open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mil Mi-1

The **Mil Mi-1** (Russian: Мил Ми-1; NATO reporting name: **Hare**) is a Soviet civilian and military helicopter. It was the first one built in a series in the USSR. It was built under licence in Poland as **SM-1**.

## Users 
### Civilians 
Countries using civilians **Mil Mi-1** were: Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and the USSR.

### Militaries 
Countries using militaries  **Mil Mi-1** were : Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Egypt, Finland, Hungary, Iraq, Mongolia, North Korea, Poland, Romania, USSR, Sudan, Syria, and Vietnam.

## Bibliography 
* Jackson, Robert, *Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft* (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
* Gaillard, Pierre, ''Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui'' Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .

## References
Ludmilla Tourischeva

**Ludmilla Ivanovna Tourischeva** (Russian: Людми́ла Ива́новна Тури́щева; also transliterated as Ludmilla Turischeva, Ludmilla Tourischcheva, and Ljudmila Turichtchieva, born 7 October 1952) is a Russian former gymnast.  She won nine Olympic medals for the Soviet Union. She also won the World Championships all-around gold in 1970 and 1974.

She was known for her calmness.  In the 1975 World Cup in London, the uneven bars broke and fell as she was landing.  She saluted the judges and left the floor without even turning to see the damage.  She won all gold medals for the Cup including the all-around medal. Her trainer Vladislav Rastorotsky said about her: "Ljudmila would fight to death in any situation".

Tourischeva was also known for her graciousness. At the 1976 Olympics, she walked around the podium to personally congratulate champion Nadia Comăneci.  Tourischeve shook Comăneci's hand before accepting her own medal.

In 1977, she married sprinter Valeriy Borzov.  He was a two-time Olympic champion in 1972. Tourischeva keeps involved in gymnastics as a coach and an international judge.

Ludmilla Tourischeva is 1 of only 2 women to win the grand slam of all-around titles: Olympics, World Championships, World Cup, and European Championships.  Yelena Shushunova is the other.

## References
Permafrost

.]]
 to study soil. A jackhammer is used to break the hard permafrost]]

In geology, **permafrost** is soil that stays frozen all year.  To be called permafrost, soil must stay at or below  for two or more years. Permafrost is also called **cryotic soil**.  Most permafrost is on land close to the North and South poles.  Other permafrost is found in high mountain areas.  When permafrost melts, carbon dioxide is released which can be bad for the environment.

## References
## Other websites
John Billington

**John Billington** ( 1580September 30, 1630) and his family were passengers on the *Mayflower* in 1620.  He was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.  Billington was hanged in Plymouth Colony in 1630.

The Billington family was from England.  He had a wife, Elinor and two sons, John and Francis.

## *Mayflower* Voyage 
Billington and his family left Plymouth England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the *Mayflower* saw land. They were supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was damaged so they landed at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.
They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  Billington was a signer to the document. 

## Life in Plymouth colony 
Shortly after they landed, Francis went exploring and discovered a large body of water that is now called Billington Sea. 
The family were Plymouth Colony's troublemakers. Billington's son, Francis, fired a musket on the *Mayflower*. In March 1621 Billington was punished because he did not to obey Myles Standish the military leader.  He would do this many times. In May 1621 John Billington (the younger) became lost in the woods for many days and was returned home by some Native Americans.  In 1625 Governor Bradford wrote a letter to Robert Cushman and said "Billington still says many things against you.  He is a bad man, and always will be". In 1636, wife was punished and made to sit in the stocks for saying bad things about John Doane.

## References
Eva Green

**Eva Green** (born July 6, 1980) is a French actress and model. She acts in movies and in television series. She played Vesper Lynd in the 2006 James Bond movie *Casino Royale*. Green was born in Paris.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Maggie Lawson

**Margaret Cassidy "Maggie" Lawson** (born August 12, 1980) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She played Juliet O'Hara in the hit series *Psych*. She played Alexa in *Party of Five*. Lawson was born in Louisville, Kentucky.
Emily Rose

**Emily Rose Maier** (born February 2, 1981) is an American actress. She acts mainly on television. She played Elena Fisher in the *Uncharted* video games. She plays multiple characters in the Syfy series *Haven*. Rose was born in Renton, Washington.

## References
Conair Firecat

*Sécurité Civile* **Conair Turbo Firecat** in flight.]]
The **Conair Firecat** is a water bomber built in Canada from the American twin-engine Grumman S-2 Tracker. A modernized variant, called **Turbo Firecat** use two turboprops. This kind of aircraft is still active in 2013 in Canada, France, and the United States. 
It can carry 3395 litres of water inside the bomb bay.

## References
John Crackston

**John Crackston** ( 1575 – c. 1620/21), also spelled as **John Craxston** or **Crakstone**, was an English Separatist from the Netherlands who came with his son John on the voyage of the Pilgrim ship *Mayflower*.  He signed the Mayflower Compact.

## English origins 
Separatists were people who rejected the Church of England.  These other beliefs were not allowed in England.

Crackston's birth year is of about 1575.  It is based on a document made when his daughter married. It is believed that he moved to the Netherlands  from Colchester in co. Essex, England from another document. In the 1618 Leiden marriage of his daughter Anna, she is said to be from Colchester.

## In Leiden 
The name of John Crackston, in Leiden Netherlands, first appears in legal documents on June 16, 1616, when, along with fellow Mayflower passenger Moses Fletcher, he witnessed a promise of marriage of Zachariah Barrow.

John Crackston and his son left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the *Mayflower* reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. The *Mayflower* was supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

John Crackston was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact. On that document, he signed his name as “John Craxton.”  His son John Jr. was apparently not yet twenty-one years of age and did not sign the Compact.

## Death and burial of John Crackston 
John Crackston (Sr.) died in the winter of 1620, wrote Governor William Bradford.  Bradford said it was after he got lost in the woods and his feet became frozen and he got a fever.  The exact date is unknown. As with most passengers who died that winter, he was most likely buried in an unmarked grave in Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth. Cractston's name is spelled  “John Craxston Sr.” on the Tomb.

## References
UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group F

This page shows the standings and results for **Group F** of the **UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying** tournament.

**Key**:
*Teams highlighted in green qualified for the finals.

## References
Monal

A **monal** is a bird of the genus ***Lophophorus*** of the pheasant family, Phasianidae. The type species of this genus is the Himalayan monal (*Lophophorus impejanus*).

All the adult males have very atractive and shiny feathers of different metallic colors (colors appearing to be made of a metal). The females and the young males do not have feathers with many colors; they are reddish brown with some white parts.

Their diet consists of insects and plant parts such as roots, tubers, bulbs and seed.

They live in the rhododendron forests in the high altitudes of the Himalayas and of Sichuan (China).

Due to habitat destruction and hunting, they have already become quite rare and threatened in their existence.

There are three species and three subspecies within the genus *Lophophorus*:

* Himalayan monal *Lophophorus impejanus*
* Chinese monal *Lophophorus lhuysii*
* Sclater's monal *Lophophorus sclateri*
** *L. sclateri arunachelensis*
** *L. sclateri orientalis*
** *L. sclateri sclateri*

## Gallery

File:Himalayan Monal Pheasant 6.jpg|*Lophophorus impejanus*
File:Lvwhzh.jpg|*Lophophorus lhuysii*
File:Lophophorus sclateri.jpg|*Lophophorus sclateri*

## References
## Other websites
* ARKive - Species in the genus *Lophophorus* 
* Animal Diversity Web - Lophophorus: CLASSIFICATION
* Catalogue of Life - Taxonomic tree
* ITIS
* Tree of Life - Lophophorus
Channel drift

**Channel drift**, also called **network decay**, is when a television channel moves away from its original shows to get a new audience, or to get higher ratings. It often involves a move from shows aimed at viewers that know a lot about the channel's subject to shows aimed at a wider audience. Most examples of channel drift have a channel add infotainment or reality shows to their schedule.

A well-known example of channel drift is MTV. When it started in 1981, MTV was a channel that showed music videos. In the 1990s, it started adding entertainment and reality shows aimed at a young adult audience. This was the start of a move towards the channel's current focus on shows aimed at adolescents and young adults.

## References
## Other websites
* Network Decay - TV Tropes Wiki
Alberto Sordi

**Alberto Sordi** (15 June 1920 – 24  February 2003) was an Italian actor, singer, composer, comedian, director and screenwriter.Sordi won seven David di Donatello awards.  It is Italy's most honorable movie award.  He also received a Golden Lion for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival in 1995.  He also won a Golden Globe Award.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Great Observatories program

The **Great Observatories** program is four large, powerful space-based telescopes.  They are a series of satellites placed by NASA.  Each Space observatory has been important to astronomy.

* The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) looks at visible light and near-ultraviolet.  It was launched in 1990. In 1997 ability to look at the near-infrared range was added.  In 2009 there was a mission to service Hubble. 

* The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) looks at gamma rays.  It also looks at some hard x-rays as well. It was launched in 1991.  It was deorbited in 2000.

* The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) looks at soft x-rays. It was launched in 1999.

* The Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) looks at the infrared spectrum. It was launched in 2003.
House of Usher

***House of Usher*** is a 1960 American International Pictures horror movie. It stars Vincent Price, Myrna Fahey, Mark Damon, and Harry Ellerbee. The movie was directed by Roger Corman. The screenplay was written by Richard Matheson. It is based on the short story *The Fall of the House of Usher* by Edgar Allan Poe.

*House of Usher* was the first of eight Corman movies based on Poe's stories.  The movie is also known as *Fall of the House of Usher* and *The Mysterious House of Usher*. In 2005, the movie was listed with the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."
Jessica Cauffiel

**Jessica Cauffiel** (born March 30, 1976) is an American actress and singer. She works in movies and television. She played Tatiana in the television series *My Name Is Earl*. She also played Margot in the comedy movie *Legally Blonde*.

## References
The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent

***The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent*** is a 1957 movie. It is also known as *The Viking Women and the Sea Serpent*. It was directed by Roger Corman. It stars Abby Dalton, Susan Cabot, and June Kenney.  The movie is about Viking women who build a ship to search for their missing menfolk.

## Other websites
*
Annie Parisse

**Anne Marie Cancelmi** (better known as **Annie Parisse**; born July 31, 1975) is an American television and movie actress. She also does stage plays. She played Alexandra Borgia in the television drama *Law & Order*.

Cancelmi was born in Anchorage, Alaska.
UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group D

This page shows the standings and results for **Group D** of the **UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying** tournament.

**Key**:
*Teams highlighted in green qualified for the finals.

## References
Sarah Clara Smith

**Sarah Clara Smith** (1851–1947) was an American teacher and missionary from New York state. She started Smith Girls' School (now called Hokusei Gakuen Girls Junior High/High School ( *Hokusei Gakuen Joshi Chugaku Koutou Gakkou*) in 1887 in Sapporo, Japan.

## Early life in Japan 
Smith came to Tokyo in 1880 with her missionary group, Association of Presbyterian Mission International. In 1883, she became sick from the weather, so she went north to Sapporo, Hokkaido. She became healthy again because the weather was like the weather in New York.

## Smith Girls' School 
Smith wanted to start a Christian school in Sapporo because it was a new town. Sapporo didn't have many churches then. But her group didn't give her money, so she went to Hakodate. Hakodate was bigger than Sapporo. In 1886, she got an English teaching job at the Public Teacher’s College of Sapporo. The next year, she could start a Christian school by herself. It was called Smith Girls' School ( *Sumisu Joshi Gakkou*).

## References
Blu Cantrell

**Tiffany Cobb** (also known as **Blu Cantrell**; born March 16, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter and a musician who has carried several hit singles. She released a debut album, *So Blu*, near 2001 which was a hit. Other albums then followed. Cantrell was born in Charleston, West Virginia.

## References
Connie Booth

**Connie Booth** (born December 2, 1940, Indianapolis, Indiana) is an American actress, writer and psychotherapist. She has appeared on British and American television. She played Polly Sherman in the popular 1970s sitcom *Fawlty Towers*. Booth ended her acting career 1995. She began working as a psychotherapist in the late 1990s.

Booth married John Cleese in 1968. Their daughter, actress Cynthia Cleese, was born in 1971. The couple divorced in 1978. Booth has been married to critic John Lahr since 2000.

## Other websites 
*
Rock Me (One Direction song)

"**Rock Me**" is a song by One Direction from their second album *Take Me Home*. The song was written by Peter Svensson, Sam Hollander, Lukasz Gottwald, Henry Walter, and Allan Grigg and was produced by Dr. Luke, Cirkut, and Kool Kojak. The song has a mid-tempo beat and a clapping riff reminiscent of "We Will Rock You" by Queen. The song received mixed reviews from critics, some of whom criticized its lyrics and others of whom praised its rock elements and production. "Rock Me" appeared on the US *Billboard* Hot 100 chart.

## Background 
"Rock Me" was written in one day by guitar player Peter Svensson of the Swedish band the Cardigans, Sam Hollander, and Allan 'Kool Kojak' Grigg for One Direction's second album *Take Me Home*, which was released in November 2012. Grigg began by making a mid-tempo beat. One Direction's members’ voice ranges on the song span from F4 to C6.

Critics have also remarked that the song has beat and clapping riff similar to those in Queen's "We Will Rock You". *The New Zealand Herald* writer Lydia Jenkin deemed "Rock Me" one of "the most banal songs ever written," but noted that the group "know what teenage girls want to hear." Idolator critic Sam Lansky praised the track as "irresistible" and commended its sonic palette as "explosively punchy." Writing for HitFix, Melinda Newman favored its "nearly hypnotic anthemic" beat, and noted that "Rock Me" seemed perfectly tailored to become a live staple. Ben Rayner of the *Toronto Star* thought the song's Queen references were “clever” and “show[ed] that One Direction’s puppeteers aren't totally operating on autopilot." *Billboard* reviewer Chris Payne applauded its rock elements, regarding it as a “welcome” deviation from the rest of *Take Me Home*'s bubblegum pop sound.

## Chart performance 
During the week of November 18, 2012, "Rock Me" debuted at number one on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart due to very high digital download sales. As a result of an "end-of-year download rush" in the week ending December 30, 2012, the track made it onto the US *Billboard* Hot 100 at number 98, which was its peak position on the chart.

## References 
## Other websites 
*"Rock Me" at Musicnotes.com (EMI Music Publishing)
Little Iodine

**Little Iodine** was a popular comic strip published in the United States on Sundays. It was created by Jimmy Hatlo. It was published from 1943 until 1985.

The story is about a girl called "Little Iodine". She first appeared in an earlier comic strip by Hatlo, called ''They'll Do It Every Time''. She was the daughter of the strip's main character, Henry Tremblechin. She constantly  her father with  and practical jokes. The character of Iodine became very popular, so Hatlo promoted the character into her own strip in 1943.

Iodine's antics were on the Sunday comics page for over forty years. It came before *Dennis the Menace*. From 1943 to 1963, *Little Iodine* was written and drawn by Hatlo.

## Movie adaptations
A movie based on the comic strip was released in 1946. It was by Comet Productions. The 56-minute movie stars Jo Ann Marlowe as Little Iodine, Hobart Cavanaugh as her father Henry, and Irene Ryan as her mother Cora.
 
In the movie, Iodine thinks that her mother is having an affair with Professor Simkins (played by Leon Belasco). She tries one antic after another to break up the couple. Her efforts backfire when they cause conflict between her father and his employer, Mr. Bigdome (Emory Parnell).

The movie was planned to be released earlier than October 20, 1946 (its actual distribution date), but that date was delayed due to an epidemic of polio that prevented children across the United States from attending movies. The movie is believed to be lost.

## References
## Other websites
*Don Markstein's Toonopedia entry
LisaGay Hamilton

**LisaGay Hamilton** (born March 25, 1964 in Los Angeles) is an American actress, movie director and producer. She has performed in movies, television shows and theater. She played Rebecca Washington in the ABC drama series *The Practice* and Sethe in the 1998 movie *Beloved*. She also had other performances on the stage.

## References
Angela Davis

**Angela Yvonne Davis** (born January 26, 1944 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an African American political activist and author. She first became famous because she was a prominent member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and was involved in Black Power movements in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then she has become known for her work as a writer and speaker while teaching at the University of California. She has done research in the areas of feminism and critical theory and is a prison abolitionist.

Davis grew up in Alabama, then went to college at Brandeis University and University of California, San Diego. She was involved in activism from her youth. After becoming a Doctor of Philosophy in Germany, she returned to the US and began teaching as a professor. In 1969, she was fired from teaching for being a member of the Communist Party. A judge decided it was an illegal firing and the school eventually hired her back.

In 1970 she was put in prison by FBI agents. Some black revolutionaries tried to break their allies out of prison by kidnapping a white judge and some jurors in Marin County, but the police didn't let them get away and the revolutionaries and judge were shot to death. The FBI suspected that she bought the gun one of the revolutionaries used and decided to accuse her of the murder of the judge. In 1971 she appeared at the Marin County Superior Court and said, "I now declare publicly before the court, before the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which have been leveled against me by the state of California." She was released from jail in 1972. Ronald Reagan said that she should never be allowed to teach at a California university. The English rock band The Rolling Stones recorded a song called "Sweet Black Angel" that was on their 1972 album *Exile on Main St.* and dedicated to Davis.

In the 1990s, she left the Communist Party and began to focus her activism on prisons. She gave a speech in 1997 called "The Prison Industrial Complex".  In it she said "prisons are becoming an integral part of the US economy." She said that fear of young people of color was being exploited to create a fast-growing industry, the prison-industrial complex (PIC). She created a prison abolitionist group called Critical Resistance in the same year. She wants there to be no prisons or police because she believes that the US prison system is more like a new form of slavery than a criminal justice system.

Since she started focusing on prisons, she has also supported Democrats like Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Joe Biden in presidential elections.

Davis is Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

She was married to Hilton Braithwaite in the 1980s.

## Notes 
## References 
* "Angela Davis, Sweetheart of the Far Left, Finds Her Mr. Right"  People, July 21, 1980.
Hassan Rouhani

**Hassan Rouhani** (, also transliterated *Ruhani*, *Rohani*, *Rowhani*; born **Hassan Feridon** ; 12 November 1948) is an Iranian politician, Mujtahid, lawyer, academic and diplomat, who was the President of Iran from 2013 until 2021. He has been a member of the Assembly of Experts since 1999, member of the Expediency Council since 1991, member of the Supreme National Security Council since 1989, and head of the Center for Strategic Research since 1992.

Rouhani has been also deputy speaker of the 4th and 5th terms of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) and secretary of the Supreme National Security Council from 1989 to 2005.

On 7 May 2013, Rouhani registered for the presidential election that was held on 14 June 2013. He said that, if elected, he will prepare a "civil rights charter", restore the economy and improve rocky relations with the West. As early vote counts began coming in, Rouhani took a large lead. He was elected as President of Iran on 15 June, defeating Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf. He took office on 3 August 2013.

## References
Cargo aircraft

A **cargo aircraft** is an aircraft that can carry cargo. In some cases, it may also carry passengers.

## Civilian aircraft 
.]]

Civilian **cargo aircraft** carry cargo or mail.  This is generally a kind of airliner, designed for passengers but modified for cargo. Some civilians cargo aircraft are specially equipped for carrying oversized cargo  such as aircraft wings, tank-trucks, rocket pieces, or sometimes military heavy trucks and tanks, but faster than locomotives (steam-powered, diesel-powered, and electric-powered) carrying railway freight boxcars or cargo ships.

### Examples 
* Airbus A300-600ST,
* Antonov An-225,
* Boeing 747LCF,

## Military aircraft 
 of the French Air Force.]]
Military transport aircraft can carry cargo and passengers.  Passengers are usually troops, including paratroopers.  The seats are usually simple.  These aircraft typically have a sloping loading door at the rear of the fuselage for quick loading and unloading.  Some use turbojets, others use turboprop engines.

### Examples 
* Airbus A400M,
* Antonov An-26,
* Boeing C-17 Globemaster III,
* Casa C-295, 
* Douglas C-47 Skytrain,
* Lockheed C-5 Galaxy,
* Short 330UTT, 
* Transall C.160.

## Bibliography 
* Frawley, Gerard, *The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003* .  London : Aerospace Publication, 2002. .
* Gaillard, Pierre, ''Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui* Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  . 
* Kaminsky, Tom, *The United States Military Aviation Directory*, London : Airtime Publishing, 2000. .
* Wilson, Stuart, *Airliners of the world'',  London: Aerospace Publication, 1999. .

## References
Liquor store

**Liquor stores** are retail shops which sell prepackaged alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, and spirits. Each country had different laws and regulations on liquor stores.

Liquor stores, like grocery stores, are essential businesses, meaning that they remained open during the COVID-19 pandemic. The reason they are essential businesses is because people who have alcohol use disorder consume alcohol to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

## References
Hoag's object

'''Hoag's Object''' is a ring galaxy. The galaxy is named after Arthur Allen Hoag who discovered it in 1950. He identified it as either a planetary nebula or an unusual galaxy. The object has about eight billion stars, and is ~600 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens.

## Characteristics
A nearly perfect ring of young hot blue stars circles the older yellow nucleus of this ring galaxy. The inner core of the galaxy is about   (), while the surrounding ring has an inner 28″ diameter of  () and an outer 45″ diameter of  (), which is slightly larger than the Milky Way Galaxy. The gap separating the two stellar populations may contain some star clusters that are almost too faint to see.

As rare as this type of galaxy is, another more distant,reddish (and unnamed) ring galaxy can be seen through Hoag's Object, between the nucleus and the outer ring of the galaxy, at roughly the one o'clock position in the picture to the right.

## History and formation
Art Hoag suggested the visible ring was a product of gravitational lensing. This idea was later discarded: the nucleus and the ring have the same redshift, and  the ring shows knotty structure which would not be visible with gravitational lensing.

Many of the details of the galaxy remain a mystery, especially how it formed. "Classic" ring galaxies are usually formed by the collision of a small galaxy with a larger disk-shaped galaxy.  This collision produces a density wave in the disk which leads to a characteristic ring-like appearance. Such an event, 2–3 billion years in the past, may have formed polar-ring galaxies. However, there is no sign of any second galaxy which would have acted as the "bullet", and the core of Hoag's object has a very low velocity relative to the ring, making the typical formation hypothesis unlikely.

Noah Brosch suggested that Hoag's object might be a product of an extreme "bar instability" which occurred a few billion years ago in a barred spiral galaxy. Schweizer *et al* claims that this is unlikely because the nucleus of the object is spheroidal, whereas the nucleus of a barred spiral galaxy is disc-shaped. However, evidence is somewhat thin for this dispute to be settled. A few other galaxies share the characteristics of Hoag's object, including the bright detached ring of stars, but their centers are elongated or barred, and they may exhibit some spiral structure  While none match Hoag's object in symmetry, this handful of galaxies are known to some as Hoag-type galaxies.

## References
Forest Hill, London

**Forest Hill** is an area of the London Borough of Lewisham in south London.

## History 
Like much of London, Forest Hill was only sparsely populated until the mid-19th century. The name Forest Hill, originally simply "The Forest", referred to the woodland which once covered the area and which was a part of the Great North Wood. 

## References
Lainie Kazan

**Lainie Kazan** (born May 15, 1940 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American actress and singer. She has acted in many movies and plays. Her first Broadway play was *The Happiest Girl in the World* in 1961. Her movies include *Married to the Mob* in 1988.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.lainiekazan.com - Official website
* https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0443577/bio - IMDB
* http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=47558 -Internet Broadway Database
William White

**William White** (25 January 1586/7 21 February 1621) was a passenger on the *Mayflower*. Accompanied by his wife Susanna, son Resolved and two servants, and joined by a son, Peregrine, on the way, he traveled in 1620 on the historic voyage. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and perished early in the history of Plymouth Colony.

## The *Mayflower* Voyage 
White married Susanna in about 1615, and their son, Resolved, was born soon after. They became passengers on the *Mayflower* which left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. They also took with them two servants, William Holbeck and Edward Thompson. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the *Mayflower* spotted land. The *Mayflower* was supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at what is now known as Provincetown Harbor. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.

In May 1621, Susanna White became the first Plymouth colony bride, marrying Edward Winslow, a fellow *Mayflower* passenger whose wife had perished on 24 March 1621.  At least five children were born to Edward Winslow and his wife Susanna.

## White's family 
White's widow, Susanna, married Edward Winslow in May 1621, which made her the first Plymouth Colony bride. Winslow had also been a *Mayflower* passenger and later became the second governor of Plymouth Colony. Together they had five children. She and Winslow are buried in the Winslow Cemetery.

Resolved White married Judith Vassall, the daughter of William Vassall.
Peregrine White married Sarah Bassett, daughter of William Bassett.

## References
Modern Orthodox Judaism

**Modern Orthodox Judaism** (also **Modern Orthodox** or **Modern Orthodoxy**) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism. It tries to mix Jewish values from the Halakha with the secular, more modern world.

There are different forms of Modern Orthodoxy.  In Israel, for example, Modern Orthodoxy is dominated by Religious Zionism. Despite not being the same, these movements share many of the same values and many of the same people following them.

## Related pages
* Antisemitism
* Haredi Judaism
* Conservative Judaism

## References
Loretta King

**Loretta King** (August 20, 1917 – September 10, 2007) was an American actress. She was born in Phoenix, Arizona. Her movie career was brief. She is best known for her appearance in Ed Wood's *Bride of the Monster* (1955). She married Herman Hadler in 1970. She died in Century City, California. King was portrayed in Tim Burton's 1994 bio-pic, *Ed Wood*, by actress Juliet Landau.

## Movie list
* *Dr. Harvey W. Wiley* (January 1955, TV movie)
* *The Pirate and the Lawyer* (March 1955, TV movie)
* *Bride of the Monster* (1955, released February 1956)
* *Tough* (July 1974, as Loretta Hadler)
* *Deliver Us from Evil* (March 1977)
Illinois Governor's Mansion

The '''Illinois Governor's Mansion**, formerly called the **Illinois Executive Mansion''', is the official residence of the Governor of Illinois. It is at 410 E. Jackson Street in Springfield, Illinois and is open to tours on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday mornings, free of charge. The Georgian style Mansion was designed by Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel.  The Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

The 16-room manor was completed in 1855 and was first occupied by governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who held the official grand opening on January 10, 1856. It is the oldest historic residence in the state of Illinois and one of the three oldest continuously-occupied governor's mansions in the United States.   In 2011, a multimillion dollar renovation was planned because the last repairs to the mansion were in 1971. 

## References
## Other websites
*Illinois Executive Mansion Official Site 
*Information about tours and photos
Yeshiva University

**Yeshiva University** is a Jewish private university in New York City. It has six campuses in New York City and one in Israel. The university was founded in 1886. It is a research university.

Its campuses and schools include Yeshiva College, Stern College for Women, Syms School of Business, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law.

## References
Roger Corman

**Roger William Corman** (April 5, 1926 &ndash; May 9, 2024) was an American movie director, producer, and actor. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He made dozens of low-budget B-movies such as *Swamp Women* (1955), *The Little Shop of Horrors* (1960), and *The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent*.

He was best known for six movies based on the short stories of Edgar Allan Poe that include *House of Usher* (1960),  *The Pit and the Pendulum* (1961), and *The Masque of the Red Death* (1964).

Corman died at his home in Santa Monica, California on May 9, 2024 at the age of 98.

## References
Haredi Judaism

**Haredi** ( '**) is the most conservative form of Orthodox Judaism often known as **ultra-Orthodox Judaism'*. Those that follow *Haredi* are called **Haredim** (*-m'' is a plural suffix in Hebrew and Yiddish) or **Haredi Jews**.
## Overview
Haredi Judaism consists of many spiritual and cultural groups. It is divided into Hasidic sects with streams from Eastern Europe and Sephardic Haredim. The two are essentially different, including their beliefs, lifestyles, religious practice and philosophy and isolation from the mainstream culture they live in. 
### Population
Most Haredi Jews now live in Israel, North America and Western Europe. Their population is growing rapidly due to a high birth rate. It doubles every 12 to 20 years. 

The estimates of the number of Haredim in the entire world are difficult to measure, because the definition of the word may or may not apply to some people. In addition, there have been a lack of data collection and rapid changes over time. A newspaper article once estimated there were approximately 1.3 million Haredi Jews as of 2011. The Me'a She'arim neighbourhood in Jerusalem is mainly populated by Haredi Jews.
## Related pages
* Antisemitism
* Conservative Judaism
* Modern Orthodox Judaism

## Other websites
* Haredi and technology
* Hasidic and Haredi Jewish population growth 
* Map of the main Haredi Communities in Jerusalem 
* Dei'ah Vedibur – Online Haredi newsweekly

## References
Jewish ethics

**Jewish ethics** refers to the philosophical tradition of ethics in Judaism. Just as other types of laws and values in other religions, the subject of Jewish ethics provides distinct answers for moral questions. It has gone through major changes over the past 2000 years. The *halakha* addresses many issues related to all forms of ethics.
## Related pages
*Jew
*Torah
*Virtue
*Ethics
*Talmud
*Morality
*History of Asia
*Jewish diaspora

## Other websites
*Jewish Ethics (topic)  at *My Jewish Learning*
*Society of Jewish Ethics
*Jewish Bioethics, from Jerusalem's Darche Noam Educational Institute 
*Bioethics for clinicians: Jewish bioethics - Canadian Medical Association Journal article
*Jewish Encyclopedia entry on ethics
*Judaism: Issues in Jewish Ethics at the Jewish Virtual Library
Musar movement

The **Musar movement** is a Jewish ethical, educational and cultural movement. It developed in the 19th century in Eastern Europe, particularly among Orthodox Lithuanian Jews.

The Hebrew term *Musar* (), is from the book of *Proverbs* 1:2. It means moral conduct, instruction or discipline. The movement made important contributions to Jewish ethics and Musar literature.
Carter Hutton

**Carter Hutton** (born December 19, 1985, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played parts of 10 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Nashville Predators, St. Louis Blues, Buffalo Sabres and the Arizona Coyotes

Before he played in the AHL and NHL, Hutton played 4 seasons in the University of Massachusetts Lowell with the River Hawks. He has also played in the AHL with the Adirondack Phantoms for 4 games and the Worcester Sharks for 22 games.

On August 1, 2011, the Rockford IceHogs signed Hutton as an unrestricted free agent. He was called up by the Blackhawks to replace Ray Emery who was out with an illness and played his first game in the NHL on March 26, 2012. On July 5, 2013, Hutton signed a one-year, two-way contract worth $550,000 with the Nashville Predators.

On June 14, 2022, Hutton announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

## References
## Other websites
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*
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Chumash (Judaism)

The Hebrew term ***Chumash*** (also **Ḥumash**, ) is a term for *Torah* in printed form, unlike the Torah scroll.

The word comes from the Hebrew word for five, ''* (). A more formal term is *Ḥamishah Ḥumshei Torah'', meaning "five fifths of Torah". It is a Hebrew name for the Five Books of Moses, also known by the Latinised Greek term Pentateuch in common printed editions. The five books are: Beraishis (Genesis), Shemot (Exodus), Vayikra (Leviticus), Bamidbar (Numbers), and Devarim (Deuteronomy).

## Other websites
* Chumash on Judaism 101
* Chumash (5 Books Of Moses)  on Judaism.com
* Torah Summary & Analysis
Crest (feathers)

- an example of a crested bird species]]
The **crest**, in some cases called a **crown**, of a bird, is a group of feathers that some species of birds have on top of the head. The feathers of these crests can move up and down or be permanently up, depending of the species. For example, the crests of cockatoos and the hoopoe could be up or down but the feathers in the crest of the grey crowned crane are always up.

Crests on birds are generally used for display purposes. Birds with crests often use them to communicate with others and as a part of their . They also tend to display their crests when they are frightened or ready to fight because the birds may appear larger than they really are.

Cockatoos and their smaller cousins, cockatiels, are part of the Cacatuidae family of parrots found in Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Philippines, and are probably the most recognizable birds to feature crests.  Cockatoos and cockatiels possess crests which may be raised or lowered at will. Their crests are used to communicate with fellow members of their species, or as a form of defense to frighten away other species that approach too closely, making the bird appear larger when the crest is suddenly and unexpectedly raised.

## Gallery of birds with crest

File:Citron crest feathers.JPG|Citron-crested Cockatoo crest feathers (on 1&nbsp;cm grid)
File:Umbrella Cockatoo (Cacatua alba) -Free Flight Aviary -San Diego.jpg|Umbrella Cockatoo displaying
File:Cacatua leadbeateri.jpg|Major Mitchell's Cockatoo
File:Kiebitz 050424ausschnitt.jpg|Northern Lapwing
File:Victoria Crowned Pigeon Goura victoria Head 2200px.jpg|Victoria Crowned Pigeon
File:Upupa epops hop.JPG|Hoopoe displaying
File:Eudyptes chrysolophus4 (South Georgia).jpg|Macaroni Penguin
File:Grey Crowned Crane at Zoo Copenhagen.jpg|Gray crowned crane

## See also
* Feather

## References
James Holshouser

**James Eubert Holshouser, Jr.** (October 8, 1934 &ndash; June 17, 2013) was the Governor of the state of North Carolina from 1973 to 1977 for the Republican.

Holshouser was born on October 8, 1934 in Boone, North Carolina. He studied at Davidson College. Holshouser  was married to Patricia Ann Hollingsworth  until his death in 2013. They had no children. Holshouser died on June 17, 2013 in Pinehurst, North Carolina, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
*Biographical Timeline 
*Oral History Interviews with James E. Holshouser Jr. http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/C-0328-1/, http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/C-0328-2/, http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/C-0328-3/, http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/C-0328-4/ from Oral Histories of the American South
Amitabh Bachchan

**Amitabh Harivansh Bachchan** (born 11 October 1942) is an Indian movie actor.  He has been in over 200 Indian movies in more than forty years. Amitabh Bachchan is widely thought of as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema.

Amitabh Bachchan has won many major awards in his career. His awards include three National Film Awards as Best Actor and fourteen Filmfare Awards. 

Amitabh Bachchan made his Hollywood debut in 2013 with *The Great Gatsby*.

## References
## Further reading
* Mazumdar, Ranjani.* Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Amitabh Bachchan's official blog
*
Ketuvim

**Ketuvim** (in Biblical Hebrew:  "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after Torah (instruction) and Nevi'im (prophets). It includes: 

*Tehillim – Psalms

*Mishlei – Proverbs

*Iyyov – Job

*Shir Hashirim – Song of Songs

*Rut – Ruth

*Eikha – Lamentations

*Kohelet – Ecclesiastes

*Ester – Esther

*Daniyel – Daniel

*Ezra-Nechemya – Ezra-Nehemiah

*Divrei Hayamim - Chronicles I and II

## Other websites
*David Betesh and the Sephardic Pizmonim Project - Syrian melodies (all books)
*Leining Master (Ashkenazi melodies for Five Megillot).
*"Potpourri for Purim"  Melodies for Megillat Ester in several traditions
Peride Celal

**Peride Celal Yönsel** (June 10, 1916 – June 15, 2013), commonly known as **Peride Celal** or **Peride Celâl** was a Turkish novelist and story-writer.

Celal was born in İstanbul, Ottoman Empire on June 10, 1916. She completed her high school education in Samsun and at the French curriculum Lycée Saint Pulchérie in İstanbul. Celal spent most of her childhood in Anatolia. She had one daughter, Zeynep Ergun.

Peride Celal died on June 15, 2013, but it was announced two days later by her family.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bourvil

**André Bourvil** was a French actor and singer.  He was born with the name **André Robert Raimbourg**. He is best known for his roles in comedy movies.  He worked with Louis de Funès in the movies *Le Corniaud* (1965) and *La Grande Vadrouille* (1966). 

He won a Special Diploma at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.

## References
Monster on the Campus

***Monster on the Campus*** is 1958 sci fi horror movie. It was directed by Jack Arnold. The  screenplay was written by David Duncan. The story is about a professor (Arthur Franz) who terrorizes a college campus when he is turned into a Neanderthal monster after coming into contact with the irradiated blood of a coelacanth. Troy Donahue appears as college student Jimmy Flanders. Nancy Walters plays his girlfriend.

## Other websites
* 
*
Claudia Cardinale

**Claudia Cardinale** (15 April 1938 &ndash; 23 September 2025) was an Italian actress.  She was in some of the most famous European films of the 1960s and 1970s. Most of Cardinale's films have been Italian or French.

Cardinale was honoured at nearly every major film festival. She was given lifetime achievement awards from festivals in Canada, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Armenia, Russia, Bulgaria, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Australia, the UK and US. The *Los Angeles Times Magazine* named Cardinale among the 50 most beautiful women in film history.

Cardinale died in her house in Nemours, Île-de-France, France on 23 September 2025, at the age of 87, after a long illness.

## References
Lara (character)

**Lara-El** (née **Lara Lor-Van**) is a fictional character who appears in *Superman* comics published by DC Comics.   

## Publication history 
Created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, Lara first appeared in the *Superman* newspaper comic strip in 1939.    

## Fictional character biography 
Lara is the biological mother of Superman, and the wife of scientist Jor-El. She and her husband placed their son in a spaceship in order to be sent to Earth moments before their planet Krypton was destroyed in a natural cataclysm.  

## In other media 
Susannah York portrays Lara in the 1978 movie *Superman: The Movie*, the 1980 movie *Superman II*, and the 1987 movie *Superman IV: The Quest for Peace*. Lara was played by Ayelet Zurer in the 2013 Superman movie *Man of Steel* and by Angela Sarafyan in the 2025 movie *Superman*. Mariana Klaveno portrayed the character in the second season of the television series *Superman & Lois*.
Dominique Wilkins

**Jacques Dominique Wilkins** (born January 12, 1960) is an American former basketball player. He played for the Boston Celtics and Atlanta Hawks in the NBA. Wilkins was born in Paris, France. He was raised in North Carolina.

## References
Dorothy Stratten

**Dorothy Stratten** (or **Dorothy Ruth Hoogstraten**; February 28, 1960 - August 14, 1980) was a Canadian model and actress. She was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. She later moved to Los Angeles. She appeared in three comedy movies and several television series. She was also *Playboy* Playmate of the Month in August 1979 and Playmate of the Year in 1980. Stratten was shot dead in Los Angeles by her estranged husband Paul Snider, who committed suicide the same day.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Astrodynamics

**Astrodynamics** is a part of physics that deals with movement in space. It is a branch of mechanics dealing with orbits. It is related to celestial mechanics.

## Other websites
*Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research
Kikki Danielsson

**Kikki Danielsson**, born 10 May 1952, is a Swedish country, dansband and schlager singer. She participated at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1982 as a member of the group Chips and 1985, as a solo artist.

## Solo discography 
### Solo albums
*''Rock'n Yodel* (1979)
**Just Like a Woman* (1981)
**Kikki* (1982)
**Varför är kärleken röd?* (1983)
**Singles Bar* (1983)
**Midnight Sunshine* (1984)
**Kikkis 15 bästa låtar* (1984)
**Bra vibrationer* (1985)
**Papaya Coconut* (1986)
**Min barndoms jular* (1987)
**Canzone d'Amore* (1989)
**På begäran* (1990)
**Vägen hem till dej* (1991)
**Jag ska aldrig lämna dig* (1993)
**100 % Kikki* (2001)
**Fri - En samling* (2001)
**Nu är det advent* (2001)
**I dag & i morgon* (2006)
**Kikkis bästa* (2008)
**Första dagen på resten av mitt liv* (2011)
**Postcard from a Painted Lady* (2015)
**Christmas Card from a Painted Lady* (2016)
**Portrait of a Painted Lady* (2017)
**Ängel med sorgkant'' (2022)

## References
## Other websites
Lotta Engberg

**Lotta Engberg** (born 5 March 1963 in Överkalix,) is a Swedish dansband and schlager singer. She participated at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1987.

## Discography 
### Solo albums
**Fyra Bugg & en Coca Cola* (1987)
**Fyra Bugg & en Coca Cola och andra hits* (2003)
**Kvinna & man* (Lotta Engberg & Jarl Carlsson, 2005)
**Världens bästa lotta* (2006)
**Jul hos mig* (2009)
* *Lotta & Christer* (2012, Lotta Engberg & Christer Sjögren)

## References
## Other websites