open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nederland, Texas

**Nederland** is a city in Jefferson County, Texas, United States. The population was 18,856 at the 2020 census.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and 2.1% is water.

It is about  east of Houston.

## History
Nederland was founded in 1897 by Dutch settlers as a repayment for financial services of Dutch bankers who financed the Kansas City Southern railroad line that runs through the center of the city.

Nederland's early economy was driven by rice and dairy farming. However, the depression of 1907 and overproduction caused the rice industry in the town to fail.

## Government
### City government 
The City of Nederland completed a new $1.3 million City Hall building at 207 N. 12th street in September 2013.  The  previously City Hall was shared with Police and Fire services and received a $3.6 million upgrade for Police and Fire services only and is the Homer E. Nagel Public Safety Complex. The safety complex was completed in August 2014.

Nederland has a council-manager system of government.

## References
Frank Watkins

**Frank Watkins** (February 19, 1968  – October 18, 2015) was an American heavy metal musician. He was the bass player for the death metal band Obituary. He also played for the Norwegian black metal band Gorgoroth from 2007 until he died in 2015. His stage name was "Bøddel" while with Gorgoroth.

He started playing music when he was 12 years old. He joined Obituary in 1989. Other than music, Watkins decided to form a management company called Back From the Dead Productions which tried to help bands create a positive career in the music business. Watkins joined Gorgoroth in December 2007. He debuted with Gorgoroth at the Hole in the Sky festival on August 29, 2009.

In 2012, Watkins was diagnosed with primary central nervous system lymphoma. On October 18, 2015, Watkins died of that cancer.

## References
Edgefield, Louisiana

**Edgefield** is a village in Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is a rural suburb of Coushatta. It is the least populous municipality in Red River Parish.

## References
Cause of action

Under the law, a **cause of action** is a set of facts  to  a right to sue to  obtain money, property, or the  of a right against another party. It means literally the cause or reason why a party can make a legal case under the law. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings a lawsuit (such as breach of contract, battery, or false imprisonment). The legal document which carries a claim is often called a **Statement of Claim** in English law, or a **Complaint** in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. A complaint identifies the court's jurisdiction, the d facts and the  the plaintiff wants. It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an  fault which resulted in s. This is often expressed in amount of money the receiving party should pay or .

## Filing 
To pursue a cause of action, a plaintiff pleads or alleges facts in a complaint, the pleading that starts a lawsuit. A cause of action generally includes both the legal theory (the legal wrong the plaintiff claims to have suffered) and the remedy (the relief a court is asked to grant).  Often the facts or s that allow a person to seek judicial relief may create multiple causes of action. Although it is fairly easy to file a Statement of Claim in most jurisdictions. If it is not done properly, then the filing party may lose his case due to simple .

There are a number of specific causes of action, including: contract-based actions, statutory causes of action, torts such as assault, battery, invasion of privacy and fraud. The points a plaintiff must prove to win a given type of case are called the "elements" of that cause of action.  For example, for a claim of negligence, the elements are: the (existence of a) duty, breach (of that duty), proximate cause (legal cause), and damages.  If a complaint does not allege facts sufficient to support every element of a claim, the court, upon motion by the opposing party, may dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted.

## Responding 
The defendant to a cause of action must file an "Answer" to the complaint in which the *claims* can be admitted or denied. The answer may also contain counterclaims in which the "Counterclaim Plaintiff" states its own causes of action. Finally, the answer may contain affirmative defenses. Most defenses must be raised at the first possible opportunity. Either in the answer or by motion or are considered to be d. 

## References
## Other websites 
* causes of action, Federal Practices Manual
French Americans

**French Americans**  (French: *Américain français*), also called **Franco-Americans** (French: *Franco-Américains*) are Americans who identify themselves to be of French or French Canadian descent. About 11.8 million U.S. residents are of French or French Canadian descent. About 2 million speak French at home. An additional 750,000 U.S. residents speak a French-based creole language, according to the 2011 census.

Americans of French descent make up a substantial percentage of the American population. However French Americans are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups. This is due in part to the high degree of assimilation among Huguenot (French Protestant) settlers. Also, there is a tendency of French American groups to identify more strongly with "New World" regional identities. These include Québécois, French Canadian, Acadian, Cajun, or Louisiana Creole. This has prevented the development of a wider French American identity.

## References 
## Other websites
* Extensive studies, Documents, Statistics and Resources of Franco American History
* Franco American Women's Institute
* Institut français 
* Dave Martucci, *Franco-American flags*, in Flags of the World
*Vivre en Orange County  - French Community in Orange County, California
*Bonjour L.A. !- Bonjour L.A. ! Los Angeles with a French touch
*Council for the Development of French in Louisiana - a state agency.
*Oral History of French Canadians in Franklin County, New York and of a small sawmill and logging community in the Northern New York State populated by French Canadians
Sand Hills, South Brunswick, New Jersey

**Sand Hills, South Brunswick, New Jersey** is a neighborhood of South Brunswick, New Jersey.

## References
South Brunswick, New Jersey

**South Brunswick, New Jersey** is a township of New Jersey.

## History
South Brunswick Township was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the community was mostly agricultural. It was named after the city of Braunschweig (called *Brunswick* in the Low German language), in the state of Lower Saxony, in Germany.

## Geography 
According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2020, South Brunswick had a total area of 41.02 square miles (106.23 km2). This included 40.61 square miles (105.19&nbsp;km2) of land and 0.40 square miles (1.04&nbsp;km2) of water (0.95%).
* Dayton (2020 Census population of 8,138)
* Heathcote (7,154)
* Kendall Park (9,989)
* Kingston (1,581)
* Monmouth Junction (8,895)

## Demographics 
At the 2020 United States Census, there were 47,043 people living in South Brunswick.

## Transportation 
South Brunswick hosts U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 130, Route 27, Route 32, and Interstate 95 (the New Jersey Turnpike).

## References
East of England (European Parliament constituency)

**East of England** was a constituency of the European Parliament. It used to elect 7 MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

## Boundaries 
The constituency was in-charge to the East of England region of the United Kingdom, comprising the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk.

## History
It was formed as a result of the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, replacing a number of single-member constituencies.

## References
Marion County, Indiana

**Marion County** is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 977,203. The county seat is Indianapolis, the state capital and largest city. Marion County and Indianapolis share the same government.

## Cities
* Beech Grove
* Indianapolis
* Lawrence
* Southport

## Towns
* Clermont
* Crows Nest
* Cumberland
* Homecroft
* Meridian Hills
* N. Crows Nest
* Rocky Ripple
* Speedway
* Spring Hill
* Warren Park
* West Newton
* Williams Creek
* Wynnedale

## References
Lake County

**Lake County** may refer to:

;In New Zealand
* Lake County, New Zealand

;In the United States
It is the name of twelve counties in the United States of America:
*Named for Great Lakes, near which they are located:
** Lake County, Illinois
** Lake County, Indiana
** Lake County, Michigan
** Lake County, Minnesota
** Lake County, Ohio
*others:
** Lake County, California
** Lake County, Colorado
** Lake County, Florida
** Lake County, Montana
** Lake County, Oregon
** Lake County, South Dakota
** Lake County, Tennessee

## Related pages
* Green Lake County, Wisconsin
Mini Estadi

The **Mini Estadi** (English: Mini Stadium) is the home stadium of FC Barcelona B, officially named "Miniestadi", the reserve team of FC Barcelona. It is in Barcelona, Spain. It can hold 15,276 people. It also hosts games for the FC Barcelona women's team.

## Related pages
* Camp Nou
* FC Barcelona
* Barcelona

## References
Criminal procedure

**Criminal procedure** refers to the rules that determine how the courts will process a criminal trial. While criminal procedure differs by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge and results in the conviction or  of the defendant.

## Basic rights
Many countries have a democratic system and use the rule of law. There are a number of common principles. In a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution. That means it is up to the prosecution to prove that the defendant is guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. This is opposed to having the defendant prove he or she is innocent. It also means any doubt is resolved in favor of the defendant. This  is known as the presumption of innocence. If charged with a felony, defendants have the following basic rights: 
# The right to be informed about the crime for which the person is being arrested.
# The right to legal counsel.

## Related pages 
*Forensic science
*Right to a fair trial

## References 
## Other websites 
* Code of Criminal Procedure
Jamesburg, New Jersey

**Jamesburg** is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 5,783.

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.883 square miles (2.289&nbsp;km2).

## References
South Amboy, New Jersey

**South Amboy, New Jersey** is a city on the right bank of the Raritan River in Middlesex County, New Jersey.

## References
Lake Balboa, Los Angeles

**Lake Balboa, Los Angeles** is a neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.

## Other websites
* Lake Balboa Neighborhood Council
* http://projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/neighborhood/lake-balboa/comments/  Comments about living in Lake Balboa
* http://projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/neighborhood/lake-balboa/crime/  Lake Balboa crime map and statistics
* Map of Los Angeles neighborhoods
I'm a Believer

'''"I'm a Believer"'* is a ballad. It was composed by Neil Diamond. It was recorded by The Monkees in 1966. The single hit #1 on the US *Billboard'' Hot 100 chart. It remained there for seven weeks.

Smash Mouth and Eddie Murphy did covers of the song in 2001. In 1985, singer Barbara Mandrell did her version.

## References
Iran war

The **Iran war** can be referred to:
* Iran–Iraq War
* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* Iran–Israel War
* 2026 Iran war
Insanity defense

In criminal trials, the **insanity defense** is the lawyer  saying that someone accused of a crime is not guilty for his or her crimes because of a mental illness. People who have been found to be insane have been let out of full criminal punishment since the Code of Hammurabi. There are different definitions of legal insanity in different places. An insane defendant is usually put in a mental health facility instead of a prison. The M’Naughten rule is used in a lot of countries with Common law. 

## Temporary Insanity 
When the defendant is not insane now but was insane when he committed his crimes, it’s called temporary insanity. The first to use this defense was Daniel Sickles when he killed his wife's lover Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key) in 1859.

## Application 
In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States, the insanity defense is not used much. But, in the United Kingdom, people have been using it more.  Mitigating factors, including things not eligible for the insanity defense like being drunk (or, more frequently, diminished capacity), may lead to reduced charges or a shorter prison sentence. 

The question of who has to prove what is an  in the United States. Before the John Hinckley, Jr. trial, it was the government in most states. If the defendant were acting under a delusion at the time and could still determine right from wrong, he is not insane and may be punished. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Insanity Defense - Insanity defense statistics, Problems with NGRI, Guilty but mentally ill
* Other Notorious Insanity Cases
Narayani Zone

**Narayani** () was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, in the central south of the country. It was named after the Narayani River on the western border of the zone.

## Geography 
Narayani occupied parts of the Terai, Inner Terai, and Hill regions of Nepal, but it did not cover any of the Mountain or Himalayan region. Narayani was rich in flora and fauna. Narayani River and Rapti River were the main rivers of Narayani zone. Bisharari and Garuda lakes were some of the few lakes in Narayani.

Narayani was divided into five districts:

## Economy 
Narayani is the third largest industrial area of the country.

## Important cities and towns 
Some important cities and towns are Birganj, Parwanipur, Jitpur, Alau, Hetauda, Bharatpur, Narayanghat, Kalaiya, and Gaur.

## Related pages
*Development Regions of Nepal
*Zones of Nepal
*Districts of Nepal

## References
Garfield (character)

**Garfield** is a fictional cartoon cat created in 1978 by Jim Davis. He is known for his love of lasagna and sleeping, and his dislike of Mondays and diets. He lives with his best friend, Odie, and Jon, his owner. 

In addition to Davis's newspaper cartoon, an animated television show called *Garfield and Friends* ran in the United States from 1988-1994.

In 2004, a live-action adaptation of *Garfield, starring Bill Murray,* was released in cinemas, 20 years later, an animated Garfield movie, starring Chris Pratt, was released in 2024. 

Garfield is one of the most famous animated characters of all time and makes over $1 billion dollars annually from merchandise.

## Voiceover timeline 
* Scott Beach (1980; segment on *The Fantastic Funnies*)
* Lorenzo Music (1982–2001; TV specials, *Garfield and Friends*, *Garfield’s Mad About Cats*)
* Lou Rawls (1982–1991, occasional singing voice, TV specials)
* Tom Smothers (1991; Alpo commercials)
* Bill Murray (2004–2006; *Garfield: The Movie*, *Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties*)
* Jeff Bergman (2004; Boomerang UK bumper)
* Jon Barnard (2004–2016; ''Garfield's Nightmare*, *Garfield*, *Garfield: Saving Arlene*, *Garfield: Lasagna Tour*, *The Garfield Show: Threat of the Space Lasagna*, Garfield Cat Litter commercial, *Garfield Pinball*)
* Frank Welker (2007–present; *Garfield Gets Real*, *Garfield's Fun Fest*, *Garfield's Pet Force*, *The Garfield Show*, *Mad*, *Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl*, *Nickelodeon Extreme Tennis*, *Nickelodeon Kart Racers 3: Slime Speedway*, *Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl 2*)
* Chris Pratt (2024; *The Garfield Movie*)

Voiced by in unofficial material:

* Fred Tatasciore (2006; *Robot Chicken*)
* Seth Green (2011–2012; *Robot Chicken*)
* Kevin Shinick (2011–2012; *Mad*)
* Matthew Lillard (2014; *Robot Chicken*)
* Dan Castellaneta (2017; *The Simpsons*)
* Dan Milano (2020; *Robot Chicken*)

## Character
### Fictional biography
Garfield was born on June 19, 1978. His first owner, Mamma Leoni, got rid of him because of his appetite. From the moment he was born, he has loved lasagna. In almost every cartoon appearance, Garfield causes . He did that in almost every episode of *Garfield and Friends'' (1988-1994).

## Name
Garfield was named after Jim A. Davis' grandfather, James Garfield Davis jr III, who in turn was named after US President James A. Garfield.

## References
Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium

The **Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium** is the stadium of Real Madrid Castilla. They are the reserve team of Real Madrid. It was built in 2006. It has a capacity of 9,000. The stadium is named after club legend Alfredo di Stéfano. There is a statue of him at the entrance, created by Pedro Montes.

## Related pages
* Real Madrid
* Real Madrid Castilla
* Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
* Alfredo Di Stéfano

## References
Algebraic topology

, one of the most frequently studied objects in algebraic topology]]
**Algebraic topology** is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Algebraic topology can be used in a number of other fields such as physics, branches of geometry and number theory.

Algebraic topology can be used to count "holes" in a shape: for example, a wedding ring and a hollow pipe both have one hole, but a figure-8 has two. This can also be done in different dimensions; a hollow sphere has a kind of "2-dimensional" hole.

## References
Arbitration

**Arbitration**, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way of resolving disputes outside the courts. Litigation can be expensive, time-consuming and unpredictable. With arbitration the parties to a dispute agree to have the  decided by a  . More often this is a panel of three **arbitrators**. Each party suggests one, then both arbitrators agree on a third arbitrator.

## Mediation 
Another form of alternative dispute resolution is mediation. Mediation and arbitration both use neutral third parties. For that reason they are sometimes confused. One difference is that a mediator does not make any decisions. Instead the mediator works towards getting both parties to agree. Unlike Arbitration, there is usually only one mediator. Another difference is that mediation is usually non-binding. Mediation is used more often in smaller disputes or when the matter is kept confidential. In some jurisdictions, mediation is required before a case can come to court. 

## References 
## Related pages 
*Conflict resolution

## Other websites 
* Mediation vs. Arbitration vs. Litigation: What's the Difference?, FindLaw
Marty Ingels

**Martin Ingerman** (March 9, 1936 – October 21, 2015), known professionally as **Marty Ingels**, was an American actor, comedian, comedy, sketch writer, theatrical agent. He was known for his role in the 1960s television series'' I'm Dickens, He's Fenster''. He also voiced many cartoon characters and commercials, such as Pac-Man in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon of the same name.

Ingels was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He began his career in 1958. He was previously married to Jean Marie Frassinxlli from 1964 until their divorce in 1966. He then married actress Shirley Jones in 1977. Ingels died from a massive stroke at Tarzana Medical Center in Tarzana, Los Angeles, on October 21, 2015, at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* C.A. Rejects Age Bias Suit Over Exclusion From Radio Talk Show
* An Interview with Marty Ingels Part One, June 2012
* An Interview with Marty Ingels Part Two, June 2012
* An Interview with Marty Ingels Part Three, July 2012
* Marty Ingels (Aveleyman)
Mark Murphy

**Mark Murphy** (March 14, 1932 &ndash; October 22, 2015) was an American jazz singer. He was born in Syracuse, New York, but spent most of his life in New Jersey. 

He was won the 1996, 1997, 2000, and 2001 *Down Beat* magazine readers jazz poll for Best Male Vocalist of the Year. During his career, he had six Grammy award nominations for Best Vocal Jazz Performance. He was also known for his original lyrics to the jazz classics "Stolen Moments" and "Red Clay".

Murphy died on October 22, 2015 in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
*About Jazz*
Willem Aantjes

**Willem "Wim" Aantjes** (; 16 January 1923 – 22 October 2015) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 26 May 1959 until 7 November 1978.

During World War II Aantjes became a member of the Germanic SS in order to escape forced labor. However, he refused participating in SS activities and was therefore imprisoned in a prison camp.

During his early political career, he was a member for the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and from 1977 as a dual member for the CDA. He served as the Parliamentary leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives from 22 June 1971 until 30 November 1972 when Barend Biesheuvel the Party leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party served as Prime Minister.

He served again as the Parliamentary leader from 19 December 1977 until 7 November 1978 when he resigned both his positions because of relevations of what happened in World War II.

Aantjes died in Utrecht, Netherlands at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
*  Mr. W. (Wim) Aantjes Parlement.com
Marshawn Lynch

**Marshawn Lynch** (born April 22, 1986) is an American football running back. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. His aggressive running style has earned him the name "**Beast Mode**".

## Early life
Marshawn grew up in Oakland, California with his three siblings and his mother. His mother had to work multiple jobs in order to keep the family moving. Lynch's family had a history of being athletes, such as his mother, who had been a very good sprinter at the high school that Marshawn was attending at the time (Oakland Technical High School). Lynch played many different positions during high school, including Defensive Back, Quarterback, Wide Receiver, and Linebacker.

## References
*http://www.jockbio.com/Bios/M_Lynch/M_Lynch_bio.html
Kazimierz Łaski

**Kazimierz Łaski** (December 15, 1921 &ndash; October 20, 2015) was a Polish-Austrian economist. He was one of the most famous representatives of Post-Keynesian economics in Austria. He was born in Warsaw, Poland. 

Łaski died in Vienna, Austria at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
* *"Das Leben ist stärker als die Dogmen"* , Intervention. European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies, Vol 4 (2007), No. 2
* *"Schlangen vor den Geschäften oder vor den Arbeitsämtern"* , Kurswechsel, (2006), No. 4
* *"Intelectual trajectories: Kalecki’s place in my career as economist"*, EAEPE Newsletter, Number 36, Juli-August 2006
Hurricane Patricia

**Hurricane Patricia** of 2015 was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere. The storm was headed for western Mexico. Its winds grew to Category 5 level and reached 215 mph, or 345 km/h. It also had a really low pressure of 872 millibars, or 25.75 inches of mercury.

Patricia had the highest hurricane winds since Hurricane Linda in 1997.

On April 25, 2016, the name *Patricia* was retired and replaced with *Pamela*.

## References
Typhoon Vera

**Typhoon Vera**, also called the ***Isewan*** **Typhoon**, was a super typhoon that struck Japan in September 1959. It was the strongest and deadliest typhoon ever in the country. It was also a severe  to the Japanese economy (Japan was still recovering from World War II). Vera's wind speed was . 

It was given the name "Vera" by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. It caused  to Ise Bay (*Isewan* in Japanese) which is why it is called the Isewan Typhoon in Japan. More than 5,000 people lost their lives in the typhoon.

## References
Ricardo Dolz y Arango

**Ricardo Dolz y Arango** (January 3, 1861 - July 5, 1937) was the rector of University of Havana and a member of the World Court. 

## Biography
He was born on January 3, 1861 to Juan Norberto Dolz y Guzman and María de la Luz Arango Molina. He was the rector of University of Havana and a member of the World Court in The Hague, Netherlands. He died on July 5, 1937 of a heart attack at his home in Havana, Cuba, at the age of 76.

## References
Damages

In law, **damages** are an , usually of money. It is to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury.  The rules for damages can and frequently do vary based on the type of claim which is presented (e.g., breach of contract versus a tort claim) and the jurisdiction. Damages are not the same as court costs which includes the costs to bring a legal case to court. The losing party may also have to pay court costs. In civil law countries, these are called "ordinary damages" and may be limited to actual loss.

### Punitive damages 
Generally, **punitive damages**, which are also termed *exemplary damages* in the United Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or  the defendant. They are also to intended to be an example to others not to do the same thing. Punitive damages are awarded when it is determined that compensatory damages are not enough. Punitive damages are awarded over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of malice or intent. Great judicial  is expected to be exercised in their use. In the United States punitive damages awards are subject to the limitations imposed by the due process of law clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

Punitive damages in most civil law countries are not awarded. 

### Statutory damages 
Statutory damages are an amount stated within the statute rather than d based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine the value of the harm to the victim. Someone breaking the law can  the victim to a statutory award. This is even if no actual injury happened. 

For example, United States Civil Code 18 USC §§2520 provides for statutory damages to victims of various wiretapping s.

## References
Equity (law)

In common law countries **equity** is based on a judiciary  of fairness. It is what is often what is considered fair and right under natural law. It is used when the laws themselves do not address an issue or are inadequate in some way. Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage. The laws, such as they were then, did not address every concern. At first, a subject (of the king) had to petition the king to ask to be heard in his court. One of the first instances of this was in 1070 when Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury had a case against Odo, Earl of Kent, the king's brother. In 1875 Parliament did away with the chancery courts altogether. United States bankruptcy courts are the one example of US federal courts which operate as courts of equity.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Reasons Behind The Creation Of Equity
Commoners

The terms **commoners**, **common people** or the **masses** refers to ordinary people who are members of neither the nobility nor the priesthood. In a system of social classes, they are those without title or rank. Since the 20th century, the term *common people* has been used in its place. It refers to typical members of society in contrast to those who are highly privileged (in either wealth or influence).

## History
In Europe, a concept of common people started in the classical antiquity of ancient Rome around the 6th century BC. The Roman social division was into patricians (nobles) and plebeians (commoners). The division may have been instituted by King Servius Tullius as an alternative to the previous three noble tribes or clans, whose divisions had caused conflict.

The ancient Greeks generally had no concept of class and their leading social divisions were simply non-Greeks, free-Greeks and slaves. With the growth of Christianity in the 4th century AD, a new world view arose in European thinking about social division, which continued until at least early modern times.

## References
Lateral sulcus

The **lateral sulcus** (also called **Sylvian fissure** or **lateral fissure**) is one of the most prominent structures of the human brain.
It divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain. A sulcus is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex.

The lateral sulcus first appears around the fourteenth week of gestation.

## References
Principal Skinner

**Principal Walter Seymour Skinner** (born **Armin Tamzarian**) is  a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Harry Shearer. He is the principal of Springfield Elemantary School.

## History 
### Name 
He was named after the behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner.

## Role in *The Simpsons* 
Skinner was a sergeant in the United States Army during the Vietnam War and now he is the principal of Springfield Elementary School. He has developed a love-hate relationship with Bart Simpson.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mario Beccaria

**Mario Beccaria** (18 June 1920 &ndash; 22 November 2003) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy Party. He served as mayor of his city and as member of the Chamber of Deputies.

Beccaria died on 22 November 2003, aged 83. In Sant'Angelo Lodigiano it has been dedicated a street to him.

## References
## Other websites
Krunoslav Hulak

**Krunoslav Hulak** (25 May 1951 &ndash; 23 October 2015) was a Croatian chess master. He was awarded the International Master title in 1974, and the grandmaster title in 1976. Hulak was born in Osijek, Croatia.

Hulak died in Zagreb, Croatia, aged 64.

## References
## Other websites
* Tužna vijest za hrvatski šah: Bio je omiljen...
Leon Bibb

**Leon Bibb** (February 7, 1922 &ndash; October 23, 2015) was an American folk singer. He grew up in Kentucky, studied voice in New York, and worked on Broadway. His career began when he became a featured soloist of the Louisville Municipal College glee club as a student. He was known for performing at *Hootenanny*, on *The Ed Sullivan Show* and performed with Bill Cosby on tours.

He lived in Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada since 1969. He died in Vancouver at the age of 93.

## References
Speedway, Indiana

**Speedway** is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. It is the home of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

## References
1959 Mexico hurricane

The **1959 Mexico hurricane** was one of only two Category 5 Eastern Pacific hurricanes to make landfall in Mexico. It was first observed south of Mexico on October 23. The storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 25 and a Category 4 the following day. The storm later turned toward the northeast and intensified to Category 5 level. It made landfall near Manzanillo, Mexico.

The hurricane caused at least $280 million in damage. More than 1,800 people lost their lives.

## References
Shel Dorf

**Sheldon "Shel" Dorf** (July 5, 1933 – November 3, 2009) was an American comic-strip letterer and freelance artist. He is known for being the founder of the San Diego Comic-Con International. Dorf lettered the *Steve Canyon* comic strip for the last 12 to 14 years of the strip's run.

## References
## Other websites
Amancio Ortega

**Amancio Ortega Gaona** (; born 28 March 1936) is a Spanish fashion businessman. He is the founding chairman of the Inditex fashion group.

His daughter, Marta Ortega, assumed the role of chairwoman of Inditex on April 1, 2022.

He is best known for its chain of Zara clothing and accessories retail shops. He is the second richest person in the world just behind American billionaire Bill Gates, with a net worth of USD $78.6 billion.

## References
## Other websites
*
Brayden McNabb

**Brayden Luke McNabb** (born January 28, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres and Los Angeles Kings. 

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, McNabb played parts of 4 seasons with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL). McNabb played for Team Canada during the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships and won a gold medal with Canada at the 2008 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament.

He was drafted 66th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Sabres on May 18, 2011. On November 26, 2011, McNabb made his NHL debut in a 5–1 win against the Washington Capitals. On December 26, 2011, he scored his first NHL goal against Tomáš Vokoun of the Washington Capitals in a 4-2 win. 

On March 5, 2014, the Sabres traded McNabb, along with Jonathan Parker and two draft picks, to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Hudson Fasching and Nicolas Deslauriers. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Pseudogene

s that can cause pseudogenes. The human sequence is of a pseudogene in the olfactory gene family. The chimpanzee sequence is the functional ortholog. Key differences are highlighted]]

**Pseudogenes** are genes that have lost their function. They have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. The term was coined in 1977.

Pseudogenes can result from mutations in a gene whose product is not needed for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional. It may be similar to other kinds of non-coding DNA which have a regulatory role.

Most have some gene-like features. They lack protein-coding ability resulting from a variety of disabling mutations, or their inability to encode RNA (such as with rRNA pseudogenes).  

Pseudogenes are generally thought of as the last stop for genomic material that is to be removed from the genome, so they are often labeled as junk DNA. Pseudogenes contain fascinating biological and evolutionary histories in their sequences. This is due to a pseudogene's shared ancestry with a functional gene. In the same way that Darwin thought of two species as having a shared common ancestry followed by millions of years of evolutionary divergence (see speciation), a pseudogene and its associated functional gene also share a common ancestor and have diverged as separate genetic entities over millions of years.

## References
National Informatics Centre

The **National Informatics Centre** (NIC) is a science and technology group that is part of India's government. It is regulated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

It was founded in 1976. NIC is responsible for providing IT support to Goverment of India and it also maintains the National Portal of India that contains the Constitution of India.

## References
## Website
* Official website of NIC
* National Portal of India
Ján Chryzostom Korec

**Ján Chryzostom Korec**, SJ (22 January 1924 &ndash; 24 October 2015) was a Slovak Jesuit Cardinal and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Nitra. He served in the church from 1990 through 2005. He was in jail for eight years (1960-1968) because of his activism against Communism.

Korec was born in Bošany, Czechoslovakia. He died in Nitra, Slovakia at the age of 91.

## More reading
*
*

## References
Pseudepigrapha

**Pseudepigrapha** (pseudo = false; graphe = writing) are falsely attributed works. They are written works not by their supposed author.

Apocryphal books are Jewish religious works thought to be written about 300 BC to 300 AD. They are distinguished by Protestants from the deuterocanonical (Catholic and Orthodox) or Apocrypha (Protestant). These books appear in the Septuagint and Vulgate but not in the Hebrew Bible or in Protestant bibles. Examples are 4 Maccabees and The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.

The term has also been used by some Muslims who claim that most hadiths are fabrications

## References
Vigo County, Indiana

**Vigo County** (  or  ) is a county along the western border of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 106,153. The county seat is Terre Haute.

## References
Defense

**Defense** or **defence** may refer to:

## Tactics and strategy
* Defense (military)
* Defense (sports)
** Defender (association football)
** Defenceman (ice hockey)
* Biological defense (disambiguation)
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Civil defense
* Defence in depth

## Politics and economics
* National security
** Defense minister
* International security
* Defense industry
** Defense contractor

## Concepts in law
* Defense (legal)
* Defense of property
* Right of self-defense
* Self-defence

## Other uses
* a chess opening by Black
* HMS *Defence*, Royal Navy ships of this name
* Defense of a doctoral thesis, also called viva voce; see dissertation
* La Défense, a business district in Paris
** The Grande Arche, commonly known as Arche de la Défense, in Paris
* *DeFence*, an art project
* Haganah (Hebrew for "The Defence"), a paramilitary organization in British Palestine
* Defence mechanism
* Defense in depth (computing)

## Related pages
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Defense (legal)

In civil proceedings and criminal prosecutions under the common law, a defendant may raise a **defense** (or **defence**) in an attempt to avoid criminal or civil liability. It is an answer, made by a defendant to a plaintiff's action or a denial of a prosecutor's charges. It is also an answer in equity.

## Civil law defenses
Under common law, a defendant may raise any of the numerous defenses to limit or avoid liability. These include:
* Lack of jurisdiction of the court, such as diplomatic immunity.
* Failure to state a cause of action or other insufficiencies of pleading.
* Any of the affirmative defenses.
* Defenses conferred by statute - such as a statute of limitations or the statute of frauds.
* *Ex turpi causa non oritur actio* - the action against the defendant arises from an illegality.
* *Volenti non fit injuria* - consent by the victim or plaintiff.
* *In pari delicto* - both sides equally at fault
* Unclean hands

## Criminal defenses 
In a criminal trial, there are a wide variety of defenses offered. Some of these include:
* You could also get shot for major bad acts.
* Most often, defendants claim that they did not commit the  act in question.
* The defendant had an alibi. He or she was someplace else when the crime was committed and could not be guilty.
* Self-defense, a claim that an act was justified because of something the other person did.
* An Insanity defense claiming the defendant was not capable of telling right from wrong.
* Under the Influence, a claim the defendant should not be held accountable for their actions due to the influences of drugs or alcoholic drink.
* Entrapment is an  to commit a crime by authorities in order to get a conviction.

Many of the above are considered an affirmative defense in which case the burden of proof may be on the defendant to prove their innocence. Otherwise in a criminal trial the burden of proof usually rests with the prosecution. They must prove the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

## Related pages 
*Absolute defense
*Lawsuit
*Presumption of innocence
*Criminal procedure
*Statute of limitations
*Adversarial system

## References
Drama (Jamelia album)

***Drama*** is the debut studio album by British singer and songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records in the United Kingdom in June 2000.

## Track listing
# "One"
# "Money" (featuring Beenie Man)
# "Call Me"
# "Not with You"
# "Boy Next Door"
# "One Day"
# "Ghetto"
# "Thinking 'Bout You"
# "I Do"
# "Room 101"
# "Guilty"
# "I Can't Be"
# "This Time"

### Japanese track listing
# "One"
# "Thinking 'Bout You"
# "I Do"
# "Not with You"
# "This Time"
# "Money"
# "Room 101"
# "You Say You Love Me"
# "I Can't Be"
# "Call Me"
# "Boy Next Door"
# "Guilty"
# "One Day"
# "Ghetto"
# "What Is Love"

## Singles
## Chart performance
UK Album Chart Peak Position 39

## References
Military Cross

The **Military Cross** (**MC**) is the third-level military award given to officers and (since 1993) other ranks of the British Armed Forces. Previously it was also awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries.

The MC is granted in recognition of "an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members, of any rank in Our Armed Forces". In 1979, the Queen approved a proposal that some awards, including the Military Cross, could be awarded posthumously.

## References
Walk with Me (Jamelia album)

***Walk with Me*** is the third studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records on 25 September 2006 in the UK and Europe. It was released on 17 March 2007 in Australia.

## Charts
## References
Bad Ass Strippa

"**Bad Ass Strippa**" is the  single by Jentina from her self-titled debut album, *Jentina*. It was released in Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing
### CD 1
#"Bad Ass Strippa"
#"Bad Ass Strippa" (Dave Kelly Remix)
#"Bad Ass Strippa" (Radio Slave Remix)
#"Bad Ass Strippa" (extended mix)
#"Bad Ass Strippa" (instrumental)
#"Bad Ass Strippa" (CD-ROM video)

### CD 2
#"Bad Ass Strippa"
#"Bad Ass Strippa" (instrumental)

### 12"
#### Side 1
#"Bad Ass Strippa"
#"Bad Ass Strippa" (Dave Kelly Remix)

#### Side 2
#"Bad Ass Strippa" (Radio Slave Remix)

## Chart performance
## References
Mysterious (song)

"**Mysterious**" is the third and final single by Jentina from her self titled debut album, *Jentina*. It was released only in Italy where it reached number 49 on the Italian charts.

## Track listing
#"Mysterious"
#"Mysterious" (The Vanden Plas Remix)
#"Mysterious" (James Ford Remix)
#"Mysterious" (Return to the Stone Age Mix)

## Chart performance
## References
Thank You (Jamelia album)

***Thank You*** is the second studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was first released on 29 September 2003 by Parlophone Records.

## Track listing
**Original release**

**Re-release**

**French Edition Alternate Track**

**International Re-release Bonus Track**

**Japanese Edition Bonus Tracks**

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Certifications
### Singles
## References
Ashland, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana

**Ashland** is a village in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the third least populous municipality in Natchitoches Parish (after Powhatan and Robeline, Louisiana) It was incorporated in 1963. A few residences and a convenience store to the north spill over into neighboring Bienville Parish. The population was 269 at the 2010 census but went down 28 percent to 194 in 2020. The median age is 51.8 years, as of 2020. Ashland is part of the Natchitoches Micropolitan Statistical Area but is located nearly forty miles to the north of the parish seat of Natchitoches.

## History 
On September 2, 2011, a forest fire destroyed ten houses between Ashland and Creston, but residents escaped personal injury. According to Louisiana Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry Mike Strain, the blaze scorched several thousand acres and was propelled by past drought conditions combined with high winds coming from the aftermath of Tropical Storm Lee in the Gulf of Mexico.

## Images 

Image:Ashland, LA, entrance sign IMG 1624.JPG|Village limits
Image:LA Hwy. 153 in Ashland, LA IMG 0064.JPG|Louisiana State Highway 153 in the village
Image:Ashland Baptist Church, Ashland, LA IMG 1625.JPG|Ashland Baptist Church
Image:Renovated Ashland (LA) Baptist Church IMG 0737.JPG|Renovated Ashland Baptist Church

## References 
## Other websites
Defense (sports)

In many team sports, the **defence** or **defense** is the action of those players responsible for preventing the other team from scoring. The term may also refer to the tactics involved in defense. It can also be a specialty team whose primary responsibility is defense. Similarly, a **defense player** or **defender** is a player who is tasked with stopping the other team from scoring. The defender also protects their own team's goalkeeper or goaltender. This is in association football, ice hockey, water polo and many other sports.

In American football the defense is the part of the team that is tasked with preventing the other team's ball carrier from scoring. The defense consists of 11 players.

## References
Defence in depth

**Defense in depth** (also known as **deep** or **elastic defense**) is a military strategy. The delaying tactic is intended not to stop the advance of an enemy but to slow it down. A defense in deep buys time by slowly yielding to the enemy and usually causes additional casualties. That may slow down an advancing army and cause it to lose momentum.

## Examples 
Hannibal used the tactic at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Facing a much larger Roman army, he placed his less experienced soldiers in the centre and continued the tactic with a great effect against both the French Army and the British Army until July 1918. The arrival of the US Army, which joined the French and the British, ended the effectiveness of the tactic.such as superior numbers. The defenders place the attackers behind several layers of defense . The defenders then let the attackers wear down their forces, and the defenders slowly give ground and move back to the next layer of defense. Clausewitz stated that provides the defenders with additional opportunities. and to inflict as much damage as possible to the larger force without directly engaging it. That allows the defending army's main force to disengage an enemy and to maintain good order. The main force is given the time necessary to set up a new defensive position. The small force protecting the larger force is called a rearguard.

A famous rearguard example was given in the *Song of Roland*. The nephew of Charlemagne, Roland, commanded the rearguard at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. He and his men protected the rear of the Frankish army while it retreated to France. In his delaying action, Roland and all of his men were killed in an ambush.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Defence-in-Depth, King's College, London
Cody Eakin

**Cody Eakin** (born May 24, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey centre. He plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). He has played for the Buffalo Sabres, Winnipeg Jets, Washington Capitals, Dallas Stars, and Vegas Golden Knights. 

## Career
Before playing in the NHL, Eakin played parts of 4 seasons with the Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League (WHL). 

He was drafted 85th overall by the Washington Capitals in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Capitals on October 20, 2009. 

On November 1, 2011, Eakin was called up from the Hershey Bears. The same day, Eakin made his NHL debut in a 5-4 overtime win against the Anaheim Ducks. On November 4, 2011, Eakin scored his first NHL goal against Cam Ward of the Carolina Hurricanes. 

On June 22, 2012, the Capitals traded Eakin along with a second round pick to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Mike Ribeiro. 

## References
## Other websites 
*
Colin Gubbins

**Colin Gubbins** was Major-General **Sir Colin McVean Gubbins** KCMG DSO MC (2 July 1896 – 11 February 1976). He was head of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the Second World War.

Gubbins was also responsible for setting up the secret Auxiliary Units, a civilian force to operate behind the German lines if the United Kingdom was invaded during Operation Sea Lion, Germany's planned invasion.

## References
Nigella sativa

***Nigella sativa*** is a **black cumin** (also known as nigella or *kalonji*). It is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is from south and southwest Asia. *Nigella sativa* can grow to be  tall.

The black cumin fruit has numerous seeds which are used as spice, sometimes as a replacement for original black cumin *Bunium bulbocastanum*. These two plants are both called 'black cumin' on account of their seeds.

## References 
## Other websites
* Spice pages: onion seeds (*Nigella sativa*, falsely black cumin or black caraway)