open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sodankylä

**Sodankylä** is a municipality in Lapland. Almost 8,890 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Inari, Kemijärvi, Kittilä, Pelkosenniemi, Rovaniemi and Savukoski.

## Some villages 
Some villages in Sodankylä are Kersilö, Kierinki, Lismanaapa, Luosto, Torvinen.

## Other websites 
*
Evijärvi

**Evijärvi** is a municipality in Finland. In January 2014, 2,689 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Kauhava, Kruunupyy, Lappajärvi, Pedersöre and Veteli.

## Other websites 
*
Historical linguistics

**Historical linguistics** is the study of language change. It has five main concerns:
#to study changes in particular languages
#to discover the pre-history of languages, and group them into language families (comparative linguistics)
#to develop theories about how and why language or sound changes
#to describe the history of speech communities
#to study the history of words, etymology.

## History and development
Modern historical linguistics dates from the late 18th century. It grew out of the earlier discipline of philology, the study of ancient texts and documents dating back to antiquity.

At first, historical linguistics was comparative linguistics. The focus was on the well-known Indo-European languages, many of which had long written histories. Scholars also studied the Uralic languages, another language family for which less early written material exists.

Since then, there has been linguistic work in non-European languages, such as on the Austronesian languages and various families of Native American languages.

Comparative linguistics is now part of a discipline of historical linguistics. For Indo-European languages, comparative study is now a well-developed field. Most research is being carried out on their later development, such as the development of the modern standard varieties.

Some scholars have done studies attempting to establish super-families. They have, for example, linked Indo-European, Uralic, and other families into Nostratic. Such attempts have not been accepted widely. The information needed to establish relatedness becomes thinner the farther back. The time depth of linguistic methods is limited because of chance word resemblances and variations between language groups. Scholars can trace language changes back to around 10,000 years. The dating of the various proto-languages is also difficult; several methods are available for dating, but only approximate results are possible.

## References
Egon Bahr

**Egon Karl-Heinz Bahr** (18 March 1922 &ndash; 20 August 2015) was a German SPD politician.

During World War II Bahr was expelled from the Wehrmacht because he was partly of Jewish descent.

After the war he worked as a journalist and a diplomat before entering into politics.

Bahr was promoted by West German Chancellor Willy Brandt to serve as Secretary of the Prime Minister's Office from 1969 until 1972. Between 1972 and 1990 he was an MP in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1972 until 1976 was also a Minister of the Federal Government.

## References
## Other websites
Space debris

from a top-down view. The cloud of objects in the center are objects in low Earth orbit, and the ring on the edge is objects in geostationary orbit.]]

**Space debris** is the collection of useless objects that are in orbit around Earth, for example broken satellites, empty rocket stages, pieces of metal, and many more. Because of how much space debris there is, collisions happen between space debris and sometimes even operational spacecraft, creating more debris.

Since the start of space programs and the launch of Sputnik 1, NORAD has an active list of all known space launches and objects that are in Earth orbit, including waste parts, for example booster rockets. This is the Space Object Catalog.

## Related pages 
* Kessler Syndrome

## Other websites 
* https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/science-environment-56845104 Space junk map tracks 200 ‘ticking time bombs’.
* Space debris -Citizendium
Mediant (mathematics)

In mathematics, the mediant of two fractions

: \frac{a}{c} \text{ and } \frac{b}{d} 

is 

: \frac{a+b}{c+d} .

It is commonly referred to as the **freshman sum**, due to it being a common mistake when people learn about the addition of fractions. The operation is between two fractions, therefore the way these fractions are represented influence the mediant. For example, the mediant of 1/1 and 1/2 is 2/3, but the mediant of 2/2 and 1/2 is 3/4, even though the sum of both is 3/2.
Seligman, Arizona

**Seligman** () is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. The population was 446 at the 2020 census.

Delgadillo's Snow Cap Drive-In is a popular tourist attraction in the town.

## References
Chamaerops

, Morocco]]
***Chamaerops*** is a genus of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae (palm family). There is one species called ***Chamaerops humilis*** (**European fan palm**, **Mediterranean dwarf palm** or **dwarf fan palm**). It is the only palm species native to continental Europe. It is found in coastal areas of southern France, Morocco and Italy. It is a shrub-like clumping palm, with several stems growing from a single base. The stems grow slowly and often tightly together, eventually reaching 2–5 m tall. 

## References
Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota

The **Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota** is a Franco-German military helicopter design. It is built from the EC145 twin-turboshaft helicopter. It replaces the Bell UH-1 Iroquois in medical flights. The UH-72 can also replace Bell OH-58A & C in communication and observation duties. The helicopter is built in the United States by American Eurocopter, a branch of Eurocopter.

## Users 
;
*Royal Thai Army.

; 
* US Army.
* US Navy.

In the US Navy this helicopter is used by US Naval Test Pilot School in support filghts.
Eurocopter EC145

The **Eurocopter EC145** is a civil and military twin-turboshaft helicopter. It is built in Germany. It is a modernized variant of the MBB/Kawasaki BK117. It is used for both transport and SAR. The UH-72 Lakota is a military variant for the US Army. The military variants are mainly known as **Eurocopter EC645**.

## Users
Maurice Faure

**Maurice Faure** (2 January 1922 &ndash; 6 March 2014) was a French politician and diplomat. He was a member of the French Resistance and a minister in several French governments. He was born in Azerat, Dordogne.

Faure died on 6 March 2014 in Cahors, Lot. He was 92 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Maurice Faure at the European Parliament
Alexis Hunter

**Alexis Jan Atthill Hunter** (4 November 1948 &ndash; 24 February 2014) was a contemporary New Zealand painter and photographer. She used feminist theory in her work and was a member of Stuckism.

Hunter was born in Epsom, Auckland. Her and her sister, Alyson, were twins. Her parents were from Australia. She married to Baxter Mitchell from 1986 until her death.

Hunter died from motor neurone disease on 24 February 2014 in London, England. She was 65.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Manlio Sgalambro

**Manlio Sgalambro** (9 December 1924 &ndash; 6 March 2014) was an Italian philosopher, poet and writer. He wrote poetry between the 1940s until his death. He was born in Lentini, Province of Syracuse.

Sgalambro died on 6 March 2014 in Catania. He was 89 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
Shamrock Summit

with Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan in Quebec City, Canada, March 18, 1985, the second day of the summit.]]

The **Shamrock Summit** was a summit meeting that took place in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada on 17-18 March 1985. It was a meeting between Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney and President of the United States Ronald Reagan. 

It was nicknamed the "Shamrock Summit" because both leaders had an Irish background. The meeting is well known because both leaders began to sing the song "When Irish Eyes are Smiling" with their wives at the Grand Théâtre de Québec in Quebec City at the end of the summit. The leaders discussed military, environment and free trade issues.

## References
Coleen Gray

* (1952)]]
**Coleen Gray** (October 23, 1922 &ndash; August 3, 2015) was an American movie, stage and television actress. 

She was known for her roles in *Nightmare Alley*, *Kiss of Death*, *Red River*, and in *The Killing''. She began her acting career in 1944. Gray retired in 1988. 

Gray was born in Staplehurst, Nebraska. She studied at Hamlin University. 

Gray was married to Rodney Amateau from 1945 until they divorced in 1949. Then, she was married to William Bidlack from 1953 until his death in 1978. They had a son, Bruce Bidlack. She was last married to Fritz Zeiser from 1979 until his death in 2012. 

Gray died in Los Angeles, California, aged 92.

## Other websites
*
*
Naantali

**Naantali** is a city in Finland. It had 19,000 living there in February 2014. The municipalities next to it are Parainen, Masku, Raisio, Taivassalo and Turku.

## Other websites 
* The official page
Reggiane Re.2000 Falco

The **Reggiane Re.2000 Falco** is a fighter aircraft of the World War II. The plane was designed and built in Italy. It first flew in 1938. It was used by Italy, Hungary, and Sweden. The Cockpit was just for a pilot. It was the basis of Reggiane Re.2001 Falco II and Reggiane Re.2002 Ariete.

## Bibliography 
*
Martin Nesbitt (politician)

**Martin Luther Nesbitt, Jr.** (September 25, 1946 &ndash; March 6, 2014) was an American Democratic member of the North Carolina Senate. He represented the 49th district (Buncombe County). He was born in Asheville, North Carolina.

Nesbitt died from stomach cancer on March 6, 2014 in his hometown of Asheville, North Carolina. He was 67.

## References
## Other websites
*
Parainen

**Parainen**, *Pargas*, is a city in Southwest Finland. About 15,500 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Brändö, Sottunga, Kökar, Kemiönsaari, Sauvo, Kaarina, Turku, Naantali and Kustavi.

It was created as Väståboland on 1 January 2009, when the former municipalities of Pargas, Nagu, Korpo, Houtskär and Iniö were merged into a single municipality.

Most people speak Swedish.

## Other websites 
*
IAR-99

The **IAR-99** is a military training jet aircraft. It was designed and built in Romania by IAR (Industria Aeronautică Română). The IAR-99 was flown for the first time in 1985. It is used only by the Romanian Air Force.

## Bibliography 
* Frawley, Gerard, *The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003* .  London : Aerospace Publication, 2002. .
* Gaillard, Pierre, ''Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui'' Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
Alejandro Zaffaroni

**Alejandro Zaffaroni** (February 27, 1923 &ndash; March 1, 2014) was a Uruguayan&ndash;American entrepreneur. He is best known for founding several successful biotechnology companies in Silicon Valley. He was born in Montevideo.

Zaffaroni died from complications of dementia on March 1, 2014 at his home in Atherton, California. He was 91 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Alejandro Zaffaroni interview  at the TheTech
Arado Ar 234

The **Arado Ar 234** was the first twin-turbojet bomber in the world. It was designed and built by the Arado company in Nazi Germany. The Ar 234 was used by the German Air Force (the *Luftwaffe*) near the end of World War II. It was flown for the first time in 1943.

## Bibliography 
*
Chernóbil, la noche del fin del mundo

, Ukraine.]]
***Chernóbil, la noche del fin del mundo*** () is a Spanish documentary. It was produced by Plural Entertainment. It is hosted by Iker Jiménez and his partner and wife, Carmen Porter.

The documentary is about the 1986 Chornobyl disaster. It was broadcast for the first time on 11 June 2008 at Yelmo Islazul cinemas in Madrid.

## References
Luis Villoro

**Luis Villoro Toranzo** (3 November 1922 &ndash; 5 March 2014) was a Spanish&ndash;Mexican philosopher,  researcher, university professor, diplomat, academic and writer. He published more than ten books between 1950 and 2007. He was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Villoro died from respiratory failure on 5 March 2014 in Mexico City. He was 91 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Luis Villoro  at the Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas
Lappajärvi

**Lappajärvi** is a municipality in Finland. It had 3,310 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Alajärvi, Evijärvi, Kauhava, Lapua, Veteli and Vimpeli.

## Some villages 
Mynkelinmäki, Nissi, Itäkylä, Savonkylä, Tarvola and Karvala.

## Other websites 
* Tervetuloa Lappajärvelle!
Eye contact

, France, November 1940.]]

**Eye contact** occurs when "two people look at each other's eyes at the same time".

Eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication. It is a meaningful sign of social communication, but exactly what it means depends on the situation. The customs and significance of eye contact vary widely between cultures, with religious and social differences often altering its meaning greatly.

Eye contact and facial expressions give social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, probe each other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. Sometimes, the meeting of eyes arouses strong emotions.

Eye contact is also an important element in flirting, where it may serve to establish and gauge the other's interest in some situations.

## Different societies 
In traditional societies, the role of women is usually very different from men. So, women lower their eyes, and do not to look directly at a man's face.  Lustful glances at the opposite sex, young or adult, are forbidden.

Another social difference is that of status. Japanese children are taught in school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple or tie knot. As adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior as a gesture of respect.

In many cultures, such as East Asia and Nigeria, it is respectful not to look the dominant person in the eye, but in Western culture this can be interpreted as being "shifty-eyed", or untrustworthy.

## References
Lexington, Massachusetts

**Lexington** is a city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. Its population in the 2020 census was 34,454. It is famous for being the place where the American Revolutionary War began, with the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775.

Image:Lexington_Battle_Green,_Lexington_MA.jpg|Lexington Battle Green
Image:Minuteman_Bikeway_at_the_site_of_Pierces_Bridge,_Lexington_MA.jpg|Minuteman Bikeway
Image:Old_Burying_Ground,_Lexington_MA.jpg|Old Burying Ground
Hellmuth Walter

**Hellmuth Walter** (26 August 1900 in Wedel near Hamburg – 16 December 1980 in Upper Montclair, New Jersey) was a German engineer. He pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines. 

His most noteworthy contributions were rocket motors for the Messerschmitt Me 163 and Bachem Ba 349 fighter planes. He designed JATO (jet-assisted take-off) units for various Luftwaffe aircraft during World War II, and a revolutionary new propulsion system for submarines known as air-independent propulsion (AIP).

In 1945 he got the Knight's Cross for his work. After the war he worked for the Royal Navy and in America. Finally, in 1956, he founded the company Hellmuth Walter GmbH in Kiel. In 1967 he built a civilian submarine, STINT, with Walter propulsion.

## References
Kaustinen

**Kaustinen** is a municipality in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had 4,293 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Halsua, Kokkola, Kruunupyy and Veteli.

The municipality was established in 1868.

## Other websites 
* The official page
Kronoby

**Kronoby** () is a municipality in Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had about 6,700 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Evijärvi, Kaustinen, Kokkola, Luoto, Pedersöre and Veteli. 

The municipality was established in 1607.

## References 
## Other websites 
*The official page
*
Nostratic

**Nostratic** is a hypothetical language family which includes many of the present-day language families of Eurasia. The idea is that Nostratic was spoken after the ice sheets melted but before people spread out throughout Europe and Asia.

Many of today's languages are descendants of Nostratic, so it is thought. These include the Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic and Kartvelian languages. The Afroasiatic languages, native to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Near East, as well as the Dravidian languages of the Indian subcontinent, are usually included as well.

The name "Nostratic" is derived from the Latin *nostrates*, meaning "us" (in other words, fellow countrymen). The idea was expanded in the 1960s by Soviet linguists, called the "Moscovite school" by Bomhard. It has received renewed attention in English-speaking academia since the 1990s.

The hypothesis is controversial and has varying degrees of acceptance amongst linguists worldwide. Some linguists are unsure.

The hypothetical ancestral language of the Nostratic family is called **Proto-Nostratic**. It would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BC, in the Epipalaeolithic period, near the end of the last glacial period.

]]

## Related pages 
*Historical linguistics

## References
Guy Lafleur

**Guy Damien Lafleur** OC, CQ (September 20, 1951 &ndash; April 22, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. Lafleur became the first player in the National Hockey League to score 50 goals and 100 points in six straight seasons. He spent 17 seasons in the NHL, playing for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Quebec Nordiques. During his time in the NHL, he won five Stanley Cups. He went by the nicknames "The Flower" and "The Demon Blond".

He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988. Lafleur died on April 22, 2022 in Montreal, Canada from lung cancer, aged 70.

## References
## Other websites
*
Instagram

**Instagram**, often known as **Insta** or **IG**, is an American online photo and video sharing social networking service, which allows users to take photo and videos. It also allows their addition of digital filters and sharing to followers, from where they can be further shared to other social networking services, such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr and Flickr.
## History
### 2015
In 2015, Instagram confined photos to a square shape, similar to Kodak Instamatic and polaroid images. 
### 2016
In August 2016, Instagram launched Instagram Stories, a feature that allows users to take photos by adding effects and layers to be placed into user stories. Photos uploaded to user stories will expire after 24 hours. This was different than the 4:3 aspect ratio typically used by digital cameras. Users were able to share very short videos. 
### 2017
In 2017, the length limit was raised to ten minutes. Instagram was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger. When Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger talked to famous photographer Peter Parker, a photographer for the Daily Bugle, Systrom and Krieger were inspired to make an app just for photography. It was released on October 6, 2010.
### 2021
As of December 2021, Cristiano Ronaldo was the user with the highest number of followers on the platform.

## Related pages
*Threads (app)

## References
Bugsy Siegel

**Benjamin Siegel** (February 28, 1906 – June 20, 1947) was an American mobster with the Luciano crime family. Siegel was one of the founders and leaders of Murder, Inc. and became a bootlegger during Prohibition. After Prohibition was repealed in 1933, he turned to gambling. He was one of the key people in the rise of Las Vegas in the 1940s.

Warren Beatty starred as Siegel in the 1991 movie of his life, Bugsy. Siegel was the model for the character Moe Greene in *The Godfather* (Godfather part I).

## References
Battle of Glorieta Pass

The **Battle of Glorieta Pass** was a battle during the American Civil War. It was fought in New Mexico Territory on 28 March 1862.  It was one of the farthest west battles of the war. There was a skirmish (or minor battle between small groups) on March 26. This was between scouting parties from each army. The main battle took place on March 28. The Confederates were able to push the Union force back through the pass. However, the Confederates had to retreat when their supply train was destroyed and most of their horses were run off. Eventually, the Confederates had to leave the territory and return to Texas. 

## References 
## Other websites 
The Battle of Glorieta Pass: A Shattered Dream, *National Park Service*
Chicagoland (TV series)

***Chicagoland*** is a documentary series based in Chicago, Illinois. It is produced by Robert Redford. Its pilot episode was premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival on January 19. It was aired on CNN on March 6, 2014. The documentary is about the problems facing both the city and its mayor Rahm Emanuel. The series ended on April 24, 2014.

## References
Nicolaas Bloembergen

**Nicolaas "Nico" Bloembergen** (March 11, 1920 &ndash; September 5, 2017) was a Dutch-American physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981. 

He won the award with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn. He won the prize for his works in laser spectroscopy.

Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht, Netherlands. He studied at Leiden University and at the University of Utrecht. Bloembergen became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1951.

## References
## Other websites
Yulia Lipnitskaya

**Yulia Lipnitskaya** (; born on 5 June 1998) is a Russian figure skater. She is a 2014 Olympic champion in the figure skating team event, the 2014 World Championships silver medalist, the 2014 European champion, the 2013/14 Grand Prix Final silver medalist, the 2012 World Junior champion.

## References 
## Other websites
* Julia Lipnitskaia at the International Skating Union
* Yulia Lipnitskaya  at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Parliamentary republic

are shown in **red** and **orange**. Red is a constitutional monarchy. Orange is a parliamentary republic. **Green** is where the parliament helps the executive, but does not choose it.]]
A **parliamentary republic** is a name for a government. The system is used in many countries.

## What it looks like
In a parliamentary system, the legislature is the part of government that makes laws. The legislature also gives power to the executive (the part of government that enforces laws). This is the basic form of a parliamentary republic. The difference is how the legislature gets its power. The legislature is not chosen by a ruler or by birth. The people choose the legislature in an election. This means that the executives get their power from the legislature, but the legislature gets its power from the people.

## How it works
The people choose the legislature. There are many people in the legislature. That group then gets together to choose one person to be their leader. The leader is often part of the legislature. The name for this job is Prime Minister in most countries. The Prime Minister is the head of government. This person leads the country. This way, the people are the power behind the parliamentary republic. They choose the units that make government work. 

This is different from other parliamentary systems because the legislature is chosen in a different way. In other parliamentary systems, members are chosen by the head of state, the local leaders, or by birth. In a parliamentary republic, the people choose the members. The people do this through elections. Sometimes they vote for every person in parliament. Other times they vote for people in their area. The politicians they elect go to parliament to make laws and select the head of state. This gives the people power to decide who is in government. 

## Examples
## Notes
## References
Francis George

**Francis Eugene George** OMI (January 16, 1937 &ndash; April 17, 2015) was an American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was the eighth Archbishop of Chicago. George resigned in September 2014 because of health issues. Blase J. Cupich succeeded him. From 2007 to 2010, he was President of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.

George was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2012. George died in Chicago from the disease at the age of 78.

## References
## Other websites
The Hunger Games

***The Hunger Games*** may refer to:
*The Hunger Games trilogy, a trilogy of adventure novels by Suzanne Collins.
**The Hunger Games* (movie), the first movie in the series
Aaron Carter

**Aaron Carter** (December 7, 1987&ndash;November 5, 2022) was an American pop singer. He was born in Tampa, Florida. He became famous in the late 1990s.

## Career
Carter started his music career when he was seven years old as the singer of Dead End. He left the band after two years.

Carter performed for the first time on his own in Berlin in March 1997 as the opening act for Backstreet Boys. He was 9 years old. After this he was signed to Edel America. His first album *Aaron Carter* was released in December 1997 in Europe. It was released in the United States on June 16, 1998. 

Carter acted in the 2004 movie *Fat Albert* and *Popstar* in 2005 with the soundtrack "Saturday Night".

Carter had an older brother, Nick, and three sisters, Angel (twin sister), B.J. and Leslie.

On November 5, 2022, Carter died at home at the age of 34.

## References
## Other websites
*http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004809/ IMDB
Daniel Sturridge

**Daniel Andre Sturridge** (born 1 September 1989) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker and is now a television pundit for Sky Sports.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:*England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Sturridge goal*
*FA Cup: 2009–10, 2011–12
*UEFA Champions League: 2011–12

**Liverpool**
*Football League Cup runner-up: 2015–16
*UEFA Champions League: 2018–19
*UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2015–16

**Individual**
*PFA Team of the Year: 2013–14 Premier League
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2011
*Premier League Player of the Month: August 2013, February 2014

## References
## Other websites
*
Harrison Dillard

**William Harrison "Bones" Dillard** (July 8, 1923 &ndash; November 15, 2019) was an American track and field athlete. He was the only male so far to win Olympic titles in both sprinting and hurdling events. 

Dillard was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at East Technical High School and at Baldwin-Wallace College. Dillard died of stomach cancer in Cleveland on November 15, 2019 at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
Geneva Summit (1985)

The **Geneva Summit** of 1985 was a meeting in Geneva, Switzerland. It was held on November 19 and 20, 1985. It was between U.S. president Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. 

The two leaders met for the first time. They met to hold talks about not to use nuclear weapons and to seek a partnership between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Moscow Summit (1988)

The **Moscow Summit** was a summit meeting between U.S. President of the United States Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. 

It was held on May 29 through June 2, 1988. The summit was held in order to seek peace and to ban nuclear weapon use between the Soviet Union and the United States. The treaty they signed was the INF Treaty.
Jemaine Clement

**Jemaine Atea Mahana Clement** (born 10 January 1974) is a New Zealand comedian, actor and musician. He is best known as one half of the Grammy Award-winning comedy duo Flight of the Conchords with Bret McKenzie. He has starred in movies such as *Gentlemen Broncos* (2009), *Rio* (2011), *Men in Black 3* (2012), *The BFG* and *Moana* (both 2016).

Clement was born in Masterton, Wellington Region. He is of Māori ancestry. He has a son with his wife, theatre actress and playwright Miranda Manasiadis.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ristijärvi

**Ristijärvi** is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had 1,434 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Puolanka, Hyrynsalmi, Kuhmo, Sotkamo, and Paltamo.

## Other websites 
* The official page
Lapua

**Lapua** is a city in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It had almost 14,700 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Alajärvi, Kauhava, Kuortane, Lappajärvi and Seinäjoki.

## Other websites 
* Perhekoon kaypunki
Washington Summit (1987)

The **Washington Summit** of 1987 was Cold War-era summit meeting between U.S. president Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. It took place between December 8-10 in Washington, D.C.. 

Reagan and Gorbachev talked about problems in Afghanistan, Central America, and South Africa, arms control problems for chemical weapons, the status of START agreements, and human rights. 

Reagan achieved the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty during the summit.
Pirkkala

**Pirkkala** is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had about 18,500 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Tampere, Nokia, Lempäälä, and Vesilahti. Pirkkala has been growing fast but doesn't yet have the status of a town or city.

## Other websites 
* The official Pirkkala page
Fred Phelps

**Fred Waldron Phelps Sr.** (November 13, 1929&nbsp;– March 19, 2014) was an American pastor, civil rights activist, anti-gay activist and disbarred lawyer. He was born in Meridian, Mississippi. He was often called "the most hated man in America".

## Early life
On September 3, 1935, when Phelps was five years old, his mother died of esophageal cancer.  After the death of their mother, Phelps and his younger sister were raised by their great-aunt Irene Jordan in Meridian. In 1950, Jordan died in a car accident. On December 25, 1944, Phelps' father married Olive Briggs, and Phelps and his sister were raised by their father and stepmother in Meridian.

## Legal career
Phelps earned a law degree from Washburn University in 1964. He started the Phelps Chartered law firm. In 1989 Phelps' legal career ended.

## Political views
Phelps was a member of the Democratic Party.

## Death
Phelps died from congestive heart failure on the morning of March 19, 2014 in Topeka, Kansas. He was 84 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Tamás Nádas

**Tamás Nádas** (20 March 1969 &ndash; 7 March 2014) was a Hungarian aerobatics pilot and world champion air racer. He was born in Kiskunlacháza, Hungary.

Nádas was killed when his plane crashed during an inverted (upside down) flyover at the Al Khor Airport in Al Khor, Qatar. He was 44 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
Flight of the Conchords

**Flight of the Conchords** is a New Zealand comedy duo. They consist of Bret McKenzie and Jemaine Clement. Together they are actors, comedians and musicians. Their work spawned a BBC radio series and then a HBO television  *Flight of the Conchords* (2007&ndash;09).

The group was formed in Wellington during 1998.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Victor Shem-Tov

**Victor Shem-Tov** (, ; 1 February 1915 &ndash; 8 March 2014) was an Israeli politician. He was minister without portfolio from 1969 to 1970, minister of health from 27 July 1970 to 20 June 1977, and also minister of welfare and social services from 3 June 1974 to 29 October 1974.

Shem-Tov was born in Samokov, Bulgaria and mostly lived in the capital Sofia. In 1939, at the age of 24, he made aliyah. The same year he joined Hashomer Hatzair.

Shem-Tov died on 8 March 2014. He was 99 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* Bio at Knesset Website
Jeremy Thorpe

**John Jeremy Thorpe** (29 April 1929 &ndash; 4 December 2014) was a British Liberal politician.

Thorpe was born in South Kensington, London, the son of former Conservative Member of Parliament John Henry Thorpe. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Oxford. He was the MP for North Devon from 1959 until 1979. He was leader of his party from 1967 until 1976.

In 1979 at the Central Criminal Court in London, Thorpe was acquitted of conspiracy to murder model Norman Scott. a former model, met Thorpe while working as a stable lad. He claimed that he and Thorpe had a sexual relationship between 1961 and 1963, when homosexual acts were illegal in Britain.

Enquiries led to Thorpe and three others being charged with conspiracy to murder Scott. During the investigation, an antique firearms collector, Dennis Meighan, confessed he had been hired by a representative of a person called "a Mr Big in the Liberal Party" to kill Scott for £13,500. Meighan later claimed that his 1975 oral confession was significantly shortened when it was offered to him for signing: "I read the statement, which did me no end of favours, but it did Jeremy Thorpe no end of favours as well, because it left him completely out of it..."  and it made headlines when he described Scott as "a crook, an accomplished liar ... a fraud".   The four defendants were all acquitted on 22 June 1979. Dennis Meighan was never called to give evidence and remained silent until 2014, when he acknowledged his involvement and commented: "It was a cover-up, no question, but it suited me fine". Thorpe was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

## References
Bristol Belvedere

The **Bristol Belvedere** was a British helicopter used for military transport. It was a tandem-rotor (2 rotor) aircraft with two turboshafts.
Folland Gnat

The **Folland Gnat** is a British fighter aircraft. It was also used as a training aircraft. The Folland Gnat is a single-turbojet aircraft. It is completely made of metal. The Gnat was used by RAF's Red Arrows as a team plane. Finland also used it. In India the aircraft company Hindustan Aeronautics Limited built this aircraft as **HAL Ajeet**.

## References
Three Dollar Bill, Y'all

'''''Three Dollar Bill, Y'all$'''* is the debut studio album by American nu metal band, Limp Bizkit. *Three Dollar Bill, Y'all$'' was released on July 1, 1997.

The album featured the singles "Counterfeit", "Sour", and a cover of George Michaels' song "Faith". Guitarist Wes Borland said in an interview that George Michael hated Limp Bizkit's cover and "hates us for doing it".

The album had attracted controversy when Interscope Records paid a Portland, Oregon radio station $5,000 to play the single "Counterfeit" fifty times which attracted criticism of "payola" toward both the band and the label.

## Songs
## References
Significant Other (album)

***Significant Other*** is the second studio album by American nu metal band, Limp Bizkit. *Significant Other* was released on June 22, 1999.

The album featured the singles "Nookie", "Re-Arranged", "N 2 Gether Now", and "Break Stuff".

The band performed at Woodstock '99. When they performed, the crowd turned violent especially when the band performed the song "Break Stuff". Many several sexual assaults were reported in the aftermath of the concert. Durst announced during the concert that "People are getting hurt. Don't let anybody get hurt. But I don't think you should mellow out. That's what Alanis Morissette had you motherfuckers do. If someone falls, pick 'em up. We already let the negative energy out. Now we wanna let out the positive energy". Durst later said in an interview, "I didn't see anybody getting hurt. You don't see that. When you're looking out on a sea of people and the stage is twenty feet in the air and you're performing, and you're feeling your music, how do they expect us to see something bad going on?".

## Songs
## References
Vyond

**Vyond** (formerly **GoAnimate**) is an American Cloud computing-based website service. It is for making and posting animated videos online. It was founded by Alvin Hung on November 1, 2007.

Vyond allows users to make narrative videos, in which characters speak with lip synching and move around. Users can also make video presentations with voices. The program lets the user select backgrounds, and place objects in a scene. 

The service has multiple prices based on subscription level. Some are aimed for use by businesses, others in schools, and others for a single person to use. There is a basic free version also.

At first, GoAnimate was powered by Adobe Flash. Back then, it had multiple theme styles, each with their own objects and different kinds of characters. In October 2015, Vyond announced it was migrating to HTML5 starting on January 4, 2016.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Convair R3Y Tradewind

The **Convair R3Y Tradewind** is a US military flying boat. It was first flown in 1954. The R3Y was used by Squadron VR-2 of the US Navy. It has four turboprop engines. The front of the R3Y-2 would open for loading and it had a high cockpit. It was intended to be taxied (moved in the water) to a beach like a landing craft. But pilots found it too hard to control.

## References
Shaanxi KJ-200

The **Shaanxi KJ-200** is a Chinese military aircraft. It is designed to be an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft. It is a modification of the Y-8 transport aircraft. There are 3 examples in service in China.

## Similar aircrafts 
* Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
* SAAB S-100

## References
Tachikawa Ki-36

The **Tachikawa Ki-36** was a single-engine light attack aircraft. It was flown by Japan during World War II. The Ki-36 was first flown in 1938. It was not very fast having a top speed of only 217 mph.

## References 
::
The End (novel)

***The End*** is the thirteenth and last book in the series *A Series of Unfortunate Events* by Lemony Snicket. The book was released on Friday, October 13, 2006.

It reveals many secrets including the real meaning of V.F.D.; the secret organisation. It tells what is hidden in the famous Sugar Bowl.

## References
Vesilahti

**Vesilahti** is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had about 4,4800 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Akaa, Lempäälä, Nokia, Pirkkala, Sastamala and Urjala.

## Other websites 
* The official Vesilahti page
Graham Norton

**Graham William Walker** (born 4 April 1963), better known by his stage name **Graham Norton**, is an Irish actor, comedian and television presenter. He is best known for hosting *So Graham Norton* (1998&ndash;2002), *V Graham Norton* (2002&ndash;03), *The Graham Norton Effect* (2004), ''Graham Norton's Bigger Picture* (2004&ndash;05) and *The Graham Norton Show'' (2007&ndash;present).

In the United Kingdom, he is known for being the UK commentator for the Eurovision Song Contest.

Norton was born in Clondalkin, Dublin and grew up in Bandon, County Cork. He comes from a Protestant family. He is openly gay.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Tethys

**Tethys** can refer to:

* Tethys (mythology), a Titaness in Greek mythology
* Tethys (moon), a natural satellite of Saturn
* Tethys Ocean, a Mesozoic-era ocean between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia
* *Tethys* (gastropod), genus of gastropods in the family Tethydidae
Baarle

|}
**Baarle**, legally consists of two towns **Baarle-Nassau**, is a town in the Netherlands.

During the twelfth century the area was swampland.  In 1198 Hendrik I, the Duke of Brabant made over some of the land to Godfried of Schoten, the Lord of Breda. Hendrick kept the lands that were paying him a rent. The area that Hendrick kept is now part of Belgium. The area that was given to Gotfried is now in the Netherlands. The title "Lord of Breda" is now held by Willem-Alexander, king of the Netherlands.  The title, "Duke of Brabant" is now a courtesy title of the heir to the Belgian throne.

Baarle-Hertog and Baarle-Nassau each have a burgermeester (mayor). Each town has its own elected town council and each has a police station. Each town has its own church. In some areas the two town councils can cooperate. They have set up a joint council to look after things like electricity, water and gas supplies, highway maintenance and refuse collection. 

Both councils also fund a joint cultural centre that houses a combined library. The cultural centre has two official entrances. The international border passes through the building. The Dutch entrance is at 7 Pastoor de Katerstraat. The Belgian entrance is at 5 Pastoor de Katerstraat. The tourist office is affiliated to both the Dutch and the Belgian tourist boards.    

Dutch trading law applies to the Dutch parts of the town. Belgian trading laws apply to the Belgian parts of the town. Difference in the laws have encouraged smuggling. After the Second World War many people smuggled butter from the Netherlands into Belgium. In modern times many people buy fireworks in Belgium and smuggle them into the Netherlands. 
 
## References
SAAB S-100

The **SAAB S-100** is a Swedish military aircraft. It is designed to be an AWACS aircraft. It was built from the SAAB 340's airliner.

Ukraine got (2025) an [ Argus radar airplane or Saab radar airplane or] *Saab 340 AEW&C*. It is an Airborne early warning and control (picture) airplane.

Militaries that use these airplanes:  Ukraine is using its first Saab 340 AEW&C; It got it in 2025.

## Bibliography 
* 

## References
Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

**Malaysia Airlines Flight 370** (MH370) is a missing Malaysia Airlines international passenger flight. The aircraft was carrying 227 passengers and 12 crew members on board. The accident confirmed everyone aboard has been presumed dead. In July 2015, the wreckage was found in Madagascar after being washed up.

Four months later after the accident, another Boeing 777 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, carrying 283 passengers and 15 crew members aboard that was shot down during War in Donbas in Hrabove, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine with no survivors.

## Flight
Flight 370 left Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, at 00:41 on 8 March 2014 (MST; UTC+8) for a scheduled six-hour flight to Beijing Capital International Airport. Subang Air Traffic Control Centre lost contact with the plane at about 01:22, while it was over the Gulf of Thailand. It was reported missing at 02:40.

## Investigation
The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation  investigated to determine if terrorism was involved. Two passengers, one from Austria and another one from Italy, were named on the manifest but they were  discovered not to have been on board. Their passports had been stolen. Malaysian authorities found identity of two other passengers to be false.

 are trying to figure out the location of the plane's debris.]]
No search found the plane in the Indian Ocean. The search ended in 2018. In March 2025, a new search was started, attempting to find the plane in a different area.

## Government statements
On 24 March 2014, officials with both Malaysia Airlines and the Malaysian government stated that while the aircraft's whereabouts were still not known, "unparalleled" analyses by the United Kingdom's Air Accidents Investigation Branch  and UK satellite company Inmarsat indicated that it had crashed into the southern Indian Ocean. It was presumed by these officials that all 239 people aboard died. 
## People on board
## References
Freedom in the World

and report by U.S.-based Freedom House. It  attempts to measure the degree of democracy and political freedom in every nation and territory around the world.

## References
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water

***Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water*** is the third studio album by American nu metal band, Limp Bizkit. *Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water* was released on October 10,1999.

The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 and sold 1.05 million copies in its first week which made it the fastest-selling rock album ever, breaking the record which was held for 7 years by Pearl Jam's Vs. The album was also the 18th best-selling album of the 2000s in the US.

The album featured the singles "My Generation", "Rollin' (Air Raid Vehicle)", "Take a Look Around", "Boiler", and "My Way".

## Songs
## References
Punjab States Agency

The **Punjab States Agency** was a political office of the British Indian Empire. The agency was created in the 1930s, on the model of the Central India Agency and Rajputana Agency. It dealt with forty princely states in northwest India. formerly dealt with by the British province of the Punjab province. The Punjab Hill States agency was created from it in 1936. 

After 1947, most of the states agreed to join the Union of India. The rest joined the Dominion of Pakistan.
Nord N-262

The **Nord N-262** is a civilian and military aircraft. It was a twin-turboprop. It was built by Société Nationale de Construction Aéronautique du Nord, also known as Nord. It was built in all-metal. It flown for the first time in 1962.

## Variants 
### Civilians variants 
* N-262 : Initial production variant.
* N-262B : Variant produced for french airline Air Inter.
* N-262C : Variant of N-262 with more powerful turboprops and greater wing.
* Mohawk 298 : Variant built in USA.

### Military variants 
* N-262C : Transport variant for the ''Armée de l'Air''.
* N-262E : Training and maritime patrol variant for French Navy.

## Military users 
;
;
;
;
;

## Bibliography 
* 
* 
*
Chandragupta I

**Chandra Gupta** founded the Gupta Empire around 320 AD and was its first emperor. The Gupta empire later grew into a powerful kingdom. The Gupta period is known as the ‘Golden age of India’. He made alliances with many powerful families of the Ganges region.

## References
Juankoski

**Juankoski** is a town in Northern Savonia, Finland. About 5,000 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Juuka, Kaavi, Kuopio, Rautavaara and Tuusniemi. Since 2017, it was merged into the city of Kuopio.

## Other websites 
* Juankoski website
Lavia

**Lavia** is a municipality in Satakunta, Finland. About 1,900 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kankaanpää, Kokemäki, Pori, Pomarkku, Sastamala and Ulvila. 

The designer of Finish Euro coin comes from Lavia. 

## Other websites 
* The official page
Shraddha Kapoor

**Shraddha Kapoor** is an Indian actress and singer who appears in Hindi movies of Bollywood. Shraddha made her career in 2010 alongside Amitabh Bachchan in *Teen Patti*. She gained wide recognition for playing a singer in the commercially successful romantic drama film *Aashiqui 2* (2013), which was starred by Aditya Roy Kapur.

## References
## Other websites
*
Painkiller (Judas Priest album)

***Painkiller*** is the twelfth studio album by British heavy metal band, Judas Priest. *Painkiller* was released on 3 September 1990.

The album featured the singles "Painkiller", "A Touch of Evil", and "Night Crawler".

The album was the first to feature drummer Scott Travis who replaced Dave Holland. It was also the last album to feature Rob Halford who left the band after the tour of the album because of growing tensions within the band. Halford returned in 2003. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards in 1991 but lost to Metallica's cover of *Stone Cold Crazy*.

## Songs
## References
Ram It Down

***Ram It Down*** is the eleventh studio album by British heavy metal band, Judas Priest. *Ram It Down* was released on 17 May 1988.

The album featured the singles "Johnny B. Goode", a cover of the Chuck Berry song, "Ram It Down/Heavy Metal", "Blood Red Skies", and "I'm a Rocker".

It was the last album to feature drummer Dave Holland who was replaced by Scott Travis. It was also the last album to feature producer Tom Allom. Allom returned to co-produce A Touch of Evil: Live in 2009. Halford said that "'Ram It Down' is a harder song, from the *British Steel* time."

## Songs
## References
Defenders of the Faith

***Defenders of the Faith*** is the ninth studio album by British heavy metal band Judas Priest. *Defenders of the Faith* was released on January 4, 1984.

The album featured the singles "Freewheel Burning", "Some Heads Are Gonna Roll" and "Love Bites".

The song "Eat Me Alive" was listed #3 on the Parents Music Resource Center's "Filthy Fifteen" which is a list of 15 songs the organization finds most objectionable. The co-founder Tipper Gore said that the song was about oral sex at gunpoint. In response to the allegations, the band recorded the song "Parental Guidance" on their next album *Turbo*.

## Songs
## References