open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hedge

A **hedge** or **hedgerow** is a close-knit row of shrubs and sometimes tree species. They were usually planted and "trained" to form a barrier. They marked the boundary of an area, and so were a sign of possession. 

Livestock farmers use them to prevent cattle straying out of fields. Animals which cannot usually be contained in fields (hill sheep for example) need a man and dog to look after them, which is an expense. Hedges were much more common before modern agriculture. Modern crop farming uses machines to gather the crop, and so hedges have almost disappeared in some areas.

When hedges are first laid, they are usually all of one species. But over hundreds of years, the number of species in a hedge gradually increases, and often includes fully-grown trees. There are many hedges in Europe which have been there for 500 or a thousand years.

Making hedges into ornaments is a skill called topiary.  Sometimes, hedges are made into mazes.

Hedges are vitally important to small birds and mammals. In the modern world they play the role which thick forest undergrowth would have played in an ancient ecology. The nests in a hedge or thicket often cannot be got at by larger predators. Obviously tiny birds like robins or finches choose safe places to nest, and if they cannot, then their brood is unlikely to survive. 

## References
Karen Gillan

**Karen Sheila Gillan** (born 28 November 1987) is a Scottish actress, director, screenwriter and model. She is best known for playing the part of Amy Pond in the British science fiction series, *Doctor Who*.

## Early life
Karen Sheila Gillan was born on 28 November 1987 in Inverness, Scotland. She learned to play the piano when she was seven.  She started acting when she was very young. She joined several local youth theatre groups. She also acted at her school, Charleston Academy. Karen Gillan moved to London when she was 18 to study at drama school.

Her cousin, Caitlin Blackwood, played the part of the young Amy Pond in at least three episodes of *Doctor Who*.

## Career
### Modelling 
Before Karen Gillan started acting on television, she worked in a London pub. She had had left Italia Conti for a television programme, but was hired by a modelling agency.
Karen Gillan worked as a model in London Fashion Week, in 2007. She worked for designer Allegra Hicks' show.

### Acting 
Karen Gillan began acting on television doing small parts, on several drama series. Her first larger role was as a part of the ensemble cast of the sketch comedy series *The Kevin Bishop Show*. She worked for the series for two years. On the programme,  she played many different characters. She also played celebrities such as Katy Perry and Angelina Jolie. She was on Channel 4's 'Stacked'. She played the part of Ginny. Karen Gillan also was on TV in a main part in a horror programme *The Well*. It was broadcast as a series of short movies, on BBC Two. It was later shown on the internet.

Karen Gillan was cast as Amy Pond on the British sci-fi series *Doctor Who* in May 2009. Her first episode as Amy Pond was shown on 3 April 2010.  Gillan had been in *Doctor Who* once before in the 2008 episode "The Fires of Pompeii" as a different character. at the Donmar Warehouse on 16 October 2011. On 15 December 2011, it was said that Gillan and Arthur Darvill (Rory Williams) would only be on the early part of seventh series, in 2012.

After leaving *Doctor Who*, Karen Gillan has appeared in 2013 horror film *Oculus* and 2014 Marvel superhero science fiction film *Guardians of the Galaxy*. Both of films received positive reviews from critics, while *Guardians of the Galaxy* became a critical and commercial success, grossing over $774 million worldwide. Also in 2014, she was cast as the main character in ABC's sitcom *Selfie*.

In May 2015, it was announced that Karen Gillan was cast in the Adam McKay-directed drama film *The Big Short* alongside Brad Pitt, Christian Bale, Ryan Gosling, Steve Carell and Melissa Leo. She directed her first short film, *Coward*, which won several awards and screened at the 2015 Edinburgh Film Festival. Later that year, in September, Karen Gillan was cast as one of the main characters, Annie, in the movie *The Circle* alongside Emma Watson, Tom Hanks and John Boyega. The film is directed and written by James Ponsoldt and is based on the novel written by Dave Eggers.

## Filmography
## Awards
## References
## Other websites
*
Maze

s]]
A **maze** is a puzzle. It is made of a  system of paths. Mazes can be on paper. They can also be big enough to walk through. Labyrinths, which are similar, have one winding path instead of many paths like a maze. Sometimes balls are placed in small mazes which have to be moved to the end through the maze.
2007 Scottish Parliament election

The **2007 Scottish Parliament election** was an election held on 3 May 2007 to elect members to the Scottish Parliament.

Going into the election, the Scottish Labour Party had the largest number of seats and had a coalition agreement with the Scottish Liberal Democrats with Jack McConnell as First Minister. The Scottish National Party won 47 seats in the election, which was the largest number of seats for any party in the election, but was not enough to form a majority government. The Scottish National Party then formed a minority government with Alex Salmond as First Minister.

This was the first time since the 1964 UK General Election in which the Labour Party did not get the highest number of votes in Scotland and it also gave the Scottish National Party it's largest ever number of votes. The final results were: **Scottish National Party** (47 Seats), **Scottish Labour Party** (46 Seats), **Scottish Conservative Party** (17 Seats), **Scottish Liberal Democrats** (16 Seats) and the **Scottish Green Party** (2 Seats). Parties which had won seats in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election including the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Senior Citizens Party, lost all of their seats.

## Voting system
Scotland is divided into 73 constituencies with roughly the same number of people in each one. Each of these constituencies elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) using the First Past the Post voting system. These 73 constituencies are grouped into eight regions. Each of these regions elects seven MSPs using proportional representation which means that the total number of MSPs is 129.

## Party leaders
Scottish National Party - Alex Salmond

Scottish Labour Party - Jack McConnell

Scottish Conservative Party - Annabel Goldie

Scottish Liberal Democrats - Nicol Stephen

Scottish Green Party - Robin Harper / Shiona Baird

## Next election
The next election to the Scottish parliament was held on 5 May 2011.
Cauchy distribution

In mathematics, the **Cauchy-Lorentz distribution** (after Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Hendrik Lorentz) is a continuous probability distribution with two parameters: a location parameter and a scale parameter. As a probability distribution, it is usually called a *Cauchy distribution*. Physicists know it as a *Lorentz distribution*. 

When the location parameter is 0 and the scale parameter is 1, the probability density function of the Cauchy distribution reduces to f(x)= 1/[\pi (x^2+1)]. This is called the **standard Cauchy distribution**. It is also often used in statistics as the canonical example of a "pathological" distribution, since both its mean and its variance are undefined. The look of a Cauchy distribution is similar to that of a normal distribution, though with longer "tails". 

Due to this, estimating the mean value may not converge to any single value with more data (law of large numbers) unlike a normal distribution; due to a higher chance of getting extreme values (the tails of a frequency plot). 

## Related pages 
* Student's t-distribution

## References
Quaesitosaurus

***Quaesitosaurus*** (meaning "abnormal or extraordinary lizard") was a huge, long-necked, whip-tailed, plant-eating dinosaur that was found in the Gobi Desert in Mongolia. *Quaesitosaurus* may have been about 75 feet (23&nbsp;m) long. This sauropod dinosaur lived during the late Cretaceous Period, roughly 85-80 million years ago. *Quaesitosaurus* may be the same as *Nemegtosaurus*. This environment was semi-arid during the Mesozoic Era.
Emperor Norton

**Joshua Abraham Norton**, or **Emperor Norton** (1819? - 1880) was a man who declared himself Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico. He was born in London  to John and Sarah Norton. but no one knows his actual birthday or what year he was born in. 

Before he became emperor he was a citizen of San Francisco. Norton spent a lot of his early life in South Africa. Before he was emperor he made a living by being a businessman. He lost a lot of money by trying to control the rice market in San Francisco by buying all the rice he could find. This did not work because ships came with more rice. 

Emperor Norton I died on January 8, 1880. The reason of his death is unknown. He collapsed on the corner of California and Grant on his way to a lecture. The next day, he had his funeral. During Emperor Norton’s funeral, a solar eclipse took place. The whole city came to his funeral, and all of them mourned. Emperor Norton is now buried at Woodlawn Cemetery.

## Influence
Writer Mark Twain based the character of The King in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn on Norton.

## References
## Other websites
*
Life (British TV series)

***Life*** is a 2009 British biology show made by the BBC with many episodes. The shows include the aspects of animals' environment, as well as some examples of how the environment shapes different animal species.

## Episodes
Each episode is divided into parts, examples of how different animal species must adapt to the environment.

## References
## Other websites
* Official *Life* website at BBC Online
Torvosaurus

***Torvosaurus*** was a large dinosaur from the end of the Jurassic period. It lived about 153 to 148 million years ago in what is now Colorado and Portugal.

*Torvosaurus*, possibly the largest carnivore of all time, was a large, heavily-built, bipedal carnivore. It grew to 9 to 11 meters in length and an estimated weight of about 2 metric tons. Its hands and arms were about average for its size. In proportion to other famous carnivores, *Allosaurus* had more powerful arms, and *Tyrannosaurus* had tiny arms.

Studies suggest that the paleoenvironment of this part of the Morrison Formation had rivers flowing from the west into a basin with a giant, saline alkaline lake. There were extensive wetlands nearby. Fossils from the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry of western Colorado show one of the most diverse Upper Jurassic vertebrate assemblages in the world. The Dry Mesa Quarry has produced the remains of the Jurassic sauropods such as *Apatosaurus*, *Diplodocus*, *Barosaurus*, *Supersaurus*, *Brachiosaurus*, and *Camarasaurus;* the iguanodontid *Camptosaurus;* and the flesh eating *Allosaurus*, *Ceratosaurus* and *Ornitholestes*, as well as *Drinker, Hesperosaurus* and *Stegosaurus*. It's also known that *Torvosaurus* may have preyed upon young *Barosaurus*.

## Sexual dimorphisms 
It's known that male *Torvosaurus* were different from females. Sometimes, the parent would leave its offspring to get food to the nest.

## Media 
*Torvosaurus* appeared in video games and TV shows such as Dinosaur King and Dinosaur Revolution.

## References
Brassica oleracea

***Brassica oleracea***, or **wild cabbage**, is a species of *Brassica* native to coastal southern and western Europe.

Its tolerance of salt and lime, and its dislike of competition from other plants, restrict it to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both sides of the English Channel. 

## Cultivation 
*B. oleracea* is believed to have been cultivated for several thousand years. It has been bred into a wide range of cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and more. Some of which are hardly recognisable as being members of the same genus, let alone species.
, India.]]

The plant is used because of its large food reserves, which are stored over the winter in its leaves. It is rich in essential nutrients including vitamin C.

The cultivars of *B. oleracea* are grouped into seven major cultivar groups, of which the Acephala Group remains most like the natural wild cabbage in appearance: 
*Acephala Group: kale and collard greens
*Alboglabra Group: Chinese broccoli
*Botrytis Group: cauliflower, Romanesco broccoli and broccoflower 
*Capitata Group: cabbage 
*Gemmifera Group: brussels sprouts 
*Gongylodes Group: kohlrabi 
*Italica Group: broccoli 

All are in the same species. However, artificial selection has brought about genetic differences between the groups.

In places such as the Channel Islands and Canary Islands where the frost is minimal, and plants can grow all year round, some cultivars can grow up to 3 meters tall. These "tree cabbages" yield fresh leaves throughout the year, and the plant is not destroyed as with a normal cabbage. Their woody stalks are sometimes dried and made into walking sticks.
.]]
Some (notably brussels sprouts and broccoli) contain high levels of sinigrin which may help prevent bowel cancer. 

## References
Covenant

A **covenant** is a formal agreement, a promise made between two people. It is often used as a religious promise. It can also be an item which is a symbol of keeping the promise. Some covenants include stone tablets, written documents, and other sacred items. In Judaism, the Ark of the Covenant was a wooden box which held the stone tablets with the Ten Commandments written on them. The Jewish people saw the box as a symbol of God being with them and leading them.

## Related pages 
* Contract
* Covenant (law)

## References
PlayStation Portable system software

The **PlayStation Portable** has firmware that can get an update. When one updates the firmware, the battery must be charged to at least 3 bars (i.e. 60%), and the PSP should not be switched off. This may result in a brick and/or a constant startup BSOD or another screen "of death". As of January 15, 2015, the latest firmware is 6.61.

## Version Chart
## References
French Communist Party

The **French Communist Party** (, PCF) is a French far-left political party. Founded in 1920, it had a large influence in the XXth century, especially after the Second World War, and is still important in the French political life, though it declined over years.

## History 
The French Communist Party was founded in 1920 after the Tours Congress of the French Section of the Worker's International (SFIO, today the Socialist Party), as the French Section of the Communist international (SFIC), by members who wanted to join the Third International. It took in 1921 the name of "Communist Party".

In 1936, it was a part of the Popular Front and supported its social reforms, but refused to participate in the government.

During the Second World War, the PCF became a clandestine organisation and organised a massive armed resistance against the Nazi occupation. At the Liberation, the party was the most important in France and had several ministers in the Provisional Government. However, its support to independentist movement in French Indochina and to strikes isolated it from other parties.

From the 1930s to the 1980s, the French Communist Party's line is close to the Soviet Union's. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 also affects the PCF, whose electoral support decreases rapidly.

## Electoral results 
At the French 2007 legislative election, the PCF gained 4.29% of the votes, one of its worst results. However, the Communist party is still one of the most important party in some regions of France (Seine-Saint-Denis, Nord...), where it has been historically strong.

In 2009, the PCF created the "Left Front" () with the Left Party, and ran as a part of this alliance in the 2009 European Parliament election and the 2009 Regional election, with some success.

## Related pages 
* Political Parties in France

## References 
## Other websites 
*  Official website of the French Communist Party
*  Official website of the Left Front
Tim Duncan

**Timothy "Tim" Theodore Duncan** (born April 25, 1976) is a former professional basketball player from the US Virgin Islands. He played the power forward and center for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA) his entire 19 year career.

## Early life
Duncan was a swimmer when he was young. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo destroyed the pool he used to practice swimming, and his mother died a year later. Duncan gave up on swimming after this and began playing basketball.

## Basketball career
Duncan played college basketball for four years at Wake Forest University. After college, the San Antonio Spurs chose him with the first pick in the 1997 NBA Draft. Duncan helped the Spurs win NBA championships in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014. He was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the NBA in 2002 and 2003. Duncan was a 15 time All-Star and received the title of NBA All-Star Game co-MVP in 2000. He won his 5th and final title of NBA in 2014, when he was 38. He retired after finishing his 19th season.

## References
## Other websites
*
Spawn (biology)

spawning]]
**Spawn** is the eggs of some aquatic animals. Laying those eggs is called **spawning**. Animals that live in water, such as fish and amphibians, reproduce by spawning. When the spawn hatches, the young fish are called fry and the young amphibians are called tadpoles.
Michael Howard

**Michael Howard** (born Michael Hecht, 7 July 1941) is a British politician who was the Leader of the Conservative Party from November 2003 to December 2005. He was also a cabinet minister in both Margaret Thatcher's and John Major's governments. He was a Member of Parliament for the constituency of Folkestone and Hythe from 1983 to 2010. In 2010, he entered the House of Lords as **Baron Howard of Lympne**.

Michael Howard was born in Gorseinon, a town in Swansea, Wales.   He is of Jewish descent. He studied Law at the University of Cambridge and became a Queen's Counsel in 1982. He then became a Member of Parliament at the 1983 General Election. His cabinet jobs included Secretary of State for Employment (1990-1992), Secretary of State for the Environment (1992-1993) and Home Secretary (1993-1997). When the Conservative Party lost the 1997 General Election, Michael Howard became a member of the shadow cabinets of William Hague and Iain Duncan Smith.

In 2003, the Leader of the Conservative Party Iain Duncan Smith was made to resign and Michael Howard was elected unopposed to become the Conservative Party leader. 'Unopposed' means that no-one other than Michael Howard was a candidate. Michael Howard was the Conservative candidate to become Prime Minister at the 2005 General Election. The Conservatives did not win the election, however they had 33 more seats in Parliament than they did before. Michael Howard resigned shortly after this and David Cameron replaced him as Conservative Party leader.

He was made a Companion of Honour in the 2011 Birthday Honours.

## References
Least concern

**Least concern** is a  used by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to talk about living things that are not endangered. They do not need to be worried about because there are many of them found at the time of classification.

## Mammals
Here is a list of mammals that are least concern. They include:

* African civet
* African golden wolf
* African linsang
* Amazon weasel
* American badger
* American hog-nosed skunk
* Angolan genet
* Antarctic fur seal
* Asian badger
* Asian palm civet
* Back-striped weasel
* Black-backed jackal
* Black-gilded pipistrelle
* Bobcat
* Brown fur seal
* Brown palm civet
* Burmese ferret-badger
* California sea lion
* Canada lynx
* Cape bushbuck
* Cape genet
* Caracal
* Chinese ferret-badger
* Collared pipistrelle
* Common genet
* Coppery pipistrelle
* Cougar
* Coyote
* Crab-eating fox
* Culpeo
* Darwin's fox
* Egyptian weasel
* Eurasian lynx
* European badger
* European polecat
* Fennec fox
* Geoffroy's cat
* Giant forest genet
* Golden jackal
* Golden palm civet
* Guadalupe fur seal
* Haussa genet
* Honey badger
* Hooded skunk
* Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk
* Jaguarundi
* Japanese badger
* Javan ferret-badger
* Juan Fernández fur seal
* Jungle cat
* Large Indian civet
* Least weasel
* Leopard cat
* Long-tailed weasel
* Malayan civet
* Malayan weasel
* Masked palm civet
* Minke whale
* Molina's hog-nosed skunk
* Necklace pipistrelle
* New Zealand fur seal
* North American river otter
* Nyala
* Ocelot
* Pardine genet
* Reddish-gray mouse lemur
* Rusty-spotted genet
* Saharan striped polecat
* Sand Cat
* Serval
* Servaline genet
* Siberian weasel
* Side-striped jackal
* Small Indian civet
* Small-toothed civet
* Social pipistrelle
* South American fur seal
* South American sea lion
* Southeastern myotis
* Southern spotted skunk
* Steppe polecat
* Stoat
* Striped hog-nosed skunk
* Striped polecat
* Striped skunk
* Subantarctic fur seal
* Western spotted skunk
* Wildcat
* White-tailed deer
* Wolf
* Yellow-bellied weasel

## Birds
Here is a list of birds that are least concern. They include:
* Black-banded fruit dove
* Common ground dove
* Dwarf fruit dove
* Eared dove
* Eclectus parrot
* Egyptian plover
* House sparrow
* Laughing dove
* Moreno's ground dove
* Orange fruit dove
* Rock dove
* Ruddy ground dove
* White-bellied green pigeon
* Mourning dove 

## Reptiles
* Morelet's crocodile
* Nile crocodile
* Saltwater crocodile
* Spectacled caiman

## Fish
* Goliath tigerfish
* Flathead grey mullet

## Insects
* Asian tiger mosquito
List of South American dinosaurs

This is a **list of dinosaurs** whose remains have been recovered from **South America**.

## List of South American dinosaurs
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*.]]
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*.]]
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*.]]
*.]]
:

## Key
## Criteria for inclusion
*The creature must appear on the List of dinosaurs.
*Fossils of the creature must have been found in South America.
*This list is a complement to :Category:Dinosaurs of South America.

## Notes
Abelisaurus

***Abelisaurus*** is a genus of theropod dinosaur. They lived in South America during the Upper Cretaceous period. There is one species in the genus *Abelisaurus comahuensis*. 

*Abelisaurus* was the first abelisaurid that people found. The family, the Abelisauridae, is named after *Abelisaurus*'. *Abelisaurus* is the type genus. Despite this, scientists do not know much about how the dinosaur lived. 

The only fossils found so far are several skull bones.  People found them in Argentina. Scientists put them back together in a lab to create a skull. The skull is similar to that of other members of its family. Like most abelisaurs, it is blunt and short in length, but tall from top to bottom. *Abelisaurus* probably ate large sauropod dinosaurs, such as *Amargasaurus*. Scientists think *Abelisaurus* hunted in packs. It may also have hunted smaller plant-eating dinosaurs, such as the small ornithopod *Gasparinisaura*.

## References
Gargoyleosaurus

***Gargoyleosaurus*** ("gargoyle lizard") was an armoured ankylosaur which walked on four legs and had a stiff tail. It had a series of spikes running along each side of its body. *Gargoyleosaurus* was about 10 feet (3 m) long and was roughly 3.3 feet (1 m) tall to the top of the shoulder it may have weighed about a ton. 

*Gargoyleosaurus* is found in the  of the Morrison Formation (latest Upper Jurassic) in Wyoming. It lived about 155&ndash;144 million years ago.

## Description 
This dinosaur had a long, narrow beak with teeth on both the upper and lower inner surface (most other ankylosaurs have teeth on only the lower beak). This plant-eater had protective body armour on the upper surface of its body and tail (hollow bony oval plates).
John Boehner

**John Andrew Boehner** (pronounced /ˈbeɪnər/ BAY-nər; born November 17, 1949) is an American politician. Between 2011 and 2015, he was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

Boehner is a member of the Republican Party.  He served in the Ohio State House from 1985 to 1990.  In 1990, he became a Congressman (a member of the United States House of Representatives). Boehner resigned in early October 2015. He was succeeded as Speaker by Paul Ryan on October 29, 2015.

## Early life
Boehner was born in Reading, Ohio and was one of twelve brothers and sisters.  Boehner worked in his family's bar and briefly served in the United States Navy before graduating from Xavier University in 1977. Later, he was a small businessman.

## Political career
He has been in politics since 1985. He represents the area north of Cincinnati, Ohio.  Boehner served as chair of several important committees before becoming Minority Leader in 2006.  While minority leader, Boehner was one of the main people who were critical of President Obama.  When the Republicans took back the House of Representatives in the 2010 elections, Boehner became Speaker of the House.

In September 2015, Boehner said he would step down as Speaker and that his resignation would be in effect on October 30. His resignation became in effect on October 29 with Paul Ryan succeeding him.

## References
## Other websites
* Speaker John Boehner ''official site for the Speaker's Office*
* Congressman John Boehner  *official U.S. House site*
* Friends of John Boehner *official campaign site''
* The Freedom Project political action committee
Jewish Virtual Library

**Jewish Virtual Library** (JVL) is a Jewish topic-based online encyclopedia set up in 1993. It has been one of the most wide-ranging databases covering the culture and history of Jews and antisemitism.According to the website, the Library covers material that cannot be found anywhere else in the world, such as information about projects where the United States and Israel worked together, and how Americans were treated during the Holocaust.  It explains that it got permission to use materials from the Library of Congress, from the American Jewish Historical Society, the Anti-Defamation League, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the Foreign Ministry of Israel, and Prime Minister’s Office, Rabbi Joseph Telushkin (author of *Jewish Literacy*), and dozens of other sources.

It has more than 13,000 articles and 6,000 photographs and maps about Jewish history, Israel, U.S.-Israel relations, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Judaism.  The website has all of the words of the Tanakh.  The Jewish Virtual Library also has the Israel advocacy text "Myths and Facts", edited by Mitchell Bard, in several languages.

## Reception
John Jaeger, in an article published by the *Association of College and Research Libraries*, said of the Jewish Virtual Library: 
"This library, once it is entered, is more like a living encyclopedia than it is anything else. One has options to click on, such as history, women, biography, politics, Israel, maps, and Judaic Treasures at the Library of Congress, with each launching a person into a different realm. The site is extremely well put together.

Karen Evans of Indiana State University wrote that the site covers many different topics, with "easily accessible, balanced information".

## Related pages
* Holocaust Encyclopedia
* Anti-Defamation League

## References
## Other websites
* Jewish Virtual Library
* Anti-Defamation League
* Southern Poverty Law Center
Coelurus

***Coelurus*** (meaning "hollow") is a poorly known genus. It was perhaps a bipedal theropod dinosaur 6&nbsp;feet (1.8&nbsp;m) long, weighing roughly 20&nbsp;kg. Its femur (thigh bone) was 55&nbsp;cm long. It was a carnivore that lived during the late Jurassic period, about 156 to 145 million years ago. Its bones were hollow and lightweight, so *Coelurus* was probably light and fast. Its fossils were found in Wyoming. *Coelurus* was named by paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh in 1879.
CB Breogán

**Club Baloncesto Breogán** is a galician basketball team. It was founded in 1966. The team currently plays in league ACB, but in the past the team participated in European competitions.

## Major Trophies 
* **LEB Oro** (*LEB Gold*) : **3** *(Record)*
** 1998/99, 2017/18, 2020/21
* '''Prince's Cup of Basketball**: **3'* *(Record)*
** 2007/08, 2017/18, 2020/21
* **Copa Galicia de Baloncesto** (*Galician League*): **14** *(Record)''
** 1986, 1987, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2018, 2021, 2022

## Current Squad 
This is the 2010-11 Breogán's squad.
* 4. James Feldeine (6&nbsp;ft 4 in)
* 5. Eric Hayes (6&nbsp;ft 4 in)
* 6. Jordi Vallmajó (6&nbsp;ft 3 in)
* 7. Camilo Riveiro (6&nbsp;ft 6.5 in)
* 8. Arnette Hallman (6&nbsp;ft 6 in)
* 9. Cliff Brown (6&nbsp;ft 7 in)
* 10. Brandon Polk (6&nbsp;ft 7 in)
* 12. Óliver Arteaga (6&nbsp;ft 10.3 in)
* 13. Xavi Forcada (6&nbsp;ft 4.7 in)
* 14. José Amador (6&nbsp;ft 11 in)
* 15. Betinho (6&nbsp;ft 6.2 in)
* **President:**
** Jesús Lázare
* **Head coach:**
** Natxo Lezkano

## Famous Players 
* Santi Abad
* Jeff Adrien
* José Miguel Antúnez
* Charlie Bell
* Tanoka Beard
* Anthony Bonner
* Devin Davis
* James Donaldson
* Greg Foster
* Nikola Lončar
* Pete Mickeal
* Velimir Perasović
* Manel Sánchez

## Famous Coaches 
* Andreu Casadevall
* Moncho López

## References
Nanosaurus

***Nanosaurus*** ("small or dwarf lizard") was an ornithopod dinosaur that measured about 4 ft (1.1 m) long, weighing about 50 pounds (22.5 kg). Nanosaurus had a horny beak and a small skull with self-sharpening cheek teeth. Nanosaurus may have had cheek pouches. 

This plant eater was bipedal (walked on two legs). It had thin legs and a stiffened tail that gave it speed and agility. It had five-fingered hands and four-toed feet, all clawed. It had large eyes and short arms. *Nanosaurus* resembled Hypsilophodon. Its fossils (two partial skeletons and teeth) were found in Colorado and Utah in rocks of the Late Jurassic age.
Andrei Kolkoutine

**Andrei Kolkoutine** ( born in 1957 in Smolyaninovo, Primorsky Krai) is a Russian artist. In 1982 Kolkoutine graduated at the Repin Academy of Arts in Leningrad, named after Ilya Repin. Kolkoutine lives in southern Russia in the town of Nalchik. 
He belongs to the art group " FOSTER BROTHERS " together with two other artists - Andrey Efi and Eugeny Lindin.
The medium of his paintings is usually oil on canvas, but Kolkoutine also made a few sculptures and prints. Besides Russia, Kolkoutine has made exhibitions in Denmark, Germany, France and other European countries as well as the United States.

## Style 
Kolkoutine settled into his current characteristic style by the end of the 1980s in which he mixes traditions from the Russian icons with other art styles: suprematism from Malevich, cubism and naïve art. Kolkoutine states that he sought the special tones of colours which are seen in the old Russian icons, and he developed a method for making these tones by pasting a layer of neutral grey paint on the canvas before painting the colours. Geometrical and abstract elements are combined with figurative elements. Buildings and playing cards may appear at the bottom of the paintings as well as Cyrillic letters. Frames in different colours surrounding the motifs are often oblique.

## Motifs 
Often the motifs are either stylized biblical or simple working people from the Russian province; according to Kolkoutine the biblical characters are in principle the same kind as the provincial people (Bjørnager, 2006). The biblical motifs are also a reflection of his origin; they are distinctly orthodox. Jekatarina Seleznjova states that in her opinion the fundamental question asks in his paintings is ”Why are we here?” (Seleznjova, 2007), and thus despite the culturally characteristic motifs, Kolkoutine's paintings are supposed to touch something universally human. Kolkoutines paintings are both simple and complicated it is said.

## References 
* Bjørnager, Kjeld: Andrei Kolkoutine: Signs and deeds from the Russian Province. Ganymed Publishers, 2006
* Kolkoutine, Andrej: Pictures from the Russian Province (kartiny russkoj provincii
* Kolkutin, Andrej), Ganymed Publishers, 1997
* Seleznjova, Jekaterina. ‘Andrei Kolkoutine’, 2007, Galerie Moderne, Silkeborg 
* Galerie Moderne: ’Kolkoutine’ 2001
* Eveleigh, Romilly. ”Postmodern Icon” April 1, 2005

## Other websites 
* Homepage of Andrei Kolkoutine 
* Homepage of the "Foster Brothers"
Phyllis Schlafly

**Phyllis Schlafly** (August 15, 1924 in St. Louis, Missouri - September 5, 2016 in Ladue, Missouri) was an American conservative. She was a political activist, author, and constutional attorney. 

Her best-selling book, *A Choice, Not an Echo*, was written in 1964. The book was about corruption in the Republican Party and how people with lot of money unfairly influenced elections. She was a big supporter of Barry Goldwater, who was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964. Goldwater had beaten Nelson Rockefeller, a more moderate candidate backed by big money. Although Goldwater would lose the 1964 election to Lyndon Johnson, the campaign helped start the modern conservative movement. Starting in 1967, she published her own newspaper, the *Phyllis Schlafly Report*. When the Equal Rights Amendment was passed by congress, she organized a campaign against it. Schlafly argued that the amendment would not actually help women, often pointing out that it would force women to be drafted. After a long and controversial debate, the amendment was not added to the Constitution. Schlafly is usually considered the main force that stopped it. She is very critical of the feminist movement, saying that "it teaches women to be victims." She helped with Ronald Reagan's campaign for the presidency in 1980. Schlafly remained active in politics until her death. 

Schlafly died at the age of 92 in Ladue, Missouri of pancreatic cancer.
XPilot

***XPilot*** is multiplayer 2D space action video game. It is an open source game, and its first version was released in 1991.

## Development 
*XPilot* was created in 1991 by Bjørn Stabell and Ken Ronny Schouten, students in computer science at the Tromsø university (Norway), as a multiplayer game similar to *Thrust*. They received a lot of patches and feedback when they released the first public version. The game has been improved a lot by players from all the world and has many contributors. Originally only available on UNIX, it was ported on the Mac OS and Microsoft Windows. It has been forked and new versions appeared: XPilot 5 and XPilot NG (Next Generation).

In 2009 a version was released for iPhone and iTouch. Several projects are currently in progress: a Java version of XPilot, an optimised version for the ''Blood's Music* map and a project to improve the artificial intelligence.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official page of the original *XPilot*
* Page of *XPilot 5* and *XPilot NT*
* Page of *XPilot NG''
* XPilot iPhone
* Java XPilot Client
Cult of domesticity

The **cult of domesticity**, also known as the **cult of true womanhood,** is an ideology about the roles proper for white women in the 1800s. This way of thinking promoted the ideal that wealthy white women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. This ideology promoted an ideal of separate spheres, in which women remained in the home and men led out in the world. Four ideals were held up for women to aspire to:

#Be more religious than men (piety)
#Be pure in heart, mind, and body (purity)
#Be deferential to their husbands (submissiveness)
#Act as keepers of home and hearth, concerned chiefly with household duties (domesticity)

The idea of this domesticity was practiced in 1820. However, the ideology was not recognized and truly followed until the 1840s and 1850. Some think that this domesticity came to an end only when the Civil War had ended (in 1865) due to some changes in beliefs about women's roles.

This ideology strongly discouraged women from obtaining an education. This ideology was thought to elevate the moral status of women and benefit them in ways such as living lives of higher material comfort. It made the roles of wife and mother important in society.
## References 
2. https://study.com/academy/lesson/cult-of-domesticity-definition-significance.html

3. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/117679/Bonventre.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Moral Majority

The **Moral Majority** was a political organization in the United States. It was made by Jerry Falwell. It tried to get conservative Christian views into laws by lobbying.  It was one of the major organizations of the religious right. It was started in 1979, in response to *Roe v. Wade* and other events known as the "culture wars". It broke up in the late 1980s. It had four branches:

*Moral Majority, Inc. – the lobbying division
*Moral Majority Foundation – educated people on political issues
*Moral Majority Legal Defense Fund – fought against people in court
*Moral Majority Political Action Committee – supported candidates with their views

It broke up during Ronald Reagan's presidency because people did not think that the matter was so . Other Christians also opposed it, as well as many liberal people.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking

**Spontaneous symmetry breaking** is a way symmetry breaks in a physical system. The underlying laws do not change, but the system as a whole changes. Symmetry breaking in physics occurs when a system is crossing a critical point. Small fluctuations decide the system's fate, by determining which branch is taken.
## Examples
There are several examples of spontaneous symmetry in nature.
*A needle on its point is unstable, and will therefore fall over. The direction it falls, however, is random.

* When a magnet is heated, above a certain temperature, it loses its magnetic properties. This is because the atoms are moving too fast to be aligned a particular direction.

## Uses for spontaneous symmetry breaking 
Spontaneous symmetry breaking can create a particle called a Higgs boson. This is a particle which is the force transferring particle (boson) of the Higgs field. The Higgs field gives mass to fundamental particles such as electrons. Also, many scientists believe in the Higgs effect (which is very similar to spontaneous symmetry breaking) to answer questions that are not answered in the standard model of physics. The standard model predicts that certain types of quarks should have a mass of zero, while in reality they have a non-zero mass value. Some scientists believe that spontaneous symmetry breaking is the answer.

## Method of spontaneous symmetry breaking 
For spontaneous symmetry breaking to happen, you need an environment which is completely symmetrical, and has at least two outcomes that are equally likely. Spontaneous symmetry breaking starts with two particles that are completely equal; their spin is equal, too. Mathematically, spontaneous symmetry breaking can be extremely puzzling, since you start out with two identical things and end up with two non-identical things. However, in practice, it is not so puzzling. If you have two particles moving at each other with equal speed, it would seem impossible for either of them to do anything but be symmetrical. However, if each particle has an equal 50-50 chance to be spinning one way or another, it is possible–in theory and in practice–to have this symmetry broken. It begins with symmetry to start with because the particles have an equal and symmetrical 50-50 chance of spinning one way or another.
Roman villa

A **Roman villa** is a country house or mansion that was built and inhabited during the Roman Republic or the Roman Empire. In general the house has a courtyard, and all rooms are accessible from the courtyard. The entrance also leads into the courtyard. An example of such a villa, called *villa rustica,* is shown in the picture. Villas were owned by rich people. Some of them even had mosaics, glass windows, central heating systems (called hypocaust), and their own baths. The Roman Villa was a precursor to the modern mansion.

## Related pages
* Roman house
Jake Shields

**Jake Shields** (born January 9, 1979 in Mountain Ranch, California) is an American mixed martial artist. He is best known for his time fighting in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he fought in the welterweight division. He has also fought for the Strikeforce and World Series of Fighting / Professional Fighters League promotions.

Shields had not lost a fight in 6 years until eventually challenging Georges St-Pierre for the UFC Welterweight Championship at UFC 129 and losing in a unanimous decision. Shields has also won many different titles including the Strikeforce Middleweight Championship, Shooto Middleweight Championship, Rumble on the Rock Welterweight Tournament Winner and the Elite XC Welterweight Championship. Shields holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.

Shields is also controversial in his use of social media. Shields has described himself as a right-wing extremist. He regularly posts antisemitic remarks on X (Twitter), Instagram, and other social media outlets. His support for the public execution of people who want to help children transition and injected himself into an argument with Andrew Tate and Greta Thunberg and suggested that Tate should give Thunberg a "proper smashing" so she abandons her "crazy  ". His comments have been widely condemned.
 
## References
## Other websites
* (Archive)
The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry

**The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry**, also known as **the Grange**, is an organization for farmers. It is in the United States. It is made for them to more easily buy expensive things. It also tried to make laws that supported farmers. It was the most popular in the 1870s. The most people it ever had was one million.  Today, it has 300,000 people.  Its name comes from the French for *barn*.

The Grange was fairly active in politics. In the 19th century, many members of the Grange were involved in the Greenback and Populist movements.  The Grange endorsed politicians well into the 20th century. Often, the endorsement of the State Grange was an important endorsement .
Supersymmetry

**Super symmetry** is a scientific theory that says that when elementary particles (such as photons, electrons, and quarks) were formed at the beginning of the universe, matching kinds of theoretical "super particles" were also created. If this theory is true, it would at least double the kinds of particles in the universe. If the universe has extra dimensions (M-Theory by Edward Witten predicts up to 11) then there would also be more ways to have symmetry and more kinds of super particles.

Many scientists hope to prove super symmetry because it fills many gaps in the Standard Model of physics (including dark matter) and would give support to the ideas of string theory. However, experiments in the Large Hadron Collider have not found evidence of super symmetry so far.

Super symmetry was the idea of Hironari Miyazawa (b. 1927).

## References
Antihydrogen

**Antihydrogen** is an atom made of antimatter. Just as normal matter, antihydrogen can bond and form molecules with other antimatter – it would annihilate any normal matter that it touches. 

## Structure
Antihydrogen has one positively charged positron orbiting a negatively charged antiproton. This is opposite to normal hydrogen, which has a negatively charged electron orbiting a positively charged proton.

## As a molecule
*Antihydrogen* can also refer to the molecule called antihydrogen, which is made of two bonded antiprotons.
Theoretical particle

**Theoretical particles** are particles that have been assumed or predicted to exist by scientists, but have not been proven in any experiment. Some, like the tachyon, probably don't exist, since they violate several laws of physics. However, many are still believed to exist.  All supersymmetric particles (such as a sfermion) are theoretical. Supersymmetrical particles are often abbreviated with an "s" in front of the particle name, like a sfermion. Particles found in antimatter are not theoretical particles because they *have* been found in numerous experiments.

## A list of theoretical particles
### Supersymmetrical Particles
* Sfermion
* Slepton
* Squark
* Smuon
### Particles that disobey laws of physics
* Tachyon
### Other hypothetical particles
* Sterile neutrino
* Graviton
* Glueball
Namco Museum Remix

***Namco Museum Remix*** is a video game released for the Wii.

This game features 14 classic arcade games which are *Cutie Q*, *Dig Dug*, *Galaxian*, *Gaplus*, *Mappy*, *Pac & Pal*, *Pac-Mania*, *Super Pac-Man*, and *Xevious*. There are a few remixed versions of games which are ''Pac'N Roll*, *Galaga*, *Motos*, *Rally X*, and *Gator Panic''.
Leptoceratops

***Leptoceratops*** (meaning "slender horned face") was a stocky ceratopsian dinosaur that had a large skull are there was a horn on its beaked snout. It is known from five skulls and some skeletal material. *Leptoceratops* are during in the Upper Cretaceous, about 6865 million years ago. Fossils have been found in Alberta, Canada, and Wyoming, in North America.
Montanoceratops

***Montanoceratops*** (meaning "Montana horned face") was a ceratopsian dinosaur, walked on four legs, had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, a small nose horn, cheek teeth, and a small frill on its head. Males may have had larger frills than females, indicating that the frill may have been used in courtship and mating.

## Description 
*Montanoceratops* was up to 6 feet long (1.8 m) and weighed about 900 pounds (400 kg). *Montanoceratops* lived in the late-Cretaceous period, about 72 to 65 million years ago, toward the end of the Mesozoic, the Age of Reptiles. Fossils have been found in Montana and Alberta, Canada.
Archelon

***Archelon*** was a huge marine turtle (Testudines) that was the size of a car. It lived in North America 74 million years ago (from the Upper Cretaceous) in the epeiric inland sea called the Western Interior Seaway. Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Kansas and South Dakota. 

This carnivore was up to  long. It had a wide, flattened shell, paddle-like legs, a long, narrow head, weak jaws, and a short, pointed tail. Its only predators were probably the larger mosasaurs. From its beak, its own food was probably squid.

*Archelon*, like other turtles, had a solidly-roofed skull with no opening (except for eyes, and nostrils). 

## References
Quantum fluctuation

A **quantum fluctuation** is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as explained in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. It applies only to quantum physics. 

 virtual particle-antiparticle pairs for exceedingly short periods of time. Like normal matter and antimatter, theoretical electrons and positrons annihilate each other. Unlike normal matter, however, they do not create any energy when they annihilate each other, but instead create an imaginary photon. Normal photons can interact with matter, but theoretical photons do not.

## References 
Abhyudaya Apoorva - The theory of nothing
Atlantic sturgeon

The **Atlantic sturgeon** (*Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus*) is a species of fish. It is a member of the Acipenseridae family. It is one of the oldest fish species in the world. It can be found from New Brunswick, Canada to the eastern coast of Florida. The numbers of Atlantic sturgeon have fallen because of overfishing and water pollution. It is considered threatened, endangered and even extinct in much of its original habitats. The fish live to 60 years of age, 15 feet in length and over 800 pounds in weight.

## References
Critical error

A critical error is an error which the OS cannot reasonably ignore so as to respond again. In Windows, the critical error is often linked with a BSOD. These errors are known also as system failure. However, not all types of OS failure are critical errors. Freezing or deadlock are *NOT* usually considered **critical**. Critical errors can lead to error avalanches also.

## Freezeup
## Deadlock
## Other failure
## Related pages
* BSOD
* Fatal error

## References