open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
PMMP

**PMMP** is a Finnish pop rock band. The band has two singers: Paula Vesala and Mira Luoti and three musicians Mikko Virta, Juho Vehmanen and Heikki Kytölä. The band writes their own songs with Jori Sjöroos. PMMP became popular in Finland in 2003, with the song *Rusketusraidat*. Their biggest hit is a song called *Oo siellä jossain mun*.

In November 2007, PMMP released their fourth album *Puuhevonen* which has songs for children.  

## The members of PMMP 
**Paula Vesala*, *December 10, 1981*
**Mira Luoti*, *February 28, 1978*
**Mikko Virta*, *March 22, 1982*
**Juho Vehmanen*, *March 31, 1981*
**Heikki Kytölä*, *October 14, 1981*

## Discography 
### Albums 
**Kuulkaas enot!* (#6) 2003
**Kovemmat kädet* (#2) 2005
**Kovemmat kädet (Kumipainos)* 2005
**Leskiäidin tyttäret* (#1) 2006
**Puuhevonen* (-) 2007
**Veden varaan* (2009)
**Rakkaudesta* (2012)
**Matkalaulu* (2013)

### Singles 
**Rusketusraidat* (#1) 2003
**Niina* (promo only) 2003
**Joutsenet* (#8) 2003
**Päiväkoti* (#13) 2005
**Oo siellä jossain mun* (promo only) 2005
**Matkalaulu* (promo only) 2005
**Pikkuveli* (promo only) 2005
**Henkilökohtaisesti* 2006
**Tässä elämä on* (radio only) 2006
**Joku raja* (#1) 2007
**Kesäkaverit* 2007
**Täti Monika* 2007
**Atsipoppaa*	2008
**Viimeinen valitusvirsi* 2009
**Lautturi* 2009
**Pariterapiaa* 2009
**Lapsuus loppui* 2009
**Heliumpallo* 2012
**Rakkaalleni* 2012
**Tytöt* 2012
**Pahvinaamari* 2012
**Valloittamaton* 2013

### Music Videos 
**Rusketusraidat* 2003
**Joutsenet* 2003
**Päiväkoti* 2005
**Matkalaulu* 2005
**Pikkuveli* 2005
**Henkilökohtaisesti* 2006
**Tässä elämä on* 2006
**Joku raja* 2006

## Other websites
*Official homepage
*Fans Colombia
Eldest

***Eldest*** is the second book in the *Inheritance Cycle* by Christopher Paolini. It comes after *Eragon* and was first published in hardcover on August 23, 2005. The paperback came out in September of 2006.

## Story
In this book Eragon, with his dragon Saphira visits the elf city Ellesmera to complete his training. He is accompanied by a dwarf Orik and the elf, Arya. Here he finds out that the mysterious Mourning Sage had been another rider named Oromis, and his dragon Glaedr. Oromis is an Elf and is very old so he cannot fight Galbatorix but he can teach Eragon and Saphira. Eragon now has his own disability; his back pains him very much when ever he fights or exerts himself. During his stay, in a celebration of the elves the dragons grant Eragon with a gift, he is transformed, gaining the physical features of an elf. His back is also healed. He becomes much faster, stronger and his lessons become easier. His training is disrupted by news that the Varden are being attacked by a huge army sent by Galbatorix. Eragon goes to their aid and helps them in battle and has an encounter with another dragon rider and his red dragon. The Rider turns out to be Murtagh. Galbatorix had captured him after the battle in Farthen Dur and when a dragon hatched for him, Galbatorix made them swear oaths in the Ancient Language (so they cannot break them) that they would only serve him. They are bound by their oath to try and capture Eragon and Saphira. Eragon loses but Murtagh leaves him because he has "tried", telling him that Galbatorix will make sure Murtagh's oaths are stronger next time. He takes Za'roc from Eragon, because it was Morzan's sword. He also tells Eragon they are brothers and that Eragon is also the son of Morzan.

## References
Eiterfeld

**Eiterfeld** is a village in Germany in the east of Hesse. It can be found  north of the town of Fulda and  south of the town of Bad Hersfeld.

## Tourism
The most important building is Burg Fürsteneck, a castle from the Middle Ages. It is preserved and restored competely.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site 
* Akademie Burg Fürsteneck
Corsican language

**Corsican** (''* or *Lingua Corsa'') is a Romance language spoken on the island of Corsica (France), together with French, which is the official language. Similar languages are also spoken on the nearby island of Sardinia (Italy), in the city of Sassari and the historical region of Gallura. Corsican is similar to the dialects of Central Italy, particularly in Tuscany. Corsican is spoken by almost 35% of people in Corsica.

According to its UNESCO classification, the Corsican language is now in danger of becoming extinct. The language is separated into two dialects, "Northern Corsican", spoken in the Bastia and Corte areas, and "Southern Corsican", spoken around Sartene and Porto-Vecchio. The dialect of Ajaccio has been described as in transition. The dialects spoken at Calvi and Bonifacio are like the Genoa dialect, also known as Ligurian.

In the Sardinian region of Gallura, including the town of Tempio Pausania, and on the island of La Maddalena "Gallurese" is spoken. The Corsican language is very important for the Corsican culture, because it is really rich in proverbs.

## Alphabet 
## References
## Other websites 
* Wikiquote: Corsican proverbs
Odo of France

**Odo of France** (c. 857 – January 1, 898) was a king of the Franks (888 - 898). He was a son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and is sometimes called duke of France and also as count of Paris. His family is known as the Robertians. Odo made Paris his capital and that was important to making the start of modern France.

## References
Charles the Fat

**Charles the Fat** (13 June 839 – 13 January 888) was the King of Alemannia from 876, King of Italy from 879, Holy Roman Emperor (as **Charles III**) from 881, King of East Francia from 882, and King of West Francia from 884. He lost control of East Francia, Lotharingia, and possibly Italy in 887. He died a few weeks later in January 888.
898

## Events 
* January &ndash; Pope John IX succeeds Theodore II as the 116th pope.

## Deaths 
* Odo of France, king of the Franks.
Philadelphia City Hall

The **Philadelphia City Hall** is a city hall  in Philadelphia, United States.  It is 167 meters (548&nbsp;feet) tall and has 9 floors.  It was built in 1901.

Philadelphia City Hall was the tallest building in the world from 1901 to 1908.  Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was **Philadelphia City Hall**.  The Singer Building became the tallest seven year later.  

## Photo gallery 

Image:City Hall holiday.jpg
Image:Phila City Hall Twilight2.jpg

Image:Phlcityhalldetail.jpg
Image:Philadelphia City Hall-zoom.JPG
Image:PhilaCityHallNight.JPG
Image:Philadelphia City Hall (from Art Museum).JPG

## Other websites 
* City of Philadelphia City Hall official site
* Site with a lot of information and pictures 
* Emporis.com - Philadelphia City Hall
* SkyscraperPage.com - Philadelphia City Hall
Treaty of Verdun

The **Treaty of Verdun** (843) happened two generations after Charlemagne and divided his empire into three parts. When Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious died in 840, his oldest son Lothair I said that he ruled his younger brothers and their lands. But his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald won the Battle of Fontenoy (841).

## Division of the empire 
Each of the brothers already had one kingdom - Lothair in Italy, Louis the German in Bavaria, and Charles the Bald in Aquitaine. 

* Lothair got the central part of the empire - what later became the Low Countries, Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence, and Italy.

* Louis the German received East Francia. Louis became of all lands to the east of the Rhine river and to the north and east of Italy. This area became the Medieval Holy Roman Empire and parts of it later became modern Germany.

*Charles the Bald received West Francia, which later became modern France.
Jousting

manuscript.]]
**Jousting** was a sport played by knights in Europe throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, from the 13th to 16th century. It was fought by knights on horses using different weapons such as lances, battle axes, daggers, and swords. However, lances and other long metal spears were used most often.The knights wore armor and fought in tournaments. The two opposing knights would charge towards each other on horseback while holding their long spears. They would attempt to earn points by hitting their opponents head or shield. To earn even more points, they would try breaking off the tip or completely shattering their own lance. They would also try to knock each other off the horse, which would then end the round. Knights saw jousting as a way to practice for battle, as well as show off their martial skills to impress aristocratic and high social ranking women who would show interest by handing them a scarf or veil in return.

Jousting tournaments were held in arenas or fields known as lists. The opposing knights would start on opposite sides of the arena and were separated by a barrier known as a tilt. This is why people used to refer to this sport as tilting. The goal was to defeat the opposing knight and win lots of money. It was also a great activity that provided a fun way to train and practice their weapon skills. Overall, jousting was by far one of the most popular sports of this time period. However, by the end of the Middle Ages, jousting tournaments slowly decreased as other activities grew in popularity. By the 19th century, jousting had completely gone away.

## References
GI (military)

**GI** or **G.I.** is a term used to describe “ground infantry” soldiers during WWII.  It has also been loosely used as slang for enlisted soldiers of the United States armed forces.  The term is often thought to be an initialism of "Government Issue" but the origin of the term is in fact *galvanized iron* after the letters "GI" that were used for equipment such as metal trash cans made from it in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.

## References
Hồ Ngọc Hà

**Hồ Ngọc Hà** (born 25 November, 1984) is a Vietnamese singer, model and actress. She became famous when she won 1st prize of super model contest of Vietnam in 2003 and 2004, then she turned to act as singer.

## Biography 
Hồ Ngọc Hà was born in Đồng Hới city, Quảng Bình province to a banking family. She studied piano at Military College of Arts . She is now living in Ho Chi Minh City.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Max Wolf

**Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf** (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer. He was born in Heidelberg, Germany. He discovered the first Trojan asteroid, 588 Achilles.
839

## Births 
* Charles the Fat of France is born.

## Deaths 
* Áed mac Boanta, king of Dál Riata
* Aznar I, king of Aragon
* Cathal mac Muirgiussa, king of Connacht
* Chengguan, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 738)
* Cummascach mac Congalaig, king of Brega
* Egbert, king of Wessex
* Eóganan mac Óengusa, king of the Picts
* Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, Muslim prince (b. 779)
* Muhammad at-Taqi, Muslim ninth Ismā'īlī imam (or 840)
* Muiredach mac Eochada, king of Ulaid
* Pei Du, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 765)
* Rorgon I, count of Maine (or 840)
* Sicard, prince of Benevento
* Vache, prince of Kakheti
* Wiglaf, king of Mercia
Steeping

**Steeping** may mean:
#Soaking in liquid until saturated with a soluble ingredient, as in, for example, the steeping of tea and coffee.  In the case of herbal tea, it is referred to as decoction, and may also be called maceration.
#Soaking to remove an ingredient; Example: salt from smoked ham or salted cod.

One example is the steeping of corn, part of the milling process. As described by the US Corn Refiners Association, harvested kernels of corn are cleaned and then steeped in water at a temperature of 50 degrees for 30 to 40 hours. In the process their moisture content rises from 15% to 45% and their volume more than doubles. The gluten bonds in the corn are weakened and starch is released. 

The corn is then ground to break free the germ and other components, and the water used (steepwater), which has absorbed various nutrients, is recycled for use in animal feeds.   

## References
*
Octal

**Octal** system (also known as **base 8** or **octonary**), is a numeral system that uses the numerals 0 through 7. The system is similar to binary (base 2) and hexadecimal (base 16). Octal numerals are written using the number *0* before the numeral, for example, 004 or 01242. Octal numbers are also sometimes written with a small 8 to the lower right, as in 12428.

At one time, the octal system was used mainly for work with computers. It provided an easier way to work with binary numbers. As computers changed from using 24-bit systems to 32- and 64-bit systems, hexadecimal replaced octal for most uses. Certain groups, for example, Native Americans using the Yuki language in California and the Pamean languages in Mexico, also use an octal numbering system. They do this because when they count, they use the spaces between their fingers instead of counting the actual fingers.

## Octal system
the octal system has no letters of the alphabet

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|}

## Octal and decimal
In the decimal system (base 10), each digit in octal is equal to that digit multiplied by the exponent of 8 that is equal to its location minus one.

**Example:** o3425 to decimal

|}

## Octal and hexadecimal
Octal is similar to hexadecimal because they are both easily converted to binary. Where octal is equal to three-digit binary, hexadecimal is equal to four-digit binary. Where octal numerals start with the letter "o", hexadecimal numerals end with the letter "h". The easiest way to convert from one to the other is to convert to binary and then to the other system.

## Related pages
* Binary numeral system
* Hexadecimal numeral system
* Decimal numeral system

## References 
## Other websites 
* Online Converter  for Decimal/Octal Numerals (JavaScript, GPL)
Gluten

— a prime source of gluten]]
**Gluten** /gloot-en/ is a composite of the proteins *gliadin* and *glutenin*. These proteins are found in the endosperms of some grass-like grains such as wheat, rye and barley. Gliadin and glutenin make up about 80% of the protein contained in wheat seed. As they are insoluble in water, they can be got by washing away the starch in the grain. Worldwide, gluten is an important source of food protein, both in foods prepared directly from grains with gluten in them, and as an additive to foods that are low in protein.

## Gluten and Celiac Disease
Some people are very sensitive to glutens in their food.  When they eat foods which contain gluten, these people may experience stomach cramps, bloating, gas and diarrhoea and rashes. This sensitivity is called coeliac disease (in North America, it is usually spelled "celiac disease").  

## Further reading
*
*
*
*
*

## Other websites 
* Gluten Free FAQ
Rubiaceae

**Rubiaceae** is a family of flowering plants, variously called the madder, bedstraw, or coffee family. There are about 600 genera and more than 10,000 species in Rubiaceae. 

There are three subfamilies: *Rubioideae*, *Cinchonoideae* and *Ixoroideae*.

## References and other websites 
* Rubiaceae , Henriquezaceae , Dialypetalanthaceae  Theligonaceae  and Naucleaceae  in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.  http://delta-intkey.com 
* MOBOT Rubiaceae
Gentianales

**Gentianales** are an order of flowering plants.
Under the APG definition some well-known members of Gentianales are coffee, gardenias, and frangipani.

## References 
* Struwe, L., V. A. Albert, and B. Bremer. 1994. Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. *Cladistics* 10: 175–205.
* Backlund, Maria, Bengt Oxelman, and Birgitta Bremer. 2000.   Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae  *American Journal of Botany* 87:1029-1043.
Danish Centre of Urban History

The **Danish Centre of Urban History** (in Danish, *Dansk Center for Byhistorie*) is a research and communication center for the history of Danish cities. The centre was founded in 2001 by The Institute of History and Area Studies at Aarhus University and The Old Town, National Open Air Museum of Urban History and Culture. 

## Books 
The Centre has two book series called "Danish Urban Studies" and "Writings on Danish Urban History". These series have books and articles about Danish urban history from medieval ages until today. The centre provides Danish urban history to a wider audience on the internet through a website called The Digital City Gate. This site gives access to databases and presentations of Danish urban history. It mainly focuses on the period from 1600 to 1900.

## Other websites
*Danish center of urban history
Gardenia

***Gardenia*** is a Genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Gardenia can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, Australasia and Oceania.

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after *Dr Alexander Garden* (1730-1791), Scottish-born American naturalist.

They are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1–15 m tall. The leaves are opposite or in whorls of three or four, 5–50&nbsp;cm long and 3–25&nbsp;cm broad, dark green and glossy with a leathery texture. The flowers are solitary or in small clusters, white or pale yellow. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer and many species are strongly scented.

## Cultivation and uses
Gardenia plants are prized for the strong sweet scent of their flowers, which can be very large in some species.

Gardenias have a reputation for being difficult to grow. Because they originated in warm humid tropical areas, they demand high humidity.

## Gallery 

Image:Starr_030523-0050_Gardenia_brighamii.jpg|*Gardenia brighamii* - flower
Image:Gardenia_Flower.jpg|Gardenia flower
Image:White Gardenia flower.jpg|Gardenia flower
Image:Gardenia thunbergia00.jpg|*Gardenia thunbergia* by Edith Struben (1868-1936) 

## Other websites
*Growing Gardenias
Quảng Bình province

**Quảng Bình** () is a province in the North Central Coast of Vietnam.

The province has the World Heritage Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park. The province is the place of birth of several famous Vietnamese persons, including general Vo Nguyen Giap, the family of former South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem, poet Han Mac Tu, and writer Bao Ninh. During the Vietnam War, this province was severely devastated by bombing by U.S. B-52s.

## Gallery 

Image:Phongnha17.jpg|Phong Nha-Ke Bang
Image:Nhat Le River.jpg|Nhật Lệ River
Image:Da Nhay Beach.jpg|Da Nhay Beach
Image:BangSpa4.jpg|Bang Spa
Image:Nhat Le Beach.jpg|Nhat Le Beach
Image:Quang Binh Quan.jpg|Quang Binh gate
Image:Phongnhakebang2.jpg|Phong Nha-Ke Bang
Image:Phongnha21.jpg|Phong Nha-Ke Bang

## References
Frangipani

***Plumeria*** (common name **Frangipani**) is a small genus of 7-8 species that grow in tropical and subtropical Americas. The genus consists of mainly deciduous shrubs and trees. *P. rubra* (Common Frangipani, Red Frangipani), that grows in Mexico, Central America,  and Venezuela, produces flowers ranging from white, yellow to pink. From Mexico and Central America, *Plumeria* has spread to all tropical areas of the world, especially Hawaii, where it grows so abundantly that many people think that it is native there.

## Plant 
*Plumeria* is related to the Oleander, *Nerium Oleander*, and both possess poisonous, milky sap, rather similar to that of *Euphorbia*.

## Plumeria obtusa Gallery 

Image:Flower I IMG 8330.jpg|Flowers 
Image:Bark I IMG 4179.jpg|Bark
Image:Leaves I IMG 8331.jpg|Leaves

## Other websites 
* Frangipani, Plumeria, Lonely Hearts Posts and New Books to Read!  - Informative but non-scholarly essay on Plumeria.
* **Portuguese** Flora Brasiliensis: *Plumeria*
*  Dok Champa Muang Lao: Plumeria Flowers, fleurs des frangipaniers, fleurs du Laos. Présentation de toutes les méthodes de multiplications : par bouture, semis, greffe ou encore marcottage. 
*  plumeria's in nederland kweken  
* Bali Plumeria 
* Photos of White Frangipani (Plumeria Alba)
Supreme Commander

***Supreme Commander*** is a real-time strategy computer game. It was made by Chris Taylor and his game company, Gas Powered Games. Many people think of the game as a spiritual successor to a game Taylor made in 1997, called *Total Annihilation*. The game was first talked about in the August 2005 issue of *PC Gamer* magazine. It was released on February 16, 2007 in Europe and February 20, 2007 in North America. *Supreme Commander* has an expansion pack called ''Forged Alliance.

## References
Forcalquier

**Forcalquier** is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the southeastern part of France.
Shota Rustaveli

**Shota Rustaveli** was a Georgian poet of the 12th century, and the greatest classic of Georgian secular literature. He is the author of ''The Knight in the Panther's Skin'' ("Vepkhistqaosani" in Georgian), the Georgian national epic poem. Little is known about life of the poet. He was a courtier of king Tamari.

## His work 
"The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (the actual name is Vepkhistkaosani, which means The wearer of '''Tiger's'* Skin) has been translated into many languages. It was first printed in 1712, in Tbilisi (capital of Georgia). It consists of 1576 four line stanzas with monorhyme. That means all lines rhyme to each other. The lines are made up of sixteen syllables.

## References 
## Bibliography 
* *Georgian Literature'' by A. G. Baramidze, D. M. Gamezardashvili, University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu 2001, .

## Other websites 
* The Man in the Panther's Skin: full text of M. Wardrop's English translation.
* Shota Rustaveli. "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (Fragments in English).
Sirenia (band)

**Sirenia** is a gothic metal band from Stavanger, Norway, founded in early 2001. Sirenia play a mix of gothic metal, symphonic metal, extreme metal and death metal sounds. The vocals are two male, one hard voice, from death metal, and a clean male singer. The female voice is used in moments with melody or chorus. The band uses melodic instrumentals, synthesizers, and distorted guitars with female vocals, and a choir, and violins, for the male voices. Lyrics spoke about human existence, emotion, and mental states.

The band has changed tree female voices, first Fabienne Gondamin for the recording of *At Sixes and Sevens*, then Henriette Bordvik with whom the band recorded two albums ("An Elixir For Existence" and plus one EP "Sirenian Shores", and thenMonika Pedersen for recording *Nine Destinies and a Downfall* in 2007.

The lyrics, are written by Morten Veland.

## Discography
### Albums
* *At Sixes and Sevens* (2002)
* *An Elixir for Existence* (2004)
* *Sirenian Shores* (EP) (2004)
* *Nine Destinies and a Downfall* (2007)
* *The 13th Floor* (2009)

### Singles
* ''My Mind's Eye*
* *The Other Side*
* *The Path To Decay*
* *Euphoria (song)*
* *The End of It All''

## Members
### Current members
* Morten Veland - Programming, Growling, Clean Vocals, Guitar, Bass, Keyboards
* Jonathan A. Perez - drums
* Bjørnar Landa - Guitar
* Ailyn - Female Vocals

### Old members
* Henriette Bordvik - Female Vocals (2002-2005)
* Kristian Gundersen - Clean Vocals, Guitar (2001-2004)
* Monika Pedersen - Female Vocals (2006-2007)

### Session members
* Fabienne Gondamin - Female Vocals (2001)
* Jan Kenneth Barkved - Clean Vocals
* Pete Johansen - Violin
* Hans Henrik Varland - Keyboards
* Anne Verdot - Violin
* Roland Navratil - drums

## Other websites
* Sirenia - official website
* Nuclear Blast - official website
* Official MySpace
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar

**Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar y de la Guerra** (January 19, 1920March 4, 2020) was a Peruvian diplomat who served as the 5th Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from 1982 to 1991. From 2000 to 2001, he served as the 135th prime minister of Peru.

In 1995, he ran unsuccessfully against Alberto Fujimori for President of Peru. He was the president of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister), as well as Minister of Foreign Affairs, between November 2000 and July 2001, during the unstable period following Fujimori's resignation over corruption charges. In 2004, he stepped down from his position as Peru's ambassador to France.

From the death of Kurt Waldheim in 2007 until his own death in 2020, Pérez de Cuéllar was the oldest-living former secretary-general of the UN.

## Education
He studied in Colegio San Agustín of Lima, and then at Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.

## Diplomatic career
Pérez de Cuéllar joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1940 and the diplomatic service in 1944, serving subsequently as Secretary at Peru's embassies in France, where he met and married his first wife (the former Yvette Roberts); the United Kingdom; Bolivia; and Brazil. Later, he was ambassador to Switzerland, the Soviet Union (at the same time in Poland), and Venezuela. From his first marriage, Perez de Cuellar had a son (Francisco, born in Paris) and a daughter (Agueda Cristina, born in London).

He was a junior member of the Peruvian delegation to the General Assembly at its first session, held in London in 1946, and a member of the delegations to the 25th through 30th sessions of the Assembly. In 1971, he was made permanent representative of Peru to the United Nations, and led his country's delegation to all sessions of the Assembly from then until 1975.

In 1973 and 1974, he represented his country in the Security Council, serving as its president at the time of the events in Cyprus in July 1974. On 18 September 1975, he was appointed Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Cyprus, a post he held until December 1977, when he rejoined the Peruvian Foreign Service. During his time in Cyprus, Perez de Cuellar married his second wife, the former Marcela Temple Seminario.

## United Nations Secretary-General
On December 31, 1981, Pérez de Cuéllar succeeded Kurt Waldheim as Secretary-General and was re-elected for a second term in October 1986. During his two terms, he led  between Britain and Argentina in the aftermath of the Falklands War and promoted the efforts of the Contadora Group to bring peace and stability to Central America. He also interceded in the negotiations for the independence of Namibia, the conflict in Western Sahara between Morocco and the Polisario Front, and the Cyprus issue.

Shortly before the end of his second term, he was unofficially requested by members of the Security Council to run for a third term of two years, to give time for a successor to be found.

## Death
Pérez de Cuéllar died in Lima on March 4, 2020, at age 100.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official U.N.S.G biography
Upasni Maharaj

**Upasni Maharaj** (May 15, 1870 – December 24, 1941) was a Hindu guru who lived in a small village called Sakori in Maharashtra, India. Upasni had been a yogi and after coming to the famous Indian saint Sai Baba of Shirdi, and staying in his care for three years, he is said to have become a sadguru. Upasni is most famous as the guru of Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba. There are still disciples of Upasni Maharaj today who live in Sakori and take care of his temple there. 

The principal teachings of Upasni Maharaj were:
#Don't trouble others
#Become useful to others, even if it costs you suffering.
#Always remain content and in the state of *Be as it may.*

## References
Religious conversion

**Religious conversion** is taking a new religious identity, or a change from one religion to another. Conversion can take place not only from one religion to another, but also across different denominations, i.e. within the same faith, or when a person has a strong spiritual experience that changes their life. Three missionary religions are Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. Followers of these religions try to convert others to their religion. The founders of these religions told their followers to do this. Non-missionary religions include Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism. These religions spread when their followers go to new places. They do not try hard to convert others.

People convert to a different religion for various reasons, including their free choice due to a change in beliefs, Some religions have used force to make people accept their beliefs. Some have offered cultural or material advantages.
Others simply teach people about their religion. They try to convince them to change their beliefs with words and kindness.

## Related pages 
*Freedom of religion

## References 
* Barrett, D. V. *The New Believers—A survey of sects, cults and alternative religions* (2001) UK, Cassell & Co http://www.thenewbelievers.com/
* Cooper, Richard S. "The Assessment and Collection of Kharaj Tax in Medieval Egypt" *Journal of the American Oriental Society*, Vol. 96, No. 3. (Jul. – Sep., 1976), pp.&nbsp;365–382.
* Barker, Eileen *The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing?* (1984)

## Other websites 
* "Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights," by Natan Lerner, Ph.D. (legal aspects of defining illicit proselytism)
* How Does One Convert to Judaism?
* *All Roads Lead to Rome* Catholic conversion experience  at The Truth about the Catholic Church 
* Choosing Judaism: Resource Center for Prospective Converts
* Jewish Encyclopedia: Proselyte
* Online Book on conversion to Hinduism 
* Podcast about Mormon conversion experience 
* Islam converts change face of Europe
*  Missionary to India, E. Stanley Jones, answers the question, What is conversion? http://articles.ochristian.com/article13393.shtml
Finntroll

**Finntroll** is a folk metal band from Finland. They mix elements of extreme metal with Finnish polka, called *humppa*. Finntroll's lyrics are in Swedish, one of Finland's two national languages, because they say "Swedish just sounds damn trollish". Finntroll means "Troll from Finland" or "a spotty troll".

## History
Finntroll was founded in 1997, by Teemus Raimoranta. One year later they recorded their first demo, *Rivfader*. After the demo Samu Ruotsalainen (drums),Samuli Ponsimaa (guitar), Henri Sorvali (keyboard) and Sami Uusitalo joined the band. The record company Spinefarm got interested in the band and then their first album *Midnattens Widunder* was recorded.
 2007 festival]]

In 2001 the album *Jaktens Tid* (English: *The time of the Hunt*) was released. As they became more and more popular, Century Media started to promote Finntroll. That summer Finntroll played their first open air festivals in Finland. The year after the release of the album *Jaktens Tid* the band could not go on tour, because their singer had a tumor in his vocal cords. That is why he stopped singing in the band after the album *Visor om Slutet* (English: *Songs about the End*). This album was recorded in January 2003, in a forest cabin near Helsinki. Shortly before the release of *Visor om Slutet* Raimoranta died, because he fell off a bridge in Helsinki. He had drunk too much alcohol. Finntroll went on tour to Europe anyway, together with the band Katatonia. The guitarist Mikael Karlbom replaced Raimoranta. In 2004, the band released an EP, *Trollhammaren* (English: *The Troll Hammer*), and an album called *Nattfödd* (English: *Nightborn*).

On January 29th, 2006, Tapio Wilska, vocalist of the band since 2003, left the band.

A new album, called Ur Jordens Djup (English: *From the Depths of the Earth*), was released March, 2007. This album had more epic keyboard riffs to make it sound more like polka.

## Members
* Mathias "Vreth" Lillmåns–Vocals (2006-)
* Samuli "Skrymer" Ponsimaa–Guitar (1998-)
* Mikael "Routa" Karlbom–Guitar (2003-)
* Sami "Tundra" Uusitalo–Bass guitar (1998-)
* Samu "Beast Dominator" Ruotsalainen–Drums (1998-)
* Henri "Trollhorn" Sorvali–Keyboards (1998-)

### Old members
* Tapio Wilska–Vocals (2002–2006)
* Jan "Katla" Jämsen–Vocals (1997–2001, stopped to sing because of a throat tumor)
* Teemu "Somnium" Raimoranta–Guitar (1997–2003, died 2003 because he fell off a bridge)
* Tomi Ullgren–Guitar (1997–1998)

## Discography
### Albums
* *Midnattens Widunder* (1999) (*The Monster of Midnight*)
* *Jaktens Tid* (2001) (*Time of the Hunt*)
* *Visor om Slutet* (2003) (*Songs about the End*)
* *Nattfödd* (2004) (*Nightborn*)
* *Ur Jordens Djup* (2007) (*From the Depths of the Earth*)
* *Nifelvind*  (2010)
* *Blodsvept*  (2013)
* *Vredesvävd* (2020)

### EPs
* *Visor om Slutet* (2003)
* *Trollhammaren* (2004) (*The Troll Hammer*)

### Demos
* *Rivfader* (1998) (*Rivfader*)

### Videos
* "Bastuvisan" (1998)
* "Jaktens Tid" (live, 2001)
* "Skogens Hämnd" (2001)
* "Födosagan" (live, 2002)
* "Trollhammaren" (2004)
* "Nedgång" (2007)
* "Solsagan"  (2010)
* "Under Bergets Rot"  (2010)

## Other websites
* Finntroll Official Website
José Saramago

**José de Sousa Saramago**, (pronounced|ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu; born November 16, 1922; died June 18, 2010) was a Portuguese writer, playwright and journalist.

Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998. He lived on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain.

## Biography 
Saramago was born into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in the province of Ribatejo some hundred kilometers north-east of Lisbon.

Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only child, Violante, was born in 1947. Since 1988, Saramago has been married to the Spanish journalist Pilar del Río, who is the official translator of his books into Spanish.

José Saramago was in his mid-fifties before he had international success; his novel *Baltasar and Blimunda* brought him an international readership. This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.

Saramago was a member of the Portuguese Communist Party from 1969, until his death  as well as an atheist and self-described pessimist. His views have aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of *The Gospel According to Jesus Christ*.

## Themes 
Saramago uses for his works fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel, *The Stone Raft*, the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails about the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel, *Blindness*, an entire country is stricken with a mysterious plague called “white blindness”.

## Bibliography 
## References 
### Bibliography 
* Baptista Bastos, *José Saramago : Aproximação a um retrato*, Dom Quixote, 1996
* T.C. Cerdeira da Silva, *Entre a história e aficção : Uma saga de portugueses*, Dom Quixote, 1989
* Maria da Conceição Madruga, *A paixão segundo José Saramago : a paixão do verbo e o verbo da paixão*, Campos das Letras, Porto, 1998
* Horácio Costa, *José Saramago : O Período Formativo*, Ed. Caminho, 1998
* Helena I. Kaufman, *Ficção histórica portuguesa da pós-revolução*, Madison, 1991
* O. Lopes, *Os sinais e os sentidos : Literatura portuguesa do século XX*, Lisboa, 1986
* Carlos Reis, *Diálogos com José Saramago*, Ed. Caminho, Lisboa, 1998
* M. Maria Seixo, *O essencial sobre José Saramago*, Imprensa Nacional, 1987
* "Saramago, José (1922-)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Tracie Ratiner. Vol. 25. 2nd ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Discovering Collection. Thomson Gale. University of Guelph. 25 Sep. 2007

## Other websites 
* The Unexpected Fantasist, a portrait of José Saramago, written by Fernanda Eberstadt and published August 26, 2007 in *The New York Times Magazine*
* Introduction and video of Saramago from "Heroes de los dos bandos" -spanish civil war-
* Interviews with Saramago in video 
* José Saramago from Pegasos 
* Translation of interview with Saramago in El País - 12-Nov-2005
Nuclear force

**Nuclear force** is the force between nucleons. It is the force that pulls protons and neutrons into atoms. It is very hard to break the bond, or tie, between protons and neutrons in an atom, because nuclear force holds them together. When the bond is broken, this is called nuclear fission.
John Mayer

**John Clayton Mayer** (surname pronunciation: ) (born October 16, 1977) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. From Connecticut, he went to the Berklee College of Music, before moving to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1998. His first two albums, *Room for Squares* and *Heavier Things*, were successful and were made multi-platinum by the RIAA. In 2003, he won a Grammy Award for his song "Your Body Is a Wonderland". In 2005 he started a band called The John Mayer Trio with bassist Pino Palladino and drummer Steve Jordan. In 2006, he released his most successful album, Continuum. In 2008 a live cover he did of Michael Jackson's "Beat It" with Fall Out Boy was released.
He released *Battle Studies* in 2009 and *Born and Raised* in 2012. After *Born and Raised*, he had to have throat surgery to fix a growth that forced him to stop singing for a few months. When his throat healed, he recorded and released *Paradise Valley*. A few years later, he joined a few surviving members of the Grateful Dead to form Dead and Company. Since 2013, he has released two albums, *The Search for Everything* and *Sob Rock*.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official John Mayer site
* Official John Mayer Trio site 
* Mayer's MySpace page
* Mayer's blog at Honeyee.com 
* Mayer's photoblog at StunningNikon.com
Burg Fürsteneck

**Burg Fürsteneck** is a castle in the middle of Germany between the towns of Fulda and Bad Hersfeld. It belongs to the commune of Eiterfeld. The castle at an altitude of 406 meters on a small plateau.

## History
Burg Fürsteneck belonged to the monastery of Fulda. It was first mentioned in 1309, but it might have been built one or two hundred years before. Since 1802 it became the property of the German state of Hesse. The castle Burg Fürsteneck is preserved completely in a good condition.

## Akademie Burg Fürsteneck
Since 1952 Burg Fürsteneck has been an academy for vocational and cultural education. It was rebuilt by the architect Otto Bartning. Each year about 4,000 participants take part in one of more than 175 courses, with 15.000 overnight stays.

## Literature
* August Straub: *Burgen und Schlösser im Hessenland.*, Melsungen
* August Weber: *Die Geschichte des Kreises Hünfeld.* Fulda 1960
* Rudolf Christl et al.: *1150-Jahre Dorf und Markt Eiterfeld. Amt und Gericht Fürsteneck. 845 – 1995.* Eiterfeld 1995

## Other websites
* Homepage of Burg Fürsteneck 
* European Nyckelharpa training in castle Burg Fürsteneck
* International Days of the Nyckelharpa 
* Vocational course for medieval music
Pronunciation

**Pronunciation** is a way a word is usually spoken. It can be affected by many different factors:

# Geographical location or dialect
# Presence of speech defect
# Ethnic group
# Education level
# Social class

**Mispronunciation** is an actual  in speaking. It is not used for how a speaker of a dialect pronounces a word. Examples occur in many place names and personal names. For instance, Leicester Square is actually pronounced like "Lester Square".

## Related pages
*Phonetics
*Accent
* Dialect
** Dialects of English
* Register of a language
882

## Births 
* February 8 &ndash; Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid, leader of Egypt, started the Ikhshidid dynasty (d. 946)

## Deaths 
* January 20 &ndash; King Louis the Younger of Saxony
* August 5 &ndash; King Louis III of France of Western Francia.
* December 16 &ndash; Pope John VIII
Gladwyn Jebb

**Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn**, GCMG, GCVO, CB, known as **Gladwyn Jebb** (25 April 1900 – 24 October 1996), was a prominent British civil servant, diplomat and politician as well as the first Acting Secretary-General of the United Nations.

## Acting UN Secretary-General
After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945. He was appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie.

## Ambassador
Returning to London, Jebb was Deputy to the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin at the Conference of Foreign Ministers before serving as the Foreign Office's United Nations Adviser (1946-47). He represented the United Kingdom at the Brussels Treaty Permanent Commission with personal rank of Ambassador. He became the United Kingdom's Ambassador to the United Nations from 1950-1954 and to Paris from 1954-1960.

## Political career
In 1960 Jebb was made a hereditary peer and as Baron Gladwyn became involved in politics as a member of the Liberal Party. He was Deputy Leader of the Liberals in the House of Lords 1965-1988 and spokesman on foreign affairs and defence. An supporter of the European Union, he served as a Member of the European Parliament 1973-1976 where he was also the Vice-President of the Parliament's Political Committee. He tried to be elected to the European Parliament in 1979.

When asked why he had joined the Liberal party in the early 1960s, he replied that the Liberals were a party without a general and that he was a general without a party. Like many Liberals, he passionately believed that education was the key to social reform.

## Death
He died in 1996, and is buried at St. Andrew's, Bramfield in the county of Suffolk.

## Lady Gladwyn
Jebb's wife, Cynthia, Lady Gladwyn, was a noted diarist of their times in Paris and a hostess of Liberal and London politics. She was the great-grand daughter of Isambard Kingdom Brunel.

## Honours
* Commander of the CMG 1942
* KCMG in 1949
* GCMG, 1954
* GCVO, 1957
* Companion of the Bath, 1947
* Grand Croix de la Légion d'Honneur, 1957

## Publications and papers
Publications by Baron Gladwyn include:
* Is Tension Necessary?, 1959
* Peaceful Co-existence, 1962
* The European Idea, 1966
* Half-way to 1984, 1967
* De Gaulle's Europe, or, Why the General says No, 1969
* Europe after de Gaulle, 1970
* The Memoirs of Lord Gladwyn, 1972

## Other websites
* Cambridge Archives Centre - Gladwyn Papers
Crucified Barbara

**Crucified Barbara** are a Swedish all-female band, formed in Stockholm in 1998.

The currents members on the band are:
* Mia Coldheart – Vocals, Guitar
* Klara Force – Guitar
* Ida Evileye – Bass
* Nicki Wicked – Drums

Their music can be described as a mix between heavy metal and rock music.

## History 
Crucified Barbara started out in 1998 as a punk rock band, but they speedily changed their style to heavy metal. They signed  in 2003 with GMR music group of Stockholm. Recordings took place in Kristianopel, Sweden at Pama Studios/Blakk Records with producer-engineer Mankan Sedenberg during the spring of 2004. The single, for the debut album In Distortion We Trust, was 'Losing The Game'.  It was released on December 8, 2005 and went straight to no. 8 on the Swedish Hitlist.  The video was recorded and produced by M Industries. The debut album was released in Sweden on January 19th and is sold with a big interest in United States, United Kingdom and in half Europe.

## Old members 
* Joey Nine - vocals (1998 - 2003)

## Discography 
### Albums 
* 2005 - *In Distortion We Trust*
### Singles 
* 2005 - *Losing The Game*
* 2005 - ''Rock'n'Roll Bachelor*
* 2006 - *Play Me Hard''

In 2006 the band worked too in part of the Motörhead tribute album, called "St Valentine's Day Massacre".

## Tours 
In November 2006, they supported Motörhead along with Clutch.

## Other websites
* CrucifiedBarbara.Com 
* Crucified Barbara on MySpace
Henry I

Many different people were named **Henry I**, including

*Henry I of England, (1068 - 1135) King of England 
*Henry I the Fowler, (876 - 935), King of the Germans (Holy Roman Emperor)
*Henry I of France
876

## Events 
*Charles the Fat (Holy Roman Emperor), becomes Duke of Swabia

## Births 
*Henry I the Fowler (*Heinrich der Vogler*) first King of the Germans
936

## Events 
* The Kings of Wessex take control of Devon.
* Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Aachen.
* King Taejo of Goryeo defeats Hubaekje.
* Prince Bei, elder brother of the Liao Dynasty emperor, is murdered by the Later Tang Dynasty.
* Ibn Muqlah, Islamic calligrapher, is disgraced and imprisoned in Baghdad.
* Pope Leo VII succeeds Pope John XI as the 126th pope.

## Births 
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Moorish scholar
* Li Houzhu, last Chinese emperor of the Southern Tang

## Deaths 
* Henry I the Fowler, King of the Germans
* Gyeonhwon, King of Hubaekje
Robert I of France

**Robert I** (15 August 866 – 15 June 923) was the King of West Francia from 922 until his death in 923. He was the younger son of Robert the Strong, count of Anjou, and the brother of Odo of France.  Robert I was at the Siege of Paris in 885.  Robert had the title of *Dux Francorum*.  He did not call himself king of West Francia when his brother died in 898.  Instead he served the Carolingian king, Charles the Simple and defended northern Francia from the attacks of the Norsemen.
Rudolph of France

**Rudolph** (also **Radulf**, **Ralph**, or **Raoul**) (*c.* 890 – 15 January 936) was the Duke of Burgundy between 921 and 923.  He was King of France from July 13, 923 until his death. He married Emma of France, daughter of Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. The nobles elected him King of France after his father-in-law died.

## Notes
Louis IV of France

**Louis IV** (920 – September 10, 954), was king of France from 936 to 954. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty and was son of Charles III and Eadgifu of England.
Ratchet & Clank

**Ratchet & Clank** most often refers to:
* Ratchet & Clank, a video game series and media franchise

**Ratchet & Clank** could also refer to:
* Ratchet & Clank, a  2002 video game
* Ratchet & Clank, a  2016 video game
* Ratchet & Clank, a 2016 animated movie based on the video game series
Ratchet & Clank (2002 video game)

***Ratchet & Clank*** is a platforming and shooting game for the PlayStation 2. It was made by Insomniac Games and published by Sony. It was released on November 7, 2002 in North America, November 8, 2002 in Europe, and December 3, 2002 in Japan. It is the first game in the *Ratchet & Clank* series.

The game is about the character Ratchet, a made-up animal called a Lombax, and his robot friend Clank. Ratchet and Clank travel around the galaxy to defeat an evil alien named Chairman Drek, who is trying to destroy planets in order to create his own world. The player is able to use many weapons and machines to attack enemies and solve puzzles.

## Gameplay
In this game, the player plays as Ratchet most of the time, but can play as Clank sometimes. Ratchet can use lots of weapons and gadgets to attack enemies, solve puzzles, and jump over gaps. Clank can control smaller robots called "Gadgebots" who do things for him that Clank can not do on his own. There are lots of different places the player can go to. 

## Story
A factory making lots of big robots is seen. One day a small robot is made by accident. He sees a video of an alien leader called Drek. Drek wants to break up lots of planets, and then use the pieces to make a new planet for his people, because his people'sold planet has become too polluted to live in. The video scares the robot, and he gets away in a spaceship, but crashes on a made-up planet called Veldin.

Ratchet is a made-up animal called a Lombax, who lives on Veldin. He wants to leave Veldin in his spaceship, and have adventures. Ratchet finds the small robot and calls him "Clank". Clank wants to stop Drek, and wants Ratchet to help him find a superhero called Captain Qwark, who he thinks will stop Drek. Clank fixes Ratchet's ship, so that Ratchet will help him.

Later on, Ratchet and Clank find Qwark. But Qwark is working for Drek, and he tries to kill Ratchet and Clank. They both get away from Qwark, but Ratchet is angry at Clank. Clank wants to stop Drek, but Ratchet only wants to find Qwark and kill him.

Soon, Ratchet shoots down Qwark's spaceship. After this happens, he sees a video with Drek's army destroying a city. The video makes Ratchet feel bad, and he says sorry to Clank for not helping him to find Drek.

They soon find out that Drek has a weapon called the "Deplanetizer". He is going to destroy Veldin, Ratchet's home, and this makes Ratchet angry. They find Drek, but he tells them he only did he whole thing to get money. People bought parts of his new planet, and Drek has made lots of money. But after the whole planet has been bought, he is going to pollute it. Then he will have to make another new planet, and get lots more money. But Ratchet and Clank kill Drek after a long fight, and use the Deplanetizer to destroy Drek's new planet. This makes lots of rocks fall down to Veldin. Clank gets his arm hurt, and Ratchet asks if he wants it fixed, and they both walk away together.

## References
Grindelwald

**Grindelwald** is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli  in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is at the base of the railway to the Jungfraujoch. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Grindelwald official website