open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Teatro La Fenice

is a famous opera house in Venice, Italy. People often call it simply . Its name comes from the Italian word *Fenice*, meaning *Phoenix*. The Phoenix is a mythical bird. It dies in fire and is born again from the ashes.
## History
An older opera house in Venice called the  burnt down in 1774. It was the main, opera house in Venice. Some noblemen built it again, but the Venier, a famous family in Venice, made them sell the new theatre to them. So, the noblemen built a new opera house in 1792. They called it Teatro La Fenice. The first opera performed there was Giovanni Paisiello's '''' (The Games of Agrigento).

La Fenice burnt down in 1836.  It was built again in 1837. On 29 January 1996, La Fenice burnt down again. It was set on fire by two men working on the building. They were sent to prison for arson.  La Fenice was built again in 2003 in the style of the old one. The architect, Aldo Rossi, used pictures and movies of the old La Fenice to plan the new one.

Five of Giuseppe Verdi's operas had their first performance at Teatro La Fenice:
* (1844)
* (1846)
* (1851)
* (1853)
* (1857)

## References
*Beauvert, Thierry (1996). *Opera Houses of the World*. The Vendome Press. 

## Other websites
*Official website
Choice Music Prize

The **Choice Music Prize** is a yearly music prize awarded to the best album from Ireland.  It has been sponsored by Meteor since 2011.

It was formed by journalist Jim Carroll and manager Dave Reid in 2005.

The ceremony to announce the winner takes place at Vicar Street, Dublin in February or March each year.

## Winners and shortlisted nominees
, winner with The Divine Comedy in 2006 and nominee with The Duckworth Lewis Method in 2009]]
, winner in 2009]]
, winners in 2010]]

## Related pages
* Mercury Prize (United Kingdom)
* Polaris Music Prize (Canada)
* Australian Music Prize (Australia)
* Prix Constantin (France)
* Shortlist Music Prize (United States)

## References
## Other websites
* Choice Music Prize official site
Theogenes

**Theogenes** was one of the greatest athletes in Ancient Greece. He was born in the city of Thasos on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea in the early fifth century. He was a boxer and a pankrationiast. 

He had two victories at the Olympic Games. One was in boxing (480 BCE) and the other in the pankration (476). He won three times in boxing at the Pythian Games; nine times in boxing and once in the pankration at the Isthmian Games; and nine times in boxing at the Nemean Games. He also won the long distance race at Argos. He had 1300 other victories in lesser Games. 

It is certain that Theogenes was worshipped as a god in Thasos after his death. One of his enemies whipped his statue. It fell and crushed him to death. The people of Thasos threw the statue into the sea. It was stained with blood. The fields did not produce after this act. The people of Thasos pulled the statue from the sea and put it back in its place. Worship continued. Theogenes was said to heal diseases.

## Notes 
## References
* 
*
Mercury Prize

The **Mercury Prize**, called the **Barclaycard Mercury Prize** for sponsorship reasons, is a yearly music prize.  It is awarded for the best album from the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was formed by the British Phonographic Industry and British Association of Record Dealers in 1992.  It was an alternative to the Brit Awards. It used to be called the **Mercury Music Prize**.

The prize was first sponsored by Mercury Communications. It was later sponsored by Technics, from 1998 to 2001.  Then Panasonic, in 2002 and 2003, and the Nationwide Building Society, from 2004 to 2008.  Barclaycard became the Prize's current sponsor in March 2009.

Nominations are announced in July. Presentation of the award usually takes place in September. 

## Winners and shortlisted nominees
]]
 won in 1993.]]
 of M People, winners in 1994|alt=]]
, winners in 1995|alt=]]
, winners in 1998|alt=]]
]]
, winner in 2001 and 2011, the only artist to win the award twice]]
]]
, winners in 2004|alt=]]
]]
 won in 2006.]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]
]]

]]

## Related pages
* Choice Music Prize (Ireland)
* Polaris Music Prize (Canada)
* Prix Constantin (France)
* Shortlist Music Prize (United States)
* Australian Music Prize (Australia)

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Hermann Emil Fischer

**Hermann Emil Fischer** (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902.

Fischer was the founder of the chemistry of primary natural products: carbohydrates, purines and nucleosides, peptides and proteins. Amongst his many discoveries were the structure of carbohydrates, and he was the first to get synthetic peptides. He studied the active principles of tea, coffee and cocoa, namely, caffeine and theobromine.
 
Fischer also proposed the lock & key model of enzyme action.

## Family 
Fischer was married to Agnes Gerlach in Feb. 1888, but she died seven years after their marriage. They had three sons, named Hermann Otto Laurenz Fischer (16. Dec. 1888 - 09. Mar. 1960) Walter (05. Jul. 1891 – 04. Nov. 1916) and Alfred (3. Oct. 1894 – 29. Mar. 1917). Alfred was killed in World War I, Walter committed suicide at the age of 25 as a result of compulsory military training. 

His eldest son Hermann Otto Laurenz Fischer, was Professor of Biochemistry in the University of California, Berkeley from 1948 until his death in 1960.

## Death 
At the end, suffering from terminal cancer, he is thought to have committed suicide in 1919.

Emil Fischer is burried at Friedhof Wannsee, Lindenstraße and since 1956 named as grave of honor for extraordinary services or achievements in his lifetimes.

## References
Cougar Town

***Cougar Town*** is an American television sitcom. It was first on ABC on September 23, 2009. The show is set in Gulfhaven, Florida (nicknamed "Cougar Town" since its high school teams are the Cougars). The series focuses on a recently divorced woman in her forties.  The star is Courteney Cox who plays Jules Cobb.

## Awards and nominations 
## References 
## Other websites 
*
Miss May I

**Miss May I** is an American metal band from Troy, Ohio. Miss May I has five members in the band; the current band members are Levi Benton, Ryan Neff, Jerod Boyd, Justin Aufdemkampe and B.J. Stead.

The band was formed in 2006. They released an EP titled "*Vows for a Massacre*" which was later followed by a demo in 2008. They were signed to Rise Records after the release of their debut album, *Apologies Are for the Weak*, on June 23, 2009. Their song "Forgive and Forget" appeared on the Saw VI: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. Their song "Apologies Are for the Weak" which is the title track from the album of the same name was featured in the 2011 video game *Saints Row: The Third*. The band was announced to appear at the Warped Tour 2012 which started June 16, 2012 and ended on November 10, 2012.

## Band members 
;Current
*Justin Aufdemkampe - lead guitar (2006-present)
*Levi Benton - lead vocals (2006-present)
*Jerod Boyd - drums (2006-present)
*Ryan Neff - bass guitar, clean vocals (2006–2007, 2009–present)
*B.J. Stead - rhythm guitar (2006-present)

;Former
*Josh Gillespie - bass guitar, clean vocals (2007–2009)

## Discography 
So far as of 2012, Miss May I have released 3 albums:

### Albums
**Vows for a Massacre* (2007)
**Demo 2008* (2008)
**Apologies Are for the Weak* (2009)
**Monument* (2010)
**At Heart* (2012)
**Rise of the Lion* (2014)

## References
## Other websites 
*Miss May I  on Rise Records
*Miss May I on Myspace
*Miss May I on Facebook
Samosa

**Samosa** is a popular snack originally from Central Asia. It further travelled, with the help of Muslim merchants of trade routes to the Indian subcontinent. It is famous in the subcontinent as well as Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, as well as South Africa. 

It is generally prepared  in the shape of a triangle, however, the shape and sizes tend to vary from region to region. It can be either baked or fried and has an outer hard crust made of plain flour. It usually has a filling of potatoes and spices. It is usually eaten with a spicy sauce called chutney. 

## Etymology
The English word *samosa* derives from Hindi/Urdu word *,traceable to the Middle Persian word  () or Sagosha means (triangle), and has the meaning of the "triangular pastry".
## History
 explain how the samosas being cooked]] 
n Persian book Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi (16th century) showing samosas being served]]
The South Asian samosa has a Central Asian and/or Middle Eastern origin.
## Regional varieties
### India 
The samosa is prepared with an all-purpose flour (locally known as maida) and stuffed with a filling, often a mixture of diced and cooked or mashed boiled potato (preferably diced), onions, green peas, lentils, ginger, spices and green chili.Samosas generally are deep-fried to a golden brown in vegetable oil. They are served hot and consumed with ketchup or chutney (mint, coriander, or tamarind), or are served in *chaat*, traditionally accompanied by yogurt, chutney, chopped onions, coriander, and *chaat masala*. Shingaras may be eaten as a tea time snack. They can also be prepared in a sweet form. Bengali shingaras tend to be triangular, filled with potato, peas, onions, diced almonds, or other vegetables, and are more heavily fried and crunchier than either shingaras or their Indian samosa cousins. *Fulkopir shingara'' (shingara filled with cauliflower mixture) is a popular variation. 

Samosa is also an appetiser in Iran  and Pakistan.

It is commonly available in canteens, sweet shops and is also prepared at home.

Samosa can be vegetarian or non-vegetarian.

## Origins
It is believed to have originated from the Central and West Asia.  The word samosa originates from the Persian word sanbosag or Sagoshag means small triangle .

## References
UEFA Euro 2012 knockout stage

The **knockout stage of the UEFA Euro 2012** began on June 21, 2012 and ended on July 1, 2012. Eight teams qualified, two from each group. Poland and Ukraine failed to qualify for the knockout stage.

## Qualified teams 
## Results 
## Quarter-finals 
### Czech Republic vs Portugal 
----
### Germany vs Greece 
----

### Spain vs France 
----

### England vs Italy 
## Semi-finals 
### Portugal vs Spain 
----

### Germany vs Italy 
## Final 
### Spain vs Italy 
## References
Andrew Bogut

**Andrew Michael Bogut**  (born November 28, 1984) is an Australian former professional basketball player. He played parts of fifteen seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Milwaukee Bucks, Golden State Warriors, Dallas Mavericks, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Los Angeles Lakers. He also played for the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League (NBL).

He is 7 feet tall. He went to the University of Utah for college. Bogut was selected first overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2005 NBA Draft. Bogut is the first Australian player to be drafted number one overall. He was also the second Utah player to be drafted number one overall.

On March 13, 2012, Bogut, along with Stephen Jackson, was traded to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Monta Ellis, Ekpe Udoh and Kwame Brown.

On 1 December 2020, Bogut decided to announce his retirement from playing professional basketball. He said that he had suffered too many I juries during his career and it was preventing him from playing at a professional level.

## References
## Other websites
*Stats at basketball-reference.com
Egyptian plover

The ** Egyptian plover** is a wader.  It is the only member of the genus *Pluvianus*.

It is sometimes called the **crocodile bird**.  This is because of a story dating to Herodotus.  In the story the crocodiles lie on the shore with their mouths open.  The plovers fly into the crocodiles' mouths to feed on bits of meat between the crocodiles' teeth.  There is no evidence of this actually happening.

The Egyptian plover lives in tropical sub-Saharan Africa. It breeds on sandbars in large rivers. Its two or three eggs are buried in warm sand.  It feeds by pecking for insects. The call is a high-pitched *krrr-krrr-krrr*.

## References
## Other websites
*Egyptian plover at encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com
Boston (card game)

**Boston** is a trick-taking card game played by 4 people.  It is thought to have started in France in the 1770s. The game is similar to Whist.  It is a strategy game.  Each game takes about 25 minutes to play.

American Boston is a different way to play the game.  It is for 4 players in two partnerships with 2 packs of 52 cards.

## References
## Other websites
*the card game at thefreedictionary.com
Boston Navy Yard

The **Boston Navy Yard** was one of the oldest shipbuilding places in the United States Navy. It was first called the **Charlestown Navy Yard** and later **Boston Naval Shipyard**.  It was started in 1801. It was officially closed as an active naval yard on July 1, 1974.  The USS *Constitution* is still docked there.  The USS *Cassin Young*, a World War II-era destroyer, is there and is a museum ship.

## References
## Other websites
*info
Gotye

**Wouter** "**Wally**" **De Backer** (born 21 May 1980), better known as **Gotye** (pronounced  ), is a Belgian-Australian multi-instrumental musician and singer-songwriter.

Gotye's 2011 single "Somebody That I Used to Know" with Kimbra was Number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. He has won 12 ARIA Awards, three Grammys and a nomination for an MTV EMA for Best Asia and Pacific Act. 

Gotye is bilingual, speaking both Dutch and English, and also speaks some Japanese, which he studied at University.

## Discography
* *Boardface* (2003)
* *Like Drawing Blood* (2006)
* *Making Mirrors* (2011)

## Awards and nominations
## References
## Other websites
*more info at encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com
Luigi Pirandello

**Luigi Pirandello** (Agrigento 28 June 1867 – Rome 10 December 1936) was an Italian playwright, novelist, and short story writer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1934, for his "bold and brilliant renovation of the drama and the stage". Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners for Theatre of the Absurd.

## Works 
*''Una boccata d'aria* (*A Breath of Air*)
* *L'Esclusa* (*The Excluded Woman*)
* *Il Turno* (*The Turn*)
* *Il Fu Mattia Pascal* (*The Late Mattia Pascal*)
* *Suo Marito* (*Her Husband*)
* *I Vecchi e I Giovani* (*The Old and the Young*)
* *Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio* (*Serafino Gubbio's Journals*)
* *Uno, Nessuno e Centomila* (*One, No one and One Hundred Thousand*)
* *Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore* (*Six Characters in Search of an Author*)
* *Ciascuno a Suo Modo* (*Each In His Own Way*)
* *Questa Sera Si Recita a Soggetto* (*Tonight We Improvise*)
* *Enrico IV* (*Henry IV*)
* *L'Uomo dal Fiore in Bocca* (*The Man With The Flower In His Mouth*)
* *La Vita che ti Diedi* (*The Life I Gave You*)
* *Il Gioco delle Parti* (*The Rules of the Game*)
* *Diana e La Tuda* (*Diana and Tuda*)
* *Il Piacere dell'Onestà* (*The Pleasure Of Honesty*)
* *L'Imbecille* (*The Imbecile*)
* *L'Uomo, La Bestia e La Virtù* (*The Man, The Beast and The Virtue*)
* *Vestire gli Ignudi* (*Clothing The Naked*)
* *Così è (Se Vi Pare)* *(So It Is (If You Think So))''
Pick and roll

The **pick and roll**, also known as a **ball screen** or **screen and roll**, is a play in basketball.  A player stops in front of a defender to block, then goes around and receives a pass from a teammate. In the NBA, the play started to be used in the 1990s.  It is now used very often.

## References
Tsukushi Province

, also known as , was a very old province of Japan, in the area of Chikuzen and Chikugo provinces.  This province was located within Fukuoka Prefecture. 

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
Moral hazard

**Moral hazard** is a term used in economics.  Nobel laureate Paul Krugman explains moral hazard as "any situation in which one person makes the decision about how much risk to take, while someone else bears the cost if things go badly."

In other words, a "moral hazard" is a situation where the possible costs of a risky action are not borne by the one taking the risk. 
:Example: A person buys insurance against automobile theft.  After buying the protection against this kind of loss, the same person may be less cautious about locking his or her car.  If so, this is a kind of moral hazard.  The expected consequences of vehicle theft are now partly the responsibility of the insurance company.  Will the person show the same degree of care in locking the car regardless of whether there is insurance or insurance policy?

"Moral hazard" is a kind of  incentive (perverse incentive). 

## History
The term "moral hazard" was first used in the 17th century.  The "moral" in "moral hazard" was understood to mean "subjective".  It was not used in a way that has anything to do with ethics.

In the 1960s, economists used the term to describe inefficiencies that occur because of information asymmetry. In economics, "moral hazard" as a special kind of market failure.

## Related pages
* Conflict of interest
* Feedback
* Game theory
* Unintended consequences

## References
## Other websites
* PBS.org, Frontline: "Inside the Meltdown"
Ann Rutherford

**Therese Ann Rutherford** (November 2, 1917 – June 11, 2012), known as **Ann Rutherford**, was a Canadian-American actress in television, radio and movies. She playied Polly Benedict during the 1930s and 1940s in the Andy Hardy series. She played Scarlett O'Hara's sister in the movie *Gone With the Wind* (1939).

## References
Rate

**Rate** or **rates** may be:

* Rate (mathematics), a specific kind of ratio, in which two measurements are related to each other
* Rate of travel, or velocity
* Naval rating or rate, terms used to designate specialty or seniority of enlisted naval personnel.
* Rate of a ship, a term for a sail ship's firepower in the British Royal Navy
* Bit rate, number of bits that are processed per unit of time
* Rates, a Portuguese parish and town located in the municipality of Póvoa de Varzim
* Rates (tax) a type of property tax  in the United Kingdom

;In science and finance:
* Rate function, a function used to put a number to the probabilities of a rare event
* Rates (tax), a type of taxation system used to fund local government
* Reaction rate  in Chemistry
* Exchange rate, how much one currency is worth in terms of the other

;In human growth:
* Birth rate, the childbirths per 1,000 people per year
* Mortality rate, a measure of the number of deaths in some population

;As an initialism
* Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, a project of creation geophysics
Maurice Papon

**Maurice Papon** (September 3, 1910 – February 17, 2007) was a French civil servant. He led the police in major prefectures and in Paris during the Nazi Occupation of France and into the 1960s.  In 1998 he was convicted of crimes against humanity.  This was because he helped in making more than 1600 Jews move to concentration camps during World War II. He died of congestive heart failure.
Farad

The **farad** (symbol: **F**) is a unit of measurement used in electronics. It is used for capacitance, which is the ability to store electric charge.  The unit is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday. The different sizes of farad are: farads (F), millifarads (mF), microfarads (μF), nanofarads (nF) or picofarads (pF). The farad is a large unit of capacitance. Typical devices in electronics have capacitances ranging from microfarads to picofarads. Some supercapacitors have more than one farad.

## References
Al Harrington

**Albert** **"Al"** **Harrington** (born February 17, 1980 in Orange, New Jersey) is an American professional basketball player.  He plays for the NBA's Denver Nuggets. The forward stands six feet nine inches (2.06 m), and weighs 250 pounds (113&nbsp;kg).

At only 18 years of age, Al was selected by the Indiana Pacers.  He was the 25th pick of the 1998 NBA Draft.  On July 15, 2004, Harrington was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Stephen Jackson. After the 2005–06 NBA season he became a free agent. For the 2006–07 season he went with the Pacers again.

On January 17, 2007, Harrington was traded to the Golden State Warriors along with teammates Stephen Jackson, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, and Josh Powell for Troy Murphy, Mike Dunleavy, Ike Diogu, and Keith McLeod.   On November 21, Harrington was traded to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford.  On July 15, 2010, Al Harrington signed a contract with the Denver Nuggets 

## References
## Other websites
*Stats at basketball-reference.com
Paul Krugman

**Paul Robin Krugman** (born February 28, 1953) is an American economist and 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics.

## Early life 
Krugman was born in Albany, New York.

He was awarded B.A. in economics from Yale University in 1974.
He earned a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1977.

## Career
From 1982 to 1983, he spent a year working at the Reagan White House as a staff member of the Council of Economic Advisers.
: *This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
### Academic books (authored or coauthored) 
**The Spatial Economy – Cities, Regions and International Trade* (July 1999), with Masahisa Fujita and Anthony Venables. MIT Press, 
**The Self Organizing Economy* (February 1996), 
**EMU and the Regions* (December 1995), with Guillermo de la Dehesa. 
**Development, Geography, and Economic Theory (Ohlin Lectures)* (September 1995), 
**Foreign Direct Investment in the United States (3rd Edition)* (February 1995), with Edward M. Graham. 
**World Savings Shortage* (September 1994), 
**What Do We Need to Know About the International Monetary System? (Essays in International Finance, No 190 July 1993)* 
**Currencies and Crises* (June 1992), 
**Geography and Trade (Gaston Eyskens Lecture Series)* (August 1991), 
**The Risks Facing the World Economy* (July 1991), with Guillermo de la Dehesa and Charles Taylor. 
**Has the Adjustment Process Worked? (Policy Analyses in International Economics, 34)* (June 1991), 
**Rethinking International Trade* (April 1990), 
**Trade Policy and Market Structure* (March 1989), with Elhanan Helpman. 
**Exchange-Rate Instability (Lionel Robbins Lectures)* (November 1988), 
**Adjustment in the World Economy* (August 1987) 
**Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy* (May 1985), with Elhanan Helpman. 

### Academic books (edited or coedited) 
**Currency Crises (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report)* (September 2000), 
**Trade with Japan : Has the Door Opened Wider? (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report)* (March 1995), 
**Empirical Studies of Strategic Trade Policy (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report)* (April 1994), co-edited with Alasdair Smith. 
**Exchange Rate Targets and Currency Bands* (October 1991), co-edited with Marcus Miller. 
**Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics* (January 1986), 

### Economics textbooks 
**Economics: European Edition* (Spring 2007), with Robin Wells and Kathryn Graddy. 
**Macroeconomics* (February 2006), with Robin Wells. 
**Economics* , first edition (December 2005), with Robin Wells. 
**Economics*, second edition (2009), with Robin Wells. 
**Microeconomics* (March 2004), with Robin Wells. 
**International Economics: Theory and Policy*, with Maurice Obstfeld. 7th Edition (2006), ; 1st Edition (1998), 

## References 
## Other websites
Ashikaga shogunate

The , also known as the , was a feudal Japanese feudal military government. The heads of government were the shoguns. Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan.

These years are known as the Muromachi period.  The period takes gets its name from the district in Kyoto where the Ashikaga shoguns lived.
# Ashikaga Yoshiakira, r. 1359–1368
# Ashikaga Yoshimochi, r. 1395–1423
# Ashikaga Yoshizumi, r. 1494–1508
# Ashikaga Yoshiharu, r. 1521–1546
# Ashikaga Yoshiteru, r. 1546–1565
# Ashikaga Yoshihide, r. 1568
# Ashikaga Yoshiaki, r. 1568–1573

## Related pages
* Kamakura shogunate
* Tokugawa shogunate

## References
 of the Ashikaga family.]]

## Other websites
* Ashikaga Bakufu from Washington State University website
* Kyoto City Web
Weiyang District

**Weiyang District** (, pinyin: Wèiyāng Qū) is in the north of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Xianyang Municipality is to the west and north. Lianhu District and Xincheng District are to the south. Baqiao District is to the east. The name is from Weiyang Square. The district covers . As of November 2010, 806,811 people lived there.
Tecnológico de Antioquia

**Tecnológico de Antioquia - University Institution** (**TdeA**), also known as **Tecnológico de Antioquia**, is an institution of higher education in Colombia, located in the department of Antioquia, which offers technical training programs, technological, professional and advanced training university . Its headquarters are located in the city of Medellín.

## References 
* Tecnológico de Antioquia 
* TdeA-tv
* Tecnológico de Antioquia on Twitter
Herc's Adventures

'''''Herc's Adventures''''' is a puzzle video game released for the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn by LucasArts Entertainment in 1997. While the PlayStation release was international, the Sega Saturn version was exclusive to North America.
Flag of Belgium

The national **flag of Belgium** has three equal vertical bands of black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the colours of the Duchy of Brabant.
Kumaso Province

was a very old province of Japan in the area of Hyūga Province on the island of Honshū.  Its  are within Miyazaki Prefecture.

## History
Komaso is part of the tale of Yamato Takeru which is recorded in the *Kojiki.*  The history of Komaso started and ended before the Taihō Code was established at the beginning of the 8th century.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## Notes
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Coat of arms of Belgium

**The coat of arms of Belgium** has a lion as its charge. It is called the Leo Belgicus, Latin for the Belgian lion.  The colors used are red, yellow and black, the same as on the flag.  The motto is "Unity makes strength".
Unity makes strength

"**Unity makes strength**" (, ; ; ) is the national motto of Belgium.  It was also taken on by Bulgaria and Haiti.

## History
### Belgium 
The motto was used by Belgium after its Revolution of 1830.  It was first only in its French form "L'union fait la force". But later the Dutch and German versions were also incorporated. The phrase "unity makes strength" symbolises the unity of the French speaking population (Wallonia) and Dutch speaking population (Flemish). 
### Netherlands
]]
]]
The motto was first used in 1550. It came from the Latin phrase "concordia res parvae crescunt" (small states flourish by concord). The new Dutch Republic took over the phrase as its motto. It was on several of its coins and coats of arms. 

The French were in the Netherlands from 1795 to 1813, first as the Batavian Republic then the Kingdom of Holland. Early on the national motto was changed to "Gelykheid, Vryheid, Broederschap" (Equality, Liberty, Fraternity). From 1802 to 1810 'Unity makes strength' was used again. In 1816, it switched to the House of Orange motto 'Je maintiendrai'.

### Haiti 
The motto was chosen  by the Republic of Haiti  after  the revolution and subsequent independence of  the  slaves of the French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1803. The newly created state of Haiti became officially independent on January 1st,1804 following the capitulation of the French troops at the Battle of Vertieres of November 18,1803. The coat of arms of the republic of Haiti carries the french version of the motto  "L'Union fait la force". The Republic of Haiti is often referred to as the world's First Black Republic.

### USA
.]]

The motto of Brooklyn, a borough of New York City started by Dutch settlers, is still "Eendraght maeckt maght". The motto *Eendragt maakt magt* also appears on the badge of the police force of Holland, Michigan.

### Bulgaria
After Ferdinand of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha took over the throne of the Principality of Bulgaria,  the country started to use Belgium's motto of ''L'union fait la force* (in Bulgarian: Съединението прави силата). Although *Unity makes strength'' meet in various projects on the coat of arms of Bulgaria in the post-liberation years, it officially became part of it only in 1927. After 1948, the motto dropped from the new Dimitrov Constitution, but remained on the facade of the National Assembly. Following the changes in 1989 and the adoption of a new Constitution of Bulgaria in 1991, the motto has been restored.

### South African Republic
On 17 January 1852 the United Kingdom, ruler of the Cape Colony, made the South African Republic free. "Eendragt maakt magt" was the motto on the new state's shield. In 1888 the republic decided Dutch was its official language.

### Malaysia
An early design of the coat of arms used between 1948 and 1963 used a variation of the motto, "Unity is Strength".  It was in both English and Jawi. After three more states were added into the federation in 1963, the English motto of the arms was replaced by a rough Malay translation, *Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu* (literally "Unity Improves Quality"). The Jawi motto remained unchanged.
Perverse incentive

giving locals the perverse incentive to start breeding the snakes, to be able to kill more of them and collect more bounty]]
A **perverse incentive** is an  that creates an unplanned and unwanted result.  The outcome is not helpful or contrary to the interests of the incentive makers.  Perverse incentives are a type of unintended consequences. The results are sometimes called **cobra effects**. People are told to make the problem worse.  Horst Siebert, an economist used this term in 2001. At the time, he was talking about an anectote of the British Raj. The government was concerned that there were too many cobras in Delhi. So it offered a reward for every dead cobra. At first, this strategy was successful, and the number of snakes decreased. Later, peopel saw that they could breed cobras, because it would give them extra income. When the government became aware of this, the reward program was stopped, and the cobra breeders set their snakes free, leading to an overall increase in the wild cobra population.

## Other examples 
* In Thailand, the Bangkok police had the problem of too many small mistakes by its officers.  The police tried to solve the problem by using tartan armbands as a badge of shame.  Instead, the armbands were treated as valuable collectables. Since 2007, the Bangkok police has tried using pink armbands with the cute Hello Kitty cartoon character.
* In Vietnam during the colonial period, Hanoi had the problem of too many rats.  The French tried to solve the problem by paying for dead rats.  This was intended to bring down the number of rats. Instead, it led to the breeding of rats.

## Related pages
* Conflict of interest
* Invasive species
* Moral hazard
* Tragedy of the commons

## References
Belgian Federal Parliament

The **Belgian Federal Parliament** is a bicameral parliament.  It has the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate. It sits in the **Palace of the Nation**.

## Chamber of Representatives 
The number of seats in the **Chamber** is 150.  They are elected from 11 districts. The districts are divided along linguistic lines: 5 Flemish (79 seats), 5 Walloon (49 seats), and the bilingual district of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (22 seats). 

To be elected a person must be at least 21 years old, have Belgium citizenship, and live in Belgium.

## Senate 
Till the general elections of 2014, the Senate had 71 members. There were four categories of senators: directly elected senators, community senators, co-opted senators and senators by right. Co-opted senators were 10 representatives elected by the first two groups of senators. Senators by right were the children of the current monarch.

Since 2014, the Senate has 60 members. There are only two categories of senators: community senators (50) and co-opted senators (10).

Eligibility requirements for the Senate are the same as for the Chamber.
AFC U-23 Asian Cup

The **AFC U-23 Asian Cup** is a football competition between the best international under-23 teams in Asia. It is ran by the Asian Football Confederation. The teams are selected based on good performances in the qualification matches.

## Format
The competition format in the 2013 tournament is:

* Sixteen teams will play in the final tournament, including the hosts who automatically qualify.
* Teams are seeded based on the result of the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship.
* Three or four stadiums in at most two cities will be needed to host the tournament.

The host country will be rotated by regions: the region for the first tournament will be decided by draw.

## Results
## References
Monarchy of Belgium

**Monarchy in Belgium** is constitutional and popular in nature. The monarch is the head of state.  The Monarch is officially called **King of the Belgians**. The current leader is Philippe I.  Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the first King of the Belgians.  To date all have belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

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 from: start till: 1831 color:regent text:"Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier" fontsize:5
 from: 1831 till: 1865 color:king text:"Leopold I" fontsize:10
 from: 1865 till: 1909 color:king text:"Leopold II" fontsize:10
 from: 1909 till: 1934 color:king text:"Albert I" fontsize:10
 from: 1934 till: 1951 color:king text:"Leopold III" fontsize:10
 from: 1944 till: 1951 color:regent shift:(25,-4) text:"Charles" fontsize:5
 from: 1951 till: 1993 color:king text:"Baudouin I" fontsize:10
 from: 1993 till: 2013 color:king text:"Albert II" fontsize:10
 from: 2013 till: end color:king text:"Philippe I" fontsize:10

## List
This is a **list of Belgian monarchs** since 1831.

## House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prime Minister of Belgium

The **prime minister of Belgium** or the **premier of Belgium** is the head of the federal government of Belgium, and the most powerful person in Belgian politics.

Although Leaders of Government (French: ) had been appointed since the independence of the country, until 1918 the king of the Belgians often led over the Council of Ministers, so the modern era of the "Premiership" started after World War I with Léon Delacroix.

## Chiefs of government (1831–1918)
;Political parties 

## Prime ministers (1918–present)
;Political parties
;;*Christian Democrat*

;;*Liberal*

;;*Socialist*

;;*Flemish-Nationalist*

## References
Chang'an District, Xi'an

'''Chang'an District''' (, pinyin:Cháng'ān Qū) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the south part of Xi'an. Yanta District and Xianyang Municipality are to the north. Shangluo Municipality and Ankang Municipality are to the north. Lantian County is to the east. Huyi District is to the west. The southeast part of Chang'an District is higher than northwest part. From north to south is , from east to west is . The district covers . As of November 2010, 1,083,285 people lived there.

On June 2, 2002. Chang'an County was renamed to Chang'an District.
Francesco Maria Piave

**Francesco Maria Piave** (18 May 1810 – 5 March 1876) was an Italian writer. He wrote the librettos (the story and words) for many operas. He is most famous for the librettos he wrote for operas composed by Giuseppe Verdi.

## Life
Piave was born in Murano, an island in Venice. At first, he studied to be a Catholic priest. He stopped studying to be a priest and went to Rome. In Rome, he studied philosophy and writing. He wrote poems and stories for newspapers  but he is most famous for his opera librettos. He wrote more than 60 librettos. The first one was for Giovanni Pacini's opera, '''' in 1842. In 1844, he wrote the libretto for Verdi's opera *Ernani*. Piave and Verdi became very good friends, For twenty years, they wrote many letters to each other. Piave wrote nine more opera librettos for Verdi. The last libretto he wrote for him was ''''.

Piave also worked as a stage director (someone who decides how plays and operas are performed). He worked as a stage director for the Teatro La Fenice in Venice. Later (1859), he worked as a stage director at La Scala in Milan.  In 1867, Piave had a stroke (a problem in the brain caused by lack of blood). He lived for eight more years, but he could not move or speak. Verdi gave money to help Piave's wife and family. In 1876, Piave died in Milan. Verdi paid for his funeral.

## Piave's librettos for Giuseppe Verdi
**Ernani* (1844)
*''*(1844)
**Attila* (1846)
**Macbeth'' (1847)
*'** (1848)
***' (1850)
**Rigoletto* (1851)
**La traviata* (1853)
**Simon Boccanegra* (1857)
**La forza del destino* (1862)

## Sources
*Budden, Julian (2008). *Verdi*, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.   
*. "Piave, Francesco Maria". Treccani 
*Phillips-Matz,  Mary Jane (1993). *Verdi: A Biography*. Oxford University Press.
Video game collecting

**Video game collecting** is the hobby of collecting video games and related things. It may be connected with animation, movies or comic books collecting. Collectors may focus on collecting some type of things, such as retro consoles. Collecting video games differs from other hobbies, because the collectible is interactive. So it can be enjoyed as long as it still functions. Nostalgia plays a large role, as those who grew up with a certain generation of games may have stronger appreciation for them.

## Related pages 
* Collecting
* Video game
* Hobby
Prägraten am Großvenediger

**Prägraten am Großvenediger** is a village in the district of Lienz in Tyrol in Austria. More than 1,300 People live there. Most of the 180,36 km² large area is mountainous.

## References
## Other websites
Rossendale Valley

The **Rossendale Valley** (also called the *Forest of Rossendale*) is an area North West England, in Lancashire. The area is in Rossendale. It is made up of the steep valleys of the River Irwell and its tributaries. These flow from the Pennines. They then go south into Greater Manchester. They cut through the open moorland. The area has a lot of these, even though a long time ago they were called "forests".

There are two Marilyns in the hills. These are Hail Storm Hill and Freeholds Top.

The geology of the area is layers of gritstone, coal and sand and gravel left behind by glaciers. These rocks were cut by rivers, the Irwell and its tributaries, to make steep valleys. These are 600 feet high. Woodland on the steep slopes includes remnants of ancient woodland but other areas are more recently planted.

The Rossendale Valley is recognised by the steep valley of the River Irwell and its tributaries. Textile mills and chimneys and gritstone houses are what most buildings are. Roads are mostly found in the narrow valley.

The valley was part of the medieval Forest of Rossendale. People living there in the Middle Ages would have been in "booths" or farmsteads and movement into the forest would have turned them into small hamlets.

## References
## Other websites 
* Higher Mill Textile Museum
Curve (album)

***Curve*** is the eighth studio album by Canadian alternative rock band, Our Lady Peace. *Curve* was released on April 3, 2012. Canadian heavyweight boxer George Chuvalo is featured on the cover of the album and vocal excerpts from him are also featured on the album's final track "Mettle". The band started recording the album six months after the release of their seventh studio album, *Burn Burn*. *Curve* debuted at #9 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

## Songs
## References
Flounder

, *Bothus mancus*, Bahía de la Chiva, at Hawaii]]

**Flounders** are a group of flatfish. The term is used for a number of flatfish who only related by being in the suborder Pleuronectoidei: (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae, and Samaridae). It is a "form name", which means they are not necessarily *close* relations, they just look alike.

Flounders live at the bottom of coastal lagoons and estuaries of the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. When flounder are hatched they have one eye on each side of its head. As they grow one eye moves until they have both eyes on the same side of the head.

Industrial overfishing has reduced the population to one-tenth of its original size, and the individuals left are smaller. They rarely have the time to grow to full size.

## Habitat
Flounder feed at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks and coral reefs. They have been found at the bottom of the Mariana trench, the deepest known ocean canyon. Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lt. Don Walsh reached a depth of .  They were surprised to discover flounder about 30&nbsp;cm long.

A flounder's food is mainly fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish.  Flounder normally grow to a length of , and as large as . Their width is about half their length.

### Camouflage 
Flounders are highly camouflaged, often more so than these examples. But they are fished by bottom trawls which scrape them off the sea-bed into the net.

## Taxonomy
Flounder is a general term for many species.

*Western Atlantic
**Gulf Flounder - *Paralichthys albigutta*
**Southern flounder - *Paralichthys lethostigma*
**Summer flounder (also known as *fluke*) - *Paralichthys dentatus*
**Winter flounder - *Pseudopleuronectes americanus*

*European waters
**European flounder - *Platichthys flesus*

*Northwestern Pacific
**Olive flounder - *Paralichthys olivaceus*

## References
Belgians

**Belgians** are people from the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe.

## Related pages
*List of Belgians

## References
Wimbledon

**Wimbledon** may refer to:

*Wimbledon, London, a suburban area of south-west London
*Wimbledon Championships, a tennis tournament
*Wimbledon F.C., a former association football team
*AFC Wimbledon, an association football team, founded by former supporters of Wimbledon F.C.
**Wimbledon* (movie), a 2004 British movie
*Wimbledon station, a railway station
Chelsea

**Chelsea** may refer to:

*Chelsea, London
*Chelsea, Iowa
*Chelsea, Manhattan
*Chelsea, Massachusetts
*Chelsea, Oklahoma
*Chelsea Bridge
*Chelsea F.C.
*Chelsea (name)
Forest Whitaker

**Forest Steven Whitaker** (born July 15, 1961) is an American actor, producer, and director. He has been known to study characters for movies like *Bird* and *Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai*, and for playing Jon Kavanaugh on *The Shield*. Whitaker won an Academy Award for playing Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the 2006 film *The Last King of Scotland*. Whitaker has also won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
David Vamplew

**David Vamplew** (born 1 September 1987, Fife, Scotland  Vamplew lives in Edinburgh, Scotland.  He got a degree in maths from Edinburgh University  in 2009.

The first time he won money in a professional tournament was for 106th-place finish in the 2010 World Series of Poker. He earned $2,500. He won the championship of the European Poker Tour in London, 2010. For this win, he earned $1.400,00. The next day, he won the UK & Ireland Poker Tour "Champion of Champions" title.

In the 2013 World Series of Poker, he came 2nd for $342,450 in event 2, losing heads-up to Trevor Pope, 16th in event 45 for $7,697, and 2nd in event 53 for $413,157 losing again heads-up to Brett Shaffer.

## References
## Other websites
*Statistics from *Card Player*
Rikkokushi

, also romanized ***Rokkokushi***, is a general term for Japan's six earliest national histories.   These six books chronicle the mythology and history of Japan from the earliest times to AD 887. 

## History
The six histories were written at the Imperial court during the eighth and ninth centuries.  These works include
**Nihon shoki* (Chronicle of Japan, also called *Nihongi*), 720
**Shoku Nihongi* (Continued Chronicle of Japan, also called *Shokki*), 797
**Nihon kōki* (Later Chronicle of Japan), 840
**Shoku Nihon kōki* (Continued Later Chronicle of Japan), 869
**Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku* (True Record of Emperor Montoku of Japan; also called *Montoku jitsuroku*), 879
**Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku* (True Record of Three Generations [of Emperors] of Japan; also called *Sandai jitsuroku*), 901

## Related pages 
* *Nihon Odai Ichiran*
* Kokushi genzaisha

## References
## Further reading
* Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). *The Six National Histories of Japan* (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Belgian Revolution

The **Belgian Revolution** was the secession of the Southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.  It made an independent Kingdom of Belgium.

The people of the southern part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands were mostly Roman Catholic and the elite was French-speaking.  They did not like the Protestant King William I's rule, or that he had revoked certain special privileges granted to the Catholic Church.

On August 25, 1830 riots started in Brussels and shops were looted. There was an opera playing about liberty of the fatherland, and the theater-goers joined the rioters. The King sent troops to stop the riots.

A battle took place in Brussels. The French came to support the breakaway province of Belgium.  Belgium won the battle and became an independent country.  Leopold I was made "King of the Belgians" in 1831.  It took until 1839 for the Dutch to say Belgium was independent.  They signed the Treaty of London.
Game Oriented Assembly Lisp

**Game Oriented Assembly Lisp** (or **GOAL**) is a video game programming language developed by Andy Gavin and Naughty Dog. It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used to develop the *Jak and Daxter* series of games.

GOAL's first use was for the *Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy* game. Earlier, the Game Oriented Object Lisp (GOOL) was also developed by Andy Gavin for *Crash Bandicoot* game.
Alan McDonald

**Alan McDonald** (Belfast, 12 October 1963 – Lisburn, 23 June 2012) was a Northern Irish footballer and manager. He played in the Northern Ireland national football team, and scored one goal, against Denmark. He died suddenly on 23 June 2012.

## Career statistics
:''Scores and results list Northern Ireland's goal tally first.''

## Honours
### Managerial
**Glentoran**
*County Antrim Shield: 2007–08
*IFA Premiership: 2008–09

## References
Spyro

**Spyro** may refer to:

* *Spyro* (series), a video game series
** Spyro (character), the main character of that series
** *Spyro the Dragon* (video game), the first game in the series, released in 1998
Treaty of London (1839)

.]]

The **Treaty of London** **of 1839**, also known as the **First Treaty of London**, the **Convention of 1839** or the **London Treaty of Separation**, was a treaty that was signed on 19 April 1839 between the European great powers, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium.

The treaty was needed because the Netherlands refused to sign the 1831 Treaty of the XXIV Articles. The Treaty of London statated that Belgium was its own country, and it also confirmed the independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg. The most important parts of the treaty were that Belgium should always be neutral and that it would be protected by the countries that signed the treaty.

The treaty is said to be one of the causes of World War I. When the German Empire invaded Belgium, the United Kingdom declared war that day, on 4 August 1914. Many countries then began to declare war on one another.

## References