open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Affinity chromatography

**Affinity chromatography** is one way scientists separate molecules from each other.  Using affinity chromatography, they can take just one kind of molecule out of a mixture of many molecules.  Affinity chromatography works on molecules that exist inside the bodies of living things and not on other molecules.  Affinity chromatography is one kind of liquid chromatography.

Affinity chromatography works because most molecules from inside living things stick to some molecules but not others, the way magnets stick to opposite magnets but not to wood or plastic.  An antibody will stick to its antigen but not to a different antibody's antigen.  A protein will stick to its own receptor or inhibitor but not to a different protein's receptor or inhibitor.  A DNA-splicing protein will stick to its own DNA sequence but not to a different DNA sequence.  In affinity chromatography, the thing that the target molecule sticks to is called the *ligand*.

To prepare for affinity chromatography, scientists decide which molecule they want and find its ligand.  The ligand could be an antibody if the target molecule has an antigen; DNA if the target molecule is a polymerase, DNA-binding protein, or DNA-binding enzyme; aromatic molecules if the target is a different kind of enzyme; or a peptide if the target is another biomolecule.  Then they prepare a *stationary phase* and treat it with the ligand.  The stationary phase can be membranes, special beads, or supports with different-sized pores in them.

Then the scientists pour the mixture, or *mobile phase* over the stationary phase.  Sometimes, the scientists add a *binding buffer* to help the target molecule stick to its ligand.  Then the scientists rinse away the rest of the mixture.  The target molecule is stuck to its ligand, which is stuck to the stationary phase, so it is not rinsed away.  Then the scientists add an *elution buffer* to make the ligand let go of the target molecule so they can collect it.  Scientists sometimes use machines or special tools to hold the stationary phase in exactly the right position and to pour the mixture, rinse, and other treatments in exactly the right way.

In some affinity chromatography, the binding buffer and elution buffer work by changing the pH of the solution.  That means they make it more acidic or less acidic.  Because most molecules from living things change shape depending on how much acid is nearby, the binding buffer and elution buffer can make the ligand and target molecule change shape to hold on tighter or let go of each other.

Affinity chromatography does not always work perfectly.  Sometimes the scientists must purify the target molecule to make sure they did not accidentally collect other molecules too.

Because scientists need to prepare a stationary phase with exactly the right ligand, they can only use affinity chromatography to collect molecules that they already understand well.  Usually, they cannot use affinity chromatography to collect new or strange molecules.

## References
Impulse (1984 movie)

***Impulse*** is a 1984 American science fiction thriller movie directed by Graham Baker and starring Tim Matheson, Meg Tilly, Hume Cronyn, Bill Paxton. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*
Hard Asphalt

***Hard Asphalt*** () is a 1986 Norwegian drama movie directed by Sølve Skagen and starring Frank Kong, Kristin Kajander, Marianne Nielsen, Morten Faldaas, Liv Heløe, Tone Schwarzott, Tom Tellefsen.

## Other websites
*
Lays Freitas

**Lays Fernanda Oliveira de Freitas** (born 13 October 1995) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played at the 2016 Women's U22 South American Volleyball Championship, 2016 Montreux Volley Masters, and 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship.

## References
Ksenia Kravchenko

**Ksenia Kravchenko** (born 5 February 1991) is a Russian volleyball player. She played at the 2015 FIVB World Grand Prix and 2015 Montreux Volley Masters.

She played for VC Voronezh and Severyanka Cherepovets.

## References
The Elephant Keeper

***The Elephant Keeper*** (; ) is a 1987 Thai drama movie directed by Chatrichalerm Yukol and starring Sorapong Chatree, Ad Carabao.

## Other websites
*
Olesya Nikolaeva

**Olesya Nikolaeva** is a Russian volleyball player. She played at the 2015 European Games, 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, 2015 Summer Universiade, and 2015–16 CEV Women's Champions League.

She played for Dinamo Kazan.

## References
A8 autoroute

The **A8** is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It goes across the southern coast of France between Marseille and the border with Italy. It is about  long. The whole autoroute is part of the European route E80. The autoroute also goes past Cannes and Nice. It passes near to the principality of Monaco.

## Exits and junctions
* 28 : A7 autoroute, Coudoux
*  Aires de repos:  Ventabren
* 29 18&nbsp;km: Aix-en-Provence (ouest)
* 28 : A51 autoroute
* 30 19&nbsp;km: Aix-en-Provence (pont de l'Arc)
* 31 21&nbsp;km: Aix-en-Provence (est)
* 32 27&nbsp;km: N7 Châteauneuf-le-Rouge
*  Péage de La Barque
*  : A52 autoroute
*  Aires de service: Rousset (eastbound) L'Arc (westbound)
* 33 47&nbsp;km: Pourrières
*  Aires de repos:  Saint-Hilaire (eastbound) Barcelone (westbound)
* 34 58&nbsp;km: Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume
*  Aires de service: Cambarette
* 35 74&nbsp;km: Brignoles
* Aires de repos: Roudai/Candumy
*  : A57 autoroute
*  Aires de service: Vidauban
* 36 118&nbsp;km: Draguignan / Le Muy, Gulf of Saint-Tropez
*  Aires de repos:  Jas Pellicot
*  Aires de service:  Canaver
* 37 129&nbsp;km: Fréjus / Puget-sur-Argens
*  Péage de Le Capitou/Fréjus Ouest
* 38 134&nbsp;km: Fréjus / Saint-Raphaël
*  Aires de service:  L'Esterel
* 39 145&nbsp;km: les Adrets-de-l'Esterel
* 40 157&nbsp;km: Mandelieu-la-Napoule
* 41 159&nbsp;km: Cannes / Les Tourrades
* 42 165&nbsp;km: Cannes / Mougins
* Aires de repos:  Piccolaret
*  Aires de service:  Breguieres
* 44 171&nbsp;km: Antibes Ouest, Sophia Antipolis
*  Péage d' Antibes Ouest
* 46 178&nbsp;km: Villeneuve-Loubet / Bouches du Loup
* 47 179&nbsp;km: Villeneuve-Loubet Centre
* 48 181&nbsp;km: Cagnes-sur-Mer
* 49 185&nbsp;km: Saint-Laurent-du-Var
* 50 186&nbsp;km: Nice (promenade des Anglais)
* 51 187&nbsp;km: Nice (Saint-Augustin)
*  Péage de Nice Saint-Isidore
* 52 190&nbsp;km: Nice (Saint-Isidore)
* 54 197&nbsp;km: Nice (nord)
* 55 199.5&nbsp;km: Nice (l'Ariane)
* 56 :  Monaco (A500 Spur)
*  Péage de La Turbie
* 57 208&nbsp;km: La Turbie
*  Aires de service:  La Scoperta (eastbound) Beausoleil (westbound)
* 58 214&nbsp;km: Roquebrune-Cap-Martin
* 59 220&nbsp;km: Menton
* *State border*
* 224&nbsp;km  Autostrada A10 (Italy)
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules

**Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules** is the second book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series. It is the sequel to the book Diary of a Wimpy Kid. It was released on February 1, 2008.

## References
Kamal Lohani

**Kamal Lohani** (26 June 1934 – 20 June 2020) was a Bangladeshi journalist. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh. He was the director general of Shilpakala Academy from April 2009 until April 2011.

Lohani got his first job as a journalist in the Daily Millat in 1955. He joined as a secretary at Chhayanaut in 1962. He formed a left cultural organization – *Kranti* in 1967.

## References
Lewis John Carlino

**Lewis John Carlino** (January 1, 1932 &ndash; June 17, 2020) was an American screenwriter and director. He was born in New York City.

His best known works were *The Fox*, *The Brotherhood*, *The Mechanic*, *The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea*, *I Never Promised You a Rose Garden*, *Resurrection*, and *The Great Santini*. 

Carlino died on June 17, 2020 in Whidbey Island, Washington from blood cancer, aged 88.

## References
Nouri Dhiab

** Nouri Dhiab** (1 July 1943 – 22 June 2020) was an Iraqi football forward. He played for the national team between 1965 and 1971. He played fifteen matches and scored six goals.

Dhiab died on 22 June 2020 at the age of 76.

## References
Angela Madsen

**Angela Madsen** (May 10, 1960 &ndash; June 22, 2020) was an American Paralympian sportswoman. She participated in both rowing and track and field. She won a bronze medal in the shot put at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. Madsen, along with team-mate Helen Taylor, is the first woman to have rowed across the Indian Ocean. Madsen was born in Long Beach, California.

Madsen drowned while rowing near Honolulu, Hawaii on June 22, 2020 at the age of 60.

## References
Laís Vasques

**Laís Zurli Bittencourt Vasques** (born 12 February 1996 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played at the 2012 Girls' Youth South American Volleyball Championship, 2018 FIVB Women's Club World Championship, 2019 FIVB Women's Club World Championship, and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.

She played for Minas T.C.

## References
Li Zhensheng (photojournalist)

**Li Zhensheng** (; 22 September 1940 – 23 June 2020) was a Chinese photojournalist. He captured some of the most telling images from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, better known as the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Li was born in Dalian. He was known for working with *Heilongjiang Daily*.

A private museum, dedicated to Li's life and work, was opened in 2017 in Sichuan Province as a part of the Jianchuan Museum Cluster.

Li died on 23 June 2020 from a cerebral hemorrhage in Long Island, New York, aged 79.

## References
Li Zhensheng (geneticist)

**Li Zhensheng** (; born February 25, 1931) is a Chinese geneticist. His works focused on the genetics of wheat. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Highest Science and Technology Award in 2006. Li was born in Zibo, Shandong. 

## References
Li Zhensheng

**Li Zhensheng** may refer to:

*Li Zhensheng (geneticist) (born 1931), Chinese geneticist
*Li Zhensheng (photojournalist) (1940&ndash;2020), Chinese photojournalist
Towns County, Georgia

**Towns County** is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,493. Its county seat is Hiawassee. The county was created on March 6, 1856.

## References
Hiawassee, Georgia

**Hiawassee** is the county seat of Towns County, Georgia, United States. The community's population was 981 at the 2020 census.

## References
César Bosco Vivas Robelo

**César Bosco Vivas Robelo** (14 November 1941 &ndash; 23 June 2020) was a Nicaraguan Roman Catholic prelate. He was born in Masaya, Nicaragua. He was ordained a priest in 1970 by Pope Paul VI. In 1991, he became Bishop of the Diocese of León. He retired in 2019. 

Vivas Robelo died on 23 June 2020 at a hospital in Managua, Nicaragua from respiratory failure, aged 78.

## References
Jamaal Bowman

**Jamaal Bowman** (born April 1, 1976) is an American educator and political activist. He was the Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 16th congressional district from 2021 to 2025.

He was the Democratic nominee in the 2020 elections for the U.S. House, defeating  incumbent Eliot Engel.

He is a former principal and founder of the Cornerstone Academy for Social Action, a public middle school in The Bronx.

His congressional campaign against Engel was compared to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's primary challenge against Joe Crowley. Bowman's campaign was supported by Ocasio-Cortez, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, and the editorial board of *The New York Times*. He defeated Engel in the primary.

He lost his re-election campaign for the Democratic nomination in 2024 to George Latimer.

## References
## Other websites
* Campaign website
Cloudstone

***Cloudstone*** is a role-playing video game that was released by Playsaurus in 2011. It was the first game to be released by Playsaurus, with Clicker Heroes being the next game. In fact, many of the monsters in *Cloudstone* were later used in *Clicker Heroes*. 

*Cloudstone* was taken off Kongregate on November 20, 2017.

## Gameplay 
In *Cloudstone*, the player plays the game as an  . *Cloudstone* is played by clicking on a spot in the level to move there. There are many levels in *Cloudstone*. Some levels contain chests full of  and , while some contain monsters to fight. Monsters can be attacked by clicking on them when the player is close to them. Monsters give a currency called gold, which can be used to buy weapons and armor. Unlike in *Clicker Heroes*, monsters can fight back and damage the player. The game is lost if the player dies.

## Reception 
*Cloudstone* did  not receive much attention from critics. However, on Kongregate, users commented on *Cloudstone* and gave it mixed reviews.

## Related pages 
*Clicker Heroes

## References
Georgia State Senate

The **Georgia State Senate** is the upper house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state legislature of Georgia, USA).

According to the state constitution of 1983, this body is to be made of no more than 56 members elected for two-year terms. Current state law provides for 56 members. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years.

Senators must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Georgia for two years and their senatorial district for one year (preceding the election). The highest position in the Senate is the President of the Senate.

## Current makeup
## Other websites
*
1970 Georgia gubernatorial election

The **1970 Georgia gubernatorial election** was held on November 3, 1970. It was known for electing little-known former state Senator Jimmy Carter Governor of Georgia after a hard battle in the Democratic primary.

This election is famous because Carter, who was often seen as one of the *New South Governors*, later ran for president in 1976 on his gubernatorial record and won.

As of , this is the last time Fulton County voted for the Republican candidate.

## Democratic Primary results
### First round
* Jimmy Carter – 388,280 (48.62%) 	
* Carl Sanders – 301,659 (37.77%)
* Chevene B. "C. B." King – 70,424 (8.82%)
* Ku Klux Klan leader Jesse Stoner – 17,663 (2.21%)
* McKee Hargett – 9,440 (1.18%)
* Thomas J. Irwin – 4,184 (0.52%)
* Adam B. Matthews – 3,332 (0.42%)

### Runoff
A runoff was held on September 23:
* Carter – 506,462 (59.42%)
* Sanders – 345,906 (40.58%)

## Republican Primary results
* Harold Columbus "Hal" Suit (1922–1994) – 62,868 (60.97%)
* James L. Bentley – 40,251 (39.03%)

## General election
## References
Hal Suit

**Harold Columbus "Hal" Suit** (April 1, 1922—November 20, 1994) was an American local television news personality and politician. He won the 1970 Republican nomination for Governor of Georgia but lost the November general election to future U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

## References
Lester Maddox

**Lester Garfield Maddox Sr.** (September 30, 1915 – June 25, 2003) was an American politician who was the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. He was a Democrat and supporter for racial segregation. He was Lieutenant Governor during the period when Jimmy Carter was Governor.

## References
George Busbee

**George Dekle Busbee Sr.** (August 7, 1927 – July 16, 2004), was an American politician. He was the 77th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1975 to 1983. He was a senior partner at King & Spalding thereafter.

## Other websites
* *New Georgia Encyclopedia* profile of George Busbee 
*
Hugh Carter

**Hugh Alton Carter Sr.** (August 13, 1920 – June 24, 1999) was an American Democratic politician and businessman from Georgia. He was born in Plains, Georgia. Carter was a member of the Georgia State Senate from 1967 to 1981.

His cousin is former President Jimmy Carter.

## References
Jack Carter (politician)

**John William Carter** (born July 3, 1947) is an American businessman and politician. He unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate in Nevada in 2006. 

Carter was born at Naval Hospital Portsmouth in Portsmouth, Virginia, He is the eldest child of former President Jimmy Carter and First Lady Rosalynn Carter.

## References
Nikolai Fadeyechev

, 1964]]
**Nikolai Borisovich Fadeyechev** (, 27 January 1933 – 23 June 2020) was a Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and educator. He was honored with the People's Artist of the USSR in 1976. Fadeyechev was born in Moscow. He retired from ballet dancing in 1977 and later became a ballet educator.

He was known for his works with the Bolshoi Theatre. He danced alongside some of the company's great ballerinas, including Galina Ulanova in *Giselle* and *Les Sylphides*, and was a regular partner with Maya Plisetskaya, Raisa Struchkova, Nina Timofeeva, Marina Kondratyeva, Natalia Bessmertnova, Ekaterina Maximova and Ludmila Semenyaka.

Fadeyechev died of heart failure on 23 June 2020 in Moscow, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Fadeyechev's page on the Bolshoi Theatre web site
James Earl Carter Sr.

**James Earl Carter** (September 12, 1894 &ndash; July 22, 1953) was an American politician, businessman, and farmer. He was from Plains, Georgia. He was the father of Jimmy Carter.

Carter was a conservative in his political views.

Carter, Sr. was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1953, as a Democrat, and served briefly representing Sumter County until his death later that year. Carter had previously served on the Sumter County Board of Education.

## References
Arlington, Georgia

**Arlington** is a city in Calhoun and Early counties, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 1,209.

## References
Blakely, Georgia

The city of **Blakely** is the county seat of Early County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,371.

## References
Lieutenant (navy)

**Lieutenant** (abbreviated **Lt**, **LT**, **LT(N)**, **Lt(N)**, **Lieut** and **LEUT**, depending on nation) is a commissioned officer rank in many nations' navies. It is the most senior of junior officer ranks. 

The now immediately senior rank of lieutenant commander was formerly a senior naval lieutenant rank. 

## References
American Campaign Medal

The **American Campaign Medal** is a military award of the United States Armed Forces which was first created on November 6, 1942, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. 

The medal was seen to recognize those military members who had performed military service in the American Theater of Operations during World War II.

## References
World War II Victory Medal

The **World War II Victory Medal** is a service medal of the United States military which was created by an Act of Congress on 6 July 1945 (Public Law 135, 79th Congress).

## References
Nikos Alefantos

**Nikos Alefantos** (, 3 January 1939 – 23 June 2020) was a Greek professional footballer and football coach. He was born in Athens. Alefantos managed several clubs in the Greek Super League, including Olympiacos F.C. during 2004. He also had played for Larissa F.C. in 1975 and 1990. From 1952 to 1969, he played as a footballer. From 1969 to 2004, he had a career as a football manager.

Alefantos died on 23 June 2020 in Athens from a heart attack, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
*Alefantos Biography
National Defense Service Medal

The **National Defense Service Medal** (**NDSM**) is a service award of the United States Armed Forces created by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953.  It is awarded to every member of the US Armed Forces.

## References
Carter Center

The **Carter Center** is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter. 

Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter partnered with Emory University just after he lost in the 1980 U.S. Presidential elections to Ronald Reagan. 

The center is located in a shared building next to the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum on  of parkland, just two miles (3&nbsp;km) from downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The library and museum are owned and operated by the United States National Archives and Records Administration, while the Center is governed by a Board of Trustees.

The Carter Center's goal is to advance human rights and to stop human suffering, including helping improve the quality of life for people in more than 80 countries. T

he center has many projects including election monitoring, supporting locally led state-building and democratic institution-building in many  countries and talking with heads of states on behalf of victims of human rights abuses. 

It also leads disease eradication efforts, spearheading the campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease, as well as controlling and treating onchocerciasis, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and malaria through awareness campaigns.

## References
Dark horse

A **dark horse** is a political term used to describe a little known political figure or thing that later becomes well known in a situation, especially in a competition involving multiple rivals. It also describes a contestant that ideally should be unlikely to win but yet still might.

Examples pertaining to United States politics include James K. Polk in the 1844 United States presidential election, Jimmy Carter in the 1976 United States presidential election, Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, and Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election.

## References
1976 Democratic National Convention

on the final day of the convention, with members of their family surrounding them]]

The **1976 Democratic National Convention** met at Madison Square Garden in New York City, from July 12 to July 15, 1976.  The convention nominated former Governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia for president and Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota for vice president. 

John Glenn and Barbara Jordan gave the keynote addresses. Jordan's keynote address made her the first African-American woman to deliver the keynote address at a Democratic National Convention.

The convention was the first in New York City since the 103-ballot 1924 convention.

## References
Draft evasion

**Draft evasion** is any attempt to escape a government-forced legal requirement to serve in the military forces of one's nation. Sometimes draft evasion involves refusing to work with the military draft laws (formally known as conscription laws) of one's nation.

Illegal draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries. Such evasion is generally considered to be a criminal offense. On the other hand, there is evasion out of religious or ethical belief called conscientious objector.

## Types of draft evasion 
Illegal evasion methods include

* Not signing up for the draft when you are supposed to.
* going into hiding in the country to try not to be found
* fleeing or going to another country to avoid the draft
* destroying draft cards
* faking mental and/or physical illness

Legal methods include

* Conscientious objection- being recognized as a conscientious objector (someone who believes in something very much that they cannot join the draft)
* going to a higher level of education to receive a deferment
* getting an essential civilian job
* getting a exemption because of a medical condition you have
* joining a different branch of the military 

## Notes
Camp David Accords

, Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat]]
The **Camp David Accords** was a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland. 

The two framework agreements were signed at the White House and were witnessed by President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks (*A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel*) led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. 

Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework (*A Framework for Peace in the Middle East*), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without the Palestinians' participation and condemned by the United Nations.

## References
Torrijos–Carter Treaties

The **Torrijos–Carter Treaties** () are two treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977. The treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had since 1903. 

The treaties are named after the two signatories, U.S. President Jimmy Carter and the Commander of Panama's National Guard, General Omar Torrijos.

## References
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

The **Strategic Arms Limitation Talks** (**SALT**) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of arms control. 

The two rounds of talks and agreements were **SALT I** and **SALT II.**

Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland, in November 1969. 

SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries. Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States Senate chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet war in Afghanistan.

The agreement expired on December 31, 1985 and was not renewed.

## References
1979 oil crisis

The **1979** (or **second**) **oil crisis** or **oil shock** occurred in the world due to decreased oil output in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Despite the fact that global oil supply decreased by only around 4%, widespread panic resulted, driving the price far higher. Oil prices more than doubled to $39.50 per barrel over the next 12 months, and long lines once again appeared at gas stations, as they had in the 1973 oil crisis.

## References
Amy Carter

**Amy Lynn Carter** (born October 19, 1967) is the daughter of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter. 

Carter later became known for her political activism. She participated in a number of sit-ins and protests during the 1980s and early 1990s that were aimed at changing U.S. foreign policy towards South African apartheid and Central America.

Carter illustrated *The Little Baby Snoogle-Fleejer*, her father's book for children, published in 1995.

## References
A7 autoroute

The **A7**, also called ''l'autoroute du Soleil* (**Autoroute of the Sun**) along with the A6 in French, is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It links Lyon with Marseille. In Lyon, the autoroute joins onto the A6 towards Paris. The A7 is  long. It is part of the E15, E80, and E714 European routes.

## Exits and junctions
*  A7-A6 Junction
*  01 1.8&nbsp;km: Lyon-*centre*
*  02 2.3&nbsp;km: Lyon-*centre''
*  03 4&nbsp;km: Oullins
*  04 5.5&nbsp;km: Pierre-Bénite
*  05 5.5&nbsp;km: St.-Fons (vers le Boulevard Périphérique, via le Boulevard Pierre-Sémard)
*  06 9.1&nbsp;km: Vénissieux
*  Aire de Solaize
*  07 13.5&nbsp;km: Solaize
*  07a 14&nbsp;km: Sérézin-du-Rhône
*  Aire de Sérézin-du-Rhône (southbound)
*  A7-A46-A47 Junction
*  08 21.5&nbsp;km: chasse-sur-Rhône (de Marseille)
*  09 26&nbsp;km: Vienne, Valence par N7, Grenoble par RN (de Lyon)
*  10 32&nbsp;km: Vienne, L'Isle d'Abeau (de Marseille)
*  Péage de Vienne
*  Aires de repos : Auberives (northbound) Grande Borne (Southbound)

*  Aire de SRoussilon (northbound Petrol only)
*  12 33&nbsp;km: Chanas Annonay / N82
*  Aire de St Rambert d'Albon
*  Aires de repos : Blacheronde (northbound) Combe Tourmente (southbound)
*  Aires de repos : Bornaron/La Galaure
*  Aires de repos : Bouterne (southbound)
*  13 : Tain l'Hermittage Romans
*  Aire de Pont de l'Isere/Latitude 45'
*  14: Valence nord
*  15: Gap Valence vers A49 / N532
*  Aire de Portes les Valence
*  Aires de repos : Bellevue/Livron
*  16: Loriol-sur-Drôme Crest Privas
*  Aire de Bras de Zil (AR)/Saulce
*  17: Montélimar Le Teil Dieulefit
*  Aire de Montélimar
*  Aires de repos : Coucourde/Le logis neuf
*  Aires de repos : Savasse/Roubion
*  18: Montélimar Aubenas Le Puy-en-Velay
*  Aires de repos : Donzere (southbound) Pierrelate (northbound)
*  Aires de repos : Tricastin (southbound)
*  19: Bollène Alès
*  Aire de Mornas les Adrets (southbound) Mornas village (northbound)
*  A7-A9 Junction
*  21 167&nbsp;km: Orange
*  Aires de repos : Orange le Gres/Orange le Coudoulet
*  Aires de repos : Le Fournalet (northbound)
*  22 172&nbsp;km: Orange sud Carpentras
*  Aire de Sorgues (southbound)
* Aire de Repos: Le Fournalet (northbound)
*  23 188&nbsp;km: Avignon nord Carpentras
*  Aire de Morieres (northbound)
*  24 198&nbsp;km: Avignon sud, Apt
*  Aires de repos : Noves (southbound) Cabannes (northbound)
*  Aires de repos : Cavaillon
* *  25 211&nbsp;km: Cavaillon Arles Beaucaire et Tarascon
*  Aires de repos : Sénas
*  26 221&nbsp;km: Sénas
*  Aires de repos : Lamanon (southbound)
*  27 229&nbsp;km: Rognac, Avignon et Lyon par RN
*  A7-A54 Junction
*  Péage de Lançon Provence
*  Aires de repos :
*  A7-A8 Junction
*  29 254&nbsp;km: Rognac Berre
*  Aire de Vitrolles
*  30 : Vitrolles
*  29: Aéroport Marignane
*  30: Les Pennes-Mirabeau (de Marseille)
*  A7-A55 Junction
*  31: Les Pennes-Mirabeau (de Lyon)
*  A7-A51 Junction
*  32: St Antoine (N8)
*  33: Les Aygalades
*  34: Les Arnavaux
*  A7-A507 Junction
*  35: La Rose, Aubagne, Toulon par RN
*  36: A557 liaison vers A55, Bd.-Plombière (depuis Lyon)
*  37: Saint Charles
* Terminus at Porte d'Aix
1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries

The **1980 Democratic presidential primaries** were how voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election.

During the primary race, the country of Iran was going through trouble and unrest. This unrest caused it to make and sell less oil. In January 1979, the leader (or Shah) of Iran left the country. After that  Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , who was against the Shah’s leadership, took over and made the country follow an extreme version of Islam.

Another problem during the time of this election was increased prices, especially for oil and gas.  Many people blamed President Carter. Only 28% of people who were polled said they approved of Carter.

## Background
Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses in the 1980 Democratic National Convention held from August 11 to August 14, 1980, in New York City.

Carter faced a major primary challenger in Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, who won 12 contests and received more than seven million votes nationwide. Therefore, Kennedy didn't withdraw from the primary until the second day of the convention. This is the most recent primary where the sitting president still had an opponent at the convention.

## Candidates
### Nominee 
### Withdrew during primaries or convention 
### Also withdrew during primaries
* Jerry Brown, Governor of California
* Cliff Flinch, Governor of Mississippi
China Service Medal

The **China Service Medal** was a service medal awarded to U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard personnel. The medal was created by Navy Department General Order No. 176 on 1 July 1942.  The medal recognized service in and around China before and after World War II.

## References
1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries

The **1976 Democratic presidential primaries** were how voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1976 U.S. presidential election. 

Former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1976 Democratic National Convention held from July 12 to July 15, 1976, in New York City. 

## Candidates 
### Nominee 
### Eliminated at convention 
### Withdrew before convention 
## References
Anti-German sentiment

**Anti-German sentiment** (**Germanophobia** or **Teutophobia**) is an opposition to, or fear of, Germany,  Germans, its culture and the German language. The opposite is called Germanophilia.  

The sentiment began with the mid-19th century unification of Germany, which made the new nation a rival to the Great powers of Europe in economics, military, cultural, and geopolitical  grounds. It was believed correctly in other countries that Otto von Bismarck and Helmuth von Moltke were driving Germany towards domination of the European landmass. Bismark unified Germany in 1871 and was their first Chancellor, serving until 1890. 

Von Moltke the elder was chief of staff of the Prussian Army for 30 years. He commanded in the  Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War. He is described as a "Prussian military organization and tactical genius". He was fascinated with railways and pioneered their military usage. He is often referred to as *Moltke the Elder* to distinguish him from his nephew Helmuth Johann Ludwig von Moltke, who commanded the German Army (*Deutsches Heer*) at the outbreak of World War I.

## References
1980 Democratic National Convention

The **1980 National Convention** of the U.S. Democratic Party  nominated President Jimmy Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale for reelection. The convention was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City from August 11 to August 14, 1980.

The 1980 convention was known as it was the last time in the 20th century, for either major party, that a candidate tried to get delegates released from their voting commitments. This was done by Senator Ted Kennedy, Carter's primary challenger for the nomination in the Democratic primaries.

President Carter gave his speech accepting the party's nomination on August 14.

## References
Archery, Georgia

**Archery** is an unincorporated community in Webster County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. The community lies about  from Plains.

Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States, grew up in Archery on a farm which is now known as the "Jimmy Carter Boyhood Farm" and is part of the Jimmy Carter National Historic Site.

## References
National FFA Organization

**National FFA Organization** is an American 501(c)(3) youth organization, specifically a career and technical student organization, based on middle and high school classes that promote and support agricultural education. It was founded in 1925. 

In 1988 the name was changed to the National FFA Organization, now commonly referred to as **FFA**. Today FFA is among the largest youth organizations in the United States, with 669,989 members in 8,630 chapters throughout all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. 

## References
1966 Georgia gubernatorial election

The **1966 Georgia gubernatorial election** was held on November 8, 1966. 

After an election that exposed divisions within the Georgia Democratic Party (giving the Georgia Republican Party a shot at the Governor's Mansion for the first time in the twentieth century), segregationist Democrat Lester Maddox was elected Governor of Georgia.

The voting also made future President Jimmy Carter well known.

## Democratic primary election results
The primary was held on September 13, 1966. 

Pursuant to Georgia law, as no candidate received a majority of votes in the primary, a runoff was held on September 27.

## References
Ellis Arnall

**Ellis Gibbs Arnall** (March 20, 1907December 13, 1992) was an American politician. He was the 69th Governor of Georgia from 1943 to 1947. 

## References
Georgia's 3rd congressional district

'''Georgia's 3rd congressional district''' is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Republican Drew Ferguson.  

The district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia. 

## References
Georgia House of Representatives

The **Georgia House of Representatives** is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state legislature) of the U.S. state of Georgia. There are currently 180 elected members.

The Georgia House of Representatives was created in 1777 during the American Revolution.

## Current makeup
## References
Sunk cost fallacy

A **sunk cost fallacy** is a fallacy where someone convinces themselves that they should continue doing something because they put in a lot of time and/or effort into it, even if they actually get very little reward out of it. For example, a person might watch the first six episodes of *Battlestar Galactica*, but decides they do not like the show. However, because there was a sunk cost, six hours of time, that person tells themself that because they already spent so much time on it, they might as well finish the show.

An example in the real-world would be pro-war Americans during the Vietnam War. Americans who supported United States' part in the Vietnam War believed that the US already spent so much money, so much time, and so many lives of veterans and civilians that if the United States were to let the communists win the war, then all the loss would have been for nothing.

## References
The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming

***The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming*** is a 1966 American comedy movie directed by Norman Jewison and based on the 1961 novel *The Off-Islanders* by Nathaniel Benchley. It stars Alan Arkin, Carl Reiner, Eva Marie Saint, Brian Keith, Jonathan Winters, Paul Ford, Theodore Bikel, Michael J. Pollard and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1967.

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Oasis (1955 movie)

***Oasis*** is a 1955 French German adventure movie directed by Yves Allégret and based on the novel *The Commander* by John Knittel. It stars Michèle Morgan, Cornell Brothers, Pierre Brasseur and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

## Other websites
*
*
Webster County, Georgia

**Webster County** is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 Census reflected a population of 2,348, making it the third-least populous county in Georgia. The county seat is Preston.

## References
How to Marry a Millionaire

***How to Marry a Millionaire*** is a 1953 American romantic comedy movie directed by Jean Negulesco and based on the plays by Zoë Akins and Katherine Albert. It stars Marilyn Monroe, Betty Grable, Lauren Bacall, David Wayne, Rory Calhoun and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1954 and was later adopted into a television series in 1957.

## References 
## Other websites
* 
*
Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni

**Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni** (born 23 April 1972) is a Burundi politician. He became the Prime Minister of Burundi on 23 June 2020.

## References
Borlotti bean

The **borlotti bean** (*Phaseolus vulgaris*), also known as the **cranberry bean**, **Roman bean**, **romano bean**, **saluggia bean**, **gadhra bean** or **rosecoco bean**, is a variety of common bean first bred in Colombia. The Colombians call it the *cargamanto*.

The borlotti bean looks like the pinto bean, but is bigger, and white with dark red specks.
Newnan, Georgia

**Newnan** is a city in Metro Atlanta and the county seat of Coweta County, Georgia. The population was 42,549 at the 2020 census.

## References
Huang Liuyan

**Huang Liuyan** (born 13 June 1994) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She played at the 2012 Asian Jr.Women's Volleyball Championship, 2014 Asian Games, 2015 Asian Women's U23 Volleyball Championship, and 2019 CISM Military World Games.

On a club level, she played for Army and Bayi Shenzhen.

## References
Habitat for Humanity

**Habitat for Humanity International** (**HFHI**), generally known as **Habitat for Humanity** or **Habitat**, is an international, non-governmental, and nonprofit organization, which was founded in 1976 by Linda and Millard Fuller. The organization focuses on building homes for refugees, natural disaster locations, and the homeless. 

Habitat for Humanity is a Christian organization. The international operational headquarters are located in Americus, Georgia, United States, with the administrative headquarters located in Atlanta. 

As of 2020, Habitat for Humanity operates in all 50 U.S. states and more than 70 countries.

## References
Georgia Southwestern State University

**Georgia Southwestern State University** (**GSW**) is a public university in Americus, Georgia.  It is part of the University System of Georgia and offers bachelor's degree programs along with selected master's and specialist degree programs.

## References
Cheng Long

**Cheng Long** (born 10 January 1995) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2015 FIVB U23 Asian women's volleyball championship, 2017 U23 FIVB women's volleyball, and 2015 Montreux Volley Masters.

On a club level, she played for Shandong Sports Lottery.

## References
Xu Jiujing

**Xu Jiujing** (born 13 July 1995) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, 2015 Asian Women's U23 Volleyball Championship, 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship, and 2016 Asian Women's Volleyball Cup. 

At the club level, she played for Shanghai women's volleyball team.

## References
Malinae

**Malinae** is a subtribe of plants in the family Rosaceae, tribe Maleae. Members of this subtribe produce fruits known as pomes. Commonly grown members of this tribe include Malus (apples) and Mespilus (medlars).

## References
Broad-palmed frog

The **broad-palmed frog** (*Litoria latopalmata*) is a frog from eastern Australia. It lives in Queensland and New South Wales.

This frog likes to live in forests and woodlands and on flood plains near rivers.  It also lives in billabongs and other permanent and semi-permanent bodies of water.

It lays eggs in groups underwater.  The tadpoles take 50-90 days to become frogs.

## References
Maxette Grisoni-Pirbakas

**Maxette Grisoni-Pirbakas** (born 14 April 1973) is a French politician and syndicalist. She is on the list in the 2019 European Parliament election in France of the National Rally (RN).

## Biography 
Trade union leader of the Fédération nationale des syndicats d'exploitants agricoles in Guadeloupe, she is known for her fights on the ground at the head of the farmers of Guadeloupe.

She is in 12th position on the list of the National Rally for the 2019 European elections. She was elected.

## References
Preston, Georgia

**Preston** is an unincorporated community in Webster County, Georgia, United States, located seventeen miles west of Americus. The population was 453 at the 2000 census. The community is the county seat of Webster County.

Preston was an incorporated town from 1857 to 1977, and a city from 1977 to 2009.

## References
Federico Castelluccio

**Federico Castelluccio** (born April 29, 1964) is an  Italian-born American actor and artist. He is best known for his role as Furio Giunta in the HBO series *The Sopranos* from 2000 to 2002.

Castelluccio was born in Naples, and moved to the United States at the age of three. He grew up in Paterson, New Jersey. He is married to German actress Yvonne Maria Schäfer. He speaks both Italian and English.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stephen Smith (Australian politician)

**Stephen Francis Smith** (born 12 December 1955) is an Australian politician. He is a member of the Labor Party. He was a member of the House of Representatives for the Division of Perth from 1993 to 2013. He was also a minister in the Rudd and Gillard governments, serving as Minister for Foreign Affairs (2007–2010), Minister for Trade (2010) and Minister for Defence (2010–2013).

Smith was born in Narrogin, Western Australia.

## References
Yuzu (emulator)

**Yuzu**, stylized as **yuzu**, is a free and open-source emulator of the Nintendo Switch. Yuzu was announced to be in development on the 14th of January 2018, 10 months after the Nintendo Switch came out. It is developed in C++.

The emulator was made by the developers of the Nintendo 3DS emulator Citra. Both programs use a lot of the same code. At first, Yuzu only supported test programs and homebrew, but as of July 2019, a small amount of games work without any issues. A list of games that work with Yuzu is updated on Yuzu's official website.

On the 26th of February 2024, the Yuzu Emulator officially went down because of Nintendo suing them for 2.4 million dollars. In response, Tropic Haze LLC deleted its GitHub and official websites. Since the emulator was open source, copies have been made and hosted on various file sharing platforms. Usually, these copies are given different names to somewhat disassociate itself from the original. One example that has become very popular is Suyu (pronounced "sue you"). These copies mean you can still use Yuzu even though the people that used to make it no longer do. Other people now work on it instead, but people don't like their work because it is very slow.

## Features
Yuzu used a network service called Boxcat instead of Nintendo's BCAT dynamic content network.

Yuzu allows the resolution to be changed to that of various resolutions matching or exceeding the Nintendo Switch's capabilities.

In December 2019, Yuzu added an experimental Vulkan renderer to its Early Access build. As of April 2020, this Vulkan renderer is being used with MoltenVK to continue making Yuzu for MacOS because Apple discourages the use of OpenGL in MacOS.

On May 9, 2020, the development team announced an update that included experimental multi-core CPU emulation.

## Reception
In October 2018, *Kotaku* published an article saying *Super Mario Odyssey* was playable. The author of the article showed concern Yuzu could emulate games that were available commercially at the time.

The Nintendo of America sued the company that developed Yuzu. The lawsuit was successful. So, in February 2024, they decided to stop providing this software, cutting a long story short.

## Related pages
* Emulator

## References
## Other websites
* Game compatibility list
Caldogno

**Caldogno** is a town and *comune* near Vicenza in Italy. It has a population of 11,291.

Famous football player Roberto Baggio was born here.
Pigovian tax

A **Pigovian tax** is a type of tax that takes into account negative effects of things produced. 

This concepts tries to reconcile both the interests of the producer and the social interests of the consumer.

For example, a producer of plastic bottles only cares about their profits, not on the negative effect that the bottles in the trash may have on nature. Other example may be unintended consequences from buildings, or the increase of a need for police in areas where there is more consumption of alcohol.

The concept was studied by economist Arthur Cecil Pigou in his book *The Economics of Welfare*.
Wang Jiamin

**Wang Jiamin** (born 11 February 1995) is a Chinese female volleyball player. She was part of the China women's national volleyball team. She participated in the 2012 FIVB Women's Club World Championship, 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, and 2017 Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship. 

She played for the Tianjin Bohai Bank women's volleyball team.

## References
Accidental Love

***Accidental Love*** is a 2015 movie. It was directed by Stephen Greene. It was based on the book ''Sammy's Hill*. It stars Jessica Biel, Jake Gyllenhaal, Catherine Keener and others.

## Plot
In this politically charged romantic comedy, Jessica Biel stars as Alice Eckle, a small-town waitress in Indiana who suffers a freak accident when a nail gun mishap embeds a nail in her head. Due to her lack of health insurance, she cannot afford the $150,000 surgery required to remove it. The nail causes her to exhibit erratic behavior, including mood swings and impulsive actions.  

Determined to find a solution, Alice travels to Washington, D.C., to seek help from Congressman Howard Birdwell (Jake Gyllenhaal). As they work together to address healthcare reform, Alice becomes romantically involved with Birdwell. The film satirizes political processes and the healthcare system, featuring a cast of eccentric characters, including a congresswoman (Catherine Keener) more interested in building a lunar military base than addressing medical issues.

## About the director
David O. Russell disowned the movie, then called *Nailed*, when it was pitched in 2008. In 2015 he announced it would be called *Accidental Love'' and decided that he would be under "Stephen Greene", because it was named after Alan Smithee.

## References