open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dave Bolland

**Dave Bolland** (born June 5, 1986 in Etobicoke, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Toronto Maple Leafs.

He began his hockey career when he played for the Queensway Canadiens at Mimico Areana, the local arena in Mimico. He then played minor hockey for the Toronto Red Wings of the Greater Toronto Hockey League from 2000 until 2002. When he played for the Red Wings, they won the OHL All Ontario Bantam Championship.

He was selected eighth overall in the first round of the 2002 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection by the London Knights. He played 4 seasons with the Knight before he was drafted with the 32nd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

On June 24, 2013, He scored the game-winning goal in the final minute of game 6 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals to help the Blackhawks win their fifth cup and the second cup in four years (2010).

During the 2013 NHL Entry draft, the Blackhawks traded Bolland to the Maple Leafs in exchange for the 51st pick, the 117th pick and a fourth-round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry draft.

On June 28, 2014, Bolland was signed as a free agent by the Florida Panthers to a five-year, $27.5 million  contract.

Dave Bolland has yet to play a NHL game since December 16, 2015 due to back injury although he was traded to Arizona Coyotes for a conditional second round pick.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Middlesex

**Middlesex** is one of the historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. The county once contained the rich and politically independent City of London on its southern boundary. The county was affected by the expansion of London in the 18th and 19th centuries. From 1855 the south east was administered as part of London. When county councils were initially introduced in England in 1889 around 20% of the area of Middlesex, and a third of its population, was transferred to the County of London.

In the interwar years urban London further expanded, with the expansion of public transport, and the setting up of new industries outside inner London.  

After a Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London, Middlesex was absorbed by an enlarged Greater London in 1965. Despite its disappearance as an administrative county, Middlesex is still used as an area name. It was kept as a postal county; it is an optional component of postal addresses. It is still regarded by many as a meaningful area, with its own teams in County cricket, rugby and other sports and pastimes.

## References
Beautiful Girls (movie)

***Beautiful Girls*** is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama movie based on the beautiful girl sarvaani . It stars Rosie O'Donnell, Matt Dillon, Mira Sorvino and Natalie Portman. The movie was released in February 1996. It is about a reunion. Ted Demme directed the movie. Also starring are Annabeth Gish, Lauren Holly, Michael Rapaport and Uma Thurman.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Peak oil

**Peak oil** is the idea that at some point an oil well, an oil field, a country, or the world, will be producing the most crude oil it can ever produce at one time.  After this point, less oil will be produced and therefore people will have to use less oil because it will cost more money.  Many scientists and governments are concerned about what will happen when there is less oil to go around.

The first person to publish this idea was M.K. Hubbert in the 1950s and 1960s, who said that a graph of oil production looks like a curve (which we now call Hubbert's Curve). Hubbert drew a graph in 1956 that predicted that the United States would reach its peak oil in the early 1970s. The United States did indeed reach its peak oil in the early 1970s.  

It is unclear as to when the world's peak oil will happen, though many scientists agree that it was reached in the early 2000s or before 2020. Improvements in drilling and extraction have sometimes caused adjustments. In 2010 the International Energy Agency (IEA) said that peak oil may have happened in 2006.

## References
Corgi

The **corgi** (or **Welsh corgi**) is a small breed of dog. It comes from Wales.

There are two breeds: the Pembroke Welsh corgi and the Cardigan Welsh corgi. Queen Elizabeth II has kept pet Pembroke Welsh corgis since she was seven years old. Her first corgi was named Susan. She mated Susan and her current dogs are still offspring of that breeding.

## References
Ernst Heinrich Meier

**Ernst  Heinrich  Meier** (17 May 1813 in Bückeburg – 2 March 1866 in Tübingen) was a German Orientalist. He published an Indian play, *Sakuntala or the Lost Ring*. He also published a collection of German folk songs.

## References
Chico Slimani

**Chico Slimani** (born 2 April 1971) is a Moroccan-Welsh pop singer based in the UK and Morocco. He has been active since 2005 when he reached the quarter-finals of the 2005 UK series of talent show *The X Factor*. He has had 3 hit singles as of 2010, Number 1 hit "It's Chico Time", which was number 3 in Ireland, Number 24 hit "Disco" which was number 39 in Ireland and Number 45 hit "Curvy Cola Bottle Body" which failed to chart in Ireland he charted at number 85 with "It's England Time". He is part of Sony BMG record label. His album is *Lights, Camera, Action*. He is a contestant in the seventh series of *Dancing on Ice*, which began in January 2012. He is also known as Chico.

## References
Recaredo Santos Tornero

**Recaredo Santos Tornero** (October 14, 1842 – July 26, 1902) was a Chilean editor and journalist. He was the director of *El Mercurio de Valparaíso* and founder of *El Comercio*.

## Biography 
Tornero was born in Valparaíso, on October 14, 1842. His parents were Carmen Olmos de Aguilera Orrego, and the Spanish immigrant José Santos Tornero Monteros, who was also the owner of the first public library in Chile. Recaredo Tornero studied at the National Institute of Santiago, and later attended the École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, in France. He came back to Chile in 1860. He married Elena Stuven Olmos, and they had four children: Carmela, Recaredo, Teresa and Enrique.

His father's businesses included the Spanish Library (), the printing house of *El Mercurio* and the Valparaíso newspaper of the same name. The enterprise remained in the family's possession for 33 years. In 1866, Tornero and his brother Orestes bought the enterprise from their father.

After his return to Valparaíso, Tornero founded a library and a printing house in Almendral. His brother Orestes died in 1881, and Tornero he took over the Mercurio library, which was mainly focused on editing teaching material and works translated from French.

President José Manuel Balmaceda had a bad relationship with the Chilean press. For this reason, Recaredo started the newspaper *El Comercio* to support him.

Recaredo died in Santiago on July 26, 1902.

## References
Addictive personality

People who have a personality with many traits that make them prone to addiction are said to have an **addictive personality**. An addiction is a physical or psychological dependency that influences the life of that person negatively. Many addicted people use illegal drugs, but this does not have to be the case: many can also be addicted to smoking, gambling, food, exercise, work, video games, pornography or relationships. People with an addictive personality tend to plan their lives around the addiction. Addictive personality is difficult to treat.

## Related pages 
* Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Premier of Victoria

The  **Premier of Victoria ** is the head of the Government of Victoria, Australia. The Premier does the same job at a state level as the Prime Minister of Australia does at a national level. Formal power is held by the King who is represented in Victoria by the Governor of Victoria. The Governor acts on the advice given to him by the Premier. The current Premier of Victoria is Jacinta Allan.

Victoria is governed under the Westminster  system of parliamentary government. It is a bicameral system with two elected houses. The lower house is called the Legislative Assembly and the upper house is called the Legislative Council. After an election, the State Governor appoints as Premier, the leader of the party who can control a majority of the elected members in the lower house. The Premier must resign if they no longer have a majority in the  Legislative Assembly. This can happen if they lose seats at an election, or if their own political party does not support them.

Victoria was a British colony, and power was held by the  Governor. In 1855, Britain allowed Victoria to have its own parliament, and the power was passed to the Premier.

## List of  Premiers of Victoria
El Mercurio de Valparaíso

**El Mercurio de Valparaíso** is the oldest newspaper of Chile, and the oldest one in the world in Spanish language that is still being published –the first newspaper in Chile was *La Aurora de Chile*. It is from Valparaíso, and it was founded in 1827 by typographers Thomas G. Wells, Ignacio Silva Medina and Pedro Félix Vicuña. The first edition was published in September 12, 1827.

It is claimed that newspaper *El Peruano* is the oldest one in Spanish language.

## References 
## Other websites 
* El Mercurio de Valparaíso homepage
Valparaíso (disambiguation)

**Valparaíso** may refer to:

;Brazil
* Valparaíso - town in the São Paulo state
* Valparaíso - river in the Acre state
* Valparaíso de Goiás - town in the Goiás state
* Valparaíso - neighborhood in Blumenau, Santa Catarina
* Valparaíso - neighborhood in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro
* Valparaíso - neighborhood São Carlos, São Paulo

;Chile
* Valparaíso - city in Chile
* Greater Valparaíso - a conurbation
* Region of Valparaíso - a region of Chile
* Province of Valparaíso - a province of Chile

;Colombia
* Valparaíso - city in the department of Antioquia
* Valparaíso - city in the department of Caquetá

;Mexico
* Valparaíso, Zacatecas, a town in the state of Zacatecas

;Spain
* Valparaíso, Cáceres, a town in the province of Cáceres, now disappeared, but that originated the most of the American toponyms.
* Valparaíso de Abajo, town in the province of Cuenca.
* Valparaíso de Arriba, town in the province of Cuenca.
* Valparaíso, town in the province of Zamora.

;United States
* Valparaiso - city in the Indiana state
Madonna discography

## Studio albums 
## Compilation albums 
## Live albums 
**Notes**
# Standard worldwide: 1-CD. Standard USA: 2-CD (counted as double units). RIAA counts double albums twice towards certification if over 100&nbsp;minutes.
# This EP is considered in some countries as a single and in others as an album.
# ''I'm Going to Tell You a Secret'' reached #1 in the UK DVD Chart.

## Singles 
## References
Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)

The **Leader of the Opposition** in New Zealand is the politician who leads the MPs that are not in government in the New Zealand Parliament. In the debating chamber the Leader of the Opposition sits directly opposite the Prime Minister. At present, the Leader of the Opposition is Chris Hipkins of Labour since 2023.

## Role
Usually, the Leader of the Opposition is the leader of the largest party of the Opposition.

The Leader of the Opposition also receives a higher salary than other members of the Opposition, being paid the same amount as a Cabinet Minister.

## References
Valparaíso

**Valparaíso** is a city in Chile, in the central coast del Litoral Central. It's also the capital of the province and region, and the legislative capital of the country. The city is part of the Greater Valparaíso conurbation.

The Chilean House of Representatives, the Command in Chief of the Chilean Army, the Fishing Undersecretary, the Fishing National Service, amidst other organizations, are in this city. The historical part of the city was declared *World Heritage Site* by UNESCO, in 2003.

## References 
## Other websites
Azoximer bromide

**Azoximer bromide** is a macromolecular compound with high-molecular weight and not proved immunomodulating activity. It is using in 
CIS countries for treatment and prophylaxis of diseases connected with damage of immune system. It is a N-oxidized polyethylene–piperazine derivative. Azoximer bromide is sold under the trade name **Polyoxidonium**.

Polyoxidonium is registered in US Patent-5503830 from 1996, in the Russian Federation from 1996, under registration number 96/302/9, FS 42-3906-00.

## References
Big Boss Man

**Raymond Washington Traylor, Jr.** (May 2, 1963 – September 22, 2004) was an American professional wrestler. He is best known for wrestling with the WWF under the ring name **(The) Big Bossman** and with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the many different ring names. 

During his time with the WWF, he won the WWF Hardcore Championship four times where his fourth reign is credited as being the longest in WWF/E History. He also won the WWF Tag Team Championship one time with Ken Shamrock. He was one of the first members of The Corporation and served as their bodyguard.

He died of a heart attack in his Acworth, Georgia home on September 22, 2004.

In 2016, Traylor was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Slick.

## References
## Other websites 
*The Big Boss Man's profile at WWE.com
*Ray Traylor (Big Bossman) at Findagrave.com
Kris Aquino

**Kristina Bernadette Cojuangco Aquino** (born February 14, 1971) is a Filipino actress and television . She is the fourth daughter of Former President Corazon Aquino and Former senator Ninoy Aquino and sister of president Benigno Aquino III.
Whitesnake

**Whitesnake** are an English hard rock band formed in London in 1978. The members of the group are David Coverdale, the only sole-singer and founder of the band, drummer Tommy Aldridge (since 1987; left 2007 but rejoined in 2013), guitarist Reb Beach and Joel Hoekstra, bassist Tanya O'Callaghan, and keyboardist Michelle Luppi and Dino Jelusick.

After Coverdale left Deep Purple, he formed a group named "David Coverdale's Whitesnake". They were first started as a blues rock band in the early days, but explored into a further heavier sound, derived of glam metal. The band went to a major change in 1987, which their best-selling self-titled album sold around twenty-five million copies worldwide. The group disbanded in 1990, but reformed in 2003 and has released multiple albums with moderate success. Coverdale announced his retirement in November 2025, effectively putting an end to Whitesnake.

## Studio albums
**Snakebite- EP* (1978)
**Trouble* (1978)
**Lovehunter* (1979)
*''Ready an' Willing* (1980)
**Come an' Get It* (1981)
**Saints & Sinners* (1982)
*Slide It In (1984)
**Whitesnake* (1987)
**Slip of the Tongue* (1989)
**Restless Heart* (1997)
**Good to Be Bad* (2008)
*Flesh & Blood (2019)

## Complications
**The Best of Whitesnake* (1981)
**The Greatest Whitesnake* (1983)
**Best* (1991)
**Whitesnake's Greatest Hits* (1994)
**The Best of Whitesnake: The Millennium Collection* (2000)
**Here I Go Again: The Whitesnake Collection* (2002)
**Best of Whitesnake* (2003)
**The Silver Anniversary Collection* (2003)
**The Early Years* (2004)
**The Definitive Collection* (2006)
**Gold* (2006)
**Unzipped* (2018)
**The ROCK Album* (2020)
**Love Songs* (2020)
**The Blues Album* (2021)
**Greatest Hits: Revisited, Remixed, Remastered* (2022)
**Into the Light: The Solo Albums* (2024)
**Access All Areas: Live'' (2025)

## Other websites
*Whitesnake's official website
Twig

A **twig** is a small, thin branch. people can study twigs to identify plants, especially in winter when they have no leaves.

## References
List of infectious diseases

**List of human infectious diseases** arranged by name.
## List of infectious diseases in humans 
## Related pages
* Lists of diseases
* Infectious disease
* Virus diseases
* List of infectious diseases causing flu-like syndrome
* Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
* List of ICD-9 codes 001-139: infectious and parasitic diseases

## References 
* Chin J. B., ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed. APHA [American Public Health Association] Press; 2000. 
* Red Book: 2009 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 2009. American Academy of Pediatrics. 28th ed. 
* Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov. Retrieved on August 4, 2009.
Chilliwack

**Chilliwack** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. 

The population of Chilliwack was 93,203 in 2021. The mayor of Chilliwack is Ken Popove.

The Stó:lō people lived in the area between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago. The population grew from 1857 to 1859 when gold was found in the Fraser Canyon. Over 40,000 gold miners had traveled to the goldfields and many of them traveled through the Chilliwack area. Chilliwack was incorporated as a town in 1873 and was the third municipality in British Columbia.

## References
## Other websites
* Official city website
Printer (publishing)

In publishing, **printers** are the companies that supply printing services and persons who operate directly printing presses.

After the invention of the moveable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450, printers were made popular throughout Europe.

Today, printers are found throughout the world. They include:

* Newspaper printers, that are often owned by newspaper publishers
* Magazine printers, that are usually independent of magazine publishers
* Book printers, often not directly connected with book publishers
* Stationery printers
* Packaging printers
* Commercial printers, often offering digital and traditional printing services

An artist that operates a printing press to do their own works, especially by hand, is usually named by the term printmaker.

## Famous printers
* Johannes Gutenberg
* John Baskerville
* Jodocus Badius
* Henry Estienne
* William Caxton
* Benjamin Franklin
* Colard Mansion
* Aldus Manutius
* Francysk Skaryna
* Ottaviano Petrucci
* Christoffel Plantijn
* Johann Froben
* Hieronymus Froben
* Wright Brothers
* Charlotte Guillard
* William Bradford
* Jacob Meghapart
* Grigor Marzuantsi
* Mkhitar Sebastatsi
* Voskan Yerevantsi
Fabiano Caruana

**Fabiano Luigi Caruana**, (born 30 July 1992 in Miami, Florida), is a chess grandmaster. He has dual citizenship of Italy and the United States. Fabiano plays for Italy in team events.

He became a grandmaster at the age of 14 years, 11 months and 20 days, making him the youngest grandmaster in the history of Italy and the United States.  Fabiano won the 2018 Candidates Tournament, which gave him the chance to play Magnus Carlsen for the title of World Chess Champion.
Caruana and Carlsen played 12 games using Classical time controls. All of these games ended in a draw. This is the only time in the history of the world chess championship that all classical games have ended in a draw. On 28 November, rapid chess was used as a tie-breaker; Caruana lost three games in a row, and Carlsen kept his title as World Chess Champion.

## References
Growth ring

A **Growth ring** is the  of growth found in some living organisms, such as trees. Some animals such as shells and corals also have annual growth rings.

Counting the growth rings shows how old the organism is, or was when it stopped growing.  For example, the growth rings in furniture, walls and other wooden items can be counted.

## How tree rings are developed 
Tree rings grow under the bark, and the bark is pushed out while the tree is growing. The inner part of a growth ring is formed early in the growing season, when growth is fast and is known as early wood. The outer portion is the late wood, and is denser than early wood. Many trees in places with hot summers and cold winters make one growth ring a year.

For the entire life of a tree, a year by year record or ring pattern is formed that reveals the climate conditions in which the tree grew.  If a tree grows in a dry place, you can tell its age better than when it grows in a wet place.  Switching in between bad and good conditions can result in several rings forming in one year.  Tree ring growth patterns are affected by the climate, weather, rain, temperature, soil pH, plant nutrition, carbon dioxide concentration, and sunspots.

Rings happen because of the change in growth speed through winter, spring, summer and fall, so one ring usually marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. Tree rings are more visible in places where the seasons change between hot and cold. Enough moisture and a long growing season result in a wide ring. A dry year may result in a very narrow ring. Trees from the same area will tend to grow the same pattern of rings.  

Tree growth rings can tell us about the ancient climate and growth rings can be used to tell the age of a tree. Growth rings can also be used to date the wood in old buildings, ships and frames for paintings. Tree rings are used to make radiocarbon dating more accurate.

Some perennial herb species form annual growth rings in their roots that basically follow the same principles as growth rings in trees.

## Related pages 
* Dendrochronology
José Manuel Balmaceda

**José Manuel Balmaceda** (1838 – 1891) was a Chilean politician, who eventually became President of the Republic of Chile.

## Biography 
Balmaceda was born in Bucalemu, in 1838. In 1865, he became one of the representatives of the government of Chile at the South American General Congress at Lima, and after his return, he obtained great distinction as an  in the national assembly.

He became Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Interior under the presidency of Domingo Santa Maria. He was elected President in 1886. On January 1, 1891 he claimed his intention to terminate an "intolerable situation", by refusing to convoke the assembly, and he ordered to continue the collection of taxes. This action provoked the Chilean Civil War of 1891, which ended with the  of President Balmaceda, who later committed suicide on September 18, in the anniversary of his elevation to the Presidency.

## References 
* Article on 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
IATA airport code

An **IATA airport code**, is a three-letter code that can be used to  airports. This removes the need to write the name of the airport in full every time it is needed, instead an IATA code can be used.

An important use of these codes is on baggage tags. They will display the IATA code for the airport which the bags should be heading to, should they get lost.

## References
Ozymandias

***Ozymandias***  is a sonnet by Percy Bysshe Shelley. It was published in 1818 in the 11 January issue of *The Examiner*, a journal in London. It is probably Shelley's most famous short poem.

The poem has been noted for its skillful , and its powerful themes and imagery. The central theme of *Ozymandias* is the  (unavoidable) ruin of leaders and empires. The message is that all leaders and the empires they build will always end up as nothing, however mighty they are.

The name *Ozymandias* comes from a transliteration into Greek of the throne name of Ramesses II. The sonnet paraphrases (copies in different words) the writing on the base of a statue of Ramesses. The statue is called Younger Memnon and it is from Thebes (it is now in the British Museum). The writing on the statue was recorded by Diodorus Siculus in his *Bibliotheca historica*. It reads: "King of Kings am I, Osymandias. If anyone would know how great I am and where I lie, let him surpass one of my works".

## References 
## Other websites 
* Audiorecording of "Ozymandias" by the BBC.
* LibriVox recording of "Ozymandias", selection 22, read by Leonard Wilson.
* Representative Poetry Online: Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), "Ozymandias"  *(text of poem with notes)*
International Civil Aviation Organization airport code

An **ICAO** code is the code used by pilots and air traffic controllers to  airports simply and easily.

The code is made up of four numbers or letters. These are not the same as IATA codes, which are often simpler, and are made to sound like the airport's name. For example, people who fly from Heathrow airport, are likely to know it best as either Heathrow, or by its IATA code: LHR. They are less likely to know its ICAO code: EGLL.
Norwich International Airport

**Norwich International Airport**  is an airport in the city of Norwich, United Kingdom.
Norwich has regular flights to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, ran by KLM, which have been  for many years. Other services, run both internationally (normally via Schiphol), or within the British isles.

## References
Wheel gymnastics

**Wheel gymnastics** is a form of gymnastics which originated in Germany.

Wheel gymnasts do exercises in a large wheel known as the *Rhönrad*, *gymnastics wheel*, *gym wheel*, or *German wheel*.

There are three main categories of exercise in wheel gymnasts. They are: *straight line*, *spiral*, and *vault*.

## History
While being a child, Otto Feick, the son of a blacksmith from Reichenbach, Germany, used to roll down a hill in two wagon tires which inspired him later to invent the wheel gymnastics between 1920-1922. The current wheel gymnastics obtained its final shape in 1974 with the introduction of the PVC coating. Now, it's a competitive sport practiced in Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland, Japan, and United States of America.

## Other websites
* USA Wheel Gymnastics
* Japan Rhoenrad Association

## References
Kinorhyncha

**Kinorhyncha**  is a phylum of small (1&nbsp;mm or less) marine invertebrates. They are widespread in mud or sand at all depths of the sea. They are sometimes called **mud dragons**. About 222 species are known. Kinorhynchs eat either diatoms or organic material found in the mud, depending on species.

## Anatomy
Kinorhynchans are segmented, limbless animals. Their body has a head, neck, and a trunk. The trunk has eleven segments. They do not have external cilia, but have a number of spines along the body, and up to seven circles of spines around the head. These spines are used for movement. They can pull back the head and push forward; then they can grip the substrate with the spines, and draw up the body.

The body wall is a thin layer with a tough cuticle. It is moulted several times during growth. This layer is a syncytium, with nuclei, but no cell membranes.

The spines are hollow and covered by cuticle. The head is completely retractable, when is covered by a set of neck plates.

The nervous system is a ventral nerve cord, with one ganglion in each segment, and an anterior nerve ring surrounding the pharynx. This is the common arrangement  for invertebrates.  Some species have simple ocelli (eye-spots) on the head, and all species have tiny bristles on the body as touch receptors.

### Reproduction
There are two sexes that look alike. A pair of gonads are in the mid-region of the trunk, and open to pores in the final segment. In most species, the sperm duct has two or three spiny structures that presumably help in copulation. The larvae are free-living.

## Classification
Their closest relatives may be the phyla Loricifera and Priapulida. Together they are the Scalidophora.

Phylum **Kinorhyncha**
* Order Cyclorhagida
* Order Homalorhagida

## References
## Other websites
* Introduction to the Cephalorhyncha
* Drawings of Kinorhyncha
Saturation (chemistry)

**Saturation** in chemistry can be

* the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance. This point of maximum concentration, the *saturation point*, depends on the temperature of the liquid as well as the chemical nature of the substances involved. If a change in conditions (e.g. cooling) means that the concentration is higher than the saturation point, the solution has become 'supersaturated'.
*In organic chemistry, a saturated chemical compound has no double bond or triple bond or ring. In non-cyclical, saturated hydrocarbons, every carbon atom is attached to two hydrogen atoms, except those at the ends of the chain, which have three hydrogen atoms.
*In biochemistry, the term saturation refers to the fraction of total protein binding sites that are occupied at any given time. Applies to enzymes, and molecules like hemoglobin.
*In organometallic chemistry, an unsaturated complex has fewer than 18 valence electrons and thus is susceptible to oxidative addition or coordination of an additional ligand. Unsaturation is characteristic of many catalysts because it is usually a requirement for substrate activation. 

## Related pages 
* Saturation
Loricifera

**Loricifera**  is a recently discovered ecdysozoan phylum of marine animals. The phylum includes the first animals known to exist in a completely anoxic environment (no oxygen at all).

They are a phylum of very small animals which live in sediment. There are now twenty-two described species, in eight genera. In addition, there are about 100 more species which have been collected, but not yet described.

Their habitat is in the spaces between marine gravel to which they attach themselves. They are among the most recently discovered groups of Metazoans. They attach themselves quite firmly to the gravel, and this explains why they remained undiscovered for so long. They are able to do this because they use hydrogenosomes to get their energy rather than mitochondria.

The newly reported animals complete their life cycle in the total absence of light and oxygen, and they are less than a millimetre in size. Eukaryotes are also found in l'Atalante, including ciliates (45%), dinoflagellates (21%) and choanoflagellata (10%).p360–381

## References
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from references
L'Atalante basin

The '''L'Atalante basin''' is a very salty 'lake' at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.

It is about 190&nbsp;km (~120 miles) west of the island of Crete. It is called a 'lake' because, though it is under more than two miles of water, it is almost completely separate from the sea above it. Its huge salt content prevents the waters mixing. Sometimes these lakes are called *brine pools*. They are found in many oceans; there is one in the Gulf of Mexico.

## How it formed 
L'Atalante is only one of several such lakes underneath the normal waters of the Mediterranean. When the Strait of Gibraltar was closed, about six million years ago, the Mediterranean dried up and became a huge salt lake, rather like the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake are today. Then it dried out completely, leaving an enormous amount of salt. When the Straight of Gibraltar opened again about five million years ago, water from the Atlantic Ocean rushed in to form the Mediterranean we see today. Even today, the Atlantic feeds the Mediterranean with water, because the evaporation from the 'Med' is greater than is provided by its rivers. With its huge supply of salt underneath, and the constant evaporation, the Med is a high salt sea compared with the Atlantic.

The L'Atalanta lake and its neighbours the **Urania** and **Discovery** lakes are about 35,000 years old. They were formed by salt deposits dissolving out of the Mediterranean Ridge and collecting in deep depressions at the bottom of the Med. L'Atalante is the smallest of the three. Its surface begins at about  below sea level.

### Salt content 
L'Atalante's salinity (salt content) is near saturation, at 36.5%, about eight times more than seawater. This prevents the water in the brine pool from mixing with the 'normal' seawater above. Without mixing, oxygen from above can't get into the brine pool. The basin's water is completely anoxic: it has no oxygen.p360–381

The dark grey anoxic sediments at the bottom of L'Atalante lake are covered with a  loose black layer. Microbes found in the sediments are almost all (90%) various species of *Bacillus*.

## References
Trampolining

.]]**Trampolining** is a competitive Olympic sport in which gymnasts perform airborne acrobatics while bouncing on a trampoline. These can include simple jumps in the *pike*, *tuck* or *straddle position* to more complex combinations of forward or backward somersaults and twists.

There are two related competitive rebound sports: *synchronized trampoline* and *double mini-trampoline*.
The currently accepted basic format for individual trampoline competitions usually consists of two or three *routines*, one of which may involve a compulsory set of skills. The skills consist of various combinations of somersaults, shaped bounces, body landings and twists performed in various body positions.

## History
In the early 1930s, an American gymnast George Nissen observed *trapeze* artistes performing tricks when bouncing off the *safety net*. He made the first modern trampoline in his garage to reproduce that net on a smaller scale and used it to help with his diving and tumbling activities. It was the beginning of a new sport.

In the USA, trampolining was quickly introduced into school physical education programs and was also used in private entertainment centers. Since trampolining became an Olympic sport in 2000, many countries have started developing programs for producing very competitive athletes.

## Other 
* Directory of Trampoline Clubs worldwide at Open Directory Project (DMOZ)
* Everything about trampolining and acrobatic sports

## References
Queensberry (band)

**Queensberry** were a German girl group that was started at the German version of Popstars in 2008. They split in 2013.

## Discography 
### Albums 
### Singles
Hurricane Fran

**Hurricane Fran** was a hurricane during the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. This storm caused over $3 billion in damage. It killed 20-30 people. Fran struck North Carolina as a strong Category 3 hurricane with winds of . The name **Fran** was later retired and replaced by **Fay** for the 2002 Atlantic season.

## Storm History
Hurricane Fran started from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa, entering the Atlantic Ocean, on August 22. The low pressure area became a tropical depression on August 23. Little changed for several days. By August 26, the storm had been disorganized.

On August 27, the storm grew into a tropical storm and was named Fran. On August 29, the storm intensified into a category 1 hurricane. The interaction with Hurricane Edouard led to weakening and the storm took a northwestward direction. When Edouard was gone, the storm grew into a category 1 hurricane again.

Fran grew in early September. By September 3, it the winds were at . The system started to develop an eye. By September 5, winds were at 120 mph (195 km/h) and its pressure was 946 mbar.

On September 6, the storm hit North Carolina with winds of . Once on land, the storm rapidly weakened. It moved through Virginia. It died on September 8.
## Preparations
A Hurricane Watch was issued in the Lesser Antilles in late August. As Fran moved away, the watch was ended.
Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)

**Eagle Mountain** is the highest point in Minnesota, at 2,301 feet (701 m). It is located in northern Cook County. It is a Minnesota State Historic Site.
## References
Parti Québécois

The **Parti Québécois** (**PQ**) is a political party that wants Quebec to secede from Canada and become an independent country.

## History
The Parti Québécois, or PQ was founded by René Lévesque. PQ's main goals are to get independence for Quebec. In the provincial election of 1976, the Parti Québécois was elected to the government of Quebec for the first time. René Lévesque, became the premier of Quebec. 

The PQ passed a bill called Bill 101. This is a law that makes French the only official language of Quebec. It restricts the use of English in Quebec, even though English and French are both official languages of Canada. The party was elected again in the 1981 election. In November 1984 founder René Lévesque left the party and the PQ lost the 1985 election.

The Parti Québécois  started the first Quebec referendum, having the citizens vote to decide to either leave Canada or stay a part of the country. 60% of the people who voted decided to stay in Canada. They had a second referendum in 1995. The citizens once again voted to stay in Canada. The leader of the party, Jacques Parizeau, resigned after the referendum failed.

The current Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe was the first to announce that he would to try to become the leader of the PQ, on May 11, 2007. Pauline Marois also said she was going to try to become leader. Duceppe changed his mind on the 12th leaving Marois the only candidate. On  June 26, 2007 Marois won the leadership. She said that the PQ plans to have another referendum in the future. On September 4, 2012, Marois led her party to minority victory in the Quebec general election. She was the first female premier in the province's history. After an electoral defeat in 2014, she resigned. Following her resignation, Jean-François Lisée was elected as leader in 2016. The current leader is Paul St-Pierre Plamondon, elected in 2020.

## Relationship with the Bloc Québécois
The Bloc Québécois is a federal political party in Canada that was founded in 1991 by future PQ leader Lucien Bouchard. The Bloc also wants sovereignty for Quebec. Although the two political parties are separate organizations, they help each other during elections.

## References
## Other websites
* Parti québécois website 
* Parti québécois' parliamentary group website
Al Franken

**Alan Stuart** "**Al**" **Franken** (born May 21, 1951) is a former United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, which affiliates with the national  Democratic Party.  Before he was a Senator, Franken was a writer and actor on *Saturday Night Live*.

Franken was also a left-wing pundit and has written several books on politics. His second cousin was actor Steven Franken.

On December 7, 2017, Franken announced in an address before the Senate that he would be resigning from his office following sexual harassment claims.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Office of Senator Al Franken 
* Official campaign website
* Campaign contributions  at OpenSecrets.org
* Al Franken topic page at The New York Times
*  in 2002
*  in 2003
*  in 2004
* Al Franken profile in *Moment* Magazine in 2005 
*
Minneapolis–Saint Paul

**Minneapolis-Saint Paul** is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, United States, and is made up of over 200 cities and townships. Built around the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers, the area is also nicknamed the **Twin Cities** for its two largest cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul.

## Related pages
* Minneapolis, Minnesota
* Saint Paul, Minnesota

## References 
## Other websites 
* Flyby video courtesy NASA/Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio
* Fact sheet about Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area Comparison 
* History of the National Weather Service in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota
* Twin Cities Daily Photograph — One photograph a day of the Twin Cities Metro Area
* GIS-based Demographic Guide to Twin Cities Region
Arrowhead Region

The **Arrowhead Region** is in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota. It got its name from its pointed shape.  The mainly rural region is 27,636&nbsp;km² (10,670 sq mi) of land area and comprises Carlton, Cook, Lake and St. Louis Counties. At the 2020 census 252,943 people lived there.

## References
*Counties of the Arrowhead Region, Minnesota  United States Census Bureau

## Other websites
*Northland Connection Local website
Sawtooth Mountains (Minnesota)

The **Sawtooth Mountains** are low ridges on the North Shore of Lake Superior in the U.S. state of Minnesota. They extend about 30 miles (50 km) from Carlton Peak near Tofte on the west, to Grand Marais on the east.

## References
Leaf Hills Moraines

]]The **Leaf Hills Moraines**, sometimes called the **Leaf Mountains**, are a range of hills in west-central Minnesota.  The lands typically rises to a height of  to  above the surrounding farmland throughout the duration of its range, occasionally reaching higher than .
Tactical voting

**Tactical voting** happens when a person votes for someone other than their favorite candidate in a way to either help their favorite or achieve some other goal. This may happen in national or local elections, or even in elections for clubs and homeowner associations.

## Examples 
Say 5 people are running as candidates for board members, but only 3 will be elected. For the following situations except the last, let's say you get 1 vote.

* Your favorite is almost guaranteed to *win* a seat on the board, so you may choose to vote for your second favorite candidate to help him out. That gives your two favorites a better chance of winning.

* Your favorite is almost guaranteed to *lose*, so you may choose to vote for your second favorite candidate to help him out. That gives your second choice a chance of winning even though your favorite may lose.

* Your favorite is *uncertain* to win, so you may choose to vote for a stronger candidate, rather than see someone else win.
*You don't have a favorite, but hate the current leading candidate, but you may choose to vote for somebody with less votes to even out the results between them. 

* Say you get to vote for 3 candidates and your favorite is in the middle of the pack. You may choose to vote *only* for your favorite and *not use your other 2 votes* so that your favorite faces less competition. 

Another common situation happens in primary elections, where members of one party may temporarily 'cross over' to the other party to support a candidate who is getting fewer votes, hoping their favorite will face weak competition in the main election. This type of negative voting is popular but often considered unethical.

## Ethics 
Many experts question tactical voting in that it can undermine a democratic outcome. That is, ethical voters may believe it more important how a candidate wins than who wins. Others feel the end justifies the means. Most researchers tend to frown on tactical voting.

## Resources
* 
* Svensson, Lars-Gunnar (1999). The Proof of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem Revisited
* The Science of Elections, Brams, Herschbach *Science Online* (2001). Abstract

## Other websites
* Tactical Voting Can Be a Weak Strategy -- Article on tactical voting within larger strategic considerations [archived]
* VotePair.org  VotePair is a banding together of the people who started tactical voting online in the 2000 US elections
* Voting methods page  Includes extensive discussion of strategic voting in a wide range of real and theoretical voting systems
List of United States senators from Minnesota

**Minnesota** was admitted to the Union on May 11, 1858.
As of July 7, 2009, Minnesota has had 40 senators serve in the US Senate.
## Class I
## Class II
## All living senators
*Rudy Boschwitz
*Dean Barkley
*Norm Coleman
*David Durenberger
*Mark Dayton
*Amy Klobuchar
*Al Franken

## Related pages
*Classes of United States Senators

## References 
## Other websites
*Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
*Chronological list of U.S. Senators
Misquah Hills

The **Misquah Hills** are a range of large hills or small mountains in northeastern Minnesota, in the United States.  They are located in or near the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness within Superior National Forest. They contain Eagle Mountain, the highest point in Minnesota at .

## References
Flag of Minnesota

The **Flag of Minnesota** formerly featured the state seal on a blue background. The flag that people used until 2024 was made in 1957 and the state seal on the flag was changed in 1983. In the past, people used a different flag that looked like the one that Minnesota uses now, but it had different colors on the front and back of the flag. Some people didn’t like the flag because they thought it was too complicated and they thought it should be simpler, whilst others thought it was even controversial. In 2023, a new flag was introduced and was officially adopted on May 11, 2024.

## Symbolism 
The flag is divided into two sections, on the right, there is a cyan blue field, and on the left, there is a navy blue field in the approximate shape of Minnesota, with an eight pointed star in the center representing it being “The North Star State”.

]]

## Historical flags 

File:Flag of Minnesota (1893-1957).svg| Flag of Minnesota (1893-1957; front)
File:Flag of Minnesota (1893).svg| Flag of Minnesota (1893-1957; back)
File:Flag of Minnesota (1957-1983).svg| Flag of Minnesota (1957-1983)
File:Flag of Minnesota (1983-2024).svg| Flag of Minnesota (1983-2024)

## Related pages
*Minnesota
*Seal of Minnesota
*Flag
Seal of Minnesota

The **Great Seal of the State of Minnesota** is the insignia that the Secretary of State affixes to government papers and documents to make them official. It was first adopted in 1858. Today, the former seal is becoming controversial, especially from Native Americans. A new seal was officially adopted on May 11, 2024, featuring the common loon (the state bird) and the Dakota phrase “Mni Sóta Makoce”.

## Related pages
*Flag of Minnesota
Sweet corn

]]
**Sweet corn** (*Zea mays* convar. *saccharata* var. *rugosa*; also called **Indian corn**, **sugar corn**, and **pole corn**) is a  of maize with a high sugar content and prepared as a vegetable.

## Related pages
* Cornbread

## References
Priapulida

**Priapulida** (priapulid or penis worms) are a phylum of marine worms. Their name refers to their extensible spiny proboscis, which, in some species, may have a shape similar to that of a human penis. They live in the mud, which they eat, in comparatively shallow waters up to .

Their nearest relatives are probably Kinorhyncha and Loricifera with which they constitute the taxon Scalidophora. Besides arthropods and velvet worms, the priapulids are the only members of the Ecdysozoa which are relatively large in size. They feed on slow-moving invertebrates, such as polychaete worms.

Priapulid fossils are known at least as far back as the Middle Cambrian. They were probably major predators of the Cambrian period. There are only sixteen known living species of priapulid worms.

## References
Upper Midwest

The **Upper Midwest** is a region of the United States with no agreed-upon boundaries, but it almost always lies within the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwest region, which includes the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana.

## Other websites 
*The History of the Upper Midwest: An Overview
*USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center 
*U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Upper Midwest Mineral Resources Program
Hail! Minnesota

__NOTOC__
"**Hail! Minnesota**" (also simply called "**Minnesota**" in early years) is the state song of Minnesota. It began at the University of Minnesota in the early 1900s when some students decided to honor their graduating class with a new song. In 1945, the Minnesota State Legislature approved the tune as the state song.

## Lyrics
:Minnesota, Hail to Thee!
:Hail to Thee, our state so dear,
:Thy light shall ever be
:A beacon bright and clear.
:Thy sons and daughters true
:Will proclaim Thee near and far.
:They shall guard thy fame and adore thy name;
:Thou shalt be their Northern Star!

:Like the stream that bends to sea,
:Like the pine that seeks the blue;
:Minnesota, still for Thee
:Thy sons are strong and true!
:From thy woods and waters fair,
:From thy prairies waving far.
:At thy call they throng with a shout and song;
:Hailing Thee their Northern Star!

## References
*
*

## Other websites
*Minnesota Secretary of State  with sheet music and recording.
Okutama, Tokyo

is a town in Greater Metropolitan Tokyo, Japan.

## Geography
Okutama has an area of 225.63&nbsp;km². Mount Kumotori, Tokyo's highest peak at 2017&nbsp;m, divides Okutama from the Okuchichibu region of the neighboring Saitama and Yamanashi Prefectures. Tokyo's northernmost and westernmost points lie in Okutama, as does Lake Okutama, an important source of water for Tokyo, located above the Ogōchi Dam in the town.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.town.okutama.tokyo.jp/english/index.html ;