open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Laubach

**Laubach** is a town in the district of Giessen, in Hesse, Germany. Laubach is known as a “Luftkurort," which means “fresh air resort.” Laubach is a small town. It has a population of about 10,000 people. It is  east of the city of Giessen. Surrounding Laubach are the small towns of Hungen, Grünberg, Schotten and Lich.

The Laubach woods are part of the foothills of the Vogelsberg (Bird Mountain). Laubach is an area of interest to tourists because it has many historic and colorful half-timbered (*fachwerk*) buildings,. The main attraction is the castle. The castle was built in the thirteenth century. It belongs to the Count Solms-Laubach family. One of the largest private libraries in Europe is inside the castle. The castle library has more than 120,000 books and manuscripts. In the Johann Gutenberg Museum in Mainz is an original Gutenberg Bible which came from the castle library. The castle grounds include a large park. There is a lake for swans in the park. The park is open to the public without charge.

## Other buildings of interest
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Laubach used to be named St. Maria. The oldest part of the church was built in the twelfth century. The church was renovated in the eighteenth century. Inside the church is a baroque organ.

The main street of Laubach is Friedrichstrasse. On this street is the former district courthouse , and the city hall, and the Heimat Museum.

The Heimat Museum  is the local history museum. It was originally built near the town of Gonterskirchen in 1750 by Count August Solms-Laubach. The building was moved to its present location in 1832. For many years it was a school. Now it is a museum. In the museum is a permanent exhibit honoring Friedrich Kellner.

## Laubach people
* Sophie von Solms-Laubach (1594-1651)
* Philipp Erasmus Reich (1717-1787), bookseller and publisher
* Felix Klipstein (1880-1941), artist
:Klipstein grew up in Laubach and Belgium. He studied art in France and Spain. In 1909 he returned to Laubach with his wife, the writer Edith Blass.
* Georg Friedrich Solms-Laubach (1899 - 1969)
* Friedel Münch, head of Münch Motorcycle Works
* Friedrich Kellner, (1885 - 1970)
:Kellner was the chief justice inspector in Laubach during WWII. He wrote a secret diary about the misdeeds of the Nazis. He became deputy mayor and first town councilman of Laubach. He was also chairman of the Laubach Social Democratics SPD. A Canadian documentary about Kellner was filmed on location in Laubach.

## Laubach in the Media 
### Literature 
* Helmut Nachtigall: *Die Fachwerkhäuser Alt-Laubachs*. Laubach 1975

### Movie 
* *My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner*, CCI Entertainment, Toronto, Canada

## References
## Other websites
Monument (disambiguation)

**Monument** may mean:
*Monument, a statue, building, or other edifice created to commemorate a person or important event
**Monuments* (album), a 1998 album by DJ Doran
*Bank and Monument stations, a station on the London Underground
*Monument Metro station, a station on the Tyne and Wear Metro
*"Monument", a song by Depeche Mode from their 1982 album *A Broken Frame*
*"Monument", a song by Fates Warning from their 1994 album *Inside Out*
*"Monument", a song by The Crüxshadows from their 1999 album *The Mystery of the Whisper*
*"Monument", a song by Avail from their 2002 album *Front Porch Stories*
*"Monument", a song by Champion	from their 2002	album *Count Our Numbers*
Wikinews

**Wikinews** is a free-content news wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The news articles are written by users working together with each other. Old articles are archived, and protected so that people cannot change it anymore, except if an edit request is given. Every article has a talk page where people can talk about the news in the article. The article is then peer-reviewed by an editor to see if it is ready to be published, and to publish it if it is.

Wikinews is under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License, which is different from the license that the other Wikimedia projects are under.

## Sources
## Other websites 
* Wikinews: Multilingual Portal
500s

The **500s** was a decade that began on 1 January 500 and ended on 31 December 509. It is distinct from the decade known as the '''*51th* decade'* *which'' will begin on January 1, 501 and end on December 31, 510.
## Events 
*Clovis I, king of the Franks, defeats the Visigoths at the battle of Vouille in 507, decisively forcing the Visigoths into Spain, and securing supremacy over Gaul
*506 – Byzantine Empire and Persia accept a peace agreement based on status quo.
*506 – Dara in Syria is fortified by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I as a frontier against Persia.
480s

The **480s** was a decade that began on 1 January 480 and ended on 31 December 489. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***49th*** which began on January 1, 481 and ended on December 31, 490.

## Events
*481 – Clovis I becomes king of the Franks upon the death of Childeric I (or 482)
*481 – Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo.
*488 – Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths.
*488 – Kavadh I succeeds Balash in Persia.
890s

The **890s** was the decade that started on January 1, 890 and ended on December 31, 899. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***90th decade*** which began on January 1, 891 and ended on December 31, 900.

## Events
* 891 &ndash; Battle of Leuven (891) between the Franks and the Vikings
* 893 December 28 &ndash; An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin in Armenia.
* Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896
* 896 April &ndash; Pope Boniface VI succeeds Pope Formosus as the 112th pope.
* 896 May &ndash; Pope Stephen VI (also referred to as Stephen VII) succeeds Pope Boniface VI as the 113th pope.
* 897 August &ndash; Pope Romanus succeeds Pope Stephen VI as the 114th pope.
* 897 November &ndash; Pope Romanus is deposed.
* 897 December &ndash; Pope Theodore II succeeds Pope Romanus as the 115th pope, but dies twenty days later.
* 897 &ndash; Emperor Uda of Japan is succeeded by Emperor Daigo.
* 898 January &ndash; Pope John IX succeeds Theodore II as the 116th pope.
* 899 - Edward the Elder becomes King of Wessex.

## Deaths
* Alfred the Great – 899
Pallava dynasty

The **Pallavas** dynasty rose in Tamil Nadu (South India) during the seventh century under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the second century. After the fall of the *Satavahanas*, they began to get control over parts of Andhra and the Tamil country. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and Pallavamalla Nandivarman II.
Jenna Jameson

**Jenna Jameson** (born **Jenna Marie Massoli** on April 9, 1974) is a former American porn star. She grew up in Montana. She started making pornographic movies in 1993. Within three years, she had won the three awards in the adult movie industry. She has since won more than 20 adult movie awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization and Adult Video News Halls of Fame.

In 2004, she wrote an autobiography, *How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale*. The book was at the top of the *New York Times* Best Seller list for six weeks.

Born a Roman Catholic she officially converted to Orthodox Judaism in 2016, so she could marry her Israeli boyfriend.

On January 12, 2022, Jameson announced that she was suffering from Guillain–Barré syndrome.

## References
Journalism

**Journalism** is a type of writing. It includes writing for newspapers, news shows on television, news shows on radio, and news magazine. 

There are many different news and information jobs in the field of journalism, such as the jobs of newspaper reporter, television news anchor, writer, editor, sub-editor, illustrator, and photographer. People who work in journalism jobs are called journalists.

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.

## Related pages
*Mass media

## References
Assimilation (biology)

**Assimilation** in biology, is the combination of two processes which get nutrients for cells.

The first (in animals) is eating and digesting food. Food is absorbed and broken down. This is done by physical breakdown (chewing and stomach churning), then chemical breakdown by enzymes and acids) The results are absorbed into the bloodstream.

The second process of is the chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver. Many compounds needed by cells are done by this second process. Both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their action. This second process is where the absorbed food reaches the cells via the liver.

## Examples of assimilation by plants 
* Photosynthesis, the process whereby carbon dioxide and water are transformed into a number of organic molecules in plant cells.
* Nitrogen fixation from the soil into organic molecules by symbiotic bacteria which live in the roots of certain plants, such as Leguminaceae.

## Related pages
*Biochemistry
*Food
*Digestion
Integration

**Integration** may be any of the following:

* Integration, in the most general sense, may be any bringing together and uniting of things: the integration of two or more economies, cultures, religions (usually called syncretism), etc.
* Integration, in mathematics, a concept of calculus, is the act of finding integrals
* Indefinite integration, in mathematics, refers to antidifferentiation
* Racial integration, refers to social and cultural behavior
* Economic integration
* Regional integration
* Horizontal integration and vertical integration, in microeconomics and strategic management, refer to a style of ownership and control
* Integration clause, in a contract, a term used to declare the contract the final and complete understanding of the parties
* In computer science
** Digital integration, in computer science, allows data from one device or software to be read or manipulated by another, resulting in ease of use
** Enterprise application integration, as the use of software and computer systems to bring together a set of enterprise computer applications
* Systems Integration, refers to the discipline of designing systems by means of glueing together otherwise separate parts. Usually associated to the construction of complex systems.
Vaihingen

**Vaihingen an der Enz** is a town in the southern German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is on the banks of the Enz river between the large cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. About 30,000 people live there.

## History
Vaihingen is an old city, going back as far as the year 799 CE. Vaihingen was formally established as a town by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen in the year 1252. After theReformation, Vaihingen became a Protestant city. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Vaihingen became a battle ground between the Protestants and Catholics. The Revolution of 1848 hurt the economy in Vaihingen. Many people left Vaihingen to look for work in other towns. In the early 1900s, a railroad connection was made to Vaihingen. That brought more people, and also businesses, to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became the regional center.

## People
* Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829), Professor of Philosophy
:Born in Vaihingen May 9, 1751. Published his "Introduction to the doctrine of spirituality" ("Einleitung in die Seelenlehre") in Stuttgart, 1786
* Karl Friedrich Hensler (1759-1825), Viennese theater director
* Karl Gerok (1815-1890), Bishop
* Friedrich Kellner (1885-1970) Chief Justice Inspector, Diarist
:Born in Vaihingen February 1, 1885. Kellner lived in Laubach, Hessen, during WWII. He recorded the misdeeds of the Nazis in a secret diary. His 10-volume diary was exhibited at the George Bush Presidential Library in 2005. A Canadian documentary, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner, was made in 2006.

## References
## Other websites
* Internet website for Vaihingen
* Pictures of the concentration camp cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the *Sites of Memory* webpage
* Pictures of the military and refugee memorials in the municipal cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the *Sites of Memory* webpage
Cultural assimilation

**Cultural assimilation**, or **absorption** (but that word also has other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration in which members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community, with the intent to change one culture to make them similar to another. That causes a loss of all or many of the characteristics that make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring sometimes referred to as a "melting pot." In essence, cultural assimilation is many different cultural groups working towards one unified goal. 
 
From a historical perspective, assimilation is how an individual or minority group loses its original culture when absorbed into another culture. In the context of colonialism, it is a policy of total integration of colonies into the colonizing country. Assimilation is often remembered as painful or coercive.

## Related pages
*Acculturation
*Naturalization
*Syncretism
*Multiculturalism

## Other websites
*Asian-Nation: Asian American Assimilation & Ethnic Identity
*From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated
Blondie

**Blondie** is an American new wave pop/rock band who were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The lead singer of the band is Debbie Harry. Their best-known hit was *Call Me!*. The group's music mixes pop, rock and disco. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

## Studio albums 
* *Blondie* (1976)
* Plastic Letters (1977)
* Parallel Lines (1978)
* Eat to the Beat (1979)
* Autoamerican (1980)
* The Hunter (1982)
* No Exit (1999)
* The Curse of Blondie (2003)
* Panic of Girls (2011)
* Ghosts of Download (2014)
* Pollinator (2017)

## References
## Other websites 
*Official Blondie Website
*Official Deborah Harry Web Site
New wave music

**New Wave** (or **New Wave music**) is a style of rock music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New wave music was inspired by the punk rock movement.

New Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, ska and pop. 

In essence, New Wave maintained the rebellious and energetic side of punk rock, yet was less raw and aggressive. Whilst a lot of New Wave was, much New Wave was pop-based, containing simple melodies and catchy hooks. Additionally, New Wave music was also very electronic in nature, and made strong usage of synthesizers. New Wave is a broad term, and as such, New Wave artists varied greatly in style, ranging from pure rock, to synthpop, to reggae-influenced music. New Wave, as a genre, additionally had a strong visual aesthetic, and is noted for the colourful fashions which New Wave artists would sport in the 1980s.

When MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television. This made New Wave music more popular. A well-known New Wave video is *Whip It* by Devo.

## Notable artists
*Blondie
*The Cars
*Culture Club
*Elvis Costello
*Devo
*Duran Duran
*The Go-Go's
*Joe Jackson
*Lene Lovich
*Oingo Boingo
*Spandau Ballet
*Split Enz
*Squeeze
*The Cars
*The Police
*The Pretenders
*Talking Heads
*Kim Wilde
*XTC

## References
Assimilation

**Assimilation** can mean: 

* Assimilation (linguistics), in studying language, the way a sound in a word becomes closer to a neighboring sound.
* Assimilation (biology), changing a nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, through digestion and absorption.
* Cultural assimilation, the way a smaller group of people gradually copies the customs and attitudes of the larger culture around it.  For cultural assimilation of Native Americans in the United States, see Americanization (of Native Americans).
* Assimilation (Star Trek), the way the fictional *Star Trek* Borg race brings a being into their group structure
* The Zerg method of evolving, also called infest(ing)
* Media and ethnicity
* Accommodation in Jean Piaget's theory of loserness
* In psychoanalysis, when conscious and unconscious contents penetrate one another
* In computer science, the changing of anti-virus software to find a new virus
* In typesetting, the amount that a typeface can make mirror images and other similarities between letters
Talking Heads

**Talking Heads** were a rock band from the United States. The band first became popular in the late 1970s.
Talking Heads had an early influence on other musical groups by combining the sounds of punk, art rock, funk, dance and world music with an avant-garde style and the anxious way David Byrne sang on stage.

## Reception 
Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Talking Heads were "one of the most critically acclaimed bands of the '80s."

In 2002, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Four of the band's albums appeared on ''Rolling Stone's* list of *The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time''. Three of their songs ("Psycho Killer," "Life During Wartime," and "Once in a Lifetime") were listed in "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll". Talking Heads were also included at #64 on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time." In the 2011 update of ''Rolling Stone's* "100 Greatest Artists of All Time," the band was ranked at No.&nbsp;100.

## Albums
**Talking Heads: 77* (1977)
**More Songs About Buildings and Food* (1978)
**Fear of Music* (1979)
**Remain in Light* (1980)
**Speaking in Tongues* (1983)
**Little Creatures* (1985)
**True Stories* (1986)
**Naked'' (1988)

## References
Patti Smith

**Patti Smith** (born **Patricia Lee Smith** on December 30, 1946) is an American singer and poet. She was an important member of the punk rock music trend in the 1970s. Her first album *Horses* was produced by John Cale.

## Works 
## Related pages 
*List of poets from the United States
## References 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
*I Will Always Live Like Peter Pan. 70 min interview from the Louisiana Literature festival 2012. Video by Louisiana Channel.
*Patti Smith: Advice to the young. Filmed at Louisiana Literature festival 2012. Video interview by Louisiana Channel.
*Patti Smith: First encounters with Robert Mapplethorpe. Filmed at Louisiana Literature festival 2012. Video interview by Louisiana Channel.
Devo

**Devo** is an American new wave pop music band formed in Ohio. Their best-known lineup consisted of Gerald Casale, Mark Mothersbaugh, Bob Mothersbaugh, Robert Casale, and Alan Myers. They had popular songs in the 1970s and 1980s. Devo had a big influence on the new wave music movement.

Devo often used various keyboards (called synthesizers) in their songs, including the Moog synthesizer.

Their most famous song was called "Whip It". That song was released in 1980.

Devo occasionally performs concerts for the public.

## Discography 
* *Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are DEVO!* (1978)
* *Duty Now for the Future* (1979)
* *Freedom of Choice* (1980)
* *New Traditionalists* (1981)
* ''oh, no! it's DEVO* (1982)
* *SHOUT* (1984)
* *Total DEVO* (1988)
* *smoothnoodlemaps* (1990)
* *Something for Everybody'' (2010)

## Line up
## Other websites 
* 
* Official YouTube channel
* 
* 
* Devo Live Guide
*
Twiggy

**Dame Lesley Lawson** DBE (born **Lesley Hornby** 19 September 1949, in London, England) is an English actress, fashion model and singer, known professionally as **Twiggy**. Her childhood nickname Twiggy came from her thin legs. In the 1960s, when she first became famous she weighed only .

As an actress, she starred in *The Boy Friend*, and had featured roles in *The Blues Brothers* and *Young Charlie Chaplin*. She recently appeared as herself, on ''America's Next Top Model'', as one of the judges.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Special effect

**Special effects** are used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.

Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up. Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up. It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up. 

Science fiction, fantasy, horror, and history movies also often use special effects. They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film. For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the . 

Using a computer to create special effects is called "computer generated imagery" (CGI) or "computer animation". Most science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies, and some history movies and some documentaries from the 2000s use a lot of CGI.
German revolutions of 1848–1849

The **Revolutions in the German states** developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.

These revolutions had as example the French Revolution of 1848 in February 1848, when King Phillipe of France abdicated the throne.

The biggest successes of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna. The result was the election of a German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main.

But it was in Berlin too where the Prussian king Frederick William refused to become emperor of a united German state.
Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, and the Assembly itself slowly disintegrated afterwards.

## Related pages 
* European Revolutions of 1848

## Other websites 
* 1848: REVOLUTION AND REACTION 
* German Revolution of 1848/49 
* The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective
* Constitution of the German Empire ("Constitution of Paulskirche") of 28th March 1849, in full text
Abdication

**Abdication** is the act of resigning from an office (official job), especially from being the leader of a country. The word is normally used for kings and queens who decide to give up their position which brings an end to a .  The term is also used for popes. called emeritus.

A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation.

King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom is an example of a king who abdicated. 

## Select list of abdications
* Caedwalla of Wessex, 688
* Ine of Wessex, 726
* Pope Benedict IX, 1048
* Stephen II of Hungary, 1131 
* Richard II of England, 1399
* James II of England, 1688
* Philip V of Spain, 1724 and 1815
* Charles X of France, 1830
* Miguel of Portugal, 1834
* Margrethe II of Denmark, 2024

## References
Chola dynasty

in Southeast Asia]]
The **Chola dynasty** (சோழர் குலம்) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India until the 13th century. The dynasty came from the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. 
*Karikala Chola* was the most famous among the early Chola kings, while *Rajaraja Chola*, *Rajendra Chola* and *Kulothunga Chola* I were famous emperors of the medieval Cholas.

The Cholas were at the height of their power during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. Under Rajaraja Chola I (Rajaraja the Great) and his son Rajendra Chola, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the South to as far North as the banks of the Ganges River in Bangladesh with oversea colonies across SEA. This was the result of their extensive campaigns and colonial expeditions which resulted in the expansion of Hinduism in Southeast Asia.
Philadelphia Eagles

The **Philadelphia Eagles** are a professional American football team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

The Eagles joined the National Football League in the year 1933. They have appeared in three Super Bowls (XXXIX, XV and LII) and won the Super Bowl LII in 2018, winning the 2017 season. They have won three championships in 1948, 1949, and 1960, besides the one in 2017. Sixteen Eagles players have become Pro Football Hall of Famers. Donovan McNabb was the quarterback for the Eagles from 1999 to 2009. He was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 4, 2010. Michael Vick was also an Eagles quarterback. Jalen Hurts is the current starting quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles and guide them win the Super Bowl in 2025.  Nick Foles also guided the win in 2018. 

The Eagles were named after the Bald Eagle, a symbol of the U.S.. The city of Philadelphia played a large part in the early history of the United States.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Armorica

**Armorica** or **Aremorica** is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers

## Other websites 
* An Tour Tan- Dorioù Breizh – Breton culture and traditions 
* Gouelioù Breizh - Breton events 
* Sevenadur ha gizioù Breizh e saozneg - Breton culture and traditions in English
* Skol uhel ar vro – High Institute of Brittany - Ti Istor Breizh – The house for the History of Brittany 
* Personelezh Breizh e saozneg - Breton identity in English
Gaul

**Gaul** () was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included what are now northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine River. Many Celtic tribes lived in the region and were known by the Romans simply as "Gauls". 

In English, the word *Gaul* () may mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region or all ancient speakers of Gaulish. In that way, "Gaul" and "Celt" are sometimes used in the same sense.

Gauls under Brennus attacked Rome at the Battle of the Allia (390 BC). The Romans later conquered and ruled Gaul. 

From 260 to 274, Gaul broke away from the Roman Empire and formed the Gallic Empire before it was defeated and reintegrated.

## Trivia
In Greek, modern-day France is called *Γαλλία* (same as the Latin *Gallia*), and the term for a Gaulish person is  *Γαλατία* (Galatia).

## References 
## Other websites 
*The Gallic Wars
Danelaw

The **Danelaw** (from the Old English *Dena lagu*, Danish: *Danelagen* ) is an 11th-century name for an area of northern and eastern England. This area was under the administrative control of the Danish Viking empire (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century until the early 11th century.

As can be seen from the map, Danelaw at its height was *about a third the territory of England*. Textbooks say correctly that the history left us with place-names which reflect the old languages.

## References
Greenwich

**Greenwich**  is a district of London. It is the main part of the Borough of Greenwich, about 8.9&nbsp;km east south-east of Charing Cross.

The Royal Greenwich Observatory is in Greenwich. It was originally built for the Astronomer Royal. The Oservatory created the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

Greenwich is a town with a long history. It became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia, from the 15th century. This was the birthplace of many members of the Tudor dynasty, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace became ruined during the English Civil War. It was rebuilt as a hospital by Sir Christopher Wren. These buildings became a military college in 1873, which lasted until 1998. The town became a popular resort in the 17th century. Many rich houses were built there, such as Vanbrugh Castle (1717). Estates were built above the town centre.

Greenwich was part of Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created.

## World heritage site 
Maritime Greenwich is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is on the River Thames. The site includes buildings along the riverfront, and surrounding the 17th century Queen's House. The group include the complex of the Royal Hospital for Seamen, the Royal Observatory and the Royal Park.

The Royal Hospital was laid out to a master plan created by Christopher Wren.  The hospital complex was built over many decades. Other architects who added to this long-term project included Nicholas Hawksmoor.

## Public transport
National Rail and Docklands Light Railway services call at Greenwich station.

## Gallery

File:Royal Naval College and the Queen's House - geograph.org.uk - 355145.jpg|Old Royal Naval College and the Queen's House as viewed from the river
File:London from Royal Observatory London.jpg|Queen's House and Old Royal Naval College as viewed from the Royal Observatory
File:Greenwich-Royal Observatory-016.jpg|Royal Observatory

## References 
## Other websites
* Your Online Guide to Greenwich 
* Greenwich World Heritage Site — official website 
* Greenwich Tourist Information Centre 
* Greenwich Guide
* Map
Jorvik

***Jórvík*** was the Viking name for the English city of York and the kingdom centred there.

York had been founded as the Roman legionary fortress of *Eboracum* and revived as the Anglo-Saxon trading port of *Eoforwic*. It was first captured in November 866 by a large army of Danish Vikings.

## Other websites 
* Brenda Ralph Lewis & David Nash Ford, "York: Viking Times" 
*Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England 
* Jorvik Viking Centre 
* York Archaeological Trust
* Welcome to Jorvik : links on on-line resources
Prion

A **prion** (pronounced *pree-on)* is an infectious protein. The word is short for "proteinaceous infectious particles". 

All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue. Right now, they cannot be treated and always end in death.

Prions cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and kuru. Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in infected animals. While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts. It has also been suggested that Alzheimer's disease causes damage to the prions. 

Because prions are proteins, and proteins cannot reproduce themselves, it is a mystery how prions work. A lot of molecular biology research is going on to find out how they reproduce themselves, with no clear result so far.

## Related pages
* Prion disease

## References
Catch Me If You Can

***Catch Me If You Can*** is a 2002 American biographical crime drama movie. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.

*Catch Me if You Can* is set in 1963. Frank Abagnale is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Frank is sixteen years old. Carl Hanratty is played by Tom Hanks. 

## Plot 
Carl is an FBI investigator. When Frank's parents get divorced, Frank decides to leave his house and to change his name. He buys a pilot uniform and forges (makes a fake copy of) a pilot licence. He travels with PanAm airlines to many countries. He pays with forged cheques in the USA.

Then Frank decides to work as a doctor. He again forges the documents. In the hospital he meets a girl named Brenda Strong. He begins working as a lawyer, so that he can marry Brenda. Brenda's father, Roger Strong is also a lawyer. Now Frank has had 3 jobs, under 3 different names; Frank Abagnale Jr, Frank Taylor and Frank Connors. Carl Hanratty is at the engagement party. Carl reveals to the girls' father who Frank is. In the meantime, Frank tells his fiancé, Brenda the truth about his life and what he has done. Carl searches the house, but Frank has already left. Frank escapes and moves to Mont-de Marson, France where he tries to escape. Carl Hanratty finds him and convinces Frank to come quietly to face his crime. Frank goes quietly with Carl. When Frank leaves jail, he works with Carl Hanratty, helping Carl to catch criminals who forge cheques and other documents.

## References
## Other websites 
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* An Interview with Leonardo DiCaprio - Movies Feature at IGN
William Pitt the Younger

**William Pitt the Younger** (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. 

He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1782–1783, 1783–1801 and 1804–1806. He was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 until his death. He is known as "William Pitt the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder, who also served as prime minster.

He became the youngest prime minister in 1783 at the age of 24. During his time as prime minister, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain and both kingdoms became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. Pitt continued to be prime minister in the new Parliament of the United Kingdom.

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites 
* 1791 Caricature of William Pitt by James Gillray
Mutton

The terms **lamb**, **mutton**  or **hoggett** are used to describe the meat of a domestic sheep.  The meat of a sheep a year old or younger is generally known as *lamb*, whereas the meat of an older sheep is either *hoggett* or *mutton* depending on its age and characteristics.  In some countries all such meat is referred to as *lamb*.  All of these are known as **sheepmeats**.

Lamb is the meat from a sheep that is between one month and one year old, typically weighing between 5.5 and 30 kilograms. It is generally more tender than the meat of older sheep and is commonly consumed in many Western countries, particularly at Easter.

Hoggett and mutton can taste more flavorful than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids; many therefore prefer the stronger flavour of older animals. 

## References
Hashish

**Hashish** is a sticky, thick, dark-colored resin (plant juice) which is made from the flower of the female cannabis plant, *Cannabis sativa*. The cannabis plant's leaves and flowers contain chemicals known as cannabinoids. One cannabinoid is THC, which gives a person who smokes or eats parts of the cannabis plant a feeling of euphoria (makes the user feel good or happy). Another cannabinoid is CBD, which gives the user a relaxing feeling, and another is CBG which gives the user red or droopy eyes. The name *hashish* comes from an Arabic word meaning *dry weed*.

### Long-term side effects
* Reduced anadamide levels in the endocannabinoid system within the brain and body (temporary if cannabis use stops)
* Lung damage/throat damage (temporary or permanent)
* Weakened or strengthened immune system (usually temporary when cannabis use stops)
* More content with life, which may cause less motivation for things that are good for you that requires effort (usually temporary if cannabis use is seized, if experienced)
* Thick, shorter shooting male ejaculation (temporary until use stops)
* Drier vagina (usually when stoned)
* Sleep pattern issues (you may need to try to fix them or you may need help fixing your sleep cycle.)
* Less predictable menstrual cycle (temporary until use stops)

## Slang terms
Hashish is often just called "hash". There are other variations of hashish such as temple balls, dry sift, kief, pressed hash, and bubble hash. If you hear any of these terms, the person is talking about a specific type of hash. Slang terms vary from country to country. There are many slang terms for hashish smoking, such as "getting faded", "getting stoned as fuck", "blown away", "baking up", "getting baked", "blazing" etc., all of them same terms are used interchangeably with smoking weed as they both get you to a very similar state of mind. Although most hash smokers if they have hash will more likely say something simple rather than slang like "let's smoke some hash" unless they're talking about how high they want to get.

## Related pages
* Illegal drugs
* Cannabis
* Marijuana

## References
Akira Kurosawa

**Akira Kurosawa** (March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese movie director. Kurosawa's movies are liked in Japan. Kurosawa's movies are also liked by people in other countries. He made 30 movies in 50 years. He is thought to be one of the most important movie directors.

In many of his famous movies, including *Rashomon* and *The Seven Samurai*, he worked with the actor Toshiro Mifune.

Kurosawa started in the Japanese movie industry in 1936.  Before he worked a little bit as a painter. After years of working on many movies as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he became a director in 1943.  This was during World War II with the popular action movie *Sanshiro Sugata* (a.k.a. *Judo Saga*). 

*Rashomon*, was first shown in Tokyo in August 1950.  On September 10, 1951 it was the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival.  It then was shown in Europe and North America. Because the movie was so well liked, it made people in the western world want to see more Japanese movies.  This helped make other Japanese movie makers become successful. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Kurosawa directed about one movie each year.

In 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. After he died, he was named "Asian of the Century" in the "Arts, Literature, and Culture" category by *AsianWeek* magazine and CNN.

Akira Kurosawa known for influential, character-rich films exploring morality, often collaborating with Toshiro Mifune. His work blends Japanese tradition with dynamic visuals, symbolism, and humanism.

## Related pages 
* Mikio Naruse

## References 
## Other websites 
* Akira Kurosawa's grave
Reading, Pennsylvania

**Reading** is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. It is the fourth largest city in Pennsylvania with 95,112 at the 2020 count. It is located in Berks County.  There were more jobs when it was more populated.  Yuengling is available as well.

## References
Jean-Paul Sartre

**Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre** (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, novelist, playwright, screenwriter,  and critic. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1964, but refused it, saying "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution". He was a Marxist and an atheist.

## Sartre's life 
Sartre was born in Paris, France. He studied philosophy at the *École Normale Supérieure*, an élite (high quality) education establishment. In 1929, Sartre graduated with a doctorate in philosophy. Sartre served in the French Army from 1929 to 1931.

In 1929 at the École Normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir, who studied at the Sorbonne. She went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions. In 1938, Sartre wrote the novel called *La Nausée* (Nausea). This story explains the way of thinking of existentialism. Existentialism is a way of thinking about human freedom.
### Draft to the army
In 1939 Sartre was drafted into the French army. France was at war with Germany, because Germany had invaded France (World War II) Sartre was captured by German troops in 1940, and Sartre spent nine months as a prisoner of war in a camp. Sartre was released from the prison camp (jail) in 1941. He then began working as a teacher again. He made friends with other writers and thinkers such as Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint and Dominique Desanti, and Jean Kanapa.
### 1940s
In 1943, Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called ''L'Être et le Néant*, which means *Being and Nothingness*. In this book, Sartre said that when people tried too hard to conform to the rules of society (or of their country), then people did not really make their own decisions. And he concluded that life is useless disaster.

In 1945, Sartre started a newspaper called *Les Temps Modernes* (Modern Times), which had articles about politics, art and literature. He also began writing a group of novels (stories) called *Les Chemins de la Liberté* (The Roads to Freedom). In 1946 Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called *Existentialism is a Humanism*, which explains existentialism.
### After 1950s
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sartre became involved in politics. Sartre said that France should leave Algeria, a country where France had many soldiers. In the 1960s, Sartre said that the Vietnam War was bad. In 1960, he wrote the *Critique de la raison dialectique'' (Critique of Dialectical Reason). In the 1960s, Sartre had many arguments with Louis Althusser, a man who also believed in communism.
### Death
Sartre died of oedema of the lung in 1980 in Paris. His body is buried in Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. His funeral was attended by 50,000 people.

## References
Scottish people

**Scottish people** or **Scots** are people native to Scotland or who are descended from a native of Scotland.  They almost all speak Scottish English, but some of those living in the Lowlands and the islands may speak the Scots (a Anglic language) as well.

Robert Burns is the national poet of Scotland.

## References
Hungen

**Hungen** is a town in the district of Gießen, in the state of Hesse, Germany. It is  southeast of Gießen. It is  northeast of Friedberg. Other towns near Hungen are Laubach, Nidda, Wölfersheim and Münzenberg.

The first documented mention of Hungen is in the year 782. In 1806 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Hessen.

Interesting buildings in Hungen are the Hungen Castle, the Evangelical Church, and the *Hauptbahnhof,* (the main railroad station). Also in Hungen can be seen parts of the town's medieval boundary wall.

## Hungen in the media
*My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner*: The railroad station of Hungen can be seen in this 2007 Canadian documentary. Robert Scott Kellner came to Hungen in 1960 to search for his grandfather, Friedrich Kellner. Friedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector of Laubach. He wrote the Friedrich Kellner Diary. Robert Scott Kellner is the English translator of the diary.

## References
## Other websites
Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof

**Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof** is the central railway station in the German city of Bremerhaven, Bremen.

The station lies on the line from Bremen to Cuxhaven. The line from Bremen was built in 1862, and a station for that was built in Geestemünde. At the time, Geestemünde did not belong to Bremerhaven, but was a separate town. The line from Geestemünde to Cuxhaven was then built in 1896. 

Because, there were too many trains in the old station, and it is connected only with single-track, it was decided to knock down the old station. The new station, which is now Bremerhaven Central railway station, was opened in 1914. Because, it still was in Geestemünde, but not as far away as the old station, it was called *Geestemünde-Bremerhaven*. 

In 1924, some other towns joined Bremerhaven, and the city got a new name, Wesermünde. The station got a new name, *Wesermünde-Bremerhaven*, because of that.

In 1944, in the middle of World War II, the hall over the railway tracks was destroyed by a bomb that was thrown from an American plane. The hall was not built again after the war.

Wesermünde received another name and was called Bremerhaven from 1947, and the station received the new name too and was now called *Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof*. That means "Bremerhaven Central railway station", and it was called that way because it was now in the middle of the new, large city.

Electric cables were put in the station in 1966, so that electric trains could run. Trains that were carrying soldiers of the US Army often ran to Bremerhaven in the 1970s, because the US Army had large barracks in the city.
Duchy

A **duchy** is a territory or domain ruled by a duke or duchess.  Historically, some duchies in Continental Europe were sovereign, while others (especially in France and Britain) were subordinate districts of a kingdom. 

Traditionally, a *grand duchy*, such as Luxembourg, was generally independent and sovereign. Sovereign duchies were common in the Holy Roman Empire and German-speaking areas. In France, a number of duchies existed in the medieval period. King Charles III of the United Kingdom still holds the medieval French title of *Duke of Normandy*; the only lands still attached to the Duchy of Normandy are the Channel Islands. 

In medieval England, the territories of Lancashire and Cornwall were made duchies, with certain powers given to their Dukes. 

Today, duchies aren't very common in Europe, primarily because a lot of former monarchies such as France and Russia had their revolutions. However, duchies will always be remembered - in our history textbooks. 

## Other websites 
*The Duchy of Cornwall - On the Prince of Wales' official web-site
*Tyr Gwyr Gweryn  The Duchy charters, Cornish foreshore case and much more in full
Bam Bam Bigelow

**Scott Charles Bigelow** (September 1, 1961 - January 19, 2007) was an American professional wrestler. He was more commonly known as **Bam Bam Bigelow**. He was famous for his time in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) (now World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) ) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

## Death
On the morning of January 19, 2007, Bigelow was found dead in his home at about 10:00 A.M. in Hudson, Florida. He was 45 years old. At the time of his death, Bigelow had been suffering from an infection and diabetes. He was 45 years old. The autopsy results showed that Bigelow's death was due to multiple drugs found in his system including toxic levels of cocaine and an anti-anxiety drug. Bigelow was also suffering from a heart problem.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*
Anglo-Norman language

The **Anglo-Norman language** is the name given to the special sort of the Norman language spoken by the Anglo-Normans, the descendants of the Normans who ruled the Kingdom of England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066. This langue d'oïl became the official language of England and later developed into the unique insular dialect now known as the Anglo-Norman language. It was much like Old French.

Anglo-Norman was the spoken language of the Norman nobility and was also used in the courts.

## Other websites
* The Anglo-Norman hub - a project to produce an Anglo-Norman dictionary. Contains articles and corpus texts.
Langues d'oïl

'''''Langues d'oïl''''' (which literally means in English 'languages of yes') is the linguistic and historical name for the Gallo-Romance languages which developed from Latin in the northern territories of Roman Gaul that now are occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands.

* Romance languages
** Gallo-Romance languages
*** ''Langue d'oïl* or *Oïl languages*
*** *Langue d'oc* or *Occitan language*

*Langue d'oïl* (in the singular),  *Oïl dialects* and *Oïl languages* (in the plural) refer to all the ancient northern Gallo-Romance languages as well as their modern-day descendants.  The most widely spoken modern Oïl language is French, but others include Norman, Walloon, Picard, Gallo, Poitevin-Saintongeais, and Champenois.

They share many common linguistic features.  One of them is that *Oïl* (pronounced [wil], or [wi] as in modern French *oui*), was the ancestor of the word for *yes* that is used in all of the Oïl languages.  *Oc* is the word used in territories to the south and so the Occitan language is also called *langue d'oc'' (literal English translation: "language of yes").
Frodo Baggins

**Frodo Baggins** is one of the main characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings*. He is a Hobbit who lives in the Shire and is the cousin of Bilbo, who gives him the One Ring. Frodo starts his mission to destroy the ring by throwing it in Mount Doom in Mordor. He is one of the members of the Fellowship of the Ring along with his friend, Samwise Gamgee, who stays with him until the end of their journey.

He is in many adaptations of Tolkien's books and he was played by Elijah Wood in Peter Jackson's *The Lord of the Rings* and *The Hobbit* trilogies.

## References