is a world where Vampires and demons exist. Many different types of fictional creatures and monsters can be found in this world. These creatures include werewolves, ghosts, trolls, and witches. It is a world where magic is used often. Most of the people in the Buffyverse do not know that these creatures live in this world or that magic exists.

## Notable features
### The Slayer
The Slayer or *Chosen One* is a young girl with super-human strength, agility and stamina. It is her destiny to fight evil. When one Slayer is killed, a new girl is *chosen* to become the new Slayer. The new slayer has all of the power of the last Slayer as soon as she is chosen. The new Slayer also begins to have dreams that tell her of her future and Slayers from the past.

The first Slayer was created long before written history by a group of men who looked like Aborigine. She was created by combine her with a demon. As each Slayer is killed, the demon moves to the next slayer. It gives her the powers of the Slayer as well as the dreams of its past with the other slayers.

### Hellmouth 
In the Buffyverse there are many different *dimensions* or worlds. Some are full of evil. A place where the borders between the normal world and an evil dimension are weak is called a Hellmouth. Evil in the normal world will naturally move towards a hellmouth. The area closest to a hellmouth will be home to much evil and strange .

There are two well known hellmouths in the Buffyverse. The first is located in Sunnydale, California. This is the place where the stories in *Buffy* take place. It is the largest and most powerful hellmouth in the Buffyverse. The second hellmouth is in Cleveland, Ohio. Not much is known about this hellmouth.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Fan forum
*Buffyverse dialog database
Twin town

**Twin towns** are towns or cities in different countries which are paired to encourage human contact and cultural links.

In Europe, the pairs of towns are called **twin towns**, but other languages  say **friendship towns** or **partner towns**; in North America and Australasia, the towns are called **sister cities**.  **Brother cities** was the name of twinned cities in the old Soviet bloc. 

Twin towns often (but not always) have similar populations, industries and other characteristics. Sometimes, even larger areas enter into "twinning" agreements, such as that between the provinces of Hainan in China and Jeju in South Korea.

## Europe 
The earliest form of town twinning in Europe was between the German city of Paderborn and the French city of Le Mans in 836, although this was not officially established as a modern town twinning arrangement until 1967.

Coventry, United Kingdom was the first ever city to "twin" with another city (Stalingrad, Soviet Union) and hence began the modern practice of twinning. 

After the Second World War twinning was a way to bring European people into a closer understanding of each other and to promote cross-border projects and peace. 

For example, Coventry twinned with Dresden as an act of peace and reconciliation, both cities having been heavily bombed during the war. Each twin city country is represented in a specific ward of the city and in each ward has a peace garden dedicated to that twin city. 

Another early example of town twinning dates back to 1947 when Bristol Corporation (later Bristol City Council) sent five 'leading citizens' on a goodwill mission to Hanover.
 
Twinning is more popular in Europe than anywhere else, but the idea has now spread to other continents.

Since 1989, the European Union has had a support scheme for town twinning.  In 2003 an annual budget of about 12 million euros was given to about 1,300 projects.

## North America 
The first city in North America to establish a sister city relationship was Toledo, Ohio, United States, with Toledo, Spain in 1931. In 1944, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada  twinned with the Ukrainian city of Odesa, which at the time was part of the Soviet Union. This was to show support and to help the allied port city during World War II.

## Images

File:Neckarsulm PartnerStaedte.jpg|Sign denoting twin towns of Neckarsulm, Germany
File:Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg|Saarbrücken, Germany is twinned with Tbilisi, Georgia
File:BrzegDolny-miasta.partnerskie.jpg|Four twinning towns of Brzeg Dolny, Poland

## Other websites 
* Town-twinning information from the European Commission
* Sister Cities International (cities twinned with cities in the USA)
* Germany and the town twinning movement
* List of UK twin towns 
* Toledo Sister Cities International
* Two Toledos Documentary
* Town twinning in Europe's municipalities, towns and regions
1956 Winter Olympics

The **1956 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **VII Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. This was the first time the Soviet Union played in the  Olympics. They immediately showed their strength by winning more medals than any other nation.

## Participating nations 
A total of 32 nations sent athletes to Cortina d'Ampezzo. Bolivia, Iran, and the Soviet Union competed at the Winter Games for the first time. Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey returned after having missed the 1952 Winter Olympics. Argentina, Denmark, New Zealand, and Portugal did not compete at these Games, after participating in 1952.

Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany at these Games, an arrangement that would continue for the next two Olympiads.

## References 
## Other websites 
* IOC page on the 1956 Winter Olympics
Duster

A **Duster** can be:

*A dustrag or cloth used to remove dust from furniture or other objects
*A feather duster
*A smaller whisk broom or brush
*A light coat or housecoat; see Duster (clothing)
*An automobile, the Plymouth Duster
*A member of the Amarillo Dusters arena football team
*A member of the Hudson Dusters street gang
*A gas duster to use on electronics
*The M42 Duster self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon
*A lo-fi space-rock band; see Duster (band)
*A main character in the game Mother 3, see Duster (Mother 3)
*An agricultural aircraft is an aircraft that has been built or converted for agricultural use – usually aerial application of pesticides (crop dusting) or fertiliser (aerial topdressing); in this role they are referred to as "top dressers" or "crop dusters." Agricultural aircraft are also used for hydroseeding.
*A term given to a style of stories and movies about the western half of the United States (cowboys), sometimes also known as westerns
*In baseball, a brushback or possible beanball
Electrostatics

**Electrostatics** (also known as *static electricity*) is the branch of physics that deals with apparently stationary electric charges.    

Electrostatics involves the buildup of charge on the surface of objects due to contact with other surfaces.  

Although charge exchange happens whenever any two surfaces contact and separate, the effects of charge exchange are usually only noticed when at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electrical flow.  This is because the charges that transfer to or from the highly resistive surface are more or less trapped there for a long enough time for their effects to be observed.   

These charges then remain on the object until they either bleed off to the ground or are quickly neutralized by a discharge: e.g., the familiar phenomenon of a static 'shock' is caused by the neutralization of charge built up in the body from contact with non-conductive surfaces. 

## Examples 
* The attraction of plastic wrap to ones hand when one has removed it from a package.
* Spontaneous explosion of grain silos.
* Damage of electronic components during manufacturing or the operation of photocopiers.

## Related pages
*Electromagnetism
*Ionic bond
*Lightning
*Luigi Galvani

## References
*
*
*
*

## Other websites and further reading
;General
*RMCybernetics: High Voltage Physics . Homemade projects & experiments.
*"Man's static jacket sparks alert". BBC News, 16 September 2005.

*"Can shocks from static electricity damage your health? ". Wolfson Electrostatics News pages.
*"Can Gravity be an Electrostatic Force? " A Quantum theory of Gravitation, 2005.
* invisible wall of static

;Essays and books
*William J. Beaty, "''Humans and sparks; The Cause, Stopping the Pain, and 'Electric People*". 1997. 
*William Cecil Dampier, "*The theory of experimental electricity''". Cambridge [Eng.] University press, 1905 (Cambridge physical series). xi, 334 p. illus., diagrs. 23 cm. LCCN 05040419 //r33
Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic

The **coat of arms of the Dominican Republic**, as described by Article 96 of the Dominican Constitution, has a shield supported by an olive branch (left) and a palm leaf (right); above the shield, a blue ribbon displays the national motto: *Dios, Patria, Libertad* (*God, Fatherland, Freedom*). Below the shield, there is a red ribbon with the words *República Dominicana* (*Dominican Republic*).

In the center of the shield there is an opened Bible with a small cross above it, and on each side flanked by three spears, two of them holding Dominican flags. The Constitution does not specify in what page should be opened the Bible; only that is the "Book of Gospels, opened". In fact, only the 1916 Constitution said "opened in John, Chapter XIII" but that constitution was not valid because of the occupation of the country by United States.

The National Flag of Dominican Republic has a small coat of arms in the center of the white cross.

The first Dominican coat of arms was created by the first Dominican Constitution of 6 November 1844 but it was frequently changed until 1913; sometimes, two different coats of arms were used at the same time.

The official Dominican coat of arms, or *Great Seal of the Nation*, was established in 1913, when Adolfo Nouel was the President of the Dominican Republic.

## References
Atlas Mountains

The **Atlas Mountains** (Amazigh: **Idurar n Watlas**, ) are a mountain range in northwest Africa. They extend about 2,400&nbsp;km (1,500 miles) through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The highest peak is Toubkal, with an elevation of 4,167&nbsp;metres&nbsp;(13,671&nbsp;ft) in southwestern Morocco. The second highest mountain is the M'Goun of 4071 meters. The southwestern part is called "Anti-Atlas".

The Atlas ranges separate the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines from the Sahara Desert. Most of the people living in the Atlas Mountains are part of Berber tribes in Morocco and in Algeria. 

The mountains are named after the ancient Greek Titan, Atlas. 

## Other websites
Eustis, Florida

**Eustis** is a city in Lake County, Florida, United States. Its population as of 2020 is 23,189.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Eustis
Fort Walton Beach, Florida

**Fort Walton Beach** is a city in Okaloosa County, Florida, United States. As of 2020, the population was 20,922.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Fort Walton Beach
* Local Boating Events and Information 
* Outdoor Recreation Guide for Fort Walton Beach, Destin, and Pensacola
* Local Family Condo Rentals
Yasuo Fukuda

**Yasuo Fukuda** () (born 16 July 1936) was Prime Minister of Japan from 2007 to 2008. He was born in Gunma, Japan. The prime minister before him was Shinzo Abe. He hosted the G8 meeting in Hokkaido in July 2008, but resigned on September 1, 2008, due to low approval ratings and political deadlock. He was succeeded by Taro Aso. His father, Takeo Fukuda, was also prime minister from 1976 to 1978.

## References
Kere

**Kere** ( or Kerey) is a lake in Kazakhstan, in Akmola Province. Its area is 63.8 square kilometres. It is about 10 km south of Lake Tengiz.

## References
Kathleen Blanco

**Kathleen Babineaux Blanco** (December 15, 1942 &ndash; August 18, 2019) was an American politician.  She served as Governor of Louisiana from 2004 through 2008 until being replaced by Bobby Jindal. She was born in New Iberia, Louisiana. Blanco is a member of the Democratic Party.

In December 2017, Blanco was diagnosed with an incurable form of uveal melanoma and liver cancer. On April 19, 2019, it was announced that she was in hospice care. Blanco died on August 18, 2019 under hospice care in Lafayette, Louisiana at the age of 76.

## References
Wilsonian Armenia

**Wilsonian Armenia** is used for the borders that were drawn by Woodrow Wilson at the Treaty of Sèvres. The area was to the north and to the west side of Trabzon Province to provide the DRA an area to the Black Sea. The Armenian national fight for "Western Armenia" being somewhat part of the newly established Turkish republic dropped from the table.

## Other websites 
*Wilson for Armenia - Armenian Cause and International Law
*Wilsonian Armenia - Armeniapedia.org
Supercell

A **supercell** is a strong type of thunderstorm with a thick, rotating updraft (a mesocyclone). Supercell thunderstorms are the largest, most dangerous type of thunderstorms. There are really only two types of thunderstorms: supercell and ordinary, but some have four classifications: single-cell, multi-cell, squall line, and supercell.

## References 
* Structure and Dynamics of Supercell Thunderstorms - NWS
* University of Illinois World Weather Project
* Weather Glossary for Storm Spotters - NWS
* Lemon, Leslie R. (1998): *On the Mesocyclone "Dry Intrusion" and Tornadogenesis*http://www.stormchasers.au.com/lemon7.htm 
* Lemon, Leslie R., Charles A. Doswell III (1979): "Severe Thunderstorm Evolution and Mesocyclone Structure as Related to Tornadogenesis". *Monthly Weather Review* Vol. 107, No. 9, pp.&nbsp;1184–1197.http://www.stormchasers.au.com/107lemon1.htm 
* Browning, K.A. and Ludlam, F.H. (1962): "Airflow In Convective Storms", *Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society* 88, 117-135.http://www.rmets.org/pdf/qj62browning.pdf  (PDF)

## Other websites 
* Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology
* Explanation of Supercells  
* Picture sequence of a supercell in Nebraska 
* Sideshow of Supercell images
Mercenary

**Mercenaries** are soldiers who fight for money, rather than for their country, political/religious beliefs, or other benefits.

Mercenaries have existed for a very long time. They are mentioned in the Old Testament, and King David had a bodyguard of Cretan and Philistine mercenaries. They are also mentioned in the Iliad, specifically the Myrmidons, who fought during the Trojan War in the 12th century BC.

The Carthaginians often used mercenaries. The so-called Free Companies in the Middle Ages were mercenary companies of rogue knights and Vikings. The Japanese ronin were mercenary samurai. 

For many years in the Middle Ages, soldiers from Switzerland fought battles for whoever paid them. The popes would hire soldiers from Switzerland to fight for them. The Swiss Guard is all that is left of Switzerland's mercenary tradition, but it is no longer a mercenary force because all its members are Catholic, and they are prepared to fight not for their country but for their beliefs. 

Soldiers of professional volunteer armies, like the U.S. Army, are not considered as mercenaries since they fight for their country and fatherland. Likewise, foreign volunteers in standing armies, such as the French Foreign Legion, are not considered as mercenaries since they are loyal to the country that they serve. However, various private military contractors are considered as mercenaries. 

## Related pages 
*Paramilitary
*Wagner Group
Armenian hypothesis

The **Armenian hypothesis** suggests that the Proto-Indo-European languages was spoken in the Armenian Highland in the 3rd millennium BC. Scholars Tamaz Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov place the homeland in Armenia.

## Related pages
*Armenian Highland
*Ancient Armenia

## References
*T. V. Gamkrelidze and V. V. Ivanov, *The Early History of Indo-European Languages*, Scientific American, March 1990
*I.M. Diakonoff, *The Prehistory of the Armenian People* (1984).
*Robert Drews, *The Coming of the Greeks* (1988), argues for late Greek arrival in the framework of the Armenian hypothesis.
*Martiros Kavoukjian, *Armenia, Subartu, and Sumer : the Indo-European homeland and ancient Mesopotamia*, trans. N. Ouzounian, Montreal (1987), .
Longboat

A **longboat** was an open boat used on-board ships during the age of the sailing ships. Its original name was "shallop", but that was changed to "longboat" in the 18th century. A ship or vessel would carry several ships' boats for various uses. The most important would be a **longboat**, an open boat to be rowed by up to eight or ten oarsmen. The longboat had rowing benches designed for up to two men to an oar. A longboat was designed for use in rough water and could be rigged for sails. 

One of its main uses was as a pulling boat. Another was to weigh anchor. When a ship was at anchor, longboats carried people and supplies between ship and shore.

## References
1952 Winter Olympics

The **1952 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **VI Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1952 in Oslo, Norway.

## Participating nations 
A total of 30 nations sent athletes to compete at these Games, which was the highest number to that date. This was the first time New Zealand and Portugal participated in the Winter Olympic Games. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned, after having missed the 1948 Winter Olympics. Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey did not participate in 1952, after having competed in 1948.

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* IOC page for the 1952 Winter Olympics
Atlas (anatomy)

In anatomy, the **atlas** is the top *cervical vertebra* (neck bones) of the spine. In anatomy, the *atlas* is written (C1) for short.

It is named for the Atlas of mythology, because it supports the head in the same way as Atlas held the world on his shoulders. 

The *atlas* connects to a vertebra called the axis. Together they form the joint connecting the skull to the rest of the spine. The *atlas* and *axis* are different in shape from all the other vertebrae. They have more movement. They allow the head to nod and to rotate (turn).

## Notes
Jarrow

**Jarrow** is a town in England. It has 27,000 people.

## History 
Romans had set up a fort near Jarrow in the 1st century. Later in the 5th century, Anglo-Saxons occupied the location. It is not well known when Jarrow was first built. The name of "Jarrow" has been used from 750.  The monastery of St Paul is the sister monastery of Monkwearmouth in Sunderland.

## Today 
Jarrow is part of the Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside.
Graham Yost

**Graham John Yost** (born September 5, 1959) is a Canadian movie and television screenwriter. His most famous works are the 1994 movie *Speed*, *Broken Arrow*, and *Hard Rain*. Yost did not write the  for *Speed*. The dialog was written by Joss Whedon.

He has also written for the television series ''Herman's Head*, *Band of Brothers*, and *Boomtown*. More recently, he is the creator of the NBC drama *Raines* starring Jeff Goldblum that premiered on March 15, 2007.

Yost won an Emmy award for his part in the mini-series *From the Earth to the Moon* and for his involvement in *The Pacific*. Graham also won a Golden Globe for his work on HBO miniseries, *Band of Brothers''. Graham was one of the writers for the show.

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Vertebra

s for the ribs]]
]]

**Vertebrae** (singular: ***vertebra***) are the individual irregular bones that make up the spinal column (*aka* ischis) – a flexuous and flexible column.
There are normally thirty-three (33) vertebrae in humans, including the five that are fused to form the sacrum (the others are separated by intervertebral discs) and the four coccygeal bones which form the *tailbone*.
The upper three regions comprise the remaining 24, and are grouped under the names *cervical* (7 vertebrae), *thoracic* (12 vertebrae) and *lumbar* (5 vertebrae), according to the regions they occupy.  Each vertebra has a hole through which the spinal cord passes. 

## References 
* Gray's Anatomy: The Vertebral column - The 1917 Gray's Anatomy is available via the Bartleby project. It is available with full colour diagrams, and provides an excellent starting point in anatomy, as well as a relatively complete source for gross anatomy. This article was copied and pasted from the 1917 Gray's Anatomy, which is in the public domain.
* Smart implant will help broken vertebra  - An article from IsraCast
1928 Winter Olympics

The **1928 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **II Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The 1928 Games were the first true *Winter Olympics* held on its own and not as a part of a *Summer Olympics*. The preceding 1924 Winter Olympics were later renamed as Winter Olympics. They were actually part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. All preceding Winter Events of the Olympic Games were the winter sports part of the schedule of the Summer Games, and not as a separate Winter Games.

## Participating nations 
Athletes from 25 nations competed at these Games, up from 16 in 1924. This was the first time many countries attended the Winter Olympic Games, including Argentina, Estonia, Germany, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Romania.

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* IOC page for the 1928 Winter Olympics
1928 Summer Olympics

The **1928 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the IX Olympiad**, were held at Amsterdam in the Netherlands.  
  
The games were thought to be a success. Half of the expense of the games was covered by the Dutch government.

## Participating nations 
A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. Malta, Panama, and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Germany returned after having been banned in 1920 and 1924.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites
* Amsterdam 1928 at Olympic.org
1924 Winter Olympics

The **1924 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **I Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1924 in Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, Europe (FRANCE) between 30 January and 2 February 1922. At first, the games were called ''Semaine Internationale des Sports d'Hiver'' ("International Winter Sports Week") and were held as part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. It was later decided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that the Games would be called the I Olympic Winter Games. Russia won the four man bobsled.

## Participating nations 
Athletes from 16 nations competed in the first Winter Olympic Games.

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## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1924 Winter Olympics
Ridge (meteorology)

A **ridge** is a stretched out area of high atmospheric pressure compared to normal recorded pressures. It is also the opposite of a trough.

## Related pages
* Trough (meteorology)
Hurricane Hunters

**Hurricane Hunters** are special aircraft that fly into or around a tropical cyclone to gather information (or data). Hurricane Hunters are only used to study tropical cyclones in the northern Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean.

## Other websites 
* 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron homepage
* 403rd Wing Homepage 
* Air Weather Reconnaissance Association homepage
* NHC Reconnaissance data archive 
* The NOAA Aircraft Operations Center homepage 
* Navy Hurricane Hunters homepage 
* VW-1 All Hands Alumni Association homepage
St. Vincent Island (Florida)

**St. Vincent Island, Florida** is one of a group of islands that is located in the Floridan Gulf Coast.

## Other websites
*St. Vincent Island at Green Nature 
*Forgotten Florida 
*Apalachee
1936 Winter Olympics

The **1936 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **IV Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1936 in the town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria, Germany. Germany also hosted the Summer Olympics the same year in Berlin.

## Participating nations 
28 nations sent athletes to compete in Germany, to date the largest number at a Winter Games. Australia, Bulgaria, Greece, Liechtenstein, Spain, and Turkey all made their Winter Olympic debut in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and Estonia, Latvia, the Netherlands, and Yugoslavia all returned to the Games after having missed the 1932 Winter Olympics.

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* IOC page for the 1936 Winter Olympics
Philodendron

***Philodendron*** (*tree lover*) is a large genus of the Arum family, Araceae. Currently, about 900 different species are known. The plants are evergreen flowering plants. Some of them are vines, some can grow as epiphytes. Most of them grow like bushes. They can reach a height of about 6 meters.

Very often, *Philodendron* are grown as houseplants. They grow quickly, and are easy to care for. Sometimes *Monstera* are still called *Philodendron*. That plant is very similar.

*Philodendron* are sometime grown because they can neutralise some poisons commonly found indoors, most notably formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and benzene.
1940 Summer Olympics

The **1940 Summer Olympics**, officially known as **Games of the XII Olympiad**, were not held.

The games were planned for Tokyo in Japan, but the Japanese organizers  in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

In 1938, the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the games at Helsinki in Finland.

The games were cancelled because of World War II.

## Related pages
*Sports in Japan
*1916 Summer Olympics
*1940 Winter Olympics
*1944 Summer Olympics
*1944 Winter Olympics

## References
## Other websites
Sagittarius

**Sagittarius** could mean:
*Sagittarius (constellation)
*Sagittarius (astrology), an astrological sign
*Sagittarius dwarf elliptical galaxy
*Sagittarius (band), a 60's California recording project featuring Gary Usher and Curt Boettcher
*Sagittarius (comics), a member of a fictional evil organization called Zodiac.
*Sagittarius (Russian TV children channel), a member who had in Saint Petersburg kids children channel.
*Sagittarii were Roman mounted archers.
*Sagittarii (gladiators) were Roman mounted-archer gladiators.