open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Palmdale, California

**Palmdale** is the largest city in the desert area of California. It is a suburb of Los Angeles. It has a population of 169,450 and is the 6th largest city in Los Angeles County.

Even though Palmdale is in Los Angeles County, it is not connected to the larger Los Angeles population area. It is separated from it by a mountain range called the San Gabriel Mountains that are over 40 miles wide and almost 2 miles high overall. It is in Antelope Valley.

Palmdale is the home of several airplanes used by NASA and the Air Force, giving it the nickname of *"the aerospace capital of America."*

Palmdale Airport does not have any passenger air service.

The city's demographics is primarily Mexican and white. The most common ancestries are German, English, Irish, Italian and French. Spanish and Tagalog are the most common spoken foreign languages.

## History
The indigenous Kitanemuk were the first to settle in the area.

In 1886, when land in the Antelope Valley sold for 50 cents an acre, a group of 50 Swiss and German families migrated from the Midwest and settled in what is now known as Palmdale. They named their new community “Palmenthal” because they had mistaken the native Joshua trees for palm trees.

The high desert community of Palmdale has rich agricultural roots and a unique aviation history.

The City of Palmdale celebrated its 50th anniversary of incorporation on Aug. 24, 2012. It has consistently been one of the fastest-growing cities in California and in the country. Since 1980, Palmdale’s population has soared from 12,277 to 158,605. Despite its growth, Palmdale continues to cherish the small-town values of a family-oriented community while enjoying all of the conveniences of its booming retail and commercial sectors.

In 1772 Captain Pedro Fages, a Spanish soldier in pursuit of deserting sailors, crossed the southern part of the Antelope Valley into Leona Valley.

After the Shoshone Indians left the valley, immigrants from Spain and Mexico established large cattle ranches there.

## Sister cities
* Poncitlán, Jalisco, Mexico

## References 
## Other websites 
* Palmdale City Website
* Palmdale Airport Website
Greek

**Greek** can mean:
* The modern Greek people
* A description of things or people from the European country of Greece
* A description of things or people from one of the ancient European city-states of Ancient Greece
*Greeks, the people of Greece
* The Greek language, the language people speak in Greece
** Koine Greek, the language of the New Testament, spoken at the time of Christ
** Ancient Greek language, the language spoken in Ancient Greece
* The Greek alphabet, the alphabet people use to write those languages
* Greek mythology
Ohio

**Ohio** (nicknamed **The Buckeye State**) is one of the fifty states in the United States. Its capital is Columbus, which is also the largest city in Ohio.

Other large cities in Ohio are Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, Akron, Toledo, and Youngstown.

Some famous people from Ohio include golfer Jack Nicklaus, Wilbur and Orville Wright, astronauts John Glenn and Neil Armstrong, authors Sherwood Anderson and Toni Morrison, and actors Clark Gable and Katie Holmes. There have also been seven American presidents from Ohio: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, and Warren G. Harding.

Ohio is important in elections because it is a swing state. Candidates often campaign a lot there and prior to 2020, the last time they voted for the losing candidate was 1960. Also, no Republican has ever won the presidency without carrying this state. Ohio has both farmland and cities, and is part of the Midwest. Ohio is the eighth most populated state in the United States of America.

The state has become a meme for the Gen Z and Alpha generations.

## Geography 
Ohio borders Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia, and it shares a water border with Ontario, Canada. Western Ohio is mostly flat farmland, with some hills. Southern and Southeastern Ohio is near the Appalachian Mountains, and is the most mountainous part of the state. Most of this area is covered by forests. This part of Ohio is home to the Ohio River, the Wayne National Forest, and the Hocking Hills, which has waterfalls and canyons.

Central Ohio is mostly rolling hills, and is home to Columbus. Northeast Ohio is dominated by the Lake Erie coast and has a mix of cities and countryside.

## Economy 
For many years, industry and manufacturing was the biggest part of Ohio's economy. Youngstown was a big steel producer, as was Cleveland. Other manufacturing - including the car industry - was a major factor across the state. Since the 1970s, industry has shrank in Ohio, but it is still a big part of the local economy. Today, other businesses are more prominent. Cleveland is one of the biggest hubs for Healthcare, and its main hospital, the famous Cleveland Clinic, is the largest employer in the region. Banking is also a major business, and foods and retail are too. Cincinnati plays host to the headquarters of Fifth Third Bank, Cintas, Kroger, Luxottica, Procter & Gamble and Macy's, whereas, Columbus hosts the headquarters of LBrands, JPMorgan Chase, Huntington Bank, Rogue Fitness, Wendy's, Big Lots, Cardinal Health and Nationwide Insurance. In addition The J.M. Smucker Company and Key Bank are also based in Ohio.

## Most Affordable State 
Ohio has been categorized as the most affordable state to live in. The average salary in Ohio ranges but, the average is about 64k. Also known as 31 U.S. dollars an hour. The highest average salary in a city in Ohio is Cinnamon Lake. People in Cinnamon Lake (on average) a 70 thousand dollar yearly salary.

## Related pages
* List of cities in Ohio
* List of counties in Ohio

## References
Relativity

The word **relativity** usually means two things in physics:

* The principle of relativity, which was originally thought up by Galileo Galilei, and later used by Albert Einstein as one of the important postulates (like rules) of the theory of relativity.
* The theory of relativity itself, which has two parts: special relativity and general relativity.
1894

## Events 
* Outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War
* June 30 – Tower Bridge in London opened.

## Births 
* February 10 - Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister 
* April 17 – Nikita Krushchev, Soviet leader
* March 20 – Ky Ebright, American Olympic rowing coach (d. 1979)
* July 26 – Aldous Huxley, English writer
* November 27 - Katherine Milhous, American illustrator and writer (d. 1977)

## Deaths 
* 1 January – Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
* 1 November - Alexander III of Russia Czar of Russia father of Czar Nicholas II
1191

## Events 
* May 12 – Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.
* September 7 – Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf – Richard I of England fights against Saladin at Arsuf. Result of battle is inconclusive.
* The monks of Glastonbury Abbey announce that they have found the burial sites of King Arthur and his Queen Guinevere.
* The city of Berne was founded by the duke Berthold V of Zähringen

## Births 
* February 8 – Yaroslav II of Russia (d. 1246)

## Deaths 
* March 27 – Pope Clement III
* Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi the Sufi saint and mystic was executed.

## Miscellaneous 
This is the year the popular game for Xbox 360, Assassin's Creed, is set.
1539

## Events 
* May 30 – In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold.
* Hernando de Soto introduces Pigs into North America
* May – 6 Articles Statute of English Parliament, important in the English Reformation"
* September 4 – Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves
* Lutheranism is forcefully introduced to Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jon Aresson.
* The town of Shuya was founded

## Births 
* November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (died 1596)
* December 5 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini, theologian (died 1604)
* Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese Jewish explorer (died 1590)
* Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (died 1603)
* Catherine Grey, Countess of Hertford (died 1568)
* Hasegawa Tohaku, Japanese painter (died 1610)
* Ikeda Katsumasa, Japanese military commander (died 1578)
* Laurence Tomson, Calvinist (died 1608)

## Deaths 
* February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves, born 3 August 1491
* March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, diplomat, politician, and father of Anne Boleyn (born 1477)
* May 7 – Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism (born 1469)
* May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (born 1466)
* July 5 – St. Anthony Maria Zaccaria, founder of the Barnabite Order (born 1502)
* September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (born 1475)
* James Beaton, Scottish church leader
* Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (born 1480)
* Hugh Cook Faringdon, Abbot of Reading
* George, Duke of Saxony (born 1471)
* Symeon Iwanowicz Trubczewski, governor of Kostroma
* Isabella d'Este, "First Lady of the Renaissance" (born 1474)
1431

## Events 
* February 21 – The trial of Joan of Arc
* March 3 – Eugenius IV becomes Pope
* May 30 – In Rouen, France, 19-year old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake.
* Foundation of University of Poitiers
* Battle of Inverlochy
1574

**1574** (MDLXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events 
* April 14 – Battle of Mookerheyde:  Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau.  Louis is killed.
* May 30 – On the death of King Charles IX of France, he is succeeded by his brother King Henry of Poland, who becomes King Henry III.  His mother, Catherine of Medici, acts as Regent until Henry arrives from Poland.
* October 3 – The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggar fleet under Louis Boisot.
* Murad III succeeds Selim II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
Wombat

A **wombat** is a marsupial in the family **Vombatidae**. It lives in the Australian eucalypt forests. There are two genera with three living wombat species; the common wombat and the hairy-nosed wombats.

It is a medium-sized animal that makes a burrow by digging holes in the ground. Wombats are usually around a metre (40&nbsp;in) long when they are fully grown.  It is a kind of animal known as a marsupial because it has a pouch on its belly that holds its young, although it faces back instead of forward like most marsupials.  Having the pouch face backwards prevents dirt from building up in the pouch and hitting the offspring in the face when digging.  When its young are born they spend some time growing in their mother's pouch before going into the world.  Wombats are herbivores. They eat plants, roots, and grasses.  They are nocturnal which means they sleep in the day and come out at . Some wombats have thick brown fur and very small ears. They can weigh from 20 to 35 kilograms (45 to 80 lb). They can live up to 7 years.

Wombats are commonly known and recognised by their waste products. They are the only known mammals that excrete feces in cubic shape. This lets people easily know when wombat habitats are nearby. It also tells simply what the wombat may have eaten by examining the feces thoroughly.

## Taxonomy
* Family **Vombatidae**: Wombats
** Common wombat (*Vombatus ursinus*) 
** Southern hairy-nosed wombat (*Lasiorhinus latifrons*) 
** Northern hairy-nosed wombat or yaminon (*Lasiorhinus krefftii*)

## References
## Other websites 
*Wombania's Wombat Information Index
*Russell The Wombat's Burrow
N.C. Wyeth

**Newell Convers Wyeth** (October 22, 1882 – October 19, 1945) was an American painter and book illustrator. He was born in Needham, Massachusetts. He was known for his illustrations for such books as *Robin Hood*, *Robinson Crusoe*, *The Yearling*, *The Last of the Mohicans*, and King Arthur. His daughters Henriette and Carolyn, his son, Andrew and grandson Jamie Wyeth were also painters. Wyeth's son Nathaniel was an inventor. 

Wyeth was born in Needham, Massachusetts. He died in an accident at a railway crossing in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania.

## Other websites 
* Virtual tour of N.C. Wyeth's studio 
* Robinson Crusoe text with illustrations by N.C. Wyeth 
* N.C. Wyeth Biography
Turkey (bird)

The **turkey** is a large bird in the genus ***Meleagris***, native to North America. There are two extant turkey species: the wild turkey (*Meleagris gallopavo*) of eastern and central North America and the ocellated turkey (*Meleagris ocellata*) of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. In the United States, people traditionally eat turkey on the holiday of Thanksgiving.

## Naming 
When people from Europe first saw turkeys in the Americas they thought the birds were a type of guinea fowl (*Numida meleagris*). This bird had been brought to central Europe from the country of Turkey. The name of that country stuck as the name of the bird. 

The confusion with the name is also seen in the scientific name: *meleagris* is Greek for guinea-fowl.

## References 
## Other websites
Arachnology

**Arachnology** is a science that studies arachnids. Examples of arachnids are spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and harvestmen. Ticks and mites are also arachnids but they sometimes are not included in arachnology. They are studied in acarology.
## Related pages 
*Entomology
Massachusetts

**Massachusetts** is a state in the United States of America. Its official name is **the Commonwealth of Massachusetts**.

The word *Massachusetts* comes from Native American language. It means "place with hills."

## History
Massachusetts was one of the first places that European people lived when they came to America. It became one of the first American colonies. The Pilgrims from Plymouth, England came to America to practice their religion in 1620.

Massachusetts was the place of many events which caused the American Revolution, such as the Boston Tea Party and the Battle of Lexington and Concord. It was also a center of the anti-slavery movement. 

Maine used to be part of Massachusetts, but split off in 1820.

In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.

## Location
Massachusetts is on the East Coast of the United States. It is a part of New England located next to the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital and largest city is Boston. 

Massachusetts borders five different states:

* Connecticut
* New Hampshire
* New York
* Rhode Island
* Vermont

Major cities in Massachusetts include Boston, Worcester, Springfield, and Plymouth.

## Massachusetts today
Massachusetts is home to some of the United States' most prestigious universities, such as Harvard University and MIT. 

Massachusetts is one of the richest states in the United States. It is a center for medical research and technology, and is home to several major hospitals.

The state is also home to the New England Patriots, who have won the Super Bowl six times in the National Football League (NFL). Fenway Park, where the Boston Red Sox play, is a historic baseball stadium in Boston.

File:First Evangelical Congregational Church, Uxbridge MA.jpg|
File:Ocean Lighthouse Salem Massachusetts.jpg|
File:Hartwell Tavern in October, Lincoln MA.jpg|

## Related pages
* Governor of Massachusetts
* List of counties in Massachusetts
* List of cities and towns in Massachusetts

## References
Tallahassee, Florida

**Tallahassee** is the capital city of the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2020 Tallahassee has a population of 196,169 people.

The name comes from the Apalachee Native American words: *talwa* meaning town, and *ahassee* meaning old.

Tallahassee was created as the capital of Florida during the territory's second legislative session. It was chosen as the midpoint between St. Augustine and Pensacola, which had been the capitals of the Spanish and British colonies of East Florida and West Florida, respectively. (At that time, very few people lived in the swamps of South Florida.) The first session of Florida's Legislative Council–as a territory of the United States–met on July 22, 1822 at Pensacola and members from St. Augustine traveled fifty-nine days by water to attend. The second session was in St. Augustine and required western delegates to travel perilously around the peninsula on a twenty-eight day trek. During this session, it was decided that future meetings should be held at a half-way point to reduce the distance. Two appointed commissioners selected Tallahassee, at that point an abandoned Apalachee settlement, as a halfway point. In 1824, the third legislative session met there in a crude log capitol. Also in 1824, Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolution, returned for a grand tour of the United States.  The US Congress voted to give him $200,000 (the same amount he had given the colonies in 1778), US citizenship, and the Lafayette Land Grant,  of land that today includes large portions of Tallahassee. In 1845, a Greek revival masonry structure was erected as the Capitol building in time for statehood.

In 1977, a 23-story high-rise Capitol building designed by architect Edward Durell Stone was completed. It is now the third-tallest state capitol building in the United States. In 1978, the old capitol was scheduled for demolition, but the State Of Florida decided to keep the Old Capitol as a museum and point of interest.

The city is the location of two important universities, Florida State University and Florida A&M University.

## Notes
## References
1227

## Events
* March 19 &ndash; Pope Gregory IX succeeds Pope Honorius III as the 178th pope.

* August 18 – Genghis Khan
Tom Skerritt

**Thomas Alderton Skerritt** (born August 25, 1933) is an American actor. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. He is best known for his roles in the films *M*A*S*H* (1970), *Alien* (1979), and *Top Gun* (1986). He won an Emmy Award in 1993 and a Saturn Award in 2011.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Trossingen

**Trossingen** is a town in South Germany (Baden-Württemberg). It is in a region called Baar, between the Swabian Alb and the Black Forest.

Trossingen is called a "music town". It has around 16,000 people who live there, there is the 'University of Music Trossingen', which is one of Baden-Württemberg's state conservatories, and there are other institutions specialized in musical education, like the 'Bundesakademie für musikalische Jugendbildung'  and the 'Hohner Konservatorium'. In 1857 the Matthias Hohner company was founded. Today, Hohner harmonicas and accordions are famous all over the world. Trossingen houses the German Harmonica Museum, too. Trossingen also has a historic railway: the *Trossinger Eisenbahn*. Several skeletons of the dinosaur *Plateosaurus engelhardti* were found in Trossingen during excavations in the early 20th century. The local museum Auberlehaus houses several of the original bones.

## Distances 
* Stuttgart (capital of Baden-Württemberg): about .
* Berlin (capital of Germany): about .
* the Black forest: about .
* Switzerland: about .

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Istanbul

]]
 across the Bosporus]] 

**Istanbul**, formerly known as **Constantinople**, is a mega city that sits in both Europe and Asia, divided by the Bosporus. Although it is the largest city of Turkey, it is not the capital. It is the largest city in Europe by population. It is also the 3rd largest European city in size. It was the capital city of the old Ottoman Empire until 1923. The city has been known since ancient times by the older names Byzantium and Constantinople (; , *Konstantinoúpolis*). Being a seaport, Istanbul is the main trade center of Turkey.

Part of Istanbul is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Istanbul faces the Golden Horn and the Bosporus strait. The Bosphorus connects the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, and separates Europe and Asia. It's the only city around the world that is on two different continents. The city is actually in both Europe and Asia. One-third of the people live on the Asian side. Its population is between 11 and 15 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Europe. Many people migrate to Istanbul every year. In 2023, Istanbul was the city with the most international arrivals.

Its original name was *Byzantion* in the Greek language, known as *Byzantium* in the Latin language. Byzantium was originally settled as a colony by Greeks from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king, Byzas. In 196 AD, Byzantium was damaged by the Romans, then rebuilt by the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. Constantine the Great thought this city was in a nice location, and in 330, moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to there, as *New Rome* (Latin: *Nova Roma*; ''*, *Nea Rómi*), renaming the city *Constantinople'', after his name.

When the Roman Empire was later divided into two, the East Roman Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire, and its capital was in Constantinople, where Hagia Sophia had been built. Although it was captured by Crusaders for a time, it continued as one of the political, cultural, religious, and economic centers of Europe until it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1453. After the Ottoman Empire ended, the Republic of Turkey was started with its capital at Ankara. Later in 1930, Constantinople was renamed Istanbul.

The Romanlar (Turkish Gypsys) have lived in Istanbul since 1054 at Sulukule, well known for their Music and Dance style. After 1453, by order of Mehmed II, Roma was settled in Istanbul from other parts of the Ottoman Empire. In some cases, they live in several Mahallas (quarters) together with Turks in Istanbul in the European and Asian parts of this city.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Audioguide Seslirehber Istanbul Turkey 
* Extensive information on Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul
The Smurfs

***The Smurfs*** (French: *Les Schtroumpfs*) are fictional little blue beings created by Peyo, a Belgian cartoonist. They first appeared in 1958, and later in a cartoon television show created by Hanna-Barbera Productions in the 1980s. On September 12, 1981, they were featured on ABC on Saturday mornings as a cartoon series. The little blue creatures from Belgium became popular among all ages. *The Smurfs 2* was a sequel released July 31, 2013.

## Description 
The smurfs are very small.  In cartoons in which they appear with humans, they are small enough to stand on a human hand.

Most Smurfs are male. There are only 3 females in the village: Smurfette, Sassette Smurfling, and Nanny Smurf.

Most Smurfs wear white pants and white Phrygian caps. Papa Smurf, Grandpa Smurf, and some of the Smurflings dress differently. Grandpa Smurf wears yellow clothes and Papa Smurf wears red clothes. The Smurflings are Sassette, Snappy, Slouchy, and Nat. Sassette and Nat do not dress like the other Smurfs at all, while Slouchy and Nat do dress like the others. In some comics, the Smurfs dress differently in color or clothing.

Smurfs live in mushroom-shaped houses in a village in a forest.

## Characters
* **Smurfette**, one of the female Smurfs
* **Papa Smurf**, the village leader
* **Brainy Smurf**, an intellectual show-off
* **Vanity Smurf**, is a narcissist. He has a flower in his hat. He often holds a hand mirror, staring into his own reflection.  In the Hanna-Barbera cartoon series, Vanity speaks in a feminine voice.
* **Grouchy Smurf**, is a grouch
* **Handy Smurf**, is a mechanic and inventor.
* **Hefty Smurf**, strong Smurf
* **Sassette Smurfling**, the only female Smurfling
* **Greedy Smurf**, the village's baker
* **Natural Smurf** **or Nat Smurfling**, can communicate with animals.
* **Grandpa Smurf**, the former "Papa Smurf"
* **Nanny Smurf**, the oldest female Smurf
* **Tailor Smurf**, makes clothes
* **Gustey** a brave smurf
* **Gargamel**, a human, and the enemy of the Smurfs. Gargamel is an evil wizard who is absolutely ed with the Smurfs. His main goal changes. Sometimes he wants to catch Smurfs to eat them. Most of the time he tries to capture them for use in a potion to make gold. Sometimes it is simply getting revenge.
* **Azrael**, is Gargamel's cat and chases Smurfs.
* **Scruple**, is Gargamel's assistant who failed wizard school. He was introduced later in the series.

## References 
## Other websites
* Muckno Mania festival breaks world record
Gregg Allman

**Gregg Allman** (December 8, 1947 &ndash; May 27, 2017) was an American rock musician. He was a member of the Allman Brothers Band with his brother, Duane Allman, which popularised Southern Rock in the 1970s. He married Cher, a well-known pop singer and actress after she divorced Sonny Bono in 1974. They had a son, Elijah Blue Allman, before divorcing in 1979. Until recently, he had continued to perform with his band **Gregg Allman and Friends** and last resided in Georgia with his family.

## Death 
Following a series of health problems,  Gregg Allman died at his home in Savannah, Georgia, on May 27, 2017 due to complications of liver cancer. He was 69.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Website
London Borough of Hackney

The **London Borough of Hackney** is a London Borough in north and east London. It is extramural to the City of London.
Vengaboys

The **Vengaboys** are a Dutch pop music group. The group is made up of DJ Danski and DJ Delmondo. They toured Spanish beach parties in a bus. The group formed in 1992. They added four dancers in 1995-1996 and toured through Europe. Their first song was *Up & Down*.  It was released in March 1997. The group is popular across Europe and have had some popularity in the United States. Their music is Eurodance.

## Other websites 
*http://www.discogs.com/artist/Vengaboys
Subsistence farming

]]

**Subsistence farming** is farming done by farmers who have small plots, or little water, or otherwise grow enough only for themselves. Literally, no extra food is produced to sell or trade. This means farming doesn't give them money to buy things. However, today true subsistence farmers are few. Most also do trading to some degree. From time to time they may need money to buy essential things to keep going.

Subsistence farmers may also move from place to place for nomadic herding (see nomadic people).

Examples:
*A family has only one cow to give milk only for that family. 
*A farmer grows only enough wheat to make bread for his or her family.

## Challenges faced by subsistence farming 
Subsistence farmers are those who grow crops and raise animals for their own consumption and to meet the basic needs of their families or communities. They do not produce surplus food for trade or sale. The size of the crop depends on weather and other factors. When crops are small, the farm does not provide as much food, and the usual result is famine.

Subsistence farming is common in rural areas of developing countries, where farmers may lack access to modern agricultural technologies, markets, and financial resources. However, it can also be found in other parts of the world, including some rural communities in developed countries where people still engage in traditional farming practices.

Subsistence farming can provide food security, sustainability, community building, and resilience for the farmers and their families. However, it also faces a number of challenges, such as:

*The impacts of climate change: Climate change can affect the availability and quality of water, soil, and seeds, as well as the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, such as droughts, floods, and pests. These can reduce the crop yields and livestock productivity of subsistence farmers, and increase their vulnerability to food insecurity and poverty.
*Low levels of education: Many subsistence farmers have limited access to formal education and literacy, which can limit their ability to acquire new skills and knowledge, and to adopt innovative methods to improve their farming practices and livelihoods.
*Lack of knowledge regarding innovative methods to increase productivity and sustainability: Subsistence farmers may not be aware of or have access to improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigation systems, pest management, and other modern agricultural technologies that can help them increase their crop yields and quality, and reduce their environmental impact.
*A shortage of labour skills to ensure the succession of subsistence farming: Subsistence farming is often a family or community activity, where the elders pass on their knowledge and skills to the younger generations. However, due to urbanization, migration, and changing aspirations, many young people may not be interested in or able to continue the subsistence farming tradition, which can threaten the future of this type of farming.

## References
River Clyde

The **River Clyde** (, ) is a river in Scotland. It  flows through Glasgow before opening up into the Firth of Clyde.

## References
## Other websites 
* River Clyde: Source to Firth Panorama Project 
* The Clyde-built ships data base - lists over 22,000 ships built on the Clyde 
* Clyde Waterfront regeneration 
* Clyde Waterfront Heritage 
* Glasgow Digital Library: Glimpses of old Glasgow
* In Glasgow Photo Gallery of pictures of the River Clyde 
* Clydebank Restoration Trust
Argyroxiphium

***Argyroxiphium*** is a small genus of plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae.  Its members are known by the common names of **silversword** or **greensword** due to their long, narrow leaves and the silvery hairs on some species.

The Silversword plant grows only at high  on the Island of Maui in Hawaii.

It is a noticeable, round-shaped rosette plant with rigid (swordlike), succulent leaves densely covered by silver hairs. When a plant flowers at the end of its life, it produces a spectacular flowering stalk 0.5-2.0 m (1.6-6.4&nbsp;ft) tall, typically with hundreds of maroon sunflowerlike flower heads. This plant receives more attention from visitors to Haleakala National Park than any other plant or animal because of its striking appearance and restricted distribution.

The strikingly beautiful Haleakala silversword has always aroused the curiosity of human visitors to Haleakala Volcano. In pre-park days, plants were often removed by travelers to Haleakala Volcano as proof that the party had reached the summit, a practice that eventually seriously affected the silversword population. Browsing by feral goats and domestic cattle was also a significant factor in the silversword decline, but it was not a species preferred by these animals. By the 1920s, silversword numbers were so depleted that the Maui Chamber of Commerce sent a petition to Washington, DC, requesting that a serious effort be made to save the species (Loope and Crivellone 1986).

## References
Mr. Pacman

**Mr. Pacman** is an American pop music band from Colorado. They use sounds from old video games to create their music. Mr. Pacman has recorded 2 CDs & made 4 music videos.

## Other websites
* http://myspace.com/mrpacman/ *- official website*
Allman Brothers Band

**The Allman Brothers Band** were an American southern rock band in the 1970s. It originally formed in 1969 with Duane Allman (slide guitar), Gregg Allman (vocals, organ), Dickey Betts (guitar), Berry Oakley (bass guitar), Butch Trucks (drums) and Jai Johanny "Jaimoe" Johanson (drums).

In 1971, soon after their first album went gold, Duane and Berry were killed in separate motorcycle accidents in the group's hometown of Macon, Georgia. The group still released  more albums and songs, most notably ''Ramblin' Man* and *Jessica*, which were their biggest hits.  *Rolling Stone* ranked them 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004. The band is still touring as of 2008.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *The Allman Brothers Band* (1969)
* *Idlewild South* (1970)
* *At Fillmore East* (1971)
* *Eat a Peach* (1972)
* *Brothers and Sisters* (1973) 
* *Win, Lose or Draw* (1975)
* *Enlightened Pogues* (1979)
* *Reach for the Sky* (1980)
* *Brothers of the Road* (1981)
* *Seven Turns* (1990)
* *Shades of Two Worlds* (1991)
* *Where it All Begins* (1994)
* *Peakin' at the Beacon* (2000)
* *Hittin' the Note'' (2003)

## References
## Other websites
* Official Allman Brothers' website
* The Allman Brothers Band  at RollingStone.com
List of districts of Germany

Germany is divided into 402 administrative districts. These consist of 295 **rural districts** (*Landkreise*), listed fully here, and 107 **urban districts** (*Kreisfreie Städte* / *Stadtkreise*) - cities which constitute a district in their own right.

## References
Bremen (state)

**Bremen** is the smallest and least populous state  in Germany.  It is a city-state with an area of . Bremen has a population of around 664,000 people.

The official name is "Freie Hansestadt Bremen".  This is because Bremen used to be in the *Hanseatic League* which was a group of cities which did a lot of trading.  Many goods were sent from the port of Bremen or bought from the port from other countries.  "Free" means it was independent of the local dukes and princes.

Bremen has two major cities, these cities are Bremen and Bremerhaven. The local football club is named Werder Bremen.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Saxony-Anhalt

**Saxony-Anhalt** (, (; Low German: ) is a Bundesland (state) in Germany. It has an area of . 2,580,626 people live there. The capital is Magdeburg.

Some big cities and towns in Saxony-Anhalt are:
* Bitterfeld-Wolfen
* Dessau
* Halberstadt
* Halle
* Wittenberg
* Magdeburg (capital)
* Merseburg
* Naumburg (Saale)
* Quedlinburg
* Stendal
* Weißenfels

## References
Erfurt

**Erfurt** is the capital city of the German state of Thuringia. It has an area of . In December 2015 it had a population of 210,000 people. The River Gera runs through the city.

## History
People have lived in the area for about 100,000 years. The city was first mentioned in writing in 742, in a letter to the Pope from St Boniface. St Boniface established Christianity in the area. He set up a church in Erfurt in 742. Erfurt Cathedral was later built on the same site.

The city is in the centre of Germany. It was on the Via Regia, a medieval trade road network that stretched across Europe. It became an important trading centre in the Middle Ages. Erfurt was a member of the Hanseatic League, an alliance of trade associations and market towns. It was also famous for producing woad. Blue indigo dye is made from the woad plant.

Erfurt is on the Way of St. James pilgrams' path (Spanish: *Camino de Santigo*; German: *Jakobsweg*). In the Middle Ages a number of monasteries were set up in the city. Martin Luther, the father of the Reformation, lived at St. Augustine's Monastery from 1505 until 1511. A famous philosopher and theologian called Meister Eckhart lived at the Dominican Monastery from about 1275 until 1311. Erfurt also has a *Fachhochschule*, a University of Applied Sciences.

## Tourist attractions
Many visitors come to see the historic medieval town centre. One of the main tourist attractions is the Krämerbrücke (the Merchants' Bridge). The bridge was built in its current form in 1472. It has buildings with shops and houses on it. People still live on it.

Other important sites in the city include:
* St. Augustine's Monastery, where Martin Luther lived from 1505 to 1511. It has been nominated as a World Heritage Site.
* The Old Synagogue, which dates back to the 11th and 12th centuries. It is one of the oldest synagogues in Europe and it has been nominated as a World Heritage Site.
* Erfurt Cathedral and the Severikirche (St. Severus Church), which overlook Domplatz, the Cathedral square.
* Petersberg Citadel, a 16th-century fortress on a hill overlooking the town centre. It is one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe.

## Gallery

File:Augustinerkloster zu Erfurt von oben.jpg|St. Augustine's Monastery
File:Alte Synagoge Erfurt.JPG|Old Synagogue, c.1100 - 1300.
File:Erfurter Dom von Oben 08.jpg|Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche
File:Michaelisstraße Erfurt.JPG|Michaelisstraße, Erfurt
File:Erfurt Krämerbrücke (5).JPG|Krämerbrücke
File:Erfurt Krämerbrücke (4).JPG|Krämerbrücke
File:Erfurt.Gera Fluss.jpg|River Gera in town centre
File:Kommandantenhaus Petersberg.jpg|Entrance to Petersberg Citadel
File:Wacherker.jpg|Lookout point, Petersberg Citadel
File:Collegium Maius Erfurt.JPG|Collegium Maius - rebuilt University building
File:2011-05-19-bundesarbeitsgericht-by-RalfR-43.jpg|Federal Labour Court, Erfurt
File:Rathaus (Erfurt).jpg|Erfurt Rathaus (Town hall)
File:P1010412-Montage.jpg|Erfurt Christmas market

## References 
## Other websites 
* Erfurt City official website
Magdeburg

**Magdeburg** (;  ) is the capital of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, in Germany. The city covers an area of . About 236,000 people live there (2016).

A demonstration of air pressure (called the Magdeburg spheres) was done here by Otto von Guericke in 1656. Also, the 18th century composer Georg Philipp Telemann was born here.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official page 
* Magdeburg water cross
Sumo

is a Japanese full-contact sport.

In sumo, a wrestler (*rikishi*) attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (the *dohyō*) 4.55&nbsp;metres in diameter. Also, the *rikishi* try to use their skill to force an opponent to touch the ground with anything other than the soles of his feet.

Sumo tournaments (*basho*) take place in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka. There are a total of 6 major professional tournaments (known as *honbasho*) per year, in January, March, May, July, September and November.

A tournament normally lasts for 15 days and features matches from different divisions. The top 5 ranks are known as the "Top division", also called the *Makuuchi* (幕内) or *Makunouchi* (幕の内). It is fixed in size and always contains 42 *rikishi*.

The ranks included in the top division are yokozuna, ozeki, sekiwake, komusubi and maegashira.

## Rikishi
Sumo wrestlers (*rikishi*) are ranked into a hierarchy based on win-loss statistics in competitive tournaments.

### Grand champions
Those who have earned the highest rank are grand champions (*yokuzuna*).
* Akashi, 16th century
* Takanosato (born 1952) and Akebono are Hawaiian-born athletes who earned places for themselves.

In 2008, Kotooshu from Bulgaria won a championship. In that same year, two top wrestlers, Asashoryu and Hakuho, were Mongolian. Hakuho won the Nagoya tournament with no losses, 15-0.

## References
Demand

**Demand** is the total amount of goods or services which people want to , for a set price. The demand for an item indicates how much it is needed or wanted. This is important in economics, because the law of supply and demand will decide the price at which something will be bought and sold.

Demand is the amount of goods that people want to buy at a given price. Prices go up when supply is less, and demand is more. It follows the law of demand where as price increases, demand decreases and vice versa showing an inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price. This is known as the law of demand which assumes that the consumer will want more. Demand forecasting tries to predict how demand will change in the future.

Sometimes the demand does not change much no matter what the price is. One example is when people are addicted to illegal drugs.  These people need to get their drugs, they will pay any price they can afford. This effect is known as elasticity.
Romance languages

The **Romance languages** (also sometimes called **Latin languages** or **Neo-Latin languages**) are a language family in the Indo-European languages. They started from Vulgar Latin (in Latin, *vulgar* is the word for "common" and so "Vulgar Latin" means "Common Latin"). The most spoken Romance languages are Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian.

They are called "Romance languages" because they originate from Latin, the language spoken by the Western Roman Empire. Their grammatical inflection system has been simplified with the loss of most of the complex case structure of Classical Latin.

The area that the Romance languages are spoken in Europe mostly was in the Western Roman Empire. The Greek language superseded Latin in the Eastern Roman Empire. Latin survived in Romania, whose language, Romanian, is a Romance language. In Moldova, it is sometimes called Moldovan.

## Demographics 
 of speakers of each Romance language, out of the total speakers of all the Romance languages]]
The Romance language family is one of the largest in the world have a total of almost a billion first- and second-language speakers.

Spanish is the most widely used Romance language, with Portuguese as the second and then French coming in at third.

Spanish is spoken in Spain, United States, Latin America and some places of Africa. Portuguese is mostly used/spoken in Brazil, Portugal and parts of Africa. French is spoken in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada and in some areas of Africa. Italian is spoken in Italy, San Marino, Malta, Switzerland and the Vatican City. Romanian is spoken in Romania and Moldova.

## List of Romance languages 
### Eastern Romance languages 
*Romanian
*Moldovan
*Istro-Romanian
*Megleno-Romanian
*Aromanian

### Italo-Western Romance languages 
*Sardinian

#### Italo-Dalmatian languages 
*Italian
*Neapolitan
*Sicilian

### Western Romance languages 
#### Gallo-Iberian languages 
*Catalan
*Occitan

### Gallo-Romance languages 
*French
*Gallo
*Norman
*Auregnais
*Jèrriais
*Sercquiais
*Romansh
*Venetian
*Walloon

### Iberian Romance languages 
*Asturian
*Galician
*Leonese
*Portuguese
*Spanish
*Aragonese

### Other 
*Ladino

## Family tree 
## Other websites 
* Romance languages - Citizendium
Pipeline

A **pipeline** is a long tube, that is used to transport liquids or gases over long distances. Pipelines are made of metal. While the transport of liquids and gases is common, some pipelines are used to transport coal or iron ore, which are mixed with mud. Such pipelines are sometimes called slurry pipelines. Even though a pipeline is very expensive to build, the low operating cost often makes it the cheapest transport. 

Many stadiums use a central  for beer. Each bar is served by a pipeline from the central tank.

Even though mail and other goods can also be delivered that way, the system is generally not referred to as *pipeline*. In this case, capsules are used. These are propelled by air.

## Technology
Pipeline networks are made of different components. These are:
*The supply station is where the pipeline starts. Very often, there are  tanks that act as a buffer
*There are several pumps and compressors, which move the product through the pipeline.
*Partial delivery stations allow to deliver part of the product
*Block valve stations use valves to isolate the pipeline into independent segments.
*Regulator stations are used to release some of the pressure
*The final delivery station is where the product is delivered to the consumer. Very often tanks are used as a buffer.

## Images

Image:Portugal pipeline.jpg|A pipeline in Portugal
Image:Alaska Pipeline and caribou.jpg|A pipeline running through Alaska, with a caribou
Image:Harz Talsperre-Wendefurth.jpg|A pipeline used for a hydroelectric power plant, in Germany
Avocado

The term **avocado** refers to a type of berry. It has medium dark green or dark green bumpy or smooth skin depending on the variety. The flesh of an avocado is deep chartreuse green in color near the skin and pale chartreuse green near the core. It has a creamy, rich texture. The word, Avocado came from an Aztec word meaning testicle. Avocado trees come from Central America and Mexico. They can grow in many places, as long as it is not too cold.

Avocados have much more fat than most of the other fruits, but its fat is healthy to eat (monounsaturated fat). Avocados have lots of potassium, B vitamins, and vitamin E and K. The Mexican food called guacamole is made of avocados. Many other foods are also made from avocado. Avocado is poisonous to some animals. Many animals will get very sick or die if they eat avocado. Avocado grows there where the climate is a little windy.

## References
## Other websites 
* Avocado info
* Avocado health benefits
Virtues of Harmony

***Virtues of Harmony*** was a sitcom that ran in Hong Kong from 2001 until February 2005. *Virtues of Harmony One* was set in ancient China during the Ming Dynasty. It follows the lives of the Kam family. The allure of the series was the humorous storylines and how the good always wins. The star of the show was Nancy Sit, a kind hearted matriarch with the best intentions.

Following the success of *Virtues of Harmony One*, *Virtues of Harmony Two* was set in modern Hong Kong with a similar cast.
Song

A **song** is a piece of music which contains lyrics and words. Songs may be made by songwriters. Other songs are folk songs, which are songs created by people long ago that have been sung as tradition.

Some people form bands which write and record songs to make money from it. When two or three singers sing the song it is called a duet or trio. Some people also make parodies of songs, which is usually changing the words of the song but keeping the tune. Parodies are usually made to make fun of a song or its writer/singer (parody artist "Weird Al" Yankovic is an example of this).

The word "song" is often used to describe any piece of music, even one without words or lyrics. The proper word for a piece of music without words is "*instrumental*".

## Other websites
Dan Brown

**Dan Brown** (born June 22, 1964) is an American writer. His best-known book is *The Da Vinci Code*. Before Dan Brown wrote books, he was an English teacher. Dan Brown's wife, Blythe, is an artist. Sometimes she is known to help him with his books.

Dan Brown also likes to write about codes and secrets. Sometimes he writes about real secrets, but he mostly writes fiction. 

Hollywood director Ron Howard made a movie about one of Brown's books. Tom Hanks is the movie's star actor. It was released in theaters in May 2006.

Brown's next book was supposed to be called *The Solomon Key*, but then the name was changed to *The Lost Symbol*. When the book *The Da Vinci Code* came out in the United States, there were some puzzles hidden in the art of the book cover. Brown said that the answers to those puzzles give hints about what would be in his next book. Two of the puzzles are about a famous sculpture called *Kryptos*, which is in the middle of the CIA Headquarters building in Washington D.C.

This is a list of Dan Brown's books:

* *Digital Fortress* (1997)
* *Angels and Demons* (2000)
* *Deception Point* (2001)
* *The Da Vinci Code* (2003)
* *The Lost Symbol* (2009)
*Inferno (2013)
*Origin (2017)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Dan Brown website
Penzance

**Penzance** () is a town and port in Cornwall, South West England. It is near Land's End and the most westerly major town in England. Many people live and work in Penzance. In 2001, there were 21,168 people living in Penzance. The main Cornish railway line ends at Penzance. The fishing port of Newlyn is close to Penzance.

## References