open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of programs broadcast by Disney Jr. (block)

This is a list of television programs broadcast by Playhouse Disney in the United States, now known as Disney Junior.

## Final programming
### Original programming 
### Acquired programming 
### Interstitial programming 
## Former programming 
### Original programming 
### Acquired programming 
### Interstitial programming 
* *Circle Time* (April 6, 1997 – September 29, 2002)
** *Curious George* (April 6, 1997 – 1999)
** *Will Quack Quack* (April 6, 1997 – 1999)
* *The Adventures of Spot* (April 6, 1997 – September 29, 2002)
* *Joke Time* (April 6, 1997 – September 29, 2002)
* *Behind the Ears* (1997–2000, 2007–2009)
* *Microscopic Milton* (1997 – September 29, 2002)
* *Frankenguy & The Professor* (November 1997 – September 29, 2002)
* *Magic Drawings* (1998 – April 15, 2001)
* *Pet Spot* (1998 – April 15, 2001)
* *Feet Beat* (1998 – October 6, 2002)
* *Pablo the Little Red Fox* (1999 – September 29, 2002)
* *Animal Stories* (1999 – September 29, 2002)
* *Poky and Friends* (1999 – April 15, 2001)
* *Mini Movies* (April 16, 2001 – September 29, 2002)
* ''Stanley's Animal Facts* (2001–2006)
* *Wiggles Time* (January 28, 2002 – March 29, 2007)
* *Mike's Super Short Show* (January 1, 2002 – 2007)
* *BB's Music Time* (September 30, 2002 – 2007)
* *Good Manners with Max Time* (September 30, 2002 – 2006)
* *Mickey's Letter Time* (September 30, 2002 – 2006)
* *Page's Word of the Day* (September 30, 2002 – 2006)
* *Sharing Time* (September 30, 2002 – 2005)
* *Use Your Noodle Time* (September 30, 2002 – 2005)
* *Who, What & Where with Bear Time* (September 30, 2002 – 2004)
* *Mini Show-and-Tell Time* (2003–2007)
** *Higglytown Heroes* (2003)
** *Marcel's Animal Friends* (2003)
* *Project Playtime* (2003–2007)
* *Shanna's Show* (April 7, 2003 – 2009)
* *Adventures in Nutrition with Captain Carlos* (2004–2007)
* *Felix and the Flying Machine* (2004–2007)
* *Here Come the ABCs* (January 1, 2005 – 2006)
* *Go, Baby!* (January 1, 2005 – 2007)
* *Breakfast with Bear* (June 20, 2005 – September 15, 2006)
* *Shane's Kindergarten Countdown* (June 20, 2005 – January 2, 2009)
* *This is Daniel Cook* (July 11, 2005 – January 2, 2009)
* *Johnny and the Sprites* (October 9, 2005 – January 13, 2007)
* *Feeling Good with JoJo* (February 20, 2006 – 2008)
* *Dan Zanes House Party* (June 5, 2006 – December 19, 2008)
* *Here Come the 123s* (2007)
* *This is Emily Yeung* (February 20, 2007 – January 4, 2009)
* *Whiffle and Fuzz* (March 24, 2008 – July 12, 2009)

## Programming blocks 
### Former 
* *Super Duper Playhouse Disney Special Event'' (2002–2008)

## References
Safnern

**Safnern** is a municipality of the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Safnern
Schelten

**Schelten** () is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. This is one of two German speaking cities in the majority French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura Bernois). The other is Seehof.

## References
Colgan Air Flight 3407

**Colgan Air Flight 3407** was a passenger flight from Newark to Buffalo, the plane was a Bombardier Dash 8 with 49 people on board. On February 12, 2009 the plane stalled and crashed into a house in Clarence Center. All 49 people on board died as well as one man on the ground.
Etching

**Etching** is done by drawing lines through a protective coating on a copper or zinc plate. The plate is then placed into acid. The acid cuts into the unprotected parts of the surface to create a design in the metal.

The printing is done by rolling an ink pad across the surface. The ink sinks into the intaglio (cut) surface, and rolls off the waxed surface off the plate. The metal plate is then pressed onto paper.

## References
Metonic cycle

The **Metonic cycle** is a period of about 19 years used in astronomy and calendar studies. In particular, it is often used in the structure of lunisolar calendars, because 19 solar years is almost exactly the same length of time as 235 lunar months.

## History
The Metonic cycle is named for the astronomer Meton of Athens, who used the cycle in the calendar of Attica in the 5th century BC. But it was used in the calendar of many ancient cultures, including Babylonia and China, before then.

## Using the Metonic cycle in a calendar
Nineteen years of 12 lunar months each would last a total of 19\times12=228 lunar months. But from astronomy we know that 19 solar years are the same length as 235 lunar months. So over 19 years, 235-228=7 extra lunar months need to be added to make the years line up correctly. Adding a thirteenth month in a year is called *intercalation.* There are different ways to do it:
* The ancient Babylonian calendar and the modern Hebrew (Jewish) calendar add an extra month just before the spring equinox on a regular schedule of years:  years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19 of each 19-year cycle
* The modern Chinese calendar, and other Asian calendars that follow it, use a calculation of solar periods and moon phases to decide when to add the extra month
* Other cultures use observation—for example, seeing if a crop is ripe—to decide when to add an extra month. The calculation of the date of Easter uses the astronomical observation of the spring equinox to determine whether the following Easter will come 12 or 13 lunar months after the last one.

## Metonic cycle and eclipses
A Metonic cycle is close to the length of 20 eclipse years. For that reason, some eclipses repeat for a time at 19-year intervals.

## External websites
* Eclipses, Cosmic Clockwork of the Ancients
* Metonic Cycle
* Metonic Moon
Nazimuddin Samad

**Nazimuddin Samad** (Bengali:নাজিমুদ্দিন সামাদ)(c. 1988 - April 6, 2016) was a law student, activist, and blogger from Sylhet in Bangladesh. He was a student at Jagannath University in Dhaka.  On April 6, three or four young men killed him with machetes and shot him in the head.
Samad was a member of the ‘Sylhet Bangabanghu National Youth Parishad’. He was also an activist in Ganajagaran Mancha, for bloggers.  He spoke against religious fundamentalism. A local al-Qaeda group said they killed him.

## References
Shahidul Alam

**Shahidul Alam** (born 1955) is a photographer and blogger from Bangladesh. Alam was born in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1955.

Alam received a PhD in chemistry from London University, then he decided to study photography.  He started the Drik Agency, the Bangladesh Photographic Institute, and Pathshala, the South Asian Institute of Photography; which National Geographic calls "one of the finest schools of photography in the world".

## Photography shows 
Alam's work has been in many galleries, including MoMA in New York, the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Royal Albert Hall in London and The Museum of Contemporary Arts in Tehran.
*Review of “Kalpana’s Warriors” at Gallery Art and Aesthetic, Delhi, about Kalpana Chakma, a human-rights activist from the Hill Women's Federation who disappeared.

## Awards 
Alam received many awards for photography, including the Mother Jones and the Andrea Frank Awards.

## References
Ahmed Rajib Haider

**Ahmed Rajib Haider** (Bengali: আহমেদ রাজীব হায়দার)(died Feb. 15, 2013) was an architect and blogger from Bangladesh. Haider was killed on February 15, 2013. More than 100,000 people attended his funeral in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.
Haider organized protests against war criminals from the 1971 war.  He also spoke against the fundamentalist Islamist political party Jamaat-e-Islami.
The protests started on February 5, and continued for 12 days.  A group of bloggers stated the protests.   They protested against a verdict by the special war tribunal that sent Abdul Quader Mollah, a Jamaat leader, to prison.  Mollah was convicted of murder, rape and torture. The protesters wanted the death sentence.  

## References
Guðni Th. Jóhannesson

**Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson** (born June 26, 1968) is an independent politician who was the President of Iceland. He became president on August 1 2016. His term ended on August 1, 2024. Guðni holds a PhD in history from Queen Mary University of London.

## References
Hapoel Be'er Sheva F.C.

, star of the team in 1970's.]]
'''Hapoel Be'er Sheva Football Club'* (Hebrew: מועדון הכדורגל הפועל באר שבע, *Moadon HaKaduregel Hapoel Be'er Sheva'') is a professional association football club that is from Beersheba, Israel. The club currently plays in the Israeli Premier League, and has been one of the best Israeli clubs since the 1970's. Hapoel Be'er Sheva was founded in 1949.

The team's colours are red and white. They play their home games at the Turner Stadium (which can hold around 16,000 people). The clubs first game was against a team made up of mostly South American players and was from southern Israel. They won that game 5-4.

## Honours
* **Premier League**:
** **Winners (3)**: 1974–75, 1975–76, 2015–16
** Runners-up (1): 2013–14
* **State Cup**:
** **Winners (1)**: 1996–97
** Runners-up (3): 1983–84, 2002–03, 2014–15
* **Toto Cup**: 
** **Winners (2)**: 1988–89, 1995–96
** Runners-up (2): 1985–86, 2012–13
* **Super Cup**: 
** **Winners (1)**: 1975
** Runners-up (1): 1976
* **Lilian Cup**:
** **Winners (1)**: 1988
** Runners-up (2): 1982, 1983
* **Second League**:
** **Winners (3)**: 1964–65, 1970–71, 1999–00
* **Toto Cup Second League**:
** **Winners (1)**: 2008–09
** Runners-up (1): 2005–06
* **Super Cup Second League**:
** **Winners (1)**: 1970–71

## References 
## Other websites 
*Hapoel Be'er Sheva  Israel Football Association
Schangnau

**Schangnau** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
FK Vardar

**FK Vardar** (Macedonian: ФК Вардар; usually just called **Vardar**) is a professional association football club from Skopje, North Macedonia. The club was founded in 1947and have played in every Macedonian First Football League saeson since it's creation. The club was named after the Vardar river (which runs right through the middle of Macedonia and ends at the Thermaic Gulf in Greece). FK Vardar is the most successful Macedonian team, winning 9 national championships and 5 national cups.

## Honours 
### League
** Yugoslav Second League:**
***Winners (6):** 1951, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1971, 1979
*Runners-up (1): 1991

** Macedonian First League:**
***Winners (9):** 1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016
*Runners-up (2): 2001, 2005

### Cup
** Yugoslav Cup:**
***Winners (1):** 1961

** Macedonian Football Cup:**
***Winners (5):** 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2007
*Runners-up (1): 1996

** Macedonian Super Cup:**
***Winners (2):** 2013, 2015

** Macedonian Republic Cup:**
***Winners (12):** 1955, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1979, 1980, 1992

### International
**Mitropa Cup:**
*Semi-finalists (1): 1968
*Round of 16 (2):  1969, 1970

**Balkans Cup:**
*Runners-up (2): 1972, 1974

### Other tournaments
**Vuko Karov Tournament:**
***Winners (3):** 1993, 2001, 2006
*Runners-up (1): 2011

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website  **(Macedonian)**
*
*Supporters Website  **(Macedonian)**
Lincoln Red Imps F.C.

The **Lincoln Red Imps Football Club** is a semi-professional association football club from Gibraltar. They currently play in the Gibraltar Premier Division and share the Victoria Stadium with all other clubs in the territory. They have won 22 league titles and 17 cup titles. The football club was first formed in 1976 by Charles Polson and Charles Head.

## Honours 
***Gibraltar Football League: 28**
:: 1984–85, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2000-01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023/24

***Rock Cup: 20**
:: 1985–86, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2021, 2021–22, 2023–24

***Gibraltar League Senior Cup: 18**
:: 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
*Lincoln Red Imps F.C. Twitter account
*UEFA profile
Gartempe

The **Gartempe** is a French river that flows through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Centre-Val de Loire regions.

It rises in the Massif Central and flows into the Creuse river, as a left tributary, in the Vienne department.

## Geography
The Gartempe river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Gartempe river starts in western Massif Central, near the hamlet of *Pétillat* in the *commune* of Peyrabout, Creuse department,  at an elevation of about . From here, it generally flows to the northwest.

Finally, the river flows into the Creuse river in La Roche-Posay (Vienne department, on the left side) and Yzeures-sur-Creuse (Indre-et-Loire department, on the right side).

The Gartempe flows through 5 departments and 46 *communes*, in 2 regions:
* Centre-Val de Loire region
** Indre: Néons-sur-Creuse
** Indre-et-Loire: Yzeures-sur-Creuse
* Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
** Creuse: Peyrabout, Le Grand-Bourg
** Haute-Vienne: Châteauponsac, Rancon
** Vienne: Montmorillon, Saint-Savin, La Roche-Posay

## Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Gartempe river are:

## Gallery

Gartempe1.jpg|The Gartempe in Portes d'Enfer
Gartempe Montmorillon Pont république.jpg|The Gartempe in Montmorillon
Saint-Savin abbaye (1).jpg|The Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe abbey
ConfluentGartempe-Creuse.JPG|Confluence with the Creuse river

## Related pages
* List of rivers of France

## References
## Other websites
* Banque Hydro - Station L5411810 - La Gartempe à Montmorillon  
* Bassin versant de la Gartempe  
* Syndicat intercommunal d'aménagement de la Gartempe (SIAG)
Aquia Creek

**Aquia Creek** () is a  tributary of the tidal portion of the Potomac River and is located in Northern Virginia. The creek's headwaters lie in southeastern Fauquier County, and it empties into the Potomac at Brent Point in Stafford County,  south of Washington, D.C.

## History
The Public Quarry at Government Island in the creek served as the source for Aquia Creek sandstone. This sandstone was used in numerous public buildings. The most important of these public buildings was the first White House in Washington,  DC.  It was painted white for symbolic reasons. The National Capitol Columns were also quarried at the Aquia Creek Public Quarry in the early 1800s. They were transported to Washington on a barge.

In an early American Civil War skirmish, the Battle of Aquia Creek, three US gunboats battled a Confederate shore battery. The skirmish took place from May 29, 1861 to June 1, 1861 during the Union campaign to blockade the Chesapeake Bay. There were an estimated 10 casualties.

## References
C96

The **Mauser** **C96**, is a German semi-automatic pistol that has a broomhandle-style pistol grip made by Mauser. Nicknames for the gun include the **Broomhandle** (named for its grip), the **Red 9**, and the **box cannon**. Although there were some semi-automatic pistols made before it was invented, the C96 was one of the first that was successful. The C96 was used by many countries including Germany, Spain, China, and the Soviet Union. The C96 was made by Germany from 1896 until 1937. Spain and China made many copies of the C96. Although it was invented in Germany, it was never the standard pistol for the German military. It was still a very popular pistol for German soldiers and officers until the end of World War II. The only country that made the C96 its standard pistol was China.

The C96 had many different models that fired different types of bullets. The first models fired 7.63x25mm Mauser bullets, but Germany later made a 9x19mm Parabellum version. 9x19mm versions of the gun have a red number 9 imprinted on the handle so that people would know to only load 9x19mm bullets and not the 7.63x25mm bullets. This is how the 9x19mm versions got the nickname "Red 9". In China, .45 ACP versions were made for the police and the military. The Chinese Army nicknamed the C96 the "box cannon," but the official name was the Type 17 pistol.

The gun comes with a magazine built in the gun. Most magazines for the C96 could hold 6 bullets, 10 bullets, or 20 bullets. Unlike most semi-automatic pistols, in order to load the C96, the shooter must load the bullets through the top of the gun using a stripper clip (like what you see in the picture above), rather than load a box magazine inside the grip. The C96 can also attach a wooden buttstock to the grip so that the shooter can aim more easily. The buttstock is also used as the gun's holster. The gun was also one of the first machine pistols, since some models allow the shooter to shoot the gun in full automatic fire.

Although the C96 is a little awkward to use, especially compared to most modern pistols, its unusual appearance make it a popular weapon in video games, like *Resident Evil 4*, the *Metal Gear* series, the Zombies game mode in the *Call of Duty* series, *Bioshock: Infinite*, *Battlefield 1*, *Call of Duty: WWII*, *Far Cry 4*, and many others. The C96 was also the basis for Han Solo's weapon (called a "blaster") in the Star Wars pictures.

## References
War of Attrition

The **War of Attrition (1967–1970)** was a war between Egypt and Israel. It ran from March 1969 to 7th August 1970 when the ceasefire was d.

## Objectives 
Both sides used attrition warfare in an attempt to weaken the other. Both Egypt and Israel thought that by wearing down the other they would gain an advantage in later negotiations. Approximately 6,000 soldiers and 1700 civilians were wounded. Egypt lost about 4,000 soldiers and 900 officers. Another 2,000 Egyptian soldiers and 200 officers were captured. Egypt lost about 60% of its military equipment. The Suez Canal remained closed to shipping.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The War of Attrition between Egypt & Israel (1968-1970); YouTube
Express Yourself (Madonna song)

**"Express Yourself"** is a 1989 dance-pop song by Madonna. The lyrics are about female empowerment and inspire women to go for the best. The song was a tribute to American R&B-funk band Sly and the Family Stone.

The song peaked at #2 on the American *Billboard* Hot 100. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

There are many versions of the song. One is almost eleven minutes long.

## References
Secret (Madonna song)

**"Secret"** is a pop song from Madonna's studio album *Bedtime Stories*. This song is about a lover having a secret. It hit #3 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100.

The song was released on September 27, 1994. It was declared Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

## References
Arda Turan

**Arda Turan** (born 30 January 1987) is a Turkish football player. He plays for F.C. Barcelona and Turkey national team.

## Club Career statistics
### Club
.

### International
.

## References
Fast & Furious (2009 movie)

***Fast & Furious*** (also known by ***Fast & Furious 4***) is a 2009 American action movie directed by Justin Lin. The story was written by Chris Morgan. The movie is the fourth one of the *Fast and the Furious* movies. The movie gets back together the actors Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Tyler Posey, Colton Haynes With Michelle Rodriguez and Jordana Brewster. The movie follows from *The Fast and the Furious*, the 2001 movie into the time right now. The same actors are in both movies. The movie came out on April 3, 2009. The movie got bad comments when it came out. The movie made $363 million dollars all over the world.

## Cast 
* Vin Diesel as Dominic "Dom" Toretto
* Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner
* Michelle Rodriguez as Leticia "Letty" Ortiz
* Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto
* John Ortíz as Arturo Braga / Ramón Campos
* Laz Alonso as Fenix Rise
* Tyler Posey as Tony Toretto
* Colton Haynes as Kenneth Hicks
* Michael Jai White as Ricardo Braga / Dorian Bilkins
* Sung Kang as Han Seoul-Oh
* Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar
* Tego Calderón as Tego
* Don Omar as Rico Santos
* Jack Conley as Penning
* Shea Wigham as Agent Michael Stasiak
* Liza Lapira as Agent Sophie Thrin

## References
FN F2000

The **F2000** is an Belgian bullpup 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifle. 

The F2000 has been in production since 2001.  It is used in many countries including Belgium, Libya, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and more. The F2000 is a replacement of the FN FNC. 

The FS2000 is a civilian version of the gun. FS2000 is only semi-automatic and has a long barrel. It began production in 2006.
Darwin Day

**Darwin Day** is celebrated in the United States on 12 February, the birthday of Charles Darwin. This recognizes the importance of his book *The Origin of Species*, the basis of the theory of evolution. The decision was taken by the US Congress. 

The date is not widely known or celebrated in the UK. However, 2009 was the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth and was also the 150th anniversary of the publication of *Origin of Species*. Events were planned, with celebrations in Shrewsbury (his birthplace), the University of Cambridge, and the Natural History Museum in London.

## References
SPAS-12

The **SPAS-12** (Special Purpose Automatic Shotgun) is an Italian combat shotgun that was produced from 1979 until 2000. It is used by police and military forces in many countries around the world. 

The SPAS-12 is a dual-mode shotgun, adjustable for semi-automatic or pump-action operation. It is a 12 gauge shotgun and has an internal tubular magazine of 5 to 8 rounds.

The SPAS-12 has been popular in many movies, TV shows, and video games including Call of Duty, Battlefield, Grand Theft Auto, Left 4 Dead and more.
Plumcot

The **plumcot** is a hybrid fruit. A plumcot is part plum and part apricot. There are many different types of plumcot. Some of them are about half plum and half apricot, while others are mostly plum. One well-known type of plumcot is called the **pluot**, which is a trademarked name for plumcots that were developed in the 1980s by Floyd Zaiger.  The first plumcots were bred in the late 1800s by Luther Burbank.

## References
Mukto-Mona

**Mukto-Mona** (Bengali: মুক্তমনা ) is the first online platform for Bengali speaking freethinkers, atheists, and secular bloggers and writers, started by Avijit Roy.  The meaning of Mukto-Mona is "free mind".  The website supports free expression and criticizes religious fundamentalism, especially Islamic religious fundamentalism. 

The Council for Secular Humanism called Mukto-Mona "the largest and the fastest-growing collection of contemporary freethinkers in Bangladesh and within South Asia". The group worked with international NGOs like the Center for Inquiry and the International Humanist and Ethical Union.  

The website was moderated by Avijit Roy. Roy was killed on February 26, 2015.  Ananta Bijoy Das also wrote for the blog. Das was killed on May 12, 2015. The group al-Qaida in the Indian Subcontinent said they were responsible for Roy's death.  Ananta Bijoy Das was on a list of targets by the same group of Islamists who were behind the murder of Avijit Roy.

## Awards 
In 2015, Mukta-Mona received "The Bobs – Best of Online Activism" award from German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle.  Blogger Rafida Bonya Ahmed, the wife of murdered blogger Avijit Roy, received the award.

## Other websites 
*Mukto-Mona 

## References
Flintlock

A **flintlock** is a general term for firearms that use the flintlock firing mechanism. It can also refer just to the firing mechanism itself. A flintlock uses a piece of flint held in a locking jaw. When the trigger is pulled, a hammer with the flint attached falls, striking a piece of steel called a "frizzen". This causes a spark which causes the gunpowder in the pan (directly below the flint) to ignite. Through a small hole, this ignites the main powder charge in the  of the gun causing it to fire the round ball,  or bullet. The flintlock was a very popular type of musket for over 200 years. Flintlocks were available with smoothbore and later rifled gun barrels.

## History 
The first form of flintlock appeared in 1570 and was called a **snaphaunce**. About 1630, Frenchman Marin le Bourgeoys created the first "true" flintlock, also called the "French lock". Bourgeoys was in the service of King Louis XIII of France for whom he created the flintlock mechanism. But soon it was used for  shotguns and pistols. Officers on sailing ships and army officers used flintlock pistols as well. Even at that range the gun was not particularly accurate. The British tactic was to fire in  followed by a bayonet attack. During the American Revolutionary War companies of Pennsylvania riflemen created ion behind the British lines. Well out of range of the British Brown Bess muskets, militiamen and snipers with rifled Pennsylvania rifles could target individual soldiers and officers from a long distance. Designed by Eli Whitney it was the first gun to use interchangeable parts.  Also produced at the Harpers Ferry Armory, about 10,000 were delivered to the US Army for use in the War of 1812.  Both the French and the British had versions of the officer's fusil.  From this name came the term fusilier. British officers of foot were originally armed with a spontoon, but later the pole weapon was replaced by the officer's fusil. The officer's fusil is fitted for a sling and the stock is  shorter than the barrel to fit a bayonet. The officer's fusil was much better made. At 20 gauge (.62 caliber) the fusil was also considered a fowling gun (early predecessor of the shotgun). The Kentucky had a tendency to hang fire (also called a ). The flint strikes the frizzen and ignites the powder in the pan but will at times burn slowly like a fuse. When this happens it is critical to keep it pointed at the target until it fires. The gun was typically .50 caliber and had an octagonal barrel. The stock was typically curly maple and usually had a wood ramrod with a brass tip.

* Duelling pistols - While not a specific gun it was a type of flintlock weapon. Duelling pistols were made in ed s and usually were in a case. They were often an ornate and highly decorated gun intended to be used in a duel. Until the 19th century most were single-shot flintlock pistols. Like other flintlock pistols, there is a noticeable  between pulling the trigger and the gun firing.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* History of the Gun - Part 4: The Flintlock: YouTube
* Shooting the Fusil de Chasse 62 caliber/ 20 gauge Smoothbore Musket: YouTube
Gold Star family

**Gold Star families** (or **Gold Star American families**) are the relatives of US military members who died in battle.

## History
Starting in World War I, the families of US soldiers and sailors often flew flags that had a blue star for each member of the family that was serving in the military. If one of them died in battle, the blue star was changed to a gold star. In August of 1947, the United States Congress authorized the military to present a gold star lapel pin to the family members of those killed in action. That first pin was a simple gold star on a purple background with a laurel wreath around the star. Another pin—this time a gold star with a gold background and four oak sprigs around the star—was authorized by Congress in 1973. It was awarded to the next of kin of service members who die during military service.

## Modern use
The military continues to award Gold Star lapel pins to the family members or next of kin of service members who die during military service.

## Gold Star Mother's Day 
The last Sunday in September is designated as Gold Star Mother's day. It was meant to honor, respect, and mourn with mothers who have lost children in combat. The day has since been expanded to encompass all people who lose a family member in the line of duty.

## Famous Gold Star families 
* Khizr Khan
* General John F. Kelly
* Jose Gonzalez Carranza
* Joe Kent

## References
Sex hormone

**Sex hormones**, also called **sex steroids**, are steroid hormones that interact with androgen or estrogen receptors. 

The non-steroid luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.

Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes), by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in tissues such as liver or fat.

## References
International Humanist and Ethical Union

for the International Humanist and Ethical Union]]
The **International Humanist and Ethical Union** (IHEU) is a humanist NGO based in the U.K. It has members on United Nations committees and other international organizations.  It was started in Amsterdam in 1952.

## References
Thesis statement

In an essay or research paper, a **thesis statement** is a statement at the start or the end of an introduction that shows the reader the argument of the essay. A thesis statement gives  information about what the whole essay is about, including the topic of the paper. It is usually just one sentence but it may have more than one sentence. The thesis statement is explained further using body paragraphs.

## References
California Republic

The California Republic, also known as the **Bear Flag Republic**, was an unrecognized nation that broke away from Mexico. Its existence lasted only 25 days, from 14 June 1846 until being annexed into the United States on 9 July 1846, as a result of the Mexican–American War. It was one of the shortest nations to ever lived in history.

## Flag 
The most significant thing during and after its lifespan is the flag, which is now adopted by the modern state of California (which is its successor). It had a star, a bear, and the words California Republic. Peter Storm was believed to be the man who created the flag. The flag was created one week before the storming of Sonoma, in which the revolts (mostly Americans) fought against the Mexicans and created their own country during the Mexican–American War before becoming a U.S. state.

## References
Scheunen

**Scheunen** was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Scheunen and Münchringen merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf.
Metropolitan City of Bari

The **Metropolitan City of Bari** () is a metropolitan city in the Apulia region of Southern Italy. Its capital, and of the Apulia region, is the city of Bari.

It replaced the Province of Bari and includes the city of Bari and some forty other municipalities (*comuni*). It was first created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and then established by the Law 56/2014. It has been operative since January 1, 2015.

## Geography
The Metropolitan City of Bari is in the central part of Apulia and has an area of .

The Metropolitan City is bordered on the east by the Adriatic Sea, to the northwest by Basilicata (province of Potenza), to the north by the province of province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, to the west with Basilicata (province of Matera), to the southeast by the province of province of Brindisi and to the south with the province of Taranto.

## Population
, there are 1,263,820 persons living in the province, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

## Administration
The province has 41 *comuni*. The *comuni* with more people living in them (more than 30,000) areː

The largest *comune* is Altamura, with  and the smallest is Cellamare, with . The *comune* with fewest inhabitants is Poggiorsini, with 1,450 inhabitants.

## Related pages
*List of comuni of the Metropolitan City of Bari

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
BC Budivelnyk

**BC Budivelnyk Kyiv** - is a Ukrainian basketball team. It was founded in 1945.

## Major Trophies 
* **Ukrainian SuperLeague (9)**:
** *Gold* - 1992, 1997, 2011, 2013, 2014
** *Silver* - 1998, 2010
** *Bronze* - 1999
* **Ukrainian Cup (3)**:
** *Winner* – 2012, 2014, 2015

## Famous Players 
*  Oleksandr Bilostinny
*  Oleksandr Volkov 
*  Anatoliy Polyvoda
*  Serhiy Kovalenko
*  Maceo Baston
*  Malcolm Delaney
*  Khalid El-Amin
*  Leo Lyons

## Other websites
*
Candidate

A **candidate**, or *nominee*, is a person (or a thing) which is being considered for something. For a person, it might be an award or honor or membership of a group. An election, for example, often chooses one or a few, among two or more candidates. The word comes from a Latin word for white, because men who wanted to be chosen would wear white so everyone would notice them. 

The word is also used in problem-solving. In chess, a distinction is made between legal moves and candidate moves. The candidate moves are those selected for a more detailed examination.

## Related pages 
*Candidatus
Biel/Bienne (administrative district)

The administrative district of **Biel/Bienne** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 19 municipalities in an area of 97.63 km².
Scheuren

**Scheuren** is a municipality of the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Schlosswil

**Schlosswil** was a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshöchstetten.

## References
## Other websites
Emirates Flight 521

**Emirates Flight 521** was an Emirates airline crashed upon landing in Dubai International Airport on 3 August 2016. One person was killed and 39 others injured. 

## Passengers and crew
## References
Lucille Dumont

**Lucille Dumont** (January 20, 1919 – July 29, 2016) was a Canadian singer, radio host and television host. She was credited by the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame for having "served and personified" Quebec popular music. She was also credited with being "at the birth of Quebec television", having been in Radio Canada's first television shows.

Dumont was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2006.

Dumont was born in Montreal, Quebec. She died at age 97.

## References
Dissociative

, a common dissociative]]

**Dissociatives** are a type of hallucinogenic drug. Dissociatives can make the user feel separated or *dissociated* from their body and environment. They are often used as anesthetic, to make people unconscious during operations or for other medical uses. 

Dissociatives change users perceptions and can cause hallucinations, trance and euphoria. They are usually only used on animals or children, who won't notice these effects. However, for this reason they are also used recreationally or for fun. In many countries however, they are illegal to use for this purpose. Some dissociatives, like that produced from *Salvia divinorum*, enter the bloodstream and attach to opioid receptors in the brain. Others attach to dopamine receptors. Most block the chemical glutamate from its normal action in the brain. Glutamate is important in how the brain processes memory and pain.

## References
Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani

The **Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani** () is a province in the Apulia region of Southern Italy. The capital is shared by three cities: Barletta, Andria and Trani. The province borders the Adriatic Sea.

## History
It was created from 10 municipalities (*comuni*), which were formerly in the provinces of Bari (7 municipalities) and Foggia (3 municipalities), taking its name from the three cities which share the new administrative functions of the province.

## Geography
The province of Barletta-Andria-Trani is in the central part of Apulia and has an area of .

The province borders to the northwest by the province of Foggia, to the north and northeast by the Adriatic Sea, to the east with the Metropolitan City of Bari, to the south by province of Potenza (Basilicata region).

The main river of the province, and of the Apulia region, is the Ofanto river, that flows into the Adriatic Sea between Margherita di Savoia and Barletta.

The highest point in the province is *Monte Caccia*,  high; it is in the *Altopiano delle Murge*, a karstic plateau of rectangular shape in southern Italy.

## Population
, there are 393,534 persons (194402 males and 199,132 females) living in the province, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

## Administration
The province has 10 *comuni*.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Barletta city web site  
* Andria city web site 
* Trani city web site
Champdor-Corcelles

**Champdor-Corcelles** is a commune in the Ain department of eastern France. It was established on 1 January 2016. It is made of the former communes of Champdor and Corcelles.

## Related pages 
*Communes of the Ain department

## References
Schwendibach

**Schwendibach** was a municipality in Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the former municipality of Schwendibach became part of Steffisburg.

## References
## Other websites
Laws of motion

In physics, a number of noted theories of the motion of objects have developed. Among the best-known are:
* Classical mechanics
** Newton's laws of motion
**Euler's laws
**Cauchy's equations of motion
** Kepler's laws of planetary motion
** General relativity
** Special relativity
* Quantum mechanics
Seeberg

**Seeberg** is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The lake Burgäschisee is on the border with Aeschi. On 1 January 2016, the former municipality of Hermiswil merged into Seeberg.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Seeberg
Interchangeable parts

## History 
Several inventors have had the idea of interchangeable parts in the past. But their version of the idea revolved around parts that had very loose tolerances or were used only for very simple parts. In 1720 a Swedish inventor named Christopher Polhem used interchangeable parts for clocks in his . Blanc tried to interest other European gunsmiths, but they were not impressed by the idea. But he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. It came at a critical time when Congress was preparing for a war with France. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be ed within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. What he produced was the first smoothbore flintlock musket produced in the United States, the Springfield Model 1795 Musket. Whitney's idea of using machines to create interchangeable parts started what came to be known as the "American system" of mass production.

## Mass production 
The concept of mass production depends on the use of interchangeable parts. One of the most famous inventors to use interchangeable parts, mass production and the assembly line was Henry Ford. Unlike other cars of the time, his Ford Model T used the same identical parts in each vehicle. That was an excellent wage at the time, so much so that it allowed many of his workers to buy their own Model T. By 1925 he was able to sell a Model T for as little as $260.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Eli Whitney: Father of American Technology - Fast Facts / History: YouTube
* Early Industrialization; Digital History
Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election

In 2016, social media had the biggest effect ever on the United States presidential election. For the first time, social media created the change (of plans for Democratic and Republican primaries) rather than talking about it. Many journalists expected this.

## Benefits to candidates 
Many presidential candidates benefited from the use of social media in the 2016 election. 
### Bernie Sanders 
Many people think social media is the reason Bernie Sanders did so well in the Democratic primaries. In May 2016, 450,000 people belonged to the pro-Sanders Facebook group ''Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash*. Another pro-Sanders group, *Bernie or Hillary?*, exists. Trump mentioned that his social media accounts provided a tremendous platform for his election and helps keep people interested. 

*Right Side Broadcasting Network'' often uploads live footage of Donald Trump rallys on YouTube, causing their popularity to go way up.

### Hillary Clinton 
In April 2016, Correct the Record, a pro-Clinton super PAC, started a program called "Barrier Breakers" that wants to compete with the mostly online volunteer efforts of Sanders and Trump supporters. With $1 million in funding, Correct the Record hired a paid staff of people that used to be reporters, bloggers, public affairs specialists, designers to post good things about Clinton.

On June 9, 2016, as a response to Donald Trump's tweet about Obama's endorsement to Clinton, she wrote with a three word tweet: "Delete your account". This tweet has become her most retweeted tweet of all time.

By the end of June 2016, this most retweeted tweet of all time got more than 1,000,000 interactions. 

## Memes 
One form of social media being used in the 2016 election are memes. *The Guardian* compared Internet memes to political cartoons, saying, "For the first time in a US election cycle, community-generated (created) memes have grown to play a significant (important) role in political discourse (debate), similar to the classic printed cartoon. While an Internet meme is unlikely to destroy a political career, lots of memes targeting a candidate might." Many memes attacked Ted Cruz.

## References
South Italy

**South Italy** ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

South Italy is defined only for statistical and for some elections. It should not to be confused with the *Mezzogiorno*, or Southern Italy, which generally refers to all the southern half of the Italian State, including the island of Sicily and sometimes even Sardinia. The two islands form a distinct statistical region.region.

## Geography
South Italy borders to the north with Central Italy (to the northwest with Lazio and to the northeast with Marche). The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, and the Ionian Sea to the south.

The Apennines are mountain ranges that goes from north to south through South Italy. The highest point in the region is the Corno Grande () (part of the Gran Sasso) that is  high.

## Regions
Central Italy encompasses six of the 20 regions of Italy, including 24 provinces and 1,789  comuniː

The *comuni* with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː

## Related pages
* NUTS level 1:
** Northwest Italy
** Northeast Italy
** Central Italy
** **South Italy**
** Insular Italy
* Northern Italy
* Southern Italy

## References
Mettauertal

**Mettauertal** is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Etzgen, Hottwil, Mettau, Oberhofen and Wil merged into the new municipality of Mettauertal.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Honoré Blanc

**Honoré Blanc** (1736–1807) was a French gunsmith and inventor. He was one of the first to use the concept of interchangeable parts. Blanc was born in Avignon, France in 1736. At age 12 he became an apprentice to a gunsmith. 

## Interchangeable parts 
By the 1760s, Blanc was making specialized machinery and tools to make gunlocks. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. This was the first time in the US Blanc's ideas of mass production were put to use. Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville musket.

## References
## Other websites 
* LeBlanc and Interchangeable parts 
* History of Interchangeable Parts
Seehof, Switzerland

**Seehof** () is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. This is one of two German speaking cities in the majority French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura bernois). The other is Schelten.

## References
Seedorf, Bern

**Seedorf** is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Gallery

File:Lobsigesee - Sicht gegen Norden (DSC04213).jpg|Lobsigensee
File:Frienisberg - Klosterturm mit Hintergrund Seeland und Jura.jpg|Frienisberg
File:2012-07-18-Regiono Arbergo (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 095.JPG|Village entry of Frieswil

## Villages
Seedorf, Lobsigen, Wiler, Frieswil, Baggwil, Ruchwil, Dampfwil, Aspi, Grissenberg and Frienisberg.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of the municipality of Seedorf 
* 
*
Battle rifle

FN FAL]]
 M14]]
 G3]]
A **battle rifle** is a weapon that fires a powerful bullet such as 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 caliber) or 7.62×54mmR. They were most often used in the Cold War. Today, most armies use smaller, intermediate bullets like the  5.56×45mm NATO, but many many soldiers from different countries still use battle rifles - for example, in a sniper role. 

Some of the most popular battle rifles are the FN FAL, G3, and M14, all first made during the Cold War. Newer examples of this type of weapon include the Belgian SCAR-H or the American M110. There are also older weapons that can be described as battle rifles - for example, the M1 Garand rifle, used in World War II.

While battle rifles are much less popular now than in past decades, some armies are going back to the idea of giving their soldiers larger caliber rifles. In 2022, the United States Army decided to replace the old 5.56 M4 carbine with the XM7 rifle, which fires a much bigger 6.8×51mm bullet. And the Turkish army uses the MPT-76, a .308 battle rifle, as its standard issue weapon.
Ofanto

The **Ofanto** () is a river in South Italy that flows through the regions of Campania, Basilicata, and Apulia, and into the Adriatic Sea.

## Geography
The Ofanto river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course
The Ofanto river starts in the Apennines mountains, within the *Irpinia* (a historical region of the southern Apennines around Avellino), at an elevation of about ,

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Italy

## References
Ajamu Baraka

**Ajamu Baraka** (born October 25, 1953) is an African American human rights activist. He was the Green Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2016 election, running with Jill Stein. Baraka has taught political science at Clark Atlanta University, Spelman College, and other academic institutions.

## References
The Parent Trap (1998 movie)

***The Parent Trap*** is a 1998 American romantic comedy movie co-written and directed by Nancy Meyers, and produced and co-written by Charles Shyer. It is a remake of the 1961 movie of the same name.

Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson star as a divorced couple who separated shortly after their identical twin daughters' birth; Lindsay Lohan stars (in her movie debut) as both twins.

## References
Signau

**Signau** is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Villages
Signau, Schüpbach, Höhe, Mutten and Häleschwand.

## Gallery

File:Schüpbach (komunumo Signau) 058.jpg|Schüpbach
File:Signau Kirche.jpg|Church of Signau

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website 
*
Frutigen-Niedersimmental (administrative district)

The administrative district of **Frutigen-Niedersimmental** in the Swiss canton of Bern has 13 municipalities in an area of 774 km².