open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Leptodactylus stenodema

The **Popoco thin-toed frog**, **San Jose white-lipped frog**, **rana terrestre de Moti**, or **rana dedilarga popoco** (*Leptodactylus stenodema*) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname, French Guiana, and Guyana. Scientists think it might also live in Bolivia.

## Body
The adult male frog is  83.0–99.7 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is  82.0–100.3 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is rose-brown, yellow-brown, or green-brown in  color with small dark marks. The sides of the body are brown in color. The throat is gray or purple-gray or dark brown in color. The tops of the legs are gray-brown in color with lines. The iris of the eye is bronze in color on top and yellow on the bottom with a red line in between.

## Home
These frogs live in tropical rainforests, both rainforests that were never cut down and rainforests that were cut down and are growing back and in clearings in the forests. Scientists saw the frog between 0 and 1200 meters above sea level.

Scientists saw the frog in many protected places.

## Young
The frog makes a nest out of bubbles for the eggs.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. In some places, frogs might be in danger when human beings change the places where the frog lives to make farms or get wood to build with.

## References
Cameron Herold

Cameron Herold (born 26 October 1965) is a Canadian entrepreneur, business coach, speaker, and author.

## Early life and career 
Herold was born in Toronto, Canada, and raised in Northern Canada. At the age of 35, Herold became the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of 1-800-GOT-JUNK?, a Canadian junk removal company founded by Brian Scudamore. During his time, the company expanded from 12 to more than 300 franchise locations in several countries, and its reported revenue grew from approximately $2 million to over $100 million. 

## Publications 
Herold is the author of several books, including Double Double, Meetings Suck, Vivid Vision, The Second in Command: Unleash the Power of Your COO (2023). 

## References
Tsukinami-no-Matsuri

is a monthly Shinto festival.  It is not a specific festival, but similar to a weekly church service.

At Hakone Motomiya Shrine it is done on the 24th of every month for example.

## References
Awa Province

**Awa Province** may refer to two former provinces of Japan:

* Awa Province (Chiba) (安房国) in modern-day Chiba Prefecture
* Awa Province (Tokushima) (阿波国) in modern-day Tokushima Prefecture
2025 FIFA Puskás Award

The **2025 FIFA Puskás Award** was the 17th FIFA Puskás Award. It was awarded on 16 December 2025, at The Best FIFA Football Awards 2025. 

The 11 nominees were announced by FIFA on 13 November 2025. Independiente winger Santiago Montiel won the award with 22 points.

## References
Florida's 20th congressional district

'''Florida's 20th congressional district''' is a U.S. congressional district in Southeast Florida. It is currently held by Democrat Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) rating of D+22, it is the most Democratic district in Florida.

## References
Yuriy Yeliseyev

**Yuri Kostiantynovych Yeliseyev** (; 26 September 1949 &ndash; 20 November 2025) was a Ukrainian football player. He played for the Soviet Union national football team in 1972, making seven appearances. While playing for the national team, Yeliseyev won a bronze medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Yeliseyev died on 20 November 2025 at the age of 76.

## References
## Other websites
* Profile
St. Thomas University (Florida)

**St. Thomas University** (**STU**) is a private Catholic university in Miami Gardens, Florida. The university has 61 undergraduate and graduate degree programs. In 2021, the university had 5,922 students, which included 1,797 undergraduate students, 1,498 graduate students, 780 law students, 62 non-degree students, and 1,784 dual enrollment (high school) students.

## References
County commission

A **county commission**, or a **board of county commissioners**, is a group of elected officials who are known as **county commissioners**, who are in charge of the county government in some states of the United States.  A county usually has three to five members of the county commission. 

In parts of the United States, other terms such as county board of supervisors or county council may be used.

## References
United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs

The **United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs**, also known as the **House Foreign Affairs Committee**, is a standing committee of the U.S. House of Representatives. They are in charge of bills and investigations about foreign affairs of the United States. Since 2025, the chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee has been Brian Mast of Florida.

## Members, 119th Congress
## References
Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district

'''Pennsylvania's fourth congressional district''' is made up by the majority of Montgomery County and most of Berks County northeast of Reading in southeastern Pennsylvania. The area has been represented by Democrat Madeleine Dean since 2019.

## References
Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania

**Bala Cynwyd** ( ) is a community and census-designated place in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a suburb of Philadelphia. It has a total population of 9,285 as of the 2020 census. 

## Notes
## References
Jared Moskowitz

**Jared Evan Moskowitz** ( ; born December 18, 1980) is an American politician who has been the U.S. representative for Florida's 23rd congressional district since 2023. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Before, he was a member of the Broward County Commission from 2022 to 2023. He was also director of the Florida Division of Emergency Management from 2019 to 2021. Moskowitz was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 2012 to 2019.

Moskowitz was born on December 18, 1980, in Coral Springs, Florida. 

## References
## Other websites
* Congressman Jared Moskowitz official U.S. House website
*Jared Moskowitz for Congress campaign website 
*
Florida's 23rd congressional district

'''Florida's 23rd congressional district''' is an electoral district for the U.S. Congress which is in the Greater Miami area and covering parts of Broward County and southern Palm Beach County.

The district, along with two other districts in Greater Miami, has one of the highest populations of Jewish Americans. It is the wealthiest district in the state of Florida.

The district is currently represented by Democrat Jared Moskowitz.

## References
Brian Mast

**Brian Jeffrey Mast** (born July 10, 1980) is an American politician and U.S. military veteran who has been a member the U.S. representative for Florida's 21st congressional district since 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party.

During Operation Enduring Freedom, Mast lost both his legs while serving in United States Army. He received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart for his actions.

Mast was born and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

## References
## Other websites
* Congressman Brian Mast official U.S. House website
* Campaign website
* 
* 
* Veterans Second Amendment Protection Act
Florida's 21st congressional district

'''Florida's 21st congressional district''' is a U.S. congressional district on the Treasure Coast. It covers all of St. Lucie County and Martin County as well as the northeastern part of Palm Beach County, and includes Port St. Lucie, Fort Pierce, Stuart, Jupiter, and Palm Beach Gardens, as well as Treasure Coast International Airport.

The district has been represented by Republican Brian Mast since 2023.

## References
Florida's 18th congressional district

'''Florida's 18th congressional district''' is an electoral district for the U.S. Congress, located in the Florida Heartland. The district covers all of DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, and Okeechobee, as well as most of Polk County (including Bartow, eastern Lakeland, and Winter Haven) and some of Immokalee in Collier County. 

The district is currently represented by Republican Scott Franklin.

## References
Immokalee, Florida

**Immokalee** ( ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Collier County, Florida, United States. The population was 24,557 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Naples–Marco Island metropolitan area.

## References
Scott Franklin (politician)

**Clifford Scott Franklin** (born August 23, 1964) is an American politician and businessman who has been the United States House of Representatives since 2021. He represented Florida's 15th congressional district from 2021 to 2023, and has represented Florida's 18th district since 2023. He is a member of the Republican Party.

## References
## Other websites
*Representative Scott Franklin official U.S. House website
*Scott Franklin for Congress
*
*
Florida's 15th congressional district

'''Florida's 15th congressional district''' is an electoral district for the U.S. Congress and is located in the northeastern suburbs of Tampa, including parts of Hillsborough, Pasco, and Polk counties. The district includes Plant City and Zephyrhills, as well as parts of Tampa city proper, Brandon, and Lakeland.

The district is currently represented by Republican Laurel Lee.

## References
United States House Committee on Ethics

The **U.S. House Committee on Ethics**, also known simply as the **Ethics Committee**, is one of the committees of the United States House of Representatives. It was known as the **Committee on Standards of Official Conduct**.

The House Ethics Committee has been controversial as many see it as very partisan and bias towards political parties who are not in the majority.

## Current members
## References
Michael Guest (politician)

**Michael Patrick Guest** (born February 4, 1970) is an American lawyer and Republican politician. He has represented  in the United States House of Representatives since 2019.

Michael Patrick Guest was born on February 4, 1970. He graduated from Mississippi State University with a bachelor's degree in accounting and the University of Mississippi School of Law with a Juris Doctor.

## References
## Other websites
* Congressman Michael Guest official U.S. House website
*Michael Guest for Congress

*
Nathaniel Moran

**Nathaniel Quentin Moran** (born September 23, 1974) is an American politician and lawyer who has been the U.S. representative for Texas's 1st congressional district since 2023. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was a member of the Tyler, Texas city council from the 5th district and as the county judge of Smith County, Texas.

Nathaniel Quentin Moran was born as a twin on September 23, 1974 in Whitehouse, Texas.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Nathaniel Moran for Congress campaign website
*
*
*
Madeleine Dean

**Madeleine Dean Cunnane** (born June 6, 1959) is an American politician and lawyer who has been a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district since 2019. Before being elected to Congress, Dean was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania General Assembly in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 2012 to 2018.

## References
## Other websites
* Congresswoman Madeleine Dean official U.S. House website
*Madeleine Dean for Congress

*Madeleine Dean (D)  state legislature profile
*
Florida's 4th congressional district

'''Florida's 4th congressional district''' is a congressional district in northeastern Florida. It is made up of Nassau and Clay counties and Duval County west of the St. Johns River, including Downtown Jacksonville. The district is currently represented by Aaron Bean of the Republican Party.

## References
Glenside, Pennsylvania

**Glenside** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cheltenham Township and Abington Township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a suburb of Philadelphia. 7,737 people lived here at the 2020 census.

## References
Aaron Bean

**Aaron Paul Bean** (born January 25, 1967) is an American politician who has been the U.S. representative for Florida's 4th congressional district since 2023. He is a Republican. Bean represented the 4th district in the Florida Senate from 2012 to 2022. From 2000 to 2008, he represented the 12th district in the Florida House of Representatives.

## References
## Other websites
* Congressman Aaron Bean official U.S. House website
*Our Campaigns – Aaron Bean (FL) profile
* Campaign website
* 
*
Florida's 5th congressional district

'''Florida's 5th congressional district''' is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida. It includes the southeastern area of Jacksonville. It stretches south to St. Augustine in St. Johns County.

The district is currently represented by Republican John Rutherford.

## References
2022 Florida's 20th congressional district special election

The '''2022 Florida's 20th congressional district special election''' was a special election to the United States House of Representatives. The seat was left vacant since Democratic U.S. Representative Alcee Hastings died on April 6, 2021, of pancreatic cancer.

The special election was scheduled by Governor Ron DeSantis to be held on January 11, 2022. The primary elections were held on November 2, 2021.

Democratic businesswoman Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick won the election by a landslide, winning 79% of the popular vote.

## References
2025 Tennessee's 7th congressional district special election

The '''2025 Tennessee's 7th congressional district special election''' were held on December 2, 2025, to fill the vacant seat in Tennessee's 7th congressional district. Republican Matt Van Epps won the election and will serve in the United States House of Representatives for the rest of the 119th United States Congress, which will end on January 3, 2027. 

The seat became vacant on July 20, 2025, after the resignation of Republican Mark Green. Green resigned after voting to help pass the One Big Beautiful Bill Act.

Primary elections took place on October 7, where Republican Matt Van Epps and Democrat Aftyn Behn won their primaries.

In the December 2 general election, Van Epps beat Behn by 8.8%. More Democrats voted in this special race, more than they did during the 2024 elections. This is the strongest Democratic performance in this district during the 21st century.

## References
Sven Habermann

**Sven Habermann** (born November 3, 1961) is a former West German-born Canadian soccer player. He played as a goalkeeper, and was part of Canada's teams at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1986 FIFA World Cup. He was also part of the 1989 Vancouver 86ers team that went 46 games in a row without losing, which is a North American professional sports record.

Habermann later appeared on an episode of ''Dragon's Den'', where he pitched a prototype pepper-spray delivery and self-defense system.

## Honours
;Canada
*CONCACAF Championship: 1985
*North American Nations Cup: 1990

## References
*Canadian Olympic Committee
*https://web.archive.org/web/20141222061944/http://www.nasljerseys.com/Players/H/Habermann.Sven.htm

## Other websites
* 
*
First Fitna

The **First Fitna** (Arabic: الفتنة الأولى) was the first major civil war in the history of Islam, fought between 656 and 661 CE. It began after the assassination of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan and was centered on the rightful claim of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. Supporters of Ali saw him as the only legitimate leader of the Muslim community, while his opponents challenged his authority.  

## Background 
Ali was chosen as caliph in 656 after Uthman’s death. Many Muslims believed Ali was the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad from the beginning, because of his close family ties and his reputation for justice and knowledge. His rule was immediately opposed by groups who had benefited under Uthman, especially members of the Umayyad family. Ali’s supporters emphasized his legitimacy as the first male to accept Islam and his role as the Prophet’s companion and son-in-law.  

## War 
The war began with the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali’s forces defeated the army led by Aisha, Talha, and Zubair near Basra. In 657, Ali fought against Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan at the Battle of Siffin. Although Ali’s army was stronger, arbitration was forced upon him, weakening his position. In 658, Ali fought the radical Kharijites at the Battle of Nahrawan and Defeating them.  

## Death of Ali 
In 661, Ali was assassinated in Kufa by a Kharijite. His death marked the end of the First Fitna. Ali’s supporters, later known as Shi‘a, continued to uphold his family as the rightful leaders of the Muslim community. The Umayyads, led by Muawiya, established their dynasty after Ali’s death, but many Muslims saw this as a betrayal of the Prophet’s family.  

## Legacy 
The First Fitna was not only a political struggle but also a defining moment in Islamic history. For Ali’s followers, it proved his rightful claim and his martyrdom for justice. The conflict created the division between Sunni and Shia Islam, with Shia Muslims continuing to honor Ali as the first Imam and the true successor of the Prophet Muhammad.  

## References
John Catliff

**John Terence Catliff** (born 8 January 1965) is a former Canadian soccer player. He mainly played as a striker for the Vancouver 86ers in the Canadian Soccer League and the American Professional Soccer League. He was also capped 45 times for Canada between 1984 and 1994. When he retired, he was the second highest goal-scorer for Canada, with 18 goals.

In 2012, during the Canadian Soccer Association's centennial celebration, he was named in their all-time Canada XI men's team.

### International "A" goals
:''Scores and results list Canada's goal tally first.*

### Additional international goals
:*Scores and results list Canada's goal tally first.''

## Honours
;Vancouver 86ers
***Canadian Soccer League: 5**
:: 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
***Canadian Soccer League Top Goalscorer: 2**
:: 1988, 1990

;Canada
*North American Nations Cup: 1990

## References
## Other websites
*  / Canada Soccer Hall of Fame
*
Graham Leggat

**Graham Leggat** (20 June 1934 – 29 August 2015) was a Scottish international footballer. He mainly played as a right winger for Aberdeen and Fulham, and is a member of the Aberdeen Hall of Fame. He was also capped 18 times for Scotland, and played for them at the 1958 FIFA World Cup.

Leggat held the record for the fastest hat-trick in the English league system, when he scored three goals in three minutes in a 10–1 win against Ipswich Town on 26 December 1963. This record was broken in May 2015 by Southampton winger Sadio Mané. He also worked as an analyst for the CBC, where he covered the 1976 Summer Olympics and the FIFA World Cup. After leaving the CBC, he became the host of TSN's *Soccer Saturday* program. He was inducted into the Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame in 2001.

Leggat died in August 2015, aged 81. His son, also named Graham Leggat, was the executive director of the San Francisco Film Society between October 2005 until his death in August 2011.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
### International goals
:''Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Leggat goal.''

## Honours
;Aberdeen
* Scottish Division One: 1954–55
* Scottish League Cup: 1955–56

;Scotland
* British Home Championship: 1955–56 (shared), 1959–60 (shared) 

## References
;Sources
*

## Other websites
*
*
*Profile at Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame
*International appearances at londonhearts.com Scotland section
Uzun Hasan

Uzun Hasan (about 1423 – January 6, 1478) was the most famous ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans. He became leader in 1453 after the death of his brother and made the Aq Qoyunlu into a strong empire in Anatolia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. Uzun Hasan fought against the rival Qara Qoyunlu and defeated them in 1467, taking control of much of western Iran. He also made alliances with European powers like Venice to resist the Ottomans, though these did not succeed. His capital was in Tabriz, and he tried to strengthen his state by using Persian bureaucrats and Islamic law. Uzun Hasan died in 1478, and his son Sultan Khalil briefly ruled before being replaced by Yaqub Beg.

## References 
## Other websites 
علاء محمود قداوي, تاريخ العراق في عهدي القرة قوينلو والآق قوينلو (Google Books)

Doğuştan Günümüze Büyük İslâm Tarihi (Internet Archive)
Tahmasp I

**Tahmasp I** (1514–1576) was the second ruler of the Safavid dynasty. He became shah in 1524 after his father Ismail I. Tahmasp ruled for more than fifty years, the longest of any Safavid ruler. He fought wars against the Ottoman Empire and the Uzbeks, moved the capital to Qazvin, and supported Persian art and calligraphy.

Tahmasp married several wives, including Sultanum Begum and Mahinbanu Khanum. His children included Mohammad Khodabanda, who later became shah, Ismail II, and his daughter Pari Khan Khanum, who played an important role in court politics. He died in 1576, and his son Ismail II became shah.

## References
New York (U2 song)

"**New York**" is a 2000 song by Irish rock group U2 and is the 10th track on their 10th studio album ''All That You Can't Leave Behind''. The subject is about New York City and the people who lived there. The song's lyrics were changed after the September 11 attacks. It debuted 19 October 2000 at the ManRay club in Paris, as part of a promotional concert for the album's release.

U2 has played the song live 120 times. The song has not been played live since the end of the Elevation Tour, with the last performance happening on 2 December 2001.

## References
Bickerse ligue

, 1642]]
The **Bickerse ligue** (*Bickerse league*) was a political and economic power factor in Amsterdam during the Dutch Golden Age.

## History 
The league was formed by Andries Bicker, member of the patrician Bicker family. He was the most powerful politician in Amsterdam (Holland) from from the 1620s until 1650. The league was formed with relatives, sympathizers and in close cooperation with the De Graeff family, the so called Bicker-De Graeff clan. They where liberal and republican minded, focused on Amsterdam's economic boom. The ligue wanted to end Eighty Years' War with Spain and a reduction of the army. They where also against the monarchist ambitions of the Dutch stadholders Frederick Henry and his son William II of Orange-Nassau.

### Summary 
* Political power: The Bicker League consisted of seven members of the Bicker family who held various political offices in Amsterdam and the States of Holland. They controlled the government of Amsterdam and, through their economic and political strenght, thus the province of Holland for several decades.
* Economic influence: Through their work in the Amsterdam city administration, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), the family reached enormous influence on the economics of the Dutch Republic. The Bicker family formed an alliance with the De Graeff family through marriage. Together they created a strong power base in Amsterdam that significantly influenced politics. Amsterdam regent and burgomaster, wholesaler
* Roelof Bicker (1611–1656), member of the Amsterdam city government
* Jacob Jacobsz Bicker (1612-1676), mayor of the military garrison of Amsterdam
* Hendrick Jacobsz Bicker (1615–1651), captain of the Amsterdam militia

#### Prominent allies and supporters 
(temporarily
* Jacob Dircksz de Graeff (1571–1638), Amsterdam regent and burgomaster; ally of the Bickerse ligue
* Cornelis de Graeff (1599–1664), statesman, diplomat, regent and burgomaster of Amsterdam

## Notes 
## Literature 
* Israel, Jonathan I. (1995) *The Dutch Republic – Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall – 1477–1806*, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 
* Burke, P. (1994) *Venice and Amsterdam. A study of seventeenth-century élites.*
Rhea Raj

**Rhea Raj** (born April 5, 2000), whose full name is **Rhea Rajagopalan**, is an American singer and songwriter. She is known for pop, electropop, and dance music. She won a Songwriters Hall of Fame award in 2020 and was named **Spotify x Gold House Artist of the Year** in 2023. Her first album, *Hunter*, was released in 2024.

## Early life 
Raj was born in Stamford, Connecticut to Indian parents from the Tamil community. She grew up in Texas and New Jersey before moving to New York. Her mother taught Indian classical music. Raj also learned Bharatanatyam dance and began voice training at age 10.

Her younger sister, Lara Raj, is also a singer and a member of the girl group Katseye.

## Career 
### *American Idol* 
Raj appeared in the fifteenth season of *American Idol* in 2016. She passed the audition round but did not continue after Hollywood Week because she became sick.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
* *Hunter* (2024)
* *Hunter (Tamed Edition)* (2024)
* *Commotion EP* (2025)
* *Commotion+* (2025)

### Singles (selected) 
*"Electric"https://music.apple.com/au/album/electric/677821250?i=677821254 (2013)
*"Stuck"https://music.apple.com/au/album/struck/1085439120?i=1085439123 (2016) 

### Features 
Raj has also recorded songs with DJs and producers such as Wayfloe, Tom Ferro, Gudi, Zary, and Knock2.

## Tours 
### Headlining 
* **Commotion Tour** (2025)

## References
Riisa Naka

is a Japanese actress. She won a Best New Talent award at the 2009 Yokohama Film Festival. She became well-known after acting in *Hachi One Diver* (2008) and later starred as Hana Adachi in *Flunk Punk Rumble* (2010). She also played two related characters from *The Girl Who Leapt Through Time*.

## Personal life 
Naka has a Swedish grandfather, so she is one-quarter Swedish. She was named “Riisa” because her grandfather loved Leonardo da Vinci’s *Mona Lisa.

She worked with actor Akiyoshi Nakao in *Toki wo Kakeru Shoujo* and again in the 2012 drama *Tsurukame Josanin''. They started dating after filming ended in 2012.

In 2013, Naka and Nakao got married on March 21. Their first child, a son, was born on October 4, 2013, in Tokyo.

## References
Andries Bicker

**Andries Bicker**, *lord of Engelenburg* (14 September 1586 – 24 June 1652) was a prominent burgomaster of  Amsterdam, politician and diplomat in the Dutch Republic. The Bicker family where very powerfull republicans during the Dutch Golden Age.

Bicker was the leader of the politically "Bickerse ligue". He ruled Amsterdam together with his uncle Jacob Dircksz de Graeff ("Bicker-De Graeff clan"). This gave new power to the republican States faction, which had been weakened since the death of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt. Bicker was one of the strongest political adversaries of the dutch stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and controlled Dutch foreign policy. He, together with his brother Cornelis Bicker and cousin Cornelis de Graeff, was one of the main initiators of the Peace of Münster, the end of Eighty Years' War.

## Notes
## References
## External links
* Andries Bicker Biography I at *Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek*
* Andries Bicker Biography II at *Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden*
* Andries and Cornelis Bicker at *Letterkundig woordenboek voor Noord en Zuid*
Peter Farmer (footballer)

**Peter Farmer** (26 October 1886 – 4 September 1964) was a Scottish footballer and manager. He was the manager of France at the 1928 Summer Olympics. He also managed Marseille, Torino, and Racing Club de France. He had a second spell at Marseille (1930–1931) and also coached Stella Cherbourg.

In 1934, Farmer became the manager of Romania. However, he did not manage a match for them.

## Honours 
**Marseille**
*Coupe de France: 1923–24

**Racing Club de France**
*Coupe de France: 1927–28

## References
Texas's 1st congressional district

'''Texas' 1st congressional district''' in the United States House of Representatives that is in the northeastern part of the state of Texas. It is made up of largely of four small East Texas metropolitan areas—Kilgore, Texarkana, Texas, Longview–Marshall, and Tyler. 

With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+25, it is one of the most Republican districts in Texas. It has been represented by Republican Nathaniel Moran since 2023.

## References
Qara Yuluk Osman Beg

Qara Yuluk Osman Beg (about 1356–1435) was the first strong leader of the Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans. He was born the son of Fakhr‑ud‑Din Qutlugh Beg and became known by the nickname Qara Yuluk, meaning “Black Leech,” in old chronicles. He married a daughter of Alexios III of Trebizond, which gave him ties to the Byzantine world. Osman united many Turkmen tribes and fought against the rival Qara Qoyunlu, making Diyarbakır his main base. His rule lasted for decades and he expanded Aq Qoyunlu lands across eastern Anatolia and western Iran. After his death in 1435, his family continued to build the dynasty, and later rulers like Uzun Hasan made it into one of the strongest powers of the region.

## References
2025 HAL Tejas Dubai Air Show crash

On 21 November 2025, a HAL Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) of the Indian Air Force crashed during a flying display at the Dubai Air Show at Al Maktoum International Airport.

The aircraft, which is part of the Indian Air Force fleet, crashed while performing a maneuver in an aerobatic display. The pilot died in the crash. The crash happened during a barrel roll maneuver, but a full official investigation is still ongoing. The Tejas jet was displaying India’s 4.5-generation multirole combat aircraft capabilities at the international airshow.

The Indian Air Force confirmed the pilot’s death and said a court of inquiry has been started to find the cause of the crash.

This was the second crash in the history of the Tejas program since it entered service in 2015. The Tejas is a single-engine, delta-wing fighter made by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) as part of India’s program to modernize the Indian Air Force.

Around 14:10–14:15 local time on 21 November 2025, the Tejas was performing an aerobatic demonstration when it lost control and nosedived into the ground near the airfield. The crash caused a large fireball and thick black smoke that could be seen from the venue. Eyewitnesses and video footage showed the aircraft in a steep nosedive before it exploded.

## References
Leptodactylus insularum

The **San Miguel Island frog** or **Caribbean ditch frog** (*Leptodactylus insularum*) is a frog.  It lives in Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Panama, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago. Scientists think it might also live in Bolivia.

## Body
The adult male frog is 66–104.6 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 60.4–99.1 mm long. The skin of the frog's back has folds and dark marks on it. There is a dark line from the nose to the eye. The backs of the legs have a dark pattern on them with light spots in strange shapes. The sides of the body are light brown with dark brown spots. The belly is very light brown in color. The adult frogs use the colors on their legs to confuse bigger animals that want to eat them.

## Home
These frogs live in forests near streams. Scientists saw the frog in many protected places.

## Food
The adult frogs eat water insects.

## Young
The male frog makes a nest out of bubbles for the eggs. The female frog can lay 2000 eggs at a time. The female frog protects the eggs and tadpoles. After the eggs hatch, the female frog leads the tadpoles to deep water. If the water is about to dry up, the female frog will dig a small waterway so the tadpoles can swim to a new place. The tadpoles eat dead things that fall into the water.

## People
Sometimes people use this frog as bait when fishing. Scientists found that this frog makes peptides in its skin, for example the peptide Ocellatin-3N, that can kill germs.

## Danger
Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. It is good at living in places that human people have changed. It can even live in the same places as the dangerous fungus *Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis*. *B. dendrobatidis* causes the disease chytridiomycosis, which kills frogs.

## First paper
*

## References
Leonard Hoops

**Leonard Hoops** is an American tourism executive. He is the President and CEO of Visit Indy and Tourism Tomorrow Indy.

## Early life and education 
Hoops was born in Trinidad. He got a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism from San Jose State University in 1987. Later, he earned an MBA in marketing from Santa Clara University in 1992. and then as Senior VP & Chief Marketing Officer at the Sacramento Convention & Visitors Bureau.

In 2011, he became President and CEO of Visit Indy. In 2018, he received the *Indiana Living Legend* award from the Indiana Historical Society.

## References
Ars Technica

***Ars Technica*** is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society. It was created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998. It publishes news, reviews, and guides on issues such as computer hardware and software, science, technology policy, and video games.

## References
Preview

**Preview** may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment
### Movie and television
* Preview (subscription service), in the United States 1980–1986
* Test screening, a showing of a movie or TV show before its release to get an early audience reaction
* Movie screening, a special showing as part of a movie's production and release cycle
* Trailer (promotion) or preview, an advertisement for a future movie 
* "Previews" (*Smash*), a 2012 TV episode
* "Un Preview" ('A Preview'), a 2023 song by Bad Bunny

### Music
* *Preview* (EP), by Kym Campbell, 2010
* *The Preview* (EP), by Chiddy Bang, 2010
* *DJ Drama Presents: The Preview*, a 2008 mixtape by Ludacris and DJ Drama
* "Preview", the unlisted final track on Built to Spill's 1994 album ''There's Nothing Wrong with Love''

### Theatre
* Preview (theatre), a public performance of a theatrical show before the official opening

## Computing
* Preview (computing), a computing function to display something before it is produced in final form
* Preview (macOS), the built-in image viewer and PDF viewer of the macOS operating system
* Preview in the software release life cycle
Ready Player One

***Ready Player One*** is a 2011 science fiction novel which is also the first novel of American author Ernest Cline. The story is set during a dystopian 2045. It is about Wade Watts on his search for an Easter egg in a worldwide virtual reality game. The book was published on August 16, 2011. An audiobook narrated by Wil Wheaton was released the same day.

A movie version was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released on March 29, 2018. 

A sequel novel, *Ready Player Two*, was released on November 24, 2020, however it got bad reviews.

## References
Galimzyan Khusainov

**Galimzyan Salikhovich Khusainov** (, ) (27 June 1937 – 5 February 2010) was a Soviet footballer. He played as a striker. He was capped 33 times for the Soviet Union, and played for them at the 1962 FIFA World Cup, 1964 European Nations' Cup, and 1966 FIFA World Cup.

## Honours
;Spartak Moscow
* Soviet Top League: 1962, 1969
* Soviet Cup: 1963, 1965, 1971

;Soviet Union
* European Nations' Cup runner-up: 1964

;Individual
* Grigory Fedotov club member

## References
## Other websites
*  RussiaTeam biography 
* FIFA Profile
The Stand (2020 miniseries)

***The Stand*** is an American post-apocalyptic fantasy television miniseries and is made up of nine episodes. It is based on the 1978 novel of the same name by Stephen King. The series stars James Marsden, Odessa Young, Owen Teague, Alexander Skarsgård, Whoopi Goldberg, Amber Heard, Jovan Adepo, Henry Zaga, Nat Wolff, Irene Bedard, Brad William Henke and Greg Kinnear.

## References
Yahoo News

**Yahoo News** (stylized as **Yahoo! News**) is a news website that started as an internet-based news source run by Yahoo. Yahoo News allows users to comment on articles.

## References
Raptorex

***Raptorex*** is a genus of tyrannosaurid found in China. It is known from a single juvenile specimen, found in Mongolia, in Nemegt Formation. The type species, *R. kriegsteini*, was described by Sereno in 2009. 

The *Raptorex* is now placed as *nomen dubium* and thought to be a juvenile individual of the *Tarbosaurus bataar* genus of reptiles, or a similar genus. 

A recent study suggests that it is not, and that it is a valid species. This study describes it as a very related genus to *Tarbosaurus* and *Tyrannosaurus*. However, its validity is still questionable.

## Name 
The genus name is derived from Latin *raptor*, "robber", and *rex*, "king". The species name honours Roman Kriegstein, a survivor of the Holocaust.

## Description 
### Paleobiology 
*Raptorex* was a small tyrannosaurid, which likely resembled its contemporary *Tarbosaurus*, having characteristics similar to and shared with *Dilong*.

So far, the holotype (LH PV18) was estimated to be between 2.5 to 3 meters (6 to 10 feet) long and weigh 65 kg and died with 3 years old.

## References
Rob Rackstraw

**Rob Rackstraw** (born October 31, 1965) is an English voice actor who voices Scoop, Muck, Spud, Travis, Mr. Bentley, Mr. Ellis, and Mr. Beasley from *Bob the Builder* and Buster, George, and Sammy from *The Koala Brothers*.
Laphumaton

**Laphumaton**, also written as **Lafumaton** (), is a folktale from the Meitei tradition of Kangleipak (modern day Manipur). It tells the story of a young man named Laphumaton, his travels, his marriages, and his struggles with a king. The tale includes themes of obedience, courage, cleverness, and hidden strengths.

## Story 
### Early life 
A widow lived alone with her son. She raised him by herself. When he grew into a handsome young man, she told him that his father had wished for him to earn his own wealth. The boy took a fishing line and went to a river to catch fish. Instead of a fish, a golden lotus was caught in his hook. He brought the lotus home and placed it in his mother's hands.

* Nganureima (Nganu Leima): From nganu, meaning "duck".

* Shabireima (Shapi Leima): From shabi, said to mean "porcupine"/"rodent" in this tale.

* The name ***Laphumaton*** comes from laphu, meaning "plantain", and maton, meaning "top" or possibly "bud". A plantain stem has many layers. The story shows that Laphumaton also has many hidden traits, which appear over time like the layers or bud of a plantain.

## Themes 
The tale presents Laphumaton as a man with many qualities:

* He obeys the king like a loyal servant.

* He shows bravery by facing impossible tasks.

* He becomes a friend to the king and lives like a second king.

* He protests when the king tries to take his wives, even though he obeyed earlier harsh demands.

The story suggests that Laphumaton's hidden strengths appear gradually, just as new layers or buds appear in a plantain stem.

## Related pages 
* Lai Khutsangbi
* Lai Khadang Pandabi
* Yenakha Paotabi

## References
Tina Tamashiro

is a Japanese actress and model. She was discovered by her agency’s president while walking home with friends. In 2012, she won the Kodansha Miss iD 2013 Grand Prix. In an interview with *Vivi*, she said she wanted to be a "model idol".

## Personal life 
Tamashiro was born in Urasoe City, Okinawa, to an American father and a Japanese mother. On her birthday in 2024, she announced that she got married.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official profile 
*
Ottoman-Persian Wars

The Ottoman–Persian wars were a long series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and different Persian dynasties, especially the Safavids and later the Qajars, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. These wars were mainly about control of Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, and eastern Anatolia, and they reflected the rivalry between Sunni Ottomans and Shia Persians. The wars shaped the borders of modern Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.

## References
Dieter Kühn

**Dieter Kühn** (born 4 July 1956) is a former German footballer. He was capped 13 times for East Germany, and played for them at the 1980 Summer Olympics, where he won a silver medal.

## Other websites
* 
* Profile at Lok-Leipzig-DB.com
*
Rüdiger Schnuphase

**Rüdiger Schnuphase** (born 23 January 1954) is a former German footballer. He played as a midfielder for FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt and FC Carl Zeiss Jena, and was capped 45 times for East Germany. He notably played for East Germany at the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## References
## Other websites
* Weltfussball  
*
Muhammad Khudabanda

Muhammad Khudabanda (Persian: محمد خدابنده‎; died 1595) was the fourth Shah of the Safavid dynasty, ruling from 1578 until 1587. He was the son of Shah Tahmasp I and succeeded his brother Ismail II after his death. Khudabanda is often remembered for his weak leadership, which allowed internal factions and external enemies to gain strength during his reign. His poor eyesight and indecisive character made him dependent on court factions, especially the Qizilbash tribal leaders, who competed for influence in the Safavid state.

During his rule, the Ottoman Empire took advantage of Safavid weakness and launched invasions into western Iran. The Ottomans captured Tabriz in 1585, dealing a major blow to Safavid prestige. At the same time, the Uzbeks pressed into Khorasan from the northeast, further destabilizing the realm.

Khudabanda’s wife, Khayr al-Nisa Begum (also known as Mahd-i Ulya), played an important role in politics during the early years of his reign. She attempted to strengthen central authority by curbing the power of the Qizilbash chiefs, but her efforts provoked opposition. In 1579 she was assassinated by Qizilbash conspirators, leaving Khudabanda even more vulnerable to factional struggles.

Khudabanda’s reign ended when his son, Abbas I, was declared Shah in 1587 with the support of powerful Qizilbash leaders. Abbas forced his father to abdicate and went on to become one of the most successful rulers of the Safavid dynasty. Muhammad Khudabanda lived in retirement until his death in 1595.
## References
Claude Papi

**Claude Papi** (16 April 1949 – 28 January 1983) was a French footballer. He played as a midfielder for SC Bastia between 1967 and 1982, and is  the team's best ever player. He was capped three times for France, and played for them at the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

Papi died on 28 January 1983 at the age of 33, because of a ruptured aneurysm.

## Honours
;Bastia
* Ligue 2: 1967–68
* Coupe de France: 1980–81
* Challenge des champions: 1972
* UEFA Cup runner-up: 1977–78

## References
* Papi's Career Stats & Accolades 

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Edson Álvarez

**Edson Omar Álvarez Velázquez** (born 24 October 1997) is a Mexican professional footballer. He plays as either a defensive midfielder or centre-back for Fenerbahçe, on loan from Premier League club West Ham United, and for the Mexican national team, which he captains.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Álvarez goal.''

## Honours
**América**
*Liga MX: Apertura 2018
*Copa MX: Clausura 2019

**Ajax**
*Eredivisie: 2020–21, 2021–22
*KNVB Cup: 2020–21

**Mexico**
*CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2019, 2023, 2025
*CONCACAF Nations League: 2024–25

**Individual**
*CONCACAF U-20 Championship Best XI: 2017
*CONCACAF Best XI: 2018, 2021
*CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Ball: 2025
*CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: 2021, 2025
*IFFHS Men's CONCACAF Best XI: 2020, 2021, 2024
*Club van 100
*CONCACAF Nations League Finals Best XI: 2024, 2025

## References
## Other websites
*Profile at the Fenerbahçe S.K. website
*
*
Strontium carbonate

**Strontium carbonate** is a compound when strontium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide, and it is made of strontium and carbonate ions with the chemical formula . It appears as a white or gray powder. It is found in the mineral strontianite. It is a weak base, which means it reacts with acids to make strontium salts. It is usually insoluble with water but increases if more carbon dioxide is added to water.

## Reaction with acids
When strontium carbonate reacts with an acid, it makes a strontium salt, water, and carbon dioxide. For example, it reacts with hydrochloric acid to make strontium chloride (a salt), water, and carbon dioxide.

The balanced chemical equation of the reaction is:

## References
Hayward

**Hayward** may refer to:

## People
*Hayward (surname), including a list of people with the name
*Hayward (given name), including a list of people with the name

## Places
*Hayward, California, U.S., in Alameda County
**Hayward station (Amtrak)
**Hayward station (BART)
**Hayward Executive Airport
**Hayward Fault Zone, a geologic fault zone
*Hayward, Mariposa County, California, U.S.
*Hayward, Minnesota, U.S.
*Hayward Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota, U.S.
*Hayward, Missouri
*Hayward, Oklahoma
*Hayward, Oregon
*Hayward, Wisconsin
*Hayward (town), Wisconsin
*Hayward station (British Columbia), Canada

## Other uses
*Hayward (profession), officer of an English parish in charge of fences and enclosures
*Hayward Gallery, an art gallery in London, England
**Actinidia deliciosa* 'Hayward', a common cultivar of Kiwifruit
*Hayward Industries, a company involved in pool and outdoor living technology (etc.). 

## Related pages
*Hayward High School (disambiguation)
*Hayward station (disambiguation)
*Haywards, a suburb near Wellington, New Zealand
*Haywards (pickles)
*Heyward, a given name and surname
*Haywood (disambiguation)
*Lake Hayward (disambiguation)
*Haywards Heath, a town in West Sussex, England
Hernán Darío Gómez

**Hernán Darío Gómez Jaramillo** (born 3 February 1956), also known as **El Bolillo** (*The Baton*), is a Colombian football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of the El Salvador national team.

He is one of two managers to have gotten three different national teams to a FIFA World Cup, with the other two being Henri Michel.

## Managerial statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
Jaime Penedo

**Jaime Manuel Penedo Cano** (born 26 September 1981) is a former Panamanian footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for teams like Osasuna B, CSD Municipal, LA Galaxy, Deportivo Saprissa and Dinamo București. He was capped 137 time for Panama, and played for them at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. 

He announced his retirement from football on 24 January 2019.

## Personal life
Penedo officially married Angie Malca in August 2013. They have a son, Jaime Matías.

## Career statistics
### International
## Honours
;LA Galaxy
*Major League Soccer: 2014

;Dinamo București
*Cupa Ligii: 2016–17

;C.S.D Municipal
*Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala: Clausura 2008, Apertura 2009, Clausura 2010, Apertura 2011

;Panama
*CONCACAF Gold Cup runner-up: 2005, 2013; third place: 2015

;Individual'''
* CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Glove Award: 2005, 2013
* CONCACAF Gold Cup Bext XI: 2005
*Liga I Best Goalkeeper: 2017–18 (shared Alberto Cobrea & Giedrius Arlauskis)

## References
## Other websites
*Player profile  – CSD Municipal
*
*
*Player profile – LA Galaxy