open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yair Auron

**Yair Auron** (, ''Ya'ir Oron''; born April 30, 1945) is an Israeli historian, scholar and expert specializing  on Holocaust and Genocide studies, racism and contemporary Jewry. Since 2005 he is the head of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and Communication, The Open University of Israel, Associate Professor.
 
## Biography
From 1974 to 1976 Auron worked as the Director of the Education Department, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, in the 1980s he was a researcher of the Center for Jewish Education, Hebrew University and Academic director of European Section, The Israel Diaspora Institute, Tel-Aviv University. In 1996-1999 he was a Senior Lecturer in College of Yezreel, Head of the Division of Cultural Studies.
 
## Books
* Jewish-Israeli Identity, Sifriat Poalim (with Kibutzim College of Education), Tel-Aviv, 1993, 204 pp. (Hebrew).
* The Banality of Indifference: The Attitude of the Yishuv and the Zionist Movement to the Armenian Genocide, Dvir (with Kibutzim College of Education), Tel-Aviv, 1995, 395 pp. (Hebrew).
* Les Juifs d’Extrême Gauche en Mai 68, Albin Michel, Paris, 1998, 335 pp.
* We are all German Jews: Jewish Radicals in France During the Sixties and Seventies, Am Oved (with Tel-Aviv University and Ben-Gurion University ), Tel-Aviv, 1999, 288 pp. (Hebrew, translation of the French edition, with revisions).
* The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2000, 405 pp. (translation of the Hebrew edition, with revisions and adaptations). Second Edition, Transaction Publishers, 2001; Third Edition, 2003.
* The Banality of Denial, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2003, 338 pp.
* Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide, Maba, Tel Aviv, 2005 [Hebrew edition, with revisions and adaptations].
* The Pain of Knowledge - Holocaust and Genocide issues in Education, Transaction, New Brunswick, 2005. A German edition was published by Der Schmerz des Wissens, Verlag Edition AV, Lich/Hessen, 2005.

## Other websites
*Prof. Yair Auron 
*Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel Armenian Studies Program
Dippoldiswalde

**Dippoldiswalde** is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was the capital city of the Weißeritzkreis district. Today, Dippoldiswalde is a city in Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Rural District. It is  east of Freiberg, and  south of Dresden.

The town is on the Weisseritz railway, a narrow gauge railway powered by steam locomotives.

## References
## Other websites
Großenhain

**Großenhain** is the capital of the Riesa-Großenhain Rural District, Saxony, Germany.

## History
Großenhain was originally a Sorbian settlement. It was first mentioned in 1205.

## Geography
Großenhain is on the river Röder,  northwest of Dresden, and  east of Riesa.

It is also on Via Regia from Görlitz to Santiago de Compostela.
### Localities
## Famous people
* Karl Benjamin Preusker (1786-1871): Founder of the first public library in Germany (1828)
* Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918): German fighter pilot known as *The Red Baron*, was trained at the local airport
* Corinna Harfouch (born 1954): German actress, spent her childhood in Großenhain
* Heino (born 1938): German schlager artist, spent his childhood in Großenhain

## References
## Other websites
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler

***From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler*** is a novel by E. L. Konigsburg that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1968.

## Story
This book tells the story of Claudia Kincaid, an 11-year-old girl who feels unappreciated by her parents.  She decides to run away from home just long enough to show her family what they would be missing without her.  Unfortunately, she does not enjoy hardship or discomfort, so running away has lots of problems.  To solve this problem, Claudia decides to stay at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. She tells her brother Jamie to accompany her: he's quiet, but most importantly, he has a secret stash of cash he's gotten by cheating at card games with his best friend, Bruce.

Much of the first part of the novel details how Claudia and Jamie settle in at the museum: blending in with school groups on field trips during the day to get a free presentation, hiding in the restroom at closing time to stay there, and emerging at night to bathe in the fountain and sleep on antique beds.  During their stay, they become fascinated with the newest exhibit: a beautiful statue of an angel, thought to have been crafted by Michelangelo.  Their time and money are spent trying to find the secret of the statue, hidden somewhere in the unorganized files of the statue's old owner, Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, who lives in Farmington, Connecticut.
She says,"You can know the secret only if you can find the truth from my mixed up files." They find the truth under the file "Bologna". They go home, and by their choice, Jamie and Claudia turn out to be the grandchildren of Mrs Frankweiler's lawyer, Saxonberg.

## In other media
This novel was made into a movie in 1973, starring Ingrid Bergman in the title role. It later became a made-for-TV movie in 1995, starring Lauren Bacall in the title role.

In the television series *The Simpsons*, the plot was mimicked in the episodes "Smart and Smarter," in which Lisa hides in a local science museum in embarrassment at finding her baby sister is smarter than she, and the episode "Last Tap Dance in Springfield" features Bart and Milhouse hiding out in the shopping mall for one week while on a camping trip. The movie *The Royal Tenenbaums* has a scene in which characters Margot and Richie hide in a museum; in the movie's DVD commentary, Wes Anderson states that this was an homage to the novel, the aquarium.

## References
## Other websites
* E.L. Konigsburg at Houghton Mifflin Eduplace website
Citizenship of the European Union

**Citizenship of the European Union** was started by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992. It is extra to being a citizen of one of the member countries of the European Union, and gives extra rights to nationals of European Union Member States.

## History 
Before the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the European Communities treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the European Coal and Steel Community was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951. This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the Treaty of Rome. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely.

The European Court of Justice took a wider idea of freedom of movement.  The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working. The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a worker wanted to move abroad does not matter,

Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country.

## Start of EU Citizenship 
The idea of EU citizenship was started by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of Amsterdam. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it.

## Who is an EU citizen? 
Article 17 (1) of the amended EC Treaty states that Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State  shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship.

## Rights of EU citizens 
### Specific rights 
The amended EC Treaty
* The right to contact the EU bodies in one of the official languages and to get a reply in that same language (Article 21); and
* The right to get European Parliament, Council and Commission documents (Article 255).

Citizens of new countries which join the EU can have some of the rights limited for up to seven years after they join.

## Brexit 
The United Kingdom  has left the European Union. It is still unclear whether UK citizens will continue to enjoy EU citizenships after Brexit.

## Related pages
* Treaty of Lisbon

## Further reading 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## References
Complicated

"**Complicated**" was the first and perhaps the most popular song sung by Avril Lavigne. It was released in 2002. It was on her album *Let Go*. Other songs on the same CD single are "I Don't Give" and additional "Why"  on maxi-cds.   
It was at one point #1 in the charts in Canada, UK, Australia and the US. She was 17 when she sang it and she and her band wrote it together.
Geneva (disambiguation)

Geneva is a city in Switzerland.

**Geneva** may also refer to:

* the Geneva Conventions, a set of international treaties
* Canton of Geneva, of which Geneva is the *chef-lieu*
* The Geneva Organization, a national real estate wealth management company
* Lake Geneva, on which Geneva is located
* Geneva (band), a Britpop band from the mid 1990s
* Geneva College, a private liberal arts college in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States.
* Geneva (album), an album by early 1980's pop group Love Of Life Orchestra
* Geneva Steel, World War II era steel factory built on Utah Lake in Vineyard, Utah.

## United States
**Geneva** can also be these places in the United States:
*Geneva, Alabama, seat of Geneva County, Alabama (approx. population in 2000: 4,400)
*Geneva, Florida (2,600)
*Geneva, Georgia (100)
*Geneva, Illinois (19,500)
*Geneva, Indiana (1,300)
*Geneva, Iowa (200)
*Geneva Township, Michigan:
**Geneva Township, Midland County, Michigan (1,100)
**Geneva Township, Van Buren County, Michigan (4,000)
*Geneva, Minnesota
**Geneva, Minnesota (400)
**Geneva Township, Minnesota (400)
*Geneva, Nebraska (2,200)
*Geneva, New York includes:
**Geneva (city), New York (13,500)
**Geneva (town), New York (3,000)
*Geneva, Ohio
**Geneva, Ohio (6,500)
**Geneva-on-the-Lake, Ohio (1,500)
**Geneva Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio
*Geneva, Pennsylvania (100)
*Geneva, Washington (2,000)
*Geneva, Wisconsin:
**Geneva, Wisconsin (4,000)
**Lake Geneva, Wisconsin (7,100), for the town and lake.
Navel piercing

A **navel piercing** is type of piercing to the bellybutton. It is the second most popular piercing, next to ear piercing. It is considered a form of body art. There can be multiple piercings and it is possible to change rings, depending on how you pierce it. 
This piercing can be done at any angle where there is a clear flap of skin, but the most common navel piercing is through the upper rim of the navel.

Healing usually takes around 6–12 months, but is different for each person due to differences in their body.

## Gallery

File:My navel piercing.png|A navel piercing
File:עגיל בתבור.jpg|A navel piercing with white closures
File:Caribicbauch02.jpg|A navel piercing with several pieces of jewelry attached
File:Double navel piercing.png|A double navel piercing
File:Nude in Public 08117.jpg|A navel piercing with a chain attached

## Related pages 
* Nipple piercing
* Genital piercing
* Jewellery

## References
624 Hektor

**624 Hektor** is the biggest of the Jovian Trojan asteroids. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff.

Hektor is a D-type asteroid, dark and reddish in colour. It lies in Jupiter's leading Lagrangian point, L4, called the 'Greek' node after one of the two sides in the legendary Trojan War. Ironically, Hektor is named after the Trojan hero Hektor, and is thus one of two Trojan asteroids that is "misplaced" in the wrong camp (the other being 617 Patroclus in the Trojan node).

Hektor is one of the most stretched bodies of its size in the solar system, being 370 × 200&nbsp;km. It is thought that Hektor might be a contact binary (two asteroids joined by gravitational attraction) like 216 Kleopatra. Hubble Space Telescope sightings of Hektor in 1993 did not show an obvious stretched shape because of a limited angular resolution.  On July 17, 2006, the Keck-10m II telescope and its Laser guide star Adaptive Optics (AO) system indicated a stretched shape for Hektor. Additionally, since this AO system provides an excellent and stable correction (angular resolution of 0.060 arcsec in K band), a 15-km moon at 1000&nbsp;km from Hektor was found. The moon's provisional designation is S/2006 (624) 1.  Hektor is, so far, the only known binary Trojan asteroid in the L4 point and the first Trojan with a moon. 617 Patroclus, another big Trojan asteroid in the L5, is made of two same-sized asteroids.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1995 movie)

***From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler*** is a 1995 television movie based on E. L. Konigsburg's novel *From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler*. The story is about a girl and her brother who run away from home to live in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and find what they think is a lost treasure. The children, Claudia and Jamie, are amazed with the treasure and would not leave without knowing what its secret is. Lauren Bacall stars in the title role.

Before this movie, the book was made into a 1973 feature movie starring Ingrid Bergman, later released on home video as *The Hideaways*.

## Cast
* Lauren Bacall as Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler
* Jean Marie Barnwell as Claudia Eleanor Kincaid
* Jesse Lee Soffer as James Lincoln "Jamie" Kincaid
* Miriam Flynn as Evelyn Kincaid
* Mark L. Taylor as Ralph Kincaid
* M. Emmet Walsh as Morris
* Devon Gummersall as Steve Kincaid
* Del Hunter-White as Cora
* Warren Munson as Mr. Jordan
* Everett Wong as Bruce
* Tim Haldeman as Herbert
* El Konigsburg as Sarah

## Other websites
*
Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards

The **Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards** or simply **Golden Horse** is a movie festival and awards ceremony held annually in Taiwan. The ceremony usually takes place in November or December in Taipei.

The awards, contested by movies submitted from Taiwan, Hong Kong, China and elsewhere, are generally held to be the most prestigious for Chinese language movies outside the People's Republic of China. The awards ceremony is held after the month-long movie festival, which showcases some of the nominated movies for the awards. 

Winners are selected by a jury of judges during the week before the ceremony is held. Winners are awarded with a golden horse statuette.

Under current rules and regulations, every movie made primarily in any dialect of Chinese language is eligible for competition. Since 1996, almost any artist or movie from mainland China was allowed to enter the movie  festival.

## Awards ceremonies
## Award categories
### Current categories
### Old categories
## References
## Other websites 
* 金馬獎官方網站 Golden Horse Official Website
* The 42nd Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards 
* Cri.CN 
* Golden Horse 2005 
* Golden Horse 2004
Flag of Brazil

For the all of them see List of Brazilian flags

The **Brazilian Flag** is the flag of Brazil. It is the flag that has gone through the most changes and the current flag was made and used in May of 1992, and still use it today.

## Flag 
It has gone through changes many times, changes including stars, colour and other things.

 The Empire Flag, September 18, 1822–November 15, 1889]]

A list of constellations and stars on the map:
# Procyon (α Canis Minoris),
# Canis Major, with the largest star depicting Sirius,
# Canopus (α Carinae),
# Spica (α Virginis)
# Hydra
# Crux
# Sigma Octantis (σ Octantis; south pole star)
# Triangulum Australe
# Scorpius, with the largest star depicting Antares

Image:Cross of the Military Order of Christ.svg|Military Order of Christ Flag (1332–1651)
Image:Flag Portugal sea (1500).svg|Royal Flag (1500–1521)
Image:Flag Portugal (1495).svg|Dom John III Flag (1521–1616)
Image:Flag Portugal (1616).svg|Spanish Domain Flag (1616–1640)
Image:Flag of John IV of Portugal during the Restoration War.svg|Restoration Flag (1640–1683)
Image:Flag Princes of Brazil.svg|Flag of the Principality of Brazil (1645–1816)
Image:Flag Peter II of Portugal.svg|Dom Peter II Flag (1683–1706)
Image:Flag John V of Portugal.svg|Dom John V Flag (1707–1750)
Image:Flag John V of Portugal with Order of Christ.svg|Royal Flag (1600–1700)
Image:Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.svg|United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1816–1821)
Image:Flag Kingdom of Brazil.svg|Flag of the Kingdom of Brazil, in the United Kingdom (1816–1821)
Image:Flag Portugal sea (1830).svg|Flag of Constitutional Regime (1821–September 18, 1822)
Image:Flag Regent Prince of Brazil.svg|Flag of the independent Brazilian Kingdom (September 18, 1822–December 1, 1822)
Image:Flag of Empire of Brazil (1822-1870).svg|First Imperial Flag (December 1, 1822–c. 1870)
Image:Flag of Empire of Brazil (1870-1889).svg|Second Imperial Flag (c. 1870–November 15, 1889)
Image:Flag of Brazil 15-19 November.svg|First Flag of Republic of the United States of Brazil (November 15, 1889–November 19, 1889)
Image:Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|Second Flag of Republic of the United States of Brazil (November 19, 1889–April 14, 1960).
Image:Flag of Brazil (1960-1968).svg|Third Flag of Republic of the United States of Brazil (April 14, 1960–May 28, 1968).
Image:Flag of Brazil (1968-1992).svg|First Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil (May 28, 1968–May 11, 1992).
Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|Second Flag of the Federative Republic of Brazil (May 11, 1992–Present).
Survivor's Law II

'''''Survivor's Law II'''* is a Chinese TV drama series. It aired in Hong Kong starting 24 December 2007 and ending 18 January 2008. It is the sequel to the 2003 series *Survivor's Law''. However, three members of the original cast did not appear in this sequel due.

## Plot synopsis
MK Sun (real name Sun Man Kwan) was a teenager who once stopped a drug smuggler, but then was wrongly accused of being the one taking drugs. Despite his background, he hired a famous lawyer to help him and not surprisingly, he won. The lawyer, named Brandon, became his idol, and MK Sun grew up to be a lawyer.

Years later, MK was trying to get a job in his idol's company, T&B. He beats Brandon's wife, Brenda in a case, and started working there. There he meets a stubborn, rich, and spoiled girl named Lily, who only cares about her self and appearnace. They became enemies because of each other's backgrounds and attitudes.

MK then meets Vincent. Vincent thought of MK as ghetto, but soon realizes he was wrong. After having a fight with him in soccer, Vincent punched the umpire but MK Sun took the blame. Soon, they become friends.

After splitting with his former girlfriend Jessica, Vincent falls in love with a coffee shop girl called Choi Yuk. Vincent had his license for being a lawyer taken away for three years and could not get his license back yet. After getting a chance to work again and start a new refreshing career, he started only caring for himself. He was so determined that he went against Choi Yuk and her family, and even MK. Choi Yuk thought he betrayed them and only cared about himself so she ended the relationship.

After a while, Lily and MK start to have feelings for each other and eventually get married in court.

Soon, Choi Yuk gets into hospital after taking a beating in the head by someone and falling into a coma, and gives birth to a baby boy Jophy. Vincent then gets hit in the head when Choi Yuk wakes up and loses his memory. However, to prevent Choi Yuk from despairing too much from not remembering her and Jophy, he proposes and they get married.

Vincent never regains his memory and ends up working in the shop with Choi Yuk. MK and Lily share a happy and playful relationship.

## Cast
* Kenneth Ma as MK Sun (Sun Man Kwan)
* Sammul Chan as Vincent Cheuk (Cheuk Wai Ming)
* Ella Koon as Lily Suen (Suen Lei Lei)
* Selena Li as Chang Choi Yuk
* Waise Lee as Brandon
* Rebecca Chan as Brenda
* Kwok Fung as Suen Bak To
* Queenie Chu as Noel Kan Ming Wei
* June Chan as Lai Na
* Power Chan as Sun Man Kam
* Yoyo Chen as Stephy
* Sharon Luk as Vice Principal
* Bernice Liu as Jessica

## Ratings 
* Week 1 (Episodes 1-5): 26 points
* Week 2 (Episodes 6-9): 29 points, peaking at 31 points
* Week 3 (Episodes 10-15): 31 points
* Week 4 (Episodes 16-20): 31 points, peaking at 37 points

## References
* Official Web Site 
* K for TVB Synopsis and Screenpcaptures
Benedictine

by Fra Angelico]]
The word **Benedictine** usually refers to a follower of the **Order of Saint Benedict**. These people usually lead a life in an abbey. They follow the rule of Benedict of Nursia. Benedict lived in the 6th century. He made some rules, called the Rule of St Benedict these people follow. The rules can be summed up by *pax* (*peace*) and *ora et labora* (*pray and work*). 

Most Benedictines see themselves as part of the Catholic Church. Some can also be found in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Church. Officially, the order is known as *Ordo Sancti Benedicti* (*OSB*).
Franciscan

]]
The word **Franciscan** refers to followers of one of the religious orders that follow the Rule of St Francis. Saint Francis of Assisi lived in the 13th century. Franciscans usually lead simple lives without much money. Today, there are three main branches of these orders. They mostly see themselves as part of the Roman Catholic or Anglican Church. There are also small communities in the Old Catholic and Protestant Church.
Golden Melody Awards

**The Golden Melody Awards** () or sometimes shortened to just **Golden Melody** are music awards annually presented in Taiwan. The Awards began in 1990.

## Categories for Awards 
:The following awards are currently presented yearly since the 2017 (28th Edition) revision.
:Vocal category (record label)
:* Album Of The Year*
:* Song Of The Year
:* Best Mandarin Album
:* Best Taiwanese Album
:* Best Hakka Album
:* Best Indigenous Language Album
:* Best Music Video
:
:Vocal category (individual accolade)
:* Best Composition
:* Best Lyrics
:* Best Music Arrangement
:* Best Album Producer
:* Best Song Producer
:* Best Male Mandarin Singer
:* Best Female Mandarin Singer
:* Best Male Taiwanese Singer
:* Best Female Taiwanese Singer
:* Best Hakka Singer
:* Best Indigenous Language Singer
:* Best Band
:* Best Vocal Group
:* Best New Talent
:
:Instrumental
:* Best Instrumental Album
:* Best Instrumental Album Producer
:* Best Instrumental Composer
:
:Technical
:* Best Instrumental Album Recording
:* Best Vocal Album Recording
:
:Special
:* Special Contribution Award (1 or 2)
:* Jury Award (presented when at least 2/3 of the jurors cast their vote for an album)

 All the Best Album (Mandarin, Taiwanese, Hakka and Indigenous Language) in the Vocal Category (record label) are nominated for Album of the Year. 

 Only Abao (Aljenljien Tjaluvie) and Tanya Chua won Best Album and Album of the Year on the year they were nominated (2020 and 2022 respectively)

## Other websites 
* Official website at the Government Information Office 

### References
Ella Koon

**Ella Koon**, real name **Ianna Koon**, is a Chinese singer, actress and model.  She was born in Tahiti, French Polynesia, and was raised in Hong Kong, where she is currently based.

She speaks Cantonese, English, French and Mandarin languages.

## Life 
### Early career 
After finishing high school in Birmingham, England, she began her career as a model in 2000. She debuted into the film industry in the romance movie *I Do*. 

### Later career 
In 2004, she started her singing career and released her debut ***Original (album)***. In early 2005, She participated in the TVB show *Hotel Situation*. Her second album *Ellacadabra* was released in late 2005. In mid-2005, Koon starred in the TVB's series *Revolving Doors of Vengeance (酒店風雲)*, making her a well-known actress as well. She also starred in ''Survivor's Law II'' in 2007.

## Discography
*Original (2004)
*Ellacadabra (2005)
*Lose Sanity: 失常 (2006)
*Stages (2008)
*Being (2010)
*Take a Shine To... (2011)

## References and other websites
*Ella's Official Blog 
*Takungpao.com 
*Ella in Pinkwork City (when she was a newcomer)
*Ella Interview with Sound & Video
The Best Damn Thing

***The Best Damn Thing*** is an album and hit song by musical artist Avril Lavigne. It was released April 17, 2007. The lead single off the album, "Girlfriend" was released on February 27, 2007. The song was very successful and peaked in a lot of countries #1. This was Lavigne's first Billboard Hot 100 chart number one. The second single, "When You're Gone" was released on June 19, 2007. The song was quite successful, peaking at #3 on the UK Singles Chart. The third single, "Hot" was released on October 2, 2007. The song was unsuccessful in the U.S, it debuted two months after its release on the Billboard Hot 100 at #95. But the song was successful in Canada, it peaked at #10 on the Canadian Hot 100. The fourth and final single from the album was "The Best Damn Thing". It was released on June 24, 2008. The single was not very successful, it peaked at #76 on the Canadian Hot 100. The Best Damn Thing sold 6 million copies worldwide.

## Track listing 
### Original / Deluxe Edition 
;CD
# "Girlfriend" (Avril Lavigne, Lukasz Gottwald) 3:37
# "I Can Do Better" (Lavigne, Gottwald) 3:17
# "Runaway" (Lavigne, Gottwald, Kara DioGuardi) 3:48
# "The Best Damn Thing" (Lavigne, Butch Walker) 3:10
# "When You're Gone" (Lavigne, Walker) 4:00
# "Everything Back But You" (Lavigne, Walker) 3:03
# "Hot" (Lavigne, Evan Taubenfeld) 3:23
# "Innocence" (Lavigne, Taubenfeld) 3:53
# "I Don't Have to Try" (Lavigne, Gottwald) 3:17
# "One of Those Girls" (Lavigne, Taubenfeld) 2:56
# "Contagious" (Lavigne, Taubenfeld) 2:10
# "Keep Holding On" (Lavigne, Gottwald) 4:00

;Deluxe Edition Bonus DVD
# "The Making of *The Best Damn Thing*"
# "Photo Gallery"

### Limited Edition 
;CD
# "Girlfriend" (explicit) 3:37
# "I Can Do Better" (explicit) 3:17
# "Runaway" 3:48
# "The Best Damn Thing" 3:10
# "When You're Gone" 4:00
# "Everything Back But You" (explicit) 3:03
# "Hot" 3:23
# "Innocence" 3:53
# "I Don't Have to Try" (explicit) 3:17
# "One of Those Girls" 2:56
# "Contagious" 2:10
# "Keep Holding On" 4:00
# "Alone"1 (Avril Lavigne, Lukasz Gottwald, Max Martin) 3:14
# "I Will Be" (Avril Lavigne, Lukasz Gottwald, Max Martin) 4:00
# "I Can Do Better" (acoustic version) (explicit) 3:40
# "Girlfriend" (The Submarines' Time Warp '66 mix) (explicit) 3:11
# "Girlfriend (Dr. Luke Remix)" (featuring Lil Mama) (A. Lavigne, L. Gottwald, Niatia Kirkland) 3:25

;DVD
Live at Orange Lounge
# "Everything Back But You" 3:02
# "Girlfriend" 3:39
# "Hot" 3:22
# "When You're Gone" 3:57

Music Videos
# "Girlfriend" 3:48
# "When You're Gone" 4:01
# "Hot" 3:23
# "Girlfriend (Dr. Luke Remix feat. Lil Mama)" 3:25

:1 Also available on Girlfriend single.

## References
Altmarkkreis Salzwedel Rural District

**Altmarkkreis Salzwedel** is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

## History 
The old **Altmark** region, included parts of the neighbouring district of Stendal. In the 10th century it was the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire.

In the Late Middle Ages many towns were members of the Hanseatic League.

The modern district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Gardelegen, Klötze, Salzwedel and part of Osterburg.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## Other websites 
* Official Website (German)
* Touristical website for the Altmark region (German)
* Drömling Nature Park (German, English)
Sankt Pauli

**Sankt Pauli** (or **St. Pauli**) is a district of Hamburg. About 27,000 people live in St. Pauli. St. Pauli is a district where many people go to have fun. There are theatres, cinemas, and a red-light district (around the Reeperbahn) in St. Pauli. This quarter is called the **Kiez**. There, there are no closing times imposed for shops and restaurants. Most of St. Pauli is different, though. In the St. Pauli quarter of Hamburg based an important German football club (Fußball-Club St. Pauli).

## References
Reeperbahn

The **Reeperbahn** is the central street in the district St.Pauli in Hamburg. Parts of it are considered to be a red-light district, but there are also theatres and cinemas near it.

## Other websites
* Picture from the Reeperbahn  (in German)
Anhalt-Bitterfeld

**Anhalt-Bitterfeld** is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its capital is Köthen.

## History 
This district was established by putting together the former districts of Bitterfeld, Köthen and a large part of Anhalt-Zerbst as part of the Saxony-Anhalt border reforms of 2007.

## Towns and municipalities
Börde (district)

**Börde** is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

## History 
The district was formed in the 2007 boundary changes by joining the old districts of Ohrekreis and Bördekreis.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
(population 31.12.2006)

**Verwaltungsgemeinschaften** with municipalities
Weighing scale

:''For other uses of the word "scale" see scale (disambiguation)

's painting: Woman with a balance.]]

A **weighing scale** is a machine made for measuring the weight of an item.

## Use
To use a scale, the item which needs to be weighed is put on one side of the scale. Then, weight stones are put on the other side. Once the scale balances (that is the indicator between the two scales is in the middle), the correct weight is chosen.

## Types
There are also modern scales, where the item is simply put on the scale. Its weight can then be read from an electronic or analogue display. Scales can be used to count e.g. screws and other small parts in large quantities. These scales are called counting scales. 

## References
Cistercian

The term **Cistercian** is used to refer to an order of Roman Catholic monks. Officially the order is called *Ordo Cisterciensis* (*OCist*), or *Sacer Ordo Cisterciensis* (*SOC*). These people follow the same rules as the Benedictines, that is to say those of St Benedict. Over time, the Benedictines made some changes to the rules and the way of life. 

The Cistercians reject these. They went back to what St Benedict had taught. Sometimes their rules were more strict than those St Benedict had given. They also went back to manual labour, especially work in the fields. Because of this, the Cistercians helped spread technologies around Medieval Europe. In 1882 certain monasteries formed a new order, called the Trappists. With time, they split completely from the Cistercians.
Burgenlandkreis

**Burgenlandkreis** is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was formed by joining the old districts of Burgenlandkreis and Weißenfels as part of the boundary changes of 2007.

On 16 July 2007 the district parliament decided to change the name back to Burgenlandkreis from 1 August 2007.

## Towns and municipalities
## References
Geographic coordinate system

showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version  (pdf, 1.8MB)]]
A **geographical coordinate system** is a coordinate system. This means that every place can be specified by three sets of three numbers, called coordinates. 

A full circle can be divided into 360 degrees (or 360°); this was first done by the Babylonians; Ancient Greeks, like Ptolemy later extended the theory.

Today, degrees are divided further. There are minutes, and seconds; 1 minute (or 1') in this context is 1/60 of a degree; 1 second (or 1") is 1/60 of a minute.

The first concept needed is called *latitude* (Lat, or the Greek symbol "phi", \scriptstyle{\phi}\,\!). For it, the Earth is cut up into 180 circles, from the Equator at 0°. The poles are at 90°, the North Pole is at 90° N(orth), the South Pole is at 90° S(outh). Places with the same latitude are on a circle, around the Earth.

The other concept is called *longitude* (Long, or the Greek symbol "lambda", \scriptstyle{\lambda}\,\!), sometimes referred to as "meridian". The 0° longitude line (or zero meridian) goes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich. Greenwich is a part of London. Then lines are drawn in a similar way; the opposite (or "antipodal") meridian of Greenwich is considered both 180°W(est), and 180°E(ast).

The third number is the height, altitude, or depth. This is given with respect to some fixed (usually easily calculable point). One of these is called mean sea level.
Jerichower Land

**Jerichower Land** is a district (*Kreis*) in the north-east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

## History 
After World War II the old Prussian districts of Jerichow were changed. Some areas were given to the neighbouring districts of Havelberg, Rathenow, Brandenburg, Loburg and Zerbst. The two districts were also renamed after their chief town. Jerichow became Burg, and Jerichow II became Genthin. In 1952 the district of Burg was split into two parts, Loburg and Burg.

In 1994 the two districts of Burg and Loburg were merged, and took the old name of Jerichow. In 2007, 6 municipalities from the former district of Anhalt-Zerbst (Hobeck, Lohburg, Lübs, Prödel, Rosian and Schweinitz) were added to Jerichower Land.

The name is from a group of tribes of early Slavic. The name is not connected with how the . city of Jericho.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References

## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Saalekreis

**Saalekreis** is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. 

## History 
The district was established by merging the former districts of Merseburg-Querfurt and Saalkreis as part of the boundary changes of 2007.

## Towns and municipalities 
## References
Salzlandkreis

**Salzland** is a district in the middle of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

## History 
The district was made by joining the old districts of Bernburg, Schönebeck and Aschersleben-Staßfurt (except the town Falkenstein) as part of the boundary changes of 2007

## Towns and municipalities 
## References

## Other websites 
* Das Informations-Portal für den Salzlandkreis
Harz (district)

**Harz** is a rural district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany named after the highland area also called harz. It is home to the highest point in the region: the Brocken.

## History 
The district was made by joining the old districts of Halberstadt, Wernigerode and Quedlinburg as well as the city of Falkenstein (from the district of Aschersleben-Staßfurt). This was part of the reform of all districts in 2007.

## Towns and municipalities
## References
Stendal (district)

**Stendal** () is a district (*Kreis*) in the north-east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was formed in 1994 by joining the old district of Stendal with the districts Osterburg and Havelberg.

## Partnerships
The districts has twin town agreements with
, Yarzevo District
, Mažeikiai district
, Vårgårda
, , Lippe

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References

## Other websites 
* Official website
Wittenberg (district)

**Wittenberg** is a district (*Kreis*) in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

## History 
In 1994 the district was merged with the district of Jessen and a small part of the district of Gräfenhainichen. In 2007, 27 municipalities from the former district Anhalt-Zerbst were added to the district of Wittenberg.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
Population figures are as at 30 June 2005.

After the resolution of 6 October 2005, as part of municipal reform, the 27 towns and communities of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaften of Coswig and Wörlitzer Winkel, formerly in the Anhalt-Zerbst district, were assigned to Wittenberg district on 1 July 2007.

## References

## Other websites 
* Official website
STS-122

**STS-122** is the name of the 121st flight of the Space Shuttle, taking seven people into outer space to visit the International Space Station. The flight delivered a module to the space station, called *Columbus*. The Space Shuttle *Atlantis* carried the module. The flight started at 19:45 UTC, on 7 February 2008, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The flight ended on 20 February, at 14:07 UTC, when the Shuttle went back to the Kennedy Space Center.

## Crew
Seven people were aboard the Space Shuttle. They are; Stephen Frick, who was the Commander, the man in charge of the Space Shuttle, Alan G. Poindexter, who was the Pilot, the man who flied the Shuttle, Leland D. Melvin, Rex J. Walheim, Hans Schlegel and Stanley G. Love, who were there to fit the *Columbus* onto the space station. Léopold Eyharts was also on board. He lived on the Space Station for a month. Daniel M. Tani, who was on the space station came home aboard the Soyuz spacecraft.

## Flight
### Launch 
The flight was originally scheduled to launch, on 6 December 2007. A problem with a part of the fuel tank used to work out how much fuel was left went wrong, which meant the start of the flight had to be delayed. After the same part went wrong in an attempt to start the flight on 9 December, the start of the flight was moved to January 2008, and later to February. The flight started on 7 February 2008. Some people at NASA were worried that bad weather might stop the launch, but the bad weather cleared up in time for a good launch.

### Landing 
At 13:00 UTC, a 2-minute-43-second de-orbit (opposite of making an orbit) burn was conducted. Then it entered in the atmosphere at 13:35 UTC. *Atlantis* touched down on Runway 15 of the Kennedy Space Center at 9:07:10 EST (14:07:10 UTC). The wheels of the orbiter stopped at 09:08:08 EST (14:08:08 UTC).

## Mission
The people aboard STS-122 had several jobs to do. The main job was to add the new room, or module, *Columbus*, to the space station. To do this, a robot arm, called a Remote Manipulator System, or RMS, will be used to lift *Columbus* out of the Space Shuttle, and move it over to a gap in the side of the space station. Two of the crew will then go outside, and fit parts to the module. *Columbus* will be used for scientific research.

## References
Scale (zoology)

:''For other uses of the word "scale" see scale (disambiguation)

, close up]]
s of a butterfly]]

In zoology,  a **scale** is a small, hard plate that grows out of an animal's skin to give it protection.  Fish and reptiles have scales.  

In animals such as  butterflies and moths,  scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing. They are often beautifully coloured.
Drive-through

, Malaysia]]

A **drive-through** or **drive-thru** is a way of achieving quick service, particularly at restaurants. There are also drive-throughs at other places, such as banks or coffee shops.

## Examples
* Alcohol at a drive-through liquor store
* Banking services at a drive-through bank
* Coffee at a drive-through coffee shop
* Dairy products at a drive-through dairy store (notably the Skinner Dairy shops of North-East Florida)
* Drugs at a drive-through pharmacy
* Food or drink at a drive-through restaurant (typically fast food)
* Marriage (primarily at special drive-through marriage chapels in Las Vegas in the United States)
Space Shuttle Columbia

The '*Space Shuttle *Columbia''''' (OV-102) was a spacecraft used by NASA to fly into outer space. It was the first Space Shuttle to fly into space, on April 12, 1981. It broke apart while re-entering the Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 2003, killing all seven people who were on it at the time. The shuttle flew a total of 28 missions. The Columbia was named after a US Navy ship that circumnavigated the world in 1790. It was also the name of the Apollo 11 Lunar Excursion Module.

## Cause of destruction 
A piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeled off during the launch 16 days earlier and struck the shuttle's left wing.
A hole was punctured in the leading edge of the wing. During the intense heat of re-entry, hot gases entered the interior of the wing, destroying the support structures and causing the rest of the shuttle to break apart.

## Crew
. L to R: Brown, Husband, Clark, Chawla, Anderson, McCool, Ramon.]]

* Commander: Rick D. Husband, a U.S. Air Force colonel and mechanical engineer, who piloted a previous shuttle during the first docking with the International Space Station (STS-96).
* Pilot: William C. McCool, a U.S. Navy commander
* Payload Commander: Michael P. Anderson, a U.S. Air Force lieutenant colonel and physicist who was in charge of the science mission.
* Payload Specialist: Ilan Ramon, a colonel in the Israeli Air Force and the first Israeli astronaut.
* Mission Specialist: Kalpana Chawla, an Indian-born aerospace engineer on her second space mission.
* Mission Specialist: David M. Brown, a U.S. Navy captain trained as an aviator and flight surgeon. Brown worked on a number of scientific experiments.
* Mission Specialist: Laurel Clark, a U.S. Navy captain and flight surgeon. Clark worked on a number of biological experiments.

## Missions 
## References
Meissen

**Meißen** (, ) is a town of about 30,000 near Dresden on both banks of the Elbe in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Meißen is the home of Meißen porcelain. Meißen is the capital city of Meißen Rural District

During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was in Meißen.

## Porcelain 
Meißen is famous for the manufacture of porcelain. This is because there are big local deposits of china clay (kaolin) and potter's clay (potter's earth). Meißen porcelain was the first high quality porcelain to be produced outside of China.

The first European porcelain was made in Meißen in 1710, when the Royal Porcelain Factory was opened in the Albrechtsburg. In 1861, it was moved to the Triebisch valley of Meißen, where the Meißen porcelain factory can still be found today.

## Notable residents 
* St. Benno (1010-1106), Bishop of Meißen
* Heinrich Frauenlob (died 1318), poet
* Johann Klaj (1616-1656), poet
* Johann Elias Schlegel (1719-1749), critic and poet
* Johann Adolf Schlegel (1721-1793), poet and clergyman
* Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), physician
* Karl G. Maeser (1828-1901), Mormon academic
* Ralf Schumann (born 1962), Olympic shooter

## Related pages
* Missingsch
* List of Margraves of Meißen
* Rulers of Saxony
* Saxon Switzerland

## References 
## Other websites 
* Municipal website 
* Giga-Catholic
* Meissen Porcelain 
* History of Meissen Porcelain Works 
* Further information on Tourism 
* Webcam Meissen
Barnim

**Barnim** is a district in Brandenburg, Germany.

## History 
The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Bernau and Eberswalde.

The district is in the same place as the area of forest where noblemen started hunting in the 13th century, but is smaller than the old region.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites
* Official website  (German)
Elbe-Elster

**Elbe-Elster** is a *Kreis* (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

## History
The district was established in 1993 by merging the former districts (*Kreise*) of Finsterwalde, Bad Liebenwerda and Herzberg.

## Geography
The district is named after two rivers: The Elbe river forms the western border with Saxony. The Schwarze Elster ("Black Elster") is a tributary of the Elbe and runs through the district. The district is part of the Lusatia region. The fens along the Black Elster are a habitat of several rare animals, like kingfishers, beavers and otters.

## Coat of arms
## Towns and municipalities
## Other websites
* Official Website 
* Touristic website
Jennifer Hudson

**Jennifer Kate Hudson** (born September 12, 1981 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American Academy and Grammy Award-winning singer, songwriter, television host, model and actress. She gained fame on *American Idol*. She is the most successful *American Idol* contestant who did not win. 

She went on to star as Effie White in the 2006 motion picture musical *Dreamgirls*. Her awards include an Oscar, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, and a SAG Award. She is native to Chicago, Illinois. Hudson was engaged to WWE professional wrestler, David Otunga. Hudson and Otunga split up in November 2017.

Hudson worked as a coach on the UK and US versions of *The Voice* from 2017 to 2019, becoming the first female coach to win The Voice UK.

In 2020, she starred as Aretha Franklin in *Respect*. She currently has a daytime talk show titled "The Jennifer Hudson Show". 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Atlas V

**Atlas V** is an orbital launch vehicle used by the United Launch Alliance (made of two companies, Boeing and Lockheed Martin) to place satellites into orbit. It is a  rocket  tall, and  wide. It has flown 79 times, since its first flight on August 21, 2002. It was developed from the Atlas (missile). Unlike the Space Shuttle, Atlas V is only used once, with a new rocket being built for each flight.

The rocket is made of the first stage, a Common Core Booster with an RD-180 engine from Russia. Every Atlas V has this as the first stage. The second stage is called Centaur, and has one/two RL-10 engines from Aerojet Rocketdyne. On top is a  wide fairing covering the spacecraft during launch.

## Flights 
As of 2023 Atlas V has made 97 flights.  The most famous ones carried the New Horizons, Mars Science Laboratory (which had the Curiosity rover in it), Juno, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS, the Boeing X-37B, the Mars 2020 mission which carried the Perseverance rover and the Mars Helicopter Ingenuity, Boeing's CST-100 Starliner.

## Variants 
The Atlas V has a special way of naming the different kinds. The Atlas V nomenclature for numbering the variants goes like this: The first number says how wide the fairing is. A 400 series Atlas V has a 4-meter wide fairing. A 500 series Atlas V has a 5-meter wide fairing. An Atlas V N22 have no fairing since it will be the launch configuration for the Boeing's CST-100 Starliner. second number says how many strap-on solid rocket boosters the rocket has. An Atlas V 501 has no strap-on boosters, an Atlas V 441 has 4 strap-on boosters, while the Atlas V N22 has two strap-on boosters, which will be the Boeing Starliner launch configuration. The last number says how many engines the Centaur second stage has. All of the Atlas V rockets flown have had only 1 engine on the Centaur, but in the future other Atlas V rockets will have 2 engines on the Centaur upper stage, such as the Atlas V N22 that I frequently mentioned in this article. There is also the HLV which has two of the first stage (Common Core Booster) strapped on like strap-on boosters, but it has never flown.

## Related pages 
* Juno
* Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Mars Science Laboratory
* NASA
* New Horizons

## References
Heinrich Sutermeister

**Heinrich Sutermeister** (born Feuerthalen, 12 August 1910 – died Vaux-sur-Morges, 16 March,  1995) was a Swiss composer.

When he was young he was a student at the main music school in Munich, Germany, where the famous German composer Carl Orff was his teacher. Orff strongly influenced his music. Later he returned to Switzerland, where he lived as a composer.

His most important works are *Romeo und Julia* and *Die schwarze Spinne (The Black Widow)*. *Romeo und Julia* has been played the first time in Dresden in 1940, under the famous conductor Karl Böhm. During the following years Sutermeister made operas for the radio and television.

## Works 
* *Max und Moritz*, ballet after Wilhelm Busch
* *Die schwarze Spinne*, 'Funkoper' after Jeremias Gotthelf, 1936
* *Romeo und Julia*, opera after William Shakespeare, 1940
* *Die Zauberinsel*, opera after Shakespeare, 1942
* *1. Piano Concerto*, 1943
* *Niobe*, 'Monodram', 1946
* *Capriccio for unaccompanied Clarinet in A*,1946
* *Raskolnikoff*, opera after Fyodor Dostoevsky, 1948
* *Die Alpen*, fantasy on Swiss folksongs, 1948
* *Der rote Stiefel*, opera, 1951
* *2. Piano Concerto*, 1953
* *Missa da Requiem*, 1953
* *1. Cello Concerto*, 1954-55
* *Titus Feuerfuchs oder Die Liebe, Tücke und Perücke*, opera, 1958
* *3. Piano Concerto*, 1961-62
* *Das Gespenst von Canterville*, play with music for television after Oscar Wilde, 1962-63
* *Poème funèbre - En mémoire de Paul Hindemith* for string orchestra, 1965
* *Omnia ad Unum*, cantata, 1965-66
* *Madame Bovary*, opera after Gustave Flaubert, 1967
* *2. Cello Concerto*, 1971
* *Te Deum*, 1975
* *Clarinet Concerto*, 1975-76
* *Consolatio philosophiae*, 'Scène dramatique', 1979

## Other websites
* Composers Schott-Music: Heinrich Sutermeister
Dahme-Spreewald

**Dahme-Spreewald** is a district in Brandenburg, Germany.

## History 
The Spreewald region has always been a centre of Sorbian culture.

When the state of Brandenburg was newly founded in 1990, the districts of Lübben, Luckau and Königs Wusterhausen were formed. In 1993 the three districts were merged.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites 
* Official website  
* Spreewald touristical website 
* Spreewald Biosphere Reserve