open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Caspar Wessel

**Caspar Wessel** (June 8, 1745 – March 25, 1818) was a Danish-Norwegian mathematician.

He was born in Jonsrud, Vestby, Akershus, Norway. In 1763, having completed secondary school, he went to Denmark for further studies (since Norway didn't have any university in 1763). In 1778 he got the degree of *candidatus juris*, which is one law degree. In 1794 he was hired as a surveyor; in 1798, a Royal inspector of Surveying.

As surveying is related to mathematics, he later studied the geometrical importance of complex numbers. His most important paper, *Om directionens analytiske betegning*, (*On the Analytical Representation of Direction*) was published in 1799 by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Since it was in Danish, it was not noticed by many people. Later, Jean-Robert Argand and Carl Friedrich Gauss's paper showed the same results.

One of the more important, but missed ideas shown in Wessel's *Om directionens analytiske betegning* was vectors. Wessel's main thing he wanted to show in the paper was not this, but he felt that the concept of numbers, with length and direction would be needed. Wessel's thoughts on addition was: "Two straight lines are added if we unite them in such a way that the second line begins where the first one ends and then pass a straight line from the first to the last point of the united lines. This line is the sum of the united lines". Today, the same idea is used when adding vectors.

His paper was printed in a French translation in 1899. It was released in English in 1999 as "*On the analytic representation of direction*" (ed. J. Lützen et al.).

Johan Herman Wessel, Wessel's brother was a famous person in Denmark-Norway.

## References
Whittier Daily News

The ***Whittier Daily News*** is the local daily newspaper for Whittier, California. The *Daily News* is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a division of MediaNews Group. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the *San Gabriel Valley Tribune* and the *Pasadena Star-News*. 

Thomson Newspapers purchased the newspaper in 1982. Thomson sold the *Daily News* to William Dean Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

## Other websites
*Official website
*Mobile website
San Gabriel Valley Tribune

The ***San Gabriel Valley Tribune*** is the daily newspaper in West Covina, California.  It serves the San Gabriel Valley. The *Tribune* is a member of the Los Angeles Newspaper Group, a division of MediaNews Group. It is also part of the San Gabriel Valley Newspaper Group, along with the *Pasadena Star-News* and the *Whittier Daily News*. 

The newspaper chain Brush-Moore bought the *Tribune* in 1960.  Thomson Newspapers purchased Brush-Moore in 1967. Thomson sold the *Tribune* to Singleton's MediaNews Group in 1996.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
At bat

In baseball, an **at bat** (**AB**) or **time at bat** is used for certain statistics.  These statistics include batting average, on base percentage, and slugging percentage. It is a more narrow definition of a plate appearance. A batter starts with an at bat every time he faces a pitcher; however, the batter gets "no time at bat" in the following cases:
* He receives a base on balls (BB).
* He is hit by a pitch (HBP).
* He hits a sacrifice fly or a sacrifice hit (also known as sacrifice bunt).
* He is awarded first base due to interference or obstruction, usually by the catcher.
* The inning ends while he is still at bat (due to the third out being made by a runner caught stealing, for example). In this case, the batter will come to bat again in the next inning, though he now has no balls or strikes on him.
* He is replaced by another hitter before his at bat is completed (unless he is replaced with two strikes and his replacement strikes out).

Section 10.02.a.1 of the official rules of Major League Baseball defines an at bat as:
"Number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (1) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (2) is awarded first base on four called balls; (3) is hit by a pitched ball; or (4) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction..."

## Examples
An at bat is counted when:
*The batter reaches first base on a hit
*The batter reaches first base on an error
*The batter is called out for any reason other than as part of a sacrifice
*There is a fielder's choice

## References
District 9

***District 9*** is a 2009 science fiction thriller movie directed by Neill Blomkamp. It was written by Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell, and produced by Peter Jackson and Carolynne Cunningham. The movie stars Sharlto Copley, Jason Cope, and David James. The movie won the 2010 Saturn Award for Best International movie, which is awarded by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, and was nominated for four Academy Awards in 2010, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Visual Effects, and Best Editing.

The plot is based on a 2005 short movie, *Alive in Joburg*, also directed by Blomkamp and produced by Sharlto Copley and Simon Hansen, pivots on the themes of racism, xenophobia, social segregation and forced migration. The title and plot of *District 9* were based on real-life events that took happened in District Six, Cape Town during the apartheid era. The movie was produced for $30 million and shot on location in Chiawelo, Soweto, showing fictional interviews, new stories, and videos from surveillance cameras in a part-mock documentary style format. A viral marketing campaign began in 2008, at the San Diego Comic-Con, while the theatrical trailer appeared in July 2009. Released by TriStar Pictures, the movie opened to critical acclaim on August 14, 2009, in North America and made $37 million in its first weekend. Lots of people thought that the movie was a sleeper hit for its not very famous cast and modest-budget production, while having success and being popular while it was in theaters.

## References
**Notes**
Cal Ripken Jr.

**Calvin Edwin "Cal" Ripken, Jr.** (born August 24, 1960), nicknamed **"Iron Man"**, is a former Major League Baseball shortstop and third baseman. He played his whole 21-year baseball career for the Baltimore Orioles (1981–2001).

Ripken is perhaps best known for breaking New York Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig's record for consecutive games played.  The record had been called too hard to break. He beat the 56-year-old record when he played in his 2,131st straight game on September 6, 1995 between the Orioles and the California Angels in front of a sold-out crowd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Ripken hit a home run in the game the night before that tied Gehrig's record and another home run in his 2,131st game. Fans later voted this game as Major League Baseball's "Most Memorable Moment" in MLB history. Ripken played in an 501 more straight games over the next three years.  His streak ended at 2,632 games when he removed his name from the lineup for the final Orioles home game of the 1998 season.  His record 2,632 straight games lasted over seventeen seasons, from May 30, 1982 to September 20, 1998.

A 19-time All-Star and member of the 3000 hit club, Ripken is considered one of the best shortstops and third basemen to ever play the game. At 6' 4" (1.93&nbsp;m), 225&nbsp;lbs. (102.27&nbsp;kg), he led the way for taller, larger shortstops to be successful in that position.  When voted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007, he was a first ballot inductee with the third highest voting percentage (98.53%) in Hall of Fame history, behind Tom Seaver (98.84%) and Nolan Ryan (98.79%).

He is a best-selling author and the President and CEO of Ripken Baseball, Inc. The company's goal is to grow the love of baseball from a more grassroots level.  Established in 2001, Ripken Baseball represents Cal and his brother Bill's business and philanthropy dealings and focuses on several subsidiaries: Ripken Management and Design, Youth Camps and Clinics, Cal Ripken, Sr. foundation, Ripken Professional Baseball, with three minor-league teams—the Aberdeen IronBirds (affiliated with the Orioles); the Augusta GreenJackets (affiliated with the San Francisco Giants); and the Charlotte Stone Crabs (affiliated with the Tampa Bay Rays)—and Ironclad Authentics.

## References
Barrow A.F.C.

**Barrow A.F.C.** are an English football team.  The club was founded in 1901.  It is based in the town of Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria, England.  After they were promoted at the end of the 2007–08 season, they began playing in the Conference National. The club spent over fifty years in the Football League between 1921 and 1972, and have since spent their time in the top two levels of non-league football. Barrow have twice won non-league football's highest cup competition, the FA Trophy - in 1990 and 2010, becoming the only non-league club to have won the trophy at both old and new Wembley stadia.

The club colours are blue and white.  The combination of these has varied over time.  It has led to their nickname "The Bluebirds". Attendances at the club's Holker Street field vary - the home record of 16,874 was set against Swansea City in the FA Cup Third Round in 1954.  But during the 1990s and 2000s, the average remained between 800 and 1,500. Average attendance stood at 1,590 during the 2008-09 season.

The club won their second FA Trophy title on the 8th May 2010 after beating Stevenage Borough 2-1 in the final at Wembley Stadium.

## Honours
### Victories
* FA Trophy - Winners (2) 1989/90, 2009/10
* Lancashire Combination Division One - Champions (1) 1920/21;
* Lancashire Senior Cup - 1954-55
* Northern Premier League - Champions (3) 1983/84, 1988/89, 1997/98
* Northern Premier League Shield - Winners (1) 1984/85
* Northern Premier League President's Cup - Winners (2) 2001/02, 2003/04
* Northern Premier League Chairman's Cup - Winners (1) 2000/01
* Lancashire Junior Cup - Winners (1) 1980/81
* Chas Kendall Trophy

### Promotions/Runners-Up
* Division Four - Promotion (3) 1966/67
* Conference North Play-off Winners 2008
* Lancashire Combination Division Two - Runners up (2) 1904/05, 1910/11
* Lancashire Combination Division One - Runners up (1) 1913/14
* Northern Premier League - Runners up (1) 2002/03
* Northern Premier League Challenge Cup - Runners up (1) 1987/88

### Others
* Best league performance (football league) - 8th in Division Three 1967/68
* Best league performance  (non-league) - 8th in Alliance Premier League 1981/82
* FA Cup - Third Round eleven times (three times as a non-league club, last in 2009/10)
* League Cup - Third Round Twice

## Other websites
* Official website
Pilum

A **pilum** was a type of spear. It was used by the Roman army. Pila were generally 2 metres long. They were made up of a wooden shaft and an soft iron point.

## References
Moose River Plains Wild Forest

The **Moose River Plains Wild Forest** is a  forest in Adirondack Park, which is in the Hamilton and Herkimer counties in the U.S. state of New York. It is designated a Wild Forest by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.

## Rivers and lakes
Eyre Coote (British Army officer)

**Eyre Coote** (20 May 1762 – 10 December 1823) was a British soldier and politician who was born in Ireland.

He was known as General Sir Eyre Coote until 1816; GCB 1815 - 1816.

## Background
He was the second son of the Very Rev. Charles Coote (1713 - 12 February 1776), DD, Dean of Kilfenora.  After studying at Eton and Trinity College Dublin, Coote bought a commission in the 34th Regiment of Foot - of which his uncle was colonel - in 1774.

He was soon sent to  North America to fight in the Revolutionary War.  He fought in the Brooklyn in August 1776, as well as at Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth Court House before finally being taken prisoner at the final Battle of Yorktown in 1781. Between 1790 and 1798, he represented Ballynakill in the Irish House of Commons. Then he sat for Maryborough until 1800.

He served in England and Ireland when they were threatened by French invasion and against the French on the Continent. He went on to serve in Holland, Egypt and eventually became Governor-General of Jamaica (1806–1808) where he possibly sired an ancestor of Colin Powell.

## Scandal and death
Sir Eyre was removed from the service on the 21 May 1816 because of the scandal he caused in the Christ's Hospital school for boys. On 25 November 1815 he entered the school and offered some boys money for an opportunity to flog them. After that he asked them to flog him and gave them money. He was caught by the school nurse, and charged with indecent conduct before the Lord Mayor of London.  He was acquitted after giving £1000 to the school:  after that there was a military inquiry in April 1816 which stripped him of his rank and honours. He was appointed GCB 1815 and stripped of it 1816.

## References
* 

## Other websites
*@ Stephen Wood Research
Jeff Bezos

**Jeffrey Preston Bezos** ( ; ; born January 12, 1964) is an American businessman who founded Amazon. He also was Amazon's chairman, president, and chief executive officer (CEO). However, Bezos said in a blog post he would soon step down from this position and become Executive Chair of the Amazon Board.

## Early life, Education, and Career 
Jeff Bezos was born on January 12, 1964, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He showed an early interest in technology and graduated from Princeton with degrees in electrical engineering and computer science. Before founding Amazon in 1994, he worked on Wall Street and later started an online bookstore, laying the foundation for his remarkable entrepreneurial journey.

On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as the CEO of Amazon, to be replaced by Andy Jassy. Bezos became executive chairman on July 5, 2021.

On July 19, 2021 Blue Origin successfully conducted its first human test flight with Bezos going to space.

## Net worth 
When markets opened on July 27, 2017, Bezos briefly became the world's richest person, surpassing Bill Gates with a net worth of just over $90 billion. He lost the title later in the day when Amazon's stock dropped, returning him to second place with a net worth just below $90 billion. On October 27, 2017, Bezos again surpassed Gates on the *Forbes* list as the richest person in the world.

In August 2020, Bezos became the first person in history to have a net worth of $200 billion, according to *Forbes*.

In January 2021, Elon Musk became the world's richest person. Since then, Bezos is now the world's second-richest person

## Hacking claim 
In February 2019, Bezos published a blog post alleging that *National Enquirer* publisher American Media, Inc. had attempted blackmail and extortion in connection with Bezos' alleged affair with Lauren Sánchez. Bezos would go on to marry Sánchez in 2025.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Final Cut Pro X

**Final Cut Pro X** (**Final Cut Pro 10**) is a video editing software developed by Apple Inc. that was Announced on April 12, 2011. It is an updated version of the non-liner editing software Final cut Pro 7. 

It was released on June 21, 2011 for sale in the Mac App Store and is the controversial successor to Final Cut Pro

## Features
Final Cut Pro X shares some of both its code and interface design philosophy with Apple’s consumer video editing software, iMovie.

### Improvements and New Features
* No need for Video Rendering
* Color Balancing 
* Better Organization 
* Improved Image Quality
* Support for 64-bit

## References
Laurussia

**Laurussia** was a minor supercontinent which formed in the Devonian period. It is often called the **Old Red Sandstone Continent** or **Euramerica**.

Laurussia included much of what is now northern Europe, Greenland and North America. 

## Lifespan
Laurussia formed when 3 continents Baltica, North America, and Avalonia collided with each other during the Silurian. Baltica and Avalonia collided with each other first in the Shelveian Phase of the Caledonian orogeny. Then Avalonia and Baltica collided with North America in the Acadian Phase of the Caledonian orogeny. This drift of Avalonia closed the Iapetus Ocean and opened the Rheic Ocean behind it.

Laurussia became part of Pangaea in the Permian. In the Jurassic, when Pangaea rifted into two supercontinents, Gondwana and Laurasia, Laurussia became part of Laurasia. The Atlantic ocean opened up in the middle of Laurussia, causing it to split into North America and Europe.
Astro Boy

**Astro Boy** (鉄腕アトム, *Tetsuwan Atomu*, lit. "Iron Arm Atom") is a Japanese manga series first published in 1952 and television program first broadcast in Japan in 1963. The story follows the adventures of a robot named *Astro Boy* and a selection of other characters along the way.

*Astro Boy* is the first, most popular Japanese television series that embodied the aesthetic that later became familiar worldwide as anime. It originated as a manga in 1952 by Osamu Tezuka, revered in Japan as the "God of Manga".

## Worldwide date
*April 3, 1952 (Japan)
*November 16, 1952 (UK)
*June 22, 1953 (France)
*May 15, 1954 (USA)
*July 26, 1955 (Australia)
*December 21, 1955 (Brazil)
*January 1, 1956 (Germany)
*June 23, 1956 (Iceland)
*November 23, 1956 (New Zealand)
*March 3, 1957 (Ireland)
*October 3, 1957 (Canada)
Madagascar (soundtrack)

***Madagascar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)*** is the soundtrack album to the 2005 DreamWorks film of the same name. It was released on May 24, 2005 by Geffen Records. It contains Hans Zimmer score, and songs from the movie.

## Track listing
Arboreal

**Arboreal** is an adjective in biology for an animal which lives in the trees.

All forests have had animals living in them. Those animals have adaptations which enable them to live and move about in trees. The earliest one known is *Suminia*, a synapsid of the late Permian, about 260 million years ago. 

## References
Lamrim

**Lamrim** (Tibetan: "stages of the path") is a Tibetan Buddhist text which presents the stages in the complete path to enlightenment as taught by Buddha. In Tibetan Buddhist history there have been many different versions of *lamrim*, presented by different teachers of the Nyingma, Kagyu and Gelug schools. However, all versions of the *lamrim* are elaborations of Atiśa's 11th Century root text *A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment*.

There is a project to expand the Lamrim Teachings with several translated texts.

## References
Tree frog

**Tree frogs** are frogs that spend most of their life in trees. 

There are several lines of Neobatrachia which have evolved into tree frogs. These groups are only distantly related, but they have evolved for a long time in similar conditions. The result is that now there are species from different groups which look very much like each other. This is convergent evolution. It goes so far that in almost all cases, where one group occurs, another does not. Their current distribution shows that the last common ancestor of the groups lived before the dinosaurs disappeared. 

The frogs do not normally come down to the ground, except to mate and spawn. Some build foam nests on leaves and rarely leave the trees as adults. In some species the eggs develop directly into adults; in others the tadpole stage is spent in the water pool of a large tropical tree leaf.

Many tree frogs can change their colour for better camouflage. Others are poisonous (poison dart frog), and display warning colouration.

Tree frogs are usually tiny, as their weight has to be carried by the branches and twigs of their habitat. While some reach 10 cm (4 in) or more, they are typically smaller and more slender than terrestrial frogs.  

Typical for "tree frogs" are well-developed discs on the finger and toe tips. The fingers and toes and the limbs tend to be rather long. This gives better grasping ability. The genus *Chiromantis* is most extreme in this respect: it can oppose two fingers to the other two, resulting in a vice-like grip.

## Family
Tree frogs are members of these families or genera:

* Hylidae, or "true" tree frogs, are in the temperate to tropical parts of Eurasia north of the Himalayas, Australia and the Americas.
*Rhacophoridae, or shrub frogs, are the tree frogs of tropical regions around the Indian Ocean: Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia east to Lydekker's line. A few are in East Asia.
*Centrolenidae, or glass frogs, are potentially closely related to hylids; these translucent frogs are native to Central and South America.
*Hyperoliidae, or reed frogs, are closely related to the burrowing Microhylidae; these small frogs are native to sub-Saharan Africa.
**Boophis* is a genus of highly arboreal frogs which evolved from the toxic terrestrial Mantellidae of Madagascar.
**Pedostibes*, or tree toad, is a genus of highly arboreal members of the typically terrestrial Bufonidae.

## References 
, the most poisonous vertebrate on the planet]]
Mobile genetic elements

**Mobile genetic elements** (MGE) are a type of DNA that can move around within the genome. They include:
*Transposons (also called transposable elements)
**Retrotransposons
**DNA transposons
**Integrons
**Insertion sequences
*Plasmids
*Bacteriophage elements, like Mu which integrates randomly into the genome
*Group II introns
The total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome may be referred to as the **mobilome**.

Barbara McClintock was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements".

## Related pages
* Horizontal gene transfer

## References
*Miller W.J. and Capy P. (eds) 2004. *Mobile genetic elements : protocols and genomic applications*. Humana Press. 
*Shapiro J.A. (ed) 1983. *Mobile genetic elements*. Academic Press.
Dietrich Stobbe

**Dietrich Stobbe** (25 March 1938 – 19 February 2011) was a German politician from Weepers, East Prussia.

Stobbe served as Mayor of West Berlin from 2 May 1977 till 23 January 1981. From 1 November 1978 till 31 October 1979 he was also President of the Bundesrat.

Stobbe was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

He died on the 19 February 2011 at the age of 72 after long illness.

## References 
## Other websites
* personal webpage of the late Dietrich Stobbe
Klaus Schütz

, 1976]]
**Klaus Schütz** (17 September 1926 in Heidelberg – 29 November 2012 in Berlin) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

## Biography 
He was Mayor of West Berlin from 1967 to 1977, After his resignation he worked as German Ambassador to Israel until 1981 and Director General of the Deutsche Welle broadcaster from 1981 to 1987. He was also president of the German Red Cross.

## Other websites 
## References
Rabiu Afolabi

**Rabiu Afolabi** (born 18 April 1980 in Osogbo, Nigeria) is a former Nigerian soccer player.

## Career
After playing well in the UEFA-CAF Meridian Cup in 1997 he went to Europe and played for Standard Liège. He signed for SSC Napoli in 2000 in Serie A but did not break through. He went back to Belgium. From 2003 to 2005 the played in Austria for FK Austria Wien. After his time in France, playing for FC Sochaux from 2005 to 2009, he signed for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. In 2011 he moved to AS Monaco.

## International
He started with the Nigerian team at the 1999 African Youth Championship. He was captain of the Nigerian team at the  1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, where they reached the quarter finals. On 17 June 2000, he played his first match in the senior team in a 2002 World Cup qualifing match against Sierra Leone. He was a member of the Nigerian team at the 2002 and 2010 World Cups.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website 
*Guardian football stats-Rabiu Afolabi
Scots-Irish

**Scotch-Irish** or **Scots-Irish** may refer to;

* Ulster Scots people, an ethnic group in the Ulster province of Ireland which can trace its roots back to settlers from Scotland and northern England
* Ulster Scots language a protected language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
* Scots-Irish American, descendents of the Ulster Scots people who first migrated to North America in large numbers beginning in the early 18th century
Norbulingka Institute

range in the background.]]
 painter, Norbulingka Institute]]
The **Norbulingka Institute** was founded in 1988, by the present 14th Dalai Lama at Sidhpur, near Dharamsala, India. The institute helps to preserve the Tibetan language and culture.

The institute is named after Norbulingka, the traditional summer residence of the Dalai Lamas, in Lhasa, Tibet.  The main building is a replica of the Norbulingka palace in Lhasa

## References
RB Leipzig

**RB Leipzig** (RasenBallsport Leipzig e.V.) is a German football club from Leipzig.

## History
The club was founded on 19 May 2009 by the Red Bull Company. It was formed out of the SSV Markranstädt. Due to the regulations of the DFB the name Red Bull Leipzig for marketing reasons  was forbidden so they were called RB (short for RasenBallsport). Also the logo was forbidden. 

The company was sure that there is a great chance to form a new club, because with the Zentralstadion (now Red Bull Arena) there was a good stadium and there is no club in professional football in the area. The club is now in the Bundesliga. Like in Salzburg many fans protested against this deal because they had the fear that the fanculture will vanish and football will be only a business. So they wanted a "normal" football club.

They started in the Oberliga Nordost-Süd(5th level) and became 1st in the 2009/10 season. But the next season they failed to gain promotion to the 3. Bundesliga. So the coach was changed, the new one is the Austrian Peter Pacult. The first match under the new coach was a 3:2 win in the German Cup (1st round) versus VfL Wolfsburg from the Bundesliga.

## Players
### Current squad
### Players out on loan
## Coach history
**Notes**
# Interim coach.

## Honours
*2010 Champion Oberliga Nordost

2017 DFB Pokal Runners up

2017 Bundesliga Runners up 

2016 Bundesliga 2 Champions 

2014 3.Liga Champions

## References
Dharamshala

, on the left with Dharamshala at the base of the hill; Forsyth Ganj to the right and the Beas River below. Sketch by Alfred Hallett, c. 1980]]
**Dharamshala** is a city in northern India. It is the winter seat of government of the state of Himachal Pradesh and the district headquarters of the Kangra district.

McLeod Ganj, a village within Dharamshala municipality, is the home of the Dalai Lama and the exiled Tibetan government. It is a popular place for Indian and foreign tourists, including students studying Tibet.

## Photo gallery 

Dharamsala-Kora-18-gje.jpg
Dharamsala-Kora-08-Moench rettet Wurm-gje.jpg
Dharamsala-Karma Yangdup-02-gje.jpg
Dharamsala-Frauenkloster Dolma Ling-08-gje.jpg
Dharamsala-Norbulingka-22-Gompa-gje.jpg
Dharamsala-Kinderdorf-02-Spielplatz-Schule-gje.jpg
Dharamsala-Kinderdorf-22-Maedchen-gje.jpg
Dharamsala-Tse Chok Ling-04-Lage-gje.jpg
Dharamsala-Tse Chok Ling-60-Laienwohntrakt-gje.jpg
Ulster Scots people

**Ulster Scots** are an ethnic group in Ireland, descended from Lowland Scots and English from the border of those two countries, were "Border Reivers".  These people first began to occupy Ireland in large numbers with the Plantation of Ulster, ordered by James I of England on land taken from the Irish nobility, mostly in the Province of Ulster. The term "Ulster-Scots" refers to both these colonists of the 17th century and, less commonly, to the Gallowglass who began to arrive from what is now northwest Scotland centuries earlier.

Ulster-Scots were largely descended from colonists from Galloway, Ayrshire, and the Scottish Borders Country, although some descend from people further north in the Scottish Lowlands and the Highlands. Ulster-Scots emigrated in significant numbers to the United States and all corners of the British Empire — Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa — and to a lesser extent to Argentina and Chile in South America. 

*Scotch-Irish* is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who later emigrated to what is now the United States;  "Scots-Irish" is a more recent form of the American term, the term has usually been Scotch-Irish in America, as evident in Merriam-Webster dictionaries, where the term Scotch-Irish is recorded from 1744, while Scots-Irish is not recorded until 1972.  and is not to be confused with Irish-Scots, i.e., recent Irish immigrants to Scotland.

## References
List of Singapore MRT stations

The following lists all rail stations of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system in Singapore, with underground stations listed in *italics*. There are 151 stations in operation. Many more are in various stages of planning and construction (as shown in the latest system map).

## MRT stations
## Related pages
* List of Singapore LRT stations

## Notes
* **A**  Opening date of interchange platform adjacent to, within, or below the existing station.
* **B**  Station will be built when the area undergoes development.
* **C**  Original location of station and lines leading to station were shifted due to the Nicoll Highway collapse.
* **D**  Station completed, but opening delayed until the area populates.

## References
## Other websites
* Train System Map
Geshe Sonam Rinchen

**Geshe Sonam Rinchen** was born in Kham in Eastern Tibet in 1933. In 1945, he joined Dhargyey Monastery, and entered Sera monastery in Lhasa in 1952, where he studied until he was forced to leave Tibet in 1959.

In India he completed his studies for the degree of Geshe Lharampa which he received in 1980. He also received the degree of Acarya from the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies in Sarnath. He was appointed resident teacher at the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamsala, India in 1978, where he teaches Buddhist philosophy and practice, mainly to westerners. He has also taught in Japan, Australia, Great Britain, South Korea, Ireland, New Zealand and Switzerland.

## Books
* Atisha's Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment, 
* The Bodhisattva Vow,  
* Eight Verses for Training the Mind,  
* The Heart Sutra,  
* How Karma Works,  
* Nagarjuna's "Seventy Stanzas", 
* The Six Perfections, 
* The Thirty-seven Practices of Bodhisattvas, 
* The Three Principle Aspects of the Path, 
* Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas,  
* Aryadeva's Four Hundred Stanzas on the Middle Way 
* Buddha Nature, 2003 Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, 

## Other websites
* Library of Tibetan Works and Archives 
* Snow Lion Publications
Macropodiformes

**Macropodiformes** is one of the three suborders of the large marsupial order Diprotodontia. Kangaroos, wallabies and allies, bettongs, potaroos and rat kangaroos are all in this suborder.

## References
Smoke (movie)

***Smoke*** is an American independent movie released in 1995. It was produced by Hisami Kuroiwa, Harvey Weinstein and Bob Weinstein. It was directed by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster. Auster also wrote the screenplay.

## Actors
Harvey Keitel, Snoop Dogg, William Hurt, Victor Argo, Forest Whitaker, Ashley Judd, Stockard Channing and Harold Perrineau Jr. all appear in the movie.

## Story
The movie follows the lives of several characters. Their lives are connected because they are all customers at a small tobacco shop in  Brooklyn, New York. The store manager is the main character, Auggie (Harvey Keitel). In the movie, the Brooklyn Cigar Co. was on the corner of 16th Street and Prospect Park West.

## Sequel
*Blue in the Face* was the next movie by the same directors. It follows the lives of some of the same characters and new characters join the story.

## Awards
**Won**
* Silver Bear (Wayne Wang) Berlin International Film Festival, 1995
* Danish Film Critics Bodil Award for Best American Film, 1995
* German Film Award for Best Foreign Film, 1995
* Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay (Paul Auster), 1995

**Nominated**
*Stockard Channing – Best Supporting Actress – Screen Actors Guild

## Other websites
*
Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden

**Geshe Acharya Thubten Loden** leads the Tibetan Buddhist Society in Australia. Geshe Loden established the Peaceful Land of Joy Meditation Centre in Victoria, and has written many books. In 2011, he was named Hume Citizen of the Year.

## History
Born in 1924, Geshe Loden became a monk at the age of seven. Completing his study of all divisions of Buddhist philosophy, he was awarded the Geshe Lharampa degree from Sera Monastery in Tibet, and an Acharya degree from Varanasi's Sanskrit university in India. He also gained a Master's qualification in Vajrayana Buddhism after six years' study at Gyudmed Tantric College. Geshe Loden originally came to Australia in 1976 as a Tibetan refugee.

**Great Treasury of Mahamudra* (2009)
**Essence of the Path to Enlightenment* (1997)
**Meditations on the Path to Enlightenment* (1996)
**The Fundamental Potential for Enlightenment* (1996)
**Path to Enlightenment in Tibetan Buddhism* (1993)

## Related pages
*Dalai Lama
*Gelug
*Lam rim

## References
## Other websites
*Tibetan Buddhist Society 
*Tushita Publications 
*Pursuit of happiness leads to Yuroke
Wichita Falls, Texas

**Wichita Falls** is a city in Wichita Couty, Texas, United States. The population of Wichita Falls was 102,316 in 2020. The mayors of Wichita Falls are Glenn Barham, Linda Ammons, Michael Smith, Dorothy Roberts Burns, Rick Hatcher, Tim Ingle and Mary Ward. Wichita Falls was founded on Sept. 27, 1872 when the Choctaw Indians settled the area in the early 18th century and then white settlers arrived in the 1860s to form cattle ranches.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official city of Wichita Falls website
Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition

The **FPMT** (Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition) is a group of Buddhist centers focusing on the Gelugpa tradition of Tibet. Founded in 1975 by Lama Thubten Yeshe and Lama Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who began teaching Buddhism to Western students in Nepal, the FPMT has grown to encompass 150 teaching centers, projects, and social services in 33 countries. Since the death of Lama Yeshe in 1984, the FPMT's spiritual director has been Lama Zopa Rinpoche.

## Related pages
*Dalai Lama
*Lam rim
Cassini

**Cassini** could mean:

* Cassini-Huygens spacecraft
* Giovanni Domenico Cassini, astronomer
* Cassini Division of the rings of Saturn
Diastole

**Diastole** () is the time during a heart beat when the heart fills with blood after a contraction. The contraction of the heart is called systole and is the opposite of diastole. The term *diastole* comes from the Greek word *διαστολη*. This means expanding or opening.

## Inside the heart
There are two types of diastole. 
***Ventricular diastole** is the time when the two lower chambers of the heart called the *ventricles* are relaxing to let the blood to flow in. 
***Atrial diastole** is the time when the two upper chambers of the heart called the *atria* are relaxing to allow the blood to flow in. 

During ventricular diastole, the pressure in the (left and right) ventricles drops. When the pressure in the left ventricle becomes lower than the pressure in the left atrium, the mitral valve opens. The blood then flows from the atrium into the ventricle. The speed at which the blood flows into the ventricles can be used to diagnose diastolic dysfunction.

## Diastolic pressure
Because the heart relaxes during diastole, "diastolic pressure" is the lowest pressure within the arterial blood stream during each heart beat. The highest arterial pressure happens when the heart muscle contracts, and is called systolic pressure.

When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes, diastolic pressure is the second number in the "ratio" of systolic to diastolic pressure; for example: 120/80.

## Related pages
*Systole (medicine)
*Blood pressure
*Wiggers diagram

## References
## Other websites
* Auscultation of Diastolic Murmurs 
* Audio Examples of Heart and Lung Sounds
Systole

**Systole** is the last stage of a heart beat. It happens right after diastole, when the heart refills with blood. During systole, the heart's two ventricles contract (squeeze).  (The ventricles are the largest parts of the heart, which pump blood to the body and lungs.) 

During systole, the heart muscle gets an automatic electrical signal that tells the heart to contract (squeeze). This makes the blood flow out of the heart.   

## Phases 
Above the ventricles are smaller chambers (sections) of the heart called atria. They contract (squeeze) during the last part of diastole, and send blood down to the larger, lower ventricles. The atria have valves that close after this so blood cannot flow backward into the atria.  

When the ventricles are filled and the valves to the atria are closed, the ventricles contract. So, the atria and ventricles contract in sequence. The left and right atria feed blood into the ventricles. Then, the left and right ventricles contract. 

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.  This is why we have a pulse.

## Systolic pressure 
Because the heart muscle contracts during systole, "systolic pressure" is the highest pressure in the arterial blood stream during each heart beat. (Blood causes the most pressure against the walls of the arteries when it is being pushed out during systole). The lowest arterial pressure happens when the heart muscle relaxes, and is called "diastolic pressure".

When blood pressure is measured for medical purposes, systolic pressure is the first number in the "ratio" of systolic to diastolic pressure.  For example, if a person's blood pressure is 120/80, 120 is the systolic pressure, and 80 is the diastolic pressure.

## Related pages 
* Diastole
* Blood pressure
* Heart
* Circulatory system

## References
## Other websites
*
Yew

A **yew** is a coniferous tree. The name is mainly used for species of the genus ***Taxus***, and sometimes for other conifers in the family **Taxaceae**. 

## Poison 
All species of yew contain highly poisonous alkaloids known as taxanes. All parts of the tree except the arils (red 'fruits') contain the alkaloid. 

The arils are edible and sweet, but the seeds are dangerously poisonous. Unlike birds, the human stomach can break down the seed coat and release the taxanes into the body. It can have fatal results if yew 'berries' are eaten without removing the seeds first. 

The seeds and leaves will kill cattle and horses, but deer can break down the poisons and will eat yew foliage freely. Deer browsing of yews is often so extensive that wild yew trees are restricted to cliffs and steep slopes the deer cannot get to. The foliage is also eaten by the larvae of some Lepidopteran insects including the willow beauty moth.

## Description 
Yews are slow growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of 1-40 m, with trunk diameters of up to 4 m. They have reddish bark, spear-shaped flat, dark-green leaves 1-4 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem.

The tree is dioecious: the sexes are on separate trees. The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed 4-7 mm long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, 8-15 mm long and wide and open at the end. 

The arils are mature 6-9 months after pollination, and are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. 

The male cones are round, 3-6 mm diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.

All the yews are very closely related to each other, and often described together as *Taxus baccata*. They are Gymnosperms in the Pinophyta. They appear in the early Cretaceous  period.

Yew wood is reddish brown (with whiter sapwood), and is very springy. It was traditionally used to make bows, especially the longbow.
Gerhard Tremmel

**Gerhard Tremmel** (born 16 November 1978 in Munich) is a German football goalkeeper. He plays for Swansea City in the Premier League.
## Career
He played in the youth teams of Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich and was transferred to SpVgg Unterhaching where he made his senior debut. He left Bavaria in 2002 and played for Hannover 96, Hertha BSC Berlin (1st and 2nd team) and for Energie Cottbus. After four seasons with Cottbus he intended to go back to Berlin, but finally he signed one year for FC Red Bull Salzburg to replace the injured goalkeeper Eddie Gustafsson. He only got 13 goals in the 2010/11 season, this made him to the best goalkeeper in the Austrian Bundesliga.

In 2011 he went to Swansea City which plays in the Premier League.
## Other websites
*Official Website(German)
*Club profile(german)
West Coast of the United States

.]]
The **West Coast of the United States** is a term that generally refers to the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. Depending on the context, it can also include Alaska and/or the state of  Hawaii. Almost 50 million people live in these five states. The region includes the cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Anchorage, Portland and San Diego.
Psychoactive drug

A **psychoactive drug**, **psychopharmaceutical**, or **psychotropic** is a chemical substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Its action affects the central nervous system. It can affect the brain and change perception, mood, consciousness, cognition and behaviour. Hypnotics are often prescribed to help people sleep. Sometimes they are also used in rituals, or as illegal drugs. These drugs enable their users to change their consciousness. This can also help students when they are preparing their examinations. Certain therapies also use such substances. 

Psychoactive substances change the consciousness and mood of their user. The people using them may have pleasant feelings, such as euphoria or they may be more alert. For this reason, many psychoactive substances are abused: They are used outside the aims of the treatment. This may lead to the user developing a psychological and physical dependence (*"addiction"*). It will get more difficult to interrupt the cycle of abuse. 

Drug rehabilitation aims to break this cycle of dependency; this is done with psychotherapy, support groups and even other psychoactive substances: Acamprosate or naltrexone are examples of substances made to treat alcoholism, methadone or buprenorphine maintenance therapy in the case of opioid dependency. However, the reverse is also true in some cases, that is certain experiences on drugs may be so unfriendly and uncomforting that the user may never want to try the substance again. This is especially true of the deliriants (e.g. *datura*) and dissociatives (e.g. *salvia divinorum*).

In part because of this potential for abuse and dependency, the ethics of drug use are the subject of a continuing philosophical debate. Many governments worldwide have placed restrictions on drug production and sales in an attempt to decrease drug abuse. Ethical concerns have also been raised about over-use of these drugs clinically, and about their marketing by manufacturers.

## References
Christian metal

**Christian metal**, also known as '**white metal**', is a form of heavy metal music which a Christian band makes to praise Jesus. Christian metal is typically performed by professed Christians, sometimes principally for Christians who listen to heavy metal music. It is often produced and distributed through various Christian networks.

Christian metal bands exist in all the subgenres of heavy metal music, and the only common link between most Christian metal bands are the lyrics. The Christian themes are often melded with the subjects of the genre the band is rooted in, regularly providing a Christian take on the subject matter. It has been argued that the marginal yet transnational Christian metal subculture provides its core members an alternative religious expression and Christian identity, and that the music serves the purpose of offering a positive alternative or counterbalance to secular metal music which is known for its generally dark and negative message.

Christian metal emerged in the late 1970s as a means of evangelism to the wider heavy metal music scene, and was pioneered by the American Resurrection Band and Swedish Jerusalem. Los Angeles' Stryper achieved wide success in the 1980s, otherwise the genre was mostly ignored by the mainstream. California's Tourniquet and Australia's Mortification led the movement in the 1990s. The metalcore groups Underoath, Demon Hunter, As I Lay Dying, and Norma Jean (dubbed by Revolver Magazine as "The Holy Alliance") brought some mainstream attention to the movement in the first decade of the 21st century, achieving ranks in the Billboard 200.

## Bands
* Winter Solstice
* Becoming the Archetype
* We Came as Romans
* Wrench in the Works
* Underoath
* With Blood Comes Cleansing
* As I Lay Dying
* Silent Civilian
* August Burns Red
* P.O.D.

## References
Hydrosphere

The **hydrosphere** is the total mass of water on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It is part of physical geography. The oceans, rivers, and lakes are all part of the hydrosphere. Some electricity is made by the hydrosphere.

The total mass of the Earth’s hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1024 grams, which is about 0.023% of the Earth’s total mass. Around 2 × 1019 grams of this is the Earth’s atmosphere. In addition, 71% of the Earth’s surface, an area of 361 million square kilometers, is covered by ocean.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Water cycle
Jerusalem (rock band)

**Jerusalem** is a Swedish Christian rock band founded in 1975 by Ulf Christiansson. It was one of the first bands to combine Christian lyrics with a hard rock sound.

## History
Jerusalem's message was primarily aimed at youth, with their lyrics describing the band's relationship to God in an ordinary, but radical way. The band's purpose was expressly evangelistic. Their concerts have been described as a series of revival meetings which often included altar calls and occasionally exorcisms.¡When the band first toured in the mid-1970s in Sweden, their combination of Christian lyrics with a hard rock sound was very controversial. The band was only permitted to perform at a few churches.

## Discography
*For albums released in both Swedish and English versions, the English titles are in parentheses.*

### Studio albums
* *Jerusalem (Volume 1)* (1978/1980)
* *Volym 2 (Volume 2)* (1980/1981)
* *Krigsman (Warrior)* (1981/1982)
* ''Vi Kan Inte Stoppas (Can't Stop Us Now)* (1983/1984)
* *Dancing on the Head of the Serpent* (1987/1988)
* *Prophet* (1994)
* *Volym Tre (Those Were the Days)* (1996/1997)
* *Volüm Fyra (R.A.D.)* (1997/1998)
* *She* (2010)

### Live albums
* *In His Majesty's Service - Live in USA* (1985)
* *Live - På Ren Svenska* (1998)

### Compilation albums
* *10 Years After* (1988)
* *Klassiker 1 (Classics 1)* (1993/1996)
* *Klassiker 2 (Classics 2)* (1993/1996)
* *Classics 3* (1995)
* *Tretti* (2006)
* *Greatest Hits'' (2006)

## Other websites
* Jerusalem - Official Site