open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
John Sulston

.]]

Sir **John Edward Sulston** FRS (27 March 1942 &ndash; 6 March 2018) was a British biologist. He was a joint winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

He was the first Director of the Wellcome Sanger Institute, and then Chair of the Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation at the University of Manchester.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2000.

Sulston was one of 20 Nobel laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

## Work 
He first studied at the University of Cambridge in Pembroke College, where he graduated in 1963. He then stayed on to do his PhD there. After working at the Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, for a while, he returned to Cambridge to work under Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

Sulston played a central role in both the *Caenorhabditis elegans* roundworm and human genome sequencing projects. As sequencing of the worm genome proceeded, the project to sequence the human genome began. At this point he was made director of the newly established Sanger Centre (named after Fred Sanger).

One of Sulston's most important contributions during his research years at the LMB was to find the precise order in which cells in *C. elegans* divide. In fact, he and his team succeeded in tracing the nematode's entire embryonic cell lineage.  Sulston was a leading campaigner against the patenting of human genetic information.

## Death
Sulston died on 6 March 2018 at the age of 75.

## References
Dorothy Hodgkin

**Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin**  (12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994), was a British chemist. She developed protein crystallography. Hodgkin received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.

## Early life 
Hodgkin was born in Cairo, Egypt. She and her sisters were sent to live in England when World War l started. She spent the rest of her life there. 

Her mother was an expert on nature and Ancient Egyptian textiles. Hodgkin’s father was a British archeologist and scholar. 

## Career 
She studied crystals and became a tutor at Somerville College, Oxford. In 1969, Hodgkin used computer technology to analyse the structure of Insulin. Insulin is a protein which is used to treat diabetes. 

Hodgkin advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography. It is a method used to discover the three dimensional structures of biomolecules. 

Ernst Chain thought he had found the structure of penicillin, and Hodgkin proved he was right. She also found the structure of vitamin B12. For her work she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 

In 1969, after 35 years of work and five years after winning the Nobel Prize, Hodgkin was able to find the structure of insulin. 

X-ray crystallography became a widely used tool and was used to find the structures of many biological molecules, such as DNA. The structure of molecules helps us understand how they work.

## Honours 
Apart from the Nobel Prize, she was appointed to the Order of Merit, and given the Copley Medal, the top award of the Royal Society.

Later, she was Chancellor of Bristol University from 1970 to 1988, and President of Pugwash from 1976 to 1988. Pugwash is an organization which holds conferences on Science and World Affairs. 

Her best-known student was Margaret Thatcher, who consulted her when she (Thatcher) was in office. 

## Controversies 
Hodgkin was not allowed to enter the United States without special permission from the CIA. She protested and wanted world peace. She was also a friend of J.D. Bernal, who was also left-wing. She received the Lenin Peace Prize in 1987.

Hodgkin died of a stroke in 1994.

## References
Blah Blah Blah

"**Blah Blah Blah**" is a song by American singer Kesha. It is from her first album, *Animal*. It was produced by Benny Blanco. Kesha, Blanco, Neon Hitch and Sean Foreman wrote the song. It was released as the album's second single on February 19, 2010. It features the alternative band 3OH!3. The song is an electropop song. The lyrics are about a woman who would rather have sex than listen to a man speak.

Critics have mixed  on the song. The single was successful commercially by reaching the top five in Australia and Canada. It reached the top ten in the United States and New Zealand. The song became Kesha's second top ten single in Australia, Canada and the United States. It has gone on to sell over two million copies in the United States. It has been certified two times platinum in Canada.
List of Rugrats episodes

The following is a **list of episodes** from the American animated series *Rugrats*. The first episode aired on Sunday, August 11, 1991. The first three seasons aired between 1991 and 1995. The series returned with two Jewish holiday specials in April 1995 and December 1996. From 1997 to 2004, the series began airing regular episodes again. The 10th anniversary special "All Growed Up" aired on July 21, 2001, on Nickelodeon. *Rugrats* ended on Sunday, August 1, 2004. *Rugrats* reruns still air on TeenNick’s late night programming block NickRewind. There are 9 seasons, 172 episodes, three movies, and two direct-to-DVD specials.
## Series overview

## Episodes
### Pilot (1990)
### Season 1 (1991)
### Season 2 (1992–93)
### Season 3 (1993–95)
### Season 4 (1996–97)
### Season 5 (1998–99)
### Season 6 (1999–2001)
In the United States, episodes 127 to 130 were held over from this season and ended up airing during Season 7. The first Klasky Csupo logo still appeared after the second logo appeared at the end of *The Rugrats Movie*. The second logo did not appear until "Runaway Reptar".

### Season 7 (2001; 2004)
During season 7, *Rugrats* made a change with a different format that consisted of three segments per episode. Additionally, all half-hour stories from this point on had two ad breaks instead of one.

### Season 8 (2001–03)
The original two-segment format for *Rugrats* was brought back in season 8. However, the half-hour episodes retain having two commercial breaks. The first Klasky Csupo logo appeared after the credits in the early airings of this season. However, the Season 8 DVD from Amazon.com, "The '90s Are All That" and the later airings kept the second logo.

### Season 9 (2002–04)
## DVD releases
Nickelodeon and Amazon.com produce DVDs of new and old Nickelodeon shows through the CreateSpace service. Using a concept similar to print on demand, Amazon manufactures the discs, cover art, and disc art. , Seasons 1–9 were available. , the Amazon.com releases have been discontinued.

In Australia, Beyond Home Entertainment has released all 9 seasons on DVD.

In May 2017, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Entertainment released Seasons 1 and 2 on DVD. In February 2018, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 3 and 4 on DVD.

## *Rugrats Tales from the Crib* (2005–06)
These movies are direct-to-DVD movies that are part of the *Rugrats* series.

## Notes
## References
;General references 
* 

## Other websites
* TV.com's *Rugrats* episodes
* TV Guide's *Rugrats* episode
Aurora, Colorado

**Aurora** is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado. The city is in Arapahoe, Adams, and Douglas counties. It is the third biggest city by number of people in Colorado, and the 52nd most populous city in the United States. The city's population was 386,261 during the 2020 United States Census.

## Main cities 
Denver and Aurora are the main cities of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, a United States metropolitan area (MSA). In 2020, the cities within the statistical area had 2,963,821 people, which makes it the MSA with the 19th most people. 

However, Denver and Aurora together make up less than half of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield Metropolitan Statistical Area's people and Aurora has about half of the population of Denver. In 2020, the Denver–Aurora combined statistical area (CSA) had 3,623,560 people. That makes it the CSA with the 17th most people.

## History
Aurora started in the 1880s, when it was known as Fletcher, the name of Denver businessman Donald Fletcher. Fletcher thought of Aurora as a chance for real estate. He and his companions went out four square miles east of Denver, but the town and Colorado were not doing well after the Silver Crash of 1893. 

## Shootings 
On July 20, 2012, a spree shooting took place at a during the midnight premiere of *The Dark Knight Rises* at a local movie theater - 12 people were shot dead.

## References
Friday (Rebecca Black song)

"**Friday**" is a song by American singer Rebecca Black. It was written and produced by Clarence Jey and Patrice Wilson. It was released as a single on February 10, 2011, and then, it premiered on iTunes on March 14, 2011 by Ark Music Factory as Black's debut single.

## Background
A worker for Ark Music Factory told Rebecca Black's mother about the company's production services in late 2010; Black was 13 years old at the time. She was living in Anaheim Hills, California. Rebecca Black's mother, Georgina Kelly, paid Ark Music $4,000 for a song and a music video that included a choice of two songs written beforehand. Black chose "Friday", as "the other song was about adult love – I haven't experienced that yet. I felt like it was my personality in that song."

The payment covered one half or less of the production costs of the music video, and Black's family could have paid nothing in exchange for giving up all rights to the song. Although Kelly had some doubts over the quality of the lyrics, Black assured her that "I sang it as they wrote it, Mom."

## Reception
The music video for the song became a viral video. The song was criticized for the lyrics, the use of Auto-Tune and the video. On March 11, 2011, the video's view count on YouTube was still about 4,000. As of April 15, 2011, the video had over 102 million views, 2.1 million comments, 240 000 "likes" and 2 million "dislikes". Since the growth in popularity of the song and video, there have been numerous parody videos and remixes.  *Forbes* has said that the unpopularity of the song is another sign of the power of social media – specifically Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr. It also said these media could create "overnight sensations." Despite the very bad reviews, pop music celebrities Chris Brown, Miley Cyrus, and Simon Cowell have supported Black.

The music video for the song is one of the most disliked YouTube videos of all time.

## References
SpongeBob SquigglePants

***SpongeBob SquigglePants*** is a video game based on the television series *SpongeBob SquarePants*. It is the fourth game in the uDraw Series. It was published by THQ and developed by WayForward Technologies. 

The game was released for Wii on April 12, 2011. It was released for Nintendo 3DS on May 17, 2011.

It contains over 100 mini-games that require using the uDraw GameTablet. It allows players to draw their own paintings or color in them.
Joseph Wright of Derby

**Joseph Wright** (3 September 1734 – 29 August 1797), (**Wright of Derby**), was an English landscape and portrait painter. He painted the Industrial Revolution."

Wright showed the contrast of light and dark. His paintings of early science in the English Midlands, show the Age of Enlightenment.

Many of Wright's paintings and drawings are on display at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery.

## Related pages
* Derby Museum and Art Gallery

## References, notes and sources 
## Other websites
Waikiki

**Waikīkī** is a neighborhood of Honolulu, on the south shore of Oahu, Hawaii. **Waikiki Beach** is the shoreline in front of Waikīkī.

The name '''' means "spouting fresh water" in the Hawaiian language. This because the area had springs and streams that fed wetlands.

## References
## Other websites
Interchange (road)

An **interchange** is a place where two freeways meet, or where a freeway and another road meet. An interchange has two levels so traffic going through does not meet. Different levels are connected by ramps. There are many different types of freeway interchanges. The two most common types of freeway interchanges are the diamond interchange and the cloverleaf interchange:

* A diamond interchange has four ramps that enter and leave the freeway at a small angle and meet the non-freeway at almost right angles. These ramps at the non-freeway can be controlled through stop signs or traffic signals. The name comes from the diamond-like shape.
* A cloverleaf interchange has eight ramps that handle all traffic without stop signs or traffic lights. To turn left, traffic goes in a 270° turn. The name comes from the four-leaf clover-like shape.
Rotary evaporator

pump (left) and heater (Right).]]

A **rotary evaporator** (or **rotavap**) is  commonly used in chemical laboratories to remove solvents by evaporation.

The liquid is put in a round-bottomed flask and placed in the device. The rotavap spins and heats the flask and reduces the pressure inside by creating a vacuum. The vacuum makes the liquid evaporate at a low temperature than normal. The liquid becomes a gas and is collected by cooling it so it condenses into another flask.

If there are substances dissolved in the liquid they will be left behind in when it evaporates. If water with salt dissolved in it is evaporated, then pure water and dry salt will be separated. Scientists use rotary evaporators to remove the liquid a solid is dissolved in.

Rotary evaporators are often quicker to use than evaporating basins. They can be used for distillations.

## References
A Rugrats Passover

**"A Rugrats Passover"** (possibly known as **"Passover"** in the opening title) is the sixty-fifth episode of the Nickelodeon show *Rugrats*. It aired April 13, 1995.

## Summary 
While attending a Passover seder at Didi's parents' house, Boris and the kids (and later, most of the adults), get locked in the attic because the door doesn't open from the inside. To pass the time, Boris tells the kids the story of why Jews celecrate Passover, and how Moses saved his people from slavery.

## Cast 
* Tommy Pickles (voiced by E.G. Daily)
* Chuckie Finster (voiced by Christine Cavanaugh)
* Angelica Pickles (voiced by Cheryl Chase)
* Didi Pickles (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)
* Grandpa Boris (voiced by David Doyle)
* Grandma Minka (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)

## Home releases 
"A Rugrats Passover" was released on the VHS *Rugrats: A Rugrats Passover*, and will be released on the DVD *Rugrats: The Complete Series*.
Major Oak

**Major Oak** is a very large and old oak tree in Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire.  
The tree is famous because of the story of *Robin Hood*.  
It is one of the best known trees in England.

## Age and size 
People estimate the Major Oak is many hundreds of years old.  
The tree has a very wide trunk.  
In the past, wooden supports were added to help hold its heavy branches.

## Protection 
The Major Oak is protected.  
The tree is inside a fenced area to keep visitors from walking too near its roots.  
The National Trust cares for the tree with help from other organisations.

## Visitor information 
Visitors come from many countries to see the Major Oak.  
There are paths, signs and a visitor centre in Sherwood Forest with information about the tree and local history.

## See also 
* Sherwood Forest
* Robin Hood

## References
Jar Jar Binks

**Jar Jar Binks** is a fictional character from the Star Wars movie *Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace*. He also appears in *Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones* and *Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith*. He is a Gungan and was born on the planet Naboo. Jar Jar is treated like the "class clown" by the other Gungans, and is often yelled at for being clumsy. This changes when two Jedi named Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn are stranded on Naboo and Jar Jar accidentally stumbles into them in a swamp. He shows them his home, an underwater city built by Gungans to stay away from humans. There, he gets in trouble for letting humans into their secret city. The Jedi use the Force to convince the Gungan leader, Boss Nass, to let them leave safely. He is hated by many fans, and critics have accused him of being a racist stereotype of black people.

## Reception
Jar Jar is considered one of the worst characters in movie history since his debut.
Derby Museum and Art Gallery

**Derby Museum and Art Gallery** was started in 1879 in a new building given to Derby by a local brewer. The collection today includes paintings of Joseph Wright of Derby and porcelain from Derby and the surrounding area. 

## Wright of Derby
In 2011, Derby City Council announced that it was to use Joseph Wright of Derby to brand the city of Derby. At the same time, the Museum announced that it was "joining forces" with Wikipedia to improve the quality of its information. In February 2011 it was announced that Derby Museum had been given an award for its collection of paintings and drawings by Joseph Wright.

## Related pages
* Derwent Valley Mills

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
All Killer, No Filler

***All Killer, No Filler*** is the first studio album by Canadian rock band, Sum 41. It was released on May 8, 2001. The producer of the album was Jerry Finn. The album was ranked as the 9th greatest punk pop album of all time by Top40.com.

## Songs
## References
Killing of Peter Connelly

**Peter Connelly** (1 March 2006 – 3 August 2007) (also known as "**Baby P**", "**Child A**" and "**Baby Peter**") was a 17-month-old British child. He died of child abuse on 3 August 2007 in London, England after suffering more than 50 injuries over an eight-month period. His mother, her partner and his brother were sent to prison for attacking him. The case resulted in several big investigations into how the social services department of Haringey Council carried out its job looking after children in danger. In a similar case, the same child welfare authorities had failed seven years earlier in the murder of Victoria Climbié.
There had been a public inquiry and measures had been put in place to prevent similar cases.

## References
Gungan

The **Gungans** are a fictional race of creatures from the Star Wars universe. They are amphibious (frog-like) creatures that live on the planet Naboo. The most famous Gungan is a character named Jar Jar Binks from *Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace*.
Reptar on Ice

**"Reptar on Ice"** is the twenty-third episode of the Nickelodeon show *Rugrats*. It aired November 15, 1992.

## Summary 
Tommy is disgruntled at a comment Angelica makes at a breakfast about the dinosaurs being extinct and expresses his concern to the other babies of the possibility of Reptar being extinct too. After an accidental suggestion by Chuckie's that he's "hiding," the babies look for him in the backyard and discover a lizard which looks exactly like him and come to assumption that it is Reptar's child. To keep him in a secret from the grown-ups, Tommy hides the lizard inside his diaper and the lizard crawls around inside Tommy’s diaper causing him to twitch and squirm a lot while the babies ponder what to do with Reptar's Baby. A commercial for "Reptar on Ice" suddenly plays, to the shock of the babies and Stu decides to take them all. The babies are now thrilled because they can now "return" the lizard to its "father".

As they arrive at the ice show, Leo, the actor portraying "Reptar", shows his outrage at the theme of the show manager, Harry, how he questions why he chose to the play the part due to his dislike of children, lizards, and his inability to the ice skate. The performance begins and as it continues, the adults fall asleep; the babies then take this time to give the lizard to "Reptar." They go onto the ice and rides on the props to catch up with him. They get caught in the midst of a scene and inadvertently interrupt the performance; Leo tries to continue performing, but freaks out and runs off when Tommy shows him the lizard. Stu gets on the ice and picks up the babies, to the audience's applause. As Stu is holding Tommy up against him, the lizard crawls out of Tommy’s diaper looking around then notices another place to explore which is Stu’s jeans and jumps out of Tommy’s diaper and inside Stu’s jeans making Stu move abnormally causing him to strongly twitch and squirm as the lizard crawls around inside his jeans....

## Cast 
* Tommy Pickles (voiced by E.G. Daily)
* Phil and Lil DeVille (voiced by Kath Soucie)
* Chuckie Finster (voiced by Christine Cavanaugh)
* Angelica Pickles (voiced by Cheryl Chase)
* Reptar (voiced by John Schuck)
* Stu Pickles (voiced by Jack Riley)
* Grandpa Lou (voiced by David Doyle)
* Didi Pickles (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)

## Home releases 
"Reptar on Ice" was released on the VHS *Rugrats: Return of Reptar*, the DVD *Rugrats: Decade in Diapers*, *Rugrats: Season 2* and will be released on *Rugrats: The Complete Series*.

## References
*

## Other websites
*
Sonic & Knuckles

***Sonic & Knuckles*** is the fifth video game in the *Sonic the Hedgehog* series. It was made by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis in 1994. It is the second part of *Sonic the Hedgehog 3*. In the game, players are able to play as Sonic the Hedgehog and Knuckles the Echidna.

A *Sonic 2* or *Sonic 3* cartridge can be inserted into it to unlock new modes for those games. This is called "Lock-on Technology".

## Plot
Continuing right after the ending of *Sonic 3*, Sonic and Tails discover the Super Emeralds in Mushroom Hill Zone. They are more powerful versions of the Chaos Emeralds. Sonic and Tails head to Hidden Palace Zone and fight Knuckles. After Sonic and Tails win, the three see Robotnik stealing the Master Emerald and betraying Knuckles. Knuckles switches sides and joins Sonic and Tails. Using the last of his energy, Knuckles leads them to Sky Sanctuary Zone so that they can climb onto the now-repaired Death Egg and confront Robotnik. If the player has collected all of the Super Emeralds in the special stages, Hyper Sonic can fight Robotnik's final weapon in outer space. After destroying it, Sonic returns the Master Emerald and leaves with Tails. Knuckles, as the emeralds' guardian, stays on the island.

## Gameplay
## Notes
Controller

**Controller** may refer to:

* Device controller, an object that lets someone control a device
* Controller (computing), a chip or expansion card that interfaces with a peripheral device
* Game controller, an device used for playing video games
* Air traffic controller, a person who directs aircraft
* Comptroller or financial controller, a senior accounting job

## Related pages
* Control
* Control unit
Frank Oz

**Frank Oz** (born **Frank Richard Oznowicz** on May 25, 1944) is an American actor, filmmaker and puppeteer. He is known for his work on *The Muppets*, *Star Wars*, and *Sesame Street*. He also directed some popular films, such as *Little Shop of Horrors* and *Dirty Rotten Scoundrels*. His most popular puppets are Yoda and Cookie Monster. He played Cookie Monster, Bert and Grover on Sesame Street and he did Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam the Eagle on the Muppets.

## References
Half-Life (series)

***Half-Life*** is a series of video games created by Valve Corporation. The player plays as a character named Gordon Freeman, who is a survivor of a terrible accident at the Black Mesa Science Research Company. A group of scientists make a portal to another dimension, and accidentally let in many alien monsters that start killing everyone.

In the first game, *Half-Life*, made in 1998, you play through this disaster and try to escape. *Half-Life* has received two expansions made by Gearbox Software, *Half-Life: Opposing Force* and *Half-Life: Blue Shift*.

*Half-Life: Opposing Force* and *Half-Life: Blue Shift*  take place in the Black Mesa Research Facility, Before the accident takes place. In *Opposing Force,* you play as Adrian Shephard, Tasked with Infiltrating the facility to kill everyone, until suddenly The Player’s Designated Helicopter Crashes, and must now team up with Facility Personnel to Survive, *Blue Shift* takes place Inside the facility moments before the accident and where you play as Barney Calhoun, a security guard who according to the Steam Store Page, “*helped Gordon get out of so many sticky situations*”.

In 2004, the sequel, *Half-Life 2*, was released. *Half-Life 2* was followed by two expansions, *Half-Life 2: Episode One* and *Half-Life 2: Episode Two*.

A related game, *Portal*, was released in 2007 and takes place in the same universe. *Portal*, *Half-Life 2*, *Half-Life 2: Episode One*, *Half-Life 2: Episode Two*, and *Team Fortress 2* (a game not in the same universe as *Half-Life* and *Portal*) were put together into one package for sale in 2007. This package is named *The Orange Box*.

## References
Fighting game

A **fighting game** is a video game in which two or more players battle for the winning spot, usually by fighting to the death or K.O.. Most fighting games have a selection of characters with different abilities. Some popular fighting games are *Mortal Kombat*, *Street Fighter*, and *Soul Calibur*.
Push-button

A **push-button** is a switch in the shape of a small button or knob. When it is pushed it completes an electrical circuit that controls something. For example, a doorbell rings when a person pushes a button, or numbers are displayed on a calculator or even when you are playing a machine game at an arcade.

## References
Heavyweights

***Heavyweights*** is a 1995 Disney movie directed by Steven Brill. *Heavyweights* is about a fat camp for children that is taken over by fitness expert Tony Perkis (Ben Stiller).

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Stan and Jan Berenstain

**Stan and Jan Berenstain** were American authors and illustrators. They are best known for their books about the "Berenstain Bears" and "Blair Investigates". 

**Stanley Melvin Berenstain** (September 29, 1923&nbsp;– November 26, 2005) was born in West Philadelphia. **Janice Marian Berenstain** (July 26, 1923&nbsp;– February 24, 2012) was also born in Philadelphia. Both served in World War II. 

On November 26, 2005, Stanley Berenstain died of cancer. He was 82. Jan died February 24, 2012, from a stroke.

## Books
The couple's first published a book in 1951. It was ''The Berenstains' Baby Book*. They then published two more books on parenthood.

The first book with the Berenstain Bears was *The Big Honey Hunt*. It was published in 1962 and the first book with the Blair Investigates was *A Investigate Star is Born''. It was published in 1968 and only as the author and illustrations by Peyo. Theodor Geisel (best known as Dr. Seuss) was the editor for the early books in the series. Over 300 books have been published in 23 languages.

## References
Paul Nurse

Sir **Paul Maxime Nurse** OM CH PRS (Paul Maxime Nurse, born Norwich, 25 January 1949) is a British geneticist and cell biologist.

He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Leland Hartwell and Timothy Hunt, for their discoveries about cell division.

They discovered cycle of cell division is regulated by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases.

Sir Paul is the current President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation.

He is also Emeritus Professor and Head of the Laboratory for Yeast genetics and Cell Biology at the Rockefeller University, New York City.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1991.

Nurse was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 2005.

## References
Dysnomia

The term **Dysnomia** can refer to three different concepts:
*A disorder affecting the mind, see Dysnomia (disorder)
*A daughter of the goddess Eris (mythology), usually translated as *lawlessness*, see Dysnomia (mythology)
*A moon of the dwarf planet Eris, see Dysnomia (moon)
Tivoli-Neu

The **Tivoli-Neu** is a football stadium in Innsbruck, Austria. It is the homeground of FC Wacker Innsbruck and the Swarco Raiders Tirol, an American Football team. The stadium was one venue of the UEFA Euro 2008.

## History
The Tivoli-Neu replaces the old Tivoli stadium which was closed down in 2004. Since the insolvency of FC Tirol in 2002 the stadium is used by FC Wacker Innsbruck, the follower of the old club. For the UEFA Euro 2008 the stadium was used for matches. It was temporarily expanded to a capacity of 30 000.

## Matches
### International matches
* 25 April 2001 Austria– Liechtenstein 2:0 (1:0)
* 11 June 2003 Austria-  Belarus  5:0 (1:0)
* 28 April 2004 Austria- Luxemburg 4:1 (2:0)
* 11 October 2006 Austria- Switzerland 2:1 (2:0)
* 17 October 2007 Austria-  Ivory Coast 3:2 (1:0)
* 11 June 2008 Spain- Russia 4:1 (2:0) UEFA Euro 2008
* 14 June 2008 Sweden- Spain 1:2 (1:1)UEFA Euro 2008
* 18 June 2008 Russia - Sweden 2:0 (1:0)UEFA Euro 2008
* 10 October 2009 Austria-  Lithuania 2:1 (1:0)
* 28 May 2010 Spain- Saudia Arabia 3:2

### International matches of FC Tirol 
* 14 September 2000 FC Tirol Innsbruck - AC Fiorentina 3:1 (2:0)
* 26 October 2000 FC Tirol Innsbruck - VfB Stuttgart 1:0 (0:0)
* 22 August 2001 FC Tirol Innsbruck - Lokomotiv Moskau 1:0 (0:0)
* 11 September 2001 FC Tirol Innsbruck - Viktoria Zizkov 1:0 (0:0)
* 1 November 2001 FC Tirol Innsbruck - AC Fiorentina, 2:2 (1:2)
VEGAS Pro

**VEGAS Pro** is a non-linear video editing software developed by MAGIX, previously by Sony Creative Software and Sonic Foundry. The Film Paranormal Activity was edited using the software and has won many awards.

The software is only for Windows computers and PCs only and cost 600 dollars. 

## Features
**VEGAS Pro** contains a lot of video and audio effects and transitions including the Mirror Effect and Chroma Key. **VEGAS Pro** also has tittles and other video generators.

**VEGAS Pro** also allows users crop video, Flip video horizontal or upside down, change the speed of video and audio with or without the pitch changing if going faster or slower and more.

## Sony Vegas 8.0
The 8.0 version was released in late 2007. It contains features including ProType Titling technology, Multicamera editing tools, 32-bit floating point video processing, Customizable window layouts, Improved HDV/SDI/XDCAM support and Mixing console window.

## Sony Vegas 9.0
The 9.0 version was released in 2009. The color of the program is now black rather than white. It contains features including support for 4K resolution and native support for pro camcorder formats like Red and XDCAM EX. 

The latest 9.0 version was released in May 2010 called "Vegas Pro 9.0e" which includes a new white balance video effect.

## Sony Vegas 10.0
The 10.0 version was released in October 2010 and is the latest version of the software. It contains new features including Stereoscopic 3D Editing, Comprehensive Closed Captioning, GPU-Accelerated AVC Encoding (Using NVIDIA CUDA), Image Stabilization, Audio Event FX, Track Management, OpenFX plugins support.
Denmark-Norway

**Denmark-Norway** is a term (or a kind of name used about) the union between Denmark and Norway. The union was a kind that is called a *real union*. The name Denmark-Norway, is a modern name. It came into use some time after the union had ended.

The **Kingdom of Denmark-Norway** was a union between the two kingdoms Denmark and Norway. They were previously in the Kalmar Union with Sweden. The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway lasted from 1536 to 1814. The capital of both countries was Copenhagen, and they shared the same military. The kingdom also possessed colonies in Greenland, Iceland, Africa, the Caribbean and India.

Borders between nations, sometimes change. Denmark-Norway had (some) land in what today is
 
*  &nbsp;**∟** 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
Denmark-Norway had a small colony in each of the following places
* Present-day Saint Thomas and Saint Croix,  United States and present-day Saint John.
* 
* 

## Monarchs 
*1524–1533: Frederick I
*1588–1648: Christian IV 
*1648–1670: Frederick III 
*1808–1814: Frederick VI

## References
Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy

**Victor Amadeus I** (8 May 1587 – 7 October 1637) was the Duke of Savoy from 1630 to 1637. He was also titular King of Cyprus and Jerusalem.  He was also known as the *Lion of Susa*.http://www.sabaudia.org/v2/dossiers/maisondesavoie/vic-amedee1.php 

## Biography
He was born in Turin to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Catherine Micaela of Austria. He spent much of his childhood at the Spanish court in Madrid. When his brother Filippo Emanuele, Prince of Piedmont died, he became legitimate heir to the duchy and received the loyalty swore of the court at Racconigi on 21 January 1607.

After a crisis with relationships with Spain, he was married to Henry IV of France's daughter Christine Marie in 1619.

Victor Amadeus became Duke of Savoy after his father's death in 1630. Charles Emmanuel's policies had brought a great instability in the relationships with both France and Spain, and troops were needed to defend the Duchy. As money was lacking to recruit mercenaries or train indigenous soldiers, Victor Amadeus signed a peace treaty with Spain. With the Treaty of Cherasco, Savoy was given back Pinerolo, although, according to a secret point of the agreement, that important stronghold was to remain with France in exchange for Geneve.

On 25 September of that year, Victor Amadeus fell ill after a dinner offered by the Duke of Créqui. Carried to Turin, he died here on 7 October.

## References
*genealogy.euweb.cz

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***8 May 1587–21 January 1607** *His Highness* Victor Amadeus of Savoy
*** 21 January 1607–26 July 1630***His Highness* the Prince of Piedmont
***26 July 1630–7 October 1637** *His Highness* the Duke of Savoy
William Henry Bragg

**Sir William Henry Bragg**  (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman.

Bragg shared a Nobel Prize with his son William Lawrence Bragg – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics.

## Adelaide 
In 1885, at 23, Bragg was appointed Elder Professor of Mathematics and Experimental Physics at the University of Adelaide, and started work there early in 1886.

Bragg was an able and popular lecturer; he encouraged the formation of the student union, and the attendance, free of charge, of science teachers at his lectures.

Bragg was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907.

## Leeds 
Bragg returned to England at the end of 1908 and took the Cavendish Chair in Physics at the University of Leeds in 1909. He published an important early work on radioactivity, *Studies in radioactivity*, in 1912.

He invented the X-ray spectrometer, and began work with his son. Together they founded the new technique of X-ray crystallography, for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1915. That year was also marked by their book *X-rays and crystal structure*, the standard text for many years.

From 1914, both father and son contributed to the war effort; W.H. Bragg was connected with submarine detection, at Aberdour on Forth and at Harwich, and returned to London in 1918 as a consultant to the Admiralty. This institution was practically rebuilt in 1929-30 and, under Bragg's directorship, many valuable papers were issued from the laboratory.

## References
Liebenauer Stadium

The **Liebenauer Stadium** (formerly known as Arnold Schwarzenegger stadium, or UPC-Arena) is a football stadium in Graz, Austria. It is the homeground of SK Sturm Graz.

## Construction
The first stadium was built before the Second World War. In the 1950s it was renovated and expanded with a skating rink (now home of the ice hockey team Graz 99ers) and an indoor pool. In the 1970s it became home ground of the big football clubs of Graz, SK Sturm and Grazer AK.

## Name history
The stadium was originally named after the bodybuilder, actor and Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger who was born near Graz. It was built from 1994 to 1997 and was opened with the derby Grazer AK versus SK Sturm Graz. 

When Governor Schwarzenegger did not pardon a prisoner from death penalty a discussion started about the name. Governor Schwarzenegger took back the right to use his name. Now the name was Stadium Graz-Liebenau after the part of the town where it is. In 2006 the stadium was named UPC Arena after a sponsor of SK Sturm Graz. UPC is a big Austrian internet provider. Since April 2016 it is named Merkur-Arena. Merkur is a big insurance company in Austria.

## Structure
The stadium has a capacity of 15 400 in 27 sectors. For Champions League matches the capacity is expanded to 16 000. The field has a lawn heating. Two video walls and floodlight are also in the arena.
## Games
The stadium was host for the national team of Austria versus Faroe Islands on 5 September 2009 which ended 3–1 for the home team. Altogether 14 matches of the national team were held here (The first one was in 1970 versus Yugoslavia). 

Also the match England versus Japan on 30 May 2010 was held in the arena. The English team had a training Camp in Styria for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The match ended 2–1 to England. In 2011 it was one of the venues for the American Football world championship.
Jim Parsons

**James Joseph "Jim" Parsons** (born March 24, 1973) is an American actor and producer. Parsons is best known for playing the role of Sheldon Cooper in the television series, *The Big Bang Theory*. In 2010, he won an Emmy Award for *Outstanding Lead Actor In a Comedy Series* and in 2011, he won a Golden Globe Award for *Best Actor - Television Series - Musical or Comedy*. Both of these awards were given to him for his role in *The Big Bang Theory*.

According to The New York Times, Parsons is gay.

## Filmography
### Movies
**Nowhere to Go But Up* (2003)
**Garden State* (2004)
*''The King's Inn* (2005)
**The Great New Wonderful* (2005)
**Heights* (2005)
**10 Items or Less* (2006)
**School for Scoundrels* (2006)
**On the Road with Judas* (2007)
**Gardener of Eden* (2007)
**The Big Year* (2011)
**Wish I Was Here* (2014)
**Home* (2015)

### Television
**Ed* as Chet (2002)
**Why Blitt?* as Mike (2003)
**Taste* as Kris (2004)
**Judging Amy* as Rob Holbrook (2004-05)
**The Big Bang Theory* as Sheldon Cooper (2007-2019)
**Family Guy* as Sheldon Cooper (2009)
**Glenn Martin, DDS* as Draven (2010)
**The Super Hero Squad Show'' as Nightmare (2011)

## References 
## Other websites
*
Alex Rider

***Alex Rider*** is a series of spy books. It is written by British author Anthony Horowitz. The series is about a teenage spy named Alex Rider. The series is aimed at young adults. There are fourteen books in the series, but short stories and other books have been published too. The novels are published by Walker Books in the United Kingdom. The first novel, *Stormbreaker*, was published in the United Kingdom on 4 September 2000 and was adapted into a movie in 2006. Over 10 million books in the Alex Rider series have been sold worldwide.

There are a total of 10 Alex rider books, and more to come.

## References
Litefoot

**Gary Paul Davis** (born September 11, 1968 in Upland, California), known by his stage name **Litefoot**, is an American rapper and actor. He is of Cherokee and Chichimeca descent. He was the first Native American person to rap and he called his style of music tribalistic funk. 

Davis is also an actor and acted in the movies *The Indian in the Cupboard* in 1995, *Mortal Kombat: Annihilation* in 1997, *Kull the Conqueror* in 1997 and *Adaptation* in 2002.

## Websites
* Litefoot's Official website
Johnny Galecki

**John Mark "Johnny" Galecki** (born April 30, 1975) is an Belgian-born American actor. Galecki is best known for playing the role of David Healy on *Roseanne* and Leonard Hofstadter on *The Big Bang Theory*. 

## Early life
Galecki was born in Bree, Belgium to American parents. He was raised in Oak Park, Illinois.

## Personal life
Galecki dated Kaley Cuoco who is his co-star on *The Big Bang Theory*. They dated secretly for two years before they broke up.

In February 2012, it was revealed that Galecki was dating actress Kelli Garner since 2011.

## Filmography
### Movie
### Television
## References
## Other websites
*
Witham

**Witham** is a town near the A12 road in Essex, England. In 2001 there were 22,470 people living in Witham.

## References
Harwich

**Harwich** is a port town near the A120 road in Essex, England. In 2011 there were 17,684 people living in Harwich.

## References
Harlow

**Harlow** is a former Mark One New Town and local government district in the west of Essex, England. It is on the border with Hertfordshire. Harlow is a large area of land on the south bank of the upper Stort Valley, which has been made navigable through other towns and features a canal section near its watermill. Old Harlow is a village-size suburb founded in the early medieval age and most of its high street buildings are early Victorian and residential, mostly protected by one of the Conservation Areas in the district. In Old Harlow is a field named **Harlowbury**, a de-settled monastic area which has the remains of a chapel, a scheduled ancient monument.

The M11 motorway passes through the east of the district, entirely to the east of the town. Harlow has its own commercial and leisure economy. It is also an outer part of the London commuter belt and employment centre of the M11 corridor which includes Cambridge and London Stansted to the north. 

## References
Alice in Wonderland (2010 movie)

***Alice in Wonderland*** is a 2010 American fantasy adventure movie with Mia Wasikowska, Johnny Depp, Helena Bonham Carter, Anne Hathaway, Crispin Glover, Michael Sheen, Matt Lucas, Barbara Windsor, Christopher Lee, Alan Rickman, Michael Gough and Stephen Fry.  A sequel of the film, *Alice Through the Looking Glass*, was released in 2016.

It is based on the Disney film *Alice in Wonderland*, which is based on ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, a'' book written by Lewis Carroll. The score is by Danny Elfman.
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Closing credits

**Closing credits** (or end credits) are shown at the end of a movie or television show.  They usually say who the actors were in the movie.  They also include who helped make the movie, such as the director and the producer.

## References
Mortal Kombat: Annihilation

***Mortal Kombat: Annihilation*** is an 1997 martial arts action/adventure movie that was produced by Lawrence Kasanoff and was directed by John R. Leonetti. It is based on the video game franchise, *Mortal Kombat* and is the sequel to the 1995 movie, *Mortal Kombat*. *Mortal Kombat: Annihilation* was released on November 21, 1997 in North America, February 13, 1998 in the United Kingdom and on April 9, 1998 in Australia. The movie received negative reviews with a 7% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave it a 11 out of 100.

## Cast 
*Robin Shou as Liu Kang
*Talisa Soto as Kitana
*James Remar as Raiden
*Sandra Hess as Sonya Blade
*Lynn "Red" Williams as Jax
*Brian Thompson as Shao Kahn
*Irina Pantaeva as Jade
*Musetta Vander as Syndel
*Reiner Schöne as Shinnok
*Marjean Holden as Sheeva
*Litefoot as Nightwolf
*Deron McBee as Motaro
*Dana Lynn Hee as Mileena

## Other websites 
*
Humanitarian aid

**Humanitarian aid** is aid given with respect of human dignity with a spirit of human nature to people in war, disaster including natural disaster and to refugees according to laws of war and international human rights law. To this end International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNICEF and Doctors Without Borders exist.

## Related pages
* Humanitarianism
* International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
* Refugee
* Natural disaster
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

**Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs** is an organization of the United Nations for humanitarian aid started in 1991.

## Other website 
*Office for the Coodination of Humanitarian Affairs
Three Days Grace (album)

***Three Days Grace*** is the first studio album by Canadian rock band Three Days Grace. It was released on July 22, 2003. The producer of the album was Gavin Brown. The album peaked at #69 on the U.S. *Billboard* 200 and #9 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

## Track listing
## References
Three Days Grace

**Three Days Grace** is a Canadian alternative metal band. They formed in 1997 in Norwood, Ontario There are four members in the band: Adam Gontier, Barry Stock, Neil Sanderson and Brad Walst. The band was named "Number One Rock Artist of the Year" by Billboard. 

Gontier resigned from the band on January 9, 2013 due to a "non-life threatening" health issue and was replaced by My Darkest Days lead singer Matt Walst.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Three Days Grace* (2003)
* *One-X* (2006)
* *Life Starts Now* (2009)
* *Transit of Venus* (2012)
* *Human* (2015)
* *Outsider* (2018)
* *Explosions* (2022)
* *Alienation* (2025)

;Groundswell
* *Wave of Popular Feeling* (1995)

## References
## Other websites
* Three Days Grace's official website
One-X

***One-X*** is the second studio album by Canadian rock band, Three Days Grace. It was released on June 13, 2006.

## Songs
## References
Amsterdam Museum

The **Amsterdam Museum** is a museum in Amsterdam.  Before 2011 it was called the **Amsterdams Historisch Museum**. It is in the old orphanage between Kalverstraat and Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal.

## History
Since 1975, the museum has been in a building that was first built in 1580 as Amsterdam's orphanage.

The museum has paintings and old photographs and a cafe.

## References
Electron crystallography

**Electron crystallography** is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

This method works in many cases where X-ray crystallography does not. The latter needs large 3-D crystals to work.

Protein structures are usually done from 2-dimensional crystals (sheets or helices), polyhedrons such as viral capsids, or dispersed proteins. Electrons can be used in these situations, whereas X-rays cannot, because electrons interact more strongly with atoms than X-rays do.

Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The method was invented by Aaron Klug, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this, and his studies on virus structures and transfer RNA, in 1982.

The first electron crystallographic protein structure to be solved was bacteriorhodopsin in 1990.
Since then, several other high-resolution structures have been done by electron crystallography, including the light-harvesting complex, and the bacterial flagellum.

## Related pages
*Crystallography
*X-ray crystallography
*Spectroscopy

## References
Halstead

**Halstead** is a town and civil parish in Braintree district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 11,053 people living in Halstead.

## References
2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony

The closing ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics took place on February 28, 2010.  It was held at the BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

## References
Atomkraft

**Atomkraft** was an English heavy metal band who were part of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal movement. They formed in 1979 and disbanded 1988. Their "Total Metal" approach is somewhere between fellow NWOBHM bands such as Motörhead and Venom, punk rock bands such as The Dickies, and early Exodus or Slayer.
## Discography
* 1981 - *Demon* - Demo
* 1983 - *Total Metal* - Demo
* 1985 - *Pour the Metal In* - Demo
* 1985 – *Future Warriors* - LP
* 1986 - *Queen of Death* - EP
* 1987 - *Conductors of Noize* - Mini LP
* 2004 - *Total Metal: The Neat Anthology* - Compilation CD

## Line-up
* Tony Dolan - bass/vocals (1979-1986, 1988), (2005-) (Venom, Mantas, Raubtier)
* Steve Mason - drums (2005-) (Iron Fire, Blinded by Fear)
* Payre Hulkoffgarden - guitars (2005-) (Viperine, Karyan, Raubtier)

### Previous members
#### Vocals
* Ian Davison Swift (1986-1988) (Satan, Avenger)

#### Guitars
* Ian Legg (1979)
* Chris Taylor (1979)
* Sean Drew (1979-1983)
* Steve White (1980-1983) (Venom, War Machine)
* Neil Rander (1985)
* Rob Mathew (1985-1988) (Agankast)
* Raggy (1986)

#### Bass
* Mark Irvine (1981-1982)
* Darren "D.C. Rage"(1986-1988)

#### Drums
* Paul Spillet (1979-1983)
* IG (1986)
* Ged "Wolf" Cook (1985-1988) (Tysondog)