open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Darwinopterus

***Darwinopterus*** (meaning "Darwin's wing") is a genus of pterosaur, discovered in China and named after Charles Darwin. It is the first known pterosaur to display features of both long-tailed (rhamphorhynchoid) and short-tailed (pterodactyloid) pterosaurs. *Darwinopterus* is a transitional fossil between the two groups. 

Between 30 and 40 fossil specimens have been found, all collected from the Tiaojishan Formation, which dates to the Middle Jurassic, 160 million years ago (mya). The type species, *D. modularis*, was described in February 2010. 

Two additional species, *D. linglongtaensis* and *D. robustodens*, were described from the same fossil beds in December 2010 and June 2011, respectively.

The specimens showed sexual dimorphism: the males had crests on their heads, and narrower hips than the females.

## Mosaic features 
This genus, and its near relatives, show a combination of 'primitive' (basal) and 'advanced' (derived) pterosaurian features. This is characteristic of transitional fossils ('missing links'), and is called modular evolution or mosaic evolution.

*Darwinopterus* had long tails and other features of rhamphorhynchoids, they also had distinct pterodactyloid features, such as long vertebrae in the neck and a single skull opening in front of the eyes. 

Like the eggs of later pterosaurs and modern reptiles, the eggs of *Darwinopterus* had a parchment-like, soft shell. Soft-shelled eggs are permeable to water, and allow significant amounts to be absorbed into the egg during development. Eggs of this type are more vulnerable to the elements and are typically buried in soil. 

David Unwin, a co-author of the paper, suggested that *Darwinopterus* probably laid many small eggs at a time and buried them. Juveniles could fly upon hatching, and required little to no parental care. 

These results imply that reproduction in pterosaurs was more like that in modern reptiles and significantly differed from reproduction in birds.

## References
Titus O'Neil

**Thaddeus Michael Bullard Sr.** (born April 29, 1977), better known by his ring name '''Titus O'Neil''', is an American professional wrestler and former American football player. He is currently signed to WWE, where he serves as the company's Global Ambassador. As an active wrestler, he won the WWE Tag Team Championship and the 24/7 Championship once, and was also the first ever 24/7 Champion.

He was one half of the Prime Time Players along with Darren Young. He competed on the second season of NXT where he finished 5th and also competed on the fifth season of NXT called NXT Redemption. He played professional football in the Arena Football League for the Utah Blaze, Tampa Bay Storm, Las Vegas Gladiators and Carolina Cobras.

## Championships
***Florida Championship Wrestling**
**FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Damien Sandow
****Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
**Ranked No. 82 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2013
****Rolling Stone***
**Most Deserved Push (2015) 
****Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
**Worst Feud of the Year (2016) 
***WWE**
**WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Darren Young
**WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time, first)
**WWE Year-End Award (1 time)
***Funniest Moment of the Year (2018) – 
**WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2020 – Warrior Award)

## References
## Other websites
*Titus O'Neil at WWE.com
*
*
Marin County, California

**Marin County, California** is a county in the US state of California. It is north of the San Francisco Bay. The county seat and largest city is San Rafael.

## Notable sites
*The **Marin County Civic Center** is a historic landmark. The building was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
***Mount Tamalpais** is  high. From the top, people can see great distances.
***Muir Woods National Monument** has 1000-year-old redwood trees that are over  high.
*The north end of the **Golden Gate Bridge** is in Marin County.

## Cities and towns
This is a list of cities and towns in Marin County:
*Belvedere
*Corte Madera
*Fairfax
*Larkspur
*Mill Valley
*Novato
*Ross
*San Anselmo
*San Rafael
*Sausalito
*Tiburon

## References
## Other websites
*
Damien Sandow

{{Infobox Wrestler
|name=Damien Sandow
|image=Damien sandow.jpg
|caption=Sandow in November 2013
|names       = Aaron Stevens**Aron Stevens**Aron RexDamien MizdowDamien SandowIdol StevensMacho Mandow
|height      = 
|weight      = 
|birth_date  = 
|death_date  =
|birth_place = Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.
|retired     = June 11, 2022
}}

**Aron Steven Haddad** (born August 3, 1982) is an American retired professional wrestler currently working as a manager in the National Wrestling Alliance under the ring name **Aron Stevens**. He is best known for his time in the WWE where he wrestled under the ring names **Idol Stevens** (when he teamed with KC James), **Damien Sandow**, **Damien Mizdow** (as the stunt double and tag team partner of The Miz) and **Macho Mandow** (a parody of "Macho Man" Randy Savage). After his release from WWE in 2016 he joined Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as **Aron Rex** and became the first ever Impact Grand Champion.

In WWE he won the Tag Team Championship with The Miz in 2014 and the 2013 Money in the Bank ladder match. However, he became the first wrestler to lose his cash-in title match for the World Heavyweight Championship, when he was defeated by John Cena on the October 28 episode of *Raw*.

## Championships
* **Chaotic Wrestling**
** Chaotic Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
** Chaotic Wrestling Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Edward G. Xtasy
***Destiny World Wrestling**
**DWW Championship (1 time)
* **Florida Championship Wrestling**
** FCW Jack Brisco 15 Championship (1 time)
** FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Titus O'Neil
* **International Wrestling Association**
** IWA Hardcore Championship (1 time)
***National Wrestling Alliance**
**NWA National Championship (1 time)
**NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with J. R. Kratos
* **Ohio Valley Wrestling**
** OVW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
** OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Nova
** OVW Television Championship (1 time)
** Third OVW Triple Crown Champion
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked  No. 50 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2013
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
** Impact Grand Championship (1 time)
** Impact Grand Championship Tournament (2016)
* **World Wrestling Council**
** WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
** WWC World Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Shawn Spears (1), Chicano (1), King Tonga Jr. (1) and Abbad (1)
* **WWE**
** WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with The Miz
** Money in the Bank (2013 – World Heavyweight Championship contract)
** WWE Tag Team Championship #1 Contender Tournament (2012) – with Cody Rhodes
** Slammy Award (2 times)
*** LOL Moment of the Year (2014) – 
*** Double-Cross of the Year (2015) – 

## References
## Other websites
*
Mariner 1

**Mariner 1** was a NASA spacecraft. It was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 1 was planned to do a Venus fly-by. However, it was destroyed by the Range Safety Officer 293 seconds after launch. It was destroyed because the rocket moved off course and was a safety risk. Mariner 1 was followed by Mariner 2.

## Why it was destroyed 
The Atlas-Agena rocket was controlled by a hand-written formula:

:\bar{\dot{R}_n}

Which means "the th smoothed value of the time derivative of a radius R". However, for this mission, an overline (‾) was missing in the formula, which looks something like this:

:\dot{R}_n

Because the smoothing function was missing, the rocket became  at minor changes. Then, the rocket became out of control and destroyed by the Range Safety Officer. Few years later, Arthur C. Clarke wrote that Mariner 1 was "ed by the most  hyphen in history".

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Cornish cookery

**Cornish cookery** is the cooking styles, traditions and recipes associated with Cornwall. It has been heavily influenced by the geography of the county as well as its social history.

Being a peninsula, fish dishes form a major part of the historical and modern recipes in Cornwall The fishing industry plays a major part in its economy. The iconic dish of Cornwall, the pasty, has its roots in the mining industry. 

Cornwall's cookery has influenced and been influenced by other British cuisine. It is similar to the cuisine of its neighbour, Devon.

Much of Cornwall's farming land is suitable for milk production and one of the by products is clotted cream (cream thickened by cooking). This is the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream. It is used in Cornish cream teas. Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law, and cannot be made anywhere else.

## Pasties
Cornwall is perhaps best known for its pasties, a savoury baked dish made from pastry. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper. Historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. Pasties are often locally referred to as *oggies*. 

## References
National Gallery

**National gallery** may refer to: 

*National Gallery, London, United Kingdom
*National Gallery of Art in Washington, USA
*National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, Australia
*National Gallery of Armenia in Yerevan, Armenia
*National Gallery of Australia in the Australian Capital Territory
*National Gallery, Oslo (Nasjonalgalleriet) in Norway
Pedro Rodríguez Ledesma

**Pedro Eliezer Rodríguez Ledesma**, commonly known as **Pedro** (born 28 July 1987) is a Spanish footballer. He plays for AS Roma and the Spanish national team.

## Club career statistics
## Honours
### Barcelona
*La Liga (3): 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11
*Copa del Rey (1): 2008–09
*Supercopa de España (2): 2009, 2010, 2011
*UEFA Champions League (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
*UEFA Super Cup (1): 2009
*FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2009

### Spain
*FIFA World Cup (1): 2010

## References
## Other websites
*FC Barcelona profile 
*
Sergio Busquets

**Sergio Busquets i Burgos** (born 16 July 1988) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Inter Miami and the Spanish national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
 in 2017]]

:''Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Busquets goal''

## Honours
 after they won the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup.|alt=A group of association football players, who played for FC Barcelona at the time of the photo, lifting their coach after winning their second FIFA Club World Cup.]]

**Barcelona**
*La Liga: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2022–23
*Copa del Rey: 2008–09, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2020–21
*Supercopa de España: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2023
*UEFA Champions League: 2008–09, 2010–11, 2014–15
*UEFA Super Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015

 and Busquets with the Henri Delaunay Trophy after Spain won Euro 2012]]

**Inter Miami**
*Supporters' Shield: 2024
*Leagues Cup: 2023

**Spain**
*FIFA World Cup: 2010
*UEFA European Championship: 2012
*FIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 2013; third place: 2009
*UEFA Nations League runner-up: 2020–21

**Individual**
*Bravo Award: 2009
*La Liga's Breakthrough Player: 2009
*FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2010
*UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2012
*La Liga Team of the Season: 2015–16
*UEFA La Liga Team of the Season: 2015–16
*UEFA Nations League Finals Player of the Tournament: 2021
*MLS All-Star: 2024

**Decorations**
*Prince of Asturias Awards: 2010

## References
Jan Vyčítal

**Jan Vyčítal** (March 8, 1942 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia &ndash; March 1, 2020) was a Czech country music singer and songwriter. He was founding member of Greenhorns. 

Vyčítal died on March 1, 2020 at the age of 77.

## Selected discography
* 1990 *Semtex*
* 1992 *Když sme opustili Prahu*
* 1993 *Pivní džip*
* 1995 *Modlitba za Wimpyho a Wabiho*
* 1997 *Zvířecí farma*
* 1997 *Nejhezčí písničky Honzy Vyčítala (jen vzpomínky poštmistrovic kluka...)*
* 1999 *Master serie*
* 1999 *V baru Zlatá Praha*
* 2000 *60 - Honza Vyčítal a Greenhorns*
* 2003 *Honza Vyčítal a Greenhorns - Dalas!*
* 2006 *T jako textař*
* 2007 *To tenkrát v druhý světový...*
* 2007 *Vracecí kocour*

## References
## Other websites
* Jan Vyčítal on Greenhorns website
Period 2 element

A **period 2 element** is an element in the second period (row) of the periodic table. Period 2 has eight elements: lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and neon. Their atomic numbers go from 3 to 10.

Period 2 elements have electrons in the first two electron shells. The first electron shell is always full. The second electron shell (valence electrons) fills when atomic number gets bigger. Two electrons join the 2s orbital, and six electrons join the 2p orbitals.

These atoms can become stable in two ways:
* They can lose electrons so the second electron shell is empty. Lithium, beryllium, and sometimes boron do this.
* They can gain electrons so the second electron shell is full, with 8 electrons. Fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon usually do this.
Edifício Itália

**Edifício Itália**  is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 165 meters (550 feet) tall and has 46 floors. It was built in 1965.

## Related pages
* Downtown São Paulo
* Mirante do Vale

## Other websites 
* Edifício Itália Official Page
Start

]]
]]

The **start** is a beginning of an activity or the beginning of a race. It can also mean switching on an engine.
Transitional fossil

*, discovered only two years after the publication of *On the Origin of Species*]]

**Transitional fossils** (or **missing links**) are the fossilised remains of lifeforms that show features typical of two distinct groups. It may be a rare fossil, such as *Archaeopteryx*, which shows early features  of a group which later becomes widespread.

The rarity of transitional forms is interesting. It suggests the new forms are not yet dominant in the ecology of their time, and their populations are relatively small. It follows that their fossils would be scarce. In the Solnhofen limestone where *Archaeopteryx'' was found, there are more examples of pterosaurs of several genera than there are of the proto-bird. In the Jurassic, the pterosaurs were dominant in the air.

Large numbers of different bird species are found in the famous Chinese lagerstatten deposits such as the Jehol biota. The Lower Cretaceous birds are clearly more bird-like, and the features they developed enabled them to invade habitat niches which had been the preserve of pterosaurs, or maybe were not previously exploited at all.

Pterosaur decline (if present) seems unrelated to bird diversity. In fact, at least some bird niches were reclaimed by pterosaurs just before the KT event.

## Mosaic evolution 
Typical of transitional fossils is that some features are clearly basal or primitive. Other features are advanced ('derived'). With *Archaeopteryx*, the front legs are derived, and show clearly the capacity for flight. Also, the feathers had the rachus (stem) off-centre, a feature of all bird flight feathers. The rest of the skeleton was just like any other small carnivorous dinosaur.p35

Transitional fossil flatfish are known, where the process of eye movement is not yet complete. In a typical modern flatfish, the head is asymmetric with both eyes on one side of the head. In *Heteronectes*, the transition from the symmetric head is incomplete, with one eye positioned near the top of the head, similar to its Italian relative *Amphistium*. The existence of these intermediate stages was predicted by Darwin.

When transition takes place between one group and another, not all features change at the same time. This is called mosaic evolution.408 Transitions between higher groups would involve a series of transitional species, only a few of which may be found as fossils.

## References
Itō Hirobumi

was a Japanese politician and thinker. He served as the 1st, 5th, 7th, 10th Prime Minister of Japan.

Ito was the first Japanese Governor General of Korea 1896–1909. 

## Political life 
In 1874, Ito became the Interior Minister, and from 1878 to 1880, he served as the Second Interior Minister. From 1884 to 1887, Ito was Imperial Household Minister. 

From 1885 to 1888, he was first Prime Minister of Japan, and also, in 1887, was the  Adjunct Foreign Minister of Japan. He served again as Prime Minister from 1892 to 1896, and again in 1898, and his final term was in 1900-1901 as the 10th Prime Minister.

He was killed for political reasons. 

## Related pages 
* Meiji period

## References 
## Other websites
Complexity class

A **Complexity class** is a concept from theoretical computer science and mathematics: All problems that have the same complexity are in the same complexity class. This means, that for a given input, they need about the same amount of resources, such as compute time, or memory. The most often used models for complexity are time complexity, which measures the time needed to calculate a result, or space complexity, which looks at the amount of memory or storage needed. When talking about complexity classes, a *worst case scenario* is usually assumed.
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi

**Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi** (25 June 1972 &ndash; 3 February 2026; ) was a Libyan politician who was one of the sons of Muammar al-Gaddafi. In 2021, he became a candidate for President of Libya.

Saif studied architecture and political science. He held a PhD from the London School of Economics. Saif was in charge of the Gaddafi International Foundation of Charitable Associations. 

In 2011, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against Saif. The court said that Saif may have committed crimes against humanity. According to the court, the Gaddafi regime used torture, killed people and raped women to incite the population to support the regime.

After the Libyan civil war, Gaddafi was arrested.  He tried to flee but was caught. He was flown to Zintan and has stayed there.

On 3 February 2026, Gaddafi was shot and killed at his private garden in Zintan by four gunmen, who then fled the scene. The attackers had disabled security cameras at his residence prior to his killing.

## References
Kim Jong-suk

**Kim Jong-suk**(김정숙, December 24, 1917 – September 22, 1949) was a Korean independence activist, and communist politician. She was the first wife of North Korean President Kim Il-sung, and the mother of Kim Jong-Il, North Korean Great Leader.

## References
## Other websites
*"Kim Jong Suk Biography"  (PDF)
*로동신문 - 김정숙,전세계녀성들의 귀감
*13. 항일의 녀성영웅 김정숙녀사께서
Pope Pius VI

**Pope Pius VI** (; 25 December, 1717 – 29 August 1799), born Giovanni Angelo Braschi, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 251st Pope from 1775 to 1799.

Pope Clement XIII named him treasurer of the Roman Church in 1766.

## Cardinal
In 1775, Pope Clement XIV made Braschi a cardinal.

## Pope
Cardinal Braschi was elected pope in 1775; and he chose to be called Pius VI.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes by length of reign

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius VI
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Braschi
Fiat Multipla

The **Fiat Multipla** is a car produced by Fiat between 1998 and 2010. The original model became well known for its styling that divided opinion before it was facelifted in 2004. Fiat discontinued the model in 2010. It is a MPV version of the Fiat Bravo.

## Engines 
* *1.6 16V* 76 kW (103 hp)
* *1.9 JTD* 77 kW (105 hp), 81 kW (110 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
* *1.9 Multijet* 88 kW (120 hp)
Candidatus

**Candidatus**  is a term in the taxonomy (scientific classification) of bacteria.

It is a label put before the name of a bacterium which cannot be grown on an agar plate or in any other bacteriology culture. An example would be "*Candidatus* Phytoplasma allocasuarinae". Candidatus status may be used when a species or genus is well studied but cannot be cultured. Nowadays much information is got by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis.

## History 
For correct publication of a species, bacteria must be isolated, cultured, described, and deposited in a bacteriology culture collection. However, some bacteria require special tissue culture conditions and cannot be maintained in Bacteriology Culture Collections. This includes bacteria which live inside other organisms or cells. These include obligately intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts, insect symbionts, and populations from oceans or sludge. 

In 1994, Murray and Schleifer published a taxonomic note. They recommended that the new category of indefinite rank (Candidatus) be established for certain  taxa that could not be described in sufficient detail to warrant establishment of a new taxon. It was also recommended that a Candidatus list should be established in the *International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology*.

According to the "IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma taxonomy group" the abbreviation for Candidatus should be Ca.

## References
Carsonella ruddii

***Candidatus*** **Carsonella ruddii** is an endosymbiotic gamma proteobacterium. It has the smallest known genome of any bacterium.

The species is an endosymbiont that is present in all species of phloem sap-feeding insects known as psyllids. The endosymbionts occurs in a specialised structure known as the bacteriome.

In 2006 the genome of one strain of *Ca.* C. ruddi was sequenced at RIKEN in Japan and the University of Arizona. The genome is a circular chromosome of 159,662 base pairs and has a high coding density (97%) with many overlapping genes and reduced gene length. The number of predicted genes was 182, also the lowest on record (NCBI-Genome). Numerous genes considered essential for life seem to be missing, suggesting that the species may have achieved organelle-like status. has a genome of 521 genes.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Scientific American – Tiny genome may reflect organelle in the making
Peugeot 5008

The **Peugeot 5008** is a SUV produced by Peugeot since 2009. While in its first generation, it was a MPV version of the Peugeot 3008, but the second generation turned to a SUV. It is a longer seven-seater version of the Peugeot 3008.

## Engines 
* *1.6 VTi* 88 kW (120 hp)
* *1.6 THP* 115 kW (156 hp)
* *1.6 HDi* 80 kW (109 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
* *2.0 HDi* 110 kW (150 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)
Mariner 2

**Mariner 2** was a NASA spacecraft. It was the second spacecraft in the Mariner program. Mariner 2 was the first successful mission from Earth to another planet.

## Mission 
Mariner 2 was launched on August 27, 1962 aboard an Atlas-Agena B rocket at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.  The aim of the Mariner 2 mission was to fly-by the planet Venus and return information on the planet's atmosphere, magnetic field, charged particle environment, and mass.  Mariner 2 was at its closest to Venus, at a distance of 34,773 km, on December 14, 1962.  Orbital perihelion was on December 27, 105,464,560&nbsp;km away.  The last radio signal from Mariner 2 was received on January 3, 1963.  Mariner 2 is still orbiting around the Sun today.

## Design
The spacecraft's design was exactly the same as that of Mariner 1. Mariner 1 was the first spacecraft in the Mariner program, but it had to be destroyed shortly after launch because its trajectory was wrong.

## Discoveries
The spacecraft found out that the surface temperature on Venus was at least 425&nbsp;°C (797&nbsp;°F), on both the day and night sides. It discovered that Venus rotates in the opposite direction from most planets in the Solar System. The spacecraft also found that the atmosphere of Venus is mostly of carbon dioxide and that there is a very high pressure at the planet's surface. Continuous cloud cover was detected but no magnetic field was, however. It also found that solar wind is  continuous and that the density of cosmic dust between planets is much lower than it is near Earth.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
TSV Hartberg

The **Turn- und Sportverein Hartberg** is a football club from Hartberg, Styria. The club is playing in the First league, the second division in Austrian football. Beside the football section the club has 14 others, like chess, Judo and gymnastics.
## History
The club was founded on 29 April 1946. Then the club had two parts, football and handball. In the meantime there are 14.

After a long time in lower classes Hartberg was first promoted to the Landesliga, the highest class in Styrian football, in 1978. 1978/79 the club won the Landesliga, but failed in the relegation tournament for promotion. A year later the club reached the quarterfinals of the Austrian Cup. 1994/95 the club became champion again and was promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division). 2006 the team became champion of the Regionalliga Mitte and was promoted to the Ersten Liga (2nd division). Due to reforms of the league Hartberg was relegated the same season. On the last day of the season 2008–2009, TSV Hartberg finished in first poisition of the Austrian third division and was promoted to the 2009–2010 second division where they play at the moment.

## Current squad 
### Coaching staff
* Manfred Schmid Headcoach
* Christian Mayrleb Assistant coach
* Andreas Biritz Assistant coach
* Christian Dobnik Goalkeeper coach

## Honours
* 3 x promotion to the second division:1996, 2006, 2009
* 4 x Champion Regionalliga Mitte (3rd division):1996, 1999, 2006, 2009
* 3 x Styrian Landesliga:1988, 1990, 1995
* Cup Semifinals: 1995
* Cup Quarterfinals: 1989

## Stadium
The club plays in the Hartberg stadium. It is a multi-purpose stadium for 6000 visitors.

## References
Büsingen am Hochrhein

**Büsingen am Hochrhein** often just known as Busingen, is a German village. It is part of the German state *(Bundesland)* of Baden-Württemberg. The village belongs to the district *(Kreis)* of Konstanz. Büsingen has an area of about . About 1,350 people live there. The village is the only exclave of Germany. It is surrounded by territory that belongs to Switzerland.

A 680-metre wide strip of Swiss land separates the village from the rest of Germany.

## History 
The oldest finds in the area of Büsingen date back to the Bronze Age. The village was first mentioned in historical documents in 1090. The area belonging to the village contains the sites of two abandoned villages.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
CAE Global Academy Phoenix

**CAE Global Academy Phoenix** (formerly **Sabena Airline Training Center**) is a private flight school (airline pilot training) in Mesa, Arizona, USA. The school is located at Falcon Field airport and has 49 aircraft including 15 Diamond DA20-C1, 10 Diamond DA40, 4 Diamond DA42-L360, 11 Piper Archer, 8 Piper Arrow and one Beechcraft 90. The school has also three flight simulators.

## History 
In 1991, Belgian government gives the *École d’aviation civile* created in 1953 to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center. The same year, it was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Following that decisions, the school is created as a subsidiary of Sabena Flight Academy and under the name of Sabena Airline Training Center.
In 2008, following the absorption of the Belgian school by CAE, the US subsidiary is also purchased. The school becomes part of the CAE Global Academy network and is renamed CAE Global Academy Phoenix.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* Nicolas Tenoux (CAE Phoenix 2011), *6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …*, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p.&nbsp;13
Mastère spécialisé

A **Mastère Spécialisé** (**MS**), also called **Specialized Master** or **Advanced Master**, is a French degree (created in 1986) that a person gets after completing a Master's degree and then continuing to study in a Grande École in some specific field. These students are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they study, as compared to those who only get a Master's degree.

The course takes one year to complete, including at least four months of practical internship.

## History 
The history of the Mastère Spécialisé starts in 1986. During the end of the 1980s, the ''Commission des titres d'ingénieur'' required that a student spend two years in a school to graduate with the French Master's degree. But a lot of foreign students sometimes came one entirely year in the French schools and came back to their own country without a degree. Also, the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System was not yet adopted by all the schools.

Otherwise, companies in France was looking for graduated students with specialized skills, for jobs in key sectors.

For these two reasons, the French *Conférence des Grandes Écoles* has created the Mastère Spécialisé.

## References
Beaumaris Castle

**Beaumaris Castle** (, Literal translation: *beautiful marsh*) was a castle built in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales by King Edward I of England. King Edward built the castle to help him take over North Wales. It was one of several castles built along the North Wales coast.

## History 
The castle was started in 1295 and work stopped in 1330. The castle was left unfinished. Small amounts of money were spent in the 1330s and 1400s to maintain (keep up) the castle. However, these payments were stopped. By 1609, the castle was a . In 1642, money was spent on repairs. No more work was done and it became a ruin again. In 1925, Richard Williams-Bulkeley placed Beaumaris Castle in state care. Since then, it has been fixed and maintained. In 1986, the castle was placed on the World Heritage List. Today, Beaumaris is cared for by Cadw, an environmental service run by the Welsh Government. It is open to visitors.

## More reading 
*

## Other websites 
*
*
*
* 
*
*
*
Lofoten

]]

**Lofoten** is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway. Though lying within the Arctic Circle, Lofoten has one of the world's largest higher temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.

Lofoten is well known for its natural beauty within Norway. Lofoten includes the municipalities of . The main islands, running from north to south, are
*Southern tip of Hinnøya.
*Southern 60% (approx.) of Austvågøy (526.7&nbsp;km² in total ),
*Gimsøy (46.4&nbsp;km² ),
*Vestvågøy (411.1&nbsp;km² ),
*Flakstadøya (109.8&nbsp;km² ),
*Moskenesøya (185.9&nbsp;km² ),
whilst further to the south are the small and isolated islands of Værøy and Røst. The total land area amounts to 1,227&nbsp;km², and the population totals 24,500.

Between the mainland and the Lofoten archipelago is the vast, open Vestfjord, and to the north is Vesterålen. The main towns in Lofoten are Leknes in Vestvågøy and Svolvær in Vågan.

The islands have for more than 1,000 years been the centre of great cod fisheries, especially in winter, when the cod migrate south from the Barents Sea and gather in Lofoten to spawn. In the lowland areas, particularly Vestvågøy, agriculture is important and has been so since the Bronze Age.

## Other websites 
* Lofotrådet (in Norwegian)
* Turisme- og begivenhetsinformasjon om Lofoten (in Norwegian)
* Miljøstatus i Norge: Lofoten og Barentshavet  (in Norwegian)
* Lofot-Tidende online (in Norwegian)
Black hole information paradox

The **black hole information paradox** is a phenomenon in astrophysics. It is when quantum mechanics and general relativity are put together. In 2004, Stephen Hawking introduced the studies which supported the theory.  

This phenomenon states that the information of a physical system can be lost when it enters a black hole. The object that falls into a black hole, only keeps information about its spin, mass and charge. However, quantum mechanics suggests that information cannot be lost. This makes it a paradox and serious problem.

It is said that all objects that fall into a black hole are reset.
Cuthbert

Saint **Cuthbert** (c. 634 – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, at that time including, in modern terms, northern England as well as south-eastern Scotland as far north as the Firth of Forth. Afterwards he became one of the most important medieval saints of England, his cult being centred at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of northern England. His feast day is 20 March.

## Biography
In 676 he began the life of a hermit and  to a cave on Lindisfarne. After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands, south of Lindisfarne, and made his life more simple. 

In 684, Cuthbert was chosen to be bishop of Lindisfarne, at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth), but was unwilling to leave his retirement and take up his charge. It was only after a visit from a large group, including King Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop. He was consecrated at York on 26 March 685. After Christmas, 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, which was where he eventually died on 20 March 687 AD. He was buried at Lindisfarne, and his remains later moved to Durham Cathedral.

## References
1988 Pacific hurricane season

The **1988 Pacific hurricane season** officially started May 15, 1988 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1988 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1988. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Despite there being twenty-three tropical cyclones, there were very few notable storms this year. Only four storms came anywhere near to threatening land. Tropical Storm Aletta and Hurricane Kristy both caused minor flooding in Mexico. Elsewhere, Uleki was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the dateline and became a typhoon. In addition, Tropical Depression Seventeen-E and Tropical Storm Miriam both entered from the Atlantic Ocean, were they were called Hurricane Debby and Hurricane Joan, respectively.

## Related pages
* Tropical cyclone
* List of Pacific hurricane seasons

## Other websites 
* Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1988 
* Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive
Period 5 element

A **period 5 element** is an element in the fifth period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains 18 elements, beginning at Rubidium and ending at Xenon.

Period 5 elements have electrons in the first five electron shells. All period 5 elements have one or more electrons in the fifth electron shell (valence electrons). 

When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 5s orbital, ten electrons join the 4d orbital, and six electrons join the 5p orbitals.
Sabena Flight Academy

**CAE Global Academy Brussels Sabena Flight Academy** is a Belgian flight school created in 1953. It is in Steenokkerzeel (Brussels Airport). The school trains airline pilot and is part of CAE Global Academy.

## History 
### Belgian national aviation school 
The origins of the school for airline pilots start in 1953. It was when the Belgian government, which owns the aircraft, contracted the operation thereof to Sabena under the name *École d’aviation civile* (EAC). The training parts are conducted at the airfield of Grimbergen in a building which no longer exists. Basic training is done through the De Havilland DH82A "Tiger Moth" replaced in 1968 by Siai Marchetti SF260. The advanced training is entrusted to the Saab Safir 91B, replaced in 1958 by the Cessna 310B and in 1981 by the Embraer Xingu.

### Sabena airline flight school 
In 1991, the government gives the *École d’aviation civile*  to Sabena airline. It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center, and the school moved into a new building at Brussels National Airport. It was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic. Despite the bankruptcy of Sabena in 2001, the activities didn't stop. In 2004, the school was sold to two former managers of Sabena and became the Sabena Flight Academy.

### Acquisition by CAE 
It was finally absorbed in 2008 by CAE. This was done as part of a larger program to complete a global training network: the CAE Global Academy

## Bibliography 
* Olivier Wilmart, *De Sabena à Air France*, Éditions Racine, 2002, 285 p. ()
* Olivier Wilmart, *La nuque bleue*, Éditions Racine, 2007, 196 p. ()
* Willy Buysse, Marguerite Coppens, Etienne Reunis, Frans Van Humbeek, Michel Wautelet, *Sabena, le progrès venait du ciel*, Bruxelles, Borgerhoff & Lamberigts, 2011, 224 p. ()
* Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), *6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien...*, 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (), p.&nbsp;12
* Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), *6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …*, 2020, Amazon, 77p., (), p.&nbsp;12

## References 
## Other websites 
* CAE Oxford Aviation Academy Sabena Flight Academy website 
* CAE
Period 7 element

A **period 7 element** is an element in the seventh period (row) of the periodic table.  It contains  32 elements, beginning at francium and ending with oganesson. The Actinides are part of this period. They are all really radioactive. As of 2016, period 7 elements are the last period of elements that have been made.

Period 7 elements have electrons in the first seven electron shells. All period 7 elements have one or more electrons in the seventh electron shell (valence electrons). When atomic number increases by one, another electron is added. Two electrons join the 7s orbital, 14 electrons join the 5f orbital, ten electrons join the 6d orbital, and six electrons join the 7p orbitals.

## References
Caroline Wozniacki

**Caroline Wozniacki** (born 11 July 1990) is a Danish professional tennis player. As of January 2018, she is the number 2 ranked female tennis player in the world. She used to be world number one. In her career, she has won one Grand Slam (2018 Australian Open) and 23 singles tournaments on the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour. She also reached the finals of the 2009 and 2014 U.S. Open. She lost to Kim Clijsters and Serena Williams.

Wozniacki was born in Odense to Polish Catholic immigrant parents. She was engaged to golfer Rory McIlroy until 2014.

## References
University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines

**Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines** is a French public university. It was created in 1991 in the department of Yvelines. Since 2002, it has been in Hauts-de-Seine. It is mainly in the cities of Versailles, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Mantes-en-Yvelines and Vélizy-Villacoublay and Rambouillet. It has eight campuses.

The school has 19,000 students, 752 staff people and 1389 teachers and researchers. 285 teachers outside of the university come each year to give courses.

The subjects taught are the sciences, the social sciences, the political sciences, engineering, technology and medicine. It also has courses about the relationship between economy, ethics, natural environment and sustainable development.

The university has a logo showing a white sunrise on a green earth referring to the sustainable development, major theme of the university. 

## Administration 
Like all the other French universities, UVSQ is managed by a President elected by the Board of directors. He is member of the three councils of the university. 
* The board of directors, which decides the strategy of the institution.
* The academic and university life council, which is responsible for training. social science, law and political science, Île-de-France West medical training and research faculty, institute of languages and international studies, institute of cultural studies, and the higher institute of management.

### Graduate schools and institutes 
UVSQ as a postgraduate school in engineering, called ISTY, and two University Institutes of Technology. There is also a training center for apprentices (called ''CFA d'Alembert''). The university also has PhD graduate schools.

### Library and electronic documentation network 
Its main library, opened in June 2002. Its area is  and it has 100,000 books. In total, the university has six academic libraries with about 200,000 books, 5,000 digital books and 26,000 magazines and newspapers.

## Student life 
In September 2011, 31 associations are approved by UVSQ. They are in science, social sciences and humanities, law, medicine, humanitarian-social-environment, communication, entertainment, thought and politics.  14,226 students were at the university in 2004. 

### Demographic changes 
## Related pages
* UniverSud Paris
* Université du grand ouest parisien

## Notes and references 
### References 
### Bibliography 
*  Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur, ''Rapport d'évaluation de l'université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines '', January 2010
*  Comité national d'évaluation des établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel, ''L'université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Rapport d'évaluation'', December 2006

## Other websites
* Official website
* Official website
Luke Mitchell

**Luke Mitchell** (born 17 April 1985) is an Australian actor from Queensland. Now living in Sydney, he is known for his role as Romeo Smith on the soap opera *Home and Away*. He is presently dating his co-star Rebecca Breeds who plays Ruby Buckton on Home and Away.

## Filmography
* Neighbour (2008)
* Performance Anxiety (2008)
* H20: Just Add Water (2009–2010)
* Home and Away (2009–2013)
* Cryptoticon (2010)
* The Tomorrow People (2013–2014)
* 7 Minutes (2014)
* Members Only (2015)
* Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2015–2016) 
* Mothers and Daughters (2016)
* Blindspot (2016–2020)
* The Code (2019)
* Without Romorse (2021)
* The Republic of Sarah (2021)
* Legacies (2022)
* Big Sky (2022–2023)
* Chicago Med (2024)
Durham Cathedral

**The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham** (usually known as **Durham Cathedral**) is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham. The Bishopric dates from 995, with the present cathedral being founded in AD 1093. The cathedral is known as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The present cathedral replaces the 10th century "White Church" built as part of a monastic foundation to house the shrine of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. The treasures of Durham Cathedral include relics of St Cuthbert, the head of St Oswald of Northumbria and the remains of the Venerable Bede. 

Durham Cathedral occupies a strategic position on a promontory high above the River Wear. The cathedral is a major tourist attraction, the central tower of 217&nbsp;feet (66&nbsp;m) giving views of Durham and the surrounding area.

There are many famous people who are interred (buried) in the Cathedral and in the surrounding grounds including Bishop Alfred Tucker.

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

## References
Algeciras

**Algeciras** is a city in the south of Spain. Is on the Mediterranean coast, in the Bay of Gibraltar. It is also the most important port in the country.

In 2009, about 116,209 people lived in the city. The municipal area is 86&nbsp;km². It is approximately 20&nbsp;km to the north of Africa.

The city has a long history. It was founded by phoenicians. Named Iulia Traducta by the Romans in the First Century.
In 711, Arab from the North of Africa invaded the city and renamed it *Al-Yazirat al-Hadra* (green island). In 1344 the city was conquered by Alfonso XI of Castile but it was reconquered by moors in 1369, ten years before Algeciras was destroyed.

In 1704 the city was refounded by Gibraltarians refugees.
Jonny Evans

**Jonathan (Jonny) Grant Evans** (born 2 January 1988) is a Northern Irish footballer and a former player of Manchester United and Northern Ireland. He is currently the head of Loans and Pathways at Manchester United.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Northern Ireland's goal tally first''

**Manchester United**
*Premier League: 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13 
*Football League Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10
*FA Community Shield: 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013
*UEFA Champions League: 2007–08
*FIFA Club World Cup: 2008

**Leicester City**
*FA Cup: 2020–21

## References
Rafael Pereira da Silva

**Rafael Pereira da Silva** (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.

## Notes
## References
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

An **Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty** (**AONB**) is an area of countryside considered to have significant landscape value in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Natural England designates them on behalf of the United Kingdom government. Natural Resources Wales designates them on behalf of the Welsh Government. The Northern Ireland Environment Agency designates them on behalf of the Northern Ireland Executive.

The chief purpose of the AONB designation is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, with two secondary aims: meeting the need for quiet enjoyment of the countryside and having regard for the interests of those who live and work there. To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical countryside management.

As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. AONBs are created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Unlike AONBs, national parks have their own authorities, have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development, and are well known to many inhabitants of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 

There are 35 AONBs in England, four in Wales, one (Wye Valley) that is in both England and Wales and nine in Northern Ireland. The first AONB was awarded in 1956 to the Gower Peninsula, south Wales. The most recently confirmed is the Tamar Valley AONB in 1994. The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly (1976), , and the largest AONB is the Cotswolds (1966), . The AONBs of England and Wales together cover around 18% of the countryside in the two countries.
## Other websites
* National Association for AONBs
* Interactive map of AONBs
Shatranj

, showing Christian vs Muslim]]
n manuscript *A treatise on chess*]]

**Chatrang**, or **Shatranj**, was the name given to the early game of chess when it travelled to Persia and then to the Arab world.

In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became **Chatrang** and the rules were developed further, and players started calling *Shāh!* (Persian for 'King') when threatening the opponent's king, and *Shāh māt!* (Persian for 'the king is finished') when the king could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands.

The game was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names; in Arabic "māt" or "māta" مَاتَ means "died", "is dead". In Arabic, the game became **Shatranj**. In all other languages, the name of the game is derived either from *shatranj* or from *shah*.

One interesting fact is that the Arabs divided their game into the same three stages which we do today: opening, middlegame and endgame.p221

## References
Ice cap

, an ice cap in Iceland]]
An ** ice cap** is a large mass of ice.

Ice caps have a land area less than 50&nbsp;000&nbsp;km². Sheets of ice covering more than that are ice sheets. 

Ice caps are usually in high areas but can occur elsewhere.

## References