open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Irina Shayk

**Irina Valeryevna Shaykhlislamova** (; born 6 January 1986 in Yemanzhelinsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union), known professionally as **Irina Shayk**, is a Russian-born model and actress. She is best known for her work with *Sports Illustrated* and was on the cover of the 2011 issue. She appeared in the 2014 film *Hercules*.

## Other websites 
* Irina Shayk Official Website 
* 
* Irina Shayk on the Fashion Model Directory
* Irina Shayk: Model Life  - slideshow by *Life magazine*
* Irina Shayk  at The Fashion Styles
* Irina Shayk  Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition 2016

## References
West Frisian language

**West Frisian** ( , ;  ) is a language that is mainly spoken in Friesland, Netherlands. As of 2005, 94% of the people in Friesland understand West Frisian, 74% can speak it, 75% can read it and 27% can write it.

## Alphabet and grammar 
.]]
West Frisian uses the Latin alphabet. A,E,O and U can sometimes have unique accents added to them.

In Western Frisian, there are two types of genders that nouns can have. One is the *common* gender (where both the male and female genders are put together). The other type is a neutral gender noun.

Like many other languages, West Frisian has singular and plural nouns. The two main suffixes used in the language, are "*-(e)n*" and "*-s*."

West Frisian also used three types of verbs: weak, strong and irregular.
 speaks West Frisian.]]

## Status 
After a series of riots by pro-Frisian activists, West Frisian became an official language in the Netherlands in 1956.

West Frisian is a required subject in schools in Friesland. Courts in Friesland speak West Frisian. People in court are allowed to go under oath speaking West Frisian.

## Similarity to English 
West Frisian is often considered as the closest language to modern English. Here is an example:

Text in West Frisian :

Dis dei is goed oeral. De sinne is waarm en de licht fan de sinne-skinen fielen goed wit de myld wyn. Juster elke was goed, buten dis dei is better. De sinne-opgong en de sinne-undergong is moai wit de blew lofts. Buten dis dei is lyket de maaitiid en net de simmertiid. Ik find dit dei de best of de wike. De rein komt foar de wykein foar Saterdei en Sunndei moarn, but it will net by kald en wol gean oer uus by de middei. De stjeren wol elke by sichtber yn de nacht en sa wol de moanne.

English translation :

This day is good overall. The sun is warm and the light from the sun-shining feels good with the mild wind. Yesterday also was good, but this day is better. The sunrise and the sunset is beautiful with the blue sky. But this day is like the springtime and not the summertime. I find this day the best of the week. The rain is coming for the weekend for Saturday and Sunday morning, but it will not be cold and will go over us by the midday. The stars will also be visible in the night and so will the moon.

## References
Ronald Reagan filmography

'' (1939)]]
This is a list of movies of all of Ronald Reagan's most prominent onscreen acting roles as well as narrating roles. Also, included in this list are some of Reagan's special cameo appearances. He retired from acting so that he could be active in politics. He was elected Governor of California and soon President of the United States.

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
*
*"Life and Times" , flash presentation chronicles Reagan's Hollywood years, from the Reagan Library
**General Electric Theatre* "The Dark, Dark Hours", rare 1954 video starring Ronald Reagan and James Dean. Edited to 6 minutes in length.
*"Ronald Reagan on TV" by Billy Ingram, at TVParty.com.
*Ronald Reagan at the Internet Archive, collection of television programs
Tim Farron

**Tim Farron** (born 27 May 1970) is a British politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Westmorland and Lonsdale since 2005. Farron was the leader of the Liberal Democrats until his announced resignation in June 2017.

## President of the Liberal Democrats
From 2011 to 2015, Farron served as president of the Liberal Democrats. He became popular in the party because he did not vote for higher university .

## Leader of the Liberal Democrats
After the heavy Liberal Democrat party losses in the 2015 election, Nick Clegg resigned as party leader. This caused a leadership election to be held. Farron beat his rival Norman Lamb and was elected leader.

Farron resigned as Lib Dem leader after the 2017 general election.
## References
Templo Mayor

The '''** (Great Temple) was one of the main temples of the Aztecs. It was in their capital city of Tenochtitlan, which is now Mexico City. Its architectural style belongs to the late Postclassic period of Mesoamerica. The temple was called the **' in the Nahuatl language. It was dedicated to two gods, Huitzilopochtli, god of war, and Tlaloc, god of rain and agriculture.  Each one had a shrine at the top of the pyramid with separate stairways.  The spire in the center of the image to the right was devoted to Quetzalcoatl in his form as the wind god, Ehecatl. 

The Great Temple devoted to Huiztilopochtli and Tlaloc was approximately  at its base. Construction of the first temple began sometime after 1325. It was rebuilt six times after that.  The temple was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521. The modern-day archeological site lies just to the northeast of the Zocalo, or main plaza of Mexico City The site is part of the Historic Center of Mexico City, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987.

## References
Kings Dominion

**Kings Dominion** is a theme park in Doswell, Virginia. It is  north of Richmond and  south of Washington, D.C., off Interstate 95. The  park opened on May 3, 1975. It is owned by Six Flags. Kings Dominion offers over 60 rides, shows and attractions including 21 roller coasters and  water park. The name of the park comes from the name of its sister park, Kings Island, and the nickname for the state of Virginia, "Old Dominion".

## References
Amy Schumer

**Amy Beth Schumer** (born June 1, 1981) is an American stand-up comedian, writer, actress, and producer. She is the star of the sketch comedy series *Inside Amy Schumer*, which has been airing on Comedy Central since 2013. She starred in comedy movies *Trainwreck* and *Snatched*.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Daryl Hall

**Daryl Franklin Hohl**, professionally known as **Daryl Hall** (born October 11, 1946), is an American rock, R&B and soul singer, keyboardist, guitarist, songwriter and producer. He is best known as the co-founder and lead vocalist of Hall & Oates (with guitarist and songwriter John Oates).

## Other websites
*The Official Hall and Oates Website
*Live From Daryl's House
*
John Oates

**John William Oates** (born April 7, 1948) is an American rock, R&B and soul guitarist, musician, songwriter and producer. He is best known as half of the rock and soul duo, Hall & Oates (with Daryl Hall).

## References
## Other websites
*Official John Oates website
*Official website of Hall & Oates
*
Natalia Molchanova

**Natalia Vadimovna Molchanova** (, 8 May 1962 &ndash; 2 August 2015) was a Russian champion free-diver. She was the President of the Russian Freedive Federation. Molchanova was born in Ufa in 1962. She was the world's most decorated free-diver ever, with a total of 40 world records. 

On 2 August 2015 she was reported missing after a dive near Ibiza, Spain.  Initial rescue and recovery efforts were unsuccessful. She was presumed dead by drowning by rescue officials and her son. 

## References
Içami Tiba

**Içami Tiba** (March 15, 1941 – August 2, 2015) was a Brazilian psychiatrist, writer and panelist. Tiba was known for writing his book *Quem ama, Educa!*. He was born in Tapiraí, Brazil.

Tiba died in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
*Official page
Traunstein

from the Hochberg, Traunstein]]

**Traunstein** is a town in the south-eastern part of Bavaria, Germany, and is the administrative center of a much larger district of the same name.

## Geography
The town is at the middle of a region called Chiemgau, about 11&nbsp;km east of Lake Chiemsee between Munich and Salzburg, 15&nbsp;km north of the Alps, and 30&nbsp;km west of Salzburg.

## Twin towns – sister cities
Traunstein is twinned with:
* Gap, France
* Haywards Heath, England, United Kingdom
* Pinerolo, Italy
* Wesseling, Germany
* Kinross, Scotland

## References
## Other websites
*  
* Traunstein Sword Dance
Isabelle Adjani

**Isabelle Yasmine Adjani** (born June 27, 1955) is a French actress, producer and singer. In 2010, she was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. She has won more César Awards than any other performer.

## References
## Other websites
*
Härryda

**Härryda** is a locality in Härryda Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. In 2010, 968 people lived there.

## References
Forced labor

**Forced labor** includes all forms of slavery and related practices including debt slavery, serfdom, human trafficking and labor camps. It is any work or service a person is forced to do against their will. It usually includes a threat of some form of punishment. This was in the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29). There were exceptions to this definition. These things were not considered forced labor: working in a military organization; doing community service when the work serves the community; or working while serving a prison sentence. An estimated 60,000 of them live in the United States.

## Related pages 
* Convict lease
* Human trafficking
* Human trafficking in the United States
* Slavery

## References
Arrondissements of the Hérault department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Hérault department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Hérault are:

## History
Since its creation, the Hérault department has had few changes:
* 1790 : creation of the department with four districts: Montpellier, Béziers, Lodève and Saint-Pons; the capital was Montpellier.
* 1800 : creation of four arrondissements: Montpellier, Béziers, Lodève and Saint-Pons.
* 1926 : the arrondissements of Lodève and Saint-Pons were eliminated.
* 1942 : Lodève became again an arrondissement.

## Related pages
*Arrondissement of Béziers
*Arrondissement of Lodève
*Arrondissement of Montpellier
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Copa América

**Copa América** (English: **America Cup**; previously called the **South American Championship** or **South American Championship of Nations**) is a football tournament that has the teams from CONMEBOL (South America). It was founded in 1916, and it is the oldest tournament that only has teams from a certain continent.

The Copa America is one of the most watched sporting events in the world. Previously, the winner of the tournament qualified for the now-abolished FIFA Confederations Cup.

The current format has 10 South American teams and two other teams from other FIFA federations in each tournament. The most successful teams have been Uruguay and Argentina, with 15 titles. Argentina won the last tournament.

## Results 
:*=hosts*
:*=invitees*

## Records 
### All-time top scorers 
### All-time table 
*Since the 2016 Copa América Centenario*

.]]

## References
1917 South American Championship

The **1917 South American Championship** was the second South American Championship and it took place in Uruguay. Uruguay won the tournament.

## Teams 
At the time, CONMEBOL only had four members:

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Results 
## Statistics 
### Top scorers 
**4 goals**
*  Ángel Romano

**3 goals**
*  Carlos Scarone

**2 goals**

*  Alberto Ohaco
*  Haroldo

*  Neco
*  Héctor Scarone

**1 goal**

*  Antonio Blanco
*  Pedro Calomino

*  Amílcar
*  Caetano

*  Silvio Lagreca

**Own goals**
*  Luis García (for Argentina)

## Other websites 
* South American Championship 1917 at RSSSF
1919 South American Championship

The **1919 South American Championship** was the third South American Championship and it took place in Brazil. Brazil won the tournament.

## Teams 
At the time, CONMEBOL only had four members:

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Results 
### Play-offs 

## Statistics 
### Top scorers 
**4 goals**

*  Arthur Friedenreich

*  Neco

**3 goals**

*  Edwin Clarcke

*  Carlos Izaguirre

*  Carlos Scarone

**2 goals**
*  Isabelino Gradín

**1 goal**

*  Amílcar
*  Haroldo
*  Héitor

*  Millon
*  Alfredo France
*  José Pérez

*  Héctor Scarone

**Own goals**
*  Manuel Varela (for Argentina)

## Other websites 
* South American Championship 1919 at RSSSF
1916 South American Championship

The **1916 South American Championship** was the first South American Championship and it took place in Argentina. Uruguay won the tournament.

## Teams 
At the time, CONMEBOL only had four members:

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Results 
## Statistics 
### Top scorers 
**3 goals**
*  Isabelino Gradín

**2 goals**

*  Juan Domingo Brown
*  Alberto Marcovecchio

*  Alberto Ohaco
*  José Piendibene

**1 goal**

*  José Laguna
*  Alencar
*  Demósthenes

*  Arthur Friedenreich
*  Telésforo Báez
*  Hernando Salazar

*  José Tognola

## Other websites 
* South American Championship 1916 at RSSSF
Roger Vergé

**Roger Vergé** (7 April 1930 – 5 June 2015) was a French chef and restaurateur. He is thought to be one of the greatest chefs of his time. The Gault Millau described him as "the very incarnation of the great French chef for foreigners".

## References
2011 Copa América Final

The **2011 Copa América Final** was the final match of the 2011 Copa América. It happened on 24 July in Buenos Aires, Argentina and it was won by Uruguay over Paraguay.

## Background 
The final was the first time since 2001 that neither Argentina and Brazil played against each other for the title. Both Uruguay and Paraguay entered the match having previously won the Copa America multiple times. Uruguay had won the tournament 14 times, and Paraguay had won it twice. Paraguay also reached the final, having not won a single match in the tournament.

## Match 
 scored twice in the final.]]

Just 12 minutes into the match, Luis Suárez scores after a Paraguay defender accidentally passed the pall to a Uruguay player. Again another defender mistake caused Diego Forlan to score at the 41th minute, leaving the score at 2–0 at half-time. 

Diego Forlan would later score again at the 89th minute, to finish the game off at 3–0. The game finished with 4 Uruguay players and 2 Paraguay players receiving a yellow card.

### Details 
## References
Palomar Mountain

**Palomar Mountain** is a mountain ridge in the Peninsular Ranges in northern San Diego County, California. It is known for the Palomar Observatory.

## Climate 
The Köppen climate classification says that Palomar Mountain has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate. Oak, pine, fir and cedar trees grow there.

It rains an average of  a year. It snows  a year. The coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 25 January 1949. The hottest was  on 22 August 1969.

## References
Shep Gordon

**Shep E. Gordon** (born 1946) is an American talent manager, Hollywood movie agent, and producer. He was born in Jackson Heights, Queens. Gordon is featured in a 2013 documentary, *Supermensch: The Legend of Shep Gordon*, which was directed by Mike Myers. He is known for being the manager of Alice Cooper and former manager of Teddy Pendergrass.

## References
Palomar College (NCTD station)

The **Palomar College station** is a Sprinter light rail line and a BREEZE bus station. It is served by North County Transit District. It is the main transport station in San Marcos, California. The bus pickup area is in Palomar College. The train station is across the street.

## Platforms and tracks 
## Other websites 
*Map of the station on Google Maps
Buena Creek (NCTD station)

The **Buena Creek station** is a Sprinter light rail station. It is served by North County Transit District. Although the address is in Vista, it is actually just in a unincorporated area of San Diego County.

## Platforms and tracks 
## Other websites 
*Map of the station on Google Maps
Axur, Re d'Ormus

'''''Axur, re d'Ormus'''* ("Axur, king of Ormus") is an Italian opera in five acts. The music was written by Antonio Salieri. The libretto was written by Lorenzo da Ponte. The opera was first performed at the Burgtheater in Vienna on 8 January 1788. It was a great success.

## Principal characters
* Axur, *King of Ormus* - baritone
* Arteneo, *High Priest of Brahma* - baritone
* Atar, *a soldier* - tenor
* Aspasia, *Atar's wife* - soprano
* Altamor, *a soldier, Arteneo's son'' - bass

## Discography
* 1989: Andrea Martin (Axur), Massimo Valentini (Arteneo), Curtis Rayam (Atar), Eva Mei (Aspasia), Michele Porcelli (Altamor); Coro "Guido d'Arezzo", Russian Philharmonic Orchestra, Rene Clemencic - (Nuova Era)
* 1994: Giuseppe Morino (Axur), Armando Ariostini (Arteneo), Giuseppe Morino (Atar), Alessandra Ruffini (Aspasia), Maurizio Scarfeo (Altamor); Coro e Orchestra dell'Arena di Verona, Istvan Dénes - (House of Opera, DVD)

## Reference
* *The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta*, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Sprinter (light rail)

The **Sprinter** (usually spelled like **SPRINTER**) is a diesel multiple unit light rail train system that goes from Oceanside and Escondido, San Diego County, California, United States. The train system used a 22 miles (35 km) train track.

## Stations 
## References 
## Other websites
Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton

**Camp Pendleton** or **Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton** is the major West Coast military base of the United States Marine Corps. It is in San Diego County, California next to Oceanside, San Clemente, Cleveland National Forest, Orange County, Riverside County and Fallbrook.

The number of soldiers (that are not reservists), is 42,000.

The base is 125,000 acres (506 km2).

Pendleton is split into two areas, North and South. It was created in 1942 to train troops during World War II. By October 1944, Camp Pendleton was called a long-lasting base. Pendleton became the home of the 1st Marine Division. The base was named after World War I Major General Joseph Henry Pendleton (1860–1942). Today it is home to many units including the I Marine Expeditionary Force.

## History 
### Before World War II 
The area that is now known as Camp Pendleton was explored by the Spanish, and many missions were created in the area. The most famous one is Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, which is in modern-day Oceanside (just 1.5 miles south of Camp Pendleton). The area was also owned by farmers, and a successful cattle industry was run by a wealthy British landowner named John (Don Juan) Forster.

In 1914 Pendleton was assigned to Camp Howard, North Island, San Diego. Right away he saw the value of the area's good weather and harbor.

### World War II 
In the early 1940s, both the United States Army and United States Marine Corps were looking for a large base. The Army stopped caring about the project. The Marine Corps announced on February 1942 that the Camp Pendleton area would become the largest Marine Corps base in America. They purchased Rancho Santa Margarita las Flores for $4,239,062. Because the base was at first considered to be a temporary base, the buildings were built to minimum standards. The base was then mainly used for training.
   George W. Bush talking to Marines and sailors at Camp Pendleton in December 2004.]]
## References
The Blue Lagoon (1980 movie)

***The Blue Lagoon*** is a 1980 American romantic adventure drama movie. It was directed by Randal Kleiser and filmed on Turtle Island Fiji. The screenplay by Douglas Day Stewart was based on the novel *The Blue Lagoon* by Henry De Vere Stacpoole. The film stars Brooke Shields and Christopher Atkins. The movie is a remake of the 1949 movie of the same name. There was also a 1923 silent movie version of the Blue Lagoon directed by W. Bowden. The nude scenes by then 14-year-old Brooke Shields were artfully covered by gluing her hair to her chest and using body doubles. Rona Barrett, a gossip columnist, compared the movie to child pornography. The movie was nominated for an Oscar for Best Cinematography. Christopher Atkins received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year.

It was followed by *Return to the Blue Lagoon*.

## References
Orna Porat

**Orna Porat** (), born as *Irene Klein*, (June 6, 1924 – August 6, 2015) was an German-born Israeli theater actress. She attended drama school and began her stage career at a repertory theater in Schleswig.

She moved to Mandatory Palestine in 1946, and converted to Judaism in 1957.

Porat died at the age of 91 on August 6, 2015.

## References
Johanna Quandt

**Johanna Maria Quandt** (21 June 1926 – 3 August 2015) was a German billionaire and widow of Herbert Quandt. After the death of Herbert Quandt, she owned a large amount of car company BMW.

## Biography 
In 1926, Johanna Quandt was born as Johanna Bruhn. 

In the 1950s, she worked at BMV in Herbert Quandt's office as an assistant.

In 1982, Herbert Quandt died and she became a large shareholder in BMW. She retired in 1997. She died at the age of 89 in her home in Bad Homburg near Frankfurt.

She was the 8th richest person in Germany, 82nd in the world and 11th richest woman according to Forbes.

## References
Joe Arpaio

**Joseph Michael "Joe" Arpaio** (born June 14, 1932) was the six-time elected sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona from 1993 until 2017. A controversial figure, Arpaio has been accused of abuse of power, misuse of funds, failure to investigate sex crimes, improper clearance of cases, unlawful enforcement of immigration laws, and election law violations, amongst others. 

In 2017, Arpaio was found guilty of racial profiling in federal court, however he was later pardoned by President Donald Trump.

Arpaio was an unsuccessful candidate in Arizona's Republican primary election for U.S. Senate in 2018.

Arpaio was born in Springfield, Massachusetts.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Theo van Els

**Theodorus "Theo" Johannes Maria van Els** (14 May 1936 – 4 August 2015) was a Dutch academic. He was born in Wanssum. He served as Rector magnificus of the Radboud University Nijmegen between 1994 and 2000. He was a professor of applied linguistics.

## References
PyMOL

**PyMOL** is an open source program for the viewing and manipulation of data from proteins and other biological molecules. PyMOL is written in the Python programming language.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* PyMOL Wiki
Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign

Former Governor of Louisiana and former U.S. Representative Buddy Roemer of Louisiana began a movement for the 2012 Republican Party nomination for President of the United States shortly following the 2010 midterm elections.

After he was not added to the nationally-televised Republican debate, Roemer announced on February 22, 2012 that he would instead run on a third-party ticket, specifically the Reform Party and Americans Elect nominations. Shortly after Americans Elect announced they would not be fielding a candidate, Roemer's campaign announced on May 31, 2012 that he was ending his 2012 presidential campaign altogether.

## Other websites
* Buddy Roemer 2012 *official campaign site*
Tahult

**Tahult** is a locality in Härryda Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. In 2010, 585 people lived there.

## References
Chest x-ray

A **chest X-ray** or ** chest film** an x-ray of the chest used to diagnose diseases of the chest. X-rays are among the most common medical images. Doctors use them to diagnose problems.

Like all radiography methods, chest x-rays use ionizing radiation. The chest x-ray process makes a chest x-ray photo. The photo shows the inside of the chest.

## Problems identified 
Chest x-rays are used to find many diseases inside the chest. A doctor can use an x-ray to examine bones, lungs, heart, and great vessels. Pneumonia and congestive heart failure are commonly diagnosed by chest radiograph. Chest x-rays are used to screen for job-related lung disease, for example in mining where workers breathe dust.

## Gallery 

File:Chest Xray PA 3-8-2010.png|Chest X-ray PA
File:Chest Xray PA 3-8-2010 inverted.png|Chest X-ray PA inverted and enhanced.
File:Chest Xray Lateral 3-8-2010.png|Lateral chest x-ray
File:Chest Xray PA 3-8-2010.png|Chest X-ray PA
File:Chest X-ray 1300274 cr.jpg|Chest x-ray
File:CXR - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.jpg|A chest radiograph showing bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

## References
Men of Honor

***Men of Honor*** (***Men of Honour*** in the UK and Ireland) is a 2000 American drama movie. It was directed by George Tillman, Jr. and it was produced by Bill Badalato and Robert Teitel. The movie was inspired by the story of Master chief petty officer Carl Brashear, the first African American master diver in the United States Navy.

The movie got mixed reviews from critics. It has a 42% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3 out of 4 stars and called it "an old-fashioned biopic". He, however, criticized Theron's appearance in the movie and called it "professional but unnecessary to the picture".

## Cast 
*Robert De Niro as Master Chief Leslie Sunday
*Cuba Gooding Jr. as Boatswain's Mate Second Class (later on Master Diver) Carl Brashear
**Chris Warren, Jr. as Young Carl
*Charlize Theron as Gwen Sunday
*Aunjanue Ellis as Jo Brashear
*Hal Holbrook as Camp commanding officer "Mr.Pappy" Captain USN.
*Michael Rapaport as Gunners Mate Snowhill
*Powers Boothe as Captain Pullman
*David Keith as Captain Hartigan
*Holt McCallany as Machinist's Mate First Class Dylan Rourke
*David Conrad as Captain Hanks
*Joshua Leonard as Petty Officer Second Class Timothy Douglas Isert
*Carl Lumbly as Mac Brashear
*L. Luquette as Diving Expert
*Lonette McKee as Ella Brashear
*Glynn Turman as Chief Floyd
*Joshua Feinman as DuBoyce
*Richard Radecki as diving master chief
*Dennis Troutman as Boots
*Miguel Brickman as Editor-in-chief

## References
## Other websites 
*
Regulate (song)

**"Regulate"** is a hip hop/R&B song performed by Nate Dogg and Warren G. The song was released in the summer of 1994. It appears on the soundtrack of *Above the Rim*, and later *Regulate... G Funk Era*.

The song reached #2 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. It also hit #8 on the R&B/Hip Hop chart.

The song samples "I Keep Forgettin' (Every Time You're Near)" by Michael McDonald. This is the song that made Warren G famous and became one of his biggest hits. Until then, he was mostly known for being a good friend of and being mentioned with Snoop Dogg and Nate Dogg. The song uses a sample from Michael McDonald's classic I Keep Forgettin’.

## References
Louise Suggs

**Mae Louise Suggs** (September 7, 1923 – August 6, 2015) was an American professional golfer. She was one of the founders of the LPGA Tour. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia.

Suggs died in Sarasota, Florida at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Georgia Sports Hall of Fame
*Louise Suggs biography at About.com
Manuel Contreras

**Juan Manuel Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda** (4 May 1929 – 7 August 2015) was a Chilean military officer and the former head of DINA, Chile's secret police during the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet. As head of DINA he was the most powerful and feared man in the country, after Pinochet. Until his death in August 2015 of multiple organ failure, he was serving 58 sentences totaling 498 years in prison for kidnapping, forced disappearance and assassination.

## References
Mafia III

***Mafia III*** is an open world third-person action-adventure video game. It was developed by Hangar 13. It was published by 2K Games. It was announced on July 29, 2015. It was first shown at Gamescom on August 5, 2015. It was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on October 7, 2016.

The game is set in 1968 in the city of New Bordeaux (based off New Orleans, Louisiana, United States). The protagonist is Lincoln Clay, a black mixed race orphan and was in the Vietnam War   and was a veteran, who is on a quest to get revenge on the Italian mob. Vito Scaletta, *Mafia II* protagonist, returns.

## Devinitive Edition
On May 19, 2020 2K Games released **Mafia III: Definitive Edition**. Including *Mafia: Trilogy Pack*, when all 3 Mafia games in one package.

## Notes
## References
List of football federations

Below is a **list of the international football federations**:

## Worldwide 
* FIFA (*Fédération Internationale de Football Association*; founded in 1904; It's main tournament is the FIFA World Cup)
* N.F.-Board (*Nouvelle Fédération-Board*; 2003-2012; It's main tournament was the Viva World Cup)
* ConIFA (*Confederation of Independent Football Associations*; founded in 2013; It's main tournament is the ConIFA World Football Cup)

## Continental 
These are the football federations in each continent:

### FIFA Member federations 
## Other websites 
*RSSSF
*Football Federations Around the Globe, Soccerlens.com
Vladimir Zeldin

**Vladimir Mikhailovich Zeldin** (; February 10, 1915 &ndash; 31 October 2016) was a Russian theatre and cinema actor. Zeldin was born in the town of Kozlov (now Michurinsk). He is, as of 2014, the oldest living People's Artist of the USSR. He turned 100 in 2015.

Zeldin died in Moscow, Russia on 31 October 2016 at the age of 101.

## References
## Other websites
* Vladimir Zeldin. Russian Don Quixote
* Biography  
*
Jovanotti

**Lorenzo Cherubini** (born 27 September 1966), better known as **Jovanotti** is an Italian singer, songwriter, rapper, record producer and DJ.

Jovanotti first sang a mix of hip hop, rap and disco. Then he included funk, world music and even classical music and ska. Most of his songs are sung in Italian. He has also made a Spanish language greatest hits album.

## Biography 
### Private life 
Cherubini is the third of four brothers. His oldest brother, Umberto was a flying instructor at Touchandgo School until his death in a plane crash on 22 October 2007. After that, Jovanotti composed *In orbita* and *Fango* as tribute. The second brother, Bernardo, is a showman.

Jovanotti attended at Liceo Malpighi in Rome where he get a degree in science.

### Career 
Jovanotti's musical career began in 1988. *Jovanotti for President* was his first album.

## Discography 
* 1988 – *Jovanotti for President*
* 1989 – *La mia moto*
* 1990 – *Giovani Jovanotti*
* 1991 – *Una tribù che balla*
* 1992 – *Lorenzo 1992*
* 1994 – *Lorenzo 1994*
* 1997 – ''Lorenzo 1997 - L'albero*
* 1999 – *Lorenzo 1999 - Capo Horn*
* 2002 – *Lorenzo 2002 - Il quinto mondo*
* 2005 – *Buon sangue*
* 2008 – *Safari*
* 2011 – *Ora*
* 2015 – *Lorenzo 2015 CC.''

## References 
## Other websites 
* Sito ufficiale 
*
Viroid

, discoverer of the Viroid.]]

**Viroids** are the smallest infectious pathogens known. They consist solely of short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA without protein coats. They are mostly plant pathogens (plant diseases), some of which can cause crop loss. 

Viroid genomes are extremely small in size. They are about 80 times smaller than the smallest virus. The human pathogen (causes diseases in humans) hepatitis D virus is a defective RNA virus similar to viroids.

Viroids were the first "sub-viral pathogens" discovered and named by Theodor Otto Diener.  He was a plant pathologist at the U.S Department of Agriculture's Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland, in 1971. The first viroid to be identified was the *Potato spindle tuber viroid* (PSTVd). About 33 species have been identified.

## Related pages 
* Obelisk (biology), a viroid-like structure found in humans.

## References
Papillon (dog)

The **Papillon** (, *"butterfly[-eared]"*), also called the **Continental Toy Spaniel**, is a breed of dog of the Spaniel type. The Papillon is one of the oldest of the toy spaniels. Its name comes from its butterfly-like look of the d hair on the ears. The dog is alert and friendly with people and other dogs. The Papillon is a very active dog. It is also easy to train. The earliest Continental Toy Spaniels had ing ears. The Papillon with its erect butterfly-like ears and the Phalène with its moth-like drop ears.

## References
Leonid Bronevoy

**Leonid Sergeyevich Bronevoy** (; December 17, 1928 – December 9, 2017) was a Nika Award-winning Soviet and Russian actor. He was known for his work in the Lenkom Theatre. Bronevoy also made occasional appearances in movies. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1987.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Vladimir Etush

**Vladimir Abramovich Etush** () (6 May 1922 – 9 March 2019) was a Soviet movie and television actor and a People's Artist of the USSR (1984), an honorary title granted to citizens of the Soviet Union.

Etush died on 9 March 2019 from heart failure in Moscow, aged 96.

## References
## Other websites
*
Aleksandra Pakhmutova

**Aleksandra Nikolayevna Pakhmutova** (; born November 9, 1929) is a Russian composer. She has remained one of the best known figures in Soviet and later Russian popular music since she first achieved fame in her homeland in the 1960s.

## Other websites
*Official website
Terrence Evans

**Terrence Horace Evans** (June 20, 1934 – August 7, 2015) was American actor, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his role as Baltrim in *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* and *Star Trek: Voyager*. He also portrayed Old Monty in *The Texas Chainsaw Massacre* and *Massacre: The Beginning*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Terrence Evans  (Aveleyman)
The Yards

***The Yards*** is a 2000 American crime drama movie. It was directed by James Gray and it was produced by Nick Wechsler, Paul Webster, and Kerry Orent.

The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 64% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3 out of 4 stars.

## Cast 
*Mark Wahlberg as Leo Handler 
*Joaquin Phoenix as Willie Gutierrez 
*Charlize Theron as Erica Soltz 
*James Caan as Frank Olchin
*Ellen Burstyn as Val Handler 
*Faye Dunaway as Kitty Olchin 
*Steve Lawrence as Arthur Mydanick
*Robert Montano as Hector Gallardo 
*Tony Musante as Seymour Korman
*David Zayas as Officer Jerry Rifkin

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
*
United Airlines Flight 232

**United Airlines Flight 232** was a scheduled flight from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado, to O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. On July 19, 1989, the DC-10 (registered N1819U) operating the route crash-landed in Sioux City, Iowa, after suffering a big failure in its tail-mounted engine, leading to the loss of all flight controls. Of the 296 people on board, 112 died in the accident while 184 survived.

At 14:09 Central Daylight Time (CDT), Flight 232 departed Denver with 285 passengers and 11 crewmembers on board. About 1 hour and 7 minutes after takeoff (at approximately 15:16 CDT) the flight crew heard a loud bang followed by vibration and shuddering of the airframe.

While the DC-10 was in cruise at 37,000 feet, the fan blade inside the number 2 engine cowling shattered, exploded, and broke through the side of the engine. Pieces of the fan blade cut through the horizontal stabilizers in the tail and cut through all three hydraulic lines for the control surfaces, ultimately (and quickly) leaving the aircraft without any flight controls.

The aircraft began to bank right and descend. Captain Al Haynes took control of the airplane and attempted to regain altitude and level out, finding that his yoke had no effect on the attitude or roll angle of the aircraft. First Officer Records also tried his controls, but he could not control the aircraft either.

The flight crew then used the throttles to fly the plane. Flight Instructor Denny Fitch offered his assistance in the cockpit and was put in charge of the throttles. The flight crew then circled multiple times to lose altitude and decided to land in Sioux City, Iowa.

On approach to the runway, the aircraft began to dip below the horizon while travelling almost twice the normal landing speed. No pilot had ever successfully landed a DC-10 at this speed, with or without flight controls. Captain Al Haynes then urges Fitch to "close the throttles," to which Fitch replied, saying "I can't cut them off or you'll lose it, that's what's turning ya". As the aircraft rapidly began to bank right and lose altitude, Fitch said "Right, Al," and Captain Haynes replied "right," then "left left left left left left left, left left left". The ground proximity warning system then activates, and the aircraft crashes into the ground, exploding, and flipping over. The fuselage breaks into five main parts. Of the 296 people on board, 111 are killed.

## Other websites
* NTSB Accident report of United Airlines Flight 232 
* Cockpit voice-recorder transcript (pdf) (NB contains error) 
* A talk given by the pilot describing the crash at NASA Dryden in 1991
* Siouxland Chamber Of Commerce: Remembering Flight 232 (Picture of memorial depicting Lt. Colonel Dennis Nielsen carrying Spencer Bailey) 
* "17th Anniversary Tribute of Flight 232" 
* News report with video of crash landing of Flight 232, ABC News, July 19, 1989
* Pre-crash landing photos from Airliners.net
Stapleton International Airport

**Stapleton International Airport** was Denver, Colorado's primary airport from 1929 to 1995. At different times it served as a hub for Continental Airlines, Frontier Airlines, People Express, TWA, United Airlines and Western Airlines.

In 1995, Stapleton was replaced by Denver International Airport. It has now been decommissioned and the airport property was redeveloped as a retail and residential neighborhood.

## Other websites
* Airport history 
* Stapleton Airport Photographs
* Airport diagrams: 1938, 1956, and 1959
Smolensk air disaster

The **2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash** occurred on 10 April 2010 when a Tupolev Tu-154M aircraft of the Polish Air Force crashed in the city of Smolensk, Russia, killing all 96 people on board. These included the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński and his wife Maria; the former President of Poland in exile Ryszard Kaczorowski, 18 members of the Polish parliament, and relatives of victims of the Katyn massacre.

## Accident 
They were *en route* from Warsaw to attend an event marking the 70th anniversary of the massacre. The site is about  west of Smolensk. The pilots attempted to land at Smolensk North Airport, a former military airbase, in thick fog that reduced visibility to about . The aircraft was too low as it approached the runway as a result of confusing instructions from the traffic controler. Striking trees in the fog, it rolled upside down, struck the ground, broke apart, engulfed in flames and eventually came to rest  short of the runway in a wooded area. The crash killed everyone on board.

## References 
## Other websites
* "Findings of the Interstate Aviation Committee Safety Investigation of the Accident involving Tu-154M aircraft tail number 101 of the Republic of Poland on April 2010 near Smolensk "Severny" aerodrome." ( ) Interstate Aviation Committee  - Comprehensive link with reports and updates
* "Об окончательных результатах работы Технической комиссии Межгосударственного авиационного комитета по расследованию катастрофы самолета Ту-154М бортовой номер 101 Республики Польша, произошедшей 10 апреля 2010 г. в районе аэродрома Смоленск "Северный"." ( ) Interstate Aviation Committee  - Comprehensive link with reports and updates 
* Final report in English, Polish, and Russian  - Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents
* Video reconstruction of flight (simulation, 36 min., rus) direct link (mp4)
Smolensk

**Smolensk** is a city in Russia. It is located on the Dnieper River, and  west-southwest of Moscow. It is the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast. As of 2014, the population was 330,000.

## Other websites
* Official website of Smolensk
It's Too Late (Carole King song)

'''"It's Too Late"''' is a soft rock ballad by Carole King. The song is about a woman leaving a relationship. It is on King's studio album *Tapestry*.

This song was released as a single in April 1971. It hit #1 on the United States *Billboard* Hot 100. Sales were later certified Gold by the RIAA.

The song was later covered by Gloria Estefan and The Isley Brothers. The Isley Brothers version was released in 1973. Estefan released her version in 1995.

## References
Sean Price

**Sean Duval Price** (March 17, 1972&ndash; August 8, 2015) was an American rapper. He was a member of the hip hop supergroups Boot Camp Clik and Random Axe with Guilty Simpson and producer Black Milk. He came to fame as one-half of the duo Heltah Skeltah,  performing under the name **Ruckus**, or in short **Ruck**, along with partner Rock.

## Death
On August 8, 2015, Price died in Brooklyn at the age of 43. The cause of death is currently unknown, but it was reported that he died in his sleep. He is survived by his wife, and his three children." 

## Discography
**Studio albums**
**Monkey Barz* (2005)
**Jesus Price Supastar* (2007)
**Mic Tyson* (2012)
**Imperius Rex* (2017)

## References
## Other websites
*Duck Down Records website
*
Bump n' Grind

**"Bump & Grind"** is an R&B ballad by the singer R. Kelly. The song is about rough sexual activity. It comes from Kelly's debut record *12 Play*.

The song was released in January 1994. It became a #1 single on the *Billboard* Hot 100. It also spent twelve weeks at #1 on US Hot R&B Songs. The song became the longest-running number one song of 1994.

The song was released again in 2014.
Rules for the Direction of the Mind

***Rules for the Direction of the Mind*** () is a book by René Descartes. It was written about 1628. It was not finished, because 36 rules were planned in all, but only 21 were actually written. This work was not published while the author was alive. The *Rules* were published in 1701 in Amsterdam.

Many ideas in this book reappeared, year later, in the *Discourse on the Method*.

Although young, Descartes in times of *Regulae* had already believed in innate ideas, for example of the mathematical truths.
Hermitage cats

The **Hermitage cats** are a group of cats living in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The museum has a secretary for the news media about the cats. Three people take care of their daily needs.

The cats live in the museum's basement. In the summer, they also go along the river bank and on the plaza. Cats have been guarding the museum for more than 200 years, since the Tsars ruled Russia. In earlier times, they roamed freely through all the museum galleries.

In 2010, Maria Haltunen ("Khaltunin" in Russia), who directs the museum's cat program, said that there were 60 cats on the museum grounds. The museum staff joked that officially the museum is only supposed to have 50 cats.

In May 2013, the count had grown to 74 cats, of both sexes, Haltunen said. (All have been "fixed" so they can't have kittens).

Beginning in 2007, the museum adopts cats needing homes. The cats are an attraction for tourists.

In 2011, the museum began a "Catfest", a celebration of its cat population. "Catfest" has cat painting contests and games for children.

## References
## Other websites 
* Hermitage Cats
Northwest Airlines Flight 255

**Northwest Airlines Flight 255**, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, crashed in Romulus, Michigan shortly and exploding into flames after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport on August 16, 1987, at about 8:46&nbsp;p.m. EDT (00:46 UTC August 17). All 6 crew members and 148 of 149 passengers on board died in the crash plus 2 people on the ground. The lone survivor was a 4-year-old girl, Cecelia Cichan, who sustained serious injuries. 

It was the second-deadliest aviation accident at the time in the United States and the second-deadliest involving the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series; , the crash is the fourth-deadliest in both categories and the third-deadliest sole-survivor incident in aviation history. The flight and its two pilots originated at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, flying to MBS International Airport in Saginaw, Michigan, and was scheduled to terminate at John Wayne Airport in Santa Ana, California, with intermediate stops at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport in Romulus, Michigan (outside of Detroit, Michigan) and Sky Harbor International Airport in Phoenix, Arizona.

## Accident 
The MD-80 was prepared during the pushback, but in the rush, the pilots forgot to deploy the flaps for takeoff. As the aircraft lined up on Runway 32C, the pilots skipped over the flap check. After receiving takeoff clearance, the first officer applies takeoff thrust, but the Takeoff Configuration Warning System does not activate.

The aircraft was rotated upon passing rotation speed, but failed to get into the skies, and almost overran the runway. Just as the aircraft became airborne, the stall recognition system and stick shaker activated, and the aircraft began to roll side to side just under 50 feet above the ground. The left wing strikes a light pole and a car rental building, and the burning aircraft then crashes into Middlebelt Road and slides for a few hundred feet before hitting a car and exploding. All but 1 on board died plus 2 people on the ground who were in the car before the plane crashed.

The sole survivor of the accident was a 4-year-old girl Cecelia Cichan, who obtained serious injuries while pinned in her seat with her seatbelt still strapped. The girl's family (her parents and older brother) were killed in the crash. After releasing in the hospital, she was raised by her relatives. In 2013, she made her debut interview in "Sole Survivor" about her life and the aftermath she experienced.

## References
Methods of computing square roots

The square root of a number n is whatever number equals n when multiplied by itself (squared). There are many ways to calculate square roots, from estimations to precise calculations.

The mathematical operation of finding a root is the opposite operation of exponentiation, and therefore involves a similar but reverse thought process.

Firstly, one needs to know how precise the result is expected to be.  This is because square roots are usually irrational. For example, the square root of **28** is a number with infinite digits, and therefore it is impossible to express it exactly:\sqrt{28} \approx 5.291502622129181....

Moreover, calculations to calculate square roots usually only give one answer, so it is important to remember that all square roots except for \sqrt{0} have two answers. Each answer is the negative of the other answer. For example, the square roots of **4** are **2** and **-2**. You can confirm this by squaring 2 and -2, and seeing that they both result in 4:2^2 = 2 \times 2 = 4

(-2)^2=(-2) \times (-2) = 4

Additionally, the square roots of a negative number are two complex numbers. For example, the square root of **-4** is '*2*i*** and  **-2*i'''''.

\sqrt{-4} = 2i

2i = \sqrt{-4}

2i^2 = -4

2\sqrt{-1}^2 = -4

2\sqrt{-1}*2\sqrt{-1} = -4

4*-1 = -4

-4 = -4

Please note that calculating a square root is a special case of the problem of calculating Nth root.

## Calculating 
Most calculators provide a function for calculation of a square root.

## Estimating 
If the result does not have to be very precise, the following estimation techniques could be helpful:

You can get more accurate results by doing this technique again on the result. For example:
* 1.5^2 is more than 2, so \sqrt{2} is somewhere between 1 and 1.5. The halfway point of 1 and 1.5 is 1.25, so \sqrt{2} is approximately 1.25.
* 1.25^2 is less than 2, so \sqrt{2} is somewhere between 1.25 and 1.5. The halfway point of 1.25 and 1.5 is 1.375, so \sqrt{2} is approximately 1.375.
* 1.375^2 is less than 2, so \sqrt{2} is somewhere between 1.375 and 1.5. The halfway point of 1.375 and 1.5 is 1.4375, so \sqrt{2} is approximately 1.4375.
* 1.4375^2 is more than 2, so \sqrt{2} is somewhere between 1.375 and 1.4375. The halfway point of 1.375 and 1.4375 is 1.40625, so \sqrt{2} is approximately 1.40625.

With each step, the range of possible values that \sqrt{2} can be is cut in half.

### Babylonian method 
The Babylonian method is a much faster way to estimate the square root of a number.

## References
*