open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mary McElroy

**Mary Arthur McElroy** (July 5, 1841 &ndash; January 8, 1917) was the sister of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881&ndash;1885). She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.

## Early life
She was born in Greenwich, New York. Her parents were William and Malvina S. Arthur. Her parents had nine children, Mary being the last. In 1880, her brother Chester Arthur, became the Vice President of the United States. In July 1881, after the assassination of the President, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur became the president of the United States and he requested his sister to become "First Lady" during his term in office. 

## First Lady
In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president. In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881. Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House." Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess. The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.

McElroy presided over a number of events and honored former First Ladies Julia Gardiner Tyler and Harriet Lane, James Buchanan's niece and social hostess, by asking them to help her receive guests at the White House. McElroy's oldest daughter May and Arthur's daughter Nell often assisted. Her final reception took place on February 28, 1885, one week before the end of the Arthur administration: 3,000 people attended (including Adolphus Greely) and 48 daughters of officials and of the social elite assisted her.

## Personal life
When her brother retired as the President, Mary went to live in Albany, New York.

## Death
She died on January 8, 1917 at the age of 75 in Albany, New York.

## References
## Other websites
*Mary McElroy
Lucy Webb Hayes

**Lucy Ware Webb Hayes** (August 28, 1831 &ndash; June 25, 1889) was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes.

Lucy was nicknamed "Lemonade Lucy."  She did not serve alcohol in the White House.

## Early life
She was born in Chillicothe, Ohio. She was the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb. Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution. Her father died when she was a child. With her mother, she moved to Delaware, Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes.

Lucy Hayes studied at Ohio Wesleyan University. She was the first First Lady to graduate from college.

## The First Lady
As First Lady, Hayes supported her husband's ban of alcoholic beverages at state functions, excepting only the reception for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia in 1877, at which wine was served. She also instituted the custom of conducting an Easter egg roll on the White House lawn. A devout Methodist, she joined the president in saying prayers after breakfast and conducting group hymn sings with the cabinet and congressmen on Sunday evenings.

## Children
The Hayes had four sons and a daughter to live to their adulthood:
*Sardis “Birchard Austin” Birchard Hayes (1853–1926) 
*James Webb Cook Hayes (1856–1934) 
*Rutherford Platt Hayes (1858–1931) 
*Joseph Thompson Hayes (1861–1863)
*George Crook Hayes (1864–1866)
*Frances “Fanny” Hayes-Smith (1867–1950)
*Scott Russell Hayes (1871–1923) 
*Manning Force Hayes (1873–1874)

## In popular culture
*In the musical comedy *1600 Pennsylvania Avenue*, the First Lady sings the “Duet for One,” in which she transforms from Mrs. Grant into Lucy Webb Hayes.
*In the Lucky Luke comic book *Sarah Bernhardt*, which is set in the late 19th-century Wild West, President Rutherford B. Hayes's wife is portrayed as being one of many who strongly disapproves of the titular actress's tour of the United States, given her reputation for loose morality. Disguised as a man called “George,” the First Lady infiltrates Sarah’s entourage and sabotages their tour throughout the U.S., though she does come to accept Sarah when the French actress's charms and singing talent moves a tribe of hostile Indians.  "The president’s wife" is not mentioned by name in the book, and thus might be regarded as fictional, although she and her husband do resemble Rutherford and Lucy Hayes in many ways. Hayes himself is portrayed as a man who is very taken aback by his wife's hostility towards Sarah, and keeps making the same speech over and over again, even when there is no one there to listen to him.

## Death
She died of a stroke on June 25, 1889. When she died, people in the United States lowered the flag to half-mast.

## Other websites
*Lucy Ware Webb Hayes  - Official White House biography
*Lucy Hayes’ Civil War Letters 
*Lucy Hayes at Findagrave

## References
Frances Folsom Cleveland

**Frances Clara Folsom Cleveland** (July 21, 1864 – October 29, 1947) was the first lady of the United States from 1886 to 1889 and again from 1893 until 1897, as the wife of President Grover Cleveland. She was the first woman to serve two non-consecutive terms as first lady.

## Biography 
### Early life 
She was born in Buffalo, New York. Her parents were Emma C. Harmon and Oscar Folsom. Her father later became a law partner of Grover Cleveland. All of her ancestors were from England. Cleveland was a family friend to Oscar's family. After Oscar’s death, Cleveland looked after the family. He arranged for education of Frances Folsom. She studied at Wells College. Cleveland and Frances Folsom sent letters to each other.

### Marriage and family 
In 1885, Frances Folsom and her mother came to White House to meet Cleveland. Cleveland and Frances Folsom became close to each other, despite being around 27 years younger than Cleveland. On 2 June 1886, they married. This was the first and only couple to wed in the White House. When Frances Folsom became Mrs. Cleveland, she took the role of the First Lady. She gave two receptions every week. She became very popular.

### Personal life 
In 1888, Cleveland lost the election. The couple lived in New York City. There their first child Ruth was born. In 1893 Cleveland again became the president. Frances Folsom again became active as the First Lady. In 1893, she gave birth to a second child, Esther. In 1895, she bore a third child, named Marion. By the time Cleveland had retired, Frances Folsom had become a very popular First Lady.

The couple retired to live in Princeton, New Jersey. During this time, they had two sons. She was by her husband’s side when he died in 1908. In 1913, Frances remarried. Her second husband was Thomas J. Preston, Jr., a professor of archeology.

### Death 
Frances Folsom lived until the age of 83, and had become well known in the Princeton University community.
She died at age 83 in New Jersey. 

## Notes
## References
Ida Saxton McKinley

**Ida Saxton McKinley** (June 8, 1847&nbsp;– May 26, 1907), wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901.

## Early life
Ida Saxton was born on June 8, 1847 in Canton, Ohio. Her father was James A. Saxton, who was a rich banker. Her mother was Katherine "Kate" Saxton (née DeWalt). She was the oldest child in her family. She had a younger sister named Mary and a younger brother named George.  The Saxton family believed that women should have a good education. In 1867, Major William McKinley came to Canton to start his work as a lawyer. Ida and William McKinley came to know each other, and they fell in love. They married each other in 1871. While her husband devoted time to his work and career, Ida devoted time to her home and husband. 

She had a daughter on the Christmas Day of 1871. They named their daughter Katherine. She bore a second daughter in April 1873. Right before the daughter was born, Ida's mother died. At her funeral, Ida fell and badly hit her head. The second daughter died in August. Their first daughter died in July 1875. By this time, Ida had become very weak.

In 1877, her husband has become a Congressman. He them became a governor of Ohio. He always paid his attention to his wife and cared for her. She spent most of her time in a small Victorian rocking chair. This chair was with her since her childhood.

## The First Lady
When they entered the White House, Ida’s health was very weak. She took the role of the First Lady, but while seated in a blue velvet chair. She sat by the side of her husband during official dinners. The President kept a careful watch on her condition. At that time, very few people know of her bad physical condition. Only in recent years, people came to know of her bad physical condition. 

Just after his second term as the President of the United States, an assassin shot William McKinley. McKinley at that time also remembered his wife’s weak condition. He told his secretary: “My wife…be careful, how you tell her; oh, be careful.” 

After her husband’s death, Ida Saxton McKinley returned to Canton. Her younger sister cared for her. She visited her husband’s grave almost daily. She died in 1907. She lies buried by the side of her husband and their two daughters in Canton’s McKinley Memorial Mausoleum.

## Reference
**Original text based on White House biography *

## Other websites 
* Ida Mckinley - National First Ladies' Library
Caroline Harrison

**Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison** (October 1, 1832 - October 25, 1892) was the wife of Benjamin Harrison. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1889 until her death in 1892. 

Her birthplace was Oxford, Ohio. Her parents were Mary Potts Neal and Dr. John W. Scott. She met the young Ben when he was a student at Miami University. They married on October 20, 1853. They had three children. Their first child was Russell Benjamin (1854-1936). Their second child was Mary Scott (1856-1930). Their third child was a daughter, born in 1861. In the same year, their third child died. 

When her husband became the President of the United States in 1889, they both moved to the White House. Caroline gave stylish parties. She became sick with tuberculosis. She could not participate in social functions after that. She died of tuberculosis on October 25, 1892.
Biotechnology

**Biotechnology** is a technology that involves the use of living organisms. Biotechnology is mainly used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. In biotechnology, living organisms are used to make useful chemicals and products or to perform an industrial task.  The term is used for many ways of modifying biological organisms for the needs of humanity. It started with modifications of native plants into improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization. Bioengineering is the science upon which all biotechnological applications are based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.

Biotechnology has also made cloning (the process duplicating organisms) possible. A lot of people think that this is morally wrong while others think it could solve many diseases.

Biotechnology can be used to solve a great number of problems, ranging from product efficiency to reducing global warming.

## Related pages 
*Bioinformatics
*Genetic engineering
*Genetically modified food
*Nanotechnology

## References
Consonant

A **consonant** is a speech sound in which the air is at least partly blocked or any letter which represents this. Consonants may come singly (by themselves) or in clusters (two or more together), but must be connected to a vowel to form a syllable. All the letters of the English alphabet are both consonants and vowels.

Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does not match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.

Words with single consonants include:
* *Go* (CV), which has one consonant and one vowel in that order
* *On* (VC), which has one vowel and one consonant in that order
* *Ton* (CVC), which has a consonant, a vowel, and another consonant in that order

Words with consonant clusters include:
* *Pro* (CCV), which has two consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards
* *Old* (VCC), which has one vowel and two consonants in-a-row afterwards 
* *Spree* (CCCV), which has three consonants in-a-row and one vowel afterwards, and finally one consonant
* *Arcs* (VCCC), which has one vowel and three consonants in-a-row afterwards
* *Strengths* (CCCVCCCC), which has three consonants in-a-row, one vowel afterwards, and finally four consonants in a row

Consonants have friction when they are spoken, mostly using the position of the tongue against the lips, teeth and roof of the mouth. *b* and *p* are *plosives*, using the lips to produce a tiny sharp sound. Phonetics texts give more details, with diagrams. Consonants may be voiced or unvoiced. The th in *the* is voiced, but in *breath* is not.

*There are 21 consonant letters in English, for 24 consonant sounds in most English accents.p242 Because of the history of the English language, there is no neat one-to-one relationship between letter and sound. *th* and *ch* each stand for a single sound, and *x* in *fox* stands for two sounds (*ks*). All these letters are consonants:
:B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y and Z (and sometimes A, E, I, O and U). W and Y are often used as consonants, but they are sometimes used as vowels. For example, in the word *yellow*, Y is a consonant, but in the word *happy*, it is a vowel.

*The rest of the letters of the alphabet are called vowels. Vowels are undertone, for there are about 20 vowel sounds in most English accents.p237 The vowels are:
:A, E, I, O and U (and sometimes W and Y)

## List of consonants in IPA
### Labial
#### Bilabial
* [m̥] Voiceless bilabial nasal

* [m] Voiced bilabial nasal

* [p] Voiceless bilabial plosive

* [b] Voiced bilabial plosive

* [ɸ] Voiceless bilabial fricative

* [β] Voiced bilabial fricative

* [ʙ] Voiced bilabial trill

## References
F.C. United of Manchester

**FC United** are an English football team. They are from Manchester and were formed in 2005 by s when Malcolm Glazer bought Manchester United.

FC United of Manchester play their home matches at Broadhurst Park, Moston, Manchester. They play in the National League North. They have a First team, Reserve team, Under-18s team, and Women's team.

## Other websites 
*FC United of Manchester official website
Necessary

If something is **necessary**, it is very important, otherwise something will be impossible, or it will not work as it should do.  The opposite is **unnecessary**.

*To travel from Europe to America it is necessary to cross the ocean.
*A car is necessary for my work.  I can not do my work without a car.
*There is no need to do that.  It is quite unnecessary.

Something that is necessary is a **necessity**.
The "bare necessities of life" are things like food, clothes and shelter (things you need to keep alive).
Lübeck

**Lübeck** (, *Lübeek*; adjective: *lübsch*, *lübisch*, at the latest since the 19th century also *Lübeck*, ) is a city in the North of Germany, in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.
About 210,000 people live there. There is a university there.

The city's full name is *Hansestadt Lübeck* (Hanseatic city of Lubeck) in memory of its history. It was an important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period. As the *Free City of Lübeck*, the city was a state of the Weimar Republic. Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.

The most famous citizen is the author Günter Grass. He won the Nobel Prize in literature.

Luebeck has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Koeppen climate classification).

## References
## Other websites
Augsburg

**Augsburg** ( ,  , ; ) is a city in the South of Germany, in the state of Bavaria. It has about 272,000 inhabitants and a university. It was founded in the Roman age. In the time of Renaissance (after the Middle Ages) a family of bankers, the Fuggers, became very rich and powerful in Augsburg.

The Protestant Augsburg Confession was made in 1530.

In 1555, a peace agreement called The Peace of Augsburg between Catholics and Protestants was signed in Augsburg.

Augsburg has a humid continental climate (*Dfb* in the Köppen climate classification).

## References
## Other websites 
*
Münster

**Münster** (Münster dialect: *Mönster*, Dutch: *Munster*, Frisian: *Múnster*, , () is the historical capital of Westphalia and belongs now to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

About 308,000 people live there. There is an airport and a university.

Münster was very powerful in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The Westphalian Peace was signed in Münster.

## References 
## Other websites
Metronome

A **metronome** is a small device that can be used by people who are practising instruments to help them to play in time. It is also something a composer can use to show the performer what speed to play.

A traditional metronome works by clockwork. It has a pendulum which makes a loud tick as it goes to and fro, like the pendulum of a grandfather clock. It has to be wound up after a few minutes of ticking. There is a weight on the pendulum which can be slid up or down and set to a particular speed. There are numbers on the metronome to which you can set it. These numbers mean the number of ticks per minutes. A speed of 60 will make it tick 60 times a minute (i.e. every second). The numbers usually go from 40 (slow) to 208 (very fast). Nowadays many people use electronic metronomes. These are very accurate, do not need to be wound and often have other helpful things like an A to tune to (see musical tuning). Some of them are hardly bigger than a credit card.

The metronome was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in Amsterdam in 1812. A man called Johann Maelzel copied Winkel’s ideas and improved them. He made a small, portable metronome which was patented in 1816. 

The metronome made it possible for a composer to show the performer what speed he wanted. If the composer writes at the top of his music: Crotchet (quarter note) = 76, for example, then the metronome can be set at 76 and it will tick at the right speed for that piece of music. Sometimes they write "MM76". The "MM" stands for "Maelzel's Metronome". Beethoven was the first composer to use metronome markings, but he often gave very fast speed indications, and some people wonder whether he made mistakes or whether his metronome worked properly.

## Related pages
* Beat (music)
* Rhythm
Military–industrial complex

The **military–industrial complex** refers to the relationship between the government, the military, and the businesses that make things for the military. For example, the businesses can give money to politicians in elections.  Then, politicians give more money to the military.  Then, the military buys things from the businesses.  Each group gains something, so they try to keep doing the same thing.

The term was invented in the United States.  However, most countries have politicians and soldiers and people who make weapons and other military supplies; thus they have a military-industrial complex.

When there is a military-industrial complex, problems can happen.  The government can become corrupt.  A business might want the country to be at war because they make more money during war than during times of peace.

## Where the term came from
President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his farewell speech—the last speech he gave while he was the President.  He said, "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex."  This was a warning.  It means that people should be careful or the military-industrial complex will get too much power.

Today, the term is used a lot by people writing and talking about politics.  Especially when the subject is militarism in the United States.  It also appears in discussions about private military companies—businesses that commonly employ soldiers who have left the military.

## Related pages
* Constitutionalism
* Constitutional economics
* Rule according to higher law
* Roerich Pact
*Lockheed Martin 
*Prison–industrial complex
Organization

**Organization** (British English: **Organisation**) is the idea of putting things together in a logical order. The verb is "to organize".

An organization is a group of  who work together. Organizations exist because people working together can achieve more than a person working alone.  

To make sure people work together, organizations usually have leaders.

## References 
## Related pages
* Business
* Charitable organization
* International organization
* NGO
Weimar

**Weimar** is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia. About 60,000 people live there. It has a university.

Most famous citizens in the past were the German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller.

The city is well known for the Weimar Republic. It was founded in Weimar in 1919.

## References 
## Other websites
Trevor Hemmings

**Trevor James Hemmings** CVO (11 June 1935 &ndash; 11 October 2021) was a British billionaire businessman.  He lived in the Isle of Man.

Hemmings owned several race horses and the holiday company Pontins. He also owned Littlewoods, Blackpool Tower and had a £150 million stake in Scottish and Newcastle.

One of Hemmings' horses, "Hedgehunter", won the 2005 Grand National at Aintree.

Hemmings died on 11 October 2021, at the age of 86.

## References
Heidelberg

**Heidelberg** () is a city by the Neckar river in the south-west of Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

It has about 150,000 inhabitants. It has a well-known university. The old town and the castle of Heidelberg are well-known tourist attractions of Germany.

Heidelberg has an oceanic climate (*Cfb* in the Köppen climate classification).

## References
## Other websites
* Site of Heidelberg
* Heidelberg image gallery
Wuppertal

**Wuppertal** is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is next to Düsseldorf.

Wuppertal has about 360,000 inhabitants. It has a university.

A well-known tourist attraction is the Wuppertal Schwebebahn, a tram hanging about  above ground.

## References
## Other websites
Bielefeld

**Bielefeld** (; ) is a city in northwest Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Bielefeld has about 327,000 people living there. It has a university.

## Twin towns – sister cities
Bielefeld is twinned with:
*  Concarneau, France
*  Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
*  Estelí, Nicaragua
*  Nahariya, Israel
*  Rochdale, England, United Kingdom
*  Rzeszów, Poland
*  Veliky Novgorod, Russia

## References
## Other websites
Lucretia Garfield

**Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield** (April 19, 1832 &ndash; March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.

## Early life
She was born in Garrettsville, Ohio. Her father was Zeb Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and her mother was Arabella Mason-Rudolph. Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ. She was of German, Welsh, English and Irish ancestry. Lucretia Garfield's paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania (in a part that is now Delaware) from Württemberg, Germany.

## Marriage and family
She first met James A. Garfield while both were attending a school. They renewed their friendship in 1851 as students of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute. They got married on November 11, 1858.

## The First Lady
In 1881, Garfield became the President of the United States. The family moved into the White House. Even at the age of 49, she was slim and looked lovely. She was not very much interested in her role as the First Lady. But, she was a charming lady and hosted parties at the White House. In May 1881, she fell ill and was suffering from malaria. She was resting at Long Branch, New Jersey, and was yet to become fit. At that time, she heard the news that someone had shot President Garfield, her husband.  She rushed to Washington by train. On its way, the train met with an accident. She did not suffer any injury. When she reached Washington, she remained by the side of her husband. He could not remain alive and died after about three months.

## Personal life
After his death, she left for Ohio. There she lived for 36 years, and spent her time arranging and caring for the records of her husband’s career. A part of her home became a presidential library of her husband’s papers.

## Death
She died at her home in South Pasadena, California on March 13, 1918. Her casket was placed above ground beside the coffin of her husband in the lower level crypt of the presidential tomb at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.

## Other websites
*Find a Grave
*Lucretia Garfield White House biography
Utrecht (city)

**Utrecht** is a municipality in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the Province of Utrecht and lies in the midst of both the country and the province. About 358,000 were living there in 2020, which makes Utrecht the fourth-largest city in the Netherlands.

Utrecht is an important public transport junction, especially concerning the railways. It contains the largest university of the Netherlands called Utrecht University.

One of the main sights is the Domkerk, a cathedral that was built between 1321 and 1382. In of a storm in 1674, part of the cathedral was destroyed. This part was never rebuilt, so now the tower is separate from the rest of the church.

Utrecht is the main seat of the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands, the archbishop resides here.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Municipality of Utrecht
* Tourist information 
* FC Utrecht 
* Cathedral
Rhythm

**Rhythm** refers to the length of time between each major "beat", or accent, such as in a piece of music. It is the  of sounds and silences which make up the rhythm. The first beat of a group of regular, evenly spaced beats usually feels stronger than the others.  When we write music down, we put each group in bars (or “measures”). 

Rhythms can have different patterns which can be clapped or tapped.  In Western music, these patterns are common:  
***1** 2, **1** 2
***1** 2 3, **1** 2 3
***1** 2 3 4, **1** 2 3 4.

A conductor will beat time.  The rhythm will fit in to this regular beat.

All musicians have to have a good sense of rhythm.  To play or sing rhythmically they must keep a steady beat in their head (if playing alone), listen to the others players (if playing in groups) or watch the conductor (if there is one).

People who are playing on their own can practise with a metronome to help them to play to a steady beat.  However, musicians also use rubato (rhythmic freedom), especially when playing music of a romantic nature.  One has to learn to let the music “breathe” in the right way.  This is not the same as playing unrhythmically (badly).  It is something one learns with experience.

Feeling the rhythm in music is basically human.  A person who has a stroke may lose language, but not the sense of rhythm.  Neurologist Oliver Sacks says that chimpanzees and other animals do not have a sense of rhythm.

## Other uses 
The word *rhythm* is used in other topics than music.  The heart usually beats rhythmically, and when it does not, that is a sign of a health problem.  Rhythms may be about much longer time periods than a bar of music.  Everything living is rhythmic relating to the 24-hour light-dark cycle on earth.  The moon has its rhythms and the tides have theirs.

Sometimes the word rhythm is used in a more general sense to mean the general flow of music or of life in general ("the rhythm of life").

## Notes
Eindhoven

**Eindhoven** is a municipality in the south of the Netherlands. It is in the Noord-Brabant province. It has about 236,000 inhabitants (2021) and a well-known football team called P.S.V. Eindhoven.

## Other websites 
* The official international site of the city of Eindhoven 
* The city of Eindhoven on the Internet
* InternetGemeentegids Eindhoven over 1450 links 
* Photo history: Eindhoven in the 20th century 
* Eindhoven-in-Beeld 
* Regional Historical Centre RHC-eindhoven 
* The Van Abbe Museum of Modern Art
* Eindhoven University of Technology 
* Eindhoven-eertijds.tk 
* The City Stage 
* The Concert Hall
Nijmegen

**Nijmegen** is a city in Gelderland in the east of the Netherlands. It has about 177,000 inhabitants (2021) and a university, called Radboud University Nijmegen.

## References
Tilburg

**Tilburg** is a city in the south of the Netherlands. About 222,000 people live there (2021).

Tilburg is famous for its Schrobbeler, an alcoholic drink.

Tilburg University is in Tilburg.

## Other websites 
* Gemeente Tilburg
* Historie Tilburg
* Tilburgnet 
* Kaart van Tilburg 
* Carnaval Tilburg
Apeldoorn

**Apeldoorn** is a city in Gelderland in the Netherlands. It has about 160,000 inhabitants. The Het Loo Palace is in Apeldoorn. This was summer home of the Dutch Royal family.

## References
Zwolle, Netherlands

**Zwolle** is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 130,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies where the Vecht river flows into the IJssel river, on the eastern side of last one.

It lies also in the regions of Salland and IJsselvallei, and is the capital of Overijssel province.

Zwolle got city rights in 1230 and joined the Hanseatic League in 1294.

## References 
* Plaatsengids.nl
Haiphong

**Haiphong** is a city in the north of Vietnam.
It has about 400,000 inhabitants and a marine harbor.
About 1,700,000 people live in the district of Haiphong.
Haiphong is 120&nbsp;km away from Hanoi, Vietnam's capital, around 60 km away from Ha Long Bay, a popular tourist site, and very close to Cat Ba Island.

Haiphong is Vietnam's third most populated city, with only Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City having more people. It is one of six municipalities of Vietnam, meaning it is a city with the same status as a province.

Haiphong Port is the busiest seaport in northern Vietnam. The city has an international airport, Cat Bi Airport, which was used as an airbase for the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War.
Oldenburg (city)

**Oldenburg** (Low Saxon: *Ollnborg*, Low Saxon spelling: *Ollenborg*) is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony. It was formerly the capital of the old Grand Duchy of Oldenburg. 

It has about 160,000 inhabitants. It has a university.

## References
## Other websites
Groningen (city)

**Groningen** is a municipality in the north of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Groningen. It has about 233,000 inhabitants (2021) and a university, called the University of Groningen.

Since 2019, Haren and Ten Boer have been part of the municipality of Groningen.

Culture: Museums are in the city, such as Groninger Museum (picture).

## Well-known people 
* Pete Hoekstra (born 1953), former U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands

## Other websites 
* Official website
* Map and photos of Groningen
* Groningen Museum
Braunschweig

**Braunschweig** () is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.
It was probably founded in the 9th century. About 245,000 people live there. It has a technical university, the TU Braunschweig.

and it was the capital of the Duchy of Brunswick

## References 
## Other websites
Rhodes

**Rhodes** is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group. In Greek it is called *Rhodos*.

The largest cities are Rhodes City in the north and Lindos in the south-east.
About 125,000 people live on Rhodes. It has an international airport in Paradisi in the north, near to Rhodes (city). 

First settlement were on Rhodes at the 16th century before Christ.
Rhodes was an important Fort for the Knights of St. John in their war against the Turkish invasion. In 1644 the Turkish occupied Rhodes.

1912 Italy won the Dodecanese from Turkey, 1943 Germany took them over, 1945 the British. Since 1946 the islands have belonged to Greece.

Rhodes lives mostly on the tourism industry now.

## History
During antiquity, Rhodes was an ancient Greek state. Rhodes' people belonged to the Greek race of Dorians. In those days there were three important towns in the island - Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysos. Later, during the fourth century B.C., Rhodes city was founded. Between the third and first century B.C. Rhodes was a powerful state. 

In the first century, Rhodes was conquered by the Romans. Later it came under Byzantine rule. In the Middle Ages, it was conquered by the Knights of St. John, who were crusaders. They built the big castles in the city of Rhodes. Later, it came under Turkish rule, Italian rule and in the year 1946 was united with Greece.

## References
Crete

**Crete** is the largest of the Greek islands. It separates the Aegean Sea from the rest of the Mediterranean Sea.

Like the Fertile Crescent, Crete had rich soil, a warm climate, and plenty of water. With less time spent fighting to live, the Cretans began to make complicated things. From the wild crocus flowers which covered their island, the Cretans collected saffron used in yellow dye, in food, and in medicine. From the Egyptians, they received rich cloth and jewels. From the Hittites, they learned how to use iron. From the wealthy Lydians, they learned to use money. From Phoneicia, the Cretans received the alphabet which is used today.

In various later centuries the island was ruled in turn by ancient Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Venetians, Turks, and modern Greeks. 

## Cretan capital 
Cretans chose kings to rule over them for seven years each. The king was known as *Minos*, and the people *Minoans*. The capital of Crete was Knossos (nos' us). The palace of Knossos is well-known and is a labyrinth. Visitors were lost in the labyrinth unless they used a string behind them to find their way back. In this place, it was said that a Minotaur, half bull and half man, lived. Every year seven young men and seven girls were sacrificed to the Minotaur. Many scholars think sacrifices to a bull were made because the Cretans thought the sound of an earthquake was an angry bull.

The Cretans also worshiped the Great Mother Cybele, or Snake Goddess. Often, her picture was carved in statues with gold decorations and with snakes curled around the arms. Snakes were thought to protect houses, so each home had a special room for snakes. Sometimes a little table with  cut into it was put in a comfortable place so snakes could sip some milk from a cup.

### Games and art 
The Cretans loved games, food, athletics, music, and beautiful clothes. They were the first people to build stone theaters where many people were amused by parades and music. Girls could even help bullfighters. In bullfighting, the Minoans did not kill the bull, but the male fighter had to grab the horns of an attacking bull, throw himself on the back of the animal, and then land on the ground; the girl helped the bullfighter keep his balance.

### Clothes 
Women wore long, full skirts with very tiny waists, complicated hairstyles, and lots of jewelry. The men wore small belts around their waists. They shaved with stones, rubbed their teeth with pumice stone, and had their body hair burnt by a barber.

### Food 
The Cretans ate fish, birds, and beef. They had barley cooked in many ways and ate lots of cheese, nuts, and honey. They thought only  people drank cow's milk, so they drank goat's milk instead. The Cretans sang, played games, and guessed riddles. Even though they ate with their fingers, they had the food cut into tiny pieces before it was served.

## Cretan conquest 
The Cretans were peaceful people without fortifications to protect them from an attack. In about 1450 B.C., the Greek Mycenaeans captured Crete, after Knossos, Crete's capital, had been shaken by an earthquake.

## References 
## Other websites
Mallorca

**Majorca** (or **Mallorca)** is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is the largest of the Balearic Islands. About 869,067 people (as of January 1, 2010) live on Mallorca, making it the most populated island of Spain. Palma de Mallorca is the capital of Mallorca. Palma has a population of 375,000. Mallorca has one international airport, one university and its own subway. The economy of the island depends on the tourism industry.

Other important cities in Mallorca are Calvià (43.499), Manacor (35.908), Llucmajor (29.891), Marratxí (28.237), Inca (26.504), Felanitx (16.566), Pollença (15.987), Alcúdia (15.897) and Sóller (12.521).
Nha Trang

**Nha Trang** (no diacritics) is a city with about 350,000 inhabitants in the middle south of Vietnam.  Its name is spelled with no diacritics in the Vietnamese language.  It lives on tourism and fishing industry.

## Other websites
Tenerife

**Tenerife** is one of the seven Canary Islands. It is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital of the province being on the island. The other province in the Canary Islands is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. With 899.833 inhabitants, Tenerife is the most populated island of the Canary Islands and the second most populated island of Spain (after Mallorca).

The flag adopted by the island is that of a white St Andrew's cross on a navy blue background this is due to St Andrew being the patron saint of the island. 

Geologically it grew up from a volcano, the Teide. This volcano has had many violent eruptions over its very long history, the most recent of those eruptions took place in 1909.
Island capital is Santa Cruz de Tenerife, other important cities are Puerto de la Cruz, La Orotava, Arona, Adeje and San Cristóbal de La Laguna, all in the north of the island. Also important town of Candelaria, where they worship the patron saint of the Canary Islands, the Virgin of Candelaria.

The island is currently dependent on the tourism industry for much of its income.

Tenerife has two international airports, one in the south near the centres of tourism in Playa de Las Americas, Costa Adeje and Los Cristianos, and one in the north near Santa Cruz, which is where the world's worst plane disaster happened on March 27, 1977. Two Boeing 747 planes collided on the runway and killed 582

The biggest tourist attractions are the volcano Teide (top is more than 3,000 m above sea level) and the Loro Parque in Puerto de la Cruz.

## References
Huế

:*Not to be confused with Hue.*

**Huế** is a city in Central Vietnam. About 200,000 people live in the city of Huế. From 1802 to 1945 Huế was the capital city of Vietnam under the Nguyen Dynasty. Today people can visit the Imperial City, where the Nguyen emperors lived and ruled, and the tombs of the Nguyen emperors. Huế has an Medicinical University and is the seat of an archebishop.

The city is famous for food that is unique to the city, especially the dish Bún bò Huế.

It was also the place where the Battle of Huế was fought, which was one of the longest and deadliest battles in the Vietnam War.
Ingolstadt

**Ingolstadt** ( , ; Bavarian: *Inglstod* [ˈʔɪŋl̩ʃtɔːd] or *Ingoistod*, Latin: *Auripolis*) is a city in the German state of Bavaria near Munich. It is on the Danube river and has about 127,000 inhabitants.

## History 
In 1472, Bavaria's first university was founded in Ingolstadt. The Bavarian *Reinheitsgebot*, a regulation about the purity of beer, was started there in 1516. The car manufacturer Audi has its main base in Ingolstadt.

Ingolstadt is also the setting of Mary Shelley's famous novel *Frankenstein*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Karlsruhe

**Karlsruhe** (South Franconian: *Kallsruh*, Alemannic German: *Karlsrueh* or *Chaarlsruei*) is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

As of 2016, Karlsruhe has about 308,000 people.

The city lies on the eastern shore of the Rhine River and has a technical university, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.

France is close by, on the other side of the Rhine River, a few kilometers to the south.

Karlsruhe is the seat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany). 

The city was the capital of the former *Grand Duchy of Baden*. 

## Gallery 

Karlsruhe asv2022-10 img07 Schloss Karlsruhe.jpg|Karlsruhe Palace
Karlsruhe-Hauptbahnhof-04-2019-gje.jpg|Central railway station
Karlsruhe-Christuskirche-16-2021-gje.jpg|Christ church
Karlsruhe-Grenadierkaserne-20-2021-gje.jpg|Grenadier barracks
Karlsruhe-Haydnplatz-28-2021-gje.jpg|Haydn square
Karlsruhe-Klinikum-26-Pathologie-2021-gje.jpg|Municipal Hospital
Karlsruhe-Klinikum-38-Haltestelle-2021-gje.jpg|Tramway stop
Karlsruhe-Bundesverfassungsgericht-10-2021-gje.jpg|Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
Karlsruhe-Verwaltungsgericht-10-2021-gje.jpg|Administrative court

## References 
## Other websites 
* Karlsruhe.de
* Stadtwiki Karlsruhe
Rostock

**Rostock** (German pronunciation: [ˈʁɔstɔk]) is a city in the northeast of Germany. It is in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

Rostock has over 200,000 people (204,260 in December 2011). It has an old university (founded in 1419). The town is on the river Warnow. The mayor is Roland Methling. The city today has the name *Hansestadt* (Hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been an important part of the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region is influenced by this historic period.

Rostock is on the Baltic Sea. It has an important harbor. A district of the city, Warnemünde, is famous for its long beaches. It has a humid continental climate (*Dfb* in the Koeppen climate classification).

The most important football club of Rostock is F.C. Hansa Rostock. It is in the German Bundesliga.

Other major Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Lübeck, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.

## References 
## Other websites
Paderborn

**Paderborn** (, *Paterboärn*) is a city in the middle west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The name of the city derives from the river Pader and "born", an old German term for the source of a river. The river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral.
It has about 150,338 inhabitants  and a university.

Paderborn has a football club in the first men's league in Germany (SC Paderborn 07) and a basketball team in the 2nd German league (Paderborn Baskets).

Pope John Paul II visited Paderborn in 1996 and Pope Leo III visited Paderborn in 799.

Paderborn has got a very big cathedral. It was built by Charlemagne ("Karl der Große").

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Jena

**Jena** is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia. About 103,000 people live there. Jena has a university called Friedrich Schiller University.

## Geography 
Jena is partly in the middle hall valley between from mixed woodlands covered shelly limestone and sandstone slopes (geological phenomena are among other things the devil holes and the student chute). On them, numerous partially rare Orchideenarten occurs. From north to south Jena is  wide, and from east to west . The following larger cities are close to Jena: Gera, approx.  east, Erfurt, approx.  west, Weimar, approx.  west, Naumburg (Saale), approx.  northeast, is (Saale), to approx.  northeast, Leipzig, approx.  northeast and Chemnitz, approx.  east, Rudolstadt, approx.  south.

## References 
## Other websites 
* A traveller's review of Jena
* The University's website 
* University of Applied Science Jena website 

## Other websites
Kassel

**Kassel** is a city in Germany, in the state of Hessen.

It has about 195,000 inhabitants and a university.

Every 5 years there is an international arts exhibition *documenta* in Kassel. The best football team KSV Hessen Kassel plays in the Regionalliga, the fourth Division in Germany.

## References
His Holiness

**His Holiness** *(short form "HH")* is the official title to address (name) a leader of a religion. Catholics refer to the Pope using this style, while Buddhists use this when talking about the Tibetan Lamaist leader, the Dalai Lama.
Cottbus

**Cottbus** (Low Sorbian: *Chóśebuz*, Upper Sorbian: *Choćebuz*) is a city in the east of Germany, in the state of Brandenburg.
Cottbus has about 105,000 inhabitants and is the second largest city after Potsdam in Brandenburg. It lies southeast of Berlin on the River Spree. There are two universities, the Brandenburgische Technische Universität (BTU) and the Hochschule Lausitz.

## Boroughs of Cottbus 
* (1) Mitte (Srjejź)
* (2) Neu und Alt Schmellwitz
* (3) Sandow (Žandow)
* (4) Spremberger Vorstadt
* (5) Ströbitz (Strobice)
* (6) Sielow (Žylow)
* (7) Saspow (Zaspy)
* (8) Merzdorf (Žylowk)
* (9) Dissenchen (Dešank)
* (10) Branitz (Rogeńc)
* (11) Madlow (Modłej)
* (12) Sachsendorf (Knorawa)
* (13) Döbbrick (Depsk)
* (14) Skadow (Škodow)
* (15) Willmersdorf (Rogozno)
* (16) Kahren (Korjeń)
* (17) Kiekebusch (Kibuš)
* (18) Gallinchen (Gołynk)
* (19) Groß Gaglow (Gogolow)

## References 
## Other websites
Mönchengladbach

**Mönchengladbach** (Low Franconian: *Jlabbach*, *Jelabbach*) is a city in the very west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It is 35 km from Düsseldorf and 15 km from the Netherlands away.
It has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known soccer team, Borussia Mönchengladbach.

## Famous people who were born in Mönchengladbach 
* Joseph Goebbels (1897–1945), Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany
* Horst-Dieter Höttges (1943–2023), footballer
* Günter Netzer (born 1944), footballer
* Jupp Heynckes (born 1945), footballer and manager
* Beatrix Philipp (1945–2019), a German politician
* Helmut Kremers (born 1949), footballer
* Walter Moers (born 1957), comic creator and writer
* Michael Frontzeck (born 1964), footballer
* Nick Heidfeld (born 1977), Formula One driver
* Marcell Jansen (born 1985), footballer
* Isabell Herlovsen (born 1988), Norwegian footballer
* Marc-André ter Stegen (born 1992), footballer

## References
Da Nang

**Da Nang** is the biggest city in Central Vietnam and the fourth largest city in Vietnam. It has about 870,000 people (2010). The city is built by the Han River (Vietnam) and Vietnam's central coast.

Da Nang is also emerging as a leading medical tourism hub in Asia, known for advanced procedures in dentistry, aesthetics, and ophthalmology. According to Dr. Tran Quoc Bao, Senior Advisor of Asian Hospital & Healthcare Management and a Top Ten Best Hospital Chief Executive Officer in Asia, the city is redefining healthcare travel by blending world-class medical expertise with luxury leisure experiences.

Nearby is Hoi An, a popular tourist town, and Hue, Vietnam's former capital. It is connected to Hue by the Hai Van Pass, a well-known national highway and popular tourist spot.

It is a popular city for tourism, both in-country and international, because of its beaches.

Its airport, Da Nang International Airport, used to also be used as airbase to fight against North Vietnam and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.

The city was a part of Quang Nam province until 1997, when the Vietnamese government decided to make the city its own municipality, or an area directly ruled by the central government. Today, it is one of Vietnam's five municipalities. The other municipalities are Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Haiphong, and Can Tho.

Da Nang Port is Vietnam's third largest port and the largest port in Central Vietnam. Since it is close to the ocean and since there is little farmland, the city's economy makes much more money from fishing than from farming.

Popular tourist attractions include the Ba Na Hills, the Golden Bridge, the Da Nang Sun Wheel, the Marble Mountains, and the Dragon Bridge.

Special food and drinks include mì Quảng noodles, bánh xèo, bún chả cá, snails, avocado ice cream, and coconut coffee. Food from Hue and Hoi An are also popular in Danang. 

Other Chamic sources, with similar definitions, have been proposed. Inrasara (aka Phú Trạm), a researcher specializing in Champa, suggests *Da Nang* is a variation of the Cham word *daknan* (lit. "the large water"); Sakaya (aka Văn Món), another Champa researcher, claims a connection with the Raglai word *danang*, meaning "river source".
Kaiserslautern

**Kaiserslautern** (; ) is a city in the southwest of Germany, in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It has about 100,000 inhabitants, a university and a well-known soccer team.

## References
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