open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Madea

**Mabel "Madea" Simmons** is a fictional African American character. "Madea" is played by Tyler Perry in drag clothing.

## History of *Madea* 
### Madea's personality 
Madea was born Mabel Earlene Baker in New Orleans, Louisiana on April 26, 1935. "Big Mabel" Murphy was the name of her mother. Frederick Baker, Sr. was the name of her father. Madea grew up with a strict mother who was also  to Madea's emotions. At age 9, Madea was charged for petty theft. When Madea was 16 years of age, her parents moved to Atlanta, Georgia. There, she attended Booker T. Washington High School. She had tried out for cheerleading and became a cheerleader. By the time Madea was 17, she began going out to night clubs and house parties. Her parents allowed Madea to party at this age. Around this time, Madea became a stripper and was given the name "Delicious". At 18, Madea was charged with illegal gambling, check fraud and identity theft. Around this time, Madea had at least two or three children. She supported herself and her children by pool dancing, stripping and professional wrestling. Madea graduated her high school in May 1953. That night, she had an affair with Leroy Brown (also known as "Mr. Brown"). Madea became pregnant and had given birth to Cora Jean Simmons Brown. However, in the movie Madea's Big Happy Family, Mr. Brown had a DNA test which confirmed that he was not the father. Madea was diagnosed with type one diabetes and depression in her early 20s. She had became a bitter women around this time.

Madea's appearance is an elderly women who is not afraid to  anybody with her pistol. Madea usually helps her family through life situations, struggles and helping her family cope with one another. She teaches them ; which helps them in their everyday life. Madea is also a  women who teaches young adults to act mature. Madea has been locked up in prison several times. She has outlived several of her husbands and lives off of their life security checks. Madea uses bad language and tone to speak to her family when they are disrespectful. She also has a bad temper and bad way of dealing with anger. Madea is known to be half African American and quarter-Cherokee Indian. She likes going to the casino on Sunday, rather than going to the church. Although Madea does not read the bible, she uses it to  situations in order to  what she had done.

## Plays 
*I Can Do Bad All By Myself (1999)
*Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2001)
*Madea's Family Reunion (2002)
*Madea's Class Reunion (2003)
*Madea Goes to Jail (2006)
*Madea's Big Happy Family (2010)
*A Madea Christmas (2011)

## Movies 
*Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
*Madea's Family Reunion (2006)
*Meet The Browns (2008) (cameo)               
*Madea Goes to Jail (2009)
*I Can Do Bad All By Myself (2009)
*Madea's Big Happy Family (2011)
*Madea's Witness Protection (2012)
*A Madea Christmas (2013)
*Madea's Tough Love (2015) (animated movie)
Nasal consonant

A **nasal consonant** is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to come out through the nose, while the air is not allowed to pass through the mouth because something (like the tongue or the lips) is stopping it. Examples of nasal consonants in English are  and , in words such as *nose* and *mouth*.

## Definition 
Nearly all nasal consonants are **nasal stops** (or **nasal continuants**), where air comes out through the nose but not through the mouth, as it is blocked by the lips or tongue. 

Most nasals are voiced, and, in fact, the nasal sounds  and  are among the most common sounds used in languages of the world. **Voiceless nasals** are used in a few languages, such as Burmese and Welsh. 

In terms of acoustics, nasal stops are sonorants, meaning that they do not significantly stop the flow of air (as it can  come out the nose). However, nasals are also stops in their articulation because the flow of air through the mouth is blocked completely. So nasal consonants sound both like sonorants and like obstruents.

Acoustically, nasal stops have bands of energy at around 200 and 2,000&nbsp;Hz.

Examples of languages containing nasal consonants:

The voiced retroflex nasal is [ɳ] is a common sound in Indic languages.

The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] is a common sound in European languages, such as: Spanish *ñ*; or French and Italian *gn*; or Catalan, Hungarian and Luganda *ny*; or Czech and Slovak *ň*; or Polish *ń*; or Occitan and Portuguese *nh*; or Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin *nj*.

English, German and Cantonese have ,   and . Tamil has its own different letters for the sounds , , , ,  and  (ம,ந,ன,ண,ஞ,ங).

Catalan, Occitan, Spanish, and Italian have , ,  as phonemes, and  and  as allophones. (In several American dialects of Spanish, there is no palatal nasal but only a palatalized nasal, , as in English *canyon*. In Brazilian Portuguese nh is frequently pronounced as a nasalized [ j ], that is, as a nasal glide. This vowel also exists in Guaraní.)

The term 'nasal stop' will often be abbreviated to just "nasal". However, there are also nasal fricatives, nasal flaps, nasal glides, and nasal vowels, as in French, Portuguese, Catalan (dialectal feature), Yoruba, Gbe, Polish, and Ljubljana Slovene. In the , nasal vowels are indicated by placing a tilde (~) over the vowel. : French *sang* .

A few languages use voiceless nasal consonants. Some of these are Icelandic, Burmese, Jalapa Mazatec, Kildin Sami, Welsh, and Central Alaskan Yup'ik.

## References
* Ferguson (1963) 'Assumptions about nasals', in Greenberg (ed.) *Universals of Language*, pp 50–60.
* Saout, J. le (1973) 'Languages sans consonnes nasales', ''Annales de l Université d'Abidjan'', H, 6, 1, 179–205.
* Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo overview', in Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (eds.) *The Niger–Congo Languages*, 3–45.
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)

**Francisco Hernández de Córdoba** (1475 ? - 1526) is usually reputed as the founder of Nicaragua, and in fact he founded two important Nicaraguan cities, Granada and León. 

## References
Term (mathematics)

A **term** is a mathematical expression.

## Definition
In elementary mathematics, a *term* is either a single number or variable, or the product of several numbers or variables. Terms are separated by a + or - sign in an overall expression. For example, in

:3 + 4*x* + 5*yzw*

3, 4*x*, and 5*yzw* are three separate terms.

In the context of polynomials, *term* can mean a monomial with a coefficient. To combine like terms in a polynomial is to make it a linear combination of distinct monomials. For example,

:3*x* + 2*x*2 + 5*x* + 1 = 2*x*2 + (3+5)*x* + 1 = 2*x*2 + 8*x* + 1, with like terms collected.

A series is often represented as the sum of a sequence of terms. 

In general mathematical use, however, *term* is not limited to additive expressions. Individual factors in an expression representing a product are multiplicative terms. Indeed, individual elements of any mathematical expression may be referred to as "terms".

In logic, a term is a collection of symbols used to represent a mathematical object (rather than a mathematical statement). A basic term is either a constant or a variable, while more complex terms can also be built using operators (such as the term 2 \times (3 + x)). To refer to a term, variables such as \mathbf{s} and \mathbf{t} are often used.

In informal logic, a term can also refer to the subject or predicate of a statement.

## Specific names for terms
; Addition and Subtraction
* Addend
;* Subtrahend and minuend the first and second terms, respectively, in subtraction
; Multiplication: Factor. In a multiplication of two factors, the first is called the multiplicand and the second is called the multiplier.
; Divisions and Fractions: The top of a division is called the numerator (or dividend), and the bottom is called the denominator (or divisor).
; Term Value: The value of the term such as the term value of 8a, if a=1, is 8.

## Related pages
* Formula

## References
### Citations 
### Sources 
*
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)

**Francisco Hernández de Córdoba** (died 1517) was a Spanish *conquistador*, known to history mainly for the ill-fated expedition he led in 1517, in the course of which the first European accounts of the Yucatán Peninsula were compiled.

## English-language references
* ; online English edition
* 

## Other websites 
* Discovery of Yucatán , on the Mexican web site redescolar . 
* Discovery of Yucatán , on México desconocido.
Rage

**Rage** is an emotion. It is an outward expression of great anger. In Charles Darwin's *The Expression of the Emotions* he showed that many emotions are shown the same way in many different societies. The expressions of these emotions is largely genetic, and inherited. Rage can be confused with Anger and have similar causes but Rage is more severe.
International Direct Dialing

**International Direct Dialing** (**IDD**) is an international telephone call dialed by the caller rather than going via an operator. Since late in the twentieth century, most international calls are direct dialed.

International calls are made by dialing the international call prefix for the country one is in, followed by the country calling code for the country one wishes to call, then the phone number within that country. When phone numbers are published for use abroad, they include the country calling code, but replace the international call prefix with "+" to signify that the caller should use the prefix appropriate for their country.

## References
Wii U

The **Wii U** ( ) is a video game console that was released by Nintendo on November 18, 2012, and is the successor to the Wii. The video game machine, or console, was first shown in Nintendo's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 on June 7, 2011, and was released for sale on November 18, 2012 in North America; November 30, 2012 in Europe and Australia; and December 8, 2012 in Japan. The system has been described as a part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.

The Wii U is Nintendo's sixth home video game console and their first to use 1080p high-definition graphics. The Wii U has a new controller with a touchscreen, which allows the player to continue playing a game by showing the game even when the television is off. Wii games work on the Wii U, and Wii U games can be played with Wii controllers and extras, such as the Wii Remote, Wii MotionPlus, Wii Balance Board, and the Classic Controller. It also has a controller shaped like the Xbox 360 controller, called the Wii U Pro Controller. Nintendo GameCube games and controllers will not work on the Wii U without the adapter used for *Super Smash Bros. for Wii U*. However, it only works for that game. Like on the Wii and Nintendo 3DS, players can create Miis. The best-selling games for the system included *Mario Kart 8*, *New Super Mario Bros. U*, *Nintendo Land*, and *Splatoon*. The Wii U received positive reviews, but did not sell well. It had to deal with the confusion that the GamePad was a Wii accessory, but it really is an advanced controller.

The Wii U sold 13.56 million units, which makes it one of the lowest-selling Nintendo consoles, beating only the Virtual Boy.

## Hardware
The main controller that was used by the Wii U was the Wii U GamePad. The controller had a screen that was  wide. People can use the GamePad in many different ways. For example, people can play games on a television like a normal controller, or play on the GamePad without the television being on.

## Related pages
*Wii
*Nintendo

## References
Doburoku

**Doburoku** is a traditional Japanese alcoholic drink made from rice. It is cloudy because it is not filtered. Doburoku is one of the oldest kinds of rice alcohol in Japan.

It is made using rice, water, mold (kōji), and yeast. Unlike most sake, doburoku keeps the rice solids in the drink.

## What it is 
Doburoku is a type of unfiltered rice alcohol. It looks white or milky and is often thick. The taste can be sweet, sour, or dry, depending on how it is made.

Doburoku is sometimes described as an early form of sake. Modern sake is usually clear, but doburoku is not.

## Name 
The word *doburoku* comes from old Japanese words that suggest something muddy or cloudy. The name describes the drink’s appearance.

The Japanese writing for doburoku is 濁酒.

## History 
Doburoku has been made in Japan for many centuries. It was common in farming villages and homes before modern brewing methods were developed.

In the past, many families made doburoku for their own use. Over time, laws made home brewing illegal without permission, and commercial sake became more common.

## How it is made 
Doburoku is made by fermenting rice. The drink is not pressed or filtered.

* Rice is washed and steamed.
* Some rice is mixed with a special mold that turns starch into sugar.
* Steamed rice, mold rice, water, and yeast are mixed together.
* The mixture ferments and becomes alcoholic.
* The liquid is not pressed or filtered.
* Rice solids stay in the drink, making it cloudy.
* Doburoku is usually drunk fresh.

Nigori sake is different because it is pressed first and then lightly filtered, while doburoku is not pressed and keeps the rice solids.

## Alcohol content 
Doburoku usually has a lower alcohol level than most sake. The alcohol content can change depending on how long it ferments.

## Legal status in Japan 
In modern Japan, making alcohol at home is illegal without a license. This includes doburoku.

Some areas are allowed to make doburoku under special rules. These places are called special zones. They allow small producers to make doburoku for local use or tourism.

## Religion and festivals 
Some Shinto shrines are allowed to make doburoku for religious reasons. The drink may be used in festivals or rituals.

Doburoku festivals are held in some parts of Japan. Visitors can taste local versions of the drink.

## Culture 
Doburoku is often seen as a symbol of rural life and tradition. It is linked to farming, local festivals, and older ways of living.

In recent years, doburoku has become popular again among people interested in traditional foods.

## See also 
* Sake
* Nigori sake (en)
* Amazake (en)
* Kuchikami-zake (en)

## References 
* 

* 

*
Dibutyl sebacate

**Dibutyl sebacate** (**DBS**) is an organic compound. It is used as a plasticizer. It is a dibutyl ester of sebacic acid. Its main use is to produce plastics. It can make cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and other plastics. These plastics are used in the food packaging industry, in medical devices, and in pharmaceutical applications. For example, it is used as a plasticizer for film coating of tablets, beads, and granules.

It is used make synthetic rubbers (especially nitrile rubber and neoprene). It is also used as a lubricant (something that reduces friction between moving surfaces) in shaving lotions, and a flavoring additive in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, and baked goods. DBS works well with a range of plastic materials. It has good properties at low temperatures, and helps plastics from being dissolved by oil. Dibutyl sebacate is also used as a desensitizer in Otto fuel II, a torpedo monopropellant.

DBS is also called Morflex, Kodaflex, polycizer, Proviplast 1944 and PX 404.

## References
Bioorganic chemistry

**Bioorganic chemistry** is a science that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. Bioorganic chemistry expands organic chemistry towards biology. This differs from biochemistry, which studies biological processes using chemistry. When investigating enzymes and cofactors, bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry.

**Biophysical organic chemistry** is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry. 

Bioorganic chemistry is that branch of life science, which deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods.

## References
Isodesmic reaction

An **isodesmic reaction** is a chemical reaction where the type of chemical bonds broken in the reactant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product. This type of reaction is often used as a hypothetical reaction in thermochemistry.

An example of an isodesmic reaction is 

:CH3- + CH3X → CH4 + CH2X- (**1**)
       
:X = F, Cl, Br, I 

Equation 1 describes the deprotonation of a methyl halide by a methyl anion. The energy change associated with this exothermic reaction can be calculated using a computer. The energy change increases going from fluorine to chlorine to bromine and iodine. This shows that the CH2I- anion is the most  and least basic of all the halides. Each of these reactions are isodesmic. The energy change in each example also depends on the difference in bond energy of the C-X bond in the base and conjugate acid. In other cases, the difference may be due to steric strain (the blocking of atoms by other atoms). The steric strain is small in fluorine (which is a small diameter atom) but large in iodine (in favor of the anion). So, the energy change grows between each example halide despite the fact that C-F bonds are stronger than C-I bonds.

The related term **homodesmotic reaction** also takes into account orbital hybridization. Homodesmotic reactions also have the same number of carbon to hydrogen (C-H) bonds. An example of a homodesmotic reaction is:
:c-(CH2)3 + 3 CH3-CH3 →  3 CH3CH2CH3

## Other websites 
* Gold Book IUPAC definition 

## References 
## Further reading
*
Sawfish

The **sawfish** are a family of rays which have a long body, like a shark. One feature that separates a sawfish from other rays is its long, saw-like snout. On either side of this *rostrum* are little teeth like a saw. 

Sawfish have a mouth, nostrils, and gill slits under their body, just like a ray. Also, their pectoral fins are enlarged, like those of a ray. Also like rays, when they settle on the bottom, they take in water through two spiracles just behing the eyes. This gets water to the gills without sand.

Several species can grow to about .

## Rostrum 
The sawfish's most distinctive feature is the saw-like rostrum. The rostrum is covered with motion- and electro-sensitive pores. These allow sawfish to detect movement and even heartbeats of prey hiding under the ocean floor. The rostrum serves as a digging tool to unearth buried crustaceans. 

If a suitable prey swims by, the normally lethargic sawfish springs from the bottom and slashes at it with its saw. This generally stuns or injures the prey sufficiently for the sawfish to devour it. Sawfish also defend themselves with their rostrum, against predators such as sharks and intruding divers. The 'teeth' protruding from the rostrum are not real teeth, but modified tooth-like structures called *denticles*.

## References
Eagle ray

**Eagle rays** are cartilaginous fish in the ray family **Myliobatidae**. They are mostly large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.

Eagle rays feed on molluscs and crustaceans, crushing their shells with their flattened teeth, while devil rays and manta rays filter plankton from the water. 

They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several metres above the surface. Compared with other rays, they have long tails, and well-defined diamond-shaped bodies. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time. They range from  to  in length.

The tail looks like a bull whip and may be as long as the body. It is armed with a sting. Eagle rays live close to the coast in depths of 1 to 30 metres and in exceptional cases they are found as deep as 300 m. The eagle ray is commonly seen cruising along sandy beaches in very shallow waters.

## Classification 
In Nelson's *Fishes of the World*, the eagle rays are a subfamily, and are joined by the manta rays and the eagle rays. As Nelson sees it, there are seven genera in the family, in three subfamilies. In our classification, the three groups are families in the suborder Myliobatoidei. 
 
## References
Shamarpa

**Shamarpa** or more formally **Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche** is Tibetan Buddhis teacher. Together with Karmapa he is the second lineage holder of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Shamarpa is regarded as manifestation of Amitabha Buddha. He also is the second lama who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist teachers. 
The first Shamar Rinpoche Khedrup Drakpa Senge (1284–1349) was the principal disciple of the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorje.

## Present Shamarpa
The present (14th) Shamarpa is Mipham Chokyi Lodro, born in Derge, Tibet in 1952.  At age four he was recognized by his uncle the 16th Karmapa.
Glasgow Prestwick Airport

**Glasgow Prestwick Airport**   is the second airport serving Glasgow. It also serves the Greater Glasgow area. It is  northeast

The Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm uses part of the airport. It has 3 Sea King helicopters there for search and rescue. They cover Ben Nevis, the Lakes, Northern Ireland and 200 NM (370&nbsp;km; 230&nbsp;mi) past the Irish coast. This force is often called 'HMS Gannet'. 15 officers, 11 ratings, 28 civil servants and 50 civilian staff work at the base.

## References
Iodine deficiency

**Iodine deficiency** is when there is not enough iodine in the body. Iodine is an essential trace element. 

The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine have iodine. In areas where marine food is not eaten, there is low iodine in the diet. This causes **iodine deficiency** which gives rise to
goiter (so-called endemic goiter), as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems.
*The Lancet* has said, "According to WHO, in 2007, nearly 2 billion individuals had insufficient iodine intake, a third being of school age. ... Thus iodine deficiency, as the single greatest preventable cause of mental retardation, is an important public-health problem." Iodine deficiency causes diseases of the oral and salivary glands.

In these areas,small amounts of iodine to table salt in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and/or potassium iodate is added. This helps preventing iodine deficiency. This product is known as *iodized salt*. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foods. This includes flour, water and milk in areas of deficiency. Seafood is also a well known source of iodine. Thus, iodine deficiency is more common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in soil poor in iodine.

## References
## Other websites 
* International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders 
* Can Africa meet the goal of eliminating iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000? 
*
John Haymes Newton

**John Newton** (born ) is an American actor.  He is best known for his work on the television series *Superboy* and *Melrose Place*.
Naropa

**Nāropā** (956–1041) was an Indian Buddhist teacher. He was the disciple of Tilopa and also brother and pupil of Niguma. Naropa was the main teacher of Marpa, the founder of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.
## Biography
Naropa was born a high status Brahmin and from an early age showed strong,  highly intelligent mind. At the age of 28 Naropa entered the famous Buddhist University at Nalanda where he studied both Sutra and Tantra. He had the reputation of a great scholar and debater. Later Naropa became studend of Tilopa and spent twelve years with him. While studying and meditating with his teacher Naropa met and overcame twelve minor and twelve major hardships. Eventually he reached full realization and become teacher of Marpa.
Trachea

The **trachea**, or **windpipe**, is the bony tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, and is an important part of the vertebrate respiratory system. 

In mammals, the trachea begins at the lower part of the larynx and continues to the lungs. There it branches into the right and left bronchi. Inflammation of the trachea can lead to other conditions, such as tracheitis, which is the inflammation of the linings of the trachea.

## Invertebrate trachea 
. The largest tracheae run across the width of the body of the cockroach and are horizontal in this image. Scale bar, 2 mm]]
 of the cockroach. Scale bar, 2 mm]]

The **invertebrate trachea** refers to the open respiratory system of terrestrial arthropods. It consists of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles that take metabolic gases to and from tissues.  The distribution of spiracles varies, but in general each segment of the body has only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it.

The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and diffuse water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gas may be moved actively or by passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their haemolymph.
This is one of the factors that may limit their size.

A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices. In the head, thorax, or abdomen, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill, or function as normal, via a plastron. Despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (ecdysis).

## References
Electric ray

The **electric rays** are a group of rays, flattened cartilaginous fish with enlarged pectoral fins. They are the order **Torpediniformes**. 

They can produce an electric discharge, ranging from as little as 8 volts up to 220 volts depending on species. There are 69 species in four subfamilies.

These rays have battery-like electric organs on both sides of their heads, which can make a  electric shock. They use this shock to stun their prey and for their own self defense.

## Classification 
The electric rays are regarded as monophyletic, This is one way the order can be classified.
*Family Narcinidae (numbfishes)
**Subfamily Narcininae
**Subfamily Narkinae (sleeper rays)
*Family Torpedinidae (torpedo electric rays)
**Subfamily Hypninae (coffin rays)
**Subfamily Torpedininae

The word torpedo comes from a genus of electric rays in the sub-family Torpedininae, namely *Torpedo*, which in turn comes from the Latin "torpere" (to be stiff or numb).

## Related pages
* Electric fish

## References
Pete Smith (baseball, born 1966)

**Peter John Smith** (born February 27, 1966 in Abington, Massachusetts) is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1st round (21st overall pick) in the amateur draft of 1984. Smith was signed on June 14, 1984 to play Minor League Baseball in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. He batted and threw right-handed during his baseball career.

## Career
The Philadelphia Phillies traded Smith to the Atlanta Braves, along with Ozzie Virgil, Jr., for Steve Bedrosian and Milt Thompson. Smith made his major league debut on September 8, 1987 with the Atlanta Braves at age 21. In 1988, Smith pitched 3 shutouts, the season after his rookie year. The Atlanta Braves hoped Smith would turn into an ace pitcher as John Smoltz and Tom Glavine were becoming. But in 1989, Smith's earned run average (ERA) was at 4.75 at the end of the season, higher than his ERA in 1988 when it was at 3.69. He played the 1987-1993 seasons with the Atlanta Braves before being traded to the New York Mets for Dave Gallagher. With the New York Mets, Smith only played the 1994 season before being granted free agency on October 25 of that year. On December 1, 1994, Smith was signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Reds. He played with the Cincinnati Reds for only half of the 1995 season before being traded to the Florida Marlins on July 1, 1995 as a free agent. On December 23, 1995, Smith signed as a free agent with the San Diego Padres playing one season with them.

On June 9, 1998, Smith was traded to the Baltimore Orioles organization for minor leaguer, Eric Estes. He played his final game on September 24, 1998. He earned a career ERA of 4.55, striking out 640 batters. Smith also pitched 4 shutouts throughout his major league career.

## References
## Other websites 
* Baseball Reference
* Baseball Almanac
* Baseball prospectus statistics
* Sportsillustrated  statistics
* Baseball Reference (Minor league) statistics through minor league career
Infinite (Eminem album)

***Infinite*** is the debut studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on November 12, 1996. It was produced by Jeff & Mark Bass, Denaun Porter, DJ Head, Eminem and DJ Rec. The album was given 2.5 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.

## Track listing
## References
Krispy Kreme

**Krispy Kreme** is the name of an  chain of doughnut shops that was made by Vernon Rudolph in 1937. The real parent company of Krispy Kreme is Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc.

While selling all types of doughnuts, Krispy Kreme's signature is a glazed doughnut that is  served warm.

Loblaws supermarkets and Petro-Canada gas stations in Canada have Krispy Kreme. In the United Kingdom Tesco supermarkets, Tesco Extra and Moto service stations carry Krispy Kreme .

## Puerto Rico 
On May 6, 2008, the first Krispy Kreme shop in Puerto Rico opened, followed by two  places in 2010 and one location in 2011.

## Texas 
In 2002, Krispy Kreme opened a restaurant-style shop in the Amarillo area in Texas.

## Canada 
The 18 stores that opened in Canada were  to four. Two of them are in Quebec while the other two stores are in Mississauga, Ontario and Delta, British Columbia. A small seasonal shop was recently opened in Wasaga Beach, Ontario. The Wasaga Beach receives its doughnuts from the Mississauga shop every morning. Another small store recently opened on November 3, 2010 in Toronto at Bathurst and Harbord Streets in the city's Harbord Village neighborhood.  This store got shipments from the Mississauga store. Krispy Kreme's Canadian  were put up for sale in 2005 seven weeks after the U.S.-based doughnut company had the firm that owns the stores in Canada placed under  protection.

## Japan 
In Japan, over 27 shops of Krispy Kreme doughnuts opened around the country.

## References
The Marshall Mathers LP

***The Marshall Mathers LP*** is the third studio album by American rapper, Eminem. *The Marshall Mathers LP* was released on May 23, 2000 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Mel-Man, Bass Brothers, Eminem and The 45 King. *The Marshall Mathers LP 2*, which is the sequel to *The Marshall Mathers LP*, was released on November 5, 2013.

## Track listing 
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes and Tidal

**Notes**
* signifies a co-producer
* Dina Rae goes uncredited as being featured
* signifies a remixer
## Reception
It was widely praised by music and hip-hop critics, and is considered one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time. The album was given 5 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.

## References
Trill consonant

A **trill** consonant is a consonant that is made by vibrating an articulator, or hitting it many times against something else. For example, the  in the Spanish word "perro" is an alveolar trill, commonly known as a rolled r, where the tongue is hit many times against the alveolar ridge, or the place just behind the teeth. This vibration is caused by a flow of air.

There are three trill consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet. These are:

* - alveolar trill
* - bilabial trill, where the lips are trilled.
* - uvular trill, where the uvula is trilled.
The Slim Shady LP

***The Slim Shady LP*** is the second studio album and the major-label debut by American rapper, Eminem. It was released on February 23, 1999 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Mark & Jeff Bass, and Mel-Man. The album got critical and commercial success. It debuted at number two on the *Billboard* 200 charts. The first single from the album is "My Name Is". It earned Eminem a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album and was included in *Rolling Stone Magazine*'s list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The three songs "If I Had", "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" (originally titled "Just the Two of Us"), and "Just Don't Give a Fuck" originated from Slim Shady EP.

## Track listing 
**Notes**
* signifies a co-producer.
* signifies a pre-production.
*On the clean version of the album, "Bitch", "Cum on Everybody", "Just Don't Give a Fuck", and "Still Don't Give a Fuck" are respectively retitled "Zoe", "Come on Everybody", "Just Don't Give", and "Still Don't Give".
*Some online platforms (such as Myspace) include an alternate clean version of the album which completely removes the song "Guilty Conscience".

## References
Gampopa

**Gampopa Sonam Rinchen** (1079–1153) is Tibetan Buddhist teacher - lama, holder of the Kagyu school, one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.   

He was the most important (or son like) student of Milarepa.  

In his young years Gampopa was a physician in Dagpo region of S. Tibet. Before studying under Milarepa, Gampopa had studied the Kadampa tradition, which belongs to gradual Mahayana path. He searched for, and eventually met Milarepa, and attained realization of ultimate reality under his guidance. 

He combined the Lamrim teachings and methods from the Kadampa masters with the Mahamudra insights of Milarepa. Among his many writings, one of the most notable is the Jewel Ornament of Liberation, originally titled *Damcho Yishingyi Norbu Tarpa Rinpoche Gyan*.

Four of his disciples  founded the four "major" Kagyu schools:
* Barom Kagyu founded by Barompa Darma Wangchug
* Phagdru Kagyu founded by Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo
* Karma Kagyu, also known as the Kamtsang Kagyu School, founded by Düsum Khyenpa the 1st Karmapa
* Tsalpa Kagyu founded by Zhang Yudragpa Tsondru Drag

## References
Trachea (disambiguation)

The **trachea** is a tube in animals that connects the mouth to the lungs.

**Trachea** might also refer to:
* Tracheids, long cells in the xylem of vascular plants
Urban Dictionary

**Urban Dictionary** is a website which is a dictionary of slang words. The website was created in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University freshman, Aaron Peckham. The website was listed as #29 in Time's list of 50 best websites of 2008. The website has been featured on Tosh.0's "words of the week". As of January 2011, Urban Dictionary has an alexa rating of 688.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Urban Dictionary
Encore (album)

***Encore*** is the fifth studio album by American rapper Eminem. *Encore* was released on November 12, 2004 and was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Luis Resto, Mike Elizondo and Mark Batson. The album was given 3 out of 5 stars by Allmusic. It was nominated for Best Rap Album, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for the song "Encore" and Best Rap Solo Performance for "Mockingbird" at the 48th Grammy Awards.

## Songs
## References
Demersal

**Demersal** animals live on or near the bottom of the sea or lakes. The term is usually applied to fish. 

They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep waters they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands. The word *demersal* comes from the Latin *demergere*, which means *to sink*.
 
Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column. Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four percent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 percent.

## References
Through the Years/A Traves de los Años

***Through the Years/A Traves de los Años*** is a album by American singer Selena. The album contained an unreleased song called "Feelings". The song was recorded when Selena was only 7 years old.

The album peaked at number 28 on the Top Latin Albums Chart and was certified Gold by the RIAA.

## Track listing
# Feelings (unreleased)
# Como Te Quiero Yo A Ti
# Tu Solamente Tu
# Tu No Sabes
# Que
# Sukiyaki
# Amame, Quiereme
# Yo Te Amo
# Ya Ves
# Yo Te Sigo Queriendo
# Amame
# No Debes Jugar
# La Llamada
# Fotos Y Recuerdos
# Ya No
# Dreaming of You
# Puede Ser

## Charts
### Weekly charts 
## References
Wet 'n Wild (brand)

'''Wet 'n Wild''' is a chain of waterparks including Wet 'n Wild Orlando and Wet 'n Wild Hawaii. Orlando's Wet 'n Wild is across the street from Universal Studios Orlando. Wet 'n Wild is owned by Universal Parks in Orlando.

## Other websites
* Wet 'n Wild website 

## References
S&M Airlines

***S&M Airlines*** is the second studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *S&M Airlines* was released on September 5, 1989. The producer of the album was Brett Gurewitz. The last track on the album is a cover of the Fleetwood Mac song, "Go On Your Way".

## Songs
Alice Paul

**Alice Stokes Paul** (January 11, 1885 – July 9, 1977) was an American suffragist and activist. Along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage. Her work resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Burns was part of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and had been treated badly as Paul was but went to save women rights by suffering. Burns met Paul in the police station in London when both were arrested because they were protesting in front of the British Parliament

Paul was the original author of a proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution in 1923. The ERA would not get to the Senate for a vote until 1972. That year, it was approved by the Senate and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. Approval by 38 states was required to ratify the amendment. Not enough states (only 35) voted in favor before the deadline. However, people still work to have the states pass the ERA passed by Congress in the 1970s. Other people are working to add a new equality amendment to the US Constitution. Also, almost half of the states have adopted the ERA into their state constitutions.

## References
*Adams, Katherine H. and Michael L. Keene. *Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign*.  University of Illinois Press, 2007.  
*Walton, Mary. ''A Woman's Crusade: Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot''.  Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.  

## Other websites
* (Westfield Friends Burial Ground, Cinnaminson, New Jersey)
*The Alice Paul Institute
*Alice Paul  at Lakewood Public Library:  Women In History 
*The Sewall-Belmont House & Museum—Home of the historic National Woman's Party 
*Biographical sketch  at the University of Pennsylvania
White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean

***White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean*** is the fourth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean* was released on November 5, 1992. The producer of the album was Donnell Cameron, NOFX. The original album title was going to be *White Trash, Two Kikes, and a Spic* but guitar player Eric Melvin changed it after feeling guilty. It is also the first album with guitar player El Hefe.

## Songs
## References
Punk in Drublic

***Punk in Drublic*** is the fourth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *Punk in Drublic* was released on July 19, 1994. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. It is NOFX's most successful album and peaked at #12 on *Billboard*'s Heatseekers chart.

## Songs
Ribbed

***Ribbed*** is the third studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. *Ribbed* was released on March 26, 1991. The producer of the album was Brett Gurewitz. *Ribbed* was also the last album produced for the band by Brett Gurewitz.

## Songs
Relapse (album)

***Relapse*** is the sixth studio album by American rapper, Eminem. *Relapse* was released on May 15, 2009. It was produced by Dr. Dre, Eminem, Dawaun Parker, Mark Batson, Trevor Lawrence, Doc Ish, Boi-1da. The album was given 4 out of 5 stars by Allmusic.

## Songs
## References
Selena Etc.

**Selena Etc.** is American singer Selena's clothing store chain. She began  and manufacturing in 1993 and opened two boutiques. The two stores were in Corpus Christi and the other in San Antonio. Both had beauty salons. *Hispanic Business* reported that the singer earned over $5,000,000 dollars from these boutiques. One was going to open in Monterrey, Mexico in 1995 but did not because of her death. In 2009, Chris Perez, widower of Selena, had to close the stores due to the recession of 2007.

## Other websites
*official website

## References
Basel-Landschaft

The **Canton of Basel-Landschaft** is a canton of Switzerland. The capital is Liestal.

## Districts 
There are five districts:
* Arlesheim with capital Arlesheim
* Laufen with capital Laufen
* Liestal with capital Liestal
* Sissach with capital Sissach
* Waldenburg with capital Waldenburg

## Municipalities 
There are 86 municipalities:

## References 
## Other websites 
*  
* Official statistics
*
Canton of Lucerne

**Lucerne** (German: *Luzern*, Swiss German: *Lozärn*, French: *Lucerne*, Italian: *Lucerna*, Romansh: *Lucerna*) is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the centre of Switzerland. As of 31 December 2018, the canton has 409,557 people lived there. The capital is Lucerne.

## Districts 
The Canton of Lucerne has six districts:
* Entlebuch
* Hochdorf
* Lucerne-Land
* Lucerne-Stadt
* Sursee
* Willisau

## Municipalities 
The Canton of Lucerne has 82 municipalities ():

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Site 
* Public Records Office / State Archive 
* Official Statistics
* Geoportal  GIS
*
Basel-Stadt

**Basel-Stadt** is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. The capital is Basel. It is the smallest canton by area.

## Municipalities 
There are three municipalities:

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Official statistics
*
Canton of Neuchâtel

**Neuchâtel** is a French-speaking canton in western Switzerland. As of 2018, 176,850 people lived there. The capital is Neuchâtel.

## Geography 
To the northeast it borders the canton of Bern, to the northwest France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté). Lake Neuchâtel lies southeast of the canton, while the canton of Vaud is southwest of the canton of Neuchâtel. The canton lies in the central area of the Jura Mountains.

## Other websites 
* Official website
*Official statistics
La Salle University

**La Salle University** is a private, co-educational, Roman Catholic university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The university has about 7,554 students. It was founded in 1863. The current president of the university is Bro. Michael McGinniss.

## Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Explorers. They have 23 varsity teams and they compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference.

## Other websites
*La Salle University's Official website
*La Salle Explorers' Official athletics website
PlayStation Vita

The  is a handheld game console made by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the replacement model to the PlayStation Portable. It was released in Japan on December 17, 2011. It was released in Europe, North America, South America and Singapore on February 22, 2012. It was released in Australia on February 23, 2012.

It competed with the Nintendo 3DS. It is part of the eighth generation of gaming.
## Discontinuation
It was discontinued on Amazon on October 12, 2017 and worldwide on March 1, 2019.
## PlayStation 4 Connection
All games made for the PlayStation 4, with the exception of games requiring the use of special devices such as PlayStation Camera, are playable on the Vita through Remote Play. With the use of a Vita, PS4, and PS4 game, this allows a PS4 game to be run on the PS4, but its screen sent to the Vita, with the Vita being used for the controller, and the image and sound being sent to the Vita's screen and speakers instead of a television. The Vita technically has Remote Play functionality with the PlayStation 3 as well, though very few PS3 games supported the feature due to limitations with the less-powerful PS3 hardware. More PS3 games are available for streaming on the Vita through Sony's cloud gaming service PlayStation Now, though they are streamed over the internet in the form of cloud computing rather than directly from a physical PS3 console. First added in 2014, the service was announced to be removed from the Vita on August 15, 2017.

## Notes
## References
George Washington University

The **George Washington University** is a private, coeducational university in Washington, D.C.. The university has about 24,531 students. It was founded on February 9, 1821. The current president of the university is Steven Knapp. 

## Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Revolutionaries. They have 22 varsity teams and they compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference.

## Other websites
*George Washington University's Official website
*George Washington Revolutionaries Official athletics website
Monoculture

, near Palouse, in the United States. This region is the biggest producer of wheat in the United States. ]]
**Monoculture** is growing a single crop in a large area.  Farmers decide what is the best crop, and grow only that. This is very common in modern agriculture, as it simplifies the farm and allows relatively few people to harvest large amounts.  Often the crop of a large area is not merely a single species, but a single variety.  Monocultures have problems, however: Pests and diseases that attack only one kind of plant can spread more easily when they only find that kind.  

Each kind of plant also needs particular nutrients from the soil.  Fertilizers are used to supply that nutrient.  Crop rotation is used in some areas.

## Related pages 
*Plantation
The Eminem Show

***The Eminem Show*** is the fourth studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on May 26, 2002 and was produced by Eminem, Jeff Bass, Dr. Dre, and Mr. Porter. The album was given 4 out of 5 stars by Allmusic. In 2022, the album was certified twelve-times-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over twelve million copies.

## Track listing
**Notes**
* signifies a co-producer.
* signifies an additional producer.
*Early clean versions of the album replace "Drips" with 4 seconds of silence. Later clean versions feature an edited version of the song.
*Another censored version of the album did not allow the words "goddamn", "prick", "bastard", "piss", "bitch", "ass", "shit" and "fuck" to be left uncensored.
*"Curtain Close (skit)" is performed by Ken Kaniff, who Eminem portrays at the end of the album before continuing on with the persona on *Relapse* in 2009, as displayed in the album booklet.

## References
Gran Turismo 2

***Gran Turismo 2*** is the second racing game in the *Gran Turismo* series. Game is developed by Polyphony Digital and published by Sony Computer Entertainment in 1999 for PlayStation. The game has over 500 cars  and over 20 tracks.

## References