open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Norman Rockwell Museum

The **Norman Rockwell Museum** is a museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Its houses the art and archives of American painter and illustrator Norman Rockwell.

## Background 
The museum was opened in 1969 in Stockbridge, the town where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life. Since 1993 the museum is in the current building that was designed by Robert Arthur Morton Stern.

The museum owns 574 original artworks by Rockwell. The museum also owns the Rockwell archives with more than 100.000 items including photographs, fan mail, and business documents.

In 2008, the museum received the National Humanities Medal from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

## Gallery 
Series of Rockwell paintings from 1943 called the *Four Freedoms*. Rockwell was inspired by the 1941 *Four Freedoms Speech* of American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Freedom of Worship (painting)

***Freedom of Worship*** is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the *Four Freedoms*. Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the *Four Freedoms Speech* of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941.

## Background 
This painting was made public in *The Saturday Evening Post* of February 27, 1943, along with an essay of Will Durant. The other paintings of the *Four Freedoms* series are *Freedom of Speech*, *Freedom from Want* and *Freedom from Fear*, and were shown in other editions of the paper.it is a very good pintor(norman Rockwell)

Rockwell needed various attempts to end up with this version of the painting. Former versions showed a number of customers in a barbershop, all with another religious and racial background. He found it to be difficult to make clear images that showed how a person of a certain religion looks like. He finally chose a neutral location where people of different race worship in their own religion. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series.

The paintings toured through the United States with the motto *Buy War Bonds*. All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II.

The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

## References 
*Parts of this article are derived from the article on English Wikipedia
Óscar Romero

**Saint Óscar the Romero y Galdámez** (15 August 1917&nbsp;– 24 March 1980) was a bishop of the Catholic Church in El Salvador. He became the fourth Archbishop of San Salvador when he took over Luis Chávez. He was assassinated on 25 March 1980.

## References
Jämsä

**Jämsä** (in the local dialect, *Jämpsä*) is a town and municipality in Central Finland. It is 223&nbsp;km from Helsinki, and 58&nbsp;km from Jyväskylä. There were about 22,125 people living there in January 2014. Jämsä municipality was established in 1866. It is next to the municipalities of Juupajoki, Jyväskylä, Keuruu, Kuhmoinen, Luhanka, Mänttä-Vilppula, Orivesi and Petäjävesi. Isojärvi National Park, a popular hiking place, is near to Jämsä.

The former municipality of Kuorevesi was merged with Jämsä in 2001. The former municipality of Längelmäki was partly merged with Jämsä in 2007. The former municipality of Jämsänkoski was merged with Jämsä in 2009.

## Other websites
* Jämsä city pages
Werner Leich

**Werner Leich** (born January 31, 1927 in Mühlhausen) is a Protestant clergyman. From 1978 to 1992 he was the bishop of the Evangelical Church in Thuringia, for the greater part during the era of the German Democratic Republic.

## Life 
From 1942 to 1945 Leich was a voluntary member of the German Luftwaffe with the rank of Fahnenjunker. He volunteered to "*battle for the salvation of Germany*". After World War II he finished his school and from 1947 he started studying theology at the University of Marburg and Heidelberg University. In 1960, he became a member of the Synod of the Evangelical Church. He was vice-president of the synod from 1967 to 1978 and bishop of the state of Thuringia from 1978 to 1992.

During a lot of his career, he had to deal with being able to worship God in an environment of anti-religious communism. He described it as "a lot of times we did hide being Christians".

## Autobiography 
* 1992: *Wechselnde Horizonte. Mein Leben in vier politischen Systemen.* 

## References
Eohippus

***Eohippus*** is small fossil proto-horse. It is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates. The only species is *E. angustidens*, which was long considered a species of *Hyracotherium*. Its remains have been found in North America and date to the early Eocene (4856 million years ago).

Much of the evolution of the horse took place in North America. That is where horses originated, but became extinct there about 10,000 years ago.

## References 
]]
Umeå

**Umeå** is a town in northern Sweden. The town is known for the large number of birch trees.
Umeå is the biggest city in Norrland, the most northern region of Sweden since 1962. The town had about 80,000 people living there in 2010. The town opened a university in 1965. In the last 50 years the number of houses has doubled. About 700 buildings are built every year.

The city was elected European Capital of Culture in 2014. The city is the most norhtern location to have ever been a European city of culture. The city is partnering with a large number of voluntary organisations and the concept of open source

## History
Umeå became a city in 1622. The King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, made the new city for Swedish merchants. He made the merchants to move north so that taxes could be increased. The city was burnt by Russian troops in 1714 and then again in 1720. In 1809 the city was briefly occupied again by the Russian army before peace was agreed. In 1888 the great fire destroyed the homes of over 2,000 people. The fire started in a brewery and destroyed part of the city including the shipyards at Teg and buildings on the island of Ön.

Umea is also the host city of the FIA World Rally Championship's Rally Sweden. In 2021, it was announced that Rally Sweden would move to Umeå after being held in the province of Värmland since its beginning. The main reason for its move was that Umeå is considered a more snow safe region.

## References
## Other websites
* homepage
Tubuai

**Tubuai** is the name for a group of islands in the Pacific. The island of Tubuai is about 640&nbsp;km south of Tahiti. It is part of the Austral Islands, which belong to French Polynesia. Slightly over 2.000 people live on an area of  about 45 square kilometers. James Cook discovered the island in 1777, but saw no reason to land there. The natives looked hostile. Fletcher Christian landed there in 1789. They founded Fort George on the island, but soon left, because of troubles with the natives.
Emiel van Lennep

**Emile (Emiel) van Lennep** was a Dutch official (*treasurer general*), diplomat and Minister of State.

## Life
Van Lennep was born in Amsterdam on 20 January 1915, as a son of Louis Henri van Lennep and Catharina Hildegonda Enschede. He studied law from 1932 to 1937 at the Municipal University of Amsterdam.
 
From 1951 to 1969 he was the highest official of the Dutch Ministry of Finance. From 1969 to 1984 he was secretary general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In the seventies he was named several times to be a candidate for a post in the government of the Netherlands, but he did not want to be a politician. After his career at the OECD he was appointed to be Minister of State from 1986 until his death in 1996. Van Lennep died on October 2, 1996, when he was 81 years old.

## References 
*Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland 6, biography
National Geographic Bee

The **National Geographic GeoBee** (called the **National Geography Bee** from 1989 to 2000 and the **National Geographic Bee** from 2001 to 2018, also referred to as the **Nat Geo Bee**) is an annual geography contest sponsored by the National Geographic Society. It takes place every year in the United States.

## References
## Other websites
* National Geographic Bee Official Website
Science Daily

***Science Dahttps://www.sciencedaily.com/ily*** is a news website. It publishes articles about new science and technology discoveries.

## Other websites
* https://www.sciencedaily.com
Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center

The **Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center** () is an Exhibition Center and Museum on People's Square in Shanghai, China. It is dedicated to the history of the architecture and urban planning of Shanghai. The center also introduced exhibitions in Expo 2010.

## Gallery 

File:Shanghai cityplan1.JPG|
|
File:Donghai Bridge model 3.JPG|

## Other websites 
* Official website
Billy Wara

**Billy Wara** (c. 1920 &ndash; November 2008) was an Australian Aboriginal craftsman who made wooden sculptures. He is best known for his sculptures of goannas, made from wood that is native to the central Australian desert. His sculptures were carved by hand and decorated by burning patterns into the wood. He also crafted traditional hunting tools, such as spears and spear-throwers.

## Life
Wara was born at Aṟan, in the south-west of the Northern Territory. He and his family were Pitjantjatjara. They lived a traditional nomadic way of life in the bush until Wara was a young man. The first "whitefella" he ever saw was Harold Lasseter, a gold prospector whose story later became an Australian legend. Wara was about 12 years old at the time, and thought Lasseter was a ghost. A portrait of him giving figs to Lasseter features in Winifred Hilliard's book *The People In Between* (1968).

When he was a young man, Wara and his family settled at Ernabella, a Presbyterian mission at the time. He worked building fences, digging wells, and as a shepherd and sheep shearer. Later, he served as an advisor for the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park on environmental and cultural issues. He began carving wooden sculptures shortly after Maṟuku Arts and Crafts opened in 1984. He originally made his sculptures at Muṯitjulu, in the national park. He later set up an outstation at Umutju, further south, so that he could work closer to his homelands.

## Artwork
Although he crafted other things, Wara was best known for his wooden sculptures ('''' in Pitjantjatjara). He carved them by hand and burned designs into them with a hot wire stick (this is called pyrography). His sculptures are of the perentie lizard, a type of goanna from central Australia which is also Wara's totem.

His depictions of the perentie are taken from his , a set of beliefs about his spiritual ancestor, the  and their activities which shaped the land and its people during the Dreamtime. The  forms his family's sacred law, and the law associated with Wara's place of birth, Aṟan. Most of the knowledge of  is restricted to its senior custodians. Wara tells that  fled from the east with a stolen grindstone hidden in his tail. The men chasing after him caught up with him at Aṟan and searched his stomach for the stone, but could not find it.

Wara's work has been shown in several exhibitions, both in Australia and other countries. His sculptures are held in the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia. It is also part of the National Museum of Ethnology in Japan, and the Kelton Foundation in the United States.

## References
Shchusev State Museum of Architecture

The **Shchusev State Museum of Architecture** is a museum in Moscow, Russia. The museum is dedicated to architecture and urban planning in Russia. It is the largest architecture museum in Russia. It includes an archive, library, and study center. The museum was opened in 1934. It is named for Soviet architect Alexey Shchusev.

## Gallery 

File:1867 Moscow BW big 11.jpg|photo of moscow in 1867
File:Colosseum model01.jpg|model of the Colosseum in Rome
File:Red Gate - model.jpg|model of the Red Gate in moscow
File:Model tsarskoe selo.jpg|model of tsarskoe selo palace

## Other websites 
* Shchusev State Museum of Architecture
Kiyoshi Muranaga

**Kiyoshi K. Muranaga** (February 16, 1922-June 26, 1944)  was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life 
Muranaga was born in California to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a *Nisei*, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

He was interned with his family at the Granada War Relocation Center in Colorado.

## Soldier
Muranaga joined the US Army in May 1943.

Muranaga volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.
  Muranaga was killed on the first day of action for the 442nd in Italy.

For his actions in June 1944, Muranaga was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Muranaga's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.  Without help from others, he engaged an artillery gun using a mortar.

## Medal of Honor citation
Muranaga's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1944.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
* Posthumous recognition

## References 
## Other websites
* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
*
Cable cars in Haifa

Cable cars in Haifa go from Mount Carmel to the Mediterranean coast. In 2007, the City Hall of Haifa decided to extend the line to the University of Haifa and open a new cable car line named Rakavlit from Mount Carmel to Haifa Bay. The new projects involved building a new central bus station and new bus routes across the city. The Rakavlit cable car line, opened on 8 March 2022, running  from sea level up to an altitude of , with four intermediate stops.

## Related pages
* Carmelit

## Other websites 
* Urbanrail - Haifa Cable Cars (in English)
* Haifa Bay – Technion – University cable car  at Yefeh Nof (in Hebrew)
Elisabeth Murdoch

**Dame Elisabeth Joy Murdoch** (née Elisabeth Joy Greene, 8 February 1909 &ndash; 5 December 2012) was an Australian philanthropist. She was the widow of Keith Murdoch and the mother of Rupert Murdoch. 

She became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963 for her charity work in Australia and overseas.

Murdoch was born on 8 February 1909 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She studied at St Catherine's School and at the Clyde School. 

Murdoch was married to Keith Murdoch from 1928 until his death in 1952. They had four children, the eldest of whom died before her. Murdoch died on 5 December 2012 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from natural causes, aged 103.   

## References
## Other websites
*Biography in the Australian Women's Register
**Enough Rope* interview in June 2008
*Ancestry of Rupert Murdoch
Frank O. Salisbury

**Francis ("Frank") Owen Salisbury** (18 December 1874 – 31 August 1962) was an English artist painter and designer of stained glass.

## Life 
as a son of a plumber and glazier. He learned the art of stained glass in the workshop of his brother in St Albans.

A visit to the London Drawing Academy woke up his interest for painting. He won a scholarship when he was 18 years old and so he was able to study at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1892 to 1897. In between he went on a scholarship to Italy where he was impressed by the fresco's of the Renaissance. This trip shaped his taste for pageant scenes.

On the Royal Academy he won several medals. He also returned there several times with expositions.

Salisbury made many murals in buildings, especially in London. He also painted many religious works and illustrations of historical events. He was well known for his portraits, especially of famous people like five British prime ministers, five American presidents and several others like Benito Mussolini when he visited Italy in 1934. His portraits were painted in a traditional style.

Salisbury died on August 31, 1962, in Hampstead, London, when he was 87 years old.

## Paintings of Salisbury 
## Bibliography 
*1944: *Portrait and Pageant: The Art of Frank O. Salisbury*, memoirs
*1953: *Sarum Chase*

## Literature 
*Barber, Benjamin Aquila (1936) *The Art of Frank O. Salisbury*, F. Lewis
*Christie, Manson & Woods (1985) *The Studio of Frank O. Salisbury: (1874 - 1962); the Property of the British Council of Churches*
*McMurray, Nigel (2003) *Frank O. Salisbury: Painter Laureate*, 

## References 
*A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art (Oxford University Press), biography
*University of Manchester, *Frank O. Salisbury Papers* 

## Other websites 
*Bridgeman Art Library, overview of his work
Christ's College, Cambridge

'''Christ's College'* is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1347 with the name *God House''. Then in 1505 Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, gave some money to make the college much bigger. She also changed the name to Christ's College. 

Christ's College has about 600 students. It has a tradition to do very well in the exams: it was the best college in the 20 years period from 1980 to 2000.

Some very famous people have studied here, for example Charles Darwin and John Milton.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Statler and Waldorf

**Statler and Waldorf** are a pair of Muppet characters. They are two grumpy old men who fight and laugh at mean things on their balcony. They both appeared in all *The Muppet Show* episodes except for one in which Statler did not appear because he was sick, so Waldorf appeared with his wife who looks like Statler in a dress. Statler and Waldorf are named after two important hotels in New York (the Waldorf-Astoria and the Statler Hilton). They are mostly known for appearing as Marley and Marley in *The Muppet Christmas Carol*. 

Statler wears a black suit. Waldorf has a mustache and wears a brown suit. Statler was originally performed by Richard Hunt and Adam Hunt. Waldorf was originally performed by Jim Henson and is now performed by Steve Whitmire and Matt Vogel. 

The puppets were designed by Bonnie Erickson. They were named after two famous New York City hotels, the Statler Hilton and the Waldorf-Astoria.

## References
## Other websites
*
The Muppet Christmas Carol

***The Muppet Christmas Carol*** is a 1992 American musical-comedy movie based on Charles Dickens' *A Christmas Carol*. This was the first movie made after Jim Henson died.

The musical movie features the Muppets and Michael Caine as Ebenezer Scrooge. The songs were written by Paul Williams. Kermit the Frog starred as Bob Cratchit, Miss Piggy as Mrs. Cratchit, Gonzo the Great as Charles Dickens, Fozzie Bear as Fozziwig, Rizzo the Rat as himself, and Statler and Waldorf as Robert Marley and Jacob Marley.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nurjol Boulevard

**Nurzhol Boulevard** (, formerly known as *сулы-нулы бульвар* Green Water Boulevard) is the national boulevard of Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. The boulevard is a pedestrian area. It is in the new business and administrative centre of Nur-Sultan. It runs from the President's residence Ak Orda to the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre. The Bayterek is in Nurzhol boulevard.  It is one of Nur-Sultans best-known buildings. 

## Other websites 
* Water Green Boulevard in Flickr site.
Earl Scruggs

**Earl Eugene Scruggs** (January 6, 1924 &ndash; March 28, 2012) was an American musician. He was known for playing a banjo in bluegrass. Playing the banjo in bluegrass is now known as "Scruggs Style". He is known for his songs such as *Dueling Banjos*, *Foggy Mountain Breakdown*, ''Earl's Breakdown*, *The Swimming Song*, and in *Fireball Mail''. He won four Grammy Awards.

Scruggs was born on January 6, 1924 in Flint Hill, North Carolina. He was raised in Shelby, North Carolina. Scruggs was married to Louise Certain from 1948 until her death in 2006. They had two sons. Scruggs died on March 28, 2012 in Nashville, Tennessee from natural causes, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
* 
* Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com  Interview with www.CountryMusicPride.com
* at the Country Music Hall of Fame
The McGuire Sisters

**The McGuire Sisters** were a group of three American girls originally from Ohio: **Christine**, **Dorothy** and **Phyllis McGuire**. This trio began around 1952 and went on until 1968, during which time the group had many popular hit songs, *Sincerely* and *Sugartime*, the earlier of which was in 1954 and the latter during 1958. The group were sometimes compared to the Andrews Sisters due to their sometimes similar singing style and behavior.

The group was composed of three sisters: 

***Ruby Christine McGuire** (July 30, 1926 – December 28, 2018)
***Dorothy "Dottie" McGuire** (February 13, 1928 – September 7, 2012)
***Phyllis McGuire** (February 14, 1931 &ndash; December 30, 2020)

## References
Hasmonean dynasty

The **Hasmonean dynasty** was a family that led the Hasmoneans led the Maccabean Revolt and transformed Judah from a Seleucid possession that was becoming more Greek-like into an independent, Jewish nation-state. The Hasmoneans expanded Judah through conquest.

## History 
After the Salome Alexandra's death in 67 B.C., Salome's sons Hyrcanus II, who was backed by Antipater (the father of Herod the Great), and Aristobulus II fought for control of the Judah. The Roman Pompey entered the conflict on Hyrcanus' side. Aristobulus surrendered to the Romans and was sent to Rome, where he was later executed.

In 40 B.C., the Parthian Empire and Aristobulus' son Antigonus II invaded Judah and captured Hyrcanus. The Romans then proclaimed Antipater's son Herod king of Judea. The Romans defeated the Parthians and captured and killed Antigonus, the last ruler of the Hasmonean dynasty. The Hasmonean leaders often fought among themselves for power. They also combined religious and political power, with some rulers serving as kings and high priests.
Jenni Rivera

**Jenni Rivera** (**Jenni Dolores Rivera Saavedra)**, July 12, 1969 – December 9, 2012) was an Mexican-American singer who is known for her Spanish albums such as *La Gran Señora*, *Jenni*, *Parrandera*, *Rebelde Y Atrevida*, *Joyas Prestadas* She was nominated for four Latin Grammys.

## Early life 
Rivera was born on July 2, 1969, in Long Beach, California Her parents were Mexican immigrants. She was raised in Long Beach California. 

Rivera married José Trinidad Marín from 1984 until they divorced in 1992. After this, she married Juan López from 1997 until 2003. Finally, she married Esteban Loaiza in 2010 and they separated in 2012. They filed for divorce, but the divorce was not finalized due to her death. Rivera had three children with Marín and had two children with López.

On December 9, 2012, a plane that Rivera was flying in lost contact to air traffic control off the coast of Monterrey, Mexico. Mexican authorities confirmed that Rivera and four other people that were on the plane were dead.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Jenni Rivera page (Universal Music Latin Entertainment) 
*
Clare College, Cambridge

**Clare College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It opened in 1326, so it is the second oldest. Its first name was **University Hall** but it was changed to **Clare Hall** in 1338. This was because Elizabeth de Clare, granddaughter of Edward I, gave money to the college. In 1856 it changed name again to its current one.

The college building is next to King's College. It goes across the river Cam with a famous bridge which has fourteen spherical stones on it. One of the stones is missing a bit: there are many legends used to explain this fact. The bridge is the oldest on the river. Across the bridge there is a big and beautiful garden, which is usually only open to the Fellows (university teachers).

Very important people have studied here, like David Attenborough, Andrew Wiles, Charles Cornwallis and Thomas Pelham-Holles.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Churchill College, Cambridge

**Churchill College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. In 1958 a group of people was formed to get money to build a new college. This group had Winston Churchill as leader, so the college was named after him. It opened in 1960. Churchill College has more than 700 students, one of the biggest. Many of them study a science subject.

Churchill College was the first college in Cambridge to allow female students. This happened in 1972. 

## Other websites 
*Official website
Rizzo the Rat

**Rizzo the Rat** is a Muppet, who was voiced by Steve Whitmire. He was first in *The Muppet Show*. He is known for being in a double act with Gonzo the Great. Rizzo is a rat with a New Jersey accent. 

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Greedy algorithm

. These are the steps a human would take to emulate a greedy algorithm to represent 36 cents using only coins with values {1, 5, 10, 20}. The coin of the highest value, less than the remaining change owed, is the local optimum. Note that in general,  dynamic programming or linear programming is required to find the optimal solution. However, most currency systems, including the Euro (pictured) and US Dollar, are special cases where the greedy strategy also finds an optimal solution.]]
A **greedy algorithm** is an algorithm used in solving optimization problems. Greedy algorithms select the best result at each iteration. The global optimum is obtained by repeatedly selecting the local optimum.

## Examples
*Kruskal's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
*Prim's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
*Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path in a graph with non-negative edge lengths.

There are some problems where greedy algorithms do not produce the best possible solution. In such cases, they often produce the worst possible one. Again look at the coin-changing example above, and imagine that there are coins for 25 cent, 10 cent and 4 cent. Now imagine that the sum of 41 cent needs to be changed. A greedy algorithm would pick 25 cent, 10 cent, and 4 cent, for a total of 39 cent. The algorithm is then stuck, because the remaining 2 cent cannot be changed. One possible way of solving the is to use the 25 cent coin, and four coins of 4 cent.
Zen at War

***Zen at War*** is a 1997 book by Brian Daizen Victoria. It reveals the close involvement of Zen Buddhist teachers with Japanese militarism from the Meiji period until WWII.

## Related pages
*State Shinto
*Nanking Massacre
Sunda clouded leopard

The **Sunda clouded leopard** (*Neofelis diardi*), or Bornean clouded leopard, is found on Sumatra and Borneo. It is a genetically distinct species, related to the Clouded leopard. It has now been filmed.

The Sunda clouded leopard is the largest cat in Borneo,  weighing around 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb). The canine teeth are two inches long, which, in proportion, are longer than other living felines. Its tail, which may be as long as its body, helps it balance when running and jumping.

In Borneo, they occur in lowland rainforest. In Sumatra, they appear to live more in hilly, montane areas. It is not known if there are still Sunda clouded leopards on the small Batu islands close to Sumatra.
* *Neofelis nebulosa* from mainland Asia and
* *Neofelis diardi* from Borneo and Sumatra
The Sunda clouded leopard in each island is different enough to be a separate subspecies.

## References
Dynamic programming

**Dynamic programming**  is a method of solving problems, which is used in computer science, mathematics and economics. Using this method, a complex problem is split into simpler problems, which are then solved. At the end, the solutions of the simpler problems are used to find the solution of the original complex problem. 

Dynamic programming can be used in cases where it is possible to split a problem into smaller problems, which are all quite similar. 

Richard Bellman, a US mathematician, first used the term in the 1940s when he wanted to solve problems in the field of Control theory. He also stated what is now known as '''Bellman's Principle of Optimality''':

## References
*R.Bellman,On the Theory of Dynamic Programming,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1952 August; 38(8): 716–719. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063639/
Karjala

**Karjala** is Finnish brand of beer. Sortavalan Panimo made the beer from 1932 to 1944. In 1948, it started to be made again. It is most popular in Finland.

## Products 
* Karjala I (2,7%)
* Karjala III (4,6 %)
* Karjala IVA (Export) (5,2 %)
* Karjala IVB (8,0 %)
* Karjala Terva (4,6%)

## Other websites 
* Hartwall's official webcite
Infrasound

, Greenland.]]
**Infrasound** is a type of sound with a frequency lower than humans can hear. This frequency is lower than 20 hertz. When the frequency is lower but the volume is loud enough, humans can feel the vibrations but cannot hear the infrasound. Younger people have the ability to hear lower and higher frequencies. Some animals including whales and elephants can communicate long distances by infrasound.

## Related pages
*Ultrasound
American Independent Party

The **American Independent Party** is a political party in the United States that was established in California in 1967 by Bill and Eileen Shearer. It gained significant attention during the 1968 US Presidential Election when it nominated George Wallace, the then-governor of Alabama, as its candidate. 

The party is known for giving support to independent candidates, most recently, in 2024, nominating Robert F. Kennedy Jr. for the California presidential ballot.

## Background information
The party's support base initially included individuals from the Democratic Party (United States) who were opposed to the desegregation policies prevalent at the time, and it achieved notable electoral success in some Southern states.

Over time, the party became closer to the conservative movement and it renounced policy against racial equality. Today, the party still exists but many of its original members have left: most of the earlier members returned to the Democratic Party after the 1969 election and its later members have moved to the Constitution Party. 

In 1967, the AIP was founded by Bill Shearer and his wife, Eileen Knowland Shearer. It nominated George C. Wallace (Democrat) as its presidential candidate and retired U.S. Air Force General Curtis E. LeMay as the vice-presidential candidate. Wallace ran on every state ballot in the election, though he did not represent the American Independent Party in all fifty states: in Connecticut, for instance, he was listed on the ballot as the nominee of the "George Wallace Party." The Wallace/LeMay ticket received 13.5 percent of the popular vote and 46 electoral votes from the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama. No third-party candidate has won more than one electoral vote since the 1968 election.

## Presidential tickets
## References
Gorgias (Plato)

***Gorgias*** is a book of dialogue by Plato, written about the nature of  rhetoric, virtue and justice.

## Persons 
The book is created by dialogues among persons as follow;
*Socrates
*Chaerephon, a friend of Socrates
*Gorgias, a sophist
*Polus, a student of Gorgias
*Callicles, a sophist

## Synopsis 
In the preliminary discussion, Socrates and Gorgias agree that "persuasion is the chief end (goal) of rhetoric".

Socrates gets Gorgias to agree that there is a difference between belief and knowledge. A belief can be true or false, but there is no such thing as false knowledge (the word implies its correctness). The critical point in the dialogue is now reached:

*Socrates*: Shall we then assume two sorts of persuasion, one which is the source of belief without knowledge, as the other is of knowledge?

*Gorgias*: By all means.

*Socrates*: And which sort of persuasion does rhetoric create in courts of law and other assemblies... the sort of persuasion which gives belief without knowledge, or that which gives knowledge?

*Gorgias*: Clearly, Socrates, that which only gives belief.

*Socrates*: Then rhetoric, as would appear, is the artificer of a persuasion which creates belief about the just and unjust, but gives no instruction about them?

A bit later, the dialogue changes direction:

*Polus*: I will ask; and do you answer me, Socrates, the same question which Gorgias, as you suppose, is unable to answer: What is rhetoric?

*Socrates*: I should say a sort of experience.

*Socrates*: An experience in producing a sort of delight and gratification, Polus.

*Polus*: Then are cookery and rhetoric the same?

*Socrates*: No, they are only different parts of the same profession.

The dialogue continues. Socrates drives it towards a contrast between true knowledge produced by the art of philosophy, and the practical tricks of rhetoric. Rhetoric is pleasing and effective, but not an art, and  is closer to .   

Socrates says that virtue is more important than rhetoric. Rhetoric should depend on philosophy. Philosophy is an art, but rhetoric is just a skill.

So what started as an academic discussion ends as a very direct attack on the way law and politics were done in Athens.

## Related pages
*Gorgias
*Sophist
1968 United States presidential election

The **1968 United States presidential election** happened on November 5, 1968. Richard Nixon, the Republican candidate and former vice president of the United States, won the election. He defeated the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey, the Incumbent Vice President and a Democrat, and George Wallace, the Governor of Alabama, who ran as a member of the American Independent Party

Incumbent United States President Lyndon B. Johnson was able to run, but decided against it. On March 31, 1968, Johnson withdrew his nomination and he said, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President". 

The incumbent Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, brother of former United States President John F. Kennedy was a serious presidential candidate before his assassination on June 5, 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles after winning the California and South Dakota primaries for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States.

Richard Nixon won the election by 301 electoral votes. Hubert Humphrey got 191 electoral votes. George Wallace received 46 electoral votes and a faithless elector in North Carolina voted Wallace and running mate Curtis LeMay.

Humphrey did not win the south because he was very liberal and favored civil rights. The only southern state he won was Texas (which he won narrowly).

## Candidates
### Republican Party
*Republican candidates:
**Richard Nixon, former Vice President (1953-1961) and 1960 presidential nominee from New York*(Nominee)*
** Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York and candidate for the 1960 and 1964 nominations
** Ronald Reagan, Governor of California
** George Romney, Governor of Michigan and candidate 1964 nomination:: **Romney was also the father of Gov. Mitt Romney, who ran for president in 2012**
** Harold Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota and candidate for the 1948, 1952 and 1964 nominations
#### Candidates gallery

File:RichardNixon.png|Former Vice President **Richard Nixon** of New York
File:Ronald Reagan 1969.jpg|Governor **Ronald Reagan** of California
File:NelsonRockefeller.png|Governor **Nelson Rockefeller** of New York
File:George W. Romney official portrait.jpg|Governor **George Romney** of Michigan
File:Harold Stassen.jpg|Former Governor **Harold Stassen** of Minnesota

### Democratic Party
*Democratic candidates:
**Hubert Humphrey, U.S. vice president from Minnesota (1965-1969) *(Nominee)*
**Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. senator from New York, brother of former President John F. Kennedy, and former Attorney General (assassinated)
**Eugene McCarthy, U.S. senator from Minnesota
**George McGovern, U.S. senator from South Dakota
#### Candidates gallery

Image:Hubert Humphrey crop.jpg|Vice President **Hubert Humphrey** of Minnesota
Image:Robert F Kennedy crop.jpg|Senator **Robert F. Kennedy** of New York
Image:EugeneMcCarthy.jpg|Senator **Eugene McCarthy** of Minnesota
Image:GeorgeStanleyMcGovern.png|Senator **George McGovern** of South Dakota
of Texas

## American Independent Party nomination
## References 
## Other websites
* 1968 Presidential General Election Results
Maeshowe

**Maeshowe**, also known as **Orkhaugr**, a burial mound in Orkney, Scotland, with underground passage graves. It was built during the Neolithic period, about 3000 years ago. It has been included in the World Heritage Site, Heart of Neolithic Orkney.

The mound used to be taller, with a depression in the top, looking like a small volcano. It measured 11 meters in height and had a diameter of 30 meters. This was changed in 1861 when the mound was dug into by archaeologist James Farrer.

It was built on a raised level area and  by a ditch and a raised bank. It may have been built on top of an earlier structure. Research shows that the ditch used to be filled with water, and there was a large stone circle around the mound. The grave itself is a long narrow entrance opening into a large chamber. There are three smaller rooms which open into the main chamber. It has been built to line up with the sun at the Winter Solstice.

Maeshowe had been dug up in the 12th century by the Vikings. It has many Norse carvings on the rocks.

## References
Darwin College, Cambridge

**Darwin College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1964, and it was the first college to have both men and women as students. The college has about 650 students: they are all postgraduate since Darwin does not allow undergraduates. The name comes from the famous scientist Charles Darwin and his family.

Some very famous people have studied here, like Elizabeth Blackburn. She won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in medicine.

It is on the bank of River Cam opposite to Queens' College.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Downing College, Cambridge

**Downing College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1800 and has around 650 students.

The name comes from Sir George Downing, who left money and land in his will to build a college when he died in 1749. However, not everyone in the family agreed with this. So, for many years until 1800 there were fights in courts until the judges decided that the will should be followed.

Some very famous people have studied at Downing College, like Quentin Blake, John Cleese and Thandie Newton.

## Further reading 
Rawle, Tim, *A Classical Adventure: The Architectural History of Downing College, Cambridge*, Cantabrigia, Oxbridge Portfolio, 2015, 

## Other websites 
*Official website
Masato Nakae

**Masato Nakae** (December 20, 1917-September 4, 1998) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life 
Nakae was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a *Nisei*, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Nakae volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in August 1944, Nakae was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Nakae's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation
Nakae's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1944.

The words of Nakae's citation explain:

Private Masato Nakae distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on August 19, 1944, near Pisa, Italy. When his submachine gun was damaged by a shell fragment during a fierce attack by a superior enemy force, Private Nakae quickly picked up his wounded comrade’s M-1 rifle and fired rifle grenades at the steadily advancing enemy. As the hostile force continued to close in on his position, Private Nakae threw six grenades and forced them to withdraw. During a concentrated enemy mortar barrage that preceded the next assault by the enemy force, a mortar shell fragment seriously wounded Private Nakae. Despite his injury, he refused to surrender his position and continued firing at the advancing enemy. By inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy force, he finally succeeded in breaking up the attack and caused the enemy to withdraw. Private Nakae’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
* List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
* Posthumous recognition

## References 
## Other websites
* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
*
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge

**Corpus Christi College** (full name:**The College of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary**) is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1352 and is special because it was created by local people living in Cambridge, not by royals or nobles as most of the other colleges. It is one of the smallest colleges with about 450 students.

Corpus Christi College has the oldest court in Europe, Old Court, finished in 1356. The New Court, that also has the chapel (small church), was built in 1827. On the corner of the student's library there is the Corpus Clock, a clock made of gold which has a very complicated mechanism. The clock is visible on the main street of Cambridge, King's Parade. The college has another library, the *Parker library*, that has very old and precious books.

Some very famous people have studied here, like Thomas Cavendish.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
4th century BC

The **4th century BC** started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC.

## People
* Praxiteles
* Alexander the Great

## Births
Theophrastus

**Theophrastus** (; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school.

He came to Athens at a young age and studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death, he attached himself to Aristotle. Aristotle left his writings to Theophrastus, and named Theophrastus the new leader of the Lyceum.

Theophrastus led the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years, during which time the school was very successful. He is often considered the "father of botany" for his works on plants. After his death, the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral. His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus.
Ipse dixit

***Ipse dixit*** is a Latin phrase that means "He, himself, said it".

In logic, *ipse dixit* is known as the **bare assertion fallacy**. One form of the fallacy may be summarized as follows:

:* Fact 1: X claims statement A.
:* Fact 2: X claims that X is not lying.
:* Conclusion: Therefore, A is true or false or whatever X claims it is.

## History
In the *De natura deorum* (*On the Nature of the Gods*), the Roman writer Cicero (106–43 BC) made the word *ipse dixit* as an error in law. Cicero was describing the students of Pythagoras.

Jeremy Bentham changed the term *ipse-dixit* into the word *ipse-dixitism*. He created this term to apply to political arguments.

## Examples

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"When *I* use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less."
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"The question is," said Alice, "whether you *can* make words mean so many different things."
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that's all."

## Issues
A bare assertion denies that an issue is debatable. In other words, that is just the way it is. In *Alice in Wonderland*, the problem of *ipse dixit* is explained by example.

The most basic way to distort an issue is to deny that it exists. *Ipse dixit* is used to identify and describe a dogmatic statement which the speaker expects the listener to accept as valid. *Ipse dixit* is a sort of arbitrary dogmatism. The only proof we have of the fact is that this person said it.

The theory of *ipse dixit* involves that an unproven statement that the speaker claims is true because it was uttered by "an authority" on the subject. The opinion may carry some weight based solely on the authority or standing of the person said it.

## Applications
### United States
*Ipse dixit* is made specific in American law. For example, in a 1997 case, the US Supreme Court  the problem of "opinion evidence which is connected to existing data only by the *ipse dixit* of an expert".

## Related pages
* Truthiness
* False dilemma
* Intensity of preference

## References
Commodores

The **Commodores** are an American funk and soul music group. They were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The band was formed in 1968 in Tuskegee, Alabama. They are signed with Motown. Their hit songs include *Three Times a Lady*, *Easy* and *Brick House*. During the early times, Lionel Richie sang with the Commodores.
Cops (TV series)

***Cops*** is an American documentary-styled television reality series which follows police officers, constables and deputies during patrols and other activities which began in March 11, 1989 and has been aired in many countries. The show is broadcasted through Fox and has been shown in over 100 cities in the United States. Every episode is about twenty two minutes long. The show was cancelled due to the George Floyd protests. It was later released again on Fox Nation. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
Hydrophone

Hydrophone is a microphone which is used to measure sound under water. It uses an echolocation system. You would use a hydrophone if you wanted to examine the sound of  fish or maybe if you wanted to listen to find out if there is any sea creature in this part of the ocean. Using several hydrophones make the sound better by making it louder and making it able to reach further distances it is even possible to listen in a specific direction.  

The first hydrophone was used by Reginald Fessenden, a Canadian inventor in 1914.
Narva

**Narva** is the third biggest city in Estonia. Around 64,000 people were living in Narva as of January 2011. Danish people established Narva in 1223.

## Other webcites
* Narvan kaupunki
Rochester, Kent

**Rochester** is a town in Medway, North Kent. It is famous for Rochester Cathedral.

It also has a railway station called Rochester railway station.

## Education
Rochester has a few secondary schools and grammar schools, these are; The Thomas Aveling School, Rochester Grammar School and Sir Joseph Williamson's Mathematical School.
8th century BC

The **8th century BC** started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC.

## Important people 
* Homer
Karhu

**Karhu** (in english "The Bear") is Finnish brand of beer. It is the most popular beer in Finland. Its history begins in 1920, in Pori. Production of Karhu stopped in the early 1930s, but continued again from 1958.

## Products 
*Karhu III (4,6 %), launched 1961
*Karhu A (5,4 %)
*Tosi Vahva Karhu (Very Strong Bear) (8%), launched 1999
*Karhu III, 1 litran tölkki (4,6 %)
*Karhu Tumma (Dark Bear) I ( 2.8%)
*Karhu Ruis ( 4.6% / 6,0%)

## Other websites 
*website
Kruskal's algorithm

'''Kruskal's algorithm''' is a greedy algorithm to find a minimum spanning tree in a weighted, undirected graph. Joseph Kruskal first described it in 1956:

In this case, the shortest edge is the one with the lowest weight.

## Example 
Download the example data. 

## References