open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Moratuwa

**Moratuwa** is a large suburb of the city of Colombo, in Sri Lanka. It is 18&nbsp;km south of the city centre. Moratuwa is surrounded on three sides by water, except in the north of the city, by the Indian Ocean on the west and the Bolgoda lake on the east. The 2001 census recorded a population of 177,190.

The University of Moratuwa is in the suburb. There is also a public library on Galle Road, which was opened in 1987. It was built using the funds raised by Moratuwa Municipal Council to the amount of Rupees 50 Lakhs and 15 laks by the Japanese Organization "World Expansion conservative". The library was built according to Japanese architecture.

## References
## Other websites
* Puran Appu
* Moratuwa City Details
Western (genre)

* (1903). Actor Justus D. Barnes points his revolver at the camera in the closing scene.]]
The **Western** is a genre of fiction. Western movies often include cowboys. The culture shown in westerns came from Texas, because then people living in the cattle industry began to thrive on the plains of Texas.  Westerns tell stories that are set mostly in the second half of the 19th century in the American Old West, hence the name.  There are also stories about Western-type characters set in other times.  These include *Junior Bonner* (set in the 1970s) and *The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada* (set in the 21st century).

The genre has been popular since the beginning of the movie industry. One of the very first commercial movies was the 1903 silent western, *The Great Train Robbery*.

## Examples
There are Western movies, television programs, books, and other things. Here are some examples:

**Riders of the Purple Sage* (1912), a book by Zane Grey;
**The Searchers* (1956), a movie directed by John Ford;
**Once Upon a Time in the West* (1968), a movie directed by Sergio Leone;
**Gunsmoke* (1955 to 1975), a television series created by John Meston;
**Red Dead Redemption'' (2010), a video game made by Rockstar San Diego.

## Related pages
* Spaghetti Western
Sylwia Grzeszczak

**Sylwia Karolina Grzeszczak** (born 7 April 1989) is a singer-songwriter and pianist from Poland.

## Singles
### As featured artist
## References
President of South Africa

The **President of the Republic of South Africa** is the head of state and head of government under the Constitution of South Africa. From 1961 to 1994, the head of state was called the **State President**. 

The role as President of South Africa was originally founded to be different from being prime minister. The two roles were merged in the 1983 constitution which calls for a four-year term of office. The 1993 and later constitutions limit the president's time in office to two five-year terms. The first President to be elected under the new constitution was Nelson Mandela. The current president is Cyril Ramaphosa.

## List of presidents of South Africa (1994 – present)
;Parties

## References
## Other websites
* Office of the Presidency
Kgalema Motlanthe

**Kgalema Petrus Motlanthe** (born 19 July 1949) is a South African politician who was President of South Africa between 25 September 2008 and 9 May 2009. This happened following the resignation of Thabo Mbeki. After the end of his presidency, Motlanthe was appointed as the Deputy President of South Africa by his successor, current South African president Jacob Zuma. In March 2014, he announced his resignation to become a dean at ANC.

Motlanthe was born on 19 July 1949 in Boksburg, Transvaal Province, Union of South Africa.

## References
## Other websites
*Official profile at the presidency site 
*"ANC Policy won't change" 
*Who is Kgalema Motlanthe?
*Kgalema Motlanthe  at Who's Who Southern Africa 
*http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/kgalema-petrus-motlanthe at South African History Online
Thabo Mbeki

**Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki**
(born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician. He served nine years as the second President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008.  

On 9 July 2002, he became the first chairperson of African Union. On 20 September 2008, with about nine months left in his second term, Mbeki announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee. That was after a meeting by Judge Nicholson for corruption. 

Mbeki was born on 18 June 1942 in Mbewuleni, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. He studied economics at the University of London and at the University of Sussex. Mbeki married his wife Zanele Dlamini at Farnham Castle in the United Kingdom in 1974.

## References
## Other websites
*South African Government profile on Thabo Mbeki 
*Mbeki: ANC official page  His party's collection of Mbeki documents, biography and portrait.
*"Thabo Mbeki – a man of two faces" "The Economist" magazine profiles Mbeki. pay/member link
*The Guardian Profile  The Guardian (UK) profiles Mbeki.
*A critical Zimbabwean view.  Editorial comment from Zimbabwean website.
*AFP Profile  Thabo Mbeki as seen by Agence France-Presse.
*"Today it feels good to be an African"  – Thabo Mbeki, Cape Town, 8 May 1996
*http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mbeki/  The Mbeki page
Pike (weapon)

:*This article is about the weapon. For the fish, see Pike.*

A **pike** is a kind of polearm. It is a very long heavy thrusting spear formerly used by infantry. A pike is not intended to be thrown. Pikes were used regularly in European warfare starting in the early Middle Ages. Until around 1700 pikes were used by foot soldiers in close order formations.
 
The pike was a long weapon that got longer over time. It could be as long as 20 feet (6 m). It had a wooden shaft with an iron or steel spearhead. It had metal along the sides for three feet (1m) behind the tip so it would not be cut off by a sword or axe. It was used by the armies of the Pharoahs in ancient Egypt. It was later used by the Swiss pike columns but this formation was probably based on the Scottish Schildrons. The armies of William Wallace and Robert the Bruce used it to great success against the heavy cavalry of kings Edward I of England and his son Edward II of England.

## References
Doctor Who (series 6)

The **sixth series** of the television programme ***Doctor Who*** was shown in two parts. The first seven episodes were broadcast from April to June 2011, and the final six episodes from August to October. The series began with the episode "The Impossible Astronaut" and ended with "The Wedding of River Song". The main series was preceded by "A Christmas Carol", a special episode shown at Christmas in 2010. This was the sixth season to be shown on television since the programme was revived in 2005. It is the thirty-second season overall.

The series stars Matt Smith as the eleventh Doctor. The Doctor is an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS. It also stars Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill as his companions, newlyweds Amy Pond and Rory Williams. Alex Kingston also returns as River Song, a woman from the Doctor's future who is revealed throughout the series to be Amy and Rory's daughter. The series continues some of the storylines from the fifth series.

## Episodes
#The Impossible Astronaut 
#Day of the Moon
#The Curse of the black spot
#The Doctor's wife
#The Rebel Flesh
#The Almost People
#A Good Man goes to war
#Let's Kill Hitler
#Night Terrors
#The girl who waited
#The god complex
#Closing time
#The Wedding of River Song

## References
Dental caries

The term **dental caries** refers to tooth decay or cavities in teeth. The decay comes from normal bacteria in your mouth. When you eat sugar, these bacteria create acid which create cavities in your teeth.  Dental caries usually lead to substandard breath and bad taste. Personal hygiene caring consists of brushing,establishing good pH level by eating dairy products like yogurt,cheese,etc. and flossing daily.

After the enamel, the strong outer layer of your teeth, and the dentin are destroyed, the cavity reaches the dental pulp and nerves of the tooth, the tooth becomes sensitive since the nerves are exposed. Cavity may infect the jaw and sometimes cause a tooth abscess. This is very painful! 

If carbohydrates (sugar) remain in your mouth for enough time, caries-causing bacteria may form a biofilm called plaque on the tooth surface and attack the tooth.

## References
Nelson, British Columbia

**Nelson** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Nelson is in the Selkirk Mountains in the Southern Interior of British Columbia.

The population of Nelson was 11,198 in 2021. The mayor of Nelson is Janice Morrison.

In 1867, the town had a boom in population when gold and silver were found in the area. Silver was also found at nearby Toad Mountain in 1886. This helped with the population boom and incorporated the town in 1897. Nelson was named after the Lieutenant-Governor of BC, Hugh Nelson. Many American draft dodgers during the Vietnam War settled in and around Nelson.

Historic Baker Street is in Nelson. Steve Martin filmed his 1987 movie *Roxanne* in Nelson which helped Nelson transform from a resource-based town to an arts and tourism town. Parts of the movie *Snow Falling on Cedars* and *The Tall Man* (2012 film) were shot in Nelson.

Many claim Nelson a hometown whether they have moved away long ago or have been living in the Queen City for many years.

Isolated from through fare as highways have evolved all around to bypass Nelson, Once a very Prominent, named Stanley.

A Facebook page "People of Nelson, BC" has grown in popularity for old memories, and "Nelson, B.C." for other attributes.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Tichina Arnold

**Tichina Arnold** (born June 28, 1969) is an American actress, singer and model who stars primarily in television programs. She played Pamela James in the sitcom *Martin*, Rochelle in the television series *Everybody Hates Chris* and Tina Butler in the CBS television sitcom *The Neighborhood*. Tichina was born in Queens, New York.
Ion Predescu

**Ion Predescu** (2 October 1927 &ndash; 12 October 2020) was a Romanian lawyer and politician. From 2004 to 2013, he was a judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania. Between 1982 and 1986, he studied at The Law University at Bucharest. He was also a member of the Senate between 1990 to 2004.

Predescu died on 12 October 2020, at the age of 93.

## References
Inferior good

In economics, an **inferior good** is a good that decreases in demand when the  of the consumer rises. People with little income might buy bread in the supermarket, but when their income increases, they buy their bread in the bakery instead. They did not buy from the bakery before, because the bread in the bakery is more  than the bread in the supermarket. 

Goods where the demand rises with the income are called *normal goods*.
Normal good

In economics, a **normal good** is a good whose consumption rises when the  increases. As an example, people who earn more money, might go to the cinema more often. Tickets for the cinema are therefore a normal good.

A good where the consumption decreases when the income increases is called *inferior*.
Veblen good

]] 
In economics, a **Veblen good** is a good whose preference and consumption increases with its price. This is against the Law of supply and demand. The goods are named after Thorstein Veblen, who first described the effect of conspicuous consumption in 1899. Veblen goods are often also positional goods.
Western saloon

A **Western saloon** is a type of bar that was popular during the Old West.

The very first saloon was created in Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822 and served fur trappers. Some of the saloons offered dancing girls, some of them sometimes doubled as prostitutes. A lot of saloons offered poker, faro, brag, dice games, three-card monte, billiards, darts, and bowling. Some saloons included piano players, can-can girls, and theatrical skits. During his lifetime, Wyatt Earp owned and worked in many saloons.

## References
The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money

***The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money*** is the title of a book by John Maynard Keynes.  The book is  generally considered to be his masterpiece. It is largely credited with creating the terminology and shape of modern macroeconomics. Published in February 1936, it sought to bring about a revolution, commonly referred to as the "Keynesian Revolution", in the way economists thought&nbsp;– especially in relation to the proposition that a market economy tends naturally to restore itself to full employment after temporary shocks. Regarded widely as the cornerstone of Keynesian thought, the book challenged the established classical economics and introduced important concepts such as the consumption function, the multiplier, the marginal efficiency of capital, the principle of effective demand and liquidity preference.

## References
Kaldor-Hicks efficiency

**Kaldor–Hicks efficiency**, named for Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks, also known as **Kaldor–Hicks criterion**, is a measure of economic efficiency. It captures some of the  appeal of Pareto efficiency, but has less  criteria. For this reason, it is applicable more often. Under Kaldor–Hicks efficiency, an outcome is considered more efficient if a Pareto optimal outcome can be reached by arranging sufficient compensation from those that are made better off to those that are made worse off so that all would end up no worse off than before.
Emily VanCamp

**Emily VanCamp** (born May 12, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She is most known for her roles in the WB series *Everwood* as Amy Abbott, as Rebecca Harper in the ABC series *Brothers & Sisters*, and as Emily Thorne/Amanda Clarke in the ABC series *Revenge*.

She was born in  Port Perry, Ontario, Canada.  She began dancing at the age of 3, and she attended at the École supérieure de ballet du Québec in Montreal. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Times Square Ball

The **Times Square Ball** is a time ball (a ball dropped at a certain time) at the top of the One Times Square building in Times Square in New York City. It is used as part of the New Year's Eve celebration held yearly in Times Square.
Every year at 11:59 p.m. EST, the ball is lowered 141 feet (43 m) from a flagpole, reaching the bottom at midnight to signal the start of a new year. The first ball drop took place on December 31, 1907. It has been dropped every year since then (except in 1942 and 1943 because of World War II). The ball's design has been changed many times over the years. The current design has LED lighting and triangle-shaped crystal panels. Starting in 2009, the ball is shown in One Times Square throughout the year.

The Times Square ball drop is one of the best-known New Year's Eve celebrations in the world. Over one million people come to Times Square every year to see the ball drop. The ball drop is shown on several major television networks. The best known is ABC, which broadcasts ''Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve'', hosted by Dick Clark until his death in 2012. Ryan Seacrest has hosted the show since 2005-06. In 1904 they organized an New Years Eve party at Times Square without the ball.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*Times Square New Year's Eve website
Buzz Lightyear

**Buzz Lightyear** is one of the main characters in the *Toy Story* movies. He is the second main character in *Toy Story* and *Toy Story 3*, 
the third main character in *Toy Story 2*, the fourth main character in *Toy Story 4*, and the main character in *Lightyear* as well as the spin-off animated movie *Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins* and the television show based on it, called *Buzz Lightyear of Star Command*. He is a fictional space ranger officer. The character was named after the astronaut Buzz Aldrin. He is known for his valor in the Battle of the Bulge. 

He is voiced by actor Tim Allen in the films, *Toy Story Toons*, *Toy Story Racer*, *Toy Story 2: The Video Game*, commercials and in *Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins*. Patrick Warburton voiced Buzz for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for a few video games and the attractions in Disney Parks. Mike MacRae currently voices Buzz in various Disney and Pixar video games. Buzz Lightyear is voiced by Chris Evans in Lightyear (movie).

## Appearances
### Movies
* *Toy Story* (1995)
* *Toy Story 2* (1999)
* *Toy Story 3* (2010)
* *Toy Story 4* (2019)
* Toy Story 5 (2026) (upcoming)

### Spin-off movies
* *Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins* (2000)
* *Lightyear* (2022)

## References
Joan Caulfield

**Joan Caulfield** (June 1, 1922 - June 18, 1991) was an American former model and actress. She started acting during the early to mid 1940s. She was in the 1947 movie *The Unsuspected*. She appeared mostly on television in her later life, including *Murder, She Wrote*. Caulfield was born in New Jersey. She later moved to Los Angeles. She died from cancer of unknown primary origin at age sixty-nine.
Christmas tree (disambiguation)

A **Christmas tree** is a tree decorated for Christmas. It may also refer to:

* Christmas tree (oil well), an assembly of valves used in oil and gas extraction
* *The Christmas Tree* (movie), a television movie from 1996
* *The Christmas Tree* (novel), a book by Jennifer Johnston from 1981
*  *Nuytsia floribunda*, a West Australian plant also known as the Christmas tree
* Lights used for starts in drag racing
* "O Christmas Tree", the English version of the song "O Tannenbaum"
Kragujevac

**Kragujevac** (Serbian: Крагујевац, *Kragujevac*, ; Kragujevac was named after bird Kraguj) is a city in central Serbia. It is the fourth largest city in Serbia, main city of Šumadija and the administrative centre of Šumadija district. According to official results of 2011 census, the city is settled by 150,835 citizens, while area around the city is populated by 179,417 inhabitants.

Historically, Kragujevac was the first capital of free Serbia (from 1818 to 1839), and the first constitution ever proclaimed in Balkans was in this city on February 15, 1835 (state holiday).

In 1841, capital city of Serbia was changed from Kragujevac to Belgrade. Nowadays, Kragujevac is a big centre of automobile industry and weapons.

## Geography 
City is located 220 meters (220&nbsp;ft) above sea level, with coordinates +44 ° 22 '; +20 ° 56', and it is in the valley of Lepenica river. The urban area of the city covers 835&nbsp;km2 (322 sq mi), partially surrounded by mountains  Rudnik, Crni Vrh and Gledić. City is characterized by hilly, mountainous surface. Kragujevac has highly developed transport infrastructure.

## Demographics 
As of 2011 census, following population is there in Kragujevac:

## Weather 
## References 
## Other websites
* City of Kragujevac official website
* University of Kragujevac official website
Barnum's American Museum

'''Barnum's American Museum''' was a museum in New York City at Broadway and Ann Street. It was a collection of natural history curios originally stored in City Hall at the end of the 18th century.

John Scudder acquired the collection and opened the museum about 1800.   P. T. Barnum bought the museum about 1830 and replaced the tired displays with more exciting live fare such as General Tom Thumb, Commodore Nutt, and the "Siamese Twins", Chang and Eng.

In 1865, the building was destroyed in a fire. Barnum rebuilt at another location, but that building burned to the ground in 1868. The museum never reopened.

## Other websites
* The Lost Museum
Z3

in Munich]]

The **Z3** was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer.  The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, with a 22&nbsp;bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10&nbsp;Hz. Program code and data were stored on punched film.

The Z3 was completed in Berlin in 1941. The German Aircraft Research Institute used it to perform statistical analyses of wing flutter.  Zuse asked the German government for funding to replace the relays with fully electronic switches, but funding was denied during World War II since such development was deemed "not war-important".  The original Z3 was destroyed in 1943 during an Allied bombardment of Berlin. A fully functioning replica was built in the 1960s by Zuse's company, Zuse KG, and is on permanent display in the Deutsches Museum. The Z3 was Turing-complete.

Because of this machine and its predecessors, Konrad Zuse is often regarded as the *inventor of the computer*.
## References
The Emotions

**The Emotions** is an all female American R&B group who are well known for their hit single "Best of My Love". This group is from Chicago. It was formed around 1968. It was very popular in the 1970s. Its music has been sampled by several musicians and recording artists.

## References
Priscilla Lane

**Priscilla Lane** (June 12, 1915 - April 4, 1995) was an American actress. She acted mostly in movies. She played a heroine in *The Roaring Twenties* (1939). She played a bride in the movie *Arsenic and Old Lace*.

Lane was born in Indianola, Iowa.
Karyn Parsons

**Karyn Parsons Rockwell** (born October 8, 1966) is an American actress, author and model. She performs in television and movies. She was in *Class Act* in 1992. She also had the role of Hilary Banks in the NBC sitcom *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*. and as Margot Hines in the short lived sitcom *Lush Life*. She is also an author of a series of Children's books.  Parsons was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Amniocentesis

**Amniocentesis** is the name of a medical test. It is often performed when  babies. 

The test consist of taking a little amniotic fluid and testing it. Fluid which contains tissue of the embryo or fetus allows the specialist doctor (such as radiologist) to determine the sex of the baby. The test is also used to find birth defects.

## Related pages 
* Pregnancy test
* Birth defect
* Ultrasound and 3D ultrasound
Dolores Costello

**Dolores Costello** (September 17, 1903 – March 1, 1979) was an American actress. She worked during the silent movie era. She was in movies such as *The Telephone* and ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''. She was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## References
Danielle Brisebois

**Danielle Brisebois** (born June 28, 1969) is an American record producer, singer and actress who acted mostly in sitcoms.

## Life 
Danielle was born in Brooklyn, New York.
She played Stephanie Mills in both *All in the Family* and ''Archie Bunker's Place''. She also collaborated on certain hit singles performed by Natasha Bedingfield.

She was nominated for an Academy Award, for the song "Lost Stars."

## References
Melissa Sue Anderson

**Melissa Sue Anderson** (born September 26, 1962) is an American actress. She performs in television series and movies. In *Little House on the Prairie*, she played Mary Ingalls. In the cult classic horror movie *Happy Birthday to Me*, she played Ginny. Anderson was born in Berkeley, California.
Mika Boorem

**Mika Sue Boorem** (born August 18, 1987) is an American actress. She acts in both movies and television. She was in *Carolina* (2003) and *Blue Crush* in 2002. 

Boorem was born in Tucson, Arizona.

## References
To Hell with the Devil

***To Hell With The Devil*** is the third album by the Christian glam metal band Stryper. It was released in 1986. The album was listed in the book The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music by CCM Magazine. The album was nominated for Best Gospel Performance - Duo, Group, Choir Or Chorus at the Grammy Awards but lost to Mylon and Broken Heart's *Crack the Sky*.

## Track listing
## References 
## Other websites
*
Schlieffen Plan

The **Schlieffen Plan** was a strategic plan made by Graf Alfred von Schlieffen (28 February 1833, Berlin, Brandenburg, Prussia, German Confederation - 4 January 1913, Berlin, Brandenburg, Prussia, German Empire) who worked for the German Navy. 

Schlieffen worked for the Prussian Army from 1853 to 1871 and fought the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to 1871 during the Unification of Germany . He later worked for the Imperial German Army from 1871 to 1906 and was its chief from 1891 to 1906, when he retired

Made for the German Army in 1905, the plan was designed for a war between France against the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). The Triple Alliance would invade France through Belgium, instead of directly attacking it. With help from its allies, Germany would have just enough men to beat France in a few months. 

World War I started in August 1914 in Germany, whose officers and tactic leaders dug up the plan that Schlieffen had made since they thought that the plan would work as in his hypothetical war. However, the plan failed because it was outdated, and things had greatly changed in the meantime.

Even though he did not have enough men to beat France, Schlieffen's replacement, Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, still attacked France through Belgium because he thought that attacking was always better than defending. Moltke was sure that was proved by the Russo-Japanese War since because Japan always attacked and won the war against Russia.

Schlieffen believed that defending was usually better than attacking since he though that a defender's men can ride trains to a place faster than an attacker's men can walk there. That meant that the defender would always have enough men to stop the attacker. Schlieffen also thought that trenches, machine guns, and barbed wire would greatly help the defender. Schlieffen was right since during the war, defending was always better until an attacker used a lost of artillery to help its infantry.

A similar idea to the Schlieffen Plan was used by Adolf Hitler's generals Erich von Manstein and Heinz Guderian during World War II. Germany invaded France by attacking Belgium and the Netherlands. Because in the Schlieffen Plan, Germany had attacked mostly through northern Belgium, France thought that Germany would do the same again. France put most of its soldiers in northern Belgium, but Germany invaded mostly through southern The Belgium. German troops marched to the sea and trapped half of the French Army in northern Belgium. Because the trapped French troops were starving and could not get any more food, they surrendered. France tried to continue fighting but was too weak to resist and signed an armistice.
## References
Charlie Kunz

**Charles "Charlie" Kunz** (August 18, 1896 – March 16, 1958) was a British musician, who became well-known and liked during the British dance band era. He played in nightclubs where people would come to ballroom dance. He had a rhythmic, relaxed style and played popular music with his own way of expressing feeling and moods.

## Early life and career
Kunz was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania in 1896.  His father was a master baker who also played the French horn. Young Charlie began to play in front of an audience as an amateur when he was only six years old. When he was seven, he had become good enough to play as a professional pianist.

He came to England in 1922 with a small dance band that was led by the drummer, Ed Krick. Kunz liked London so well that he did not want to leave, so that band returned without him to Pennsylvania. In England, he soon became such a popular pianist that he gave up his own orchestra to just work at his piano playing. He played at ballroom and nightclub venues and also on the BBC radio. Two of Britain's most famous female vocalists were with his band in the 1930s; Vera Lynn  and Welsh songstress Dorothy Squires. His best known singer was George Barclay, who was known as a crooner, a popular singing style at that time.
 
His first time playing as a soloist came in 1934 at the Holborn Empire. In that same year, he began to record the first of many solo records of "Charlie Kunz Medleys".  His most famous song was *Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie*. Each time he performed, his closing theme was *Pink Elephants*.

## Personal life and death
He was married three times. He had one child with his first wife, Amanda Dysher. She later died. In 1923, he married again Eva Dorothy "Nin" Lloyd, who was a fashion model. They had two sons. They were married until 1939. His third wife was Pat Sparkes, whom he married in 1942. They were still married when he died. 
He kept living in England until his death from a heart attack in 1958. He is buried in Streatham Vale Cemetery.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
*Charlie Kunz 
*Charlie Kunz Discography
*Charlie Kunz Biography - AllMusic
Erin Moran

**Erin Moran** (October 18, 1960 &ndash; April 22, 2017) was an American actress She worked mostly in television. She played Joanie Cunningham in the sitcom *Happy Days*. Moran was born in Burbank, California.

Moran died on April 22, 2017 at her mother-in-law's trailer in New Salisbury, Indiana from complications of Squamous cell carcinoma (rare skin cancer) found in the throat at the age of 56.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* 
* 
*
Margaret O'Brien

'''Margaret O'Brien'* (born January 15, 1937) is an American movie, stage and television actress who began acting as a child. She became famous through the movie *Journey for Margaret* (1942). She also played a French girl in the movie version of *Jane Eyre'' in 1944. O'Brien was born in San Diego, California.

## Other websites
Mackenzie Phillips

**Mackenzie Phillips** (November 10, 1959) is an American actress and musician who began acting when still a child. She starred as Carol Morrison in *American Graffiti* and Julie in the sitcom *One Day at a Time*. Phillips was born in Alexandria, Virginia, though raised in California.

## Other websites 
*
Laurentia

n craton.]]

**Laurentia** is a large continental craton. It forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent. 

Originally, it included the core of Greenland and the northwestern part of Scotland, known as the Hebridean Terrane. Laurentia is also called the **North American Craton**. It is a modern geological feature, and it is also a very ancient geological core made of igneous rock. It is nearly four billion years old.

At times in the past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents. It is an assembly of smaller tectonic plates which merged early in the Archaean era. As the plates moved together, a huge range of mountains formed. Much later, in the Proterozoic era, small plates and oceanic islands collided with and fused with the ever-growing Laurentia. Together they made the huge, stable craton we see today as the north and center of North America and the west of Greenland. 

Over a billion years ago, the Grenville Orogeny in the Canadian Shield made jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains. Millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills.

The remaining, western, part of North America was added much later, after Pangaea split up, and the Americas moved west from Eurasia and Gondwana.

The craton is named after the Laurentian Mountains, a range to the north of the St. Lawrence River.

## Rocks as seen today 
The cratonic rocks are metamorphic and igneous, while the overlying sedimentary rocks are composed mostly of limestones, sandstones, and shales. These sedimentary rocks were deposited from 650 to 290 million years ago. In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface.

The southwestern portion of Laurentia consists of Precambrian basement rocks deformed by continental collisions (violet area of the image above). This area has been subjected to considerable rifting as the Basin and Range Province and has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The area has a history of major volcanic eruptions.

## References
Scarlett Pomers

**Scarlett Pomers** (born November 28, 1988) is an American former child actress. She is also a singer and songwriter. She played Shanna Jensen in the movie *Erin Brockovich* and Naomi Wildman in *Star Trek: Voyager*. She also played Kyra in the sitcom *Reba*.

While acting for the show *Reba*, Pomers had an eating disorder.

Pomers was born near Riverside, California.

## References
Invictus (movie)

***Invictus*** is a 2009 biographical sports drama movie. It was directed by Clint Eastwood and stars Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3½ stars out of 4.

The movie was about South African president Nelson Mandela during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. It was released on December 11, 2009. Freeman and Damon both received Academy Award nominations for their role in the movie.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Kim Richards

**Kimberly Erica Richards** (born September 19, 1964) is an American actress and TV personality. She started her career as a child actress in shows like *Nanny and the Professor* and movies like *Escape to Witch Mountain* and *Return from Witch Mountain*. She was a main cast member on *The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills* from 2010 to 2015, later appearing as a guest in later seasons.

## Early life 
Kim Richards was born on September 19, 1964, in Mineola, New York. She is the daughter of businessman Ken Richards and casting director Kathleen Richards. Her sister is Kyle Richards, an actress, and she has a half-sister, Kathy Hilton.

## Career 
Richards started acting as a child, appearing in a TV commercial for Firth Carpet. She played Prudence Everett in the TV show *Nanny and the Professor* and had roles in other series like *Hello, Larry* and *Little House on the Prairie*. Richards starred in Disney movies like *Escape to Witch Mountain* and *Return from Witch Mountain* and made a cameo in *Race to Witch Mountain*. As an adult, she appeared in movies like *Tuff Turf* (1985) and co-produced *Escape* in 1990 with her then-husband, Monty Brinson.

## Personal life 
Richards had her first breast augmentation in 1990. She had a lumpectomy in 2003 and removed her breast implants in 2020 after one deflated. She is also a certified reiki practitioner. She later married Gregg Davis, with whom she has two children, Whitney Nicole Davis and Chad Austin Davis, before divorcing in 1991.

She dated John J. Collett, who was murdered in 1991 while talking to her on the phone. She then had a relationship with John Jackson and later dated Wynn Katz from 2012 to 2018. They appeared on *Marriage Boot Camp* in 2018 before breaking up.

Richards dated Donald Trump in the past.

### Criminal history 
Richards was arrested in 2015 at the Beverly Hills Hotel for trespassing, public intoxication, resisting an officer, and battery on a police officer. She was released on bail. She was arrested again later that year for shoplifting at a Target store.

## References
House of Tusculum

The **House of Tusculum** were a powerful noble family of Latium, Italy. They were the Counts of Tusculum between the 10th and 12th centuries. Several popes and an antipope during the 11th century came from their family. The counts of Tusculum were influential figures in Roman politics and religion for more than a century.
 
## Counts
This list is partially incomplete in the 10th century. The chronology and dates are often uncertain. They were only counts from about 1013. Before this, they were lords.

*before 924 Theophylact I 
*until 924 Alberic I, *consul* son-in-law
*924 – 954 Alberic II, son
*before 1013 Gregory I, son (*Excellentissimus vir – Praefectus navalis)*
*until 1012 Theophylact II, son of Gregory I
*1012 – 1024 Romanus, (*Consul et dux, senator*) brother of Theophylact II and son of Gregory I
*1032 – 1045 Alberic III, (*Imperialis palatii magister Consul et dux – Comes sacri palatii Lateranensis*) brother of Theophylact II and Romanus;
*1024 – 1032 Theophylact III son of Alberic III 
*1044 – 1058 Gregory II, (*Consul, nobilis vir, senator Comes Tusculanensis*), son of Alberic III
*1058 – ca 1108 Gregory III,  (*Comes Tusculanensis Consul, illustris*) son of Gregory II
*ca 1108 – 1126 Ptolemy I (Tolomeo I), (*Consul, comes Tusculanus*) son Gregory III;
*1126 – 1153 Ptolemy II (Tolomeo II), (*Illustrissimus, dominus Consul et dux*) son of Ptolemy I;
*1153 – ca 1167 Jonathan, (*Comes de Tusculano*) co-ruler with Raino  son of Ptolemy II;
*1153 – 1179 Raino, (*Nobilis vir,  dominus*) brother of Jonathan, co-ruler with Jonathan.

## Popes
Those who were also counts are listed in boldface.
* John XI (931-935), son of Alberic I 
* John XII (955-964), son of Alberic II 
* Benedict VII (974-983), nephew of Alberic II 
***Benedict VIII** (1012-1024), son of Gregory I 
***John XIX** (1024-1032), son of Gregory I
***Benedict IX** (1032-1048), son of Alberic III

Two of the Tusculum clerics are today known as antipopes:
* Antipope Benedict X (1058-1059), son of Alberic III
* [Antipope Victor IV](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Victor_IV_(1159–1164)) (1159-1164), born Octavius

## References
Nelson Mandela Park

The **Nelson Mandela Park** is a public park in Leicester, England. It is located just inside the city centre near Leicester Prison and the Leicester Tigers' Stadium. The park was named in honor of South African president Nelson Mandela.

## References
House of Borgia

The **Borgia** family (also **Borja**, **Borjia** or **Borges**) were a noble family during the Renaissance in Italy. They were from Valencia, the name coming from the family fief of Borja, then in the kingdom of Aragon, in Spain.

The Borgias became influential in religion and politics in the 15th and 16th centuries. Two popes came from this family during this time: Alfons de Borja who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455&ndash;1458 and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492&ndash;1503.

During the reign of Alexander VI, the Borgias were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, simony, theft, rape, bribery, incest, and murder. They became enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Savonarola, among others. Today they are remembered for their corrupt rule. The name has become a synonym for libertinism, nepotism and treachery.

## Popes
*Pope Callixtus III (1455-1458), born Alfonso de Borja
*Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503), born Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia
*Pope Innocent X (1644-1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphili, the great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI

## References
## Other websites
The Help (movie)

***The Help*** is a 2011 American drama movie based on Kathryn Stockett's novel and directed by Tate Taylor. It stars Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Bryce Dallas Howard and Jessica Chastain.

## Plot 
The young Skeeter (Emma Stone) returns to her hometown. She has finished her study at the University of Mississippi and now she wants to be a novelist. She begins to interview African-American women who are housemaids working for white people. She writes a book about the lives of the housemaids. First of all, the housemaids are against an interview. However, after an incident, many housemaids tell about their lives. Each shift begins with a whisper, but the voices get louder and many people have many things to tell.

## Awards 
*The Help* won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for Octavia Spencer in the category best actress in a supporting role. Viola Davis was nominated for an Oscar in the category best actress in a leading role.
House of Orsini

The **House of Orsini** is an Italian noble family. It was one of the most influential princely families in Italy during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Three popes belonged to the Orsini family: Celestine III (1191–1198, born Gicinto Bobone), Nicholas III (1277–1280, born Giovanni Gaetani Orsini), and Benedict XIII (1724–1730, born Pietro Francesco Orsini). The Orsini family also produced 34 Cardinals of the Roman Church and many other important political and religious people.

## Sources
## Other websites
* Catholic Encyclopedia: Orsini
* Encyclopedia Americana: Orsini
Snickers

**Snickers** is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated. It is nougat topped with caramel and peanuts, coated in milk chocolate. It was introduced in 1930. It has had sales of over $2 Billion around the world.

In the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, and Ireland, Snickers was sold as **Marathon** until 1990.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
House of Fieschi

The **House of Fieschi** were a noble merchant family from Genoa, Italy. The family was very influential in papal politics in medieval Italy. They held the fief of Lavagna under the Holy Roman Emperors. They had a close relationship with the Angevin kings of Sicily. Later they also established links with French kings. The Fieschi family produced two popes and 72 cardinals.

## Famous members
### Popes
* Pope Innocent IV (c. 1195–1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi,
* Pope Adrian V (c. 1210–1276), born Ottobuono Fieschi,

### Others
*Niccolò Fieschi
*Saint Catherine (1447–1510)
*Giovanni Luigi Fieschi (1522–1547)
*Giuseppe Fieschi (1790–1836)

## References
Conti di Segni

The **Conti di Segni** (*de Comitibus Signie*, also known as *Conti* or *De Comitibus* for short) were an important noble family of medieval and early modern Italy. They came from Segni, Lazio. Many members of the family served as military commanders or religious leaders, including many cardinals and four popes.

The family began with Trasimondo, the father of Lotario Conti, who became Pope Innocent III in 1198. He ruled until 1216. The second Conti pope was Ugolino (1227-1241), as Gregory IX. The third pope to come from the Conti family was Rinaldo, as Alexander IV (r. 1254-1261). Later, in the early modern period, Michelangelo Conti reigned as Pope Innocent XIII from 1721 to 1724.

Torquato Conti (1591–1636) served as a General-Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War. His cruelty earned him the nickname *The Devil*.

The family eventually became divided into many branches. The two main branches were the counts of Segni and Valmontone, and the dukes of Poli and Guadagnolo.

## References
Mvezo

**Mvezo** is a small village in Umtata (now Mthatha). It is by the Mbashe River in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The village is known as being the birthplace of former South African president Nelson Mandela. Mandela was born in Mvezo on July 18, 1918.

## References
Mthatha

drawing of Mthatha]]
**Mthatha** (formerly **Umtata**), is the main town in Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The town has an airport, last known by the name K. D. Matanzima Airport. after former leader Kaiser Matanzima. 

Former South African president Nelson Mandela was born in Mvezo (a village in Mthatha). On 2 March 2004 Umtata was officially renamed to its current name Mthatha. Walter Sisulu, Bantu Holomisa, Yamkela Mhlana and Buyisiwe Yonela Mhlana , as well as Ndima Mhlana were also born in Mthatha.

## References
## Other websites
* Mthatha town website
*The Ecological Health of the Mthatha River
Della Rovere

The **Della Rovere** family (; literally "of the oak tree") was a noble family of Urbino in central Italy. They originally came from Savona, Liguria. The family rose to nobility through nepotism and ambitious marriages. These marriages were arranged by two Della Rovere popes, Francesco della Rovere (Pope Sixtus IV, 1471–1484) and his nephew Giuliano (Pope Julius II, 1503–1513). Pope Sixtus IV is known for having built the Sistine Chapel, which is named for him. The Basilica San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome is the family church of the della Rovere. Vittoria della Rovere was a member of the family and was one of the last Grand Duchesses of Tuscany. 

## Dukes of Urbino 
#Francesco Maria I della Rovere (1490–1538)
#Guidobaldo II della Rovere (1514–1574)
#Francesco Maria II della Rovere (1549–1631)
#Federico Ubaldo della Rovere (1605–1623)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Kathleen Wilhoite

**Kathleen Wilhoite** (born June 29, 1964) is an American movie and television actress. She has been in lots of movies and television programs. She played Liz Danes in the TV drama *Gilmore Girls*. She also played Chloe in the medical drama *ER*. 

Wilhoite was born in California.

## References
Ryan Seacrest

**Ryan John Seacrest** (born December 24, 1974) is an American radio personality, television host, game show host and producer. He is best known for being the host of the FOX television show *American Idol* and co-host of the game show Wheel of Fortune. He also hosts the morning radio show **On Air with Ryan Seacrest** on KIIS-FM in Los Angeles, California as well as the syndicated radio show *American Top 40*.

Seacrest started hosting *American Idol* in 2002. In the show's first season, he hosted the show with comedian Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman left the show after the first season, leaving Seacrest as the show's only host. *American Idol* went on to be a very successful show, making Seacrest a well-known television personality. *American Idol* is seen by 26 million people weekly.

On December 31, 2005, Seacrest became the executive producer and co-host of ABC's ''Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve*. In 2009, the show was renamed *Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest''. He co-hosted the show with Dick Clark until Clark's death in 2012. For the 2013 show, he hosted the show with Jenny McCarthy and Fergie.

He has won Emmy Awards for hosting *American Idol*. He also won an Emmy Award for producing the ABC show ''Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution''.

Seacrest became the host of Wheel of Fortune in September 2024, replacing the retiring Pat Sajak.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
3 Musketeers (chocolate bar)

**3 Musketeers** is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated. It has whipped chocolate covered with milk chocolate. It was introduced in 1932. At first, it had chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla. The strawberry and vanilla were removed due to higher costs and World War II. 3 Musketeers is the fifth best selling chocolate bar in the United States.

## References
## Other websites
*
List of Baby Daddy episodes

This is a list of episodes of the television series ***Baby Daddy***.

## Series overview 

## Episodes 
### Season 1 (2012) 
### Season 2 (2013) 
On August 17, 2012, *Baby Daddy* was renewed for a second season, it premiered on May 29, 2013. Matt Dallas, who previously worked with Jean-Luc Bilodeau on the ABC Family series *Kyle XY*, appeared in a recurring role as Fitch Douglas, a love interest for Riley. Both Lacey Chabert and Grace Phipps also had recurring roles this season. Wayne Brady guest starred in the episode "There's Something Fitchy Going On".

### Season 3 (2014) 
On March 22, 2013, two months before the second season premiered, ABC Family renewed *Baby Daddy* for a third season. It premiered on January 15, 2014. Bruce Thomas, who previously worked with Jean-Luc Bilodeau on *Kyle XY*, guest starred in the episode "The Bet". Bilodeau's other *Kyle XY* co-star Matt Dallas reprised his role as Fitch in the episode "Lights! Camera! No Action!", Mary Hart also guest starred as herself in that episode. Other guest stars this season included Lucy Hale, David DeLuise, Phil Morris, Mark DeCarlo, Kelsey Chow

### Season 4 (2014–15) 
On March 17, 2014, *Baby Daddy* was renewed for the fourth season. It premiered on October 22, 2014, with the series' first Halloween episode "Strip or Treat". The second Christmas episode of the series entitled "It's a Wonderful Emma" premiered on December 10, 2014. Aisha Dee guest starred as Olivia, Tucker's ex-wife. Christa B. Allen will appear in a recurring role as Robyn, a corporate lawyer working at Riley's law firm, who later begins dating Danny. Eddie Cibrian will appear in a multi-episode arc as Ross, a guy that Riley falls for, later discovering that he is her boss. Jackée Harry will guest star as Judge Johnson, a no nonsense judge, with a weakness for children. The episode will reunite Harry with Tahj Mowry, Mowry made numerous guest appearances on Harry's 1990s sitcom *Sister, Sister*.

### Season 5 
## References
## Other websites
*List of *Baby Daddy* episodes  at TV.com