English law

**English law**, also called **common law**, is the legal system of England and Wales. It is generally divided into criminal law and civil law. It spread to many parts of the former British Empire including Australia, Canada (except Quebec which uses civil law), the United States (except Louisiana which uses civil law) and New Zealand, and many other countries. There are about 80 countries worldwide that use mainly common law systems. About 150 countries use the civil law system. However, there are  publications that provide organized s of current laws. or of law in any Germanic language. Anglo-Saxon law was based on Ancient Germanic law which was a system of laws based on kinship. The kinship group was responsible for the acts of their members as well as for their protection. Wrongs against another were paid by Weregild, a value placed on every person and piece of property. While much of Anglo-Saxon law was kept, new laws were added over time by the Normans.  courts were introduced 

The 18th century legal scholar, William Blackstone, wrote a four-volume *Commentaries on the Laws of England* which for the first time provided a complete overview of English law. Originally published 1765–1769, it has since been republished many times.

### The jury system 
The jury system probably came to England just after the Norman conquest. At first, jurors acted as witnesses in court. But over time, certainly by the reign of Henry II of England, they became the trier of fact in a court case. Juries began to  the evidence provided by the parties in a dispute. Over time, jurors were told less and less about a case before a trial and learned what they needed to make a decision in court.

## Application to Wales
Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland, Wales is not a separate jurisdiction in the United Kingdom. The old laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts. This brought Wales into legal conformity with England. Between 1746 and 1967, any reference to England in legislation included Wales. This ceased with the enactment of the Welsh Language Act 1967. The jurisdiction is now commonly referred to as "England and Wales". Although Wales has a degree of political autonomy, it did not have the ability to pass primary legislation until the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election. Even so, the Welsh legal system remains English common law. This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland. It did not stop being a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended. A major difference is also the use of the Welsh language, as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom. The Welsh Language Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector. Welsh may also be spoken in Welsh courts.

## Sources of English law 
In England, there is a hierarchy of sources, as follows:

* European Union law (a primacy challenged by Britain's Brexit)
* Legislation (primary and secondary)
* The case law rules of common law and equity, derived from precedent decisions
*Parliamentary conventions
*General customs
*Books of authority

## Related pages 
* Adversarial system
* Canon law
* Civil law
* Common law
* Constitutional law
* Inquisitorial system
* International law
* Maritime law
* Roman law
* Salic law
* Scots law
* Welsh law

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Legal System part 1; YouTube
* Lecture 1 Part 2 : What is the Common Law?; YouTube