open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Yehud Medinata

**Yehud Medinata** (Aramaic for **the State of Judah**), or simply **Yehud**, was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. It was located within the satrapy of Eber-Nari.

## Overview
Yehud Medinata was similar to the older Kingdom of Judah but had a smaller territory. The area of Yehud Medinata is roughly the same as the previous Babylonian province of Yehud, created after the Kingdom of Judah was invaded by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (c. 597). Yehud Medinata continued to exist for two centuries, until the Greek Macedonian emperor Alexander the Great conquered it and made it part of his empire.

## History
The exact period for Babylonian and Persian rule is still under debate.

## Related pages
* Judea
* Parthia
* Jewish history
* Ancient history
* Classical antiquity

## References
## Other websites
### Maps
* Yehud Medinata map, CET – Center For Educational technology
* Yehud Medinata Border map, CET – Center For Educational technology

### Books
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Austerity

**Austerity measures** (political-economics) are government actions that try to reduce government budget deficits. They do this by spending less, increasing tax, both, or some other clever ways.

Austerity measures are used by governments that find it difficult to pay their debts. The measures are meant to reduce the budget deficit by bringing government revenue closer to spending.

In most macroeconomic models, austerity policies generally increase unemployment as government spending falls. Decreased government spending reduces public and maybe private employment. Also, tax increases can reduce consumption by cutting household disposable income. Some say that reducing spending may result in a higher debt-to-GDP ratio because government expenditure itself is a part of GDP.

For example, after the Great Recession, austerity measures in many European countries were followed by increasing unemployment and debt-to-GDP ratios despite smaller budget deficits. When an economy is operating at or near capacity, higher short-term deficit spending (stimulus) can cause interest rates to rise. This results in a reduction in private investment. This then reduces economic growth. Where there is excess capacity, the stimulus can result in an increase in employment and output.

## Related pages 
* Functional finance
* Neoliberalism
* Planned shrinkage
* Trickle-down economics

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Austerity Zone: Life in the New Europe – videos by *The New York Times*
* Socialist Studies Special Edition on Austerity (2011)
* Panic-driven austerity in the Eurozone and its implications Paul De Grauwe, Yuemei Ji, 21 February 2013 
* NYT Review of Books – Paul Krugman – How the Case for Austerity Has Crumbled – June 2013
* IMF Working Paper-Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh-Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers-January 2013
* How Austerity Kills. *The New York Times.* 12 May 2013.
* *The Austerity Delusion; Why a Bad Idea Won Over the West* May/June 2013 Foreign Affairs
* Video: Richard Koo debates Kenneth Rogoff about the need for austerity, Institute for New Economic Thinking inaugural conference, 22 April 2010
* ''"Debt may be 'Schuld' in German, but it's 'belief' in Italian and 'faith' in English"* Interview with Mark Blyth Science Portal L.I.S.A., 26 January 2015
* Austerity’s Greek Death Toll: Study Connects Strict Measures to Rise in Suicides. *Truthdig.* 4 February 2015.
* Hundreds of mental health experts issue rallying call against austerity. *The Guardian.* 17 April 2015.
* Juice Rap News (April 2015). The EuroDivision Contest, a satire/parody of austerity
* Is austerity the new normal? A look at Greece and France, Tony Cross
* Life Under Austerity. *Jacobin.* 12 July 2015.
* Austerity policies do more harm than good, IMF study concludes. *The Guardian.* 27 May 2016.
* When left-leaning parties support austerity, their voters start to embrace the far right. *The Washington Post''. November 20, 2018
Jimi system

The **Jimi system** () is a way to organize the government to rule over far-away foreign lands. It uses barbarians to rule over barbarians or the people you conquered to rule over the people you conquered. 

It was used in China between the 7th century and 10th century. It was used during the Tang Dynasty from 650s-740s. It was also used in the Song, Mongol Yuan, Ming dynasties. But then it was also called the *Tusi system* (). It ended around 1726. Then the Qing dynasty created a new system.

## Origin of term 
The term "Jimi" was first seen in the annotation of *Shiji* quoted by Sima Zhen in a book from the Eastern Han era. It means that a man uses a reign to lead a horse. 

Jimi roughly translates as "loose reigns". It was an indirect way to rule over people.

It is also known as **Jimi fuzhou** () or the **loose-control administrative units**, they were not commonly confused with Zhengzhou () or the **regular administrative units**.

## What is it? 
China back then often conquered foreign lands. For example when China would conquer barbarians in the north, it would gain a lot of land. How does China govern so much land? They needed a way to govern these foreigners (or "barbarians" 

Each year they would pay money to China (tribute). They helped with China's military.

There were three levels: the command (, like the central government), prefecture (, like a state) and county (). Together these were known as jimi fuzhou. Sometimes the term was applied to military camps created within Tang China.

## Notes 
## References 
* Zhou, Weiyan, "Jimizhou" . *Encyclopedia of China*, 1st ed.
* Yuan, Bolan, Min, Shenglan and Huang, Li. "Tang Song Minzu Zhengce Jimi Wenti Zhi Bijiao Yanjiu" ("Ethnic Policy of the Tang and Song Dynasties, A Comparative Study on the Question  of Jimi") . Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities. 2004.5. ISSN 1001-5140.
* Liu, Tong (1998). ''The Study of Tang Dynasty's Jimifuzhou''. Xi'an: Northwest University Press. .
* Tian, Suisheng et al. (1994). *A Comprehensive Knowledge of Local Government*. Beijing: China's Archives Press. .
* Zhang, Youjun et al. (1992). *General Discussion of Ethnic Policy in China*. Nanming: Guangxi Education Press. .

## Other websites 
* The Tang Dynasty's Domination Strategy towards the Korean Peninsula in the Mid-7th Century
Swadeshi movement

The **Swadeshi movement** was part of the Indian independence movement. It aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic conditions in India. It was begun on 7 August 1905 in Calcutta.

## References
Julian year

In astronomy, a **Julian year** (symbol: **a**) is a unit to measure time. It has exactly 365 days of 86,400 seconds each. That is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar used in Western societies in previous centuries, and for which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because a Julian year measures duration rather than designates date, the Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year. It is also not connected to the Julian day used in astronomy.
## References
Lawrence University

**Lawrence University** is a four-year college in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States. It was founded in 1847.  It is a private school not affiliated with any church. In addition to the men's and women's liberal arts colleges, Lawrence has a Conservatory of Music.  In 2018 there were 1,472 students in the university. Of these, 13% were foreign students from  over 45 countries.  There were 405 faculty members (76% were full time).  

## Degrees granted
Lawrence University grants two four-year degrees: B.A. and B.Mus.  It also grants a five-year combined B.A./B.Mus. degree.

## Affiliation
The university is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest (ACM), which has off-campus programs in the United States and many other countries. Students from Lawrence and the other member schools may take part in these programs.

Lawrence has been a member of the Midwest Conference sports league since it began in 1921. 

## Costs
One year's tuition and fees are $47,475.  Room and board are $10,341.

## Accreditation
The University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The Conservatory of Music is an accredited institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Music. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Warble fly

A **warble fly** is a large fly of the genus *Hypoderma*. It is an ectoparasite on horses, sheep, goats and humans. They lay their eggs on the front legs of large animals. They bore their way in, causing damage and distress. They have been eliminated from European countries, but reinfestations occur regularly.
Isekai

is a genre of Japanese manga, anime, light novel, video game, etc. It has character(s) who go into a different world.  

## The types of Isekai 
There are mainly two ways for the character(s) to go to a different world.  

One is . In some stories, the character goes to the different world keeping their memory. But there are also stories that the character remembers their previous life after being grown up. 

The other is . The way of moving to a different world is different between stories. For example, the character may suddenly move to a different world, or be made to move to a different world by somebody like god. 

## Examples 
Anime that are regarded as Isekai include *Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World*, *That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, Overlord, No Game No Life, Log Horizon,* etc.

There is some debate as to whether some anime such as *Sword Art Online.* In this anime, the protagonist goes into a virtual world and eventually get out.
Greek government-debt crisis

The **Greek government-debt crisis** happened after the financial crisis of 2007–08. In Greece it is known as **The Crisis** (). It started with sudden  reforms and austerity measures. But this made people poor and lose money and land. 

The Greek economy is in the longest recession of any advanced capitalist economy to date. It is even longer than the US Great Depression. Many well-educated Greeks left the country.

A trade deficit means that a country is buying more than it produces, so it has to borrow from others. Both the Greek trade deficit and budget deficit rose from below 5% of GDP in 1999 to peak around 15% of GDP in the 2008–2009 periods. Greece was perceived as a higher credit risk alone than it was as a member of the Eurozone. Thus investors felt the EU would help out Greece.

Reports in 2009 of Greek government disorganization increased borrowing costs. Greece could no longer borrow to finance its trade and budget deficits at an affordable cost. Greece had high budget deficit (10.2%  and 15.1% of GDP in 2008 and 2009, respectively). But at the same time it had high public debt to GDP ratio. Being a member of the Eurozone, the country had essentially no autonomous monetary policy flexibility. 

## Internal factors 
In January 2010, the Greek Ministry of Finance published the *Stability and Growth Program 2010*. The report listed five main causes: poor GDP growth, government debt and deficits, budget compliance and data credibility. Causes found by others included excess government spending, current account deficits, tax avoidance and tax evasion.

## Bibliography 
* 
* .
* .
* .
* 
* 
* 
* 
* .
* .
* .
* .

## References
Kara Swisher

**Kara Swisher** is an opinion writer at the NY Times.

## Other websites
* https://www.nytimes.com/column/kara-swisher
Riley County, Kansas

**Riley County** (standard abbreviation: **RL**) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 71,959 people lived there. The biggest city is Manhattan. Manhattan is also the county seat.

Two of Kansas' biggest employers are in Riley County: Fort Riley and Kansas State University.

## History
On May 30, 1879, the "Irving, Kansas Tornado" started in Riley County. This tornado was believed to have been an F4 on the Fujita scale. The damage path of it was  wide and  long. Eighteen people were killed. Sixty people were injured.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (2.0%) is water.

The county is in the Flint Hills region of Kansas.

## People
Riley County is part of the Manhattan, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. Millennials make up 53.6% of the population of Riley County. It is one of the highest rates in the United States.

## Government
### Presidential elections
Riley County is the only county in Kansas without an elected sheriff. The county police department handles all the Sheriff’s responsibilities.

## Education
### Colleges and universities
* Kansas State University
* Manhattan Christian College
* Manhattan Area Technical College

### Unified school districts
* Riley County USD 378
* Manhattan-Ogden USD 383
** Manhattan High School
* Blue Valley USD 384

## Places
### Cities
* Leonardville
* Manhattan, also partly in Pottawatomie County
* Ogden
* Randolph
* Riley

### Fort Riley
Fort Riley Military Reservation covers  in Geary and Riley counties. It is north of the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers in Geary County.  25,000 people are in the fort during the day. It includes a census-designated place:
* Fort Riley (formerly "Fort Riley North")

## References
## Other websites
;County
* 
* Riley County - Directory of Public Officials
;Historical
* The Irving, KS Tornado
* Riley County Kansas AHGP
;Maps
* Riley County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Riley County Maps: http://www.historicmapworks.com/Atlas/US/7759/Riley+County+1909/ (historical Township and place maps)
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Niobrara County, Wyoming

**Niobrara County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 United States Census, 2,467 people lived there. Its county seat is Lusk. Its eastern boundary abuts the west lines of the states of Nebraska and South Dakota.

## History 
Niobrara County was created on February 21, 1911.

The county was named for the Niobrara River, which rises near Lusk.

## Geography 
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.07%) is water.

### Bordering counties 
* Weston County – north
* Custer County, South Dakota – northeast
* Fall River County, South Dakota – east
* Sioux County, Nebraska – southeast
* Goshen County – south
* Platte County – southwest
* Converse County – west

## Communities 
### Towns 
* Lusk (county seat)
* Manville
* Van Tassell

### Census-designated place 
* Lance Creek

### Unincorporated communities 
* Keeline
* Riverview

## References 
## Other websites 
* Niobrara County, Wyoming official website
Platte County, Wyoming

**Platte County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 census, 8,605 people lived there. Its county seat is Wheatland.

## History 
Platte County was created on February 21, 1911. The county was named for the North Platte River, which flows through the northeastern part of the county.

## Geography 
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.3%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in Wyoming by area.

### Bordering counties 
* Niobrara County (northeast)
* Goshen County (east)
* Laramie County (south)
* Albany County (west)
* Converse County (northwest)

## Communities 
### Towns 
* Chugwater
* Glendo
* Guernsey
* Hartville
* Wheatland (county seat)

### Census-designated places 
* Chugcreek
* Lakeview North
* Slater
* Westview Circle
* Y-O Ranch
* Whiting

### Unincorporated communities 
* Bordeaux
* Diamond
* Dwyer
* Dwyer Junction
* Uva
* Wendover

### Ghost towns 
* Sunrise

## References 
## Other websites 
* Platte County, Wyoming official website
Sheridan County, Wyoming

**Sheridan County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 census, 30,921 people lived there. Its county seat is Sheridan.

## Communities 
### City 
* Sheridan (county seat)

### Towns 
* Clearmont
* Dayton
* Ranchester

### Census-designated places 
* Arvada
* Big Horn
* Parkman
* Story

### Unincorporated communities 
* Acme
* Banner
* Beckton
* Burgess Junction
* Kleenburn
* Leiter
* Ucross
* Ulm
* Wolf
* Wyarno

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sheridan County, Wyoming official website
Sublette County, Wyoming

**Sublette County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 census, 8,728 people lived there. Its county seat is Pinedale. The county was created on February 15, 1921.

## Communities 
### Towns 
* Big Piney
* Marbleton
* Pinedale (county seat)

### Census-designated places 
* Bondurant
* Boulder
* Cora
* Daniel

### Unincorporated community 
* Calpet

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sublette County, Wyoming official website
Ford County, Kansas

**Ford County** (county code **FO**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 34,287 people lived there. Its county seat is Dodge City. Dodge City is also the biggest city in Ford County. The county is named after Colonel James Hobart Ford.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.07%) is water.

## People
]]
The Dodge City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Ford County.

The 2020 census says that there were 34,287 people. These people made up households. 50.1% of the people were White, 2.9% were Black or African American, 2.2% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 24.5% from other races, and 19.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 57.4% of the population.

## Government
### Presidential elections
Ford County has been strongly Republican for most of its history, especially in recent elections. Only eight Democratic presidential candidates from 1888 to the present day have won the county. The most recent winner being Jimmy Carter in 1976.

### Laws
 tracks near Bellefont, 1974.  Photo by Charles O'Rear.]]
Ford County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was changed in 1986. The changed allowed liquor to be sold.

## References
Uinta County, Wyoming

**Uinta County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 census, 20,450 people lived there. Its county seat is Evanston.

## Communities 
### City 
* Evanston (county seat)

### Towns 
* Bear River
* Lyman
* Mountain View

### Census-designated places 
* Carter
* Fort Bridger
* Lonetree
* Robertson
* Urie

### Unincorported communities 
* Aspen

### Ghost towns 
* Almy
* Bear River City
* Piedmont

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official county website
Washakie County, Wyoming

**Washakie County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 census, 7,685 people lived there. Its county seat is Worland. The county was created on February 21, 1911.

## Communities 
### City 
* Worland (county seat)

### Town 
* Ten Sleep

### Census-designated places 
* Airport Road
* Mc Nutt
* South Flat
* Washakie Ten
* West River
* Winchester

### Unincorporated community 
* Big Trails

## References 
## Other websites 
* Washakie County, Wyoming Official Website
Cherokee County, Kansas

**Cherokee County** (county code **CK**) is a U.S. county in Southeast Kansas. In 2020 census, 19,362 people lived there. Its county seat is Columbus. The biggest city in Cherokee County is Baxter Springs. Baxter Springs became the first "cow town" in Kansas during the 1870s and the period of cattle drives.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water.

### Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau

* U.S. Route 66 (decommissioned)
* U.S. Route 69
* U.S. Route 160
* U.S. Route 166
* Kansas Highway 7
* Kansas Highway 26
* Kansas Highway 57
* Kansas Highway 66 (successor to the decommissioned US 66)
* Kansas Highway 96
* Kansas Highway 102

## People
]]

## Government
### Presidential elections
For most of its history, Cherokee County had more of a Democratic lean in presidential elections than the rest of the state, particularly before 1968. Since then, its only voted for Democratic candidates twice in 1976 & 1992, when it was their second & fourth best county in the state, respectively. From 1996 on, the county has swung powerfully Republican similar to the rest of Southeast Kansas, with Hillary Clinton posted the worst percentage for a Democratic candidate ever at only 23.3%.

## Communities
 Map of Cherokee County (map legend)]]

### Cities
*Baxter Springs
*Columbus
*Galena
*Oswego (mostly in Labette County)
*Roseland
*Scammon
*Weir
*West Mineral

### Ghost town
* Treece, officially disincorporated in 2012 by the state of Kansas

## References
;Notes

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Cherokee County - Directory of Public Officials
;Historical
* "Mined Lands" video 
;Maps
* Cherokee County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Weston County, Wyoming

**Weston County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 census, 6,838 people lived there. Its county seat is Newcastle. Its east boundary line abuts the west line of the state of South Dakota.

## History 
Weston County was created on March 12, 1890.

## Communities 
### City 
* Newcastle (county seat)

### Town 
* Upton

### Census-designated places 
* Hill View Heights
* Osage

### Unincorporated communities 
* Clareton
* Four Corners

### Ghost towns 
* Buckhorn
* Cambria
* Tubb Town

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official county website
Sweetwater County, Wyoming

**Sweetwater County** is a county in southwestern Wyoming, United States. As of the 2020 census, 42,272 people lived there. Its county seat is Green River. Its southern boundary line abuts the north lines of the states of Colorado and Utah.

## History 
Sweetwater County was created on December 17, 1867.

## Geography 
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.6%) is water. It is the largest county in Wyoming by area.

### Bordering counties 
* Fremont County (north)
* Carbon County (east)
* Moffat County, Colorado (south)
* Daggett County, Utah (southwest)
* Summit County, Utah (west-southwest)
* Uinta County (southwest)
* Lincoln County (west)
* Sublette County (northwest)

## Communities 
### Cities 
* Green River (county seat)
* Rock Springs

### Towns 
* Bairoil
* Granger
* Superior
* Wamsutter

### Census-designated places 
* Arrowhead Springs
* Clearview Acres
* Eden
* Farson
* James Town
* Little America
* McKinnon
* North Rock Springs
* Point of Rocks
* Purple Sage
* Reliance
* Sweeney Ranch
* Table Rock
* Washam

### Other unincorporated communities 
* Blairtown
* Creston
* Quealy
* Red Desert
* Riner

### Ghost towns 
* Bryan
* Linwood (mostly within the State of Utah)
* Table Rock
* Winton

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Geary County, Kansas

**Geary County** (county code **GE**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 36,739 people lived there. Its county seat and most populous city is Junction City. The county is named after Governor John W. Geary.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (4.9%) is water. It is the second-smallest county in Kansas by land area. It is the third-smallest by total area.

## People
]]
Geary County is in the Junction City, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is included in the Manhattan-Junction City, KS Combined Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
### Laws
Geary County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 and voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.  The food sales requirement was removed with voter approval in 1990.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Geary County USD 475
**Geary is one of the few Kansas counties where a single school district serves the entire county.

## Communities
 Map of Geary County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Grandview Plaza
* Junction City
* Milford

### Unincorporated community
* Wreford

### Ghost towns
* Alida, razed when Milford Lake was built

### Fort Riley
Located north of the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, the Fort Riley Military Reservation covers  in Geary and Riley counties.  The fort has a daytime population of nearly 25,000 and includes one census-designated place:
* Fort Riley (formerly Fort Riley North), primarily in Riley County

### Townships
Geary County is divided into eight townships.  The city of Junction City is considered *governmentally independent* and is excluded from the census figures for the townships.  In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

## References
## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Geary County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 42 pages; 1909.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Geary County - Directory of Public Officials
;Other
* Junction City and Geary County Economic Development
* Geary County Convention and Visitors Bureau 
* Fort Riley 
;Historical
* Geary County Kansas AHGP
;Maps
* Geary County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Pottawatomie County, Kansas

**Pottawatomie County** (standard abbreviation: **PT**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 25,348 people lived there. The county seat is Westmoreland. The county is named after the Potawatomi group of Native Americans.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that  is land and  (2.4%) is water.

## People
Pottawatomie County is part of the Manhattan Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
Pottawatomie County is very Republican. The only Democratic presidential candidate to get a majority in Pottawatomie County was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. Since 1940 only Lyndon Johnson in 1964 has gotten as much as forty percent of the county’s vote.

## Education
### Unified school districts
The Unified School Districts that serve Pottawatomie County include:
* Wamego USD 320 (Wamego, Louisville, Belvue)
* Kaw Valley USD 321 (St. Marys, Emmett)
* Onaga USD 322 (Onaga, Havensville, Wheaton)
* Rock Creek USD 323
* Riley County USD 378 (West-Central Pottawatomie County)
* Manhattan-Ogden USD 383 (Southwest Pottawatomie County)
* Blue Valley USD 384 (Olsburg, Fostoria)

### Private schools
* St. Marys Academy & College (St. Marys)
* Flint Hills Christian School (Manhattan)

## Communities
 Map of Pottawatomie County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Belvue
*
* Emmett
* Havensville
* Louisville
* Manhattan, mainly in Riley County
* Olsburg
* Onaga
* St. George
* St. Marys
* Wamego
* Westmoreland
* Wheaton

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Handbook of Pottawatomie and Riley Counties, Kansas*; Modern Ago; 20 pages; 1880s.
* *Standard Atlas of Pottawatomie County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 57 pages; 1905.
* ''Onaga Courier's Township Map of Pottawatomie County, Kansas''; Onaga Courier; 59 pages; 1899.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Pottawatomie County - Directory of Public Officials
* Pottawatomie County Economic Development Corporation - PCEDC
;Maps
* Pottawatomie County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Henrietta, Texas

**Henrietta** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Clay County.

## History 
Henrietta was created in 1874.

## Geography 
Henrietta has a total area of 5.2 square miles.

## People 
Henrietta has 3,111 people living there.

## Well-known people 
* Charlene Arthur
Atchison County, Kansas

**Atchison County** (county code **AT**) is a county in northeastern Kansas, in the Central United States. In 2020, 16,348 people lived there. Its county seat is Atchison. Atchison is also the biggest city in the county.  The county is named after David Rice Atchison, a United States Senator from Missouri.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water. It is the fourth-smallest county by area in Kansas.

On July 4, 1804, to mark Independence Day, the Lewis and Clark Expedition named Independence Creek near the city of Atchison (see Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition).

### Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* U.S. Route 59
* U.S. Route 73
* U.S. Route 159
* Kansas Highway 7
* Kansas Highway 9
* Kansas Highway 116

## People
]]

Atchison County is in the Atchison, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is also included in the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
Atchison County has been a swing county for most of its history. It has had multiple extended streaks of being a bellwether county, the first  running from 1896 to 1936. After voting more Republican than the nation in the 1940s & voting for losing candidate Richard Nixon in 1960, another bellwether streak ran from 1964 to 2004. Since then, the county has become significantly more Republican, with Barack Obama failing to win the county in both of his victories & Hillary Clinton losing it by over 30 percent to Donald Trump in 2016.

## Education
### Unified school districts
* Atchison County Community USD 377 (Web site)
* Atchison USD 409 (Web site)

## Communities
 Map of Atchison County (map legend)]]

### Cities
*Atchison
*Effingham
*Huron
*Lancaster
*Muscotah

## References
## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Atchison County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 40 pages; 1903.

## Other websites
;Official sites
* 
* Atchison County - Directory of Public Officials
* Atchison County - Chamber of Commerce
;Historical
* Atchison County - History, Kansas State Historical Society
* Atchison County - Historical Society
;Maps
* Atchison County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Lisa Lu

**Lisa Lu Yan** (; born July 8, 1927) is a Chinese-born American actress and singer. She won the Golden Horse Awards three times in the 1970s. She was born in Beijing and raised in California. Lu is known for her roles in *The Mountain Road*, *Demon Seed*, Peter Bogdanovich's *Saint Jack*, *The Last Emperor*, *The Joy Luck Club* and *Crazy Rich Asians*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Butterfield, Minnesota

**Butterfield** is a city in Watonwan County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 601 at the 2020 census.

## References
John Tanton

**John H. Tanton** (February 23, 1934 – July 16, 2019) was an American ophthalmologist, white nationalist and anti-immigration activist. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. 

Tanton was the founder and first chairman of the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), an anti-immigration organization. He was the co-founder of the Center for Immigration Studies, an anti-immigration think tank; and NumbersUSA, an anti-immigration lobbying group. 

He was chairman of U.S. English and ProEnglish. He was the founder of The Social Contract Press. He founded the pro-eugenics organization Society for Genetic Education.

Tanton died in Petoskey, Michigan on July 16, 2019 from Parkinson's disease at the age of 85.

## References
Petoskey, Michigan

**Petoskey** is a city and coastal resort community in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was about 5,877 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Emmet County.

## References
Ernie Broglio

**Ernest Gilbert Broglio** (; August 27, 1935 – July 16, 2019) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball from 1959 to 1966. He was born in Berkeley, California. Broglio was best known as the "other player" in the controversial trade that sent future Baseball Hall of Fame outfielder Lou Brock from the Cubs to the Cardinals in June 1964.

Broglio died on July 16, 2019 from cancer in San Jose, California at the age of 83.

## References
Howard Engel

**Howard Engel** CM (April 2, 1931 – July 17, 2019) was a Canadian mystery writer and CBC producer. He was well known for his novel series of Benny Cooperman detective novels. Engel was a founder of Crime Writers of Canada. He was born in St. Catharines, Ontario.

Engel died of pneumonia on July 17, 2019 in Toronto at the age of 88.

## References
Pumpsie Green

**Elijah Jerry "Pumpsie" Green** (October 27, 1933 – July 17, 2019) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) infielder. He played with the Boston Red Sox from 1959 to 1962) and for the New York Mets in 1963. He was a switch-hitter who threw right-handed. He was listed as  tall and . Green was born in Boley, Oklahoma.

Green died at a hospital in San Leandro, California on July 17, 2019 at the age of 85.

## References
Boley, Oklahoma

**Boley** is a town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,091 at the 2020 census. Boley was made a town in 1903 as a Black pioneer town with a few Native Americans among its citizens.

## References
Ian Chappell

**Ian Michael Chappell** (born 26 September 1943) is a retired Australian cricketer and commentator. He played for South Australia and Australia. He captained Australia between 1971 and 1975. He was born in Unley, South Australia.

Chappell was known as "**Chappelli**". He is thought to be one of the greatest captains of cricket. 

He retired in 1980. He became a cricket commentator, working for Channel Nine. Chappell was added into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1986, the FICA Cricket Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 2003. In July 2009, Chappell was added into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

In July 2019, Chappell announced that he had skin cancer.

## References
Wesley Pruden

**James Wesley Pruden Jr.**, known as **Wesley Pruden** (December 18, 1935 – July 17, 2019) was an American journalist and author. He was the editor-in-chief of *The Washington Times* from 1992 until his retirement in 2008.

## References
Husaini Abdullahi

Vice-Admiral **Husaini Abdullahi** (3 March 1939 &ndash; 9 July 2019) was a Nigerian military admiral and politician. He was the military governor of Bendel State, Nigeria from March 1976 to July 1978 during the  military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo.

Abdullahi died on 9 July 2019 at the age of 80.

## References
Nikola Hajdin

**Nikola Hajdin** (Serbian Cyrillic Никола Хајдин); 4 April 1923 – 17 July 2019) was a Serbian construction engineer and  professor. He was the president of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 2003 to 2015 as a member of the Department of Technical Sciences. He was born in Vrbovsko, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Hajdin died on 17 July 2019 in Belgrade at the age of 96.

## References
Bruce Laingen

on January 27, 1981, with President Ronald Reagan]]
**Lowell Bruce Laingen** (August 6, 1922 – July 15, 2019) was an American diplomat. He was the U.S. Ambassador to Malta from 1977 to 1979. He worked under the Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter presidencies. He was a World War II veteran. Laingen was best known for having been the most senior American official held hostage during the Iran hostage crisis. 

He was the chargé d'affaires (head of diplomatic mission) at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran at the time of the crisis. He was born in Butterfield, Minnesota.

Laingen died on July 15, 2019 at a hospital in Bethesda, Maryland of problems caused from Parkinson's disease, aged 96.

## References
Charles Ceccaldi-Raynaud

**Charles Ceccaldi-Raynaud** (25 June 1925 – 18 July 2019) was a French lawyer and politician. A member of The Republicans, he was a member of the National Assembly from 1993 to 1995, and the Senate from 1995 to 2004, representing Hauts-de-Seine. He was Mayor of Puteaux from 1969 to 2004.

He was the author of a book about the Algerian War. He was born in Bastia, France. Ceccaldi-Raynaud died on 18 July 2019 at the age of 94.

## References
1962 Indian presidential election

The Election Commission of India held the indirect third presidential elections of India on 7 May 1962.

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was elected as the Indian president in 1962.

## Schedule
The election schedule was announced by the Election Commission on 6 April 1962.

## Results
Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website

## References
Edward Shotter

**Edward Frank Shotter** (29 June 1933 &ndash; 3 July 2019) was an Anglican priest and author.   He is most notable for starting the London Medical Group in the mid-1960s. This was a forum for the discussion of the ethical issues of medicine.  He went on to enable the establishment of similar groups in other UK medical schools, and in the 1970s both to found the *Journal of Medical Ethics*, today among the most widely read and cited in its field, and the Institute of Medical Ethics, which today coordinates and supports teaching, learning and research in medical ethics nationwide. From 1966 to 1989 he was Director of Studies at the London Medical Group when he was appointed Dean of Rochester, a post he held until retirement in 2003.

Shotter died on 3 July 2019, four days after his 86th birthday.

## References
Bob Beckwith

**Robert Beckwith** (April 16, 1932 – February 4, 2024) was an American firefighter. He was a member of the New York City Fire Department.

Beckwith became well known to the United States' after he stood next to President George W. Bush as the president gave a speech at the ruins of the World Trade Center after the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Photos of Beckwith and the president appeared on the front page of the *New York Daily News* and the cover of *Time* magazine.

Beckwith met several times with President Bush since then, spoken many times in public, and acted as a fundraiser for charities.

Beckwith died from cancer while under hospice care in Rockville Centre, New York, on February 4, 2024, at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
* WPIX Interview with Beckwith following the killing of Osama bin Laden
Danding Cojuangco

**Eduardo "Danding" Murphy Cojuangco Jr.** (10 June 1935 &ndash; 16 June 2020) was a Filipino businessman and politician. He was the chairman of San Miguel Corporation. It is the largest food and beverage corporation in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. He was the Governor of Tarlac from 1967 to 1969 and member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1969 to 1972.

In 2016, his personal wealth was around US$1.1 billion. He was born in Paniqui, Tarlac. He founded the Nationalist People's Coalition in 1992. He ran for President of the Philippines in 1992, but came in third place losing to Fidel V. Ramos.

Cojuangco Jr. died in Manila on 16 June 2020 from heart failure and pneumonia caused by cancer, aged 85.

## References
Peping Cojuangco

**José Sumulong Cojuangco Jr.** (born **José Cojuangco y Sumulong** on September 19, 1934), more popularly known as **Peping Cojuangco**, is a Filipino politician. He was a Philippine Congressman and the 9th president of the Philippine Olympic Committee from 2004 to 2018.

He is the younger brother Corazon Aquino and uncle of Benigno Aquino III, both were Philippine presidents.

## Notes
## References
Marly Sarney

**Marly de Pádua Macieira Sarney** (born December 4, 1932) is a Brazilian socialite and philanthropist. She is the wife of the former President José Sarney. She was First Lady of Brazil during the presidency of her husband, between 1985 and 1990.

Sarney married José Sarney on July 12, 1952. She was born in São Luís, Brazil.

## References
Anacrusis

In music and poetry, an **anacrusis** (plural *anacruses*) is a very short introduction.  The word comes from the  (anákrousis), which means literally, "pushing up". It is a set of notes or syllables, perhaps just a single one. It comes before the first beat of a musical phrase, or a  line of poetry. It is not part of any musical phrase, or line of poetry which might have come before it. The word is sometimes used in publishing. It is very short, and not the literary or musical introduction, foreword, or with a preface). In music it is often called a "pick up" note.

 736, with an anacrusis shown in red. ]]
's Minuet ]]

## References
Steve Smith

**Steve Smith** may refer to:
* Steve Smith (cricketer), (born 1989), Australian international cricketer
* Steve Smith (American Dad!), (born 1991), fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!
Pramod Kharel

**Pramod Kharel** (; born 6 November 1979) is a Nepalese singer. He is also judge of The Voice Of Nepal.

## Discography 
* Prapti
* Pranaya
* Prabeg

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Pontotoc County, Mississippi

**Pontotoc County** is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 31,184 people lived there. Its county seat is Pontotoc.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official county website
Amite County, Mississippi

**Amite County** is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi on the southern border with Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, 12,720 people lived there. Its county seat is Liberty. The county is named after the Amite River which runs through the county. It was founded in 1809.

## References
Adams County, Mississippi

**Adams County** is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 29,538 people lived there. The county seat is Natchez. The county was created on April 2, 1799. It is named for John Adams, the second President of the United States.

## References
Alcorn County, Mississippi

**Alcorn County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 34,740 people lived there. Its county seat is Corinth. The county was founded in 1870. It is named in honor of Governor James L. Alcorn.

## References
Springerville, Arizona

**Springerville** is a town of Apache County in the state of Arizona in the United States. As of the 2020 census, 1,717 people lived there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Town of Springerville official website
* Round Valley History
* Springerville News 
* "Springerville, Arizona", at City-Data.com
* Springerville & Eagar Scenic Attractions
* Madonna of the Trail | August Leimbach website
Crowding out (economics)

In economics, **crowding out** happens when the government starts buying or selling more stuff in the market. This affects other people and businesses--usually in a bad way.

For example, if the government buys more stuff, it may have to borrow more. By borrowing more there will be a higher interest rate (see supply and demand). This will make it harder for other companies and people to borrow. The government is said to "crowd out" the market.

## References
Leavenworth County, Kansas

**Leavenworth County** (county code **LV**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 81,881 people lived there. Its county seat is Leavenworth. Leavenworth is also the biggest city in Leavenworth County.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.3%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Kansas.

## People
]]

The county is a part of the Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Communities
 Map of Leavenworth County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Basehor
* Bonner Springs (part)
* De Soto  (part)
* Easton
* Kansas City  (part)
* Lansing
* Leavenworth
* Linwood
* Tonganoxie

## References
## More reading
* *History of Leavenworth County Kansas*; Jesse Hall and LeRoy Hand; Historical Publishing; 684 pages; 1921.
* *Standard Atlas of Leavenworth County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 42 pages; 1903.
* *Atlas Map of Leavenworth County, Kansas*; Missouri Publishing Co; 38 pages; 1878.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Leavenworth County - Directory of Public Officials
* Leavenworth County - Development Corporation
;Maps
* Leavenworth County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Butler County, Kansas

**Butler County** (county code **BU**) is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 67,380 people lived there. Its county seat is El Dorado. El Dorado is also the biggest city in Butler County.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.2%) is water. It is the biggest county by size in Kansas.

### Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
* Interstate 35
* U.S. Route 54
* U.S. Route 77
* Kansas Highway 96
* Kansas Highway 177
* Kansas Highway 196
* Kansas Highway 254

## People
]]
Butler County is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Communities
 Map of Butler County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* Andover
* Augusta
* Benton
* Cassoday
* Douglass
* Elbing
* El Dorado
* Latham
* Leon
* Potwin
* Rose Hill
* Towanda
* Whitewater

## References
## More reading
* *History of Butler County, Kansas*; Vol P Mooney; Standard Publishing; 869 pages; 1916.
* *An Illustrated Hand Book, Compiled from the Official Statistics, Descriptive of Butler County, Kansas*; 66 pages; T.B. Murdock; 1887.
* *Standard Atlas of Butler County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 69 pages; 1905.
* *Standard Atlas of Butler County, Kansas*; Walter F. McGinnis & I.C. Thomas; 59 pages; 1885.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Butler County - Directory of Public Officials
;Historical
* Butler County GenWeb
* Kansas State Historical Society
;Maps
* Butler County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Jefferson County, Kansas

**Jefferson County** (county code **JF**) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 18,368 people lived there. Its county seat is Oskaloosa. Its biggest city is Valley Falls.

## Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (4.3%) is water.

## People
]]

Jefferson County is included in the Topeka, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Government
### Presidential elections
## Education
### Unified school districts
* Valley Falls USD 338
* Jefferson County North USD 339
* Jefferson West USD 340
* Oskaloosa USD 341
* McLouth USD 342
* Perry-Lecompton USD 343

## Communities
 Map of Jefferson County (map legend)]]

### Cities
* McLouth
* Meriden
* Nortonville
* Oskaloosa
* Ozawkie
* Perry
* Valley Falls
* Winchester

## References
;Notes

## More reading
* *Standard Atlas of Jefferson County, Kansas*; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 69 pages; 1916.
* *Descriptive Atlas of Jefferson County, Kansas*; Acme Publishing Co; 44 pages; 1899.

## Other websites
;County
* 
* Jefferson County - Directory of Public Officials
* Jefferson County - Economic Development 
;Maps
* Jefferson County Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Highway Maps: Current , Historic , KDOT
* Kansas Railroad Maps: Current , 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Luciano De Crescenzo

**Luciano De Crescenzo** (; 20 August 1928 – 18 July 2019) was an Italian writer, actor, director and engineer. He was mainly known as an author and screenwriter. His best known screenplay was for the 1980 comedy ''Il pap'occhio''.

## Death
De Crescenzo was hospitalized in Rome for pneumonia in July 2019. He died several days later on 18 July 2019 from the disease at the age of 90.

## Bibliography
* Tutti santi me compreso, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2011.
* Fosse 'a Madonna!, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2012.
* Garibaldi era comunista, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2013.
* Gesù è nato a Napoli, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2013.
* Ti porterà fortuna. Guida insolita di Napoli, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2014.

## Movies (director)
* *Così parlò Bellavista* (1984)
* *Il mistero di Bellavista* (1985)
* *32 dicembre* (1987)
* *Croce e delizia* (1995)

## References
## Other websites
*
Yao Lee

**Yao Lee** (), also credited as **Yao Li**, **Yiu Lei** and **Hue Lee** (19 July 1922 – 19 July 2019) was a Chinese singer. She was born in Shanghai. Yao was active from the 1930s to the 1970s. She was the sister of Yao Min. She was thought to be one of the Seven great singing stars of Shanghai in the 1940s. Her best known song was "Rose, Rose, I Love You" (1940).

Yao died on 19 July 2019 in Hong Kong at the age of 96.

## References