open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Planaria

***Planaria*** is a small aquatic genus of flatworm. The term is also used for other similar flatworms. They are fresh water animals which move in a smooth wave-like manner. Planaria are free-living. They can live in fresh water or very damp soil, depending on the type. 

*Planaria* are hermaphrodite: they produce both eggs and sperm. To reproduce, a planarian releases eggs and sperm into the water, where the eggs get fertilized. Planaria can repair damage by regenerating any part of their body. 

*Planaria* are the one of most simple creatures to develop a nervous system. Their nervous system consists of  ganglia under the eyespots and a cord of nerves that run down the body, under the gut (ventral nerve cord). The three pairs of ganglia under the eyespots make a inverted U shape that have nerves sticking out to the outside of the head so that the head of the planarian is more sensitive than the rest of the body. If the light hits the animal near the eyespots, they usually move away into darker water. 

The digestive system of *Planaria* consist of a mouth a pharynx and a gut cavity. Its mouth is on the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are released from the mouth onto the food to soften it, Then the half digested food is sucked up the pharynx and into the stomach. From there the nutrients diffuse into the rest of the body. 

There are no circulatory or respiratory systems. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing through the body wall. *Planaria* do not have a skeleton. They have an extendable crumpled muscle that allows them to move.  Also, planarians have three layers of body-wall muscles that are constructed of circular muscle fibers as well as longer muscle threads.

Planarians have both ovaries and testes. To reproduce, they can have sex with another planarian; this is called sexual reproduction. Another way planarians reproduce is called asexual reproduction. This is when a planarian splits and regenerates the parts that are missing. However, asexual reproduction is uncommon.

## References
Sparkle

***Sparkle*** is a 2012 musical drama movie starring Jordin Sparks and Whitney Houston (in her final role). It is a remake of the same named 1976 motion picture, except the 2012 remake centers on 1960s Detroit. *Sparkle* was released in August 2012.
Monogamy

**Monogamy** (; *monos+gamos* meaning *one+marriage*) is a form of marriage in which a person or animal has only one spouse at any one time.

## Etymology 
The word *monogamy* comes from the Greek words "μονός", *monos* which means one or alone, and "γάμος", *gamos* which means marriage.

## Religion 
Monogamy is one of the beliefs of Judaism and Christianity. An exception is the fundamentalist branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) who strictly follow the teachings of founder Joseph Smith. Smith allowed polygamy, and had many wives. In Jewish and Christian doctrine, marriage is between one husband and one wife, which is monogamy.

## Law 
In most countries, monogamy is the only legal form of marriage, either between a man and a woman in most of these countries, and between two persons of the same gender (gay marriage) in some of the Western world. 
In these countries polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy.

## Historical angle 
Polygamy without equality was almost universal in ancient human tribes. By "without equality" is meant that of the wives only one would have full rights and recognition as the main wife.

The fact is that all societies of which we have good records lost men disproportionately, mainly because of warfare, but also accidents in hunting. This left widows who were not responsible for being widows: they were just unlucky.

It might be thought that this would be counter-balanced by loss of females during child-birth, but apparently not so. 
A full appreciation of this fact needs to take into account:
#On the one hand, the absence of modern medical technology, and 
#The well-known fact that earlier societies had younger mothers.
#The life expectancy in prehistoric times was low, 25&ndash;40 years, and with men living longer than women; archaeological evidence of women and babies found together suggests that many women would have died in childbirth.

## References
Mimusops

***Mimusops*** is a genus of plant. It is in the family Sapotaceae. 

## Species 
Some species in this genus are:

* *Mimusops acutifolia*, Mildbr.
* *Mimusops angel*, Chiov.
* *Mimusops commersonii*
* *Mimusops caffra*
* *Mimusops elengi*
* *Mimusops heckelii* - African Cherry, Baku, Douka, Makore, Ukola
* *Mimusops obovata*
* *Mimusops penduliflora*, Engl.
* *Mimusops petiolaris*
* *Mimusops riparia*, Engl.
* *Mimusops sechellarum*, (Oliv.) Hemsl.
* *Mimusops zeyheri*

## References
* Allaby, Michael. 1998. *A Dictionary of Plant Sciences*. Oxford University Press, New York
Drosophila simulans

***Drosophila simulans*** is a species of fruit fly closely related to *D. melanogaster* 

It was discovered by the fly geneticist Alfred Sturtevant in 1919, when he noticed that the flies used in Thomas Hunt Morgan's laboratory at the Columbia University were actually two distinct species: *D. melanogaster* and *D. simulans*. Males differ in the external genitalia, while trained observers can separate females using colour characteristics. 

*D. melanogaster* females crossed to *D. simulans* males produce sterile F1 females and no F1 males. The reciprocal cross produces sterile F1 males and no female progeny.

*D. simulans* was found later to be closely related to two island endemics, *Drosophila sechellia* and *Drosophila mauritiana*. *D. simulans* will mate with these sister species to form fertile females and sterile males, a fact that has made *D. simulans* an important model organism for research into speciation.

## References
*Sturtevant A.H. 1919. A new species closely resembling *Drosophila melanogaster*. *Psyche* **26**: 153–155.
*Sturtevant A.H. *The North American species of Drosophila*. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1921.

## Other websites
**Drosophila simulans* at the Washington University in St. Louis Genome Sequencing Center
West Africa Time

**West Africa Time**, or **WAT**, is a time zone used in west-central Africa.

West Africa Time is used by the following countries:
*
*
*
*
*
*
* (western)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Hayabusa

's surface]]

 is the name of a Japanese spacecraft which was sent into space to collect a sample of material from a small near-Earth asteroid named 25143 Itokawa.

The mission was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

Hayabusa was sent into space on May 9, 2003. In November 2005, it landed on the asteroid.  The mission was successfully completed in June 2010 when the spacecraft returned to earth in June 2010.

## Mission
*Hayabusa* studied Itokawa's shape, spin, topography, colour, composition, density, and history. The *Hayabusa* mission was the first time that an attempt was made to bring an asteroid dust sample to earth for analysis.

## In popular culture
Three different feature-length films are being made about the Hayabusa mission.

## References 
## Further reading
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA),Hayabusa (Muses-C) mission profile
Nozomi (spacecraft)

is the name of a Japanese spacecraft which was sent toward Mars.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The spacecraft was  on July 3, 1998. 
  
Nozumi was planned as a Mars-orbiting probe.  The mission was not successful because of electrical failures.  

The Nozumi probe project was ended on December 31, 2003. including the European Space Agency, NASA and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics.

Canada provided a thermal plasma analyser. This was the Canadian Space Agency's first participation in an interplanetary mission.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Nozomi (Planet-B) mission profile 
* National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), Nozomi
Juei

was a  after *Yōwa* and before *Genryaku.*  This period started in May 1182 and ended in March 1184.  The reigning emperors were Antoku*-tennō* (安徳天皇) and .

## Events of the *Juei* era
* **1182** (*Juei 1*): The entire country suffers a famine.
* **14 August 1183** (*Juei 2, 25th day of 7th month*): the Taira (also known as the Heike)  flee the capital with Emperor Antoku.
* **8 September 1183** (*Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month*): In the 3rd year of Antoku's reign, former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa named another emperor; and the young child was given the acceptance of abdication rites (*juzen*). Go-Shirakawa wanted it to look like the succession (*senso*) was received by someone other than Antoku; and soon after, Emperor Go-Toba is said to have accepted the responsibility and powers of the emperor (*sokui*).   Emperor Go-Toba is enthroned without the imperial regalia.

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Genryaku

was a  after *Juei* and before *Bunji.*  This period started in April 1184 and ended in August 1185.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Genryaku* era
* **25 April 1185** (*Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month*): the Taira (also known as the Heike) and the Minamoto clashed in the Battle of Dan-no-ura; and the Heike are defeated.  Antoku drowned at Dan-no-ura.
* **6 August 1185** (*Genryaku 2, 9th day of the 7th month*): Great earthquake in Kyoto and in the Kinai region.

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Bunji (era)

was a  after *Genryaku* and before *Kenkyū.*  This period started in August 1185 and ended in April 1190. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Bunji* era
* **22 December 1185** (*Bunji 1, 29th day of the 11th month*): The court formally approves the shogonate government at Kamakura in the Kantō region.
* **1186** (*Bunji 2, 4th month*): Go-Shirakawa visits the widow of Emperor Takakura (Kenrei-mon In) at her humble retreat in Ohara.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Rush Hour (movie)

***Rush Hour*** is a 1998 American movie by New Line Cinema. Starring;   Jackie Chan, Chris Tucker, Ken Leung 

It was followed by the sequel movies, *Rush Hour 2* (2001) and *Rush Hour 3* (2007).

## Cast 
* Jackie Chan as Inspector Yan Niang Lee
* Chris Tucker as Detective James Carter
* Julia Hsu as Soo-Yung
* Phillip Baker Hall as Captain Bill Diel
* Tom Wilkinson as Griffin / Juntao
* Ken Leung as Sang
* Chris Penn as Clive Cod

## Jackie Chan Stunt Team 
* Kwan Yung
* Mars
* William Tuan
* Johnny Cheung
* Ken Lo
* Andy Cheng
* Nicky Li
* Chan Man Ching
* Stuart Yee
* James Lew

## Sequel 
* *Rush Hour 2* (2001)
* *Rush Hour 3* (2007)
2112 (album)

***2112*** is the fourth studio album released by the Canadian progressive rock band Rush. The album was released in 1976.

The album is most famous for its song 2112, which has the same name as the album. It is a seven-part epic that lasts about twenty minutes. It tells the story of a man living in a dystopian society in the year 2112. The first song takes up the entire first side of the album, while the second side featured a few more songs.

## Track listing
All lyrics by Neil Peart and music by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson, except where noted.
;Side one
# "2112"&nbsp;– 20:38
#* I: "Overture"&nbsp;– 4:33 (*0:00—4:33*)
#* II: "The Temples of Syrinx"&nbsp;– 2:12 (*4:33—6:45*)
#* III: "Discovery" (music: Lifeson)&nbsp;– 3:29 (*6:45—10:14*)
#* IV: "Presentation" (music: Lifeson)&nbsp;– 3:42 (*10:14—13:56*)
#* V: "Oracle: The Dream"&nbsp;– 2:00 (*13:56—15:56*)
#* VI: "Soliloquy"&nbsp;– 2:21 (*15:56—18:17*)
#* VII: "Grand Finale"&nbsp;– 2:14 (*18:17—20:33*)
;Side two
# "A Passage to Bangkok"&nbsp;– 3:34
# "The Twilight Zone"&nbsp;– 3:19
# "Lessons" (Lifeson)&nbsp;– 3:53
# "Tears" (Lee)&nbsp;– 3:35
# "Something for Nothing" (music: Lee)&nbsp;– 4:00

## References
Jessica Chastain

**Jessica Michelle Chastain** (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress. She is ranked as one of the *Time* 100 most influential people in 2012.

## Filmography
**Dark Shadows* (2004) - Carolyn Stoddard Television series
**Blackbeard* (2006) - Charlotte Ormand Television series
**Jolene* (2008) - Jolene
**Stolen* (2009) - Sally Ann
**Murder on the Orient Express* (2010) - Mary Debenham Television series
**The Debt* (2010) - Rachel Singer (young)
**Take Shelter* (2011) - Samantha LaForche
**Coriolanus* (2011) - Virgilia
**The Tree of Life* (2011) - Mrs. O'Brien
**The Help* (2011) - Celia Foote
**Wilde Salome* (2011) - Salome
**Texas Killing Fields* (2011) - Pam Stall
*''Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted* (2012) - Voice of Gia
**Lawless* (2012) - Maggie
**Tar* (2012) - Mrs. Williams
**Zero Dark Thirty* (2012) - Maya
**Mama* (2013) - Annabel
**Interstellar* (2014) - Murphy Cooper
**It – Chapter Two'' (2019) - Adult Beverly Marsh

## Personal life
Chastain married Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo in 2017. They have a daughter.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Saint George Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

**Saint George** is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda.  It is on the island of Antigua. 

V.C. Bird International Airport is in Saint George Parish. The head office of LIAT is on the airport grounds.

## References
Spectacled caiman

The **spectacled caiman** (*Caiman crocodilus*), or the **common caiman**, is a medium sized crocodilian species that lives in the wetland areas of South America. This size of this species generally can get up to between . The spectacled caiman gets its name from the bony ridge between its eyes, looking like a pair of eyeglasses. As the seasons get colder, this caiman can change colors. Spectacled caimans have been known to eat insects, crustaceans, and mollusks.

## In captivity 
According to ISIS, there are known to be 170 spectacled caimans in zoos.

## Other websites
Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda

**The coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda** was made in 1966 by Gordon Christopher.  It is similar to the Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.  The symbolism is more complex.

At the top of the Coat of Arms is a pineapple.  The island is famous for this fruit.  Many plants are around the shield: red hibiscus, sugarcane, and yucca plant.  The pair of deer are for the wildlife of the islands.

The shield shows the sun, also found on the flag, rising from a blue and white sea. The sun is for a new beginning. The black background is for the African origins of many of the nations's people. At the bottom of the shield, in front of the sea, sits a sugar mill.  

The national motto is at the bottom: "Each endeavouring, all achieving".
Kennin

was a  after *Shōji* and before *Genkyū.*  This period started in February 1201 and ended in February 1204. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kennin* era
* **1202** (*Kennin 2, 1st month*): Nitta Yoshishige died.  He was the deputy director for cuisine for the Dairi (大炊助) in the palace.  His court rank was 2nd rank of the 5th class (従五位下).
* **1202** (*Kennin 2, 7th month*): Minamoto no Yoriie was raised to the 2nd rank of the 2nd class; and he was named the 2nd shogun of the Kamakura shogunate.
* **1203** (*Kennin 3, 8th month*): Shogun Yoriie fell gravely ill.

## Related pages
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Shōji (era)

was a  after *Kenkyū* and before *Kennin.*  This period started in April 1199 and ended in February 1201. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Shōji* era
* **29 January 1199** (*Shōji 2, 12th day of the 2nd month*): Oyama Tomomasa was appointed to the governor of Harima Province and governor of Kyoto.
* **1200** (*Shōji 2, 10th month*): Hōjō Tokimasa was created daimyo of Ōmi Province.

## Related pages
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Fortune cookie

A **fortune cookie** is a sugary cookie usually made from flour, sugar, vanilla, and oil with a short message or "fortune" inside.  The cookie was made popular by Makoto Hagiwara who was a Japanese immigrant who ran the Japanese Tea Garden At San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park in the 1890s.

The "fortune" is a piece of paper with words of wisdom or prophecy. The message may also include a Chinese phrase with translation or a list of lucky numbers.

## References
## Other websites
Redonda

**Redonda** is a very small Caribbean island.  It is part of Antigua and Barbuda,.  No people live here.

This small island is  southwest of Antigua.  It is between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat.

Redonda seems like one very large rock. It is what is left of an ancient volcanic core.  The land rises very steeply from sea level, mostly as sheer cliffs. There is no source of freshwater except rain. The only animals that live here are seabirds and a herd of feral goats.  The goats live on the poor grazing on top of the island.

## History
 with Montserrat faintly visible in the distance.]]
Christopher Columbus found Redonda in 1493 on his second journey. He said the island belonged to Spain. He named the island *Santa María la Redonda*, meaning Saint Mary the Round.  The island looks round when viewed from the side. In the 1860s, the island became a British possession.

## References
Fortune

**Fortune** may refer to:

* Luck, a chance happening, something which happens beyond a person's control
* Wealth, a collection of items of economic value
* Prophecy, the prediction of future events 
** Fortune, the predictions made in the process of fortune-telling
** Fortune, the printed slip of text contained in a fortune cookie
* Fortune, an alternative spelling for the Roman goddess Fortuna
* Fortune (magazine), a magazine created in 1929
The Reader

***The Reader*** is a 2008 German-American romantic drama movie. It stars Ralph Fiennes as Michael Berg and Kate Winslet as Hanna Schmitz. It was directed by Stephen Daldry, produced by Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack and written by David Hare. It is based on a 1995 German novel. *The Reader* was nominated for many Academy Awards, including a Best Picture nomination. Winslet won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role.

## Other websites 
*
Rachel Getting Married

***Rachel Getting Married*** is a 2008 American drama movie about a drug addict attending her sister's wedding. Anne Hathaway stars. This drama got limited released on 3 October, 2008.

## Awards and nominations 
## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Genkyū

was a  after *Kennin* and before ''Ken'ei.*  This period started in February 1204 and ended in April 1206. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Genkyū* era
* **1204** (*Genkyū 1, 10th month''): Minamoto no Sanetomo ordered Hōjō Masanori, Hōjō Tomomichi and Hatakeyama Shigeyasu to travel to Heian-kyo.  They were to return with Sanetomo's bride.
* **1204** (*Genkyū 1, 12th month*): Two of Sanetomo's emissaries returned to the Kantō; but Shigeyasu remained in Heian-kyo where he died.
* **1205** (*Genkyū 2, 3rd month*): Kyoto and the provinces of the Kinai were struck by a notable storm.

## Related pages
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Shiretoko National Park

is a World Heritage Site in Hokkaidō, Japan. The park covers the Shiretoko Peninsula which faces the Sea of Okhotsk.  

The word "Shiretoko" is comes from an Ainu word *""*. It means "end of the Earth".

In 2005, UNESCO named the area a World Heritage Site. UNESCO also suggested that Japan should work with Russia to make an international "World Heritage Peace Park" including the Kuril Islands. Both Japan and Russia claim these islands as part of their countries.

## Geography
Shiretoko is hard to get to. Visitors must go to most places on foot or by boat.   There is a hot springs waterfall called . '''' means "water of the gods" in Ainu.

### Plants
The park forests are temperate and subalpine. There are several different types of trees. The most common trees here are Sakhalin fir, Erman's birch, and Mongolian oak.

### Animals
The park has Japan's largest mammal species of Ezo brown bears.

## References
## Other websites
*
Ken'ei

was a  after *Genkyū* and before *Jōgen.*  This period started in April 1206 and ended in October 1207.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the ''Ken'ei* era
* **1206** (*Ken'ei 1, 2nd month''): Shogun Sanetomo's standing at court was raised to the 2nd rank of the 4th class.
* **16 April 1206** (''Ken'ei 1, 7th day of the 3rd month*): The emperor planned to pay a visit to the Kujō Yoshitsune, but in the night before this visit, an unknown assassin killed  Yoshitsune.  After the killing, Konoe Iezane was made *sesshō* (regent) and Fujiwara no Tadatsune was made the  Minister of the Left (*sadaijin*).
* **1206** (*Ken'ei 1, 12th month*):  Konoe Iezane stopped being *sesshō*; and instead, he became Chancellor (*kampaku*).
* **1207** (*Ken'ei 1''): Hōnen and his followers are exiled

## Related pages
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Hip replacement

**Hip replacement** is a surgery where the hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant. This joint replacement is usually done to relieve arthritis pain or fix very bad joint damage.

## Types of Hip Replacement Surgeries 
There are three types of hip replacement surgeries.

* Total hip replacement
* Partial hip replacement
* Hip surfacing

File: Postoperative radiograph of hip prosthesis - anteroposterior view.jpg|Hip prosthesis - anteroposterior (AP) view
File:Postoperative radiograph of hip prosthesis - lateral view.jpg|Hip prosthesis - lateral view 

Above are X-ray scans taken after surgery. Top image is person facing the machine with the front of their body. Bottom/second image is side view.

## People who might benefit from a hip replacement 
A doctor may recommend a hip replacement if there is significant pain, swelling, and damage to the hip joint, for example because of the following conditions:

* Osteoarthritis (most common)
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)
* Injury such as hip fracture
* Tumor in the hip joint

### Recovery Time 
Typically, after 6 to 12 weeks, the patient will make a full recovery from hip replacement surgery. They will still need follow-up appointments to make sure the hip is healing.

Most people can resume their daily activities after six weeks. A patient may be discharged from the hospital after 2 to 4 days. There are some ways that help someone speed up the recovery after surgery.

## References
Jōgen (Kamakura period)

, also known as **Shōgen**, was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) after ''Ken'ei* and before *Kenryaku.*  This period spanned the years from October 1207 through March 1211.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Jōgen* era
* **1208** (*Jōgen 2, 6th month*): Tsuchimikado went to the Kumano Sanzan Shrine.
* **1210** (*Jōgen 4, 5th month*): The emperor returned to the Kumano Shrine.
* **1210** (*Jōgen 4, 6th month''): Tsuchimikado accepted Hideyasu of Kazusa as part of the court.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Slurry

flowing down an inclined plane.]]
A **slurry** is, in general, a thick suspension of solids in a liquid.

## Uses
There are many kinds of slurries, including
* A  of cement and water to form concrete
* A mixture of thickening agent, oxidizers, and water used to form a gel explosive
* A mixture of pyroclastic rock and water known as a lahar
* A mixture of bentonite and water used to make slurry walls
* A mixture of coal waste and water known as coal slurry
* A mixture of wood pulp and water used to make paper
* A mixture of animal waste and water used as fertilizer
* A mixture of finely ground meat and water, centrifugally dewatered into meat slurry, a food product
* An abrasive substance used in chemical-mechanical polishing
* A mixture of ice crystals, freezing point depressant, and water called slurry ice
* A mixture of raw materials and water involved in the rawmill manufacture of Portland cement
* A mixture of minerals, water, and additives used in the manufacture of ceramics  
* A mixture of water and food starch used to thicken puddings, sauces, and gravys.

## Related pages
* Asphalt

## References 
## Other websites
Biwer

in dark grey and the Grevenmacher canton in dark red with the village of Biwer highlighted in orange]]

**Biwer** is a commune and small town in eastern Luxembourg.

The commune is in the canton of Grevenmacher,  which is part of the old district of Grevenmacher.  It is made up of Biwer, Boudler, Brouch, Hegelsdorf, Wecker and Weydig.

In Biwer, the largest village of the commune,  are every public buildings. There are  the primary school called 'An der Wiss', the cultural centre 'Fancy', a swimming pool, a sports hall and a day-care centre.

## References
## Other websites
* Biwer commune website
Il Canzoniere

***Il Canzoniere*** is a collection of 365 poems. It was written by the Italian poet Petrarch between 1336 and 1373.
Its central theme is the poet's love for Laura, a woman Petrarch allegedly met on April 6, 1327, in the Church of Sainte Claire in Avignon.

## Other websites 
*Il Canzoniere online
*Il Canzoniere text
* Canzoniere (different edition) and other works
* Petrarch and Laura Multi-lingual site
Kenryaku

was a  after *Jōgen* and before *Kempo.*  This period started in March 1211 and ended in December 1213. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kenryaku* era
* **1211** (*Kenryaku 1, 1st month*): The Buddhist priest Hōnen returned from a period of exile.  He was the founder of the  temple-complex.
* **1211** (*Kenryaku 1, 1st month*): Shogun Sanetomo's position at court was raised to the 1st rank of the 3rd class.
* **1212** (*Kenryaku 1*): Hōnen died at age 80.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kempo (era)

was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) after *Kenryaku* and before *Jōkyū.*  This period started in December 1213 and ended in April 1219. The reigning emperor was Juntoku*-tennō* (順徳天皇).

## Events of the *Kempo* era
* **1213** (*Kempo 1, 1st day of the 1st month*): There was an earthquake at Kamakura.
* **1213** (*Kempo 1, 11th month*): Fujiwara no Teika, also known as Fujiwara no Sadeie offered a collection of 8th century poems to Shogun Sanetomo.  These poems were collectively known as the Man'yōshū.
* **1214** (*Kempo 2, 2nd month*): Shogun Sanetomoand the Buddhist priest Eisai drank tea, together.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Black magic

es with a cauldron changing weather, woodcut by Ulrich Molitor, c.1489.]]

**Black magic** has traditionally referred to the use of supernatural powers for evil and selfish purposes. definition of "black magic" has been used by people for any type of magic practice that is disapproved of or thought of as evil or satanic.

## Black magic practices
* Immortality, wishing to live beyond a natural lifespan 
* Curses, magically making something bad happen to someone else
* Necromancy, practices involving spirits and the dead
* Summoning

## Related pages 
* Voodoo

## References
Facesitting

**Facesitting** is when someone sits on someone else's face. People reportedly enjoy this due to a perceived sense of submission by the person getting facesat, where the person sitting is controlling the breath of the "seat". Facesitting is sometimes called "queening" or "kinging".

## Gallery

File:Lossow4.jpg
File:Facesitting9.jpg

## References
Viola Davis

**Viola Davis** (born August 11, 1965) is an American actress, producer and model. She has starred in many movies, including *Traffic* and *Antwone Fisher* and *Suicide Squad*. She has also done many television programs including ABC's *How to Get Away with Murder*. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2017 for her role in *Fences* (2016).

In 2023, Davis became one of the eighteen people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award.

## References
Leeward Caribbean Creole English

**Leeward Caribbean Creole English** is an English-based creole language spoken in the Leeward Islands of the Caribbean.  It is in the countries of Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat and Saint Kitts and Nevis.  It is also called Antiguan Creole, Saint Kitts Creole and Montserrat Creole.

Islanders often use it along with Standard English. People of a higher social status use English more often.
Jōkyū

, also called **Shōkyū,** was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) after *Kempō* and before *Jōō.*  This period started in April 1219 and ended in April 1222. The reigning emperor was Juntoku*-tennō* (順徳天皇).

## Events of the *Jōkyū* era
* **12 February 1219** (*Jōkyū 1, 26th day of the 1st month*): Shogun Sanetomo was assassinated on the steps of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura."
* **1220** (*Jōkyū 2, 2nd month*): The emperor visited the Iwashimizu Shrine and the Kamo Shrines.
* **13 May 1221** (*Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month*): In the 11th year of Juntoku's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (*senso*) was received by eldest son who was only 4 years old.  Soon after, Emperor Chūkyō is said to have acceded to the throne (*sokui*).  Chūkyō was emperor for only a few months.
* **29 July 1221** (*Jōkyū 3, 9th day of the 7th month*): In the 1st year of what is now considered to have been Chūkyō's reign, he abdicated; and contemporary scholars then construed that the succession (*senso*) was received by a grandson of former Emperor Go-Toba.
* **1221** (*Jōkyū 3*): The Jōkyū War (*Jōkyū no ran*) was an armed attempt by Emperor Go-Toba to take power from the Kamakura shogunate.  The effort did not succeed.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
* New York Public Library Digital Gallery, early photograph of Shrine steps where Sanetomo was  killed
Jōō (Kamakura period)

, also romanized as **Jō-ō,** was a Japanese era name (年号, *nengō*, lit. year name) after *Jōkyū* and before *Gennin.*  This period started in April 1222 and ended in November 1224. The reigning emperor was Go-Horikawa*-tennō*.

## Events of the *Jōō* Era
* **1222** (*Jōō 2*):  Regulations established concerning salaries for land stewards (*jitō*) who were appointed by the shogunate
* **9 July 1223** (*Jōō 2, 20th day of the 6th month*):  The buildings of the Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji in Suruga province  were re-built by Hōjō Tokimasa.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
List of governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda

This is a list of **governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda**.  The head of state is the Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda.  Most of the jobs though are done by the Governor-General.

## Governors-General of Antigua and Barbuda, 1981-present
*Sir Wilfred Jacobs: November 1, 1981–June 10, 1993
*James Carlisle: June 10, 1993–June 30, 2007
*Louise Lake-Tack: July 17, 2007—August 14, 2014
*Rodney Williams: August 14, 2014—
Baldwin Spencer

**Winston Baldwin Spencer** (born October 8, 1948) is a former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda. He served in office from 2004 to 2014. He also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

## References
Lester Bird

**Sir Lester Bryant Bird** (February 21, 1938 &ndash; August 9, 2021) was the second Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1994 to 2004. He was also a well-known athlete. He was chairman of the Antigua Labour Party (ALP) from 1971 to 1983. He became Prime Minister when the previous Prime Minister resigned. The previous Prime Minister was his father, Vere Bird.

Bird Jr. was born in New York City. He went to the University of Michigan, and became a lawyer. Bird died on August 9, 2021 at the age of 83.

## References
Louise Lake-Tack

**Dame Louise Agnetha Lake-Tack**, GCMG, DStJ (born 26 July 1944) is a former Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda.

## Background and earlier career
Louise Lake-Tack was born in St. Philip's Parish, Antigua in 1944. She went to Freetown Government School before attending the Antigua Girls High School in St. John's. After graduating she went to the United Kingdom. She studied nursing at Charing Cross Hospital. She worked first at the National Heart Hospital and later at the Harley Street Clinic. She was the first woman to hold the office. On 14 August 2014, she was replaced by Dr Rodney Williams, who took office as the 4th Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda.

## Honours
*Dame Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG, 13 November 2007)
*Dame of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (DStJ, 16 October 2007)

## References
Gennin

was a  after *Jōō* and before *Karoku.*  This period spanned the years from November 1224 to April 1225. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Gennin* Era
* **1224** (*Gennin 1*): *Kyogyoshinsho* was believed to have been composed by Shinran in 1224; and this is also considered the year in which Jōdo Shinshū was founded.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites 
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Taurobolium

During the Roman Empire, the **taurobolium** referred to practices involving the sacrifice of a bull, which after mid-2nd century AD became connected with the worship of the Great Mother of the Gods; though not previously limited to her cult, after 159 AD, all private inscriptions mention *Magna Mater* (the Roman name for the goddess Cybele). Originating in Asia Minor, its earliest attested performance in Italy occurred in 134 AD.

## Ritual
At the taurobolium ritual, the high-priest would stand inside a pit made specifically for the purpose of the ritual, a bull would be led above the pit and sacrificed above him, the blood of the bull would pour down onto the priest, showering him in the blood. After this, the bull's meats are ritually butchered and cooked and eaten and offered and given as a sacrifice to Cybele and the bull's remaining testicles were removed and taken to the sanctuary as an offering to her. This ritual was done as a replacement for the castration of high-priests, this was because castration of male Roman citizens was forbidden in Rome.

## Related pages
* Animal sacrifice, the ritual sacrifice of an animal
Karoku

was a  after *Gennin* and before *Antei.*  This period started in April 1225 and ended in December 1227. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Karoku* Era
* **1225** (*Karoku 1, 11th month*): At Kamakura,  Kujō Yoritsune's coming of age ceremonies took place at age 8; but control of the shogunate affairs was in the hands of  Hōjō Yasutoki, who was the regent (*shikken*).
* **1225** (*Karoku 1, 12th month*): Emperor Go-Horikawa went in formal procession to Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū and to the Kamo Shrines.
* **1226** (*Karoku 2, 1st month*): The Emperor raised Yoritsune to the 1st rank of the 5th class in court hierarchy.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Antei

was a  after *Gennin* and before *Kangi.*  This period started in December 1227 and ended in March 1229.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Antei* Era
* **1227** (*Antei 1, 1st month*): Fujiwara Kintsugu died at age 53.  He had been Minister of the Right (*udaijin*) and Minister of the Left (*sadaijin*).
* **1227** (*Antei 1, 2nd month*): The emperor raised Fujiwara no Nagako, the daughter of Konoe Iezane, to the rank of empress consort (*chūgū*).

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Gary Thomasson

**Gary Leah Thomasson** (born July 29, 1951 in San Diego, California) is a former professional baseball player. He played as an outfielder and first baseman in Major League Baseball from 1972 to 1980 and in Japanese Nippon Pro Baseball from 1981 to 1982.

Thomasson got a lot of attention when he joined the Yomiuri Giants. He got the largest contract ever in the Nippon league. Then, Thomasson played poorly in his two years in Japan. He almost set the league record for strikeouts. He ended his career with a knee injury.

## Cultural references 
Japanese artist Genpei Akasegawa used Thomasson's name to describe a kind of found art. A *"Tomason"* is a part of a building that has lost its meaning or purpose, but still is still interesting.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kangi

, also romanized as **Kanki,** was a  after *Antei* and before *Jōei.*  This period started in March 1229 and ended in April 1232. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kangi* era
* **1230** (*Kangi 2, 12th month*): Kujō Yoritsune was married to the daughter of Minamoto no Yoriie.
* **1231** (*Kangi 3, 2nd month*): Yoritsune was raised to the 2nd rank of the 4th class in the *dōjō kuge*.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Jōei

was a  after *Kangi* and before *Tenpuku.*  This period started in April 1232 and ended in April 1233. The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Jōei* Era
* **1232** (*Jōei 1, i2nd month*): Kujō Yoritsune was raised to the 2nd rank of the 3rd class in the court hierarchy.
* **1232** (*Jōei 1, 11th month*): In the 11th year of Emperor Go-Horikawa's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (*senso*) was received by a his oldest son.  Soon after, Emperor Shijō's new role as emperor was confirmed (*sokui*).

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Tenpuku

, also romanized as **Tempuku,** was a  after *Jōei* and before *Bunryaku.*  This period started in April 1233 and ended in November 1234. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Tenpuku* Era
* **1233** (*Tenpuku 1, 1st month*):  Kujō Yoritsune is granted the court post of 

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Mystery fiction

**Mystery fiction** (story, book, novel) is fictional work in which a professional or amateur detective investigates and solves a crime mystery. Usually the story begins with a crime and a few suspects, and ends when the protagonist detective identifies the criminal. 

Sometimes the term is used to refer to supernatural or suspense stories and thrillers. 

## Related pages
*Miss Marple
*Sherlock Holmes
*Nancy Drew
*The Hardy Boys
Tomason

A , also spelled **Thomason** and **Thomasson** in English, is a kind of conceptual art or found art. Gempei Akasegawa created this word to describe certain kinds of useless parts of buildings or roads. These have lost their purpose as the environment around them changed.  This kind of art is not made on purpose, but becomes art when people  and  it.

## Origin of the name
Akasegawa named this special kind of "art" after an American baseball player who joined the Yomiuri Giants in 1981. Gary Thomasson became famous in Japan for getting the biggest baseball contract ever, then playing very poorly and retiring early.

## Types of Tomason
Tomason can be grouped by features they have in common. These include: "useless stairways", "pointless doorways", "overhangs", "blocked windows", "sealed up walls", "A-bomb type",  (doors opening from a high place into open air), "outies", "poundcakes", "atago" (strange bumps or things sticking up out of the road for no reason), "premature burial" (when a wall is built partly covering an existing feature), and more.

## References
## Other websites
* Tomason in Sydney 
* みちくさ学会ではトマソンを募集しています！ ("...looking for Tomason!") -- images
* Flickr, thomason (超芸術トマソン)
Nematode

The **nematodes** or roundworms are  one of the most diverse of all animal phyla. They are one of the protostome phyla.

Nematode species look very similar to one another. Over 80,000 have been described, of which over 15,000 are parasitic. It has been estimated that the total number of described and undescribed roundworms might be more than 500,000.

The body structure is fairly constant. A thick cuticle gives protection, and acts as a kind of hydrostatic skeleton. *Caenorhabditis elegans* has had its genetics studied intensively, and it had its genome analysed in the year 1998. DNA sequence analysis of nematodes is quite advanced, including trees of species relationship.

Cell numbers in the organs are constant within a species. Nematodes have a fixed, genetically determined number of cells, a phenomenon known as eutely. The male *C. elegans* has 1031 cells, a number which does not change after cell division stops at the end of the larval period. Growth is solely due to an increase in the size of individual cells.

## Related pages 
**Turbatrix aceti*
**Caenorhabditis elegans*

## References
Kenkyū

was a  after *Bunji* and before *Shōji.*  This period started in April 1190 and ended in April 1199. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kenkyū* era
* **1191** (*Kenkyū 2*): Esai brings Zen Buddhism to Japan
* **26 April 1192** (*Kenkyū 3, 13th day of the 3rd month*): Former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa died at the age of 66.  He had been father or grandfather to five emperors -- Emperor Nijō, the 78th emperor; Emperor Rokujō, the 79th emperor; Emperor Takakura, the 80th emperor; Emperor Antoku, the 81st emperor; and Go-Toba, the 82nd emperor.
* **21 August 1192** (*Kenkyū 3, 12th day of the 7th month*): Minamoto Yoritomo was named leader of the forces to fight the in the north of Japan.
* **15 April 1195** (*Kenkyū 6, 4th day of the 3rd month*): Shogun Yoritomo visited the capital.
* **1198** (*Kenkyū 9, 3rd month*): Emperor Tsuchimikado accepted his official role as emperor (*sokui*).
* **9 February 1199** (*Kenkyū 10, 13th day of the 1st month*): Shogun Yoritomo died at age 53 in Kamakura.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Bromance

involving several young males]]
A **bromance** is a close non-sexual relationship between two or more men, a form of homosocial intimacy. Bromance is a portmanteau word of *bro* or *brother* and *romance*. The word was created in the 1990s to describe the sort of relationships that develop between skateboarders who spend a great deal of time together.

## Related pages 
* Platonic love
* Romantic friendship
* Womance

## References
Turbatrix aceti

***Turbatrix aceti*** (also called **vinegar eels**) is a species of nematode. They feed on the acidic bacteria from vinegar and other things, like fermented apples. They range from 1mm to 10mm long or larger. These nematodes go through a six-stage life cycle. The stages are: an egg, four larval stages, and reaching adulthood. They live about 10 months.

## Anatomy
The nematode's reproductive system is sexual. Female vinegar eels have ovaries and produce eggs. Their reproductive system is in the form of a tube. The females also have a short sac-like seminal receptacle that stores sperm. A fertilized egg hatches in the uterus before leaving the womb. Vinegar eels give birth to as many as 45 babies every 8-10 days.  A male vinegar eels’ reproductive system is smaller than the female’s. They have testis and a vas deferens. The testes open into a wide sperm duct and then into a muscular duct which can push out the sperm. The duct empties into a  cloaca. 

Nematodes, such as the vinegar eels, have no circulatory system. Through their body’s wall, gas and excretion waste are diffused. Oxygen from the outside environment is diffused into the body, and carbon dioxide is diffused out of the body. Vinegar eels have to live in liquids that have enough oxygen so that it can diffuse into their bodies.

## Aging research 
Experiments with *T. aceti* were done to understand the cause of ageing.  DNA damage accumulates when the rate of damage occurrence is more than the rate of DNA repair.  Accumulation of DNA damage leads to a decline in gene expression. There is a consistent decline in DNA repair capacity with age in the nematode. A second report measured the ability to repair DNA damage in young and old nematodes after exposure to ionizing radiation.  They observed that the old nematodes were strikingly less able to carry out this type of DNA repair than young nematodes.  These experiments suggest that a decline in DNA repair capability occurs with age. This is the "DNA damage theory of aging".

## References
*Aquatic Community. "Raising Vinegar Eels."  AC Tropical Fish & Aquarium. Aquaticcommunity.com, 2004-06. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.
*Pinckney, Rhonda DVM, PhD. "(The Parasitology Resource UW - Madison)." The Parasitology Rescource/ VetMed. UW School of Veterinary Medicine. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. .
*Tappin, Adrian R. "Vinegar Eels." Home of the Rainbowfish- Feeding. Selected for Inclusion in the National Library of Australia Digital Archive of Australian Online Publications (Jan. 1998), Dec. 2008. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. .
*Wetman. "Vinegar Eels." The Skeptical Aquarist.com. The Skeptical Aquarist ©, 21 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. .
Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda

This page has a **list of prime ministers of Antigua and Barbuda**.

## Chief Minister of Antigua (1960-1967)
## Premiers of Antigua (1967-1981)
## Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda (1981-Present)
Katei

was a  after *Bunryaku* and before *Ryakunin.*  This period started in September 1235 and ended in November 1238. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Katei* Era
* **1235** (*Katei 1, 11th month*): Kujō Yoritsune is raised to the 2nd rank of the 2nd class in the court .
* **1236** (*Katei 2, 7th month*): Yoritsune is raised to the 1st rank of the 2nd class in the court hierarchy.
* **1237** (*Katei 3, 8th month*): Yoritsune ordered the building of a mansion in the Rokuhara section of Kyoto.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection