open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bikini Bottom

**Bikini Bottom** is the underwater town from SpongeBob SquarePants.
## Locations 
### Homes 
* SpongeBob's Home - A pineapple house. In "Truth or Square", it is revealed that his home appeared on Squidward's garden. 
* Patrick's Home - A rock house.
* Squidward's Home - A Moai. 
* Mr. Krabs' and Pearls' Home - An anchor house.
* Sandy's Home - A treedome with air house.
* Plankton's Home/Chum Bucket - The Chum Bucket 
* Various  apartments in  the city in bikini  bottom 

### emergency centers 
* The bikini police department 
* the hospital ONLY for serious medical emergencies 
* Weenie hut general practitioner for small injuries
* the bikini bottom fire department useless until the daly Breaking of reality 
* the jail is self  explanatory 

### Shopping & entertainment 
* The  theater 
* Bargain mart 
* Bikini reality 
* Adult learning center 
* Department of jokes and pranks 
* bikini bottom mall 
* Recreation center

### Restaurants 
* Krusty Krab - A restaurant with Krabby Patties.
*The Chum Bucket - A restaurant that sells Chum, is run by Plankton and his robotic wife Karen.
*Fancy! - A higher end restaurant. It is a ship in a bottle.
*The Salty Spitoon - A restaurant/bar for tough fish.
*Weenie Hut Jr's - A restaurant with two other counterparts, Super Weenie Hut Jr's and Weenie Hut General.
*Super Weenie Hut Jr's - A restaurant with two other counterparts, Weenie Hut Jr's and Weenie Hut General.
*Weenie Hut General - A restaurant with two other counterparts, Weenie Hut Jr's, and Super Weenie Hut Jr's.
*Goofy Goobers ice cream party boat - a restaurant/bar for kids and adult’s 
*The Diner - cafe/restaurant 
*The Wet Noodle - restaurant 

### Parks and HOA neighborhoods 
* Goo Lagoon
* Jellyfish Fields
* Tentacle Acres
* Glove world 
* bikini bottom park 
* the industrial park

## Characters 
* SpongeBob
* Patrick
* Squidward
* Mr. Krabs
* Plankton
* Gary
* Sandy
* Pearl
* Mrs. Puff
* Pearl Krabs
* Mermaid Man
* Barnacle Boy
Castiel, Switzerland

**Castiel** is a former municipality in the district of Plessur in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Castiel, Calfreisen, Langwies, Lüen, Molinis, Peist and St. Peter-Pagig merged into the municipality of Arosa.

## Other websites
* Official Website  
*
Aurora, Ohio

**Aurora** is a city in Portage County, Ohio, United States. There were 17,239 people living there at the 2020 census. It is part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area. **Aurora** has its own schools.

## References
Norwood, Missouri

**Norwood** is a city of Wright County, Missouri, United States. The population was 578 at the 2020 census.

## References
Avon, Ohio

**Avon** is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The population was 24,847 at the 2020 census.

## References
Avon Lake, Ohio

**Avon Lake** is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. It is near Lake Erie. 25,206 people lived there at the 2020 census.  It is part of Greater Cleveland.

## References
Barberton, Ohio

**Barberton** is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States. 25,191 people lived there at the 2020 census. It is near Akron and is part of the Akron metropolitan area.

## References
Coppet

**Coppet** is a municipality of the district of Nyon in the Swiss canton of Vaud.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Martins Ferry, Ohio

**Martins Ferry** is a city in Belmont County, Ohio, United States, on the Ohio River. It is the largest city in Belmont County. 6,260 people lived there as of the 2020 census.

Martins Ferry is part of the Wheeling metropolitan area.

## References
Forel-sur-Lucens

**Forel-sur-Lucens** is a former municipality of the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, it is part of the municipality of Lucens.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Piotr Ligienza

**Piotr Ligienza** (born 31 May 1982) is a Polish actor. He was known for his roles in the series  *Ranczo* and *Synowie*. He has appeared in the play "Romulus Wielki'' (directed by Krzysztof Zanussi).

Ligienza was born in Dzierżoniów, Poland.

## References
## Other websites
*
Disruptive innovation

**Disruptive innovation**, sometimes called **disruptive technology** is the name for a technology or innovation that changes the market: It creates a new market. These new markets are small at first, which makes them uninteresting for established market players. If disruptive innovation is used, the market will grow at a high speed. Eventually, they will replace existing technology, though. An example of this is Flash memory.  When it was introduced it was expensive, and capacities were small, compared to hard disks. On the other hand, flash memory is small, and uses little energy. It began to be used in mp3 players and usb flash drives. Eventually, it was used for Solid state disks, which started to replace hard drives.

Clayton M. Christensen first used the term in 1995: Christensen defines a disruptive innovation as a product or service designed for a new set of customers.
"Generally, disruptive innovations were technologically straightforward, consisting of off-the-shelf components put together in a product architecture that was often simpler than [previous] approaches. They offered less of what customers in established markets wanted and so could rarely be initially employed there. They offered a different package of attributes valued only in emerging markets remote from, and unimportant to, the mainstream."

## Sources
*

## References
Ataullah Behmanesh

**Ataullah Behmanesh** (Persian: ) (April 13, 1923 – July 2, 2017) was an Iranian wrestler and sports journalist. Behmanesh was one of the oldest and most prominent Iranian sports reporters, He conducted the first live sports report in Iran from Radio in 1958 to compete in Iranian and Iraqi national Sport of athletics competitions. 

Behmanesh died of a stroke in Tehran on July 2, 2017 at the age of 94.

## References
Joe Robinson (actor)

**Joseph Robinson** (31 May 1927 – 3 July 2017) was an English actor and stuntman. He was known for his roles in *A Kid for Two Farthings*, *The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner*, and in *Thor and the Amazon Women*.

Robinson died at the age of 90 on July 3, 2017, in Brighton, East Sussex of dementia-related complications.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Joe Robinson Official Website
Irina Ratushinskaya

**Irina Borisovna Ratushinskaya** (, 4 March 1954, Odesa &ndash; 5 July 2017, Moscow) was a Russian dissident, poet and writer.

On September 17, 1982, Ratushinskaya was arrested for anti-Soviet agitation. She was released on October 9, 1986, on the eve of the summit in Reykjavík, Iceland between President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.

## References
Diego E. Hernández

Vice Admiral **Diego E. Hernandez** (March 25, 1934 &ndash; July 7, 2017) was a United States Navy officer. He was the first Hispanic to be named Vice Commander of North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). He then underwent flight training and in August 1956, was designated a Naval Aviator.

Hernandez died on July 7, 2017 from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 83.

## References
Elsa Martinelli

**Elsa Martinelli** (**Elisa Tia**; 30 January 1935 &ndash; 8 July 2017) was an Italian actress and model.

In 1956 she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 6th Berlin International Film Festival for playing the title role in Mario Monicelli's *Donatella*.

Martinelli appeared in *Four Girls in Town* (1957), *Manuela* (1957), *Prisoner of the Volga* (1959), *Hatari!* (1962),  *The Pigeon That Took Rome* (1962), *The Trial* (1962), *The V.I.P.s* (1963), *Rampage* (1963), *Woman Times Seven* (1967), and *Candy* (1968).

Martinelli died in Rome on 8 July 2017 of lung cancer at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
Ilya Glazunov

**Ilya Glazunov** (; 10 June 1930 – 9 July 2017) was a Russian artist from Saint Petersburg. He held the title of People's Artist of Russia. He served as a rector at the Russian Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Moscow (Russian: ***Российская академия живописи, ваяния и зодчества***).

Glazunov's paintings have mostly historic or religious themes. Famous works include *Russia the Eternal*, *The 20th Century Mystery*, *The Ruining of the Temple on Easter Night*, and illustrations to the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky.

Glazunov died on 9 July 2017 in Moscow at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
**Sergei   Ivanov*. The Leningrad School of painting. Historical outline
Anton Nossik

and Anton Nossik]]

**Anton Borisovich Nossik** (; July 4, 1966 – July 9, 2017) was a Jewish-Russian start-up manager, journalist, social activist and popular Russian blogger (10th place in RuNet according to Yandex). 

Sometimes he is called one of the *fathers of the Russian Internet*or the first Russian-language blogger in the history. He was editor of the largest online news publications Vesti.ru, Lenta.ru, Gazeta.ru and NEWSru.com.

Nossik died from a heart attack at the night of 9 July 2017 near Moscow at the age of 51.

## References
Paquita Rico

**Francisca Rico Martínez** (13 October 1929 – 9 July 2017), better known as **Paquita Rico**, was a Spanish actress and singer. She was born in Triana, Seville. She appeared in 30 movies between 1948 and 1983. She starred in the movie ''Let's Make the Impossible!'', which was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival.

Rico died at a hospital in Seville, Spain from pneumonia on 9 July 2017 at the age of 87.

## References
## Other websites
*
Naresh Chandra

**Naresh Chandra** (1 August 1934 – 9 July 2017) was an Indian politician. He was born in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He served as the 20th Cabinet Secretary of India from 1990 through 1992, the 13th Governor of Gujarat from 1995 through 1996 and as the 19th Indian Ambassador to the United States from 1996 through 2001.

Chandra was awarded India's second highest civil awards, the Padma Vibhushan, for his service in 2007.

Chandra died at a hospital in Panaji, Goa, India of multiple organ failure on 9 July 2017 at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
* Executive Profile
Andrzej Olechowski

**Andrzej Marian Olechowski**  (born 9 September 1947 in Kraków, Poland) is a Polish politician. He was one of the co-founders of liberal conservative party Civic Platform in 2001 with Maciej Płażyński and Donald Tusk. He served as Minister of Finance (1992) in the Jan Olszewski's Government and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1993–1995) in the Waldemar Pawlak's Government.

Olechowski was an independent candidate in 2000 presidential election, coming second after incumbent Aleksander Kwaśniewski. In 2002, he was Civic Platform's candidate for president of Warsaw but failed to even get to the second round. Afterwards he began moving away from politics.

He left the Civic Platform in July 2009 and started co-operating with the Democratic Party. He was one of the candidates in the 2010 Polish presidential election, but got only 1.44% of votes and didn't get into the second round.

## References
Karan Singh

**Karan Singh** (born 9 March 1931) is an Indian politician, philanthropist and poet. He was born in Cannes, France.

Singh is a member of India's Upper House of Parliament, the Rajya Sabha representing the National Capital Territory of Delhi. He is a senior member of the Indian National Congress Party who served successively as President (Sadr-i-Riyasat) and Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.

Singh is the son of the last ruler of the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh. In the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India promulgated in 1971, the Government of India, of which Karan Singh was a Union cabinet minister, abolished all official symbols of princely India, including titles, privileges, and remuneration (privy purses). During the conclusion of the Cold War, he was India's ambassador to the USA. Singh received the Padma Vibhushan in 2005.

Singh was seen as a possible candidate for President in the July 2017 Indian presidential election by Bhim Singh*.*

## References
## Other websites
* Dr. Karan Singh's Official Website 
* Dr. Karan Singh's Official Twitter
* Dr. Karan Singh's  Official Facebook Page
* Film: I Believe: Universal Values for a Global Society with Dr. Singh and by Raja Choudhury.
* Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir
* Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on Jammu & Kashmir Constituent Assembly by Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh from the Official website of Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India
V. V. Sadagopan

**V. V. Sadagopan** (born **Veeravanallur Vedantam Sadagopan**; 29 January 1915) is an Indian movie actor, music teacher, performer and composer.

He acted as the main actor in the Tamil movie *Nava Yuvan* (Modern Youth) that had an alternate title *Geethasaram* (Essence of Gita). Gemini Studios started their movie production in the year 1941 and produced the Tamil movie *Madanakamarajan* which became one of Sadahopan's greatest roles.

Sadagopan was a member of the audition panel of All India Radio (AIR) and also of the experts committee of the Madras Music Academy. 

## References
## Other websites
* V V Sadagopan - Music Mystic
* Photo of V V Sadagopan (1969 in London) 
* Translation of the Prabandham
Buchdorf

**Buchdorf** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Georg Vellinger of the CSU party.

## References
List of ambassadors of India to the United States

The **Indian Ambassador to the United States** is the main representative of India to the United States. They live in the embassy of India in Washington, D.C.

## List of Indian Ambassadors to the United States 
## References 
* India Ambassador, Official page  indianembassy.org
* Embassay of India, Washington DC-Ambassadors of India to the United States

## Other websites 
* India Ambassador, Official page  at Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.
* Ministry of External Affairs, Official website
Jane

**Jane** is a feminine given name:

## People with this name
### Entertainment
*Jane "Poni" Adams (born 1921), American actress
*Jane Bautista, Spanish actress
*Jane Bryan (1918–2009), American actress
*Jane Curtin (born 1947), American actress and comedian
*Jane Fonda (born 1937), American actress, former fitness instructor, and daughter of actor Henry Fonda
*Jane Goldman (born 1970), British writer and television presenter; wife of Jonathan Ross
*Ellie Goulding (born 1986 as Elena Jane Goulding), British singer
*Jane Kaczmarek (born 1955), American actress
*Jane Krakowski (born 1968), American actress
*Jane Lynch (born 1960), American actress
*Jane March (born 1973), English actress
*Jane Powell (born 1929), American actress and singer
*Jane Russell (1921–2011), American actress and sex symbol
*Jane Seymour (born 1951), English actress
*Jane Withers (born 1926), American actress, model and singer
*Jane Wyatt (1910–2006), American actress
*Jane Wyman (1917–2007), American actress and ex-wife of President Ronald Reagan

### History
*Calamity Jane (1852–1903), U.S. frontierswoman
*Jane Addams (1860–1935), American Nobel Peace Prize-winning social worker and co-founder of Hull House
*Jane Roe, alias of Norma Leah McCorvey, plaintiff in the landmark 1973 *Roe v. Wade* Supreme Court case that legalized abortion in the United States

### Literature
*Jane Anger (16th century), English author
*Jane Austen (1775–1817), British novelist, known for *Emma* and *Pride and Prejudice*
*Jane Gomeldon (1720 – 1779), English writer, poet, and adventurer

### News media
*Jane Pauley (born 1950), American television journalist

### Royalty and nobility
*Lady Jane Grey (1537–1554), Queen of England, also known as "Jane of England"
*Jane Seymour (1508–1537), Queen and wife of King Henry VIII of England

### Science
*Jane Goodall (born 1934), English primatologist, known for studying chimpanzees and founder of the Jane Goodall Institute

### Fictional Janes
#### In law
Jane Doe or Jane Roe is used in American law as a "placeholder name" for anonymous or unknown female participants in legal proceedings. 

Jane Doe is used in United States police investigations when the identity of a female victim is unknown or incorrect, and by hospitals to refer to a female corpse or patient whose identity is unknown.
Böttingen

**Böttingen** is a municipality of the district of Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Casti-Wergenstein

**Casti-Wergenstein** () was a municipality in Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Casti-Wergenstein, Donat, Lohn and Mathon merged to form the new municipality of Muntogna da Schons.

## Villages
* Casti
* Dumagns
* Wergenstein

## Gallery

File:Casti Dorf.jpg|Casti
File:Wergenstein.JPG|Wergenstein
File:Casti Kirche.jpg|Church of Casti

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Castrisch

**Castrisch** was a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Castrisch, Duvin, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pigniu, Pitasch, Riein, Rueun, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.

## Other websites
* Official Website
Cauco

**Cauco** is a former municipality of the district of Moesa in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Cauco, Arvigo, Braggio and Selma merged into the new municipality of Calanca.

## Villages
Cauco, Bodio, Lasciallo and Masciadone

## Other websites
* Official Website
Barrancabermeja

**Barrancabermeja** is a city in the Santander Department of Colombia. The city was founded in 1922. It is on the shore of the Magdalena River.

It is  west of Bucaramanga.

## Other websites
* Official website
Harburg, Bavaria

**Harburg** is a city in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Wolfgang Kilian. The city is part of the scenic route called "Romantische Straße" (Romantic Road). It also has one of the most impressive medieval castles in Germany, which was first mentioned in 1150. There is also a rare Jewish cemetery.
File:Harburg - Brücke über die Wörnitz, Kirche.jpg|Harburg and the Wörnitz
File:Harburg4.jpg|Harburg Castle entrance
File:Burg Harburg über der Stadt Harburg a.d. Wörnitz (Schwaben).jpg|Harburg Castle

## References
Donauwörth

**Donauwörth** (; Swabian: *Donawerd*) is a town and the capital of the Donau-Ries district in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is said to have been founded by two fishermen where the rivers Danube (Donau) and Wörnitz meet. The city is part of the scenic route called "Romantische Straße" (Romantic Road).

The city is located between Munich and Nuremberg, 46&nbsp;km north of Augsburg.

## History 
In 1704 the Battle of Schellenberg (or the Battle of Donauwörth) took place there. This was part of the War of the Spanish Succession, and was fought by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough against the French. The French were defeated and nearly 5000 of them drowned while trying to escape across the Danube.  
 

## References
Anadyr (town)

**Anadyr** (; Chukchi: , *Kagyrgyn*) is a port town in Russia in Asia. It is the administrative center of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. In 2010, 13,045 people lived there.
Didenheim

**Didenheim** is a former commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Brunstatt-Didenheim.

## References
Snodland

**Snodland** is a small town on the River Medway, located between Rochester and Maidstone in Kent. It is about 27 miles from central London,

It has a railway station called Snodland railway station.

## References
Snodland railway station

**Snodland railway station** is a railway station in Snodland in Kent. The station is on the Medway Valley Line.

## Services
Train services at Snodland are run by Southeastern, They use  and  EMUs.

The off-peak service is:
* 2 trains per hour to 
* 2 trains per hour to  via 

Some trains go to .

Some high speed services go between London St Pancras International and Maidstone West.

On Sundays, the service is hourly.

## References
London, Ohio

**London** is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Ohio, United States. Located about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of the Ohio capital of Columbus, London was established in 1811 to serve as the county seat. The population was 10,279 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Columbus metropolitan area.

## History 
Soon after the village was platted in the early 1810s, a Methodist church was founded in the community. Today known as First United Methodist Church, this congregation built a small log church building in 1820; it was London's first church. In the early 1900s, the church added facilities for the storage of human milk to sustain the orphanage it then operated.

## Geography 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.45 square miles (21.89 km2), all land.
Gnetum

***Gnetum*** is the only genus  in the plant family **Gnetaceae**. They are gymnosperms: their seeds are naked, whereas the seeds of flowering plants are covered.

Plants in *Gnetum* are evergreen. Most of them are woody vines, but some are big enough to be trees. They grow in warmer, tropical regions of the world.

*Gnetum* may have been one of the first plants to be pollinated by insects, with other members of this group such as *Ephedra* and *Welwitschia*. and the Triassic. Fossils dating back to the Jurassic have been found, though whether or not they belong to the gnetophytes is uncertain. Overall, the fossil record is richest in the early Cretaceous: fossils of plants, seeds, and pollen have been found which are clearly gnetophytes.

## References
Richard Gilbert Scott

**Richard Gilbert Scott** (12 December 1923 – 1 July 2017) was a British architect. He was the son of Giles Gilbert Scott and great-grandson of the great Gothic Revival architect George Gilbert Scott. He was known for designing the Forth Road Bridge. He was born in London, England.

Scott was educated at Harrow, Charterhouse School, Bartlett School of Architecture University College London, and Regent Street Polytechnic School of Architecture.

Scott died in Birmingham, England on 1 July 2017 at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
Pierrette Bloch

**Pierrette Bloch** (June 16, 1928 – July 7, 2017) was a French-born Swiss painter and textile artist. Bloch began exhibiting her works in Paris and the United States in the 1950s. The ensemble of her works have their roots in the use of  "poor" materials such as ink, paper, mesh, and horsehair. Her work has been exhibited in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

She was of Jewish descent.

Bloch died on July 7, 2017 in Paris at the age of 89.

## References
James B. Nutter Sr.

**James Bradford Nutter, Sr.** (January 23, 1928 &ndash; July 7, 2017) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder and chairman of James B. Nutter & Company, a privately owned mortgage banking firm headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. It is one of the oldest and largest family-owned and operated mortgage lending firms in the United States. Nutter was named 2012 Kansas Citian of the Year by the Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce.

Nutter Sr. died in Kansas City on July 7, 2017 from stroke-related complications at the age of 89.

## References
Kenneth Silverman

**Kenneth Silverman** (February 5, 1936 &ndash; July 7, 2017) was a professor emeritus of English at New York University and a Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer. Silverman was born in Manhattan. He studied at Columbia University.

He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and has received the Edgar Award of the Mystery Writers of America, and the Christopher Literary Award of the Society of American Magicians.

Silverman died of complications from respiratory failure in Manhattan on July 7, 2017 at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
* Article "Biography and Pseudobiography" by Kenneth Silverman
* Interview in the Washington Post regarding new suggestions about Harry Houdini's cause of death.
**Booknotes* interview with Silverman on *Lightning Man: The Accursed Life of Samuel F.B. Morse*, February 22, 2004.
List of United States permanent representatives to NATO

The **United States Permanent Representative to NATO** (commonly called the **U.S. Ambassador to NATO**) is the official representative of the United States to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 

## Background
The Representative has the rank of full ambassador and is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The full official title of the Representative is **United States Permanent Representative on the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary**. 

The first Representative was appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953.

## List
## References 
## Other websites
*List of NATO ambassadors — US State Department
*NNDB
* United States Mission to NATO
Peter Härtling

**Peter Härtling** (13 November 1933 – 10 July 2017) was a German writer, poet, publisher and journalist. He received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for his major contribution to German literature. His first children's book, *Und das ist die ganze Familie*, was published the following year. His children's literature has often focused on social problems involving children.

## More reading
* Burckhard Dücker, *Peter Härtling*, München: Beck: Verlag Edition Text und Kritik, 1983, 
* Maciej Ganczar, *Romantische Künstlerfiguren in der Prosa von Peter Härtling*, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2015, 
*Ludvík Václavek: Peter Härtling und Olmütz. In: Lucy Topoľská und Ludvík Václavek: *Beiträge zur Deutschsprachigen Literatur in Tschechien.* (= *Beiträge zur mährischen deutschsprachigen Literatur.* Band 3). Univerzita Palackého, Olomouc 2000, , S. 211-214.

## Radio
Härtling moderated *Literatur im Kreuzverhör*, a radio show on the cultural radio station of Hessischer Rundfunk.

## Awards 
Peter Härtling's awards include: 
* 2007: Corine Literature Prize of the Bavarian Prime Minister for his contribution to literature
* 2010: Jacob Grimm Prize
* 2014: Hessischer Kulturpreis

## Music 
Wilhelm Killmayer set nine of his poems in his song cycle '''' in 1968.

## References
## Other websites
L. K. Advani

**Lal Krishna Advani** (born 8 November 1927) known as **L. K. Advani** is an Indian politician and a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He co-founded the party in April 1980.

Advani served as Minister of Home Affairs in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance government from 1998 to 2004. He served as 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha. Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation.

In 2015 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site 
* Profile at Lok Sabha, Parliament of India 
* Profile on website of BJP 
* Profile at *BBC News*
* Official Blog of Lal Krishna Advani

Lal Krishna Advani
Jim Bush

**James Stanley "Jim" Bush** (September 15, 1926 &ndash; July 10, 2017) was an American National Track and Field Hall of Fame track and field coach.  He was known primarily for his coaching tenure at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1965 to 1984.  During that time, his teams won five NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships (1966, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1978 (tied with UTEP) and he coached as many as 30 Olympians. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bush died on July 10, 2017 in Culver City, California of melanoma at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Hall of Fame Class of 1996: Jim Bush
Mangosuthu Buthelezi

**Mangosuthu Buthelezi** (27 August 1928 &ndash; 9 September 2023) was a South African politician and Zulu tribal leader. He founded the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in 1975 and was Chief Minister of the KwaZulu bantustan until 1994. He was Minister of Home Affairs of South Africa from 1994 to 2004. His praise name was **Shenge**.

During the CODESA negotiations of the early 1990s, he represented the IFP. Following the introduction of the universal franchise in the 1994 general election, Buthelezi led the IFP to join the government of national unity, led by Nelson Mandela. Buthelezi served as Minister of Home Affairs until 2004. He continued to serve as both leader of the IFP and an MP, retaining his seat in the 2014 general election.

In 1964 he played King Cetshwayo kaMpande (his own maternal great-grandfather) in the movie *Zulu*.

Buthelezi died on 9 September at his home in Ulundi, South Africa at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*A biography of Buthelezi
*News item that discusses Buthelezi's firing as Minister of Home Affairs
*Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi 
*Genealogy of Buthelezi Tribe
*DR. MANGOSUTHU BUTHELEZI, MP – PRESIDENT OF THE INKATHA FREEDOM PARTY 
*Inkosi Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI 
*Speech by Mangosuthu Buthelezi to The Heritage Foundation, 19 June 1991.
Louis Zorich

**Louis Zorich** (February 12, 1924 &ndash; January 30, 2018) was an American actor.  He was perhaps best known to television audiences for his roles of Paul Reiser's father, Burt Buchman, on the NBC series *Mad About You*.  He played the role from 1993 to 1999.

Zorich died in Manhattan on January 30, 2018 of heart failure at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Moby Dick Album Details
Paul Reiser

**Paul Reiser** (born March 30, 1957) is a Jewish American comedian, actor, model, composer, television personality and writer, author and musician. He is best known for his role in the 1990s TV sitcom *Mad About You*. He is ranked 77th on Comedy Central's 2004 list of the "100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time". 

His well known movie roles are in *Diner* (1982), *Beverly Hills Cop* (1984), a role he reprised in its sequel, *Beverly Hills Cop II* (1987). Reiser also had roles in James Cameron's *Aliens* (1986), in which he played the corrupt Carter Burke; *The Marrying Man* (1991) and *Bye Bye Love* (1995).

## References
## Other websites
*
Isabelle Sadoyan

**Isabelle Sadoyan** (12 May 1928 – 10 July 2017) was a French-Armenian actress. She was the wife of actor Jean Bouise.

In her career, she was directed by Jeanne Moreau, Claude Chabrol, Claude Lelouch, Luc Besson, Jean-Luc Godard, Henri Verneuil, Bertrand Tavernier,  Robert Kechichian and Krzysztof Kieślowski.

Sadoyan was known for her roles as Alice in the 1982 movie ''The Hatter's Ghost* alongside Charles Aznavour. Her last role was as Mrs. Warner in the 2016 movie *Irreplaceable''.

Sadoyan died on 10 July 2017 in Paris of heart failure at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Filmography
Joseph Marcell

**Joseph Marcell** (born 18 August 1948) is a Saint Lucian born British actor. He is best known for his role as Geoffrey the butler on the NBC sitcom *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air* from September 1990, until it ended in May 1996.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Alex Fletcher, "What happened to Geoffrey from The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air?" , TV interview, Digital Spy, 24 February 2014.
* "Caribbean Footsteps meets with Joseph Marcell". YouTube
* "What the butler did next" http://www.kreolmagazine.com/arts-culture/spotlight/joseph-marcell-what-the-butler-did-next/
A. E. Hotchner

**Aaron Edward Hotchner** (June 28, 1917 &ndash; February 15, 2020) was an American editor, novelist, playwright, philanthropist and biographer.

Hotchner was an editor, biographer, novelist and playwright. In 1948, he met Ernest Hemingway, and the two were close friends until Hemingway's death in 1961. Hotchner is best known for *Papa Hemingway*, his 1966 biography of Hemingway, whose work he had also adapted for plays and television.

Hotchner's play *Sweet Prince* was produced Off-Broadway in 1982, at the Theater Off-Park, starring Keir Dullea and Ian Abercrombie.

Hotchner died on February 15, 2020 in Westport, Connecticut at the age of 102.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* 
* "2015 interview on Hemingway in Love: The Unwritable Rant" 
* *Washington University in St. Louis Magazine*  biography
* [Short bio at Washington University(https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University)
* Bio at St. Louis Walk of Fame 
* Short Bio from Bookbrowse
* *King of the Hill* movie review by Richard Harrington, *Washington Post*, September 10, 1993
* 'Hemingway, Hounded by the Feds' op-ed by A. E. Hotchner, *New York Times*, July 1, 2011
Hypnotize (song)

"**Hypnotize**" is the lead single for Armenian American rock band System of a Down's album of the same name, which was released on November 22, 2005.

## References
Grini detention camp

**Grini concentration camp** (; ) was Norway's largest concentration camp during the occupation of Norway during World War II.

## Related pages
*Occupation government's prison camps in Norway during World War Two

## References
Ludwigslust-Parchim

**Ludwigslust-Parchim Rural District** (German: *Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim*) is a rural district (*Landkreis*) of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.

On an area of 4,752 km² about 214,000 people were living in this district in 2016.

Capital is Parchim.

Ludwigslust-Parchim Rural District was created by joining the districts of Ludwigslust Rural District and Parchim Rural District on September 4, 2011.

## Other websites 
*
Medway Valley Line

The **Medway Valley line** is a railway line in Kent linking  and the Medway Towns with  and on to ,  and London St Pancras International (peak only). The section from Maidstone West to Tonbridge passes through some of Kent's most picturesque countryside along the narrower sections of the River Medway.

## Stations
The line serves the following stations: , , , , , , , , , , , ,  and 

## Trains
The main trains used on the line is Class 375 Electrostars. Before the May 2012 Timetable changes Class 465 and Class 466 Networkers were used, Class 395s was introduced on the Medway Valley line, operating a high speed service between Maidstone West and St. Pancras International via Strood.

## References
## Further reading
* 
* 

## Other websites
*
*http://www.kentrail.org.uk/medway_valley_line.htm(http://www.kentrail.org.uk/medway_valley_line.htm) – Map of the Medway Valley line (Strood to Paddock Wood)
*https://web.archive.org/web/20081112101428/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/(https://web.archive.org/web/20081112101428/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/) – Ordnance Survey website
Holzheim, Donau-Ries

**Holzheim** is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Robert Ruttmann.

## References
New Hythe

**New Hythe** is a village in mid-Kent, England. It is on the banks of the River Medway. It is about 5 miles from Maidstone. Its name is from the Old English word Hythe, meaning haven or landing place, It also has a mill. It has a railway station called New Hythe railway station.

## Other websites
New Hythe railway station

**New Hythe railway station** is a railway station in New Hythe, Kent. The station is on the Medway Valley Line.

## History 
The line between Strood and Maidstone, on which New Hythe lies, was completed in 1856. However, no trains went there until 9 December 1929. At that time, **New Hythe Halt**, a timber-built halt, was opened to serve the huge paper mill which was next to the line. The present station was constructed in 1936. The line was electrified in 1939.

## Services 
Train services at New Hythe are run by Southeastern, They use  EMUs.

The  off-peak service is:
* 2 trains per hour to 
* 2 trains per hour to  via 

Some trains go to .

On Sundays, the service is hourly.

## Sources 
* 

## References 
## Other websites 
*History and photographs of the station at Kent Rail
*Stephen Chapman's history of SER lines and services
Chris Beutler

**Chris Beutler** (born November 14, 1944) is an American politician. He is the 51st and current Mayor of Lincoln, serving since 2007. He previously served in the Nebraska Legislature from 1979 to 1986 from 1991 to 2006.

He was born in Omaha, Nebraska.
Fikret Hakan

**Fikret Hakan** (23 April 1934 – 11 July 2017), also known as **Bumin Gaffar Çitanak**, was a Turkish movie actor. He was the recipient of the honorary State Artist, a prestigious title awarded by the Turkish government. He was born in Balıkesir, Turkey. He was known for his role as Kara in *Revenge of the Snakes (Yılanların öcü)* (1962).

Hakan died on 11 July 2017 in a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey of lung cancer at the age of 83.
## Filmography
* Yayla Kartalı (1945)
* Senede Bir Gün (1946)
* Yara (1947)
* Damga (1948)
* Üvey Baba (1949)
* Çakircali Mehmet Efe (1950)
* Lale Devri (1951)
* Edi Ile Büdü Tiyatrocu (1952)
* Hoşgör Boşver Aldırma Memo Festivalde (1953)
* Cingöz Recai (1954)
* Battal Gazi Geliyor (1955)
* Büyük Sır (1956)
* Bir Avuç Toprak (1957)
* Dokuz Dağın Efesi - ( Çakici Geliyor ) (1958)
* Zümrüt (1959)
* Taş Bebek (1960)
* Yılanların Öcü (1961)
* Zorla Evlendik (1962)
* Barut Fıçısı (1963)
* Keşanlı Ali Destanı (1964)
* Turist Ömer (1964)

## References
## Other websites
*
Éva Schubert

**Éva Schubert** (19 January 1931 – 11 July 2017) was a Hungarian actress. She was known for her roles in *Egy pikoló világos*, *Felmegyek a miniszterhez*,  and for *Frakk, a macskák réme*. She won a Kossuth Prize in 2013 for her lifetime achievement. She was born in Budapest.

Schubert died on 11 July 2017 in Budapest at the age of 86.

## References
## Other websites
Sabre

The **sabre** (British English) or **saber** (American English; see spelling differences) is a type of backsword. It has a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the Early Modern and Napoleonic periods. It was first associated with central European cavalry, such as the Hussars. It became common in Europe during the Thirty Years' War. In particular the Croat light cavalry helped make it common. In the 17th century a light sabre was also used by infantry. In the 19th century sabres without curved blades became common. These could be used by heavy cavalry. The last sabre to be given to US cavalry was the Patton sabre (Model 1913 Cavalry Sabre) in 1913. 

The sabre was used as a duelling weapon in fencing in the 19th century. This has led to the rise of sabre fencing, which first appeared at the 1896 Summer Olympics. This discipline allows for cuts as well as thrusts, as did the historical sabre.
Karasjok

( ; ) is a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. 

The municipality (of which the urban area is a part,) has Sami (or Sámi) and Norwegian as official languages.

The municipality is one of two in Norway where the majority of inhabitants speak Sami and have it as their main language.

## History
Before the beginning of the 1700s, there might not have been a permanent population there. However the area was used by nomads. The camp was run by SS, and it was among the first four Nazi concentration camps in Northern Norway.

In July 1943, 374 political prisoners and POWs prisoners [mostly Yugoslav,] were brought to the concentration camp. They were tasked with widening the road to Karigasniemi, Finland. After four or five months, only 111 of these prisoners were still alive.

### Later
In 2015 the second edition of Sapmi Pride, the LGBT pride festival, was held in Karasjok. To protest homosexuals attending the Karasjok Church, and to protest that a female priest held the services, Norges Samemisjon cancelled one of their radio broadcasts.

### Main language of students at secondary school
The Sami secondary school, is one of two in Norway (as of 2014); 73% of the schools students say that Sami is their main language; 27% say that Sami is their second language (as of the school year that started in [August]  2009 and ended in [June] 2010); That school is run by the government.

## Administration
The municipal council is elected until late 2027.
*7 council members are from Labour party
*5 from *Karasjoklista*
*2 from *Samelista i Karasjok*
*2 from *Samefolkets Parti i Karasjok*
*2 from Centre party
*1 from Conservative party

(The 19 council members were elected during the 2023 Norwegian local elections.)

## Related pages
*List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

## References
Wang Yangming

**Wang Yangming** (31 October 1472 &ndash; 9 January 1529), or '''Bo'an**, was a Chinese philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist, and general during the Ming dynasty.

## History 
He was born with the name **Wang Shouren'* (王守仁) in the Zhejiang Province. He was known for his idealistic interpretation of neo-Confucianism, which was said to have a deeper effect on the philosophical thinking in East Asia for centuries.
### Military career
Wang became a successful general and was known for the strict discipline he used on his troops. In 1517 and 1518, in response to petitions to suppress peasant revolts in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces, Yangming asked the court to allow amnesty. This allowed Yangming to successfully defeat the rebel forces.

## Influence
Yangming influenced many*,'' some including Lin Zexu, and Mao Zedong. He also was an influence to Tōgō Heihachirō, who won a decisive victory in the Russo-Japanese War, as Heihachirō created a stamp commemorating Yangming shortly after the war. There is also a mountain in Japan named after him, called Yangmingshan.

### Theory 
He thought that **Knowledge is action, action is knowledge(知行合一)**.His main idea is **the extension of innate knowledge(致良知).** He taught the view that "Wisdom is knowledge applied." This viewpoint helped cement his victories and improve his legacy. He also taught that true knowledge is action-based, not word-based. Today we call "true knowledge" wisdom.

## Related pages 
* Theory of Good Human Nature

## Sources
Constantine, Switzerland

**Constantine** was a municipality in Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Bellerive, Chabrey, Constantine, Montmagny, Mur, Vallamand and Villars-le-Grand merged into the new municipality of Vully-les-Lacs.

## References
Vallamand

**Vallamand** is a former municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Bellerive, Chabrey, Constantine, Montmagny, Mur, Vallamand and Villars-le-Grand merged into the new municipality of Vully-les-Lacs.

## References
Nazi concentration camps in Norway

During World War II, Nazi Germany occupied Norway and built hundreds of concentration camps and some death camps there.

A project by Randi Bratteli and others suggested that there were 709 **Nazi concentration camps in Norway**. Other estimates say there were "around 500" camps.

## Prison camps
At least c. 4 concentration camps, are thought of as death camps.

### Finnmark county
* Karasjok had "camp 4 Karasjok" (in German: *Lager 4 Karasjok* and in Norwegian: Karasjok fangeleir),  that received around 400 prisoners.
* Høybuktmoen
* Neiden had a camp for Russian and other Soviet prisoners.
* Leirpollen (Norwegian: Leirpollen fangeleir Also suspected members of the Persfjord groups partisans on the Varanger Peninsula, were held in the camp.)
* Sydspissen
* *Skorpa fangeleir*

#### Storfjord municipality
*Gastein camp, had Russians [and other Soviet prisoners] 
*Mallnitz camp in Norddalen, had Russians [and other Soviet prisoners]; It is sometimes called a death camp.  The camp had had Yugoslavian prisoners at first. The 466 prisoners in May 1945,
* Sundby:  The camp had had 500 prisoners in May 1945,
* Russånes: The camp had had 291 prisoners in May 1945,
* Kjemåga: The camp had had 915 prisoners in May 1945,
* "polar circle prison camp" (German: *Lager Polarcirkel*): The camp had had 776 prisoners in May 1945; (or Nabbvolden): The camp had had 436 prisoners in May 1945;

* Hjertåsen (or Hjartåsen The prison camp had had 481 prisoners in May 1945; var underlejren Knutlia. or foreign prisoners of war, worked at the coastal fortress.
* Saltdal:
* Kroken prison camp (Norw: Kroken fangeleir) in Sørfold (a municipality) : The camp had had 618 prisoners in May 1945,
* Kalvik at Leirfjorden (Helgeland)
* Mørsry at Mørsvikbotnet
* Krokstrand
** Buksnes, at "Sund near Gravdal": på  i Engeløya i Steigen kommune: The prison camp had had 1600 prisoners, and it had Soviet prisoners - at least. i Krokstrand: The prison camp had had 100 prisoners, and it had Soviet prisoners - at least.

### County of Trøndelag
* In Levanger - Falstad prison camp near the SS camp Falstad.
** *Moan leir* in Levanger hadde Soviet prisoners.
* In Oppdal: Stalag 308, had forced laborers working on the Nordland Line.
* In Orkdal: *Fannrem-leiren*. The prisoners were sent to work on the Orkdal Line.

### County of Akershus
* Grini concentration camp (*Grini konsentrasjonsleir*)
* In Nittedal: *Åneby fangeleir*.

## Literature
* *Norge under okkupasjonen : 25 rapporter med kartlegging og registrering av spørreundersøkelser og dokumentasjon*. 1997
** Bache, Andrew. [rapporten] "De sovjetiske, polske og jugoslaviske (serbiske) krigsfanger i tysk fangenskap i Norge 1941-1945. Oversikt over 709 krigsfange- og arbeidsleirer for utenlandske krigsfanger. Fordelt på 19 fylker" fra bogen *Norge under okkupasjonen : 25 rapporter med kartlegging og registrering av spørreundersøkelser og dokumentasjon* . Utgivet af projektet "Norge under okkupasjonen"

## References
Jackson County, Ohio

**Jackson County** is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 32,653 people lived there. The county seat is Jackson.

## References
Buchheim

**Buchheim** is a municipality in the district of Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Acetylcholine

**Acetylcholine** is a chemical in human nerves that carries information (called neurotransmitter) from the sense of touch, sense of smell, etc. This chemical is produced inside the brain in the pituitary gland.
Plug-organization

s.
]]

 is made of metal.
Other plug-organizations use plugs made of cork or rubber.
]]

, because almost all plug-organizations are in Bavaria.
]]

A **plug-organization** is a social organization.  More than 100 plug-organizations are in Bavaria.

The members always have to carry a plug. Whenever one members sees another member, they check that the other member has a plug. If the other member does not have a plug, they have to give some money to the plug-organization.  The plug-organization uses this money to purchase beer for the next meeting.

## References
High-speed rail in Thailand

In October 2010, the Thai parliament decided to continue planning for a **high speed rail** (HSR) network. Five different lines - which would touch Bangkok - were to be planned. The lines would be able to handle speeds of 250&nbsp;km/h.

As of 2019, construction in Nakhon Ratchasima Province of [a] high-speed rail, had become around 3.5 kilometers of high-speed rail. In January 2021, a government spokesperson said that construction had started on a second high-speed railway: "the high-speed railway linking three airports" [from Bangkok to Rayong (province)].

## High Speed Routes
## References