open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Green Party of the United States

The **Green Party of the United States** (**GPUS**) is a left-wing political party in the United States. The Green Party nominated Dr. Jill Stein as its candidate for President of the United States in 2012, and again in 2016. The party focuses on issues such as social justice and environmentalism.  It is the sixth largest party in the country, following the American Independent Party, Libertarian Party, and the New York Independence Party.

## Related pages
* List of political parties in the United States
* Ajamu Baraka
* Cynthia McKinney
* Jill Stein
* Howie Hawkins
* Angela Nicole Walker

## References
## Other websites 
*Green Party official website
Far-Western Development Region, Nepal

**Far-Western Development Region** ( - **Sudur Pashchimānchal Bikās Kshetra**) was one of Nepal's five development regions. It was at the western end of the country. Its headquarters were at Dipayal Silgadhi.

## Geography
The Far-Western Development Region had the Mid-Western Development Region to the east, Uttar Pradesh (India) to the south, Uttarakhand (India) to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.

It was the smallest Development Region of Nepal with an area of . It had the lowest population, with 2,552,517 people in 2011. Its population density was the second lowest of all the regions, with 130.6 persons/km2.

The highest mountain in the region was the **Api Peak**, with  high; it is in the Darchula district. Other high mountain is **Saipal**,  high, in the Bajhang district.

The most important rivers in the Far-Western Development Region were the **Seti** and the **Mahakali** (*Sharda* in India) rivers; both rivers are tributaries of the Karnali river.

## Cities
The main city in the region was Mahendranagar, the eighth largest city of the country, at about  from the border of India.

Other cities of this region were Dipayal Silgadhi, Dhangadhi, Baitadi (Khalanga, Baitadi), etc.

## Administrative subdivisions
The region had 2 zones with a total of 9 districts:

## References
## Related pages
*Development regions of Nepal
*Districts of Nepal
*Zones of Nepal

## Other websites
* Administrative Division of Nepal - Geonames
* Sudur Pashchimanchal
Dwarf

**Dwarf** may refer to:
*Dwarf (mythology), a type of legendary creature from Germanic mythology and folklore
Dvergr, creatures in Norse mythology
*A person or animal with dwarfism

## Other uses
*Dwarf planet
*Dwarf galaxy

## Related pages
*Gnome
* (including many names of plants or animals)
Morien

**Morien** is a character from Arthurian legend. He is the main character of *Morien* (or *Moriaen*), a 13th-century Arthurian romance in Middle Dutch. He is the son of one of the Knights of the Round Table, whose name was Aglovale.
Oriented strand board

**Oriented strand board**, commonly called **OSB**, is a type of particle board which is made of carefully positioned strands of wood. Aspen and other similar woods are cut into long strands parallel to the grain of the wood. It is manufactured into sheets made up of wood strands, wax, and resin adhesives. Sheets are formed under pressure and heat.
* OSB-3 is designed the same, but is for use in wet areas.

## References
## Related pages
* Plywood
* Engineered wood
* Particle board
* Waferboard

## Other websites
* APA - The Engineered Wood Association: OSB 
* Kronospan Worldwide: OSB
Emilia Plater

**Emilia Plater** was a Polish-Lithuanian noblewoman and revolutionary.  

Plater led soldiers in several engagements during the November Uprising in the Polish-Russian Wars of 1830-1831.  She became ill toward the end of the Uprising and died.

Though she did not fight in any large battles, her story inspired many works of art and literature. She is a national heroine in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus, all formerly parts of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

## Other websites
Philip Short

**Philip Short** (born on 17 April 1945) is an English journalist. He studied at Queens' College, Cambridge between 1963 and 1966. After his graduation, he spent from 1967 to 1973 as a freelance journalist, first in Malawi, then in Uganda. He then joined the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) as a foreign correspondent in Moscow and other places. He is an author of many books, such as biographies of Mao Zedong, *Mao: A Life*, and of Pol Pot, *Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare*. He now lives in France. *Putin* is published by Bodley Head in June 2022.

## Reference
Affinity

In law, **affinity** is the kinship relationship that exists between two or more people as a result of somebody's marriage. It is different from consanguinity (blood relationship). More commonly, they are known as , as affinity is usually signified by adding  to a degree of kinship.

In law, affinity may be used to  incestuous sexual relations. It may also be  in preventing some couples from marrying. Which relationships are prohibited varys from country to country, and from time to time. In some countries, especially in the past, the prohibited relationships were based on religious laws.  In earlier laws, affinity was used in the same degrees as consanguinity in prohibiting marriages.

Though, laws vary considerably, affinity does not always cease with the death of one of the marriage partners through whom affinity is traced. It does not always end with the divorce of the marriage partners. In addition to kinship by marriage, "affinity" can sometimes also include kinship by adoption and step relationship.

## Related pages
* Affinity (canon law)
* Consanguinity
* Kinship

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Can In-laws marry in the Church?
OFK Bačka

**F.K. Bačka** is a football club which plays in Bačka Palanka, Serbia.

## History
The club was founded in 1945. Its stadium, Vava Slavko Maletin, can hold 5,500 people.  It opened on 7 July 1951. The first time Bačka was ranked in the Second Federal League was in the 1959/1960 season, and again in 1988/1989. One of their best seasons was when they were in the Yugoslav Cup quarterfinal in 1969, losing to Hajduk Split 2:1. The club has also taken part in the national finals, the most recent time being in 1993/1994 when they lost to Nis Workers.

## References
Captain Phillips (movie)

***Captain Phillips*** is a 2013 action thriller movie based on the true events of the Maersk Alabama hijacking in 2009. It stars Tom Hanks, Faysal Ahmed and Barkhad Abdi. The movie is based on the book by Captain Richard Phillips ''A Captain's Duty: Somali Pirates, Navy SEALs, and Dangerous Days at Sea'' (2010). It was released to positive reviews on October 11, 2013. Barkhad Abdi received an Oscar nomination.
Consanguinity

**Consanguinity** ("blood relation", from the Latin *consanguinitas*) means being of the same kinship as another person. Consanguinity also means being ed from the same ancestor as another person.  The laws of many jurisdictions set up degrees of consanguinity when ing sexual relations and marriage. Rules of Consanguinity are also used to determine heirs of an estate. These are according to laws that govern intestate succession. These vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

## History 
Most cultures have prohibited marriages between individuals who are closely related by blood (consanguinity). There were some s. Brothers and sisters, as well as fathers and daughters, often married in ancient Egypt. These were primarily limited to the royal family from the earliest times. 

### Roman civil law 
In ancient Rome, marriage was governed by civil laws. Under Roman civil law couples were forbidden to marry if they were within four degrees of consanguinity. The Germanic peoples also had rules against such marriages but were not as strict. 

### Medieval Europe 
In the 5th century, after the Roman empire collapsed, the church took over regulating marriage. At first they did not have a great deal of influence. The Church's power over marriage grew gradually. At first the Church followed Roman civil law. They also changed the method by which they were calculated. In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council reduced the number of prohibited degrees of consanguinity from seven back to four. The pope had the power to waive the rules for particular couples. In 1049 Pope Leo IX refused to allow the marriage. He did not give a reason but the two were cousins.

## Common ancestor 
The degree of consanguinity can be d with a **consanguinity table**. Each level of lineal consanguinity (*i.e.*, generation or meiosis) appears as a . Individuals with a collaterally consanguineous relationship share the same row. Consanguinity (blood relationship) is different from Affinity (relationship through marriage) but have been prohibited in the same degrees in the past.

## Genetic definitions
## Related pages 
* Incest
* Kinship
* Affinity
* Cognatic kinship
* Cousin
* Inbreeding
* Endogamy

## Notes 
## References
University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo

The  is a university for women in Tokyo. It is a Catholic university. Empress Michiko is a former student.

## Other websites
*Sacred Heart University
Socialist Party of Great Britain

The **Socialist Party of Great Britain** is a British socialist political party started in 1904. It opposed World War I and World War II and all subsequent wars. It opposed the Soviet Union.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
World Socialist Party of the United States

The **World Socialist Party of the United States** (WSPUS) is a political party founded in 1916. It split from the Socialist Party of America. It opposes all war and opposed the Soviet Union.
## References
Darren Pang

**Darren Robert "Panger" Pang** (born February 17, 1964) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender and hockey media personality.

## Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Pang played for the Belleville Bulls and Ottawa 67's of the OHL. He played 1 game with the Chicago Blackhawks and then played 3 seasons in the IHL for the Milwaukee Admirals and Saginaw Generals. He also played 7 games with the Nova Scotia Oilers of the AHL. Standing at 5'5", Pang was the 2nd shortest goalie behind only Roy "Shrimp" Worters to play in the NHL.

He returned to the Blackhawks during the 1987-88 NHL season. He played with them for 2 seasons before ending his playing career in the IHL after playing 2 seasons with the Saginaw Hawks and 7 games with the Indianapolis Ice.

After retiring he became the assistant coach for the University of Notre Dame for 3 years and was the goalie coach for the Indianapolis Ice for 2 years.

## Broadcasting
He is currently a color commentator for the Chicago Blackhawks TV broadcasts and TNT. Before becoming the color commentator for the Blackhawks, Pang was the color commentator for the Phoenix Coyotes, St. Louis Blues, and a part-time analyst with TSN. He is also an "Inside the Glass" reporter for regular season and playoff action for NHL on NBC. Pang also contributes to Home Ice, XM Satellite Radio's all-hockey channel. He was a former top analyst for ESPN National Hockey Night and NHL on ABC for which he broadcast over 95 Stanley Cup Finals games on National TV.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Lawrence Klein

**Lawrence Robert Klein** (September 14, 1920 &ndash; October 20, 2013) was an American economist of Jewish descent. He became a well-known economist for his work in creating computer models to forecast economic trends in the field of econometrics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1980 for his discovery.

Klein was born on September 14, 1920 in Omaha, Nebraska. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. and at the University of California, Berkeley.

Klein married Sonia Adelson during the 1950s. They had three daughters and one son. Klein died on October 20, 2013 in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania from natural causes, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Lawrence Klein
* Economists for Peace and Security
* IDEAS/RePEc
Robert Solow

**Robert Merton Solow** (August 23, 1924 &ndash; December 21, 2023) was an American economist. He was known for his work on the theory of economic growth that grew in the exogenous growth model. It was named after him. He was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal (in 1961) and the 1987 Nobel Prize in Economics. He won the Nobel Prize for studying how countries grow economically.

Solow was born on August 23, 1924 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Harvard University. Solow married Barbara Lewis in 1945. They had two sons and one daughter.

Solow died on December 21, 2023, at his home in Lexington, Massachusetts, at the age of 99.

## References
## Other websites
* Video Interview with Solow from NobelPrize.org
* Articles written by Solow for the New York Review of Books
* Robert M. Solow – Prize Lecture
* Solow in the Tropics. By John Toye. *History of Political Economy*, 41, 1: 221–240
* IDEAS/RePEc
* Robert M. Solow Papers, 1951–2011 and undated. Rubenstein Library, Duke University.
Particle board

**Particle board**, also known as particleboard and **chipboard**, is a wood product made from chips of wood or sawdust. It is mixed with resin or glue (both adhesives), then, under pressure and heat, pressed into uniform sheets. Particle board is used in building construction and furniture making. It is cheaper to make than plywood but not as strong. Type 1 particle board expands when exposed to moisture. For that reason it is not usually recommended to be used outdoors. Type 2 particle board uses waterproof glues and can be used outdoors.

## References
## Related pages
* Plywood
* Engineered wood
* Oriented strand board
* Waferboard

## Other websites
* Composite Panel Association: Particleboard 
* European Panel Federation: Particleboard
Robert D. Maxwell

**Robert Dale Maxwell** (October 26, 1920 &ndash; May 11, 2019) was a former United States Army soldier from Idaho. 

He is a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. He received this honor for his actions in World War II. After the death of Nicholas Oresko on October 4, 2013, Maxwell became the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient.

Maxwell was born on October 26, 1920 in Boise, Idaho. He studied at Bend Senior High School. Maxwell now lives in Bend, Oregon, and is the only living Medal of Honor recipient in that state.

## References
## Other websites
* CNN iReport Interview 
* Interview  at the Pritzker Military Library
Walter D. Ehlers

**Walter David Ehlers** (May 7, 1921 &ndash; February 20, 2014) was a former United States Army soldier. Ehlers received the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II.

Ehlers was the last living Medal of Honor recipient who fought at Omaha Beach on D-Day.

Ehlers' brother Roland died at Omaha Beach when his landing craft was hit by a mortar shell.

## References
## Other websites
*Interview at the Pritzker Military Library on December 5, 2007
*Interview  at the Pritzker Military Library on July 21, 2011
Guttermouth

**Guttermouth **is an American punk rock band. They formed in 1988 in Huntington Beach, California. They are signed to Hopeless Records. They have released nine full-length albums and two live albums. They are infamous for their outrageous lyrics and deliberately explicit behavior. This behavior has resulted in high-profile problems for the band, such as being banned from performing in Canada for eighteen months and leaving Warped Tour in 2004 due to conflicting political views and attitudes towards other musicians.

## References
The Exorcist (movie)

***The Exorcist*** is a 1973 American supernatural horror movie directed by William Friedkin. It is based on the 1971 book by William Peter Blatty and is also based on the true events by 1949 exorcism case of Ronald Doe. It stars Max von Sydow, Ellen Burstyn, Jason Miller and Linda Blair with William O'Malley. It was released to positive reviews on December 26, 1973. The film is rated R.

In 2010, the Library of Congress selected The  Exorcist into the United States National Film Registry.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Bud Adams

**Kenneth Stanley "Bud" Adams, Jr.** (January 3, 1923 – October 21, 2013) was an American businessman. He owned the Tennessee Titans. He was chairman and CEO of Adams Resources & Energy Inc., a wholesale supplier of oil and natural gas. Adams was not a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

## Life 
Adams was born was on January 3, 1923 in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. He studied at Culver Military Academy, at Menlo College, and at the University of Kansas.

Adams married Neville Adams from 1947 until her death in 2009. They had two daughters and one son. Adams died on October 21, 2013 in Houston, Texas from natural causes, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Tennessee Titans profile
Georges Descrières

**Georges Descrières** (15 April 1930 – 19 October 2013) was a French actor. He appeared in 52 movies and television shows between 1954 and 1996. He starred alongside Anna Karina in the 1962 movie *Sun in Your Eyes* and portrayed the gentleman-burglar titular character in the internationally successful TV series *Arsène Lupin*.

He was appointed an Officer of the Legion of Honour in January 2004 and appointed Grand Officer of the National Order of Merit in May 2011.

Descrières died of cancer in Cannes, France on 19 October 2013, aged 83.

## Some movies
* *The Three Musketeers* (1961)
* *Tonight or Never* (1961)
* *Sun in Your Eyes* (1962)
* *Two for the Road* (1967)
* *A Flea in Her Ear* (1968)
* *Mon Curé Chez les Nudistes* (1982)

## References
## Other websites
*
Nina Davuluri

**Nina Davuluri** (born April 20, 1989) is the Miss America for 2014. She is the first Indian-American to become a Miss America and to be Miss New York. Shortly after the crowning, Davuluri went through some controversy and backlash generated by social media. Davaluri was born in Syracuse, New York.

## References
2 Live Crew

**2 Live Crew** is a hip hop group from Miami, Florida. The group became known for obscenity, dirty rap lyrics and serious controversy. The group was established in 1984. They officially broke up in 1998 and reunited about 10 years later. Their studio album *As Nasty as They Wanna Be* caused major uproars. Several songs from the album, in particular, had very sexual lyrics.
Adam Munro

**Adam Munro** (born November 12, 1982) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender that currently plays for HC TWK Innsbruck of the EBEL.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Munro played 4 years with the Erie Otters and 1 season with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of the OHL.

He was drafted with the 29th overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry draft by the Chicago Blackhawks. He played 17 games with the Blackhawks and spent most of his time with their-then AHL affiliate team, Norfolk Admirals.

In 2006, Munro was signed as a free agent by HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League A. He played a season with them and returned to North America to play for the Columbus Blue Jackets' AHL affiliate, Syracuse Crunch. He played 25 games for them and then played for the Toronto Maple Leafs' AHL affiliate, Toronto Marlies. After playing 40 games with the Marlies between two seasons, Munro left North America again to play for HC Sibir Novosibirsk of the KHL.

Munro would play 4 games in the KHL and 1 season in the Elite.A with SG Cortina before heading to the EBEL. In the EBEL, he has also played 2 seasons with Alba Volán Székesfehérvár.

## Other websites 
*
Jack Norris

**John Wayne "Jack" Norris** (born August 5, 1942) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

## Career
In the NHL, Norris played 23 games for the Boston Bruins, 10 games for the Chicago Black Hawks and 25 games for the Los Angeles Kings. He spent most of his playing career in the minor leagues. He played 2 seasons for the Alberta/Edmonton Oilers and 2 seasons with the Phoenix Roadrunners of the World Hockey Association before retiring after the 1975-76 WHA season.

## Other websites 
*
*
Johannes Müller

**Johannes Peter Müller** (14 July 1801 – 28 April 1858), was a German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. In 1833 he became Professor of physiology at the University of Berlin.

In the later part of his life he chiefly devoted himself to comparative anatomy. Fishes and marine invertebrates were his favourite subjects. He took 19 trips to the Baltic and North Sea, the Adriatic and the Mediterranean to investigate salt-water life.

He authored a comprehensive work on the anatomy of amphibians, which in his era including reptiles. Also, he described several new species of snakes.

Müller mentored some distinguished physiologists and biologists, including Hermann von Helmholtz, Emil du Bois-Reymond, Theodor Schwann, Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, Carl Ludwig and Ernst Haeckel. In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1854.

## Books 
* Müller, Johannes 1837–1840. *Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen* (Human physiology), 3rd ed. 2 vols. Coblenz: Hölscher.
* Müller, Johannes 1838. *Ueber den feinern Bau und die Formen der krankhaften Geschwülste* (On the structural details of malignant tumors). Berlin: G. Reimer, unfinished – a pioneering use of microscopical research in the investigation of pathological anatomy.
Douglass North

**Douglass Cecil North** (November 5, 1920 &ndash; November 23, 2015) was an American economist. He is known for his work in economic history. In 1993, he received the Nobel Prize in Economics.

In the words of the Nobel Committee, North and Robert Fogel were awarded the prize "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change."

North was one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

North was born on November 5, 1920 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Washington University in St. Louis, and Stanford University, at the University of Washington, and at Cambridge University. North has three sons from a failed marriage. 

North died on November 23, 2015 at his summer house in Benzonia, Michigan the age of 95 from esophageal cancer.

## References
## Other websites
* 1993 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics 
* CNISS 
* Hoover Institution homepage
* Douglass C. North – Autobiography
* IDEAS/RePEc
* http://www.edegan.com/pdfs/North%20(1991)%20-%20Institutions.pdf
* http://www.getcited.org/pub/101883793
1556 Shaanxi earthquake

The **1556 Shaanxi earthquake** was a very destructive and deadly earthquake that occurred on the morning of 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, during the Ming Dynasty. It killed around 830,000.0 people, making it the deadliest earthquake in human history by number of deaths. 

More than 97 counties in the provinces of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu and Anhui were affected. The earthquake destroyed a  area. In some counties, 60% of the population was killed. It had a magnitude of around 8.0.

At the time, many people in that area lived in homes they made from artificial caves. Loess, the material that made these caves, is known to be very weak and can cause landslides. Scholars believe that is why so many people had died.

## References
## Other websites
* Ruins of Hua County Earthquake
Sobolev space

The **Sobolev space** is a function space in mathematics. These functions all have a norm.  This norm is a combination of *Lp*-norms of the function together with its derivatives up to a given order. The derivatives are understood in a suitable weak sense to make the space complete, i.e. a Banach space. Intuitively, a Sobolev space is a space of functions with sufficiently many derivatives for some application domain, such as partial differential equations,. They are equipped with a norm that measures both the size and regularity of a function.  

Sobolev spaces are named after the Russian mathematician Sergei Sobolev. Their importance comes from the fact that weak solutions of some important partial differential equations exist in appropriate Sobolev spaces, even when there are no strong solutions in spaces of continuous functions with the derivatives understood in the classical sense.  

The space is very useful to look at for partial differential equation. The spaces may be  by smooth functions. It is used by mathematicians. There is a strong relation between Soblev space and Besov space.  

Sobolev spaces are named for the Russian mathematician Sergei Sobolev in the 1930s. His space has many uses. They are most used for understanding the solutions of ordinal differential equations and partial differential equations. According to the applications above, there were questions on how to characterize the space using classical functions. These questions were answered in 1964, by Meyers and Serrin.

## Introduction and definition 
Meyers and Serrin's theorem is well known for how to characterize to Sobolev spaces by collection of functions can classical derivative up to given oder same as order of distributional derivative of the Sobolev space. In this section, we shall first recall that definition of Sobolev spaces and set to several preliminaries as follows.

:  W^{m,p}(\Omega) = \left \{ u \in L^p(\Omega) : D^{\alpha}u \in L^p(\Omega) \,\, \forall |\alpha| \leq m \right \}. 
Here, Ω is an open set in ℝ*n* and 1&nbsp;≤&nbsp;*p*&nbsp;≤&nbsp;+∞.  The natural number *m* is called the order of the Sobolev space *Wk,p*(Ω).
Kenneth Arrow

**Kenneth Joseph Arrow** (August 23, 1921 &ndash; February 21, 2017) was an American economist. He won the Nobel Prize in Economics with John Hicks in 1972. Until 2019, he was the youngest person to have received this award, at 51.

## Early life
Arrow was born on August 23, 1921 in New York City, New York. He studied at the City College of New York and at Columbia University. Arrow married Selma Schweitzer in 1947. They had two sons.

## Career
In economics, he was thought be an important figure in post-World War II neo-classical economic theory. Many of his former graduate students have gone on to win the Nobel Prize themselves. 

Arrow was active on the international scene through a variety of initiatives including trustee of Economists for Peace and Security and a member of the Advisory Board of Incentives for Global Health, the not-for-profit behind the Health Impact Fund.

## Death
Arrow died on February 21, 2017 from natural causes at his home in Palo Alto, California, aged 95.

## References
## Other websites
* Collected Papers of Kenneth J. Arrow
* Kenneth Arrow  at stanford.edu
* Autobiography  at nobel.se
* Kenneth Arrow  Profile at cepa.newschool.edu
* Social Choice and Individual Values
* Photos of Kenneth Arrow
* IDEAS/RePEc
* Kenneth J. Arrow: Nobel Prize in Economics Recipient by Seymour "Sy" Brody, Florida Atlantic University Libraries
Naturopathy

**Naturopathy** is a form of alternative medicine. It is based on the belief that a special energy called "vital energy" guides bodily functions like metabolism, reproduction and growth. 

Naturopaths use various forms of treatment, such as herbal medicine and massaging, with a holistic view. They generally avoid the use of surgery and synthetic drugs. In Naturopathy, evidence-based medicine is thought of as being only part of the evidence. Taken as a whole, naturopathy is an ideologic system, not a scientific one.  

The term *naturopathy* comes from Greek and Latin, meaning "natural therapy". Modern naturopathy developed from the Natural Cure movement in Europe.

## Related pages
* Osteopathy

## References
*
*Council on Naturopathic Medical Education
Alfie Moore

**Alfred Ernest Moore** (December 1, 1904 – June 29, 1979) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender.

Moore played 20 games in the NHL for the New York Americans. Moore is known for replacing Mike Karakas in the Chicago Black Hawks net in game one of the 1938 Stanley Cup Finals because replacement goaltender Paul Goodman did not arrive in Toronto on time.

He spent the end of his career in the AHL, playing for the Cleveland Barons, New Haven Eagles, Springfield Indians, Buffalo Bisons and Philadelphia Rockets. In 1941, Moore retired from playing professional ice hockey. In 1949, he became the head coach of the Galt Black Hawks of the Ontario Hockey Association which he coached for 1 season. He died in 1984.

## Other websites 
*
*
Divine right of kings

The **divine right of kings**, was a political and religious doctrine. It meant that a monarch was given the right to rule by God alone. His authority could not be questioned because he ruled in God's name. It gave a king absolute rule over his subjects.

## Beginnings
Pharaohs and some other ancient Kings were thought to actually be gods or descendants of gods. That concept went away when monotheism spread. A medieval principle held that God gave the right in to rule in secular matters to political rulers. God gave the right to rule over spiritual matters to the Pope as head of the Church. In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor. From that time on the Emperor was the secular power while the Pope was the spiritual power. This concept began to break down prior to the First Crusade. Following the Protestant Reformation the theory of divine right gave the king absolute authority as God's representative on earth in both political and spiritual matters. It made him accountable to no one but God. James I of England in his speech to Parliament in 1609 said:

In France the theory had been considered from the 13th century. Although France remained Catholic, her kings gradually pulled away from papal rule. By the 16th century the king replaced the pope as supreme authority over the French church. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89 the divine rights theory was no longer popular in England.  A good ruler had the blessings of heaven.  But one who ruled badly would cause the mandate to be removed.

## References
## Other page
*Theocracy

## Other websites
* J.P. Sommerville, *Divine Right of Kings*, University of Wisconsin 
* *Divine Right of Kings*, Spartacus Educational
Gilles Meloche

**Gilles Meloche** (born July 12, 1950) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

## Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Meloche played 1 season for the Verdun Maple Leafs of the QMJHL.

He was drafted with the 70th overall pick by the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1970 NHL Entry draft. Meloche played 2 games with the Black Hawks. Chicago was already strong in goal with Tony Esposito so Meloche was dealt to the California Golden Seals, one of the weakest teams in the league at the time.

Meloche played for the Seals for 5 seasons and stayed with the team when the franchise's relocated to Cleveland, Ohio to become the Cleveland Barons. He would play for the Barons for 2 seasons and stayed with the Barons when they merged with the Minnesota North Stars. Meloche played 7 seasons with the North Stars and had great success with them. He then played 3 seasons with the Pittsburgh Penguins and retired in 1988.

Since retiring from playing hockey, he became the Penguins goaltending coach. He coach the Penguins for 8 seasons and helped the Penguins win three Stanley Cups before resigning in 2013. He currently works as a special assignment scout for the Pittsburgh Penguins.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
The Apprentice (British TV series)

and Series 9 winner, Dr Leah Totton]]
***The Apprentice*** is an British business-themed reality television show. Each series, a group of young entrepreneurs compete to win a £250,000 investment in their business plans from billionaire businessman and member of the House of Lords, Alan Sugar.   

## Game 
A group of contestants compete in several business-themed challenges over multiple weeks. They are split into two teams for each challenge. The challenges usually involve advertising, product design, negotiations, and selling to the public. Each team chooses a leader ("project manager") to make important decisions. After the teams have completed the challenge, they go to Lord Sugar's boardroom, where the results of the challenge are announced. The winning team is usually rewarded with a prize while the losing team must stay in the boardroom and discuss with Lord Sugar and his two assistants, Karren Brady and Tim Campbell, about why they think the team failed. Lord Sugar will then eliminate the person (or people) who he thinks either caused the team's failure or is the weakest contestant by saying "you are fired".  

The team challenges come to an end when there is only five contestants left (or four in some series). These remaining contestants are interviewed by a team of Lord Sugar's advisers. In the first six series, the interviews were about the contestants' potential to get a job at one of Lord Sugar's businesses. Since series 7, the interviews have been about the contestants' business ideas that they want Lord Sugar's money for. After the interviews stage, only two contestants remain. These contestants are given a final challenge (since series 7, it has been to advertise their business) with the help of some former eliminated contestants. After the final challenge, Lord Sugar decides the winner.  

In series 4, four contestants survived the interviews because Lord Sugar was impressed with more than two. For the final, the finalists competed in teams of two in the challenge. Lord Sugar picked the winner from the winning two. In series 7, the interviews stage was the final challenge. In series 13, Lord Sugar picked two winners. 

## Overview 
### Main series 
### Spin-off series 
#### The Apprentice: You're Fired! 
'''''The Apprentice: You're Fired*** was a talk show which airs directly after each episode of the main show. The presenter, usually accompanied by well-known television personalities, interview the contestant(s) who has been fired in the most recent episode.

#### Celebrity Apprentice 
Unlike the American version of the show, the British ***Celebrity Apprentice*** seasons has two teams competing in only one special task, which is spread across two episodes. All money is donated to Comic Relief. These special episodes have been released in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2019, and 2025.
#### Young Apprentice 
***Young Apprentice***, first titled as ***Junior Apprentice''''', was a spin-off series which ran between 2010 and 2012. It had a similar format to the original show, with the winner having £25,000 invested in their future.

## Other websites 
*
Philomena

***Philomena*** is a 2013 British drama movie directed by Stephen Frears, based on the 2009 non-fiction book *The Lost Child of Philomena Lee* by journalist Martin Sixsmith. The movie is about a news journalist who has just lost his job as Labour government adviser. The journalist meets an elderly Irish woman who has been searching for her son for 50 years and tries to help her find him. In the movie, Judi Dench plays Philomena Lee and Steve Coogan plays Martin. The movie’s screenplay was written by Coogan and Jeff Pope.

*Philomena* got positive reviews from critics and won several international film awards. Coogan and Jeff Pope won Best Screenplay at the 70th Venice International Film Festival, while the movie was also awarded the People's Choice Award Runner-Up prize at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. The movie was nominated for four Oscars at the 86th Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Actress (for Dench), and Best Original Score. It was also nominated for four BAFTA Awards and three Golden Globe Awards.

## References
Buenos Aires Convention

The **Buenos Aires Convention** (or **Convention on Literary and Artistic Copyright**) is an international copyright treaty. It was signed at Buenos Aires on 11 August 1910. The countries which signed it agreed to respect the copyrights of the other countries. For a document to be covered by this convention, its copyright statement must use the proper wording. Often, the phrase "All rights reserved" (, ) was used. However, the United States only required the name of the writer and the year that the work was published.

The following countries signed the Buenos Aires Convention:

## Other websites 
*Text of the Convention
Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction

***Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction*** is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. It is the sixth game in the *Ratchet & Clank* series of video games. It was released on October 23, 2007 in North America and on November 9, 2007 in Europe.

In this game, Ratchet & Clank save the universe from the Cragmites. Ratchet’s species, who were called Lombaxes, disappeared and Ratchet is the last of the Lombaxes.The Lombax secret is the last opportunity to save the universe from the Cragmites emperor Tachyon. Ratchet’s planet is called Fastoon. Fastoon has a lot of advanced technology. The dimensionator (or Lombax secret) is the most important part of Lombax technology. In the Big War it shot the Cragmites to another dimension. This is the reason why Tachyon wants to destroy Ratchet and all the Lombaxes. In their runaway from Polaris Galaxy, Clank meets the Zoni, some extraterrestrial beings who have magical powers. On many occasions Ratchet & Clank meet the pirates. The pirates are robots, but they can do what they like. They’ve got a captain who has a lot of space stations and lots of space ships.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Sébastien Caron

**Sébastien Caron** (born June 25, 1980) is a Canadian ice hockey goaltender that currently plays for Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Caron played 2 seasons in the QMJHL for the Rimouski Oceanic where he won the Memorial Cup with them in 2000. He also won the Hap Emms Memorial Trophy for being the Memorial Cup Outstanding Goaltender.

He was drafted with the 86th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins.

He played 3 seasons with the Penguins and 4 seasons with their AHL affiliate team, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins before having his contract bought out by the Penguins on June 25, 2006. He also played for Saguenay Fjord and Sorel-Tracy Mission during the 2004–05 NHL lockout.

On July 27, 2006, he was signed to a contract with the Chicago Blackhawks and he played 1 game with them before being traded along with Matt Keith and Chris Durno to Anaheim Ducks for P.A. Parenteau and Bruno St. Jacques.

During his time with the Ducks, Caron served as a spare goaltender in the 2007 playoffs. He was not called on to dress during the playoffs but was included in the Stanley Cup winning picture, and has a Stanley Cup ring from when the Ducks won the Stanley Cup. He did not however qualify to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup since he only played one regular season game.

On April 1, 2010, he was signed by the Philadelphia Flyers but never played in net for Philadelphia during his short visit. He was the seventh goaltender acquired the Flyers' for the 2009–2010 NHL season.

He went on to play for HC Fribourg-Gotteron of the NLA for 3 seasons and was signed to a contract by Traktor Chelyabinsk of the KHL on August 23, 2010.

He played 12 games with Traktor and went back to the NLA to play for HC Lugano. He 14 games with them and returned to the NHL after the Tampa Bay Lightning signed him to a 1-year, one-way contract. He only played 3 games with them and was traded to the Nashville Predators, along with 3 draft picks for Kyle Wilson, Anders Lindback, and one draft pick. Instead of playing, Caron left to play for the Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

The **Tata Institute of Fundamental Research** (**TIFR**) is a research organization in India. It is for studies in mathematics and science. It is located in Mumbai.

TIFR was started by Jenhangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata. It is now government funded. This institute has various departments like physics, chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics. One of its founding members was physicist Homi Bhabha. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Sri Jawaharlal Nehru. Professors in this organization are recruited from institutes including the Illinois Institute of Technology.

## References
Nehemiah Grew

**Nehemiah Grew** (26 September 164125 March 1712) was an English plant anatomist and physiologist,  the "Father of Plant Anatomy".

Grew graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1661, and ten years later took the degree of M.D. at Leiden University. 

He began work on the anatomy of plants in 1664, and in 1670 his essay, *The Anatomy of Vegetables begun*, was communicated to the Royal Society. The following year he was elected a Fellow. In 1672, when the essay was published, he settled in London, and soon acquired an extensive practice as a physician. 

In 1673 he published his *Idea of a Phytological History*, which consisted of papers he had communicated to the Royal Society in the preceding year, and in 1677 he succeeded Henry Oldenburg as Secretary of the Royal Society. He edited the *Philosophical Transactions* in 1678-1679, and in 1681 he published by request a descriptive catalogue of the rarities preserved at Gresham College.

In 1682 appeared his great work on the *Anatomy of Plants*, which also was largely a collection of previous publications. It was illustrated with eighty-two plates, with an appendix of seven papers mostly of a chemical character. The *Anatomy* is especially notable for its descriptions of plant structure. He described nearly all the key differences of morphology of stem and root, showed that the flowers of the Asteraceae are built of multiple units, and correctly said that stamens are male organs. *Anatomy of Plants* also contains the first known microscopic description of pollen.

Much of Grew's pioneering work with the microscope was done at the same time as that of Marcello Malpighi. The two reportedly borrowed freely from one another. Grew's work on pollen was more extensive than that of Malpighi. It led to the discovery that size and shape is different between species, whereas pollen grains within a species are all alike. This discovery is central to the field of micropaleontology.

## References
Greg Millen

**Gregory H. Millen** (June 25, 1957 – April 7, 2025) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender and hockey  commentator analyst.

## Playing career
Before playing in the NHL, Millen played 3 seasons for the Peterborough Petes and 25 games for the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds.

He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins with the 102nd overall pick in the 1977 NHL Entry draft. He played 3 seasons with the Penguins and was signed as a free agent by the Hartford Whalers. He played 4 seasons with the Whalers and during his time with the Whalers he represented Canada at the World Championships. He was traded by the Whalers to the St. Louis Blues in February 1985 and helped them reach the Conference Finals in 1986. They were defeated by the Calgary Flames however.

He then played 18 games for the Quebec Nordiques, 13 games for the Chicago Blackhawks and 10 games for the Detroit Red Wings before leaving for the IHL to play for the San Diego Gulls and retiring after playing 5 games with them.

## Broadcasting
After retiring, Millen became the colour commentator on television broadcasts for the expansion Ottawa Senators. He spent eleven seasons as the commentator for the Senators and was teamed with Don Chevrier, Rob Faulds, and Dean Brown. He was also part of the lead broadcasting team along with Dan Shulman for CTV's ice hockey coverage at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

He joined the CBC's Hockey Night in Canada before the 1994-95 NHL season. He spent a year with CTV Sportsnet and rejoined HNIC in 1999–2000 where he was the network's secondary colour commentator and mostly covered the second game of weekly doubleheader. He usually works on the game that features the Montreal Canadiens along with Bob Cole and Guy Carbonneau. He worked on regional Toronto Maple Leafs telecasts since 2006 on Rogers Sportsnet Ontario and Leafs TV along with Joe Bowen. During the 2012 NHL playoffs, he worked the Washington-Boston series with play-by-play man Dean Brown.

On April 7, 2025, Millen died from a heart attack while staying in a Bracebridge, Ontario hospital. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
Jan Purkyně

**Jan Evangelista Purkyně**  (17 December 1787 – 28 July 1869) was a Czech anatomist and physiologist. He was one of the best known scientists of his time. In 1839, he coined the term 'protoplasm' for the fluid substance of a cell.

## Biography 
Purkyně was born in Bohemia, which was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now it is in the Czech Republic. In 1818, he graduated with a degree in medicine, and was appointed  Professor of Physiology. He published two volumes  which contributed to experimental psychology. He created the world's first Department of Physiology at the University of Breslau in Prussia (now Wrocław, Poland), and the world's first official physiology laboratory.

## Discoveries 
He is best known for his discoveries of Purkinje cells and Purkinje fibres. Purkinje cells are large neurons with many branching dendrites found in the cerebellum. Purkinje fibres conduct electrical impulses to all parts of the ventricle of the heart. Other discoveries include Purkinje images, reflections of objects from structures of the eye, and the Purkinje shift, the change in the brightness of red and blue colours as light intensity decreases gradually at dusk. Purkyně also introduced the scientific terms plasma (for the component of blood left when the suspended cells have been removed) and protoplasm (the substance found inside cells.)

Purkyně was the first to use a microtome to make wafer thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the compound microscope. He described the effects of camphor, opium, belladonna and turpentine on humans in 1829. He also experimented with nutmeg that same year, when he "washed down three ground nutmegs with a glass of wine and experienced headaches, nausea, euphoria, and hallucinations that lasted several days", which remain a good description of today's average nutmeg binge. Purkyně discovered sweat glands in 1833 and published a thesis that recognised nine principal configuration groups of fingerprints in 1823.

### Cell theory 
Purkyně was, in the opinion of Henry Harris, the true father of the cell theory. The work of Purkyně and his student and collaborator Gabriel Valentin (1810–1883) was "unjustly denigrated by the nationalistic Germans. They have a claim to some priority in the cell theory".Chapter 9 

Johannes Müller (1801–1858) also made great contributions. However, it was Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881) who got the credit for the cell theory, despite the fact that some of their observations were not correct, and their credits to previous workers were "a travesty".p97

## References
Roger I de Montgomery

**Roger I de Montgomery**, was the seigneur (lord) of Montgomery and vicomte of the Hiesmois in Normandy.

## Career 
Roger was the son of Hugh de Montgomery and his wife Josceline. She was the niece of Gunnora, Duchess of Normandy. Roger held the lands of Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery and Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery. Both had traces of early castles. He became the Viscount of the Heismois about the same time Robert I of Normandy became Duke in 1027. But as the viscount he witnessed a royal charter to the abbey of St. Wandrille . Like Duke Robert, Roger began taking properties that belonged to the church. These included () half the town of Bernay. He took over a woodland at 'Crispus Fagidus' which belonged to Jumièges Abbey. Later he seemed to have a change of heart. He returned the market to the abbey and paid restitution for their losses. He apparently was no longer the viscount. In 1037 when rebellions broke out, Roger was one of the rebels. When he was defeated he fled to the court of Henry I of France. Roger was forced into exile by Osbern the Steward. Osbern was later killed by William de Montgomery, Roger's son. Where and when Roger died is unknown. In 1068 his wife was still holding lands at Bures and Saint-Pair.

## Family 
The name of Roger's wife is unknown but he had five sons:

* Hugh de Montgomery
* Robert de Montgomery
* Roger II de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury.
* William de Montgomery killed during the minority of duke William
* Gilbert de Montgomery who in 1063 supposedly poisoned by Mabel de Bellême

## Notes
## References