open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Semyon Frug

**Semyon Grigorevich Frug** (born in 1860) was a writer. He was born into a family of Jewish farmers in southern Ukraine. From 1912 until his death in 1916, he lived in Odesa, where the sixth edition of his three-volume *Complete Works* was published in 1913.

His talent was at its best in Odesa. Frug's works were mainly written in Russian with a few stories written in Yiddish. In his writing, he described the life of the Jewish colonists, their relationships with their Ukrainian and Russian neighbors, and the disagreements and occasional arguments about various Yiddish dialects. Many of Frug's poems were set to music and performed on stage.
Meg Tilly

**Margaret Elizabeth Chan** (or **Meg Tilly**; February 14, 1960) is a Canadian and American actress who has received Academy Award nominations. She played a prostitute in the television drama *Hill Street Blues*, Madame de Tourvel in the movie *Valmont* and Chloe in *The Big Chill*. Tilly received a Golden Globe Award for her performances.

Tilly was born in California. She was raised in British Columbia.

## References
Ann Patchett

**Ann Patchett** (December 2, 1963) is an American author who writes literary fiction. She has written many novels, including *Run*, *The Patron Saint of Liars* and *Taft*. Patchett was born in Los Angeles, although she later moved to Nashville, Tennessee.
Family Research Council

**Family Research Council** is an American conservative Christian group that started in 1981 and established in 1983 by James Dobson. In the late 1980s, the Family Research Council became part of Dobson's organization Focus on the Family. Although in 1992 the Family Research Council became a separate group again. They strongly oppose abortion, homosexuality and LGBT rights.

## References
University of Magallanes

The **University of Magallanes** (**UMAG**) is a university in Punta Arenas, Chile.

## Faculties 
* Faculty of Engineering
* Faculty of Sciences
* Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences 
* Faculty of Economic Sciences and Juridical Sciences
* Faculty of Health Sciences
* Medical School

## Other websites 
* Official Website
Pericles, Prince of Tyre

***Pericles, Prince of Tyre*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source was *The Patterne of Painefull Adventures* (1576) by Lawrence Twine. *Pericles, Prince of Tyre* was probably first acted between 1608 and 1609.  It was probably first printed in quarto form in 1609.

## References
Measure for Measure

]]
***Measure for Measure*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source may be George Whetstone's *Promos and Cassandra*.  *Measure for Measure* may have been first acted on 24 December 1606. It was probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623.

## References
Richard II (play)

]]
***Richard II*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a history play. Shakespeare's sources were probably ''Holinshed's Chronicles* and *The Civil Wars* (1595) by Samuel Daniel. *Richard II'' was probably first printed in 1597. It was first acted on 7 February 1601. 

## References
84th Academy Awards

The **84th Academy Awards** was on February 26, 2012. It was held in the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood. Billy Crystal was the host at this ceremony.

*The Artist* won five Oscars, which included Best Picture, Best Actor for Jean Dujardin and Best Director for Michael Hazanavicius. Other winners were *Hugo* with five Oscars, *The Iron Lady* with two Oscars and *Beginners*, *The Descendants*, *The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore*, *The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo*, *The Help*, *Midnight in Paris*, *The Muppets*, *Rango*, *Saving Face*, *A Separation*, *The Shore* and *Undefeated* with one.

## Nominees and winners
Winners are listed first.
Henry IV, Pt. 2

]]
***Henry IV, Pt. 2*** is a play by William Shakespeare.  It is a history play. Shakespeare's source was *The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland* by Raphael Holinshed. It was probably first acted on 3 March 1592. It was probably first printed in 1594. 

## References
The Taming of the Shrew

***The Taming of the Shrew*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's source was *Suppositi* (1509) by Ludovico Ariosto. George Gascoigne's play *Supposes* (1566) may have also been used. The play was probably first acted between 1593 and was first printed in 1623 in the First Folio. The   musical, *Kiss Me Kate*, was based on the play. Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton made a movie of the play.

## References
Timon of Athens

***Timon of Athens*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is a tragedy.  Shakespeare's source was probably *The Misanthrope* by Lucian. *Timon* was probably first acted between 1607-1608.  It was probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623. 

## References
Iolanthe

***Iolanthe***, or ***The Peer and the Peri*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the seventh of the team's fourteen operettas. It opened at the Savoy Theatre on 25 November 1882. It had a run of 398 performances. It is the first of the operettas to have its first performance at the Savoy. The story is about a group of immortal fairies who find themselves on a different side as the House of Peers. The opera makes fun of many parts of British government and law.
Tyrant flycatcher

The **tyrant flycatchers** (**Tyrannidae**) are a clade of passerine birds from the Americas. They are the largest family of birds on Earth, with more than 400 species. They are the most diverse family of birds in every country in South and Central America. They also live in North America.

The family is named after the Old World flycatchers. Some members have similar features to the Old World flycatchers, but they are not related to them. They are members of suborder Tyranni. They do not have the song (vocal capabilities) of most other songbirds. 

Tyrant flycatchers are opportunistic feeders and often catch any insect they run across. Some, like the large great kiskadee, may eat fruit or small vertebrates such as frogs.

**Kingbirds** are flycatchers of the genus *Tyrannus*. They can be quite aggressive in defence of their interests.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Tyrant Flycatcher videos  on the Internet Bird Collection
*
The Sorcerer

***The Sorcerer*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the third of their fourteen operettas. It opened in London at the Opera Comique on 17 November 1877. It ran for 178 performances. The play is about the effects of a love potion on the residents of an English village. 

## References
* Bradley, Ian. 2001. *The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan*. Oxford University Press. pp. 43-45.
Henry V (play)

, 1602]]
***Henry V*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is called a history play. Shakespeare's source was *The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland* by Raphael Holinshed. The play was probably first acted between 1598 and 1599. It was first printed in 1600. Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branaugh have both made movies of the play.

## References
The Yeomen of the Guard

***The Yeomen of the Guard, or The Merryman and his Maid*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It was first performed on 3 October 1888. It had 423 performances. It is the eleventh of fourteen operettas written by Gilbert and Sullivan. Unlike their previous operettas, *Yeomen* is darker and more serious in its tone and atmosphere.
Thespis

***Thespis, or The Gods Grown Old*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the first of their fourteen operettas. It was commissioned in 1871 by John Hollingshead, manager and owner of the Gaiety Theatre in the Strand. It was not well rehearsed, and lasted only 65 performances. It was generally well received by the critics.

*Thespis* takes place on Mount Olympus and tells of a theatrical company which takes over the duties of the ancient Greek gods. Most of the music has been lost, making it impossible to reconstruct the operetta.

## References
* Bradley, Ian. 2001. *The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan*. Oxford University Press. p. 3.
The Pirates of Penzance

***The Pirates of Penzance; or, The Slave of Duty*** is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the fifth of their fourteen operettas. The London premiere was 3 April 1880 at the Opera Comique. It ran for almost a year, closing on 2 April 1881. It had 363 performances. 

## American copyright
Gilbert, Sullivan, and their manager Richard D'Oyly Carte arrived in New York in October 1879 to present an authorized version of *H.M.S. Pinafore*. During this time, Sullivan continued work on the team's next operetta, *Pirates*, and completed it on 28 December.

In order to secure the American copyright, the operetta premiered in New York City at the Fifth Avenue Theatre on 31 December 1879. Sullivan conducted.
The operetta was a great success.

In order to secure the British copyright, the operetta had been performed at the Bijou Theatre in Paignton, Devon, the day before the New York premiere on 30 December. The singers wore their costumes from *Pinafore* (they were performing this operetta in nearby Torquay) and sang from hand-written sheets of music newly delivered from the United States.

## Adaptations
American director and producer Joseph Papp adapted the operetta for summer performances in Central Park, New York City, in 1980. The production was then staged on Broadway and in the West End with great success. In 1983, a movie version of the Papp adaptation was released, starring Angela Lansbury, pop singer Linda Ronstadt, and Kevin Kline.

## Roles
* Pirate King (bass-baritone)
* Samuel (baritone), his lieutenant
* Frederic (tenor), a pirate apprentice
* Ruth (contralto), a "piratical maid of all work"
* Sergeant of Police (bass)
* Major-General Stanley (comic baritone)
* Mabel (soprano), Stanley's daughter
* Edith (mezzo-soprano), Stanley's daughter
* Kate (mezzo-soprano), Stanley's daughter
* Isabel (speaking role), Stanley's daughter

## References
* Bradley, Ian. 2001. *The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan*. Oxford University Press. pp. 189-191.
* Brahms, Caryl. 1975. Gilbert and Sullivan: lost chords and discords. Little, Brown. pp. 88-96.
The Jew of Malta

***The Jew of Malta*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. Marlowe's source is unknown. It is possibly a forgotten story, or he may have studied Jewish life first-hand in London. The exact date the play was written is uncertain. It is certain though that it was written no earlier than December 1588. It was first printed in 1633. 

The play is unbalanced; the first two acts show a masterful hand while the last three do not. The character of Barabas, the Jew, is a portrait of depth in the first two acts, but he descends to nothing more than a typical stage villain in the last three.  One critic believes the play was ordered on short notice by the players, and Marlowe had only enough time to sketch the character of Barrabas.

## References
Doctor Faustus

***The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a tragedy. Marlowe's source was *The English Faust Book* of 1592. The play was first performed about 1592. It was first published in 1604. It tells of a scholar who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for youth, power, knowledge, and wisdom. The play contains the well known line, "Was this the face that launch'd a thousand ships?" The play was released as a movie in 1967 starring Richard Burton.
Dido Queen of Carthage

***Dido Queen of Carthage*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a tragedy. The date of the play is uncertain. It is probably Marlowe's first play, and possibly written while he was a student at Cambridge University. The source material was Virgil's *Aeneid* and Ovid's *Heroides*. Unlike his sources however, Marlowe emphasizes not the character of Aeneas but the character of Dido.

## References
*  Cheney, Patrick (Ed.) 2004. *The Cambridge Companion to Christopher Marlowe*. Cambridge University Press. p. 193.
Trial by Jury

***Trial by Jury*** is one-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the second of their fourteen collaborations and their earliest work still performed today. It opened at the Royalty Theatre in London on 25 March 1875 with Jacques Offenbach's *La Périchole* and the farce, *Cryptoconchoid Syphonostomata*. 

*Trial by Jury* moved about to several different theatres. It was performed about 300 times in its first two years. It was a popular and a critical success. It is only about 45 minutes long, has only one act, and has no spoken words. 

*Trial* is about a young man who is sued for jilting his bethrothed. The judge hearing the case decides to marry the young woman himself. Today, it is sometimes played with another Gilbert and Sullivan operetta such as *H.M.S. Pinafore*. 

## References
* Bradley, Ian. 2001. *The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan*. Oxford University Press. pp. 3-5.
Tamburlaine

***Tamburlaine*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a tragedy written in two parts. The first part was performed in 1587. Both parts were printed in 1590. The play is about the Asiatic emperor Timur the Lame and his obsessive passion for power.
The Massacre at Paris

***The Massacre at Paris*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is thought to be his last play, and probably written about 1593. *Massacre* is about the slaughter of Protestants on Saint Bartholomew's Day in Paris in 1572.  The text is significantly flawed, and is likely an actor's recollection of the play rather than the text as Marlowe actually wrote it. What is left of the play is violent and full of jokes about stabbing and murder. As it stands, the play is impossible to perform without extensive alterations.

## References
* Mendel, Jolene. 2008. *Christopher Marlowe*. Lulu Publishing. pp. 256ff.
Javier Porras Santana

**Javier Porras Santana** (born August 22, 1981 in Olot, Girona) is a athlete from Spain. He has a disability: he cannot see and is a T11/B1 type athlete. He competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece.  He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China and was the third best athlete in the triple jump.  He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

## References
Edward II (play)

***The Troublesome Reign and Lamentable Death of Edward the Second, King of England, with the Tragical Fall of Proud Mortimer*** is a play by Christopher Marlowe. It is a history play. It was probably written no earlier than 1590. Marlowe's source was probably ''Holinshed's Chronicles''. The play is about King Edward II's downfall and his homosexual passion for Piers Gaveston.

## References
The Dixie Cups

**The Dixie Cups** is an American girl group. They perform rhythm and blues mixed with pop music. The group formed in 1964 in New Orleans. "Chapel of Love" is their best-known song. The group members are Barbara Ann Hawkins, Joan Johnson and Rosa Lee Hawkins. There have been other members in the past.

## Discography 
### Singles 
* "Chapel of Love" b/w "Ain't That Nice" (1964)
* "People Say" b/w "Girls Can Tell" (1964)
* "You Should Have Seen The Way He Looked at Me" b/w "No True Love" (1964)
* "Little Bell" b/w "Another Boy Like Mine" (1964)
* "Iko Iko" b/w "I'm Gonna Get You Yet" (1965)
* "Iko Iko" b/w "Gee Baby Gee" (1965) 
* "Gee The Moon Is Shining Bright" b/w "I'm Gonna Get You Yet" (1965)
* "Two-Way-Poc-A-Way" b/w "That's Where It's At" (1965)
* "What Goes Up Must Come Down" b/w "I'm Not The Kind Of Girl (To Marry)" (1965)
* "A-B-C Song" b/w "That's What The Kids Said" (1965) 
* "Love Ain't So Bad (After All)" b/w "Daddy Said No" (1966)

### Albums 
* Chapel of Love (1964) 
* Iko Iko (1965)
* Riding High (1965)
* Doing It Our Way (2011)

### Compilations 
* Teen Anguish Volume One (1979)
* The Best of the Dixie Cups (1985) 
* The Dixie Cups Meet The Shangri-Las (1986)
* The Very Best of the Dixie Cups: Chapel Of Love (1998)
* The Complete Red Bird Recordings (2002)
OpenVMS

**OpenVMS** is an operating system, which Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) originally developed for their VAX servers. Later, it was ported, and now also runs on DEC Alpha and  Itanium-based systems. It is a 32 bit operating system. When it was published in 1977, it was one of the first of its kind. OpenVMS is capable of supporting many users at a time; each user is able to run several programs at the same time. It was also one of the first operating systems with a Graphical user interface, the VAXstation was a very popular workstation at the time. OpenVMS uses virtual memory, and was originally developed as a time sharing, batch processing system. It was made for transaction processing. The jobs users submit can have a higher priority than those of the operating system. The operating system offers high availability through clustering: The system load can be distributed over multiple computers. That way, the system is "disaster-tolerant": One machine that fails will not shut the operation down.

OpenVMS introduced many features that became standard in later operating systems:
*It supported  computer networks, first using DECNet, later using TCP/IP
*Symmetrical, asymmetrical, and NUMA multiprocessing, including clustering
*A distributed file system
*An integrated database: first RMS, later Rdb
*Support for different programming languages, including a standardized mechanism of calls between those programming languages
*An extensible Shell
*A high-level of security
Today, OpenVMS is used in many projects where availability and uptime are critical: These include banks and insurance companies.  Systems staying active for over a decade have been reported. A feature called "rolling upgrade" allows to upgrade software or hardware without the need to shut the system down. A data center that is destroyed will not lead to downtime either, if the system is configured properly. Customers using OpenVMS include banks and financial services, hospitals and healthcare, network information services, and large-scale industrial manufacturers of various products.

## References
Color Me Badd

**Color Me Badd** is an American new jack swing, pop music and R&B boy band that formed in 1987. The group consists of several men. It is from Oklahoma City. Their debut studio album *C.M.B.* was released in 1991 and featured the popular singles "Thinkin' Back", "I Wanna Sex You Up" and "Slow Motion". One of their songs was part of the soundtrack of the movie *New Jack City*.

## Albums 
* C.M.B. (1991)
* Time and Chance (1993)
* Now & Forever (1996)
* Awakening (1998)

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Karina Lombard

**Karina Lombard** (born 21 January 1969) is a French-American actress who acts primarily in independent movies. She played Antoinette Cosway in the 1993 movie *Wide Sargasso Sea* and Isabel Two in *Legends of the Fall* the following year. Lombard was born in Tahiti, French Polynesia, though is a naturalized United States citizen.
Utopia, Limited

***Utopia, Limited, or The Flowers of Progress*** is an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the thirteenth of their fourteen operettas. It opened at the Savoy Theatre on 7 October 1893. It had a run of 245 performances.
The Grand Duke

***The Grand Duke; or, The Statutory Duel*** is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the last of their fourteen operettas. It opened on 7 March 1896 and closed after 123 performances.

## References
* Bradley, Ian, 2001. *The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan*. Oxford University Press. pp. 1083ff.
Princess Ida

***Princess Ida; or, Castle Adamant*** is a three-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It is the eighth of their fourteen operettas. It premiered at the Savoy Theatre in London, England on 5 January 1884. It had 246 performances, a short run compared with the team's other operettas. After the operetta closed, it was not revived in London until 1919. 

Gilbert based *Princess Ida* on a play he wrote in 1870 called *The Princess*. This play was based, in turn, on *The Princess*, a long poem of 1847 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. *Ida* is the only Gilbert and Sullivan operetta in three acts. It is their only operetta to be written in blank verse. 

*Princess Ida* was a great success with early audiences, but the critics did not like it. Sullivan told Gilbert three weeks after the opening that he would not write another comic opera, and it appeared their collaboration was over.  *Princess Ida* has its roots in the work of a poet little read today, and its themes are somewhat dated. The operetta is not a modern audience favorite. 

## Story
In her babyhood, Princess Ida was betrothed to Prince Hilarion. In her young womanhood however, she has forsaken the company of men and has set up an all-female university. Hilarion and two of his friends, Cyril and Florian, gain entrance to the school disguised as women. They are discovered, and war ensues. As the casualties mount, Princess Ida relents and accepts Hilarion as her husband to be.

## References
* Bradley, Ian. 2001. *The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan*. Oxford University Press. pp. 451-453.
* Brahms, Caryl. 1975. *Gilbert and Sullivan: lost chords and discords*. Little, Brown. pp. 123-136.
Maila Nurmi

**Maila Nurmi** (11 December 1922 – 10 January 2008) was an American actress. She was born Maila Elizabeth Syrjaniemi in Gloucester, Massachusetts. She created the character **Vampira** in the 1950s. She played Vampira in Ed Wood's *Plan 9 from Outer Space*. She also played Vampira in the 1959 movie *The Beat Generation*.

## Gallery 

File:Vampira in docu SCHLOCK!.jpg|Maila Nurmi 2001.
File:Maila Nurmi 1947.jpg|Maila Nurmi 1947.
File:Plan nine from outer space.jpg|Poster for *Plan nine from outer space*.

## Notes
## References
Dudley Manlove

**Dudley Manlove** (June 11, 1914 - April 17, 1996) was an American radio announcer, movie actor, and television actor. He had a few parts in movies that included the space alien, Eros, in Ed Wood's 1959 science fiction classic, *Plan 9 from Outer Space*. On television, he appeared in many series including *Dragnet* and *Alfred Hitchcock Presents*.
Gregory Walcott

**Gregory Walcott** (January 13, 1928 &ndash; March 20, 2015), born Bernard Wasdon Mattox in Wendell, North Carolina, was an American movie and television actor. He played Jeff Trent in Ed Wood's 1959 science fiction classic, *Plan 9 from Outer Space*.

Walcott died of natural causes at his home in Los Angeles, California, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
*
Conrad Brooks

'']]
**Conrad Brooks** (born **Conrad Biedrzycki**; January 3, 1931 &ndash; December 6, 2017) was an American actor. He played in Ed Wood's *Plan 9 from Outer Space*. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

Brooks died of complications from sepsis on December 6, 2017 at his home in Martinsburg, West Virginia, at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*The Official Conrad Brooks Website
Joanna Lee

**Joanna Lee** (April 7, 1931 - October 24, 2003) was an American actress, writer and movie director. She played in Ed Wood's *Plan 9 from Outer Space*.
Mona McKinnon

**Mona McKinnon** (1929-1990) was an American actress. She played in three movies associated with Ed Wood: *Jail Bait*, *Plan 9 from Outer Space*, and *Night of the Ghouls*.
The Chantels

**The Chantels** was an American female African-American music group. They performed rhythm and blues starting in 1957 and ending in 1970. The first single by the group was "He's Gone", released in 1957. Later that year, the song "Maybe" was released. In mid January 1958 it was at #15 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.

This group had five members. Arlene Smith was the leader. One of the musicians, Jackie Landry Jackson, died during 1997. The Chantels' 1958 single "I Love You So" was in the 1989 movie ''Look Who's Talking''.

## Other websites
*Official website
Susan Ann Sulley

**Susan Ann Sulley** (sometimes known as **Susan Ann Gayle**; born 22 March 1963) is a British singer-songwriter. She began singing at age 17. She worked with The Human League and had major hit singles with them, including "Human" in 1986. Sulley was born in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

## References
Bobby Diamond

**Robert LeRoy Diamond** (August 23, 1943 &ndash; May 15, 2019) was an American actor. He starred in the 1950s television series *Fury* as Joey Clark Newton. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Diamond died on May 15, 2019 of cancer in Thousand Oaks, California at the age of 75.

## References
## Other websites
*
William Fawcett

**William Fawcett** (1894–1974) was an American character actor in movies from 1946 through the 1960s. He also played on television. He starred in the television series, *Fury* from 1955 through 1960. 

He taught English and literature at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln  and became a professor of theatre arts at Michigan State University.

## References
Gale Storm

**Gale Storm** (April 5, 1922 – June 27, 2009) was an American actress and singer. She starred in two popular television series of the 1950s, *My Little Margie* and *The Gale Storm Show*.
The Persistence of Memory

***The Persistence of Memory*** (; ) is a painting by artist Salvador Dalí. It was done in 1931. It is one of his most famous paintings.

The painting was first shown in 1932. It has been in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City since 1934. The painting typifies what critics call "surrealism".
It is easy to recognise and is often used in popular culture.

## Description
The painting was the first to have a melting pocket watch, called a "soft watch". Some people thought that the soft watch was d by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Dalí said that the watches were not inspired by the theory of relativity, but by Camembert cheese melting in the sun.

There is a human in the middle of the painting. The orange clock at the bottom left is covered in ants. Dalí often used ants in his paintings as a symbol for death.

*The Persistence of Memory* uses "the exactitude of realist painting techniques".The painting looks more like something a person might see in a dream, rather than awake.

### Landscape
The rocks to the right are supposed to be a tip of the Cap de Creus peninsula in north-eastern Catalonia. Many of dalio paintings were inspired by the landscapes of Catalonia. There is a strange shadow in the foreground of the painting, which is a reference to Mount Pani.

## Versions
Dalí returned to this idea with *The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory* (1954). This painting is in the Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. The first *Persistence of Memory* is in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Dalí also made many lithographs and sculptures of soft watches.

## References
## Other websites
*The Persistence of Memory  on Authentic Society
*Persistence of Memory* in the MoMA Online Collection
*"Keep your eyes wide shut" by Kelly Grovier in The Observer
*mapping cylinder* from the Fomenko et al. book
*Topology*
*Dali Museum* , St. Petersburg FL USA
S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike

**Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaiek** (, ; 8 January 1899 – 26 September 1959) commonly known as **S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike**, was the fourth Prime Minister of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). He was killed (assassinated) by a Buddhist monk named Talduwe Somarama.

## Early life 
It is believed he was privately tutored and was sent to S.Thomas' for sake of record. He entered Oxford University instead.

Bandaranaike was born in Colombo, Ceylon to a Sinhalese Anglican Christian family and was the son of the powerful Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranike the Maha Mudaliyar (the chief native and advisor to the Governor) of Horagolla Walauwa in Atthanagalla, during the British colonial rule, who named his son after West Ridgeway, the Governor of Ceylon at the time was his god father. In later life he converted to Buddhism in order to join politics. He received his secondary education at St Thomas' College and went on to study modern greats at Christ Church, Oxford University, where he was Secretary of the famous Oxford Union.

## Political career 
As a young lawyer, Bandaranaike became active in the Ceylon National Congress (CNC). He was elected to the Colombo Municipal Council in 1926. From 1931 to 1947 he served in the State Council of Ceylon. In order to raise Sinhala culture and community interests, Bandaranaike organized the Sinhala Maha Sabha in 1936. In 1946 he backed the United National Party (UNP) and held posts from 1947 to 1951. In 1951, Bandaranaike led his Sinhala Maha Sabha out of the UNP and established the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP).

## References
Solomon Dias Bandaranaike

Sir **Solomon Dias Abeywickrema Jayatilleke Senewiratna Rajakumaruna Kadukeralu Bandaranaike** KCMG, Maha Mudaliyar, JP (22 May 1862 - 31 July 1946) was the chief representative and adviser to the Governor of Ceylon, the King's representative in colonial Ceylon.

## Early life
Bandaranaike was a member of an Sinhalese family, the son of Mudaliyar Don Christoffel Bandaranaike who was Mudaliyar Governors Gate and 2nd Udagaha Mudaliyar. He was educated at S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia in Colombo.

He married Daisy Ezline Obeyesekere in 1898 and his son, S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike became the 4th Prime Minister of Ceylon after independence and his granddaughter Chandrika Kumaratunga became both Prime Minister and President of Sri Lanka. His grandson Anura Bandaranaike became Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.
Order of Jamaica

The **Order of Jamaica** is an honor given to any Jamaican citizen or to anyone from any other country. The order was made in 1969. 

Members and Honorary Members must do:
* wear the Insignia of the Order as a decoration
* be named "The Honourable"
* use the post nominal letters "OJ" (Members) or "OJ (Hon.)" (Honorary Members).

The motto of the Order is "For a covenant of the people".

## References 
## Other websites
* Order of Jamaica . Office of the Prime Minister.
* Jamaica National Awards
Order of Prince Henry

The **Order of Prince Henry** is a knighthood and honor for the citizens of Portugal or any citizen from another country. The order was named after Henry the Navigator. The order was created in 1960.

## References
## Other websites
*Honorific orders of Portugal
*List of the Grand Collar of the Order of Infante D. Henrique
Royal Order of the Seraphim

The **Royal Order of the Seraphim** is an order from the country of Sweden. The order can be given to any Swedish citizen or any citizen from any country. It was created in 1748 by Frederick I of Sweden. Former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela was honored with the Royal Order.

## Other websites
*Swedish Royal Court: Orders 
*http://www.ordersandmedals.net/Sweden.htm

*The Royal Treasury includes some jeweled insignia of the Swedish royal orders of chivalry among the Swedish Crown Jewels, especially those of the Order of the Seraphim. http://www.ordersandmedals.net/Sweden/Seraphim/S207.htm
* and http://www.ordersandmedals.net/Sweden/Seraphim/S206.htm.
Nishan-e-Pakistan

The **Nishan-e-Pakistan** (Grand Cross of the Order of Pakistan) is the second highest grade of the highest ranking order given by the Government of Pakistan. The honour may be given to a citizen from a foreign country. Richard Nixon, Mahathir Mohamad, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Queen Elizabeth II and Nelson Mandela were among the foreigners. The award was created on 19 March 1957.

## References
## Other websites
* Decorations and Medals of Pakistan
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland

The **Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland** (**RCSI**) is a medical college in Dublin, Ireland. The college began in 1784. The Royal College of Surgeons is now Ireland's largest medical school, with over 3000 students from 60 countries.

Notable honorary fellows can be given as an honor in the Royal College. Among the recipients are Nelson Mandela, Jimmy Carter, and Mother Teresa.

## References
## Other websites
*RCSI Website 
*RCSI Library collections 
*e-publications@RCSI, the RCSI institutional repository
*Beaumont Hospital
*RCSI TV 
*RCSI Dubai 
*RCSI Medical University of Bahrain
*RCSI Students' Union 
*Penang Medical College 
*RCSI Surgical Society 
*RCSI Student Medical Journal (RCSIsmj)
Shulchan Aruch

The ***Shulchan Aruch*** (, literally: "Set Table") is a  of Jewish law, or *halakha.* It was written by Rabbi Yosef Karo in 1563 in Tzfat (Safed), a city in the Galilee  of what is now Israel.  It was published in Venice two years later. Rabbi Karo was a Sephardi Jew.  His *Shulchan Aruch* provided a summary of Jewish law from the Torah and Talmud as understood by Sephardi Jews.   

A few years later, a Polish Rabbi, Moses Isserles, wrote a commentary on the *Shulchan Aruch* called the *mappah* (literally: "").  Rabbi Isserles's commentary provided a summary of Jewish law as understood by Ashkenazi Jews.  

Since 1578, copies of the *Shulchan Aruch* have almost always included Rabbi Isserles's commentary.  Today, the name *"Shulchan Aruch"* usually means both Karo's work and Isserles's work together.  This combined *Shulchan Aruch* is the most widely accepted book of practical Jewish law in the world.

## References
Dionibel Rodríguez Rodríguez

**Dionibel Rodríguez Rodríguez** (born April 4, 1991)  is an athlete from Spain. He has an intellectual disability: he is a T20 type athlete. He gets help to play track and field from the Carmen Pardo Valcarce Foundation. He competed at the INAS World Games, INAS World Athletics Championships  and the INAS World Indoor Athletics Championships.

## Personal
Rodríguez was born on April 4, 1991. He is from Madrid.  He also belongs to the Madrid Federation of Intellectual Disability Sports, and Club Sports Medicine Infant Jesus of Carmen Pardo-Valcarce Foundation. It means he can use the same tools to practice as Rafael Nadal, a Spanish tennis player. He competed at the 2008 INAS World Indoor Athletics Championships in Tallinn, Estonia, and he finished second in the 200 meters and third in 4x400 meter relay.

Rodríguez competed in 2010 INAS European Athletics Championship, and won two gold medals: one in the 200 meters and one in the 400 meters. He competed in the 2011 INAS World Games, and won two silver medals in the 400 meters and the 4x100 meter relay. In 2012, he competed at the INAS  World Indoor Athletics Championship, and finished first in the 200 meters, third in the  relay event and finished fourth in the long jump. He competed in the 2013 INAS World Athletics Championships in the Czech Republic. He finished first in the  200 meters and first in the 400 meters.

## References
My Little Pony: Equestria Girls

***My Little Pony: Equestria Girls*** is a 2013 Canadian–American animated musical adventure movie.

The movie is based on the animated television series, *My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic*. The movie premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 15, 2013 and was released on limited screens in Canada and the United States on June 16, 2013. Screenvision added additional showings of the movie to allow more people to see the movie because of a larger-than-expected number of theater-goers in the initial weeks of showing.

The movie takes place after the show's third season finale "Magical Mystery Cure" and is about Twilight Sparkle entering the human world to get back her magical crown after it was stolen by Sunset Shimmer. During her time in the human world, Twilight learns how to behave like a human and meets the human counterparts of her pony friends. With the help of her new friends she hopes to stop Sunset Shimmer and take back her stolen crown.

The film later spawned a franchise of sequels, dolls, an animated web series, merchandise and apparel, and more. The second movie titled *My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Rainbow Rocks* was released theatrically on September 27, 2014. The third film titled *My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Friendship Games* was released on September 26, 2015 on Discovery Family. And the fourth film titled *My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Legend of Everfree* was released on October 1, 2016 on Netflix.

As well as the release of 3, 20 minute specials titled *"Tales of Canterlot High"* which was put on Netflix but was removed in 2022.

5, 44 minute long specials were released from 2018 to 2019, titles with no specific order are: ''Spring Breakdown, Forgotten Friendship, Sunset's Backstage Pass, Rollercoaster of Friendship, and Holidays Unwrapped.*  

A digital series exclusive to YouTube ran for 50 and 19 episodes each, with the series being split into 2 parts: *Better Together* and *Choose your own Ending.*  

In 2017, a series of "*summertime shorts''" ran on the Discovery Network, the first five short ran in July, all airing in August.  

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*
Fury

**Fury** may refer to:

* Rage (emotion)

## Literature 
* Furies or Erinyes, figures in Greek mythology
* *Fury* (novel), a book by Salman Rushdie
* *Fury* (Star Wars novel), the seventh book in the *Legacy of the Force* series
* *The Fury* (novel), a book by John Farris
* *The Fury* (Smith novel), a book in the *Vampire Diaries* series by L. J. Smith

## Film and television 
* *Fury* (1923 movie), a silent movie starring Richard Barthelmess
* *Fury* (1936 film), a movie starring Spencer Tracy
* *Fury* (2012 movie), a Canadian movie starring Samuel L. Jackson
* *Fury* (2014 movie), an American movie starring Brad Pitt
* *Fury* (TV series), an American children's television series
* *The Fury* (1978 film), a Brian de Palma movie with Kirk Douglas and John Cassavetes

## Gaming 
* Fury (computer game), a 3D fantasy, multiplayer, online, role-playing game
* Fury Amulet, commonly called a Fury, an amulet in *RuneScape*
* Fury, a longsword in *Morrowind*
* Fury, Lulu's overdrive from *Final Fantasy X*

## Sports 
* Monterrey Fury, a Mexican team playing in a United States-based soccer league
* Muskegon Fury, a UHL hockey team based in Michigan
* Northern Fury FC, an Australian A-League association football club
* Ottawa Fury, a Canadian soccer team
* Philadelphia Fury, a North American Soccer League team 1978-1980
* Tyson Fury, British heavyweight boxer
* Whitby Fury, a Canadian Tier II Junior "A" ice hockey team
Nelson Mandela Square

**Nelson Mandela Square** is a shopping center in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was last known as **Sandton Square**. It was renamed Nelson Mandela Square on 31 March 2004 after a 6-metre statue of Nelson Mandela was added on the square. The statue was created to honor the former South African president. 

## Other websites
* Official site 
* Statue Links
Pope Valentine

**Pope Valentine** (in ;  800 – 10 October 827) was head of the Roman Catholic Church and head of the Papal States for two months in 827.

## Other websites
*Catholic Encyclopedia
Falaise

**Falaise** is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. 

## Geography
Falaise is located on the river Ante near Caen in France. The Ante river flows into the larger Dives river. Falaise is in the Normandy region of France.  

## History
### Medieval Normandy
Faliase is where William the Conqueror was born.  William became Duke of Normandy when he was just a boy. He went on to become the first Norman king of England in 1066. Falaise was where many of the dukes of Normandy resided before William. It is where the Treaty of Falaise was signed in December 1174. It was a treaty between William I of Scotland, King of Scots, and the  King of England Henry II Plantagenet.

The town is also the place where Rabbi Yom Tov of Falaise, grandchild of Rashi held his court.

### In World War II
In modern times it is known for the battle of the "Falaise Pocket" during Operation Overlord in August 1944. Two German armies were surrounded by the Allied armies. About 10,000 German soldiers were killed. Over 50,000 were taken prisoner.

Much of Falaise was destroyed by Allied bombs. It was then captured by Canadian and Polish solders. Falaise was restored after the war.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
*Castle William the Conqueror in Falaise, France. (Official website in English)
*A Conqueror's change of heart Personal blog with good images of the William the Conqueror statue in Falaise
Galaxian

***Galaxian*** is an arcade video game released by Namco in 1979. In this game, the player controls a spaceship and shoots enemies coming down in different directions. A sequel, *Galaga*, was released in 1981.

The game was a very popular game when it was released. It has been ported to many video game consoles such as the Atari 2600, the NES, and the Game Boy. It has also been featured in Namco video game collections such as *Namco Museum Remix* for the Wii.

## Other websites
**Galaxian* at the Killer List of Videogames
**Galaxian* at the Arcade History database
Asteroids (video game)

***Asteroids*** is an arcade video game released by Atari in 1979. In this game, the player controls a spaceship in an asteroid field. Every once in while, a flying saucer comes on the field. The goal is to destroy the asteroids and flying saucers, while not being hit by them.

The game was very popular, selling 70,000 arcade cabinets. It has been released on many video game consoles, including the Atari 2600, Game Boy Color, and Xbox 360.

## References
## Other websites
**Asteroids* at the Killer List of Videogames
**Asteroids* at the Arcade History database
Reaganomics

, outlining his plan for tax reductions in July 1981]]
**Reaganomics** is a portmanteau word of *Reagan* and *economics* created by Paul Harvey. It refers to the economic policies created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s and still widely practiced.

These policies are commonly used with supply-side economics, referred to as trickle-down economics by political enemies and free market economics by political advocates.

The four main ideas of Reaganomics were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation, and tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation.

## References
Candy Clark

**Candy Clark** (born June 20, 1947) is an American model who became an actress. Clark has starred in over 50 movies and television series. She acted as Debbie Dunham in *American Graffiti*.

## References
New Zealand parrot

The **Strigopoidea** is a small superfamily of **New Zealand parrots**. It only has three genera: *Nestor*, the Kakapo *Strigops* and the fossil *Nelepsittacus*.

The genus *Nestor* consists of the Kea, and the Kaka, while the genus *Strigops* contains the iconic Kākāpō. The extinct species of the genus *Nelepsittacus* have been extinct for 16 million years. All living forms are threatened. Human activity caused the two extinctions and the decline of the other three species.  Settlers introduced invasive species, such as pigs and possums, which eat the eggs of ground nesting birds. Also hunting for food, killing as agricultural pests, habitat loss, and introduced wasps have added to the problem.

The family diverged from the other parrots around 82 million years ago when New Zealand broke off from Gondwana, and the ancestors of the genera *Nestor* and *Strigops* diverged from each other between 60 and 80 million years ago.

## References
Red ribbon

The **red ribbon** is used as a symbol of  and  of people living with HIV/AIDS. Several organisations, such as the Red Ribbon Foundation, use the red ribbon as a symbol of the fight against AIDS.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Red Ribbon Foundation
Veronica Cartwright

**Veronica A. Cartwright** (born April 20, 1949) is an English born American actress who has worked mainly in American television series and movies. She played Nancy in the 1978 version of *Invasion of the Body Snatchers*, Betty Grissom in *The Right Stuff* and Elaine Swit in *My Man Adam*.
## References
Angela Cartwright

**Angela Cartwright** (9 September 1952) is an English born and American actress who stars in both movies and television programs. She acted as Brigitta in the 1965 movie*The Sound of Music*. She also acted as Penny Robinson in the 1960s television series *Lost in Space*. She is the sister of Veronica Cartwright, who is also a television and movie actress. Angela Cartwright was born in Cheshire, England.

## References
The Right Stuff (movie)

***The Right Stuff*** is a 1983 movie. It is about astronauts and the military in 1947. Dennis Quaid, Donald Moffat, Ed Harris, Scott Glenn, Sam Shepard, Barbara Hershey and Lance Henriksen are in the cast. *It* got positive reviews from the movie critics. The movie got limited released in the United States on October 21, 1983 and nationwide on February 17, 1984. The movie performed well in the box office. The movie is 192 minutes long. It is rated PG.
Lance Henriksen

**Lance Henriksen** (born May 5, 1940) is an American actor and artist. He works mostly in action, science fiction, horror and thriller movies. Henriksen has appeared in over 200 movies. He played astronaut Walter Schirra in *The Right Stuff* and Murphy in *Dog Day Afternoon*. Henriksen was born in New York City.

## Filmography
## References
Negaprion

***Negaprion*** is one of the 12 genera in the family Carcharhinidae. There are currently two known living species in this genus: the Lemon shark, and the Sicklefin lemon shark.

Both species are large and stocky, have a wide, blunt snout, and have two large dorsal fins of similar size. They are both yellowish-brown on their dorsal surface, and have a white belly.
They also both have a similar diet consisting of bony fish, crustaceans, stingrays, and smaller sharks. Also, both species are viviparous.

## Lemon shark
The Lemon shark is the smaller of the two species, reaching a maximum length of 3.4 metres, but usually ranges between the lengths of 2.4 to 3 metres long. Pups are around 24 to 26 inches long when born.

The Lemon shark inhabits tropical and subtropical shallow waters of coastal areas of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. It is often found in coral reefs, mangroves, enclosed bays, and even river mouths. 

## Sicklefin lemon shark
The Sicklefin lemon shark is the larger of the two species, reaching a maximum length of 3.8 metres. Pups are around 18 to 32 inches long when born.

The Sicklefin lemon shark inhabits continental and insular shelves, and is common on coral reefs, as well as in shallow, sandy-bottom lagoons, and mangrove swamps. 

## Species
* Sicklefin lemon shark, *Negaprion acutidens*
* Lemon shark, *Negaprion brevirostris*
* †*Negaprion eurybathrodon*

## References
*
The Gulag Archipelago

***The Gulag Archipelago*** () is a book in three volumes by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. The gulags were the forced labour camps in the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s.

The narrative relies on accounts from people who experienced the events, including the author himself, who was a prisoner in one of the labour camps. The book was written between 1958 and 1968. It was published in the West in 1973. In the Soviet Union, the book circulated in samizdat until its official publication in 1989.

The word "archipelago" compares the network of labor camps to a vast chain of islands.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, *The Gulag Archipelago* is included in the high-school curriculum in Russia. It has been compulsory reading for high-school students since 2009.

## Literary criticism 
*"It is a warning to us all of what it means to lose freedom, but it is a warning to tyrants as well, that they can never hope to win in the end". 
*"To live now and not to know this work is to be a kind of historical fool missing a crucial part of the consciousness of the age".

## Related pages 
*Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

## References 
## Other websites 
* *The Gulag Archipelago* in English, Volume 1, Volume 2 and Volume 3.
Mould (disambiguation)

**Mould** or **mold** is a kind of fungus. The word can also refer to:

## Biology
* Slime mould, a kind of protist
* Water mould, or oomycete, a kind of protist
* Leaf mould, composted soil, usually loose soil suitable for planting

## Places
* Mold, Flintshire, a town in Wales
* Mold, Washington, a town in Washington, United States

## Other uses
* Moulding, shaping an object out of a pliable material
* Mould (cooking), a container used to shape food
* 18240 Mould, an asteroid