open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lazarus

**Lazarus** is a given name and surname (family name). The pronunciation of the name is [ **laz**-er-*uh*s ]. It is derived from the Hebrew אלעזר, Elʿāzār (Eleazar) meaning "God has helped". This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People with the given name Lazarus
* Lazarus (rapper), U. S. rapper, songwriter and physician from Detroit
* Lazarus of Bethany, a figure in the Gospel of John, which describes him being raised by Jesus from the dead
* Rich man and Lazarus, a parable of Jesus which is unrelated to the Lazarus raised from the dead
* Lazarus of Persia (died 326), Persian martyr
* Saint Lazarus of Aix (died 441), bishop and saint
* Saint Lazarus (bishop of Milan), reigned 438 to 449
* Lazarus Zographos (died 867), Christian saint
* Lazarus Chakwera (born  1955), Malawi religious figure and politician
* Lazarus Ekwueme, Nigerian musician

## People with the surname Lazarus
* Abraham Lazarus (1911–1967), British politician
* Bob Lazarus (1956–2009), comedian from the USA
* Celestine Lazarus (born 1992), Nigerian footballer
* Charles Lazarus, businessman, founder of Toys "R" Us
* Edward Lazarus (born 1959), author and lawyer from the USA
* Emma Lazarus (1849–87), poet from the USA
* Fred Lazarus, Jr. (1884–1973), businessman from the USA
* Glenn Lazarus (born 1965), Australian politician and former rugby league footballer
* Henry Lazarus (1815–95), British clarinettist
* John Lazarus (born 1947), Canadian writer of dramas
* Joseph Lazarus (1903–43), U.S. Olympic boxer
* Leon Lazarus (1919–2008), comics writer
* M. E. Lazarus (1822–95), anarchist from the USA
* Mark Lazarus (born 1938), football player
* Mell Lazarus (1927-2016), cartoonist
* Moritz Lazarus (1824–1903), German philosopher
* Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), psychologist and creator of the coping theory
* Richard Lazarus, professor of law at the Harvard Law School
* Stephanie Lazarus (born 1960), U.S. police officer convicted of murdering a romantic rival

## References
Khan Academy

**Khan Academy** is a non-profit educational organization. It has been created by Sal Khan. Khan Academy is available on the internet for free. Khan Academy teaches by using YouTube videos of short lectures of certain topics, as well as by using practice exercises and tools that help with learning. It is available in many different languages, but mostly English.

Khan Academy teaches mostly about mathematics, but also teaches biology, chemistry, physics, history, astronomy, cosmology, American civics, art history, economics, music, computer programming and computer science, healthcare, medicine, and finance. In the YouTube videos that Khan Academy makes, they record diagrams being drawn from a tablet using the screen capture software called Camtasia Studio.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Untersteckholz

**Untersteckholz** was a municipality in Aarwangen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010 the Untersteckholz became part of Langenthal.
Ursenbach

**Ursenbach** is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Darwin–Wallace Medal

The **Darwin–Wallace Medal** is awarded by the Linnean Society of London for "major advances in evolutionary biology".

The medals have been awarded every 50 years, beginning in 1908. That year marked 50 years after the joint presentation of papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. These were *On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties*; and *On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection*. The papers were both about natural selection as the main cause of evolution. The papers were presented to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858. 

Wallace was one of the first to get of the medal. In his case it was made of gold, rather than the silver versions given to the six other medallists. However, in 2008 the Linnean Society announced that due to the continuing importance of evolutionary research, the medal will be awarded on an annual basis beginning in 2010.

## Awardees 
### 1908 
The first award was of a gold medal to Alfred Russel Wallace, and silver medals to six other distinguished scientists:

*Joseph Dalton Hooker
*August Weismann
*Ernst Haeckel
*Francis Galton
*E. Ray Lankester
*Eduard Strasburger

### 1958 
20 silver medals were awarded:

*Edgar Anderson
*Yevgeny Pavlovsky
*Maurice Caullery
*Bernhard Rensch
*Ronald A. Fisher
*G. Gaylord Simpson
*Carl Rudolf Florin
*Carl Skottsberg
*Roger Heim
*H. Hamshaw Thomas
*J.B.S. Haldane
*Erik Stensiö
*John Hutchinson
*Göte Turesson
*Julian Huxley
*Victor van Straelen
*Ernst Mayr
*D.M.S. Watson
*H.J. Muller
*John Christopher Willis (posthumously)

### 2008 
13 silver medals were awarded, including 2 posthumously:

* Nick Barton
* M.W. Chase
* Bryan Clarke 
* Joseph Felsenstein
* Stephen Jay Gould (posthumously)
* Peter R. Grant
* Rosemary Grant
* James Mallet
* Lynn Margulis
* John Maynard Smith (posthumously)
* Mohamed Noor
* H. Allen Orr 
* Linda Partridge

### From 2010  
* Brian Charlesworth (2010)
* James A. Lake (2011)
* Loren H. Rieseberg (2012)
* Godfrey Hewitt (2013)
* Dolph Schluter (2014)
* Roger Butlin (2015)
* Pamela S. Soltis and Douglas E. Soltis (2016)

## References
Intersectionality

March in Hamburg, Germany]]
**Intersectionality** or **intersectional theory** studies the relation between the many different ways that people are kept in a lower social position, controlled, and left out of important parts of society because of their differences. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw gave the name "intersectionality" to this concept in 1989. 

Sometimes, a society decides that a group of people is different from itself. When they do this, they *other* that group or marginalize them. Intersectionality points out that people are often othered for more than one reason.

These reasons might be

* gender
* race
* class
* ability
* sexual orientation
* religion
* caste
* age
* nationality
* language
* or other parts of identity.

Because of this, it suggests that these types of othering cannot be looked at by themselves. They must be looked at together. For example, a person can be othered because they are a woman, a person of color, a poor person, and a disabled person at the same time. These different forms of othering make each other worse, shape, and prop each other up. This means that the experience of being othered for all of these reasons differs from what would happen if you added them. Because of this, fighting each one alone would not help the people who experience many of them together.

Intersectionality says that the different ways people are othered and forced into a lower social position, such as racism, sexism, classism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia and bigotry based on belief, create an entire system. In this system, each of the ways people are held down by society contributes to the other. So if someone wanted to understand how society began to other a group of people as a race apart from themselves (racialization), they would have to look into the ways that gender, class, sexuality, and other parts of identity shaped this process.

Intersectionality began as a way to understand how women of color in American society were othered. The women who developed the theory were challenging the feminism of their time. They saw it as being too focused on the issues of wealthy white women. They felt this left behind the women who needed feminism the most and only helped the women who already had the most power. They were also criticizing the Civil Rights Movement. They saw it as being too focused on men and leaving women of color behind. They believed they had a place in both of these movements and that these parts of their lives could not be separated. The intersectional theory quickly grew to include the relation between the many other ways people are othered and kept in a lower social position, such as sexuality, ability, and the gender binary.
E. Ray Lankester

**Sir E. Ray Lankester** KCB, FRS (15 May 1847 – 13 August 1929) was a British zoologist, born in London.

Ray Lankester was an invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist. He was Professor of Zoology at University College London and Oxford University. He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.

E. (Edwin: his first name was never used) Ray Lankester was the son of Edwin Lankester, a coroner and doctor-naturalist who helped abolish cholera in London. Ray Lankester was probably named after the naturalist John Ray.

## References
Daniel Sickles

**Daniel Edgar Sickles** (1819–1914) was a controversial New York politician, diplomat, and political general during the American Civil War. He was the first person to successfully use the Temporary insanity defense as a legal defense.

## Early life 
Sickles was born in New York City on October 20, 1819. Sickles was to be tutored by the elderly Professor Lorenzo Da Ponte. He was already friends with the younger Professor Da Ponte, who was in his 30s at the time. Sickles' parents hoped the friendship would be a good influence on Sickles. Afterwards he became involved in politics and was a key figure in the Tammany Hall political machine. He also served as their legal counsel. At the time he was 33 years old and she was 15. Sickles saw the outbreak of the civil war as an opportunity to save his reputation. But after the outbreak of the war, Sickles suddenly became Pro-Union.

### Brigadier general 
On May 24, "brigadier general" Sickles was ordered to report back to Hooker. He was given command of Hooker's 2nd Brigade. Sickles saw his first major engagement at the Battle of Seven Pines. After 2:00 p.m. Sickles was finally ordered to the front. Leading his men they found the battle to mostly be over in their section. They secured their position against limited sniper fire and a few Skirmishes but otherwise did not see any fighting. In the new assignments resulting from the change, and even though he had little battlefield experience, Sickles was given temporary command of III Corps. After his recovery, Lincoln sent Sickles to the South where he was to look into the effect of slavery on African Americans. He was also to give suggestions for the future Reconstruction of the South. He served one more term in Congress from 1893–1895 but was defeated for reelection in 1986.

In New York he was a New York City sheriff and chairman of the New York State Monuments Commission. In 1912, he was removed from the commission for dly misusing funds. He also was an important part of establishing the Gettysburg National Battlefield Park. On May 3, 1914, Sickles died in New York City of a cerebral hemorrhage. Sickles was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Gettysburg Day 2 (General Sickles, Rebel Yell, Peach Orchard, Devils Den, Little Round Top); YouTube
* Daniel Sickles: The Colorful and Controversial Commander of Gettysburg - Ranger Matt Atkinson: YouTube
August 2016 Central Italy earthquake

The **August 2016 Central Italy earthquake** was a natural disaster that struck Central Italy on 24 August 2016 at 03:36 CEST. Its epicentre was close to Accumoli. It was followed by 40 strong aftershocks.

More than 250 people were killed by the earthquake.

## References
Political general

A **political general** is a term used by historians and most often applies to the American Civil War. In this , it means a General officer who does not have formal military training or experience and who gained his position through political influence. To a lesser degree, it can also mean generals who engaged in politics during or after their time as a general. A "political general" can seem to be a contradiction in terms in a country such as the United States where by law the military is under civilian authority. An example was Dwight D. Eisenhower, who graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in the class of 1915. He was an experienced staff officer who commanded the invasions of North Africa and Western Europe. Genghis Khan was the son of a Mongol chieftain who became a general and then the leader of the Mongol Empire. As a general, Alexander the Great never lost a battle. He was a king who was also a general.

In American history up to the Civil war, there had been a long line of amateur military leaders going back to the colonial militias. Before he led the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, George Washington had little military experience. 

During the American Civil War, two great armies were raised that were made up largely of citizen-soldiers. There simply were not enough trained generals to lead all these men. Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis appointed political generals, some of whom later proved to be . Others proved to be good or even great generals. Many of these generals had very little or no military training before being ed a general. One of the  examples was Union general Daniel Sickles. He was a Tammany Hall politician who used his influence to rise to the rank of major general. Sickles nearly lost the Battle of Gettysburg for the North yet, after 34 years of lobbying, managed to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* The Civil War in Four Minutes: Political Generals; YouTube
Citation

A **citation** or **source citation** is a  to a published work (for example, a book, article, image, etc.,) that is used when creating a written work. It shows readers where specific pieces of information came from and where readers can locate it for themselves. It s or gives  to the author who actually created the content being used in a paper. The opposite of a citation is plagiarism, or not giving credit to others for their ideas, concepts, or images. The penalties for plagiarism can be severe. Source citations also give a work . In other words, it shows the information is simply not made up.

## What to cite 
In general, different academic situations will have different rules for what to cite and how to cite it. Some use s while others may require in-text (also called inline) source citations.

* **Paraphrase** To  is to take someone's words or ideas and put them in the words of the person writing the paper. Summarized: When you do not understand source citations, it is easy to plagiarize someone else's work. So you do not get an "F" for your work, the following are the basic rules. These are things that would be known by nearly everyone. Examples of common knowledge are:
* Facts that are widely available in many sources.
* The name of the book, article, or publication.
* The place of publication. The guideline is found in the *Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association*, Sixth Edition. One of the references for this style is the *MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers*, Eighth Edition. It offers two types of citation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. The notes and bibliography style is used most often in literature, history and the arts. The author-date system is traditionally used in Physics, natural science, and social sciences.

::Example (author-date style): William Smith, *The Last of the Inupiat Eskimos* (Portland, OR: Alaska Northwest Books, 1997), p. 39 (Chicago style allows author last name, first name or first name last name)

## References 
(The following are inline source citations)

## Other websites 
* When to Cite Your Sources; YouTube
* Citation Generator
* Citation Machine
Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi

**Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi** or **Nihal Naji Ali Al Awlaki** (Arabic: نهال ناجي علي العولقي  ) is a Yemeni lawyer. She is Yemen’s Minister of Legal Affairs.  In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life 
Al-Awalqi is from the Shabwah Governorate in Yemen. At the time of her appointment as Minister of Legal Affairs, on September 9, 2016, she was 39 years old. Al-Awalqi received a Doctor of Laws degree with honors from Mohammed V University in Morocco. She also received a Master of Law and a Bachelor of Legal Sciences from Mohammed V. University.   She speaks Arabic, English, and French.

## Work 
Al-Awalqi was an assistant law professor at the University of Aden, where she worked on research and training on the status of women.
She was a member of the comprehensive national dialogue conference state-building team.  She was a member of the constitution drafting committee.  She was a member of the government negotiating team in Geneva.

## Other websites 
* 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

## References
Elqui Province

**Elqui Province** () is one of three provinces in the Chilean region of Coquimbo (IV). Its capital is the city of Coquimbo.

It is named after the main river of the province: the Elqui River river.

## Geography
The Elqui province has an area of , the largest province in the Coquimbo region. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

## Population
 (last national census), there were 365,371 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km², the province of the region with more people living in it.

The largest city of the province is La Serena with a population, in 2002, of 160,148 inhabitants.

## Administration
As a province, Elqui is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes (*comunas*). The city of Coquimbo serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website 
* Province of Elqui website
Choapa Province

**Choapa Province** () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Illapel

## Geography
The Choapa province has an area of , the smallest province in the Coquimbo region.

Choapa is bordered on the north by the Limarí province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the  Valparaíso region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

## Population
 (last national census), there were 81,681 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Illapel, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 30,355 inhabitants.

## Administration
As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes (*comunas*). The city of Illapel serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

## References
## Other websites
* Territorial division of Chile 
* Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website 
* Province of Choapa website
LGBT rights in Tunisia

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Tunisia may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Homosexuality is illegal in the Republic of Tunisia and the law does not include sexual orientation or gender identity in its civil rights laws and there is no legal recognition for same-sex couples. According to the 2013 Pew Global Attitudes Project, 93% of Tunisian adults do not believe that homosexuality is acceptable by society.
 
Tunisia is socially conservative when it comes to such issues as homosexuality. There are a few led organised LGBT Human rights movements such as the movement named "Shams". Mostly Tunisians are generally Muslims with traditional values, and traditional Islamic attitudes and mores look down upon Homosexuality and cross-dressing as signs of decadence and Immorality. But Tunisian Cross-dressers are not expressly Illegal in the country. Male prostitution workers occur in some Tunisian tourist resorts. The so-called Minister for Human Rights Samir Dilou stated that "Freedom of Speech has its limits", Homosexuality is a "perversion", and gay people needed to be "treated medically" for this. His comments were condemned by many in Tunisian society who posted pro-LGBT pictures on social networking sites. In June 2012, Dilou rejected the recommendation of the United Nations Human Rights Committee for Tunisia to decriminalise same-sex sexual acts, stating that the concept of "Sexual orientation is specific to the west" which is not true and is overridden by Tunisian Law, which "clearly describes Tunisia as an fellow Arab Muslim country".

In May of 2016, several LGBTI Associations organised a small, discreet Gay Pride reception in Tunis. Associations also organised events and public demonstrations to mark the International Day against Homophobia in May.

Public Tunisian Opinion:

Public opinion regarding its LGBT Human rights is complex. According to a 2014 Survey Poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 18% of Tunisian people were in favour of legalising Same-sex marriages, with 62% being opposed to such legislation of legalisation.

## Summary table
## References
Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse

**Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse** (**INSA Toulouse**, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse (Southern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
* **Ingénieur INSA Toulouse** (INSA Toulouse Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* **Masters Recherche** & **Doctorat** (**PhD** doctorate studies )
* **Mastères Spécialisés** (**MS**)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at INSA Toulouse.

## Research labs 
Research activities at INSA Toulouse relate to the following topics:
* Nano and Multifunctional Materials for Machines and Structures
* Extreme Measurements, Non-Destructive Testing
* Microbial Systems, Biotechnologies, Water and Processes
* Energy Conversion and Optimised Energy Management
* Modelling, Simulation and Statistics for Physics, Engineering and Biology
* Cyber-Physical Systems, Micro-NanoSystems for Health, Aeronautics and Space

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
Margaret Anstee

**Margaret Anstee** (June 26, 1926 - August 25, 2016) was a British diplomat. She worked with the United Nations for over 40 years, and became the first woman to reach the post of Under-Secretary-General.

## References
Neo-futurism

**Neo-futurism** is a 21st-century movement in the arts, design, and architecture with an attitude of post-modernism and represents an idealistic future and "a need to periodize the modern rapport with the technological".  Neo-futurism has absorbed sоme of the high-tech concept themes аnd ideas and incorporating elements of high-tech industry аnd technology.

## Artists of Neo-futurism movement 
Neo-futurist artists include Erin Sparler, Marlow Rodale, Panayiotis Terzis, Miguel Ovalle, British Olivia Peake, Yuima Nakazato, and Simon Stålenhag.

Neo-futurism in the 21st century has been creatively inspired by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, the British architect Zaha Hadid,  and by Vito DiBari.

## Related pages 
* Futurism

## References
## Further reading 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Rowena Easton, The NeoFuturist Manifesto, 2008 http://www.neofuturist.org/manifesto.php 
* 
* A History of Neo-Futurism, Erica Anne Milkovich, 2010 - Avant-garde (Aesthetics)
* Gunther Berghaus, From Futurism to Neo-Futurism, in Avant-garde/Neo-avant-garde, 2005, published by Dietrich Scheunemann, Rodopi BV http://www.rodopi.nl/senj.asp?BookId=Avant+17
Warren Hinckle

**Warren Hinckle** (October 28, 1938, San Francisco - August 25, 2016, San Francisco) was an American journalist. He became famous as the editor of Ramparts magazine in the 1960's. Hinckle was known for his no holds barred writing style (later called gonzo journalism), and as a supporter of the political left.

## References
Appeal to emotion

**Appeal to emotion** is a logical fallacy. It happens when the argument is designed to trigger an emotional response instead of giving reasons. An example of this would be "we have to donate to charity X; think of the children!", where instead of giving a reason why we should donate to charity, an emotive trigger is used instead- "think of the children". It is also called *argumentum ad passiones* or appeal to feeling.

Aristotle recognized that if you triggered someone's emotions, they were easier to persuade. He said this in his book, Rhetoric.

## References
Appeal to tradition

**Appeal to tradition** (also known as *argumentum ad antiquitatem*, appeal to antiquity, or appeal to common practice) is a common fallacy.

In this fallacy, an idea is claimed to be right because it is the way it was often done in the past. The appeal takes the form of "this is right because we've always done it this way".

An example of appeal to tradition is, "drinking boiling hot water (and never cold water) is always healthy because Chinese people have done it for thousands of years."

An appeal to tradition essentially makes two mistakes:

* The tradition might be entirely based on incorrect grounds.
* The circumstances may have changed; so past justifications for the tradition may be invalid.
In the case of drinking boiling water, traditional Chinese medicine claims that the health benefits come from re-balancing one's own qi, rather than the fact than un-boiled or un-chilled water may have dangerous germs in it.

The opposite of an appeal to tradition is an appeal to novelty, claiming something is good because it is *new*.

## References 
*
Appeal to popularity

An **appeal to popularity**, also called **argumentum ad populum** (Latin for "**appeal to the people**"), is a logical fallacy. It happens when someone tries to argue that something is right because lots of people believe in it.

An example is saying "many people buy extended warranties, therefore we should buy one for our new computer".

## Related pages
* Argumentum ad hominem

## References
Twann-Tüscherz

**Twann-Tüscherz** () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

## References
## Other websites
*
Maria Eugénia

**Maria Eugénia Pinto do Amaral** (April 1, 1927, Lisbon - August 25, 2016, Lisbon) was a Portuguese actress and singer. She became known as the **Radio Girl** when she starred in the movie of the same name directed by Arthur Duarte in 1944.

## References
Justin du Fresne

**Justin du Fresne** (died August 25, 2016) was a New Zealand radio broadcaster, known as the **Voice of Wellington**. He began his career in 1960 working for the New Zealand Broadcasting Service. After a break, he returned to radio in 1984 as a morning talk show host, and retired in 2013. He died from cancer in 2016.

## References
Prosopis tamarugo

***Prosopis tamarugo***, commonly known as **tamarugo**, is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found only in the dry northern regions of Chile.

## Description
*Prosopis tamarugo* are trees that could grow up to  tall but usually they are, on average,  tall and the trunk is  wide. The young branches have spines. Flowers grow together in inflorescences and their pollination is made by bees.

## Where it grows
The plant grows only in the Pampa del Tamarugal, some  east of the city of Iquique.

The Pampa del Tamarugal is a plain between 19°33' S and 21°50' S, and an altitude from .

## Uses
The wood and dry leaves of *Prosopis tamarugo* are used as firewood; the wood is also used for lumber. Leaves and fruits are used as food to animals, mainly to ruminants as cattle, sheep and goats.

Fruits are sweet and people can eat them.

## Gallery

Tamarugo.jpg|Leaves
Fruto del Tamarugo.jpg|Fruits

## References
1909 Cherry Mine disaster

The **1909 Cherry Mine disaster** was a fire that occurred in Cherry, Illinois on November 13, 1909 in the Cherry Coal mine. Of the  500 miners who reported to work that day, 259 men and boys (some as young as 10 years old) lost their lives. It was the second worst mine disaster in United States History. During the first decade of the 20th century, on average about six miners died every month in Northern Illinois coal mines.

## November 13th 
There were three s of coal, two of which were being worked that day. About 10 to 12 cages full of men reached the surface through the elevator shaft. As a consequence, the USA reinforced many mining laws and regulations. The United Mine Workers Union gained hundreds of new members. In Illinois, the disaster led to the passage of the Illinois Workmen's Compensation Act. It also became a main reason for changes in the child labor laws in the United States. It was one of the mine disasters that caused the formation of the United States Bureau of Mines in 1910.

## Additional reading 
* Karen Tintori, *Trapped: The 1909 Cherry Mine Disaster* (New York; London: Atria Books, 2002)
* Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, *Report on the Cherry Mine Disaster* (Springfield, IL:, Illinois State Journal Co., State Printers, 1910)
* Dean Cotton; Lorena Cotton, ''Oneness: the 1909 Cherry Mine Disaster (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2004)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Cherry Mine Disaster Video by Ray Tutaj Jr.; YouTube
Red herring

A **red herring** is something that misleads or distracts from an issue.

There are two ways in which it is used. One, it may be used as logical fallacy during an argument so that someone arguing does not have to answer a difficult question. For example, if a journalist asks a politician if the politician used any taxpayer money for his or her personal use, the politician may instead talk about the importance of increasing the pay of government officials without ever answering the question.

Two, it can be used as a literary device that tricks readers or audiences into thinking that something is true when it really is not. It is common in stories like detective mystery books. For example, a character may own or hold a weapon similar to the weapon used to kill a character, but then it turns out that character was not the killer. The weapon was only a red herring.

It has long been thought that the phrase came from kippers (a strong-smelling smoked fish) to train dogs to follow a scent, or to distract them from the correct route when hunting. However, most researchers today believe that the term was probably invented in 1807 by English polemicist William Cobbett. He may have been talking about a time which he had used a kipper to distract dogs from chasing a hare, and that hunters never actually used kippers to train dogs. The phrase was later borrowed to give a formal name for the logical fallacy and literary device.

## Related pages
*Ad hominem
*Divide and conquer
*Hate speech
*Identity politics
*Pork barrel
*Psychological warfare
*Smear campaign

## References
Vauffelin

**Vauffelin** was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Vauffelin and Plagne merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

## Other websites
* Official website of Vauffelin
Inwil, Switzerland

**Inwil** (Swiss German: *Eibu*) is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Magnicharters

**Magnicharters** is a low cost, charter airline from Mexico. It's headquarters are in Monterrey, Mexico. It was founded in 1994 by the Mexican tourist agency, *Magnitur*.  The airline currently focuses on transporting Mexicans to  beach destinations. It also goes to a few destinations in the United States. It has a fleet of 9 Boeing 737 airplanes.  

## Gallery

File:250ac - Magnicharters Boeing 737-2K9, XA-MAF@MEX,24.07.2003 - Flickr - Aero Icarus.jpg|A Magnicharters plane at Mexico City International Airport.
File:XA-UNM (10803847824).jpg|A Magnicharters Boeing 737-300 in 2013.
File:K114IB-Irizar-Magnicharters-Cancun-AvLuisDColosio-10Mar08-Rurik-APS-T900pix.jpg|A Magnicharters shuttle bus in Cancun.

## References
Utzenstorf

**Utzenstorf** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is regionally famous for its medieva castle, Landshut Castle.

## Gallery

File:Utzenstorf Baeren Strassenfront.jpg|Gasthof Bären
File:SchlossLandshut.jpg|Landshut Castle

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Utzenstorf 
* 
*
Vechigen

**Vechigen** is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Bern. In 2014, 5075 people lived there. It consists of the villages: Sinneringen, Boll, Dentenberg, Utzigen, Lindental, Berg, Littewil and Radelfingen.

## References
## Other websites
Villeret, Switzerland

**Villeret** is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois of the Swiss canton of Bern.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of the municipality of Villeret
Jailhouse Rock (movie)

***Jailhouse Rock*** is a 1957 American musical movie. It was directed by Richard Thorpe. Jailhouse rock stars Elvis Presley, Judy Tyler, and Mickey Shaughnessy. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and is based on a story written by Nedrick Young. The movie is about a young man sentenced to prison for manslaughter. There he is ed in music by his prison mate who realizes his musical abilities. After his release from jail, while looking for a job as a club singer, the young man meets a musical promoter who helps him start his career. As he develops his musical abilities and becomes a star, his self-centered personality begins to affect his relationships. Jailhouse rock is considered one of Elvis Presley's best movies. When James Dean died in 1955, Hollywood began looking for a new actor to replace him. There were a lot of young actors trying to act  and be rebellious. Presley was considered a replacement for Dean. He could sing and dance. He was  and was a  actor.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Jailhouse Rock Official Trailer (1957); YouTube
Thun (administrative district)

The administrative district of **Thun** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 35 municipalities in an area of 322 km².
Feigned retreat

A **feigned retreat** is a military tactic where a force will pretend to be defeated, fake a retreat, then while they are being pursued, turn back and ambush the enemy. It can be used to cause confusion in the enemy ranks or to force some to leave and weaken their battle formations. Battlefield commanders have had to use this tactic carefully so the feigned retreat did not become a real retreat.

## In history 
* At the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, the Ancient Greeks were fighting a sea battle with the more numerous Persian navy. Themistocles, the Greek leader, leaked information that was taken back to the Persians that the Greeks were ready to flee and that if the Persians acted right away, they could claim a huge victory. While not an actual feigned retreat but more a rumored one, it worked just as well, For the rest of the day, the Carthaginians slaughtered the trapped Romans.

* William the Conqueror ordered two feigned retreats according to William of Poitiers. That was a difficult tactic to use once without causing a complete rout and so it is unlikely he did it twice. He pulled his helmet off to show his face and to  his men back to the battle. Calling it a feigned retreat may have been a politically correct way of saying their army ran away and had to be called back. Nonetheless, many Anglo-Saxon soldiers were foolish enough to chase after William's retreating men but were then killed in the counterattack.

## Related pages 
* Flanking maneuver
* Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
* Turning movement
* Ambush
* Envelopment
* Flanking maneuver
* Rearguard
* Attrition warfare
* Preemptive war
* Oblique order
* Shock tactics

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Battle of Cannae 216 BC; YouTube
Renegotiations: The Remixes

***Renegotiations: The Remixes*** is a remix EP by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. It was originally released on iTunes on March 21, 2006 by Interscope Records. All the songs were originally from the groups fourth studio album *Monkey Business* (2005).

## Track listing
## References
Shock tactics

**Shock tactics** are those military tactics designed to  an enemy with fear, causing  and confusion. Shock tactics are as old as warfare itself. The Mongols got their reputation for being  by the use of shock tactics. Numbers of Medieval knights mounted on their warhorses made d shock attacks into the ranks of enemy soldiers. Robert E. Lee saw the  of the shock attack as not so much killing enemy soldiers, but to "create a panic and   the [enemy] army." The  of a shock attack is that the attacker may suffer heavy casualties. During World War I, for example, Germany suffered great losses with its use of the shock attack.

## Historic examples 
Ancient armies often ed their enemy through the psychological impact of shock tactics.

* The Hittites and Ancient Egyptians used the first  tool for shock tactics; the war Chariot. While the Macedonian phalanx units would engage the enemy, the cavalry was held in . Once the phalanx broke up the lines, the Companion cavalry would act as shock troops and scatter the enemy soldiers. The Blitzkrieg concentrated its forces behind offensive weapons such as tanks, artillery and airplanes to quickly push through enemy lines. The tanks would then be free to cause shock and confusion behind the enemy lines. They would interrupt supply lines, and prevent s from sealing the  in their lines. The Germans would then envelop the enemy troops and force them to surrender (military).

## Notes 
## Related pages 
* Flanking maneuver
* Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
* Turning movement
* Ambush
* Envelopment
* Pincer movement 
* Rearguard
* Attrition warfare
* Feigned retreat
* Preemptive war
* Oblique order

## References 
## Other websites 
* Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics; YouTube
Constructive proof

In mathematics, a **constructive proof** is a method of proof that shows the existence of a mathematical object—by giving a method on how to create the object. The other type of proof is called non-constructive proof, or existence proof: It shows that an object must exist, but does not give a way how to construct it.

A non-constructive proof is rejected by the so-called constructivists, who choose to interpret existence in a stricter way.

## Related pages 
* Proof by contradiction

## References
Vinelz

**Vinelz** () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Webpage of Vinelz 
*
Sauge

**Sauge** is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Plagne and Vauffelin merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Sauge
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit

**Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit** is a bookstore owner from Thailand. She also helped start Creating Awareness for Enhanced Democracy (CAFÉ Democracy), an organization for political ideas. In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life 
Wattanapanit graduated from Payap University in Chiang Mai, Thailand. She raised money for conservation of forests. She worked for Community Forest Support group, a non-governmental organization. When Wattanapanit received the award in 2016, she was 49 years old.

## Other websites 
* 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

## References
Behind the Front

***Behind the Front*** is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Black Eyed Peas, released on June 30, 1998 by Interscope, The original members of the group were rappers will.i.am, Taboo and apl.de.alp as well as R&B singer Kim Hill, although Hill was a member of the group her photo wasn't included on the album and she only appeared on a few of the songs on the album. Some of the songs were demos from will.i.am and apl.de.alp's group Atban Klann's scheduled debut album *Grass Roots* which was never released, with additional raps added by Taboo.

## Track listing 
## Sample credits
*"Fallin' Up" contains a sample from "Comanche" by Jorge Ben.
*"Clap Your Hands" contains a sample from "Handclapping Song" by The Meters and "Tenement Yard" by Jacob Miller.
*"Joints & Jam" contains a sample from "Grease" by Frankie Valli and "Love Till the End of Time" by Paulinho da Costa.
*"The Way U Make Me Feel" contains a sample from "Here We Go (Live at the Funhouse)" by Run-DMC and "Something in the Way (You Make Me Feel)" by Stephanie Mills.
*"Karma" contains a sample from "El Raton" by Cheo Feliciano and The Joe Cuba Sextet and "One Way or Another" by Blondie.
*"Be Free" contains a sample from "White Horse" by Laid Back.
*"Say Goodbye" contains a sample from "Heaven and Hell Is on Earth" by 20th Century Steel Band.
*"What It Is" contains a sample from "Funkin' for Jamaica (N.Y.)" by Tom Browne.
*"A8" contains a sample from "O Homem Da Gravata Florida" by Jorge Ben.
*"Positivity" contains a sample from "Cinco Minutos" by Jorge Ben.

## Personnel
;Black Eyed Peas
*will.i.am - vocals on all tracks; m.p.c 3000 on tracks 1-3, 5, 6, 8-13, 14 and 16; rhodes on tracks 8 and 16; hammond b3 organ on tracks 2, 10 and 13; moog on track 9; theremin on track 12; marimbas on track 9; melody phone on track 16
*apl.de.ap - vocals on all tracks except 4
*Taboo - vocals on all tracks except 4, 7, 9 and 15
;B.E.P. musicians
*Kevin Feyen - guitar on tracks 1, 5, 6, and 8-16
*Mike Fratantuno - bass on tracks 1-3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 16
*Terrence Yoshiaka - drums on track 5; percusions on tracks 1 and 6
*Brian Lapin - rhodes on tracks 1, 5, 9, 11, 12 and 15; hammond b3 organ on track 11; bass on track 9; moog on tracks 9, 11 and 16
;Additional musicians
*Ramy Antoun - congas on track 6
*Darell Cross - drums on track 15
*J. Curtis - guitar on track 4
*DJ Drez - turntables on track 15
*Carlos Guacio - rhodes and bass on track 4
*Peter Kim - bass on track 15
*DJ Motiv8 - turntables on tracks 3 and 8
*Matt Nabours - violin on track 14
*Tommy O. - flute on track 14
*Paul Poli - turntables on track 3 and 7
*Miles Tackett - bass on track 14 and cello on track 5
;Guest Vocalists
*Kim Hill - vocals on tracks 4, 7 and 11
*Dawn Beckman - vocals on tracks 2 and 8
*Einstien Brown - vocals on track 6
*Ingrid Dupree - vocals on track 3
*Redfoo - rap on track 9
*Macy Gray - vocals on track 14
*Sierra Swan & Planet Swan - vocals on track 1

## References
Azadliq (newspaper)

**Azadliq** () is a daily political newspaper in Azerbaijan. It is one of the most popular newspapers in Azerbaijan.
## References
## Other websites
* www.azadliq.info
Awadeya Mahmoud

**Awadeya Mahmoud** or **Awwadah Mahmoud Koko** (Arabic: عوضية محمود كوكو ) is a tea seller and activist from Sudan.  She started the Women’s Food and Tea Sellers’ Cooperative and the Women’s Multi-Purpose Cooperative for Khartoum State.  In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Work 
Mahmoud lived in southern Kordofan.  Because of war in south Sudan, she moved to Khartoum.   She started to sell tea by the side of the road. Every day, the local police harassed her and threatened her.  She could not go to the government, so she organized women.  She helped them talk to politicians and use the media to get attention for their problems. The police put her in jail for four years.  Finally the courts of Sudan said she was free. With the help of the Sudanese Development Association, an NGO, she started an organization to help the women who sell tea.

At first there were three cooperatives.  During 2015, the project increased to 36 cooperatives in seven areas of Khartoum region.  Now there are more than 7,500 women in the original three cooperatives.

## Other websites 
* 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
*Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

## References
Bridging the Gap (Black Eyed Peas album)

***Bridging the Gap*** is the second studio album by American hip hop group Black Eyed Peas, released on September 26, 2000. This is their last album as *Black Eyed Peas*, before they changed their name to "**The** Black Eyed Peas" and the last album with Kim Hill as a member.

## Track listing 
## Chart positions
### Album
### Singles
## References
Arrondissement of Bellac

The **arrondissement of Bellac** is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bellac.

## History
When the Haute-Vienne department was created on 1800, the *arrondissement* of Bellac was part of that original department.

## Geography
The *arrondissement* of Bellac is the most northern *arrondissement* of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the northwest and north by the Vienne department, to the east by the Creuse department, to the south by the *arrondissement* of  Limoges, to the southwest by the *arrondissement* of Rochechouart and to the west by the  Charente department.

The *arrondissement* of Bellac is the second *arrondissement* of the department, after the *arrondissement* of Limoges, in area, , and population (39,744 inhabitants). It has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

## Composition
### Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

In the *arrondissement* of Bellac, the canton of Bellac and the canton of Châteauponsac have all their *communes*. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and *arrondissements*:

### Communes
The *arrondissement* of Bellac has 62 *communes*; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 
# Arnac-la-Poste (87003)
# Azat-le-Ris (87006)
# Balledent (87007)
# La Bazeuge (87008)
# Bellac (87011)
# Berneuil (87012)
# Bessines-sur-Gartempe (87014)
# Blanzac (87017)
# Blond (87018)
# Breuilaufa (87022)
# Le Buis (87023)
# Bussière-Poitevine (87028)
# Chamboret (87033)
# Châteauponsac (87041)
# Cieux (87045)
# Compreignac (87047)
# La Croix-sur-Gartempe (87052)
# Cromac (87053)
# Darnac (87055)
# Dinsac (87056)
# Dompierre-les-Églises (87057)
# Le Dorat (87059)
# Droux (87061)
# Folles (87067)
# Fromental (87068)
# Gajoubert (87069)
# Les Grands-Chézeaux (87074)
# Jouac (87080)
# Lussac-les-Églises (87087)
# Magnac-Laval (87089)
# Mailhac-sur-Benaize (87090)
# Montrol-Sénard (87100)
# Mortemart (87101)
# Nantiat (87103)
# Nouic (87108)
# Oradour-Saint-Genest (87109)
# Peyrat-de-Bellac (87116)
# Rancon (87121)
# Razès (87122)
# Roussac (87128)
# Saint-Amand-Magnazeix (87133)
# Saint-Barbant (87136)
# Saint-Bonnet-de-Bellac (87139)
# Saint-Georges-les-Landes (87145)
# Saint-Hilaire-la-Treille (87149)
# Saint-Junien-les-Combes (87155)
# Saint-Léger-Magnazeix (87160)
# Saint-Martial-sur-Isop (87163)
# Saint-Martin-le-Mault (87165)
# Saint-Ouen-sur-Gartempe (87172)
# Saint-Pardoux (87173)
# Saint-Sornin-la-Marche (87179)
# Saint-Sornin-Leulac (87180)
# Saint-Sulpice-les-Feuilles (87182)
# Saint-Symphorien-sur-Couze (87184)
# Tersannes (87195)
# Thiat (87196)
# Thouron (87197)
# Val-d'Issoire (87097)
# Vaulry (87198)
# Verneuil-Moustiers (87200)
# Villefavard (87206)

The *communes* in the *arrondissement* with more inhabitants are:

## Related pages
* Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department
* List of arrondissements of France

## References