open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
White nose syndrome

**White nose syndrome** (**WNS**) is a condition which has caused many bats in the United States and Canada to die. The condition is named *white nose* because the affected bats have a fungus around their nose which is white. It was discovered in February 2006.

The disease was first reported in January 2007 in some New York caves. It spread to other New York caves and into Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut in 2008. In early 2009 it was found in New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. West Virginia   In 2012, new cases showed up in northeastern Ohio, and Acadia National Park in Maine. New confirmed cases appeared in 2013 in Georgia, South Carolina, and Illinois. 

## References
Tikrit

**Tikrit** () sometimes known as **Takrit** or **Tekrit**, is a city in Iraq, located  northwest of Baghdad and  southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River. It is the capital of the Saladin Governorate. As of 2012, it has a population of 160,000.

At least 80% majority of the people are Sunni. Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq through April 2003, was born there; he considered it his hometown. He was actually born in a village on the outskirts of Tikrit, however in a part of Tikrit municipality.

File:Tikrit City (c 2004).jpg|Tikrit c. 2000
File:بقايا الكنيسة السريانية ( الكنيسة الخضراء ) مدينة تكريت العراقية.jpg|Tikrit Old Town
File:مدخل مقبرة تكريت القديمة.jpg|Tikrit old Town 
File:Monastery.JPG|Modern-day view of the Syrian Monastery at Tikrit

## References 
## Other websites 
*How Tikrit has Changed the War - Counteroffensive in Tikrit March 2015
*Iraq Image - Tikrit Satellite Observation
Missy Peregrym

**Melissa "Missy" Peregrym** (born June 16, 1982 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian actress.

## Biography 
### Personal life 
Peregrym lived in Surrey, British Columbia with her mom, dad, and sisters in her early childhood. She played many sports as a child and through her teenage years. She liked to play soccer, lacrosse, snowboarding and hockey. She is currently dating Ben Roethlisberger.

### Careers 
Peregrym began her career as a model at the age of 18. Later, she began to do commercials. In 2002, she began acting and guest starring in a few shows, then she made her career breakthrough when she was 24 when she starred in the movie *Stick It*, where her main character was a tomboy athlete (much like herself).
Bikini waxing

**Bikini waxing** is the name for a number of techniques for removing pubic hair. This is usually done using waxing. It is named after the bikini, a swimsuit for women. When people talk abouit bikini waxing, they mostly think about women removing or styling their pubic hair. In recent times, men have also started doing it. 

At the start, the idea was that women would remove the pubic hair that was not covered by the bikini bottom. This is the **bikini line**. It is the area of the upper leg and inner thigh in which pubic hair grows that is normally not covered by the bottom part of a swimsuit. Some cultures do not like that pubic hair is visible, or tr
hey consider it embarrassing; for this reason, people sometimes remove it.  

* "Natural" (also known as "au natural" or "bush") refers to pubic hair that has not been removed, trimmed or styled at all.  
* "Trimmed" or "cut" refers to pubic hair that has been shortened, but not completely removed other than shaving the inner thighs. Some women trim, but keep hair on their labia, while removing the pubic hair on the mons pubis. 

Pubic hair may be styled into several basic styles which are often referred to by different names. Salons often use their own unique names for common types of waxing, for example referring to a Brazilian with a "landing strip" as a "Mohican" or a "Hollywood" as "Full Monty".

There are three basic styles:  

* "American waxing" means that only the pubic hair is removed that is not covered by a swimsuit. For a bikini, it would be hair at the top of the thighs and under the navel. It is also known as a "basic bikini wax", or "triangle" or "bikini line". It involves waxing hair from the sides to form a triangle so that pubic hair cannot be seen while wearing a swimsuit. Bikini bottoms or underwear are usually worn while getting an American wax. A normal American waxing job takes about 20 to 30 minutes to complete.

* "Brazilian waxing" means that all hair in the pelvic area, perineum and anus is removed.  Sometimes, a thin strip of hair on the mons pubis is left. It can be used by those who wear thong bikinis. 
Brazilian waxing is more controversial than other types of waxing. Like all waxing, it can be painful. Some believe it is more unpleasant to receive cunnilingus from a bearded partner after getting a Brazilian wax.

## References
2006 in science

The year 2006 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events 
* January 19 - The NASA spacecraft New Horizons was launched for a journey to Pluto.
* January 25 - The planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb was found.
* February 1 - The dwarf planet Eris was found to be bigger than Pluto.
* March 19 - total solar eclipse that could be seen in Brazil, Greece, mid Atlantic Ocean, Sahara, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia.
* June 30 - scientists found 9 more natural satellites of Saturn.
* August 24 - Pluto was ordered as a dwarf planet instead of a planet.
* September 13 -  received the name Eris.

## Deaths 
* May 14 - Robert Bruce Merrifield, chemist
* May 31 - Raymond Davis, Jr., chemist and physicist.
* August 9 - James Van Allen, American space scientist
British National Party

The **British National Party** (or BNP for short) is a far-right and fascist political party in the United Kingdom. The party was led by Nick Griffin from 1999, until 2014 and the current leader of the BNP is Adam Walker.

In 2009, the party had 2 MEPs (Members of European Parliament) out of 73 British seats in the European Parliament. Those two seats were held by Griffin and Andrew Brons. It has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom or the devolved assemblies. 

The BNP was started in 1982, by John Tyndall (politician).

In November 2012, the British Democratic Party was started by Brons. Brons started the party after leaving the BNP in October 2012. Brons wants the BDP to end the BNP. He does not like the BNP because he thinks its ideology is not extreme enough. Griffin lost his seat in the European Parliament in 2014.

## Related pages
* Extremism
* Race (sociology)

## References
Differentiation

**Differentiation** is a term used in different senses. Often refers to showing or creating differences between things.

*Cell differentiation
*Derivative (mathematics)
FC Utrecht

**FC Utrecht** is a football club which plays in the Netherlands.

It was a merger of three clubs from the city of Utrecht: **Door Oefening Sterk**, **USV Elinkwijk** and **Velox** in 1970.

## League position 
### Former position
Road number

A **road number** is usually given to a portion of public roadway. The chosen number often depends on the type of road. The numbers will be different if the road is an interstate, a motorway, an arterial thoroughfare, a two-lane road, and so forth.

## United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the route number has a letter and a number. It is between 1 and 4 digits/numbers long. For instance, the main road from London to Edinburgh is called the A1. The "A" means it is a first class route. This also means it is more important than "B" roads. The A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 begin in London and go towards various towns around the coast. Roads which start in the area between the A1 and the A2 must start with the number 1 (A137, B1412), etc. Scotland is also divided into zones by the A7, A8 and A9 leave from Edinburgh. Motorways have the letter "M", for example the M25. Motorways have a different numbering system from "A" and "B" roads. 

This system is used in other European countries (for example, Spain and France).
Ken Follett

**Kenneth Martin Follett** CBE (born 5 June 1949) is a Welsh writer, known as **Ken Follett**. He was born in Cardiff, Wales. Follett has written many detective books and history novels. He has sold 100 million copies of his books.

## References
2005 in science

The year 2005 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events 
* January 26 - The European Space Agency's SMART-1 sends back close range pictures of the lunar surface.
* February 23 - Astronomers announce discovery of the new galaxy VIRGOHI21 that's made mostly of dark matter.
* November 30 - Surgeons in France did the first face transplant.

## Deaths 
* February 3 - Ernst W. Mayr, important evolutionary biologist
2004 in science

The year 2004 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events 
* January 3 - NASA's Spirit rover lands on Mars.
* January 24 - NASA's Opportunity rover lands on Mars.
* March 2 - NASA says that the area where their Mars probe Opportunity landed shows unmistakable signs of contact with water in the geological past.
* March 4 - NASA's Spirit finds proof of past contact with water in volcanic rocks on Mars.
* April 20 - NASA launched the Gravity Probe B to test the general theory of relativity of Einstein.
* October 27 - The Homo floresiensis has been discovered by Peter Brown, Michael Morwood and their colleagues.
* September 13 - Astronomers from the European Southern Observatory announce images that seem to show a planet orbiting a brown dwarf about 230 light years away.
* November 15 - The SMART-1 space probe reaches orbit around the Moon. It is the first European space mission to do so.

## Deaths 
* March 15 - John Pople, British Nobel Prize winning chemist
* July 3 - Andriyan Nikolayev, cosmonaut
* July 28 - Francis Crick, found the double helix in DNA
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

The **Russian Social Democratic Labour Party** (RSDLP) was a Russian political party. 

The party was founded in 1898. Its program was based on Marxism and socialism. The party wanted to lead the workers of Russia and to get rid of the Tsar.

Some members of the party wanted democracy and were called "Mensheviks".

Other members of the party spoke for the dictatorship of the working class and were called "Bolsheviks". The leaders of the Mensheviks were Martov and Potresov. The leaders of the Bolshevik group were Plekhanov and Lenin.

The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was an illegal party. It fought against the autocracy, organized meetings and strikes, and printed illegal newspapers blaming the Tsar and his government. Many members of the party were arrested, put into prison, or condemned to penal servitude.

In 1917 Lenin and most other Bolsheviks became a separate political party, RSDLP(B), which later became the Russian Communist Party.

During the Russian Civil War, the RSDLP was banned by the communists. Some social democrats became Communists, others fled from Russia, and still others became political prisoners.
South Petherton

**South Petherton** is a small town in Somerset, a county in England. Over 4, 000 people live there. 
It is twinned with the town of Javané, which is in France. 
There are two schools in South Petheton: South Petherton Infants School, which is run by the Church of England and is for children from the age of 4 to 7, and South Petherton Junior School, which is for children aged 7 to 11.
Norwegian

**Norwegian** might mean:

*Anything related to Norway
*Norwegian Air Shuttle, an airline
*Norwegians, the people of Norway
*Norwegian language
Markup language

A **markup language** is a computer language. It is made up of a set of instructions, and of data. It is not the same as a programming language, as only programming languages can have "if" statements and other conditional statements. The first markup languages were used for printing; there was the text, and there were instructions how the text should be printed. The source code is generally done in ASCII. Then there are tags. That way, LaTeX (and with that, Wikipedia), uses the instruction  to get the symbol \mu, the Greek letter "Mu". HTML uses  to get the same symbol.

## References
Alan Davies

**Alan Davies** (born 6 March 1966) is an English comedian, writer and actor. He is best known for starring in Jonathan Creek and for being a panellist on QI.

Davies was born in Loughton, Essex. His childhood years were spent in Chingford, London. Davies' mother died when he was six. He graduated in Drama from the University of Kent in 1988.

In 2008, Davies was in the teen comedy *Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging*.

Davies' first book, the autobiographical *My Favourite People and Me, 1978-88*, was published by Penguin Books in late 2009.

## Personal life 
Davies married writer Katie Maskell on 13 January 2007 after a 6-month engagement. The couple met backstage at *QI* in 2005. Their first child, Susie, was born on 9 December 2009. Their second child, Robert, was born on 18 June 2011.

In late 2007 he made UK national news. *The Times* and *Daily Telegraph* reported that Davies was involved in a fight and bit the ear of a homeless man. Davies had just left a wake at the nearby Groucho Club. Davies is no longer allowed at the Groucho Club.

Davies is a fan of Arsenal F.C. and a season ticket holder.

## References
Kingpin (character)

The **Kingpin** (**Wilson Grant Fisk**) is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe. The character first appears in *The Amazing Spider-Man* #50 (July 1967), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita, Sr. The Kingpin often appears as an adversary of Spider-Man, Daredevil and the Punisher.

## Enemies 
*Spider-Man
*Daredevil
*Punisher

## In other media 
**Police Academy: The Animated Series* (1988 - 1989) - Kingpin appears in some episodes with the crimes gang.
**Spider-Man* (1994) 
**Spider-Man: The New Animated Series*
**The Spectacular Spider-Man*
Kingpin is the main antagonist of both the 2003 movie *Daredevil* played by Michael Clarke Duncan and the 2015 Netflix original television series *Daredevil* set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in which he is played by Vincent D'Onofrio. D'Onofrio played Kingpin in the 2021 Disney+ series *Hawkeye*, the 2024 series *Echo,* and reprised the role in the television series *Daredevil: Born Again*. Kingpin is also the villain of the animated movie *Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse*.
Signed number representations

Signed Number representations are used to solve the problem of representing negative integers in binary. The problem of trying to store the negative sign (−) of a binary number is that there are no states left to use with which to represent the negative assignment. It is not possible to just use 'off' for minus and 'on' for plus because the computer would have no way of knowing whether it was a digit or a sign.

To overcome this issue computer designers invented two methods for storing negative binary numbers: sign-and-magnitude and 2's complement. These produce alternative **representations for signed numbers**.

## Sign-and-magnitude
**Sign and Magnitude** works by changing the most significant bit (MSB - the first digit) to a 1 if the number is negative, and reduce the number by one, for example:

:0000 0010 (2)
will become...
:1000 0010 (-2)

This method of storing negative binary numbers does not work because binary arithmetic won't work.

## 1's complement 
'''1's Complement''' works by swapping 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s for example:
:0000 0010 (2)
will become...
:1111 1101 (-2)

Much like the sign-and-magnitude method this is easily defined as a negative number because its most significant bit is 1

## 2's complement
'''2's Complement''' is a more difficult way of storing negatives. There are four steps for it:

# Your number must not be using the most significant (leftmost) bit. If it is, you need another bit to represent it.
#Find the positive binary number (e.g. 8base 10 = 0000 1000base 2).
# Swap the 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s (e.g. 0000 1000base 2 becomes 1111 0111base 2).
#:This is known as "flipping the bits", or applying logical NOT to the original base 2 representation.
# Add 1 (e.g. 1111 0111base 2 + 1base 2 = 1111 1000base 2).

This method is liked because:

* It's like sign and magnitude; a negative number starts with a 1 and a positive number starts with a 0.
* The binary arithmetic will work.
* There is only one value for 0 (0000 0000base 2).
Centre Pompidou-Metz

The **Centre Pompidou Metz** is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It is in Metz, France. It shows sculptures, modern and contemporary paintings and graphic art.

The architecture of the building is inspired by a traditional Chinese hat. The carpentry is an innovative assembly made of sixteen kilometers of wood.

## Inaugural exhibition of 2010 
Some elements of the inaugural exhibition were borrow by the Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris, especially:
* *La Femme à la guitare*, Georges Braque,
* *La Tristesse du Roi*, Henri Matisse,
* ''L'Aubade, Nu couché et musicien*, Pablo Picasso,
* *Le Violon d'Ingres*, photographie, Man Ray,
**La Maison tropicale'', architectural prototype conceive by Jean Prouvé.

File:Centre Pompidou-Metz chantier 7.png|The structure
File:Centre Pompidou de Metz.JPG|The wood carpentry

## Other websites
* Centre Pompidou - Metz
Baní

The Dominican city of **Baní** is the head municipality of the Peravia province, on the south of the country, close to the Caribbean Sea.

## Name
Baní is a Taíno word meaning "ebony" or a similar tree, but the city takes the name from the small river that flows through the city.

## History
In 1764, the people that were living in the Peravia Valley bought some land in *Cerro Gordo* (part of the valley) to build a new town. The new town was given the name of Baní after the river that is found to the east of the town.

After the independence from Haiti in 1844, the country was divided in five provinces and in 1845 Baní was made a municipality of the old province of Santo Domingo. In 1944, Baní was made the capital city of the new province José Trujillo Valdéz, now with the name of Peravia.

## Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 92,153: 44,841 men and 47,312 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of rainfall, followed by June with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is March with an average of  and the second is January with .

Baní is in a hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Administrative division
The municipality of Baní has nine municipal districts:

## Gallery

File:Cordillera Central, Baní.jpg|View to the north of Baní
File:Cucurucho de Peravia.jpg|View of a *cucurucho* of Baní
File:Parque central banilejo.jpg|Central square of Baní
File:Centro Cultural Perelló.jpg|Perelló Cultural Centre, Baní

## References
Kathryn Janeway

**Kathryn Janeway** is a character in the American TV series *Star Trek: Voyager*. She is the captain of the starship Voyager.
Morgan Freeman

**Morgan Porterfield Freeman Jr.** (born June 1, 1937) is an Afro-American actor, director, producer and narrator.

He is also a beekeeper.

## Early life
Freeman was born in Memphis, Tennessee on June 1, 1937. He started acting when he was nine years old in a school play and at age 12 won a drama competition in his home State. Morgan worked many acting jobs until 1968 when he got his first role on Broadway in a Musical called *Hello, Dolly!*. He is known for his soft-spoken voice. He has donated several amounts of money to the Democratic Party. Once he stated that "Republicans scare me." 

## Some movies
Some movies that Freeman has been in include:
**Brubaker* as Walter (1980)
**Unforgiven* as Ned Logan (1992)
**The Shawshank Redemption* as Red (1994)
**Outbreak* as Gen. Billy Ford (1995)
**Se7en* as Detective Lt. William Somerset (1995)
* *Deep Impact* (1998)
**Bruce Almighty* as God (2002)
**Batman Begins* as Lucius Fox (2005)
**Evan Almighty* as God (2007)
**The Dark Knight* as Lucius Fox (2008)
**Invictus* as Nelson Mandela (2009)
**RED* as Joe (2010)
**The Dark Knight Rises* as Lucius Fox (2012)
**Olympus Has Fallen* as Speaker of the House Allan Trumbull (2013)
**The Lego Movie* as Vitruvius (2014)
**Transcendence* as Joseph Tagger (2014)
**Ted 2* as Patrick Meighan (2015)
**London Has Fallen* as Vice President Allan Trumbull (2016)
**The Nutcracker and the Four Realms* as Drosselmeyer (2018)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Dire Straits

**Dire Straits** were an English rock band from London, England. They formed in 1977 and have sold more than 120 million albums worldwide and also won three Grammy Awards.

Dire Straits disbanded in 1995.

## Albums
### Studio albums
* *Dire Straits* (1978)
* *Communiqué* (1979)
* *Making Movies* (1980)
* *Love over Gold* (1982)
* *Brothers in Arms* (1985)
* *On Every Street* (1991)

### Other albums
**ExtendedancEPlay*
**Encores*  
**Alchemy* 
**On the Night*
**Live at the BBC*  
**Money for Nothing* 
**Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits*  
**The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations*

## Members

TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
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  id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
  id:grid1  value:rgb(0.86,0.86,0.86)
  id:grid2  value:gray(0.8)
  id:bars   value:rgb(0.96,0.96,0.6)
  id:bg     value:white
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BackgroundColors = canvas:bg

Period     = from:1977 till:1995
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BarData=
  barset:Bandmembers

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# set defaults
  width:20 fontsize:m textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4) color:bars

  barset:Bandmembers

  from:1977 till:1995 text:"Mark Knopfler" 
  color:2color from:1977 till:1980 text:"David Knopfler" 
  from:1977 till:1995 text:"John Illsley" 
  color:2color from:1977 till:1982 text:"Pick Withers" 
  from:1980 till:1995 text:"Alan Clark" 
  color:2color from:1980 till:1985 text:"Hal Lindes" 
  from:1982 till:1989 text:"Terry Williams" 
  color:2color from:1984 till:1995 text:"Guy Fletcher" 
  from:1985 till:1988 text:"Jack Sonni"

## Other websites
### Official band members websites
* Mark Knopfler's official website
* David Knopfler's official website
* Hal Lindes' official website
* John Abbey Walk of Life 
* Guy Fletcher's official website jnbjlonbojbikbikhb

### Other
* Mark Knopfler's authorised biography, retracing much of the band's life 
* Interview with John Illsley
* Dire Straits interviews, lyrics, photos and guitar tabs 
*
Mikhail Sholokhov

**Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov** (;  – 21 February 1984) was a Russian writer. He won the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature.

## *And Quiet Flows the Don*
Sholokhov was accused of plagiarizing *And Quiet Flows the Don*, which made his international reputation. Sholokhov's detractors claimed that it was written by Fyodor Kryukov, a Cossack and anti-Bolshevik,  who died in 1920. In 1987, several thousand pages of notes and drafts of the work were discovered and authenticated, including chapters excluded from the final draft. An analysis of the novel has unambiguously proved Sholokhov's authorship. The writing paper dates back to the 1920s: 605 pages are in Sholokhov's own hand, and 285 are transcribed by his wife Maria and sisters.

## Legacy
An asteroid in main-belt is named after him, 2448 Sholokhov.

## Related pages
* List of Nobel Prize winners by country
*List of Russian-language novelists

## References
## Other websites
Jim Gannon

**James Paul "Jim" Gannon** (born 7 September 1968) is an English former footballer and manager. He is currently the manager and Director of Football of English Conference National team Stockport County F.C..

## Career statistics
### Playing statistics
Source:

:A.&nbsp; The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Cup, Football League Trophy, Football League play-offs and Full Members Cup.

### Managerial statistics
## Honours
### As player
**Dundalk**
*League of Ireland Premier Division: 1987–88
*FAI Cup: 1987–88

**Stockport County**
*Football League Second Division second-place promotion: 1996–97
*Football League Fourth Division second-place promotion: 1990–91
*Football League Trophy runner-up: 1991–92, 1992–93

**Shelbourne**
*League of Ireland Premier Division: 2001–02, 2003

### As manager
**Stockport County**
*League Two play-offs: 2008
*National League North: 2018–19
*Cheshire Senior Cup: 2015–16

**Northwich Victoria**
*Cheshire Senior Cup: 2013–14

**Individual**
*Scottish Premier League Manager of the Month: October 2009
*National League North Manager of the Year: 2018–19
*National League North Manager of the Month: December 2016, December 2018

## References
Dialysis

**Dialysis** is where a machine is used to replace a kidney after kidney failure. The word *dialysis* comes from the Greek word *dialusis*, *dia* meaning through, and *lusis* meaning loosening.

Dialysis can be used for people who have become sick and have lost the use of their kidneys for a short time, or for people who no longer have working kidneys. The purpose of the kidney is to keep a balance of water and minerals in the body. These minerals include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and sulfate. The kidneys also take out hydrogen ions from the blood. Dialysis is able to remove these wastes from the body and help keep the minerals in balance.

However the kidneys are also part of the endocrine system and make erythropoietin and calcitriol. Dialysis machines are not able to replace this part of the kidney's function.

## How dialysis works
Dialysis machines work by using diffusion and ultrafiltration. A very fine material, called a membrane, allows blood and fluid to flow through it. In the machine, the blood flows in one direction, and on the other side of the membrane, a special fluid, dialysate flows in the opposite direction, this process is known as osmosis.

Dialysate is a fluid that has different chemicals in it, such as potassium and calcium. A doctor would decide what mixture of chemicals would be needed for each patient. The dialysate has bicarbonate in it to lower the higher acid levels that these patients often have. The blood and dialysate mix together. The waste products are removed from the blood and caught up in the fine membrane.

Dialysis was originally done in hospitals, and then in many countries moved to local clinics, as the number of patients increased.  In 2023 more patients have a portable machine at home and have to manage the process themselves.  

## Dialyser
A **dialyser** is part of a dialysis machine. The dialyser filters blood like a kidney. It is made of a clear hollow cylinder with two inlets and two outlets. One inlet and outlet is at the upper side and downside which are for blood entrance and exit before and after purification. The other inlet and outlet are beside through which a supporter liquid goes into the dialyser.

A dialyser has very thin fibres of cellulose. The fibres work as a semi-permeable membrane (SPM). There are about 10,000 of them. Impurities such as urea keratin leave through the SPM. Blood cells cannot go through because the blood cells are bigger than the impurities. The whole process of purification is supported by a liquid called dialysate. Dialysate is sent into the dialyser by the pump in the dialysis machine. The pure liquid goes in and the impure dialysate comes out. Dialysers are also called artificial kidneys.

## References
Kinkajou

The **kinkajou** is a mammal of the family Procyonidae and it is related to the raccoon, coati, olingo, raingtail and cacomistle. It lives in the rainforests of South America and Central America, and spends most of its time on trees. It can eat both meat and plants and has a gripping tail that can be used like an arm. It is an endangered species because it is being hunted for its fur, meat and to be illegally sold as pets.

## Appearance 
Although kinkajous may look like monkeys, lemurs, koalas, opossums, bears or ferrets, they are not related to those animals. An adult kinkajou's weight is between 1-3 kg (3-7 lb). Its body can grow up to 43-56 cm long (17-22 in) and its tail usually measures between 16-22 cm (41- 56 in). The kinkajou has woolly fur consisting of an outer golden (brownish-gray) coat and another gray coat underneath.

## References
Kavala

**Kavala** is one of the biggest cities in Macedonia. It is the capital of Kavala prefecture. It is in the northeastern part of Greece, in the East Macedonia and Thrace periphery. It is on the Bay of Kavala, across from the island of Thasos. According to the 2001 census, 63,293 people lived there.

## References
Karl Landsteiner

**Karl Landsteiner** (14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943) was an Austrian doctor. He won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of human blood types published on 14 November 1901. His blood type is O.

## References
Otto Heinrich Warburg

**Otto Heinrich Warburg** (October 8, 1883 - August 1, 1970) was a German chemist. After earning his doctorate degrees in medicine and chemistry, he started to investigate how oxygen is consumed by cells in a living organism. His studies led him to identify the role of the cytochromes.

He won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the respiratory enzyme.

## Cancer
In the 1920s, Warburg and his colleagues observed that tumors take up higher amounts of glucose than their surrounding tissues. Although consuming glucose is helpful for mammals because it is a nutrient, tumor cells consume too much glucose despite having working mitochondria and enough presence of oxygen. This observation is called the Warburg effect.

Following this observation, Warburg and his colleagues concluded: that to kill a tumor cell, it must be deprived of glucose.

## References
## Other websites 
* *The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer*
* Excerpt from *The Warburgs* by Ron Chernow pgs. 539-541
* Website of the Otto Warburg Medal
* Fpriz
Charles Scott Sherrington

**Charles Scott Sherrington** (27 November 1857 – 4 March 1952) was an English doctor. He won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Edgar Douglas Adrian, for discoveries about neurons.

## References
Eddie May

**Eddie May** (born August 30, 1967) is a former Scottish footballer.  He was also the head coach of Falkirk.

## Managerial statistics
## References
Chakotay

**Chakotay** is a character from the science fiction television show *Star Trek: Voyager*. He is Kathryn Janeway's second-in-command on the starship Voyager.  Actor Robert Beltran played Chakotay.

## References
Marten

The **Martens** are small mammals in the family Mustelidae.
They belong to the genus ***Martes***, with eight species. They live in the Northern Hemisphere, and are found in North America, Canada, Europe and Asia.

## Description 
Martens are carnivores which mainly hunt at night. They have thin bodies, long, bushy tails, short legs and pointed faces. Their fur is usually brown with pale chest. Martens live in forests. They have claws that retract, like cats, so they can easily climb trees. They live by themselves and do not like other martens living too close to them. They eat mostly small mammals like squirrels, voles, mice, rabbits, but also fish, insects, eggs and sometimes fruits (mostly berries) when available. 

They meet to mate in late spring or early summer and have a litter of up to five babies. Little martens, called 'kits', are born blind and naked in early spring, after long gestation.

## Related pages 
**Martes zibellina*
Mollie Sugden

'''Mary Isobel 'Mollie' Sugden'* (21 July 1922 – 1 July 2009) was an English comedy actress best known for playing saleswoman Mrs. Slocombe in the popular British sitcom *Are You Being Served?* from 1972 to 1985. She later played the same role in *Grace & Favour*, which ran from 1992 to 1993. Sugden also appeared in *The Liver Birds* and *Coronation Street''. 

Sugden was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire. She died at the Royal Surrey County Hospital in Guildford on 1 July 2009 of unspecified natural causes.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Mollie Sugden  at TV.com
Ruhla

**Ruhla** is a German city in the west of Thuringia. Next bigger Cities are Eisenach and Erfurt. About 6,500 people live there. 

## Sights 
There is a park with miniatures of sights of Thuringia in Ruhla. 

The town has a rare angle church called *St. Concordia*.

## References 
## Other websites
Tuvok

**Tuvok** (full title, *Lt. Commander Tuvok*) is a character on the science fiction television show Star Trek: Voyager. He is a Vulcan and is the security officer on Voyager.
Fats Domino

**Antoine  "Fats" Domino** (February 26, 1928 – October 24, 2017) was an American R&B and rock and roll pianist and singer-songwriter. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Five of his records released before 1955 sold over a million copies and were certified as gold records, and he had 35 records in the U.S. *Billboard* Top 40. His musical style was based on traditional rhythm and blues, accompanied by saxophones, bass, piano, electric guitar, and drums.

Domino died on October 24, 2017 at his home in Harvey, Louisiana aged 89, after a long illness.

## References
## Other websites
* Hear Fats Domino on the Pop Chronicles
Suprachiasmatic nucleus

The **suprachiasmatic nucleus** (**SCN**), is a small nucleus in the hypothalamus. It is in middle of the brain. It sits on top of the optic chiasma.  

It is our "body clock", and controls our daily rhythms by hormones and nerve impulses. With its various cell types, it puts out peptides such as vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide) and neurotransmitters.

The SCN controls when we get sleepy, when we wake up, when we are active and when we get hungry. The SCN gets information about light and dark from the retina in the eye so it can adjust itself to the true 24 hours. To do this it uses only about 20,000 neurons.

The SCN also exchanges information with many other parts of the brain. It uses many different types of cells and many different types of peptides (including vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide) and neurotransmitters.

## References
Red Hat Enterprise Linux

**Red Hat Enterprise Linux** (**RHEL**) is a Linux distribution developed by Red Hat for the commercial market. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is released in server versions for x86-64, Power ISA, ARM64, and IBM Z and a desktop version for x86-64. All of Red Hat's official support and training, together with the Red Hat Certification Program, focuses on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux platform.

## Related pages 
* Red Hat

## References
## Further reading
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Red Hat Developer Toolset 
* Red Hat Software Collections

## Other websites
* 
* Brian Stevens, CTO and vice president of engineering, Red Hat on why Red Hat Enterprise Linux is "The Business OS for Flexibility and Value" 
*
Aloch

**Aloch**  is a small town in Shangla District, of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is the capital of Puran Tehsil, which is one of the divisions of the district.

## References
*Tehsils & Unions in the District of Shangla - Government of Pakistan
Besham

**Besham** (also known as Besham Qala) is the largest town and commercial centre of the Shangla District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is also the capital of Besham Tehsil. 

Besham's shops are open 24 hours a day due to its location on the famous Silk route which connects Pakistan with China. Besham shops are famous for its china and international goods. In summer this small town is the centre of international and national holiday makers who use this route to visit the Northern areas of Pakistan. Besham has a few good hotels including PTDC Motel, Besham Continental Hotel, Hotel Paris and many more. People in this small town are friendly and hospitable. There is a civil hospital which was upgraded to the Tehsil level.
Bhag

**Bhag** () is a city in Sibi District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. The city is the capital of the tehsil of the same name (Bhag Tehsil), and has an altitude of 90 metres (298&nbsp;feet).
Atlanta Chiefs

**Atlanta Chiefs** was a soccer club which played in the United States. It played first from 1967 until 1972. It was reformed in 1979 until it folded in 1981.

## League position
## References
Kansas City Spurs

The **Kansas City Spurs** were a soccer club which played in United States from 1968 until 1970.

## League position
## References
Rochester Lancers

**Rochester Lancers** was a soccer club. It was based in Rochester, New York, United States.

## League position
Ted Stevens

**Theodore Fulton "Ted" Stevens, Sr.** (November 18, 1923 – August 9, 2010) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Alaska. He served in the United States Senate for 40 years from 1968 to 2009. He was the 87th President Pro Tempore of the Senate from 2003–2007. Even by Senate standards, Stevens was extremely effective at getting billions of dollars in federal funds for Alaska. He was so effective at it he was nicknamed "uncle Ted".

## Career 
### Early career and education 
Stevens was born on November 18, 1923 in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was awarded two Distinguished Flying Crosses, two Air Medals and the Yun Hai Medal by the Republic of China.

### Political career 
After serving in the Second World War, he went into law in Fairbanks, Alaska where he became a US Attorney soon after. When Dwight Eisenhower was president, Stevens worked in the Interior and helped to make Alaska a state. In 1968 he was appointed to the Senate, where he served for the next forty years. While in the Senate he was known for taking action for his own state: preserving Alaskan wilderness areas, protecting fisheries, and building the Trans Alaska Pipeline. He also helped set up the US Olympic Committee. In 2008 he was charged with major crimes related to corruption days before his reelection, which he lost to Mark Begich. He planned on trying to get his Senate seat back after he the charges were dropped, but he died in a plane crash in the Alaskan wilderness in 2010.

## References
New York Cosmos (1970–1985)

**New York Cosmos** was a soccer team which played in United States. The team stoppped playing in 1985.

## League position
## References
Tampa Bay Rowdies

**Tampa Bay Rowdies** is the name of two soccer clubs from the Tampa Bay Area of Florida. The first club was founded in 1975 and played until 1993 in the NASL (North American Soccer League). After the folding of the NASL in 1984 they played in minor leagues till their own folding in 1993.

The new club was formed in 2008 under the same name. The club plays in the North American Soccer League (NASL), the second division in American league system. There was a trademark dispute, so the club played his first two seasons under the name F.C. Tampa Bay. In December 2011 the dispute was solved and the club plays now under the name Tampa Bay Rowdies.

## League position (Old Tampa Bay Rowdies)
## References
Dallas Tornado

**Dallas Tornado** was a soccer club which played in North American Soccer League.

## League position
## References
Chicago Sting

**Chicago Sting** is a soccer club from Chicago, Illinois, USA which plays in the NASL,the 2nd division of soccer in the US and Canada.

## League position
## References
Tulsa Roughnecks

**Tulsa Roughnecks** was a soccer club which played in North American Soccer League. At the time they were active, that was the top socccer league in U.S and Canada. 

## League position
## References
Villarreal CF

**Villarreal C.F.** is a football club based in Villarreal, Spain, that plays in the top division of Spanish football, La Liga.

The club was founded in 1923. They play their home games at Estadio de la Ceramica. 

In December 2004, the IFFHS named Villarreal CF as the best team of the month worldwide.

## League positions 
### Former positions 
* 1970/71 : Segunda División - 16th
* 1971/72 : Segunda División - 17th
* 1992/93 : Segunda División - 13th
* 1993/94 : Segunda División - 16th
* 1994/95 : Segunda División - 10th
* 1995/96 : Segunda División - 15th
* 1996/97 : Segunda División - 10th
* 1997/98 : Segunda División - 4th
* 1998/99 : La Liga - 18th
* 1999/00 : Segunda División - 3rd

## References
The Veronicas

**The Veronicas** are an Australian pop rock  from Brisbane. The band was formed in 2004.  It was started by twin sisters Jessica and Lisa Origliasso. The Veronicas then signed a deal with Sony.

## Studio albums
*2005: *The Secret Life of...* (Warner)
*2007: *Hook Me Up* (Warner)
*2014: *You and Me* (Sony)

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website
Toronto Blizzard

**Toronto Blizzard** was a soccer team that played in the North American Soccer League.

## Name
*1971-1974 **Toronto Metros**
*1975-1978 **Toronto Metros-Croatia**
*1979-1984 **Toronto Blizzard**

## League position
## References
Lake Washington

**Lake Washington** is a lake in the US state of Washington. It is next to the city of Seattle. Seattle is on the west side of the lake, Lake City, Bothell, and Kenmore to the north, Kirkland and Bellevue to the east, and Renton to the south. Mercer Island is in the south end of the lake. The deepest part of the lake is  deep. The lake is  above sea level. It is a fresh water lake. On a few days of the year are people allowed to fish for salmon in the lake.
University of Balochistan

**University of Balochistan** is a public university that was set up in 1974 at Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. It has more than 6,000 students and one campus, 35 different fields of studies and 5 faculties.

## Faculties & Departments (sections)
### Faculty of Physical Sciences
*Department of Computer Science
*Department of Physics
*Department of Statistics
*Department of Mathematics
*Department of Geography
*Department of Geology The  director  of  the  geology department is Dr.Abdul Salam Khan Barech.he  has done  his Msc in geology in the same university. he did his Phd in london.]
*Department of Environmental Science
*Department of Renewable Energy

### Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences
*Department of Zoology
*Department of  Botany
*Botanical Garden
*Department of Chemistry
*Department of Pharmacy
*Department of Microbiology
*Institute of Biochemistry

### Faculty of Social Sciences
*Department of Social Work
*Department of Commerce
*Department of Education
*Department of Psychology
*Department of Economics
*Department of Sociology
*Department of Fine Arts
*Department of Philosophy
*Department of Gender Development Studies
*Institute of Management Sciences (MBA / MPA)

### Faculty of State Sciences
*Department of Political Science
*Department of International Relations
*Department of Mass Communication
*Department of Library & Information Sciences
*Department of Islamiat
*Department of History
*University Law College

### Faculty of Languages
*Department of Brahui
*Department of Balochi
*Department of English
*Department of Pashto
*Department of Urdu
*Department of Persian
*English Language Centre

## Centres in the University
*Centre of Excellence in Mineralogy
*Pakistan Study Centre
*Area Study Centre
*Balochistan Study Centre

## Related pages
* List of Universities in Pakistan

## References
## Other websites
* Official site: University of Balochistan
Hinglaj Mata

**Hinglaj Mata** is a Hindu temple in Hinglaj, on the Makran coast in the Lyari District of Balochistan in Pakistan.  

## Other websites
*Hinglaj Mata website 
*BBC coverage
* Bhavsar Kshatriya Samaj
London Underground 1938 Stock

The **London Underground 1938 Stock** is a deep-level tube stock that ran on the London Underground from 1938 to 1988. During their long lives they worked on the Bakerloo, Northern, Piccadilly, East London and Central lines. 

These trains do still run on the London Underground for heritage rides. However, this is very rare. The trains were built by Metro-Cammell and Birmingham RC&W. Some trains ran on the Isle of Wight's Island Line as the class 483 until 2021. In March 2007, South West Trains purchased the rolling stock outright from HSBC Rail for £1. They were the oldest trains used on  services on the National Rail network until 2021.

## Background
The 1938 tube stock was built as part of the London Passenger Transport Board's New Works Programme, that took place between 1935–1940. The trains are mainly meant to be used on the Northern and Bakerloo lines. Seven more trains were also to be used on the Piccadilly line.

During the 1950s and 1960s the Northern Line only used 1938 and 1949 tube stock trains. These trains were starting to show how old they were by the late 1960s. The first trains were withdrawn from the Northern line in the early 1970s when they were replaced by the 1972 tube stock trains. The last unit on the London Underground was withdrawn from the Northern line in 1988. Some units are still in service for heritage and preservation. However, this is very rare.

## References
Debito Arudou

**Debito Arudou** (born **David Christopher Poolicker** on 13 January 1965) is a writer. He became a naturalized Japanese citizen in 2000. He lived in Japan until 2011, after which he returned to America. He is a social activist who tries to change the situation of non-Japanese people in Japan. He also reclaimed his American citizenship after leaving Japan.

## References
## Other websites
*Home page: website and blog
The Swell Season

**The Swell Season** are an Academy Award winning folk rock duo. The members are Glen Hansard and Marketa Irglova. Hansard is a member of the Irish band  The Frames. Irglova is a classically trained Czech pianist and singer. The duo won the Academy Award for Best Song in 2008.

The Swell Session made their first album, *The Swell Season*, in 2006. It was just after the release of the Frames' sixth CD, *The Cost*. Hansard and Irglová also appeared as working-class immigrants in the popular Irish movie, *Once.* The movie was shown at the Sundance Film Festival in 2007. The next year, they won the Academy Award for Best Song for the song "Falling Slowly" from that movie . Hansard is the first Irish-born person to win in that category. Irglová is the first Czech woman to win an Oscar. At age 19, she became the youngest person to win an Oscar in a musical category. The soundtrack, *Once: Music from the Motion Picture,* was certified as gold in February 2008. They went on tour and performed to sold-out crowds in many countries.  Hansard and Irglová also recorded a version of Bob Dylan's "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" for the movie ''I'm Not There'' in 2007. 

During the tour, Hansard and Irglová began dating. Hansard said, "I had been falling in love with her for a long time, but I kept telling myself she's just a kid". In 2009, Hansard said that he and Irglova were no longer romantically linked, and that they are now "good friends."

## Oscar ceremony 
Hansard and Irglová performed "Falling Slowly" live on the Oscar broadcast at Los Angeles' Kodak Theater on February 24, 2008. When they went on stage to receive their awards, Irglova's acceptance speech was stopped by the orchestra's music cue to leave the stage. Host Jon Stewart asked her back to give her speech after the commercial break. Ceremony director Gil Cates said the early cue was an accident.

## References