open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cars 2

***Cars 2*** is a 2011 movie made by Pixar. It was directed by John Lasseter and produced by Denise Ream. It is a sequel to the 2006 comedy movie *Cars* and it was released on June 24, 2011. The teaser trailer for *Cars 2* appeared on the DVD and Blu-ray versions of *Toy Story 3* and the full length trailer was shown before the movie *Tangled*. In the *Cars* trilogy, this movie was followed by *Cars 3*, which was released in June 16, 2017.

## Plot
Lightning McQueen competes in the first-ever World Grand Prix which determines the world's fastest car. Each race is held at a different part of the world: first in Tokyo, second in Italy, and third in London. Meanwhile, the Lemons are secretly trying to destroy the World Grand Prix racers, and Mater finds himself helping secret agents Finn McMissile and Holley Shiftwell in stopping them.

## Cast 
* Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen
* Larry the Cable Guy as Tow Mater
* Michael Caine  as Finn McMissile
* Emily Mortimer as Holley Shiftwell
* Jason Isaacs as Siddeley
* Thomas Kretschmann as Professor Zündapp
* Joe Mantegna as Grem
* Peter Jacobson as Acer
* Tony Shalhoub as Luigi
* Guido Quaroni as Guido
* Lloyd Sherr  as Fillmore (replacing George Carlin after his death in 2008) and Tony Trihull
* Paul Dooley as Sarge
* John Ratzenberger as Mack
* Brent Musburger as Brent Mustangburger
* Darrell Waltrip as Darrel Cartrip
* David Hobbs as David Hobbscap
* John Turturro as Francesco Bernoulli
* Eddie Izzard as Miles Axelrod
* John Lasseter as John Lassetire
* Franco Nero as Uncle Topolino
* Vanessa Redgrave as Mama Topolino
* Bonnie Hunt as Sally Carrera
* Cheech Marin as Ramone
* Jenifer Lewis as Flo
* Michael Wallis as Sheriff
* Katherine Helmond as Lizzy

## Characters
Finn McMissile, Holley Shiftwell, Francesco Bernoulli, Sir Miles Axlerod, and Professor Z. are five new characters which have important roles in *Cars 2*. Finn McMissile is a British secret agent, and is expert with spy gadgets, while Holley Shiftwell acts as Finn's sidekick. Francesco Bernoulli is a flashy Italian race car, and is McQueen's racing rival in the World Grand Prix. Sir Miles Axlerod is the creator of the World Grand Prix, which is a publicity stunt for a new alternative fuel source, while Professor Z. is the leader of the Lemons, an evil corporation in charge of all the oil and fossil fuels in the world that is planning to sabotage the World Grand Prix to make alternative fuel look bad.

## Sequel 
A sequel, Cars 3, was released in 2017.

## References
## Other websites 
* *Cars 2* at disney.com
*
Sweetbread

.]]

**Sweetbreads** or **ris** are culinary names for the thymus or the pancreas glands especially of the calf (*ris de veau*) and lamb (''ris d'agneau'') (although beef and pork sweetbreads are also eaten).

Various other glands used as food have also been called 'sweetbreads', including the parotid gland, the sublingual glands, and testicles (*cf.* Rocky Mountain oyster). The "heart" sweetbreads are more spherical in shape, and surrounded symmetrically by the "throat" sweetbreads, which are more cylindrical in shape.

One common preparation of sweetbreads involves soaking in salt water, then poaching in milk, after which the outer membrane is removed.  Once dried and chilled, they are often breaded and fried.  They are also used for stuffing or in pâtés. They are grilled in many Latin American cuisines, such as in the Argentine asado, and served in bread in Turkish cuisine.

The word "sweetbread" is first known in the 16th century, but the logic behind the name is unclear. "Sweet" is perhaps used since the thymus is sweet and rich tasting, as opposed to savoury tasting muscle flesh. "Bread" may come from *brede* 'roasted meat'.

## References
Holy Week

**Holy Week** (Latin: *Hebdomas Sancta* or *Hebdomas Maior*, "Greater Week"; Greek: *Μεγάλη Ἑβδομάς*, *Megale Hebdomas*) is the commemoration of the last week of Jesus Christ's ministry on earth.  Holy Week is the last week of Lent.  It begins with Palm Sunday and leads up to Easter Sunday.

## Other websites
* Calculate Easter Dates as well as other main variable Feasts during and after Passover
* The Days of Holy Week  at The Christian Resource Institute
* Holy Week and Easter  Fast Facts from AOL Research & Learn
* Holy Week from the Catholic Encyclopedia
Culinary name

**Culinary name** is the name of an ingredient when used in the kitchen for preparing food. Sometimes the kitchen name is used because it sounds more attractive than the real name, or because a cheaper ingredient can be linked with a more expensive one. The culinary name may also refer to a way of cooking or to a region, or using a particular ingredient

## Examples
*Sweetbreads, used because it sounds nicer than thymus or pancreas.
*Lumpfish caviar, used to give lumpfish eggs the sound of the more expensive sturgeon caviar.
*Cassia bark is a cheaper substitute, but is called cinnamon in North America.
*Florentine, meaning from the region of Florence, means the dish will include spinach.
Ken Salazar

**Kenneth Lee Salazar** (born March 2, 1955) is an American politician. He was the United States Ambassador to Mexico from September 14, 2021 until January 7, 2025 during the Joe Biden administration.

Salazar was a member of the United States Senate from Colorado from 2005 until being appointed as the United States Secretary of the Interior in 2008 by President Barack Obama. Salazar officially became secretary in 2009. He resigned as secretary in 2013. Salazar is a Democrat.

Before being elected to the U.S. Senate, Salazar was the Colorado Attorney General from 1999 until 2005.

In May 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Salazar as the Ambassador to Mexico. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 11, 2021.

Salazar was born in Alamosa, Colorado. He studied at Colorado College and at the University of Michigan. 

## References
Hilda Solis

**Hilda Solis** (born October 20, 1957) is an American politician and current member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for District 1. She previously served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 2009 to 2013, and as a member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 32nd congressional district from 2003 to 2009. Prior to being a U.S. Representative, she was a California State Senator and a member of the California State Assembly. She was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the California State Senate. Solis is a Democrat. She was elected to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for District 1 on June 3, 2014. She was sworn in on December 1, 2014.

## References
Jean Casimir-Perier

**Jean Paul Pierre Casimir-Perier** (; 8 November 1847 – 11 March 1907) was a French politician, fifth president of the French Third Republic.

He was born in Paris, the son of Auguste Casimir-Perier and the grandson of Casimir Pierre Perier, premier of Louis Philippe. He entered public life as secretary to his father, who was minister of the interior under the presidency of Thiers.

On 17 August 1883, he became under-secretary of state for war, a post he retained until 7 January 1885. From 1890 to 1892 he was vice-president of the chamber, then in 1893 president. On 3 December he became prime-minister and foreign minister, but heresigned in May 1894, and was re-elected president of the chamber.

On 24 June 1894, after the assassination of President Carnot, he was elected president of the republic by 451 votes against 195 for Henri Brisson and 97 for Charles Dupuy. He was president for only six months. The day after Dupuy resigned, on 14 January 1895, Casimir-Perier resigned, saying he was ignored by the ministers, who did not consult him before taking decisions, and did not keep him informed upon political events, especially in foreign affairs.

From that time he completely abandoned politics, and devoted himself to business - especially mining. At the trial of Alfred Dreyfus at Rennes, Casimir-Perier's evidence, as opposed to that of General Mercier, was of great value to the cause of Dreyfus.

## References
*
Emotional intelligence

**Emotional intelligence (EI)** is the ability to know, understand, and manage emotions. People with high EI know their own emotions and the emotions of other people, and they are able to use emotions to think and live better. This thought model claims that high EI helps people to be successful in life. There are several different models that disagree about the exact definition of the term. Even though there does not seem to be an exact definition, the model itself can be applied in various ways, across different domains.

Nowadays, there are 3 main models of EI:
* Ability Based EI Models
*# **Knowing emotions** – the ability to know emotions in faces, pictures, voices, etc. including the ability to know one's own emotions. 
*# **Using emotions** – the ability to use emotions to improve thinking and problem-solving.
*# **Understanding emotions** – the ability to understand different emotions, the relationships among emotions, and how and why emotions change.
*# **Managing emotions** – the ability to manage emotions in ourselves and in others. Therefore, a person with high EI can use emotions, even negative ones, to achieve goals.
* Mixed Models of EI
*# **Self-awareness** – the ability to know what one is feeling and thinking. 
*# **Self-regulation** – the ability to control and manage feelings in a healthy way.
*# **Social skills** – skills that help us relate to others so that we can have good relationships with them. 
*# **Empathy** – the ability to share or understand the feelings of another person, especially to help make good decisions.
*# **Motivation** – knowing what makes us want and desire to do something, like reach our goals.
* Trait EI Models

EI is often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ).
Louis de Béchamel

**Louis de Béchamel**, marquis de Nointel (1630–1703) was a French *financier* and patron of the arts.

## Life
Son of Jean-Baptiste Béchamel, Louis was a rich tax farmer and superintendent to the house of the Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. In 1697, Béchamel bought the *marquisat* of Nointel and later became Louis XIV's head steward.

Béchamel and his wife, Marie Colbert (d. April 3, 1686) had two children, Marie Louise Béchamel de Nointel (1661 – April 2, 1740) and Louis Béchamel de Nointel (1649 – December 31, 1718).

## Béchamel sauce
The white sauce called béchamel sauce (Fr. *sauce béchamel*) acquired its name from him for he perfected an older sauce made from cream originally made by François Pierre de la Varenne (1615–1678), the cook of the marquis d'Uxelles. The sauce was dedicated to Béchamel to flatter him, at which the Duke of Escars commented:  

## References
Kathleen Sebelius

**Kathleen Sebelius** (born May 15, 1948) is an American politician. She was the  United States Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2009 to 2014. Before becoming the Secretary of Health and Human Services, Sebelius was a governor from Kansas. *Time Magazine* listed Sebelius as one of America's five best governors in 2005. Sebelius is a Democrat. She resigned on April 10, 2014.

## References
Miguel Olivo

**Miguel Olivo** (born July 15, 1978) is a Major League Baseball player from Villa Vasquez, Dominican Republic. Olivo plays as a catcher for the Seattle Mariners. In 1996, Olivo was signed as a free agent by the Oakland Athletics. In December, 2000, he was traded to the Chicago White Sox for Chad Bradford. Olivo made his Major League Baseball  on September 15, 2002, for the Chicago White Sox. On December 9, 2010, Olivo signed a two year, seven million dollar deal with the Seattle Mariners.

## References
Trevor Bayne

**Trevor Bayne** (born February 19, 1991) is an American race car driver. Until 2019, Bayne drove the No. 6 Ford Fusion for Roush Fenway Racing.  On February 20, 2011 Trevor Bayne won the 2011 Daytona 500. Bayne is the youngest driver to win the Daytona 500.

## Early career
Trevor Bayne started racing Go-Karts when he was 5 years old. Bayne won over 300 races and 22 championships in Go-Karts. In 2005, Bayne started racing in the Allison Legacy Series. He drove in 22 races, and won 12 of those races. In 2006, Bayne raced for Team Rensi in the USAR Pro Hooters Cup, and he won the Rookie of the Year award at age of 15. In 2007, Bayne left Team Rensi to race for Dale Earnhardt, Inc.

## NASCAR career
For the 2008 season, Bayne drove the #1 car for Dale Earnhardt Incorporated in the NASCAR Camping World East Series. Bayne had 6 Top 5's, two poles and one win at Thompson International Speedway in his 6th start. In the 2009 season Bayne made his first NASCAR Nationwide Series start for Means Racing in the #52 Taco Bell Chevrolet at Bristol Motor Speedway. Bayne also agreed to drive the #99 Aarons Toyota for Michael Waltrip Racing for 8 races. Bayne got his career best finish at O'Reilly Raceway Park when he finished 7th. In September 2010, Bayne left Diamond-Waltrip Racing and went to drive for Roush-Fenway Racing. He will drive for Roush-Fenway Racing in the 2011 season in the NASCAR Nationwide Series. He made his first NASCAR Sprint Cup Series start in the 2010 AAA Texas 500 at Texas Motor Speedway with Wood Brothers Racing. Bayne is the first driver to compete in one of the top three NASCAR series to be born in 1991.

Bayne drove the #21 Wood Brothers Racing Ford in 17 Sprint Cup Series races in 2011. He did not competing for the Rookie of the Year award because he was racing the full Nationwide Series season. Bayne won his first Sprint Cup Series race in his second race ever, the 2011 Daytona 500. This win makes him the second youngest driver ever to win a Sprint Cup Series race, and the youngest ever driver to win the Daytona 500. In 2015 Bayne started racing full-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series for Roush Fenway Racing.

## Images

File:TrevorBayneToyotaMilwaukeeMile2009.jpg|Bayne's #99 Nationwide car at Milwaukee in 2009
File:99TrevorBayne2010Bucyrus200RoadAmerica.jpg|2010 Nationwide car at Road America
File:Trevor Bayne, the 2011 Daytona 500 winner.jpg|Bayne's car before the start of the 2011 Daytona 500

## References
## Other websites
*Stories and photos about Travor Bayne from the Knoxville News Sentinel 
*Video interview with Travor Bayne
*Yahoo Driver Page
Vulnerability index

The **vulnerability index** is a tool for finding out who among the street homeless population needs health care and housing the most. It is being used in more and more cities in the USA. Volunteeers conduct a survey of people living in homeless shelters, warming centers and people who do not have any housing at all.

The  vulnerability index is from the work of Dr. Jim O'Connell of Boston's Healthcare for the Homeless. He was concerned about the causes of death of unsheltered homeless individuals living on the street. A national drive is underway by Common Ground to  work with the HUD homeless count. Since communities are doing the count, he believes that is a good time to do the vulnerability index too. Its' people say that using it will help getting needy individuals off the street.

The vulnerability index has been tried out in a lot of other places not just the East Coast. These include Charlotte, North Carolina, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Santa Monica, California.

## References
Chinese mountain cat

The **Chinese Mountain cat** (*Felis bieti*), also known as the **Chinese Desert cat**, is a small wild cat of western China. It is a little-known member of the genus *Felis*, the common cats.

Some authorities regard the *chutchta* and *vellerosa* subspecies of the Wildcat as Chinese Mountain cat subspecies.

## References
Ambrosia (band)

**Ambrosia** are a pop rock music group. It formed in the Los Angeles area around 1970. They had many radio hits in the 1970s, although much of the material is progressive in nature. The founding members of Ambrosia grew up in southern California.

## Albums 
* Ambrosia (1975)
* Somewhere I've Never Travelled (1976)
* Life Beyond L.A. (1978)
* One Eighty (1980)
* Road Island (1982)
Mason Ryan

**Barri Griffiths** (born January 13, 1982) is a Welsh stunt performer and former professional wrestler. He works for Cirque du Soleil. Griffiths is best known for his time as a professional wrestler where he wrestled for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the ring name **Mason Ryan**.

During his time in the WWE, Ryan was known for his time in the Nexus stable. He would wrestle in the WWE from 2009 until 2014. In 2009, he signed with World Wrestling Entertainment and began working in their developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) under the ring name Mason Ryan. 

In FCW, Ryan was a one-time FCW Florida Heavyweight Champion. On 30 April 2014, Griffiths was released by the WWE.

On 2 January 2016, Griffiths would announce that he began working for Cirque du Soleil under the character of an archer in their Kà show.

## References
## Other websites
*
Expansion pack

An **expansion pack** is an addition (extra part) of a video game. Expansion packs can add characters, worlds, weapons, or scenarios. They can be for all types of video games.

Most expansion packs need the main version of the game to play, although there are a few exceptions which can be purchased stand-alone, such as *The Ultimate Doom*.

Expansion packs are usually cheaper than the main game, or may even be free.

The term "Expansion Pack" was also used by Nintendo for a hardware add-on that plugged into the Nintendo 64 and was required for some games. It increased the RAM from 4 MB to 8 MB.

## Related pages
*Sequel
*Series
Florence Henderson

**Florence Agnes Henderson** (February 14, 1934 &ndash; November 24, 2016) was an American actress and singer. She starred as Carol Brady in *The Brady Bunch* between 1969 and 1974. She was  her own talk show, *The Florence Henderson Show*, on television.

Henderson died suddenly of heart failure at a hospital in Los Angeles, California on November 24, 2016, aged 82.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
The Subtle Knife

***The Subtle Knife*** is the second book of the *His Dark Materials* trilogy  written by Philip Pullman and first published in 1997.
In the first world that Lyra enters, Lyra meets a boy of 12 years named Will Parry who comes from Oxford of the reader's universe and is escaping from the authorities. Defending his sick mother he has accidentally killed a man.They travel through a silent world to resolve many mysteries. They begin to realize that there is something special about that world.

## References
Knots Landing

***Knots Landing*** was an American soap opera. It began December 27, 1979 and ended May 13, 1993. It was a spin-off of *Dallas*. The show aired on CBS throughout its run. It was set around a fictional coastal suburb of Los Angeles and focuses on four married couples living in a cul-de-sac. By the time of the show's end, it had become one of the longest running primetime drama shows on television in the US.

## Other websites
Okra

**Okra** (*Abelmoschus esculentus*) are known in many English-speaking countries as '''lady's fingers** or **gumbo''') is a flowering plant in the mallow family, related to cotton and hibiscus. Okro is native to West Africa. The word (Okro) came from the Igbo Language (South Eastern Nigeria) where okra vegetable is known as "Okro" or “Okworo”.  The name adulteration began as the British colonialists came to Southern Nigeria and discovered its great health benefits. The problem was they could not pronounce the Igbo word “Okworo”, so they called it “Okro/Okra” and later, helped export and popularise the vegetable in Europe and in many warm regions across the globe. It is valued for its edible green seed pods which has many health benefits. It is grown for the pods, which are harvested in the immature stage and used in salads, soups and dishes.  It is a national vegetable in many West African countries like Nigeria and Ghana, and in Asian countries like India and Pakistan. Some of the ways it is eaten are fried, grilled, or in soup. 

## References
Ruthless People

***Ruthless People*** is a 1986 American black comedy crime movie which stars Danny DeVito, Helen Slater, Bette Midler and Judge Reinhold. Also starring in the movie is Bill Pullman in his movie debut. David Zucker, Jerry Zucker and Jim Abrahams are the directors of this movie. It was distributed via Touchstone Pictures.

## Other websites 
*
Alexandertorte

**Alexandertorte**, also known as **Alexander Torte** or **Aleksander Torte**, is a dessert of pastry strips filled with raspberry preserves.

Its origin is not really known.  Although Alexander I employed Carême, this dessert is not claimed by Carême. It was possibly first made in Finland, by Swiss pastry chefs in Helsinki in 1818, when Alexander was due to visit.  It is also said to be a Latvian dish.

## Related pages
*List of foods named after people
Breaking Ground

**Breaking Ground**, formerly called **Common Ground** is a nonprofit social services organization. It provides housing for the homeless and others. Their philosophy holds that housing costs less than homeless shelters. It also costs many times less than jail cells or hospital rooms, They also believe that people with psychiatric and other problems can better manage them once they have a place to live. It was started in 1990 by Rosanne Haggerty. Since then the organization has created more than 2,000 units of housing for the homeless. "This is about creating a small town, rather than just a building," according to Haggerty. "It’s about a real mixed society, working with many different people."

Haggerty’s work was recognized in 2001. She was selected as a prize winner and received and award called a MacArthur Fellowship award. The MacArthur Foundation praised her work in saving historic buildings, and fixing them up. She used creative financing which means new ways to deal with banks and other organizations that provide money for housing. 

## Street To Home
Among Common Ground's activities is documentation of the homeless population. In other words, to study them and write down what is going on so that people can figure out a plan of action. Sometimes this is done while counting the homeless. These counts are sometimes called "enumeration" because they put a number on how many homeless there are. 

In these counts, there is a way of writing down who is most vulnerable, who is most in danger from being homeless. This is called a vulnerability index. Workers complete the vulnerability index by asking about medical problems. Then they try to persuade those who spend the most time on the streets to seek permanent housing. They do this even if the people still have drug, alcohol or medical problems. Some of those involved in the issue of homelessness consider Common Ground a pioneer - someone who thinks up new ways to deal with old problems. 

However, the count is not an end to itself, but a first step.  According to Becky Kanis, the Director of Common Ground’s "Innovations Department",

The important part is what we do with this information. We want to move from crisis management to lasting solutions. Other cities have done that successfully. We plan to do the same. ... At the real end of the day the only thing that’s going to matter is the people who have been ... unwilling to accept the offers of shelter... Can we reach them and make a positive difference in their lives?... " 

Some people have asked if what works in New York will work in other places. 

Kanis states: "We don’t know exactly what’s going to work here in New York, but we know what’s worked in other cities. Therefore, we’re going to spend our efforts doing those things, and as we find smarter and better ways to do things we will adopt them.

## References
## Other websites
*Common Ground Relief
*Prince George Ballroom
*Common Ground Adelaide 
*CRISIS UK
*Unity of greater New Orleans
*Toronto's Homes First Society
Adolphe Dugléré

**Adolphe Dugléré** (born Bordeaux, June 3, 1805 - died Paris April 4, 1884) was a French chef and a pupil of Carême.

## Les Frères Provençaux 
Dugléré was a *chef de cuisine* to the  Rothschild family until 1848, and was manager at the restaurant *Les Frères Provençaux* at the Palais-Royal from 1848 to 1866 which was owned by three men from Provence named Barthélémy, Maneille and Simonas (who were, in reality, not brothers).

## Café Anglais 
In 1866 he became the head chef of the   which was the most famous Paris restaurant of the 19th century and where he is believed to have created the dish *Pommes Anna*.

## Dinner of the Three Emperors 
It was at the Café Anglais in 1867 that Dugléré served a famous meal that became known as the *** Dîner des trois empereurs***, () for Tsar Alexander II of Russia, his son the tsarevitch (who later became Tsar Alexander III) and King William I of Prussia, as well as  Prince Otto von Bismarck who were in Paris for ''L'Exposition Universelle*. The table service used for this meal is on display to this day at the oldest existing restaurant in Paris, *La Tour d'Argent* which is owned by the descendants of Claudius Burdel, the last owner of Café Anglais which was demolished in 1913.

The evening of 7 June 1867 is reputed to have been the most magnificent ever to have occurred in any restaurant in the world. The three emperors and Prince Bismarck had requested of Dugléré a meal that would live in their memories and the *maître de cave*, Claudius Burdel, was instructed to accompany the dishes with the greatest wines in the world.

## Dishes 
The most famous dish attributed to Dugléré is almost certainly *Pommes Anna*. Other dishes created by Dugléré include *Potage Germiny*, a sorrel soup created for the Count of Germiny, governor of the Bank of France, *Poularde Albufera*, dedicated to Maréchal Suchet, Duke of Albufera, *Soufflé à l'anglaise*, *Sole Dugléré* and *Barbue à la Dugléré* (brill in tomato and parsley sauce).

He is also credited with inventing *Tournedos Rossini*, but this dish has also been credited to both Escoffier as well as Carême (although not the title itself).  It was composer Gioachino Rossini who dubbed Dugléré *Le Mozart de la cuisine'' (The Mozart of the Kitchen).  It was a title he used on the menu for the Dinner of the Three Emperors.

## References
### Notes
Sean Avery

**Sean Christopher Avery** (born April 10, 1980 in Pickering, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played 12 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings, New York Rangers, and Dallas Stars. Avery was known for his agitating playing style, as well as his controversial behavior both on and off the ice.

He has also worked as an intern for Vogue, a male model and a restaurateur.

Avery has been featured on MTV Cribs, Punk'd and TRL and has also opened a sports bar called, Warren 77 in Manhattan.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Cul-de-sac

, California]]

A **cul-de-sac** (literally "bottom of bag") is a word that came from the French language and means a small street without a way through at the far end. It is also used in Catalan and Occitan, its meaning being equivalent to a **dead end**, **close**, or **no through road** (United Kingdom, Australian and Canadian English). While culs-de-sac were built in history for other reasons, its modern use is to calm down the traffic.
International Labour Organization

The **International Labour Organization** (**ILO**) is an international organization created in Geneva in 1919 for better  working conditions and standard of living. In 1946, this organization has become a special organization of the United Nations and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.

Juan Somavía was the ILO's director-general from 1999 until October 2012, when **Guy Ryder** was elected as his replacement. This governing body is composed of 28 government representatives, 14 workers' representatives, and 14 employers' representatives.

## The Constitution of the International Labour Organization
The constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that "universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice." An additional declaration adopted in Philadelphia at the 26th section affirms that "Labour is not a commodity" (I (a)), "Freedom of expression and association are essential to sustained progress" (I (b)), "Poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere" (I (c)), and that "All human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity". (II (a))

## Main purpose of activities
### Freedom of trade union 
*Protection from unemployment
*Equal payment for equal work
*Abolishment of forced labour
*Abolishment of child labour
*Abolishment of sweatshop
*Abolishment of work or profession discrimination
*Fair rights of migrant workers
*Decent work for all
*Fair and decent rights of domestic workers

For this purpose, ILO has made 189 Conventions called "International Labour Convention" but many countries do not ratify the Conventions despite its importance.

## Note
## Other page
*United Nations
*Human rights
*Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers

## Other website
*International Labour Organization
*Official Website
James Graham Brown

**James Graham Brown** (August 18, 1881 — March 20, 1969) was an American businessman and . He was a hotel owner in Louisville, Kentucky. It was his hotel, the Brown Hotel, which first served the hot sandwich.

The name **Hot Brown** meaning a type of hot sandwich comes either from Brown himself, or his hotel.
Social justice

**Social justice** is an idea of justice that is based on equality in society. The idea of social justice goes against any kind of discrimination or abuse based on social class, social status or any other reasons.

This idea is discussed by modern philosophers such as John Rawls. It is a fundamental idea for International Labour Organization for universal and lasting peace; And Vienna Declaration also affirm social justice as a subject and a purpose of education for human rights.

## Related pages
*International Labour Organization
*Vienna Declaration
Bradford County

**Bradford County** is the name of two counties in the United States:

* Bradford County, Florida 
* Bradford County, Pennsylvania
Minerva McGonagall

**Minerva McGonagall** is a fictional character in the *Harry Potter* books written by J. K. Rowling. This character is a teacher at the school Hogwarts, and a good character in the series. She helps Harry Potter, the main character, many times in the series. She teaches "transfiguration", a type of magic where you change objects or animals into other objects and animals. At the end of the books, McGonagall becomes the school principal. Her honorary title is Hogwarts Headmistress.

When McGonagall was young she went to Hogwarts. She was in Gryffindor, a house for brave and bold students. When she got older she decided to train herself to be an "animagus", a wizard who can change themselves into an animal without a wand. She can change into a cat. Later, she became a member of the Order Of the Phoenix, an organization trained to fight evil wizards. In a quidditch match, she was hurt by a Slytherin player.

McGonagall is played by Maggie Smith in the movies.

## References
Calhoun County, Florida

**Calhoun County** is a county in Florida. It is named after John C. Calhoun. He lived in South Carolina and was a member of the United States Senate. He later became the President of the United States.

## References
Calhoun County

**Calhoun County** is the name of many counties in the United States, mostly named after Senator John C. Calhoun:

* Calhoun County, Alabama
* Calhoun County, Arkansas
* Calhoun County, Florida
* Calhoun County, Georgia
* Calhoun County, Illinois
* Calhoun County, Iowa
* Calhoun County, Michigan
* Calhoun County, Mississippi
* Calhoun County, South Carolina
* Calhoun County, Texas 
* Calhoun County, West Virginia
2011 Daytona 500

's car before the start of the 2011 Daytona 500]]
The 2011 Daytona 500 took place on February 20th 2011 at the Daytona International Speedway. It was the first race of the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Dale Earnhardt, Jr. won the pole in qualifying, however he did not start in 1st place because he crashed his car during practice. The race was won by Trevor Bayne. At 20 years old, he is the youngest driver to win the race.

## Results
## References
Dallas (1978 TV series)

***Dallas*** is an American soap opera. It is about the Ewings, a family from Texas involved in oil and cattle ranching. The show began as a television miniseries during April 1978. It was broadcasted until May 3, 1991 on CBS. The cast included Charlene Tilton, Victoria Principal, Priscilla Presley, Patrick Duffy, and Larry Hagman as J.R. Ewing. The series lasted for fourteen seasons.

The show was revived on TNT in June 2012.

## Other websites 
*
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.

**Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.** (November 19, 1915 – March 9, 1974) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones. He was born in Burlingame, Kansas  in 1915 and died in Miami, Florida, United States in 1974.

## References
Calhoun County, Alabama

**Calhoun County** is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama.  As of 2020 the population was 116,441. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its county seat is Anniston.

## History
**Benton County** was formed on December 18, 1832.  It was named for Thomas Hart Benton, a member of the United States Senate from Missouri.  The first county seat was at Jacksonville. 

An F4 tornado struck here on Palm Sunday March 27, 1994. It destroyed Piedmont's Goshen United Methodist Church twelve minutes after the National Weather Service of Birmingham issued a tornado warning for northern Calhoun, southeastern Etowah, and southern Cherokee.

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.0%) is water.

### Major highways
### Rail
*Alabama and Tennessee River Railway
*Norfolk Southern Railway
*Amtrak

### Adjacent counties
*Cherokee County, Alabama - northeast
*Cleburne County, Alabama - east
*Talladega County, Alabama - south
*St. Clair County, Alabama - west
*Etowah County, Alabama - northwest

### National protected areas
* Mountain Longleaf National Wildlife Refuge
* Talladega National Forest (part)

## Cities and towns
*Alexandria
*Anniston
*Blue Mountain
*Bynum
*Choccolocco
*Eastaboga
*Hobson City
*Jacksonville
*Pleasant Valley
*Minden
*Ohatchee
*Oxford (part - part of Oxford is in Talladega County)
*Piedmont (part - part of Piedmont is in Cherokee County)
*Saks
*Weaver
*Webster's Chapel
*Wellington
*West End-Cobb Town

## Places of interest
Calhoun County is home to the Anniston Museum of Natural History and the Berman Museum of World History. It also contains a part of the Talladega National Forest.

## References
Persian Wikipedia

**Persian Wikipedia** is a member of Wikimedia Foundation. It started work in December 2003. founder of Persian version is Roozbeh Pour-Nader.

It is the 18th largest edition by article count.  Persian Wikipedia has currently more than 500,000 articles.

## Articles
Many of the first articles on the Persian Wikipedia were about chemical materials and historical subjects.  The Wikipedia added geography and religious subjects soon after.  On 16 December 2004, the Wikipedia reached 10,000 articles.

## Charts Progress
## Related pages
*Persian language
 
## References
## Sources
*Persian Wikipedia
*Wikipedias at MetaWiki
Elasmobranchii

, 2005.]]

**Elasmobranchii**  is a subclass of the Chondrichthyes or cartilaginous fish. It includes the modern sharks and the rays and skates.

## Evolution 
Fossilised shark teeth are known from the early Devonian, around 400 million years ago. During the following Carboniferous period, the sharks underwent a period of diversification, with many new forms evolving. Many of these became extinct during the Permian, but the remaining sharks underwent a second burst of adaptive radiation during the Jurassic, around which time the skates and rays first appeared.

## Taxonomy
*Subclass Elasmobranchii
**†*Plesioselachus*
**†Order Squatinactiformes
**†Order Protacrodontiformes
**†Infraclass Cladoselachimorpha
***†Order Cladoselachiformes
**†Infraclass Xenacanthimorpha
***†Order Xenacanthiformes
**Infraclass Euselachii (sharks and rays)
***†Order Ctenacanthiformes
***†Division Hybodonta
****†Order Hybodontiformes
***Division Neoselachii
****Subdivision Selachii (Selachimorpha) (modern sharks)
*****Superorder Galeomorphi
******Order Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
******Order Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
******Order Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
******Order Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
*****Superorder Squalomorphi
******Order Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
******Order Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
******†Order Protospinaciformes
******Order Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
******Order Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
****Subdivision Batoidea (rays)
******Order Torpediniformes (electric rays)
******Order Pristiformes (sawfishes)
******Order Rajiformes (skates and relatives)
******Order Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)

## References
Edward B. Lewis

**Edward B. Lewis** (May 20, 1918 – July 21, 2004) was an American geneticist. He shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus.

Lewis was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania He received a BA in Biostatistics from the University of Minnesota in 1939.

In 1942 Lewis received a PhD from California Institute of Technology (Caltech), working on *Drosophila melanogaster* under the guidance of Alfred Sturtevant.

After serving as a meteorologist in the U.S. Air Force in World War II, Lewis joined the Caltech faculty in 1946 as an instructor. In 1956 he was appointed Professor of Biology, and in 1966 the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology.

His Nobel Prize winning studies with *Drosophila* founded the field of developmental genetics and laid the groundwork for our current understanding of the universal, evolutionarily conserved strategies controlling animal development.

His key publications in the fields of genetics, developmental biology, radiation and cancer are available in a book.

## Effects of radiation 
During the 1950s, Lewis studied the effects of radiation from X-rays, nuclear fallout and other sources as possible causes of cancer. He reviewed medical records from survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as radiologists and patients exposed to X-rays. Lewis concluded that "health risks from radiation had been underestimated". Lewis published articles in *Science* and other journals and made a presentation to a Congressional committee on atomic energy in 1957.

At the scientific level of the debate, the crucial question was whether the "threshold theory" was valid or whether, as Lewis insisted, the effects of radioactivity were "linear with no threshold", where every exposure to radiation had a long-term cumulative effect.

## Genes regulating development 
In a series of experiments with the fruit-fly *Drosophila*, Lewis was able to identify a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The latter then activate or repress cell processes which direct the final development of the organism.

The sequence of these control genes show *co-linearity*: the order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed in segments along the body. Not only that, but this cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.

Each of the genes contains a homeobox, a remarkably conserved DNA sequence. This suggests the complex itself arose by gene duplication.

In his Nobel lecture, Lewis said "Ultimately, comparisons of the [control complexes] throughout the animal kingdom should provide a picture of how the organisms, as well as the [control genes] have evolved".

## Related pages 
*Hox gene

## References
General Secretary

**General Secretary** is a title often used in political parties, and is usually the leader of the party. The General Secretary (sometimes called **First Secretary** or **Secretary-General**) is usually the leader of the Secretariat and the Politburo.

## History
On April 3, 1922, Joseph Stalin became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and had the job of deciding who was a member of the party and where they went. Vladimir Lenin was *de facto* leader at the time. Once Lenin died, Stalin used his power to give allies jobs in the party to become more powerful than everybody else.

## Related pages
* List of General Secretaries of the Soviet Union
* General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
Patti Page

**Clara Ann Fowler**, better known as **Patti Page**, (November 8, 1927 - January 1, 2013) was an American singer. She is one of the best known female singers of traditional pop. She was the best selling female artist in the 1950s. She will win an honorary Grammy Award in 2013.

Page was born in Claremore, Oklahoma. Page died on January 1, 2013 in Encinitas, California from natural causes, aged 85.

## Related pages
*List of country musicians from Oklahoma

## References
## Other websites
* The Official Patti Page Website 
* Patti Page Official Biography
* Interview with Patti Page
* Songwriters' Hall of Fame article on Patti Page
Sid Caesar

**Sid Caesar** (**Isaac Sidney Caesar**; September 8, 1922 &ndash; February 12, 2014) was an American comedian and actor. Caesar stared in *Your Show of Shows* from 1950 until 1954 and in *Grease* as Coach Calhoun. Before becoming a comedian, Caesar was a musician. He won two Emmy Awards during his career.

Caesar was born on September 8, 1922 in Yonkers, New York. He was of Polish-Russian-Jewish descent. Caesar was married to Florence Levy from 1943 until her death in 2010. They had three children.

Caesar died on the morning of February 12, 2014 in Beverly Hills, California from natural causes, aged 91.  

## References
## Other websites
* Official Sid Caesar website 
* 
* 
* 
* Sid Caesar Biography from Museum of Broadcast Communications 
* Sid Caesar Biography from New York Times 
* Archival Television Audio on Sid Caesar
Christine Baranski

**Christine Jane Baranski** (born May 2, 1952) is an American actress, singer, and producer. On stage, she played Mrs. Lovett in *Sweeney Todd* and the title character in *Mame*. She has also acted in multiple movies. Baranski was born in Buffalo, New York.

## References
André Theuriet

**Claude Adhémar André Theuriet** (8 October 1833, Marly-le-Roi - 23 April 1907) French poet and novelist, was born at Marly-le-Roi (Seine et Oise).

Theuriet studied law in Paris and became a civil servant.  He retired as a civil servant in 1886, almost 20 years after his first published book was issued.  The was the *Chemin des bois*, a collection of poems, many of which had already appeared in the *Revue des Deux Mondes*.

Theuriet received in 1890 the  from the French Academy, and was made a member of the Academy in 1896.

## Foods
An omelette of truffles & asparagus has been named after him.

## Books
* *Le mariage de Gérard* (1875)
* *Raymonde* (1877)
* *Le fils Maugars* (1879)
* *La maison des Deux Barbeaux* (1879)
* *Sauvageonne* (1880)
* *Reine des bois* (1890)
* *Villa tranquille* (1899)
* *Le manuscrit du chanoine* (1902)

## Other websites
*
All My Children

***All My Children*** was an American soap opera set in a fictional suburb of Philadelphia. Susan Lucci plays Erica Kane. Other famous people have starred, including Sarah Michelle Gellar. The show aired on ABC for 43 years since its beginning on January 5, 1970 until September 23, 2011 when cancellation was announced on April 2011. Another series was shown ran April 29 to September 2, 2013.

## References
## Other websites
*
Danica McKellar

**Danica Mae McKellar** (born January 3, 1975) is an American actress and mathematician. She is best known for playing Winnie Cooper in *The Wonder Years*. She also starred in several television movies.

She is also a *New York Times* bestselling author. She wrote four popular non-fiction books: ''Math Doesn't Suck*, *Kiss My Math*, *Hot X: Algebra Exposed* and *Girls Get Curves: Geometry Takes Shape''. The books are meant to encourage middle-school and high-school girls to have confidence and succeed in mathematics.

## Personal life 
She married composer Mike Verta on March 22, 2009, in La Jolla, California. The couple had dated since 2001. They had their first child on September 7, 2010, a boy they named Draco. McKellar filed for divorce from Verta in June 2012.

## Filmography 
## References
Inclusive education

**Inclusive education** is an idea in the field of education. It means that persons with disabilities or persons who need special care can learn in schools together with people who do not have special needs. This idea comes from the idea of social justice. Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also says that access to education is a human right.

Whether the education takes place in schools with all kinds of pupils is a matter of practicality. There is no general rule which can always be followed. Some kinds of disability needs both specially trained teachers, and a separate environment from the normal classrooms.

## Related pages
*Disability
*Education
*Special education
*Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Sleepwalking

, 1871]]

**Sleepwalking**, or **somnambulism**, is a disorder belonging to the parasomnia family of sleeping problems.

People with this disorder leave bed, without waking up, and walk around. In certain cases, people do things they also do in everyday life. According to research done, sleepwalking seems to be a problem related to the mechanism of waking up.

## What people do while sleepwalking 
The activities can be as simple as sitting up in bed, walking to the bathroom, and cleaning. Sometimes they are dangerous; examples include  cooking, driving, extremely violent gesture or grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide.

Generally, sleepwalking cases consist of simple, repeated behaviours; occasionally there are reports of people performing complex behaviours while asleep, but the legitimacy of these claims is often disputed. In 2004, sleep medicine experts in Australia claimed to have successfully treated a woman who claimed to have sex with strangers in her sleep. Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the what they do, because they are not truly conscious. Their eyes are open, but their expression is dim and glazed over. Sleepwalking may last as little as 30 seconds or as long as thirty minutes.

## Is sleepwalking common? 
There is no data about how common sleepwalking is. Estimates say that one to two percent of adults are sleepwalkers. Sleepwalking seems to be more common in children, between ten and thirty percent of children are affected; in most cases, they stop sleepwalking during puberty. Most cases of sleepwalking are temporary, they occur once, or only a few times. It looks like some sleepwalking may be inherited; very often, people who are sleepwalkers have other sleepwalkers in the family.

## Treatment 
Because people can hurt themselves while sleepwalking, it is a good idea to either wake a sleepwalker, or to guide the person back to bed. There are drugs that can be given to treat the condition. As there is no therapy, many experts are against the use of drugs.

## In culture 
* La Sonnambula, Italian opera by Vincenzo Bellini
* Lucy Westenra, a fictional character in Bram Stoker's novel *Dracula,* is sleepwalker

## References
Oregon State University

**Oregon State University** is a four-year university in Corvallis, Oregon in the United States. It is the largest university in Oregon, and as of November 2024, it has about 36,700 students. The university has classes for both graduate and undergraduate students, and also offers classes online.

 team]]

Oregon State's athletic teams are known as the Beavers. Its baseball team won the College World Series in 2006 and 2007.

## References