open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Leni Robredo

**Maria Leonor Gerona Robredo** (born April 23, 1965) is a Filipina lawyer and politician. She was the 14th Vice President of the Philippines from June 30, 2016 tó June 30, 2022. She served under Rodrigo Duterte.

Robredo is the widow of the Philippines Interior Secretary Jesse Robredo. She served as Member of the House of Representatives from Camarines Sur's Third District. She is a member of the Liberal Party. 

In October 2021, Robredo announced her candidacy for president of the Philippines in the 2022 election. She came in second place in the general election in May 2022.

## Sources
Modulus

**Modulus** may refer to:

## Mathematics 
* Absolute value
* Modulation
** Modular arithmetic

## Physics 
* Bulk modulus
* Elastic modulus
* Shear modulus
* Young's modulus
Emil Keres

**Emil Keres** (9 July 1925 &ndash; 1 April 2016) was a Hungarian actor and theatre director. He started his career in 1950. He starred in over 100 stage productions. He also appeared in over ten movies, including *Twenty Hours* (1965). He was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1965. He was born in Szombathely.

Keres died on 1 April 2016 at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
The Sundays

**The Sundays** were an English alternative rock band. They formed in the late 1980s. They released three albums in the 1990s.

The band started when Harriet Wheeler and guitarist David Gavurin met.

The Sundays got a record deal with the Rough Trade Records. Their first single, "Can't be Sure", was released in 1989. Their first album, *Reading, Writing and Arithmetic*, was released in 1990. The album got very positive reviews. It entered the UK chart at #4. Later in 1990, the album peaked at #39 in the United States. Its success came mostly from radio stations playing "Here's Where the Story Ends".

In late October 1992, the next album, *Blind*, was released. This album was also successful when it peaked at #103 on the *Billboard* 200. *Blind* sold half a million copies. The reviews were positive. Some critics thought the album didn't have the quality songwriting of the first album.

In autumn 1997, after five years, their third record, *Static & Silence*, was released. It got mixed reviews. "Summertime", the first song on the album, was their most successful song the UK Charts up to that time.

The Sundays took a break after the album *Static & Silence*.

## References
Nikolai Bayev

**Nikolai Bayev** (, *Nikoghayos Gevorkovich Bayev*; October 6, 1875 &ndash; August 5, 1949) was an Armenian architect, who worked in Baku and in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

## Biography
Baev was born in Astrakhan in 1875. He was a relative and childhood friend of Mariinsky Theatre singer Nadezhda Papayan.  He studied in local gymnasium and then attended the Saint Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineering, from which he graduated in 1901. From 1911 to 1918 he worked as the main architect of Baku. During this period he constructed more than 100 buildings in Baku, including the Great Theatre of the Mailov Brothers (modern days Azerbaijan State Opera Theatre, 1911), Sabunchi Railway Station, a residential sector in the former Armenikend area of Baku, and other buildings.

In 1927 (Armenian agency for rural construction), where he constructed about 200 buildings, among them Pioneer's Palace of Yerevan, State Bank of Armenian SSR, Ministry of Justice, Yerevan Mechanical factory, old hall of Sundukyan Theatre, "Ararat" trust buildings, etc. In 1945 he was awarded by the Honorary diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR.

He was a member of Armenian Union of Architects (1942). Bayev's personal archive (1896-1949) is a part of Yerevan State Archive.

File:Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre main façade, 2015.jpg|Baku Opera Theater, 1911
File:CBA building.JPG|The former State Bank of Armenia building, Yerevan

## References
## Bibliography
* Edmond Tigranyan «Activity of Armenian architects in South Caucasus», Yerevan, 2003 - ISBN  978-99930-0-052-5
* (in Russian) Ерканян В.С. Армянская культура в 1800-1917 гг. / Пер. с арм. К.С. Худавердяна. Ер., 1985
* (in Armenian) The Historical-Cultural Heritage of the Armenian Highland, International Conference, Armenia, 2012 / The Role of Armenian Architects in the Formation of Architectural image of City Baku, by Ter-Minasyan A., National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Institute of Arts 

## Other websites
* Nikoghayos Baev 
* It is a taboo in Azerbaijan that some of best buildings in Baku were constructed by Armenian architects, says Yerevans major architect. Aravot daily, february 2013
Alessandro Moreschi

**Alessandro Moreschi** (11 November 1858 – 21 April 1922) was a castrato singer of the late 19th century and the only castrato to make solo recordings.

## Recordings 
All of Moreschi's recordings were made in Rome in two recording sessions for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company.  The first series of recordings were made on 3 and 5 April 1902 by Will and Fred Gaisberg.  Eighteen usable sides by the members of the Sistine Chapel Choir were made on wax. Four of them were solos by Moreschi. 

Many years later Fred Gaisburg remembered making these historic first recordings in the Vatican: "Selecting a great salon with walls covered with Titians, Raphaels, and Tintorettos, we mounted our grimy machine right in the middle of the floor." 

The second set of recordings was made in Rome in April 1904.

## Sistine choir 
Alessandro was a member of the Sistine choir until Easter 1913.  He then retired and got a pension after thirty years' service.

## Retirement and death
In retirement, Moreschi lived in his apartment, a few minutes' walk from the Vatican.  He died there at sixty-three, possibly of pneumonia. His funeral mass was a large and public affair in the church of San Lorenzo in Damaso.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 1904 Recording of Bach/Gounod: *Ave Maria*
Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz

The **Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz** (IAJM) is a French airline pilot school created in 1957. It is in Rungis, Ile-de-France
The school is famous for its aviation books, published in French and also in English since 2016, thanks to a cooperation with the French Civil Aviation University.
The school is member of the International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools and is in partnership with the aerospace university IPSA to offer a double-degree MSc in aviation / airline pilot.

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official
Rights of Englishmen

The **Rights of Englishmen** is an d group of rights that had its roots in the basic rights granted in Magna Carta. The idea reached its peak during the British settlement of North America. By this time colonial Englishmen felt they were entitled to certain additional rights and liberties. They believed that any laws it passed affecting the colonists (such as the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act) were illegal under the Bill of Rights 1689, and were a denial of their rights as Englishmen. This led to the American Revolution and is expressed in the Declaration of Independence as "certain unalienable rights". They stopped thinking of themselves as Englishman and became Americans.

## References
Gulf War oil spill

**The Gulf War oil spill** happened in January 1991 during the Gulf War when Iraq troops were retreating from Kuwait. Shortly after Coalition forces (made up of 39 countries) started the air campaign against Iraq, Iraqi soldiers opened the s at the Sea Island oil terminal. The spill was an environmental disaster. It destroyed the coastal habitats and marine wildlife in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

## References
Hadizatou Mani

**Hadizatou Mani** (born 1984) is a human rights activist from Niger. In 2009, Mani received an International Women of Courage Award. 

## Life 
In 1996, Mani was sold as a slave for $500. She was 12 years old. 

In 2003, slavery became illegal in Niger.  Mani’s master did not tell her.  Later, he said Mani was his wife, not his slave. 

Mani received her "certificate of liberation" in 2005, and she got married. Her old master took her to court for bigamy. She got a prison sentence of six months.  They said Niger had to pay her a fine of 10 million CFA francs. 

## Awards 
*In 2009 Mani was named one of the Time 100 people. 

## References
CFA franc

The **West African CFA franc** is the currency of eight countries in West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Sénégal and Togo. CFA means ''Communauté Financière d'Afrique'' ("Financial Community of Africa") or Communauté Financière Africaine ("African Financial Community").

The Central African CFA franc has the same value as the West African CFA franc.

The pegging of the CFA franc to the euro is considered by some as a guarantee of stability, while others equate it with voluntary servitude.

## References
Reem Al Numery

**Reem Al Numery** is a children's rights activist in Yemen. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.  

## Life 
When Al Numery was 12 years old, she had to marry her 30-year-old cousin. She protested the wedding, but her father gagged her and tied her up. After the wedding, she tried to kill herself twice.   Al Numery went to live with her mother.  Her lawyer said she would appeal.   She got her divorce in 2010 

## Awards 
*In 2009 Al Numery received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department. 

## References
Least squares

**Least squares** is the name of a procedure in mathematics, to construct a function from a number of observed values. The basic idea is to construct the function in such a way that the sum of the difference between the observed value and its data point is minimized. Since the difference may go in either direction, the value of the difference is squared, for each value.

Carl Friedrich Gauss said he developed the method in 1795. He used it to recover the lost asteroid 1 Ceres and published it in 1807. He used ideas from Pierre-Simon Laplace. Adrien-Marie Legendre developed the same method independently, in 1805.

## Related pages 
* Normal distribution
* Ordinary least squares
## Further reading
* Lawson, C. L., & Hanson, R. J. (1995). Solving least squares problems (Vol. 15). SIAM.
* Bjorck, A. (1996). Numerical methods for least squares problems (Vol. 51). SIAM.
Pancuronium bromide

**Pancuronium bromide** (brand name **Pavulon**) is an aminosteroid muscle relaxant medication called a muscle relaxant. It is used in medicine for many different reasons. It is also used in euthanasia. 

In the United States, pancuronium bromide is used in executions. It is one of three drugs that are given to prisoners being executed by lethal injection.

## Action
Normally, the brain sends chemical signals to the muscles to get them to work. Pancuronium bromide stops these signals from getting to the muscles. Without signals from the brain telling them to work, the muscles cannot move. Because of this, a person who is given enough pancuronium bromide will be completely paralyzed until the drug wears off. No muscle in their body will be able to move.

A dose of pancuronium bromide takes about 3-6 minutes to paralyze a person. The drug's effects last for about 100 minutes. A healthy adult usually needs 120 to 180 minutes to get most of their muscle movement back. There are antidotes to pancuronium bromide that will help reverse the drug's effects more quickly.

### Breathing
Pancuronium bromide paralyzes the breathing muscles along with all of the other muscles. This means that pancuronium bromide will stop a person from breathing.

## Uses in medicine
Doctors use pancuronium bromide during surgery. It keeps the patient's body from moving, and makes it easier to put a breathing tube down their throat. It is always given along with anesthesia so the patient is asleep and does not feel pain.
* A high heart rate, which can lead to high blood pressure and make the heart work harder than normal
* Irregular heart beats
* Extra salivation (this means the body makes more saliva than usual)

### Euthanasia
In Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, euthanasia is legal. Doctors are allowed to give medicines to terminally ill people who want to end their lives. In these three countries, pancuronium bromide is one of the medicines that doctors often use for euthanasia. First they give a sedative so the person goes into a deep sleep. Then they give pancuronium bromide, which stops the person's breathing. They say that if not enough of the sedative medicine was given, nobody would be able to tell if the prisoner was in pain, because they would be paralyzed.

## Related pages 
* Diaphragm

## References
Rosendale Trestle

The **Rosendale Trestle** is a bridge in Ulster County, New York. It was completed in 1872. It also was a railroad. It is 940 feet long.

## Map 
## References 
*
Foreign national

A ** national** is a person who is visiting or living in a country where they are not a citizen.

## European Union
The European Union has a different definition of "foreign national."  In the European Union, a person is only thought of as a foreign national if they are not a citizen of any country in the European Union.  These people are called "third party nationals," not "foreign nationals."

## The United States 
The United States Department of Homeland Security says that a foreign national as a person "who is a citizen of any country other than the United States."

In other words, a foreign national is a person who:
* Was born outside the United States; and
* Is a citizen of another country; and
* Has not become a United States citizen through naturalization.

## References
Veronika Marchenko

**Veronika Marchenko** is a Russian activist. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award. 

## Work 
Marchenko started the “Mother’s Right” Foundation in 1990 to bring attention to the deaths of Russian military people in peacetime.  The organization helps families of soldiers who die in peacetime, and works against corruption.   Many of the deaths are called suicides, so the families have trouble getting money after the death.  

In 2007, lawyers from Mother’s Right helped 132 families go to court for survivor's benefits.  They also helped 5,323 families of men who died.  

The organization now helps 5000 people a year. They helped a total of 80,000 people. 

## Other websites 
Mother's Right Foundation (English)

## References
Convention (meeting)

A **convention** is a meeting of s who  at an arranged place and time to discuss or engage in some common interest.  The most common conventions are based upon industry, profession, and fandom.  Trade conventions are usually about an industry or industry segment. They often include keynote s,  displays, and other information and activities of interest to the event organizers and those who attend the convention.  Professional conventions focus on issues of concern to the profession. Fan conventions usually feature displays, s, and sales based on pop culture and guest celebrities. Science fiction conventions are similar to both professional conventions and fan conventions. Conventions also exist for various hobbies, such as gaming or model railroads.

## References
Saga

**Sagas** are stories mostly about ancient Nordic and Germanic life. Some are entirely invented, and some have an historical basis.

They tell about early Viking voyages, the battles that took place during the voyages, about migration to Iceland and of feuds between Icelandic families. They were written in the Old Norse language, mainly in Iceland.

The texts are tales in prose which share some similarities with the epic, often with stanzas or whole poems in alliterative verse embedded in the text, of heroic deeds of days long gone, "tales of worthy men," who were often Vikings, sometimes pagan, sometimes Christian.  They are sometimes romanticised and fantastic, but always dealing with human beings one can understand.

The best sagas are recognised as fine literature. ''Njál's Saga*, or the *Saga of Burnt Njál'', is one of the most famous.

In Old English (Anglo-Saxon), Beowulf is a saga written in England, and so is the later Gawain and the Green Knight, written in a West Midlands dialect. These are both works of the imagination, but Layamon's *Brut* (about 1200 AD) is based on English history since the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*.

## Sagas of Icelanders
"The Icelandic sagas are the backbone of all ... literature" from the Nordic countries, says Roy Jacobsen  (en), a translator of Sagas of Icelanders, and author.

### List of the Sagas of Icelandic’s 
*The saga of Gísli Súrsson; or Gísla saga - (two versions) of an outlaw poet – Gísla saga
*The saga of the people of Eyri; or Eyrbyggja saga
*Ljósvetninga saga
*Vatnsdøla
**The Saga of the People of Laxárdalr*; or *Laxdøla saga*
*Valla-Ljóts saga
*The Saga of Hen-Thorir; or Hænsna-Þóris saga
*The saga of Gunnlaugr Snake-tongue; or Saga of Gunnlaugr Serpent-Tongue
*Bandamanna saga
*Egil's Saga
*Hardar saga; or Harðar saga ok Hólmverja
*Rankel saga
* *Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss*
* *Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa*
* *Droplaugarsona saga*
* *Eiríks saga rauða* – Saga of Erik the Red
* *Færeyinga saga*
* *Finnboga saga ramma*
* *Fljótsdæla saga*
* *Flóamanna saga*
* *Fóstbrœðra saga* (two versions)
* *Grettis saga - Saga of Grettir the Strong*
* *Grœnlendinga saga* – Greenland saga
* *Gull-Þóris saga*
* *Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls*
* *Hallfreðar saga* (two versions)
* *Harðar saga ok Hólmverja*
* *Hávarðar saga Ísfirðings* – The saga of Hávarður of Ísafjörður
* *Heiðarvíga saga*
* *Hrafnkels saga*
* *Hrana saga hrings* (post-medieval)
* *Kjalnesinga saga*
* *Kormáks saga*
* *Króka-Refs saga*
* *Laurentius Saga*
* *Ljósvetninga saga* (three versions)
* *Njáls saga*
* *Reykdœla saga ok Víga-Skútu*
* *Svarfdœla saga*
* *Valla-Ljóts saga*
* *Víga-Glúms saga*
* *Víglundar saga*
* *Vápnfirðinga saga*
* *Þorsteins saga hvíta*
* *Þorsteins saga Síðu-Hallssonar*
* *Þórðar saga hreðu*
* *Ölkofra saga*

## References
Ella Mitchell

**Ella Mitchell** (September 14, 1935 – July 2, 2024) was an American soul singer and actress. She is best remembered for playing Hattie Mae Pierce (Big Momma) in the 2000 comedy movie ''Big Momma's House*. She also played the evil witch Evillene in the Broadway theatre musical *The Wiz''.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* The Wiz
Constitutional Convention

**Constitutional convention** may refer to:

* Constitutional convention (political meeting), a meeting of delegates to adopt a new constitution or revise an existing constitution.

## Constitutional conventions by country 
* Constitutional Convention (Australia), any of four gatherings in 1891, 1897–98, 1973, 1998
**Australian Constitutional Convention 1998
* Constitutional Convention (Ireland), established in 2012
* Constitutional Convention (Philippines)
* Scottish Constitutional Convention
* Constitutional Convention (United States)
Constitutional convention (political meeting)

A **constitutional convention** is a convention where an organization's constitution can be created, revised, or amended. A **general constitutional convention** is called to create the first constitution of a political unit or to entirely replace an existing constitution. An **unlimited constitutional convention** is called to revise an existing constitution. A **limited constitutional convention** is ed to revising only a limited area of the current constitution. However, such conventions may decide to go beyond their original authority. For example, the United States Constitutional Convention of 1787 was supposed to be limited to amending the Articles of Confederation. Instead, they wrote an entirely new constitution. There are no standards for states calling for a convention.
* By a majority vote in 2/3 of the state legislatures.  (This amendment cancelled the 18th Amendment, which made alcohol illegal in the United States.  The 21st Amendment made alcohol legal again.) The committee on credentials (also called registration) checks the  of delegates and gives each one a name badge or card as  they belong there. A program committee should have copies of the program available to all delegates before the convention begins. Other committees may be appointed as necessary.

## References
Aérocentre

**Aérocentre** is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the region of Centre-Val de Loire in the middle of France.

There are over 321 companies. About 20.000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of Aérocentre is in Châteauroux. The chairman of the group is Jean-Michel Sanchez.

## Partners 
* Agence régionale pour l'innovation
* Banque Populaire
* Airemploi
* Centre d'études supérieures industrielles of Orléans
* Électrcité de France
* Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées

## Other websites 
* Website of Aérocentre 

## Sources and references
Bothriolepis

***Bothriolepis*** is a genus of antiarch placoderms. It was widespread and diverse in the middle to late Devonian. 

*Bothriolepis* lived in environments across every continent including near-shore marine and freshwater settings. Most species of *Bothriolepis* were  small, benthic, freshwater detritivores. They got nutrients by eating decomposing plant/animal material. They were about  in length.  However, the largest species, *B. maxima*, had a carapace about  in length. 

Over 70 species are found across the world, but this is also typical of modern bottom dwelling species around today.

## References
Arthrodire

The **Arthrodires** (Arthrodira) are an order of extinct armoured, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi. They flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and living in most marine ecological niches.

Greek for "jointed neck", the arthrodires had movable joints between armour plates surrounding the head and body. The mouth is interesting. As the lower jaw moved down, the head shield moved, allowing a large opening. Lacking distinct teeth, like all placoderms, they used the sharpened edges of a bony plate as a biting surface. The eye sockets are protected by a bony ring, a feature shared by birds and some ichthyosaurs. 

Early arthrodires, such as the genus *Arctolepis*, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group, *Dunkleosteus*, was a true superpredator of the latest Devonian period, from 3 to 9 m in length. In contrast, the long-nosed *Rolfosteus* measured just 15&nbsp;cm.
]] 

A common misconception is the arthrodires were sluggish bottom-dwellers that were outcompeted by more advanced fish. But during their reign, the arthrodires were one of the most diverse and numerically successful vertebrate orders of the Devonian. They occupied a vast spectrum of roles from apex predator to detritus-nibbling bottom dweller. The arthrodires were one of many groups eliminated by the mass extinctions of the late Devonian. This let other fish such as sharks diversify into the vacant ecological niches during the Carboniferous period.
2014–15 La Liga

The **2014–15 La Liga** season (known as the *Liga BBVA* for sponsorship reasons) was the 84th season of the premier association football league in Spain. The campaign began on 23 August 2014 and ended on 24 May 2015.

Barcelona won its 23rd title on 17 May 2015 after defeating defending champions Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón Stadium.

## Results 
*2014–15 La Liga - Results of first round
*2014–15 La Liga - Results of second round

## Statistics 
### Top goalscorers 
### Hat-tricks 
4 Player scored four goals
5 Player scored five goals
Convention

**Convention** may mean:

* Convention (norm), a custom or tradition, a standard of presentation or conduct
** Treaty, an agreement in international law
* Convention (meeting), meeting of a (usually large) group of people and/or companies who share a common interest
** Fan convention, a gathering of fans of a particular  genre
** Gaming convention, has role-playing games, collectible card games, miniatures wargames, board games, video games, and the like
** Political convention, a formal gathering of people for political purposes
* Trade fair
* Bridge convention, a term in the game of bridge
* Convention (Paris Métro), a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 15th arrondissement
* "The Convention" (*The Office* episode)
* "Convention" (*Malcolm in the Middle* episode)

## Related pages
*Norm
*Doctrine
* Conference
* National Convention (disambiguation)
Battle of the Atlantic

The **Battle of the Atlantic** was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II to defeat the Germans in 1945. The British Royal Navy repeated the blockade of Germany of World War II, and Germany repeated its attempt to blockade Britain by using U-boats. The German Navy also tried to use surface warships in the Atlantic Ocean, but lost them in various battles.

## Notes and References 
## Notes
HMS Birkenhead

The '*HMS *Birkenhead'''* was a British troopship that  on 25 February 1852 near Cape Town, South Africa. It was one of the first iron-hulled ships built for the Royal Navy.  She was designed as a steam-powered frigate, but was converted to a troopship before being commissioned.

Many of the lifeboats could not be ed because of poor  and a thick layer of paint that kept the mechanisms from working. The soldiers famously stood aside and allowed the women and children to get into the working lifeboats safely. The ship had been built by the famous Scottish John Laird family of Birkenhead, Merseyside, England. That evening, everyone was resting in their hammocks below decks when the ship hit a hidden reef off a point now called "Point Danger". The impact ripped the ship open allowing the sea to pour in. The forward watertight compartment flooded immediately, drowning about 100 men in their hammocks. A second impact tore open the second of the two watertight compartments flooding it. The remaining officers and men assembled on the deck. Because the winches were not well maintained and clogged with paint, the two large lifeboats that could hold 150 people each could not be launched. The ship fired distress rockets but there were no other ships nearby. Two cutters and one gig (small boat) were launched. The order was given for the men to "stand fast" (remain where they were) allowing the women and children into the few boats available. The horses were freed so they could swim the approximately two miles (3.2&nbsp;km) to shore. Twenty minutes after hitting the rock the ship broke up and sank. A few managed to swim to shore while most either drowned or were taken by sharks.

## Aftermath 
The schooner *Lioness* discovered one of the cutters the next morning and made it to the scene where they rescued as many people as they could. It was reported in The Times newspaper that there were 643 people on board the Birkenhead, but this was an estimate as the records were lost with the ship. The survivors included about 113 Army personnel of all ranks, 6 Royal Marines, 54 sailors, 7 women and 13 children. Eight horses made it to shore (a ninth broke its leg getting off the ship). The disaster was the start of the standard protocol of women and children first. The *Birkenhead Drill'' became the best example of courage in the face of death.

A lighthouse was built at Danger Point in 1895 to warn ships of the dangerous reef. It is about 59 feet (18 metres) tall and can be seen for about 25 nautical miles out to sea. A memorial to the Birkenhead disaster is at the base and points to the rock where the ship sank.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Soldier an' Sailor too, by Rudyard Kipling
* Birkenhead drill, YouTube
* ‘Women and Children First’? On Sinking Ships, It’s Every Man for Himself
Rome Square (Jerusalem)

**Rome Square** (, *Kikar Roma*, ) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. The square was dedicated in 2009 during the visit of the mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno. The square in located next to the Italian Jews Museum and the Italian Synagogue in Jerusalem.  

## Other websites
Captain Forever

***Captain Forever*** is the name for several space shooter indie games created by Jarred "Farbs" Woods. There are six total versions of the games in the series.

## Gameplay 
In *Captain Forever,* the player is the pilot of a ship that can be expanded or upgraded using parts (such as blasters or boosters) found from other defeated ships. The goal is to stay alive for as long as possible. The game advances by defeating ships of progressive difficulty (represented by color) You lose the game after the pilot is destroyed.

## Sequels 
*Captain Successor* was released in 2009, and included new parts.

*Captain Impostor*  was released in 2010 for supporters of the game, and included some updates

*Captain Jameson* was a new project, but scrapped in 2013. This served as the framework for the next game, *Dawn Star.*

*Dawn Star* updated the game with new aesthetics and mechanics. Originally called *Captain Jameson Reboot.*

*Captain Forever Remix* was released in 2015 by Jarred "Farbs" Woods with Dean Tate and Brian Chan, working with Pixelsaurus games. *Captain Forever Remix* added many new parts to the ship, and, allowed for parts to be unlocked, and a series of definitive levels (represented by planets in the solar system). The game also styles the pilot as a young girl imagining the game, playing against her brother, the antagonist of the game. Progression through the planets is achieved by destroying ships of a certain level.

## Awards 
*Captain Forever* won the Best Game award at China's first Independent Games Festival in 2009.

## References
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity

**Electromagnetic hypersensitivity** (**EHS**) is a condition where a person feels unwell for being near electromagnetic fields. Other names for it include **electrohypersensitivity**, **electro-sensitivity**, and **electrical sensitivity** (**ES**).  **Wi-Fi allergy** is a form of EHS.

According to the World Health Organization, EHS is described by vague symptoms that are different in each person. The symptoms are real and can be weak or strong and can make some disabled. There is no specific list of features to diagnose someone, and there is no scientific link between electromagnetic fields and how people feel. 

## Legitimately 
EHS is not a medical diagnosis. and the medical and scientific communities don't think its a real illness. Several double-blind experiments suggest that people who say they have EHS can not detect if electromagnetic fields are present, and are just as likely to report feeling sick after a phony exposure as they are after real exposure, making scientists think it is the nocebo effect.

## Popular culture
In the TV show *Better Call Saul*, Jimmy McGill's brother Chuck stays at home and believes he suffers from electromagnetic hypersensitivity.

## Related pages
* Wi-Fi Safety

## References
Paris Square (Jerusalem)

**Paris Square** (, *Kikar Pariz*, also called **France Square** = *Kikar Tzarfat)* is a square or plaza in Jerusalem. The name France Square was established in 1959. In 2007 the city of Paris gave Jerusalem a "French Fountain" that was built in the middle of the square. From that time the square has been called "Paris Square".

## Other websites
Petra Herrera

**Colonel Petra Herrera**, also known as "Pedro Herrera", was a Mexican "soldadera".  She fought as a revolutionary in the Mexican Revolution.

## Life 
Petra Herrera changed herself into "Pedro" Herrera and joined the revolutionary troops of Pancho Villa. She changed her looks and became more masculine.  She invented tricks like saying she shaved at dawn before the other soldiers were awake.  She was known for her courage, and for her specialty of blowing up bridges.

As "Pedro" Herrera, she was well-liked. She was accepted as a leader. She decided to reveal that she was a woman, but the  revolutionary leaders would not give her a military rank.

### The end of her days 
At the end of the fighting, she asked to be a general and to continue to fight, but they only gave her a promotion to colonel. Later, the women under her command were disbanded.   It is not clear how Herrera died. Some say she finished her military days as a spy. They say she was attacked by bandits and died from the wounds.  Others say she died in the cross fire between the federal soldiers and the revolutionaries in Zacatecas.  Others say she formed her own brigade of 25,000 women and lived in a camp where men could not enter without being attacked.  Still others say she ended her existence as a waitress in the city of Juarez in Chihuahua.

## References
Moscow Square (Jerusalem)

" in the square.]]
**Moscow Square** (, *Kikar Moskva,* ) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. The square was dedicated in 2007 during the visit of the mayor of Moscow Yury Luzhkov in Israel. The square is the center of the Russian Compound next to the Russian church.

## Other websites
Võ Thị Sáu

**Võ Thị Sáu** (Đất Đỏ, 1933 – January 23, 1952) was a Vietnamese hero. She was a schoolgirl who  against the French. (Vietnam was a French colony until 1954.) She was a guerilla fighter.

She was born Phước Thọ Commune, Đất Đỏ District in 1933. In 1948, she started helping the Viet Minh. Many of her friends and family were part of the Viet Minh. She was a contact for the guerillas and passed information to the fighters.

When she was 14, she attacked some French soldiers. She threw a grenade at them. A Captain was killed. Twelve soldiers were hurt. She was not caught.

In 1949, she made another attack. She threw a grenade at a man who was in charge of executions (a canton chief.) The attack did not work: the grenade didn't explode. The French police caught her after the attack. She was sent to prison.

Today, she is considered a martyr. She is buried in Hàng Dương Cemetery on Côn Sơn Island. Many Vietnamese people come to worship at her grave.

## References
Kollam temple fire

On 10 April 2016 at around 3:30 am Indian Standard Time, there was an explosion and fire at the Puttingal Temple in Paravur, Kollam, Kerala, India. The incident happened when firework celebrations went out of control. More than 100 people were killed. More than 350 were injured, some with severe burns. The temple did not have permission from Kerala Government authorities to do a competitive fireworks display.

## References
Marie Christine de Rouvroy

**Marie Christine de Rouvroy** (May 7, 1728 - July 4, 1774) was a French noblewoman. She was later a member of the House of Grimaldi by marriage. She was a granddaughter of the famous writer, the *duc de Saint-Simon*  (1675-1755). She was known as the **Countess of Valentinois** or as **Princess Charles Maurice of Monaco**. She was a lady-in-waiting to three of the daughters of Louis XV of France and to the Countess of Provence.

## Life
Her parents were Jacques Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Ruffec (1698-1746) and his wife Catherine Charlotte Thérèse de Gramont (1707-1755). She was known as *Mademoiselle de Ruffec* before marriage. she was formally married to Prince Charles Maurice Grimaldi of Monaco, "Count of Valentinois" on 10 December 1749. The wedding took place in the private chapel of the Hôtel Saint-Simon in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV. The couple eventually separated in 1766, having had no children.

## Titles
*May 7 1728 - 10 December 1749: *Mademoiselle de Ruffec*.
*10 December 1749 - 1766: The Countess of Valentinois. (*Madame la comtesse de Valentinois*)

## References
Better Call Saul

***Better Call Saul*** is an American television series created by Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould. It is a spin-off another show, *Breaking Bad*. *Better Call Saul* is set in 2002 and follows the story of a lawyer James "Jimmy" McGill (Bob Odenkirk), six years before he appeared on *Breaking Bad*.

The first season consists of 10 episodes. The show's 10-episode second season premiered on February 15, 2016. On March 15, 2016, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season.

Like the show that came before it, *Better Call Saul* has been praised by critics. It has been nominated for several awards, including four Primetime Emmy Awards, three Writers Guild of America Awards, two Critics' Choice Television Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Golden Globe Award. The first episode held the record for the highest-rated scripted series premiere in basic cable history.

## References
Złotoryja

**Złotoryja** (German: Goldberg, Latin: Aurum) it's a town in southwest Poland in Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Złotoryja is a capital of Złotoryja County.

Since 1945 Złotoryja was a part of German Reich.

## History 
Since 8th until 10th century in the area of Złotoryja lived people from tribe called Trzebowianie. At the end of the 12th century German miners settled here.

In 1211 Złotoryja received the city law. In 1241 miners from Złotoryja fought in Battle of Legnica against Mongols. 

Złotoryja was Czech fief since 1328.
Impuzamugambi

The **Impuzamugambi** was a militia that was created in Rwanda in 1992.  "Impuzamugambi" means "those with the same goal" in Kinyarwanda, Rwanda's official language.

The Impuzamugambi was made of young people from an ethnic group called the Hutus.  A similar militia, the Interahamwe, was also made of young Hutus.  Together, these two militias killed tens of thousands of Tutsis, members of another ethnic group, in the Rwandan genocide.  They also killed some Hutus who did not agree with the pro-Hutu government.

## About the Impuzamugambi
In 1992, two political parties that supported the Hutu president created the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe.  These political parties were extremist pro-Hutu groups.

The militias got training from the Rwandan army.  One of the militias' commanders  that his men were so well trained that they could kill 1,000 Tutsis in 20 minutes.

## The Impuzamugambi during the genocide
On April 6, 1994, Rwanda's President, Juvénal Habyarimana, and Burundi's President were in an airplane that got shot down.  Both men were Hutus.  As the United States Department of State said later:

### Roadblocks
Within half an hour of the airplane crash, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe started blocking the roads in Kigali, Rwanda's capital city.  All Rwandans had to carry identification cards that said their ethnic group on them.  The militias killed every Tutsi they found.

In this way, the Rwandan army and the militias killed 20,000 people in the first five days of the genocide.

This allowed the militias to spread the genocide around Rwanda.  There were militia all over the country.  However, the militia did not do all of the killing in the genocide.  They , and sometimes forced, regular people to kill their Tutsi neighbors, friends, wives, or husbands.  If they did not do this, they would be killed themselves.

The militias massacred groups of Tutsis who were trying to hide in places like schools and churches.  For example, on April 21, 1994, in the Murambi Technical School massacre, militia members killed almost 65,000 Tutsis in one day.

The militias also raped and sexually assaulted many women and girls.  Overall, during the genocide, between 150,000 and 250,000 women and girls were raped (though there is no way to know how many of these crimes were committed by militia, and how many by army members).

## End of the genocide
The Ugandan army joined the Tutsi rebel army in fighting the extremist Hutus.  Bit by bit, they took control of more parts of Rwanda.  Finally, on July 4, 1994, they took control of Kigali.

In 2003, the ICTR found both Ngeze and Barayagwiza guilty of planning and leading the genocide; trying to get other people to commit genocide; and crimes against humanity.  They were both sentenced to life in prison.  The sentence against Barayagwiza was later decreased to 35 years due to a legal mistake.  He will stay in prison for at least 27 years.

## Related pages
* Racism
* Genocide
* Bosnian genocide
* Rwandan genocide
* Cambodian genocide
** Interahamwe
** United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
* Crimes against humanity

## References
Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois

**Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois** (14 May 1727 – 18 January 1798) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title **Count of Valentinois**. He had a fairly importanmt military career and was also a Grandee of Spain. He is also sometimes referred to as **Prince Charles Maurice of Monaco**. 

## Life
Born at the "*Hôtel Matignon*" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Duke of Valentinois but the title was given to Charles Maurice to be used as a Count. 

His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751. 

## Marriage
Married on 10 November 1749 to Marie Christine de Rouvroy the couple were married in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV of France. They separated in 1766 having had no children together. 

## Military career
At the age of 18 he partook in the Battle of Fontenoy For his military abilities he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece. 

## References
ENSTA Paris

**École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées** (ENSTA ParisTech) is a engineering graduate school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
* *Ingénieur ENSTA ParisTech* (ENSTA ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
* Master of Science
* *Mastères Spécialisés* (MS)
* Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA ParisTech.

Most of the 600 graduate engineer students at ENSTA ParisTech live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

## Admission 
Admission to the "ENSTA ParisTech engineering Programme" implemented at ENSTA ParisTech is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success to either: 
* an admission exam for Bachelors of Sciences ;
* a French nationwide selective exam with *numerus clausus* : concours Mines-Ponts (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
* a selective application as per *Top Industrial Managers for Europe* (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)
The "ENSTA Programme" typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience. Thus undergraduate studies + the ENSTA Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.
 
However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two-years at ENSTA ParisTech and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.

## Research labs 
Research activities at ENSTA ParisTech relate to the following topics:
*Chemistry and Processes Unit (UCP)
*Electronics-IT-robotics Unit (U2IS)
*Applied Mathematics Unit (UMA)
*Mechanics Unit (UME)
*Applied Optics Unit (UOA)
*Applied Economics Unit

## Notable alumni 
* Valérie Cornetet, head of the Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées

## References 
## Further reading 
* Official website
Wind instrument

A **wind instrument** is a type of musical instrument where the player blows into (or over) a mouthpiece to produce sound. They typically fit into two : woodwind instruments and brass instruments. Woodwind instruments include oboe, clarinet, flute, and saxophone. The brass instruments include the bugle, trumpet, trombone, cornet and tuba.  

## References
Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151

The **Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151** is a type of train used by Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. It is the first generation rolling stock on the MRT and is one of the five types of electric multiple units on the North South and East West Lines.

The trains were introduced in 1987 and are still in operation. There are sixty-six trainsets with six cars each. There is a single money trainset with four cars that was used to collect money from different stations. It has been withdrawn from service. These trains are operated by SMRT Trains.

The trains were upgraded between 2006 and 2008, mainly to improve the trains' appearances. Most of the important parts for the trains' functioning were not replaced as they were still considered in good condition. However, due to what was considered one of the MRT's worst breakdowns in its history, a second upgrade was planned to replace these important parts, but the Land Transport Authority paused the upgrades as they wanted to replace the trains entirely instead. Currently, only a few trains have these parts replaced.

## Withdrawal 
Starting from 22 June 2020 with set 045/046, C151 trains are being removed from service. These trains will be replaced by new Alstom Movia R151 trains which started its service in June 2023. The last service of four C151 trains on 26 September 2025; after the fully retirement/decommissioned. later train cars to the Scrapyard from trailer vehicles.

## Design
The train currently has a black livery with a red stripe, similar to that of the newer generation C751B and C151A rolling stocks. Before upgrade, it had a full white paint scheme with red stripe.

After the upgrades, the number of seats in a row was reduced from 9 to 7, and more grab poles and straps were installed.

## Train Formation
The C151 is made out of 2 3-car trainsets permanently coupled together. Each trainset is assigned a unique number, and each carriage has its own number. There are 132 trainsets numbering 001-132. There would either be normal coupled (099/100) or cross coupled (001/100). A complete set would be coupled together as such:

DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT

DT- driving trailer (3)  M1/2 motor car 1/2 (1/2)

The first number of the four numbers is the carriage number, DT (3), M1(1), M2(2).

The second number is the identification number. For the C151, this number is either a '0' or a '1'.

The third and fourth number is the trainset number 

For example, trainset 099/100 would consist of:  3099-1099-2099-2100-1100-3100

## Related pages
*Siemens C651
*Kawasaki Heavy Industries & Nippon Sharyo C751B
*Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151A
*Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B
*Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Sifang C151C
El Hedim Square

]]
**El Hedim Square** (, "the square of demolition") is a famous square in Meknes, Morocco. The square was built in the years 1672-1674 after the Sultan of Morocco, Moulay Ismail, demolished half of the Old city of Meknes for his palace and the square. the Mansour Gate is in the front of the square.

## Other websites
Buprestidae

**Buprestida** is a family of beetles. In English, they are known as **jewel beetles** or **metallic wood-boring beetles**, because of the coloring of their carapace. 

The family is among the largest of the beetles, with some 15,000 recent species  in 450 genera. In addition, almost 100 fossil species have been described.

## References
Moroccan riad

A **Moroccan riad** is a al Moroccan house or palace with an inside garden or courtyard. A riad normally has two or more storeys around an Spanish-style courtyard that contained a fountain. They usually do not have outside-facing windows. Riads were the city homes of the wealthiest citizens such as merchants and courtiers. The name riad comes from the Arabic word ‘ryad’, meaning a garden.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Moroccan architecture

## Other websites 
* that art of moroccan riad in "Metropolismag" site