open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Atelopus

***Atelopus***, commonly known as **harlequin frogs**, is a large genus of true toads.  They live in Central and South America.  They go as far north as Costa Rica and as far south as Bolivia. *Atelopus* are small, generally brightly colored and diurnal. Most species live near mid- to high-elevation streams. Many species are now considered endangered, while others already are extinct. The cause of these declines mostly appears to be the chytrid fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis*.

New *Atelopus* species are discovered with some regularity. Many new species have been described in the last ten years. 

## Species
## References
Adenomus

***Adenomus*** is a small genus of true toads.  It only has three species.  These all live in Sri Lanka. *Adenomus kandianus* was thought to be extinct for 133 years.  It was rediscovered in October 2009 in the Kandy area.

## Species
## References
* 
* amphibiaweb.org Adenomus kandianus
* Global Amphibian Assessment - Adenomus kandianus 
* Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R. (1998). A synopsis of the Sri Lankan Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura), with description of two new species. *J. South Asian nat. Hist*., **3**(2), 213-248. 
* Dutta, S.K. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K. (1996). *The Amphibian Fauna of Sri Lanka*. WHT, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Altiphrynoides

***Altiphrynoides*** is a genus of toads.  They are commonly called **Ethiopian toads**. They only live in the highlands of south-central Ethiopia in the Arussi, Bale, and Sidamo provinces. Both species are threatened by habitat loss. They used to be included in *Nectophrynoides*.  Now they are separate because they lay eggs, while *Nectophrynoides* give birth to fully developed young.

## Species
## References
* 
* ITIS report Altiphrynoides
* amphibiaweb.org Altiphrynoides malcolmi
Amietophrynus

***Amietophrynus*** is a large genus of true toads.  They live in Africa. At first *Amietophrynus* species were included in the genus *Bufo*.  They have been split because they are considered different enough.

## Species
## References
* Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. 2006, "The Amphibian Tree of Life", *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History* no. **297**: 1-370. [15 Mar 2006]
*
Ansonia (frog)

***Ansonia*** (commonly known as **stream toads**) is a small genus of true toads.  They are found in South India; northern Thailand; Malay Peninsula; Tioman Island; Borneo and Mindanao (Philippines). These are a small forest species.  They spawn in streams and have torrent-adapted tadpoles.

## Species
## References
* L Lee Grismer, 2006: A new species of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rainforest in Southern Peninsular Malaysia. *Herpetologica* **62**,4: pp.&nbsp;466–475 http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1655%2F0018-0831(2006)62%5B466%3AANSOAS%5D2.0.CO%3B2
Darryl F. Zanuck

**Darryl Francis Zanuck** (September 5, 1902 &ndash; December 22, 1979) was an American producer, writer, actor, director and studio executive. He played a major part in the Hollywood studio system. He earned three Academy Awards. His career lasted 48 years.

Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska on September 5, 1902 to Louise (née Torpin) and Frank Zanuck. Zanuck was married to Virginia Fox from 1924 until they separated in 1956. They had three children. One of their children was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck who produced *Jaws*.

Zanuck died on December 22, 1979 in Palm Springs, California from jaw cancer. He was 77 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bufoides

***Bufoides*** is a genus of true toad.  ***Bufoides meghalayanus*** is the only species. They are known as "Mawblang Toad" or "Khasi Hills Toad". They live in north-eastern India.

## References
*
*
Capensibufo

***Capensibufo*** is a genus of true toads with only two species. The common English name is **Cape Toads**. They live in the Republic of South Africa from Breede River to north of Knysna, Western Cape Province.

## Species
## Other websites 
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). *Capensibufo*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
*  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: *Capensibufo*. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
*  taxon *Capensibufo* at http://www.eol.org.
*  Taxon *Capensibufo* at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
Hurricane Richard

**Hurricane Richard** was the seventeenth named storm and the tenth hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season. The National Hurricane Center declared it a tropical storm on October 20.

Throughout Belize, Hurricane Richard caused about US$80&nbsp;million in damage. Two deaths took place in the country, one direct and the other indirect. One person drowned after his ship broke during the storm. Another was mauled to death by a jaguar that escaped its cage after a tree fell and broke the cage.

## References
Virginia Fox

**Virginia Fox** (April 2, 1902 – October 14, 1982) was an American actress who starred in many silent movie of the 1910s and 1920s, her career spanned 14 years. 

Fox was born in Wheeling, West Virginia to Marie (née Oglseby) and Frederick Fox.   She was married to Darryl F. Zanuck from 1924 until they separated in 1956. They had three children, one of them was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck. Fox died on October 14, 1982 in Palm Springs, California from emphysema and from cerebral thrombosis, she was 80 years old.

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
*
Didynamipus

***Didynamipus*** is a genus in the Bufonidae family.  ***Didynamipus sjostedti***, also called the **four-digit toad**, is the only species.  They live in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria.  They prefer to live in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.  They are threatened by habitat loss.

## References
* Gartshore, M., Amiet, J.-L. & Drewes, R. 2004.  Didynamipus sjostedti.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Duttaphrynus

**Duttaphrynus** is a genus of true toads. They live in southwestern and southern China (including Taiwan and Hainan)  and throughout southern Asia from northern Pakistan and Nepal through India to Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali.

## Description
These toads have heads with bony ridges.  The nose area is short and blunt. The first finger of these toads is longer than the second. The toes are half webbed. The toads are brown above and yellow beneath, marbled with brown. 

## Species
## References
## Other websites
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). *Duttaphrynus*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 02, 2008).
Natterjack toad

The **natterjack toad** (*Epidalea calamita*, formerly *Bufo calamita*) is a toad.  They live in the sandy and heathland areas of Europe. Adults are 60–70&nbsp;mm in length.  They are different from other toads because they have a yellow line down the middle of the back. They have relatively short legs. This gives them a distinctive gait, which is different than the hopping movement of many other toad species.

Natterjacks have a very loud and distinctive mating call.

## Life history
Natterjacks live for up to 15 years and feed on insects, worms and small reptiles. At night they move around open land with little vegetation. Their tracks can often be seen in loose sand. They move large distances each night.

### Reproduction
The Natterjack Toad spawns between the end of April and July.  They lay 'strings' of eggs in shallow, warm pools. Because the Natterjack Toad is often present in low numbers, its loud mating calls are important so that the sexes can find each other.

For Natterjacks, pools need to have a small slope with little vegetation on the banks and in the water. Sometimes the larvae die when the pools dry out. The Natterjack mates a few times each summer. The age of the young can vary from a month to 3 months in September. 

## Distribution
There are toads in seventeen European countries.
 

## References
Frostius

***Frostius*** — also called '''Frost's Toads''' — is a small genus of true toads.  There are only two species.

## Species
## References
* Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Frostius accessdate=2008-04-13
* AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: April 13, 2008). Frostius pernambucensis
Ingerophrynus

***Ingerophrynus*** is a genus of true toads with eleven species.  Ten of the species in this genus used to be thought to be species of the genus *Bufo*. In 2007 a new species, *Ingerophrynus gollum*, was added to this genus. This species is named after the character Gollum created by J. R. R. Tolkien. These species live in Southern Yunnan and Indochina; peninsular Thailand and Malaya to Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, and Sulawesi.

## Species
## References
## Other websites
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). *Ingerophrynus*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 2, 2008).
Andinophryne

***Andinophryne*** is a small genus of true toads.  There are only three species.  They are found in the Andes.

## Species
## References
*
Chía, Aragon

**Chía** is a small town in the eastern Pyrenees, in Aragon, Spain; it is a municipality in the Huesca province.

People in this region speak *patués*, a dialect of the eastern Aragonese language.

## Geography
 of the *San Martín de Chía* church, from the 13th century. Now in the National Museum of Art of Catalonia, Barcelona.]]
Chía is in the Benasque Valley, on the foot of the **Sierra de Chía**, a short mountain range in the Pyrenees. It is about  from Huesca, the capital city of the Huesca province.

The mean yearly temperature is  and the mean yearly rainfall is .

## Local holiday
* 8 September - .

## References
Chía, Cundinamarca

**Chía** is a town in the Cundinamarca department of Colombia.  It is to the north of Bogotá on the main road to Zipaquira. Its history goes back to the pre-Columbian time. The name comes from the Chibchan language.  It means "moon" or "month".

It is home of the Universidad de la Sabana.
Miroslava Karpovich

**Miroslava Olegovna Karpovich** (, ; born on March 1, 1986 in Berdyansk, Ukrainian SSR, USSR) is a Ukraine-born Russian movie, television and theatre actress, comedian, model. Most famous for role of Maria Vasnetsova in sitcom "Daddy's Daughters", where she has been playing since July 13, 2007.
Laurentophryne parkeri

***Laurentophryne parkeri***, also called '''Parker's tree toad**, is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus ***Laurentophryne*'''. They live in the Kivu region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

It is threatened by habitat loss.

## References
* Channing, A. & Poynton, J.C. 2004.  Laurentophryne parkeri .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
*
Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka

The **Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka** (***Metaphryniscus sosae***) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus *Metaphryniscus*.  It lives in Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

## References
* La Marca, E. & Señaris, C. 2004. *Metaphryniscus sosae*. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Mertensophryne

***Mertensophryne*** or "Snouted Frogs" is a genus of true toads.  They live in eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo to Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, southeastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique. 

## Species
## References
* , 2006, The Amphibian Tree of Life. *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History*, **297**: 206 http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5781/1/B297.pdf 

## Other websites
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). *Mertensophryne*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 3, 2008).
*  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: *Mertensophryne*. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 3, 2008).
Nectophryne

***Nectophryne***, or **African tree toads**, is a genus of true toads.  There are only two species.  They live in western Africa, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, northeastern Congo, Bioko and Equatorial Guinea. 

## Species
## Other websites
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). *Nectophryne*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 04, 2008). 
*  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: *Nectophryne*. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 04, 2008). 
*  taxon *Nectophryne* at http://www.eol.org.
*  Taxon *Nectophryne* at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 04, 2008).
*  Taxon *Nectophryne* at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Filling Station (ballet)

***Filling Station*** is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is based on a newspaper report. Virgil Thomson wrote the music. Lew Christensen choreographed (designed) the dances. Christensen performed the role of Mac, the filling station attendant. Paul Cadmus designed the sets and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Hartford, Connecticut by Ballet Caravan in November 1937. A performance was given at the Martin Beck Theater in New York City on May 18, 1939, with Christensen again in the role of the attendant.

Mac is a young, good-looking filling station attendant. His evening solitude is broken by two young and greasy but good-natured truck drivers. The State Trooper (policeman) enters in pursuit. He lectures the boys on their disregard for the speed limit. A brash motorist, his wife, and bratty child interrupt. The Rich Boy and The Rich Girl enter. They are drunken refugees from a country club dance. They rhumba and the others join them. Suddenly, a gangster enters shooting his gun. Mac, the truck drivers, and The State Trooper thwart his attempt to stage a robbery. The Rich Girl however is caught in the gangster's line of fire and dies on the pavement. Her limp body is carried off. The spectators drift away. Mac settles down with his radio and a newspaper to wait for business.

Dance historian Grace Robert praises the ballet in her book *The Borzoi Book of Ballets*. She singles out the characterizations in particular, noting that they are "definite and well-rounded" and that all of them are seen in terms that are "balletic". She points to the pursuit of the gangster as an especially effective moment. On a darkened stage, several figures with flashlights perform *grand jetée* (leaps). The beams of light and flying figures create an effect "dramatic out of all proportion to the simplicity of the means employed." The ballet was popular in South America when it was performed there in 1941 by an American company assembled by Lincoln Kirstein. Writing in 1949, Robert noted that only the score survived at that date but a suite arranged from it was heard occasionally in concert or on the radio.

## References 
*
Calico

**Calico** may mean:

## Textiles
*Calico (textile), a plain-woven cotton textile

## Animals
* Calico butterfly
*Calico cat
*Calico goldfish
*Calico grouper
*Calico Pennant, a dragonfly 

## People
*Calico Cooper (born 1981), American actress and the daughter of rock and roll musician Alice Cooper
*Calico Jack Rackham (1682–1720), English pirate captain in the early 18th century
*Tyrone Calico (born 1980), American football wide receiver

## Places
*Calico Mountains (California)
**Calico Ghost Town
**Calico Peaks
**Calico Early Man Site
*Calico Mountains (Nevada)
**Calico Mountains Wilderness
*Calico Mills
*Calico Rock, Arkansas, a city in Izard County, United States
Ballet d'action

'''Ballet d'action''' is an 18th-century ballet movement. It was started by French choreographer Jean Georges Noverre in 1760.  The movement focused on character and emotional expression through dancers' bodies and faces, instead of elaborate costumes and props. Noverre started the movement because he was unhappy with the attention focused on technical expertise. He expressed his views in his book *Lettres sur la danse et les ballets*. He stated there that the purpose of ballet is "to represent characters and express their feelings" through movement rather than costume.

## Notes
Nectophrynoides

***Nectophrynoides*** is a genus of true toads. They live in Eastern Arc forests and wetlands in Tanzania. All but *N. tornieri* are threatened. Species of the genus are ovoviviparous: fertilization is internal, and the females give birth to fully developed, small toadlets.

## Species
## References
* Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Nectophrynoides accessdate=2008-04-14
Nimbaphrynoides

***Nimbaphrynoides*** is a genus of true toads.  They live in the highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire. They are Critically Endangered due to habitat loss, and iron and bauxite mining in their small ranges.

The two species are viviparous.  This means they have internal fertilisation. The female gives birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets. *Nectophrynoides* and *Nimbaphrynoides* are the only frogs/toads that do not lay eggs.

## Species
## References
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. *Nimbaphrynoides* access date: 2008-04-17
* eol - Encyclopedia of Life at http://www.eol.org Taxon  *Nimbaphrynoides*
* 
* GBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm  Taxon *Nimbaphrynoides*
Black-knobbed map turtle

The **black-knobbed map turtle** (*Graptemys nigrinoda*) is a species of aquatic turtles. Their skin is light gray and have spikes on their shell. They are part of the *Graptemys* genus and were once called the **black-knobbed sawback turtle**. They live in rivers in the Mobile Bay in Alabama and Mississippi.

## References
## Other websites
* Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996.  Graptemys nigrinoda .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Amazonas (Venezuela)

]]

**Amazonas** is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. Amazonas State covers a total surface area of 176,899&nbsp;km² and, in 2007, had a population of 142,200.

The state capital is Puerto Ayacucho. Amazonas has Venezuela's highest proportion of indigenous peoples of Venezuela.

## Municipalities and Municipal Seats 
## Geography
### Rivers 
In this state comes the main river of Venezuela, the Orinoco, in the mount delgado Chalbaud. Other rivers in the state are: Ventuari river, Yatití, Parú, Asita, Manapiare, Marieta, Guapachí, Ocamo, Putaco, Padamo, Cuntinamo, Botamo,  Matacuní, Ugueto, Mavaca, Manaviche, Cunucunuma, Guanane, Yagua, Guaviare, Sipapo, Cataniapo Atabapo, Uesete, Siapa, Ararí,  Manipitare,  Casiquiare, Pamoni, Pasiba, Pasimoni, Negro and Guainía.

### National parks
The State of Amazonas has many natural sites of great interest.
* Parima Tapirapeco National Park 
* Serranía La Neblina National Park 
* Yapacana National Park 
* National Park Duida Marahuaca

### Natural monuments
* Piedra del Cocuy.
* Cerro Autana.
* Piedra de la Tortuga.
* Piedra Pintada.

## Fauna
The rich fauna of the region is represented by numerous specimens of mammals, reptiles, fish and birds.
* Mammals: puma, jaguar, tapir, monkey, anteater, & fox.
* Reptiles: Orinoco crocodile, baba, turtle, tortoise, snakes, anaconda, tragavenado,  cuaima, & mapanare.
* Fish: Sapoara, shaker or electric eel, bay, caribbean, piranha, catfish, and guabina.
* Birds: eagle, harpy eagle, hawk, macaw,  katana, carpenter, helmeted,  & toucan.

## References
## Other websites
* Governor's page
Saina Nehwal

|}

**Saina Nehwal**  (born March 17, 1990) is an Indian female athlete.  She is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Saina won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

## Accomplishments
SAINA NEHWAL was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2009 and a year later, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour in India.

In 2009, Nehwal was honoured with India’s highest award for sporting excellence - the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.

In 2016, the Government of India awarded Saina Nehwal the Padma Bhushan. It is the 3rd highest civilian honour in the country.

She became the first Indian badminton player to win a BWF Series event and continued to impress on her way to winning the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 2010.

In 2015, Saina Nehwal won the singles event at the India Open BWF Super Series and became the number 1 women’s player in the Badminton World Federation rankings.

## Related pages
* Sports in India
* India at the Olympics

## References 
## Other websites
Pseudobufo subasper

***Pseudobufo subasper*** is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus ***Pseudobufo***.  They are found in Indonesia and Malaysia.  They live in subtropical or tropical swamps. They are threatened by habitat loss.

This toad can only be found in peat swamps. They have fully webbed back feet.

## References
* van Dijk, P.P., Iskandar, D. & Inger, R. 2004. *Pseudobufo subasper*. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.

## Other websites
* Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - *Pseudobufo subasper*
African red toad

The **African red toad** or **African split-skin toad** (*Schismaderma carens*) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus ***Schismaderma***.

It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Lesotho.
It lives in many habitats.  These are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, pastureland, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, canals and ditches, and man-made karsts.

## References
* Poynton, J.C., Howell, K., Minter, L. & Tandy, M. 2004. *Schismaderma carens* . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Rhinella

***Rhinella*** (**Beaked Toads** or **Rio Viejo Toads**) is a subgenus of ***Bufo***.  Some people call it its own genus.  It has 71 species of true toads.  They live in Central and South America. 

## Species
Note: Species below are shown as species of *Rhinella*.  They are treated as species of *Bufo* by many authors.

## References
* . 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. *Herpetologica*. **63** (2): 203-212.
*  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (*Bufo*). *Evolution* *58*: 2517–2535.
*  (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". *Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History* **297**: 1–371. 
 
## Other websites
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). *Rhinella*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 07, 2008).
Werneria

***Werneria*** (**smalltongue toads**) is a genus of true toads.  They live in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.

## Species
## References
* , 2004 Revision of the genus Werneria Poche, 1903, including the descriptions of two new species from Cameroon and Gabon (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) *Zootaxa* **720**: 1–28 http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00720f.pdf

## Other websites
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (October 10, 2007). *Werneria*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 8, 2008). 
*  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: *Werneria*. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 8, 2008). 
*  taxon *Werneria* at http://www.eol.org.
*  Taxon *Werneria* at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 8, 2008).
*  Taxon *Werneria* at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Pelobatidae

The **European spadefoot toads** are a family of frogs, the **Pelobatidae**.  There is only one living genus, called *Pelobates*.  It has four species. They live in Europe, the Mediterranean, northwestern Africa and western Asia.

The European spadefoot toads are small to large sized frogs.  They grow up to  in length. They burrow in sandy soils. They have a hardened growth on their feet to help in digging. They will come out from the ground during times of rain and breed in pools, which are usually temporary.

## Taxonomy
Family **Pelobatidae**
* Genus †*Elkobatrachus*
** †*Elkobatrachus brocki*
* Genus ***Pelobates***
** Western Spadefoot Toad&nbsp; (*Pelobates cultripes*)
** Common Spadefoot&nbsp; (*Pelobates fuscus*)
** Eastern Spadefoot Toad&nbsp; (*Pelobates syriacus*)
** Moroccan Spadefoot Toad&nbsp; (*Pelobates varaldii*)

## References
*
*
Archaeobatrachia

**Archaeobatrachia** is a suborder of Anura.  It has various primitive frogs and toads. As the name literally suggests, these are the most primitive frogs. Many of the species (28 in total) show certain body features which are not in other frogs and toads. They are mostly found in Eurasia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Borneo. 

In addition, the family Ascaphidae is found in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.  They are only represented by two species. 

## References
*
*
*
*
Mesobatrachia

**Mesobatrachia** is the second largest of the Anura suborders of amphibians. It has 6 families, 20 genera and 168 species. The name suggests they are moderately old.

Mesobatrachia are a newer group.  They were identified in 1993.

## References
*
*
Billy the Kid (ballet)

***Billy the Kid*** is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is attributed to Lincoln Kirstein and is based on the life of Billy the Kid. The music was written by Aaron Copland. Eugene Loring designed the dances. Jared French designed the scenery and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Chicago in October 1938. It was performed in New York City at the Martin Beck Theater on May 24, 1939 with Loring as Billy and Marie-Jeanne in the dual role of Mother and Mexican Sweetheart. During Christmas week 1939, the ballet was presented at the St. James Theater in New York City with Michael Kidd as Billy and Alicia Alonso as Mother and Mexican Sweetheart.

## Story 
The ballet opens with pioneers heading west led by Pat Garrett in "March". In "Street Scene", cowboys, Indians, dance hall girls, and other western types throng the street of a town. Billy and his Mother enter as a brawl breaks out. Alias (as cowboy) kills Billy's Mother with a wild shot. Billy stabs Alias and runs away. 

In "Billy's Soliloquy", Billy shoots Alias (as land agent) during a card game. In "Card Game on the Desert" and "Gun Battle", Garrett accuse Billy of cheating at cards and goes off. The posse approaches led by Alias (as sheriff). Billy's gang is killed, but Billy kills Alias. The posse takes him to jail. At the end of "Macabre Dance", the Mexican Sweetheart enters looking for Billy. In "Jail Scene" Billy escapes by killing Alias (as jailer). 

In "Desert", Alias (as Indian Guide) leads Billy to the Mexican Sweetheart's hide-out. Billy has no thought for anyone but himself and the Sweetheart leaves. The Indian Guide returns with Garrett, and, when Billy lights a cigarette in the darkness, Garret kills him ("Billy's Death"). Mexican women mourn Billy's death in "Pietà". The ballet ends with Garret leading pioneers in "Closing March".

## References 
*
Sleep hygiene

**Sleep hygiene** is a set of practices and changes in behavior that make it easier to get restful sleep. Nathaniel Kleitman first used the term, in 1939. A book by psychologist Peter Hauri introduced the concept within the context of modern sleep medicine. Sleep hygiene was developed as a method to help people with mild to moderate insomnia.

Sleep hygiene recommendations include setting up a sleep schedule, using naps with care, not exercising physically or mentally too close to bedtime, reducing stress, reducing nighttime activity, and limiting bed use if not sleeping, to name a few. Other recommendations include avoiding alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and other stimulants in the hours before bedtime, and having a peaceful, comfortable and dark sleep environment.

Doctors study the sleep hygiene of people who present with insomnia and other conditions, such as depression, and offer recommendations based on the assessment.

## References
Tony Scott

**Anthony David** "**Tony**" **Scott** (21 June 1944 – 19 August 2012) was a British movie director. He was the younger brother of movie director Ridley Scott.

## Early life
Scott was born in North Shields, the son of Elizabeth and Colonel Francis Percy Scott. Scott was educated at the Royal College of Art and at the University of Sunderland.

## Career
His movies include *The Hunger*, *Top Gun*, *Beverly Hills Cop II*, *The Last Boy Scout*, *True Romance*, *Crimson Tide*, *Enemy of the State*, *Spy Game*, *Man on Fire*, *Déjà Vu*, *The Taking of Pelham 123* and *Unstoppable*. In 2010, the Scott brothers produced *The A-Team* of the television series. Scott's film, *Unstoppable*, again starring Washington (with Chris Pine), the movie was released in November 2010.

## Personal life
Scott was married to Gerry Scott from 1967 until they divorced 1974. Second he married 1986 until they divorced in 1987. Lastly he married Donna W. Scott from 1994 until his death in 2012. He had 2 children.

### Death
On 19 August 2012, Scott had committed suicide by jumping off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in the San Pedro, Los Angeles, port district of Los Angeles, California. A memorial service was held and celebrities also attended; Tom Cruise, Val Kilmer, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, Gene Hackman, Elijah Wood, Dane Cook, Dwayne Johnson, Stephen Fry, Peter Fonda, and Keira Knightley were some that attended the memorial service.

### Actors 

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Parupalli Kashyap

**Parupalli Kashyap** () (born 8 September 1986), also known as **Kashyap Parupalli**, is an Indian athlete.  He is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

## Early life
Parupalli trained at Hyderabad.

## International competitions
In the 2012 Summer Olympics at London, Parupalli reached quarter-finals in the badminton tournament.

## References 
## Other websites
* Kashyap Parupalli at London2012.com
Sushil Kumar

|}

**Sushil Kumar** is an Indian sportsman.  He is best known as a wrestler who competed in two Summer Olympic Games.

## International competitions
In the 2008 Summer Olympics at Beijing, Kumar won a bronze medal in wrestling.

## Related pages
* Sports in India
* India at the Olympics

## References
Gagan Narang

**Gagan Narang** (born 6 May 1983) is an Indian sportsman.  His is best known as an shooter (marksman) who competed in three Summer Olympic Games.

## Early life
He was born in Chennai on 6 May 1983 and his ancestors belonged to Samalkha in Panipat district in Haryana.
Gagan was born in Madras in Tamil Nadu.
He also won gold medals in the Commonwealth Games in 2006 and 2010.

Gagan Narang won the bronze medal in the 10m air rifle event at the 2012 London Olympics

## ISSF World Medal Tally
## World record
## Related pages
* Sports in India
* India at the Olympics

## References
Jean-Georges Noverre

**Jean-Georges Noverre** (29 April 1727 – 19 October 1810) was a French dancer and ballet master (choreographer). He is considered the creator of the ballet d'action. He performed or held posts across Europe. His first great success was the ballet *Les Fêtes Chinoises*. Other ballets include *Jason et Médée*, *La Toilette de Venus*, *Les Jalousies du sérail*, *La dour corsaire* and *Le Jaloux sans rival*. He expressed his views on dance in the book *Lettres sur la danse et les ballets* in 1756 (published in 1760). The French Revolution reduced Noverre to poverty. He died in 1810.
Zara Tindall

**Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall**  (née **Phillips**; born 15 May 1981) is a British equestrian and the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Tindall is the second child, and only daughter, of Anne, Princess Royal and her first husband, Mark Phillips. She is married to Mike Tindall, who used to be a rugby player for England. She is better known by her maiden (old name before marriage) name. In the line of succession, she is called "Mrs Michael Tindall".

She was given an Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) honour in the 2007 New Year's Honours List, by her grandmother for her services to equestrianism. In 2012, she carried an Olympic flame at a racecourse in Cheltenham.

She won a silver medal at London 2012.

## Early life
Tindall was born at St Mary's Hospital in London. She is the eldest granddaughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. When she was born, she was sixth in line to the throne. She is now 18th in line.

She has an older brother, Peter Phillips (born 15 November 1977). She has two half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born in 1985 after her father had an affair) and Stephanie Phillips, born 2 October 1997, from her father's second marriage.

The children of the Princess Royal do not hold a title. It is thought their mother did not want them to have one.

## Marriage and family
On 21 December 2010, Buckingham Palace said she was engaged to Mike Tindall MBE. She got a diamond and platinum engagement ring from Tindall. They married in 2011. Her first daughter and child, Mia Grace Tindall, was born on 17 January 2014 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucestershire. Her second daughter and child, Lena Elizabeth Tindall was born on 18 June 2018 in Stroud Maternity Hospital at Stroud. A son, Lucas Philip Tindall, was born March 24, 2021 at Gatcombe Park in Gloucestershire. |title=Zara Tindall Gives Birth to a Baby Boy |publisher=Town&Country |date=March 24, 2021}}

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Ballet blanc

A ***ballet blanc*** (literally, *white ballet*) is a ballet in the style of the 19th century romantic ballet. The ballerinas and the female members of the *corps de ballet* wear bell-shaped, calf-length, white ballet tutus. The second acts of *La Sylphide* and *Giselle* are representatives of the *ballet blanc*. Fokine's *Les Sylphides* is a 20th-century homage to the *ballet blanc*.
Pelophryne

***Pelophryne*** (**Flathead Toads**) is a genus of true toads.  They live in the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore and Hainan Island, China.

## Species
## References
* . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). *Pelophryne*. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 07, 2008). 
*  [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: *Pelophryne*. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 07, 2008). 
*  taxon *Pelophryne* at http://www.eol.org.
*  Taxon *Pelophryne* at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 07, 2008).
*  Taxon *Pelophryne* at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
William Windom (actor)

'']]
**William Windom** (September 28, 1923 &ndash; August 16, 2012) was an American movie, radio, stage, voice, and mostly television actor who's career has lasted for 56 years. Windom is mostly known for his roles in popular television series such as; Matt Decker in *Star Trek*, as Dr. Seth Hazlitt in *Murder, She Wrote*, Glen Morley in *The Twilight Zone*, and is also known for his voice as Puppetino in *Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night*. 

## Early life
Windom was born on September 28, 1923 in New York City, New York to Isobel Wells (née Peckham) and Paul Windom. 

## Personal life
Windom was married to Carol Keyser from 1947 until they divorced in 1955. Secondly he married Barbara Joyce from 1958 until they divorced in 1963. Thirdly he married Barbara Goetz from 1963 until they divorced in 1968. Fourthly he married Jacqulyn Hopkins from 1969 until they divorced in 1974. Lastly he married Patricia Tunder from 1975 until his death in 2012.

### Death
Windom died on August 16, 2012 from congestive heart failure in his home in Woodacre, California, he was 88 years old.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Asano Nagasato

is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team. Her brother Genki Nagasato and sister Yuki Nagasato are footballers.

## Biography
Nagasato was born in Atsugi on January 24, 1989. She joined Nippon TV Beleza from the youth team in 2007. In 2012 season, she was selected Best Eleven. In 2013, she moved to German Bundesliga club Turbine Potsdam. In 2016, she retired.

In November 2008, Nagasato was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2008 U-20 World Cup. She scored two goals including a winner against Germany. On July 29, 2009, Nagasato debuted for the Japan national team against Germany. She was a member of Japan for 2015 World Cup. She played 11 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2015.

## Statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Japan Football Association
GamePro

***Gamepro*** was an American video game magazine. It focuses on anything to do with video games (such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii), PCs and even mobile devices (such as the PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, iPhone). Gamepro Media had owned and published the monthly magazine issue and the official website Gamepro.com. The company was also a partly-owned subsidiary of International Data Group (IDG), a technology media, events and research company.

The very first issue of Gamepro was originally published in April 1989. It was a monthly magazine and had its last headquarters based in Oakland, California from June 2002 through May 2015. The official website of the magazine launched in 1998. It was updated daily and had included several game articles, news, previews, reviews, game screenshots and gaming videos on various video games, video game console system platform hardware and video game software development upon in the entertainment gaming industry. The official website also included various user forums, game reviews and other interesting game blogs as well. The official website's headquarters was then and formerly based in San Francisco from May 1998 through May 2002.

Gamepro is currently now-defunct as a magazine and a website.

Gamepro would only then now become part of the PC World website, covering on the latest and most recently developed video games in the entertainment video gaming industry, and to which is now currently being run by the new PC World staff.

## Other websites 
* Gamepro.com: Official Gamepro website
Kōra taisha

]]

 is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Kurume, Fukuoka Prefecture.

## History
*Kōra taisha* was founded in the fifth century.  It is mentioned in the *Engishiki*.

It was the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) of Chikugo Province and it is one of four in Fukuoka Prefecture.

In 1915, the shrine was  in the system of State Shinto.  It was one of six most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or .

## References
## Other websites
* Kōra Taisha homepage
Jean-Claude Juncker

**Jean-Claude Juncker** (born 9 December 1954) is a politician from Luxembourg. Juncker studied Law. He was one of the people who designed the Maastricht Treaty. Junker was Prime Minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013. In 2014, he was elected President of the European Commission.

]]
Second derivative

In physics and mathematics (particularly in differential calculus), the **second derivative** is the derivative of the derivative of a function, say f(x). The second derivative has many real-life applications, especially in the study of mathematical optimization and acceleration. Second derivatives can be notated in several ways, some of which are

:\frac{\mathrm{d}^2f}{\mathrm{d}x^2},  \frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2}  or  f''(x)

Other notations are used, but the above two are the most commonly used.

## Power Rule for Finding the Second Derivative 
If we have a function f(x)=x^n, then the second derivative of the function can be found using the **power rule for second derivatives**. That is,

:\frac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2}[x^n]=n(n-1)x^{n-2}=(n^2-n)x^{n-2}

## Related pages 
* Second derivative test

## References
Berlin, New Hampshire

**Berlin** is a city next to the Androscoggin River in Coos County, New Hampshire. It was first settled in 1823-1824 by William Sessions and Cyrus Wheeler. It was Incorporated as a city in 1897. In 2020, 9,425 people lived in Berlin.

## References
Cryptobranchoidea

**Cryptobranchoidea** is a suborder of salamanders.  They are found in eastern North America, China, Taiwan, and Japan.  They are known as **primitive salamanders**. This is in contrast to Salamandroidea, or **advanced salamander**.

## Description
This suborder has only two families. Other families went extinct in the past and are only known as fossils.
**Cryptobranchidae*
**Hynobiidae*

## References
Salamandroidea

**Salamandroidea** is a suborder of salamanders, the **advanced salamanders**. The members of the suborder are found worldwide except for Antarctica, Southern Sahara, and Oceania. 

All members use internal fertilization. The female is fertilized by a spermatophore, a sperm-containing cap put by the male in her cloaca. The sperm is stored in on the roof of the cloaca until it is needed at the time of egg laying.

The earliest known salamandroid fossils are from the Tiaojishan Formation.  They are dated to the late Jurassic period about 157 million years ago.

## References
Wendy Schaal

**Wendy Schaal** (born July 2, 1954) is an American actress. She starred in Seth MacFarlane's animated series *American Dad!* She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is currently married. Her father was actor Richard Schaal. Valerie Harper is her former step-mother.

## Filmography
### Animated television
**The Fairly OddParents* – Additional voices
**American Dad!* – Francine Smith
**Powerpuff Girls* – Woman Walla, Imaginary Rabbit

## Other websites
*
Scott Grimes

**Scott Christopher Richard Grimes** (born July 9, 1971) is an American actor and songwriter. He played Archie Morris in *ER*, Will McCorkle in *Party of Five*, Donald Malarkey in *Band of Brothers*, and Steve Smith in *American Dad!*. Grimes was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. He married Dawn Bailey-Grimes for ten years.

## Other websites
* 
* INTERVIEW: Robin Hood's Merry Men | Rip It Up Magazine
List of music magazines

This is a list of magazines that focuses on music. Topics included in these magazines are about the music industry and news related to musicians, musical instruments, upcoming or newly released albums and songs.

## A
**Alternative Press*
**Artrocker*

## B
**Bass Player*
**Big Cheese*
**The Big Takeover*
**Billboard*
**Black Velvet*
**Blender*
**Blunt*
**Blues Revue*
**bma*
**Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles*
**Blitz*
**Blue Jean*
**Beat Magazine*

## C
**Cadence*
**Circus*
**Chamber Music America (magazine)*
**Clash*
**CMJ New Music Monthly*
**CMJ New Music Report*
**Country Weekly*
**Creem*
**Cross Rhythms*
**Cyclic Defrost*

## D
**Decibel*
**Diapason*
**DJ Magazine*
**Drum Media*

## E
**Electronic Musician*

## F
**Filter*
**The Fly*

## G
**Gamut: The Journal of the Music Theory Society of the Mid-Atlantic*
**Goldmine*
**Guitar Player*
**Guitar World*
**Guitarist*

## H
**Hit Parader*
**HM*, formerly Heaven's Metal
**huH*

## I
**ILikeMusic*
**Industrialnation*
**Instrumentalist*

## J
**Journal of Music Theory*

## K
**Kickass Music Women*
**Kerrang!*
**Keyboard*
**Kmag*

## L
* *Limelight*

## M
**Magnet*
**Metal Hammer*
**Mixmag*
**Mojo*

## N
**New Musical Express (NME)*

## O
**Outlaw*
**OffBeat*
**Orkus*

## P
**Paste*
**Perspectives of New Music*

## Q
**Q*

## R
**Ray Gun*
**Relix*
**Resident Advisor*
**Revolver*
**Rhythm*
**Rock-A-Rolla*
**Rock Sound*
**Rolling Stone*
**RSQ*

## S
**Screamer*
**Sandman*
**Shindig!*
**The Score Magazine*
**Select*
**Signal to Noise*
**The Situation*
**Smash Hits*
**Sonic Seducer*
**Sound on Sound*
**Sounds*
**Spex*
**SPIN*
**The Source*

## T
**Terrorizer*
**Theory and Practice*
**Top 40 Music Magazine*
**Top of the Pops*
**Total Guitar*
**Trouser Press*

## U
**Uncut*
**URB*
**Under the Radar*

## V
**Vibe*

## W
**Wax Poetics*
**The Wire*

## X
**XLR8R*
**XXL*

## Z
**Zillo*
Rachael MacFarlane

**Rachael Ann MacFarlane** (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress best known for her voice roles in *Codename: Kids Next Door* as supreme leader Numbuh 362, *Nutri Ventures*, *The Powerpuff Girls* voicing various characters and Blossom in outside of media series, and the FOX television animated series *Family Guy* and *American Dad!*, both created by her brother Seth MacFarlane. She was born in Kent, Connecticut. She has been married to Spencer Laudiero since 2008. They have two daughters.

## Other websites
*
Pat Weaver

, 1989]]
**Sylvester Laflin "Pat" Weaver, Jr.** (December 21, 1908 – March 15, 2002) was an American radio advertising executive, who became president of NBC between 1953 and 1955. He has been well-known for his commercial broadcasting's format and philosophy as radio gave way to television as America's dominant home entertainment. He was married to Elizabeth Inglis from 1942 until his death in 2002, they had two children; a son Trajan Victor Charles and a daughter Sigourney Weaver.

Weaver was born in Los Angeles, California on December 21, 1908. He was the son of actor/director Sylvester Laflin Weaver, Sr. (1874-1964) and actress Eleanor Isabel Dixon (1879-1966), Sylvester Jr.'s grandfather was Peter Laflin Weaver (1841-1912), a businessman, his great-grandfather was Henry Laflin Weaver (1808-1894), also a businessman, his great-great-grandfather was Charles Laflin Weaver (1708-1816), a manufacturer, Sylvester, Jr. died on March 15, 2002 in his home in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, he was 93 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* The Museum of Broadcast Communications (formal bio) 
* Television Heaven (brief bio) 
* Pat Weaver: Television Advertising Visionary (biographical essay) 
* "NBC (Radio) Monitor" tribute
* Sylvester Weaver  interviewed by Mike Wallace on *The Mike Wallace Interview*
* *Laflin & Rand Powder Company*