open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gian Carlo Menotti

**Gian Carlo Menotti** (, ; July 7, 1911 – February 1, 2007) was an Italian-American composer and librettist. Although he often referred to himself as an American composer, he kept his Italian citizenship.

He is well-known for his 1951 one-act opera, *Amahl and the Night Visitors*. It was commissioned by NBC for broadcast on television. Menotti wrote the music and the words.
Magnetic monopole

. If a bar magnet is cut in half, it is *not* the case that one half has the north pole and the other half has the south pole. Instead, each piece has its own north and south poles. A magnetic monopole cannot be created from normal matter such as atoms and electrons, but would instead be a new elementary particle.]]
A **magnetic monopole** is a hypothetical particle in particle physics that is a magnet with only one magnetic pole (a north pole without a south pole or the other way around). Scientists are interested in this, as they are predicted in several particle theories, such as grand unified and superstring. Magnetism in normal bar magnets and electromagnets does not come from magnetic monopoles. There is not enough evidence to even be sure that magnetic monopoles exist in this universe.

## References
284

us]]
__NOTOC__
Year **284** (**CCLXXXIV**) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* The Bagaudae, a group of peasants, revolt in Gaul against the Roman Empire. The Dardani, a region in Illyria, becomes a Roman province.  
* Emperor Numerian travels through Bithynia (Asia Minor).  He is murdered on his way home to Rome. 
* November 20 &ndash; Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, age 39, is made emperor. 
* Sabinus Julianus, Roman usurper against Emperor Carinus, revolts in Pannonia. He attacks northern Italy and makes himself emperor. 
* Winter &ndash; Diocletianus moves with his army across the Balkans.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Patriarch Rufinus I succeeds Patriarch Dometius as Patriarch of Constantinople.

## Births 
* Jin Huidi, Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 313)

## Deaths 
* Diophantus, Greek mathematician (approximate date)
* Marcus Aurelius Numerian, Roman Emperor 
* Sun Hao, last emperor of the Kingdom of Wu (b. 242)
* Xin Xianying, daughter of Xin Pi (b. 205)
188

__NOTOC__
Year **188** (**CLXXXVIII**) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes proconsul of Africa.

#### Asia 
* Queen Himiko (aka, Pimiko) starts to rule in Japan.
* Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun are defeated by Han forces under Liu Yu.

## Births 
* April 4 &ndash; Lucius Septimius Bassianus (Caracalla), Roman Emperor (d. 217)
* Sun Shao, general of Wu (d. 241)

## Deaths 
*
’O sole mio

"''''''" is a famous Naples song written in 1898. The lyrics were written by Giovanni Capurro and the music was composed by Eduardo di Capua.

It has been performed and covered by many artists as Enrico Caruso, Beniamino Gigli, Mario Lanza and The Three Tenors. It has also been performed by rock/pop artists such as Dalida, Anna Oxa, Bryan Adams, Me First, SF9, Vitas Al Bano, Elvis Presley ("It's Now or Never"). Luciano Pavarotti won the 1980 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance for his rendition of "’O Sole Mio."

## Lyrics
260

(Hans Holbein the Younger, ca. 1521)]] 
__NOTOC__
Year **260** (**CCLX**) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Battle of Edessa: Emperor Valerian is defeated by the Persians.
* Valerianus I has a meeting with Shapur to talk about peace. The truce is betrayed and he is taken prisoner for the rest of his life.
* Shapur I sends Valerian to Bishapur. The Roman army builds the *Band-e Kaisar* (Bridge of Valerian).
* Gallienus becomes the new emperor of Rome.
* Gallienus leaves the fortifications in the Black Forest area because of invading Alamanni.              
* Gallienus lives at Mediolanum (modern Milan).
* Postumus, Roman usurper, forms the Gallic Empire.
* Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is made *Augustus* by his troops. 
* Postumus kills Saloninus. He is made emperor.
* Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania.       
* The Roman fort  of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni.
* The Franks take control over the Scheldt estuary (approximate date).

#### Asia 
* Persian king Shapur I destroys Caesarea Mazaca in Asia Minor.
* Cao Huan succeeds Cao Mao as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wei.
* Syria, Egypt and Palestine break off from the Roman Empire to form the Persian-supported Palmyrene Empire.

### By topic 
#### Arts and sciences 
* Earliest known date of chess.

#### Religion 
* Pope Dionysius makes bishop Dionysius of Alexandria explain why he is separating the members of the Trinity as three distinct gods.  
* Paul of Samosata becomes Patriarch of Antioch.

## Births 
* Jin Huidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (approximate date)
* Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman Emperor (d. 311)

## Deaths 
* Cao Mao, ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wei (killed in an abortive coup d'état against Sima Zhao) (b. 241) 
* Chen Tai, minister of the Kingdom of Wei
* Saloninus, Roman emperor and son of Gallienus 
* Sun Liang, Emperor of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu (b. 243) 
* Valerianus I, Roman emperor (approximate date)
Carina nebula

's Very Large Telescope (Ultra high image available by clicking)]]

The **Carina Nebula** (**NGC 3372** or the **Great Nebula in Carina**, the **Eta Carina Nebula**) is a large, bright nebula. It is around 7,500 light years from Earth and has over 14,000 stars. It appears in the constellation of Carina in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way. The Carina Nebula was discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1751 from the Cape of Good Hope. The French astronomer had made an astronomical expedition to record objects in the southern sky. The nebula has the Carina OB1 association and several related open star clusters.

From the description in WP Commons:
:"Trumpler 16 is an open cluster that contains the massive luminous blue variable Eta Carinae, one of the brightest stars in the galaxy. It is possibly as much as 120 times the mass of the Sun, and emits the light of 4,000,000 Suns. Eta Carinae is nearing the end of its life, and is surrounded by a huge nebula, cast off by numerous eruptions of the star over the last several centuries. It is expected to explode into a supernova at any time. Trumpler 14 (annotated) contains the huge double star HD 93129 A/B. The young O3 class star HD 93129 A is one of the brightest stars in the galaxy that is still on the main sequence, and with a luminosity equivalent to 3,000,000 Suns. It is very nearly as bright as Eta Carinae, but this is not obvious in the photo due to obscuring nebulosities".

## References
495 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **495 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Republic 
* A temple is built on the Circus Maximus, between the Aventine and Palatine hills, in Rome, in honour of the god Mercury.

#### China 
* King Fuchai of Wu ascends to the throne after his father, King Helü of Wu, reigning as the last king of Wu until 473 BC.
 
## Births 
* Pericles, Athenian politician (d. 429 BC)
480 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **480 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Greece 
* May &ndash; King Xerxes I of Persia marches from Sardis and onto Thrace and Macedonia.
* A force of 10,000 Greeks goes to the Vale of Tempe.  
* August 11 &ndash; The Battle of Thermopylae ends in victory for the Persians under Xerxes. 
* Pausanias becomes regent for Leonidas' son, Pleistarchus, after Leonidas I is killed at Thermopylae.
* Phocis and the coasts of Euboea are ruined by the Persians. Thebes and most of Boeotia join Xerxes.
* King Alexander I of Macedon must join Xerxes in a battle through Greece.
* August &ndash; The Persians win over the Greeks in the Battle of Artemisium.
* September 21 &ndash; The Persians sack Athens.  The people leave to Salamis and then Peloponnesus.
* September 28 &ndash; The Battle of Salamis brings victory to the Greeks.

#### Roman Republic 
* Roman troops march against the Veintes.

#### Sicily 
* Xerxes wants the Carthaginians to attack the Greeks in Sicily. Carthage sends across a large army.
* The Greek city of Himera asks for Carthaginian support in its fight with Akragas. With the help of Gelo, the Carthaginians are defeated in the Battle of Himera. After the defeat, Hamilcar kills himself.

#### Persian empire 
* The Imperial treasury at the Persepolis Palace is completed after a building time of thirty years.

### By topic 
#### Arts 
* The archaic period of sculpture ends in Greece.  The Severe (Early Classical) period starts(approximate date).
* A sculpture of a *Dying warrior* is made in the left corner of the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina (approximate date). Today, it is kept at the *Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek* in Munich, Germany.
* The sculpture of a *Kritios Boy* is made on Acropolis, Athens (approximate date). It is now kept in the Acropolis Museum in Athens.
* Work begins on the detail *Musicians and Dancers* on a wall painting in the *Tomb of the Lionesses* in Tarquinia. It is finished about ten years later.

## Births 
* Euripides, Greek playwright (d. 406 BC)
* Antiphon, Attic orator (d. 411 BC)
* Philolaus, Greek mathematician and philosopher (d. c. 405 BC)

## Deaths 
* August 11 &ndash; Leonidas I, Agiad King of Sparta (died at Thermopylae)
* Xenophanes, Greek philosopher (b. 570 BC)
* Hamilcar, Carthaginian general
Tephritidae

The **Tephritidae** are one of two fly families known as fruit flies. The other family is the Drosophilidae. 

There are nearly 5,000 species of tephritid fruit fly in almost 500 genera of the Tephritidae. Description and genetic analyses are constantly changing the taxonomy of this family. To distinguish them from the Drosophilidae, the Tephritidae are sometimes called 'peacock flies'.

## References
320

at Gottorf Castle, Schleswig, (Germany)]]

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Crispus wins against the Franks.
* Licinius stopped the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan.  He persecutes Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire. 

#### Asia 
* King Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India.
* The Huns appear in Persia. 

### By topic 
#### Art 
* Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, is started to be built (approximate date).

#### Culture and Religion 
* In Nydam Mose (Denmark) the Nydam oak boat is sacrificed by the Danes. The boat is excavated in the 1830s, when a local farmer finds weapons including swords and spears.  
* December 25 is introduced as the birthday of Jesus.

#### Science 
* October 18 &ndash; Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, sees an eclipse of the sun.  He writes on *The Great Astronomer* (*Almagest*). 

## Births 
* Aurelius Victor, historian and politician (approximate date)
* Constans I, Roman emperor (d. 350)
* Flavian I, Patriarch of Antioch (d. 404)
* Jin Jianwendi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 372)
* Oribasius, Greek physician (approximate date)
* Tuoba Shiyijian, prince of the Tuoba Dai (d. 376)
* Xie An, statesman of the Jin Dynasty (d. 385)

## Deaths 
* Lactantius, Christian writer (approximate date)
* Sima Bao, prince of the Jin Dynasty (b. 294)
Arquette

**Arquette** is a surname. People with this name include an American family, many of whom are actors:

*Cliff Arquette (1904-1974), an actor who was popular on *The Tonight Show*
*Cliff's son Lewis Arquette (1935-2001)
*Lewis' children: Rosanna Arquette (born 1959), Richmond Arquette (born 1963), Patricia Arquette (born 1968), Alexis Arquette (1969-2016) and David Arquette (born 1971).
274

__NOTOC__
]]
Year **274** (**CCLXXIV**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Battle of Châlons: Emperor Aurelian reconquers the Gallic Empire. 
* Rome calls Aurelian "Restorer of the World".  
* Aurelian makes an important change of Roman currency. 
* December 25 &ndash; Aurelian has a temple dedicated to Sol Invictus. This religion becomes the state religion of Rome.

#### Africa 
* The Kingdom of Aksum gets great wealth thanks to its control of Red Sea trade.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* December 30 &ndash; Pope Felix I dies in Rome after a 5-year reign.

#### Transportation 
* Japanese shipwrights build a 100-foot oar-powered vessel for Emperor Ōjin. The Japanese will not use sails for another 7 centuries.

## Births 
* Li Xiong, first emperor of Cheng Han (d. 334)
* Shi Le, founder and emperor of the Chinese Jie state (d. 333)

## Deaths 
* Cao Fang, Emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 231)
* December 30—Pope Felix I
* Lu Kang, general of the Kingdom of Wu (b. 226)
* Empress Yang Yan, first wife of Emperor Wu (b. 238)
* Zenobia, queen of the Palmyrene Empire (b. 240)
Opéra de Monte-Carlo

The **Opéra de Monte-Carlo** (Salle Garnier) is an opera house in Monaco. It was built in the 1870s by Prince Charles III of Monaco and the Société des bains de mer de Monaco.  Building was directed by the architect Charles Garnier, who also designed the Palais Garnier in Paris. The Monaco Opera House similar to the Paris Opera House. It seats 524 people. It is in the Belle Époque style. It was opened on 25 January 1879. The house was renovated between 2004 and 2005.

## Other websites
*Opéra de Monte-Carlo
238

]]
__NOTOC__
Year **238** (**CCXXXVIII**) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Maximinus Thrax battles against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). 
* March 7 &ndash; Romans in Africa go against Maximinus and elect Marcus Antonius Gordianus (Africanus) as emperor. 
* April 12 &ndash; Battle of Carthage: Numidian forces loyal to Maximinus invade Africa. Gordian II is killed.  Gordian I commits suicide.
* April 22 &ndash; Year of the Six Emperors: The Senate outlaws Maximinus. Pupienus and Balbinus go to the throne.
* Maximinus gets to the town Aquileia in northern Italy. His army has famine and disease.
* July 29 &ndash; The Praetorian Guard kill Pupienus and Balbinus. On the same day Gordian III, age 13, is made new emperor. 
* Future Roman Emperor Valerian becomes *princeps senatus*.
* The Colosseum is restored after being damaged.
* The Goths, coming from Ukraine, cross the Danube and ruin the Roman Empire up to the border with Anatolia. 

#### Asia 
* The Cao Wei general Sima Yi destroys the northeastern Chinese warlord Gongsun Yuan.

## Births 
* Empress Yang Yan, first wife of Emperor Wu (d. 274)
* Wen Yang, general of the Kingdom of Wei (d. 291)

## Deaths 
* April 12 &ndash; Roman emperors Gordian I (suicide) and Gordian II (killed in battle)
* June 24 &ndash; Maximinus Thrax, Roman Emperor (b. 173)
* Maximinus the Younger, Roman Emperor
* July 29 &ndash; Pupienus and Balbinus, Roman Emperors
* Gongsun Yuan, warlord of Liaodong
* Lun Zhi, general of Liaodong
* Jia Fan, advisor Liaodong
* Chosroes I, King of Armenia (assassinated)
209

__NOTOC__

**209** (**CCIX**) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Publius Septimius Geta gets the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, emperor Septimius Severus.
* Severus plans to take the land north of Scotland. The Roman army reaches Aberdeen. The Scottish tribes begin guerrilla warfare against the Romans.

#### Asia 
* In India, beginning of the reign of Chandashri, Satavahana king of the Andhra.

## Births 
* Guan Lu (d. 256)
* Sun Deng, eldest son of Sun Quan (d. 241)
* Xiahou Xuan, minister of  Wei, son of Xiahou Shang (d. 254)

## Deaths 
* Chen Lan, general under Yuan Shu
* Jin Xuan
* Liu Qi, son of Liu Biao
* Saint Alban (possible death date)
205

__NOTOC__
Year **205** (**CCV**) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta Caesar become Roman Consuls.
* Hadrian's Wall is fixed.
* Gaius Fulvius Plautianus, praetorian prefect and father-in-law of Caracalla, is killed.
* Aemilius Papinianus becomes praetorian prefect.
#### Asia 
* Cao Cao defeats and kills Yuan Tan, the eldest son of his rival Yuan Shao, in the Battle of Nanpi

## Births 
* Cao Rui, second emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (d. 239)
* Sima Wang, general of Wei and the Jin Dynasty (d. 271)
* Shan Tao, Chinese taoist (d. 283)
* Plotinus (according to his student Porphyry) (d. 270)
* Xin Xianying, daughter of Xin Pi (d. 284)

## Deaths 
* Guo Tu, advisor under Yuan Shao
* Yuan Tan, eldest son of Yuan Shao
197

__NOTOC__
Year **197** (**CXCVII**) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* February 19 &ndash; Battle of Lugdunum: Emperor Septimius Severus defeats Decimus Clodius Albinus at Lugdunum (modern Lyon). 
* Septimius Severus returns to Rome.  He has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate killed. 
* Septimius Severus forms new naval units.
* The Roman army goes east to stop a Parthian invasion of Mesopotamia. They loot the royal palace at Ctesiphon and take many people as slaves.

### By topic 
#### Arts and sciences 
* Galen's major work on medicines, *Pharmacologia*, is published.

#### Religion 
* A Christian council is held in Edessa.

## Births 
* Deng Ai, Wei general (d. 264)

## Deaths 
* February 19 &ndash; Clodius Albinus, rival for Roman Emperor (b. 150)
* Cao Ang, first son of Cao Cao (b. 175)
* Cao Anmin, nephew of Cao Cao
* Dian Wei, bodyguard to warlord Cao Cao
* Guo Si, general under Dong Zhuo  (b. 146)
* Huche'er, general under Zhang Xiu
* Li Jue, general under Dong Zhuo
* Liang Gang, general under Yuan Shu
* Qiao Rui, general during the Han Dynasty
* Yue Jiu, general during the Han Dynasty
324

, by Pietro da Cortona (1635)]]

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* July 3 &ndash; Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near Adrianople.  They retreat to Byzantium. He invades Thrace with a Visgothic force and raids the countryside.  
* July &ndash; Battle of Hellespont: Crispus, destroys Licinius' naval fleet in the Dardanelles.
* September 18 &ndash; Battle of Chrysopolis: Constantine I defeats Licinius at Chrysopolis.  He becomes sole Emperor.
* December 19 &ndash; Licinius gives up his position as Emperor. 

### Religion 
* St Peter's Church is founded in Rome.
* Eustathius becomes bishop of Antioch.

## Births 
* Chu Suanzi, empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 384)

## Deaths 
* December 20 &ndash; Philogonus, Patriarch of Antioch
* Guo Pu, Chinese writer (b. 276)
* Wang Dun, general of the Jin Dynasty (b. 266)
* Zhang Mao, ruler of Former Liang (b. 277)
218

__NOTOC__
Year **218** (**CCXVIII**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* May 16 &ndash; Elagabalus, age 14, is made emperor of Rome.
* June 8 &ndash; Battle of Antioch: Elagabalus defeats the forces of Macrinus.
* Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, escapes to the Parthian court.  He is captured at Zeugma and also put to death.

## Births 
* Gallienus, later Roman emperor (d. 268)

## Deaths
* June
** Macrinus, Roman emperor (b. 165)
** Diadumenian, son of Macrinus
* Gan Ning (approximate date) (b. 175)
* Han Hao, general under Cao Cao
* Jin Yi, minister of Han Dynasty
* Lei Tong
* Yue Jin, commander under Cao Cao
239

__NOTOC__
Year **239** (**CCXXXIX**) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### China 
* In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Cao Rui (Wei Ming Di). 
* Chinese discover the island of Taiwan.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Origen publishes the Old Testament in five languages.

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* January 22 &ndash; Cao Rui (Wei Ming Di), emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 205)
* Pan Jun, official of Wu
241

__NOTOC__
Year **241** (**CCXLI**) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Winter &ndash; Emperor Gordian III reaches Antioch.  He gets his army ready to fight against the Persians.
* Timesitheus becomes Praetorian Prefect

#### Persia 
* Shapur I succeeds his father Ardashir I as king of Persia.
* The ancient city of Bagram (Afghanistan) is abandoned.
* Shapur I adds parts of the Kushan Empire.

#### Europe 
* November 1 &ndash; The Battle of Samhain is fought in Ireland.

## Births 
* Cao Mao, emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (possible date) (d. 260)

## Deaths 
* Ardashir I, first ruler of the Sassanid dynasty
* Zhuge Jin, minister of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu, older brother of Zhuge Liang (b. 174)
* Sun Deng, eldest son of Sun Quan (b. 209)
243

__NOTOC__
Year **243** (**CCXLIII**) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Battle of Resaena: A Roman army under Timesitheus defeats the Persians at Resaena (Syria). King Shapur I must run away to the Euphrates.
* Timesitheus becomes ill and dies under suspicious circumstances. Shapur I goes back to Persia.
* Emperor Gordian III picks Philip the Arab as his new praetorian prefect.

## Births 
* Sun Liang, emperor of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu (d. 260)

## Deaths 
* Gu Yong, minister of Wu (b. 168)
* Kan Ze, advisor of Wu
* Timesitheus, advisor and praetorian prefect (b. 190)
311

]] 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* May 5 &ndash; Emperor Galerius says there is religious freedom .  He issues his Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire. He dies at age 51.
* Maximinus II divides the Eastern Empire. He starts to persecute Christians again.
* Maxentius, Roman usurper, takes the African provinces from Domitius Alexander.
* Maxentius builds the Circus of Maxentius near the Via Appia. 
* December 3 &ndash; Diocletianus dies in Split, Croatia.

#### China 
* Jin Huaidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty, is captured at Luoyang. The capital city is looted by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Huns).

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* July 2 &ndash; Pope Miltiades succeeds Pope Eusebius as the 32nd pope.
* The Donatist split occurs in the African church.

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* Domitius Alexander, Roman usurper (approximate date)
* December 3 &ndash; Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, Roman Emperor
* May 5 &ndash; Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman emperor
* November 25 &ndash; Saint Peter, Patriarch of Alexandria (martyred)
* Sima Yue, prince and regent of the Jin Dynasty
339

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Constantius II goes to his territory in the East. Persia under king Shapur II is attacking Mesopotamia. For the next 11 years the two powers battle with no real winner.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Pope Julius I gives refuge at Rome to Athanasius.
* Eusebius of Nicomedia is made bishop of Constantinople.  Another Arian becomes bishop of Alexandria.

## Births 
* Aurelius Ambrosius, bishop of Milan (approximate date) 
* He Fani, empress of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404)
* Shi Shi, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao (d. 349) 

## Deaths 
* Abaye, Babylonian amora
* Eusebius of Caesarea, bishop and first church historian (approximate date)
* Shemon Bar Sabbae, bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 
* Wang Dao, statesman of the Jin Dynasty (b. 276)
470 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **470 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Greece 
* Pausanias hides in the Temple of Athena of the Brazen House to escape arrest. The Spartans wall in the sanctuary and starve Pausanias to death.

### By topic 
#### Architecture 
* The construction of the Temple of Zeus, begins at Olympia, Greece. 

#### Art 
* The *Charioteer*, in the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, is created.  It was for a victory in the Pythian Games of 478 or 474 BC (approximate date). It is now kept at the Delphi Archaeological Museum.
* Pan Painter makes a "bell krater" (an earthenware piece that is used to mix water and wine) which has a red-figure decoration of *Artemis slaying Actaeon*. It is now kept at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (approximate date).

## Births 
* Aspasia of Miletus, mistress of Pericles of Athens (d. c. 400 BC)
* Mozi, Chinese philosopher (d. c. 390 BC)

## Deaths 
* Pausanias, Spartan commander during the Greco-Persian Wars
217

__NOTOC__

**217** (**CCXVII**) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* April 8 &ndash; Caracalla is killed by his legionaries near Edessa. Marcus Opellius Macrinus head of the Praetorian Guard, calls himself Roman emperor. 
* Summer &ndash; Battle of Nisibis: The Roman army is defeated in a three days battle by the Parthians at Nisibis (southern Turkey).
* King Artabanus IV signs a peace treaty with Rome.  
* Macrinus, of Mauritania, becomes the first equestrian Roman emperor. 
* Empress Julia kills herself. 
* The Colosseum is badly damaged by fire.  It destroys the wooden upper levels of the amphitheater.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* December 20 &ndash; The papacy of Zephyrinus ends. Callixtus I is elected as the sixteenth pope. Hippolytus says he should not be Pope.
* Hippolytus begins his "pontificate" as antipope.
* Ciriacus succeeds Philadelphus as Patriarch of Constantinople.

## Births 
* Fu Xuan, Chinese poet (d. 278)
* Hua He, minister under the Kingdom of Wu (d. 279)
* Jia Chong, general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 282)
* Empress Dowager Wang Yuanji, wife of Sima Zhao (d. 268)

## Deaths 
* April 8 &ndash; Caracalla, Roman Emperor (assassinated) (b. 188)
* Julia Domna, Roman Empress (suicide) (b. 170)
* December 20 &ndash; Pope Zephyrinus
* Chen Lin, minister of Han Dynasty  
* Lu Su, advisor to Sun Quan, sympathetic to Liu Bei (b. 172)
* Wang Can, Chinese poet, scholar, and statesman of Cao Wei (b. 177)
* Sima Lang, official of Han Dynasty (b. 171)
411 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **411 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Greece 
* The democracy of Athens is overthrown.  A "Council of Four Hundred" is set up. * Phrynichus, the leader of the extremists, is killed. The traditional constitution is put back.
* The Athenian navy under Thrasybulus calls Alcibiades back from Sardis.

### By topic 
#### Literature 
* Euripides' play *Iphigeneia in Tauris* is performed.
* Aristophanes' plays *Lysistrata* and *Women Celebrating the Thesmophoria* are performed.

## Births 
* Timoleon, Greek statesman and general (approximate date) (d. 337 BC)

## Deaths 
* Antiphon, Athenian politician and orator (b. 480 BC)
* Phrynicus, Athenian general (assassinated)
David Arquette

**David James Arquette** (born September 8, 1971) is an American actor, movie director, and producer. He was born in Winchester, Virginia to actor Lewis Arquette (1935-2001) and poet Mardi (née Nowak, died 1997). He is best known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Dewey Riley in the *Scream* movies. 

Arquette played a wrestling fan in the movie *Ready to Rumble*. To market this movie, WCW hired Arquette to appear on their TV show and win their world title. Arquette argued he should not win the belt because he is not a real wrestler but WCW talked him into it. The attention received was only negative and the backlash eventually caused WCW to go out of business. The movie was also a critical disaster

Arquette was a contestant on the 13th season of *Dancing with the Stars* in fall 2011.

## References
## Other websites
*
405 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **405 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Greece 
* The Athenian fleet follows the Spartan admiral, Lysander, to the Hellespont. The Athenian fleet is destroyed in the Battle of Aegospotami.
* The Spartan king Pausanias lays siege to Athens. Lysander's fleet blockades Piraeus. This starves Athens.
*Theramenes tries to negotiate with Lysander. He is away for three months.

#### Sicily 
* Dionysius the Elder rises to power as the tyrant of Syracuse. He makes peace with the Carthaginian general. Carthage is in control of most of Sicily.
* Dionysius the Elder expands his power. He builds a wall around Syracuse. The Greek citizens of Naxos, Catana, and Leontini are removed from their cities. Many of them are made slaves.

### By topic 
#### Drama 
* Aristophanes' play The Frogs is performed.
* Euripides' *The Bacchae* and *Iphigeneia at Aulis* are performed at the Dionysia and win first prize.

#### Art 
* The *Erechtheum*, which includes *The Porch of Maidens* (Caryatid Porch), is completed in the Ionian style on the Acropolis in Athens after 16 years of building.

## Deaths 
* Philolaus, Greek mathematician and philosopher (approximate date) (b. c. 480 BC)
570s BC

## Events and trends 
*579 BC—Servius Tullius succeeds Lucius Tarquinius Priscus as the sixth King of Rome. 
*575 BC—Ishtar Gate and throne room wall, from Babylon (Iraq) is made. It is now at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Vorderasiatisches Museum.
*575 BC—Battle of Yanling in China, the army of the State of Jin defeats the forces of the State of Chu in ancient Henan province.
*575 BC–550 BC—Temples and public buildings begin to be in Rome. Main temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus is built.
*573 BC—Nemean Games founded at Nemea. 
*572 BC—Death of Zhou jian wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
*571 BC-On 25 November Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
*571 BC—Zhou ling wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
*570 BC—Amasis II succeeds Apries as king of Egypt.
*c. 570 BC—François Vase, black figure decoration on a volute krater, is made by potter—Ergotimos and painter—Kleitias. It is now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Florence, Italy.
*570 BC–560 BC—Berlin Kore, from a cemetery at Keratea, near Athens, is made. It is now at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.
*c. 570 BC-Death of Sappho.

## Significant people
* 576 BC—Birth of Cyrus the Great, later King of Anshan, and architect of the Persian Empire.
* 570 BC—Birth of Xenophanes
* c.570 BC—Birth of Pythagoras on the island of Samos, mathematician (d. c. 475 BC)
* Ergotimos—potter
* Kleitias—painter
President of Ecuador

The **President of Ecuador** () is the chief of state and the head of government in the country. Under the current Constitution (adopted in 2008), the President is elected by popular (by many people) vote, for a period of four years. They can serve two terms (periods of four years). Before 2008, people could be the president for only one term.

The President of Ecuador right now is Daniel Noboa since November 23, 2023. He was elected president in October 2023. He was re-elected in April 2025.

## List of presidents
## References
372

(China)]]

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Valentinian I is against the Alamanni, Quadi and  Sarmatians. His subordinates are dealing with Firmus,  Roman usurper, in Africa and the Picts in Britain.

#### Europe 
* The Huns attack the Tervingi on the Dniester.

#### China 
* Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi is dethroned as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is replaced by Jin Jianwendi.
* September 12 &ndash; Jin Xiaowudi, age 10, succeeds his father Jin Jianwendi. Empress Chu Suanzi serves as regent.
* The first diplomatic ties are made between the Korean kingdom of Baekje and the Chinese court of the Jin Dynasty.

### By topic 
#### Arts and sciences 
* The national academy of Chinese learning, called Taehak, is made in the kingdom of Goguryeo (Korea).

#### Religion 
* Gregory of Nyssa becomes bishop.
* Buddhism is the official religion of Gorguryeo.
* Saint Augustine adopts Manichaeism.
* Valentinian I bans Manichaean meetings.

## Births 
* Pei Songzhi, Chinese historian (d. 451)

## Deaths 
* Jin Jianwendi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 320)
* Maximus of Ephesus, Greek Neoplatonist philosopher
* Sabbas the Goth, Christian reader and saint (b. 334)
473 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **473 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### China 
* The State of Wu is added by the State of Yue.

#### Japan 
* The Hikawa Shrine is formed in Saitama, Saitama.

## Deaths 
* King Fuchai of Wu, the last king of Wu in Zhou Dynasty China
294

__NOTOC__
Year **294** (**CCXCIV**) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Galerius, Roman Caesar in the Balkan, fights the Goths, Marcomanni, Sarmatians, and Carpi.
* Emperor Diocletian goes with the young Constantine I the Great to Egypt. He besieges Alexandria.  They take down "emperor" Achilleus. 

#### Asia 
* Tuoba Luguan succeeds his nepnew Tuoba Fu as chieftain of the Tuoba clan.

## Births 
* Sima Bao, prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 320)

## Deaths 
* Tuoba Fu, chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba clan
334

s from the Zliten mosaic (Libya)]]

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Flavius Dalmatius stops a revolt in Cyprus led by Calocaerus. Calocaerus is brought to Tarsus (Cilicia) and killed.
* The Goths protect the Danube against the Vandals.
* Emperor Constantine the Great again starts gladiatorial combat.

#### China 
* The barbarian king Che Hou rules in China. His sons try to kill him.  They are caught and killed.

## Births 
* Huiyuan, Chinese Buddhist teacher and founder of the Donglin Temple (d. 416)
* Sabbas the Goth, Christian reader and saint (d. 372)
* Virius Nicomachus Flavianus, Roman historian and politician (d. 394)

## Deaths 
* Calocaerus, Roman usurper
* Shi Hong, emperor of the Chinese Jie state (b. 313)
* Tao Kan, general of the Jin Dynasty (b. 259)
* Wei Huacun, founder of the Shangqing sect of Daoism (b. 252)

## References
333

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Flavius Dalmatius and Domitius Zenofilus become consuls.
* Calocaerus goes against Constantine I and calls himself Emperor.
* December 25 &ndash; Constantine I gives his youngest son Constans the rank of *Caesar* at Constantinople.

#### China 
* Shi Hong succeeds his father Shi Le as Emperor of the Later Zhao Empire, in the Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms.

## Births 
* Saint Monica, Algerian Christian saint and mother of Augustine of Hippo (approximate date)

## Deaths 
* Empress Liu
* Murong Hui, Xianbei chief and Duke Xiang of Liaodong (b. 269) 
* Shi Le, founder and emperor of the Chinese Jie state (b. 274)
376

of Emperor Valens]]

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Gothic War: Emperor Valens lets the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people cross the Danube from Thrace.  They can live in Lower Moesia if they provide soldiers to the legions.  
* The Greuthungi, led by Alatheus and Saphrax, ask for help from the Roman Empire. They are refused. 
* The Romans fail to disarm the Visigoths. The Goths break out of their containment area along the Danube.  They go south towards the region near Marcianople (Bulgaria).
* Lupicinus, *Comes* (Count) of Thrace, tries to bring the Visigoths back under control. He invites Fritigern and the Gothic leaders to a banquet.  During the feast Lupicinus tries to kill the Gothics. Fritigern escapes.  
* Lupicinus attacks the Visigoths.  His force (5,000 men) is defeated. The Goths get Roman armour and weapons. Fritigern marches south towards Adrianople (Turkey). 
* Winter &ndash; Fritigern tries to siege Adrianople. 

#### China 
* Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang, submits to Fu Jiān of Former Qin, thus ending the state of Former Liang. Zhang is made "Marquess of Guiyi". 
* China is divided between the Former Qin in the north and the Eastern Jin in the south.

## Births 
* Cyril of Alexandria, patrairch and theologian (d. 444)

## Deaths 
* Ermanaric, king of the Gothic Greuthungi
* Theodosius the Elder, Roman general
* Tuoba Shiyijian, prince of the Tuoba Dai (b. 320)
* Yuan Hong, historian and politician of the Jin Dynasty (b. 328)
226

__NOTOC__
Year **226** (**CCXXVI**) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Asia 
* June 29 &ndash; Cao Pi dies.  His son Cao Rui becomes emperor of the Kingdom of Wei.
* King Ardashir I defeats Artabanus IV.  He is crowned "King of Kings" of the Persian Empire. This begins the 400 year-reign of the Sassanid Empire.
* The Empire of Parthia falls.

## Births 
* Wang Bi, Chinese philosopher (d. 249)
* Lu Kang, son of Lu Xun (b. 274)

## Deaths 
* June 29 &ndash; Cao Pi, Emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (China) (b. 187)
* Shi Xie, ruler of Jiaozhi (b. 137)
* Shi Hui, son of Shi Xie
* Shi Zhi,  eldest son of Shi Xie
* Artabanus IV, last ruler of the Parthian Empire
384

## Events 
* Magnus Maximus returns to Britain to help them with the Barbarians raids.
* An edict of Theodosius I closes pagan temples in the Nile Valley.
* King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms.
* December 17 – Pope Siricius succeeds Damasus I as the 38th pope.

## Births 
* September 9 – Honorius, Roman Emperor
* Chu Lingyuan, last empress of the Jin Dynasty
* Maria, empress and daughter of Stilicho
* Sengzhao, Chinese Buddhist
* Wang Shen'ai, empress of the Jin Dynasty

## Deaths 
* December 11 – Pope Damasus I
* Chu Suanzi, empress of the Jin Dynasty
* Geungusu, king of Baekje
* Murong Hong, founder of the Xianbei state Western Yan
266

(*totius Orientis imperator*)]] 
__NOTOC__
Year **266** (**CCLXVI**) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* King Odaenathus of Palmyra invades Persia.  He takes the capital Ctesiphon. He gives himself with the title "king of kings".

#### Ireland 
* The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt ends (approximate date).

## Births 
* Wang Dun, general of the Jin Dynasty (d. 324)

## Deaths 
*
277

__NOTOC__
Year **277** (**CCLXXVII**) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Probus travels with his army west across the Sea of Marmara (Turkey).  He defeats the Goths along the lower Danube.
* Probus enters Rome to get his title of Emperor approved by the Senate.

#### Asia 
* Tuoba Xilu succeeds his father Tuoba Liwei as chieftain of the Tuoba clan.

## Births 
* Sima Ai, prince of the Jin Dynasty (d. 304)
* Zhang Mao, ruler of Former Liang (d. 324)

## Deaths 
* Tuoba Liwei, chieftain of the Tuoba clan (China)
350

]]

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* January 18 &ndash; Emperor Constans I is very unliked. Magnus Magnentius is made emperor at Autun (Gaul).
* January &ndash; Constans I runs away to Spain.  He is killed. Magnentius rules the Western Roman Empire.  He is nicer to Christians and Pagans. 
* March 1 &ndash; Vetranio is asked by Constantina to make himself Caesar. Constantius accepts the new emperor.
* June 3 &ndash; Iulius Nepotianus, Roman usurper, calls himself "emperor".  He enters Rome with a group of gladiators.
* June 30 &ndash; Nepotianus is defeated and killed by Marcellinus. 
* December 25 &ndash; Vetranio meets Constantius II at Naissus (Serbia). He is forced to give up his title.

#### Asia 
* About this time the Huns begin to invade the Sassanid Empire.
* The city of Anbar (Iraq) is founded by king Shapur II.
* The Wei-Jie war breaks out in North China.

### By topic 
#### Art 
* The church of Santa Constanza in Rome is finished.

## Births 
* Honoratus, archbishop of Arles (approximate date)
* Hypatia of Alexandria, female Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date)
* Murong Wei, emperor of the Xianbei state Former Yan (d. 385)
* Plutarch of Athens, Greek philosopher (approximate date)
* Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian (approximate date) 
* Zhang Xuanjing, ruler of the Chinese state Former Liang (d. 363)

## Deaths 
* Constans I, Roman Emperor 
* Eutropia, mother of Nepotianus
* June 30 &ndash; Nepotianus, Roman usurper
* Shi Jian, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao

## References
349

## Events 
### By place 
#### Asia 
* Emperor Shi Zun dies. His son Shi Jian succeeds him as emperor of the Jie state. 
* The Mou-jong (proto-Mongols) take control of North China.

## Births 
* John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople (approximate date)

## Deaths 
* Empress Liu, wife of emperor Shi Hu (b. 318)
* Shi Hu, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao (b. 295)
* Shi Shi, emperor and brother of Shi Zun (b. 339)
* Shi Zun, emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao
* Wei Shuo, calligrapher of the Jin Dynasty (b. 272)
* Empress Zhang, wife of emperor Shi Zun
* Empress Zheng Yingtao, mother of emperor Shi Zun
254

__NOTOC__
Year **254** (**CCLIV**) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus and Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus become Roman Consuls.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* May 12 &ndash; Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I as the 23rd pope.

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* Li Feng
* Xiahou Xuan, minister of Wei and son of Xiahou Shang (b. 209)
231

__NOTOC__
**231** (**CCXXXI**) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Alexander Severus fights against the Persians. 

#### Asia 
* Zhuge Liang starts the fourth of his Northern Expeditions against the state of Cao Wei.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Origen, disciple of Ammonius Saccas, founder of Neoplatonism, is sent away to Caesarea.

## Births 
* Cao Fang, Emperor of the Kingdom of Wei (d. 274)
* Sun Chen, regent of the Kingdom of Wu (d. 258)

## Deaths 
* Cao Zhen, general of Kingdom of Wei (b. 185)
* Hua Xin, adviser of Kingdom of Wei (b. 157)
* Li Hui, minister of Kingdom of Shu
* Zhang He, military leader under Cao Cao (b. 167)
283

__NOTOC__
Year **283** (**CCLXXXIII**) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Carus travels through Thrace and Asia Minor. He invades Syria and Mesopotamia. 
* Carus gets the title of *Persicus Maximus*.  
* Carus dies.  During a violent dust storm he is killed by a stroke of lightning.
* Marcus Aurelius Carinus succeeds his father Carus.  
* December &ndash; Numerian is made Emperor by his soldiers.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* December 17 &ndash; Pope Caius succeeds Pope Eutychian as the 28th pope.

## Births 
* Eusebius of Vercelli, bishop and saint (approximate date)
* Ge Hong, Chinese taoist and government official (d. 343)

## Deaths 
* December 7 &ndash; Pope Eutychian
* Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (b. 224)
* Shan Tao, Chinese taoist (b. 205)
385

## Events 
* Jinsa of Baekje becomes the 16th king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje.
* Copper extraction and casting begins in the mines of Kansanshi in southernmost Africa.
* Ammianus Marcellinus begins writing a history covering the years 96 to 378.
* The Serapeum in Alexandria is destroyed.
* Aurelios Zopyros becomes the last reported athlete at the Ancient Olympic Games.

## Births 
* Avitus, Western Roman Emperor
* Murong Chao, emperor of the Xianbei state Southern Yan
* Murong Xi, emperor of the Xianbei state Later Yan
* Saint Patrick, missionary in Ireland
* Paulus Orosius, historian and theologian
* Xie Lingyun, Chinese poet of the Southern and Northern Dynasties

## Deaths 
* Aelia Flaccilla, Roman empress and wife of Theodosius I
* Chimnyu, king of Baekje (Korea)
* Dao An, Buddhist monk of the Jin Dynasty
* Fú Jiān, emperor of the Chinese Di state Former Qin
* Murong Wei, emperor of the Xianbei state Former Yan
270

]] 
__NOTOC__
Year **270** (**CCLXX**) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Claudius II Gothicus dies.  He is succeeded by his brother Quintillus.
* Quintillus commits suicide.  He is succeeded by Lucius Domitius Aurelianus.
* Aurelianus pushes the Goths back across the Danube and recovers Roman land.
* The Romans leave Utrecht because the Germanic tribes keep fighting.
* Crisis of the Third Century: An economic crisis starts in the Roman empire. 

### By topic 
#### Technology 
* The Chinese invent gunpowder. At first, it appears to be used only for fireworks.

## Births 
* November 20 &ndash; Maximinus II, Roman Emperor
* Nicholas of Myra (Santa Claus) (d. 343)
* Rabbah bar Nahmani, Babylonian 'amora
* Saint Spyridon, bishop of Trimythous (d. 348)

## Deaths 
* St. Valentine (executed by Claudius II) (Possible year)
* Claudius II, Roman Emperor (b. 213)
* Quintillus, Roman emperor
* Plotinus, father of Neo-Platonism (b. c. 205) (approximate date)
* Jingu of Japan, possibly legendary empress of Japan
* Luo Xian, general of the Kingdom of Shu 
* Qiao Zhou, minister of the Kingdom of Shu (b. 201)
264

]]
__NOTOC__

**264** (**CCLXIV**) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Asia 
* Jiang Wei tries to restore the Kingdom of Shu.  He wants Zhong Hui to have a rebellion against Sima Zhao, ruler of Cao Wei. 
* Sun Hao succeeds Sun Xiu as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu.

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* Deng Ai, general of the Cao Wei
* Deng Zhong, general of Wei, son of famed general Deng Ai (b. 230)
* Jiang Wei, general of Shu Han, grand commander and strategist, and foster son of Zhuge Liang (b. 202)
* Liao Hua, general of Shu
* Sima Zhao, general of Wei, son of Sima Yi (b. 211) 
* Sun Xiu, Emperor of Eastern Wu (b. 235)
* Zhang Bu, general of Wu
* Zhang Yi, general of Shu
* Zhong Hui, general of Wei (b. 225)
150

__NOTOC__
Year **150** (**CL**) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Europe 
* The Roman town Forum Hadriani gets the title of "the town of the Cananefates".  The town is allowed to have markets. 
* The Germans of the east move south, into the Carpathians and Black Sea area.
* The Albani appear in the Roman province of Macedon.

#### Asia 
* First and only year of *Heping* of the Chinese Han Dynasty.

#### Americas 
* The Middle Culture period of Mayan civilization ends (approximate date).
* The Great Pyramid of the Sun is built in Teotihuacan.  It is the tallest pre-Columbian building in the Americas.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Marcion of Sinope makes his bible canon.  It has versions of the Gospel of Luke and ten Pauline letters (approximate date).

#### Arts and sciences 
* The earliest atlas (Ptolemy's *Geography*) is made (approximate date).
* Completion of Ptolemy's monumental work *Almagest*. The geocentric cosmology is followed for 1,400 years.
* Antoninus Liberalis writes a work on mythology (approximate date).
* Paper, made in China, arrives in Transoxiana.

## Births 
* Monoimus, Arab gnostic (approximate date)
* Nagarjuna, founder of Mahayana "Great Vehicle" (approximate date)
* Zhang Zhongjing, Chinese physician (d. 219)
* Yufuluo (d. 196)

## Deaths 
* Aśvaghoṣa, Indian poet (approximate date)
* Empress Liang Na, wife of Emperor Shun of Han (b. 116)
291

jar of the Jin Dynasty]] 
__NOTOC__
Year **291** (**CCXCI**) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### By place 
#### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Diocletian signs peace treaties with the kingdoms of Aksum and Nubia.

#### China 
* War of the Eight Princes: After the death of Emperor Sima Yan a civil war starts among the princes and dukes of the Jin Dynasty.

## Births 
* Li Xiu, female general during the Jin Dynasty
* Saint Agnes, Christian martyress (d. c. 304)
* Saint Hilarion, anchorite and saint (d. 371)  
* Saint Philomena, Christian martyress (d. c. 304)

## Deaths 
* Sima Liang, regent during the rule of Sima Yan  
* Sima Wei, prince during the Jin Dynasty (b. 271)
* Wei Guan, general of the Kingdom of Wei (b. 220)
* Wen Yang, general of the Kingdom of Wei  (b. 238)
* Yang Jun, official during the rule of Sima Yan