open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Drinking water

is drinking water supplied through indoor plumbing for home use]]

**Drinking water**, also known as **potable water**, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation.

Water in rivers, stream, lakes and underground may contain organisms that cause disease. It may also contain chemicals that might cause illness.

'Water treatment'  involves filtering the water through sand beds and then adding a chemical to kill any remaining organisms.

The amount of drinking water needed for good health varies. Americans, on average, drink one litre of water per day and 95% drink less than three litres per day. For those who work in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required. Liquid water is essential for life.

In developed countries, tap water meets drinking water quality standards. Other uses include washing, toilets, and irrigation. Greywater (wastewater) may be used for toilets or irrigation. Using greywater for irrigation may have risks. Water may be unacceptable if it has high levels of toxins or suspended solids.

## Related pages 
*Desalination
*Joseph Bazalgette for the story of how modern water systems got free of dangerous bacteria.

## References
Waterfall

, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany]]
A **waterfall** is a place where water rushes down a steep ledge. The water flows from higher land, then it falls down a big step of rock to lower land of softer rock where it will continue on its journey. The lower land is usually in a gorge. Waterfalls are often made when a river is young, in places where softer rock is underneath harder rock in the waterfalls.

Many people like to visit waterfalls. The roar from a big waterfall is very loud. Some people think it is beautiful music and that a waterfall is one of the most beautiful things in nature.

The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela where the water falls .
 on the border of Argentina and Brazil]]

## Related pages
* Cataracts of the Nile

## References
Great Zimbabwe

**Great Zimbabwe** is a ruined city in the southeastern hills of Zimbabwe. It was a royal city for the Zimbabwean monarch. It was also the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe during the country’s later Iron Age. 

The site is not far from the country's border with Mozambique, which is in the southeast of the African continent. 

## History 
The earliest known written mention of the ruins was in 1531 by Vicente Pegado, Captain of the Portuguese garrison of Sofala, who recorded it as *Symbaoe*. 

After visiting the area for the first time in the late 19th century, Europeans began Investigations of the site in 1871.

The modern country of Zimbabwe is named after Great Zimbabwe.

## Features 
Construction on the monument began in the 11th century, and work continued until the 14th century. 

Once built, the city covered an area of 722 hectares (1,780 acres) which might have housed up to 18,000 people. Its walls were one of its most prominent features; these were constructed without mortar, and some were over five metres high. Eventually the city was abandoned and fell into ruin.

The Kingdom of Zimbabwe included the River Zambezi in the north, the Transvaal in the south and Botswana in the east. The people who lived at Great Zimbabwe controlled trade between the coast and inland Africa.

## Artifacts 
Archaeologists have found goods from as far as China that were used by the Great Zimbabwean people. This shows that they bought and sold things over great distances. 

The city had stopped growing when traders from Portugal came to southern Africa 500 years ago, but nobody is sure why this happened. Europeans at first thought that Great Zimbabwe had been built by foreigners. Now we know it was built by the local people. 

People who have studied the site have learned much about old Africa.

## References
Journal

* a written medium, for instance:
** an academic journal
** a diary 
** a literary magazine, a periodical devoted to literature
** a daily newspaper
** a scientific journal
* Journal (mechanical device), the section of a rotating shaft that contacts and turns in a plain bearing
* Mining journal, a record systematically describing the strata through which a mine shaft passes (see *shaft mining*)
* Journal entry, an accounting transaction in the double-entry bookkeeping system
Pen

A **pen** (Latin: *pinna*, feather) is a tool used for writing or drawing. The ink of the pen is pressed onto paper and dries very fast.

*Reed pens* are the oldest known type of pen. They were made from reeds growing in the delta of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians invented them, and also invented black ink, using soot and gum arabic. Their pens had split nibs to regulated the flow of ink to the writing tip. This simple design is still used in calligraphy today.

*Quill pens* are one of the oldest type of pens.  A quill pen is the feather of a bird, usually a goose.  The end of the feather (the quill) was kept very sharp and had to be dipped into ink after every few words.

Reed and quill pens are *dip pens* because they have to be dipped in ink many times during writing or drawing. Modern dip pens have nibs made of metal.

*Fountain pens* are like dip pens, but can hold enough ink inside to write several pages before being refilled. Inside, the ink is held in a sac or cartridge. 

A *ballpoint pen* is generally cylindrical plastic shaft that holds ink and is smaller than a fountain pen. It has a small hard ball on the writing end that rolls the ink onto the paper.

A *stylus* is a pen that cannot write on paper, but can write on clay or wax. Styli of wood or metal have been used for thousands of years, for example in cuneiform writing. A modern computer stylus is usually made of plastic and may have electronics inside. It is used with a touchscreen.

The coming of the personal computer much reduced the need to write on paper. All the same, a personally written letter  suggests "I think so much of you that I took the effort to write a *real* letter."

## Related pages 
* Pencil
* Ink
* Paper

## References
Shape

A **shape** is a geometric  that can be made with mathematics. Shapes are sorted into kinds based on how the shape looks, and what the shape is made of. For example, shapes can be classified by how many dimensions they use.

Two-dimensional shapes will fit into a flat plane. Three-dimensional objects will not fit inside a plane, because they are not flat. Shapes made from other shapes of any dimension are called polytopes.

Two shapes are said to be equal, if one can be changed into the other by turning, moving, growing, shrinking, or more than one of these at once. Geometry is a section of mathematics which involves many shapes and sizes of different figures and their properties.

## 2D shapes 
These are two-dimensional shapes or flat plane geometry shapes. Their sides are made of straight or curved lines. They can have any number of sides. Plane figures made of lines are called polygons. Triangles and squares are examples of polygons.

* circle
* polygon
**triangle
**quadrilateral
***square
***rectangle

## 3D shapes 
These are three-dimensional shapes. Their sides are made of flat or curved surfaces. 3D shapes are often made of polygon faces. These 3D shapes are called polyhedra.

* sphere
* tetrahedron
* cube
* cone
* pyramid
* hemisphere
* cuboid
* cylinder
* prism

## 4D shapes 
Four-dimensional shapes made of polyhedra are called polychorons. These shapes cannot be fully shown in the real world, but they are important ideas in geometry.
Organic

The word **organic** is used for different things:
* Something of, or relating to, an organism
* Organic chemistry, chemistry that is based on carbon, which is the basis for all living things.
* Organic matter in soil is material that is, or once was, a plant or animal.
* Organic farming, agriculture conducted according to certain standards, especially the use of only naturally produced fertilizers and non-chemical means of pest control.
Machu Picchu

**Machu Picchu** is a pre-Columbian 15th-century Inca site in Peru, in South America.

The Incas built the city on an Andes mountain ridge, 2430m above sea level. They lived there between 1200 and 1450 AD. Other people lived there before about 650 AD. 

The Incas built houses, fields and temples by cutting the rock on the mountain so it was flat. They built some observatories to look at the stars.

When the Spanish invaded Peru, the Incas left Machu Picchu. Nobody knows for sure why they did that, but some think it was because of diseases from Europe (such as smallpox). The city was left unfinished, most likely due to the Spanish invasion and/or a civil war between the ruling rival Inca brothers named Huascar and Atahualpa. The Spanish never found Machu Picchu or the lost city during their occupation.

Machu Picchu is very difficult to get to because it is so high in the mountains. It has only one way in and a stone wall to protect it. Most people on Earth did not know it was there until a Yale graduate named Hiram Bingham rediscovered it in 1911. He heard rumors of a hidden city which was already known to the native Peruvians, who guided him there. He led a restoration project that was partly funded by the National Geographic Society. Bingham made a deal with the government to take artifacts to the Peabody Museum for study. Peru is still trying to have those artifacts returned to them.

Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide Internet poll.

Today, there is a new road so that tourists can visit. People can also walk along the Inca Trail, or take a train from Cusco.

## Facts 
In the Quechua Indian language, “Machu Picchu” means “Old Peak” or “Old Mountain.”

Machu Picchu is made up of more than 150 buildings ranging from baths and houses to temples and sanctuaries.

There are more than 100 separate flights of stairs. Most of the individual staircases were carved from one slab of stone.

## Other websites
* Official website of the Ministry of Culture of Peru
* UNESCO – Machu Picchu (World Heritage)
* Machu Picchu Multimedia Resources
*Stories on Machu Picchu by Fernando Astete, former Chief of National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu
*Plants and animals in Machu Picchu 

**Images**
* First photographs of Hiram Bingham in Machu Picchu
* Archive of Fernando Astete, former Chief of the National Archaeological Park of Machupicchu
Calabi-Yau manifold

It is said that there are 10 dimensions in String Theory, out of which 4 are our ordinary Length, Width, Height and Time. The other 6 dimensions are said to be closely packed together in a manifold called the Calabi-Yau manifold.
 have applications in theoretical physics. Particularly in superstring theory, the extra dimensions of spacetime might take the form of a 6-dimensional Calabi&ndash;Yau manifold. This led to the idea of string theory mirror symmetry.

The Calabi-Yau manifolds are complex manifolds are extensions or broader forms of K3 Surfaces in any number of complex dimensions (1 complex dimension = 2 real dimensions). K3 surfaces is a 4-dimensional (4D) complex surface which is smooth, compact, and Ricci Flat (look at the former paragraph).

There are different types of such manifolds, depending on the number of complex dimensions they have. For example, Calabi-Yau 2-fold has 2 complex dimensions, Calabi-Yau 3-fold has 3, and so on.

## Use in String Theory 
The various properties of the Calabi-Yau manifold, like ricci-flatness, supersymmetry make it very useful in string theory.

# **The Ricci Flatness property** of the Calabi-Yau manifold makes it useful in String Theory. String Theory requires the background spacetime to be flat at *large scales* Compactifying extra dimensions on the Ricci Flat space ensures that the overall 4-D shape of the Universe remains constant.
# **Supersymmetry** is a symmetry that relates bosons (particles with integer spin) and fermions (particles with half-integer spin). Supersymmetry is a key part of string theory because it helps explain various phenomena, such as particle masses and forces.Calabi-Yau manifolds preserve a special kind of supersymmetry, making them the ideal candidate for compactifying extra dimensions while maintaining the consistency of supersymmetric string theories.
# **The complex geometry** of Calabi-Yau manifolds provides a lot of flexibility in how the extra dimensions are compactified, which impacts the types of particles and forces in the low-energy world we observe. The Hodge Numbers and other topographical properties of this manifolds influence things like the number of groups of particles, the types of interactions, and more.
3D

**3D** (or **3-D**) means three-dimensional, or having three dimensions. For example, a box is three-dimensional; it is solid, and not thin like a piece of paper. It has volume, a top and bottom, left and right (sides), as well as a front and back. You can turn the box around to view it from another side (called a face, surface or simply side).

A dimension can be measured in meters, inches, microns, miles, or any other unit of length.

The three dimensions are often called length (or depth), width (or breadth), and height. Some purposes use other words. 

3D graphics are used to make video games or animated movies.  Many  are needed to make pictures seem three-dimensional on a screen. Modern computers usually have a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) to handle these calculations.

Binocular vision helps people to see the third dimension easily.

", "Y axis", and "Z axis".]]
, with lines measuring width, height, and length.]]

## In mathematics 
In the Cartesian coordinate system, length, width, and height are given in letters           (variables) to make them easier to write, or if a value is not known. Often X is width, Y is height, and Z is length. Other 3D coordinate systems such as spherical coordinates use both linear and angular measurements.

The mathematical study of 3D shapes and dimensions is called solid geometry.

### Space-time theory 
Some people think of time as if it were a fourth dimension. This is called space-time theory. In this idea, there are three dimensions of space, along with the dimension of time. However, this time dimension acts differently: rotations with it require lorentz transforms, which looks like stretching and squishing diagonally. This is to keep the speed of light the same.

## Related pages 
* 3D printing
* Holography
* Perspective (graphical)
Duisburg

**Duisburg** (; , Ripuarian: *Duisburch*, Low Franconian: *Duusbörg*) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is where the Rhine and the Ruhr rivers meet. About 500,000 people live in Duisburg.

## References
## Other websites
Kuopio

**Kuopio** is a city in Northern Savonia, Finland. It is the biggest city and cultural center of Eastern Finland. In November 2015 the population was about 112.000. It is the 8th biggest city in Finland. 

The city is surrounded by lake Kallavesi. Many parts of the city are built on islands. Kuopio has always been a city of education. Two important schools are the University of Eastern Finland and the Savonia University of Applied Sciences.

Culture: The art museum is in the city.

## History 
In 2011 the town of Karttula merged with Kuopio. In 2013 Nilsiä merged as well. In 2015, Maaninka merged with the city. In 2017 Juankoski merged with the city.

## Twin towns — Sister cities
Kuopio is twinned with:

## References
Humidity

**Humidity** means water vapor in the air, but excludes liquid droplets in fog, clouds, or rain.  Deserts usually have low humidity, and tropical regions have high humidity. The word "humid" often means that the humidity is high, which gives the feeling of being very damp (wet air), stuffy, or even sweltering when the temperature is also high. When the humidity is low, the air can be said to be "not humid" or "dry."

Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin.

The term "relative humidity" is used to note the amount of humidity as a percent, from 0-100%. Meteorologists use  hygrometers to measure the humidity in the air.

Humidity affects the rate of evaporation. With a higher humidity, a substance's rate of evaporation is less.

## Related pages
* Dew point
*Relative humidity
Hammer

A **hammer** is a tool for putting nails into objects such as wood. It has a long handle, and a tip with a flat end for hitting nails. The most common type of hammer (sometimes called a *claw hammer*) has a curved end (on the other side of the hitting end) for pulling nails out.

A **sledgehammer** is a hammer that has a longer shaft, and a more massive head. The user can swing it with two hands and apply more force.

## History 
Hammers were used around 3.3 million years ago. The first hammers were made without handles. Stones attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were being used. Hammers with handles were made in 30,000 BCE during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age. The hammer was used for building, food and protection.

## Classification of hammers 
Hammers can be classified into two. They are:

### Hand-powered hammers 
Hand-powered hammers are hammers that are used with the hand. Examples include:

* Ball-peen hammer
* Boiler scaling hammer
* Brass hammer
* Bricklayer's hammer
* Carpenter's hammer
* Cow hammer
* Cross-peen hammer
* Dead blow hammer
* Demolition hammer
* Drilling hammer
* Electrician's hammer
* Engineer's hammer
* Gavel
* Geologist's hammer
* Knife-edged hammer
* Lathe hammer
* Lump hammer
* Magnetic double-head hammer
* Magnetic tack hammer
* Mallet
* Railway track keying hammer
* Rock climbing hammer
* Rounding hammer
* Shingler's hammer
* Sledgehammer
* Soft-faced hammer
* Splitting maul
* Strike Tack hammer
* Stonemason's hammer
* Tinner
* Upholstery hammer
* Warrington hammer
* Welder's chipping hammer

### Mechanically-powered hammer
Mechanically powered hammers are hammers that are used with a machine. Examples include:

* Hammer drill
* High Frequency Impact Treatment hammer
* Jackhammer
* Steam hammer
* Trip hammer

## Hammers as weapons 
Big hammers were sometimes used as weapons. A tiny hammer is also used inside most small arms.

## In pop culture 
Hammer Bro from the *Mario* series is said to throw hammers at Mario.

## References
Feces

**Feces** (or **faeces**), also called **poo**, **poop,** or **stool** is the body's solid waste left over from eating food. Human feces leave the intestinal tract and are removed from the body through the anus. Feces are known for their unpleasant odor. The color, which can range from dark green through brown (the most common color) to bright yellow, depends on a lot of different things; for example, different foods can change the color of feces, so can some illnesses, like diarrhea. The consistency of feces changes too. In humans it is measured using the Bristol stool scale, a system for separating feces into seven different types. It is used for medical diagnosis.

* eating bird droppings]]
Although feces are generally thought to be , they actually have many uses. Feces are used by some scientists to follow animal . Feces from animals and humans can be used to create fertilizers for plant crops. Some feces are also used as a fuel for fires.

Animals can also poop. In  language, there are many words for feces. These are often  or even .

In popular culture, there are a few books about feces. Most of these books are for children. One is called *Everyone Poops''. It was written by Tarō Gomi, who is from Japan.

## Related pages
* Diarrhea
* Constipation
* Coprophagia
* Urine
* Sanitation
## References
*
Nail

A **nail** is a metal object with a flat head and a long, sharp tip. A hammer or nail gun is used to put it into another object. It is often used to join two objects together.

The history of the nail came in three periods:
# Hand-wrought (forged) nail (pre-history until 19th century)
# Cut nail (roughly 1800 to 1914)
# Wire nail (roughly 1860 to the present)

Nails date back at least to Ancient Egypt &ndash; bronze nails found in Egypt have been dated 3400 BC. The Bible has references to nails. King David gave iron to make nails for what would become Solomon's Temple.

The Romans made extensive use of nails. The Roman army left behind seven tons of nails when it evacuated the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire, Scotland, in 86 or 87 AD.

## References
Anesthetic

's *Researches chemical and philosophical: chiefly concerning nitrous oxide* (1800), pp. 556 and 557 (right), showing how nitrous oxide  relieves pain during surgery.]]

An **anaesthetic** (**anesthetic**) is a substance that either stops pain, or causes the user to sleep.
There are two types: general anaesthesia causes a reversible loss of consciousness. Local anaesthetic cause a loss of sensitivity (and pain) on a local area. 

Anaesthetics can be rubbed onto the skin, given by injection ("shot"), or given as a gas to breathe.  Anaesthesia blocks pain during operations. This lets patients undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would normally feel. It comes from the Greek roots an-, "without" and aesthetos, "perceptible, able to feel".

The most famous anaesthetic, ether, may have been made as early as the 8th century, but it took many centuries for its anaesthetic importance to be appreciated.

The history of modern anaesthetic began with Joseph Lister. Before it, people sometimes used cocaine, alcohol, and other drugs to get the same effects. Modern anaesthesia is complex, with a combination of anesthesia, analgesia and muscle relaxation. These three are known as the "triad of anesthesia".

## References 
## Related pages 
* Anesthesiologist
* Nitrous oxide
* Sedative
Fidel Castro

**Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz** ( audio) (August 13, 1926 &ndash; November 25, 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician. He was Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and President from 1976 to 2008. He temporarily gave power to his brother Raúl Castro while  from surgery in the summer of 2006. On February 19, 2008, he announced that he would not return to power.

## Early life 
Castro was born in Birán, Cuba on August 13, 1926. He received a doctorate of law from the University of Havana. He was trained as a military lawyer. He came to power after he and his guerrilla soldiers overthrew the dictatorship of General Fulgencio Batista. An important moment of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. In October 1962 the United States of America discovered that the Soviet Union was placing missiles on Cuba, close to the United States. After very tense talking, a big nuclear war was avoided between the Soviet Union and the USA. and oppression of freedom of speech, both at home and in African countries where he sent Cuban soldiers to spread Communism. Other people do not think this is true. For example, Nelson Mandela has spoken in support of Castro and has thanked him for aid to Africa. Amnesty International criticized Cuba's human rights record but noted slow progress in July 2002. Supporters of Castro say he gave Cuba the best health care and education of Latin America and created equality between the poor and the rich.

## Personal life
Castro's first wife was Mirta Díaz - Balart. They married in October 1948. They had a son Fidel Ángel "Fidelito" Castro Díaz-Balart, born in September 1949.  President Raúl Castro, his brother, announced Fidel's death on state television. His remains were later cremated on November 26, 2016.

## References 
## Other websites 
;By Fidel Castro
* Archive of Fidel Castro's speeches in 6 languages
;About Fidel Castro
* Guide to the Cuban Revolution Collection, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
KDE

**KDE** is a community that produces free software, including a desktop environment called KDE Plasma for operating systems based on Linux or UNIX. This replaces the console, which is simply a black screen with text on it. KDE Plasma is a popular piece of software for users of Linux and UNIX.

Plasma runs on top of the X Window System, which runs on top of any UNIX-like operating systems like Linux and Mac OS X. 
Since KDE SC 4.0, many KDE programs also run on Microsoft Windows.

## KDE releases 
The following table lists when each version of KDE was released.

## Applications 
There are several major applications for KDE. These include:

* Amarok - Music player
* K3b - CD burner
* Kate - Text editor
* KDevelop - A program for making software
* Konsole - Terminal emulator
* Kontact - Personal information manager that has an e-mail client, a news client, a feed aggregator, To-do lists and more.
* Kopete - Instant messaging client
* Konqueror - File manager and web browser
* KOffice - Office suite
*Dolphin - File manager

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official KDE website
J. R. R. Tolkien

**John Ronald Reuel Tolkien** (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was a British philologist, university professor, and writer. Tolkien is best known for his most famous works, *The Hobbit* and *The Lord of the Rings*.

## Biography 
He was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa but his parents were both from England. He lost much of his family at an early age. He fought in World War I, and after the war he found a job helping to produce the Oxford English Dictionary. Tolkien was very interested in languages, and he had studied at Oxford University. Soon he became a professor of English Language at the University of Leeds. He was then a professor at the University of Oxford until 1959, when he retired. He also was good friends with many other writers and scholars, most notably C. S. Lewis, who wrote the *Narnia* books, *The Screwtape Letters*, and many essays on Christian theology. Tolkien himself was a devout Catholic.

Tolkien married Edith Mary Bratt on 22 March 1916 in England, at the age of 24. They had four children, three sons and a girl: John, Michael, Christopher, and Priscilla.

## Writing 
He created and worked on the fictional fantasy world of Middle-earth for most of his life, and his most famous books are set in that world. Because of his Middle-earth books he is often considered the "father of high fantasy" which made the fantasy genre very popular.

Tolkien wrote other books, for example *Farmer Giles Of Ham*, and also illustrated (drew the pictures and maps for) *The Lord of the Rings*. *The Lord of the Rings* was published in three parts and has been made into several motion pictures. *The Lord of the Rings* took 12 years to write.
. Then they moved a house further to 20 Northmoor Road.]]

## Bibliography 
### Fiction and poetry 
* *The Hobbit or There and Back Again*,  (HM). (1937)
* *Leaf by Niggle* (1945, short story)
* *Farmer Giles of Ham* (1949, medieval fable)
* *The Lord of the Rings* (1954–1955)
** *The Fellowship of the Ring*: being the first part of *The Lord of the Rings*,  (HM). (1954)
** *The Two Towers*: being the second part of *The Lord of the Rings*,  (HM). (1954)
** *The Return of the King*: being the third part of *The Lord of the Rings*,  (HM). (1955)
* *The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book* (1962)
* *Smith of Wootton Major* (1967)
* *The Road Goes Ever On* (1967)
* *The Silmarillion* (1977)
* *Unfinished Tales* (1980)
* *The History of Middle-earth* (1983–1996)
* ''Bilbo's Last Song* (1990)
* *The Children of Húrin* (2007)
* *The History of The Hobbit* (2007)

### Academic and other works 
* *Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics* (1937)
* *On Fairy-Stories* (1947)
* *Ancrene Riwle* or *Ancrene Wisse*

## References 
## Other websites 
* HarperCollins Tolkien Website
* Tolkien Biography (The Tolkien Society)
* 
* Tolkien Gateway Wiki
* 1952 recording of Tolkien reading part of *The Two Towers'' (from "Of Herbs and Stewed Rabbit") 
* The Tolkien Library - Tolkien news, articles, resource, bibliography, biography, collectors guide
David Bowie (1969 album)

***David Bowie*** (also known as *Space Oddity*) is the second studio album by David Bowie. Philips Records released the album on 14 November 1969. RCA Records released it again when Bowie became popular in 1972. Bowie released "Space Oddity" as a single in July 1969. The single was number five on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing 
# "Space Oddity"
# "Unwashed And Somewhat Slightly Dazed"
# "Letter To Hermione"
# "Cygnet Committee"
# "Janine"
# "An Occasional Dream"
# "Wild Eyed Boy From Freecloud"
# "God Knows I'm Good"
# "Memory Of A Free Festival"

## References
Saxophone

A **saxophone** is a type of musical instrument in the woodwind family. The saxophone uses a piece of wood, called a reed, to make sound. The player blows air into the mouthpiece, which vibrates the reed. The saxophone also uses keys to change pitch, and the player closes or opens holes to choose the note. Commonly, saxophones have about 22 keys.   

The saxophone is most commonly found in four voices: soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones. However, uncommon saxophones include the bass and contrabass saxophones (lower than a baritone saxophone), the C-melody saxophone (between the tenor and alto saxophones), and the sopranino saxophone (higher than a soprano saxophone).  

It was invented in 1840 by Adolphe Sax and is used in classical, jazz, and occasionally in rock, pop, and other styles. The saxophone was originally created for military bands, but was commonly used in jazz big bands in the 1940s and 1950s. Famous saxophone players include Marcel Mule (classical music), Bernie McGann (jazz music), and Charlie Parker (jazz music).
Bryophyte

bodies and the brown stalks are diploid sporophytes.]]
**Bryophytes** are simple plants. They are the simplest plants that grow on land. There are three forms of bryophyte. These are mosses, liverworts and hornworts. 

**Bryophyta** is the formal term for this division of plants who do not have tissues to move water. In some modern classifications the word bryophyta only includes mosses. However, the term is still useful because mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share important traits. 

Scientists think that liverworts evolved from green algae. Then other plants, including moss and hornworts, evolved from liverworts.

A person who studies bryophytes is called a bryologist. The study of bryophytes is named bryology.

## Life cycle 
Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycles with alternation of generations. A bryophyte has two forms that have different numbers of chromosomes. The haploid form has unpaired chromosomes. It is called a gametophyte. People often write "1n" for haploid. The other form is diploid and has paired chromosomes. It is called a sporophyte. People often write "2n" for diploid.  

A bryophyte begins when its parent plant makes haploid spores that land on the ground. Each spore grows into a leafy gametophyte. This gametophyte is either male or female. Male gametophytes make haploid sperm. Female gametophytes make haploid eggs. Water moves the sperm to the egg. An embryo is made when they join. This embryo is diploid. It grows a tall stalk from the gametophyte. This stalk is often brown. A structure called the sporangium is at the top of the stalk. The sporangium is diploid too. It makes spores that are haploid in a process called meiosis. When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again. 

Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common.  Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte. They must get food from the gametophyte. Bryophyte sporophytes do not have branches. They make only one sporangium.

## Other websites 
*The British Bryological Society http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/bbs/bbs.htm
Kent

**Kent** is a county in England. It is just to the south-east of London and is on the coast. 

The sea to the East of Kent is the North Sea. The sea south of Kent is the English Channel. 

France is opposite Kent on the other side of The Channel. At the most narrow point, between Dover, Calais and Cape Gris-Nez, the Channel is only 21 miles (34 km) wide. Dover is one of the main ports in Kent. From here many ferries sail to and from France.

## Ports 
Main ports in Kent are: Folkestone,  Sheerness and Ramsgate.  The Channel Tunnel goes from Folkestone in Kent to Calais in France. It was built in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It is only for trains, but some of the trains carry cars and freight.

## History
Kent is a very ancient county. In the 6th and 7th centuries it was ruled by its own kings. It is often called 'the garden of England' because its countryside is very green and because it produces much fruit. A lot of fruit such as strawberries are grown in Kent, and the county is famous for growing hops which are used to make beer. Maidstone is the county town so the local government for Kent is based there.

## Places 
Another important town is the city of Canterbury. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the head of the Church of England. Hundreds of years ago many Christian people would travel to the Cathedral at Canterbury from their homes in other parts of Britain. This was called making a pilgrimage. Canterbury Cathedral is a World Heritage site.
Gavrilo Princip

**Gavrilo Princip,** (25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918), was the Serb nationalist who shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the wife of the Archduke, Archduchess Sophie Chotek.

Princip was born in Obljaj a poor area of Bosnia. As a young man he joined a small group who wanted the Slavs in the south of Austria-Hungary to join with Serbia in a new country. They called themselves "Young Bosnia". A group of powerful people in Serbia decided to help them. Those powerful people were called the Black Hand. They gave 'Young Bosnia' guns and small bombs. 

When they heard that Franz Ferdinand was coming to Sarajevo, six of them took the bombs and guns and waited for Ferdinand to drive past. They were going to kill Ferdinand when he drove past. Every one of them failed. After they all failed, Princip went to a cafe to buy a sandwich.

When Princip came out of the cafe, he saw Ferdinand in his car. The driver of the car had driven his car the wrong way and he stalled the car while trying to turn. Princip walked up and shot Ferdinand. He wanted to shoot the general who was also sitting in the car, but Ferdinand's wife Sophie threw her arms around Ferdinand. She was in the way, and Princip shot her instead of the general.

At his trial, Princip said he did it because he loved his people. The Austrians thought it was a very bad crime, but they could not kill him because he was only 19 years old. The law in Austria-Hungary said only people older than 20 could be killed, even when the crime was as bad as killing royalty like Ferdinand. They said Princip must stay in prison for 20 years. During his time in the prison, one of his arms was amputated. He died in prison of tuberculosis and blood loss in 1918. 

Because this crime happened, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia a list of things that Serbia had to do, later called the "July Ultimatum", to stop things like this from happening any more.  Serbia could not do all the things on the list fast enough, because the Austrians really wanted war with Serbia.  Their German allies also wanted a big war. This led to many of the European countries to start fighting.

## References
Musician

A **musician** is a person who plays a musical instrument like a guitar or a piano or a person that sings.

A musician is also someone who writes music, even if they write it for other people to play. People who write music are called composers.

Musicians can also make a group together to play songs.

## Lists of musicians
;Some famous composers and musicians:
* Ronnie James Dio *(singer)*
* Ludwig van Beethoven *(Composer)*
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart *(Composer)*
* George Michael *(singer)*
* Bob Marley *(Plays the electric guitar, also sings)*
* Paul McCartney *(Singer, plays the bass and the guitar)*
* Michael Jackson *(Singer)*
* Jimi Hendrix *(Plays the electric guitar, also sings)*
* Cat Stevens *(Singer)*

;Some country musicians:
* Gretchen Wilson
* Miranda Lambert
* Carrie Underwood
* Kellie Pickler
* Aaron Tippin

;Some famous bands:
* The Beatles
* Jefferson Airplane
* U2
* Led Zeppelin

;Some famous orchestras:
* The London Symphony Orchestra, The United Kingdom
* The New York Philharmonic Orchestra, USA
* The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Germany
* The Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, Serbia
* The Cleveland Orchestra, USA

## References
Carrot

The **carrot** (pronounced CARE-ot) is a type of plant. Many different types exist. The Latin name of the plant is usually given as *Daucus carota*. The plant has an , orange root, and usually white flowers. Wild carrots grow naturally in Eurasia. Domesticated carrots are grown for food in many parts of the world.

Carrots are grown in the ground, and carrots roots are a common edible vegetable. After cleaning, the roots may be eaten raw or cooked. They are served as part of many dishes. In Portugal, carrot jam is a speciality.

## Images

File:Carrots - Carota - Wortels - Geze - 胡萝卜- zanahoria - carotte - ニンジン - Flickr - color line.jpg|Raw carrots
Image:Carrots of many colors.jpg|Carrots can come in different colors
File:CarrotRoots.jpg|What they look like before being used for cooking.

## Nutrition
Carrots are a moderate source of beta carotene, biotin, vitamin K1, vitamin B6, and potassium. Along with beta-carotene, carrots also have carotenoids another antioxidant helpful to enhance immunity functions and decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases, degenerative diseases and different types of cancers.

## References
Independence and Democracy

**Independence and Democracy** is a group in the European Parliament. It used to be called the Group of Europe of Democracies and Diversities. It has about 37 members in it. The members of this group either want their country to leave the European Union, or want to change it.

## Members 
#Vladimir Železný (Czech Republic) 
#Junibevaegelsen (June Movement) (Denmark) 
#Mouvement pour la France (Movement for France) (France) 
#Popular Orthodox Rally (Greece) 
#Lega Nord (Northern League) (Italy) 
#ChristenUnie-SGP (Netherlands) 
#League of Polish Families (Poland) 
#Kathy Sinnott (Republic of Ireland) 
#Junilistan (June List) (Sweden) 
#United Kingdom Independence Party (United Kingdom)
Machine

A **machine** is a thing that is created by people to make work easier. It is a tool or invention which multiplies the effect of human effort. The machine produces a mechanical advantage.

Some machines have many parts that move. Examples are bicycles and clocks.

Some machines do not have parts that move. Examples are computers and telephones.

People have used machines since before there was history.

Often a machine will change one form of energy to another form of energy. Simple machines increase or change the direction of a force.

## Simple machine 
There are six 'simple machines'.  They are:
* the wedge, 
* the Inclined plane (ramp), 
* the screw, 
* the lever, 
* the pulley, 
* and the wheel and axle.

Compound machines are made up of two or more simple machines.
Formula

In mathematics and science, a **formula** is a formal rule or statement that is usually written in mathematical notation. The plural of formula can be written in two ways: formulae (the Latin convention) or formulas (the English convention). Both plurals are used, and it is normally up to personal or editorial preference.

## In mathematics 
Formally, a mathematical formula is a generalized version of the idea of an equation. A formula combines expressions and relations to make some statement about the mathematical objects involved.

The most important type of formula is a mathematical theorem. Theorems are formulae that relate expressions and other formulae by using logical operators like if and only if. Some key formulas under this category include the Pythagorean theorem, binomial theorem, Euler's formula and De Moivre's formula.

Many familiar mathematical statements are types of formula defined by a specific relation. An equation is a formula that uses the relation =, equality. An inequality instead uses one of the relations , \le, \ge. Other equivalence classes have formulae similar to equations, like similarity and congruence in geometry, or congruence in modular arithmetic. Order theory looks at formulae that generalise inequalities similarly to how equivalence classes generalise equalities.

## Physical sciences 
In the physical sciences, the term "formula" is generally used for an equation that gives some quantity in terms of other quantities.

The expression V = lwh, gives the volume V of a rectangular prism to its length l, width w, and height h. This would then be called a formula for the volume of the prism.

In science, one of the most well known formulas is Albert Einstein's formula for rest energy, E=mc^2. Here, m is the mass of an object, which is a variable, and c is a physical constant, the speed of light in a vacuum. Einstein's equation shows that the rest energy of a massive particle depends only on its mass.

## Chemistry 
In chemistry, "formula" usually refers to a chemical formula: a short expression showing what a chemical is made of, and maybe part of its structure.

## Related pages 
* Inequality
* Scientific law

## References
Wario Land 4

***Wario Land 4*** is a video game released for the Game Boy Advance in 2001 as a part of the *Wario* video game series. It was later released for the Virtual Console for the Nintendo 3DS as an ambassador game in 2011

It was widely well received for it's exploration and escape type gameplay, and array of unique puzzles to tackle using Wario. Various items can affect Wario, from walking candles lighting him on fire, allowing him to break certain walls, or being turned into a spring after being hit by a hammer, allowing him to jump extraordinarily high, until he hits the ceiling.

In 2023, Pizza Tower was released, and is similar in gameplay to Warioland 4. This game swaps Wario for a chef named Peppino, and adds additional features like a display of Peppino's face, more levels, and better framerate. Various other games are currently in the works that mimic the play of Wario Land 4.

## Plot
The main plot of this video game is to save a princess that has been turned into a cat and needs to be saved. Wario arrives and has to defeat a golden diva that has turned the princess in to a cat.

## References
Mrs. Doubtfire

***Mrs. Doubtfire*** is a 1993 American comedy-drama movie, based on the novel *Madame Doubtfire*. It stars Robin Williams as Daniel Hillard, a divorced actor who disguises himself as a nanny since he desperately wants to be with his children.

## Plot
Daniel Hillard (Robin Williams) is a voice actor who quits his job over a smoking issue in a cartoon. Then, he throws his son Chris a birthday party, which is against his wife Miranda (Sally Field)'s wishes because Chris received bad grades on his report card. After a long argument, Miranda asks Daniel for a divorce.

Daniel has 90 days to get a job and a place to live. He later discovers that his wife wants a nanny. So, he makes several calls to his wife, using fake names and different accents, to be hired. Eventually, he gets the job.

Daniel Hillard goes to his gay brother Frank (Harvey Fierstein) and his partner Jack (Scott Capurro) to get a makeover. The makeover makes him look like a woman, which is exactly what Daniel had hoped for.

Miranda is later seen dating Stu Dunmeyer (Pierce Brosnan). Disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire, Daniel babysits his three children. When he, his family, and Stu go to Bridges Restaurant to celebrate Miranda's birthday, Daniel must switch in and out of costume repeatedly since he is also eating dinner with Jonathan Lundy (Robert Prosky). While drunk, Daniel ends up mixing up the two outfits. Later, when he saves Stu from choking (disguised as Mrs. Doubtfire), Daniel's face mask comes off, exposing him. Horrified and angered, Miranda immediately leaves with the children while Stu is confused, but thanks Daniel for saving him.

Afterwards, Miranda is awarded full custody of the children while Daniel can only see them with supervision. After realizing how easier it was having Mrs. Doubtfire around, Miranda calls the court and allows Daniel to pick up his children after school and unsupervised.

## Cancelled sequel
In 2001, Bonnie Hunt began development on *Mrs. Doubtfire 2*, but Williams disapproved and claimed that the script was scrapped multiple times. On April 17, 2014, production on *Mrs. Doubtfire 2* began. Williams' death in 2014, production on the sequel was cancelled. However, it is possible that Williams could have filmed scenes for the sequel when he was alive.

## Other websites
*
Conservatism

, Washington, D. C.]]
**Conservatism** is a type of political belief that supports emphasis on traditions and relies on the individual to maintain society.  The term was first used by François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818, during the Bourbon Restoration, which wanted to roll back the policies of the French Revolution. The term is associated with right-wing politics. It has been used to describe a wide range of views. There is no single set of policies that are regarded as conservative because the meaning of conservatism depends on a given place and time, although most Conservatives oppose Modernism in some way and want to go back to old values.
In Western culture for example, Conservatives try to maintain things like organized religion, property rights, parliamentary government and family values.

## Beliefs 
Conservatism tends to support the notion of faith, particularly in Abrahamic traditions in countries where those are the dominant religions. In England, the publication of Edmund Burke’s book *Reflections on the revolution in France* suggested people should be satisfied and advocated a caring government.

Some conservatives seek to keep things as they are, while others want a return to the way things were at an earlier time. This is often called reactionary conservatism. A conservative party in England formed which wanted better co-operation between rich and poor, democracy, and some aspects of a welfare state. This was also favored by conservatives in France and other parts of Europe.

## Types 
* Gradualism: The process of change in a slow, gradual way.
* Liberal conservatism: Conservatism with the classical liberal view that the government should not control the economy.
* National conservatism: Conservatism that is focused more on culture and race without being a Nationalist or Far-right.
* Religious conservatism: Conservatism that applies a religion to politics.
* Social conservatism: Conservatism that focuses on social issues and traditions.

## Conservatism in different countries 
### Brazil 
In Brazil, conservatism comes from its Portuguese roots, often being Evangelical, such as President Jair Bolsonaro.

### India 
Conservatives in India are pro-Hindu, anti-Pakistan, and are socially conservative. The Bharatiya Janata Party is the biggest conservative party in India, lead by Narendra Modi.

### United States 
In the United States, conservatives worry about centralism, do not trust the welfare state, and consider business people trustworthy on wages and prices. During the 20th century the Republican Party became a Conservative political party in the United States.

## Related pages 
* Political economy
* Conservative liberalism
* Liberalism
* Libertarianism
* Religious conservatism

## References 
## Other websites 
* Conservatism -Citizendium