September 2

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
* 44 BC &ndash; Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co–ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
* 31 BC &ndash; Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium – Off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian defeat troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
* 1192 &ndash; The Third Crusade ends, after a peace agreement Sultan Saladin and Richard I of England.
* 1649 &ndash; The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
* 1666 &ndash; The Great Fire of London breaks out and burns for three days destroying 10,000 buildings including St. Paul's Cathedral.
* 1667 &ndash; Street lighting is introduced in Paris.
* 1752 &ndash; The United Kingdom adopts the Gregorian calendar, nearly two centuries later than most of Western Europe.
* 1789 &ndash; United States Department of the Treasury was founded.
* 1792 &ndash; During what became known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughtered three Roman Catholic Church bishops and more than two hundred priests.
* 1806 &ndash; A massive landslide destroys the town of Goldau, Switzerland, killing 457 people.
* 1807 &ndash; British Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to stop Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon. 70% of the city was destroyed and 2000 citizens were killed.
* 1811 &ndash; The University of Oslo is founded as The Royal Fredericks University, named after King Frederick VI of Denmark and Norway.
* 1859 &ndash; A solar super storm affects the electrical telegraph service.
* 1862 &ndash; American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Second Bull Run.
* 1864 &ndash; American Civil War: Union forces under General William T. Sherman enter Atlanta, Georgia a day after the Confederate defenders fled the city.
* 1867 &ndash; Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor of Japan marries Ichijo Masako. The Empress consort is thereafter known as Lady Haruko.
* 1870 &ndash; Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Sedan – Prussian forces defeat the French armies and take emperor Napoleon III and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at Sedan.
* 1885 &ndash; In Rock Springs, Wyoming, 150 white miners attack their Chinese coworkers, killing 28, wounding 15, and forcing several hundred more out of town.
* 1898 &ndash; Battle of Omdurman – British and Egyptian troops led by Horatio Kitchener defeat Sudanese tribesmen led by Khalifa Abdullah al-Taashi, thus establishing British dominance in the Sudan.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1901 &ndash; Vice President Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" at the Minnesota State Fair.
* 1935 &ndash; Labor Day Hurricane of 1935: A large hurricane hit the Florida Keys killing 423.
* 1939 &ndash; Following the invasion of Poland, Freie Stadt Danzig Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) ruled by Nazi leader Forster is annexed to Nazi Germany.
* 1944 &ndash; Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz. They arrive three days later.
* 1945 &ndash; World War II ends: The final official surrender of Japan was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz aboard the battleship *Missouri* in Tokyo Bay.
* 1945 &ndash; Vietnam declares its independence forming the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).
* 1946 &ndash; A caretaker government is formed in India, with Jawaharlal Nehru taking Prime Ministerial powers.
* 1957 &ndash; South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem makes the first–ever state visit to Australia.
* 1958 &ndash; United States Air Force C–130 A–II is shot down by fighters over Yerevan, Armenia, when it strays into Soviet airspace while conducting a mission, killing all crew members.
* 1960 &ndash; First election to Parliament of Central Tibetan Administration.
* 1963 &ndash; *CBS Evening News* becomes network television's first half–hour weeknight news broadcast, when the show is lengthened from 15 to 30 minutes.
* 1967 &ndash; The microstate Principality of Sealand unilaterally declared its independence.
* 1969 &ndash; The first automatic teller machine in the United States is installed in Rockville Centre, New York.
* 1970 &ndash; NASA cancels two planned Moon missions, Apollo 15 and Apollo 19.
* 1973 &ndash; France pulls its last troops out of Madagascar.
* 1984 &ndash; Typhoon Ike kills over 1,400 people.
* 1987 &ndash; In Moscow, the trial of 19–year–old pilot Mathias Rust, who flew his Cessna airplane into Red Square in May 1987, begins.
* 1990 &ndash; Transnistria is declared a Soviet republic on its own right. Mikhail Gorbachev declares the move illegal.
* 1991 &ndash; The United States recognizes the independence of the Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
* 1992 &ndash; An earthquake in Nicaragua kills 116 people.
* 1995 &ndash; Rock and Roll Hall of Fame opens in Cleveland, Ohio. The building was designed by I. M. Pei.
* 1995 &ndash; Frank Bruno becomes Boxing Heavyweight Champion, defeating Oliver McCall in London.
* 1998 &ndash; In Canada, pilots for Air Canada launch the first strike in company's history.
* 1998 &ndash; A McDonnell Douglas MD-11 airliner carrying Swissair Flight 111 crashes near Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia after taking off from New York City en route to Geneva. All 229 people on board are killed.
* 1998 &ndash; A United Nations court finds Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide, marking the first time that the 1948 law banning genocide is enforced.

### From 2001 
* 2001 &ndash; Cartoon Network begins its adult–orientated block, Adult Swim.
* 2004 &ndash; Resolution 1559: The United Nations Security Council calls for the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Lebanon.
* 2013 &ndash; The new eastern part of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic.
* 2016 &ndash; President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov dies aged 78, after several days of speculation over his ill health.
* 2018 &ndash; National Museum of Brazil fire: The National Museum of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro is heavily damaged by fire. Many cultural treasures are lost in the blaze.
* 2019 &ndash; Sinking of MV Conception: 34 people are killed when the boat "MV Conception" goes on fire and sinks near Santa Cruz, California.

## Births 
### Up to 1900 
* 1661 &ndash; Georg Böhm, German organist and composer (d. 1733)
* 1675 &ndash; William Somerville, English poet (d. 1742)
* 1753 &ndash; Marie Josephine of Savoy, Italian–born Queen Consort of France (d. 1810)
* 1763 &ndash; Caroline Schelling, German writer and translator (d. 1809)
* 1778 &ndash; Louis Bonaparte, King of the Netherlands (d. 1846)
* 1798 &ndash; Thomas Holliday Higgins, Governor of Maryland (d. 1865)
* 1805 &ndash; Esteban Echeverria, Argentine writer (d. 1851)
* 1810 &ndash; Lysander Button, American engineer (d. 1898)
* 1810 &ndash; William Seymour Tyler, American historian and educator (d. 1897)
* 1811 &ndash; J. C. Jacobsen, Danish industrialist and philanthropist, founder of the Carlsberg brewery (d. 1887)
* 1812 &ndash; William Fox, 2nd Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1893)
* 1814 &ndash; Ernst Curtius, German archaeologist and philologist (d. 1896)
* 1820 &ndash; Lucretia Hale, American journalist and author (d. 1900)
* 1830 &ndash; William P. Frye, American politician (d. 1911)
* 1838 &ndash; Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii (d. 1917)
* 1838 &ndash; Bhaktivinoda Thakur, Indian/Bengali writer and religious figure (d. 1914)
* 1839 &ndash; Henry George, American economist (d. 1897)
* 1840 &ndash; Giovanni Verga, Italian writer (d. 1922)
* 1850 &ndash; Albert Spalding, American baseball player and sporting goods manufacturer (d. 1915)
* 1850 &ndash; Alfred Pringsheim, German mathematician and art collector (d. 1941)
* 1850 &ndash; Woldemar Voigt, German physicist (d. 1919)
* 1853 &ndash; Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1932)
* 1866 &ndash; Hiram Johnson, Governor of California (d. 1945)
* 1877 &ndash; Frederick Soddy, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1956)
* 1878 &ndash; Ion Dragoumis, Greek diplomat, writer and revolutionary (d. 1920)
* 1879 &ndash; An Jung-geun, Korean assassin of Ito Hirobumi (d. 1910)
* 1883 &ndash; Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1963)
* 1883 &ndash; Rudolf Weigl, Polish biologist (d. 1957)
* 1884 &ndash; Frank Laubach, American Christian missionary (d. 1970)
* 1886 &ndash; Warren Brittingham, American soccer player (d. 1962)
* 1894 &ndash; Joseph Roth, Austrian novelist (d. 1939)
* 1898 &ndash; Pietro Ferrero, Italian entrepreneur (d. 1949)
* 1898 &ndash; Alfons Gorbach, Chancellor of Austria (d. 1972)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
* 1901 &ndash; Adolph Rupp, American College basketball coach (d. 1977)
* 1904 &ndash; Set Svanholm, Swedish tenor (d. 1964)
* 1912 &ndash; Ingeborg Rapoport, German paediatrician (d. 2017)
* 1913 &ndash; Israel Gelfand, Russian mathematician (d. 2009)
* 1913 &ndash; Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (d. 1981)
* 1915 &ndash; Meinhardt Raabe, American actor (d. 2010)
* 1917 &ndash; Cleveland Amory, writer (d. 1998)
* 1918 &ndash; Allen Drury, American writer (d. 1998)
* 1919 &ndash; Marge Champion, American actress, dancer and choreographer
* 1922 &ndash; Arthur Ashkin, American physicist
* 1923 &ndash; René Thom, French mathematician (d. 2002)
* 1924 &ndash; Daniel arap Moi, former President of Kenya
* 1925 &ndash; Hugo Montenegro, American composer and bandleader (d. 1981)
* 1925 &ndash; Russ Conway, British pianist, composer and singer (d. 2000)
* 1926 &ndash; Stanley Cavell, American philosopher (d. 2018)
* 1926 &ndash; Ibrahim Nasir, President of the Maldives (d. 2008)
* 1927 &ndash; Milo Hamilton, American sportscaster (d. 2015)
* 1927 &ndash; Francis Matthews, English actor (d. 2014)
* 1928 &ndash; Horace Silver, American jazz pianist (d. 2014)
* 1928 &ndash; Mel Stuart, American director and producer (d. 2012)
* 1929 &ndash; Hal Ashby, American movie director (d. 1988)
* 1929 &ndash; Victor Spinetti, Welsh actor and director (d. 2012)
* 1930 &ndash; Andrey Petrov, Russian composer (d. 2006)
* 1931 &ndash; Clifford Jordan, American jazz musician (d. 1993)
* 1933 &ndash; Mathieu Kérékou, former President of Benin (d. 2015)
* 1934 &ndash; Chuck McCann, American actor and comedian (d. 2018)
* 1936 &ndash; Andrew Grove, American computer chip manufacturer (d. 2016)
* 1937 &ndash; Len Carlson, Canadian voice actor (d. 2006)
* 1938 &ndash; Giuliano Gemma, Italian actor (d. 2013)
* 1941 &ndash; David Bale, South African activist
* 1942 &ndash; Andrew Kohut, American political scientist (d. 2015)
* 1943 &ndash; Rosalind Ashford, American singer (Martha and the Vandellas)
* 1944 &ndash; Al Matthews, American actor (d. 2002)
* 1946 &ndash; Billy Preston, American musician (d. 2006)
* 1947 &ndash; Louis Michel, Belgian educator and politician
* 1948 &ndash; Terry Bradshaw, American football player
* 1948 &ndash; Christa McAuliffe, American schoolteacher and astronaut (d. 1986)
* 1949 &ndash; Moira Stuart, British broadcast journalist
* 1950 &ndash; Michael Rother, German guitarist and keyboardist
* 1950 &ndash; Yuen Wah, Chinese actor, martial artist and stuntman

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
* 1951 &ndash; Mark Harmon, American actor
* 1952 &ndash; Jimmy Connors, American tennis player
* 1953 &ndash; Keith Allen, British actor
* 1953 &ndash; John Zorn, American musician
* 1954 &ndash; Andrej Babis, Czech businessman and politician, Prime minister of the Czech Republic
* 1956 &ndash; Doria Ragland, mother of Meghan, Duchess of Sussex
* 1956 &ndash; Mario Tremblay, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1957 &ndash; Steve Porcaro, American musician (Toto)
* 1958 &ndash; Lynne Kosky, Australian politician (d. 2014)
* 1958 &ndash; Olivier Grouillard, French racing driver
* 1959 &ndash; Guy Laliberté, Canadian poker player and entrepreneur, founder of the Cirque du Soleil
* 1960 &ndash; Kristin Halvorsen, Norwegian politician
* 1961 &ndash; Eric Dickerson, American football player
* 1961 &ndash; Claude Puel, French footballer and manager
* 1961 &ndash; Carlos Valderrama, Colombian footballer
* 1962 &ndash; Eugenio Derbez, Mexican actor, director, producer and screenwriter
* 1962 &ndash; Keir Starmer, English lawyer and politician
* 1963 &ndash; Prachya Pinkaew, Thai movie director, producer and screenwriter
* 1963 &ndash; Stanislav Cherchesov, Russian footballer and manager
* 1964 &ndash; Keanu Reeves, Canadian actor
* 1965 &ndash; Lennox Lewis, Canadian–British boxer
* 1966 &ndash; Salma Hayek, Mexican actress
* 1967 &ndash; Andreas Moeller, German footballer
* 1969 &ndash; Cedric "K-Ci" Hailey, singer
* 1969 &ndash; Stephane Matteau, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1971 &ndash; Kjetil André Aamodt, Norwegian alpine skier
* 1971 &ndash; Tommy Maddox, American football player
* 1972 &ndash; Sergei Zholtok, ice hockey player
* 1973 &ndash; Mark Shield, Australian football referee
* 1974 &ndash; Sami Salo, Finnish ice hockey player

### From 1976 
* 1976 &ndash; Momodu Mutairu, Nigerian footballer
* 1977 &ndash; Frédéric Kanouté, Malian footballer
* 1979 &ndash; Tomer Ben Yosef, Israeli footballer
* 1980 &ndash; Danny Shittu, Nigerian footballer
* 1981 &ndash; Chris Tremlett, English cricketer
* 1982 &ndash; Joey Barton, English footballer
* 1983 &ndash; José Alfredo Castillo, Bolivian footballer
* 1983 &ndash; Aimee Osbourne, American model and actress
* 1986 &ndash; Gelson Fernandes, Swiss footballer
* 1986 &ndash; Rafik Halliche, Algerian footballer
* 1986 &ndash; Kyle Hines, American basketball player
* 1987 &ndash; Spencer Smith, American drummer (Panic! at the Disco)
* 1987 &ndash; Jevan Snead, American football player (d. 2019)
* 1988 &ndash; Javi Martínez, Spanish footballer
* 1988 &ndash; Dimitrij Ovtcharov, German table tennis player
* 1989 &ndash; Alexandre Pato, Brazilian footballer
* 1989 &ndash; Marcus Morris, American basketball player
* 1989 &ndash; Markieff Morris, American basketball player
* 1990 &ndash; Marcus Ericsson, Swedish racing driver
* 1992 &ndash; Alberto Masi, Italian footballer
* 1993 &ndash; Montana Cox, Australian model
* 1996 &ndash; Sungha Jung, South Korean musician
* 1997 &ndash; Brandon Ingram, American basketball player

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
* 490 BC &ndash; Pheidippides, Greek hero (b. around 530 BC)
* 421 &ndash; Constantius III, Roman Emperor (b. late 300s)
* 459 &ndash; Simeon Stylites, Byzantine saint (b. 390)
* 595 &ndash; Patriarch John IV of Constantinople
* 1031 &ndash; Saint Emeric of Hungary
* 1274 &ndash; Prince Munetaka, 6th Kamakura shogun in Japan (b. 1242)
* 1397 &ndash; Francesco Landini, Italian composer (b. between 1325 and 1335)
* 1540 &ndash; Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1501)
* 1680 &ndash; Per Brahe, Swedish soldier and statesman (b. 1602)
* 1690 &ndash; Philipp Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (b. 1615)
* 1721 &ndash; Kwon Sang-ha, politician and Neo Confucian scholar of Korea (b. 1641)
* 1764 &ndash; Revd Nathaniel Bliss, British astronomer Royal (b. 1700)
* 1768 &ndash; Antoine Deparcieux, French mathematician (b. 1703)
* 1813 &ndash; Jean-Victor Moreau, French general (b. 1763)
* 1820 &ndash; Jiaqing Emperor, Emperor of China (b. 1760)
* 1832 &ndash; Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Austrian scientific editor, astronomer (b. 1754)
* 1834 &ndash; Thomas Telford, British civil engineer (b. 1757)
* 1845 &ndash; Bernardino Rivadavia, Argentine statesman (b. 1780)
* 1865 &ndash; William Rowan Hamilton, Irish mathematician (b. 1805)
* 1872 &ndash; Nicolai Grundtvig, Danish writer and philosopher (b. 1783)
* 1877 &ndash; Constantine Kanaris, Greek admiral, freedom fighter and politician (b. 1793)
* 1884 &ndash; Henry B. Anthony, Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1815)
* 1895 &ndash; Charles Anderson, 27th Governor of Ohio (b. 1814)
* 1898 &ndash; Wilford Woodruff, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1807)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1910 &ndash; Henri Rousseau, French painter (b. 1844)
* 1921 &ndash; Anthony Francis Lucas, Croatian–American oil exploration pioneer (b. 1855)
* 1921 &ndash; Henry Austin Dobson, poet (b. 1840)
* 1927 &ndash; Umegatani Totaro II, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1878)
* 1934 &ndash; Alcide Nunez, jazz musician (b. 1884)
* 1934 &ndash; James Allan, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1860)
* 1937 &ndash; Pierre de Coubertin, French founder of the modern Olympic Games (b. 1863)
* 1948 &ndash; Sylvanus Morley, American archaeologist and spy (b. 1883)
* 1964 &ndash; Francisco Craveiro Lopes, Portuguese President (b. 1894)
* 1964 &ndash; Alvin York, most decorated American soldier of World War I (b. 1887)
* 1969 &ndash; Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese political leader (b. 1890)
* 1971 &ndash; Robert Mensah, Ghanaian footballer (b. 1939)
* 1973 &ndash; J. R. R. Tolkien, British writer (b. 1892)
* 1973 &ndash; Carl Dudley, American movie director (b. 1910)
* 1976 &ndash; Stanisław Grochowiak, Polish poet and dramatist (b. 1934)
* 1981 &ndash; Andrija Maurovic, Croatian illustrator (b. 1901)
* 1985 &ndash; Abe Lenstra, Dutch footballer (b. 1920) 
* 1991 &ndash; Alfonso García Robles, Mexican politician (b. 1911)
* 1992 &ndash; Barbara McClintock, American geneticist (b. 1902)
* 1994 &ndash; Roy Castle, English actor, singer and dancer (b. 1932)
* 1997 &ndash; Rudolf Bing, Austrian–born British opera singer (b. 1902)
* 1997 &ndash; Viktor Frankl, Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist (b. 1905)
* 1998 &ndash; Jackie Blanchflower, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1933)
* 1998 &ndash; Allen Drury, American writer (b. 1918)
* 2000 &ndash; Elvera Sanchez, Puerto Rican dancer (b. 1905)
* 2000 &ndash; Curt Siodmak, science fiction writer (b. 1907)

### From 2001 
* 2001 &ndash; Christiaan Barnard, South African heart surgeon (b. 1922)
* 2001 &ndash; Troy Donahue, American actor (b. 1936)
* 2008 &ndash; Bill Melendez, Mexican–American animator, director, producer and voice actor (b. 1916)
* 2009 &ndash; Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, Indian politician (b. 1949)
* 2010 &ndash; Shmuel Eisenstadt, Israeli sociologist (b. 1923)
* 2013 &ndash; Frederik Pohl, American science fiction writer (b. 1919)
* 2013 &ndash; Ronald Coase, British economist (b. 1910)
* 2013 &ndash; Valérie Benguigui, French actress (b. 1965)
* 2013 &ndash; David Jacobs, English radio and television host (b. 1926)
* 2013 &ndash; Paul Scoon, 2nd Governor–General of Grenada (b. 1935)
* 2014 &ndash; Steven Sotloff, American journalist (b. 1983)
* 2014 &ndash; Norman Gordon, South African cricketer (b. 1911)
* 2014 &ndash; Helena Rakoczy, Polish gymnast (b. 1921)
* 2014 &ndash; J. LaMoine Jenson, American religious leader (b. 1935)
* 2014 &ndash; Peter Carter, British diplomat (b. 1956)
* 2014 &ndash; Antonis Vardis, Greek composer and singer (b. 1948)
* 2015 &ndash; Charles Gyamfi, Ghanaian footballer (b. 1929)
* 2015 &ndash; Aleksander Mandziara, Polish footballer and coach (b. 1940)
* 2015 &ndash; Simo Salminen, Finnish comic actor (b. 1932)
* 2015 &ndash; Brianna Lea Pruett, American singer-songwriter, musician, poet and moviemaker (b. 1983)
* 2016 &ndash; Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (b. 1938)
* 2017 &ndash; Viktor Cherepkov, Russian politician (b. 1942)
* 2017 &ndash; Halim El-Dabh, Egyptian composer (b. 1921)
* 2017 &ndash; Xiang Shouzhi, Chinese general (b. 1917)
* 2018 &ndash; Conway Savage, Australian rock singer–songwriter and pianist (b. 1960)
* 2018 &ndash; Claire Wineland, American entrepreneur and health activist (b. 1997)
* 2019 &ndash; Ryszard Czerniawski, Polish lawyer and economist (b. 1952)
* 2019 &ndash; Carlo Fonseka, Sri Lankan physician (b. 1933)
* 2019 &ndash; Joan Antoni Solans Huguet, Spanish urban planner (b. 1941)
* 2019 &ndash; Gyoji Matsumoto, Japanese footballer (b. 1934)

## Observances 
* National Day (Vietnam)
* Democracy Day (Tibet)
* Independence Day (Transnistria and Nagorno-Karabakh)