open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lithuanian language

The **Lithuanian language** is a Baltic language. It is from Lithuania, spoken in a few countries in Europe, as well as in the Americas and Australia. 

Lithuanian and Latvian are the only remaining Baltic languages. Both languages have much in common. Lithuanian, however, adopted fewer words and phrases from German and other languages. However, many words were adopted into Lithuanian by Slavic languages long ago, but in 1920, the Lithuanian philologist Jonas Jablonskis and others replaced them with native Lithuanian words.

 in 1547.]]

There are two main dialects of Lithuanian. *Samogitian* is used mostly in West Lithuania, and the other that is widely used in the whole country is *Aukštaitian* (Highlanders' dialect). Standard Lithuanian comes from West Aukštaitian. 

The first book written in Lithuanian is *Katekizmas* by Martynas Mažvydas. It was published in East Prussia in 1547.

Even though Lithuanian was written down relatively recently, it is known for being close to old Proto-European languages by keeping old traits that are found only in early languages like Vedic Sanskrit and have been lost in later languages.

## References
Fukuoka

is a Japanese city in Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.  It is the capital city of the prefecture. 

It has been  as a city designated by government ordinance since 1992.

## History
A short distance is there from Dazaifu and the Fukuoka area to Hakata-wan (博多湾). Hakata-wan was the landing site of the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281.

Fukuoka City is divided into 7 wards.

## Related pages
* Fukuoka Art Museum
* Kyushu National Museum
* Dazaifu

## References 
## Other websites
* Fukuoka/Hakata Tourist Information
* Fukuoka Now
Gingivitis

**Gingivitis** is the inflammation of the gums around the teeth. Gingivitis may be caused by a buildup of plaque and tartar because the teeth have not been cleaned properly. It can also be a manifestation of a systemic disease, as in diabetes or AIDS.

Sometimes excessive brushing or flossing can wear out the gums causing gum recession.

If gingivitis is not treated by proper oral hygiene, it can lead to periodontitis, which is a more advanced state of gum disease, that affects the bone and is harder to treat.

## Other websites 
* Gingivitis and Periodontitis 
* Gum Disease Treatments 

## References
Finance

**Finance** is a study which figures out how people, businesses and groups make and use money. It can mean:

* Thinking about money
* Thinking about how to control money to make profit
* Studying how to take chances in projects that make money
* As a verb, "to finance" is to provide money for business
*Any system that includes circulation of money.

## Some simple finance ideas
The process of **finance** is learning, how people and groups act in managing their money, and most of all how they manage making money, and making a profit, with spending money, or making a loss.

A group that makes more money than it spends can lend or invest the excess profit. On the other hand, a group that makes less money than it spends can raise money by getting a loan or selling part of its assets or spending less, or making more money. 

A bank is where many people borrowing money meet people lending money. A bank gets money from lenders, and pays interest. The bank then lends this money to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to meet. 

Corporate finance is  about things like the sale of stock by a company to the public. Stock is ownership in a company, broken up into pieces. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company.  If someone buys one share of XYZ Inc, and the company has 100 shares available, the buyer is 1/100th owner of that company and owns 1/100th (1%) of the profit. 

Finance is used by people, by governments, by businesses, etc., as well as by all kinds of groups.

## Personal finance
This is finance for people. It is about: 
*How much money will be needed by a person, now and when they get old.
*Where will this money come from (e.g. savings or borrowing)?  
*How can people protect themselves against problems with money in their lives?
*How can family money be given to children and grandchildren?
*How do taxes affect money choices?

## Business finance
Business finance is about finding money for a company's activities. It studies trying to make more profit than loss and taking good risks for the chance to make more money. That's what business is all about.

## Financial economics
Financial economics is the study of economics which is important to financial things like changes in price and supply of goods. 

It studies how much risk some actions that a company may take will cause, and how the company should spend its money.

## Financial math
Financial math is the study of math for financial markets. Financial math studies mathematics, mainly statistics.

## Other websites 
* Wharton Finance Knowledge Project  - Finance knowledge
*For facts about three areas in finance - company finance, money and investment management, see  Prof. Aswath Damodaran
*For links to finance web sites see Web Sites for Discerning Finance Students, Prof. John M. Wachowicz - 
*For the introductory finance web site at the University of Arizona, studyfinance.com
*For introductory articles on mathematical finance see quant notes 
*For introductory articles on behavioral finance see the BF gallery
*For introductory articles on financial analysis see Financial Analysis 
*Learn how to practice good Financial Planning
Taiga

s, just below the tundra and just above the steppes]]
 taiga, Copper River, Alaska]]
The **taiga** or **boreal forest** is a large area of coniferous forests. It covers most of inland Alaska, Canada, Sweden, Finland, inland Norway, northern Kazakhstan, Russia (especially Siberia), and parts of the northern continental United States. 

In Canada, **boreal forest** is the term used to refer to the southern part of those forests, and "taiga" is used to describe the northern areas south of the Arctic tree line that separates it from tundra.  The trees are mostly pines, spruces and larches. The climate has cold winters and cool summers.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Boreal Forests/Taiga (WWF)
*Terraformers Canadian Taiga Conservation Foundation 
*Arctic and Taiga (Canadian Geographic) 
*Coniferous Forest. Earth Observatory. NASA. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/bioconiferous.html .
*Taiga Rescue Network (TRN)  A network of NGOs, indigenous peoples or individuals that works to protect the boreal forests.
*Index of Boreal Forests/Taiga ecoregions at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu 
*The Nature Conservancy and its partners work to protect the Canadian Boreal Forest 
*Slater museum of natural history: Taiga
Depeche Mode

**Depeche Mode** are an English electronic music band formed in Basildon, Essex in 1980. The band's name was taken from French fashion magazine, *Dépêche mode*. This translates to "fashion update" or "fashion news dispatch". The band has sold over 100 million records around the world. Depeche Mode were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020. The band has two current members: Dave Gahan and Martin Gore.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Speak & Spell* (1981)
* *A Broken Frame* (1982)
* *Construction Time Again* (1983)
* *Some Great Reward* (1984)
* *Black Celebration* (1986)
* *Music for the Masses* (1987)
* *Violator* (1990)
* *Songs of Faith and Devotion* (1993)
* *Ultra* (1997)
* *Exciter* (2001)
* *Playing the Angel* (2005)
* *Sounds of the Universe* (2009)
* *Delta Machine* (2013)
* *Spirit* (2017)
* *Memento Mori* (2023)

## Other websites
* The official Depeche Mode website
* Depeche Mode International  (Official Fan Club on Smule)
Papaya

**Papaya** is a tall herbaceous plant in the genus ***Carica***; its edible fruit is also called papaya. It is native to the tropical region of America, mainly from southern Mexico to Central America. Now these plants are grown in all tropical regions of the world.

Papayas are plants of tropical regions and, for growth and fruit production, they need a warm climate. They cannot live with low temperatures.

This is now the only species in its genus. As a result of genetic research, the other species were put in three new genera.

## Names 
The genus *Carica* was given that name by Linnaeus because the leaves of these plants are like those of the common fig (*Ficus carica*).

The common name comes from the Taíno word *papáia* that was changed in Spanish to **papaya**, the word most used worldwide, with some changes. In Australia and some countries of the Caribbean, the fruit is called *papaw* or *pawpaw* but another North American plant, *Asimina triloba* of the Annonaceae family has also that name.

The French name for the fruit is *papaye* and *papayer* for the plant. In Portuguese, the fruit is called *mamão*, *papaia* or *ababaia* and the tree *mamoeiro* or *papaeira*. In Kerala it commonly known as Kapanga - കപ്പങ്ങ. In Spanish, there are other names besides papaya. In Cuba, it is called *fruta bomba* except in the eastern provinces where papaya is used. In the Dominican Republic, Los Llanos (Venezuela) and Eastern Central Colombia, the name is *lechosa*. In Argentina and Paraguay, the fruit is called *mamón*. Green papaya is used in Thai cuisine, both raw and cooked.

The papaya is a source of iron and calcium; a good source of vitamins A, B and Riboflavin and an excellent source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

The latex (a sap like milk) from the green fruits, the leaves and the stem are rich in **papain**, an enzyme that breaks down tough meat fibers. Papain is a component in products (*meat tenderizers*) sold in shops and that is used to make meat softer before cooking it.

Papaya seeds have a peppery taste and are a great substitute for black peppercorns.

## References 
7: https://www.achinhimanshujha-mylifeonweb.com/2021/09/papaya-leaves-health-benefits.html

## Other websites 
* Fruits of Warm Climates: Papaya and Related Species
* Carica papaya
* California Rare Fruit Growers: Papaya Fruit Facts .
* Papaya Fruit Nutrition
* Treating Livestock with Medicinal Plants: Beneficial or Toxic? Carica papaya
* Papaya Fruit - Internet Documentation 

Image:Carica papaya - Papaya - var-tropical dwarf papaya - desc-leaf.jpg|Papaya leaf
Image:Carica papaya dsc07806.jpg|Papayas
Image:Carica_papaya_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-029.jpg|tree and fruit, from Koehler's *Medicinal-Plants* (1887)
Temperate climate

In geography, **temperate** latitudes of the Earth lie between the subtropics and the polar circles. Average yearly temperatures in these regions are not extreme, not burning hot nor freezing cold. Temperate means moderate.

Unlike in the tropics, temperatures can change greatly here, between summer and winter. So, most places with a temperate climate have four seasons: Other areas with a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather. One day it may be sunny, the next may be rainy, and after that it may be cloudy. This is normal in summer as well as in winter. These are the main types of temperate climate:

* A maritime climate is generally for locations near the sea. That includes London, Dublin, Melbourne or Auckland. Most places do not have a rainy season and a dry season. Prevailing winds in the temperate zone are from the west.  The western edge of temperate continents usually get this maritime climate. Examples are Western Europe, and western North America at latitudes between 40° and 60° north (65°N in Europe).
* Some parts of the temperate zone have a Mediterranean climate, which have a dry summer – for example Rome, Cape Town, Santiago or Adelaide.
* Some parts of the temperate zone, especially in the northern part of the continental climate, have severe winters – for example Moscow or Minnesota – this is called a hemiboreal climate.
* Some places in the temperate zone have hot summers and cold winters, for example Chicago, Beijing, Budapest or Almaty.
* Small areas of a country may have their own microclimate. Even the UK has a little rainforest.

The 4 seasons in the temperate zone are Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter

## References
System

A **system**  is a group of related things that work together as a whole. These things can be real or imaginary. Systems can be man-made things like a car engine or natural things like a star system. Systems can also be concepts made by people to organize ideas. 

A **subsystem** is a system that is part of some larger system. For example, in computer networking, a disk subsystem is a part of a computer system.

## Definition 
*A system is a group of things that connect and form some kind of coherent whole.

One of the founders of physiology, Claude Bernard, took a big step when he noticed that the internal systems of the body tend to keep things the same even if they are disturbed. He called the functions which keep system stable as homeostasis. This led towards the ideas of error-correction, feedback and regulation. These are all typical of systems which have some kind of goal and can adjust their behaviour so as to correct errors.

## Example 
The Solar System is an example of a system. The Solar System includes the Sun and the eight planets, as well as the moons of those planets. These and other members are linked by gravity and by their history as a  planetary system.

## Types of systems 
There are many kinds of systems. The key is that the elements of a system work together as a whole whilst still keeping their own identity. This is why planetary systems and body systems are good examples. They work together but have their own separate identity.
* Systems in a living person, such as digestive system, nervous system, and so on. These systems operate so as to keep the body's physiology going within limits.
* Systems of life, such as life cycle, carbon cycle, or ecosystem
* Systems in science, such as the  solar system
* Any mechanical or electrical gadgets where parts work together to keep the output within certain limits. A thermostat is the classic example of this.

## Related pages
* Systems theory
* Systems science
* Cybernetics

## References
Amanda Michalka

**Amanda Joy "AJ" Michalka** (born April 10, 1991) is an American singer and actress from Torrance, California. Her parents are Carrey Begley-Michalka and Mark Michalka. Her older sister is actress Alyson Michalka. She and her sister are in the band 78violet. She starred with her sister in the Disney movie *Cow Belles*. She is of German-American ancestry.

## Biography
Amanda Michalka was born in Torrance, California in 1991. Her older sister, Alyson "Aly" Michalka and their parents moved to Seattle, Washington. There her parents made sure they were exposed to all varieties of music. They then moved back to Southern California, where they still live.

### Career
Michalka was in a number of WORD Music Productions at her church in Southern California as a young child. Michalka plays a variety of instruments such as acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano, and bongos. She used to be a model for catalogs. In March 2006, she made her first appearance on the Disney Channel in the Disney Channel Original Movie *Cow Belles*, as "Courtney Callum", along with sister Aly, as "Taylor Callum". She has also made appearances on shows such as *Oliver Beene*, *Six Feet Under*, *The Guardian*, and *General Hospital*. She also appeared with her sister in the MTV movie, *Super Sweet 16: The Movie*.

## Albums
* *Insomniatic* (2007)
* *Acoustic Hearts of Winter* (2006)
* *Into The Rush* (2005)

## Filmography
### Feature movies
* *The Lovely Bones* (2009) - Clarissa, Susie’s best friend.

### Television movies
* *Super Sweet 16: The Movie* (2007) - Sara Conners
* *Cow Belles* (2006) - Courtney Callum

### Television series
* *Aly & AJ: Sister Act* (2007) - Herself
* ''Kitty's Dish* (2005) - Kitty
* *Six Feet Under* (2004) - Ashley
* *General Hospital* (2004) - Ashley B.
* *Oliver Beene* (2003-2004) - Bonnie
* *The Guardian* (2002-2004) - Shannon Gressler
* *Birds of Prey* (2002-2003) - Young Dinah

### Guest appearances
* *Fox & Friends* (2007) - Herself
* *Live with Regis and Kelly* (2007) - Herself
* *Punk'd* (2007) -  Herself
* *Total Request Live* (2006) - Herself
* *Live with Regis and Kelly* (2006) - Herself
* *Good Morning America* (2006) - Herself
* *America's Got Talent* (2006) - Herself
* *MTV Cribs* (2006) - Herself
* *The Megan Mullally Show'' (2006) - Herself

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Hollywood Records's Aly & AJ Bio
Salmonberry

A **salmonberry** (*Rubus spectabilis*) is a type of fruit. It is a bramble in the rose family Rosaceae. It is native and widespread in areas of Alaska, predominantly the southeast. It is also widespread in Washington State. They come in red and orange varieties. They fruit in early summer and are used by many to make jams, juices, and other such products. They are considered to be a weed and reproduce and spread rapidly. The berries can be eaten raw, straight from the source. They co-exist with huckleberries, blueberries, thimbleberries, and other such plants in the Tongass National Forest.  This fruit is related to the rose and are native to the west coast of North America from Alaska to Idaho.
Cherry tomato

The **cherry tomato** is a type of tomato that is a fruit. This type of tomato was originally developed in Israel.

Israeli scientists Haim Rabinowitch and Nachum Kadar from the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot bred one of the varieties of cherry tomatoes in 1973.

## Notes
Adolf von Henselt

**Adolf von Henselt** (born Schwabach, Bavaria, May 9 1814; died Warmbrunn (now Cieplice), Silesia, October 10 1889) was a German pianist and composer.  He had piano lessons from Hummel in Weimar.  When he was a young man he played in concerts all over Germany.  Then he went to Russia where he was very successful and he settled there to live.  He became pianist at the court of the tsar and taught the tsar’s children how to play the piano.

Henselt was known for his beautiful playing of the music of Chopin.  He was very good at playing widely spaced arpeggios and could make them sound very smooth (legato) even if he was not using the pedal.

As a composer he is mostly remembered today for a few of his short works which are often quite sentimental, e.g. *Frühlingslied* (*Spring Song*) and *Si oiseau j’étais* (*If I were a bird*).
Stone (unit)

The **stone** is a unit for measuring mass in the Imperial system. It is equal to fourteen pounds. 160 stone make up a long ton. In the metric system, 1 stone = 6.35029318 kilograms.

The short way of writing stones is **st**.

## Mass
## Usage 
The stone was outlawed in Ireland and the United Kingdom, in 1983 and 1985 respectively. However stones and pounds are both commonly used in non-official cases, most commonly when stating the weight of a person. Often in American-British boxing matches, the contenders  weight is stated in pounds then stones and pounds. The same in horse racing.
Imperial units

The **Imperial units** or the **Imperial system** is a collection of measurement units. An Act of Parliament in 1824 created it from traditional English units. The United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries (which were once part of the British Empire as British colonies) used this system from 1824 until they changed to the metric system in the second part of the 20th century. The Imperial system is very similar to the American system but there are some differences.

In 2019 Boris Johnson proposed changes to the law in the United Kingdom to increase the use of Imperial units.  He said this would be a benefit of Brexit. In 2023 the idea was dropped when  98.7% of people said they preferred using metric units. The law was changed to permit wine to be sold in pints. 

## Length 
The British nautical mile used to be 6080 feet. In 1970 the UK adopted the international definition of 1852 metres.

## Measures of area 
## Volume 
The full table of *British apothecaries’ measure* is:

For a comparison to the United States customary units see the article on Comparison of the Imperial and US customary systems.

## Mass and weight 
## Related pages
* International System of Units

## Other websites 
* Canada - Weights and Measures Act 1970-71-72 
* British Weights And Measures Association 
* Jacques J. Proot's Anglo-Saxon weights & measures  page.
## References
Maccabi Haifa F.C.

**Maccabi Haifa Football Club** (, *Moadon HaKaduregel Maccabi Haifa*) is an Israeli football team from the city of Haifa, a section of Maccabi Haifa sports club. The club has won 11 championships, five State Cups and four Toto Cups. The club was founded in 1913, and it is one of the country's most successful teams in Europe, being the first Israeli club to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.

## History
### First seventy years of obscurity
Maccabi Haifa Football Club was established in 1913 in the port city of Haifa. It was a small, struggling club that spent most of its time between the Liga Leumit and the lower leagues. 

The club was overshadowed by their city rivals Hapoel Haifa, who were then the darling club of the city of Haifa and especially of then mayor Abba Hushi. But even in its first years the club adapted a very adventurous and offensive style of play based on technique and short passes. In 1942, the club reached the Israel State Cup final, but was humiliated 12-1 by Beitar Tel Aviv in the final, which is the club's worst defeat ever. In 1962, the club won its only honour until the 80s, when the team defeated Maccabi Tel Aviv 5-2 in the State Cup final. In 1963 they reached the final again, but failed to defend their title losing to arch-rivals Hapoel Haifa 1-0.

**Maccabi Haifa F. C.** is a professional football (soccer) club in Israel. Founded in 1913, it is Israel's most successful club both domestically and in European competitions.

## Club Titles
Leagues Won
* Israeli Premier League - 15 Times Won
Cups Won
* Israeli Cup - 6 Times Won
* Toto Cup - 4 Times Won

## Famous Players ever in Maccabi Haifa F.C.
Avi Ran, 
Adoram Keisi, 
Eyal Berkovic,
Yaniv Katan,
Yossi Benayoun,
Reuven Atar and
Alon Mizrahi

## Best Club Records 
**Most Goals in season** - 1993/1994

**Most Games played without losing strike** - 46 Games (From Seasons 1993-1995)

**Most Away Undefeated Strike** - 30

**Most Points in a Year** - 96 Points

## Fan Organization 
Maccabi Haifa has three  fan organizations. One of them and the biggest one, is the **Green Apes**, founded in 2002. Second, is **Inferno Verde**, which means **The Green Hell**, founded in 2010. Third, is **Ultra Boys**.

The **Green Apes** (aka: **The Ultras**) consist of 2,400 people, while Inferno Verde includes 100.

## Squad
*As of September 1 2009*.

## References
Comparison of the Imperial and US customary systems

The imperial and U.S. customary systems are similar, but there are some differences between them.

## Volume 
The main difference is in units of volume. The American system has two gallons: a wet and a dry one. The imperial gallon is bigger than each of these. However, the imperial fluid ounce is slightly smaller than the American one.

## Length 
The international yard is exactly 0.9144 metres. This definition was agreed upon by the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand in 1959. However, the United States continued to use its old length units for surveying purposes. The US survey foot is exactly 1200/3937 metre.

## Weight 
Another difference is in units of mass. In Britain people often use the stone. One stone is 14 pounds. Eight stones are one hundredweight (112 lb). Twenty hundredweights are one ton. So one British ton is 2240 pounds. It is very close to the tonne of the metric system.

In the United States people do not use the stone. They usually use a hundredweight of 100 pounds. This hundredweight is also called a *short hundredweight*. Twenty short hundredweights are one short ton. The British hundredweight is also called the *long hundredweight* and the Britsh ton is also called the *long ton*.

## Related pages
* Imperial units
* United States customary units
* International System of Units
* Metric system
Tundra

, Russia]]
]]

In physical geography, **tundra** is the part of the world in which the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The word comes from the Sami *tūndâr*, which means "uplands," "tundra," or "treeless mountains."

There are three types of tundra: **Arctic tundra**, **Antarctic tundra**, and **alpine tundra**. In all three types, the plants are mostly grass, moss, and lichens. Trees grow in some of the tundra. The boundary between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline. The area itself encircles the Arctic Ocean of the Northern Hemisphere. The climate in a tundra biome consists of freezing cold and dryness in the winter and cold summers. The tundra ground is a barren place and is often covered with rocks.

Most water on the tundra is permafrost  permanent frozen soil. Permafrost and fierce winds prevent large trees from growing deep roots. Plants in the tundra are small and grow near the ground. Plants, called "cushions," grow in tight clumps in the tundra, but lichens are the dominant plants and cover the rocks. The few trees that do grow on the tundra are dwarf willows and birch.

The deep and cold snow makes life in the tundra very difficult. Animal must adapt to survive. Some have thick fur that turns white during the winter. Others find places to hibernate during the winter months. Some examples of animals that live in the tundra are rodents, hares, sables, caribou, wolves, arctic foxes, bears, walruses, seals, and snowy owls.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*WWF Tundra Ecoregions 
*The Arctic biome at Classroom of the Future
*British Antarctica Survey
*Antarctica: West of the Transantarctic Mountains
*Tundra Food Chain | How The Tundra Food Chain Works?
Lift (force)

The force of lift is the upward force that keeps an aircraft in the air. It's an aerodynamic force that's generated when a fluid, like air, flows past a solid object, like an airplane wing: 

The most common type of lift is that of a wing of an aircraft.  But there are many other common uses such as propellers on both aircraft and boats, rotors on helicopters,  blades, sails on sailboats, and wind turbines.

While the common meaning of the term "lift" suggests an "upwards" action, lift can be in any direction. For instance, for a sail the lift is horizontal, and for the wing on a race car the lift is down.

There are a number of ways of explaining the production of lift; some are more complicated than others, some have been shown to be false. The simplest explanation is that the wing deflects air downward, and the reaction pushes the wing up. 

## Other websites 
* How Airplanes Fly: A Physical Description of Lift
* NASA tutorial, with animation, describing lift 
* Description on one very common incorrect explanation of lift 
* Discussion of the apparent "conflict" between the various explanations of lift 
* Explanation of Lift with animation of fluid flow around an airfoil
* A treatment of why and how wings generate lift that focuses on pressure.
Mount Kilimanjaro

**Kilimanjaro** (or Kilimanjaro, which means "shining mountain" in Swahili), formerly **Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze**, is a mountain in northeastern Tanzania. Kilimanjaro is the tallest free-standing mountain rise in the world, rising 4600 meters (15,000 ft) from the base, and is the highest peak in Africa at 5,895 meters (19,340&nbsp;ft) and one of Seven Summits. It gives a dramatic view from the surrounding plains.  Almost 85% of the ice cover on Kilimanjaro disappeared from October 1912 to June 2011.

Kilimanjaro is also a strato-like volcano. It has explosive eruptions. The last major eruption was about 100,000 years ago. killimanjaro is 5895 meters tall.

## Climbing and acclimatization 
There are 6 routes up Kilimanjaro: Lemosho, Machame, Marangu, Umbwe, Rongai and Northern Circuit.

Since there are big differences in height, climbers can feel Altitude sickness. 7-, 8- and 9-day routes are recommended (especially for beginners), as on them it will be easier to adapt to less oxygen in the air. The more time is spent being on the slope, the easier it is to acclimatize.

For best results, It is recommended to plan for 6 to 8 weeks of training before your Kilimanjaro trek and build your stamina and strength. Add some ‘walks’ into your gym workouts to stimulate the development of relevant muscles. Try doing one or two day walking trials in your area. It will be a good physical preparation but also a nice way to prepare yourself to the challenge.

It may not be a technical climb, but there are still a few Mount Kilimanjaro fatalities each year, and those heading up Africa’s tallest mountain need to have a clear-eyed respect for danger. The main causes of death on Kilimanjaro are: High Altitude Illness (HAI) or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE). These three are the main killers on the mountain.

## References
Tropical climate

A **tropical climate** is a type of climate typical in the tropics. It is a humid climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures above 18°C (64.4 °F). Some tropical areas have rainfall throughout the year, usually in the afternoon. Others have a wet season and a dry season, for example because of monsoon.  The usual tropical climate is hot, humid and wet.  Cold weather effects like frost and cold weather precipitation like snow never happen in a tropical climate. One famous area of tropical climate is the Amazon rainforest, which, like most rainforests, has high biodiversity.  

Desert and semi-arid climates are classified separately.

Some tropical areas are less wet, which makes them savannas. A few places near the equator, such as Mount Kilimanjaro, are high mountains and cold for that reason.

## Examples of tropical climates 
* Rainforests
* Savanna
* Semi-arid
Köppen climate classification

The **Köppen climate classification** is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.  It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist, around 1900 (with several further modifications by himself, notably in 1918 and 1936).  It is based on the concept that native vegetation is the best expression of climate, thus climate zone boundaries have been selected with vegetation distribution in mind.

## System
***Group A** is tropical. The average temperature in the coolest month must be at least 18° C.

## Related pages 
* Climatology

## References
Unkel

**Unkel** is a city in the district of Neuwied, Rhineland-Palatinate, in the country of Germany. It is on the Rhine River.

## References
## Other websites
Fumarole

eous fumaroles at the Solfatara crater, one of the 24 craters of the Phlegraean Fields, Naples]]
, Iran]]
, New Zealand]]
, Greece]]
A **fumarole** (Latin *fumus*, smoke) is an opening in the crust of the Earth, often in the neighborhood of dormant volcanoes, where steam and gases come out, for instance carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.

## Etymology
The name solfatara (from the Italian *solfo*, sulfur), is given to fumaroles with sulfurous gases.
Tropics

The **tropics** are the region of the Earth near to the equator and between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N) in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S) in the southern hemisphere. This region is also referred to as the **tropical zone** and the **torrid zone**.

This area includes all the areas of the Earth where the sun reaches a point directly overhead at least once a year. The word "tropics" comes from Greek *tropos* meaning "turn", because the apparent position of the Sun moves between the two tropics within a year.

The word *Tropical* specifically means places near the equator. The word is also sometimes used in a general sense for a tropical climate, a climate that is warm to hot and moist year-round. This includes tropical rainforests with lush vegetation. However, there are mountains in the tropics that are anything but "tropical" in this sense, with even alpine tundra and snow-capped peaks, including Mauna Kea, Mt. Kilimanjaro, and the Andes as far south as the northernmost parts of Chile and Argentina. Places in the tropics which are hot and dry include the Atacama Desert, Sahara Desert, Central Africa, most parts of Western Africa and Northern Australian Outback.

Some parts of Eurasia are also in the tropical zone.

People in some tropical places call their seasons "dry"/"hot" and "rainy"/"wet", especially where the seasons are made by monsoons. Tropical cyclones form in tropical ocean areas, and some move from there into the temperate zone. Tropical plants and animals are native to the tropics or the Torrid zone.
Polar circle

mountain plateau]]
A **polar circle** is either the Arctic Circle or the Antarctic Circle. On Earth, the Arctic Circle is at a latitude of 66˚ 33' 38" N, and the Antarctic Circle is at a latitude of 66˚ 33' 38" S. Areas between each polar circle and its pole (North Pole, or South Pole) will each year have at least one 24 hour period when the sun is continuously above the horizon and at least one 24 hour period when the sun is continuously below the horizon.

## Related pages
*Antarctica

## Other websites
*Wolfram Mathworlds Polar circle calculation formula.
Horizon

, 2002.]]
The **horizon** (from Greek *orizein*, to limit) is the line that separates earth from sky. But at many places the *true horizon* cannot be seen as there are trees, buildings, mountains and so forth. The line is then called *visible horizon*. 

## Other websites 
* Derivation of the distance to the horizon
Walk

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**Walk** or **walking** is the way people or animals travel on their legs.  It is slower than running, and only one foot is off the ground at any time.  If a person goes out walking, it is said that they 'went for a walk'.  Walking quickly or for a long time is known as a healthy exercise. People are usually taught how to walk by a parent or guardian around the age of 9-18 months.

## Related pages
*Race walking
*Hiking

## Notes
Conifer

**Conifers** are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants. 

All living conifers are woody plants which are perennial. Most are trees; some are shrubs. They are the Division **Pinophyta** or **Coniferophyta**.

Living conifers are all in the order **Pinales**. Typical examples include cedars, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, redwoods, spruces, and yews.

Species of conifers can be found in almost all parts of the world, and are often the most common plants in their habitats, as in the taiga. Conifers are of great economic value, and their wood is mainly used for timber and paper-making The wood of conifers is known as softwood, though yew wood is actually quite hard. The division *Coniferae* contains about 700 living species.

## Evolution 
The earliest conifers were in the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) period (about 300 million years ago), Pinophytes, Cycads, and Ginkgos all developed at this time.

## List of genera 
* *Araucariaceae*
** *Agathis* (kauri)
** *Araucaria* (monkey puzzle)
** *Wollemia* (wollemi pine)
* *Cupressaceae*
** *Athrotaxis* (pencil pine)
** *Cryptomeria* (Japanese redwood)
** *Cunninghamia*
** *Glyptostrobus* (Chinese swamp cypress)
** *Metasequoia* (dawn redwood)
** *Sequoia* (coast redwood)
** *Sequoiadendron* (giant redwood)
** *Taiwania*
** *Taxodium*
* *Pinaceae*
** *Abies* (fir)
** *Cathaya*
** *Cedrus* (cedar)
** *Keeteleeria*
** *Larix* (larch)
** *Nothotsuga* (bristlecone hemlock)
** *Picea* (spruce)
** *Pinus* (pine)
** *Pseudolarix* (golden larch)
** *Pseudotsuga* (Douglas fir)
** *Tsuga* (hemlock)

## Related pages 
* Gymnosperm
* Conifer cones

## References
Muon

The **muon** is an elementary particle. It has a negative electric charge and half spin. Its symbol is "μ-". It is a type of lepton.

The muon has an average life time of 2.2 micro-seconds or 0.0000022 seconds.
A muon is like an electron, but it is 200 times heavier. Unlike an electron, it decays into other particles. The superparticle of a muon is called a "smuon."

## How are muons made? 
Muons can be made in particle accelerators with energy levels above 105.7 MeV. Cosmic rays from the Sun also make muons:
# The photons in the cosmic rays crash into air molecules.
# Pions are made in the crash
# The pions undergo atomic decay into neutrinos and muons.

## Muon decay
Muons are unstable elementary particles. They are heavier than electrons and neutrinos but lighter than all other particles. They decay via the weak interaction. Because the total of the lepton numbers of the starting and ending particles must be the same, one of the product neutrinos of muon decay must be a muon-type neutrino and the other an electron-type antineutrino. Because charge must be kept the same, one of the products of muon decay is always an electron of the same charge as the muon. So, all muons decay to at least an electron, and two neutrinos. Sometimes, besides these necessary products, additional other particles that have a net charge and spin of zero (e.g., a pair of photons, or an electron-positron pair), are produced.

The dominant muon decay mode (sometimes called the Michel decay after Louis Michel) is the simplest possible: the muon decays to an electron, an electron-antineutrino, and a muon-neutrino. Antimuons, in mirror fashion, most often decay to the corresponding antiparticles: a positron, an electron-neutrino, and a muon-antineutrino.

## Other websites
* Muon anomalous magnetic moment and supersymmetry
* g-2 (muon anomalous magnetic moment) experiment
* muLan (Measurement of the Positive Muon Lifetime) experiment 
* The Review of Particle Physics
* The TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test
* The MEG Experiment (Search for the decay Muon → Positron + Gamma)
Magnoliopsida

**Magnoliopsida** or **dicotyledons** is the name of  a class of plants in taxonomy. They are also called dicots. It is the biggest group of flowering plants. Seedlings in this group have two seed leaves. Monocots have one seed leaf.
## Examples of the group
*Oaks
*Sunflowers
*Roses
*Blackberries
* Blueberry
* Bilberry
Airén

(Madrid, Spain)]]
An **airén** is a  type of white grape used to make wine. The grape is native to Spain. It is one of the most grown types of grape worldwide.

The areas of Valdepeñas and La Mancha grow the most Airén. Ciudad Real, Toledo, Albacete and Cuenca also grow large amounts. It can also be found significantly in Madrid and as far south as Montilla-Moriles.
Relative

**Relative** can refer to:
* Kinship, If two people are connected by birth, they are said to be *relatives*

## Physics
* Relativity, an idea in physics (for example Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity)
* Relative angular momentum, astronomy
* Relative density
* Relativity drive, propulsion
* Relative humidity, meteorology/physics
* Relative decibel, acoustics
* Relative effectiveness factor, demolitions
* Relative intensity noise, optics
* Relative motion, kinematics
* Relative permeability, fluid dynamics
* Relative pressure
* Relative thermal resistance
* Relative velocity
* Relative viscosity
* Relative wind, aeronautics

## Math
* Relatively complemented lattice, lattice theory
* Relative risk, statistics and epidemiology
* Relative standard deviation, statistics
* Grothendieck's relative point of view, category/scheme theory

**Topology**
* Relatively compact subspace
* Relative homology
* Relative interior

## Philosophy
* Knowledge relativity, relativity as a philosophical concept, opposed to absolute
* Relativism

## Economics/Finance
* Relative deprivation, socioeconomics
* Relative investment performance
* Relative price
* Relative strength index
* Relative valuation
* Relative value

## Music
* Relative key
* Relative pitch

## Popular culture
**Film and television**
* *Relatively Speaking (play)*, 1965 British play
* *Relatively Speaking*, late 1980s television game show
* ''Everything's Relative*, 2000 Japanese anime *Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters* episode
* *Relative Values*, 2000 film
* *It's All Relative*, 2003-4 comedy television series

**Literature**
* *The Relativity of Wrong*, 1988 Isaac Asimov essay
* *Relative Heroes*, 2000 DC comic book series
* *Time and Relative*, 2001 Doctor Who book
* *Relative Dementias*, 2002 Doctor Who book series

**Music**
* *Relative Degree*, late 1990s rock band of *Linkin Park* members
* *Friends & Relatives*, 1999 compilation album
* *Dead Relatives*, 2000 music album by Canadian Emm Gryner
* *Relative Ways*, 2001 music album by *...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead''
* Relative Theory Records, 2003 record store in Norfolk, Virginia, USA

## Other
* Positive relative accommodation, ophthamalogy
* Relative bearing indicator, aviation
* Relative addressing, computer science
* Relative dating, archaeology, geology
* Relative direction, orientation
* Relative gain (international relations)
* Relative location, geography
* Luminance (relative)
* Relative survival, epidemiology

## Related pages
* Relativity
William Penn

**William Penn** (14 October 1644-30 July 1718) was an English colonial leader. He was very wealthy and owned slaves who he forced to work on his plantation. He was given what would become the US state of Pennsylvania by King Charles II as a debt to his father. Penn was a member of the Religious Society of Friends, who are known as Quakers.

Penn and his wife were made honorary United States citizens in 1984 by US President Ronald Reagan. He was friends with George Fox. 

## References
Babe Ruth

**George Herman "Babe" Ruth, Jr.**  (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was a famous baseball player during the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s in Major League Baseball. He played with the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and the Boston Braves, and hit 714 home runs in his career. Only two players, Hank Aaron and Barry Bonds, have hit more. At the beginning of his career, he was a pitcher. He is widely considered the greatest baseball player of all time.

## Nicknames
Babe Ruth has been called by many nicknames. Some of the most common are: "The Great Bambino",  "The Sultan of Swat", "The Colossus of Clout", "The Titan of Terror", and "The King of Crash". While attending St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, he was sometimes referred to by the racial epithet "Niggerlips" as he had large facial features and was darker than most boys at the all-white reformatory.

## Early career
Ruth learned to play baseball while growing up in Baltimore, Maryland.His first Major League Baseball (MLB) team was the Boston Red Sox. Ruth began playing as a pitcher. He had some of the best pitching statistics in baseball. The Red Sox won the World Series in 1915, 1916, and 1918.

At that time, there was no designated hitter rule in the American League, where the Red Sox played, so Ruth got chances to hit as a pitcher. The team realized that he was also good at hitting. In 1918, Ruth began hitting more and pitching less. Later in his career, he became an outfielder.

Ruth was becoming a star player. However, by 1919, Red Sox owner Harry Frazee was having problems with money. In 1920, the Red Sox sold Ruth to the New York Yankees for cash. Even though the Red Sox had won several World Series in the years before this, they would not win another one until 2004. Many baseball fans believed that the Red Sox had become "cursed" by trading Ruth, and called this the "Curse of the Bambino". (When the Red Sox finally did win a World Series in 2004, they beat the Yankees in the American League Championship to get there.)

## After the trade
Ruth spent most of the rest of his career with the Yankees, where he became one of the most famous players in baseball history. Ruth helped the Yankees win World Series championships in 1923, 1927, 1928, and 1932. He left the Yankees after the 1934 season and played one last season with the Boston Braves in 1935.

In 1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, which was then a record for the most home runs in one season. The record was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 with 61 home runs.

## Death
Babe Ruth died on August 16, 1948, from a type of throat cancer. He underwent hormone therapy and surgery in an attempt to treat his cancer. He was also one of the first cancer patients to receive sequential radiation and chemotherapy treatment. 

## Honors
In November 2018, Ruth posthumously received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Donald Trump.

## Career batting statistics 
He also had a .474 career on-base percentage, which is second all-time to Ted Williams' .482.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* baberuth.com - Official site
* baberuthmuseum.com  Ruth Museum
* Photo of Babe Ruth as a member of the 1916 Red Sox
Korn

**Korn** (sometimes written as **KoЯn** to fit their logo) is an American Grammy Award-winning nu metal and alternative metal band from Bakersfield, California.

The band was first called 'Creep' and had another singer.

People often say they created the nu metal genre. Along with other bands of the time, they were influences for a wave of nu metal, alternative metal and rap metal bands through the mid 1990s and early 2000s, helping Limp Bizkit (who were discovered by Korn themselves) and Slipknot more than other bands. Despite this, Korn have been quoted for disliking the term and even being called 'metal'. Jonathan Davis has said that Korn's music can not be classified and that it contains many other influences besides simply 'metal'. The official review on the iTunes Store for their first album goes as far as saying that Korn "hate the term".

Their first album was first sold in 1994 and also called KoRn. Since then, Korn has sold over 35 million records worldwide - including 16,5 millions in the U.S., making them one of the best-selling metal acts of the last twelve years. The band's catalogue consists of seven platinum studio albums in a row, one platinum compilation album, and seven consecutive debuts (including *Greatest Hits, Volume 1* compilation album) in top 10 of Billboard Top 200 best selling albums. Korn has been selected for 6 Grammys, and won 2 such awards. 8 of their albums have been awarded as multi-platinum, despite only part of them being on Billboard.

## Band members 
;Current lineup
* Jonathan Davis – lead vocals, bagpipes (1993–present)
* James "Munky" Shaffer – guitars (1993–present); backing vocals (2005–present)
* Brian "Head" Welch – guitars, backing vocals (1993–2005, 2013–present)
* Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu – bass (1993–present)
* Ray Luzier – drums (2009–present)

;Former
* David Silveria – drums, percussion (1993–2006)

**Timeline**

## Studio albums
* *Korn* (1994)
* *Life Is Peachy* (1996)
* *Follow the Leader* (1998)
* *Issues* (1999)
* *Untouchables* (2002)
* *Take a Look in the Mirror* (2003)
* *See You on the Other Side* (2005)
* Untitled album (2007)
* *Korn III: Remember Who You Are* (2010)
* *The Path of Totality* (2011)
* *The Paradigm Shift* (2013)
* *The Serenity of Suffering* (2016)
* *The Nothing* (2019)
**Requiem* (2022)

## References