open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Opequon

The **Battle of Opequon** was more commonly known as the **Third Battle of Winchester**. It was fought in Winchester, Virginia on September 19, 1864. It happened during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War. Fourteen Union Army enlisted men and one officer were presented the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the battle.

## Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

## Recipients
## Notes
## References
* 
** 
**
List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition

, the Leader of the Opposition sits at the front table to the left of the Speaker's Chair (on the right-hand side in this photo).]]
In Australian Federal Politics the **Leader of the Opposition** is a Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives. The Leader of the Opposition is usually the leader of the party which has the most seats but is not part of the Government. In Parliament the Leader of the Opposition sits on the left-hand side of the table in the centre, in front of the Opposition and opposite the Prime Minister. The Opposition Leader is elected by the Opposition Party. A new Opposition Leader may be elected if the person in the position dies, resigns or is challenged for the leadership.

The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. It is based on the British Westminster model. The term Opposition has a specific meaning in the parliamentary system. Its formal title is Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition. This is an important part of the Westminster system. The Opposition directs its criticism at the Government and attempts to defeat and replace the Government. The Opposition is therefore the 'Government in waiting' and it is a formal part of the parliamentary system, just as is the Government. It is in opposition to the Government, but not to the Crown, hence the term 'Loyal Opposition'.

The current Leader of the Opposition is Angus Taylor since 13 February 2026.

## List of leaders of the opposition
## Related pages
* Leader of the Opposition
* Prime Minister of Australia

## Notes

Shows an Opposition Leader who had previously been Prime Minister.

Shows an Opposition Leader who later became Prime Minister.

Gough Whitlam refused to use the title *Leader of the Opposition* between the dismissal of his government in November 1975 and the first meeting of the new parliament in February 1976. During the election campaign in December 1975 he styled himself as the *Leader of the Majority in the House of Representatives*.

## Notes
## References
Dianthus armeria

]]
 species: *Dianthus Armeria*]]

***Dianthus armeria*** is an annual or biennial flowering plant commonly known as Deptford pink or grass pink. It is in the family Caryophyllaceae.

It has small pink flowers that bloom from spring to summer followed by an explosive, inedible fruit. The blooms close up in the afternoon. The seeds are small and blackish or brownish. 

It is a native plant in Europe, and widely grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. It has been introduced to New Zealand and much of North America.
Gorkha National Liberation Front

**Gorkha National Liberation Front** (GNLF) is a political party in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal, Republic of India. It was formed in 1980 by Subhash Ghisingh with the objective of demanding a Gorkhaland state within India.

## References
Ted Demme

**Edward Kern "Ted" Demme** (October 26, 1963 – January 14, 2002) was an American movie director and producer. His career began in 1988. His movies included *The Ref* (1994), *Beautiful Girls* (1996), *Life* and *Blow*.  He died during a celebrity basketball game He was 38 years old when he died.

He was married to Amanda Demme from 1994 until his death. The couple had two sons. He was the nephew of Jonathan Demme.

## Filmography 
### Movies 
### Television 
## Reference 
## Other websites 
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Karl Duncker

**Karl Duncker** (Leipzig, 2 February 1903  23 February 1940) was a German psychologist.
 
Until 1935 he was a student and assistant of the founders of Gestalt psychology in Berlin: Max Wertheimer,  Wolfgang Köhler and  Kurt Koffka.
In 1935, exiled by the Nazis, he got an assistantship at Cambridge University with Frederic Bartlett. Later he emigrated to the USA where he was again an assistant of Köhler’s at Swarthmore College. He committed suicide in 1940 at 37 years of age. He had been suffering from depression for some time and had received professional treatment. 

## Achievements 
Duncker coined the term *functional fixedness* in visual perception and problem solving. This describes the difficulties arising from a part of a problem which normally has a fixed function. In the problem, the fixed function must be changed to reach the perception or solution.

In his "candle problem" the situation was defined by the objects: a box of candles, a box of thumb-tacks and a book of matches. The task was to fix the candles on the wall without any additional elements. The difficulty of this problem arises from the functional fixedness of the candle box. It is a container in the problem but must be used as a shelf in the solution.

Other examples of this type of problem are:

* an electromagnet must be used as part of a pendulum
* a branch of a tree must be used as a tool
* a brick must be used a paper weight
* another meaning of a word must be found that is different from the meaning within the context of the sentence

## References 
*Duncker, Karl 1945. On problem solving. APA *Psychological Monographs* **58**
Dhol

The **dhol** is a drum used during Punjabi wedding processions and parties.
In Western Punjab, the beats of dhol have been an element in the ceremonies of the great Sufi mystics and their followers. The patterns of dhol have been developed to catalyze the mind of the devotee as is seeking spiritual trance. Someone who plays the *Dhol* is known as **Dholi** (). 
Traditionally the Punjabi dhol has been the domain of men.
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

This is a complete alphabetical list of **Medal of Honor recipients during the American Civil War**. This list only has the people with last names starting from A–F.

The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government. It is bestowed on members of the United States armed forces. To receive it they must distinguish themselves "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…". Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the person was killed (posthumously).

Many of the medals presented during the American Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags. During the Civil War these flags served as the rallying point for the unit. They also guided the unit's movements. Loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit. It could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.

## Recipients
Recipients are listed alphabetically by last name. Posthumous receipt is denoted by an asterisk. The rank indicated is the individual's rank at the time of their Medal of Honor action.

## Related pages
*List of Medal of Honor recipients

## References
*
*
**
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Linderte

**Linderte** is a small village in the city of Ronnenberg in Lower Saxony, in Germany. It has about 500 inhabitants, as of 2008.

## References
Hairspray (1988 movie)

***Hairspray*** is a 1988 American musical teen comedy movie. It was produced by John Waters, Robert Shaye and Rachel Talalay and was directed by Waters. In 2002 a Broadway musical of the same name was made. In 2007, the Broadway musical was turned into a movie. Set in 1962 in Baltimore, Maryland, it is about teenager Tracy Turnblad who pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television show and rallies against racial segregation.

## Cast
* Ricki Lake as Tracy Turnblad
* Divine as Edna Turnblad / Arvin Hodgepile
* Debbie Harry as Velma Von Tussle
* Sonny Bono as Franklin Von Tussle
* Jerry Stiller as Wilbur Turnblad
* Leslie Ann Powers as Penny Pingleton
* Colleen Fitzpatrick as Amber Von Tussle
* Michael St. Gerard as Link Larkin
* Clayton Prince as Seaweed J. Stubbs
* Ruth Brown as Motormouth Maybelle
* Shawn Thompson as Corny Collins
* Mink Stole as Tammy
* Joann Havrilla as Prudence Pingleton
* Alan J. Wendl as Mr. Pinky

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Alicia Witt

**Alicia Roanne Witt** (born August 21 1975) is an American singer, model and actor. She was in the movie *Citizen Ruth* (1996). She was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. She acted on television shows *Ally McBeal* and *The Sopranos*.

## References
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima

The Battle of Iwo Jima took place in February and March 1945 during World War II. Some of the fiercest fighting of the war happened during this battle. The American invasion was called Operation Detachment. It was charged with capturing the airfields on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.

The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified. There were vast bunkers with hidden artillery. It had 18 kilometers (11&nbsp;mi) of tunnels. The battle was the first American attack on the Japanese Home Islands. The Imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously. Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 20,000 were killed. Only 216 were taken prisoner.

The battle lasted 2 months. After the battle 27 U.S. military personnel received the Medal of Honor for their actions. Of the 27 medals presented, 22 were presented to Marines. Five were presented to United States Navy sailors. A full 30% of the 82 Medals of Honor presented to Marines in World War II were from this battle.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient is killed (posthumously).

## Recipients
## References
;General
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;Inline
List of national parks in Albania

The **List of national parks** in Albania includes the following:

## National 
* Butrint
* Dajti Mountain
* Divjaka-Karavasta
* Lura
* Llogara
* Prespa
* Thethi
* Tomorri Mountain
* Valbona Valley
* Fir of Hotova-Dangëlli
* Fir of Drenova
* Shtam Pass
* Zall-Gjoçaj
* Shebenik-Jabllanica
* Korab-Koritnik

## Archaeological 
* Amantia
* Antigonea
* Apollonia
* Byllis
* Hadrianopolis
* Lissus
* Oricum
* Phoenice
* Shkodra

## Marine 
* Karaburun-Sazan is sea water forming a 1 nautical mile radius from the shores of the Karaburun Peninsula, and Sazan Island.
List of national parks of Argentina

The **national parks** of **Argentina**, South America.

## North-East
* Chaco National Park
* El Impenetrable National Park
* Iguazú National Park - home of the Iguazu Falls, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
* Mburucuyá National Park
* Río Pilcomayo National Park

## North-West
* Baritú National Park
* Calilegua National Park
* Campo de los Alisos National Park
* Copo National Park
* El Rey National Park
* Los Cardones National Park

## Central
* Campos del Tuyu National Park
* El Palmar National Park
* Islas de Santa Fé National Park
* Predelta National Park
* Quebrada del Condorito National Park

## Cuyo
* El Leoncito National Park
* Los Venados National Park (projected, in San Luis)
* San Guillermo National Park
* Sierra de las Quijadas National Park
* Talampaya National Park - a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000

## Patagonia
* Lago Puelo National Park
* Laguna Blanca National Park
* Lanín National Park
* Lihué Calel National Park
* Los Alerces National Park
* Los Arrayanes National Park
* Los Glaciares National Park - also a UNESCO heritage site
* Nahuel Huapi National Park
* Francisco P. Moreno National Park
* Monte León National Park
* Tierra del Fuego National Park

## Other websites
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War

The **Spanish-American War** (, *desastre del 98*, *Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana* or *Guerra de Cuba *) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States. It began in April 1898.  Hostilities halted in August of that year. The Treaty of Paris was signed in December.

The war began after America demanded Spain peacefully end the Cuban fight for independence. The demand was rejected. Strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories. These territories included Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.

Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States a reason to send in the warship . It was sent to indicate high American interest. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the . "Yellow journalism" added to it accusing Spain of doing a lot of bad things. This made the American public opinion show increased support of the conflict. The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba.

The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict 109 days after the outbreak of war. That gave the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented to the recipient after they are killed (posthumously).

## Recipients
## Notes
## References
*
*
National parks of Azerbaijan

This is a list of national parks in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

## Other websites
* National Parks - Ministry of Ecology and Natural Recources of Azerbaijan
Marlo Thomas

**Margaret Julia "Marlo" Thomas** (born November 21, 1937) is an American television and movie actress. She is best known for her role as Ann Marie in the television series *That Girl* from 1966 to 1971. From 1996 to 2002, Thomas played Rachel Green's mother, Sandra Green, on the TV show *Friends*. Thomas is also known for her children's entertainment project *Free to Be... You and Me*.

Thomas also represents the Marlo Thomas Foundation and is the elder daughter of the late comedian Danny Thomas. She was born in Detroit, Michigan. 

Thomas is the recipient of four Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, a Grammy Award, the Peabody Award and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Thomas was married to talk show host Phil Donahue from 1980 until his death in 2024. 

## References
## Other websites
* MarloThomas.com 
* Marlo Thomas at YouTube
* Marlo Thomas at Twitter
* Marlo Thomas at Facebook
* 
* 
* 
* 
* All About Marlo Thomas at StJude.org
* Marlo Thomas  Video produced by *Makers: Women Who Make America*
* Marlo Thomas at the Comedy Hall of Fame
Yellow Mama

**Yellow Mama** is the nickname given to Alabama's electric chair, which was used for executions from 1927–2002.

It was used at Kilby State Prison in Montgomery, Alabama. Yellow Mama was painted with highway-line paint from the State Highway Department lab. The chair was built by a British inmate in 1927 and was first used the same year.

## References
List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients

The Philippine-American War was an armed military conflict between the United States and the First Philippine Republic. It was fought from 1899 to at least 1902. The conflict arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines. While the conflict was officially declared over on July 4, 1902, American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups until 1913. Some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.

Eighty-six men received the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Philippine–American War. 70 from the Army. 10 from the Navy. 6 from the Marine Corps. Four of the medals were posthumous. Among the recipients were Webb Hayes who was the son of former U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes. Two well known Marine Corps officers, Hiram I. Bearss and David Dixon Porter. Bearss became known for leading long-range reconnaissance patrols behind enemy lines. He was later wounded as a colonel in World War I. Porter was from a distinguished military family and rose to become a major general. José B. Nísperos was a member of the Philippine Scouts. He was honored for continuing to fight after being wounded and was the first Asian recipient of the Medal of Honor.

## Recipients
:*Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied in their entirety from the actual Medal of Honor citation*

## References
:
;General
* 
* 
* 
* 

;Inline
Yukio Okutsu

**Yukio Okutsu** (November 3, 1921 &ndash; August 24, 2003) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life 
Okutsu was born in Koloa, Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He was a *Nisei*, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

Okutsu volunteered to be part of the all-*Nisei* 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.For his actions in April 1945, Okutsu  was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Okutsu's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation
Okutsu's Medal of Honor  his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1945.

The words of Okutsu's citation explain:
Technical Sergeant Yukio Okutsu distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 April 1945, on Mount Belvedere, Italy. While his platoon was halted by the crossfire of three machine guns, Technical Sergeant Okutsu boldly crawled to within 30 yards of the nearest enemy emplacement through heavy fire. He destroyed the position with two accurately placed hand grenades, killing three machine gunners. Crawling and dashing from cover to cover, he threw another grenade, silencing a second machine gun, wounding two enemy soldiers, and forcing two others to surrender. Seeing a third machine gun, which blocked his platoon's advance, he moved forward through heavy small arms fire and was stunned momentarily by rifle fire, which glanced off his helmet. Recovering, he bravely charged several enemy riflemen with his submachine gun, forcing them to withdraw from their positions. Then, rushing the machine gun nest, he captured the weapon and its entire crew of four. By these single-handed actions he enabled his platoon to resume its assault on a vital objective. The courageous performance of Technical Sergeant Okutsu against formidable odds was an inspiration to all. Technical Sergeant Okutsu's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Namesake
Okutsu is the  of the Yukio Okutsu Veterans Home at Hilo.  It is the first veterans home operated by the state government in Hawaii.

## Related pages
*List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
*List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients

## References 
## Other websites
* "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  
*
George McCall Courts

**George McCall Courts** (February 16, 1888 &ndash; August 1, 1932) was born in the District of Columbia. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1907. He received the Medal of Honor for actions at the United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914.

## Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Lieutenant, Junior Grade Organization: U.S. Navy Born:16 February 1888, Washington, D.C. Accredited to: District of Columbia Date of issue: 12/04/1915

**Citation:**

For distinguished conduct in battle, engagements of Vera Cruz, 21 and 22 April 1914. Under fire, Lt.(j.g.) Courts was eminent and conspicuous in the performance of his duties. He had well qualified himself by thorough study during his years of duty in Mexico to deal with the conditions of this engagement, and his services were of great value. He twice volunteered and passed in an open boat through the zone of fire to convey important orders to the Chester, then under a severe fire.

## Related pages
*List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)
*List of United States Naval Academy alumni (Medal of Honor)

## References 
## Other websites
*
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Movement or Boxer Rebellion was a Chinese uprising from November 1899 to September 7, 1901. It was against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty).

The members of the Chinese Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists were simply called *boxers* by the Westerners. This was due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced. It began as an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, peasant-based movement that attacked foreigners who were building railroads and violating Feng shui. Christians who they felt were responsible for foreign domination of China were also targeted. In June 1900, the Boxers invaded Beijing and killed 230 non-Chinese. Before it ended, tens of thousands of Chinese Christians, Catholic and Protestants were killed. Most of them in the Shandong and Shanxi provinces.

During the Boxer rebellion, 59 American servicemen received the Medal of Honor for their actions. Four of these were for Army personnel, twenty-two went to navy sailors and the remaining thirty-three went to marines.  Harry Fisher was the first Marine to receive the medal posthumously and the only posthumous recipient for this conflict.

## Recipients
## References
;General
*
;Specific

## Further reading
*
List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)

The United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz lasted for six months. It occurred in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States. It also related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution.

In response to the Tampico Affair President Woodrow Wilson ordered the U.S. Navy to prepare for the occupation of the port of Veracruz. While waiting for authorization of Congress to carry out such action, Wilson was alerted to a German delivery of weapons. They were for Victoriano Huerta due to arrive to the port on April 21. Because of this Wilson issued an immediate order to seize the port's customs office. They were also ordered to confiscate the weaponry.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels ordered that 56 Medals of Honor be presented to participants in the occupation of Veracruz. This was the most for any single action before or since. In total 63 Medals of Honor were received for actions during the occupation. One went to the Army. Nine webt to members of the United States Marine Corps. Fifty three went to Navy personnel.

## Recipients
:*Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation*

## Notes
## References
:
*
Personal Best

***Personal Best*** is a 1982 American drama movie in which the story is focused on lesbian issues in the Summer Olympics of 1980, directed by Robert Towne. Starring in this are Mariel Hemingway and Patrice Donnelly; the earlier plays Chris Cahill in this movie. This motion picture was rated highly, although it did not do well in the box office.

## Other websites 
*
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between the colonial or federal government and the native people of North America.

These wars which ranged from the 17th-century (King Philip's War, King William's War, and Queen Anne's War at the opening of the 18th century) to the Leech Lake uprising in 1898. They generally resulted in the opening of Native American lands to further colonization. They also represent the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations.

The Indian Wars comprised a series of smaller wars. American Indians who were diverse peoples with their own distinct tribal histories, were no more a single people than the Europeans. They lived in societies organized in a variety of ways. American Indians usually made decisions about war and peace at the local level. They sometimes fought as part of formal alliances. One example is the Iroquois Confederation. They also sometimes used temporary confederacies inspired by leaders such as Tecumseh.

## Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).

## A
## Notes
## References
* 

*
Against All Odds

***Against All Odds*** is a 1984 crime drama movie in which Rachel Ward and Jeff Bridges are among the cast. This movie is about a mix of infidelity, gangsters, crime and adultery. The movie was a remake of *Out of the Past*, a romance-thriller from 1947.
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

**World War II** was a global military conflict. It is also called **Second World War**. It was the joining of what started off as two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia as the Second Sino-Japanese War. The other began in Europe in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.

This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances. On one side was the Allies. On the other was the Axis powers. It involved the mobilization of over 100&nbsp;million military personnel. This made it the most widespread war in history. It placed the participants in a state of "total war". The distinction between civil and military resources were eliminated. This resulted in the complete activation of a nation's economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort. Over 60&nbsp;million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. The financial cost of the war is estimated at about a trillion 1944 U.S. dollars worldwide, making it the most costly war in capital as well as lives.

The Allies won. The result was the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the world's two leading superpowers.

During this conflict 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 266 of them posthumously. Seventeen of these were Japanese-Americans fighting in both Europe and the Pacific. Additionally, the only recipient for the United States Coast Guard received the Medal for his actions during this war.

The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

## A

 N.B. A  in the citation indicates that the award was given posthumously.

## Notes
:

## References
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Free Trade Party

The **Free Trade Party** was an Australian political party from 1889 to 1909. It was officially known as the **Australian Free Trade and Liberal Association**. It was also called the **Revenue Tariff Party** in some states and renamed the **Anti-Socialist Party** in 1906. It wanted to remove tariffs (taxes on imports and exports) as well as other restrictions on trade. It argued that free trade would benefit everyone. However, many members also supported some tariffs to raise money for the government.

The party was based in New South Wales, where its leaders were Sir Henry Parkes and Sir George Reid. It was the main party in New South Wales politics before federation.

After the elections for the first Commonwealth Parliament, the Free Traders were the second largest group in the Australian House of Representatives, with 25 seats. Reid became the Parliament's first leader of the Opposition. He later became Prime Minister in 1904-05. The deputy leader of the Free Trade Party was Willima McMillan. Joseph Cook became deputy leader of the party when McMillan retired in 1903.

A separate Tasmanian Revenue Tariff Party took part in the 1903 federal election in Tasmania and won two seats. It joined with the Free Trade Party in federal parliament.

After the question of tariffs had largely been settled, Reid looked around for another cause for his party. He settled on opposition to socialism. He criticised both the Australian Labor Party and the Protectionist Party, led by Alfred Deakin. The Free Trade Party was renamed the Anti-Socialist Party (ASP) before the 1906 federal election. The Labor Party and the FTP/ASP continued to grow in electoral strength. Some Protectionists left the party to join Labor and the ASP.
, Prime Minister of Australia 1904-1905]]

Reid retired in 1908, and the party leadership passed to Joseph Cook. He agreed to merge with the Protectionists to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909.

## References
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National parks of Austria

]]

There are seven **national parks in Austria**, all of them internationally accepted according to the IUCN standard. 

Austria's national parks are:
* Donau-Auen National Park
* Gesäuse National Park
* Hohe Tauern National Park
* Kalkalpen National Park
* Neusiedler See – Seewinkel National Park
* Nockberge National Park
* Thayatal National Park
Pennsylvania Turnpike

The **Pennsylvania Turnpike** is a toll road (a road cars have to pay to drive on) operated by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States.  It costs more than $7 for a car to enter it from Ohio. The turnpike is a limited-access highway, which means cars must use ramps to get onto the highway. It runs  across the state. The turnpike begins at the Ohio border in Lawrence County, where it goes into that state as the Ohio Turnpike. The designation ends at the New Jersey border at the Delaware River – Turnpike Toll Bridge over the Delaware River in Bucks County, where it goes into that state as the Pearl Harbor Memorial Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike. The roadway goes east-west path through the state, going through the Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia areas. As it goes across the Appalachian Mountains in the middle of the state, the turnpike goes through four tunnels. It is part of the Interstate Highway System and is signed as part of Interstate&nbsp;76 (I-76) between the Ohio border and Valley Forge, I-70 and I-76 between New Stanton and Breezewood, **I-276** between Valley Forge and Bristol Township, and I-95 between Bristol Township and the New Jersey border.  The road uses a ticket system of tolling, where cars get a ticket listing fares when they head onto the road and pay when they leave the road, between the Warrendale and Neshaminy Falls toll plazas. There is also an eastbound toll plaza at Gateway near the Ohio border and a westbound toll plaza at the Delaware River Bridge that uses cameras to take a picture of the car's license plate and send a bill in the mail. E-ZPass, a form of electronic toll collection, is also used at all toll plazas.

The Pennsylvania Turnpike was planned in the 1930s to make traveling by car better across the mountains of Pennsylvania. It went through seven tunnels that were created for the abandoned South Pennsylvania Railroad in the 1880s. The road opened on October&nbsp;1, 1940 between Irwin and Carlisle as the first long-distance limited-access highway in the United States that led to the building of other limited-access toll roads and the Interstate Highway System. Following World War II, the turnpike was built east to Valley Forge in 1950 and west to the Ohio border in 1951. In 1954, the road was built east to the Delaware River. The mainline turnpike was done in 1956 when the Delaware River bridge was built. In the 1960s, another tube was dug at four of the two-lane tunnels while the other three tunnels were closed when a new road was built around them. This made all of the highway four lanes wide. Work continues to be done to make the road better, such as widening parts of the turnpike to six lanes, adding new interchanges, and destroying existing ones when that occurs.

## References
## Works cited
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*
List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients

The Korean War was an increase of border clashes between two rival Korean governments (each of which was supported by external powers). Each Korean government was trying to topple the other through political and guerilla tactics. Some may refer to it as a civil war. Though many other factors were at play. South Korea filed to strengthen their cause in free elections held in May 1950. The refusal of South Korea to hold new elections per North Korean demands was also a factor. The communist North Korean Army moved south on June 25, 1950. It was an attempt to reunite the Korean peninsula which had been formally divided since 1948. The conflict was then expanded by the United States and the Soviet Union's involvement as part of the larger Cold War. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950 until the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953.

## Medal of Honor
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient is killed (posthumously).

During this war 135 Medals of Honor were presented for bravery in action. Ninety seven were presented posthumously.

## RecipientsTansey?
:*Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied from the official Medal of Honor citation*

## Related pages
* List of Medal of Honor recipients

## References
;General
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;Inline
Wayne Hillman

**Wayne James Hillman** (November 13, 1938 – November 24, 1990) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 14 seasons in the NHL.

Hillman played in the NHL with the Chicago Black Hawks for 5 seasons, the New York Rangers for 4 seasons, the Minnesota North Stars for 1 season and the Philadelphia Flyers for 4 seasons. Hillman also played for the Cleveland Crusaders of the World Hockey Association for 2 seasons and retired after his time with the Crusaders wa done.

Even though Hillman only played 1 playoff game for the Black Hawks in the 1960-61 NHL season his name was still engraved on the Stanley Cup.

Hillman died of cancer on November 24, 1990.

## Other websites
*
*
Dubai International Airport

**Dubai International Airport**  () is an international airport serving Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is a major airline hub in the Middle East, and is the main airport of Dubai. The airport is the main hub for Emirates. The airport consists of 3 terminals, named Terminal 1, 2, and 3. Emirates mainly uses Terminal 3. It is the world's biggest airport for international passenger traffic, and the 19th biggest for passenger traffic.

## Terminals, airlines and destinations
### Passenger flights
### Terminal F (Cargo flights)
### VIP Pavillion
## Awards
* 2011 – *Best Airport in Middle East* of the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International and most improved airport in the Middle East.

## References
## In other websites
*Official Site
*Air Freight Services Dubai
*
*Project Information from Airport Technology
Protectionist Party

:*This article is about the Protectionist Party of 1889-1909.*

The **Protectionist Party** was an Australian political party from 1889 until 1909. Its policies were based on protectionism. It argued that Australia needed protective tariffs to allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most important leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime ministers of Australia.

The Protectionist Party formed government Australia's first government with the support of the Labor Party. They agreed to put in place social reforms that were Labor policy. Labor's program, however, was often too radical for the Protectionists, and compromises had to be made. Several changes of minority governments occurred.

The Protectionist vote had dropped by the 1906 federal election. Labor formed its first government in 1904 and its second in 1908 under Andrew Fisher. Many people believed an anti-socialist group was needed to oppose the Labor Party. Deakin and Anti-Socialist Party leader Joseph Cook, began talks to join their parties together.  The more liberal Protectionists, such as Isaac Isaacs and H. B. Higgins, opposed a merger.  The Protection Party was split by this issue.  Most members, including Deakin, joined with the Anti-Socialist Party to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party. This became known as "the Fusion,". The more liberal Protectionists supported Labor.  The Fusion would form another minority government before Fisher and Labor achieved Australia's first federal majority government, and the first Senate majority, at the 1910 election.

In 2007, a new political party, the Australian Protectionist Party was set up.

, the first Prime Minister of Australia 1901-1903]], Prime Minister of Australia 1903-1904, 1905-1908, 1909-1910]]

## References
*Australian Dictionary of Biography - Edmund Barton 
*Australian Dictionary of Biography - Alfred Deakin
List of Native American Medal of Honor recipients

This is a list of Native Americans presented the nation's highest military decoration &mdash; the Medal of Honor. The Medal of Honor is bestowed "for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force."  The medal is presented by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress.

Of the 3,469 Medals of Honor presented as of 2012 only 28 have been given to Native Americans.

The Medal of Honor created during the American Civil War. It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient was killed (posthumously).

## List of recipients
## References
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*

*
Fallingwater

**Fallingwater** is the name of the summer house Frank Lloyd Wright designed in 1935 for the Kaufmann family. It is in the woods over a waterfall in Pennsylvania. It is a nationally listed national historic place,

The house actually sits low in the valley over the stream, but looks dramatic from further downstream. It has large terraces, and some of them stick straight out and hang right over the waterfall or the stream. There are windows and glass doors, with only narrow steel supports between them, wrapping all the way around the living room. There are also windows going all the way from the floor to the ceiling in all three stories of the tower. Most of the house is made from stone.

There are strong horizontal and vertical lines in the design of the house. It resembles the horizontal and vertical lines in the rock formations and other natural features. The waterfall can be heard everywhere in the house. Wright wanted there to be a close connection between inside and outside, and for the house itself to be natural.

The large, cave-like living room has a big fireplace built on a large rock that comes up out of the floor. This was Edgar Kaufmann's favorite place to sit before the house was built. A stairway hangs down from the main floor to the stream. A glass hatchway lets people go down it from the living room.

Some of the furniture is built right into the house. Many shelves are attached directly into the wall, sticking out without any supports that can be seen, like the floors and terraces of the house itself.

There is a guest house on the hill behind the main house. It is connected by an "S" shaped, covered walk. There is a plunge pool beside the guest house.

In 1991, members of the American Institute of Architects named the Fallingwater house the "best all-time work of American architecture".

## References 
## Further reading 
* Edgar Kaufmann Jr. 1986. *Fallingwater: a Frank Lloyd Wright country house* Abbeville Press.
* Robert McCarter 2002. *Fallingwater aid*. (Architecture in Detail) Phaidon Press.
* Franklin Toker 2005. ''Fallingwater rising: Frank Lloyd Wright, E.J. Kaufmann, and America's most extraordinary house*. Knopf.
* Lynda S. Waggoner and the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy 1996. *Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright's romance with nature''. Universe Publishing.

## Other websites 
*Fallingwater pictures: fall photo - numerous excellent photos of the house.
*Official Fallingwater website - visitor and design information
*official Western Pennsylvania Conservancy website 
*Architectural Record article 
*Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article
Laurie

**Laurie** [ lawr-ee ] is a given name for women. It is a version of Laura. *Laura* is more common than *Laurie*. Sometimes, it can also be a surname. Laurie is a gender-neutral name that has been in use for centuries across various cultures with diverse interpretations. The name Laurie originated from the Latin name Laurentius, which signifies "a person from Laurentum." Laurentum was a historic city located in Italy, and individuals who hailed from that city were given the name Laurentius. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Laurie Cunningham, English footballer (1956–1989)
* Laurie Anderson, American interdisciplinary artist and musician
* Laurie Holden, American-Canadian actress
* Laurie Hendren, Canadian computer scientist (1958-2019)
* Laurie Bird, film actor, photographer
* Laurie Metcalf, American actress

## References
Commonwealth Liberal Party

The **Commonwealth Liberal Party** (CLP) was a political party in Australia from 1909 to 1917. It was also known as **The Fusion**, or the **Deakinite Liberal Party**. It is the earliest direct ancestor of the modern Liberal Party of Australia.

The party was formed after the Australian Labor Party formed its second government in 1908.  Business leaders told Alfred Deakin, the leader of the Protectionist Party, and Joseph Cook, leader of the Anti-Socialist Party, to join forces to oppose the Labor Party. In 1909, the Protectionists and Anti-Socialists joined to form the CLP.  Deakin was the new party's first leader, with Cook as deputy leader.  Several of the more liberal Protectionists left and joined Labor.  

The Protectionists and Anti-Socialists had a majority of seats in the House of Representatives. The new party used its numbers to force Prime Minister Andrew Fisher to resign. Deakin became Prime Minister for the third time. However, the CLP was defeated by Labor at its first election, less than a year later in 1910. 

Cook took over from Deakin shortly before the 1913 election and won government by a single seat.  One year later, Cook introduced a bill removing special treatment for union members.  Cook knew the Labor Party had the numbers in Senate to defeat the bill. When the Senate rejected it twice, Cook had an excuse to call an early election for 5 September. This was the first double dissolution election in Australia. However CLP was soundly defeated, and Labor became the government. 

In November 1916, the CLP made a deal with the Prime Minister Billy Hughes. Hughes had been forced to leave the ALP for supporting conscription in World War I. He set up a new party called the National Labor Party.  In February 1917, the CLP and National Labor joined to form the Nationalist Party of Australia.  Although the new party had more Liberals, Hughes became its leader with Cook as his deputy.

Today the Commonwealth Liberal Party is usually called **the Deakinite Liberal Party** so it will not be confused with the modern Liberal Party of Australia.

## Leaders 
, Prime Minister of Australia 1913-1914]]
* Alfred Deakin 1909-13
* Joseph Cook 1913-16

## References
*Australian Dictionary of Biography - Alfred Deakin 
*Australian Dictionary of Biography - Joseph Cook 

## Other websites