open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Momijigari

is the Japanese tradition of visiting areas where leaves have turned red in the autumn. The word comes from the two Japanese words  meaning "red leaves" or "maple tree" and , "hunting".  It is also called . "Kōyō" is another pronunciation of the characters for "momiji". In Hokkaidō another word for it is .

Many people in Japan do this. The cities of Nikkō, Tochigi and Kyoto are very popular. The tradition started in the Heian era.

## Related pages
* Hanami

## References
## Other websites
*"Momijigari" , Japanese events calendar
Transcript

**Transcript** could mean:

* *Transcript (molecular biology)* refers to a strand of messenger RNA
* *Transcript (education)*, a copy of a student's permanent academic record
* *Transcript (medical)*, the documented medical record of patients
* *Film Transcript*, a transcript needed for dialogue
* *Transcript (law)*, a record of all court proceedings
* *Transcript programming language*, a computer programming language
* *Adobe Transcript*, a commercial troff tool from Adobe Systems
* *The Transcript*, Ohio Wesleyan University's student-run newspaper

## Related pages 
*Transcription (linguistics)
Calm

. Seascape Calm Weather. 1864-65]]
**Calm** is an adjective meaning peaceful, quiet; particularly used of the weather, free from wind or storm, or of the sea, opposed to rough. The word appears in French *calme,* through which it came into English, in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian *calma.*
Ancient

**Ancient** means very old. The word can also be used in these ways:
*Ancient history — the period of written history starting more or less 5,000–5,500 years ago.
*Ancient (band) — the progressive black metal musical group.
*Ancient (company) — the Japanese software developer.
*Ancient — used to refer to an ensign in medieval times, appearing in texts such as Shakespeare's Othello.
Himeji Castle

is a Japanese castle which is in Himeji in Hyōgo Prefecture. It includes 83 buildings made of wood. It is sometimes known as *Hakurojō* or *Shirasagijō* ("White Heron Castle") because of its brilliant white exterior.

It is a Japanese National Cultural Treasure.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 

Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, it is one of Japan's "Three Famous Castles", and is the most visited castle in Japan.

Several movies have been filmed at the castle, like Akira Kurosawa's *Kagemusha* and *Ran*; *The Last Samurai*  starring Tom Cruise; and the *Shogun* 1980 TV-miniseries/movie starring Richard Chamberlain.

In 2009, Himeiji Castle was  as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show  Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Himeji Castle Guide 
* Himeji castle website  (requires Macromedia Flash plugin)
* Official UNESCO page for Himeji castle
* Himeji Tourist Information・Worlds Cultural Heritege Himeji castle 
* Himeji Castle - LOCATION VIEW Himeji Edition (Tourist Guide with 360 degree movie map)
Tang dynasty

The **Tang dynasty** () (June 18, 618 – June 4, 907) was an imperial dynasty of China.

## History
The Tang Dynasty came after the Sui Dynasty (隋) and was followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (Traditional Chinese: 五代十國). It was founded by the Li (李) family, who came to power during the fall of the Sui Dynasty. The dynasty was interrupted briefly by the Wu Zhou (Traditional Chinese: 武周) usurper regime, (October 16, 690 – March 3, 705) founded by Empress Wu Zetian (Traditional Chinese: 武則天) who managed to claim the throne, becoming the first and only Chinese Empress.

The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an (Traditional Chinese: 長安) in present-day Xi'an (Traditional Chinese: 西安), was the biggest city in the world at the time. It is considered by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization – maybe even greater than the earlier Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese: 漢朝) – as well as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Empress Wu, the first woman to ever rule in China, was also included in the Tang Dynasty. Her ruling methods were sometimes vicious, but she was very talented and intelligent.

## Related pages
* Taoism
* East Asia
* Silk Road
* Buddhism
* Central Asia
* History of Asia
* History of China

## Other websites
* The Tang Dynasty at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
* Home of 300 Tang Poems, University of Virginia
* The Tang Dynasty  at AsianSpiritGallery
## References
Otis Bowen

**Otis R. Bowen, M.D.** (February 26, 1918 &ndash; May 4, 2013), was the governor of the American state of Indiana from 1973 to 1981. He was the first governor of Indiana to serve two consecutive terms.  He was also the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services on the cabinet of President Ronald Reagan.

## Early life
Bowen was born in a farmhouse in Fulton County, Indiana.  He raised his family, practiced medicine, and began his political career while living in Bremen, Indiana, where he still lives today.

## Career
On Labor Day weekend in September 1973, Governor Bowen declared amnesty for a group of inmates that took hostages and rioted at the Indiana State Prison. Although his decision to give "blanket amnesty" was a controversial one, it proved to be the correct decision as all the hostages, who were not only guards, but also a few select inmates who were otherwise weak and preyed upon, were released without harm. The guards who were subsequently released after a short meeting took place between the leaders of the riot and Governor Bowen in front of b-block....the inmate negotiation took only a few minutes between the governor and a group of inmates led by one Thomas D Brown (ISP#37151) serving 10 years for armed robbery, and was compelling enough to cause Gov. Bowen to declare a successful "blanket amnesty".

The governor's action preceded a "domino effect" of changes made in all aspects of the Indiana Department of Corrections. The changes involved personnel, regulations and conditions within areas of the system, e.g. medical, food, access to media, and disciplinary aspects of every day life.

## Death
Bowen died on May 4, 2013 in his home in Donaldson, Indiana at the age of 95. The cause of death has not been disclosed.

## References
Feast

**Feast** may mean:
* A large meal.
* A Festival
* A day (or the celebration on that day) in honor of a certain saint, in Christianity.
Murder of Kriss Donald

**Kriss Donald** (2 July 1988 – 15 March 2004) was a Scottish boy who was kidnapped, tortured and stabbed to death by five Pakistani Muslims because he was white. The murderers were later convicted of his murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.

## References
Temporary

**Temporary** is a term that shows a finite period of time, with a clear beginning and an end. It is derived from the Latin *temporarius* "of seasonal character, lasting a short time," from *tempus* (gen. *temporis*) "time, season." It is the opposite of '**. It could also mean any of the following:

* In computing:
****temporary variable**
****temporary file**
****temporary folder** (often named **`:/tmp`** or **`:/var/tmp`** on Unix-like systems)
****temporary filesystem'''
Ukiyo-e

, part of the *Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō* series by Hiroshige, published 1850]]

'''''', "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints. They were produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries and showed landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and brothels. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan.

Ukiyo-e were cheap because they could be mass-produced. They were meant for mainly townsmen, who were generally not rich enough to pay an original painting. The original subject of ukiyo-e was city life, in particular activities and scenes from the entertainment district.  Beautiful courtesans, big Sumo wrestlers and popular actors would be portrayed while doing interesting activities. Later on landscapes also became popular. To this day, Ukiyo-e is still very popular across the world.

A novelist of the time period, Asai Ryōi, in his , gives an insight into the idea of the floating world:

:"Living only for the moment, turning our full attention to the pleasures of the moon, the snow, the cherry blossoms and the maple leaves; singing songs, drinking wine, diverting ourselves in just floating, floating; ... refusing to be disheartened, like a gourd floating along with the river current: this is what we call the floating world".

## References 
## Other websites 
* A Guide to the Ukiyo-e Sites of the Internet 
* Kuniyoshi Project
* Gallery with a lot of info
* Overviews of the Printmaking Process detailed description of the stages of printmaking with many illustrations
Emperor Saga

was the 52nd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Saga's  started in 809 and ended in 823.

## Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (*imina*) was .  He was the son of Emperor Kammu, and he was the younger brother of Emperor Heizei by the same mother.

He had nine Empresses and consorts; and 47 Imperial sons and daughters.

Saga was known as a good writer.  He sponsored the first imperial poetry competitions (*naien*).  According to legend, he was the first Japanese emperor to drink tea.

### Events of Saga's life
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for three years.

* **17 June 809** (*Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month*): In the 4th year of Emperor Heizei's reign, he was very sick and he abdicated. The succession (*senso*) was received by his younger brother  Then the new emperor is said to have acceded to the throne (*sokui*).
* **24 August 842** (*Jōwa 9, 15th day of the 7th month*): Saga died at the age of 57.

### After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (*misasagi*) of Heizei is near Daikaku-ji in Ukyō-ku, Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally  at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.
* *Daidō*             (806-810)
* *Kōnin* (810-824)

## Legacy
In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the *Gempeitōkitsu* (源平藤橘).  One of these clans, the Minamoto clan are also known as Genji (源氏). The Saga Genji (嵯峨源氏) are said to be descended from Emperor Saga.

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree
* Emperor Go-Saga

## References
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family ]]

## Other websites 
* Gate at Saga's mausoleum
Ariwara no Narihira

**Ariwara no Narihira** (, 825 - 9 July 880) was a Japanese poet and noble. He was the fifth son of Prince Abo, a son of Emperor Heizei. His mother Princess Ito was a daughter of Emperor Kammu, so he was family to Emperor Kammu by both his mother and father. Along with his other brothers, he was forced to have a civilian life and did not live in the Imperial Court, getting a new clan name, Ariwara. 

## References 
*
Hiroshige

]]

, also called **Hiroshige**, was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

## List of print series
* *Famous Places in the Eastern Capital* (*Tōto Meisho jukkei*), 1831
* *36 Views of Mount Fuji* (*Fuji Sanjū-Rokkei*), 1832
* *53 Stations of the Tōkaidō* (*Tōkaidō Gojūsantsugi*), 1832-1834 
* *Famous Scenes of Our Country* (*Honcho meisho*), 1832-1837
* *Famous Scenes of Kyoto* (*Kyōto meisho*), 1834-1835 
* *Famous Scenes of Osaka* (*Ōsaka meisho*), 1834-1835 
* *Eight Views of Omi* (*Ōmi hakkei*), 1834-1835
* *69 Stations of the Kisokaidō* (*Kisokaidō Rokujūkyūtsugi no uchi*), 1835-1842
* *53 Stations of the Tōkaidō*, *Kyōka* version (*Kyōka Tōkaidō*), 1839-1840
* *53 Stations of the Tōkaidō*, *Gyōsho* version (*Gyōsho Tōkaidō*), 1841-1842
* *53 Stations of the Tōkaidō*, *Reisho* version (*Reisho Tōkaidō*), 1848-1852
* *53 Stations of the Tōkaidō*, *Jinbutsu* version (*Jinbutsu Tōkaidō*, 1848-1852).
* *Famous Scenes of Edo* (*Edo meisho*, 1853).
* *Famous Scenes of the 60 Provincess* (*Rokujū yoshū meisho zue*), 1853-1858
* *Famous Scenes of the 53 estaciones* (*Gojūsantsugi meisho zue*, 1855).
* *100 Famous Views of Edo* (*Meisho Edo hyakkei*), 1856-1858
* *36 Views of Mount Fuji* (*Fuji Sanjū-Rokkei)*, 1858-1859

## Gallery
Ukiyo-e from *Kachō-ga : Pictures of Flowers and Birds*:

Image:Hiroshige Roseau sous la neige et canard sauvage.JPG|*Reeds in the Snow with a Wild Duck*

Some Ukiyo-e from *53 Statuibs if the Tōkaidō*

Image:Hiroshige le pont Nihonbashi à l'aube.jpg|*The Morning glow at the Nihonbashi*
Image:Hiroshige le Lac d'Hakone.jpg|*The Lake at Hakone*
Image:Hiroshige nuit de neige à Kambara.JPG|*Night Snow at Kambara*
Image:Hiroshige matin clair d'hiver à Kameyama.jpg|*Clear Weather After Snow at Kameyama*

Some Ukiyo-e from *One Hundred Famous Views of Edo*

Image:Hiroshige,_Table_of_contents.jpg|*Table of Contents*
Image:Hiroshige_Pruneraie_à_Kameido.jpg|*The Plum Garden in Kameido*
Image:Hiroshige_Atake_sous_une_averse_soudaine.jpg|*Great Bridge, Sudden Shower at Atake*
Image:Hiroshige_Le_quartier_des_teinturiers_de_Kanda.jpg|''The Dyers' Street in Kanda*
Image:Hiroshige, Night View of Saruwaka-machi.jpg|*Night View of Saruwakacho*
Image:100_views_edo_035.jpg|*Suijin Shrine and Massaki on the Sumida River*
Image:100_views_edo_036.jpg|*Massaki of Suijin Shrine, Uchigawa Inlet, and Sekiya*
Image:100_views_edo_062.jpg|*Yoroi Ferry, Koami-chō*
Image:100_views_edo_099.jpg|*Kinryūzan Temple, Asakusa*
Image:100_views_edo_107.jpg|*Fukagawa Susaki and Jūmantsubo*
Image:100_views_edo_067.jpg|*Inside Kameido Tenjin Shrine*
Image:100_views_edo_098.jpg|*Fireworks at Ryōgoku''

## References
## Other websites 
* images and descriptions of works by Hiroshige and his contemporaries 
* Hiroshige
* Ando Hiroshige – Free source of information and pictures
* Hiroshige at WebMuseum Paris
* Christian Science Monitor article
* Profile of Hiroshige 
* Brooklyn Museum: Exhibitions: One Hundred Famous Views of Edo 
* Utagawa Hiroshige at Hill-Stead Museum, Farmington, Connecticut
Daigo, Ibaraki

**Daigo** (大子町; -machi) is a town that is in the Kuji District, Ibaraki, Japan.

In 2003, about 22,813 people lived there, 70.03 people per km². The total area is .

## Other websites
*Official website
Ueno Park

at Ueno Park.]]

 is a big public park in the Ueno section of Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan. It is in the site of an old Kan'eiji, a temple very related with the Tokugawa shoguns, who had built the temple to guard Edo Castle against the northeast. The temple was destroyed during the Boshin War.

Ueno Park was created through an imperial land grant to the city of Tokyo by Emperor Taishō in 1924. The official name of the park is , which can be translated as "Ueno Imperial Gift Park".

A famous statue of Saigō Takamori walking his dog is in this park.
Divination

, Cameroon.]]
**Divination** (Greek μαντεια, from μαντις "seer") is an attempt to get information through omens or supernatural things. The verb form is *to divine*, but this should not be confused with the adjective *divine*. Divination is different from fortune-telling. Divination is more ritual, usually religious. Fortune-telling is more for personal things.

Divining the outcome of things has been done by many different methods, such as the ones listed in the section below.

## Types of divination 
* Ailuromancy (by the behaviour of felines)
* Astrology (by studying celestial bodies)
* Augury (by the flight of birds)
* Aura-Soma, based on colors
* Automatic writing (writing when being used as a channel or medium)
* Bibliomancy (by book, frequently but not always a religious text)
* Cartomancy (by cards, e.g., playing cards, tarot cards, and non-tarot oracle cards; see also Taromancy)
* Cheiromancy (by palms; see Palmistry)
* Chronomancy (by time; lucky/unlucky days)
* Coscinomancy (by a sieve)
* Crystallomancy (by crystals or other reflecting objects; see also Scrying)
* Extispicy (from the entrails of sacrificed animals)
* Geomancy (by earth), includes Feng Shui divination
* Graphology (by handwriting)
* I Ching divination (ancient Chinese divination using I Ching): (But using an I Ching manual can make it also a form of Bibliomancy/Stichomancy)
* Heruspicy (by the organs of sacrificed animals)
* Necromancy (by trying to ask the dead)
* Numerology (by numbers)
* Oneiromancy/Incubatio (by dreams)
* Onomancy (by names)
* Ouija board divination
* Palmistry (by palm inspection)
* Phrenology (by the shape of one's head)
* Pyromancy, or pyroscopy (by fire)
* Rhabdomancy divination by rods
* Scrying ("seeing" in a crystal ball, a mirror, or water)
* Runecasting / Runic divination (by runes)
* Sternomancy (by markings or bumps on the chest)
* Taromancy (by specially designed cards: Tarot; see also Cartomancy)

## Related pages 
*Oracle

## Other websites 
*Apple Divination
*Ancient Astrology and Divination on the Web , resources on Greco-Roman and Mesopotamian divination
*W. R. Halliday, *Greek Divination*  (1913), a complete scanned edition of the most recent general treatment of Greek divination
*1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: Divination
*Divination Methods 
* Encyclopedia Iranica: Divination
*Theory of Divination  by Tim Maroney, exploring different possibilities
*The Sator Formula engraved on a human skull
Yoshino, Nara

**Yoshino** (吉野町; -cho) is a town in Yoshino District, Nara Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an about 10,550 people living there and a density of 110.61 people per km². The total area was 95.65 km². 

Mt. Yoshino is famous for its 500,000 sakura trees.  They are planted in three gardens at different altitude so that they bloom at different times of the spring.

## Related pages
*Emperor Go-Daigo

## Other websites
* Yoshino town Official Site (in Japanese)
Macon, Georgia

**Macon** is a city in central Georgia, USA. It is among the largest metropolitan areas in Georgia, and the county seat of Bibb County. It is near the center of Georgia, about 75 miles (129&nbsp;km) south of Atlanta, that's why the city's called the *Heart of Georgia*. As of the 2020 census, Macon had a population of 157,346. Macon is the fourth-largest city by population of the state.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official City Government Website
* Greater Macon Chamber of Commerce
* Macon-Bibb County Convention and Visitors Bureau
* Macon  (the New Georgia Encyclopedia)
Tokugawa Yoshimune

was a Japanese shogun of the Edo period.  His ruled started in 1716 and ended in 1745.

## Early life
Yoshimune was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

## References
 symbol of the Tokugawa family.]]
Toyotomi Hideyoshi

.]]
 (February 2, 1536 or March 26, 1537–September 18, 1598) was a military leader of Japan. He was born in Owari (which is now called Nagoya city, Aichi prefecture). He grew up to become a daimyo. Hideyoshi came to power after his master, Oda Nobunaga. When Nobunaga was killed by Akechi Mitsuhide, Hideyoshi defeated Akechi soon later, and unified Japan. He built the Osaka Castle in Osaka. He became a regent for the Emperor. The time of Hideyoshi's rule is usually called the Momoyama period.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi made many changes in laws and culture. For example, he made a law that only samurai could carry weapons.

## Other websites 
*
* SengokuDaimyo.com The website of Samurai Author and Historian Anthony J. Bryant
Motojirō Kajii

was a Japanese author of the Shōwa period. He wrote several famous poetic short stories such as *"The Lemon", "Winter Days",* and *"Under the Cherry Trees"*.

He died at a young age and wrote few works, but his stories have become influential in Japanese culture. For example, many high school students imitate the protagonist of his short story *"Lemon"*, leaving a lemon in a department store. And his first line  is usually said by Japanese people

 about the cherry-blossoms-watching custom of hanami.

## References
## Other websites
* A complete list of stories by Kajii (with literal English and Romaji titles)  at Griffe - World's Literature
* "An Inner Landscape" (tr. Tony Gonzalez)
* "Caress"  (tr. Ursula Owen)
* "The Feeling on the Bluff" text  and annotated Word format  (tr. Ursula Owen)
* "Lemon"  plus a comment  (tr. Candace Seu)
Staff

**Staff** may mean:
* Staff (stick), a stick or pole to help with walking, or to use as a weapon.
*Employees, a group of people who work for a firm or other organization.
* Staff (music) (or stave),  five horizontal lines used for writing musical notes.
* Staff of office, a stick or pole used for ceremony by someone important.
* Staff (building material), artificial stone product for ornamental uses.
* Staff (military), the people of military command and planning.
* Jacob's staff, a tool used in surveying.
* Quarterstaff, a long pole used as a Medieval weapon.
* Bō, a long stick used as a weapon, usually in Japanese martial arts.
* Leopold Staff (1878–1957), a Polish poet.
* Gun (staff), a weapon in Chinese martial arts.
* staff is a safeworking apparatus used on single track railways.

NB
The plural of “staff” is **staves**.  The word  **stave** can also be used as a singular noun to mean:
* a single staff (music).
* a curved wooden member which is used with others to form the side of a barrel.
The Tale of Genji

(1617–1691).]]

 is a  work of Japanese literature.

It is believed to have been written by the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu at the beginning of the 11th century, around the highest point of the Heian Period. The form of the language used at that time is called Late Old Japanese. *The Tale of Genji* is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, or the first novel to still be considered a , but many readers do not agree on this.

Japanese cultural scholar Motoori Norinaga first used the term Mono no aware in his review of the book.  This term in now important in understanding Japanese literature.

The first translation of part of *Genji Monogatari* into English was by Suematsu Kencho. It was notably translated by Japanese nun Jakucho Setouchi in 1998. Arthur Waley made a free translation of the work, except for one chapter.  Edward Seidensticker made the first complete translation into English, using a more literal way than Waley.  The most recent English translation, by Royall Tyler (2002), also tries to respect the original text.

## Other websites 
* *The Tale of Genji* 1976 Seidensticker translation 
* *Tale of the Genji* woodcuts 
* *Murasaki Shikibu: Genji monogatari* (1987) An animated film based on *The Tale of Genji*.
* The Picture Scroll of *The Tale of Genji* Some scans of the *Genji Monogatari Emaki* (*Tale of Genji Scroll*).
* *The Tale of Genji* - *La novela de Genji* Site dedicated to *The Tale of Genji* .
* *The Tale of Genji* A photographic guide to *The Tale of Genji*.
* *The Tale of Genji*: Genealogical chart 

## References
Dumpling

Bapao dumpling]]
**Dumplings** may be any of a wide variety of dishes, both sweet and salty, in several different cuisines. They are either made from balls of dough or are small bits of food put into pastry, dough, batter, or leaves. In southern Africa, they are mostly cooked in a pot covered by an airtight,strong plastic so that it gets to boil and observe the steam then the dough's size increases while boiling. In Asia, they are often cooked in a bamboo basket over a steam pot. They can be cooked in different methods, either by boiling or steaming.

## References
Sui dynasty

The **Sui Dynasty** (, ) was an imperial dynasty of China between the years 581 and 618. It followed the "Jin period" and was followed by the Tang Dynasty. It ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes.

The Sui Dynasty was founded by Emperor Wen, or *Yang Jian*. Its capital was Chang'an (present-day Xi'an). The dynasty is important because it reunited Southern and Northern China and the Grand Canal was built in that time.

## Related pages
*History of China

## References
## Other websites
*Sui Dynasty at mnsu.edu
Bento

.]]
 is a meal that is common in Japanese cuisine, made to take away to be eaten somewhere else. A traditional bento consists of rice, fish or meat, and one or more pickled or cooked vegetables as a side dish. Various kinds of containers are used, from disposable mass produced to handcrafted lacquerware. They usually have compartments for different kinds of food. While bento meals can be bought at many stores and  in all of Japan, it is still considered a very important skill for a Japanese housewife to be able to prepare a good boxed lunch.

Bento can be very elaborate, aesthetically pleasing cuisine arrangements. Often the food is arranged in such a way as to resemble other objects: dolls, flowers, leaves, and so forth. For some special occasions like hanami, more elaborate and bigger bentos are prepared. People often take bento for a picnic. 

Bento are often sold in train stations. These are called ekiben (駅弁). Those sold in airports are called Soraben (空弁). Kyaraben (キャラ弁), is a shortened form of the two words *character* and *bento* and is becoming more popular.

## Ingredients 
Here are some foods that are often contained in a bento:
* Tamagoyaki (Japanese style omelette)
* Karaage (deep-fried chicken)
* Onigiri (rice ball) 
* Takosan Viennese (sausage like octopus)
* Shogayaki (pork grilled ginger and soy sauce)
* Sandwich
* Fruit

## Other websites
* Bento*弁当 An artistic Bento blog site (Japanese & English).
* Bento Corner An English language blog about creating bentos, especially bentos for children.
* O-Bento Net 
* Bento Business  A UK bento site with a gallery of bento shops and accessories in Japan, plus illustrated bento recipes.
* Cooking Cute: a bento site 
* Science Channel's *The Making* Series: #33 Making of Convenience Store Bento (video in Japanese)
* My Lunch Can Beat Up Your Lunch! FAQ An American site on making Bento.
* Instructions How-To Traditional Asian recipe cooking step by step..
* ekiben*駅弁 An explanation of ekiben.
* club of kyaraben*キャラ弁  A Japanese kyaraben site.
Japan Meteorological Agency

.]]

The  or **JMA**, is the  Japanese government's weather service. It has the duty of getting the information on the weather and making the weather forecasts in Japan. It also must observe and warn about earthquakes, typhoons, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.  

The central office of the agency is in Tokyo, and it has six smaller offices at other regions of Japan.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Dango

Dango.]]

''''* is a Japanese dumpling made from *mochiko* (rice flour). It is sticky and filling.  It is often served with green tea.

*Dango* are eaten throughout the year, but the different types are traditionally eaten in certain seasons. Three to four *dango* are often served on a skewer. One variety of *dango* from Hokkaidō is made from potato flour and baked with *shoyu* (soy sauce).

A common Japanese proverb  is related to the custom of cherry blossom viewing (*hanami*).

## Types of dango
There are many different varieties of *dango* which are usually named after the various seasonings served on or with it.
**Botchan dango*: Dango that is three colors.  One is colored by red beans, the second by eggs, and the third by green tea.  Botchan dango are often seen in Japanese anime, and are a common dish during hanami.
**Chichi dango*: Slightly-sweet, usually eaten as a dessert.
**Goma*: sesame seeds. It is both sweet and salty.
**Kinako*: A toasted soy flour.
**Kushi dango*: Dangos held by a skewer
**Mitarashi*: A syrup made from *shoyu* (soy sauce), sugar and starch.  Popular with children and women.
**Nori*: dried and seasoned seaweed
**Kibidango'': made from millet, and are actually dumplings.
## References
## Other websites
Cumulative voting

**Cumulative voting** is a system for doing an election. There are a certain number of choices. Each voter has a certain number of points he or she can spread over the choices. That way it is possible to choose more than one option, and to weigh the choices. Usually, this applies when there is more than one position being elected at the same time.  For example, it can be used to elect more than one member of a governing board.  In cumulative voting, if five positions are to be elected, a voter could cast one vote for each of five different candidates, or the voter could give all five of his votes to one candidate, or two votes to one candidate and three votes to a different candidate.  **Bullet voting** is giving all of the votes to one candidate.

Cumulative voting is used to elect representatives in many companies. It is also used to elect some governments. Switzerland and Germany use it for some elections. 

It will lead to a proportional representation.
Clown

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A **clown** is a kind of entertainer, or performance artist, who performs physical comedy and stunts to amuse others. They usually wear grease paint makeup that hides their real face, a large wig with brightly-colored hair, and baggy, padded clothing.

Many clowns belong to a circus, while others freelance or have a talent agent who helps them find work. Some clowns study at a **clown college** or **clown school**, where they learn acrobatics, juggling and other physical skills, and ways to interact with an audience. Others learn from experienced clowns, or through study and practice.

## Clowns in popular culture 
Clowns are sometimes mentioned in other forms of entertainment. *Pagliacci* is an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo, about clowns. This theme was borrowed by Smokey Robinson, when he wrote "The Tears of a Clown" working with Stevie Wonder. Red Skelton was a popular entertainer, who performed clown routines on television.

Ronald McDonald is a clown character who is the mascot of McDonald's restaurants. (Jeff Giuliano, who performed Ronald for many years on television, later became a vegetarian.)

In many different media, clowns are often villains due to the possibility of them being creepy. Examples are Pennywise from Stephen King's It and the Joker from the Batman universe.
Proportional representation

**Proportional representation** is a system used to elect people, usually to a country's parliament or other type of legislature proportional to the percentage of votes they recieve.

Proportional representation works by taking the results of an election to decide how many seats each political party receives. It is calculated out of a political party's total number of votes in the election what that number is as a percentage (%) of all the votes cast in the election. This percentage is then equal to the amount of votes the party will receive. For example, if a party gets 20% of the vote, it will receive 20% of the seats in the legislature. Most countries have a minimum percentage a party has to receive to get seats. This minimum is usually between 3% and 5% of the total overall vote.

Another way to run an election is the first-past-the-post system in which constituencies vote in one member. The United Kingdom works this way.

In most western countries, there is more than one political party. Most elected representatives will be a member of one or another party. If one party has an overall majority, then it forms the government. Otherwise the government must have members of more than one party.

Countries which use proportional representation include: Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey.

Countries which have systems that are similar or use semi-proportional representation include: Australia, Germany, Hungary, India, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Thailand.

Similar principles apply to sub-regions, who may have their own parliament or assembly.

Sometimes there's a quota, an example is Germany, with a 5% quota for the Bundestag

## Example 
### Calculation 
To calculate Proportional Representation, you need to divide the number of votes for a party to the total number of seats in the election and once divided you times the number by 100 to finally get the results

###  
## References
Hank Williams

**Hank Williams** (September 17, 1923 – January 1, 1953), born **Hiram King Williams**, was an American singer-songwriter and musicians. Williams is known as "the Father of Country and Western Music", because his songs were some of the first to come from that . As with many musical , Williams did not set out to create a new kind of music. He simply wanted to make music that his listeners would enjoy, that he would also enjoy making for them.

Some of Williams's songs are "Your Cheatin' Heart", "Hey Good Lookin'", "Jambalaya", and "Cold, Cold Heart". The songs were easy to remember, and many fans sang along when they heard them. Other singers began to include Hank Williams songs in their . Williams made recordings, performed on radio and early television, and also made live appearances.

## Early life
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Williams's parents, Elonzo Huble "Lon" Williams and Jessie Lillybelle "Lillie" Skipper married on November 12, 1916. Hank Williams was of English-American ancestry. Elonzo Williams worked as an engineer for the railroads of the W.T. Smith lumber company. He was drafted during World War I, serving from July 1918 until June 1919. He was severely injured after falling from a truck, breaking his collarbone and sustaining a severe hit to the head. After his return, the family's first child, Irene, was born on August 8, 1922. Another son of theirs died shortly after birth. Their third child, Hiram, was born on September 17, 1923, in Mount Olive. Since Elonzo Williams was a Mason, and his wife was a member of Order of the Eastern Star the child was named after Hiram I of Tyre (one of the three founders of the Masons, according to Masonic legend), but his name was misspelled as "Hiriam" on his birth certificate.
As a child, he was nicknamed "Harm" by his family and "Herky" or "Poots" by his friends. 

## Personal life
Williams was one of the first  to have problems with alcohol and drugs. Well-meaning fans and friends would buy Williams drinks, or invite him to parties, and he would lose control. He began to miss shows, and to give bad performances because of the effects of drugs and alcohol. He lost many of his best engagements, and his  suffered.

## Death
Williams died at age 29 on January 1, 1953, after a  of alcohol drinking. He left behind a wife and son, Hank Williams Jr., who also grew up to become a country musician. Williams' songs are still popular, and sung by many musicians. Hank Jr. performed his father's music for many years, but later found success with songs of his own.

## Discography
### Singles
* "Lost Highway"

### Studio albums
* Hank Williams Sings (1951)
* Moanin' the Blues (1952)

## Related pages
* List of country musicians from Alabama

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Official Hank Williams Fan Club 
* Hank Williams' Boyhood Home & Museum
* at the Country Music Hall of Fame &ndash; 1961 Inductee
* at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame &ndasg 1987 Inductee
* at the Alabama Music Hall of Fame &ndash; 1985 Inductee 
* PBS &ndash; American Masters
* Image of Hank Williams' death certificate
* Sites related to final day
Smokey Robinson

**William "Smokey" Robinson** (born February 19, 1940 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American R&B singer-songwriter and record producer. Most of his hit records were on Motown Records or one of its labels, and many of them were performed with The Miracles, his longtime band. 

Robinson is an African American. His mother died when he was young; his sister raised him afterwards. Robinson met Berry Gordy when Motown first became famous. He showed Gordy the lyrics to a song he had written. When Gordy asked if Smokey had any other songs, the young man pulled out a notebook with nearly a hundred of them. Few of the songs had potential, but Gordy liked what he saw in Robinson, and signed him and his band to Motown. Gordy helped Robinson become a better songwriter, and sometimes they wrote together. Some of Robinson's songs, like "My Girl" and "My Guy", were hits for other Motown artists.

Robinson's hits with the Miracles included "Goin' to a Go-Go", "You Really Got a Hold On Me", "Shop Around", "Ooh Baby Baby", "Mickey's Monkey", and "Baby, Baby Don't Cry". Stevie Wonder gave Robinson an unfinished song he'd begun in the studio, to see if he could add lyrics and a tune. The song reminded Robinson of circus music, and he remembered *I Pagliacci*, an opera about clowns. The finished song was called "The Tears of a Clown", and it became another hit.

Robinson left the Miracles during the 1970s, and began a solo career. The Miracles still had hits (like "Love Machine"), and so did Robinson, with songs like "Cruisin'" and "Being With You".

In the 2000s, Robinson went into the frozen food business, with a line of gumbos and similar cuisine.

## Other websites
*
Andrew Davis

Sir **Andrew Frank Davis** CBE (2 February 1944 &ndash; 20 April 2024) was a British conductor.

## Early life
Andrew Davis was born in Brisbane in Australia to Robert J. Davis and his wife Florence J. (née Badminton), Davis grew up in Brisbane, Logan. He studied at the Royal College of Music, King's College, Cambridge where he was organ scholar, and in Rome with Franco Ferrara.

## Career
In 1970 he took his first important job:  Stripper.  In 1975, he took the job of principal conductor with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra.  He gave up this job in 1988, but has continued to be called their Conductor Laureate (honorary conductor).

In 1988, Davis became music director at Glyndebourne, where he met the American soprano Gianna Rolandi, whom he later married.  Davis returned to the BBC in 1989 to become chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, where he held the post until 2000.

Queen Elizabeth II made Davis a CBE in May 1992.  In January 1999, she appointed him a Knight Bachelor in the New Year Honours List. In 2002, he conducted the Prom at the Palace concert, held in the gardens of Buckingham Palace as part of the celebrations for the Queen's Golden Jubilee.

Davis became the music director and principal conductor of the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 2000.  In 2005, he took on the post of Music Advisor to the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for three years.
 
Davis conducted lots of music.  He was especially fond of music by British composers such as Michael Tippett and Harrison Birtwistle.  He was a great favourite at the BBC Proms during his years with the BBC Symphony Orchestra.  He often conducted the Last Night of the Proms and made a  speech.

Sir Andrew Davis was not related to the conductor Sir Colin Davis.

## Death
Davis died from leukaemia at the Rush University Medical Center in Near West Side, Chicago, Illinois on 20 April 2024, at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Sir Andrew Davis official website
Music stand

A **music stand** is something musicians can use to put sheet music on when they are performing.

There are several different sorts of music stand, but almost all of them can be adjusted in height so that they can be used by tall or short players, and by players whether they are sitting down or standing up.

The most popular type of music stand is the metal one that can be folded up so that it is easy to carry about.  Some music stands are made of wood.  These are sometimes very  and therefore quite .  

Orchestras usually give their players very heavy metal music stands.  This is because the light, fold-up ones are easily knocked over.  It is also very difficult to write on music on a fold-up metal stand because there is nothing to press against (in rehearsals musicians often have to write fingering, bowing and other markings in the music).

There are also very small music stands that do not have legs and are designed to be put on a table.  These can be used for any kind of instrument that can be played sitting at a table.

There are also small ones that can be attached to the instrument itself.  These are used in marching bands. Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, invented a revolving music stand which he never patented because he wanted people to be able to use his invention for free.

There are also digital music stands.  When the violinist Tasmin Little played the Ligeti *Violin Concerto* at a Prom in 2003 she used a special, computerized music stand that had been made for her.  There were no gaps in the music where she could have turned the pages of an ordinary music score.  Instead, the music was on a computer screen, and she moved to the next page by pressing a pedal with her foot.  There was also another pedal for turning back a page which was important to have when practising and for rehearsal.

## References
Gennady Rozhdestvensky

**Gennady Rozhdestvensky** (4 May 1931, Moscow – 16 June 2018) was a Russian conductor. Rozhdestvensky was born into a musical family.  His name at first was **Gennady Nikolayevich Anosov**. When he started his musical career, he took his mother's maiden name. 

Rozhdestvensky studied conducting with his father Nikolai Anosov at the Moscow Conservatory. He studied piano with the great pianist Lev Oborin. When he was 20 years old, he conducted Tchaikovsky's *Nutcracker* ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre.  He soon became famous.  He gave the first performances of many works of Soviet composers, as well as the first Russian performance of Benjamin Britten's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''.

Rozhdestvensky has conducted many orchestras and made many recordings.

In 1969, he married the pianist Viktoria Postnikova.

Rozhdestvensky is known for keeping his rehearsals short. He does this so that the orchestra do not get tired and are fresh for the performance.  Sometimes he walks about the stage while he conducts.  He does not stand on a podium (a raised platform).

## Orchestras he has conducted
*1951-61 Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre (conductor)
*1961-74 Symphony Orchestra of All-Union Radio and Television (Moscow)
*1964-70 Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre (principal conductor)
*1974-85 Chamber Theatre Orchestra
*1974-77 Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra (artistic director)
*1978-81 BBC Symphony Orchestra (chief conductor)
*1980-82 Vienna Symphony Orchestra
*1983-91 USSR Ministry of Culture Symphony Orchestra
*1992-95 Royal Stockholm Philharmonic

He has also conducted many of the world's greatest orchestras, including the Berlin Philharmonic, the Royal Concertgebouw, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, and the London Symphony Orchestra.

## Trivia
*His name "Rozhdestvensky" means "Christmas".
*Sometimes, when he feels the orchestra are well prepared for a concert, he cancels a rehearsal so that the orchestra have some free time.  In Russia, the players in the orchestra sometimes call this "Rozhdestvensky kanikuli" ("Christmas holidays").

## Notes
Kobayashi Issa

was a Japanese poet. He is known for his haiku poems and his journals. He is thought of as one of the four haiku masters in Japan. The others are Bashō, Buson and Shiki. 

## Other websites 
* Haiku of Kobayashi Issa A searchable online archive of 9000 haiku by David G. Lanoue. Originally housed at Xavier University of Louisiana, this archive was moved after Hurricane Katrina to its present, permanent location.
* 一茶発句全集 (The complete haiku of Issa)
* 一茶記念館 (Issa Memorial Museum)
Amiri Baraka

**Amiri Baraka** (born Everett Leroy Jones; October 7, 1934 – January 9, 2014), previously known as **LeRoi Jones**, was an American writer. He has written poetry, drama, essays and music criticism. He is also the father of Newark city mayor Ras Baraka.

Baraka has been called "one of the most influential and prolific African American writers of the twentieth century."

## Racism
Baraka's writings have made controversy over the years, mostly because of his advocacy of rape and violence towards (at many times) women, gay people, white people, and Jews. Critics of his work have said such words are examples of racism, sexism, homophobia, and anti-Semitism in his work.

The following is from a 1965 essay:

Most American white men are trained to be fags. For this reason it is no wonder their faces are weak and blank. ... The average ofay [white person] thinks of the black man as potentially raping every white lady in sight. Which is true, in the sense that the black man should want to rob the white man of everything he has. But for most whites the guilt of the robbery is the guilt of rape. That is, they know in their deepest hearts that they should be robbed, and the white woman understands that only in the rape sequence is she likely to get cleanly, viciously popped.

## Death
Baraka died January 9, 2014 in Newark, New Jersey after being hospitalized in the facility's intensive care unit for one month prior to his death. He was 79 years old. The cause of death was complications of surgery. Baraka had diabetes.

## Works
**Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note*, poems, 1961
**Blues Peple: Negro Music in White America*, 1963
**Dutchman and The Slave*, drama, 1964
*''The System of Dante's Hell*, novel, 1965
**Home: Social Essays*, 1965
**Tales*, 1967
**Black Magic*, poems, 1969
**Four Black Revolutionary Plays*, 1969
**It's Nation Time*, poems, 1970
**Raise Race Rays Raize: Essays Since 1965*, 1971
**Hard Facts*, poems, 1975
**The Motion of History and Other Plays*, 1978
**Poetry for the Advanced*, 1979
**reggae or not!*, 1981
**Daggers and Javelins: Essays 1974-1979*, 1984
**The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka*, 1984
**The Music: Reflections on Jazz and Blues*, 1987
**Transbluesency: The Selected Poems of Amiri Baraka/LeRoi Jones, 1995
**Wise, Why’s Y’s*, essays, 1995
**Funk Lore: New Poems*, 1996
**Somebody Blew Up America*, 2001

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*homepage of Amiri Baraka 
*Modern American Poetry Page: Amiri Baraka 
*Amiri Baraka at PennSound
Masaoka Shiki

was the pen-name of a Japanese author, poet, literary critic, and journalist in Meiji period of Japan, known for his  controversial erotic poetry. His real name was Masaoka Tsunenori. As a child he was called Noboru.

## Other websites 
* Selected Poems (haiku and tanka) of Masaoka Shiki, Translated by Janine Beichman  at University of Virginia Library Japanese Text Initiative poem translations from 'Masaoka Shiki' by Janine Beichman
* Ehime University site on Masaoka Shiki with photos, poetry 
* fan site with bio and poems
* National Diet Library bio and photos
Billy Collins

**William J. "Billy" Collins** (born March 22, 1941) is a poet who served two terms as the 11th Poet Laureate of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2003. In his home state, Collins has been recognized as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library (1992) and selected as the New York State Poet for 2004.

## Quotations
* (from 1999): ''As I'm writing, I'm always reader conscious. I have one reader in mind, someone who is in the room with me, and who I'm talking to, and I want to make sure I don't talk too fast, or too glibly. Usually I try to create a hospitable tone at the beginning of a poem. Stepping from the title to the first lines is like stepping into a canoe. A lot of things can go wrong.*
* (from 2004): *Moving from the position of United States poet laureate to New York State poet laureate might seem like a demotion or a drop in rank to the military-minded. It might even appear that I am heading toward eventually being crowned laureate of my ZIP code. But in fact, it is very gratifying to be honored again as a representative of poetry, this time by my native state where I grew up — more or less — and continue to live.''

## Other websites 
* Watch a collection of 11 animated poems read aloud by Billy Collins 
* 33 poems read aloud by Billy Collins, no charge (Creative Commons)
* Poems by Billy Collins at PoetryFoundation.org
* Griffin Poetry Prize biography (2004 judge and award emcee) 
* Billy Collins at poets.org
* Billy Collins at poetenladen.de (poetshop)