open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
National Stock Exchange of India

The** National Stock Exchange** of India Limited (**NSE**), is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. It is the biggest stock exchange in India and the third biggest in the world in terms of amounts of transactions. NSE is mutually-owned by  banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate groups. As of 2006, the NSE VSAT terminals, 2799 in total, covered more than 1500 cities across India. In July 2007,it had a total market capitalization of 42,74,509 crore INR making it the second-largest stock market in South Asia.

## Origins
The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading Financial institutions at the behest of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. It started operations in the Wholesale Debt Market in June 1994. The Equities part started in November 1994, while the Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.

## Innovations
*The first national, anonymous, electronic limit order book exchange to trade securities in India. Since the success of the NSE, existent market and new market structures have followed the "NSE" model.
*Setting up the first clearing corporation "National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd." in India. National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd. was a landmark in all spot equity market (and later, derivatives market) trades in India.
*Co-promoting and setting up of National Securities Depository Limited, first depository in India.
*Setting up S&P CNX Nifty.
*NSE pioneered  Internet trading in February 2000, which  led to the wide popularization of the NSE in the broker community.
*The first exchange that, in 1996, proposed exchange traded derivatives, particularly on an equity index, in India. After four years of policy and regulatory debate and formulation, the NSE was permitted to start trading equity derivatives three days after the BSE.
*The first exchange to trade exchange traded funds in India.
*NSE  launched the NSE-CNBC-TV18 media centre in association with CNBC-TV18, a leading business news channel in India.

## Certifications
NSE also conducts online examination and awards certifications, under its programmes of NSE's Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM)http://www.nse-india.com/ . Currently, certifications are available in 9 modules, covering different sectors of financial and capital markets. The branches of the NSE are located throughout India.

## References
## Other websites
*Technical Analysis site 
* Official site
Buffy Summers

**Buffy Summers** is the main character of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer franchise. She is played by Sarah Michelle Gellar and created by Joss Whedon.

## Biography
Buffy Summers moved from Los Angeles to Sunnydale for her second year in high school, where she met Rupert Giles, Willow Rosenberg and Xander Harris, where they become known as the Scooby Gang.

## Reception
Buffy is considered a feminist icon of the 1990s and one of the most significant.
Spike (Buffyverse)

**Spike** is a fictional vampire that appears in the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and the spin-off *Angel*. He was played by James Marsters.

## Fictional biography
William the Bloody (known for his bad poetry) of England was sired by Angelus. He liked being a vampire and moved into Sunnydale by 1997.

## Reception
Spike is a fan-favorite vampire.
Angel (Buffyverse)

**Angel** is a fictional vampire that appears in the television series *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and is the main character of the spin-off *Angel*. He was played by David Boreanaz.

## Fictional biography
Liam of Ireland was sired by a female vampire and became known as Angelus. He would later sire Spike and work alongside Drusilla and the Master. On 1898, he killed a Romani and a mystic placed a spell where she restored his soul, making him feel guilty. Now known as Angel, he moved to America and stayed at Sunnydale.

## Reception
As Angelus, he is considered one of the best Big Bads of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
First Evil

**The First Evil** is the final Big Bad of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It is a shapeshifting form of evil. It first appeared in the third season episode "Amends".

## Fictional biography
The First Evil is a non corporeal being that can shapeshift into people who died.

## Analysis
The First Evil is considered the Buffyverse equivalent of Satan.
Shunzhi Emperor

**Shunzhi Emperor** (; 1638 - 1661 ) was emperor of Qing Dynasty. His surname was Aisin Gioro. Shunzhi Emperor was the ninth son of Huang Taiji and he reigned over China from 1644 to 1661. During his short reign, he implemented plenty of policies. He appointed Han Chinese to be the imperial officials. Also, he put the Upper 3 banners (Plain Yellow, Striped Yellow, and Plain White) under the control of the emperor. Moreover, Shunzhi Emperor let eunuchs participate in government activities.

Prince of Yanping on Taiwan, Zheng Jing wrote about the Shunzhi Emperor : “At the dawn of the New Year, the fake Emperor and Empress would enter a temple to worship their demon gods. It is located at a place where people could not go, and contains idols of males and females embracing each other and engaging in intercourse. After they complete their worship, the two would proceed to the platform naked, and perform in the manner of caged animals, with man on the left and woman on the right…these are truly the despicable customs of beasts. Moreover, when the barbarian chieftain dies, his younger brother violates his sister-in-law in order to perform this ritual in his place, while calling out aloud the name of the late emperor.”

## Life 
* In 1643, Shunzhi Emperor is 6 and he inherits Huang Taiji's throne. Prince Dorgon becomes the regent.
* In 1644, the Manchu armies conquer the north of China. The capital is changed to Beijing.
* In 1650,Prince Dorgon dies. Shunzhi Emperor gets actual power.
* From 1651 to 1661, Shunzhi Emperor deals with government affairs patiently. In order to unify the country, he also sends armies to invade the south of China.
* In 1661, the Emperor dies of smallpox.

## References
List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes

This is a **list of episodes** for the American television series, ***Buffy the Vampire Slayer***. The series began on March 10, 1997 and aired until May 19, 2003. In the United Kingdom, the entire series aired on Sky One and BBC Two.

All the seven seasons of the series are available on DVDs for regions 1 and region 2. Two all-season collections (*The Chosen Collection* and *The Complete DVD Collection*) have been also been released.

## Summary 
## Season 1 (1997) 
## Season 2 (1997 – 1998) 
## Season 3 (1998 – 1999) 
## Season 4 (1999 – 2000) 
## Season 5 (2000 – 2001) 
## Season 6 (2001 – 2002) 
## Season 7 (2002 – 2003) 
## References 
* TV.com . *Episode listing/guide.* Retrieved October 20, 2006
** Season 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
* Next-episode.net. *Episode listing/guide.* Retrieved October 28, 2006
** Season 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
* Homepage.mac.com . *Episode listing/guide.* Retrieved October 28, 2006
** Season 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 
* Buffyguide.com. *Episode listing/guide.* Retrieved October 28, 2006
** Season 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
* IMDb.com . *Region 1 DVD release dates*. Retrieved October 28, 2006
* BBC.co.uk. *Region 2 DVD release dates*. Retrieved October 28, 2006

### Notes
Main Page/Header

How to write in Simple English · Useful pages · Simple talk · Categories · HelpSchools Gateway (for users wanting to make changes from schools)
Đồng Hới

**Đồng Hới**  is the capital city of Quảng Bình Province, in the north central coast of Vietnam. The city's area is 155.54&nbsp;km² (60 square miles). In 2005, 103,005 people lived there.

It is at around 500&nbsp;km (310&nbsp;mi) south of Hà Nội (Hanoi), 260&nbsp;km (160&nbsp;mi) north of Đà Nẵng (Danang), 1,200&nbsp;km (750&nbsp;mi) north of Hồ Chí Minh City (Saigon). It borders Laos on the west, the South China Sea on the east, Hà Tĩnh province on the north, and Quảng Ninh in the south.
Dong Hoi Airport is 6&nbsp;km north of Dong Hoi.

The city was close to the Vietnamese DMZ, and it was in North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Since it was so close to the DMZ, it was important for the North Vietnamese. For this reason, the city was heavily bombed by the US Air Force. There is a cathedral called the Tam Toa Church that was bombed during the war. Tam Toa is still ruined today so people could remember the bombing of North Vietnam.

## Administration 
Dong Hoi is subdivided into 16 subdivisions, 10 urban wards (*phường*) and 6 rural communes (*xã*).
Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park

**Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park** (Vietnamese language: *Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng*) is a national park in Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. It is about 40 km north of Đồng Hới city. This national park is a UNESCO's World Heritage Site. It protects an area of primitive forest, caves and grottos. This national park has many rare animals and underground rivers. This park has 300 caves and grottoes with a total length of 70 km, of which British and Vietnamese scientists have so far surveyed 20 km. This park has many underground rivers and has biological diversity. In 2003, UNESCO listed this national park in its world heritage sites (natural heritage sites).
Romulus Augustus

**Flavius Romulus Augustus** (461 – after 476), often called **Romulus Augustulus** ("little Augustus"), was a Western Roman Emperor. He reigned from 31 October, 475 to 4 September, 476 when Odoacer deposed him. The end of his rule is considered to be the end of the western part of the Roman Empire.

## References
## Other websites 
* Project Gutenberg: Cassiodorus, *Variae*
Hush (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

‘’Hush’’ is an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer season four. It was written and directed by Joss Whedon.

## Plot
A group of silent pale demons known as the Gentlemen have taken the voices of everyone at Sunnydale in a box. Once the Scooby Gang woke up, they learned that they can’t speak. Giles does a slideshow explaining who the Gentlemen are and that they kill people who lost their voice. They had stolen the voices so they won’t get killed by someone screaming.

## Production
Joss Whedon was aware the dialogue in the show worked and decided to write an episode where there is mostly none. Buffy’s scream at the end of the episode wasn’t done by Sarah Michelle Gellar.

## Reception
Hush is considered one of the best Buffy episodes of all time. It got nominated an Emmy Award for Best Writing.
463

## Events 
*Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks, allies with the Roman general Aegidius against the Visigoths.

## Births 
*Emperor Houfei of Liu Song

## Deaths 
*Frumar — King of Southern Galicia
*Richimund — King of Northern Galicia
Tan Son Nhat International Airport

**Tan Son Nhat International Airport** () is an airport in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It is the largest airport in Vietnam. It served 8.5 million passengers in 2006 and 11 million passengers in 2007, more than a half of total passengers in Vietnam's airports, as well as two-thirds of international passenger traffic for Vietnam. The airport covers . The airport can handle up to 17 million passengers per year in the two terminals (Domestic, International). The new international terminal was opened on 14th August 2007.

## History 
This airport was built by the French colonists in 1930s. During Vietnam War, the United States made the airport larger to serve the war. After the Fall of Saigon in April 1975, this airport was made commercial.

## Terminals and other buildings 
### Passenger terminals 
#### Terminal 1 (T1 Domestic) 
The French built this terminal originally. At first, it covered 1,800 m2 (19,000 sq ft). Between 1954-1975 when the airport quickly became popular, it was upgraded 4 more times: in 1956, 1960, 1963, and 1969. In 1972, the terminal covered 10,800 m2 (116,000 sq ft)[citation needed] and can handle up to 1.5 million passengers per year[citation needed]

Recently, after years of upgrades to meet the traffic demand, the terminal capacity increased to 15 million passengers per year in 2023. Its floor area is 40,948 m2 (440,760 sq ft) with 20 gates (4 aerobridge gates and 16 remote gates)
476

## Events 
*September 4 — Romulus Augustus is deposed by Odoacer.
*August — The usurper Basiliscus is deposed and Zeno is restored as Eastern Roman Emperor.
*Peter the Fuller is restored as Patriarch of Antioch.

## Births 
*Aryabhata, Indian mathematician and astronomer

## Deaths 
*August 28 — Flavius Orestes, master of soldiers of the Western Roman Empire
*Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei
395

## Events 
* Arcadius marries Aelia Eudocia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto.
* The Visigoths invade Thrace and Macedonia. 
* The last Western satrap, Rudrasimha III, is beaten by the Guptas.
* Possible date that Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius published his *Saturnalia*.
* Saint Augustine becomes Bishop of Hippo Regius.

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* January 17 — Theodosius I, Roman Emperor
* Ausonius, poet and rhetorician
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**Languages working together** – 
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This page is a section of the Main Page
Eve

**Eve** could mean:

## Bible
* Eve (Bible), the first woman according to Christian theology.

## Computers and programming
* EVE Online, an MMORPG computer game, Space Simulation
* Groupee Community, an online community formerly known as Eve
* Evolving Virtual Enterprise, or EVE(TM), an adaptive Web Portal System
* EVE (text editor), a text editor provided with the VMS operating system
* *Eve,* a multimedia CD-ROM game created in association with and featuring the music of Peter Gabriel

## Games
* EVE: The Second Genesis Collectible Card Game

## Days
The day before, or the evening before, a holiday, such as:
* New Year's Eve
* Christmas Eve
* St. John's Eve, also called Midsummer's Eve or Bonfire Night
* The Eve of St. Agnes
* All Hallows Eve, another name for Halloween

## Fictional characters
* Eve (*Applegeeks*), an android in the *Applegeeks* webcomic
* E.V.E (Exceptionally Versatile Evolvanoid), from early Sonic the Hedgehog comics
* Eve (Buffyverse), in the television series *Angel*
* Eve (DC Comics), in the *Sandman* comic book series
* Eve (*Xena*), Xena's daughter in the TV series *Xena: Warrior Princess*
* Eve, a female superhero in the *Freedom Force* computer game series
*Mitochondria Eve (not to be confused with Mitochondrial Eve), the main villain in the Parasite Eve video game.
* Eve (*Black Cat*), in the manga *Black Cat*
*   Eve, title of a TV episode from the TV series, *Journey to the Unknown* starring Carol Lynley
*  Eve (*Hitman: Blood Money*), a fictional character from the video game *Hitman: Blood Money*

## Music and television
* *Eve* (album), a progressive rock album by The Alan Parsons Project
* EVE (band), a Korean visual rock band
* *Eve* (TV series), starring rapper Eve (rapper) as Shelly
* "Eve" (*The X-Files* episode), an episode of *The X-Files*
* Ève, an oratorio by Jules Massenet
* *Divergence Eve*, an anime
* Eve (rapper)

## People
* Eve (name)
* Eve (surname)
* Mitochondrial Eve, the most recent common matrilineal ancestor of all living humans
* Eve, the alleged first successful human clone, by the Raelian corporation Clonaid
* Eve Angel, Hungarian pornographic actress
* Eve Laurence, American pornographic actress

## Places
* Ève, a commune in the Oise département of France

## Other
* Eve (cigarette)
* Eve, standing for Everything Vs Everything is a Mugen screenpack customized for play with the Mugen engine
* Eva (mortar),  a mortar weapon of the Mörser Karl series of German WWII artillery
* Ewe language, alternate spelling
* Eve, meaning evening, a reference to a time of day at approximately 6PM
* Scaled Composites White Knight Two, or Eve, a sub-orbital launch aircraft
* Eve, a symbolic name for an eavesdropper in cryptography discussions; see Alice and Bob

## Related pages
* Evening
Visigoths

The **Visigoths** (*Western Goths*) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths were the other). Both were among the loosely-defined Germanic tribes that fought the Roman Empire during the migration period. 

Most famously, a Visigothic force, led by King Alaric I, succeeded in storming Rome in 410 AD. Later Visigothic kings ruled southern Gaul and Hispania after they had taken it from the Alans and the Vandals.

After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths played a major role in Southwestern Europe for another 250 years and adopted Roman culture and clothing.

## Other websites 
* Visigothic Law Code: text. The preface was written in 1908 and should be read with reservations.
Justinian I

**Justinian I** () (, ) (c. 482 – 14 November 565), commonly known as **Justinian the Great**, was Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death. He is considered a saint by Eastern Orthodox Christians. Justinian simplified Roman laws. These are now called *Corpus Juris Civilis*.

## Reign 
Justinian was born to a Illyrian peasant farmer family in 482 or 483 A.D. Justinian's uncle rose from humble beginnings to become a great general and then Emperor. Justinian was educated by his uncle, who gave him important jobs and appointed him as his successor. It was a wise decision. Justinian was astute, gifted, and ambitious. He modeled himself after the ancient Roman Caesars. After becoming Emperor in 527, Justinian worked to restore Byzantium to its former glory. 

Justinian proved to be a strong and effective leader in many ways. He significantly enlarged the empire’s borders. Within those boundaries, he made significant advances in government, construction, and law. He reformed the Byzantine government in order to increase efficiency and eliminate corruption.  Justinian also embarked on a large-scale construction project. He oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia, a church in Constantinople that is now regarded as a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. He also supported numerous other civic projects in the city, including a magnificent new Senate building. 

Justinian was a devout Christian who was actively involved in religious matters. He punished those found to be heretics, including Jews. He forbade Jews from erecting or reading the Bible in Hebrew, for example. Justinian also worked hard to reconcile the early church's differences of opinion. For example, different groups within the church held opposing views on whether Jesus Christ was fully divine (having the nature of a god) and should be worshiped as an equal to God. This disagreement persisted long after Justinian's death. 

Justinian's legal reform was far more successful. He reorganized and standardized complicated Roman laws, and had the remaining laws written down clearly and logically in a single work known as the Code of Justinian. This remarkable work served as the foundation of European law until modern times.

## Other websites 
* The *Anekdota* ("Secret history") of Procopius in English translation. 
* The *Buildings* of Procopius in English translation.
* *The Roman Law Library* by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev 
* Lecture series covering 12 Byzantine Rulers, including Justinian  - by Lars Brownworth

## References
116

## Events 
* Roman Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.
* Trajan removes Osroes I as king of Parthia, and appoints his son Parthamaspates in his place. Parthamaspates Romanizes his name to *Parthicus*.
* A Jewish uprising against Rome fails.

## Births 
* Empress Liang Na
David Greenwalt

**David Greenwalt** (born October 16, 1946) is an American screenwriter. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He has worked as writer, director and producer on many television series.

Greenwalt is best known as a writer on *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and co-creator of its spinoff, *Angel*. He is also co-creator of the short lived television series *Profit*.

On June 1, 2007, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Greenwalt would serve as executive producer and showrunner on *Moonlight*, a new series that will debut on CBS in the fall of 2007. He later had to leave the show before it was first aired for health reasons. Executive producer Joel Silver said that his name would remain: "He worked really hard on the arc of the series. He really helped us focus and get started".

## Career highlights 
* **Writer** - *Moonlight*, *Kidnapped*, *Surface*, *Miracles*, *Jake 2.0*, *Angel*, *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*, *The X-Files*, *Profit*, *The Wonder Years*, *The Commish*, *Doogie Howser, M.D.*
* **Director** - *The Wonder Years*, *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*, *Angel*, *Jake 2.0*
* **Producer** - *Kidnapped*, *Moonlight*, *Surface*,  *Jake 2.0*, *Miracles*, *Angel*, *Buffy the Vampire Slayer*, *The X-Files*, *Profit*, *The Commish*, *Eureka*

## References
## Other websites 
*
Amazons

In Greek mythology, the **Amazons** (, *Amazónes*, singular , *Amazōn*) were a tribe of warrior women. The Amazons as they appear in myth may have been inspired by warrior women among the Scythians and Sarmatians. Their place of residence was the subject of much dispute: according to both Herodotus and Strabo, these warrior women lived on the banks of the river Thermodon, by the Black Sea, while Diodorus states that, prior to the ones by the Black Sea, there lived a different tribe of Amazons in the region of Libya. The Amazons were said to have founded several cities and temples found in Smyrna, Sinope, Cyme, Gryne, Ephesus, Pitania, Magnesia, Clete, Pygela, Latoreria and Amastris; according to legend, the Amazons were the ones who invented the cavalry.

## References
## Other websites 
* Herodotus on the Amazons
** Herodotus via Gutenberg
** Perseus
Würzburg (disambiguation)

**Würzburg** can mean:

*Würzburg, a city in the German state of Bavaria. 
*Würzburger Kickers, a football team in Würzburg
Tammy Faye Messner

**Tamara "Tammy" Faye Messner** (March 7, 1942 &ndash; July 20, 2007) was an American Christian singer, evangelist, entrepreneur, author, talk show host, and television personality. She was born in International Falls, Minnesota. 

Messner was a contestant in the second season of *The Surreal Life*.

Messner died of colon cancer in Loch Lloyd, Missouri at the age of 65.

## References
Huns

The ***Hephthalites*** (Bactrian: ηβοδαλο, romanized: Ebodalo) sometimes called as the **White Huns** (also known as **Spet Xyon** in Iranian and as the **Sveta-huna** in Prakrit) were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, part of the larger group of Eastern Iranian Huns. They formed an empire, the *Imperial Hephthalites*, and were militarily important from 450 CE, when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 CE, when combined forces from the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sasanian Empire defeated them. After 560 CE, they established "principalities" in the area of Tokharistan, under the suzerainty of the Western Turks (in the areas north of the Oxus) and of the Sasanian Empire (in the areas south of the Oxus), before the Tokhara Yabghus took over in 625.

## References 
## Further reading 
:Note:These may not be written in Basic English. 
* Otto J. Mänchen-Helfen: *The Legend of the Origin of the Huns* (published in *Byzantion*, vol. XVII, 1944–45, pp.&nbsp;244–251)
* E. A. Thompson: *A History of Attila and the Huns* (London, Oxford University Press, 1948)
* J. Webster: *The Huns and Existentialist Thought* (Loudonville, Siena College Press, 2006)
* Coinage and History of the White Huns- Waleed Ziad- Articles from the 'Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society', 2004-2006 
* The History Files Europe: The Origins of the Huns, based on conversations with Kemal Cemal, Turkey, 2002
Turkic peoples

The **Turkic peoples** are a group of peoples. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic family. Turkics come mainly from these independent states: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan.

However. Turkics live in many places and include most people in Central Asia. Many live in Siberia, the Caucasus area, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

Turkic people can sometimes understand one other during communication because of their languages are often connected to Turkic and have the same words.

## Pictures

File:SB - Altai man in national suit on horse.jpg|Altai man in national suit on horseback.
File:Azerigirls.JPG|Azerbaijani girls in traditional dress.
File:Young bashqorts.jpg|Bashkir boys in national dress.
File:Russian Winter Festival London 2007 115.jpg|A Chuvash woman dancer in traditional dress.
File:Gagauz-children.jpg|Young and old Gagauz people.
File:Karachay patriarchs in the 19th century.jpg|Old Karachay men in the 19th century.
File:Хакасы.JPG|Khakas people with traditional instruments.
File:SB - Inside a Kazakh yurt.jpg|Kazakh family inside a Yurt.
File:At the On-Archa village in Naryn district. Kyrgyzstan. 04.10.2012.jpg|Kyrgyz elders in On-Archa, Kyrgyzstan.
File:Ногайцы 01.jpg|Nogai man in national costume.
File:Dursunbey yerelkıyafeti.JPG|Yoruk girls in their traditional clothes.
File:Turkman girl in national dress.jpg|Turkmen girl in national dress.
File:Мөгелер биле Даңгыналар2. 2016.jpg|Tuvan men and women in Kyzyl, Tuva.
File:Uyghur_girl_in_Turpan,_Xinjiang,_China_-_20050712.jpg|An Uyghur girl in Xinjiang, China.
File:Uzbek Kids.JPG|Uzbek children in Samarkand.

## Related pages 
* Turkic languages

## References
Trajan

**Trajan** (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, 18 September 53 – 9 August 117) was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117. 

Born in the province of Hispania Baetica into an Italic family, Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian. Serving as a general in the Roman army along the German frontier, Trajan successfully put down the revolt of Antonius Saturninus in 89.

In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by Nerva, an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with the army. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, a revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard compelled him to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. Nerva died on 27 January 98, and was succeeded by Trajan without incident.

## Trajan as Emperor 
As a civilian administrator, Trajan is best known for his extensive public building program which reshaped the city of Rome and left multiple enduring landmarks such as Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column. 

Early in his reign he annexed Nabataea (between the Arabian and Sinai peninsulas), creating the province of Arabia Petraea. His conquest of Dacia enriched the empire greatly - the new province possessed many valuable gold mines. His war against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of its capital Ctesiphon and the annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia. His campaigns expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent.

In late 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus. He was deified by the Senate, and succeeded by his adopted son Hadrian.

As an emperor, Trajan's reputation has endured&nbsp;— he is one of the few rulers whose reputation has survived nineteen centuries. Every new emperor after him was honoured by the Senate with the prayer *felicior Augusto, melior Traiano*, meaning "may he be luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan". Among medieval Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a "virtuous pagan", while the 18th century historian Edward Gibbon popularized the notion of the Five Good Emperors, of which Trajan was the second.

## References
Fear Factor

***Fear Factor*** is an American stunt/dare reality game show. It was created by Endemol Netherlands. The program was first aired on June 11, 2001.

## About the show 
The original Dutch version of the program was called *Now or Neverland*. When Endemol USA and NBC changed it to be shown in America in 2001, they changed the name to *Fear Factor*. *Fear Factor* has many different versions which are shown in different countries.

The program has contestants compete against each other in a series of stunts. The person who finishes better and/or quicker than all the other contestants gets a prize of US$50,000. For the first five years the program was made, the contestants were usually three men and three women. Each person played for themselves. In the sixth year, the show changed. They started using four teams of two people. The members of each team had some relationship with one another, for example Father-daughter, Husband-wife, or friends. Each team played for a shared prize of the same amount. *Fear Factor* is hosted by comedian Joe Rogan and executive produced by Matt Kunitz. The main music for the program is composed and written by Russ Landau. Other music used on the show is made from rhythmic themes most notably taken from the popular game *Half-Life*.

*Fear Factor* was an attempt by NBC to compete with the successful series, *Survivor*. The program was very popular for the network in the summer of 2001. It had strong ratings for the next couple of years, but in later years, the ratings were not as good. In 2006, *Fear Factor* was being shown at the same time as TV ratings champion, the Fox talent series *American Idol* on Tuesday nights. It did not get good ratings during this time. During the sixth season, NBC decided to not show the program for the rest of the year to make room for the sitcom *Joey*. That series was only shown for a few weeks. NBC canceled *Fear Factor* in May of 2006. The network began showing the remaining episodes of the sixth season on June 13, 2006. These episodes were shown throughout the summer. In 2004, *Fear Factor* became the first network reality show to be syndicated. Over its six seasons, *Fear Factor* earned NBC a reported $600 million from selling advertising during the program.

On May 31, 2011, NBC announced that *Fear Factor* would be revived for a new season. Eight episodes, two of which were 30 minutes long, were ordered. Rogan returned as host of the show. The revival began on December 12, 2011. On May 13, 2012, NBC announced the cancellation of the show. The last episode aired on July 16, 2012.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Fear Factor website
* UK Gameshows Page: *Fear Factor*  (about the UK version)
* Fear Factor - France on TF1 
* Fear Factor India
* Fear Factor Turkey
Anne Hathaway

**Anne Jacqueline Hathaway** (born November 12, 1982) is an American movie and stage actress. She has won many awards including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award.

## Career 
Hathaway became famous for her leading role in *The Princess Diaries.* and its sequel. Following this, she appeared in several family movies in the early 2000s. She made a transition into adult films with her roles in the 2005 drama *Brokeback Mountain* and the comedy-drama *The Devil Wears Prada* (2006). 

She has since starred in many films including Tim Burton's 2010 Alice in *Wonderland**, The Dark Knight Rises, Les Misérables and The Devil Wears Prada*. She has also done voice acting in movies including *Rio*.

## Life 
Anne Jacqueline Hathaway was born in New York City. Her mother is a former actress. She was raised as a Roman Catholic. Hathaway has spoken about her depression when she was a teenager. She originally wanted to be a Catholic nun before starting her acting career.

### Marriage and children 
Hathaway married actor and businessman Adam Shulman on September 29, 2012. They have two sons together, Jonathan (born 2016) and Jack (born 2019) .

## Public image 
 2023]]
*Forbes* reported that Hathaway was one of the world's highest-paid actresses in 2015. In 2009, she was included on *Forbes*' annual Celebrity 100 list with earnings of $7 million. As of July 2018, her films have grossed $6.7 billion worldwide. She has also done several advertising campaigns for brands.

### Activisim and political opinions 
Anne Hathaway supports abortion rights, gun control, immigrant rights, gender equality, same-sex marriage and racial equality. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, she donated money to charities helping Ukrainians.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
### Television 
### Stage 
## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Hilton Hotels

The **Hilton Hotels** brand was re-united internationally after more than 40 years in February 2006, when United States-based Hilton Hotels Corporation purchased the lodging arm of United Kingdom-based Hilton Group PLC, which had acquired Hilton's international operations in 1987 (the companies had been severed originally in 1966).

Hilton Hotels became America's first coast-to-coast hotel chain in 1943. The company places marketing emphasis on business travel, but owns and operates a number of resorts and leisure-oriented hotels as well.

As of April 2007, the chain has 229 Hilton branded hotels across the world and has partnerships with many airlines and car rental companies.

Hilton Hotels & Resorts is the flagship brand of Hilton and one of the largest hotel chains in the world.

The company focuses on business and recreational tourists, so it has hotels in the centers of major cities, near airports, conference centers, as well as in popular vacation destinations around the world. Hilton Hotels & Resorts participates in Hilton Honors, a guest loyalty program of Hilton. Program members who book rooms directly through Hilton services receive exclusive discounts and benefits, such as free Wi-Fi, digital registration, keyless room access and the ability to choose any number you like using the Hilton Honors mobile app.

## Gallery of Hilton Hotels buildings around the world 

Image:Chicago Hilton Hotel.jpg|Chicago
Image:BeverlyHilton01.jpg|Beverly Hills
Image:Hilton Queen of Sheeba.jpg|Eilat
Image:Hilton Washington - Connecticut Avenue.JPG|Washington, D.C.
Image:Hilton_Pittsburgh.jpg|Pittsburgh

## References
Riku

**Riku** is a Finnish and Japanese given name:

* Riku (singer) (born 1988), Australian R&B/Hiphop singer
* Riku (Kingdom Hearts), fictional character from the *Kingdom Hearts* video game series by Disney and Square Enix
* Riku Hahl (born 1980), Finnish NHL hockey player
* Riku Harada, fictional character from the anime and manga *D.N.Angel*
* Riku Helenius (born 1988), Finnish NHL hockey player
* Riku Kiri (born 1963), Finnish sportsman
* Riku Kitazawa, fictional character from the manga *Gravitation EX*
* Riku Lätti (born 1973), South African singer, songwriter and writer
* Riku Sanjo (born 1964), Japanese mangaka
* Rikku (or Ryukku) (リュック) — a video game character from Final Fantasy X
Atomic Kitten

**Atomic Kitten** is an English girl group from Liverpool. The people in the band are Liz "Lil" McClarnon, Natasha "Tash" Hamilton, and Jenny Frost - who replaced original member Kerry Katona in January 2001. Atomic Kitten has sold over 12 million albums and 8 million singles around the world. Many of their singles and albums, such as: "Right Now," "Whole Again," "Eternal Flame," "The Tide Is High," and "Ladies Night are in the top 40 charts of many countries. The group reformed in 2012, with Katona and without Frost.
Emily Osment

**Emily Jordan Osment** (born March 10, 1992 Los Angeles, California) is an American actress and singer. She is most famous for her roles of Gerti Giggles in the *Spy Kids* trilogy, and Lilly Truscott in *Hannah Montana*. The younger sister of former child actor Haley Joel Osment, actress/vocalist Emily Osment launched her career at a young age, having landed a role in the 1999 film The Secret Life of Girls when she was only seven years old. The Los Angeles native furthered her career by also appearing in Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, and the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana, where she enjoyed a recurring role as Lily Truscott. Osment also tried her hand at singing, kicking off that aspect of her career by performing alongside Billy Ray Cyrus on his 2007 album Home at Lastand contributing a song to the soundtrack of R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: Don't Think About It, in which she also starred. After making appearances on several Disney compilations, she began voicing a desire to tackle more rock-influenced music, and writing sessions with members of Eve 6 and Plain White T's helped her compile enough material for her debut EP, 2009's All the Right Wrongs. Osment switched directions for her full-length debut, though, leaving rock music behind and embracing electronic dance-pop on 2010s Fight or Flight.

## Other websites 
*
Kerry Katona

**Kerry Jayne Elizabeth Katona** (born 6 September 1980 in Warrington, Cheshire, England) is an English television presenter, magazine columnist, actress and former pop singer with girl group Atomic Kitten.

She was a contestant on the sixth series of ''Dancing on Ice in 2011. She finished in second place in the 2011 UK series of Celebrity Big Brother. 

In 2006, Katona was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Gästrikland

''''*, is a historical province or *landskap'' on the eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Uppland, Västmanland, Dalarna, Hälsingland and the Gulf of Bothnia. The province is the southernmost district of Norrland.
Västmanland

**Västmanland** is a historical Swedish province, or *landskap*, in middle Sweden. It borders Södermanland, Närke, Värmland, Dalarna and Uppland.

The name comes from "West men", referring to the people west of Uppland, the core province of early Sweden.
Uppland

**Uppland** is a historical province or *landskap* on the eastern coast of Sweden, just north of Stockholm, the capital. It borders Södermanland, Västmanland and Gästrikland. It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea. It has an extremely short and strangely shaped land border with Åland, an autonomous province of Finland, on the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic.

The name literally means *up land*, a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature. Its Latinised form, which is occasionally used, is *Uplandia*.
Värmland

**Värmland** is a historical province or *landskap* in the west of middle Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Dalsland, Dalarna, Västmanland and Närke. It is also bounded by Norway in the west. Its Latin name is *Wermelandia*; its English derivative is *Wermland* or similar variation. The origin of the name is uncertain. It may refer to a lake by that name, or to a river.

Värmland is the home of several Swedish dansbands and writers.

## Other websites
Joe Rogan

**Joe Rogan** (born August 11, 1967) is an American podcaster, commentator, comedian, and actor. He has a podcast and YouTube show called *The Joe Rogan Experience*. Rogan hosted a debate about Internet censorship between Tim Pool and Jack Dorsey.

Rogan is also a color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He holds a Brown Belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Eddie Bravo and Jean Jacques Machado.

A lot of the people that he has interviewed on it are known for being controversial people on the Internet and are called the Intellectual Dark Web. He has also interviewed people with controversial ideas about the vaccine for Covid-19.

He played the role of Joe Garrelli in *NewsRadio* and hosted the television game/reality program *Fear Factor*.

## Politics and Voting History 
Rogan has been described as a libertarian. He self-identifies as socially liberal, supporting same-sex marriage, gay rights, women's rights, recreational drug use, universal healthcare, universal basic income, and gun rights

Rogan said he liked Bernie Sanders in 2016 but he ended up voting for Gary Johnson because Johnson agreed to be interviewed on Rogan's show. Rogan told Jimmy Dore that he liked Bernie Sanders and Tulsi Gabbard but everyone else could “eat shit.” He told Bari Weiss that he also liked Andrew Yang but that he would probably vote for Sanders. After Sanders lost, Rogan said he wouldn't vote for Joe Biden. In 2024, Rogan interviewed Robert F Kennedy Junior and said he liked him. Rogan later interviewed Donald Trump, JD Vance and Elon Musk and said that he would vote for Trump because Musk convinced him to vote for Trump.

## References
Lolo Ferrari

**Lolo Ferrari** (9 February 1963 – 5 March 2000) was the stage name of a French dancer and actress billed as "the woman with the largest breasts in the world", though their size was artificially achieved. She was born Eve Valois in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dome.

She started as a model and a prostitute.

Encouraged by her husband, Ferrari underwent numerous plastic surgery operations to create a  silicone-enhanced bust (22 enlargements, a Guinness world record).

She became a regular guest on the television series *Eurotrash* on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

Ferrari committed suicide by drug overdose in Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes.

## References
My December

***My December*** is the third studio album by Kelly Clarkson. The album was released on June 26, 2007.

## Track listing
## References
Endemol

**Endemol** was a media company based in the Netherlands that produced programs for television. The company had subsidiaries and joint ventures in 23 countries. These countries included the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Mexico, Spain, Italy, Germany, Argentina, Poland, Netherlands, India, South Africa, Lebanon, Morocco and Australia among others.

Endemol was founded in 1994 with the combining of the television companies owned by Joop van den Ende and John de Mol. The name of the company comes from the combination of their surnames (Ende + Mol). The company is best known for making reality programs. One of its best known programs is the reality series *Big Brother*. This series has over 40 different version which are shown in over 100 countries. The company also makes many different game shows such as *Deal or No Deal*, *Fear Factor* and *Anime de Training EX*. It also creates the popular series *Extreme Makeover: Home Edition*.

Endemol was bought by Shine Group (a joint-venture between The Walt Disney Company and Apollo Global Management) and was headquartered in the Netherlands in 2015 ad Endemol Shine Group.

## References
## Other websites 
* Endemol
* Endemol USA Website 
* Endemol UK website
* Deal or No Deal Official website by Endemol
Gulf of Bothnia

, showing the Gulf of Bothnia in the upper right]]
The **Gulf of Bothnia** is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It is situated between Finland's west coast and Sweden's east coast. In the south of the gulf lie the Åland Islands, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea. Gulf of Bothnia is often divided into three parts which are called in Finnish language: 

**Perämeri*, northest part
**Merenkurkku* 
**Selkämeri*, southest part

## Other websites
Darin (singer)

**Darin Zanyar** (born June 2, 1987), known simply as **Darin**, is a pop singer from Sweden.
Darin was the first place runner-up in the *Swedish Idol* 2004, acquiring a fanbase primarily of teenage girls. Darin lives in Vällingby outside of Stockholm. He is of Kurdish heritage, and he speaks Central Kurdish. He won the *Kurd of the year* award in 2005 presented by Swedish Minister for Public Health and Social Services Morgan Johansson. Darin released his first album in February 2005, with songs by Swedish hit maker Max Martin and Swedish artist Robyn. The same year he released his 2nd album “Darin” which went platinum and provided him even more success than his debut album. At the end of 2006, Darin released his 3rd album “Break the News”. It went straight to number 1 in the chart and went gold the first day. Following his success in Sweden, Darin signed a new deal with EMI Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Zanyar currently has an entry in the Melodifestivalen 2010 in hopes of representing Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo. Today he is one Sweden's best selling artists with 7 number one albums. In 2018 Darin was the most played artist on radio in all of Sweden, thanks to his songs "Tvillingen" and "Astronaut". The following year he held his first arena tour in Stockholm Globen, Gothenburg Scandinavium and Malmö Malmö Arena.

## Albums
**The Anthem* (2005)
**Darin* (2005)
**Break the News* (2006)
**Flashback* (2008)
**Lovekiller* (2010)
**Exit* (2013)
**Fjärilar i magen* (2015)
**Tvillingen* (2017)

## Singles
* 2005 – "Money for Nothing"
* 2005 – "Why Does It Rain"
* 2005 – "Step Up"
* 2005 – "Who's That Girl"
* 2005 – "Want Ya!"
* 2006 – "Perfect"
* 2006 – "Everything But The Girl"
* 2006 – "Desire"
* 2007 – "Insanity"
* 2008 – "Breathing Your Love" feat. Kat DeLuna
* 2008 – "See U At The Club"
* 2008 – "Runaway"
* 2008 – "What If"[förtydliga]
* 2009 – "Viva La Vida"
* 2010 – "You're Out Of My Life"
* 2010 – "Can't Stop Love"
* 2010 – "Lovekiller"
* 2010 – "Microphone"
* 2012 – "Nobody Knows"
* 2012 – "Stockholm"
* 2012 – "En Apa Som Liknar Dig"
* 2012 – "I Can't Get You Off My Mind"
* 2012 – "Astrologen"
* 2012 – "Seven Days a Week"
* 2013 – "Playing With Fire"
* 2013 – "So Yours"
* 2013 – "Check You Out"
* 2014 – "Dream Away" feat. Eagle-Eye Cherry
* 2014 – "All Our Babies" feat. Sophie Zelmani
* 2014 – "Mamma Mia"
* 2015 - "Ta mig tillbaka"
* 2017 - "Tvillingen"
* 2020 - "En säng av rosor"

## References 
## Other websites
Stonemasonry

using a straightedge and chisels]]

**Stonemasonry** is the craft of making things out of stone. People who do this are called stonemasons. Their crafts have existed since the start of civilization. They have made important buildings and structures out of stone. This stone comes from the earth. Stone has been used to build many long-lasting things. These could be monuments, artifacts, cathedrals and cities. These can often be seen in many cultures. Some monuments made out of stone include, the Egyptian pyramids and the Greek Parthenon. Stonehenge is also a famous stone building.
RIOT!

***RIOT!*** is a 2007 album by the United States pop rock band Paramore. It is the second album to be released by the band.

The band named the album "Riot" because they liked the definition: "A sudden outburst of uncontrolled emotion".

## Track listing 
# "For a Pessimist, I'm Pretty Optimistic" - 3:48 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
# "That's What You Get" - 3:40 (J. Farro/H. Williams/T. York)
# "Hallelujah" - 3:23 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
# "Misery Business" - 3:31 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
# "When It Rains" - 3:35 (J. Farro/Z. Farro/H. Williams)
# "Let the Flames Begin" - 3:18 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
# "Miracle" - 3:29 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
# "Crushcrushcrush" - 3:09 (J. Farro/H. Williams)
# "We Are Broken" - 3:38 (D. Bendeth/J. Farro/H. Williams)
# "Fences" - 3:19 (D. Bendeth/J. Farro/H. Williams)
# "Born for This" - 3:58 (J. Farro/H. Williams)

## Charts 
## References