open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
International Downtown Association

**International Downtown Association (IDA)** is an international organization dedicated to Downtowns and city centers around the world. The organization is located in Washington D.C., United States and was established in 2011. IDA is a world leader and champion for vital and livable urban centers. Through its network of diverse practitioners, its rich body of knowledge, and its unique capacity to nurture community-building partnerships, IDA provides tools, intelligence and strategies for creating healthy and dynamic centers that anchor the well-being of towns, cities and regions of the world. 

## Other websites 
* International Downtown Association
Michael Bond

**Thomas Michael Bond** OBE (13 January 1926 &ndash; 27 June 2017) was an English author. He was best known for his Paddington Bear series of books. Bond was awarded a OBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours 2015.

Bond died on 27 June 2017 at his London home from a short-illness at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
* Michael Bond Biography
* Paddington Bear – The Official Website 
* The Herbs
Caldwell Esselstyn

**Caldwell Blakeman Esselstyn Jr.** (born December 12, 1933) is an American physician, author and former Olympic rowing champion.

Esselstyn is the author of *Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease* (2007). It argues for a low-fat, whole foods, plant-based diet that avoids all animal products, as well as reducing or avoiding soybeans, nuts, avocados and oils.  The diet has been used by former U.S. President Bill Clinton.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Ben Roy Mottelson

**Ben Roy Mottelson** (July 9, 1926 &ndash; May 13, 2022) was an American-born Danish nuclear physicist.  He won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the non-spherical geometry of atomic nuclei.

## Early life
Mottelson was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Lyons Township High School in LaGrange, Illinois. He received a Bachelor's degree from Purdue University in 1947, and a Ph.D. in nuclear physics from Harvard University in 1950.

## Career
In 1950–51, James Rainwater (1917 &ndash; 1986) and Aage Bohr (1922 &ndash; 2009) had developed models of the atomic nucleus. It began learn the behaviour of the individual nucleons.  Mottelson worked with Aage Bohr to share the theoretical models with experimental data.

In three papers which were published in 1952–53, Bohr and Mottelson demonstrated close agreement between theory and experiment, for example showing that the energy levels of certain nuclei could be described by a rotation spectrum.  This work stimulated new theoretical and experimental studies.

### Nobel Prize (1975)
Rainwater, Bohr and Mottelson were jointly awarded the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection".

### Later career
Bohr and Mottelson continued to work together, publishing a two-volume monograph, *Nuclear Structure*. The first volume, *Single-Particle Motion,* appeared in 1969, and the second volume, *Nuclear Deformations,* in 1975.

Professor Mottelson was a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

He was a foreign fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 1969, he won the Atoms for Peace Award.

## Personal life
Mottelson had dual citizenship. He had both Danish and American citizenship. He lived in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Mottelson was married to Nancy Jane Reno from 1948 until her death in 1975. They had two sons and one daughter. Mottelson then married Britta Marger Siegumfeldt in 1983.

Mottelson died on May 13, 2022 in Copenhagen at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
* Nobel prize press release
* Autobiography from the Nobel foundation website
* Ben Roy Mottelson
Jeff Merkley

**Jeffrey Alan** "**Jeff**" **Merkley** (born October 24, 1956) is an American politician. He is the junior United States Senator from Oregon. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Merkley was a five-term member of the Oregon House of Representatives representing House District 47, located in eastern Multnomah County within the Portland city limits. He also served as Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives.

He defeated two-term Republican incumbent Gordon Smith in the 2008 U.S. Senate election and easily defeated Monica Wehby in the 2014 U.S. Senate election.

Merkely was the first member of the Senate to endorse Bernie Sanders in his bid for the Democratic nomination for President.

## References
## Other websites
* Senator Jeff Merkley official U.S. Senate site
* Jeff Merkley for Senate
*
Thinle Lhondup

**Thinle Lhondup** (), also known as **Thinley** or **Thinlen**, (1943/1944 &ndash; April 24, 2016) was a popular Nepalese actor. He was best known for his role in the Academy Award-nominated movie *Himalaya* (1999). Thinle appears in some music videos in Nepal as well. 

Thinle died on April 24, 2016 in Kathmandu, Nepal from stomach cancer, aged 72.

## References
T. Colin Campbell

**Thomas Colin Campbell** (born March 14, 1934) is an American biochemist. He works in the effect of nutrition on long-term health. He is the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor Emeritus of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell University.

## Career
Campbell has become known for his advocacy of a low-fat, whole foods, plant-based diet. He is the author of over 300 research papers and three books, *The China Study* (2005, co-authored with his son, Thomas M. Campbell II), which became one of America's best-selling books about nutrition), *Whole* (2013) and *The Low-Carb Fraud* (2014). Campbell featured in the 2011 American documentary *Forks Over Knives*.

## His works
* *Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China* (1991)
* *The China Study* (2005)
* *Whole: Rethinking the Science of Nutrition* (2013)
* Campbell, T. Colin, and Caldwell Esselstyn, Jr, MD. "Forks Over Knives: How a Plant-Based Diet Can Save America". *Huffington Post*, May 13, 2011.
* Campbell, T. Colin. "Nutrition: The Future of Medicine", *The Huffington Post*, October 25, 2010.
* Campbell, T. Colin. "Low Fat Diets Are Grossly Misrepresented". *Huffington Post*, September 28, 2010.
* Campbell, T. Colin, PhD, with Jacobson, Howard, PhD. (2014) *The Low-Carb Fraud*. BenBella Books. 

## References
## Other websites
*T. Colin Campbell Center for Nutrition Studies
Benjamin Manglona

**Benjamin Taisacan Manglona** (March 31, 1938 &ndash; April 24, 2016) was a Northern Mariana Islands politician and civil engineer. He was the island's longest serving elected official having served as a congressman, senator, and former mayor of Rota (the third largest island in the island's chain).

Manglona served as the third Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands of the Northern Mariana Islands from 1990 to 1994 and as Mayor of Rota from 1998 to 2006.

Manglona died on April 24, 2016 in Rota, Northern Mariana Islands from a stroke, aged 78.

## References
Air Niugini

**Air Niugini** is the flag carrier airline of Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby Airport is their main hub. Air Niugini was founded in 1973. The airline started flight to Australia in 1975. The airline got its first widebody airplane in 1984. The 1990s were tough times for Air Niugini. To survive, the government helped the airline by cutting jobs and lowering wages at the airline. In 2003, Air Niugini made its first profit in many years. The airline flies to 35 cities and has 33 airplanes as of 2016.

## Gallery

File:Air Niugini Airbus A300B4-203 at Melbourne Airport.jpg|An Air Niugini Airbus A300 in 1987
File:P2-PXE at Jacksons International Airport May 2015.jpg|An Air Niugini Boeing 737-800 parked at Port Moresby Airport in 2015

## References
The Sweet Escape

***The Sweet Escape*** is the second studio album by the American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani, which was released on December 1, 2006 by Interscope Records.

## Track listing
;Notes

* Gwen Stefani – lead vocals
* Akon – keyboards, production, programming, vocals 
* Andrew Alekel – recording 
* Angel Aponte – additional recording 
* Trinka Baggetta – A&R coordination
* Matt Beck – guitar 
* Yvan Bing – assistant engineering 
* Stephen Bradley – baritone, trumpet 
* Julian Chan – recording 
* Jolie Clemens – art direction, layout
* Andrew Coleman – recording 
* Greg Collins – bass ; recording ; guitar ; additional vocal production ; additional vocals recording 
* Cindy Cooper – art and packaging coordination, photography
* Pete Davis – additional keyboards, additional mix programming 
* Loren Dawson – keyboards 
* Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering ; guitar ; bass 
* Bojan Dugic – recording 
* David Emery – assistant engineering ; guitar 
* Ron Fair – orchestra production 
* Jason Finkel – assistant engineering 
* Nicole Frantz – art and packaging coordination, photography
* Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
* Sean Garrett – backing vocals, co-production 
* Brian Garten – recording 
* Simon Gogerly – recording 
* Mark "Exit" Goodchild – recording 
* Scheila Gonzalez – clarinet, flute, saxophone 
* Martin Gore – guitar 
* Jill Greenberg – fine art concept, photography
* Keith Gretlein – recording 
* Hart Gunther – assistant engineering 
* Richard Hawley – guitar 
* Nellee Hooper – production 
* Jimmy Iovine – A&R direction
* Neil Kanal – programming, recording ; keyboards 
* Tony Kanal – keyboards, production, programming 
* Ryan Kennedy – assistant engineering 
* Anthony LoGerfo – percussion 
* Aidan Love – programming 
* Tony Love – guitar 
* Gabrial McNair – keyboards ; baritone, trombone 
* Jonathan Merritt – recording 
* Kevin Mills – recording ; assistant engineering 
* Colin Mitchell – recording 
* Dror Mohar – assistant engineering 
* Angelo Moore – saxophone 
* The Neptunes – production 
* Ewan Pearson – programming 
* Pharrell – vocals 
* Glenn Pittman – assistant engineering 
* Mark Ralph – guitar 
* Tim Rice-Oxley – keyboards, piano 
* Kingston James McGregor Rossdale – baby sounds 
* Ian Rossiter – assistant engineering 
* Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing ; additional production 
* Swizz Beatz – production 
* Talent Bootcamp Kids – additional vocals 
* Phil Tan – mixing 
* Steve Tolle – assistant engineering 
* Rich Travali – mixing 
* Giorgio Tuinfort – co-production, keyboards, programming 
* Mark Williams – A&R direction

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## Certifications
## Release history
## References
Miguel Picazo

**Miguel Picazo** (27 March 1927 &ndash; 23 April 2016) was a Spanish movie director, screenwriter and actor. He is best known for directing his first movie *La Tía Tula* *(Aunt Tula)* (1964). He was also an actor. He was in *The Spirit of the Beehive* (1973) and *Tesis* (1996). He retired in 1997.

Picazo died in Madrid, Spain on 23 April 2016, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tommy Kono

**Tamio "Tommy" Kono** (June 27, 1930 – April 24, 2016) was an American weightlifter in the 1950s and 1960s.
Kono was the only Olympic weightlifter in history to have set world records in four different weight classes: lightweight (149&nbsp;pounds or 67.5&nbsp;kilograms), middleweight (165&nbsp;lb or 75&nbsp;kg), light-heavyweight (182&nbsp;lb or 82.5&nbsp;kg), and middle-heavyweight (198&nbsp;lb or 90&nbsp;kg).

In 1993 Kono was elected to the International Weightlifting Federation Hall of Fame.  Kono was also an inductee to the Association of Oldetime Barbell and Strongmen (A.O.B.S.) Hall of Fame.

Kono died on April 24, 2016 in Honolulu, Hawaii from complications of liver disease, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
* Tommy Kono, Hall of Fame at Lift Up
*
Family Portrait

***Family Portrait*** or ***Družinski portret*** is a painting by artist France Kralj (1895—1960).  Kralj painted the picture in 1926.  The size of the painting is 45 in. by 51 in. (115.5&nbsp;cm by 130.3&nbsp;cm).  The material is oil on canvas.  The painting is in the Museum of Modern Art in Ljubljana.

The title of the painting in Slovenian language is "Družinski portret".  The painting shows Kralj, his wife, and his child.  They are leaving his studio after work.  The painting is an example of the New Objectivity style of art in Slovenia.

There are two special things about the painting.  First, the painting shows the artist's personal life.  Kralj did not usually use his personal life as a subject for paintings.  In this painting, there is no emotional or sentimental part element. This is usual in paintings of the New Objectivity style.  They showed concrete people and objects without their qualities or symbolism.

Second, the painting shows a sculpture in the part of the picture that is nearest to and in front of the viewer. The sculpture is a finished work.  It is a sculpture of his wife and child.

## Slovenian expressionism 
Kralj went to Vienna in 1913 to study sculpture.  In 1915 he stopped his studies because of the war.  In 1919 he returned from the war and went to study in Prague for two years. From 1920-1923, Kralj was in the center of the Slovenian expressionism movement. Expressionism explores philosophical themes.  Kralj left the expressionism movement and was soon in the center of the Slovenian "new reality" movement.  The "new reality" style uses designs of everyday life.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Three works by France Kralj  
*Moderna Galerija, Projekt DCA
*https://museums.si/sl/author/details/7/france-kralj
Vera Vasilyeva

**Vera Vasilyeva Kuzminichna** (30 September 1925 &ndash; 9 August 2023) was a Soviet-born Russian movie and stage actress. She was honored with People's Artist of the USSR in 1986. She was twice awarded the Stalin Prize in 1948 and in 1951. She was known for her roles in *Bride with a Dowry* (1954), *Pokhozhdeniya zubnogo vracha* (1965) and *Bezumnyy den ili zhenitba Figaro* (1974). Her career began in 1943.

Vasilyeva was born in Moscow. She was married to actor Vladimir Ushakov until his death in 2011. They had no children. Vasilyeva died on 9 August 2023 in Moscow at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
*
Canola

**Canola** refers to both an edible oil (canola oil) and a type of rapeseed.

The plant is a cultivar of *Brassica napus*, *Brassica rapa* or *Brassica juncea*. They are well known for their seeds, from which the canola cooking oil is made. The oil is widely used for preparing food, It has very little saturated fat (less than 10%), a lot of monounsaturated fat (about 60%), and plenty of polyunsaturated fats (about 30%).

Besides cooking, there are also other ways to use canola oil. One of these is to produce biodiesel fuel for cars and trucks.

## References
Solomon Airlines

**Solomon Airlines** is the flag carrier airline of the Solomon Islands. It started in 1962.

## Gallery

File:VH-SWO Embraer ERJ-170-100LR Solomon Airlines (SkyAirWorld) (10253885005).jpg|A Solomon Airlines Embraer E-170 in 2007.
File:H4-BUS Airbus A320-211 Solomon Airlines (10879303173).jpg|A Solomon Airlines Airbus A320 at Brisbane.

## References
River Wandle

]]

The **River Wandle** is a river in south-east England. The river runs through southwest London. 

Rain falls on the North Downs, filters through the chalk and emerges on the spring line. The river is first visible at Wandle Park in Croydon. It passes through the London Boroughs of Croydon, Sutton, Merton, and Wandsworth to join the River Thames at Wandsworth. The River Wandle is between 9 and 11 miles long. 

## History of the River Wandle 
The river has been used since Roman times. It was heavily industrialised in the 17th and 18th centuries and was one of the most polluted rivers in England.  

In Victorian times the Wandle was one of hardest working rivers in the world. The river was used to power 68 water wheels, of which only a few survive, such as at Merton Abbey Mills.

On 17 September 2007, a chemical was accidentally flushed into the Wandle from Thames Water's Beddington sewage works. The chemical was being used to clean, but instead of being put back through the treatment works, it was accidentally put into the river. This resulted in over 2,000 fish of various species being killed. The company failed to tell the Environment Agency of the incident, as the site manager thought it wasn't important. 

Dry fly fishing was first started for catching trout from the river. Cleanups of the Wandle have improved the water quality, leading to a return of the river's once famous brown trout. This improvement in water quality has also seen other fish thrive. There are stocks of chub, roach and perch all flourishing once again with the most popular angling spots situated on the river at Colliers Wood. 

Also found in the River Wandle are water voles, otters, the common toad, and grey heron. Water voles usually live along rivers. Otters are one of the top river predators, feeding mainly on fish.

The river is managed with artificial channels, runoff ditches and a few underground stretches.

## References
2016 California Democratic primary

The **2016 California Democratic primary** was held on June 7 in the U.S. state of California. The primary was nonpartisan, meaning the candidates were not divided based on their political party. Hillary Clinton won the primary with 53.07% of the popular vote.

Other primaries/caucuses occurred on the same day. Those states included Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North and South Dakota.

## Polls 
In 2015, Hillary Clinton dominated the polls. It slowly become a close call between Clinton and Bernie Sanders. The most recent poll before the primary, which was conducted by Fox News from April 18-21, 2016, said that Clinton had 48% of the vote compared to 46% for Sanders. The sample size was 623 people with a 4% margin of error.

## Results 
### By county 
Yellow is a victory for Clinton, while green is a victory for Sanders.

## References
Perry O. Hooper, Sr.

**Perry Oliver Hooper, Sr.** (April 8, 1925 &ndash; April 24, 2016), was an American jurist. He served as the twenty-seventh Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court from 1995 to 2001. He was the first Republican since Reconstruction to have been elected to his state's highest court.

Hooper died at his home in Montgomery, Alabama on April 24, 2016, aged 91.

## References
Paul Frees

**Solomon Hersh Frees** (June 22, 1920 – November 2, 1986), better known as **Paul Frees**, was an American actor, voice actor, impressionist, comedian and screenwriter. He was best known for his work with MGM, Walter Lantz, and Walt Disney theatrical cartoons in the 1950s through the 1980s and for providing the voice of Boris Badenov in *The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show*. He is also known for being the original voice of Ludwig Von Drake from 1961 until his death in 1986.

## Filmography
## References
Ray Fisher (actor)

**Ray Fisher** (born September 8, 1987) is an American movie, television and stage actor. He is best known for his roles in the comedy *The Good, the Bad and the Confused*. Ray played Muhammad Ali in Will Power's Fetch Clay Make Man in 2013. 

He is mainly known for playing Victor Stone / Cyborg in the DC Extended Universe such as in *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice* and in the upcoming *Justice League*. Sometime in 2020, Fisher will be in a Cyborg movie.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Martin Gray (Holocaust survivor)

**Martin Gray** (born **Mieczysław Grajewski**; 27 April 1922 – 25 April 2016) was a Polish Holocaust survivor. He was born in Warsaw. He emigrated to the West, and has published books in French about his experiences during World War II in which his family was killed in Poland. Gray's first book, *For Those I Loved* (*Au nom de tous les miens*), became a bestseller.

He moved to Belgium in 2001. On 25 April 2016, he was found dead in his swimming pool at his home in Ciney, Belgium. He died of a suspected heart attack. He was aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Martin Gray official Website
* *A Biography of Martin Gray*
Harris Wofford

**Harris Llewellyn Wofford, Jr.** (April 9, 1926 &ndash; January 21, 2019) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party who represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1991 to 1995. 

## Career 
Wofford was also the fifth president of Bryn Mawr College from 1970 to 1978, served as Chairman of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party in 1986, as Pennsylvania Secretary of Labor and Industry in the cabinet of Governor Robert P. Casey from 1987 to 1991 and was a surrogate for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. 

He introduced Obama in Philadelphia at the National Constitution Center before Obama's speech on race in America, *A More Perfect Union*.

## Personal life 
In 1948, Wofford married Clare Lindgren and they later had three children. She died in 1996. In 2016, Wofford announced that he would marry Matthew Charlton, his companion of many years.

Wofford died on January 21, 2019 at a hospital in Washington, D.C. from complications of a fall at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
*Harris Wofford Global Citizen Award
*Peace Corps biography of Harris Wofford 
*Trailer for upcoming documentary on Harris Wofford
Chelyabinsk Oblast

**Chelyabinsk Oblast** (Russian: Челя́бинская о́бласть, *Chelyabinskaya oblast*) is a province (an oblast) in Russia. It is around the Ural Mountains, on the border between Europe and Asia. Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk. As of 2023, the population is 3,603,339. Chelyabinsk oblast is located in the European part of Russia.

## Geography and climate 
Its elevation is 200–250&nbsp;meters above sea level.

### Climate 
Most of the oblast falls under the Humid continental climate, meaning the area has warm/mild summers with cold winters.

## Demographics 
The 2010 census showed these are the ethnic groups in the oblast:
* 2,829,899 Russians (83.8%);
* 180,913 Tatars (5.4%);
* 162,513 Bashkirs (4.8%);
* 50,081 Ukrainians (1.5%);
* 35,297 Kazakhs (1.00%);
* 18,687 Germans (0.5%);
* 13,035 Belarusians (0.4%);
* 12,147 Mordvins (0.2%);
* 9,311 Armenians (0.3%);
* 65,190 others (1.6);
* 99,144 could not declare an ethnicity

The death rate was higher than the birth rate in 2010, but has since slowly reversed.

### Religion 
A 2012 survey showed these are the major religions in the oblast:

## References
France Kralj

**France Kralj** (September 26, 1895 — February 2, 1960) was an artist. He was important in Slovenian expressionism and in the later new reality style. In the 1950s, he started making monotype prints.

## Life 
France Kralj was born in Zagorica in Dobrepolje, Slovenia.  His mother was Margareti (born Sever) and his father was Janezu Kralj. His brother Tone was born in 1900 and another brother Ignacij (Igo) in 1906.

SloveniaKralj went to elementary school in Dobrepolje from 1901 to 1907. He went to an art and craft school in Ljubljana,  in 1907.  Then he studied wood and stone sculpture in Ljubljana until 1912.  From 1912 to 1913 he was an assistant in the workshop of Aloysius Podlogarja in Celovcu. 

In 1913 Kralj studied sculpture in Vienna, Austria. In 1915 he stopped his studies because of the start of World War I.  In 1919 he studied in Prague, Czech Republic for two years. For many years he was a professor at the Ljubljana Secondary Technical School.  In 1933 his autobiography *Moja pot* (My way) was published. In 1937 he won a prize at the world exhibition in Paris for his sculpture *Zrebe* (Foal).

## Work 
From 1920-1923, Kralj was in the center of Slovenian expressionism.  Then he left the philosophical themes for designs of everyday life in the style of the "new reality".

The Božidar Jakac Gallery opened a permanent collection of Kralj's work in 1983. It has paintings, drawings, prints, and sculptures. The collection has some works in the expressionist style, the new realities style, and many abstract monotypes of farmers, animals, and landscapes. Kraj's painting "Družinski portret" or "Family Portrait" is an example of the New Objectivity art style in Slovenia.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Franz Kralj
Fallout 4

***Fallout 4*** is an action role-playing video game which was created by Bethesda Game Studios and released by Bethesda Softworks. It is the fifth video game in the *Fallout* series and was released around the world on November 10, 2015 for Microsoft Windows as well as the consoles PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.

The game is set in the year 2287, in the city of Boston. It is played after a fictional nuclear war destroys the world in 2077. 

*Fallout 4* was officially announced in June 2015. It was generally given good ratings by critics. The Microsoft Windows version of the game sold 1.2 million copies. 

## Related pages
* Fallout (series)

## Other websites
* 
* 

## References
Manuel de la Torre (golfer)

**Manuel de la Torre** (6 October 1921 &ndash; 24 April 2016) was a Spanish-born American golf teacher. He was thought as being one of golf's top teachers. His career includes playing on tour, head golf professional at Milwaukee Country Club one of America's most famous golf clubs, and a career of teaching both tour professional and amateur golfers. He was born in Madrid, Spain.

## Career
Among the tour professionals he has taught are Masters champion Tommy Aaron, U.S. Women's Open champion Carol Mann, du Maurier Classic champion Martha Nause and Women's British Open champion Sherri Steinhauer. He was the first member of the PGA to be awarded their Teacher of the Year Award in 1986. He was one of only several golf instructors to be inducted into both the World Golf Teachers Hall of Fame as well as the PGA Hall of Fame.

De la Torre won many golf tournaments, including the Wisconsin State Open five times and the Wisconsin PGA Professional Championship five times. He was elected to the Wisconsin Golf Hall of Fame in 1975. In 1999 he was inducted into the Northwestern University Athletic Hall of Fame.

## Death
De la Torre died on 24 April 2016 at his home in Milwaukee, Wisconsin from complications of a stroke, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Amanullah Khan (JKLF)

**Amanullah Khan** (24 August 1934 &ndash; 26 April 2016) was a Pakistani activist and writer. He was born in Astore. He was the founding leader of the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front. It was a pro-independence militant activist group in the former state of Jammu and Kashmir. 

He was the co-founder of the Kashmir Independent Committee in 1963. He was elected Secretary General of JK Plebiscite Front (PF) in 1965. He Co-founded the JK National Liberation Front (NLF) with Maqbool Bhat.

Khan died on 26 April 2016 at a hospital from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
* Profile at JKLF web site
* Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front at the South Asia Terrorism Portal
* Pakistan: Activities of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.
The Lego Batman Movie

***The Lego Batman Movie*** (seen as ***The LEGO Batman Movie***) is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated superhero comedy movie. It is directed by Chris McKay and produced by Dan Lin, Roy Lee, Phil Lord and Chris Miller. The movie is written by Seth Grahame-Smith.

## Background
It is a spin-off of the 2014 movie *The Lego Movie*. It is based on the DC Comics character Batman. It will star Will Arnett as Batman, Ralph Fiennes as Alfred, Michael Cera as Robin, Rosario Dawson as Batgirl, Zach Galifianakis as The Joker, and Mariah Carey as the Mayor of Gotham City.

The movie was released in the United States on February 10, 2017 through Warner Bros. Pictures.

## Cast
* Will Arnett as Batman / Bruce Wayne
* Zach Galifianakis as Joker
* Michael Cera as Dick Grayson / Robin
* Rosario Dawson as Barbara Gordon / Batgirl
* Ralph Fiennes as Alfred Pennyworth
* Héctor Elizondo as Commissioner James Gordon
* Jenny Slate as Dr. Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn
* Mariah Carey as Mayor McCaskill
* Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent / Two-Face
* Conan O'Brien as Edward Nygma / The Riddler
* Jason Mantzoukas as Dr. Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow
* Seth Green as King Kong On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to on reviews, the movie has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

## References
Klaus Siebert

**Klaus Siebert** (29 April 1955 – 24 April 2016) was a German biathlete and biathlon coach. Hed raced for East Germany. 

Siebert won a silver medal at the 1980 Olympics in Lake Placid, New York on the relay with the East German relay team. In the Biathlon World Championships, Siebert has two gold medals with the East German relay team in 1978 and 1979, and a bronze medal from 1977. He also has three individual medals gold medal from the 20&nbsp;km in 1978 and two bronzes from the 10&nbsp;km in 1975 and 1978.

## References
Yemanzhelinsk

**Yemanzhelinsk** (Russian: Еманжели́нск) is a town and administrative centre in the Yemanzhelinsky District in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. It is located near the Kazakhstan border, and is on the eastern slopes of the Southern Ural Mountains. Yemanzhelinsk was founded in 1770 by the Cossacks. The population was 30,216 at the 2010 census.

## History 
Yemanzhelinsk was founded in 1770 as a Cossack village and  was named **Yemanzhelinskaya** () since 1866. It became a coal mining settlement in the early 1930s, and was granted town status on September 25, 1951. The chelyabinsk meteor landed close to Yemanzhelinsk.

## Related pages 
*List of cities and towns in Russia

## References
Bronchospasm

**Bronchospasm** or a bronchial spasm is a sudden tightening of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles. It is caused by the release (degranulation) of substances from mast cells or basophils because of anaphylatoxins. It causes difficulty in breathing which can be very mild to severe. Bronchospasms can be caused by asthma, chronic bronchitis and anaphylaxis. 

Bronchospasms are a serious potential complication of placing a breathing tube during general anesthesia. Some of the things that can cause bronchospasms are consuming certain foods, certain medicines, allergic responses to insects, pollen, or soft household furnishings and pets, and, particularly in women, hormone levels.

## References
Mei Baojiu

**Mei Baojiu** () (29 March, 1934 – 25 April, 2016) was a Chinese contemporary Peking opera artist. He was also a performer of the Dan role type in Peking Opera and Kunqu opera. He was the leader of Mei Lanfang Peking Opera troupe in Beijing Peking Opera Theatre.  Mei’s regular performances of opera include *Farewell My Concubine*, *Guifei Intoxicated* (貴妃醉酒), *Lady General Mu Takes Command* (穆桂英挂帅), *The story of Yang Guifei* (太真外传), *Luo Shen* (洛神), and *Xi Shi* (西施).

On 31 March 2016, Mei was hospitalized in Beijing because of bronchospasm. He died on 25 April 2016, at the age of 82.

## References
Malick Sidibé

**Malick Sidibé** (born 1935 or 1936 – April 14, 2016) was a Malian photographer. He was known for his black-and-white studies of popular culture in the 1960s in Bamako. During his life, Sidibé gained an international fame and was considered, along with Seydou Keïta, Mali's most famous photographer.

## References
Jory Prum

**Jory Prum** (January 31, 1975 &ndash; April 22, 2016), also known as **Jory K. Prum**, was an American audio engineer. He was best known for his work in movie and video games. He was the owner of a recording studio located in the San Francisco Bay Area. He worked many games but most famously *The Walking Dead*, *The Wolf Among Us*, and *Brütal Legend*.

Prum was killed in a motorcycle accident on April 22, 2016 in San Francisco, California, aged 41.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
Muriqui

The **muriquis**, or **woolly spider monkeys**, are the genus ***Brachyteles***. There are two species, the southern (*B. arachnoides*) and northern muriqui (*B. hypoxanthus*) muriquis. The name "muriqui" comes from a native Tupi word meaning 'largest monkey'.

They are the two largest New World monkeys. The northern muriqui is one of the most endangered monkeys in the world.  They are seen only in some forests in Brazil.

The adult muriqui is 15-23&nbsp;inches (38–58&nbsp;cm) long and weighs from 10-20 pounds (4.5-9 kilos) They are colored from brown to black and the bottom of their tails have no fur near the end.

Muriquis live in groups from four to 43. They do not fight about their territory. They mostly eat leaves. They sometimes eat fruit and flowers in the rainy season, as well as bark, bamboo, ferns, nectar, pollen, and seeds.

## References 
## Further reading 
* 

## Other websites
* Conservation of the Muriqui from Brazil 
* Southern muriqui at ARKive 
* Northern muriqui at ARKive 
* Primate Info Net *Brachyteles* Factsheet
* Southern Muriqui Home Page  - Pró- Muriqui Association
Pacific giant salamander

A **Pacific giant salamander** (*Dicamptodon*) is a member of the family and genus of large salamanders.

The salamanders may grow up to  long, and are found in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Apart from their large size, they are like the mole salamander family (Ambystomatidae).

Most salamanders are silent but the Pacific giant salamander can make noise. The adults can live on land or in water.

The genus has four species: Cope's giant salamander (*D. copei*), the Idaho giant salamander (*D. aterrimus*), the coastal giant salamander (*D. tenebrosus*), and the California giant salamander (*D. ensatus*).

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Tree of Life: Dicamptodontidae 
* Dicamptodon at CalPhotos
Austin Dillon

**Austin Reed Dillon** (born April 27, 1990) is a professional NASCAR driver. He currently drives the No. 3 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing in the NASCAR Cup Series. In addition, he also drives the No. 10 Camaro for Kaulig Racing in the NASCAR Xfinity Series.

## References
Kasey Kahne

**Kasey Kahne** (born April 10, 1980) is a retired American professional NASCAR driver. After retiring from NASCAR, Kahne has stayed active as a race team owner and part-time driver in the World of Outlaws series with his team Kasey Kahne Racing.

## NASCAR Career
From 2011 until 2017, Kahne drove the #5 Farmers Insurance Chevrolet SS for Hendrick Motorsports. In 2018, Kahne left Hendrick Motorsports and signed up to drive for Leavine Family Racing. During the 2018 season Kahne started to become ill during races. Due to the long length of the races, he started to suffer from dehydration. Kahne's doctors told him he should not continue to race, so he decided to retire from racing in NASCAR.

## References
Lucy Kibaki

**Lucy Muthoni Kibaki** (1940 – 26 April 2016) was a Kenyan socialite and philanthropist. She was the wife of former Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki. They were married in 1962. She was the First Lady of Kenya from 2002 to 2013. Kibaki was known for supporting disadvantaged and disabled people.

Kibaki died on April 26, 2016, at Bupa Cromwell Hospital in London from a heart attack after suffering from a long-illness, aged 75.

## References
Rubén Mendoza Ayala

**Rubén Mendoza Ayala** (2 February 1961 – 16 April 2016) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution. He served as Deputy of the LVII and LIX Legislatures of the Mexican Congress. He served from 2014 until his death in 2016. He represented the State of Mexico.

Ayala was born in Tlalnepantla, Mexico. He studied at National Autonomous University of Mexico. Ayala died of cardiac arrest on 16 April 2016 in Ciudad del Carmen, aged 55.

## References
Petr Nečas

**Petr Nečas** (born 19 November 1964) is a Czech former politician. He served as 9th Prime Minister of Czech Republic and leader of the Civic Democratic Party from 2010 to 2013. He was former Ministry of Defence (21 December 2012 – 19 March 2013) and Minister of Labour and Social Affairs (4 September 2006 – 8 May 2009).

## References
Jan Fischer (politician)

**Jan Fischer** (born January 2, 1951) is a Czech politician. He was Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from May 2009 to June 2010. He was also President of the European Council from May 8, 2009 to June 30, 2009.

Later he was Minister of Finance from July 2013 to January 2014. In 2013 Fischer ran in the presidential election. In the first round of the election, held in January 2013, he placed third with 16.35% of the vote (841,437 votes).

## References
Éverton Ribeiro

**Éverton Augusto de Barros Ribeiro** (born 10 April 1989), known as **Éverton Ribeiro**, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Emirati club Al-Ahli, and the Brazil national football team.

Formed at Corinthians, after a loan at São Caetano he was sold to Coritiba in 2011, winning the Campeonato Paranaense in both of his seasons. He also won Série A twice at Cruzeiro, being voted the best player of each season, and joined Al-Ahli for €15 million in 2014.

A full international since 2014, Ribeiro represented Brazil at the 2015 Copa América.

## References
## Other websites
*
Avril Henry

**Avril K. Henry** (5 April 1935 &ndash; 20 April 2016) was an English activist. She wanted the legalization of assisted suicide by euthanasia. She was a retired professor of English medieval culture at the University of Exeter.

Henry committed suicide by euthanasia at her home in Brampford Speke, Devon on 20 April 2016, aged 81. She illegally bought a euthanasia kit online before her death.

## Some of her works
**Biblia Pauperum*. Scolar, Aldershot, 1987. (Editor) 
*''The Eton Roundels: Eton College MS 177 'Figurae Bibliorum' A Colour Facsimile With Transcription, Translation and Commentary''

## References
Cyril Leonoff

**Cyril Edel Leonoff** (February 22, 1925 &ndash; April 17, 2016) was a Canadian civil engineer, historian and author. He was the founding president of the Jewish Historical Society of British Columbia. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. 

Leonoff died on April 17, 2016 in Vancouver, British Columbia from natural causes, aged 91.

## More reading
* *Bridges of Light: Otto Landauer of Leonard Frank Photos, 1945-1980* (Talonbooks, Vancouver, 1997)
* *A Dedicated Team:  Klohn Leonoff Consulting Engineers 1951-1991* (Bi-Tech Publishers, Richmond, 1994)
* *An Enterprising Life: Leonard Frank Photographs 1895-1944* (Talonbooks, Vancouver, 1990)
* "The Sylvesters of British Columbia", *The Scribe* Volume 4 (The Jewish Historical Society of BC, Vancouver, 1980)
* *Pioneers, Pedlars and Prayer Shawls: The Jewish Communities in British Columbia and the Yukon* (Sono Nis Press, Victoria, 1978)

## References
## Other websites
* The Jewish Museum and Archives of British Columbia
Arauco War

The **Arauco War** was a conflict between colonial Spaniards and Mapuche people of Araucanía region, of modern Chile. This conflict began at Reynogüelén in 1536, near the confluence of the Ñuble and Itata rivers. It was between an expedition of Diego de Almagro and a large, well organized group of Mapuche soldiers. Since 1609, each governor of Chile held "Parlamentos" with Mapuche chiefs. At these, they discussed maintenance of a treaty between both parties. Violations of the treaty were frequent.  In 1881, these finally ended, with a process known as the Pacification of Araucanía.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Serindígena.org - Maps  
* Maps of battles of Arauco War
Vincent Darius

**Vincent Matthew Darius, OP** (6 September 1955 – 26 April 2016) was Grenadian Roman Catholic official. He was the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint George's in Grenada from 2002 until his death in 2016. He was born in the village of Crochu. He was ordained on 28 June 1987.

Darius died from cancer at Bellevue Hospital in New York City on 26 April 2016, aged 60.

## Other websites
* Bishop Vincent Darius, ''Catholic Diocese of Saint George's in Grenada*
* Rinuncie e Nomine, 10.07.2002 (B0362), *Press Office of the Holy See* (in Italian)
* Bishop Vincent Matthew Darius, O.P. †, *Hierarchy of the Catholic Church (Catholic-Hierarchy.org)*
* Coat of arms (of the Bishop), *Catholic Diocese of Saint George's in Grenada*
* Death of Bishop Vincent Darius OP, *NOW Grenada*, 26 April
* Caribbean Bishops meet , *Catholic News (Trinidad and Tobago)'', 10 April (front page)
Harry Wu

, January 18, 2011]]

**Harry Wu** (February 8, 1937 – April 26, 2016; ) was a Chinese-born American human rights activist.  Wu spent 19 years in Chinese labor camps. He was born in Shanghai. He was a resident and citizen of the United States. In 1992, he founded the Laogai Research Foundation. 

Among Wu's supporters was the AFL-CIO. In 1990, Senators Alan Cranston (D-Calif.), and Jesse Helms (R-N.C.) invited Wu to testify before the Senate on the laogai. In November 2008, Wu opened the Laogai Museum in Washington, D.C.. He called it the first ever United States museum to talk about human rights in China.

Wu died from a heart attack while on a trip in Tegucigalpa, Honduras on April 26, 2016, aged 79.
## Related pages 
*List of Chinese dissidents
## References
## Other websites
*The Laogai Research Foundation
Sergio Onofre Jarpa

**Sergio Onofre Jarpa Reyes**  (8 March 1921 – 19 April 2020) was a Chilean politician. He was born in Rengo.

Jarpa served as a member of the cabinet during the government of Augusto Pinochet. He served as Minister of the Interior from 1983 through 1985. Before becoming minister, Jarpa was a Member of the Senate from May 1973 through September 1973 and again from 1990 through 1994.

Jarpa died on 19 April 2020 at a nursing home in Las Condes, Chile of COVID-19, aged 99.

## References
## Other websites
Regulation 261/2004

**Regulation 261/2004** is a regulation by the European Commission providing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding, flight cancellations, or long delays of flights.

## References
Chub

**Chub** is a common fish name.  It is used for  a number of ray-finned fish in several families and genera. In Europe, the term "chub" usually refers to the European chub (*Squalius cephalus*).
Azure kingfisher

The **azure kingfisher** (*Alcedo azurea*) is a small kingfisher (), in the river kingfisher family, Alcedinidae. It lives in parts of Australia and Tasmania, as well as New Guinea and some nearby islands. Even out to North Maluku and Romang.

It is named for the azure color on its back. Its feet are red with only two front toes. White spots between the eyes and beak may help it scare predators.
The azure kingfisher lives at the side of bodies of water such as creeks, lakes, swamps, tidal estuaries and mangroves. It can dive quickly from a perch above water. It feeds on freshwater crayfish and small fish. It builds its nest in a chamber up to 1 meter long in a creek bank. 5–7 white, round eggs. Its call is a high-pitched, 'pseet-pseet'.

## References 
## Further reading
* Morcombe, Michael K. (2000): *Field Guide to Australian Birds*. Steve Parish Publishing, Archerfield, Australia. ISBN 1-876282-10-X
* Slater, Peter; Slater, Pat & Slater, Raoul (1989): *The Slater Field Guide to Australian Birds* (Revised Edition). Weldon, Sydney, Chicago. ISBN 0-947116-99-0
* Pizzey, Graham (1980): *A field guide to the birds of Australia*. Collins, Sydney. ISBN 0-00-219201-2
* Schodde R. & Mason I.J. (1976): Infra-specific variation in *Alcedo azurea* Latham (Alcedinidae). *Emu* **76**(1): 161–166.  (HTML abstract)
* Woodall, Peter: (2001): 77. Azure Kingfisher. *In:* del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors): *Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 6* (Mousebirds to Hornbills): 237, plate 19. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-30-X

## Other websites
Carlos Altamirano

**Carlos Altamirano Orrego** (December 18, 1922 &ndash; May 19, 2019) was a Chilean lawyer. He was one of the most influential politicians of Chilean socialism. He was the general secretary of the Chilean Socialist Party (PS). He served from 1971 through 1979. He was deputy from 1961 to 1965 and senator from 1965 to 1973. He was born in Santiago, Chile.

He escaped after Pinochet's coup d'état on September 11, 1973. He lived as a refugee in Cuba. As a young man he was an athlete, winning medals in the high jump event at the 1946 and 1947 South American Championships in Athletics. He returned to Chile after the end of Pinochet's dictatorship in 1993.

Altamirano died on May 19, 2019 in Santiago de Chile at the age of 96.

## Books
**Dialéctica de una Derrota* (1977) 
**Después de Todo* ("After Everything") 

## References
Tropical Storm Erika

**Tropical Storm Erika** in August 2015 was a very damaging and deadly tropical cyclone. The storm struck the Leeward Islands on August 27. More than USD$500 million in damage was caused by the storm.

More than 30 people died when the storm passed through the Caribbean.

Resulting from Erika's impact over the northeast Caribbean, the name *Erika* was retired in April 2016. The name was replaced with *Elsa* for 2021. Erika became the second storm name that was retired. Allison was the first one.

## References
Virisila Buadromo

in 2008]]
**Virisila Buadromo** (born 1972) is a human rights activist from Fiji. In 2008, she received the International Women of Courage Award. 

## Work 
In 2001, she became the Executive Director of the Fiji Women’s Rights Movement. This organization helps women by changing laws and policies.   Buadromo made the program larger by starting the Emerging Leaders Forum, a program for young women.

Buadromo is also chairperson of the Fiji NGO Coalition on Human Rights.

## Awards 
*Women Have Wings Courage Award, Oxfam, 2012. 
*International Women of Courage Award, U.S State Department, 2008.

## References
Toms (cartoonist)

**V. T. Thomas** (6 June 1929 – 27 April 2016) also known as **Toms**, was an Indian cartoonist. He was born in  from Kuttanad, India. He was as the creator of the cartoon characters *Boban and Molly*. He joined *Malayala Manaorama*, a popular daily in Kerala, in 1961.

Toms died in Kerala, India on April 27, 2016, aged 86.

## References
## Other websites
* Bobanum Moliyum Cartoons 
* Cartoon window 
* Artist Directory 
* The Hindu 
* Managing Intellectual Property 
* On TV
Igor Fesunenko

**Igor Fesunenko** (January 28, 1933 &ndash; April 28, 2016) was a Soviet and Russian journalist and writer. He was a professor at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. He was born in Orenburg.

From 1975 to 1979, he worked in Portugal. He then worked as a political columnist and host of such programs as  *Today in the World*,   *The Camera Looks Into the World*,  *International Panorama*, *Vremya*. In the early 1990s, he worked in Italy. He returned to Moscow in the late 1990s. 

Fesunenko died in Moscow, Russia on April 28, 2016, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Igor Fesunenko interview
Mustafizur Rahman

**Mustafizur Rahman** () is a Bangladeshi international cricketer. He is a Left-arm fast-mediumand a left-handed batsman.He was born in Satkhira, Khulna in Bangladesh.

## References 
## Other websites
* Mustafizur Rahman from ESPNcricinfo
* Mustafizur Rahman from CricketArchive
Barry Howard

**Barry Howard** (9 July 1937 – 28 April 2016) was an English actor. He was best known for his role as Barry Stuart-Hargreaves in the first seven series of the long-running BBC sitcom *Hi-de-Hi!*. He left the show and was replaced by Julian Dalrymple-Sykes, played by Ben Aris. He was born in Nottingham. He was also known for his roles in *Terry and June*, ''You Rang, M'Lord?*, *The House of Windsor* and *Dad''.

Howard died in Poole, Dorset from blood cancer on 28 April 2016, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Obituary - BBC
Jenny Diski

**Jenny Diski** FRSL (née **Simmonds**; 8 July 1947 – 28 April 2016) was an English writer. She was known for her works *Nothing Natural* and *Rainforest*.

Diski was born in London. She lived with author Doris Lessing for four years after being abused by her parents. Diski studied at University College London. She worked as a teacher during the 1970s and early 1980s. 

Diski was a regular contributor to the *London Review of Books*; the collections ''Don't* and *A View from the Bed*. She won the 2003 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award for *Stranger on a Train: Daydreaming and Smoking around America With Interruptions''.

In June 2014, Diski was told that she had at three years to live. In September 2014, she revealed that she had been diagnosed with lung cancer. She died on 28 April 2016 in London from the disease, aged 68.

## References