open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria

, the 117th Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Apostolic See of Saint Mark the Evangelist.]]

The **Coptic Orthodox Church** (; ) or **Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria** is the name for the largest Christian church in Egypt. The Coptic Orthodox Church is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church. Its churches can be found worldwide, where it serves Coptic believers who have emigrated to other countries.

On the 18th November 2012, the Coptic Orthodox Church enthroned His Holiness Pope Tawadros II as the 118th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. His Holiness is the successor to H.H. Pope Shenouda III who died in March 2012 after over forty years as the shepherd of all Copts.

The Church belongs to the Oriental Orthodox family of churches. It has been a separate church body since the disagreement at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. The Church rejected the new definitions about what Christ is like, introduced at the council.

The Church has daughter churches in Ethiopia and Eritrea, which now elect their own Popes.

The Copts believe that their church was founded in Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist. According to official Egyptian sources, and the CIA World factbook, between five an ten percent of Egyptians are Christians. Over 90% of these are Copts. According to Coptic sources, 12 to 15% of Egyptians are Copts.

## References
Detroit Tigers

The **Detroit Tigers** are a Major League Baseball team in Detroit, Michigan. The team plays at Comerica Park. Their manager is AJ Hinch, and they are owned by Christopher Ilitch.

The Tigers began as a minor league baseball team in the 1890s. The league was reorganized as the American League, and became a major league in 1901. The Tigers were one of the first teams to have an "official" nickname. They obtained permission from a military group called the Detroit Light Guard, which was known as the "Tigers". That group had fought in the Civil War and the Spanish-American War.

The Tigers have often lived up to their nickname, having great success from time to time. Their most famous player was Ty Cobb, usually regarded as among the very greatest players of all time. The Tigers have frequently played in baseball's post-season games. They have won several World Series, in 1935, 1945, 1968 and 1984. They also played in the World Series in 2006 and 2012, where they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals and the San Francisco Giants, respectively.

## References and notes
## Other websites
* Official Website
Oscilloscope

model 475A portable analogue oscilloscope, typical of the late 1970s.
This dual-trace, dual-sweep instrument had a horizontal bandwidth of 250 MHz, a maximum vertical sensitivity of 5 mV per division, and maximum (unmagnified) horizontal sweep speed of 10 ns per division. The vertical controls are on the left with Channel 1 above and Channel 2 below. The horizontal sweep controls are on the right with the Main Trigger above and the Delayed Trigger below. The CRT controls are below the screen. The metal loop to the lower right of the screen provided a calibration signal for voltage and current probes.]]

An **oscilloscope** (sometimes abbreviated **CRO**, for cathode ray oscilloscope, or commonly just **scope** or **O-scope**) is a piece of electronic equipment that lets you see changes or waveform in signal voltage. For example, if you want to see the signal a small electronic timer was producing, you could connect it to an oscilloscope and see.

Usually, it shows a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences on the vertical axis. These graphs are plotted with time or  some other voltage along horizontal axis.

## Description 
A typical oscilloscope is usually box shaped with a display screen, numerous input connectors, control knobs and buttons on the front panel.  To aid measurement, a grid called the *graticule* is drawn on the face of the screen.  Each square in the graticule is known as a *division*.

## Other websites 
* Oscillograph 1911 Encyclopædia.
* Online oscilloscope simulation
* Oscilloscope Tutorial 
* The Cathode Ray Tube site
* Digital Storage Oscilloscope measurement basics
* Oscilloscope FAQ
* Oscilloscope Articles & Resources
* Using a Common Oscilloscope 
* Features of handheld Oscilloscope
* Quick and easy tutorial to learn concepts and use. Technical terms explained in clear and simple way.

## References
Melleruds IF

**Melleruds IF** is an association football club in Mellerud in Sweden, established on 29 July 1908. They are in the Swedish 2nd Division: Västra Götaland. They have had some players who have moved into England, most notably Wigan Athletic F.C. player Andreas Johansson. Johansson played for Melleruds between 1993 and 1995.

## Other websites
*Official website
Arthur Abraham

**Arthur Abraham** (born **Avetik Abrahamyan** on 20 February 1980 in Yerevan, Armenia) is a professional boxer. He was the IBF middleweight champion from 2005 to 2009. He won the vacant title on December 10, 2005, in Leipzig, Germany, beating Kingsley Ikeke, by a fifth-round knockout.

Arthur changed his weight class to compete at super middleweight.

Abraham trains under Ulli Wegner in Berlin, Germany and is managed by Wilfried Sauerland.

## Titles in boxing 
### Amateur career 
*International:*
*1997 International Light Welterweight German Champion
*2000, 2001 and 2002 Senior Light Middleweight Armenian Champion

### Professional career 
*Major World Titles:*
*IBF Middleweight Champion *(160&nbsp;lbs)*

*Regional/International Titles:*
*WBA Inter-Continental Middleweight Champion *(160&nbsp;lbs)*
*WBF Intercontinental Middleweight Champion *(160&nbsp;lbs)*
*WBO European Super Middleweight Champion *(168&nbsp;lbs)*

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Website 
*Boxing record
*Arthur Abraham's Myspace Page
*Arthur Abraham's career record
International Boxing Federation

The **International Boxing Federation**, or *IBF*, is one of many organizations which sanction world championship boxing bouts, alongside the WBA, WBC, WBO, and a dozen or so others.

## Other websites 
* Official Site
Vic Darchinyan

**Vic Darchinyan** (, born January 7, 1976, in Vanadzor, Armenia) is the former IBF flyweight champion. He is a left-handed boxer who currently trains under Billy Hussein, brother of boxers Nedal and Hussein Hussein. He was previously trained by former three-division world champion Jeff Fenech in Sydney, Australia.

## Other websites 
*Official website 
*Vic Darchinyan's career record
Atenism

**Atenism** was one of the earliest monotheistic religions. It was the worship of the light emanating from the sun god (or rather sun disk), Aten. It was started by the 18 dynasty pharaoh Amenhotep IV, better known as Akhenaten. It lasted 20 years, until Akhenaten's death. Tutankhamun, Akhenaten's son, restored the traditional Egyptian religion. Today modern day groups have attempted to revive Atenism as a worldwide religion, most notably Akhetaten Fellowship.

## Other websites
*Akhetaten Fellowship Homepage @ www.atenism.org 
*Akhetaten Fellowship Forums @ www.atenism.net
Dawn Fraser

**Dawn Fraser**  (born 4 September 1937) is an Australian champion swimmer. She is one of only two swimmers to win the same Olympic event three different times. She was born in Balmain, New South Wales.

## Politics 
In 1988, Fraser was elected to the parliament of New South Wales. She served until 1991.

## References
## Other websites 
* Australian Olympic Committee Profile
* Dawn Fraser's world records
*
Jet engine

A **jet engine** is any engine that creates force by releasing a high speed jet of a liquid or a gas.

An example of a jet engine is a full balloon that is not held closed. It will release the air and push the balloon forward.

Turbojet engines are used on airplanes. Turbojet engines have a gas compressor, a kind of fan, at the front that takes in air. The engine burns fuel to make the air expand, and it blows a big wind out the back. On the way out, the hot air turns another fan (a gas turbine) which turns the rod that turns the fan at the front to make it go.

For cruising speeds below that of sound, the ordinary turbojet has too high a jet velocity for best efficiency. Better results can be obtained by making the engine into a Turbofan, handling more air at a lower speed.

Another kind of a jet engine is a rocket engine. Ramjet and pulse jet engines are rarer kinds of jet engine. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Jet Engine Specification Database
* Jet Engine at Citizendium
CBS News

**CBS News** is the news division of American television network CBS.

## Current television shows
**CBS Morning News*
**CBS News Sunday Morning with Jane Pauley*
**Face the Nation with Margaret Brennan*
**CBS Evening News with Maurice DeBois*
**CBS Evening News with Tony Dokoupil*
**60 Minutes*
**48 Hours Mystery*
**Up to the Minute*

## Anchors 
## Other websites 
* CBS News website
Steak

steak]]

 steak. ]]
**Steak** is a slice off a larger piece of meat, usually beef. In Canada, steaks are usually grilled. They are also often pan fried or baked. The most tender (softest) cuts of the animal are usually used for steak. This also means that steaks have a high price. The pieces of meat used for steaks are usually cut across the muscle fiber, not along it. This makes them look more tender. Steaks are cut from animals including cattle, buffalo, camels, goats, horses, kangaroos, sheep, ostriches, pigs, rabbits, turkeys, moose, and especially, American black bears.

A restaurant that mainly makes steaks is known as a steakhouse. A well-known side dish to steak is prawns or a cooked lobster tail. This combination is often called *surf and turf* or *reef and beef* (the words "surf" and "reef" refer to the seafood and "turf" and "beef" refer to the steak). Special steak knives are used to cut steak. A steak knife is sharper than most table knives and is usually serrated.

Fish is not the only side dish for steak. Other common side dishes are baked potatoes, dinner rolls, salad, and corn on the cob. In France, steaks are often served with french fries. This combination is known as *steak fries* or *steak-frites*. They do not come with vegetables, but sometimes a salad is served with them.

## Seasoning 
Steaks are seasoned with salt and black pepper. Some additional seasonings are garlic, rosemary, and other herbs and spices. Marinades are also an option depending on the cut. Butter can also be used for basting steaks for a milky flavor. Often, steaks are served with a special sauce called "steak sauce", but sometimes steaks are served with a spicy sauce called horseradish.

## Cuts of steak 
Steak comes in a wide variety of cuts, which come from different parts of the cow.
Some different cuts are:
* Filet Mignon
* Strip steak
* Rib eye
* Flank steak
* Sirloin
* Chuck
* Skirt steak
* Flap steak

## Degrees of cooking 
Meat that is cooked less will appear to be more tender and soft. The usual degrees of cooking for steaks (mostly beef) are:
* **Raw/Uncooked** - for example in tartare.
* **Rare** - cooked very quickly, mostly red inside.
* **Medium Rare** - cooked quickly, mostly pink inside with some red. 
* **Medium** - moderately cooked, mostly pink inside, but no red.
* **Medium-Well** - Mostly cooked, with some pink remaining inside.
* **Well-done**- thoroughly cooked. No pink remains inside, may be blackened on the outside.

## References
Masters Tournament

]]
**The Masters Tournament** is one of four major championships in men's professional golf and the first of the four to be played each year. The final round of the Masters is always scheduled for the second Sunday in April. Unlike the other major championships, the Masters is held every year at the same location, Augusta National Golf Club, a private golf club in the city of Augusta, Georgia, USA. The Masters Tournament is aired on CBS.

## Winners 
## Other websites 
* Official website
NFL Europa

The **NFL Europa** was a European American football league that ran from 1991 to 2007 under the control of the National Football League. It started off as the **World League of American Football** and had 3 teams in Europe, 6 in the USA and one in Canada. After 2 years the league was put on hold, so there were no 1993 or 1994 seasons. The league came back in 1995 as a purely European league, with the 3 original European teams plus 3 new ones. In 1998 the name of the league was changed to **NFL Europe** and then in 2007 it became **NFL Europa**. After the 2007 season, the NFL ceased operations of the league. This was a developmental league of the NFL. The Berlin Thunder were the league's best team, winning 42 games and 3 World Bowls

## Past World Bowl Games 
***Note:** Roman Numerals were not officially used by **NFL Europa** until World Bowl IX. Prior to 2001, the games were billed as World Bowl 2000, World Bowl '99 etc.
Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)

**Heliopolis** was one of the oldest cities of Egypt. Its name also refers (in European languages) to a modern suburb of Cairo. The ancient city stood five miles east of the Nile north of the apex of the river delta. The modern city of Heliopolis is in a different place. In ancient times it was the main city of sun-worship.

This was also where the Heliopolitan version of Egyptian mythology was created.
Bartonella rochalimae

***Bartonella rochalimae*** is a recently discovered strain of gram-negative bacteria. It is a member of the *Bartonella* genus. The bacteria was found by researchers at the University of California, San Francisco. Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also helped with the discovery.

The bacterium was first found in a 43-year-old American woman. She was in Peru when she became very sick. She had a high fever, anemia and insomnia.  The illness was thought to be *Bartonella bacilliformis*, a similar bacteria that causes Oroya fever. The scientists later discovered that a new species of bacteria had caused the illness. They gave the patient some antibiotics. Her condition later improved. 

The findings were published in the *New England Journal of Medicine* on June 7, 2007.
Tipi

tribe.]]

A **tipi** (also called a **tepee** or **teepee**) is a kind of tent. It is cone-shaped. They were made by Native Americans of the Great Plains who frequently moved from place to place, following buffalo or other animals Native Americans hunted.

Tipis are made from long poles, and are covered with material. Long ago the material was animal skin or tree bark. Today, they are made from cloth.

Tepees were put up in as a circle, which symbolized the life.

Tepees are no longer usually used for a full-time home, but they are still used for special occasions.

Tepees were used by the Lakota.

The Plains Indians would sometimes paint and mark their tepees, and put signs to mark off evil.

They usually made the cover from buffalo skin (tanned hide).

Teepees had a flap that could be open and closed as necessary during the summer and winter months

They generally had an 'ears' flap.

The doorway would face towards the rising sun.

Tipis would contain paintings.

## Other websites
NBC News

**NBC News** is the news division of American television network NBC. NBC News makes MSNBC channel, Today Show and news programmes.

In December 2025, NBC News launched an ad-free online and mobile subscription service for text and video content.

## Current shows 
**Today*
**Weekend Today*
**Meet the Press with Kristen Welker* 
**NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt*
**Dateline NBC*

## Programming
* *Meet the Press* (1947–present)
* *Today* (1952–present)
* *Today 3rd Hour* (2018–present)
* *NBC Nightly News* (1970–present)
* *Weekend Today* (1987–present)
* *Dateline NBC* (1992–present)
* *Early Today* (1999–present)
* *Today with Jenna & Sheinelle* (2026–present)
* *Sunday Today with Willie Geist* (2016–present)

### Former programming
* *Weekend* (1974–79)
* *Ask NBC News* (1979-83)
* *NBC News Overnight* (1982–83)
* *NBC News at Sunrise* (1983–99)
* *Real Life with Jane Pauley* (1990–91)
* *Expose with Tom Brokaw* (1991)
* *NBC Nightside* (1991–98)
* *Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric* (1993–94)
**NBC News At This Hour* (1975–1990s; previously branded as *NBC News Update*, *NBC News Capsule* and *NBC News Digest)*
* *Later Today* (1999–2000)
* *Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda* (2008–19)
* *Rock Center with Brian Williams* (2011–13)
* ''Today's Take'' (2012–17)

## References 
## Other websites 
* NBC News website
Luke the Evangelist

]]
**Luke the Evangelist** is one of the Four Evangelists, said to be the author of the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Irenaeus, Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome say that he was a friend of Saint Paul and a doctor, and that he accompanied Paul on some of his travels. These people also say that he was of Greek origin, from Antioch in Syria.

Modern-day scholars think that the person that wrote the two books was not the same that accompanied Paul. Paul had a theology that was special, and slightly different from that of other writers of the New Testament. The two books written by Luke never refer to this theology. Also, the name of Paul's companion is never linked to writing the two books. The Acts of the Apostles often tell things about Paul which Paul does not tell himself in his letters. 

Luke wrote about the Three Wise Men who visited Jesus in the Bible.  Luke never said there were 3 wise men, only wise men from the east.

His feast day is 18 October.

## References
Walid Eido

**Walid Eido** (in Arabic: وليد عيدو) (Beirut, 1942 - Beirut, June 13, 2007) was a Lebanese man who worked for the Lebanese Parliament, a government building in Beirut. He died with his son on June 13, 2007, with eight other people, when a bomb blew up just outside a famous amusement park. This was at the waterside of north Beirut.

## His early life
Walid Eido was Sunni Muslim. He was born in the Bachoura area of Beirut. He finished his studies at the Lebanese University in 1966. In the late 1990s, he worked for the Lebanese law of north Lebanon, but, in the year 2000, he quit to go into political life with Mr. Rafic Hariri and to be in the Lebanese parliament. Later on, he worked for the Lebanese Parliament. He used to belong to Al-Murabitun militant group at the time of the Lebanese civil war, he left the Murabitun when this group starts to expand and take bad members in.

## Personal life
Eido was married with three sons named Khaled, Zaher and Mazen. Eido was a good swimmer and the bomb exploded outside his favorite Beirut beach resort, Sporting Club.
Akhenaten

style: one of the things this pharaoh did was to introduce a more realist style on carved and painted portraits.]]

**Akhenaten** (first known as **Amenhotep IV**) was a pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. His reign is dated as 1353–1336 BC or 1351–1334 BC.

Akhenaten is one of Egypt's most well-known pharaohs.
In the fifth year of his reign, he changed his name from Amenhotep IV, meaning "Amun is satisfied". He did this because he left Egypt's traditional polytheism. He founded a monotheistic worship of the Egyptian sun god, Aten. He destroyed the temples of Amun. His new religion was called Atenism. It was the first known attempt at monotheism in the world. Naturally, this made enemies of the many priests of the old religion. 

This culture shift away from traditional religion was not widely accepted. This helps to explain why after his death, his monuments were dismantled, his statues were destroyed, and his name excluded from lists of rulers compiled by later pharaohs. Traditional religious practice was gradually restored, notably under his close successor Tutankhamun, who changed his name from Tutankhaten early in his reign. However, it was Horemheb who destroyed all the works of Akhenaten.

Akhenaten was all but lost to history until the late 19th century discovery of Amarna, the new capital city he built for the worship of Aten. 
Its rediscovery and Flinders Petrie's early excavations sparked great public interest in the pharaoh and his queen Nefertiti. The interest comes from his connection with Tutankhamun, the unique style and high quality of the pictorial arts he patronized, and interest in the religion he attempted to establish.

## References
Toyama Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshū. The capital is Toyama. 

## History 
The area of Toyama Prefecture comes from Etchū Province. 

The Itai-itai disease, whose origin is from polluted water with cadmium, occurred in Toyama around 1950.

## Geography 
Toyama Prefecture is bordered by Ishikawa Prefecture to the west, Niigata Prefecture to the northeast, Nagano Prefecture to the southeast, Gifu Prefecture to the south and the Sea of Japan to the north.

The most famous mountain in Toyama is Mount Tate.

Toyama is known for its great mountains and rich fishery. ,  and mass product of tulip industry are also famous. 

Toyama is an industrial prefecture because companies like YKK and Sankyo Aluminum have been able to take advantage of cheap hydro-electricity generated by rivers flowing from its high mountains.

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 30% of the total land area of the prefecture, including
* Chūbu-Sangaku National Park

## Shrines and Temples
*Takase taisha*, *Keta jinja*, and *Oyama jinja* are the chief Shinto shrines (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.  

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Kataller Toyama

## References 
## Other websites 
* Toyama Prefecture website
Fouad Siniora

**Fouad Siniora** () was the Prime Minister of Lebanon. He served as Prime Minister since July 19, 2005, after Najib Mikati left office. His term ended on November 9, 2009. He was succeed by Saad Hariri. He was also acting president from November 2007 to May 2008.

## His early life
Fouad Siniora is a Sunni Muslim, who was born in Sidon in 1943. He finished his studies at the American University of Beirut. Then, he worked for Citibank, and in the 1970s, he became a teacher at the American University of Beirut. Later, he worked for the Central Bank. In 1982, he started to work for the late Prime Minister, Rafik Hariri. He became part of Hariri's business. Siniora was Minister of Finance in Lebanon after the civil war ended.
Sidon

**Sidon**, or **Saida** (, Saydā; , , Zaydo'wn), is the third biggest city in Lebanon. It is in the southern part of Lebanon at the waterside of the Mediterranean Sea. The name "Sidon" means a fishery.

## History 
Sidon was one of the most important cities of Phoenicia. From here, a great trading empire of the Mediterranean area was made. It was known for people who were good in making glass and purple cloth dyes. Glass making was a very important business in Sidon during in Phoenician times. People also made purple cloth dye.
Parallel

**Parallel** could mean:

* Parallel (geometry), as in "parallel lines"
* Circle of latitude, an imaginary east-west line circling a globe, e.g. the 38th parallel
* Parallelism (grammar), a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses
* Parallel study, a type of clinical study
* Parallel circuit, as opposed to series 
* Parallel import, also known as a "grey market product"
* Parallel transport, in mathematics using vectors and smooth curves

In **music**:
* Parallel key, the minor (or major) key of a major (or minor) key with the same tonic
* Harmonic parallelism, also known as "harmonic planing" or "parallel voice leading"
* Parallel fifths, also known as "consecutive fifths", involve the concurrence of successive intervals of a perfect fifth between two voices in parallel motion -- a harmonization generally forbidden in modern musical theory

**Other**:
* Parallel (manga) (ぱられる) is a shōnen manga by Toshihiko Kobayashi
* *Parallel 9*, A British children's television show

## Related pages
* Parallel computing
* Parallel evolution
* Parallel universe
* Parallel port
Oak Park, Illinois

**Oak Park**, Illinois is a suburb of Chicago. It is west of the city in the same county. About 54,000 people live there.  

Ernest Hemingway was born there. Betty White was born there too.  Frank Lloyd Wright lived and worked there for a while.  Some of his most famous houses and buildings were built there.
Hassan Nasrallah

**Hassan Nasrallah** (; 28 November 1959 – 27 September 2024) was a Lebanese cleric and the leader of the Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary organization in Lebanon called Hezbollah. He was also a Shia Muslim cleric. He is widely credited in Lebanon and the Arab world for expelling Israeli forces from Lebanon in the year 2006 and for the prisoners exchange deals that saw many Lebanese and Palestinians getting freed.

## Early life
Hassan Nasrallah was born in Bourj Hammoud, east Beirut to a Lebanese Shia Muslim family. He was among ten children in his family. He went to Al Najah school, and then a public school in Sin el-Fil, Beirut. The civil war in 1975 caused his family to move to their old home in Bassouriyeh. There, he finished his secondary education at the public school in Tyre. He then joined the Amal Movement, a militant group that represents the Shi'a Muslims in Lebanon. He used to organize the local religious youth into a study group at the village’s Islamic library. Soon he was made the  of Amal movement in his village at just the age of 15.

## Assassination
On 27 September 2024, the Israel Defense Forces announced that its air force had struck Hezbollah's main headquarters in Beirut with the goal of assassinating Nasrallah. The following day, it was confirmed that Nasrallah had been killed in the air raid.

## Legacy 
*The Economist* noted that "Mr Nasrallah's death will reshape Lebanon, and the region, in ways that would have been unthinkable a year ago."

## References
## Other websites
* Hasan Nasrallah from Al Jazeera
Björk

**Björk** was born **Björk Guðmundsdóttir** on 21 November 1965 in Reykjavík, Iceland. She is an Icelandic singer, songwriter, composer, actress, record producer and DJ.

Her career started with singing Tina Charles' 1976 hit song "I Love to Love" in a school recital, and a recording of her singing the song was sent to the RÚV radio station. The recording was nationally broadcast, after that, Björk was offered a recording contract. Her self-titled début album, *Björk*, was recorded and released in Iceland in December 1977. Before embarking on a solo career in 1993, Björk was the lead singer of alternative rock band The Sugarcubes, which is called as "Iceland's biggest rock band". Since then, she has received consistent critical praise for her innovative vocal and compositional approaches, musical experimentation, and art direction, and is recognised as one of the best singer-songwriters of her generation. Her albums reached the top 20 in the *Billboard 200* chart.

Björk has won five BRIT Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, one MOJO Award, three UK Music Video Awards, 21 Icelandic Music Awards and, in 2010, the Polar Music Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in recognition of her "deeply personal music and lyrics, her precise arrangements and her unique voice". She has also been nominated for 14 Grammy Awards, one Academy Award, and two Golden Globe Awards. She was included in Time Magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world. She won the Best Actress Award at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival for her performance in the movie *Dancer in the Dark*.

She has a son and a daughter, Sindri and Isadòra. She lives in New York City, but also owns a home in Reykjavík.

Björk was in the 2013 television documentary *When Björk Met Attenborough* with Sir David Attenborough.

## Discography (albums by Björk) 
* *Björk* (1977) - Her first album, most songs are a mixture of covers translated into Icelandic.
* *Gling-Gló* (1990) - A jazz album where she sings mostly in Icelandic. The only album that was made by Björk Guðmundsdóttir & tríó Guðmundar Ingólfssonar.
* *Debut* (1993)
* *Post* (1995)
** *Telegram* (1996) - Remixes from *Post*.
* *Homogenic* (1997)
* *Selmasongs (2000)* - Soundtrack album of Lars von Trier's *Dancer in the Dark*.
* *Vespertine* (2001)
* *Greatest Hits* (2002) - Collection of the best tracks of Björk chosen by audience.
* *Family Tree* (2002) - Mini compact disc boxset of rare and unreleased works.
* *Live Box* (2003) - Collection of music from each album's live shows.
* *Medúlla* (2004)
* *Drawing Restraint 9* (2005) - Music from her movie with her former husband Matthew Barney, *Drawing Restraint 9*.
* *Surrounded* (2006) - Dual Disc boxset of most of her old music, remastered in Surround Sound.
* *Volta* (2007)
* *Biophilia* (2011)
** *Bastards* (2012) - Remixes from *Biophilia*.
* *Vulnicura* (2015)
** *Vulnicura Strings* (2015) - Acoustic, instrumental version of *Vulnicura*.
** *Vulnicura Live* (2016) - Live concert version of *Vulnicura*.
* *Utopia* (2017)
* *Fossora* (2022)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Motion Picture Association

The **Motion Picture Association** (**MPA**), originally called the **Motion Picture Association of America**, is a non-profit group based in the United States. Its members are the "big six" major Hollywood studios: Amazon MGM Studios (Amazon), Netflix, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (The Walt Disney Company), Sony Pictures (Sony), Paramount Pictures (Paramount Global), Universal Studios (Comcast), and Warner Bros. (Warner Bros. Discovery). It also represents Netflix streaming platform movies. The organization produces the well-known voluntary film rating system. On January 22, 2019, Netflix became the first streaming service to become a member of the MPA.

## References
## Other websites
*
Long Beach, California

**Long Beach** is a city in southern Los Angeles County, California, United States. It borders Orange County on its southeast edge and is on the Pacific coast. It is about 20 miles (30&nbsp;km) south of downtown Los Angeles. It is a part of the Greater Los Angeles Area. As of 2022, 451,307 people lived there, and it is the second-largest city in the county. Long Beach is also home to the Port of Long Beach.

The top countries of origin for Long Beach's immigrants are Mexico, the Philippines, Cambodia, El Salvador, and Vietnam. 

## Population
### 2020 census
In the 2020 census, there were 466,742 people, 170,711 households, and 103,249 families living in Long Beach. The population density was 9,203.6 people per square mile (3,553.5/km²). There were 179,530 housing units. The breakdown by race was 32.0% White, 13.0% Asian, 12.5% Black, 1.5% Native American, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 25.6% from one other race, and 14.4% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 43.3% of the people.

The median (middle) age was 36.4 years. The age breakdown was 20.4% under age 18, 66.5% from 18 to 65, and 13.1% over 65. The gender breakdown was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

Of the households, 29.6% had children under age 18, 37.2% had a married couple, 9.5% had an unmarried couple, 31.3% had a woman with no partner, 22.0% had a man with no partner, and 29.1% had one person living alone. The average household size was 2.66 people.

## Changing school names 
The state of California Government was renaming parts of the state, such as in Long Beach, where they renamed 3 schools (in 2016 or earlier). The Robert E. Lee Elementary school was renamed to Olivia Herrera Elementary School in Long beach on August 1, 2016. In this case it was only renaming (which means they left school functioning).

California did this to change the things that are related to the Confederacy, such as for it being named after a confederate. Other states have done the same. This includes Montgomery, Alabama, as they are an imoortant figure in the debate, because they were the capital of the Confederate States of America.

Other Cali cities had renaming, but only 1 was renamed in San Diego. Country-wide (in America), other buildings, statues and monuments (landmarks and man-made), as well as gifts from the Union, were removed or changed. This happened in multiple parts in America, from both sides. It also happened (here) California, in Florida, Texas, New York, and Washington D.C., among others.

## References
São Carlos

**São Carlos** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. In 2017, it had 246,088 people living in it. It is about 230&nbsp;km (143 miles) away from the city of São Paulo and has an area of 1,137 km² (441 mi²).
51st state

**51st state** refers to a place or territory that is not one of the 50 states of the United States, but people think about making it the 51st state. It is sometimes a joke term in American politics, and sometimes a realistic one. It is usually said about the possibility of Puerto Rico (most common in past decades, 80s to 90s) or other U.S. territories becoming part of the United States. There have been attempts by people in the United States to get Canada to join them (like in the Articles of Confederation), but Canada has never accepted these offers. It is also sometimes used to refer to countries that seem to be controlled by the United States. Before the year 1959, when Alaska and Hawaii became states, the sentence "the 49th state" was used.

Places in the United States that are not states right now, but might become the 51st state, include the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the US Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Besides admitting a new state, another type of proposal has been to form a 51st (or even 52nd) state by dividing a current state, such as the most-populous state (and third-largest state, geographically) of California into two or even three states, or Texas (the second-most populous) into four or five states.

Some regions of the U.S. that include land that is now in two different states and might become a new state include the "State of Jefferson" (Northmost California plus the southern counties of Oregon) and the "State of Lincoln" (Eastmost Washington State plus the northern panhandle of Idaho. A move has also been proposed to separate the westmost one-fourth of Nebraska from that state, but to add that to Wyoming (the least-populous state), rather than to create an entirely new state. This region is actually much closer to Cheyenne, Wyoming, the capital city, than it is to its current capital of Lincoln, Nebraska. 

In 2012 and more recently in 2017, the people of Puerto Rico voted strongly in favor of becoming the 51st state, but the approval of the United States Congress is also needed.

Guyana has also seen political movements favoring and advocating for it to become an American associated territory with eventual statehood as its goal.
## References
J1 League

The , in the past known as , is part of the Japanese football club system.

J1 League is the top  of the .

It is one of the three major titles in Japan, along with J. League Cup and Emperor's Cup.

The second tier is represented by the J2 League.

### Participating clubs 
Source for teams participating:
**Pink background denotes club was most recently promoted from J2 League.*
**"Year joined" is the year the club joined the J.League (Division 1 unless otherwise indicated).*
**"First season in top flight", "Seasons in top flight", "Current spell in top flight", and "Last title" include seasons in the old Japan Soccer League First Division.*

## References
## Other websites
* J-League at NHK.or.jp
Philippine Revolution

:*This article is about the 19th-century revolution. For the 20th-century event that is also called "Philippine Revolution", see EDSA Revolution of 1986*
:

The **Philippine Revolution** (1896–1898) was a war between the Spanish colonial regime and the Katipunan rebels. The revolution attempted to reach the rebels' goal: for the Philippines to undergo a revolution that would gain independence from Spain.
Victoria, Seychelles

**Victoria** (sometimes called **Port Victoria**) is the capital city of the Republic of Seychelles. It is on the north-eastern side of Mahé island, which the main island of the archipelago.  The city was first created as the capital of the British colonial government. Victoria has a population of 24,970 people (2002). About one third of the population of the Seychelles lives in the city. Victoria is served by the Seychelles International Airport

The main exports of Victoria are vanilla, coconuts, coconut oil, corn, tortoise shell, soap, and guano. The harbour is a short distance east of the town. Tuna fishing and canning are a major local industry.

## Things to see 
Things to see in the city include a clocktower built similar to Little Ben in London, England. It is a small version of Big Ben. Other things include the Courthouse, the Victoria Botanical Gardens, the Victoria National Museum of History, the Victoria Natural History Museum and the Sir Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke Market.
Television licence

The **television licence** (sometimes called the *TV licence* or the *television tax*) is a small tax that people pay to watch television. It is used to pay, or part-pay, for the local public broadcaster, such as the BBC in the United Kingdom. It mainly exists in Europe, East Asia and parts of Africa. The licence fee varies in size from a few euros to around 350 euros per year in Iceland. In return for paying the licence, the broadcaster does have few or no adverts. 

In the past, before television was well known, people used to have a radio licence, which is a roughly the same as television licence, but for radio. Some countries still have the radio licence together with the television licence.
Gob

:''Gob is also a slang term for a mouth.
**Gob** are a Canadian punk band from Burnaby, British Columbia . The band was formed in 1994.  The band's sound is based on distorted guitars. They have had many songs used on Electronic Arts's sports video games. The band has appeared on several outdoor music festivals, the most well-known being Vans Warped Tour.

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Too Late... No Friends* (1995)
* *How Far Shallow Takes You* (1998)
* *World According to Gob* (2001)
* *Foot in Mouth Disease* (2003)
* *Muertos Vivos* (2007)

### Other albums
* *Gob* (1994)
* *Ass Seen on TV* (1997)
* *F.U. EP* (2002)
* *Dildozer* (1995)

## Other websites 
*Official Website
*Official gob MySpace
*Gobfans.com
Auckland Grammar School

**Auckland Grammar School** is a public school in Auckland New Zealand. It teaches boys from age thirteen to eighteen. The school also has some places near the school where students who come from distant places can live. It is one of the biggest schools in New Zealand. The school has more than two thousand students. The School's motto is "*Per Angusta Ad Augusta*". It means "Through Hardship to Glory". This motto is most often reiterated within the school. The current Headmaster is Tim O'Connor.

## History 
Auckland Grammar School was first set up in 1868 by Sir George Grey. He was the governor of New Zealand from 1861 to 1868. During that time, the new European settlers were fighting with the Māori people over land rights issues. The Governor of New Zealand asked for military help from the British Empire. Britain sent up to one million soldiers to New Zealand to end the problems. Many of the soldiers settled with their families in Auckland. Sir George Grey decided to create Auckland Grammar School to give a very good education to the soldiers' sons.

## Tibbs House 
Tibbs House was opened in 1962 with 46 boys to provide an opportunity for boys outside of the greater Auckland area to attend Auckland Grammar School.

It was named after the fourth Headmaster of Auckland Grammar School, Mr J W Tibbs MA, CMG, who was Headmaster from 1893 to 1922. A statue of Mr Tibbs can be found at the entrance to Old Tibbs House.

## Rules 
People of all classes or racial background who live in New Zealand are all the same when it comes to being allowed to go to the school. The school believes it is very important to teach many different languages and, in particular, 'the instructing in Latin.' The school tries to get all of the students to do very well in all educational areas, for example, Academic, Sporting and Cultural fields. The school does however show some disregard for national educational standards.

## Famous former students 
* Sir Edmund Hillary (The first person to climb Mount Everest)
* Russell Crowe
* Cyrill Basset (Won the Victoria's Cross during World War I)
* Hon Sir Leslie Munro former President of the General Assembly of the United Nations

## Other websites 
* Official school website
List of centuries

The pages listed below contain information about trends and events in particular **centuries** and millennia.

## Related pages
* List of decades 
* List of years
* Chronology
* Calendar
* History
* Geologic time scale
Rose Tattoo

**Rose Tattoo** is a hard rock band from Sydney, Australia. The band was formed in 1976. The band is led by singer Angry Anderson. Among their best known songs are "We Can't Be Beaten", "Scarred for Life", "Rock 'n' Roll Outlaw" and "Bad Boy for Love". Their first 4 albums were produced by Harry Vanda and George Young who also worked with AC/DC. 

Other bands have played Rose Tattoo songs including Guns N' Roses (*Nice Boys*), L.A. Guns (''Rock'N'Roll Outlaw*), Nashville Pussy (*Rock'N'Roll Outlaw* and *Nice Boys*), Brass Tacks (*Nice Boys*), Public Toys (*Nice Boys*), Lower Class Brats (*We Can't Be Beaten*) and Canadian punk rock band Youth Youth Youth (*We can't be beaten*).

## Members 
* Angry Anderson - singer
* Mick Cocks - guitar
* Peter Wells - slide guitar
* Ian Rilen - bass guitar
* Dallas Royal - drums

## Discography
**Rose Tattoo*&nbsp;– (1978, Albert Productions)
**Scarred For Life (Unreleased Album)* (1980, Albert)
**Assault & Battery*&nbsp;– (1981, Albert)
**Scarred for Life*&nbsp;– (1982, Albert)
**Southern Stars*&nbsp;– (1982, Albert)
**Beats from a Single Drum*&nbsp;– (1986, Mushroom Records)
**Pain*&nbsp;– (2002, SPV)
**Blood Brothers''&nbsp;– (2007)

## Other websides 
* www.rosetattoo.com.au
Patriots' Day

'''Patriots' Day** (sometimes spelled **Patriot's Day** or **Patriots Day''') is a legal holiday in Massachusetts. The holiday remembers the American men and women who fought during the Revolutionary War.

In the past, Patriots' Day was on April 19.  This was done in honor of Lexington and Concord.  These were the first battles of the American Revolutionary War that were fought on that date in 1775.  Since 1969, however, the holiday has been on the third Monday in April.

The Boston Marathon is run on this day every year. The Boston Marathon bombings happened on this day in 2013. The Boston Red Sox have played a home game at Fenway Park on this day every year since 1960.
Sofia

**Sofia** is the capital and the largest city of Republic of Bulgaria. Sofia means wiseness in Greek language and in Ancient Greek language. It has 1.3 million people. It is the 15th largest city of the European Union. Sofia is in the west of Bulgaria.

Sofia is one of the oldest capital cities in Europe; the history of Sofia dates back to the 8th century BC. 

Many of the major, biggest universities, cultural centers and institutions, and many businesses of Bulgaria are concentrated in Sofia.

Sofia has Sofia University called Kliment Ohridski, to the name of Kliment, the student of Cyril and Methodius, National Library is located in Sofia, the National Theater, National Palace of Culture of Bulgaria in German-Berlin style having a big garden with waterfalls.

Political institutions are located in Sofia as the Parliament of Bulgaria and the Ministries, together with the Presidency. 

Many big cinemas are located in Sofia, historical and new.

However the previous capital is Veliko Tarnovo, and Sofia became a capital after the Liberation of Bulgaria that is celebrated on 3rd of March. 

At 550 m (1,800&nbsp;ft) above sea level, Sofia is the third highest capital in Europe (after the Andorran capital Andorra la Vella and the Spanish capital Madrid). It has a humid continental climate (*Dfb* in the Köppen climate classification).

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sofia complete accommodation guide
Burette

A **burette** is a vertical tube-like instrument, used to measure and separate known amounts of liquids in laboratories. Burettes are very precise and one can measure the volume of a fluid with the precision of ±0.05 mL with them.

## History 
Francois Antoine Henri Descroizilles developed the first burette on 1791. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac invented a more complete burette later.

## References
Maghen Abraham Synagogue

The **Maghen Abraham Synagogue** is the oldest synagogue in Beirut, the capital of Lebanon.

## History 
This synagogue was very important to Jewish Lebanese in the early twentieth century. It was built in 1925. It was then named after the son of Abraham Sason. It was used as a place to stay for illegal travelers. Some of the people who traveled without legal papers stayed in the synagogue while going to Palestine. Today, it is now called Israel.

In 1976, a year after the civil war began, Joseph Farhi took the Torah scrolls from the synagogue to Geneva. Most of them were sent to Sephardic synagogues in Israel.

Israel attacked its enemies in Lebanon. This brought anger by other people towards Lebanese Jews. Lebanese Jews became targets to Islamic militant groups since 1984. But even during the fighting, Yasser Arafat's PLO forces and the Christian Phalangists did protect Wadi Abu Jamil during the 1982 Lebanon War. But, the presence of Palestine Liberation Organization forces in the area brought Israeli attacks that damaged the synagogue itself.

The late former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri wanted to rebuild the synagoge, but that never happened. The Talmudic school next to it was broken down. This was to keep view of the beach nearby.

## Related pages
* Deir el Qamar Synagogue (Mount Lebanon)
* Beth Elamen Cemetery
* History of the Jews in Lebanon
* Wadi Abu Jamil

## Notes and references 
## Sources
* Karam, Dima (October 2003), Beirut Synagogue is a Reminder of a Departed People , Daily Star. 
* Hendler, Sefi (August 19 2006), Beirut’s last Jews, Ynetnews.
Grosse Ile Township, Michigan

**Grosse Ile** Township is a town in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The township is coterminous with the island in the Detroit River called Grosse Ile. The name comes from French, meaning "Big Island". The population was 10,788 at the 2020 census. It is part of the collection of communities known as Downriver.

## References
Malacostraca

The **Malacostraca** (Greek: "soft shell") are the largest subgroup of crustaceans. They include decapods (such as crabs,  lobsters and shrimp), stomatopods (mantis shrimp) and krill. There are 22,000 members in this group. It represents two thirds of all crustacean species. The first malacostracans appeared in the Cambrian period.

The classification of crustaceans is currently being debated. Some think Malacostraca is a class and others think it is a subclass.

## Morphology 
Malacostraca have heads with six segments. They have a pair of antennules and a pair of antennae. They also have mouthparts. There are appendages near the mouthparts, called maxillipeds. They have five pairs of walking legs. The first pair is formed like a pincer. There are eight thoracic segments. There are six abdominal segments. They are used for swimming. Members of Malacostraca have compound stalked or sessile eyes. They have a two-chambered stomach and a centralized nervous system.

## Classification 
]]
'', an isopod]]
Class **Malacostraca** Latreille, 1802 
* Subclass Phyllocarida Packard, 1879 
::* †Order Archaeostraca
::* †Order Hoplostraca
::* †Order Canadaspidida
::* Order Leptostraca Claus, 1880 
* Subclass Hoplocarida Calman, 1904 
::* Order Stomatopoda Latreille, 1817 (mantis shrimp)
* Subclass Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 
** Superorder  Packard, 1885 
*** †Order Palaeocaridacea
*** Order Bathynellacea Chappuis, 1915 
*** Order Anaspidacea Calman, 1904
** Superorder  Calman, 1904
*** Order Spelaeogriphacea Gordon, 1957 
*** Order Thermosbaenacea Monod, 1927 
*** Order Lophogastrida Sars, 1870 
*** Order Mysida Haworth, 1825 
*** Order Mictacea Bowman, Garner, Hessler, Iliffe & Sanders, 1985 
*** Order Amphipoda Latreille, 1816 
*** Order Isopoda Latreille, 1817 (woodlice, slaters)
*** Order Tanaidacea Dana, 1849 
*** Order Cumacea Krøyer, 1846 
** Superorder  Calman, 1904
*** Order Euphausiacea Dana, 1852 
*** Order Amphionidacea Williamson, 1973 
*** Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802 (crabs, lobsters, shrimp)