open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alberto Granado

in 1952, Alberto Granada on left, Che Guevara right]]
**Alberto Granado Jiménez** (8 August 1922 — 5 March 2011) was an Argentine biochemist. He traveled through South America in 1951 with his friend Che Guevara on a motorcycle. They kept a journal about the trip and what they saw. These writings were the basis for Walter Salle's movie, *The Motorcycle Diaries* (2004).

Granado was born in Hernando, Argentina, and later studied chemistry and pharmacology at the University of Córdoba. Active in politics, he spent time in prison after taking part in student protests against the government. He met Che at university, and in 1951 they traveled thousands of miles and finally ended up in Caracas, Venezuela. Che went back home to finish his medical degree, but Granado stayed and worked in a leprosy clinic.

Granada moved to Cuba in 1961 and set up the school of medicine at the University of Santiago. He later moved to Havana and was able to work on scientific research. He died in Havana in 2011. He asked for his ashes to be scattered in Cuba, Argentina and Venezuela.

## References
Nguyen Cao Ky

**Nguyễn Cao Kỳ** (8 September 1930–23 July 2011) was a South Vietnamese military leader, politician and Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967.

## References 
## Other websites
*Speech by General Nguyen Cao Ky 
*''Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam'' by General Nguyen Cao Ky
*Book Review "Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam" by the *Washington Post*
*Who's Who in Vietnam in 1967

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Tony Tan

**Tony Tan Keng Yam** (, born 7 February 1940, in Singapore) is the seventh President of Singapore from 2011 through 2017. Until 1 July 2011, he was executive director and Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) and Chairman of Singapore Press Holdings Limited (SPH). He previously was Chairman of Singapore's National Research Foundation and Deputy Chairman of the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council. In the late 1980s, he was Lee Kuan Yew's first choice to succeed him as Prime Minister of Singapore, but he declined. He later returned to Cabinet and as Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister from 1995 to 2005, and Minister for Defence from 1995 to 2003.

In August 2011, Tan won the Singapore presidential election by a narrow 0.34% margin, and was sworn in as the seventh President of Singapore on 1 September 2011.

## Related pages
* Lee Kuan Yew
* Lee Hsien Loong

## References
Equivalence relation

In mathematics, an **equivalence relation** R on a set is a mathematical relation that is symmetric, transitive and reflexive. For a given element a on that set, the set of all elements related to a (in the sense of R) is called the equivalence class of a, and written as [a]. 

With an equivalence relation, it is possible to partition a set into distinct equivalence classes. As an example, consider the set of all animals on a farm and define the following relation: two animals are related if they belong to the same species. Under this relation, a cow is related to an ox, but not to a chicken. In fact, this relation is an equivalence relation because:
*It is *reflexive*: each animal is of the same species as itself
*It is *symmetric*: if a first animal is in the same species as a second animal, then the second animal is also in the same species as the first animal.
*It is *transitive*: if a first animal is in the same species as a second animal, and the second animal is in the same species as a third animal, then the first animal is in the same species as the third animal.
In this example, the set of all animals related to a particular ox forms an equivalence class—it is the set of cattle. In fact, the set of all animals on this farm can be partitioned into different equivalence classes (in this case species).

## Related pages 
* Congruence
* Equality (mathematics)

## References
Thriller (song)

"**Thriller**" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson. It was on this album *Thriller*. It was written by Rod Temperton. The song has been featured on many of his greatest hits albums. It has been covered by other musicians. It was narrated by Vincent Price.

The music video was made by John Landis, George J. Folsey, Jr., and Jackson. It is 13 minutes long and was MTV's first world premiere video. In it Jackson turns into a werecat and a zombie. The video was nominated for six MTV Video Music Awards in 1984. It won Viewers Choice, Best Overall Performance and Best Choreography. It did not win Best Concept Video, Best Male Video, or Video of the Year. In 1985 it won the Grammy Award for Best Video, Long Form.

In 1999, MTV put "Thriller" #1 in their 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made list.

In 2009, the video for "Thriller" was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. It was the first music video ever to be added to it.

In 2013 entered the *Billboard* Hot 100 again.

## Composition 
"Thriller" is a pop, post-disco and funk song. Its composed in the key of C dorian.

## References
Martial Célestin

**Martial Lavaud Célestin** (October 4, 1913 – February 4, 2011) was the first Prime Minister of Haïti. He was born in Ganthier and worked as a lawyer. President Leslie Manigat made him prime minister in March 1988. A coup removed Célestin from power on 20 June 1988.

## References
I Am Weasel

***I Am Weasel*** (also spelled as ***I.M. Weasel*** because of the character) is an American animated television series produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Hanna-Barbera, created by David Feiss and aired on Cartoon Network. The show is about a very smart weasel named I.M. Weasel who uses his talents to help people in all different ways, and because of this is adored by everybody in the world.  There is also a stupid baboon named I.R. Baboon who wants to be more admired than the weasel by trying to help people in his own way, but this often has bad results and makes everyone dislike him.

*I Am Weasel* was originally a series of segments in its sister series *Cow and Chicken*, usually being aired as the third of three segments in a *Cow and Chicken* episode. The series started on July 15, 1997 and its first four seasons premiered in that format. In 1999, *I Am Weasel* was separated and got its own half-hour show, premiering as an independent series on June 10, 1999. All of the 52 episodes of *I Am Weasel* that originally aired on *Cow and Chicken* began to air in the new independent show, and were later joined by a fifth season with 27 new episodes, for a total of 79 episodes.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Hella Haasse

**Hélène "Hella" Serafia Haasse** (2 February 1918 – 29 September 2011) was a Dutch writer. She was often called "the Grand Old Lady" of Dutch literature.

Many people think her greatest book is *Heren van de Thee* (The Tea Lords). It is famous in many countries around the world. In 1988 Haasse interviewed the Dutch Queen for her 50th birthday.

## Honors 
Haasse has received many awards for her writing. She received the Constantijn Huygens Prize in 1981 and the P. C. Hooft Award in 1984. She also won the Annie Romein Prize, the Dirk Martens Prize, and the Prize of the Public of the NS. She is the only author who has written for *Boekenweek* (Book Week) three times, in 1948, 1959 and 1994.

Many of Haasse's books have been translated into French. The Académie française gave Hasse an award called the *Diplôme de médaille Argent* in 1984. In 2000, she received another award. It was the ''Officier dans l’Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur*.

The Chilean Ministry of Education gave her a prize in 1996. In 1989 the city of Boston awarded her the Boston Certificate of Recognition for her book *In a Dark Wood Wandering''. In 1992, Haasse went to the opening of the IKAPI International (Worldwide) Book Fair in Jakarta and visited Java, where she was born.

## Gallery 

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Spelevaren op het kleurenmeer Telaga Warna TMnr 10018388.jpg|Lake Telaga Hideung in Java. When Haasse was a child, she lived near here.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Theeplukster Preanger TMnr 10011957.jpg|A tea plantation in the Preanger mountains, East Java. This is the area that Haasse's novel *The Tea Lords* is about.

## References
William Lipscomb

**William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr.** (December 9, 1919– April 14, 2011) was a Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist. He worked in nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, boron chemistry, and biochemistry.

Lipscomb was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His family moved to Lexington, Kentucky in 1920. He lived there until he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry at the University of Kentucky in 1941. Then he earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1946.

From 1946 to 1959, he taught at the University of Minnesota. From 1959 to 1990, he was a professor of chemistry at Harvard University. After 1990, he became a professor emeritus at Harvard.

Lipscomb went to live in Cambridge, Massachusetts until his death in 2011 from pneumonia.

Lipscomb was one of the first people to use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study chemical structures. He learned out how to look at NMR data to find what atoms are connected together in a molecule.  This is called "chemical shift".

Lipscomb studied molecules. These molecules included boron atoms. Lipscomb used this work to learn basic ideas about how atoms form chemical bonds. Lipscomb and his students created many important ideas in the field of theoretical chemistry. His work on boron compounds won a Nobel Prize in 1976. Three of his students went on to also win separate Nobel Prizes in Chemistry.

Lipscomb's later research was on the atomic structure of proteins. He studied how enzymes work. His group used x-ray diffraction to measure the three-dimensional structure of these proteins. He calculated the exact location of every single atom in these large molecules. Lipscomb then studied these details to learn how the molecules work in biological systems.

]]
Carboxypeptidase A  was the first protein structure from Lipscomb's group.
## Awards and Honors
* Guggenheim Fellow, 1954
* Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960.
* Member of National Academy of Sciences, (1961)
* Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, (1976)
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, (1976)

Five books and published collections of writings are  to Lipscomb.

## References
## Other websites
*"Reflections" on Linus Pauling: Video of a talk by Lipscomb.  See especially the "Linus and Me" section.
*World War 2 research in brief audio clips by Lipscomb, which include his attempt to save the life of Elizabeth Swingle.  Technical description of the Swingle accident.
*Scientific Character of W. Lipscomb Curriculum Vitae, publication list, science humor, Nobel Prize scrapbook, scientific aggression, family stories, portraits, eulogy.
Norwegian Crusade

The **Norwegian Crusade** was one of several religious wars in which European countries fought against Muslims in Turkey and the Middle East. The First Crusade was 1095–1099. The Norwegian Crusade was next, from 1107 to 1110. King Sigurd I led the crusade. Sigurd was the first European king to go on crusade to the Holy Land. He did not lose any battles. The Norwegian crusade seems to have been similar to earlier Viking raids.

## References
### Other reading
*
* (Old Norse: http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Saga_Sigur%C3%B0ar_j%C3%B3rsalafara%2C_Eysteins_ok_%C3%93lafs)

### Notes
Knut Steen

**Knut Steen** (19 November 1924 &ndash; 22 September 2011) was a Norwegian sculptor. He spent much of his life living between Sandefjord, Norway, and Carrara, Italy. He began sculpting in 1946 and worked with a range of materials including marble, granite, bronze, steel and concrete. In 2011 a small museum was opened in Sandefjord to display some of his work. The collection holds 12 marble sculptures and four works.

## References
## Other websites
* Norwegian website about the museum, including photos of Steen's work
Pete Postlethwaite

**Pete Postlethwaite** OBE (7 February 1946 – 2 January 2011) was a British actor.  In 1994, he was nominated for an Oscar for his part in *In the Name of the Father*.  He was also awarded an OBE by Queen Elizabeth II in 2003.

Postlethwaite was born in Warrington, Lancashire and died of pancreatic cancer in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.

## References
Kan'ichi Asakawa

was a Japanese academic, author, historian, librarian, curator and peace advocate.

## Early life 
He was born in Nihonmatsu, Japan.  He studied at Waseda University in Tokyo.

In 1899, he earned a bachelor's degree (B.A.) at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.  He continued his studies at Yale University.  He earned a doctor's degree (Ph.D.) in 1902.

## Career 
He lectured at Dartmouth in 1902.  In 1906–1907, he was a professor at Waseda.

In 1907, Asakawa was appointed curator of the East Asian Collection at Yale's Sterling Memorial Library.

Asakawa helped found Japan studies and Asian studies in the United States.

### Politics 
After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, Asakawa began to speak out against the growth of militarism in Japan. In 1941, he tried to prevent war between the US and Japan.

## Selected works 
In an overview of writings by and about Kan'ichi Asakawa, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 110+ works in 220+ publications in 5 languages and 2,400+ library holdings.
* *The Early Institutional Life of Japan.* (1903)
* *The Russo-Japanese Conflict: Its Causes and Issues * (1905)
* *The Origin of Feudal Land-Tenure in Japan* (1914)
* *The life of a monastic shō in medieval Japan* (1919)
* *The documents of Iriki, illustrative of the development of the feudal institutions of Japan* (1922)

His works also included contributions to the publications *Japan* edited by Frank Brinkley (1904); the *History of Nations Series* (1907); *China and the Far East* (1910); *Japan and Japanese-American Relations* (1912); and *The Pacific Ocean in History* (1917).

## Legacy 
Asakawa lived most of his life in the United States.  In the history of the Japanese-Americans, he is considered among the *Issei* who were immigrants born in Japan.

In 2007 the Asakawa Japanese garden at Yale, designed by Shinichiro Abe,  was dedicated to mark the centennial of Asakawa's appointment as an instructor of history at Yale.

## Related pages 
* List of historians by continent

## References 
## Further reading 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Asakawa, Kanʾichi, 1873–1948 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) 
* The Asakawa Centennial at Yale 
* "Utsukushima Fukushima Story – The dreamer : Kan'ichi Asakawa" 
* "The Treaty of Portsmouth by Kan'ichi Asakawa" 
* "Asakawa Web-Museum by Asakawa Peace Association" 
* Kanichi Asakawa gravesite
OPERA experiment

The **Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus** (**OPERA**) is a scientific experiment for detecting tau neutrinos from muon neutrino oscillations. The experiment is a joint effort between the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS). In September 2011, OPERA scientists said that they had seen neutrinos appear to travel faster than the speed of light. However, the scientists later found problems in their equipment which had caused the anomaly. The neutrino time of flight was consistent with the speed of light.

## Related pages
*OPERA neutrino anomaly

## References
Reggaeton

**Reggaeton** is a form of urban music that first became popular with Latin American youths in the early 1990s. Reggaeton's predecessor originated in Panama as Reggae en Español. The music gradually gained exposure in Puerto Rico, which popularized the genre internationally under the name reggaeton. It blends British West reggae and dancehall with Latin American genres, as well as hip hop. Modern reggaeton beats follow the structure of the Dem Bow Riddim, a beat created by Jamaican producers Steely & Clevie in the late 80s and early 90s. However, over the years, it has been losing every noticeable similarity with its original reggae origins.

## Other websites
* Reggaeton Encyclopedia: History, instructional videos, shows, articles, performers (English & Russian)
First Kashmir War

The **India-Pakistan War of 1947-48** is also known as the **First Kashmir War**. It was fought between the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan over the former Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. The result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both the countries.
## Timeline 
## Details
India claims 1,500 Indian soldiers were killed, 3,500 Indian soldiers were wounded and 1,000 were captured or went missing and 2,000 J&K troops were killed and an unknown number wounded. Pakistan claims that 2633 troops and tribesmen were killed and 4668 troops and tribesmen were wounded.

## References
IHOP

**The International House of Pancakes**, better known by its acronym **IHOP**, is a restaurant chain. It serves mostly breakfast foods but also serves lunch and dinner. There are more than 1,500 restaurants in all 50 states as well as in Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

## History 
IHOP was founded in 1958 by Jerry Lapin, Al Lapin and Albert Kallis. The first IHOP opened in Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, California.

## Other websites
*
Zwijndrecht

**Zwijndrecht** is the name of two municipalities:
* Zwijndrecht, Belgium, in the province of Antwerp
* Zwijndrecht, Netherlands, in the province of South Holland
Zwijndrecht, Netherlands

**Zwijndrecht** is a municipality in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is between the cities Rotterdam and Dordrecht.

In 2011, about 44,500 people lived there.

## References
Ian Nish

**Ian Hill Nish** CBE (born 3 June 1926) is a British academic, a specialist in Japanese studies, and  Emeritus Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
He is an expert on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and Japanese foreign policy.

## Early life
Nish was born in Edinburgh in 1926.

World War II gave opportunity to many young non-Japanese to become specialists in Japanese studies; and Ian Nish was one of them..

He studied at the School of Japanese Studies in Simla and Karachi in British India.
* *Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits* (1994), with James Hoare
* *The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations: The Political-diplomatic Dimension* (2000)
* *The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5*] (2003)

## Honours
Nish argues that "a foreign scholar of Japan is often only a middleman attempting to distill the ideas of Japanese scholars".
* Japan Academy (Honorary member), 2007.
* Commander of the British Empire.

## References
## Other websites
* Nish, Ian Hill at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Indo-Pakistani war of 1965

The **Indo-Pakistani War of 1965** was a war that took place between April 1965 and 23 September 1965 between Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This conflict became known as the **Second Kashmir War.** Both countries fought over the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir. The first Kashmir War took place in 1947. The war began after Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar. In this operation, Pakistan wanted to bring forces into Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir to conquer the area of Kashmir ruled by India. The five-week war caused thousands of deaths on both side. Ceasefire was declared through UNSC (United Nations Security Council) Resolution 211. The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the war .

## Details 
The war was fought on the western front after Pakistan launched "Operation Gibraltar" - a covert offensive in which up to 30,000 fighters were pushed across the ceasefire line into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.  India retaliated by crossing the international border at Lahore. At midnight on 6 September, India crossed the international border between India and Pakistan and attacked Lahore and Kasur. The Pakistan Army and Air Force prepared for war in a hurry and started attacks on India. The attacks also started in the areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The war was fought on the border until 22 September when UN asked for ceasefire.

## References
Nusrat Bhutto

**Begum Nusrat Bhutto** (, , March 23, 1929 – October 23, 2011) was an Iranian-Pakistani who was the former First Lady of Pakistan and widow of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. She became her husband's successor as the chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from 1979 to 1983. The couple had four children: PPP chairman and the first and only female Pakistani Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007), Murtaza Bhutto (1954-1996), Sanam Bhutto (born 1957) and Shahnawaz Bhutto (1958-1985). She died on October 23, 2011.

## References
Japan studies

**Japanese studies** (or **Japanology**) is a term generally used to describe the historical and cultural study of Japan.  In North America, the academic field is usually referred to as Japanese studies.  The term "Japanology" is more often used in Europe.

Japanology is the study of many subjects, including
* Japanese language
* Japanese calligraphy
* Japanese culture
* Japanese divinities
* Japanese history
* Japanese literature
* Japanese art
* Music of Japan
* Manga
* Anime
* Science and technology in Japan

The roots of Japanology begin with the Dutch at Dejima, Nagasaki in the Edo period.

Japanology was encouraged by the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama which was established in 1872.

## Notable Japanologists
* Edwin O. Reischauer
* Edward Seidensticker
* Ruth Benedict
*Lafcadio Hearn
* Donald Keene
* Helen Hardacre
* Francis Xavier
* Ernest Mason Satow
* Richard Ponsonby-Fane

## Notable foreign centers of Japanese studies
* University of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative
* Harvard University - Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies
* University of California, Berkeley - Center for Japanese Studies
* Columbia University - The Center for Japanese Legal Studies
* Oxford University -  Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies
* School of Oriental and African Studies - The Japan Research Centre and Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures
* School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences – Centre de Recherches sur le Japon
* Leiden University - Japanese Languages and Cultures
* Universitas Indonesia - Japanese Area Studies Program

## Associations for Japan Studies overseas
* European Association for Japanese Studies
* British Association for Japanese studies
* The Society for Japanese Studies (United States)

## Notable Academic Journals
* Journal of Japanese Studies (The Society for Japanese Studies)
* Monumenta Nipponica (Sophia University)
* Social Science Japan Journal (Oxford University Press)

## Related pages
* Bushido
* Oriental studies

## References
## Other websites 
**Electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies*
*European Association for Japanese Studies
Blind Fool Love

**Blind Fool Love** is a post-hardcore Italian band, made in Toscana, Italy in 2005. In 2007 the band released their first demo, followed by the EP *Il pianto* in May 2011. The first studio album is called *La strage di Cupido* and was released in September 27, 2011, by Sony Music.

## Members 
*Tommaso Sabatini - guitars, lead vocals
*Piero Cini - bass
*Marco Ronconi - drums

## Discography 
; Albums
**Blind Fool Love* (demo, 2007)
**Il pianto* (EP, 2011)
**La strage di Cupido* (studio album, 2011)

; Singles
* *Vampiro* (2009)
* *Saranno giorni* (2010)
* *Il pianto* (2011)
* *La ballata della farfalla melitaea* (2011)
* ''Com'eri un tempo'' (2011)

## Other websites 
* Official Website 
* YouTube
* MySpace
* Facebook
Codelco

**Codelco-Chile** () is a state mining company in Chile that uses and exploits copper.

## History 
It was founded in 1955 like the *Copper Office*. In 1966, under President Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Copper Office changes the name to *Copper Corporation of Chile (Codelco)*. It was nationalized on July 11, 1971 under Salvador Allende. In 1976 was created the *Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile* under the Augusto Pinochet administration.

## Features 
Considering the size of installations and volume of production, it is considered one of the largest mining companies in the world.

## Related pages 
* Chilean Nationalization of Copper

## Other websites 
* Official Site of *Codelco-Chile*
Planet Dinosaur

***Planet Dinosaur*** is a six-part documentary television series produced by the BBC, narrated by John Hurt, first aired in the United Kingdom in 2011, produced by VFX studio Jellyfish Pictures. It is the first major dinosaur-related series for BBC One since *Walking with Dinosaurs*. There are more than 50 different prehistoric species featured, and they and their environments were created entirely as computer-generated images, for only a third of the production cost that was needed a decade earlier for *Walking with Dinosaurs*. By the time the third episode aired, the companion book to the series was released accompany it. The DVD will be released after the series finishes.

## Spin-off 
CBBC aired a spin-off, *Planet Dinosaur Files*, from 29 September, 2011, hosted by Jem Stansfield. Each episode compares three Mesozoic creatures and involves practical tests to replicate certain behaviours in an attempt to find out which creature holds a certain title, such as the "most powerful" theropod.

## Reception
Tom Sutcliffe in the *Independent* found that it was visually "polished and jazzed up" but that  the "knowledge and science generally take second place to B-movie spectacle".

## List of episodes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* BBC website
* Production website
Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011

On July 28, 2011, the United States House Judiciary Committee passed the **Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act** of 2011 (HR 1981). The bill passed by a vote of 19-10. Next the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives. Some people are against this bill because it gives a lot of access to personal information. Some people have said that the bill will not become a law, but the Congressional Budget Office put out a report on October 12, 2011, with the cost of making the changes in the bill. On July 28, 2011 the bill was passed by the House Judiciary Committee. It has to go through more approvals before it becomes a law.

## Purpose
The purpose of the bill is to protect children. The bill would give the police more access to information in order to find and catch people who make and/or distribute child pornography.

This bill would create laws that give bigger punishments for people charged with child pornography. on the costs of the bill was released. This report said that the cost to the government would be very small and that the internet service companies would have to pay more than $200 million. That money includes the cost of storing the extra information about their customers.

## Controversy
Some say that because of the Patriot Act, this law could mean that people could lose some of their civil rights. Representative Zoe Lofgren, (D-Calif.) is very against the bill and asked for it to be renamed the "Keep Every American's Digital Data for Submission to the Federal Government Without a Warrant Act."  She believes that people will have a lot less privacy if this is passed.

People who are in favor of the bill say that the police and other law enforcers need to be able to go back and look at the records of  IP addresses, because these addresses can change over time. So the police need to be able to check the records in order to catch people. . Lamar Smith, the bill's sponsor, said that: ""Some Internet service providers currently retain these [IP] addresses for business purposes. But the period of retention varies widely among providers, from a few days to a few months. The lack of uniform data retention impedes the investigation of Internet crimes." Smith said that the number of child pornography cases grew by 150% a year every year for the past ten years.

## References
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan

**Aishwarya Rai**  (born 1 November 1973) is an Indian actress. She won the Miss World 1994 pageant.  Her acting has made her one of the most popular celebrities in India. She has won many awards, including two Filmfare Awards. Rai also was given the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France in 2012.

## Biography 
She was born into the family of merchant navy officer Krishnaraj Rai and writer Vrinda Rai. The actress has an older brother - a merchant navy engineer Aditya.

Aishwarya's native language is Kannada and Tulu, and she also speaks English, Hindi, and Marathi. As a child she studied classical music and dance. At an early age, she moved with her family to Bombay, where she studied at Arya Vidya Mandir high school in the suburbs of Santacruz. After graduating from Ruparel College (before that she studied at Jai Hind College for a year), she entered the university, where she began to study architecture, but then became a model. In 1994 she won the Miss World contest. After participating in the Pepsi advertising campaign, she starred for Vogue magazine.  

Aishwarya's first role in a film was the well-received film "Tandem" in 1997, where she played a dual role: a rural beauty and an actress.  

## Personal life 
On January 14, 2007, she announced her engagement to actor Abhishek Bachchan, the son of the famous actor Amitabh Bachchan, and married him on April 20 of that year. On November 16, 2011, Aishwarya Rai gave birth to a daughter at a clinic in Mumbai. The girl was named Aaradhya. In June, 2025, her husband Abhishek Bachchan quashed rumours that they were divorced.

## References
## Other websites
Mariner 9

**Mariner 9** was a NASA spacecraft. It was the ninth spacecraft in the Mariner programme. It was sent to study and orbit the planet Mars. It was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. Mariner 9 was launched on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.  Mariner 9 reached Mars on November 13, 1971, after a ~170 day flight. The spacecraft was sent to map 70 % of the surface of Mars and to study the temperature changes of the Martian atmosphere and surface. When it arrived, a dust storm hid the surface of Mars. After a few months the dust settled and Mariner 9 discovered the Valles Marineris.

## References
Flemming Jørgensen

**Flemming "Bamse" Duun Jørgensen** (7 February 1947 – 1 January 2011) was a Danish pop singer and actor. He was the lead singer of the band Bamses Venner () and also released solo albums. As an actor he received a Robert Award for best male supporting actor in 1986 for the movie *Ofelia kommer til byen* (). Jørgensen died of a cardiac arrest on New Year's Day in 2011.

## Discography 
**Din sang* (1977)
**Solen skinner* (1979)
**Bamse Live I* (1980)
**Bamse Live II* (1980)
**Lige nu* (1987)
**1988* (1988)
**Lidt for mig selv* (1994)
**Jul på Vimmersvej* (1995)
**Stand By Me* (1999)
**Always on My Mind* (2001)
**Be My Guest* (2005)
**Love Me Tender* (2007)
**Tæt på* (2010)

## References
William George Aston

**William George Aston** (9 April 1841 – 22 November 1911) was a British diplomat, author and scholar-expert in the language and history of Japan and Korea.

## Early life
Aston was born near Londonderry in  Ireland. In 1859-1863, he studied at Queen's College in Belfast, which is now Queen's University Belfast.

## Career
Aston was an interpreter in the British Legation in Japan in 1864. He studied with Ernest Mason Satow.

Aston worked in the British consular service in Tokyo, Kobe and Nagasaki.

### Japan
Along with  Satow and Basil Hall Chamberlain, Aston was one of three major British Japanologists during the 19th century.

Aston was the first translator of the *Nihongi* into the English language (1896). This part of Aston's personal collection is now at the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg.

* *A Short Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language* (1869)
* *A Grammar of the Japanese Written Language* (1877)
* *A Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language* (1877)
* *Early Japanese history* (1889)
* *Nihongi; Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697* (1896)
* *A History of Japanese Literature* (1898)
* *Littérature japonaise* (1902)
* *Shinto, the Way of the Gods* (1905)
* *Shinto, the Ancient Religion of Japan* (1907)

## References
## Other websites
* Aston, W. G. (William George), 1841-1911 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) 
*The History of Japanese Literature by W.G. Aston (Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, 1899)
Emperor Junna

was the 53rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His  started in 823 and ended in 833.

## Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (*imina*) was .

Junna had six Empresses and Imperial consorts and 13 Imperial sons and daughters.

### Events of Junna's life
Junna was Crown Prince for 13 years.

* **810** (*Kōnin 1*): Prince Ōtomo was named the heir of Emperor Saga at 25 years of age.  This was  in ceremonies.
* **22 March 833** (*Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month*): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (*senso*) was received by a his adopted son, who would be known as Emperor Ninmyō.

### After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (*misasagi*) of Junna is in Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally  at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.
* *Kōnin* (810-824)
* *Tenchō*            (824-834)

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family ]]
Stye

**Styes** (), also called **hordeolums** (), are infections at the base of a human eyelid or the eyelash. They are usually formed in the lids and are small red bumps; these styes can be either external or internal. Styes are small-sized and rather short in duration. They happen particularly often in infants, although people of all ages can get it. They are triggered by eye rubbing or poor nutrition. They often last four days under treatment to two weeks without.
Ichinobe-no Oshiwa

was the eldest son of Japanese Emperor Richū; and he was the father of sons who would become known as Emperor Kenzō and Emperor Ninken.

No firm dates can be assigned to the lives or reigns of this period, but the reign of Emperor Ankō is considered to have  from 456 to 479; and Oshiwa died during Ankō's reign.

## Traditional history 
According to the *Nihonshoki*, Oshiwa was killed in a hunting accident by Emperor Yūryaku.  His sons were adopted as heirs by Emperor Seinei.  They are known as Prince Woke  (or Kenzō*-tennō*) and as Prince Oke (or Ninken*-tennō*).

## References 
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]
Dinosaur Ridge

are almost vertical, so the Morrison Formation (right) underlies the Dakota Formation (left).]]

**Dinosaur Ridge** is part of the Morrison Formation, just west of Denver.

The Dinosaur Ridge area is one of the world's most famous dinosaur fossil . In 1877, some of the best-known dinosaurs were found here, including *Apatosaurus*, *Diplodocus*, *Stegosaurus*, and *Allosaurus*. 

In 1973, the area was recognized for its uniqueness as well as its historical and scientific significance when it was designated the **Morrison Fossil Area National Natural Landmark** by the National Park Service.  In 1989, the Friends of Dinosaur Ridge formed to address increasing concerns regarding the preservation of the site and to offer educational programs on the area's resources.

The rocks on the west side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the widespread Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. It is in these rocks, where Arthur Lakes discovered the dinosaur bones in 1877. Fifteen quarries were opened along the Dakota hogback in the Morrison area in search of these fossils.

The rocks on the east side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation.  When Alameda Parkway was being constructed in 1937 to provide access to Red Rocks Park, workers discovered hundreds of dinosaur footprints.  These were found to include mostly *Iguanodon*-like footprints. Carnivorous theropod tracks are also present.

The site features the Dinosaur Ridge Exhibit Hall with displays about the dinosaurs found at the site. Additionally, Dinosaur Ridge has interpretive signs at trail locations that explain the local geology, a volcanic ash bed, trace fossils, paleo-ecology, economic development of coal, oil and clay, and many other geologic and paleontological features.

## References
## Other websites 
* Friends of Dinosaur Ridge
* Photos 
* Dinosaur Ridge Information
Galaxy Nexus

4.0 on the Galaxy Nexus]]
The **Galaxy Nexus** is a smartphone made by Google and Samsung, using the Android operating system. The phone started being sold on November 17, 2011.

## Unlocking and rooting 
The Galaxy Nexus is designed to be a developer-friendly phone. It is very easy to unlock and root. To unlock the bootloader, boot the phone into fastboot mode by holding down both volume keys while powering the phone on, and connect the phone to a computer with the Android SDK installed and run the command "fastboot oem unlock". This is in contrast to most other mobile phones which are designed to be difficult to unlock. This phone uses NFC, which allows it to communicate wirelessly with other Android devices.

## Related pages 
* Google Nexus

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Galaxy Nexus page 
* Galaxy Nexus at Samsung
*Engadget coverage
The Social Network

***The Social Network*** is a 2010 American movie about the beginning of Facebook. Jesse Eisenberg played Mark Zuckerberg in the movie. David Fincher directed the movie. Aaron Sorkin wrote the screenplay. The movie was very popular and won many awards, but did not win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The story happens in Massachusetts and California from 2003–2005. It is based on the book The Accidental Billionaires by Ben Mezrich. 

## Cast
* Jesse Eisenberg as Mark Zuckerberg
* Andrew Garfield as Eduardo Saverin
* Justin Timberlake as Sean Parker
* Armie Hammer as Cameron Winklevoss and Tyler Winklevoss
* Josh Pence as Tyler Winklevoss (body double for Armie Hammer)
* Max Minghella as Divya Narendra
* Brenda Song as Christy Lee
* Rashida Jones as Marylin Delpy
* Joseph Mazzello as Dustin Moskovitz
* Rooney Mara as Erica Albright
* Dustin Fitzsimons as The Phoenix S-K Club President
* Patrick Mapel as Chris Hughes
* Douglas Urbanski as Larry Summers
* Wallace Langham as Peter Thiel
* Dakota Johnson as Amelia Ritter
* Malese Jow as Alice Cantwel
* Denise Grayson as Gretchen
* James Shanklin as Prince Albert II
* Trevor Wright as Josh Thompson
* John Getz as Sy
* Shelby Young as K.C.
* David Selby as Gage
* Aaron Sorkin as Ad executive

## References
## Other websites 
*Official site 
*
*
*
Nexus

**Nexus** might mean:

*Google Nexus
**Nexus One
**Nexus S
**Galaxy Nexus
* Nexus (professional wrestling)
Chaz Bono

**Chaz Salvatore Bono** (Born **Chastity Sun Bono**; March 4, 1969) is an American actor and is a spokesperson for the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. He danced on ABC's *Dancing With the Stars*.

In 1995, Chaz, who still appeared female at the time, told The Advocate that he was a lesbian.
In 2008 Bono started his gender transition from female to male. 

He is the son of Sonny and Cher Bono. He is a female-to-male transgender person. A documentary on Bono's experience, *Becoming Chaz*, was at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.  It was later on the OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network.

## Books written
* *Family Outing* (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (1998). Little, Brown and Company. pp.&nbsp;272. 
* *The End of Innocence: A Memoir* (with Michele Kort) (2003). pp.&nbsp;232. 
* *Transition: the story of how I became a man* (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2011). New York: Dutton. 
* *Transition: Becoming Who I Was Always Meant to Be* (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2012 paperback). Plume. pp.&nbsp;272. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
Dip slope

to the rock layers are dip slopes]]

A **Dip slope** is the geological formation of tilted strata. They're found on homoclinal ridges, one side being steep and irregular and the other (the dip slope) being parallel to the bedding.
Ying Yang Twins

The **Ying Yang Twins** are an American crunk rap group based in Atlanta. The group debuted in 2000 and rose into mainstream with the song *Get Low* almost three years later. They've had several hit albums and hit songs.
Mariner program

in 1962]]
The **Mariner program** was a program of spacecraft launched by NASA between 1963 and 1973. The spacecraft studied the planets Mars, Venus and Mercury. There were 10 spacecraft in the Mariner programme, named Mariners 1-10. Seven were successful but three were lost. The program included spacecraft doing things that spacecraft had never done before. These things included the first planetary fly-by, the first pictures from another planet, the first planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver. Other spacecraft in the Mariner program were planned but they were changed into other spacecraft with different names. For example, Mariner 11 and Mariner 12 were planned but changed into Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.
Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)

"**Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)**" is a single performed by American recording artist Katy Perry. It is the fifth single from her third album *Teenage Dream*. The song topped the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart in the US. It reached the top in Canada as well. It climbed to the top five in Australia and New Zealand and the top ten in Austria and the UK. It was released June 6, 2011. A remix was later released featuring rapper Missy Elliott.

The song became Perry's fifth number-one single from *Teenage Dream*. This was a first for a female artist. Only Michael Jackson also had five chart-toppers from one album with *Bad* in 1987.
## Credits and personnel
* Katy Perry – songwriter, vocals
* Dr. Luke – songwriter, producer, drums, keyboards, programming
* Max Martin – songwriter, producer, drums, keyboards, programming
* Bonnie McKee – songwriter
* Emily Wright – engineer
* Sam Holland – engineer
* Tucker Bodine – assistant engineer
* Tatiana Gottwald – assistant engineer
* Şerban Ghenea – mixing
* Jon Hanes – mix engineer
* Tim Roberts – assistant mix engineer
* Lenny Pickett – saxophone

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Monthly charts
### Year-end charts
## Certifications
## Release history
## References
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport

**Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport** is a large airport in France.  It is in the  of Paris.  In 2010, it handled 58,164,612 passengers.

As of 12 February 2018, the head of the airport is Marc Houalla.

## References
Communauté de communes Coteaux et Châteaux

The **Communauté de communes Coteaux et Châteaux** was a group of communes in the Hérault departement and Languedoc-Roussillon region of France.

It was created on December 31, 1997, by decision of the Prefecture, and dissolved on January 1, 2013 upon merging with surrounding *communauté de communes* to form the Communauté des communes des Avant-Monts du Centre Hérault.

## Etymology
The name comes from the local *coteaux* (vineyards) and *chateaux* (castles), prominent features of the countryside.

## Communes
*Coteaux et Chateaux* contained the following communes:

* Fos
* Gabian
* Margon
* Montesquieu
* Neffiès
* Pouzolles
* Roujan
* Vailhan

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website  
* Look up '** and **' on the Wiktionary.
Harima Province

) with Harima Province highlighted]]

, also known as ,  was an old province of Japan in area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The province had borders with the provinces of Tajima, Tamba, Settsu, Bizen, and Mimasaka.

The provincial capital city was Himeji on the Ishikawa River.

## History
, 1853-1856]]
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Harima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Temples and Shrines
*Iwa jinja* was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of Harima.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Pouzolles

**Pouzolles** () is a commune in the Hérault department and Occitanie in southern France.

## Activities 
The village has a small collection of shops (bakery, superette, tobacconist) and several ''chambres d'hôtes*. There are other activities, such as a post office, a nearby paintball, a seasonal gallery and of course the local wine industry.

## Places of interest 
* the château *(see pictures)*
]]
* the village center, built as a *circulade''

## Demography 
## Related pages
* Communes of the Hérault department

## References 
## Other websites
* Official **Pouzolles** website
Child support

**Child support** is continued payment performed by a parent for the financial benefits of children following marital separations, divorces or ends of civil unions. Child maintenance is paid either directly or indirect by obligors toward an obligee for care and support of children from terminated marriages, civil unions or other relationships. The obligor is the non-custodial parent; the obligee is either the custodial parent, a caregiver, a guardian or the state.

## Duration of support orders
Support orders end based on local laws and the facts of each case. Support orders usually end when the child reaches the age of majority. (This can be an age from 16 to 21 (New York State)  or graduates from high school.) Some countries and states have laws that make support continue past the age of majority if the child is enrolled as a full-time, degree-seeking post-secondary student. If the obligor owes back child support, the payments must continue until the debt is satisfied, regardless of the age of the child.

Several factors can end a support order for a child under the age of majority. These include the child's marriage, legal emancipation or death.

## References
## Other websites
*History of child support in the UK 
*Child Support Agency (CSA) Australia - includes calculators and guides for separated parents
*US Federal Child Support Enforcement - child support enforcement
*UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS - UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS
Natural deduction

**Natural deduction** is a branch of mathematical logic developed in Poland in the 1920s and 30s. It is meant to express inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning.

Spurred on by a series of seminars in Poland in 1926 by Łukasiewicz that advocated a more natural treatment of logic, Jaśkowski made the earliest attempts at defining a more natural deduction. In 1929 he first suggested in 1929 using a diagrammatic notation, and later updated his proposal in papers in 1934 and 1935. 

## References 
*Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy, 2000. *Language, proof and logic*. CSLI (University of Chicago Press) and New York: Seven Bridges Press. A gentle introduction to first-order logic via natural deduction, by two first rate logicians.

## Other websites 
* Clemente, Daniel, "Introduction to natural deduction."
* Pelletier, Jeff, "A history of natural deduction and elementary logic textbooks."