open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Salmacis

In Greek mythology, **Salmacis** was a naiad nymph of a spring at Caria in Asia Minor. She didn't follow the other nymphs of the goddess Diana and united bodies with Hermaphroditus becoming a single being, both male and female.

*"There dwelt a Nymph, not up for hunting or archery:*
*unfit for footraces. She the only Naiad not in Diana’s band.*
*Often her sisters would say: “Pick up a javelin, or*
*bristling quiver, and interrupt your leisure for the chase!*
*But she would not pick up a javelin or arrows,*
*nor trade leisure for the chase.*
*Instead she would bathe her beautiful limbs and tend to her hair,*
*with her waters as a mirror."*

Ovid, Metamorphoses. Book IV, 306-312.

According to Ovid's myth, she fell in love with Hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. When he bathed in her spring, she embraced him and prayed to the gods to be united with him forever, the gods heard her prayer and merged their bodies together, transforming Hermaphroditus into an androgynous being. Hermaphroditus then cursed the spring of Salmacis, so that any man who drank or bathed in its water would also become androgynous.

## Other websites
*hermaphroditus and salmacis art
*The Wish of Salmacis
*The Pool of Salmacis
*Salmacis and hermaphroditus
Huíla Province

**Huíla** is a province of Angola. There are about 700,000 people. Lubango is the capital. The Bicuari National Park is in Huíla Province.
Hiroshima Peace Memorial

**Hiroshima Peace Memorial**, also called the **Atomic Bomb Dome** or , is in central Hiroshima, Japan. It is part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. UNESCO named the dome a World Heritage Site in 1996. The dome is the ruined Hiroshima Prefectural Products Exhibition Hall. It was kept as a memorial to the people who were killed in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The bombing killed 70,000 people instantly, and another 70,000 died later from the radiation.

## History 
Czech architect Jan Letzel designed the building. It was completed in April 1915 and was named the Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition. It was opened to the public in August that year. In 1921 the name was changed to the Hiroshima Prefectural Products Exhibition Hall. Finally in 1933, the name changed to the Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall. 

## Atomic bombing 
.]]
At 8:15 on August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb to be used in war exploded almost directly above the dome. Everyone inside the building was killed instantly,but the building was not totally destroyed. There was more downward force on the building, but less side-to-side force right under the center of the explosion.

## After the war
At first, the city planned to tear down the building, but did not because it was not as badly damaged. Some people wanted to remove the building, but others wanted to keep it. The city of Hiroshima was rebuilt around the ruined dome. In 1966 the city said that it planned to keep the building. As of July 2011, two construction projects kept the Dome from falling.

In December 1996, UNESCO added the A-Bomb Dome to the World Heritage List. Not everyone supported this decision. The United States did not join the decision. China said that the monument could take attention away from the countries that were victims of Japan during the war. Many more people died because of Japanese attacks in those countries. The United States said that having a memorial to a war site would not tell the whole history of the bombing.

## Gallery

File:Hiromuseum.jpg | Products Exhibition Hall in its original condition (ca. 1921–1933)
File:Genbaku_Dome_2.jpg | Hall, taken from Motoyasu Bridge (ca. 1921–1933)
File:Gambaku Dome of Hiroshima.jpg | The dome, photo taken from the southwest side
File:Ganbaku Dome of Hiroshima from distance.jpg | View of the dome taken from the Aioi bridge
File:A-bomb dome closeup.jpg | Close up of the dome
File:HiroshimaGembakuDome6747.jpg | Dome with commemorative plaque
File:Hiroshima Peace Memorial before and after bombing.jpg | Peace Dome, then and now
File:Paper cranes.jpg | Origami cranes

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

## References 
## Other websites 
* Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Dome
* Entry on UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) website
* Official page
* Trade Promotion Hall
Kwikset

**Kwikset** is an American lock and door hardware manufacturer. Kwikset makes low to medium security residential and light commercial door locks. The Kwikset KW1 keyway is used by many other lock manufacturers. Kwikset recently introduced the SmartKey lock, which allows instant rekeying without removing the lock from the door, and without removing or replacing the core. The SmartKey lock uses the same KW1 key used in other Kwikset locks. The SmartKey lock is more difficult to pick than the standard Kwikset lock, although it is easier to force open.
Moxico Province

**Moxico** is the largest province of Angola. There are about 230,000 people. Luena is the capital of the province. The Cameia National Park is located in Moxico.

## References
Namibe Province

**Namibe** is a province of Angola.  It was called Moçâmedes when under Portuguese rule. There were 313,667people in 2006. The port and city of Namibe is the capital. Iona National Park is also located there.

Late Cretaceous fossils of sharks, turtles, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs and sauropods were found near the Bentiaba desert.

## References
Uíge Province

**Uíge** (pronounced: "Weej"),  is one of the eighteen provinces of Angola. It is in the northwestern part of the country. The capital city is Uíge. There are 500,000 people.  The Beu Forest Reserve is in the province.

The province was badly damaged during the long civil war.  Many buildings were destroyed.  Many people had to move.

## References
Caxito

**Caxito ** is a town and commune in Angola.  It is the capital of Bengo Province.

The northern line of Angolan Railways passes through.

## References
Benguela

**Benguela** (São Felipe de Benguela, formerly spelled *Benguella*)  is a city in western Angola.  It is the capital of Benguela Province. Benguela is one of Angola's largest cities.
Cabinda (city)

**Cabinda** is the capital of the Cabinda Province in Angola. It is called **Tchiowa** by the Cabindans. The city was first started by the Portuguese for slave trade. There are many offshore oil reserves nearby.
Menongue

**Menongue** is a town and municipality in Cuando Cubango Province in Angola.  It is also the capital of the province. It is the end of the southern railway from Namibe.

## References
N'dalatando

** N&#39;dalatando ** (pre-1975: **Vila Salazar**) is a town and municipality of Cuanza Norte Province in Angola.  It is also the capital of the province. It has a station on the northern railway of Luanda Railway.

## References
Bandō, Ibaraki

is a city in Ibaraki, Japan.

The city of Bandō is made up of the old city of Iwai and the town of Sashima, which joined on March 22, 2005.

## Sister cities
*  Pine Bluff, Arkansas United States

## Notable people from Bandō
* Keita Goto, professional footballer
* Makoto Takimoto, judoka
* Wakanami Jun, sumo wrestler

## Other websites 
* Official website of Bandō
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 movie)

***The Amazing Spider-Man*** is a 2012 movie by Marvel Entertainment and Columbia Pictures. It stars Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone. It is a reboot of the Spider-Man movie series. It was released in the United States in 2012. The movie is 136 minutes long. and it's rated PG-13. It is about Peter Parker in high school while his super powers are evolving. A sequel, *The Amazing Spider-Man 2*, was released in 2014.

## Plot
Abandoned by his parents and raised by an aunt and uncle, teenager Peter Parker (Andrew Garfield) is trying to figure out why his parents left. When Peter finds a mysterious briefcase that was his father's, he tries to figure out what it means. His search takes him to Oscorp and the lab of Dr. Curt Connors who created a genetically engineered spider which bites Peter Parker and gives him superpowers. After his uncle Ben Parker is murdered, Peter becomes a Superhero called Spider-Man. Peter falls in love with Gwen Stacy whose policeman father hates Spider-Man. Dr. Connors transforms himself into a Supervillain called The Lizard and Spider-Man stops the Lizard from turning everyone in New York City into a Lizard.
Sudbury Basin

The **Sudbury Basin**  is a major geologic structure in Ontario, Canada. It is the second-largest verified impact crater on Earth, as well as one of the oldest. 

The basin is on the Canadian Shield in the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario. The Sudbury Basin is referred to locally as "The Valley". The urban core of the former city of Sudbury lies on the southern outskirts of the basin.

The Sudbury Basin is near a number of other geological structures. None of the structures are directly related to each other in the sense of coming from the same geophysical processes.

## Formation
The Sudbury basin was formed by a strike from a bolide about  in diameter. It occurred 1.849 billion years ago in the Palaeoproterozoic era.

Debris from the impact was scattered over an area of  and traveled over  away — rock fragments ejected by the impact have been found as far as Minnesota.

With such a large impact, debris was most likely scattered globally, but has since been worn away. Its present size is believed to be a smaller portion of a  round crater that the bolide originally created.

Subsequent geological processes have deformed the crater into the current smaller oval shape. Sudbury Basin would then be the second-largest crater on Earth, after the  Vredefort crater in South Africa, and larger than the  Chicxulub crater in Yucatán, Mexico.

## Structure
 satellite image of the Sudbury area]]

The full extent of the Sudbury Basin is  long,  wide and  deep, although the modern ground surface is much shallower.

## References
Thames Trains

at Reading station in the year 2002.]]
 Oxford station in the year 2000.]]

**Thames Trains** was a British train operator under franchise running a mixture of short and long distance trains around the Thames Valley. Its services were centered around Reading and ran in the area surrounded by Oxford, Gatwick Airport, Guildford, London, Basingstoke, Worcester, Hereford and Stratford-upon-Avon. It was started when British Rail was privatised and Network SouthEast was broken up. In 2004 it was replaced by First Great Western Link, which was merged with First Great Western and Wessex Trains after 2 years, forming a "Greater Western" franchise.

Thames Trains ran one of the Trains involved in the Ladbroke Grove Rail Crash in 1999, three years after it was started.
Freeport, Bahamas

**Freeport** is a city, district and free trade zone on the island of Grand Bahama. It is in North-west Bahamas. In 1955, Wallace Groves, a Virginian financier, was given 50,000 acres (or 202&nbsp;km2) of pineyard with swamp and scrubland areas by the Bahamian government. They were asked to develop the area economically. Freeport has grown and is now the second most populous city in the Bahamas. The main airport in Freeport is the Grand Bahama International Airport. The Grand Bahama Port Authority (GBPA) runs the free trade zone, under the Hawksbill Creek Agreement signed in August 1955. There, the Bahamian Government agreed that businesses in the Freeport area will pay no taxes before 2054. The area of the land grants has been increased to 138,000 acres (or 526&nbsp;km2).

## References
Cabinda Province

**Cabinda** (also spelled **Kabinda**, formerly **Portuguese Congo**) is a province of Angola. The capital city is also called Cabinda. The province is divided into four municipalities - Belize, Buco Zau, Cabinda and Landana.

Around 357,576 people live there.

Cabinda is separated from the rest of Angola by a narrow strip of land of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cabinda is bordered on the north by the Republic of the Congo, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean.

While the civil war in Angola ended in 2002, there is still fighting in Cabinda.
Grand Bahama International Airport

**Grand Bahama International Airport** (GBIA)  is a privately owned international airport. It is in Freeport, Bahamas. The airport is a joint venture between Hutchison Port Holdings (HPH) and The Port Group (or the Grand Bahama Port Authority). It also has  of land. This s it to the Freeport Harbour Company Limited. So, they work as one body, known as the Sea Air Business Centre (SABC).

Grand Bahama International Airport is one of two Bahamian airports that has US border preclearance facilities.

The airport has a  runway. It can handle the largest aircraft in service. It is quite close to all major cities of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States.

## References
Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi

**Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi** is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Hiraizumi in Iwate Prefecture, Japan.

The site covers 5 locations. Four of these places are  Buddhist temples. The sacred Mount Kinkeisan is also included in the  The properties and their buffer zones are covered by a range of Japanese government protections as historic sites and places of scenic beauty.

Pure Land Buddhism developed a concept of planning and garden design that was unique to Japan.  In 1689, Bashō wrote: "Three generations of glory vanished in the space of a dream ...."

In 2011, UNESCO listed parts of Hiraizumi as a World Heritage Site.

## Locations 
## Related pages
* List of World Heritage Sites in Japan

## References
## Other websites
* Hiraizumi City, Hiraizumi - World Heritage  
* Iwate Prefecture, http://www.pref.iwate.jp/~hp0907/sekaiisan/index.html 
* http://www.chusonji.or.jp/en/index.html 
* http://www.motsuji.or.jp/english/index.php
Daniel Stern

**Daniel Jacob Stern** (born August 28, 1957) is an American television and movie actor. He has starred in movies with many genres, but is most known for his role as Marv Murchins in the 1990 film *Home Alone* and its 1992 sequel *Home Alone 2: Lost in New York*. Stern was born in Bethesda, Maryland. Stern is currently married to Laure Mattos since 1981, they have three children. 

## Other websites
*
David Cone

**David Cone** (born 2 January 1963 in Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for many teams including the New York Yankees.

## References
Hala'ib Triangle

The '''Hala'ib Triangle''' (مثلث حلايب  in Arabic, transliterated Muthāllath Ḥalāʾib) is an area of land measuring  located on the Red Sea's African coast. The area, which is named after the town of Hala'ib, is created by the difference in the Egypt&ndash;Sudan border between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, which runs along the 22nd parallel north, and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902, which gave an area of land north of the line to Sudan.  When Sudan became independent in 1956, both Egypt and Sudan claimed sovereignty over the area. After Egypt sent military units to the Hala'ib Triangle in the 1990s, as part of a greater movement by the Egyptian government to solidify its presence in Africa, following the 1995 attempted assassination of then-Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Egypt has controlled the area as part of the Red Sea Governorate, and has been actively investing in it. Today the United Arab Emirates is also a active investor along with Egypt in the area.

The area is not shaped like a triangle—it is actually a complicated polygon. Only the southern  border is a straight line. A smaller area, called Bir Tawil, touches the Hala'ib Triangle at its westernmost point. Bir Tawil is not claimed by either Sudan or Egypt.

## References
Sumbe

**Sumbe** (pre-1975: **Novo Redondo**) is a city in west central Angola. It is the capital of Cuanza Sul Province. There are 26,000 people.

## References
Waheed Murad

**Waheed Murad** () (October 2, 1938 – November 23, 1983) was a Pakistani movie actor. Waheed is considered to be one of the most influential actors of subcontinent. He was born in Karachi, Pakistan. and was the only child of movie distributor Nisar Murad. Waheed got his early education from Karachi Grammar School in Karachi.

One of his blockbuster movies is *Armaan*. Once, in an interview, he said, "Dilip Kumar, too, is not an immortal actor". 

In November 2010, 27 years after his death, Pakistani president Asif Zardari awarded him the *Sitara-e-Imtiaz*.

## Popularity 
Waheed Murad is thought to be one of the first ''Rock n' Roll'' stars of Pakistan. Due to his romantic and subtle style of acting, he became well known as the 'Chocolate Hero' and 'Lady Killer'. His haircut, dressing style and even the way he talked were very popular with the youth.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Image of a website on Waheed Murad dated 01-13-2005 (now discontinued)
* Biogragphy of Waheed Murad 
* Complete database of Waheed's movies  including 2 movies released after his death and 1 movie as guest star released in 1959
* The man who changed cinema - DAWN.com 
*Waheed Murad Remembered
Ondjiva

**Ondjiva** (pre-1975: ''Pereira d'Eça'') is a town in southern Angola.  It is the capital of Cunene Province.

## Notable people
*Marcelina Vahekeni, Miss Angola 2012, delegate to the Miss Universe 2012 pageant
Huambo

**Huambo**, formerly *Nova Lisboa* ("New Lisbon" in Portuguese), is the capital of Huambo Province in Angola.  The city is about 220&nbsp;km east of Benguela and 600&nbsp;km south-east of Luanda.  The city is the second largest in Angola, after the capital city, Luanda. It has the Albano Machado Airport.

The name Huambo comes from Wambu.  Wambu was one of the 14 old Ovimbundu kingdoms of the central Angolan plateau.
Lubango

**Lubango** is the capital city of Huíla in Angola. Until 1975, the city's  name was **Sá da Bandeira**.

During the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), Lubango was a major base of Cuban, SWAPO.

Lubango's economy is based on agriculture.

## Notable people
* Marco Abreu, of the Angola national football team was born in Lubango in 1974.
Lucapa

**Lucapa** is a town in eastern Angola. It is the capital of Lunda Norte Province.

The number of people who live here is hard to determine.  This is because civil war caused a lot of people to move.

The main work in the town is mining.
Saurimo

**Saurimo** (pre-1975: *Henrique de Carvalho*) is a town in northeastern Angola.  It is the capital of Lunda Sul Province.  There are about 200,000 people. The number of people has gotten bigger because migrants are running from areas hurt by the civil war.
Out of the Game

***Out of the Game*** is the seventh album by Rufus Wainwright.

## Track listing
# "Out of the Game" – 4:06
# "Jericho" – 3:44
# "Rashida" – 3:00
# "Barbara" – 3:56
# "Welcome to the Ball" – 3:26
# "Montauk" – 3:57
# "Bitter Tears" – 3:32
# "Respectable Dive" – 4:55
# "Perfect Man" – 3:58
# "Sometimes You Need" – 3:21
# "Song of You" – 4:51
# "Candles" – 7:42

## References
Florida's Turnpike

'''Florida's Turnpike** (TPK),  as the **Ronald Reagan Turnpike** is a north&ndash;south toll road. It was originally called **Sunshine State Parkway**. The road runs  through 11 counties in the Florida peninsula. It starts from U.S. Route 1 in Florida City, running through Miami, Fort Lauderdale. At West Palm Beach, it runs parallel to Interstate 95, and then in Orlando, it crosses Interstate 4, to its northern end at Interstate 75 near Wildwood.

The Turnpike itself has two sections. The first is the Mainline, a  route from the Golden Glades Interchange (north of Miami) to Wildwood. This has the hidden designation of **State Road 91''' (SR 91). It was opened in stages between 1957 and 1964. The second is the  long Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (HEFT). This was completed in 1974. Its hidden designation is State Road 821 (SR 821). This runs from Florida City (near Homestead) through the suburbs to the west and north of Miami, connecting to the Mainline four miles (6&nbsp;km) north of the Golden Glades Interchange. Florida's Turnpike is considered one of the busiest highways in the country (according to the IBBTA, the highway is the nation's 3rd most heavily traveled toll road).

## References
Malanje

**Malanje** (also **Malange**) is the capital city of Malanje Province in Angola.  There are 222,000 people.  Nearby are the Calandula waterfalls,  from the city. Pedras Negras de Pungo Andongo are large black rocks. The greatest dam in the country is in Malanje.
Cesarean section

(2021).]]
A **Cesarean section** (often called a **C-section**) is a kind of surgery done during childbirth or delivery. It is usually done to make childbirth easier and in some cases safer. In the past this was done when there was a great risk to the health of the mother, or when normal childbirth through the vagina was not possible. More recently it has also been done on request, without these reasons. In very rare cases, abortions are performed using this procedure, these are called Hysterotomy abortions. The first person to perform a modern Cesarean section was Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in 1881. In Latin, it is called *Sectio caesarea*, in English, the spelling **Caesarean section** also exists. 

The rate of babies delivered through Cesarean section has been increasing globally. Since 2018, the Dominican Republic has the highest rate of Cesarian deliveries at 58.1%. Since 2018, the global rate of Cesarian deliveries is at 21.1% with deliveries being less common in underdeveloped countries. The rate in the United States in 2023 was at 32.4%. The World Health Organization claims the ideal rate should be 10-15% and that Cesarian Sections should only be performed when necessary.

## Related pages 
* Vaginal delivery (try for vaginal delivery first, or Trial of Labor After Cesarean (TOLAC))
* Presentation: Presenting (obstetrics), Cervical dilation
* Laparotomy
* Midwife

## References
Cuando Cubango Province

**Cuando Cubango** is a province of Angola.  There are about 140,000 people. Menongue is the capital of the province. 

The name of the province is from the Cuando and Cubango rivers.  They both flow through the province.

This area had the endangered Painted Hunting Dog.  The land was destroyed during the Cuban intervention years. The Painted Hunting Dog is no longer there.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Cuando Cubango was the main base camp of Angola's UNITA rebel movement.

## References 
* , 9780415350150 354 pages
* C. Michael Hogan. 2009. *Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus*, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg 
* 

## Line notes
Riversleigh World Heritage Area

**Riversleigh** in north west Queensland, Australia, is one of the Australian Fossil Mammal Sites listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The other is the Naracoorte Caves National Park in South Australia. The Riversleigh site is part of the Boodjamulla National Park. The fossil site covers an area of about 100&nbsp;km².

The fossils that have been found are the remains of ancient mammals, birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene epochs. The site was listed as a World Heritage site in 1994. The fossils at Riversleigh are rare because they are found in soft freshwater limestone which has not been compressed. This means the animal remains retain their three dimensional shape.

## Fossils
Fossils at Riversleigh are found in limestone by lime-rich freshwater pools, and in caves. They are from when the ecosystem was evolving from rich rainforest to semi-arid grassland. Thirty-five fossil bat species have been found at the site, which is the richest in the world. A skull, complete with all its teeth, of a 15 million-year-old monotreme, *Obdurodon dicksoni*, shows how this Australia group of animals evolved. Fossil ancestors of the extinct thylacine, *Thylacinus cynocephalus*, have also been found at Riversleigh. In 1993, *Nimbadon* skulls were found in newly discovered cave.  Scientists think this prehistoric marsupial first appeared about 15 million years ago and died out about 12 million years ago, perhaps from the effects of climate change. Other fossils have shown how the koala has changed in response to Australia's change from rainforest to drier eucalypt forests.

### Fossils found at Riversleigh
;Mammals
**Ekaltadeta*, a carnivorous rat-kangaroo
**Burramys*, the Mountain Pygmy Possum
**Nimbacinus*, an ancestor of the Thylacine
**Obdurodon*, a giant platypus
**Yarala*, a tube-nosed bandicoot
**Yalkaparidon*, a strange marsupial
**Wakaleo*, a marsupial lion
**Priscileo*, a marsupial lion
**Nimiokoala*, an ancient koala
**Nimbadon*, a sheep-like marsupial

;Birds
**Pengana*, a flexible-footed bird of prey
**Menura tyawanoides*, a prehistoric lyrebird
*The first fossil record of the Orthonychidae (logrunner) family

;Reptiles
**Trilophosuchus*, a tree-dwelling crocodile
**Baru*, the cleaver-headed crocodile
**Yurlunggur*, and *Wonambi*, extinct snakes (Madtsoiidae)

## References
*Archer, M. et al. 1991. ''Riversleigh: the Story of Australia's Inland Rainforests'', (Sydney: Reed Books).

## Other websites
*World heritage listing for Riversleigh
*UNESCO site with information on Riversleigh, Australia
*Australian site about Riversleigh 
*Information about fossils from Riversleigh, Australian Museum
*The Riversleigh Society supports scientific research at Riversleigh
Uíge

**Uíge** (briefly **Carmona**) is a town in northwestern Angola.  It is the capital of Uíge Province.  There are 119,815. people. When Portuguese were there in the 1950s, it was a major center for coffee production.

## References
President of Angola

The **President of the Republic of Angola** is both head of state and head of government in Angola. The President picked a Prime Minister.  Most of the decisions are made by the President.

Angola started having a President when they got independence from Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the first President.

In January 2010 the National Assembly decided the party with the most seats in the Assembly would become president. It was no longer a public vote. They also decided there would not be a Prime Minister. Instead the job will be done by the vice-president.

## Presidents of Angola (1975–present)
*Note:* For details of the post of President of Angola, see President of Angola.

## References
M'banza-Kongo

'''M'banza-Kongo'* (known as *São Salvador'' in Portuguese from 1570 to 1975), is a town in northwesternAngola.  It is the capital of Zaire Province.  In the valley to the south is the Luezi River.

M'banza-Kongo was once the home of the Manikongo, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo.

## References
Vice President of Angola

**The Vice President of Angola** is the second highest political position in Angola. It is the deputy head of state.

Bornito de Sousa is the current Vice President. He started in September 2017.

## References
*"Angolan president reshuffles govt after new charter"  Reuters February 4, 2010
José Eduardo dos Santos

**José Eduardo dos Santos** (August 28, 1935 – July 8, 2022) was an Angolan politician. From 1979 until 2017, he was the President of Angola. As President, dos Santos was also the commander in chief of the Angolan Armed Forces. After leaving the presidency, dos Santos remained leader of the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

Dos Santos died on July 8, 2022 at a hospital in Barcelona, Spain from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by cancer, aged 86.

## References
Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos

**Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos** (5 March 1950 &ndash; 18 December 2025), known as **Nandó**, was an Angolan politician.  He was Vice-President of Angola from 18 February 2010 until 26 September 2012. He was the Prime Minister of Angola from 2002 to 2008.  He was President of the National Assembly of Angola from 2008 to 2010.

## Personal life
He was a cousin of José Eduardo dos Santos.

Dos Santos died on 18 December 2025 at a hospital in Luanda, Angola from cardiopulmonary arrest at the age of 75.

## References
White-cheeked antbird

The **white-cheeked antbird** (*Gymnopithys leucaspis*) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is sometimes called the **bicolored antbird**. 

It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitat is on tropical and  forests.

## Sources 
* BirdLife International 2004.  Gymnopithys leucaspis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 26 July 2007.
Angolan War of Independence

The **Angolan War of Independence** was from 1961 to 1975.  Angola fought against Portugal.  Portugal was making people in Angola farm cotton. Three different groups in Angola were against Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the leader of the war. Portugal was winning the war when the country's government became democratic. An agreement was signed to let Angola become independent.

About three thousand people died because of the war.

## References
William Swainson

**William Swainson**, Fellow of the Linnean Society and Fellow of the Royal Society (8 October 1789 – 6 December 1855), was an English ornithologist, malacologist, entomologist and artist.

## Life 
Swainson was born in Dover Place, St. Mary Newington, London. He was the eldest son of John Timothy Swainson, who was also of the  Linnean Society. William worked at the Liverpool Customs when he was 14.  He studied the ichthyology of western Sicily. In 1815, he returned to England because he became ill.

In 1816 he went with the explorer Henry Koster to Brazil. They did not spend a long time on shore because of a revolution. However, Swainson brought to England over 20,000 insects, 1,200 species of plants, drawings of 120 species of fish, and about 760 bird skins.

As with many Victorian scientists, Swainson was also a member of many societies. He was  as a fellow to the Royal Society after his return from Brazil on 14 December 1820. In 1823, he married his first wife Mary Parkes, and had four sons and a daughter. His wife died in 1835.

Swainson re-married in 1840 to Ann Grasby, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1841. He died at Fern Grove, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, on 7 December 1855.

## Species named after William Swainson
Many birds were named after William Swainson.

*John James Audubon named Swainson's Warbler *Limnothlypis swainsonii*
*Charles Lucien Bonaparte named Swainson's Hawk *Buteo swainsoni*
*Thomas Nuttall named Swainson's Thrush  *Catharus ustulatus*
*Swainson's Francolin *Francolinus swainsonii*
*Swainson's Sparrow *Passer swainsonii*
*Swainson's Antcatcher *Myrmeciza longipes*
*Swainson's Fire-eye *Pyriglena atra*
*Swainson's Flycatcher *Myiarchus swainsoni*
*Swainson's Toucan *Ramphastos swainsonii*

Image:Limnothlypis_swainsoniiEMP04CB.jpg|Swainson's Warbler
Image:Buteo_swainsoni_edit.jpg|Swainson's Hawk
Image:Catharus_ustulatus.jpg|Swainson's Thrush
Image:Ramphastos_swainsonii_-back_-Buffalo_Zoo-8a.jpg|Swainson's Toucan

## References
Telephone numbers in Angola

Telephone numbers in Angola are 9 digits long. 

***Country code: +234**
***International Call Prefix: 00**
***Trunk Prefix: none**

## Calling formats
* **xxx xxx xxx**      Calls within Angola
* **+244 xxx xxx xxx**  Calls from outside Angola
The NSN length is nine digits.

## List of area codes in Angola
## References 
*ITU allocations list
Formicariidae

The **Formicariidae** or **ground antbirds** are a family of small passerine birds. They live in subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are between 10 and 20&nbsp;cm (4–8&nbsp;in) in length.

These are forest birds that tend to eat insects at or near the ground. Many are specialist ant eaters. Note that the term "antbird" is for another family of birds, the Thamnophilidae.
Tyche

.]]
**Tyche**, also known as Tuch, was the goddess of destiny in Greek mythology. She controlled the good and bad of fortune and prosperity of a city. Her name means "luck" in Greek. She is often represented wearing a mural crown. The crown looks like the walls of a city. She is often carrying a large horn with all her wealth and richness in it that she sometimes spreads to others. She is a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, according to Greek poet Hesiod.

Tyche is one of the Oceanids. Oceanids are the daughters of the Titans Tethys and Okeanos. The story of the Oceanids is told in the Theogony by Greek poet Hesiod.  Tyche and her sister Eudora stand for a joining of bounty and luck. 

## Gallery

File:Antiochos VII Drachm 2390199.jpg|Antiochos VII Drachm
File:Coin of Vologases VI of Parthia.jpg|Coin of Vologases VI of Parthia (Tyche on reverse)
File:Marathos.jpg|Marathos
File:Tyche of Amman Archaeological Museum Amman Citadel Jordan0835.jpg|Tyche of Amman Archaeological Museum Amman Citadel Jordan
File:Les Trois Tychés - MR 837 Ma 590.jpg|Les Trois Tychés
File:IsisTyche Dion652.jpg|IsisTyche

## Related pages
* Fortuna - Roman mythology version of Tyche
* Roman mythology
* Eudora
* Oceanids
* Okeanos
* Titans
* Tethys (mythology)

## References
Angolan kwanza

The **kwanza** (sign: **Kz**; ISO 4217 code: **AOA**) is the currency of Angola. The Kwanza was introduced in 1999, replacing the "Kwanza Reajustado" (AOK).  AOA is subdivided into coin denominations of 100 centimos, and is denoted by the symbol Kz. The value of the kwanza has changed many times because of Angola’s economic problems.

Angola declared independence from Portugal in 1975, following a bitter period in which Angola fought a war of independence while also becoming engulfed in a civil war. While Angola created its first national currency as an independent nation in 1977, this currency—called the Angola Kwanza (AOK)—soon saw its value rapidly eroded by inflation. The AON, introduced in 1990, was an attempt to deal with this severe inflation, but it too was devalued only 5 years later.

The second devaluation occurred in 1995, when the AON was replaced by a new currency called the “kwanza reajustado”. The devaluation was carried out at a rate of 1,000 new currency units for every 1 AON, reflecting the level of severity of Angola’s inflation crisis at that time. A third devaluation occurred in 1999, replacing the kwanza reajustado with the Second Kwanza (AOA), which is the currency that Angola continues to use today.

## References
Charles Sibley

**Charles Gald Sibley** (August 7, 1917 – April 12, 1998) was an American ornithologist and molecular biologist. He had a big  on the scientific classification of birds.

Sibley's taxonomy was a major influence on many organizations, such as the American Ornithologists' Union.
Moçâmedes

**Moçâmedes** is a coastal town in Angola. Between 1985 and 2016, the town was called Namibe. It is the capital of Namibe Province.  It was formed in 1840 by the Portuguese rulers of the territory. There were 132,900 people in 2004.  Moçâmedes has a cool dry climate.  There are desert plants because it is close to the Namib Desert. Along with Luanda and Lobito it is one of Angola's three major ports. The Namibe Airport is in Moçâmedes.

## References
Blue Thunder

***Blue Thunder*** is a 1983 American action thriller movie. In it stars Roy Scheider and Daniel Stern as LAPD cops. The movie is about a futuristic helicopter which has unusual capability.

## Other websites 
*
Jon Edward Ahlquist

**Jon Edward Ahlquist** (born 27 July 1944, died 7 May 2020) is an American molecular biologist and ornithologist. He has worked with Charles Sibley, mostly at Yale University.
By 1987, both Ahlquist and Sibley had left Yale. In 1988, Ahlquist and Sibley were awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal. In January 1991 (often listed as 1990), Charles Sibley and Ahlquist published *Phylogeny and Classification of Birds*, which presented a new phylogeny for birds based on the DNA. In 1999, Ahlquist was retired (Ahlquist, 1999).

## References
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda

National flag, ratio: 2:3]]

The national **flag of Antigua and Barbuda** was started on February 27, 1967.  It was designed by artist and sculptor, Sir Reginald Samuel. The rising sun is for the dawning of a new era. The colours have different meanings. The black is for the African ancestry of the people.  The blue is for hope.  The red is for energy or dynamism of the people. The colouring of yellow, blue, and white (from the sun down) is for the sun, sea, and sand. The blue also is for the Caribbean Sea.  The V-shape is the symbol of victory.
Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee

**"Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee"** is the national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda. Novelle Hamilton Richards wrote the words.  Walter Garnet Picart Chambers wrote the music.  The country started using in on independence in 1981. God Save the Queen is still the Royal anthem.

## Lyrics
:Fair Antigua and Barbuda
:We, your sons and daughters stand
:Strong and firm in peace or danger
:To safeguard our Motherland
:We commit ourselves to building
:A true nation brave and free;
:Ever striving, ever seeking,
:Dwell in love and unity.
:Raise the standard! Raise it boldly!
:Answer now to duty's call
:To the service of thy country,
:Sparing nothing, giving all;
:Gird your loins and join the battle
:Against fear, hate, poverty,
:Each endeavouring, all achieving,
:Live in peace where man is free.
:God of nations, let our blessings
:Fall upon this land of ours;
:Rain and sunshine ever sending,
:Fill her fields with crops and flowers;
:We her children do implore them,
:Give us strength, faith, loyalty,
:Never failing, all enduring,
:To defend her liberty.

## References
Honors music

The **honors music** is music played at formal times in the presence of the person, office-holder, or rank-holder.  It is usually played by a military band. The head of state in many countries is honored with music.  In some countries the national anthem is used.  Some countries have a separate **royal anthem** or **presidential anthem**.

Countries where the national anthem is also the royal anthem include Malaysia, the Netherlands,

Countries with special honors music are:

Instances of honors music other than the relevant national anthem include the following:

## Notes 
## References
Priapus

]]
**Priapus** was a minor fertility god in Greek mythology, who was also the protector of livestock, fruit plants, and male genitals. He was depicted as having an oversized and permanent erection. Sources differ as to who his parents were. Some say he was the son of the god Dionysus and the goddess Aphrodite; Dionysus and Chione; Hermes and Aphrodite; Zeus and Aphrodite; or Pan and Aphrodite. According to the myth, Hera cursed him while he was still in the womb of Aphrodite, because she was jealous that the Trojan prince Paris had picked Aphrodite as being the most beautiful of the goddesses and had given the Golden Apple of Eris to her. Hera's curse made Priapus impotent, ugly and foul-minded. The gods did not want Priapus to live with them on Olympus, and he was left on a hillside on Earth. There, he was taken by shepherds who raised him. Priapus later tried to rape the goddess Hestia, but was hit by a donkey, and this caused Priapus to lose his erection.
He also became the patron god of merchant sailing, protecting and guiding them through rough seas. It was common for merchants to carry a Priapus figure or a phallus on their ships as protection.

## Related pages
* Mutunus Tutunus - Roman mythology version of Priapus
Angolan Civil War

The **Angolan Civil War** was a major civil war in the African country of Angola.  It started in 1975 and continued until 2002. The war began right after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. The Civil War was mostly a fight for power between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Other countries got involved in the war because they wanted their own ideologies to win. This made the Angolan war part of the Cold War. In 2002 the MPLA won.

About 500,000 people died in the war. The war also did a lot of damage to buildings in Angola. Because of all the damage, in 2003 80% of Angolans lacked access to basic medical care, 60% lacked access to water, and 30% of Angolan children would die before the age of 5, with an overall national life expectancy of less than 40&nbsp;years of age. With the civil war between 1975 and 2002 it was 27 years of fighting.

## Background 
In 1575, the Portuguese started to colonize parts of what is now Angola. Before, some of the land was part of the Kingdom of Kongo.

## Combatants 
### MPLA 
The MPLA was a communist group fighting for Angolan independence. Its leader was Agostinho Neto. They were supported by the Soviet Union.

### UNITA 
UNITA was an anti-communist group also fighting for Angolan independence. Its leader was Jonas Savimbi.

### FNLA 
FNLA was another anti-communist independence group. Its leader was Holden Roberto. The US gave them money by funneling it through Zaire.

## War 
### 1970s 
In 1975, Portugal signed the Alvor Agreement with MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA. The agreement said, that, Angola would become independent on 11 November 1975.

## Aftermath 
The war destroyed a lot of buildings in Angola.
There are still landmines remaining killing and hurting people.

## References
Ironbridge Gorge

The **Ironbridge Gorge** is a deep gorge formed by the River Severn in Shropshire, England. The area was originally called the **Severn Gorge**.

The area was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, because the industrial revolution started around here in the mid-1700s.

Ironbridge Gorge has mines, factories, workers' housing, and the transport infrastructure that was created in the gorge during the Industrial Revolution. Coke production in the area helped start the Industrial Revolution. The **Iron Bridge** was the world's first bridge built from iron.

## History
The gorge takes its name from its famous "Iron Bridge", the first iron bridge of its kind in the world.

## Gallery

File:Blast Furnaces at Blists Hill.jpg|Blast Furnaces at Blists Hill
File:The old and the fake^ - geograph.org.uk - 260295.jpg|Part of the Ironbridge Gorge museum complex

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
* Coalbrookdale

## References
## Other websites
Mamma Mia!

***Mamma Mia!*** is a 2008 American romantic musical comedy movie set in Greece. It is based on the musical stage play and on ABBA's 1975 chart topping song. It was distributed through Universal Pictures. It stars Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Meryl Streep as her mother, and Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgard and Pierce Brosnan as Sophie's three possible fathers. *Mamma Mia!* was given mixed reviews, although it received almost $610 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing musical motion picture in American history.

## Other websites 
*
The Iron Bridge

**The Iron Bridge** was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. It crosses the River Severn at the Ironbridge Gorge near the village of Ironbridge, in Shropshire, England.

The bridge is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  As well as repairing rusted parts of the bridge, it was painted red to match a painting from 1777 showing how the Iron Bridge looked soon after it was finished. 

## Gallery

File:Ironbridge construction at Blists Hill - geograph.org.uk - 1754320.jpg|This is a reconstruction showing how the arches of the Iron Bridge were put together
File:Ironbridge - geograph.org.uk - 270796.jpg|Buildings which were a context for the Iron Bridge in 1988

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
* Ironbridge Gorge

## References
## Other websites
Herma

]]

A **herma**, commonly in English **herm**, is a sculpture with a head and sometimes a torso, above a tall squared pillar. Often a phallus was carved at the appropriate height. 

The form originated in Ancient Greece and was adopted by the Romans and revived in the Renaissance in the form of term figures. The name of the god Hermes comes from the word *herma*, and the sculptures originally represented him.

The ancient Greeks and Romans were very superstitious, and the sculptures had an apotropiac function. They were placed at cross-roads and on the borders of lands as protection. 

In Athens, they were placed outside houses, temples and gymnasiums for good luck and to avert harmful or bad influences, like the evil eye. They would be adorned with garlands, wreaths, offerings and anointed with oil to obtain luck and protection.

## Gallery

File:Rustic sanctuary Louvre CA2935.jpg|Attic red-figure lekythos, 475-450 BC, Louvre
File:Fedor Bronnikov 001.jpg|Consecration of the herm by Fedor Bronnikov
File:Mahdia pilier Leroux.jpg|A bronze herma at the Bardo National Museum
Charles Edward Trevelyan

**Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet** (2 April 1807 – 19 June 1886) was a British civil servant, cabinet member, colonial administrator, and oriental scholar best known for his administration of the famine relief effort in Ireland during the Potato Famine, while he was assistant secretary to Her Majesty's Treasury. He has been criticized for not doing enough to help the Irish during the Potato Famine. He wrote a book about the famine called *The Irish Crisis*. 

## References
Penelope (movie)

***Penelope*** is a 2006 American fantasy romantic comedy movie. It received mixed reviews by critics. It stars Christina Ricci, James McAvoy, Richard E. Grant, Peter Dinklage, Burn Gorman, Nigel Havers and Catherine O'Hara with Reese Witherspoon.
## Other websites
*
26th of July Movement

, with the Cuban flag left, and the flag of the movement, right]]
The **26th of July Movement** was the name of the political party led by Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution. In Spanish, it is called **Movimiento 26 de Julio**, it is often abbreviated **M-26-7**. The name comes from the date of the attack on the Moncada Barracks, in Santiago de Cuba, which was carried out on 26th July 1953. The participants were condemned to long prison terms, but were freed at an amnesty in 1955. After this, they formed the movement. Their strategy was armed resistance, in small cells, that were spread all over the country, and were kept secret. Frank País was made the leader of the resistance in Cuba, other activists were Raúl Pujol, Celia Sánchez, Haydée Santamaría, Aldo Santamaría and Vilma Espín.

Fidel castro and other Moncadistas went into exile. Castro went to Mexico, where he met Ernesto Guevara. In 1956, Fidel and Raul Castro, Juan Almeida Bosque, Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos went back to Cuba to support the cells there. After two years of guerilla fighting, Fulgencio Batista fled from Cuba, in 1959. 

Until the fall of Batista, the forces did not have a Marxist ideology, rather they were different people collaborating to overturn the Batista regime. Later they started to work together with the Communist Party of Cuba. In 1961, they merged with the Communist Party.
Coalbrookdale

**Coalbrookdale** is a village in the Ironbridge Gorge in Shropshire, England. It is in an area of great significance in the history of industrialisation. This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal".

The coal was drawn from drift mines in the sides of the valley. As it contained far fewer impurities than normal coal, the iron it produced was of a superior quality. Along with many other industrial developments that were going on in other parts of the country, this discovery was a major factor in the growing industrialisation of Britain. It was the Industrial Revolution.

Today, Coalbrookdale is home to the Ironbridge Institute, a partnership between the University of Birmingham and the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust offering postgraduate and professional courses in .

## References