open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Cheetah Girls (group)

**The Cheetah Girls** started out as a 2003 Summer Line-Up movie for Disney Channel. Within the two years of release, it gained one of the biggest fan franchises in Disney history as well as on the soundtrack charts having a Double Platinum soundtrack and high-rated DVD release. After all of this success three of the original members, Adrienne Bailon, Kiely Williams and Sabrina Bryan decided to reunite and record a song for the *Disneymania 3* CD. Raven-Symoné however declined saying that "I want to work on my solo career right now. I loved being a Cheetah Girl but I don't want to be known as 'Galleria from The Cheetah Girls’, and as 'Raven Baxter' forever. Right now I just want to be Raven-Symoné." 

Adrienne Bailon (who at the time had a reoccurring role on ''That's So Raven*) claimed to "understand" but still said she was "disappointed" in Raven for not continuing what she started. However, the 3 remaining Cheetahs recorded *I Won't Say (I'm In Love)* for *Disneymania 3*. They also kept their names from *The Cheetah Girls* movie. Kiely was known as "Aqua", Adrienne was known as "Chanel" and Sabrina was known as "Dorinda". After seeing how much of a response *I Won't Say (I'm In Love)* received, Disney quickly approached the Cheetahs for a recording contract. Raven was again offered her spot back in the group and again declined. This upset Adrienne so much that she quit as her role of Alana on *That's So Raven*. The newly reformed Cheetah Girls signed the contract for one album with Walt Disney Records. The stage names Dorinda, Chanel and Aqua were also dropped at this time. Right before the release of their debut album they released a single for the *Chicken Little* soundtrack called Shake a Tail Feather, a re-make of an old Ray Charles song. Their debut album was a Christmas album titled Cheetah-licious Christmas. They  made a music video for their debut single also titled *Cheetah-Licious Christmas''. They performed this  at the Walt-Disney Christmas Day Parade and were featured in The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. After the success of their Christmas album they were reported as signing to Hollywood Records (Owned by Disney but for more successful artists such as Aly & AJ and former Cheetah Raven-Symoné). 

At this time a Cheetah Girls television series was in the works as well. It did however convince former cheetah Raven-Symoné to return for television and film purposes only. The show filmed 4 episodes when it was stopped because ''That's So Raven* was being renewed for its fourth and final season. The Cheetahs (Including Raven) did however quickly meet up again for a sequel called *The Cheetah Girls 2'' and recorded a soundtrack for the movie also. It was set to debut on the Disney Channel on August 25, 2006. Raven however left the Cheetah Girls after filming wrapped claiming "Lots of work" that had to be completed.  

The third Cheetah Girls film was made in 2007. They officially disbanded in 2008.

## Filmography
## Discography
### Studio albums
### Soundtracks albums
### Other Albums
### EPs
## References
## Other websites 
*The Cheetah Girls on MySpace
*
*
*
*
Ox Mountain

**Ox Mountain** () is a story by the Chinese philosopher Mencius.  In his time this mountain was in very bad shape, and everybody knew how it looked. Here is the story:

Mencius said, "The woods on Ox Mountain were once beautiful! On account of its being on the edge of a large country, it had been attacked with axes and hatchets, and then how could it remain beautiful? The refreshing breezes of day and night, and the moisture provided by rain and fog, did not fail to give rise to sprouts of vegetation. But cows and sheep have been repeatedly pastured there, and for that reason it has remained desolate. People observe its denuded state and assume that it never had any good resources.  But how could this state be the true nature of this mountain?" — *Mencius*, 6A:8

Mencius argued that "bad" human natures were produced just as the bad condition of Ox Mountain had been produced, so the answer to "bad" humans was to protect and nurture them from birth. He also thought that punishment does not do much good. It does not cure the root of the problem.
Shake It Up (American TV series)

***Shake It Up!*** is a Disney Channel original series starring Bella Thorne, Zendaya Coleman, and Roshon Fegan. The show is in a show-within-a-show format. It premiered on November 7, 2010. In 2011, Disney Channel confirmed that a movie based on the show is currently being produced.

## Plot
Two best friends (CeCe Jones and Rocky Blue) land a job as background dancers in a show, "Shake It Up! Chicago" thanks to their friend Deuce. The show follows their adventures in the show and features problems and issues such as; their new social status, rivals on the show, and even the ultimate test: the strength of their friendship.

## Cast 
* Bella Thorne as CeCe Jones
* Zendaya as Rocky Blue
* Davis Cleveland as Flynn Jones
* Roshon Fegan as Ty Blue
* Adam Irigoyen as Deuce Martinez
* Kenton Duty as Gunther Hessenheffer (seasons 1-2)
* Caroline Sunshine as Tinka Hessenheffer  (seasons 2-3, season 1 recurring) 

### Recurring
* R. Brandon Johnson as Gary Wilde
* Anita Barone as Georgia Jones
*  as Marcie Blue
*  as Henry
*  as Dina Garcia

## Episodes
### Season 1 (2010/11)
* Davis Cleveland was absent for two episodes.
* Adam Irigoyen was absent for three episodes.
* Roshon Fegan was absent for four episodes.
* Kenton Duty was absent for nine episodes.

### Season 2 (2011/12)
* This is Kenton Duty's last season of the show
* Caroline Sunshine joins the main cast.
* Davis Cleveland was absent for four episodes.
* Adam Irigoyen and Roshon Fegan was absent for eight episodes.
* Kenton Duty and Caroline Sunshine was absent for fourteen episodes.

### Season 3 (2012/13)
* Gunther Hessenheffer (Kenton Duty) is no longer part of the main cast. This was the final season of the show.
* Adam Irigoyen was absent for five episodes.
* Roshon Fegan was absent for five episodes.
* Caroline Sunshine was absent for ten episodes.

## Awards and nominations
## Indian adaptation
In 2013, an Indian adaptation of the show with the same name was made. It premiered on Disney Channel India on March 30, 2013. However, it is centered on two teenage boys as opposed to two teenage girls. Like most Indian adaptations, the episodes are similar to the original. The series ran for one season only.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Karen Rodriguez

**Karen Rodriguez** (born 1989) is an American singer from New York City, New York.  Her father is Dominican and her mother, Elvira Rodriguez, is Peruvian. She went to LaGuardia Arts School in New York   She played the starring role as Maria in "West Side Story" as a freshman. In 2008, she appeared in the fifth season of a Puerto Rican talent show *Objetivo Fama* and finished in seventh place.

She considers Selena to be her biggest idol, and is a fan of Juan Gabriel and Juan Luis Guerra.

## American Idol 
### Performances/Results
* Rodriguez was saved first from elimination.

## References
Frankie J

**Frankie J** (born February 16, 1980 in Baja, California) is an American singer. He first appeared on A.B. Quintanilla III's band "Kumbia Kings". He later left the band to become a solo artist. His debut album ''What's a Man to Do* was released on May 27, 2003. In 2005, Frankie J released his third studio album *The One* and debuted at number three on the *Billboard 200'' chart. It had sold 130,000 copies in one week. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 1 million copies.

## Discography
### Albums
* Performed in Spanish

### Singles
#### Guest appearances
## References
Q'orianka Kilcher

'''Q'Orianka Kilcher''' (born February 11, 1990 in Schweigmait, Germany) German-born American actress. She was raised in Hawaii. Q'Orianka's father is from Peru and he belongs to the Quechua/Huachipaeri, while her mother is of Swiss descent by way of Alaska. Her movie credits include the live action version of *How the Grinch Stole Christmas*, and the starring role of Pocahontas in *The New World*.

She is a cousin of pop singer Jewel.     

On June 1, 2010, Kilcher and her mother were arrested. Kilcher chained herself to the gates in front of the White House in Washington, D.C. Her mother poured black paint on her to signify oil. Kilcher was against President Barack Obama's meeting with Peruvian President Alan García. She said Garcia sold land in the Amazon rainforest to corporations while suppressing indigenous protests. She and her mother were charged with disorderly conduct. The charges were dropped on June 6, 2011 after they completed community service.

## Filmography

## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*
* The Q'Orianka Kilcher Fan Photo Gallery
Prince Royce

**Geoffrey Royce Rojas** (born May 11, 1989 on the Bronx) known by his stage name **Prince Royce** is a Dominican-American bachata singer.  He started his career when he signed on with Top Stop Music label. His debut album, *Prince Royce*, was recorded in 2009 and released in 2010. The album was produced by Sergio George the manager of Top Stop Music.  The album became a success peaking at #1 on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart.  The lead single from the album, "Stand by Me" is a cover of a song which was originally composed and performed by Ben E. King. The single reached #1 on the Latin Tropical Airplay chart and #8 on the Top Latin Songs chart.  It was announced on September 8, 2010, that his album would become a nominee for a Latin Grammy Award for "Best Contemporary Tropical Album". 

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
## Extended plays
## Singles
### As lead artist
#### Spanish and Portuguese-language
#### English-language
### As featured artist
## Guest appearances
## Music videos 
## Notes
## References
Sara Tavares

**Sara Tavares** (1 February 1978 – 19 November 2023) was a Portuguese-Cape Verdian singer. After winning the two music festivals in Portugal, in 1994, Sara Tavares recorded her first album *Sara Tavares & Shout*. It was released in 1996. This album has gospel, soul, funk and pop influences. After the album was released, Sara performed all over the Portugal, Cape Verde and Paris. She also performed on television programs and at social events. By the end of 1998, Sara Tavares started working on her new album. She stopped performing and went through a long period of introspection trying to find her real influences.

*Mi Ma Bo* was  Sara Tavares' second album. The name translated from the Criolo (language from Cape Verde) means "Me and You".  *Mi Ma Bo* was produced by Lokua Kanza, a musician from Kongo.  The album is sung in three different languages (Portuguese, Criolo and English).  In Portugal, *Mi Ma Bo* is a gold record. In France, Monaco and Andorra, "Querer Sonhar" - one of Sara Tavares' compositions from *Mi Ma Bo*, is included in an African music compilation, together with artists like Miriam Makeba, Lokua Kanza, Césaria Evora, Youssou N'Dour, Mory Kante. It was released by BMG France.

Her new album *Balancé* was due in February 2006. In this record produced by Sara herself, she wrote and composed all the songs and played many of the instruments.

## Discography 
* *Sara Tavares & Shout* (1996)
* *Mi Ma Bô* (1999)
* *Balancê* (2006)
* *Alive! in Lisboa* (2008)
* *Xinti* (2009)
* *Fitxadu* (2017)

## Death 
Sara Tavares died on 19 November 2023 in Lisbon, at the age of 45, from a brain tumour that she had been diagnosed with since 2009.

## References
Conservative Judaism

In **Conservative Judaism**, Jewish values can be divided into ethical and ritual laws - the ethical laws do not change, while the ritual laws are used in different customs. Because oftentimes Jews have to be a part of the society they live in, some of the ritual laws must be adapted to it. Such adaptations also allow modern lifestyles.

Another belief in conservative Judaism is that the texts that are the basis of Judaism should not be read literally, and that they can be analyzed and criticized like any other text. In Conservative Judaism, women are seen as equal to men and are allowed to sit with the men when attending synagogue, whereas in Orthodox Judaism for example, women are expected to sit in a different area. Women are also allowed to not wear head coverings when attending synagogue.

## Other websites 
* The Core Principles of Conservative Judaism , by Ismar Schorsch on behalf of the Jewish Theological Seminary
* Conservative Jews in Israel : Official Masorti Movement website
* Standards for Congregational Practice  by the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
* Formulating Jewish Law For Our Time , by Dr. Rabbi Elliot N. Dorff, for the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
* A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice:Official work on Jewish law, by Isaac Klein, 1992
* Emet Ve'emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism 
* Research and articles on Conservative Judaism on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner
* Conservative Judaism on My Jewish Learning
* An intro to Conservative Judaism  on Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups
Stringybark Creek

**Stringybark Creek** is a small creek in the Wombat Ranges, Victoria, Australia. It is famous for the place where three policemen were murdered on 26 October 1878. The policemen, Sergeant Michael Kennedy, Constable Thomas Lonigan, and Constable Michael Scanlan were searching the forest for the Kelly brothers, Ned and Dan Kelly. They were wanted for the attempted murder of another policeman, Constable Fitzpatrick.

The creek is in the Toombullup State Forest, 50km from Benalla and 36km from Mansfield. The area has been developed for visitors and includes picnic area, camping, toilets and walking tracks.

## The murders
A group of three policemen from Mansfield set out to search for the Kelly brothers who they thought were hiding in the bush near Mansfield. They set up camp at Stringbark Creek on 25 October 1878, not knowing that the Kellys were living in a small hut on Bullock Creek, less than  away. The next day Kennedy and Scanlan went to search the nearby forest, while Lonigan and Constable Thomas McIntyre stayed at the campsite. The Kellys heard noises from the police camp and went to investigate. Ned Kelly decided to try and capture the policemen and take their guns, horses and food. He called on the two policemen to give themselves up. McIntyre raised his hands, but Lonigan attempted to run and reached for his gun. Ned Kelly shot him in the eye.

The bushrangers then waited for Kennedy and Scanlan to return. When they rode into the camp, McIntyre warned them that the Kelly brothers were there, and to give themselves up. Scanlan went to unsling his rifle and was shot dead immediately. Kennedy jumped off his horse, and while shooting at the Kellys ran into the bush. Ned and Dan Kelly chased after him, shooting him twice as they hunted him for over 800 yards. Kennedy surrendered.  Kelly walked up to him and shot him again in the chest and killed him. During the earlier shooting at Scanlan and Kennedy, McIntrye was able to get onto Kennedy's horse and escaped. The three murdered policemen were taken to Mansfield and buried in the cemetery. A large memorial, funded by public donations, was built in the main street of Mansfield.

## In song and poem
In 1879, G. Wilson Hall printed a book in Mansfield called *The Kelly Gang, Outlaws of the Wombat Ranges*. It included a song called "Stringybark Creek" which is believed to have been written by Joe Byrne. The first verse is:
*A sergeant and three constables*
*Rode Out from Mansfield town,*
*Near the end of last October*
*For to hunt the Kellys down.*
*So they travelled to the Wombat*
*And they thought it quite a lark,*
*And they camped upon the borders*
*Of a creek called Stringbark.*

The song has been recorded many times, including the Australian folk-rock band the Bushwackers on their 1979 album, *Bushfire*.
In 1880 a local school teacher's poem was read at the unveiling in Mansfield of the monument dedicated to the three murdered policemen. It was accepted as an honest description of the tragic events.

## References
## Other websites
* Ambush: Ned Kelly and the Stringybark Creek murders
* The Kelly Tree and camping reserve 
* Photo showing the scene at Stringybark Creek
First Minister

A **First Minister** is the leader of a government. In the United Kingdom, First Minister was once used to mean the same as Prime Minister. Winston Churchill's famous quote: "I did not become His Majesty's First Minister so that I might oversee the liquidation of the British Empire!"

First Minister is now used to describe the leaders of the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. See:

*First Minister of Scotland 
*First Minister of Wales 
*First Minister and deputy First Minister (Northern Ireland)
North Borneo at the Olympics

**North Borneo at the Olympics** is a history which includes only one summer olympic game in one country and two athletes.

The British colony of North Borneo competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne in Australia.

This was the only Olympic appearance for the colony.  North Borneo sent two athletes who took part in the triple jump. They failed to win a medal.

In later years, athletes from North Borneo competed as part of the team from Malaysia.

## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes
* Malaysia at the Olympics

## References
## Further reading
* Organizing Committee of the XIV Olympiad. (1956). *The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956*
Guitar solo

A **guitar solo** is a portion of a musical performance when a guitar is used without other instruments.

In addition to their roles of rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment, guitars are well-suited to performing solo lines. This can take the form of a prominent section where the guitar is heard over other instruments, or unaccompanied, the guitarist providing all the necessary melody and harmony themselves. Often a guitar solo is a virtuosic performance in the rock music idiom with a heavily-overdriven electric guitar. However, solo instrumentation for the guitar can be found in a wide variety of musical styles and eras.

Many famous guitarists are known for their solo work. Approaches to solo creation vary from the jagged/atonal approach of Andy Gill from Gang of Four and Andy Partridge from XTC, the studio-produced soundscapes of Jimi Hendrix or Bill Nelson, or the composed approach of Frank Zappa.

The use of the guitar solo in popular music was especially notable during the 1980s, where a flashy and attention-grabbing instrumental was virtually obligatory for a guitar-based band. In later years, guitar solos became viewed as something of an "80s cliché", and their usage declined. Guitar solos in pop music have  become much rarer, and more subdued and understated when used.

## Notable rock-guitar soloists
* Eric Clapton
* Jimi Hendrix
* Eddie Van Halen
* Frank Zappa
* Steve Vai
* Joe Satriani
* Yngwie Malmsteen
* Jimmy Page
* Kerry King
* Dimebag Darrell
* Kirk Hammett
* Randy Rhoads
* Zakk Wylde
* John Petrucci
* The Edge (David Howell Evans) 
* Carlos Santana

## Related pages
* Riff
Optical illusion

and progresses from dark grey to light grey.  The horizontal bar appears to progress from light grey to dark grey, but is in fact just one colour.]]

 in Rome. The pattern creates an illusion of three-dimensional boxes.]]

An **optical illusion** (also called a **visual illusion**) is one which shows images that differ from normal reality. 

The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a perception. That is normal, but in these cases the appearance does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source. 

There are three main types of visual illusion: 
#literal optical illusions that create images which are different from the objects that make them
#physiological illusions: they are the effects on the eyes and brain of over-stimulation of brightness, colour, size, position, tilt, movement
#cognitive illusions, the result of unconscious inferences (brain makes the wrong decision).

The general explanation for most illusions is the way the brain works on sense data to produce a meaningful perception. A great 19th century psychologist Hermann von Helmholtz described perception as "unconscious inferences from sensory data and past experience". Richard Gregory discussed how the brain makes an hypothesis about what's out there, and sometimes the hypothesis does not quite work out. His model of perception is an interaction between data from sense organs and previous knowledge and experience.

Researcher Mark Changizi of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York thinks optical illusions are due to a 'neural lag'. When light hits the retina, about one-tenth of a second goes by before the brain translates the signal into a visual perception of the world. Scientists have known of the lag, and have discussed how humans compensate for it. Some suggest that our motor system somehow modifies our movements to offset the delay.

Changizi asserts that the human visual system has evolved to compensate for neural delays by generating images of what will occur one-tenth of a second into the future. This foresight enables humans to react to events in the present, enabling humans to perform reflexive acts like catching a fly ball and to maneuver smoothly through a crowd. Illusions occur when our brains attempt to perceive the future, and those perceptions do not match reality. 

Essentially, the ideas of Helmholz, Gregory and Changizi are similar. We do not mechanically turn sense data into a picture of the world, as some had thought. What we do is use our brains to work out what it is we are looking at. This involves the use of memory and logic, though at a fast rate. The process is very good, but not foolproof. When it fails we get an illusion.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Impossible object
Max Wertheimer

**Max Wertheimer** (Prague, 15 April 1880 – New Rochelle, New York, 12 October 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.

From 1929 to 1933, Wertheimer was a professor at the University of Frankfurt. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Third Reich in 1933, it became apparent to Wertheimer that he must leave Germany. In the end, he accepted an offer to teach at The New School in New York.

In New York he continued to investigate problem-solving, or what he preferred to call “productive thinking". The relationship between the book and his earlier work was this: all the problems in the book except one could be solved by considering geometric diagrams. In other words, they were partly visual in essence, and could be represented and partly solved visually. That thread ran through much of the gestalt work.

Wertheimer completed the book (his only book) in late September 1943, and died just three weeks later of a heart attack. Wertheimer was buried in Beechwood Cemetery in New Rochelle, New York.

## Phi phenomenon 
The phi phenomenon is an optical illusion described by Wertheimer in 1912, in which the persistence of vision was exploited by the cinema film, applied by Hugo Münsterberg in 1916. This optical illusion is based in the principle  that the human eye is capable of perceiving movement from pieces of information, for example, a succession of images. In other words, from a slideshow of a group of frozen images at a certain speed of images per second, we observe constant movement.

## References 
*King, D. Brett & Wertheimer, Michael 2007. *Max Wertheimer and Gestalt theory*. Transaction.
The Band Perry

**The Band Perry** is an American musical group. The members are Kimberly, Reed and Neil Perry (the first was born in 1981, the second in 1988 and the latter was born in 1990). Their self titled first record was released on October 12, 2010.

## Discography 
### Studio albums
**The Band Perry* (2010)
**Pioneer* (2013)

### Extended plays
**The Band Perry EP* (2010)

## Other websites
*Official website
Criminal (song)

**"Criminal"** is the fourth single released under Britney Spears' seventh studio album *Femme Fatale*. This song was released on September 30, 2011 and has gotten positive critical acclaim.
Sound check

A **soundcheck**, simplified as **sound check** is an activity that takes place a couple of hours before a concert. The performer(s) and the sound crew run through a short song to make sure that the sound in the venue is clear and at the right volume and tonal frequencies. Soundchecks are especially important for popular and other musical genres that use heavily-amplified PA systems; having correct sound is very important to the success of such events.  A soundcheck remains part art and not all science, however, because the acoustics of a venue often change somewhat once it is filled with an audience.

Artists who change their set list during the course of a concert tour often use soundchecks as a rehearsal opportunity to try out new material or revive old material, before possibly introducing such material into the concert properly. 

## References
Music of Colombia

The **music of Colombia** is an expression of the Colombian culture and has many music types. Modern Colombian culture is a mixture of African, native and European (especially Spanish) music, as well as more modern American and Caribbean musical forms, such as Trinidadian, Cuban and Jamaican.

In the late 1950s, Mexican rock artists like Enrique Guzmán and Cesar Costa became very popular in Colombia.  Soon, native rock bands like Los Speakers earned  too.  Starting in 1967, native bands like Genesis combined native music types (like cumbia) with rock.

Cumbia is a mixture of Spanish and African music (which slaves brought to Colombia).  In the 19th century, Colombia got rid of slavery. Since that time, Africans, Indians and other ethnic groups mixed more fully in Colombian music.  Styles like bambuco, vallenato and porro was very important.  When the waltz became popular in the 19th century, Colombian musicians invented a version called pasillo.
Ricky Martin (1991 album)

**Ricky Martin** is the eponymous debut solo studio album recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin, It was released  by Sony Discos and Sony Music Mexico November 26, 1991 (see 1991 in music).

## Track listing
© MCMXCI. Sony Music Entertainment (México). S.A. de C.V.

## Chart performance
## References
Forbes list of billionaires

**Forbes list of billionaires** is based on an yearly measurement of wealth and assets which is published by *Forbes* magazine. The latest list was released in March 2014.

File:Carlos Slim Helú.jpg|Carlos Slim (Mexico)
File:Bill Gates in Poland cropped.jpg|Bill Gates   (United States)
File:Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg|Warren Buffett   (United States)
File:Larry Ellison on stage.jpg|Larry Ellison (Oracle Corporation founder, United States)

__TOC__

## 2025 
**Unverified information:** Billionaires List 2025 with their net worth. 

## 2024 
As of 31 December 2024, the world's richest individual is Elon Musk, the mastermind behind the companies SpaceX and Tesla with a net wealth of $421.2 billion. Musk is the first individual to ever breach the $300 billion net worth, let alone $400 billion. He is followed by Jeff Bezos, albeit with a huge gap behind, with a net worth of $233.5 billion.

## 2020 
## 2018 
On the 32nd list of world's billionaires, the gap between the top 1% of the billionaires and the rest continues to widen. A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth is $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth since Forbes started tracking in 1987.

## References
## Other websites 
* Forbes: Billionaires in the News
Latin Pop Albums

**Latin Pop Albums** is a record chart that is published weekly on *Billboard* magazine. The chart ranks Latin pop albums by the number of recorded sales an album made that week.

## Chart achievements 
Shakira's album *Fijación Oral Vol. 1* became the best-selling album of the 2000s decade.

## References
Peter Carey (novelist)

**Peter Carey** (born 1943) is an Australian novelist who has won many awards including two Booker Prizes. He first won the Booker Prize in 1988 for his book, *Oscar and Lucinda*. He won again in 2001 for his book *The True History of the Kelly Gang*. Only one other author has won this award twice.
* *Bliss* (1981)
* *Illywhacker* (1985)
* *Oscar and Lucinda* (1988)
* *The Tax Inspector* (1991)
* *The Unusual Life of Tristan Smith* (1994)
* *Jack Maggs* (1997)
* *The True History of the Kelly Gang* (2000)
* *My Life as a Fake* (2003)
* *Theft: A Love Story* (2006)

## References
Chauchilla Cemetery

**Chauchilla Cemetery** is a cemetery that has prehistoric remains of prehispanics. Their bodies, which are mummified, contain artifacts. The cemetery is  south of the city of Nazca in Peru.

## History 
The cemetery was discovered in the 1920s. However, it was last used in the 9th century. The cemetery has a lot of very important burials that happened over a period of 600 to 700 years. The cemetery was first used around the year 200. This cemetery is a very important source of archaeology to Nazca culture. Because the cemetery was damaged a long time ago, it was protected by Peruvian law in 1997.

Estaquería, a nearby cemetery, may have given clues to show how the bodies were preserved. At Estaquería, archaeologists have found wooden pillars which was first thought to have been used for astronomical sightings. However, it is not thought that those posts were used to dry the bodies. This was a mummification process. This clue helped archaeologists to understand why these thousand-year-old bodies still had their hair and some soft tissue, like skin, still attached to them.

## References
Emperor Kanmu

, also written as *Kammu*, was the 50th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His  started in 781 and ended in 806.

Kanmu was the first monarch of the Heian period of the history of Japan.

## Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (*imina*) was .

Prince Yamabe was the eldest son of Prince Shirakabe (later known as Emperor Kōnin). According to the , Yamabe's mother was a descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje.

Kanmu had 16 empresses and consorts, and 32 imperial sons and daughters.  The capital would be moved again in 794 to Kyoto (Heian-kyō).

Kanmu named Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758-811) to lead a military expedition against the Emishi.

### Timeline
* **737** (*Tenpyō 9*): Prince Yamabe was born.
* **30 April 781** (''Ten'ō 1, 3rd day of the 4th month''): In the 11th year of Emperor Kōnin's reign, he abdicated. The succession (*senso*) was  by his son.  Soon after, Emperor Kanmu accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (*sokui*).
* **794** (*Enryaku 13*): When the capital was moved to Kyoto, the emperor's new home was named .

### After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (*misasagi*) of Kammu is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally  at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

## Eras of reign
The years of Kammu's reign are identified by more than one era name (*nengō*).
* ''Ten'ō* (781–82)
* *Enryaku'' (782–806)

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree
* Kammu Seamount

## References
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]

## Other websites
National Cleavage Day

taken on the day of the celebration in April 2008.]]
**National Cleavage Day**, also known as **NCD**, is a annual celebration that is held in South Africa. It is held in March or April each year. Many countries celebrating on 19th of May (Proverbs 5:19) The event is  by the brassière marketer wonderbra. National Cleavage Day was started in 2002 and held at the beginning of April every year. The *NCD* was started in April 2002 in South Africa. According to Samantha Paterson, the manager for Wonderbra, the National Cleavage Day had become a great start for women's independence and power in all forms of life, from their careers to their relationships and to their own destiny.
 
This event was given negative feedback from Dr. Siqwana-Ndulo. She had said that "This is a pure marketing tool using people's bodies." She then stated that, "The commission is against any person or advertising company which uses people's bodies for marketing purposes be it advertising a car or anything of that sort."

## References
## Other websites
* Wonderbra and their support for NCD
Heian period

The  is a time in the Japanese history from 794 to 1185. This grouping of years is named after city of Heian-kyō, which is the early name of present day Kyoto.

## History
The Heian period began in 794 when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō. It lasted until 1185, which is the beginning of the Kamakura period.

In this period Kyoto was the center of Japanese culture. It was also in this period that the first known novel was published. The author was a woman. Poetry was very popular in Heian-kyo at the time.

## Timeline
* **794**: Emperor Kammu moves the capital to Heian-kyō.
* **804**: Saichō (also known as Dengyo Daishi) establishes the Tendai Buddhist sect in Japan.
* **806**: Kūkai (also known as Kōbō-Daishi) establishes the Shingon Bhuddist sect in Japan

* **858**: Reign of Emperor Seiwa begins; the power of the Fujiwara clan expands
* **895**: Sugawara Michizane persuades Emperor Uda to suspend Imperial embassies to China.

* **1053**: Byōdō-in temple near Kyōto is completed
* **1087**: Emperor Shirakawa abdicates and becomes a Buddhist monk, the beginning of the *Insei* system of Imperial government

* **1185**: Death of Emperor Antoku; Taira clan is defeated in the Gempei War

## Gallery

File:Daidairi of Heiankyo.jpg|Model of ancient Kyoto with Imperial Palace 
File:Byodo-In-07.jpg|South wing of the Phoenix Hall in the Byodo-In temple in Uji

## Related pages
* List of Japanese eras

## References
## Other websites
* Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heian Period (794–1185)
* British Museum, Heian period (AD 794-1185)
* Japan-guide.com, Nara and Heian Periods (710-1185)
Garnishment

A **garnishment** is the means for collecting money judgments against a defendant by ordering third parties to pay money directly toward the plaintiff. **Wage garnishments** are a process of deducting money off employees' monetary compensation (including their salary); these types of garnishments continue until entire debts are paid and can be taken for any debt, however usual examples are:

# child support
# defaulted student loans
# tax

Wage garnishments can adversely affect credit reputation or one's ability to open bank accounts.
Pylorus

**Pylorus** is a part of digestive system that separates stomach and duodenum. The pylorus controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. It stops large pieces of food from leaving the stomach. It also stops digested food from returning to the stomach from the duodenum. It is made of a muscle which stops food when contracted. When the pylorus is relaxed, it allows a small amount of food to pass as its passage is narrow.

## References
Simon van der Meer

*This is a Dutch name. The family name is* **van der Meer**, *not* **Meer**.

**Simon van der Meer** (24 November 1925 – 4 March 2011) was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist. He won the Nobel prize in physics. Another physicist, Carlo Rubbia, also won this prize. He won the prize because of his work for the CERN project. This led to the discovery of W and Z particles, which are the two most important things in matter.

## Biography 
Simon van der Meer was one of four children. He was raised in The Hague, Netherlands. His father was a school teacher, and his mother came from a family of teachers. He went to school at the city's gymnasium. He graduated in 1943 when the German army had control of the Netherlands. In 1945, van der Meer went to the Delft University of Technology. He earned an engineer's degree there in 1952. He joined CERN in 1956, and he stayed there until he retired in 1990.

In 1966, when van der Meer was skiing with his friends in the Swiss mountains, he met Catharina M. Koopman, who became his wife. They had two children – Esther (born 1968) and Mathijs (born 1970).

### Scientific work 
After getting his engineer's degree in 1952, Simon van der Meer worked for the Philips Research Laboratory in Eindhoven. When he was there, he was mainly working on high-voltage equipment and electronics for electron microscopes. In 1956, he moved to CERN, which was new at the time. When he first started at CERN, his work was mainly on technical design, and power supplies. While he was working at CERN, he invented the idea of stochastic cooling, which led to the discovery of W and Z bosons. In 1984, van der Meer and Carlo Rubbia won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work with the project.

## Related pages 
*W and Z bosons
*Nobel Prize
*CERN

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website of the Nobel prize
University of Tübingen

The **University of Tübingen**, officially the **Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen** (; ), is a public university in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## History
The University of Tübingen was founded in 1477.  In Germany, Tübingen became known as one of the "five classical university towns".

In 2010, Tübingen joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with Dartmouth College (USA), Durham University (UK), Queen’s University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Western Australia (Australia) and Uppsala University (Sweden).

In 2012, the university established the Tübingen Center for Korean Studies at Korea University (TUCKU).  This is Tübingen’s third branch in Asia after the Center for Japanese Language in Kyôto and the European Center for Chinese Studies (ECCS) at Peking University.

## Notable alumni 
Alumni include former German President Horst Köhler and Nobel laureates Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Hartmut Michel and Günter Blobel.

In the late 16th century, Johannes Kepler studied at Tübingen.

In the 18th century, Friedrich Hölderlin, Friedrich Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel shared student rooms.

## Faculty
Notable professors include Joseph Ratzinger and Hans Kung.

## References
## Other websites
*Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen website 
* German version website
Saeed Shehabi

**Saeed Shehabi** is a Bahraini thinker, political activist, commentator and journalist. He is a regular columnist in the daily Arabic *Al-Quds* newspaper. He gives regular interviews to the BBC's *Middle East Service* and *AlJazeera*. He is also the Director of Abrar House, an Islamic community center in Central London that promotes interfaith work. He is also the leader of the pro-democractic Bahrain Freedom Movement, that is a banned Bahraini opposition group. He was also a founding member of Al-Wefaq National Party. He was previously the editor of *Alalam* magazine and now hosts a weekly television programme on Alalam TV. He has been living in exile in London since 1979 and returned to Bahrain on two occasions in 2002. He has a PhD in engineering from City University. Saeed Shehabi is married and has seven children.

On August 2010, Bahrain TV  declared that Saeed Shehabi is accused of being the second leading member of a terrorist network. He is currently being tried *in absentia* along with Hassan Mushaimi. The Bahraini government claimed that a red notice was issued by interpol for his arrest, however this has not been verified. In 1996 he was similarly sentenced to 15 years in prison *in absentia*.

In the summer of 2009, Saeed Shehabi's home was attacked by arsonists.

## References
Gerry Rafferty

**Gerry Rafferty** (16 April 1947 &ndash; 4 January 2011) was a Scottish singer-songwriter. His 1978 album, *City to City*, reached number one on the music charts in the USA.

He sold more than 10 million albums but did not enjoy working in the music industry which he said he "loathed and detested." He died in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, from liver failure caused by his alcoholism.

## References
Steve Prestwich

**Steven William Prestwich** (5 March 1954 – 16 January 2011) was an English born musician who became famous as the drummer in two Australian rock bands, the Little River Band and Cold Chisel Born in Liverpool, his family moved to Adelaide, Australia, in 1971. He formed a band called "Orange" with Jimmy Barnes. This band then became Cold Chisel. Prestwich wrote, and helped write several of the bands biggest hits including "Forever Now", "When The War Is Over", "Nothin’ But You", "Monica", "Best Kept Lies", and "Flame Trees".

When Cold Chisel broke up in 1983, Prestwich joined the Little River Band. He recorded two albums with them. They recorded his song "When The War Is Over" with John Farnham. He played with Cold Chisel again when they reformed for two tours in 1998 and 2003. They had planned to record a new album in 2011. Prestwich recorded two solo albums, ''Since You've Been Gone'' in 2000 and Every Highway in 2009.

Prestwich died after surgery to treat a brain tumor in 2011.

## References
Emperor Heizei

, also known as **Heijō-tennō**. was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's  started in 806 and ended in 809.

## Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (*imina*) was .

Heizei was the eldest son of the Emperor Kammu.

He had three empresses and seven sons and daughters.
* **809** (*Daidō 4, 1st month*): After a reign of four years, Heizei fell ill and he feared that he would die. Heizei abdicated in favor of his younger brother  who would be known as Emperor Saga.  After abdicating, Heizei moved to Nara; and he was known as the "Emperor of Nara" (*Nara no Mikado*).
* **18 May 809** (*Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month*): Emperor Saga was enthroned at age 24.

### After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (*misasagi*) of Heizei is in Nara.  The emperor is traditionally  at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

## Era of reign
The years of Heizei's reign are identified by only one era name (*nengō*).
* *Daidō* (806-810)

## Related pages
* Emperor of Japan
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese imperial family tree

## References
 symbol of the Japanese emperor and his family.]]
Gigantoraptor

***Gigantoraptor*** is a genus of giant oviraptorosaur theropod dinosaur that lived 70 million years ago in the later Cretaceous. It was discovered in 2005 in Inner Mongolia.

## Discovery and naming 
Since 2001, in a quarry, remains of the sauropod *Sonidosaurus* had been uncovered. In April 2005 Chinese paleontologist Xu Xing was asked to reenact the discovery of *Sonidosaurus* for a Japanese documentary. Xu obliged them by digging out a thighbone. As he wiped the bone clean, he suddenly realized it was not from a sauropod, but from an unidentifiable theropod about the size of *Albertosaurus*. He stopped the filming to secure the serendipitous find. This way, the discovery of the *Gigantoraptor* fossil was captured on videotape.

In 2007 the *Gigantoraptor erlianensis* was named and described by Xu and colleagues. The type specimen was found in strata dating to about 70 million years ago. It is the remains of a single subadult individual.The partial skeleton lacks the skull but includes the lower jaws, a single neck vertebra, most of the back, tail and leg elements. Xu *et al.* estimated the length at  and the weight at 1400 kilogrammes.

The toothless lower jaws of *Gigantoraptor* are fused into a broad shovel-like mandibula. The skull would have been over half a metre long and toothless, probably with a horny beak. The back tail vertebrae are lightened by spongeous bone. The front limb is rather long because of an elongated slender hand. The humerus is  bowed outwards to an exceptionally large extent and has a very rounded head. The first metacarpal is very short and carries a strongly diverging thumb. The hindlimb is also long because of an elongated lower leg. The thighbone is relatively slender and short with a distinct head and neck. The foot is robust with large and strongly curved toe claws. This was later confirmed by other studies.

## Paleobiology
The diet of *Gigantoraptor* is uncertain. Although some oviraptorosaurs such as *Caudipteryx* and *Incisivosaurus* are thought to have been mostly herbivorous, *Gigantoraptor* had long hind legs with proportions that allowed for fast movement, and large claws, a combination that is not usually found in herbivores of this size. Paul suggested that *Gigantoraptor* also was a herbivore and used its speed to escape predators.

The specimen has advanced ossification and growth rings in the fibula that indicate it was likely eleven years of age when it died. It appears to have reached an early young adult stage at age seven, and probably would have grown much larger when it reached the adult stage. This indicates a growth rate that is faster than in most large non-avian theropods.

The existence of giant oviraptorosaurians as *Gigantoraptor* explains several earlier Asian finds of very large, up to 53 centimetres long, oviraptorosaurian eggs. These fossil eggs were laid in enormous rings with a diameter of three metres.

## References
## Other websites 
* *news@nature.com*: "Giant bird-like dinosaur found".
* Wired Science Scientists Discover 3,000-Pound Gigantoraptor Dinosaur in Mongolia
* Fleshed-out restoration of a *Gigantoraptor erlianensis*.  Credit: Julius T. Csotonyi
Norio Ohga

, also spelled *Oga* and *Ogha*, was a Japanese businessman and former president and chairman of Sony Corporation.

## Early life
Ohga was born in Numazu, Shizuoka.  He studied at Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music.  He graduated in 1953.

## Career 
He was made the president of Sony in 1982, and the CEO of Sony in 1989.  He is credited with the development of the audio compact disc.

## Honors 
* Medal of Honor, Japan, 1988.
* Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan, 2001.
* Legion d'Honeur, France.

## References 
## Other websites
* Obituary: Martin Childs, "Norio Ohga: Executive Who introduced the compact disc and helped transform Sony into a global entertainment empire,"*The Independent* (UK). April 26, 2011 ( )
* Obituary: "Sony chairman credited with developing CDs dies,"*Los Angeles Times* (US). April 24, 2011.( )
* Obituary: Lohr, Steve. "Norio Ohga, Who Led Sony Beyond Electronics, Dies at 81," *New York Times* (US). April 24, 2011. (Archived by WebCite)
Betty Garrett

**Betty Garrett** (May 23, 1919 - February 12, 2011) was an American actress, comedian, singer and dancer. She was best known for her work in movie musicals in the 1940s and 1950s. Her acting career was affected when her husband, Larry Parks, was called to the House Un-American Activities Committee. There he admitted having been in the Communist Party, and he gave names of other entertainment people who were in the Party.

Garrett has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She died of an aortic aneurysm.

## Selected performances
### Movies
**On the Town*, with Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra
*''Neptune's Daughter*, with Red Skelton

### Plays
**Meet Me in St. Louis*
**Follies*

### Television series
**All in the Family*
**Laverne & Shirley*
**The Golden Girls*, episode "Old Boyfriends"
**Grey's Anatomy'', episode "Break On Through"

## References
*
*
*
*
Burhanuddin Rabbani

**Burhanuddin Rabbani** (1940 — 20 September 2011) was the President of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996. He had been a Mujahideen leader who fought against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. He was removed as President when the Taliban took over in 1996. He then became the leader of the Northern Alliance which took over in Kabul when the Taliban were removed. He became the head of Afghanistan's High Peace Council which was trying to find a way to end the fighting in Afghanistan.

## References
Norman Corwin

**Norman Lewis Corwin** (May 3, 1910 – October 18, 2011) was an American writer, producer, and radio host. Born on May 3, 1910, in Boston, Massachusetts, Corwin worked as a writer for several newspapers in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1937, Corwin began working as a radio host. During World War II he worked as a news  for CBS. Corwin died on October 18, 2011, of natural causes.

## References