open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Johannes Ockeghem

**Johannes Ockeghem** (born Saint-Ghislain, near Mons, Belgium about 1410; died Tours, France, 6 February 1497), was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School (from around the area which is now Belgium) in the last half of the 15th century, and is often thought of as the most important composer between Dufay and Josquin des Prez. He was an excellent choirmaster and teacher. He spent most of his life working for the French royal court.

## Life 
The name Ockeghem is found with many different spellings in old documents. He was almost certainly born in the town of Saint-Ghislain. His native language was probably French.

Like many composers in this period, he started to learn about music by singing in a church choir, quite possibly in Saint-Ghislain and then in Mons. 

His first important job was working for Charles I, Duke of Bourbon in Moulins, (France). Then in 1451 he went to work for King Charles VII of France. By this time he was well known as a singer and composer. He worked for the royal court for more than 50 years and was rewarded with promotions and honours. Charles VII gave him important jobs. After Charles VII’s death Louis XI became king. He reigned for a long time and Ockeghem was in favour with the king. He often travelled with the king, visiting places such as Cambrai and even as far as Spain. He met famous people including the composers Dufay and Binchois. He also had other jobs in Paris.

Louis XI died in 1483. We do not know much about where Ockeghem went after that, but he probably died in Tours because that is where he left his will.

## Music and influence 
Ockeghem was not a composer who wrote lots of music, but it is hard to tell as some of it might have got lost. There are 14 masses that survive and other vocal works. His *Missa pro Defunctis* is the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem. Ockeghem based many of his masses on well-known tunes in a way that is called “cantus firmus technique”. Sometimes he put the borrowed tunes in the lowest part (he sang bass himself). This was rather unusual.

Ockeghem’s music influenced Josquin des Prez and other composers from Flanders and the Netherlands. 

When Ockeghem died Josquin Des Prez composed a motet called *La déploration de la mort de Johannes Ockeghem* in his honour. The music theorist Johannes Tinctoris described him as a great musician and one of the best singers he knew. Many younger composers used some of Ockeghem’s melodies as a base for their own compositions. In the Renaissance this kind of borrowing from the music ofc another composer was thought to be a great honour.

## References 
* Article "Johannes Ockeghem." *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. (ISBN 1-56159-174-2)
* groves music online
Glovelier

**Glovelier** was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Glovelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

## Other websites
*
Korean

**Korean** can mean:

*Anything to do with Korea, a country
*Korean language
*Korean people
*Korean cuisine
*Korean Air
Sanga Monastery

The **Sanga Monastery** is a small Buddhist monastery near Lhasa, Tibet. Sanga Monastery was built in the ruins of the castle (or fort) Taktse (also Dagtse) Dzong (formerly Dechen Dzong) on the top of a hill. Dagtse Dzong overlooks the roads to Yerpa and Ganden Monastery to the east.

Sanga Monastery together with Ganden Monastery belong to the Geluk (Gelug-pa) order (also known as Yellow Hat Sect, lit. 'Virtuous'). The Yellow Hat Sect was started by Tsongkhapa (Tsong Khapa or Lobsang Drakpa), also known as Jé Rinpoché, 1357–1419. He was known as a writer and teacher.

## References
Physicist

A **physicist** is a scientist who studies physics.

Here are some famous physicists:

* Robert J. Lang
* Albert Einstein
* Archimedes
* Benjamin Franklin
* Blaise Pascal
* Enrico Fermi
* Erwin Schrödinger
* Galileo Galilei
* Henri Poincaré
* Isaac Newton
* James Watt
* Johannes Kepler
* Julius Robert Oppenheimer
* Leó Szilárd
* Marie Curie
* Max Planck
* Donna Strickland
* Niels Bohr
* Nikola Tesla
* Rene Descartes
* Richard Feynman
* Satyendra Nath Bose
* Stephen Hawking
* Werner Heisenberg
* C.V. Raman
* Abdul Kalam
* Jagadish Chandra Bose
Province of Siena

The **Province of Siena** () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Siena.

The province has an area of 3,821&nbsp;km² (1475 mile²) and a total population of 252,288 (2001). There are 36&nbsp;*comuni* (singular: *comune*) in the province. At June 30, 2005, the main *comuni* by population are:

The province is divided into seven historical areas:
# Alta Val d'Elsa
# Chianti senese
# The urban area of (Monteriggioni and Siena)
# Val di Merse
# Crete senesi Val d'Arbia
# Val di Chiana senese
# Val d'Orcia and Amiata

## Other websites
* Province homepage
Radio 1's Live Lounge

'''''Radio 1's Live Lounge''''' is an album of live tracks played on Jo Whiley's Radio 1 show. It contains both covers and the bands' own songs.

## Track listing
### Disc 1
# Foo Fighters - "DOA"
# Arctic Monkeys - "Love Machine" (originally by Girls Aloud)
# Snow Patrol - "Run"
# The Kooks - "Crazy" (originally by Gnarls Barkley)
# Razorlight - "Golden Touch"
# Corinne Bailey Rae - "Munich" (originally by Editors)
# The Automatic - "Gold Digger" (originally by Kanye West feat. Jamie Foxx)
# Editors - "All Sparks"
# Boy Kill Boy - "Maneater" (originally by Nelly Furtado)
# Queens of the Stone Age - "No One Knows"
# Embrace - "How Come" (originally by D12)
# James Blunt - "If There's Any Justice" (originally by Lemar)
# Natasha Bedingfield - "The Scientist" (originally by Coldplay)
# Kings of Leon - "Molly's Chambers"
# Jamie Cullum - "Frontin'" (originally by Pharrell Williams)
# Sugababes - "Living for the Weekend" (originally by HARD-Fi)
# Lemar - "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" (originally by The Darkness)
# Will Young - "Hey Ya!" (originally by OutKast)
# Hard-Fi - "Tied Up Too Tight"
# Oasis - "Songbird"

### Disc 2
# Coldplay - "The Scientist"
# Lily Allen - "Smile"
# Keane - "With or Without You" (originally by U2)
# KT Tunstall - "Other Side of the World"
# Franz Ferdinand - "What You Waiting For?" (originally by Gwen Stefani)
# Pink - "Family Portrait"
# OutKast - "Ms. Jackson"
# The Futureheads - "Hounds Of Love" (originally by Kate Bush)
# Jamelia - "Numb" (originally by Linkin Park)
# Dizzee Rascal - "Jus' a Rascal"
# Lemon Jelly - "Nice Weather For Ducks"
# Mylo - "In My Arms"
# My Chemical Romance - "Song 2" (originally by Blur)
# The Coral - "Dreaming of You"
# Maxïmo Park - "Going Missing"
# The Bravery - "An Honest Mistake"
# The Streets - "Let's Push Things Forward"
# Basement Jaxx - "Romeo"
# Orson - "Push the Button" (originally by Sugababes)
# 50 Cent - "In Da Club"

## Related pages
*Live Lounge
*Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 2
*Radio 1. Established 1967
Satguru

In some eastern religions, a **Satguru** (or **Sadguru**) is a person who is considered to have achieved enlightenment, and who can help others to achieve the same. The word means "true teacher" in Sanskrit (), *sat* meaning "true" and a guru meaning "teacher". The title means that his students have faith that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to moksha, nirvana or inner peace. It is based on a long line of Hindu understandings about the importance of the guru.

## Ancient and  traditional sources 
In  the *Guru Gita*, Shiva says to Parvati:

*The body, the senses, the Prana, wealth, one’s own relations, the self, wife etc., all these should be surrendered to the Satguru. (38)
*One who cuts asunder, for the disciple, the eight kinds of attachment (doubts, pity, fear, shyness, censure, position in society, high birth and wealth), by the sword of mercy and bestows absolute Bliss is called Satguru. (57)
*Just as the ocean is the king of waters, the Param Guru(Satguru) is the King among Gurus. (179)
*A Param Guru is free from attachment, etc.; peaceful, always contented in Himself, independent, and one who considers the status of *Brahma and Vishnu like a blade of grass. (180)
*One who is independent at all times and places, who possess an unshakable mind and always blissful, who experiences the homogenous essence of the Self, such a one is the Param Guru. (181)
*One who is free from the feeling of duality and non-duality, who shines by the light of His self-realization, who is able to destroy the deep darkness of ignorance, and is omniscient, He is a Param Guru. (182)
*By whose mere Darshan, one attains calmness, cheerfulness, and peace and steadfastness, and peace of mind, such a one is Param Guru. (183)
*One who looks upon his own body as a corpse, and his Self as the non-dual Brahman, and who has killed the infatuation for  wealth and women, such a person is a Param Guru. (184)
*Family traditions, wealth, strength, shastras, relatives, brothers, - none of these are useful to you at the time of death. Satguru is the only saviour. (188)

The Kularnava Tantra (XIV/65) states,
"It is very rare to find a Satguru who can give *Shaktipat* and rare to find a disciple worthy of receiving it.  One gets such a Guru only as a result of past meritorious actions."

In the Upanishads, five signs of satguru (true guru) are mentioned.

In the presence of the satguru; Knowledge flourishes (*Gyana raksha*); Sorrow diminishes (*Dukha kshaya*); Joy wells up without any reason (*Sukha aavirbhava*); Abundance dawns (*Samriddhi*); All talents manifest (*Sarva samvardhan*).

According to Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a Hindu Satguru is always a *sannyasin*, an unmarried renunciate.

## Related pages
* Guru
* Guru-shishya tradition
* Parampara
* Sampradaya

## References
Ravenna (disambiguation)

**Ravenna** is name of
* John of Ravenna
* Pierfelice Ravenna, a botanist

**Ravenna** is the name of several places in the world:

*Ravenna, a city in Italy and capital of the Province of Ravenna
*Ravenna Calcio Italian football club based in Ravenna
*In the United States:
**Ravenna, Kentucky
**Ravenna, Michigan
**Ravenna, Nebraska
**Ravena, New York, a village in Albany County
**Ravenna, Ohio
**Ravenna, Texas
**Ravenna Creek, a stream in Seattle, Washington
**Ravenna, a neighborhood in Seattle
**Ravenna Township, Michigan
**Ravenna Township, Minnesota
**Ravenna Training and Logistics Site, a military base near Ravenna, Ohio commonly known as the Ravenna Arsenal.

**Ravenna (butterfly)* is a genus of butterflies

*Ravenna is also a poem by Oscar Wilde

*The Ravenna Cosmography was a 7th century map of the known world. 

*"No Antenna In Ravenna" is also a song by Jason Trachtenburg of The Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players.
Magliaso

**Magliaso** is a municipality in the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
* Official website
Mairengo

**Mairengo** was a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## References 
## Other websites
Malvaglia

**Malvaglia** was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of  Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle. The reservoir Bacino di Val Malvaglia is found above the village.

## References 
## Other websites
Ravenna

]]
**Ravenna** is a city and *comune* in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.  The city is inland, but is connected to the Adriatic Sea by a canal.  Ravenna once was the seat of the Western Roman Empire and later the Ostrogothic kingdom. It is presently the capital of the province of Ravenna. At 652.89&nbsp;km² (252.08 sq mi), Ravenna is the second-largest *comune* in land area in Italy, although it is only a little more than half the size of the largest, Rome.

## Twin cities
* **Chichester**, United Kingdom
* **Dubrovnik**, Croatia, since 1969
* **Speyer**, Germany, since 1989

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*Tourism and culture Official website  (English)
**Ravenna, A Study * (1913) by Edward Hutton, from Project Gutenberg
**Catholic Encyclopedia*: Ravenna's early history and its monuments
*ItalianVisits.com
*Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Ravenna Pages   (photos)
*Ravenna Photo Gallery  Pictures of the most important travel attractions in Ravenna
Maroggia

**Maroggia** was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 10 April 2022, the former municipalities of Maroggia, Melano and Rovio merged to form the new municipality of Val Mara.

## References 
## Other websites
Social democracy

, the symbol for social democracy.]]

**Social democracy** is a political ideology within socialism. The ideology is named for democracy where people have a say in government actions and it works to introduce socialism while also helping people in need by providing healthcare, education and social welfare. This makes it easier for people to support themselves in society by having more protection if they are unemployed or fall into poverty. As an ideology within socialism, it places an emphasis on equal rights for everyone, and there is plenty of government ownership or regulation of various industries to protect the public interest and reform capitalism. The ideology's movement has seen some interest in other countries whose economic systems do not work this way, because it has worked well for those who have it. 

Social democracy is supportive of Keynesian economics, where the government should step in and help people in need or without jobs. Social democracy strives to achieve a balance between capitalism and socialism or a balance between the public sector and private sector in the economy.

## Practice versus theory 
Some would argue that capitalist systems are not without help for the poor and the needy. An example is England, where relief for the poor was available in every parish in the land, long before there were any government social services. The practice was known as charity. Also, Britain saw the growth of an important middle class after industrialisation took hold. So it is not completely right to think of such societies as simply composed of owners and workers, or rich and poor.

Social democrats are divided in how they see their theory and it has been a subject of much debate around the world. Terms like "market socialism" and "the third way" are efforts to rethink what social democracy means today.

## Related pages 
*Socialist International
*Nationalization
*Welfare state

## References
Medeglia

**Medeglia** was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010, the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged to form the new municipality of Monteceneri.

## References 
## Other websites
Wilmersdorf

**Wilmersdorf** was a village near Berlin. In 1920 Wilmersdorf became a borough of Greater Berlin Groß Berlin. In 2001 it became a part of the new borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. The Kurfürstendamm runs through the area. The former borough of Wilmersdorf included the  Halensee, Schmargendorf and Grunewald.

## Related pages
* Charlottenburg
* Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf
Able Label

**The Able Label** was an independent record label from Brisbane, Australia.

Grant McLennan & Robert Forster of The Go-Betweens 
released their first two singles "Lee Remick" & "People Say" on it in 1978 and 1979. Later, it allowed other *Brisbane* groups, The Numbers (later to become The Riptides), The Apartments and the Four Gods to make their own records using the Able Label logo. 

## Discography
## Related pages
* List of record labels

## References 
## Other websites 
* Able Logo image
Goosebumps

***Goosebumps*** is a collection of children's horror fiction books written by R. L. Stine.

The *Goosebumps* series sometimes contained too much violence, so some American libraries disagreed with having the books there; the novels were fifteenth on the American Library Association's list of most frequently challenged books from 1990 to 1999.

After the series, many different spinoffs were made, also written by Stine, including *Give Yourself Goosebumps* and *Goosebumps: Series 2000* which appeared in 1995 and 1998.

Two board games were created after the *Goosebumps* series, these were called "Terror in the Graveyard" and "Escape from Horrorland". a 1996 PC game was also produced, entitled *Goosebumps: Escape from Horrorland*.

Front covers and most other Goosebumps-related art was done by artist Tim Jacobus, while the covers for the later *Give Yourself Goosebumps* series were digitally created by Craig White.

In 2015, a movie based on the book was released starring Jack Black as R. L. Stine.

## References
Carluke

The town of **Carluke** is in the centre of the Scottish countryside in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, 5.4 miles North-West of Lanark and 5 miles South-East of Wishaw. Many people in Carluke are commuters, with a variety of small stores and supermarkets available at the centre of the town.

## Notable Figures
Three people who were born in the town have received the Victoria Cross.  The famous ex-Motherwell striker Dougie Arnott lives in Carluke.

## References
Massagno

**Massagno** is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Azuli Records

**Azuli Records** is an independent record label, focusing on house music and other forms of electronic dance music. The label was founded by DJ Dave Piccioni in London, England in the early 1990s.

Releases include the Late Night Tales / Another Late Night DJ mix albums, and the "Choice" series.

## Related pages
* List of record labels

## Other websites
* Official site
UEFA Europa League

The **UEFA Europa League** (**UEL**), known as the **Europa League**, is an annual football club competition that is held by UEFA. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions. It is the second tier of European club football, after the Champions League and above the Conference League. It was previously known as the **UEFA Cup**.

## Statistics
*Main articles*: '**, **', ''''
### Performances by club
### Performances by nation
## Notes
## Other websites
*
Civil War (comics)

***Civil War*** was a large comic book story created by Marvel Comics. The story was the main focus of a seven issue series that started in May 2006 and ended in February 2007. It involved every major Marvel character and a large number of minor ones. Nearly every main Marvel title during this time dealt with this story. 

The story was about the United States dealing with an accident during a superhero battle that caused 613 deaths. To prevent this from happening again, the government created the Superhero Registration Act (SRA). This was a law that forced all people with superhuman powers to identify them self to the government. Many superheroes believed this was a good thing and that it would save lives. Others believed it was bad. They felt that if the government knew who they were, they would be in danger of others finding out. They believed that the SRA took away many of their freedoms. This caused the superheros to split into two groups. Those supporting the SRA were led by Iron Man. Those against it were led by Captain America.

Many people have compared the story of *Civil War* to that of the United States after 9/11 and the Patriot Act.

## In other media 
The series polarized critics and fans, but was a commercial success. A sequel, *Civil War II*, debuted in June 2016. The 2016 Marvel Cinematic Universe movie *Captain America: Civil War* loosely adapted the storyline.
Stig Claesson

**John Stig Claesson** (2 June 1928 – 4 January 2008) was a Swedish writer and illustrator. He also was known by his signature **Slas**.

## Biography
Claesson was born on June 2, 1928 in Huddinge, south of Stockholm. He went to the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts between 1947 and 1952, when he began to illustrate Swedish classical books such as those written by Per Anders Fogelström.  

Claesson was the father of actor Leif Claesson. Stig died on January 4, 2008 in Stockholm.

## Other websites
* Obituary in the *Dagens Nyheter* (Swedish)
Dagens Nyheter

two days earlier.]]
***Dagens Nyheter*** (**DN**) is a daily newspaper in Sweden. Based in the town of Stockholm, it was started on 23 December 1864.

## Other websites
*Official website
Brunstad Conference Center

, Tønsberg]]
**Brunstad Conference Center** (**BCC**) is a conference centre in Stokke, Vestfold in Norway. The centre is owned and managed by the Christian fellowship called *Den Kristelige menighet*. They are often called ''Smith's Friends''. The Smith's friends bought the farm at Brunstad near Stokke in Melsomvik in 1956.

The center was used for their own conferences. In 2000 Smith's Friends, decided to let others use the building. The old meeting hall which seated 4,700 was replaced by a new meeting hall, with space for 6,800 people, and a tent camp with over 600 caravan spots was fixed and replaced with just as many cabins, which were rented by the members of the church.

Maintenance and development of Brunstad is still done by volunteers. During the building project and during arrangements, members are used as voluntary workers, or paid expenses. Money for the expansion project came for the most from the effort from the "A-lag" (A-team), where the church's youth from all over the world participate and do voluntarily work.

BCC is now a modern location for events and conferences. Brunstad has several restaurants, a cafeteria style restaurant, a large coffee bar, and a grocery store.

BCC got a lot of stories in the media in 2004 when BCC bought Østre Bolærne island from the Norwegian Military. After a lot of media attention, BCC agreed to cancel the sale, and the town of Vestfold Fylkeskommune became the new owner. Instead, BCC was able to buy property on Syningen in Hallingdal.

## Events 
Every year one of the biggest shows at Brunstad Conference Center is the Arctic Equestrian Games, Norway's biggest horse show. It was first held in February, 2006.

## Other websites
* brunstad.org  The Christian Church on Brunstad, Stokke, Norway, Smith's Friends
* bcc.no Brunstad Conference Center AS

## References
Kreuzberg

**Kreuzberg**, south of Berlin-Mitte, was one of the best-known boroughs of Berlin, famous for its nightlife and its left-leaning electorate as well as its problems with crime the drug scene and a very high number of immigrants.

Kreuzberg consists of two different parts, the southeastern 'SO 36' (or simply '36') part and the southwest 'SW 61' (or simply '61'). Until the Berlin Wall fell, these were the last two numbers of the postal codes for the two areas.

It was a separate borough from 1920, when it became a part of Groß-Berlin, until the borughs were changed in 2001. Then it was joined with Friedrichshain to form the new borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Since these two  are linked only by a single bridge over the Spree river, the Oberbaumbrücke, this joining seemed awkward to many residents. The two areas could not agree on where the new borough's town hall should be. Friedrichshain was chosen by tossing a five-Mark coin.

## Summary 
Kreuzberg is known to many for numerous Turkish immigrants from eastern parts of Turkey, and the yearly May Day riots. This is because before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, Kreuzberg was isolated. Its eastern parts were almost entirely surrounded by the Wall. This area consequently had cheap rents and lower-income families as well as squatters from the radical left. The western part of Kreuzberg also bordered onto the wall, and it was here where Checkpoint Charlie was.

## History 
Kreuzberg got its name is from its highest point, the Kreuzberg (literally, "cross hill"). It is of  above sea level.. The hill was a traditional place for weekend trips, and had a lot of small restaurants for the visitors. The hill got its name from a monument built in 1821 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel. It was to remember the wars against Napoleon I of France.

After 1860 industry began moving into Kreuzburg. There was also an *Exportviertel* (export quarter) along Ritterstraße which had a lot of many profitable small businesses, and the "press quarter" along Kochstraße was the home of most of Germany's large newspapers as well as the Ullstein, Scherl, and Mosse book publishers.

Both of these industrial quarters were almost entirely destroyed during World War II, with the bombings of a single night from 3 February 1945. To remember old tradition, the Axel Springer press company built its new headquarters at Kochstraße again, right next to the Berlin Wall.

After World War II, Kreuzberg's housing rents were regulated by law, which made investments unattractive. As a result, housing was of low quality, but cheap, which made the borough a prime target for immigrants coming to Germany (and Berlin).

## Other websites 
* friedrichshain-kreuzberg.de, the website of the combined borough (in German)
Management

**Management** means directing and controlling a group of people or an organization to reach a goal. Management often means the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. In other word **Management** can also mean the person or people who manage, the managers.  European Management is specifically defined by academic Andreas M. Kaplan as a cross-cultural, societal management approach based on interdisciplinary principles.In the late 90s it used to be the only principal administration for one to operate in the business Field.

## Other websites 
* Association of Professionals in Business Management (APBM)
* Management Courses  at MIT Sloan, OpenCourseWare
* Research on Organizations: Bibliography Database and Maps 
* (United States) Academy of Management: dedicated to the scholarship and practice of management
* Institute of Certified Professional Managers 

## References
Republic of Texas

The **Republic of Texas** was a sovereign state in North America between the United States and Mexico that existed from 1836 to 1845. It was started on March 2 1836, when the people living in Texas declared themselves independent from Mexico. The Mexican army led by Santa Anna marched into Texas and attacked the new country. However the Mexican army was defeated and Santa Anna was captured at a battle near the site of Houston. The new republic did not have an easy time. It did not have a proper government, or any money. Its borders were often raided by Mexico, and there was fighting between the settlers and the Native Americans. The US government did not recognize the Republic of Texas.

In 1841, Santa Anna again became president of Mexico and the border attacks increased. By this time, thousands of new settlers had moved into Texas, and people in the US supported the people of Texas. The idea of annexation of Texas into the US became popular.

The Republic of Texas ended on December 29, 1845, when Texas became the 28th state of the United States of America.

## References
Nuremberg Military Tribunals

The **Nuremberg Military Tribunals** are the follow up trials of war criminals held by the United States of America in Nuremberg.

The trial of the 24 Major War Criminals held by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg is at Nuremberg Trials

The IMT only held one trial before disagreements between the four wartime allies stopped the series of trials that were planned. The four countries occupying Germany carried on with trials of many people in their own zone of occupation. Twelve that were held by the United States are the most famous of these trials. They involved some of the most important people to be prosecuted after the 24 Major War Criminals.

## Trials
The twelve US trials in front of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal took place from December 9, 1946 to April 13, 1949. The trials were:
Nestorianism

**Nestorianism** is a movement within Christianity. The idea behind its doctrine is that Jesus has two different natures: the man Jesus and the son of God (Greek: *Logos*). Perhaps the most prominent supporter of the idea was Nestorius, an archbishop of Constantinople who lived about from 380 to 450 AD. The Council of Ephesus condemned his view in 431, which led to a split of the church into the Assyrian Church of the East and the Byzantine Church. 

For that reason, the Assyrian Church of the East is sometimes called "Nestorian". It holds the view that Christ has two essences (*qnome*), which are united in one person (*parsopa*). 

The only two churches that teach Nestorianism today are the Assyrian Church of the East and the Church of the East & Abroad.
Daikokuten

]]
In Japan, **Daikokuten** (大黒天), is one of the Seven Lucky Gods. Daikokuten came from the Indian god, Shiva. Daikoku wears Japanese robes and has a happy and smiling personality.

## Location 
Daikoku's pictures are found in the temples of Tibet and China and the god enjoys a high position as a household god in Japan. Daikoku's connection with wealth and success started a strange ritual known as Fuku-nusubi. This ritual started with the belief that the person who stole figures of gods and goddesses was promised good luck, if they were not caught while stealing. Eventually, stealing divine figures became so common that the Toshi-no-ichi or the ‘year-end-market’ held in the Asakusa Kannon temple became the main place where the sale of these images was held.
  
## Purpose 
Daikoku is considered to be the god of wealth or the household, mostly the kitchen. He is recognised from his wide face, smile, and a flat black hat. He is often shown holding a golden mallet and sitting on bales of rice.
 bank note, first issued in 1885, with a picture of Daikokuten.]]

## References 
* Japan and Indian Asia by Hajime Nakamura. Publisher: Firma KLM, 1961. Publication Date: 1961
* India and Japan: A Study in interaction during 5th cent - 14th century - By Upendra Thakur .
European Space Agency

**European Space Agency** or **ESA** (**ESA**; , **ASE**) is an international organisation with 22 member countries. Its job is to explore space. 

Its headquarters are in Paris, France. ESA has a staff of more than 2,000 with an annual budget of about €4.43 billion / US$5.51 billion (2015).

The member countries of ESA are Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

ESA's space flight programme includes 
*human spaceflight,  
*the launch and operations of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon, 
*Earth observation.
*running a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana, 
*designing launch vehicles. 

The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle.

On February 21, 2024, the agency's ERS-2 satellite came into the atmosphere of the Earth. The gravitational field (or gravity) of Earth [resulted] in the satellite ending up hitting the ocean.

## Related pages 
*Hera (space mission)
## References 
## Other websites 
* ESA website
Cart

A **cart** is a vehicle with two wheels and usually pulled by one horse.  Other animals such as ox, cattle or donkeys are sometimes used instead of a horse. A **handcart** is pulled or pushed by a person.

Carts have been used for over 4,000 years around the world. Today we use the shopping cart. Shopping carts first made their appearance in Oklahoma City in 1937.

## Gallery

Image:Cart.jpg|A *charrette*, a wooden French cart (Cévennes).
Image:DirkvdM cuba horsecart.jpg|A horsecart in Santiago de Cuba.

Image:National Museum KL 2008 157 pano.jpg|Carts from different Malay regions, exhibited at the Muzium Negara.
Image:sculpturecart.JPG|A sculpture of a Hindu horsecart in Delhi, India.
Image:Dockworkers in Cap-Haitien.jpg|A Haitian hand cart.

## Other websites
Lanark Grammar School

**Lanark Grammar School** is a medium-sized secondary school in Lanark, South Lanarkshire which has over 1000 students.

## Available subjects
*Art and Design
*Biology
*Business Education
*Chemistry
*Classical Studies
*Computing Studies
*Craft and Design
*English
*French
*German
*Geography
*Graphics Communications
*History
*Home Economics
*Mathematics
*Physics
*Religious Education

## Library
The school library has lots of books on all the subjects studied at the school. It also has a wide range of fiction books for juniors and seniors. There are 15 computers in the library which can be used by any of the students who need to do work.
Antipsychotic

. This poster was used in the United States, in the 1950s.]]
**Antipsychotic drugs** or **Neuroleptics** are drugs that act on the central nervous system, and that usually have sedating properties. The name *neuroleptic* was introduced in 1955. From the 1990s, the term *antipsychotic* is the name  that is more commonly used instead. Neuroleptics make the patient calm.  In many of the conditions they are used for, the patients *lose touch with reality.* This is called psychosis. As the name suggests, antipsychotics are also used to lessen the symptoms of psychosis. Today, they are mostly used for the treatment of psychosis, as it occurs in schizophrenia and  bipolar disorder. They can also be used to treat depression and mood swings.

Commonly they are also  used for the following classes of conditions:

* Obsessive–compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome
* Depression and personality disorders
* ADHD in children
* Autism-spectrum disoders (mostly against irritability, and self-harming behavior)

## History 
The first inventor of this drug was William Perkin whom at the time (1856) was 18 when he made it, when the chemical group was first made, it was only a dye which was coloured blue or mauve. W. Perkins began "the aniline dye industry".

At a place named Rhône-Poulenc Laboratories either Charpentier, Courvoisier, Koetschet or Paul Charpentier invented  chlorpromazine during 1951, or, during  December 1950. They were trying to make a new antihistamine but discovered that it was a good anesthetic for surgery. In 1952, a director of a mental hospital named Jean Delay gave chlorpromazine to 38 patients and they all showed improvement of their symptoms.

Antipsychotics were previously described as "major tranquilisers" but the use of this name was stopped because the effect isn't in fact to make people experience tranquility.

Antipsychotics were the first drugs  that allowed to treat people with psychoses. Beforehand, people with an acute psychose would be given cold showers, against their wlll, or they might be chained to a wall. In the Middle Ages, they would be whipped. Sometimes, people might say that they were possessed, and they might then be burned at the stake. Up to the middle of the 20th century, people would be put in a psychiatric hospital. The only "treatment" available was locking them up and sedating them. They would then no longer pose a threat to themselves, or to others. Especially in the United States, lobotomy was done. This is a special kind of surgery to the brain where they attempt to "remove" the mental illness from the brain. This often had serious side effects, such as severe brain damage.

The treatments and drugs attempting to be the  "anti" of psychotic began after the German physician Karl Friedrich Canstatt created the word psychosis in 1841.

## References
490 Veritas

**490 Veritas**

**490 Veritas** is a big asteroid, which may have been involved in one of the more huge asteroid-asteroid collisions of the past 100 million years.

At 115 and 125&nbsp;km in diameter, Veritas and 92 Undina are the biggest of the 300-strong Veritas family of asteroids. David Nesvorný of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder traced the orbits of these bodies back in time, and calculated that they formed in a collision of a body at least 150&nbsp;km in diameter with a smaller asteroid some 8 million years ago. Veritas and Undina would have been the biggest pieces of that collision.

The thought Veritas collision would have been too far from Jupiter for the pieces to have been slung into a collision course with Earth. However, solar radiation would have caused the resulting dust to drift inward to Earth orbit over a time span consistent with the record of dust in the ocean sediment.

Today continuing collisions among Veritas-family asteroids are estimated to send five thousand tons of cosmic dust to Earth each year, 15% of the total.

It was found by Max Wolf in 1902. Its provisional name was **1902 JP**.

## References 
* Kenneth A. Farley, David Vokrouhlický, William F. Bottke, David Nesvorný, "A late Miocene dust shower from the break-up of an asteroid in the main belt." *Nature* 439, 295-297 (19 January 2006) Nature article

## Other websites 
* "Asteroid Smashup Yields Dust Shower on Earth"  from SkyandTelescope.com, Jan. 20, 2006.
Johannes Vermeer

'', Vermeer's most famous painting]]

**Johannes Vermeer** or **Jan Vermeer** (baptised 31 October 1632, died December 1675) was a Dutch Baroque painter. He spent his life in the town of Delft. Vermeer came from a Protestant family but he married a Catholic, named Catherina Bolnes, in April 1653. They had eleven children.

Vermeer mainly painted people in daily life. He painted people in detail and used rich colors. He kept the s simple. This contrast makes the viewer focus on the main point. 

He used perspective technique to draw lines from one dot on the canvas. He used this technique on his 17 paintings. Those paintings have a little dot which may be used for perspective. 

Vermeer’s painted women often wear blue clothes. This color blue is made from a natural mineral called lapis lazuli.

There is no self portrait of Jan Vermeer. His face may be in some other paintings, especially *The Art of Painting* (*De Schilderkunst*) and *The Procuress* (*De Koppelaarste*), but there is no proof that the man is Vermeer.

When Vermeer died his family had financial troubles, and after his death many of his paintings were sold at auction.

Vermeer became more famous after being rediscovered by art historians and art collectors in the 1800s.

## Sources 
*Essential Vermeer, This site covers much of Vermeer's life, works, and environment
*Virtual Vermeer , Familiar biography, interesting entries
*Van Meegeren's Fake Vermeers at Arttube (Museum Boijmans) 
*Vermeercentrum , Short biography of Vermeer and his life in Delft.
*Entry in Britannica encyclopaedia

### Further reading 
*
*
*
Richard Adams

**Richard George Adams** (9 May 1920 &ndash; 24 December 2016) was an English author. His most famous book, *Watership Down*, began as a story to tell his daughters. Adams won both important British children's book awards, the Carnegie Medal and the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize.

Adams was in the British Army during World War II. Later he joined the British Civil Service. Two years after *Watership Down* was published, Adams became a full-time author. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1975.

Adams died on 24 December 2016 at the age of 96 in Oxford, England from heart failure caused by blood disease.

## Select books 
* *Watership Down*
* *Shardik*
* *Nature Through the Seasons*
* *The Tyger Voyage*
* *The Plague Dogs*
* *Voyage Through the Antarctic* (with Ronald Lockley)
* *Daniel* (2006) 

## References
Mergoscia

**Mergoscia** is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village is found above Lago di Vogorno in the Verzasca valley.

## References 
## Other websites
Classical Athens

**Classical Athens** refers to the city of Athens from  508 to 322 BC. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes, after the tyranny of the Peistratids and the rule of Isagoras. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC. Athens was one of the most powerful cities in ancient times. It was important because there democracy developed.
    
In 477 B.C. Athens began the Delian League to join the city-states for protection. Their rival was the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. The Delian League's money was kept in the temple of Apollo.

In the classical period, Athens was a center for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's *Akademia* and Aristotle's *Lyceum*. Athens was also the birthplace of Socrates, Pericles, Sophocles, and other philosophers, writers and politicians of the ancient world. It is widely referred to as the cradle of western civilization, and the birthplace of democracy. Its culture and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC had widespread effects.

The classical period is usually dealt with by its most important political events, as follows:

*Athenian hegemony or Age of Pericles (448–430 BC)
*Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC)
*Corinthian War and the Second Athenian League (395–355 BC)
*Athens under Macedon (355–322 BC)

## Wars 
### Persian War 
When King Xerxes of Persia fought the Greeks of Asia Minor, Athens helped the Greeks in Asia Minor. In time, the Persians attacked Greece and the Greco-Persian wars began.

On the plain of Marathon, many Persians with bows and arrows fought the Greeks. Even though there were many more Persians than Greeks, the Greeks won because they had spears and swords of metal.

Themistocles, the general of Athens, warned the Athenians that the Persians would return, so they should make their navy bigger. The people did so, and Sparta offered to help. By the Hellenistic Period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women. They controlled their own properties, as well as the properties of male relatives who were away with the army. Spartan women rarely married before the age of 20, and unlike Athenian women who wore heavy, concealing clothes and were rarely seen outside the house, Spartan women wore short dresses and went where they pleased. Girls as well as boys received an education. Young women as well as young men may have taken part in the *Gymnopaedia* ("Festival of Nude Youths").

## References
Moleno

**Moleno** was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

## References 
## Other websites
Shardik

***Shardik*** is a fantasy novel written by Richard Adams in 1974.

## Plot
*Shardik* takes place in an imaginary region called the Beklan Empire.  A lonely hunter, Kelderek, pursues Shardik, a giant bear. Both of them become unwillingly drawn into the politics of the entire empire. The story's key themes include the personal struggles of sin and atonement, the strength and potential of children, and the responsibility of adults to protect and nurture children in hope of a better future.
Mark Ronson

**Mark Daniel Ronson** (born 4 September 1975) is a music producer from London, England. Ronson has released two albums. His first, released in 2003, was mainly hip hop music. His second, in 2007, featured British singers and musicians performing many different genres and styles.

## Early life
Ronson's mother, Ann Dexter-Jones, is a writer, and his father used to work in the music industry. He has two twin sisters, Charlotte and Samantha. Samantha is also a musical artist, and a well known LA DJ.
Charlotte is a well known clothing designer and owns several clothing stores.

Ronson's family are ethnically Jewish.

Ronson became interested in hip hop when he moved to New York City, aged 8. He went New York University, and became a popular DJ in New York during the 1990s. 

## Albums
Ronson's first album was called *Here Comes the Fuzz*, a hip hop album featuring artists such as Ghostface Killah. It was released in 2003. It reached #70 in the music charts.

His second album, *Version*, was more successful. It sold more, and was nominated for a number of awards. It featured lead vocals by the likes of Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen, Robbie Williams, and others famous British singers too. Jordan Galland, an American musician also contributed to it.  The artists performed cover songs, (which means the songs were new 'versions' of old songs - the word "version" was originally used in this context by the Reggae scene) but what made this second album stand out was the return to the use of professional arrangers and a full brass section.  At a time when other producers such as Timbaland had made a name for themselves by producing simple stripped down backing beats, the sound was a complete change of direction.  The brass section that Ronson used was the Dap-Kings who usually performed with Sharon Jones.  It reached #2 in the British charts.

## Other websites
* **MarkRonson.co.uk Official home page**
* MySpace.com/MarkRonson Ronson's MySpace page

## References
Warsaw Uprising (1794)

The **Warsaw Uprising of 1794** (also called the "Warsaw Insurrection") was started by a group of Polish people who lived in Warsaw. With help from the Polish Army, they tried to stop Russia from controlling the biggest city in Poland. It started on April 17, 1794, which was soon after Tadeusz Kościuszko's victory at an important battle.

Although the Russian army was larger, had better weapons, and killed many Polish people, Russian soldiers started to lose a lot of land and suffered from many deaths.

The Polish people had been preparing to fight in the uprising since the spring of 1793. They managed to become very popular: they formed a large army of volunteers who were led by a shoemaker, Jan Kiliński. Apart from this army, the most famous group to take part in giving the Polish people their freedom were the Poles who had been forced to join the Russian army. A person who watched the fighting was a French artist, Jan Piotr Norblin, who drew pictures of the uprising.

## References
Fugazi

**Fugazi** is an American post-hardcore band that became active in 1987.

## History
Singer and songwriter Ian MacKaye was in two bands before he joined Fugazi. These bands were Embrace, a band that existed from 1985 to 1986, and the more well-known Minor Threat. Guy Picciotto, who played guitar, was in famous punk/emo band Rites of Spring from 1984 to 1986. Brendan Canty, who played drums, was also in Rites of Spring. For Joe Lally, it was his first major band.

## Style of music
Fugazi are known for their aggressive, "chunky" music. It is difficult to call them one genre of music. This is because they played many different musical styles. The band wanted to sound different from other bands they knew and had been in. MacKaye and Picciotto also have different styles of singing and songwriting. MacKaye prefers songs that people can sing along to, whereas Picciotto prefers more complex songs.

The members of Fugazi did not use illegal drugs, drink alcohol, or have casual sex. This was called being "straight edge". The term "straight edge" was invented by Minor Threat, MacKaye's previous band.

## Today
Fugazi have not officially split up. However, they have not played since late 2002. This is because some of the band members have settled down with their families. Others have gotten busy playing in other bands. 
## Albums
* *13 Songs* (1989) - A collection of songs from the band's first two EPs.
* *Repeater* (1990)
* *Steady Diet of Nothing* (1991)
* *In on the Kill Taker* (1993)
* *Red Medicine* (1995)
* *End Hits* (1998)
* *The Argument* (2001)
## References