open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of settlements in East Timor

, Capital of East Timor]]
This is a **list of cities, towns, and villages in East Timor**.

*Aileu Municipality
**Aileu
*Ainaro Municipality
**Ainaro
**Hato-Udo
**Maubara
*Baucau Municipality
**Baguia
**Baucau
**Bucoli
**Quelicai
**Laga
**Venilale
*Bobonaro Municipality
**Atabae
**Balibo
**Bobonaro
**Lolotoe
**Maliana
*Cova Lima Municipality
**Fatululik
**Fohoren
**Suai
**Tilomar
**Zumalai
*Dili Municipality
**Dare
**Dili
**Metinaro
*Ermera Municipality
**Atsabe
**Ermera
**Gleno
**Hatolina
*Lautém Municipality
**Com
**Fuiloro
**Iliomar
**Laivai
**Lautém
**Lore
**Lospalos
**Luro
**Mehara
**Tutuala
*Liquiçá Municipality
**Bazartete
**Liquiçá
**Maubara
*Manatuto Municipality
**Laclubar
**Laleia
**Manatuto
**Natarbora
*Manufahi Municipality
**Alas
**Fatuberlio
**Same
**Turiscai
*Oecusse Municipality
**Citrana
**Nitibe
**Oe Silo
**Pante Macassar
**Passabe
*Viqueque Municipality
**Beacu
**Lacluta
**Ossu
**Uatolari
**Viqueque
*Atauro Island
**Berau
**Biquele
Connie Stevens

**Connie Stevens** (born **Concetta Rosalie Ann Ingolia**; August 8, 1938) is an American recording artist, singer and actress. She acted in the television series *Hawaiian Eye*. She was also in the sitcom *Wendy and Me* with George Burns.

## References
Yamato nadeshiko

*]]

 is a Japanese term and a flower metaphor. The term describes the "flower of Japanese womanhood" or what is generally believed to be  and ideal about Japanese women. It also means "traditional daughter of Japan".

The phrase combines the words *Yamato*, which is an ancient name for Japan, and *nadeshiko*, which is a wild pink carnation (dianthus superbus).

## History
The phrase *Yamato Nadeshiko'' means the traditional Japanese woman, and she is contrasted with other women such as the "new" type of Japanese woman. As ideas about women have developed and changed, this term has meant different things at different times in history.  For example, the term had a special nationalistic meaning during World War II.

 is the name for the Japan women's national football team.

## References
Dianthus superbus

***Dianthus superbus***, also known as **Large Pink**, is a species of *Dianthus* native to Europe and northern Asia. It is a herbaceous perennial plant. 

This flowering plant grows in Western Europe from northern Spain to  Norway.  The wild flower is also native across northern Asia, including China and Japan.

## References
## Other websites
Tin Ujević

**Augustin "Tin" Ujević** (5 July 1891 – 12 November 1955) was a Croatian poet, considered one of the most important poets in Croatian language of all time.

When Ujević was young, he thought to dedicate his life to politics. After having been involved in various activities related to the nationalism of Yugoslavia between 1912 and 1916, he began a life with a bohemian style, developing a great interest in literature.

Ujević classified his works in 3 different fields: translation, assays and poetry. 

He translated many works of various authors into the Croatian language, like Walt Whitman, Marcel Proust and Joseph Conrad.

## Works 
* *Lelek sebra*/Cry of a slave, (1920)
* *Kolajna*/Necklace, (1926)
* *Skalpel kaosa*/Scalpel of chaos (1938)
* *Žedan kamen na studencu*/Thirsty stone at the wellspring, (1954)
* *Auto na korzu*/Car on the street
Robert H. Goddard

**Robert Hutchings Goddard** (1882-1945) was an American scientist who designed, built and fired rockets. In 1918 he invented the bazooka for the United States Army. 

On March 16, 1926, he launched the world's first liquid fueled rocket.  It reached a height of  at a speed of . When he suggested that a rocket could travel fast enough to leave the Earth and reach the Moon, the newspapers made fun of him. Many of his ideas, such as multi stage rockets, and the concept of escape velocity are now part of modern rocket science. He has been called "the father of space flight."

## References
Charlene Tilton

**Charlene Tilton** (b. December 1, 1958 in San Diego) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She has also acted in a few movies. She is best known for playing Lucy Ewing on the CBS television series *Dallas*.

## References
Virgo Supercluster

for selected groups and clusters within the Local Supercluster.]]

The **Virgo Supercluster** (*Virgo SC*) or **Local Supercluster** is the large galaxy cluster that contains the Virgo Cluster and the Local Group. At least 100 galaxies and clusters are in it.

The diameter of Virgo SC is 33 megaparsecs (110 million light-years). It is one of millions of superclusters in the observable universe.

## Background
When the first large sample of nebulae was published by William and John Herschel in 1863, it was seen that there is a marked excess of nebular fields in the constellation Virgo (near the north galactic pole).

In the 1950s, it was suggested that this excess was a large-scale galaxy-like structure, a "Local Supercluster". Debate went on during the 1960s and 1970s as to whether the Local Supercluster (LS) was actually a structure or a chance alignment of galaxies.
The issue was resolved with the large redshift surveys of the late 1970s and early 1980s, which showed a flattened concentration of galaxies along the supergalactic plane.

## Structure
In 1982 R. Brent Tully showed it consists of two components: a flattened disk with two-thirds of the supercluster's luminous galaxies, and a roughly spherical halo containing the remaining one-third.
The disk itself is a thin (~1 megaparsecs) ellipsoid with a long axis / short axis ratio of at least 6 to 1, and possibly as high as 9 to 1.

Data released in June 2003 from a redshift survey lets astronomers compare the LS to other superclusters. The LS represents a typical poor (that is, it lacks a high density core) supercluster of rather small size. It has one rich galaxy cluster in the center, surrounded by filaments of galaxies and poor groups.

The Local Group is on the outskirts of the LS in a small filament extending from the Fornax Cluster to the Virgo Cluster. The Virgo Supercluster's volume is about 7000 times that of the Local Group or 100 billion times that of the Milky Way.

File:Virgosupercluster_atlasoftheuniverse.gif|frame|center|The Virgo Supercluster in supergalactic coordinates (click on feature names for more information)
circle 473 220 33 Virgo Cluster
circle 339 230 16 Centaurus A/M83 Group
circle 349 252 15 M81 group
circle 326 264 15 Maffei Group
circle 289 292 20 NGC 1023 Group
circle 370 236 13 M101 group
circle 347 299 20 NGC 2997 Group
circle 405 238 20 Canes Venatici I Group
circle 426 203 19 NGC 5033 group
rect 445 247 508 276 Ursa Major Cluster
circle 391 270 18 Leo I Group
circle 277 197 25 NGC 6744 Group
circle 236 314 22 Dorado Group
circle 518 87 40 Virgo III Groups
circle 526 225 20 NGC 4697
circle 546 331 34 Leo II Groups
circle 165 194 27 NGC 7582
poly 180 356 178 325 252 345 242 378 Fornax Cluster
poly 176 357 239 379 214 413 162 381 Eridanus Cluster
rect 295 213 324 239 Local Group
rect 252 235 304 257 Sculptor Group
desc bottom-left

## References
Huwala (ethnic group)

**Hola Arabs** or **Huwala** (), is a blanket term denoting an ethnically Iranian Arabs originally from the Arabian Peninsula who migrated to the Southern Coast of Iran in the 16th-18th centuries. Most currently reside in the Gulf nations with origins in cities and villages in Southern coast of Iran. They are not to be confused with the Achomis who are Persians from Southern Iran but also reside in Gulf States, such as Emadi, Bastaki, Janahi.  

Bahrain is the only Gulf state that uses the term Huwala to refer to Ajams or Achomis. In other Gulf states, such as Qatar, UAE, and Kuwait, the term Huwala is used for the original Arab Huwala tribes, such as Al-Harami, Al-Obaildy, Al-Hammadi, Al-Malki, Al-Qasimi. 

## Other websites
* Hola DNA Project
Mel Stuart

**Mel Stuart** (born **Stuart Solomon**; September 2, 1928 &ndash; August 9, 2012) was an American director and producer who is known for directing such movies as; *Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory*, *Two is a Happy Number*, and *Running on the Sun: The Badwater 135*. Stuart's career worked for 37 years from 1963 until he retired in 2000. Stuart was born on September 2, 1928 in New York City, New York. He was related to the TV producer David L. Wolper. Stuart died on August 9, 2012 in his Beverly Hills, California home from cancer, he was 83 years old. Stuart's first cousin was Stan Lee.

## Movies
**Directed:**
* *Four Days in November* (1964)
* ''If It's Tuesday, It Must Be Belgium* (1969)
* *I Love My Life*
* *Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory* (1971)
* *Two is a Happy Number* (1972)
* *Wattstax* (1974)
* *Brenda Starr* (TV) (1976)
* *Welcome Back, Kotter* (TV) (1977)
* *Ruby and Oswald* (TV) (1978)
* *Mean Dog Blues* (1978)
* *The Chisholms'' (TV) (1980) 

## References
## Other websites
*
Akihiko Hoshide

, also known as '*Aki*, is a Japanese engineer and an astronaut with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). He was born in 1968 in Tokyo, but grew up in New Jersey in the United States. 

He studied at the United World College of South East Asia in Singapore.  In 1992, he earned a degree  from Keio University in Japan.  In 1997, he was awarded a Master of Science degree at the University of Houston in Texas.

Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA) accepted Hoshide into the astronaut training program in 1999. He first trip to the International Space Station was in May 2008. His second trip to the International Space Station was in July 2012.

## References
## Other websites
* Akihiko Hoshide at NASA.gov
* Akihiko Hoshide at Spacefacts.de
National Space Development Agency

or **NASDA**,  was one Japan's national space agencies from 1969 to 2003.

NASDA was responsible for developing satellites and space exerpiments.

## History
NASDA was established for peaceful purposes in 1969.

Several projects at International Space Station (ISS) were started under NASDA; and the work continues as part of JAXA's on-going research programs.

## References
## Other websites 
* "Space Programs" at Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies (SJAC)
Mana Iwabuchi

is a Japanese football player. She plays for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Iwabuchi began her international career in 2008 when she was selected for the Japan U-17 national team at the age of 15, and participated in the 2008 U-17 World Cup in New Zealand. The team was defeated in the quarterfinals but she was named the tournament's MVP (adidas Golden Ball). A French team coach hailed her as a "future star of women's football." Iwabuchi was also awarded the "Asian Young Footballer of the Year" by the Asian Football Confederation in 2008. She joined the Japan national team for the EAFF Championship, held in early 2010, and debuted in the game against China. She scored her first goal against the Chinese Taipei in the same competition. In 2011, she played at the 2011 World Cup and Japan won the competition. She played as a substitute in the final against United States. She also played 2012 Summer Olympics and 2015 World Cup. Japan got second place at both tournaments. In 2018, at 2018 Asian Cup, she played in all matches and scored 2 goals. Japan won the championship and she was selected for the MVP award.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
Brussels sprout

.]]
**Brussels sprouts** are a green vegetable. They are small cabbages that can be used for salads or other recipes. They have almost the same nutrition as cabbage in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. As with other cabbages, they can be either steamed or roasted. They have a lot of fiber.

## References 
## Other websites
Self-determination

The **right of nations to self-determination** (from ), or with less words, **self-determination**  is the idea that nations  have the right to choose their sovereignty (who or what rules them) and international political status without other countries telling them. Most of the world used to be ruled by empires (really big countries with more than one ethnic group, usually with one group having a lot of power over the others), and many of the countries that the empires ruled were considered colonies of the empire, but after The first World War (1914-1919), and especially the second World War (1939-1945), most of these empires collapsed (fell apart) and local populations (people living in the "colonies" native to the area) began to want independence and their country to be ruled by them, not someone very far away who they thought was mistreating them. Lots of nationalist movements arose in these countries, usually in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, because people usually considered themselves as a separate group than the one who ruled them (for example, Arabs, not British, when the British Empire had ruled a lot of Arabia). The Article 1 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ensure the right of self-determination.

Some people who believe in self-determination use violence, others do not.

## Related pages 
*Autonomy
Tia Mowry

**Tia Mowry** (born July 6, 1978) is an American actress, model and former singer who, similar to her twin sister Tamera, first became famous as a result of the  ABC/The WB sitcom *Sister, Sister* in the  1990s.  She also starred as Melanie Barnett-Davis M.D. in the hit The CW drama The Game. She has done other television related works and movie projects.
Niall Horan

**Niall James Horan** (born 13 September 1993) is an Irish singer-songwriter. He was best known as a member of the boy band One Direction. In 2016, Horan signed a recording deal as a solo artist with Capitol Records. Horan has also been known for his relaxing, and upbeat style of music and popular solo songs such as Heaven, This Town and Slow Hands.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website of One Direction
Michael Ansara

**Michael Ansara** (April 15, 1922 &ndash; July 31, 2013) was a Syrian-American stage, movie and voice actor.

He was best known for playing of Cochise in the American television series *Broken Arrow*, Kane in the 1979-81 series *Buck Rogers in the 25th Century*, Commander Kang on three different *Star Trek* TV series, Deputy U.S. Marshal Sam Buckhart on the NBC series, *Law of the Plainsman*, and the voice for villain character Mr. Freeze in the Emmy Award winning series *Batman: The Animated Series*, *The New Batman Adventures*, *Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero*, and *Batman Beyond*.

## Early life
Ansara was born in a small village in Syria and moved to Lowell, Massachusetts. He was educated at the Los Angeles City College.

## Career
Ansara starred in his own ABC-TV series, *Law of the Plainsman* (1959–60), with Gina Gillespie and Robert Harland. He performed as an Apache Indian named Sam Buckhart who had been appointed as a U.S. Marshal. The series began as an episode of *The Rifleman*. In 1961, he appeared as Carl in the episode "Night Visitors" of the NBC anthology series *The Barbara Stanwyck Show*.

Ansara also played in the Biblical epics *The Robe* (1953) as Judas Iscariot, *The Ten Commandments* (1956) as a taskmaster (uncredited), and *The Greatest Story Ever Told* (1965) as Herod's commander. He also appeared as Belshazzar in Columbia's 1953 movie *Slaves of Babylon*. Guest starred with Kurt Russell in an episode of the 1960's series "Lost in Space".

### Later career
Ansara did voice-acting as Mr. Freeze in *Batman: The Animated Series* as well as the animated movie *Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero*, an episode of both *New Batman Adventures* and *Batman Beyond*. He also voiced Mr. Freeze in the video game *Batman Vengeance*.

Ansara retired in 2001.

## Awards
Ansara was nominated for an Academy of Science Fiction Award. He won a Western Heritage Award for *Rawhide*. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for both movies and television.

## Marriages
Ansara was married to Jean Byron from 1955 until they divorced in 1956. He was married to Barbara Eden from 1958 until 1974. They had a son, Matthew Ansara, who died in 2001. He married Beverly Kushida in 1977.

## Death
Ansara died on July 31, 2013 of Alzheimer's disease in his home in Calabasas, California, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Bonar Bain

**Bonar Stewart Bain** (born February 4, 1923 &ndash; February 18, 2005) was a Canadian actor. He was the identical twin brother of actor Conrad Bain, who starred in ''Diff'rent Strokes* as Phillip Drummond. He once played a fictional “evil” twin to Conrad (“Hank Bain”) in an episode of *SCTV''. He also portrayed Arthur's (Conrad Bain) twin brother Arnold on *Maude*. 

Bain was born on February 4, 1923 in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada to Jean Agnes Young and to Stafford Harrison Bain. He was married to Vella Bain until his death in 2005. Bain died on February 18, 2005 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, from cancer, aged 82.

## Movies
* *Draw!* as Poker Player
 
* *Running Brave* as University Professor  (1983) 
 
* *SCTV Network* as Hank Bain (Zontar) (1981) 

* *Powder Heads* as Dispatcher (1980) 
 
* *Maude* as Arnold Harmon (Vivian's Surprise) (1977)

## Other websites
*
Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics

The **Football at the 1988 Summer Olympics** was held in South Korea. The tournament was on September 17 to October 1, 1988.

## Qualification 
The following teams qualified:

*  (Host nation)
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Group stage 
### Group A 
### Group B 
### Group C 
### Group D 
## Knockout stage 
### Bronze medal match 
### Gold medal match 
## Statistics 
* Top scorer :  Romário (7 goals)

## Related pages 
* 1988 Summer Olympics
Christopher Lambert

**Christophe Guy Denis Lambert** (born March 29, 1957) who is known professionally by his credited stage name **Christopher Lambert** is an American-born French actor, novelist and movie producer, who has appeared in American, as well as French and other European movies. He is best known for his work as Connor MacLeod, or simply "The Highlander", from Highlander and the Highlander (movie franchise). 

He is also known for his roles as Tarzan in *Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes* and as the thunder god Raiden in the first movie adaptation of the video game *Mortal Kombat*. He is sometimes credited internationally as *Christopher Lambert*, with the notable exceptions of French-speaking countries, where he is known as *Christophe Lambert*  and in anime adaptations as *Chris Lambert*. 

Lambert was born in Great Neck, New York to French parents. Lambert was married to Diane Lane from 1988 until they divorced in 1994. Later he married Jaimyse Haft from 1999 until they divorced in 2000. He was married to Sophie Marceau from 2012 until they divorced in 2014. His career began in 1978 and he still continues to act.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kozue Ando

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Ando was born in Utsunomiya on 9 July 1982. In 2002, when she was a University of Tsukuba student, she left university club and joined Saitama Reinas FC (later *Urawa Reds*). In 2002 season, she scored 10 goals and she was selected Young Player awards. She became top scorer and she was selected MVP awards in 2004 and 2009. She was also selected Best Eleven 6 times. From 2010, she played for German Bundesliga club Duisburg, Frankfurt and Essen. At Frankfurt, she won UEFA Champions League in 2014–15 season. In June 2017, she returned to Japan and joined Urawa Reds.

In June 1999, when Ando was 16 years old, she was selected for the Japan national team for the 1999 World Cup. At this competition, on 26 June, she debuted against Norway. She played in the World Cup four times and in the Summer Olympics three times. She was a member of the team that defeated the United States in a penalty shootout in the final to win the 2011 World Cup; Ando started the final. She was also part of the Japanese team which won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics and second place at the 2015 World Cup. At the 2015 World Cup, in the first match against Switzerland, she got a penalty kick, but she fractured her left ankle at that moment. This match was her last as part of the Japan national team. She played 126 games and scored 19 goals for Japan by 2015.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
Tamera Mowry

**Tamera Darvette Mowry** (born July 6 1978) is an American actress, television talk show host and model who first gained fame through ABC/The WB sitcom *Sister, Sister*. She also co-starred in the hit talk show The Real. She has also been in other TV works and in multiple movies (particularly comedy movies. Her twin sister Tia was born exactly the same day.
Randy Travis

**Randy Travis** (born May 4, 1959 in Marshville, North Carolina) is an American country music singer and actor. 1978 was the first time he had a song on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart. As late as 2014 he had an album on Billboard's Top Country Albums music chart.

He first went into mainstream in the mid to late 1980s, having a number of hits. He acted in several movies, including *The Rainmaker* (1997).

## Discography
### Singles
* "I Told You So" (1988)
* "Three Wooden Crosses" (2002)

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Al Freeman Jr.

**Albert Cornelius Freeman, Jr.** (March 21, 1934 – August 9, 2012) was an American actor and director.

## Career
Freeman has made appearances in many movies, such as *My Sweet Charlie*, ''Finian's Rainbow*, and *Malcolm X*, and television series such as *The Cosby Show*, *Law & Order*,  *Homicide: Life on the Street*, *Hot L. Baltimore*, and *The Edge of Night*. He is mostly recognized for his portrayal of Police Captain Ed Hall on the ABC soap opera, *One Life to Live*, a role he played from 1972 through 1987, with recurring roles in 1988 and 2000.  He won a Daytime Emmy Award for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for that role in 1979, the first actor from the show as well as the first African American actor to earn the award. He was also a director of *One Life to Live*, and was one of the first African Americans to direct a soap opera.

After leaving *One Life to Live*, Freeman appeared in the motion picture *Down in the Delta*. His Broadway theatre credits include *Look to the Lilies*, *Blues for Mister Charlie*, and *Medea*.  His role as Elijah Muhammad in the movie based on Malcolm X *Malcolm X* earned him the 1995 NAACP Image Award for NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture. Coincidently, he had previously played Malcolm X in the 1979 miniseries, Roots: The Next Generations.

### Later career
Freeman taught acting at Howard University in Washington, D.C.. Freeman, Jr. is not related to actor Morgan Freeman. He died on August 9, 2012 in Washington, D.C., he was 78 years old. A memorial service was held on September 10, 2012.

## Some of his movies
**Dutchman* (1967)
**Finian's Rainbow* (1968)
**My Sweet Charlie* (1970)
**Malcolm X* (1992)
**Down in the Delta'' (1998)

## References
## Other websites
*
Yellow-lipped sea krait

The **yellow-lipped sea krait** (*Laticauda colubrina*) is a species of sea snake found in tropical Indo-Pacific ocean waters, particularly in the waters around Fiji, the Philippines, and New Guinea. The yellow-lipped sea krait is also known as the "*banded sea krait*" and the "*colubrine sea krait*".

## Biology 
Banded sea kraits are often seen in large numbers in the company of hunting parties of giant trevally (*Caranx ignobilis*) and goatfish. Their cooperative hunting technique is similar to that of the moray eel. The kraits flush out prey from narrow crevices and holes. Kraits need to drink fresh water and regularly come onto land for that purpose.

While probing crevices with their head, they cannot see approaching predators. But they can fool their potential enemies into thinking their tail is the head. Both colouration and tail movements are like the head.

## Description
[[Image:Laticauda colubrina (Zamboanguita).jpg|thumb | right | 200px | The yellow-lipped sea krait gets its name because of its yellow snout and yellow upper lip]]
Female yellow-lipped sea kraits are longer than males. Females can grow up to the length of 1.6 meters, while males grow up to the length of 1 meters. Yellow-lipped sea kraits are light or dark  blueish-grey on the top and yellow underneath with black bands running down the body and tail. The upper lip and snout is yellow (hence its name) while the rest of the head is black. They are very venomous but they are not aggressive and rarely ever bite divers or swimmers.

## Behavior
Yellow-lipped sea kraits are one of the most venomous snakes in the world, but they are not aggressive and rarely ever bite humans. Even though they live in water, Yellow-lipped sea krait do not have gills so they have to go to the surface to breath air, but a yellow-lipped sea krait can go as deep as 100 meters underwater and stay there for up to an hour. Every 10–14 days yellow-lipped sea kraits come on land to digest their food, to shed their skin or mate and lay their eggs. They lay around 5-13 eggs at a time.

## Venom
When something is bitten by a yellow-lipped sea krait, the venom affects the muscles and the nerves. The venom of a yellow-lipped sea krait is said to be 10 times more deadly than the venom of a rattlesnake. In a single bite, a yellow-lipped sea krait can give more than 12 times the venom needed to kill a human. They don't recognize humans as prey or predator so they avoid swimmers and divers and rarely bite them.

## References
Stacey Dash

**Stacey Lauretta Dash** (born January 20, 1967) is an American television and movie actress. She usually acts in sitcoms and comedy related movies. Her most notable television program works include *The Cosby Show* and *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*. Her movies include *Clueless* (1995) and ''Mo' Money'' (1992). 

Born in The Bronx, New York City, some sources say Dash was born in 1966 with others mentioning that she was born in either 1967 or 1968. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Virgo Cluster

The **Virgo Cluster** is a cluster of galaxies. Its center is 53.8 ± 0.3 million light years (16.5 ± 0.1 million parsecs) away from Earth, in the constellation Virgo. The cluster forms the heart of the larger Virgo Supercluster, of which our Local Group is an outlying member. 

The Virgo Cluster has about 1300 (and perhaps up to 2000) member galaxies. Its mass is about 1.2 solar masses out to 8 degrees of the cluster's center or a radius of about 2.2 million parsecs.

Many of the brighter galaxies in this cluster, including the giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87 and brightest member Messier 49, were discovered in the late 1770s and early 1780s. They were included in Charles Messier's catalogue of non-cometary fuzzy objects. Described by Messier as nebulae without stars, their true nature was not recognized until the 1920s. Many of the member galaxies of the cluster are visible with a small telescope. Its brightest member is the elliptical galaxy Messier 49.
## References
Eyelash viper

The **eyelash viper** (*Bothriechis schlegelii*) is a venomous pit viper found in Central and South America.

Small and living in trees, the snakes has a lot of color variations. Note the superciliary scales above the eyes.

It is the most common of the green palm-pitvipers (genus *Bothriechis*).

## Description 
The eyelash viper is a small species of snake, and rarely ever grows longer than the length of . Females are larger than males. It gets the name "eyelash viper" because it has a small group of scales over its eyes which make it look like the snake has eyelashes. The eyelash viper comes in many colors like green, yellow, red, brown or even pink.

## Behavior 
Like other snakes of the genus *Bothriechis*, this species is arboreal, meaning it lives in trees. The eyelash viper is nocturnal. It is not known to be aggressive, but if annoyed or disturbed it doesn't hesitate to strike.
The viper is viviparous, meaning it gives live birth. It gives birth to around 10 to 12 young at a time. When they are born, young vipers are  inches long.

### Feeding 
Eyelash vipers capture their prey by ambushing. They feed on small rodents, small birds, frogs, and lizards.

## Common names 
The eyelash viper is also known as the 'eyelash mountain viper", the "horned palm viper", Schlegel's viper", and the "eyelash palm-pit viper". It is also known as the "bocaracá" in Costa Rica and other Central and South American countries.

## Where they live 
The eyelash viper is found in southern Mexico, southeastward to the Atlantic lowlands, through Central America to northern South America in Colombia and Venezuela. It is also found in parts of Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru.

### Habitat
The viper likes to live in humid, tropical areas not far from water.

## References
Geoffrey Hughes

**Geoffrey Hughes**, DL (2 February 1944&nbsp;– 27 July 2012) was an English actor.

Hughes as appeared in a wide range of TV and film appearances, Hughes was best known for a series of supporting roles in popular UK television dramas. He played Vernon Scripps in the British drama series *Heartbeat* (2001–05, 2007); Twiggy in the popular television sitcom *The Royle Family* (1998–2000, 2006, 2008); Onslow in the sitcom *Keeping Up Appearances* (1990–95) and Eddie Yeats in the soap opera *Coronation Street* (1974–1983, 1987). Hughes was born on 2 February 1944 and died on 27 July 2012 from prostate cancer, he is survived by his wife Susan.

## Television roles 
## References
## Other websites
*
Mermaids

***Mermaids*** is a 1990 American comedy-drama movie. It set during 1963 in Massachusetts. It is based on a novel of the same name. The movie stars Cher as Rachel, Winona Ryder as her elder daughter Charlotte and Christina Ricci as her younger daughter Kate. This movie was released December 14, 1990 in the U.S. It got positive reviews from movie critics.

## Other websites 
*
Elliptical galaxy

An **elliptical galaxy** is a galaxy having an ellipsoidal shape, and a smooth, nearly featureless brightness profile. They are one of the three main types of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in 1936. The others are spiral and lenticular galaxies.

Elliptical galaxies range in shape from nearly spherical to nearly flat, (E7, one of the flattest types of elliptical galaxies is cigar-shaped) and in size from hundreds of millions to over one trillion stars. Originally, Edwin Hubble thought that elliptical galaxies may evolve into spiral galaxies, but this turned out to be false. Stars found inside elliptical galaxies are much older (and cooler; thus redder) than stars found in spiral galaxies. They are usually found close to the centers of galaxy clusters.

Elliptical galaxies and lenticular galaxies are also called "early-type" galaxies (ETG), due to their position in the Hubble sequence. They are less common in the early Universe, that is, in galaxies further away from us.

## Related pages 
*IC 1101: the largest known galaxy in the cluster Abell 2029
*Messier 87-Famous Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster, known for its unusual plasma jet.
*Messier 49-Bright Galaxy in the Virgo Cluster.
*Messier 59 -Found nearby Messier 60, another galaxy in the Virgo cluster.
*Abell-2261 BCG -Has one of the largest cores of any Galaxy a.

## References
Apollo 16

**Apollo 16** was the tenth crewed space flight in NASA's Apollo program. It was the 5th of six Apollo missions to land on the Moon. It was a J-Type mission, which meant that the astronauts would have a longer stay on the Moon. Launched on April 16, 1972, Ken Mattingly stayed in orbit around the Moon in the Apollo Command Module, *Casper*. He spent 3 days, 9 hours and 28 minutes by himself, the longest solo US space flight. On the Moon, astronauts John Young and Charles Duke got to put the Lunar Roving Vehicle ("moon buggy") through a series of tests, including s-turns, hairpin turns and quick stops. John Young was the commander of the mission.

A satellite was launched on the return journey to examine the Moon's mass and gravitation, space particles near the Moon, and the interaction of magnetic fields between the Moon and Earth.

## References
Apollo 15

**Apollo 15** was the ninth crewed flight of NASA's Apollo program. It was the fourth mission to land on the surface of the Moon and the first J-Type mission. Apollo 15 was launched on July 26, 1971. Alfred Worden stayed in orbit in the Command Module, Endeavour, while the Lunar Module, Falcon, landed at Hadley Base, with David Scott and James Irwin. The astronauts used the first Lunar Roving Vehicle to travel on the Moon. This vehicle was specially designed to work in a vacuum, with a wide range of temperatures across rough ground. They travelled a distance of  on the Moon. They spent three days (66 hours, 55 minutes) on the Moon. They were able to collect a lot of rock samples, including a core sample from at least  deep.

## References
Arata Fujiwara

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a marathon runner.

At the 2009 World Championships in Athletics at Berlin, Fujiwara finished 61st in the men's marathon.

He was a member of the Japanese team in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.

## Related pages
* Sports in Japan
* Japan at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites
* Arata Fujiwara website   
* Arata Fujiwara at SportsReference.com
Ricochet

***Ricochet*** is a 1991 American action crime thriller movie. It stars Denzel Washington. John Lithgow and Ice-T. The movie is about a psychotic ex-convict named Blake who has been creating chaos and looking for revenge. This movie was released in the United States on October 4, 1991.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
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Norman Alden

**Norman Alden** (born **Norman Adelberg**; September 13, 1924 &ndash; July 27, 2012) was an American character actor. He performed in television programs and movies. He first appeared on television on *The 20th Century Fox Hour* in 1957. He provided the voice of Kay in *The Sword in the Stone* (1963), and had a notable role in *I Never Promised You a Rose Garden*. His acting career began in 1957 and lasted nearly 50 years. He also played the role of Kranix and Arblus in the 1986 animated Transformers movie. He retired from acting in 2006.

Alden was born on September 13, 1924 in Fort Worth, Texas and died at the age of 87 on July 27, 2012 from natural causes in Los Angeles. He is survived by his two children from his first marriage, one grandson, and his partner of  over 25 years, Linda Gilbert Thieben.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
* Norman Alden @ BehindTheVoiceActors
Apollo 12

**Apollo 12** was the sixth crewed flight in the Apollo program. It was the second crewed spacecraft to land on the Moon. Apollo 12 was launched on November 14, 1969. Charles "Pete" Conrad and Alan Bean become the third and fourth persons to stand on the lunar surface, while Richard Gordon stayed in orbit around the Moon. The two astronauts spent over seven hours exploring the surface of the Ocean of Storms. They set up a number of experiments which would continue to collect information after they left. The Lunar ascent stage, the part that helped it take off from the surface, was deliberately crashed back onto the Moon so that shock waves could be measured by seismic equipment left behind.

## References
Solar flare

recorded on June 7, 2011 by SDO in extreme ultraviolet.]]
A **solar flare** or **solar limb** is a sudden brightening  over the Sun's surface. It is a large energy release of up to 6 × 1025 joules of energy. The energy is about a sixth of the total energy that is released from the Sun each second equal to 160,000,000,000 megatons of TNT. It can also be  with the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. The release is then followed by a colossal coronal mass ejection also known as a CME. The first flare releases clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through the corona of the Sun into space. These clouds  reach planet Earth a day or two after this has happened. A solar flare is sometimes referred to another phenomena in other stars, such as stellar flare.

Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere such as the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Solar flares produce radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum at all wavelengths from radio waves to gamma rays. Most of the energy goes to frequencies outside its range and because of this most of the flares cannot be seen by the naked eye. Solar flares are observed (looked at) with special instruments. Solar flares occur in active regions around sunspots. Solar flares are powered by the sudden release of magnetic energy that is stored in the corona. The same energy releases may produce coronal mass ejections (CME), although the relation between CMEs and flares is still not known.

X-rays and UV radiation that is released by solar flares can affect Earth's ionosphere. Because of this, radio communications, radars and other devices may be  for a short time. Richard Christopher Carrington was the first person to observe a solar flare in 1859. Carrington had spotted brightening's of small areas within a sunspot group. Stellar flares have also been observed on several of other stars. Solar flares can be "active" from several flares a day or "quiet" from several flares every week. Solar flares occurs during the 11-year cycle (the solar cycle). There are less "large flares" than smaller ones.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Live Solar Images and Data Site  Includes x-ray flare, geomagnetic, space weather information detailing current solar events.
* Solar Cycle 24 and VHF Aurora Website (www.solarcycle24.com)
* Solar Weather Site
* Current Solar Flare - and geomagnetic activity in dashboard style (www.solar-flares.info) 
* STEREO Spacecraft Site
Messier 87

**Messier 87** (also known as **M87**, **Virgo A** or **NGC 4486**) is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered in 1781 by the French astronomer Charles Messier, who catalogued it as a nebulous feature. The second brightest galaxy within the northern Virgo Cluster, it is about 16.4 million parsecs (53.5 million light-years) from Earth.

Unlike a disk-shaped spiral galaxy, Messier 87 has no distinctive dust lanes. It has an almost featureless, ellipsoidal shape. Luminosity diminishes with distance from the centre. At the core of this unusually large galaxy is an unusually large supermassive black hole. This is a strong source of radiation at many wavelengths, particularly radio waves. This black hole is the first and, to date, the only one for which astronomers have been able to make a direct image. A radio image taken by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 was published on 10 April 2019. The image shows the shadow of the black hole, surrounded by an emission ring with a diameter of .

A jet of energetic plasma known as a blazar is thrown out by the black hole at near the speed of light. It goes outward at least . In pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999, the motion of Messier 87's jet was measured at four to six times the speed of light. This motion is probably an optical illusion caused by the relativistic velocity of the jet.

## Stars 
The stars in this galaxy form about one sixth of Messier 87's mass. They are spread out symmetrically, but the density of stars decreases with distance from the core. The galactic envelope extends out to a radius of about , where it stops—possibly cut off by an encounter with another galaxy. Between the stars is a diffuse interstellar medium of gas that has been chemically enriched by elements emitted from evolved stars.

Orbiting the galaxy is a huge number of about 12,000 globular clusters, compared to 150200 globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way.

Messier 87 is one of the most massive giant elliptical galaxies near Earth, and one of the brightest radio sources in the sky,
It is a popular target for both amateur and professional astronomy study.

## References
Triangulum galaxy

The **Triangulum galaxy** is a spiral galaxy approximately 3 million light years (ly) from Earth in the constellation Triangulum.
The Triangulum galaxy is the third-largest member of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy and about 50 other smaller galaxies. It is one of the most distant permanent objects that can be viewed with the naked eye.

It is catalogued as **Messier 33** or **NGC 598**, and is sometimes informally referred to as the **Pinwheel galaxy**, a nickname it shares with Messier 101.

## Properties 
### Structure 
In the French astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs' revised Hubble Sandage (VRHS) system of galaxy morphological classification, the Triangulum Galaxy is classified as type SA(s)cd. The *S* prefix says that it is a spiral galaxy. The *A* is assigned when the center of the galaxy lacks a bar-shaped structure, unlike *SB* class barred spiral galaxies. American astronomer Allan Sandage's "(s)" notation is used when the spiral arms emerge directly from the center, instead of an inner ring like an (r)-type galaxy. Finally, the *cd* suffix describes the openness of the arms. *cd* means loosely wound arms.

This galaxy has an inclination of 54° to the line of sight from the Earth, allowing the structure to be examined without significant obstruction by gas and dust. The disk of the Triangulum Galaxy appears warped out to a radius of about 8 kpc. There may be a halo surrounding the galaxy, but there is no bulge at the center. This is an isolated galaxy and there are no indications of recent interactions with other galaxies, and it lacks the small following galaxies or tidal tails associated with the Milky Way.

Triangulum is classified as unbarred, but another look at the galaxy shape shows a weak bar-like structure around the galactic nucleus. The center of this galaxy is the most luminous source of X-rays in the Local Group of galaxies. However, the center does not appear to contain a supermassive black hole, as an upper limit of 3,000 solar masses is placed on the mass of a central black hole based upon the speed of stars in the core region.

The inner part of the galaxy has two spiral arms, along with multiple spurs that connect the inner to the outer spiral features. The main arms are called IN (north) and IS (south).

## References
Galaxy cluster

's Very Large Telescope in Chile and the NAOJ’s Subaru telescope in Hawaii]]

**Galaxy clusters** are large collections of galaxies. They consist of hundreds of galaxies and galaxy groups, bound together by gravity. Galaxy clusters are much larger than galaxy groups, like our Local Group. 

Clusters of galaxies should not be confused with either star clusters, which are *inside* galaxies, or with globular clusters, which usually orbit galaxies.

Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby universe include the Virgo Cluster (which includes our Local Group), Fornax Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Coma Cluster. 

Still larger than galaxy clusters are superclusters. A very large aggregation of galaxies known as the Great Attractor, dominated by the Norma Cluster, is massive enough to affect the local expansion of the universe (Hubble's law).

Notable galaxy clusters in the distant, high-redshift universe include SPT-CL J0546-5345, the most massive galaxy cluster ever found in the early universe.

## Basic properties
Galaxy clusters typically have the following properties.
* They contain 50 to 1,000 galaxies, hot X-ray emitting gas and large amounts of dark matter. Details are described in the "Composition" section.
* The distribution of these three components is approximately the same in the cluster.
* They have total masses of 1014 to 1015 solar masses.
* They typically have a diameter from 2 to 10 megaparsecs.
* The spread of velocities for the individual galaxies is about 800–1000&nbsp;km/s.
* The intracluster medium or ICM has gas between the galaxies with a temperature of 7-9 keV.

## Composition
There are three main components of a galaxy cluster. They are:

## Scale of things 
Where ">" means "contains":

Universe > observable universe > very large-scale structures > superclusters > galaxy clusters > galaxy groups > galaxies > star clusters > stars

## References
Dwarf galaxy

is a dwarf irregular galaxy, it probably contains only around one hundred million stars.]]

A **dwarf galaxy** is a small galaxy composed of up to several billion stars. This is a small number compared to our own Milky Way's 200–400 billion stars. The Large Magellanic Cloud, containing over 30 billion stars, is sometimes classified as a dwarf galaxy and sometimes as a full-fledged galaxy orbiting the Milky Way galaxy.

## Formation of dwarf galaxies
Most galaxies, including dwarf galaxies, form in association with dark matter or out of gas containing metals. However, NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer space probe identified new dwarf galaxies forming out of gases lacking metals. These galaxies were in the Leo Ring, a cloud of hydrogen and helium around two massive galaxies in the constellation Leo.

Dwarf galaxies can be pulled toward and ripped by neighbouring spiral galaxies till they ultimately merge.

## Local dwarfs
 is a dwarf irregular galaxy, with younger stars in its inner regions and older ones at its outskirts.]]

There are many dwarf galaxies in the Local Group: these small galaxies frequently orbit around larger galaxies, such as the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy. A 2007 paper has suggested that many dwarf galaxies were created by tidal forces during the early evolution of the Milky Way and Andromeda. Tidal dwarf galaxies are produced when galaxies collide and their gravitational masses interact. Streams of galactic material are pulled out away from the parent galaxies and the halos of dark matter that surround them.

## References
Deniece Williams

**Deniece Williams** (born June 3, 1950 in Gary, Indiana) is an American Grammy Award winning singer, songwriter and musician. She has had many hit records. She is best known for the 1980s song ''Let's Hear it for the Boy''. The single that came out in 1984.

## References
Amy Stiller

**Amy Belle Sawyer Stiller** (born August 9, 1961) is an American actress, stand-up comedian and Bikram Yoga instructor. 

## Early life
She was born in New York, New York. She is the daughter of the Jewish-American comedians Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara, and the older sister of actor Ben Stiller. She graduated from the United Nations International School, in New York City, in 1979.

## References
## Other websites
*
Anne Meara

**Anne Meara** (born September 20, 1929 – May 23, 2015) was an American comedian and actress. She and Jerry Stiller were a 1960s comedy team, appearing as Stiller and Meara, and are the parents of actor/comedian Ben Stiller and actress Amy Stiller.

## Early life
Meara was born in Brooklyn, New York. She is the daughter of Irish immigrant parents, Mary (née Dempsey) and Edward Joseph Meara, a lawyer.  Meara was raised in Roman Catholicism, and converted to Reform Judaism six years after marrying Stiller.

## Death
Meara died on May 23, 2015 at the age of 85 of multiple strokes.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Apollo 10

**Apollo 10** was a crewed F-Type mission of NASA's Apollo program to land a man on the surface of the Moon. It was the fourth crewed mission and was a full rehearsal for the actual landing by Apollo 11. It was launched on May 10, 1969. The three astronauts, Tom Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan went into orbit around the Moon. Stafford and Cernan flew the Lunar Module to just  above the Moon's surface.

## References
## Other websites
* Official NASA site