open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hyrynsalmi

**Hyrynsalmi** is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had almost 2,600 living there in August 2013. The municipalities next to it are Kuhmo, Puolanka, Ristijärvi and Suomussalmi.

## Other websites 
* The official Hyrynsalmi page
Hyvinkää

**Hyvinkää** is a city in Finland. About 46,000 people lived there in 2013.

## Other websites
* Webpages
Kainuu

**Kainuu** is a region in eastern Finland. As of January 2015, there were about 75 000 people living there. It is next to Northern Ostrobothnia, Northern Savonia and North Karelia.

Kainuu is a multi-cultural area.

## Municipalities 
Kainuu has 8 municipalities of which two are cities (marked bold). The population is displayed on the right side of the municipal names. In the early 2016 the municipality of Vaala became part of the region of Northern Ostrobothnia.

* Hyrynsalmi (2,432)
* **Kuhmo** (8,820)
* Puolanka (2,784)
* Suomussalmi (8,342)
* **Kajaani** (37,664)
* Paltamo (3,493)
* Ristijärvi (1,356)
* Sotkamo (10,524)

**Changes in the regions municipalities**

* Vaala

## Related pages
*Åland Islands
*Central Finland
*Central Ostrobothnia
*Kanta-Häme
*Kymenlaakso
*Finnish Lapland
*North Karelia
*Northern Ostrobothnia
*Northern Savonia
*Ostrobothnia (region)
*Päijänne Tavastia
*Pirkanmaa
*Satakunta
*South Karelia
*Southern Ostrobothnia
*Southern Savonia
*Southwest Finland
*Uusimaa

## References 
## Other websites 
* Webpages
* About Kainuu in English
Ronnie Masterson

**Ronnie Masterson** (4 April 1926 &ndash; 10 February 2014) was an Irish actress. She was born in Dublin. She started acting in 1965. She also co-founded Old Quay Productions. 

Masterson died on 10 February 2014, aged 87. She was outlived by her four children with actor, Ray McAnally. McAnally died in 1989.

## References
## Other websites
*
Steven Stamkos

**Steven Christopher Stamkos** (born February 7, 1990, in Markham, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he serves as their captain.

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Stamkos played two seasons with the Sarnia Sting of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). During his time with Sarnia, Stamkos was able to win the Jack Ferguson Award in 2006 for being the top draft pick in the Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection Draft and the Bobby Smith Trophy in 2007 for Scholastic Player of the Year.

He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Lightning with the 1st overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He won the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy in 2010 and 2012. Stamkos broke his tibia in a game against the Boston Bruins on November 11, 2013. His left skate hit the post of the Bruins' net before his right leg hit the post. He tried to stand up twice but fell down in pain. He was then stretchered out of the arena to applause from the crowd. He successfully had surgery on his right tibia in Boston on November 12, 2013. He was hoping to play for 2014 Canadian Olympic Hockey Team after being named to the team but was unable after a CT scan determined that he could not play.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Doug Mohns

**Douglas Allen "Diesel" Mohns** (December 13, 1933 – February 7, 2014) was a Canadian-born American professional ice hockey player. He played 22 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1953–54 to 1974–75.  

Mohns twice won the most coveted prize in junior hockey, the Memorial Cup. He played on the 1951 and 1953 Barrie Flyers teams.

He died on February 7, 2014 at the age of 80.

## References
Diesel generator

A **diesel generator** is a diesel-electric system, a diesel engine that powers a electrical generator to produce electricity. Diesel generators are located at places where there is no electricity supply from the electrical grid or for emergency supply if there is problem with the normal electricity supply.
 
Diesel generator is often referred as *generator set* or *genset* for short, which is a combination of diesel generator with its supporting equipment, such as base, canopy, control system, sound attenuation, circuit breaker, starting system, exhaust system, diesel fuel supply etc.
Division of South Sydney

The **Division of South Sydney** was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1901. It was abolished in 1934. It was named for Southern Sydney. It was located in the south of Sydney. The Division of Watson (1934–69) replaced it when it was abolished.

## Members
Alice Babs

**Alice Babs** (born **Hildur Alice Nilsson**; 26 January 1924 – 11 February 2014) was a Swedish singer and actress from Kalmar, Sweden. While she worked in a wide number of genres – Swedish folklore, Elizabethan songs and opera. She was best known internationally as a jazz singer, and for being Swedens first entrant in Eurovision singing the song *Lilla stjärna* in the Eurovision Song Contest 1958.

Babs died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on 11 February 2014. She was 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Jazzbrat: Alice Babs
Deaerator

]]

A **deaerator** is a device used to remove dissolved gasses from water. The water will be used as feedwater to steam boilers. Dissolved gasses such as oxygen can cause heavy damage to the boiler system by creating rust on any metal inside the system. Dissolved carbon dioxide combined with water can cause further corrosion.

## Types
* Tray-type deaerator 
* Spray-type deaerator
Fernando González Pacheco

**Fernando González Pacheco** (September 13, 1932 – February 11, 2014), also known as **Pacheco**, was a Colombian television host, announcer, journalist. His career has lasted for over sixty years.

González Pacheco also started a TV production company of his own called Coestrellas along with actor Carlos Benjumea, which lasted from 1981 to 2003.

Pacheco died on February 11, 2014 in Bogota, Colombia from heart and respiratory failure. He was 81 years old.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Pacheco interviewing guerrilla leader Carlos Pizarro León-Gómez - Youtube clip
*Fernando González Pacheco, el hombre de las mil caras
Boiler feedwater

**Boiler feedwater** is the water used to "feed" or supply a boiler to produce steam or hot water. At Thermal power stations the feedwater is usually preheated and conditioned. It is kept in a storage tank before being pumped to the boiler.

## References
Miaoli County

**Miaoli County** () is a county in Taiwan. The capital of the county is Miaoli City.

## Geography 
Miaoli County has a total area of 1820 square kilometres.
Zhucheng fossil site

The **Zhucheng fossil site** is in Zhucheng, a city in the Shandong Province of China. It is perhaps the greatest treasury of dinosaur fossils found in the 20th century.

Zhucheng has been an important site for dinosaur excavation since 1960. The local community used the calcium-rich fossils for traditional village remedies used to treat muscle cramps and other minor ailments. Scientists have collected more than  of fossils since 1960.

Many dinosaur bones were smuggled out of the city. In 2008 Australia returned hundreds of kilograms of Chinese dinosaur fossils, including dinosaur fossil eggs. These fossils were recovered during a sting operation carried out on warehouses and cargo containers.

The palaeontologists believe they have found one of the biggest sites of dinosaur remains from a massive excavation pit. The fossilized bones date to the Upper Cretaceous just before to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The findings also include the remains of a 20&nbsp;meter (66&nbsp;ft) hadrosaurid, a record size for the duck-billed dinosaur.

Such a high  of fossil bones in such a small area suggests they died together and suddenly. Scientists believe a volcanic eruption may have killed the dinosaurs, and a subsequent flood carried the fossils to Zhucheng, which may have been a wetland covered in grass.

The local authorities in Shandong are making plans to set up a fossil park in the area.

## References
Ana Kasparian

**Anahit Misak Kasparian** (born July 7, 1986) is an American host, producer and political pundit. She began working as a fill-in producer for the Internet talk radio show *The Young Turks* in 2007. She is the main host and a producer of the online *The Young Turks*. She also appeared on the television version of the show that aired on Current TV and later Al Jazeera America. She formerly hosted *The Point* on the TYT Network.

Kasparian was born in Los Angeles, California on July 7, 1986. Her parents were Armenian immigrants. She was raised in the Reseda neighborhood. She graduated from the Valley Alternative School, Van Nuys in 2004. She graduated from California State University, Northridge in 2007 with a Bachelor of Arts, Journalism (BAJ). She completed her Master of Political Science (MPS) in 2010. She is an agnostic.

## References
## Other websites
*
Blackheath, London

**Blackheath** is a heathland area of South East London. Formerly in Kent, it is now shared between the London Boroughs of Lewisham and Greenwich. Blackheath has one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London.

## History 
The name is recorded in 1166 as *Blachehedfeld* and means the "dark coloured heathland". It is formed from the Old English 'blæc' and 'hǣth' and refers to the open space that was the meeting place of the ancient hundred of Blackheath. 

The Pagoda is a good example of a beautiful property in Blackheath, built in 1760 by Sir William Chambers. It was later leased to the Prince Regent, who later became King George IV, and used as a summer home by his wife Caroline, Princess of Wales.

## Sports 
In 1608, according to tradition, Blackheath was the place where golf was introduced to England – the Royal Blackheath Golf Club. The club was one of the first golf associations established (1766) outside Scotland. Since 1923 it has been in nearby Eltham. Blackheath also gave its name to the first hockey club, established during the mid 19th century.

The Blackheath Rugby Club was founded in 1858, the oldest rugby club in England. The Blackheath club organised the world's first rugby international (between England and Scotland in Edinburgh on 27 March 1871), and hosted the first international between England and Wales ten years later. Blackheath Rugby Club was one of the 12 founding members of the Football Association in 1863.

## References
List of WWE Intercontinental Champions

This is the title history of the WWE Intercontinental Championship. The title was introduced in 1979 when Pat Patterson was awarded the championship he won a fictional tournament in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In total, there have been 93 distinct championship holders as of  .

The wrestler with the most reigns as Intercontinental Champion is Chris Jericho with 9. The longest reigning Intercontinental Champion is Gunther. The current champion is Penta, who is in his first reign.

## Title history 
## Combined reigns 
:As of  , .
, shown here with the 2002–2011 belt design.]]
, shown here with the 2011–2019 belt design.]] 
, who held the title for 666 days.]]

## References 
## Other websites 
* WWE Intercontinental Title History
Combustor

A **combustor** is a part or area of a gas turbine, ramjet, or scramjet engine where combustion takes place. It is also known as a **burner**, **combustion chamber** or **flame holder**. In a gas turbine engine, the *combustor* or combustion chamber is fed high pressure air by the compression system. The combustor then heats this air at constant pressure. 

## Components
* Casing
* Diffuser
* Liner
* Snout
* Dome
* Fuel injector
* Igniter

## References
## Other websites
*https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53646
*https://grabcad.com/library/can-combustor-2
*https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360319922024752
*https://fetchcfd.com/view-project/75-can-combustor-
*https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/p/combustion-section-combustion-section.html
*https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42452-019-0753-4
*https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5521/6/3/129
*https://armyaviation.tpub.com/AL0993/Figure-1-20-Can-Annular-Combustion-Chamber-134.htm
*https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/2/390
*https://grabcad.com/library/can-type-combustion-chamber-1
*https://www.aircav.com/gencombu.html
*https://nara.getarchive.net/media/30-degree-angle-of-model-7-swirl-can-combustor-c4fc81
*https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/105513/is-there-any-version-of-cfm56-with-can-combustors
*https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202311.1853/v1
*https://proceedings2012.caeconference.com/papers/025/UniversitaFerrara.html
*https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjj-2017-0057/html
*https://cfd2012.com/ansys-cfx-gas-turbine-combustor.html
H. R. Haldeman

**Harry Robbins "Bob" Haldeman** (better known as **H. R. Haldeman**; October 27, 1926 – November 12, 1993) was an American political  and businessman. He was White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon. He committed crimes in the Watergate scandal.

## Early life
Haldeman was born on October 27, 1926 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Watergate scandal
His role in the Watergate cover-up forced him to resign from government. Haldeman was tried on counts of perjury, conspiracy and obstruction of justice. Haldeman was found guilty and imprisoned for 18 months. Upon his release he returned to private life and was a successful businessman.

## Death
Haldeman died on November 12, 1993 in Santa Barbara, California from stomach cancer, aged 67.

## References
## More reading
* Haldeman H.R. 1994. *The Haldeman diaries: inside the Nixon White House*. New York: Putnam. 

## Other websites
* *Washington Post* profile of Haldeman
* *Washington Post* Haldeman Obituary
* Ford Library & Museum:*The Watergate Files*
* Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: H.R. Haldeman
* Watergate trial of H.R. Haldeman, courtroom sketches.
* Spartacus Educational Biography 
* *The Testimony of John Ehrlichman & H. R. Haldeman*  at Smithsonian Folkways
Happisburgh archaeology

, about 800,000 years ago]]

The small village of Happisburgh on the coast of Norfolk has evidence of the earliest modern man.

The oldest hominin footprints in Europe are in Britain. They are about 800,000 years to a million years old. They were found on Happisburgh beach, East Anglia in May 2013.

The archaeologists describe them as "the oldest known hominin footprint surface outside Africa at between ca. 1 million and 0.78 million years ago". The site is known for its preservation of sediments with early Pleistocene fauna and flora. Since 2005 flint tools have been found. This means humans occupied northern Europe at least 350,000 years earlier than was thought before.

The footprints were found in sediment, partially covered by beach sand, at low tide on the shore at Happisburgh. Stormy weather had washed away the sand, leaving the sediment exposed. Because the sediment was soft, and lay below the high tide mark, the tides quickly eroded the exposed sediment, and in two weeks the footprints had all been destroyed. The team worked during low tides, often in pouring rain, to record 3D images of all the footprints. The tools were dated to "somewhere between 866,000 to 814,000 years ago or 970,000 to 936,000 years ago", around 100,000 years earlier than the finds at Pakefield. The flints were probably left by hunter-gatherers of the human species *Homo antecessor* who inhabited the flood plains and marshlands that bordered an ancient course of the river Thames. The flints were then washed downriver and came to rest at the Happisburgh site. In May 2013 the oldest human footprints outside of Africa, being more than 800,000 years old, were reported to have been discovered on the beach.

## References
Cenk Uygur

**Cenk Kadir Uygur** (born March 21, 1970) is a Turkish-American political activist, politician and commentator and Internet personality. He is the main host and co-founder of the Internet talk radio show *The Young Turks* (*TYT*). He also was the main host on the television version of the show that aired on Current TV and later Al Jazeera America.

Uygur was born in Istanbul, Turkey. He immigrated to East Brunswick, New Jersey when he was 8 years.

On November 14, 2019, Uygur announced his candidacy for the 2020 special election in California's 25th congressional district to replace Katie Hill. In March, 2020, news medias reported that he had lost his bid for the seat.

Ugyur is also an uncle of Twitch streamer Hasan Piker.

Despite the fact that Uygur is not a natural born citizen of the United States (as mandated by the ratificaton of The Constitution in 1788), in October 2023, Cenk announced his intent to challenge this restriction and seek the candidacy for President of the United States, vying against President Joe Biden for the Democratic party nomination in 2024.In March 2024, Cenk reported his "decision to drop out of the race, resuming his full-time duties as host of "The Young Turks", which had in fact, been limited because of his candidacy bid.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stephen Merchant

**Stephen James Merchant** (born 24 November 1974) is a British actor, comedian, director and writer. He is best known for his works with Ricky Gervais and Karl Pilkington. With Gervais, he created the popular BBC sitcoms *The Office* and *Extras*. He has appeared in movies such as *Run, Fat Boy, Run*, *Hot Fuzz* (both 2000), *Movie 43* (2006) and *Logan* (2010). He also voiced Wheatley in the video game *Portal 2* (2011).

Merchant was born in Hanham, Bristol, England. He is a graduate of the University of Warwick. He stands at 6 ft 7 in (200 cm).

## References
## Other websites
*
Are All Men Pedophiles?

***Are All Men Pedophiles?*** is a 2012 documentary movie about pedophilia and hebephilia. It was directed and written by Jan-Willem Breure.

*Are All Men Pedophiles?* was premiered (shown for the first time) at the Queens World Film Festival in New York City on March 2, 2012.
Anthony Daniels

**Anthony Daniels** (born 21 February 1946) is an English actor. He plays the droid C-3PO in the *Star Wars* series and he is the only person to appear in all 11 Star Wars films.

Daniels was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England on 21 February 1946.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Multimedia Q&A with Daniels from the BBC website for the *Ghosts of Albion*
Kenny Baker

**Kenneth George "Kenny" Baker** (24 August 1934&nbsp;– 13 August 2016) was an English actor and musician.  He played R2-D2 in the *Star Wars* movie series.

Baker was born on 24 August 1934 in Birmingham, West Midlands. He died on 13 August 2016.

## References
## Other websites
*Kenny Baker's website 
*
Common land

, or "common of mast", in the New Forest]]

**Common land** (a **common**) is land where local people have certain rights. For example, to allow their sheep to , to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel.

Originally in mediaeval England the common was part of the manor. Although it was part of the estate owned by the lord of the manor, tenants had certain rights.

By extension, the term "commons" has come to be applied to other resources which a community has rights or access to. Today the term "common" is mainly used for the land over which the rights are exercised. A person who has a right to common land is a **commoner**.

Today commons still exist in Great Britain and the United States, although their extent is much reduced from the millions of acres that existed in the 17th century.

## Related pages 
*New Forest
*Tragedy of the commons

## References
Phil Lord and Chris Miller

**Phil Lord and Chris Miller** (**Phil:** born April 21, 1977 in Miami, Florida, **Chris:** born September 23, 1975 in Everett, Washington) are American movie and television writers, producers, directors, actors and former animators. They are known for directing *Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs*, *21 Jump Street*, *The Lego Movie*, and *22 Jump Street*.

## Other websites
*
*
South African Air Force

The **South African Air Force** (**SAAF**) is the air force of the South African National Defence Force.

The South African Air Force goes back to 1912, when the Union Defence Force (UDF) was created. The UDF had included the South African Aviation Corps (SAAC), which was part of the Active Citizen Force (ACF). On 1 February 1920, the South African Air Force was created. The SAAF fought in several battles during World War II, the Korean War, and the South African Border War.

## Strength 
The South African Air Force has about 226 aircraft and 11,245 active military personnel. The aircraft are mostly European-made. However some, such as the Denel Rooivalk and the Atlas Oryx were designed and built in South Africa. The Swedish Saab JAS 39 Gripen is the standard aircraft of the Air Force.

## References
South African Military Health Service

The **South African Military Health Service** (**SAMHS**) is the branch of the South African National Defence Force responsible for medical facilities and the training and deployment of all medical personnel within the military. This is unusual, because most national militaries have their medical structures integrated into their existing service branches. The SAHMS plays a large part to control HIV/AIDS in the SANDF.

The SAHMS was called the **South African Medical Service** (SAMS) before 1998.
Division of St George

The **Division of St George** was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1949. It was abolished in 1993. It was named for the suburb of St George. It was located in the suburbs of Hurstville, Rockdale and Arncliffe. The Division of Watson replaced it when it was abolished.

## Members
Balu Mahendra

**Balanathan Benjamin** "**Balu**" **Mahendran** (20 May 1939 &ndash; 13 February 2014) was an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, editor and cinematographer. He was born and raised in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. He began his career in 1971, and made his break in 1977. He produced over twenty films in Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil.

Mahendra died from a heart attack on 13 February 2014 in Chennai, India. He was 74.

## References
## Other websites
*
Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi

**Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi** was a Shia Muslim scholar, speaker, author, historian and poet. 

## Biography
Rizvi was born at Gopalpur, district Siwan, Bihar, India in 1948. His father was Syed Mazhar Hussain Rizvi.

He had six sons and one daughter. His second eldest son Hujjat-ul-Islam wal Muslameen Maulana Syed Shahid Jamal Rizvi lives in Qom, Iran.  His son-in-law's name is Syed Irfan Abbas Rizvi a famous poet writer and nauhakhawn. 

Rizvi died on 10 February, 2002 at Gopalpur district Siwan, Bihar, India.
* Al-Ghadir

* Tareekh-e-Islam me Ayesha ka kirdaar (3 vol.)
* Masa'eb-e-Aale Muhammad 
* Al-Hayat (2 vol.)
* Shahr-E-Shahadat 
* Imam Mehdi(A.S) Hadees Ki Roshni Me
* Resala Amaliya Imam Khomaini(2 vol.)
* Mayyat pe Girya
* 
* 
* 

#### Books written by Rizvi
* Ghadeer ke Char Alamti Shayer
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

### Articles
His articles were greatly influenced by Islamic literature. They are mainly about Qur'an, wilayat, the tragedy of Karbala, and usool-e-deen. Some of his articles are listed below.
*wilayet-e-Ali(a.s) Qur'an ki raushni me 
*Kalma-e-Innama Qur'an Ki Raushn Me 
*Eid-e-Ghadir 
*wilayat-e-Ali(a.s) ki Ma'wun Ahadees 
*Ghadir aur Qur'an 
*Ghadeer: Daaman ki Dhajjiyan 
*Wilayat ke dunyawi wa Aakhari fawayed per Ajmali Nazar 
*Eid per Sahaba ki hasdana nazar 
*Ahmiyat Ghadir: Masumeen(a.s) ki nazar me 
*Shuja'at Hazrat Zahra(s.a) 
*Imam Hussain(a.s) paikar-e-Muhabbat 
*Imam Hussain(a.s) per Girya 
*Zikr-e-Khuda aur Karbala 
*Aadi Tariqa shahadat kyu 
*Ghulamo ke Hukhuq aur Karbala 
*Ek maqbool Nauha 
*janabe Qasim(a.s) ki Shahadat 
Beside Islamic article, he had also written articles on Urdu Literature. This type of articles were related to different aspect of life and way of living it. The articles also describe the way of spreading Love, affection and generosity among mankind.

### Poetic work
Rizvi wrote as many as Nauhe, Qaseede and Gazals. They are compiled into three different books:

* 
* 
* 

## References
## Other websites
*The Biography of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi 
*The Biography of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi 
*List of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi Books 
*Articles of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi 
*Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi pictures 
*Maktaba Minar-e-Sha'oor:Library
Robert H. Schuller

.]]

**Robert Harold Schuller** (September 16, 1926 &ndash; April 2, 2015) was an American televangelist, pastor, motivational speaker, and author. He is best known for the weekly *Hour of Power* television program which he began in 1970. He was also the founder of the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, where the *Hour of Power* program used to broadcast.

Schuller was born on September 16, 1926 in Alton, Iowa. He was of Dutch ancestry, and belonged to the Reformed Church in America. He married Arvella de Haan in 1950. They had five children together. She died on February 11, 2014.

Schuller died from complications of esophageal cancer in Artesia, California, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Maxine Kumin

**Maxine Kumin** (June 6, 1925 &ndash; February 6, 2014) was an American poet and author. She became Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1981&ndash;1982.

Kumin died on February 6, 2014 in Warner, New Hampshire. She was 88. Her death came after a year of bad health. She had a husband, Victor, and three children.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
*
Payback (2013)

**Payback** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by the WWE. It was held on June 16, 2013 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois. It was the first Payback event held by the WWE. It replaced the No Way Out pay-per-view. 

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official Payback website
Harold Varmus

**Harold Eliot Varmus** (born  December 18, 1939) is an American scientist. He won a Nobel Prize. He is the 14th and current Director of the National Cancer Institute. He was appointed to that post he was appointed to by President Barack Obama. 

Varmus was a co-recipient, with J. Michael Bishop, of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the origin of retroviral oncogenes. Varmus described the work in his Nobel lecture.

He also serves as one of three co-Chairs of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.

## References
J. Michael Bishop

**John Michael Bishop** (February 22, 1936 &ndash; March 20, 2026) was an American immunologist and microbiologist. He shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Harold Varmus and was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize. He worked at the University of California, San Francisco.

Bishop was best known for his Nobel-winning work on retroviral oncogenes. Working with Varmus in the 1980s, he discovered the first human oncogene, c-Src.  

Their findings showed how malignant tumors are formed from changes to the normal genes of a cell. These changes can be produced by viruses, by radiation, or by exposure to some chemicals.

Bishop died from pneumonia in San Francisco, California on March 20, 2026, at the age of 90.

## References
Central Ostrobothnia

**Central Ostrobothnia** is a region in western Finland. As of November 2013, almost 70,000 people lived there. Neighbouring regions are Ostrobothnia, Northern Ostrobothnia, Central Finland and Southern Ostrobothnia.

## Municipalities 
Central Ostrobothnia has 8 municipalities, two of those are cities (marked bold).

* Halsua
* **Kannus**
* Kaustinen
* **Kokkola**
* Lestijärvi
* Perho
* Toholampi
* Veteli

## Other websites 
* Official website
Southwest Finland

**Southwest Finland** is a region in Finland. As of November 2013, there were about 471,000 people living there. Neighbouring regions are Kanta-Häme, Pirkanmaa, Satakunta, Uusimaa and the Åland Islands.

## Municipalities 
Southwest Finland has 28 municipalities, 11 of those are cities, listed below.

* Turku
* Salo
* Kaarina
* Raisio
* Naantali
* Loimaa
* Uusikaupunki
* Parainen
* Paimio
* Somero
* Laitila

Three municipalities:
* Vehmaa
* Oripää
* Masku

## Other websites 
* Webpage
South Ostrobothnia

**Southern Ostrobothnia** is a region in western Finland. As of 2013, about 194,000 people lived there. The City of Seinäjoki is the center of the Southern Ostrobothnia. 

Neighbouring regions are Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Pirkanmaa and Satakunta.

## Municipalities 
Southern Ostrobothnia has 18 municipalities, 8 of those are cities, listed below.

* **Alajärvi**
* **Alavus**
* **Kauhajoki**
* **Kauhava**
* **Kurikka**
* **Lapua**
* **Seinäjoki**
* **Ähtäri**

## Other websites 
* Official website
Margaret Battye

**Margaret Battye** (9 August 1909 – 16 November 1949) was an Australian lawyer. She became influential in politics, business, and the legal advancement of women. Battye was the first woman to represent a client and begin a legal practice in Western Australia. 

Battye died of thyrotoxicosis in 1949.

## References
## Other websites
* Davidson, Dianne, *Women on the warpath : feminists of the first wave*, University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands, WA, 1997.
Ostrobothnia (region)

**Ostrobothnia** is a region in western Finland. As of November 2013, there were about 180,000 people living there. In 2010, about 51% of people living in Ostrobothnia spoke Swedish as their first language.

## Municipalities 
15 municipalities, 6 of those are cities (marked bold).

* Isokyrö
* **Kaskinen**
* Korsholm
* Korsnäs
* **Kristinestad**
* Kruunupyy
* Laihia
* Luoto
* Malax
* **Närpes**
* Pedersöre
* **Jakobstad**
* **Nykarleby**
* **Vaasa**
* Vörå

## Other websites 
* Webpage
Mirkka Rekola

**Mirkka Elina Rekola** (26 June 1931 &ndash; 5 February 2014) was a Finnish writer from Tampere. She published poems, aphorisms and essays. Her poetry was called "difficult". Many people read her work as late as in the 1990s. She was awarded many times.

Rekola died on 5 February 2014 in Helsinki. She was 82.

## References
## Other websites
* Tomas Sjöblom, Mirkka  Rekola - A Lyrical Poet Against a Dualistic Worldview.
* Herbert Lomas, No need to go anywhere.
*
Bridge Creek, Oklahoma

**Bridge Creek** is a small town in Grady County in the US state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 US census, about 336 people lived there.

## History
Bridge Creek was made a town in 2000.  It is part of an area of northern McClain and Grady Counties sometimes called the "Tri-City Area" with Newcastle, Tuttle and Blanchard.

## References
Montgomery Gentry

**Montgomery Gentry** was an American country music band. It was started in 1998. The band is made up of vocalists Eddie Montgomery and Troy Gentry. Both are from Kentucky. The duo is known for its Southern rock influences.

Troy Gentry died in a helicopter crash on September 8, 2017, aged 50.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Tattoos & Scars* (1999)
* *Carrying On* (2001)
* *My Town* (2002)
* *You Do Your Thing* (2004)
* *Some People Change* (2006)
* *Back When I Knew It All* (2008)
* *Rebels on the Run* (2011)
* *Folks Like Us* (2015)

## Notes
## References
John Tower

**John Goodwin Tower** (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was an American politician. He was the first Republican United States senator from Texas since Reconstruction. 

He served from 1961 until his retirement on January 3, 1985, after which time he was appointed as the chairman of the Reagan-appointed Tower Commission that investigated the Iran-Contra Affair. He was George Herbert Walker Bush's nominee for Secretary of Defense in 1989 but was rejected by the Senate, 53&ndash;47.

On April 5, 1991, Tower and his middle daughter, Marian, and the astronaut Sonny Carter were killed along with twenty other people in the crash of Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311.

## Other websites
*Handbook of Texas article on John Tower
*Oral History Interviews with John Tower, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library 
*
* Southwestern University and SMU's John G. Tower Digital Media Collection contains videos and audios by John Tower throughout his career.
**Booknotes* interview with Roger Gittines on *Consequences: John G. Tower, A Personal and Political Memoir*, June 30, 1991. 
*John G. Tower Papers  – Official repository for John Tower's Senate and personal papers, Special Collections, Southwestern University.
*Speech by John Tower given on November 11, 1970. Audio recording. From the University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues.
Coronon, Davao del Sur

**Coronon, Davao del Sur** is a barangay of Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur, Philippines. It is on the coast of Mindanao. Coronon's barangay captain is Proceso Gido II (Jun Gido). Coronon is next to the Mt. Apo Natrual Park Area.

## Geography 
Coronon contains the Coronon River I, Coronon River II and the Coronon River III.

### Climate 
Coronon has a favorable climate all year round. It has wet and dry seasons. It is inside the typhoon belt. Generally the months of November to April are dry periods. Wet season occurs from May to October. This type of climate is in the plain and coastal areas. Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Most often in Coronon, heavy downpour occurs every afternoon while in the morning the sun shines.

## Demographics 
**Population census of Coronon**
***1970**: 1
***1975**: 16
***1980**: 23
***1985**: 81
***1990**: 411
***1995**: 761
***2000**: 867
***2005**: 1,179
***2010**: 1,457
***2014**: 1,814

**Source**: National Statistics Office (2014)

### Languages 
The languages spoken in Coronon are Tagalog, Cebuano, Mansakan and English.

## Economy 
### Resources 
*Agriculture*... Among agriculture crops, coconut leads in production followed by banana and sugarcane. Other major crops are corn, coffee and vegetables. The barangay also produces high value fruits like mango, lanzones and durian. Cattle leads in livestock production.

*Fisheries*... The 24-kilometer long coastline of Coronon which forms part of the Davao Gulf provides a rich fishing grounds and is suitable for aquaculture.

*Mineral*... Deposits of sulfur ore, rock phosphate, guano, limestone and cement raw materials were also traced but still have to be tapped for commercial and industrial uses.

*Forestry*... Tropical evergreen and other timber cover the vast timberland and forest area. Rattan, bamboo and other vines are also in abundance.

### Major industries 
Banana, Coconut and Seaweed cultivation.

#### Existing industries 
**Franklin Baker Company of the Phils* - established in 1968 and produces 20-25 million pounds of desiccated coconut annually.
**Gido Farm* - established in 2014 and produces 1-2 million pounds of produce.

##### Under construction 
*''Harry's* - is a restaurant under construction.
**The Port of Coronon* - is a port on the coast of Coronon.

##### Planned industries 
**Coronon Rizal Airport'' - is an airport going to be built on an artificial island in the Davao Gulf.

## Education 
### Schools 
*Coronon Elementary School
*Panaytubo Elementary ng Coronon
Ralph Waite

**Ralph Waite** (June 22, 1928 – February 13, 2014) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as John Walton, Sr., on the 1970s CBS TV series *The Waltons*. He played the slave ship third mate Slater in the mini-series *Roots*.

Waite died on February 13, 2014, aged 85, from natural causes 

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Ralph Waite at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection
Al Jaffee

**Abraham Jaffee** (March 13, 1921 &ndash; April 10, 2023), known as **Al Jaffee**, was an American cartoonist. He was known for his work in the satirical magazine *Mad*, including his trademark feature, the Mad Fold-in. Jaffee was a regular in the magazine after 58 years and was its longest-running contributor. Only one issue of *Mad* has been published since 1964 without containing new material by Jaffee.

Jaffee was born March 13, 1921 in Savannah, Georgia.

Jaffee died of multiple organ failure on April 10, 2023, at a New York City hospital. He was 102.

## References
## Other websites
* Complete list of Jaffee's *Mad* articles
* Al Jaffee Wins the Reuben Award, Cartoonist of the Year 
* Part One of a Jaffee interview , TheDailyCrosshatch.com
* Part Two of a Jaffee interview, TheDailyCrosshatch.com
* Part Three of a Jaffee interview , TheDailyCrosshatch.com
* "Fold-Ins, Past and Present", NYTimes.com interactive feature, March 28, 2008
Oncogene

An **oncogene** is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. Or, equally good, an oncogene is a gene which brings about uncontrolled cell division.

Oncogenes in tumor cells are often mutated or expressed at high levels.

Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of death (apoptosis). Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead. Most oncogenes require an additional step, such as mutations in another gene, or environmental factors, such as viral infection, to cause cancer. Since the 1970s, dozens of oncogenes have been identified in human cancer. Many cancer drugs target the proteins coded by oncogenes.

In 1976 J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus of the University of California, San Francisco showed that oncogenes were activated proto-oncogenes, found in many organisms including humans. For this discovery Bishop and Varmus were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989.

## The history of a mistake 
The work of Bishop and Varmus corrected a long-standing error. The Nobel citation includes this explanation:
:"The term oncogene was introduced in the middle of the 1960s to denote special parts of the genetic material of certain viruses. It was believed that this part of the genetic material could direct the transformation of a normal cell into a tumor cell... The favourite theory of the time was that virus-mediated cell-to-cell transmittance of oncogenes was the origin of all forms of cancer. *This view was later proven to be incorrect*".

In fact, the reverse transcription of the virus RNA into DNA had the effect that the oncogenes become integrated into the chromosomal DNA in the cells. It was then found that oncogene-like material could be detected in different species throughout the animal kingdom, in fact even in simple organisms with only a few cells. Furthermore, it was shown that the gene had a fixed position in the chromosomes of a certain species, and that the gene, when it constituted part of the cellular genetic material, was divided into fragments. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products. Upon *activation*, a proto-oncogene (or its product) becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an oncogene.

### Examples 
The MYC gene is implicated in Burkitt's Lymphoma. This starts when a chromosomal translocation moves an enhancer sequence close to the MYC gene. The MYC gene codes for widely used transcription factors. When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed, these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates. Another example of an oncogene is the Bcr-Abl gene found on the 'Philadelphia Chromosome'. This is a piece of genetic material seen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, caused by the translocation of pieces from chromosomes 9 and 22. Bcr-Abl codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is active, causing uncontrolled cell proliferation.

## References
Stasi

The **Stasi** was the official state security service of East Germany, the German Democratic Republic in short the GDR. The Stasi motto was "*Schild und Schwert der Partei*" (Shield and Sword of the Party). "The Party" was the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany. The main job of the Stasi was to prevent opposition to the Party.

It was one of the most effective and ruthless secret police agencies in the world. The Stasi headquarter were in East Berlin, with a group of buildings in Lichtenberg and several other buildings in Berlin. 

One of its main tasks was spying on the people, through a vast network of citizens who were informants ("snitches"). Informants were paid, or given favours for their information.  

The Stasi also worked as an intelligence agency abroad, using espionage and covert operations in foreign countries. Under its long-time head Markus Wolf it got a reputation as one of the most effective intelligence agencies of the Cold War. 

The Stasi was also tasked with counter-intelligence. They were responsible for stopping foreign-intelligence services from working in GDR.

After German reunification in 1990, many Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes. The files that the Stasi had kept on millions of East Germans were laid open. Now citizens can see their personal files on request; these files are kept by the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Archives.

## References
International Institute of Hotel Management

**International Institute of Hotel Management** (**IIHM**) is a chain of hospitality and hotel management schools. It was founded in 1994 at Kolkata, India. IIHM has campus sites at Kolkata, Bangalore, Delhi, Pune, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Ahmedabad and in Bangkok, Thailand. The school offers a Bachelor's degree in International Hospitality Management. A large number of students study at these campuses. Students also may complete their degree at Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh or the University of West London, in London.

## References
Langar

A **langar** () is a common kitchen where food is served at a Sikh temple (*Gurdwara*). The concept of langar was introduced by Guru Nanak Dev, who was the founder of Sikhism and also the first Guru. Because of Guru Nanak's belief in the oneness of humanity and equality, he offered free meals to everyone. Every Gurdwara has a temple, as required by the Guru Granth Sahib, and the food is served to all the visitors for free.

At all langars, only vegetarian food is served. It usually consists of: bread (poori), yogurt and lentils. Samosas and spring rolls are served on special occasions. Kheer may be served as a dessert. Langar around the world are serving food to those in need everyday, and have done so for over the past 500 years. They are open to people of all castes, class, gender and religions. After a person eats at the langar, they are not supposed to eat meat for the rest of the day.

## References
Prince Escalus

Prince Escalus is a character in William Shakespeare's play *Romeo and Juliet*. He is the Prince of Verona. He holds authority over the Montague and Capulet families who are feuding. He is related to both Mercutio, Romeo's friend, and Count Paris, the proposed fiancé of Juliet.  Prince Escalus returns in the final scene after the suicides of Romeo and Juliet, and at last orders the lords of the feuding families to make peace. The two make peace. Then Montague promises to make a golden statue of Juliet. Capulet promises to place a golden statue of Romeo next to the statue of their daughter.

## References
Pope Telesphorus

Pope **Telesphorus** was the seventh Pope of the Catholic Church, the official title is  Bishop of Rome from approximately 125-136 C.E.

This Pope was born in Calabria to Greek parents and there is a parish church dedicated to him today. 

Earlier in his life he worked with the hermits of Mount Carmel in Palestine and is still remembered in the Carmelite Order of Monks.  He is credited with the custom of the Midnight Mass, celebrated at Christmas and for the period of reflection during the season of Lent but this is disputed.

His martydom under the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius can be confirmed. He was made a Saint by the Catholic Church. His feast days are celebrated on January 5, February 3 and 22. 

## Reference
Maaninka

**Maaninka** is a former municipality in the middle of Northern Savonia, Finland. It had over 3,750 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Iisalmi, Kuopio, Lapinlahti, Pielavesi, Siilinjärvi and Tervo.

## History
Maaninka was established in 1872.  It was merged with the city of Kuopio on 1 January 2015.

## References
## Other websites 
* The official Maaninka page
Pope Hyginus

Pope **Hyginus** was the eighth Pope of the Catholic Church (the official title is Bishop of Rome). He served around 138142 AD.  Hyginus was a Greek born in Athens.

He served as Pope during the heretical teachings of the Gnostics. Heresy is a belief or opinion that does not agree with the official belief or opinion of a particular religion.  The Gnostics taught that Yahweh, (the Old Testament name for God) and Jesus Christ were two different Gods. This was against the Catholic Church teachings. Hyginus declared these men, Valentinus and Cerdo, to be heretics.

Pope Hyginus died a martyr. He was made a Saint by the Catholic Church. His feast day is celebrated on January 11.

## Reference
Savassi

**Savassi** is a neighborhood in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. It is in the -south zone of the city. It has many bars, nightclubs, and restaurants. It has a busy and well developed shopping district and several shopping malls. Savassi is one of the most prestigious areas in Belo Horizonte. It used to be a region inside the traditional and wealthy Funcionários neighborhood. In 2006, it was changed by the Town House before the meeting of the Inter-American Development Bank, which happened the same year.

## Related pages
*Praça Diogo de Vasconcelos

## References
Muonio

**Muonio** is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. As of January 2014, about 2,385 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Enontekiö, Kittilä and Kolari. On the western side of it is Sweden. Distance to Tornio is about 260 km and to Kilpisjärvi, 200 km. There are a lot of lakes in the area of Muonio.

## Other websites
* Community website
Roger Neilson

**Roger Paul Neilson**, CM (June 16, 1934 – June 21, 2003) was a National Hockey League coach, and was responsible for many victories in the game. He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in the builder category.

## Early life and career 
Neilson was born in Toronto, Ontario. After attending North Toronto Collegiate Institute, his coaching career began as a student at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, and continued upon graduation with a degree in Physical Education in both hockey and baseball.

Neilson died on June 21, 2003 from bone and skin cancer in Peterborough, Ontario, aged 69.

## References
## Other websites
*
* McMaster Alumni Gallery 
* Order of Canada Citation 
* Roger's House Website 
* Roger Neilson's Hockey Camp and Coaches' Clinic Site
Keminmaa

**Keminmaa** is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. As of 2013, the municipality had a population of about 8,550. Neighbouring municipalities are Kemi, Simo, Tervola and Tornio.

## Other websites
* Community website
Tervola

**Tervola** is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. As of January 2014, the municipality had a population of about 3,320. Neighbouring municipalities are Keminmaa, Ranua, Rovaniemi, Simo, Tornio and Ylitornio.

## Other websites
* Community website
Pallastunturi

**Pallastunturi** is the southestern part of a 50&nbsp;kilometre-long mountain chain in Lapland, Finland. It is a group of seven fells located in Muonio and Enontekiö municipalities.

## Other websites
* Pictures
Division of Phillip

The **Division of Phillip** was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1949. It was abolished in 1993. It was named after Captain Arthur Phillip, the captain of the Firth Fleet and the first Governor of New South Wales. It was located in the suburbs of Bondi, Coogee, Kensington, and Randwick. 

## Members
Georgy Martyniuk

**Georgy Yakovlevich Martyniuk** (Russian: Гео́ргий Я́ковлевич Мартыню́к; 3 March 1940 – 13 February 2014) was a Russian movie and theater actor.

He was born in Orenburg on 3 March 1930. Martyniuk graduated from the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts in 1962. In 2003, he received the People's Artist of Russia honor.

He was married to actress Valentina Martyniuk (Russian: Валентина Мартынюк). He died on 13 February 2014 in Moscow, after a long illness in Moscow, Russia.

## References
## Other websites
*