open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cabo Negro

***Cabo Negro*** is a 2024 French-Moroccan drama movie written and directed by Abdellah Taïa, starring Oumaima Barid, Youness Beyej and Julian Compan. The movie is about two homosexual boys in Morocco.

## Controversies
In January 2025, before the movie was played at an international movie festival in Marrakech, Taïa explained that he was lonely and that he didn't get the love he wanted during his childhood because he's gay. This missing love inspired him to make this movie. This speech resulted in hate comments on social media as the movie and his speech are said to be “inconsistent with the Islamic norms and values in Morrocco”. It even led to parliamentary questions in the Parliament of Morocco.

## Referrnces
## Other websites
*
Hyundai ix20

The **Hyundai ix20** is a mini MPV made by Hyundai from 2010 to 2019 it replaced the Hyundai Lavita/Matrix.

## History and Features 
The Hyundai ix20 was debuted at the Paris Motor Show in 2010 its a rebadged version of the Kia Venga. and the MPV shares its platform with the Hyundai i20 and the Kia Soul it has a 1.4 and 1.6 liter Petrol engines and a 1.4 and a 1.6 liter Diesel engines and the ix20 has a 5-speed and 6-speed manual transmission and a 4-speed automatic transmission.

## Markets 
The Hyundai ix20 was sold exclusively in Europe in all its production period.

## Discontinuation 
The production of the Hyundai ix20 ended in 2019 this was mainly due to the popularity of compact SUVs and weak sales.

## References
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive

The **voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive** or **stop** is a rare consonant.

Pharyngeal consonants are usually pronounced at two parts of the pharynx, upper and lower. The lower part is epiglottal, so the upper part is usually shortened to just 'pharyngeal'. In languages around the world, the upper pharynx makes a voiceless fricative  and a voiced sound that can be a fricative or (more commonly) approximant, . The epiglottal part makes the plosive  and also sounds like the fricative  and trill . Because the fricative and trill are usually trilled and rarely just fricative, these consonants are simply called pharyngeal, and are labelled as plosive, fricative/approximant and trill.

## Examples 
No language is known to have a phonemic upper pharyngeal plosive. Some say the Nǁng language (Nǀuu) has an upper pharyngeal place of articulation in its click consonants— clicks in Nǁng have a closing in the back that is said to sometimes be uvular and sometimes be upper pharyngeal, depending on the click type. However, if the place was actually pharyngeal, they could not also exist as nasal clicks, which they do.

## Related pages 
* Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive

## References
Hyundai i40

The **Hyundai i40** is a large Family car made by Hyundai from 2011 to 2019.

## History and Features 
The Hyundai i40 was first debuted at the Barcelona Auto Show in 2011.  the car shares its platform with the Hyundai Sonata and has Sedan and Station wagon versions it was designed in Hyundai's European facilites in Russelsheim. it has a 1.6 and 2.0 petrol engines and 1.6 and 1.7 diesel engines and the car also has a 6-speed manual and automatic transmission and a 7-speed DCT transmission.

## Markets 
The Hyundai i40 was made mainly for Europe and was sold mainly there however it was also sold in South Korea Australia New Zealand and Malaysia.

## Discontinuation 
The production of the Hyundai i40 ended in 2019 in Australia and New Zealand the car was discontinued due to weak sales and was replaced by the Hyundai Sonata it was also discontinued in Europe.

## References
Jonathan Majors

]]
**Jonathan Michael Majors** (born September 7, 1989) is an American actor who gained prominence for his roles in various movies and television series. He has received critical acclaim for his performances in works such as *The Last Black Man in San Francisco*, *Lovecraft Country*, and *Devotion*. He is also known for his role as Kang the Conqueror in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in the movie *Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania* and as some variants of Kang in the Disney+ television series *Loki.*

Majors has been recognized for his talent and versatility, showcasing his ability to handle a wide range of characters and genres. In addition to his film and TV work, he has a background in theater and has participated in various stage productions.
Bajwa

**‌‌Bajwa** is an Principle‌‌‌ caste or Patti‌ () ‌‌is a clan of the Jat‌ community, which are roughly comprised of landowners and zamindar of Pakistani Punjab. They looked down upon the traditional kammi caste or landless yeomen worker in their wast farmhand. 

Even during the Predated reign of Sikh Empire many of this Bajwa Jats doesn't outlasted for long time in order to defend their ancestral patronage in the adjoining regionality of Bajawat chiefdom.

## Caste structure 
The caste status of Bajwa Jats is historically premised between Muslim and Sikh faith. Due to shared cultural ties and religious believing, they have fostered harmonious relations within both amiable groups. 

United by common interests, Bajwa rioters collectively resisted against the influence of the Hindu Mahasabha

## References 
## Other websites
Nate Thayer

**Nathaniel Talbott Thayer** (21 April 1960 – 3 January 2023) was an American journalist. He wrote about politics. He is best known for interviewing Pol Pot, the former dictator of Cambodia, in 1997.

## Early life and education 
Thayer was born on 21 April 1960 in Washington, D. C. His father was politician Harry E. T. Thayer, his uncle was lawyer Robert S. Pirie, and his great-uncle was politician Adlai Stevenson II.

Thayer studied at the University of Massachusetts Boston but did not get a degree.

## Career 
Thayer is best known for interviewing members of the Khmer Rouge, who were the leaders of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979. The Khmer Rouge caused the Cambodian genocide. Thayer is mostly known for his interview with Pol Pot, the dictator of Cambodia and leader of the Khmer Rouge. In October, he returned and got an interview with Pol Pot. In this interview, Pol Pot denied that a genocide happened in Cambodia. He defended himself against Thayer. The next year, Thayer interviewed Ta Mok, another important member of the Khmer Rouge. In April 1999, Thayer and photographer Nic Dunlop interviewed Kang Kek Iew, who was the chief of the S-21 prison where thousands of people were tortured and killed, to prove that he was responsible for the murders at S-21.

Thayer filmed footage of Pol Pot's trial. Thayer agreed to give the footage to ABC News on their show *Nightline*. According to Thayer, ABC News took credit for his footage and spread it more than he had agreed to. He was nominated for a Peabody Award for his work with ABC News, but declined it because he did not want to share the award with them.

Pol Pot died in April 1998. Thayer helped transport his body for cremation. Thayer believed that Pol Pot committed suicide instead of dying naturally.

Thayer also wrote on the 2010 Bangkok Redshirt riots, the January 6 United States Capitol attack, the politics of Thailand, North Korea, and Iraq, and on far-right white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan and Oath Keepers. He wrote for *Soldier of Fortune,* Associated Press, *The Phnom Penh Post*, and wrote a five-piece article about the Iraq War for *Slate**.*

## Personal life 
Thayer moved to Cambodia in 1991 and returned to the US in 2000. He lived in Falmouth, Massachusetts.

Thayer was hospitalized several times for malaria while living in Cambodia. He was almost killed by a landmine in Cambodia in 1989. Because he was around so much gunfire and explosions, he developed hearing problems. He also used drugs and alcohol. In a Facebook post in August 2022, Thayer said he was "old and crippled" and had "two strokes, two heart attacks, two bouts with Covid, sepsis infections which went viral and left me with heart and other damage.”

Thayer was found dead at his home on 3 January 2023 at the age of 62 by his brother Robert. The exact day he died is unknown.

## References
Internment of Japanese Canadians

From 1942 to 1949, Canada forced over 22,000 Japanese Canadians to move and live in camps. This was over 90% of all Japanese Canadians in British Columbia. The government said this was for "national security." Most of these people were born in Canada. They were targeted because they had Japanese ancestors.

This happened after Japan fought against the Western Allies in World War II. Important events included Japan's invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore. Canada then declared war on Japan. In the United States, Japanese Americans faced similar treatment. Japanese Canadians were forced to follow rules like curfews, lost their jobs and property, and some were sent back to Japan.

From December 1941 to 1949, Japanese Canadians had their homes and businesses taken away. They were sent to camps and farms in British Columbia and other places in Canada, mostly far from cities. The government sold their fishing boats, cars, houses, farms, businesses, and personal things. The money from these sales was used to cover their living costs in the camps. By 1947, many could return to British Columbia, but it was not until April 1, 1949, that they were free to live anywhere in the province again.

On September 22, 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney apologized, one month after U.S. President Ronald Reagan apologized to Japanese Americans. Canada offered $21,000 to each living person who had been sent to the camps and gave back Canadian citizenship to those sent to Japan. The Japanese Canadian Redress Agreement in 1988 created a fund to help teach about this history.

## References 
### Citations
Hyundai Lavita

The **Hyundai Lavita** was a MPV made by Hyundai from 2001 to 2010.

## History and Features 
The Hyundai Lavita was introduced in 2001 and it was designed by Pinninfarina. It has a 1.5  (avaliable in South Korea only) 1.6 and 1.8 liter gasoline engines and 1.5 turbo diesel engines with a 5-speed manual transmission and a 4-speed automatic transmission It had a first facelift in 2005 and a second facelift in 2008 that was debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in 2008.

## Markets 
The Hyundai Lavita was sold under that name in South Korea, Europe and Southeast Asia. It was sold as the Matrix in Australia. The MPV was sold as the Hyundai Elantra Lavita, and in Malaysia, it was sold under the Inokom Matrix name.

## Discontinuation 
The production of the Hyundai Lavita ended in 2010 and it was replaced by the Hyundai ix20.

## References
2025 Tibet earthquake

On 7 January 2025, at 09:05 CST, an earthquake measuring  or  happened in Tingri County, located in the Tibet Autonomous Region of south-western China. At least 126 people were killed while 188 others were injured from the earthquake.

## Tectonic setting 
The Tibetan Plateau is high because of crust thickening caused by the collision of tectonic plates near the Himalayas. Faults in the plateau are linked to two main types: strike-slip and normal faults. The plateau stretches east–west, shown by north–south grabens, strike-slip faults, and GPS data.

Big earthquakes (magnitude 8.0 or so) mostly happen on strike-slip faults. Smaller earthquakes (magnitude 5.9 to 7.1) on normal faults occurred in 2008 at depths of 10–15 km with fault angles of 40–50 degrees. A 2010 study found that 85% of the energy from normal fault earthquakes in the last 43 years happened above 5 km elevation, suggesting these quakes are influenced by the pull of gravity.

## Earthquake 
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) said the earthquake had a magnitude of () of 7.1, while the China Earthquake Networks Center reported it as . It was caused by normal faulting in the Tibetan Plateau. The earthquake happened on a north-south fault that dipped either east or west. USGS models showed movement along a fault that stretched about 80 km (50 mi) and went 20 km (12 mi) deep. The largest slip was 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) or 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in), depending on the fault's direction. Most deaths happened in Tingri County (32), with 2 each in Lhatse and Sakya counties. Over 1,000 homes collapsed in Tingri County, near the epicenter. It was the biggest earthquake in China since January 2024 and the deadliest since December 2023, when an earthquake killed 148 people in Gansu province. Many collapsed houses were reported in villages throughout Tingri County, trapping people under rubble. Three townships in the county reported fatalities. A hotel was damaged in Lhatse, and a police station in Nepal had small damage.

## Response 
After the earthquake, over 1,500 rescue workers, 75 vehicles, 4 dogs, and 7,030 tools were sent to help. and people were evacuated to stay safe from aftershocks. Local officials provided extra support for rescue efforts. The government sent 22,000 relief items like tents, coats, quilts, and folding beds to help in the cold, high-altitude areas. The army also joined the rescue efforts, and the Mount Qomolangma scenic area was closed.

Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, called for full rescue efforts, care for the injured, repairs to infrastructure, and help for displaced people. In Nepal, security forces were sent to affected areas. At 2:00 p.m. on 7 January, 30 officers reached Shigatse, and 359 more were on their way to help.

## Related pages 
* April 2015 Nepal earthquake
*Political problems of China

## References
Leap second

A **leap second** is adding one extra second to time sometimes. This is done to fix the small difference between very exact time (kept by atomic clocks) and the less exact solar time (based on the Earth’s rotation). The time system we use (UTC) would get too far ahead of solar time without these fixes. Leap seconds were first used in 1972. Since then, 27 leap seconds have been added, the last one on December 31, 2016. All of them added one second. Taking away a second is possible, but it has never happened.

The Earth's rotation speed changes because of weather and natural events. This makes leap seconds hard to predict. A group called the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) decides when to add them, usually about six months before, so the difference between UTC and solar time never gets bigger than 0.9 seconds.

Leap seconds cause problems, especially for systems that need very exact timing. Some computers do not update correctly, so their time can be wrong. After many years of talks, it was decided in November 2022 that leap seconds will be stopped by or before 2035.

## References 
### Citations
Didban Iran

**Didban Iran** (, lit. "Watchman of Iran") is an independent news website in Tehran, Iran. It publishes news in Persian. The site was started in 2015 by Saeid Seif, who is also the editor-in-chief.

In 2023, the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance ranked Didban Iran as the 13th top news website in the country.

Because of its investigative reports, some media call Didban Iran the "Iranian WikiLeaks".

## History 
Didban Iran was created in 2015 in Tehran by Saeid Seif. It has a license from the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. The website publishes political, social, cultural, economic, and sports news.

## Government bans 
* **May 2024:** The site was blocked for 22 days after reports on corruption at Debsh Tea company.
* **March–April 2025:** The site was blocked for more than 40 days after an interview with Mohsen Rafighdoost about political assassinations.

## Arrests 
* **December 2022:** Saeid Seif was arrested for covering protests.
* **April 2023:** He was arrested again for supporting demonstrators.
* **December 2024:** He was arrested for two weeks after publishing interviews about corruption.

## Investigations 
* **Bank Refah (2024):** Reported the disappearance of €35 million. The courts later cleared the site.
* **Tehran Municipality (2025):** Reported a 17 trillion toman budget gap. The courts acquitted the website after lawsuits.
* **Electric bus contracts (2023–2024):** Reported irregular deals with Chinese companies.
* **Political assassinations (2025):** Published an interview with Mohsen Rafighdoost about killings of opposition figures.
* **Water mafia (2025):** Interview with Issa Kalantari about corruption in water management.

## References 
## Other websites 
*  
* Instagram
* X (Twitter)
Auxiliary bishop

An **auxiliary bishop** is a bishop who helps the main bishop of a diocese with his duties and work. Auxiliary bishops may also be titular bishops of places that no longer exist as dioceses. 

## Related pages 
* Archbishop
* Archbishop ad personam
* Cardinal (Catholic Church)
* Bishop coadjutor
* Bishop-elect

## References
Hans Biezen

**Hans Biezen** (3 July 1947 – 17 December 2024) was a Dutch photographer.

## Biography
Born in 1947, Biezen was trained as a sculptor. In photography, he was autodidact. Biezen initially focused on making pohtographs on "beautiful" and "strong" photossituations. He realized that the condition 'beautiful' was a limitation of possibilities, and reduced his photography to a mainly documentary form. His first exposition was ''Foto's van Jet'' in 1975 at the Van Abbemuseum after taking picures of the most important daily events of his wife Jet from January 1969 until 1975. Biezen continued with picture stories and street photography. He had expositions in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Later he focused in his works on light and space.

Biezen moved to Östersund, Sweden in 1995. He died there on 17 December 2024, at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
* Career description
Titular bishop

A **titular bishop** is a bishop in some churches who does not lead a diocese.

A priest who becomes a bishop but does not lead a diocese, such as an auxiliary bishop, a nuncio, or an official in the Roman Curia, is given a titular see. The titular see is a title linked to a diocese that no longer exists.

## Related pages 
* Archbishop
* Archbishop ad personam
* Cardinal (Catholic Church)
* Bishop coadjutor
* Bishop-elect

## References
Earth's spin

).]]
'''Earth's spin''' means how the Earth turns around its own middle line. This middle line is called an axis. Earth also moves differently in space as it spins. Earth spins to the east. If you look from the star called Polaris at the North Pole, Earth turns to the left, or counterclockwise.

The North Pole is where Earth's axis touches the top side of Earth. People also call it the Geographic North Pole. It is different from the north magnetic pole. The South Pole is the place where the axis touches the bottom side of Earth, in a land called Antarctica.

Earth spins one full time in about 24 hours when looking at the Sun. But compared to faraway stars, Earth spins in 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds. Earth’s spinning is getting slower over time because the Moon pulls on Earth. Long ago, a day was shorter. Today’s day is about 1.7 milliseconds longer than 100 years ago. Scientists use special clocks to measure this and change time by adding leap seconds. Since the 8th century BCE, a day has grown longer by about 2.3 milliseconds every 100 years.

In 2020, Earth started spinning faster after spinning slower for many years. On June 29, 2022, Earth finished one spin 1.59 milliseconds quicker than 24 hours. This was the fastest spin ever recorded. Because of this, experts are thinking about new ways to measure time, like using a negative leap second.

The faster spinning could happen for different reasons. Earth’s soft, liquid core moves. The oceans and air also move. The Moon and other things in space pull on Earth. Ice at the North and South Poles is melting because of climate change. Ice melting makes Earth’s shape change. Earth is not a perfect ball; it is wider in the middle. When less ice pushes down at the poles, Earth becomes rounder, and the weight moves closer to the center. A rule called conservation of angular momentum says that when mass moves closer to the center, spinning becomes faster.

## References 
### Citations
Elsbeth Gerritsen

**Elsbeth  Gerritsen** (19 February 1971 – 21 December 2024) was a Dutch operatic mezzo-soprano.

## Biography
Gerritsen studied musicology at the Utrecht University and did afterwards singing education at the Amsterdam Conservatory. She was trained by  and .

Gerritsen was a soloist with Asko/Schönberg, the Doelen Ensemble and Camerata Trajectina. She was a member of the Nederlandse Kamerkoor, Netherlands Bach Society, and the vocal quartet Quink. She sang in among others Orfeo in *Orfeo ed Euridice*, Martha in *Faust*, Mrs. Noye in ''Noye's Fludde*, Miss Baggott in *Brittens The Little Sweep*, Miranda in *The Tempest van Purcell*, *Boris Godoenov*. and Peace in *De Triomfeerende Min''. In addition, she sang and performed in several world premieres.

Gerritsen was married to bass-baritone Michiel Meijer. She died from breast cancer on 21 December 2024, at the age of 53.

## References
## Other websites
*
Orbit Downloader

**Orbit Downloader** is a freeware, proprietary and graphical download manager with a hidden function of performing DDoS attacks carried out without the user's consent and knowledge, available for Windows family operating systems. One of the main lures to install the program is the ability to download video files from sites such as YouTube, Dailymotion and Metacafe, a defunct Israeli video-sharing website that was launched in July 2003, and redirected to www.videohubs.com on 28 August 2021, following its closure. Since version 4.1.1.5, Orbit Downloader has included an orbitdm.exe component, which connects to the program's website, from where it gets two addresses. From one it downloads the location of the malicious DLL file, while from the other it gets more addresses.

The DLL takes a veiled configuration and performs DDoS attacks on targets provided within it. Eset classifies it as a Trojan Win32/DDoS Orbiter.A.

Officially, the program supports protocols:

* HTTP
* HTTPS
* FTP
* Metalink
* RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol)
* PNM
* MMS (Microsoft Media Services)
* RTMP (Real Time Messaging Protocol)

Orbit Downloader works with many browsers, including: Opera, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Maxthon, Netscape and Google Chrome.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Orbit Downloader (offline)
Pieter Hofstra

**Pieter Hielke Hofstra** (24 September 1946 – 2 January 2025) was a Dutch politician. As a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy he served as a member of the House of Representatives from 1994 to 2006 and of the Senate from 2007 to 2011.

As a member of the House of Representatives he was focused on housing and construction policy, and public transport and freight transport. As a member of the Senate he defended the interests of motorists and focused on public transport and the introduction of road pricing.

He was chairman of .

Hofstra died in Heerenveen on 2 January 2025, at the age of 78.

## References
Jörg Kukies

**Jörg Kukies** (born 21 February 1968) is a German economist and politician. In November 2024, he became Minister of Finance in the government of Chancellor Olaf Scholz.

## References
Henk Bruysten

**Henk Bruysten** with nickname **Hank The Knife** (30 May 1946 – 28 December 2024) was a Dutch musician and comic artist. Bruysten was member of Long Tall Ernie and the Shakers and founder, lead singer and bassist of Hank the Knife and the Jets.

## Biography
Bruysten was born in Arnhem on 30 May 1946 where he also grew up. He became bassist of the band  and he nicknamed himself Hank The Knife. With the band he record two albums and had three singles in the Dutch Top 40. After two years, he left the group due to business and artistic arguments and founded Hank the Knife and the Jets. Their fist single *Guitar King* (1975) reached the number two position in the Dutch Top 40, with the single *Stan The Gunman* they later reached the number one position.

Bruysten was also a comic artist for over 40 years. He made comics for several newspapers and magazines. His most known cartoon character was *Jan Jammerdan*. Together with Tati Lentjes he drew over 2000 comic strips of *Jan Jammerdan*.

Bruysten was married to Kitty and they had a daughter Kim. One of his best friends was bassist and singer  (1945-2009). His wife died in 2009.

## References
La Trinité-sur-Mer

**La Trinité-sur-Mer** is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany, in north-western France.

## References
Malate, Manila

## Etymology
The name *Malate* is derived from a corruption of the Tagalog word *maalat* ("salty"). The name likely referred to the brackish waters, where the river estuary (in today's *Malate Estero*) meets the bay.

The Spanish historian Antonio de Morga wrote in his book, *Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas* (trans:Events in the Philippine Islands), published 1609, that *"Manila has two drives for recreation. One is by land, along the point called Nuestra Señora de Guia. It extends for about a legua along the shore and is very clean and level. Thence it passes through a native street and settlement, called Bagunbayan, to a chapel, much frequented by the devout, called Nuestra Señora de Guia, and continues for a goodly distance further to a monastery and mission-house of the Augustinians, called **Mahalat**."* The Spaniards pronounced this later as "Malate". 

## History 
During the Spanish colonial period, Malate was an open space with a small fishing village where the chief *Tagáls* settled after losing their fort, "Maynila" (now Intramuros), to the colonizers in 1571 — among them the ancient noble families of Raja Matanda and Raja Soliman. 

 in 1831]]

After the United States of America annexed the islands in 1898 as a consequence of the Spanish–American War, American urban planners envisioned Malate as the exclusive residential area for American families and old Spanish mestizo families. In 1901, with the chartering of the city of Manila, Malate became a district after the city's borders were extended outside Intramuros.

At the end of the Second World War, many homes of the affluent were still standing. As such, the displaced wealthy families who evacuated their houses during wartime returned and re-built their private villas and kept the whole district exclusively residential until the onset of extensive commercialization in the 1970s.

## Education and scholarly activity
Education in Malate is mostly provided by private schools. Several educational institutions which are part of the University Belt extend towards Malate via Taft Avenue, such as the De La Salle University, the De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde, Philippine Christian University, Philippine Women's University, St. Paul University Manila and St. Scholastica's College Manila. Prominent secondary schools in Malate are the Jesus Reigns Christian Academy, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and the Malate Catholic School. The *Doña Aurora Quezon Elementary School* is the only public school in the district.

## Gallery

File:Malate Church, Manila, Mar 2024.jpg|Malate Church
File:Remedios_Circle,_Malate,_Manila.jpg|Remedios Circle
File:Rajah Sulayman Monument, Malate, Manila.jpg|Rajah Sulayman Monument
File:Rajah Sulayman Park (Malate, Manila; 02-06-2021).jpg|Plaza Rajah Sulayman
File:De La Salle University, archway.JPG|De La Salle University, archway

## References
Battle of Halidzor

The **Battle of Halidzor** (Armenian: Հալիձորի Ճակատամարտ) took place in the spring of 1727 at the Halidzor fortress, which is located in the present-day Armenian province of Syunik, near the town of Kapan. The battle was between the Armenians, under the leadership of Davit Bek, and the Ottomans.

## Battle
In the spring of 1727, Davit Bek and his followers found refuge in the Halidzor fortress before the Ottomans besieged Halidzor. The Ottoman forces were met with incessant attacks by small Armenian units from the fortress. After seven days, the Ottomans abandoned their positions and retreated.
## Aftermath
According to Armenian sources, the remnants of the Ottoman army dispersed across the region with confusion and panic. The victory at Halidzor encouraged the Armenian rebels, who then expelled Ottoman forces from the area around Kapan and continued to advance south, towards Meghri.
## References
Android Ice Cream Sandwich

**Android Ice Cream Sandwich** is the fourth major version of Android Operating System developed by Google. It was launched on October 19, 2011. It has a features including changes in recent apps, changed launcher change size of widget and many more.

## Related pages 
*Android Honeycomb

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official websites
Presidency of the Council of the European Union

The **presidency of the Council of the European Union** is responsible for the work of the Council of the European Union, which is the co-legislator of the EU legislature along with the European Parliament. 

The role is given to member states of the EU every six months. The presidency is not an individual, but a role that is held by a national government. 

The presidency is currently, held by Poland, since January 2025.

## References
European Union legislative procedure

The European Union creates legislation through many **legislative procedures**. Most legislation needs to be proposed by the European Commission and approved by the Council of the European Union and European Parliament to become law.

Since December 2009, after the Lisbon Treaty, three EU branches have been the main power in the legislative process: the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission, with the national parliaments of the EU having another role. 

## References
Rage farming

**Rage farming** is a general term for when someone purposely tries to make someone else Angry or Upset. This can be done in the physical or Digital world. Often times, rage farming is done by making cruel Jokes about someone or something repeatedly. Rage farming can also be referred to as Rage baiting. On the internet, rage farming can be through spreading Memes about something very sensitive or offensive to a wide group of people. On a Video game rage farming can be seen as calling someone else's skills trash or any other terms for bad.  Rage bait was named Oxford University Press's Word of the Year 2025.

## References
Jos Plas

**Petrus Josephus Armand "Jos" Plas** or **Joseph Plas** (26 November 1930 – 3 January 2025) was a professional Belgian road cyclist.

## Biography
His cycling career was from 1952 to 1964. He won in this era many races in Belgium, including GP Stad Vilvoorde and had many more podium positions at other races. He rode among others the Tour of Flanders and Giro di Lombardia.

During his career he also owned a bicycle shop in Teralfene. After his career he remained a very active cyclist. At the age of 80 years old he cycled three days per week over 100 kilometers. He even cycled long distances after his 90th birthday.

Plas married O'Dora Messens (1935-1974) and after her death Liesbeth van der Linden. He died at home in Sint-Ulriks-Kapelle on 3 January 2025, at the age of 94.

## References
Condescension

**Condescension** and **condescendence** are words that refer to when somebody displays an attitude for contempt toward, hatred of or being strongly more important than everybody else. There are negative connotations with being condescending.

## The modern reference to *condescension*
Before the Victorian era, condescension meant when someone of an upper social class spoke in a simpler way with those of a lower social class.
The modern meaning refers to the act of being patronizing and superior against other people.

## References
Meanness

**Meanness** refers to personality in the form of which, according to many including Aristotle, has the characteristics for being low. In modern forms, though, the word refers to intense hatred, contempt, cruelty and being hostile toward everybody else.

## Classical forms
For his dictionary, Noah Webster (1758–1843) indicated meanness was "the want of excellence", "want of rank", "the lowness of mind" or "low esteem".

## Modern forms
Under modern forms, being mean refers to being very nasty, being cruel and not having any or proper generosity. In fact, being mean can be sometimes mistaken for or mixed up with when somebody is stern or condescending. Bullying, aggression, violence, narcissism and being ruthless are other examples for being mean.

## References
Bobby Matitahatiwen

**Bobby Matitahatiwen**, also written as **Bobbie Matitahatiwen** or **Bob Matitahatiwen** (18 June 1959 – 5 January 2025) was a Dutch futsal player

## Biography
Matitahatiwen is regarded as the best Dutch futsal player of his generation. He won the Gouden Schoen (golden shoe), the best player of the year award, in 1984.

Matitahatiwen made his debut for the Netherlands national futsal team on 27 January 1983 against Italy. He played a total of seven matches between January 1983 and November 1984 with the national team and scored five times. On club he played as an association footballer with  from 1979. In futsal he played with FC Toma, that was later called Datarex and Datagold, in the  during the 1980s. He was selected as a guest player on the Feyenoord futsal team, with the players of the main association football team, on 27 December 1984 and received mixed reactions after the match.

He was a cousin of footballer Simon Tahamata.

Matitahatiwen worked as a policy officer at the Dutch Healthcare Authority. He lived during and after his career in Moordrecht. He died on 5 January 2025, at the age of 65.

## References
Allobates conspicuus

The **Manu rocket frog** (*Allobates conspicuus*) is a frog.  It lives in Peru and Brazil.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives in bamboo forests and other forests. Scientists have seen it between 250 and 550 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen the frog in Manu National Park in Peru. They think it could also live in Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor in Brazil.

## Young
Scientists think the tadpoles swim in streams like other tadpoles in *Allobates* do.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out.  Human beings do change the places where it lives to make small farms, make big farms, and get wood to build with.

## First paper
*

## References
Cross-link

In polymer chemistry, a **cross-link** is a chemical bond or small group of bonds that connects two bigger polymer molecules. Making cross-links is called **cross-linking** or **curing**, and is an important part of making many different materials.

A chemical that creates cross-links in a polymer is called a **cross-linking agent**. If sulfur is used as the cross-linking agent, the process is sometimes called vulcanization. Oxygen from the air can also be a cross-linking agent; chemicals that are cross-linked by oxygen are called drying oils.

The amount of cross-links in a sample can change properties like strength, density, and flexibility. The amount of cross-links is also linked to the swelling capacity, which is used to measure how cross-linked something is.

## Sources
Gustavo Adrianzén

**Gustavo Lino Adrianzén Olaya** (born 25 October 1966) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. He was the prime minister of Peru from March 2024 until May 2025. He was the 26th Permanent Representative of Peru to the Organization of American States from 2023 to 2024. He also was the Minister of Justice and Human Rights under former President Ollanta Humala from April to October 2015.

## References
Friendship (ship)

A number of ships have been named ***Friendship***:

## Sailing ships
**Friendship* – a ketch made  in 1705 for the Bengal Pilot service.
**Friendship* – a brigantine owned by Roger Gregory of Virginia, wrecked off Portugal in 1770
* , a 278-ton (bm) brig built in Scarborough in 1784, that transported convicts to Botany Bay in 1788, as part of the First Fleet. She was scuttled in 1788.
**Friendship* – a schooner built at Ipswich, Massachusetts, registered at Salem in 1789 to Asa Smith
* , was a three-decker merchantman made  in 1793. She made three voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). During her first voyage, in 1796, a French privateer captured her, but the Royal Navy recaptured her. On the second, in 1799, she transported convicts from Ireland to Australia. She made a second voyage transporting convicts in 1817–18. On her way back she was broken up in 1819 at Mauritius after having been found unseaworthy.
**Friendship*, a brigantine of Salem, Massachusetts, of 164 tons, registered at Salem 1794 to Hodges & Nichols
**Friendship*, a schooner of Beverly, Massachusetts, of 111 tons, registered at Salem in 1795 to Woodbury & Haskell
*  was made  in France or Spain, possibly in 1780. The British captured her in 1797 and she became a West Indiaman, and from 1798 a slave ship. *Friendship* made two complete voyages carrying slaves from West Africa to the West Indies. On her third voyage crew members mutinied, taking her before she had embarked any slaves. They sailed for the Caribbean but the Royal Navy retook her in 1801 and brought her into Barbados. There the Government Agent sold her. Tie incident resulted in a legal dispute between the owners and the insurers that in 1813 was decided in favour of the owners. New owners in 1803 continued to sail *Friendship* as West Indiaman. She was last listed in 1810.
**Friendship*, an East Indiaman at Salem, Massachusetts, and made  in 1797;  captured her in 1812 as she returned from Russia.

## Other
*, an Australian cargo ship

## Related pages
* , a replica built in 2000 of the 1797 East Indiaman above
* , the name of five vessels of the Royal Navy.
* *Friendship* (Disney Transport), a group of eight boats (suffixed with Roman numerals *I* through *VIII* depending on the boat) transporting Walt Disney World guests across Crescent Lake in the Epcot Resort Area and Epcot's World Showcase Lagoon.

## Citations
## References
*
Alberto Otárola

**Luis Alberto Otárola Peñaranda** (born 12 February 1967) is a Peruvian attorney and politician who was the Prime Minister of Peru from 2022 until his resignation in 2024. Before, he was the Minister of Defense twice, from 2011 to 2012 and again for a few days in December 2022.

## References
174 (number)

**174** is a number. It comes after 173 and before 175.

## Mathematics 
* 174 is an even number.
* The divisors of 174 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 29, 58, 87, and 174.
* The sum of its digits (1 + 7 + 4) is 12.
* The prime factorization is 2 × 3 × 29.
175 (number)

**175** is a number. It comes after 174 and before 176.

## Mathematics 
* 175 is an odd number.
* Its divisors are 1, 5, 7, 25, 35, and 175.
* The sum of its digits (1 + 7 + 5) equals 13.
* Its prime factorization is 52 x 7.
Hospicio de San Jose

**Hospicio de San José** is a Roman Catholic welfare institution in the district of San Miguel, Manila in the Philippines. It is the first social welfare agency in the country, and as a foster care institution has been home to orphans, the abandoned, people with special needs and the elderly.

## Location
*.]]

*Hospicio de San José* is a hospise located on the riverine islanf of Isla de Convalecencia (Spanish, "Island of convalescence"), an eyot in the middle of the Pasig River, and can only be accessed via **Ayala Bridge**. It was formerly located in the Pandacan district. From there, it was transferred to Intramuros, Binondo, Nagtahan, and Echague.  In 1810, the *Hospicio* was permanently relocated to the *Isla de Convalecencia''.

## References
Je me souviens

"**Je me souviens**" (English : I remember) is the motto of Quebec. It is used on licensing plates. It was made by Eugène Taché in the 19th century when he graved that sentence above the door of the Palais du Parlement.

## References
Charles VII (disambiguation)

**Charles VII** may refer to:

* Karl Sverkersson (Charles VII of Sweden; 1130–1167)
* Charles VII of France (1403–1461), "the Victorious"
* Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (1697–1745)
* Charles VII of Naples, also Charles III of Spain (1716–1788)
* Carlos María de los Dolores (1848–1909), pretender to the throne of Spain, styled "Charles VII" by Carlists
* Charles VII, Archduke of Austria
Robert Paul Wolff

**Robert Paul Wolff** (born December 27, 1933) is an American political philosopher. He has written widely on topics in political philosophy.

Wolff established the University Scholarships for South African Students organization in 1990 with the goal of providing underprivileged South African students with access to higher education in the country. Thousands of South African students have benefited from USSAS's financial support and educational opportunities since its founding.

## References
Jon Arbuckle

**Jonathan Q. "Jon" Arbuckle** is a fictional character from the *Garfield* comic strip by Jim Davis. He also appears in the animated television series *Garfield and Friends* and *The Garfield Show*, two live-action/animated feature films, and four fully animated films.

## Played by 
*Thom Huge (1980-2001; *The Fantastic Funnies, Garfield and friends*)
*Sandy Kenyon (1982; *Here comes Garfield*)
*Jon Barnard (2004; *Garfield the video game*)
*Breckin Meyer (*live action/CGI 2004-06*) (2011; *Robot Chicken*) (Voice)
*Keith Ferguson (2012; *Mad*)
*Quinton Flynn (2020; *Robot Chicken*)

## Other media 
* Jon's first animated appearance was in the 1980 CBS special, *The Fantastic Funnies*, when he was voiced by Thom Huge. Jon was voiced by Sandy Kenyon in the first animated television special (*Here Comes Garfield*), before Huge returned to the character in all later specials and in *Garfield and Friends*. Breckin Meyer portrayed Jon in the live-action/animated films *Garfield: The Movie* and *Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties,* and voiced him in the *Robot Chicken* parodies. In *Garfield Gets Real*, ''Garfield's Fun Fest* and *Garfield's Pet Force'', he was voiced by Wally Wingert. Wally also provides Jon's voice for *The Garfield Show*. Nicholas Hoult voiced Jon in *The Garfield Movie*. Portrayed Jon]]
* Similarly, *Garfield Minus Garfield* removes all the other characters completely and simply features Jon talking to himself. Fans connected with Jon's "loneliness and desperation" and found his "crazy antics" humorous; Jim Davis himself called Dan Walsh's (the author of *Garfield Minus Garfield*) strips an "inspired thing to do" and said that "some of the strips work better than the originals".
* Jon has appeared in three *Robot Chicken* Sketches
* 

## References
Valentin Elizalde

Valentín Elizalde Valencia (Spanish: [balenˈtin eliˈsalde βaˈlensja]; 1 February 1979 – 25 November 2006) was a regional Mestizo-Mexican singer. Nicknamed "El Gallo de Oro" (The Golden Rooster), he was known for his off-key style. His biggest hits included: "Vete Ya," "Ebrio de Amor", and "Soy Así" (a cover of José José's classic song). Some of his songs were narcocorridos eulogizing Mexican drug lords like Vicente Carrillo Fuentes. He also wrote lyrics honoring Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, leader of the Sinaloa Cartel. He was murdered as he left a performance; allegedly by members of the drug trafficking cartel Los Zetas.

In 2007, following his passing, his albums were best-selling, even though none of them made it into the top 20 when he was alive. Elizalde was posthumously nominated for a Grammy Award in 2007 for Best Banda Album.

## References
Analytic number theory

In mathematics, **analytic number theory** is a part of number theory that uses ideas from mathematical analysis to solve questions about whole numbers. It is believed to have started in 1837 when Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet used Dirichlet L-functions to give the first proof of Dirichlet's theorem about arithmetic progressions. This branch of math is well-known for its work on prime numbers (like the Prime Number Theorem and the Riemann zeta function) and on additive number theory (such as the Goldbach conjecture and Waring's problem).

## Branches of analytic number theory 
Analytic number theory has two main parts, based on the type of questions they try to answer.

* **Multiplicative number theory** looks at how prime numbers are spread out, such as counting how many primes are between two numbers. It includes the Prime Number Theorem and Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions.
* **Additive number theory** studies how whole numbers can be added together, like Goldbach's conjecture that says every even number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. One important result in this part is solving Waring's problem.

## References 
### Citations
Christian Gratzei

**Christian Gratzei** (born 19 September 1981 in Leoben) is a former Austrian football goalkeeper. He plaʏed mainly for SK Sturm Graz. He also played for the Austrian national football team.
## Career 
Gratzei began his active career as a footballer in 1987 at DSV Leoben. He played for all of the Donawitz club's youth teams until 1998 and was a member of the professional squad in the second-tier First Division from 1998 onwards. In 2001 Gratzei moved to Grazer AK II. In 2002 he was moved to SK Sturm Graz II. When his coach Foda became coach of the first team Gratzei also got his chance to train with the first team. On 8 March 2003, Gratzei made his debut in the Bundesliga when he played in goal for Graz against SW Bregenz. After a break of more than half a year due to injury, he slowly felt his way back to the top, but was unable to consolidate his position permanently due to a number of mistakes. In the 2005/06 season, Gratzei did not make a single appearance. Since February 2007, he was once again  the regular goalkeeper for SK Sturm. He ended his career after the 2017/18 season.

In 2019, he took over as goalkeeping coach at Wolfsberger AC. After a year with the U15 of SK Sturm as assistance coach he went to TSV Hartberg. There he was goalkeeper coach and one year assistance coach.

## International 
On 1 February 2008, Gratzei was nominated for the Austrian national team squad for the first time. In the fall of 2009, Gratzei became Austria's second goalkeeper behind Helge Payer. He made his national team debut on 14 October 2009 in the 3-1 defeat against France at the Stade de France. He came in for Payer in the second half. His last match was in a 0-0 versus Romania on 5 June 2012.
## International statistics 
## Honours 
* 1 × Austrian Champion: 2011
* 2 × Austrian Cup winner: 2010, 2018 (Sturm Graz)
* 2 × Goalkeeper of the Year in Austria: 2008, 2011

## References
Parameter (computer programming)

In computer science, **parameters** are stored names of information that we want to use for a subroutine. These pieces of information, called values, are then passed on to the subroutine to be used as arguments.

**Parameter (programming)**

For example, in the following Python function:

```
def greet(name):
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
```

The word `name` is a parameter. When the function is called with a value (like `"Alice"`), the parameter `name` will hold that value and the function will use it to perform its action:

```
greet("Alice")  # Outputs: Hello, Alice!
```

In this case, the parameter allows the function to personalize the greeting by using the value provided during the function call.

## References
René Bliki

**René Bliki** (24 September 1926 – 5 January 2025) was a French-born Belgian resistance fighter, war volunteer and sport cyclist.

## Biography
### World War II
During World War II he joined the resistance (Gewapende Weerstand / Witte Brigade). With dynamite he blew up important railway lines towards Brussels and smuggled explosives and weapons. During the War he was one of the people who saved a girl under the rubble of a house after a bombing raid. Because she had no home anymore, she lived in their home for months.

### Cycling
During his childhood, World War II, he practiced cycling. He rode for the proffessional teams  in 1949, Plume Sport in 1959 and Dr. Mann in 1960. He competed in among others the Tour of Belgium, Omloop van Midden-Vlaanderen and Egmont Cycling Races. In cyclo-cross he beated the German world champion in Mechelen and received a lot of media attention in the newspapers.

### Personal life
Bliki was born in Chevilly-Larue, France on 24 September 1926. He had six brothers and sisters. His father had a café and bakery.

After World War II Bliki was married and lived in Hillegem. Next to cycling he worked for the police and the post in Brussels and also moved to Brussels. He divorced and later married Ida Van Lierde. During the last part of his life they lived in Sint-Martens-Lennik. He died there on 5 January 2025, at the age of 98.

## References
## Other websites
*