open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Argentine Declaration of Independence

, in Spanish and Quechua]]

What today is commonly called the **Independence of Argentina** was made on July 9, 1816.  It was done by the Congress of Tucumán. In reality, the congressmen that were together in Tucumán declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America.  This is still today one of the legal names of the Argentine Republic. The Federal League Provinces, were at war with the United Provinces.  They were not allowed into the Congress. Many provinces from Upper Peru were at the Congress.

.]]

Independence began with the 1810 May Revolution.

## Signatories of the declaration
*Francisco Narciso de Laprida, Deputy for San Juan, President
*Mariano Boedo, Deputy for Salta, Vice-president 
*José Mariano Serrano, Deputy for Charcas (present-day Bolivia), Secretary 
*Juan José Paso, Deputy for Buenos Aires, Secretary
*Dr. Antonio Sáenz, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
*Dr. José Darragueira, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
*Friar Cayetano José Rodríguez, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
*Dr. Pedro Medrano, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
*Dr. Manuel Antonio Acevedo, Deputy for Catamarca 
*Dr. José Ignacio de Gorriti, Deputy for Salta 
*Dr. José Andrés Pacheco de Melo, Deputy for Chibchas (present-day Bolivia)
*Dr. Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Deputy for Jujuy
*Eduardo Pérez Bulnes, Deputy for Córdoba 
*Tomás Godoy Cruz, Deputy for Mendoza 
*Dr. Pedro Miguel Aráoz, Deputy for Tucumán
*Dr. Esteban Agustín Gazcón, Deputy for Buenos Aires 
*Pedro Francisco de Uriarte, Deputy for Santiago del Estero 
*Pedro León Gallo, Deputy for Santiago del Estero 
*Pedro Ignacio Rivera, Deputy for Mizque (present-day  Bolivia)
*Dr. Mariano Sánchez de Loria, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
*Dr. José Severo Malabia, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
*Dr. Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Deputy for La Rioja
*Lic. Gerónimo Salguero de Cabrera y Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba 
*Dr. José Colombres, Deputy for Catamarca 
*Dr. José Ignacio Thames, Deputy for  Tucumán
*Friar Justo de Santa María de Oro, Deputy for San Juan 
*José Antonio Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba 
*Dr. Juan Agustín Maza, Deputy for Mendoza 
*Tomás Manuel de Anchorena, Deputy for Buenos Aires

## Recognition of independence
* Kingdom of Hawaii: 1818
* Portugal: 1821
* Brazil, United States of America: 1822
* United Kingdom: December 15, 1823
* France: 1830
* Denmark: 1841
* United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway: 1847
* Spain: April 29, 1857

## References
* 9 de Julio de 1816: Declaración de la Independencia  
*Act of Independence - Spanish Wikisource 
*Machine translations of the full text at College of Humanities and Social Sciences - North Carolina State University
Sukhoi Su-30MKI

The **Sukhoi Su-30MKI**(NATO reporting name: **Flanker-H**) is a fighter plane made by Sukhoi and HAL for the Indian Air Force. It is a version of the Su-30. It first flew in 2000 and entered service in 2002. It is one of the heaviest fighters in the world and can fly very far.

The Indian Air Force plans to have 272 of these planes by 2020. They will form the backbone of Indian Air Force from then.

It is considered a 4++ generation fighter plane and has similar features to the Sukhoi Su-35.

## References
Habit

**Habit** or **Habits** may refer to:
* Habit (psychology), an acquired pattern of behavior that often occurs automatically
* Habit (biology) is the form of growth of an animal or plant
* Habit (clothing), for example, as worn by monks or nuns
* Drug addiction is sometimes referred to as "having a drug habit"
* Habituation, a basic activity in which an animal responds less to stimuli

## Related pages
* Habitat
* Instinct
Argentine Senate

The **Argentine Senate** is the upper house of the Argentine National Congress. It has 72 senators.  There are three for each province and three for Buenos Aires. There used to be 2 senators from each province.  That was changed in 1994.

Senators are elected by direct election on a provincial basis.  The party with the most votes is given two of the province's senate seats. The second-place party gets the third seat. Currently one-third of the members are elected every two years to a six-year term. In other words, one-third of the provinces hold senate elections every two years.

## Requirements
According to Section 55 of the Argentine Constitution, candidates for the Argentine Senate must 
* be at least 30 years old
* have been a citizen of Argentina for six years
* be native to the province of his office, or have been a resident of that province for two years.
## Authorities
Current leadership positions include:

## References
Santiago del Estero Province

**Santiago del Estero** is a province in the north of Argentina. Its capital is the city of Santiago del Estero

## Geography
The province of Santiago del Estero has an area of ; the province is in the northern part of the country and is surrounded by the provinces Salta, Chaco, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Catamarca and Tucumán.

Most of the province is in the Gran Chaco flat lands with some low places where some small lakes are formed. In some low places, there are wetlands that are known here as *Esteros*.

The main rivers of the province are the Dulce, that is known as *Salí* river in Tucumán, and the Salado.

### Climate
Santiago del Estero has an arid climate, subtype **Bsh** in the Köppen climate classification.

The average temperature for the year in Santiago del Estero is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is June, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Santiago del Estero is . The month with the most precipitation on average is January with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

## Population
The inhabitants of Santiago del Estero are known, in Spanish, as *Santiagueños* (women: *Santiagueñas*).

The province of Santiago del Estero has a population, in 2010, of 874,006; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.

**Evolution of the population in Santiago del Estero**

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## Political division
The province is divided into 27 departments ().

## Gallery

File:Plaza Libertad en Santiago del Estero.jpg|*Libertad* square in Santiago del Estero.
File:Frente de la Catedral de Santiago del Estero.jpg|Santiago del Estero cathedral.
File:Termas town hall.jpg|Termas de Rio Hondo city hall.
File:Río Dulce en Termas de Río Hondo 1.jpg|Dulce river in Termas de Río Hondo.

## References
## Other websites
* Santiago del Estero Province Official Website
Time in Argentina

**Argentina** is at a place that would naturally put it in the UTC−4 time zone.  It actually uses the UTC−3 time zone. Argentina decides whether to have daylight saving time on a year-by-year basis.  The provinces may choose to follow the national choice or not. In 2009, Argentina did not have daylight saving time.  

## References
Television presenter

A **television presenter** (often referred to as a television personality or television host) is a person who introduces or hosts television programs, often serving as a mediator for the program and the audience. Nowadays, it is common for people who garnered fame in other fields to take on this role, but some people have made their name solely within the field of presenting—such as children's television series or infomercials—to become television personalities.
## Related pages
* Television director
* Television producer
House of Savoy

The **House of Savoy** was the ruling dynasty of the Duchy of Savoy, then the Kingdom of Sardinia and later Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946. 

The House of Savoy began in Switzerland in the Middle Ages. The Savoy rose to power in Sicily War of Spanish Succession then gave up Sicily for Sardinia in 1720 later adding Piedmont to their kingdom.

In 1792 they joined the alliance against Napoleon Bonaparte. They were defeated at first but had their kingdom restored after Napoleon was defeated. 

In 1859, King Victor Emmanuel II led the unification of Italy and ruled until 1878. His grandson Victor Emmanuel III came to power in 1900 after King Umberto I was assassinated. Victor Emmanuel III was king during both World War I and World War II. He also appointed Benito Mussolini Prime Minister in 1922. 

After World War II, public support for the monarchy fell and Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in 1946. His son Umberto II was king for a month before a referendum abolished the monarchy. Today the leadership of the House of Savoy is contested between Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples, who is the son on Umberto II, and his cousin Prince Amedeo, Duke of Asota.

There was also a branch of the family that settled in France they were known as the Dukes of Nemours and often had close ties with the Court of Louis XIV. 

From 2006 until his death in 2021, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta was the disputed head of the House of Savoy.

## Related pages 
* Church of the Castle of Lierna Lake Como
* Lierna

## Notes
Bourbon Restoration in France

The **Bourbon Restoration** was the return of the House of Bourbon to France after the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte. It began in 1814 after Napoleon was defeated and exiled to Elba island off the coast of Italy. Louis XVIII of France, the younger brother of Louis XVI of France, was named king in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna.

After being removed by Napoleon during the Hundred Days, Louis XVIII was returned to power in 1815 and died in 1824. Louis XVIII was succeeded by his younger brother Charles X of France who ruled until he was removed in 1830 by the July Revolution.
Presenter

A **presenter**, or **host** / **hostess**, is a person who guides or introduces an event, especially on television.

A similar term is master of ceremonies (MC, *emcee*, or host). The main use of the term 'presenter' is on television, where the presenter introduces other speakers, and introduces program sections. The role is similar to narrator, who talks over visuals ("voice over")  or plays a main role in the program. A presenter does not have to be an expert on the content of the program, but a narrator or commentatior is often an expert. 

## Television presenter
A **television presenter** is a person who introduces or hosts television programmes.  It is common for minor celebrities to do this. There are also many people whose main job is presenting. This is very common with children's television series. One example of this is Mister Rogers.

Some presenters may also be an actor, model, singer, comedian or other profession.  Others may be experts on certain things. These include scientists or politicians They work as presenters for a programme about what they are an expert at. For instance, Carl Sagan, an astronomer was the host of *Cosmos: A Personal Voyage*, a television series that dealt understanding the universe. Some television presenters are celebrities who have made their name in one area and use their fame to work in other areas.  Examples of this include British comedian Michael Palin who now presents programmes about travel (such as *Around the World in 80 Days*), and Alan Alda, who has presented *Scientific American Frontiers*.

Claudia Winkleman presents the traitors on British television. 

The term is also used in other countries, such as Ireland.  In the United States, the term host or MC (Master of Ceremonies) is commonly used.

## News presenter 
A **news presenter** (also called an **anchor**, **news anchor** or **newscaster**) is a person who presents news during a news program. The program can be on television, on the radio or on the Internet. A news presenter, or anchor, puts together the entire program. This may include writing, selecting, and reading stories on the air. The job of an anchor is often more improvised than scripted. This is especially true during breaking news (when events are happening quickly). They have to  other reporters, interviews and behind-the-scenes events as they happen. They must also deal with technical difficulties and keep the broadcast going.

## Other presenters
There are presenters for many types of things. These include: 
* Radio presenter: A radio presenter (or radio personality) is similar to a television presenter, except that they present radio programs instead of television programs. 
* Sports presenter: A presenter introduces the programme, but a sports commentator is an expert role: it must be done by someone with detailed knowledge of the sport.
* Weather presenter: A weather presenter  is a type of journalist on television who presents weather forecasts. He or she does not compose the weather report: they *present* the work of people who the viewer never gets to see.

## References
UTC−03:00

**UTC−03:00** makes clocks three hours earlier than Greenwich Mean Time.

These are countries who use UTC-03:00 for time.

## As standard time (all year round)
*Suriname
*Falkland Islands
*French Guiana
*Brazil - Brasília Time
**Except the western states of Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, and far-away islands
*Argentina
*Uruguay
* Antarctica - Graham Land

## As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)
*Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) - most of island, including south coast and southwest coast - observes European Union DST rules
*Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) - observes North American DST rules

## As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
*Canada (Atlantic Daylight Time)
**Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Labrador except the southeastern tip
*Bermuda (UK)
*Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) - Northwest - area around Thule - observes North American DST rules

## As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer)
*Chile - mainland
*Paraguay

## References
Black Rain

***Black Rain*** is a 1989 American-Japanese crime action movie. It stars Andy Garcia, Michael Douglas and Ken Takakura. It was released in September 1989. The movie is about the Japanese underworld of crime with American crimes mixed in.

## Other websites 
*
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The **Kingdom of the Two Sicilies** () was a kingdom in southern Italy from 1816 until 1861. It was created by Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, after the Congress of Vienna of 1814, by uniting the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples, which had been ruled by Joseph Bonaparte who conferred the title "Prince of Naples" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren, during the reign of Napoleon. The ruling dynasty was a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.

The capital of the kingdom was Naples. Roman Catholicism was the state religion.  The kingdom was full of corruption and poverty: mainly because of this, most of the population welcomed the Risorgimento with the unification of southern Italy to the rest of Italy in 1861.

In 1861, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his men, who were known as "red shirts", captured Sicily. This was welcomed by the local population. Garibaldi then crossed the Strait of Messina and captured Naples. South Italy and Sicily then joined the Kingdom of Italy.

## Administrative division
The peninsula was divided into fifteen "departments" and the island of Sicily was divided into seven departments.

After the Two Sicilies were conquered by Garibaldi, the departments became provinces of Italy.

## Royal family
For a time the heir to the throne was given the title of "Hereditary Prince of Naples". But this was later changed to the **Duke of Calabria** after the uniting of the two kingdoms. Collectively the royal family generally lived at the Palace of Caserta. Children of the monarch were born with the style of *Royal Highness* as well as the title of Prince/ss of the Two Sicilies. Several males in the family were given titles such as "Duke of Castro", "Count of Caserta", "Prince of Salerno", a majority of which were lost due to a lack of male heirs. The present pretending monarch is Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria, who does use the title of Duke of Calabria.
.                                           |

|width="30"|&nbsp;
|valign="top"|

|}

 The city of Benevento was formally included in this department, but it was occupied by the Papal States and was *de facto* an exclave of that country.

## References
Serzh Sargsyan

**Serzh Azati Sargsyan** (born June 30, 1954) is the third President of Armenia. He won the February 2008 presidential election. He took office in April 2008.

## Political career
Sargsyan was in the Soviet Armed Forces from 1971 to 1972. He is the chairman of the Chess Federation of Armenia. Besides speaking Armenian, he also can speak in Russian.

Even though the former Prime Minister of Armenia, Tigran Sargsyan, has the same last name, they are not related.

He became the Armenian defense minister in 1993.  In 1995 he was head of Armenian state security department and minister of national security in 1996.  In 1999, he became Robert Kocharyan's chief of staff, then secretary of the national security council, and defense minister. He became prime minister in 2007. Former Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.

## Personal life
In 1983, he married socialite Rita Sargsyan. She died in 2020 from COVID-19.  They have two daughters, Anush and Satenik, and one granddaughter, Mariam.

## References
## Other websites
*
Prime Minister of Armenia

The **Prime Minister of Armenia** is the most senior minister in the Armenian government.  They "oversee the Government's regular activities and coordinate the work of the Ministers."  The President of Armenia chooses the Prime Minimster. The office of President is generally thought to be more powerful than the office of Prime Minister.

## List of Heads of Government of Armenia (1918 – present)
### Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
:**Prime Ministers**
*Hovhannes Katchaznouni (30 June 1918 – 28 May 1919) (in Tbilisi, Georgia until 19 July 1918)
*Alexander Khatisyan (28 May 1919 – 5 May 1920)
*Hamo Ohanjanyan (5 May 1920 – 25 November 1920)
*Simon Vratsian (25 November 1920 – 2 December 1920)

### Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936) and Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
:'''Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars**
*Sergey Lukashin (21 May 1922 – 24 June 1925)
*Sarkis Ambartsumyan (24 June 1925 – 22 March 1928) (1st time)
*Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan (22 March 1928 – 10 February 1935)
*Abram Guloyan (10 February 1935 – February 1937)
*Sarkis Ambartsumyan (March 1937 – May 1937) (2nd time)
*Stepan Akopyan (May 1937 – 21 September 1937)
*Aram Piruzyan (23 November 1937 – October 1943)
*Agasi Sarkisyan (October 1943 – 1946)

:**Chairmen of the Council of Ministers**
*Agasi Sarkisyan (1946 – 29 March 1947)
*Saak Karapetyan (29 March 1947 – November 1952)
*Anton Kochinyan (20 November 1952 – 5 February 1966)
*Badal Muradyan (5 February 1966 – 21 November 1972)
*Grigory Arzumanyan (21 November 1972 – 28 November 1976)
*G.A. Martirosyan (28 November 1976 – 17 January 1977) (acting)
*Fadey Sarkisyan (17 January 1977 – 16 January 1989)
*Vladimir Markaryants (16 January 1989 – 13 August 1990)
*Vazgen Manukyan (13 August 1990 – 25 September 1991)

### Republic of Armenia (1991 – present)
:**Prime Ministers'''
Mer Hayrenik

"**Our Fatherland**" (, ) is the national anthem of Armenia. The words of the song were written by Mikael Nalbandian in 1861, and the melody for his words were composed by Barsegh Kanachyan.

## Lyrics
### Current official
### Original version
The original lyrics of the Armenian national anthem is based on the first, third, fourth, and sixth stanzas of "The Song of an Italian Girl". They are quite similar to the current lyrics.

## References
National Assembly (Armenia)

The **National Assembly of Armenia** is the official name of the legislative branch of the government of Armenia.  There are 131 members.  They are elected for four-year terms.
Hovik Abrahamyan

**Hovik A. Abrahamyan** (born 24 January 1958) is an Armenian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Armenia from 13 April 2014 to 8 September 2016. He is a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from the Republican Party. Before he was the speaker of the National Assembly.

Hovik Abrahamyan was born on 24 January 1958 in Mkhchyan village, Ararat Marz of Armenia. He is married and has three children and five grandchildren.

Abrahamyan graduated from the Armenian State University of Economics.

On November 21, 2011 Hovik Abrahamyan resigned as the Speaker.

## References
Samvel Nikoyan

**Samvel Nikoyan** is the current speaker of the parliament of Armenia. In 2005 he was awarded the "Andranik Ozanyan" medal of the Armed Forces of Armenia.  He was also given the RA Prime Minister Commemorative Medal. Nikoyan is married with three children.

## Other websites
*Samvel Nikoyan - National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia
Tigran Sargsyan

**Tigran Sargsyan** (born January 29, 1960) was the Prime Minister of Armenia from 9 April 2008 to 13 April 2014.

From 1980 to 1983, Sargsyan attended Leningrad's Voznesenski Financial and Economic Institute.

On April 9, 2008 he became Prime Minister of Armenia.  He was selected by President Serzh Sargsyan.

Sargsyan is married and has three children (daughter Nelly Sargsyan and two sons Armen and Abgar Sargsyans) and a grandchild. He is of no relation to the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan.

## References
331 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **331 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 

### By place 
#### Macedonia 
* Alexander leaves Egypt and leads his forces towards Phoenicia. He leaves Cleomenes of Naucratis as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt.
* October 1 &ndash; Alexander of Macedonia wins the Battle of Gaugamela (near ancient Ninevah) over the Persian King Darius III. Darius turns his chariot and flees. Alexander chases the  Persian forces to Arbela. Darius escapes with his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.
* Alexander encounters for the first time war elephants.
* Alexander becomes the master of the Persian Empire.  This ends the Achaemenid dynasty. Babylon and Susa open their gates to him. In the capital, Susa, Alexander gets huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents.

#### Greece 
* Agis III of Sparta leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. He holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routes a force under the Macedonian general Coragus. Athens stays neutral, but he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis.

#### Italy 
* Alexander of Epirus takes Heraclea from the Lucanians, and Terina and Sipontum from the Bruttii.
* Tarentum turn against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he wants to make a kingdom of his own in southern Italy. Alexander is defeated and killed in the Battle of Pandosia on the banks of the Acheron.

#### Roman Republic 
* The Gallic tribe of the Senones and the Romans enter a period of friendly relations which lasts the rest of the century.

## Deaths 
* Alexander I of Epirus, Aeacid dynasty king of Epirus (b. c. 370 BC)
* Vahe, legendary king of Armenia and last of the Hyke dynasty
336 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **336 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 

### By place 
#### Persian Empire 
* The young king of Persia, Arses, objects to being controlled by Bagoas and attempts to poison him. Instead, Arses and all his children are killed by Bagoas.
* Bagoas then seeks to install a new monarch who will be easier to control. He chooses Codomannus, a distant relative of the royal house, who takes the name Darius III. When Darius tries to assert his independence from Bagoas' control, Bagoas attempts to poison him. The king is warned and makes Bagoas drink the poison himself.

#### Greece 
* Following Philip II of Macedon's marriage to Eurydice, Alexander and his mother, Olympias, flee to Epirus, with Alexander later moving to Illyria. However, shortly afterward, father and son are reconciled and Alexander returns.
* Macedonian troops, commanded by Parmenion, trusted lieutenant of Philip II, arrive in Asia Minor.  They are driven back by Persian forces under the command of the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes.
* At a grand celebration of his daughter Cleopatra's marriage to Alexander I of Epirus (brother of Olympias), Philip II is assassinated at Aegae by Pausanias of Orestis, a young Macedonian noble with a bitter grievance against the young queen's uncle Attalus and against Philip for denying him justice. Pausanias is killed on the spot.
* Philip II of Macedon is succeeded by his son Alexander III. One of the leading generals in Macedonia at the death of Philip II, Antipater, helps to secure the succession to the Macedonian throne for Alexander.
* The Macedonian general Parmenion declares for Alexander III.  He helps to murder the princes of the Lynkestis region, who are alleged to be behind Philip's murder, along with other possible rivals and members of factions opposed to Alexander. Olympias, Alexander's mother, has Philip's last wife Eurydice, her infant daughter and her influential uncle, Attalus, killed.
* Alexander immediately has Amyntas IV, son of King Perdiccas III and cousin of Alexander, executed.
* Alexander puts down a rebellion in Macedonia and crushes the rebellious Illyrians. He then appears at the gates of Thebes and receives the city's submission. After that he advances to the Corinthian isthmus and is elected by the assembled Greeks as their commander against Persia.
* Conscription is introduced in Athens. Young men are required to perform duties which are part military and part civic.
* Aeschines brings a suit against Ctesiphon for illegally proposing the award of a crown to the Athenian leader Demosthenes in recognition of his services to Athens.

## Deaths 
* Philip II, King of Macedonia (b. 382 BC)
* Arses, King of Persia
* Bagoas, Vizier of Persia
* Attalus, Macedonian general (b. c. 390 BC)
* Pausanias of Orestis, personal bodyguard of Philip II of Macedon
* Eurydice, 5th wife of Philip II, queen of Macedonia
* Amyntas IV, usurper king of Macedon
201 BC

__NOTOC__
**201 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events 
### By place 
#### Carthage 
* On Hannibal's advice, Carthage asks for peace with the Romans.  This ends the Second Punic War. Carthage is made a client state of Rome. 
* After peace with Rome, Hannibal is elected as suffet, or chief magistrate, of Carthage. The office was insignificant in Carthaginian politics, but Hannibal makes it powerful. 

#### Roman Republic 
* The Romans remove the Carthaginians from Malta.
* In Rome, land is given to veterans of the Second Punic War. 

#### Greece 
* Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then makes war on  Chios to the north.
* Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios. His flagship is trapped and rammed by two enemy ships. 
* The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene. The Spartans leave when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen helps. Nabis' forces are defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen.

#### China 
* The construction of Nanchang begins.

## Deaths 
* Gnaeus Naevius, Latin epic poet and dramatist (b. c. 264 BC)
77 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **77 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events 
### Roman Republic 
* Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul and leader of the democratic party, is defeated by Quintus Lutatius Catulus outside Rome.
* Pompeius marches to Spain to join with Quintus Metellus Pius.  They try to stop the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but do not succeed.
* The city of Tigranakert is built.

## Births 
* Liu Xiang, Chinese scholar, editor of the *Shan Hai Jing*, compilator of the *Lienü zhuan*, and father of Liu Xin (died 6 BC)

## Deaths 
* King Duttagamani of Sri Lanka
Southern Court

The  in Japan was a set of four emperors during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.

## List of monarchs
*Emperor Go-Daigo, 1318–1339
*Emperor Go-Murakami, 1339–1368
*Emperor Chōkei, 1368–1383
*Emperor Go-Kameyama, 1383–1392

After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

## List of monarch-created eras
During the Nanboku-chō period, the Southern Court monarchs  11 Japanese era names (年号, *nengō*, lit. year names), including
# Gentoku, 1329–1331
# Genkō, 1331–1334
# Kemmu, 1334–1336
# Engen, 1336–1340
# Kōkoku, 1340–1346
# Shōhei, 1346–1370
# Kentoku, 1370–1372
# Bunchū, 1372–1375
# Tenju, 1375–1381
# Kōwa, 1381–1384
# Genchū, 1384–1392

## Related pages
* Northern Court
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese era name

## References 
## Other websites
* Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392), Muromachi Period (1392–1573)
120

__NOTOC__
Year **120** (**CXX**) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.
* Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.
* An Indian ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian. 
* Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary *ab epistolis*.
* Market Gate of Miletus, from Miletos, is built. (approximate date) It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.
### Asia 
* Change of era name from *Yuanchu* (7th year) to *Yongning* of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
* The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujerat and a portion of central India.

## Births 
* February 8 &ndash; Vettius Valens, Hellenistic astrologer
* Irenaeus, Christian bishop and apologist
* Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist, writing in the Greek language

## Deaths 
* Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian
* Nicomachus of Gerasa, Greek mathematician (approx. date)
* Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist
* Saint Matthias of Jerusalem, Bishop of Jerusalem
* Marcian of Tortona (or in 117), martyred saint
* Getulius, Saint Hermes, martyred saints
Northern Court

The  in Japan was a set of six pretenders to the throne of Japan during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.

## List of pretenders
*Emperor Kōgon, 1331–1333
*Emperor Kōmyō, 1336–1348
*Emperor Sukō, 1348–1351
*Emperor Go-Kōgon, 1352–1371
*Emperor Go-En'yū, 1371–1382
*Emperor Go-Komatsu, 1382–1412

After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession..

## List of pretender-created eras
During the Nanboku-chō period, the Northern Court pretenders  19 Japanese era names (年号, *nengō*, lit. year names), including
# Gentoku, 1329–1332
# Shōkyō, 1332–1334
# Kemmu, 1334–1338
# Ryakuō, 1338–1342
# Kōei, 1342–1345
# Jōwa, 1345–1350
# Kannō, 1350–1352
# Bunna, 1352–1356
# Enbun, 1356–1361
# Kōan, 1361–1362
# Jōji, 1362–1368
# Ōan, 1368–1375
# Eiwa, 1375–1379
# Kōryaku, 1379–1381
# Eitoku, 1381–1384
# Shitoku, 1384–1387
# Kakei, 1387–1389
# Kōō, 1389–1390
# Meitoku, 1390–1394

## Related pages
* Southern Court
* List of emperors of Japan
* Japanese era name

## References 
## Other websites
* Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392), Muromachi Period (1392–1573)
UTC−04:00

**UTC−04:00** makes clocks four hours earlier than Greenwich Mean Time. 

These are the places who are on the UTC−04:00 time zone.

## As standard time (all year round)
### ECT - Eastern Caribbean Time Zone
*Anguilla (UK)
*Antigua and Barbuda
*Barbados
*Dominica
*Grenada
*Montserrat (UK)
*Saint Kitts and Nevis
*Saint Lucia
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
*Trinidad and Tobago
*British Virgin Islands (UK)

### Atlantic Standard Time
*Puerto Rico (US)
*U.S. Virgin Islands (US)

### Other Caribbean
*Aruba
*Curaçao
*Dominican Republic
*Guadeloupe (France)
*Martinique (France)
*Sint Maarten

### South America
*Bolivia
*Guyana
*Brazil - parts of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima

### North America
*Canada - Quebec (east of the 63°W longitude)

## As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)
### Atlantic Standard Time
*Bermuda (UK)
*Canada
**all of New Brunswick (legally offset from GMT), Nova Scotia (legally offset from GMT), Prince Edward Island 
**Newfoundland and Labrador - most of Labrador
*Greenland (Denmark) (Kalaallit Nunaat)- northwestern (observes United States daylight saving time rules)

## As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter)
### South America
*Chile - Mainland. See also Time in Chile
*Falkland Islands
*Paraguay

## As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
### Caribbean
*Bahamas
*Cuba
*Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)

### Eastern Daylight Time
*Canada
**Nunavut (eastern), most of Ontario and most of Quebec
*United States
**All of Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia (U.S. state), Maine, Maryland,Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
**Most of Florida, Indiana, Michigan
**Eastern parts of Kentucky, Tennessee

## References
8 BC

Year **8 BC** was either a common year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Gallus**.

## Events 
* King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni.  He fights against the Roman expansion in Bohemia.
* Arminius, son of a Cheruscan chieftain, is taken hostage to Rome where he receives a military education.

## Births 
* Empress Wang (d. AD 23)

## Deaths 
* Horace, Roman poet (b. 65 BC)
* Maecenas, Roman politician and patron of the arts (b. 70 BC)
* Empress Xu
336

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Emperor Constantine I is able to gain back most of Dacia for the Roman Empire.
* The first recorded customs tariff is in use in Palmyra.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* January 18 &ndash; Pope Mark succeeds Pope Sylvester I as the 34th pope.
* Pope Mark begins to build the basilica of San Marco. The church is devoted to St. Mark.
* Arius, Alexandrian priest, collapses in the street at Constantinople (approximate date).
* Pope Mark dies at Rome after an 11-month reign. No successor is immediately found.

## Births 
* Murong De, emperor of the Xianbei state Southern Yan (d. 405)

## Deaths 
* Arius, founder of Arianism
* October 7 &ndash; Pope Mark
* Rhescuporis V, king of Bosporus

## References
330

from the sky]]

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* May 11 &ndash; Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates Constantinople, or *Nova Roma* (modern Istanbul), and moves the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome. He spent 4 years building the city on the site of ancient Byzantium.  He chose the site for its location (a seaport with easy access to Anatolia and the Danube).  
* The Goths devastate the city of Tanais in the Don River delta.

### Africa 
* Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west. He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Meroë.

### By topic 
#### Religion 
* Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date).
* Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis.
* The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila. 
* Pagan temples are starting to be abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, except those that are turned into Christian churches.

## Births 
* Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (d. 379)
* Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (d. 379)
* Moses the Black, Christian monk and priest (d. 405)
* Victricius, missionary and bishop of Rouen (approximate date)

* Iamblichus, neoplatonist philosopher
84 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **84 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. 

## Events 
### Roman Republic 
* The First Mithridatic War comes to an end.

## Births 
* Catullus, Roman poet (approximate date) (d. c. 54 BC)
* Surena, Parthian general (d. 52 BC)

## Deaths 
* Lucius Cornelius Cinna, consul, killed by mutinying troops
34 BC

Year **34 BC** was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Antonius and Libo**.

## Events 
* Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian made Dalmatia and Pannonia happy by forming the province of Illyricum.  
* Antony regained Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona.  He sets up siege works and forces them to surrender.
* Antony goes into Armenia with an army.  He marches to the capital Artaxata. He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria.
* The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt.  Antony made Cleopatra a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria.  He gave her the title "Queen of Kings".

## Deaths 
* Sallust, historian of the fall of the Roman Republic (b. 86 BC)
Yu Gamdong

**Yu Gamdong** (, ? - ?), also written as **Yu Gam-don**, was a dancer, poet, artist, writer, and prostitute during the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

She was the first dancer of from the nobles and a divorced women, but her dancing was condemned as obscene or disorderly.

## Related pages
* Uhwudong
* Hwang Jinyi
* Shin Saimdang
* Heo Chohui
* Na Hye-sok

## Other websites 
* http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=748101
* http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOa_A9999_2_0018457&curSetPos=1&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=B 
* '에너벨 청'과 조선의 '유감동' - 오마이뉴스 2000.04.29 
* 조선 성 풍속사 :일요서울 
* 유감동의 奸夫가 되다, 초수리 성달생  충북일보 2011.12.23 
* 풍기문란죄로 교수형에 처해진 기생, 어우동(어을우동)과 살아남은 유감동
422

The year **422** (CDXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.  At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius**.  The 422 denomination was used during the Medieval era, when the Anno domini era became the method in Europe for naming years.
 (420–422)]]

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* End of the Roman–Sassanid War: Emperor Theodosius II signs a 100-year peace treaty with Persia after 2 years of war. Both give freedom of religion in their territories.
* March 3 – Theodosius II issues a law to form s in peacetime. Theodosius pays an annual tribute of 350&nbsp;pounds of gold to the Huns to buy peace.
* Theodosius II receives a statue at Hebdomon. On its base (fragments are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum), writing praises him as “everywhere and forever victorius.”
* The walls of Rome's Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) crack during an earthquake.
### Europe 
* The Roman army invade Gaul. They capture and execute the Frankish king Theudemeres with his family.
### Asia 
* Shao Di, age 16, eldest son of Wu Di succeeds his father as emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (China).

### By topic 
#### Art 
* Petrus, bishop of Illyria, starts construction of Church of Santa Sabina (approximate date).

#### Religion 
* September 4 – Pope Boniface I dies after a 4-year reign. His time was interrupted for 15 weeks by the faction of the antipope Eulalius. He is succeeded by Celestine I as the 43rd pope.

## Births 
* Casper, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque
* Genevieve, patron saint (approximate date)
* Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress (d. 462)

## Deaths 
* Abraham of Cyrrhus, Syrian hermit and bishop
* Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (approximate date)
* June 26 – Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 363)
* September 4 – Pope Boniface I
* Theudemeres, king of the Franks (approximate date)

## References
Grand Prince Yangnyeong

**Prince Yangnyeong** or **Grand Prince Yangnyeong** (, 1394 – 1462) was a politician, prince, writer, and poet during the Korean Joseon Dynasty. He was the first son of Taejong of Joseon and first enclosed Crown Prince of Korea. His real name was Yi Je (; also written Lee Je).

## Related pages 
* Sejong the Great
* Taejong of Joseon

## Other websites 
* Prince Yangnyeong 
* Prince Yangnyeong 
* Prince Yangnyeong 
* Prince Yangnyeong 
* 역사인물 재조명:풍운아인가 처세의 달인인가, 양녕대군
Wadō (era)

was a  after *Keiun* and before *Reiki.*  This period started in January 708 and ended in September 715. The reigning empress was .

## Events of the *Wadō* era
* **5 May 708** (*Wadō 1, 11th day of the 4th month*): A sample of copper from Musashi Province was given to the empress.
* **708** (*Wadō 1, 3rd month*):  is named Minister of the Right (*udaijin*).  Iso-kami Marō is given the office of Minister of the Left (*sadaijin*).
* **709** (*Wadō 2, 3rd month*): There was an uprising in Mutsu Province and in Echigo Province.
* **712** (*Wadō 5*): The *Kojiki* was finished.
* **712** (*Wadō 5*): Dewa Province and Mutsu are separated.
* **713** (*Wadō 6*): Road between Mino Province and Shinano Province was made wider.  Also, the road was made wider the Kiso District of what is today Nagano Prefecture.

## Gallery

File:Wadokaichin coin 8th century Japan.jpg|Wadōkaichin (和同開珎), copper coin minted in Wadō era

## Related pages 
* Asuka period
* Nara period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Telephone numbers in Argentina

Phone numbers in Argentina have ten digits.  This is when both the area code and the subscriber's code are included. The area code may have 2, 3 or 4 numbers. The remaining 8, 7 or 6 numbers are the subscriber's number. For example, phone number (11) 1234-5678 for Buenos Aires has a 2-digit area code number and an 8-digit subscriber's number. (264) 123-4567 is an example of a San Juan number.

## Public utility numbers
Here is a list of the most common public utility service numbers:

* *100*: Firefighters
* *101*: Police
* *102*: Child services
* *103*: Civil defense
* *106*: Coast Guard 
* *107*: Ambulance
* *110*: Phone directory
* *112*: Customer service
* *113*: Official time
* *114*: Phone repair service 
* *115*: Ring test
* *121*: Phone usage info (subject to availability)
* *125*: Assistance service for the hearing-impaired
* *911*: Emergency (only in cities where 100, 101 and 107 have been merged into one emergency number, such as the Buenos Aires Metro Area and Buenos Aires Province)

## References
428

]]

## Events 
### Roman Empire 
* Bonifacius, Roman governor of Africa, asks for help from the Vandals in his revolt.
* Flavius Felix is elected consul for the Western Empire.
### Europe 
* King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years.  He is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric.
* King Vortigern asks Germanic warriors to help him strengthen his position in Britain.  He hires Saxons as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.
* Chlodio, king of the Salian Franks, invades Northern Gaul.  He defeats the Roman army at Cambrai. He extends his kingdom south to the River Somme. Tournai (modern Belgium) becomes his residence.
### Asia 
* Artaxias IV, last king of Greater Armenia, is deposed by Bahram V. The Arshakuni Dynasty ends and the kingdom becomes a province of the Persian Empire.

### By topic 
#### Astronomy 
* October 26 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.

#### Religion 
* April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine that will be called Nestorianism. It comes under immediate attack from pope Celestine I and Cyril of Alexandria.
* Hydatius becomes bishop of *Aquae Flaviae* in Gallaecia (modern Chaves) in Portugal.
* John succeeds Theodotus as patriarch of Antioch, and gives his support to Nestorius.
* Euthymius the Great builds a monastery in Palestine, near the Dead Sea.

## Births 
* Tuoba Huang, prince of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 451)

## Deaths 
* Gunderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (b. 379)
* Qifu Chipan, prince of the Xianbei state Western Qin
* Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian

## References 
*
ISO 639-3

The **ISO 639-3** is the third version of a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names. Such codes are also known as language codes. Before this version was out, there was already ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2, but due to the increase in languages being added to the database, ISO639-3 was therefore released, and all language codes have three letters, unlike the previous two, which allowed two letters in the code.

Each known language has a 3 letter code, and requests to add additional languages into the database can be made at the SIL International website. The standard was published by ISO on 2007-02-05.

## References
## Other websites 
* SIL International website for ISO639-3 language codes
Telephone numbers in Armenia

Below is how the telephone numbering system in Armenia works.  The calling code for Armenia is +374.

## Dialing plan
The dialing plan is as below:

### Calling Armenia from abroad
From abroad to Yerevan, marzes, mobile network, Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
   **+ 374 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number**           (to Yerevan, regions(marzes))
   **+ 374 + Mobile Network Code + Mobile Subscriber Number** (to mobile network)
   **+ 374 + 47 + Subscriber Number**                         (to NK fixed telephone network)
   **+ 374 + 97 + Subscriber Number**                         (to NK mobile network)

### Calling from Armenia
From Yerevan, marzes, mobile network and Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan) to abroad:
   **00 + Country Code + Destination Code + Subscriber Number**

### Calling within Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh
   **0 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number**

### Calling Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia
From Yerevan, marzes and mobile network to Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
   **0 + 47 + Subscriber Number**                      (to NK fixed telephone network)
   **0 + 97 + Subscriber Number**                      (to NK mobile network)
Aragatsotn Province

**Aragatsotn** is a province (*marz*) of Armenia.  It is in the west of the country.  The capital is Ashtarak. The name means "a foot of Aragats".  During the Arsacid Dynasty of the Kingdom of Armenia, the region was part of the Ayrarat province.  It was ruled by the Amatuni noble family with its capital at Oshakan.

Aragatsotn's western edge forms part of Armenia's border with Turkey.

There are 3 urban communities and 111 rural communities.

## References
Ararat Province

**Ararat** is a province of Armenia.  The capital is Artashat.  It is named after Mount Ararat.  The province borders Turkey to the west and Azerbaijan to the south.

Two former Armenian capitals are in this region (Artashat (Artaxata) and Dvin).  The Khor Virap monastery was the place of Gregory the Illuminator's 13-year imprisonment.

In 1993 and again in 1995, CYMA (Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia) worked in Ararat province. They built community centers, fixed schools, had a children's day camp and gave aid to families affected by the Nagorno-Karabakh War.  CYMA co-founders Archbishop Hovnan Derderian and Ronald Alepian chose Ararat due to its well-organized youth movement.

There are 4 urban communities and 93 rural communities.

## References
Armavir Province

**Armavir** is a province of Armenia.  The capital is Armavir. It is in the west of the country, between Mount Ararat and Mount Aragats. It shares a 45-mile border with Turkey to the south and west. The province has the Holy City of Echmiadzin.  Echmiadzin is the center of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the seat of the Catholicos of Armenia and of All Armenians.  Also in this region is the historic city of Sardarapat.  It was the site of the 1918 Battle of Sardarapat.

Armavir is the smallest province of the country.  There are 3 urban communities and 94 rural communities.

## References