open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
We begin bombing in five minutes

On August 11, 1984, United States President Ronald Reagan was getting ready to make his weekly Saturday radio address on National Public Radio. He was running for re-election at the time. He was testing the microphone before he started to talk, then Reagan made this joke to the radio workers:

:''My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever.  We begin bombing in five minutes.''

Many Americans and Soviets were scared about a nuclear attack. Reagan said it was a joke. Though this was not the first time Reagan had joked before giving a speech or address, the Soviets were offended. They started making fun of Reagan.

## References
Otep

**Otep** (also written as OTEP or OT3P) is an American nu metal band. The band was started in 2000 in Los Angeles by Otep Shamaya.

## History
After a few shows Otep were signed to Capitol Records. On June 18, 2002 Otep's first album *Sevas Tra* was released. *House of Secrets* was released July 27, 2004. On October 30, 2007 Otep's third album *The Ascension* was released. Otep's fourth album *Smash the Control Machine* was released on August 18, 2009. *Atavist* was released on 26 April 2011. On November 6, 2012, Otep released their first live album, *Sounds Like Armageddon*. The band's sixth studio album *Hydra* was released on January 22, 2013. In an interview Otep said that it is the band's last album.

## References
Sprouting

**Sprouting** is growing sprouts from seeds (germinating) to eat. Bean sprouts are a common ingredient, especially in Asian cuisine, made from sprouting beans. The typical beansprout is made from the greenish-capped mung beans (*Vigna radiata*). Other common bean sprouts are the usually yellow, larger-grained soy sprouts.
Oliver Ellsworth

**Oliver Ellsworth** (April 29, 1745 &ndash; November 26, 1807) was an American lawyer and politician. He was against British rule, a drafter of the United States Constitution, United States Senator from Connecticut, and the third Chief Justice of the United States.

While at the Federal Convention, Ellsworth moved to strike the word *National* from the motion made by Edmund Randolph of Virginia. Randolph had moved successfully to call the government the *National Government of United States*. Ellsworth moved that the government should continue to be called the *United States Government*.

## References
## Other websites
*Oliver Ellsworth at Michael Ariens.com .
*National Archives biography
*Oliver Ellsworth Homestead 
*Oliver Ellsworth at  Supreme Court Historical Society.
*Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court Media: Oliver Ellsworth
*Princeton Companion: Oliver Ellsworth 
*The Ellsworth Court at Supreme Court Historical Society.
Fasciculation

A **fasciculation**, or "muscle twitch", is a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation. At times it may be visible under the skin. Deeper areas can be detected by EMG testing. A fasciculation can happen in any skeletal muscle in the body. Fasciculations can occur in normal healthy people. One uncommon reason for them is due to a lower motor neuron lesion that may be caused by any of several diseases. One example would be Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

## References 
## Other websites 
*What is a Fasciculation? About.com
Chokwe Lumumba

**Chokwe Lumumba** (born **Edwin Finley Taliaferro**; August 2, 1947 &ndash; February 25, 2014) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Jackson, Mississippi. Lumumba was born in Detroit, Michigan as Edwin Finley Taliaferro, a name he referred to as his "slave name".

Lumumba died on February 25, 2014 at the St. Dominic Hospital in Jackson, Mississippi. He was aged 66. The cause of death was not made clear, though Jackson City Council president Charles Tillman, who was sworn in as acting mayor, said he had a meeting with Lumumba the previous day and that he had a cold. City Councilman Quentin Whitwell told reporters that Lumumba died of heart failure.

## References
## Other websites 
* Election website 
*
Cephalaspis

***Cephalaspis*** (meaning 'head shield') is a genus of armoured fish in the early Devonian about 400 million years ago (mya).
It was one of the jawless fishes, or ostracoderms, which were common at the time. 

They were discovered in the first half of the 19th century in the Old Red Sandstone of Britain. Louis Agassiz named it in 1835. He had been to Scotland, and seen Hugh Miller's collection. Miller described his collecting later, in a popular work on the rocks and fossils of the Old Red Sandstone in Scotland. Agassoz' single species has now been split into more species, some of which have been moved into a different genus.

## Lifestyle 
*Cephalaspis* was a medium-sized fish that lived in freshwater streams and estuaries of the early Devonian. Some of the fossils are well-preserved, and so we know quite a bit about its anatomy. Its armour was on the dorsal side, and its mouth on the ventral side. Therefore, it is likely that it was a bottom-feeder, nosing about in the mud of a river. It had a typical vertebrate type of brain, with front, middle and rear regions, and nerves to and from sense organs and  muscles in the head region.

## References
Franny Beecher

**Francis** "**Franny**" **Beecher** (September 29, 1921 &ndash; February 24, 2014), also known as **Frank Beecher**, was an American country, jazz, and rock musician. He was the lead guitarist for Bill Haley & His Comets from 1954 to 1962. He was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania.

Beecher died from natural causes on February 24, 2014 at a nursing home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tomaž Pengov

**Tomaž Pengov** (1949 &ndash; 10 February 2014) was a Slovenian singer-songwriter, musician and poet. He played a 12-stringed acoustic guitar and lute. He was born in Ljubljana, then part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He studied comparative literature at University of Ljubljana's Faculty of Arts.

Pengov died after a short illness on 10 February 2014 in his hometown of Ljubljana. He was aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
*
Harlan Fiske Stone

**Harlan Fiske Stone** (October 11, 1872&nbsp;– April 22, 1946) was an American lawyer and jurist. He served as the dean of Columbia Law School, his alma mater, in the early 20th century. 

As a member of the Republican Party, he was appointed as the 52nd Attorney General of the United States before becoming an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1925. 

In 1941, Stone became the 12th Chief Justice of the United States, serving until his death in 1946&nbsp;– one of the shortest terms of any Chief Justice. Stone was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office. 

His most famous quotes was: "Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern."

## References
## Other websites
* Ariens, Michael, *Harlan Fiske Stone*. 
* Fox, John, *Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, Harlan Fiske Stone*  Public Broadcasting Service.
* *Harlan Fiske Stone*,  Supreme Court Historical Society
* Nash, A. E. Kier, *Harlan Fiske Stone*, answers.com
* *The Stone Court, 1941–1945, History of the Court,* Supreme Court Historical Society 
* Stone Family Papers, Special Collections, Jones Library, Amherst, MA 
* Cover photograph Time Magazine
Sulkava

**Sulkava** is a municipality in the Southern Savonia region of Finland. It had almost 3,000 living there in January 2014. The municipality is best known for the annual long distance rowing contest, Sulkavan Suursoudut, around Partalansaari ("Partala Island"). It is just as famous for the large party following the rowing event. The municipalities near it are Juva, Puumala, Rantasalmi, Ruokolahti and Savonlinna.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The official Sulkava page
Mário Coluna

**Mário Esteves Coluna** (; 6 August 1935 – 25 February 2014) was a Portuguese footballer. He played mainly as a central midfielder.

He spent most of his career with Benfica, appearing in 525 official games and scoring 127 goals during 16 professional seasons. Dubbed *Monstro Sagrado* (Sacred Monster) he won 19 major titles with his main club, including ten national leagues and two European Cups.

Coluna represented Portugal at the 1966 World Cup, playing nearly 60 times.

Coluna died on 25 February 2014 at the age of 78 in Maputo, after not being able to overcome a pulmonary infection.

## Honours
**Benfica**
*Primeira Liga: 1954–55, 1956–57, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69
*Taça de Portugal: 1954–55, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1968–69
*European Cup: 1960–61, 1961–62
*Intercontinental Cup runner-up: 1961, 1962

**Portugal**
*FIFA World Cup third-place: 1966

**Individual**
*World Soccer World XI: 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966
*FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1966
*FIFA XI: 1967

## References
## Other websites
*
*Profile at Zerozero 
*Stats at ForaDeJogo
Doug Jarrett

**Douglas William** "**Doug**" **Jarrett** (April 22, 1944 &ndash; February 10, 2014) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a Defense in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers. He also did work on behalf of the Chicago Blackhawk Alumni Association.

He was born in London, Ontario. In 2011, he was inducted into the London (Ontario) Sports Hall of Fame.

He died from lung cancer on February 10, 2014 in Fort Erie, Ontario. He was aged 69. He was diagnosed with the disease ten days before his death.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pope Pontian

**Pope Pontian (Pontianus)** (Pope from 230-235 d. 235 C.E.), was the eighteenth Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.  
Pontian served as pope mostly during the reign of Roman Emperor Severus, generally considered a peaceful period for Christians, but died during the reign of Maximinus Thrax.  Maximinus Thrax did not tolerate Christians and pursued them violently.  He arrested Pontian and Hippolytus and sent them to the mines in Sardinia where they died soon after.  Pontian's body was returned to Rome a short time later and they were buried in the catacombs of Callistus on the Appian Way.  Catacombs were underground chambers where many Christians lived, died and were buried.

Pontian is known for his condemnation of Origen a theologian of the time, and forbade his teachings.  Pontian is considered a martyr and a saint of the Catholic Church.  His feast day is celebrated on August 13 along with a fellow martyr Hippolytus.

## References
Loimaa

**Loimaa** is a town *(countryside city)* in Southwest Finland. As of January 31, 2014, about 16,700 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Huittinen, Humppila, Koski Tl, Marttila, Oripää, Punkalaidun, Pöytyä, Somero, Säkylä and Ypäjä.

## Distances
* Helsinki 150&nbsp;km
* Turku 65&nbsp;km
* Tampere 100&nbsp;km
* Hämeenlinna 106&nbsp;km
* Pori 112&nbsp;km

Distances to smaller municipalities are lot smaller.

## Other websites
* Official city site
Ich bin ein Berliner

**Ich bin ein Berliner** (English: I am a Berliner) was a speech by John F. Kennedy. He made the speech on June 26, 1963 in West Berlin. This is thought to be one of Kennedy's most famous speeches. He made the speech to gain support for the Cold War and to mark the anniversary of the Berlin Wall's construction. Kennedy said:

Kennedy wrote on his paper "ish bin ein Bear*lee*ner" to help him say it better.

## Background 
Germany's capital, Berlin, was deep inside the area controlled by the Soviet Union after World War II. A first governed in four sectors controlled by the four Allied powers (United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union), tensions of the Cold War rose. This continued until the Soviet forces created the Berlin Blockade of the city's western sectors. The Western allies went around this with the dramatic airlift. Afterwards, the sectors controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave (territory surrounded by territory of a different state or entity) of West Germany. Which was completely surrounded by East Germany. Starting in 1952, the border between East and West was closed everywhere but in Berlin. Hundreds of thousands of East Germans defected (gives up allegiance to a state) to the West via West Berlin. This was a labor drain that threatened East Germany with economic collapse.

## Related pages
* Tear down this wall! (Ronald Reagan speech) 

## References
## Other websites
*Text, audio, video of address
*About.com article 
*JFK Letter On Success of Trip to Europe 1963  Shapell Manuscript Foundation
*Text: Kennedy's Berlin speech text
Anthony Blake (bishop)

**Anthony Blake** ( 1704 – 1787) was an Irish clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise from 1756 to 1758 and Archbishop of Armagh from 1758 to 1787.

Blake was the youngest of two sons of Andrew Blake of Kilvine. His family were from County Mayo. They were one of the Tribes of Galway.

He returned to Ireland from France about 1731. He attended the schools Saint-Omer and Louvain. He was made priest in the archdiocese of Tuam. He held the positions of dean of the chapter and vicar general to the archbishop. From 1741 to 1756 he served as Warden of Galway. His most nobable action was to build a new parish chapel in the town's middle street. This chapel stood until 1833.

## References
* *Dictionary of Irish Biography*, pp.&nbsp;579–80, Cambridge, 2010.
Wage Stabilization Board

The **Wage Stabilization Board** (WSB) was an independent agency of the United States government. Its function was to make wage control policy recommendations. The WSB would then implement such wage controls as were approved. There were two agencies with the same name.  The first, the National Wage Stabilization Board, was the successor to the National War Labor Board. It existed from January 1, 1946, to February 24, 1947.  The second, the Wage Stabilization Board, was a part of the Office of Defense Mobilization. It existed from September 9, 1950, to February 6, 1953.

The Korean War broke out on June 25, 1950. There was an initial surge of inflation in the American economy. But soon Truman's war mobilization effort began to achieve some success in stabilizing the economy.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Executive Order 9672 - Establishing the National Wage Stabilization Board
Al Greene

**Altar Alfonse** "**Al**" **Greene** (November 9, 1954 &ndash; February 18, 2014) was an American baseball outfielder. He played in the Major League Baseball (MLB) for Detroit Tigers during 1979. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Greene died on February 18, 2014 in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan. He was aged 59.

## References
## Other websites
*
Flipping

**Flipping** is a term used in economics. It is used mainly in the United States to describe buying something and quickly reselling (or "flipping") it for profit. It can apply to any asset but is often applied to real estate and initial public offerings (IPOs).

## Real estate 
Real estate is bought and sold every day. The seller arranges for a realtor to advertise and sell their property. The realtor charges between 4 and 7 percent of the selling price as a commission. The sale is conducted between the owner of the property or house, and the buyer who wants to purchase it. 

Flipping is used by real estate investors to describe someone purchasing a property then selling it quickly for a profit. Usually the investor will pay for improvements to make the property more attractive. The investor must have the money to buy the house and pay for the improvements. Realtors neither buy the house or resell it (although a realtor can also be a flipper). They simply broker the sale.

Flipping involves a good deal of risk for investors. They must know the value of a property and not pay too much. They have to be careful not to invest too much in improvements. Very often run-down properties or foreclosures are sold at auctions. The buyer may not be able to inspect the property before buying it. This can lead to additional costs to fix problems that could not be seen. A property needs to sell quickly or there is no quick return on their money.

## IPOs 
Initial public offerings are when a private company sells shares it owns to the public for the first time (called going public). Flipping is buying stocks and selling within the first 2 to 3 days after the company went public. The hope is the price will go up rapidly. Underwriters want investors want to hold onto stocks. They may blacklist investors who flip too many stocks even though it is legal.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Tax consequences of flipping real estate
* Can you flip a house for profit in this market?
Fair Labor Standards Act

**The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938** (abbreviated as **FLSA**; also referred to as the **Wages and Hours Bill**) is a federal statute of the United States. 

## The Act 
The FLSA introduced a maximum 44-hour workweek (reduced to a 40-hour workweek by 1940). It established a national minimum wage (of 25¢ per hour). It guaranteed "time-and-a-half" for overtime in certain jobs. unless the employer can claim an exemption from these requirements.

The FLSA was originally written in 1932 by Senator Hugo Black. He was later appointed to the Supreme Court in 1937. However, Black's proposal to require employers to adopt a thirty-hour workweek met stiff resistance.  In 1938 a revised version of Black's proposal was passed that adopted an eight-hour day and a forty-hour workweek. It allowed workers to earn wages for an extra four hours of overtime as well. According to the act, workers must be paid minimum wage and overtime pay must be one-and-a-half times regular pay. Children under eighteen cannot do certain dangerous jobs. Also children under the age of sixteen cannot work during school hours. There were 700,000 workers affected by the FLSA. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt called it the most important piece of New Deal legislation passed since the Social Security Act of 1935.

## Related pages 
* Equal Pay Act of 1963
* United States Department of Labor
* United States Women's Bureau

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage 
* The Fair Labor Standards Act Of 1938, As Amended
Al Feldstein

**Albert B. Feldstein** (October 24, 1925 &ndash; April 29, 2014) was an American writer, editor, and artist. He is best known for his work at EC Comics. He worked from 1956 to 1985 as the editor of the satirical magazine *Mad*.  After retiring from *Mad*, Feldstein worked on American paintings of Western wildlife.

Feldstein died on April 29, 2014 at his home near Livingston, Montana. No cause of death was released.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Dr. Gangrene: Interview with Al Feldstein (April 3, 2009)
* [Who's Who of American Comic Books: 1928-1999](http://www.bailsprojects.com/(S(lvkedxybpdh0ys45ptirw445))/whoswho.aspx?mode=AtoZsearch&id=FELDSTEIN%2c+AL) 
* Horror Writers Association: Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement Award
* Mark Feldstein 
* "How I Was Stalked by George Carlin" by Mark Feldstein
Pope Anterus

**Pope Anterus** (died January 3, 236) was the nineteenth Pope, (the official title is the Bishop of Rome) of the Catholic Church.

He served less than two months and died a natural death.  He was buried in the cemetery of Callistus on the Appian Way.

He is considered a Saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated of January.

## References
Gordon Nutt

**Gordon Nutt** (8 November 1932 – 26 February 2014) was an English professional footballer who was a winger. Nutt was active in England, Wales, the Netherlands, and Australia. He made over 150 career appearances. He played for Coventry City F.C. from 1951 to 1954.

Nutt was born in Birmingham. He died on 26 February 2014, in Tasmania, Australia, at the age of 81.

## References
Adnan Pachachi

**Adnan al-Pachachi** or **Adnan Muzahim Ameen al-Pachachi** () (May 14, 1923 &ndash; November 17, 2019) was an Iraqi politician and diplomat. Pachachi was Iraq's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1959 to 1965 and Foreign Minister of Iraq from 1965 to 1967 during the Six-Day War with Israel.

Pachachi died in Abu Dhabi on November 17, 2019 at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* PACHACHI, Adnan International Who's Who. accessed September 1, 2006.
Ninian Stephen

**Sir Ninian Martin Stephen**, (15 June 1923 – 29 October 2017) was an Australian jurist, civil servant, and politician. He served as the 20th Governor-General of Australia and as a Justice in the High Court of Australia.

Stephen died in Melbourne on 29 October 2017, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Supreme Court of Victoria Website
* The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre website
Will Eisner

**William Erwin "Will" Eisner** (March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an American cartoonist. His comic strip *The Spirit* was one of the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips. Eisner is thought to be one of the most famous cartoonist. He has an award named after him, the Will Eisner Award for the best in comics.

Eisner died in Fort Lauderdale, Florida from heart surgery complications. He was 87 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* "Interview with Jerry Iger", *Cubic Zirconia Reader*, 1985. WebCitation archive
* Eisner, William at the Social Security Death Index via Familsearch.org. Retrieved on February 25, 2013.
* Archive of Heintjes, Tom. , AdventureStrips.com, n.d..
* Fitzgerald, Paul E. "Every Picture Tells A Story: His Pen and Wit Sharper Than Ever, Graphic Novelist Will Eisner Takes On Religious Intolerance", *The Washington Post*, June 3, 2004. .
* Robinson, Tasha. "Interview: Will Eisner" , *The A.V. Club* / *The Onion*, September 27, 2000. WebCitation archive.
Seán Treacy

**Seán Treacy** (22 September 1923 &ndash; 23 March 2018) was a former Irish politician. He was the Ceann Comhairle (chairman) of Dáil Éireann from 1973 to 1977 and from 1987 to 1997.

He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1981 to 1984, replacing Eileen Desmond who resigned as an MEP when she was appointed Minister for Health and Social Welfare.

Treacy died on 23 March 2018 in Clonmel, Ireland at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*European Parliament profile
Khamtai Siphandone

General **Khamtai Siphandon** (; 8 February 1924 – 2 April 2025) was a Laotian politician. He was President of Laos from 24 February 1998, until 8 June 2006, when he was officially replaced by Choummaly Sayasone. He also served as Prime Minister of Laos from 15 August 1991 to 24 February 1998.

Siphandone died in his home in Vientiane, Laos on 2 April 2025, at the age of 101. The Laotian government declared a period of mourning lasting from 3 to 7 April. 

## References
Joe Shuster

**Joseph Shuster** (July 10, 1914 – July 30, 1992) was a Canadian-American cartoonist. Shuster along with Jerry Siegel created *Superman*. It proved one of the most popular and influential comic book hero in comic book history.

Shuster died of a heart failure and hypertension in Los Angeles, California, aged 78.

## Creating Superman 
Schuster and Siegel created a bald telepathic villain, willing world domination, as the protagonist of the short story *The Reign of Superman*, published in Siegel's 1933 science fiction *Science Fiction № 3*. The character was not successful, and Siegel found a more familiar hero. Schuster modeled the character on Douglas Fairbanks, and his alter ego in glasses, Clark Kent, a combination of Harold Lloyd and Schuster himself, and the name "Clark Kent" comes from the stars of the films Clark Gable and Kent Taylor. Lois Lane was modeled after Joanna Carter, who was Joe's friend before she became Siegel's wife.

Then Siegel and Schuster began a six-year search for a publisher. They called the project *The Superman* and brought it to Consolidated Book Publishing, which published a 48-page black-and-white comic book called "Detective Dan: Secret Operative" № 48, but after that this cooperation finished. Schuster took this to heart and burned every page of the story, only the cover was saved. Siegel and Schuster compared this character to Slam Bradley, an adventurer the couple created for Detective Comics № 1 (March, 1937). In 1938, editor Vin Sullivan chose it as a cover feature for National Action Comics №1 (June, 1938). The following year, Siegel and Schuster initiated a series of Superman comics.

Then Siegel and Schuster sold the company's rights to $130 and a contract to supply to the publisher of Action Comics.

Siegel and Schuster's status as children of Jewish immigrants is also believed to have an influence on their work. Timothy Aaron Pevey claimed that they had created "a figure whose desire was to fit into American culture as an American," which Pevey felt was an important aspect of the American personality.

When Superman first appeared, Clark Kent's Superman alter ego worked for the Daily Star, named Schuster after the Toronto Daily Star, his former employer in Toronto. Schuster said that he modeled the urban landscape of Superman's hometown of Metropolis from his old hometown. When the comic strip became international, the company was finally renamed the Daily Planet.

## References
## Other websites
*Comic Art & Graffix Gallery – Artist Biography
*Additional, Aug 13, 2008.
Gayville, South Dakota

**Gayville** is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Yankton County, and 382 people lived there at the 2020 census. Gayville became a town in 1892.

## References
Inge Keller

**Inge Keller** (15 December 1923 &ndash; 6 February 2017) was a German actress. Her career on stage and on movies has for seventy years. She was one of the most well-known performers in the former German Democratic Republic. Keller was known for her roles in *The Last Year*, *Aimée & Jaguar*, *Council of the Gods*, *Lola and Billy the Kid*, *Karla*, *The Fiancé*, and in *Woman Doctors*.

Keller was born on 15 December 1923 in Berlin, Germany. Keller died in a Berlin nursing home on 6 February 2017, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jamshid Amouzegar

**Jamshid Amouzegar**  (25 June 1923 &ndash; 27 September 2016) was an Iranian economist, artist and politician. He was the prime minister of Iran from 7 August 1977 to 27 August 1978 when he resigned. Before that, he served as the minister of interior and minister of finance in the cabinet of Amir-Abbas Hoveida. He was the leader of Rastakhiz Party during his tenure as prime minister.

Amouzegar was born on 25 June 1923 in Tehran, Iran. He graduated  from Tehran University with degrees in law and engineering. Then he attended Cornell University and received a PhD. He died on 27 September 2016 in Rockville, Maryland, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* 'Alí Rizā Awsatí (عليرضا اوسطى), *Iran in the Past Three Centuries* (*Irān dar Se Qarn-e Goz̲ashteh* - ايران در سه قرن گذشته), Volume 2 (Paktāb Publishing - انتشارات پاکتاب, Tehran, Iran, 2003). .
* *Qajar (Kadjar) Orders and Decorations*
Carlos Humberto Romero

General **Carlos Humberto Romero Mena** (February 29, 1924 &ndash; February 27, 2017) was a Salvadoran politician and military personnel. He served as President of El Salvador, elected on February 20, 1977 in a fraudulent election and inaugurated on July 1, 1977. Romero held power until October 1979 when he was forced-out of office with a reformist coup d'état by dissident, politically conservative and moderate military officers and civilians.

Romero died in San Salvador on February 27, 2017 at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
TMNT (movie)

***TMNT*** is a computer-animated fantasy action movie. It was made in the United States and released in 2007. It is part of the *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* (TMNT) series. The movie is the fourth in the original *TMNT* movie series. It was the first *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles* movie made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). It was also the first movie in the series in 14 years.

*TMNT* was written and directed by Kevin Munroe. It features the voices of Nolan North, James Arnold Taylor, Mikey Kelley, Mitchell Whitfield, Chris Evans, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Kevin Smith, Patrick Stewart, Zhang Ziyi and Laurence Fishburne (who is the narrator). The animation was created by Imagi Animation Studios. It was produced by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was the last movie that producer Mako Iwamatsu made before his death. It was also produced by Peter Laird, one of the two men who created the Turtles.

The story begins with the four Turtles (Raphael, Leonardo, Donatello, and Michelangelo) having grown apart after their final defeat of the Shredder. Strange things begin happening in New York City as ancient creatures threaten the world. The Turtles must reunite to save it.

*TMNT* premiered in cinemas on March 23, 2007. It was successful, making US$95 million around the world. It received both good and bad reviews from movie critics.

## References
Noboru Takeshita

was a Japanese politician. He was the 74th Prime Minister of Japan from 6 November 1987 to 3 June 1989.

Takeshita died on 19 June 2000 in Tokyo, Japan from respiratory failure, aged 76.

## References
## Other websites
Sōsuke Uno

was a Japanese politician. He was the 75th Prime Minister of Japan from 3 June 1989 to 10 August 1989.

Uno's main action as prime minister was to increase consumption tax, which caused an uproar among many voters and led to the Japan Socialist Party's victory in the Tokyo metropolitan legislative election of 1989. Uno's government was also hurt his actions. It was also effected from the Recruit Scandal of 1988. Uno assumed office on 3 June 1989. He would soon resign two months later because of a sex scandal accusation.

Uno died on 19 May 1998 in Moriyama, Shiga, Japan from pneumonia, aged 75.

## Other websites
*West, Mark D. 2006: Secrets, Sex, and Spectacle: The Rules of Scandal in Japan and the United States. 368 p.&nbsp; Chicago University Press
Toshiki Kaifu

was a Japanese politician. He was the 76th and 77th Prime Minister of Japan from 1989 to 1991.

Kaifu died on 9 January 2022, a week after his 91st birthday at a Tokyo hospital from pneumonia. 

Norio Kaifu and Makoto Kobayashi are his brothers.

## References
## Other websites
Morihiro Hosokawa

is a Japanese politician. He was the 79th Prime Minister of Japan from 9 August 1993 to 28 April 1994. He became known as the first non-Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) government leader of Japan since 1955. He ran as a candidate for Governor of Tokyo as an independent supported by the Democratic Party of Japan in February 2014. 

## References
## Other websites
* Policy speech to the 127th Session of the National Diet 23 August 1993
* Policy speech to the 128th Session of the National Diet 21 September 1993
* Policy speech to the 129th Session of the National Diet 4 March 1994
Tsutomu Hata

was a Japanese politician. He was the 80th Prime Minister of Japan for 9 weeks in 1994. He was a member of the lower house representing Nagano 3rd district. He was elected 14 times, retiring in 2012.

Hata died on 28 August 2017 in Tokyo from problems caused by dementia at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
* Sanger, David E. "Man in the News; Cautious Leader in Japan: Tsutomu Hata." *The New York Times*. April 23, 1994.
Ryutaro Hashimoto

was a Japanese politician. He was the 82nd and 83rd Prime Minister of Japan from 11 January 1996 to 30 July 1998. He was the leader of one of the largest factions within the ruling LDP.  

Hashimoto died on 1 July 2006 in Tokyo, Japan from complication after abdominal surgery, aged 68.

## References
## Other websites
*  Reuters. (July 1, 2006). Former Japan PM Hashimoto dies at 68. In Chinadaily.com. Retrieved on July 23, 2006.
*  Water Voices from Around The World. (October 17, 2007). Hashimoto's letter addressed *To People of the World*.
* Junichiro Koizumi. August 8, 2006. Memorial Address at the Joint Memorial Service by the Cabinet and Liberal Democratic Party for the Late Ryutaro Hashimoto. http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/koizumispeech/2006/08/08tuito_e.html Retrieved on February 9, 2007.
Keizō Obuchi

was a Japanese politician. He served in the House of Representatives for twelve terms. He became the 84th Prime Minister of Japan from 30 July 1998 to 5 April 2000. His political career ended when he suffered a serious stroke and slipped into a coma.

His daughter, Yūko Obuchi, is a member of the House of Representatives.

Obuchi died on 14 May 2000 at the age of 62 in Tokyo from complications of a stroke.

## References
## Other websites
Mission Hill, South Dakota

**Mission Hill** is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Yankton County, and 190 people lived there at the 2020 census. Mission Hill became a town in 1913.

## References
Abderrahmane Youssoufi

**Abderrahmane Youssoufi** (  (); ; 8 March 1924 &ndash; 29 May 2020) is a Moroccan politician and human rights activist. He was the Prime Minister of Morocco from 1998 to 2002. He was a human rights lawyer.

Youssoufi died of lung cancer on 29 May 2020 at a Casablanca hospital, aged 96.

## References
Dawda Jawara

**Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara**, GCMG (May 16, 1924 &ndash; August 27, 2019) was an Gambian politician. He was the first leader of the Gambia, serving first as Prime Minister from 1962 to 1970. Then, he served as President from 1970 to 1994.

Jawara died on August 27, 2019 in Bakau, The Gambia at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*More stories of ex-Gambian president's legacy
Jaime Lusinchi

**Jaime Ramón Lusinchi** (27 May 1924 &ndash; 21 May 2014) was a politician of Venezuela. He was the President of Venezuela from 1984 to 1989.

## Early life
Lusinchi was born in Clarines, Anzoátegui, on 27 May 1924. He studied at Central University of Venezuela.

## Career
He became president in 1984. When he was president, Venezuela was through an economic crisis, growth of the external debt, populist policies, currency depreciation, inflation and corruption that exacerbated the crisis of the political system established in 1958.

Accused of corruption after leaving office, Lusinchi was popular during his presidency, and was succeeded by a member of his party, Carlos Andrés Pérez.

## Personal life
Lusinchi divorced his first wife Gladys Castillo. He then married Blanca Ibanez. He lived in Caracas, Venezuela.

## Death
Lusinchi died in Caracas, Venezuela from respiratory failure, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Jaime Lusinchi  — Official biography. 
*Jaime Lusinchi  — Venezuelatuya.com 
* Extended bio by CIDOB Foundation  
* Efemérides Venezolanas - Jaime Lusinchi
Tomiichi Murayama

was a Japanese politician. He served as the 81st Prime Minister of Japan from 30 June 1994 to 11 January 1996. 

He was the head of the Social Democratic Party of Japan (until 1996, the Japan Socialist Party) and the first socialist prime minister in nearly fifty years. He is most remembered today for his speech "On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the war's end," in which he said sorry for what his country of Japan did over World War II.

Murayama was born on Ōita, Japan in 3 March 1924. He studied at Meiji University. Murayama turned 100 on 3 March 2024, and died on 17 October 2025, at the age of 101.

## References
## Other websites
György Lázár

**György Lázár** (15 September 1924 – 2 October 2014) was a former Hungarian Communist politician. He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1975 to 1987. He retired in 1988.

Lázár died on 2 October 2014 in Budapest, Hungary, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Bölöny, József – Hubai, László: Magyarország kormányai 1848–2004 [Cabinets of Hungary 1848–2004], Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 2004 (5th edition).
* Ezenanapon: Lázár György 
* Hungarian History, glossary, 1968–1990
Alphons Egli

**Alphons Egli** (8 October 1924 – 5 August 2016) was a Swiss politician. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council (1983–1986).

He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 8 December 1982 and handed over office on 31 December 1986. He had connections to the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland. He was also President of the Confederation in 1986.

Egli was a citizen of Entlebuch and Lucerne.

## References
## Other websites
Lubomír Štrougal

**Lubomír Štrougal** (October 19, 1924 &ndash; February 6, 2023) was a Czech politician. He was a communist. He served as Prime minister of Czechoslovakia from 28 January 1970 to 12 October 1988. He was born in Veselí nad Lužnicí, Czechoslovakia.

In July 2022, it was revealed that Štrougal had "slight" dementia. He died on February 6, 2023 at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
* Štrougal’s biography on the website of the Czech Government
Colony of Natal

The **Colony of Natal** was a British colony in south-eastern Africa. It was formed on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the independent 1839 Boer Republic of Natalia. In the 1860s many workers from British India came to live in Natal. On 31 May 1910, it unified with three other colonies to form the Union of South Africa. It now forms the larger province of KwaZulu-Natal of the Republic of South Africa.

## References
Ball-peen hammer

A **ball-peen** (also spelled **pein**) **hammer**, also known as a '''machinist's hammer**, is a type of peening hammer used in metalworking. 

It is classified from a **cross-peen hammer''', point-peen hammer, or chisel-peen hammer by having a hemispherical head. Though the process of peening has become rarer in metal fabrication, the ball-peen hammer remains useful for many tasks, such as striking punches and chisels.
it is a very useful tool that has many purposes in the hammer industry 
## References
Eino Leino

**Eino Leino** (6 July 1878 – 10 January 1926) was a Finnish poet and journalist. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of Finnish poetry. 

His poems combine modern and Finnish folk elements. The style of much of his work is like the *Kalevala* and folk songs. He was known for writing about love, sadness, and about nature.

Legacy: The Eino Leino prize has been as late as 2024.

## References
## Other websites
Mário Soares

**Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares**, GColTE, GCC, GColL, KE (; 7 December 1924 &ndash; 7 January 2017) was a Portuguese politician. He served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985. He was President of Portugal from 1986 to 1996.

## Other websites
* Fundação Mário Soares
* Soares' official site for the Portuguese elections of 2006
Eino Uusitalo

**Eino Uusitalo** (1 December 1924 &ndash; 19 March 2015) was a Finnish politician from the Centre Party. Uusitalo studied to be an agronomist. He was a member of the parliament from 1955 to 1983 from the list of Centre Party. He was also Deputy Prime Minister.

Uusitalo was remembered mostly because of his proposition to declare 19 September as a second independence day of Finland. That date is the day of Moscow Armistice 1944. Uusitalo was fighting in the Continuation War 1942-1944 in Metsäpirtti, Karelian Isthmus.

In 2015, he died at the age of 90.

## References
Black caiman

The **black caiman** (*Melanosuchus niger*) is a species of caiman. It is the largest living member of the Alligatoridae family. It lives along slow-moving rivers, lakes and wetlands in the Amazon Basin of South America. The black caiman has very dark skin. It can grow up to  in length and between 70 to 300 kg weight.
Kenneth Kaunda

**Kenneth David Kaunda** (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021), also known as **KK**, was a Zambian politician and teacher. He first served as the first President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991. He was also Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from September 1970 to September 1973.

Kaunda died on 17 June 2021 at a hospital in Lusaka, Zambia from pneumonia at the age of 97.

## References
## More readings
**"Kaunda, Kenneth."*Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. URL:http://search.eb.com/eb/article-3849 Accessed 19 May 2006.
*Fergus Macpherson, *Kenneth Kaunda: The Times and the Man* (1974)
*Richard Hall, *The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South* (1969)
*David C. Mulford, *Zambia: The Politics of Independence, 1957–1964* (1967)
**At Ipenburg*, 'All Good Men.' The Development of Lubwa Mission, Chinsali, Zambia, 1905–1967 (1992)

## Other websites
*1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia
* Kaunda on the non-aligned movement
*Kaunda on Mugabe
Colin Mochrie

**Colin Andrew Mochrie** (; born November 30, 1957) is a Scottish-Canadian actor, comedian and writer. He is best known for his work as a regular on both the British and American versions of the improvisational comedy television show *Whose Line Is It Anyway?*.

Mochrie was born in Kilmarnock, Scotland. In 1964, he moved with his family to Canada. He first moved to Montreal, Quebec and finally Vancouver, British Columbia.

## References
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*
Ken Ham

**Kenneth Alfred Ham** (born 20 October 1951) is an Australian young-Earth creationist. He is the president of Answers in Genesis (AiG). Ham is also the er of the Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky, United States. He is a former high school science teacher.

## Career 
Ham was born on 20 October 1951 in Cairns, Queensland. His father was a Christian educator who settled his family in Brisbane, working as a school principal. Ham earned a Bachelor of Applied Science degree from Queensland Institute of Technology.  He also earned a diploma in Education from the University of Queensland.

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Jan Hoet

**Jan Hoet** (23 June 1936 &ndash; 27 February 2014) was a Belgian art critic and curator. He was the founder of Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (SMAK; ).

He was born in Leuven. On 17 June 2012, he collapsed at the airport in Hamburg, Germany, after having a heart attack. On 23 June 2012, Hoet suffered from hypercapnia, and he was being held in a coma at the hospital of Soltau, Germany. He soon returned to Ghent.

Hoet suffered a second heart attack in January 2014. He died at a hospital in Ghent on February 27, 2014. He was aged 77.

## References
## Other websites
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Fryazino

**Fryazino** is a scientific town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is about 25 miles northeast of the city of Moscow. The population is about 55,369. 

Fryazino is an electronics center. Currently, however, a large part of the population of Fryazino works in Moscow. 

The first school was opened in Fryazino in 1912. There are seven schools, including five secondary and gymnasiums in the town now. By the end of 1980, 20% of the population of Fryazino had a higher education.

## Notes 
## References
Seth Meyers

**Seth Adam Meyers** (born December 28, 1973) is an American actor, voice actor, screenwriter, producer, television host and comedian. He is best known for hosting NBC's *Saturday Night Live* news parody segment *Weekend Update* and the NBC talk show *Late Night with Seth Meyers*. The  program premiered on February 24, 2014.

Meyers was born in Evanston, Illinois to  Hillary and Lawrence Meyers. They joined a comedy improv group called Boom Chicago. In 2001 he auditioned for producer Lorne Michaels of *Saturday Night Live* and joined the cast that same year.

## References
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*
United States Women's Bureau

The '''United States Women's Bureau** (**WB''') is an agency of the United States government. It is a part of the United States Department of Labor.  The Woman's Bureau was established by Congress in 1920. It is the only federal agency mandated to represent the needs of women wage earners in the public policy process. The Director is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. He or she is supported by a staff in the national office as well as ten regional offices.

## History
In 1918 President Woodrow Wilson created **Woman in Industry Service**. It was the predecessor of the more permanent Women's Bureau which was founded in 1920. The agency was founded by an act of Congress. The first director was Mary Anderson. She had been the assistant director of the Woman in Industry Service. In 1922, the WB investigated and reported on the conditions facing 'negro women in industry.' The WB successfully advocated for the inclusion of women under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. By 1942 shortages of manpower and efforts by woman's advocate groups such as the Women's Bureau saw the female labor force go up from 12 to 18 million. Their wages doubled and even tripled during the war. But after the war the difference between woman's and men's working wages returned. In the 1950s, the Woman's Board focused on 'older women as office workers.' The WB played a large role in the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. In 1982, the Woman's Board started a major initiative to encourage employer-sponsored childcare. This was followed by the start of a multimedia Work and Family Clearinghouse in 1989. they also worked for the passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. In 1996, the Woman's Board published a fact sheet on the workplace effects of domestic violence.

## Related pages 
* United States Department of Labor
* Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
* Equal Pay Act of 1963

## References 
## Other websites 
* US Department of Labor; Woman's Bureau
Bülend Ulusu

**Saim Bülend Ulusu** (24 April 1923 – 23 December 2015) was a Turkish admiral. He was Prime Minister of Turkey serving from September 21, 1980 through December 13, 1983. He was succeeded by future Turkish president Turgut Özal.

## References
Elias Lönnrot

**Elias Lönnrot** (9 April 1802 – 19 March 1884) was a Finnish philologist. He collected traditional spoken poems and made a book of them. He made Finland's national epic, *Kalevala*. This is a book of traditional folk stories and poems. He collected these during several journeys across Finland, Karelia, and parts of Russia and the Baltic countries.

Lönnrot, Mikael Agricola and Aleksis Kivi are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.

Lönnrot also the first book about plants in Finland, *Flora Fennica* () in 1860.

He was born and died in Sammatti, an old town in Uusimaa.

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## Other websites
Tana (Norway)

The **Tana River** ( or ; ; ), is a  river, and it is the border between Norway and Finland for . The river is in Sápmi area of northern Fenno-Scandinavia, sometimes called Scandinavia.  The river flows through Finnmark county, Norway, and the Lapland region of Finland. The Sámi name means "Great River". The main tributaries of Tana are Anarjohka and Karasjohka rivers. It is one of the world's most important rivers for Atlantic salmon reproduction.

At least one place, Gollevárri, has rows of trapping pits (a kind of trap); They were used [hundreds of years ago] for chasing reindeer into those pits (or holes in the ground).

## Related pages 
* Atlantic salmon 

## References
## Other websites 
* The Tana River Delta Website 
* Salmon - king of the major rivers (Teno)
Alexander Salák

**Alexander Salák** (born January 5, 1987) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently plays for SKA Saint Petersburg in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

## Career
Salák started his career playing in the SM-liiga with the TPS Turku. He played there for 2 seasons and was signed by the Florida Panthers of the NHL on May 29, 2009. He played two games with the Panthers and was sent down to their AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans. Salák was loaned to Färjestads BK of the Swedish Elite League (SEL) to play in the 2010-11 season.

On February 9, 2011, the Panthers traded Salák along with Michael Frolík to the Chicago Blackhawks for Jack Skille, Hugh Jessiman, and David Pacan. The Blackhawks signed him to a two-year contract on May 31, 2011. The Blackhawks released him from his contract on June 18, 2012.

## References
## Other websites
*