open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kuril Islands

]]
The **Kuril Islands** (; ; ), also called the , are a group of islands (archipelago) between Russia and Japan. The northern islands are an undisputed part of Russia and four southernmost islands are disputed by Japan. Both countries say that they own the four islands in the south of the group. This disagreement is called the Kuril Islands dispute.

Japan is asking for return of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan and Habomai subgroup. They say that these islands are being illegally held by Russia. Several political parties in Japan are asking for return of all Chishima Islands. Russia has said that it would return Shikotan and Habomai subgroup in 1956 but Japan did not agree to this agreement because it meant the United States would keep the island of Okinawa.

## North-Chishima / North Kurils 
* Shumshu (占守島/)
* Araido (阿頼度島/Atarasov)
* Paramushiru (Paramushiru, Horomushiro / 幌筵島)
* Shirinki( 志林規島/Antsiferov)
* Makanru (Makanru / 磨勘留島 Makanrusi)
* Onnekotan (温禰古丹島/Onekotan)
* Harimukotan (春牟古丹島)
* Ekaruma ( 越渇磨島/Ekarma)
* Chirinkotan (知林古丹島)
* Shiashukotan (捨子古丹島 Shaskotan)
* Raikoke (雷公計島)
* Matsuwa(松輪島 Matuwa)
* Rashowa(羅処和島 Rasowa)
* Ushishiru ( 宇志知島/Uchicir)
* Ketoi ( 計吐夷島/Ketoy)
* Simushiru ( 新知島/Shimushir)
* Buroton (武魯頓島/Buroton)
* Chirpoi (知理保以島/Chirihoy)
* Chirihoinan (知理保以南島/Brat Chirpoyev)
* Uruppu ( 得撫島/Urup)

## South Chishima / South Kuril 
* Etorofu (Iturup / 択捉島)
* Kunashiri (Kunashiri / 国後島)

## Little Kuril 
Japan says these are not a part of the Chishima Islands at all (Habomai shoto (歯舞諸島) →　2008.3.21 - Habomai Gunto（歯舞群島）):
* Shikotan （色丹島）
* Todo/Kaiba（海馬島), Lisii/Shishki
* Taraku(多楽島), Polonskogo
* Shibotsu(志発島), Zelyoni
* Yuri (勇留島)
* Akiyuri(秋勇留島), Anuchina
* Harukaru (春苅島), Dyomina
* Suishō （水晶島), Tanfilyeva
* Kaigara(貝殻島), Signalny

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan
* Chishima Islands dispute
Baroque (band)

**Baroque** (written as **baroque**) is a Japanese visual kei rock band. Although all members of Baroque were men, they dressed up when they performed in concert. At their concerts, their received much criticism and so the band broke up.

MembersRyo (Vocals)Kei (Guitar)Bansaku (Bass)Akira(Guitar)
Kassel (district)

**Kassel** is a *Landkreis* (Rural District) in the north of Hesse, Germany. The district-free city Kassel is nearly completely surrounded by the district.

## History 
1972 the previous districts of Kassel, Hofgeismar and Wolfhagen were joined to form the newly established district of Kassel.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website
Transvaal

The **Transvaal** (lit. *beyond the Vaal [pale river]*) is the name of an area of northern South Africa. At the start, it made up a great part of the independent Boer South African Republic. Before the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 it was the Transvaal Colony. It is one of the original provinces of the Union of South Africa from 1910 until 1994 with capital in Pretoria. The province no longer exists, and its territory now forms the provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga and part of the North West Province. Even though it no longer exists as an administrative unit, the Transvaal is still a commonly used geographical term and retains its historical meaning.

## References
Umpire (baseball)

In baseball, the **umpire** is someone who makes sure all of the rules are followed. Umpires are also used in tennis, cricket, and other sports.

The umpire officiates the game. Their responsibilities include:
*beginning and ending the game
*enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds
*making judgment calls on plays
*meeting out discipline
Unna

**Unna** is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is on an ancient salt-trading route, the Hellweg road.

## References
## Other websites
Max Weber (disambiguation)

**Max Weber** may refer to:

*Max Weber (general) (1824 –1901)
*Max Weber (sociologist ) (1864 –1920) 
*Max Weber (artist) (1881 – 1961)
*Max Weber (politician) (1897 – 1974)
Max Weber (politician)

**Max Weber** (August 2, 1897 – December 2, 1974) was a Swiss politician.

He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on December 13, 1951 and handed over office on January 31, 1954. He was member of the Social Democratic Party. During his time in office he held the Department of Finance.

## Other websites 
*Max Weber
Max Weber (general)

*There is also a Max Weber, German political economist and sociologist.*
----

**Maximilian "Max" Emil Weber** (August 27, 1824 in Achern – June 15, 1901 in Brooklyn) was a military officer in the armies of Germany and later the United States, most known for serving as a brigadier general in the Union army during the American Civil War.

## Other websites 
*Max Weber
Linda Lingle

**Linda Lingle** (born **Linda Cutter**; June 4, 1953) is an American politician. She was the sixth Governor of Hawaii. She is a Republican.

## References
Cebuano language

**Cebuano** (also referred to as **Bisaya**) is one of the main languages spoken in the Philippines. More than 28 million people speak this language. Cebuano is a member of the "Visayan language family". 

While Tagalog has more speakers than any other language in the Philippines today, Cebuano was the most widely spoken language in the Philippines from the 1950s until the 1980s. Cebuano is by far the most widely spoken of the "Visayan languages".

It is the most spoken language by many people in the Central Visayas, western parts of the Eastern Visayas, some western parts of Palawan and most parts of Mindanao. Cebuano is one of the three main Visayan languages, along with Waray, Hiligaynon and Davaoeño, which are more closely related to it.

## Name 
The name of the language comes from the Philippine island of Cebu, suffixed with the Spanish *-ano* (meaning nature, or a location). In other words, the language is more commonly called *Bisaya*. However, this can cause confusion among non-native speakers, as there are many other languages called *Bisaya* even though they cannot be understood by people who speak what linguists call *Cebuano*. In this sense, *Cebuano* applies to all speakers of the language who come from Cebu island, regardless of where they live now, as well as to the language they speak.

Some people do not like the term *Cebuano*. For example, many Cebuano speakers in Leyte, Bohol, and Northern Mindanao (Dipolog, Dapitan, Misamis Occidental, and Misamis Oriental, as well as in coastal areas of Butuan) say that their ancestors were Cebuano speakers who were native to their area, not immigrants or settlers from the Visayas. Also, they want to call themselves as Bisaya and their language *Binisaya* rather than *Cebuano*.

## Cebuano numbers 
Cebuano has two numeral systems. The native system is mostly used for counting things, like animals or houses. The Spanish system is only used for money and time. It is also used for counting from 11 and up.

## Sample phrases 
## Related pages
*Cebuano Wikipedia

## References
## Other websites
* Cebuano Dictionary
Nunningen

**Nunningen** is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Isengard (Norwegian band)

**Isengard** was the side project of Darkthrone's drummer and poet Fenriz.

## Albums 
* Vinterskugge (1994)
* Høstmørke (1995)
* Traditional Doom Cult (2016)
* Vårjevndøgn (2020)
Bunker (disambiguation)

A **bunker** is a defensive military building.

**Bunker** can also mean:
* Bunker (golf), a sand trap on a golf course.
* A paintball bunker
* Bunker Tragedy
* Bunker fuel, the fuel carried by a ship for propulsion

**Media**
* *The Bunker*, a 1978 book about the last days of Hitler
* The Bunker (movie) could mean two moviess:
** *The Bunker* (1981 movie), a movie based on the 1978 book
** *The Bunker* (2001 movie), with Jason Flemying
* *Bunker Bean*, a 1936 movie
* *Bunker 13*, a 2003 novel by Aniruddha Bahal 

**Places**:
* Bunker Hill
* Bunker, Missouri

**People**:
* Berkeley L. Bunker, an American Senator and Representative
* Bunker Roy, an Indian social activist
* Edward Bunker, the writer
* Edward Bunker (Mormon pioneer)
* Ellsworth Bunker, an American diplomat
* Mark Bunker, a television producer
* Wally Bunker (born 1945), a former Major League Baseball pitcher
Tom DeLonge

**Thomas Matthew DeLonge, Jr.** (born December 13, 1975) is an American musician. He was the guitarist of Pop-punk band blink-182, until their break up in 2005. He also took a part in a project called Box Car Racer. He plays and records with Angels & Airwaves, his new band that he started after blink-182's break up. In 2009, blink-182 reunited, and they released a new album in September 2011, titled Neighborhoods. In 2012, blink-182 toured Australia for the first time since 2004.
Oconto County, Wisconsin

**Oconto County** is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  There were 38,965 people living in Oconto county as of the year 2020.  The county seat is Oconto.

## Geography
The county has an area of 1,149&nbsp;square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

### Counties nearby 
*Marinette County - northeast
*Brown County - south
*Shawano County - southwest
*Menominee County - west
*Langlade County - west
*Forest County - northwest

## Cities and towns 
*Abrams
*Bagley
*Brazeau
*Breed
*Chase
*Doty
*Gillett (town)
*Gillett
*How
*Lakewood
*Lena (town)
*Lena
*Little River
*Little Suamico
*Maple Valley
*Morgan
*Mountain
*Oconto Falls (town)
*Oconto Falls
*Oconto (town)
*Oconto
*Pensaukee
*Pulaski (partial)
*Riverview
*Spruce
*Stiles
*Suring
*Townsend
*Underhill

## References
## Other websites
*Oconto County
*Oconto County Tourism & Development
Pyroclastic flow

, Philippines, in 1984.]]

A **pyroclastic flow,** pronounced pie-roh-class-tick, (also known as a **pyroclastic density current**) is a flow of hot volcanic gas and tephra, during a volcanic eruption. A cloud forms over the current of hot rock. This boiling column of superheated gas, sand, tephra, obsidian, and pumice can reach soaring temperatures of  and its average speed ranges from  to . 

They are extremely dangerous and can be deadly. A person cannot outrun a pyroclastic flow. Learn more at USGS.gov.
Stuart Duncan

**Stuart Duncan** (born April 14, 1964) is an American fiddle, banjo, mandolin, and guitar player. In his career, Duncan has recorded with artists such as Dolly Parton, Barbra Streisand, George Strait, Reba McEntire, Bela Fleck, Jerry Douglas, and Chris Thile.

## Other websites
*http://www.mikecompton.net/Photos/Promo/NBB.Bio_TwentyYearBlues.doc
Class (programming)

**Class** and **object** are basic building blocks in object-oriented programming languages. A **class** is written by a programmer in a defined structure to create an object (computer science) in an object oriented programming language. It defines a set of properties and methods that are common to all objects of one type.  

**For example**, a class could be a car, which could have a color field, four tire fields, and a drive method.
Another related class could be a truck, which would have similar fields, but not be exactly the same as a car. Both a car and a truck could be a kind of a third class which could be called a vehicle class. In this way, the programmer could create the parts of the program that are the same for both the car and the truck in programming the vehicle class, yet the programmer would be free to program how a car is different from a truck without duplicating all of the programming.

**In this example**, there are three classes: 1) a class called "car", 2) a class called "pick-up truck", and 3) a class called "vehicle". These classes would be used to make objects. Although there is only one class called "car", there could be many objects that are created from the class called "car". And, although there is only one class that is called "truck", many objects of type truck could be created from this class. The "vehicle" class is actually general and there would probably not be any objects that were only of the class "vehicle". But a car would be a kind of vehicle and a truck would also be a kind of vehicle. So, you could say that both cars and trucks are from the same class, vehicle.

Inside of classes are two kinds of things: methods and fields (or properties). Methods can store the code for doing actions; in this example you could have a drive method and a brake method, and maybe a turnRight and turnLeft method. Fields store data; you could have a color field, a speed field and a size field. You can call methods by first making an object of the Car or Truck class, and call it for example ferrari, and doing ferrari.methodName(). In this case, if we wanted to make the vehicle move, we could do ferrari.drive().

## Example 
Here is an example realized with Java. Please notice that all unnecessary aspects are left out.

```java
public class vehicle { // base class for all vehicles
  String color; // field color
  int position; // field position
  
  public void drive(int distance) { // method drive
    this.position += distance;
  }
}

public class car extends vehicle {
  int persons; // a new field called persons
  
  public void getIn() { // method to get into the car
    this.persons++;
  }
  
  public void getOut() { // method to get out of the car
    this.persons--;
  }
}

public class truck extends vehicle {
  String load; // a new field called load
  
  public void load(String load) { // method to load the truck
    this.load = load;
  }
  
  public String unload() { // method to unload the truck
    String oldLoad = this.load;
    this.load = null;
    return oldLoad;
  }
}
```
Islamic Golden Age

The **Islamic Golden Age**, also sometimes known as the **Islamic Renaissance**, is traditionally said to have lasted from the 8th century to the 13th century. However, some place its start as early as the Umayyad Caliphate (founded in 661 by Caliph Mu'awiya I) and its end as late as the late 15th and the 16th centuries, including the rise of the Islamic gunpowder empires: the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire.

The Islamic Golden Age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) who started in the 8th century the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, the world's largest city. The library saw scholars from all over the Muslim world flock to translate the known world's classical knowledge into Arabic and Persian.  Under the Umayyads, Al-Andalus also became a centre of science, medicine, philosophy, and inventions during the Islamic Golden Age. 
 
The period got its name because engineers, scholars, and traders in the Islamic world did much for the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology. They built upon earlier traditions and added inventions and innovations of their own. Howard R. Turner wrote, "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and laborers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent."

## Other websites 
* Golden age of Arab and Islamic Culture 
* The Influence of Islamic Philosophy and Ethics on The Development of Medicine During the Islamic Renaissance - By Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal

## Notes
Loggerhead sea turtle

The **loggerhead sea turtle** or **loggerhead**, (*Caretta caretta*), is a type of turtle that lives in the sea. It is from the family Cheloniidae.    

Loggerheads live in the seas around the world. Most of the beaches where loggerheads lay eggs are found on the coasts of the United States in North America (mostly in Florida), Oman in Asia, and Australia in the Pacific Ocean. Some loggerheads also live near other countries like Chile, Greece, and Indonesia.

## How they live 
Loggerheads eat fish, squid, jellyfish, crabs, and other small sea animals. Loggerheads mate while they are moving in the seas mostly from March to June every 2 or 3 years. When they are ready to lay eggs female loggerheads always come back to the same beach where they came out of their eggs as babies. Most loggerheads lay eggs in June and July. Most lay between 100 and 126 eggs. The eggs look much like ping-pong balls.

When they come out of the eggs baby loggerheads are called *hatchlings*. They usually come out at night so that other animals, like birds and crabs, do not eat them. The hatchlings follow light from the morning sun to the sea. They swim out to parts of the ocean that have seaweed (plants that grow in the sea) to hide from other animals while they grow.

Most loggerheads move to warm waters during months that are colder but some hibernate, or sleep for long times, when it is cold. When they are hibernating they can stay under the water for up to seven hours before coming up for air.

Loggerheads live 30 to 50 years or more.

## Protecting them from people 
In the past loggerhead sea turtles were hunted by people for meat and for their eggs. Also their fat and shells were used to make medicines, combs, and other things. The number of loggerheads today is small and so governments in many countries have laws that do not allow them to be hunted anymore.

The main danger for loggerheads now is the nets used by fishermen which can accidentally kill the turtles. They are also killed by boats, fishing hooks, and other dangers from people.

Civilization is harming the loggerhead reproduction cycle, due to beach construction.

## Related pages 
*Sea turtle
*Hawksbill turtle

## Further reading 
*  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used
* Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection - Endangered, Threatened & Special Concern Reptiles 
*https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070922/ap_on_go_ot/loggerhead_turtles_2

## Other websites 
* **International**: 
* **U.S.**: Loggerhead Turtle- by NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources
* **Florida**: Loggerhead Sea Turtle - by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's North Florida Field Office
* **Caribbean**: Caribbean Conservation Corporation & Sea Turtle Survival League
* **Africa**: Marine Turtles-Africa - Convention on Migratory Species
Auguste Charlois

**Auguste Honoré Charlois** (26 November 1864 – 26 March 1910) was a French astronomer who discovered 99 asteroids while working in Nice, France.

He first discovered the asteroid 267 Tirza in 1887. He was awarded the Valz Prize by the French Academy of Sciences in 1889 for his work on calculating asteroid orbits. He was also awarded the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France in 1899.

## Murder 
When he was 45 years old, he was murdered by Gabriel Brengues, over an inheritance by the death of Jeanne (née Brengues). The man was found guilty and given a life sentence of hard labor in New Caledonia.

## References
Mudflow

.]]
 volcanic eruption.]]

A **mudflow** or **mudslide** occurs when mud travels down a slope very quickly. Mudflows, which are like giant moving mud pies, happen when lots of water mixes with soil and rock. The water makes the slippery mass of mud flow quickly down. Mudflows happen most in mountainous places where a long dry season is followed by heavy rains. 

Mudflows of volcanic eruptions are the most dangerous, and are called **lahars**. A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. Lahars can move as quickly as 80km/h and are as thick as liquid concrete.

Lahars have several possible causes:
* Snow and glaciers can be melted by lava or pyroclastic flows during an eruption
* A flood caused by a glacier, lake breakout, or heavy rainfall can release a lahar, also called glacier run
* Water from a crater lake, combined with volcanic material in an eruption
Lahars can occur without volcanic activity, if conditions are right for the collapse and movement of mud from existing volcanic ash deposits.
* Snow and glaciers can melt during periods of mild weather
* Earthquakes underneath or close to the volcano can shake material loose and cause it to collapse triggering a lahar avalanche.
*Rainfall or typhoons can cause slabs of solidified mud to come rushing down the slopes, with devastating results. 

## References
Robertstown

**Robertstown** is a village in County Kildare, Ireland.  It is near to many famous villages such as Allenwood.

## People 
Robertstown has a population of 707 people.
Fédération Cynologique Internationale

The **Fédération Cynologique Internationale** (**FCI**, World Canine Organisation) is an association of kennel clubs. It is based in Thuin, Belgium.

It has 84 members and contract partners (one member per country) that each issue their own *pedigrees* (rules about how each type of dog should look) and train their own judges. The FCI makes sure that the pedigrees and judges are of one FCI member are recognised by all other FCI members.

## Other websites 
*World Canine Organisation, in English
Breckerfeld

**Breckerfeld** is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, (Germany). It is in the southeastern part of the Ruhr area in northern Sauerland.

## References
## Other websites
Paul Raud

**Paul Raud** (October 22, 1865 - November 22, 1930) was an Estonian painter. He had twin brother, Kristijan Raud, who was also painter. Paul Raud studied in Düsseldorfi art academy.

## Related pages
*Düsseldorf school of painting
Ellen Axson Wilson

**Ellen Louise Axson Wilson** (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914), first wife of Woodrow Wilson was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death.

## Early life
Ellen spent her childhood in  Rome, Georgia. Her father’s name was Reverend S.E. Axson. Her father was a Presbyterian minister. Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw Ellen when he was about six and she only a baby. In 1883, as a young lawyer from Atlanta, "Tommy" visited Rome (Georgia) and met "Miss Ellie Lou" again. She was looking after her father’s household. He wanted to marry her. The marriage took place in 1885, as she did not immediately wanted to leave her father alone. 

In the same year, her husband got a teaching job at Bryn Mawr College.  They lived near the campus. She kept her younger brother with them. The Wilson couple had three children. Margaret was born in 1886; Jessie was born in 1887. A third child named Eleanor was born in Connecticut, while Wilson was teaching at Wesleyan University. 

Beginning in 1890, her husband had a well-known career at Princeton University. This brought much social responsibility to Ellen.  She spent most of her time painting.  She had a studio in the White House where she painted. 

## First Lady
The Wilson couple began their administration without any party. As the First Lady, Ellen’s entertainments were also simple. But her  and warmness made the people happy. Her parties became successes. 

As the First Lady, Ellen Wilson tried for improving the housing for the "Negroes" living in Washington D.C. She visited the slums where Negro families lived. This brought their bad living condition to the attention of the Congressmen.

## Death
She had Bright's disease. She died on 6 August 1914 after an operation on her appendix. At the time of her death, she quietly said to the physician: "…take good care of my husband." She also told her physician to tell her husband to marry again after her death. Wilson was very sad at her death. He took her to Rome, Georgia for burial. He would later marry Edith Wilson in 1915.

## References
**Original text based on White House biography *
Alhazen

**Alhazen** or **Alhacen** or ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) was a pioneer of modern optics. Some have also described him as a "pioneer of the modern scientific method" and "first scientist", but others think this overstates his contribution. Alhazen's *Risala fi’l-makan* (Treatise on Place) discussed theories on the motion of a body. He maintained that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its direction of motion. He laid foundations for telescopic astronomy.

He was an Arab Muslim polymath who made contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, Muslim theology, visual perception. He is sometimes called **al-Basri** (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra in Iraq (Mesopotamia).

Alhazen lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 74. When he was ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he realized he could not do it, and retired from engineering. Fearing for his life, he pretended to be mad, and was placed under house arrest. For the rest of his life he devoted himself entirely to his scientific work.

## Related pages
* Islamic Golden Age
* Book of Optics
* Scientific method

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Ibn al-Haitham on two Iraqi banknotes 
* The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn Haitham
* Roshdi Rashed, A Polymath in the 10th century, *Science* **297** (2002): 773
* A.I. Sabra, "Ibn al-Haytham: brief life of an Arab mathematician"
Hermanas Mirabal Province

**Hermanas Mirabal** (known previously as **Salcedo province**) is a Dominican province, in the north-central part of the country. Its capital city is Salcedo.

It was created on 1952 with the name Province Salcedo. In November 2007, its name was changed to Hermanas Mirabal. It was a municipality of the Espaillat province before being elevated to the category of province.

## Location
The Hermanas Mirabal province is bordered to the north and the west by the province of Espaillat, to the east by the Duarte province and to the south by La Vega.

## Origin of name
*Hermanas Mirabal* ("Mirabal Sisters") were three sisters (Patria, Minerva and María Teresa Mirabal) that lived in Ojo de Agua, a small town in this province, and that were killed on 25 November 1960 by people of the dictator Rafael Trujillo. That day, 25 November, is now known as the *International Day of Non Violence Against Women*.

## History
The province was created in 1952 with the name of *Salcedo province*, with the municipalities of Salcedo and Tenares, that were parts of the Espaillat province; Salcedo was named as capital of the province.

In 1959, Villa Tapia became a municipal district of the province but was made a municipality in 1968. Blanco was made a municipal district in 1968 and Jamao Afuera in 2003.

## Population 
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Hermanas Mirabal province, and 26,649 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km², one of the highest in the country

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 24th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 92,353 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is Salcedo, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in ) of 35,306 inhabitants.

The only protected area in the province is the *Reserva Científica La Salcedoa* ("Scientific Reserve La Salcedoa"), created to protect the habitat of an endemic plant: the *Salcedoa mirabaliarum*. The area is in a karstic region and includes part of the Espaillat province.

### Climate
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year.

### Municipalities
There are 3 municipalities and 2 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:

## Economy
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantain, cassava, coffee and cacao.

## Related pages
* Provinces of the Dominican Republic
* Development regions of the Dominican Republic

## References
Weather balloon

Upper Air station, Nunavut, Canada]]

A **weather** or **sounding balloon** is a balloon (specifically a type of high altitude balloon) which carries instruments in the sky to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity by means of a small measuring tool called a radiosonde. To get wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite based Global Positioning System). 

The invention of the weather balloon started the age of remote sensing, the ability to collect information where there are no people.  Weather balloons are a major tool of atmospheric research. High altitude balloons have also been used by astronomers and cosmologists to take readings of certain particle frequencies or gather light readings free of excessive disturbance from Earth's lower atmosphere (troposphere).

The first observation balloon was launched immediately before the first manned balloon flight by Frenchmen Jean-François de Rozier and the Marquis d'Aalandes on November 21, 1783, for a pre-flight wind reading. Later, French meteorologist Leon Teisserenc de Bort (1855-1913) pioneered the use of weather balloons, handily proving their utility. With balloon-acquired data, he determined the existence of a lower level of the atmosphere, which he termed the troposphere or "sphere of change," where weather takes place. Since the 1930s, when radio tracking systems were invented, balloons have been used as complete floating weather stations, using such instruments as thermometers, barometers, hygrometers, cameras, and telescopes.

Many agencies use weather balloon flights to model the atmosphere and to make more accurate weather predictions.  They collect such atmospheric information as temperature , pressure, and humidity that can then be plotted on weather maps. Three-dimensional atmospheric modeling is also possible using weather balloons because the instruments they carry are able to provide data collected from several different altitude points.  Since they started, the long bags of helium have been carrying aloft increasingly sophisticated observation devices.  The take the science of weather observation literally to the edges of outer space .
Balneário Camboriú

**Balneário Camboriú** is a Brazilian city in the state of Santa Catarina. In 2018, 138,732 people lived there. It is about  from the city of Florianópolis, the state capital. Balneário Camboriú has an area of .

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Blumenau

**Blumenau** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil, with 363,340 inhabitants. It is 130 km from the state capital Florianópolis.

The city was founded on September 2, 1850, by German chemist and pharmacist Hermann Blumenau along with seventeen other German immigrants, and is famous for its traditional German architecture and cultural heritage, including the second largest Oktoberfest in the world
Criciúma

**Criciúma** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil. The biggest city in Santa Catarina is Joinville.

## Other websites
*City’s official website (in Portuguese)
Brusque

**Brusque** can mean:

*Brusque, Aveyron: A French commune in the department of Aveyron and the area Midi-Pyrénées.                                                                                       

*Brusque, Brazil: A Brazilian municipality in the state of Santa Catarina.
Berwick-upon-Tweed

**Berwick-upon-Tweed** is a town in Northumberland, United Kingdom. It is the most northerly town in England, and is 2 miles from Scotland. Around 15,000 people live in Berwick. Many people visit Berwick because it is a nearby market town.

Berwick used to be a Scottish town and a very important port. The town's ownership has changed more than 12 times. In 1482, the English took Berwick and never lost it again. Today, many Scottish people live in Berwick.

The Scottish county called Berwickshire is named after Berwick.

## References
Instrumental

An **instrumental** is music that has no words or people singing. The music is made only by musical instruments, or by makings sounds using other things, like bins.

Some types of music like Jazz and classical music have a lot of instrumentals, but most other types of popular music do not.

Some very popular instrumental songs are:

* "Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith
* "Grazing in the Grass" by Hugh Masekela
* "Classical Gas" by Mason Williams
* "Introduction" by Matchbook Romance
* "The Fall of Rome" by Winter Solstice
* "Frankenstein" by Edgar Winter Group
* "Love's Theme" by Love Unlimited Orchestra
* "The Hustle" - Van McCoy
* "Rise" by Herb Alpert
* "Chariots of Fire" by Vangelis
* "Miami Vice Theme" by Jan Hammer

## References
Joinville

**Joinville** is a city in Santa Catarina state in southern Brazil. It is a major industrial city. It is the largest city in Santa Catarina. About 550,000 people live in the city, and about 1.3 million people live in the surrounding metropolitan area. Most of the people are of German, Swiss and Norwegian descent. It is the third largest city in the southern region of Brazil. 
## Industry
Joinville is also the third largest industrial center in southern Brazil. The region produces more than 30% of the total GDP of the state of Santa Catarina. The largest corporations with headquarters in the city are Amanco, Busscar, Ciser, Datasul, Docol, Döhler, Embraco, Tupy, Lepper, Tigre, Wetzel, Whirlpool, Viqua, Schulz, and Universal Leaf Tobacco.
## Dance festival
Joinville is known as the city of the Princes, flowers, dance and bicycles. The Joinville Dance Festival is a major event in the month of July  - it is recognized as the world's largest dance festival (listed in the Guinness Book of Records). A subsidiary of the School of Ballet of the Bolshoi Theatre, the only one outside Russia, is highlighted in the training of dancers.
## Airport
The Airport of Joinville (Lauro Carneiro de Loyola) is one of the largest in South Region. It is located 13&nbsp;km from the city center, 110&nbsp;km from airport and 163&nbsp;km from Curitiba to Florianópolis Airport. Of Joinville there are several daily flights to São Paulo (Congonhas), through Companies: Gol Airlines, TAM and Azul.
Currywurst

**Currywurst** is a German dish.  It is made from a pork sausage (), sliced and covered in a *curry sauce* (usually ketchup or tomato paste blended with curry) and generous amounts of curry powder. 

Currywurst is often sold as a take-out/take-away food, Schnell-Imbisse, at diners or "greasy spoons," on children's menus in restaurants, or as a street food.

Berlin legend says that Herta Heuwer, from Königsberg, invented the currywurst sauce by experimenting at her stall in Berlin-Charlottenburg in 1949.

People from the Ruhr-area say that the sauce was accidentally invented by a sausage stall owner in Essen, who dropped a can with curry powder into some ketchup. 

Early in his career German pop singer Herbert Grönemeyer, raised in Bochum, wrote a song, in the Ruhr dialect, to currywurst.

Although Berlin claims currywurst as its invention and "national dish", all over Germany, there are more than 20 different types of currywurst.

## Other websites
*All about Currywurst (German Fanpage)
*Currywurst Club Hamburg (German Fanpage) 
*Deutsches Currywurst Museum Berlin
*Currywurst recipe variant and photos 

## References
Vulgate

The **Vulgate** (lat. *Vulgata*) is a translation of the Christian Bible. St. Jerome did most of the work. The Vulgate was written in Latin in the 5th century.

*Versio vulgata*  is Latin for the "version commonly used".

## Other websites 
* The Clementine Vulgate, searchable  – 2005 Edition. Michael Tweedale, et alia. No apocrypha.
* Biblia Vulgata  Stuttgart edition , flanked by Douay-Rheims and King James Versions
* Stuttgart Vulgate, with Douay-Rheims Version, Gallican Psalter and complete Daniel
*Stuttgart Vulgate with Apocrypha, but missing *Psalm 151* and *Laodiceans*
* Nova Vulgata, from the Vatican
* Timeline of Jerome's translations 
* Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible  Complete digitized texts of the two Gutenberg bibles in the British Library
*Codex Gigas – Official Codex Gigas site at the National Library of Sweden. Complete digitized manuscript.
* Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia  – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (1)
* Quattuor Evangeliorum Consonantia  – The Latin harmony of the Gospels (2)
* Free audio recording of Psalm 22(23) from the juxta Hebraicum psalter by Librivox
* Latin Vulgate Project with Douay-Rheims version
* Biblia Sacra Vulgata – Novum Testamentum Latine (Latin)
* Learn Bible Latin reading the Vulgate from lesson 1
* SacredBible.org the Clementine Vulgate in the 1861 Vercellone, 1914 Hetzenauer, and 1822 Leander van Ess editions.
* Greek Latin Audio downloadable audio files of almost the entire New Testatment Vulgate
Johann Palisa

**Johann Palisa** (December 6 1848–May 2 1925) was an Austrian astronomer, born in Troppau in Austrian Silesia (now in the Czech Republic).

He was a good finder of asteroids, finding 122 in all, from 136 Austria in 1874 to 1073 Gellivara in 1923. Some of the notable asteroids he found include 153 Hilda, 216 Kleopatra, 243 Ida, 253 Mathilde, 324 Bamberga, and the Amor asteroid 719 Albert.

The asteroid 914 Palisana and the Palisa crater on the Moon were named in his honour.

## Early work
From 1866 to 1870, Palisa studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Vienna; however, he did not graduate until 1884. Despite this, by 1870 he was an assistant at the University's observatory, and a year later gained a position at the observatory in Geneva. A few years later, in 1872, at the age of 24, Palisa became the leader of the Austrian Naval Observatory in Pola. While at Pola, he found his first asteroid, 136 Austria, on March 18, 1874. Along with this, he found twenty-seven minor planets and one comet. During his stay in Pola he used a small six-inch refractor telescope to aid in his research.

## Family
Palisa named some of the asteroids after his family: (320) Katharina after his mother, Katherina, (321) Florentina after his daughter Florentine. His second wife is Anna.

## Sources
### Obituaries
*
São José

There are a lot parishes that have the name **São José** (Portuguese for Saint Joseph):

## In Europe
### In the Azores
*São José, a parish in the municipality of Ponta Delgada

### In Portugal
*São José, a parish in the municipality of Lisbon
*São José, a parish in the municipality of Viseu

## In South America
### In Brazil
*São José, Santa Catarina
*São José do Alegre, Minas Gerais
*São José dos Ausentes, Rio Grande do Sul
*São José da Barra, Minas Gerais
*São José do Barreiro, São Paulo
*São José dos Basílios, Maranhão
*São José da Bela Vista, São Paulo
*São José do Belmonte, Pernambuco
*São José da Boa Vista, Paraná
*São José do Bonfim, Paraíba
*São José do Brejo do Cruz, Paraíba
*São José de Caiana, Paraíba
*São José do Calçado, Espírito Santo
*São José do Campestre, Rio Grande do Norte
*São José dos Campos, São Paulo
*São José do Cedro, Santa Catarina
*São José do Cerrito, Santa Catarina
*São José dos Cordeiros, Paraíba
*São José da Coroa Grande, Pernambuco
*São José do Divino, Minas Gerais
*São José do Divino, Piauí
*São José do Egito, Pernambuco
*São José de Espinharas, Paraíba
*São José do Goiabal, Minas Gerais
*São José do Herval, Rio Grande do Sul
*São José do Hortêncio, Rio Grande do Sul
*São José do Inhacorá, Rio Grande do Sul
*São José do Jacuípe, Bahia
*São José do Jacuri, Minas Gerais
*São José da Lagoa Tapada, Paraíba
*São José da Laje, Alagoas
*São José da Lapa, Minas Gerais
*São José do Mantimento, Minas Gerais
*São José de Mipibu, Rio Grande do Norte
*São José das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul
*São José do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul
*São José do Ouro, Rio Grande do Sul
*São José das Palmeiras, Paraná
*São José do Peixe, Piauí
*São José do Piauí, Piauí
*São José dos Pinhais, Paraná
*São José de Piranhas, Paraíba
*São José do Povo, Mato Grosso
*São José de Princesa, Paraíba
*São José dos Quatro Marcos, Mato Grosso
*São José dos Ramos, Paraíba
*São José de Ribamar, Maranhão
*São José do Rio Claro, Mato Grosso
*São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo
*São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo
*São José do Sabugi, Paraíba
*São José da Safira, Minas Gerais
*São José do Seridó, Rio Grande do Norte
*São José da Tapera, Alagoas
*São José de Ubá, Rio de Janeiro
*São José do Vale do Rio Preto, Rio de Janeiro
*São José da Varginha, Minas Gerais
*São José da Vitória, Bahia
*São José do Xingu, Mato Grosso

## Sports
*São José Esporte Clube, a Brazilian football club.
*Esporte Clube São José, a Brazilian football club.
*Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa São José, a Brazilian football club.

## Other 
*The *São José*, a Portuguese shipwreck off Mozambique that sunk on July 23, 1622. The ship belonged to the flotilla that brought Francisco da Gama to Goa for his second term (1622–1628) as Vice-Roy of Portuguese India.http://www.arq.de/downloads/news/june2005_not1_eng.pdf
Progression

**Progression** can be any of the following:

In **mathematics**:
* Arithmetic progression
* Geometric progression

In **music**:
* Chord progression, series of chords played in order
** Backdoor progression
** Omnibus progression
** Ragtime progression, chord progression of ragtime

In **other fields**:
* Age progression
* Color progression
* Semantic progression, how words become other words
Corsican

**Corsican** might mean:

*Anything related to Corsica, a Mediterranean island that belongs to France
*The Corsican language
Charing Cross Hospital

**Charing Cross Hospital** is a hospital in Hammersmith. It is part of Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust.

Charing Cross Hospital was set up in Villiers Street, London, in 1823. It became known as Charing Cross Hospital in 1827. It was set up after Dr. Benjamin Golding started a meeting in 1818.

It was originally built in Central London but it was moved after World War II. It reopened on Fulham Palace Road in 1973. The hospital was designed and built by Decimus Burton. It was much bigger and more modern than others at the time. Today it is still in use. It is a teaching hospital for students. It has 15 floors.

## References
United States Geological Survey

The **United States Geological Survey** (**USGS**) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The agency is a part of the United States Department of the Interior. 

The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines: biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The USGS is a fact-finding research organization. It has no power to regulate.

The USGS science focus is on seven "Mission Areas", (1) Climate and land use change, (2) Core science systems, (3) Ecosystems, (4) Energy and minerals, (5) Environmental health, (6) Natural hazards, and (7) Water.  

Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units.  Other specific programs include:

## Earthquakes 
The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. Its National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Golden, Colorado detects the location and magnitude of global earthquakes. The USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the U.S. under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System  (ANSS). The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and the public, both domestic and worldwide, about significant earthquakes. It also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards.

The USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages. Real-time streamflow data are available online.
The motto of the USGS is "*Science for a changing world*."

## Other websites 
## References
United Airlines Flight 175

**United Airlines Flight 175** was the second hijacked airplane of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The flight was traveling from Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California.

It crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center. The plane was hijacked by five members of al-Qaeda. The plane was a Boeing 767. 56 people (including 5 hijackers) and 9 crew members died in the crash. The time of the crash was 9:03 AM Eastern Daylight Time. Unlike American Airlines Flight 11, which crashed into the North Tower 17.5 minutes earlier, Flight 175 was the only plane seen live on television because of the media attention drawn to the scene from the crash of Flight 11.

## Aircraft 
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The aircraft used in the attack was a Boeing 767-222. The aircraft had a registration of N612UA, and it was built in 1983 by Boeing.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Brief summary of United Airlines Flight 175, as well as a complete victim list
Folk rock

**Folk rock** music is a mixture of folk music with modern rock music. Folk rock began in the mid 1960s with performers like The Byrds. Folk singer Bob Dylan created a sensation at the 1965 Newport Festival when he used electric guitar in his performance. This led to many groups wanting to play folk music in the rock style. These groups included Fairport Convention, Steeleye Span, Pentangle and Alan Stivell.

## References
Jimmy Page

**James Patrick Page** OBE (born 9 January 1944 in Heston, Middlesex, England) is an English guitarist, songwriter and producer. He began his career as a studio session guitarist in London. From 1966 to 1968 he was a member of The Yardbirds. After that band ended Page went on to form the band Led Zeppelin.

Allmusic describes Page as "one of the most influential guitarists in rock history". In 2003, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked Page #9 in its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

From the early 1970s to the early 1990s, Page owned the Boleskine House. Earlier, the house had belonged to occultist Aleister Crowley. Page was interested in the magic that Crowley used. 

Along with Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath, Page is often considered one of the greatest riff writers of all time.

Jimmy Page has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. The first time was in 1992 as a member of The Yardbirds. He was inducted again in 1995 as a member of Led Zeppelin.

## References
## Other websites
* Official 2007 Led Zeppelin reunion page
* The Pre-Zeppelin Jimmy Page (audio)
* Fresh Air Interview, June 2003 (audio)
Robert Plant

**Robert Anthony Plant** (born 20 August 1948) is a rock singer and musician, and was known for being the lead vocalist for rock band Led Zeppelin. In 2007, he recorded an album with bluegrass fiddler Alison Krauss, and toured with her in 2008.

## Other websites
*Led Zeppelin Official Site
*Official Robert Plant Homepage
*Interview with Robert Plant 
*1971 Interview with Robert Plant by underground press journalist Rick McGrath.
*2003 Afropop Worldwide Interview with Robert Plant in Mali 
*BBC interview with Robert Plant about the Led Zeppelin reunion
*YouTube video demonstrating Plant's vocal range, both live and in the studio