open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pensacola Christian College

**Pensacola Christian College** (**PCC**) is an accredited, fundamentalist, Independent Baptist college in Pensacola, Florida. It was started in 1974 by Arlin Horton.

It is accredited by the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools since 2013.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Pensacola Christian College official site
*Christianity Today: College Pays Millions in Taxes
Moody Bible Institute

**Moody Bible Institute** (**MBI**) is an institute in Chicago on the Near North Side. In 1886, it was started by evangelist and businessman Dwight Lyman Moody. MBI has three major ministries: education, broadcasting and publishing.

## Other websites 
*Moody Bible Institute
Jesse James

**Jesse Woodson James** (September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw. He was the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang in 1875. He was shot in the back of the head and killed by Robert Ford, a member of his gang for a $10,000 bounty that was placed on James by then-Missouri governor Thomas T. Crittenden.

## Other websites 
*Official website for the Family of Jesse James 
*
Gallimimus

**Gallimimus** (chicken mimic) was a fast-running dinosaur. It had a long, thin, flattened, toothless, horny beak, a small head, and a relatively large brain. *Gallimimus* lived in the Upper Cretaceous, about 75-70 million years ago.

## Description 
The bottom front part of its beak was shaped like a shovel. It had large eyes positioned on opposite sites of its head, ruling out binocular vision (depth perception). It had a long neck, long tail, and long legs. Gallimimus was about 13-20 ft (4-6 m) long, was 6.3 ft (1.9 m) tall at the hips, and may have weighed about 970 pounds (440 kg).

These were probably among the fastest of all dinosaurs. Like many other coelurosaurs, the ornithomimid hide was probably feathered rather than scaly.

## In popular culture 
The dinosaur appeared on-screen, in the motion picture Jurassic Park. 

## References
Jefferson County, Alabama

**Jefferson County** is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama.

The county was named after Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States. The county has the largest population of any county in Alabama. As of the 2020 U.S. census, 674,721 people lived there. The largest city in Jefferson County is Birmingham, Alabama.

## History 
Jefferson County was created by the Alabama legislature on December 13, 1819, 42 years before the American Civil War.

## Bankruptcy
Jefferson County was spending more than its total revenue, so it sold bonds to finance its operating deficits.  Normally, governments sell bonds to borrow money to build infrastructure. But Jefferson County borrowed money to put off tax increases or service reductions. Jefferson County worked with Wall Street banks (such as J.P. Morgan) to sell the bonds and to make interest rate swaps on its debt. These financial deals happened in 2002 and 2003 while the economy was healthy. People who purchase bonds want to know the source of the money to pay back the bonds. So, Jefferson County used its sewer system fees to back its bonds. The county sold $3.14 billion in sewer bonds. It also paid the banks millions of dollars of fees for their help in selling the bonds and setting up the county's debt.

By 2011, Jefferson County could no longer borrow more money and its total revenues fell because of the bad economy. So, the county went to Wall Street and asked them to forgive $1 billion of the debt.  After months of talking, the county and the banks were $130 million apart from a final agreement. The banks wanted the county to raise sewer rates to cover the missing money.  The county wanted the banks to forgive more debt.

On November 9, 2011, the county gave up and filed for bankruptcy. Jefferson County became the subject of the most expensive municipal bankruptcy ever in the United States, at $4.1 billion, with debts of $3.14 billion relating to sewer work. This means that a court will decide what the county owes. Under bankruptcy, people who loaned money to the county will not get all of their money back.

## References
AppleScript

**AppleScript** is a way for people to write commands and actions on their Apple Macintosh platform. It is a simple language, like English, and is made by Apple Inc. since the year 1993.  The AppleScript program came from the HyperCard program.

## Example
An example of the different ways to write a Hello World program in AppleScript:

```applescript
display dialog "Hello World!" -- a modal window with "Ok" and "Cancel" buttons
-- or
display alert "Hello World!"  -- a modal window with a single "Ok" button
-- or
say "Hello World!" -- an audio message using a synthesized computer voice
```

## Other websites
### Official
* AppleScript – Official page at Apple.com
** AppleScript Resources
* AppleScript  at Apple Developer Connection
* GUI Scripting Gives AppleScript scripts the ability to control otherwise non-scriptable applications. AppleScript scripts can select menu items, click buttons, enter text into text fields, and generally control the interfaces of most Mac OS X 10.x applications.

### Others
*
Pachacuti

**Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui** (or **Pachacutec**; , whose name means "He who remakes the world" was the ninth Sapa Inca (1438-1471/1472) of the Kingdom of Cuzco, which he transformed into an empire, Tawantinsuyu. He began the era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cuzco to nearly the whole of civilized South America. He was the fourth of the Hanan dynasty, and his wife's name is given as Mama Anawarkhi or Coya Anahurque. Their son was Tupac Inca Yupanqui. 
Pachacuti reorganized the new empire, the *Tahuantinsuyu* or "the united four provinces."  Under his system, there were four *apos* that each controlled one of four provinces (*suyu*). 

Despite Pachacuti's political and military talents, he did not improve upon the system of choosing the next Inca. His son became the next Inca without any known dispute, but in future generations the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos, priesthood, and military to either win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to get control of the empire. 

Machu Picchu is believed to date to the time of Pachacuti.
IMac

The **iMac** is an all-in-one personal computer that was first released in 1998. It is made by Apple Inc.. It has been the main part of Apple's consumer desktop offerings since its debut in August 1998, and has evolved through six distinct forms.

**Jacob Boalch** 

No iMac / When Your iMac at 100% / When Your iMac Charges Overnight (00:00)

Apple adopted Intel processors which post-2006 iMacs now run on. Because Mac OS X was written for PowerPC at the time, Mac OS X ran in an emulation environment called Rosetta. Programs and applications received 'Universal Binary' updates to make them run reliably and use less resources of the Rosetta environment, instead hardware accelerating themselves.

iMac models after 2001 were shipped with macOS (formerly known as OS X).

The latest macOS version is Big Sur, which is not Intel processor dependent. No PowerPC based computer can run or install it meaning most of the iMac line are not 10.11 compatible.

Some of the newest iMac models don't have CD or disc drives.

On May 2021, 24" iMac with Apple M1 will be released.

## References 
## Other websites 
* iMac website
* All iMac Generations
Melbourne Airport

**Melbourne Airport**  is the second busiest airport in Australia.  It is the home base for Tiger Airways Australia and Jetstar.  It is also the home base for cargo airlines Australian Air Express and Toll Priority.  Qantas and Virgin Australia use it as a hub.
Passenger data from paxstat.

## References
Discounts and allowances

**Discounts and allowances** are when the price of goods or services is made lower. Discounts and allowances can be a change of the price that the manufacturer sells the product for, the retail price (set by the retailer and often attached to the product with a sticker), or the list price (which is quoted to a potential buyer, usually in written form).  The market price (also called effective price) is the amount that the customer pays. The purpose of discounts is to increase short-term sales,  move out-of-date stock, reward valuable customers, encourage distribution. Some discounts and allowances are forms of sales promotion.

## Related pages
*Multi-use tickets for public transport

## References
Sale

**Sale** may refer to:

*Sale, discounts and allowances in the prices of goods, such as:
**Fire sale, a drastic discount in prices
**Loan sale, a sale under contract of all or part of the cash stream from a specific loan
**Closeout, the final sale of an item or items to zero inventory
*Sales, the selling of goods or services

**Places**:
*Sale, Greater Manchester, England
**Sale Urban District, a former local government district unit of Sale, Greater Manchester.
**Sale Sharks, a rugby team from the area
*Sale, Victoria, Australia
*Sale (AL), an Italian commune in the province of Alessandria
*Salé, Morocco
*Sale Marasino, an Italian commune in the province of Brescia
*Sale Airport, Rabat, Morocco

**People**:
*Freddy Sale, a baseball pitcher
*George Sale, an 18th-century English orientalist
*Jamie Salé, a Canadian pairs figure skater
*Kirkpatrick Sale, an environmental and human ecology scholar and author
*Tim Sale (artist), a comic book artist
*Tommy Sale, an English footballer

**Organisations**:
*BOC Aviation, formerly Singapore Aircraft Leasing Enterprise (SALE)
Florence Foster Jenkins

**Florence Foster Jenkins** (born July 19, 1868 in Pennsylvania, U.S.; died November 26, 1944) was an American soprano who became famous because she was such a bad singer.  She sang out of tune, had a very poor sense of rhythm and she was very unmusical.

## Life
She was born **Florence Foster** in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. She had music lessons when she was a child.  She wanted to go and study music abroad.  Her father was very rich, but he refused to pay for her to travel, so she ran away with a man called Frank Thornton Jenkins who was a doctor.  They married, although they divorced in 1902.  Her husband did not want her to be a singer either.

In 1909, her father died so she inherited some money which she used to have singing lessons.  Soon she started to give recitals.  Her mother died in 1928 and this gave her even more freedom and money to sing.

From her recordings we can hear that Jenkins sang very out of tune and out of time.  She even wobbled a lot on one note. Her piano accompanist can be heard trying to change the speed to fit in with her mistakes.  Her words were unclear, especially when singing in a foreign language.  However, she became tremendously popular in her unusual way. Her audiences seemed to love her in spite of her unmusicality.  She always thought she was a good singer and compared herself to the great sopranos.   She knew the critics wrote bad things about her, but she said: "People may say I can't sing, but no one can ever say I didn't sing."

Jenkins sang music from famous operas as well as classical songs (Lieder).  She wore fancy costumes which she designed herself.  She threw flowers into the audience and was always fanning herself.

In 1943, she was in a taxi that crashed.  After the crash she found she could sing "a higher F than ever before." Instead of a lawsuit against the taxicab company, she sent the driver a box of expensive cigars.

In 1944, when she was 76, Jenkins performed at Carnegie Hall.  Many people had wanted her to perform there.  Tickets  sold out weeks before the concert.  Jenkins died in Manhattan of a heart attack a month later.  She always seemed to have been quite certain that she was a great singer.

## References
Huáscar

emperor]]
**Inti Cusi Huallpa Huáscar,** or "Sun of Joy" lived in 1503–1532 and was emperor of the Inca empire from 1527 to 1532 AD, He succeeded his father Huayna Capac and brother Ninan Cuyochi. Both of whom died of smallpox while they fought near Quito. 

On the death of their father and their older brother, the empire was divided between the two surviving brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa. Huascar got the major part of it with the capital Cusco, and Atahualpa the northern parts, including Quito (now the capital of Ecuador). For a couple of years, the two brothers reigned without problems. Huascar demanded that Atahuallpa swear an oath to him. Atahuallpa refused and the civil war began. Atahualpa's commander lead armies of 100,000 men. About 60,000 men supported Huáscar. This demonstrates the numerical potential of Incan armies. The war was uncompleted, but Atahualpa had a clear advantage when Francisco Pizarro arrived. It was partly due to this civil war that Francisco Pizarro was successful.

## References
CLAAS Jaguar

Jaguar cutting grass silage.]]
The **CLAAS Jaguar** is a silage harvester made by CLAAS. It has a DaimlerChrysler engine.

## History 
The **CLAAS Jaguar** was first built in 1973, when the idea of silage was fairly new. Claas already made combines and balers. The first CLAAS Jaguar was a small green machine. The 10,000th Jaguar was sold in 1994, the 15,000th unveiled in 1998 and the 20,000th sold in 2004.

## Success 
The CLAAS Jaguar is one of the best selling silage harvesters ever made. They sell especially well in European countries. Of the forage harvesters CLAAS sold in Ireland from 2000 to 2003, 60% were Claas Jaguars. 

## Model Range 
The model range has not changed much over the past eight years, except for 2003 and 2007. In Europe, the current models are the 830, 850, 870, 890 and the largest one: the 900. In North America, the models are 950, 960, 970 and 980. 

## Speedstar & Green Eye 
Before 2003, most forage harvesters operated at very slow speeds. In 2003, new technology meant that a new silage harvester, with the same look as the old model, would be built. In Autumn of that year, the **CLAAS Jaguar Speedstar** was first sold. 

The "Green Eye" is a new addition. After four years of scientific experiments, the Green Eye was made in May 2007. The 900 model now being sold in Europe is known as the **CLAAS Jaguar 900 Green Eye**. The Green Eye is also available in the other models as well.
Fortress of Solitude

The **Fortress of Solitude** is a fictional fortress appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics and is Superman's Kryptonian base. The first Fortress was a huge iceberg. A huge golden key that only Superman or Supergirl could lift was needed to open the door. Superman built it. The second Fortress was a huge crystalline building. It looked similar to a pile of crystals and icebergs. A green crystal built the second Fortress. The third version was similar to the second one, but was bigger and looked different in the inside. This version was created by the Crystal of Knowledge, a ring-like crystal.

## In other media 
The fortress of Solitude has been adapted to different forms of media, including movies, television series, and video games.
Thomas Becket

**Thomas Becket** was an English priest, and Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. People used to think his name was *Thomas á Becket*, but it is now known to be wrong.

Becket was born in Cheapside, London. He was an intelligent child, who also enjoyed playing sports and hunting. At age 16, he left England to study in Paris.

In 1143, Becket joined the household of Theobald of Bec, as a clerk. He became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. He had been a close friend of King Henry II, but they argued about the rights of the Church. This argument between Henry and Becket ended their friendship. Becket resigned as Lord Chancellor and sought to extend the rights of the archbishopric. This led to a series of conflicts with the King. One was on the jurisdiction of secular courts over English clergymen. 

Attempts by Henry to influence the other bishops against Becket began in Westminster in October 1163. The King sought approval of the traditional rights of the royal government over the church. Henry held a meeting with most of the higher English clergy at Clarendon Palace on 30 January 1164.  Becket was officially asked to agree to the King's rights.

Henry summoned Becket to appear before a great council at Northampton Castle on 8 October 1164, to answer allegations. Convicted on the charges, Becket stormed out of the trial and fled to Europe. King Louis VII of France offered Becket protection. He spent nearly two years in the Cistercian abbey of Pontigny, until Henry's threats made him return to Sens.

Becket returned to England, but the dispute continued. He excommunicated his enemies in the Church, and threatened to do the same to Henry. 

Upon hearing reports of Becket's actions, Henry said things which were understood as wishing Becket killed. The king's exact words are unknown and several versions have been reported. The most commonly quoted, as handed down by oral tradition, is "Who will rid me of this troublesome priest?"

Becket was killed by four of the King's knights on 29 December 1170. He became a saint in 1173. His major shrine is in Canterbury, but was destroyed by order of Henry VIII during his reign.

## References
Thunder Bay

**Thunder Bay** is the most populous city in Northwestern Ontario, in Canada. Its population was 108,843 as of the 2021 census. Before, it was two cities called Fort William and Port Arthur. Thunder Bay has the second largest population in Northern Ontario, behind Greater Sudbury.

## Media
CKPR 580

CJSD 94.3

## References
Pecorino romano

**Pecorino romano** is a type of Pecorino cheese. It is mostly made in the Italian state of Lazio (Rome), but it is also made in some bordering municipalities. It is aged for about 5 months. This hard and crumbly cheese similar to Parmigiano-Reggiano is usually used for grating. It is one of the most well known pecorino cheeses.

## References
Pecorino Sardo

**Pecorino Sardo** is a type of Pecorino cheese. It is made in the Italian state of Sardinia. It is made from sheep milk, mostly from the local breed. Since 1991, it has Protected designation of origin. It is aged for a couple of months, but can also age up to 6 months. It is not as well known outside of Italy as the Romano or Toscano cheeses. It can be used for grating like other cheeses.

## References
Pecorino Toscano

**Pecorino Toscano** is a type of Pecorino cheese. It is made in the Italian state of Tuscany. Since 1996, it has protection of designated origin. The cheese is aged for about 20 days. This firm cheese can be used for grating or it can be eaten with some Mediterranean fruits and vegetables.

## References
Pecorino Siciliano

**Pecorino Siciliano** is a type of Pecorino cheese. It comes from the Italian state of Sicily. It comes in a cylinder like shape. It is not well known outside of Italy. Since 1996, it has protected designation of origin. It has a firm and rough texture.

## References
Pecorino cheese

**Pecorino cheese** (or simply **Pecorino**) is the name for a few kinds of Italian cheeses made from sheep milk.  The word *pecora*, from which the name comes from, means *sheep*. Most of these cheeses are aged for some time. They taste rather salty.

## Types
Pecorino Romano is probably the best known outside Italy, especially in the United States. The cheese has been exported to the United States since the 19th century. Most Pecorino Romano is produced on the island of Sardinia, though its production is also allowed in Lazio and in the Tuscan Province of Grosseto. 

Pecorino Sardo also comes from Sardinia. It is milder. Pecorino Toscano is from Tuscany,  Pecorino Siciliano (or '** in Sicilian) from Sicily and **Pecorino di Filiano** from Basilicata.  All come in a variety of styles depending on how long they have been matured.  The more matured cheeses, referred to as **', are harder and have a stronger flavour.  Sometimes, the cheeses are made with spices. In Sardinia, the larvae of the cheese fly are intentionally introduced into *Pecorino Sardo* to produce a local delicacy called *casu marzu*.

Pecorino Romano is most often used on pasta dishes, like the better-known Parmigiano Reggiano (parmesan).  Its distinctive strong, very salty flavour means that it is preferred for some pasta dishes with highly-flavoured sauces, especially those of Roman origin, such as ''pasta all'amatriciana''.

## References
Brine shrimp

**Brine shrimp** are small shrimp that live in salt water. They are the ***Artemia***, a genus of aquatic crustacea which has changed little (externally) since the Triassic period. They can often be found in saltwater ponds and marshes. They cannot live very long in fresh water. Brine shrimp avoid most types of predators, such as fish, because they live in waters of very high salinity: (25 parts per thousand). The optimum for *Artemia* is 100 to 150 parts per thousand. The shrimp grow to be about one centimeter long. Females tend to be larger than males.

## Anatomy 
The brine shrimp's body has a head, thorax, and abdomen. A hard exoskeleton covers the entire body. The brine shrimp’s muscles are inside this exoskeleton, which is made of chitin. Their muscles are attached internally. They move by beating their tails and by the continuous movement of the legs along their body.

Brine shrimp circulatory and respiratory systems work together to spread oxygen through their body and remove extra salt. They breathe through gills on their feet. The oxygen taken in is carried through the bloodstream. The heart pumps the blood around the body. Brine shrimp have a protein called hemoglobin in their blood. This helps move the oxygen to cells around the body more easily. They need hemoglobin because oxygen levels can be very low in salty water. Then, the gills pump the excess salt, water, and carbon dioxide out of the body. More salt is pumped out through exocrine glands.

## Reproduction 
Males differ from females by having a larger second antennae, which are changed into clasping organs used in mating.

Adult female brine shrimp ovulate about every 140&nbsp;hours. In good conditions, the female brine shrimp can make eggs that almost immediately hatch. But in worse conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150‰, female brine shrimp make eggs inside cysts. They are metabolically inactive and can remain this way for two years in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. While in cysts, brine shrimp eggs survive temperatures of liquid air () and a few can survive above boiling temperature () for up to two hours.
Once placed in normal briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The nauplius larvae are less than 0.4&nbsp;mm in length when they first hatch. Brine shrimp have a biological life cycle of one year.

## References
## Other websites 
* “Brine Shrimp.”  Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Program. State of Utah, n.d. 18 April 2012.
* Carolina Biological Supply Company
Henrik Lundqvist

**Henrik Lundqvist** (born 2 March 1982) is an Swedish former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played for a total of 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career for the New York Rangers. He was nicknamed "King Henrik". He also played for Team Sweden and won a gold medal with them at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as a silver medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

## Career
On October 9, 2020, Lundqvist signed a one-year, $1.5 million contract with the Washington Capitals. However, he never played a game for them. He had to miss the whole 2020-2021 season because of an irregular heartbeat. In January 2021, Lundqvist announced that he was undergoing open-heart surgery.

On December 14, 2021, Lundqvist announced his retirement from playing professional ice hockey. On January 28, 2022, the Rangers retired Lundqvist's jersey number #30.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Martin Brodeur

**Martin Pierre Brodeur** (born May 6, 1972, in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He was formerly an ice hockey goaltender for the New Jersey Devils in the National Hockey League (NHL) and ins currently a current team executive for the New Jersey Devils. During his 21-years with the Devils, he was a three-time Stanley Cup champion and holds more than thirty Devils team records.

On June 7, 2014, Brodeur told ESPN that he would test the free agency market for the 2014-15 season.

## Awards 
* Calder Memorial Trophy — 1994
* NHL 1st All-Star Team — 2003, 2004, 2007
* NHL 2nd All-Star Team — 1997, 1998, 2006, 2008
* NHL All-Rookie Team — 1994
* NHL All-Star Game — 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
* Olympic Gold Medal — 2002, 2010
* Primus World'Stars Challenge Bowl — 2004
* QMJHL 2nd All-Star Team — 1992
* QMJHL All-Rookie Team — 1990
* Stanley Cup — 1995, 2000, 2003
* Vezina Trophy — 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
* William M. Jennings Trophy — 1997 (with Mike Dunham), 1998, 2003 (tied Roman Čechmánek & Robert Esche), 2004, 2010 Tied most all time with Patrick Roy
* World Cup of Hockey Championship  — 2004

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
*
*
Wallachia

**Wallachia** (also spelled **Walachia**;  or "The Romanian Land") is a historical area of Romania. Wallachia is divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). 

## Other websites
Danube Delta

The **Danube Delta** is the second largest delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta. It is one of the best preserved deltas on the continent.  Most of the Danube Delta can be found in Romania, but the northern part of the delta is in Ukraine. In Ukraine the delta is not preserved as well as it is in Romania.

In 1979, the Danube delta became a Biosphere Reserve.  The coastal ecosystem is  as part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites in Romania

## References
## Other websites
*Trips in Danube Delta 
*Tourism in Danube Delta 
* List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites
Romanian Revolution

The **Romanian Revolution of 1989** was a week-long series of violent riots and fighting in Romania. It took place in late December of 1989.  The fighting began to end Nicolae Ceauşescu's control of the Communist state. In 1989, similar revolutions ended Communist governments in other countries in Eastern Europe. Revolutions in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Albania were peaceful, but in Romania, the revolution was violent and led to the deaths of many, including the Ceausescu's.
List of NHL General Managers

This is a **list of general managers in the National Hockey League**. In the National Hockey League, the general manager of a team typically controls player trades and talks about contracts  with players. He is also responsible for the coaches.

## Current NHL general managers
## References
Miikka Kiprusoff

**Miikka Sakari Kiprusoff** (pronounced "MEE-kah KIHP-roo-sawf") (born October 26, 1976) is a Finnish retired professional hockey goaltender. He played 11 seasons in the NHL mainly with the Calgary Flames.

The Calgary Flames announced on September 9, 2013 that Kiprusoff had retired.

## Awards
*He was named to the SM-liiga All-Star Team during the 1998–99 season.
*Urpo Ylönen trophy (1998–99)
*Jari Kurri trophy (1998–99)
*He was named as a First Team All-Star during the 2005-06 NHL season
*Vezina Trophy (2005–06)
*William M. Jennings Trophy (2005–06)
*Molson Cup (2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09)

## References
## Other websites 
*
Romanian War of Independence

The **Romanian War of Independence** was battled in 1877.  It was against the Ottoman Empire. On , Romania and the Russian Empire  a treaty that allowed Russian troops to pass through Romanian land, so long as the Russians  the  of the Romanians.

On , in the Romanian parliament, Mihail Kogălniceanu said that it was the will of the Romanian people to be independent.  In the beginning of this war, Russia did not want to help the Romanians with the war.

## War
The Romanian Army defeated the Turks in all the battles. The battles took place in Grivitsa, Rahova, Vidin and Smârdan.

## Other websites
* The Plevna Delay  by Richard T. Trenk, Sr. (Originally published in *Man At Arms* magazine, Number Four, August, 1997)
Bernie Parent

**Bernard Marcel Parent** (April 3, 1945 – September 21, 2025), better known as **Bernie Parent**, was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He was born in Montreal, Canada.

Parent died on September 21, 2025 at his home in Avalon, New Jersey at the age of 80.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Tony Esposito

**Anthony James** "**Tony O**" **Esposito** (April 23, 1943 – August 10, 2021) was a professional ice hockey goaltender, who played in the National Hockey League. He was most known for playing for the hockey team Chicago Black Hawks. He was considered one of the pioneers of the now popular butterfly style. He was put into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988. He was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Esposito died on August 10, 2021 at the age of 78, from pancreatic cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*
1973–74 NHL season

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
### Finals
Philadelphia Flyers defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2, winning the cup with a Game 6 1–0 victory. In doing so, the Flyers became the first expansion team to win the Cup in the post-Original Six era.

## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Televangelism

, one of the early televangelists. This photo is from 1966.]]
**Televangelism** is the use of modern mass media such as television or radio to speak of the faith. Usually this is done to convince other people of one's own beliefs. It is common with Christianity but also occurs with other religions. The word is a made up of television and evangelism. The term was started by *Time magazine*. Today it is also used for preachers who use modern mass media, such as radio, or the internet to spread the gospel.

Please note, that televangelism is different from watching a Christian mass (or other religious programme, for example, the blessings Urbi et Orbi of the Pope) on television, or other media.

## In Christianity 
, an "Evangelical" millionaire in Guatemala]]
, one of the most popular Catholic televangelists of all time]]
Televangelists often give speeches, or sermons. There they tell about the good news, and they ask people to do specific things. Most often, they want donations either for their organisation, or for a specific cause. Most televangelists make a connection between wonders or miracles, and the donations of the faithful. What they preach is a form of prosperity theology, and this connection is a defining characteristic.

In Christianity, televangelists often have positions that are close to those of the Charismatic Movement, or of Pentecostalism.

## In Islam 
Televangelism also exists in Islam. There, the people are either Salafi Sunni Muslims, or they are Shiites or Alevites.

Yusuf al-Qaradawi is a very popular Islamic tellevangelist.

Harun Yahya is an Turkish Islamic televangelist who has creationist ideas. Politically, his ideas are close to the Gülen movement. He has a very modern interpretation; in his broadcasts, he also shows women with few clothes, which is unusual for the Islamic world.

## Criticism 
Televangelism has also been critiziced: Conservative Christian theologian John Mc Arthur wrote: „Someone needs to say this plainly: The faith healers and health-and-wealth preachers who dominate religious television are shameless frauds. Their message is not the true Gospel of Jesus Christ. There is nothing spiritual or miraculous about their on-stage chicanery. It is all a devious ruse designed to take advantage of desperate people. They are not Godly ministers but greedy impostors who corrupt the Word of God for money's sake. They are not real pastors who shepherd the flock of God but hirelings whose only design is to fleece the sheep. Their love of money is glaringly obvious in what they say as well as how they live. They claim to possess great spiritual power, but in reality they are rank materialists and enemies of everything holy."

## References
Billy Sunday

**William Ashley "Billy" Sunday** (November 19, 1862 in Story County, Iowa – November 6, 1935 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American athlete and religious person. He was an outfielder in baseball's National League during the 1880s. After that he became an influential American Presbyterian evangelist at the start of the 20th century.

## References 
* In Rare Form: A Pictorial History of Baseball Evangelist Billy Sunday. William A. Firstenberger. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2005.

## Other websites 
*Official *Billy Sunday* website 
*Selected Sermons
*Billy Sunday's grave
*
*Billy Sunday Quotes
John Newton

**John Henry Newton, Jr.** (July 24, 1725 – December 21, 1807) was a slave ship captain who became an Anglican clergyman. He was the author of many hymns, including "Amazing Grace". This hymn talks about the Divine grace which reached out to a "wretch" (evil person) like himself. After he was saved from his sinful life he worked hard to stop the transportation of slaves on English ships. He worked with the member of parliament, William Wilberforce. The slave trade was outlawed in 1807 in England and other countries soon did the same.  This law was passed just 9 months before Newton's death. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Famous Quotes by John Newton 
* Amazing Grace: The True Story 
* Amazing Grace: John Newton information
John Newton (disambiguation)

**John Newton** may mean:
*John Newton (1725–1807), English slaveship master and Anglican clergyman, author of “Amazing Grace”
*John Haymes Newton (born 1965), American actor
*John Newton (engineer) (1822–1895), U.S. Army engineer and Civil War general
*John Newton (soldier) (1755–1780), American Revolution soldier, fictionalized as a hero
*John T. Newton (1793–1857), American naval officer
Evgeni Nabokov

**Evgeni Viktorovich Nabokov** () (born July 25, 1975 in Ust-Kamenogorsk, U.S.S.R., now Kazakhstan), is a Kazakhstani-Russian professional ice hockey goaltender. He used to play for the San Jose Sharks, New York Islanders, and Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League. He has also played for Metallurg Magnitogorsk and SKA St. Petersburg in the Russian Superleague and Kontinental Hockey League. Nabokov played from 1991 until 2015.

## NHL
Nabokov was drafted by the San Jose Sharks with the 219th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He played 10 seasons with the Sharks and then signed with SKA St. Petersburg in the Kontinental Hockey League in 2010. He only played in Russia for 22 games and went back to the NHL. He was signed by the Detroit Red Wings in January, 2011. He never played a game for the Red Wings and was placed on waivers. He was claimed off waivers by the New York Islanders on January 22, 2011. For three years he played for the Islanders, and then played one year with the Tampa Bay Lightning. He stopped playing hockey in 2015.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Dominik Hašek

**Dominik Hašek**, (born January 29, 1965) is a Czech former professional ice hockey goaltender that played a total of 16 seasons in the National Hockey League.

During his playing career he played for the Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Blackhawks, Buffalo Sabres, and the Ottawa Senators. When he was in Buffalo, he became one of the league's best goaltenders. He was nicknamed "The Dominator." His strong play has been said to have establish European goaltenders in a league dominated by North Americans.

Hašek was one of the league's most successful goaltenders of the 1990s and early 2000s. From 1993 to 2001, he won six Vezina Trophies, and in 1998 he became the first goaltender to win consecutive Hart Trophies.
During the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, he led the Czech national ice hockey team to its first and only Olympic gold medal. The feat made him a popular figure in his home country and prompted hockey legend Wayne Gretzky to call him "the best player in the game."
While with the Red Wings in 2002, Hašek became the first European starting goaltender to win the Stanley Cup.
Doing that, he set a record for shutouts in a postseason year. He came in second in votes for the Conn Smythe Trophy for the playoff's Most Valuable Player.

Hašek was considered an unorthodox goaltender, with a special style that has labelled him a "flopper." He is best known for his concentration, foot speed, flexibility, and unconventional saves, such as covering the puck with his blocker rather than his trapper.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
List of New York State Senators

This is a complete **list of members of the New York State Senate, past and present**. Members currently serving in the Senate as of June 2019 are listed .

## Notes 
## References
Awana

**Awana** (an acronym for **A**pproved **W**orkmen **A**re **N**ot **A**shamed, from 2 Timothy 2:15), is an international evangelical non-profit organization. It was founded in 1950. Its headquarters is in Streamwood, Illinois. It was founded by Baptist minister Arthur Rorheim in 1950.

## References
## Other websites 
*Awana Clubs International
Jan van Eyck

**Jan van Eyck** or **Johannes de Eyck** () (before c. 1395 – before 9 July 1441) was an early Dutch painter active in Bruges. He is thought to be one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century. He was interested in art since he was a child and was encouraged in this career by his older brother, Hubert.

## Other websites 
*Web Gallery of Art
*Jan van Eyck Gallery at MuseumSyndicate
Dwight L. Moody

**Dwight Lyman** (**D.L.**) **Moody** (February 5, 1837 – December 22, 1899) was an American evangelist and publisher. He started the Moody Church, Northfield School and Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts (now the Northfield Mount Hermon School), the Moody Bible Institute and Moody Publishers.

## Related pages
* Horatio Spafford - Spafford, a friend of Moody, wrote the words to the hymn *It Is Well with My Soul*.

## Other websites 
* Moody Bible Institute
* Moody Church
* Sermons by D. L. Moody
2007–08 NHL season

The **2007–08 NHL season** was the 91st season of operation (90th season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL). It began on September 29, 2007. The regular season ended April 6, 2008. The Stanley Cup playoffs ended on June 4. The Minnesota Wild won the Stanley Cup.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime/Shootout Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, Rank = Conference rank (division leaders are ranked first to third), Top eight teams in each conference qualified for post-season playoffs.*

#### Eastern Conference
#### Western Conference
#### Conference standings
-Denotes Division Leader

#### Tiebreaking Procedures
Where two or more clubs are tied in points at the end of the regular season, the standing of the clubs is determined in the following order:

# The greater number of games won.
# The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs.
# The difference between goals for and against.

### Scoring leaders
*GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes*

#### Leading goaltenders
*GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
''']]

### Playoff seeds
After the 2007–08 NHL regular season, the standard of 16 teams qualified for 
the playoffs.

#### Eastern Conference
#Montreal Canadiens - Northeast Division and Eastern Conference regular season champion; 104 points
#Pittsburgh Penguins - Atlantic Division champion, 102 points
#Washington Capitals - Southeast Division champion, 94 points
#New Jersey Devils - 99 points
#New York Rangers - 97 points
#Philadelphia Flyers - 95 points
#Ottawa Senators - 94 points  (43 wins)
#Boston Bruins - 94 points (41 wins)

#### Western Conference
#Detroit Red Wings - Central Division and Western Conference regular season champion; Presidents' Trophy winner, 115 points
#San Jose Sharks - Pacific Division champion, 108 points
#Minnesota Wild - Northwest Division champion, 98 points
#Anaheim Ducks - 102 points
#Dallas Stars - 97 points
#Colorado Avalanche - 95 points
#Calgary Flames - 94 points
#Nashville Predators - 91 points

### Playoff Bracket
## NHL awards
### NHL All Star Team
**First All-Star Team**
* Forwards: Alexander Ovechkin • Evgeni Malkin • Jarome Iginla
* Defencemen: Nicklas Lidstrom • Dion Phaneuf
* Goaltender: Evgeni Nabokov

**Second All-Star Team**
* Forwards: Henrik Zetterberg • Joe Thornton • Alexei Kovalev
* Defencemen: Brian Campbell • Zdeno Chara
* Goaltender: Martin Brodeur

## References 
## Other websites
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Fletcher Christian

**Fletcher Christian** (September 25, 1764 - 1793) was an English seaman on *HMS Bounty* when it sailed to Tahiti to collect breadfruit trees in 1787. He led a mutiny (take over) to stop Lieutenant William Bligh returning to England. (See Mutiny on the Bounty). He left Bligh and 18 seaman in a small boat, and went back to Tahiti in the *Bounty*. Christian and some of the other sailors then sailed to Pitcairn Island to live. Christian was later killed in a fight between the Tahitian men and the seamen and he was also the first ruler of the Pitcairn Islands.

## Early life 
Christian was born in 1764 at the family home of *Moorland Close*, near Brigham, Cumbria. He was one of 10 children of Charles Christian and Ann Dixon. He could trace his ancestry back to William the Conqueror. The name Christian is an English way of saying the Manx name "McCrystyn". Fletcher's mother came from Cumberland and he was named after his grandmother, Mary Fletcher. After his father died, Christian went to sea. He was 18 years old. He was a sailor on the ship 'Cambridge'. William Bligh was also on the ship. Christian later sailed on two trips with Bligh to Jamaica on the ship 'Britannia'. He then left Tahiti with 8 of the mutineers, 13 Tahitian women and six men. They sailed to the remote Pitcairn Island. Sixteen sailors from the Bounty stayed at Tahiti. At Pitcairn they took everything they could from the Bounty. After that Matthew Quintal set it on fire. The sexual imbalance (more men than women) and the slavery of the Tahitian men by the mutineers led to fighting and the deaths of most of the men. Fletcher Christian was killed in the fighting. He had a son with Maimiti, Thursday October Christian and two additional children.

## Related pages
* Mutiny on the Bounty
* Pitcairn Island

## References
Stenopterygius

***Stenopterygius*** was a typical, dolphin-shaped ichthyosaur of the Lower Jurassic. It is like the poster reptile of the ichthyosaur family, *Ichthyosaurus*, but with slightly narrower flippers  and a smaller head. Its name means "narrow wing".

*Stenopterygius* was more streamlined than the earlier ichthyosaurs of the Triassic period, and likely swam faster in pursuit of prey.

Some *Stenopterygius* fossils have been found with the remains of juveniles inside--clearly instances of mothers dying before they could give birth. As with other ichthyosaurs, *Stenopterygius* females gave birth to live young. Their eggs developed internally before birth.

## Related pages 
* *Chaohusaurus*
Cymbospondylus

***Cymbospondylus*** (meaning "boat vertebrae") was a large, primitive Triassic ichthyosaur of the Middle and Upper Triassic. It had a long eel-like body up to 10 meters or more in length.

*Cymbospondylus* is known from both Germany and Nevada. No doubt, like other large marine reptiles and present-day aquatic mammals, it had a wide oceanic distribution.

## Palaeobiology 
*Cymbospondylus* was one of the largest ichthyosaurs. Fossils ranging from  long. It was also one of the least fish-like of the ichthyosaurs, lacking a dorsal fin and fluked tail. It did, however, have an elongated snout like other ichthyosaurs.

The one metre long head of *Cymbospondylus*, with large jaws, contained rows of teeth adapted for catching and holding on to fish, belemnites, and cephalopods such as ammonites. The long tail would have been excellent for swimming, and allowed *Cymbospondylus* to move at fast speeds and efficiently hunt down shoals of swimming fish.

Adult *Cymbospondylus* probably spent much of their time hunting in deep offshore water, only coming into shallow water to breed or to catch seasonally available prey. Like other ichthyosaurs, *Cymbospondylus* probably gave birth to live young, as it had no way to lay eggs. These, on reaching adult size, probably had few, if any, predators that could harm them.

The eel-like tail of *Cymbospondylus* made up almost half the total body length, and it is possible that the tail was used as a primary swimming mechanism. Like present day sea snakes, *Cymbospondylus* probably swam by wriggling its body from side to side.

## References
Californosaurus

***Californosaurus*** was an ichthyosaur, an extinct marine reptile. It was 10 feet (3 m) long. It had four paddle-shaped flippers and sharp teeth in long, pointed jaws (looking a bit like a dolphin). 

*Californosaurus* lived during the late Triassic period in seas that covered what is now California. It fed on fish and other small marine creatures. Like other ichthyosaurs it probably never came onto dry land, and gave birth in the water.

It is the most basal known true ichthyosaur, shaped more or less like a dolphin. The long-snouted head is small in comparison with the rest of the body, as in basal ichthyosaurs such as *Mixosaurus* and *Cymbospondylus*. The tail is sharply turned downwards, in common with more advanced ichthyosaurs, with a small vertical fluke. It may have had a small dorsal fin.
Ophthalmosaurus

***Ophthalmosaurus*** was an ichthyosaur of the Upper Jurassic (165 to 150 million years ago), named after its large eyes. Well-preserved skeletons, ranging in age from juveniles to adults, have been found in Europe, North America and Argentina.

*Ophthalmosaurus* had the largest eyes of any vertebrate *relative to its body size*. Its eyes, 4 inches in diameter, occupied most of the space in the skull. They were protected by bony plates (sclerotic rings), which most likely assisted to maintain the shape of the eyeballs against water pressure at depth.
The size of the eyes and the sclerotic rings suggests that *Ophthalmosaurus* hunted at a depth where there is not much light or that it may have hunted at night when a prey species was more active. Its snout was long and thin, perfect for snapping at fast, maneuverable, prey.

Calculations suggest that a typical *Ophthalmosaurus* could stay submerged for approximately 20 minutes or more. The swimming speed of *Ophthalmosaurus* has been estimated at 2.5 metres per second or greater. Even assuming a conservative speed of 1 m/s, an *Ophthalmosaurus* would be able to dive to 600 meters and return to the surface within 20 minutes.

The family Ophthalmosauridae continued into the Upper Cretaceous, but this genus became extinct at the end of the Jurassic period.

## References
Valve

A **valve** is a device that it is used to decrease or stop the flow of a fluid (like gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries). It can be installed for example in a pipe or a vessel.

There are many types of valves. Some examples are:
* globe valve
* gate valve
* butterfly valve
* safety valve.

They can be operated manually or automatically.

## Related pages 
* Pipe
* Plumbing

## References 
## Other websites 
* Valve Sizing and Selection 
* Flow in known Design Types of Shut-off Valves