open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kay Panabaker

**Stephanie Kay Panabaker** (born May 2, 1990) is an American actress from Orange, Texas. Some of her best known roles are Emily on *Life is Ruff* and Debbie on *Phil of the Future*. Panabaker is the younger sister of actress Danielle. The two sisters starred together in the movie *Read it and Weep* for the Disney Channel. She has had recurring roles on the television series *CSI:Crime Scene Investigations* and *Angel*.

## Other websites 
*
*Official site of Kay Panabaker
Haley Hudson

**Haley Hudson** (born June 14, 1986) is an American actress. Her best known roles were in *Freaky Friday* and *Lizzie McGuire*. Her image is a punky Gothic type person.
Enslaved (band)

**Enslaved** is an extreme metal band from Haugesund, Norway. their music has been called black metal and viking metal. The band was formed in 1991. It was made by Ivar Bjørnson and Grutle Kjellson.

## Studio albums 
* *Vikingligr Veldi* (1994)
* *Frost* (1994)
* *Eld* (1997)
* *Blodhemn* (1998)
* *Mardraum – Beyond the Within* (2000)
* *Monumension* (2001)
* *Below the Lights* (2003)
* *Isa* (2004)
* *Ruun* (2006)
* *Vertebrae* (2008)
* *Axioma Ethica Odini* (2010)
* *RIITIIR* (2012)
* *In Times* (2015)
* *E* (2017)
* *Utgard* (2020)
* *Heimdal*  (2023)

## References 
## Other websites 
*Enslaved's website
Viking metal

**Viking metal** is a heavy metal music subgenre inspired by Norse mythology. Swedish metal band Bathory's fourth album, released in 1988 and called *Blood Fire Death*, was the first Viking metal album. 

## Viking metal bands 
*Bathory
*Enslaved
*Amon Amarth
*Graveland
*Darkthrone

## References
Elliott Carter

**Elliott Carter** (December 11, 1908 – November 5, 2012) was an American composer. He is one of the most important composers of classical music of his time. He experimented with new ideas of composition. He lived to be 103 years old and continued composing all his life. He recently composed a piece called *Interventions for Piano and Orchestra* which was given its first performance in the Symphony Hall, Boston where it was played by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine with the pianist Daniel Barenboim as soloist. The same players played it again a week later on December 11, 2008 in the Carnegie Hall, New York to celebrate Carter's 100th birthday.

## Life 
Elliott Carter was born in New York. The composer Charles Ives noticed his talent and gave him encouragement, taking him to concerts. Carter studied English and music at Harvard University. He then went to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger, returning to the US in 1935 where he directed the Ballet Caravan.

In 1939 he married. The couple had one son.

He wrote a ballet called *Pocahontas*. In 1940 the suite from this ballet got him the Juilliard Publication Award. From then on his got many more important awards and prizes for his music.

Carter has taught music and other related subjects in a number of well-known places including the Peabody Conservatory, Columbia University, Queen’s College, New York, Yale University and the Julliard School. He has received honorary doctorates from many universities and honours from many countries.

He has not written a large number of compositions, but the ones he has written are important works.

He died at his home in New York on November 5, 2012.

## Music 
When Carter went to study in Paris in the early 1930s Stravinsky was the most famous composer who worked there. Carter was influenced to some extent by Stravinsky’s music as well as by that of his friend Charles Ives, but he worked hard to find a style of his own. Some of his music during the Second World War is quite tonal, but his later music uses more atonality (music not in any key) and has complicated rhythms. His best known works include the *Variations for Orchestra* (1954-5); the *Double Concerto* for harpsichord, piano and two chamber orchestras (1959-61); the *Piano Concerto* (1964-65), written as an 85th birthday present for Igor Stravinsky; the *Concerto for Orchestra* (1969) and *A Symphony of Three Orchestras* (1976).

## Other websites 
* Website about Elliott Carter at 100
Universal Studios Japan

**Universal Studios Japan** is one of four Universal Studios theme parks. It is in Osaka, Japan. The park opened on March 31, 2001.

## Attractions
*Ride attractions
**Space Fantasy
**Hollywood Dream
**New The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man
**Jurassic Park
**Jaws
**Back to the Future
**Lego Ninjago

*Show attractions
**Magical Starlight Parade
**WaterWorld
**Terminater 2: 3D
**Backdraft
**Universal Monsters Live Rock and Roll Show
**Animation Celebration
**Shrek's 4D Adventure
**Sesame Street 4D Movie Magic

## Other websites 
* Official site
Accidental (music)

An accidental is a symbol modifying a note's pitch. There are three main types of accidentals:

*Sharps () raise a note's pitch by one semitone. For example, a sharp symbol on a D note indicates that the note should be played a semitone higher.
*Flats () are essentially the opposite of sharps: they lower a note's pitch by one semitone. For example, a flat symbol on an A note tells the player to play the note a semitone lower.
*Naturals () cancel the effects of a sharp or flat, returning a note to its standard pitch. For example, if a G is followed by a G in the same bar, a natural is used to cancel the effects of the sharp accidental.

A key signature may consist of up to 7 sharps or flats. For example, the key signature for B major has five sharps (F, C, G, D, and A).

## Accidentals in notation
In musical notation, accidentals are written to the left of the note and that accidental applies for the rest of the bar; canceling an accidental within that bar is done by writing in another accidental.

Below is an example of the effects of accidentals within bars:

: {

\override Score.TimeSignature
#'stencil = ##f
    \relative c' {
        \time 3/4
        c' des d c des des
    }  }

Note that the natural accidental in bar 1 is used to cancel the flat accidental of the previous D, and in bar 2 the third note is D because no accidental is being used to cancel.

Notes outside of the key signature must be indicated with accidentals. For example:

: {

\override Score.TimeSignature
#'stencil = ##f
    \relative c' {
        \time 4/4
        \key g \major
        fis2 f e es
    }  }

## Double sharps and double flats
Although not commonly seen, double sharps () and double flats () exist. They modify a note's pitch by two semitones. For example, the following passage contains an F:

: {

\override Score.TimeSignature
#'stencil = ##f
    \relative c' {
        \time 3/4
        \key b \major
        fis dis e fis fisis gis
    }  }

## Related pages
*Key signature
*Circle of fifths
*Scale (music)
Beam bridge

A **beam bridge** is a strong, horizontal structure that rests on two end supports, and carries traffic by acting as a beam. 

Beam bridges are often used for heavy cars and trains to pass, and some are also built for people to walk on. Beam bridges used to be made from wood and were called *log bridges*. Modern ones are mostly made of steel. Beam bridges are usually placed over highways, rivers or gaps in the earth so people or cars can cross over them.  Beam bridges are simple but they cannot be as long as more complex and expensive kinds.  Beam bridges can be connected to make one longer bridge.
Gap year

A **gap year** is time taken between completing secondary school and going to a university or college or also between college and graduate school or a profession. It is generally a practice of young people from Australia, Poland, Scandinavia, United Kingdom and United States. The time between the two events is often, but not always, a year. It is often used to travel or to gain experience with an internship at the lowest cost possible.

## References
Beam

**Beam** could mean:
*Beam theory, a way to find the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams
*Beam (nautical), the most extreme width (or breadth) of a nautical vessel, or a point alongside the ship at the midpoint of its length
*Beam (structure), a construction element
**Beam bridge, a bridge that uses beams
*A narrow stream of particles or energy:
**Charged particle beam
***Cathode ray, or "electron beam"
**Light or other Electromagnetic radiation
**The output of a raygun in science fiction
**Beam weapons from the *Metroid* series
**Beaming means a way of traveling on the *Star Trek* television series
**Tractor beam, a hypothetical beam that pulls or pushes
*"On the beam", following a radio navigation beacon
*Beam (music), a connection line in musical notation
*Balance beam (gymnastics), a piece of gymnastics equipment
*BEAM robotics, an automatically moving machine based on analog electronics
*Beam Software, a computer game developer
*BEAM.TV, a global distribution network
Omsk

**Omsk** is a city in Russia in the Siberia region, capital of Omsk Oblast. As of the census in 2024, Omsk had been declared one of the cities in Russia with over 1.1 million people. Omsk is close to the border of Kazakhstan.
Omsk is the only city in the world which has Metro with only one station.

## Related pages 
*List of cities and towns in Russia

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site of Omsk city administration
* Open Omsk -- an independent news source
* Current events in Omsk (Russian) 
* Omsk in Livejournal.com 
* Photoblog about Omsk
* Omsk-On-Line
Mayhem

**Mayhem** could mean:
*Mayhem, a type of crime
*Mayhem, an influential black metal band
**Mayhem*, an album by English rock group Toyah
*Mayhem, a Marvel Comics character
*Mayhem, a professional wrestler
**Mayhem in Monsterland*, a Commodore 64 video game
**TV Mayhem*, a television show that aired for six weeks beginning in September 1991
*WCW Mayhem, a World Championship Wrestling event, which has a video game based on it:
***WCW Mayhem*
*Mayhem Attack Squad, a team of Decepticons
**Mayhem* (Lady Gaga album), the seventh studio album by American singer Lady Gaga (2025)

## Related pages 
*Methods of Mayhem, an American rap metal band formed by ex-Mötley Crüe drummer, Tommy Lee
*Minstrels of Mayhem, an American Renaissance Festival music group
*Michigan Mayhem, a minor league basketball team in the Continental Basketball Association
*Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem, a Muppet rock band that appeared on The Muppet Show
*Ani-Mayhem, an anime-based collectible card game
*Jason "Mayhem" Miller, a Mixed Martial Arts fighter
*Monica Mayhem, an Australian pornographic actress
Kevin Federline

**Kevin Earl Federline** (born March 21, 1978) is an American entertainer, who dances, raps and models as his job. He is famous for being the former husband of pop singer Britney Spears. Federline has 6 kids, 2 with actress Shar Jackson, 2 with Spears, 2 with current wife Victoria Prince.
Question mark

The **question mark** (**?**) is a punctuation mark that is used at the end of a sentence when asking a question.

The symbol is thought to come from the Latin quæstio, meaning "question", which was shortened to Qo. The uppercase Q was written above the lowercase o, and this mark was turned into the symbol that we use today.

Another guess about where question mark comes from says that it comes from the 9th century, when it was a point followed by the curved part written slanted.

Some writers put a space between the end of their sentence and the question mark. This is thought to come from a French practice and is called French spacing. In French a space is always put before question marks, exclamation marks, colons, and semicolons. In English, however, using this space is thought of as bad form. Some English books do have these spaces, but are often a very thin space, which are not full spaces but an attempt to make the words easier to read.

## Computing 
In computing, the question mark character is represented by ASCII code 63, and is located at Unicode code-point U+003F. The full-width (double-byte) equivalent, ？, is located at Unicode code point U+FF1F.

On Macs, a folder with a flashing question mark on startup means there is no operating system found or the startup disk has failed or there is no hard drive inside the computer.

## Examples of the question mark being used 
*"What time is it?"
*"How are you doing?"
*"Why did that happen?"

## Sources

*Lupton, Ellen and Miller, J. Abbott, "Period styles: a punctuated history", in *The Norton Reader* 11th edition, ed. Linda H. Peterson, Norton, 2003 Online excerpt (at least) 
* Parkes, M.B., *Pause and Effect: an Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West*, University of California Press, 1993
*Truss, Lynne, *Eats, Shoots & Leaves* Gotham Books, NY, p.&nbsp;139

## References
Basic

**Basic** may be:
* BASIC (programming language)
* Basic (chemistry), the opposite to acidic, reacting with acids to form salts
* Basic access authentication in HTTP
* Basic (cigarette), owned by the Altria Group (Philip Morris Company)
* Basic (dance move), the name of the basic dance step in many dances
** Lindy Basic (dance move), in Lindy Hop
* Basic English
* Basic (geology), of rock: containing between 45 and 52% of silica
* Basic (movie), 2003 movie starring John Travolta and Samuel L. Jackson
* Basic (Star Wars), the common interstellar language in the *Star Wars* universe
* Basic Training or Recruit training is training received by military personnel when first entering service
* Basic is also used as the name for whatever common tongue is usually used between species in many science fiction works
* Basic is a name used to describe the level of certification for an EMT (Emergency Medical Technician)
* Basic Replay, a record label
* Basic (album), a 1984 album by Robert Quine and Fred Maher (1996 on CD)
Mercyful Fate

**Mercyful Fate** are a heavy metal band from Denmark. The band was formed in Copenhagen in 1980.

## Members
### Current members
* King Diamond - vocals, keyboard (1981–1985, 1992–present)
* Hank Shermann - guitar (1981–1985, 1992–present)
* Mike Wead - guitar (1996–present)
* Bjarne T. Holm - drums (1994–present)
* Sharlee D'Angelo - bass (1993–present)

### Former members
* Michael Denner - guitar (1981, 1982–1985, 1992–1996)
* Timi Hansen - bass (1981–1985, 1992–1993)
* Kim Ruzz - drums (1981–1985)
* Tommie "Snowy Shaw" Helgesson - drums (1993–1994)

### Session members
* Lars Ulrich - drums (1993)
* Old Nick - drums (1981)
* Morten Nielson - drums (1993)

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Melissa* (1983)
* ''Don't Break the Oath* (1984)
* *In the Shadows* (1993)
* *Time* (1994)
* *Into the Unknown* (1996)
* *Dead Again* (1998)
* *9* (1999)

### Compilation albums
* *The Beginning* (1987)
* *Return of the Vampire* (1992)
* *A Dangerous Meeting* (1992)
* *The Best of Mercyful Fate* (2003)

### Extended plays
* *The Mercyful Fate EP* (1982)
* *The Bell Witch'' (1994)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Website
Quiz

A **quiz** is a type of game in which players (as individuals or in teams) try to answer questions correctly. Quizzes are also  used in education and similar fields to improve the growth of someone's  knowledge, abilities, and/or skills. 

Quizzes are usually scored in points. Many quizzes are designed for people to determine the winner of a group of participants - usually the participant with the highest score.
Huldrych Zwingli

**Huldrych** (or **Ulrich**) **Zwingli** or **Ulricus Zuinglius** (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland and the founder of the Swiss Reformed churches. Separately from Martin Luther, Zwingli arrived at similar final beliefs by studying the Bible from the point of view of a humanist scholar.

## Early life
His father was also called Ulrich Zwingli, and his mother was Margaret Meili. Zwingli had two sisters and seven brothers.

Zwingli was born in Toggenburg, Wildhaus, St. Gallen, Switzerland, to an important family in the middle class. 

## Reformation
Zwingli's Reformation was supported by the judge and the people of Zürich. That led to major changes in the lives of the people and the government in Zürich.

Zwingli was killed at Kappel am Albis in a battle against the Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland.

## Related pages
*John Calvin
*Erasmus
European Union budget

The European Union (EU) has an independent parliament and civil service which is distinct from those of the 27 member states. It has to pay for expenditure on common policies throughout the EU. Therefore, the EU has an agreed budget of €862 billion for the period 2007-2013. By comparison, the UK expenditure for 2004 alone was estimated at €759 billion.

## Setting a budget
The EU has three elements to its government: the Council of Ministers, the European Commission and the European Parliament. All three take a part in setting the annual budget.

## Revenue
The EU obtains most of its revenue indirectly by payments from treasuries of member states. Revenue is divided into three categories.

**Traditional own resources** are taxes raised on behalf of the EU as a whole, principally import duties on goods brought into the EU. These are collected by the state where import occurs and passed on to the EU. States are allowed to keep a proportion of the revenue to cover administration.

**VAT based own resources** are taxes on EU citizens as a proportion of Value added tax in each member country. VAT rates and exemptions vary in different countries, so a formula is used to create the 'harmonised tax base'. The starting point for calculations is the total VAT raised in a country.

**GNI based own resources** currently forms the largest contribution to EU funding. A simple multiplier is applied to the calculated GNI for the country concerned. Revenue is currently capped at 1.24% of GNI for the EU as a whole.

## Expenditure
The largest single expenditure item is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at around 45% of the total budget. The second largest element is the regional policy, at 30%. Foreign policy consumes 8%, administration 6%, research 5%.

## Criticisms 
:"*As it stands today *[in 2003]*, the EU budget is a historical relic. Expenditures, revenues and procedures are all inconsistent with the present and future state of EU integration.*" - The *Sapir Report*, 2003, p 162.

## References
* EU discussion of revenue
* EU Breakdown of revenue
* EU financial report 2004
Cuxhaven

**Cuxhaven** ( , ; ) is an independent town and seat of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town includes the northernmost point of Lower Saxony. It is on the shore of the North Sea at the mouth of the Elbe River. Cuxhaven has a footprint of  (east–west) by  (north–south). Its town quarters Duhnen, Döse and Sahlenburg are popular vacation spots on the North Sea and home to about 52,000 residents.

## Geographical and cultural background 
The town is served by Cuxhaven station.

The island of Neuwerk is  off the coast from Cuxhaven.

## Twin towns – sister cities
Cuxhaven is twinned with:
* Binz, Germany (1990)
* Hafnarfjörður, Iceland (1988)
* Penzance, England, United Kingdom (1967–1974, 2009–present)
* Sassnitz, Germany (1990)
* Vannes, France (1963)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site 
* Operation "Backfire" and rocket experiments at Cuxhaven 
* Further Tourist Information
Haifa Wehbe

**Haifa Wehbe** (, born 10 March 1972) is a female Lebanese singer, actress, model, and jewelry designer who is known in the Arab world. Wehbe was born to Shia parents in a rural town in Southern Lebanon and currently lives in Beirut. She started her music career with her debut album *Huwa az-Zaman* (, *It is Time*).

## Early life and career 
Haifa Wehbe was born to Lebanese Shia parents in Southern Lebanon. Before she became a singer, she was a model. She won title "Miss South Lebanon" when she was sixteen. In 1995, she was the runner-up for Miss Lebanon before the public found out she had a daughter named Zeinab.

Her second 2005 album was ''Baddi 'Ayš* (, *I Want to Live*). Her second songs was "Ana Haifa" (*I am Haifa'').

She also appeared in Pepsi ad with French footballer Thierry Henry.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Official Facebook page
Dynamics (music)

In music, the **dynamics** in the  piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. 

In written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for Italian words for the dynamic levels. They are listed in the table below. Notice that “piano”, as a dynamic level, is pronounced the Italian way (“pi-AH-no”).

Use more than two ***p***s or ***f***s to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud. Tchaikovsky sometimes used five ***p***s or ***f***s, though only up to three are normally found in sheet music.

Dynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly. Exactly how loud ***mp*** should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.

Some composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. Others leave a lot to the performer to decide. Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly ***p*** and ***f***. By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.

 
Sometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks. *Sforzando* means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as ***sf***, ***sfz*** or ***fz***. The notation ***sfzp*** (or ***sfp***) means a *sforzando* followed immediately by *piano*

The terms *crescendo*, and *diminuendo* (or sometimes *decrescendo*), mean a gradual getting louder or quieter. They can also be shown by signs known as "hairpins". A hairpin opening out is a *crescendo*, one which closes is a *diminuendo*.

:

For a quick change in dynamics, ***molto cresc.*** and ***molto dim.*** are often used (*molto* means *a lot*). For slow changes ***poco a poco cresc.*** and ***poco a poco dim.*** are used (*poco a poco* means *little by little*, i.e. very gradually.)
Francesco Botticini

**Francesco Botticini** (real name Francesco di Giovanni, 1446 – 16 January 1498) was an Italian painter. He lived in the early part of the Renaissance period. He was born in Florence about 1446 and is best known for his painting called "Assumption of the Virgin".

He died in 1497 or 1498. After he had been an assistant to the painter Neri di Bicci he started his own workshop. The shop was famous for its decorative works, a few of which can be seen in the cloistered church of Empoli. Botticini was influenced by Filippino Lippi and Botticelli who were two very famous Florentine painters.

## Gallery

Image:Francesco di Giovanni Botticini - Saint Sebastian.jpg|Saint Sebastian
Image:CeciliaValerianTiburtius.jpg|Saints Cecilia, Valerian, and Tiburtius
Image:Francesco_Botticini_-_The_Assumption_of_the_Virgin.jpg|The Assumption of the Virgin

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters

## References
Grana Padano

**Grana Padano** is a type of hard cheese. It is similar to parmesan cheese. The name comes from the noun *grana* (‘grain’), which refers to the distinctively grainy texture of the cheese, and the adjective *Padano*, which refers to the river Po.

Grana Padano was created by the Cistercian monks of Chiaravalle. They used ripened cheese as a way of preserving extra milk. By the year 1477, it was regarded as one of the most famous cheeses of Italy. Today, this product is made in the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, and in the province of Trento.

Like Parmigiano Reggiano, Grana Padano is a semi-fat hard cheese which is cooked and ripened slowly (for up to 18 months). It is produced by curdling the milk of grass-fed cows. The cows are milked twice a day, the milk is left to stand, and then partially creamed. It is produced all year round and the quality can vary seasonally as well as by year.
 
A wheel of Grana Padano is cylindrical, with slightly convex or almost straight sides and flat faces. The rind, which is thin, is white or straw yellow.

Grana Padano cheese has been produced since the 12th century, and production and quality are now overseen by the Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano.

## Other websites 
*Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano  
*Zeppa, Giuseppe *GRANA PADANO a cheese from Piedmont* 
**Disciplinare di produzione*
Islamic calendar

The **Islamic calendar** or **Hijri calendar** () is a calendar. It is used to determine Islamic holidays in most of Islam. It is a lunar calendar: it uses the phases of the Moon (rather than the Earth's orbit of the Sun) to count the passing of time. Its year has 12 months of 29 or 30 days, and lasts a total of 354 or 355 days. This means that each year of the Hijri calendar is about 11 days shorter than a solar calendar such as the Gregorian. Islamic years are often called *hijra* years, because the first year of the calendar when the *hijra* occurred, that is when Prophet Muhammad went from Mecca to Medina.

The current Islamic Calendar year is 1445 AH (AH =  = Year of the Hijra.)

Two Islamic countries (Iran and Afghanistan) use a different calendar, the Solar Hijri Calendar ("SH").

## Months
The  of the months in the Islamic calendar is d by direct  of the Moon. A new month can only begin after a "waxing crescent Moon" is observed shortly after sunset. The "waxing crescent Moon" is the phase of the Moon which starts right after a New Moon. A lunar month (one new moon to the next) lasts a little over 29.5 days. For convenience, a month is the Islamic calendar is either 29 days or 30 days, one after the other. So a 29-day month is followed by a 30-day month (29+30 is the same as 29.5+29.5). In most years, that means that a year of 12 calendar months last 354 days. But that "a little over" is 44 minutes every month so, to keep the calendar in step with reality, an extra day is needed nearly every third year, so these years are 355 days long. 

Whether or not the first crescent moon is actually visible differs by location. For desert communities, cloud-cover is rarely a problem but that is not true for people who live in the rain forest. One option is to use the tabular Islamic calendar, which predicts the moment of waxing crescent moon assuming perfect visibility. This method is used routinely by some Islamic communities but regarded by others as just an aid to securing a successful observation.

The commencement of Islamic months occurs at sunset on the first day, coinciding with the visual sighting of the lunar crescent. Lasting approximately 354 days, the lunar year causes the months to cycle in reverse through the seasons, without adherence to the fixed dates of the Gregorian calendar. The months of the Islamic year are:

## References 
## Other websites 
* Islamic Calendar
* Islamic-Western Calendar Converter (Based on the Arithmetical or Tabular Calendar)
John Hancock

, 1770]]

**John Hancock ** (January 12, 1737 – October 8, 1793) was an early American patriot, a leader in the American Revolutionary War, and an American statesman. He was the first man to sign America's Declaration of Independence. Today in the United States, "John Hancock" is a synonym for signature.

Hancock's ancestors arrived in the English colonies in 1652. In 1737, Hancock was born in Braintree (now Quincy, Massachusetts). When his father died, he was adopted by his uncle, a merchant in Boston, Massachusetts. At his uncle's death in 1754, Hancock inherited the business. He became a leading merchant in Boston and one of the richest in the colonies. 

In 1768, British officials seized Hancock's ship, the *Liberty,* and accused him of smuggling. The *Liberty* was carrying a shipment of wine at the time. Patriots in Boston rioted, and Hancock was acquitted. This was one of the events that led to the American Revolutionary War.

Hancock had several important jobs in Colonial America and the early United States of America. He was president of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774 and 1775. He used his money to support American independence. The British thought him a very dangerous man.

Hancock was president of the Continental Congress in 1775 to 1777. He wanted to lead the Continental Army, but George Washington got the job instead. With 5,000 troops, he tried to free Rhode Island from the British, but was not successful.

Hancock led the convention that adopted the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. He was the first Governor of Massachusetts, and served nine terms. 

In his later life, Hancock suffered from gout.  He died in 1793.

## References
Fox News

The **Fox News Channel** (commonly known as **Fox News**) is an American 24-hour cable and satellite television entertainment network. It was made by Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes. It is owned by Fox Corporation. the channel was officially launched in 1996.

## Shows
The channel plays up to 15 hours of live shows every day. 6 hours of these are opinion shows. Fox News Network leans right-wing, but has some liberals (such as Greta van Susteren).

## Criticisms
There was a documentary called *Outfoxed* that criticized the channel because they say it is biased towards conservatives and the US Republican Party in its reporting. Fox says its opinion shows are conservative but its regular news programs are not. President Barack Obama, through a spokesperson, accused Fox News of working for the Republican Party. Fox has also been accused of having a right-wing bias, racism, discrimination, race baiting and gender inequality. Roger Ailes has called Fox News "the balance" against the liberal networks news groups such as ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, Cable News Network, and MS NOW. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Language revival

**Language revival** is people trying to make a language spoken often again when it is not spoken or is spoken very little. Language death happens when a language is not used by the people who used to speak it.

Language revival tries to save a language that is dead or endangered. The Hebrew language was once a language that was not spoken, but the language was revived, and people now speak and use it again. Many people are now trying to revive their languages. The revival of languages is useful as it can give insight to older languages.

## References
John Travolta

**John Joseph Travolta** (born February 18, 1954) is an American actor, dancer and singer.

## Biography
 at the White House, November 9, 1985]]
The youngest of six children, John Joseph Travolta was born and raised in Englewood, New Jersey. His father, Salvatore Travolta (November 1912 – May 1995), was a semi-professional American football player of Italian descent. His mother, Helen Cecilia (née Burke, January 1912 – December 1978), 

Travolta was engaged with Diana Hyland who died of breast cancer in 1977, they met while filming *The Boy in the Plastic Bubble*. He married actress Kelly Preston in 1991. The couple had a son, Jett (1992–2009). Their daughter, Ella Bleu, was born in 2000. On May 18, 2010, Travolta and Preston said she was pregnant with the couple's third child. Later they said it would be a boy. Their son, Benjamin, was born on November 23, 2010 in Florida. 

He starred in the movies *Grease* with Olivia Newton-John, *Pulp Fiction* with Samuel L. Jackson and *Hairspray*.

His wife, Kelly Preston died of breast cancer in July 2020.

## Filmography
## Discography
## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites 
*
Ukrainian

**Ukrainian** might mean:

*Something related to the country Ukraine
*Something related to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which existed from 1922 to 1991
*Ukrainians, the people of Ukraine
*Ukrainian language
Objectivity (science)

**Objectivity** in science means that scientific ideas and measurements are tested. That means they are independent from the individual scientist (the subject) who proposes them. In other words, if scientist A claims something, scientist B must be able to check whether A is right.

The evidence can (in principle) be shown to anyone who doubts it. The "in principle" bit is because some science needs complex machinery, and if you don't understand the machinery, you won't understand the results. But elementary science can often be shown in a classroom, or on television.

Some science does need a proper scientific education. To some extent the general public has to trust a qualified scientist to present the idea in some suitable form. That means on television or on the web, or perhaps in published articles or books. Most awards of the Nobel Prize in science are followed by presentations on various web channels.

It is generally agreed that, at least in some subjects, modern science needs a person to have some education before they can understand it. Specialist communicators often do this on television or the web. 150 years ago, people read science directly from books written by scientists like Faraday and Darwin. Now most people get their science from people who act as communicators of science.

## Objectivity in measurement 
To avoid the variety in subjective (ambiguous) interpretation of quantifying terms such as "green", "hot", "large", "considerable", and "negligible", scientists try hard, where possible, to eliminate human senses by use of standardized measuring tools (meter stick, stopwatch, thermometer, etc.) and mechanical/electronic measuring instruments (spectrometer, voltmeter, timer, oscilloscope, gravimeter, etc.) for performing the actual measuring process, eliminating much of the perceptive variability of individual observers. The results of measurements are expressed on a numerical scale of standard units - so that everybody else understands them the same way. Where data must need be used, the ideal is to use "hard", "objective" criteria for assigning the classifications (see definition), such that different classifiers would get the same results.

## Literature 
* Dawkins, Richard 2003. *A Devil’s Chaplain: selected essays*. Phoenix. 
* Kuhn, Thomas 1962. *The Structure of Scientific Revolutions*. University of Chicago Press, 3rd ed. 1996.
* Porter, Theodore M. 1995. *Trust in Numbers: the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life*. Princeton University Press. 
* Restivo, Sal 1994. *Science, Society, and Values: toward a sociology of objectivity*. Lehigh University Press.
* Sokal, Alan & Bricmont, Jean 1997. *Intellectual Impostures: postmodern philosophers’ abuse of science*. Profile Books 2003.
Roundhay Garden Scene

***Roundhay Garden Scene*** is a short silent movie made on October 14, 1888 in the garden of *Oakwood Grange*, Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It was made by a French man named Louis Le Prince. The movie had Adolphe Le Prince, Sarah Whitley, Joseph Whitley, and Harriet Hartley walking in the garden of Oakwood Grange. It is believed to be the oldest surviving movie by many people. It is 1.66 seconds long. The digitalized version lasts 2.11 seconds.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Louis Le Prince Centre for Cinema, Photography, and Television
* YouTube video of *Roundhay Garden Scene*
Herpetology

**Herpetology** is the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians. It is about cold-blooded animals like salamanders, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, turtles, tuataras and crocodilians.
## Herp
"Herp" is a vernacular term for reptiles and amphibians. It is derived from the old term "herpetile". Linnaeus  grouped reptiles and amphibians together in the same class, and that is where the term comes from. The term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians. There are over 6700 species of amphibians and over 9000 species of reptiles. 
## Batrachology
**Batrachology** is the study of amphibians. Batrachology can also mean that a person enjoys amphibians and are among their favorite pets.
Hector Barbossa

*(pictured with Barbossa in the background)* played Barbossa in the franchise]]
Captain **Hector Barbossa** is a fictional character and a recurring antagonist of the *Pirates of the Caribbean* franchise. He appeared in the first five movies of the series. 

At first he was the main antagonist as an undead pirate in *The Curse of the Black Pearl* (2003). The character dies at the end of the movie, however, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of ''Dead Man's Chest*. 

He later became an antihero in supporting roles as a Pirate Lord in *At World's End* (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in *On Stranger Tides* (2011), and finally as the rich pirate in *Dead Men Tell No Tales'' (2017).

He is seen as the evil version of Captain Jack Sparrow.

## References
Alpha Kappa Alpha

**Alpha Kappa Alpha** is the first sorority founded by African-American women.  The sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University. The sorority has more than 300,000 women in over one thousand chapters. They are in the United States, the Caribbean, Germany, Korea and Japan.

## Other websites
*Official website
Fraud

during the COVID-19 pandemic]]
**Fraud** (or **defrauding** or **scamming**) is a crime in which someone tricks somebody else to get unfair or unlawful gain. Frauds are almost always about money, either directly or indirectly. 

A *fraudster* or a *fraud* is the person who commits the fraud. Something that involves fraud is *fraudulent* (as in *He tried to pass a fraudulent cheque).* To *defraud* someone is to commit a fraud against them. 

## Methods 
Fraudsters may find people to defraud by phone calls, emails, or websites. 

Fraud often starts by saying there is a free or low-price item. The fraudster then asks for personal information, such as a home address and bank account numbers. Instead of giving an item in return, the fraudster takes their money. Fraudsters often target senior citizens.

Ponzi schemes and pyramid schemes are forms of investment fraud. In 2009 Bernie Madoff was charged for defrauding over 40,800 people in a $64 billion Ponzi scheme. The scheme has been described as "the largest fraudulent scheme in history" and "one of the most prolific financial crimes in American history”.
 of Charles Ponzi. Ponzi schemes are a form of financial fraud]]

## Laws 
Fraud is a criminal wrong: a fraudster may be prosecuted and imprisoned. It is also a civil wrong: a fraud victim may sue the fraudster to get compensation.

Laws against fraud differ in each jurisdiction. 

### England 
In England an Act of Parliament defines three kinds of fraud.
#fraud by false representation, 
#fraud by failing to disclose information, and 
#fraud by abuse of position. 
Lesser cases are heard in a Magistrates' Court; more serious offences are tried in the High Court (jury proceedings).

## Related pages
* Phishing
* Ponzi scheme
* Pyramid scheme
* Welfare fraud
* Internet (online) fraud

## References
Pump

A **pump** is a machine which moves a liquid from one place to another, often upwards.

Pumps need some kind of power, often kinetic energy, to make them work. Sometimes the power comes from a person. Sometimes the power comes from a motor.

## Types of pumps 
There are many different kinds of pumps. Some types of pumps are:
* Air pump
* Boiler feedwater pump
* Fire pump
* Heat pump

 moves back and forth inside the pump head.]]

## Related pages 
* Gas compressor

## Resources 
* Pumps history - 2000 BC to Now
Ioan P. Culianu

**Ioan Petru Culianu** (5 January 1950 – 21 May 1991) was a Romanian historian of religion, culture, ideas, philosopher, political essayist, poet, mystic and short story writer.

He was 41 when he was shot in the head in the men's room in his University, Divine School where he was teaching on May 21 1991. At times he preached against communism and its system of brainwashing youth. It is alleged that he was killed on the orders of outgoing Romanian Communist Party leaders.

## Other websites
*Biography - The life and death of Romanian mystic, The Forces of Darkness- professor Ioan Culianu
*Culianu's works
Single (music)

In popular music marketing, a **single** is a record release with only one to three songs. The first song (usually the one given the most promotion, and heard more often in the media) is called an **A-side**, while any other song on the single is called a **B-side**.

The pairing of recordings on a single comes from the days of shellac and vinyl records, when discs had two playable sides. Modern compact disc singles may contain more than one version of either the A- or B-side, or sometimes an additional recording by the same performer. B-sides may be selections from an album, or songs not otherwise issued for sale.

Many times the chance to get a new song issued as an A-side creates competition between members of bands, or teams of songwriters. John Lennon and Paul McCartney of The Beatles tried to write better songs than each other, to get more A-sides than the other. George Harrison, also a Beatle, rarely had his songs chosen for singles, but had a hit with "Something" for the band. 

In the days of vinyl singles,  for both A- and B-sides were paid equally. Many listeners never played B-sides more than once, and radio focused on A-sides. Many people who made recordings knew this, and used it to earn extra money from sales, or to promote other music they made. Phil Spector sometimes used short jam sessions by his studio band as B-sides to singles he produced. 

Michael Nesmith of The Monkees wanted his songs to appear on Monkees singles. He would settle for B-sides, if he could not get an A-side. Don Kirshner, who oversaw the band's early music, wanted the B-sides to come from other songwriters who worked for him. Nesmith and Kirshner disagreed, and it caused tension for the Monkees and their company.

Records that include more than two or three songs are usually called EPs (for "extended play"), and may include four or more distinct songs, but not as many as on an album.

## Related pages
* Album
* Extended play
* Vinyl (or gramophone record)
Alpha (disambiguation)

**Alpha** may mean: 

## The Greek letter alpha
Alpha, a letter in the Greek alphabet. **α** may be used as the symbol for:
*Angle of attack in aerodynamics
*Common-base current gain of a transistor in electronics
*In physics:
**Fine-structure constant, a fundamental physical constant
**Alpha particle, form of particle radiation
**H-alpha, or **H-α**, an emission line created by hydrogen atoms
*The alpha carbon in organic chemistry
*In Bayer designation, the typically brightest star in a constellation
*The significance level in statistical hypothesis testing
*Alpha channel, describing transparency and opacity in computer graphics
*The alpha coefficient in evaluating financial returns
*Thermal diffusivity

## Place names
*Alpha, Michigan
*Alpha, Minnesota
*Alpha, New Jersey
*Alpha, Queensland

## Media, literature and fiction
*Alpha (band), a British electronic music group
*Alpha Magazine, Australian men's sport magazine
*Alpha (search engine), a search engine by Yahoo!
*Alpha TV, a Greek terrestrial channel
*Alpha the Ultimate Mutant, a character featured in Marvel Comics

## Science and mathematics
* The Bayer designation of the brightest star in a constellation, for example
** Alpha Centauri, the brightest star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus
*Alpha (biology), "alpha male" and "alpha female", the highest ranking individuals in a community of social animals
*Alpha (investment), a measurement of risk-adjusted performance
*Alpha waves, recorded by electroencephalography
*Cronbach's alpha, a statistical measure of reliability
*ALPHA, the Antihydrogen Laser PHysics Apparatus, an experiment at CERN.

## Computing
*Alpha (machine learning), the degree to which a learning agent takes into account new information
*ALPHA refers to the set of ASCII characters A-Z and a-z, as defined in RFC 4234
*The ALPHA programming language
*Alpha, a development stage of software release
*DEC Alpha, a microprocessor/central processing unit (CPU)
*AlphaServer - DEC now HP machine successor to the VAX
*AlphaStation - DEC now HP workstation successor to the VAX

## Other
*Latin alpha, an open back unrounded vowel
*Space Station Alpha, the original name and unofficial call sign for the International Space Station
*The first letter in the NATO phonetic alphabet
*Alpha (radio navigation), a Russian radio navigation system similar to the former Omega Navigation System
*Alpha 2000, a light aircraft built in New Zealand
*Alpha Group, a dedicated counter-terrorism unit that belonged to OSNAZ
*Alpha class submarine, a Russian fast attack nuclear submarine
*Sony α or Sony Alpha, a digital SLR series by Sony
**Minolta α or Minolta Alpha, the Japanese name for a series of SLR cameras known as Maxxum or Dynax elsewhere, and predecessor to Sony's brand of the same name
*Tropical Storm Alpha (2005)
*Alpha Industries, clothing company

## Related pages
*Beta
Captain America

**Captain America** is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics. He made his first appearance in the comic book *Captain America Comics #1* in 1941*.* He wears a suit that has a white star on his chest with 2 stripes (still white) on each side next to the star. His suit is blue. He also has an indestructible shield with a bullseye and a star on the front of it. He is also known as his alter ego **Steve Rogers**. Captain America had a sidekick (friend), Bucky who later became the Winter Soldier, is a very good fighter, both hand-to-hand and using his guns to take care of his enemies easily. Captain America has an nemesis called Red Skull. He later joins a team called the Avengers to help protect the world.

## Power and abilities 
Although Captain America has enhanced body strength, speed, agility, endurance, reflexes, reaction time, and natural self-healing ability, he actually has no superpowers. The reason why he has all these abilities is because of the Super Soldier Serum.

## Film and TV 
The character has adapted to different forms of media, including toys, movies, television series, and video games.

He first appeared in the serial (film) Captain America, which was from 1940.

He appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, played by Chris Evans. He was in *Captain America: The First Avenger* (2011), *Captain America: The Winter Soldier* (2014) and *Captain America: Civil War* (2016), as well as Marvel's *The Avengers* (2012), and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019).

## In Real Life 
In 1966, Joe Simon (one of the people who helped make Captain America) sued Marvel, saying that he was the one who should be able to use the character, not them. It was agreed that Captain America was made under the publisher's rules, and belonged to them. This meant that Marvel won. 

## References