open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sverigetopplistan

**Sverigetopplistan**, also known as **Topplistan** and **Hitlistan**, is since October 2007 the Swedish national record chart, based on sales data from Swedish Recording Industry Association.  Since late 2006 the chart has included legal downloads.

The following charts are included:
*Singles Top 60 
*Albums Top 60 
*DVDs Top 20
*Ringtones Top 20

1976–2006 the sales chart was broadcast on Sveriges Radio P3. From 2007, P3 only presents sales data for digital downloads (DigiListan), tracked by Nielsen SoundScan.

## Other websites
*Sverigetopplistan
*The archive
Bernie Ecclestone

**Bernard Charles "Bernie" Ecclestone** (born 28 October 1930)

He was the president and CEO of Formula One Management and Formula One Administration. He is part owner of Alpha Prema, the parent company of the Formula One Group of companies. He is generally considered the primary authority in Formula One racing. In 1972 he bought the Brabham team, which he ran for fifteen years. As a team owner he became a member of the Formula One Constructors Association.

On the 23 January, 2017, it was announced that Bernie Ecclestone had been replaced by Chase Carey as chief executive of the Formula One Group, though he has been appointed as chairman emeritus and will act as an adviser to the board.

He is also the co-owner of Queens Park Rangers F.C.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Bernie Ecclestone, the man behind Formula One. *BBC News* (12 November 1997).
* Chicanery in Formula One? *The Economist* (26 August 2004).
* Grand prix, grand prizes. *The Economist* (13 July 2004).
* Griffiths, John. The case that will decide Formula One's future . *Financial Times* (23 November 2004).
* 
* Mott, Sue. The funny billionaire in trapped in the body of a tyrant . *The Telegraph* (20 March 2004).
* Mr Formula One. *The Economist* (13 March 1997).
* The main men in F1. *BBC Sport* (11 October 2004).
* http://www.ukmotorsport.com/misc/ecclestone.html
Vera Lynn

**Dame Vera Margaret Lynn** CH DBE (*née* **Welch**; 20 March 1917 – 18 June 2020) was an English singer and actress. Lynn was born in East Ham, Essex. She began performing in public at age seven and she started using her grandmother's maiden name (Lynn) as her stage name. Her first radio broadcast was in 1935 with the Joe Loss Orchestra. At this time she was being featured on records released by dance bands including those of Loss and of Charlie Kunz. 

She was popular during World War II. Her best known songs are We'll Meet Again and The White Cliffs of Dover. 

Lynn worked a lot with charities for former military servicemen, disabled children, and breast cancer.

Vera Lynn's album ''We'll Meet Again: The Very Best of Vera Lynn'' went to #1 in the United Kingdom. This made her the oldest living artist to top the U.K. album charts. The album is some of her recordings made for Decca Records. Lynn recorded for Decca between 1936 and 1959. The album reached number one on the UK Albums Chart on 13 September 2009. The album entered the chart at number 20 on 30 August. It then climbed to number 2 the following week, before reaching the top position.

The 1964 movie Dr. Strangelove, starring Peter Sellers and George C. Scott, ends with a world-ending war of atomic bombs. The scene uses Vera Lynn's song ''We'll Meet Again''.

Lynn died on 18 June 2020 at the age of 103 in East Sussex.

 factory in 1941]]

## Albums 
## Movies
## References
## Other websites
* 
* Q&A with TIME Magazine in September 2009 
* Dame Vera Lynn Trust for Children with Cerebral Palsy
Bugatti Veyron

The **Bugatti Veyron** is a 2-door Coupé that is built by the Bugatti brand. The Veyron can also be bought as a roadster. The Veyron is in its 1st generation. The car is built in France. The Sport Series of the Veyron is currently the Fourth fastest production car in the world with a top speed of 431.072&nbsp;km/h  (267.856&nbsp;mph), as the Hennessy Venom GT, Koenigsegg Agera RS and the new SSC Tuatara have beat the record since.

The car costs about £1.6 million to buy. The tyres cost over $40,000 for a set.

The car has a monocoque construction. The car has two V8 engines joined together to make a W16 engine with quad turbocharging.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Dave Filoni

**David Filoni** (born June 7, 1974) is an American movie director, writer, and animator.

## *Star Wars*
He is the director of the *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* feature movie, and the supervising director of the *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* TV series.

Filoni made an appearance at Celebration IV on Sunday, May 28, 2007 with producer Catherine Winder in the Celebration Theater (Room 408AB), to discuss the beginnings of the new television series and reveal how *The Clone Wars* is being created. He will also be writing for the Clone Wars monthly comic.

An avid Plo Koon fan, Filoni dressed up as the Jedi Master for the opening of *Revenge of the Sith*. In February 2009, Filoni was inducted as an Honorary Member of the 501st Legion international costuming organization in recognition of his contributions to the continuing *Star Wars* saga.

Dave Filoni's office, as seen in the extra features on the  *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* DVD, is filled with Plo Koon paraphernalia. He has a bust of Plo Koon's head, a model of Plo Koon's ship, an autographed portrait by the actor who played Plo Koon, a replica of Plo Koon's lightsaber on his desk, and his personal Plo Koon costume on display. Filoni also has a note book sized planner on his desk with Plo Koon's picture taped to the outside. Filoni also has a small model of the character Appa on his desk, from *Avatar: The Last Airbender*.

## Movies he directed
* *Avatar: The Last Airbender* (2005) (various episodes)
* *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* (movie) (2008)
* *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* (series) (2008)

## Other websites
All My Loving

"**All My Loving**" is a song by The Beatles, written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon/McCartney), from the 1963 album *With the Beatles*.

## Writing
According to journalist Bill Harry, McCartney wrote the lyrics while shaving, but McCartney told biographer Barry Miles that he wrote them while on a tour bus. He also said, "It was the first song I'd ever written the words first. I never wrote words first, it was always some kind of accompaniment. I've hardly ever done it since either." The lyrics follow the "letter song" model as used on "P.S. I Love You", the B-side of their first single.

Lennon showed his love for the song in his 1980 *Playboy* interview:

## Personnel
*Paul McCartney – double-tracked vocal, bass
*John Lennon – backing vocal, rhythm guitar
*George Harrison – backing vocal, lead guitar
*Ringo Starr – drums
*George Martin – producer
*Norman Smith – engineer
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

## Notes
## Other websites
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Rikidōzan

**Rikidozan** (1924 - December 15, 1963), was the father of puroresu. He established the puroresu as a popular professional sport in Japan less than a decade after Japan lost World War II. Continuously defeating Americans with his famous karate chop, he was a hero for the Japanese people who were still depressed from the war. Many of his students became big stars in the sport, including Shohei "Giant" Baba and Antonio Inoki, who are two of the greatest wrestlers in the history of puroresu, and Kintaro Ohki (Kim Il), who was also a superstar in his home country South Korea. 

Because the Koreans were discriminated against in Japan, his real identity was kept secret for many years even after his death. It was always believed that he was born **Mitsuhiro Momota** in Ohmura, Nagasaki, Japan. Momota is the last name of his adopted parents in Nagasaki.

His 1957/10/6 sixty-minute draw with Lou Thesz for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship drew an 87.0 rating, and his 1963/5/24 sixty-minute draw with The Destroyer drew a 67.0 rating (the 4th largest viewing audience in Japanese history, since by 1963 more people had television sets, thanks to Rikidōzan's popularity).

## In wrestling
***Finishing moves**
**Mongolian chop
**Piledriver

## Championships and accomplishments
***Japan Wrestling Association**
**JWA All Asia Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Toyonobori
**JWA All Japan Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Toyonobori
**NWA International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**Japanese Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
**World Big League (5 times)

***Mid-Pacific Promotions**
**NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Bobby Bruns (1), Azumafuji (1) and Koukichi Endoh (1)

***NWA San Francisco**
**NWA Pacific Coast Tag Team Championship *(San Francisco version)* (1 time) – with Dennis Clary
**NWA World Tag Team Championship (*San Francisco version*) (1 time) – with Koukichi Endoh

***North American Wrestling Alliance**
**NAWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

*Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2006
*Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996
## Websites
Puroresu.com
## References
Owen Morris

**Owen Dylan Morris** (born 13 May 1968 in Caernarfon, Wales) is a music producer who has worked with rock bands like Oasis and The Verve.

He started working in the music industry as a sound engineer at Spaceward Studio in Cambridge when he was 16.  He continued as an engineer until 1994 when he started producing some work for Oasis at the end of the *Definitely Maybe* sessions.  Morris continued working with Oasis for their next two albums ''(What's the Story) Morning Glory?* and *Be Here Now*.  Morris appears on the cover of *(What's the Story) Morning Glory?'' holding the album's master tape.

He also produced The Verve album *A Northern Soul*, Ash's *1977* and the debut United Kingdom album, ''For God's Sake'' for the singer Sek Loso.  In 2000 he recorded and produced Ash's album Free All Angels. He produced The Paddingtons debut album "First Comes First," which was released in October 2005 on Poptones Records. In the early summer of 2006 he produced *Hats Off to the Buskers*, the debut album of The View through Columbia Records.
 
He developed an engineering technique called "Brick Walling" on *Definitely Maybe*.   The effect made *Definitely Maybe* louder than other albums at the time.  The NME described the resulting sound as "an ear-splitting sonic stew".

## References
Scott Pilgrim vs. the World

***Scott Pilgrim vs. the World*** is a 2010 action-comedy movie. It was produced by Edgar Wright, Marc Platt, Eric Gitter and Nira Park and was directed by Edgar Wright.

## Plot
The movie is based on the series of comic books where Scott Pilgrim (Michael Cera) has to defeat the seven evil exes of the girl of his dreams, Ramona Flowers (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) to win her heart.

## Cast
* Michael Cera as Scott Pilgrim
* Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Ramona Victoria Flowers
* Kieran Culkin as Wallace Wells
* Alison Pill as Kim Pine
* Mark Webber as Stephen Stillscott's
* Anna Kendrick as Stacey Pilgrim
* Ellen Wong as Knives Chau, Scott's 17-year-old ex-girlfriend who is still obsessed with him.
* Brie Larson as Natalie V. "Envy" Adams, one of Scott's ex-girlfriends.
* Erik Knudsen as Luke "Crash" Wilson
* Aubrey Plaza as Julie Powers
* Tennessee Thomas as Lynette Guycott
* Jean Yoon as Mrs. Chau
* Satya Bhabha as Matthew Patel
* Chris Evans as Lucas Lee
* Brandon Routh as Todd Ingram
* Mae Whitman as Roxanne "Roxie" Richter
* Shota Saito as Kyle Katayanagi
* Keita Saito as Ken Katayanagi
* Jason Schwartzman as Gideon Gordon Graves

## Reception
Ratings were positive for Scott Pilgrim vs. the World:

*Rotten Tomatoes - 80%
*Metacritic - 68 out of 100

Overall reception for the movie was mostly positive, with Rotten Tomatoes calling it “fast, funny, and inventive.”

## References
## Other websites
*Scott Pilgrim vs. the World's Official website
*
VG-lista

**VG-lista** is a Norwegian record chart. It is weekly presented in the newspaper *VG* and the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation program *Topp 20*.  It is considered the primary Norwegian record chart, charting albums and singles from countries around the world.  The data is collected by Nielsen Soundscan International and is based on the sales in about 100 shops in Norway.  The singles chart started as a top 10 chart in week 42, 1958 and was expanded to a top 20 chart in week 5, 1995. 

## Other websites 
* VG Lista Official website
* Norwegian Charts with archive and search
Yas Marina Circuit

The **Yas Marina Circuit** is a race track. The Abu Dhabi Grand Prix is held there. The track was designed by Hermann Tilke. It is on Yas Island, about 30 minutes from the capital of the UAE, Abu Dhabi. Yas Marina is the second Formula One track in the Middle East. The first was Bahrain. It also hosted the opening event for the Australian V8 Supercars series, the Yas V8 400, in February 2010.

## Design 
Yas Marina was designed as an Arabian version of Monaco. The track passes by the marina and through the Yas Marina Hotel, and winds its way through sand dunes, with several long straights and tight corners.

The circuit has four grandstand areas (Main Grandstand, West Grandstand, North Grandstand and South Grandstand).  Part of its pit lane exit runs underneath the track. It has Media Center, Dragster Track, VIP Tower, Ferrari World Theme Park, and a team building behind the pit building. One of the gravel traps runs underneath the West grandstand.

* Seating Capacity - 41,093
* Area - 161.9 ha
* Length - 5.5&nbsp;km

## Construction 
The circuit was built by Cebarco-WCT WLL, under contract from Aldar Properties. The circuit was constructed with a permanent lighting system provided by Musco Lighting, similar to that also installed at the Losail Circuit in Qatar. Yas Marina Circuit is the largest permanent sports venue lighting project in the world.

The surface of the track is made of Graywacke aggregate, shipped to Abu Dhabi from Bayston Hill quarry in Shropshire, England.  The surface material is highly praised for the high level of grip. The same material was used at the Bahrain International Circuit.

On 7 October 2009, the circuit was granted final approval to hold Formula One races by the FIA. Bruno Senna was the first driver to complete a test run on the circuit.

## Reception 
After the first practice sessions at the  Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, the circuit was welcomed by the drivers, with Nico Rosberg commenting that every corner was 'unique'. World Champion Fernando Alonso stating that it was enjoyable because there was always something to do. Adrian Sutil rated the circuit as being better than Formula One's other night race in Singapore. He believes there is too much light at Marina Bay.

Not all of the drivers were complimentary. Giancarlo Fisichella does not like the pit exit, which dips under the main circuit by way of a tunnel. Fisichella claimed that it was both very difficult and dangerous.

## Related pages
* Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
* Formula One
* List of Formula One circuits

## References 
## Other websites 
* Yas Marina Circuit 
* Herman Tilke - the track designer's page
* Yas Marina Circuit unveiled by Abu Dhabi
Austin Powers in Goldmember

***Austin Powers in Goldmember*** is the third movie in the *Austin Powers* movie series. It is a sequel to Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery and Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me.

It was released in 2002. The movie was produced by Toby Emmerich, Richard Brener, John S. Lyons, Eric McLeod, Demi Moore, Mike Myers, Jennifer Todd and Suzanne Todd and was directed by Jay Roach.

## Cast
* Mike Myers - Austin Powers, Goldmember, Dr. Evil, and Fat Bastard
* Beyoncé Knowles - Foxxy Cleopatra
* Michael York - Basil Exposition
* Michael Caine - Nigel Powers
* Robert Wagner - Number Two
* Seth Green - Scott Evil
* Verne Troyer - Mini-Me
* Mindy Sterling - Frau Farbissina
* Fred Savage - Number Three/Mole
* Masi Oka - The Japanese Copyright Guy
* Diane Mizota - Fook Mi
* Carrie Ann Inaba - Fook Yu
* Nobu Matsuhisa - Mr. Roboto
* Aaron Himelstein - young Austin Powers (from 1958)
* Josh Zuckerman - young Dr. Evil (from 1958)
* Eddie Adams - young Basil Exposition (from 1958)
* Evan Farmer - young Number Two (from 1958)
* Neil Mullarkey - physician
* Tiny Lister - a prisoner
* Jim Piddock - a headmaster
* Esther Scott - the judge
* Leyna Nguyen - an anchorwoman
* Jeanette Charles - Queen Elizabeth II
* Brian Tee - Japanese pedestrian ("Run! It's Godzilla!")
* Clint Howard - Radar Operator Johnson Ritter
* Michael McDonald - Royal Guard
* Donna D'Errico - a female vendor
* Greg Grunberg - the shirtless fan with the letter "T" (Greg's brother Brad Grunberg is the fan with the "A")
* Kinga Philipps - Young Mrs. Powers
* Scott Aukerman - Young Nigel Powers
* Kevin Stea - the assistant director of "Austinpussy" (and a dancer)
* Anna-Marie Goddard, Nina Kaczorowski, and Nikki Ziering - henchwomen
* Ming Tea - Themselves
* Susanna Hoffs - Gillian Shagwell
* Matthew Sweet - Sid Belvedere
* Christopher Ward - Trevor Algberth
* Nathan Lane - a mysterious disco man
* Katie Couric - a prison guard
* Kristen Johnston - a dancer at Austin's pad
* Kari Houghtaling - a dancer at Austin's pad

;Cameos
* Tom Cruise - himself as Austin Powers (during *Austinpussy*)
* Danny DeVito - himself as Mini-Me (during *Austinpussy*)
* Gwyneth Paltrow - herself as Dixie Normous (during *Austinpussy*)
* Kevin Spacey - himself as Dr. Evil (during *Austinpussy*)
* Steven Spielberg - himself
* Quincy Jones - himself
* John Travolta - himself as Goldmember (during the *Austinpussy* ending)
* Britney Spears - herself as Fembot ("Boys" music video)
* Ozzy Osbourne - himself
* Sharon Osbourne - herself
* Kelly Osbourne - herself
* Jack Osbourne - himself
* Willie Nelson - himself
* Burt Bacharach - himself (during the credits)

## Other websites
*Austin Powers' official website
*
ABS-CBN Corporation

**ABS-CBN Corporation** (also known as **ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation**) is a Filipino media company based in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is the largest media conglomerate in the Philippines. It is a subsidiary of Lopez Holdings Corporation which is owned by the López family of Iloilo. ABS-CBN was formed by the merger of **Alto Broadcasting System (ABS)** and **Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN)**.

## History
In 1946, when James Lindenberg was about to make it a radio called Bolinao Electronics Corporation, they settled all the equipment.

In 1950, James Lindenberg was been made a new transmitter using two mango trees and it been protected by lightning rod. And then in 1964, ABS-CBN was been first time using Color television.

On February 1, 1967, the company became known as ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. 

On August 2007, the conglomerate's primary name, along with the corporate name of the network of the same name, were changed to simply ABS-CBN Corporation to signify the former's diversification, with the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation name now being used secondarily and alternatively since then.

The main ABS-CBN Manila channel shut down on May 5, 2020 followed by ABS-CBN Regional channels on August 28 resulting from the non-renewal of its broadcast franchise on free television.

## Other websites
* Official website
I Me Mine

"**I Me Mine**" is a song by The Beatles, written and sung by George Harrison. *I Me Mine* is also the title of Harrison's autobiography. 

## Personnel
*George Harrison – vocal, harmony vocal, acoustic guitars, lead guitars
*Paul McCartney – harmony vocal, bass, Hammond organ, electric piano
*Ringo Starr – drums
*George Martin – producer
*Phil Spector – producer
*Phil MacDonald – engineer
*Peter Bown – engineer
*Uncredited – 18 violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos, 1 harp, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones
:Personnel per Ian MacDonald

## Notes
## References
* 
* 
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Satoru Sayama

(born November 24, 1957) is a Japanese professional wrestler, best known as the original Tiger Mask. He has wrestled under his real name as well as the names **Sammy Lee**, and masked **Super Tiger**, **Tiger King**, **(Original) Tiger Mask** and **The Mask of Tiger**. He is the only man to hold the WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship and the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship at the same time.

## In wrestling
***Finishing moves**
***Tiger suplex*

***Signature moves**
**Kneeling belly to belly piledriver
**Multiple kick variations
***Backflip
***Shoot followed by a spin followed by a jumping rolling sole
****Tiger feint* - innovated
****Tiger Wall Flip* (Corner backflip)
**Multiple suplex variations
***Double underhook
***German
***Underhook
**Rolling moonsault
**Surfboard
***Space Flying Tiger Drop* (Cartwheel plancha)
**Swan dive headbutt

## Championships and accomplishments
***Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre**
**NWA World Middleweight Championship (1 time)
**WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

***New Japan Pro Wrestling**
**NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
**WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

***Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards**
**5 Star Match (1983) vs. Dynamite Kid on April 23
**Best Flying Wrestler (1982, 1983)
**Best Technical Wrestler (1982, 1983)
**Match of the Year (1982) vs. Dynamite Kid, August 5, Tokyo, Japan
**Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
Happiness (movie)

***Happiness*** is a 1998 American comedy drama movie. It stars Jane Adams, Jon Lovitz, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Dylan Baker and Lara Flynn Boyle. It was directed by Todd Solondz. The movie was first rated NC-17. This caused problems with the advertising and distribution of the movie. Because of this, they chose to release the movie without any rating.

The movie was  for a Golden Globe Award for "Best Screenplay" (Todd Solondz).

## Other websites 
*
Cyprinus rubrofuscus

***Cyprinus rubrofuscus***, commonly known as **Amur carp**, is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus *Cyprinus*.

## References
Syncopation

**Syncopation** is music which creates rhythmical variation. Examples would be:
*A stress (accent) on a beat not usually stressed.
*A rest where there would normally be a beat.
*Use of split-beats.
*Minute delays or advances in the timing of beats.

"If a part of the measure (bar) that is usually unstressed is accented, the rhythm is considered to be syncopated".

More simply, syncopation is a general term for a disturbance or interruption of the regular flow of rhythm; a placement of rhythmic stresses or accents where they wouldn't normally occur.

Syncopation is used in many musical styles, and is fundamental in black-influenced styles such as jazz, ragtime, Cuban music, funk, ska, reggae, rap, jump blues, progressive rock, extreme metal, breakbeat, drum'n'bass, dubstep amd minimalism. "All dance music makes use of syncopation and it's often a vital element that helps tie the whole track together". In the form of a back beat, syncopation is used in virtually all popular music.

Syncopation has been an important element of musical composition since at least the Middle Ages. For some musical styles, such as jazz and ragtime, syncopation is an essential part of their character.

## References
Holocene extinction

is a bird that became extinct because of humans.]]

The **Holocene extinction** is the extinction of nearly all large mammal species after the end of the ice age. This was done by humans hunting the animals, and by climate change.

Habitat destruction and over-harvesting are two of the primary causes which drive species extinct in more recent times. The fundamental cause of this is the huge increase in human population since the agricultural revolution.

Forests and natural habitats have been greatly reduced throughout the world, and this has been the cause of many extinctions.

## References
Charlie Whiting

]]
**Charles Whiting** (12 August 1952 – 14 March 2019) was a British motorsports director. He served as the FIA Formula One Race Director, Safety Delegate, Permanent Starter and head of the F1 Technical Department. He mostly managed the logistics of each F1 Grand Prix, inspects cars before a race, enforces FIA rules, and controls the start of each race. He was born in Sevenoaks, Kent.

## Career history 
Whiting's first job was assisting his brother Nick in preparing race cars near the Brands Hatch racing circuit in England. In 1977, he joined Hesketh Racing at Easton Neston, near Silverstone. When the team folded, he joined Bernie Ecclestone's Brabham team. He become the chief mechanic for Nelson Piquet in  and  seasons. He later became chief engineer.

In , he became technical delegate to the FIA Formula One and in  he was appointed FIA Race Director and Safety Delegate.

## 2005 United States Grand Prix 
During the  United States Grand Prix, Whiting was involved in a tyre controversy. None of the tyres which Michelin had brought to Indianapolis were safe to use. Michelin was unable to produce new tyres to replace the seven teams' unsafe tyres. Michelin asked Whiting to install a chicane in Turn 13 of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway instead. Whiting refused to make the change. He said this would be unfair to the teams who were able to race safely on the existing track.

## Death 
On 14 March 2019, Whiting died of a pulmonary embolism in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He was 66.

## References
Glaciation

**Glaciation** is the forming of ice (glaciers) on land. It is related to the Milankovich theory.

## Causes of glaciation 
* A temperature decrease about 4-5o C around the world
* Changes in Earth's axial tilt

## References
Virgin Radio

**Virgin Radio** is a brand owned by the Virgin Group used by a number of different radio stations worldwide under licence from Virgin.  Virgin Radio stations in each country are usually owned independently of the Virgin Group.

The stations generally carry independent programming, but have access to some shared programming, usually linked to other Virgin entities such as the V Festival. Virgin Radio stations are normally classified as rock music or contemporary hit radio stations.

Stations include:
* France: Virgin Radio France
** *See also: Ouï FM*
* Canada (Toronto, ON): Virgin Radio 999
* Canada (Vancouver, BC): Virgin Radio 953
* Canada (Montreal, QC): Virgin Radio 96
* Canada (Calgary, AB): 98.5 Virgin Radio
* Canada (Ottawa, ON): Virgin Radio 1069
* Italy: Virgin Radio Italia
* Dubai, United Arab Emirates: Virgin Radio Dubai
* India: Virgin Radio India
* Thailand: Virgin Radio Thailand
* Turkey: Virgin Radio Turkey

Former stations:
* UK: Virgin Radio UK (renamed Absolute Radio on Monday 29 September 2008)
* UK: Virgin Radio Classic Rock (renamed Absolute Classic Rock on Monday 29 September 2008)
* UK: Virgin Radio Xtreme (renamed Absolute Xtreme on Monday 29 September 2008)
* UK: Virgin Radio Groove (Closed April 4, 2008)

## Other websites 
* Virgin Radio International - Virgin Group unit responsible for licensing the Virgin Radio brand
* Virgin Radio Canada
* Virgin Radio France 
* Virgin Radio Thailand 
** 95.5 Virgin Hitz 
** Eazy FM 105.5 
* Virgin Radio Dubai
* Virgin Radio Turkey
The Wall

***The Wall*** is the eleventh album by English progressive rock band Pink Floyd. It is a concept album that tells the story of Pink, a depressed rock star that uses his past traumas to build a mental wall of isolation to separate himself from the rest of the world. The album was made into a movie in 1982, and is one of the best selling albums of all time. 

## Track listing
## References
Parma, Ohio

**Parma** is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio in the Cuyahoga County. The population is 81,146 from the 2020 census but the city's peak population was in 1970 when the population was 100,216.

Parma was named after Parma, New York and the city was largely agricultural in the 19th century. Parma grew quickly after World War II when the young families began moving from Cleveland to the suburbs and during the Cold War Parma kept Nike missiles in underground silos.

WWE wrestler The Miz was born in Parma.

## References
## Other websites
*Official city website
American Gothic

***American Gothic*** is a painting made by Grant Wood. It was painted in the early 20th century. The painting is a father and daughter (not his wife as many people think) standing beside each other with the father holding a pitchfork in his hand standing in front of a house. The painting was painted on a beaverboard with oil and is currently on display in the Art Institute of Chicago.

## References
Keith Urban (album)

***Keith Urban*** is the second studio album by Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released on October 19, 1999. The producer of the album was Matt Rollings and Keith Urban. The song "But for the Grace of God" reached #1 on the Billboard while "Where the Blacktop Ends" reached #3, "Your Everything" reached #4 and "It's a Love Thing" reached #18.

## Singles from *Keith Urban* 
*1999 - "It's a Love Thing"
*2000 - "Your Everything"
*2000 - "But for the Grace of God"
*2001 - "Where the Blacktop Ends"
Golden Road (album)

***Golden Road*** is the third studio album by Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released on October 8, 2002. The producers of the album were Dan Huff and Keith Urban. The album stayed on the *Billboard* Hot Country Albums chart for 108 weeks peaking at #2 and peaked #11 on the *Billboard* 200. The album reached double Platinum in Canada selling 200,000 units.

## Singles from *Golden Road* 
*2002 - "Somebody Like You"
*2002 - "Raining on Sunday"
*2003 - "Who Wouldn't Wanna Be Me"
*2004 - "You'll Think of Me"
Al Snow

**Allen Ray Sarven** (born July 18, 1963 in Lima, Ohio) is an American professional wrestler, actor and trainer. He is best known for his time with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). Snow is currently working as a road agent for the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion, and also as a trainer for TNA's official developmental promotion of Ohio Valley Wrestling. He is also an actor, his upcoming projects are the horror films *Alice D* and *Lake Eerie*, starring Lance Henriksen.

## Championships
Snow has won many belts with different wrestling promotions:
***Border City Wrestling**
**BCW Can-Am Tag Team Championship (one time) with Denny Kass
***Global Wrestling Alliance**
**GWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**GWA Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**GWA Tag Team Championship (five times) with Mike Kelly
***Great Lakes Championship Wrestling**
**GLCW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
***Jersey All Pro Wrestling **
**JAPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Midwest Championship Wrestling**
**MCW-ICW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**MCW Midwest Tag Team Championship (two times)
**MCW Midwest Territorial Championship (one time)
**MCW-ICW United States Tag Team Championship (six times)
***Midwest Territorial Wrestling**
**MTW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
**MTW Tag Team Championship (two times) with Ray Roberts
***Motor City Wrestling**
**MCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
**MCW Tag Team Championship (one time) with Denny Kass
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**PWI ranked him #329 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003
***Smoky Mountain Wrestling**
**SMW Tag Team Championship (one time) - with Unabomb
***Top of the World Wresting**
**TOW World Tag Team Championship (one time) - with PCO
***USA Pro Wrestling**
**USA Pro Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***USA Xtreme Wrestling**
**UXW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
***Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards**
**Most Underrated Wrestler in 1996
**Worst Worked Match of the Year (1999) vs. the Big Boss Man in a Kennel from Hell match at Unforgiven
***World Wrestling Alliance**
**WWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) with Mickey Doyle
***World Wrestling Federation**
**WWF European Championship (one time)
**WWF Hardcore Championship (six times)
**WWF Tag Team Championship (one time) with Mankind
***Zona de Combate - Federacion Nacional de Lucha Libre (Chile)**
** ZDC Heavyweight Champion (one time)

## References
Be Here

***Be Here*** is the fourth studio album by New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released on September 21, 2004 in the United States and November 30, 2004 in Australia. The producer of the album was Dan Huff and Keith Urban. The songs "Days Go By", "Making Memories of Us" and "Better Life" all reached #1 on the Hot Country Songs chart "You're My Better Half" and "Tonight I Wanna Cry" peaked at #2 and "Live to Love Another Day" peaked at #48 and the album peaked at #1 on the Billboard Hot Country Albums chart and #3 on the Billboard 200. The album is certified triple  Platinum by the RIAA and is Urban's best selling record selling 3,639,000 units in the United States.

## Singles from *Be Here* 
*2004 - "Days Go By"
*2004 - "You're My Better Half"
*2005 - "Making Memorie of Us"
*2005 - "Better Life"
*2005 - "Tonight I Wanna Cry"
Love, Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing

***Love, Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing*** is the fifth studio album by New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released on November 7, 2006. The producers of the album was Dan Huff and Keith Urban. The album is certified double Multi-Platinum by the RIAA and Platinum by the RIAA. The album sold over 2,000,000 units in the United States and over 100,000 in Canada.

## Singles from *Love, Pain & the Whole Crazy Thing* 
*2006 - "Once in a Lifetime"
*2006 - "Stupid Boy"
*2007 - "I Told You So"
*2007 - "Everybody"
Defying Gravity (Keith Urban album)

***Defying Gravity*** is the fifth studio album by New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released on March 31, 2009. The producers of the album was Dan Huff and Keith Urban. The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200, peaked #1 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums and also peaked #1 on the Canadian Top Country Albums. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Album in 2009. The song "Kiss a Girl" peaked at #1 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and all the singles from the album peaked at #1 in either the United States or Canada.

## Singles from *Defying Gravity*
*2008 - "Sweet Thing"
*2009 - "Kiss a Girl"
*2009 - "Only You Can Love Me This Way"
*2009 - "'Til Summer Comes Around"
*2010 - "I'm In"
Keith Urban (1991 album)

***Keith Urban*** is the first studio album by Australian country singer Keith Urban. It was released in 1991. The producer of the album was Peter Blyton and Keith Urban.

## Track Listing for *Keith Urban*
#"Only You" - 3:35
#"Got It Bad" - 4:25
#"Blue Stranger" - 3:26
#"Without You" - 3:43
#"Arms of Mary" - 3:14
#"Yesterday" - 4:25
#"Don't Go" - 4:04
#"Hold On to Your Dreams" - 4:13
#"Lovin' on the Side" - 4:01
#"Future Plans" - 3:42
#"Love We Got Goin'" - 2:57
#"Clutterbilly" - 2:45
#"The River" - 4:52
#"What Love Is That Way" - 3:17
#"I Never Work on a Sunday" - 3:44
Superstar (movie)

***Superstar*** is a 1999 comedy movie and *Saturday Night Live* (*SNL*) spin-off. It is about a quirky, socially incompetent girl called Mary Katherine Gallagher. The character was created by the *SNL* star Molly Shannon. She was a recurring character on *SNL* in many skits. The story is about Mary Katherine trying to find her place in her Catholic high school. The movie was directed by a former *Kids in the Hall* member, Bruce McCulloch.

The movie stars the following people:
* Molly Shannon
* Will Ferrell
* Harland Williams
* Elaine Hendrix

Mark McKinney, who appeared in many of the Mary Katherine Gallagher *SNL* skits on television, also has a minor role as a priest.

Molly Shannon got a nomination for Blockbuster Entertainment Award "Favorite Actress - Comedy", but lost to Heather Graham in *Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me*.

## Plot
Mary Katherine Gallagher (Shannon) is an Irish-American Catholic school girl and social outcast in a Catholic high school. She wants to be a superstar, as she wants to get a kiss from Sky Corrigan (Ferrell). When Mary is sent to Special Education, she makes a new best friend, the tomboyish and equally socially-awkward Helen Lewengrub (Emmy Laybourne).

Mary sees her chance to become a superstar when her school promotes a talent show. She wants to try out, but Grandma Gallagher (Glynis Johns), did not want her to. Mary tries out anyway, and when she goes to sign up, a stereotypical cheerleader, Evian Carrie Graham (Elaine Hendrix), gets into a fight with her. The fight causes Evian and Sky to break up, and now Sky is a "single hunk of beefcake on the rebound". Mary is now determined to get in the talent show so Sky will notice her. When Grandma Gallagher finds out that her granddaughter got into the talent show, she finally tells the truth about how her parents died - they were stomped to death while performing in a Riverdance-like competition. That is why Grandma Gallagher was against her granddaughter performing.

However, Grandma Gallagher decides to help Mary do her act in the talent show, as long as she performs for herself. Mary and the other Special Education students spent days practicing. Mary wins the competition as well as Sky's heart. When she kisses Sky though, she discovers he is a horrible kisser and chooses to kiss her friend Slater (Harland Williams) instead.

## Cast
## Other websites
* 
*
Jessie Flower

**Jessie Flower** (aka Michaela Jill Murphy, born August 18, 1994 in Indiana) is an American voice actress. She is most well known as the voice of Toph in the Nickelodeon animated television series *Avatar: The Last Airbender*. She also voiced the character Meng in the season one episode "The Fortuneteller" and Peggy in *Random! Cartoons* episode Tiffany. Jessie has been in several movies, including *Meet the Robinsons*, *Over the Hedge*, *The Ant Bully*, *Finding Nemo*, and *Brother Bear 2*. She has also worked in anime, providing the English dub for Nasse in the Anime *Platinum End*.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Jessie Flower - Official Website
Daniel Hudson (baseball)

**Daniel Claiborne Hudson** (born March 9, 1987 in Lynchburg, Virginia) is an American baseball player. He currently plays as a pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Hudson formerly played for the Chicago White Sox from 2009-2010 and was traded to the Diamondbacks on July 30, 2010 along with minor league pitcher David Holmberg for Edwin Jackson.

## References
## Other websites
*Daniel Hudson at mlb.com
Santa Fe de Antioquia

***Santa Fe de Antioquia*** is a municipality in the Antioquia Department of Colombia. The city is located about 50 miles north of *Medellin*, the department capital. It has a population of about 23,000 residents.

## History
It was founded by the name *Villa de Santafé* in 1541 by Jorge Robledo on the western bank of the Cauca River. It received the coat of arms and the title of *City of Antioquia* from King Philip II of Spain in 1545. It was promoted to the status of parish in 1547 by the bishop of Popayán. It changed its name in 1584 when it became the capital of Antioquia. It was a mining town from its beginnings and the gold mining operation has been the base of its economy.

Its cathedral was constructed in 1799 and elevated to Diocese of Antioquia in 1804 by Pope Pius VII. In 1813 Antioquia was declared a sovereign and independent state with Santa Fe as its capital, a status it maintained until 1826, when Medellín was chosen as the new departmental seat. Due to the state of conservation of its colonial architecture, it was declared a national monument in 1960.

## Geography
The municipal area has a mountainous territory within the Central Cordillera of the Andes and watered by the rivers Cauca and Tonusco. Its area is 493&nbsp;km².

## Economy
The economy of *Santa Fe de Antioquia* is based on agriculture. The main products made are coffee, maize and beans.

## Tourism
Tourism was, and continues to be one of the more important economic enterprises for the municipality. The opening of the *Tunnel of the West* (which shortens the time and the distance between the locality and Medellín) in 2006 has allowed hundreds of tourists to come each weekend, stimulating the vocation of the vicinity as a summer vacation site.

### Sites of Interest
All of the town is a historical site; the architecture that has survived through the years gives *Santa Fe de Antioquia* the aspect of a city "suspended" in the colonial era, which is the reason the city was declared a National monument.

*Bridge of the West (National Monument)
*Metropolitan Cathedral
*Archiepiscopal Palace
*Plaza Mayor Juan de Corral
*Museum of Religious Art
*The House of the Two Palms
*La Playita (Famous Ranch To The South of the Plaza)
*Tonusco Campestre

## Other websites
http://www.medellintraveler.com/Cinema.html 
*City of Santa Fe de Antioquia official government website 
*Gallería de Imágenes
Ethan Spaulding

**Ethan Spaulding** is a crew person on the animated television series *Avatar: The Last Airbender*. He directed twelve episodes, and held various crew positions on several others.
Jeremy Zuckerman

.]]
**Jeremy Zuckerman** is an American composer and musician. He has studied at Berklee College of Music, Boston, and California Institute of the Arts. He is mostly known for composing the score of Avatar: The Last Airbender. He has also collaborated with David Lee Roth.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Interview with the Track Team at Soundtrack.net
* Interview with the Track Team  at AvatarSpirit.Net 
* Interview With Jeremy Zuckerman Composer of Avatar The Last Airbender Soundtrack  at AvatarTheLastAirbenderOnline.com
Fuck the World (Insane Clown Posse song)

"**Fuck the World**" is a 1999 midwest hip hop song by the American Horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse and is the second single from their fifth studio album *The Amazing Jeckel Brothers*, which was released in 1999. The song was produced by Insane Clown Posse and Mike Clark and also written by Mike E. Clark and ICP.

The song is notable for using the curse word, "fuck" 95 times even though the song claims to have said it 93 times. Insane Clown Posse to vent their anger. They were angry because Disney pressured their label, Hollywood Records, to drop them. Disney had been getting a lot of anger from the Southern Baptist Church because they had been hosting Gay Days at Disneyland.

The people they cursed in the song were: Beastie Boys, the Dalai Lama, Forrest Gump, Oprah Winfrey, Kyle Petty, Tom Petty, Fred Bear, Ted Nugent, The Count of Monte Cristo, Cisco, Jack Brisco, Jerry Brisco, RMS Titanic, Celine Dion, Dionne Warwick, Berlin Wall, Lyle Lovett (claiming "Whoever the fuck that is"), Jumpsteady, Rocky Maivia, Spin, Rolling Stone, VIBE, and Violent J.

## References
## Other websites
*
Cricket Leigh

**Cricket Leigh** is an American actress. Cricket was born in Michigan, raised in Chicago and graduated from New York University before moving to Los Angeles.  She played all eight characters in, and wrote *Constantly Distracted* in 2005. She also played Alma on *Pop Tarts* in 1999. In 2002, Cricket Leigh voiced Tangier in *Red Faction 2*. In 2003, she played Mala in *Terra*. She played Bernice on *Boys & Girls Guide To Getting Down* in 2006. She began voicing Mai in *Avatar: The Last Airbender* in seasons 2 and 3. As of 2007, she provided the voice of Basil in Capcom's 3rd-person action game *Lost Planet: Extreme Condition*.

## Other websites
*
Greg Baldwin

**Greg Baldwin** (born September 13, 1960 in Grants, New Mexico) is an American actor and voice actor. Raised in Spring, Texas, he currently lives in the San Fernando Valley with Melissa Baldwin twenty-five year old wife and their two children, Sydney and Cooper.

He has worked in the theatre extensively, appearing as (among others) Mushnik in *Little Shop Of Horrors*, Dr. Zubritsky in Neil Simon's *Fools* and Count Otto Von Bruno in *Bullshot Crummond.* He is also a voice actor, with some of his roles including Boris The Cosmonaut Monkey in *Brandy & Mr. Whiskers,* Daddy Bailey in *Xiaolin Showdown* and Jack M. Crazyfish in *Spongebob SquarePants.*  His voice can also be heard in many video games, such as *Rainbow 6: Lockdown*, *F.E.A.R.* and *Bioshock*, among others.  He was chosen to take over the roles of Iroh on *Avatar: The Last Airbender* and Aku of the final season of *Samurai Jack* after the death of the original voice actor, Mako. He also voices the ancient Jedi Master Tera Sinube on *Star Wars: The Clone Wars*.
  
Greg Baldwin attended the University of Houston.

## Other websites
* 
*
DVD Talk

**DVD Talk** is a website for DVD enthusiasts founded in January 1999 by Geoffrey Kleinman  when DVDs and DVD players were first beginning to hit the market.

## References
## Other websites
* DVD Talk
* DVD Talk Radio
* XCritic
* On the Web, Price Tags Blur
* DVDs Don't Be Duped - Star Tribune
Olivia Hack

**Olivia Hack** (born June 16, 1983) is an American voice actress and comedienne, best known for providing to be replacing the recently departed Devyn Puett (1992-1993 and 1995 cameo voice actress) for providing the voice of Rhonda Wellington Lloyd in Nickelodeon's *Hey Arnold!*, and played Cindy Brady in the 1995-1996 theatrical *Brady Bunch* films. She has also done voices for *Fillmore!*, *Bratz* as Cloe, *Family Guy*, *Avatar: The Last Airbender* as Ty Lee, and *Open Season 2* as Charlene. She appeared in *Star Trek Generations*, *Party of Five*, and *Gilmore Girls*. She was born in Beverly Hills, California.

## Filmography
* 1994 - *Star Trek Generations*
* 1995-1996 - *The Brady Bunch Movie*-*A Very Brady Sequel* as Cindy Brady
* 1995-2004 - Seasons 1, Episode 4-5 of *Hey Arnold!* as Rhonda Wellington Lloyd and Mary
* 1997 - *Touched by an Angel*
* 1997, 2001, 2003 and 2005 and 2007 - *Rugrats*-*All Grown Up!* as Angelica Pickles (Singing)
* 1998 - *Party of Five*
* 1999 - *Two of a Kind*
* 1999 - *The Kids from Room 402* as Gabrielle
* 1999-2000 - *Freaks and Geeks* as Mathlete
* 1999-2000 - *Rocket Power*
* 1999-2005 - *Family Guy*
* 2000 - *Hey Arnold* - "Sid the Vampire Slayer" as The Screaming like a big girl Woman in the Black and White Vampire Movie
* 2002 - *Hey Arnold: The Movie* as Rhonda
* 2002 - *Any Day Now (TV series) as Young M.E.
* 2002 - *Fillmore!*
* 2004 - *Gilmore Girls* as Tanna Schrick
* 2005 - *Bratz* as Cloe (both movie and TV show versions)
* 2005 - *Avatar: The Last Airbender* as Ty Lee
* 2008 - *Open Season 2* as Charlene
* 2009-2010 - *Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo (Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Pilot Episode)'' as Treena

## Other websites 
*
Joaquim Dos Santos

**Joaquim Dos Santos** is an American television director of animated cartoons, best known for his directing work on *Justice League Unlimited*.

## Career
* *Justice League*
* *Avatar: The Last Airbender*
* *G.I. Joe: Resolute*
* *Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths*
* *Batman: Under the Red Hood*
* ''Avatar: The Legend of Korra

## Other websites
* 
* Joaquim Dos Santos at DeviantArt 
* Joaquim Dos Santos' blog
* Interview with Joaquim Dos Santos about his work on *Avatar* 
* More information about "G.I. Joe: Resolute"
BuddyTV

**BuddyTV** is an entertainment-based website based in Seattle, Washington. It creates content about television programs and sporting events. The website publishes information about celebrity and related entertainment news through a series of articles, entertainment profiles, actor biographies and user forums.

## References
## Other websites
*BuddyTV Official website
*Listing of top 10 Seattle startups 
*Crunchbase profile
Cliff Curtis

**Clifford Vivian Devon "Cliff" Curtis ** (born 27 July 1968 in Rotorua, New Zealand) is a New Zealand actor. Curtis has been in many different movies as well as television shows. Curtis started acting musicals like *Fiddler on the Roof* and *Man of La Mancha*. Curtis made his big screen debut in the Oscar-nominated film, *The Piano*.

Curtis was born to an amateur dancer and is one of nine children. Curtis is married. He has two children.

## Filmography
### Movies
Curtis has acted in many movies:

### Television
Curtis has also acted in television series:

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Cliff Curtis at TVGuide.com