open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hyaenodontidae

The **Hyaenodontidae** ("Hyaena teeth") is a family of the extinct order Creodonta, which contains several dozen genera.

The Hyaenodonts were important mammalian predators that arose during the late Paleocene and persisted well into the Miocene.  They were more widespread and successful than their sister family, the oxyaenids.

## General characteristics 
They had long skulls, slender jaws, slim bodies, and a tendency to walk on their toes rather than flat-footed (plantigrade). They ranged in size from 30 to 140&nbsp;cm at the shoulder. Fossil evidence of their skulls shows that they had a particularly acute sense of smell, while their teeth were adapted for slicing, rather than crushing.

## Life-style 
Because of their size range, it is probable that different species hunted in different ways and allowed them to fill many different predatory niches. Smaller ones would hunt in packs during the night like wolves, and bigger, fiercer ones would hunt alone during the daylight, using their sheer size and their mighty jaws as their principal weapon.

## References
Methanogen

**Methanogens** are microorganisms that make methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions. The organisms are archaea,  a different domain from bacteria.  They are common in wetlands, where they make marsh gas. 

Methanogens are also common in the digestive tracts of animals such as ruminants and humans. Methane is often belched out. 

In marine sediments methane is produced when sulfates are low. This happens below the top layers. Methanogenic archaea populations play an important role in anaerobic wastewater treatments. Some methanogens are extremophiles, found in environments such as hot springs and submarine hydrothermal vents as well as in the "solid" rock of the Earth's crust, kilometers below the surface. 

Methanogens convert acetic acid to methane in a fermentation process. Do not confuse them with methanotrophs, which use up methane for their carbon and energy requirements. Methanogens were discovered in 1776 and were formed 3.6 billion years ago.

## References
Wild Bill Hickok

**James Butler Hickok** (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876) was a figure in the American Old West. He was also known as **"Wild Bill" Hickok**. He was a gunfighter, gambler, and lawman.

## Biography
Hickok was born and raised on a farm in Homer, Illinois (now Troy Grove, Illinois). He went west at age 18 as a fugitive from justice. He worked first as a stagecoach driver, then as a lawman in the frontier territories of Kansas and Nebraska.

He fought (and spied) for the Union Army during the American Civil War. After the war, he gained fame as a scout, marksman, actor, and professional gambler.  Calamity Jane claimed in her autobiography that she was married to Hickok and  divorced him.

Hickok was involved in several notable shootouts. He was shot from behind and killed while playing poker in a saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory. The card hand he held at the time of his death is known today as poker's "Dead Man's Hand". In 1979, Hickok was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame.

## References 
## Other websites
* James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok 
* Wild Bill Hickok collection, Nebraska State Historical Society
Chamba State

**Chamba State** was one of the oldest Princely states in present-day Republic of India. It was founded during the late 6th century. It is in the Himalaya mountains.

## References
Nick Cvjetkovich

**Nicholas "Nick" Cvjetkovich** (born August 29, 1973) is a Canadian professional wrestler, television actor, comic book artist and tattoo artist. Cvjetkovich is best known for his short time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he wrestled on their *SmackDown* brand under the ring name **Kizarny**. Cvjetkovich has also worked for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the ring name **Sinn**. He currently competes on the independent circuit.

He is childhood friend with Edge and Christian. He is also a close friend and protégé of Jake "The Snake" Roberts. Cvjetkovich married former professional wrestling valet Stacy Carter on August 2, 2010. The later divorced on March 12, 2013.

## Championships
### Martial arts
***Karate**
**Black belt

### Professional wrestling
***All Canadian Wrestling**
**ACW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***Destiny Wrestling Organization**
**DWO Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Hobo Hank
***Devotion Championship Wrestling**
**DCW Core Championship (1 time)
***Independent Wrestling Revolution**
**IWR Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Elvis Elliot
***NWA Bluegrass**
**NWA Bluegrass Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***Ohio Valley Wrestling**
**OVW Anarchy Championship (1 time)
***Power Precision Pro Wrestling Alliance**
**3PWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**Ranked No. 223 of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the *PWI 500* in 2007
***Rocket City Championship Wrestling**
**RCCW Worlds Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
***Universal Championship Wrestling**
**UCW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
***Vendetta Pro Wrestling**
**Cauliflower Alley Cup (2013)
***West Coast Wrestling Connection**
**WCWC Tag Team Championship (2 time) – with Gangrel

## References
## Other websites
*Cagematch profile
*
Drake Younger

**Drake Wuertz** (born September 10, 1984) is an American professional wrestler and referee. He competes under the ring name **Drake Younger**. He is best known for his time in Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW). He has also competed for IWA Mid-South, EVOLVE, Dragon Gate USA, Chikara, and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). Younger was known for competing in deathmatches before he retired from them.

On March 4, 2014, Wuertz signed a contract with WWE. There he worked as a referee on the NXT brand. He was released in May 2021 after multiple controversies.

## Championships
* **Anarchy Championship Wrestling**
** ACW Tag Team Championship (one time) – with Ian Rotten
***Absolute Intense Wrestling**
**AIW Absolute Championship (one time)
***All Pro Wrestling**
**APW Worldwide Internet Championship (one time)
***Coliseum Championship Wrestling**
**CCW Tag Team Championship (two times; with JC Bailey and Diehard Dustin Lee)
***Combat Zone Wrestling**
**CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship (two times)
**Tournament of Death (VI)
**CZW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**CZW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Eddie Kingston)
**CZW World Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**CZW Best of the Best (2014)
**Third CZW Triple Crown Champion
**CZW Hall of Fame (Class of 2016)
***Full Throttle Wrestling**
**FTW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Diehard Dustin Lee)
***Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South**
**IWA Mid-South Deathmatch Championship (one time)
**IWA Mid-South King of the Deathmatch (2011)
**Ted Petty Invitational (2008)
***Insanity Pro Wrestling**
**IPW Grand Championship (one time)
**IPW Jr. Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**IPW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Mad Pro Wrestling**
**MPW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
***Pro Wrestling Bushido**
**Pro Wrestling Bushido TV Championship (one time)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked **#146** of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
***Supreme Pro Wrestling**
**SPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

* **Xtreme Pro Wrestling**
** XPW King Of The Deathmatch Tournament (2023)

## References
## Other websites
*
Concrete pump

A **concrete pump** is a machine to move liquid concrete by using a pump. The pump uses piston pumps to move the concrete.

Types of concrete pumps:
* Trailer-mounted boom concrete pump
* Truck-mounted concrete pump or trailer-mounted concrete pump
Chelsi Smith

**Chelsi Putok Anglit Smith** (August 23, 1973 &ndash; September 8, 2018) was a former Miss USA and singer. In February 1995, she was crowned Miss USA. She competed as Miss Texas. Smith was born in Redwood City, California.

Smith was the first African-American to win Miss Texas USA.

Smith died at the age of 45 on September 8, 2018 of liver cancer in 
Redwood City.

## References
Tom's Rhinoplasty

"'''Tom's Rhinoplasty'*" is the eleventh episode of the first season of *South Park''. It was first shown on Comedy Central in the United States on February 11, 1998. The episode was the series' first Valentine's Day episode. It was written by the show's co-creator Trey Parker.

Trey Parker and Matt Stone said that they were originally not happy with the final product and they thought that fans of the show would hate. They were surprised that fans responded positively to it.

## Plot
When Valentine's Day approaches, Wendy suggests to her boyfriend Stan ways to try and spend time together. After their schoolteacher Mr. Garrison decides to get a rhinoplasty, he introduces their new substitute teacher, Ms. Ellen (voiced by Natasha Henstridge). The boys in class fall in love with her, including Stan, especially when she talks to him. This makes Wendy become incredibly jealous and she warns Ms. Ellen to stay away from Stan, oblivious to the fact that Ms. Ellen does not return Stan's affection. 

When Ms. Ellen becomes worried about the student's education, she says that the winner of a spelling test will be bought a dinner. The boys attempt to date Ms. Ellen but Chef tells them that she is a lesbian and that she only likes other lesbians. They don't know what this means and they try to become lesbians themselves to try and attract Ms. Ellen. They try wearing Birkenstocks, listening to an Indigo Girls album and "licking carpet" (they mistake this for literally licking the carpet floor).

Meanwhile Mr. Garrison's gets a nose job that makes him one of the most attractive men in South Park with his face resembling David Hasselhoff. He decides to quit teaching and try to pursue women. Stan is able to win the spelling test and the dinner but he finds out that Ms. Ellen has no attraction or intention of making love with him. The next day, while Ms. Ellen is teaching the class, several Iraqi men burst through the door and say that she is actually an Iraqi fugitive. She resist her arrest but accidentally kills Kenny by impaling him in the face with a sword. They take her into custody and shoot her into the sun with a rocket. 

Mr. Garrison later becomes a model with great success, but he finds himself being chased throughout the streets by a large group of women and doesn't want the attention. He returns to Tom's Rhinoplasty and regains his original look. Wendy speaks fluent Arabic to a group of Iraqi men and pays them with a wad of American money. She then watches happily in the sky as the rocket gets blown up in the sun. Kyle realizes that Wendy hired the Iraqi men to murder Ms. Ellen and Wendy says "I told her: 'Don't... fuck... with... Wendy... Testaburger!'" as the episode ends.

## References
## Other websites
*Episode's official page
Princess Marie of Denmark

**Princess Marie of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat**  (born **Marie Agathe Odile Cavallier**; 6 February 1976) is a member of the Danish royal family. She is the second wife of Prince Joachim of Denmark, the younger son of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. She has two children: Count Henrik and Countess Athena of Monpezat.

Princess Marie was born in Paris, France.

## Title 
24 May 2008: Her Royal Highness Princess Marie of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat 

## National Honors 
Knight of the Order of the Elephant (24 May 2008) 

### Medals and Decorations 
* Dame of the Royal Family Decoration of Queen Margrethe II
* Recipient of the Commemorative 75th Birthday Medal of His Royal Highness The Prince Consort (11 June 2009)
* Recipient of the Commemorative 70th Birthday Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (16 April 2010)
* Recipient of the Commemorative Ruby Jubilee of Her Majesty The Queen (14 January 2012)
* Recipient of the Commemorative 75th Birthday Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (16 April 2015)
* Recipient of the Golden Anniversary Medal of Queen Margrethe II and Prince Henrik (10 June 2017)
* Recipient of the Prince Henrik Commemorative Medal (11 June 2018)
* Recipient of the Commemorative 80th Birthday Medal of Her Majesty The Queen (16 April 2020)
* Recipient of the Commemorative Golden Jubilee Medal of Queen Margrethe II (14 January 2022)

## Foreign Honors 
* Belgium: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II
* Finland : Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
* France: Grand Officer of the  Order of the Legion of Honour , Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters
* Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of Beneficence
* Iceland : Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
* Mexico : Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
* Netherlands : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
* Norway: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav
* Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (Spain)

## References
## Other websites
* Official page of Princess Marie of Denmark
Maeve Binchy

**Maeve Binchy Snell** (or just **Maeve Binchy**; 28 May 1939 – 30 July 2012) was an Irish novelist, playwright and short story writer. Her novels sold more than 40 million copies worldwide.

Binchy was born in Dublin, Ireland. She died there after a brief illness, aged 73.

## References
Seven Seas of Rhye

"**Seven Seas of Rhye**" is a 1973 song by Queen. The instrumental version appears on their debut studio album *Queen* and the final version appears on the second studio album *Queen II*. It went to the top 10 in the United Kingdom.

## References
Killer Queen

"**Killer Queen**" is a song by British rock group Queen. It was featured on their 1974 album *Sheer Heart Attack*, and also appears on, *Greatest Hits*. When released as a single, "Killer Queen" was Queen's breakthrough hit. It reached number two in the United Kingdom and number 12 in the United States.

Musicians:
* Freddie Mercury - lead and backing vocals, piano, jangle piano
* Brian May - electric guitar, backing vocals
* Roger Taylor - drums, triangle, chimes, backing vocals
* John Deacon - bass guitar

## References
Selfie

A **selfie** is a self-portrait photograph. It is typically taken with a hand-held digital camera or camera phone.

One of the first self-portraits was taken in 1839 by Robert Cornelius, an American photographer. The term "selfie" was first used by photographer Jim Krause in 2005.

## Selfies by animals 
 who had picked up a camera]]

A black crested macaque (*Macaca nigra*) stole a camera, and took a photo of herself. The selfie seemed to set a legal precedent when the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a copyright claim. The ground was that a non-human could not own a copyright, and the camera owner had not taken the photo, and so also could not own the copyright. And so, the photo was not under copyright.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Countess Athena of Monpezat

**Countess Athena of Monpezat**, formerly **Princess Athena of Denmark** (born 24 January 2012) is a member of the Danish royal family. She is the youngest child and only daughter of Prince Joachim and Princess Marie of Denmark. Athena is currently tenth in the line of succession to the Danish throne.

Biography 

Athena was born a princess of Denmark on 24 January at  Rigshospitalet, The Copenhagen University Hospital. When her father met the press following her birth, he joked that the name selected for her could be anything from Jo to Scheherazade. She has two older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, Count Nikolai of Monpezat and Count Felix of Monpezat, and an older brother Count Henrik of Monpezat. 

In accordance with Danish royal traditions, her names were not revealed until her christening, which took place on 20 May 2012 at the Mogeltonder Church, where her older brothers Felix and Henrik were also christened. She was named Athena Marguerite Francoise Marie for both of her grandmothers as well as for her mother. Her godparents are her maternal uncles, Gregory Grandet and Edouard Cavallier; Princess Carina of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, the long-term girlfriend of her father's cousin Gustav, 7th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg; and friends of her parents, Julie Mirabaud, Diego de Lavandeyra and Henriette Steenstrup. 

## Titles 
24 January 2012-1 January 2023: Her Highness Princess Athena of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat

1 January 2023 -present: Her Excellency Countess Athena  of Monpezat

## Ancestry
## References
## Other websites
* Official website 

|-

|-
Apomorphy

An **apomorphy** in biology is a derived state, or . For example, amongst mammals, babies can digest their mothers' milk. That is something all mammals share. It is an apomorphy unique to mammals, and so is the production of milk by mammalian mothers.

Apomorphies which are found in every species of a group of animals are the basis of taxonomy. If a group of animals all have a unique apomorphy, the most likely reason is that they descended from a common ancestor. When a group of animals share a large number of apomorphies this becomes a near-certainty. Mammals share a long list of characters which are unique to them.

Clades are identified (or defined) by synapomorphies (from syn-, "together"). These are a group of apomorphies which they all have, but other groups do not. For example, the five digits (fingers and toes) like ours is a synapomorphy within the vertebrates. The tetrapods are the first vertebrates with such digits. Snakes and other tetrapods which do not have digits are tetrapods because other characters, such as amniotic eggs and diapsid skulls, show they descended from ancestors that which had digits.

## Related pages 
*Synapomorphy

## References
Colin Pillinger

**Colin Trevor Pillinger**,  (9 May 1943 &ndash; 7 May 2014) was a British planetary scientist at the Open University. He was the main investigator for the British failed Beagle 2 Mars lander project. He also worked on a group of Martian meteorites. He was born in Kingswood, South Gloucestershire.

Pillinger died from a brain haemorrhage on 7 May 2014 at the Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire. He was 70.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Somebody to Love (Queen song)

"**Somebody to Love**" is a 1976 song by British band Queen and taken from their fifth studio album *A Day at the Races*. It topped the single charts in the Netherlands, number 2 in Belgium and the United Kingdom, number 5 in Canada, number 6 in Ireland, number 7 in South Africa, number 10 in Italy and number 13 in the United States.

## Other versions
### George Michael and Queen version
George Michael performed this version at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in April 1992. The cover went to number 1 in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was included in his EP *Five Live* in 1993.
Foo Fighters covered the song with the late Taylor Hawkins on vocals.

## References
Crappie

The **crappies** ( or ) are a genus, *Pomoxis*, of North American freshwater fish. They are members of the sunfish family Centrarchidae. Both species in this genus are popular game fish. These are the Black crappie (P. nigromaculatus) and the White crappie (P. annularis). The White crappie is the state fish of Louisiana.

## Etymology 
The genus name *Pomoxis* comes from the Greek πώμα (cover, plug, operculum) and οξύς (sharp). The common name (also spelled croppie or crappé), comes from the Canadian French *crapet,* which refers to many different fishes of the sunfish family. Other names for crappie are papermouths, strawberry bass, speckled bass or specks (especially in Michigan), speckled perch, calico bass (throughout New England), *sac-a-lait* (in southern Louisiana, lit. "milk bag", a rendition of Choctaw *sakli*) and Oswego bass.

## Species
The currently recognized species in this genus are:
* White crappie – *P. annularis* (Rafinesque, 1818) 
* Black crappie – *P. nigromaculatus* (Lesueur, 1829)

## Biology 
Crappies are both predators and prey. Both species of crappie as adults feed predominantly on smaller fish species. This includes the young of their own predators (which include the northern pike, muskellunge, and walleye). They have varied diets, however, including zooplankton, insects, and crustaceans. By day, crappie tend to be less active and to concentrate around weed beds or submerged objects, such as logs and boulders. They feed especially at dawn and dusk, moving then into open water or approaching the shore.

There are differences between the White and Black crappies. White crappies have 5 or 6 dorsal spines while Black crappies have 7 or 8. White crappies are usually more numerous and tend to be larger. Black crappies appear darker because of the dark spots on its sides. White crappies have black vertical bands on their bodies and are often lighter in color. Black crappies begin spawning when the water temperature reaches 60 to 64 degrees Fahrenheit. Females lay between 20,000 and 140,000 eggs.

### Angling 
Angling for crappies is popular throughout much of North America. Methods vary, but among the most popular is called "Spider Rigging," a method characterized by a fisherman in a boat with many long fishing rods pointing away from the angler at various angles like spokes from a wheel. Anglers who employ the Spider Rigging method may choose from among many popular baits, like corn. Many anglers also chum or dump live bait into the water to attract the fish hoping the fish will bite their bait. There are many types of lures that catch crappies. Jigs, especially with a live minnow are very effective. Spoons, Spinners and Crankbaits are all effective at different times.

### Commercial fishing 
A commercial fishery for crappies existed at Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee until 2003. It was one of the few commercial fisheries for crappies.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* How to Catch a Crappie, WikiHow 
* Crappie, The World Fishing Network
Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland

**Princess Estelle of Sweden, Duchess of Östergötland** (Estelle Silvia Ewa Mary; born 23 February 2012) is the oldest child of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden. Her younger brother is Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne. She is second in line of succession to the Swedish throne.

The princess was born at 04:26 Central European Time on 23 February 2012 at Karolinska University Hospital. She was named the following day.

## Titles and styles and Honors 
* **23 February 2012 – present:** Her Royal Highness  Princess Estelle   of Sweden, The Duchess of Östergötland
* Member  of the Royal Order of the Seraphim  ( 22 May 2012)
* Member of the Royal Family Decoration of King Carl XVI (22 May 2012)
* Recipient of the Commemorative Ruby Jubilee Medal of His Majesty The King (15 September 2013)
* Recipient of the Commemorative 70th Birthday Medal of His Majesty The King  (30 April 2016)
* Recipient of the Commemorative Golden Jubilee Medal of His Majesty The King (15 September 2023)

## References
## Other websites
*Royal Court of Sweden - Princess Estelle
*

|-
Roma Downey

**Roma Downey** (born 6 May 1960) is an Irish actress. She played the angel Monica in *Touched by an Angel*. She also played the Virgin Mary in *Son of God* in 2014.

Downey was born in Londonderry, Northern Ireland. She is currently married to the producer Mark Burnett.

## References
Ramón Vega Hidalgo

**Hidalgo Ramon Vega** (February 1, 1934 - May 7, 2014) was a Chilean politician and military personal. He was commander in chief of the Chilean Air Force. In 1998 he was appointed institutional senator, a position he held starting in 1998. He left office in 2006.

Hidalgo was born in Santiago, Chile. He died there from heart failure, aged 80.

## References
Manuel Jiménez de Parga

**Manuel Jiménez de Parga y Cabrera** (April 9, 1929 - May 6, 2014) was a Spanish lawyer, politician and diplomat.

He was professor in charge of the department of political law at the University of Madrid (1956) and professor in opposition of the Faculty of Law of the University of Barcelona (1957-1977). He was Dean of the Faculty of Law (1976) and Rector of the University of Barcelona (1976-1977).

de Parga was Minister of Labour (1977-78) and Ambassador-Permanent Representative of Spain to the ILO (Geneva, 1978-1981) and president of the Inter-American Conference of Labour (1980).

He was born in Granada, Spain. de Parga died in Madrid, Spain, aged 85.

## References
Raúl Baca Carbo

**Oswaldo Raul Baca Carbo** (June 29, 1931 - May 7, 2014) was an Ecuadorian engineer and politician. He is thought to be a historic leader of the Democratic Party of Ecuador. He was one of the most influential figures in Ecuadorian politics.

He was president of the National Congress on three separate occasions, in addition to being president of the Andean Parliament and the Latin American Parliament.

Carbo was born in Quito, Ecuador. He died in Quito, Ecuador, aged 82.

## References
Katie Cassidy

**Katherine Evelyn Anita Cassidy** (also **Katie Cassidy**; born November 25, 1986) is an American actress. She played Kris Fowles in *A Nightmare on Elm Street* (the 2010 movie). She also played Ruby in the series *Supernatural*.

Cassidy was born in Los Angeles.

## References
Elder abuse

**Elder abuse** (also **senior abuse**) is a single or repeated act of abuse towards an elderly person. It can also be when a lack of good care causes harm or distress to an older person. It can be physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse or verbal abuse.

Elder abuse happens when there is an "expectation of trust" by the older person toward their abuser. Usually the abuser is someone the older person knows or with whom they have a relationship. This could be a spouse, partner or family member, a friend or neighbor. It could be a caregiver that the older person depends on for services.  Many forms of elder abuse are recognized as types of domestic violence or family violence.

## References
Oswego bass

The term **Oswego bass** can refer to one of two species of sunfish:

* The largemouth bass (*Micropterus salmoides*)
* The black crappie (*Pomoxis nigromaculatus*)
Alessandro Pertini

**Alessandro "Sandro" Pertini** (; 25 September 1896 – 24 February 1990) was an Italian journalist and socialist politician. He served as the seventh President of the Italian Republic. He served as President from 1978 to 1985.

## Early life
Pertini was born in Stella, Italy. He studied at the University of Genoa. Aged 19 when Italy entered World War I on the side of the Entente, Pertini opposed the war, but enlisted in the army where he served as a lieutenant and was decorated for bravery. Pertini was married to Carla Voltolina. 

## Presidency
In 1978, the 82-year old Pertini was elected President of the Italian Republic. He played a major role in helping restore the public's faith in the government and institutions of Italy. 

He maintained an active schedule of traveling and meeting foreign leaders such as Margaret Thatcher, Mikhail Gorbachev, Joseph Broz Tito, and Ronald Reagan. 

During the Brigate Rosse terrorism period of the Anni di piombo, Pertini openly denounced the violence. He was also against organized crime in Italy, South African apartheid, Chilean president Augusto Pinochet and other dictatorships. Pertini was as well against the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan. 

In 1985, he stepped down from the presidency. He was soon honored with the position of senator for life.

## Personal life
Pertini became President of the Foundation for Historical Studies of Florence. In December 1988, Pertini was the first person to be awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Award by the United Nations. He lived in Rome, Italy. 

### Death 
Pertini died in Rome, Italy from natural causes, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* *Fondazione Sandro Pertini*
Von Neumann architecture

The **von Neumann architecture** is a model of how computers work. It was developed by John von Neumann, and others in the 1940s. According to this model, a computer consists of two fundamental parts: There is a processor, which loads and executes program instructions, and there is computer memory which holds both the instructions and the data. The von Neumann architecture is probably the most common model that describes how most computers work today. As it was developed at Princeton University, it is also known as **Princeton architecture**, but that term is less common. 

Another very similar architecture is the Harvard architecture, which separates the place where data is held from that where program instructions are held.  

## Von Neumann bottleneck 
The common bus (essentially like a road for data) used by the program memory and data memory creates what is called the von Neumann bottleneck, which is the limit of the data transfer rate between the CPU and memory (think of it like a 100-km road between destinations). Because the program and data cannot be accessed at the same time, the data transfer rate is smaller than the rate the CPU can work, limiting the effective processing speed of the CPU. It is made to wait for the data it needs to be moved to or from memory.

The Von Neumann bottleneck can be avoided if data and program are transferred on separate buses. This is achieved by the Harvard architecture.

Alternative workarounds include having a small data cache built into the processor, and using complicated algorithms and logic to predict what will be needed next and get it before it is needed.

## Early von Neumann coputers 
These are some examples of von Neumann model computers.
* Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)
* Manchester Mark 1
* EDVAC
* IAS machine
* ORACLE
Centrarchidae

**Centrarchidae** or **sunfish** are a family  of freshwater ray-finned fish. They belonging to the order Perciformes. The type genus is ***Centrarchus*** (consisting solely of the flier, *C. macropterus*). 

The family's 37 species include many fish familiar to North Americans, including the rock bass, largemouth bass, bluegill, pumpkinseed, and crappies. All are native only to North America. Family members are distinguished by having from five to 13 dorsal spines, which are sharp bones in the dorsal fin. Sizes of most are in the  range. However, some are much smaller, with the black-banded sunfish at just  in length, while the largemouth bass is reported to reach almost  in extreme cases. Most sunfish are valued for sport fishing. They have been introduced in many areas outside their original ranges, sometimes becoming an invasive species.

## References
Edgar Cortright

**Edgar Maurice Cortright** (July 29, 1923 – May 4, 2014) was an American scientist and engineer, and senior official at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States. His known positions during his career were Director of NASA's Langley Research Center and Chairman of the Apollo 13 Review Board. 

He died from a stroke in Palm City, Florida, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
* *NASA Biographical Data Sheet: Edgar Maurice Cortright*
* *Oral History Transcript: Edgar M. Cortright* Lengthy interview of Cortright.
* Spaceflight Revolution: NASA Langley Research Center From Sputnik to Apollo See Chapter 12: The Cortright Synthesis.
* *Exploring Space With A Camera.* Compiled and Edited by Edgar M. Cortright, 1968.
* *Apollo Expeditions to the Moon* Edited by Edgar M. Cortright, 1975.
Elmira, New York

**Elmira** is a city in Chemung County, New York, United States. As of 2020, 29,523 people live in Elmira.

## References
Billy Harrell

**William** "**Bill**" **Harrell** (July 18, 1928 &ndash; May 6, 2014) was an American sportsman. He played basketball  for the Siena Saints. He was best known for his time in the Major League Baseball and played in the league between 1955 and 1961. During his time in the MLB, he played for the Cleveland Indians in 1955 and from 1957 until 1958 and Boston Red Sox in 1961. He was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania.

Harrell died on May 6, 2014 at his home in Albany, New York. He was 85.

## References
## Other websites
Qianzhousaurus

***Qianzhousaurus***  is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs. So far only one species has been named: the type species *Qianzhousaurus sinensis*. Nicknamed 'Pinocchio rex' for its long snout in comparison to other known tyrannosaurs, it was discovered in southern China and first puJThe thinner teeth and lighter skeleton of Qianzhousaurus suggest it hunted smaller creatures, such as lizards and feathered dinosaurs.blished in the journal *Nature Communications* in May 2014. 

Apart from its signature snout, it also had long, narrow teeth, while *T. rex* had thick teeth and powerful, deep-set jaws. This suggest its feeding method and probably its life-style were quite different from *Tyrannosaurus*. The thinner teeth and lighter skeleton of *Qianzhousaurus* suggest it hunted smaller creatures, such as lizards and feathered dinosaurs.

The bones were discovered by workmen at a construction site near the city of Ganzhou, who then took them to a local museum. Their existence was previously suspected because of various scattered fossil finds. An expert says the find "tells us pretty unequivocally that these long-snouted tyrannosaurs were a real thing. They were a different breed, living right to the end of the age of dinosaurs".

## References
Jair Rodrigues

**Jair Rodrigues de Oliveira** (February 6, 1939 – May 8, 2014) was a Brazilian musician and singer. His career began during the 1950s. He was known for his many albums such as *O Menino da Porteira*, *Boi da Cara Preta* and *Majestade o Sabiá*. He sang funk and samba music.

Rodrigues was born in Igarapava, Brazil. He died in Cotia, Brazil, aged 75.

## References
IPad Mini

The **iPad Mini** is a line of mini tablet computers that is designed, made, and sold by Apple Inc.. It is smaller than a full-sized iPad with a screen size of 7.9 inches, compared to 9.7 inches on a regular iPad. The first iPad mini was announced on October 23, 2012, and was released on November 2, 2012, in almost all of Apple's markets. It is similar to the iPad 2.

The second-generation iPad Mini was announced on October 22, 2013, and was released on November 12, 2013. It is the first iPad Mini to have a Retina Display.

## Features
The iPad Mini shipped with iOS 6. It can act as a hotspot, meaning that it can share its internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB. It can also access the App Store, where users can buy and install applications for their device. It can run the latest operating system, iOS 7, and this version shipped with the second generation iPad Mini.

## Model Comparison
Below is a comparison of the two iPad Mini models..

## References
Sarah Lawrence College

**Sarah Lawrence College** is a private liberal arts college in Bronxville, New York. It is famous for its rigorous academic standards and its emphasis on individual study.  Notable alumni include Rahm Emanuel, Vera Wang and J. J. Abrams. The school enrolls 1473 undergraduates and nearly 330 graduate students. It competes in Skyline Conference with 15 varsity sports.

## References
All-female band

The **all female band** is a musical group made exclusively of female musicians. Such groups include the Go-Go's, Bangles, The Andrews Sisters, The Runaways and 4 Non Blondes. Farida Vakil founded one of the first female bands in India, The Ladybirds.

All-female bands are not restricted by mainstream genres.

## Related pages
* Girl group
Tina Weymouth

**Martina Weymouth** (also **Tina Weymouth**; born November 22, 1950) is an American new wave musician. She is related to the Talking Heads and the Tom Tom Club. She is also the bassist for them.

Weymouth was born in Coronado, California.

## References
River Severn

The **River Severn** (, ) is the longest river in Great Britain. It is about  long. It starts in the Cambrian Mountains of centre Wales. It then flows through Shropshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. The county towns of Shrewsbury, Worcester, and Gloucester are on its banks. The Severn is the greatest river in terms of water flow in England and Wales.

The river is usually considered to become the Severn Estuary after the Second Severn Crossing. The river then discharges into the Bristol Channel, which discharges into the Atlantic Ocean. The Severn's drainage basin area is , excluding the River Wye and the Bristol Avon which flow into the Severn Estuary.

## References 
## Other websites
Modulation (mathematics)

In mathematics, **modulation** works out the remainder (what's left over) when we divide two integers (whole numbers without a fraction or a decimal) together. For example, 5 **modulated by** 2 is 1, because if we divide 5 by 2, then we get 2 (because 2\times2=4) with 1 left over. The symbol for modulation is \boldsymbol\backslash. People sometimes also write mod, though this notation is rarely used. 

Because computers and calculators store numbers in different ways, they sometimes use different steps to work out the **modulus** (what we get when we **modulate** two numbers). 

**Modulation** is like if you have five cookies to share between three sisters. Each sister gets one cookie and there are two cookies left over. That means that 5 mod 3 is 2. 

But that only works if the sisters all want to share with each other. If the one named Margie is a meanie, then she will take all the extra cookies and the other sisters will be sad :(. 

## Related pages 
* Primitive root modulo n
* Modular arithmetic

## References
Division of Hinkler

The **Division of Hinkler** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1984 and is named after Bert Hinkler, the great pioneer Australian aviator. 

The division includes the towns of Bundaberg, Hervey Bay, Childers, Gayndah and Monto.

## Members
## Election results
## References
## Other websites
* Division of Hinkler (Qld) &mdash; Australian Electoral Commission
* Keith Pitt's website
Harlan Mathews

**Harlan Matthews** (January 17, 1927 – May 9, 2014) was an American politician. Mathews was a member of the Democratic Party.

## Early life
Mathews was born in Walker County, Alabama. He studied at the Nashville School of Law. Mathews married Pat Mathews in 1948.

## Career
Mathews first served as Tennessee State Treasurer from 1975 to 1987.   

Mathews served as the United States senator for Tennessee. He succeeded Al Gore. He served as senator from 1993 to 1994. He was succeeded by Fred Thompson. 

## Personal life
After leaving office, Mathews studied law in Nashville, Tennessee. Mathews and his wife had two children.

### Death
Mathews died of brain cancer at a hospice in Nashville.

## References
## Other websites
Walker County, Alabama

**Walker County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama.
Its name is in honor of John Williams Walker, a member of the United States Senate. Its county seat is Jasper.

## References
Lactation

s nursing]]
s]]

**Lactation** describes the secretion of milk from the breasts when a mother feeds her young. It occurs with almost all female mammals after the birth of their young. In humans the process is also called *breastfeeding* or *nursing*.

In most species, milk comes out of the mother's nipples. The platypus (which is a monotreme mammal) releases milk through ducts in its abdomen. In only one species of mammal, the Dayak fruit bat, is milk production a normal male function.

Milk contains fat, lactose, and protein, as well as vitamins and minerals.

Apart from food nutrients, mothers' milk contains a range of antibodies which protect the baby until it develops its own immune system. When born, a baby has antibodies from across the mother's placenta. Its own immunoglobulin production takes about six months to develop after birth, so meantime the mother's milk supplies them.

Milk production requires the hormones prolactin and oxytocin.

The evolution of milk production made use of a feature which was present before modern mammals. The cells which produce milk were developed from the apocrine glands in the skin: 
:"The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylvanian (>310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument". 
Meaning: since the skin of synapsids had glands in it, the development of milk production was possible.

## References
Ned McWherter

**Ned Ray McWherter** (October 15, 1930April 4, 2011) was an American politician. He worked as the 46th Governor of Tennessee from 1987 to 1995. He worked as Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1973 to 1987.

McWherter died of cancer in Nashville, Tennessee. He was 80 years old.

## References
Marc Brown (author)

**Marc Tolon Brown** (born November 25, 1946) is an American author and illustrator of children's books. Brown writes and illustrates the *Arthur* book series, and is best known for creating the series. He was born in Erie, Pennsylvania.

Dr. Seuss, the author of the children's book *The Cat in the Hat*, also influenced Brown in deciding on a career choice.

## References
Canton of Luxembourg

**Luxembourg** () is a canton in Luxembourg.  Its capital is Luxembourg.

It is the only canton, other than Mersch, to be entirely surrounded by other cantons, and therefore not to have an international boundary.

## Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 179,369, the Luxembourg canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

It is bordered on the north by the Mersch and Grevenmacher cantons, on the southeast by the Remich canton, on the southwest by the Esch-sur-Alzette canton, and on the west by the Capellen canton.

## Communes
The Luxembourg canton has 11 communes (2017 population)ː
#Bertrange (7,999)
#Contern (3,736)
#Hesperange (15,049)
#Luxembourg (114,303)
#Niederanven (6,090)
#Sandweiler (3,592)
#Schuttrange (4,028)
#Steinsel (5,311)
#Strassen (8,828)
#Walferdange (8,046)
#Weiler-la-Tour (2,387)

## Gallery

File:Hesperange 02.jpg|The center of Hesperange with the castle and the church
File:Sirbeischetter.JPG|Syre river near Schuttrange, Luxembourg
File:Aarnescht01.jpg|Niederanven, Luxembourg: Part of the nature reserve "Aarnescht"
File:Kulturhaus Niederanven.jpg|Culture house of Niederanven, Luxembourg

## Related pages
* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Former Districts of Luxembourg
* List of cities in Luxembourg

## References
Luxembourg (district)

The **District of Luxembourg** () was one of three districts of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Its capital was Luxembourg City.

In 2015, the districts were abolished.

The district is to the southwest of the country. It was the second largest district of the three districts, with an area of . It was the district with more people living in it with a population, in 2014, of 401,041 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

On 30 May 1857, the Mersch canton was taken from the Luxembourg district to made part of the new district of Mersch. on 4 May 1867, the new district was abolished and the Mersch canton was made again a part of the Luxembourg district.

On 2012, the communes of Bascharage and Clemency were combined to make the new commune of Käerjeng. So the number of communes changed from 47 to 46.

## Geography
The district of Luxembourg is bordered to the north by the Diekirch district, to the east by the Grevenmacher district, to the south by France (the Meurthe-et-Moselle and Moselle *départements*) and to the west by Belgium (the Belgian province of Luxembourg).

## Composition
The Luxembourg district has 4 cantons and 46 *communes*.

### Cantons and their communes
, Luxembourg]]
, Luxembourg]]
, Luxembourg]]
, Luxembourg]]
#Capellen
##Dippach
##Garnich
##Hobscheid
##Käerjeng
##Kehlen
##Koerich
##Kopstal
##Mamer
##Septfontaines
##Steinfort
#Esch-sur-Alzette
##Bettembourg
##Differdange
##Dudelange
##Esch-sur-Alzette
##Frisange
##Kayl
##Leudelange
##Mondercange
##Pétange
##Reckange-sur-Mess
##Roeser
##Rumelange
##Sanem
##Schifflange
#Luxembourg
##Bertrange
##Contern
##Hesperange
##Luxembourg
##Niederanven
##Sandweiler
##Schuttrange
##Steinsel
##Strassen
##Walferdange
##Weiler-la-Tour
#Mersch
##Bissen
##Boevange-sur-Attert
##Colmar-Berg
##Fischbach
##Heffingen
##Larochette
##Lintgen
##Lorentzweiler
##Mersch
##Nommern
##Tuntange

## References
Abdullah Kobayashi

is a Japanese professional wrestler. He competes under the ring name **Abdullah Kobayashi** which is a tribute to his trainer Abdullah the Butcher. He is best known for his time in Big Japan Pro Wrestling (BJW). He has also competed for Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) where he appeared in the Tournament of Death IX. He made it to the second round but was defeated by JC Bailey. Kobayashi is best known for competing in brutal deathmatches.

In mid-2013, Kobayashi took a long break from in-ring action to undergo treatment after he was diagnosed with hepatitis C.

## Championships
***Big Japan Pro Wrestling**
**BJW Deathmatch Heavyweight Championship (two times)
**BJW World Tag Team Championship (four times) (with Kamikaze (one), Daikokubo Benkei (one), Jaki Numazawa (one) and Daisuke Sekimoto (one))
***Tokyo Sports**
**Fighting Spirit Award (2012)

## References
## Other websites
*BJW profile
Ezra Pound

**Ezra Weston Loomis Pound** (30 October 1885&nbsp;– 1 November 1972) was an American poet and critic. He was a major figure of the early modernist movement and free verse. His best-known works include *Ripostes* (1912), *Hugh Selwyn Mauberley* (1920) and the unfinished *The Cantos* (1917–69). He was also one of the important members of the Early Modernist Movement and was known for his support for fascism.

Pound was born in Hailey, Idaho Territory. In the early 20th century he worked in London as foreign editor of several American magazines. He died at a hospital in Venice, Italy from a sudden intestinal blockage, aged 87.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from the United States
## References
## Other websites
*Ezra Pound at PennSound
Juan Ponce Enrile

**Juan Furagganan Ponce Enrile Sr.**,  (born **Juan Furagganan**; February 14, 1924 &ndash; November 13, 2025), was a Filipino politician. He served as Justice Secretary and then Defense Minister. He was Senate President from November 2008 until his resignation on June 5, 2013.

He planned a coup against President Ferdinand Marcos in 1986, however he quickly ended the plans when it was discovered by the government.

In 2022, he officially returned to government as the Chief Presidential Legal Counsel in the administration of President Bongbong Marcos. At the time of his death, he was the oldest serving member of the Marcos administration or of the country's cabinet.> He converted to Roman Catholicism at age 20. As a young man, he was reunited with his father in the City of Manila and took his secondary education at Saint James Academy in Malabon, Rizal. His father took legal steps in changing his name to Juan Ponce Enrile, the name that he would use for his pre-law enrollment.

On February 14, 2024, he turned 100.

On November 11, 2025, Enrile was hospitalized under critical condition for pneumonia in Makati. Enrile said that he did not want to die in a hospital, so he was moved back to his home. He died on November 13, 2025 at 4:21 P.M, at the age of 101. At the time of his death, he was an active member of President Bongbong Marcos's administration.

## Bibliography 
* 

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* 
*Juan Ponce Enrile – Senate of the Philippines

|-

|-
All in a Night's Work

'''''All in a Night's Work''''' is a 1961 American romantic comedy movie. It is about romance and several people in a newspaper department. Dean Martin plays Tony, and Shirley MacLaine plays Katie. 

It was released in 1961.
Screwball comedy

**Screwball comedies** are an American genre of comedy movies. This genre became popular during the Great Depression. It first became popular with *It Happened One Night* in 1934.

The elements of the screwball comedy can be traced back to plays such as ''A Midsummer Night's Dream* and *Much Ado about Nothing''.

Screwball comedy has farce or slapstick material.
Joe Wilder

**Joseph Benjamin** "**Joe**" **Wilder** (February 22, 1922 &ndash; May 9, 2014) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He performed music with people such as Dizzy Gillespie,  Billie Holiday, Johnny Mathis, Harry Belafonte and Tony Bennett. He was honored with the NEA Jazz Masters Award by the National Endowment for the Arts in 2008.

Wilder was an African American who was born in Colwyn, Pennsylvania and raised in Philadelphia.

Wilder died from congestive heart failure on May 9, 2014 in New York City. He was 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Be Careful With My Heart

***Be Careful With My Heart*** is a Philippine drama television series. It is broadcast by ABS-CBN.

## Other websites
*Official website