open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Antonine Wall

and Hadrian's Wall in northern England]]

The **Antonine Wall** is a stone and turf fortification built across northern Great Britain by the Roman Empire in the middle 2nd century. The Roman emperor Antoninus Pius built the wall to control barbarians: the ancient Britons to the north of the wall, in Caledonia. The wall is now in Scotland, and runs between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde in the modern Scottish Lowlands. When the Romans built the wall, it was the northern border of the Roman Empire.

The Roman legions (armies) of the governor of Roman Britain, Lollius Urbicus, built the wall for the emperor between 139 and 142. The wall was about  long. Its foundations were made of stone and was between  and  wide. The wall itself was made of turf. In front of the wall (on the northern side) was a ditch. The ditch was  away from the wall. The ditch was at least  deep and was nearly  wide in places. It shares this listing with Hadrian's Wall in England and the German fortifications known as the *Limes Germanicus*. The barrier was the second of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Great Britain. Its ruins are less visible than the better known Hadrian's Wall to the south.

Construction began in AD 142 at the order of emperor Antoninus Pius, and took about twelve years to complete. Pressure from the Caledonians may have led Antoninus Pius to send the empire's troops farther north. The wall was protected by sixteen forts with a number of small fortlets between them; troop movement was facilitated by a road linking all the sites known as the Military Way. The soldiers who built the wall commemorated the construction and their struggles with the barbarians in a number of decorative slabs, twenty of which still survive.

Despite this good start, the wall was abandoned after only twenty years. The garrisons were sent back to Hadrian's Wall. In 208 the emperor Septimius Severus re-established legions at the wall and ordered repairs. This has led to the wall being referred to as the **Severan Wall**. However, this occupation ended only a few years later, and the wall was never fortified again. Most of the wall and its associated fortifications have been destroyed over time, but some remains are still visible. Many of these have come under the care of Historic Scotland and the UNESCO World Heritage Site Committee. Most of the wall is private property.

## References
Armageddon

. Painting by Hieronymus Bosch (1505).]]
**Armageddon** ( Harmagedōn, , Har Megiddo, , ) is the place where the great war of the end of day will start.

Christians that believe that Jesus Christ will someday come back to earth, translated the sentences of the **Messiah** and the **Lamb of God**, are the symbolism of Jesus, that will return to the earth to fight the Antichrist (or **the Beast**) in the battle of *Armageddon*. After that war Satan (or the *Antichrist*) will be thrown to the bottomless pit, or *Abyss* for a 1,000 years, known as the *Millennium Age*. After Satan will be out of the pit, he will gather one man called *Gog and Magog* (In the texts he is named *God and Magog* but also named *Gog kind of Magog*, in Jewish texts, the war of Gog and Magog means the attack of Gog kind of Magog to kill all the Jewish people, and God will kill him and his army. In Christianity, Gog and Magog are two separate people that are Evil.) from the Four corners of the Earth. They will trap the *Holy Ones* (means Christians) in the *Beloved City*, (means Jerusalem). Then Fire will come from God and from the Heavens, and it will destroy Gog and Magog and will trap the Devil in *Gehenna* (Gehinom, Valley of Hinom, a place near Jerusalem, lake of fire and brimstone, also known as Hell).

The word *Armageddon* appears only once in the *Greek New Testament*. This word comes from the Hebrew *Har Megiddo* (), which means - *Mountain of Megiddo*. In Israel the site of the ancient city of Megiddo is situated on top of Mount Megiddo, in the Jezreel Valley.

## Related pages
*Rapture
*Apocalypse
*Second Coming
*Eschatology
*World War III
Bromine monochloride

**Bromine monochloride**, also known as **bromine(I) chloride**, **bromochloride**, or **bromine chloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrCl. It contains bromine in its +1 oxidation state and chloride ions. 

## Properties
It is a red-brown gas. It is an oxidizing agent. It is used in analytical chemistry to see how much mercury is in something. It can be used to kill bacteria and mold in industrial places. It is highly toxic.

## Related pages
*Bromine trifluoride
Ian Paisley

.]]

**Ian Richard Kyle Paisley, Baron Bannside** (6 April 1926 &ndash; 12 September 2014) was a politician and church minister in Northern Ireland. He founded the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in 1971 and was its leader until May 2008. 

He was born in Armagh and grew up in Ballymena. He founded the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster in 1951 and was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North Antrim from 1970 to 2010. He was the First Minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to June 2008 at the head of an all-party government.

He called himself the Reverend Doctor Ian Paisley.

Paisley died in Belfast on 12 September 2014, aged 88. At the time of his death, Paisley suffered from cardiomyopathy.

## References
Bromine dioxide

**Bromine dioxide**, also known as **bromine(IV) oxide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrO2. It contains bromine in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

## Properties
It is a yellow or yellow-orange solid. It is very unstable. It turns into bromine and oxygen easily. It is similar to chlorine dioxide. It reacts with a base to make bromide and bromate.

## Preparation
It is made when an electric current is passed through a mixture of cold bromine and oxygen gases. It also can be made by reacting bromine in an organic solvent with ozone.

## Related pages
*Bromine monochloride
Calcium bromate

**Calcium bromate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ca(BrO3)2. It contains calcium and bromate ions.

## Properties
Calcium bromate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water easily. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to calcium chloride. 

## Preparation
It is made by oxidation (by electrolysis) of calcium bromide solution. It can also be made by dissolving bromine in hot calcium hydroxide solution. This also makes calcium bromide.

## Uses
It is added to flour to make it better in some areas.

## Related pages
*Sodium bromate
*Potassium bromate
Sodium bromate

**Sodium bromate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBrO3, which means that one molecule of it contains one atom of sodium and one ion of bromate.

## Properties
Sodium bromate is a colorless solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. 

## Preparation
Sodium bromate is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with bromic acid. It can also be made by electrolysis of a sodium bromide solution. It may be made by dissolving bromine in hot sodium hydroxide solution. This also makes sodium bromide.

## Uses
It is used to dye hair. It is also used to dye other things. It can be used to dissolve gold.

## Related pages
*Potassium bromate
*Calcium bromate
Bromic acid

**Bromic acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO3. It contains hydrogen and bromate ions.

## Properties
Bromic acid cannot be found pure. It can be found in a solution though. It is very corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to chloric acid.

## Preparation
Bromic acid is made by adding a strong acid to a bromate such as sodium bromate.

## Uses
Bromic acid can be used to make bromates, although it is not normally used.

## Related pages
*Bromous acid
*Perbromic acid
*Hypobromous acid
Potassium bromate

**Potassium bromate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KBrO3. It contains potassium and bromate ions.

## Properties
Potassium bromate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It might be a carcinogen. 

## Preparation
It can be made by dissolving bromine in hot potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by electrolysis of potassium bromide solution. 

## Uses
Potassium bromate is used to make wheat flour better. Some places have banned it from being added to flour because it might be a carcinogen. Normally when the bread is baked the potassium bromate is broken down. If there is too much, then some might be left over in the bread, which is bad. 

## Related pages
*Sodium bromate
*Calcium bromate
Fosse Way

**Fosse Way** was one of the main Roman roads in Britain. Its route was unusual, because despite its length it went nowhere near London. It went directly from the south-west coast to the midland east coast. It linked Exeter (*Isca Dumnoniorum*) in South West England to Lincoln (*Lindum Colonia*) in the East Midlands. The road went via Ilchester (*Lindinis*), Bath (*Aquae Sulis*), Cirencester (*Corinium*) and Leicester (*Ratae Corieltauvorum*).

It joined Akeman Street and Ermin Way at Cirencester, crossed Watling Street at *Venonis* (High Cross) south of Leicester, and joined Ermine Street at Lincoln.

The word *Fosse* is derived from the Latin *fossa*, meaning *ditch*. For the first few decades after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, the Fosse Way marked the western frontier of Roman rule in Iron Age Britain. It is possible that the road began as a defensive ditch that was later filled in and converted into a road, or possibly a defensive ditch ran alongside the road for at least some of its length.

It is remarkable for its extremely direct route. From Lincoln to Ilchester in Somerset is a distance of 182 miles. The road is never more than six miles from a straight line.

Place names with words like -cester or -chester are derived from the Latin *castra*, meaning 'military camp'. 'Street' is derived from the Latin *strata*, meaning a paved road.

Fosse Way still exists. In places it is a major road, in others a country path. The A46 between Lincoln and Leicester is on the Fosse Way. From Bath to Ilchester the A37 follows the Fosse, and from Ilchester to Exeter the A30/A303 roads follow the Fosse for the most part.

The Roman road is, quite simply, the shortest route possible.
Bromine trifluoride

**Bromine trifluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF3. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
It is a yellow liquid. It absorbs water and reacts when placed in water. It can be dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. It conducts electricity. It can dissolve other fluorides. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting cold fluorine with bromine. Hot fluorine makes bromine pentafluoride. 

## Uses
It is used to make uranium hexafluoride for uranium making. This makes the uranium able to explode in an atomic bomb.

## Related pages
*Bromine monochloride
*Bromine dioxide
Bromine pentafluoride

**Bromine pentafluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BrF5. It contains bromine and fluoride ions. The bromine is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties
Bromine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make bromic acid and hydrofluoric acid. 

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting hot bromine with fluorine. This makes some bromine trifluoride. Potassium bromide can be reacted with fluorine. This makes bromine pentafluoride and potassium fluoride.

## Uses
It is used to look at the isotopes of oxygen. It can add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It can be used as an oxidizing agent in rockets. It can be used as poison as well. 

## Safety
Bromine pentafluoride is very corrosive. Just a little kills most animals. It can ignite powdered metals. 

## Related pages
*Bromine monochloride
White people

**White people** are people with light skin. Most white people are of European origin. In American English, the term "Caucasian" is used to mean "white people."

Before the modern age, Europeans did not think of themselves as "white." They defined their race, ancestry or ethnicity in terms of what place or culture they were from, for example Greek or Roman.

The idea of a single white race came into use starting in the 17th century. The term white was invented during American slavery to make European Americans seem different from enslaved African Americans. The people who were the strongest supporters of the white race being supreme in 20th century Europe were fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. They felt that some European peoples such as Slavs as a different race even though they were white. This was just for political purposes.

## Related pages
*Race (sociology)
*Racism
*Historical race concepts
*Black people 
*White Americans
*White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
*White nationalism
*White supremacy
*White genocide myth
*White Mexicans
*White Hispanic and Latino Americans
*Caucasian race

## References
Sanaa (disambiguation)

**Sanaa** may mean:
*Sana'a, the capital of Yemen
*SANAA, a Japanese architecture company

## People with the name
*Sanaa Benhama, Moroccan athlete
*Sanaa Hamri, Moroccan music and film director
*Sanaa Lathan, American actress
Kazuyo Sejima

is a Japanese architect and university professor at Tama Art University and Keio University in Tokyo. Sejima won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

## Career
Sejima worked in the design office of Toyo Ito.

In 1987, she started her own company, Kazuyo Sejima and Associates in 1987.

In 1995, she started a partnership with Ryūe Nishizawa in Tokyo.

In 2005-2008, she was a visiting professor at the School of Architecture at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey.

In 2010, Sejima became Director of the Architecture Sector for the Venice Biennale. She organized the 12th Annual International Architecture Exhibition. She is the first woman to be in that position.

## Projects
:*This table is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*

### Unbuilt
* Platform III House, Tokyo, Japan, 1990
* Nasumoahara Harmony Hall, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, 1991
* Service Center at the Tokyo Expo 96, Tokyo, Japan, 1995
* Yokohama International Port Terminal, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, 1994

## Honors
* Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.

## References
## Other websites 
* SANAA website
* Vernissage.tv, "SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York"
SANAA

:''The article about the capital of Yemen is at Sana'a''

**SANAA** is an architecture partnership in Tokyo. SANAA won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

## History
Kazuyo Sejima and Ryūe Nishizawa started the design office in 1995.

## List of projects
* 1995-1996 — Multimedia Studio, Gifu, Japan
* 1995-1997 — N Museum, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
* 1995-1999 — O Museum, Nagano Prefecture, Japan
* 1995-1996 — S House, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
* 1996-1997 — M House, Tokyo, Japan
* 1996-1997 — K Office Building, Ibaraki, Japan
* 1997-1998 — Koga Park Café, Ibaraki, Japan
* 1997 — Welfare Center, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
* 1999-2004 — 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
* 2000 — Prada Beauty Store, Arezzo, Italy
* 2000 — Japan Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy
* 2001-2003 — Dior Omotesando Store, Tokyo, Japan
* 2001-2006 — Glass Pavilion at the Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, Ohio
* 2003 — Issey Miyake Store, Tokyo, Japan
* 2003-2006 — Zollverein School of Design, Essen, Germany
* 2003-2006 —  Naoshima Ferry Terminal, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan
* 2003-2007 — New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York City, New York
* 2009 — Serpentine Gallery, London, England
* 2004-2010 — Rolex Learning Center at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

### Unbuilt
* 1997-1999 — Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, Australia
* 1998 — Campus Center of the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
* 2002 — Mercedes Benz Museum, Stuttgart, Germany
* 2002 — Extension to the Rietberg Museum, Zurich, Switzerland

## Awards and exhibits
* "City of Girls" in the Japanese Pavilion at the 2000 Venice Biennale
* Garden Cafe at the 7th International Istanbul Biennale, Istanbul, Turkey
* Zumtobel Staff-Lichtforum, Vienna, Austria
* Institut Valencia d'Art Modern, Valencia, Spain
* Zeche Zollverein, Essen, Germany
* Gallery MA, Tokyo, Japan
* N-museum, Wakayama, Japan
* New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York
* Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.
* 46th Mainichi Shinbun Arts Award (Architecture Category), 2005
* Schock Prize in the visual arts, 2005
* Pritzker Prize in 2010

## References
## Other websites
* SANAA website
* Verissage.tv, SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York
Notoceratops

***Notoceratops*** (meaning "southern horned face") was a ceratopsian dinosaur known only from a late Cretaceous jaw bone. *Notoceratops* walked on four sturdy legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head.

## Discovery 
Notoceratops was named by Augusto Tapia in 1918 from a partial lower jaw found in Chubut, Argentina. This original *Notoceratops bonarelli* is missing and there is some doubt as to whether or not this fossil was actually a ceratopsian.
Kumamoto Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu.  The capital city is Kumamoto.

## History 
The area of Higo Province was renamed Kumamoto during the Meiji Restoration.

### Timeline
* **1607-1614** (*Keichō 12-19*): Kumamoto Castle, construction lasted 7 years
* **December 1637** (''Kan'ei 14*): Shimabara Rebellion
* **May 21, 1792** (*Kansei 4, 1st day of the 4th month*): Earthquake centered at Mount Unzen caused tsunami which hit Higo

## Geography 
Kumamoto Prefecture is in the middle of Kyūshū  The western border of Kumamoto is the Ariake Sea and the Amakusa Islands.  Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture are in the north. Miyazaki Prefecture is in the east. Kagoshima Prefecture is in the south.

Mount Aso (1592&nbsp;m) is an active volcano in the eastern part of the prefecture.

### Cities
### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
* Aso Kujū National Park

## Shrines and Temples
*Aso-jinja* is the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya'') in the prefecture.  

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Roasso Kumamoto

## References
## Other websites 
* http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/english/list.html , [http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/ ]
Kagawa Prefecture

is a prefecture  in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Takamatsu.

## History 
Kagawa was formerly known as Sanuki Province.

Drought is common in Kagawa history.  For example, in 1973 the region was called "the Takamatsu desert".

## Geography 
Kagawa is in the northeast part of Shikoku.  The prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture in the southwest. Tokushima Prefecture is in the south. Kagawa has a coastline with many small islands on the Seto Inland Sea across from Okayama Prefecture.

The prefecture built 17 dams between 1947 and 1974.

## Shrines and Temples
*Tamura jinja* is the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.  

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/foreigner.shtml ; http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/
Violante Beatrice of Bavaria

**Violante Beatrice of Bavaria** (23 January 1673 – 30 May 1731) was the wife of the Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany, the heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. 

She was the youngest child of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy and was a sister to Louis XIV's daughter-in-law. 

She married Ferdinando de' Medici on 9 January 1689 and became known as the Grand Princess of Tuscany. Her husband died on 31 October 1713 and she did not have any children. She was put in charge of Siena in 1717 and died in 1731.

## Titles and styles 
* 23 January 1673 – 9 January 1689: *Her Serene Highness* Princess Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, Duchess of Bavaria
* 9 January 1689 – 5 February 1691: *Her Highness* The Grand Princess of Tuscany
* 5 February 1691 – 31 October 1713: *Her Royal Highness* The Grand Princess of Tuscany
* 31 October 1713 – 12 April 1717: *Her Royal Highness* The Dowager Grand Princess of Tuscany
* 12 April 1717 – 30 May 1731: *Her Royal Highness* The Governor of Siena
Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria

**Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria** (28 November 1660 – 20 April 1690) was the wife of Louis, the Grand Dauphin. She had three sons including the father of Louis XV of France and a King of Spain. In France she was known as **Dauphine Marie Anne Victoire**. She was a sister of the Violante Beatrice of Bavaria, the last Medici Grand Princess of Tuscany. At court she was known simply as *Madame la Dauphine*. 

She was a daughter of Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and Henrietta Adelaide of Savoy.

## Children
# Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712), *Duke of Burgundy* and later *Dauphin of France*; married second cousin Maria Adelaide of Savoy and had the future Louis XV of France;
#  Philippe of France (19 December 1683 –  9 July 1746), "Duke of Anjou", (later King of Spain); became King of Spain in 1700; married second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy and had issue; married again Elisabeth Farnese and had further children such as a future Dauphine of France;
# Charles of France, Duke of Berry (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714); married his first cousin Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had children but none survived over a year.

Through her first two sons she is an ancestor of the present King of Spain as well as the present Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

### Titles and styles
***28 November 1660 – 7 March 1680** *Her Serene Highness* Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria
***7 March 1680 – 20 April 1690** *Her Royal Highness* the Dauphine of France (Son Altesse royale, "Madame la Dauphine".)
Geometric abstraction

, *Black Circle*, 1913, Oil on canvas, State Russian Museum, St Petersburg]]
 1917, *Composition VII (the three graces)*]]
]]
 is in the grounds of Rothko Chapel, Houston.]]

**Geometric abstraction** is a form of abstract art based on the use of geometric forms in non- compositions. This art is not meant to depict our everyday visual world, but instead uses the shapes of basic geometry.

Wassily Kandinsky, one of the forerunners of pure non-objective painting, was among the first modern artists to explore this geometric approach in his abstract work. Other examples of pioneer abstractionists such as Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian have also embraced this approach towards abstract painting.

Geometric abstraction is not just an invention of 20th century avant-garde artists or movements. It is present in many cultures throughout history both as decorative motifs and as art pieces themselves. 

Islamic art, in its prohibition of depicting religious figures, is a prime example of this geometric pattern-based art. It existed centuries before the modern movement in Europe, and in many ways influenced this Western school. Geometric patterns were often used in the architecture of Islamic civilisations from the 7th century-20th century, to visually connect spirituality with science and art.  

Abstract art has also historically been likened to music in its ability to convey emotional or expressive feelings and ideas without reliance upon or reference to recognizable objective forms already existent in reality. Wassily Kandinsky has discussed this connection between music and painting, as well as how the practice of classical composition had influenced his work, at length in his seminal essay *Concerning the Spiritual in Art*.

Expressionist abstract painting, as practiced by artists such as Jackson Pollock, is the opposite of geometric abstraction.  

Artists who have worked extensively in geometric abstraction include Josef Albers, Theo van Doesburg, Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, Barnett Newman, Kenneth Noland, Bridget Riley, Alexander Rodchenko, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, among others.

## Related pages 
*Suprematism
*Constructivism
*Abstract art

## References
## Other websites
* Geometric Arts 
* Easy Abstract Painting
Dae Jung-sang

**Dae Jung-sang**, also called *Qiqi Zhongxiang* or *Geolgeol Jungsang* (, ? – 698), was a Goguryeo soldier. He was the father of Dae Jo-yeong, founder of the Kingdom of Balhae.
Philip V of Spain

**Philip V of Spain** (19 December 16839 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1700 – 1724 and again from 1724 – 1746. His total reign (45 years and 16 days) is the longest in the history of the Spanish monarchy.

Philip was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. He was born at the Palace of Versailles, France. He was a grandson of Louis XIV and Maria Theresa of Spain.

Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain. He was also the father of three future kings of Spain.

## Reign 
Philip succeeded Charles II of Spain, who was childless and mad. Although his path to the throne made the War of the Spanish Succession happen sooner, Philip V started many important reforms in Spain. These included unifying the monarchy's power, suppressing regional privileges (like giving the Nueva Planta an official order), and restructuring the administration of the Spanish Empire on the Iberian Peninsula and its overseas regions. 

Philip V lost the Kingdom of Naples to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Kingdom of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II. He died at his the Royal Palace of Madrid.

## First marriage
He married Maria Luisa of Savoy in 1701 and had four children:

### Issue
#Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no children.
#Felipe of Spain (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709)
#Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719) died in childhood.
#Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Maria Barbara of Portugal, no children.

## Second marriage
He remarried in 1714 to Elisabeth Farnese and had seven children:

### Issue
#Charles III of Spain (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, King of Naples and Sicily and later King of Spain. Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had children.
#Infante Francisco (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
#Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had children.
#Infante Felipe (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma. Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had children.
#Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had children.
#Infante Luis (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain. Married morganatically to María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue.
#Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had children.

## References
Louis I of Spain

**Louis I of Spain** (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) was the King of Spain and eldest son of Philip V of Spain and Maria Luisa of Savoy. His reign was one of the shortest in Spanish history. It is often considered unremarkable. However, his marriage to his father's cousin Louis Élisabeth d'Orléans helped the country's relations with France. His wife was a minor French princess.

Louis was born in Madrid. He was the heir to the throne from birth. He held the title Prince of Asturias. He was given the names Louis, after his grandfather the King Louis XIV, and Felipe, in honour of his father. He was a first cousin of Louis XV of France as well as the future Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.

Louis was King of Spain from 14 January to 31 August 1724, less than eight months. During his short reign he was nicknamed *The beloved* and *The liberal* (*El Bien Amado* and *El Liberal* in Spanish). His reign ended when he died of smallpox. He had no children.

## Titles and styles
*25 August 1707 – 2 April 1709: *His Royal Highness* The Infante Don Luis of Spain
*2 April 1709 – 14 January 1724: *His Royal Highness* The Prince of Asturias
*14 January 1724 – 31 August 1724: *His Majesty* The King
Josef Albers

**Josef Albers** (March 19, 1888 – March 25, 1976) was a German-born American artist and educator. His work in Europe and the United States was highly influential and far-reaching. His ideas formed the basis of many art education programs in the 20th century.

## Life
Albers was born in Bottrop, Westphalia, Germany. He studied art in Berlin, Essen, and Munich, before enrolling as a student at the prestigious Weimar Bauhaus in 1920. He began teaching in the preliminary course of the Department of Design in 1922, and was promoted to Professor in 1925, the year the Bauhaus moved to Dessau. His work at this time included designing furniture and working with glass.

With the closure of the Bauhaus under Nazi pressure in 1933, Albers emigrated to the United States. In 1950 Albers was appointed head of the Department of Design at Yale University. In 1963 he published *Interaction of color* which presented his theory that colors were governed by an internal and deceptive logic. A key idea, which he proved by examples, was that our perception of color is not constant. It is influenced by the juxtaposition (placing together) of one color with another. This interested artists interested in optical illusions (Op art).

Albers is best remembered for his work as an abstract painter and theorist. Most famous of all are the hundreds of paintings and prints that make up the series *Homage to the Square*. In this rigorous series, begun in 1949, Albers explored chromatic interactions with flat colored squares arranged inside each other. This was a union of geometric abstraction with experiments in color.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Joseph & Anni Albers Foundation http://www.albersfoundation.org/Albers.php?inc=Galleries&i=J_1
Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans

'*Louise *Élisabeth'' d'Orléans** (11 December 1709 – 16 June 1742) was the wife of Louis I of Spain. She was a daughter of Françoise Marie de Bourbon and Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France. She married Louis, then known as the Prince of Asturias on 20 January 1722. She had no children and became Queen of Spain in January 1724 before her husband died the same year of smallpox. She was sent back to France where she died alone and ignored in Paris in 1742. She is noted as one of the shortest reigning royal consorts in history.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***11 December 1709 - 20 January 1722'* *Her Serene Highness* *Mademoiselle de Montpensier*
***20 January 1722 - 15 January 1724** *Her Royal Highness* the Princess of Asturias
***15 January 1724 - 6 September 1724** *Her Majesty* the Queen of Spain
***6 September 1724 - 16 June 1742** *Her Majesty'' the Dowager Queen of Spain

## Other websites
Maria Luisa of Savoy

**Maria Luisa of Savoy** (17 September 1688 – 14 February 1714) was the first wife of Philip V of Spain. She loved her husband a lot and gave him four children. She had a lot of influence in the government but died exhausted in 1714. Her husband remarried to Elisabeth Farnese in December 1714. She was very popular in Spain.

## Life
Named after her aunt the former Queen of Spain she was the second daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Savoy. At her fathers court it was well known that her father was having an affair with the Countess of Verua. This therefore put strain on her parents marriage. She was always close to her sister Marie Adélaïde. 

## Family
She married Philip V in 1701 and had four children:
#Louis I of Spain (25 August 1707 – 31 August 1724) married Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, no issue.
#Felipe of Spain (2 July 1709 – 18 July 1709)
#Felipe Pedro Gabriel of Spain (7 June 1712 – 29 December 1719) died in childhood.
#Ferdinand VI of Spain (23 September 1713 – 10 August 1759) married Infanta Barbara of Portugal, no issue.
Christian Mortensen

**Thomas Peter Thorvald Kristian Ferdinand Mortensen** (August 16, 1882 – April 25, 1998), known as an adult as **Christian Mortensen**, was a Danish-born American supercentenarian who lived to age 115 years and 252 days, and was believed to be the second-oldest man in history, after Japanese Shigechiyo Izumi (claimed to be born June 29, 1865 but was most likely born in 1880) who died on February 21, 1986 at the claimed age of 120 years, 237 days. and Mortensen is therefore verified to have been the first man who lived to age 114 as well as the only man who lived to age 115 before Emiliano Mercado del Toro's 115th birthday on August 21, 2006, and the oldest man in history until December 27, 2012 when his record was broken by Japanese Jiroemon Kimura.

Mortensen was baptised in Fruering Church on December 26, 1882. Besides his baptismal record, other records include the 1890 and 1901 census enumerations in Denmark, and church confirmation in 1896. He was the world's oldest validated living man between January 20, 1994 and April 25, 1998.

## Related pages 
*List of American supercentenarians

## References
Elisabeth Farnese

**Elisabetta Farnese** (25 October 1692 – 11 July 1766) was the second wife of Philip V of Spain. Phillip's first wife, Maria Luisa of Savoy, had died in February 1714. Elisabetta married the king in December 1714. She had lots of influence over the state till her husband's death in 1746. She acted as Regent in 1759 when her eldest son Charles III of Spain became king and was travelling from Naples. There were plans for her to marry Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont but the marriage never occurred.

## Issue
# Infante Carlos of Spain (later King Carlos III) (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) Duke of Parma, then King of Naples and Sicily, then King of Spain. Married Maria Amalia of Saxony and had issue.
# Infante Francisco of Spain (21 March 1717 – 21 April 1717) died in infancy.
# Mariana Victoria of Spain (31 March 1718 – 15 January 1781) married the future Joseph I of Portugal and had issue.
# Infante Felipe of Spain (20 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) Duke of Parma. Married Louise Élisabeth of France and had issue.
# Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain (11 June 1726 – 22 July 1746) married Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France and had issue.
# Infante Luis of Spain (25 July 1727 – 7 August 1785) Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain. Married morganatically to María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas and had issue.
# Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain (17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) married the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and had issue.

## Titles and styles
* **25 October 1692 - 24 December 1714** *Her Highness* Princess Elisabetta
* **24 December 1714 – 14 January 1724** *Her Majesty* The Queen of Spain
* **14 January 1724 - 6 September 1724** *Her Majesty* Queen Elisabeth
* **6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746** *Her Majesty* The Queen of Spain
* **9 July 1746 - 10 August 1759** *Her Majesty* The Dowager Queen
* **10 August 1759 - 7 October 1759** *Her Majesty* The Queen regent
* **7 October 1759 - 11 July 1766** *Her Majesty* The Queen mother
Political parties in Scotland

Most political parties in **Scotland** can be put into two groups: Unionists and Nationalists. Nationalists want Scotland to become an independent country and to stop being part of the United Kingdom whereas Unionists want Scotland to stay in the United Kingdom.

## Parties currently represented
The following parties are parties represented at either the British House of Commons and/or the Scottish Parliament.

## Parties formerly represented in the Scottish Parliament
* Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party - 1 MSP from 2003–2007

* Scottish Socialist Party - 6 MSPs elected in 2003, 4 at the dissolution of parliament in 2007

* Solidarity (dissolved in 2021) - 2 Scottish Socialist MSPs changed parties in 2006 when this party was formed and lost their seats in 2007

## Minor parties in Scotland
* British National Party (BNP) - A far-right UK-wide party which promotes fascism, anti-immigration, right-wing populism, Euroscepticism and Third position economics with many combinations.

* Christian Peoples Alliance - A right-wing Christian party.

* Free Scotland Party - A party in favour of an independent Scotland free from both the United Kingdom and the European Union.

* Scottish Christian Party - A Christian right party that endorses traditional social conservative Christian values.

* Scottish Unionist Party - A centre-right protestant party which promotes abolishing the Scottish parliament.

* Socialist Labour Party - A left-wing UK-wide party that promotes socialism and Trade Unionism.

* UK Independence Party (UKIP) - A right-wing to far-right UK-wide party has conservative and right wing populist policies.
Shizuoka Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Shizuoka.

## History 
Shizuoka prefecture was formed from the former Tōtōmi Province, Suruga Province and Izu Province provinces.

### Timeline
* **1586** – Construction begins at Sumpu Castle

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Oguni jinja*, *Kotonomamahachimangū*, *Sengen jinja* and *Mishima taisha* were the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) of Suruga.  

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Júbilo Iwata
* Shimizu S-Pulse

## Notes
## Other websites 
* Official Shizuoka Prefecture website
Supernatural (American TV series)

***Supernatural*** is an American horror, drama, fantasy, fiction TV series created by Eric Kripke. It first aired on September 13, 2005 on The WB and now it is part of The CW series. The show stars Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester and Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester. The show follows the two brothers (Sam and Dean) as they hunt demons and other figures of the paranormal, but not Bigfoot and aliens. The series is produced by the Warner Bros. Company with the help of Wonderland Sound and Vision. The current executive producers are Eric Kripke and McG, who also directs, and Robert Singer. The fourth producer, Kim Manners died of cancer in the production of the fourth season.

## Cast
* Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester
* Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester
* Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer
* Jeffrey Dean Morgan as John Winchester
* Samantha Ferris as Ellen Harvelle
* Alona Tal as Jo Harvelle
* Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester
* Chad Lindberg as Ash
* Sterling K. Brown as Gordon Walker
* Mitch Pileggi as Samuel Campbell
* Misha Collins as Castiel
* Mark Pellegrino as Lucifer
* Richard Speight, Jr. as Gabriel
* Kurt Fuller as Zachariah
* Julie McNiven as Anna Milton
* Robert Wisdom as Uriel
* Fredric Lehne as Azazel
* Katie Cassidy as Ruby
* Genevieve Cortese as Ruby
* Nicki Aycox as  Meg Masters
* Mark Rolston as Alastair
* Christopher Heyerdahl as Alastair
* Mark Sheppard as Crowley

## Other websites 
*
List of political parties in France

This article **lists political parties in France**. 

France has a multi-party system. No party can usually win a majority of seats in the National Assembly which means multiple parties often come together to form a coalition government. 

For decades, most parties belonged to one of two coalitions: the centre-left (led by the Socialist Party) and the centre-right (led by Rally for the Republic and later the Union for a Popular Movement). In 2017, both coalitions suffered big defeats with the centrist Republique En Marche (now Renaissance) winning the election and the far-right National Rally making significant gains. In 2022, Renaissance won again and La France Insoumise (led by Jean-Luc Mélenchon) became the main left-wing party. Since the 2024 legislative election, the National Assembly has been split between three groups: the left-wing New Popular Front (led by La France Insoumise), the centrist Ensemble (led by Renaissance) and the far-right National Rally. 

## Main parties 
## Regionalist Parties
* **Breton Party** (Parti Breton) - Breton nationalism, autonomism, Pro-Europeanism
* **Abertzaleen Batasuna** - Basque nationalist
* '''Alsace d'abord'* (*In English:Alsace First*) - Alsace nationalist
* **Savoyan League** (*Ligue savoisienne*) - Savoy nationalist
* **Breton Democratic Union** (*Union Démocratique Bretonne*) - Breton nationalism
* **Party of the Corsican Nation** (*U Partitu di a Nazione Corsa'') - Corsican nationalism
* **Corsica Libera** - Corsican nationalism

## Footnotes
Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany

'''Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany''' (9 August 1663 – 31 October 1713) was the son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. Ferdinando was heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, with the title Grand Prince from his father's accession in 1670 until his death in 1713. He married Violante Beatrice of Bavaria in 1689 but the marriage remained childless. He died of syphilis aged 50. 

His older brother Gian Gastone de' Medici, then became Grand Prince and later was the Grand Duke of Tuscany.

## Titles and styles
*9 August 1663 &ndash; 23 May 1670: *His Highness* Prince Ferdinando de' Medici
*23 May 1670 &ndash; 5 February 1691: *His Highness* The Grand Prince of Tuscany
*5 February 1691 &ndash; 31 October 1713: *His Royal Highness* The Grand Prince of Tuscany
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

'''Gian Gastone de' Medici''' (24 May 1671 – 9 July 1737) was the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was the second son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. His sister, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the Electress Palatine, married him to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg in 1697. The two remained childless and it was common knowledge that Gian Gastone was homosexual. Gian Gastone succeeded his father as Grand Duke in 1723.

In his reign he reversed all his father's laws and stopped taxes for poorer people, repealed (got rid of) the anti-Jewish laws and stopped public executions. His father, Cosimo III, wanted the his sister to succeed him but Spain, Great Britain, Austria and the Dutch Republic disregarded and made Charles III of Spain his heir. Charles changed his claim to Francis III of Lorraine. Francis then became the Grand Duke on 9 July 1737 ending almost 300 years of Medici rule over Florence.

## Titles and styles 
* **24 May 1671 - 30 October 1713:** *His Highness* Prince Gian Gastone
* **30 October 1713 - 31 October 1723:** *His Royal Highness* The Grand Prince [of Tuscany]
* **31 October 1723 - 9 July 1737:** *His Royal Highness* The Most Serene Grand Duke [of Tuscany]
Marguerite Louise d'Orléans

'''Marguerite Louise d'Orléans''' (28 July 1645 – 17 September 1721) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany, as the wife of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici. Deprived of her lover, Charles V of Lorraine, Marguerite Louise despised her husband and his family, whom she often quarrelled with and falsely suspected of attempting to poison her. Marguerite Louise reconciled with the Medici on more than one occasion, however, only to promptly resume hostilities.

Having become Grand Duke of Tuscany upon his father's death, in 1670, Cosimo III, under the sway of his mother, Vittoria della Rovere, refused to grant Marguerite Louise entry to the Privy Council. Thus without political influence, Marguerite Louise sorted the education of her eldest son, Grand Prince Ferdinando. Two more children followed: Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine, and Gian Gastone, the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany.

In June 1675, Marguerite Louise was allowed to return to France to live in a convent in Paris. She was a daughter of Gaston de France, Duke of Orléans. Although the contract, banned her from leaving the convent, Marguerite Louise often went to her cousin Louis XIV's court at Versailles. She was at the centre of many scandals at the convent, including an attempt to burn it down, which greatly irritated her husband, who, despite the separation, took great interest in Marguerite Louise's life. While still technically married, Marguerite Louise had several affairs.

## Children
*Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (b.1663 d.1713)
*Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (b.1667 d.1743)
*Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b.1671 d.1737)

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***28 July 1645 &ndash; 12 June 1661** *Her Royal Highness* "Mademoiselle d'Orléans" [Grand daughter of France] 
***12 June 1661 &ndash; 23 May 1670** *Her Royal Highness* The Grand Princess of Tuscany
***23 May 1670 - 5 February 1691** *His Highness*  The Most Serene Grand Duchess of Tuscany
***5 February 1691 - 17 September 1721** *Her Royal Highness* The Most Serene Grand Duchess of Tuscany
Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

'''Ferdinando II de' Medici''' (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1621 to 1670. He was the eldest child of Cosimo II de' Medici and Maria Maddalena of Austria. His 49-year rule saw the Medici Bank fail. 
He married Vittoria della Rovere, with whom he had two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, his eventual successor, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, a Prince of the Church.

## Children
#Cosimo de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (19 December 1639 - 21 December 1639) died in infancy.
#Unnamed son (1640).
#Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans and had children. 
#Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, no children.

## Titles and styles
***14 July 1610 &ndash; 28 February 1621** *His Highness* The Grand Prince of Tuscany
***28 February 1621 &ndash; 23 May 1670** *His Highness* The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany
PQ: Practical Intelligence Quotient

***PQ***, meaning "Practical Intelligence Quotient", or "Intelligent License" in Japan, is a video game that measures your intelligence through 3-D puzzles involving everyday objects. The player tries to reach the pillar of light at the end of the level while avoiding obstacles and traps.

## Gameplay
A game has 10 stages, which have 10 levels each. The light at the end of a level is your destination. Obstacles and traps try to fail you your way to the goal at the same time. 

## Other modes
### Practice
In the game, the player can practice their skills in the levels with no worries about time.

### Tutorial
Five basic steps to help you play the game.

## Reception
The game received fairly good reviews from critics. For example the game was given a 69 on Metacritic and a 7.4/10 on Gamespot, as well as a 71% on GameRankings Aggregation.

## Sequel
A sequel was released for the game in 2007. It was ***PQ2: Practical Intelligence Quotient 2*** or ***Intelligent License 2*** and worked pretty much the same, but had a puzzle creator.

## References
## Other websites
* Metacritic: Media Critic: Official Site