open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Neurotransmitter

**Neurotransmitters** are chemical messengers. They send information between neurons by crossing a synapse. Electrical signals are not able to cross the gap between most neurons. They are changed into chemical signals to cross the gap. Neurotransmitters act mostly on chemical synapses. Once they reach the next neuron they are absorbed. The neuron then changes this chemical signal back into an electrical signal called an action potential. The action potential passes across the next neuron and to the next synapse.

Many neurotransmitters are made from amino acids, which are part of your diet and it takes only a few steps to convert them. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. Scientists do not yet know exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, but more than 100&nbsp;chemical messengers have been identified.

Each neurotransmitter has a different function. For example: dopamine is used in reward and pleasure and noradrenaline is used in an animal's "fight or flight" response. Neurotransmitters also regulate the passing of messages. This is because an action potential must be a certain strength before the neurotransmitters are released. The strength required to release the neurotransmitter is called a threshold.

The most common transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is called GABA, which inhibits at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate.

Neurotransmitters are transported within neurons by small "sacks" called vesicles. When these vesciles come into contact with the neuron's cell membrane, it opens. This releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

## Discovery
Until the early 20th century, scientists assumed that the majority of synaptic communication in the brain was electrical. However, through the careful histological examinations by Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), a 20 to 40&nbsp;nm gap between neurons, known today as the synaptic cleft, was discovered. The presence of the gap suggested chemical messengers moved across the synaptic cleft. In 1921 German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873–1961) confirmed that neurons can communicate by releasing chemicals. By experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to slow the heart rate of frogs by controlling the amount of saline solution present around the vagus nerve.

Loewi asserted that sympathetic regulation of cardiac function can be mediated through changes in chemical concentrations. Otto Loewi also discovered acetylcholine (ACh)—the first known neurotransmitter. Some neurons do, however, communicate by electrical synapses through the use of gap junctions, which allow specific ions to pass directly from one cell to another.

## References
Hard rock

**Hard rock** is a variation of rock music with roots in early 1960s garage rock and psychedelic rock. The term "hard rock" may be used several genres such as punk rock and grunge in order to distinguish them from the more radio-friendly pop rock genre.

## Notable Artists
* The Beatles (such as Helter Skelter, I Want You (She’s So Heavy)
* Jimi Hendrix
* Status Quo
* The Who
* AC/DC
* Aerosmith
* We Are the Fallen
* Memento
* Crossfade
* Evanescence
* Sevendust
* System of a Down
* Black Sabbath
* Deep Purple
* Default
* Matchbook Romance
* Creed
* Kutless
* Grand Funk Railroad
* Guns N' Roses
* Kiss
* Led Zeppelin
* Mountain
* Thin Lizzy
* Three Days Grace
* Van Halen

## References
Paul Watzlawick

**Paul Watzlawick** PhD (July 25, 1921 – March 31, 2007) was a theoretician in communication theory. He also commented in the fields of family therapy and general psychotherapy. He lived and worked in California until his death in 2007 in Palo Alto.

He formulated five axioms. They are:
# It is not possible to not communicate. Every behavior is some kind of non-verbal communication. 
# Every communication has a content. In addition, there is 'metainformation', which says how the communicator wants to be understood.
# All parters involved in a communication process also interpret their own behaviour during communication.
# Human communication involves both verbal and non-verbal communication. In addition to the spoken words, there are is also a non-spoken part (gestures, behavior, intonation..) which is part of the communication.
# Communication between humans is either symmetric or complementary. This is based on whether the relationship of those communicating is based on differences or parity.

## Works
Watzlawick is author of 18 books (in 85 foreign language editions) and more than 150 book articles and book chapters. Books he has written or on which he has collaborated include:
* *Invented Reality: How do we know what we believe we know? (Contributions to constructivism)*
* *Pragmatics of human communication* 
* *The situation is hopeless, but not serious* 
* *Ultra-solutions: how to fail most successfully* 
* *How real is real?*
* *Change*
* *The language of change*

## Other websites 
*http://www.colorado.edu/communication/meta-discourses/Theory/watzlawick/
Sally Beamish

**Sally Beamish** (born 26 August 1956 in London) is an English composer.  She has written orchestra, chamber music, vocal and choral music.

Sally studied the viola at the Royal Northern College of Music.  Later she studied in Germany and Italy.

Sally started her career playing the viola in a chamber group called the Raphael Ensemble.  The experience of playing in small groups was important for her development as a composer.  Her music often combines and contrasts solo instruments, exploring the sounds they can make.

She has written works for the Swedish and Scottish Chamber Orchestras and has had works performed at the BBC Proms.  Her trumpet concerto, written for Håkan Hardenberger and the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland was performed at the Proms in 2003 with Martyn Brabbins conducting.  She has also written concertos for the flute, viola, saxophone, percussion and accordion and is planning to write concertos for  viola (her third), saxophone quartet and cello.

She has written a stage musical about the Scottish Highlands.  She lives in Scotland with her husband and young daughter.

## Other websites 
*Sally Beamish  – official website
Nakhodka

**Nakhodka** (Russian *Находка*) is a port city in Primorsky Krai, Russia. It is one of the most eastern cities in Russia. Nakhodka is a port on the Japan Sea. It is located around Nakhodka Bay. *Nakhodka* means "Lucky find" in Russian.

The village **Amerikanka** was the first permanent settlement at the location of the current city. It was founded in 1907. Nakhodka became an urban-type fishing settlement in 1941. It received  city status on May 19, 1950. This date is now called *City Day*.

## Economy
The economy of the city is based mainly on the port and port-related businesses. This include processing and canning fish. In Soviet times, Nakhodka was the only Soviet port in the Far East open to foreign vessels. After Vladivostok started being used by foreigners in 1991, the port of Nakhodka is not used as much as before. Economic activity in the city has become much less because of this..

Nakhodka is still an important international port. It is the center of the coastal trade. Exports include timber, coal, fluorspar, honey, fish and seafood.

## References
Identity

**Identity** could mean:

## Philosophy
* Identity (philosophy) is the sameness of two things.
* Identity theory of mind, in the philosophy of mind, holds that the mind is identical to the brain
* Personal identity

## Mathematics
*An identity is an equality that holds regardless of the values of its variables.
*An identity object is an entity that does not change other objects; identity function, identity element and identity matrix

## Social science and psychology
*Identity (social science). In the social sciences, *identity* has specific meanings, stemming from cognitive theory, sociology, politics, and psychology.
*Cultural identity is a person's self-affiliation (or categorization by others) as a member of a cultural group.
*Gender identity is the gender with which a person identifies (or is identified by others).
*Digital identity is the representation of identity in terms of digital information.
*Online identity is the digital identity established by computer network users.
*Psychological identity is the concept that an individual has a unique identity developed relatively late in history.

## Business
*An accounting identity is a basic accounting formulation that must, by construction, hold; for example, the balance sheet of a company must balance. The term may also be used to apply to formulations in economics that have the same characteristics, for example, the balance of payments must balance.
*Corporate identity is the physical manifestation of a business brand.
*Identity theft is the deliberate appropriation of someone else's identity (without that person's permission) for criminal purposes.

## Computer science
*Identity (object-oriented programming), a property of objects that allows those objects to be distinguished from each other.
*Identity column in SQL Server represents a database field whose values are automatically generated by the server, and uniquely identify a row in the table.

## Religion
* Christian Identity, a controversial religious belief which holds that Europeans and their descendents are the Biblical Israel

## Television, film, music and literature
**Identity (novel)*, a novel written by Milan Kundera
**Identity (movie)*, a movie directed by James Mangold, starring, among others, John Cusack
**Identity (album)*, an album from Zee with Richard Wright and Dave Harris
*Identity (music), a transformation of pitches in music
**Identity (game show)*, a game show on NBC hosted by Penn Jillette

## Related pages
* Secret identity
* identity card
* Identification
Espionage

**Espionage**, or **spying**, is a practice of getting information without permission about an organization, society, or country that is meant to be secret or confidential. Espionage usually involves having access to where the needed information is stored or to the people that know the information. In wartime, espionage is a war crime. 

A person who is unwillingly being spied upon or willingly gives away information is called an intelligence asset. The person who receives information is called a spy or more vaguely an agent. A double agent is one who trades information to both sides and is sometimes unknowingly related to or employed by both sides.

## References
## Related pages
*Intelligence agency
Harrison Birtwistle

Sir **Harrison Birtwistle** CH, (15 July 1934 – 18 April 2022) was one of Britain's most important composers. He was born in Accrington, Lancashire.

## Early life
In 1952, Birtwistle entered the Royal Manchester College of Music in Manchester on a clarinet scholarship. While there he met other young composers like Peter Maxwell Davies and Alexander Goehr. Together with pianist John Ogdon and conductor Elgar Howarth, he formed the *New Music Manchester* group, which put on performances of modern music, especially music using serialism. 

Birtwistle left the college in 1955, then studied at the Royal Academy of Music and afterward made a living as a schoolteacher. In 1965 he got a Harkness Fellowship which gave him the opportunity to study composition in the United States.

In 1975 Birtwistle became musical director of the new Royal National Theatre in London, a post he held until 1983. He was given a knighthood in 1988 and was made a Companion of Honour in 2000. From 1994 to 2001 he was ***Henry Purcell Professor of Composition*** at King's College London.

## Music
His music is quite complicated and modern in style.  Sometimes it reminds one of Igor Stravinsky and Olivier Messiaen.  Sometimes he uses blocks of sound like Edgard Varèse.  His first opera *Punch and Judy* is quite different from a traditional Punch and Judy children's entertainment.  It is very serious and quite violent. He has written other operas: *The Mask of Orpheus* (1984), *Sir Gawain and the Green Knight* (1990),  *The Second Mrs Kong* (1994), and *The Last Supper* (2000), .

When *Gawain* was performed in 1994 at the Royal Opera House a group of hecklers booed and whistled loudly.  However, this only made the opera more famous as lots of people read about it and came to hear it.  He wrote a piece called *Panic* for alto saxophone, jazz drum kit and orchestra.  

It was a very loud, harsh piece and it was a shock for the audience when it was first performed at the Last Night of the Proms, a concert at which people normally expect to hear music with easy, sing-along tunes.

## Death
Birtwistle died, aged 87, on April 18, 2022 at his home in Mere, Wiltshire from problems caused by a stroke he had in 2021.

## References
Punch and Judy (disambiguation)

**Punch and Judy** could mean:

**Punch and Judy*, a traditional children's puppet show
*Punch and Judy, characters in *Big Shot*
**Punch and Judy*, an opera by Harrison Birtwistle.
*"Punch and Judy", a song released by Marillion in 1984
**The Punch and Judy Man*, a 1962 British comedy film 
*"Punch and Judy", a song by The Stranglers from their 1984 album Aural Sculpture
*"Punch and Judy", a song by Elliott Smith from his 1997 album *Either/Or*
*"Punch Judy", three-piece London-based band on the punky side of pop http://www.myspace.com/punchjudy gives short reviews and gig details
*Punch and Judy, a pair of re-occurring characters in the anime Cowboy Bebop
Lorsch

**Lorsch** is a small town in southwest Germany ( south of Frankfurt am Main) in the Kreis Bergstraße district of the state of Hessen. More than 12,000 people live in the town.

It is the site of a Benedictine abbey, which used to be one of the greatest centers of Carolingian art. Several Carolingian kings of Germany were buried there. The abbey is also famous for the Lorsch Codex, which was produced there around the end of the 12th century. The abbey has been declared a World Heritage Site. The *Nibelungenlied* identifies Lorsch as the birthplace of Siegfried.

## References
## Other websites
Scottish

**Scottish** usually refers to something from or related to Scotland, a country in northern Europe.

These may include:

;Language
*Scottish English, the accents and dialects of English spoken in Scotland
*Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language native to Scotland
*Scots language, a Germanic language spoken in lowland Scotland

;People
*Scottish people
*Ulster Scots people

## Related pages 
* Scotts (disambiguation)
Identity (mathematics)

:*For other senses of this word, see identity.*

In mathematics, the term **identity** has several important uses:

*An **identity** is an equality that remains true even if you change all the variables that are used in that equality.

An equality in mathematical sense is only true under more particular conditions. For this, the symbol ≡ is sometimes used (note, however, that the same symbol can also be used for a congruence relation as well.)
*In algebra, an **identity **or **identity element** of a set *S* with an operation is an element which, when combined with any element *s* of *S,* produces *s* itself. In a group (an algebraic structure), this is often denoted by the symbol e.
*The **identity function** (or identity map) from a set *S* to itself, often denoted \mathrm{id} or \mathrm{id}_S, such that \mathrm{id}(x)=x for all *x* in *S*.
*In linear algebra, the **identity matrix** of size n is the n-by-n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It is often denoted by the symbol I.

## Examples 
### Identity relation
A common example of the first meaning is the trigonometric identity
: \sin ^2 \theta +  \cos ^2 \theta = 1\,
which is true for all real values of \theta (since the real numbers \Bbb{R} are the domain of both sine and cosine), as opposed to
:\cos \theta = 1,\,
which is only true for certain values of \theta in a subset of the domain.

### Identity element
The concepts of "additive identity" and "multiplicative identity" are central to the Peano axioms.
The number **0** is the "additive identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all a\in\Bbb{R},

:0 + a = a,\,

:a + 0 = a,\, and

:0 + 0 = 0.\,

Similarly, The number **1** is the "multiplicative identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all a\in\Bbb{R},

:1 \times a = a,\,

:a \times 1 = a,\, and

:1 \times 1 = 1.\,

### Identity function 
A common example of an identity function is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set \{ 1, 2, \ldots, n \} to itself.

## Comparison
These meanings are not mutually exclusive; for instance, the identity permutation is the identity element in the set of permutations of \{ 1, 2, \ldots, n \} under composition.

## Related pages 
* Identity Property
* One
* Zero

## References 
## Other websites 
* EquationSolver   - A webpage that can test a suggested identity and return a true/false "verdict".
Dominic Monaghan

**Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan** (born 8 December 1976) is an English actor. He is well known for playing Merry Brandybuck in Peter Jackson's movie trilogy of J. R. R. Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings*. He is also well known for playing Charlie Pace on the television series *Lost*.

## Personal life 
Monaghan was born in Berlin to British parents. He has a tattoo on his right arm of the English word "nine" written with the Tengwar script.  It means that his character was one of the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring in *The Lord of the Rings*. Many other cast members also got similar tattoos during the making of the movie. On his left arm is a tattoo that says "Living is easy with eyes closed", a line from The Beatles' song "Strawberry Fields Forever". On *Lost*, Charlie's tape/bandage finger-rings with letters spelling out words were Monaghan's idea. He thought that because Charlie is an artist, he would still want to be creative even when trapped on an island. Monaghan also actually plays the guitar on *Lost*.

Dominic dated Evangeline Lilly while the two of them were on *Lost*. The two broke up in 2007.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* The Dominic Monaghan Resource 
* Dominic Monaghan interview
Crazy Horse (cabaret)

:The article about the Sioux leader is at Crazy Horse

**Le Crazy Horse Saloon** or **Le Crazy Horse Paris** is a nightclub in Paris, founded in 1951. It is famous for its cabaret, which features nude female dancers. It was opened by Alain Bernardin, who also managed it until his suicide in 1994. Today the cabaret is run by Bernardin's children.

The franchise includes *Crazy Horse Paris* for one in Las Vegas (formerly La Femme), at the MGM Grand. 

Other cabarets with similar names are separate enterprises.
Path

**Path** may refer to:

**Physical paths**:
* Bicycle path
* Bridle path
* Footpath
* Hiking path
* Sidewalk
* Trail

In **mathematics and computing**:
* Path (computing), where to find a file on a computer
* Path (graph theory), a sequence of vertices of a graph
* Path (topology), a continuous function
* Path, a name for the vectors in vector graphics
Yeast

**Yeast** are microorganisms. They are single-celled  fungi. There are about 1,500 different species of yeast. Most reproduce asexually, by budding. Some use binary fission to reproduce asexually.

A particular species of yeast, ***Saccharomyces cerevisiae***, has been used for thousands of years. It is used for baking bread because the yeast makes carbon dioxide as a by-product of it eating sugar, which helps the bread rise (leaven). Yeast is also used for making beer and other alcoholic drinks by a process known as fermentation. This process produces both ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Ethanol is also used as fuel, and to make other organic chemicals. 

Yeast can be used to make electricity.  Yeast is also a model organism for studying cell biology. Some yeasts can cause infections in humans (they are  pathogens).

Image:Compressed fresh yeast - 1.jpg|A block of fresh yeast
Image:Dry yeast.jpg|Dry yeast (usually, yeast is sold like this)

## Related pages
* Mycorrhiza
* Mould
* Slime mould
* Lichen
* *Candida*
* Fungus

## References
## Other websites
Sumatra

**Sumatra**, known also as *Sumatera*, is the sixth largest island in the world. It is in western Indonesia. It is to the west of the Sunda Islands, and is bordered by the Indian Ocean. Sumatra contains the provinces of Daerah Istimewa Aceh, Riau, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung Islands, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, North Sumatra, South Sumatra, and West Sumatra. Sumatra has an area of about 443,066&nbsp;km². It is about  long, and  wide, at its widest point. In 2010, about 50 million people lived on Sumatra.

## Other websites
* Sumatera Online
Trebuchet

A **trebuchet** was a device used in wars and sieges in the Middle Ages. It could be used to throw stones at ramparts, trying to break them down. It could also be used to throw things over the walls of a city. These could be corpses of animals or people that had died of the plague. Trebuchets were more accurate than other medieval catapults. Trebuchets were first made in China in the 4th century BC.

## How it works
The trebuchet works in a simple way. The basket of the trebuchet is filled with heavy rocks.  This acts as a counterweight for the other end, which is usually filled with one large rock.  Several men arm the trebuchet by raising the counterweight up and the firing arm down.  At this point the arm is released, the heavy basket swings down and the arm swings up, launching the rock far and fast.
The sling adds an additional 10-15 feet of arm length and gives the projectile a whip like speed then releases. The sling gives the projectile most of its speed. 

## Other websites 
* Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege (building of and history of trebuchets), from the NOVA website
* article on Trebuchet Mechanics  (in PDF format)
* The Finnish Trebuchet 
* Homemade Trebuchet 
* Homemade Spring Trebuchet 
* Medieval Trébuchet 
* Animated Trebuchet
* Evolution of Sling Weapons
Tarascon

**Tarascon**, sometimes called **Tarascon-sur-Rhône**, is a city in the south of France. The city is about 20&nbsp;km from either Arles or Avignon. The city was founded by the Romans in the year 48. Some people know the city from the book Tartarin de Tarascon by Alphonse Daudet. There is also a castle near the city. About 14.000 people lived in Tarascon in 2003. 

Image:Tarascon Le Chateau.jpg|The castle of Tarascon
Image:Tarascon-chateau-roi-rene.jpg|Another view of the castle
Cnidaria

**Cnidaria** is a phylum with about 11,000 species of animals. All of them are simple and aquatic, and most of them live in the sea. Some are colonial, composed of zooids which may be clones. Cnidarian zooids may take the form of polyps or medusae at different phases of their life.

Cnidaria take their name from special cells which have organelles that sting: the nematocysts. This device is largely responsible for their success: it is their main specialised and distinctive cell type.

## Pronunciation 
The word Cnidaria is spoken without the initial "C", and with a long "i". So it sounds like "Naidaria". In a similar way, the term Ctenophore is pronounced as "Teenophore". Originally, a Greek kappa was in front of the words, and it was pronounced. The name comes from Greek language *knidi*, "nettle", thus meaning "nettle-like animals" as all cnidarians have stinging cells like nettles.

## Subdivisions 
There are five classes in the group.
** Class Scyphozoa: the 'true' jellyfish.
** Class Cubozoa: the box jellies.
** Class Hydrozoa: the hydroids: (*Hydra*; Portuguese man o' war).
** Class Staurozoa: the stalked jellyfish.

Unranked, but now known to be cnidarians, is the parasitic group Myxozoa.

### Basic body forms
Adult cnidarians are usually either free-swimming medusae or sessile polyps. Many alternate between the two forms. Both forms are radially symmetrical, like a wheel and a tube respectively.

Most have fringes of tentacles equipped with cnidocytes around their edges. Medusae usually have an inner ring of tentacles around their mouth. Some hydroids may be colonies of zooids which serve different purposes: defence, reproduction and catching prey. The mesoglea of medusae is a thick and springy jelly, so it returns to its original shape after muscles around the edge have contracted. This makes a sort of jet propulsion.

### Skeletons
In medusae the only supporting structure is the jelly inside their cell layers. *Hydra* and most sea anemones close their mouths when they are not feeding, and the water in the digestive cavity then acts as a kind of skeleton, rather like a water-filled balloon. Other polyps such as *Tubularia* use columns of water-filled cells for support. Sea pens stiffen the mesogleal jelly with calcium carbonate spicules and tough fibrous proteins, rather like sponges.

In some colonial polyps, a chitinous periderm gives support and some protection to the connecting sections and to the lower parts of individual polyps. Stony corals secrete massive calcium carbonate exoskeletons. A few polyps collect materials such as sand grains and shell fragments, which they attach to their outsides. Some colonial sea anemones stiffen the mesoglea with sediment particles.

## Fossil record 
There is a long fossil record for the corals, and soft-bodied forms appear in some exceptional strata. Some are believed to be among the Ediacaran biota.

## References
3 BC

Year **3 BC** was a common year starting on Wednesday or Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Messalla.

## Events
* King Maroboduus of the Marcomanni made a confederation of Germanic tribes, with the Hermunduri, Lombards, Semnoni and Vandals.
* Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus leads the Roman army in Germania and crossed the Elbe

## Births 
* Seneca, Roman statesman (d. AD 65)
* Servius Sulpicius Galba, Roman Emperor (d. AD 69)

## Deaths 
* Imperial consort Fu of the Chinese Han Dynasty
Kurdistan

**Kurdistan** (; ), or **Greater Kurdistan**, is the region in the Middle East where the Kurds inhabit and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. 

Geographically, Kurdistan is located between the northwestern Zagros and the eastern Taurus mountain ranges. Kurdistan is home to many religions with the main ones being Islam, Yazidism, Christianity, Alevism, and Yarsanism. 

Some definitions also include parts of southern Transcaucasia. Some Kurdish nationalist organizations  seek to create an independent nation state having some or all of these areas, while others want more autonomy within the existing national borders.

## Naming
Historically, the word "Kurdistan" is first written in 11th-century Seljuk records Many Kurdish dynasties, emirates, principalities, and chiefdoms were established from the 8th to 19th centuries.

The 20th century saw the establishment of the short-lived areas of the Kurdish state (1918–1919), Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921–1924), Kurdistansky Uyezd i.e. "Red Kurdistan" (1923–1929), Republic of Ararat (1927–1930), and Republic of Mahabad (1946). The Corduene was also used to refer to the region.

## Self-rule
Iraqi Kurdistan first gained autonomous status in a 1970 agreement with the Iraqi government, and its status was re-confirmed as the autonomous Kurdistan Region in Iraq in 2005. There is also a Kurdistan Province in Iran, but it has no autonomous control.

Kurds fighting in the Syrian Civil War were able to take control of large parts of northern Syria and establish self-governing regions in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria,  the Rojava, where they want autonomy in a hypothetical post-war federal Syria.

## References
## Other sources
*  
* 
*
Candy

are a type of candy]]
]]
**Candy**, also called a **sweet**, is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. 
The word *candy*, and probably also from Sanskrit khanda, which means "piece (of sugar)".

Candy is found in almost any store because they are made in many companies. Candy can also be made at home. Many people like candy and think it tastes good. Other people do not like it. Candy contains lots of sugar, so it is not very healthy, but can be eaten sometimes. It is the most common snacking food, and there are hundreds of flavors, shapes, and sizes.
Candy is not limited to being sweet. Candy can be spicy in different cultures.  To add on, Sugar, mainly sucrose from sugar beets or sugarcane, is the major constituent of most candies. Other sweeteners employed in candy manufacture include corn syrup, corn sugar, honey, molasses, maple sugar, and noncaloric sweeteners. Popular candy company's include Hershey, Haribo, Cadbury, and Jelly Belly.

## Related pages 
*Confectionery

## References
6 BC

Year **6 BC** was a common year starting on Sunday or Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Balbus and Vetus**.

## Events
* Caesar Augustus sends ferrets to the Balearic Islands to control rabbits
* Tiberius is sent to Armenia. He then retires to Rhodes.

## Deaths 
* Consort Ban, Chinese concubine of Emperor Cheng of Han, also a poet and scholar (b. 48 BC)
* Consort Feng Yuan (b. c. 48 BC)
* Liu Xiang, Chinese scholar (b. 77 BC)
Loanword

A **loanword** is a word that is  by a language that comes from another language.  Since people who speak different languages often need to talk to each other, it is actually very common for languages to "borrow" words from other languages.   

Examples of this can be seen in the English language because it has many loanwords. When the Normans took over England during the Norman Conquest in 1066, they made French the official language of England. Since then, many French words later became English words. For example, the English words beef, pork, poultry, and mutton are loanwords based on the Norman French names of the animals cow, swine, chicken, and sheep in that same order. In English, the loanwords mean the meat of those animals specifically. Since later the British Empire took over many different countries and people, they also borrowed many words from the languages of the people they took over. An example of this is the word "", which is a Hindi word that has been adopted into English. 

Languages often use loanwords because cultures learn about new ideas and inventions from people of the languages they borrow from.  For example, in English the names of meats and wines often come from French, musical terms often come from Italian, and philosophical terms often come from German.  Although native English speakers are now familiar with Chinese ideas and inventions, they are often called by their Japanese names in English because these were introduced to Americans through Japan. China, on the other hand, was closed off from the world when its ideas and inventions spread throughout the world because its communist government stopped communication with most outside countries, including America.  

The names of food are some of the most common loanwords across languages because people may not have any idea of what the food is like when they are first introduced to a certain culture. For example, Italian food usually has Italian names like *spaghetti* and *pasta*, Japanese food has Japanese names like *sushi* and *tempura*, and Mexican food has Spanish names like *tacos* and *carnitas*.

## Related pages
*Calque
*Gairaigo

## References
Anguilloidei

The **Anguilloidei** are a suborder of the order Anguilliformes (the eels) containing three families:

*Anguillidae (freshwater eels)
*Serrivomeridae (sawtooth eels)
*Nemichthyidae (snipe eels)

This suborder used to include several other families that have recently been moved to new suborders:

* Chlopsidae (false morays)
* Heterenchelyidae (mud eels)
* Moringuidae (worm eels)
* Muraenidae (moray eels)
* Myrocongridae (thin eels)

## References
*
Whigs

The **Whigs** were a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. The Whigs' start was in constitutional monarchism and disagreement with absolute monarchy. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they tried to win power over their rivals, the Tories. The British prime minister was usually from one of the two parties.

The Whigs played a central role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were the enemies of the Stuart kings and pretenders, who were Roman Catholic. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715. They held it until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760, allowed Tories back in. 

When they held power, the Whigs got rid of the Tories from all major jobs in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal jobs and local officials. 

Their most famous leader was Robert Walpole, who kept control of the government from 1721 to 1742.

Later on, many of their ideas were adopted by the Liberal Party in the later 19th century.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
*Karl Marx on the Tories and the Whigs (1852)
Mirepoix (Ariège)

**Mirepoix** is a city in the south of France. Today, about 3.000 people live there. It was founded as a bastide. Though it is not a bastide in the sense that it is a planned city. It was rebuilt following complete destruction after the local river overboarded. This reconstruction was done according to the 'bastide' idea. 

Image:MaisonDesConsuls.jpg|House of the Consuls
Image:LesCouverts0.jpg|Arcades on the main square
Kiss (Kiss album)

***Kiss*** is the self-titled first album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on February 8, 1974.

## Track listing 
* Strutter
* Nothin' to Lose
* Firehouse
* Cold Gin
* Let Me Know
* Kissin' Time
* Deuce
* Love Theme from Kiss
* 100,000 Years
* Black Diamond
Hotter Than Hell

***Hotter Than Hell*** is the second album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 22, 1974.

## Track listing 
* Got To Choose
* Parasite
* Goin' Blind
* Hotter Than Hell
* Let Me Go, Rock 'N' Roll
* All The Way
* Watchin' You
* Mainline
* Comin' Home
* Strange Ways

## References
Dressed to Kill

***Dressed to Kill*** is the third studio album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 19, 1975.

## Track listing 
*Room Service
*Two Timer
*Ladies in Waiting
*Getaway
*Rock Bottom
*C'mon and Love Me
*Anything for My Baby
*She
*Love Her All I Can
*Rock and Roll All Nite
Alive!

***Alive!*** is the fourth album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It is also their first live album. It was released on September 10, 1975.

## Track listing 
* Deuce
* Strutter
* Got To Choose
* Hotter Than Hell
* Firehouse
* Nothin' To Lose
* C'mon And Love Me
* Parasite
* She
* Watchin' You
* 100,000 Years
* Black Diamond
* Rock Bottom
* Cold Gin
* Rock And Roll All Nite
* Let Me Go, Rock 'N' Roll
Aigues-Mortes

**Aigues-Mortes** (French for "dead waters") is a city in the south of France. It is in the Gard department and the Occitanie region. It was originally founded by the Romans in the year 102 BC. The first records mentioning it under its current name date from the 10th century. Louis IX of France rebuilt the port in the 13th century. It was the only French port of the Mediterranean at that time. The city is laid out as a bastide. It was the starting point for the Seventh Crusade (1248) and Eighth Crusade (1270). Due to changes of the coastline, the city is several miles from the sea. It is linked to the sea through a canal, nowadays. It has well-preserved city walls. In 1999, about 6.000 people lived there. Aigues-Mortes is about 35&nbsp;km from Nîmes.
12-hour clock

The **12-hour clock** is a method of telling the time in which the civil day runs from midnight until next midnight.

* **AM** (**ante meridiem**) = midnight until midday.
* **PM** (**post meridiem**) = midday until midnight.

The following numbers (used twice in the same civil day) of hours are: 12 (acting as 0), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, with **AM** or **PM**.

Both names are from Latin and '**, means "before midday" and **' means "after midday".

The 12-hour time is common in several English-speaking countries and former British colonies (such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the English speaking parts of Canada or India), as well as a few other countries. There is no widely accepted convention for how midday and midnight should be represented: in English-speaking countries, "12:00 PM" means 12 o'clock noon, while "12:00 AM" means 12 o'clock midnight.

## References 
## Related pages
*24-hour clock
*Clock
*Time
Classic

**Classic** could mean:
*Classic songs
*Classic books
*Classic cars
*Classic literature
*Classic movies
*Classic rock music
*Classic stamps
*Classic television programs
*British Classic Races
*American Classic Races
*Classic cycle races
*The Classic (snooker) tournament
*Macintosh Classic
*Classic (Mac OS X)
*Classic (transit bus), a type of transit bus manufactured from 1982 to 1997
*The Classic a mid-size car by American Motors
*Cult classic
*The Classic, a Korean movie
*Western canon
*''Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been)'', a 2007 song by Kanye West, Nas, Rakim, KRS-One and DJ Premier
*A United Kingdom chocolate bar
*Products that compare unfavourably with other products from the same manufacturer, for example because of design age, are often marketed as a 'classic' edition - for example the Range Rover Classic
*Likewise, basic trim level editions of cars are sometimes labelled 'classic' - e.g. Mercedes Benz C-Class Classic
* Classical antiquity
** Classical scholarship (relating to Classical antiquity)  
*Classical music
*Classical physics

## Related pages
*Classicism 
*Classical
*Classics (disambiguation)
Carcassonne (disambiguation)

**Carcassonne** can mean:

* Carcassonne, the medieval fortified city in France
* Carcassonne (board game), a 2001 Spiel des Jahres award-winning German-style board game
* Carcassonne (Faulkner), a short story by written by William Faulkner in 1931.
* Carcassonne (album), a music album by Stephan Eicher.
Bootylicious

***Bootylicious*** is a song sung by R&B girl group Destiny's Child. It is on their third album *Survivor* 2001 and was the second single from the album. It was their fourth U.S. number-one single and reached the top-five in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. The music video was directed by Matthew Rolston.

The word "bootylicious" is a combination of "booty" (buttocks) and "".
Rigor mortis

**Rigor mortis**, also called postmortem rigidity, happens after a person or animal dies. It's a sign that the body is no longer alive. During rigor mortis, the body becomes stiff and hard to move. This happens because some chemicals in the muscles change after death, especially calcium.

In humans, rigor mortis can start as soon as four hours after death. But it doesn't last forever. After a few hours, the stiffness starts to go away. Usually, rigor mortis lasts no more than eight hours when the body is at room temperature.

Some people think rigor mortis is permanent, but that's not true. The stiffness gradually goes away as time goes on after death.

## Body Processes 
When a living organism dies, it stops using oxygen to produce energy. This leads to a decrease in a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which helps muscles relax. Without oxygen, the body tries to make ATP using a different method called anaerobic glycolysis. But when the body runs out of a substance called glycogen, ATP levels drop, and the muscles become stiff in a condition called rigor mortis. During rigor mortis, the muscles can't relax because certain structures in the muscles can't separate.

After death, calcium enters the fluid inside cells, called cytosol. This happens because certain parts of the cells break down. Calcium causes the formation of structures called actin-myosin cross-bridges, which are important for muscle movement. In rigor mortis, the myosin heads in the muscles keep binding to actin proteins using a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The muscles can't relax until enzymes break down this binding. Normally, relaxation happens when ATP replaces ADP, breaking the connection between myosin and actin. But since there is no ATP after death, enzymes (from the body or bacteria) break down the muscle tissue during decomposition. As the muscle tissue breaks down, the myosin heads degrade, releasing the muscle contraction and allowing the body to relax.

The breakdown of muscle fibers during decomposition happens between 48 and 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis, which usually happens around 13 hours after death.
Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show

The **Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show** is an annual showcase of rides, country music, carnival food, vendors, homecrafts, arigualure, and horses that takes place in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada the week prior to Canadian Thanksgiving. The fair has been held in Norfolk County since 1840. The 2024 fair will start on Tuesday, October 8th and run until Monday, October 14th. The fair always starts the Tuesday prior to Thanksgiving and ends Thanksgiving Monday. It is run by The Norfolk County Agricultral Society who has been running the fair as of 1998.

**Young Canada Day** 

Each year the schools located in Norfolk County in both the Grand Erie District School Board (GEDSB) and The Brant Haldimand Norfolk District Catholic School Board (BHNDCSB) take a P.D Day on the first day of the fair, and schools compete to win various events. This say is known as "Young Canada Day" or "Fair Day". 

The elementary schools in the region compete in track and field competitions. 

The high schools in the region, consiting of Simcoe Composite School, Holy Trinity Catholic High School, Delhi District Secondary School, Valley Heights Secondary School, Waterford District High School and prior to 2013, Port Dover Composite School compete in various events such as track and field, tug of war, homecraft events, 4H events and cheerleading. Schools are awarded points for each competition won as well as for decorating their portion of the grandstands (where the trackside events are watched by each school), and for wearing school colours. Each year a new theme is given by the Fair Board and schools must dress and decorate according to the theme and their school colours. Points can also be taken away fro student conduct. Students who are boo-ing other schools or acting in a disrepectful manner will have points taken away from their school. Students who are under the influence can also have points taken away from their school. At the end of all events an overall winner is announced. This is the biggest accomplishment each school can win in the area. It is comparable to large High School Football games in the United States. The winner of Young Canada Day in 2023 was Simcoe Composite School who broke Delhi's thirteen year streak. 
  
## References
Leopold II of Belgium

**Leopold II** (Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor) (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was King of the Belgians from 1865 until his death in 1909. 

Leopold created and controlled the Congo Free State. His harsh rule killed as many as 10 million Congolese people. 

## The Congo Free State 
Leopold is mainly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State. He lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Leopold's regime was extremely abusive against the local people, and it committed "widespread atrocities". According to a BBC article:[The Congo Free State] quickly became a brutal, exploitative regime that relied on forced labour to cultivate and trade rubber, ivory and minerals.

[C]hopping off the limbs of enslaved Congolese was a routine form of retribution when Leopold II's quotas were not met.

Colonial administrators also kidnapped orphaned children from communities and transported them to "child colonies" to work or train as soldiers. Estimates suggest more than 50% died there.

Killings, famine and disease combined to cause the deaths of perhaps 10 million people, though historians dispute the true number.

Leopold died on 17 December 1909. He was succeeded as King of the Belgians by his nephew Albert, the son of his brother Philippe.

## Titles and styles
* **9 April 1835 – 17 December 1865** *His Royal Highness* The Duke of Brabant, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Duke in Saxony.
* **17 December 1865 – 17 December 1909** *His Majesty* The King of The Belgians. Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony.

## References
Circus Maximus

of the Imperial palace on the Palatine hill]]

The **Circus Maximus** (translates to biggest round-course) is an ancient hippodrome in Rome. It was built by the Romans. It was used to stage chariot races, but also other uses like gladiator fights. Today it is a park.

## Other websites 
* James Grout: *Circus Maximus*, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
* Circus Maximus  Ipix 360° panorama
*
Take That

**Take That** are an English boy band from Manchester. They formed in 1990 and between then and 1996, when they broke up, they sold 19 million records. They reformed in 2006 and went on tour, without Robbie Williams. Williams rejoined the band in 2009, doing the Progress sessions. In 2011 Williams and Take That toured Europe on their Progress Live tour to promote the album.  in October of the same year Williams chose to leave the group again to focus on his solo career, however, in 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2020 Williams has performed with the group occasionally. Jason Orange left Take That in September 2014 and Take That became a 3 piece band. Take That released their seventh album called III in 2014. The band continued as a 3 piece for Wonderland in 2017 and Odyssey in 2018.

## Career
Gary Barlow, Mark Owen, Howard Donald, Jason Orange and Robbie Williams were in Take That. Williams left in 1995 after taking drugs and soon the 4 remaining members split up in 1996. The news of their split had devastated many fans. Take That returned to the music business in 2005, released their come-back album called Beautiful World and then went on tour in 2006. 2010 saw the return of Williams and in 2011 Take That took a hiatus and Barlow become a judge on the British TV talent show *The X Factor UK* in that year. Donald then became a judge on the German version of the dancing talent show *Got To Dance* in 2013. Williams left the band in 2012. Barlow ended his time on The X Factor UK to focus on the group in 2013. In early 2014 it was announced that the band would release their seventh studio album in late 2014. In September 2014 it was announced that Orange had decided to leave the band. The group then became a 3-piece boy band without Orange or Williams. Their seventh studio album called III was released in 2014. Their first single of III called "These Days" was released in November 2014. The second single of III called "Get Ready For It" was released in January 2015 and was also featured in the 2015 film *Kingsman: The Secret Service*. The third single of III called "Let in the Sun" was released in March 2015.
"New Day"

## Members
**Current**
* Gary Barlow (1990–96, 2005–)
* Mark Owen (1990–96, 2005–)
* Howard Donald (1990-1996, 2005-)

**Former**
* Robbie Williams (1990–95, 2009–2014)
* Jason Orange (1990–96, 2005–2014)

## Discography
* *Take That & Party* (1992)
* *Everything Changes* (1993)
* *Nobody Else* (1995)
* *Beautiful World* (2006)
* *The Circus* (2008)
* *Progress* (2010)
* *III* (2014)
* *Wonderland* (2017)
* *This Life* (2023)

## External links
* TakeThatTV.com  Official website (Polydor)
* TakeThat.com (SonyBMG)
* TakeThat4ever.dk Danish fan website
Gan language

**Gan** is the language of Jiangxi and some others provinces in China.

It is spoken by 20 to 50 million people in southern China.

Gan has 9 dialects, and Nangchang dialect is representative.

## Dialects 
* Chang-Jing (昌靖片)
* Yi-Liu (宜瀏片)
* Ji-Cha (吉茶片)
* Fu-Guang (撫廣片)
* Ying-Yi (鷹弋片)
* Da-Tong (大通片）
* Lei-Zi (耒資片）
* Dong-Sui (洞綏片）
* Huai-Yue (懷嶽片）

## References
Rock and Roll Over

***Rock and Roll Over*** is the fifth studio album and sixth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 11, 1976.

## Track listing 
*I Want You
*Take Me
*Calling Dr. Love
*Ladies Room
*Baby Driver
*Love 'Em and Leave 'Em
*Mr. Speed
*See You in Your Dreams
*Hard Luck Woman
*Makin' Love