open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Sierra Nevada (US)

:*For the mountain range in Spain see Sierra Nevada (Spain)*

The **Sierra Nevada** (Spanish for "Snowy Range") is a mountain range that is almost entirely in the eastern part of California. 

The range started to uplift less than five million years ago.

The Sierra Nevada stretches 400 miles (650 km), from North to South. It is bounded on the West by California's Central Valley, and on the East by the Great Basin.

Uplift continues, and ground slips make spectacular fault escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. The Sierra Nevada is part of the American Cordillera, an almost continuous chain of mountain ranges which make up the western "backbone" of the Americas.

The Sierra Nevada has played an important role in the history of California and the United States. The California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855.

## Other websites 
* List of Sierra Peaks at climber.org
* *The Mountains of California* 
* Geological Time Line for the Sierra Nevada, National Park Service 

## References
Plane

**Plane** or **planes** may refer to:

* Fixed-wing aircraft
** Airplane, a is a powered fixed-wing aircraft
** Airliner, a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo

**Platanus*, the plane tree.
* Plane (tool), a woodworking tool to smooth surfaces
* Plane (mathematics), a term in geometry
* *Planes*, two Disney movies that are a spin-off of *Cars*
** *Planes*, the 2013 movie
** *Planes: Fire & Rescue*, the 2014 movie
Amorphous solid

and paraffin are amorphous.]]
An **amorphous solid** does not have a definite geometric or crystalline shape. It is a solid in which there is no long-term order in the positions of the atoms.  Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form. For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy and cotton are amorphous solids.

An amorphous solid is any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel.

Solids and liquids are both forms of condensed matter; both are composed of atoms in close proximity to each other. But their properties are, of course, enormously different. While a solid material has both a well-defined volume and a well-defined shape, a liquid has a well-defined volume but a shape that depends on the shape of the container. Stated differently, a solid exhibits resistance to shear stress while a liquid does not. Externally applied forces can twist or bend or distort a solid’s shape, but (provided the forces have not exceeded the solid’s elastic limit) it “springs back” to its original shape when the forces are removed. A liquid flows under the action of an external force; it does not hold its shape. These macroscopic characteristics constitute the essential distinctions: a liquid flows, lacks a definite shape (though its volume is definite), and cannot withstand a shear stress; a solid does not flow, has a definite shape, and exhibits elastic stiffness against shear stress.

## Related pages
* Glass
* Crystalline

## Other websites 
* Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher Equation Parameters 
* Fragility thy name is glass
Wetsuit

A **wetsuit** is a garment used by scuba divers, snorkelers, windsurfers, and surfers to keep themselves warm when they are in cold ocean water.
 
## Overview
Wetsuits act as insulation invented by Jack O'Neill, and help the body to retain its heat. Wetsuits are made of plastic or rubber materials such as neoprene. Wetsuits include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings.

## Partial wetsuits
When people are doing diving or water sports in areas where the water is not very cold, they may only wear some parts of a wetsuit, such as a torso covering or leggings.

Wet suits are garments that oceangoers wear!
It's very vital when going to the ocean and dive because it serves as a life and system protector.

## Full wetsuits
Deepwater divers often wear full wetsuits that include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings. In very cold water, a scuba diver may need to wear a dry suit.
* Dry suit - a type of protective clothing for scuba divers that keeps the diver dry. Dry suits do not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that dry suits can be worn for scuba diving in very cold ocean water, such as the Arctic Ocean.

## Sailing boots
**Sailing boots** are boots that provide protection, grip, and waterproofing for sailors in different marine conditions. They are made from rubber, neoprene, or Gore-Tex, these boots keep feet dry in wet environments.

## Other websites
* 

## References
Airline

An **airline** is a company that transports people and items using airliners. An airline may have as few as one airplane or a fleet of hundreds. 

Most airlines offer regular flights between a group of airports. Ocean liners formerly carried many people across oceans, but during the 20th century airliners came to carry more. 

An airline has many costs to establish and maintain air services: labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, booking commissions, advertising, catering, training, aviation insurance and other costs.

## Related pages
* Air travel
* List of airlines

## Other websites
*Simple Flying 
.
Polyethylene terephtalate

**Polyethylene terephthalate** (aka **PET**, **PETE** or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family. The chemical industry makes it. It is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food, and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. It is one of the most important raw materials used in man-made fibers. It is also used as the dielectric in multi-purpose capacitors (K73-16 series).

Depending on its processing and thermal history, it may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline (opaque and white) material. Its monomer can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct or the transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate with methanol as a byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with ethylene glycol as the byproduct (the ethylene glycol is recycled in production).

The majority of the world's PET production is for man-made fibers (in excess of 60%) with bottle-making accounting for around 30% of global demand. In discussing cloth uses, PET is generally referred to as simply "polyester" while "PET" is used most often to refer to packaging applications.

Image:PET-Einwegflasche REAL.png|A PET bottle (containing mineral water)
Image:Thistle dinghy with skipper Terry Lettenmaier sailing downwind.jpg|sails are often made of PET-fibers.
Nuclear energy

**Nuclear energy** may refer to:
*Nuclear power, the use of sustained nuclear fission or nuclear fusion to generate heat and electricity
*Nuclear binding energy, the energy required to split a nucleus of an atom
*Nuclear potential energy, the potential energy of the particles inside an atomic nucleus
Card Sharks

***Card Sharks*** is a game show that has aired in different versions since 1978.

## The main game
Two contestants fought against each other in the main game—the returning champion and a challenging contestant.  The returning champion was represented by the color red.  The challenger was represented by the color blue. The host, Jim Perry, then asked a toss-up question, which was asked to 100 people before the show (example: "We surveyed 100 lawyers: Have you ever defended a person who you believed was guilty?  How many lawyers said they have?").  The contestant he asked it to would provide what they thought the number of people who gave the answer the host gave.  The other contestant would then say whether they thought the actual number was higher or lower than the first contestant's guess.  Whoever is closer to the number got a chance at the cards.

There were two rows of five cards: the top red row (for the champion) and the bottom blue row (for the challenger).  The contestant in control had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the card before it.

There were two games.  Whoever won both games would go on to play the Money Cards.

## The Money Cards
The winning contestant would then play the Money Cards to win more money.  He/she was given $200 to start out with.  They then had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the one before it, just like before.  This time, they had to bet money on each guess (example: $200 higher than a 2). The contestant worked their way across the bottom row, in which there were four cards, and then made it to the second row and were given $200 more. The least a person could bet on each card for the first two rows was $50. They then worked their way across that row, until they reached the top row, where there was only one card.  That row was called the "Big Bet" row.  There, the contestant had to bet at least half of what they won before.

## Other versions
*Card Sharks* aired on NBC from April 24, 1978 to October 23, 1981 and was hosted by Jim Perry. It returned on CBS and in syndication on January 6, 1986 (secondary used from September 8, 1986 to June 5, 1987). The CBS version was hosted by Bob Eubanks and ran until March 31, 1989. The syndicated version was hosted by comedian Bill Rafferty.

On September 17, 2001, *Card Sharks* came back, hosted by Pat Bullard. However, this version had different rules than the other ones.  In this one, two teams of two contestants (two at a time) had to guess higher or lower (or predict if the next card had exactly the same number as the previous one) on one row of seven cards. This version was not very popular and was canceled after 13 weeks on January 11, 2002. Many *Card Sharks* fans say this version is the worst game show revival of all time.

*Card Sharks* returned to television from June 12, 2019 to July 7, 2021 as an hour-long series hosted by Joel McHale, airing on ABC. The gameplay is similar to the 1978-81 and 1986-89 versions.
Bank of America Stadium

The **Bank of America Stadium** is a sports stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was built in 1996 for the Carolina Panthers. It used to be called **Ericsson Stadium** until it was renamed in 2004. The stadium seats 74,867 people.

## Other websites
* Stadium site on panthers.com
Sierra Nevada (Spain)

The **Sierra Nevada**, meaning "snowy range" in Spanish, is a mountain range in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It contains the highest point of continental Spain, Mulhacén at 3,479&nbsp;m.

It is a popular tourist destination, as its high peaks make skiing possible in Europe's most southern ski resort after Ski Centre on the island of Crete in an area along the Mediterranean Sea predominantly known for its warm temperatures and abundant sunshine. At its foothills is found the city of Granada and, a little farther, Málaga and Almería.

## Other websites 
* Google Maps Satellite Photo
* Maps of the Sierra Nevada 
* XVII sport week -Old Pictures -
* Sierra Nevada Official Website (In Spanish) 
* Sierra Nevada Piste Map

## References 
* 

## Bibliography 
* Francisco Pérez Raya, Joaquín Molero Mesa, Francisco Valle Tendero, 1992: "Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada. Paisaje, fauna, flora, itinerarios". Ed. Rueda. Madrid. 
* "Flora de la Tundra de Sierra Nevada". Pablo Prieto Fernández, Ed. Universidad de Granada. 
* "Sierra Nevada: Guía de Montaña". Aurelio del Castillo y Antonio del Castillo. Ed. Penibética, 2003.
Aston Martin

**Aston Martin Lagonda Limited** is a luxury car company that was started in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford.

The company name is derived from the Aston Clinton hill climb and one of the company's founders, Lionel Martin.

The company went in and out of business a few times between World War I and World War II.  Lionel Martin left the company in 1926. The company was sold from one person to another many times until 1947, when David Brown bought it.  David Brown also bought Lagonda, and used Lagonda engines in his cars.  Aston Martin cars built when David Brown owned the company had the letters "DB" in the name. An Aston Martin won the 24-hour race at Le Mans in 1959.

David Brown sold the company again.  The company was having trouble staying open in the 1970s. Victor Gauntlett bought part of the company and kept it going with help from buyers of other parts of the company. In 1991 the Ford Motor Company bought Aston Martin and started making DB cars again. Ford owned Aston Martin until 2007 when they sold it to Investment Dar and Adeem Investments.

## References
Sydney Opera House

The **Sydney Opera House** is an opera house and iconic building on the shores of Sydney Harbour, in Sydney, Australia. It is shaped like the sails of a boat. Many concerts and events take place there, with 2000 performances a year presented by Opera Australia, Australia's national opera company. It is a famous tourist attraction.

## History
The land where the Sydney Opera House stands is called Bennelong Point. Bennelong Point was once home to Fort Macquarie (the fort was built in 1817 and knocked down in 1901). On 10 August 1902, the Fort Macquarie Tram Depot was opened at Bennelong Point. The depot was knocked down in 1958. The Sydney Opera House was built on the same spot and the work began in 1959.

It was designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon. He won a design competition in 1957. Utzon left the project in February 1966 because the government was not paying his invoices. The building finally opened on 20 October in 1973. The project was completed ten years later and cost more than fourteen times the original budget. In 2001, Utzon was invited back to restore the building and change it back towards his original designs.

The highest Point of the Building is 67 Meters high. 

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## References
## Other websites
Sydney Cricket Ground

**Sydney Cricket Ground** (usually called **the SCG**) is located in the Moore Park area of Sydney, in New South Wales. It has been used for first-class matches since February 1878, when New South Wales met Victoria there. The first Test match on the ground was Australia against England in February 1882.

## Early history
In 1851, the site was on common land south of the British Army's Victoria Barracks. The common was granted to the Army for recreational use, and the soldiers established a cricket ground there. The military team was called the Garrison Club, and so the original name of the ground was the Garrison Ground. It opened in February 1854. It was later renamed as the Civil and Military Ground. After the Albert Ground was closed in 1877, the NSW Cricket Association (NSWCA) moved into the Civil & Military. Meanwhile, the Army had vacated the Victoria Barracks, and the ground was again renamed, this time as the Association Ground. In 1894, it became the Sydney Cricket Ground, widely known as the SCG.

## Capacity
Nowadays,  the ground has a seating capacity of 48,000. However, its record attendance was at a rugby league match, when 78,056 watched the 1965 Grand Final between St George Dragons and South Sydney Rabbitohs.

## References
Bondi Beach

**Bondi Beach** is a beach in Sydney, Australia, about one kilometre long and roughly seven kilometres from the centre of the city.
Bondi beach is one of the world's greatest beaches, and is one of Sydney's main tourist attractions.

Large numbers of tourists visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, and many Irish and British tourists spend Christmas Day there.

## History 
The word "Bondi" is an aboriginal (native) word which means *water breaking over rocks* or *noise of water breaking over rocks*.

In 1809, a road builder William Roberts received a grant of land in the Bondi area. In 1851 Edward Smith Hall and Francis O'Brien bought  of Bondi and named it the "Bondi Estate." Hall was O'Brien's father-in-law. In between 1855 and 1877 O'Brien bought his father-in-laws share of the land and named it the "O'Brien Estate". He made the beach and surrounding land available to the public as a picnic ground and amusement resort. As the beach became more popular, O'Brien wanted to stop public access. The Government believed that the Municipal council needed to step in. On the 9th June 1882, Bondi Beach became a public beach.

## Today 
Many people visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, ranging from 4000 people to 9000 people. Bondi Beach has an underwater shark net that they share with other beaches along the southern coast. In 2004, Surf Lifesaving Australia gave different hazard ratings to each end of the beach. The northern end was rated a gentle 4 with 10 as the most hazardous, while the southern end was rated a dangerous 7 due to the famous rip current known as the "Backpackers Rip". The south end is generally reserved for surf board riding. Bondi Beach was added to the Australia National Heritage list in 2008.

Pods of whales and dolphins are sometimes sighted. Fairy penguins while rare are sometimes also seen.

## Lifesavers 
Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club was the world's first livesaving club. North Bondi Surf Livesaving Club is a federation club. Both clubs were founded in 1907. Both clubs were involved in the biggest rescue ever on one day known as 'Black Sunday'.

## References
## Other websites 
* Bondi Chill - Music Made in Bondi Beach
Stadium Australia

**Stadium Australia**, known for sponsorship reasons as **Accor Stadium**, formerly **ANZ Stadium & Telstra Stadium**, is a sports stadium in , Sydney.The 2000 Summer Olympics took place there. Now it is used for many other sports, like rugby and Rugby league. The stadium opened in March 1999.

In 2002, the stadium was named after the sponsor Telstra. 1 January 2008 it was renamed the ANZ Stadium. In 2021 it was renamed again to Accor Stadium following a sponsorship deal with Accor the largest hotel chain in Australia. Accor operate hotels adjacent to the stadium under the brands Pullman, Novotel, Ibis & Ibis Budget all located within the Olympic Park prescient. As part of the deal, a number of upgrades were completed including a new large screen running the length of one side of the stadium 

As "Stadium Australia", the name was sometimes confused with the Sydney Football Stadium, which was formerly known as Aussie Stadium.

## References
Nigga

**Nigga** is a term derived from the word **nigger.** It is generally used by black people—especially young adults and teenagers. The  reason that other ethnic groups using it is considered offensive. Many people consider it racist for people who aren't black to say "nigga". The word is used to refer to other people, such as friends or family. It may also be used to refer to people the speaker does not know or like. However, "nigga" is generally not used to insult people. It was used as a term for Black slaves by their owner in the 1800s. It was used most on cotton pickers because they were mostly black. The usage of the word has resulted in attacks from black people.

## Related pages
* African-American Vernacular English

## References
Sydney Harbour Bridge

The **Sydney Harbour Bridge**, in Sydney Harbour, is a bridge that joins north Sydney with south Sydney. People can cross the bridge by car, bicycle, walking or by public transport. It now carries eight traffic lanes. Using six intended traffic lanes and an additional two going south that used to be tram tracks. 

There are two railway lanes that head in opposite directions. There is a tunnel that goes underneath. The bridge is an important tourist attraction. The scenery attracts many tourists and people living in or near the city. One of the many attractions of the Harbour Bridge is its famous 'BridgeClimb'. Luna Park Sydney is located next to the bridge.

The bridge is  long and  wide. The highest point of the arch is  tall. Building began on 19 March 1923 and ended in 1932. John Bradfield led the bridge's building. 

The standards of industrial safety during construction were poor by today's standards. Sixteen workers died during construction,[31] but surprisingly only two were from falling off the bridge. Several more were injured from unsafe working practices undertaken whilst heating and inserting its rivets, and the deafness experienced by many of the workers in later years was blamed on the project. 

Henri Mallard between 1930 and 1932 produced hundreds of stills[32] and film footage[33] which reveal at close quarters of the bravery of the workers in tough Great Depression era conditions.[*citation needed*]

The total financial cost of the bridge was AU£6.25 million, which was not paid off in full until 1988.[34]

## Other websites
Germans

**Germans** () are the people of Germany. There are two main groups of people who are called Germans. They are citizens of Germany and ethnic Germans. They are also called **German people**. 

## Citizens of Germany
The term *German* is used to describe a person who is a citizen of the country. This is true no matter what their ethnicity. As long as they meet the requirements of German laws to be a citizen of Germany, they are Germans.

## Ethnic Germans
Descendants (children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren) of Germans in other countries are often called "ethnic Germans". There are many ethnic Germans in Belgium, Denmark, Russia, Poland and France. There are also many of them living in  the United States Brazil and Canada. There are about 100 million Germans in the world. Most Germans speak the German language (*Hochdeutsch* is Standard German) and dialects such as Low German and Upper German. Most people in Switzerland and Austria are native speakers of the German language. The "German" ethnicity is widely celebrated in the United States.

## References
Cthulhu

**Cthulhu** is a fictional deity created by the horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. Cthulhu is a powerful monster from another planet. It (Cthulhu is neither male nor female) is very ancient compared to humans, being around since the dinosaurs. It has the alien appearance of a large green dragon with the head of an octopus and human-like hands. There are said to be many people who worship it as their deity because of their powers over the mind.

Cthulhu is one of the Great Old Ones, a group of powerful beings from another place that now inhabit Earth, waiting to rise up (when the stars are right) and destroy the human race so they can rule the planet. The Old Ones are neither good nor evil, meaning that they do not hate humans, they just do not care about them. They think of humans as if they could be ants. Also, their appearance is so unlike anything of this world, that it is told that any human who so much as gazes upon one of them will go insane.

In one of Lovecraft's stories, *The Call of Cthulhu*, he said that Cthulhu currently lies in a dreamlike state in the underwater sunken city of R'lyeh (rill-ee-yeh), waiting for the time when the Old Ones shall rise again. In the story, R'lyeh is located in the southern Pacific Ocean.
Employment Non-Discrimination Act

The **Employment Non-Discrimination Act** (**ENDA**) is a proposed U.S. law in the U.S. Congress.  If voted into law, it would stop an employer from firing an employee because he or she is gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The law would not apply to churches and other religious organizations.  It is also known as H.R. 2015. It was introduced on April 24, 2007.

The first proposed law to protect gay workers was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1974, but none were voted into law.  In 1996, the proposed law failed in the Senate by one vote.  This is the first time a law has included "gender identity" in addition to "sexual orientation".

Currently, Californiahttp://finduslaw.com/taxonomy_menu/10/12, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin have state laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.

This is intended to address cases where gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgender ("GLBT") employees have been discriminated against by their employer because of their sexual orientation or gender identity.  These employees are not currently protected by the U.S. federal courts.

Opponents of the law often argue that sexual orientation and gender identity are a choice, unlike other protected factors such as gender, race and religion, and thus should not be equally protected. They also often argue that homosexuality is "unnatural" or "immoral". They also often present religious arguments against the law.

Previous bills have not included transgender people.  The new bill would protect transgender people, and its inclusion has been debated in the GLBT community. In August 2004, the Human Rights Campaign – an important LGBT organization in favor of the bill – said it will only support the bill if it includes transgender people.

In 1999, the [ngltf.org National Gay and Lesbian Task Force] was the first gay civil rights group to stop work on ENDA because it did not include transgender people. The group has worked to build approval in the community to support a bill that includes transgender people.  It participated in redrafting the current "trans-inclusive" bill.

## Related pages
* Constitutional economics
* Political economy

## References
]
Diabetes insipidus

**Diabetes insipidus** is a medical condition caused when vasopressin does not appear in a person's blood. Vasopressin (VAP) is released from the brain, and travels in the blood to the kidneys. There, it pulls water out of the urine, which reduces the amount of urine stored in the bladder.

If there is no vasopressin in the blood, the kidneys leave the water in the urine, making it less concentrated. The bladder holds more liquid and this means a person needs to urinate more often. It also causes increased thirst. 

Increased thirst and urination are symptoms of regular diabetes (diabetes mellitus). That's why diabetes insipidus shares the name "diabetes". *Insipidus* means *not* (in-) *nice tasting* (sipidus)

## Related pages
* Diabetes mellitus
Bulletproof vest

s]]
A **bullet-proof vest** (also called "bulletproof vest", "body armor" or "body armour") is a protective piece of clothing that covers the torso (chest, abdomen, and back) of a person. It protects the wearer from most pistol and revolver bullets and from fragments of explosive devices such as grenades. Bullet-proof vests are worn by police officers, soldiers, security guards, and people who are at risk of being shot (such as the leader of a country).

## How do they work? 
Bullet-proof vests contain many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar (or hard, strong materials such as ceramic or titanium) which can stop the metal pistol or revolver bullets or metal shell fragments from going into a person's body.

## How much protection does a bullet-proof vest provide? 
When a bullet hits a bullet-proof vest, the forceful impact of the bullet can seriously hurt, or even kill, the person wearing the vest even if the vest stops the bullet. 

A bullet from a strong sniper rifle or machine gun can pierce a bullet-proof vest. 

If a bullet hits a body part that the bullet-proof vest does not cover, the bullet can hurt or kill the person wearing the vest.

## Types of vests
The bullet-proof vests worn by most police officers and security guards are made with many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar.

Bullet-proof vests for soldiers are heavier and stronger than the bullet-proof vests worn by police officers and security guards, because soldiers need protection from rifle and machine gun bullets. Bullet-proof vests for soldiers often have flat pieces of ceramic material or a strong metal such as titanium. These materials can stop bullets from many rifles and machine guns.

## Related pages
* Helmet- soldiers and some types of police officers (called tactical police officers) also wear helmets to protect themselves
Gauntlet

A **gauntlet** is a hand covering that covers the wrists and the lower part of the forearm. 

## How they are made
The gauntlet is usually made from a fabric.

## Other meanings
The word "gauntlet" is sometimes used in the following figure of speech: "to throw down the gauntlet." If a person says that "Fred threw down the gauntlet at the committee meeting last night", they mean that Fred issued a public  at the committee meeting.

Another figure of speech is the phrase "run the gauntlet." This means to "face a trial or test." For example, if a sailor commits an offense, his comrades may form a line, and each comrade will hit the sailor as he passes by the line. This is called "running the gauntlet."
Nylon

**Nylon** is a type of synthetic fiber. It is one of the most commonly used polyamides, and was first used on February 28, 1935. 

Nylon makes a silky material which was first used in toothbrushes.  It is strong, hard and water resistant. It is used to make clothes. In fact, polyamides are mostly used for synthetic fibres in clothing. Nylon can also be used to make other materials, such as parachutes, ropes, string for tyres, carpets, fishing nets and cloth and socks.

Nylon was invented by Wallace Carothers at Du-Pont.

## Types of nylon 
There are many different types of nylon, made from different ingredients in different ways. The two main types of nylon are *homopolymer* nylon, made from a single chemical, and *heteropolymer* nylon, made from more than one chemical.

Nylons are numbered based on the number of carbon atoms in their ingredients. A small number usually means a homopolymer, while a larger number or two numbers with a separator (such as a slash or comma) usually means a heteropolymer.

The two most common types of nylon are nylon 6 (a homopolymer made from caprolactam, with 6 carbon) and nylon 66 (a heteropolymer made from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, with 6 carbon each). These two molecules are very similar in structure, with the only difference being how the amide groups are arranged: in nylon 6, all  bonds are in the same direction, while they alternate in nylon 66.

## References
Forearm

The **forearm** is the part of the human arm between the elbow and the wrist. It has many muscles including the ones that move the fingers.
Mountaineering

, 2004]]
**Mountain climbing**  is a hobby/job where people  mountains. It may involve hiking, rock climbing, as well as crossing glaciers. Someone who does mountain climbing is called a **mountain climber** or **mountaineer**.

Mountain climbers use the strength of their arms and legs to climb up mountains.  Many mountain climbers use ropes and wear special shoes and safety equipment . Most mountain climbers go up mountains as a hobby or as a recreational activity.  A few do mountain climbing as an occupation or job.  They get paid by outdoor clothing companies or universities to climb up mountains, or they are hired as a guide by recreational mountain climbers.  Some are scientists who study mountains. 

Climbing mountains can be dangerous. Each year, people are seriously injured or even killed from falling, being covered in an avalanche of snow, or getting too cold. Altitude sickness can cause accidents. Climbers in snowy areas face the danger of being buried in an avalanche of snow.  

To reduce the risks, mountain climbers work together and learn how to climb safely. They wear safety equipment such as helmets and use ropes, compasses, and first aid kits. They bring other equipment, such as shovels, radio transmitters, and long poles (for finding people who are buried in the snow) and emergency GPS.

## References
Adobe Flash

**Adobe Flash** (formerly 2005 **Macromedia Flash**) was an Animation software sold by Adobe. It was used to create and view animated content that could be placed on web pages. Adobe Flash was used commonly on the Internet by web browsers.

Flash was created by FutureWave (a multimedia company) in 1995. Then it was called "FutureSplash Animator" (this was Flash 1.0). FutureWave along with Flash were soon bought by Macromedia around 1997, who in December 2005 was again bought by Adobe Systems. From Flash version 2 to 8 it was called "Macromedia Flash", now it is called "Adobe Flash".

In 2012, Adobe discontinued the Solaris version of Flash Player, and made the Linux version only for Google Chrome. The Android version was removed from Google Play.

In 2020, Adobe  discontinued Adobe Flash, because Adobe claims that WebGL, HTML5, and WebAssembly serve as good alternatives for Adobe Flash.

## Flash games 
Flash video games are popular on the Internet, with websites like Newgrounds, Kongregate, and Armor Games are dedicated to Flash-based games. Popular Flash games include *Transformice*, *Farmville, Alien Hominid, QWOP* and *Club Penguin*.

Adobe AIR allows the creation of Flash-based mobile games, which can be published to the Google Play and the Apple App Store.

## References
Inheritance (object-oriented programming)

In object-oriented programming languages, **inheritance** is a way to add functionality.

## Overview
Object-oriented programming has the notion of classes (and perhaps interfaces). A *derived class* inherits most fields and methods from its parent class. It can modify the behaviour of the parent, by adding new fields and methods, or by modifying existing ones. Depending on the programming language used, there may be certain restrictions when extending a class. 

## Applications
Inheritance can be used to solve different types of problems:

* *Specialisation*: The child class extends the functionality of the parent. That way a *Bank account* may have fields for *balance*, *account number* and *owner*; a subclass *interest-earning account* may add fields like *interest rate* and *interest received*.
* *Overriding*: The child class can redefine the behaviour of the parent class.
* *Code reuse*: Code that is common to many classes can be placed in a parent class, and reused.

## Examples
An example can be a Car class. A Ferrari class could inherit from Car. A Toyota class which could also inherit from Car. All the fields and methods (drive method, brake method, color field...) would also be inside of Ferrari and Toyota. There would be no need to copy the code twice. Inside of Car there could be a brand field. This brand field would be equal to nothing, but inside of Ferrari the field might be equal to "ferrari" and in Toyota to "toyota".

## Related pages
* Systems theory
* Computer science
* Information technology
Lawrence Taylor

**Lawrence Taylor** (born February 4, 1959) is a retired American football player who played for the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL). Taylor was famous for sacking the other team's quarterbacks. After he retired he got in trouble for doing drugs. He has since stopped doing drugs. He also appeared on Dancing With the Stars in the 2009 season.
New York Giants

The **New York Giants** are a professional American football team. They are a part of the National Football League (NFL). The Giants play in East Rutherford, New Jersey, which is right across the Hudson River from New York City, so they consider New York as home. Their home field is MetLife Stadium, which they share with the New York Jets.

## History
The New York Giants started playing in 1925. They were named for the baseball team, which is also called the New York Giants. They have won six NFL championships, including two before the Super Bowl era. In Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008, the Giants beat the previously unbeaten New England Patriots (17-14) to win their third Super Bowl championship. The Giants stopped the Patriots from achieving the NFL's first perfect season since the Miami Dolphins in 1972. The Giants' previous two Super Bowl victories came against the Denver Broncos and the Buffalo Bills (when they won the game on a missed last second field goal that went "wide right".) The Giants won Super Bowl XLVI, again beating the New England Patriots.

## Other websites
* Official site
Hakeem Olajuwon

**Hakeem Abdul Olajuwon** (born January 21, 1963 in Lagos, Nigeria; pronounced ah-KEEM ah-LAH-zhoo-wahn), formerly **Akeem Olajuwon**, is a retired Nigerian-American basketball player. He is considered by some to be the greatest defensive player in basketball history.  Hakeem Olajuwon travelled all the way from his home country of Nigeria to play basketball in the United States. He won two National Basketball Association (NBA) championships with the Houston Rockets. During his career, he was nicknamed "**The Dream**", often extended to "**Hakeem the Dream**", due to his grace both on and off the court.  His best move was called the "Dream Shake".  He also called himself "**Little Moses**" after one of his biggest idols, Moses Malone. He played for the Houston Rockets while Olajuwon played for the University of Houston Cougars men's basketball team.

## Other websites
*Hakeem Olajuwon's NBA legends profile

## References
Archie Moore

**Archie Moore** (born **Archibald Lee Wright**; December 13, 1913 – December 9, 1998) was an American boxer. He held the light heavyweight championship between 1952 and 1962. Moore won the title from Joey Maxim by unanimous decision in November 1952. He later lost the belt because he did not defend the title enough times. Moore also fought for the heavyweight championship twice. He lost to Rocky Marciano on September 22, 1955, and to Floyd Patterson on November 30, 1956, in both of those attempts. One of his last fights was with Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali. Afterwards, Moore trained Ali for a few short months.

## Filmography
## Professional boxing record
## References
## Other websites
*
*Archie Moore – CBZ Profile
*
Ecomuseum

An **ecomuseum** is a museum which shows things about the identity of a place or landscape.  Many of the people who live in that place help to organize things in the museum.  The ecomuseum tries to help the  and development of the local community.

## Other page 
*Ecology
Chicago Bulls

The **Chicago Bulls** are an American professional basketball team. They play in Chicago, Illinois at the United Center. The Bulls are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were named the Bulls in reference to the Chicago Union Stockyards, which was once a major business in Chicago. The current head coach is Billy Donovan.

Michael Jordan played for the Chicago Bulls from 1984 until 1993 and from 1995 until 1998. Jordan, along with Scottie Pippen, Dennis Rodman and Phil Jackson, lead the team to six NBA championships via two three-peats. In the 21st century, Derrick Rose was the star of the Bulls (as well as the youngest player to win the MVP Award) until his injuries prevented him to play.

## References
## Other websites
*
Barry Bonds

**Barry Bonds** (born July 24, 1964, in Riverside, California) is an American Major League Baseball player. Barry Bonds was a left fielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1986-1992) and San Francisco Giants (1993-2007) He holds the Major League Baseball career home run record with 762 home runs.He played his debut on May 30, 1986, for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He retired from playing baseball in 2009. He is considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time.

## Early Life
Barry Bonds was born on July 24, 1964 to Patricia and Bobby Bonds. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Bill Russell

**William Felton Russell** (February 12, 1934 &ndash; July 31, 2022) was an American basketball player who played the position center. Russell played for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1956 to 1969. Russel has won 11 NBA championships during his 13 year career. He was born in Monroe, Louisiana. He was a civil rights activist. 

Russell was also an NBA coach. He coached the Celtics from 1966 to 1969, Seattle SuperSonics from 1973 to 1977 and the Sacramento Kings from 1987 to 1988.

Russell won two NCAA titles in 1955 and 1956.  He ended his college career with the University of San Francisco by winning his last 55 straight games and achieving an undefeated season in 1956. Before entering the NBA, Russell also earned an Olympic gold medal in 1956.   The US team, led by Russell, was undefeated and won by an unsurpassed victory margin of 53.5 points per game

Russell was named the NBA MVP five times during his career. He won 11 championships in 13 seasons as a player, the most in NBA history, including eight in a row from 1959 through 1966. During his NBA career, he made it to the championship round during 12 of his 13 seasons.

President Barack Obama honored Russell with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House in 2011. He was honored into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame twice, one in 1975 for his playing career and another in 2021 for his coaching career.

Russell died on July 31, 2022 at his home in Mercer Island, Washington at the age of 88.

## References
Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII

***Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII*** is a third-person shooter roleplaying video game.  It is a sequel to *Final Fantasy VII*.  

## Story
Three years after the what happened in *Final Fantasy VII*, a group of powerful SOLDIERs that nobody had seen before appear, stopping the peace enjoyed by the  of world. The members of this mysterious group are the ones who were trapped under the ruins of Midgar for three years- the Deepground SOLDIERs. The Deepground SOLDIERs want to call forth the final WEAPON, Omega, before it is supposed to be. But to do that, the DGS need Vincent Valentine to lead the way to Omega.

Vincent Valentine is chased by many members of the mysterious group. An chain of events leads Vincent to the truth about his past and forces him to be the leader again in a battle for the planet itself and all those living in it.

Reeve Tuesti, who used to be the Head of Urban Development at Shinra (and the remote controller of Cait Sith), is now the leader of the World Regenesis Organization, which looks after the planet and stops people from hurting it any more. Yuffie Kisaragi is another member of the organization, and several other characters from the original game provide the World Regenesis Organization with more help.

The game begins with a Full Motion Video showing the attack on the town of Kalm by Deepground soldiers. Vincent stops the attack, but encounters Azul and Shelke. Azul and Shelke are members of the Tsviets, Deepground's elite force of supersoldiers.
Scottie Pippen

**Scottie Maurice Pippen** (born September 25, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. He played for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) for most of his career and won six championships with the Bulls, although he also played with Charles Barkley in 1999 for the Houston Rockets and the Portland Trail Blazers near the end of his career.

In addition to his chemistry with Michael Jordan, Pippen was known for his defense.  His unusually long wingspan allowed him to clog passing lanes and make chase-down blocks.

Pippen went by **Scott Pippen** early in his NBA career.  Later on he earned the nicknames **Pip**, **Robin** (to Michael Jordan's Batman) and later **Batman** (Jordan was then called Superman).  Off the court, Pippen developed a reputation for not leaving tips at restaurants, and got the nickname '''No Tippin' Pippen'''.

Pippen's nephew Kavion Pippen currently plays basketball for the Southern Illinois Salukis.

## References 
## Other websites
*NBA legends profile
Weasel

**Weasels** are the genus ***Mustela***, part of the Mustelidae family. The genus includes the weasels, polecats, stoats, ferrets and minks. 

Weasels are small, active predators, long and slender with short legs. Their body shape is adapted to going down burrows after prey such as rabbits. There are 17 species, and they live all over the world except for Antarctica and Australasia.

Weasels vary in length from 173 to 217 mm (6.8 to 8.5 in). They have red or brown upper coats, white underneath. Their tails may be from 34 to 52 mm (1.3 to 2.0 in) long. 

Biologically, despite looking a bit like cats, they are actually more related to  dogs than cats.

## Other websites 
*Weasel riding on woodpecker. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-31711446

## References
University of Nottingham

The **University of Nottingham** is a university in the city of Nottingham, in the United Kingdom. It has four different sites in the United Kingdom. It also has a site in China and a site in Malaysia. It was named the 'University of the Year' in 2006 by the London newspaper, The Times.

The University of Nottingham is  in the UK's Top 10 and the World's Top 100 universities by the *Academic Ranking of World Universities* and the *Times Higher Education - Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings*.

## Associations 
Nottingham University is the fifth largest university in the UK. It is a member of:
* the Russell Group,
* Universitas 21,
* the Association of Commonwealth Universities,
* and the European University Association.

## References 
## Other websites 
* University of Nottingham website
Joe Frazier

**Joseph William Frazier** (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1968 to 1973. Frazier also won a gold medal in boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Dingo

The **dingo** is a wild dog from Australia. They are not found in Tasmania, where the sea levels cut the island off from mainland Australia about 10,000 years ago. 

The earliest known dingo remains were found in Western Australia. It dates to 3,450 years ago. However, the genes show that the dingo reached Australia 8,300 years ago. The humans which brought them are unknown.  Dingo morphology has not changed over the past 3,500 years: this suggests that artificial selection has not been done over this period. 
 
Their scientific name, *Canis lupus* (wolf) *dingo*, was changed recently from *Canis familiaris* (dog) *dingo*. This was to show it is related to the white footed wolf which lives in Asia.

## Description 
Dingos (or Dingoes) are usually between 117&nbsp;cm to 124&nbsp;cm in length. Their tail is about 30&nbsp;cm in length. They usually weigh between 10&nbsp;kg and 20&nbsp;kg. The colour of their fur is usually yellow-ginger, but can sometimes include tan, black, white or sandy colours. They live for about 14 years.

Dingos live in packs of between 3 and 12, but they can be seen alone as well. The leaders are the alpha male and the alpha female and are usually the only pair to breed. Young dingos are called "cubs". The breeding season is in March and April. After a gestation of 63 days, the adult females usually give birth to 4-5 cubs in a litter. Mothers will regurgitate food for the cubs to eat.

## Diet 
Dingos are carnivores and eat other animals such as kangaroos, wallabies, wallaroos, Emus, rabbits, rodents, lizards, sheep, calves, poultry and carrion. It is believed to have hunted several animal species to extinction including some species of bandicoots and rat kangaroos. They often hunt in packs.

## Managing dingos 
While some people keep dingos as pets, they are regarded as a pest by farmers. They are controlled by trapping, shooting, poisoning (with sodium monofluoroacetate), and fences. The dingo can be a dangerous animal: they have attacked people at times. On April 30, 2001, a nine-year-old boy was attacked and killed on Fraser Island by a dingo. A dingo is believed to have killed a baby, Azaria Chamberlain, at Uluru in August, 1980. This became a world famous case when her mother was sent to jail for murdering the baby. She was later found innocent and released. *Evil Angels*, a book about Azaria by John Bryson, was made into a movie starring Meryl Streep.

## References