open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
River Teifi

The **River Teifi** is a river in west Wales. It starts in the hills above the town of Tregaron and then flows into a large marsh called Tregaron bog. This bog helps to stop flow in the river being too extreme. It stores up flood water when it is raining hard and it lets water go during dry weather.

The water in the River Teifi is very good quality. The river supports lots of wild-life including Salmon and Trout. The wildlife is so special that the whole river has been given special protection by scientists to stop it being damaged.

The river passes through small towns such as Lampeter and Newcastle Emlyn before it reaches the sea at Cardigan. For the last few miles before it reaches Cardigan, the river runs through a deep gorge called Cigerran Gorge. Some people still fish for Salmon here using a very ancient boat called a Coracle.

## References
River Ystwyth

The **River Ystwyth** (; ) is a river in west Wales. It starts  in the hills between Rhayader and Ysbyty Ystwyth and flow into the sea at Aberystwyth. Although the river looks very clean, it has high levels of some metals such as lead, zinc and silver. These metals poison a lot of the wildlife so that only a few things live in some of the river. These metals get into the river from old lead mines. Nobody uses the mines any more but the waste material left behind still has lots of metal in it and this dissolves in rain and gets into the river.

## Other Reading
* Green, John (2006), *Afon Ystwyth: The Story of a River*, Artery Publications 2006. 

## Other websites
List of Bobby's World episodes

This is a **list of episodes** from the Fox animated television series ''Bobby's World''. The series premiered on September 8, 1990 and ended on February 23, 1998. A total of 80 half-hour episodes were produced, and reruns on NBC Kids

## Series overview 

## Fox Kids Order
### Season 1: 1987/88
### Season 2: 1988
### Season 3: 1989/90
### Season 4: 1993-1994
### Season 5: 1994-1995
### Season 6: 1995-1996
### Season 7: 1997-1998
David Warren

**David Warren** (3 March 1925, Groote Eylandt, Australia— 19 July 2010, Brighton, Victoria, Australia) was an Australian scientist. He became famous for inventing the black box flight recorder which could give information about the causes of aircraft crashes.

## References
Ryūe Nishizawa

is a Japanese architect and university professor at Yokohama National University. Nishizawa won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

## Career
In 1995, he started a partnership with Kazuyo Sejima in Tokyo.

In 1997, he started the independent Office of Ryūe Nishizawa. Kagawa, Japan, 2003

## Honors
* Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.

## References
## Other websites
* SANAA website
* Office of Ryue Nishizawa website
* Vernissage.tv, "SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York"
Thomas Dörflein

**Thomas Dörflein** (13 October 1963 – 22 September 2008) was a German zookeeper at the Berlin Zoo for 26 years. He became a celebrity after he took care of the polar bear cub Knut, who had been abandoned by his mother shortly after his birth in 2006. In 2007, Dörflein was awarded the Medal of Merit by the city of Berlin for helping to raise Knut.

## References
Chlorine monofluoride

**Chlorine monofluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ClF. It has chlorine and fluoride ions in it. The chlorine is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties
Chlorine monofluoride is a colorless gas. It can be cooled to a pale yellow liquid at low temperatures. Many of its properties are between the properties of chlorine and fluorine. It reacts with tungsten to make tungsten hexafluoride and with selenium to make selenium tetrafluoride. It reacts with carbon monoxide to add chloride and fluoride to it.

## Related pages
*Chlorine trifluoride
*Chlorine dioxide
*Bromine monochloride
Sewage treatment

**Sewage treatment** is the process of dealing with sewage so that it does not cause harm to people or to rivers. Sewage flows in sewer pipes from houses and factories. When it arrives at a sewage treatment plant it passes through many stages. Larger treatment plants often have more stages than smaller ones. A house that doesn't have access to a city's sewage treatment will have its own septic system.

Large objects and rags are removed using screens. The sewage then flows through a  so sand and grit can fall out.  This protects the machines in later stages. Fats and solids are removed in the first treatment stage.  Sewage enters a tank where solids fall to the bottom and fat floats to the top. This is called primary treatment.  Fats and solids stay in the tank as sludge, and the water continues to the next stage.

Modern sewage treatment started in London in about 1850. The first treatment plants for sewage were designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette.

## Oxygen 
Bacteria and amoebae in the gut and bowels are totally anaerobic. Oxygen kills them. A key aspect of the treatment is not just to remove solids, but to  *run the sewage through oxygenated water*.  It is this which is the most important part of treatment after solids are removed. The use of chemicals is only done exceptionally. Dumping sewage into the sea is disgusting, but has been done at times when the treatment plants are not adequate.

Small treatment plants may use a small pond, called a lagoon, to hold the sewage while oxygen destroys the bacteria.  Larger treatment plants use machines to help process the sewage. Some treatment works have rocks or pieces of plastic for the bacteria to grow on.  Water is pumped over the rocks or plastic.

Solids from the first and second treatment tanks can be used to make methane gas and fertilizer for farmers' fields or may be dried and sent to a landfill.

## References
Kansas State University

**Kansas State University** (often called **K-State**) is a public university in Manhattan, Kansas, in the United States, although there is also a branch in Salina, Kansas and Olathe, Kansas. It was started in 1863. In fall 2010, 23,588 students were enrolled there.

## References
Terunobu Fujimori

is a Japanese architect and historian of architecture. He was born 21 November 1946 in Miyakawa-mura, Suwa-gun, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. That place is now part of Chino-shi. He has taught at several Japanese universities including: Tohoku University, Tokyo University, and Kogakuin University. He was a visiting scholar at Tōhoku University of Art and Design. He is professor emeritus at Tokyo University. Fujimori is especially interested in the history of modern Japanese architecture and natural design. He is known for using shapes from nature for his designs.

## Biography
He graduated from the architecture department at the faculty of engineering of Tōhoku University in 1971. Then he went for graduate study at Tokyo University. In 1979, he finished his dissertation "Historical Research on City Planning in the Meiji Era" and got his PhD.

In 1986 he won the Suntory Arts Prize for his book "Adventures of an Architectural Detective-Tokyo Edition" (建築探偵の冒険・東京篇 in Japanese). That year, he also one of the first members of the "Roadside Observation" art group (路上観察学会 in Japanese) with the artist  Genpei Akasegawa and the illustrator and manga artist Shinpo Minami.

In 2001, he finished a dormitory for the Kumamoto Prefectural University of Agriculture. That dormitory won an architecture prize. Fujimori was a commissioner for the 10th Venice Biennale in 2006. He also directed a TV series  for Fuji TV.

In 2010, Fujimori retired from the University of Tokyo and joined Kogakuin University.

## Books
Fujimori has written many books about architecture. Some describe his projects. Others are books of architectural history. He has published more than 25 books of his own. He has edited or written more than a dozen books with other writers.

## Projects
Fujimori often works with Shoushi Uchida or Nobumichi Oshima. Some of his projects are listed below.
* Jinchokan Moriya Historical Museum - 1991 - Chino, Nagano http://www.city.chino.lg.jp/kbn/07190000/07190000.html http://arc-no.com/arc/nagano/nagano-jichokan.htm
* Dandelion House - 1995 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
* Nira House (Genpei Akasegawa House) - 1997 - Machida, Tokyo
* Lone Pine House - 1998 - Fukuoka City
* The Forum - Niigata Prefecture Myoukou City
* Niwase Family Tomb - 2003 - Kamakura, Kanagawa (with Nobumichi Oshima)
* Teahouse Tetsu - 2006 - Hokuto City, Yamanashi Prefecture
* Chocolate House - 2009 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
* Roof House - 2009 - Shiga Prefecture

## Gallery

File:Akino_Fuku_museum03.jpg|Akino Fuku Museum, Hamamatsu City
File:Nemunoki Children's Museum of Art01.jpg|"Acorn" at Nemu no Ki Children's Museum
File:Lamune Onsen.jpg|Lamune Onsen

## References
Cultural identity

**Cultural identity** is the identity of a group, culture, or something similar, or a person's  to a group or culture.  Basically, the cultural identity makes a group/culture what it is. Each culture has its own things that make it different from others.
Cottage pie

**Cottage pie** or '''shepherd's pie''' is a type of savory pie. It is made with meat minced into small pieces, with mashed potato on top. It comes from the United Kingdom and Ireland. The dish is now popular worldwide.

The name "cottage pie" was first used at the end of the 18th century. It was around that time that the poorer people of Britain, people who lived in cottages in the country, started using potatoes as an everyday food. Originally, a pie made with any kind of meat and sliced potato was called a "cottage pie" due to it's resemblance to the tiled roofs. 

In modern British English, the dish is usually called "cottage pie" if it is made with beef. If it is made with lamb it is usually called "shepherd's pie" (because a shepherd looks after sheep). 

According to the *Oxford Companion to Food*, once upon a time, Scotland made its shepherd’s pies with pastry instead of mashed potatoes.

## References
* John Ayato and Jenna (1990) ''The Glutton's Glossary: A Dictionary of Food and Drink Terms'', Routledge, London.

## Other websites
* Cottage pie recipe
* Shepherd's pie recipe
SOS (song)

"**SOS**" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It is a dance-pop and R&B song that samples the 1981 song "Tainted Love" by Soft Cell.  It was released on February 14, 2006 off of the album *A Girl like Me* and went to number one on the *Billboard* Hot 100, her first song to do so. The song was originally written for Christina Milian.

## References
Bismuth(III) bromide

**Bismuth(III) bromide**, also known as **bismuth tribromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiBr3. It has bismuth and bromide ions. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state. 

## Properties
Bismuth(III) bromide is a white to pale yellow solid. It reacts with water to make bismuth oxybromide, BiOBr, which is a solid. It can only dissolve in acidic solutions. 

## Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrobromic acid. It can also be made by reacting powdered bismuth with bromine.

## Related pages
*Bismuth(III) chloride
*Bismuth(III) fluoride
*Bismuth(III) iodide
Bismuth(III) fluoride

**Bismuth(III) fluoride**, also known as **bismuth trifluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiF3. It has bismuth and fluoride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Preparation and properties
Bismuth(III) fluoride is a gray-white powder. It does not dissolve in water. It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrofluoric acid or by reacting a large amount of bismuth with fluorine.

## Related pages
*Bismuth(III) iodide
*Bismuth(III) bromide
*Bismuth(V) fluoride
Freshwater Biological Association

The **Freshwater Biological Association**, often shortened to the **FBA**, is a British charity started in 1929. It  aims are  to promote freshwater biology. It publishes identification keys to freshwater plants and animals throughout the world, and also maintains a  library of freshwater science.  

Membership is open to anyone who is interested in freshwater science. The Association's main offices are in Far Sawrey, on the banks of Windermere in Cumbria.

## Other websites 
*The FBA web-site 
*FBA web-cam at Far Sawrey ferry landing stage
Tincture of iodine

**Tincture of iodine** is a disinfectant. It has iodine and potassium iodide dissolved in ethanol and water. Normally, iodine does not dissolve in water. But when *potassium iodide*
is added, the iodine can dissolve. Also, ethanol helps iodine dissolve. Tincture of iodine has about equal amounts of iodide and iodine. It is not suitable for consumption. There are two types of tincture of iodine:

**USP Tincture of Iodine**: for every 100 mL, it has 1.8 to 2.2 grams of iodine, 2.1 to 2.6 grams of sodium iodide, and 50mL ethanol. The rest is water.

**USP Strong Iodine Tincture**: for every 100 mL, it has 6.8 to 7.5 grams of iodine, 4.7 to 5.5 grams of potassium iodide, and 50 mL ethanol. The rest is water.

It can be used as a skin disinfectant and as a water disinfectant. It is used to disinfect minor cuts, burn and scratches. Because it has iodine in it, it is toxic in large amounts. Lugol's iodine is an alcohol-free version. It is commonly used in experiments in middle school science labs. It is an alcoholic solution of iodine.
Stavropoleos Monastery

**Stavropoleos Monastery** or the **Stavropoleos Church** ( or ''*), is an Eastern Orthodox monastery for nuns in central Bucharest, Romania that was built in the year 1724. The monastery was named after the Romanian version of a Greek word, *Stauropolis'', which means "The city of the Cross".
Cheonggyecheon

**Cheonggyecheon** is a stream bisecting down town Seoul, South Korea. This stream has a length of 5.84&nbsp;km(its trail-12.04&nbsp;km long) and its greatest width is 84m. This stream is famous for restoration. It was a sewer of Seoul in the Joseon Dynasty. For half a century after the Korean War, it had been entombed by pavement and had been a highway. After its restoration, the Cheonggycheon has become an ecological park. The restoration of Cheonggyecheon took three years spending almost $400 million. Since its opening in 2005, hundreds of thousands of people have visited Cheonggyecheon with friends and family. Many interesting events have been often held at Cheonggyecheon as well.

## History
It was originally called **Gaecheon**(Hangul:개천, Hanja:開川 ). The Cheonggyecheon was naturally formed stream long before the Joseon Dynasty designated Seoul as its capital. This stream caused a flood and inundated private houses in full spate. In ordinary times, it was unsanitary because of standing sewage therein. Therefore, King Taejong, the third king of the Joseon Dynasty, firstly beginned river training work by starting construction work for an open channel. After that, King Yeongjo, the 21st king of the Joseon Dynasty, conducted the overhaul of the stream in earnest by dredging the stream, building stone banks and changing a waterway. Due to this construction, the curved waterway of the stream became straight one at last. During the reign of King Sunjo and King Kojong, the overhaul of the stream was continued. There were 24 bridges over the stream(now 22 bridges).

During the Japanese colonial period, it came to get called "**Cheonggye**" as it is called today, supposedly from 1914, when the colonialists rearranged stream names in Korea. In this perion, the large-scale dredging of this stream was planned in terms of a modern urban planning by Japan but it wasn't carried out because of lack of funds. Therefore, the urban improvement project was neglected.

As a result, by Korea’s independence from Japan in 1945, the Cheonggyecheon was severely contaminated with wastes from flimsy shacks built alongside of the stream. It had a fetid smell as well. In terms of Seoul's appearance and sanitation, the then Cheonggyecheon was a serious problem. The easiest way of solving this promblem was covering over the stream with concrete. In 1958, finally, the work to cover it up with concrete started as quickly as possible by August 1958. In addition, a 5.6&nbsp;km-long, 16 m-wide elevated highway was completed over the stream in August 1971 after four working years.

About 40 years after covering over the stream with concrete, Seoul city had resuscitated the stream since July 2003. After $386 milion recovery project, Cheonggyecheon was born again as a haven for wildlife as well as pedestrians in September 2005

## References
## Other websites
*Official website of Cheonggyecheon
John Schella

**John Edward Schella** (May 9, 1947 &ndash; August 3, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Schella made his NHL debut in 1970 with the Vancouver Canucks, spending parts of two seasons with the team before moving to the Houston Aeros, where he spent six seasons. Schella played one final year in the minor leagues before retiring in 1979.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs
## References
## Other websites
*
Bismuth(V) fluoride

**Bismuth(V) fluoride**, also known as **bismuth pentafluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiF5. It has five bismuth-fluorine bonds in it. The bismuth is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties
Bismuth(V) fluoride is a white crystalline solid. It is an extremely strong oxidizing agent and fluorinating agent, something that adds fluoride ions to other chemicals. It reacts with water to make ozone and oxygen difluoride. It also reacts with iodine and sulfur at room temperature. Above 50°C, it reacts with hydrocarbons like paraffin to make fluorocarbons. At 180°C, it reacts with chlorine to make chlorine monofluoride and with bromine to make bromine trifluoride.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with fluorine at a high temperature. It is also made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with chlorine trifluoride. 

## Uses
It is used as a fluorinating agent.

## Related pages
*Bismuth(V) oxide
*Bismuth(III) chloride
*Bismuth(III) oxide
Owens Lake

**Owens Lake** is a mostly dry lake in the eastern Sierra Nevada of Inyo County, California, located about  south of Lone Pine, California. Unlike most dry lakes in the Basin and Range Province that have been dry for thousands of years, Owens held water until 1924. Today, some of the flow of the river has been restored, and the lake now has some water.
Dunaliella salina

***Dunaliella salina*** is a type of halophile pink micro-algae found in sea salt fields. *Dunaliella salina* is used in cosmetics and dietary supplements. Few organisms can  in such highly saline conditions as salt evaporation ponds. To survive, these organisms have high concentrations of beta-carotene to  against light, and high concentrations of glycerol to provide protection against osmotic pressure. This offers an opportunity for commercial biological production of these substances.
Annie Besant

**Annie Besant** (1 October 1847, London – 20 September 1933, India) was a British woman who became one of the leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. In 1885, Annie Besant joined the Fabian Society and later became a member of 'Marxist Social Democratic Federation'. She joined the Theosophical Society, a religious movement founded in 1875, based on ideas of karma and reincarnation. As a leader of the Society, Besant helped to spread Theosophical beliefs around the world. She established the 'Olkot Panjama School' in 1894. She was the founder of Central Hindu College. Later this college developed as the Hindu University of Benarus. Annie Besant started the India Home Rule movement in 1916 and became its president. In 1917 she became a leading member of the Indian National Congress.

## References
Scarification

with keloided scars and huge lip plug]]
**Scarification** or **cicatrization** is a form of body modification, where a design or pattern is cut,  or  into human skin to make a permanent scar. Like with most body modification, there are many reasons why people choose to be scarified. The act of scarifying has been compared to tattooing due to the fact that it permanently changes the skin. It has also been identified with self harm because people have used it to cover self-inflicted .

Scarification began as cultural identification in some places, especially in Maori and African societies. Other cultures may use it for religious reasons, and nearly all cultures use it for aesthetics. Some people also use scarification for pleasure, as the process of being scarified creates endorphins.

## Related pages
* Body modification
* Tattoo
* Self harm
## References
Haloarchaea

**Haloarchaea** are halophiles. They need high salt concentrations to grow. They are a distinct evolutionary branch of the Archaea, and are extremophiles.

The term *halobacteria* is a misnomer (mistaken name), because we now know the archaea are a different group from bacteria.

In taxonomy, the Haloarchaea are a class of the Euryarchaeota, found in water with salt. They are common in most environments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available.

## References
Cowbird

nest, with one Brown-headed Cowbird egg looking very different from the host eggs]]

**Cowbirds** are birds of the genus *Molothrus*. They are brood parasites, similar in life-style to the Cuckoo. The entire family Icteridae is limited to the New World.

They lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. The birds whose nest is used by the cowbird is tricked into raising the young cowbirds.

These birds feed on insects, including those stirred up by cattle. They lay their eggs in other birds' nests. This means that the birds can more easily stay with the herd.

The Brown-headed Cowbird has over 220 hosts. The other cowbird species have fewer known hosts, but all the species are generalists when it comes to choosing a host. This means that the eggs may look very different from the hosts' eggs.

## Mafia-type behaviour 
It seems that Brown-headed Cowbirds periodically check on their eggs and young after they have deposited them. Removal of the parasitic egg may trigger a retaliatory reaction termed 'mafia behaviour'. Cowbirds may penalise hosts which remove the cowbird egg: they often destroy the eggs or nestlings of those hosts.
:"Central to the persistence of mafia-type behavior in brood parasites and acceptance in hosts is the fact that hosts produce significantly more offspring by accepting parasitism rather than ejecting parasitic eggs".

## References
Maebashi

is a Japanese city in the Kantō region on the island of Honshu.  It is the capital city of Gunma Prefecture.

It has been  as a core city since 2009.

## Architecture
Rinkokaku is a wooden building which was built in 1884. It is an important cultural property. 

## Food
"Misopan", meaning “Bread with Miso paste” originates from Yakimanju. Friand, Numata, is famous for Misopan. The buns are made from Gunma Prefecture’s high quality wheat. Azuki bean paste is not used, but rather, a spread of miso with sugar, which is then grilled until brown.

## Sightseeing
The prefectural office building was formed from Maebashi castle. It was renovated in 1999, and became the tallest building in Maebashi.

## Education
Maebashi has 56 elementary schools, 23 middle schools, 15 high schools, around seven colleges or universities and one private school that is both a middle school and a high school. Maebashi also has an  named the .

## References
## Other websites
* Maebashi city website
Art Ross

**Arthur Howey "Art" Ross** (January 13, 1885 – August 5, 1964) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman and executive from 1905 until 1954. Thought of as one of the best defenders of his time by his peers, he was one of the first to skate with the puck up the ice instead of passing it to a forward. He won the Stanley Cup twice in a playing career that lasted thirteen seasons; in January 1907 with the Kenora Thistles and 1908 with the Montreal Wanderers. Like other players of the time, Ross played for many teams and leagues, and is most familiar for when he played with the Wanderers while they were members of the National Hockey Association (NHA) and its successor, the National Hockey League (NHL). In 1911 he led one of the first player strikes over the players wanting more money. When the Wanderers' home arena burned down in January 1918, the team stopped playing so Ross retired as a player.

After working as an on-ice official for a few years, he became head coach of the Hamilton Tigers for one season. When the Boston Bruins were created in 1924, Ross was hired as the first coach and general manager of the team. He would go on to coach the team four different times until 1945 and stayed as general manager until his retirement in 1954. Ross helped the Bruins finish first place in the league ten times and to win the Stanley Cup three times; Ross coached the team to one of the Stanley Cup victories. After he was hired by the Bruins, Ross, along with his wife and two sons, moved to a city near Boston, and became an American citizen in 1938. He died near Boston in 1964.

Ross was also important in creating different inventions for hockey to make it better. He created a style of hockey puck still used today, and also created an improved style of goal nets, which were used for forty years. In 1947 Ross gave the NHL the Art Ross Trophy, which is given to the best scorer of the NHL regular season. In 1949, the Hockey Hall of Fame named Ross.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs
*Playing stats from *Total Hockey*

### Coaching record
*Coaching stats from *Total Hockey*

## Awards
### NHL
*Awards from *Legends of Hockey*

## Notes
## References
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Art Ross's biography  at Canadian Sports Hall of Fame
Firmicutes

The **Firmicutes** are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have the Gram-positive type of cell walls.

## Classes 
The group is typically divided into the Clostridia, which are anaerobic, the Bacilli, which are aerobic, and the Mollicutes, a class of bacteria which do not have cell walls. 

On phylogenetic trees, the first two groups show up as paraphyletic or polyphyletic, as do their main genera, *Clostridium* and *Bacillus*.

## Health 
Firmicutes make up the largest portion of the mouse and human gut microbiome. The division *Firmicutes* as part of the gut flora has been shown to be involved in energy resorption and obesity.

## References
Elisabeth of Bavaria

**Duchess Elisabeth of Bavaria** (December 24, 1837 - September 10, 1898) was the wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.

## Biography
Elisabeth was born in Munich, Bavaria state in Germany. She was part of the royal family of Wittelsbach. She was the fourth of the ten children of Prince Maximilian of Bavaria and his wife Princess Ludovika. She was known as "Sisi". She grew up with her brothers and sisters at Possenhofen Castle. In August 1853, she went to Bad Ischl with her mother and older sister Helene, to celebrate Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph's 23rd birthday. The event was also supposed to be the occasion to announce his engagement to Helene. However, Franz Joseph liked the young and beautiful Elisabeth so much that he proposed to her instead.

## Marriage
Elisabeth and Franz Joseph were married in great pomp in Vienna on April 24, 1854.  Elisabeth had an informal upbringing, before marrying Franz Joseph. She disliked the  much more formal life she had to live at court. Early in the marriage, her mother-in-law, Princess Sophie, took over the care of Elisabeth's daughters. One daughter died when she was a baby. The birth of her son Rudolf improved her standing at court. Her health suffered under the stress of the  court life. She had four children: Sophie (1855-1857), Gisele (1856-1932), Rudolf (1858-1889) and Valerie (1868-1924). Her only son, Rudolf, committed suicide in 1889, after killing his young mistress Marie Vetsera.

Franz Joseph and Elisabeth became King and Queen of Hungary in 1867, when the two countries joined together and created the Austro-Hungarian Empire.    

Elisabeth suffered from lung disease and melancholia. She disliked the strict etiquette of the court. She was often away and lived long periods of time abroad, notably in Hungary and at her villa in Corfu. 

## Death
Empress Elisabeth was stabbed to death by an Italian anarchist in 1898, while on a visit to Geneva. 

## Legacy
She has since become something of an historical icon and highly romantic figure, through a series of movies called *Sisi* in the 1950s. The movies starred actress Romy Schneider.

## References
## External websites
* Empress Elisabeth – Sisi
* Web site of the Italian biographer Matteo Tuveri: www.matteotuveri.it
* Sisi Museum of Vienna 
* YouTube: Inner visit to Sisi Museum in Hofburg Palace, Vienna (min. 3:30)
* Empress Elisabeth at Tripod.com
* Sissi: myth and history – by Matteo Tuveri
* Elisabeth as a Young Mother and Wife
* The Empress was Assassinated
* What Happened to the Young Elisabeth at the Wedding night?
* The Land of Queen Elisabeth – The Royal Palace of Gödöllő

|-

|-
Necrosis

**Necrosis** is a medical condition in which parts of a person's body die, turn black, and fall off. This happens when the there is not enough blood reaching the tissues. This can happen for many reasons including injury, poisons, bacteria or radiation damage. The dead tissue will not grow back. 

## References
Wensleydale

]] 

**Wensleydale** is the valley (dale) of the River Ure on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire, England. Wensleydale is in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It is named after the small village of Wensley. The village name 'Wensley' comes from the words ''Woden's ley'', or meadow of the pagan god Woden. It is famous for its cheese.

## Cheese
Wensleydale cheese is made from cow's milk. It is produced in a village in the county of North Yorkshire in England. It is usually shaped into a flat disc known as a truckle. The history of the cheese began in Wensleydale in 1150 when monks started making cheese. This became a farmhouse industry until the first commercial cheese was made in Hawes in 1897.

## References
Proteobacteria

structure.]]

The **Proteobacteria** are a major phylum of bacteria.

They are gram-negative bacteria. This means they do not retain the violet dye in the Gram staining protocol.

In a Gram stain test, a counterstain (commonly safranin) is added after the crystal violet, colouring all gram-negative bacteria with a pink colour.

The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls.

Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens, such as *Escherichia coli*, *Salmonella*, *Vibrio*, *Helicobacter*, and many other notable genera.

Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.

Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophic, but there are numerous exceptions.

There are alphaproteobacteria in this phylum which are widely found in marine plankton. They may constitute over 10% of the open ocean microbial community.

## Classification 
* **Proteobacteria**: Purple bacteria and their relatives
** alpha subdivision (purple non-sulfur bacteria, rhizobacteria, *Agrobacterium*, *Rickettsiae*, *Nitrobacter*)
** beta subdivision (*Rhodocyclus*, (some) *Thiobacillus*, *Alcaligenes*, *Spirillum*, *Nitrosovibrio*)
** gamma subdivision (enterics, fluorescent pseudomonads, purple sulfur bacteria, *Legionella*, (some) *Beggiatoa*)
** delta subdivision (Sulfur and sulfate reducers (*Desulfovibrio*), Myxobacteria, *Bdellovibrio*)

## References
André Kim

**André Kim** (August 24, 1935 – August 12, 2010) was a South Korean fashion designer based in Seoul, South Korea. He is known mainly for his evening and wedding gown collections.

## Career 
Kim, whose real name is Kim Bong Nam, is one of fashion designers in South Korea. He has achievements in Korean fashion, and International fashion. New York Times and Herald Tribune in London described him as 'A pioneer in Korean fashion' and 'Alive fashion hero'. 

Kim became the Korea’s first male fashion designer as he opened his fashion shop in 1962 and since that time he attracted public attention by designing a wedding dress of Um Aeng Ran, who was a top star at that time, and designing many clothes like uniforms of the Korean athletes for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Furthermore, not only did he hold a fashion show in Paris as the first South Korean in 1966 but also he held a lot of fashion shows in many places such as New York, Washington DC, Beijing and Sydney. Also, he was in the spotlight of the world because he became the world's first fashion designer to hold a fashion show in front of pyramids and Angkor Wat temple.

Since 2002 Kim has expanded his business into not only design fields such as children's wear and golf coat but also various fields like cosmetics and jewelry. He was active in his work even before he died on August 12, 2010, because of the pneumonia and colorectal cancer at age 74.

## Fashion Styles 
There are many characteristics that André Kim has in his fashion shows and styles. One of them is wedding finale, which is representative symbol as a bride and groom wearing wedding gowns confront each other. Kim sticks to a design that emphasizes woman's elegance and tries to apply Korean traditional pattern. Moreover, he always emphasizes white color. To be specific, the clothes that he designed are white as well as the things that he uses, such as furniture and cars, are also white. Moreover, he wears only white clothes regardless of the situation, even when he sleeps and takes a rest.

## References 
*http://www.andrekim.co.kr/ 
*http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=927752
*http://cafe.naver.com/pantheonhouse.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleRead.nhn%3Farticleid=30
*http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2010/08/12/0200000000AKR20100812218500005.HTML?did=1179m

## Other websites
*
Bismuth(III) chloride

**Bismuth(III) chloride**, also known as **bismuth trichloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiCl3. It has bismuth and chlorine atoms in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties
Bismuth(III) chloride is a pale yellow solid. It reacts with water to make bismuth oxychloride and hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in acids like hydrochloric acid. It reacts with reducing agents to make bismuth metal.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth with chlorine. It can also be made by dissolving bismuth(III) oxide in hydrochloric acid. Bismuth can be dissolved in nitric acid to make bismuth(III) nitrate, which reacts with sodium chloride to make bismuth(III) chloride.

## Uses
It is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry. It is a good source of bismuth and is used to make other bismuth compounds.

## Safety
Bismuth(III) chloride can cause burns on skin because it makes hydrochloric acid when it reacts with water. It irritates the gastrointestinal tract.

## Related pages
*Bismuth(III) bromide
*Bismuthine
Bismuth fluoride

**Bismuth fluoride** can mean either of these chemical compounds:

*Bismuth(III) fluoride, pale yellow solid, weak oxidizing agent
*Bismuth(V) fluoride, colorless solid, powerful oxidizing agent
Bismuth(III) oxychloride

**Bismuth(III) oxychloride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiOCl. It has bismuth, oxide, and chloride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties 
Bismuth(III) oxychloride is a whitish solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It is somewhat shiny. It does not dissolve in water. It makes a very complicated molecule when it is heated.

## Preparation 
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) chloride with water.

## Uses 
It is used in cosmetics as a pearlescent coating. 

## Related pages 
*Bismuth(V) fluoride
*Bismuth(III) fluoride
Park Tae-hwan

**Park Tae-hwan** (nicknamed "Marine boy") is a famous swimmer from South Korea. He was born in Seoul on September 27, 1989. He is the first South Korean swimmer to win a world title. He won a gold medal in the men's 400 meters freestyle final at the World Swimming Championships in Melbourne, 2007. Recently, he won a medal in all seven events in which he has competed in 2010 Asian Games (three gold medals, two silver medals and two bronze medals).

## References
Don Poile

**Donald Bruce Poile** (June 1, 1932 - February 23, 2024 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 66 games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings. In addition to his time in the NHL, Poile had a successful minor league career with the Edmonton Flyers of the Western Hockey League. His brother Bud Poile is in the Hall of Famer.

Poile died on February 23, 2024.

## References
*

## Other websites
*
Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve

**Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve** is one of the world's greatest fossil . It is part of Newfoundland and Labrador, in Canada.

Mistaken Point was so named because sailors found it a navigational hazard on the foggy tip of Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula. The site is on Canada's Tentative List for proposed UNESCO World Heritage Sites. No-one can visit the fossil site without an official guide; collecting actual fossils may not be done.

## The fossils 
The fossils are in Mistaken Point's tilted and faulted mudstone and sandstone. They are exposed, visible on the surface. They are part of the Ediacaran biota, the oldest complex (multicellular) life forms. The Ediacaran is the last period in the Proterozoic eon. They date to 579 to 542 million years ago, when all life was in the sea.

The Reserve is the only place in the world where you can see a 565-million-year-old sea floor which preserves the ecology of these ancient deep sea communities.

This lagerstätte includes over 30 types of ancient creatures, most of them extinct groups unknown in our modern world.

## The palaeoecology 
The creatures lived on the bottom of a deep ocean, below the depths that light could reach. What is now Newfoundland was then between latitudes 40°–65° South. 

The imprints of the soft-bodied animals were preserved in place on the muddy sea floor when they were suddenly buried by repeated volcanic ash-falls. The ash (tuff) layers contain zircon, which makes it possible for geologists to accurately date the fossil layers by radiometric dating. Fossils of similar age are found in Russia and Australia, but the variety found at Mistaken Point make the site unique.

## Related pages 
*Fortune Head
*Ediacaran biota
*Lagerstätten

## References
Incheon

**Incheon** (officially, Incheon Metropolitan City) is a major port city in South Korea and famous for Incheon International Airport.

Incheon is 28&nbsp;km from the nation’s capital, Seoul. It is at 126° 37´ east longitude and 37° 28´ north latitude, the same latitude as San Francisco, Washington, Madrid, and Teheran. Incheon is the third largest city in South Korea, after Seoul and Busan and 2.6 million people live in Incheon (2009).

There are ten administrative districts in Incheon and it is divided into 8 wards ("gu") and 2 counties ("gun").

Incheon Subway and Seoul Metropolitan Subway is linked (line number 1) and it takes approximately an hour from Incheon subway station to Seoul Station. 

## History 
The history of Incheon started from the Goguryeo Kingdom in 475 AD, under the reign of King Jangsu. Its original name was Michuhol and it changed several times and renamed to Incheon-gun in the 13th year of King Taejong’s reign during Joseon period. In 1949, after Korea`s 1945 liberation, Incheon City reorganized.  It was finally renamed to Incheon Metropolitan City in 1995. 

During the Korean War, there was the battle of Incheon led by an American general of UN Douglas MacArthur and the battle resulted in a decisive victory. It was also a strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations(UN). In a show of gratitude to the American soldier, Koreans in the late 1950s erected the bronze statue of MacArthur in a central park at Incheon that overlooks the sea area through which his troops came ashore.

## Culture and Tourism
Incheon is famous for 17th Asian Games,Incheon International Airport, Incheon Port, Songdo International City, Incheon Subway, and Munhak Worldcup Stadium are five major cites of Incheon.

### Ganghwa-county
Ganghwa-county (Ganghwa Island) is famous for dolmens registered as one of the World Heritages by UNESCO.
Hwamunseok mats are Incheon's famous local products, a figured mat. The beauty of these hand-woven mats has made them one of the most famous specialty products of Ganghwa-gun, and one of the most beloved traditional Korean crafts.

### Wolmido (Wolmi Island) 
Wolmido was once a military base of Japanese Army during the Japanese colonial period and a outpost of the battle of Incheon. Nowadays, Wolmido is one of the most famous tourist spots near the Metropolitan area. Along the 1&nbsp;km-long Wolmido Street of Culture, there are lots of beautiful cafes and restaurants. Wolmido is also famous for street performers, portrait artists and Wolmi Festival.

## Incheon Free Economic Zone 
To become an international economic hub and a center of business and service industry of Asia, Incheon is developing free economic zone in the three regions of Songdo, Cheongra, and the island of Yeongjong. Incheon's Free Economic Zone, the first in Korea, was officially designated by the Korean government in August 2003 and it is planing to 2020.

## References
## Other websites
*Incheon Metropolitan City homepage
*Incheon International Airport
Ephedra sinica

***Ephedra sinica***, known in Chinese as **ma huang** (), is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. Hay fever and congestion are treated using this plant. Chemicals that come from this plant, mimic other chemicals inside the sympathetic nervous system, similar to amphetamine. They are often used for weight loss, but the U.S. FDA banned its use as a dietary supplement on April 2004.

## References
Bismuthate

**Bismuthate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is BiO3-. It has bismuth in its +5 oxidation state. It is a very strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with hot water to make bismuth(III) oxide and oxygen. It also reacts with acids. Sodium bismuthate is the most common bismuthate. It is one of the few sodium compounds that does not dissolve in water.

## Related pages
*Bismuth(III) chloride
*Bismuth(V) fluoride, the other bismuth compound in its +5 oxidation state
Gaye Stewart

**James Gaye Stewart** (June 28, 1923 – November 18, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He played nine seasons as a left winger in the National Hockey League.

Born in Fort William, Ontario, Stewart was  from the minors in 1942 to play in one game of the Stanley Cup Finals, where he helped the Toronto Maple Leafs win the championship. The next season, Stewart won the 1943 Calder Trophy,  out Maurice 'The Rocket' Richard of the Montreal Canadiens. He became the first player to win the Stanley Cup before the Calder. Danny Grant, Tony Esposito and Ken Dryden have accomplished it as well since then.

After spending two years in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II, Stewart returned to the NHL in 1945 and had his best season, leading the league with 37 goals - the last time a Leaf led the League in scoring. Stewart won his second Stanley Cup, again with the Maple Leafs, in 1947. Toronto traded Stewart to Chicago early in the 1947-48 season in a deal that brought Max Bentley to the Leafs, and he had three 20-goal seasons for the Black Hawks before finishing his career with stints in Detroit, New York and Montreal. In all, Gaye Stewart played for five of the NHL's Original Six teams, all except the Boston Bruins. He played 502 career NHL games, scoring 185 goals and 159 assists for 344 points. Stewart died on November 18, 2010, in a hospital in Burlington, Ontario, at the age of 87.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*Gaye Stewart Interview
*Gaye Stewart's Day with the Stanley Cup 
*Gaye Stewart dies
Sodium bismuthate

**Sodium bismuthate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBiO3. It has sodium and bismuthate ions in it.

## Properties
Sodium bismuthate is a light brown solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is one of the only sodium compounds that do not dissolve in water. It reacts with hot water to make sodium hydroxide, bismuth(III) oxide, and oxygen gas. It reacts with acids to make bismuth(III) salts, sodium salts, and oxygen gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting a basic solution of bismuth(III) oxide and sodium hydroxide with a strong oxidizing agent.

## Uses
Sodium bismuthate is used in a test for manganese.

## Related pages
*Bismuth(V) oxide
*Bismuth(V) fluoride
*Bismuth(III) bromide
Kim Won-bong

**Kim Won-bong** (, 1898 – 1958) was a Korean independence activist, and politician. His nickname was 'Yaksan' ().

## Life 
1940 Provisional interim parliament of Republic of Korea, February 1944, Provisional Government of Republic of Korea Defence Minister.

## References 
* Daum article (Korean)
Joe Szura

**Joseph Boleslaw Szura** (December 18, 1938 – October 13, 2006) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 90 games in the National Hockey League for the California Golden Seals and 115 games in the World Hockey Association for the Los Angeles Sharks and Houston Aeros. Szura was born in Fort William, Ontario.

## Other websites
*
*Notice of death
Billy Bell

**William Edward Bell** (June 10, 1891 – June 3, 1952) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played four seasons in the National Hockey Association and six in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Wanderers, Montreal Canadiens and Ottawa Senators. He won the Stanley Cup in 1924 with the Canadiens.

## Career statistics
## Other websites
*
Chondrostei

The **Chondrostei** are a sub-class of ray-finned fish, the Actinopterygii. They include the sturgeons, huge fish which provide caviar.

The Chondrostei are mainly cartilaginous fish with some ossification. There are 52 species divided among two orders. The orders are the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes), and the Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs). 

This group has at times been classified with the sharks: the similarities are obvious, not only do the chondrosteans mostly lack bone, the structure of the jaw is more akin to that of sharks than other bony fish. Both lack scales (except the Polypteriforms). Additional shared features include spiracles and, in sturgeons, a heterocercal tail (the vertebrae extend into the larger lobe of the caudal fin). However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest.

In the early Mesozoic, a number of fish families were beginning to develop adaptations which would make them lighter, faster and more efficient predators. Chondrosteans took a radical approach. Cartilage is lighter than bone, and they delayed the development of bone, so that it only developed in elderly fish. They lost the upper jaw bones completely. Other changes allowed them to shoot the jaw forwards to grab prey.

Why did Chondrosteans react with such total reorganization? Obviously selection pressure must have been very strong. However, in one way they were almost unique. Rarely amongst animals, they underwent polyploidy, several times. Instead of two sets of chromosomes (diploid), the Chondrosteans have 8 or 16 sets of chromosomes. Such a dramatic genetic change may have given the potential for a rapid, drastic reorganization of the body plan.

### Paraphyly 
The Chondrostei are paraphyletic. The group does not contain all of its descendants. Therefore, it is going to be reorganized.

## References