open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Regnal year

A **regnal year** is a year of the reign of a monarch. It is from the Latin *regnum* meaning kingdom or rule. Some of the oldest dating systems were in regnal years. A regnal year usually begins on the date of a monarch's accession to the throne. Year one is counted from day one to the end of the first year of a monarch's reign. Then a second year of rule, a third, and so on. They would not have a zero year of rule. It is displayed as an ordinal, not a cardinal number.

## Date problems 
Every year of a monarch's reign falls within two calendar years, unless the reign began on the first day of the calendar year. When converting a regnal year in history to a calendar year, this can cause an error of one year. His reign actually began when he was proclaimed king at the New Temple on 20 November 1272. Here the date error between sources would be only four days.

## Related pages 
* Year
* Julian calendar
* Gregorian calendar

## References 
## Other websties
* Regnal Chronologies 
* Calculate dates based on regnal years
Rosemary's Baby

received widespread praise for her performance as Rosemary Woodhouse in ''Rosemary's Baby*.]]
*'''Rosemary's Baby''''' is a 1968 American horror movie directed by Roman Polanski. It is set in New York City. It is based on the novel of the same name. This movie is about a young housewife who has a baby. The baby turns out to be a child of the Devil. Mia Farrow plays Rosemary. Ruth Gordon plays Minnie.

The movie was well received by critics upon its release.

## Cast
* Mia Farrow as Rosemary Woodhouse
* Roy Barcroft as Sun-Browned Man (uncredited)

## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Rame Peninsula

The **Rame Peninsula**  is a peninsula in southeast Cornwall, England, in the United Kingdom. The peninsula is surrounded by the English Channel to the south. Plymouth Sound is to the east. The estuary of the River Lynher lies to the north.  The largest settlement is Torpoint. It is on the eastern coast, facing Devonport in Plymouth, Devon.
The peninsula is named after Rame Head, to the south of the peninsula. The peninsula also includes the village and parish of Rame. The whole area of the peninsula is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

## Settlements in the Rame Peninsula
Other places on the peninsula include: Antony, Crafthole and Cremyll. Fourlanesend is the location of Fourlanesend School, the local primary school for the Rame Peninsula. Kingsand and Cawsand are protected by the headland. Much of the peninsula is owned by the Mount Edgcumbe estate which also includes Mount Edgcumbe Country Park.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
*Pictures of the Rame Peninsula as it is today 
*Pictures of Rame from yesteryear 
*Rame Peninsula - official site of Rame's AONB status
Saw II

***Saw II*** is a 2005 Canadian-American horror movie. *Saw II* is a sequel to 2004's *Saw*. It is the second installment in the seven-part *Saw* franchise. It was d October 28, 2005. The movie was directed and co-written by Darren Lynn Bousman. It was Co-written with series creator Leigh Whannell. Saw II stars Donnie Wahlberg, Franky G, Dina Meyer, Erik Knudsen, and Tobin Bell as Jigsaw. 

## References
Trevor Colbourn

**Harold Trevor Colbourn** (24 February 1927 &ndash; 13 January 2015) was an Australian professor and academic administrator. He was the second President of the University of Central Florida (formerly named Florida Technological University) from 1978 until 1989.

Colbourn was born in Armidale, New South Wales. He was an Episcopalian. He married Beryl Evans in 1949, and had two daughters.

Colbourn died on 13 January 2015 in Winter Park, Florida, United States, aged 87.

## References
Ervin Drake

**Ervin Maurice Druckman** (April 3, 1919 &ndash; January 15, 2015), better known as **Ervin Drake**, was an American songwriter. His works include such American Songbook standards as "I Believe" and "It Was a Very Good Year". 

He wrote in many styles and his work has been recorded by musicians from all over the world in many styles. In 1983, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

On January 15, 2015, Drake died at his home in Great Neck, New York due to complications from bladder cancer. He was 95.

## References
## Other websites
*Interview with Ervin Drake
Joseph Wapner

**Joseph Albert Wapner** (November 15, 1919 &ndash; February 26, 2017) was an American judge and former television "judge." He is the first star of the ongoing reality courtroom series ''The People's Court''.

Wapner died on February 26, 2017 under hospice care in Los Angeles after suffering from respiratory failure, aged 97.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Joseph A. Wapner Archive of American Television Interview
Enver Hoxha

**Enver Hoxha** (16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian politician who was dictator of Albania. Ideologically a communist, Hoxha served as prime minister of Albania from 1944 until 1954, and First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1941 until his death.

Under his regime, thousands of opponents ("dissidents") were executed, and tens of thousands more were imprisoned in forced labour camps.

## Early life and Career
Hoxha was born in Gjirokastër, a city in southern Albania (then under the Ottoman Empire) that has been home to many prominent families. He was the son of Halil Hoxha, a Bektashi Tosk cloth merchant who traveled widely across Europe and the United States and Gjylihan (Gjylo) Hoxha. He was raised a member of a wealthy Muslim family of landowners and merchants. He went to the best schools in Albania in the 1920s. He was given one of the few scholarships to a foreign college. In 1931 he attended the University of Montpellier in France.

## Rule (1944 – 1985)
Enver Hoxha was the leader of Albania during that time, known for his isolationist policies and the creation of a tightly controlled state. His rule was marked by suppression of dissent, strict censorship, and a focus on ideological purity. Albania became one of the most isolated and repressive countries in the world under his leadership.

### Later Years and Death
In his later years, Evner Hoxha faced health issues including heart problems and diabetes. He passed away on April 11, 1985, due to complications from respiratory and cardiac issues.

## References
Cytochrome

**Cytochromes** are haemoproteins (or proteins containing haem groups). They make ATP by electron transport.

They are found either as single (monomeric) proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) or as part of bigger enzyme complexes which catalyze redox reactions.

The haem group does the redox reactions. These include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. In general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.

## History 
Cytochromes were described in 1884 as respiratory pigments. They include (haemoglobin, myoglobin, haemocyanin, haemoerythrin and  chlorocruorin. In the 1920s, Keilin rediscovered these respiratory pigments. He called them the cytochromes, or “cellular pigments”, and classified them as haem proteins.

## Types 
Several kinds of cytochrome exist and can be distinguished by spectroscopy. Three types of cytochrome are distinguished by their prosthetic groups.
In mitochondria and chloroplasts, these cytochromes are often combined in electron transport and related metabolic pathways.

## References
Evelyn Sanguinetti

**Evelyn Pacino Sanguinetti** (born November 12, 1970) is an American politician. On January 12, 2015, she became the 47th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. Before being elected alongside Governor Bruce Rauner on November 4, 2014, she served on the Wheaton City Council. On April 22, 2019, Sanguinetti announced her candidacy for the 2020 election in Illinois's 6th congressional district, challenging first-term Democratic incumbent Sean Casten. She dropped out of the race in October 2019.

## References
Judy Sheindlin

**Judith Susan Sheindlin** (née **Blum**; October 21, 1942), better known as **Judge Judy**, is an American lawyer, judge, television personality and writer. From 1996-2021, Sheindlin has had her own successful Daytime Emmy Award winning reality courtroom series named after her, *Judge Judy*.

She is of Jewish descent.

## References 
## Other websites
*
*Judge Judith Sheindlin at the Notable Names Database
*Judge Judy marks 10 years laying down the law , CTV News, February 15, 2006
*Biographical article from *The Guardian*, October 9, 2008
Jerry Sheindlin

**Gerald "Jerry" Sheindlin** (born November 19, 1933) is an American author and television personality. He was a short-lived judge on the television program ''The People's Court* from 1999 to 2000. 

Before that, he served on the New York State Supreme Court. He is the author of two books, *Genetic Fingerprinting: The Law and Science of DNA Evidence* and *Blood Trail''. 

## Other websites
*
Kestrel

The name **kestrel** is given to several different members of the falcon genus, *Falco*. Kestrels  about  over open country, and swoop down on prey, usually small mammals, lizards or large insects. Other falcons are more adapted to active hunting on the wing. In addition, kestrels have much brown in their plumage.

Kestrels can fly in stationary air, even indoors in barns. While hovering they face towards any slight headwind. This leads to the common kestrel being called a "windhover" in some areas.

Unusually for falcons, plumage often differs between male and female, although as usual with monogamous raptors the female is slightly larger than the male. This allows a pair to eat slightly different prey on their home range. Kestrels are bold, and have adapted well to humans. They nest in buildings and hunt by main roads. Kestrels do not build their own nests, but use nests built by other birds.

Most kestrels form a distinct clade among the falcons, as suggested by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome *b* sequence data  and morphology. This clade diverged from other *Falco* around the Miocene to Pliocene about 7–3.5 million years ago (mya). The most basal "true" kestrels are three species from Africa and its surroundings.

About 2.5–2 mya, the main lineage of true kestrels emerged. This too seems to have evolved in Africa and subsequently spread across the Old World until they reached Australia some time during the Middle Pleistocene, less than one million years ago. This group contains several taxa found on Indian Ocean islands. A group of three mainly grey species from Africa and Madagascar are usually considered kestrels by their general shape and habits, but are probably distinct from the true kestrels discussed above.

There is only one kestrel in the Americas, with a wide range of habitats. It is *Falco sparverius*. The male is more brightly coloured than usual for kestrels, with a reddish back and tail.

## References
Kim Fowley

**Kim Vincent Fowley** (July 21, 1939 &ndash; January 15, 2015) was an American record producer, singer and musician. He was best known for his role behind a string of novelty and cult pop rock singles in the 1960s, and for managing The Runaways in the 1970s. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Fowley died of bladder cancer in West Hollywood, California at the age of 75.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Fowley's MySpace page
* "Dead Man Rockin'" Interview with Kim Fowley 2013 Rocker Magazine
Bettino Craxi

**Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi** (; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987.

## Early life
Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934. His father was a Sicilian lawyer.

## References
## Other websites
* Craxi Foundation website
Ramsey theory

**Ramsey theory** is a field of mathematics (specifically combinatorics, the mathematics of counting and countable structures) that studies how large, arbitrary structures must have smaller, more orderly substructures. It is named after the British mathematician and philosopher Frank Plumpton Ramsey (19031930).

A typical result in Ramsey theory starts with some mathematical structure that is then cut into pieces. How big must the original structure be to guarantee that at least one of the pieces has a given interesting property? This idea is called partition regularity.

## Examples 
A common introduction to Ramsey theory is called the theorem on friends and strangers: at any party with at least six people, there are always three people who are either (a) mutual acquaintances (each one knows the other two) or (b) mutual strangers (each one does not know either of the other two).

This is a representation of a problem in graph theory. Consider a complete graph of order *n*; that is, there are *n* vertices and each vertex is connected to every other vertex by an edge. A complete graph of order 3 is called a triangle.  Now colour every edge red or blue. How large must *n* be in order to ensure that there is either a blue triangle or a red triangle? Ramsey theory shows that the answer is 6. These sizes are called Ramsey numbers; in the language of Ramsey theory, we say "the Ramsey number for red three and blue three is six".

Ramsey theory is now a complete branch of mathematics.

## Notes
Captivity narrative

, 1853]]

**Captivity narratives** are stories of people  by enemies who are not civilized. Historians - people who study history - do not trust a lot of these stories. A lot of them are not written from a neutral point of view. Some historians that study Native American cultures are careful when they use these stories as sources.

Captivity narratives from North America were published through the 18th and 19th centuries. They are a part of English literature, and more stories were written in India and East Asia later on.

## Background
Colonists in New England were often captured by Canadians and their Indian allies. This was because New France and New England had competition at the time. (This happened to the Canadians as well). The number of captives taken from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries are unclear, however. Some think that about 1,641 New Englanders were taken hostage during King Phillip's War (1675). When the whites and Indians had  in the mid-nineteenth century, hundreds of women and children were captured.

## References
The Wild Baby

**The Wild Baby** () is a children's book series about a wild young infant boy named Ben. The books were written in Swedish by Barbro Lindgren and illustrated by Eva Eriksson. It was made into puppetry in 2010.

## Books 
## References
Sonja Härdin

**Sonja Härdin**, born 1945, is a Swedish illustrator. She illustrated all Bert books in the old series However, the first Bert book was illustrated by Sören Olsson. She also illustrated the reversion edition of the first Bert book. She gave Bert and the other figures in the Bert Diaries their cahracteristic looks. From *Berts bekännelser* the style was changed. Darker images were added. She has also illustrated articles in Kamratposten. Also, she illustrated school coursebooks like *Nya Min matematik*. Nya Min matematik is a series of mathematics books for Swedish elementary schools. She has also illustrated Trafik-Trolle.

## References
## Other websites
*Illustratörscentrum - *Sonja Härdin*
Eva Eriksson

**Eva Eriksson** (born 13 May 1949 in Halmstad, Sweden) is a Swedish illustrator and writer. She has illustrated several children's books Among her illustrations are books by writers like Barbro Lindgren and Viveca Lärn.

She educated herself at Konstfack in Stockholm. Between 2003-2012 she held seat number 1 of the Swedish Academy for Children's Books.

## References
Max (book series)

**Den Max** is a children's book series. The books were written by Barbro Lindgren. Eva Eriksson illustrated the books.

## Books 
**Max bil* - 1981
**Max kaka* - 1981
**Max nalle* - 1981
**Max balja* - 1982
**Max boll* - 1982
**Max lampa* - 1982
**Max potta* - 1986
**Max dockvagn* - 1986
**Titta Max grav!* - 1991
**Max blöja* - 1994
**Max napp* - 1994

## References
*Worldcat
Escape reflex

Many animals have one or more special **escape reflexes**. These get the animal out of trouble quickly. They use special nervous structures to do this.

Examples:
*Crayfish: the sensory hairs of the tail fan of crayfish are connected to a reflex arc. Giant sensory and motor nerves are connected with electrical synapses. This flicks the tail, and shoots the crayfish away from the stimulus. The neurons bypass the main neural system that controls locomotion, so shortening the reaction time. The lateral giant connection to motor giant fast flexor neurons was the first known example of an electrical synapse.
*Squid: The squid giant axon is the very large (up to 1&nbsp;mm in diameter; typically around 0.5&nbsp;mm) axon that controls part of the water jet propulsion system in squid. It was first described by L.W. Williams  in 1909, but this discovery was forgotten until English zoologist J.Z. Young demonstrated the axon’s function in the 1930s. Squids use this system for making brief but very fast movements through the water.
*Most fish have a special response system known as "C-start". It is done by the Mauthner cells. They are a pair of big neurons (one for each half of the body) in the rhombomere 4 of the hindbrain in fish and amphibians. The cells are also notable for their unusual use of both chemical and electrical synapses.
*Humans: We do have some escape reflexes (not just reflex arcs). We have a head ducking reflex, and a fast hand withdrawal if we touch a painful object. These reflexes are subconscious: the conscious brain only knows about them afterwards.

Escape reflexes have high survival value.

## References
SummerSlam (2005)

**SummerSlam (2005)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 21, 2005 at MCI Center in Washington, D.C.. It was the eighteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

The main match for the *Raw* brand saw Hulk Hogan defeat Shawn Michaels. Hogan defeated Michaels by pinfall after he hit Michaels with the leg drop. The main match for the *SmackDown!* brand saw Batista defeat John "Bradshaw" Layfield in a No Holds Barred match to retain his World Heavyweight Championship. Batista won the match by pinfall after he performed two Batista Bombs, with the second one on the steel ring steps. Another main match for the *Raw* brand saw John Cena defeat Chris Jericho and retain his WWE Championship. Cena won the match by pinfall after he hit Jericho with the FU. The main match on the undercard saw Rey Mysterio defeat Eddie Guerrero in a ladder match for the custody of Mysterio's son Dominik. Mysterio won the match after he climbed a ladder and grabbed the briefcase that was hanging above the ring.

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official SummerSlam 2005 website
Nélida Romero

**Nélida Romero** (17 January 1926 &ndash; 14 January 2015) was an Argentine actress. She starred in the movies *Madame Bovary* (1947), *Arroz con leche* (1950), and *The Honourable Tenant* (1951).

Romero was born in Lanús. She was married to the movie director Carlos Schlieper from 1944 to 1957.

Romero died on 14 January 2015 in Buenos Aires, aged 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi

**Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi** (&lrm;; 1943 &ndash; 14 January 2015) was an Israeli Orthodox rabbi and writer. He was a member of the Chabad Hasidic movement. He was the chief rabbi of the Chabad community of Kfar Chabad, Israel, from 1983 until his death. He was also an authority on Halakha (Jewish law) and Hasidic philosophy.

Ashkenazi was educated in Tel Aviv and Brooklyn, New York in the United States. He had nine sons, some of whom also became rabbis.

Ashkenazi died from a heart attack on 14 January 2015, aged 71.

## References
Olympia Dukakis

**Olympia Dukakis** (June 20, 1931 – May 1, 2021) was an American actress. She acted in movies and television and on stage. In 1987, she received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for her performance in the movie *Moonstruck*. She also received an Emmy Award nomination for her performance as Anna Madrigal in the miniseries *Tales of the City*.

Dukakis was the daughter of Greek immigrants. She was born in Lowell, Massachusetts on June 20, 1931. She was a cousin of 1988 presidential candidate Michael Dukakis. From 1962 until his death in 2018, she was married to actor Louis Zorich.

## Death
Dukakis died at her home in New York City on May 1, 2021. She was 89 years old.

## References
Desert Island Discs

***Desert Island Discs*** is a biographical and factual radio programme produced by Bob Symes. It is broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. It was first broadcast on the BBC Home Service on 29 January 1942.

Each week a person (called a "castaway") is asked to choose eight pieces of music, a book and a luxury item that they would take if they were to be cast away on a desert island (an island that is not lived on by humans). They discuss their lives and the reasons for their choices.

More than 3,000 episodes have been recorded. There aren't that many castaways, though, because a few castaways have appeared more than once. Some programmes had two people as the castaway.

The programme was created by Roy Plomley. After Plomley's death in 1985, the programme was presented by Michael Parkinson. From 1988 to 2006, it was presented by Sue Lawley. Since 2006, the show has been presented by Kirsty Young. She interviewed illustrator Quentin Blake on her first show, broadcast on 1 October 2006.

The light music composition by Eric Coates called "By the Sleepy Lagoon" is the signature tune of the programme. 
  
## References
## Other websites
*Desert Island Discs at BBC Radio 4
*Sue Arnold, "The Lagoon Show", *The Observer*, London, 17 March 2002
University of Copenhagen

The **University of Copenhagen** was founded in 1479. It is the oldest university and research institution in Denmark. it is the second oldest institution for higher education in Scandinavia after Uppsala University (1477). The university has 23,473 undergraduate students, 17,398 postgraduate students, 2,968 doctoral students and more than 9,000 employees. It has four campuses located in and around Copenhagen. The headquarters are located in central Copenhagen. Most courses are taught in Danish. However, many courses are also offered in English. A few are taught in German. The university has several thousands of foreign students. About half come from Nordic countries.

The university is a member of the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU). The Academic Ranking of World Universities, compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ranked the University of Copenhagen as the leading university in Scandinavia. It is ranked 39th best university in the world in 2014. It is ranked 45th in the 2014 QS World University Rankings. 

## References
## Other websites
* University of Copenhagen Website
Åshöjdens BK

**Åshöjdens BK** is a book series about a fictional soccer club in northwestern Scania in Sweden. The stories were created by Max Lundgren

## Plot
The series consists of four novels. It depicts a soccer club which is promoted across a promotion and relegation-based Swedish league system. Finally, they lose the Allsvenskan qualifying game. In 1985, a TV series based on the book series was made.

Sometimes, sports journalists talk of the "real Åshöjdens BK". That occurs when a club, often in rural districts, quickly is promoted from the lower to higher divisions within some seasons. An example is Ljungskile SK. That club was promotion higher and higher during the early-mid 1990s.

## Books
* Åshöjdens bollklubb (1967)
* Åshöjden går vidare (1968)
* Kris i Åshöjdens BK (1969)
* Åshöjden i kvalet (1971)

## References
1888 Sundsvall fire

The **1888 Sundsvall Fire** () was a fire in the town of Sundsvall in Sweden. The fire happened on 25 June 1888. The fire occurred during a storm. The storm allowed the fire to spread fast among the wooden houses in town. The same day a fire also occurred in the town of Umeå.

## References
Max Lundgren

**Max Lundgren**, born 22 March 1937, dead 27 May 2005, was a Swedish children's books writer. His debut book, *Hunden som äntligen visslade*, was released in 1962. He wrote totally circa 50 books. Some of his books also TV series. Among his more famous works are *Pojken med guldbyxorna* and the books about fictional Swedish soccer club *Åshöjdens BK*.

## Bibliography
* 1962: *Hunden som äntligen visslade*
* 1963: *Kandidaterna*
* 1964: *Alla barns ansikten*
* 1965: *Gangsterboken*
* 1965: *Äventyrets fyra färger*
* 1966: *Omin Hambbe i Slättköping*
* 1967: *Pojken med guldbyxorna*
* 1967: *Åshöjdens bollklubb*
* 1968: *Dörrarna låsta inifrån*
* 1968: *Regnbågskriget*
* 1968: *Åshöjden går vidare*
* 1969: *Kris i Åshöjdens BK*
* 1969: *Sagan om Lotta från Dösjöbro*
* 1969: *Ole kallar mej Lise*
* 1970: *Mats farfar*
* 1971: *Sommarflickan*
* 1971: *Åshöjden i kvalet*
* 1972: *Snapphanepojken*
* 1972: *IFK Trumslagaren*
* 1973: *IFK Trumslagaren och Lillis*
* 1975: *IFK Trumslagaren och Chris*
* 1976: *Myrorna*
* 1978: *Ännu minns jag Birthe*
* 1978: *Boken om Birthe*
* 1978: *Lättsinniga berättelser och andra noveller*
* 1979: *IFK Trumslagaren och Lasse*
* 1979: *Våning för fyra*
* 1980: *Matchens hjälte*
* 1980: *Inga Eliasson, affärsbiträde*
* 1981: *IFK Trumslagaren och Jack*
* 1982: *Mitt livs äventyr*
* 1982: *Benny, boxaren*
* 1982: *Hela gänget*
* 1983: *Torsten och Greta*
* 1984: *Benny Boxaren och kärleken*
* 1985: *Max Lundgrens Åshöjdens BK*
* 1986: *Samlade diktförsök*
* 1987: *Djävulens kontrakt*
* 1987: *Benny Boxaren nere för räkning*
* 1988: *Töser!*
* 1988: *På äventyr med Gula hissen*
* 1989: *BK Framåt*
* 1990: *Roseli, älskade Rosa*
* 1990: *Kåsebergaskräcken*
* 1991: *En kort tid av lycka*
* 1991: *Benny Boxaren i Amerika*
* 1992: *Åshöjdens BK*
* 1992: *Drömmen om Mallorca och andra berättelser*
* 1994: *Eriksfält leder med 1-0*
* 1996: *21 nästan sanna berättelser*
* 1997: *Råttan*
* 1997: *Benny, mästaren*
* 1999: *Dubbelspel*
* 2003: *Lina, Gulan och kärleken*
* 2004: *De magiska handskarna*

## Awards
* 1967: Expressens Heffaklump
* 1968: Nils Holgersson Plaque
* 1983: 91:an-stipendiet
* 1987: ABF:s litteraturpris
* 1991: Astrid Lindgren-priset

## References
## Other websites
*
Gerard 't Hooft

'''Gerardus 't Hooft''' (born July 5, 1946) is a Dutch physicist. He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his doctoral advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman.

't Hooft is well known for his theories about gauge theory, black holes, and quantum gravity.

## Personal life
He is married to Albertha Schik (Betteke) and has two daughters, Saskia and Ellen.

## Biography
### Early life
Gerard 't Hooft was born in Den Helder on July 5, 1946, but grew up in The Hague.  He was the middle child of a family of three.

### Education
After Gerard 't Hooft passed his high school exams in 1964, he studied physics at Utrecht University. In 1969, 't Hooft started on his PhD with Martinus Veltman as his advisor. In 1971 his first paper was published.

### Career 
After 't Hooft got his PhD in 1972, he moved to Geneva for a research position at CERN. In 1974, he moved back to the Netherlands to work at Utrecht University again. He became a full professor in 1977 and spent the rest of his career at Utrecht University. He retired in 2011, but is still connected to Utrecht University.

## References
Jean-Claude Baker

**Jean-Claude Baker** (born **Jean-Claude Julien Léon Tronville**, April 18, 1943 – January 15, 2015) was a French-American restaurateur. He was born in Dijon, France.

He met U.S.-born French entertainer Josephine Baker while he was working as a bellhop in Paris at the age of fourteen in 1958. He became the last of twelve children adopted into Baker's Rainbow Family. In 1994 he co-authored a biography of Josephine Baker, *Josephine: The Hungry Heart*, described as a "shocking look into the star's seriously whitewashed past".

Baker was found dead at his home in East Hampton, New York on January 15, 2015, of an apparent suicide.  He was 71.

## References
Ian Athfield

**Sir Ian Charles Athfield** (15 July 1940 – 16 January 2015) was a New Zealand architect. He was born in Christchurch. In 1963, he joined Structon Group Architects, and he became a partner in 1965. In 1968 he was a principal partner in setting up Athfield Architects with Ian Dickson and Graeme John Boucher (Manson).

## Other websites
*Athfield Architects
*Documentary of Ian Athfield on NZ On Screen. Made in 1977 after winning International competition to design housing in Manila
*The Wellingtonian interview: Ian Athfield, 25 June 2009
Malese Jow

**Malese Jow** (born February 18, 1991) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She played Geena in the sitcom *Unfabulous*. She played Julia in *Star-Crossed*.

She was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

## References
Robert Gover

**Robert Gover** (November 2, 1929 – January 12, 2015) was an American journalist. He became a best-selling novelist at age 30. He was known for his books *One Hundred Dollar Misunderstanding* and *Time and Money*.

## References
James Naanman Daman

**James Naanman Daman** (April 10, 1956 &ndash; January 12, 2015) was a Nigerian Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1982. Daman was named bishop of the Diocese of Jalingo, Nigeria, in 2000. He was named the first bishop of the Diocese of Shendam in 2007.

Daman died on January 12, 2015 at the age of 58 in Jalingo.

## References
SummerSlam (2004)

**SummerSlam (2004)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 15, 2004 at Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. It was the seventeenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

The main match for the *Raw* brand saw Randy Orton defeat Chris Benoit to win the World Heavyweight Championship. Orton won the match by pinfall after he performed an RKO on Benoit. By winning the championship, Orton became the youngest World Heavyweight Champion in WWE history. The main match for the *SmackDown!* brand was a match between John "Bradshaw" Layfield and The Undertaker for the WWE Championship. JBL won the match by disqualification after The Undertaker hit him with the championship.

## Matches
## References
## Other websites
*Official SummerSlam 2004 website
Frank Glazer

**Frank Glazer** (February 19, 1915 – January 13, 2015) was an American pianist, composer and professor of music. In 1939 Glazer performed with the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Sergei Koussevitzky. Glazer served in the US Army as an interpreter from 1943 to 1945 in Germany and France. In 1980 Glazer left Eastman and became artist in residence at Bates College in Maine. In the 1960s he recorded the complete piano music of Erik Satie for the Vox label.

Glazer died in New York City, aged 99.

## References
Johanna Thydell

**Johanna Thydell** (born 14 November 1980 in Nässjö, Sweden) is a Swedish wrtier. Her 2003 book *In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining* was given the August Prize.

She was born in Nässjö. She grew up in Värnamo. After secondary school she attended a writer's course. She then got contact with writer Magnus Utvik. He assisting her to become a writer. She was a 2004 Sommar host. She studied at the writer's line course at Fridhems Folk High School in Svalöv. She also studied culture-courses focusing at literature and film at the Stockholm University.

## Bibliography
*2003 – *In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining* ("I taket lyser stjärnorna")
*2006 – *Det fattas en tärning*
*2010 – *Ursäkta att man vill bli lite älskad*
*2012 – ''There's a Pig in my Class!* ("Det är en gris på dagis")

## Awards
*2003 – Slangbellan
*2003 – August Prize for *In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining''
*2003 – BMF Plaque
*2007 - Partille Bookstore's Writer's Schoolarship
*2012 - BMF Plaque

## References
Ted Harrison

**Edward Hardy** "**Ted**" **Harrison**, CM (August 28, 1926 – January 16, 2015) was an English Canadian artist. He was known for his paintings of the Yukon. Harrison died in his sleep at the age of 88 on January 16, 2015.

## References
## Other websites
* Official web site
Missy Franklin

**Melissa Jeanette Franklin** (born May 10, 1995) is an American competition swimmer. At the 2012 Olympics in London, she won five medals, four of them were gold. At the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, she won one gold medal.

Franklin also won medals at other sporting events.

Franklin was born in Pasadena, California.

## References
Jerry Dempsey

**Jerome Richard "Dick, Jerry" Dempsey** (April 21, 1933 &ndash; January 14, 2015) was an American businessman, educator, and politician.

Dempsey was born in Henderson, Minnesota. Dempsey served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of St. Thomas. Dempsey was also in the banking business. From 1993 until 2006, Dempsey served in the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was a Republican. His brother Terry Dempsey also served in the Minnesota Legislature.

Dempsey died in Hastings, Minnesota where he had lived since 1960.

## References
Rimma Markova

**Rimma Vasilievna Markova** (; 3 March 1925 &ndash; 15 January 2015) was a Russian movie actress. She began acting in 1951. She was named a People's Artist of Russia in 1994. Her younger brother Leonid Markov was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1985. She was best known her roles in the movies *The Alive and the Dead* (1964), *The Pokrovsky Gate* (1982), *The Outskirts* (1998), *Night Watch* (2004), *Day Watch* (2006), *The Best Movie* (2008), and *Burnt by the Sun 2* (2010).

Markova was born in the Samara Oblast.

Markova died on 16 January 2015 in Moscow, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
*
Joseph Mukasa Zuza

**Joseph Mukasa Zuza** (2 October 1945 &ndash; 15 January 2015) was a Malawian Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest on 2 July 1986. He was appointed the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mzuzu on 3 March 1995.

## References
Ethel Lang

**Ethel Lang** (née **Lancaster**; 27 May 1900 &ndash; 15 January 2015) was a British supercentenarian and, at the time of her death, the oldest living person in the United Kingdom (after the death of Grace Jones on 14 November 2013), the ninth oldest living person in the world and the second-oldest living person in Europe after Emma Morano.

Lang was born in Worsbrough, near Barnsley, to Charles and Sarah Lancaster. She left school at the age of 13 to work in a shirt factory. She married William Lang in 1922 and their daughter Margaret was born in 1923. Lang's mother lived to the age of 91, and her great-grandmother to the age of 92.

Lang was the last living British person to have been born during the reign of Queen Victoria.

## References
Emma Morano

**Emma Morano-Martinuzzi** (29 November 1899 &ndash; 15 April 2017) was an Italian supercentenarian. At the age of 117, she was the oldest living person in the world from 13 May 2016 until her death on 15 April 2017. She was the last verified person living to have been born in the 1800s.

She was the 4th-oldest person in history at her death, behind Jeanne Calment, Sarah Knauss and Marie-Louise Meilleur. She is the oldest person from Italy or to have ever lived in Italy and was the oldest living Italian and European person after the death of Maria Redaelli on 2 April 2013.

## Biography 
She was born on 29 November 1899 in Civiasco (Province of Vercelli) in the region of Piedmont to Giovanni Morano and Matilde Bresciani, the eldest of eight children, five daughters and three sons. 

In October 1926, she married Giovanni Martinuzzi (1901-1978) and in 1937 her only child was born; unfortunately he died when he was only six months old. The marriage was not happy so in 1938, Morano decided to separate from her husband. On her 115th birthday, Morano was still living alone in her home. She was succeeded as the world's oldest living person by Violet Brown of Jamaica, and as the Europe's oldest living person by Ana Vela-Rubio of Spain.

## References
Arrondissements of the Allier department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Allier department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into *arrondissements*, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

The arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Allier department are:

## History
Since its creation, the Allier department has had few changes:
* 1790 : creation of the Allier department with seven districts: Cérilly, Moulins, Le Donjon, Cusset, Gannat, Montmarault and Montluçon; Moulins was the capital.
* 1800 : the seven districts were changed into four *arrondissements*: Moulins, Gannat, Lapalisse and Montluçon.
* 1926 : the *arrondissement* of Gannat was eliminated.
* 1942 : the capital of the *arrondissement* of Lapalisse was moved to Vichy, then capital of the French State; because of this change, the *arrondissement* changed its name to *arrondissement* of Vichy.

## Related pages
*Arrondissement of Montluçon
*Arrondissement of Moulins
*Arrondissement of Vichy
*List of arrondissements of France

## References
Yao Beina

**Yao Beina** (born **姚贝娜**; 26 September 1981 &ndash; 16 January 2015) was a Chinese singer and actress. She was born in Wuhan, Hubei. She sang "Let It Go" for the Chinese version of *Frozen*. She was known for her song "The Painted 2" and "Life in the River"

Beina died of breast cancer in Shenzhen, Guangdong, aged 33.

## References
## Other websites
*  Yao Beina Memorial website
Pamela Cundell

**Pamela Isabel Cundell** (born 15 January 1920  Her best-known role was as Mrs Fox in the long-running TV comedy ''Dad's Army''. She was born in Croydon, Surrey.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Dad's Army Appreciation Society website
The Substitute (1996)

***The Substitute*** is a 1996 action and crime-thriller movie. The movie is about high school gangs in an inner-city area. Ernie Hudson plays Principal Claude. Glenn Plummer plays Darrell Sherman.

The movie got mixed to negative review from critics.

## Other websites
*
Byron Janis

**Byron Janis** (March 24, 1928 – March 14, 2024) was an American classical pianist. He made several recordings for RCA Victor and Mercury Records, and occupies two volumes of the Philips series *Great Pianists of the 20th Century*.  

His discography covers music inspired by Beethoven to David W. Guion and includes major piano concertos from Mozart to Rachmaninoff and Prokofiev. Janis and his wife, Maria Cooper, daughter of screen  actor Gary Cooper, wrote his autobiography *Chopin and Beyond: My Extraordinary Life in Music and the Paranormal*, which was released in November 2010. In the DVD *A Voyage With Byron Janis*, he hosts a musical journey through Chopin's life. Martin Scorsese is developing a Byron Janis Biopic for Paramount Pictures from a script by Peter Glanz. The project is based on Janis' autobiography. Janis died of natural causes on March 14, 2024 at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website (includes Flash intro)
*
*
*, WNCN-FM, 25-Mar-1983
Barbara Cook

**Barbara Cook** (October 25, 1927 &ndash; August 8, 2017) was an American singer and actress. She became known during the 1950s after starring in the original Broadway musicals *Plain and Fancy* (1955), *Candide* (1956) and *The Music Man* (1957) among others, winning a Tony Award for the last.

Cook died from respiratory failure on August 8, 2017 in New York City at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
* The Official Barbara Cook Online Resource
* 
* 
* Barbara Cook  - *Downstage Center* interview at American Theatre Wing.org
* TonyAwards.com Interview with Barbara Cook 
* Barbara Cook  Rehearsal with James Taylor at Carnegie Hall.
Dolores Gray

**Dolores Gray** (June 7, 1924 &ndash; June 26, 2002) was an American actress and singer. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical twice, winning once for her role in *Carnival in Flanders*.

Gray died of a heart attack in Manhattan, aged 78.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Dolores Gray Biography
Mildred Miller

**Mildred Miller** (December 16, 1924 in Cleveland, Ohio – November 29, 2023) was an American classical mezzo-soprano. He had a major career performing in operas, concerts, and recitals during the mid twentieth century. She was known as a principal artist at the Metropolitan Opera from 1951 through 1974. 

In 1978 she founded the Opera Theater of Pittsburgh, serving as the company's Artistic Director through 1999.

Mildred Miller died on November 29, 2023, at the age of 98.

## Other websites
*Biography of Mildred Miller at Lakewood Public Library Online 
*Rome News-Tribune, 1965
*Metropolitan Opera Archives 
*Flying Without a Safety Net: The 80 Years of Mildred Miller Posvar, *Pitt Chronicle*, December 13, 2004 

## References
Jon Vickers

**Jonathan Stewart Vickers**, (October 29, 1926 &ndash; July 10, 2015), known professionally as **Jon Vickers**, was a Canadian heldentenor. In 1957 Vickers joined London’s Royal Opera House, Covent Garden company. In 1960 he joined the Metropolitan Opera. He became world famous for a wide range of German, French and Italian roles.

## Other websites
* The Essential Jon Vickers.
*Interview with Jon Vickers by Bruce Duffie (originally published 1981 in *Wagner News*, the newsletter of the Wagner Society of America)
* Jon Vickers at IMDB
Philippe Entremont

**Philippe Entremont** (born 7 June 1934 in Reims) is a French classical pianist and conductor. His recordings as a pianist include concertos by Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff, Saint-Saëns and others.

## Other websites
* Brief biography
* Columbia Artists Management 
* Some programs, introduction and photos from his 3 acclaimed tours of Southern Africa, 1958-74
* Brief 2002 interview that includes an interesting discussion about stage fright
* Short 1968 news article mentioning his first dual-role recording 
*1988 English-language interview with Philippe Entremont
* [ Biography at allmusic.com]
Echo and the Bunnymen

**Echo and the Bunnymen** is an English alternative rock band formed in Liverpool in 1978.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Crocodiles* (1980)
* *Heaven Up Here* (1981)
* *Porcupine* (1983)
* *Ocean Rain* (1984)
* *Echo and the Bunnymen* (1987)
* *Reverberation* (1990)
* *Evergreen* (1997)
* *Flowers* (2001)
* *Siberia* (2005)
* *The Fountain* (2009)
* *Metorites* (2014)

## References
The Fountain

***The Fountain*** is the tenth studio album by Echo and the Bunnymen. The album was released on November 10, 2009.

## Track listing
All tracks written by Ian McCulloch, John McLaughlin, Simon Perry, David Thomas, and Will Sergeant, except where noted.

#"Think I Need It Too" – 3:41
#"Forgotten Fields" – 3:46
#"Do You Know Who I Am?" – 2:52
#"Shroud of Turin" (McCulloch, Sergeant) – 4:10
#"Life of a Thousand Crimes" (McCulloch, Sergeant) – 3:22
#"The Fountain" (McCulloch) – 4:01
#"Everlasting Neverendless" – 3:08
#"Proxy" (McCulloch) – 3:15
#"Drivetime" – 4:11
#"The Idolness of Gods" (McCulloch) – 4:26

## References
Swedish Academy for Children's Books

The '''Swedish Academy for Children's Books''' () is a nonprofit society. It was established on 26 May 1989 at the Skärholmen Library in Stockholm in Sweden. It is based on the Swedish Academy. Its ambitions is to promote children's and youth literature.

Since 1990, the society awards the *Eldsjälen Award*.

## References
## Other websites
* official website
Triunfo del amor

***Triunfo del amor*** (Triumph of Love) is a Mexican telenovela. It aired from October 25, 2010 to June 26, 2011. It is produced by Televisa.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Andrew Chan

**Andrew Chan** (12 January 1984 &ndash; 29 April 2015) was an Australian citizen convicted and executed in Indonesia for drug smuggling.

Chan was born in Sydney, New South Wales on 12 January 1984. He was the son of Cantonese-speaking Chinese immigrants. He was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005, he was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali. Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were believed to have arranged the heroin smuggling operation. After a criminal trial on 14 February 2006, Chan was sentenced to execution by firing squad. While in prison, Chan converted to Christianity.
On 16 January 2015, Chan and Sukumaran were ordered to be executed after nine years in jail. On 6 February 2015, the government said that this would take place at the end of the month.

On 11 February 2015 the government said that Chan and Sukumaran would be moved from Kerobokan prison to Nusakambangan Island where the execution would take place. On 24 February 2015 their lawyers challenged Indonesian President Joko Widodo's refusal to grant clemency. This legal challenge failed. The prisoners were moved to Nusakambangan Island on 4 March. On 6 April 2015, Chan and Sukumaran's lawyers went to the state administrative court in a last try to stop the executions; this was unsuccessful. On 24 April 2015, the government ordered the final preparations for the execution of Chan and Sukumaran, as well as eight others on death row. The pair, along with seven other death row inmates, were given a 72-hour notice of their executions on 25 April (ANZAC Day).

On 27 April 2015, Chan married his Indonesian fiancée Febyanti Herewila.

He was executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015. On 2 May 2015, the bodies of Chan and Sukumaran arrived back in Sydney along with the Sukumaran family and Chan's widow Febyanti Herewila, while the rest of Chan's family arrived back a day earlier.

## References
1888 Umeå fire

's roof towards the northwest following the 1888 fire]]
The **1888 Umeå Fire** () was a fire in the town of Umeå in Sweden. The fire happened on 25 June 1888. The fire occurred during a storm. The storm allowed the fire to spread fast among the wooden houses in town. When the town was rebuilt, stone houses became more common than wooden houses. Birchtrees were planted between the streets. This was because birchtrees are thought to not catch fire so easy. This has led to Umeå becoming known as the "town of birchtrees" (). The same day a fire also occurred in the town of Sundsvall.

## References
Union between Sweden and Norway

The **Union of Sweden and Norway** (; ), officially the **United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway**, was a personal union. It consisted of the separate kingdoms of Sweden and Norway under the same monarch. It lasted from 1814 to 1905. In 1905 Sweden accepted Norway leaving the union. Both states kept their separate constitutions, laws, legislatures, administrations, state churches, armed forces, and currencies. However the kings mostly resided in Stockholm. Stockholm was also the town where foreign diplomatic representations were located.

## References
World Conference of Life and Work

The **World Conference of Life and Work** () was an ecumenic conference. It was held on the initiative of Church of Sweden archbishop Nathan Söderblom in the town of Stockholm in Sweden in 1925. It was held to discuss social cooperation. Most major Christian denominations attended the meeting. Some exceptions were the Roman Catholic Church and the Pentecostal movement.

## References
November Storm of 1995

The **November Storm of 1995** () was a snowstorm. It originated from the North Sea in mid-November 1995. It begun on Thursday 16 November 1995. The storm culminated on Friday morning, 17 November 1995. The storm stroke towards. the southern and western parts of Sweden. Traffic was heavily affected.

## Deep snow
Several November records for deep snow were broken. Measuring started in 1995.

## References
## Other websites
*Göteborgsposten images
Christmas Hurricane of 1902

The **Christmas Hurricane of 1902** (, ) was a storm. It stroke against Denmark and Sweden on Christmas Day 1902.

In Sweden, it hit Scania, parts of southern Kronoberg County and the west coast of Sweden. Circa 50 fishermen were killed. On land, very few people were killed. Material damages, measured in millions of Swedish crowns (as of 1902), were reported. Among the destruction caused by the hurricane were the Varberg Open Air Bath and the Mölle Open Air Baths as well as the Ribergsborgs and the Sibbarp Open Air Baths in Malmö. The Örgryte Church tower spire fell off.

## References