open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Arkansas

**Arkansas** is a state in the United States of America. Its capital and largest city is Little Rock. It is considered part of the South, and is bordered by Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, and its southwestern corner touches Texas. The 2020 census counted 3,013,756 people living in Arkansas.

Arkansas is home to many caves, such as Blanchard Springs Caverns. More than 43,000 Native American living, hunting and tool making sites have been catalogued by the State Archeologist. Arkansas is currently the only U.S. state in which diamonds are mined. This is done by members of the public with primitive digging tools for a small daily fee, not by commercial interests.

Arkansas is home to a bunch of wood Areas adding around . These areas are set for outdoor playing and are open to hunting, fishing, hiking, and camping. No vehicles are able to drive in these areas.

## Religion
]]
Arkansas, like most other Southern states, is part of the Bible Belt. It is mostly Protestant. The largest denominations by number of followers in 2000 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 665,307; the United Methodist Church with 179,383; the Roman Catholic Church with 115,967; and the American Baptist Association with 115,916.

## Education
Education in Arkansas has been an issue. Part of the problem has been low teacher salaries and small budgets for spending on students. Other problems have been not wanting to integrate, and poor school facilities.

Arkansas has two university systems: Arkansas State University System and University of Arkansas System. Some other public institutions are Arkansas Tech University, Henderson State University, Southern Arkansas University, and University of Central Arkansas. It is also home to 11 private colleges and universities. One of them being Hendrix College, one of the nation's top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report.

## Culture
Arkansas is liked for its bauxite mines. Arkansas was also the first U.S. state where diamonds were found. Liked Arkansans are Bill Clinton, who was governor of Arkansas before he became the President of the United States, Sam Walton, the CEO of Wal-Mart, Johnny Cash, a famous guitar player known as "The Man In Black".

## Attractions
Arkansas is home to many areas protected by the National Park System. These include:
* Arkansas Post National Memorial at Gillett
* Buffalo National River
* Fort Smith National Historic Site
* Hot Springs National Park
* Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site
* Pea Ridge National Military Park
* President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site
* Clinton House Museum

## Related pages
* List of counties in Arkansas
* List of rivers of Arkansas

## Notes
## References
Margaret of Valois

**Margaret of Valois** (May 14, 1553 – May 27, 1615) was a Princess of France and a member of the house of Valois.

Her father was Henry II of France and her mother was Catherine of Medici. She was also the sister of Francis II of France, Charles IX of France and Henry III of France. Margaret was then married to Henry IV of France.

The author Alexandre Dumas, père wrote a book about Margaret called *Queen Margot*.
Madonna (disambiguation)

**Madonna** (Italian for "my lady") can have different meanings. They are isted below. Commonly it is used for the depiction of Mary, and for the singer. 

## Art, incuding religious art 
* A depiction of Mary, often with child (Jesus), see Mary, mother of Jesus. Very often this is a statue, sometimes it is also done as a small painting (icon)
* *Benois Madonna,* a painting  by Leonardo Da Vinci*, completed 1478*
* *Madonna del Prato*,  a painting  by Bellini, completed 1505
* *Madonna del Prato*,   a painting by Raphael, completed 1506
* A motif by Evard Munch, see Madonna (Munch). He used it for five paintings, done between 1894 and 1897, and a lithograph, in 1895, also see List_of_paintings_by_Edvard_Munch

File:Martin Schongauer 003.jpg|Madonna with Child, Martin Schongauer, 1473, in a church in Colmar
File:Giovanni bellini, madonna del prato 01.jpg|Madonna del Prato, by Bellini
File:Raphael Madonna of the Meadow.jpg|Madonna del Prato, by Raphael
File:Leonardo, Madonna Benois.JPG|Madonna Benois, by Leonardo da Vinci
File:Edvard Munch - Madonna - Google Art Project.jpg|Madonna, by Edvard Munch, 1894

## People called "Madonna" 
* *Madonna Louise Ciccone*; born 1958, a well-known US singer, see Madonna
* Armando Madonna, born 1963, Italian football player and trainer
* Joseph Freiherr Maroicic von Madonna del Monte (1812-82), Austrian general, of Croatian descent

## Cities and place names 
* Madona, a city in Latvia
* Madonna di Campiglio, a ski resort in Italy
* Madonna di Campagna, a quarter of Turin
* Madonna del Sasso, in Piedmont
* Madonna, Maryland, a place in Maryland

## Songs and music albums 
* Lady Madonna, a song

* *Madonna* (Madonna album)
Queen Margot

***Queen Margot*** is a book written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père.  It is a story about Margaret of Valois and Henry IV of France.  The same writer wrote many other books including *The Man in the Iron Mask*, *The Count of Monte Cristo* and *The Three Musketeers*.
Tortilla

A **tortilla** is a flat bread used in Mexican cuisine. They are used in burritos, enchiladas, and mainly as a wrap called taco. They are normally made of maize (corn), but can also be made of wheat or potatoes.

In Spanish cuisine, tortillas are very different; they are closer to an omelette based on potatoes, usually mixed with other ingredients like onions, pork sausages or other vegetables; they can be baked or cooked in a frying pan. Also many Latin-American countries call omelettes tortillas, and the ingredients can be different in every country, using their local ingredients and by choice of the chef.
In Turkish cuisine a tortilla is known as lavash which is a type of flat bread.
Bit

**Bit** can have different meanings:
* Binary digit, the most basic unit of information
*A small amount of anything either literal or theoretical.
** One eighth of a Spanish Peso.
Fragaria

'''''*** is the Latin name used in science for the genus of about 20 species of **strawberries*', plants in the rose family that grow small sweet red fruit. The most well-known and most grown of these species is the strawberry *Fragaria*× ananassa''. The other species are informally known as the **wildstrawberries**.

## Name
'** is a Latin word for the group of "strawberry-like" plants, formed by putting **' ("strawberry") together with the ending '''', which here means something close to the English "-like".

## History
People have eaten different kinds of wild strawberries for thousands of years. In Europe, people usually grew the woodland strawberry. Dutch people learned how to eat them through most of the year by planting their seeds at different times, letting them harvest for nine months of the year. The Alpine strawberry became popular around the 1650s because it was a little bigger and could grow in places with less strong sunlight, like the British islands in the late fall. Today's bigger "garden" strawberry was first made around Brest in Brittany (northwest France) in the 1750s. It was made by joining the Virginia strawberry from eastern North America to the European Hautbois and the Chilean strawberry from western South America.

## Kinds
The species of the genus '** are:

* Strawberry or garden strawberry ()
* Woodland strawberry (**')
* Alpine strawberry ('**)
* Virginia strawberry (**')
* Chilean strawberry ('''')

## Fruit
The real fruit of the strawberries are the achenes, which people usually think of as the little seeds around the outside of the larger red "fruit". What people think is the "fruit" is really the swollen stems between these fruit. This kind of fruit, where different ovaries grow into a single larger fruit, is called an "aggregate fruit". 

## References
Genetic

**Genetic** can refer to:
* Genetics, the science of heredity. In this context, 'genetic' means passed on through heredity.
*Genetic (linguistics), in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language
*Genetic algorithm, in computer science, a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology
EastEnders

***EastEnders*** is a British TV soap opera in the United Kingdom. It has been running since 19th February 1985, and has had over 7000 episodes. The programme is a rival of *Coronation Street* and *Emmerdale* on ITV. It is shown on BBC One.

 Pub]]
The programme is in a pretend area of East London, called Walford. It is filmed in Elstree, a village in Borehamwood. Like *Coronation Street*, most action is around a local pub. The pub in *EastEnders* is called The Queen Vic.

It quickly became very popular when it launched and had its highest rated episode on 25th December 1986 (Christmas Day) when Den Watts served his wife Angie divorce papers behind the Queen Vic which was watched by 30 million viewers, making it one of the most watched shows in the UK of all time. 

There are many storylines, including drug abuse, rape, racism, domestic violence, murder, kidnapping, prostitution, theft, senile dementia, arson, and runaway children.

Arguments between members of one family, or between different families, are often in the storylines. 

It has won ten BAFTA awards.

## Characters
## References
## Other websites
* 
* *EastEnders* at BBC Studios
* *EastEnders* at BBC Studioworks
* *EastEnders* at the British Film Institute
* 
*
William II of England

**William II of England** (c. 1 September 1056–2 August 1100) was King of England from 1087 to his death.

He was the second son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. He was a harsh ruler and not very liked. He did not have a wife or any children.

He died in the New Forest when he was shot by an arrow while he was hunting with his brother-in-law, Walter Tirel (Tryyel), and other friends.

## References
## Other websites
Edward VI of England

**Edward VI** (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland, from 28 January 1547 to his death.

Edward was the son of Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymour. His mother died 12 days after his birth. He became king at the age of 9, when his father died. Although he had two older sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, Edward was the heir apparent to the throne because he was male. Because he was such a young king, the country was governed by nobles. He had two advisors (or regents). The first was his uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, who became Lord Protector. 

For the first two-and-a-half years of Edward's reign, Lord Somerset advised and guided the young king. Somerset was then replaced by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.

Edward was the first Protestant King of England. Although his father, Henry VIII, had broken the Church of England away from the Roman Catholic Church, he had not changed much else. Most of the major changes to the Church of England happened during Edward's reign. They were led by Somerset, Northumberland and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. Also during his reign, England tried to take over Scotland. After a good start, it ended in defeat. His reign also saw economic problems and unrest.

Edward had never been a healthy boy, and his health failed in 1553, when he died at fifteen-and-a-half years old, probably from tuberculosis. Before he died, Edward haf named his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth. He wanted to prevent Mary, a Catholic, from returning the country to Catholicism. However, Mary, his Catholic half-sister, overthrew Jane after only nine days and became the Queen of England. Mary undid the reforms of Edward's reign, and the country went through another period of religious changes. However Mary died in 1558, and her successor, Elizabeth, restored the reforms in 1559.

## Religious changes 
Laws were passed to make churches more plain. Catholic churches were rich in decorations and colour. Under Edward, stained glass windows and icons were now removed from churches, and the furniture within churches became very basic and plain.

The actual services became simpler,and the common person could now understand what was being said as services. now called Holy Communion, were in English, rather than Latin. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer, also in English. Priests no longer had to dress in the bright clothing thaty was associated with the Catholic Church. They were also allowed to marry. The king remained as Head of the Church.

All of those changes were a major break from the traditions of the Catholic Church. In parts of Germany and Switzerland, religious groups had also broken away in protest against the wealth and the corruption of the Catholic Church. They became known as Protestant, and England under Edward, became a Protestant country with an independent Church of England.
Henrietta Maria of France

**Henrietta Maria of France** (November 25, 1609 - September 10, 1669) was the youngest daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. She was born in the Louvre Palace in Paris on November 25, 1609. She was a Roman Catholic.

Henrietta Maria married Charles I and became the Queen of England.

## Issue
Catherine of Aragon

**Catherine of Aragon** (Spanish: Catalina) (16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536) was the youngest daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. Catherine was the wife of Arthur, Prince of Wales and later married his brother, Henry VIII.

## Early life 
When Catherine was three years old, it was decided that she would marry Arthur, Prince of Wales. Catherine and Arthur were married on 14 November 1501. They were sent to Ludlow Castle in Shropshire, to take control of the Council of Wales. Months later, Catherine and Arthur became ill, possibly from a sickness which was sweeping the area at the time. Prince Arthur died on 2 April 1502, leaving after Catherine a widow at the age of 16.

Henry VIII married Catherine in 1509, shortly after he became king.  She was extremely popular with the people of England.  In 1513, when Henry VIII invaded France, she ruled as his regent.

## Annulment: end of marriage 
Despite Catherine's popularity, she did not produce a surviving son. Her only surviving child was a daughter, Mary I of England. Henry's need for a son caused him to try and divorce his wife.

At first, Henry tried to convince Anne Boleyn to be his mistress in 1527. Anne refused, so Henry decided to marry her. Divorce was not allowed in the Catholic faith. Henry claimed that, as Catherine had been married to his elder brother Arthur, his was an invalid marriage. He quoted a verse in Leviticus which states that "a man may not marry his brother's wife and such a union would be without the blessing of God and fruitless", and used this as his case. It became referred to as the kings "Great Matter" and a special court was held with Cardinal Wolsey leading it.

An official from Rome was brought over and a trial was held. The official stated that he could not come to a conclusion and the case would have to be referred to Rome for the Pope to make a decision. The matter dragged on for quite some time, as the Pope would not agree to an annulment.

## Later years 
In 1532, Anne Boleyn became pregnant with the king's child. She was married to Henry on 25 January 1533 so that the baby could be a legitimate heir. Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was finally annulled in the following May by Archbishop Cranmer, thus ending the first of Henry's 6 marriages. The divorce went against the Roman Catholic belief system, so Henry created his own church, the Church of England. This was the beginnings of protestantism in England, with the King as the head of the church instead of the Pope.

Until the end of Catherine's life, Catherine believed that she was the true wife of Henry VIII. Her servants called her their queen, but Henry called her the "Dowager Princess of Wales".

In 1535, Catherine was transferred to Kimbolton Castle and was not allowed to see her daughter Mary. Henry VIII told her that until they declared Anne their queen, they would be able to see each other. They never did.

Catherine died, most likely of heart cancer, in January of 1536, just five months before the execution of Anne Boleyn.

## Ancestry 
## References
Elizabeth of York

**Elizabeth of York** (11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503) was Queen of England through her marriage to King Henry VII, which took place on 18 January 1486. She was the daughter of Edward IV of England and of Elizabeth Woodville. Her marriage to Henry VII of England came after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses, a civil war between two royal families: the Lancasters and the Yorks.

Elizabeth's younger brothers, known as the **Princes in the Tower**, disappeared under mysterious circumstances after their uncle, Richard III, took the throne in 1483. During this time, a law**, Titulus Regius**, declared that Elizabeth's parents’ marriage was invalid, which made her and her siblings illegitimate. However, Elizabeth and her sisters returned to court after they had spent ten months hiding in Westminster Abbey. There were rumours that Richard III wanted to marry Elizabeth himself.

When Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) defeated Richard III, he knew that marrying Elizabeth would help him gain support from Yorkist followers. He had promised to marry her before his invasion of England, which may have weakened Richard’s support. After becoming king, Henry VII had Titulus Regius repealed and made her his queen.

## Ancestry 
## Further reading
*
*
*

## References
Jane Seymour

**Jane Seymour** (17 July 1509 – 24 October 1537) was the third wife of King Henry VIII of England and queen consort from 1536 until 1537. She was the mother of Edward VI of England, who died at the age of 15. Edward was the only male child of King Henry VIII to survive infancy.

## Biography 
Jane Seymour was the child of John Seymour and Margery Wentworth. She was not educated as much as King Henry's wives before her, for example, Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn. She could read and write a little, but was much better at needlework and managing the house. These were considered much more necessary for women. Jane's needlework was said to be beautiful and complex. Some of her work was kept until 1652, where it is recorded to have been given to the Seymour family. After her death, it was noted that Henry was an " embroiderer". 

She was a lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII. When Henry divorced his first wife and married Anne Boleyn, Jane continued to be a lady-in-waiting. Henry VIII noticed Jane at court and had already fallen in love with her by the time Anne Boleyn was executed. He became engaged to Jane on the day after the execution, and they were married ten days later, on May 30, 1536. When Jane became queen, she ran the royal court in a strict and formal way, and her only close friends were Anne Stanhope and Elizabeth Seymour.  

## Pregnancy and death 
Sometime in December 1536, Jane gave birth to a stillborn child.

In early 1537, Jane became pregnant and developed a craving for quail. On October 12, 1537, she gave birth to the son that Henry VIII wanted so much. They named him Edward, and he was later to be King Edward VI of England. Soon, Jane became very ill with fever, and later she died on October 24, 1537. Jane never had a coronation, and was married to Henry for only a year and a half before she died (May 30, 1536 - October 24, 1537). Henry had loved Jane the most among all his wives, because she was the one who gave him a son or a heir to the throne. Even though he was married another three times after Jane's death, he always grieved for her. Before Henry died, he asked to be buried next to Jane.

## Children 
Jane had two children, of which only one survived infancy.

* stillborn child (December 1536)
* Edward VI of England (12 October 1537 - 10 July 1553)

## References
Sin City

***Sin City*** is the title of a number of stories by Frank Miller, written in a comic book-style and the name of a movie that is based on the books.

## *Sin City* movie
A movie version of the *Sin City* books was released in 2005.  It starred a number of famous actors, including Jessica Alba, Brittany Murphy, Bruce Willis, and Elijah Wood. The movie was directed by Frank Miller, Robert Rodriguez, and Quentin Tarantino.

The movie is based on four stories from the *Sin City* books:  "The Customer is Always Right", "The Hard Goodbye", "The Big Fat Kill" and "That Yellow Bastard".

## Other websites 
* Official *Sin City* website
* 
* Roger Ebert's original review of Sin City 
* *Sin City* Trailer 1 (14.5&nbsp;MB, Quicktime) 
* *Sin City* Trailer 2 (27.4&nbsp;MB, Quicktime)
* A list of differences between the books and the film 
* Comic book-to-film visual comparisons 
* An extensive interview with Miller and Rodriguez (59:39&nbsp;minutes, click "Extended Audio")
* The Spoilers Alternate DVD Commentary of Sin City
* Peter Sanderson's indepth analysis of the film
* *Sin City* at FranksFilms
Evershot

**Evershot** is a village in the county of Dorset. It is in the West Dorset District. In 2001 there were 206 people living in Evershot.

## References
Uruguay

**Uruguay** (officially named **Oriental Republic of Uruguay**) is a country in South America. The language spoken there is Spanish. Its capital and largest city is Montevideo. Uruguay is bordered by two large neighbors, Brazil and Argentina. The only country in South America that is smaller than Uruguay is Suriname. The land is mostly flat, and there are many farms in the countryside. 

The area around Uruguay was fought over by the Portuguese and Spanish Empires in the 18th century. In the 1810s it was the center of the Banda Oriental, a Federal League of states in the Río de la Plata region. Argentina and Brazil took the majority in wars, leaving Uruguay as independent.

## History 
Before Europeans came to the land, no more than 10 thousand native people lived here. Spanish explorer Juan Díaz de Solís first explored the land in 1516.

## Departments
Uruguay is divided into 19 different Departments.

*¹Doesn't include the artificial lakes on the Rio Negro (1,199&nbsp;km²).

## Geography
The highest point in the country is the Cerro Catedral whose peak reaches to .

Uruguay has 660&nbsp;km of coastline. On December 20, 2013, Uruguay was the first country in the world to legalize the cultivation, sale, and use of cannabis.

## Demographics

Uruguayans are mostly of European origin. 88%, or 88 of 100 people, are from European descent.

## Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Uruguay. The Uruguay national football team has won the FIFA World Cup on two occasions.

## References
## Official Websites 
* Uruguay Official Portal 
* Uruguay Official Presidency Website
Gregory Peck

**Eldred Gregory Peck** (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor who was born in La Jolla, California. 

One of 20th Century Fox's most popular movie stars from the 1940s to the 1950s, Peck continued to play important roles well into the 1980s. His most famous role was that of Atticus Finch in the film *To Kill a Mockingbird* (1962) for which he won his Academy Award. He also won five Golden Globe Awards during his career.

Peck's other best known roles include *Captain Horatio Hornblower* (1951), *David and Bathsheba* (1951), *The Snows of Kilimanjaro* (1952), *Roman Holiday* (1953), *Moby Dick* (1956), *The Guns of Navarone* (1961), *Cape Fear* (1962), *The Omen* (1976), and *The Boys from Brazil* (1978). 

President Lyndon Johnson awarded Peck the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. A Democrat, Peck said that President Johnson told him had he decided to run for re-election in 1968, he would have nominated Peck to be the U.S. Ambassador to Ireland.

In 1991, the American Film Institute named Peck among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at number 12.

Peck retired from acting in 2000, however he was offered the role of Grandpa Joe in the 2005 movie *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory*, but died before he could accept it. The Irish actor David Kelly was then given the part.

On June 12, 2003, Peck died in his sleep from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87 at his home in Los Angeles.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Copyleft

of the copyright symbol.]]
**Copyleft** is a name for a type of a license for free content or free software. It is not the opposite of copyright, but its purpose is the opposite of the purpose of the frequently seen copyright type of license (which uses copyright to *forbid* changing, giving, or  something). A copyleft license uses copyright to *forbid forbidding* changing, giving, or selling something.

Both copyleft and non-copyleft ("permissive") licenses for free content or free software can be used for things like s (for example books, art, music and software); they always allow people to change the works, and to give or sell them to other people. It should be noted that, although people might think that copyleft content is not copyrighted, that's a myth. Copyleft is a form of licensing: it is not just another name for public domain.

However, in a copyleft license, when a person gives or sells a work (changed or not changed) to a friend, the person must allow the friend to do the things which the author of the original work has allowed in the license to the person. This often means, for example, that if another person licensed a book under a copyleft license, and you changed it into a new book, you would have to license your new book under the same license.

Some free and open copyleft licenses that are used a lot are the GNU General Public License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Commercial copyleft licenses are the Server Side Public License and the Open Compensation Token License.

## References
Brittany Murphy

**Brittany Murphy-Monjack** (born **Brittany Anne Bertolotti**; November 10, 1977 – December 20, 2009) was an American actress and singer. She appeared in many movies and was the voice of Luanne on the American television show *King of the Hill*. Murphy was married to British moviemaker Simon Monjack (1970-2010) from 2007 until her death on December 20, 2009. She died of pneumonia. An overdose of legal drugs also played a part in her death.

## Filmography 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Brittany Murphy Tribute
Aerospace engineering

**Aerospace engineering** is a field of engineering that specializes in vehicles that move in fluids. This usually means working with airplanes, cars, boats, trains, or spacecraft.

As with other engineering, people who work in Aerospace engineering must study. This depends on what they want to do. Aerospace engineers (who design and oversee repair of vehicles) study for years at a university or college and earn a degree. Technicians (those who repair and construct vehicles) will do a shorter course and 'on the job' training. Aerospace jobs include astronauts, pilots, and other professionals.

## Notes
Karnataka

Karnataka is a state in the Republic of India.  It has an area of .In traditional Indian geography, it is part of the Southern zone. It has 31 districts. As of the 2011 census, it has a population of approximately 61.1 million. The present Chief Minister of the state is Siddaramaiah of the Indian National Congress.

Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka.  It is also known as the IT capital of India. Mysore, Mangalore, Hubli-Dharwad, Kalaburgi and Hospet are the other big cities in Karnataka. Places to see in Karnataka are Bangalore, Mysore, Hampi, Bijapur, Belur/Halebid, Shivamogga, sannati (yadgir) and Shravanabelagola.  The Lalbhag Botanical Garden, Badami and the Jog water are some of the well-known tourist attractions in Karnataka.

Kannada  is the official language of the state and the most prominent language spoken by the people in Karnataka.  Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Hindi and Malayalam are also spoken in Karantaka. Kannada is declared as one of the official languages of India. It has won the most number of Gnanpith Awards - 8, which are awarded to writers.

Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Kerala to the southwest.  Topographically, Karnataka consists of the Arabian Sea Coast, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and Eastern Ghats.

Karnataka's history dates back to the 3rd century BC.  The succession of able administrators from the Hoysalas, Chalukyas and the mighty Vijayanagara rulers, to the arrival of the Mughals in the 17th century and the British in the 18th century have contributed to the mix of culture and heritage that is as rich as it is ancient.  The perambadi pass is a mountain pass located in karnataka which is connected to kannur district in kerala.

## Provincial symbols of Karnataka 

File:Coracias benghalensis -India -flying-8.jpg|Provincial bird of Karnataka
File:IndianElephant.jpg|Provincial animal of Karnataka
File:Sandal leaf.jpg|Provincial tree of Karnataka
File:Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).jpg|Provincial flower of Karnataka

## References 
****
Nova Scotia

**Nova Scotia** ( ); French pronunciation: ) is a small province found on the east coast of Canada. The name "Nova Scotia" is Latin for "New Scotland". The capital and largest city is Halifax.

People who live in Nova Scotia are called Nova Scotians. There are over 1 million of them; over 500,000 of whom live in Halifax.

What is now Nova Scotia used to be controlled by the Mik'maq. The French settled among them at Port Royal after 1600, and called the land part of Acadia, with Port Royal as its capital. In 1710, after a war, the British captured Port Royal and went on to capture the rest of the peninsula. It was the first time that the British had captured and held a French colony.  

On 6 December 1917, about 2,000 people were killed in the Halifax Explosion.

Nova Scotia's government is a democracy. Tim Houston is the premier and Mike Savage is the lieutenant governor.

## References
## Other websites 
* Nova Scotia Govt online map archive
Calgary (disambiguation)

**Calgary** might mean any of the following places:
*Calgary, Mull is a village and a bay on the Isle of Mull, Scotland, United Kingdom
*Fort Calgary was a Northwest Mounted Police fort founded in 1875, named after Scotland's Calgary.  It is now a historic site
*Calgary, Alberta is the largest city in Alberta, Canada; founded on the site of the fort
**The Calgary Flames are a National Hockey League team from Calgary.
**The Calgary Region is the area surrounding and including the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
**The Calgary Health Region is the health district of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and neighbouring areas

*96192 Calgary, an asteroid
Absolute zero

**Absolute zero** is the temperature at which the particles of matter (molecules and atoms) are at their lowest energy points. Some might think that at absolute zero particles lose all energy and stop moving. This is not correct. In quantum physics there is something called zero point energy, which means that even after all the energy from particles has been removed, the particles still have some energy. This is due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which states that the more that is known about a particle's position, the less that can be known about its momentum, and vice versa. Therefore, a particle cannot be completely stopped because then its exact position and momentum would be known. 

Some people have created temperatures very close to absolute zero: the record temperature was 100 pK (one hundred picokelvin, equal to 10−10 kelvin) above absolute zero. Even getting close to absolute zero is difficult because anything that touches an object being cooled near absolute zero would give heat to the objects. Scientists use lasers to slow atoms when cooling objects to very low temperatures.

The kelvin and Rankine temperature scales are defined so that absolute zero is 0 kelvin (K) or 0 degrees Rankine (°R). The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are defined so that absolute zero is −273.15&nbsp;°C or −459.67&nbsp;°F.

At this stage the pressure of the particles is zero. If we plot a graph to it, we can see that the temperature of the particles is zero. The temperature cannot go down any further. Also, the particles cannot move in "reverse" either because as the movement of particles is vibration, vibrating in reverse would be nothing but simply vibrating again. The closer the temperature of an object gets to absolute zero, the less resistive the material is to electricity therefore it will conduct electricity almost perfectly, with no measurable resistance.

The Third Law of Thermodynamics says that nothing can ever have a temperature of absolute zero.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that all engines that are powered by heat (like car engines and steam train engines) must release waste heat and can not be 100% efficient. This is because the efficiency (percent of energy the engine uses up that is actually used to do the engine's job) is 100%×(1-Toutside/Tinside), which only is 100% if the outside temperature is absolute zero which it cannot be. So, an engine cannot be 100% efficient, but you can make its efficiency closer to 100% by making the inside temperature hotter and/or the outside temperature colder.

## Related pages
* Absolute temperature
* Absolute hot
* Superfluidity

## References
Calgary

**Calgary** is the biggest city in Alberta, Canada, with 1,300,000 people living in it, as of 2021. However, Edmonton is the capital city.

It is in the southern half of Alberta, near the Rocky Mountains.

## Economy 
There are many oil and gas businesses in Calgary, which has many skyscrapers.

Around Calgary are many farms where cows are raised.

## Climate 
Calgary has a humid continental climate (*Dfb* in the Koeppen climate classification) and has long, cold, dry winters. The summers are warm and have moderate rainfall. Sometimes, a wind, called a chinook, blows through Calgary and can make some winter days less cold.

## Activities 
Calgary has a famous event, the Calgary Stampede, every year. Many rides are rented, and a huge festival is there for the city to join. The Calgary Stampede is the largest rodeo in the world, and cowboys can win a lot of money there. Cowboys also race with chuckwagons, which are four-wheeled carts that are pulled by horses.

In 1988, the Winter Olympics were held in Calgary.

Calgary has many museum like the Glenbow Museum and the Aero Space Museum. The Calgary Flames, an ice hockey team of the National Hockey League, play in Calgary at Scotiabank Saddledome.

## Media 
Calgary Stations

CKAL Citytv

CFCN CTV Television Network

CICT Global Television Network

CTV Two

## References
Minnesota

]]

**Minnesota** is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States.

The capital of Minnesota is Saint Paul. The largest city is Minneapolis. Over 3,000,000 people live in the two cities and the suburbs that surround it, which are separated by the Mississippi River. They are known as the Twin Cities. Minnesota borders the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario and the U.S. states of North Dakota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and South Dakota. Minnesota is divided into 87 counties.

Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858. It was the 32nd state in the United States of America. The name Minnesota is Sioux (a Native American language) for "sky-tinted water" or "cloudy water". Eagle Mountain is the highest point in Minnesota. The state bird is the Common Loon.

Minnesota has a humid continental climate. The winters in Minnesota are long and severe. Hence the state has a short growing season. During the summer, the south of the state is hot; the north is warm.

In the 1984 election, Minnesota was the only state that voted for Walter Mondale.

Minnesota also has an exclave, the Northwest Angle, housing the northernmost point in the Contiguous United States.

## Flag
The Minnesota state flag was mostly not changed from 1893-2024. The flag was changed to a new design in 2024.

## Related pages
* List of counties in Minnesota
* List of United States senators from Minnesota

## References
## Other websites
* Facts on Minnesota
Catherine Howard

**Catherine Howard** was Queen consort of England from 1540 until 1541, as the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England.

## Childhood 
Catherine Howard (also spelled "Katheryn") was born in about 1521, but the exact date is unknown.  She was the tenth child of Lord Edmund Howard and Joyce Culpepper. Her father was the second son of the Duke of Norfolk. She was a cousin to Anne Boleyn, who was the second wife of Henry VIII. Her motto was "*Non autre volonté que la sienne*" (French) or "No other wish but his". She asked to see the executioner's block so she might know how to put her head on it. She practiced laying her head on the block all night long before her execution.

There is a popular story that before Catherine died, she said, "I die a Queen, but I would rather have died the wife of Culpepper." This story is not true. Instead, she cried out "God have mercy on my soul. Good people, I beg of you, pray for me."

The executioner chopped her head off with one blow. She was buried in St. Peter Ad Vincula, the parish church of the Tower of London.

## References
Bush

**Bush** can be more than one thing:
*A bush or a shrub is a woody plant
*The bush is the name used for undeveloped land in some countries
*For the U.S. presidents Bush, see George Bush
*Bush (band)
Louis XII

**Louis XII of France** (June 27, 1462 – January 1, 1515) was the son of Charles, Duke of Orléans and Mary of Cleves. He was born on June 27, 1462 in the Chateau de Blois, France.

Louis's first wife was Jeanne of France, who was the daughter of Louis XI of France. At the time, Louis was not expected to become King of France. The King, Charles VIII, was a young man and could still have had children, but Charles had an accident and died suddenly. Charles was Jeanne's brother. Louis was Charles's cousin and next in line to the throne. When he became king, he had to end his marriage to Jeanne, partly because she was disabled and could not have children.

Louis's second wife was Anne of Brittany, who was the daughter of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Anne had been married to King Charles VIII until his death, but all of their children had died. As a result of her marriage to Charles, the dukedom of Brittany had become part of the kingdom of France. Louis wanted to keep Brittany, but in order to do so he had to marry Anne. After her marriage to Louis, Anne had two daughters, who were called Claude and Renee.

In France, women were not allowed to rule the country, so Louis still wanted a son to become king after him. After Anne died, Louis married for a third time. His last wife was Mary Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII of England. She was many years younger than he was. Louis only lived for three months after their marriage. Because Louis had no sons, the throne went to Francis, the husband of his daughter Claude.

## Issue
Anne of Cleves

**Anne of Cleves** (22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England from January 1540 to July 1540.

## Biography 
She was the daughter of John III, Duke of Cleves and Maria of Julich Berg. She was born in Düsseldorf on 22 September 1515.
She was betrothed to Francis, the Duke of Lorraine, but she ended up marrying Henry VIII in January 1540. When the couple met for the first time, they did not like each other.

Henry VIII got married six times.  Except for Anne of Cleves, Henry knew all of his wives for a long time before marrying them.  Henry decided to marry Anne so England and the Protestant League would be allies.  It was a political marriage.  Henry also knew that having more than one son would be good, in case his and Jane Seymour's son, Edward, died.  So he also married Anne so he could have more children.

Hans Holbein painted a beautiful picture of Anne of Cleves and showed it to Henry.  One of the reasons Henry decided to marry Anne (instead of her sister Amelia) was because she looked so beautiful in her portrait.  When Anne's ship landed in England, Henry decided to sneak out to meet her early.  He brought a few of his friends and servants with him.  Henry dressed in the exact same clothes as the servants, and they all came into the room where Anne was waiting with her women.  Henry was acting out a story from the tradition of courtly love in which a man goes to see a woman while he is disguised as a servant, and she recognizes him because of the magic of true love.  Almost everyone in the courts of England and France knew this story.  But Anne grew up in a strict German court.  She did not know that the man dressed as a servant was King Henry, playing a game.  She spoke to him like a real servant.  Henry was very embarrassed.

Henry started complaining that Anne was not pretty.  He said that he could not have sexual intercourse with her because she had "bad breath" and smelled. Anne's previous engagement to the Duke of Lorraine was used as an excuse for a divorce, and Anne agreed to it. In July 1540 Henry divorced Anne and married Catherine Howard, who was younger and prettier. 

## After the divorce 
After the divorce, Henry made Anne his "sister" and gave her money and land for the rest of her life. As part of her divorce agreement, Henry gave Anne Hever Castle to live in.  Anne invited Henry's daughters Mary and Elizabeth to visit her at Hever Castle.  King Henry visited her too.  In 1541, there were rumors that King Henry had gotten his ex-wife Anne pregnant, but historians do not think this is true.

After Henry died, Anne did not have enough money.  His son, Edward VI, did not give her the same generous sums.

Anne of Cleves died on July 16, 1557 when she was 41 years old. She was the last of Henry's six wives to die, as she outlived his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, by nearly nine years. Anne was buried in Westminster Abbey.

## References
Mary Tudor, Queen of France

**Mary Tudor** (18 March 1496 – 25 June 1533) was an English princess who briefly became Queen of France as the third wife of King Louis XII. Mary was the fifth child of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and she was the youngest of their children to survive infancy. Louis was over 30 years older than her.

After Louis’s death, Mary married Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. This marriage took place secretly in France without the consent of Mary’s brother, Henry VIII. The union led to the involvement of Thomas Wolsey, a key advisor to Henry, and the couple was eventually pardoned after paying a significant fine.

Mary had four children with Charles Brandon. Through her eldest daughter, **Frances**, Mary became the maternal grandmother of Lady Jane Grey, who was queen of England for nine days in July 1553.

## Biography 
Mary was the fifth child of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, born at **Sheen Palace**.

Mary was known for her beauty and had a close relationship with her brother, Henry VII. In 1514, she married Louis XII at the age of 18. Louis was much older and died less than three months after their wedding, and they had no children.

Mary later married Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, in secret in 1515, without her brother’s permission. This was considered treason, but she and Charles were only fined due to Henry's affection for them. They officially married again later that year.

Mary had four children with Charles and was often still referred to as the Queen of France. Her relationship with Henry became strained over his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and later Anne Boleyn. 

After suffering failing health for some years, Mary Tudor died on 25 June, 1533 at the age of thirty seven at Westhorpe Hall, Westhorpe, Suffolk, possibly of Tuberculosis, Cancer, or Angina. Her husband then married Catherine Willoughby.

## References
Claude of France

**Claude of France** (13 October 1499 – 26 July 1524) was Duchess of Brittany from 1514. She was Queen of France from 1515 as the wife of King Francis I. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany. Claude became Duchess of Brittany after her mother’s death in 1514. Months later, at the age of 14, she married her cousin Francis, securing Brittany's union with the French crown. 

After the death of Louis XII in 1515, Francis and Claude became King and Queen of France. Claude's reign as queen was largely overshadowed by her mother-in-law, Louise of Savoy, and her sister-in-law, Margaret of Angoulême. Claude did not actively engage in political matters, leaving the administration of Brittany and her other lands to her husband, though she resisted his efforts to fully annex Brittany into France.

Claude was mostly known for her religious devotion and her frequent pregnancies. She had seven children in just nine years. Her son Henry later became Henry II of France. Claude's health suffered from her many pregnancies, and she died at the age of 24 at the Château de Blois. The cause of her death is uncertain, with theories ranging from exhaustion due to childbirth to bone tuberculosis or syphilis, possibly contracted from her husband.

Her eldest son, Francis, briefly succeeded her as Duke of Brittany. After his death in 1536, her second son, Henry, took the title and later became King of France. Claude's legacy lives on through her children and her role in maintaining the union between Brittany and France. She was buried at St. Denis Basilica.
Louis XIII

**Louis XIII** (27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 to 1643. He was the son of Henry IV and Marie de' Medici. He lived during the time of the Thirty Years War and had to deal with many rebellions. He was proud of his country, and tried to encourage French artists to stay in France instead of going off to Italy. He did this by giving them work in the Louvre.

His chief minister, Armand Jean du Plessis (known as cardinal Richelieu), helped with consolidating royal power to help Louis XIII, stopping new domestic factions from gaining much power, and shaping French foreign policy at the time. Cardinal Richelieu was consort until his death in 1642. The year which he became King Louis XIII's chief minister was 1624. He remained in office for 18 years. King Louis XIII, with the help of his cardinal, affected the 30 years war and its outcome, even though most of Louis XIII's actions were indirect. 

Although he was married, many people thought that he would never produce a heir. Then, after 23 years of marriage, his wife Anne gave birth to a baby boy. He was to become King Louis XIV of France.

He died in 1643 (possibly of tuberculosis) and was later buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis, France. His oldest son would succeed him on the throne.

## Children
# King Louis XIV of France (5 September 1638–1 September 1715) married Marie Thérèse of Austria.
# Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) married Henrietta of England then Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Jean-Christian Petitfils, Louis XIII, Perrin, 2008, p. 849
* "Louis XIII, the Just (King of France, 1601–1643)". histoire-pour-tous. Archived (April 2025). Retrieved 28 January 2012. (Original).
Eleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland

**Lady Eleanor Brandon** (1519 - 27 September 1547) was the daughter of Mary Tudor, Queen of France and Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Her maternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. She was the sister of Lady Frances Brandon therefore she was the aunt of Lady Jane Grey.

## Biography
Eleanor was married to Henry Clifford in 1537. She then became the Countess of Cumberland.
Henry and Eleanor had three children:
*Lady Margaret Clifford (1540-1596)
*Henry Clifford. Died as an infant.
*Charles Clifford. Died as an infant.