Anne Anastasi

**Anne Anastasi** (December 19, 1908 – May 4, 2001) is one of the founders of American Psychology and contributed to Psychometrics. She helped improve psychological testing. She wrote a textbook, *Psychological Testing*, which is still used today. She made psychological testing more reliable and personal. She also helped improve the number of women in going into psychology.
## Biography
### Early life
Anne Anatasi was born on December 19th 1908 in New York City. Anne's father was Anthony Anastasi and her mother was Theresa Gauiosi.  

Anne refined her theory on Heredity and Environment and wrote a paper to the American psychological association to talk about how genes and environment effect psychological testing and what future actions should be taken. She talks about how the past research on heredity and environment has been lacking because of faulty research.
* 1977 – Distinguished Service to Measurement from the Educational Testing Service 
* 1954 – Psychological Testing 

The person giving the test plays a big role in the proper and effective application of psychological testing. She believed there is a developing range of disabilities which interacts with the results of the test.  

Bouchard and Mcgue (1981) looked at twins and how they were raised, whether it was in the same home or different homes. The study concluded that identical twins who were raised in separate homes had more similar intelligence test scores than fraternal twins raised in separate homes.  Polmin, Fulker, Corely, and Defries (1997) found that adoptive children's intelligence scores are highly correlated with their biological parents suggesting that IQ is based on genetics instead of environment.
### Evidence for environment 
There are some researchers who believe intelligence testing results is due to environmental factors. One way researchers came to this conclusion is by conducting twin and adoption studies. In the same study conducted by Bouchard and Mcgue (1981), found that identical twins who were raised with their biological parents had better intelligence scores than those twins living with adoptive parents.  Waldman, Weinberg, and Scarr (1994) studied adoptive children and found that those raised by their poor biological parents had lower intelligence scores than those raised by adoptive middle-class families.

Malnutrition during a pregnancy and the early years of a child's life limits the neurological development of a child.  Ricciuti (1993) and Rose (1994) found that malnutrition which caused neurological effects has long term impact on a child's cognitive development and intelligence. Sigman and Whaley (1998) found that adverse effects of malnutrition have more damaging effects which affect attention, memory, abstract reasoning, and general school achievement.
#### Effects of chemical exposure
Different types of toxic substances that are present during pregnancy or early post pregnancy environments can have damaging effects on a child's intelligence scores.  A study completed by Michel (1989), Neisser (1996), Streussguth (1994), Vogel (1997), and Vorhess (1987) showed that alcohol, drugs, radiations, lead based paint dust affected the neurological development which contributed to the lower scores of children's intelligence scores.

Children who grow up in home environments that have poor financial resources and low levels of education are correlated with low intelligence scores.  Bradely and Calwell (1984) did correlational studies which showed that a stimulating home environment is associated with higher intelligence scores. These researchers said that those children who had frequent interactions with their parents, had access to many learning and reading materials and were encouraged to grow new skills were better off.
  
The Flynn Effect is a recent trend found in how general intelligence scores of the population have increased over time.  Flynn (1987,1999,2003) discovered that the recent changes in the industrialized world has increased peoples average psychological test performances.

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