open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
De Havilland

The **de Havilland Aircraft Company Limited** was a British aircraft manufacturer, founded in 1920 by Geoffrey de Havilland. It was based in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. De Havilland produced the first jet-powered passenger aircraft.

## References 
## Other websites 
*de Havilland Aircraft Museum
Louis B. Mayer

in 1953]]
**Louis Burt Mayer** (July 12, 1884 – October 29, 1957) was an American movie producer. He was born **Lazar Meir** to Russian Jewish parents in Minsk (which is today in Belarus). He was a part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He was a founder of the Academy Awards. He died of leukemia.

## Other websites
* 
*
Hollywood blacklist

]]

The **Hollywood blacklist** was a system of denying employment to Hollywood actors, producers, screenwriters, directors, and other people in entertainment who were suspected of undesirable political connections or other undesirable associations. Communist sympathies and homosexual tendencies were two of the connections considered most undesirable. It mostly occurred through the middle of the 20th century, in the 1940s and 1950s.
https://blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/american-blacklist-new-hollywood/#:~:text=blacklisted%20in%20the%201950s%20for%20his%20activism
Sandbar

, Fiji]]

A **sandbar**, or **shoal** is a landform which is in or partly in a body of water. Usually it is made of sand, silt, and/or small pebbles.

, off the coast of Cornwall]]

## Description
Shoals are long and narrow ridges. They can develop where a stream, river, or ocean current deposits sediment and granular material.

Shoals look like a coastal landform in the sea. They are classified as a type of ocean bank, or as fluvial landforms in rivers, streams, and lakes.

They are usually made up of sand. They can also be made up of soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders.
Old MacDonald Had a Farm

"**Old MacDonald Had a Farm**" is a children's song. It tells of the different animals found on a farm and the sounds they make. Animals include a cow, a duck, a sheep, and any other animals the singer cares to . A typical verse:

*Old Macdonald had a farm, E-I-E-I-O!*
*And on this farm he had a cow, E-I-E-I-O!*
*With a moo-moo here,*
*And a moo-moo there,*
*Here a moo, there a moo,*
*Everywhere a moo-moo,*
*Old Macdonald had a farm E-I-E-I-O!*
Wishing well

A **wishing well** is a well in which a person throws a coin and at the same time makes a wish. The phrase "wishing well" likely comes from old stories in Europe. People believed that if you made a wish out loud, it might come true. Water was really important for life, so people saw it as something special, like a gift from the gods. They thought that if you made a wish at a well, where water came from, it might be more likely to come true because they believed gods lived in water or gave it to people.

## History of ancient wishing wells 
Wishing wells were important in ancient cultures for connecting with gods and asking for blessings. In German tribes, they believed strongly in wishing wells as a way to control fate through magic. Norse mythology even tells a story of Odin giving up his eye for wisdom at a well.

People used wishing wells for divination, throwing coins in and reading the patterns as signs from the gods. Some wells were thought to have healing powers, and people would drink or bathe in the water to cure diseases.

## Wishing wells around the world 
### European wishing wells 
European Wishing Wells are common in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and other parts of Europe. They're usually made of stone and have a pool of water at the bottom. People toss coins into the water to make wishes. An example is the Frankfurt Wishing Wells in Germany. There are many similar wells across Europe.

### American wishing wells 
Wishing wells in American culture aren't just about hope and optimism; they're also seen as a way to connect with the spiritual world. When you make a wish at one, it's common to give a donation or leave a small token to show gratitude for your wish coming true.

### Wishing wells from other cultures 
Following wishing wells are found in different parts of the worldː

* The Japanese tsukubai
* The Chinese jingzhe
* The Indian jal kund
* The African mbari

## References
The Inheritors (novel)

***The Inheritors*** is the 1955 second novel by the British author William Golding, who is best known for *Lord of the Flies*. It was his personal favourite, and concerns the extinction of one of the last remaining tribes of Neanderthals at the hands of the more  (and ) *Homo sapiens*.
, 1920)]]

One of the band, Lok, is a "point of view" character. He is the one we follow as one by one the adults of the band die or are killed, then the young are stolen by the "new people" The new people are a group of early modern humans. Lok and Fa, the remaining adults, are both fascinated and repelled by the new people. They observe their actions and rituals with amazement, only slowly understanding that harm is meant by the 'sticks' (arrows) of the new people.

Lok's people have powerful sense-impressions and feelings, and appear sometimes to share thoughts in a near-telepathic way. They live very simply, using their mental abilities to connect to one another without extensive vocabulary or the kinds of memories that create culture. They have wide knowledge of food sources, mostly roots and vegetables. Their lives are lived so much in the present that the reader realizes they are very different from us, living in something like an eternal present, or at least a present broken and shaped by seasons. The way they cope with planning and imagination is by saying the phrase "I have a picture", and then talking about their thoughts.

In the final chapter, we move to the point of view of the new race, more or less modern humans fleeing in their boats. Apparently they are terribly afraid of the Neanderthals whom they believe to be devils of the forest. This last chapter, the only one written from the humans' point of view, points to the inheritance of the world by the new species.
Franchot Tone

**Franchot Tone** (born **Stanislaus Pascal Franchot Tone** on February 27, 1905 – September 18, 1968) was an American actor. He was married briefly to actress Joan Crawford. They made several movies together. His best known movie is *Mutiny on the Bounty* (1935). He also performed on radio, television, and the stage. He died of lung cancer in New York City in 1968.
Bird cage

A **bird cage** (sometimes **birdcage**) is a cage to hold a bird. Bird cages are used in the home to contain a pet bird, such as a parakeet or a canary. Bird cages used in the home are made of metal wire. A bird cage usually has seed and water dishes, a cuttle bone, and toys such as little bells and mirrors. However, the best ones available are shredding and foraging toys, which are more expensive than the "classic" bird accessories. These keep the birds engaged and prevent boredom. There are perches for the bird to sit on. A cage may be hung from a ceiling or a floor stand. The floor of the cage is usually lined with some sort of paper to absorb the bird's droppings, water spills, etc.

When a bird cage is round, tall and narrow or made of galvanized metal it should be avoided. Round cages confuse the birds and cause behavioral issues due to their shape, narrow and tall cages don't let the bird fly properly and any type of galvanized metal can potentially cause a lethal heavy metal intoxication.

## Size
Bird cages should be at least 18x18x18 inches when it comes to small birds. For bigger species an aviary can be the best option.
Breeding birds will need a very big cage and a nest box. 
If a bird is going to be caged many hours everyday it will need at least a small aviary with a lot of shredding and foraging toys to not develop behavioral issues such as feather plucking.
Henri Murger

**Henri Murger** (27 March 1822 – 28 January 1861) was a French writer. He is known for a book called *Scènes de la vie de bohème*. This book is about the life of poor poets, artists, and musicians in Paris of the 1830s. It became the basis for Giacomo Puccini's opera *La bohème*, for Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera of the same name, and for other musical works. Murger was born and died in Paris. 

He was very famous.

## Other websites 
*https://www.facebook.com/pages/Henry-Murger/784671611549716
Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?

'''Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?'* is a song from the Walt Disney animated short movie *Three little pigs'' (1933). It was written by Frank Churchill and Ann Ronell. The song buoyed spirits during the Great Depression. It inspired the title of Edward Albee's ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' (1963).
Scenes of Bohemian Life

***Scènes de la vie de bohème*** *(Scenes from the Bohemian Life)* is a book by Henri Murger. It was published in parts between 1847 and 1849, and in book form in 1851. The book is about the lives of the poor and Bohemian poets, artists, and musicians in Paris about 1830. It was the basis for *La bohème*, an opera by Giacomo Puccini in 1896, and another opera of the same name by Ruggero Leoncavallo in 1897.
Luigi Illica

**Luigi Illica** (9 May 1857 – 16 December 1919) was an Italian writer.  He wrote the librettos (stories and words) for many operas. He teamed with Giuseppe Giacosa for Puccini's operas *La bohème*, *Tosca*, and *Madama Butterfly*. He also wrote the libretto for Umberto Giordano's *Andrea Chénier*.
Giuseppe Giacosa

**Giuseppe Giacosa** (21 October 1847 – 1 September 1906) was an Italian writer. He wrote the libretti (stories and words) with Luigi Illica for Puccini's operas *La bohème*, *Tosca*, and *Madama Butterfly*. He was born in Turin, Italy.
Entrapment

**Entrapment** is  to commit a crime, especially by authorities, to get a conviction. The implication is that the person might otherwise have been unlikely to commit the crime. In some countries, entrapment is a possible defense against criminal .

Another similar term is ***agent provocateur***, an older French term for the person who does the inducing. 

A sting operation is a more sophisticated way to trap criminals. It usually involves leaving a bait, and filming or catching whoever takes the bait. 

## References
Sos Sargsyan

**Sos Sargsyan** (24 October 1929 &ndash; 26 September 2013) was a famous Armenian actor, director, and writer. He was known for his roles in *Guys from the Army Band*, *Solaris*, and in *Nahapet*.

Sargsyan was born on 24 October 1929 in Stepanavan, Soviet Armenia. He was raised in Yerevan, Armenia. Sargsyan died on 26 September 2013 in Yerevan, Armenia from a heart attack, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
*
Alan Parker

**Sir Alan William Parker**,  (14 February 1944 &ndash; 31 July 2020) was a British movie director from Islington, London. One of his best known movies is *Bugsy Malone* (1975).

## Early years
Parker was born into a working-class family in Islington, North London, the son of Elsie Ellen, a dressmaker, and William Leslie Parker, a house painter.

## Death
Parker died in London on 31 July 2020 at age 76.

## Filmography
* *Melody* (1971) (writer only)
* *Our Cissy* (1974) (short film)
* *Footsteps* (1974) (short film)
* *The Evacuees* (TV, 1975)
* *Bugsy Malone* (1976)
* *Midnight Express* (1978)
* *Fame* (1980)
* *Shoot the Moon* (1982)
* *Pink Floyd—The Wall* (1982)
* *Birdy* (1984)
* *Angel Heart* (1987)
* *Mississippi Burning* (1988)
* *Come See the Paradise* (1990)
* *The Commitments* (1991)
* *The Road to Wellville* (1994)
* *Evita* (1996)
* ''Angela's Ashes* (1999)
* *The Life of David Gale'' (2003)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official Alan Parker Website
St. Peter's Square

'''St. Peter's Square''' ( , ) is a large plaza in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, Rome. The Pope frequently addresses pilgrims gathered in the square. It is named after Saint Peter.

At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.

## References
## Further reading
* Hibbert, Christopher, 1985, *Rome: The biography of a city*, London, Penguin.
* Norwich, John Julius, ed. 1975 *Great Architecture of the World* 
* Touring Club Italiano, *Roma e Dintorni*

## Other websites
*stpetersbasilica.info Pages for all 140 Colonnade Saints
*Great Buildings On-line: Piazza of St. Peter's
*Roberto Piperno, "Piazza di S. Pietro": engravings by Vasi
*Mary Ann Sullivan, "St Peter's Piazza, Vatican City"
*Obeliscus Vaticanus LacusCurtius.com, The Vatican Obelisk, retrieved September 4, 2006
*The legend of the cry of Bresca Legendary Rome
*Rome, Nova Online, Mysteries of the Nile, A World of Obelisks: Rome pbs.org, retrieved September 4, 2006
*St. Peter's Square, Bernini's Fountain
Alawites

, who ruled Syria from 1971 to 2024, are well-known Alawites]]
The **Alawites**, also known as **Alawis** (*ʿAlawīyyah* ) are an ethnoreligious group who live primarily in the Levant particularly in the coastal regions or the areas near the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Alawism is a sect which branched out from Shi'ism during the 9th century. They live mainly in Syria but also have a presence in neighboring countries Lebanon and Turkey. They initially branched out of the Twelver school however they differ greatly from the Twelvers as they believe in the divinity of Ali. Alawites worship Ali, and the name "Alawi" means followers of Ali. Alawites are also called **Nusayris** although this term has been considered derogatory.
, now in Turkey's southern Hatay province, 1938.]]

## Other websites
*Reuters
Sung Wong Toi

**Sung Wong Toi** () is a historic relic in Hong Kong. It is now in the Sung Wong Toi Garden.

There was a legend that Sung Wong Toi was built to remember the Emperor Duanzong of Song and his younger brother. It was because they had once escaped to Hong Kong.

## Reference
Tuskegee University

**Tuskegee University** is in Tuskegee, Alabama. It is a historic African American university.

## Related pages
*Booker T. Washington
*Tuskegee Airmen
*Tuskegee syphilis experiment

## Other websites
*University website
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 movie)

***Mutiny on the Bounty*** is an MGM movie from 1935 directed by Frank Lloyd and produced by Irving Thalberg. It was directed by Frank Lloyd. It is based on the novel of the same name by Charles Nordoff and James Hall. The movie is about the mutiny on the ship *Bounty*.

It stars  Charles Laughton as Captain Bligh, Clark Gable as Fletcher Christian, Franchot Tone as Roger Byam, and Movita Castaneda as a Tahitian girl. All three were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. The movie won the 1935 Academy Award for Best Picture.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Umberto Giordano

**Umberto Menotti Maria Giordano** (28 August 1867 – 12 November 1948) was an Italian composer. He wrote many operas. His opera *Andrea Chénier* (1896) is still performed.
Lantau Island

**Lantau Island** is the largest island in Hong Kong.

## Famous Places 
* Hong Kong Disneyland
* Ngong Ping 360
* Tai O

## References
Christian terrorism

with a burning cross]]

**Christian terrorism** is a form of terrorism where the terrorists claim their motivations lie in their Christian religion.  Very often, such groups use the Old Testament or the New Testament scriptures to legitimize their actions. Sometimes, the religious violence arises from different Christian groups fighting for dominance.
Omoseye Bolaji

**Omoseye Bolaji** (born August 16 1968, died 22 May 2022) is a Nigerian-born writer. He went on to become a successful author of many books in South Africa. He is a novelist, poet, playwright, and journalist. He was conferred with the  Medal by the University of the Free State in 2007. His published works include *Impossible Love* (2000), *People of the Townships* (2003), *My Life and Literature* (2007), *Miscellaneous Writings* (2011) and *It Couldn’t Matter Less* (2013)

In 2022, Omoseye Bolaji published two new books in early February:

* BOOKS BARDS AND BARBS (2022)
* IYA ALAJE (2022)

## References
## Other websites
*The Bard Of Bloemfontein
Balk

A  **balk** is something that a pitcher does in baseball that is not allowed, or illegal. If a balk happens the umpire will point to the pitcher and yell "balk", and the runners on base get to move up one base. If there are no runners on base, a ball is issued to the batter.

Some ways a balk can happen include;

* The pitcher faking a pitch
* The pitcher throwing the ball to a base where there is no runner
* Pitching the ball before everyone is ready
* The pitcher takes too long to pitch
* If the pitcher drops the ball, even if he didn't mean to.

There are other ways it can happen, but these are the main ones.
Charles Laughton

**Charles Laughton** (1 July 1899 – 15 December 1962) was an Anglo-American actor, screenwriter, producer, and director. He was born in Scarborough, North Riding of Yorkshire. He is known for playing Quasimodo in *The Hunchback of Notre Dame* and Captain Bligh in *Mutiny on the Bounty*. He directed *The Night of the Hunter*. He won the 1933 Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for *The Private Life of Henry VIII*. Laughton was bisexual. He was married to actress Elsa Lanchester from 1929 until his death. The couple became American citizens in 1950. They had no children. Laughton died of kidney cancer in Hollywood, Los Angeles.
'' (1935)]]

## Other websites 
*
Wii Party U

***Wii Party U*** is a party video game for the Wii U game console. It is the sequel to *Wii Party*. It was released in North America and Europe on October 25, 2013, in Australia on October 26, 2013, and in Japan on October 31, 2013.

## Gameplay
*Wii Party U* is a party video game which takes elements from the *Mario Party* series. It has over 80 minigames. Players are able to play minigames with the Wii U GamePad.

## References
Ealdorman

An **ealdorman** (from Old English *ealdorman*, lit. "elder man"; plural: "ealdormen") is a term used for a high-ranking royal official who was in charge of one or more shires. The title dates from the sixth century and was in use up to the time of King Canute. Their position was a combination of administrator, judge and military commander. Ealdormen were the predecessors of the later English earls.

## Office 
The king appointed an ealdorman to govern one or more shires or territories. The ealdorman was also responsible for leading his local fyrd (part-time army) in battle. But these armies owed their first allegiance to their ealdorman. Very often the support of one or more ealdormen could help a royal candidate to become king.

## History 
The term first appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 568. But the development of the shire may have come later.  In the laws of King Canute both ealdormen and earls are mentioned. But there was no distinction made between them. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the title Earl was no longer interchangeable with *dux* or *princeps*. They were written at times as *comes* (count). King William replaced most Anglo-Saxon earls with his own appointees. He then limited the power of most earls giving them control of counties, castles or other territories. A few were given more power. These were titled Earl palatine.

## Notes 
## References
The Turn of the Screw

***The Turn of the Screw*** is a horror novel by Henry James. It was published in 1898. The story is about two children in a lonely country house. Their governess believes they are possessed by the ghosts of two dead servants. The novel was made into an opera by Benjamin Britten, and into a movie called *The Innocents* starring Deborah Kerr.
Taronga Zoo

**Taronga Zoo**  is a zoo in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is on the shores of Sydney Harbour in the suburb of Mosman. It was officially opened on 7 October 1916. The zoo covers about . It holds over 2,600 animals of 340 species. There is a larger, sister zoo in Dubbo, the Taronga Western Plains Zoo.

The zoo is divided into eight geographic regions of the world. The largest section is for Australian wildlife. It also has several aviaries, and an aquarium section for seals and penguins.

The Taronga Zoo also helps endangered animals.  In 2009, scientists brought some yellow-spotted tree frogs to the Taronga Zoo to breed.  Then the last wild yellow-spotted tree frogs died.  In 2018, the scientists took some of the frogs from the Taronga Zoo and put them in the wild.

Taronga is an Aboriginal word which means "beautiful view".

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Daily Telegraph feature-section on Taronga Zoo
Orange Is the New Black

***Orange Is the New Black*** is an American comedy-drama series on Netflix. Jenji Kohan created it. She is known for creating Weeds. It is based on the memoir of the same name by Piper Kerman. So far there have been three seasons with 13 episodes each. The first episode of season two aired on June 6, 2014. The third season premiered on June 11, 2015.

In April 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season, to be released on June 17, 2016. In February 2016, the series was renewed through seven seasons.

*Orange Is the New Black* is the first series to get Emmy Award nominations in both comedy and drama categories. The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, two Producers Guild of America Awards, an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award.

## Plot and cast
The show is about Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a middle class woman who has been sent to prison for carrying drug money for her ex-girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), who is also put in the prison. She is engaged to a man called Larry (Jason Biggs), and describes herself as an 'ex-lesbian'. However, being in prison causes her to rethink her sexual orientation and her identity in general. The show has strong LGBT themes and has been described as a 'lesbian tv show'. Lesbian characters include Carrie "Big Boo" Black (Lea DeLaria), Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren (Uzo Aduba), and Nicky Nichols (Natasha Lyonne). Transgender prisoner Sophia Burset is played by Laverne Cox, a real trans woman. Most of the characters are women of color.

The third episode, "Lesbian Request Denied", was directed by Jodie Foster.

## Critical response
*Orange Is the New Black* was well-received by critics. The Washington Post called the show 'brilliance behind bars'. Taylor Schilling was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for  Lead Actress in a Drama Series.

## References
## Other websites
*
Daisy Miller

***Daisy Miller*** is a novella by Henry James. It was published in 1879. It is about a rich and flirtatious young American woman who offends the sensibilities of the Europeans she is moving among. She is an outsider and dies after catching a fever on a visit to the Colosseum. It was a huge success and is still one of James's most popular works. The story was made into a movie starring Cybil Shepherd.
To Kill a Mockingbird (movie)

***To Kill a Mockingbird*** is a 1962 American drama movie. It was directed by Robert Mulligan. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. The movie is based on the book *To Kill a Mockingbird* by Harper Lee. The movie has been listed in the National Film Registry. It won three Academy Awards: Best Actor (Gregory Peck), Best Art Direction, and Best Adapted Screenplay.

## Plot
Atticus Finch, a white lawyer working in the South, defends Tom, a black man accused of raping a white woman. Tom is found guilty of rape. Finch's daughter, Scout, narrates the story from her perspective as an adult.
Just So Stories

***Just So Stories for Little Children*** is a book of stories by Rudyard Kipling. It was published in 1902 by Macmillan & Co. The stories are "origin stories". They explain how things in the natural world came about, such as the elephant's trunk and the camel's hump. Kipling drew the pictures for the original edition.
Grenade (disambiguation)

A **grenade** is a small explosive device which is thrown at a target.

**Grenade** may also mean:

* Grenadier, a soldier who throws grenades
* Grenade, Haute-Garonne *département*, France
* "Grenade" (song), a song by Bruno Mars
* Physically unattractive appearance, see physical attractiveness

## Related pages 
* Granada
* Grenada
* Pomegranate
Mario vs. Donkey Kong (video game)

***Mario vs. Donkey Kong*** is a 2004 puzzle-platform video game for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed by Nintendo Software Technology and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on May 24, 2004, in Japan on June 1, 2004, and in Europe on November 19, 2004. It is a spiritual successor to *Donkey Kong*, which was released for the Game Boy in 1994.

In the game, the player plays as Mario, who is chasing Donkey Kong through a toy factory after Donkey Kong stole many Mini-Mario toys. It plays similarly to the Game Boy *Donkey Kong* game. There are five types of levels. In the first type, Mario has to pick up a key and take it to a locked door, then find and pick up the Mini-Mario toy at the end of the level. In the second type, Mario has to guide six Mini-Mario toys to the Toy Box. While doing so, he has to protect them from dangers in the level. In the third type, Mario has to fight Donkey Kong in order to go to the next world. In the fourth type, the Plus level, Mario has to turn on one Mini-Mario with a key and take it to the door. The fifth type of level, the Expert level, plays like the first type of level, but is harder.

## Other websites
*
Blind experiment

A **blind** or **blinded experiment** is a test or experiment in 
where the experimenter does not know which treatment is given to a subject. The idea is to avoid bias which the experimenter might otherwise introduce. If both tester and subject are blinded, the trial is a **double-blind trial**.

Suppose consumers are asked to compare the tastes of different brands of a product.  Obviously, the identities of the product should be hidden – otherwise consumers tend to prefer the brand they are familiar with. Similarly, when testing a pharmaceutical drug, both patients and experimenter should not know the dosage being given in each case.

The opposite of a blind trial is an open trial. The terms **blind** (adjective) or **to blind** (transitive verb) when used in this sense are figurative extensions of the literal idea of blindfolding someone.

## Examples 
Blind experiments went on to be used outside of purely scientific settings.  In 1817, a committee of scientists and musicians compared a Stradivarius violin to one with a guitar-like design made by the naval engineer François Chanot.  A well-known violinist played each instrument while the committee listened in the next room to avoid prejudice.

One of the first essays advocating a blinded approach to experiments in general came from Claude Bernard in the latter half of the 19th century, who recommended splitting any scientific experiment between the theorist who conceives the experiment and a naive (and preferably uneducated) observer who registers the results without foreknowledge of the theory or hypothesis being tested. This suggestion contrasted starkly with the prevalent Enlightenment-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist.

Double-blind methods came into especial prominence in the mid-20th century.

## Double-blind trials
**Double-blind** describes an especially reliable way of conducting an experiment. It tries to eliminate subjective, unrecognized biases carried by an experiment's subjects *and* conductors.

In a double-blind experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants belong to the control group, and which to the test group.   Random assignment of test subjects to the experimental and control groups is the key to any double-blind research design. The information about who the subjects were, and which group they belonged to, is kept by a third party until the study is over.

Double-blind methods can be applied to any experimental situation in which there is a possibility that the results will be affected by conscious/unconscious bias on the part of researchers, participants, or both.

## References
Seasons

***Seasons*** is the fourth studio album by Sevendust. The album was released on October 7, 2003.

## References
Crossgates Commons

**Crossgates Commons** is a plaza in Albany, New York near Crossgates Mall. It has a lot of stores.
## Stores 
*Upper level
**Walmart
**Tiger Direct
**Marshalls
**Bed Bath and Beyond
**Home Depot
**JCPenney
**JCPenney Outlet
**Old Navy
**Golf Galaxy

*Lower level
**Sam's Club
**Land Air Express
**Target
**Sears
**Sears Outlet
**Michaels
**Olie's Bargain Outlet
Centwine of Wessex

**Centwine** (died 685) was King of Wessex from  to 685. He appears to have been one of several underkings of Wessex after the death of Cenwalh. But at some point he united the kingdom of Wessex under his rule.

## King of Wessex 
Centwine was the probable son of Cynegils and grandson of Ceolwulf, King of Wessex. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Centwine became king . Also that he succeeded Aescwine. Bede wrote that after the death of King Cenwalh: "his under-rulers took upon them the kingdom of the people, and dividing it among themselves, held it ten years". Bede's view of Aescwine and Centwine as underkings may represent the views of King Ine. His family ruled Wessex in Bede's time. If the kingdom did fragment following Cenwalh's death, it was reunited during Centwine's reign. An entry under 682 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Centwine drove the Britons to the sea". Aldhelm wrote Centwine won three major victories but does not say who he defeated. Centwine is reported to have abdicated and became a monk. The date of his death is unknown.

## Family 
Centwine married Eangyth, niece of Eorcenbert of Kent. Together they had:

* Bugga, Abbess of Eanburh.
* Oshere (died before 720)

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex
St Paul's Suite

'''''St Paul's Suite''''' is a piece of music by Gustav Holst. It was written in 1912. It was published in 1922 after some revisions. It is written for string orchestra with the addition of some wind instruments. It was written for St Paul's Girls' School where Holst was Director of Music for many years. The suite has four movements: Jig, Ostinato, Intermezzo, and Finale.
Water Margin

***Water Margin*** ( ***Shui Hu Zhuan***) is a novel that is said to have been written by Shi Nai'an. It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. The story is set during the Song Dynasty. It is about a group of outlaws who gather to form an army, and are later sent to fight foreign invaders and suppress rebel forces by the government.

The book was written during the 14th century.

## Other websites
Saint Francis of Assisi (opera)

'''''Saint François d'Assise''''' is an opera in three acts and eight scenes. The music and libretto were written by Olivier Messiaen. The opera was written from 1975 to 1983. The first performance was given by the Paris Opéra at the Palais Garnier on November 28, 1983.
Kaira

**Kaira** (; Altai: *Кайра*, ) is the king of the gods and ruler of the universe in Turkic and Altai mythologies. He is the god of creation and the creator of everything.

Kaira sits on the 17th floor of sky and determines the fate of the universe. He created the other gods. He existed before the creation of the universe. He planted a tree with nine boughes. This tree connects the sky and earth and nine human races are descended from the tree. His sons are *Ulgan*, *Kyzaghan* and *Mergen*.

In ancient Turkic beliefs, Kaira is a white goose that flies over an endless water. Ak Ana (white mother) appears and tells him to create. Kaira is the biggest and the strongest of all the gods. So he creates the earth.

The word (Kaira) means  or .

## Related pages
* Ulgan - Son of Ulgan. God of Benevolence

## References
## Other websites
* Türk Mitolojisi (Türk mitleri ve destanları) Kayra Han
Interstate 787

**Interstate 787** (**I-787**) is an Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of New York. It goes through downtown Albany. The southern end is at the toll plaza for New York State Thruway (I-87) exit&nbsp;23. The location of the northern end is unclear. Some sources say it is at 8th Street in Troy. Other sources say it is at its interchange with NY&nbsp;7 and NY&nbsp;787 in the town of Colonie.

The route is  long if extended to Troy, or  without the NY&nbsp;7 overlap.

North of NY&nbsp;7, the highway continues as NY&nbsp;787 to the city of Cohoes.

## References
Interstate 890

**Interstate&nbsp;890** (**I-890**) is a highway in New York, in the United States. It is  long. It runs southeast to northwest, mostly within Scthenady County. Most of I-890 is six lanes wide.

## Other websites
Esau

**Esau** is the eldest son of Isaac and Rebekah in the Book of Genesis. Jacob is his twin brother. (Chapter 25). He is a 'cunning hunter, a man of the field' (25:27) Esau gives his birthright as eldest to Jacob for a meal of lentil stew. He is then tricked out of his father's blessing by Rebekah and Jacob, with Jacob instead receiving the blessing. 

He has several wives, Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Bashemath daughter of Elon. He later marries Mahalath the daughter of Ishmael, his cousin, to please his parents.

## Other websites
*Entry for Jacob and Esau at Chabad
Dalmatian city-states

The **Dalmatian city-states** were 8 cities in Dalmatia where the native Dalmatian Italians survived the Slav invasions, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. These cities were: Zara, Spalato, Ragusa, Cattaro, Trau, Ossero (also called Cherso or Crespa), Veglia and Arbe.

## History
At the beginning of the seventh century, the Avars with some Slav tribes devastated and conquered the Roman province of Dalmatia. The local Latin population survived only in the coast and islands of Dalmatia. There they created 8 little cities that maintained political links with the Byzantine Empire, that defended these cities allowing their commerce.

The original names of the cities were Jadera, Spalatum, Crespa, Arba, Tragurium, Vecla, Ragusium and Cattarum. The language and the laws were initially Latin, but after a few centuries they developed their own neolatin language (the "Dalmatico"), that lasted until the nineteenth century.

The cities were maritime centers with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. From it they received their Italian culture and arts. After the year 1000 AD, the Venetian Doge Orseolo II started to control all coastal Dalmatia. It was only in 1420 AD that Venice was able to obtain the full domination of these City-states.

In this way seven of these cities became part of the Venetian republic: Zara was the most Venetian (or Italian) of them, remaining Italian until WWII.

Ragusium (or Ragusa) was dominated by Venice only for a few decades in the 11th century and later created the famous "Repubblica di Ragusa". This was an autonomous state under the protection of the Ottoman empire, and lasted until the conquest by Napoleon in 1804 AD when was united to the Napoleonic kingdom of Italy.

## Notes
## Bibliography
* Jackson, Thomas. *Dalmatia, the Quarnero and Istria with Cettigne in Montenegro and the Island of Grado*.Clarendon Press. Oxford, 1887 . 

## Related pages
* Dalmatian Italians
* Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
* Republic of Venice
* Venice and Dalmatia
Arrondissements of the Haute-Garonne department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Haute-Garonne department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.

The arrondissements of Haute-Garonne are:

## History
Since its creation, the Haute-Garonne department has had some changes:
* 1790 : creation of the department with eight districts: Toulouse, Rieux, Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Castelsarrasin, Muret, Saint-Gaudens, Revel, Grenadel
* 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Toulouse, Castelsarrasin, Muret, Saint-Gaudens, Villefranche
* 1803 : the arrondissement of Muret is eliminated
* 1806 : restoration of the arrondissement of Muret
* 1808 : the arrondissement of Castelsarrasin is eliminated and became part of the new department of Tarn-et-Garonne
* 1926 : the arrondissements of Muret and Villefranche are eliminated
* 1942 : restoration of the arrondissement of Muret

## References
Parade Square

**Parade Square** () is a big city square in central Warsaw, Poland. It was established in 1955 by the Soviet Union together with the building of the Palace of Culture and Science. The square is one of the biggest in Europe and the world. It was used in the Communist period by the government of People's Republic of Poland for military parades. After the fall of communism in Poland in 1989 the square was abandoned and made into a marketplace.

## Other websites 
* Warsaw Takes Steps on Parade Square Development in The Wall Street Journal.
Ulgan

**Ulgan** (, Khakass: *Ӱлген*, , , ) is a creator god in Turkic mythology. He is ruler of the sky.

He lives in a golden palace on Altyn Dagh (''*, "Golden Mountain"). He has a golden throne and a lightning arc. His father is Kaira Khan. Ulgan lives on 16th floor of the sky, and manages the stars and other objects in the sky. It was believed that at the beginning of the universe there was only Ulgan and Erlik.

Ulgan has seven sons and seven daughters.

## Children of Ulgan
Ulgan has seven sons, named Akoghlanlar (White Boys). They are "*Karakush Khan, Karshyt Khan, Pura Khan, Burcha Kan, Yashyl Khan, Er-Kanym Khan, Bakty Khan*". And he has nine daughters, that named **Akkyzlar**. No one knows the names of the daughters.

### Akoghlanlar
They are the sons of Ulgan.

#**Karshyt Khan**: The god of purity.
#**Pura Khan**: The god of horses.
#**Burcha Khan**: The god of prosperity.
#**Yashyl Khan**: The god of nature.
#**Karakush KHan**: The god of birds.
#**Kanym Khan**: The god of confidence.
#**Bakhty Khan**: The god of blessing.

## Related pages
* Kaira - Father of Ulgan. Sky God.

## Other websites
* Çoban, Ramazan Volkan, *Türk Mitolojisinde İyilik Tanrısı Ülgen''
Anthony of Padua

**Anthony of Padua**, O.F.M. (born **Fernando Martins de Bulhões**; 15 August 1195 – 13 June 1231), was a Portuguese Catholic priest. He was a friar of the Franciscan Order. He was born and raised in a rich family in Lisbon. Anthony was canonised as a saint on 30 May 1232, less than a year after his death. He is considered a patron saint of lost or stolen items.

He goes that he had a book of sacred songs in which he'd written his own personal notes. A young novice from his complex of buildings decided to leave the order. As he was leaving, he stole Anthony's book. Anthony prayed for it to be returned. Sometime later the missing novice returned to the order and asked to be taken back in, and returned Anthony's book. This was deemed a miracle.

Anthony died in Padua, Italy. After his death, because of that incident, people prayed to Anthony when they had lost something or had it stolen. Some of them got their things back. Those were also deemed "miracles." They are what got him sainthood.

## References
Counselor

A **counselor** is a trained professional who helps others by listening to them and giving them . They may be a psychologist or a social worker. Counselors help people with things like career development, anger management, health and lifestyle. Schools often have counselors to help students there.

## Related pages 
* Therapy
Flag of Vietnam

**The flag of Vietnam**, officially "red flag with a gold star" (cờ đỏ sao vàng), was designed in 1940. The background color is red and there is a yellow star. Red means revolution and victory while the yellow star means leadership of Communist Party of Vietnam. The star also means different grades of Vietnam. 

## References
Joe Maddon

**Joe Maddon** (born 1954) is the manager of the Los Angeles Angels in Major League Baseball. From 2015 until 2019 Maddon was the manager of the Chicago Cubs. He led the Cubs to a World Series victory in 2016. He previously managed the Tampa Bay Rays.

## References
## Other websites
*Joe Maddon entry at Baseball reference
Hurricane Ingrid

**Hurricane Ingrid** was a strong Category 1 hurricane which struck eastern Mexico at the same time another storm struck the western parts. The storm claimed the lives of 32 people in Mexico. The winds of Ingrid reached  at its peak. The storm, however, weakened before heading into Mexico as a severe tropical storm in September 2013. The name *Ingrid* was later retired. It was replaced with *Imelda* for 2019.
Antonio Ghislanzoni

**Antonio Ghislanzoni** (25 November 1824 – 16 July 1893) was an Italian writer. He wrote the libretti for Verdi's operas *La forza del destino* (1869) and *Aida* (1871). He was born in Lombardy and died in Bergamo.
Baidu Baike

**Baidu Baike**  (Chinese: **百度百科**) is an online encyclopedia owned by **Baidu**, a Chinese search engine. It started providing service in 2006. By August 2013 Baidu Baike had about five million articles. This compares with about 700,000 articles in the Chinese Wikipedia.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Surface water

near Jennings, Florida going into a sinkhole leading to the Floridan Aquifer groundwater.]]
**Surface water** is water on the surface of the planet, above the ground. It is the water in rivers, lakes, wetlands and oceans. It is different to groundwater, which is in the soil, and atmospheric water, which is in the sky.

Fresh surface water is added to by precipitation and by taking ground-water from the ground. It is lost through evaporation, where it becomes atmospheric water, or through seepage into the ground, where it becomes ground water. It is also lost through use by plants for transpiration, animals for drinking, or by humans for agriculture, washing and other purposes. Fresh water is also discharged to the ocean, where it becomes salt water.

## Related pages 
* Water cycle
Culture of Nepal

Nepal has a unique culture. Its cultural heritage has developed over several thousands of years. It covers Nepal's many ethnic, tribal and social classes.

There are at least 92 living languages spoken in Nepal, though some studies list 123. Nepal's languages come from three major language groups: Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman and indigenous. The official national language of Nepal is Nepali, written in Devanagari script. It is the first language of about half the country's population, and is used by people of most ethnic groups to communicate with each other.

Both Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal date back more than 2000 years. The 2001 census recorded that 80.6% of the population was Hindu. Buddhism was practiced by about 11% of the population, although many people often practice their own mix of Hindu, Buddhist, and/or animist traditions. About 3.2% practice Islam. Another 3.6% of the population follows the native Kirant religion. Christianity is practiced officially by less than 0.5%.

Nepalese people have several festivals that they celebrate each year. The longest and the most important of these is Dashain. It is celebrated for 15 days, and is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Durga. Most festivals include dancing and music, as well as all kinds of local food.

Some Nepalese dances include:
*Charya: popular among the Buddhist community
*Kartik: started by King Siddhi Nasingh Malla in Kathmandu valley
*Ghatu: popular among the Gurung and Magar communities at Gandaki Zone

## Related pages
* Nepal at the Olympics
* Nepal national football team

## Other websites
* Nepal Encyclopedia culture category
Tetanurae

**Tetanurae** (/ˌtɛtəˈnjuːriː/ or "stiff tails") are a clade which includes most theropod dinosaurs, including birds. Tetanurans first appear in the Jurassic.  It is a large group of theropod dinosaurs.  Jacques Gauthier used the term when he first applied cladistics to vertebrate paleontology.

The term refers to the stiff tail which was held above the ground as a counterweight when the animal walked or ran.

Tetanurae are defined as all theropods more closely related to modern birds than to *Ceratosaurus*. Gauthier considered it to consist of Carnosauria and Coelurosauria. Modern birds are the only living representatives of the clade Tetanurae.

## Orionides 
Oriondes is a clade in tetanure. It contains the extinct Megalosauroidea and the alive Avetheropoda

## References
G-Unit Records

**G-Unit Records** is a record label started by the musician 50 Cent. It specializes in hip hop and rap music. It was started in 2005 and is part of the Universal Music Group. The company is based in New York City.

It has so far signed artists such as G-Unit, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo.

## Other websites
*Official website
Project for Public Spaces

The **Project for Public Spaces** (also called **PPS**) is a non-profit organization dedicated to public participation in planning urban spaces in cities. The organization works in the subjects of architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, urban design, urban geography, psychology, art, and information management.

The institute was established in 1975 and is located in New York, United States. The organization works in over 2,500 communities in 40 countries around the world.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Yung Berg

**Christian Ward** (born September 9, 1986), better known by his stage name **Hitmaka** (used to be **Yung Berg**) is a rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer from Chicago. He's best known for the song "Sexy Lady" with Junior. He was featured in the song "Sexy Can I" by Ray J.

## Reference
John Tenniel

**Sir John Tenniel** (28 February 1820 – 25 February 1914) was a British illustrator. He is famous for drawing the pictures in ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland* and *Through the Looking-Glass''. He was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1893. He was born and died in London.
Académie Française

The **Académie Française** (English: *The French Academy*) is France's main authority on the French language. It was created in Paris on 22 February 1635. Like the French Academy of Sciences, it is one of five academies in the Institut de France.

## Other websites 
* L'Académie française 
* L'Académie française  from the Scholarly Societies project
St Augustine's Abbey

'''St Augustine's Abbey''' is a Benedictine abbey in Canterbury, Kent, England. It is named after Saint Augustine of Canterbury. It was founded during the early  of Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons.

The original church was built at the end of the 6th century. It was ordered by King Æthelberht of Kent. Building started in 598.

The ruins of St Augustine's Abbey, together with Canterbury Cathedral and St Martin's Church, were named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. As a group, they are buildings which show the  of Christianity in Britain.

## References
## Other websites
* at English Heritage
*
* St Augustine's Abbey at SacredDestinations.com
The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin

***The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin*** is a picture book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was published by Frederick Warne & Co. in August 1903. The story is about a squirrel named Nutkin who annoys an owl called Old Brown. The owl grabs the squirrel's tail and pulls it off. Potter's next book was  *The Tale of Peter Rabbit*. 
## Story 
Squirrel Nutkin's brother Twinkleberry, Nutkin and their many cousins sail to Owl Island. They made a boat of twigs. They offer the owl Old Brown gifts. They ask his permission to collect nuts on his island. Old Brown  lets the squirrels pick nuts. Squirrel Nutkin dances and sings silly riddles to the owl, every day. Finally Nutkin makes the Old Brown mad. The owl catches Nutkin. Nutkin escapes, but loses most of his tail. After this he becomes furious when he is asked riddles.

## Other websites
*
**The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin* at Internet Archive
**Visiting Cumbria* : Photographs of Lingholm, Derwent Water, and environs
**The Riddles of Squirrel Nutkin*  from Lyndie Chiou's  children's book and music blog.