open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tillamook

The **Tillamook** are a Native American tribe from the state of Oregon. The word *Tillamook* means "people of Nekelim" in the Chinook language. Also, Tillamook can mean "Land of Many Waters" but it is not as widely used. Tillamook can also be spelled **Calamox**, **Gillamooks**, and **Killamook**.

## Language
The Tillamook tribe used to speak Tillamook. After a while they learned to speak English. The last person that spoke Tillamook died in 1970. This made the Tillamook language gone forever. Starting in 1965, a group of scientists tried to protect the Tillamook language by talking with the Tillamook people and creating a Tillamook language dictionary.

## History
The Tillamook tribe used to live between the Necanicum River and Tillamook Bay. The Tillamook were coastal Native Americans. Their  name, Tillamook, means "Land of Many Waters" in their language. The first Tilamook people lived around the 1400s. In the 1700s, the population was counted at about 2200 people.
Hans Frank

**Hans Michael Frank** (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German lawyer. He worked for the Nazi Party during the 1920s and 1930s. Later he became a high-ranking official in Nazi Germany. 

Frank was prosecuted during the Nuremberg trials for his role in the Holocaust. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and was executed on 16 October 1946. Before his execution, Frank returned to the Catholic Church.

## Related pages 
* World War II
* Nazi Party
* The Holocaust
* War crimes
* Crimes against humanity
* The Nuremberg Trials
First Folio

of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout]]

The **First Folio** is the common name for the first collection of William Shakespeare's plays. It was published in 1623. Its title is **Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies**.  The collection was assembled by Shakespeare's theatrical colleagues, John Heminges and Henry Condell.  

Four plays are missing: *Pericles, Prince of Tyre*, *The Two Noble Kinsman*, and the "lost plays" *Cardenio* and ''Love's Labours Won''. It is believed about 750 copies were originally published. Two hundred twenty-eight remain in existence. The Folger Library in Washington, D. C. holds the most copies at 82. Copies that arrive at auction realize prices in the millions.
Praetor

A **praetor** was a person who served as a judge in Ancient Rome during the time of the Roman Republic. Also, when a Roman consul was away, the praetor would act as consul. Praetors were officials in Rome that were responsible for rendering justice. Some of them could also be responsible for the administration of a province.

## References
Yoshi's Island DS

'''''Yoshi's Island DS'''* (called  in Japan) is a platform video game made by Artoon, and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It is the sequel to *Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island*.

## How the game is played
The gameplay of *Yoshi's Island DS* is much the same as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game. The player moves Yoshi and Baby Mario. Yoshi rescues Baby Luigi after the enemies kidnaps him at the end. He will not getting hit by the enemies or losing Baby Mario when he is holds him. 

## Reception
*Yoshi's Island DS'' received good scores from lots of video game websites, including IGN and GameSpot who gave separate reviews of the game of 8.0 and 9.1.

## References
Stick figure

A **stick figure**, also known as a **stick man**, is a very simple drawing of a 
person or an animal, composed of a few lines, curves, and dots.   It is often drawn by children, and known for its simplistic style. On a stick figure, the head is most often represented by a circle, which can be either a solid color or sometimes embellished with details such as eyes, a mouth, or hair. The arms, legs, torso, and abdomen are usually represented with these straight lines. Details such as hands, feet, and a neck may be present or absent; simpler stick figures often display an ambiguous emotional expression or disproportionate limbs, however, most stick figures can be drawn with four or three fingers.

The stick figure is a universally recognizable symbol, in all likelihood one of the most well known in the world. It transcends language, location, demographics, and can trace back its roots for almost 30,000 years. Its simplicity and versatility led to the stick figure being used for a variety of purposes: info graphics, signage, comics, animations, games, film storyboards, and many kinds of visual media all employ the stick figure. With the advent of the World Wide Web, the stick figure became a central element within an entire genre of web-based interactive entertainment known as flash animation. Over a period of more than two decades, stick figure animation impacted and shaped the visual landscape of the internet.

## Animations 
Stick figures have also become popular to make simple, and often violent, animations. YouTube channels such as Alan Becker and Hyun's Dojo community create small series of videos.

## References
King Lear

***King Lear*** is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. He based it on an old British story about a king named Leir or Lyr. The play might have been first performed in December 1606. It was first printed in 1608. It was printed again in 1623 in the First Folio. This is a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. Many great actors over the years have played the part of King Lear. 

## Story
The play is about an old king named Lear. He wants to divide his kingdom between his three daughters. To get the kingdom, they must tell him how much they love him. His youngest daughter Cordelia will not say how much she does, although she's the one who loves him most.

She says words will not be able to describe her love. King Lear does not realise this is true love.  Lear gets angry at her and will not give her land, and says she is not his daughter anymore. He gives his land to his other daughters Regan and Goneril. 

The king soon finds out that Regan and Goneril do not love him. They only wanted his land. The King becomes very mad. The two daughters, and their husbands, throw him out of the land that is now theirs.  Lear goes on a  trip around the land that was once his as he becomes insane. Regan poisons Goneril out of jealousy. She also kills herself. Lear dies after discovering that Cordelia was the one who always cared for him as she came with a French army to help him but she and King Lear were caught by Edmund; who gave an order to get them both hanged, which happens to Cordelia and causes Lear's grief and death.
Stade de l'USFA

'''Stade de l'USFA''' is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive des Forces Armées.  The stadium holds 9,000 people.
Ben Folds

**Benjamin Scott Folds** (born September 12, 1966) is an American singer and songwriter who plays the piano.  He was the main singer of the band Ben Folds Five.  The band stopped playing together in 2000, and Folds has played as a solo act since then.  His solo albums include ''Rockin' the Suburbs*, *Songs for Silverman* and *Way to Normal''.  

## Sources
Carl Zimmer

**Carl Zimmer** (born 1966) is a popular science writer and blogger, mostly dealing with the study of evolution and parasites. He has written several books and contributes science essays to publications such as *The New York Times* and *Discover*. He is a Fellow at Yale University's Morse College. He lives in Guilford, Connecticut, with his wife, Grace Farrell Zimmer, and their two children.  His father, Dick Zimmer, was a Republican congressman from New Jersey from 1991 through 1997. His brother, Benjamin Zimmer, is a linguist.

## Awards
* American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2004 Science Journalism Award 
* The Pan American Health Organization's Award for Excellence in International Health Reporting
* American Institute Biological Science's Media Award
* Everett Clark Award for Science Writing
* John Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship
* United States National Academy of Sciences Communication Award

## Bibliography
* Zimmer, Carl ''At the Water's Edge* (1999) 
* Zimmer, Carl *Parasite Rex* (2001) 
* Zimmer, Carl *Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea* (2001) 
* Zimmer, Carl *Soul Made Flesh* (2004) 
* Zimmer, Carl *Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins* (2005) 
* Zimmer, Carl *Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life'' (2008)
Stade du 4-Août

**Stade du 4-Août** is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and it also has an athletics track. The stadium can hold of 35,000 people. Etoile Filante Ouagadougou play their homes games at the stadium.

## References
## Other websites
* Photo  at worldstadiums.com 
* Photos  at fussballtempel.net
* Stadium at Openstreetmap
Jimmie Foxx

**James Emory Foxx** (October 22, 1907 – July 21, 1967), nicknamed "**Double X**" and "**The Beast**", was an American first baseman in Baseball. Foxx was the second major league player to hit 500 home runs, and at age 32, is the second youngest to hit that many home runs, behind Alex Rodriguez.
2101 Adonis

**2101 Adonis** was one of the first near-Earth asteroids to be found.  It was found by Eugene Delporte in 1936 and named after Adonis, the beautiful youth with whom the goddess Venus fell in love. Adonis is thought to measure about 1&nbsp;km in diameter.

In the close approach that led to the first time it was found, not enough sightings could be made to find out it's orbit, and Adonis was lost until 1977 when it was found once again by Charles T. Kowal.

Adonis was the second Apollo asteroid to be found (after 1862 Apollo itself). It may be a dead comet, and may be the source of some meteor showers. [http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:bIucDKxXIYEJ:www.aanda.org/articles/aa/ps/2003/01/aa3030.ps.gz+adonis+asteroid&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=29&gl=us&lr=lang_en ]

It comes within 30&nbsp;Gm of the Earth six times in the 21st century, the nearest being 5.3&nbsp;Gm in 2036.

## Other websites 
* Long-lost planet 1936 CA ("Adonis") recovered
1566 Icarus

**1566 Icarus** is an Apollo asteroid (a sub-class of near-Earth asteroid). At its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) it is closer to the Sun than Mercury. In its orbit it crosses the orbits of Mercury, Venus and Mars. It is named after Icarus of Greek mythology, who flew too close to the Sun. The asteroid was found in 1949 by Walter Baade.

Icarus makes a close approach to Earth at gaps of 9, 19, or 38 years. Sometimes, it comes as close as 6.4&nbsp;Gm (16 lunar distances and 4 million miles), as it did on June 14, 1968. The last close approach was in 1996, at 15.1&nbsp;Gm, about 40 times as far as the Moon. The most recent close approach was on June 16, 2015, 8.1 Gm (5 million miles).

In 1967, Paul Sandorff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave his students the task of making a plan to destroy Icarus, if it was going to hit the Earth. This plan is known as Project Icarus (which was the basis for the 1979 science fiction film Meteor, starring Sean Connery).

## References 
## Other websites 
* NeoDys Object Listing: orbital elements and list of close approaches
* Article on TheSpaceReview.com about Project Icarus
3200 Phaethon

**3200 Phaethon**, sometimes incorrectly spelt **Phaeton**, is an Apollo asteroid and a dead comet.

It was announced on 14 October 1983 in IAUC 3878, with optical confirmation that it looks like an asteroid. It was the first asteroid to be found by a spacecraft. It measures 5.10&nbsp;km in diameter.

Phaethon approaches the Sun closer than any other numbered asteroid. Its perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) is only 0.140 AU – less than half Mercury's perihelion distance. It is a Mercury-, Venus-, Earth- and Mars-crosser. The surface temperature at perihelion could reach ~1025 K, or 1400 F. For this reason, it was named after the Greek myth of Phaëton, son of the sun god Helios.

Phaethon approached to 18.1&nbsp;Gm on 10 December 2007. It will draw nearer in 2017, 2050, 2060,  and closer still on 14 December 2093, passing within 0.0198&nbsp;AU (3.0&nbsp; Gm).

## References
Dean of the United States Senate

The **Dean of the United States Senate** is the Senator that has been in office the longest.
 
Unlike the office of President pro tem, the Office of Dean is not an official position.

## History
After the death of Daniel Inouye on December 17, 2012, Patrick Leahy became the new Dean of the Senate. Also since the death of Inouye, Leahy became the President pro tempore and "dean". Leahy is the senorist Democratic Senate politician in the United States. When Leahy retired, Chuck Grassley assumed the role in 2023.

## References
Camp Nou

**Spotify Camp Nou** for sponsorship reasons, is a football stadium used by FC Barcelona that was opened in 1957. 

With a planned increased seating capacity of 105,000, it is currently the largest stadium in Europe and the second largest football stadium in the world. 

The stadium was used to host the 1982 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 Summer Olympics. It also hosted the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich. 

 fans show their colours at Spotify Camp Nou.]]

## Matches hosted
### European Competition Finals
### European Super Cups/UEFA Super Cups
### International Competitions
### Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics
## Gallery 

File:Camp Nou - Exterior 01.JPG|Some of the exterior.
File:Camp Nou - Exterior 02.JPG|The front part of the stadium exterior.
File:LEstadi Camp Nou (7856765316).jpg|The scoreboard.
File:1999 UEFA Champions League Final opening ceremony.jpg|The stadium during the opening ceremony of the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final.
File:Campnou 1.jpg|A panorama of the stadium.

## References
1979 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1979 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1979 and ended on November 30, 1979. This was an average season with 20 storms, however only 9 became tropical. This was a damaging and deadly season most of the damage was caused by Tropical Storm Claudette, Hurricane David and Hurricane Frederic. Most deaths were caused by Hurricane David.

## Storms
*Tropical Depression One 
*Tropical Depression Two 
*Tropical Storm Ana 
*Tropical Depression Four 
*Hurricane Bob  
*Tropical Storm Claudette 
*Tropical Depression Nine 
*Tropical Depression Ten 
*Hurricane David 
*Tropical Storm Elena  
*Hurricane Frederic 
*Hurricane Gloria 
*Hurricane Henri 
*Tropical Depression Nineteen 
*Tropical Depression Twenty 
*Tropical Depression Twenty-One 
*Tropical Depression Twenty-Two 
*Subtropical Storm One 
*Tropical Depression Twenty-Five 
*Tropical Depression Twenty-Six

## Storm names
This is the list of names that were set aside for the 1979 Atlantic hurricane season. The list is not the same as in 1973 because in 1979 male names were added to the list. Names that were not used are marked in .

## Retired names
In the spring of 1980, the names, David and Frederic were retired and replaced with the names Danny and Fabian.

## Other websites
* Monthly Weather Review
* HPC rainfall pages for 1979 tropical cyclones impacting North America
1969 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1969 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1969 and ended on November 30, 1969. This season was highly active in fact, at that time it was the most active it has since fallen many times. This season featured the very powerful, Hurricane Camille.

## Storms
*Tropical Depression Seven 
*Tropical Storm Anna 
*Hurricane Blanche 
*Hurricane Camille  
*Hurricane Debbie 
*Tropical Storm Eve 
*Hurricane Francelia 
*Hurricane Gerda 
*Hurricane Holly 
*Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine 
*Hurricane Inga 
*Hurricane Ten 
*Tropical Storm Eleven 
*Subtropical Storm One 
*Tropical Depression Thirty-Two 
*Tropical Storm Jenny 
*Hurricane Kara 
*Hurricane Laurie 
*Tropical Storm Sixteen 
*Hurricane Seventeen 
*Hurricane Martha

## Unused names
## Retired names
In the spring of 1970, Camille was retired.

## Other websites
* Monthly Weather Review
* HPC rainfall pages for 1969 tropical cyclones
Hanasaka Jiisan

**Hanasaka-jiisan**(花咲か爺）is a famous folk story of Japan.  The name means "old man who made flowers blossom(Japanese flower)".  The story became famous in Japan in the Edo Period (1603-1868).

## Story 
There was a kind-hearted old man, Hanasaka-jiisan, who grew cherry blossoms.  The old man and his wife had a white puppy.  One day, their dog barked, “Koko-hore-wan-wan,” (meaning "Dig here! Bark bark!") while digging in a field.  The old man dug up gold and made the old man very rich.  The old man was very happy.  The old man's neighbor saw the dog barking and watched as the old man dig up the treasure. The old couple’s neighbors were jealous of this.  So they stole the white puppy away, and ordered him to search for treasure. They beat him, then he went to search for treasure.  But they only found rubbish. So, then they killed the dog.  The old man was crushed with grief. The neighbor's gave the old man and his wife the dog's ashes.  
Then, the dog appeared in the old man's dream.  The dog said, "Please scatter my ashes on the dead cherry blossom tree!"  The old man followed the dog's directions. Then, the dead cherry blossom tree came into full bloom.  The old man and his wife received great praise from a feudal lord passing by.
ICOCA

**ICOCA** is an IC (Integrated Circuit) Card used on the JR West rail network in Japan. It stands for "**I**ntegrated **C**ircuit **O**perating **C**ard." It can be used as a riding ticket or digital cash. For example, you can use it to get on a train or, to buy a drink at a convenience store, or bread from a bakery.

## How To Purchase 
The Green Windows (*midori-no-madoguchi*) of JR stations sell ICOCA cards. The price of the card is 500 yen (about $5 USD), but at first you must pay 2,000 yen (about $20 USD), and you immediately get 1,500 yen (about $15 USD) of cash on the card. The limit you can have on the card is 20,000 yen (about $200 USD).

## Origin of Name 
The name of the card is a play on the phrase, "Ikoka" (行こか), which means, "Let's go," in the western Japanese dialect.
38628 Huya

**38628 Huya**, previously known by its provisional designation ''''*) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It was found in March 2000 by Ignacio Ferrin and announced on October 24, 2000. It was given the name Huya, after *Juyá,'' the Wayuu rain god, in August 2003 by the International Astronomical Union.

## Size 
At the time when it was found, Huya was the biggest and brightest TNO yet found. It was found using data collected by at the CIDA Observatory in Venezuela. Astronomers think it's about 530&nbsp;km in diameter.

### Orbit 
Given the long orbit that TNOs have around the sun, Huya comes to opposition in early May of each year at an apparent magnitude of 19.3.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
* 37th DPS: Albedos, Diameters (and a Density) of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects 
* Planet 10? Tiny 'Plutino' Almost Qualifies 
* Discovery of a bright Trans-Neptunian Object (Yale) 
* From the Rain Forest to Planet Huya
Salmon (color)

**Salmon** (pronounced sa-mon, as the l is silent) is a range of pale pinkish-orange to light pink colors, named after the color of salmon flesh.

The first recorded use of *salmon* as a color name in English was in 1776. 

## Meaning of salmon 
* The color salmon is known to provide good health because salmon contains Omega-3 fatty acids, which are good for you.  

* The color *pale salmon* (shown below) represents finance because it is used as the color of the paper on which some economic newspapers like the *Financial Times* are printed (it is also the color of logo of the *Financial Times* website).  Hence the economic press is sometimes termed the *salmon press* as opposed to regular general newspapers published on off-white colored newsprint. 

## Tones of salmon color comparison chart 
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Saddle

A **saddle** is like a seat for a person who is riding on an animal's back. The seat is held to the animal's back by a belly strap called a girth. 

The most common type is the equestrian saddle made for a horse. However, saddles have been made for camels and other animals. 

## History 
The earliest saddle known to history was discovered in a tomb in China. It dated to between 727–396 BC. The saddle is made of cushioned cow hide. It shows signs that someone used and even repaired this saddle. Most early saddles were probably similar: a pad held on by a belly strap. 

The saddle tree came into use about 200 BC, and paired stirrups by 322 AD. The type of saddle we use today dates back to the 1700s. 

Today, modern saddles come in different styles, designed for different equestrian activities. They need careful fit for both the rider and the horse. Proper saddle care can extend the useful life of a saddle, often for many years.

## Types 
The two most common saddle types used for horse riding are the English saddle and the Western saddle. 

### Eastern 
The English saddle is used for horse sports like show jumping, dressage, and eventing. It is also used for horse showing. It has less leather and is lighter than most Western saddles. 

### Western 
The Western saddle is used for horse activities where the rider needs more support than an English saddle would give them. It is also used for showing, barrel racing, rodeoing, and many other sports.  

The biggest difference is it has a horn on the front, and a higher cantle. This was used originally for tying cattle off when working, so the ranchers could brand or work with the cow. It's now used more widely: in barrel racing it's used for support, and in roping events, it's still used to tie cattle. 

### Each saddle has a purpose 
There are many different types of English and Western saddles. All are designed for a specific purpose. So while they might look different, they all help the rider for the sport or activity for which they were designed. 

For example, a rider would not want to jump in a Western saddle because the horn would make it hard for them to stay in the correct position over the jump. A rider would not want to work cows in a jumping saddle because they would not have a horn and because the Western saddle puts the rider in a better position for working cows.

## References
Bridle

A **bridle** is equipment used to direct and control a horse. The bridle holds a bit which goes in the mouth of a horse, and has reins which are joined to the bit.

Bridles are usually made of leather. They are made of different parts which are buckled together. The headpiece, also called a crownpiece, goes behind the horse's ears. The browband is placed across the horse's forehead. Sometimes, a strap called a martingale is attached to the noseband.

A bridle without a bit uses a noseband to control a horse, and is called a hackamore, or a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles work by pressure and leverage on the horse's nose and chin groove. Bitless bridles can be useful for horses that have problems with their mouths. It is more difficult to turn a horse using a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles can provide tremendous leverage and stopping power.

## References
Nishinomiya, Hyōgo

**Nishinomiya** is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is in the Kansai region of Japan and has a population of 483,598. 

It has been  as a core city since 2008.

## History
The Great Hanshin Earthquake on January 17, 1995 killed 1,134 people in Nishinomiya and injring 6386 people. 34,181 buildings were completely destroyed with 27,116 buildings being partially destroyed. Nishinomiya had 194 evacuation spots with 44,351 evacuees.

Some famous places in Nishinomiya include Koshien Stadium, where the professional baseball team the Hanshin Tigers play, and Nishinomiya Gardens.

## Sister Cities
*Sister cities
**U.S., Spokane, Washington September, 1961 

*Friendship cities
**Brazil, Paraná, Londrina, May, 1977
**China, Zhejiang, Shaoxing July, 1985
**France District of Lot-et-Garonne and Agen, April, 1992
** U.S., Burlington, Vermont
** Aquitaine
** Japan, Kagoshima (formerly Naze), Amami, October, 1981
** Japan, Kochi, Yusuhara, March, 1991

## Geography 
# Location - Nishinomiya City is in Hyogo Prefecture. It lies on Osaka Bay between Kobe (to the West) and Osaka (to the East).
# Size - Area is 99.96km2
# Transport - There are excellent links to Kobe, Osaka and beyond with a choice of three separate train lines. The Bullet train, which connects to Tokyo, stops in nearby Kobe. Also, roads out of the city are good. Many people within the city travel by bicycle so there are large bicycle parking places especially near stations.
# The Land - most of Nishinomiya is on the flat plain in the south, however there are mountains in the north. The town has expanded up the mountains, so many houses are built on the slopes of these mountains with excellent views over the city below and even out over Osaka Bay.  One small mountain is called Kabuto-yama. This landmark, with its Japanese helmet shape, can be seen from most parts of the city. In the bay, artificial islands have been made on which industries, residential areas and a marina have been built. There is a small beach.

## Economy 
Nishinomiya is famous in Japan for its sake (rice wine) production. Other food production is the main industry. There are also docks for shipping.

## Leisure and Culture 
There are huge shopping centres that are very popular. The city is the home of the famous Hanshin Tigers baseball team who play at Koshien Stadium. The Tigers have won the Central League pennant five times (1962, 1964, 1985, 2003, 2005) and the Japan Series once (1985). In each of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009, more than three million people attended games at their Nishinomiya stadium. There are many shrines, such as Nishinomiya Shrine, Hirota-jinja and Kannō-ji. A popular light novel, manga, and anime series 'The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya' is set in Nishinomiya.
## References
Hans Fritzsche

**August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche** (21 April 1900 in Bochum – 27 September 1953 in Cologne) was a Nazi official. At the end of World War II, he was *Ministerialdirektor* at the Propagandaministerium ("Ministerial Director at the Ministry of Propaganda").

Fritzsche was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was acquitted.

## Related pages 
* Nazi Germany
* World War II
* Propaganda
* Nuremberg Trials

## References
Alonso de Ercilla

**Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga** (August 7, 1533–November 29, 1594), was a Spanish nobleman, soldier and epic poet.  While in Chile (1556–63) he fought against the Araucanian Indians, and there he began the epic poem *La Araucana*, said to be the greatest Spanish historical poem. This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589. It tells of the brave uprising of the Araucanians and also tells the history of Chile and of contemporary Spain.
Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)

**Commission on Higher Education** (CHED) is the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions in the Philippines, including its degree-granting programs. The CHED was established in May 18, 1994 through Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994.

## Related pages
*Professional Regulation Commission (Philippines)

## Other websites
*CHED Philippines official website
Professional Regulation Commission (Philippines)

**Professional Regulation Commission** is a governing body tasked by the government of the Philippines to administer and supervise licensing examinations in the Philippines.

## Related pages
*Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)

## Other websites
*Professional Regulation Commission official website
Reserve Officers' Training Corps

'''Reserve Officers' Training Corps''' is a type of military officer commissioning program, mostly in the United States. It is designed as a subject that students can choose to take at college. It focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics. After joining the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, the person involved must be involved in the military for a period of time.

The U.S. Armed Forces and a number of other national militaries have ROTC programs. The Philippines established its program in 1912, with the creation of the first unit at the University of Santo Tomas during American colonial rule. ROTC in South Korea started in 1963; while China created its own program in 1997.
Mono no aware

of literature that gives the feeling of *mono no aware*.]]

**Mono no aware** (物の哀れ) is a Japanese phrase.

## Overview
*Mono no aware* means "the pathos of things" in English. Pathos is the power in literature that creates feelings of ,  and tenderness. *Mono no aware* is a very important concept when reading old literature so that the reader can understand the importance and beauty of the literature.

It is used to express the keen emotion and pathos of a piece of literature and the feeling it gives the readers' senses, such as the description of a sound or scenery. *The Tale of Genji*, said to be the world's oldest novel, is a good example of literature that gives its readers the sense of *mono no aware*.

## Origin
*Mono no aware* was first used by Motoori Norinaga (1730 – 1801) to describe Heian Period (794 – 1185 ) literature, especially *The Tale of Genji*.

## Contemporary culture
Notable manga artists who use *mono no aware*-style storytelling include Hitoshi Ashinano, Kozue Amano, and Kaoru Mori. In anime, both *Only Yesterday*, by Isao Takahata, and *Mai Mai Miracle*, by Sunao Katabuchi make note of the passing of time in a gentle way by presenting the main plot against a parallel one from the past.  In addition, the Japanese director Yasujiro Ozu was well known for making a sense of *mono no aware*.

In literature, Ken Liu, a Chinese-American author, wrote a short story titled *Mono no Aware* where the concept is applied both to the life of the main character and to human society.

## References
Adel Tamano

**Adel Fadel Abbas Tamano** (born October 2, 1970) is a Filipino lawyer and politician. He is the spokesperson of the United Opposition.  He was president of the University of the City of Manila.

## Early life And career 
Tamano is the eighth son of the late Senator Mamintal Tamano and civic leader Hadja Putri Zorayda Abbas Tamano. Tamano is married to Rowena Kapunan, who is also a lawyer. They have two children.

During the 2007 elections, Tamano was the spokesperson for the United Opposition. He is also a member of Kapunan, Tamano, Villadolid & Associates. He lectures on legal writing at the Ateneo Law School, and on constitutional law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law and the University of the City of Manila.

## Education 
Tamano attended Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and La Salle Greenhills for his primary and secondary education. He went to the Ateneo de Manila University to study A.B. Economics and later law, graduating in 1992 and 1996 respectively. Thereafter, he attended the University of the Philippines and took a master's degree in Public Administration.

In June 2005, he matriculated in Harvard Law School's Master of Laws graduate program. He was the first Filipino Muslim to graduate from Harvard Law School.

## References
## Other websites 
* Harvard Commencement Speech
* Tamano:His Own Man
Benjamin Tayabas

**Benjamin G. Tayabas** is the longest-serving university president of the University of the City of Manila.
University of the Philippines

The **University of the Philippines** (**UP**; )  is a public school in the Philippines.
The flagship campus is UP Diliman.

## References
University of Arizona

The **University of Arizona** (also known as **UA**, or **Arizona**) is a public research university in Tucson, Arizona.

The school began in 1885. It was the first university in the Arizona Territory. The school also includes the Banner – University Medical Center Tucson. This is a four-year M.D. college in downtown Phoenix.

The mission of the University of Arizona is, "To improve the prospects and enrich the lives of the people of Arizona and the world through education, research, creative expression, and community and business partnerships."

Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities (an organization for research institutions). It is the only school from Arizona in the group.

## Athletics 
The sports teams are nicknamed the *Arizona Wildcats* (often shortened to "Cats"). They got the name from a 1914 football game with the California champions at the time, Occidental College. The Los Angeles Times said that, "the Arizona men showed the fight of wildcats." Sports are a big part of campus life at the school and they get a large amount of money to operate the programs.

They are members of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA, which they joined in 2024. The Wildcats have won national titles in several sports, most notably men's basketball, baseball, and softball. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are UA Red and Arizona Blue.

## References
Minor planet designation

**Minor planet designations** are number-name combinations given by the Minor Planet Center, a part of the IAU. They are used for dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies such as asteroids, but not comets. They are given to a body once its orbit is secured and unrelated to provisional designations, given when an object is found. 

The two parts of a formal designation are
* a number, historically given in a similar order to the order that it was found, now given only after the orbit is secured
* a name, either the name assigned by the astronomer who found it or, more commonly, the provisional designation.
It looks like this: `(number) Name`, for example (90377) Sedna or . According to what the astronomer wants, the brackets are now often removed, as in 90377 Sedna. In practice, however, the number is primarily a catalog entry for any reasonably well-known object. Therefore, the name or provisional designation is generally used in the formal designation: Sedna, .

The rule for moons of minor planets, such as the formal designation (87) Sylvia I Romulus for the asteroid moon Romulus, is an extension of the Roman numeral convention used, on and off, for the moons of the planets since Galileo's time.

The Minor Planet Center also managed comets but used a different cataloging system.

## History 
By 1851, there were 15 asteroids, all but one with their own symbol. The symbols were becoming less and less simple, and, as they had to be drawn by hand, astronomers found some of them hard to draw. This difficulty was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould in 1851, who suggested numbering asteroids in the order that they were found, and placing this number in a circle as the symbol for the asteroid, such as ④ for the fourth asteroid, Vesta. This practice was soon coupled with the name itself into an official number-name designation, "④ Vesta", as the number of minor planets increased. By *ca* 1858, the circle had been simplified to brackets, "(4)" and "(4) Vesta", which was easier to typeset. Other punctuation such as "4) Vesta" and "4, Vesta" was also used, but had more or less completely died out by 1949.

The major exception to the convention that the number tracks the order they were or the order that they're orbit was calculated is the case of Pluto. Since Pluto was originally called a planet, it was not given a number until a 2006 redefinition of "planet" that didn't include it. At that point, Pluto was given the formal designation Pluto.

## References 
## Other websites 
*IAU FAQ on minor planets 
*MPC explanation of provisional designations
*Dr. James Hilton, *When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?*
Quid pro quo

**"Quid pro quo"** is a Latin phrase. It means roughly "this for that." In other words, the phrase describes the  when something is given in return for something else.

The phrase means the same thing as the English saying "a tit for a tat", or trading something for something else. It can also mean the same thing as "an eye for an eye".

Lawyers sometimes use this saying to mean "an even trade".

*Quid pro quo means 

## Related pages 
*Golden Rule

## References
Eau de Cologne

**Cologne** or **Eau de Cologne** is a perfume in a style of that originated from Cologne, Germany. Nowadays, it's used as a term for scented formulations with a concentration of about 2-5% essential oils. Cologne may be used by men or women.

## Composition
In a base of dilute ethanol (70-90%), Eau de Cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit and neroli. It can also contain oils of lavender, rosemary, thyme, petitgrain (orange leaf), and jasmine.

## History
*Eau de Cologne* is a spirit-citrus perfume launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), an Italian perfumer from Santa Maria Maggiore Valle Vigezzo, Italy. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain" (Eckstein p.8). He named it *Eau de Cologne*, in honour of his new hometown. 

The Original *Eau de Cologne* composed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe" (Farina Fragrance Museum information leaflet). His ability to produce a constantly homogenous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time. When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success of *Eau de Cologne* prompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name of *Eau de Cologne* and even Farina. 

Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced in Cologne since 1709 by Farina opposite the Jülichplatz and to this day remains a secret. His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory. Other Colognes, such as the famous Cologne 4711, named after its location at "Glockengasse No. 4711", have the name in common but smell different. In 1806, Jean Marie Joseph Farina, a grand-grand-nephew of Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), opened a perfumery business at Paris that developed into Roger & Gallet, that owns the rights to *Eau de Cologne extra vielle* in contrast to the Original *Eau de Cologne* from Cologne.

*Eau de Cologne*, or just "cologne", has now become a generic term.
The Flock (movie)

***The Flock*** is a 2007 movie directed by Andrew Lau, the co-director of the *Infernal Affairs* trilogy. The movie, which was his first English-language movie, stars Richard Gere and Claire Danes.
Greek Wikipedia

The **Greek Wikipedia** (also **Hellenic Wikipedia**, **Elliniki Vikipedia**, ) is the fifth language of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It started on December 1, 2002. By 15 December 2003, it had 1,000 articles. As of October 2009, it had reached over 45,000 articles.

As of October 2015, it is the 50th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

Piacere, Buongiorno sono il dottor Greco Roberto di via Toniolo 110/2 Modena, sono sicuro che per guidare una macchina, serve il foglio di Buona Salute Fisica e Mentale, poi la Patente, Elettronica. Poi serve, se sei partigiano il Bollo. L'assicurazione non serve piu', viene compresa nel prezzo del veicolo. 

## References 
## Other websites
* Greek Wikipedia 
* Greek Wikipedia mobile version 
* Statistics for Greek Wikipedia  by Erik Zachte
* Tell us about Greek Wikipedia
* Pontic Wikipedia
* Ancient Greek Wikipedia
Going the Distance (2004 movie)

***Going the Distance*** is a 2004 Canadian movie. It was directed by Mark Griffiths. It is set across Canada. Its tagline was "They came. They saw. They came." The film was released in Canada as *Going the Distance*, but in the USA, it was called ''National Lampoon's Going the Distance''. The Canadian DVD release has its original release title.

## Other websites
*
Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)

***Sabrina the Teenage Witch*** is an American teen television sitcom. It is based on the *Archie* comic book series of the same name. It is set in Massachusetts. It stars Melissa Joan Hart in the title role. Its first four seasons aired on Nickelodeon from September 27, 1996 to May 5, 2000; the final three seasons ran on Noggin from September 22, 2000 to April 24, 2003.

## Other websites 
*
Vera Wang

**Vera Wang** (; born June 27, 1949) is an American fashion designer. She was born and raised in New York City. Her parents were Chinese. She is based in New York and is known for her wedding gown collection, among other specialties.

## Career 
After her graduation in 1971, Wang began working for Vogue Magazine. In 1972, she was promoted as the senior fashion editor. She left Vogue in 1987, to join Ralph Lauren as the design director for accessories.

Wang established her own label "Vera Wang" in 1990, in New York.

## References
Total Request Live

***Total Request Live*** (known from 1998 to 2008 as ***TRL***) was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. In addition to music videos, the show also featured daily guests.

*TRL* played the top ten most requested music videos of the day, as requested by viewers who voted for their favorite video online. The countdown started with the tenth most requested video of the day and ended with the most requested video of the day. As of October 22, 2007, the countdown was based on votes, charts, ringtones, downloads, radio airplay, and streams, meaning that the video that the user requested might not have been the number one video of the day. The show mainly aired from Monday to Thursday for an hour, but the scheduling and length of the show has changed over the years. Even though the word "Live" is in the show's title, a lot of the show's episodes have actually been pre-recorded.

On September 15, 2008, it was announced that *TRL* would be over and it was later replaced by another show. A special, three-hour finale was aired on November 16, 2008 at 8 p.m.

Until 2010, a local version of *TRL* was still running in Italy on MTV.

## History
### The beginning of *TRL*
The beginning of *TRL* traced back to 1997 when MTV started to produce *MTV Live* from the newly opened MTV Studios in Times Square in New York. *MTV Live* featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and news updates. Music videos were not a major part of the program. At one time, the show had more than 75,000 viewers.

At the same time, MTV aired a countdown show that was simply called *Total Request*, hosted by Carson Daly. *Total Request* was a more quiet show, as music videos were introduced from a dimly lit set.

By the fall of 1998, MTV producers decided to merge *MTV Live* and *Total Request* into a new show called *Total Request Live*. The new show made its premiere on September 14, 1998.

### The end of *TRL*
On September 15, 2008, it was announced that *TRL* would be shut down. The last regular weekday episode aired on November 13, 2008. The episode showed the process of the set being torn down.

A three-hour special that was aired on November 16, 2008 marked the end of the show. The final show included several musical performances.

On June 25, 2014, MTV announced that it will bring back *TRL* for one day on July 2, 2014 with American singer Ariana Grande.

## References
Breakaway (song)

**"Breakaway"** is a 2004 song written by Avril Lavigne, Bridget Benenate and Matthew Gerrard and produced by John Shanks. It was recorded by pop rock singer Kelly Clarkson for the soundtrack to the film *The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement* by Disney Records. It was also included on Clarkson's second album, *Breakaway* and was released as the album's first single. 

## References
Takoyaki

is a popular ball-shaped Japanese dumpling.  It is like a savory pancake in a ball-shape which is cooked in a special pan.

*Takoyaki* is a specialty of Osaka and Kyoto.  It is usually eaten as a snack.

Many people in Osaka and Kyoto have a special cooker that makes takoyaki. This is because they eat takoyaki often.

## History
*Takoyaki* was  in Osaka in 1935 by Tomekichi Endo.  It is most often made with flour and small pieces of boiled octopus.

## How to make Takoyaki 
*First, mix flour and egg with water to make dough. It is important the dough is not too thick but not too watery. 
*Second, pour the dough into a *takoyaki* pan. 
*Third, put a piece of cut, boiled octopus into each of the holes of the *takoyaki* pan. Also, put pickled ginger, and *tenkasu* (deep-fried flour dough). 
*Fourth, turn the dough as it cooks to make a ball-shape. 
*Finally, once cooked, put *takoyaki* sauce, *katsuobushi* (dried fish flakes), and *aonori* (green laver) on the balls.

## Minor planet
A minor planet named "6562 Takoyaki" was discovered in 1991 by M. Yanai and K. Watanabe at Katani.  The name was selected by children who visited the Funai Space Festival which was held in Osaka in 2001.

## References
## Other websites
* Just Hungry, "Takoyaki, the great street snack that's fun to make at home"
Square meter

The square meter is the SI-derived unit of area. It has a symbol m² (33A1 in Unicode). It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one meter. The square meter is derived from the SI base unit of the meter, which in turn is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in absolute vacuum during a time interval of \frac{1}{299792458} of a second.

Adding SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples. However, as the unit is squared, the order of magnitude difference between units doubles from their comparable linear units.  For example, a kilometer is one thousand times the length of a meter, but a square kilometer is one million times the area of a square meter since the unit of km^2 is defined the same way as m^2 with the only difference being that the sides of the squares measure 1 km each. Thus 1 km^2 has two sides each measuring 1000 meters which you multiply by each other to get the area of 1 000 000 m^2.

A "square meter" and "meter squared" both refer to the unit of m^2 since to square refers to raising to the power of 2. 

For example, a square that is 2 meters long and 2 meters wide has 4 square meters of area.

2m*2m=4m^2

But a square that is 4 by 4 meters has 16 square meters of area.

4m*4m=16m^2

## SI prefixes applied to the square meter 
The square meter may be used with all SI prefixes used with the meter.

## Conversions
A square meter is equal to:

* 0.000 001 square kilometer (km²)
* 10,000 square centimeters (cm²)
* 0.000 1 hectares (ha)
* 0.01 ares (a)
* 1 centiare (ca)
* 0.000 247 105 381 acres
* 1.195 990 square yards
* 10.763 911 square feet
* 1,550.003 1 square inches

## Related pages
## Notes 
## Other websites 
*BIPM (SI maintenance agency)  (home page)
*BIPM brochure (SI reference)
Fast Food Nation (movie)

***Fast Food Nation*** is a 2006 American/British movie directed by Richard Linklater. It is based on Schlosser's bestselling 2001 non-fiction book *Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal*.

The movie is about the fast food industry. Schlosser's book criticized the fast food industry. He finds out where types of fast food are made, where they come from, and why people eat it.

## Related pages
* List of 2006 movies