open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dallas Mavericks

The **Dallas Mavericks** are an American professional basketball team from Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were founded in 1980. They play their home games at the American Airlines Center. The team's main owners are casino magnates Miriam Adelson and her son-in-law Patrick Dumont, who bought a majority stake in the team from Mark Cuban in December 2023. Cuban still has a minority interest and controls basketball operations.

Although the franchise was competitive for most of the 2000s, the Mavericks have only made the NBA Finals three times. The first time was in 2006, when they lost to the Miami Heat 4-2. They won their first NBA Championship in 2011 when they beat the Miami Heat in a 4-2 series in a rematch from 2006. After the championship, the Mavericks did not make it past the second round of the playoffs until 2022. They faced the Boston Celtics in the 2024 NBA Finals, losing in five games.

Notable Mavericks players include Dirk Nowitzki, Jason Kidd, Steve Nash,  Mark Aguirre, Michael Finley,  Jerry Stackhouse,  Peja Stojaković, Jason Terry, Shawn Marion, Tyson Chandler, Brendan Haywood, Caron Butler, Sam Perkins, Derek Harper, Rolando Blackman, Luka Dončić,  Kyrie Irving and Cooper Flagg.

## References
## Other websites
*
Interregnum (disambiguation)

**Interregnum** could mean:

* Interregnum, a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, or between consuls of the Roman Republic
* Interregnum (solitaire), a solitaire card game
* *Interregnum* (documentary) a documentary with and about the drawings of George Grosz
*Interregnum (fiction), the period between the first and the second Galactic Empires, in the fictitious future world of Isaac Asimov's Foundation Series
The Restoration

**The** **Restoration** was a time in the history of the British Isles that started in 1660, when the House of Stuart was  to power after the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Restoration came after the Protectorate, when Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard Cromwell had led the government. The kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland started to have a monarchy again. "The Restoration" means both the events at the start of Charles II's reign and the period of time after they happened.

Charles II came back to England after his exile and became king of England, Scotland and Ireland. Earlier, the monarchy had stopped after Charles I's execution. The three kingdoms became a republic, without a monarchy: the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Literature and culture of the Restoration period can also have the name "Restoration". (For example, Restoration drama is the theatre and plays of the Restoration period.)

## Other websites 
* http://www.debretts.co.uk/royal_connections/sovereigns_england_17_century.html 
* Review of 'Revolution and Counter-Revolution in England, Ireland and Scotland 1658-60', by Brian Manning 
* Chapter V. The Stewart Restoration  By Sir Charles Harding Firth
Declaration of war

signs a declaration of war against Germany on December 11, 1941.]]
A **declaration of war** is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation, and one or more others.

Declarations of war have been used in diplomacy since the Renaissance, when the first formal declarations of war were issued.

In an effort to force nations to resolve issues without warfare, the United Nations Charter attempted to commit member nations to using warfare only under limited circumstances, such as to defend when attacked. Wars continued to begin and end, but powerful states no longer declared them.

## Related pages
*Casus belli

## Other websites
* Declarations of war during World War II
Presbyterianism

**Presbyterianism** is a kind of Protestantism. The form of Christianity was started in Scotland by John Knox during the 16th century. It became powerful in England during the Civil War. Today, there are Presbyterian churches across the world. "Presbyter" comes from a Greek word meaning "elder".

Presbyterians, its followers, believe that the Bible is the most important thing in their church because it has been given to humans by God and has no errors in it. They believe that God has control over everything and has chosen to make some people follow Jesus Christ but not others. Like Calvinists, they also believe that only followers of Jesus can get into Heaven.

Presbyterian churches may be led by men called ministers, rectors or elders, who rule in committees. Some Presbyterian churches have women as elders. 

There is no overall leader, and there are no bishops in the Presbyterian tradition. On Sundays, the Bible, which Presbyterians consider to be the Word of God, is read, and a sermon preached by the minister is at the heart of a morning worship service, which also includes group singings of some worship songs.

## Around the world 
There are Presbyterian churches on every continent except Antarctica, but they do not always agree with one another. There have been many splits, or schisms, caused by various disagreements about what they believe or how they should be organised. Some schisms have been healed, but many have not.

In Scotland, where Presbyterianism started, there are at least seven different groups, or denominations. There are also three main groups in England, one in Wales and five in Northern Ireland.

There are dozens of different denominations in North America, almost all in the United States. They arrived during the 17th century, mostly from Scotland, but already disagreed with one another. Most countries in South America have had Presbyterian churches since the 19th century.

At least 23 countries in Africa have Presbyterian churches, also since the 19th century.

In Asia, the Presbyterian Church of Korea was started through the Christian mission of the Presbyterian Church (USA). After Korean independence, the division was formed afresh, as Presbyterian Church in Korea (KoRyuPa) supports the views of Dutch Reformed churches. In 2012, a new General Assembly of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea declared itself the authentic historical succession of John Knox.

## Related pages 
* Wee Frees
* Ian Paisley
Silent Spring

***Silent Spring*** is the name of a book by Rachel Carson. It was published in 1962. It tells of the damage done to the environment by the use of chemicals to kill pests. The book is widely credited with helping launch the modern American environmental movement.

The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides such as DDT on wildlife, particularly birds. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically.

## References 
## Other websites 
* *Silent spring* studyguide: summary, analysis, historical context, retrieved April 26, 2006
* *New York Times* report of chemical industry's campaign  July 22, 1962
* Jim Norton, "Silencing *Silent Spring*
* Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): The Story of Silent Spring
Cyrillic script

The **Cyrillic script**, sometimes called the **Slavonic script** or **Slavic script**, is a writing system. It is used to write Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Bulgarian, Macedonian and most South Slavic languages. It was developed in the Bulgarian empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I. The Soviet Union made many non-Slavic languages in the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and in northern Russia to be written in Cyrillic.

## History 
Old Church Slavonic was the original language of the Slavic people, and it was used for Russian Orthodox Church. In the 9th century, two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries in Eastern Europe. When they preached to the Slavic peoples, they invented the Glagolitic alphabet, an early form of Cyrillic. 

During the 18th century, Nikolay Karamzin added Э, Й and Ё.

In 1708, Peter the Great added lowercase forms to the letters.

After the October Revolution, the Communist Party changed the Cyrillic alphabet for the Russian language so it would be easier for Soviet citizens to learn how to read and write. The letters I/i, Ѣ/ѣ, Ѳ/ѳ, and Ѵ/ѵ were all removed from Russian.https://www.rbth.com/education/332502-bolsheviks-russian-language-reform

In 1991, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan decided to drop the Cyrillic script and adopt the Latin script.

## Related pages 
* Roman alphabet

## References
The Protectorate

**The Protectorate** was the period of British history during which the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland was governed by a Lord Protector, which was from 1653 to 1659.

Before the Protectorate, England (and then Scotland and Ireland) had been ruled directly by Parliament since it had  in 1649. The Rump Parliament had been sent away in April 1653 by soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell. Although the replacement Barebones Parliament (July–December 1653), was nominated by Cromwell and the leaders of the army, it was just as difficult to control.

The post of Lord Protector was created by a constitution passed in December 1653, which gave Cromwell the position for life. Although the constitution divided power between the Lord Protector, the Council of State and Parliament, there was in practice again the strong executive power that had been absent since the end of the monarchy. Cromwellian government has been called 'one of the first experiments in (*de facto*) military dictatorship' (Abbott).

During the Protectorate, there was Puritan legislation. Religious toleration was extended to Jews and most Protestants but not Anglicans or Roman Catholics.

After Cromwell's death in September 1658, the new Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, was unable to control the army and resigned in May 1659. After the chaotic English Interregnum, the monarchy was restored in May 1660 through the initiative of General George Monck.

## Other websites 
* United Kingdom: Flags of the Interregnum, 1649–1660
Vibrator

**Vibrator** could mean several different types of devices:
* Vibrator (sensual) - a device used for massage or masturbation
* vibrator (mechanical) - a class of devices that creates mechanical vibrations
* vibrator (electronic) – an old-fashioned electronic component
* vibrator (music) – a musical instrument

**Vibrator** could also mean:
*The Vibrators a British punk band
*Vibrator (album), a 1995 album by Terence Trent D'Arby
*"Vibrator," a song on Motörhead's self-titled album
Rump Parliament

The **Rump Parliament** was the name given to Parliament until 1660 of the English Parliament that followed the Long Parliament, after Pride's Purge of December 6 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament that were against the plan to try King Charles I for high treason.

## Other websites 
* British Civil Wars: Rump Parliament 
* Full text of the Act erecting a High Court of Justice for the Trial of Charles I January 6, 1649
* Full text of the Sentence of the High Court of Justice upon the King, 27 January, 1649 
* Full text of The Death Warrant of Charles I, 29 January, 1649
* Full text of the Act appointing a Council of State, 13 February, 1649
* Full text of the Act abolishing the Office of King, 17 March, 1649
* Full text of the Act abolishing the House of Lords, 19 March, 1649
* Full text of the Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth, 19 May, 1649
* Full text of the Act declaring what Offences shall he adjudged Treason under the Commonwealth, 17 July, 1649
* Chambers' Book of Days:April 20th With a censored version of Cromwell's 1653 speech ending the Parliament.
* http://castorblog.com/archives/000275.html  with an uncensored version of Cromwell's speech.
* Full text of the Declaration by Oliver Cromwell and the Council of Officers after putting an End to the Long Parliament, 22 April, 1653
Commonwealth of England

The **Commonwealth of England** was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649, the Commonwealth was declared (*An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth*) by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649.

The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called the Protectorate and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard Cromwell, as Lord Protector. The term "Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum. The son of King Charles returned in The Restoration.

## Other websites 
* British flags of the period
* Commonwealth of England: Heads of State: 1649-1660
Michael Owen

**Michael Owen** (born 14 December 1979) is a retired English professional footballer.

## Club career statistics 
*Statistics accurate as of match played 19 May 2013*

## International career statistics 
**International goals**
:''Scores and results list England's goal tally first.''

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Profile at ManUtd.com
* Michael Owen's column in The Times 
* Photographs and statistics at sporting-heroes.net – England, Liverpool, Real Madrid, Newcastle
* Premier League profile
*
Norman conquest of England

depicts the events that led to the Battle of Hastings. ]]

The **Norman conquest of England** was a military invasion of England by William the Conqueror in 1066.

The Duke of Normandy was William. Normandy was a country on the other side of the English Channel that is now a region in France. He invaded England after the death of King Edward the Confessor because he believed to be the rightful King of England, but Harold Godwinson had himself crowned king instead.

Harold and his Saxon army, which fought at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle, and his army fled. On November 24, 1065. William was crowned the new King of England.

The Norman conquest was an important change in English history. It raised the influence of Continental Europe in England and reduced the influence of Scandinavia. The conquest also created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. It also changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for rivalry with France, which would continue (with a few breaks) until the 19th century. 

England has been successfully invaded since the conquest only once, when the Netherlands conquered England, Scotland and Ireland during the Glorious Revolution.

## Related page
* Operation Sea Lion

## Other websites 
* Essential Norman Conquest , multimedia resources by your nan
* The Effect of 1066 on the English Language
* Collection of source material on the Norman conquest of England
Raid

:*For the technology of putting many hard drives together, see RAID*
A **raid** is an attack into enemy territory with no intent to get control of it. For example, the attack on Pearl Harbor was an air raid.

The attackers go away immediately after the attack. Most raids are brief and performed by a small number of people.
Restauration

Following the fall from power of Napoleon Bonaparte:

*Bourbon Dynasty, Restored
*Restauration (Switzerland)

## Related pages
*Restoration
English Reformation

]]

The **English Reformation** was part of the Protestant Reformation. Many Christian churches in Europe broke away from  Rome. Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way. Earlier the Roman Catholic Church had supreme powers. 

Henry VIII broke ties with the church and became head of the English church. This was done in 1534 in the Acts of Supremacy. It was the beginning of the Church of England. His friend Thomas Cranmer became Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer would  also go on to advise Edward Henry's son when he took the throne in 1549. For years, the Church of England was almost exactly the same as the Catholic Church, except that it was ruled by the King instead of the Pope. This is different from the Reformation on the European continent, where the reformers wanted big changes right away. 

There were several causes for the English Reformation. One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries.  

The Protestant Reformation in Scotland, however, was based more on the teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, so it was more like the Reformation in continental Europe overall.
Declaration

** Declaration** can mean:
*Declaration of independence, a proclamation of the independence of an aspiring state
*Declaration of war, a formal declaration saying that two nations are at war
*A type of sentence (linguistics)
*Declaration (law), a type of relief that may be ordered by a court or tribunal
**Declaration of trust, the act of settling property on trust
**Open Declaration, the act of notification in a public forum by formal documentation
*Declaration and forfeiture, a captain stating his inning's closed in the sport of cricket
*Declaration (computer science), the specification of a variable's type in computer science
*Declarative programming, a computer programming methodology
*Declaration (poker), a formal expression of intent to take some action in the card game poker
*Declarative memory, an aspect of human memory
Gianluigi Buffon

**Gianluigi "Gigi" Buffon** (born 28 January 1978) is a former Italian professional footballer who plays in the goalkeeper position. He is a Goalkeeper for the Serie B team Parma Calcio. He used to play for the Italy national team from 1996 till he retired in 2018. Buffon is  by many peoples as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, and, by some, as the greatest ever.

Gianluigi Buffon started his career in Parma and won a UEFA Cup in 1999. In 2001, he transferred to the Italian giant Juventus and won the Serie A on consecutive years.

Buffon joined the Italy national team in 1997. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he led them to the championship, allowing only two goals in 7 games and keeping 5 clean sheets (no goals allowed), which was a new World Cup record at that time.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
:Source:

## Notes 
## References
Restoration

**Restoration** may refer to:

* In art, returning something to a better state, see art conservation 
* In history, a restoration is a historical episode under which a previous government of an area is reinstated
** The Restoration: a period in the history of the British Isles when the House of Stuart returned to power in England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
** A period in the History of France, the Bourbon Restoration after 1814
** The Spanish Restoration
** The Swiss Restoration known as the Restauration (Switzerland) after the fall of Napoleon in 1814
** The Restoration period in Germany after the failed revolution of 1848
** Meiji Restoration, a period in Japanese history after 1866
* In literature and media:'*
** *Restoration (Tremain novel)*, a 1989 novel by Rose Tremain set during the English Revolution
** *Restoration (novel)*, a 2002 novel by Carol Berg
** *The Restoration (movie)*, a 1909 movie by D.W. Griffith, based on the novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
** *Restoration (movie)*, a 1995 movie set after the English Revolution starring Robert Downey Jr
** *Restoration (TV series)*, a BBC TV show in the UK highlighting buildings at risk
** *Restoration (newspaper)'', a Catholic newspaper published by the Madonna House Apostolate
* In Christianity:
** Restoration of a person. An example of this can be found in John 21:15-19 where Peter is restored by Christ
** Restorationism was a religious movement in 19th century eastern United States and Canada
* In architecture, building restoration consists of work performed on a building in order to return it to a previous state of conservation, from which...
* In ecology, restoration represents the return of a landscape, ecosystem, or other ecological entity to a predefined historical state. See Restoration Ecology
* In criminal justice, restoration is another term for restorative justice
* In telecommunications, circuit restoration,  action taken to repair and return to service one or more telecommunications services
* In dentistry Dental restoration, the shaped replacement material for lost tooth structure
* Restoration of vehicles, furniture, appliances, equipment, etc.
* Restoration Branches, independent organizations that have left the Community of Christ
DisneyToon Studios

**Disneytoon Studios** (**DTS**), originally named **Disney MovieToons** and also formerly **Walt Disney Video Premieres**, was an American animation studio which created direct-to-video and occasional theatrical animated feature films. The studio was a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios, with both being part of The Walt Disney Studios, itself a division of The Walt Disney Company. The studio produced 44 feature films, beginning with *DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp* in 1990. Its final feature film was *Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast* in 2015. DisneyToon Studios closed on 28 June 2018. Another film titled *Planes: Beyond the Sky* was planned to be released in April 2019 but was cancelled due to the closure.

## DisneyToon Studios 
### Television specials 
### Short films 
### Box office grosses (for theatrical releases only)
Viet Cong

The **National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam** (**NLF**), was a communist army based in South Vietnam that fought against the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War (1955-75). The group is better known as the **Viet Cong** (*Việt Cộng*) or **V.C.**, short for "Vietnamese Communist." American soldiers called the Vietnamese communist forces **Charlie** (which is the letter "C" in the NATO phonetic alphabet), whether North Vietnamese or South Vietnamese (Viet Cong).

The group was mostly made up of people from South Vietnam but a few members were from North Vietnam.  The main leaders and most of the people in the group were communists.  Some members were not communists. The Viet Cong used guerilla warfare, including terrorist bombings, assassinations, and ambushes. The group is best known for the Tet Offensive, a surprise attack on many South Vietnamese cities that began in January 1968 during Tet, or the Vietnamese New Year.  The group was closely allied with the government of North Vietnam, which invaded the South in 1975.

According to *Re-thinking Camelot* (Noam Chomsky 1993), the NLF resistance was in part the result of terror that was inflicted by the government of South Vietnam, which was backed and guided by the US, while the NLF was peacefully awaiting the national elections that had been promised by the Geneva Accords of 1954.  Some, however, accuse Chomsky of minimizing the communists' atrocities and of exaggerating those of their opponents.

## History 
After the 1954 Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two regions.  The North resolutely fought for the peaceful reunification of Vietnam.

## References
Checksum

barcode: The parts in green are called spacers: They separate the groups of numbers. Each number is coded by 7 bits, as shown. The first 11 digits carry the product number. The final digit, in this case the number "2", is the checksum. The checksum is added so that the sum of the even positions, and that of the odd ones multiplied by three, modulo 10 is 0.]]
A **checksum** is a number. It is a kind of redundancy check. There are different ways to calculate it. It serves as a check that no errors have been made when writing down the number. In its simplest form, the digits are simply added up. This can however not detect errors of swapping digits around. One of the uses of checksums is to check that account numbers have been entered correctly. 

Portuguese bank account identifiers are a good example of how checksums work. They have 21 digits. The first 19 digits identify the bank, branch and account number.  The last two digits are "mod 97" checksum digits based on modular arithmetic. A typical Portuguese bank account number is 0002.0123.12345678901.54. The digits have the following meanings:

:*The digits "0002" represent the bank.
:*The digits "0123" represent the branch of the bank.
:*The digits "12345678901" represent the account number
:*The digits "54" represent the checksum.

If 000201231234567890154 (the bank account number without the dots) is divided by 97, the answer is 207458809978249 remainder 1. Since the remainder is "1", the bank account identifier is probably correct. If the person writing down the number missed a digit, swapped two digits around or wrote a digit down incorrectly the remainder would not have been "1". If this is the case then the computer should detect an error and give an error message.   

Another place where checksums are used are serial numbers for computer software. 

## References
Fennel

**Fennel** (*Foeniculum vulgare*) is a kind of herb. It is native to the Mediterranean and some parts of Asia. Its bulb, leaves, and seeds may be eaten. Dried fennel seeds are used as a spice for flavoring food. Fennel was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages. Their flavor is like anise.

## Images 

Image:Foeniculum vulgare.JPG|Fennel leaves
Image:Fennel CDC.jpg|Fennel bulb and stalks
Image:Fennel seed.jpg|Fennel seeds

## Other websites 
* Fennel - nutrition and uses
Contempt

**Contempt** is an intense feeling of disrespect and dislike.  It is related to feelings of resentment, jealousy  and bitterness.

Contempt may also mean:
* Contempt of court
* Contempt of Congress
* Contempt of Parliament
* *Contempt (movie)*, known as *Le Mépris* in its original French, a movie by Jean-Luc Godard
*Contempt (album), an album by futurepop band *Assemblage 23*
**Contempt Breeds Contamination*, a song by the thrash metal band Trivium
Content

**Content** can refer to:
* Information and experiences created by individuals, institutions and technology to benefit audiences in contexts that they value
* Substance
* Volume generalized to arbitrarily many dimensions in mathematics and physics
* In education, the curriculum to be learned as opposed to the teaching methods used
* As an emotion, the adjectival form of "Contentment"

## Other 
* Open content
* Free content
Numerical digit

**Numerical digits** are the number text characters used to show numerals. For example, the numeral "56" has two digits: 5 and 6. In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value. The rightmost, or units digit, is for 10^0, the next digit is for 10^1, etc.

The numeral "56" means:&nbsp; 6*10^0 + 5*10^1 = 6*1 + 5*10 = 6 + 50.

The ten digits of the decimal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some numeral systems need more than ten digits. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses 16 symbols to represent numericals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

## Related pages
* Digital

## References
Saab

**Saab** is a Swedish car and airplane maker, started in Trollhattan, Sweden in 1937. Saab started to make cars in 1947. The automobile part of the business is now owned by Spyker Cars. The aviation and defense parts of Saab are owned by the Wallenberg family. 1939-2014

## Models
### Cancelled models
* Saab 98, combi-coupé version of the Saab 96
* Saab 9-2, inspired by the classic Saab 92. Production had been planned for 2014.

### Historical models
]]
]]
 convertible]]
* Saab 92 and descendants:
** Saab 92 (1949–1956)
** Saab 93 (1955–1960)
*** Saab GT750 (1958–1960)
** Saab 94 Sonett I (1956)
** Saab 95 estate (1959–1978)
*** Saab 95 3 cylinder two-stroke (1960–1967)
*** Saab 95 V4 (1967–1980)
** Saab 96 (1960–1980)
*** Saab 96 3 cylinder two-stroke (1960–1968)
*** Saab Sport 3 cylinder two-stroke (1962–1966)
*** Saab Monte Carlo 850 3 cylinder two-stroke (1966–1967)
*** Saab 96 V4 (1967–1980)
*** Saab Monte Carlo V4 V4 (1967–1968)
** Saab 97
*** Sonett II (1966–1970)
*** Sonett III (1970–1974)
* Saab Formula Junior single seat racing car (1960)
* SaabO caravan/camper/travel trailer (1964–1968)
* Saab 99 and descendants:
** Saab 99 (1968–1984)
** Saab 900 "Classic" (1979–1994)
** Saab 90 (1984–1987)
* Saab 600 (1985–1988)
* Saab 9000 (1985–1998)
* Saab 900 "New Generation" (1994–1998)
* Saab 9-3 first generation (1998–2002)
* Saab 9-2X (2005–2006)
* Saab 9-7X (2005–2009)
* Saab 9-5 first generation (1997–2009)
* Saab 9-3 SportSedan (2002–2011, 2013–2014) second generation
* Saab 9-3 Convertible (2004–2011), (2012 by ANA) second generation
* Saab 9-3 SportCombi (2006–2011) second generation
* Saab 9-3X (2009–2011)
* Saab 9-5 (2010–2011) second generation
* Saab 9-4X (June 2011 – December 2011)

### Concepts and prototypes
* Saab 92 line:
** Saab 92001 or Ursaab: The prototype for the first Saab production car (1946)
** Saab Monster (1959)
** Saab 60 (1962)
** Saab Quantum (1962)
** Saab Catherina (1964)
** Saab MFI13 (1965)
** Saab Toad (1966)
** Saab 98 (1974)
* Saab EV-1 (1985)
* Saab 900 line:
** Saab Viking (1982)
* Saab 9000 line:
** Saab 9000 Cabriolet
** Saab Prometheus: A 9000 fitted with a joystick instead of a steering wheel (1993)
* Saab 9XX Concept (1991)
* Saab 9-X line:
** Saab 9-X (2001)
** Saab 9-3X (2002)
** Saab 9-3 Sport Hatch (2003)
** Saab 9-5 Aero BioPower (2006)
** Saab 9-4X BioPower (2008)
** Saab 9-X Biohybrid (2008)
** Saab 9-X Air (2008)
** Saab 9-3 ePower sport wagon (2010)
* Saab Aero-X (2006)
* Saab PhoeniX (2011)

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*YouTube page
Condition

**Condition** or **conditions** can mean:
* A state of being.
* A disease, such as a heart condition.
* A proposition upon which another proposition depends, such as "if-then" statements. See logical implication.
* To cause a certain response to a stimulus, see conditioning.
* To replace moisture or oils, especially in hair, see conditioner.
* To change climate to an appropriate level, see air conditioning.
* A status effect which is usually negative, see condition (computer gaming).
* A state which is induced in the subject of a psychological experiment, see condition (experimental psychology).
22nd century

The **22nd century** will begin on January 1, 2101 and end on December 31, 2200.

## Astronomical predictions for the 22nd century
*Solar eclipses
** June 25, 2150: a total solar eclipse with longer than 7 minutes of totality. This will be the first time this has happened in 177 years.
** July 5, 2168: 7 minutes 26 seconds of totality
** July 16, 2186: 7 minutes 29 seconds (close to the theoretical maximum). This is predicted to be the longest eclipse during the 8,000 year period from 3000 BC to AD 5000 (eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA).
* August 2113: First time Pluto reaches aphelion since its discovery.
* December 11, 2117: transit of Venus
* 2123: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
*2123 June 9: Long lunar eclipse.
* September 14, 2123: At 15:28 UTC, Venus will occult Jupiter
* December 8, 2125: Transit of Venus
* July 29, 2126: At 16:08 UTC, Mercury will occult Mars
* March 10, 2130: At 07:32 UTC, Sun passes through solar system barycenter
* December 3, 2133: At 14:14 UTC, Mercury will occult Venus
* 2134: Halley's Comet will return to the inner solar system
* 2148: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
* 2170: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
* Given that Pluto's orbit is approximately 248 Earth years, the year 2178 will mark the first Plutonian anniversary of the dwarf planet's discovery.
* 2185: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
* 2187: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
* September 2, 2197: Venus occults Spica (last occultation of Spica by Venus was on November 10, 1783)
Advice

**Advice** may refer to:

*Advice (opinion), an opinion or recommendation offered by someone
**Legal advice, the giving of a formal and binding opinion regarding the substance or procedure of the law
*Advice (constitutional), in constitutional law, a frequently binding instruction issued to a constitutional office-holder
*Advice in aspect-oriented programming, a piece of code executed when a join point is reached
*Advice (complexity), in complexity theory, a string with extra information used by Turing machine or other computing device
*Pay advice, whereby employees are advised of having received directly deposited pay
*Advice column, a regular feature in a newspaper or magazine
Laney Amplification

**Laney Amplification** is a company from Great Britain that makes guitar and bass guitar amplifiers. It was founded in 1967 when Lyndon Laney started to make amplifiers in his parents' garage. Laney is popular for its good quality amplifiers for low prices.

## Other websites 
* Laney Amplification
Ramsay MacDonald

**James Ramsay MacDonald**  (; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. He helped to build the Labour Party and became its first Prime Minister in 1924. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression, when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the British Conservative Party. He was expelled from the Labour Party.

MacDonald was an illegitimate child. He was born in Lossiemouth, Scotland. He graduated from elementary school and then high school.

Later he worked as a teacher for some time in his high school. In 1885, MacDonald became a member of the Social Democratic Federation.

In 1886, he moved to London, where he became an accountant. On November 13, 1887, MacDonald witnessed Bloody Sunday, after which he published a pamphlet. For some time, MacDonald was also interested in Scottish politics among Scots in London and spoke in support of Scotland for Scotland. At the same time, MacDonald received an evening education at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution, but shortly before the exams he had to give up his education due to nervous exhaustion.

## As Prime Minister 
The main achievement of the first MacDonald government was the realization by the British that Labour did not intend to carry out radical changes, but was ready to act for the common good. At the same time, due to lack of public support and a lack of seats in the House of Commons, Labour had not been able to do much of what it had said it would do - in particular, there was no widespread nationalization and community service.
Kellyjackie

**Jackie Chan Hiu-ki** (陳曉琪), also known as **Kellyjackie** (born 23 August 1986), is a Hong Kong citizen who enjoys singing as a hobby. She is also a member of a band called the Royals. She likes the pop singer Kelly Chen, so she puts "Kelly" in her nickname.

She was a secondary school student before 2005. She started to put her songs on the Internet from the age of 13, although she mostly sang other singers' songs. After about one year, she started writing her own songs. Her own first song was *Lucky Voice* which, like her other songs, was put on the Internet for others to listen.

In January 2005, she wrote the song *He invites me to Disneyland* (他約我去迪士尼) to ease her exam stress. She got the ideas of the song from the story Sleeping Beauty. The song became very famous with the help of the Internet within a few weeks. The song was also number 1 of Yahoo! Hong Kong's Top Searches (搜尋人氣榜) for some time. Some DJs also played the song on the radio. Many people were happy about her, although some also thought she did not have good singing skills.

When the Hong Kong Disneyland opened, the *Hong Kong Disneyland -The Grand Opening Celebration Album* (香港迪士尼樂園開幕紀念大碟) was sold in public. Kellyjackie and Kelly Chen sang *He invites me to Disneyland* together in the album.

## References
Council of the European Union

The **Council of the European Union** *(often called **Council of Ministers** or just **Council**)* is one of the three organisations that manage the European Union. Along with the European Parliament, it is responsible for law making for the European Union (EU).

Its members are the government ministers of the member countries who are responsible for the law that is being discussed. As an example, suppose the law is going to be about farming, then the Agriculture Ministers are the council for that day.

As well as making laws, they can meet to discuss their problems. For example, the European Union does not decide on tax - each country decides on its own tax. But the Finance Ministers meet anyway because sometimes they can help each other catch people who do not want to pay tax at all.

The council is called different things in different countries, according to the language they speak (for example in French it is ''Conseil de l'Union Européenne* and in German it is *Rat der Europäischen Union*). It is also known internationally, and so it appears on its logo, with the Latin word ***Consilium**''.
Deep Ng

**Deep Ng** (吳浩康; born 吳偉男 on 13 June 1983) is a Hong Kong singer and actor of the Emperor Entertainment Group.

He was fined 5,000 USD because of keeping cocaine (an illegal drug). 

He was charged of beating Chim Chi Kin at the Boozeroo Pub in Tsim Sha Tsui on 11 July 2005. On November 21, 2005, the court ruled that he did not committed the crime, because what the victim said seemed not to match his own words.

Deep also acted in movies like *New Police Story*. He is also famous for his number 1 hit song, *Select the Breakup Day* (擇日失戀). A new album, *Nowhere* (pronounced as Now-here), was sold in public in September 2005. This album was seen as a comeback for Deep after a number of bad news.  He also had another new album, *Documentary*, in 2006.

## His albums
**Deep* EP (2003)
**Deep In The Music* EP (2004)
**Deep: Inside* (2005)
**903 California Red: Eleven Fires Concert* - Deep Ng (2005)
**Nowhere* (2005)
**Documentary* (2006)
*3.D *New Songs + Greatest Hits* (2007)

## Other websites 
*Deep's Official Site  
*Deep Ng Interview 
*Deep Ng's Lyrics and Midi
European Commission

(Berlaymont building)]]
The **European Commission** (officially called the **Commission of the European Communities**) is one of the seven organisations that manage the European Union (EU). The Commission manages the day-to-day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. The Commission sits in Brussels.

The commission is made of 27 people, one from each of the countries in the EU. One of these people is the President, who was chosen by the Council and Parliament, who decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do. Each one has a different job, such as looking after industry or trade. If they do not do their job properly, the President can remove them. If the President does not remove them, the Parliament can remove the whole Commission from their jobs (this only happened in 1999).

The name Commission can also mean the 25,000 people who work for the President and his team. They follow the commission's instructions in looking after the EU or writing a new law. It works in three languages, English, French and German.

The first Commission was created in 1952 and was called the "High Authority". But the modern Commission was created in 1957 and since then has had twelve Presidents;

## Related pages
* President of the European Commission

## References
Data migration

**Data migration** is a term computer scientists and economists use when they speak about moving data from one location to another, one format to another, or one application to another. It can also mean that files, or folders with s, or databases are moved from one server to another. This might be that because several databases are merged into one, or because the databases are reorganized. 

It is usually an automated process, supported by data migration tools. If the data structure is complex, the migration may be separated in several phases that are carried out one after the other.
Council

**Council** in general means a body that has the right to give advice or to administer.

It could also mean:

In **politics**:
* Borough Council, a form of local government in the United Kingdom
* City council, a form of local government
* Community council, the most local official representative bodies in Scotland and Wales
* Council (country subdivision), a local government area in Australia
* County council, a council that governs a county in the British Isles
* Municipal council, a subdivision of France
* Town council, a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or parishes

**Specific organizations**:
* Council (Boy Scouts), a non-profit private corporation within Boy Scouts of America
* Council of the European Union
* United Nations Security Council

**Places**:
* Council, Alaska
* Council, Idaho

In **other fields**:
* Ecumenical council, a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice
* "The Council" (*Enterprise* episode), a third-season episode of *Star Trek: Enterprise*
* Workers' council, a council composed of working class or proletarian members
* Works council, a "shop-floor" organization representing workers

## Related pages
* Privy Council (disambiguation page)
Barbarian

BC.]]
In Ancient Greece, the name *βάρβαρος*, *bárbaros*, was given to all those who did not speak the Greek language. Later, the term **Barbarian** came to mean 'Anyone who is not Greek'. Later again, it meant 'anyone who is outside the Roman Empire'.

In modern use, the word is used to refer to an uncivilized or uncultured person, nation or ethnic group which is seen as having a lower level of civilization. It can also refer to an individual person who is seen as brutal, cruel, and insensitive or whose behavior is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker. When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always. 

## Other websites 
* "Official Website of Barbaric Barbarians" , A humorous view of Barbarians
* Andrew Lang, Savage Supreme Beings , *The Making of Religion*, Chapter XII (1900).
Amusement arcade

An **amusement arcade** (also called **video arcade**, **penny arcade** or just **arcade**) is a place where people play arcade games such as video games, pinball machines, Skee-Ball, etc.  
 
The earliest amusement arcades were called "penny arcades." They were opened in the nineteenth century. Penny arcades had game machines called "bagatelles", which were like billiards and pinball. Penny arcades were popular at amusement parks and fairs until around the 1950s. Around this time, the penny arcades were often replaced by more modern games of chance and skill. An example of the new machines were shooting galleries.

Video games were introduced in amusement arcades in the late 1970s. These were most popular during the early 1980s. Arcades became popular with young people. Many video arcades began closing in the late 1990s, as the technology of home video game consoles began to rival and eventually exceed that of arcade games. However, video arcades remained popular in Japan, where they are called game centers.

Some examples of common video games found in arcades include *Space Invaders* and *PAC-MAN*. Examples of other types of games include Pinball and Skee-Ball.

## References
Green Bay Packers

The **Green Bay Packers** are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States.

The Packers joined the National Football League in 1921 and are the most successful franchise in league history by total championships, with thirteen titles. The team won the first two Super Bowls ever played and later captured Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XLV.

The Packers were dominant during the 1960s under head coach Vince Lombardi, winning five championships in seven seasons. Many legendary quarterbacks have players have played for the franchise, including Bart Starr, Brett Favre, and Aaron Rodgers. Jordan Love is the current starting quarterback for the team. they also have legendary players have played for the franchise such as Reggie White, Desmond Howard, Sterling Sharpe, Andre Rison and Donald Driver, Greg Jennings and Clay Matthews III.

The team is named after the Indian Packing Company, where founder Curly Lambeau worked. The Packers are the only publicly owned professional sports franchise in the United States and are strongly associated with the city of Green Bay, which is often referred to as “Titletown.”

## External links 
* 

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website
1040

## Events 
* March War of Independence of Western Xia occurred.
* June 17 – Harthacanute lands at Sandwich and reclaims the English Throne.
* August 15 – King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as Scottish Monarch.
* The oldest brewery still active is founded at Weihenstephan.
* Seljuk Turks defeat the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan.

## Births 
* February 22 – Rashi, French rabbi and commentator (d. 1105)
* June 27 – King Ladislaus I of Hungary (d. 1095)
* King Alfonso VI of Castile, Spanish royal (died 1109)

## Deaths 
* March 17 – Harold Harefoot, King of England
* August 15 – King Duncan I of Scotland (b. 1001)
* October 1 – Alan III, Duke of Brittany (poisoned) (b. 997)

## Related pages 
* For the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) form, see Form 1040.
Gdynia

on the left, Sea Towers on the right]]
 ]]
**Gdynia**  (, ) is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, and is an important and seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. It has about 248 000 inhabitants and 135&nbsp;km².
Sosnowiec

'''''' () is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. About 189,178 (2022) people live there, and it has an area of .
Mould

s]]

**Mould** (or **mold**) is a type of fungus. It grows in the form of multicellular filaments called *hyphae*. In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts.

Molds are a large group of fungi. The growth of their hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food. The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a mycelium, is considered a single organism. 

Mould grows from spores, which float around in the air. 
There are thousands of different kinds. Some molds cause disease or food spoilage. Sometimes people use them to make some kinds of cheese. Many antibiotics are developed from natural anti-bacterial substance made by moulds.

Mold or mould, also sometimes referred to as mildew, is a fungal growth that develops on wet materials. Mold is a natural part of the environment and plays an important part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dead trees; indoors, mold growth should be avoided and proper inspection should be done for effective mold removal.
 
## Related pages 
*Black bread mold
*Oomycete
*Slime mould
**Penicillium*

## References
1271

## Events 
### Europe 
* July 2 – Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II.
* September 1 – Pope Gregory X succeeds Pope Clement IV as the 184th popeas the compromise candidate between French and Italian cardinals, ending a three-year conclave, the longest ever.
* The County of Toulouse is returned to the crown of France.
* Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle on his famous journey to Kublai Khan's China.
* The construction of Caerphilly Castle, the largest in Wales, is completed.
* Construction of the Belaya Vezha in Belarus is begun.

### North Africa and the Middle East 
* April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.
* Mamluk sultan Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus.
* Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars; however, they are unable to capture any territory and a peace is quickly negotiated.

### Asia 
* September 12 – According to the followers of Nichiren Buddhism, the sect's founder, Nichiren, reaches a turning point known as *hosshaku kempon* as he discards his identity as a mortal priest and begins to reveal himself as a reincarnation of the Buddha.
* December 18 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China.
* The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Yuan Dynasty.

## Births 
* May 25 – Shah Jalal of Bengal (d. 1346)
* May – Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I of England (d. 1307)