open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nicanor Parra

**Nicanor Parra Sandoval** (5 September 1914 &ndash; 23 January 2018) was a Chilean poet, mathematician and physicist. He was considered to be an influential poet in Latin America and one of the most important poets of Spanish literature. Parra had been nominated several times for a Nobel Prize in Literature.

Parra died on January 23, 2018, at 7:00 am, in La Reina, Chile, at the age of 103.

## References
## Other websites
*Nicanor Parra  Official website
*Nicanor Parra website  at the Universidad de Chile
*Nicanor Parra: De los Antipoemas a los Artefactos Dramáticos – Madrid
*La Antipoesía de Parra y el lenguaje del artefacto   UNESCO
Carat (purity)

on the backside of a watch, showing that it contains 14 carat.]]

The **carat** is a unit of measurement for gold alloys. In that context, one carat gold means that the twenty-fourth part of an alloy is gold, the other parts are made of other metals, generally silver or copper. Pure gold would be soft,  which makes it unusable for many purposes. Alloyed gold is harder than pure gold and so more suitable for applications such as jewellery. An alloy that has 24 carat actually contains 99.9 percent gold, 18 carat gold contains 75 percent gold . Sometimes, a scale  up to 1000 is used; as an example, gold 585 mean there is 58.5 percent gold in the alloy. This means that "Gold 585" actually contains 14 carat.
Grudge Match

***Grudge Match*** is a sports movie. It was released in December 2013. The movie is about major boxing fights. The fights happen after one of the  is fired from the local shipyard. Robert De Niro plays Billy "The Kid" McDonnen, Sylvester Stallone plays Henry Sharp and Kim Basinger plays Sally.

The critics did not give good reviews for *Grudge Match*. Overall box office was not good.
Suchitra Sen

**Suchitra Sen** (6 April 1931 &ndash; 17 January 2014) was an Indian actress. She appeared in over 100 Bengali movies. She was best known for her roles in *Deep Jwele Jaai* and *Aandhi*.

Sen was born near Pabna, Bengal. She was awarded the Padma Shri in 1972. Sen died on January 17, 2014 from a heart attack. She was aged 82. She had been admitted due to an infection.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* A Biography upperstal.com 
* Calcuttaweb article on Suchitra Sen
Carat (mass)

The **carat** is a unit of mass, which is used for gemstones and pearls. One Carat is equal to 0.2g. The current definition was adopted in 1907  at the Fourth General Conference on Weights and Measures. Officially, the carat can be divided into 100 *points*of 2 milligrams each.

## References
Laurel Hill Cemetery

**Laurel Hill Cemetery** is a cemetery in the city of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. It is a National Historic Landmark of the National Park Service. It is near the Schuylkill River. It is 3.5 miles north of Philadelphia.

## References
## Other websites
*
*General View of Laurel Hill Cemetery, ca. 1847
*Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, 1840
Zoey Deutch

**Zoey Francis Thompson Deutch** (born November 10, 1994) is an American actress. She plays Rose Hathaway in the 2014 movie *Vampire Academy: Blood Sisters*. She also played Juliet Martin in the television show *Ringer*. She recently appeared as Stephanie Fleming in *Why Him?* (2016). She also appeared in the Justin Bieber single *Anyone*.

Deutch was born in Leuna, California. She is the daughter of Lea MonCherry.

## References
F. Murray Abraham

**F. Murray Abraham** (born October 24, 1939) is an American actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Antonio Salieri in *Amadeus* (1984). He is also known for his roles on *The Name of the Rose* (1986), *Finding Forrester* (2000), *Inside Llewyn Davis* (2013), ''All the President's Men* (1976) and *Scarface'' (1983).

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Yahoo! Movies Biography
* F. Murray Abraham  at IMG Artists
Great Central Fair

of the Great Central Fair. It was made in 1864 by James Fuller Queen]]
The **Great Central Fair** was a fair that happened in June 1864. It took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was held to raise funds for the United States Sanitary Commission. 

## History
The Great Central Fair took place from June 7 until June 28, 1864. It happened in a park called Logan Circle in Philadelphia. Other sanitary fairs took place in Chicago, Cincinnati, and New York City. The people in Philadelphia thought they should do one to raise money for the United States Sanitary Commission.

Two architects named Samuel Honeyman Kneass and William Stickland designed the buildings for the fair. The biggest building was 200,000 square feet in size. Inside, visitors could visit different theme areas. The areas included information about New Jersey, Delaware, sewing, corn, weapons, art and children. There was also a restaurant. 

Abraham Lincoln visited the fair on June 16. He donated 48 copies of his Emancipation Proclamation. They were sold for $10 each. He autographed all of them. The festival raised over $1 million.

## References
Bob Vila

**Robert Joseph Vila** (also **Bob Vila**; born 20 June 1946) is an American home improvement television host. He hosted *This Old House* (1979-89), ''Bob Vila's Home Again* (1990 to 2005) and *Bob Vila'' (2005 to 2007). Vila has written ten books.

Vila was born in Miami, Florida.

## References
Paz Vega

**Paz Vega** (also **Paz Campos Trigo**; born January 2, 1976) is a Spanish actress. In the 2009 movie *Triage*, she played Elena. In the 2004 movie *Spanglish* she played Flor Moreno.

Paz Vega was born in Seville, Andalusia.

## References
Daajing Giids

**Daajing Giids** (known as **Queen Charlotte City** from 1891 until 2022) is a village in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located in the south end of Graham Island in the Haida Gwaii group of islands. It is on Skidegate Inlet.

The population of Daajing Giids was 964 in 2021. The town was first established 1908 when the first sawmill in the islands began operating. The villagers worked to help supply Allied war planes with lumber during World War II. Within the year, three general stores, a drug and clothing store, two hotels, a pool hall, a boarding house, a barbershop and the local newspaper started operating in the village. The town gained a stable economy from the quick growth in the timber industry during the Great Depression.

On May 16, 2022, the village Council had a vote and they decided to change the name of the village Queen Charlotte to the ancestral name of Daajing Giids. It became the first place in British Columbia to change its name back to the ancestral name.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Rachel Blanchard

**Rachel Elise Blanchard** (born March 19, 1976) is a Canadian actress. She played Hannah in the 2001 movie *Sugar & Spice*. She also played Maureen in the 2005 erotic movie *Where the Truth Lies*.

Blanchard was born in Toronto, Ontario.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Janick Gers

**Janick Robert Gers** (born 27 January 1957 in Hartlepool, England) is an English guitarist. He currently plays for the heavy metal band Iron Maiden where he is one of three guitarist along with Dave Murray and Adrian Smith.

He uses the Fender Stratocaster and the Marshall JMP-1 preamp through a Marshall 9200 power amp.

## Career
He first started playing for the New Wave of British Heavy Metal band White Spirit. He then joined the band Gillan which was formed by Deep Purple singer Ian Gillan. When Gillan broke up, Gers joined Gogmagog in 1985. During the recording of the song "Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter", he was asked to join Iron Maiden in place of Adrian Smith. Since then, he has remained with the band even when Smith rejoined the band in 1999.

## References
Emmanuelle Vaugier

**Emmanuelle Vaugier** (born 23 June 1976) is a Canadian actress, musician and fashion model. She played Detective Jessica Angell on *CSI: NY*. She also played Mia on *Two and a Half Men*. She has also been in some movies.

The actress was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.

## Reference
Kate Mara

**Kate Mara** (born February 27, 1983) is an American actress. She played Alma Del Mar Jr. in the movie *Brokeback Mountain*. She also played Jessica Chandler for *Random Hearts* in 1999. She has also performed on stage. In 2017, she starred as Mary Jo Kopechne in *Chappaquiddick*. She played Zoe Barnes on *House of Cards*.

Mara was born in Bedford, New York.

Mara and Jamie Bell got married in 2017, the couple have two children, born in 2019 and born in 2022.

## References
Hop

**Hop** or **hops** can mean several things:

* Hop, a kind of small jump, usually using only one leg, but can also be on two
* *Humulus*, a genus of flowering plants
** Hops, the female flower clusters of a species of hop
* Hop, informal word for opium, a type of drug
* Hop (networking), next gateway along a path to a destination host
* *Hop* (movie), a movie from 2011
* Hop! Channel, an channel from Israel

## Related pages 
* Hip hop
Christina Grimmie

**Christina Victoria Grimmie** (March 12, 1994 - June 10, 2016) was an American singer, actress and YouTuber. She has performed cover versions of songs by Christina Aguilera, Selena Gomez and Demi Lovato. She released an extended play, *Find Me*, in June 2011. Her studio album *With Love* was released in 2013. A second EP, *Side A*, was released in 2016.

## Life
Christina Victoria Grimmie was born and raised in New Jersey.

## Murder
Grimmie was shot by 27-year-old Kevin James Loibl in Orlando, Florida at her concert. Her older brother, Marcus, tackled Loibl, who then shot himself after shooting Grimmie. She later died in a hospital on June 10, 2016, at age of 22.

## References
Dawson Creek

**Dawson Creek** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Dawson Creek is in the northeastern part of British Columbia.

The population of Dawson Creek was 12,323 in 2021. The city is named after a creek that runs through. The creek itself is named after George Mercer Dawson by his land survey team when they passed through the area in August 1879.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Dean Spielmann

**Dean Spielmann** (born 26 October 1962) is a lawyer from Luxembourg. He is the President of the European Court of Human Rights. He has been a Judge of the European Court of Human Rights from Luxembourg since 2004. He was made President of the Fifth Section of the Court in 2011. He was made vice-president and then later president in 2012.

## References
Jodelle Ferland

**Jodelle Micah Ferland** (born October 9, 1994) is a Canadian actress. She played Sharon and Alessa in the thriller movie *Silent Hill* (2006). She also played Mary Jensen in the miniseries *Kingdom Hospital* (2004) and Bree Tanner in the movie *The Twilight Saga: Eclipse* (2010). She began acting at age two.

Ferland was born in Nanaimo, British Columbia.

## References
Wamba

**Wamba** is a small town in Kenya. It is in the Samburu district. The Wamba administrative division is there. The town has a big Catholic hospital. The hospital is considered important to the Samburu district. The town plays a role in the tourism industry in Kenya. It has strong ties with Prince William of Britain due to his efforts to promote conservation and ties with Samburu communities.

## References
Hockley County, Texas

**Hockley County** is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2020, 21,537 people lived there. The county seat is Levelland.  The county was named for George Washington Hockley, who was Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas.

## References
Weld County, Colorado

**Weld County** is a county in the state of Colorado. The county seat is Greeley. As of the 2020 Census, 328,981 people lived there.

## References
Claiborne Parish, Louisiana

**Claiborne Parish**  is a parish of the state of Louisiana. The county seat is Homer. As of the 2020 Census, 14,170 people lived there.

## References
Battle of Wilson's Creek

The '''Battle of Wilson's Creek**, also called the **"Bull Run of the West"''', was a battle of the American Civil War. It was the first battle that took place west of the Mississippi River. Nathaniel Lyon, the Union general, was the first general killed in the Civil war.

## Prelude to the battle 
During the summer of 1861, the Union and Confederate Armies were both trying to control Missouri. By the second week of July 1861, the Union Army of the West commanded by Brigadier general Nathaniel Lyon, camped at Springfield, Missouri. In total, he had about 5,400 soldiers in his command. However, it can be considered a victory for the Union since they still kept control of Missouri. The Confederate army called the battle of Wilson’s Creek, the Battle of “Oak Hill(s)”.
* Lorenzo D. Immell, Corporal, awarded 19 July 1890
* John Schofield, Major, awarded 2 July 1892
* William M. Wherry, First Lieutenant, awarded 30 October 1895
* Henry C. Wood, First Lieutenant, awarded 28 October 1893

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Missouri Legends - Wilson Creek and the Bloody Hill Ghosts
*
Fouad Ajami

**Fouad A. Ajami** (; September 18, 1945 &ndash; June 22, 2014) was an Lebanese-born American professor and writer. He was a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution.

He was born in Arnoun, Lebanon. Ajami was an outspoken supporter of the Iraq War. He has also appeared on CNN multiple times.

Ajami died from prostate cancer in Maine, aged 68.

## References
## Other websites
*Fouad Ajami  at Johns Hopkins SAIS
*Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA)
*
Kaya Scodelario

**Kaya Rose Scodelario** (born **Kaya Rose Humphrey**; born 13 March 1992) is an English actress and former model. She plays Teresa in *The Maze Runner* in 2014. She also played Peshet in the 2010 movie *Clash of the Titans*.

Scodelario was born in London. She changed her surname to that of her Brazilian mother.

## References
## Other websites
*
Sergey Kozlov

**Sergey Semenovich Kozlov** (4 May 1960 &ndash; 4 January 2014) was a Russian football player and manager. Kozlov played as a midfielder and defender.

Kozlov died from problems after a heart attack on 4 January 2014. He was aged 53. He died in his hometown of Khabarovsk.

## References
Bernard Glasser

**Bernard M. Glasser** (June 3, 1924 &ndash; January 2, 2014) was an American movie producer and director. He was known for producing many science-fiction movies such as *Space Master X-7*, *The Return of the Fly*, *Run Like a Thief* and *Triangle*.

Glasser was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Joan Glasser until his death. They had four children. Glasser died on January 2, 2014 from natural causes at his home in Los Angeles. He was aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bianca Ryan

**Bianca Taylor Ryan** (born September 1, 1994) is an American singer. She was the winner of NBC's ''America's Got Talent* in its first season. Her first album, *Bianca Ryan*, was released in autumn 2006. In 2012, Ryan joined the cast of the independent movie *We Be Kings''. She played a teenaged musician who is guided by an angel to an ancient blues musician frozen in a blizzard.

Ryan was born and raised in Philadelphia.

## References
Brad Renfro

**Brad Renfro** (July 25, 1982 — January 15, 2008) was an American actor. He played Mark Sway in *The Client* in 1994. He played Huckleberry Finn in the movie *Tom and Huck* in 1995 and also appeared in the family drama *The Cure* in the same year. He made many feature movies in his career. His career ended because of alcoholism and drugs.

Renfro was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. He died at age 25 due to heroin intoxication. For reasons unknown, Renfro, was not included in the annual Academy Awards tribute for Hollywood performers who had died during the past year.

## Reference
Department

**Department** can mean several things:

* Departmentalisation, the division of a larger organisation into parts with specific tasks
**Academic department, a division of a school's faculty devoted to a particular subject
**Ministry (government department), a division of a government with a specific responsibility
*Department (country subdivision), a type of administrative division within a country
**Departments of France
**Departments of Argentina
**Departments of Haiti
*Fire department, an organisation that provides firefighting services
*Police department, a body empowered by the state to enforce the law

## Other uses
*Department store, a retail store that has several departments dedicated to different types of products, such as clothing or household items
Josep Casadevall

**Josep Casadevall** (born 10 September 1946) is a lawyer from Andorra. He was born in Spain and received his law degree in Madrid in 1978.

## References
St Cross College, Oxford

**St. Cross College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It is a graduate college only. It does not have any undergraduate students. The College was founded in 1965. It was named after St. Cross Road, where the college's first buildings were located. In 1981 it moved to its current location on St. Giles Road. 

## References
Tricia Helfer

**Tricia Janine Helfer** (born April 11, 1974) is a Canadian model and actress. She is best known for playing the Cylon "Number 6" in *Battlestar Galactica*. In *Supernatural*, she played Molly McNamara. She also played Alex Rice in *Dark Blue*. She also played in other television series.

Helfer was born in Donalda, Alberta.

## References
Department of Alto Adige

The **Department of Alto Adige** (, ) was a department of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy. It was named after the river Adige (Etsch), which flowed through it. The capital of the department was Trento.

The department's territory was not the same as that of the modern Italian province of Alto Adige. Some of the territory is the same, such as the city of Bolzano, but most of the rest is now part of the province of Trento. These two provinces form the region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

## History 
The name "Alto Adige" was created in the late 18th century by Napoleon Bonaparte, when he occupied the territory of northern Italy near the Alps. This was the name of the French administrative division known as the "Department of Alto Adige" (''Dipartimento dell'Alto Adige''), created during Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy in 1810. It was officially named *Haut Adige* to get rid of relation to the historic "County of Tyrol" of Austria. The District of Alto Adige was created by Napoleon as part of the Dipartamento del Benaco in his Cisalpine Republic, and was near Verona. This Benaco department, created in 1797, was gotten rid of in 1798 as a result of administrative changes to the Cisalpine Republic.

Some years later, Napoleon created the Department of Alto Adige further north. This department was a part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1810 to 1814.  It was created with the division of the Austrian Tyrol between French Bavaria and the Kingdom of Italy, and included the southern part of Tyrol with the city of Bolzano with surroundings (along with the Trentino). The boundaries were made by Austrian and German commissioners, who said that a territory would belong to the Kingdom of Italy if it is inhabited by Italians.

The department was ended after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814. Its territory is now divided between the Italian provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol.

The name *Alto Adige* was reused. Today it is the Italian name of the part of Tyrol south of the Brenner Pass. Ettore Tolomei made it official in Italy after World War I.

## References
## More reading 
* Reinhard Stauber, *Der Zentralstaat an seinen Grenzen. Administrative Integration, Herrschaftswechsel und politische Kultur im südlichen Alpenraum 1750–1820* (Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 64), Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001. 

## Related pages
* Alto Adige
* District of Alto Adige
* Province of Bolzano-Bozen
Athelwald of Deira

**Athelwald** (also spelled **Oethelwald** or **Œthelwald**) was a King of Deira. He was the nephew of King Oswiu of Northumbria, his overlord, but he turned on his family to support the pagan Penda of Mercia. When Penda was killed, Athelwald lost his kingdom. 

## Early Career 
He was the son of King Oswald of Northumbria, who was killed by Penda of Mercia at the Battle of Maserfield in 642. At Oswald's death Northumbria was reduced back to the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira. Oswiu was the king of Bernicia and was acknowledge as overlord of Deira. 
Penda had placed Oswine of Deira on the throne of Deira. But Oswine did not get along with his overlord Oswiu. He raised an army against Oswiu but then realized his army wasn't large enough and he sent them home. He was betrayed by one of his nobleman to Oswiu and was murdered in 651.

## King of Deira 
After Oswine's death, Athelwald became king. It is uncertain whether Oswiu (who was Athelwald's uncle) installed him as king or whether Athelwald took the kingship in opposition to Oswiu. At some point he allied himself with Oswiu's enemy, Penda of Mercia. He guided Penda during his invasion of Northumbria in 655. But, when the armies of Oswiu and Penda met on 15 November at the Battle of the Winwaed, Athelwald withdrew to safety. Penda was defeated and killed. perhaps in part because of this desertion, and afterward Athelwald was not heard of again.  

King Athelwald gave St. Cedd the lands of Lastingham to build a monastery.

## Notes 
## References
Ineta Ziemele

**Ineta Ziemele** (born 12 February 1970) is a judge from Latvia. She has been a judge at the European Court of Human Rights since April 27, 2005. She is President of the Fourth Section since 2012.

## References
Suzanne Pleshette

**Suzanne Pleshette** (January 31, 1937 – January 19, 2008) was an American actress. She played Jeanne Greene in *Youngblood Hawke* in 1964. She also played Annie Hayworth in *The Birds* one year earlier. She also voiced characters during certain movies. She then played Emily in the sitcom *The Bob Newhart Show* (1972-78).

Pleshette was born in Brooklyn, New York. She died from lung cancer, after an operation removed part of her lung. She was 70.

## References
The Spectator

***The Spectator*** is a British conservative magazine. It was first published on 6 July 1828. The editor was Robert Stephen Rintoul. In April 1858 he died. The magazine was then sold. David and Frederick Barclay own the magazine. Boris Johnson was the magazine's editor. Fraser Nelson has been the magazine's editor since 2009. The magazine supports the Conservative Party. A lot of famous people have written in *The Spectator*.

## References
Rookie (magazine)

***Rookie*** is an American online magazine for teenage girls. It was started by the fashion blogger Tavi Gevinson in September 2011 with Anaheed Alani as the editorial director. Gevinson was going to make the magazine with Jane Pratt. Pratt decided not to be part of the magazine. However, Gevinson said that she is  the magazine's "fairy godmother." Rookie has published interviews with famous people including Lorde, Emma Watson, and Kathleen Hanna. Rookie posts three times every weekday. Each month it has a theme. Rookie has released two yearbooks.

## References
Gleneagles Hotel

The **Gleneagles Hotel** is a hotel in Torquay, Devon, England. It is best known for being the inspiration for the British situation comedy, *Fawlty Towers*.

## Sources
Amy Ryan

**Amy Ryan** (born May 3, 1968) is an American actress. In *Gone Baby Gone* she played Helene. She was nominated for several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She did not win; however, she received other awards for her performance. Ryan played Beadie Russell in *The Wire*.

Ryan was born in Queens, New York.

## References
Escape Plan

***Escape Plan*** is an action, melodrama and thriller movie of 2013. The movie is about an engineer who is kept in a secret prison. The engineer is a former prosecutor. Sylvester Stallone plays Ray (the engineer), Arnold Schwarzenegger plays Emil Rottmayer and Victor Mannheim, and 50 Cent plays Hush. This movie was rated R by MPAA officials.

This movie was released in October 2013 with mixed critical reviews. The box office sales were somewhat low in the United States. Overseas, however, the movie performed quite well. It made over US$137 million.

## References
Polar vortex

The **polar vortex** (alternate names: **Arctic cyclone** or **polar vortice**) is a persistent large-scale cyclone located near geographical poles of a planet. On Earth, a polar vortex is usually in the middle and upper troposphere and stratosphere. The cyclone surrounds the polar highs. Polar storms lie in the wake of the polar front. They strengthen in the winter and weaken near summer. These vortexes span usually between 620 to 1,240 miles. They circulate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.

Similar to hurricanes, a Coriolis effect causes the rotation of a polar vortex. The Arctic vortex has two main centers: one is over the Baffin Island, the other is over northeastern Siberia.

Climate change may be increasing Arctic polar vortex stretching events. This would cause more extreme cold in the United States.

## References
Patricia Hill Collins

**Patricia Hill Collins** (born May 1, 1948) is a Distinguished University Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park. Her first book, *Black Feminist Thought*, was published in 1990. A book Collins wrote with Margaret Andersen called *Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology* was published in 1992. The sixth edition was published in 2007.

## Early life and career
Collins was born in Philadelphia to working-class parents. She became a student at Brandeis University in 1965.
In 1982 Collins started work as an assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati.

## References
Ormoc

**Ormoc** is a city in the Philippines. It is in the Eastern Visayas region in the province of Leyte. It is the second largest city in the province. In 2010, 190,000 people lived in Ormoc.

In 1991, Ormoc was hit by Tropical Storm Thelma. On 8 November 2013, the city was affected by Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan).

Ormoc is one of a few cities in the Philippines where people use e-tricycles.

The city and nearby areas are sometimes attacked by the New People's Army (NPA).

The city got its name from *ogmok*, an old Visayan term for lowland.

## References
Gail Dines

**Gail Dines** (July 29, 1958 in Manchester) is a British-American radical feminist and anti-pornography activist. Her book *Pornland: How Porn Has Hijacked our Sexuality* was published in 2010. She is Jewish.

She moved to the United States in 1986. She is a Professor of Sociology and Women's Studies at Wheelock College in Boston.

Dines says that modern pornography is cruel and violent. She started a group called Stop Porn Culture.

## References
Brown County, Indiana

**Brown County** is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Nashville.

## Cities 
There are no cities in Brown County

## Towns 
*Nashville

## References
Long and Foster

**Long and Foster** is the largest privately owned real estate company in the United States. The company currently has around 170 sales offices with over 10,000 agents, mainly in the Mid-Atlantic region.

## History
In 1968, Long and Foster was founded by Henry Long and Wesley Foster. Eleven years later, the company transferred complete ownership to Wesley Foster. Since its creation, the company has set up offices in Virginia, Maryland, Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, New Jersey, West Virginia, Delaware, and North Carolina.

## Services
Long and Foster provides sales and purchases of homes, land, and commercial properties; mortgage, title, and insurance assistance; insurance offerings; and relocation and settlement services.

## References
## Other websites 
* Long & Foster
Alma Muriel

**Alma Muriel** (20 October 1951 &ndash; 5 January 2014) was a Mexican actress. She was known for playing villain roles on telenovelas.

Muriel was born in Mexico City on 20 October 1951. She was partners with actor Joaquín Cordero.

Muriel died from a heart attack on 5 January 2014 at her apartment in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo. She was aged 62.

## References
## Other websites
*
Larry D. Mann

**Larry D. Mann** (18 December 1922 &ndash; 6 January 2014) was a Canadian actor.  He was known for his voice role as Rudolph on *Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer*.

Mann died on 6 January 2014 at his home in Los Angeles. He died from Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
* Larry D. Mann profile on northernstars.ca 
*
Fight or flight response

The **fight-or-flight response** (or **acute stress response**) is a set of physiological changes that occur when an animal is threatened. The changes include increased heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure.

This response was first described by W.B Cannon. He found that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to changes such as those mentioned above. The changes prepare the animal for fighting or fleeing. This response is the first stage of a general adaptation that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.

## Evolutionary perspective 
The fight or flight response lets animals respond quickly to threats. This system is universal in vertebrates. That shows it is ancient in origin, and very important.

Humans have some problems with the system, because though they share the physiology with other animals, they rarely face a clear-cut fight or flight choice. Humans can try to talk their way through various problems and semi-threats, but they may suffer stress when the issues are not easily solved.

## Other responses 
Animals respond in many ways to situations which threaten them. The fight/flight choice is just one alternative. At one extreme is the way mother cats with kittens will defend them to the death if necessary. Another situation is the way many animals keep still when a predator is nearby. Their camouflage is often effective.

## Related pages 
* Adrenaline
* Horse

## References
Ovo-lacto vegetarianism

**Ovo-lacto vegetarianism** (alternate: **lacto-ovo**) is a diet in which people do not eat the flesh of animals. They do, though, eat eggs and dairy. Ovo-lacto vegetarians are the most prevalent types in the Western world. Such people are well served in restaurants, especially in certain parts of Europe and in North America.

Ovo-lacto vegetarians use this diet sometimes for religious reasons. Others use it for health.

## References
Béla Károlyi

**Béla Károlyi** (; September 13, 1942 &ndash; November 15, 2024) was a Romanian gymnastics coach. He was born in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca). He helped coach several gymnasts during the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Károlyi died on November 15, 2024 in Houston, Texas at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites
*Béla Karolyi's bio at USA Gymnastics 
*Image of Karolyi carrying Kerri Strug
*"Bela Karolyi: World Renowned Gymnastics Coach" , *Shade Global*, New York, NY (PDF version)
Semi-vegetarianism

**Semi-vegetarianism** means eating seafood or poultry, or both, but no red meat. People who eat red meat on rare occasion are *flexitarians*. Real or semi-vegetarians, though, usually resent *flexitarian*, looking down on this term and calling it cheating. 

A pescetarian is a person who eats fish, shrimp and seafood. They do not eat poultry.

A *pollotarian* is a person who eats chicken. They do not eat red meat, seafood or fish.

*Pollo-pescetarians* eat seafood, shrimp and poultry but no red meat.

People who have semi-vegetarian diets are usually doing so for health reasons, including avoiding heart disease, diabetes and strokes.

## References
Tun Tin

**Thura U Tun Tin** (, ; 2 October 1920 &ndash; 1 May 2020) was an Burmese politician. Tin served as the 9th Prime Minister of Burma for a few months in 1988.

He was born in Myitkyina on 2 October 1920. He studied at Mandalay College in 1941.

Tin died on 1 May 2020 in Yangon at the age of 99.

## References
Prem Tinsulanonda

General **Prem Tinsulanonda** (August 26, 1920 &ndash; May 26, 2019) was a Thai retired military officer. He was Prime Minister of Thailand from March 3, 1980 to August 4, 1988. He was the Regent of Thailand and the Head of the Privy Council.

Tinsulanonda died on May 26, 2019 from heart failure at a Bangkok hospital at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
*General Prem Tinsulanonda Home Page
*Prem Center for International Education
*News article about his recent activity
Liam Cosgrave

**Liam Cosgrave** (13 April 1920 &ndash; 4 October 2017) was an Irish politician. Cosgrave served as Prime Minister of Ireland (1973–77) and as Leader of Fine Gael (1965–77). He was a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1943 to 1981.

Cosgrave died in Dublin on 4 October 2017 at the age of 97, after a long illness.

## References
Lê Đức Anh

**Lê Đức Anh** (1 December 1920 &ndash; 22 April 2019) was an Vietnamese general and politician. He was President of Vietnam from 1992 until 1997. He became president after leading the Vietnamese forces in Cambodia throughout the 1980s. He was regarded as a conservative. He supported maintaining strict party control over local policies.

He was born in Phú Lộc District, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province on 1 December 1920. He died of stroke-related problems on 22 April 2019 in Hanoi, aged 98.

## References
TNA King of the Mountain Championship

The **TNA King of the Mountain Championship** is a professional wrestling championship in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). The championship was debuted on the October 23, 2008 episode of *TNA Impact!* and was originally called the "TNA Legends Championship". It was considered the second highest-ranking title in TNA. It was declared defunct by the (storyline) TNA Executive Director Kurt Angle on July 3, 2014. The title was reactivated under the new name "TNA King of the Mountain Championship" on June 25, 2015.

## History
Booker T revealed the championship after he took it out of a steel briefcase that he had been carrying around in the weeks leading up to the reveal. He named it the "TNA Legends Championship" and declared himself as the first champion.

Winning the title made Styles the first-ever TNA Grand Slam Champion after he had won the World Heavyweight (NWA or TNA), the World Tag Team (NWA or TNA), and the TNA X Division Championship along with the Legends Championship. The Management Director of TNA Jim Cornette announced that the Championship became an official TNA sanctioned championship because Styles defeated Booker T for it legally by the contract the two had signed to make the match official. Young was defeated by Rob Terry during a live event in Cardiff, Wales on January 27, 2010.

Terry lost the championship to A.J. Styles on the July 22 episode of *Impact!*. Styles renamed it the "TNA Television Championship" on the July 29 episode.

On July 3, 2014, the TNA Executive Director Kurt Angle declared that the Television Championship would become inactive.

On June 25, 2015, the championship was reactivated under the new name "TNA King of the Mountain Championship." It was announced by TNA that there would be a new champion crowned in a King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary. Since Jarrett was the founder and running GFW, there were suspicions of Jarrett defending the championship in GFW. The championship did appear at a GFW live event on July 9 where Young attacked Jarrett and stole the championship.

## Reigns
The current champion is Bobby Roode. Roode is in his first reign as champion. He won the championship after defeating PJ Black during *Impact Wrestling* tapings on July 28, 2015.

The first champion was Booker T. He awarded himself the championship on the October 23, 2008 episode of *Impact!*. The longest reigns in the championship's history was Abyss' second reign which lasted 396 days. The shortest reign was PJ Black's first reign which lasted only 1 day.

## References
## Other websites
* TNA Television Championship History
Antonio Imbert Barrera

**Antonio Imbert Barrera** (December 3, 1920 &ndash; May 31, 2016) was a politician of the Dominican Republic. He served as President of the Dominican Republic from May 7, 1965 until August 30, 1965. The president before him was Pedro Bartolomé Benoit. The president after him was Héctor García Godoy.

## References
Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg

**Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg** (5 January 1921 &ndash; 23 April 2019) ruled Luxembourg from 1964 to 2000. He was the father of  Grand Duke Henri. He was the son of Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma.

## Life
Jean was born at Berg Castle, in central Luxembourg. His name at birth was '''Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano**.

He became Grand Duke when his mother, the Grand Duchess Charlotte, abdicated on 12 November 1964.

Grand Duke Jean abdicated on 7 October 2000. He was succeeded on the throne by his son Henri. Grand Duke Jean lived at Fischbach Castle.

Jean died at a hospital in Luxembourg City on 23 April 2019 from a lung infection at the age of 98.

## Titles and styles
***5 January 1921 – 12 November 1964'*: *His Royal Highness* The Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Hereditary Prince of Nassau, Prince of Bourbon-Parma
***12 November 1964 – 7 October 2000**: *His Royal Highness* The Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau
***7 October 2000 – 23 April 2019**: *His Royal Highness* Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau

## References
## Other websites
*Official biography (in French)
**Cour Grand-Ducale de Luxembourg'' (in French)
40

Year **40** (**XL**) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus without colleague**.

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* The emperor Caligula is consul without colleague.
* Caligula starts a campaign to conquer Britain. It fails miserably. He names himself the winner.
* Noricum and Mauretania are added into the Roman Empire.
* Caligula reforms the principatus into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. According to legend, this is when he appointed his horse, Incitatus,  a senator.
* Approximate date of start of construction on the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Gallia Narbonensis.
* Philo teaches that all men are born free.
* An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date).

### Europe 
* The Germanic Quadi tribe begin settling in present-day Moravia and Slovakia.

### Asia 
* Vardanes I becomes king of Parthia.  He was opposed by his brother Gotarzes II.
* The Vietnamese Trung sisters rebel against the rule of the Chinese Emperor Guangwu of Han.

### Africa 
* Christianity comes to Egypt.  Mark the Evangelist founds the Coptic Orthodox Church as the first pope.

## Births 
* July 13 &ndash; Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor of Britain (d. 93 AD)
* Pedanius Dioscorides, Greek physician (approximate date) (d. 90 AD)
* Frontinus, Roman general and military author (approximate date) (d. 103)
* Dio Chrysostom, Greek philosopher and historian (approximate date d. c. 120)
* Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius and Messalina (d. 62)
* Empress Ma of the Han Dynasty (d. 79)

## Deaths 
* January &ndash; Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, husband of Agrippina the younger, brother-in-law of Caligula (b. 17 BC)
* Ptolemy of Mauretania (b. 1 BC)
(You Drive Me) Crazy

**"(You Drive Me) Crazy"** is a popular romance song by Britney Spears. It was released in late August 1999. The song charted at #10 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and #9 in the Rhythmic Top 40. It performed better in United Kingdom.

The original version on the album *...Baby One More Time* is different from the single version usually heard.

## References
2014 North American polar vortex

during the polar vortex]]
The **2014 North American polar vortex** was a weather system that caused extremely cold weather through Canada and the United States. Freezing temperatures went all the way down to Nashville, Tennessee. Several cities broke records: Chicago O'Hare International Airport set a record on 6 January with a temperature of , beating the  record in 1884 and 1988. There were also power failures throughout Canada and United States. One in Newfoundland on 5 January took out the power of 190,000 customers. Almost 24,000 people lost electricity across Missouri, Illinois and Indiana.

In Minnesota, Governor Mark Dayton ordered all schools closed down due to weather. Across Indiana, over fifty of the state's ninety-two counties ordered roads closed to all traffic except emergency vehicles, mostly north of Indianapolis.

Several people were killed because of the extreme weather all across North America.

## References
Strange Days (movie)

***Strange Days*** is a cyberpunk thriller movie. It was released on October 13, 1995. The story is about celebrations for the new millennium in Los Angeles, in December 1999. The area is a dangerous war zone. The movie is also about coverups, murders and deception. Ralph Fiennes plays Lenny, Angela Bassett plays Mace and Juliette Lewis plays Faith. Its run time was 145 minutes.

The reviews of the movie were positive. The movie, however, did not make much money at the box office.

## Other websites 
* 
*
St Edmund Hall, Oxford

**St. Edmund Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded as a hall for undergraduate students sometime prior to 1317. There is no record of the date it was founded, but it likely existed as a hall in the early 13th Century. Because the other Oxford colleges did not begin to admit undergraduates until the 16th Century, it claims to be the oldest academic society for undergraduates at any university.  The Hall became a full college of the University in 1957.

## References
St John's College, Oxford

'''St. John's College''' is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas White. White was a rich merchant from London.

## References
Soldiers of Christ, Arise

"**Soldiers of Christ, Arise**" is an English hymn from the 18th century. The words were written by Charles Wesley (1707–1788), and came from a poem called "The Whole Armour of God, Ephesians VI" in 1747.

## References
Marcia Griffiths

**Marcia Griffiths** (born November 23, 1949) is a Jamaican singer. She had "Electric Boogie" (also called the "Electric Slide") in the late 1980s as a hit single. Griffiths began her singing career in 1964. She usually performs reggae music. She was in a duet named Bob and Marcia. 

Griffiths was born in Kingston.

## References
Thomas White (merchant)

**Sir Thomas White** (1492–12 February 1567) was an English cloth merchant, civic leader and founder of St John's College, Oxford.

## Career 
Thomas White was born in Reading, Berkshire. He was the son of William White, a clothier of Reading, and his wife, Mary, daughter of Henry Kibblewhite. At age 12 he became an apprentice to a London merchant. In time he became a prosperous clothier. In 1546 he served as sheriff of London. In 1553 he was Lord Mayor of London. He died on 12 February 1567 at Oxford University. Sir Thomas was buried in the chapel of St. John's College, Oxford.

The Sir Thomas White Loan Charity was started in 1542 and it still exists. It gives interest-free loans to new businesses in Leicestershire and Rutland. There are several memorials to Sir Thomas White in England and he is memorialized on Leicester's clock tower.

## Family 
Sir Thomas first married a woman named Avice. She died on 26 February 1558. Sir Thomas White did not have any children by either wife.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Sir Thomas White Loan Charity
Robert Zulj

**Robert Zulj** (born 5 February 1992) is an Austrian football player. He plays for LASK  in the Austrian Bundesliga. He has also played in the Austrian Under-18, Under-19, and under-21 national teams.
## Career
Zulj  began his active career in 1999 in his native town of Wels in Upper Austria with the local club FC Wels. From 2006 to 2010 he played in the Linz academy. His professional career started with SV Ried in 2010. His  debut  was  on 14 August 2010 in the first round match of the 2010–11 ÖFB Cup in a 0-3 defeat versus Bundesliga club FK Austria Wien. During the winter break of the 2013–14 season he signed a contract with FC Red Bull Salzburg. For the 2014–15 season he went to SpVgg Greuther Fürth. For the 2017–18 season he went to TSG 1899 Hoffenheim. The next season he played on loan for 1. FC Union Berlin. He then came back but only played in Hoffenheim's second team. So he went to  VfL Bochum in the second league. In July 2021 he joined al-Ittihad. After a season in the Emirates, he left the club in July 2022. He returned to Austria and signed with LASK until June 2025.

## International
He played 27 matches and scored five goals for Austria's U18, U19, U20 and U21 team.

## Career statistics
## References
Mustafa Ben Halim

**Mustafa Ahmed Ben Halim** (; 29 January 1921 – 7 December 2021) was an Libyan politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Libya from 12 April 1954 to 25 May 1957.

Ben Halim is the last surviving of the Kingdom of Libya's premiers. He is the only one of them who survived the removal of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011.

He was also Foreign and Transport minister, and Libyan ambassador to France.

## References
## Other websites
*"Libya's Hidden Pages of History: A Memoir - صفحات مطوية من تاريخ ليبيا السياسي" Rimal Publications, 2011 (Arabic Edition)  
*"Libya's Hidden Pages of History: A Memoir" Rimal Publications, 2013 (English Edition)
Yitzhak Navon

**Yitzhak Navon** (&lrm;; 9 April 1921 &ndash; 6 November 2015) was an Israeli politician, diplomat and author. He was the fifth President of Israel between 1978 and 1983. He was the first Israeli president to be born in Jerusalem and not Russia.

In 2005, people voted him as the 108th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website *Ynet*.

## References
## Other websites
*Yitzhak Navon Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
*Yitzhak Navon Jewish Virtual Library
*Some songs with lyrics and/or  music by Yitzhak Navon
Abdelmalek Benhabyles

**Abdelmalek Benhabyles ** (27 April 1921 &ndash; 28 December 2018) was an Algerian politician. He was born in Chevreuil. He was a chairman of the Constitutional Council (President of Algeria) from 11 January 1992 until 14 January 1992.

In his later political career, he was the country's ambassador to Japan, Tunisia, Switzerland and the Vatican.

Benhabyles died in Algiers, Algeria on 28 December 2018 at the age of 97.

## References
Liz Jones

**Elizabeth Ann "Liz" Jones** (born 5 September 1958) is a British journalist. She is known for writing for the Daily Mail. In 2014 Jones became a contestant on *Celebrity Big Brother (UK)*. She was one of the contestants nominated for the first eviction.

## Career
In April 1999 Jones became the editor of *Marie Claire* magazine. She was sacked two years later.

## Personal life
She became anorexic when she was 11 years old. She is deaf. She married Nirpal Singh Dhaliwa in 2002. In 2007 she divorced him.

## References
Simon Hoggart

**Simon David Hoggart** (26 May 1946 – 5 January 2014) was an English journalist and broadcaster. 

He was born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, the son of Richard Hoggart and elder brother of Paul Hoggart. 

Hoggart wrote opinions about politics for *The Guardian*. He also wrote opinions about wine for *The Spectator*. Until 2006, he presented *The News Quiz* on Radio 4. His journalism sketches have been published in a series of books.

Hoggart died from pancreatic cancer on 5 January 2014. He was aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
*Column archive at *The Guardian*
*Simon Hoggart's week parliamentary sketch series at *The Guardian*
*Column archive  at the *New Humanist*
*The News Quiz at *BBC Radio 4*
*
*5 minutes with Simon Hoggart on *Hot Dinners*