open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Electrolysis

**Electrolysis** is a scientific way of 'splitting' substances. It means 'electric-splitting'  and involves the separation of substances through an electric current.

Metals above carbon in the reactivity series (potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium) are extracted by electrolysis.

## Uses 
Electrolysis is used in the mining industry to split reactive metals from their ores after they are taken from the ground. 

Electroplating is also a process that uses electrolysis. It is used to plate (cover) things with metal, because it costs less than using materials like solid gold to make jewellery.

Electrolysis can be used by a trained doctor or esthetician to remove hair. This is called electrology.
The "galvanic" method of electrology uses electrolysis to produce a very small amount of a caustic solution, containing sodium hydroxide and water, by running an electrical current through a metal probe inside of the hair follicle. The method uses the body's tissues as an electrolytic cell, since these contain water and salts (electrolytes). The caustic solution reacts with the cells inside of the follicle, and damages them so that they cannot grow a hair anymore.

In modern practice, the probe is also heated up using electricity (called diathermy), which makes the chemical solution work more effectively, known as the "blend" electrology method. This heat can also be used by itself, and is used by electrologists, but does not involve electrolysis. Instead, this is a form of thermolysis, damaging hair cells using heat energy.

Electrolysis makes the anions (negative ions) go to the anode (positive electrode) and the cations (positive ions) go to the cathode (negative electrode). So, for example, oxygen would go to the anode and iron would go to the cathode.

## Related pages
*Electrolysis of water
*Electrolyte
Edgar, King of England

, Oxford University]]

King **Edgar** or **Eadgar I** (~942 – 8 July 975) was the younger son of King Edmund I of England. He had the nickname, "the Peaceable", but was a stronger king than his elder brother, Edwy. He took the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia from Edwy in 958. 

Edgar was recognized as king north of the Thames by Mercian nobles in 958, and officially took the throne when Edwy died in October 959. Immediately Edgar recalled Dunstan from exile and made him successively Bishop of Worcester, then of London and finally Archbishop of Canterbury.

Edgar is regarded as a Saint by the Catholic church.

## Genealogy 
## Other websites 
* Medieval Sourcebook: Anglo-Saxon Dooms:  laws of King Edgar, a fragment
* Edgar of England At Find A Grave
* Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry
Mozilla Thunderbird

**Mozilla Thunderbird** is a free cross-platform e-mail client developed by MZLA Technologies Corporation which is a subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation.

## References
List of U.S. state mottos

This is a list of **mottos** for the different states of the United States. To help tourism, states can also make state slogans.

## District of Columbia and United States Territories 
## Related pages
* List of U.S. state nicknames

## References
## Other websites 
* http://www.cco.net/~paz/motto&songs.htm 
* Kentucky's newer motto
Conservation status

The **conservation status** of a species shows how likely it is for that species to survive now or in the future. Many factors affect the conservation status of a species: the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and others.

## Related pages 
*Conservation biology
Sauropsid

**Sauropsids** are a group of land vertebrates which includes all existing reptiles and birds and their fossil ancestors. 

They are one of the two groups which evolved from egg-laying amniotes in the first part of the Carboniferous period.

The synapsids are the other group which evolved from amniotes. They gave rise, eventually, to the mammals.

Living sauropsids include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Extinct sauropsids include non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and many others.

## Origin of tetrapods
More or less, the evolution of tetrapods has taken this course:
*Sarcopterygii
**Coelacanthimorpha (Coelacanths)
**Dipnoi (lungfish)
***Tetrapodomorpha
The earliest tetrapods lived in water. Clear fossil tetrapod tracks from the mid-Devonian predate previous tetrapod records by 18 million years.

Nine genera of Devonian tetrapods have been described. These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial. They lived in swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons, brackish river deltas, and even shallow marine sediments.

### Romer's gap
Between the lobe-finned fish tetrapods and the first amphibia and amniotes in the Middle Carboniferous lies a gap of 30 million years, with few satisfactory tetrapod fossils. This is "Romer's gap". Some new fossils were found in the 1990s, such as *Pederpes*, right in the middle of the Romer Gap. The gap still obscures the details of the tetrapod transition.

Sometime, in the later Devonian or earliest Carboniferous, the fishapods became mainly land-based. One group of them kept their link to the water, and always laid their eggs in water. They became the amphibians. The others evolved a way of laying eggs on land. They were the amniotes, whose key innovation was the cleidoic egg.

Sometime in the middle or lower Carboniferous, the amniotes split into two lines. One line lead to the reptiles of all kinds, and we call that the Sauropsida. The other line led eventually to the mammals, and we call that the Synapsida. It is not right to say "mammals evolved from reptiles" because both groups derived from early amniotes. In any event, modern reptiles are vastly different from modern mammals. Both groups have evolved for over 300 million years from the early amniotes.

## Tetrapods
*Land-dwelling tetrapods
**Amphibians > amniota and present-day amphibians
**Amniota
*****Sauropsida** > present-day reptiles and birds
***Synapsida > present-day mammals

## References
Anarcho-syndicalism

**Anarcho-syndicalism** is a form of anarchism. It sees labour unions as something which will cause revolutionary change. This change will give freedom and equality to the workers. Anarcho-syndicalists want to get rid of the wage system and capitalism. They believe this leads to class divisions and inequality. 

The basic concepts of anarcho-syndicalism are:
# Workers’ solidarity 
# Direct action 
# Workers' self-management

Anarcho-syndicalists believe that only direct action can bring about change. Anarcho-syndicalists do not take part in indirect action, like electing a representative to a government position.

Anarcho-syndicalism played an important role in the Spanish Civil War.
## Other websites 
* Libertarian Communist Library - Contains Many Anarcho-Syndicalist Texts
Trotskyism

**Trotskyism** is the form of communism that is based on the ideas of Leon Trotsky. Trotsky described himself as an "orthodox Marxist". This is a different way of seeing the ideas of Karl Marx than the way other communists like Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin saw them. The biggest difference is in Trotsky's idea that there needs to be an international "permanent revolution". Permanent revolution is the idea that proletarian revolution needed to spread in countries worldwide, even where capitalism was not as advanced as only the proletarian revolution could carry out the tasks of the unfinished bourgeois revolutions in these countries. This is different to the Stalinist idea of trying to preserve a single nation's revolution from within. Trotsky also supported a less authoritarian government and more democracy. Trotsky advocated for workers democracy (workers control the production in factories).
]]

The largest Trotskyist organizations today are the  Reunified Fourth International, International Socialist Tendency, International Marxist Tendency, the International Communist League, and the  Committee for a Workers' International.
A Fistful of Dollars

***A Fistful of Dollars*** (1964) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the first movie in the Dollars trilogy and was the first Spaghetti Western to be released in the United States. The second movie in the Dollars Trilogy is *For a Few Dollars More*; the third is *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly*.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*Fistful-of-Leone.com
*The Spaghetti Western Database
For a Few Dollars More

***For a Few Dollars More*** (1965) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone. It stars Clint Eastwood and Lee Van Cleef as rival bounty hunters who join forces against psychotic bandit El Indio (Gian Maria Volonte) and his gang.

The film is the second in the Dollars trilogy, and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is *A Fistful of Dollars*; the third is *The Good, the Bad and the Ugly*.

## Other websites 
*
*The Spaghetti Western Database
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

***The Good, the Bad and the Ugly*** (1966) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood, Lee Van Cleef and Eli Wallach.  The film follows three men, Blondie (the Good), Angel Eyes (the Bad), and Tuco (the Ugly), as they compete to find a buried treasure during the American Civil War. It is the third and final movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is *A Fistful of Dollars*; the second is *For a Few Dollars More*.

This movie and *Once Upon a Time in the West* are considered to be the greatest western movies ever.

## Other websites 
* 
* Official Site
* www.spaghetti-western.net The Spaghetti Western Database
* Dvdreview.com Review
Ennio Morricone

**Ennio Morricone** (November 10, 1928 &ndash; July 6, 2020) was an Italian classical composer famous for making movie scores. He composed the scores for more than 500 movies and television programs. He is well known for composing the scores to Western movies, particularly Spaghetti Westerns. 

In 2007 he received the Honorary Academy Award for his many great movie scores. In his career, the composer sold over 50 million records worldwide. In 2016, he won an Academy Award for his work on *The Hateful Eight*.

Morricone was born in Rome. He died at a hospital in Rome on July 6, 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 91.

## References
XTC

**XTC** was an English rock band. Its members were: Andy Partridge, Colin Moulding, Barry Andrews, Dave Gregory, Nick Preston, and Terry Chambers. XTC started in 1976. They had their biggest success in the late 1970s and most of the 1980s. XTC was best known in their home country of England, but they had some fame in other countries like the United States. Their 2 biggest hits in the U.S. are "Dear God" and "The Mayor Of Simpleton". Some of XTC's other hit songs include "Making Plans For Nigel", "Senses Working Overtime", and "Are You Receiving Me".

XTC made a total of 13 studio albums. Their last album came out in 2000 and they broke up in 2005. Andy Partridge, the band's singer, says he doesn't think XTC will ever get back together.

One interesting thing about XTC is that they almost never did live concerts since 1982. The reason for that is because Andy Partridge sometimes got very nervous performing on stage in front of thousands of people.

## Other websites 
* XTC official site
* Chalkhills: XTC fan site
* Optimisms Flames: another fan site
Roh Moo-hyun

**Roh Moo-Hyun** (1 September 1946-23 May 2009) was a South Korean politician. He was the President of South Korea. He was born in Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. He took office on 25 February 2003. He is seen as one of the most popular presidents of South Korea.

After retirement from Cheongwadae, he was residing in Bongha Maeul, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do until death. He committed suicide on 23 May 2009, by jumping off a cliff after being accused of taking bribes.

## Notes
## Other websites 
* Official homepage of Roh Moo-hyun (Korean)
* Democratic Party (in Korean) 
* Nosamo: Roh Moo-hyun's fan club (in Korean) 
* "Profile: Roh Moo-hyun", BBC News, May 14, 2004.
Tex Avery

**Frederick Bean** "**Tex**" **Avery** (February 26, 1908 – August 26, 1980) was an American animator, cartoonist and director. He is famous for creating animated cartoons during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He did his most major work for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios. He created the characters of Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, and Droopy. He had an effect on almost all of the animated cartoon series by various studios in the 1940s and 1950s.

## Further reading
* Adamson, Joe  (1975). *Tex Avery: King of Cartoons*. New York: Da Capo Press. .
* Barrier, Michael (1999). *Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
* Benayoun, Robert (1988). *Le mystère Tex Avery*. Paris: Editions du Seuil. .
* Canemaker, John (1996). *Tex Avery: The MGM Years, 1942–1955*. Atlanta: Turner Press. .
* Morris, Gary (September 1998). What's Up, Tex? A Look at the Life and Career of Tex Avery . *Bright Lights Film Journal*.

## Other websites 
* 
* Tex Avery Tribute website
Edmund I of England

**Edmund I** (921  26 May 946), **the Elder**, **the Deed-Doer** or **the Magnificent**, was King of England from 939 until his death. He was a son of Edward the Elder and a half-brother of Athelstan. Edmund was the first king to start his rule with a united England. He was succeeded by his brother Edred. Edmund is buried at Glastonbury Abbey.

## References
Choi Kyu-hah

**Choi Kyu-hah** (July 16, 1919 – October 22, 2006) (also spelled **Choi Kyu-ha**) was the President of South Korea between 1979 and 1980. He was born in the town of Wonju, in Gangwon Province. He was foreign minister of South Korea from 1967 to 1971 and prime minister from 1975 to 1979. 

After the  of Park Chung Hee in 1979, Choi, the prime minister of South Korea at the time, took power. Because of the unrest of Park's authoritarian rule, Choi promised a new constitution and democratic elections (many thought that the elections led by Park were ). He won a December election later that year to become the country's fourth president.

In December 1979, Major General Chun Doo-hwan and close allies in the military staged a military coup against Choi's government. They quickly removed the army chief of staff and by early 1980 virtually controlled the government.

In April 1980, because of increasing pressure from Chun and other politicians, Choi appointed Chun as head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, giving him enormous power.  In May, Chun declared martial law and removed all trappings of civilian government, becoming the de facto ruler of the country.  By then, student protests were increasing in Seoul and Gwangju. The protests in Gwangju continued, resulting in the Gwangju Massacre, where over 200 civilians were killed within five days by Chun's military.

Choi resigned soon afterward. Chun became president on September 1, 1980. After his resignation, Choi lived quietly out of the public eye. He died on October 22, 2006, aged 87.

## Related pages
* List of Korea-related topics

## Other websites
* President Choi Kyu-ha 
* Reuters report of death
Yun Po-sun

**Yun Bo-seon** (Korea:윤보선, August 26, 1897 – July 18, 1990) was the President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962. 

He was born in Asan, South Chungcheong province, Yun graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1930. He entered politics after Japanese occupation ended in 1945, with Syngman Rhee being his mentor. In 1948, Yun was made mayor of Seoul by Rhee. A year later, he was made the Minister of Commerce and Industry. Soon, he started to disagree with Rhee's authoritarian policies. He then served as president of the Red Cross Society, before being elected to the National Assembly in 1954. A year later, he founded the opposition Democratic Party along with several others.

After Rhee's government was ousted by a student-led pro-democracy uprising, Yun was elected president on August 13, 1960. He was merely a figurehead, as South Korea had switched to a parliamentary system in response to the authoritarian excesses of Rhee's regime.  After Park Chung Hee's coup in 1961, he stayed on briefly to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. He opposed Park's authoritarian rule and ran for president twice in 1963 and 1967, losing each time. After receiving suspended sentences several times for anti-government activities, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and focused primarily on cultural activities until his death from diabetes and high blood pressure. He died in 1990.

## Book 
* 《Autobiography, Road of thorns the national salvation (구국의 가시밭길)》(1967)
* 《Select the days of lonely(외로운 선택의 나날들)》(1991)

## Prize 
* Sharon Big-Merit(무궁화 대훈장)
* In-Cheon Cultural Award

## Related pages
* Yun Chi-ho
* Chang Myon
* Jang Jun-Ha
* Yun Chi-Young

## References 
## Other websites 
*Cheongwadae profile
Kim Young-sam

**Kim Young-sam** (December 20, 1927 – November 22, 2015) was the President of the South Korea from February 25, 1993 to February 25, 1998. He was born in Geoje, South Gyeongsang. When elected in 1992, he became the first civilian to become president in over 30 years.

Kim died in a hospital in Seoul, South Korea from heart failure caused by a blood infection, aged 87.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official profile from the Office of the President of the Republic of Korea 
* *Britannica Student Encyclopedia*: Kim Young Sam
Psychonauts

***Psychonauts***  is an action-adventure platformer video game created by Double Fine. It was made for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and PC, and was later brought to Xbox 360 through the Xbox Live Arcade service, and Apple Computers through Steam. The main character, Rasputin, is a Psychonaut, or psychic who travels through people's minds. Although Psychonauts initially did poorly regarding sales, the game is well known for being very creative and having a cult following. A sequel has recently been rumored to be developed by Double Fine and produced by Markus "Notch" Persson, millionaire, and creator of *Minecraft* and Mojang Studios. Tim Schafer, founder of Double Fine, predicts *Psychonauts 2* to cost $13 million to make.
Canonization

**Canonization** is a statement by a church saying that someone is a saint. This process is used by some Christian churches, most commonly in the Roman Catholic Church. The person must be dead, because living people cannot be canonized.

The process of canonization involves proving that the person lived in a way that  this decision. They must have loved others and loved God. In the Catholic Church, at least two miracles by the saint's intercession must be proven. This means that, because the person is believed to be in heaven, someone must pray, or ask, for the saint to pray for them in heaven. If the prayer is answered and a miracle happens, then they know that the person is a saint. The miracles prove that the saint must be in heaven with God, and able to ask God for prayers to be answered.            

These people then enter into the *canon*, or list, of saints.

It is not correct to say that the Church "makes" someone a saint. The Catholic Church believes that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint. The canonization process just finds out for sure, or without a doubt, that someone is a saint.

## Other websites 
* Canonization of Saints  - Describes the significance and process of canonizing saints.
* Entry on canonization and beatification in the *Catholic Encyclopedia*
Saint Dunstan

**Dunstan** (909–May 19, 988) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 988. He was canonized (made a saint) in 1029. He became famous for the many stories told about his dealing with the Devil.

## References
## Other websites 
*Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan 
*Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Dunstan
*The True Legend of St. Dunstan and the Devil by Edward G. Flight, illustrated by George Cruikshank, published in 1871, and available from Project Gutenberg
*Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan enshrined at Glastonbury or Canterbury?
Sum 41

**Sum 41** (sometimes called **The Sums**, originally called **Kaspir**) is a Canadian rock punk band from Ajax, Ontario. The people currently in the band are Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Cone McCaslin (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Steve Jocz (drums, percussion, and backing vocals). The band's most known lineup is the same, except with Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals.

In 1999, the band signed a record deal with Island Records. Since then, the band has released four studio albums. Their most successful album to date is *All Killer, No Filler.* The album had the single "Fat Lip" which did very well, making it the band's most successful single. The second single off the album, "In Too Deep", also did well. So far, all of the Sum 41 albums have done very well in Canada. Sum 41 has received many awards and nominations. They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards (the Canadian equivalent of a Grammy Award), winning twice.

On March 30, 2025, Sum 41 will perform their last show at the 54th annual Juno Awards. They announced that were planning on disbanding the band after they are inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame.

## Influences
Sum 41's influences include NOFX, All, Black Flag, Fugazi, Pennywise, Rancid, Superchunk, Weezer, Beastie Boys, Bad Religion, Buzzcocks, Nirvana, Ramones, Social Distortion, The Offspring, Foo Fighters, The Police, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Guns N' Roses, Metallica, Anthrax, The Vandals, Megadeth, Dio, Slayer, No Use for a Name, Carcass, Elvis Costello, Run-DMC, Lagwagon, Face to Face, Devo, Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock and Green Day.

## Line-ups
## Discography
;Studio albums

**All Killer No Filler* (2001)
**Does This Look Infected?* (2002)
**Chuck* (2004)
**Underclass Hero* (2007)
**Screaming Bloody Murder* (2011)
**13 Voices* (2016)
**Order in Decline* (2019)
**Heaven :x: Hell* (2024)

## References
## Other websites
*Official Site @ Island Records
*
*A Sum 41 fan community
Kamala Nehru Park

SHOE PARK  

a park in India. It covers an area of 4,000 sq yd (3,300 m²). It is located at the top of Mumbai's Malabar Hill.  The park is named after Kamala Nehru, the wife of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. 

A place often visited by schoolchildren, it has little to offer by way of entertainment apart from a structure shaped like a shoe. The shoe structure is inspired by the nursery rhyme "There was an old woman." 

From the garden, one can see Chowpatty Beach, and the DOLLY

NECKLACE's
Stronghold

]]
**Stronghold** means castle or any other strongly fortified place. The history of fortified buildings reaches from antiquity to modern times. In medieval Europe, the castle was the most common type of stronghold and often the residence of the king or territorial lord.   The Maginot Line is an example of a 20th century stronghold.   

Stronghold is also the name of a small video game franchise consisting of several castle-sim games made by Firefly Studios.

## Related pages
*fortification
Weimar (Lahn)

**Weimar (Lahn)** is a community in the German state of Hesse. It has about 7,600 inhabitants. Weimar (Lahn) lies near Marburg.

## References
## Other websites 
* Community's official website
* Weimar-Wenkbach
* FSG Südkreis
Lord

A **Lord** (**Laird** in some Scottish contexts) is a person who has power and authority. Women will usually (but not universally) take the title 'Lady' instead of Laird or Lord, but there is an example of a female Lord: *Lord of Mann*, the ruler of the Isle of Man. The territory belonging to a lord is often called a lordship. Lords as a group are a peerage. 

The word actually comes from the Old English forms for "" (bread) and "ward" (used to mean "protector", although today it means "one who is protected"). So a *lord* or "loaf ward" was originally "the one who protected the loaf". A **mesne lord** was a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. The one who ruled over mesne lords was sometimes called an **overlord**. This higher lord was sometimes the king.

In a religious context, **The Lord** means God, mainly by Christianity.

## References
Dunstan (disambiguation)

**Dunstan** may be the following reasons:

## People
* Saint Dunstan, a saint and 10th-century Archbishop of Canterbury
* Don Dunstan, former Premier of South Australia
* Donald Dunstan (Australian Governor), former Governor of South Australia
* Albert Dunstan, former Premier of Victoria
* William Dunstan, recipient of the Victoria Cross
* Keith Dunstan, journalist and son of William
* Darren Dunstan, voice actor

## Places
* Lake Dunstan in New Zealand

## Organizations
*St Dunstan's, a British charity for blind ex-service personnel

## Educational institutions
* Saint Dunstan's University on Prince Edward Island
* St Dunstan's College in London
* Dunstan High School in Alexandra, New Zealand

## Churches
* Church of St Dunstan, Liverpool
* St Dunstan's, Mayfield
* St Dunstan's, Stepney
* St Dunstan-in-the-East
* St Dunstan-in-the-West
* St. Dunstan's Church of the Highlands Parish, Shoreline, Washington
* St. Dunstan's, Canterbury
Musical mode

**Modes** in music are a kind of scale.

The Ancient Greeks used several modes in their music. Medieval musicians borrowed the names of these modes to describe the scales used in their music. Western music predominantly usually uses two scales: **major** and **minor, **which correspond to the Ionian and Aeolian modes. Like any other scale, a mode can start on any note.

Each mode has a different pattern of tones and semitones (or “half tones”) (see semitone).
* The Western major scale (e.g. the C major scale C D E F G A B C) starts on its KEY NOTE and goes up using the following pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone.
* The Western natural minor scale (e.g. the A natural minor scale A B C D E F G A) does the same, but it has a different pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone.

The modes are easiest to see on a piano keyboard using the white notes only. The most common modern modes are:
* Ionian (C D E F G A B C)
* Dorian (D E F G A B C D)
* Phrygian (E F G A B C D E)
* Lydian (F G A B C D E F)
* Mixolydian (G A B C D E F G)
* Aeolian (A B C D E F G A)
* Locrian (B C D E F G A B)

It will be seen that
* The Ionian mode is the major scale.
* The Dorian is a natural minor scale with a major sixth.
* The Phrygian is a natural minor scale with a minor second.
* The Lydian is a major scale with an augmented fourth.
* The Mixolydian is a major scale with a minor seventh.
* The Aeolian is the natural minor scale.
* The Locrian sounds rather strange, and was hardly ever used in Medieval music. It is a minor scale with a minor second and a diminished fifth.

Each mode also has a version called “hypo—“.
For example: A to A is Hypodorian. It is the same as Aeolian, but the D is treated as the “keynote”.

The names of the modes come from cities in Ancient Greece.

In the Middle Ages these modes were widely used in church music.

Some composers in recent centuries have enjoyed using the ancient modes from time to time in their music. Folksongs are often **modal**. Greensleeves is an example of a well-known tune which is modal.
Lúcuma

**Lucuma** fruits are found in Peru and Chile. Lucuma have been eaten for many centuries. Anthropologists have found ancient burial sites with lucuma seeds. 

Lucuma is used in many different drinks and desserts. Lucuma is the most popular ice cream flavor in Peru.

## References
Sharp

**Sharp** means that something can cut easily.
Sharp may also refer to:
*Sharp (photography), if a picture is sharp it is well in focus.
*Sharp hearing, if someone has "Sharp hearing" it means they can hear extremely well.
*Sharp (music), a sharp is a note that has been made higher by a semitone
*Sharp (tuning), means that a note that is not in tune:  The pitch is too high (see intonation).
*Sharp Corporation, a Japanese electronics manufacturer
Neurosurgery

.]]
**Neurosurgery** is the surgical specialty that focuses on diseases and injuries involving the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
Fortification

situation, Groningen (province), Netherlands]]
 in Yorkshire. The reconstruction was created for Rotherham Museums and Galleries.]]
**Fortifications** are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war. People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex. The term fortification comes from the Latin words *fortis* ("strong") and *facere* ("to make").

Many military installations are known as **forts**, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as **fortresses**, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of **fortalices**. Some are castles. The word **fortification** can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are **fortifications** but not necessarily called **fortresses**.

The last great system of fortification to be built was the Atlantic Wall.

## Related pages 
* Fortress
* Stronghold
* Salient

## Other websites 
* Information on Australian World War 2 Fortifications
* A Military History of Malta (Fortifications)
* Fortress Cologne
* Aerial photography: Fortress - Komárom - Hungary
* Petrovaradin - Greatest XVIII century fortress in Europe 

## Gallery 

File:Nakhal.fort.jpg|Nakhal Fort, one of the best-preserved forts in Oman
File:Mehrangarh Fort.jpg|Mehrangarh Fort in Jodhpur (Rajasthan, India)
File:Grainan of aileach.jpg|Gríanán of Aileach, ancient Irish ringfort, Donegal
File:GreatWallTower.jpg|A restored portion of the Great Wall of China
File:Coastal fortification, gun turret schematic.png|Coastal fortification with a rotating gun turret.
File:CMR - Tour martello 2.JPG|Fort Frederick Martello Tower in Kingston, Ontario at Royal Military College of Canada
File:1ABAREfORT.JPG|Bare Island Fort in Botany Bay in a suburb called La Perouse, Sydney, Australia
Conjoined twins

**Conjoined twins** are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate. Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, and approximately half are stillborn. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%. Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%). Daisy and Violet Hilton are a famous pair of conjoined twins. They were born in Brighton and were kept on top of the Evening Star pub, where they were taught to dance by a cruel barmaid. She then sold them and they toured Vaudeville. They became famous in the movie *Freaks* and lived long lives, eventually getting married.
Western Asia

**Western Asia** (or **Southwest Asia**) is the part of  Asia that includes the Middle East and South Caucasus. 

## Territories 
Southwest Asia in most uses includes:

# (sometimes)
# 
#  (partly)
# 
#  (partly)
# 
# 
# 
#  (partly)
# 

## Other websites
*Stanford's Map of Western Asia  is an old map from 1885
Jane Eyre

***Jane Eyre*** is a novel written by Charlotte Brontë. It was published in 1847 in England. It is Charlotte Brontë's most famous book.

## Background 
Around this time, Charlotte was beginning to suffer a painful toothache, which made many of her teeth fall out. She was even more worried about her father's blindness. On 19 August 1846, Charlotte went to Manchester with her father to see an eye surgeon, William James Wilson. Wilson performed the operation on 25 August. The next day, Charlotte described it to her friend Ellen in a letter. Wilson had been helped by two other surgeons. The operation had taken about 15 minutes. Charlotte wrote, "Papa is now confined to his bed in a dark room and is not to be stirred for four days - He is to speak and to be spoken to as little as possible". "Depressed and weary (tired)", Charlotte began writing *Jane Eyre*.

Charlotte did not have good eyes, so she wrote in little square books that she held close to her eyes. She wrote the first copy in pencil. When she left Manchester to go back home, she took the book with her and continued writing.

## Plot 
*Jane Eyre* is a love story. It tells about a young woman called Jane Eyre who was an orphan and goes to teach a girl named Adele Varens in a far-away house. The master of the house is Mr. Rochester. Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love, but Jane is  when she finds out Mr. Rochester is already married to a crazy woman. She leaves the house, believing that marrying him would now be the same as adultery and that she would be his mistress, not his wife. When she goes away, she becomes sick and almost dies. Three people, Diana, Mary, and St. John Rivers, find her and let her live with them. There, she becomes a teacher and finds out that they are her cousins. She is very happy until St. John wants her to marry him and be a missionary with him. She knows that he does not really love her and thinks she is simply useful, so she says no. However, he continues to ask her, and she is finally almost persuaded that it is her  to marry him when she hears Mr. Rochester crying, "Jane! Jane!" She feels that something has happened to him, and quickly goes back to see him. His crazy wife had set his house on fire and died in it. Mr. Rochester, because of the fire, had become blind and wounded. Jane, now that his wife is dead, is happy to marry him, and they get married and have a son.

## Famous sentence 
The novel begins the last chapter with one of the most famous lines in English literature:

"*Reader, I married him*".

The active voice was revolutionary for its time.

## Other books by Charlotte Brontë
*Villette
*Shirley

## References
Roh Tae-woo

**Roh Tae-woo** (4 December 1932 – 26 October 2021), was the sixth President of South Korea (1988–1993). He was a Korean general and politician. A member of the Hanahoi, Roh was the hand-picked successor of the ex-general and president Chun Doo-hwan. This caused large pro-democracy rallies in Seoul and other cities in 1987.  Roh agreed to hold democratic presidential elections, making himself a candidate for the next election. The opposition split the votes between Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung (both of whom later became presidents). This made Roh the first elected president after the time that the military ruled the country.

Roh's rule was notable for hosting the Seoul Olympics in 1988 and for his foreign policy of nordpolitik.

In 1993, Roh's successor Kim Young-sam led an anti-corruption campaign that saw Roh and Chun Doo-hwan on trial for bribery. The two former presidents were later charged with mutiny and treason for their part in the 1979 coup and the 1980 Gwangju Riot. 

Both were found to be guilty in August 1996 of treason, mutiny and corruption. Chun was sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment. Roh's 22 1/2-year jail sentence was reduced to 17 years. Both were released from prison in early 1998, pardoned by then-President Kim Dae-jung.

Roh died on October 26, 2021, at the Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul at the age of 88.

## Notes 
## References
Gifhorn

**Gifhorn** is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.

About 43,000 people live there. They have 3 star hotels.

## References
## Other websites
*
Brigantes

The **Brigantes** were a British Celtic tribe (people), that used to live in the North of Roman Britain; between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They occupied what was later Northumbria. To the north was the territory of the Votadini, which straddled the present day border between England and Scotland.

## Nearby tribes
The tribes that used to live next to the Brigantes were the Carvetti, the Parisii, the Cornovii, and the Corieltauvi.

## Related tribes
There was a Brigantes tribe who used to live in the South of Ireland as well. They may both be related to the *Brigantii* of the eastern Alps.

## Other websites 
* Brigantes Nation
* Brigantes at Roman-Britain.co.uk
* Brigantes  at Romans in Britain

## References
Autolycus of Pitane

**Autolycus of Pitane** (ca. 360 BC—d. ca. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer.  He was born in Pitane, a town of Aeolis, in Asia Minor.  His works were probably completed in Athens between the years 335 BC and 300 BC.  Autolycus' surviving works include a book on spheres (called *On the Moving Sphere*) and another on the rising and setting of celestial bodies.  *On the Moving Sphere* is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved.

Euclid mentions Autolycus' work.  Autolycus also taught Arcesilaus.

Maurolycus translated Autolycus' works in the sixteenth century.

## Mathematics
Autolycus studied the movements of a sphere.  It is believed they were the earliest written mathematics related books which have actually survived.  Theodosius' *Sphaerics* was based on Autolycus' work on spheres.

## Astronomy
Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies, and wrote that "any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon."

A crater on the Moon is named after him.

## References
Kinship

**Kinship** is the most basic principle of putting individuals into social groups, roles, and categories.  The basic sort of kinship is to belong to the same family by birth.

## Kinship 
Kinship tells us how we are related to our family or each other, through our biology and history.  Kinship can be a complex system of social groups. It is a universal system as everyone has a family. Some small and large scale societies use kinship not only for human reproduction but for “economic transactions, the political system and [their] religious beliefs” (J.Hendry, 1999).

## History 
The anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan invented kinship studies. In the 1850s and 1860s he watched the Iroquois, a Native American group in the Northeastern United States. He was mostly interested in what was keeping societies together. He was the first to state the different types of kinship systems that exist, in his book, called ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family’.

## Types 
There are two main types of kinship.

**Consanguinity** means to be related by blood. Laws in some countries use the amount of consanguinity between two people.  For instance, deciding who is allowed to be married.  It can also be used to decide who can receive property after death if there is no will.  Many religions also use the amount of consanguinity to define acceptable practices.

**Affinity** means to be related by social processes, like marriage or adoption. There are also legal and religious definitions for acceptable amounts of affinity.

## Descent 
There are two types of descent involved in kinship.  *Patrilineal* are the relations that come from the father’s blood line.  *Matrilineal* are the relations that come from the mother’s blood line.

## Examples of kinship
* parent (father or mother)
* child (son or daughter)
* sibling (brother or sister)
* grandparent (grandfather or grandmother)
* grandchild (grandson or granddaughter)
* uncle or aunt
* nibling (nephew or niece)
* cousin
* ancestor
* descendant

## References 
* C. Delaney. (2004). ‘Relatives and Relations’: Investigating Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. p.192.
* J. Hendry. (1999). ‘Family, Kinship and Marriage’: An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London Palgrave.
* L. Rival. (1998). ‘Androgenous Parents and Guest Children’: The Huaorani Couvade. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol.4: p.619-642.
Attack

**Attacking** is an action done to violate or destroy something. In military affairs it means the armed action to force one's own will over the opponent's will, by means of  of the army of the enemy. The most important characteristics of an attack in comparison with all other types of combat and actions is the initiative.

## Related pages
* Charge (warfare)
* Attack aircraft
Mike D

**Michael Diamond**, better known as **Mike D** (born November 20, 1965), is an American rapper. He is a member of the Beastie Boys, a hip hop band.

Diamond  the band "The Young Aborigines" in 1979. They changed the name of the band to the Beastie Boys in 1981. At that time, the band played hardcore punk music. In 1992, he founded his own record label, Grand Royal. He is married to Tamra Davis.
Combat

**Combat**, or **fighting**, is purposeful violent conflict between two or more persons, groups or organizations, often intended to establish dominance over the opponent. The term "combat" typically means armed conflict between military forces in war. The more general term "fighting" can mean any violent conflict, including boxing and wrestling matches. Combat  can be unilateral, fighting means that there is at least a defensive reaction. But the terms are often used synonymously.
Relationship

**Relationship** may mean:

* Interpersonal relationship
**Friendship
** Kinship
** intimate relationship, including relationships based on romantic love

* Mathematical relationship, including:
** Inverse relationship
** Direct relationship
** Relation (mathematics)
* Relational model
Hawthorn

***Crataegus*** (commonly called **hawthorn**) is a large genus of shrubs in the family Rosaceae. They are found in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn used to be used for the species found only in northern Europe but is now used for the entire genus. The same name is also used for the related Asian genus *Rhaphiolepis*.

Hawthorn are shrubs and small trees. They grow to 5-15 m tall and have small fruit. The fruit are called **haws**.

## References
## Other websites 
* Photos of Chinese haw berries 
* Medicinal uses of Hawthorn in Armenia
* Edible uses of hawthorns at Plants For A Future
Relation

**Relation** could mean:

*Relation, a person to whom one is related, i.e. a family member (see also Kinship)
*Relation (mathematics), a generalization of arithmetic relations, such as "=" and "<", that occur in statements, such as "5 < 6" and "2 + 2 = 4".  See also *binary relation*, *triadic relation*, *relational algebra*, *theory of relations*.
*In the relational model, a set of tuples, otherwise known as a table.
*Relation, in logic and philosophy, a property or predicate ranging over more than one argument.  See also *Logic of relatives*, *Relation of ideas*, *Relational theory*, *Relational philosophy*.

## Related pages
*International relations
*Interpersonal relationship
*Intimate relationship
*Relationships
Intimacy

**Intimacy** is linked with feelings of closeness among partners in a relationship. It is usually characterized by love and attachment. These feelings may or may not be connected or confused with sexual feelings. In other relationships, intimacy has more to do with shared moments than sexual interactions.

This is not an exact definition, but it seems that intimacy and healthy relationships go hand in hand. Indeed, intimacy is basic in any meaningful relationship: the basis of friendship and one of the foundations of love.

The main forms of intimacy are emotional intimacy and physical intimacy.  Intellectual intimacy, familiarity with a person's culture and interests, is common among friends.  Members of religious or philosophic groups may also perceive a "spiritual intimacy" in common.

## Intimate partners 
Terms for partners in various degrees of love include
* Boyfriend
* Girlfriend
* Mistress (lover)
* spouse

## Related pages 
* Interpersonal relationship
* Marriage
Intimacy (disambiguation)

**Intimacy** is a psychological concept describing the sort of contact between people in a relationship.

It can also mean:

## Works of Art 
### Music 
**Intimacy* (Jody Watley album) - a 1993 album by Jody Watley 
**Intimacy* (Bruce Roberts album) - a 1995 album of love songs 
**Intimacy* (Matt Redman album) - a 1998 album by Matt Redman
**Intimacy* (album) - a 2008 album by Bloc Party

### Novel 
**Intimacy* (novel) - 1998 novel by Hanif Kureishi
*"Intimacy" (short story) - A short story by Raymond Carver

### Movie 
**Intimacy* (2001 movie) -  2001 European drama directed by Patrice Chéreau and loosely based on the 1998 novel of the same name.
Seaborgium

**Seaborgium** is a chemical element. In the past, it has been named **eka-tungsten** but is now named seaborgium. It has the symbol **Sg** and it has the atomic number 106.  Seaborgium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The most stable isotope is 271Sg. Seaborgium-271 has a half-life of 2.4 minutes. 

What Seaborgium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight, but since it is in the same period as tungsten in the periodic table, its appearance and may be similar to it.
]]
The element is named in honor of Glenn Seaborg.

Seaborgium is a transuranium element. This means that it is "beyond" (trans) the element Uranium in the sequence of elements.

Mendeleev predicted that Seaborgium would exist. He called the element **eka-tungsten** because of its location was near Tungsten in the Periodic Table. The chemistry of seaborgium is like the chemistry of tungsten.

## Uses 
Seaborgium has no uses at all because of how fast it destroys itself. 

## Chemistry 
Seaborgium hexacarbonyl  was made using the same method as tungsten hexacarbonyl and molybdenum hexacarbonyl. Its only known and studied as a gas.

## Sources 
## Other websites 
* WebElements.com - Seaborgium
Fireworks display

in 1749.]]

A **fireworks event** (also called a **fireworks display** or **fireworks show**) is a display of the effects created by firework devices on various occasions. Fireworks events are often used during holidays. Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places.

## History
 on New Year's Eve.]]

Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.

## Related pages 
*Firework
*Pyrotechnics

## References 
## Other websites 
*Tips on Fireworks Safety, Dos and donots 
*How Fireworks work
*Fireworks photography tutorial 
*The Pyrotechnics Guild International, an independent worldwide nonprofit organization of amateur and professional fireworks enthusiasts.
*A pyrowiki on pyrotechics 
*Tarragona International Fireworks Competition, Spain
Defensive wall

city walls]]
]]
A **defensive wall** is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as **city walls** or **town walls**, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China, Hadrian's Wall, and the metaphorical Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. Beyond their defensive value many walls also had important symbolic functions — representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced.
Chabad

**Chabad-Lubavitch** is the name of a group of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The Lubavitch world headquarters is in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. 

The Chabad movement was started by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Eastern Europe during the late 1700s. He named his 'Chabad' because in Hebrew it is an acronym for Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge. 'Lubavitch' was the name of the town in Russia where the movement was at from the time of the second Lubavitcher Rebbe (leader), Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri, through the sixth, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn.
 
## The Seven Rebbes of Lubavitch
* Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812)
* Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri (1773–1827)
* Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789–1866)
* Rabbi Shmuel Schneersohn (1834–1882)
* Rabbi Shalom Dovber Schneersohn (1860–1920)
* Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn (1880–1950)
* Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson (1902–1994)

## Other websites 
* Chabad Lubavitch Headquarters Online
* Chabad Lubavitch on the web
** About Chabad-Lubavitch
** Global Chabad-Lubavitch Centers and Institutions Directory
** Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbes (leaders)