open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Scientific law

A **scientific law** is a short and clear statement, often using math, that describes something in nature that always happens the same way. It is based on many careful experiments and real-world observations over time. Scientific laws tell us what happens, not why it happens. They are usually written as equations or general rules and help us understand how nature works.

Scientific laws are created using the scientific method. This starts with observing something, then making a guess (called a hypothesis), testing it with experiments, and seeing if the same pattern happens again and again. If many tests in different places and times show the same result, scientists may call it a law. Some famous examples are Newton's laws of motion, Boyle's law in chemistry, Mendel’s laws of inheritance in biology, and the laws of thermodynamics in physics. These laws are very important in science because they help people make predictions and build new technology.

It is important to know that a scientific law is not the same as a scientific theory or a hypothesis. A law tells what happens; a theory explains why it happens. For example, Kepler’s laws describe how planets move, but Newton’s theory of gravity explains why they move that way. Later, Einstein’s theory of relativity gave an even better explanation. This shows that even scientific laws can change or improve if new information is found. Scientific laws are usually true in all places and times, but they can sometimes be changed if new discoveries are made. In modern science, like in quantum physics or cosmology, scientists have learned that some laws work only in certain conditions. For example, the rules we use for large objects may not work the same way for tiny particles or at very high speeds. In these cases, scientists may use probability instead of exact answers.

## Related pages 
*Formula
*Scientific method
*Scientific theory

## References
Gravitational singularity

A **gravitational singularity** (sometimes called a **spacetime singularity**) is a term used to describe the center of a black hole where gravity is thought to approach infinity.

In the center of each black hole is a singularity, a point where infinite density develops as spacetime approaches it. Spacetime goes toward infinite curvature and matter is crushed to infinite density under the pull of infinite gravity. At a singularity, space and time cease to exist as we know them and current laws of physics cannot be applied to this region.

Singularities form by a collapse of a star, where star with high enough mass (above 30 times the sun) would shrink under its own gravity and force until it becomes a single, one dimensional point. When it forms, space and time would be infinite in there. 

An example would be that if a person were to stand on a collapsing star right before the singularity forms, and they sent a signal every second to a nearby observer, time and space would slow down as the singularity is being formed. The observer would hear the signal slowing down. Let's say the singularity forms at 12:00 exactly. The observer would receive all the signals, one after another, with each new signal slowing down at a very small rate until the 12:00 signal. When the 12:00 signal was sent, time and space would be infinite -- in other words, it would take forever to get the signal.

To understand singularities, you have to think about infinite density, like how the original Big Bang started. The Big Bang, most scientists believe, started from an earlier universe that was pulled together by gravity into a single point. After that, it exploded and made all the matter in the expanding universe. A black hole singularity is similar, except on a smaller scale. Imagine if our sun decreased to the size of the nucleus of an atom. It would be very dense. However, our sun does not have a high enough mass to become a black hole. It is well below the Chandrasekhar limit, which means it will shrink to a white dwarf, with radius of a few thousand kilometers\miles. It can't become a black hole, because it is too small.

(Paragraph 3-5 Based on "Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking)

**Singularity** can also refer to
Technological singularity 
Mathematical singularity

## References
Event horizon

In general relativity, an **event horizon** is the part of a black hole where light cannot escape. Imagine the black hole to be like a ball that you could see in a large spot of emptiness. The event horizon would then be an outer bubble that surrounds that ball, the space between the ball and the larger bubble would be the event horizon. If an object goes past the event horizon, it can never get away from it. Light that is emitted from inside of the event horizon near the black hole can never reach an observer on the other side. If an observer saw an object fall into a black hole, it would look like the object was stuck at the event horizon forever. The reason this happens is because of the gravity of the black hole slows down time around it, making it look like the object will take an infinite amount of time to reach it.

## Further reading
**The Universe in a Nutshell* by Stephen Hawking
*

## Other websites
Beta decay

In nuclear physics, **beta decay** is a type of radioactive decay where a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is made and sent away, or emitted. When it is an electron, it is called *beta minus*, and changes a neutron into a proton. When it is a positron, it is *beta plus* and changes a proton into a neutron. The weak force makes beta decay possible.

In regular matter†, as the neutron becomes a proton, but the number of nucleons stays the same, the atomic mass will change by 0, but the atomic number will increase by +1. In effect, we can say the β particle has an atomic number of "-1".^{16}_{6}C -> ^{16}_{7}N + ^{0}_{-1}\beta*(† - see Antimatter)*
Nanosecond

A **nanosecond** (**ns**) is one billionth of a second. It is equal to 10−9 seconds.

One nanosecond contains 1000 picoseconds. 1000 nanoseconds is equal to one microsecond. Ten nanoseconds are sometimes called a shake.

Some things that take between one nanosecond and ten nanoseconds are listed below
* Light travels about 29.9&nbsp;centimeters in 1 nanosecond. That is 3.33564095 nanoseconds to move 1 meter.
* It takes a fusion reaction between 20 and 40 nanoseconds to finish in a hydrogen bomb.
* It takes a nuclear reaction 10 nanoseconds to finish one generation with fast neutrons.
* The half-life of a K meson is 12 nanoseconds.
Microsecond

A **microsecond** (sometimes shortened to **μs**) is one millionth of a second. This page lists times between **10−6 seconds** (1 microsecond) and 10−5 seconds (10 microseconds). 

One microsecond contains 1000 nanoseconds. There are 1000 microseconds in one millisecond.
* 0.7 microseconds – half-life of oganesson
* 1 microsecond – the amount of time it takes for a high-speed camera flash to finish.
* 2 microseconds – the lifetime of a muonium particle
* 2.68 microseconds – the amount of time subtracted from the Earth Day as a result of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
* 3.33564095 microseconds – the time it takes for light to travel one kilometer in a vacuum
* 5.4 microseconds – the time it takes for light to travel one mile in a vacuum
* 15 microseconds – the amount of time added to an Earth year by the Moon every year.
* 38 microseconds – difference in GPS satellite time because of relativity
* 240 microseconds (0.24 milliseconds) – half-life of Copernicium 
* 45.9 microseconds – The time dilation of GPS satellites at 20,200 km for 24 hours.
Millisecond

A **millisecond** (sometimes shortened to 'ms')  is one thousandth of a second. This page lists times between **10−3 seconds** and 10−2 seconds (1 milli to 10 milliseconds).

One millisecond contains 1000 microseconds. There are 1000 milliseconds in one second.

* 1 millisecond – the time it takes for a normal flash in a camera to finish.
* 1 millisecond – time taken for sound to travel 34 cm
* 1.000692286 milliseconds – time taken for light to travel 300&nbsp;km in a vacuum
* 2 milliseconds – half life of hassium-265
* 3 milliseconds – a housefly’s wing flap
* 3.4 milliseconds – half life of meitnerium-266
* 5 milliseconds – a honeybee’s wing flap
* 8 milliseconds – 1/125 of a second (125), a camera shutter speed
* 9 milliseconds – normal seek time for a 7200rpm hard disk
* 33.3 milliseconds  -  the amount of time one frame lasts in 30fps video
* 30 to 100 milliseconds  -  normal latency for a broadband internet connection
* 100 milliseconds  -  the reaction speed of a human
* 102 milliseconds  -  half-life of bohrium-262
* 134 milliseconds  -  the amount of time it takes by light to travel around the earth's equator
* 200 to 670 milliseconds  -  the tempo of modern dance music (128 - 150 BPM)
* 300 to 400 milliseconds  -  the blink of a human eye
* 838 milliseconds  -  half-life of lithium-8

The basic interval, in time manners, in most of the programming languages is 1 millisecond . e.g. the command delay() in C++. Others use second interval.
Decasecond

A **decasecond** is equal to ten seconds. It can be written mathematically as **101 seconds**.

* 2.7 decaseconds  -  half life of dubnium-261
* 3 decaseconds  -  half life of seaborgium-266
* 3 decaseconds  -  half life of Flerovium-289
* 3 decaseconds  -  normal amount of time that a TV commercial in the USA lasts
* 3.1536 decaseconds - one brainly or 1/1000000th of a year
* 3.4 decaseconds  -  half life of dubnium-262
* 6 decaseconds = one minute
* 6.1 decaseconds  -  half life of rutherfordium-261
* 10 decaseconds = 1 minute 40 seconds
Gabon national football team

**Gabon national football team** is the national football team of Gabon.

The team has never qualified for a World Cup. Gabon has participated in 7 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments (1994, 1996, 2000, 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2017).

The team's home stadium is the Stade Omar Bongo in Libreville. The stadium can fit 41,000 people.

## Recent matches 
Source:

## Records 
### Top scorers 
### Most appearances 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Homepage of the national team 
* Gabon  at FIFA.com
Hectosecond

A **hectosecond** is equal to 100 seconds. It can be written as **102 seconds**. There are ten hectoseconds in one kilosecond, which is one thousand seconds. There are ten decaseconds in one hectosecond. There are 864 hectoseconds in one day (24 hours).

* 1 hectosecond  -  1 minute 40 seconds
* 1.02 hectoseconds  -  half-life of nobelium-253
* 1.2–1.8 hectoseconds = 2–3 minutes  -  normal time for cooking instant noodles or for boiling an egg
* 3.15 hectoseconds = 5.25 minutes after the Big Bang  -  the first nuclei form
* 5 hectoseconds = 8.333... minutes  -  amount of time it takes light to travel between the earth and the sun
* 8.86 hectoseconds  -  half-life of a free neutron
* 10 hectoseconds  -  about 16.7 minutes
Beta particle

**Beta particles** are electrons or positrons emitted by some radioactive nuclei such as potassium-40 or carbon-14 (which becomes nitrogen-14). The beta particles emitted are a form of ionizing radiation sometimes called beta rays. Henri Becquerel and Ernest Rutherford discovered beta rays in the 1890s. Beta particles are made by beta decay. When scientists write it in an equation, they are use the Greek letter beta (β). 
There are two forms of beta decay, β- and β+, which make the electron and the positron. β- is a single electron that has a negative charge of -1. Both beta decays also turn a neutron into a proton.

## References
Gigasecond

A **gigasecond** (symbol: **Gs**) is one billion seconds. That is about 31.7 years. It can be written as 109 seconds.

3.16 Gs is about 1 century (100 years). 31.6 Gs is about 1 millennium (1000 years).

This page lists times of between 1 and 1000 gigaseconds, or between 31.7 and 31,700 years.

* Shorter times
* 351 years – half-life of californium-249
*  years – time since the Taj Mahal was built
*  years – age of the King James Bible
* 418 years – half life of silver-108
* 432.2 years – half life of americium-241
*  years – time since Christopher Columbus reached the New World
*  years – time since the printing of the first Gutenberg Bible
* 680 years – half life of niobium-91
* 790 years – amount of time the Zhou Dynasty lasted, the longest dynasty in Chinese history
* 898 years – half life of californium-251
* 969 years – alleged age of Methuselah at death
* 1000 years – one millennium = 3.16 x 1010 seconds
*  years – time since the volcanic destruction of Pompeii
*  years – time since the birth of Jesus Christ, according to Dionysius Exiguus 
*  years – time since the assassination of Julius Caesar
*  years – time since the death of Alexander the Great
*  years – time since the death of Socrates
*  years – age of the Parthenon
*  years – time since Rome was founded, according to legend
* 3,200 years—time since the Greek Dark Ages and the beginning of the Iron Age
* 3,800 years—time since alphabetic writing started
* 4,200 years—time since the completion of Stonehenge.
* 4,569 years—time since the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza.
* 4,851 years—age of oldest living plant, a bristle-cone pine named [Methuselah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methuselah_(tree))
* 5,715 years -- half-life of Carbon-14
* 6,500 years—time since the invention of the wheel
* 7,370 years—half life of americium-243
* 8,500 years—half life of curium-245
* 11,000 years—time since city of Jericho was founded
* 12,000 years—time since end of Pleistocene Epoch
* 12,000 years—time since beginning of Holocene Epoch
* 12,000 years—time since beginning of Neolithic Age
* 20,300 years -- half life of niobium-94
* 21,000 years—time since the Last Glacial Maximum
* 24,110 years -- half life of plutonium-239
* 29,000 years—time since the extinction of *Homo neanderthalensis*.
* Longer times

## References
Psalm 151

**Psalm 151** is a short psalm that is controversial because it is in some versions of the Bible but not others.  In particular, it is in several very old Greek translations of the Bible but is not in the Hebrew Bible.  There has been a lot of debate over whether or not the psalm should be considered part of the Bible.

## Psalm 151 and the Dead Sea Scrolls
The psalm has been known about for a long time and the Greek version was used for study for hundreds of years.  When the Dead Sea Scrolls (which are in Hebrew) were found and translated, part of Psalm 151 was in them.  This surprised the researchers very much, but not as much as what they would find later on.

After studying the scrolls, they noticed that the Greek translator had actually made a mistake.  Two different pieces of two different psalms were treated like they were one big psalm when they were not.  There is a big change in the Greek version after the fifth line (where the second psalm fragment would begin) and is a lot more like a story than most of the other psalms, which are more like poems.

## Content
The Greek version of the psalm says that it was written by King David after his battle with Goliath.  It talks about how, even though David was the least of all his brothers, God chose him to be king.  It then talks about how David cut off Goliath's head with Goliath's own sword after killing him with his slingshot.

## Status today
The Eastern Orthodox Church accepts Psalm 151 as part of the Bible, but Roman Catholics, most Protestants, and most Jews do not. However, it can be found in some Catholic Bibles and in certain other Bible translations like the New Revised Standard Version.

## References
Femtosecond

A **femtosecond** is one billionth of one millionth, or one quadrillionth of a second. It can be written as **10-15 second**. Even shorter than this is an attosecond.

* 200 femtoseconds  -  the fastest chemical reactions
* 300 femtoseconds  -  how long it takes for the atoms of an iodine molecule to vibrate
Attosecond

An **attosecond** (**as**) is a very short period of time. It is equal to one quintillionth of a second (or 0.000000000000000001&nbsp;seconds). It can also be written as **10−18 seconds**. Because it can be hard to think about how short this period of time is, on this page is a list of descriptions of periods of time longer than 1 attosecond, but shorter than one femtosecond (which is 10−15 seconds). This should help when thinking about periods of time that have different orders of magnitude.

* 1 attosecond: It takes 1 attosecond for light to travel the length of three hydrogen atoms.
* 1 attosecond: It takes 1 attosecond for an atomic nucleus to react when another particle hits it.
* 150 attoseconds: It takes 150 attoseconds for an electron to circle the nucleus of an atom.
* 320 attoseconds: It takes about 300 attoseconds for an electron to jump from one atom to another.

## Related pages 
* Click this link for times shorter than one attosecond.
* Zetosecond (1/1000 of a attosecond)

## Notes
Lycée Thiers

The **Lycée Thiers** is a public secondary school in the city center of Marseille and obtains the best results of the academy of Aix-Marseille. It is considered one of the most demanding in France.

## History 
The law of May 1, 1802 decided the creation of 45 secondary schools in France. The "Lycée de Marseille" was opened on December 22, 1802. Under Napoléon III, it was called "Lycée Impérial". In 1930, it took the name of "Lycée Thiers."

## Today 
The Lycée Thiers is constituted by a college of 400 pupils and a lycee of 1900 pupils, with 980 pupils studying in the "classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles" (classes to prepare students for entrance to the élite *grandes écoles*)!

## Famous alumni
* Paul Arène, writer
* Gabriel Audisio, writer
* Édouard Balladur, politician
* Marcel Brion, writer
* Ferdinand Brunetière, writer
* Albert Cohen, writer
* Alain Connes, mathematician
* Marc Fumaroli, historian
* Jonathan Gilad, pianist
* Jerome Guillen, director of car manufacturing at Tesla
* Camille Jullian, historian and philologist
* Henri-Irénée Marrou, historian
* Joseph Méry, journalist
* Marcel Pagnol, writer and filmmaker
* Edmond Rostand, writer
* Pierre Tapie, director of ''l'ESSEC'' 
* Serge Tchuruk, businessman
* André Turcat, test pilot of the Concorde
* Paul Veyne, historian and archaeologist
Morocco national football team

**Morocco national football team** is the national football team of Morocco. They achieved fourth place at the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

 at the 2018 FIFA World Cup.]]

## References
## Other websites
* FIFA Profile 
* Morocco national football team website
São Tomé and Príncipe national football team

**São Tomé and Príncipe national football team** is the national football team of São Tomé and Príncipe.

## References
Orders of magnitude (time)

An **order of magnitude** describes the link between two different amounts. The difference between each amount step is usually 10, with each order being either 10 times greater or 10 times smaller than the next amount. This makes the scale easy to manipulate using logarithms. For time units, the difference between the smallest limit of time, the Planck time, and the next order of magnitude is larger than 10. A second is 60 t, a minute is 60 seconds, an hour is 60 minutes, a day is 24 hours, a week is 7 days, a month is 4 weeks, a year is 12 months, a millennium is 1,000 years, etc...

## Seconds
## Years
## References
Picosecond

The **picosecond** (symbol: **ps**) is a standard unit of measuring time. It is equal to 10−12 of a second. It is one trillionth, or one millionth of one millionth of a second, or 0.000000000001 seconds.

One picosecond contains 1000 femtoseconds. There are 1000 picoseconds in one nanosecond.

;Notation
* 10-10 seconds is 100 picoseconds.
* 10-9 seconds is 1 nanosecond.

;Examples
* One picosecond is the half-life of a bottom quark.
* Ten picoseconds after the Big Bang, electromagnetism became its own force.
* It takes light about 3.3 picoseconds to travel one millimeter.
* It takes a common 3.0-gigahertz computer 3.3 &times; 100 picoseconds to add two integers together.
Sudan national football team

**Sudan national football team** is the men's national football team of Sudan. Since 2019, there is also a women's national football team of Sudan. Both teams have played in the Africa Cup of Nations.

## References
Kilosecond

A **kilosecond** is one thousand seconds. It can be written as **103 seconds**. It is equal to 16 minutes, 40 seconds. There are 86.4 kiloseconds in one day (24 hours). 

* 2.7 kiloseconds = 45 minutes – the length of the Anglo-Zanzibar War, the shortest war in history
* 2.926 kiloseconds = 48 minutes 46 seconds – the change in time of moon rise from one day to the next
* 3.48 kiloseconds = 58 minutes – half-life of nobelium-259
* 3.6 kiloseconds = 60 minutes = one hour
* 5.4 kiloseconds = 90 minutes – the time needed for an object in low earth orbit to circle the earth
* 7.14 kiloseconds = 119 minutes – length of the movie *Citizen Kane*
* 19.872 kiloseconds = 5.52 hours – half-life of mendelevium-257
* 25.2 kiloseconds = 7 hours – one work day in France.
* 28.8 kiloseconds = 8 hours – one work day in many Western countries
* 28.8 kiloseconds = 8 hours – common human daily need for sleep
* 31.536 kiloseconds = 8.76 hours - one yummi or 1/1000th of a year
* 36 kiloseconds = 10 hours – one work day in ancient Egypt, according to the oldest definition of an hour
* 37.296 kiloseconds = 10.36 hours – half-life of erbium-165
* 86.164 kiloseconds = 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds – time for Earth’s rotation around its axis
* 86.4 kiloseconds = 24 hours = one day
* 91.404 kiloseconds = 25.39 hours – half-life of fermium-252
* 102.888 kiloseconds = 28.58 hours  -  half life of erbium-160
* 259.2 kiloseconds = 3 days  -  half-life of fermium-253
* 432 kiloseconds = 5 days  -  one work week
* 604.8 kiloseconds = 7 days = one week
* 799.2 kiloseconds = 9.25 days  -  half life of thulium-167
* 864 kiloseconds = 10 days  -  length of a new week (*décade*) in the French Revolutionary Calendar
Nigeria national football team

**Nigeria national football team** is the national football team of Nigeria.

## Top scorers
## Players
The following players were called up for the friendly matches against Algeria and Tunisia in Austria on 9 and 13 October 2020 respectively.
*Caps and goals current as of 17 November 2019 after the match against Lesotho.*

### Recent call-ups
## References
Somalia national football team

**Somalia national football team** is the national football team of Somalia. They have never qualified for the World Cup or the African Cup of Nations.

## References
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home

***Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home*** was the fourth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1986 by Paramount Pictures.

James T. Kirk and his crew have to travel back in time in a Klingon space ship to save the Earth from an alien probe attempting to contact now-extinct humpback whales. The crew travel to the 20th century, in order to find the whales and take them to the 24th century, so they can answer the probe's call.
Antigua and Barbuda national football team

**Antigua and Barbuda national football team** is the national football team of Antigua and Barbuda.

## References
British Virgin Islands national football team

**British Virgin Islands national football team** is the national football team of British Virgin Islands.

## References
Canada national soccer team

The **Canada national soccer team** can refer to:

* Canada men's national soccer team
* Canadian women's national soccer team
Allan Ramsay (artist)

**Allan Ramsay** (13 October 1713 – 10 August 1784), was a Scottish portrait-painter. Allan Ramsay was descended from the lowland Clan Ramsay.

Allan Ramsay - The Artist's Wife- Margaret Lindsay of Evelick, c 1726 - 1782 - Google Art Project.jpg|Ramsay's second wife, Margaret Lindsay
Lost Portrait of Charles Edward Stuart.jpg|The lost portrait of Charles Edward Stuart by Allan Ramsay, 1745
Sandringham House

**Sandringham House** is in Norfolk, England. It has been in the British royal family since Albert, Prince Consort bought it for Edward VII of the United Kingdom. 

Like Balmoral, it is the private property of the monarch of the United Kingdom, not an official, government owned, building.  This meant that when Edward VIII abdicated in 1936 the new king, George VI, had to buy the properties from his brother.

York Cottage is in the grounds of Sandringham Estate.
Royal Lodge

**Royal Lodge** is a house in Windsor Great Park, half a mile north of Cumberland Lodge and  south of Windsor Castle in Berkshire. It was the Windsor residence of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother from 1952 until her death there in 2002. Since 2004 it has been the official residence of Prince Andrew, Duke of York (later known as Andrew Mountbatten Windsor). With the connections to Jeffrey Epstein he has had increased scrutiny of living there.

## References
Anguilla national football team

**Anguilla national football team** is the national football team of Anguilla.

Anguilla is currently 198th out of 203 in the FIFA World Rankings.

## World Cup record
* 1930 to 1990 – *Did not exist*
* 1994 to 1998 – *Did not enter*
* 2002 to 2014 – *Did not qualify*

## References
Chlorophytum comosum

The **Spider Plant**, ***Chlorophytum comosum***, is a species of *Chlorophytum* native to South Africa.

Spider plants have long narrow leaves that are 20–40 cm (8–15 in) long and 5–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) broad. They  grow from a central rosette. It also produces branched stolons with small white flowers and baby plantlets.

It is a very popular houseplant. The most widely grown is the variegated cultivar 'Variegatum'. It has one or two broad yellowish-white bands running along the length of each leaf. Natural, entirely green plants are also grown. 

The Spider Plant is very easy to spread. They can be propagated by splitting its main rosette. It is even easier to remove plantlets from the stolons and plant them separately or put them in a glass of water. They will grow roots readily in water but establish faster in soil while still attached to the parent plant. Pinning the plantlet to the soil with a bent paper clip can be helpful. Make sure the soil is damp and well drained. The plantlet can then be removed from the parent plant in 7-10 days.

It is a very popular plant with beginners, as it is easy to grow and propagate.

Spider plants have also been shown to reduce indoor air pollution.

At the spot where a leaf would normally develop a node, these plants will produce adventitious roots down into the soil, and new above ground shoots.

## References
## Other websites
*More information on pollutant-absorbing plants
Hampton Court Palace

**Hampton Court Palace** is a  royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Greater London. The British royal family have not lived there since the 18th century. The palace is  south west of Charing Cross and upstream of Central London on the River Thames. 

The palace was bought by the English monarchy in 1528. This was when Thomas Wolsey gave it to Henry VIII. It stayed a royal palace for the next 220 years. In its lifetime, it saw twelve monarchs on the throne, until George III stopped living in it after the death of his wife. There was a fire at Hampton Court in 1986. It is currently owned by Historic Royal Palaces, which also owns places like the Tower of London. It is open to the public. It has many gardens, and also has a maze.
Dominican Republic national football team

**Dominican Republic national football team** is the national football team of Dominican Republic, and is controlled by the Dominican Football Federation. The team has never featured globally. Football is a popular sport in the country recently, where the main sport is baseball. The Dominican assembly made history when in October 2010 a scandalous thrashed 17-0 British Virgin Islands, with the biggest victory in the history of the CONCACAF.

## References
Gatcombe Park

**Gatcombe Park** is the private country home of Anne, Princess Royal. It is in England between the Gloucestershire villages of Minchinhampton (to which it belongs) and Avening. It is five miles (8&nbsp;km) south of Stroud and around six miles (10&nbsp;km) north of Highgrove, the country residence of Prince Charles.
Hillsborough Castle

**Hillsborough Castle** is an official government residence in Northern Ireland. It was the residence of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Hillsborough Castle is used by King Charles III and other members of the British Royal Family when they visit the country and also hosts other prominent international visitors.

## History
From 1922 until 1972 it was the residence of Governor of Northern Ireland.

In April 2014 it started being taken care of by the Historic Royal Palaces. It can be viewed by the public who paid for entrance to tour it.

## Notes
:1.The Secretary of State combines two roles. He or she is the sovereign's representative, replacing the former Governor of Northern Ireland, and he or she is the Minister of the Crown with responsibility for governing Northern Ireland.

## References
## Related pages
* Northern Ireland Office
* Stormont House
* Castles in Northern Ireland

## Other websites
*Historic Royal Palaces - Hillsborough Castle
*Hillsborough Castle&nbsp;– Northern Ireland Office website
Holyrood Palace

The **Palace of Holyroodhouse**, also known as **Holyrood Palace**, has served as the main home of the Kings and Queens of Scotland since the fifteenth century. 

The Palace stands in Edinburgh, at the bottom of the Royal Mile. The Palace of Holyroodhouse is the official home in Scotland of the British monarch, who spends time at the Palace at the beginning of the summer.

Holyrood is an anglicisation of the Scots *Haly Ruid* (Holy Cross).

## History 
It was founded as a monastery by David I of Scotland in 1128.

Pope Benedict XVI visited Queen Elizabeth II on 16th September 2010 on his first day of his Official Papal visit to the United Kingdom. He then went on to say mass at Glasgow's Beallahouston Park.
Seat belt

A **seat belt** is a strap that holds a person into his or her seat in a car, truck, plane, or other vehicle, so that in a crash he or she would not be injured or killed by flying forward and hitting parts of the vehicle or being thrown out of it. They are helpful in saving lives in car accidents. 

In 1946, a doctor in Pasadena, California proposed better seat belts than what were used then. In 1955, several improved seat belts were patented. Automobile manufacturers sold many more cars with such seat belts, starting then. Eventually, laws required cars to have them.
Troubadour (K'naan album)

**Troubadour** is the third studio album released by K'naan. The features some guest artists like *Chubb Rock*, *Damian Marley*, *Adam Levine*, *Kirk Hammett*, *Mos Def*, and *Chali 2na*. Singles include *Bang Bang* featuring Adam Levine, ''ABC's* featuring Chubb Rock, *Dreamer*, *If Rap Gets Jealous* which features Metallica member Kirk Hammett, *Wavin' Flag*, and *Take a Minute''.

## Track Listing 
# "T.I.A."
# "ABC's" (featuring Chubb Rock)
# "Dreamer"
# "I Came Prepared" (featuring Damian Marley)
# "Bang Bang" (featuring Adam Levine of Maroon 5)
# "If Rap Gets Jealous" (featuring Kirk Hammett of *Metallica*)
# "Wavin' Flag"
# "Somalia"
# "America" (featuring Mos Def and Chali 2na)
# "Fatima"
# "Fire in Freetown"
# "Take a Minute"
# "15 Minutes Away"
# "People Like Me"
# "Does It Matter?"
# "Biscuit"
# "Take a Minute" [Extended Cut]

## Other Songs 
* *Somalia*
* *Take a Minute*
* ''Wavin' Flag*
* *Does It Matter ?*

## Guest Artists/Groups 
* *Chubb Rock*
* *Damian Marley*
* *Adam Levine*
* *Kirk Hammett*
* *Mos Def
* *Chali 2na!*
Princess Augusta of Great Britain

**Princess Augusta** (Augusta Frederica; 31 July 1737 – 23 March 1813) was a member of the British Royal Family, a granddaughter of George II and sister of George III. In 1763 she married Charles,  prince of the House of Brunswick, of which she was already a member. She had seven children. Her marriage was not a happy one, and Augusta eventually returned to London where she died in 1813. Her daughter Caroline of Brunswick was the Queen consort of George IV.

## Ancestors 
## References
Princess Charlotte of Clarence

**Princess Charlotte of Clarence** Born on 27 March 1819, Hanover. She died the same day as her birth. She was the oldest daughter of William IV of the United Kingdom and his wife Adelaide. She had four younger siblings- Elizabeth of Clarence, three stillborn brothers and a stillborn sibling of unknown sex.
 
## Ancestors
Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange

**Mary, Princess Royal, Princess of Orange and Countess of Nassau** (4 November 1631 – 24 December 1660) was the eldest daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland and his queen, Henrietta Maria. She was the wife of William II, Prince of Orange and Count of Nassau (27 May 1626–6 November 1650) and the mother of King William III of England and Ireland, II of Scotland (14 November 1650–8 May 1702). Mary Stuart or Mary of Orange, as she was also known, was the first daughter of a British Sovereign to hold the title Princess Royal. 

## Related pages 
* British royal family

## References
Thatched House Lodge

**Thatched House Lodge** is a royal residence in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in London, England. 

It was the London home of Dwight D. Eisenhower in World War II.

Since 1963 Thatched House Lodge has been the residence of Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy. It was acquired by her late husband, Sir Angus Ogilvy, on a  from Crown Estate Commissioners following their marriage.

## References
White Butte

**White Butte** is the highest point in North Dakota. It has an  of . It is a butte in Slope County, in the Badlands.

## References
Athelbald of Wessex

**Athelbald**, also spelled **Æthelbald** or **Ethelbald** (–860) was a West Saxon nobleman. In 856 he was King of Wessex while his father was in Rome. When Athelwulf returned, Athelbald refused to step down. To avoid a civil war, Athelwulf gave his son the kingdom of Wessex and became sub-king of Kent.

## Career
Athelbald was the second of the five sons of King Athelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler. He was born about 832. He is recording fighting alongside his father in 851 in the battle at Acleah. There the Vikings who had just defeated Berhtwulf of Mercia near London and when they moved into Surrey they were met and defeated by the West Saxons. He left the kingdom in the care of Athelbald. When Athelwulf returned to Wessex with his new Queen, Athelbald objected to his father remaining king. To avoid a civil war Athelwulf agreed to take the sub-kingship of Kent. He let Ethelbald retain his position as king of Wessex. Athelbald then took his father's young wife Judith as his own wife, apparently without a major scandal.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex
Athelwulf of Wessex

**Athelwulf**, also spelled **Æthelwulf** or **Ethelwulf** (–858) was a West Saxon nobleman. He conquered the territories of Kent, Sussex and Essex for his father in 825. That same year he was appointed the king of Kent. In 839 he succeeded his father as King of Wessex.

## Early career 
Athelwulf was born . He was the oldest son of King Egbert of Wessex and his Frankish wife Redburga. He may have been born in Francia while his father was in exile there. In 824 his father sent him at the head of an army into Kent. There Athelwulf drove Baldred, the Mercian Puppet King, out of Kent. His father Egbert had done everything he could so that his son would be king after him. He appointed Athelwulf his sub-king; ruler of the subordinate Kingdom of Kent.

Under Athelwulf's rule the ealdormen, the most important leaders after the king, became very important. In the 840s when viking raids became more frequent it was his Ealdorman who led various local armies against the invaders. In 852 Burghred of Mercia, a vassal king, asked for Athelwulf's help against Wales. Athelwulf did help and together they defeated Cyngen ap Cadell, shortly afterwards his daughter, Athelswith, became Burgred's spouse and Queen consort.

In 855 Athelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. When Athelwulf returned to Wessex there was opposition to his remaining king. To avoid a Civil war he agreed to take the sub-kingship of Kent, held by Athelbald. Together they had:
 
* Athelstan (died 851), King of Kent.
* Athelbald ( 834 - 860), King of Kent, King of Wessex.
* Athelbert (died 866), King of Wessex.
* Athelred ( 845/848 - 871), King of Wessex. 
* Alfred (849–899), King of Wessex, King of the Anglo-Saxons.
* Ethelswith (died 888), 'Lady of Mercia', married Burghred, King of Mercia, at his death she ruled as Queen in her own right.
* Judith, married Eticho, Count of Ammergau & Breisgau.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex
Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester

**Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester** (8 July 1640 – 18 September 1660) was the third adult (and youngest) son of Charles I and his queen, Henrietta Maria of France. He is also known as Henry of Oatland.
Olympus Mons

**Olympus Mons** is a shield volcano on the planet, Mars. It is the tallest volcano and mountain in the Solar System. Its last eruption was 25 million years ago.  

## Size 
Olympus Mons is  high. This is three times taller than the highest mountain on Earth, Mount Everest.

## References
Port Authority Police

The **Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department**, or **Port Authority Police Department** (**PAPD**), is a police department in New York and New Jersey. It protects all the property owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and it enforces state and city laws. The PAPD is one of the largest police departments in the United States, with over 2000 members. The PAPD is owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a two-state agency that runs the bridges, tunnels, airports, and seaports along the New York - New Jersey border.

## Terrorist attacks
The Port Authority's World Trade Center was the target of a terrorist attack on February 26, 1993, and of the more successful September 11 attacks in 2001.

The area had over 50,000 employees and 70,000 visitors per day; the work of emergency personnel including the Port Authority Police, the New York City Police Department, the New York City Fire Department, New York City EMS, New York State Court Officers, Federal Agents and many others helped to lower the deaths from the attack. The Port Authority Police had the biggest loss of police personnel at a single time in American history: 37 police officers along with one police dog were killed on September 11th.

## Related pages
* New York City Police Department
* Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police
* Color of the day (police)

## References
## Other websites
*Port Authority of NY/NJ Police 
*Port Authority Police Memorial 
*Port Authority Police Benevolent Association
*Port Authority Police vehicles
Panda Express

**Panda Express** is a quick-service Chinese restaurant chain in the United States.
They serve American-style Chinese food. Most of their restaurants are in shopping malls and supermarkets.

## Other websites 
* Panda Express
El Salvador national football team

**El Salvador national football team** is the national football team of El Salvador.

## Top scorers
## References
Labial consonant

**Labials** or **labial consonants** are consonants made with the lips. These sounds are made in two ways. Bilabial sounds use both lips (for example [p] as in *pack*). Labiodental sounds use the lower lip and teeth (for example [f] in *food*).
Bilabial consonant

**Bilabials** or **Bilabial consonants** are a type of sound that are made with both lips (bilabial) and by partially stopping the air coming from the mouth when the sound is pronounced (consonant). For example, [p] is bilabial, but [f] is not.
Bilabial consonants are a type of sound in a group of consonant labials composed of both lips (bilabial) and by pausing the air from the mouth when the sound is called (consonant).

There are eight bilabial consonants used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

## How to Teach /p/, /b/ and /m/ 
Following are some touch or touch gesture methods to teach sounds:

P: Place your index finger straight in front of both (closed) lips. When you make a / p / sound, bring your finger forward as fast as if you are going to emphasize that the p “sound. You can also place your finger and tap.

B: Place one or more fingers against the same closed lips but in this case, do not move it as soon as you make a noise. The “b” sound does not have an air escape like “p.” Remind the child to cover the lips. You can also place your finger and tap.

M: Place one finger on a horizontal surface under your lower lip or slide it over your lips.

English contains the following three bilabial consonants:
/p/ as in “post” and “map“
/b/ as in “book” and “grab“
/m/ as in “mind” and “lamp“
Labiodental consonant

**Labiodental consonants** are labial consonants made with the bottom lip and the top teeth, like the English letters *f* as in *file* and *v* as in *vile*.
Dental consonant

**Dentals** or **Dental consonants** are coronal consonants, meaning they are made by touching the front of the tongue to the upper teeth. For example, *th* in the English word *thing* is a dental consonant written [], *these* is a dental consonant written [].
Saxifragales

The **Saxifragales** are a taxonomic order of flowering plants, various dicotyledons. Includes the following families:

* Family Altingiaceae (sweet gum family)
* Family Aphanopetalaceae
* Family Cercidiphyllaceae (katsuratree family)
* Family Crassulaceae (orpine family)
* Family Daphniphyllaceae
* Family Grossulariaceae (gooseberry and blackcurrant family)
* Family Haloragidaceae
* Family Hamamelidaceae (witch-hazel family)
* Family Iteaceae (itea or sweetspire family)
* Family Paeoniaceae (peony)
* Family Penthoraceae
* Family Pterostemonaceae
* Family Saxifragaceae (saxifrage family)
Nell Gwyn

actresses and the mistress of King Charles II.]]
**Eleanor "Nell" Gwyn** (or **Gwynn** or **Gwynne**) (1650 - 14 November 1687), was one of the earliest English actresses to receive prominent recognition, and a long-time mistress of King Charles II.

Called "pretty, witty Nell" by Samuel Pepys, she has been called a living embodiment of the spirit of Restoration England and has come to be considered a folk heroine, with a story echoing the rags-to-royalty tale of Cinderella.
Ticket of leave

A **ticket of leave** was an important document given to convicts who had been sent to Australia. Convicts who were well-behaved were given a ticket of leave. This gave them some rights, and they did not have to stay in gaol. With a ticket of leave, a convict was able to look for work in a particular area but could not leave the area without  from a court. Every change of employer or district was written on the ticket.

## History
Governor Philip Gidley King started the tickets of leave in 1801. It gave prisoners a reason to behave themselves. Also, it helped to provide cheap workers for farmers who were settling in Australia. The government saved money as it did not have to feed and clothe the prisoners.

Those with a ticket of leave were able to marry or to bring their families from Britain. They could buy land but not carry guns or get onto a ship. They were often made to pay back the cost of their travel in the prison ship to Australia. The ticket of leave had to be renewed every year, and those with one had to attend  (where it could be checked they were still living in the area), and church services. Prisoners could lose their ticket and be sent back to prison if they were lazy, if they tried to get paid too much, or if they were rude to the police or soldiers.

A convict who kept to the conditions of his ticket of leave was given a conditional pardon after half of the time he was supposed to be in gaol. Then, they were no longer a convict and could do everything except leave the colony. Convicts who did not keep to the conditions of their ticket could be arrested without warning, go to court without being able to appeal, and lose all their property.

## The ticket
The ticket itself was a highly detailed document. It listed the convicts' number, the name, the ship in which sent to Australia, the year that they arrived, the captain of the ship, where they came from, their job, the crimes,the place and date of trial, the sentence, the birth date, what they looked like, the area the prisoner was allowed to live in, the court that gave out the ticket, the date the ticket was given, any other conditions of the ticket, and any changes of where they lived. A lot of this information has been kept, which makes them a very important source of information for people looking at family history.

## References
## Other websites
* Index to Ticket of Leave Passports 
*A real Ticket of Leave 
*Joseph Wilkes Ticket of Leave, 1869
* http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/ticket-of-leave Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
Docklands Stadium

**Docklands Stadium**, known for sponsorship reasons as **Marvel Stadium**, is a large sport and entertainment complex built in the Docklands area of Melbourne, Victoria. Since March 1, 2009, is has been named after Etihad Airways of Abu Dhabi, one of two national airlines of the United Arab Emirates. Besides its generic name of Docklands Stadium, it has been known under past naming rights deals as Colonial Stadium and the Telstra Dome. The stadium opened on March 9, 2000 after two years of building and a cost of AU$450 million.

The stadium has a capacity of over 56,000, with over 53,000 seated. It is used mainly for Australian rules football, and houses the headquarters of the sport's main competition, the Australian Football League. It is also used for cricket and major concerts. The stadium also has a large opening roof that allows games to be played in any weather, and also has car parking underneath. It is joined to Southern Cross Railway Station by a footbridge. Its playing surface has an area of 19,000 m2. The roof, the largest opening roof in the Southern Hemisphere, takes about 8 minutes to open or close.

The stadium is home to several Australian Football League clubs, including Carlton, North Melbourne, Essendon, St Kilda, and the Western Bulldogs. It was used for several matches in the 2003 Rugby World Cup.

The stadium is also used for music concerts, and performers have included Andre Rieu, Bruce Springsteen, Green Day, Barbra Streisand, Bon Jovi and Ricky Martin.

## References
Athelbert of Wessex

**Athelbert**, also spelled **Æthelbert** (836-866), was a West Saxon nobleman. He was the sub-king of Kent from 858–860. He was the King of Wessex from 860-865.predecessor:   sucessor Athelred of Wessex

## Career 
He was the third son of Ethelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler. His brother Athelbald was left in charge of the West Saxon kingdom. When their father returned from Rome, Athelbald would not give up the throne. To avoid a civil war, their father Athelwulf took the subkingdom of Kent and Athelbald ruled as king of Wessex. When Athelwulf died in 858, Athelbert was once again appointed king of Kent.  Athelbert still had two younger brothers, Athelred and Alfred. But neither were appointed to fill the role of sub-king of Kent. Athelbert consolidated the kingdom of Kent into the kingdom of Wessex. This was a much larger army and would remain in England. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham. Since he died childless, he was succeeded by his brother Athelred.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Britannia: Kings of Wessex