open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Application-specific integrated circuit

**ASIC** or **Application-specific integrated circuit** is a kind of integrated circuit. It is built for a particular use instead of for general-purpose use. Digital circuits are a common form of ASIC, but analog ASICs were manufactured beginning in the latter half of the 1990s.

ASIC has advantages compared to programmable logic controller or standard logic gate IC. 
# ASIC can be smaller.
# ASIC can improve speed. 
# ASIC needs less electric power to operate. 

There are also disadvantages of ASIC. 
# the cost per a unit can be high when producing a small number of units because of the fixed cost of producing a Photomask. 
# they can be hard to design and it is expensive and wastes time if they need to be redesigned. 
# the time of a manufacturing process can be long. 

## Design 
Design of ASIC is gate array design, cell base design, embedded array design, standard cell design, and structured ASIC design.
 
**Gate array design** has elementary gate circuit at first base, (we) manufacture the products with putting ordered proper wire-layers. Manufacturing is quick because a finished product needs only production of wire-layers and it is cheap because of mass production of its foundation. However, because (we) form a circuit with formation of standard gate, it has worse contact rate and efficiency.

**Cell base design** uses wire-layer between block that was designed and arranged and logical circuit. and product is manufactured . Performance is better than gate array, but time of making cell base is longer than time of making gate array, and cost of making cell base is more expensive than cost of making gate array.

**Embedded array design** Use finished functional block were located. It was rest of theory for wired to use part of gate array. It was called that gate array and basis of cell were compromising.

**Standard cell design** is a general term for gate array, cell base, embedded array. if standard cell is cell base IC, direction is different each company.

**Structured ASIC design** uses customization of standard subsystems to speed design and production. Designers of ASIC use a hardware description language (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL to describe the functionality of the design. 

## Other websites 
* ASIC basics tutorial

## References
Image processing

In electrical engineering and computer science, **Image processing** is any form of processing for which the input is an image or a series of images or videos, such as photographs or frames of video. The output of image processing can be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. It also means "Analyzing and manipulating images with a computer". 

Image processing is performed in three steps:

First, import images with an optical devices like a scanner or a camera, or make them by computer-generated imagery.

Second, manipulate or analyze the images in some way. This step can include image improvement and data summary, or the images are analyzed to find rules that aren't seen by the human eyes. For example, meteorologists use this processing to analyze satellite photographs.

Last, output the result of image processing. The result might be the image changed by some way or it might be a report based on analysis or result of the images.

In the 21st century image processing is usually "digital", but optical and analog image methods are still used.
Ogg

**Ogg** is a free, open standard format for music, video and other multimedia. It is run by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The Ogg format is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient Internet streaming and for editing of high quality digital multimedia.

The project was based on the popular AVI and Ogg formats, which at the time only supported audio. Some time ago, the OGG Vorbis format was created to change the mp3 format. To store the vorbis audio stream, the OGG Bitstream standard was developed, which was later used to store video.

Recently a big library on the internet, the Internet Archive, announced that they are going to convert many videos and other multimedia to the Ogg format as well as other formats like the proprietary Adobe Flash flv format.

## References
Georgetown, Kentucky

**Georgetown** is a city and the county seat of Scott County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 37,086 at the 2020 census. There is a Toyota automobile plant there.

## Sister City
Georgetown has one sister city.
*  Tahara, Japan

## References
Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz

**Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz** (also August Kekulé) (7 September 1829 – 13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. Kekulé was born in Darmstadt, the son of a civil servant. After graduating from secondary school, in 1847 he entered the University of Giessen, with the intention of studying architecture. After hearing the lectures of Justus von Liebig he decided to study chemistry. Following his education in Giessen, he took further doctorate fellowships in Paris (1851-52), in Chur, Switzerland (1852-53), and in London (1853-55), where he was decisively influenced by Alexander Williamson. 

In 1858, he was hired as a full professor at the University of Ghent. In 1867, he was asked to work at the University of Bonn. There he studied carbon organic compounds and benzene. He suggested a benzene ring structure. 

Kekulé's most famous work was on the structure of benzene. In 1865 Kekulé published a paper in French suggesting that the structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject. The empirical formula for benzene had been long known, but its highly unsaturated structure was challenging to determine. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Joseph Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but the study of aromatic compounds was in its earliest years, and too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure.
Islamabad (disambiguation)

**Islamabad** can refer to:
* **Islamabad** - the Federal national capital of Pakistan.
* **Islamabad Capital Territory** - a federal territory of Pakistan, includes the capital Islamabad and other areas.
* **Islamabad** - an alternative name for the city of Anantnag in Kashmir.
BMW 3 Series

**BMW 3 Series** is a car produced by BMW since 1975. It is currently in its seventh generation. The 3 Series has an M version in the form of the M3.

The 3 Series has come in multiple body styles and engine types. The 3 Series has been sold as saloons, coupés, estates, and convertibles. The 3 Series is one of the most commonly-sold vehicles in the world.

File:1981 BMW 320 2.0 Front.jpg|First Generation (E21)
File:1986 BMW 316 1.8 Front.jpg|Second Generation (E30)
File:1994 BMW 316i 1.6 Front.jpg|Third Generation (E36)
File:BMW 318i (E46) 4d 1895cc reg Jan 1999.JPG|Fourth Generation (E46)
File:2002-2005 BMW 320i.jpg|Fourth Generation (2002 facelift)
File:2005-2006 BMW 330i (E90) sedan 02.jpg|Fifth Generation (E90 family)
File:2008 BMW 318i 1.8 ES.jpg|Fifth Generation (2008 facelift)
File:2017 BMW 340i (F30 LCI) Luxury Line sedan (2018-07-30) 01.jpg|Sixth Generation (F30 family)
File:2019 BMW 330e M Sport Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|Seventh Generation (G20 family)
LC circuit

An **LC circuit** is an electronic circuit made up of an inductor and a capacitor.

Image:Lc circuit.svg|

LC circuit's resonant frequency is equal to: \omega=\sqrt{1\over LC}    

The angular frequency ω has units of radians per second.

LC circuits are used for creating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a particular frequency from a more complex signal. An ideal LC circuit does not have resistance.

At LC circuit energy saves in the capacitor's electric field.

{U}={q^2\over2C}    

U is energy and q is electric charge.
At LC circuit energy also save in the inductor's magnetic field.

{U}={Li^2\over2} 

U is energy and i is electric current that flows in inductor.

Let's analyze an LC circuit's vibration. Vibrating LC circuit's total energy is U.

U={q^2\over2C}+{Li^2\over2}

Because circuit's  resistance is 0, there is no energy that transmits to heat energy, and U is maintained regularity.
{dU\over dt} = 0 

So LC circuit's vibration is shown like that
{Ld^2q\over dt^2}+{q\over C}=0

First consider the Electrical impedance of the series LC circuit. The total impedance is given by the sum of the inductive and capacitive impedances

Z = Z_{L} + Z_{C}

By writing the inductive impedance as Z_{L} = j \omega L and capacitive impedance as Z_{C} = \frac{1}{j{\omega C}} 

::Z = j \omega L + \frac{1}{j{\omega C}} .

Resultingly the series connected circuit, when connected to a circuit in series, will act as a band-pass filter having zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuits.

The same analysis may be applied to the parallel LC circuit. The total impedance is then given by

Z=\frac{Z_{L}Z_{C}}{Z_{L}+Z_{C}}

and after substitution of Z_{L} and Z_{C} we have

Z=\frac{\frac{L}{C}}{\frac{(\omega^{2}LC-1)j}{\omega C}}

which simplifies to

Z=\frac{-L\omega j}{\omega^{2}LC-1} .

Resultingly the parallel connected circuit will act as band-stop filter having infinite impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.

## Other websites
*Understanding Destructive LC Voltage Spikes
Axon

The **axon** is the part of a neuron that sends the signal to the synapse. Axons are long, thin and tendril-like.

Axons are much like a highly developed dendrite.

The axon carries an electrical signal from the cell body (soma) to the synapse. There the signal passes to other neurons or to muscle fibers. An axon can be over a meter long in humans. Or even longer in longer animals like elephants and whales.

The electrical signal of an axon is made by ions that flow in and out of the cell producing an electric impulse called an action potential. The speed at which the signal travels depends on how thick the axon is, and how much insulation it has. Insulation is provided by specialized cells called myelin that wrap around the axon. This insulation is called the myelin sheath.

The axon was discovered by Otto Deiters.

**What is an axon?**

Axons are the primary signaling lines of the nervous system and they bundle together to form nerves. Axons have variable lengths and diameters. The numbers of axonal  telodendria can vary depending on the type of nerve fiber. Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) tend to have more ends which allows for simultaneous transmission of messages to a large number of target neurons within a single region of the brain.

The role of axons is to transmit information around the body between neurons, muscles, and the glands. Axons are one of two extensions of a neuron, the other one is the dendrites about 70 millivolts in your body. gated channels, ligand gated channels, mechanically gated channels). When these gates open, the ions move down them to even out the differences in charges across the membrane; these actions are the key to all electrical events in neurons. If only a few channels open and only a few sodium ions pass through this is called a graded potential and only causes a small change in membrane potential in a localized part of the cell. Action potentials trigger release of voltage gated ion channels. Process: something stimulates you and causes the sodium channels to open causing the inner charge to increase. The stimuli has to be strong enough to trigger the action potential. At this level many voltage sodiums open causing a lot of sodium ions to enter the cell causing the cell to be massively depolarized, up to 40 mv. This causes a biological chain reaction causing the charges inside and outside the cell to swap. Repolarization is when voltage gated potassium ion channels cause the pot ions to go outside trying to rebalance the charges. This causes hyperpolarization which is when the membrane potential drops to -75mv before sodium potassium ;pumps take over and return everything to its resting level. Refractory period process during which the axon is not responsive to any other stimuli. The strength of an action potential is always the same, what changes is the frequency of the stimuli. The speed of conduction also varies, myelinated axons are faster than unmyelinated ones because impulses can jump from node to node in saltatory conduction.**.**

**Clinical significance** 

## References
Vulcan (hypothetical planet)

of 1846 which shows the position and the orbit of the hypothetical planet Vulcan in the solar system. ]]

**Vulcan** was a theoretical planet. In the 19th century, the planet was thought to orbit close to the sun. Its gravitational pull would explain changes seen between the perihelion advance of Mercury from that predicted by Classical Mechanics. The theory that Vulcan exists come from the earlier prediction that an outer planet (now Neptune) was causing similar changes in the orbit of Uranus from the orbit predicted by classical theory.

None of the searches for Vulcan found a planet. This caused some people to not agree with Newtonian theory. It led to the development of Special Relativity and General Relativity. Albert Einstein's modified theory of gravity showed why the orbit of Mercury changes without the existence of Vulcan. This disproved the theories of Vulcan.

## References
Peugeot 308

The **Peugeot 308** is a compact car produced by the French automobile manufacturer Peugeot since 2007. It replaced the Peugeot 307 in Peugeot’s lineup and is available in several body styles, including a 3-door hatchback, 5-door hatchback, and station wagon (SW). Designed as a more refined and technologically advanced successor to the 307, the 308 was built to compete in the compact car segment, rivaling models like the Volkswagen Golf, Ford Focus, and Renault Mégane.
. 

## First generation
The first generation 308 replaced the Peugeot 307 in October 2007. It was facelifted in 2011.

## Second generation
The second generation 308 was launched in June 2013. It is built on the same EMP2 platform as the Citroën C4 Picasso. It ditched the CC and 3-door hatchback bodystyles.

In 2017, it got facelifted with a new front end and LED lights.

In 2020, the 308 received a new digital gauge cluster.

## Third generation
The third generation 308 was unveiled in March 18, 2021 and launched in May of the same year. It has the third generation EMP2 platform, a new retro-styled Peugeot logo, a coupe SUV variant known as the Peugeot 408, and both plug-in hybrid and fully electric variants for the first time.
Custard cream

A **custard cream** is a type of biscuit which is popular in the United Kingdom. It looks like a biscuit sandwich with a cream center. 

Like the American Hydrox or Oreo, the custard cream can be eaten by twisting the two biscuits apart and eating the center first.

## Other websites
* Custard cream  review from nicecupofteaandasitdown.com
Peugeot 307

The **Peugeot 307** is a car produced by Peugeot. It replaced the 306 in June 2001 with 3 and 5-door hatchback models. In 2002, the SW estate was added and in late 2003 saw the 307 CC coupé/cabriolet launched. It was facelifted in 2005 and was replaced in 2007 by the 308. The platform of the 307 were also used for the Citroën C4. The model sold well but didn't have great reliability although it was improved with later models. 

## Versions 

File:Peugeot 307 3D Facelift front - TTM 2009.jpg|3-door hatchback(307)
File:2002 Peugeot 307 Rapier 16V 1.6 Front.jpg|5-door hatchback(307)
File:2005 Peugeot 307 (T5 MY03) CC Sport convertible (2015-11-11) 01.jpg|2-door coupé/cabriolet(307 CC)
File:2002 Peugeot 307 SW LX HDi 2.0 Front.jpg|5-door station wagon(307 SW)

## Engines 
### Petrol 
* *1.4* 55 kW (75 hp)
* *1.4 16V* 65 kW (88 hp)
* *1.6 16V* 80 kW (109 hp)
* *2.0 16V* 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
* *2.0 16V RC* 130 kW (177 hp)

### Diesel 
* *1.4 HDi* 50 kW (68 hp)
* *1.6 HDi* 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
* *2.0 HDi* 66 kW (90 hp), 79 kW (107 hp), 80 kW (109 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
Bakerhill, Alabama

**Bakerhill** or **Baker Hill** is a town in Barbour County, Alabama, United States, near Eufaula.  According to the 2020 census, the city had a population of 211. Although it existed as an unincorporated village since before 1860, the city was officially incorporated in 1997.

## Geography 
Bakerhill is located at 31.88 degrees north, 85.15 degrees west (31.88495, -85.15390).

## References
Computer model

supercomputer. Computers like these are often used to run the most complicated computer models]]
A computer-based predictive **model** is a computer program that is designed to simulate what might or what did happen in a situation. They are used in many ways including in astronomy, economics and sciences such as physics and biology. Computer models are used in fields such as earthquake performance simulation and making models of buildings.

Well known areas which use computer models:
* Models of the atmosphere for weather forecasts and to predict climate change
* Aerodynamics via fluid dynamics simulation
* Agent-based modelling is used to simulate social interactions in artificial Intelligence

Computer modelling often uses numerical analysis to approximate the real solution of the problem. Simulation techniques are then used to get values. Numerical weather predictions are too inaccurate to give a good local prediction of the weather, so other methods are used to adjust them.  

## References
M postcode area

The **M postcode area**, also known as the **Manchester postcode area**, is a group of lots of postal districts in Greater Manchester, England.

The code covers three places: Manchester, Salford, and Sale. It covers parts of all Greater Manchester boroughs except for Stockport. All of Manchester is covered by the code, except for a small village called Ringway, which is in the WA postcode area. The postcode also includes nearly all of Salford and most of the borough of Trafford.

## Coverage
The code covers these districts:

## References
## Other websites
*Map of postcodes of Greater Manchester
River Irwell

The **River Irwell** is a river which flows through the Irwell Valley in the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester in North West England. It is  long. The start of the river is at Irwell Springs on Deerplay Moor, about  north of the town of Bacup, in the parish of Cliviger, Lancashire.  The Irwell flows through  the city centres of Manchester and Salford, before joining the River Mersey near Irlam.

## Other websites
* History of the Mersey and Irwell Navigation (Old Quay Company) 
* Salford Quays virtual tour
* The Transport Archive: Canal archive: Mersey and Irwell Navigation
* Pennine Waterways: Images of the River Irwell Navigation
The Club (Nickelodeon)

***Nicktropolis*** was a virtual world made for children aged six to fourteen.

## History
Building of *Nicktropolis* started in November 2004. It went into testing by late 2005, and was given out to members by January 6, 2007. The game opened to all people on January 30, 2007. It ended due to the new Nickelodeon update and the Nickelodeon message board has been shut down too.

## References
## Other websites
* *Nicktropolis* website
Brent, Alabama

**Brent** is a city in Bibb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 2,972.

## References
Boaz, Alabama

**Boaz** is a city in Etowah and Marshall Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama.  The city is named after the husband of Ruth, from the Book of Ruth in the Bible. It is part of the 'Gadsden, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area'. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 10,107.

## References
Encarta

***Encarta*** was a digital multimedia encyclopedia by Microsoft. There was a more complete version called *Encarta Premium* made in 2008. It had more than 62,000 articles  and many photographs and illustrations. There was also music clips, videos, maps and timelines with some activity games. It also included an atlas,  and homework tools. It was available on the internet if you pay a yearly fee, or to buy on DVD-ROM, or CD-ROMs. Many articles could also be read online free of charge, a service which is paid for by advertisements.

Microsoft made similar encyclopedias under the *Encarta* trademark in several different European languages and in Japanese.

In 2009, Encarta was discontinued with the rise in popularity of Google and online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia.

## References
Flag of Greece

The **flag of Greece** is rectangular with nine equal stripes of blue (5) and white (4) from left to right. In the top left corner is a blue square with a white cross. This flag has been used since 1822, when the young Greek state was fighting for its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence.

The current flag of Greece was officially adopted during the First national assembly of the Greeks at Epidaurus in 1822, and the flag with the 9 stripes was adopted as a state and military ensign (a flag used only by the government and the military, and only on ships). Another flag was chosen as a land flag, it was a simple white cross on a blue field. A third flag was adopted for the merchant fleet (a flag to be used by civilians on ships only), but it was only used for 8 years. In 1978, the ensign was chosen as the sole national flag, and it is now used by everyone on land and sea as the flag of Greece.

A different opinion states that the Greek flag is an exact duplicate of the East India Trading Company flag. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/British_East_India_Company_Flag_from_Lens.jpg

It is sometimes known in Greece as the *blue-white*, in Greek *Γαλανόλευκη* (Galanólefki) or *Κυανόλευκη* (Kyanólefki).

## Gallery 
## References
Bay Minette, Alabama

**Bay Minette** is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 8,107. The city is the county seat of Baldwin County.

## Geography
Bay Minette is located at  (30.883446, -87.777183).

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .  (0.44%) is water.

## Notable residents
* Todd Grisham, sports announcer for World Wrestling Entertainment and Fox Soccer Channel
* Joe M. Rodgers, United States Ambassador to France
* Scotty Joe Weaver, hate crime victim featured in the documentary Small Town Gay Bar
* Wallace Gilberry, Defensive End for the 2Kansas City Chiefs
* William Conrad Burford,
RebelX

## References
Bessemer, Alabama

**Bessemer** is a city in southwestern Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a suburb of Birmingham near Hueytown. The population was 26,019 at the 2020 census.

## Notable residents 
* Neil Bonnett, NASCAR driver
* Alex Bradford, composer, singer, arranger, and choir director
* Mildred Brown, journalist
* Earl Cochran Jr., NFL player
* Thornton Dial, African-American folk artist
* Virginia Hill, actress, mob courier and girlfriend of Bugsy Siegel
* Frank House, born in Bessemer, major league baseball player
* Bo Jackson, NFL football and MLB baseball player
* Kerry Rhodes, NFL player
* Diana Ross, singer
* Demeco Ryans, NFL player
* Glenn Shadix, American actor
* Sun Ra, Avant-garde jazz musician and metaphysical progressive
* Tim Ward, philanthropist
* Corey White, NFL player
* Jack Whitten, abstract painter
* Andre Williams, singer and producer

## References
Bridgeport, Alabama

**Bridgeport** is a small city in Jackson County, Alabama, United States. At the time of 2020 census, the population was 2,264. Bridgeport is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area.

## References
East Brewton, Alabama

**East Brewton** is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, 2,293 people lived there.

## References 
## Other websites 
* East Brewton Official Website 
* Escambia County, Alabama Official Website 
* Escambia County, Alabama Schools Official Website
* Brewton City Schools Official Website
Brundidge, Alabama

**Brundidge** is a city in Pike County, Alabama, USA. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 2,341.

## References
Brighton (disambiguation)

**Brighton** is a city in East Sussex. 

**Brighton** may also mean:
## Places
### Australia 
* Brighton, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane
* Brighton, South Australia, a coastal suburb of Adelaide
* Brighton, Tasmania
* Brighton, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
* Brighton-Le-Sands, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney

### Canada 
* Brighton, Newfoundland and Labrador
* Brighton, Ontario

### New Zealand 
* Brighton, New Zealand, Otago region

### United States 
* Brighton, Alabama
* Brighton, Colorado
* Brighton Seminole Indian Reservation, Florida
* Brighton, Illinois
* Brighton Park, Chicago, Illinois
* Brighton, Indiana
* Brighton, Iowa
* Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts, a section of the city of Boston
* Brighton Plantation, Maine
* Brighton, Baltimore, Maryland
* Brighton, Michigan
* Brighton, Missouri
* Brighton, Monroe County, New York
* Brighton, Franklin County, New York
* Brighton, Syracuse, New York
* Brighton, Ohio
* Brighton, Tennessee
* Brighton, Vermont
* Brighton, Kenosha County, Wisconsin
* Brighton, Marathon County, Wisconsin
* Brighton Ski Resort, Utah
* Brighton High School (Utah)
Elba, Alabama

**Elba** is a city in Coffee County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 3,508. The city is the county seat of Coffee County.

## Education
Public Education is provided by the Elba City Public School District. There are two schools in the city:
:Elba High School (grades 7 through 12)
:Elba Elementary School (grades K through 6)

## Media
*Radio stations
:WELB 1350 AM  (Classic Country and Southern Gospel)
:WVVL 101.1 FM (Country)

## Notable residents
*James E. "Big Daddy" Folsom, only Coffee County native to become governor of Alabama.
*Ronald McKinnon, National Football League player.
*Cornelia Ellis Wallace(1939–2009), the second wife of Governor George C. Wallace, Jr. and the First Lady of Alabama from 1971&ndash;1978.

## References
Enterprise, Alabama

**Enterprise** is a city in Coffee and Dale Counties in Alabama, United States. The population is 28,711 in 2020.

## Education
Enterprise is served by Enterprise City Schools. Enterprise is also home to Enterprise–Ozark Community College, (also known as Enterprise State Junior College). A two-year college, the Enterprise campus is home to the Boll Weevils.

## Notable people
* Kendrick Adams, NFL outside linebacker
* T. J. Barnes, NFL player
* Curly Chalker, country and jazz pedal steel guitarist
* Clint Crisher, R&B singer
* Juli Crockett, retired professional boxer, playwright, and theater director
* Jimmy DuBose, former NFL player
* Terry Everett, former representative from Alabama's 2nd congressional district
* Mark Fuller, federal judge for U. S. District Court, Middle District of Alabama
* Kenneth A. Gibson, former mayor of Newark, New Jersey
* Stewart Halcomb of The Springs
* David Howard, former NFL linebacker
* April Hunter, professional wrestler and model
* Jamey Johnson, country music artist born in Enterprise
* Jimmy McClain, NFL player
* Michael McDowell, screenwriter and author of several Southern Gothic novels
* Ben Paschal, reserve outfielder for the 1927 Yankees
* Thomas Virgil Pittman, former federal judge on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama
* Cedric Smith, former NFL running back
* Aud Tuten, former NHL player with the Chicago Black Hawks (1941–43)
* Mark Wilkerson, lead singer of Course of Nature and husband of Melissa Joan Hart

## References
Evergreen, Alabama

**Evergreen** is a city in Conecuh County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 3,520. The city is the county seat of Conecuh County.

## References
Eutaw, Alabama

**Eutaw** is a city in Greene County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 2,937. The city is the county seat of Greene County and was named after the Revolutionary War battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
Princess Helena of the United Kingdom

**Princess Helena** (Helena Augusta Victoria; 25 May 1846 – 9 June 1923) was the third daughter and fifth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.

Helena was educated by private tutors chosen by her father and his close friend and adviser, Baron Stockmar. Her childhood was spent with her parents, travelling between a variety of royal residences in Britain. In 1866, Helena married German prince, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. They had five children together named Christian, Albert, Helena, Marie, and Harald.

Helena was the most active member of the royal family, she was also an active patron of charities, and was one of the founding members of the British Red Cross. She was founding president of the Royal School of Needlework, and president of the Workhouse Infirmary Nursing Association and the Royal British Nurses' Association. As president of the latter, she was a strong supporter of nurse registration against the advice of Florence Nightingale. She died in 1923, at the age of 77.

## References
Brewton, Alabama

**Brewton** is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 5,276. The city is the county seat of Escambia County.

## Government
The city government consists of mayor who is elected at large and five member city council who are each elected from a district.

## Education
Schools in the Brewton City School System:
*Brewton Elementary School, on Douglas Ave.
*Brewton Middle School, on Liles Blvd.
*T. R. Miller High School, on Douglas Ave.

Brewton is home to Jefferson Davis Community College, a small postsecondary school that primarily gives associate's degrees.

## Culture and special events 
The annual Alabama Blueberry Festival is held at Burnt Corn Creek Park and downtown Brewton.

The Thomas E. McMillan Museum is on the campus of the Jefferson Davis Community College.

## Notable natives or residents
* Wayne Frazier, pro football player, Auburn University, 
*Teddy Keaton, Football coach, Stillman College
*Kevin Sumlin, Football coach, Texas A&M Aggies football

## References
Coffee County, Alabama

**Coffee County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. Its name is in honor of General John Coffee.  As of 2020 the population was 53,465.  Its county seats are Elba and Enterprise. 

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.2%) is water.

### Major highways
* U.S. Highway 84
* State Route 27
* State Route 51
* State Route 87
* State Route 88
* State Route 92
* State Route 134

### Border counties
*Pike County (north)
*Dale County (east)
*Geneva County (south)
*Covington County (west)
*Crenshaw County (northwest)

## Cities and towns 
*Elba
*Enterprise (part - part of Enterprise is in Dale County)
*Kinston
*New Brockton

## Unincorporated communities
*Alberton
*Basin
*Battens Crossroads
*Bluff Springs
*Brooklyn
*Central City
*Chesnut Grove
*Clintonville
*Clowers Crossroads
*Coppinville
*Curtis
*Damascus
*Danleys Crossroads
*Frisco
*Goodman
*Ino
*Jack
*Java
*Keyton
*Lowry Mill
*Newby
*Perry Store
*Pine Level
*Rhoades
*Richburg
*Roeton
*Shady Grove
*Tabernacle
*Turner Crossroads
*Victoria
*Wilkinstown
*Zoar

## Notable people
*Jim Folsom, governor of Alabama from 1947 to 1951 and 1955 to 1959, was born in Coffee County.
*Coffee is the hometown of Major League Baseball superstar Alex Rios
*Coffee County is home to "The Dancing Ghost" of Grancer Harrison, featured in the book *13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey.*

## References
Oneonta, Alabama

**Oneonta** is a city in Blount County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 6,938. The city is the county seat of Blount County. Oneonta is home to the Covered Bridge Festival.

## History
Oneonta became the county seat in 1889, when it was moved from Blountsville.

During World War II, a small POW camp was outside of Oneonta.

## City government
The city government is made up a Mayor and a five-person city council.

## References
Princess Alice of the United Kingdom

**Princess Alice** (25 April 1843 – 14 December 1878) was Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine from 1877 until her death in 1878 as the wife of Grand Duke Louis IV. She was the third child and second daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

She was the sister of Edward VII of the United Kingdom and German Empress Victoria and the mother of Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia.

## Biography 
### Early life 
Alice was born on April 25, 1843 as Alice Maud Mary at Buckingham Palace in London.

Alice's birth prompted her parents to find a larger family home. In 1844, her parents purchased Osborne House on the Isle of Wight as a family holiday home. 

At Osborne, Alice and her siblings were taught skills such as housekeeping, cooking, gardening and carpentry, as well as daily lessons in learning English, French and German.

Alice was said to be fascinated with the world outside at Balmoral, where she visited the tenants living and working on the estate. In 1854, during the Crimean War, Alice visited hospitals in London for wounded soldiers with her mother and her older sister.

### Marriage 
Alice was engaged to Prince Louis of Hesse on April 30, 1861. On July 1, 1862, Alice and Louis got married in a private ceremony in the dining room of Osborne House.

### Illness and death 
On December 14, the 17th anniversary of her father's death, Alice became seriously ill with the diphtheria that she caught from her son. She died in the early morning hours, she was 35 years old. Alice was buried on 18 December 1878 at the Grand Ducal mausoleum at Rosenhöhe outside Darmstadt.

## Honours 
* **1 January 1878**: Companion of the Order of the Crown of India
*  **26 June 1871**: Cross of Merit for Women and Girls
*  Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division
*  **1864**: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Saint Catherine

## Issue 
## References
The Illuminatus! Trilogy

***The Illuminatus! Trilogy*** is a series of three novels written by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson between 1969 and 1971, and first published in 1975. The trilogy is a satirical, postmodern, science fiction story.

## References
Fnord

A **Fnord** is the typographic representation of disinformation or useless information with the intent to misdirect or confuse, with the implication of a conspiracy. The word was coined as a nonsensical term with religious undertones in the Discordian religious text *Principia Discordia* (1965) by Kerry Thornley and Greg Hill, but was popularized by *The Illuminatus! Trilogy* (1975) of satirical conspiracy fiction novels by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson.

## Books
**The Illuminatus! Trilogy* by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson,  (Hardback collected edition) &  (Paperback collected edition)
**The Golden Apple* by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson, 
*''Schrödinger's Cat'' by Robert Anton Wilson,
Disinformation

**Disinformation** refers to false information spread intentionally to make a targeted audience believe something that is not based on facts.

## Conspiracy theories
A major form of disinformation is conspiracy theories.

## Related pages
* COVID-19 misinformation
* Flat Earth
* Holocaust denial
* Anti-intellectualism
* *The Protocols of the Elders of Zion*

## References
Principia Discordia

***Principia Discordia*** is a Discordian religious text written by Greg Hill (Malaclypse The Younger) and Kerry Thornley (Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst). It was originally published under the title *Principia Discordia or How The West Was Lost* in a limited edition of 5 copies in 1965.
Opp, Alabama

**Opp** is a city in Covington County, Alabama, United States. It is named after Henry Opp, a lawyer for the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. 

At the 2020 census, the population was 6,771.

## Notable people
*Mooski, singer, rapper
*Mike DuBose, former Alabama Crimson Tide head football coach
*David F. Gantt, New York state legislator
*Tim Jessie, NFL player
*James Logan, NFL player
*Alberta Martin- penultimate Confederate Widow 
*Lamar Rogers, NFL player
*Peggy Scott-Adams, blues and R&B singer
*Thomas K. Hearn, 12th president, Wake Forest University

## Slogan 
Opp's city slogan is "The City of OPPortunity".

## References
List of Lord Mayors of Manchester

This is a **list of the Mayors and Lord Mayors of Manchester** in the North West of England.

## Mayors of Manchester 
### 1838–1892 
## Lord Mayors of Manchester 
### 19th century
### 20th century
### 21st century
## References
## Other websites
*The Lord Mayor's Office
Oxford, Alabama

**Oxford** is a city in Calhoun and Talladega counties in the U.S. state of Alabama.  The population was 22,069 at the 2020 census.  Oxford is one of two principal cities of and included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
Ozark, Alabama

**Ozark** is a city in and the county seat of Dale County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 14,368.

## Notable Residents
* Josh Savage (NFL player)
* Wilbur Jackson (NFL player)

## References
Tractor

A **tractor**, **road tractor**, or **road locomotive** is a work vehicle that pulls things. Tractors are used for farming and construction, and to pull trailers. They usually have a seat for only the driver, and can be used to pull many different loads.

Most tractors use big wheels, but some use rubber tracks to spread their weight over a large area. This is useful for farmers in places with very soft or muddy ground where a tractor with wheels might get stuck.

## References
NT

**NT** stands for:
*Northern Territory, a territory in Australia
*Windows NT, a series of Microsoft Windows operating systems made by Microsoft
**NTFS, a filesystem used by Windows NT
Software developer

is one of the world's most famous software development companies.]] A **software developer** is a company or person that creates software - either completely, or with other companies or people. The phrase 'software development' often means more than just designing or writing the software, it usually means someone who manages the project, or does only the main things. Most software developers are still led by a lead programmer (a software engineer that guides the project).

A programmer generally only writes code, but a software developer usually will:

*Work out the requirements to use the software
*Develop prototypes
*Work on the budget and finances of the project
*Perform testing, or get ideas from testers they select before the software is released
*Work on demonstrations or samples
*Release updates and patches for the software.

## References
Ford Granada

The **Ford Granada** was a car produced by the Ford Motor Company from 1972 to 1985  (to 1994 in the UK). The third generation Granada was sold as the Scorpio in Europe and as the Granada in the UK. 

The first generation appeared in March 1972 with saloon and estate versions, some lower-end models were called the Consul.  

The second generation launched in September 1977 with the same saloon and estate models and got a facelift in 1981. 

The third generation arrived in May 1985 with a hatchback version only, it was sold as the Scorpio in Europe and as the Granada in the UK, the Scorpio name was used as a trim level on higher-end versions in the UK. A saloon version was added in early 1990 and an estate was added in early 1992, alongside a small facelift.  

In late 1994, the Granada name was replaced by the Scorpio for all markets and was sold as a saloon or an estate, no hatchback was offered. However, the styling often divided opinion which meant it didn’t sell too well and in 1998, the model was axed without a replacement.
Ford Fusion

The **Ford Fusion** name has been used on two different models of cars from the Ford Motor Company.

* Ford Fusion (Europe)
* Ford Fusion (Americas)
Ford Fusion (Americas)

:*For the Ford Fusion sold in Europe, see Ford Fusion (Europe).*

The **American Ford Fusion** is a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 2005 to 2020 starting with the 2006 model year. It is sold in the Americas. The first generation model was produced from the 2006 to 2012 model years with a facelift in early 2009 as a 2010 model. The second 
generation model launched in late 2012 as a 2013 model and was facelifted in Spring 2016 as a 2017 model. Ford discontinued the Fusion in 2020 without a replacement due to more people buying crossovers and SUVs.
Mantophasmatidae

The insect family **Mantophasmatidae** is the sole family in its order. It is a group of African carnivorous insects discovered in 2002. The most common vernacular name for this order is **gladiators**, but it is not well known under any name. 

Their modern centre of endemism is western South Africa and Namibia, although a relict population and Eocene fossils suggest a wider ancient distribution.

Members of the order are wingless even as adults, making them relatively difficult to identify. They resemble a mix between praying mantids and phasmids. Molecular evidence indicates that they are most closely related to a family known as the Grylloblattidae.

The mantophasmids were originally described from old museum specimens that found in Namibia (*Mantophasma zephyra*) and Tanzania (*M. subsolana*), and from a 45-million-year-old specimen of Baltic amber (*Raptophasma kerneggeri*).

The most recent classification recognizes numerous genera, including fossils.

## References
Discordianism

**Discordianism** is a postmodern religion in which disorder (also called discord) is as important as order, existing within chaos. It was founded circa 1958–1959 by Malaclypse the Younger, who published its most important text: the *Principia Discordia*.

The Sacred Chao and Five fingered hand of ERIS are the most recognized symbols of Discordianism.
## Discordian calendar
The **Discordian calendar** (also called **Erisian calendar**) is an alternative calendar used by followers of the discordian religion

The discordian year 1 YOLD is 1166 BC.

### Implementations
**ddate** is a linux program that prints the current date in the discordian calendar, in August 2011, ddate was made optional, and was removed in 2012, being readded in 2013

## Other websites 
* PrincipiaDiscordia.com – contains the *Principia Discordia* in HTML.
Complication

In medicine, people talk about **complications** if a disease or condition a patient has gets worse. This makes it more difficult (or more complicated, that is where the word is from) to treat. 
*Some people are allergic to certain anesthetics; they will have an allergic shock. This makes surgery more difficult.
*People with osteoporosis may have their ribs or sternum broken when they undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Dumbo (disambiguation)

**Dumbo** may mean:

* *Dumbo*, a movie by Walt Disney Pictures
**Dumbo (character), the main character in the movie
***Dumbo*, the 2019 remake of the classic movie
* A type of rat (see Fancy rat)
* A deep sea octopus that has been nicknamed Dumbo (see Grimpoteuthis)
* DUMBO, Brooklyn, a neighborhood in New York City
* A ride featured a number of Disney theme parks.
Ford Escort

**Ford Escort** may refer to:
*Ford Escort (Europe)
*Ford Escort (North America)
*Ford Squire (Ford Escort Estate Car)
Exempli gratia

***Exempli gratia*** is a linking word, mostly known in English-speaking countries by its abbreviation **e.g.**, means "for example" in Latin.

The literal translation is "for the sake of example". Gratia means "for the sake of" and when used with the genitive case. Exempli is the genitive singular form of exemplum meaning example.

*Exempli gratia* is sometimes confused with *id est* (*i.e.*).* Id est* means "that is (to say)" in the sense of "that means", or "which means", or "in other words", or sometimes "in this case".

## References
Ricky Banderas

**Gilbert Cosme** (born May 25, 1976) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler. He is better known by his ring names **El Mesías** and **Ricky Banderas**. Cosme began his career in the International Wrestling Association in Puerto Rico. While performing in the company, he won the IWA World Heavyweight Championship five times. He also held minor championships on fifteen times. Cosme left the company in 2006.

On March 12, 2006 he started wrestling in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración in Mexico as a character named Muerte Cibernetica. In November 2006, Cosme was involved in the tapings of the Wrestling Society X television series. He was the second and last wrestler to win the WSX Championship. Cosme returned to Puerto Rico and wrestled again with International Wrestling Association for a month. He then returned to Asistencia Asesoría y Administración in a special event presented by the company. At this time, he started using the name Mesias. In September 2007, the company held a tournament where all of the champions and first contenders wrestled. In the tournament, he won the GPCW Super-X Monster Championship and IWC World Heavyweight Championship. In the final match of the tournament, he became the first wrestler to win the AAA World Heavyweight Championship. While working in Mexico, Cosme signed a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) where he started wrestling on September 13, 2007 as **Judas Mesias**. Cosme wrestled for TNA until March 2008. He is currently wrestling in Lucha Underground under his ring name **Mil Muertes**. He debuted for Lucha Underground on the episode, which aired on November 6, 2014.

## References
## Other websites
*AAA profile
Diphtheria

**Diphtheria** (pronounced "diff-THEER-ee-uh") is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*. It can be treated by special drugs, or by antibiotics. There is a vaccine which can prevent diphtheria. In 1942, there were 50,804 diphtheria cases in England and Wales; now there is about one case a year. 

Diphtheria can cause serious problems, like:
* Inflammation of the heart, which can lead to death
* Different forms of paralysis, by poisoning of nerve cells
* Pneumonia
* Encephalitis
* Problems with the kidneys

## Signs and symptoms 
Signs and symptoms of diphtheria usually begin two to five days after a person gets infected.  They may include:
* A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
* A sore throat and a hoarse voice
* Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in the neck
* Trouble breathing, or fast breathing
* Nasal discharge
* Fever and chills
* Malaise
In some people, infection with diphtheria-causing bacteria causes only a mild illness. These people may have no obvious signs or symptoms. Infected people who do not know they have diphtheria are called *carriers* of diphtheria, because they can spread the infection without being sick themselves.

## Cutaneous diphtheria 
A second type of diphtheria can affect the skin.  This type of diphtheria is called *cutaneous diphtheria*.  It causes pain, redness, and swelling on the skin, like other bacterial skin infections. People with cutaneous diphtheria may get ulcers, covered by a gray membrane, on their skin.

Cutaneous diphtheria is more common in tropical climates.  However, cutaneous diphtheria also happens in the United States, especially among people with poor hygiene who live in crowded conditions.

## Mechanism 
Diphtheria toxin is produced by *C. diphtheriae* only when infected with a bacteriophage which integrates the toxin-encoding genetic elements into the bacteria.

## References