open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jermaine Jenas

**Jermaine Jenas** (born 18 February 1983) is an English former footballer.

Between 2003 and 2009, Jenas had 21 England caps.

Jenas formally announced his retirement from football on 7 January 2016 on BBC Radio 4's *Today* programme, having been unable to recover fully from his knee injury.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:*England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Jenas goal.*

## Honours
**Tottenham Hotspur**
*Football League Cup: 2007–08

**Individual**
*PFA Young Player of the Year: 2002–03

## References
Nicolae Ceaușescu

**Nicolae Ceauşescu** (; 26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist dictator from 1965 until 1989. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989 he was deposed, tried and publicly executed by a firing squad along with his wife Elena Ceaușescu. He had been the only Communist dictator of Eastern Europe who had been charged for crimes against humanity and genocide during the revolutions of 1989. As of 2024, his execution was the last one on Romanian soil.

Nicolae Ceausescu died in 1989 during the Romanian Revolution of 1989.

## References
Historische Zeitschrift

***Historische Zeitschrift*** was founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel and is considered to be the first and for a time the foremost historical journal. The creation of the journal inspired Gabriel Monod to found the French *Revue historique* in 1876. In 1886, the *English Historical Review* was founded, and in 1895, the *American Historical Review* was founded.
Jordanes

, capital Constantinople, is shown in pink. Conquests of Justinian shown in green]]

**Jordanes** (also **Jordanis**, or **Iornandes**), was a 6th-century Roman clerk who became a historian later in life.

## References
Eutropius

**Eutropius** was a polytheist historian for Julian the Apostate in the late 4th century.

## Writings 
Eutropius wrote a ten-book summary of Roman history called *Historiae romanae breviarium* between the years of 350 and 370. This is his only known writing.
Constantine VII

**Constantine VII** *Porphyrogennetos* or *Porphyrogenitus*, "the Purple-born" (), (September 2, 905 – November 9, 959) was the son of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife Zoe Karbonopsina. He was also the nephew of the Emperor Alexander. He wrote two descriptive books, *De Administrando Imperio* and *De Ceremoniis*.

## Other websites
Silent Alarm

***Silent Alarm*** is the first album by Bloc Party. Bloc Party is an English rock band. It was released on February 4, 2005 in the UK. In the USA, it was released on March 18, 2005. 

## Track listing 
# "Like Eating Glass" – 4:22
# "Helicopter" – 3:40
# "Positive Tension" – 3:55
# "Banquet" – 3:21
# "Blue Light" – 2:47
# "She's Hearing Voices" – 3:29
# "This Modern Love" – 4:25
# "The Pioneers" – 3:35
# "Price of Gasoline" – 4:19
# "So Here We Are" – 3:52
# "Luno" – 3:57
# "Plans" – 4:10
# " Liz Hurley is a beautiful British lady and a lovely lady and a very beautiful femme fatale " – 4:43

The albums tracks were written by lead singer Kele Okereke and guitarist Russell Lissack. The album was produced by Paul Epworth who also produced "A Certain Trigger" by Maximo Park and "Made Of Bricks" by Kate Nash.

## References
Timișoara

**Timişoara** is a city in the Banat area.  It is found in the western part of Romania.  It is the capital of Timiş County.  About 332,000 people live in Timişoara.

## Sister cities 
The following are the sister cities of Timişoara:

*  Sassari, Italy
*  Faenza, Italy
*  Mulhouse, France
*  Cancún, Mexico
*  Karlsruhe, Germany
*  Rueil-Malmaison, France
*  Gera, Germany
*  Szeged, Hungary
*  Treviso, Italy
*  Novi Sad, Serbia
*  Palermo, Italy
*  Shenzhen, China
*  Zrenjanin, Serbia
*  Nottingham, England
*  Bega, New South Wales, Australia

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Timisoara Homepage
Galaţi

**Galaţi** ( in Romanian, ; ;  ) is a city in the eastern part of Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia. It is the capital city of Galaţi County.

It lies on the west bank of the Danube River, near Moldova and Ukraine.

As of 2011, about 196,003 people lived in Galaţi. But in 2016, 304,000 people were living in Galaţi.

## Sister cities 
*  Coventry, England; since 1963.
*  Piraeus, Greece; since 1985.
*  Wuhan, China; since 1987.
*  Pessac, France; since 1991.
*  Limón, Costa Rica; since 1992.
*  Hammond, United States; since 1997.
*  Mykolaiv, Ukraine; since 2002.
*  Odesa, Ukraine; since 2002.
*  Sevastopol, Ukraine; since 2002.
*  Yalta, Ukraine; since 2002.
*  Ancona, Italy.
*  Jesi, Italy; since 2003.
*  Scottsbluff, United States; since 2007
*  Bombay, India; since 2007.
*  Brindisi, Italy; since 2007.

## Sources
## Other websites 
*  Official site 
*  Pictures of old Galaţi
Ploiești

**Ploieşti** is the county seat of Prahova County. It can be found in the historical region of Wallachia in Romania. About 232,500 people were living in Ploieşti as of the year 2002.

## Sister cities 
These are the sister cities of Ploieşti:

## References
## Other websites 
* Municipality of Ploieşti, official site
President of Romania

The **President of Romania** is the head of state of Romania.  The President is directly elected by a two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004, after the Constitution was modified in 2003). He or she can serve two terms. During his term in office, the President must not be a member of any political party. The current president is Nicușor Dan and he is serving since 26 May 2025.

## History
In 1947, the Romanian People's Republic was founded after the Kingdom of Romania was dissolved. Although Constantin Ion Parhon was made chairman, the government was ran by Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, head of the Romanian Communist Party. After Dej's death in 1965, he was replaced by Nicolae Ceaușescu, who declared himself president in 1974. Ceaușescu kept his people under a totalitarian, stalinist dictatorship (similarly to Kim Il-Sung's North Korea),  and, after a revolution in December 1989, Ceaușescu was executed on the 25th of December, 1989. He was replaced by Ion Iliescu, who made democratic reforms and founded Romania in its current form. The 1990 and 1991 Mineriads gave Iliescu a negative reputation, and rumors of the 1990 Elections being faked isolated Romania. Following the 1996 Elections, Emil Constantinescu (CDR) became president, whose mandate was marked by Inflation. In the 2000 Elections, far-right candidate Corneliu Vadim Tudor (PRM) won second place, but former president Ion Iliescu (PSD) was reelected. In the 2004 Elections, Traian Băsescu (PDL) barely edged out then prime-minister Adrian Năstase (PSD), a scenario which would happen agian 5 years later with PSD candidate Mircea Geoană. In 2007, Romania joined the European Union. Great turmoil started in Romania in 2012, following a refferendum to impeach Traian Băsescu, but ended in 2015, during the first mandate of president Klaus Iohannis (PNL), after the resignation of prime-minister Victor Ponta.

## List 
;Key regarding the political parties of affiliation:

 (PCR)
 (FSN)
 (PSD)
 (PNȚCD)
 (PDL)
 (PNL)

### Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989) 
### Romania (1989–present) 
**Notes**:

1 Emil Constantinescu was the candidate of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD) whose candidacy was supported as part of the larger right-leaning Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) in both 1992 and 1996;

2 Traian Băsescu was the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party (PD) whose candidacy was supported as part of the larger right-leaning Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) in 2004, alongside the National Liberal Party. In 2009, his re-election was supported only by the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) along with a certain faction of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD).

### Acting presidents (2007; 2012; 2025) 
## Notes
## References
CBeebies

**CBeebies** is a British free-to-air children's public broadcast television channel aimed at preschoolers. The sister channel CBBC, which encourages to children's aimed at elementary and middle schoolers. Every day timesharing with BBC Four between 7:00 pm and 4:00 am.

## History
On November 20, 2001, the CBeebies name was officially revealed as part of the split of the already-existing CBBC block and would be used as both a children's block and a digital channel. On February 11, 2002, the CBeebies channel launched, alongside the CBBC channel, these six programs to air on the channel were *Binka*, *Bits and Bobs*, *Bob the Builder*, *Postman Pat*, *Step Inside*, and *Teletubbies*.

## Presenters 
Live presenters have been on CBeebies since the channel's launch, those are currently presenting CBeebies are Sue Monroe, Chris Jarvis, Pui Fan Lee, Sidney Sloane, Justin Fletcher, Sarah-Jane Honeywell, Eva Alexander, Andy Day, Alex Winters, Cerrie Burnell, and Dodge T. Dog (voiced by Warrick Brownlow-Pike).

## International and non-English versions 
The international launch for the CBeebies channel found in India in May 2007, although the channel was shut down at the end of November 2012 due to "commercial considerations". The Polish CBeebies channel was launched on December 2, 2007, while feeds in Latin America, East, Southeast Asia, South Africa and Australia were launched in late 2008. In March 2011, the service on demand version of the network was launched in the United States and is available on Xfinity.

On November 5, 2001, the spinoff channel also aired in Canada as a block on BBC Kids until shuts down on December 31, 2018.
On December 10, 2013, the high-definition network formerly *CBeebies HD*, it launched along with BBC's other sister channels.

## Programmes broadcast 
## References
## Other websites
Brăila

**Brăila** is a city of Muntenia, in the eastern part of Romania.  It is the capital of Brăila County. As of the year 2002, about 216,300 people were living in Brăila. It is Romania's tenth largest city and has a port on the Danube river.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Brăila Online  
* Brăila Online
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

**Bergen-Belsen concentration camp** was a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. About 120,000 people were held in the concentration camp. At least 52,000 people died in the concentration camp or soon after because of how they were treated there. There was also a prisoner of war camp at Bergen-Belsen where at least 19,700 more people died. There were around 55,000 people in the concentration camp.

The scenes were horrific. They were described by the BBC's Richard Dimbleby, who was with the British soldiers:

### Notable inmates
* Anne Frank 
* Margot Frank

## Photo gallery

The Liberation of Bergen-belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 BU4195.jpg|British Army soldiers free the camp on April 15, 1945
Bergen Belsen Liberation 03.jpg|After freeing the camp, British soldiers use bulldozers to push dead bodies into mass graves
The Liberation of Bergen-belsen Concentration Camp, April 1945 BU4274.jpg|Women survivors in Bergen-Belsen, April 1945
Bergen Belsen Liberation 01.jpg|Former camp guards are forced to load the bodies of dead prisoners onto a truck for burial, April 17–18, 1945
Mass Grave 3 at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.jpg|Nazi Dr. Fritz Klein stands amongst corpses in Mass Grave 3
The Liberation of Bergen-belsen Concentration Camp, May 1945 BU6674.jpg|A crowd watches the last camp hut be destroyed

## Related pages
* Genocide
* World War II
* Kristallnacht
* Nazi Germany
* The Holocaust
* Antisemitism in Europe
* Jedwabne pogrom (1941)
* Nazi concentration camps

## Other websites
*Investigating Bergen-Belsen | Imperial War Museums on *iwm.org.uk*

## References
Bucharest Tower Center

**Tower Center International** is a class A office building in Bucharest. It has 25 floors and a surface of . It is near Victoria Square, or 1 Mai zone. At a height of , it is the tallest building in Bucharest, as well as in Romania, but not the tallest structure.
Bumblebee bat

The **bumblebee bat** (*Craseonycteris thonglongyai*), also known as '''Kitti's hog-nosed bat''', is an endangered species of bat. It is the only member of the family Craseonycteridae. It occurs in western Thailand and southeast Burma. It usually lives in limestone caves along rivers.

This is the smallest species of bat and one of the world's smallest mammals. It has a reddish-brown or grey coat, with a distinctive pig-like snout. Colonies vary in size, with an average of 100 individuals per cave. The bat feeds during short activity periods in the evening and dawn, foraging around nearby forest areas for insects. Female bats have only one offspring each year.

## Description 
The bumblebee bat is about 29–33&nbsp;millimetres (1.14–1.30&nbsp;in) in length and 2 grams (0.07 oz) in mass). This is the reason for its common name "bumblebee bat". It is the smallest species of bat. The Etruscan shrew is lighter (1.2–2.7&nbsp;g) (0.042-0.095&nbsp;oz).

The bat has a distinctive swollen, pig-like snout with thin, vertical nostrils. Its ears are relatively large, while its eyes are small and mostly concealed by fur. Its teeth are typical of an insectivorous bat.

## Range and distribution 
In Thailand, the bat is in a small region of Kanchanaburi Province, in the drainage basin of the Khwae Noi River.

Since the 2001 discovery of a single individual in Burma, at least nine separate sites have been identified. During this period, the bat forages within fields of cassava and kapok or around the tops of bamboo clumps and teak trees, within one kilometre of the roosting site. It is the only living species in the family Craseonycteridae.

## References
United Nations Development Programme

The **United Nations Development Programme** (**UNDP**) is the United Nations' global development network. The UNDP is an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking member of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.

The mission of UNDP is to help global sustainable development against poverty and to promote democratic society. UNDP  publishes the Human Development Index and a Human Development Report every year and directed the United Nations Development Fund for Women until 2010.

## Related pages
* World Population Day

## Other websites
* United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Derby Tramways

**Derby Tramway** was tram system that serverd the city of Derby (then a town), England. It opened on 27 July 1904. It was closed nearly 30 years later, on the 29 June 1934.

## Preserved trams
Tramcar n°1 is the only Derby tramcar preserved and is located at the National Tramway Museum in Crich, Derbyshire. This tram was used for crew training prior to the opening of the system.
Bran Castle

**Bran Castle** (; ) is a castle near Bran  in the area of Braşov, Romania.  It is a national monument and landmark in Romania.  The fortress lies on the border between Transylvania and Wallachia, on Highway 73. 

The castle is known as "Dracula's Castle". It was used as the home of Dracula in Bram Stoker's *Dracula*.

Image:Castle Bran.jpg|View from inside
Image:Bran castel secret passage.jpg|The secret passage inside the castle. It connects the first floor to the third floor

## Other websites
* Official Site of Castle Bran
George Stephenson

**George Stephenson** (9 June 1781  12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. He built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. He is known as the "Father of Railways". George was born in Wylam, which is in Northumberland.

Stephenson's rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called the "Stephenson gauge", is the standard gauge for most of the world's railways. He also invented a miner's safety lamp, which was widely used in the north of England.

## Notes
British Rail Class D3/3

**British Rail Class D3/3** was a 0-6-0 shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Derby Works in England. It was similar to the British Rail Class 08, except they were built with different engines and traction motors. They were all withdrawn and scrapped after only twelve years of service.
British Rail Class D3/5

**British Rail Class D3/5** was a shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Darlington Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period and the class was numbered 13152–13166 (later renumbered D3152-D3166).
British Rail Class D3/6

**Class D3/6** were diesel shunters built in 1935 by English Electric for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. They were the first of a new design of diesel shunters based on the English Electric 6K of 350&nbsp;hp diesel engine. One demonstrator and ten production locomotives were built, numbered 7079 and 7069-7078 by the LMS. Three of these later became British Rail numbers 12000–12002 (previously 7074/76/79 respectively). The remainder were sold to the British War Department in 1940 and were shipped to France during World War II. Of these the first production locomotive, no. 7069, survived the war and was used in industrial service in France. It was later repatriated for preservation and is now based at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway.
Chesterfield tramway

The **Chesterfield and District Tramways Company** was a tramway system in the Derbyshire town of Chesterfield.
British Rail Class D3/9

**British Rail Class D3/9** was a class of four locomotives built by the London and North Eastern Railway at their Doncaster Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.
British Rail Class D3/10

**British Rail Class D3/10** was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway in England, and later taken over by British Railways. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.
British Rail Class D3/11

**British Rail Class D3/11** was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway, but delivered to its successor British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.
British Rail Class D3/12

**British Rail class D3/12** was a class of three diesel electric shunting trains built by the Southern Railway in 1937. They were numbered 1 to 3 in a separate list from the SR's steam-powered trains. They were later renumbered by British Railways 15201–15203. Later, twenty-six similar trains were built after nationalisation as British Rail Class 12.
British Rail Class D3/14

**British Rail Class D3/14** was a diesel-electric locomotive built by the London and North Eastern Railway at its Doncaster Works. It had a  Petter engine, and Brush Traction electricals. It was absorbed by British Railways on nationalisation, but was withdrawn in the pre-TOPS era.
British Rail Class D16/1

**British Railways Class D16/1** or 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives in Great Britain.  They were built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Works, using the EE16SVT 1600&nbsp;hp diesel engine with electric transmission, in association with English Electric and the Vulcan Foundry, with whom the LMS had had a long working relationship. 

## References
British Rail 10100

**British Railways 10100** was an unusual experimental diesel locomotive known informally as *The Fell Diesel Locomotive* (after Lt. Col. L.F.R. Fell, who was one of the designers). It was the joint production of Davey Paxman & Co, Shell Refining & Marketing Co and Lt-Col L.F.R. Fell, built for them by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at Derby. Sir Harry Ricardo was also involved. By the time it emerged in 1950, nationalisation had taken place and it carried British Railways livery. The locomotive had six diesel engines, four of them used for traction.  The auxiliary engines drove the pressure-chargers for the main engines and the purpose of this arrangement was to enable the main engines to deliver very high torque at low crankshaft speed.
British Rail Class D16/2

**British Railways Class D16/2** was a class of prototype diesel locomotive built by BR at Ashford Works and introduced in  1950–1951, with a third example being introduced in 1954.  They had been designed by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway before the 1948 nationalisation but did not appear until after nationalisation.  The diesel engine and transmission were supplied by the English Electric company but the Bulleid influence was obvious.  The box-like body style closely resembled Bulleid's electric locomotives and was quite different from the usual English Electric style, typified by British Rail Class D16/1.
British Rail 10800

**British Railways 10800** was a diesel locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company for British Railways in 1950.  It had been ordered by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1946 but did not appear until after the 1948 nationalisation of the railways.
British Rail Class D20/2

The British Railways **Class D20/2** diesel-hydraulic locomotives were built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow during 1957 and 1958. Although never assigned a TOPS class as they were withdrawn before TOPS was introduced, British locomotive enthusiasts coined the term "Class 41".  All were named after Royal Navy vessels, hence the nameplates each bore a subtitle "Warship Class".
KVIrc

**KVIrc** is a multilanguage, graphical IRC client for Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS. The *K* in *K Visual IRC* was for a dependancy to KDE, which became optional from version 2.0.0.

## Features 
KVIrc is able to connect to several servers at the same time (optional with SSL and/or IPv6). Unicode, ISO-8859-*-Codes, Asian and windows-native char sets are supported. A special feature is the smart encoding, which allows you to use 2 encodings at the same time; you can send unicode and read unicode and cp-1252 for example.

Additional to the mIRC-Codes for bold, underlined and colored fonts, KVIrc owns a graphical emoticon and avatar system. This feature can be turned off.

KVIrc has its own script language named *KVS* for extensions, addons and scripts.
Every channel, term and DCC Chat is encryptable with Blowfish or AES/Rijndael.

With *split window mode*, *users* can divide their channel window into 2, one for chat messages and one for "commands" like joins/parts/mode changes. The size of the windows is variable, so they can hide the command window.

The *Socket spy* feature helps developers and users to watch the raw communication between client and server to debug.

## Development 
Official stable releases are not often made, but in SVN is mostly a stable version to use.

KVIrc 4.2.0 was released on July, 3rd 2012.

## Related pages
*List of IRC clients

## Other websites
*Official site 
*Official forum 
*Official Russian site 
*[ftp://ftp.kvirc.de Official Download FTP]
British Rail Class D3/7

**British Railways Class D3/7** were diesel shunters built from May 1939 through to July 1942 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works. Like the earlier British Rail Class D3/6, they had the English Electric 6K diesel engine of . But a big change was having a "Jackshaft" type of connection between engine and wheels (like a diesel mechanical shunter). These were given LMS numbers 7080–7119. Ten were loaned to the War Department in 1941, and sold to the WD the following year. All ten survived the war; six were then sold to Egyptian Railways and four to Italian State Railways (Ferrovie dello Stato—FS).
British Rail Class 98

livery.]]

TOPS Class 98 has been used to cover all steam locomotives used on the mainline in Britain, but also has a particular usage for the three Vale of Rheidol Railway-design 2-6-2T locomotives that remained in the ownership of British Rail after the end of mainline steam traction in August 1968. The locomotives on the Vale of Rheidol Railway were the only steam locomotives ever officially to carry the British Rail corporate blue and the double arrow logo.
Ballan, Victoria

**Ballan** is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is a part of the Shire of Moorabool. Ballan is  north west of Melbourne, on the Werribee River. In 2006 there were 1808 people living in Ballan. The Western Freeway goes past the town.

## History
The first people to live in the Ballan area were the Aborigines, the Wautharong people. The area was rich in animals with kangaroos, kangaroo rats, bandicoots, dingos, and two sorts of native cat. Many of these animals had gone by the end of the 1800s, with Europen settlement.

The first European settlers came from Tasmania, landing near Geelong, Victoria, and working their way up the Moorabool River with their sheep flocks. Robert Von Steiglitz first came to the area in 1838. He named it after Ballan in Ireland. Other early settler names included Covvie, Stead, Wallace and Egerton.

There were fights between the Wautharong people and white farmers during settlement. Robert Von Steiglitz said stated in his diary:

... it may be questioned by some feather-bed philanthropist whether we had the right to take the country from the blacks but I believe the general rule is that if people cultivate or graze the land they have a claim to it. These creatures did neither ...

Gold was found in the area in 1851. A lot of people came to look for gold. This was part of the Victorian Gold Rush. The Ballan Hotel dates from the gold rush period in 1851. The town was an important staging point for coaches going to the Ballarat goldfields. The Post Office opened in September 1853 although there were two earlier offices in the area named Ballan.

Ballan’s first primary school started on 8 January 1855.

The first Mechanics' Institute in Ballan was built in 1861. The current Mechanics' Institute built on land bought in 1881. The facade (front) of the building was taken down and rebuilt in 1922. The building houses the library for the town town and a hall.

St. Paul’s Presbyterian Church in Ballan was opened in July 1866.

## Community
The town has an Australian Rules Football team playing in the Central Highlands Football League.
It also has two senior and three junior cricket teams in the Ballarat Cricket Association.

## Festivals and attractions
* There is a Vintage Machinery and Vehicle Rally in February. It is well known for its Vintage Tractor Pull.
* An Autumn Festival is held in Ballan every year in late March.
* There is a mineral spring at Ballan.
* South of Ballan are the Brisbane Ranges National Park and the You Yangs Forest Park.

## Other websites
* Ballan Online 

## References
Freightliner Group

and is seen at Toddington station on 25 September 2005.]]

**Freightliner Group** is a rail freight and logistics company in the United Kingdom. It is owned by Brookfield, a Canadian investment management company and GIC, a Singaporean sovereign wealth fund. 

## Fleet detail
### United Kingdom
### Poland
### Australia
### Netherlands
## References 
## Other websites
* Freightliner
* Freightliner PL (in Polish)
Railfreight Distribution

no. 90021 at York on 3rd June 2004.]]
**Railfreight Distribution** was a subsector of British Rail responsible for non-trainload freight operations, as well as Freightliner and Intermodal services. In its early years the division was occasionally referred to as **Speedlink Distribution**. It was later responsible for freight operations through the Channel Tunnel.
Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway

The **Grimsby & Immingham Electric Railway** was an electric tramway network linking the township of Grimsby and the then village of Immingham in Lincolnshire.
It is probably best described by the American term "Inter-Urban" as it links the places in its title by a reserved way rather than through the streets.
Motor Rail

]]

**Motor Rail** was a British locomotive-building company, based in Bedford. Formed in 1911 as The Motor Rail & Tramcar Co Ltd, they built petrol and diesel engined locomotives, mainly narrow gauge. During World War I over 900 locos were supplied for use on temporary military supply railways. The trade name **Simplex** was used from the early days; in 1972 the company was renamed Simplex Mechanical Handling Ltd.
London and North Eastern Railway

The **London and North Eastern Railway** (LNER) was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It existed from 1 January 1923 until nationalisation on 1 January 1948, when it was divided into the new British Railways' Eastern Region, North Eastern Region and partially the Scottish Region.

## Other websites
*LNER Encyclopedia
Metropolitan-Vickers

**Metropolitan-Vickers**, **Metrovick**, or **Metrovicks**, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as British Westinghouse. Highly diversified, they were particularly well known for their industrial electrical equipment such as generators, steam turbines, switchgear, transformers, electronics and railway traction equipment. Metrovick holds a place in history as the builders of the first commercial transistor computer, the Metrovick 950, and the first British axial-flow jet engine, the Metrovick F.2. Their factory in Trafford Park, Manchester, was for most of the 20th century one of the biggest and most important heavy engineering facilities in Britain and the world.
English Electric

**English Electric** (EE) was a British industrial manufacturer. Founded in 1918, it initially specialised in industrial electric motors and transformers. Its activities would expand to include railway locomotives and traction equipment, steam turbines, consumer electronics, guided missiles, aircraft and computers. 

## English Electric Diesel Engines
**English Electric Diesel Engines** was the diesel engine division of English Electric.  It built diesel engines under the names **English Electric**, **Napier** and **Dorman**.

 built by English Electric]]

## References
Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company

.]]

The **Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company** (**BRC&W**) was a railway locomotive and carriage builder, founded in Birmingham, England. For most of its existence, it was at nearby Smethwick, with the factory divided by the boundary between the two places. The company was established in 1854.

## References
Brush Traction

, United Kingdom.]]
**Brush Traction** is a manufacturer and maintainer of railway locomotives, based at Loughborough in Leicestershire, United Kingdom alongside the Midland Main Line.
Gatwick Express

**Gatwick Express** is the name of a fast train service that runs on the Brighton Main Line, a railway line between Victoria station in London and the city of Brighton and Hove in South East England, stopping at Gatwick Airport on the way. It is fast because it does not stop at any stations between London Victoria and Gatwick Airport.

A Gatwick Express train leaves London Victoria station every 15 minutes and takes 30 minutes to get to Gatwick Airport station. After arriving at Gatwick Airport, at least every other train on weekdays and Saturdays continues non-stop to Brighton railway station. At peak hours, every train continues to Brighton, but makes two stops between Gatwick and Brighton. On Sundays, all trains end at Gatwick Airport; there are no trains to and from Brighton.

Before June 2008, Gatwick Express was a train operating company (TOC) and was a franchise owned by Southern, another TOC that has trains on other routes. On 22 June 2008, the Gatwick Express TOC was closed. Now the Gatwick Express is directly operated by Southern, but it is still called Gatwick Express.

## Trains
The Gatwick Express service has used many types of trains over the years. Most of them were designed just for the service.

73201 at Clapham Junction.JPG|The first trains to be used on Gatwick Express services were hauled by Class 73 locomotives.
9107 at Wirksworth.jpg|The Class 73 locomotives hauled two types of carriages, the Class 488 and Class 489, which were in use until 2005.
Unit 460008 at East Croydon.JPG|From 1999 to 2012, Class 460s were used. The design of the ends of these trains gave them the nickname "Darth Vaders".
Gb-emudc460005.jpg|Another Class 460 train, this one waiting at Victoria station and marked with a Continental Airlines logo.
SWT 442418 and 442413 at Poole 2005-07-16 04.jpg|From 2008 to 2016, Class 442 *Wessex Electrics* were used. These trains were built 20 years earlier, but were later refurbished.
2 Gatwick Express interior.jpg|Inside the Class 387 trains, which replaced the older trains in 2016. There is both "Standard Class" and "First Class" seating.

## Related pages
* Heathrow Express
* Stansted Express
* Airport rail link
Ephesus

**Ephesus** (; ) was an ancient Greek city on the west coast of Anatolia, which is now in Turkey.  It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League.    

The Apostle Paul is said to have addressed an epistle to the Christians of the city, and it is now known as the Epistle to the Ephesians in the New Testament.  The site still possesses many well-preserved Roman ruins side by side with rich history.  

## Ruins 
### Odeons 
The most significant ruins are the odeons: concert halls or musical theaters which held around 1,500 people. They were used for artistic performances as well as city council meetings.  

### Temple of Hadrian 
Another important ruin is the Temple of Hadrian. It was built in the second century and has high-quality sculpture craftsmanship. 

### Curettes Street 
Curettes Street hosts many monuments and countless columns alongside its marble-paved ground. These include a fountain dedicated to Emperor Trajan.  

The remaining parts of a statue there shows that Romans knew the world was round in the first century AD. The statue also depicts latrines (toilets), showing that the Romans cared about public sanitation. 

### Library of Celsus 
At the end of Curettes Street is the Library of Celsus. It was the third biggest library of the ancient world, after the libraries of Alexandria and Pergamon.   

When seen from the building's facade, it looks like a two-story building, but in the past it had three stories. The facade shows a rare found craftsmanship. The building took twenty years (from 115 AD to 135 AD) to complete. 

### Grand theatre 
Another important ruin is Ephesus' grand theatre, which could hold 25,000 people. It was used for artistic performances, animal fights, and gladiator matches. The Acts of the Apostles (19:23-41) in the New Testament of the Bible calls the grand theater one of the sacred ruins of Ephesus.

The theater was the site of the "riot of the silversmiths." Because the Apostle Paul's preaching about a single God was bad for business, people who made silver figures of Artemis (a pagan goddess of the city) rioted.  

In the 1st century AD, the Apostle Paul spent over three years in Ephesus. He gave many sermons in the grand theater, disapproving of pagan worship.

## Related pages 
* Temple of Artemis

## Other websites 
* All you need on Ephesus 

* Ephesus UNESCO Silk Road World Heritage Site
Steam locomotives of British Railways

No. 6833 *Calcot Grange*, a 4-6-0 Grange class steam locomotive, at Bristol Temple Meads station]]

The **steam locomotives of British Railways** were used by British Railways over the period 1948-1968.  The majority of these were inherited from the Big Four British railway companies. In the 1950s, new British Railways Standard steam locomotives were introduced.

## Numbering
BR locomotives were numbered in the following series:
* 1 series, former Great Western Railway steam locomotives
* 10,000 series, diesel locomotives and electric locomotives
* 30,000 series, former Southern Railway steam locomotives
* 40,000 and 50,000 series, former London, Midland and Scottish Railway steam locomotives
* 60,000 series, former London and North Eastern Railway steam locomotives
* 70,000 series, British Railways Standard steam locomotives
* 90,000 series, former War Department steam locomotives (originally in 70,000 series)
* 92,000 series, BR Standard Class 9F
Ka (Cyrillic)

**Ka** (**К**, **к**) is the tenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [k].

It comes from the Greek letter kappa and is the same as the Roman K.

## Related pages
* Kappa (letter)
* K
El (Cyrillic)

**El** (**Л**, **л**) is the eleventh letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [l]. It comes from the Greek letter lambda and is the same as the Roman L. It looks like Pe, (П, п), another letter in the same alphabet but its left leg is curved.

## Related pages
*Lambda (letter)
*L
*Pe (Cyrillic)
Bredevoort

**Bredevoort** is a small village in the municipality of Aalten, in the region of Achterhoek in the Netherlands.  It is between the towns of Aalten and Winterswijk. About 1,600 people live there.

Today they name Bredevoort also *Bredevoort boekenstad* (*Bredevoort book town*).  There are now more than twenty second-hand book shops in the town.

## History
The name Bredevoort appears for the first time in 1188, when the earl of Steinfurt tried to sell his share of the castle to the bishop of Münster and the earl of Lohn tried to sell his share to the earl of Gelderland, a war broke out between the bishop and the earl of Gelderland. The fight lasted for almost two centuries. From 1326, Bredevoort was actual part of Gelderland. Between 1326 and 1696 the municipality of Bredevoort repeatedly changed ownership during the eighties years of war. In 1646, lightning hit the gunpowder tower of the castle of Bredevoort, causing an explosion that destroyed the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who was not home that day, survived. The former municipality of Bredevoort was comprised of the city, the castle Bredevoort, and the villages Aalten, Dinxperlo and Winterswijk. After centuries of war, its fortifications were demolished by its residents. In 1818, the municipality of Bredevoort was dissolved to become part of the city Bredevoort under the newly formed municipality Aalten.

## Sights
* St. Joriskerk, Gothic Church with rococo chair from 1672
* Windmillmolen 'De Prins van Oranje'
* Historic centre
* 19th century theehouse at the town ditch
* remains from the 17th century city gate

## Gallery

Image:Bredevoort 1634.jpg
Image:Bredevoort aalterpoort.jpg
Image:Molen Prins van Oranje, Bredevoort.jpg
Image:Bredevoort hendrikje.jpg
Image:Bredevoort 1711-1732.png
Image:Bredevoort markt.jpg
Image:Bredevoort gasthuisstraat.jpg
Image:Gondelvaart_bredevoort.jpg

## Other websites
* Official website of Bredevoort
* Bredevoort booktown
* windmill Prins van Oranje 
* Gondola festival in Bredevoort 
* Heerlijkheid Bredevoort, with historic items
* Reconstructions old Bredevoort
Plzeň

**Plzeň** (Czech/German: **)** is the fourth largest city in the Czech Republic. About 165,238 people live there. The city is in the west of the historical region Bohemia. Famous beer is made there.

## References 
## Other websites
Alsace–Lorraine

The **Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine** ( or ,  or ) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War. It was made up of almost all of the French region of Alsace and about a quarter of Lorraine, hence its name. France took it back in 1918 and it became part of that country as a result of Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Nazi Germany *de facto* took it back in 1940 but France took it back in 1945.

The territory has been part of France since then. In 2016 it became part of the Region of Grand Est.

## Other websites
*
*
* http://www.geocities.com/bfel/geschichte5b.html(Archived  2009-10-25) 
* http://www.elsass-lothringen.de/  
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090730200508/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Alsace_Lorraine.html
* France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland
* Elsass-Lothringen video 
* Annuary of Cultur and Artists from Elsass-Lothringen
Je (Cyrillic)

**Je** (**Ј**, **ј**) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, used in the Serbian, Macedonian, Azeri, and Altai languages.

In Serbian, Macedonian and Azeri this letter sounds like [y]. Since the letters Я (ya), Є (ye), Ё (yo), Ї (yi) and Ю (yu) are not used in those languages, they are written as Ja, Je, Jo, Jи and Jy.

It is also used in the Altai language to show [ʤ] or [j].

In Russian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, Й is used instead of Ј.

## Related pages
*J
British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification

A number of different numbering and classification schemes were used for locomotives and multiple units operated by British Railways (BR), and this page explains the principal systems. This section also covers the post-privatisation period, as the broad numbering and classification arrangements have not altered since the break-up of BR.

## Related pages
For further information on individual classes of locomotive or multiple unit, see these pages:
* List of British Rail classes
* Steam locomotives of British Railways
* Locomotives of the Great Western Railway
* Locomotives of the Southern Railway
* Locomotives of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
* Locomotives of the London and North Eastern Railway

Related pages on BR numbering and classification include:
* British Rail TOPS first arrangement
* British Rail Regional Multiple Unit Numbering
* British Carriage and Wagon Numbering and Classification
* Route availability
Alcindo Sartori

**Alcindo Sartori** (born 21 October 1967) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||28||22||5||3||5||2||38||27
|-
|1994||43||28||0||0||1||0||44||28
|-
|1995||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||38||19||2||1||colspan="2"|-||40||20
|-
|1996||Consadole Sapporo||Football League||5||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1
|-
|1997||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||16||10||0||0||0||0||16||10
130||80||7||4||6||2||143||86
130||80||7||4||6||2||143||86
Masayuki Okano

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Okano was born in Yokohama on July 25, 1972. After dropped out from Nihon University, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 1994. In 1990s, he played as forward in many matches from first season. In 2001 season, his opportunity to play decreased and he moved to Vissel Kobe in September. He played as midfielder from then. He returned to Urawa Reds in 2004. The club won the champions 2006 J1 League, 2005 and 2006 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won 2007 AFC Champions League. In 2009, he moved to Hong Kong First Division League club TSW Pegasus FC. In July 2009, he returned to Japan and joined Japan Football League club Gainare Tottori. The club won the champions in 2010 and was promoted to J2 League. He retired end of 2013 season.

In January 1995, Okano was selected by the Japan national team for the 1995 King Fahd Cup, but he did not play in the match. On September 20, he debuted for the Japan national team against Paraguay. In 1996, he played at the 1996 Asian Cup. During 1998 World Cup qualification, in the final qualifier match for the 1998 World Cup against Iran, he scored the golden goal that took Japan to their first ever World Cup finals. At the 1998 World Cup, he played 29 minutes as a substitute against Croatia. He also played at the 1999 Copa América. This competition was his last game for Japan. He played 25 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1999.

## Statistics
|-
|1994||rowspan="8"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="6"|J1 League||35||3||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||3
|-
|1995||44||5||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||47||5
|-
|1996||30||11||3||2||13||2||colspan="2"|-||46||15
|-
|1997||23||4||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||5
|-
|1998||34||7||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||36||8
|-
|1999||11||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2000||J2 League||26||6||4||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||32||7
|-
|2001||J1 League||8||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="3"|J1 League||11||3||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||3
|-
|2002||24||1||1||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||30||1
|-
|2003||23||0||2||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="5"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="5"|J1 League||15||1||2||0||8||2||colspan="2"|-||23||2
|-
|2005||20||1||4||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2006||8||0||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2007||11||0||1||0||1||0||6||0||19||0
|-
|2008||4||0||0||0||3||0||0||0||7||0

|-
|2008/09||TSW Pegasus FC||First Division||9||1||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||1

|-
|2009||rowspan="5"|Gainare Tottori||rowspan="2"|Football League||7||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||1
|-
|2010||16||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|2011||rowspan="3"|J2 League||13||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2012||20||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2013||10||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||0
393||43||34||5||58||5||6||0||491||53
9||1||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||1
402||44||38||5||59||5||6||0||505||54
|}

|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||11||1
|-
|1997||5||1
|-
|1998||5||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
!Total||25||2
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Isah Eliakwu

**Isah Eliakwu** (born 25 October 1985) is a former Nigerian football player. He last played for Al-Jabalain.

## Club statistics
*Note:
:1 Eliakwu arrived after the club was eliminated from the competition
:2 In 2009–10 Coppa Italia Lega Pro
:3 2010–11 Russian Cup

## References
Christian Obodo

**Christian Obodo** (born 11 May 1984) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Udinese.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Perugia||rowspan="3"|Serie A||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2002/03||30||1||5||0||0||0||35||1
|-
|2003/04||31||0||5||1||10||0||46||1
|-
|2004/05||Fiorentina||Serie A||33||2||6||0||colspan="2"|-||39||2
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Udinese||rowspan="5"|Serie A||28||1||1||1||12||0||41||2
|-
|2006/07||30||5||3||1||colspan="2"|-||33||6
|-
|2007/08||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2008/09||18||0||0||0||8||1||26||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
172||9||23||2||30||1||225||12
172||9||23||2||30||1||225||12
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||5||0
|-
|2005||3||1
|-
|2006||5||2
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||3||1
|-
!Total||21||4
|}

## References
Willem Einthoven

**Willem Einthoven** (21 May 1860 – 29 September 1927) was an Dutch doctor. He won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for inventing the electrocardiogram.

## References
Stephen Makinwa

**Stephen Makinwa** (born 26 July 1983) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Lazio.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|2000/01||Conegliano||||8||2
|-
|2001/02||Como||Serie B||0||0
|-
|2002/03||Reggiana||Serie C1||28||6
|-
|2003/04||Como||Serie B||21||6
|-
|2003/04||Modena||Serie A||16||1
|-
|2004/05||Genoa||Serie B||18||6
|-
|2004/05||Atalanta||Serie A||17||6
|-
|2005/06||Città di Palermo||Serie A||23||5
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Lazio||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||3
|-
|2007/08||14||0
|-
|2007/08||Reggina||Serie A||9||0
|-
|2008/09||Lazio||Serie A||4||0
|-
|2008/09||ChievoVerona||Serie A||9||1
|-
|2009/10||Lazio||Serie A||||
192||35
192||35
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|2004||1||1
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
!Total||16||1
|}

## References
Obafemi Martins

**Obafemi Martins** (born 28 October 1984) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Seattle Sounders FC and Nigeria national team.

## Career statistics
## International career statistics
## Related pages 
* List of Nigerians

## References