open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dale–Chall formula

The **Dale–Chall formula** is one of the ways to predict how difficult text is to read. It is a readability test. The Dale–Chall formula is a one-variable test: it measures the difficulty of the words used. It does not measure the difficulty of the sentence structure (the syntax).

One of the first readability tests, the Dale–Chall formula used a vocabulary list. It counted the number of listed words in a passage, and applied a formula which gave a grade level. It was used to rate textbooks for grade levels in US school districts. In 1995 the authors published an updated word list.

It is easy, in principle, to use a vocabulary list as part of a computer-based readability measure. The list is organised as a look-up table. The percentage of listed words in a passage gives the data for the formula, and the user is presented with a grade level.

## Related pages 
*List of readability tests
*Textual difficulty

## References
Bayesian probability

**Bayesian probability** figures out the likelihood that something will happen based on available evidence. This is different from frequency probability which determines the likelihood something will happen based on how often it occurred in the past.

You might use Bayesian probability if you don't have information on how often the event happened in the past.
## Example
As an example, say you want to classify an email as "spam" or "not spam".  One thing you know about this email is that it has an emoji in the subject line.  Say it's the year 2017, and 80% of the emails you got with emoji in them were spam.  So you can look at an email with emoji in the subject and say it's 80% likely to be spam.

But if only 1% of your emails were spam and 80% of the emojis were spam, that's different than if half your emails are spam and 80% of emoji emails were spam.

Then you can use Bayes's Theorem to determine one probability of whether this email is spam: 

p (is_spam | contains_emoji) = [ p(contains_emoji | is_spam) * p(is_spam) ] / p(contains_emoji)

P(xy) = P(xy) * Px / Py
Tiffani Thiessen

**Tiffani Thiessen** (born January 23, 1974) is an American sitcom and television actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. She played Valerie Malone in *Beverly Hills, 90210*.

## Other websites 
*
Knights of St. Patrick

**The Knights of St. Patrick** is a British order of chivalry associated with Ireland.  Founded by King George III of Great Britain and Ireland in 1783. Irish-born British General Herbert Kitchener was a Knight of St. Patrick 

## References
Dani Rodrik

**Dani Rodrik** (born August 14, 1957 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish economist in the fields of international economics, economic development and political economy.
He is a professor of economics at John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he teaches economics to university students.

## Life and work
Dani Rodrik was born in Istanbul, Turkey to a Sephardic Jewish (Jews who come from Spain) family. 
He studied at the high schools, Robert College in Istanbul and École Normale Supérieure in Paris and then at the universities, Harvard University and Princeton University in the United States of America learning economics. He graduated from Harvard University and got his Ph.D. and Professorship from Princeton University.

Dani Rodrik is one of the most important Turkish economists and has made several important contributions to economics. He looks at international economics, economic development and political economy,  and has published many articles about them. The main questions of his research are: what makes a good economic policy and why some governments are better than others in adopting it.

He does not like globalization, because he feels it only helps rich people get richer by making poor people poorer and that people lose their jobs. He also thinks that international organizations like the World Bank and the IMF have made it harder for poorer countries to get richer, or even do not allow them to get richer. He writes critical articles against globalization.

## Other websites 
*Dani Rodrik's home page
*Who is Dani Rodrik
Pope Benedict VIII

**Pope Benedict VIII** (; &nbsp; –died April 9, 1024), born **Teofillato** or **Theophylactus**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 144th Pope from 1012 to 1024.

## Early life
Teofillato was the son of Gregory, Count of Tusculum.  He was the brother of Pope John XIX.  He was related to Pope Sergius IV and the Conti family.

## Pope
Teofillato was a layman before he was elected pope in 1012.

## Related pages
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Tusculum family

## References
 of the popes ]]

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Benedict VIII
The Script

**The Script** are an Irish pop rock group from Dublin. They formed in 2001. They are currently based out of London. They are signed to the Sony Label Group. Their music has been featured in video games and popular TV programs.

The Script have made four albums:
**The Script* (2008)
**Science & Faith* (2010)
**#3* (2012)
**No Sound Without Silence* (2014)
These have all gone to the top of the Irish charts. They also did really well in the UK charts, with the first two albums reaching number 1 and *#3* reaching the second position. Their 2012 single *Hall of Fame*, made with will.i.am, was a worldwide success.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Persian language in the Indian subcontinent

Before the British found India, **Persian language** was the country's second official language. It was also thought of as the cultural and scientific language. However, after the British found India in 1832, they replaced it with English. 

## Persian inscript 
There are many stone carved or plastered Persian inscript in India and thousands of hand written books.

## Gallery 

Persian in script tajmahal2.jpg
Persian in script tajmahal.jpg
Persian inscriptions.jpg
Persian prince tomb taj mahal.jpg

## References
*http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_parsi_language_history.php
*http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/ 

## Related pages 
*Persian language
*Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments
George III

**King George III** (born *George William Frederick*, 4 June 1738  29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 to 1 January 1801, when he became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was also Elector of Hanover, which made him a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

During George's , he lost the majority of the North American overseas possessions however began to make major gains in South Asia. His two kingdoms, Great Britain and Ireland, were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Also during his reign, the British were at war with republican and Napoleon I's France. The Electorate of Hanover eventually became a Kingdom.

George suffered from periodic bouts of mental illness. One of them caused a crisis in 1788, and attempts were made to nominate his son George IV as regent. The king quickly recovered and prevented that from happening.

George signed the Quebec Act of 1774, which abolished William III's anti-Catholic laws in the American colonies. Also during his reign, George III signed legislation abolishing some of the anti-Catholic Laws in Great Britain and Ireland. For example, the Catholic Relief Acts of 1772 and 1774 allowed Roman Catholics to have land leases in Great Britain. In 1793, Hogart's Act allowed Roman Catholics to vote in Irish elections, but George blocked a proposal in 1800 to allow Catholics to sit in the British Parliament.

In the later part of his life, George suffered from recurrent mental illness, which was eventually permanent. Although it has since been suggested that he suffered from a genetic blood disease, porphyria, the cause of his illness is not certain. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, and George's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled as Prince Regent. On George III's death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV.

Because of "his plain, homely, thrifty manners and tastes", George III has had the nickname of *Farmer George*.

## Titles and styles
* **4 June 1738 – 31 March 1751**: *His Royal Highness* Prince George
* **31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751**: *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Edinburgh
* **20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760**: *His Royal Highness* The Prince of Wales
* **25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820**: *His Majesty* The King

## Ancestors 
## References
## Other websites
Azerbaijan Railways

**"Azerbaijan Railways" Closed Joint-Stock Company** () is the national state-owned rail transport company in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The total length of the rail network is , with a  rail gauge which is electrified at 3&nbsp;kV (3,000&nbsp;V) DC. The headquarters of the Azerbaijan Railways is in the capital Baku.

The Azerbaijan Railways was made from the Soviet Railways. The Soviet Railways itself came after the Russian Imperial Railways.

After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, its railway system broke up into national railway systems of many countries which used to be in the Soviet Union. The Republic of Azerbaijan became independent the same year and the Azerbaijan Railways was made.

The first railway line in Azerbaijan was laid in 1878 and was opened in 1880 in the suburbs outside Baku.

There are  kilometers of railway tracks out of which 72% or  kilometers are single railway tracks and 28% or  kilometers are double railway tracks which are laid next to each other.

Of the total length of the railway routes 43% or  are electrified.

About 38% of the length of the railway routes or  has full automatic railway signaling systems and 16% or  are supported by the communications and repair employees who are responsible for getting and giving the right and trustworthy messages to the train drivers and railway stations on time, and following and repairing the trains and railway equipment.

The railway has 176 railway stations, 2 of which Biləcəri (in Baku) and Şirvan are completely automatic, 12 stations have extra places in railway storage areas for cargo containers with adapted mechanisms and machines, 3 stations – Keşlə (in Baku), Gəncə and Xırdalan are able to supply many cargo containers.

Of the total length of the railway routes 72% or  are for public transport and does not include railway routes for freight rail transport.

A lot of the railway track and trains have to be repaired or replaced. However, with the Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway, a regional rail link project that directly connects Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan, which was completed and opened in 2017, the railway lines are getting more modern in Azerbaijan with the newest technology and new and fast trains. These will replace the old trains which are still being used. The freight market share of the railways are also expected to rise quickly with the completion of the Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway in 2017.

The total length of the Azerbaijan Railways ranks 57th in length among the countries in the world.

## International railway links with neighboring countries 
*  Russia -  gauge.
*  Georgia -  gauge - also  standard gauge link to Turkey since 2017.
*  Iran - change of gauge  - .
*  Turkey - no direct link - change of gauge  -  standard gauge via Georgia since 2017.
*  Armenia -  gauge - closed for political reasons.

## References
## Other websites
* Azerbaijan Railways Official Site  
* Gallery and Information of the Electric Locomotives of the Azerbaijan Railways  
* Schematic Map of the Azerbaijan Railway Network 
* Gallery and Information of the Electric Locomotives of the Azerbaijan Railways
Abercrombie River

bridge]]
The **Abercrombie River** is a river in New South Wales, Australia. It flows west from Mount Werong to the Wyangala Dam near Cowra. The Goulburn-Oberon Road crosses the Abercrombie River in the steep-sided Abercrombie Gorge.

The first people to live alongside the river were Aborigines of the Wiradjuri and Gundungara tribes. They may have used the river as a trading route. The first European to visit the river was explorer Charles Throsby on 5 May 1819, during an expedition from Sydney to the Central West of New South Wales. Alluvial gold was discovered in and along the river in 1851. This started a small gold rush. It was difficult to find gold because of the rough terrain, and changing water levels in the river. Early miners found up to  of gold a day along the river. By 1862 about 45 mining parties were working at Milburne Creek, a minor tributary of the Abercrombie. 
It is the furthest east of the inland flowing rivers.

## References
Desert Diamond Arena

The **Desert Diamond Arena** is a sports arena in Glendale, Arizona. The arena opened on December 26, 2003, and was the home of the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League until the end of the 2021-2022 (NHL) season. The arena was originally known as **Glendale Arena** until online company Jobing.com acquired naming rights in late 2006 for 10 years, which cost a reported $30 million. The building became **Jobing.com Arena** on January 1, 2007. In 2014, the team ended the contract with Jobing.com and reached a new deal with the Gila River Casinos, owned by a local tribe of Native Americans. The new arena name became official on September 10, 2014 and he arena was renamed **Gila River Arena**. On August 23, 2022, Desert Diamond Casino would purchase the naming rights for the arena and it would be renamed the **Desert Diamond Arena**.

The arena currently seats 17,125 people (17,534 with standing room). The Arizona Sting of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) also played in the arena from 2003 to 2007.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stockholm Bloodbath

The **Stockholm Bloodbath** () or **Swedish Massacre** (8–9 November 1520) was the mass killing of Swedish nobility by the Danish King Christian II (1481–1559). Denmark, Norway and Sweden were part of the Kalmar Union. There had been conflict in Sweden between those who supported the union, and those who wanted independence. In 1520 Christian II had invaded Sweden. The regent of Sweden, Sten Sture the Younger, was killed in battle. Christian II besieged Stockholm for four months. When the city gave in, he made himself king and beheaded 82 leading Swedes, including two bishops for heresy. The reason for heresy was the people of Stockholm had replaced Archbishop Gustav Trolle; this was said to be a crime against the Church. Sture the Younger's body was dug up and burned at the stake. The killings made people so angry that he became known as "Christian the Tyrant". He was chased out of Sweden in 1523.

## References
La Toya Jackson

**La Toya Jackson** (born May 29, 1956, near Gary, Indiana) is an American singer, songwriter, writer, actress, television personality and a former model. She was the fifth of ten offspring born to Joseph and Katherine Jackson. She wanted to be an attorney but her father insisted that she work in show business like her siblings. She sang background vocals with The Jackson Five, her brothers' band. She had many musical hits during the 1980s and 1990s and returned in 2004. In 1989 Jackson was on the cover of *Playboy* magazine.

## Early life and careers
### 1950s 
Jackson was born at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana, She was fifth children and ten child of Joe Jackson and Katherine Jackson 

### 1980s
In 1980 Jackson's first album *La Toya Jackson* was released. Jackson wanted the album to be called "La Toya" but her dad would not let her. Her second single "Night Time Lover" was produced by La Toya's brother Michael. Jackson's third album was released in 1984. She sung backing vocals on Michael's single ""P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)". In 1985 Jackson sung on "We Are the World" as part of USA for Africa. It sold over 20 million copies.

### 1990s
In 1991 Jackson's first book *La Toya, Growing Up In The Jackson Family* was published.
Jackson released her ninth album *From Nashville to You* in 1994.

### 2000s
In July 2009 Jackson released the single "Home" in dedication to her brother Michael Jackson, who died on June 25 2009. All of the money from people buying the single went to AIDS_Project Los Angeles, which was one of Michael's favourite charities.

### 2010s
She released a new EP for 2011,* Starting Over*. In the same year a best-selling memoir written by Jackson of the same name was released. In 2010 she released Dream Cream, a hand cream for Alessandro International.

On April 13, 2013 a reality series about Jackson's life called *Life with La Toya* started on the Oprah Winfrey Network.

Jackson's newest single “Feels Like Love” was played for the first time on December 14 at a West Hollywood nightclub.

## Personal life
Jackson did not move out of the Jackson family home until she was 31 years old. In 1989 she married her manager Jack Gordon. She did not want to. In 1993 Gordon beat Jackson with a chair many times. She had to have 12 stitches in her mouth. In 1996 Jackson escaped from Gordon with the help of her brother Randy. She sued Gordon under the Violence Against Women Act.
It was reported that on December 9, 2013 Jackson married Jeffrey Phillips in Los Angeles.
However Jackson said this is not true.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Battle of White Mountain

The **Battle of White Mountain** happened in 1620 and was the first battle of the Thirty Years' War. It had Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria defeat the forces of Frederick V, Elector of Palantine, King of Bohemia and Moravia.  

The cause of the battle was a revolt by a group of Czech lords who threw two governors and a secretary out of the windows of Prague Castle. The incident is known as the Defenestration of Prague. The rebels quickly built up an army of 30,000 to make an independent Protestant country. The Czechs were defeated by a well-trained Imperial army after a battle lasting less than one hour. Emperor Ferdinand II replaced Frederick as King of Bohemia and then killed many who had opposed him. Others were given a choice to convert to Catholicism or to leave the country.

White Mountain is now in the city of Prague. There is an open space and monument.

## References
Lana Turner

**Lana Turner** (February 8, 1921 - June 29, 1995) was an American actress. She was born in Wallace, Idaho. She was first discovered and signed into movie contract by MGM when she was 16. She played mainly feature roles and was one of Hollywood's first scream queens. She would become very popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Turner appeared in the television series *Falcon Crest* during 1982 and 1983. The actress died from throat cancer in 1995 in Century City, Los Angeles.

## Other websites 
*
Gansus

***Gansus*** is a genus of  aquatic birds that lived during the Lower Cretaceous period, between 115 to 105 million years ago (mya). It was found in what is now Gansu province, western China. It is the oldest-known of the Ornithurae, the group which includes modern birds (Neornithes) and extinct related groups, such as *Confuciusornis*, *Ichthyornis* and *Hesperornis*.

## Description
The genus *Gansus* contains a single species, *G. yumenensis*, which was about the size of a pigeon and similar in appearance to loons and diving ducks.
 It had many features common among modern birds, and also retained some primitive traits such as its clawed wings.

*Gansus* was discovered in the form of a single fossil foot in 1981. Five more well-preserved fossils were found in 2003–2004 in mudstone at the site of an ancient lake at Changma, Gansu; the geological stratum in which the fossils were found is the Xiagou Formation.  Their bodies had settled in anoxic mud and were soon covered with further extremely fine silty sediments. Without oxygen, their remains resisted decay: these specimens preserved remains of flight feathers and traces of the webbing between their toes.

## References
Ornithurae

**Ornithurae** (meaning 'bird tails' in Greek) is the name of a natural group which includes all modern birds as well as their extinct relatives with plough-shaped pygostyles (†Ichthyornis, †Hesperornithes, †Limenavis). This is a bone at the end of the tail which allows the tail feathers to fan and retract. *Gansus*, from the Lower Cretaceous of China is the earliest known at 110 million years ago.

Simple classification:
*Birds
****Ornithurae**
***Neornithes: modern birds: the most recent common ancestor of all living birds (class Aves) and all its descendants.
****Palaeognathae (tinamous and flightless ratites)
****Neognathae (all other modern birds)
Abercrombie River National Park

**Abercrombie River National Park** is a national park in New South Wales, Australia. It is  west of Sydney. The Abercrombie and Retreat Rivers flow through the park. The park protects a large area of open forest, the largest area in this part of New South Wales. There are large trees, Casuarina cunninghamia, growing along the river. The river is normally a series of deep waterholes. In the park there are platypuses, rakalis, wallaroos, red-necked wallabies, swamp wallabies and Eastern Grey Kangaroos.

## References
## Other websites
* UNEP-WCMC WDPA Site Sheet 
* List of all animals found in the park
Pope Benedict XII

**Pope Benedict XII** (; died April 25, 1342), born **Jacques Fournier**, was a French priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 198th Pope from 1334 to 1342.

He was the third of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

## Early life
Jacques Fournier is believed to have been born in Saverdun in the Comté de Foix near Toulouse.

He became a Cistercian monk; and he studied at the University of Paris.

Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Benedict XII ordered the construction of the Palais des Papes in Avignon.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* Avignon Papacy

## References
 of the popes ]]

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XII
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Fourier
Pope Urban

**Pope Urban** may mean:

*Pope Urban I (c. 222–230), a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
*Pope Urban II (1088–1099)
*Pope Urban III (1185–1187)
*Pope Urban IV (1261–1264)
*Pope Urban V (1362–1370)
*Pope Urban VI (1378–1389)
*Pope Urban VII (1590), the shortest papacy
*Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644)
Antipope

**Antipope** is a term of the Roman Catholic Church in the context of its official list of popes.  An antipope is not included in the list of popes in the Vatican's annual directory, *Annuario Pontificio*

An antipope is a pretender who falsely claims to be pope or who wrongly opposes the legitimate and recognized pope.

The existence or claims of an antipope produces a schism in the Roman Catholic Church.  A conflict is caused by those who are opposing the authority of the pope.

## List of antipopes (Mercati's List) 
## References 
## Other websites
Occupied territory

**Occupied territory** is territory that is under military control by a country, but is not part of that country according to international law. Occupation can be because of a military invasion during a war, or as part of a treaty.

Examples of this are the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany, Palestine and Kashmir.
Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener

'' poster.]]

Field Marshal **Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener** KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 – 4 June 1916) was a British field marshal.

Born in Ireland, Kitchener was the Sirdar (British Commander in Chief) of the Egyptian Army. He defeated the Mahdist rebels against Egyptian rule in 1898 and conquered the Sudan for Britain and (nominally) Egypt.

He was chief of staff during the Boer War (1899-1902). From 1899 to 1900, he was also commander-in-chief of the forces in southern Africa. He was allowed into many orders of chivalry, both British and foreign, including the Knights of St. Patrick and the Knight of the Garter.

At the start of World War I, British Prime Minister Herbert Asquith appointed him as Secretary of State for War. A massive recruitment campaign began for the New Armies, also called "Kitchener's Army". His image was used in a famous advertisement.

Kitchener was drowned in 1916 when HMS *Hampshire* sank near the Orkney Islands after it had hit a German mine.

## References
Neornithes

**Neornithes** are the most recent common ancestor of all living birds and all their descendants. There are about 9,000 to 10,000 known living species in the world.

## Taxonomy
Modern birds are divided into two superorders; the Palaeognathae (tinamous and flightless ratites), and the Neognathae, containing all other birds.

It is generally agreed that the Neornithes evolved in the Cretaceous and that the split between the Palaeognathae and Neognathae, and then the split between two subgroups of Neognathae, Galloanserae and Neoaves, occurred before the K-Pg extinction event. However, fossils that can be unequivocally assigned to the Neognathae, such as *Vegavis* and *Asteriornis* do not appear in the fossil record until the very end of the Cretaceous.

However, there are different opinions about whether the radiation within these major groups occurred before or after the extinction of dinosaurs. The only Cretaceous fossils that can be unequivocally assigned to the Neognathae are *Vegavis* and *Asteriornis*, two early members of the Galloanseres that corroborate the early diversification of this groups before the K-Pg extinction event. But the fossil record of Neoaves is restricted to post K-Pg times. Molecular dating have produced a wide range of dates for the rapid early diversification of Neoaves, from the late Cretaceous

## References
Armenia at the Olympics

**Armenia** first took part in the Olympic Games in 1994. They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then.

Before Armenia became independent, they competed in the Olympics as a part of the Soviet Union team. After the Soviet Union collapsed, Armenia got their own team.

The Armenian athletes have won twelve medals altogether. They won these medals in wrestling, weightlifting and boxing.

## Medallists 
## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Armenia profile at London2012.com
Rebbie Jackson

**Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson** (born May 29, 1950 in Gary, Indiana) is an American singer. She is the eldest of the Jackson siblings.

## Life and Career
Jackson was born at 2300 Jackson Street in Gary, Indiana. She began performing on stage in 1974 and later appeared in the television program  *The Jacksons*.

In 1984, Rebbie released her debut album *Centipede*, her most successful album. The single "Centipede" reached number 4 on the US *Billboard* R&B chart. It has backing vocals from siblings La Toya and Michael Jackson and The Weather Girls. In 1976, she was in the TV series *The Jacksons*. It was the first TV show starring an African-American family. She released two more albums in the 1980s and then went on hiatus. She returned in 1998 with *Yours Faithfully*. She has not had an album released since then.

## Personal life
She married Nathaniel Brown in 1968. He died in 2013 of cancer. They have three children, Austin, Stacee (who has Jackson's only grandchild, London), and Yashi Brown.

## References
Pope Benedict XIV

**Pope Benedict XIV** (; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born **Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 248th Pope from 1740 until his death in 1758.

## Early life
Lambertini was born in Bologna.

## Bishop
In 1725, Lambertini was made Bishop of Theodosia. He became the Bishop of Ancona in 1727.  He was made Bishop of Bologna in 1731.

Benedict confirms the title of King of Prussia, which was taken in 1701 by the Elector of Brandenburg.

Benedict ordered the construction of the Fountains of Trevi.

During Benedict's reign, the creation of a Vatican Library catalogue was begun.

## Related pages 
* List of popes

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XIV
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Lambertini 
*Pope Benedict XIV portrait in the Vatican Museum
Pope Benedict XIII

**Pope Benedict XIII** (; 2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born **Pietro Francesco Orsini**, later Friar **Vincenzo Maria Orsini, O.P.**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 246th Pope from 1724 until his death in 1730.  He was the third and last member of the Orsini family to be a pope.

## Early life
He was born in Gravina in Puglia near Naples.  He was the son of Ferdinando III Orsini, Duke of Gravina.

## Cardinal
Pope Clement X raised the monk to the rank of Cardinal of *San Sisto* on 22 February 1672.

## Pope
Cardinal Orsini was elected pope on May 28, 1724;

Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

### After his death
Benedict was buried in a tomb in Santa Maria sopra Minerva completed by Pietro Bracci and others.

## Related pages 
* List of popes
* List of popes from the Orsini family

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XIII
* Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Orsini
Rakali

The **rakali** (*Hydromys chrysogaster*), also known as the **water-rat**, is an Australian native rodent. The species lives in burrows on the banks of rivers, lakes and estuaries. It feeds on aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs and water birds. Rakali are  in length with a thick tail measuring around . They weigh . They have webbed hind legs, waterproof fur, a flattened head, a long blunt nose, many whiskers and small ears and eyes. They are black to brown in colour with an orange to white belly, and dark tail with a white tip.

## Common names
Until the 1980s, this species was commonly known as **water-rat**. During the 1990s there was a push for English common names to be replaced with indigenous names. In 1995 the Australian Nature Conservation Agency recommended that the name **rakali** be used as the common name. The Australian Department of Environment and Heritage has taken up this suggestion and both common names are now used.

Image:Hydromys chrysogaster.jpg|*Hydromys chrysogaster*
Image:20091121 Rakali at the St Kilda Breakwater (front view).jpg|Rakali at the St Kilda Breakwater
Image:20091121 Rakali at the St Kilda Breakwater (rear view).jpg|Rear view showing white-tipped tail

## References
## Other websites
*Australian Museum Factsheet
Treaty of Northampton

The **Treaty of Northampton** signed in 1328 was an agreement between England and Scotland that recognised Scotland as an independent country and Robert the Bruce as its king. Edward I of England and his son Edward II had been fighting wars against Robert the Bruce for more than 20 years. Edward II believed that he was the rightful King of Scotland. In 1327, Edward II was forced from his throne by his wife, Isabella of France and her lover, Roger Mortimer. Edward's young son, Edward III became King of England at the age of 15. Robert the Bruce saw a chance in the confusion in England and immediately sent James Douglas to attack the north of England. The English, scared that they would lose, wanted a peace treaty. The Treaty of Northampton secured peace between the two countries. As part of the treaty, Edward II's six-year-old daughter, Joan of the Tower was married to Robert's four-year-old son, David II.

## References
Nancy Grace

**Nancy Ann Grace** (born October 23, 1959 in Macon, Georgia) is an American TV host, attorney and author. She hosts a celebrity TV show (also titled as *Nancy Grace Live*). She often discusses issues from what she calls a victim rights' standpoint.

## References
Sudan People's Liberation Movement

'''Sudan's people liberation army** (SPLA) and **Sudan's people liberation movement** is a political party in South Sudan. It was founded as a resistance movement / rebel group in 1963. As **Sudan's people liberation army''', it fought against the Sudanese government, in the Sudanese Civil War. This war ended in 2005. Officially, the movement wanted to create a free secular Sudan, which it called "New Sudan". In reality, however, many people in the movement wanted to create an independent state, South Sudan. In 2005, there was a peace treaty. From that moment, until 2011, the SPLM was part of the Sudanese government. Since the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the SPLM is de facto the only party in the country. In the south, the SPLA will become the regular army. In the north, the SPLM is still part of the government. In the provinces South Kordofan and Blue Nile, the SPLA is one of the armies fighting the government.
Stephen Bathory

**Stephen Báthory** (27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was born in Szilágysomlyó, he was the youngest son of Stephen VIII Báthory and Catherine Telegdi Prince of Transylvania (1571–1586). He was married to Anna Jagiellon and worked closely with Chancellor Jan Zamoyski, during his reign, he focused on consolidating power, defeating rivals like Maximilian II, he had a successful reign, especially in military matters. 

His most significant accomplishment was his victorious campaign against Russia in Livonia, where he defended the Commonwealth's borders and secured a favorable peace treaty called the Peace of Jam Zapolski.

## Early life 
Around 1549–1550, he was studied in Italy. He later joined the army of the Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and fought against the Turks. He was captured by the Turks after 1553, and when Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, he switched sides, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his quest for power in Eastern Hungary Kingdom. He had to deal with opposition from Gáspár Bekes, who had support from the Habsburgs. In 1573, Báthory successfully defeated Bekes in a civil war and forced him out of Transylvania.

## References
## Bibliography 
*
Shaheen falcon

The **shaheen falcon** (*Falco peregrinus peregrinator*) is also known as the **Indian peregrine falcon**, Other names are the black shaheen, Pakistani shaheen, or simply the shaheen.

It is a non-migratory subspecies of the peregrine falcon found mainly in hilly and mountainous regions of the Indian subcontinent and the nearby island of Sri Lanka. In Pakistani literature, the shaheen has a special association with the poetry of the country's national poet, Allama Muhammad Iqbal. The Pakistan Air Force has as a symbol and in Gilgit-Baltistan it is the unofficial bird of the region.

## References
Girl You Know It's True

'''"Girl You Know It's True"''' is a 1988 song by Milli Vanilli. The song hit #3 in the United Kingdom and #2 in the United States. In 1989, while the duo performed the song during a concert in Connecticut, the record skipped and revealed a case of lip synching. This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli in 1990.
Pope Benedict XV

**Pope Benedict XV** (; , 21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922), born **Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa,** was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 259th Pope from 1914 until his death in 1922.

His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I.

## Priest
Della Chiesa was ordained a priest on 21 December 1878.

## Bishop
Pope Pius X made della Chiesa Bishop of Bologna in 1907.

## Cardinal
On 25 May 1914, Giacomo della Chiesa was created a cardinal.

## Pope 
Cardinal Della Chiesa was elected pope in 1914; and he chose to be called Benedict XV.

Joan of Arc was canonized by Benedict.

Benedict made efforts to encourage peace in World War I. He refused to denounce either side. In 1918, Pope Benedict was excluded from the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, despite his entreaties to be made part of the talks.

The last years of his papacy were concerned with making sure that the Church could still function smoothly in the newly changed borders of Europe.  The Italian Government lowered its flags in his honor; Benedict was the first pope to be honored in this way.

In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI explained why he chose the name Benedict: 
:"... I remember Pope Benedict XV, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war. In his footsteps I place my ministry in the service of reconciliation and harmony between peoples."

## Related pages
* List of popes

## References
## More reading
* Peters, Walter H. (1959). *The Life of Benedict XV*.  Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing. OCLC 625633
* Pollard, John F. (1999). *The Unknown Pope.* London: Geoffrey Chapman. ; OCLC 60158637

## Other websites
* 
* Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XV
*Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal della Chiesa 
* Vatican webpage, Benedict XV, biography 
* Saint Peter's Basilica, Tomb of Benedict XV
John Chafee

**John Lester Hubbard Chafee** (October 22, 1922 &ndash; October 24, 1999) was an American politician. He was an officer in the United States Marine Corps. He was the 66th Governor of Rhode Island. He was the Secretary of the Navy. He was a United States Senator.

Chafee was born on October 22, 1922 in Providence, Rhode Island. He studied at Yale University and at Harvard Law School. Chafee was married to Virginia Coates until his death in 1999. They had six children; one daughter was killed in an racing accident.

Chafee died suddenly on October 24, 1999 from congestive heart failure in his home in Washington, D.C., aged 77. He is buried at Chafee Family Cemetery in Warwick, Rhode Island.

Chafee's son, Lincoln, is a former governor and former senator of Rhode Island.

## References
## Other websites
* John Chafee at Find A Grave
One Step at a Time

**"One Step at a Time"**, released in 2008, became the third single off Jordin Sparks' first album. This song reached #17 on *Billboard* Hot 100. It hit #3 on the R&B charts in the USA.
Manuel Noriega

**Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno** (11 February 1934 &ndash; 29 May 2017) was a Panamanian politician and general. 

Noriega went to high school and had a career in the army. He was the de facto ruler of Panama between 12 August 1983 and 20 December 1989. In 1992, a United States court convicted him of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering. Noriega served a prison sentence in the US, which ended in 2007. He was then extradited to France, where he served another sentence.

A conditional release was given to him on September 23, 2011. Noriega was sent to Panama to serve 20 years. He arrived in Panama on December 11, 2011.

Noriega died at a medical center in Panama City on 29 May 2017 from complications of brain surgery at the age of 83.

## References
Sosigenes of Alexandria

**Sosigenes of Alexandria** was an astronomer in the 1st century BC. Julius Caesar consulted him, and other astrologers, before introducing the Julian calendar. Sosigenes also influenced Caesar's writing "De astris", but only parts of it remain. Pliny the Elder wrote In his Natural History that Sosigenes observed that the planet Mercury never had an elongation angle greater than 22 degrees from the sun.

## References
Auld Alliance

The **Auld Alliance** (Scots) () is
an alliance between the kingdoms of Scotland and France. It played a major role in the relations between Scotland, France and England from its beginning in 1295 until the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh. The alliance was renewed by all the French and Scottish monarchs of that period except for Louis XI. By the late 14th century, the treaty was renewed even when France or Scotland was not at war with England.
*In every combat where for five centuries the destiny of France was at stake, there were always men of Scotland to fight side by side with men of France, and what Frenchmen feel is that no people have ever been more generous than yours with its friendship.*
In 1995, celebrations were held in both countries for the 700th anniversary of the beginning of the alliance.

## References
Biological control

s are available from biocontrol dealers.]]

**Biological control**, **biocontrol**, or **biological pest control**, is the reduction of pest populations by using natural enemies. It is important because crop pests become resistant to chemical pesticides.

Natural enemies of insect pests include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant pathogens. Predators, such as birds, lady beetles and lacewings, are free-living species that eat many prey during their lifetime. 

Parasitoids are species whose larvae develop on or in a single insect host, ultimately killing or fatally infecting the host. Most have a very narrow host range. Many species of wasps and some flies are parasitoids. 

Pathogens are disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or debilitate their host and are relatively specific.

## Three strategies 
There are three basic types of biological control strategies; conservation, classical biological control, and augmentation.

*Conservation: Avoid using pesticides, which kill the natural enemies of the pests. Encourage the growth of those things which attack the pests. Use companion planting where possible. In China, the mosquito fern has been used for at least a thousand years, as a companion plant for rice crops. It hosts a special cyanobacteria that fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere, and also blocks out light from competing plants (but not the rice, which grows taller).

*Classical biological control: This is the introduction of natural enemies to a new area where they did not originate or do not occur naturally. Thereafter, the predator lives as a natural part of the habitat, reproducing and killing the pest species. This method is especially effective when the pest is itself an invasive or introduced species in the area. Free of its natural enemies, the pest multiplies to huge numbers. The introduction from its homeland of an enemy or two can be very successful. One example is the use of *Larinus planus* to control the Canada thistle.

*Augmentation: This is the release of numbers of natural enemies at specific times. These predators are natural parts of the ecosystem, but are released in such numbers as to overwhelm the pest at some critical time. Stocks of the predator are got from commercial suppliers.

## An early example 
A Chinese text from 304 AD, *Records of the plants and trees of the southern regions*, by Hsi Han, describes mandarin oranges protected by large reddish-yellow citrus ants. The ants attack and kill insect pests of the orange trees. The citrus ant (*Oecophylla smaragdina*) was rediscovered in the 20th century, and now is again used in China to protect orange groves.

## References
Aepyornis

***Aepyornis*** is an Elephant bird, one of three genera of ratite birds endemic to Madagascar until their extinction about 1000 A.D. The species "A". *maximus* weighed up to , and until recently was regarded as the largest known bird of all time. 

DNA studies have found that Vorombe titan was indistinguishable from A. maximus, and probably (was or) represented large females of the species. Earlier (2018), the largest *Aepyornis* specis, weighing up to , was moved to the related genus *Vorombe*.

## References
Sosigenes the Peripatetic

**Sosigenes the Peripatetic** was a philosopher who lived in the 2nd century AD. He followed the Aristotelian school of thought, and was one of the first people to write interpretations and commentaries to Aristotle's work.

He was the tutor of Alexander of Aphrodisias, and wrote a work *On Revolving Spheres*. On 4th September 164 AD, he watched an 'annular' solar eclipse. He noticed that, unlike a total solar eclipse, the apparent size of the moon was smaller than that of the sun. This meant the distances between the sun, moon and earth were not the same at different eclipses. For this reason, sun and moon could not be on a circular movement around the same centre.

This was a significant discovery. It pinpointed a difficulty with the theory that the earth was the centre of the known universe. Much later, Nicolaus Copernicus used the same idea when he proposed a heliocentric view. In this view, the earth, moon and the planets rotate around the sun, which does not move.
Lara Flynn Boyle

**Lara Flynn Boyle** (born March 24, 1970 in Davenport, Iowa) is an American movie and television actress. She is known for many movie roles. She is best known for her roles in television programs. Her television work includes *The Practice* and *Twin Peaks*.
Jos Luhukay

**Jos Luhukay** (born 13 June 1963) is a Dutch football manager and former player, who was most recently head coach of VVV-Venlo.

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Manager
**Borussia Mönchengladbach**
*2. Bundesliga Champions: 2007–08

**FC Augsburg**
*2. Bundesliga Runners-up: 2010–11

**Hertha BSC**
*2. Bundesliga Champions: 2012–13

## References
Chak Haryam

**Chak Haryam** () is a village, near Islamgarh in the Chakswari tehsil of the Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

## Demography 
According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 973.

## History 
Like many villages in the Mirpur region, many of its residents have emigrated to the United Kingdom.

## References
Rakia

]]
**Rakia** is a Turkish brandy made from fermented fruit. 

It is very popular in North Macedonia and Bulgaria. It can be made from different fruits.

Rakia is а national drink of Turkey.

## Overview 
Rakia is an alcoholic drink similar to Brandy. Usually, it has 40% of alcohol, but home-made rakia can be stronger and have from 50 to 60%.

The most common form of Rakia is made from plum, but grapes, peaches, apricots, apples, pears, cherries, figs are also used.

People drink Rakia  from small glasses of 30 to 50 ml.

## Other websites
Rakia drink
## References
Pope Sixtus

**Pope Sixtus** may mean:
* Pope Sixtus I (115/116–125)
* Pope Sixtus II (257–258)
* Pope Sixtus III (432–440)
* Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484)
* Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590)
Emma Thompson

**Dame Emma Thompson**  (born 15 April 1959) is a British screenwriter, actress and comedian. She was born in Paddington, London, the elder daughter of Eric Thompson and Phyllida Law. She was raised in West Hampstead. Her sister is Sophie Thompson.  

Thompson has a Master of Arts degree from Newnham College, Cambridge.

She has won many Academy Awards for her acting. Her many movies include the Harry Potter franchise and the Nancy McPhee series. She has also won many BAFTA Awards.

Thompson was married to Kenneth Branagh from 1989 until they divorced in 1995. She has been married to Greg Wise since 2003.

## References
## Other websites
*
*