open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ron Gourlay

**Ron Gourlay** is the Chief Executive of Chelsea Football Club. He took the position on 31 October 2009, Before he was Chief Operating Officer of the club.

## Chelsea FC
Ron Gourlay has worked at Chelsea for 5 years. He previously worked for Manchester United and Umbro.
He was appointed the chief executive of Chelsea on 17 September 2009. He began there after Peter Kenyon's left the club on 31 October 2009.

He was quoted as saying: "It is a huge honour to be offered the chance to lead Chelsea". "We have a fantastic team both on and off the field and those teams can move us on to even greater success in the future. To be responsible for that is a fantastic challenge and I will be giving it my total commitment, drive and energy" after being named as the successor.

## References
Colourful Radio

**Colourful Radio** is a commercial radio station in London. It broadcasts to Birmingham and Manchester on DAB Digital Radio. It also plays over the Internet. Colourful Radio's output is split between news, current affairs and music. The type of music the station plays is a combination of afrobeat, soul, rnb, reggae, and jazz-funk.

Colourful Radio was officially founded in 2002 by Kofi Kusitor. It went public in 2004 as the UK's first internet audio stream. It played various shows over the internet until it joined Sky satellite in 2006.

Colourful Radio began broadcasting on DAB on 2 March 2009. By then Mr Kusitor had appointed as Head of Station, Gordon Mac (formerly of KISS FM) and as Head of Programmes Henry Bonsu (former presenter of BBC London 94.9) to ran the station. 

## Notes
## Other websites
*Colourful Radio website
Cootie

***Cootie*** is a roll-and-move-, 3-dimensional, table-top children's game for 2 to 4 players. At the roll of the die, the player selects a component of the cootie such as the head or the tongue. The winner is the first to complete his cootie. Schaper's plastic bug has become an icon. For some, it is a symbol for the baby boomer generation.

The game was invented in 1948 by William Schaper. It sold in the millions after being launched in 1949. There were many games called "Cootie" in the early years of the 20th century. Only Schaper's game had a free-standing cootie though. The game is now produced by Hasbro subsidiary Milton Bradley. In 2003, *Cootie* was named to the Toy Industry Association's "Century of Toys List".

## References 
* Jane C. Hu. A Brief History of Cooties［N].   Smithsonian Magazine.May 2019.
Play-Doh

**Play-Doh** is a children's modeling compound made of wheat flour, water, salt, boric acid, and mineral oil. It was first made in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S., as a wallpaper cleaner in the 1930s. Children began using it as a modeling compound. It was changed and marketed to schools in the middle 1950s. Play-Doh was used at an educational convention in 1956. Important department stores opened retail accounts. Advertisements on many children's television shows in 1957 brought more sales. Play-Doh has much spinoff merchandise, such as The Fun Factory. In 2003, the Toy Industry Association named Play-Doh in its "Century of Toys List".

## Origin 
The non-toxic, non-staining, reusable modeling compound that came to be known as "Play-Doh" was a stretchy, putty-like substance made by Noah McVicker of Cincinnati-based soap manufacturer Kutol Products. It was made at the request of Kroger Grocery, who wanted a product that could clean coal residue from wallpaper. Following World War II, with the change from coal-based home heating to natural gas and the resulting decrease in coal soot, and the introduction of washable vinyl-based wallpaper, the market for wallpaper cleaning putty decreased quite a lot. 
McVicker's nephew, Joe McVicker, joined Kutol to save the company from bankruptcy. Joe McVicker was the brother-in-law of nursery school teacher Kay Zufall, who had seen a newspaper article about making art projects with the wallpaper cleaning putty. Her students enjoyed it, and she persuaded Noah McVicker and Joe McVicker to manufacture it as a child’s toy. Zufall and her husband came up with the name Play-Doh; Joe McVicker and his uncle Noah had wanted to call it "Rainbow Modeling Compound".
Onslow, Nova Scotia

**Onslow** is a small Canadian rural community in central Colchester County, Nova Scotia. It is an unincorporated community. The community is located along the north bank of the Salmon River. It is on the opposite side of the river from the town of Truro. It is largely a farming area. It is in a region first settled by Europeans as Onslow Township (1761).

An important highway interchange is in the community. It is where Highway 102 ends at Highway 104.

Onslow is home to Central Colchester Junior High School. The school is operated by the Chignecto-Central Regional School Board. Onslow also contains a small corner store, a John Deere dealership and a volunteer fire department. The area is mostly farmland but people live here also and the community is expanding somewhat. In the fall and spring, migrating Canada Geese are attracted to the farmlands and corn fields. Onslow is in an area with high winds. This makes it an excellent place for wind turbines. Some farmers in the area have put up wind turbines to power their farms.

Nova Scotia Power has a power distribution point in Onslow where it interconnects the Halifax Regional Municipality with Cape Breton, South Shore and New Brunswick Power Transmission System.

## References
Mugur Sundar

**Mugur Sundar** ()  is an Indian dance choreographer. He works in South Indian cinema. He has directed dance sequences for more than 1000 south-Indian movies.
 
Sundar played a guest role in a Kannada movie *Thabbali*. He also choreographed a song for the same movie.

Mugur Sundar is also known for mentoring many upcoming dancers and choreographers in the South Indian film industry. His unique choreography style blends classical Indian dance with modern cinematic movements, influencing generations of performers. Beyond films and television, Sundar has been invited to cultural events and dance reality shows across India, where he is respected as a pioneer in popularizing dance in mainstream cinema. His legacy continues through not only his children but also through numerous artists who consider him their inspiration.

## References
Douglas Jackman

Air Marshal **Sir Harold Douglas Jackman**,  (26 October 1902 – 15 June 1991) was a senior Royal Air Force officer. He became Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Maintenance Command.

## RAF career
Jackman joined the Royal Air Force in 1926. He initially served as a Stores Officer. He served in World War II as an Administrative Staff Officer at Headquarters RAF Middle East. Then as Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Mediterranean Air Command. Next he became assistant Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Air Forces and then Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Balkan Air Force. before retiring in 1961.

## References
Dick Cavett

**Richard Alva "Dick" Cavett** (born November 19, 1936) is an American television talk show host, comedian, game show host, entertainer, television, and radio personality, and actor who is known for *The Dick Cavett Show*. He won two Emmy Awards. 

Cavett was born on November 19, 1936, in Gibbon, Nebraska. He was raised in New York City, New York. He has German, French, British and Irish ancestry. Cavett studied at Yale University. He was married to Carrie Nye from 1964 until her death in 2006. He has been married to Martha Rogers since 2010. He has no children. 

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*An interview with Dick Cavett, Feb 2011
*Dick Cavett at TVGuide.com
*Dick Cavett talks about his love of magic  with Dodd Vickers at MagicNewswire.com
Sylvie Testud

**Sylvie Testud** (born January 17, 1971) is a French actress, writer and director. She started acting in films in 1991. She has since won two César Awards for her performances.

## Biography
She grew up in the La Croix-Rousse quarter of Lyon, France. Her mother immigrated from Italy in the 1960s and married a Frenchman. He left the family when Sylvie was just two years old.

In 1985, when Testud was 14, she started taking acting classes in Lyon with the actor and director Christian Taponard. In 1989, she moved to Paris and studied for three years at the Conservatoire (CNSAD). In the early and mid 1990s, she began to have small roles in films. She acted in ''L'Histoire du garcon qui voulait qu'on l'embrasse* (directed by Philippe Harel) and *Love, etc.'' (directed by Marion Vernoux). In 1997 she had an important role in Caroline Link's *Jenseits der Stille*. This film was a great success in Germany. She had to learn German, sign language, and the clarinet for this film. In 1998, she played Béa in Thomas Vincent's *Karnaval*. This was her first important role in a French film. In 2000, she performed in Chantal Akerman's *La Captive*. In 2001 she won the César Award for Most Promising Actress for her role in *Les Blessures assassines* (English title: *Murderous Maids*).

In 2003, she wrote the book ''Il n'y a pas beaucoup d'etoiles ce soir* about her life as an actress.

One of her most important performances was in the film *Stupeur et tremblements* in 2003. She was awarded a César Award for Best Actress and a Prix Lumière award for best actress for her performance in this film. In 2007, she acted in *La Vie en Rose*. This film won two Academy Awards.

She became *Chevalier* (Knight) of the Ordre national du Mérite in March 2009.

She has two children. Her son, Ruben, was born on 15 February 2005. Her daughter, Esther, was born in January, 2011.

## Selected filmography
.]]

## References
## Other websites
*
*Sylvie Testud  at Actricesdefrance.org
*CSOJ - Alain Badiou Sylvie Testud appears on an episode of the French television program *Ce Soir* (En direct, channel 3) featuring militant philosopher Alain Badiou. The topic of this episode is "*Faut-il réinventer l'amour?''" (Should we reinvent love?). Ms. Testud appears 46:18 minutes into the program and talks with Badiou and the program host for about 24 minutes (no commercials, this show is in French).
Diassodou

** Diassodou ** is a town and a sub-prefecture in the Beyla Prefecture. It is in the Nzérékoré Region of south-eastern Guinea.

## References
Standard Time Act

The **Standard Time Act** is also known as the **Calder Act**. It was the first United States federal law implementing standard time and Daylight saving time in the United States. It authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to define each time zone.

The section concerning daylight saving time was repealed by the act titled *An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law*.

## References
Cable TV Privacy Act

The **Cable TV Privacy Act** of 1984 became effective on December 29, 1984. It provides for the privacy of personal information. It prohibits cable TV providers from disclosing personally identifiable information. It also allows users to view and verify their information.

## References
Harry Blackmun

**Harry Andrew Blackmun** (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 until 1994. Appointed by Republican President Richard Nixon, Blackmun ultimately became one of the most liberal justices on the Court. He is best known as the author of the Court's opinion in *Roe v. Wade*, which prohibits many state and federal restrictions on abortion.

Blackmun studied at Harvard College, at Harvard Law School. Blackmun was never married. He had no children. Blackmun died on March 4, 1999 in Arlington County, Virginia from natural causes, aged 90. 

## References
## Other websites
* Excerpt from Blackmun's *Callins* opinion, and Justice Scalia's response
* NPR series on Justice Blackmun's Files 
* Blackmun's Papers at the Library of Congress
* Transcript:  The Justice Harry A. Blackmun Oral History Project
*
National Socialist Council of Nagaland

The **Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland** (**NSCN**) is a nationalist paramilitary group. It operates mainly in Northeast India, and sometimes in Myanmar. Its members are Christian Naga people. The main aim of the organization is to establish a sovereign state, "Nagalim". This would cover all areas inhabited by the Naga people.

## References
Lewis F. Powell Jr.

**Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.** (September 19, 1907 – August 25, 1998) was an American politician and judge. He was the Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Powell was born on September 19, 1907 in Suffolk, Virginia. He was a Presbyterian. Powell studied at Washington and Lee University, at Washington and Lee University School of Law, and at Harvard Law School. He was married to Josephine Pierce Rucker and had three daughters and one son. Powell died on August 25, 1998 in Richmond, Virginia from pneumonia, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
* The Powell Memo (as text, with notation).
* Attack on American Free Enterprise System  (pdf)
* 
* A Call to Arms for Class War: From the Top Down
Kurt Koffka

**Kurt Koffka** (18 March 1886 – 22 November 1941) was a German psychologist. He was one of the founders of Gestalt psychology.

Koffka was born and educated in Berlin and earned his PhD there in 1909 as a student of Carl Stumpf. Koffka also spent one year at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where learnt English, a skill that later served him well. Koffka worked at the University of Frankfurt when Max Wertheimer arrived in 1910 and invited Koffka to take part as a subject in his research on the phi phenomenon.

Koffka left Frankfurt in 1912 to take a position at the University of Giessen, where he worked for over eleven years. Koffka then travelled to the United States, where he was a visiting professor at Cornell University from 1924 to 1925, and two years later at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Eventually, in 1927, he accepted a position at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, where he remained until his death in 1941.

## Major works 
*1921. *Die Grundlagen der psychischen Entwicklung*. Osterwieck am Harz, Zickfeldt. ('The growth of the mind'). 
*1922. Perception: an introduction to the Gestalt theory. *Psych. Bulletin* **19**, 531–585. 
*1924. *Growth of the mind: an introduction to child-psychology*, transl. R.M. Ogden. 2nd revised edition 1928. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. and New York: Harcourt, Brace.
*1935. *Principles of gestalt psychology*. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Advanced textbook, 720 pages.

## Other websites
* Gestalt psychology website of the international Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications - GTA
* Boeree, C. George 2000. Gestalt Psychology website with biographies of leading figures
Holism

**Holism**  is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts. This often includes the view that systems somehow function as wholes and that their functioning cannot be fully understood solely in terms of their component parts.

Reductionism is often viewed as the opposite of holism. Reductionism in science says that a complex system can be explained by *reduction* to its fundamental parts. For example, the processes of biology are reducible to chemistry and the laws of chemistry are explained by physics.

Social scientist and physician Nicholas A. Christakis explains that "for the last few centuries, the Cartesian project in science has been to break matter down into ever smaller bits, in the pursuit of understanding. And this works, to some extent...but putting things back together in order to understand them is harder, and typically comes later in the development of a scientist or in the development of science".

## Related pages 
*Gestalt psychology
*Interdisciplinarity
*Theory of everything

## References
People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak

The '''People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak''' (PREPAK) is an armed insurgent group in Manipur demanding a separate and independent homeland. PREPAK was formed under the leadership of R. K. Tulachandra on October 9, 1977.

## References
Alison Lohman

**Alison Marion Lohman** (September 18, 1979 in Palm Springs, California) is an American movie and television actress. She has been in theatrical features, including *White Oleander* and the erotic 2005 biography *Where the Truth Lies* (the latter was given an NC-17 rating by MPAA; it was later released unrated). Lohman has also been in TV programs, including *7th Heaven* and She is Voiced by Katherine in Flicka.
## References
Michael Cassidy

**Michael Cassidy** (1837 – March 18, 1908) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the U.S. military's highest decoration called the Medal of Honor. He got the medal for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

## Biography
Cassidy was born in 1837 in Ireland. He immigrated to the United States and was living in New York when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a landsman on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, *Lackawanna* engaged the  at close range. Cassidy distinguished himself as the sponger on a gun crew. For this action, he was presented the Medal of Honor four months later on December 31, 1864.

Cassidy's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
Served on board the U.S.S. *Lackawanna* during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram *Tennessee*, in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Displaying great coolness and exemplary behavior as first sponger of a gun, Cassidy, by his coolness under fire, received the applause of his officers and the guncrew throughout the action which resulted in the capture of the prize ram *Tennessee* and in the destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

Cassidy died on March 18, 1908, at age 70 or 71. He was buried at Hampton National Cemetery in Hampton, Virginia.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Hec Lalande

**Hector Joseph Lalande** (November 24, 1934 – August 18, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 5 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Lalande played in the NHL with the Chicago Blackhawks for 4 seasons and with the Detroit Red Wings for 1 season. Even though he played in the NHL, he was most successful in the minor league with the Clinton Comets of the Eastern Hockey League. During his time with the Comets, he recorded two back-to-back 100 point seasons and won both the Atlantic City Boardwalk Trophy Winner and the James J. Walker Trophy Winner in the 1963–64 season. He also won the Calder Cup when he was playing with the Hershey Bears in the 1957–58 and 1958–59 AHL seasons.

He died on August 18, 2010.

## Other websites
*
*
Erkkilä

**Erkkilä** is a Finnish surname. Some people with this surname are:

* Mika Erkkilä, Finnish icehockey player
* Eeli Erkkilä, Finnish politician
* Minna-Leena Erkkilä, Finnish writer
Anointing of the sick

'', by Rogier van der Weyden (1445).]]
**Anointing** **of the Sick** is a sacrament (a sacred ceremony) in Roman Catholicism and other Christian denominations.  It is given to people who are "in danger due to sickness or old age".  

A person does not have to be dying to receive the Anointing of the Sick.  It can be done for anyone with a medical problem which they could die from.

Anointing of the Sick is also called **Unction**.  In the past, it was called **Extreme Unction.**  ("Anointing" and "Unction" are both words for putting oil on a person.  Oil is an important part of the ceremony.)

## Beginnings
All four Gospels in the Bible say that Jesus healed many people.  Catholics believe that even after his death, Jesus is still able to heal people through the power of the sacraments.

The main part of the Bible that talks about anointing of the sick is : "Are any among you sick? They should call for the elders of the Church and have them pray over them, anointing them with oil in the name of the Lord.  And their prayer offered in faith will heal the sick, and the Lord will make them well. And if they have committed sins, these will be forgiven." ,  and  also talk about the anointing of the sick.

## The sacrament
The Anointing of the Sick sacrament is done by a priest.  The priest brings oil, which he has blessed.  Usually, the oil is olive oil or another pure plant oil.  The priest rubs the blessed oil on the patient's forehead, and sometimes other parts of the body.  While he does this, he says special prayers that are meant for the Anointing of the Sick sacrament.  

Catholics believe the Anointing of the Sick sacrament can:
* Give comfort to the sick person (make them feel better)
* Give the sick person the courage and strength they will need to go through the pain or suffering of their illness
* Make the soul stronger
* Make the body stronger (sometimes)
* Help the person get ready to live with Christ forever after death
* Forgive the person's sins, if the person is too sick to make a confession (tell the priest about the sins he has done in his life, ask for forgiveness, and say prayers to show he is sorry)

Several other Christian churches have similar rituals.

## Last rites
 aboard the USS *Franklin*, after the ship was set afire by a Japanese air attack (1945).]]
The Anointing of the Sick is one of the three sacraments that make up the last rites.  In Catholicism, last rites are a set of sacraments that are given to people who are dying.  

The steps in the last rites are:
# Penance: The dying person repents their sins (says they are sorry for the sins they have done), and asks God to forgive them.
# The Anointing of the Sick
# Viaticum: This is one final Holy Communion.  The dying person is given a small piece of bread, or even a tiny crumb if they cannot eat.  A priest has blessed this bread.  Catholics believe this special blessing turns the bread into the body of Christ.

## Related pages 
*Catechism of the Catholic Church
*Charismatic
*Lourdes

## References
Kansallis-Osake-Pankki

**Kansallis-Osake-Pankki** was a merchant bank in Finland in 1889–1995. The bank's sign was blue squirrel.

## Chief executive officers
*Otto Hjelt (1889–1892)
*Fredrik Nybom (1892–1914)
*J. K. Paasikivi (1914–1934)
*Mauri Honkajuuri (1934–1948)
*Matti Virkkunen (1948–1975)
*Veikko Makkonen (1975–1983)
*Jaakko Lassila (1983–1991)
*Pertti Voutilainen (1991–1995)
Taco John's

'''Taco John's International''' is a franchisor of a chain of fast food restaurants serving Tex-Mex food, along with its trademark side dish, Potato Olés, which are disc-shaped tater tots with a company-secret and spicy Tex-Mex flavor baked in. The chain is headquartered in Cheyenne, Wyoming.  

Taco John's was started in 1969 by Harold Holmes and Jim Woodson, with the name "John" referring to John Turner, who founded the concept and sold it to the two other men to franchise it.  The chain has about 400 restaurants. It is usually found in smaller to medium-sized cities, rather than everywhere like competitor Taco Bell is.
Mytilus (genus)

, showing the byssus threads]]

***Mytilus*** is a common genus of medium to large-sized marine mussels. They are bivalve molluscs of the family Mytilidae. Mussels are edible, and are used in various stews and soups. In life, they are attached to the substrate (rocks etc) by byssus threads.

## Species
Species within the genus *Mytilus* include:
* the *Mytilus edulis* complex:
** *Mytilus edulis* Linnaeus, 1758  – blue mussel, edible blue mussel
*** *Mytilus edulis platensis* d'Orbigny, 1846 = *Mytilus chilensis* (Hupé, 1854) – Chilean mussel (controversial)
** *Mytilus galloprovincialis* Lamarck, 1819  – Mediterranean mussel
** *Mytilus trossulus* Gould, 1850  – foolish mussel
* *Mytilus californianus* Conrad, 1837  – California mussel
* *Mytilus coruscus* Gould, 1861 

## Human use
*Mytilus* mussels are widely used as food. In California they were eaten by coastal Native American people for almost 12,000 years.

## References 
* 
* McDonald J.H; Seed R. and Koehn R.K. 1991. Allozymes and morphometric characters of three species of Mytilus in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. *Marine Biology* 111: 323-333.

'' shells on the beach]]
Mike Hudson

**Michael Hudson** (born February 6, 1967 in Guelph, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player that played a total of 11 seasons in the NHL.

In the NHL, he played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Toronto Maple Leafs, St. Louis Blues and Phoenix Coyotes. He also played in the DEL for 2 seasons; 1 season with Augsburger Panther and 1 season with Adler Mannheim.

He won the Stanley Cup with the Rangers in the 1993–94 NHL season.

## Other websites
*
*
Haapanen

**Haapanen** is a Finnish surname. Some people with this surname are:
* Aatto Haapanen (1899–1976), Finnish writer
* Aimo Haapanen (1928–1988 ), Finnish politician
Mytilus coruscus

***Mytilus coruscus***  is the scientific name for the **Korean mussel**. It is also called the **hard-shelled mussel**. It is a species of mussel and a marine bivalve mollusc. It is in the family Mytilidae. This species is heavily used as a food item via mariculture in Korea. and in China

## Distribution and habitat
This species lives along the coasts of the subtropical western Pacific Ocean. It is found in the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. It can also be found as far north as the Peter the Great Gulf. This mussel generally inhabits the upper part of the sublittoral zone.

## References
*
Olga Yakovleva (basketball, born 1963)

**Olga Yakovleva** (born 15 December 1963) is a Russian former basketball player. She was born in Leningrad. She was part of the Soviet team which won a bronze medal in the 1988 Summer Olympics.

## References
Embryophyte

, clubmoss, ferns and cycads growing in a greenhouse]]

**Embryophytes** are **land plants**. They are the most familiar kinds of plants, the bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants. Only a few embryophytes are water plants. 

They don't include the algae. They include the Bryophytes and the vascular plants.

Embryophytes started sometime between the mid-Cambrian and the Ordovician period. Their ancestors were green algae. 

{{clade
|label1=Viridiplantae
|1={{Clade
|1=Chlorophyta
|label2=Streptophyta/Charophyta
|2=
}}
}}
Chinese scholar's rocks

'''Chinese scholars' rocks**	(供石 or **gōngshí**), also known as **scholar stones** or **viewing stones'*, are small naturally shaped rocks which are traditionally valued by Chinese scholars.  

Scholars rocks can be any color. There are a wide  of sizes. Scholars rocks can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Chinese gardens.

## History
Four important  for the rocks were  in the Tang dynasty.  They are: thinness (*shou*), openness (*tou*), perforations (*lou*), and wrinkling (*zhou*).

## Origin
The origin of the stone is a notable .

* Lingbi stone (*Lingbishi*) from Lingbi, Anhui province, limestone

* Taihu stone (*Taihushi'') from Lake Tai, Jiangsu province, limestone

## Evaluation
The evaluation of a scholar's rock identifies subtlety of color, shape, markings and surface.  The qualities which are prized include
*  or odd 
* resonance or ringing when struck

## Related pages 
* Suiseki
* Bonsai
* Penjing
* Standing stone

## References
## Other websites
* Scholar's rock at Metropolitan Museum of Art
Wattieza

***Wattieza*** is the earliest known tree.

Their fossils were found in New York State.
They stood 8&nbsp;m (34&nbsp;ft) or more tall, and looked like the modern tree ferns.

They lived in the mid-Devonian, about 385 million years ago. They were cladoxylopsids, close relatives of modern ferns and horsetails.

The crown of *Wattieza*, discovered in 2005, was united with its root and trunk, known since 1870. The fossilized grove of "Gilboa stumps" had been described as *Eospermatopteris*, though the complete plant remained unknown.

*Wattieza* had fronds rather than leaves, and reproduced with spores.

## References
* CNN.com: Oldest tree had fronds, not leaves.
Suiseki

is the Japanese term for small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally appreciated.  They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.

*Suiseki* can be any color. There are a wide variety of sizes. *Suiseki* can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Japanese gardens.

## History
Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of *suiseki* in Japan.  The history of *suiseki* in Japan begins during the reign of Empress Suiko.  The small objects were brought to Japan as gifts from the Chinese Imperial court.

## Evaluation
The  of *suiseki* recognizes color, shape, markings and surface.  According to  in ,
It is not a silly thing at all to enjoy a stone in a tray. I see the whole world in a tiny stone. Some objects in this world are huge, and others are small, and they come in all shapes, but they are not that different when you look at their essence.
 
Some types of *suiseki* suggest a mountain, a waterfall, an island, a thatched hut or an animal.

## Related pages 
* Suseok
* Bonsai
* Penjing
* Standing stone

## References
## Other websites
* Nippon Suiseki Association
* "Viewing Stones" at National Bonsai Foundation
Prudential Tower

The **Prudential Tower**, also called the **Prudential Building** or **The Pru**, is a skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts. The building is the 2nd-tallest building in Boston. It was designed by Charles Luckman and Associates for Prudential Insurance and was completed in 1964. It is  tall and has 52 floors. With its radio mast, the tower is  and is the tallest building in Boston. It has an observation deck, called the "Prudential Skywalk", on its 50th floor. It is currently the highest observation deck in New England that is open to the public. The building also has a restaurant on the 52nd floor, called "Top of the Hub."

## History 
Construction on the Prudential Tower began in 1960. When it was completed in 1964, it was the tallest building in the world outside of New York City.

Since the Prudential Tower was built, other tall buildings have been built in Boston. Today, it is not one of the fifty tallest buildings in the USA.

## Ownership 
, as seen from the South End]]
Boston Properties currently owns the Prudential Tower.

## Broadcast tenants
The main rooftop mast has two FM master antennas, and a television antenna. The roof also has a smaller tower with standby antennas. These antennas broadcast several Boston radio stations.

## List of tenants
* Accenture
* Ropes & Gray, 17 floors, mostly above 26th floor; reception on 48th floor.
* Partners HealthCare, several floors; head office is on the 11th
* SAS, 22nd floor
* Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi, L.L.P., 25th floor
* Posternak, Blankstein & Lund LLP, 32nd-33rd floors
* Exeter Group, 35th floor
* St. Francis Chapel, ground floor of the Prudential Center Complex
* NStar
* Rapid7

## References
## Other websites
* PrudentialCenter.com
* Boston Properties - The Prudential (Tower) 
* Boston Properties - The Prudential Center
Division of Werriwa

The **Division of Werriwa** is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. 

The name *Werriwa* is the local Aboriginal name for Lake George. The lake was in the division when the boundaries were drawn in 1900. The division was one of the original 75 divisions for Australia's first federal election in 1901. It covered a large rural area from the south west of Sydney to the northern part of what is now the ACT. 

Over the years, the population around Sydney increased. The boundaries were redrawn and Werriwa became smaller in area. By 1913 Lake George was no longer included in the Division. Werriwa become a south-western Sydney  electorate over 150&nbsp;km away from Lake George. It has kept the name of Werriwa, because it is an original Federation electorate. The Australian Electoral Commission tries to keep the names of original Federation electorates. 

Werriwa now covers the suburbs of Austral, Bardia, Bow Bowing, Casula, Claymore, Denham Court, Edmondson Park, Eschol Park, Glenfield, Horningsea Park, Hoxton Park, Ingleburn, Leppington, Lurnea, Macquarie Fields, Minto, Minto Heights, Prestons, Raby, St Andrews and Varroville and parts of Liverpool, Leumeah and West Hoxton.

## Members
It is a very safe seat for the Australian Labor Party (ALP), which has held it without a break since 1934.

Werriwa was the electorate (1952–78) of former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. From 1994 to 2005 the Werriwa was held by one of Whitlam's former aides, Mark Latham. Latham was the leader of the ALP and Leader of the Opposition from 2003–2005. 

In a by-election in March 2005, Labor's Chris Hayes was elected with over 55% of the vote. There were 16 other candidates but none got more than 8% of the vote.

## Election results
## References
*Division of Werriwa – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites
* Laurie Ferguson's website
Common kingfisher

The **common kingfisher** (*Alcedo atthis*), also known as the **Eurasian kingfisher** and **river kingfisher**, is a small kingfisher. Like most kingfishers, it needs a perch to do its fishing. Usual is to see it on a tree branch overlooking a river.

There are seven subspecies in its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident over much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.

This sparrow-sized bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts, and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish caught by diving, and has special visual adaptions to see its prey underwater. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a burrow in a riverbank.

## Sources
Susan

The name **Susan** [ **soo**-z*uh*n ] is a female given name, based around the name **Susanna**; the name was extremely popular in the United States during earlier parts of the 20th century. The name Susan means "lily." Its etymology (roots) can be traced back to the Hebrew term "shoshan," which also means "lily." In biblical references, the lily symbolizes purity and innocence and is frequently associated with the Virgin Mary.  Famous people with the name include Susan Lucci and Susan Sarandon. Susan Collins is a United States Senator from Maine; she has been so since 1994. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Susan Rice, American diplomat, policy advisor, and public official
* Susan Polgar, Hungarian chess player
* Susan Sarandon, American actress and activist

## References
William Dean Howells

**William Dean Howells** (March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an American author and literary critic. His works include the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day" and the novel *The Rise of Silas Lapham*. He married Elinor Mead and had three children.

## Works
**Venetian Life* (1866)
**Italian Journeys* (1867)
**Suburban Sketches* (1871)
**Their Wedding Journey* (1872)
**A Counterfeit Presentment* (1877)
**The Lady of The Aroostook* (1879)

The following were written during his residence in England and in Italy, as was *The Rise of Silas Lapham* in 1885.

**The Undiscovered Country* (1880)
**A Fearful Responsibility* (1881)
*''Dr. Breen's Practice* (1881)
**The Sleeping Car* (1882)
**A Modern Instance* (1882)
**A Woman's Reason* (1883)
**Three Villages* (1884)
**Tuscan Cities* (1885)
**The Rise of Silas Lapham* (1885)

He returned to the United States in 1886. He wrote various types of works, including fiction, poetry, and farces, of which *The Sleeping Car, The Mouse-Trap, The Elevator*; *Christmas Every Day*; and *Out of the Question* are characteristic.

**Indian Summer* (1886)
**The Minister's Charge* (1886)
**Annie Kilburn* (1887/88)
**Modern Italian Poets* (1887)
**April Hopes* (1888)
**Mark Twain's Library of Humor* (1888, in conjunction with Mark Twain)
**A Hazard of New Fortunes* (1889)
**The Shadow of a Dream* (1890)
**Criticism and Fiction* (1891)
**Christmas Every Day* (1892)
**The Quality of Mercy* (1892)
**An Imperative Duty* (1892)
**The Coast of Bohemia* (1893)
**My Year In a Log Cabin* (1893)
**A Traveler from Altruria* (1894)
**Stops of Various Quills* (1895)
**The Story of a Play* (1898)
**Ragged Lady* (1899)
**Their Silver Wedding Anniversary* (1899)
**The Flight of Pony Baker* (1902)
**The Kentons* (1902)
**Questionable Shapes* (1903)
**Son of Royal Langbrith* (1904)
**Editha* (1905)
**London Films* (1905)
**Certain Delightful English Towns* (1906)
**Between the Dark and the Daylight* (1907)
**Through the Eye of the Needle* (1907)
**Heroines of Fiction* (1908)
**The Landlord At Lion's Head* (1908)
**My Mark Twain: Reminiscences* (1910)
**New Leaf Mills* (1913)
**Seen and Unseen at Stratford-upon-Avon: A Fantasy* (1914)
**The Leatherwood God* (1916)
**Years of My Youth* (autobiography) (1916)

## References
* 
* Fryckstedt, Olov W. 1958. *In Quest of America: A Study of Howells’ Early Development as a Novelist.* Upsala, Sweden: Thesis.
* Goodman, Susan and Carl Dawson. *William Dean Howells: A Writer's Life*. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 
* Lynn, Kenneth S. *William Dean Howells: An American Life*. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1970. 
* Olsen, Rodney. *Dancing in Chains: The Youth of William Dean Howells''. New York: New York University Press, 1991. 

## Further reading
*

## Other websites
* 
* Essays by William Dean Howells at Quotidiana.org
* William Dean Howells Society includes a biographical sketch of Howells, links to his works (including the "Editor's Study" columns), questions and replies, bibliographies, and pictures.
* Realism in American Literature at the Literary Movements site
Cyclic vomiting syndrome

**Cyclic vomiting syndrome** (US English) or **cyclical vomiting syndrome** (UK English), abbreviated CVS, is a medical condition whose main symptoms are nausea and repeated vomiting. CVS happens more often in children but it can occur at any age.

CVS is one of the *childhood periodic syndromes*. This is a group of migraines syndromes that happen to children. Children who have one of these *childhood periodic syndromes*  like cyclic vomiting, will when they get older, usually get one of the other types of migraine that affect adults

## References
Erin Burnett

**Erin Isabelle Burnett** (born July 2, 1976) is an American news anchor and journalist. She has also done reporting at NBC. Since 2011, Burnett has been the host of *Erin Burnett OutFront* on CNN.

## References
East Bengal Regiment

The **East Bengal Regiment** () in short "E Bengal" is an infantry regiment of Bangladesh Army oldest and biggest formation of Bangladesh Army. Major Abdul Waheed Chowdhury Officer in Command of the first training Establishment of East Bengal Regiment, raised and commanded 1st East Bengal Regiment and lifted it to the 1st Battalion of the East Bengal Regiment .
Naga people

The term **Naga people** (Burmese: နာဂ, Hindi: नागा) refers to a conglomeration of several tribes inhabiting the North Eastern part of India and north-western Burma. The tribes have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority ethnic group in the Indian states of Nagaland, Assam and the disputed territory of Arunachal Pradesh.

## Nationalism
Naga nationalism is an ideology that supports self-determination by the Naga people, and the furtherance of Naga culture.

## References
Garo people

The **Garos** are a tribal people in Meghalaya, Republic of India and neighboring areas of Bangladesh, who call themselves **A·chik Mande** (literally "hill people," from *a·chik* "hill" + *mande* "people") or simply **A·chik** or **Mande**. They are the second-largest tribe in Meghalaya after the Khasi and comprise about a third of the local population. The Garos are one of the few remaining matrilineal societies in the world.

## References
People's Liberation Army of Manipur

The '''People's Liberation Army''' (PLA) was founded by N. Bisheshwar Singh on September 25, 1978. It is a separatist armed revolutionary group fighting for a separate independent socialist state of Manipur. It was the first organization from Manipur to have been trained by the China's People Liberation Army at Lhasa in the eighties. It was also trained by the NSCN in Myanmar during this time.
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients

The Medal of Honor was first presented in the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill creating the medal. When it started it was for the United States Navy. It was signed on December 21, 1861. It was "to be bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen, and Marines as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry and other seamanlike qualities during the present war." Another law was created to include the United States Army. That law was signed by the president on July 12, 1862.

While the Medal of Honor is now the highest military decoration attainable by a member of the United States armed forces, during the Civil War, it was the *only* one. This means it was often earned for reasons that would not meet modern criteria. For example, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton promised a Medal of Honor to every man in the 27th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment who extended his enlistment. 311 men in the unit accepted. Because there was no official list of their names, the War Department issued 864. One for each man in the unit. In 1916, a group of five retired generals reviewed Army awards and recommended that these 864 and others be revoked. 

Since then 3,464 Medals of Honor have been presented. 1522 were for actions during the American Civil War. The first Medals of Honor were given to many of the participants of the Andrews' Raid. Some of the people from the raid received them after they died (posthumously). Andrews himself was a civilian and thus ineligible at the time. Mary Edwards Walker was a surgeon and became the only woman (and one of only eight civilians) who received a Medal of Honor. It was later taken away but after many years it was given back. Twenty-five were presented to African Americans. These included seven sailors of the Union Navy. Fifteen soldiers of the United States Colored Troops received it for their actions. Three soldiers of other Army units also received it. It was common for Civil War Medals of Honor to be granted decades after the conflict ended. In the case of Andrew Jackson Smith the Medal was not authorized until 2001. That is 137 years after the action in which he earned it. Smith's wait was caused by a missing battle report. It is the longest delay of the medal for any recipient.

## Recipients
This is an overview list of Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War.

*List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
*List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L
*List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P
*List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S
*List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z

## related pages
*List of Medal of Honor recipients

## References
;Specific

;General
*
*
**
**
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L

This is a complete alphabetical list (G to L). 
The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government. It is bestowed on members of the United States armed forces. To receive it they must distinguish themselves "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…". Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the person was killed (posthumously).

Many of the medals presented during the American Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags. During the Civil War these flags served as the rallying point for the unit. They also guided the unit's movements. Loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit. It could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.

## Recipients
## Notes
## References
:

*
*
**
**
Lev Vygotsky

**Lev Vygotsky**  ( – 11 June 1934) was a Russian psychologist. He worked on child development, play and language. He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development.

Vygotsky's early death to tuberculosis left many manuscripts. Sorting them out has taken many years.

## *Thought and Language*
Perhaps Vygotsky's most important work was the inter-relationship of language development and thought. This establishes the connection between speech and the development of mental concepts and cognitive awareness. Vygotsky described inner speech as being qualitatively different from normal (external) speech. Although Vygotsky believed inner speech developed from external speech by a gradual process, with younger children only really able to "think out loud".

:"Vygotsky's view is that language has two functions: *external* communication with one's fellow human beings and, equally important, the *internal* manipulation of one's inner thoughts".

Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or "thinking out loud". Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior. Because it gets internalized, self-talk is no longer present when the child starts school. Self-talk "develops along a rising not a declining, curve; it goes through an evolution, not an involution. In the end, it becomes inner speech".p57
### Speaking
Speaking has thus developed along two lines, the line of social communication and the line of inner speech, by which the child mediates and regulates their activity through their thoughts. This is not to say that thinking cannot take place without language, but rather it is mediated by language, and so develops to a much higher level of sophistication. Just as the birthday cake as a sign provides much deeper meaning than its physical properties allow, inner speech as a sign provides much deeper meaning than the lower psychological functions would otherwise allow.
### Inner speech
Inner speech is not comparable in form to external speech. External speech is the process of turning thought into words. Inner speech is the opposite; it is the conversion of speech into inward thought. Inner speech, for example, contains predicates only. Subjects are superfluous. Words are also used much more economically. One word in inner speech would take many words to express it in external speech.

## Works 
*Vygotsky L. 1962. *Thought and language*. MIT Press. ISBN  0-262-72001-9. Revised and expanded edition 2012. ISBN  978-0-262-51771-3
*Vygotsky L. 1962. *Psychology of art*. MIT Press. 
*Vygotsky L. 1978. *Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes*. Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press. ISBN  0-674-57629-2

## Related pages
*List of scientists from Europe

## References
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Second Battle of Fort Fisher

The Second Battle of Fort Fisher was a joint assault by Union Army and naval forces. It was against the Confederate Fort Fisher. The fort was located outside Wilmington, North Carolina. The battle was near the end of the American Civil War. The battle was sometimes referred to as the "Gibraltar of the South". The fort was the last major coastal stronghold of the Confederacy. Fort Fisher had tremendous strategic value during the war.

## Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

## Recipients
## Notes
## References
* 
** 
**