open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ceres (dwarf planet)

**Ceres**, also known as **1 Ceres** (symbol: ), is the smallest dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the main asteroid belt.

It was discovered on 1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres, as the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and motherly love. After about 200 years from its discovery, the International Astronomical Union decided to upgrade Ceres from an asteroid (or minor planet) to dwarf planetary status in 2006.

With a diameter of about 950&nbsp;km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive object in the asteroid belt, and has about a third of the belt's total mass. It was once thought to be smaller than Vesta, which is brighter.  The asteroid is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. At its brightest it is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Ceres is located at 2.8 AU (257 million miles) from the Sun, which makes it the closest dwarf planet to the Sun. It is also the only dwarf planet in the Solar System that has no moons.

On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn space probe to explore Ceres and Vesta. In 2015, Dawn became the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres a few months before NASA's New Horizons spacecraft visited Pluto, another dwarf planet.

Ceres has an unusual crater, Occator which contains bright salts.

## Images 
## Related pages 
* Ceres
* List of planets

## References
Elbląg

**Elblag** ( ) is a city in northern Poland on the eastern edge of the Żuławy region with 124,257 inhabitants (December 31, 2011). Elbląg is one of the oldest cities in the province and in Poland.
## Geometry
Elbląg is located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south-east of Gdańsk and 90&nbsp;km (56&nbsp;mi) south-west of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city is a port on the river Elbląg, which flows into the Vistula Lagoon about 10&nbsp;km (6&nbsp;mi) to the north, thus giving the city access to the Baltic Sea via the Russian-controlled Strait of Baltiysk. The Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto) is located on the river Elbląg connecting Lake Drużno to the Vistula Lagoon, about 10&nbsp;km (6&nbsp;mi) from the lagoon and 60&nbsp;km (37&nbsp;mi) from Gdańsk.

## Famous people who live there
* Hans von Bodeck (1582–1658), diplomat and Chancellor of Brandenburg
* John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), educator
* Ursula Karusseit (1939– ), actress
Aquarium

, England]]
An **aquarium** (plural *aquariums* or *aquaria*) is a place where fish and other animals that live in water are kept by humans. An aquarium can be a small , or a large building with one or more large tanks.

Keeping an aquarium is a popular hobby around the world. Careful aquarists (people who keeps aquariums) make sure their fish live in an environment similar to their natural habitats. This means caring about water quality, lighting, and food.

Large public aquariums are often popular with tourists. They show the fish and other animals they keep in large tanks, and also often protect species that are close to extinction. An example of a public aquarium is Sydney Aquarium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

## History 
The artificial fish habitat  have existed since ancient times. Sumerians kept fishes in ponds before cooking them.
Kindergarten

, Malaysia.]]**Kindergarten**, literally meaning "children's garden", is the first stage in the move from home to formal education. Children learn through play. In most countries kindergarten is part of the pre-school system. In North America and some parts of Australia kindergarten is the first year of school. Kindergarten children are usually between four and six years of age. Kindergarten ages vary from country to country. In Malaysia, for example, kindergarten children are six and when they are seven years old they go to primary school.
While in the United States, to start kindergarten students must turn five before September 1st. Kindergarten for students in the U.S. has significantly moved away from children learning through play. Children are held to a high standard and are now expected to know the letters of the alphabet and their sounds. By the end of the year, students are expected to know how to read CVC, CCVC, and CVCC words. Play time in the U.S. for students in Kindergarten has become limited to around thirty minutes a day while all other times are devoted to learning. 

Learn how you can help your child prepare for Kindergarten 

The name kindergarten was coined by Friedrich Fröbel (1782–1852). His work influenced early-years education around the world. 

## Pre-Kindergarten 
Sometimes, children go to pre-kindergarten for a year, before they go to kindergarten. Pre-kindergarten is more common in United States, Canada, and Turkey than other countries. It normally begins at four years old. 

Pre-Kindergartens are becoming more popular in the United States. School systems now host Pre-K classes for students who turn 4 before September 1st. Pre-Kindergarten is similar to what Kindergarten use to look like, students learn through play and social interactions. These programs are working to help prepare students for Kindergarten.
Earle Page

**Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page** (8 August 1880 – 20 December 1961) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister when Joseph Lyons died in office. He remained until a new leader, Robert Menzies, was elected by the United Australia Party.
Ronin

**Ronin** (浪人) is the word used to describe a kind of samurai without a master. Hundreds of years ago in Japan, it was very important for every samurai to have a master. It also refers to somebody who has failed their university entrance exams and is studying for the next year's exams.

## Etymology 
The word rōnin is often translated as 'drifter' or 'wanderer.' It combines two kanji: rō (浪), meaning "wave" or "unrestrained," and nin (人), meaning "person." Originally, it referred to serfs who had escaped their masters during the Nara and Heian periods. Later, it described samurai without a master. In medieval times, rōnin were seen as the shadowy figures of samurai, lacking honor and belonging.
İsmet Özel

**İsmet Özel** (born 19 September 1944, in Kayseri) is a Turkish poet. He was born in Kayseri, Turkey.

He started his university degree at Political Science Faculty of Ankara University. He graduated from the French language department at Hacettepe University.

In 1970, he published a literature magazine *Halkın Dostları* with Ataol Behremoğlu, a Turkish poet and Russian linguist. In fact, Ataol Behramoğlu purified his poetry by leaving out crude propaganda and naive didacticism.
Fredrik Reinfeldt

**John Fredrik Reinfeldt** (born 4 August 1965) was the Prime Minister of Sweden from 2006 to 2014. He was also the leader of the Moderate Party. The Moderate Party is the largest of the four political parties in the Swedish government, but the second largest in the parliament following the Swedish Social Democratic Party and their leader Stefan Löfven.

Reinfeldt lost his re-election to Stefan Löfven as Prime Minister. Reinfeldt also announced that he was resigning his position as leader of the Moderate Party.
Acarology

**Acarology** is the study of mites and ticks. A person who studies acarology is an acarologist. Acarologists are zoologists who specialize in this field. They may also be parasitologists because many mites and ticks are parasitic.

## References
Goku

**Goku** is a fictional character. He is the protagonist of the manga and anime *Dragon Ball* created by Akira Toriyama. He is a Saiyan who likes having a great challenge towards enemies.

## Appearances 
Goku is the main protagonist of the *Dragon Ball* franchise, which started December 3, 1984. He starts off as young boy and meets a teenage girl named Bulma.
Flowers for Algernon

***Flowers for Algernon*** is a book written by Daniel Keyes in 1960.

The main character of the book is Charlie Gordon, an unintelligent but lovable person. Charlie is used in part of a new experiment to triple his IQ.  He becomes intelligent, and learns to read and enjoy the world around him better.  But later, people stop liking him as much because he makes them feel bad.  He learns that it is more important to be a good person than a smart person. He frequents a class for feeble minded folks taught by a teacher named Miss Kinnian. While Charlie's IQ grows so does his love for her. He finds himself in a state of depression, unhappy and unsatisfied with his new artificial IQ.

The title of the book comes from a mouse in the story named Algernon who also has the experiment done on him.

*Flowers for Algernon* is on many schools' lists of books that students must read.

## References
Soapstone

made out of steatite.]]

**Soapstone** or **steatite** is a metamorphic rock.  It has a large amount of the mineral talc.

Steatite is softer than most stones.  Because steatite feels like soap, people call it "soapstone".  People have been making things out of soapstone for thousands of years.

Soapstone is very good at holding heat. For this reason it is used as a cover for wood stoves. The soapstone soaks up the heat of the fire while it is burning, and stays warm for a long time after the fire goes out. It has also been used to make cooking pots, especially in Norway during the Viking Age.

Soapstone has been a major component of ceramics used as electrical component insulators for many years. It is easily formed or carved into shapes.

During the Harappan/Indus civilization (2500 BC1750 BC) soapstone was used in the manufacture of seals. These people used to import steatite from Shaher-i-sokhta and the Kirthar hills.

 and soapstone plaques, in the Scythian-style animal art of the steppes. 4th–3rd century BC. British Museum]]
Second (disambiguation)

Second stands for:
* a unit for time; See: Second
* Two is the **second** positive whole number. 
* Arcsecond, a unit of angle
* Second of right ascension, in astronomy
* Second (parliamentary procedure), to support a proposal
* Second, the agent of a participant in a duel or a cornerman in combative sports such as boxing
## Music
* Diminished second, or unison
* Minor second, or semitone
* Neutral second, or three-quarters-tone (i.e., one-and-a-half semitones)
* Major second, or whole tone (i.e., two semitones)
Fat-tailed gerbil

and a female fat-tailed gerbil]]

The **fat-tailed gerbil** (*Pachyuromys duprasi*) is a species of gerbil. Its tail becomes fatter when it eats something. Then it uses it when food becomes scarce. They can live 5 to 7 years in captivity. It is from Africa.

They can survive a long time without drinking because they are adapted to a dry climate. 

They bury themselves under the sand until night so that there are not as many predators that will attack them.
Mr. Magoo

**Mr. Quincy Magoo** is a popular cartoon character from the late 1940s until the 1970s. Jim Backus was the voice of Mr. Magoo.  Mr. Magoo was not able to see well because he was very nearsighted.

## History 
The first cartoon with Mr. Magoo was *The Ragtime Bear* (1949).

## Magoo family 
* **Mister Quincy Magoo,** an old, nearsighted man.
* **Waldo Magoo,** Magoo's nephew.
* **Mother Magoo,** Magoo's mother (her actual name is Linda Magoo).
* **Tycoon Magoo,** Magoo's rich uncle.
* **Justin Magoo,** Magoo's 12-year-old nephew from *Kung Fu Magoo*.

## Supporting Characters 
* **Charlie,** Magoo's houseboy from China.
* **Prezly,** Waldo's best friend.
* **Wheeler and Dealer,** two children Magoo and his mom often baby sit.
* **Bowser,** Magoo's cat, also called Cicero.
* **Caesar,** Magoo's dog from *The Mr. Magoo Show*.
* **Hamlet,** Magoo's hamster.
* **Worcestershire,** Tycoon's butler.
* **Angesis McBarker,** Magoo's dog from ''What's New, Mr. Magoo?''.
Neiße

The word **Neisse** or **Neiße** (German) or **Nysa** (Polish) is the name of three rivers and one city.

* Lausitzer Neiße
* Glatzer Neisse
* Wütende Neiße

* A city in Poland, See: Nysa
Penalty kick

scoring a penalty against Bulgaria]]
A **penalty kick** (short **pen**) is a type of free kick in football. The ball is 11 meters away from the goal post. A penalty kick is taken by the team which has been fouled if the violent act is made in the penalty box. 
## Penalty shootout 
Penalties can also happen in a penalty shootout, when there is a draw in a match even after added extra time.
Jam

**Jam** is a condiment. It is usually made from pressed fruit, sugar, and sometimes pectin. Most jams are cooked. After making, jam is normally put into an airtight jar.

Usually a jam contains as much sugar as it contains fruit. The two parts are then cooked together to form a gel.

In the European Union, the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979) sets minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam.  It also expanded the definition of fruit.  This was done to take several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU into account.  For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated as fruits, such as tomatoes; fruits that are not normally made into jams, such as melons and watermelons; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as: rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, and pumpkins.  This definition continues to apply in a later directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001).

According to Canadian food and drug regulation (CRC), jam and jam products must at least have 45% of the named fruit and 66% of water-soluble solids. In addition, it may contain added pectin, pectinous preparation, or acid ingredient. Also, reasonable amount of a Class II preservative, a pH adjusting agent, and an antifoaming agent is acceptable. However, the jam product shall not contain apple or rhubarb.

Marmalade is jam made from oranges and tends to have pulp and peels.

Jelly is different from jam as it is made from mostly juice instead of fruit.

Fruit butters are made from slow cooking fruit to a smooth consistency.

Joan Miró used blackberry jam as an art medium.

As a gel, jam is neither a solid or a liquid. It can contain chunks of fruit which are solids. Once opened and out of the fridge the gel becomes more like a liquid, and is able to decay.

## References
## Other websites 
* National Center for Home Food Preservation - How do I...Jam & Jelly
* Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001)
Vanilla

**Vanilla** is a spice and a flavoring. The plant it grows on is the orchid *Vanilla*, which is a vine.

The main species picked for vanilla is called *Vanilla planifolia*. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s.

Today, most of the flavoring is done in chemical laboratories because real vanilla beans are expensive. The pure (man-made) form of the flavoring is known as 'vanillin'.

## History
The plant was brought to Europe by the Spanish in the 1520s. Vanilla was a well-regarded spice in Mesoamerica.

The first people to grow vanilla were the Totonac people.  They lived the east part of Mexico, by the sea. The Totonac people say that the vanilla plant was first made when a royal daughter and her lover were killed.

In the 15th century, Aztecs fought a war with the Totonacs.  The Totonacs lost the war.  The Aztecs liked the taste of vanilla. They named the fruit *tlilxochitl*, which means "black flower", because vanilla fruits turn black and dry after they are picked.

Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the biggest producer of vanilla. In 1819, however, French businessmen shipped vanilla to the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in hope of growing vanilla there. Vanilla did not grow well there, because these places did not have the right kind of bees to take pollen between the plants. A young slave, Edmond Albius, discovered how to do pollination of the flowers quickly by hand. Then vanilla began to grow well in the new places.  Soon, vanilla plants were sent from Réunion Island to the Comoros Islands and to Madagascar. By 1898, Madagascar, Réunion, and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla fruits, about 80% of the vanilla grown in the world.

In the 1930s, businesses made a group to choose prices.  The price of vanilla rose very high in the late 1970s after a big storm hurt important croplands. Prices remained high through the early 1980s, but then the group ended.  Prices dropped 70% in a few years, to nearly US$20 for one kilogram. In 2000, prices rose sharply again after another big storm struck Madagascar. The storm, political problems, and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices up to US$500 for one kilogram in 2004.  In 2005, the price went down to about $40 for one kilogram.  By 2010, prices were down to US$20 for one kilogram. It remains one of the most expensive spices.

Today, most Bourbon vanilla and vanilla fruit is produced in Indonesia.  Madagascar also grows a lot of vanilla.  Mexico, once the biggest producers of natural vanilla, used to grow 500 tons of vanilla in a year. In 2006, it made only 10 tons of vanilla.

About 95% of "vanilla" foods are flavored with man-made vanillin instead of with vanilla fruits.  Vanillin can be produced synthetically from lignin, a natural polymer found in wood.

File:Vanilla planifolia 1.jpg|A flower of Vanilla planifolia
File:Vanilla plantation in wood dsc00190.jpg|Vanilla plantation in a wood
File:Vanilla fragrans 2.jpg|Fruits

## References
Pepper

**Peppers** are plants, but there are many unrelated genera
* The genus *Piper*. It contains Black pepper, a plant that is grown to produce the peppercorn, the dark powder known as pepper is made of.
* The genus *Capsicum*. It contains the Chili pepper which is most often used as a vegetable
* Sichuan pepper, a condiment that is different from black pepper, and unrelated to it.
* Brazilian pepper, a shrub that is native to South America. It is widely used as an ornamental plant in frost-free regions. Its fruit is sometimes sold as *pink peppercorns*. It is poisonous in larger quantities.
* Tasmanian pepper, or *Mountain pepper*, an evergreen flowering plant of Australia and New Zealand
* Ukrainian Red Midget, a plant that produces *peppers* sometimes referred to at *Thai Hot*.
Glatzer Neisse

The **Glatzer Neiße** (Polish **Nysa Kłodzka**) is a river that flows into the Oder river from the left.

It is 150&nbsp;km long, and flows through the cities of the central forest (Miedzylesie): Habelschwerdt (Bystrzyca Kłodzka) and Glatz (Kłodzko). It then runs eastward. Other cities on the river are Patschkau (Paczków), Ottmachau (Otmuchów), Lausitzer Neiße (Lewin Brzeski) and Schurgast (Skorogoszcz). Finally, it flows at the village of Riebnig (Rybna) southeast from Brieg (Brzeg) into the Oder.

## Floods
The Glatzer Neiße has often left its banks and flooded nearby cities, at times destroying them completely. City chronicles from Kłodzko mention floods in the following years:

* 14th century: 1310

* 15th century: 1441, 1464, 1474

* 16th century: 1500, 1522, 1524, 1560, 1566, 1570, 1587, 1589, 1591, 1598,

* 17th century: 1602, 1603, 1605, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1625, 1646, 1652, 1655, 1689, 1693, 1696

* 18th century: 1702, 1703, 1713, 1724, 1735, 1736, 1740, 1755, 1763, 1767, 1775, 1785, 1787, 1789, 1799

* 19th century: 1804, 1806, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1831, 1850, 1854, 1879, 1881, 1883, 1891, 1897

* 20th century: 1900, 1903, 1907, 1938, 1952, 1997, 1998
Treaty of Tordesillas

The **Treaty of Tordesillas** was a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494. The countries decided to divide up all the land in the Americas between Portugal and Spain. However, Natives had no say in this treaty. The Spanish Pope Alexander VI was the Pope at the time of the treaty. The Pope drew an imaginary line on a map. This line was 2,193 kilometers to the west of the Cape Verde Islands. He gave Portugal the land to the east of this line and gave Spain the land to the west of this line. The purpose of the treaty was to resolve conflict.

Defined as empire-by-treaty, this Treaty split in the world, excluding Europe, in two and established the two largest Empires the world has ever seen, lasting for over a hundred years. Through this treaty, Spain and Portugal laid the foundation for centuries of colonial dominance and European global exploration.      

King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile of Spain signed this treaty in Tordesillas, Spain. This is where the treaty got its name. Spain governed the territories West of the line and Portugal governed the territories east of the line. The two countries mostly followed the treaty.     

This treaty was an important event during the age of discovery and colonization. Natives did not acknowledge the treaty. The treaty also connected to the discovery doctrine. This doctrine said that European Christians had the right to colonize new lands. It did not matter who lived there first. It only mattered that a Christian first settled there. So the first Christian to settle in land would have a right to that land. Both Portugal and Spain respected this doctrine.     

Great Britain (1600) and the Netherlands (1602) soon joined the Portuguese and Spanish in exploring the world at the beginning of the 17th century. With these new countries, the Treaty was broken and more or less 'canceled'. By this time, Portugal's limited resources made it weaker. Portugal could no longer control its Asian colonies. It no longer had trading superiority. In time, the French, Danes, Swedes and later the Americans joined the earlier Europeans in colonizing South and East Asia. Protestantism did not regard the Pope's authority in the treaty.

The Treaty lasted a short time, but had indirect impacts. It changed Spanish and Portuguese exploration of the New World. The treaty in part explains why the Portuguese-speaking part of South America became one country called Brazil. The regions in South America more to the West speak Spanish.The Spanish-speaking colonies split up into many different independent countries including Argentina, Colombia, and many others.  

## References
Odra

**Odra** can be any of the following:

* Oder River, a river in Central Europe
* Name of several Polish football clubs, e.g. Odra Wodzislaw
* Odra River (Croatia)
* Odra River (Spain)
* Odra, Silesian Voivodeship, village in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
Mosel

**Mosel** may mean the following:

* Moselle, a European river, named *Mosel* in German
* Mosul, a city in Iraq

## Related pages
* Moselle (disambiguation)
Lecture

in Italy in the mid-fourteenth century. The lecturer reads from a text on the lectern while students in the back sleep.]]

A **lecture** is when someone talks to a group of people about something interesting.  It is like a lesson.  At college or university, students go to lectures to learn things.  The person who is teaching (talking to the group) is called the **lecturer** or **professor**.  The lecturer may accept questions from the audience.

Sometimes, we say that someone was "given a lecture".  This means that they were told off for doing something wrong.
Four Noble Truths

The **Four Noble Truths** are a Buddhist teaching. They show Buddhists why they should follow the Middle Way.

## The Four Noble Truths
### The First Noble Truth
The first noble truth is called *Dukkha*, which means *suffering*. It says that life is full of suffering. To say it in a different way, in life, there is sickness, poverty (being poor), old age, and death. People can not keep what they want. People can not avoid what they do not want. If that is all a person learns, they suffer.

### The Second Noble Truth 
The second noble truth is *Samudaya*, which says that there is a reason for suffering in the world. It says that the reason there is suffering is that people want things. It also says that the reason there is suffering is that people want what they think is real. They do this because they are ignorant. People do wrong actions because they want things and because they do not see what is real. Those evil actions lead to suffering.

### The Third Noble Truth
The third noble truth is *Nirodha*. It says that people can be free from suffering when they no longer want things.

### The Fourth Noble Truth
The fourth noble truth is called *Marga*. It says that for a person to stop wanting things, they must follow a set of rules. The rules are called the Noble Eightfold Path.

## The Eightfold Path
:*See main article: Noble Eightfold Path*

The eightfold path says that truth is found in the Middle Way. A person can get to the Middle Way by following the eightfold path. The eight parts are:

**Right Vision*. A person should try to see things the way they really are.
**Right Values*. A person should try to turn their mind away from the world and towards the Dharma.
**Right Speech*. A person should try to be truthful and kind when they talk.
**Right Actions*. A person should try to do good things. If they cannot do a good thing, then they should try to not do a bad thing.
**Right Livelihood*. A person should not work at something that can hurt themselves or other people.
**Right Effort*. A person should try to increase their goodness and get rid of their evil.
**Right Mindfulness*. A person must remember the Dharma and use it all the time
**Right Meditation*. A person must try to reach enlightenment through meditation.

## Other websites
*The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide

*The Sixteen Aspects and Sixteen Distorted Ways of Embracing the Four Noble Truths
Composition

**Composition** means literally *putting together*. It may refer to:

*Composition (music), putting notes together to make a piece of music
*Composition (visual arts), the way that colors or shapes are put together
* Composition (language), in literature and rhetoric, producing a work for speech or written discourse
Theory of relativity

The **theory of relativity** is a  theory Albert Einstein created in the early 1900s. There are two theories of relativity. The first is special relativity and the second is general relativity.

The theory tries to solve problems which could not be solved by Classical physics, or by 19th century physics. Some things, like the orbit of Mercury or the way light from distant sources bends as it passes a star, cannot be explained by the physics of 1900. Einstein tried to change the basic ideas of physics. He came up with two theories to do that. The first was called Special relativity and the second was called General relativity.

## References 
* Hawking, Stephen. *The Universe in a nutshell*. Bantam Books, 2001.

== Other websites Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity In Words of Four Letters or  New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe ess wayback machine ==

* Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity In Words of Four Letters or Less
* New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe. 
* Relativity Calculator – Learn Special Relativity Mathematics  The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.
BIOS

**BIOS**, computing, stands for **Basic Input/Output System**. The BIOS is a computer program embedded on a chip on a computer's motherboard that recognizes and controls various devices that make up the computer. The purpose of the BIOS is to make sure all the things plugged into the computer can work properly. It brings life to the computer, and the term is a pun on the Greek word , *bios* meaning "life".

"Booting", sometimes called "Booting up" is the process that the computer completes to get it ready to use when it is first turned on. When the computer turns on, the BIOS starts up and performs a Power-On Self Test (POST). During the POST, the BIOS will check various devices in the computer like the computer processor, memory, the video card and others to make sure they are present and functioning. Once the POST has completed successfully, the BIOS looks for an operating system to load, which is usually located on the computer's hard drive. When it finds one, it starts to load it. At this point, the operating system takes over control of the system.

## Overclocking
Some people try to configure their computer to run faster than it was designed to do. This is called "overclocking". Since the BIOS controls the computer processor, entering the BIOS setup screen while it is booting up gives people access to advanced computer settings. For most computers, pressing the delete or F12 button while the computer is booting up will bring up the BIOS setup screen. There are many ways a computer can be overclocked to run faster, but most involve simply turning up the speed of the computer processor. Doing this will usually make your computer run much hotter, though, and can sometimes break your computer, which is why overclocking will usually void your computer's warranty. Only people who are computer hardware experts should attempt to overclock their computers.

## References
Anna Politkovskaya

**Anna Stepanovna Politkovskaya** (; 30 August 1958 — 7 October 2006) was a Russian journalist. Anna Politkovskaya wrote for the newspaper *Novaya Gazeta*. She was born in the New York City, United States. Her parents were diplomats and her mother was Ukrainian. Her birth name was Anna Stepanovna Mazepa (Russian:*Анна Степановна Мазепа*).

In 2007 her set of memoirs ''A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia* was published in English.

## Death 
On 7 October 2006, she was shot to death at her house in Moscow. It is possible she was murdered for political reasons. Some Western countries have asked for a thorough investigation of her death. They saw it as an attempt to end opposition to the  Russian regime, as perhaps one of the last chances to save the freedom of the press in Russia. The *Noyava Gazeta'' has put up a reward for information that can explain why she was killed.

## Related pages
*American people of Ukrainian descent
*Boris Berezovsky

## References
Bengali language

**Bengali** is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It developed from a language called Pali. Bengali is spoken in Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, parts of Assam and Jharkhand and in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 

There are about 220 million native speakers and about 250 million total speakers of Bengali. It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, ranking seventh.

Most people in Bangladesh speak Bengali, and many famous books and poems are written in Bengali. Rabindranath Tagore was a famous poet who wrote in Bengali. Tagore won the Nobel Prize in Literature. The national anthems of both India and Bangladesh were written by Tagore in this language.

## References
DDR (disambiguation)

**DDR** is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, including:
* Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic), the former German Democratic Republic, also known as East Germany
* *Dance Dance Revolution*, a music video game series
Peso

The ***peso*** is the monetary unit of several countries in the Americas and the Philippines. Originating in Spain, the word *peso* translates to "weight" and uses the peso sign ("$"; "₱" in the Philippines).

The silver *peso* worth eight *reales* was also known in English as a Spanish dollar or "piece of eight" and was a widely used international trade coin from the 16th to 19th centuries.

In 1868, Spain discontinued the *peso* as its main currency and replaced it with the *peseta*. However, both the *peso* and the *peseta* both continued to be legal currencies up until 2002 with the euro.
## Countries that use pesos 
### Current 
### Former 
## Related pages 
* Thaler

## References
Robert Menzies

**Sir Robert Gordon Menzies** (20 December 1894 - 14 May 1978) was the 12th Prime Minister of Australia.

## Australia
He was Prime Minister for a total of 18 and half years which is the longest in Australia's history. After the death of Joseph Lyons he was elected leader of the United Australia Party and became Prime Minister in 1939. He resigned in 1941 after a lot of criticism. In 1944, he helped form the new Liberal Party. In 1949, he was re-elected Prime Minister. He stayed in the job until he retired in 1966.

## Commonwealth
According to his biography in the *Australian Dictionary of Biography*, "Menzies belonged to a generation for whom to be Australian was automatically to be British."
 
## Honours
* Knight of the Thistle, 1963
* Constable of Dover Castle, 1965
* Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1965

## References
Oder

The **Oder River** (; Czech/) is a river in Central Europe. It starts in the Czech Republic and flows through Poland and Germany. It forms 187 kilometers of the border between Poland and Germany. The river is 854 kilometres long and ends in the Szczecin Lagoon in the Baltic Sea.

Some bigger towns the Oder passes are Wrocław, Eisenhüttenstadt, Frankfurt on the Oder, Szczecin and Police. The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia, Poland.

## Names 
The Oder River has different names in different languages. Most of these names are very similar, or almost the same:
* English and 
* Czech, Polish, and 
* 
* 
These names come from the Latin language names. In Medieval Latin the river was called *Od(d)era*. In Renaissance Latin, which was invented in 1534, the river was called *Viadrus*.

In the Old Church Slavonic language, the name of the river was Vjodr.
## Geography 
The Oder is 854&nbsp;km long. 112&nbsp;km pass through the Czech Republic. 742&nbsp;km pass through Poland. 187&nbsp;km make up part of the border between Germany and Poland.

The Oder is the second-longest river in Poland. (The Vistula is the longest river.)

It begins in a watershed in the Oder Mountains that is 118,861&nbsp;km². This basin is mostly in Poland, but a little bit is in the Czech Republic and Germany. The river runs through five voivodeships in Poland, and two states in Germany.

The river ends in the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. Here the Oder splits into three other rivers: the Dziwna River, the Świna River, and the Peene River. These three rivers start in Szczecin Lagoon and end Bay of Pomerania in the Baltic Sea.

The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław in Lower Silesia, Poland.

## Cities 
, Poland]]
The Oder passes through 28 major cities and towns. These are:
: Ostrava – Bohumín – Racibórz – Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Krapkowice – Opole – Brzeg – Oława – Jelcz-Laskowice – Wrocław – Brzeg Dolny – Ścinawa – Szlichtyngowa – Głogów – Bytom Odrzański – Nowa Sól – Krosno Odrzańskie – Eisenhüttenstadt – Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice – Kostrzyn – Cedynia  – Schwedt – Vierraden – Gartz – Gryfino – Szczecin – Police

After the river splits, the Dziwna River branch passes through 3 towns:
: Wolin – Kamień Pomorski – Dziwnów

The Świna River branch passes through:
: Świnoujście

The Peene River branch passes through:
: Usedom – Lassan – Wolgast

These towns sit on the Szczecin Lagoon:
: Nowe Warpno – Ueckermünde

## Related pages
* 2022 Oder environmental disaster
* Oder-Neisse line

## References
Coat of arms of Russia

**The coat of arms of Russia** (Russian: Герб России/Transkription Gerb rossi) has been used since the year 1993 as the coat of arms of Russia. Since the year 2000 it was defined by court decision as the coat of arms of Russia. It is based on the coat of arms used before the Soviet Union. It has been changed many times, but can be traced back for centuries. 

## Objects
### Double Eagle
The double eagle was added by Ivan IIII after his marriage with the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleologue. She was the niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor. The double-headed eagle was the symbol of the Byzantine Empire. The orb and scepter held by the eagle are heraldic symbols of sovereign power and autocracy.

### Other part
The horse's rider is Saint George fighting a dragon. The three crowns were added in 1625.  Through time, their meaning has changed. They have been seen as the conquered kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, or as the coming together of 'All the Russias' - *Grand Russia* (Russia), *Little Russia* (today's Ukraine) and *White Russia* (Belarus). In the modern time, they became the symbol for the three parts of government: Executive, legislative and Judiciary.
Concentration

In chemistry, **concentration** is how much of a substance is mixed with another substance.

The substance that is dissolved (shown as the red dye in the example) is known as the solute. The substance in which the solute is dissolved (shown as the water in the example) is known as the solvent.

To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent. To **dilute** a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute. 

## Related pages 
*Molar concentration
Will Young

**Will Young** (born 20 January 1979) is an English singer and actor. He was born in Berkshire.

He became famous in 2002 when he won the British singing competition, *Pop Idol*. Since then, he has had a successful music career.

Young has released three albums so far and has had four number one singles in the United Kingdom. He acted in the film *Mrs. Henderson Presents*.

He is openly gay.

## Discography 
;Albums:
**From Now On*
*''Friday's Child*
**Keep On''

;Singles:

*"Anything Is Possible/Evergreen"
*"Light My Fire"
*"The Long and Winding Road/Suspicious Minds" (a duet with Gareth Gates)
*"Don't Let Me Down/You and I"
*"Leave Right Now"
*"Your Game"
*"Friday's Child"
*"Switch It On"
*"All Time Love"
*"Who Am I"

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Official Myspace
* Will Young interview at musicOMH.com 
*
Woodworking

**Woodworking** is a skill. In woodworking, one can cut or sand (make wood smooth).

## Safety measures 
When one is doing woodworking, be careful of being hurt. Remember to wear safety goggles or a facemask (like safety goggles. but to protect ones face). Do not wear long clothing, because it can get stuck in a tool.

## Courses 
There are a lot of woodworking classes, many of them are offered in middle school.

In woodworking, the type of wood you get is very important. There are many kinds of softwood and many kinds of hardwood. The words hard and soft wood comes from the type of tree it came from. A hard pice of wood could be softwood.

There are a lot of tools that people use during woodworking, such as sandpaper (used to make wood smooth to touch), files, rasps (all used for trimming wood, cutting, etc.), saws (cutting wood), and automatic saws (saws that use electricity to run).
1094

## Events 
* May – El Cid completes his conquest of Valencia, Spain, and begins his rule of Valencia.
* November 27 – Urban II in Clermont Synod proclaims crusade
* Duncan III of Scotland succeeds Duncan II of Scotland as King of Scotland
* The first mention of the city of Zagreb, Croatia, as it became a bishopric see.
* Raymond IV of Toulouse becomes Count of Toulouse
Pauline Fowler

**Pauline Fowler** was a fictional character from the BBC soap opera *EastEnders*. She was played by English actress Wendy Richard (1943–2009).

In the show, she lived at number 45 Albert Square. She had three children, Mark, Michelle and Martin. Mark died in 2004 of AIDS.

She was married to a man called Joe Macer in 2006, and she also had three grandchildren called Vicki, Mark and Rebecca and a dog called Betty.

When she was born, her name was Pauline Beale. She married a man called Arthur Fowler, who was the father of her children. He died in 1996.

Pauline's father Albert and mother Lou Beale are both dead. She has six brothers and sisters called Pete, Kenny, Dora, Harry, Ronnie and Maggie. Pete and Ronnie are both dead.

Pauline worked at a launderette with her best friend Dot Branning.

Pauline was in the show since it started in 1985 until her death at Christmas 2006.
Chessmaster

***Chessmaster*** is a series of chess-playing computer games. It is made by Ubisoft. It is the best-selling chess franchise in history, with more than five million games sold . The first version of the game, *Chessmaster 2000*, was released in 1986. This first version and the next one, *Chessmaster 2100*, were produced by the now-defunct Software Toolworks company.

The *Chessmaster* chess engine is called "The King". It is written by Johan de Koning from the Netherlands. It was introduced in *Chessmaster 4000*. Earlier releases had a chess engine written by David Kittinger. One version of the game, *Chessmaster 9000*, defeated Larry Christiansen, a well-known American chess grandmaster and former multiple U.S. champion.

## Timeline
* 1986-88: The *Chessmaster* series started with *Chessmaster 2000* by The Software Toolworks. It was published for Amiga, Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC, MSX, Macintosh and DOS on a 3.5 disk in February 1988.
* 1988: *Chessmaster 2100* was published for the Apple IIGS.
* 1989: *Chessmaster 2100* was published for DOS.
* 1990: *The Chessmaster* was published for the NES.
* 1991: *The Chessmaster* was published for the SNES.
* 1991: *Chessmaster 3000* was published for DOS, Windows 3.x.
* 1993: *Chessmaster 4000 Turbo* was published for Windows 3.x.
* 1995: *Chessmaster 4000* was published for Windows 95.
* 1995: *Chessmaster 3D* for PlayStation had the *Chessmaster 4000* engine.
* 1996: *Chessmaster 5000* was published for Windows 95.
* 1997: *Chessmaster 5500* was published for Windows 95.
* 1998: *Chessmaster 6000* was published for Windows 95 and Windows 98.
* 1999: *Chessmaster 7000* was published for Windows 98 and *Chessmaster II* was published for PlayStation.
* 2000: *Chessmaster 8000* was published for Windows 98.
* 2002: *Chessmaster 9000* was published for Windows 98/ME/XP
* 2004: *Chessmaster 10th Edition* was published for Windows XP.
* 2007: The current version, *Chessmaster XI*, was released for PC (titled *Chessmaster: Grandmaster Edition*) and Nintendo DS (titled *Chessmaster: The Art of Learning*) on 30 October.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Chessmaster XI website
* *Chessmaster 9000*  at Feral Interactive
1182

## Events 
* Canute VI crowned king of Denmark.
* Serbia allies itself with Hungary to gain independence.
* First Sejm, or Polish Parliament, convenes at Łęczyca.
* Jews expelled from Paris by Philip II of France.
* Maronites reestablish their affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church.
* Venetians massacred during a riot in Constantinople.
* Raynald of Chatillon instigates another war between Saladin and Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.
* Béla III of Hungary sacks the city of Belgrade.
* Ending of the Yowa era in Japan. The era was marked by famine.
* Battle of Palnadu

## Births 
* September 11 — Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (d. 1204)
* date not known — Francis of Assisi, founded the Franciscan Order (d. 1226)

## Deaths 
* Maria of Antioch, Byzantine empress (murdered) (b. 1145)
* Valdemar I, King of Denmark (b. 1131)
* Yaropolk Rostislavich, Russian grand prince
* Cyril of Turaw, Orthodox Christian bishop and saint (b. 1130)
* Ahmed Ar-Rifai, Sufi saint and founder of the Rifai Order (b.1118)
Francis of Assisi

]]
**Saint Francis of Assisi** (September 26, 1181 – October 3, 1226) is a Christian Saint. He is the founder of the Franciscan Order and patron saint of animals, the environment, merchants, Italy and Catholic Action. He was born in Assisi, Italy, where a large basilica was built in his honor. 

On his feast day, October 4, many churches have a ceremony for people to bring their pets and working animals to church. It is also on this date that World Animals Day is celebrated. 

## Early life
Saint Francis was born to Pietro Bernardone, a wealthy cloth merchant, and his wife Pica. He was originally named Giovanni Francesco Bernardone. In his youth, he was first interested by French troubadours, known as wanderers who improvised songs on a stringed instrument. He later planned a career in military. When he was serving in the war between Assisi and Perugia in 1202, at the battle of Ponte Saint Giovanni, he was captured and imprisoned for a year and became extremely ill.

When Francis returned to Assisi he had a religious conversion experience, including a reported message from Christ calling him to leave this worldly life. He began taking his Christianity faith seriously. He acted towards people as if the Gospels were his law, taking Jesus Christ as a literal example for loving one another. He dressed in rough clothes, ask and begged for his sustenance, and preached purity and peace. His family disapproved, and his father disinherited him, so Francis renounced his wealth and inheritance. After that Francis started visiting hospitals and caring for the sick including of leprosy. 

In 1209 Francis started to attract followers, and with a blessing from the pope, he founded the Franciscans based on a simple statement by Jesus: “Leave all and follow me”. In 1219, he went to Egypt to convert the Sultan so that the conflict of the Crusades could end. 

## Legend 
Legend has it that, according to the *Little Flowers of St. Francis*, Francis saved Gubbio, a village in Italy, from a hungry and massive wolf. The wolf was terrorizing the village, but over a few nights, Francis convinced the wolf to stop, and in exchange, the villagers agreed to feed the wolf.

## References
The Dark Side of the Moon

** The Dark Side of the Moon** is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 1 March 1973, by Harvest Records in the UK and Capitol Records in the US. Developed during live performances before recording began, it was conceived as a concept album that would focus on the pressures faced by the band during their
arduous lifestyle, and also deal with the mental health problems of the former band member Syd Barrett, who had departed the group in 1968. New material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) in London. 

The Dark Side of the Moon has received widespread acclaim from critics and has been frequently included in numerous professional listings of the greatest albums of all time. It brought Pink Floyd international fame, wealth and plaudits to all four band members. A blockbuster release of the album era, it also propelled record sales throughout the music industry during the 1970s.

## History 
It was released in 1973 as Pink Floyd's ninth album. It is one of the most well-known albums of all time. It frequently places in the top five on lists of the greatest albums of all time made by rock music authorities.

## Cover 
Its cover features a ray of white light going through a prism, coming through the other side as a rainbow. It is one of the most famous album covers of all time..

## Wizard of Oz
When synchronized with the movie *The Wizard of Oz*, there are many similarities between the two.

## Sales
*The Dark Side of the Moon* became one of the best-selling albums of all time. It is in the top&nbsp;25 of a list of best selling albums in the United States.  It held the number one spot in the US for only a week. However, it remained in the *Billboard* album chart for a total of 778&nbsp;weeks (nearly 14 years). This is the longest any album has spent on the *Billboard* charts.  In the UK, it is the sixth best-selling album of all time.

## Track listing 
## References
Arthur Fadden

**Sir Arthur William Fadden** (13 April 1895 – 21 April 1973) was the 13th Prime Minister of Australia. He was leader of the Country Party when Robert Menzies resigned in 1941. He became Prime Minister but lost to John Curtin in an election held only one month after he became Prime Minister. When Menzies became Prime Minister again in 1949, Fadden was the treasurer for eight years.
John Curtin

**John Joseph Curtin** (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) was Prime Minister of Australia from 1941 to 1945. He went to St Abrose's School. His background is Irish.
Australian Capital Territory

The **Australian Capital Territory** or *ACT* is a small territory in Australia. It was created as the home for the Australian capital city, Canberra, because of fighting between New South Wales and Victoria over where the capital city should be. The Jervis Bay Territory was created at the same time so that the ACT would have a harbour without relying on one of the states.

## Other websites