open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Uniformitarianism

**Uniformitarianism** is the idea that the same physical laws of today have always operated. It was the centerpiece of James Hutton's 1795 geology book *Theory of the Earth, with proofs and illustrations*.

In this work Hutton proposed that the causes acting on the world today also acted in the past. This means that the rocks of the Earth were formed by processes which we can see operating today. These processes, though very slow (gradualism), made the world what it is today. The idea is part of a wider philosophy called the philosophy of naturalism.

The term 'uniformitarianism' was invented by William Whewell in 1837 to describe Hutton's basic idea. This idea is the foundation of modern geology. 

Hutton's ideas were popularised by John Playfair in 1802 in *Illustrations of the Huttonian theory of the Earth*, and by Charles Lyell in his *Principles of geology* (1830 to 1833). The phrase "the present is the key to the past" is Lyell's most famous quotation.

Uniformitarianism in geology is opposed by catastrophism, the idea that major changes in the Earth take place through sudden and violent events.

## References
Caps lock

**Caps lock** is the name of a key on a computer keyboard. When you press this key, letters that you type will be capital letters (like this, "ABC"), instead of lowercase ("abc"). The caps lock key is usually above the Shift key and below the Tab key on the left side of the keyboard. However, some people prefer it to be in other s.

The way the caps lock key works is that once you press it, a light may come on, or you may get a  on the screen. This lets you know that text that you type will be in uppercase letters. When you press the key again, the light turns off, or another message may appear, saying that caps lock has been turned off and text you type will be back to lowercase letters.

Some keyboards and typewriters have a key called **shift lock**. It is a lot like the caps lock key in that letters you type will be in uppercase instead of lowercase. But shift lock also does something else: when it is on, keys which have two symbols on them, such as the number keys in the top row, will print the symbol on top, instead of the symbol on the bottom. For example, pressing the key with the number 1 on it will print the exclamation mark ("!") instead of the number 1. The caps lock key does not do this; it only affects the letter keys.

People who type a lot, such as those who use typewriters, use the shift key instead of the caps lock or shift lock keys unless they have to type many capital letters in a row. But there is also a neat trick you can do with the caps lock and shift keys: when caps lock is on, you can hold the shift key while typing and what you type will be in lowercase letters instead of capitals. This can be done on some computers, such as those running Microsoft Windows computers. 

Not all computers have a caps lock key. Some of those that don't have been made for the One Laptop Per Child program.

## References
Super Bowl XXXV

**Super Bowl XXXV** (or **Super Bowl 35**) was a Super Bowl game between the Baltimore Ravens and the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2000 regular season. The Ravens won against the Giants 34–7. The game was played on January 28, 2001 at the Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The win gave the Ravens their first Super Bowl title and the City of Baltimore their second title in 30 years.

## Most Valuable Player (MVP)
Baltimore linebacker Ray Lewis was named the game's Most Valuable Player (MVP).

## Team statistics 
## Player statistics

*Completions/Attempts
aCarries
bLong play
cReceptions

## Starting players 
## Game officials 
* **Referee:** Gerald Austin
* **Umpire:** Chad Brown
* **Head Linesman:** Tony Veteri, Jr.
* **Line Judge:** Walt Anderson
* **Field Judge:** Bill Lovett
* **Side Judge:** Doug Toole
* **Back Judge:** Bill Schmitz
* **Alternate Referee:** Larry Nemmers
* **Alternate Umpire:** Jeff Rice

## Sources
## Other websites 
* Super Bowl XXXV official website
* Large online database of NFL data and statistics
Karakoram Highway

The **Karakoram Highway** is a road that connects China and Pakistan. It runs through the Karakoram range. It is about 1300 km long, and runs from Kashgar in China, to Hasan Abdal in Pakistan. Because it runs through the mountains, it is also a popular tourist attraction.
Arctic ecology

**Arctic ecology** is the science that studies the ecology of the arctic. The arctic is all land and water north of the Arctic Circle (66 33’). This area is very cold and has little rain. In the winter there is almost no sunlight. The growing season, when farmers can grow crops, is very short.

The arctic biomes are taiga, boreal forest, and tundra. Many of the ecosystems in the arctic are fragile, and can be easily destroyed. These ecosystems are being hurt by global warming.

## Environment
The arctic environment includes both land and water. Two important parts of this environment are sea ice and permafrost.

Sea ice is ice that floats in the ocean. It is made of frozen seawater. It is important because animals live and sleep on the ice, especially in winter. Sea ice lasts all year and never melts completely. There is less ice during the summer than during the winter.

Lots of land in the arctic is frozen all year long. Permafrost is a substrate (layer of soil) that has been frozen for two or more years. The dirt on top of the permafrost is called the "active layer". This dirt melts during the summer and is important for plants to grow.

## Food Chain 
In the arctic region there is less food. The algae is eaten by small insects. These insects are eaten by plankton. These are eaten by small fish these are eaten by big fish. Now, these are eaten by seals. Seals are at last eaten by polar bears.
Renault 25

The **Renault 25** was a car made by Renault. It replaced the Renault 20 in 1983, and was replaced by the Renault Safrane in 1992.

## Engines 
* *2.0* 76 kW (103 hp)
* *2.0 i* 88 kW (120 hp)
* *2.0 i 12V* 99 kW (135 hp)
* *2.2 i* 79 kW (107 hp) and 90 kW (122 hp)
* *2.5 V6 Turbo* 134 kW (182 hp) and 151 kW (205 hp)
* *2.7 V6* 106 kW (144 hp)
* *2.9 V6* 102 kW (139 hp), 112 kW (152 hp) and 118 kW (160 hp)
* *2.1 Diesel* 48 kW (65 hp)
* *2.1 Turbodiesel* 65 kW (88 hp)
Motorcade

in North Carolina, July 2005]]

A **motorcade** (or **convoy**, **carcade**, **autocade**) is a number of vehicles driving in the same direction on official business. 

## Uses of motorcades 
### VIPs 
Motorcades can be used to transport a very important person (VIP), usually a political figure. Such a motorcade is usually accompanied by police cars and other protection. This is to make sure the people in the motorcade are safe. For instance, motorcades for presidents often have four to six armoured cars, with police motorcycles and cars going in front and behind.

Depending on the size of the motorcade and who it is carrying, streets may be completely blocked off so no-one else can use them. This is common for the security of heads of state or government.

### Protests and demonstrations 
Motorcades can be used as protests and demonstrations. A large, organised, group of vehicles will travel a busy route at very slow speed. They do this to deliberately cause traffic disruption. This is often in relation to protest groups that have access to many large vehicles, such as truckers and farmers. 

### Funerals 
A *funeral cortege* is a group of mourners following a hearse in a motorcade of cars. 

Image:Staatsbesuch Elisabeth64.jpg|Motorcade for the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in Koblenz, Germany, 1965
Image:Presidential motorcade inaugural 2001.jpg|Presidential motorcade following the inauguration of United States President George W. Bush, January 20, 2001
Image:Reagan funeral motorcade 1.jpg|Funeral motorcade for former United States President Ronald Reagan in Simi Valley, California, 2004
Image:Funeral of Patriarch Alexy II-11.jpg|Funeral motorcade of Russian Patriarch Alexy II

Image:Motorcade Winnipeg Queen Elizabeth II.jpg|The motorcade for the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, on route to 17 Wing CFB Winnipeg, July 3, 2010

## References
## Other websites 
*Detailed description of the motorcade of the President of the United States
Occluded front

An **occluded front** is a weather pattern.  It brings cold weather and leaves cold weather.  It happens when a cold front overtakes a slow-moving warm front.  The cold front is heavier than the warm front and will push it up.  The warm front slides over the cold one.   Cloud and rain form along the occluded front until temperatures become equal as the cold and warm air mix.  Some occluded fronts make tropical cyclogenesis.

## References
Tab key

keyboard (on upper left)]]
The **tab key** (short for **tabulator key** or **tabular key**) is a key on a computer keyboard, found right above the caps lock key on the far left. It is used to take the cursor to the next tab stop.

In word processor applications, the tab key usually moves the cursor to the next tab stop. In most other graphical applications, the tab key shifts the focus to the next control or widget.

## Related pages
* Indent style

## References 
## Other websites 
**Tabs versus Spaces: An Eternal Holy War* by Jamie Zawinski
**Why I prefer no tabs in source code* by Adam Spiers
**Why I love having tabs in source code* 
**Elastic tabstops - the solution to the tabs-versus-spaces issue*
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

**Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan** (Sarvepalli Radhakrishnayya; 5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975) was an Indian philosopher and politician.
## Positions
He served as the 2nd President of India from 1962 to 1967 and 1st Vice President of India from 1952 to 1962. He was also the 2nd Ambassador of India to Soviet Union from 1949 to 1952 & 4th Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from 1939 to 1948.

One of the most distinguished twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy, Radhakrishnan held the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta from 1921 to 1932 and Spalding Chair of Eastern Religion and Ethics at University of Oxford from 1936 to 1952.
## Philosophy
Radhakrishnan's philosophy was grounded in Advaita Vedanta, reinterpreting this tradition for a contemporary understanding. He defended Hinduism against what he called "uninformed Western criticism", contributing to the formation of contemporary Hindu identity. He has been influential in shaping the understanding of Hinduism, in both India and the west, and earned a reputation as a bridge-builder between India and the West.

## Awards
Radhakrishnan was awarded several high awards during his life, including a knighthood in 1931, the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in India, in 1954, and honorary membership of the British Royal Order of Merit in 1963. He was also one of the founders of Helpage India, a non profit organisation for elderly underprivileged in India. Radhakrishnan believed that "teachers should be the best minds in the country". Since 1962, his birthday has been celebrated in India as Teachers' Day on 5 September every year.

## Books
He was the bridge-builder between East and the West due to his great knowledge. He had the ability to simplify complex ideas.

Dr. Radhakrishnan was critical of the way teaching of Western Philosophers. The basis of criticism was that theology dominated the western thinkers preventing freedom of expression. He wrote books on Indian philosophy according to Western academic standards, and made all efforts for the West to give serious consideration to Indian philosophy. In his book, Idealist View of Life, he compares different ways of thought process and favours the simplistic rational way. He is well known for his analysis of *Human Way of Life* by listening from elders (Upanishads), use of common sense (Bramha Sutra) and practical way of living (Bhagvad Gita). His birthday is celebrated as Teachers Day all over India.

## References
## Other websites 
* "The Legend of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan"
Caron

A **caron** ( ˇ ) or **haček** (from ), is a diacritic. This is a special symbol that is written over some letters to show that they are pronounced differently. Some other names for the caron are: **wedge**, **inverted circumflex**, and **inverted hat.**

The caron is used in Baltic, Slavic and Finno-Lappic languages to show that a letter is pronounced differently than normal. Sometimes the caron is drawn over a letter to show that it *used* to be pronounced differently. Usually the caron shows:
* palatalization, a softer pronunciation
* iotation, a *y* sound before a vowel
* postalveolar consonant, letter sounds made with the tongue touching the back of the alveolar ridge in the mouth

The caron looks like an upside-down circumflex ( ˆ ). It looks a lot like the breve symbol, but is more pointed at the bottom. It is also used as a symbol in mathematics.
Bomis

**Bomis** was an Internet company created in 1996 by Jimmy Wales, , and . Bomis is best known for having supported the creation of the projects Nupedia and Wikipedia.

 staff in 2000]]

Bomis was popular for hosting entertainment-, sports- and sexual-themed sites. When Nupedia started, Larry Sanger was hired to be the editor-in-chief for the project. But Nupedia resulted too slow to grow and too expensive to maintain, and Wikipedia was started as a side project to help Nupedia grow. In the end, Wikipedia became more popular than Nupedia; it closed in 2003 and Wikipedia was transferred to the newly created Wikimedia Foundation in 2003. Bomis closed in 2006.
Marco Meilinger

**Marco Meilinger** (born 8 August 1991 in Salzburg) is an Austrian footballer. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg as midfielder.

## Club career
He started playing football with USK Anif, a team from a suburb of Salzburg. In 2002 he went to Austria Salzburg, and 2005, after the club was bought by Red Bull, he played with F.C. Red Bull Salzburg.In 2009 he played for the second team of Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Juniors. He signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in 2010. In 2011 he played on loan for SV Ried.

## International career
Since 2008 Marco Meilinger played for Austria in different youth teams. In 2010 he played with the U-19 team in the European Championship in France and was qualified with the team for the U 20-World championship in 2011.

## Honours
*Champion of Austrias Regionalliga West 2010/11
*Member of the Austrian team for the FIFA U20 World Cup 2011

## Other websites
*Transfermarkt.at Spielerprofil Marco Meilinger
*Spoxx.com Marco Meilinger 
*Homepage FC Red Bull Salzburg
Doctors Without Borders

**Doctors Without Borders** or **Médecins Sans Frontières** (MSF) is a non profitable international medical humanitarian organization created by doctors and journalists in France in 1971. MSF gives emergency aid to people affected by wars, epidemics, famine, natural disasters and man-made disasters, or areas where there is no health care available. It provides this help to all people, regardless of their race, religion or political beliefs. 

In 1999 Doctors Without Borders was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. On 7 October 2015, President Barack Obama, also Nobel Peace Prize winner and at that time commander in chief, issued an apology to Doctors Without Borders for Kunduz hospital airstrike.

## References
Kobie van Rensburg

**Kobie van Rensburg** (born 23 May 1969 in Johannesburg) is a South African tenor and opera director.

## Life 
Van Rensburg studied singing with Werner Neel at the Northwest University of South Africa, but also law and international politics at Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education.
.
He made his debut in 1991 at the age of 20 as Belmonte in Mozart's "Die Entführung aus dem Serail" for the Roodeport City Opera.
He sung his first name part as and in Mozart’s Idomeneo in 2006 for the New York City Metropolitan Opera. Van Rensburg‘s repertoire focuses on Baroque music. Just like in his former own production "Il Pianto d'Orfeo" van Rensburg links the expressiveness of dancing with the music of the composition. The dancer serves as an Alter ego to the singer and thereby illustrates the emotions of the character he or she impersonates.

## Choice of roles 
* Pane in La Calisto (Francesco Cavalli)
* Acis in Acis and Galatea (Georg Friedrich Händel)
* Grimoaldo in Rodelinda (Georg Friedrich Händel)
* Jupiter in Semele (Georg Friedrich Händel)
* Orfeo in L'Orfeo (Claudio Monteverdi)
* Bastien in Bastien und Bastienne (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
* Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Anmadeus Mozart)
* Idomeneo in Idomeneo (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
* Tito in La Clemenza di Tito (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
* Tamino in Die Zauberflöte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
* Ubaldo in Armida (Gioachino Rossini)
* Nightingale in Ein Theater nach der Mode (Kobie van Rensburg & Peer Boysen)

## Discography 
* 2009: "Rodrigo" (Georg Friedrich Händel, Eduardo Lopéz Banzo, Al Ayrę Español)
* 2009: "Bach Cantatas - Vol.4" (Johann Sebastian Bach, John Eliot Gardiner, English Baroque Soloists)
* 2009: "Alcina" (Georg Friedrich Händel, Alan Curtis, Il Complesso Barocco)
* 2008: "Saul, Messiah" (Georg Friedrich Händel, René Jacobs, Concerto Köln & Freiburger Barockorchester)
* 2007: "Der Messias" (Georg Friedrich Händel, Wolfgang Katschner, Lautten Compagney, Dresdner Kammerchor)
* 2006: "Messiah" (Georg Friedrich Händel, René Jacobs, Freiburger Barockorchester)
* 2006: "Cantone in Utica" (Giovanni Battista Ferrandini, Christoph Hammer, Neue Hofkapelle München)
* 2006: "Il pianto d'Orfeo" (various composers, Kobie van Rensburg, Lautten Compagney)
* 2005: "Der Fliegende Holländer" (Richard Wagner, Bruno Weil, Cappella Coloniensis)
* 2004: "Le Nozze di Figaro" (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, René Jacobs, Concerto Köln)
* 2003: "Griselda" (Alessandro Scarlatti, René Jacobs, Akademie für alte Musik Berlin)
* 2002: "Madrigali Guerrieri ad Amorosi" (Claudio Monteverdi, René Jacobs, Concerto Vocale)
* 2001: "Liededition Vol.1 & 2" (Fanny Hensel, Kelvin Groot)
* 2001: "Songs of An English Cavalier" (various composers, Kobie van Rensburg, Lautten Compagney)
* 2000: "Handel's Beard", Airs for Tenor (Georg Friedrich Händel, Kobie van Rensburg, Lautten Compagney)

## References
Pectinase

A **pectinase** is one of a class of enzymes which are able to split pectin. Pectin is a polysaccharide in the primary cell walls of terrestrial plants. Pectinases occur normally in flowering plants. 

Pectinases are used commercially to isolate the protoplasts that occur in plants. They are also used in the production of fruit juice, for plant-based coloring agents, and in the production of wine.
Dominique Strauss-Kahn

**Dominique Strauss-Kahn** (born 25 April 1949) is a French politician and economist of Jewish descent. He studied economics and is a professor for economics at a university in Paris. He has held different posts in the French government, and was the head of the International Monetary Fund from 2007 to 2011. In France, his name is usually abbreviated **DSK**.

He is a full professor at the Paris Institute for Political Studies ("Sciences Po").He was a Professor of Economics at Paris West University Nanterre La Défense and Sciences Po, and was Minister of Economy and Finance from 1997 to 1999, as part of Lionel Jospin's Plural Left government. He belongs to the right wing of the Socialist Party (PS) (which is on the center-left of French politics). He was nominated in the 2006 primary elections of his party to become a candidate for the French presidential election in 2007. Ségolène Royal defeated him in these elections in November 2006.

On 14 May 2011, Strauss-Kahn was arrested and charged with sexually assaulting a woman in a hotel in New York. Strauss-Kahn denies all charges. A judge later approved his release on bail.

On 18 May 2011 he resigned from his post at the IMF, in order to be able to focus on his defense.

On 29 June 2011, French finance minister Christine Lagarde was elected IMF Managing director and took office on 5 July 2011.

From 1995 till 1997 he was mayor of Sarcelles.

## Early Life 
Dominique Strauss-Kahn was born on 25 April 1949 in the wealthy Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine. He is the son of lawyer Gilbert Strauss-Kahn. Strauss-Kahn's father was born to an Alsatian Jewish father and a Catholic mother from Lorraine; Strauss-Kahn's mother is from a Sephardic Jewish family in Tunisia.

## Political Life 
Strauss-Kahn was first an activist member of the Union of Communist Students, before joining in the 1970s the Centre d'études, de recherches et d'éducation socialiste (Center on Socialist Education Studies and Research, CERES) led by Jean-Pierre Chevènement, future presidential candidate at the 2002 election. There, he befriended the future Prime Minister of France Lionel Jospin (PS).

## References
Organ donation

**Organ donation** means that an organ is transferred from the body of one person to that of another person. This is done by a type of surgery called an organ transplant. The donor, the person whose organ is used, may be alive or recently dead. The person receiving the organ is called the recipient.

Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, intestine, skin, and thymus. 
Tissues that can be transplanted include bone, muscle, tendon, cornea, heart, and veins. 

The most commonly transplanted organs worldwide is the kidney, followed closely by the liver, the heart. The most commonly transplanted tissues are the cornea, bones, and muscle.

There is a great demand for organs and tissues. Donors must give permission. Iran is the only country regulating donors selling one of their kidneys for payment, and there is no waiting list. There is a field of medicine called "regenerative medicine" that has made scientific advances to grow or create organs or tissues from stem cells.
Abadeh

**Abadeh** is a  city in southwestern Iran. In the year 2006 there were 52,042 people living there. The city is the capital of Abadehy County.

## References
Rob Niedermayer

**Robert Wade Niedermayer Jr.** (born December 28, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played 17 National Hockey League (NHL) seasons for the Florida Panthers, Calgary Flames, Anaheim Ducks, New Jersey Devils, and Buffalo Sabres.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Doric

**Doric** could mean:
* the **Doric** language of Scotland.
* the **Doric order**, a style of architecture from Ancient Greece.
* **Doric Greek**, or **Dorian**, a language from Ancient Greece.
Voir dire

**Voir dire** () is a name for the process of choosing jurors for a trial. It can also mean a small meeting between lawyers and a judge during a trial. It originally referred to an oath taken by jurors to tell the truth (). In the modern court systems, voir dire is a process governed by state and federal laws. It is basically designed to find biases in jurors. It has other uses depending on the court system.

## History of voir dire 
The origin of the legal term voir dire is Anglo-Norman. It was an oath given to members of a jury. Witnesses are usually sworn in with the oath: "The evidence you shall give... shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth...". The voir dire oath was: "you shall true answer make to all such questions the court shall demand of you..." In the United States the history of voir dire goes back to the Massachusetts Jury Selection Law  of 1760. Many cases that went to trial involved seditious libel. British officials in the colonies put anyone on trial who printed anything criticizing British rule. To get every conviction possible, the British government made sure to only pick jurors who would convict the defendant. The sheriff was made responsible to select a list of jurors favorable to the British crown. The lawyers or their paralegals study the jury panel. But there are some indications it may do just the opposite if jurors are asked what their opinions are as to what the outcome should be. In some courts the judge conducts voir dire. In other situations it is left entirely to the lawyers. In some cases it is a combination of both. Jurors are usually not quite as honest in answering voir dire questions with a judge as they are with a lawyer. It is used to decide what evidence can and cannot be presented during the trial. In Australia and Canada, voir dire is used as a sub-trial within a trial to examine evidence. It is usually done with the jury absent from the courtroom. But cases of challenging a juror under voir dire are rare in Canada.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Effective Defense Voir Dire, Verdict Success
Doric order

**Doric order** was one of the three orders of architecture in Ancient Greece; the other two orders were Corinthian order and Ionic order. The order was named after the style of columns used in buildings. It included the base, the shaft, the top (capital), and the part supported at the top; the architrave, the frieze and the cornice. Each order has its own style.

Doric was the earliest style and used by the Greeks for most of their buildings and temples, including the Parthenon. The style features heavy columns, a saucer shaped capital on the top, and no base.

## Doric style
*The numbers refer to the picture on the right*
The columns (17) are fluted (18), which means they have about 20 grooves cut into them. The top of the column, the capital (14) is made up of a group of annulets. The saucer shaped piece is called the echinus (16). Above this is a square piece of stone, called the abacus (15), on the top. This supports the entablature, which is about one third of the height of the column. This is made up of a plain architrave (13) and a frieze with triglyphs (8). Between the triglyphs are square spaces, called metopes (9), which can be used for sculptures. Above this is a cornice with large blocks called mutules (5), which overhang the frieze. The lower surface of these blocks are called the soffit. Above this the block of stone has a plain vertical face called the corona. It is finished on the top with more decorations.

Parts of the frieze sculptures from the Parthenon were removed in the 1800's and taken to the British Museum. They are known as the Elgin Marbles.

## References
Fernando Llorente

**Fernando Llorente** (born 26 February 1985 in Pamplona) is a Spanish footballer who plays for Athletic Bilbao and the Spanish National Team, as a striker. He won the FIFA World Cup with the Spanish National Team. Llorente has scored 90 goals in his career. He said no to offers from important teams such as Real Madrid. 

He has been selected by the Spanish national team 21 times and has scored 7 goals.
Clint Malarchuk

**Clint Malarchuk** (born May 1, 1961 in Grande Prairie, Alberta) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 11 seasons in the NHL. He played 5 seasons with the Quebec Nordiques, 2 seasons with the Washington Capitals and 4 seasons with the Buffalo Sabres. He is probably best known for the serious throat injury that he received from a skate blade during a game. 

## Injury
On March 22, 1989, Malarchuk was injured during a game between the Sabres and St. Louis Blues. Steve Tuttle of the St. Louis Blues and Uwe Krupp of the Buffalo Sabres became entangled when they were chasing the puck and they both crashed into Malarchuk's net, Tuttle's skate hit Malarchuk on the neck and severed his internal carotid artery which caused puddles of blood that collected on the ice. Malarchuk left the ice on his own two feet but he thought he was going to die so he said "All I wanted to do was get off the ice". "My mother was watching the game on TV, and I didn't want her to see me die." He knew that his mother was watching the game on TV and he had an equipment manager call and tell her he loved her. He also asked for a priest. His life was saved when the team's trainer, Jim Pizzutelli who was a former Army medic who had served in Vietnam. had reached into Malarchuk's neck and pinched off the bleeding. He did not let go until the doctors arrived to begin closing the wound. After the doctors spent 90 minutes and used over 300 stitches to close the wound he returned to practice four days later and was back in the net against the Quebec Nordiques after about a week. He made in time for the playoffs but the Sabres lost to the Boston Bruins 4 games to 1.

Malarchuk suffered mental health issues from this incident later on. He was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. On October 7, 2008, Malarchuk attempted to commit suicide with a .22 Long Rifle.

In November 2014, he released an autobiography called *The Crazy Game* also known by the title *A Matter of Inches—How I Survived In The Crease And Beyond* in the United States. Since the book release, Malarchuk and his wife have traveled around speaking about mental health issues and suicide prevention.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

The **Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf** (; *Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf*) is a political party in Pakistan.  PTI was founded by former Pakistani cricket captain and philanthropist Imran Khan (Pakistani cricketer).  The party's slogan is "Justice, Humanity and Self Esteem".

## Founding
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was founded by Imran Khan on April 25th, 1996 in Lahore, Pakistan.  The constitution of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf was approved on January 24th, 1999 by the CEC in Lahore, Pakistan.  

The PTI manifesto states "The PTI agenda of resurgence articulates the long neglected aspirations of our people and spells out the vision of a modern Islamic republic that advocates tolerance, moderation and freedom to practice the religion of one’s choice."

## Notable members 
* Imran Khan, Founding Chairman
* Shah Mehmood Qureshi, Vice Chairman
* Changaiz Ahmed Khan Kakar, senior member
* Murad Saeed, Senior Member
* Salman Akram Raja, Secretary-General
* Muhammad Ahsan Ullah Chaudhary, Senior member and politician
* Riaz Kataria is an Pakistani Major Export Businessperson tycoon from Sialkot, an Senior member of PTI.
* Ejaz Chaudhary, senior member
* Shandana Gulzar, senior member
* Ali Muhammad Khan, senior member

## References
Heinrich event

16), which is a temperature proxy  for the water which ended up in the ice core.]]

A **Heinrich event** is one of the events which occurred during the coldest point of *Bond Cycles* in which many icebergs were discharged into the North Atlantic and melted.
  
Evidence for this can be found in the north Atlantic sediment cores which show poorly sorted, angular and contain rocks. These were originally in the icebergs but dropped to the bottom of the ocean when the icebergs melted.

Heinrich events are a possible trigger to the onset of mini ice ages which follow a long period of thaw. An example might be the Younger Dryas, a brief cold period from about 12.8 thousand years ago to about 11.5 thousand years ago. 

The Younger Dryas stadial is thought to have been caused by the collapse of the North American ice sheets, although rival theories have been proposed. 

## References
International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia

The **International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia** is held every May 17.

## Origins 
On the 17th of May in 1990, the World Health Organization removed homosexuality from the International Classification of Diseases, where it was listed as a mental illness.

International Day Against Homophobia started off in Canada in 2003 as the National day against Homophobia, and was initiated by Fondation Emergence .

In 2006 The Declaration of Montreal (pronounced in Montreal during the first Outgames) demanded all countries to recognize this day, and several countries, including the European Union and Brazil have already recognized it formally.

In 2014 Fondation Emergence changed the day's name from "international day against homophobia" to "international day against homohobia and transphobia" in order to include trans realities to its mission. allies, age and trans people.

Their last campaign has been translated into 18 languages.

## Related pages
*Homophobia
*Transphobia
*Biphobia
*Transgender Day of Remembrance
*Declaration of Montreal

## References
Redwood

The **redwood** are a subfamily of conifers, the **Sequoioideae**. They are in the Cypress family Cupressaceae. 

They are common in the coastal forests of Northern California and are perhaps the largest tree in the world. There are three living genera. There were once more species of redwood trees, but most have become extinct.

These trees are pyrophytes; they have adapted to survive forest fires. Because fire is common where they grow, redwood trees have developed thick, fire-resistant bark. *Their cones open only after a fire*. Because fire control is better these days, the trees are endangered.

Redwood trees can grow to be very large. The largest species, *Sequoiadendron giganteum*, can get to 94.8 m tall and 17&nbsp;m across. The tallest tree in the world is claimed to be a *Sequoia sempervirens* named Hyperion. The largest tree in the world by volume is claimed to be a *Sequoiadendron giganteum* named the General Sherman Tree, after William Tecumseh Sherman.

## Species 
**Sequoiadendron giganteum* trees are also called *giant sequoias*. Their native habitat is only on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada range of California. They are the largest trees on Earth.
**Sequoia sempervirens* trees are also called *coast redwoods*. Their native habitat is only in the Northern California coastal forests ecoregion, on the Northern California coast and several miles into Oregon. They are the tallest trees on Earth.
**Metasequoia glyptostroboides* trees are also called *dawn redwoods*. They are so rare they were thought to be extinct, until rediscovered by a Chinese forester in 1943. They were found on mountainous slopes in remote parts of the Hubei region of China.

However, in principle, they can grow in many other places. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-68518623

## References
King Creole

***King Creole*** is an American movie directed by Michael Curtiz, released by Paramount Pictures on July 2, 1958. The movie stars Elvis Presley, Carolyn Jones, and Walter Matthau. After Dean died in 1955, the project did not continue. In January 1957, following the success of an Off-Broadway stage version of the story,

Michael Curtiz, a noted director during the golden era of the Hollywood studio system was hired for the project. Twelve days after the finishing *King Creole*, Presley joined the U.S. Army.

## References
*Jorgenson, Ernst (1998). Elvis Presley: A Life In Music - The Complete Recording Sessions. New York: St. Martin's Press. 

## Other websites
* 
*Review  by Cheryl Northcott at Apollo Movie Guide .
*Review of the movie collection "Lights! Camera! Elvis! Collection (King Creole, Blue Hawaii, G.I. Blues, Fun in Acapulco, Roustabout, Girls! Girls! Girls!, Paradise, Hawaiian Style, Easy Come, Easy Go) by Paul Mavis at DVD Talk, August 6, 2007.
2010 Pakistan floods

The **2010 Pakistan floods** began on 26 July 2010 and continued into the following month. They resulted from heavy monsoon rains in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan regions of Pakistan and affected the Indus River basin. Approximately one-fifth of Pakistan's total land area was underwater, approximately . According to government data, the floods directly affected about 20 million people, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood and infrastructure, with a death toll of 1,781 in 2010.

## References
Artesian aquifer

.]]
 giving rise to an artesian well.]]

An **artesian aquifer** is an underground layer which holds groundwater under pressure. This causes the water level in the well to rise to a point where the pressure is equal to the weight of water putting it under pressure. This type of well is called an **artesian well**. Water may even reach the ground surface if the natural pressure is high enough, in which case the well is called a **flowing artesian well**.

An aquifer is a geologic layer which can hold water such as sand and gravel, limestone, or sandstone, through which water flows and is stored. An artesian aquifer is trapped between rocks or clay which causes the pressure. Water returns to the aquifers when the water table at its recharge zone is at a higher elevation than the head of the well.

Fossil water aquifers can also be artesian if they are under sufficient pressure from the surrounding rocks.  This is similar to how many newly tapped oil wells are pressurized.

## Origin
**Artesian wells** were named after the old province of Artois in France.  Many artesian wells were drilled there by Carthusian monks from 1126.

## Location
There are artesian aquifers in many countries including Australia, the USA, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Fiji and Canada. The Great Artesian Basin is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world, occupying 23% of the Australian continent.

## References
Go-Ahead London

**Go-Ahead London** is made up of lots of bus companies. It first opened in August 2008.
It is the largest bus operator in London. They have 115 routes given to them by Transport For London. Here are the different names of the companies that make up Go-Ahead London:

## Companies
The following companies are part of Go-Ahead London.

*London Central
*London General
*Docklands Buses
*Blue Triangle
*East Thames Buses
Trevor Pryce

**Trevor W. Pryce** (born August 3, 1975 in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American football defensive end that played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). 

## Life 
Trevor Pryce was born August 3, 1975 in Brooklyn, New York. He was drafted out of Clemson University by the Denver Broncos with the 28th pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft. He also played in the NFL with the Denver Broncos who he won Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII with. He also played for the Baltimore Ravens from 2006 to 2010 and the New York Jets in 2010. After the 2010 AFC Championship Game, he announced that he was retiring from professional football. He retired in 2011.

## Other websites
*Trevor Pryce at nfl.com
Blue Triangle

**Blue Triangle** is a bus company operating services in East London. It is a part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services for  Transport for London. It is the operator of the East London Transit service.

## References
David Reed (American football)

**Brandon David Reed** (born March 22, 1987) is an American former professional football wide receiver. He played parts of 4 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens and Indianapolis Colts.

Reed was drafted out of the University of Utah by the Baltimore Ravens with the 156th pick in the fifth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He won Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31.

On August 21, 2013, the Ravens traded Reed to the Indianapolis Colts in exchange for Delone Carter. He played 7 games with the Colts. He was waived on November 26, 2013.

On January 14, 2014, he signed with the San Francisco 49ers but was released August 25, 2014.

## References
## Other websites
*David Reed at nfl.com
USC Landhaus Wien

**USC Landhaus** is an Austrian women soccer club from Vienna. USC Landhaus is one of the oldest and most successful women clubs in Austrias football history.

## History
USC Landhaus was founded in 1968 by Gerhard Traxler. The same year the team became a section of Union Landhaus. 1972 the first championship was organized by the Vienna Football Association and Landhaus played there. 2015 they started a cooperation with FK Austria Wien. From 2021 on the club plays under the Name of Austria Wien in the Frauenbundesliga. The 3rd team played in the Wiener Frauenliga and was promoted to the Second league as Union Landhaus.

Very important for the club are the young players. The club has a second squad in the second division of women football in Austria. There young players can practise their skills. 2010 the club has also 3 teams for U11, U13 and U15 which plays in regional tournaments

## Current squad
### Coaching staff
* Gerd Gonda Headcoach
* Markus Vinkovits Assistant coach
* Michael Straka Goalkeeper coach 

## Honours
* 12x Championship winner: 1974, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001
* 11x Cup winner: 1973, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002
* 1x Supercup: 2002
UEFA Women's Cup:
*2001/02 Group stage

## References
## Other websites
*Club's website
Wulguru, Queensland

**Wulguru** is a small town about 11 km east of Townsville, Queensland. The word *Wulguru* comes from the Indigenous Australian tribe, Wulgurukaba, who lived in the area that is now Wulguru. During WW2 the Royal Australian Air Force built No. 3 Fighter Sector RAAF close to the Flinders Highway. This base comprised of the main rectangular bunker which was built into the hill. This building still remains today. The base had 62 buildings on the site with its own barracks, powerhouse, kitchen, showers and toilet blocks.
London Central

**London Central** is a major bus company in London. It was made in 1988 and became part of Go-Ahead London in 2008.
London General

**London General** is a bus company operating services in Greater London. It is a part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates buses under for Transport for London. The company was named in honour of the London General Omnibus Company, the principal operator of buses in London between 1855 and 1933.
Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party

**Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party** (JKPP) is a political party in Azad Kashmir in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The main center of politics of JKPP is Azad Kashmir (including Gilgit Baltistan). Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party was formed on 19 July 1990, after observing the changes in political situation of Azad Kashmir, by politicians of same school of thought, under the supervision of the founder of Azad Kashmir, Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan. The purpose of JKPP's formation was to provide a platform to the people, through which they can struggle for the Independence and betterment of the society. The First Convention of Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party was held in Islamabad on 9 December, 1992. Keeping the Democratic principles in mind, The Central Council of 200 members elected the first President of the party. Since then, the party officially started its working.
Alex Kaleta

**Alexander "Killer" Kaleta** (November 29, 1919 – July 9, 1987) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played 7 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers organizations. Kaleta is known for creating the hat trick tradition in hockey when he went into a Toronto shop to buy a hat but when he found one he liked he could not afford it. The shop owner made a deal with Kaleta and said that if he scored 3 goals in the next game he played he would just give him the hat free of charge. Kaleta not only scored three goals but four against the Toronto Maple Leafs.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir

The **Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir** is the Indian-administered Kashmir unit of the Islamist group, the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan. Its organisation is distinct and separate from the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, the Indian branch of the Jamaat to claim the organisation's stance that Jammu and Kashmir is not a part of the Republic of India. 

## References
Ben Grubbs

**Benjamin Richard Grubbs** (born March 10, 1984 in Eclectic, Alabama) is an American former professional football offensive guard. He played parts of 9 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens, New Orleans Saints, and Kansas City Chiefs. Grubbs was drafted out of Auburn University by the Baltimore Ravens with the 29th pick in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft.  He made two Pro Bowls; one in 2012 and one in 2014.

The Kansas City Chiefs released Grubbs at the end of the 2015 NFL season.  Grubbs retired shortly after because of a neck injury.

## References
## Other websites
*Ben Grubbs at nfl.com
Shih Tzu

The **Shih Tzu** is a breed of dog weighing  with long silky hair. The breed originated in China and is among the earliest breeds. Shih Tzu were officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1969

## Appearance 
The Shih Tzu has a short muzzle and big, brown dark eyes. They have a silky, very long double coat. Some other Shih Tzu have shorter, more curly hair. ([Wikipedia Shih Tzus] Their fur comes in many colors. 

## Temperament 
These dogs are tiny, but they have a big personality. They are known for being affectionate, playful, and happy. They want to be your best friend. This tiny pup loves attention and is a perfect companion dog. If you are feeling sad, or need a hug, the Shih Tzu will always fluff you down with puppy hugs and kisses. [akc.org Shih Tzu] This dog requires a lot of attention, due to their connections to royalty. 

## Coat Colors and Quality 
The Shih Tzu is a good quality dog because of the shiny, welll groomed, silky coat and the Chinese valued Shih Tzu the most. [Wikipedia Shih Tzus] The coat colors come in light brown, black, white, black and white, black and gold, white and gold, dark brown, gold, red and black, and brown and white.

## Etymology 
The Shih Tzu gets their name from the Chinese word for “little lion.” They are to be respected. [History of Shih Tzu - Shih Tzu club] 

## History 
Back then, only royalty could be seen with a Shih Tzu. The Shih Tzu was related to the Chinese Pug, who was respected. A powerful woman from the palace in China adored dogs, and she was interested in them. She had the staff breed some palace dogs and she watched every time. [www.theshihtzuclub.co.uk] This is why the Shih Tzu became known as the royal dogs. 

## Health 
Shih Tzus are usually healthy and live from 10 to 16 years, [www.akc.org] but they have a few problems Shih Tzus usually have. Eye problems, Brachycephalic Syndrome (A pathological condition which leads to severe respiratory distress), dental problems, ar

## References
Four Asian Tigers

The **Four Asian Tigers** or **Asian Dragons** are the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan.  These regions were the first newly industrialized countries.  They are known because they had very high growth rates (they became rich very fast) and fast industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. Four economies are currently well rich economies (developed countries). 

All four Asian Tigers have a highly educated and productive work force compared to others in the region.

The economic success of South Korea and Taiwan were known as the "Miracle on the Han River" and the "Taiwan Miracle" respectively.

The four tigers has accomplished rapid economical growth in a short period of time.

All the Asian Tigers tried to export (sell) products to rich industrialized nations. They grew rich very quickly (they had double-digit economic growth) for decades. Each nation was not a democracy, and people were not very free in the early years.  All of these countries later became freer, and people now think Taiwan and Korea are liberal democracies.

## References
## Things you can read
* Ezra F. Vogel, *The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia* (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).

## Other websites 
* BBC report on the Asian Tigers in the aftermath of the 1997 Financial Crisis (includes map of the Asian Tigers)
* ASEAN tigers
* The Elephant at the Gate in *China Economic Review*
Jamote Qaumi Movement

The **Jamote Qaumi Movement** is a political party in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

The Jamot Qomi movememt was founded by Mir Gul Hassan Manjhoo Let to provide a political platform for the Jamot people of Balochistan in 1996 in Dera Murad Jamali.  The party was created on the basis of the political philosophy of Mir Abdul Malik Shaheed and Mir Murtaza Abro Shaheed (the pioneers of the anti-feudal movement in Kachhi Balochistan)

The manifesto of the party is:
*Struggle for the Jamot people in Balochistan
*struggle against the Feudalism or the feudalism system based in Pakistan.
*the party believes the Islamic system of social justice should be implemented in country.

## References