open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Multilingualism

**Multilingualism** is the ability to speak more than one language. The ability to speak two languages is *bilingualism*. Many immigrants are bilingual and speak languages of both their old and their new country. Multilingualism is useful in many kinds of work.
## Reasons
International trade is more common than in past centuries. Some countries and organizations having more than one official language hire people who speak more than one so that they can work with more people. Most people have a first language, or mother tongue, that they learned as babies. Other languages are usually learned much later.
### Factors
People who learn many languages can find it easier to learn more languages if the new language is like the ones they already know. Sometimes, however learning a new language can be hard if the person remembers old languages they learned before.

Learning a second language can make it harder to remember words. People used to think that speaking two languages makes people better at certain thinking tasks, but some new research says otherwise. Those who speak two languages are not better at learning languages than those who only speak one. 

People who are very good at speaking two or more languages were once thought to have better thinking skills and less likely to get certain diseases like dementia later in life, but recent studies disagree.
## Academic discourse
Some linguists think there are more multilingual people in the world than monolingual people, those who speak only one language.
### Polyglots
People who can speak several languages are called *polyglots*. Those who can speak many, such as Heinrich Schliemann and Ghil'ad Zuckermann, are called *hyperpolyglots*.

As a result of wars, border changes, colonialism etc., some in a country may be consigned to adopt other languages. This happened in the partitions of Poland and its reunification. When Austria-Hungary lost World War I, Hungary lost much of its east to Romania. Hungarian is a Uralic language completely different from Indo-European languages including but not limited to Romance languages and Germanic languages.

## Related pages
*Diglossia
*Linguistics
*Latin alphabet
*Greek alphabet
*Multiculturalism
*Code-switching
*List of languages
*Multialphabetism
*Hebrew alphabet
*Japonic languages
*Mutual intelligibility
*European Parliament
*Indo-Iranian languages
*Sino-Tibetan languages
*Indo-European languages

## References
Patrice Lumumba

**Patrice Émery Lumumba** (July 2, 1925 – January 17, 1961) was the only elected leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (called the *Republic of the Congo* at the time, but this should not be confused with today's Republic of the Congo). The official position of the US government, as seen in the U.S. News & World Report, associated Lumumba's ideas of African socialist democracy as an African brand of communism. Thus, the Americans had plans to kill him. He was murdered by the Katangans on January 17, 1961, just months after independence.

Lumumba's son, François is now a political figure in the Congo. He has created a small Lumumbist group.

## References 
### Sources 
*
*

## Other websites
* 
* 
* Virtual Memorial to Patrice Lumumba, at *Find-A-grave*.
* SpyCast – 1 December 2007: On Assignment to Congo-Peter chats with Larry Devlin, the CIA's legendary station chief in Congo during the 1960s.
* Africa Within. A rich source of information on Lumumba, including a reprint of Stephen R. Weissman's 21 July 2002 article from the *Washington Post*.
*
Vietnamese Declaration of Independence

The **Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam** was a speech read by Ho Chi Minh on September 2, 1945, in Ba Dinh Square, Hanoi, Vietnam, which proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from France and Japan Empire after the Second World War. 
## History
 on September 2, 1945.]]
During the August Revolution, Ho Chi Minh wrote the speech at 48 Hang Ngang Street, Hanoi, at the home of a bourgeoisie family that donated 5,147 taels of gold to the Revolutionary Government headed by Ho Chi Minh. The Declaration was written with the advice of OSS Detachment 101 Maj. Archimedes Patti.

It is based on the American Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
## Text
## References
Ho Chi Minh

**Hồ Chí Minh**, born **Nguyễn** **Sinh Cung**, (19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969) was the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

## Early life
'Hồ Chí Minh', meaning 'Hồ with the will of light', was not his real name. He took that name around the time of the August Revolution in 1945. His real name was **Nguyễn Sinh Cung** when he was born. At age ten, he changed his name to **Nguyễn Tất Thành**, according to Confucian tradition.  He would later use many pseudonyms (false names). Other than 'Hồ Chí Minh', his most famous name was probably **Nguyễn Ái Quốc** meaning "Nguyễn (by far the most common Vietnamese last name) who loves his country." The Vietnamese people commonly refer to him as **Bác Hồ** (Uncle Hồ).

Nguyễn studied in Paris from 1919 to 23. In those years, he started following communism and began to believe that Vietnam- then a French colony-should be independent. During this time he wrote a letter, which was ignored, to United States President Woodrow Wilson, asking for U.S. military aid to help overthrow the French colonial rulers. He joined the French Communist Party, and started visiting Moscow regularly, as a member of the Asian branch of the Comintern.

## First Indochina War
Hồ led a revolution against the French rulers of Vietnam from 1945 to 1954. After overthrowing the French, a communist regime supported by the Soviet Union and China was set up in the northern half of the country, with himself leading the country as both president and prime minister. But, an anticommunist government supported by the United States, was set up in the southern half of the country because the United States did not want all of Vietnam to be communist during the Cold War.
, asking Truman for aid in fighting French.]]

## Second Indochina War (Vietnam War)
South Vietnam and America refused to hold an election and unite the two halves into one country because they feared a communist victory. Hồ then led Vietnam into a military and political struggle to bring the rice fields of South Vietnam under his communist rule. Two decades of war followed that killed millions of Vietnamese. The United States supported South Vietnam with military aid, and the Soviet Union 
and the People's Republic of China continued to support North Vietnam's war effort.

In the end, North Vietnam won the war several years after Hồ Chí Minh had died.

## Death and legacy
Suffering from diabetes and heart problems, Hồ Chí Minh died on the morning of September 2, 1969, of a heart attack.

In his will, he said he wished to be cremated and have his ashes be buried in hills in the north, center, and south of Vietnam. However, his followers embalmed his body and put it in a tomb, the mausoleum, where he is still worshipped today.

In 1976, in the style of the Soviet Union, the victorious communists in North Vietnam renamed the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, to Ho Chi Minh City in honour of their leader.
Juche

**Juche** () is the group of ideas developed by North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-il . *Juche* means "." Juche is inspired by Leninism, Stalinism, and Maoism. 

## Ideas 
According to its supporters, Juche was developed from Marxism and Leninism. In many cases, it is different from both. Basically, Juche says that: 

* The needs of North Korea and its people are more important than the ideas of Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism or Marxism. 
* North Korea is special. 
* The welfare of many people (who make up the nation of North Korea) is more important than the welfare of an individual. 
* People must design what the world should look like. 
* A strong leader is required to make needed reforms. 
* Intellectuals are important. 

### Revolution 
Juche says that every nation needs to drive forward its own revolution. Three things are necessary for this:
#Political independence
#Economic self-reliance
#Military independence
According to Juche, the state should make sure these three things exist.

Certain people have described these ideas as a philosophy; others see it as a religion.

## Related pages 
* North Korea
* East Germany
* Marxism
* Leninism
* Stalinism
* Maoism
Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel

The **Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel** is a document that announced the establishment of the independent and sovereign state (country) of Israel.

## The term 
This term describes the announcement of establishment of a Jewish state, named State of Israel. This State of Israel was established on 14 May 1948. In Hebrew language, '''' means the State of Israel. The British Mandate of Palestine was a League of Nations mandate. This was the land where the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah had once been. The State of Israel covered more or less the same land.

Some persons call this as the beginning of "Third Jewish Commonwealth". The "First Jewish Commonwealth" ended with the destruction of Solomon's Temple, and the second with the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem two thousand years ago.

## The declaration 
On 29 November 1947, the United Nations had adopted a resolution. The resolution recommended the establishment of an Arab State and a  Jewish State in Palestine. The resolution recommended taking steps to establish such a state.

On 12 May 1948, the Jewish national administration met at Tel Aviv Museum of Art. They had gathered to decide acceptance of an American proposal for a truce or to declare a new state of Israel. Six of the ten voting members supported declaration of a state of Israel. Two days later, on 14 May 1948, the Jewish National Council (Vaad Leumi) met at Tel Aviv. At mid night of 14 May 1948, a member of the Council read the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel.

The declaration followed a style generally seen in the United Nations documents. First few sentences stated the reasons for the declaration and the right of the Jews for an independent country. Then, the sentences gave the features and characteristics of the new Jewish state.

## Quotes 
A few quotes from the declaration:

:...the Land of Israel, was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books.

:After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom.

:Impelled by this historic and traditional attachment, Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland. In recent decades they returned in their masses.

## The recognition 
The United States, the Soviet Union, and many other major countries of the world accepted the state of Israel. Using terms of international law, these countries recognized the state of Israel. However, many Arab countries and countries of the Middle East opposed the establishment of Israel. They did not recognize the state of Israel as a sovereign state, that is, an independent country. Many countries of the world did not recognize Israel, but establish trading and other relations with it.

## Other websites
Paul Kagame

**Paul Kagame** (born October 23, 1957) is the President of Rwanda since 2000.

Though a member of the Tutsi ethnic group, he tends to downplay the importance of his ethnicity. He is responsible for ending the Rwandan Genocide. However, he is often seen as a dictator, and has a bad human rights record.

From 2018 to 2019, he was the Chairperson of the African Union. In 2022, he became the Commonwealth Chair-in-Office.
Space exploration

**Space exploration** is a term which describes searching outer space. There are many reasons for space exploration. The most important reasons are for scientific research and the interest of humans to learn more about outer space. For centuries, humans had dreamt of reaching outer space. Rockets made it possible in the later 20th century. On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1, which was the first artificial satellite. This started the Space Race and people later went into orbit and Americans visited the Moon in Project Apollo.

Many space probes have gone to various planets and other places in the Solar System to send back information. When people first went to space they didn't know what the effects of microgravity would have on humans so they sent animals instead. But in 1961 the Soviets launched the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin. The journey to planets is hazardous enough so that humans will probably not be used, and machines can pick up samples. Some people think that Mars can be mined for minerals which are rare and valuable. There are no plans at present to send humans to Mars.

## Astronomy 
The first telescope was probably invented in 1608 by Hans Lippershey. The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 was the first space telescope launched on December 7, 1968. As of February 2, 2019, about 3,891 exoplanets have been discovered. The Milky Way galaxy has more than 100–400 billion stars and more than 100 billion planets. There are about 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe.

## Related pages 
* Interstellar travel
* Moon landing
* Planet
* Solar system
* NASA
* ESA
* Russian Space Agency
* Astronaut
* Orion
* SpaceX
* Space Shuttle
* Soyuz
* Saturn V
* Exploration of Mars 
*Exploration of Neptune
* Space
* Cosmos
* Universe

## References
Valmiki

**Maharishi Valmiki** (, *vālmīki*) (during Lord Rama's time) was an Indian Sanskrit poet and is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic *Ramayana*, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself. He is revered as the *Adi Kavi,* which means *First Poet,* for he discovered the first *śloka* i.e. first *verse*, which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry.

At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary.

## Role in *Ramayana* 
Valmiki played an important role in *Uttara Kanda,* the last chapter of epic *Ramayana*. It is believed that The Uttara Kanda was not original work of Valmiki. It is believed to be taken up from *Sesha Ramayana.* According to the legend Rama send Sita to forest. Sita finds refuge in Sage Valmiki's ashram, where she gives birth to twin boys Lava (founder of **Lahore**) and Kusha (founder of **Kasur**) . Lava and Kusha were Valmiki's first disciples to whom he taught the *Ramayana*. Bala Kanda of the epic also telling the story of Valmiki narrating the Ramayana to his disciples Lava and Kusha.

## Related pages
* Rishi
* Kashyapa
* Atri
* Vashitha
* Vishvamitra
* Gautam
* Jamdagni
* Bharadvaja

## References 
;Notes

;Others
* *Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend* () by Anna Dallapiccola
1710

## Events 
* Beijing becomes the largest city in the world.
* April 10 – The world's first copyright legislation became effective, Britain's *Statute of Anne*.
* June – Swiss and Palatine German Protestants under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Berne, Switzerland.
* June 8 – The Tuscarora nation sends a petition to the Province of Pennsylvania protesting the seizure of their lands and enslavement of their people by citizens of the Province of Carolina.
* October 10 – Estonia is annexed by Russia.

## Births 
* January 3 – Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (died 1796)
* January 4 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (died 1736)
* February 15 – King Louis XV of France (died 1774)
* April 15 – William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1790)
* April 17 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (died 1767)
* April 25 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (died 1776)
* April 26 – Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher (died 1796)
* April 30 – Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (died 1795)
* May 14 – King Adolf Frederick of Sweden (died 1771)
* May 16 – William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (died 1782)
* June 10 – James Short, Scottish mathematician and optician (died 1768)
* July 21 – Paul Möhring, German physician and scientist (died 1792)
* August 20 – Thomas Simpson, British mathematician (died 1761)
* September 3 – Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (died 1784)
* September 30 – John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (d. 1771)
* October 12 – Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (died 1785)
* October 16 – Andreas Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general (died 1790)
* October 24 – Alban Butler, English Catholic priest and writer (died 1773)
* November 8 – Sarah Fielding, English writer (died 1768)
* November 10 – Adam Gottlob Moltke, Danish statesman (died 1792)
* November 13 – Charles Simon Favart, French dramatist (died 1792)
* November 22 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (died 1784)
* November 27 – Robert Lowth, English bishop and amateur grammarian (died 1787)
* December 2 – Bertinazzi, Italian actor and writer (died 1783)

## Deaths 
* January 16 – Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (born 1675)
* January 21 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic (born 1638)
* February 16 – Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (born 1632)
* March 4 – Louis III, Prince of Condé (born 1668)
* April 28 – Thomas Betterton, English actor (born c.1635)
* June 1 – David Mitchell, British admiral (born 1642)
* September 19 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (born 1644)
Estádio do Morumbi

.]]

**Morumbi Stadium** or **Estádio do Morumbi** is the biggest stadium in São Paulo, Brazil. It used to have 120,000 seats available, but now its maximum capacity is 77,000 seats for safety reasons. It is the home ground of São Paulo Futebol Clube and its formal name honors Cícero Pompeu de Toledo, who was São Paulo FC's chairman during most of the stadium's construction.
Initialism

An **initialism** is a word made from the first letters of each word in a phrase. Unlike acronyms, initialisms cannot be spoken as words: they are spoken letter by letter. Examples of initialisms are:

*DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
*CD - Compact Disc
*ATM - Automated (or Automatic) Teller Machine 
*BRB - Be Right Back 
*NMHU - Not Much Here, You? 
*GTG/G2G - Got To Go 
*JW - Just Wondering 
*JK - Just Kidding
*OK - Okay, "orl korrekt", misspelling of "all correct".

## References 
## Other websites 
*Abbreviations vs. acronyms vs. initialisms 
* Abbreviations.com, a website full of millions of acronyms
Soufflé

A **soufflé** is a light fluffy dessert food.

It is a lightly baked cake. It can be served as a savoury main dish, but usually it is sweetened as a dessert. It is made with egg yolks and beaten egg whites. The egg whites are beaten to a soft peak meringue.

The dish puffs up in the oven.
Blossom

A **blossom** is a flower that grows on stone fruit trees and other plants including oranges, cherries, plums, apples and almonds

## Other meanings of Blossom
*Blossom (TV series), a TV series in the 1990s.
*Blümchen (Jasmin Wagner), a German singer uses this name when she sings in English.
*Blossom Music Center in Cleveland, Ohio
*One of the Powerpuff Girls.
Marmalade

**Marmalade** is a topping, like a jam or jelly, that is usually made with oranges. Marmalade can also be made from lemons, limes, grapefruits, or a combination of citrus fruits.

The word Marmalade comes from the Galician word "marmelada" meaning 
*quince jam*.

## Related pages 
* Marmalade (Candy)

## Other websites
1697

## Events 
* September 11 – Battle of Zenta, Prince Eugene of Savoy beat the Ottoman army of Mustafa II
* September 20 – The Treaty of Ryswick
* December 2 – St Paul's Cathedral opened in London
* Peter the Great travels in Europe officially with a false identity as "artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov"
* Use of palanquins increases in Europe
* Christopher Polhem starts Sweden's first technical school.
* The royal castle "Tre Kronor" in Stockholm burns to the ground. A large portion of the royal library is destroyed.
* Karl XII of Sweden is made king at the age of 15.
* Tayasal, capital of the Peten Itza Maya, the last Mesoamerican state which ruled itself, is taken over by Spain
* The Manchu Empire takes over western Mongolia
Thomas Hardy

**Thomas Hardy** OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. In the U.K. Hardy is generally thought to be one of the greatest figures in English literature. He lived in the Victorian era. 

## Early life 
Thomas Hardy was born in Upper Bockhampton near Dorchester, Dorset. His father was a stonemason. His mother had read a lot. She added to his formal education. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London to get a job. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association.

## Career 
Hardy wrote a small number of novels which earned him a high reputation in his lifetime. These include ''Tess of the d'Urbervilles*, *The Mayor of Casterbridge* and *Far from the Madding Crowd*. After the publication of *Jude the Obscure* in 1895 Hardy gave up novel writing but continued to write poetry including an epic poem called *The Dynasts''. Hardy set his novels in South West England, calling it 'Wessex'. He invented names for the towns, e.g. "Casterbridge" is Dorchester in Dorset. Hardy died in Dorchester. His ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.

## Related pages 
* Charles Dickens
* George Eliot
* Wilkie Collins
* H. Rider Haggard
* Jerome K. Jerome
* Anthony Trollope
Manhole

.]]
, Brazil.]]
 manhole.]]

A **manhole** (also called a **utility hole**, **cable chamber**, **maintenance hole** ,  **inspection chamber**,  **access chamber** or **confined space**) is a hole for a person to go into to fix underground services. Some examples of these are sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains and gas.  

The opening is protected by a manhole cover. A manhole cover can also be called a "biscuit". It is designed to stop people falling down the hole and to stop people going underground if they are not allowed to. Manholes usually have metal or polypropylene steps on the wall to make it easier to get into the manhole.

Manholes are usually found in urban areas, in streets and sometimes under sidewalks. They are usually circular to stop the manhole cover from falling into the hole.

## Hazards
In urban areas, electricity being in places it is not supposed to be (stray voltage) has become a big concern. In 2004, Jodie S. Lane was electrocuted after stepping on a metal manhole cover. She was walking her dog in New York City when it happened.

## Related pages 
* Glass-reinforced plastic

## Notes 
## More reading 
*
Pajamas

) wearing pyjamas.]]
**Pyjamas** (**pajamas** in the United Kingdom) are loose clothes that people wear while they are sleeping. Pyjamas usually include trousers and a shirt. Pyjamas are often made of cotton. They are usually worn without underwear. The word comes from , Pajāmā; . Pajamas are often worn without underwear.
Sewer

**Sewers** are underground pipes that take away dirty water and human waste from homes, offices and many other places. Sanitary sewers lead to sewage treatment plants that remove the harmful and unwanted parts, returning clean water to the environment. Many rules and regulations exist for how clean the final discharge (effluent) must be. Storm sewers are usually simpler. Houses that do not have a connection to city sewer will have a septic tank.

Cleaning crews use special trucks and tools to help keep the sewers clear of grease, tree roots, and other blockages. More rural areas may have septic systems where sewers do not yet exist.  In many urban areas, street gutters to carry rainwater are combined with sewers.
Carlisle United F.C.

**Carlsile United F.C.** is an English football team in Football League Two. Jordan McDowall is the manager.

## League position 
### Former position 
## Other websites
* Carlisle United F.C.
* Carlisle United Ladies
Barter

gave an English sailor a crayfish and got a piece of European clothing for it]]
**Barter** is trading one thing for another without using money. 

Barter is useful when two people each have something the other wants, so they agree on stuff to trade and then swap it. This can also happen with services, for example a plumber can fix a tap in a winery and be given a crate of wine.

Barter and money have been around longer than recorded history has, so we don't know which came first.   

The traditional idea has been that barter came earlier, and money arose to solve a problem: One person may not want what the other person has. For instance, Bob needs a new pair of shoes and John has those shoes. But Bob has eggs and John needs milk. This is where money would become useful, because anything can be traded for a set amount of money. Bob could pay John for the shoes and John could go to the store and buy some milk.  

## References
290s

The **290s** decade ran from January 1, 290, to December 31, 299.

## Important people 
*Diocletian, Roman Emperor
*Maximian, Roman Emperor
Leica Camera

**Leica** is a company in Wetzlar, Germany that makes cameras, optical lenses, photographic lenses, binoculars and rifle scopes. The name Leica is derived from the first three letters of the founder's surname (Leitz) and the first two of the word camera: lei-ca (LEItz CAmera).

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Leica Cameras collection at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History
* Leica History and Heritage
Baroque pop

**Baroque pop** is a rock music subgenre that mixes both rock and classical music. It was created by musicians in the 1960s by adding classical instruments like harpsichord, French horns, oboes, and string sections. It became popular with both teenagers and adults at the time. Examples can be found on The Beach Boys' *Pet Sounds* and recordings made by Phil Spector. It is also referred to as **chamber pop**, among other names.

## References
North American blizzard of 2003

The **Blizzard of 2003**, also called the '''Presidents' Day Storm of 2003**, or **Presidents' Day Storm II''', was a very big snowstorm on the East Coast of the United States and Canada, which started on February 15 and ended on February 18, 2003. Lots of snow fell in the big cities in the Northeast US, making it the biggest snowstorm of the snowy winter of 2002-2003. All cities from Washington D.C. to Boston were covered in a lot of snow, and people could not go around because of the bad weather. In Baltimore and Boston, this was the biggest snowstorm ever recorded.

## The life of the storm 
The storm started in the southern Rockies on February 14, and moved to southern Missouri and the Lower Tennessee Valley in a few days. It brought heavy rain and bad weather to the Deep South, including the nation's first tornado of 2003. In the north, snow and ice affected the Midwest. Southern Iowa and eastern Illinois also got lots of snow, with 11 inches (28&nbsp;cm) in Des Moines. In Kentucky this was mostly an ice storm, with some places getting up to 3/4" (2&nbsp;cm) of ice. At the same time, Washington, D.C. and Baltimore got a little bit of  snow on February 15. The weather was very cold, and the storm moved very slowly.

But early on February 16, lots of snow started falling in those two cities, and the snow started in Philadelphia. Heavy snow kept coming, falling very fast. It was also very cold, so the snow kept piling up. The heavy snow continued all day, and it reached New York City in the evening. At about the same time, the snow changed to sleet in Washington, D.C., and that's why the city got less snow than other cities. In the rest of the Northeast, however, the snow stayed for much of the night. The sleet changed back to snow by the next morning in Washington, D.C., and soon ended. Blizzard Warnings were given in New York City and Boston, and the snow began in Boston that day. In the evening, the heavy snow ended in New York City, and it ended in Boston on the morning of February 18. After that, the storm weakened and brought a few inches of snow to other parts of New England.

## Impact 
This snowstorm slowed down much of the East Coast with its heavy snow. Washington's Reagan National Airport, Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Philadelphia International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport in New York were closed, and Dulles Airport had one runway open. With snow falling, driving was almost impossible. In Baltimore, the roof of the historic B&O Railroad Museum broke, destroying many valuable engines, railroad cars and train souvenirs http://www.frommers.com/destinations/baltimore/A23335.html .

## Related pages 
* December 2009 North American blizzard
* December 2010 North American blizzard
* January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm
* February 2013 nor'easter

## Other websites 
*In Depth Case Study 
*CNN Article of the Storm
*CBS Article of the Storm 
*The Presidents’ Day Weekend Snowstorm of 2003 
*Snow storm, February 16-17, 2003
Tiến Quân Ca

"''''''" (; "Army March") is the national anthem (song) of  Vietnam. It was created in 1944 by Nguyễn Văn Cao, a Vietnamese composer (person who writes music). It was also the national anthem of North Vietnam until the joining of North and South Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War.

## Lyrics
The national anthem went through many changes since the 1940s. Though there are two verses, the first one is usually only sung as the anthem. Recently, the Vietnam Center for Music Copyright stated that they will "collect royalty" from the song, meaning that it would be under copyright.

## References
Gustav Holst

**Gustav Holst** (21 September 1874 - 25 May 1934) was a famous English composer.  He was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire and studied at the Royal College of Music in London.

## References
## Other websites
* www.GustavHolst.info 
* List of compositions 
* Gustav Holst: The Lost Films (Discovered 2009) 
* Holst Birthplace Museum, Cheltenham
Organization of American States

The **Organization of American States** (**OAS** in English; **OEA** in the other three official languages) is an international organization based in Washington, D.C. It has all thirty-five independent nations of the Americas as its members.

For its work Organization of American States (OAS) uses four languages: English language, French language, Portuguese language, and Spanish language.

Many people and politicians of different countries of North America and South America had thought of an organization of their countries. These countries have also formed different organizations from time to time. Beginning from 1889 to 1890, these countries held meetings known as the International Conference of American States. At its first conference, 18 countries formed the International Union of American Republics.

In 1910, these countries held the Fourth International Conference of American States at Buenos Aires. They changed the name of the International Union of American Republics to the Union of American Republics. These countries held the ninth International Conference of American States between March and May 1948 at Bogotá. On 30th April 1948, 21 countries signed an agreement. They called this agreement the Charter of the Organization of American States. This was the beginning of the Organization of American States (OAS). OAS started functioning from December 1951.

The Charter of the OAS states the goals for forming the OAS. There are many goals. Some important goals relate to peace and security for these countries; development of democratic governments; and economic cooperation.

## Members 
All 35 independent nations of America are members of the OAS. Upon foundation on 5 May 1948 there were 21 members:

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

The later expansion of the OAS included the newly independent nations of the Caribbean (most of whom gained independence only after World War II) and Canada. Members with later admission dates (sorted chronologically):
*  (member since 1967)
*  (1967)
*  (1969)
*  (1975)
*  (1977)
*  (1979)
*  (1979)
*  (1981)
*  (1981)
*  (1982)
*  (1984)
*  (1990)
*  (1991)
*  (1991)

## Related pages
* Caribbean Community
* United Nations

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Official site
Nelson's Column

'''Nelson's Column''' is a national monument of the United Kingdom based in Trafalgar Square, London. The column was built between 1840 and 1843, to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson's death at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

Image:Nelson's Column Looking Towards Westminster - Trafalgar Square - London - 240404.jpg|Nelsons Column, looking towards Westminster
Image:Nelsons.column.closeup.london.arp.jpg|Lord Nelson on Nelson's Column
Image:London TrafalgarSquareColumn01.JPG|Trafalgar Square, with Nelsons Column and some fountains.
900

## Events 
*Persian scientist, Rhazes, distinguished smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly Aristotle's physics, he maintained "the conception of an 'absolute' time, regarded by him as a never-ending flow".
* Gyeonhwon formally establishes the kingdom of Hubaekje in southwestern Korea.
* Merchants from southwest Asia and India settle on the east-African coast, trading gold, beads and metal for ivory and slaves.
* Harold I of the Yngling or Scilfing dynasty subdues the petty kings of Norway and conquers the Orkney and Shetland islands.
Cousin

A **cousin** is a term in genealogy. A cousin is not a direct ancestor or descendant, but is a relative who *shares a common ancestor*. The word 'cousin' is often used to mean a person's first cousin  the child of someone's aunt or uncle.

Cousin relationships can have degree and removal (e.g. a second cousin once removed is a cousin with a degree of two and a removal of one).
* The family line of the cousin with smallest number of generations to the most recent common ancestor is used to determine the degree (if they are the same use either one). The number of generations from the parents to the common ancestor (number of generations minus one) is the degree.
* When the cousins are separated by a different number of generations from the most recent common ancestor, the cousin relationship is "removed". The difference between the number of generations for each cousin is the removal.

## Related pages
*Cousin marriage
*Consanguinity

## Other websites
*Ancestry.com - cousin removal
*Geni.com - Defining the Genealogical Term, 'Removed' 
*SearchforAncestors.com - Cousin Relationship Calculator
*Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter - What Is "Second Cousin Once Removed?"
Khmer Rouge

.]] at a Cambodian court in 2009.]] of Khmer Rouge victims.]]

The **Khmer Rouge** was a communist militant group in Cambodia that took over the country in 1975. It was overthrown in the 1979 Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.The Khmer Rouge regime [was] the ultimate twentieth-century [example] of the totalitarian state. Using sheer violence and terror, a small clique [took] power. [It saw itself as] messianic [with a] mission to bring happiness and prosperity faster than any of its revolutionary model and competitors. It came to control every aspect of social and private life. No one was allowed to [hold or] express any form of opposition.On 17 April 1975, the Khmer Rouge captured Cambodia's capital city, Phnom Penh, and took control of the country. They renamed the country as the Democratic Kampuchea and began the Cambodian genocide. Most members were teenage peasant boys.

The Khmer Rouge believed the people in Cambodia's cities had been poisoned and  by the ideas of Western capitalism. They wanted to return Cambodia to "Year Zero," a time when everybody in the country was a rural farmer. They thought this would create an agrarian socialist utopia - a perfect, farm-based society without social classes, where people would share everything.

They objected to the existence of money, free markets or educated professions (e.g. medicine, engineering, law and teaching). To the Khmer Rouge, being a poor farm worker was the only acceptable lifestyle. They viewed educated people as a fundamental threat to communism.

## Victims
Historians cannot say exactly how many people were killed in the Cambodian genocide. Most estimates say that between 1,400,000 and 3,000,000 Cambodian people were killed. This was between 20% and 33% of Cambodia's population back then. In his 2005 article, Henri Locard wrote:Between 17 April 1975 and 7 January 1979 the death toll was about 25% of a population of some 7.8 million; 33.5% of men were massacred or died unnatural deaths [and so did] 15.7% of the women ... 41.9% of the population of Phnom Penh [was killed].

## Military & secret police (1975-1979)
The Revolutionary Army Of Cambodia or the Khmer Rouge Military were the official military that controlled Democratic Kampuchea’s:

* Army (Revolutionary Ground Army of Cambodia) 
* Air Force (Revolutionary Air Force of Cambodia)
* Navy (Revolutionary Navy of Cambodia) 

it originally was a partisan army during the Cambodian Civil War from 1967-1975. However, when the Khmer Rouge Military invaded Vietnam, it did not have good infantry troops, tanks, artillery, or armoured trains to transport infantry or planes. It also did not have enough helicopters or boats for paratroopers or marine infantry. This shortage happened because Pol Pot wanted to deindustrialise Cambodia during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War in 1978/1979 . The Khmer Rouge also had a secret police called the Santebal**,** which controlled Security Prison 21 from 1975-1979 .

## Related pages 
* Pol Pot
* Cambodian genocide
* Cambodian genocide denial
* Totalitarianism
* The Holocaust

## Notelist
## References
996

## Events 
* March/April – Pope John XV dies before being able to crown Otto III, King of Germany as Holy Roman Emperor. Otto resides in Pavia while waiting for the election of the next Pope.
* May 3 – Twenty-four year old Bruno of Carinthia, grandson of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor and first cousin of Otto III, is elected Pope Gregory V. He is the first German Pope.
* May 21 – Sixteen year old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by his cousin Pope Gregory V.
* October 24 – Hugh Capet, King of France dies and is succeeded by his son Robert II of France.
* Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, fifth Caliph in Egypt dies and is succeeded by his son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
* November 1 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name *Ostarrîchi* (Austria in Old High German).
* Niujie Mosque constructed in Beijing
1345

## Events 
* Miracle of the Host
* Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland are inherited by emperor Louis IV of the Holy Roman Empire and becomes part of the imperial crown domain, until 1347.
1347

## Events 
* The Black Death ravages Europe (1347-1351)
* Roman Commoner Cola di Rienzo proclaims himself a new Roman dictator in Capitoline Hill in Rome; Pope Clement VI denounces him as a pagan and a heretic and he is driven out of the city by the end of the year
1565

**1565** (MDLXV) was a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events 
*March 1 – the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded.
*April 27 – Cebu City is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
*May 18 – The Ottoman troops landed on the island of Malta. The Great Siege of Malta began.
*June 17 – Matsunaga Hisahide assassinates the 13th Ashikaga Shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru.
*August 28 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after St. Augustine), established. It is the oldest remaining European settlement in the United States.
*September 4 – Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands on modern-day Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault. He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.
*September 8 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés settles in St. Augustine, Florida.
*September 8 – The Knights of Malta lift the Turkish Siege of Malta (siege started on May 18).
Livestock

is guarding a flock of sheep. Sheep are commonly kept as livestock.]]

**Livestock** are domestic animals that are kept by people. Their uses are for meat, milking, wool, leather, or labor. Taking care of livestock is animal husbandry. Some types of livestock are: cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. Chickens produce eggs; pigs produce meat; cattle, goats and sheep create milk, and sheep also create wool. Horses, cattle, camels, llamas, water buffalo, and other large animals do work for people, such as pulling wagons and other vehicles.

The breeding, keeping alive, and killing of livestock is called animal husbandry. Animal husbandry have been practiced by humans for a long time. There are different animal husbandry practices used by different cultures. It is an important part of the economy and culture of many countries.

Intensive animal farming, which is sometimes called "factory farming" is mostly used today. 99% of livestock in the US are now raised with intensive animal farming. Intensive animal farming increases the amount of things we can get from the livestock but it has also led to bad effects on animal welfare, the environment, and public health.

## Etymology
Livestock as a word was first used between 1650 and 1660. Today, cattle means domesticated bovines, while livestock now means domesticated animals.

## History 
Animal husbandry started when humans stopped hunting and gathering and settled in farming communities. Animals are domesticated when the way they breed and live are controlled by humans. After a long time, the way they act and the way they look changes. Today, many farm animals cannot live in the wild.

The dog was domesticated in Europe and the Far East from about 15,000 years ago. Goats and sheep were domesticated between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago in Southwest Asia. Pigs were domesticated by 8,500 BC in the Near East and 6,000 BC in China. Domestication of the horse dates to around 4000 BC. Cattle have been domesticated since approximately 10,500 years ago. Chickens and other poultry may have been domesticated around 7000 BC.

## Some common livestock
## References
Breed

A **breed** is a domesticated race or type of an animal or plant. The term may also be used as a verb. In this way, to *breed* an animal is to make sure that it has descendants that improve the next generation’s qualities. This is also often referred to as *breeding.* A *breeder* is a person who maintains and creates different breeds of animals or plants. Methods include inbreeding and crossbreeding.

## Common breeds
*List of cat breeds
*List of dog breeds
*Plant breeding

## Related pages
* Variety (plant)
* Race (biology)
* Selective breeding
Storm

.]]A **storm** is a violent meteorological phenomenon in which there is heavy rain, and wind due to moisture in the air. Hail and lightning are also common in storms. More rarely, tornadoes can occur in storms. 

Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornadoes are, often, called storms too but they have special names because they are very, very strong. Storms are studied by scientists called meteorologists. The idea of shipping forecasts started with a concern to save ships from unexpected storms in the North Atlantic. A storm is associated with severe weather and may be marked by strong wind,  thunder, lightning and heavy precipitation such as ice. Therefore, the knowledge of the weather condition is extremely important.

There are many varieties and names for storms: *icestorm*, *blizzard*, *snowstorm*, *ocean-storm*, *firestorm*, etc. The storms called thunderstorms develop in hot, humid tropical areas like Mexico very frequently. The rising temperatures produce strong upward rising winds. These winds carry water droplets upwards, where they freeze, and fall down again. The swift movement of the falling water droplets along with the rising air create lightning and thunder. 

## Notes
Hemisphere

**Hemisphere** means half (hemi) of the Earth or any other  sphere.
*The Northern Hemisphere means everything north of the Equator, which includes, North America, Central America, the northern part of South America, Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and the Middle East.
*The Southern Hemisphere means everything south of the Equator, which includes most of South America, most of Africa, Australia, and Antarctica.
*The Western Hemisphere includes North America and South America, and has the Pacific Ocean on its western border and the Atlantic Ocean on its eastern border. Plus, mainland of 14 African countries and 6 European countries is partially or totally in the Western Hemisphere.
*The Eastern Hemisphere includes most of  Europe, Asia, and most of Africa, and has the Atlantic Ocean on its western border and the Pacific Ocean on its eastern border.
*It can also mean the land hemisphere or the water hemisphere.
Pressure

**Pressure** means how much force something is pushing on something else with.
It is expressed as force acting per unit area:

***P = F / A***

(Pressure = Force divided by Area that force is acting on)

It can also be defined as thrust (compressive force acting perpendicularly to the surface of a body) acting per unit area.

Pressure is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to area., so the same amount of force applied by a hand will produce less pressure than when applied by something smaller, like a finger.

It is important to understand the distinction between pressure and force. Body A may exert a much larger force on a surface than body B, but if that force is spread out over an area larger than that of body B, the pressure exerted will be less than that of body B. More force is not always equal to more pressure, and vice versa

Pressure is also related to density. If a solid or a fluid is more dense, it has a larger weight, and therefore exerts a larger force, over the same area.

## Units 
The SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa) named after French physicist Blaise Pascal, who did much work on pressure. 1 pascal = a force of 1 newton per square meter. To measure much larger and much smaller pressures, sub-multiples of the unit, such as kilopascal and megapascal exist. Other measurement systems use different units, for example pounds per square inch, or 'psi'.

## Atmospheric pressure 
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by oxygen and other molecules (the atmosphere basically) on a body/point/area at sea level, and is equal to approximately 100000 Newtons per square meter or 100Kn/m2. Atmospheric pressures is measured using instruments such as the barometer which uses the principles of pressure and vacuum to measure the atmospheric pressure.

## Other websites 
* Pressure -Citizendium
Autogyro

An **autogyro**, also known as a **gyroplane**, is a type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor to fly. The autogyro's rotor must have air flowing across the rotor disc to create rotation, and the air flows upwards through the rotor disc and not down. Only one or two people can be on an autogyro.

The autogyro was invented by Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva to create an aircraft that could fly safely at low speeds. He first flew one on 9&nbsp;January 1923 in Madrid. Cierva's autogyro is thought to be the predecessor of the modern helicopter.

## References