open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Edward Jenner

**Edward Jenner** (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician known for creating the vaccine for smallpox.

## Vaccination 
### Background 
Vaccination was a concept that was known before Jenner.

In 1765, Dr John Fewster published a paper in the London Medical Society entitled "Cow pox and its ability to prevent smallpox", but he did not pursue the subject further.

After 1770, at least five investigators in England and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) successfully tested a cowpox vaccine in humans against smallpox. For example, Dorset farmer Benjamin Jesty successfully vaccinated and presumably induced immunity with cowpox in his wife and two children during a smallpox epidemic in 1774. 

Jenner may have been aware of Jesty's procedures and success, but after Jenner's work some 20 years later the procedure became widely understood at last.

### Cowpox 
It was a common observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox. Jenner thought that the milkmaids were protected from smallpox because of pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox. (This was a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent) He may already have heard of Benjamin Jesty's success.

### First injections 
On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis on an eight-year-old boy, the son of his gardener. He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of a milkmaid. Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that day, subsequently producing in Phipps a fever and some uneasiness, but no full-blown infection. Later, he injected the boy with a mild form of smallpox and he showed no sign of infection. Jenner successfully tested his hypothesis on 23 more subjects.

:Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved [by subsequent challenges] that they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox pus could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle.

## References
Random sample

A **random sample** is a sample taken at random from a population of data. 

In a random sample every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. For instance, to do an election poll, calling people randomly out of the phone book would be better than asking people at a labor union meeting or at a small business convention. A page of the phone book is a more random sample of voters than a union meeting, so the result is more likely to tell who will really be elected. But neither sample is really random because for one thing, some people do not have phones. 

## Other websites 
* Simple Random Sampling -Citizendium
Linguistic reduction

**Linguistic reductions** are lost sounds in words. They are common in spoken English. For instance, "going to" changes to "gonna". The most common reductions are contractions. Most contractions are reductions of 'not'. For instance, "cannot" becomes "can't". Many contractions are reductions between a subject and a verb. For instance, "He is..." becomes "He's..."

Some reductions are known to language learners, such as the reduction of a verb and "to". Examples are "going to" becoming "gonna" and "want to" becoming "wanna".

Linguistic reductions are part of natural English and should not be considered slang or improper.

## Categories
There are several basic categories of reductions:
* Elision is one or more sounds left out of a word. A common example is "and", which frequently changes to "an" or sometimes even "n". Another example is the "ba" sound in "probably", which leads to the pronunciation, "probly".
* Word stress is a weaker stress on a word. The words near it are stressed more by comparison. The weakly-stressed word may be blended, linked or even deleted.
*Function words are words that signify grammatical relations and are different from content words.  Content words tend to carry more information and are often stressed. Function words are often unstressed and may be reduced, blended, linked or deleted.
* Contractions
Cleo Laine

**Dame Cleo Laine**, **Lady Dankworth**, DBE (born **Clementina Dinah Campbell**; 28 October 1927 &ndash; 24 July 2025) was a British jazz singer and an actress. She was born in Southall, Middlesex to a white English mother and black Jamaican father. She was famous for her scat singing and for being able to sing very high and very low notes.

She was the only female performer to have received Grammy nominations in the jazz, popular and classical music categories. Laine was the widow of jazz composer Sir John Dankworth.

Laine died on 24 July 2025 at her home in Wavendon, Buckinghamshire at the age of 97.

## References
State Senator

A **state senator** is a member of a state's Senate, the upper house in the bicameral legislature of 49 U.S. states, or a legislator in Nebraska's one house State Legislature.

There are usually fewer state senators than there are members in a state's lower house.  In the past, this meant that senators represented different regions within a state, not according to the population of the region. This was a way of balancing the power of the lower house, where the numbers for each state were related to the state's population.  In 1963, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that state legislatures must give seats in both houses depending on the population of the state.

## References
Unicameralism

In government, **unicameralism** is when there is only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. Therefore, a unicameral legislature or unicameral parliament is a legislature with one chamber. It comes from the Latin "uni" (meaning one) and "camera" (meaning chamber).

Unicameral legislatures are used around the world.

Since 1937, the US State of Nebraska’s Nebraska Legislature has been unicameral, however all other US states use a bicameral system.

## Related pages 
* Bicameral
Bicameral

A **bicameral** system of government is one where there are two legislative or parliamentary chambers. The word comes from the Latin "bi" (meaning two) and "camera" (meaning chamber). This can make it harder to pass laws. But others point out the checks and balances this system maintains. This prevents laws from being passed that favor a certain political faction, the government or group of people.

## Bicameral systems in the world 
* In the United Kingdom, the two chambers are called the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
* The United States Congress is bicameral.
** All the states apart from Nebraska use the bicameral system. Nebraska is unicameral.
* Australia has a bicameral system with a House of Representatives and a Senate. All the Australian states are also bicameral, except Queensland which is unicameral.
* India has bicameral central and state parliaments.

## Related pages 
* Unicameral

## References
Lower house

A **lower house** is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature. The other chamber is called the upper house.

Although it is called the "" house, in many legislatures in the world it actually has more power than the "" house.

## Lower Houses in the World 
* France: the National Assembly
* Pakistan: the National Assembly
* United Kingdom: the House of Commons
* United States of America: the United States House of Representatives
William-Adolphe Bouguereau

**William-Adolphe Bouguereau** (born November 30, 1825, died 5 August 1905) was a French painter. Bouguereau was a traditionalist of academic art and his style did not change much throughout his painting career. He was a popular artist in his day. Rich customers liked his photo-realistic style. He liked to paint classical scenes and scenes from ancient mythology.

As a boy Bouguereau was born into a family of wine and olive oil sellers. His parents wanted him to join the family business when he became an adult. His uncle, however, arranged for him to get a proper education at school. Bouguereau showed great talent for art. One of his father’s customers talked him into sending William to a famous art college. There he won first place for one of his paintings. To earn extra money he designed labels for fruit jellies and jams.

Bouguereau liked to paint pictures of women. He was known for being able to make his subject look prettier than she really was. 

In 1856, he married Marie-Nelly Monchablon and had five children. In the late 1850s he made a profitable friendship with a successful art dealer. This art dealer made William famous even in other countries. William was able to buy a big house and studio with his growing fortune.
He was a hard working painter. He would make a thorough study and sketch of what he planned to paint. The great way he painted skin, hands and feet was well known. He eventually became a teacher at a French art college. 

Near the end of his life he described his love of his art: “Each day I go to my studio full of joy; in the evening when obliged to stop because of darkness I can scarcely wait for the next morning to come…if I cannot give myself to my dear painting I am miserable”. He painted eight hundred and twenty-six paintings.

Bouguereau died at the age of 79 on August 19, 1905 from heart disease.

## Gallery

File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - The Wave (1896).jpg|*The Wave* (1896)
File:The Birth of Venus by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1879).jpg|*The Birth of Venus* (1879)
File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - The Young Shepherdess (1885).jpg|*The Young Shepherdess* (1885)
File:William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - A Little Coaxing (1890).jpg|*A Little Coaxing* (1890)
Glomma

**Glomma** is the longest river in Norway. It is  long. It runs from Aursund to Fredrikstad.

## References
## Other websites
Child abandonment

has a severe Intellectual disability and is physically disabled. With a high probability, the girl never walked upright, and never learned how to speak. She was one of a quarter of the world’s children at risk of iodine deficiency. Iodine deficiency is the world’s leading cause of preventable Intellectual disabilities.]]
**Child abandonment** is when a parent leaves their child. There are many causes of child abandonment, including poverty or mental illness. In many countries, if a children are abandoned, they become orphans and live in an orphanage. They are raised there until they reach 18.

In the United States, "Safe Haven Laws" allow parents to leave their infants at certain safe places.  The goal of these laws is to keep parents from leaving their infants in unsafe places, or killing them.  In some states, leaving a baby at a Safe Haven is thought of as child abandonment, and a complaint may be filed in family court.  But as long as the baby has not been hurt, the parents cannot be charged with a crime for leaving their baby at a Safe Haven.  The baby is given to state child protection workers, who find a safe place for the baby and try to get him or her adopted.  Hospitals, fire stations, and police stations are common Safe Havens.

## History
Abandonment (or **exposure**) was a widely used method of getting rid of babies that parents did not want. Babies would be left outside, often in a pot or a vase, to die. It was practiced in ancient times, especially in Athens. The babies at the most risk were girls; babies with physical disabilities; ugly babies; children born to poor families; and babies who looked unwell. In past days, Women would not voice their thoughts on whether their babies were left to die. Due to the patriarchic structure of society, the fathers were the only ones who ultimately had a say.

## References
Upper house

An **upper house** is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature. The other chamber is called the lower house.

## Upper Houses in the world 
* India: the Rajya Sabha
* Pakistan: the Senate of Pakistan
* United Kingdom: the House of Lords
* United States of America: the United States Senate
Kutch district

**Kutch district** (also spelled **Kutch** or **Kachchh**, ) is a district of Gujarat state in western India. Covering an area of 45,612&nbsp;km², it is the largest district in the state of Gujarat and the second largest district of India after the Leh District in Ladakh.
Carrot cake

:*Not to be confused with Chai tow kway, a type of local dish found in Singapore and Malaysia*

**Carrot cake** is a sweet and moist spice cake, full of cut carrots and toasted nuts, and covered in cream cheese icing. One part of the cake is that the orange flakes of cut carrot give the cake color and texture, along with sweetness and moisture.

## Baking and ingredients
To make carrot cake, all the wet , such as the typical eggs, vegetable oil, yogurt, melted butter and, are mixed together. Then, all the dry ingredients; such as flour, grated carrots,  baking powder, baking soda, allspice, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, sugar, brown sugar are typically then mixed together, and the wet are then added to the dry. Many carrot cake recipes have  ingredients, such as nuts, raisins, pineapple, or coconut.

## Presentation
Carrot cake may be eaten plain, but it is made by arlo who loves mimi or marzipan made to look like carrots.  They are popular in loaf, sheet cake and cupcake form, and (in the United Kingdom as well as North America) can be found pre-packaged at grocery stores, and fresh at bakeries. Some carrot cakes are even layered.

## Pictures

Image:Carrot cake 2.jpg|A carrot cake with white icing
Image:BdayCarrotcake.jpg|A carrot cake at a birthday party
Image:Carrot Cake Berlin 2009.JPG|Soft, creamy carrot cake with sugar
Image:Carrot cake in pan.jpg|A half-eaten carrot cake

## Related pages
*Cake
*Chocolate cake

## References
## Other websites
*A carrot cake recipe
Domain name

A **domain name** is a human-readable web address (e.g., "google.com") that points to an IP address and helps users to access websites or other resources in a convenient way.

## Extensions
*See main article: URL* 

Domain names have extensions (called "top-level domains") at the end of the URL. For example, ".com", ".net" and ".org" are the most commonly used domain name extensions. The most popular domain extension is .com with more than 100 million domains registered. The .com extension stands for "commercial", .org for "organization" and .net for "network".

There are also country-specific domain name extensions. For example, the United Kingdom has the ".uk" domain extension and Japan has ".jp".

## Related pages
*Domain Name System
*Domain name registrar

## References
Rann of Kutch

**Rann of Kutch** is a large area of Salt marshes located mostly in Gujarat (primarily the Kutch District), India and the southern tip of Sindh, Pakistan. It is divided into two main parts; Great Rann of Kutch and Little Rann of Kutch. It is about  big and is reputed to be the largest salt desert in the world. The Rann of Kachchh is Homeland of the Kutchi people.

## Geography
.]]
The Rann of Kachchh is located in the Thar Desert bio-geographic area in Gujarat with some parts in Pakistani province of Sindh. It is a seasonally marshy region, the word *Rann* meaning "salt marsh", alternating with *medaks*, elevated pieces of land where vegetation grows.

Kachchh is the name of the District currently in Gujarat (Western India), but as part of Sindh where this region is situated. The Marsh covers a huge area of around 10,000 square miles and is positioned between the Gulf of Kutch and the mouth of the Indus River in southern Pakistan. To the northeast corner of the Rann of Kachchh lies the Luni River, originating in Sakastan.

## Ecological importance
 group at the Little Rann of Kachchh.]]
The Rann of Kachchh is the only large Flooded grasslands zone in the whole Indo-Malayan region of the planet.
The fact that the area has desert on one side and the sea on the other provides the Rann of Kachchh with a variety of ecosystems, including Mangroves and Desert vegetation. The grassland and deserts of the Rann of Kachchh are home to forms of wildlife that have adapted to the often harsh conditions of this vast area. These include Endemic and Endangered animal and plant species. The marsh covers an area of around . It is between the Gulf of Kutch and the mouth of the Indus River in southern Pakistan.

The region is important for biodiversity. A lot of women and young girls make their living by selling different types of embroidered cloths. The embroidery is of various styles such as Rabari, Ahir, Sindhi, Banni, Mutwa, Ari and Soof - and some styles include mirror or bead inlay.

## Related pages
* Kori Creek
* Sindh
* Kutch District

## References 
## Other websites
* Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions
* Global Species : Ecoregion : Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh
Urban contemporary

**Urban contemporary** or **urban music** is a kind of music played on the radio. It comes from cities. The first person to use this word was the now dead New York DJ Frankie Crocker in the mid 1970s. Urban contemporary radio stations play only hip hop/rap, contemporary R&B, more urban-styled pop, and on occasion, Caribbean music such as reggae and reggaeton. Urban contemporary came from R&B and Soul. Almost all Urban contemporary type radio stations are found in cities that have lots of African-American people. Some cities that have Urban contemporary stations are; Los Angeles, California, New York City, Atlanta, Georgia, Chicago, Fayetteville, North Carolina, Charlotte, and Norfolk, Virginia, etc.

The words "urban contemporary" make people think of African American music, like R&B. For Latino people, the music is more like music from Latin neighborhoods, such as Reggaeton, Hip hop from South America, or bachata.

Their playlists are mainly singles by popular hip hop and R&B artists. Sometimes, an urban contemporary station will play classic soul music songs from the '70s and early '80s to make old people happy.

Some radio stations in cities, like KJLH, KMEL, KDAY, and WVEE, will play gospel and Christian R&B/hip-hop music on Sundays.

## References
Edinburgh Festival Fringe

, in August 2007.]]

The **Edinburgh Festival Fringe** (**The Fringe**) is the world’s largest arts festival.  It started in 1947.  It takes place every year at the same time as the Edinburgh International Festival: late August and early September.  There are hundreds of different events. There are concerts, theatre, opera, and dance and many informal events.

The organisers are the Festival Fringe Society: they publish a programme every year, sell tickets and give advice to performers from the Fringe office on the Royal Mile.

The Edinburgh Festival itself is recognised to offer high-quality events. However, the Fringe events are variable, and entry has no real quality barriers. It is largely an open event where almost any theatrical or show event can be performed. Its lack of supervision means the shows are of unpredictable standard. All events have an entrance charge, which is reasonable because theatres do charge performers. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Edinburgh Festival Guide full listings and reviews for all the Edinburgh festivals
Edinburgh International Festival

The **Edinburgh International Festival** is a festival of music, theatre, opera, dance, visual arts and literature that takes place every year in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Each year it is held for about three weeks in late August and early September.

The festival started in 1947. A key person was Rudolf Bing, who was then the manager of the Glyndbourne Opera Festival. Bing was later General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1950 to 1972. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1946 and knighted in 1971. His idea was to heal the wounds of war through the languages of the arts. Since 2014 the director of the festival has been Fergus Linehan.

At first the Festival concentrated on classical music. Its later events were based on the traditional arts: classical music, ballet, sculpture and fine art. Since 1999 the permanent home of the festival is at The Hub, near Edinburgh Castle. Several large theatres, concert halls and churches in Edinburgh are used for the events, e.g. Usher Hall, Festival Theatre, Edinburgh Playhouse, The Queen's Hall and The Hub. 

About ten other festivals are held in Edinburgh at the same time as the Edinburgh Festival. The result is festivals with more than 2,500 performances and events per day in Edinburgh in August, many times bigger than the next biggest arts festivals anywhere in the world.

2020 is the only year the Festival has not been held. The reason was the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic.

## References 
## Related pages
*Edinburgh Fringe

## Other websites
*Official web site
*Edinburgh Festival Guide full listings and reviews for all the Edinburgh festivals
Protea

The **Protea** (giant Protea known as Protea cynaroides) is part of an ancient plant family, the Proteaceae, which had already divided into two subfamilies before the break-up of the Gondwanaland continent about 140 million years ago. Both subfamilies, the Proteoideae and the Grevilleoideae, occur mainly in the southern hemisphere. In southern Africa there are about 360 species, mainly from the subfamily Proteoideae, of which more than 330 species are confined to the Cape Foral Kingdom, between Nieuwoudtville in the northwest and Grahamstown in the east. Protea cynaroides belongs to the genus Protea, which has more than 92 species, subspecies and varieties. Other well-known genera of the Proteaceae are the Leucospermum with the brightly coloured "pincushion" flowers, Leucadendron with yellow or red-brown foliage and Serruria, of which the Serruria Florida or "Blushing Bride" with its pale pink flowers is widely used in bridal bouquets. Plants in the subfamily Grevilleoideae occur mainly in Australia. The Protea (Protea cynaroides) is the national flower of South Africa.

The variety in plant size, habit, flower size and colour of the genus Protea was the reason it was named after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his shape at will. The flower bud of Protea cynaroides looks remarkably like the globe artichoke vegetable with the Latin name of Cynara scolymus and this led the botanist Linnaeus to give it the species name cynaroides.

## Growth 
The protea can grow only after a fire. As a simple explanation, it is because the head of this national flower has seeds inside, which can stay tightly sealed in a hard shell for almost 20 years. The shell does not open until it becomes scorched and the fire is all over. The light, fluffy seeds are then blown to the ground by the wind, where they all begin to grow again.

## References
Air pollution

's painting of 19th century London smog. It was caused mainly by burning coal, fires.]]
**Air pollution** is a type of environmental pollution that affects the air and is usually caused by smoke or other harmful gases, mainly oxides of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen.

In other words, air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence or introduction of a substance which has a poisonous effect.

Many of the world's large cities today have polluted air or low air and complain about its daily 
. 

Even 2,000 years ago, the Romans were complaining about the polluted air in their cities. At that time, the air was thick with smoke from fires and the smell of sewers.

The World Health Organization said that 2.4 million people died because of the direct problems of air pollution. Some of the problems include:

;Head:
*Dizziness
*Headaches

;Face:
*Burning, scratchy eyes
* nose
*Coughing and hard breathing

;Other:
*Lung cancer and lung diseases
*Sore throat
*Chest pains, colds, and allergies

## Agricultural effects 
In India in 2014, it was reported that air pollution had cut crop yields in the most affected areas by almost half in 2010 when compared to 1980 levels. There can also be increased yield of crops due to some air quality conditions.

## References 
## Other websites 
; Air quality science and general information
* UNEP Urban Issues 
* European Commission > Environment > Policies > Air >Air Quality.
* UNEP Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles 

; Air quality modelling
* Stuff in the air Standard air quality modelling procedure for industrial sources.
* Wiki on Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling. Addresses the international community of atmospheric dispersion modellers&nbsp;— primarily researchers, but also users of models. Its purpose is to pool experiences gained by dispersion modellers during their work.
* Air Dispersion Modeling Conversions and Formulas One of six technical articles devoted to air quality and air pollution dispersion modeling.
Almond cake

**Almond cake** is a cake, made of butter, sugar, almond essence, eggs, ground almonds, and flour, with whole almonds for decoration

## Variations
Some types of almond cake are:
*Golden Lemon Almond Cake
*Walnut Almond Cake

## Coconut Almond Cake(:a 
*Semolina Almond Cake

## References
Louis-Antoine de Bougainville

**Louis-Antoine de Bougainville** was an admiral and navigator from France. In 1766 he was sent by his government to make a trip around the world, called *circumnavigation*, which took from 1766 to 1769. He rediscovered (found again) the Solomon Islands in 1768 (the largest island is named for him). He also collected plants and made a trustworthy chart of some parts of the center of the Pacific Ocean. Bougainville saw a part of the Great Barier Reef, but could not find Australia.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Biography at the *Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online*
*From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham (Virtual exhibition)
*Louis-Antoine de Bougainville: Eighteenth Century French Sailor, Soldier, Statesman, Mathematician and leader of a Voyage around the world
Gerardus Mercator

**Gerardus Mercator**, also called **Gerhard Kremer**, and born Gérard de Crémère (1512 &ndash; 1594), was a Flemish geographer and  mathematician from Belgium. He explored Flanders and made globes about the earth and the sky. He became one of the best mapmakers of the 16th century.  The Mercator projection that has his name is a flat map projection of the features of the surface of the earth that can be seen and made only mathematically. It was found to be excellent for navigating on oceans and is still used today. In 1585 he began a great atlas that was later finished by his son. His last years he used for studying theology.

Mercator was born in Rupelmonde and died in Duisburg.

## Other websites 
* Turn the pages of the British Library's Mercator Atlas of Europe (c.1570) 
* Mercator's Atlas 
*
Countries of the United Kingdom

The **countries** of the United Kingdom are the non-sovereign countries that make up the UK. They share the same head of state, passport, military and sovereignty under the name of the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". 
## List
In decreasing order of area they are:

*England
*Scotland
*Wales
*Northern Ireland

## Terminology
The United Nations and UK government says that the United Kingdom is officially made up of 2 countries (England and Scotland), one principality (Wales) and one province (Northern Ireland).  However, Wales has not formally been a principality since the 16th century with the Laws in Wales Acts. In 2011 the International Organization for Standards updated its standard to define Wales as a country after the Welsh Government asked for the status to be corrected. Northern Ireland has been described variously as a country, province or region.  

## References
Bougainville

**Bougainville** may refer to:

* Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, French explorer.
* Bougainville (island), an island in east Papua New Guinea.
* Bougainville Autonomous Region, administrative division of Papua New Guinea.
Think tank

A **think tank** is a special organization which helps other organizations and groups with problems they do not know how to solve. They do this by providing data or knowledge, and by discussing the  in detail. They get their information by doing research, and by collecting ideas  and data from a wide range of sources.

## Origins 
The first think tank was the British Royal United Services Institute (1831), though of course the term "think tank" is much later, post World War II. Non-government institutions in the United States started early in the 20th century. The Arthur D. Little consultancy, incorporated in 1909, pioneered the idea of contracted professional services. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was founded in 1910. The Institute for Government Research, which later merged into the Brookings Institution, was formed in 1916. Other early twentieth century organizations now classified as think tanks include the Hoover Institution (1919), and Chatham House in London (1920). The Great Depression and its aftermath spawned several economic policy organizations, such as the National Planning Association (1934) and the Committee for Economic Development (1943). The RAND Corporation was started in 1946 inside the Douglas Aircraft Company, and was set up as an independent corporation in 1948. The name was taken from R&D (research and development), though in fact it did no development. mostly based on the hard sciences like maths, physics and economics. It was and still is funded mainly by the American government.

The cold war period raised the question of how the American government might handle nuclear weapons in bargaining and negotiating with the Soviet Union. This was the speciality of Herman Kahn, a RAND staff member who set up his own think tank in 1961, called the Hudson Institute. His publications on how to think about these issues, and those of Thomas Schelling, were landmarks in the post-war history of negotiating strategy.

## Modern period 
More recently, think tanks have specialised into particular areas of interest, such as foreign policy. Many have become advocates for political interests, doing research which can be used by public relations and lobbying groups.

## Related pages 
*Lobbying

## References
Solar calendar

A **solar calendar** is a calendar based on the  position of the earth in relation to the sun. There are tropical solar calendars.
There are non-solar calendars like sidereal calendars and lunar (moon) calendars As well as hybrids including lunisolar calendars, a hybrid of solar days and lunar months.

## Other websites 
*Jewish Calendar
*Correspondence between Hebrew and Islamic calendars, months and holidays (pdf)
Major League Baseball on FOX

**Fox Major League Baseball** (shortened as **Fox MLB** and **MLB on FS1**) is FOX Sports's broadcast of Major League Baseball. It began on June 1, 1996 and continue through at least 2021.

## Early Years: 1996-2000 
Major League Baseball made a deal with FOX and NBC on November 7, 1995. FOX televised regular season games (about 16 weekly telecasts normally beginning on Memorial Day weekend) on Saturday afternoons, selected Division Series games, and alternated the All-Star Game, League Championship Series and the World Series with NBC each year. To better state this, FOX aired the All-Star Game aired American League Championship Series in odd-numbered years while airing the National League Championship Series and World Series in even-numbered years.

## Exclusivity: 2001-2006 
In September 2000, Major League Baseball and FOX signed a 6-year contract to air Saturday baseball, the All-Star Game, selected Division Series games, and exclusive coverage of the League Championship Series and the World Series.

## New Contract: 2007-2021 
Rumors about the end of *Major League Baseball on FOX* were laid to rest on July 11, 2006 when the network announced they would still air the World Series through the 2013 season. It was announced on October 17, 2006 that FOX would retain the All-Star Game and World Series, except they would air the regular season beginning with the first Saturday of the regular season, and postseason coverage beyond the World Series was limited to one League Championship Series a year, alternating one for the other with TBS each year, airing the other LCS.

## References
## Other Websites
https://barrettmedia.com/2025/02/25/mlb-on-fox-reveals-2025-regular-season-schedule-includes-10-appearances-by-dodgers-cubs/

https://www.tvinsider.com/show/mlb-baseball/
National League Championship Series

The **National League Championship Series** (**NLCS**) is a best-of-seven playoff and one of two League Championship Series comprising the penultimate round of Major League Baseball's (MLB) postseason. It is contested by the winners of the two National League (NL) Division Series. The winner of the NLCS wins the NL pennant and advances to the World Series, MLB's championship series, to play the winner of the American League's (AL) Championship Series. The NLCS began in 1969 as a best-of-five playoff and used this format until 1985, when it changed to a best-of-seven format..

## History
In 1969, the LCS began play as the leagues were expanded to two divisions.  Initially, it was a best-of-five series.  In 1985, it became best-of-seven.  Since 1995, the two winners from the National League Division Series advance to the NLCS.

## References
Lady Gaga discography

## Albums 
### Studio albums 
### Extended plays 
### Soundtracks 
### Remix albums 
## Singles 
### As featured artist
### Promotional singles 
### Other charted songs 
## References
[[]]
Partridge

The **partridge** is a medium sized bird. They are known as game birds because they are hunted and eaten by humans. They are in the pheasant family (Phasianidae).

Partridges are in the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas". The line "...and a partridge in a pear tree" is sung.

## Color and shape 
Most partridges are brown, gray and white. They are camouflaged and difficult to see. They have short legs and short bills. Partridges are smaller than pheasants but they are bigger than quails.

Partridges can not fly very well and they do not migrate. This means they always stay in the same area all year round. 

## Habitat 
Partridges live in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. They live in places such as moors, grassland and farmland. They feed mostly on seeds, and nest on the ground. This means their nests are not very safe from predators such as foxes. Partridges use their camouflage to make it difficult for predators to see them and their nests.
Devil's food cake

'''Devil's food cake''' is an old fashioned chocolate cake made of chocolate or cocoa and baking powder. It is moist, soft, rich, and very good for keeping. It is a light-textured chocolate layer-type cake with a deep reddish brown color. The cake gets this bright red color from the large amount of red food dye used in the preparation. Devil's food cake is usually thought of in terms of dark chocolate, but originally it was red. Today cooks, using modern processed cocoa, sometimes add a touch of red food coloring to bring back the authentic color.

Devil's food cakes can be stored in the refrigerator for about 3 days.

## Variations
The Devil's food cake may also be called a Red velvet cake.

## References
Bromsgrove

**Bromsgrove** is a town in the north of Worcestershire. The town is about  north-east of Worcester and  south-west of Birmingham. 29,237 people lived there in 2001.

## Geography 
The layer of rock underneath Bromsgrove is mainly sandstone.  The soil is very good for growing vegetables. The  of the town is  above sea level.

## Climate 
The climate in Bromsgrove is like most of the United Kingdom. It is an "oceanic climate." This means it is cool in summer and not very cold in winter. It can rain at any time of the year.

## Transport 
]]
The main A38 road goes through Bromsgrove. The M5 motorway passes by the west side of the town. The M42 motorway starts at the north of the town.

Bromsgrove train station is in the south of the town. The station is at the bottom of the "Lickey Incline".  The Lickey Incline is the steepest hill for trains in Britain. An extra locomotive has to help push heavy freight trains up the hill. There are many passenger trains to Birmingham, Worcester and Hereford. There is a plan to build a new, better train station in Bromsgrove. The new station will cost about £10 million to £12 million.

There is also a bus station in the town centre. Buses travel from the bus station to many places in Worcestershire and the West Midlands.

## References
Diploglossus

**Diploglossus** is a genus of lizards in the family Anguidae.  It has nineteen described species. They are found in North and South America.

## References
Ouangolodougou, Ivory Coast

'''Ouangolodougou, Côte d'Ivoire''' is a small town in the northern part of Ivory Coast, a country in western Africa. It is located in the Ferkessédougou Department. Ouangolodougou is near the border of Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso.
Currys

**Currys** is a British electrical retailer operating in the UK and Ireland.

In 2009, some Curry stores in the UK were combined with the PCWorld name.

## References
Alfonso García Robles

**Alfonso García Robles** (20 March 1911 – 2 September 1991) was a Mexican diplomat and politician. 
García Robles received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982, together with Sweden's Alva Myrdal. García Robles was  the driving force behind the Treaty of Tlatelolco. This treaty established a nuclear-free zone in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Laguna

**Laguna City** is a little city of south of the Brazil, in Santa Catarina State.  This city have more than 50000 people.  It was the capital of the short-lived Juliana Republic in 1839.  The city is known for having dolphins

Some popular beaches of this city:
*Mar Grosso beach
*Iró beach
*Gravatá beach
*Gi beach.
Verizon

**Verizon Communications Inc.** (), is a telephone, internet service provider, and television company in the United States. It also owns a mobile phone company, Verizon Wireless. Verizon was created in 2000 by merging GTE and Bell Atlantic. These companies had already absorbed other companies, some of them more than a hundred years old. The biggest ones were formerly owned by AT&T.

In 2015, Verizon bought the Internet company AOL, and the next year it bought Yahoo!. Both of these purchases were for about US$4.4 billion. In 2017, both AOL and Yahoo! were part of a subsidiary created by Verizon called Oath Inc.

Verizon is one of the few publicly-traded companies to have a stock on both the NYSE and the NASDAQ. Its NYSE listing has been one of the 30 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 2004.

## Verizon Consumer 
Verizon's consumer wireless unit offers mobile phone, home telephone, and Internet services through a variety of devices.

### Wireless phone services 
Verizon Wireless offers smartphones using Apple's iOS and Google's Android. Both its basic phones and smartphones use their 4G LTE or 5G network. The company offers different voice and data plans for its users.

In 2019, Verizon offered one year of access to then ad-free Disney+ included in some of its unlimited plans as part of the launch of the streaming service. In 2020, the deal was expanded and extended to include access to the bundle of ad-supported Hulu and ESPN+ as part of some unlimited plans.  

In 2023, Verizon changed its plan offerings, with access to the Disney+ bundle and other services such as Apple Music no longer automatically included in its new plans, but available instead as add-on perks at a reduced price. 

In 2022, Verizon began testing a service called +play where customers could sign up for a range of streaming and other subscription services, officially rolling it out in 2023 with various discount deals.

Verizon shut down the +play service in 2025 to focus on making some subscription services available as add-ons to its wireless plans. The same year Verizon also removed access to Google Play Pass and Apple Arcade that had been included in some older plans.

### Wireless home phone 
Introduced in February 2015 as Verizon Wireless Home Phone Connect, Wireless Home Phone uses Verizon's cellular network rather than using traditional landline wires to provide home phone service.

### Mobile broadband and Wi-Fi 
Verizon Mobile network, branded as Jetpack. The company offered home Internet service through a 4G LTE Broadband Router with Voice that can connect up to 10 devices over Wi-Fi as well as home phone service. This service and device have since been discontinued.

## References
Takalik Abaj

at Takalik Abaj]]
'''Tak'alik A'baj'**  is an ancient ruin in Guatemala; it used to be called **Abaj Takalik'*. It is one of several Mesoamerican sites that have Olmec and Maya features. The site was inhabited the during the Preclassic and Classic periods, from the 9th century BC through to at least the 10th century AD. It was an important place for trade. It traded with Kaminaljuyu and Chocolá. It is one of the largest sites with carved monuments on the Pacific coast. Olmec-style sculptures include a possible colossal head, rock carvings and others. The site has one of the biggest collections of Olmec-style sculpture outside of the Gulf of Mexico. The site includes a Maya royal tomb and examples of Maya writing that are among the first from the Maya region. Studies continue at the site; the monumental buildings and long tradition of sculpture in a variety of styles suggest the site was important.

Finds from the site indicate contact with the distant city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico. They imply that Takalik Abaj was conquered by it or its allies. Takalik Abaj was linked to long-distance Maya trade routes that let the city take part in a trade network that included the Guatemalan highlands and the Pacific coastal plain from Mexico to El Salvador.

Takalik Abaj was a large city with the main buildings in four main groups spread across nine terraces. While some of these were natural, others were man-made, needing a lot of work and materials. The site had a clever water drainage system and many stone sculptures.

## Notes
## References
* 
*  
* 
*  
*  
*  
* 
*  

## Other websites
*Takalik Abaj at *The Guatemala Times'' online . Information and news in English, some by investigating archaeologists.
*Site description and gallery
Pinto horse

A **pinto horse** is a spotted horse. They are not a breed, but a coat color. In fact, any horse breed can be a pinto as long as they have patches of white or another color. Pintos are often confused with Paints, a horse breed. They look very similar. The difference is that a Paint is a breed, and a pinto is a coat color that can be on any breed, including Paints.

## History 
Pintos are so old that they were found in tombs in Ancient Egypt dating back to 4 B.C.  In the 16th century Cortez brought thousands to the New World. Some of them were set free, and Native Americans caught them. The Native Americans liked them for their toughness and their color. Their color blended in with the environment and made a natural camouflage. They were known to make great war horses. Their name came from the Spanish word *pintado*, which means “painted”.

## Color 
Pintos have pink skin, blue eyes, and white or multicolored hooves.  They can be either a white horse with colored patches, or a colored horse with white patches. It has been said that no two Pintos are exactly alike.

## Patterns 
Pintos have 3 different patterns:
*Tobiano: The Tobiano is the most common. They are white, with large colored spots that often overlap.
*Overo: A colored horse with jagged white markings.
*Tovero: A Tovero is a mix of Tobiano and Overo.

## Type 
Pintos come in 4 different types:
*Stock: A Western horse, usually a Quarter Horse or a Paint
*Hunter: An English horse, usually a Thoroughbred or a European Warmblood
*Pleasure: Usually an Arabian, Andalusian, or a Morgan
*Saddle: A gaited horse, usually a Saddlebred, Hackney, or a Tennessee Walker

## Size 
Pintos come in 4 different sizes:
*Miniature: usually about 34 inches.
*Miniature B: usually about 34-38 inches.
*Pony: usually about 38-56 inches.
*Horse: 56 inches and up.

## Related pages
*Horse

## References
Black Forest cake

The **Black Forest cake**, also called *Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte*, is an authentic German cake made up of a chocolate layer cake with cherries in the middle and whipped cream on top. They are traditionally made with fresh Morello cherries, poached in a sugar syrup and pitted. It is a variation of the chocolate cake, and sometimes decorated with chocolate curls.
## Gallery 

Image:CherryCakeSchwarzwald.jpg|A Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte
Image:Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte.jpg|Cherry Black Forest Cake
Image:Kirschtorte.jpg|Another Black Forest Cake

## References
Darrell Waltrip

**Darrell Lee Waltrip** (born February 5, 1947) is a retired American racecar driver. Waltrip won three Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series championships and 84 races, including the 1989 Daytona 500. He is now part of the broadcast team for Fox Sports. Waltrip’s younger brother, Michael Waltrip, owned and raced for his own team in NASCAR. In June of 2011 Waltrip was given a spot in the NASCAR Hall of Fame. He is a part of the Hall of Fame class of 2012.

## References 
## Other websites
Hypothermia

**Hypothermia** is a condition when a person is so cold that the body temperature drops below normal. Hypothermia is any body temperature lower than . Someone with hypothermia starts shivering and cannot stop. The person then becomes confused and acts strange. Their words don't make sense and they may be clumsy. Sometimes they become very tired. If someone gets hypothermia, wrap the person in blankets and take them to the hospital. If that's impossible, warm up the person slowly and give them a warm drink. The person cannot do complicated things with his or her hands. They are also unable to touch their thumb with their little finger, because their hand muscles don't work well.

Mild hypothermia is sometimes used on purpose by doctors for treating some medical problems. It takes blood away from the skin, hands and feet, and puts it to the brain and important internal organs. This helps when the person is bleeding from cuts or other wounds, and also helps when the patient goes into cardiac arrest.

## Moderate (Middle) 
The person begins shivering very strongly. Their large muscles do not work well. They move slowly and with , growing a little confused and walking . The person becomes pale, and lips, ears, fingers, and toes might become blue. This is because the body is trying to keep the most important organs warm. The person might feel sick in their stomach and very tired, wanting to go to sleep, anywhere.

## Severe 
Body temperature drops even more, but the person usually stops shivering. They cannot talk clearly; they think slowly, and they cannot move their hands. Sometimes a person will feel suddenly warm, as if they are getting better, but this just means they are getting worse. They may take off warm clothes or lay down to go to sleep. If this continues, they cannot walk or answer questions. Their pulse becomes weaker, but the heart may beat faster. Finally, the person dies.

## Related pages 
* Hyperthermia

## References 
## Other websites 
* Princeton Outdoor Guide to Hypothermia
* eMedicine: Hypothermia
* Wilderness Management of Hypothermia
Jeremy Clarkson

**Jeremy Charles Robert Clarkson** (born 11 April 1960) is an English author, broadcaster, journalist, talk show host. He is best known for presenting BBC television show *Top Gear* with Richard Hammond and James May. He is also known for controversial remarks.

He also writes columns for The Sunday Times and The Sun.

Clarkson was ranked 49th on Motor Trend Magazine's Power List for 2011. It is a list of the fifty most important figures in the automotive industry.

On 26 March 2015, while Clarkson was not allowed to be at work, the BBC announced it will not keep paying him after he mocked and physically assaulted a producer during an argument .

## Shows he has appeared in
### Presenter
### Other roles
## Books he has written
* Two books with the best columns from previous publications, called "The Collected Thoughts Of Clarkson" and "Never Played Golf" were issued by Top Gear Magazine, in 2003 and 2004.

## References