open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Problem solving

**Problem solving** is a mental activity related to intelligence and thinking. It consists of finding solutions to problems. A problem is a situation that needs to be changed. It suggests that the  is not totally obvious, for then it would not be a problem. 

A great deal of human life is spent solving problems. Social life is based on the notion that together we might solve problems which we could not as individuals.

## Overview
### Origin
The word "problem" comes from a Greek word meaning an "obstacle" (something that is in your way). If someone has a problem, they have to find a way of solving the problem. The way to solve it is called a solution. 
## Examples
Some problem-solving techniques have been developed and used in artificial intelligence, computer science, engineering and mathematics. Some are related to mental problem-solving techniques studied in gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology. and chess.
## Nature
Problems can be classified as  or well-defined.  Ill-defined problems are those that do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solution. An example is how to face threats which might perhaps be made in the future. Well-defined problems have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths, and clear expected solutions. These problems also allow for more initial planning than ill-defined problems. 

Being able to solve problems involves the ability to understand what the goal of the problem is and what rules could be applied to solving the problem. Sometimes the problem requires abstract thinking and coming up with a creative solution.

## References
Suba language

**Suba** is a language spoken by the Suba people of east Africa. It is almost extinct. It is a Bantu language believed to have developed from the interactions between the Luo and the Bantu speakers of Lusoga. These Lusoga migrated from the Baganda kingdom because of a conflict between tribes.

## References
Roy Rogers (basketball)

**Roy Lee Rogers, Jr.** (born August 19, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played a total of 137 games in the NBA from 1996 until 2000. He played for the Vancouver Grizzlies, Boston Celtics, Toronto Raptors, and the Denver Nuggets. After retiring, Rogers became an assistant coach. He currently serves as an assistant coach for the Washington Wizards of the NBA.

## College
Rogers played college basketball for the University of Alabama. He played college basketball with the Crimson Tide from 1992 until 1996.

## NBA career
Rogers was drafted by the Vancouver Grizzlies in the first round with the 22nd overall pick in the 1996 NBA Draft. He played a total of 82 games and started 50 games with the Grizzlies. He scored a total of 543 points during his time in Vancouver. On October 28, 1997, the Grizzlies traded Rogers to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Tony Massenburg and a 2nd-round pick in the 1999 NBA draft.

He only played nine games with the Celtics. He scored seven points with them. On February 18, 1998, the Celtics traded Roger along with Chauncey Billups, Dee Brown and John Thomas to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Kenny Anderson, Popeye Jones and Žan Tabak.

With the Raptors, Rogers played in six games and scored a total of 13 points. On June 9, 1998, the Raptors traded Rogers along with a two 1st-round picks in the 1998 NBA draft to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Kevin Willis.

Rogers did not play for the Rockets and played most of the 1998 season in Italy. On January 22, 1999, the Rockets traded Rogers along with a 2nd-round pick in the 2000 NBA draft to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Scottie Pippen. Rogers never played a game for the Bulls and they waived him on February 1, 1999.

On October 1, 1999, he signed a contract with the Denver Nuggets. He played 40 games with them. He retired from playing professional basketball in 2004.

After retiring, Rogers joined the Brooklyn Nets as an assistant coach in 2013. He left the next year and joined the Washington Wizards as their assistant coach.

## References
## Other websites
*Player file @ NBA.com
*College & NBA stats  @ basketballreference.com
William Katt

**William Theodore Katt** (born February 16, 1951) is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for playing Ralph Hinkley in *The Greatest American Hero*. 

Katt was born to Bill Williams and Barbara Hale in Los Angeles.

## Other websites
*
The Greatest American Hero

***The Greatest American Hero*** is an American comedy-drama television series. It was shown for three seasons from 1981 to 1983 on ABC. It was created by producer Stephen J. Cannell. It premiered as a two-hour television pilot on March 18, 1981. The series features William Katt as teacher Ralph Hinkley. It also starred Robert Culp as FBI agent Bill Maxwell, and Connie Sellecca as lawyer Pam Davidson.

The series chronicles Ralph's adventures after a group of aliens gives him a red suit that gives him superhuman abilities. Unfortunately for Ralph he loses the  , and thus has to learn how to use its powers by trial and error.

## References
Planet Asia

**Jason Green** (better known as **Planet Asia**; born October 24, 1976) is an American rapper. He is known for being part of the hip hop duo Cali Agents. He is also well known for producing many mixtapes. He was with Interscope Records. However, he was not promoted like more popular Interscope rappers 50 Cent and Eminem.

He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2002 for the song "W" by Mystic.

He was born Jason Green in Fresno, California.

## References
List of massacres of Azerbaijanis

The following is a **list of massacres of Azerbaijanis** that have occurred throughout history.

## Related pages
*Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment

## References
Codex

*, 13th century, Bohemia]]
 of the Book of Esther, Seville, Spain]]

A **codex** (plural *codices'') is a book-like object with writing on it. On a codex there are separate pages bound together at one edge, whereas a scroll is one continuous long document. The term is used for book-type objects written by hand, and includes books written on vellum or parchment.

The codex transformed the shape of the book itself. As an object, books can last for centuries, and many codices are in the great modern libraries. The codex was first described by the 1st-century AD Roman poet Martial, who praised it. The codex was as common as scrolls by about AD 300. It had completely replaced scrolls in the Greco-Roman world by the 6th century.

## Related pages 
*Codex Huamantla
*Codex Buranus

## References
Chester-le-Street

**Chester-le-Street**  is an ancient town in the northeast of England.  It is in County Durham. Where it stands was a Roman fort called Concangis. This is the 'Chester' (from the Latin *castra*) of the town's name. 'Street' refers to the paved Roman road that ran north-south through the town. It is now called Front Street (shown at right).

Chester-le-Street is  south of Newcastle upon Tyne and  west of Sunderland. It is on the River Wear.
## Church
The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert lay for 112 years. Then it was taken to Durham Cathedral. The church is the site of the first translation of the Gospels into English. There Aldred wrote the Old English gloss between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels.
## Markets
This place is a market town. Markets are held on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Until 2009 the town had its own local government district. The status of the town has been changed several times by local government regulations. The changes were controversial at the time.

## References
Cumberland Mountains

The **Cumberland Mountains** are a mountain range in the southeastern part of the Appalachian Mountains that run from  northern Tennessee to West Virginia. They include parts of western Virginia and eastern Kentucky. Their highest peak, with an elevation of  above sea level, is High Knob, near Norton, Virginia.

According to the United States Geological Survey, the Cumberland Mountains are  long and  wide. They are bounded by the Russell Fork on the northeast; the Pound River and Powell River on the southeast; Cove Creek on the southwest; and Tackett Creek, the Cumberland River, Poor Fork Cumberland River, and Elkhorn Creek on the northwest.

They form part of the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia. There are many limestone caves on the Virginia side. They were named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. 

## References
Cumberland Gap

The **Cumberland Gap** is a narrow pass near the junction of the states of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. It passes through the Cumberland Mountains, which are in the Appalachian Mountains.

First used by Native Americans, the Cumberland Gap was well-known in American colonial history as an important path through the lower Appalachians. In 1775, the trail was started by Daniel Boone. Over the next 35 years, over 300,000 settlers used it to get to the western borders of Kentucky and Tennessee. 

## References 
## Other websites
List of earthquakes in Azerbaijan

This **list of earthquakes in Azerbaijan**, is a list of notable earthquakes that have affected areas within the current boundaries of Azerbaijan.

## References
Portland, Missouri

**Portland** is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, Missouri, United States. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located at  (38.710161,-91.717166) on Route 94 about twenty miles northeast of Jefferson City.

## History
The village was laid out in 1831. Its location on the Missouri River made it a popular shipping point for the farms and plantations of Callaway County. The name Portland stems from that activity.

## References
Toledo, Callaway County, Missouri

**Toledo** is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## History
A post office called Toledo was established in 1887. It operated until 1905.

## References
Fulton

**Fulton** may refer to:

## People 
* Fulton (surname), including list of people with the surname

## Places 
### Canada 
* Fulton, Ontario, a community in West Lincoln, Ontario

### United States 
* Fulton, Alabama
* Fulton, Arkansas
* Fulton, California
* Fulton, Illinois
* Fulton, Indiana
* Fulton, Kansas
* Fulton, Kentucky
* Fulton, Maryland
* Fulton, Michigan
* Fulton, Minneapolis, Minnesota
* Fulton, Mississippi
* Fulton, Missouri
* Fulton, New York,
* Fulton, Ohio
* Fulton, South Dakota
* Fulton, Texas
** George W. Fulton Mansion
* Fulton, Tennessee
* Fulton, Wisconsin, a town
* Fulton (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

## Related pages
* 
* 
* Fulton County
* Fulton Ferry
* Fulton Township
Fulton, Missouri

**Fulton** is a town in Missouri, United States. It is the county seat of Callaway County. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 12,600 in the 2020 census.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Fulton Area Chamber of Commerce 
* Fulton, Missouri tourism site
Songül Öden

**Songül Öden** (born 1979 in Diyarbakır) is a Turkish actress. She is famous for her role as Gümüş Şadoğlu in Turkish series *Gümüş*. She graduated in theatre from the University of Ankara. She is an ethnic Zaza.

She is well-liked as an actress in the Middle East.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kansas City metropolitan area

The **Kansas City metropolitan area** surrounds the city of Kansas City, Missouri. It includes 14 counties in both Missouri and Kansas. With a population of 2.2 million people, it is the second largest metropolitan area in Missouri behind Greater St. Louis. However, the Kansas city metropolitan area gained population from 2020 to 2024. The St. Louis metropolitan area lost population.

## References
Callaway County, Missouri

**Callaway County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. In the 2020 U.S. Census, the county's population was 44,283. Its county seat is Fulton. It is named for Captain James Callaway, grandson of Daniel Boone.

## References
## Other websites
*Callaway County official website
Jessye Norman

, New York]]

**Jessye Mae Norman** (September 15, 1945 &ndash; September 30, 2019) was an American opera singer. She was a dramatic soprano. She often sung works by Richard Wagner. Norman was in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. She won Grammy Awards. She received a Spingarn Medal. She also got a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a National Medal of Arts.

In 1970, she performed in Italy for the first time. There she sang in Handel's *Deborah*. The following year, she performed at the Maggio Musicale for the first time. There she sang in ''L'Africaine*. 
## Life and death
Norman was born in Augusta, Georgia.

She died on September 30, 2019 at a Manhattan hospital from multiple organ failure and sepsis caused by a spinal cord injury at the age of 74. In *The Simpsons'' episode, "Go Big or Go Homer", was dedicated to her memory.

## References
VX (nerve agent)

**VX** is a type of chemical weapon called a nerve agent. It is a very toxic chemical. Because it is so toxic, it cannot be used as anything other than a chemical weapon. The United Nations classifies VX as a weapon of mass destruction.

VX is the most toxic nerve agent ever created. The Council on Foreign Relations says: "A fraction of a drop of VX, absorbed through the skin, can fatally disrupt the nervous system."

## Creation
VX is one of the "V-series nerve agents" which were made in the 1950s by the United Kingdom's military researchers. Nobody agrees on why these nerve agents are called "V-series." Different people say the "V" stands for "Victory", "Venomous" (poisonous), or "Viscous" (thick liquid).

Making VX is difficult and very dangerous. Many toxic and dangerous chemicals are used in the process.

VX blocks acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholine builds up, because it is not getting destroyed by acetylcholinesterase. The muscles get tighter and tighter, because the extra acetylcholine keeps telling them to. The extra acetylcholine also signals the parasympathetic nervous system to work extra hard. These changes in the body cause the signs and symptoms of VX poisoning.

### Signs and symptoms
The earliest symptoms of VX poisoning depend on how a person was exposed to VX. If VX got on a person's skin, their first symptoms might be sweating or twitching muscles near where the VX was. If the person breathed in VX, their first symptoms might be a runny nose and trouble breathing, caused by the bronchi (the tubes which bring air to the lungs) getting narrower.
* The person's nose will run, tears will come out of their eyes, and they will drool because their body is making so much extra saliva (spit)
* As the brain loses control over the body's muscles, the person will not be able to stop themselves from urinating and defecating
* The person will have nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
* The person's heart rate will be slow (Bradycardia)
* The bronchi will get narrower, causing trouble breathing
* The body will make a lot of extra mucus, which can build up in the lungs and make breathing even harder

People with VX poisoning can have seizures and go into status epilepticus. They can die because their breathing muscles get so tight that they do not work.p.30

There are antidotes for nerve agent poisoning. They have to be given together.
# Atropine keeps extra acetylcholine from having any more effects on the body
# Pralidoxime (2-PAM) reverses the effects of VX. It does this by attaching to the VX in the body. With pralidoxime attached to it, VX cannot keep blocking acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase starts working again, and can destroy the extra acetylcholine that has built up in the body.

However, nerve agents like VX work very quickly. Antidotes usually have to be given within a few minutes after a person was exposed to VX. If pralidoxime is not given soon enough, it cannot reverse VX's effects.

## Related pages
* Nerve agents
* Chemical weapons
* Weapons of mass destruction

## References
The Perfumed Garden

***The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight*** ( ''*) is an Islamic sex manual, similar to the Hindu Kama Sutra, written in the 15th century by  Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nefzawi, also known simply as "Nefzawi". It is written in Arabic. *The Perfumed Garden* is an example of erotic literature and contains sex among humans (heterosexual and homosexual) and animals.

The book was first translated into English by Richard Francis Burton in 1886. He translated it through a French translation. He could not complete his translation because the book was not widely acceptable because of its content. After him a new French translation by René R. Khawam was published in 1976. In 1923, the English composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji wrote *Le jardin parfumé: Poem for Piano Solo*.

## References
* *The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight*, Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nafzawi, translated by Jim Colville, 1999, Kegan Paul International, , 82 pages.
* *La prairie parfumée ou s'ébattent les plaisirs*, Umar Ibn Muhammad Nafzawi , translated by René R. Khawam, 1976, .
* *The Perfumed Garden'', Shaykh Nefwazi , translated by Sir Richard Francis Burton, Benares, 1886.  Many reprintings including:
** 
** 
** Full text online
Central Zazaki

**Central Zazaki** (in Zaza language: *Zazakiyê Merkezi* or *Zazakiyê Miyani*; means **Middle Zazaki**) is one of three main dialects of the Zazaki language. This is spoken by the Zaza people in central parts of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Central Zazaki is spoken by over 1 million people in the eastern cities of Turkey, such as Elazığ, north of Diyarbakır, west of Bingöl and east of Malatya.

## References
Brain death

**Brain death** means that the brain has stopped working. Brain death is permanent, and cannot be cured or reversed. No treatment can help when a person is **brain dead**, there is no activity in any part of their brain. Every part of the brain is dead; no oxygen flows to the brain, and there is no electrical activity in any part of the brain.

The brain controls everything we need to do to stay alive. For example, it controls breathing, body temperature, heart rate, and many other important things. When a person is brain dead, their brain cannot control any of these things. A brain-dead person cannot breathe on their own. They will never be able to wake up or be aware of what is going on around them.

Sometimes, brain-dead people are kept alive with special machines and medications. For example, doctors can put a tube down a person's throat and use a machine called a ventilator to pump oxygen into their lungs. While these machines can keep the person's other organs alive for a while, they cannot help the brain get better. Eventually, the person's other organs will stop working too.

## Diagnosis
Doctors can diagnose brain death by examining the patient. They will check for reflexes which are controlled by the brainstem, and see if the person can breathe on their own. If the person is brain-dead, the doctor will find:
* The person has no reflexes (for example, they do not gag when the doctor touches the back of their throat)
* The person's pupils do not change size in bright light or in the dark
* The person does not move or react when the doctor does something painful (like pinching the person's skin)
* The person does not try to breathe on their own

Before diagnosing brain death, doctors will check for any other problem that could look like brain death (for example, a very low body temperature, or an overdose of sedatives). They will usually wait six to 24 hours before checking again to make sure the person still has no signs of activity in the brain. Then a second doctor is called in to do the same tests. If both doctors agree, the patient can officially be diagnosed "brain dead."

### Immediate diagnosis
Sometimes, doctors use other tests which can diagnose brain death right away. These tests include:
* EEG, which records the electrical activity in the brain. A brain-dead person will have no electrical activity in their brain.
* Brain scans like CT scans. A brain-dead person will have no blood flowing to their brain.

## Causes
Brain death happens because of an injury to the entire brain. The most common causes are:
* A very bad head injury
* A stroke which cut off the brain's oxygen supply or caused bleeding in the brain
* Swelling in the brain, either from an infection like encephalitis, or from the brain not getting enough oxygen.  

Swelling or bleeding in the brain can cut off blood flow to the brain and push on the brainstem. If it gets bad enough, it can crush the brainstem.

## Other websites
* Understanding Brain Death (in Simple English)  from Brigham & Women's Hospital

## References
Luis Guillermo Solís

**Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera** (born 25 April 1958) is a Costa Rican politician. He was the President of Costa Rica from 2014 to 2018. He is a member of the Citizens' Action Party (PAC).

## References 
## Other websites
Interrogation

**Interrogation** (also called **questioning**) generally means formally or informally interviewing a person to gain needed information of some kind. Interrogations are used by military organizations, intelligence agencies and law enforcement agencies worldwide. Sometimes the interrogated person is suspected of committing a crime or thought to have a reason to hide the information. The questioner in criminal and military interrogations is often an officer trained in different interrogation techniques.
*The person being interrogated may be suspected of a crime and the  is a . The intent is for the interviewer to control the conversation and put the person being interrogated at ease. It was named for a Chicago police officer who developed it in the 1940s. It is based on outdated psychology that maintains if a person shows stress they are lying. The police use this method to convince a suspect that confessing to the crime (whether they are guilty or not) is the best way out for the suspect. Many false confessions have been obtained this way resulting in false inprisonments.

### Informal questioning 
A police officer may stop and question a person at any time. They do not need to give a Miranda warning before informal questioning or before making an arrest. But any information gained this way is not admissible at a trial against the person. Miranda required advising a person of their rights before being question in police custody. It is intended to prevent wrongful convictions by eliminating any coercion or deceptive methods. Torture is prohibited under international law, but it is still used. In 2014 the Senate Intelligence Committee found that the Central Intelligence Agency tortured terror suspects. 

## References
Vargas

**Vargas State** (, ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. It is named after Venezuela's first civilian president, José María Vargas. The state covers an area along the Caribbean coast in the north of Venezuela. It borders Aragua to the west and Miranda to the east. Caracas is to the south. Vargas contains the country's largest seaport and airport. The state's capital city is La Guaira.

The area was previously governed as part of Venezuela's Federal District. The governor was chosen by the federal government of Venezuela. In 1998 the government of Rafael Caldera made Vargas split Vargas from the Federal District. Shortly after this it became the 23rd state of Venezuela.

## Other websites
* Government website
Hértevin language

**Hértevin language** (in Hértevin: ܣܘܪܬ *Sôreth*) is an Aramaic or Syriac language that was originally spoken in a group of villages in the southeastern part of Turkey. It is especially in Siirt Province. Speakers of Hértevin Aramaic have moved mostly to Western countries, and are now scattered and isolated from one another. A few speakers remain in Turkey.

## References
## More reading
* Jastrow, Otto (1990). Personal and Demonstrative pronouns in Central Neo-Aramaic. In Wolfhart Heinrichs (ed.), *Studies in Neo-Aramaic*, pp.&nbsp;89&ndash;103. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. .
* Maclean, Arthur John (1895). *Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul*. Cambridge University Press, London.
Me and My Gang

***Me and My Gang*** is the fourth studio album by American country music duo Rascal Flatts. The album was released on April 4, 2006, through Lyric Street Records. It debuted as No. 1 on Billboard 200. It held that position for three weeks.

## References
Trenton

**Trenton** may refer to:

## Places
### Canada
*Trenton, Nova Scotia
*Trenton, Ontario
*CFB Trenton, a Canadian Forces Base near Trenton, Ontario

### United States
*Trenton, New Jersey, the capital of the state of New Jersey and most well known city with this name
*Trenton, Alabama
*Trenton, Florida
*Trenton, Georgia
*Trenton, Illinois
*Trenton, Indiana
*Trenton, Kentucky
*Trenton, Maine
*Trenton, Michigan
*Trenton, Missouri
*Trenton, Nebraska
*Trenton, New York
*Trenton, North Carolina
*Trenton, North Dakota
*Trenton, Ohio
*Trenton, South Carolina
*Trenton, Tennessee
*Trenton, Texas
*Trenton, Utah
*Trenton, Dodge County, Wisconsin, a town
*Trenton, Pierce County, Wisconsin, a town
**Trenton (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
*Trenton, Washington County, Wisconsin, a town

## Related pages
*
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

{{Hide in print|1={{Probability distribution
| name       = Maxwell–Boltzmann
| type       = density
| pdf_image  = 
| cdf_image  = 
| parameters = a>0
| support    = x\in (0;\infty)
| pdf        = \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} \frac{x^2 e^{-x^2/\left(2a^2\right)}}{a^3}
| cdf        = \operatorname{erf}\left(\frac{x}{\sqrt{2} a}\right) -\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}} \frac{x e^{-x^2/\left(2a^2\right)}}{a}  where erf is the error function
| mean       = \mu=2a \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}}
| median     =
| mode       = \sqrt{2} a
| variance   = \sigma^2=\frac{a^2(3 \pi - 8)}{\pi}
| skewness   = \gamma_1=\frac{2 \sqrt{2} (16 -5 \pi)}{(3 \pi - 8)^{3/2}}
| kurtosis   = \gamma_2=4\frac{\left(-96+40\pi-3\pi^2\right)}{(3 \pi - 8)^2}
| entropy    = \ln\left(a\sqrt{2\pi}\right)+\gamma-\frac{1}{2}
| mgf=
| char=
}}}}
In statistics the **Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution** is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann. 
It was first defined and used in physics (in particular in statistical mechanics) for describing particle speeds in idealized gases. In an idealized gas the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, most of the time. Sometimes they collide and exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. Particle in this context refers to gaseous particles (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium.
While the distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds, Boltzmann later carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution.

A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The distribution depends on the temperature of the system and the mass of the particle.
The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases. In real gases, there are various effects (e.g., van der Waals interactions, vortical flow, relativistic speed limits, and quantum exchange interactions) that can make their speed distribution different from the Maxwell–Boltzmann form. However, rarefied gases at ordinary temperatures behave very nearly like an ideal gas and the Maxwell speed distribution is an excellent approximation for such gases. For this reason, it forms the basis of the Kinetic theory of gases, which provides a simplified explanation of many fundamental gaseous properties, including pressure and diffusion.

## References
Joplin

**Joplin** may refer to:

## People
*Janis Joplin, singer-songwriter
*Scott Joplin, ragtime musician and composer

## Places
*Joplin, Missouri
Portuguesa

**Portuguesa** may refer to:

## Places
;Brazil
*Portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro, a neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro

;Venezuela
*Portuguesa (state), one of the 23 states which make up the country

## Mountain
*Portuguesa or Chiqllarasu, a mountain in Peru

## Other uses
*Portuguese language
*A Portuguesa, the Portuguese national anthem
*Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, a football club based in São Paulo, Brazil
*Associação Atlética Portuguesa (RJ), a football club based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
*Associação Atlética Portuguesa Santista, a football club based in Santos, Brazil
*Associação Portuguesa Londrinense, a football club based in Londrina, Brazil
*Portuguesa Fútbol Club, a football club based in Acarígua, Venezuela
Johann Gottlieb Fichte

**Johann Gottlieb Fichte** (; ; May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814), was a German philosopher. He was one of the first philosophers of the movement known as German idealism. He died of typhus in Berlin.

## References
Akron (disambiguation)

**Akron** is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio.

**Akron** may also refer to:

## Aviation
* USS *Akron*, a rigid airship of the United States Navy
* *Akron* (1911 airship), a semirigid airship that exploded in 1912

## Entertainment
* *Akron (movie)*, a 2015 independent, LGBT-themed movie, directed by Brian O'Donnell
* Akron / Family, a folk-influenced experimental rock band

## Places
### Canada
* Akron, Ontario

### United States
* Akron, Alabama
* Akron, Colorado
* Akron, Indiana
* Akron, Iowa
* Akron, Kansas
* Akron, Michigan
* Akron, Missouri
* Akron, Nebraska
* Akron, New York
* Akron, Ohio
* Akron, Pennsylvania
* Akron, West Virginia
* Akron Township, Illinois
* Akron Township, Michigan
* Akron Township, Big Stone County, Minnesota
* Akron Township, Wilkin County, Minnesota

## Other uses
* University of Akron, in Ohio
* Akron and Barberton Belt Railroad
* Akron Plan, an architectural plan for church buildings in the late 19th and early 20th century
* Acron Group, sometimes spelled Akron Group, a Russian chemical company
* Independence Akron, a German paraglider design
* The Akron (1948–1985), a Southern California-based imported goods and home decorating retail chain
* Akron / Family, American experimental folk group

## Related pages
* Acron (disambiguation)
* Akron Airport (disambiguation)
Tom Ellis (actor)

**Thomas John Ellis** (born 17 November 1978) is a British actor. He is known for playing Lucifer Morningstar in the Fox urban fantasy series *Lucifer* and its DC Universe crossover appearances. He has also played Gary Preston in the BBC One sitcom *Miranda*, William Rush in the USA Network series *Rush* and Mark Etches in the supernatural drama *The Fades*.

Ellis was born in Cardiff, Wales. He has an English background. His ancestry traces back to the county of Devon. He grew up in England. Ellis went to school in Sheffield.

Ellis was married English actress Tamzin Outhwaite from 2006 until their divorce in 2014. He married American screenwriter Meaghan Oppenheimer in 2019. He has three children.

## References
## Other websites
*
Benchmark

A **benchmark** is a standard, or set of standards, that a product can have to show a level of quality. It can also be a test that a person makes a product like a computer do to see how good it can do a task, or set of tasks. Some computer benchmarks are to test the CPU or the GPU. People use benchmarks to see if their computer can run some kinds of software or games. People also use benchmarks to see if one piece of hardware is better than another.

## References
Anti-Federalism

**Anti-Federalism** refers to a  group of Americans who opposed the ratification of the 1787 United States Constitution. Anti-Federalists believed a strong central government could become corrupt and tyrannical, as they believed that Great Britain had become. They wanted a weak central government like under the Articles of Confederation.

One of the many points that the Anti-Federalists disagreed with the Federalists was that the Constitution did not have a Bill of Rights. The Federalists argued the Constitution did not need a Bill of Rights but finally agreed to add several amendments to the Constitution. The House of Representatives approved 17 amendments. The Senate passed on 12 of them for ratification by the states. Of the 12, 10 were ratified by the 13 states and became known as the United States Bill of Rights. Virginia was the last to ratify the amendments on December 15, 1791.

Under the new government, many Anti-Federalists created the Democratic-Republican Party, which also wanted a weak central government.

## References
Kevin Randleman

**Kevin Christopher Randleman** (August 10, 1971 &ndash; February 11, 2016) was an American mixed martial arts fighter and wrestler. He was a UFC Heavyweight Champion from 1999 to 2000. He fought professionally from 1996 until 2011, winning 17 out of his 33 fights.

Randleman was born in Sandusky, Ohio. He was married twice and had three children.

Randleman died from heart failure caused by pneumonia on February 11, 2016 in San Diego, California. He was 44.

## References
Kevin Randleman is nicknamed a monster because of his physique and fighting strength
Mabel Matiz

**Mabel Matiz** (born Fatih Karaca, August 31, 1985 in Mersin) is a Turkish singer, writer and dentist. He chose Mabel Matiz as stage name. Mabel is a character in the novel Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna. Matiz means *drunk* in old Greek language. He has released 3 studio albums. He studied dentistry at the University of Istanbul, and graduated in 2008. He briefly worked in a health care clinic until starting a music career. He is an LGBT supporter and LGBT rights activist.

## References
Chris Isaak

**Chris Isaak** (born June 26, 1956) is an American rock musician and actor. He is known for his 1950s rock and roll style. His songs are usually about love, loss and heartbreak. His has been singing for four decades. He has had twelve studio albums.

In 1990, his song "Wicked Game" was released. It became a Top 10 hit in 1991.

Isaak was born in Stockton, California.

## References
Alpine chough

The **Alpine chough** (*Pyrrhocorax graculus*) is a type of bird in the crow family. It is one of only two species in the genus *Pyrrhocorax*. It nests in the mountains. It can be found in Spain and Morocco eastwards through southern Europe to the Himalayas.

The golden eagle is a predator on the chough.

## References
Rocky Road to Dublin

"**Rocky Road to Dublin**" is an Irish folk song. The song was made in the 19th century by the composer D. K. Gavan. It tells a story about a man who is going from his home in Tuam, Ireland to Liverpool, England. It is a hard song to play and needs a lot of practice.

## Other websites
*Sheet music for the Rocky Road to Dublin

## References
Abdul Hamid II

**Abdul Hamid II** (21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the last sultan to have complete control over the Empire. He was responsible of the Hamidian massacres. Killing between 100.000 - 300.000 Armenians. He witnessed many revolutions and wars. Abdul Hamid II ruled from 1876, until he was overthrown by a group of people calling themselves the "Young Turks" in 1909.

## Rule 
He modernized the Ottoman Empire during his reign. Railways, schools and hospitals were built under his rule. He also seeked to unify the Muslims in the Empire under Pan-Islamism. Others had tried to unify people in the Empire under Ottomanism (identity based on shared belonging to the Ottoman Empire).

Sultan Abdul Hamid II was the one who authorized the building of the Hamidiye Mosque, which was finished in 1886. The Mosque was built near the Yildiz Palace, and its decoration style combines the classical Ottoman with Neo-Gothic. It became a symbol for the ruler's authority.

His reign ended as Young Turks revolted against him.
In 1909, being persona non grata, he was forced to abdicate in favor of his brother, who became Sultan Muhammad V. Abdul Hamid II spent his last years under house arrest at the Beylerbeyi Palace in Istanbul, where he died in 1918.

## References
Manuel Vicente

**Manuel Sesimbra Vicente** (born 15 May 1956) is an Angolan politician. He has been Vice President of Angola since September 2012. He was born in Central Luanda.

Before becoming vice president, Vicente served as the chairman of Sonangol. Sonangol is an oil and natural gas company owned by the government of Angola.

## References
Cojedes

**Cojedes State** () is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is San Carlos. Cojedes covers a total area of 14,800&nbsp;km². It had a population of 323,165 in 2011.

## References 
## Other websites
Rank correlation

A **rank correlation** is any statistic that measures the relationship between . A "ranking" is the assignment of "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observations of a variable. (In general, to place things in an order) A **rank correlation coefficient** measures the degree of similarity between two rankings.

One might test for *do colleges with a higher-ranked basketball program tend to have a higher-ranked football program?* A quite important question is *do people with higher-ranked education tend to get higher levels of income?*

Some of the most used rank correlation statistics are
# Spearman's ρ
# Kendall's τ
# Goodman and Kruskal's γ

An increasing rank correlation coefficient implies increasing agreement between rankings. The coefficient is inside the interval [&minus;1,&nbsp;1] and assumes the value:

* 1 if the agreement between the two rankings is perfect; the two rankings are the same.
* 0 if the rankings are completely independent.
* &minus;1 if the disagreement between the two rankings is perfect; one ranking is the reverse of the other.

## Kerby simple difference formula 
Dave Kerby recommended the rank-biserial as the measure to introduce students to rank correlation, because the general logic can be explained at an introductory level.  

Kerby showed that this rank correlation can be expressed in terms of two figures: the percent of data that support a stated hypothesis, and the percent of data that do not support it. The Kerby simple difference formula states that the rank correlation can be expressed as the difference between the proportion of favorable evidence (*f*) minus the proportion of unfavorable evidence (*u*).  
:r = f - u 

### An illustration 
Suppose a coach trains long-distance runners for one month using two methods.  Group A has 5 runners, and Group B has 4 runners.  The hypothesis is that method A produces faster runners.  The race to assess the results finds that the runners from Group A do indeed run faster, with the following ranks: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.  The slower runners from Group B thus have ranks of 5, 7, 8, and 9.  

The analysis is done on pairs, a member of one group compared to a member of the other group. For example, the fastest runner in the study is a member of four pairs: (1,5), (1,7), (1,8), and (1,9).  All four of these pairs support the hypothesis, because in each pair the runner from Group A is faster than the runner from Group B.  There are a total of 20 pairs, and 19 pairs support the hypothesis.  The only pair which does not support the hypothesis are the two runners with ranks 5 and 6, because in this pair, the runner from Group B had the faster time.  By the Kerby simple difference formula, 95% of the data support the hypothesis (19 of 20 pairs), and 5% do not support (1 of 20 pairs), so the rank correlation is r = .95 - .05 = .90.

The maximum value for the correlation is r = 1, which means that 100% of the pairs favor the hypothesis.  A correlation of r = 0 indicates that half the pairs favor the hypothesis and half do not.  An effect size of r = 0 describes *no relationship* between group membership and the members' ranks.

## References
Nixa, Missouri

**Nixa** is a city in Christian County, Missouri, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the city population was 23,257.  It is part of the Springfield, Missouri metropolitan area.

## History 
The area was first settled by farmers who located their farms along the wooded streams near present day Nixa. Many people traveled through Nixa, because it was a half-day ride with a team of horses from Springfield. 
An early resident, Nicholas A. Inman, was a blacksmith from Tennessee who set up a shop in 1852.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. The district is widely considered one of the best school districts in Missouri.

## Movie and TV references
In the Robert Ludlum novels and movies (fiction), Nixa, Missouri is the birthplace of the character Jason Bourne. It was revealed in *The Bourne Supremacy* that Bourne's real name was David Webb and that he was born in Nixa, Missouri.

Several streets in a neighborhood northeast of downtown are named for performers on ABC-TV's *Ozark Jubilee*, including Nixa native Slim Wilson. They include Slim Wilson Boulevard, Red Foley Court, Zed Tennis Street, Bill Ring Court, (Speedy) Haworth Court and Ozark Jubilee Drive.

A 2013 episode of the Investigation Discovery television series *Beauty Queen Murder* featured a murder in Nixa&mdash;the 1985 death of Jackie Johns. The murder was not solved until 2007, when DNA evidence proved that fellow Nixa resident Gerald Carnahan had raped and murdered the young lady.

## References
## Other websites 
* City of Nixa Homepage
* Sperling's Best Places to Live
* The Best Towns in Missouri for Young Families
Undertale

***Undertale*** is a 2015 role-playing video game made by Toby Fox, an indie game developer. In the game, players control a human child who has fallen into the Underground, a large and out-of-the-way place under a mountain, separated from the rest of the world by a magic wall called the Barrier. The player meets many kinds of monsters as they try to return to the surface, mainly through the fighting system; the player takes turns selecting actions and avoiding attacks made of many bullets, and can choose to befriend or subdue monsters so that they won't get killed. The player's choices change many things in the game, including how characters act, and what kind of story it is.

Fox developed almost the whole game by himself. He wrote the words and made the music by himself, and only used a few pieces of extra art given to him by other artists. The game was inspired by the *Mother* and *Mario & Luigi* role-playing series, the "bullet hell" shooter series *Touhou Project*, and the British comedy show *Mr. Bean*. *Undertale* was originally meant to be two hours long and released in mid-2014, but creating the game took over three years, making the story longer and not making the game available until much later.

The game was released on Steam for Microsoft Windows and OS X on September 15, 2015. When it was released, the game was praised for its writing, themes, easy-to-learn fighting system, music, and original ideas; with praise directed towards its story, dialogue, and characters. The game sold over a million copies, and was nominated for many honors and awards, including Game of the Year from many gaming news sources, winning others from conventions including South by Southwest.

## Gameplay 
*Undertale* is a role-playing game that shows everything with a top down view.

When players meet enemies in either scripted events or random encounters, they enter a battle mode. During battles, players control a small red heart which represents their soul, and must avoid attacks shot by the monster(s) in a way much like a bullet hell shooter. When players play in a boss battle more than once, the dialogue will change depending on actions from the times they played the battle before.

## Notes
## References
Physical disability

A **physical disability** is a condition that limits the way the body works. For example, a physical disability may limit the way a part of the body grows, moves, or does what it is supposed to do.  

## Types of physical disabilities
### Congenital disabilities
A congenital disability is a disability that a baby has when they are born, or had before they were born. These disabilities used to be called "birth defects."

The most common congenital disability is congenital heart disease. This causes problems in the way the heart grows and works. In 2013, 34.3 million people around the world had congenital heart disease. It causes more deaths than any other congenital disability. In 2013, it caused 323,000 deaths.

Other examples of congenital disabilities include:
* Fetal alcohol syndrome
* Spina bifida, a problem with the way the spinal cord formed while a fetus was growing
* Microcephaly, where the baby's head is smaller than usual
* Problems with the way the brain, spinal cord, kidneys, or gastrointestinal system grew while a fetus was developing

#### Inherited disabilities
Some types of congenital disabilities are genetic. This means the disability was inherited (passed down) to a person, through their parents' genes.

Examples of inherited physical disabilities include:
* King George VI, who was King of England from 1936-1952. He had a speech disorder (stuttering).
* Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940-1945 and 1951-1955, also stuttered.
* John F. Kennedy, who was the United States President from 1961-1963. He had many painful health problems caused by Addison's disease and hypothyroidism.

**Actors**
* James Earl Jones, Emily Blunt, Hugh Grant, Samuel L. Jackson, and Bruce Willis

**Singers**
* Neil Young, Lil Wayne, and Prince all have epilepsy.

**Other famous people**
* Stephen Hawking, an award-winning physicist and writer, was paralyzed from motor neurone disease.
* Jim Abbott, a baseball player who was born with only one hand. He played ten seasons in Major League Baseball; pitched a no-hitter; and won an Olympic gold medal playing for the United States in the 1988 Summer Olympics.

## Related pages
* Paralympic Games (Olympic Games for people with disabilities)

## References
Plain view doctrine

The **plain view doctrine** allows law enforcement officers to collect evidence or contraband found in plain view while they are lawfully present. It is an exception to items spelled out in a search warrant and to the Fourth Amendment protection against un searches and seizures. The doctrine is based on the United States Supreme Court decision *Horton v. California*.
# the item must be in plain view of the officer,
# the officer must lawfully be in the place where he discovered the evidence, and
# the incriminating nature of the evidence must be immediately apparent.

## Conditions 
In order for an officer to seize an item, the officer must have probable cause to believe the item is evidence of a crime or is contraband. The police may not move objects to get a better view. In *Arizona v. Hicks* (1987), the officer was found to have acted unlawfully. While  a shooting, the officer moved—without probable cause—stereo equipment to record the serial numbers.

## Digital searches 
In committing crimes, criminals routinely use computers and mobile devices. The courts have so far allowed law enforcement a broad authority to examine all files on computers in search of illegal materials.

## References
Tachometer

A **tachometer** is a sensor that measures the rotation speed of an object, for example a wheel or shaft. There are different s to do so (for example, mechanical, optical, or magnetic). Most tachometers display the measurement in revolutions per minute.