open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
1881

## Events 
* The Hamleys Toy Store opens on Regent's Street in London.

## Births 
* February 11 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (d. 1950)
* February 21 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer (d. 1945)
* October 25 – Pablo Picasso (d. 1973)
* November 25 – Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)

## Deaths 
* September 19 – United States President James A. Garfield (b. 1831)
Record producer

A **record producer** (or **music producer**) is a person who takes charge of a recording session, in the same kind of way that a movie director is in charge of filming movies. Record producers help musicians and recording artists to make singles and albums. The producer controls the recording sessions, coaches and guides the musicians and supervises the recording, mixing and mastering processes to make the music finalized. 

In a professional context, there are two types of music producers:

* In-House - the more common type of the two are in-house producers. They come included in a studio rental fee and they get credited in a song’s copyrights. It’s mainly for their involvement in the entire process. Studios might use producers as a way to get more people to use their services. 

* Independent Music Producer - the second producer type is an independent producer. They may have gained a desirable reputation in the industry and would be directly hired by a band or artist. 

## Famous record producers
* Brian Eno produced music for U2, David Bowie and Talking Heads.
* George Martin produced almost all of the music by The Beatles in the 1960s. He also worked with America, Shirley Bassey, and many other artists. He also made comedy records with Peter Sellers and Peter Ustinov.
* Phil Spector was the producer for many "girl groups" in the 1960s, like the Ronettes and The Crystals. He also worked with The Righteous Brothers. Later he produced records for Ike and Tina Turner, and the Beatles' album *Let It Be*. Spector invented the idea of a "wall of sound", which was a way of producing so that every space in the recording was filled with music. 
* Timbaland is a man who produced popular rap, pop and R&B music, mostly in the 2000s. He worked with people like Justin Timberlake, Nelly Furtado, Madonna and many more artistes, including the late Aaliyah.
* Todd Rundgren is not only a record producer but a singer and ...
* He produces all of his own work, and other famous albums like Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell.

## References
Gliwice

**Gliwice** is a city in south Poland, in Silesian Voivodeship and along the Kłodnica River.  According to a count in 2004, it has a population of 200,361 people.

## History of Gliwice 
In the late Middle Ages, around 1276, was the first known time that there was a reference to Gliwice in history.  At first, it was ruled by Polish dukes, but later became a part of Bohemia in 1335.  Later on, in 1526, it was conquered by Austria.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gliwice was taken from the Austrian ruling family and became a part of Prussia.  However, in the unification, or coming together, of Germany in 1871, Gliwice became a part of the German empire.

In the 19th century, Gliwice became more developed and was home to many businesses, including one of the most famous theaters in Germany at the time.

In 1945, Gliwice passed into Polish rule.

## Other websites 
* http://www.gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl 
* http://www.gliwice.uc.gov.pl
1868

**1868** (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* Helium is discovered.
* Louisa May Alcott's novel *Little Women* is published.
* Meiji Restoration in Japan.

## Births 
* Francisco Carreón
Deaths

June 1 - James Buchanan, 77, fifteenth President of the United States, respiratory failure (b. 1791)
1814

**1814** (MDCCCXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* Iceland becomes a part of Denmark.

## Births 
* May 9 – Adolf von Henselt, German pianist.
1846

## Events
*April 25 – The Mexican-American War starts.
*May 17 – The Saxophone is patented.

## Births
*November 3 - Elizabeth Thompson, British painter
Wausau, Wisconsin

**Wausau** is a city in Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  It is the largest city in the county, and it is the county seat (where the government of the county works). According to the 2020 census (official count), 39,994 people lived in the city.

The Wisconsin River flows through the middle of the city.

## Other websites 
*City of Wausau
Bundesautobahn

**Autobahn** (German, literal word translations *car [rail] way*, *car route*, *car lane*, *auto(mobile) track*) is the controlled-access highway system in Germany.

## Design 
An autobahn is designed for fast travel.
Curves are very large.
Slopes are not too steep.
There are many tunnels and bridges to avoid curves and big slopes.
The street surface is solid.
There are no traffic lights or (same-height) intersections.
1749

## Events 
*While in debtor's prison, John Cleland writes *Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure)*. Released from prison, the book was published in London. Immediately, the Church of England asked the British Secretary of State to "*stop the progress of this vile Book, which is an open insult upon Religion and good manners*." As a result, Cleland was arrested and charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."
* January 3 – Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
* April 27 – The first official performance of George Frideric Handel's *Music for the Royal Fireworks* finished early due to the outbreak of fire.
* May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
* July 9 – Naval settlement of Halifax, Nova Scotia founded as British answer to Louisbourg.
* September 15 – According to mathematical calculations, Pluto moved outside Neptune's orbit to remain the outermost planet until 1979.

## Books 
* *Tom Jones* by Henry Fielding
701

## Events 
* Arab merchants introduce Oriental spices into Mediterranean markets.

## Deaths 
* September 9 – Pope Sergius I
1880s

The **1880s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1880 and ended on December 31, 1889. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1881 and ended on December 31, 1890.

## Events 
* The first commercial Macadamia nut farm opens in Australia.
* Railroads help industrialize many western countries.

## World leaders 
* Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
* Prime Min Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
* Guangxu Emperor (China)
* Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
* Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
* Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
* King Umberto I (Italy)
* Pope Leo XIII
* Emperor Meiji (Japan)
* General Porfirio Díaz (Mexico)
* Czar Alexander II (Russia)
* King Alfonso XII (Spain)
* Queen - Empress Victoria (United Kingdom)
* Prime Min William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
* Prime Min Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)         
* President James Garfield (United States)
* President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
* President Chester A. Arthur (United States)
* President Grover Cleveland (United States)
* Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
* Emperor Pedro II (Brazil)
1201

**1201** (MCCI) was a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* The town of Riga was chartered as a city.
* Boniface of Montferrat is elected leader of the Fourth Crusade, after the death of Theobald III of Champagne.
* Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against Philip of Swabia.
* The Fourth Crusade besieges Zara.

## Births 
* August 9 – Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler (d. 1274)
* October 9 – Robert de Sorbon, French theologian and founder of the Sorbonne (died 1274)
* Theobald IV of Champagne (died 1252)
* Ladislaus III of Hungary (died 1205)
* Danylo King of Rus (died 1264)
* Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (died 1221)

## Deaths 
* March 21 – Absalon, Danish archbishop
* May 24 – Theobald III of Champagne
* July 29 – Agnes of Merania, queen of Philip II of France
* September 5 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (born 1161)
* Bohemund III of Antioch (born 1144)
* Joachim of Fiore, founder of monastic order of San Giovanni (born 1135)

## Heads of states 
* England – John I, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
* France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223).
* Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216)
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation

***Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation*** is an animated movie from 1986 that was made by Canada's Nelvana Limited and distributed by Columbia Pictures. A sequel to the first *Care Bears Movie*, it tells of the beginnings of the Kingdom of Caring and of the Care Bears' first Caring Mission, which takes place at a summer camp.

The movie made $8.5 million in the United States during its original run at theatres. Only one more addition to the original Care Bear trilogy, *Adventure in Wonderland*, would premiere on the big screen the next summer.

*A New Generation* is a  to the Nelvana television series that would be shown on ABC the following September.

## Synopsis
In the second movie, the Great Wishing Star helps True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse start the Care Bear Family, as they try to save them and the kingdom from a demon villain named Dark Heart.

A camper, named Christy, makes a deal with the villain that makes her a success at anything she never did before, even cartwheels. In turn, he plans to capture the Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins forever one at a time inside a magic red bag and to trap them all inside a secret location somewhere at camp.

Christy's two friends, Dawn and John, later join the Care Bear Family so that they can put an end to his evil doings.

## Facts
An episode of DiC's Care Bears show also took place at a summer camp, but the storyline of *A New Generation* does not borrow from it.

It was one of only two Care Bear movies to have Harmony Bear as a character; the other one was *Big Wish Movie (2005)*. Her second and final appearance in the 1980s was in the animated series' "Great Race" episode.

## Related pages
**The Care Bears Movie*, the original movie from 1985

## Other websites 
*
**Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation* at Rotten Tomatoes
35

**35** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Nonianus**.

## Events 
* Pliny the Elder is brought to Rome before this year
* Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia

## Births 
* Ban Zhao, Chinese historian (or 45 AD) (d. 116)
* Quintilian, Roman rhetorician (approximate date) (d. 100 AD)

## Deaths 
* Epaticcus, prince of the Catuvellauni
* Artaxias III, king of Armenia (b. 13 BC)
* Mahajabeen II, King of Esbee
1158

(1155–1214)]]

## Births 
* August 6 &ndash; Al-Nasir li-Din Allah, Abbasid caliph (d. 1225)
* September 23 &ndash; Geoffrey II, duke of Brittany (d. 1186)
* Albert I (**the Proud**), margrave of Meissen (d. 1195)
* Baldwin of Bethune, French nobleman (d. 1212)
* Ermengol VIII (or **Armengol**), count of Urgell (d. 1208)
* Fujiwara no Ietaka, Japanese (*waka*) poet (d. 1237)
* Giordano Forzatè, Italian religious leader (d. 1248)
* Henry I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1190)
* Henry I (**the Elder**), German nobleman (d. 1223)
* Jinul (or **Chinul**), Korean Zen Master (d. 1210)
* Margaret of France, daughter of Louis VII (d. 1197)
* Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais (d. 1217)
* Satō Tsugunobu, Japanese warrior (d. 1185)
* Taira no Shigehira, Japanese general (d. 1185)
* Theobald I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1214)
* Valdemar Knudsen, Danish bishop (d. 1236)
* Yvette of Huy, Belgian anchoress (d. 1228)

## Deaths 
* April 26 &ndash; Martirius, archbishop of Esztergom
* July 19 &ndash; Wibald, German monk and abbot (b. 1098) 
* July 27 &ndash; Geoffrey VI, count of Nantes (b. 1134)
* August 20 &ndash; Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, Earl of Orkney 
* August 31 &ndash; Sancho III, king of Castile (b. 1134)
* September 22 &ndash; Otto I, German bishop (b. 1114)
* December 15 &ndash; Frederick II, German archbishop
* Abu Jafar ibn Atiyya, Almohad vizier and writer
* Anselm of Havelberg, German bishop (b. 1100)
* Barthélemy de Jur, French bishop (b. 1080)
* Oda of Brabant, Belgian prioress and saint 
* Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson, Norwegian pirate
1025

## Events
* Emir Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis of the Zirid dynasty in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) attempts to retake Sicily but fails.

## Births 
* August 28 - Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan

## References
Spring (season)

**Spring** is the season after winter and before summer. Days become longer and the weather gets warmer in the  temperate zone because Earth tilts relative to it is orbital plane around the  Sun.  In many parts of the world, it rains for hours.  This helps the plant grow and flower bloom.  Often people with hay fever suffer more because some plant pollen is allergen. Many animals have their breeding season in spring-type weather.  At the start of spring, a person suffering from seasonal affective disorder will feel sick.  The vernal equinox in springtime makes day and night equally long in  temperate zone.

Holidays celebrated in spring include Passover and Easter.  In many countries, the period of school between early March and later May or early June is referred to as  “Spring Semester” or “Spring Term”.  Spring break is a vacation period in recent times at universities and schools in various countries around the globe.

## Etymology 
The *Online Etymological Dictionary* says that "spring," as in the season, comes from the phrases "springing time" (14th century) and "the spring of the year". This is from an old word that means "act or time of springing or appearing; the first appearance; the beginning, birth, rise, or origin". Spring as a word came from Middle English's *springen*, from Old English's *springan.* These meant to go up or burst forward. These are like modern German's *springen*, which means 'jump'. It is not thought that these words were talking about the season. They all come from the Proto-Germanic *sprenganan.*

## References
Benjamin Harrison

**Benjamin Harrison** (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd president of the United States (1889-1893). He was the grandson of President William Henry Harrison and the only grandson of a president to become president himself. His home was in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was a member of the Republican Party and was elected to the White House in 1888 by beating the incumbent, Grover Cleveland, of the Democratic Party. Harrison was the first president of the United States to use electricity in the White House. After he served one full four-year term as president, Cleveland ran again. This time, Cleveland beat Harrison. 

Harrison's first wife was Carrie Harrison. After she died, he married Mary Dimmick Harrison. During the American Civil War, Harrison was a colonel in the Union Army (later a brevet brigadier general). He was also a successful lawyer and argued many cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.

Harrison died of influenza-related pneumonia at the age of 67 in Indianapolis.

## Presidency 
President Benjamin Harrison as president wanted to increase tariffs, which are taxes on goods that come into the country, for two reasons:
* He thought that more money would got to the U.S. government. That would allow it to fund important things.
* He believed in protectionism. He thought that a high tariff would encourage Americans to make more of their own things, instead of buying them from other countries.

Harrison spent the money received from the tariffs to give money to injured veterans of the American Civil War.

Harrison got criticism for being the first president to have a billion-dollar budget for the government..

He also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, which gave the U.S. government the power to regulate big businesses.   

## References 
## Other websites 
* Benjamin Harrison's White House biography
1862

## Events 
*September 5: In the American Civil War, Confederate General Robert E. Lee invades Maryland, leading 55,000 soldiers from the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. They cross the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia. This is the Confederacy's first invasion of the North. 

## Births 
* August 29 – Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
* September 25 – Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952)
* December 23 - Henri Pirenne, Belgian historian (d. 1935)
## Deaths 
January 18 - John Tyler, 71, tenth President of the United States, stroke (b. 1790)

July 24 - Martin Van Buren, 79, eighth President of the United States, bronchial asthma and heart failure (b. 1782)

## References
Muse

:*For the British musical group of the same name, see Muse (band).*
:*Or for the fruit called the Euterpe see Açaí palm.*
]]

The **Muses** are goddesses representing different arts and sciences in Greek mythology. They are the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus.

Most commonly the Muses are:
* **Kalliope** (or Calliope), the eldest and wisest, the **muse** of epic poetry, mother of Orpheus
* **Euterpe**, the muse of music and lyric poetry. She loved flute playing, and some even say she invented the double flute. Euterpe had a son named Rhesus, who was killed in the battle at Troy, according to Homer's Iliad. 
* **Klio** (also Kleio or Clio), the muse of history
* **Erato**, the muse of lyric/love poetry
* **Melpomene**, the muse of tragedy
* **Polyhymnia**, the muse of sacred poetry (hymn) and geometry
* **Terpsichore**, the muse of dance
* **Thalia**, the muse of comedy
* **Urania**, the muse of astronomy and astrology 

The word *muse* is also sometimes used for a person who inspires somebody else, or any other type of inspiring object. Muse can also be used to describe one's creative thoughts, such as poetry or a musical composition.
1801

## Events 
* Great Britain is united with Ireland to make the United Kingdom.

## Deaths 
* February 7 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
* March 21 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)
* March 23 – Tsar Paul of Russia (b. 1754)
* March 25 – Novalis, German poet (b. 1772)
* March 28 – Ralph Abercromby, British general (b. 1734)
* April 2 – Thomas Dadford Junior, British engineer
* April 7 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
* May 17 – William Heberden, English doctor (b. 1710)
* June 4 – Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1750)
* June 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolution hero and traitor (b. 1741)
* September 19 – Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (b. 1745)
* October 3 – Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, Marshal of France (b. 1724)
* November 4 – William Shippen, American physician and Continental Congressman (b. 1536)
* November 5 – Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philologist and scholar (b. 1730)
* November 24 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (b. 1725)

## Births 
* January 3 – Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (d. 1874)
* February 1 – Thomas Cole, American artist (d. 1848)
* towards February 13 – János Kardos Hungarian Slovenes evangelic priest, teacher and writer (d. 1875)
* February 21 – John Henry Newman, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1890)
* May 11 – Henri Labrouste, French architect (d. 1875)
* June 1 – Brigham Young, American religious leader and colonizer (d. 1877)
* June 4 – James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871)
* June 14 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868)
* June 30 – Frederic Bastiat, French philosopher (d. 1850)
* July 5 – David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
* July 29 – George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
* October 12 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1873)
* November 3 – Karl Baedeker, German writer and publisher (d. 1859)
* November 3 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835)
* November 10 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872)
* December 11 – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (d. 1836)
Mason Williams

**Mason Williams** (born August 24, 1938) is an easy listening guitarist. His most famous work is *Classical Gas*.

Also a photographer, Williams published a life-sized photo print of a Greyhound bus in the 1960s. He appeared with the print on the cover of his first album, *The Mason Williams Phonograph Record*. The print is now in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.
Yes (band)

**Yes** are a progressive rock band that formed in London, England in 1968 that is among the most influential progressive bands of all time. The band has received wide critical praise for their work. Their best known songs include "Roundabout", "Owner of a Lonely Heart" and "I've Seen All Good People".

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Yes* (1969)
* *Time and a Word* (1970)
* *The Yes Album* (1971)
* *Fragile* (1972)
* *Close to the Edge* (1972)
* *Tales from Topographic Oceans* (1973)
* *Relayer* (1974)
* *Going for the One* (1977)
* *Tormato* (1978)
* *Drama* (1980)
* *90125* (1983)
* *Big Generator* (1987)
* *Union* (1991)
* *Talk* (1994)
* *Keys to Ascension* (1996)
* *Keys to Ascension 2* (1997)
* *Open Your Eyes* (1997)
* *The Ladder* (1999)
* *Magnification* (2001)
* *Fly from Here* (2011)
* *Heaven & Earth* (2014)
* *The Quest* (2021)
* *Mirror to the Sky* (2023)

## References
War on Terror

The **Global War on Terrorism** (**GWOT**), or **War on Terror,** is a global military  campaign that the United States started in 2001 in response to September 11 attacks. Some claims it has replaced the Cold War.
The main targets of the campaign were the al-Qaeda, the Taliban, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and its allies. U.S President George W. Bush alleged claim that the countries like Iran, Iraq, and North Korea (also known as the Axis of Evil) is a direct threat to the United States and its allies.

The Administration of former U.S. President Barack Obama used the term *Overseas Contingency Operation*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Alkali metal

**Alkali metals** are the chemical elements in periodic table group 1, other than hydrogen. The term **group 1 element** can be used to include hydrogen.

They are silver-coloured when pure, soft and have only one valence electron. They like to make reactions in which they give up this single electron and then have a charge of +1. They react strongly with water and explode when wet, and because of this, they have to be stored in oil. Alkali metals are the first group (column) in the periodic table. They are never found in nature uncombined because they are unstable and they react fast to other elements. They bond well with all elements except the noble gases. When they are in air, they quickly turn black.  

The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (sometimes written *cesium*, although *caesium* is preferred) (Cs), and francium (Fr). Lithium is the least reactive. Although it was thought before that francium would be the most reactive, though it is very rare, it was more recently predicted that caesium is in fact more reactive than francium due to relativity.

Lithium is a very light metal. It is soft, silver and you can cut it with a knife. 

Sodium is the most important alkali metal. One of the most important salts of sodium is sodium chloride (NaCl) (common 'table salt'). It also forms a hydroxide, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is commonly called 'caustic soda'. It is a very strong base.

Potassium is commonly found in bananas. 

Rubidium is a metal that can make things like fireworks red.

Caesium is a very heavy, poisonous metal and is the most reactive metal.

Francium is a very dangerous, radioactive metal. Not much is known about it. However, based on the way the periodic table works, it might be like caesium.

All of the alkali metals explode in water due to their reactivity, but no one has ever seen francium in water. Once the francium is created, it only has 22 minutes before it decays into radium, and it's too radioactive to go near, so nobody has seen it in water.
1866

## Births 
* April 14 – Anne Sullivan, teacher of Helen Keller
* November 8 – Herbert Austin, automobile pioneer (Austin-Healey)
Chester

**Chester** is a city in the north-west of England. It is almost 2000 years old and was started by Romans. A person from Chester is called a **Cestrian**.

Chester is on the river Dee, and is the county town of the county of Cheshire. It is near to the country Wales. Almost 120,000 people live in Chester. It is just south of Liverpool.

During the Dark Ages, Chester came under attack from Viking raiders who sailed up the river in their longships. After the conquest of Britain by the Normans in 1066, William I created the first Earl of Chester who began the construction of Chester Castle.

By the Middle Ages, Chester had become a wealthy trading port: it was at this time that the Rows were built. However disaster befell the city during the English Civil War as Chester was besieged for two years before starvation forced its people to surrender. As the centuries passed, the harbour gradually silted up and by Georgian times the port was virtually gone. Today some of the original quay can still be seen near the Chester Racecourse.

During Victorian times the magnificent gothic-style Town Hall was built and the Eastgate Clock was erected in honour of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee.

Near to Chester is Chester Zoo, which is the biggest zoo in the United Kingdom. There are other interesting places in Chester, and many are connected to its history. For example, there is the old Roman amphitheatre. This is the biggest in the UK. The Rows are unusual shops. In the centre of the town, the main streets have two rows of shops, one on top of the other. The Rows have been part of Chester since the Middle Ages.Chester has oldest racecourse, Chester racecourse. The infamous Goteddsday football match took place on the field and was outlawed as a result in 1533.

## Related pages
*Chester city walls

## References
Buenaventura Durruti

**José** **Buenaventura Durruti Dumange** (14 July 1896 &#x2013; 20 November 1936) was a Spanish anarchist leader. He was born in the town of León. Durruti was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the country's civil war of 1936-1939. He fought against fascism.

He robbed banks to use the money to help his friends escape prison. It is believed that he killed the bishop Juan Soldevilla. Some anarchists believed Soldevilla helped people who murdered people in labor unions.

He died in Madrid when he was killed by a person using a gun during the Spanish Civil War.
## References
397

## Events 
* John Chrysostom becomes the patriarch of Constantinople

## Deaths 
* April 4 – Saint Ambrose, one of the Church Fathers and bishop of Milan
* November 11 – Saint Martin of Tours, an "apostle of Gaul" and bishop of Tours
Holly Marie Combs

**Holly Marie Combs** (born December 3, 1973 in San Diego, California) is an American actress. She is best known for working on the television series *Charmed*. Before *Charmed*, she work in the TV series *Picket Fences*.

## Other websites 
*
Nonmetal

**Nonmetal**s or **non-metal**s are chemical elements which do not have the properties of a metal. 

They gain electrons when reacting with a metal. They are generally not lustrous and are bad conductors of heat and electricity. Some are gases including: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, neon or radon and others.  An example of a solid that is a nonmetal is sulfur. It is yellow and not shiny at all. An example of a liquid that is a nonmetal is bromine. It is red. A non-metal is a good insulator for heat and cold. Usually, gases or brittle solids are non-metals. 

Elements on the periodic table can be classified as metal, semimetal, or non-metal. Five times more elements are metals than nonmetals. However, nonmetals are abundant and important.  Two of the nonmetals—hydrogen and helium—make up over 99 percent of the observable Universe, and one—oxygen—makes up close to half of the Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere. Living organisms are also composed almost entirely of nonmetals, and nonmetals form many more compounds than metals.
Bengal tiger

The **Bengal tiger ** (*Panthera tigris* ) is a tiger subspecies native to the Indian subcontinent. It lives in Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and northern India. It is the National animal of Bangladesh.

The tiger's habitat includes  tropical moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, tropical and subtropical moist deciduous forests, mangroves, subtropical and temperate upland forests, and alluvial grasslands.

## Survival 
In 2014 it became endangered by IUCN. There are less than 2,500 of these tigers. There are about 1,520–1,909 in India, 440 in Bangladesh, 124–229 in Nepal and 67–81 in Bhutan. New tiger census 2010 showed the population of tiger in India approximately 2,226 which is 30% more from 1706, counted in the year 2010.Bengal tigers are carnivores. Bengal tigers are apex predators. They eat deer, water buffalo, gaur, wild boar, while reptile is crocodiles, after they generally not want kills indian rhinoceros, the take down not is kills asian elephants, monkeys and even sloth bears.

## Appearance 
The Bengal tiger's coat is brownish-yellow or brownish-orange.  Its stripes go from dark brown to black. The belly and the inside parts of the limbs are white. The tail is brownish-orange with black rings.

They are the second largest tiger, after the Siberian tiger also known as the Amur Tiger. Male Bengal tigers have a total length, including the tail, from . Females go from . The average weight of males is . Females are .

## References
## Other websites
Fish and chips

**Fish and chips** is a hot dish made of fried fish and chips. This dish came from England and is a traditional food of the UK. It is a popular kind of fast food in some parts of the world. 
Shops and restaurants that offer fish and chips are easy to find in Australia and New Zealand. They are most common in England. The first fish and chips were found in the East end of London in the late 19th Century. 

## The fish
Traditionally, cod, haddock, or (rarely) flounder are used to make fish and chips. Of these, cod is by far the most popular. Other fish with white meat can be used as well, for example whiting or plaice. Many places that serve fish and chips have more than one kind of fish. The customers can then choose what kind of fish they want.

The fish is always dipped in batter, which is a kind of liquid mixture which hardens upon frying. After that, it will be fried for a short time. The phrase 'fish and chips' implies that it will be fried in batter; of course, in a fish restaurant, grilling or boiling would be alternatives. Fish cooked like that do not have batter. Typically fish and chips is eaten with salt and vinegar.  
## The chips
The chips are made from sliced potatoes. They are larger than French fries. Large slices of potatoes are fried to make chips.

## Other side-dishes
Very often there are other side-dishes that are served with Fish and chips (also called a 'chippie' or 'fish shop'). They include mushy peas, onions, gherkins (which are baby cucumbers), baked beans and saveloys (long sausages). Sometimes, you can ask for 'scrapings' which are the bits of crunchy batter that have fallen off the fish when it was frying.
In Northern England there is also the variety chips and gravy (a little sauce) on the chips. It is less common in the rest of the country but sometimes you can also find 'curry sauce' in other parts of the UK. In Australia and New Zealand, fish and chip takeaway shops often offer sides like corn dogs and grilled cheese sandwiches.

## Other things to note
Fish and chips are also sold out of mobile shops. Very often the shops and restaurants that serve fish and chips do not have a license to serve alcohol. Some nutritionists criticize fish and chips, because the meal contains a large amount of fat.

## Other websites
* 
*
Marxist economics

**Marxist economics** is based on the economic theories of Philosopher Karl Marx. Marx's theories explain the "laws of motion" of production and exchange under capitalism. This theory was used to argue against the middle class theories of economics common at that time. Marx wanted this to be a tool for the working class (the proletariat) to use to overthrow capitalism and replace it with socialism, then with communism. Socialism would be a step towards the disappearance of the state, and communism would be, according to Marx, a society where goods and services would be distributed "to each according to his need, from each according to his ability."

Marxist used the Labor Theory of Value, which says that the value of a commodity is determined by the labor required to produce it. More specifically, Marx defined the value of a commodity as the socially necessary labor time required to produce it, the average (taken across all of society) time required to produce a given commodity under the average conditions of production. It follows from this that the working class is responsible for the production of all of the wealth consumed by all members of society.

Marx viewed the capitalist class (the bourgeoisie), those who control the means of production, as leech-like and unnecessary; they are not necessary for the production of the goods society must consume in order to meet human needs and reproduce itself. Rather, Marx saw the capitalist class as getting wealth for itself by the exploitation of the working class. Marx argued that wages under capitalism are determined not by the value created by workers during a given period of time, but by the cost of their labor power (ability to work). He argued that the cost of labor power is determined by the cost of the goods and services (food, clothing, shelter, child care, education etc.) nececssary to maintain and reproduce workers. So, capitalists do not pay workers for the value they create: they extract surplus value, the difference between the value created by a worker and the cost of their labor power (their wages), from the working class. In other words, surplus value is unpaid labor performed by the working class for the capitalist class, which Marx termed exploitation.

Marx argued that because the capitalist class enriches itself by the exploitation of the working class, the economic interests of the two classes are opposed and therefore incompatible. He saw the dispossession of the capitalists and the seizure of control of the means of production by the working class as historically progressive in that it would bring about the end of class society, remove the contradictions inherent under capitalism (a result of the antagonism of the two major classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat), and qualitatively increase the scope of human development in many areas.

## Other websites 
* Marxist website
South African rand

The **rand** (sign: **R**; code: **ZAR**) is the South African currency. 100 cents make up one rand. 
The rand is named after an area near Johannesburg called the Rand, which is famous for its gold mines.

The symbol for the rand is a capital R, written before the sum. Thus, one hundred rand is written as R100. The plural form is "rand" in both English and Afrikaans.
In February 2018, it was announced that a new series of banknotes would be released in commemoration of what would have been Nelson Mandela's centennial year. This series would include notes of all denominations, 10-, 20-, 50-, 100- and 200-Rand. These notes would circulate alongside existing notes and be released on 18 July 2018, which was the 100th anniversary of his birth.[34] The notes depict the standard face of Nelson Mandela on the obverse, but instead of the Big Five animals on the reverse, they show a younger Mandela with different iconic scenes related to his legacy. These scenes comprise: the rolling hills of the Eastern Cape, featuring Mandela’s humble birthplace of Mvezo (10-Rand); the home of Mandela in Soweto, where he defined his political life alongside other struggle icons (20-Rand); the site where Mandela was captured near Howick, following 17 months in hiding, where a monument has been erected in his honour (50-Rand); the place of Mandela's 27-year imprisonment at Robben Island (100-Rand); the inauguration of Mandela as president at the Union Buildings in 1994 (200-Rand). On January 1, 2023, the South African Reserve Bank issued new coins with a completely different design and the country's name in all eleven official languages.

## References
1779

## Births 
* July 15 – Clement Clarke Moore, American educator, writer, and poet (d. 1863)
* August 1 – Francis Scott Key, American lawyer and lyricist (d. 1843)
1700

**1700** (MDCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.  It was the last year of the 17th century.  Due to a leap day observed in the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar moved ahead by 11 days.

## Events 
* January 1 – Russia first starts using Western numbers for its calendar.
366

## Events 
* January 31 – Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile.
* April – Emperor Valens defeats the troops of Procopius in the Battle of Thyatira.
* Valens builds a pontoon bridge across the Danube.  This lets the Visigoths travel farther north.
* The *Tabula Peutingeriana*, a map showing Roman places and roads, is made about this time.
* October 1 – Damasus I becomes 37th pope.

## Births 
* Yao Xing, emperor of the Chinese Qiang state Later Qin

## Deaths 
* Acacius of Caesarea, bishop and Christian leader of Arianism
* September 24 – Pope Liberius
* Marcellus, general and Roman usurper
* May 27 – Procopius, Roman usurper
* Yu Daolian, empress and wife of Jin Feidi
* Zhi Dun, Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher
1322

## Events 
* March 16 – Battle of Boroughbridge, where Edward II of England beats Thomas, Earl of Lancaster
* September 27/September 28 – Battle of Ampfing, often called the last battle of knights, when Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor beats Frederick I of Austria

## Births 
* January 11 – Emperor Komyo of Japan (died 1380)
* June 24 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (died 1406)

## Deaths 
* January 3 – King Philip V of France (born 1293)
Internet Relay Chat

**Internet Relay Chat** (**IRC**) is a chat system on the Internet.  People from around the world can use it to have conversations together. It can also be used for two people to chat privately.

The IRC chat rooms are also called *IRC channels*. These channels are on IRC servers, which you can connect to by finding that server's information. This information will often begin with "irc," then a period, the name of the server, then another period, and finally, .com .org or .net. An example would be 'irc.[Servername].org'

There are small IRC servers (for example, OperaNet) to medium IRC servers (freenode and DalNet, which have about 30,000 users) and big IRC servers (for example, EFNet, UnderNet, which have over 100,000 users).

Users of IRC need an IRC client. An IRC client is a computer program that works with IRC.  There are many clients. Some of these clients run in the web browser. Other clients run as an application.  Popular stand-alone clients include mIRC for Microsoft Windows, and XChat for Linux and Microsoft Windows. The Opera web browser has an IRC client built into the browser. ChatZilla is a chat client which is a plugin to Mozilla Firefox.

An IRC bot is a computer program that helps control and protect channels.

The name of an IRC channel usually begins with a hash (#).

## Technical information 
, a cross-platform IRC client.]]
IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP and optionally TLS. An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. There are many client and server programs. Most IRC servers do not require users to log in, but a user will have to set a nickname before being connected.

IRC was originally a plain text  (although later extended), which on request was assigned network port 194/TCP by IANA. However, most servers now run IRC on 6667/TCP and nearby port numbers (for example TCP ports 6112-6119) so that the server does not have to be run with root privileges.

## IRC clients
This is a list of some programs which allow users to connect to IRC.

* AmIRC
* Bersirc
* BitchX
* BnIRC
* ChatZilla
* Colloquy
* Coolsmile
* EPIC
* FlowChat
* HexChat
* HydraIRC
* IceChat
* Irssi
* Jmirc
* Konversation
* KVIrc
* Mibbit
* mIRC
* Pjirc
* SeaMonkey
* TinyIRC
* XChat
* Quassel
* Weechat

## Related pages 
* Internet Relay Chat commands
* IRC bot
* Internet Relay Chat operator

## References 
## Other websites 
* IRC.org - Technical and Historical IRC6 information; articles on the history of IRC. 
* RFC 1459 - Technical Information about the IRC Protocol.
1463

## Events 
* January 5 – Poet François Villon is banned from Paris.
* September 15 – Battle of Zatoka Świeża.
1205

## Events 
* January 6 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans
* April 14 – Battle of Adrianople between Bulgars and Latins
* August 20 – Following certain news of Baldwin I's death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire

## Births 
* Walter IV of Brienne
* Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia

## Deaths 
* April 1 – King Amalric II of Jerusalem (born 1145)
* May 7 – Ladislaus III of Hungary (born 1201)
* June 14 – Walter III of Brienne
* July 13 – Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury
* Alexius V, Byzantine Emperor
* Baldwin I of Constantinople (born 1172)
* Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice
* Isabella of Jerusalem
* Žvelgaitis, Lithuanian duke
Pablo Picasso

**Pablo Picasso** (full name: Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso, October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor. He created over 20,000 works of art. He was 91 when he died.

He is considered one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. He co-founded the style of art called cubism. Picasso could draw and paint when he was very young. His first word was "*lápiz*", the Spanish word for "pencil".

Perhaps his most famous painting is *Guernica*, which shows the horrors of war after the bombing of the town of Guernica. He spent most of his life in France when he was an adult.

He was 90 years old when the Louvre in Paris showed many of his works. He was the first living artist to have an exhibition at the Louvre.

Picasso had four children with three women. He died of heart failure in Mougins, France, on April 8 1973.

## Childhood 
Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in Málaga, Spain. His father was a painter and teacher José Ruiz Blasco and his mother was María Picasso López. Until 1898, he signed his pictures with the names of his father and of his mother. After around 1901, he only used his mother's name. Pablo's father was his teacher at this time. One year later in 1897, Picasso started to study at the *Academia San Fernando* in Madrid. In 1898, he left the academy and went to a rest to Horta de Ebro. In 1900, he published his first illustrations in a newspaper in Barcelona. In 1915, he started to paint realistic again. During the World War, he also worked as a designer for Sergey Diaghilev. In 1925, his art was in the first Surrealist exhibition in Paris. Since 1932, he used Marie-Thérèse as a model. This painting was completed in about 8 months. It was first shown in the Spanish Pavilion in Paris in 1937. Also in 1944, Picasso joined the communist Party. :)

## After the Second World War
After the liberation of Paris, Picasso resumed exhibiting his work, notably at the Salon d’Automne of 1944 (“Salon de la Libération”), where his canvases of the preceding five years were received as a shock. That plus the announcement that Picasso had just joined the Communist Party led to demonstrations against his political views in the gallery itself. At the same time, Picasso opened up his studio to both new and old writer and artist friends, including Jean-Paul Sartre, Pierre Reverdy, Éluard, the photographer Brassaï, the English artist Roland Penrose, and the American photographer Lee Miller, as well as many American GIs.

## Death 
On 28 April 1973, Pablo Picasso died due to heart failure at the age of 91 years in Mougins.

## List (some of his works)
*Guernica
*Woman with a Watch (original title, Femme a la montre; 1932)
*Bust of a Woman in a Flowery Hat (original title, Buste de femme au chapeau à fleurs; 1943)
*Women of Algiers (original title, Les Femmes d'Alger; 1955)

## Related pages 
*List of Spanish painters
## References
First World

era, each with its respective allies as of the period between 30 April 1975 (the capture of Saigon) and 23 August 1975 (the communist takeover in Laos). Colors do not represent current economic development.

]]
**First World** or **Developed World** is a term used in geopolitics and economics to refer to the richer and more developed nations. In these countries, the majority of the people are in the middle class and enjoy a good standard of living. This term is being used less, as terms like *global North* and *developed world* become more common.

## List of First World nations
*Andorra
*Australia
*Austria
*Belgium
*Canada
*Denmark
*Finland
*France
*Germany
*Greece
*Iceland
*Ireland
*Italy
*Japan
*Liechtenstein
*Luxembourg
*Monaco
*Netherlands
*New Zealand
*Norway
*Portugal
*San Marino
*Spain
*Sweden
*Switzerland
*United Kingdom
*United States
*Vatican City
The Care Bears Movie

***The Care Bears Movie*** is a Canadian/American animated movie that came out on March 29, 1985. It was produced by Nelvana Limited of Canada, and was distributed by Universal Pictures. It was the first in a trilogy(or set of three) of big-screen movies that had the Care Bears in lead roles, and the first to be based directly on a toy line. The movie's success led to a spin-off television series that premiered on ABC a year after its release.

There were well-known celebrities among the movie's starring line-up, such as Carole King, who wrote and sung its opening theme. John Sebastian and NRBQ also contributed to its score. The movie also had the voices of Mickey Rooney, Canadian actress Georgia Engel, and voice actress Cree Summer.

It was made as a full-length commercial for the title toys, and had mixed views from critics. But its $23 million gross at the box office made it the biggest animated work outside the Disney market when it came out. It is one of the most profitable releases in the animation industry (its cost was $3 million). The movie saved Nelvana from closing down when *Rock & Rule*, the company's first production, did not do well.

## Facts
***The Care Bears Movie*** holds financial records for non-Disney animation (at the time it first came out), for Canadian moviemaking (only rivalled by ''Porky's* and, more recently, *The Wild''), and for its distributor Samuel Goldwyn.

Its director, Arna Selznick, was one of three women to ever lead the production for a full-length cartoon. To this day, she is proud of these efforts, though she was aware of the strategy to promote it.

## Plot
In this movie, an orphanage caretaker named Mr. Cherrywood tells the story of how the Care Bears come to help two children who do not care for anyone (Kim and Jason). The Care Bears live in Care-a-lot, a cloud-filled place up in the sky. As the two of them become friends with the Bears, a carnival magician's helper, Nicholas, turns from good to bad, because of an evil spirit he got from an old book.

When the boy's evil grows more and more, the Care Bears and their Cousins (from the Forest of Feelings), along with Kim and Jason, come back to Earth to end his evil doings. In turn, the carnival and the whole world will be saved.

## Other websites 
*
**The Care Bears Movie*  at the Keyframe - the Animation Resource
*Theatrical trailer  at Google Video
*The Care Bear Zone's picture gallery 
*Authentic cel from the movie at Toy Archive
*A page with sketches from the film by one of its crew, Kevin Davies
*Soundtrack page at SoundtrackCollector
1876

## Births 
* April 27 - Irma Sèthe, Belgian violinist.
* December 25 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan.

## Events 
* The telephone is invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
* The United States celebrated its 100th birthday.
* The Falkland Island Fox becomes extinct.
* George Armstrong Custer dies with his troops at the Battle of Little Big Horn