open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
HMS Supply (1759)

'*HMS *Supply'''* was a small ship, an armed tender which sailed with the First Fleet. She was intended to be a support ship for HMS *Sirius* (1786). The First Fleet carried the convicts and soldiers to Australia to start a penal colony. The ships left England in May 1787 and arrived in Australia in January 1788. This was the start of European settlement of Australia. *Supply* was commanded by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball.

*Supply* was a brig rigged sloop of 170 tons. A sloop is a small ship with a single gun deck. A brig rig means the ship had two masts and carried square sails. She had eight small three pounder guns and carried 50 men. 

## A supply ship
The Royal Navy had difficulty in finding a suitable ship. Several were checked but were not seen as suitable for the long journey to Australia. A French storeship, the *Eclipse*, had been damaged when it ran ashore. An American ship, the *Rattlesnake* was not of suitable quality. The Navy purchased the British-made *Grantham*, a packet boat, used for the quick transport of mail. When it was partly taken apart for repairs, the Navy decided it needed so much work, that it would cost too much to repair or rebuild it. They then selected the *HM Supply*, a small Royal Navy ship based in Portsmouth, which was used to move naval stores around to the different naval yards.

After the setting up of the penal colony at Port Jackson, HMS *Supply* made ten trips to Norfolk Island. When HMS *Sirius* was wrecked in 1790, the *Supply'' was the new settlement's only ship. In April 1790 she made a trip to Batavia to get more food. She left for England in November 1791 and reached Plymouth on April 21 1792. She was sold at auction in July 1792. Renamed the *Thomas and Nancy* she carried coal on the Thames until 1806.

## References
## Other websites
* A list of the crew of HMS *Supply* in 1788 
* 32 photos of a model of HMS *Supply*
Burn Gorman

**Burn Gorman** (born 1 September 1974) is a British actor and musician. He is best known for his roles as William Guppy in *Bleak House*, as Owen Harper in *Torchwood* and as Phillip Stryver in *The Dark Knight Rises*.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Software release

When a piece of **software is released** it has usually gone through different steps in its development. Software that was released, can  be purchased, downloaded, or, generally used by customers. Usually these steps are:
**First Software development*, *Pre-alpha*: The software is  developed, and tested by the people who develop it.
**Alpha version*: Usually the first version that can be tested by people outside the development team; Most of the functionality of the software is there; features may not be in this version.  This version usually has many bugs.
**Beta version*: This version is released to a number of testers (*the public*). It is generally usable, as a prototype. It is not quite ready for public release, but is ready for testing. Beta testers find remaining bugs. They learn to use the new features, and can discuss problems and suggest improvements before full release.
**Release candidate*: This software is ready to be released; usually only very serious bugs stop the release of the product.
Hurricane Fico

**Hurricane Fico** of the 1978 Pacific hurricane season was a tropical cyclone that caused damage in Hawaii.

## Storm history
A tropical depression formed on July 7 and organized into the sixth tropical storm of the season the next day. Initially heading west-northwest, it changed direction to almost due west shortly after reaching Category 4 intensity on July 11. After spending over a day at that intensity, Fico decayed and fell back down to a mid-range Category 1 on July 14. Fico then reintensified back to Category 4 strength the next day.

The hurricane's strength fluctuated, but Fico stayed a major hurricane until July 17, when it entered the central Pacific as a Category 1. It slowly intensified and became a major hurricane yet again on the 21st. At this point, Fico turned to the northwest and slowly lost strength. The storm dropped to a tropical storm early on July 28, and went extratropical later that day. At a later date, the remnants were enmeshed in a frontal system which headed towards the Aleutian Islands.

Fico was a tropical cyclone for 20 days, and travelled a distance of roughly 5500&nbsp;mi (9000&nbsp;km), both of which were records. It was also a hurricane for 17 consecutive days. Both of Fico's records have been broken. Hurricane Tina and then Hurricane John outlasted Fico. John also outran its distance record.

## Impact
Fico never made landfall. Despite this, it pounded the Big Island with 15-30 foot waves doing "considerable damage" http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1978.php#Fico to roads and buildings along the coast. Smaller waves also broke on the southern shores of Maui with minimal effects. Six people aboard a sloop were washed overboard and rescued, while a tugboat was driven aground on a reef at Kukuiula. A weakening Fico also caused a sharp wind gradient, producing gusty gale-force winds that blew across the islands, knocking over trees and causing power outages. Fico's extratropical remnants caused heavy rains and gales south of Cold Bay in the Aleutians.

The name Fico was retired after this storm and replaced with **Fabio** in the 1982 season.

## Other websites
*CPHC Report
*Unisys Storm Track
Naresuan University

**Naresuan University** is a university in Phitsanulok, Thailand.

## Symbols
NU stands for Naresuan University. The first symbol of this university is the statue of King Naresuan the great. The second is the King Naresuan’s elephant.
The school flower is Lagerstroemia loudonii Binn. The school colors are gray and orange. Gray means the color of wisdom. Orange means the color of braveness and goodness.

## Vision
Naresuan University is the sources of acknowledgement and we support pupils to be the good people in Thai society.

## Philosophy
Naresuan University’s ideology is to make pupils have educations, goodnesses and ethical behaviors to live with other people in society happily.

## Determination
The determinations of Naresuan University are not only to be the head of academy in south north region which developing the pupils to be the good pundit and can live happily with the other people in society, but also reduce the environment.

## Other websites
* Naresuan University Homepage
Bayinnaung

**Bayinnaung Kyawhtin Nawrahta** (Burmese: ဘုရင့်နောင် ကျော်ထင်နော်ရထာ, ; 16 January 1516 – 9 November 1581) was the third king of the Toungoo dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). He was king for 30 years. This time has been called the "greatest explosion of human energy ever seen in Burma". As king, Bayinnaung created the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. This empire included much of Burma, Manipur, Chinese Shan States (southern Yunnan), Lan Na (northern Thailand), Siam (central and southern Thailand) and Lan Xang (Laos and northeastern Thailand).

Bayinnaung's made the Shan States part of the Burmese kingdoms. This removed the threat of Shan raids into Upper Burma. This had been a concern to Upper Burma since the late 13th century. The kink took control of the Shan States in 1557. He put in an administrative system that took away much of the power of the Shan saophas (chiefs). The also made changes to some of their customs to make them similar to other customs in the kingdoms. His policy for dealing with the Shan was used by all Burmese kings until the kingdom was taken control of by the British in 1885.

He could not use this policy everywhere in his very large empire. His empire was a group of former sovereign kingdoms. The kings of each of the kingdoms were loyal to him. He was the Cakravartin (Universal Ruler). They were not loyal to the kingdom itself. Siam left the kingdom three years after of his death in 1584. By 1599, all the sub-kingdoms had left. Bayinnaung's empire had ended.

He is thought to be one of the three best Burmese kings. The other two are Anawrahta and Alaungpaya. Many well known places in modern Myanmar are named after him. He is also well known in Thailand because of a popular song and book. Both are called "Phu Chana Sip Thit". The name means "the Conqueror of Ten Directions."

## References
Siam Paragon

**Siam Paragon** is a shopping mall in Bangkok, the largest in Thailand. It opened on 9 December 2005. The mall is in the district of Pathumwan. It covers in an area of . More than 4000 cars can park in its parking lot. Siam Paragon is the first place in Thailand that have 26 glass elevators. 

In addition to the stores in the mall, there are many other special locations. The mall has a multiplex movie theater. It has 15 large theaters One of the theaters has the largest screen in Asia. Also, more people can sit in that theater than any other Asian theater. Siam Ocean World (Underwater world) is an aquarium. It is the largest aquarium in South East Asia. The mall also has exhibition hall, Thai Art Gallery, an opera concert hall, a large bowling alley and a karaoke center.

There are also many different restaurants  in the mall.
Girlfriend (Billie song)

"**Girlfriend**" is a single released by Billie Piper in 1998. It is from her first album *Honey to the B*. It reached No. 1 in the United Kingdom. This made her the youngest and first female solo singer to reach the top spot with her first two singles.

On the American track listing for *Honey to the B*, the radio remix replaces the original album version.

## Formats and track listings
**UK CD Single 1**
(SINCD3; Released )
#"Girlfriend" (Radio Edit)
#"Love Groove (Album Version)"
#"Girlfriend" (Tin Tin Out Mix)

**UK CD Single 2 (Contains Free Poster)**
(SINDX3; Released )
#"Girlfriend" (Radio Edit)
#"Girlfriend" (D-Influence Real Live Mix)
#"Girlfriend" (Sgt. Rock Mix)
#"Girlfriend" (PC Video)
Hymenoptera

The **Hymenoptera** is one of the larger orders of insect. It includes the bees, wasps, sawflies and ants. There are over 130,000 recognised species, with many more remaining to be described. The name is derived from the Greek words *hymen* meaning 'membrane' and *ptera* meaning 'wings. The hindwings are connected to the forewings by a series of hooks called *hamuli*.

Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or otherwise inaccessible places.  The ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through complete metamorphosis — that is, they have a worm-like larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they mature (See holometabolism).

## Sub-order Symphyta 
These are the sawflies, the most primitive Hymenoptera. Their adults do not have a narrow 'waist' between the thorax and abdomen. The female's ovipositor is adapted to burrowing or sawing into the substrate, usually plant tissue. 

## Sub-order Apocrita 
These, the bees, wasps and ants, have a 'waist' between the thorax and abdomen. They are by far the most numerous Hymenoptera, and include the famous groups of colonial insects. In fact, the group with the most species is not colonial; it is the vast number of parasitoid wasps, such as the Ichneumons.

## Evolution 
Hymenoptera originated in the Triassic: the oldest fossils belong to the Sawfly family Xyelidae. Social hymenopterans appeared during the Cretaceous.

## References
The Best of Billie

***The Best of Billie*** is an album by British pop singer Billie Piper. It was released by EMI on 8 August 2005. The album contained Piper's single releases as well as B-sides.

## Track listing
#"Because We Want To"
#"Girlfriend"
#"She Wants You"
#"Party on the Phone"
#"The Tide Is High"
#"Honey to the Bee"
#"I Dream"
#"Day & Night"
#"Bring It On"
#"Promises"
#"Something Deep Inside"
#"First Love"
#"G.H.E.T.T.O.U.T."
#"Caress the Gold"
#"Walk of Life"
Dipole antenna

might build.]]
The **dipole antenna** is one of the most important and commonly used type of radio antenna. It is widely used on its own. It is also used in many other radio antenna designs where it forms the radiating or driven element for the antenna.

## Basic facts dipole antenna 
The dipole antenna is made of two poles into which radio frequency current flows. This current and the voltage causes an electromagnetic or radio signal to be radiated. Being more specific, a dipole is usually an antenna that uses a resonant length of conductor. This conductor is cut so it can be connected to the what is sending the signal. For resonance, the length of the conductor is an odd number of half wavelengths long. In most cases a single half-wavelength is used.

## Length of a dipole antenna 
]] 
The length of a dipole is very important for selecting the frequency that the antenna will work at. The antenna is an electrical half wavelength, or multiple of half wavelengths. This is not the same length as the wavelength for a signal travelling through air. There are a number of reasons for this. This means that an antenna will be a small amount shorter than the length  for a wave moving in air.

For a half wave dipole, the length for a wave moving in air is calculated. This number is multiplied by a factor "*A*". *A* is normally between 0.96 and 0.98. It is affected by the ratio of the length of the antenna to the thickness of the wire or tube used poles.

## Uses of dipole antennas 
Dipole antennas are used for many different things. These include television antennas (commonly referred to as "rabbit ears"), shortwave radio antennas and whip antennas.
Transformers (movie)

***Transformers*** is a 2007 American science fiction action movie adaptation of the *Transformers* franchise, directed by Michael Bay and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman. It stars Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky. Colton Haynes as Cafe Kid.

This movie has a sequel, *Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen*.

## Plot
The Decepticons, an evil race of alien robots, attack a U.S. military unit stationed in the Middle East. The men launch an immediate offensive—but meanwhile, back in the States, Secretary of Defense John Keller (Jon Voight) learns of a secret U.S. project involving Megatron (voiced by Hugo Weaving), a bad robot that crash-landed in the Arctic  In the film's civilian side-story, teenager Sam (Shia LaBeouf) buys a used car, unaware it is an Autobot, a good robot. Neither does Sam realize that he has in his possession the key to the all-powerful cube-- The Allspark, which is the spark of Primus, the god of the Transformers-- which all the robots, good and bad, want. The film's many characters and plots collide with the help of the Autobots' brave, red-and-blue-colored leader Optimus Prime (Peter Cullen).

## Other websites
* Official site
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* *Transformers*  at Circuit City

;Concept art
* Ben Procter's portfolio 
* James Clyne's portfolio 
* Tim Flattery's portfolio
Tropical Storm Ana (2003)

**Tropical Storm Ana** was the only tropical cyclone on record in the Atlantic Ocean in the month of April. Ana was the first tropical storm of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Tropical Storm Ana was two kinds of storms, a *subtropical cyclone*, and a *tropical cyclone*. It formed as a subtropical cyclone on April 20, while it was to the west of Bermuda. It moved towards the east-southeast and began to get better organized. On April 21, the subtropical cyclone became a tropical cyclone. Tropical Storm Ana then turned towards the east-northeast. It quickly lost strength because of wind shear and a close cold front. On April 24, Ana became an extratropical cyclone. 

The storm moved near Bermuda, while causing light rainfall. The remnants of the storm also dropped rain in the Azores and the United Kingdom. Stormy sea waters caused by the storm capsized a boat near Florida coastline. The incident killed two people.

## Meteorological history
A low pressure area formed to the south, and southwest, of Bermuda on April 18. A trough, which is a type of weather system, brought an area of clouds into the low pressure system. The low pressure system moved towards the north. Thunderstorm activity became stronger near the center of the cyclone. The storm was named Subtropical Storm Ana on April 20, while located about 250&nbsp;miles (400&nbsp;km) west of Bermuda. Ana continued to move  eastward, and early on April 22, the wind shear again removed the thunderstorms from the center of the storm. After turning towards the northeast, the core of Ana merged with a cold front on April 24. Because of t his, Tropical Storm Ana turned into an extratropical cyclone. The remnants of the cyclone sped towards the east-northeastward, before it died out on April 27. When Ana formed, a tropical storm warning was also issued for Bermuda. The storm moved close to Bermuda and dropped 2.63&nbsp;inches (67&nbsp;mm) of rainfall the Bermuda International Airport. The winds on the island were light. 

Stormy seas from the storm reached the coast of Florida in the United States. The remnants of Ana dropped 0.87&nbsp;inches (22&nbsp;mm) of rainfall in the city of Ponta Delgada in the Azores. Clouds from the remnants of Ana also caused rain in the United Kingdom. Two ships experienced tropical storm force winds because of Ana.

Ana was the second subtropical cyclone on record in the Atlantic basin in the month of April. When the storm became a tropical cyclone, it was also the first Atlantic tropical storm in the month of April. Because the damage from Ana was not bad, the name "Ana" was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization. The name Ana was used again in 2009.

## References
## Other websites
* A Report on Tropical Storm Ana
Flag of Italy

The **flag of Italy** () is a three colour flag. It has three same-sized strips of green, white, and red, in order from left to right. Its current form was adopted on the 1st of January 1948. In Italy it is called the *Tricolore*.

## References
Delta Goodrem

**Delta Lea Goodrem** (born 9 November 1984) is an Australian actress and singer. Her first single, "I Don't Care", charted as high as #64 on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart in 2001. In the following year, Goodrem took up the role of a schoolgirl named Nina Tucker in the Australian soap opera *Neighbours*. This helped her into becoming a well known musician. She will  in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 with the song "", she will perform in the second semi-final which will take place on 14 May 2026.

## Personal life 
Goodrem was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma in July 2003, for which she was treated.

## Musical career
### Innocent Eyes
Delta Goodrem released her second single "Born to Try" in 2002. It charted at #1 on the ARIA Singles Charts for one week. Her third single, "Lost Without You", was released in February 2003. It charted at #1 on the ARIA Singles Charts for two separate weeks. Her album, *Innocent Eyes*, was released in March the same year. It was #1 on the charts for 29 weeks. A single of the same name ("Innocent Eyes") was later released in June, followed by the release of two more singles from the album, "Not Me, Not I" and "Predictable".

### Mistaken Identity
In late 2004, Goodrem released the first single, "Out of the Blue", from her second album. The album, *Mistaken Identity*, was released a month later. Other singles from the album include "Mistaken Identity", "A Little Too Late" and a duet with Brian McFadden, "Almost Here".

### Together We Are One
Delta Goodrem was asked to write a song for the 2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony and perform in the event herself. The single, "Together We Are One", was released on the *Commonwealth Games: Melbourne 2006 Opening Ceremony* compilation.

### Delta
In 2007, Goodrem released a single titled "In This Life". It was from her third studio album *Delta* which was released a month later. Other singles from this album include "Believe Again", "You Will Only Break My Heart" and "I Can't Break It To My Heart".

### Child of the Universe
In October 2012, Delta Goodrem released her fourth studio album, *Child of the Universe*. Singles from this album include "Sitting on Top of the World", "Dancing With a Broken Heart" and "Wish You Were Here".

### Wings of the Wild
On 1 July 2016, Delta Goodrem's fifth studio album, *Wings of the Wild* was released. Singles from this album include "Only Human", "Wings", "Dear Life" and "Enough".

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Innocent Eyes* (2003)
* *Mistaken Identity* (2004)
* *Delta* (2007)
* *Child of the Universe* (2012)
* *Wings of the Wild* (2016)
* *Only Santa Knows* (2020)
* *Bridge over Troubled Dreams* (2021)

## References
Russell Lissack

**Russell Lissack** (born 11 March 1981) is a British musician. He is the guitar player for the rock band Bloc Party and is also in the band Pin Me Down. He was born in Chingford in London.

## References
Kele Okereke

**Kelechukwu Rowland Okereke** (born 13 October 1981), known as **Kele Okereke**, is a British singer and guitarist for rock band Bloc Party. He was born in Liverpool on 13 October 1981 and grew up in London, England, United Kingdom. His parents are from Nigeria. He is openly gay.

## References
The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People

***The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People*** is a book by Stephen R. Covey. This book is about Ethics and Philosophy. It was published in 1989 and sold more than 15 million.

## Contents 
### Part 1 Paradigms and Principles 
* Inside-Out
* The Seven Habits--An Overview

### Part 2 Private Victory 
* Habit 1 Be Proactive
* Habit 2 Begin with the End in Mind
* Habit 3 Put First Things First

### Part 3 Public Victory 
* Paradigms of Interdependence
* Habit 4 Think Win/Win
* Habit 5 Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood
* Habit 6 Synergize

### Part 4 Renewal 
* Habit 7 Sharpen the Saw
* Inside-Out Again
Kirchhoff's circuit laws

In 1845, German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff described two laws about electrical circuits..
These laws are generalizations of Ohm's law.
Kirchhoff's circuit laws are very useful in solving circuit problems.

## Kirchhoff's current law 
Kirchhoff's current law is also known as Kirchhoff's first law and Kirchhoff's junction law.
This law states that 'The sum of current into a junction equals the sum of current out of the junction'.
This is the same as Kirchhoff's junction law. 
In a junction, the electric charge's sum preservation law is applied.
If the entering value of the current is i2 and i3, this current splits into the current of i1 and i4. Then the equation (i1 + i4 = i2 + i3) is satisfied.
The right picture gives an example.
This Kirchhoff's first law is that charge is not destroyed or created in a junction point.
This is based by an electric charge preservation law. 

## Kirchhoff's voltage law 
s around the loop is equal to zero. v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 = 0]]

Kirchhoff's voltage law is also known as Kirchhoff's second law, a closed circuit law and Kirchhoff's loop law.

The algebraic sum of the voltage (potential) differences in any loop must equal zero.(This circuit is a closed circuit)
Any complex circuit can be divided into many closed circuits.
This law means that in the circuit there is an electric cell and electric resistance.
The electric cell gives the charge a electromotive force, and then the electric resistance dissipates this force.
But in electric resistance if the direction is opposite of the current's direction, this electric resistance adds to the electromotive force.
This Kirchhoff's second law is based on potential energy preservation law.
Peter Henlein

**Peter Henlein** (or Henle or Hele) (1479/1480 – August 1542), was a locksmith and watchmaker from Nuremberg. He is often said to be the inventor of the watch. This is disputed. Henlein was certainly one of the first makers of the watch. Although many say that Henlein invented the mainspring, there are descriptions and two surviving examples show that spring driven clocks had already been made by the early 1400s. He did make improvements to the balance spring, which made it possible to make the watches smaller.

## Books 
*Jürgen Abeler: *In Sachen Peter Henlein*. Wuppertaler Uhrenmuseum, Wuppertal 1980
*Maren Winter: *Der Stundensammler*. Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, München 2004 (Roman), ,1510: Peter Henlein invents the pocket watch

## Other websites
*Further information

## References
Microfabrication

**Microfabrication** is making things which are very small. The earliest micromanufacturing was used to make the different parts of a computer circuit board.

## Uses 
Microfabrication is used a lot in electronics.
Cavity magnetron

The **cavity magnetron** is a high-powered vacuum tube that makes microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field. Electrons pass by holes (cavities), and the resonance creates microwaves, like blowing air on a flute creates sound (sound waves) of a certain pitch. The 'resonant' cavity magnetron type of the earlier magnetron tube was invented by John Randall and Harry Boot in 1940. The high power of pulses from the cavity magnetron made centimetre-band radar practical. Shorter wavelength  radars allowed the finding of smaller objects. The small cavity magnetron tube made the size of radar sets much smaller so that they could be put into in aircraft and ships used to find submarines.

## References
Sanghar

**Sanghar** () is a city in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city is headquarters of Sanghar District and Sanghar Taluka (a subdivision of the district). It is an agricultural town about 265km from Karachi. Unfortunately, there is no railway station and airport in the city. But the city does have road links with Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Mirpur Khas and other major cities of Sindh. 

## References
## Other websites
* District Government Sanghar
Tiber River

The **Tiber** (, ) is the third-longest river in Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing mainly through Umbria and Lazio to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino.

The river is well-known because the city of Rome was founded on its eastern banks.

## Geography
The Tiber river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately , almost 5% of the territory of the country.

It is the third longest river of Italy, after the Po and the Adige rivers, and the second by drainage basin after the Po.

### Course
The Tiber starts near the town of *Balze*, Verghereto *comune* in the southwestern end of the Forlì-Cesena province, in the southern side of Monte Fumaiolo. The source of the river is formed by two springs that are  from each other in a forest on the mountain at an elevation of  above sea level.

The Tiber flows through Emilia-Romagna about  and then it gets into Tuscany where flows through Pieve Santo Stefano and Sansepolcro. Between these two localities there is a dam with a large reservoir that is named as Montedoglio Lake (). From here, the river flows through a wide plain (*Val Tiberina*) and gets in the Perugia province (Umbria) and flows through the towns of Città di Castello and Umbertide.

To the south of Torgiano, it is joined by its left side by the Chiascio river and then, in the Marsciano dam, by the Nestore river by its right side. Soon another right tributary, the Paglia, joins the Tiber.

The river forms the border between the Umbria (province of Terni) and Lazio (province of Viterbo) regions. Near the city of Orte, it is joined by the left side by its main tributary, the Nera river.

It flows through the Lazio region (Viterbo, Rieti and Rome provinces) and is joined by the Aniene river, flows through the city of Rome and, finally, into the Tyrrhenian Sea between Ostia and Fiumicino.

## Main tributaries 
The main tributaries are:

## Discharge
The average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) of the Tiber is  at its mouth.

The mean monthly discharges (in m³) for 2011 in Rome were:

## Gallery
 and the mouth of the Tiber, May 2013]]

File:Sorgente-tevere-fumaiolo.jpg|Spring of river Tiber on Monte Fumaiolo.
File:Tiber river.jpg|The river Tiber in Rome.
File:0 Tibre - Pont Vittorio Emanuele II - San Spirito in Sassia - St-Pierre (Vatican).jpg|View of the Tiber looking towards the Vatican City.

## Related pages
* List of rivers of Italy

## References
## Other websites
* Fiume Tevere - Fiumi Italiani
With the Lights Out

***With the Lights Out*** is a box-set album by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was released on November 23, 2004 on Geffen Records.

It was the only box set by Nirvana. It came out 10 years after the band broke up after lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain died in 1994.

## List of songs
### Disc 1
#"Heartbreaker" (live, Led Zeppelin cover)
#"Anorexorcist"
#"White Lace and Strange" (Thunder and Roses cover)
#"Help Me I'm Hungry"
#"Mrs. Buttersworth" (demo)
#"If You Must"
#"Pen Cap Chew"
#"Downer" (live)
#"Floyd the Barber" (live)
#"Raunchola"/"Moby Dick" (Led Zeppelin cover)
#"Beans" (Kurt Cobain solo acoustic)
#"Don't Want It All" (solo acoustic)
#"Clean Up Before She Comes"
#"Polly"
#"About a Girl"
#"Blandest"
#"Dive"
#"They Hung Him on a Cross" (Lead Belly cover, performed by The Jury, a Lead Belly cover band made up of members of Nirvana and Screaming Trees)
#"Grey Goose" (The Jury)
#"Ain't It a Shame" (The Jury)
#"Token Eastern Song"
#"Even in His Youth"
#"Polly"

### Disc 2
#"Opinion" (live solo acoustic)
#"Lithium" (live solo acoustic)
#"Been a Son" (live solo acoustic)
#"Sliver" (solo acoustic)
#"Where Did You Sleep Last Night" (solo acoustic, Lead Belly cover)
#"Pay to Play" ("Stay Away" demo)
#"Here She Comes Now"
#"Drain You" (demo)
#"Aneurysm"
#"Smells Like Teen Spirit" (demo)
#"Breed"
#"Verse Chorus Verse"
#"Old Age"
#"Endless, Nameless" (live)
#"Dumb" (live)
#"D-7" (live)
#"Oh, the Guilt"
#"Curmudgeon"
#"Return of the Rat"
#"Smells Like Teen Spirit"

### Disc 3
#"Rape Me" (solo acoustic)
#"Rape Me"
#"Scentless Apprentice" (demo, over 9 minutes long)
#"Heart-Shaped Box"
#"I Hate Myself and Want to Die"
#"Milk It"
#"Moist Vagina"
#"Gallons of Rubbing Alcohol Flow Through the Strip"
#"The Other Improv"
#"Serve the Servants" (solo acoustic)
#"Very Ape" (solo acoustic)
#"Pennyroyal Tea" (solo acoustic)
#"Marigold"
#"Sappy"
#"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" (demo)
#"Do Re Mi" (solo acoustic)
#"You Know You're Right" (solo acoustic)
#"All Apologies" (solo acoustic)

### Disc 4
#"Love Buzz" (Shocking Blue cover)
#"Scoff"
#"About a Girl"
#"Big Long Now"
#"Immigrant Song" (Led Zeppelin cover)
#"Spank Thru"
#"Hairspray Queen"
#"School"
#"Mr. Moustache"
#"Big Cheese"
#"Sappy"
#"In Bloom" (original music video, a second one was made and that was the official one)
#"School" (live)
#"Love Buzz"
#"Pennyroyal Tea" (live)
#"Smells Like Teen Spirit" (live)
#"Territorial Pissings" (live)
#"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" (live)
#"Talk to Me" (live)
#"Seasons in the Sun" (Terry Jacks cover)
Seamus Coleman

**Seamus Coleman ** (born 11 October 1988 in Donegal, Republic of Ireland) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Everton.

## Biography
Seamus Coleman grew up in Killybegs, Donegal and played for Killybegs local team St Catherine's. Coleman is a right-back and can also play right midfield and has represented the Republic of Ireland both at Under-21 and Under-23 level, making his international debut for the Under-21s in a friendly against Sweden in 2008. He began as a central midfielder before switching to full-back. Coleman signed for Sligo Rovers in 2006 having begun his career at hometown side Killybegs. The Donegal-born full-back signed for the Blues at the end of the January transfer window in 2009 for 40,000 pounds, having had reported interest from Celtic, Birmingham City, and Ipswich Town. Coleman linked up with Andy Holden and Alan Stubbs in the Blues' reserve team squad.

## International career 
Seamus has represented Ireland at under 21 level and under 23 level. He won his first full Ireland cap against Wales on the 8th February 2011.He also was picked for the Macedonia game on the 26th of March, But pulled out with an ankle injury.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
#### International goals
:*As of match played 24 September 2022*. *Ireland score listed first, score column indicates score after each Coleman goal.*

## Honours
**Blackpool**
*Football League Championship play-offs: 2010

**Individual**
*Donegal Sports Star Professional Sport Achievement Award: 2009
*FAI Under-21 International Player of the Year: 2009, 2010
*PFA Team of the Year: 2013–14 Premier League
*Everton Player's Player of the Year: 2013–14
*Everton Supporter's Player of the Year: 2013–14

## References
Hyderabad Taluka (rural)

**Hyderabad Taluka (rural)** is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Hyderabad district is subdivided into 4 talukas, the Urban area around the capital Hyderabad is part of Hyderabad City Taluka.

## Administration
The rural Taluka of Hyderabad  is administratively subdivided into 11 Union Councils, these are:

## References
Haji Sawan Khan Gopang

**Haji Sawan Khan Gopang** is a Union Council of Hyderabad Taluka (rural) in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It has a population of 24,005.

## References
Tando Qaiser

**Tando Qaisar** is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is at 25°22'60N 68°31'0E to the east of the district capital Hyderabad.

## References
Husri

**Husri** is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is part of the rural Taluka of Hyderabad. It is located at 25°19'0N 68°25'0E and is south-east of the capital Hyderabad.

## References
Tando Jam

**Tando Jam** (ٽنڊوڄام) is a town and Union Council of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is about 20&nbsp;km away from Hyderabad city and 5&nbsp;km from Tando Qaiser. It is on the Hyderabad to Mirpurkhas Road. 

## References
Jacobabad

**Jacobabad** is the capital city of Jacobabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city is also the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka, a subdivision of the district. The city itself is subdivided into 8 Union Councils.

Jacobabad is crossed by the Pakistan Railways and many main roads of the province. Jacobabad is said to be one of the hottest cities in Pakistan.

During British rule, as part of British India, the town was the headquarters of the Upper Sind Frontier District of the Bombay Presidency. It was famous for having the highest temperature in the Indian Subcontinent. In June the temperature is  between 120° and 127&nbsp;°F (49 to 53&nbsp;°C).

The town was founded near the village of Khangarh in 1847 by Brigadier General John Jacob. General Jacob died here in 1858 and the city still bears his name.

## Related pages
* Jacobabad District

## References
Jamshoro

**Jamshoro** () is the capital city of Jamshoro District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is on the right bank of Indus River. It is about  northwest of the city of Hyderabad.

## Related pages
* Jamshoro District

## References
Upper Sind Frontier District

**Upper Sind Frontier District** was a district of the Bombay Presidency during British Rule in what is now the Sindh province of Pakistan. Sind is an old spelling of Sindh.

The district was the northernmost part of Sindh. It was bordered to the north and west by the Dera Ghazi Khan District of the Punjab and by Baluchistan, on the south by Sukkur District, and on the east by the river Indus.

## Population
The District contained one town, Jacobabad, and 390 villages. According to the 1872 census it had a population of 115,050. In 1881 the population was 145,180. In 1891 the population had risen to 174,548. According to the 1901 census the population was 232,045.

The increase in 1901 was the largest. This was due to immigration from Baluchistan and the Punjab as well as a change in the borders of the district. According to the 1901 census, the main language was Sindhi. Sindhi was spoken by 165,110 people in 1901 (71 per cent). The Baluchi and Siraiki languages were also spoken in all parts of the District. Muslims formed 90 per cent of the total population and Hindus 9 per cent.

## Administration
Jacobabad was the capital of the district. The district was subdivided into five talukas:

* Jacobabad Taluka
* Thul
* Kandhkot
* Kashmor
* Shahdadpur

## References
Khayrpur (princely state)

**Khayrpur** or **Khairpur** was a princely state on the Indus River in what is now Pakistan, with its capital city at Khayrpur. Together with Bahawalpur to the north-east, the state was included with the Punjab states rather than the neighbouring Rajputana states (now Rajasthan) to the east. 

Image:Khairpur map.gif

## References 
## Other websites
* Local Government Department of Sindh
Khairpur, Pakistan

**Khairpur** (, khīr´poor) is the twelfth largest city in the province of Sindh in southeast Pakistan.  Today it is the capital of Khairpur District. It was once the capital of the former princely state of Khayrpur.

## Population
According to the 1998 census, 102,188 lived there. At the 1981 census, there were only 61,447. In the last census Khairpur city had population of 183,120.
## Some important facts
* Khairpur is home to the famous Shah Abdul Latif University.

* The beautiful old Faiz Mahal palace, once the home of the ruling family of Khairpur state, is also situated here.

* The shrine of the famous Sindhi Sufi poet and saint, *Sain* Sachal Sarmast is also near the city.

## References 
## Other websites
* World Gazetteer population figures for Khairpur
* Khairpur Heritage & Welfare NGO 
* Mohammed Sadiq Naqvi - Ghairat Naqvi The Great Poet and Scholar of Khairpur Mirs.
Masu Bhurgri

**Masu Bhurgri** is a Union Council of Hyderabad Taluka (rural) in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It has a population of             24,362. It is located at 25°30'0N 68°28'0E to the north-east of the district capital  - Hyderabad.

## References
Moosa Khatiyan

**Masu Bhurgri** is a Union Council of Hyderabad Taluka (rural) in the Sindh province of Pakistan. 

## References
Mirpur Khas

**Mirpur Khas** (Sindhi and ), is a city in the province of Sindh in Pakistan. It is the fourth largest city in the province with an estimated population of 124,371 (1981). It is the capital of Mirpur Khas District.

Its soil is fertile and the city is known for its horticulture produce and farming, of which the most celebrated is the mango cultivation with hundreds of varieties of mangoes produced each year.
Allahabad, Sindh

**Allahabad** is a town of Nawabshah District in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan. It is at 26°53'30N 67°45'0E.

## References
Nawabshah Airport

**Nawabshah Airport** is at Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan.

## Other websites 
* Airblue at Nawabshah Airport 
* Satellite Image of Nawabshah Airport
* Nawabshah City Web Portal
Larkana

**Larkana** or **Larkano** (لاڑکانہ) is city of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The city is the capital of Larkana District. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence. It is located on the south bank of the Ghar canal, 40 miles south of Shikarpur town, and 36 north-east of Mehar.

## History
During British rule Larkana became headquarters of Larkana District and Larkana Taluka – and for a time was part of the Bombay Presidency of British India. Also the North-Western Railway passed through the town. The population according to the 1901 census was 14,543.

## Language
Sindhi is the main language but Siroli/Siraiki, a dialect of Sindhi language is also spoken. Sindhi and English are the official languages.

## References
Dokri Taluka

**Dokri Taluka** () is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Larkana is the capital. This taluka is located to the south of Larkana city. The most populated town in this taluka is Badah. Dadu and Rice canals pass through this taluka.
 

## Administration
Dokri Taluka is administratively subdivided into 13 Union Councils.

## References
Larkana Taluka

**Larkana Taluka** is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Larkana District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Larkana is the capital.

## History
During British rule Larkana became headquarters of Larkana District and Larkana Taluka - and for a time was part of the Bombay Presidency of British India.

In 1901 the population was 100,827, compared with 90,15l in 1891. At that time the taluka contained one town, Larkana, and 72 villages. 

## Administration
Larkana Taluka is administratively subdivided into 18 Union Councils.

## References
Hyderabad City Tehsil

**Hyderabad City Taluka** is an administrative subdivision (taluka) of Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Hyderabad District is divided into 4 talukas, the Urban area around the capital Hyderabad is part of Hyderabad City Taluka. The then HYDERABAD city was smaller than the present city of hyderabad so the then URBAN AREA was made a taluka of HYDERABAD DISTRICT and named HYDERABAD URBAN TALUKA(TEHSIL), it still is a taluka or tehsil and consists of mostly urban area

According to the 1901 census, the taluka contained only one town - the capital, Hyderabad (population, 69,378). The taluka also at this time contained 98 villages and the population was 138,021, compared with 122,507 in 1891.

## References
Bahawalpur (princely state)

**Bahawalpur** was a princely state of the Punjab in what is now Pakistan. It was on the southern bank of the Sutlej and Indus Rivers. Its capital city was Bahawalpur. 

## Caste Background 
The modernistic study research of the anthropological criterion still emphasis the ruminative fact about the Royal house of Bahawalpur, they supposed to belong to the **Jat caste** of medieval Jadgal stock which universally got acceptance by clerical team of academia.  

Although some scholar, believes their ancestral forbears were migrated from Punjab to bhawalpur during post-medieval ages and adequately became the protagonist for Daydpotra clan.  

## Area 
In 1941, the state had 1,341,209 people. It covered 45,911&nbsp;km² (17,494 sq mi). It was divided into three districts: Bahawalpur, Rahimyar Khan and Bahawalnagar.

The state was created in 1690 by Bahadur Khan II. In 1833 Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan III signed an agreement with the British guaranteeing the independence of the Nawab from the British. The state agreed to become part of Pakistan on 7 October 1947. The state was then merged into the province of West Pakistan on 14 October 1955.

## Languages
Seraiki (also called Riasti) is the main language spoken. Urdu and Punjabi are also major languages.

Image:Bahawalpur map.gif
Image:Flag of State of Bahawalpur.svg
Image:Coat of arms of State of Bahawalpur.svg

## References
Dhaghano Bozdar

**Dhaghano Bozdar** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. The Union Council has 56,892 people. It is part of Tando Allahyar Taluka. It is in the west of the district.

## References
Missan

**Missan** is a Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in Sindh, Pakistan. It is one of the largest Union Councils of the District, it has a population of over 13,000.

## References
Sanjar Chang

**Sanjar Chang** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is and is part of Chamber Taluka and is in the southeast of the district, the Union Council has 35,169 people.

## References
Tando Soomaro

**Tando Soomro**, or Tando Soomaro, is a village and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. Tando Soomro lies 7&nbsp;km to the north-west of the district capital - Tando Allahyar at  25°31'60N 68°40'60E.

## Subdivisions
## Demography
Tando Soomro has many different communities or ‘Zaats’. There are two main communities in Tando Soomro: Nizamanis and Khaskhalis. There are also Maachhis, Bhayas, Narejas, Gurati Hindus, Daya, Syeds or Shah, Mirzas, Manganhars, Menghwaars, Koriyaa & Pashtuns, Wadhaas, Shiekh or Khatis, Shoras, Brohis, Pakhiara or Kihaas and Mirjats. The number of non-Muslims is 16,786, or 32% of the population

## References
## Other websites
* Satellite Images of Tando Sumro
Jalalabad

running through the city.]] 
***Jalalabad*** is the capital city of Nangarhar Province in eastern Afghanistan. Its 2025 population is around 200,331, which makes Jalalabad the fifth-largest city in Afghanistan.

## Trade importance 
Jalalabad lies on a trade route from Kabul (the capital of Afghanistan) to Peshawar, Pakistan. Because of its position, a lot of Afghanistan's trade with India and Pakistan goes through Jalalabad. However, there are also Hindu and Sikh minorities in the city.

## Industries 
There is a large irrigated plain surrounding Jalalabad that produces fruit, almonds, rice, and grain. The city has a sugarcane refinery and handicraft shops. 

Jalalabad is a military center and has an airfield.

## References
Politics of Pakistan

The **Politics of Pakistan** has seen many changes over the years. The military have sometimes been running the country. Recently however the country has returned to democratic rule.

Pakistan is a federal republic, at the moment, the President of Pakistan is the head of state and the Prime Minister is head of government.

## References
Began Jarwar

**Began Jarwar** is a village and Head quarter of Union Council Began Jarwar of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is part of Chamber Taluka. It is in the south of the district to the southeast of the district capital Tando Allahyar at 25°25'35N 68°50'20E. The Union Council has 41,890 people.

## References
Bakrani

**Bakrani** () is a town in Larkana District, Sindh province of Pakistan. This town is 12&nbsp;km south of Larkana city on the Larkana-Mohenjo-daro road. It has an altitude of 53 metres and is the headquarters of Bakrani Taluka.

## References
Empedocles

**Empedocles**  was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher who lived in Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily. 

Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the origin of the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements in the Western world. He also proposed powers called Love and Strife which would act as forces to bring about the mixture and separation of the elements. 

Influenced by the Pythagoreans, he supported the doctrine of reincarnation. Empedocles was perhaps the last Greek philosopher to record his ideas in verse. Some of his work still survives today, more so than in the case of any other Presocratic philosopher. Empedocles' death was mythologized by ancient writers, and has been the subject of a number of literary treatments.

## References
Mirabad

**Mirabad** is a town and Union Council of Tando Allahyar District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It has 57,361 people. It is in the northeast of the district where it forms part of Jhando Mari Taluka.

## References
Opportunity cost

**Opportunity cost** is the value of the next best thing you give up whenever you make a decision. It is "the loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen". 

The idea of an opportunity cost was first begun by John Stuart Mill. The utility has to be more than the opportunity cost for it to be a good choice in economics.

For example, opportunity cost is how much leisure time we give up to work. Because leisure and income are both valued, we have to decide whether to work, or do what we want. Going to work implies more income but less leisure. Staying at home is more leisure yet less income.

Another example is deciding to stop work to go back to university. By choosing to go to university, your opportunity cost is losing your job and your pay check. Even though going back to university has a big opportunity cost, many people think it is a good decision because increased education gives you more job opportunities.

And in other words, opportunity cost can be termed as cost of forgone alternatives or cost of shifting from one opportunity to the other.

## References
BBC HD

**BBC HD** is a high-definition television channel provided by the BBC. The service was initially run as a trial from 15 May 2006 until becoming a full service on 1 December 2007 and closed on 25 March 2013. The first HD originated program to be shown on the channel was *Planet Earth*, shown on 27 May 2006.

## References
## Other websites
*
*BBC HD International
*BBC HD Australia
*
*
*BBC HD at TV Ark 
*BBC Trust Public Value Test Final Conclusions document