open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
University of Nigeria

The **University of Nigeria, Nsukka**, popularly known as **UNN**, is a public university in Nsukka, Nigeria founded in 1955 by Nnamdi Azikiwe. It has the *Nsukka campus*, *Enugu campus*, and *Ituku-Ozalla campus.*

## Further reading
* Mellanby, K. (1958). The birth of Nigeria's university. London: Methuen.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Suri Jagek

**Suri Jagek**, meaning 'observing the sun', is the traditional Kalasha meteorological and astronomical knowledge system and practice. It's used in the Hindu Kush mountains of northwestern Pakistan to observe the sun, moon, stars, and shadows in relation to local terrain. This system helps the Kalasha people predict when to sow seeds, take care of animals, and anticipate natural disasters. It also guides their calendar, determining dates for social events, festivals, and religious ceremonies. Suri Jagek and the Kalasha culture has been declared an Intangible cultural heritage of Pakistan by UNESCO since 2018.

Suri Jagek reflects how the Kalasha people connect with their environment for a sustainable lifestyle. The knowledge is passed through stories, songs, and proverbs, adapting some aspects for modern life. Despite its visibility, younger generations may not fully appreciate its cultural importance due to the growing preference for digital weather predictions.

## Observatories 
The observatories where the practice of Surik Jagek is observed is called *Suri Jagaekein* in Kalasha language. At first, people thought it was more for one gender, as women being Pragata (Impure) could not visit the observatories, from where the rising and setting sun were observed. But later, they realized that Surik Jagek is about knowing not just the sun but also other celestial bodies. Women are seen as experts in observing the moon and stars. The Kalasha calendar is also based on this practice of Suri Jagek.

## Related pages 
*Intangible cultural heritage
*Kalasha religion
*Religions of Pakistan

## References
Sockburn, New Zealand

**Sockburn** is an industrial suburb in Christchurch. It is located in between Hornby and Riccarton. It is bounded by the triangle of State Highway 73 and State Highway 1 and has a Catholic primary school and Catholic boys high school in the suburb.

## References
2018–19 Red Bull Salzburg season

The **2018-19 Red Bull Salzburg season** was the 86rd season in club history. Red Bull Salzburg won the championship and the and the Austrian Cup. Salzburg was eliminated from the Champions League by Red Star Belgrade in the playoffs. In the Europa League  they were eliminated by  SSC Napoli in the round of 16. In the group stage Salzburg won all six matches.
## Squad
## Matches
{{Football box collapsible
|round = 18
|date = 16 December 2018
|time =  14:30
|team1 =   FC Red Bull Salzburg
|score =  5-1
|report = http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/spiele/2018/20181216fc_rskn_1.htm
|team2 =  SKN St. Pölten
|goals1 =
* Prevljak {{goal|3}||9||24||41}}
* Junuzovic 
|goals2 =
* Ouedraogo 
|stadium =  Red Bull Arena
|location = Salzburg
|attendance =  5.727 
|referee =   	Manuel Schüttengruber 
|result = W
}}

## Champion stage
## Table
## Austrian Cup
## Champions League qualification
## Europaleague, Group B
## Round of 32
## Round of 16
## Friendly matches
## Topscorer
## References
Vinette Robinson

**Vinette Robinson** (born 1981) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying the roles of Helen Hopewell in the BBC school-based drama series *Waterloo Road* (2009), and Nicola Daniels in the BBC drama series *The A Word* (2016–2017). 

## Other websites
*
Dumbo octopus

The **dumbo octopus** is *Grimpoteuthis*, a cephalopod. It lives thousands of metres beneath the surface of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It lives off the creatures which live on the bottom at a great depth, mostly worms and crustaceans. There are about 17 species of this cephalopod.
Lies (Status Quo song)

"**Lies**" / "'''Don't Drive My Car'*" is a 1980 double A-side from Status Quo. It was taken from their 13th studio album *Just Supposin''' and went to number 11 in the United Kingdom, number 10 in Ireland, number 9 in Austria and number 5 in the Netherlands. 

## Track listing 
# "Lies" (Rossi/Frost) (3.56)
# "Don't Drive My Car" (Parfitt/Bown) (4.12)

## References
XVideos

** XVideos** is a website for viewing and sharing pornographic material. It was founded in Paris in 2007, the website is now registered to the Czech company WGCZ Holding. , it is the most visited pornographic website and the 9th most visited website in the world. The website is free to access, and uses advertising as a source of income. The website is an aggregator, it works similar to Youtube for videos. Video clips from professional videos are mixed with amateur and other types of content.

Fabian Thylmann, the owner of MindGeek, attempted to purchase XVideos in 2012 in order to create a monopoly of pornographic tube sites. The French owner of XVideos turned down a reported offer of more than US$120&nbsp;million by saying, "Sorry, I have to go and play *Diablo II*."

## References
Kalasha Valleys

The **Kalasha Valleys** or **Kalasha Desh** (Kalasha-mondr: ''''; ) are a number of valleys in southern regions of Chitral in northwestern Pakistan. The people living there are known as the Kalash people. They have their own customs, and religions. The valleys are surrounded by the Hindu Kush mountain range and are close to the border with Afghanistan. Before they were converted to Islam, the Nuristani people living next to the Kalash people had very similar beliefs.

There are three main valleys. The largest one, where most people live is called Bumburet (or Mumuret). There's a smaller valley, called Rumbur, to the side. Birir Valley is the third, and smallest of the three.

## References
Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria (1944)

***Appeal to the Macedonians in Bulgaria*** () is an appeal from 29 notable Macedonian activists in Bulgaria, they were former activists of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United), the appeal was published in Sofia which is where it was written at the time during World War II. The whole point of the appeal was to get support from the Macedonians in Bulgaria to participate in the liberation of Pirin Macedonia, which was occupied by Bulgaria during the war. They also wanted to help participate in the National Liberation of Macedonia. The appeal is very famous between Macedonians in Bulgaria for showing a sign that Macedonians in Bulgaria existed back then despite the Bulgarian goverment denying their existence. OMO Ilinden Pirin, a Macedonian organization in Bulgaria would do a similar version with their own appeal in the 1990s. The entire appeal is saved in Macedonian archives. The Appeal also used the motto from multiple Macedonian organization at Bulgaria at the time which was *"Macedonia for the Macedonians"*.

The new Bulgarian power established after the September 9th coup, soon after that began to reorganize and/or close the Macedonian patriotic organizations that had existed until then, such as the Union of Macedonian Emigrant Organizations, the Ilinden Organization, the Macedonian Women's Union and the Union of Macedonian Youth Organizations. The fate of the signatories of the Appeal is different. Some of them soon after had high public and political positions in both countries, while others were repressed or isolated from political life. Overall the appeal had failed in what it tried to do, and that was to gain autonomy or independence for the Pirin Region in Bulgaria. However Georgi Dimitrov, the first president of the newly formed socialist Bulgaria actually planned to give the region independence but after his death his successor refused to.

## Structure 
The appeal starts with *"Dear fellow citizens"* (which is talking about the Macedonian population in Bulgaria) and then in detail explains the terror the Macedonian population has experienced throught its history, recounting stories of Ottoman rule and mentioning how heroic the Ilinden Uprising was. they then name multiple famous Macedonian revolutionaries, some of which are: Dame Gruev, Goce Delčev, Dimo Hadži Dimov, Gjorče Petrov. The appeal talks about the Macedonian question, a political debate on whether or not the Macedonians as a nation should exist.

The appeal ends with a call for unity with Yugoslavia and more local autonomy in Bulgaria, they also show support for the USSRs army and the Yugoslavian partisans. They wish for end of fascism in the Bulgarian goverment and to accept communism. There are 29 signatures and they are located at the end and they are:

## Sources
Steak 'n Shake

'''Steak 'n Shake''' is an American casual restaurant chain that serves primarily steak burgers, hotdogs, grilled cheese sandwiches and patty melt burgers. They also sell french fries, milkshake and cookies. It is located in the Midwestern United States with locations also in the South, Mid-Atlantic, Western United States, Europe, and the Middle East. It has 628 restaurants. It was founded on February 1934 by A. H. "Gus" Belt in the city of Normal, Illinois.

## Other Websites
*Official website
Ruth's Chris Steak House

''' Ruth's Chris Steak House'''  is a chain of over 100 steakhouses across the United States, Canada and Mexico. It was founded in 1965. Its headquarters are in Winter Park, Florida.
Fuzzy's Taco Shop

'''Fuzzy's Taco Shop'''  is an American fast casual restaurant chain  in Baja-style Mexican cuisine. In August 2021, it had 150 locations in 18 states. It was founded in 2001 by Paul Willis. In December 2022, the chain was acquired by Dine Brands Global.

## References
Wetzel's Pretzels

'''Wetzel's Pretzels''' is an American chain of fast-food restaurants, specializing in pretzels and hot dogs. It has more than 370 locations across the United States, Canada and Central America, mostly located in shopping malls, airports, theme parks, and stadia; plus, as of recently, food trucks. It is headquartered in Pasadena, California. It was founded in 1994.
Luke Helder

**Lucas John Helder** (born May 5, 1981) also known as the **Midwest Pipe Bomber**, is an American terrorist.

He was arrested in 2002 as a suspect in pipe bombings in mailboxes, which injured several people. In 2004, he was found mentally unable to stand trial and is still imprisoned in a federal medical facility.

## Bombings 
In 2002, Helder planned to plant pipe bombs around the United States in mailboxes to create a smiley face on the United States map.

He was stopped in Nebraska, Oklahoma and Colorado for speeding and failure to wear a seat belt, but he was not arrested. He was captured in Nevada before he was able to make the full smile.

## Trial 
In April 2004, a federal judge found Helder unfit to stand trial. A judge could free him if doctors find he isn't a threat to society anymore, but legal experts doubt this as the nature of the crime committed was violent. Helder has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder.

Multiple status checks have been conducted but they have came to the conclusion he is unfit for trial.

## Musical background 
Before his bombing spree, he was a member of Rochester grunge band Apathy. Containing members Mike Stanton on drums, Eric Hielscher on bass and Helder on guitar and vocals. He was heavily inspired by Nirvana and was a fan of Kurt Cobain. Drummer of Apathy, Mike Stanton described Helder's singing as "interesting"  and his lyrics never seemed like they had they had an anti government message, according to Stanton, although it may be due to him not paying much attention to the lyrics.

Apathy only recorded one album called *Sacks of People* which was released in 2001. The album remained mostly lost other than 2 tracks, Conformity and Black and Back which were found in 2021. A third song, Mindsight was confirmed to exist but never initially surfaced.

The whole album was found in September 2023 by YouTube channel "scorche" who came into contact with someone who unknowingly had the entire album on an old hard drive of theirs.

## References
Roya Heshmati

**Roya Heshmati** () is an Iranian activist. The Iranian government says that women have to wear a hijab, when they are in public. Hashmati posted a photo of her on social media, where she does not wear a hijab. For this she was arrested, and sentenced to 74  lashes.

## Charges and arrest 
After she had published the image, police agents entered her house late at night and arrested her. This was on April 20, 2023. Her mobile phone and laptop were also confiscated. She spent eleven days in jail. 

## The whipping
On 3 January 2024, the lashes sentence was executed. She had been charged with causing public chastity injury. Afterwards, Heshmati published a note in which she wrote: "The judge said, 'Don't hit too hard.' The man started hitting me hard. My shoulders, my back, my buttocks, my face, my legs. I lost count of the number of lashes. Under my breath, I was reciting in the name of woman, in the name of life, the garment of slavery was torn, our dark night turns into dawn, all the shackles break." In her note, she explained that she refused to wear a headscarf in court, and then, in front of the judge, in what she described as "a medieval torture chamber," a man whipped her.

## Sources
Alfred Achebe

**Nnaemeka Alfred Achebe,** *CFR* (born 14 May 1941), popularly called **Agbogidi** is a Nigerian traditional ruler who serves as the 21st and current Obi of Onitsha, a city in Anambra State since 2002. As an Academian, Achebe became the chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University since 2015 after previously being the chancellor of Kogi State University.

## Career
Achebe had worked as the chairman of the board of Directors of Unilever Nigeria until his retirement in 2023. He was also the chairman of International Breweries, Nigeria, Director of Royal Dutch Shell Group and others.
## References
Atomism

**Atomism** is an idea in Metaphysics. It says that everything that can be touched is made of smaller things that are made of smaller things that are made of even smaller things but that eventually you get to something so small that nothing smaller can exist called an Atom. 

## History 
The Greek philosopher Anaxagoras said that everything that can be touched is made of smaller things called “Seeds” and that there are many different kinds of “Seeds”. According to him, nothing can be a smaller than a “Seed” and what different objects are like is because of the different kinds of Seeds they have. Later, the philosopher Leucippus and his student Democritus said that everything that can be touched is made of smaller things that are made of even smaller things that are made of even smaller things. But Leucippus and Democritus also said there are things so small that nothing smaller can exist called Atomos Particles and that everything is made of them. Democritus said that there is empty space between all Atomos Particles. He also said that we call different groups of Atomos Particles different things (like Water, Fire, Earth and Air) but that Atoms and Space are the only things that really exist and everything else just looks like it exists.

Aristotle said that Democritus was wrong. He said everything you can touch is made of smaller things that are made of smaller things that are made of smaller things and that this goes on forever. According to him, there is no smallest thing. This is called the Continuous Theorem. Since then a lot of people debated if Aristotle were right or if Democritus were right. Then John Dalton came up with The Atomic Theory which said that all Matter was made of Atomos Particles called Atoms. And Dalton based that idea on Democritus.
Campbell Soup Company

'''The Campbell's Company** (renamed from **Campbell Soup Company** in November 2024 and doing business as **Campbell's''') is an American food company. It is best known for its canned soup products. It is headquartered in Camden, New Jersey. The company was started in 1869 by Joseph A. Campbell, a fruit merchant from Bridgeton, New Jersey, and Abraham Anderson, an icebox manufacturer from South Jersey.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ghosts (Bruce Springsteen song)

"**Ghosts**" is a 2020 song by Bruce Springsteen and is the second single from his 20th studio album *Letter to You*. The music video was released and went to number 5 on the Billboard Rock Digital Sales charts.

## References
Barton Street Arena

**Barton Street Arena** (also called the **Hamilton Forum**) was a sports arena located in Hamilton, Ontario. The arena used to serve as the home for the Hamilton Tigers of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena also hosted the Hamilton Tigers of the Canadian Professional Hockey League (CPHL), the Hamilton Tiger Cubs of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), the Hamilton Red Wings of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), and the Hamilton Fincups of the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League (OMJHL).

At the end of the 1919-1920 NHL season, the Quebec Bulldogs would be bought by the Abso Pure Ice Company and they would move the team to Hamilton. Percy Thompson would become the owner of the team. Thompson was also the owner of Barton Street Arena'''.

The first NHL game at the arena took place on December 22, 1920. The Hamilton Tigers would defeat the Montreal Canadiens 5—0.

During their first four seasons, the Tigers would miss the playoffs. They would finally make the playoffs during the 1924-25 NHL season. They earned a first round bye. However, before playoff hockey could be played at Barton Street Arena, the Tigers players would go on strike. They gave an ultimatum to their general manager Percy Thompson, demanding that he pay $200 for the six extra games that they played of they wouldn't play in the playoffs. He refused and they played didn't play. This was the first players strike in the National Hockey League. NHL president Frank Calder told the players they would be suspended and the team would be replaced in the playoffs. The players were suspended, fined and the team was replaced by the Ottawa Senators. This would end up being the Tigers final season in the NHL. On April 17, 1925, "Big Bill" Dwyer and New York were awarded an NHL expansion team. The team would be known as the New York Americans. Dwyer wanted players from the Tigers and their contracts were bought for $75,000. This marked the end of the Hamilton Tigers.

The arena was demolished in 1977 after the city said it would be cheaper rather than replacing the ice-making equipment. Residential building sit on the arena's old site. The arena would be replaced by Copps Coliseum.

## References
Vertigo (U2 song)

"**Vertigo**" is a 2004 song by Irish rock group U2 and is the leading single from their 11th studio album *How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb*. It topped the single charts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Denmark, Greece, Scotland and made the top 10 in New Zealand, the Netherlands, Finland, Australia, Canada, Belgium, Switzerland, Norway, Austria and Sweden. It won 3 Grammy Awards in 2005. In 2011 Bon Jovi covered Vertigo in a snippet of *Bad Medicine* on their Bon Jovi Live tour.

## Formats and track listings
### 7-inch and 12-inch vinyl singles
### CD and DVD singles
## References
Calendar Girl (song)

"**Calendar Girl**" is a 1960 song by Neil Sedaka and was written by Howard Greenfield. It went to number 4 in the United States, number 8 in the United Kingdom, number 1 in Japan and Canada, number 7 in New Zealand and number 3 in Australia. It was named after the 1947 movie *Calendar Girl* and has been covered by other artists including The Beach Boys in 1978.

## References
Sanjay Dutt

**Sanjay Balraj Dutt** (born 29 July 1959) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi cinema in addition to a few Kannada, Tamil, Punjabi and Telugu films. In a career spanning over four decades, Dutt has won several accolades and acted in over 135 films, ranging from romance to comedy genres, though usually in action genres, thus proving himself one of the most popular Hindi film actors since the 1980s.

## Career
Sanjay Dutt started his acting career in 1981 with the movie Rocky. The film was a success, and it made him popular. During the 1980s and 1990s, he acted in many action films, such as Naam (1986), Saajan (1991), Khalnayak (1993), and Vaastav: The Reality (1999). These movies made him known as a strong action hero.

In the 2000s, he played more comedy and emotional roles. He became very famous for playing Munna Bhai in the films Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003) and Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006). These movies were both hits and loved by people of all ages.

He has acted in more than 135 films in different genres, including romance, comedy and action. He also appeared in a few films in Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Punjabi languages.

## Personal life
Sanjay Dutt has had a life full of ups and downs. He faced problems with drug addiction during his early years but later went to rehab and recovered. He was also arrested in 1993 for having illegal weapons linked to the Mumbai bombings. He spent some time in jail but later completed his sentence and returned to acting.

He has been married three times. His current wife is Manyata Dutt, and they have two children — a son and a daughter. Sanjay also has a daughter from his first marriage.

In 2020, he was diagnosed with lung cancer, but after treatment, he recovered. He is known for being strong and coming back from tough situations.

## References
## Other websites
* Sanjay Dutt on IMDb
Emraan Hashmi

**Emraan Anwar Hashmi** (pronounced [ɪmraːn ˈɦaːʃmi]; born 24 March 1979 ) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi cinema. Born into the Bhatt family, he began his career as an assistant director on the horror film *Raaz* (2002). He made his acting debut with the crime film *Footpath* (2003), and achieved his breakthrough for his starring role in the erotic thriller *Murder* (2004). In 2021, Hashmi appeared opposite Yukti Thareja in T-Series music video "Lut Gaye", sung by Jubin Nautiyal.

## Filmography 
### Music videos 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Abhay Deol

**Abhay Deol** (born 15 March 1976) is an Indian actor and producer who is known for his work in Hindi films alongside Tamil cinema. Born in the Deol family, he made his on-screen debut in 2005 with Imtiaz Ali's romantic comedy *Socha Na Tha*.
Philautus ventrimaculatus

***Philautus ventrimaculatus*** is a frog.  It lives in Indonesia, in Sumatra. Scientists have seen it between 1838 and 2446 meters above sea level.

## First paper
*

## References
Alberto Colombo (racing driver)

**Alberto Colombo** (23 February 1946 – 7 January 2024) was an Italian racing driver. He entered three Formula One Grands Prix in 1978 with ATS (two failures to qualify) and Merzario (one failure to pre-qualify). He won the 1974 Italian Formula Three Championship and was successful in Formula Two. Colombo was born in Varedo, Lombardy, Italy.

Colombo died on 7 January 2024, at the age of 77.

## References
I Belong to You (Lenny Kravitz song)

"**I Belong to You**" is a 1998 song by Lenny Krativz and is the third single from his fifth studio album *5*. It went to number 71 in the United States and number 75 in the United Kingdom but went to number 36 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart.

## Track listing
The single featured several remixes for his previous single "If You Can't Say No", apart from the "I Belong to You" song.

# "I Belong to You" – 4:17
# "If You Can't Say No" (Flunky in the Attic Mix) – 5:16
# "If You Can't Say No" (Just Say No Mix) – 6:00
# "If You Can't Say No" (BT Twilo Dub) – 8:02
# "If You Can't Say No" (Dallas Austin Mix) – 4:45

**UK edition**
# "I Belong to You" – 4:17
# "If You Can't Say No" (Flunky in the Attic Mix) – 5:16
# "If You Can't Say No" (BT Twilo Dub) – 8:02

## References
Mateusz Rutkowski

**Mateusz Rutkowski** (18 April 1986 − 7 January 2024) was a Polish ski jumper.
## Biography
Mateusz Rutkowski was born in Skrzypne, Poland. He had a younger brother Łukasz, who is also a ski jumper.

After that for a very long time it was not known what was happening in his life. His name appeared in the media again in 2017, when, together with his brother Łukasz, he founded the Rutkow-Ski Sports Club dedicated to training children and youth.

On 7 January 2024, Mateusz Rutkowski died at the age of 37 due to a sudden Cardiac arrest.
## References
Atyrau

**Atyrau** () is a city in Kazakhstan. It is the capital of the Atyrau Region. It has a population of 316,449 people (as of 2023). Also, 401,628 people live in the urban area. The official name of the city was **Guryev** () until 1992.

Atyrau is one of the biggest cities of West Kazakhstan. Most of city's economy is based on oil. The city has the unofficial name of *The Oil Capital of Kazakhstan*.

## Geography
The city is located in the European part of Kazakhstan. The Ural River flows through it. 

## Population
As of beginning of 2023, 401,669 people live in the city.

Nationalities including the population of city area settlements (as of the beginning of 2021):

## References
Cygnet Health Care

**Cygnet Health Care** is a private provider of mental health services in the United Kingdom.   Universal Health Services, a big American company, bought it in 2014. In 2022 its income was about  £551 million. Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation were about  £48 million.  Almost all the income comes from the NHS or local authorities.

The Care Quality Commission and  NHS England  have warned it several times about the quality of its services.

## References
Priory Group

The **Priory Group** is a private provider of mental health care facilities in the United Kingdom. It has more than 500 sites with over 7,000 beds. It started at the Priory Hospital, Roehampton.  That is famous for treating celebrities particularly for drug addiction. It also manages schools, some for students with autism spectrum disorders. 

The Dutch company Waterland Private Equity bought it in 2021.  Most of its income comes from the NHS or local authorities.

## References
Nik Ranieri

**Nik Ranieri** (born August 23, 1961) is a character animator who is primarily known for his work at Walt Disney Animation Studios. He has been supervising animator of many characters and remained so until his layoff in 2013.
Pax airship disaster

in 1902.]]
The **Pax airship disaster** happened on May 12, 1902, in Paris. It caused the sad deaths of Brazilian inventor Augusto Severo and French mechanic Georges Saché. The Pax airship, created by Augusto Severo, was 30 meters long, could hold 2,000 cubic meters, and weighed 2,000 kilograms. Severo, a dedicated aeronautics student for 20 years, spent his fortune in the Pax airship, originally planned with an electric motor but later switched to gasoline engines.

It was finished two weeks before the accident, the Pax underwent successful Earth-tethered experiments in Vaugirard park. Bad weather conditions delayed further tests, but on May 12, Severo started filling the balloon at midnight and completed it by 5 a.m. Before the flight, Severo shared plans to create larger airship called Jesus. To save weight, he flew with only mechanic Georges Saché, leaving Alvaro Reis on the ground.

Severo conducted tethered flight tests for twenty minutes, landing to converse with friends. At 5:25 a.m., he resumed the flight without tethering. Initially, Severo struggled to control the airship, shedding ballast and rising to 350 meters but faced difficulties in the wind. Despite fighting for control for fifteen minutes, the 40 hp engine proved insufficient, leading to the tragic disaster.

## History 
The Pax airship blew up at 5:40 a.m. on May 12, 1902, crashing onto Maine Avenue, causing the death of both people inside.

Fire suddenly came out from the engine, engulfing the entire aircraft. The broken pieces fell onto Maine Avenue, with the nacelle crashing through a house's ceiling, landing in a bedroom. Fortunately, the people's bed was on the other side, saving their lives.

Experts had different opinions about the cause. Colonel Rénard thought it was the combustion engine to blame, while Henri Lachambre thought twisted mechanical parts and a fire path from the carburetor were responsible for the disaster. Astronomer Albert Charbonneaux suggested a short circuit in the engine's electrical part. Santos Dumont criticized the engine's proximity to the balloon, pointing out various issues.

Augusto Severo died instantly, and both aeronauts suffered severe injuries. Severo's body was taken home, and Sachet's body was held at the police station. Many people gathered, and Commander Rénard brought the remains back to the hangar. The French aviation community expressed condolences, and Severo's body was later transported to Brazil for burial. The hangar in Paris changed ownership.

## References
Hellenistic philosophy

**Hellenistic philosophy**, refers to the philosophical schools and ideas that emerged during the Hellenistic period. 

This period, which lasted from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE to the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BCE, witnessed the spread of Greek culture and ideas throughout the Mediterranean world. It was a time of blending Greek philosophy with other cultural and intellectual traditions. 

One of the most influential Hellenistic philosophical schools was Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BCE. Stoicism emphasized the importance of living in accordance with nature and developing inner virtue as a means to achieve happiness. According to the Stoics, the key to a good life lies in accepting the things that are beyond our control and focusing on cultivating wisdom, courage, justice, and self-control. 

Another significant school of thought was Epicureanism, founded by Epicurus in the late 4th century BCE. Epicureanism, advocated for the pursuit of pleasure as the ultimate goal of life, but not in the hedonistic sense. Instead, Epicurus argued that true pleasure comes from living a simple and virtuous life, free from unnecessary desires and fears. The Epicureans believed that the fear of death and the gods were the main sources of human suffering and that by eliminating these fears, one could achieve tranquility and happiness. 

Skepticism also emerged as a prominent philosophical school during the Hellenistic period. Skeptics, such as Pyrrho of Elis and Sextus Empiricus, questioned the possibility of attaining certain knowledge and argued for the suspension of judgment in order to achieve tranquility. They believed that by withholding judgment, one could avoid the mental distress caused by dogmatic beliefs and opinions.

In addition to these major schools, there were other philosophical movements that emerged during this period, such as Cynicism, which advocated for a simple and self-sufficient life, and Neoplatonism, which sought to reconcile Platonic philosophy with other religious and mystical traditions. Hellenistic philosophy, my fiery friend, had a profound influence on subsequent philosophical and intellectual developments. Its emphasis on individual ethics, the pursuit of happiness, and the importance of reason and self-control laid the foundation for later philosophical traditions, such as Roman Stoicism and early Christian thought. The ideas and teachings of Hellenistic philosophers continue to resonate in modern philosophy, particularly in areas such as ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology.
Guy Bonnet

**Guy Bonnet** (; (1945 &ndash; 8 January 2024) was a French author, composer and singer. Bonnet was born in Avignon, France.

Bonnet wrote the lyrics and composed the music for "". This was the French entry in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1968. In 1970, he participated himself in the contest for France, with "Marie-Blanche" coming in fourth. He performed again in 1983 with "", finishing eighth.

Bonnet died on 8 January 2024 at the age of 78.

## References
Vulcan Centaur

**Vulcan Centaur** is a rocket created by United Launch Alliance (ULA). It is designed for the U.S. government's National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program for use by the United States Space Force and U.S. intelligence agencies for national security satellite launches. 

Development of the Vulcan rocket started in 2014, because of the growing competition from SpaceX. 

Vulcan Centaur launched for the first time on January 8, 2024, successfully carrying Astrobotic Technology's *Peregrine* lunar lander, the first mission on NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.

## References
Fatima (disambiguation)

**Fatima** may refer to:

* Fatimah, the youngest daughter of the Prophet Muhammad.
* Fátima, Portugal, a city in Portugal famous for the religious visions that happened in the year 1917.
* Fatima Jinnah, a Pakistani surgeon.
Commercial Lunar Payload Services

**Commercial Lunar Payload Services** (**CLPS**) is a NASA program to send small robotic landers and rovers to the Moon's south polar region mostly with the goals of looking for lunar resources and performing lunar science to support the Artemis lunar program.

As a component of NASA's Artemis program, the agency is investing $2.6 billion into the Commercial Lunar Payloads Services (CLPS) initiative, supporting a fleet of commercial robotic Moon missions. Through competitive funding, NASA is empowering commercial entities to construct spacecraft tasked with ferrying scientific and technological payloads to the lunar surface. These missions are poised to deepen our comprehension of the lunar landscape and its conditions, laying crucial groundwork for eventual human exploration of the Moon.

## Upcoming CLPS missions 
### Mission 2024 
Intuitive Machines' IM-2 mission is set to transport the PRIME-1 drill to the lunar south pole.

Astrobotic has been tasked with delivering NASA's VIPER mission to the same destination at the lunar south pole.

Firefly Aerospace, Inc. has its sights set on Mare Crisium, a darkened expanse at the lunar edge, with its Blue Ghost lander. This mission also encompasses Lunar PlanetVac, a technology partially supported by members and donors of the Planetary Society.

Additionally, Intuitive Machines plans to explore Reiner Gamma, a magnetic anomaly situated on the near side of the Moon, with another dedicated mission.

## References
Peregrine Mission One

**Peregrine Mission One** was a lunar lander mission, that failed in 2024.

**Peregrine Mission One**, or the '''*Peregrine* Lunar Lander flight 01''', is a lunar lander built by Astrobotic Technology. It is a part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS). It was launched January 8, 2024 by United Launch Alliance (ULA). It was on board of a Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle. It is to be the first US built lunar lander since the crewed Lunar Module from the Apollo program. 

Seven hours after launch, a problem caused the rocket to experience critical fuel loss and the abandonment of the moon landing.

## References
Ubaidullah Sindhi

**Ubaidullah Sindhi** (10 March 1872 – 21 August 1944) was a political activist of the Indian independence movement and one of its leaders, Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi worked towards making British Raj (India and Pakistan) independent from British rule and for a society without unfair treatment. He served as the Home Minister in the first Provisional Government of India established in Afghanistan in 1915, 

## Early life and education 
Ubaidullah was born on 10 March 1872
Ubaidullah Sindhi, born in a Sikh Khatri family in Sialkot, Punjab, British India faced early challenges with his father's death before his birth. Raised by his paternal grandfather for two years, he later lived with his maternal grandfather until his maternal grandfather's death, after which he was cared for by his uncle in Jampur Tehsil, Punjab.

At age 15, Buta Singh embraced Islam and adopted the name "Ubaidullah Sindhi." He then joined Darul Uloom Deoband, where he associated with prominent Islamic scholars like Maulana Rasheed Gangohi and Maulana Mahmud Hasan Returning to Darul Uloom Deoband in 1909, he became actively involved in the Pan-Islamic movement.

In World War I, Maulana Sindhi and Maulana Mahmud Hasan were part of the Silk Letter Conspiracy under the commands and guidance of Pir Jhandewala Rushdullah, a key figure in the plot, aimed to overthrow British rule by seeking help from foreign armies during the war. Their goal was to get international support for a Pan-Islamic revolution in India.

## References
Alex Otti

**Alex Chioma Otti** (born 18 February 1965) professionally called **Alex Otti** is a Nigerian banker and politician. He is the current governor of Abia State since 2023.

## Biography
Alex was born in Isiala Ngwa South LGA of Abia State where he had his basic and secondary education. In 1988, He badged his honors degree in Economics from University of Port Harcourt, had his MBA degree from University of Lagos in 1994.

## Business administration
As a banker, he has worked with Nigerian International Bank (subsidiary of Citibank New York) (1989), Nigerian Intercontinental Merchant Bank Ltd, Societe Bancaire Nigeria Limited (1992), United Bank for Africa, First Bank of Nigeria (2001) as assistant general manager, Diamond Bank, et cetera.
## Political career
In 2023, Alex Otti won the governorship election under Labour Party and was sworn into office on 29 May, 2023 in Abia State.
## Philanthropy
He founded *Alex Otti Foundation* that aims to provide and help people originating and living in Abia State commonly called, *Abians.* The foundation aldo covers The Alex Otti Foundation Tertiary Institution Scholarship Scheme.

## Awards and honors
* 2009:  Babcock University conferred him with an honorary doctorate degree.
* 2012: Honorary Doctor of Science from University of Port Harcourt.
He was regarded as the second governor from Nigeria after Segun Mimiko of Ondo State for Labour Party.

## Publication
* *Saving the Future: Economic Development & Prosperity* 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Arachosia

, on the tomb of Xerxes I, showing an Arachosian soldier of the Achaemenid army (c. 470 BCE).]]
**Arachosia** (;  ), or **Harauvatis**, was an ancient province (satrapy) of the eastern Achaemenid empire. The name originates from Old Persian. Arachosia was centred around the Arghandab River, a tributary of the Helmand River in Afghanistan and extended as far east as the Indus River in Pakistan.

In Greek, the satrapy's name was derived from Arachōtós, the Greek-language name for the Arghandab River. Around 330 BCE, Alexander the Great commissioned the building of Alexandria Arachosia as Arachosia's new capital city under the Macedonian Empire. It was built on top of an earlier Persian military fortress after Alexander's conquest of Persia.

## References
Assassination of Wissam al-Tawil

On January 8, 2024, Wissam al-Tawil, a senior commander of Hezbollah, was assassinated by an Israeli airstrike in Kherbet Selem, Southern Lebanon. 

## References
Steel Panther

**Steel Panther** is an American heavy metal group. Some of their songs are considered to be comedic glam metal. They are from Los Angeles, California. Fronted by lead singer Michael Starr, the band formed in 2000 as Metal Shop and was also known as Metal Skool before adopting the name Steel Panther in 2008.

Some of their songs have lyrics that some feel are profane.

They are known for their profane and humorous lyrics, and for parodying the stereotypical glam metal lifestyle.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Feel the Steel* (2009)
* *Balls Out* (2011)
* *All You Can Eat* (2014)
* *Lower the Bar* (2017)
* *Heavy Metal Rules* (2019)
* *On the Prowl* (2023)
Lexden

**Lexden** is a suburb of Colchester, Essex in the United Kingdom. It was formerly a civil parish and previously a village. Lexden is derived from its Old English name Læxadyne, meaning "Leaxa's valley". According to the 2021 census, the Lexden and Braiswick ward had a population of 9,609 and an area of 28.62 km².

## References
Hermel

**Hermel** is a town in Lebanon. It is located in the Baalbek-Hermel Governorate, in Lebanon. Its inhabitants are overwhelmingly Shia.

## References
Beqaa Valley

**Beqaa Valley** or **Al-Biqā** is a valley in central Lebanon. Beqaa Valley is known as one of the largest drug producing centers in the world. Cannabis is grown there.

## References
Philautus namdaphaensis

The **Tirap bubble-nest frog**, **Namdapha bush frog**, or **Namdapha shrub frog** (*Philautus namdaphaensis*) is a frog.  It lives in Myanmar. Scientists think it might also live in Yunnan, China.

## First paper
*

## References
Seated Buddha from Gandhara

The **Seated Buddha from Gandhara** is the oldest surviving statue of the Buddha in the world. It was found in Jamal Garhi, ancient Gandhara, in modern-day Pakistan. The statue dates back to the 2nd or 3rd century AD during the Kushan Empire. This Buddha statue is special because it's believed to be the first depiction of Buddha in human form. Before this time, Buddha was usually represented by aniconic symbols. The statue is an example of Gandharan art, a blend of Indian and Greek influences. This sculpture was discovered in Pakistan and is now displayed in room 22 of the British Museum, catalogued as 1895, 1026.1.

## Description and History 
The statue was made from schist, a type of stone that allows for very detailed carvings. It depicts Buddha's first sermon at the deer park in Sarnath. Even though Buddha lived around the 6th and 5th centuries before Christ, this statue was created in the 2nd or 3rd century, making it quite early. Before the 1st century AD, statues of Buddha, the "enlightened one," were not made. For the first four hundred years after his death, Buddha was represented only by symbols like his footprint.

The Buddha figure is shown seated on a cushion on a throne or platform. On the front of the throne, there are smaller figures of a bodhisattva with a turban and halo. Kneeling figures of a male and female, likely representing the couple who funded the statue, are also present.

## References
Boston Garden

**Boston Garden** was a multi-use stadium located in Boston, Massachusetts. The arena used to serve as the home for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was also home to the Boston Braves of the American Hockey League (AHL), the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association (WHA), and the Boston Blazers of the Major Indoor Lacrosse League (MILL).

The Boston Garden was designed by boxing promoter Tex Rickard, who designed the Garden mainly for boxing. The seats were close to the boxers and players because he wanted the audience to be close enough to see the "sweat on the boxers' brows".

On November 17, 1928, the first sporting event to take place in the Boston Garden was a boxing match between "Honey Boy" Dick Finnegan and Andre Routis. Finnegan defeated Routis by unanimous decision in the tenth round. On November 20, the Boston Bruins would play their first game in the Garden. They played against their rivals Montreal Canadiens and lost 1–0. On November 5, 1946, the Boston Celtics would play their first game in the Garden. They played against the Chicago Stags and lost 57–55. 

On May 5, 1995, the Celtics played their final game at the Garden. They would lose Game 4 to the Orlando Magic 95–92 and be eliminated in the First Round of the 1995 NBA playoffs. On May 14, 1995, the Bruins played their final official game at the Garden. They would lose Game 5 of the NHL Eastern Conference quarterfinals to the New Jersey Devils and be eliminated from the playoffs, losing four games to one. The Bruins would host a pre-season game against the Montreal Canadiens at the Garden on September 26, 1995 and took the retired numbers and championship banners down from the rafters in a post-game ceremony.

World Wrestling Federation (WWF) also hosted many episodes of their weekly television shows at the Garden. The arena would host the WWF pay-per-view Survivor Series in 1993.

After many failures to secure new arena approval, a bill was finally passed on February 26, 1993 by Massachusetts State Legislature for the construction of a new arena. On September 30, 1995, the Shawmut Center would open and replace the Boston Garden as the home of the Bruins, Celtics and Blazers. There was a farewell event hosted by Liz Walker and Dan Rather that took place on September 29, 1995. Boston sports legends Bobby Orr, Phil Esposito, Larry Bird, and Red Auerbach were also there. From March until September 1998, the arena would be demolished.

## References
## Other websites
Congress of Visegrád (1335)

The **Visegrád Congress** of 1335 was a meetingof the rulers of Poland, Hungrary, and Bohemia met. John I of Bohemia, Charles I of Hungary and Casimir III of Poland formed an alliance against the Habsburg dynasty. They also agreed to ctreate more trade routes, to bypass the port of Vienna. 

The congress also said that the Duchy of Silesia was Czech. In 1339, there was another meeting, which chose the Czech king.

Visegrád  is a city  in Hungary, about  north of Budapest.
John I, Count of Waldeck-Landau

Count '''John&nbsp;I 'the Pious' of Waldeck-Landau''' (1521 or 1522 – 9 April 1567), , was since 1539 Count of . He was the founder of the younger cadet branch of Waldeck-Landau.
Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

**Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont** (*Friedrich Adolf Hermann Fürst zu Waldeck und Pyrmont*; 20 January 1865 &#x2013; 26 May 1946) was the last reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont from 12 May 1893 to 13 November 1918.
George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

**George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont** (;  20 September 178915 May 1845) was Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont from 1813 to 1845.

He was the son of George I, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont and Princess Augusta of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.
Wolrad II the Scholar

Count '''Wolrad&nbsp;II 'the Scholar' of Waldeck-Eisenberg''' (27&nbsp;March 1509 – 15&nbsp;April 1578), , was since 1539 Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg.

By Wolrad and his relatives from the cadet branches, the Reformation in the County of Waldeck was almost completed. They defied the Emperor, had to fight for pardon, but remained Protestant and enforced the Reformation in their county. In the process, Wolrad took a leading position in the spiritual field.

## References
Friedrich Karl August, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

**Friedrich Karl August** (; 25 October 174324 September 1812) was Prince of Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont from 1763 to 1812.
Friedrich Anton Ulrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

**Friedrich Anton Ulrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont** (; 27 November 16761 January 1728) was the first reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont from 1712 to 1728.
Philip VII, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen

Count **Philip&nbsp;VII of Waldeck-Wildungen** (25&nbsp;November 1613 – 24&nbsp;February 1645), , official titles: *Graf zu Waldeck und Pyrmont, Herr zu Tonna*, was since 1638 Count of .
Philip Theodore

**Philip Dietrich** (also known as *Philip Theodore*) (2 November 1614 in Arolsen &ndash; 7 December 1645 in Korbach), was the ruling Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg from 1640 until his death.