open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
William Holden

**William Holden**  (April 17, 1918 - November 12, 1981) was an American actor.

He was born in O'Fallon, Illinois on April 17 1918 and moved to South Pasadena, California when he was three. He was a star during the golden age of Hollywood. He began his career western movies, including *Arizona* and *Texas*. Holden starred in *The Man from Colorado* and *Rachel and the Stranger*. He won an Academy Award for Best Actor in *Stalag 17*. He was also nominated twice more for *Sunset Boulevard* (1951) and *Network* (1976). Among his best works in film highlights *Submarine Command* (1951), *Sabrina* (1954), *The Bridge on the River Kwai* (1957). He starred with John Wayne in *The Horse Soldiers* (1957), and with Richard Widmark in *Alvarez Kelly* (1966).  In 1969, he played an outlaw leader, in the Sam Peckinpah film, *The Wild Bunch*. In the 1970s, Holden worked in *The Towering Inferno* (1974), and *When Time Ran Out* (1980). He played the role of Richard Thorn, the adoptive father of a child possessed by the devil, in the second film of *The Omen*, *Damien: Omen II* (1978).he died from bleeding from a fall at age 63 in Santa Monica California

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
*
*Profile @ Turner Classic Movies
*William Holden Wildlife Foundation
Go West

**Go West** is an English pop duo. They were formed in 1982 by lead singer and drummer Peter Cox (born 17 November 1955, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England) and guitarist and singer Richard Drummie (born 20 March 1959, Twickenham, Middlesex, England). While they have had many successful singles in the United Kingdom, they are generally best known in the United States for their hits "King of Wishful Thinking" and "Faithful".

On 16 October 2009, Cox was announced as the new lead singer of Manfred Mann's Earth Band.

## Discography
### Albums
### Singles
## Reference
Jaguar Racing

**Jaguar Racing** was a Formula One team which raced from 2000 to 2004. It comes from Stewart Grand Prix. Ford bought the team in June 1999 and was to be renamed to Jaguar Racing to promote their Jaguar brand.

For their first season in 2000, the team hired former Stewart GP driver Johnny Herbert and the 1999 Championship runner-up (second place) Eddie Irvine. However, the team only finished in the points twice during the season. In 2001, Herbert was replaced by Luciano Burti, who was replaced four races in the season by Pedro de la Rosa. Although the team got double the amount of points finishes in 2001, including a podium (top three) in Monaco, this did not help the fact that the team did not have the same success as Stewart GP got in 1999.

In 2002 the team got worse, with three points finishes (but a podium in Italy), and a lot of financial (money) issues. Cutbacks were announced for the 2003 season, which included money savings, and a layoff (mass sackings of employees). In 2003, with a improved points system which allowed eight drivers to finish in the points, Jaguar Racing benefitted from this as they finished in the points eight times, with drivers Mark Webber, Antônio Pizzonia, and Justin Wilson replacing Pizzonia for the last five races. 2004 was to be the last season for Jaguar, keeping Webber, and hiring Christian Klien for the whole season. Five points finishes would follow, though financial difficulties would result in the team being bought out by Red Bull, then the team was renamed to Red Bull Racing.

## Formula One Results
(key)
Living in a Box

**Living in a Box** were an English pop band in the 1980s. They are best known for their debut single "Living in a Box". It was produced by Richard James Burgess.

## Group members
***Richard Darbyshire** (born 8 March 1960,November 10th 2025
*Stockport, Cheshire, England) - vocals, guitar
***Marcus Charles Vere** (born 29 January 1962) - Synthesizers 
***Anthony "Tich" Critchlow** (born 15 December 1960) - Drums

## Discography
### Singles
### Albums
;Studio:
* *Living In A Box* (1987) UK #25, US #89
* *Gatecrashing* (1989) UK #21

;Compilations:
* *The Best of Living in a Box* (1999)
* *The Very Best of Living in a Box* (2003)

## References
## Other websites
* Living In A Box official website
* Richard Darbyshire official website 
* Discogs.com entry
* [ Living in a Box biography and discography] at Allmusic
Zarqa

**Zarqa** is a city in Jordan. It is about 25 km east of Amman. It is the third-largest city in Jordan. Hashemite University is a big university in Zarqa.

## Other websites
*Zarqa City website
*Hashemite University
Sex and the City 2

***Sex and the City 2*** is an American romantic comedy movie released in 2010. It is the sequel to *Sex and the City*. It is set in New York City and the United Arab Emirates. It stars Sarah Jessica Parker, Cynthia Nixon, Kim Cattrall and Kristin Davis with cameo appearances by Miley Cyrus, Liza Minnelli and Penélope Cruz. The movie received negative reviews by movie critics, but grossed over $288 million at the box office, and became the highest grossing romantic comedy of 2010.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* *Sex and the City 2*  at The Numbers
Trace element

A **trace element** is present in only a small amount. The amount depends on context.

* In analytical chemistry, it is an element in a sample that has an average concentration of less than 100 parts per million (ppm) measured in atomic count, or less than 100 micrograms per gram. 

* In biochemistry, it is one that is needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of the organism. In biochemistry, a trace element is also referred to as a *micronutrient*. See Cofactor.

*In geology, its concentration is less than 1000 ppm or 0.1% of a rock's composition. The term is used mainly in igneous petrology.

## References
Dušan Švento

**Dusan Svento** (born 1 August 1985 in Ružomberok, Slovakia) is a Slovak football player  now playing as a midfielder for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in Austrias t-mobile Bundesliga and the Slovakia team.

Before he went to Salzburg he was playing for Slavia Praha in the Czech Gambrinus league (2005 - 2009). In the 2010/11 season he played even as left defender due to many injured defenders in the team.

His first match in the national team was on 15 August 2006 in  a match against Malta. He scored his first goal for the team in his fourth match against Wales. The team qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa but due to injuries he was not nominated for the squad.

## Honours
***Austrian Champion** with Red Bull Salzburg 2009/10
***Czech Champion** with Slavia Prague 2008, 2009
***Best Foreign Player** of the Gambrinus League 2006
## Other websites 
*Dusan Svento Fangemeinschaft Red Bull Salzburg
*Homepage Red Bull Salzburg Team-Dusan Svento (German)
Ernest Borgnine

**Ernest Borgnine** (born **Ermes Effron Borgnino**; January 24, 1917 – July 8, 2012) was an American actor.

## Early life
Borgnine was born **Ermes Effron Borgnino** in Hamden, Connecticut on January 24, 1917 to Italian immigrant parents.

## Career
### Movies
Borgnine's first movie work was in a small role in *China Corsair* (1951), followed by *The Whistle at Eaton Falls* (1951). Then in 1953 he would get a role in *From Here to Eternity* (1953). This movie had a very well known part with him and Frank Sinatra fighting. Borgnine won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his role in the movie Marty (1955), one of the best movies of his career.
 
His other movies included *The Stranger Wore a Gun* (1953), with Randolph Scott, *Demetrius and the Gladiators* (1954), with Victor Mature and Susan Hayward, *Vera Cruz* (1954), with Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster, *Bad Day at Black Rock* (1955), with Spencer Tracy, *Run for Cover* (1955), with James Cagney, *Three Brave Men* (1956), with Ray Milland, *The Vikings* (1958), with Kirk Douglas and *The Badlanders* (1958), with Alan Ladd. He worked with Glenn Ford in *Jubal* (1956) and *Torpedo Run* (1958), and Bette Davis in *The Catered Affair* (1956). He played Lucius, in the biopic *Barrabas* (1961), with Anthony Quinn. He then starred in ''McHale's Navy* (1964) and has a small role in *The Flight of the Phoenix* (1965). In 1967, he is co-starred in *The Dirty Dozen* (1967) as General Worden. Borgnine co-starred with William Holden in *The Wild Bunch* (1969), he played Dutch Engstrom.

Another of his best work was in *The Poseidon Adventure* (1972), with Gene Hackman. He played Mike Rogo, who helped rescue people from the ship.

His later works include *When Time Ran Out* (1980), *Escape from New York* (1981), *The Genesis Code* (2010) and *Night Club* (2011).

### Television
Borgnine has had a large amount of success on television. This includes his work on *McHale's Navy* and *Airwolf*. He is also remembered for *Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission* (1987) and *The Dirty Dozen: The Fatal Mission* (1988). In these movies, he again played the part of General Sam Worden.

He was a special guest in the series *Laramie*, *Wagon Train*, *Get Smart*, *Little House on the Prairie*, *Hallmark Hall of Fame* and others.

Borgnine provided the voice of Mermaid Man (from 1999 to 2012) in *SpongeBob SquarePants''. This is the second time Borgnine would work with Tim Conway (Barnacle Boy) in a television series.

## Illness and death
On July 8, 2012, Borgnine died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California of kidney failure at the age of 95. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, California.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Video interview with Ernest Borgnine from the Archive of American Television
Indian music

(r.) and Tumdak' (l.) - typical drums of the Santhal people, photographed in a village in Dinajpur district, Bangladesh.]]
There are lots of different varieties of **Indian music**. Most of the different types of music are similar to Western music types. Pop, classical, and folk are all included. India’s classical music has a history originating hundreds of years back and is still popular in India today, as religious inspiration or pure entertainment. Girl and boy bands are common in India. Farida Vakil founded one of the first female bands in India, The Ladybirds. Like Africa, India has many different ethnic groups, speaking their own languages, and having very distinct cultural traditions.

The tal, or **tala**, is a repeating rhythm pattern usually played by the tabla. It usually has between six and sixteen beats. The beats are grouped into small sections in the pattern. The first note in the pattern is called a ‘sam’. It shows the beginnings and ends of improvisation, so it is often emphasized.

The **Raga** is also a pattern, but it differs from Western scales or melodies. Ragas are sort of a mix of scales and melodies. They have particular ascending and descending patterns. Ragas are used to symbolize the time of day, season, mood or special occasion.

A **drone** is a note that’s either held or repeated throughout a piece of music. It’s usually the tonic note, the starting note. Nowadays, the drone is played by an electrical box, but traditionally, it is played using the tanpura, which is also known as the Tambura.

**Improvisation** is when the player does not have a prepared piece or an incomplete piece of music, and they make up notes as they play. Improvisation is recognized as a form of composition.

There are 4 types of structure in Indian Music, Alap, Jhor, Jhala and Gat/Bandish. Each of these has different roles in a piece of Indian music.

**Alap** is the name for the opening part of a piece of classical music from North India. It is a type of melodic improvisation that includes a Raga in it. Only the singer and the drone can be heard at this point.

**Jhor** is a more elaborate version of the Raga that is included in the Alap. It forms the beginning of the performance. This comes after Alap and before **Jhala**.

**Jhala** indicates the fast-paced ending of the Raga. It is often distinguished by the overcoming of the melodic component by the rhythm.

The **Gat**, or **Bandish** is a permanent composition set in a specific Raga. It is accompanied by the Tabla, a drone and melodic accompaniment by a sarangi , violin or harmonica.
Subdomain

A **subdomain** is the portion shown before a domain name, separated by a dot (.)

For example, a domain might look like this
:*example.com*

Whereas the subdomain of this domain might look like this, shown here in bold
:***subdomain.***example.com*

## Examples 
Many sites use sub domains for applications such as email, calendars or different languages, including these examples. Subdomains again shown in bold
* ***mail.**yahoo.com
* ***calendar.**google.com*
* ***en.**wikipedia.org*
Domain

**Domain** can mean:
* Domain name
* Domain Name System or DNS
* Domain (biology), the top level of biological taxonomy
* For maths, see Function (mathematics)
Penelope Ann Miller

**Penelope Ann Miller** (born **Penelope Andrea Miller**, January 13, 1964) is an American stage and movie actress. She has acted in numerous movies and television programs. Her father Mark Miller was an actor.

She was born in Los Angeles, California on January 13, 1964. She has been married to Will Arnett from 1994 until they divorced in 1995. She is now married to James Huggins since 2000. With Huggins she has two children.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
RuBisCO

**Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase**, better known as **RuBisCO**, is an enzyme that catalyzes the first major step of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. Carbon fixation is how the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to organisms in the form of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. RuBisCO splits 6-C molecules into two equal parts.

RuBisCO is very important in biology and ecology because it catalyzes the primary chemical reaction by which inorganic carbon permanently enters the biosphere.

RuBisCO is also the most abundant protein in leaves and the most abundant protein on Earth. It accounts for 50% of soluble leaf protein (20-30% of total leaf nitrogen) and 30% of soluble leaf protein in plants (5-9% of total leaf nitrogen).

## Notes and references 
;Notes

;References
Dik Trom

**Dik Trom** is the main character in a series of five children’s books written in the Dutch language.  The author, C.Joh. Kieviet wrote the first book in 1891.  It was called “Uit het leven van Dik Trom” (“From the life of Dik Trom”).  The books became extremely popular and they continue to be very popular today, more than 100 years after they were written.

## The Life of Dik Trom
Dik Trom was a naughty boy who got up to lots of tricks with his friends.  However, he is a very honest boy and he is very kind, so the readers like him.

Dik Trom lived in the village of Hoofddorp in the Harlemmermeer in the north of Holland.  This is the village where the author grew up, so he was setting the stories in his own village, and based a lot of the characters on real people he had known.

Dik’s real name was “Dirk”.  This is a common Dutch name.  Dirk was very fat, even as a boy, so he soon became known as “Dik” (the Dutch word “dik” means “fat”).  The word “trom” means “drum” so his name really means “Fat Drum”.

Dik’s parents love him very much, but they are no good at disciplining him.  When he does something naughty his father just says: “‘t is toch een bijzonder kind - dat is-ie” (“he’s a really special child, that he is”).

Dik is always brave, he is never a coward.  His friends want to go and annoy a little old lady, but Dik persuades them to go and annoy the village policeman, and he has a leading role in that adventure.

Another adventure tells how Dik said he could ride a donkey without falling off.  The donkey belonged to the village merchant, and it was a stubborn beast that always tried to throw off its riders.  Dik managed to stay on by sitting backwards on the donkey and holding on to its tail.  This is how Dik is usually seen in pictures, and there is a statue of him in the village of Hoofddorp which shows him on the donkey.

## Other books about Dik Trom
Kieviet found it difficult at first to find a publisher for his book, because the main character was naughty.  Once it had appeared in a second edition with some illustrations it became very popular, and Kieviet followed it with four other books about Dik, and one about Dik’s son.  Eight films have been made about Dik Trom, the most recent in 2010.

## List of Dik Trom books
* 1891 *Uit het leven van Dik Trom*  (“From the life of Dik Trom”) Valkhoff & Co.
* 1907 *De zoon van Dik Trom* (“Dik Trom’s son”) Valkhoff & Co.
* 1912 *Toen Dik Trom een jongen was* (“When Dik Trom was a boy”) Kluitman. 
* 1920 *Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten* (“Dik Trom and his fellow villagers”) Kluitman. 
* 1923 *Het tweede boek van Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten.* (“The second book of Dik Trom and his fellow villagers”) Kluitman.  
* 1931 *De avonturen van Dik Trom.* (“The Adventures of Dik Trom”) Kluitman. 

## References
* “Uit het leven van Dik Trom” by C.Joh. Kieviet - Alkmaar gebr. Kluitman
Thunder Bridge

**Thunder Bridge** is a hamlet near the villages of Stocksmoor and Kirkburton, in the Kirklees district, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. Thunder Bridge is also near the A629 road. The bridge is Grade 2 listed.

## References
Boyle's law

'''Boyle's law**, also called the **Boyle–Mariotte law'*, is an important rule in physics that explains how the pressure and volume of a gas are related. It says that if the temperature and amount of gas stay the same, the pressure of the gas goes up when the volume goes down, and the pressure goes down when the volume goes up. This is called an inverse relationship. The rule only works if the temperature does not change.

This relationship can be written as a formula:

P \propto \frac{1}{V} \quad \text{or} \quad PV = k

In this formula, P means pressure, V means volume, and k is a constant number that stays the same if the gas does not change in amount or temperature. This means that if you squeeze a gas into a smaller space, its pressure will increase. If you give it more space, its pressure will decrease.

## The law
The law can be stated as follows:

In other words, the volume of a constant mass of ideal gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure applied on it.

In symbols, the law is:
:P \propto \frac{1}{V}
or
: PV = k

where *P* is the pressure of the gas, *V* is the volume of the gas, and *k'' is a constant.

For a given mass of gas at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and the volume is constant. As the volume decreases, the pressure increases in proportion, and vice versa. For example, when the pressure halves, the volume doubles.

Suppose you have a tank that contains a certain volume of gas at a certain pressure. When you decrease the volume of the tank, the same number of gas particles is now contained in a smaller space. Therefore, the number of collisions increases. Therefore, the pressure is greater.

Imagine you have a gas at a certain pressure (P1) and volume (V1). If you change the pressure to a new value (P2), the volume changes to a new value (V2). We can use  Boyle's law to describe both sets of conditions:

## References
Eddie Gustafsson

**Douglas Edward Alexander "Eddie" Gustafsson McIntosh** (born 31 January 1977) is a Swedish former football player.

He started playing football in 1983 with IFK Stockholm. He played afterwards for IFK Stockholm, IFK Norrköping, Molde FK, Ham-Kam and Lyn Oslo. 2009 he signed for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. On April 18th, 2010 he was injured severely during the away match versus LASK Linz and took 317 days to recover.

## Honours
### Red Bull Salzburg
*Austrian League: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2013–14
*Austrian Cup: 2011–12, 2013–14

### Individual
*Goalkeeper of the year (Norway): 2008
*Goalkeeper of the year (Austria): 2010

## Gallery

File:20100513 Finalspiel Sturm Salzburg DSCN1743 (140).JPG|with the trophy Goalkeeper of the Year 2010
File:Eddie Gustafsson98.JPG|Eddie Gustafsson vs. SV Ried - March 16, 2011
File:Eddie Gustafsson8.JPG|First homematch after his injury versus SV Mattersburg - March, 5th 2011
File:Eddie Gustafsson29.JPG

## References
*Red Bull Salzburg Homepage 

## Other websites
* Eddie Gustafsson (Fangemeinschaft Red Bull Salzburg)
Peter Graves

**Peter Graves** (March 18, 1926 – March 14, 2010) was an American actor. 

## Early life
His mother was of German ancestry; his father of Norwegian. 

## Career
In the early years of his career he starred in sci fi movies  such as *Red Planet Mars* (1952), *Killers from Space* (1954), and some low-budget western movies, including *Fort Defiance* (1951) and *Fort Yuma* (1955). He played Morgan Earp, in *Wichita* (1955), with Joel McCrea and directed by Jacques Tourneur. 
 
Peter Graves won the role of traitor prisoner Sgt. Price in the movie *Stalag 17* (1953), directed by Billy Wilder and starring William Holden. Another of his movies was *The Night of the Hunter* (1955), with Robert Mitchum.

Other movies include *Texas Across the River* (1966), with Dean Martin, *The Ballad of Josie* (1967), *The Five Man Army* (1969), where he leads a group of mercenaries in Mexico.
 
In 1980s he plays a crazy pilot, in the comedy movie *Airplane!* (1980) *and Airplane II: The Sequel* (1982). 
 
His last movie was *Addams Family Values* (1993).

## Television
In 1967 Graves replaced Steven Hill in the CBS television series Mission: Impossible. He played the role Jim Phelps leader of a group of spies.  He worked on the series from 1967 until 1973. He returned later to make *Mission: Impossible 1988*.

He also had a relative success in the series *Fury* (1955-1960), *Whiplash* (1961), and *Court Martial* (1965-1966).

Her performances include specials such as *Hallmark Hall of Fame*, *Fireside Theatre*, *Celebrity Playhouse*, *Matinee Theatre*, *Cavalcade of America*, *Disneylandia*, *The Red Skelton Show*. he died of heart attacks in Los Angeles 

## Filmography
## References
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Biography and filmography at Brian's Drive-In Theater
* Peter Graves at *The New York Times*
Personal grooming

**Personal grooming**, also called **titivating** and **preening**, is the art of cleaning and grooming parts of the body.

## In humans 
Grooming in humans is usually done in the bathroom, for the hair. Things such as washing and cleaning the hair, combing it and taking out the tangles, and styling. It can also include shaving, done by a man to cut his beard short. However, sometimes the beard can be groomed as well, and washed and grown.

## In animals 
Animals usually clean their fur, feathers or other skin coverings. This is also a form of hygiene. Taking out other objects such as insects, leaves, dirt or twigs, are all forms of grooming. Among animals, birds spend a lot of time preening their feathers. They do this to remove ectoparasites, keep them in good condition, and waterproof them. Felidae cats are well known for their grooming, which they usually do by licking themselves. One of the reasons this is done is to remove all the scent on them so that they will not attract any predators. Cats groom so much that they often produce hairballs from the fur they accidentally swallow.

## Mutual grooming 
In humans, mutual grooming is done to become more close to each other emotionally.

## Gallery 

Image:Tortoiseshell cat, grooming.jpg|A domesticated tortoiseshell cat grooming herself.
Image:Cat cleaning itself.jpg|A domesticated cat grooming.
Image:Cygnus atratus preening.jpg|Black swan preening.
Image:Blue ducks preening.JPG|Blue Ducks preening their feathers.
Image:preening.jpg|Peregrine Falcon preening its feathers.
File:Passer domesticus bathing in water, Anas platyrhynchos in background.ogv|A House Sparrow cleans herself in moving water while a Mallard preens in the background
File:Sarcophaga carnaria (Portugal2005).ogg|A flesh fly uses its legs to clean and maintain itself

## Related pages
## References
Culture jamming

**Culture jamming** is a tactic by consumer social movements to either disrupt or subvert mainstream cultural institutions. 

It is also intended to expose dubious or substandard political thoughts on commercial culture. The tactics of culture jamming include refiguring fashion statements, product image and logos as means to challenge ideas about what is cool. The term "culture jamming" was first used around 1984.
Uranium-235

**Uranium-235** is a radioactive isotope of uranium. Uranium-235 has 143 neutrons, 92 protons, and an isotope mass of 235.0439299.  Uranium-235 has 235Pa, 235Np, and 239Pu as its parent isotopes.  As it decays, it produces 231Th. Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. Uranium-235 makes up about 0.72% of natural uranium. When it is separated from the other uranium isotopes, it is called enriched uranium. The main use for enriched uranium is in Nuclear reactors.  

Enriched uranium is best known for its use in the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.  The bomb called Little Boy used Uranium-235. Uranium-235 can be used for nuclear fission.  This fission is about 504.81 barns for slow thermal neutrons and 1 barn for fast thermal neutrons.  Uranium-235 was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster.
Charles Darwin's books

**Charles Darwin** wrote about twenty books, including the most famous book in biology, the *Origin of Species*. The books covered the natural history sciences, now called geology, palaeontology, zoology, botany, anthropology, psychology and evolutionary biology.

The *Origin of Species* is the most important single book in the biological sciences, and its main ideas are well-supported by modern research.

*The Voyage of the Beagle* (1839) and *The Descent of Man* (1871) are also highly important.

Several of the other books were also ground-breaking.

 numbers) by various authors, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, who contributed sections to two of the Parts:
** 1838: *Part 1 No. 1 Fossil Mammalia*, by Richard Owen (*Preface* and *Geological introduction* by Darwin)
** 1838: *Part 2 No. 1 Mammalia*, by George Robert Waterhouse (*Geographical introduction* and *A notice of their habits and ranges* by Darwin)
* 1839: *Journal and Remarks* (*The Voyage of the Beagle*)
* 1842: *The structure and distribution of Coral Reefs*
* 1844: *Geological observations of volcanic islands*
* 1846: *Geological observations on South America*
* 1849: *Geology* from ''A manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general*. ed. John Herschel. 
* 1851: *A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes.* Living barnacles.
** 1854: *A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc.*
* 1851: *A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain*. Fossil barnacles.
** 1854: *A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain*
* 1859: *On the Origin of Species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life*
* 1862: *On the various contrivances by which British and foreign Orchids are fertilised by insects* (*Fertilisation of Orchids*)
* 1865: *On the movements and habits of climbing plants* (Linnean Society paper, published in book form in 1875)
* 1868: *The variation of animals and plants under domestication*
* 1871: *The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex*
* 1872: *The expression of emotions in Man and animals*
* 1875: *Insectivorous plants*
* 1876: *The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom*
* 1877: *The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species*
* 1880: *The power of movement in plants*
* 1881: *The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms''

## References
Space Shuttle Endeavour

**Space Shuttle Endeavour** (OV-105) was the fifth space shuttle run by NASA. It replaced the Space Shuttle Challenger. Endeavour was named after Captain James Cooks's ship, HMS Endeavour. It made 25 trips into space, travelling about 123,000,000 miles.

## References
*Space Shuttle Overview: Endeavour (OV-105) 
*"Shuttle Orbiter Endeavour (OV-105)"
Woodruff

**Woodruff** (*Galium odoratum*) is a plant used for herbical medicine. It grows to 30-50 cm long.

## Uses 
Dried woodruff is used in potpourri and as a moth deterrent. It is also used in Germany, to flavour May wine, syrup for beer, brandy, sausages, jelly, jam, a soft drink (Tarhun), ice cream, and tea. In Germany it is also used to flavour Sherbet (powder). Mixed with German "corn schnapps" (alternative: vodka), it is a popular drink among people at parties. It is also called "Korn Brause" or "Korn ahoi". Also, Waldmeister flavoured jelly made from vodka is popular at parties too.
Sudo

distribution of Linux]]

The **sudo** command is a program for Unix-like operating systems like Linux distributions.  It allows users to run programs as another user.  The "**su**" portion is sometimes described as substitute user, super user, or switch user.  

## Importance 
The sudo command gives the administrator the option of allowing certain users access to otherwise disallowed commands on a granular level.  This power must be carefully administered as it could potentially allow users to make changes to files that could cause serious damage to other users' files as well as damaging the operating system itself.

## Usage 
The sudo command is used from the command line.

For example: Imagine a system has three users: student, JOE, and BOB.

```
[JOE@clone7 ~]$ /bin/grep "home" /etc/passwd 
student:x:1000:1000:Student:/home/student:/bin/bash
BOB:x:1001:1001::/home/BOB:/bin/bash
JOE:x:1002:1002::/home/JOE:/bin/bash
[JOE@clone7 ~]$
```

JOE wants to know what files are in BOB's home directory.  As one would expect, unless given rights through other means, JOE will be denied:

```
[JOE@clone7 ~]$ ls -lrt /home/BOB
ls: cannot open directory /home/BOB: Permission denied
[JOE@clone7 ~]$
```

If JOE is in the sudoer file, he can use the sudo command to run the ls command as if he were BOB:

```
[JOE@clone7 ~]$ sudo -u BOB  ls -lrt /home/BOB
[sudo] password for JOE: 

total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 BOB BOB 0 Jan  6 06:48 BOBs_secretfile.txt
[JOE@clone7 ~]$
```

If JOE is **not** in the sudoers file, he will be denied:

```
[JOE@clone7 ~]$ sudo -u BOB  ls -lrt /home/BOB
[sudo] password for JOE: 

JOE is not in the sudoers file.  This incident will be reported.

[JOE@clone7 ~]$
```

Another example, to delete a file (e.g. Example.php) normal users do not typically have permissions for, the user can type:

```
[JOE@clone7 ~]$ sudo rm -r Example.php
[sudo] password for JOE: 

[JOE@clone7 ~]$
```

When the password is entered correctly (assuming proper entries in the sudoers file), the computer would then run the command.

Programs with a graphical user interface can also be run with sudo, but it may mess them up. Various desktops for Unix-like systems usually have their own version of sudo for such programs.
Firework (song)

"**Firework**" is a 2010 song by Katy Perry from her second major-label album, *Teenage Dream*. It was released on October 26, 2010. The song received a good review by music critics and claimed the top spot on *Billboard* Hot 100. The single hit top 5 on twenty charts worldwide.  It reached the top three in most of the countries where it charted, including Australia and the UK.  It topped charts in the US, Canada, and New Zealand.  In the US, it was Perry's fourth number-one song altogether and the third in a streak of five number-ones.  At the 2012 Grammy Awards, "Firework" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance.

The song was certified Diamond in the US for shipments of over 10 million copies in that country alone.

## Background 
"Firework" was written by Perry, Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Sandy Wilhelm, and Ester Dean while produced by Stargate and Sandy Vee at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta, Georgia. It was recorded at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City. It was mixed at The Bunker Studios by Vee. Audio engineering was done by Carlos Oyandel and Damien Lewis. All instruments were done by Stargate and Vee. Lead and background vocals were provided by Perry. Perry said that "Firework" is her favorite song on *Teenage Dream*.

## Music video 
### Development and release
The music video was part of a partnership with European telecommunications company Deutsche Telekom, which ran competitions to recruit fans for the video. Katy Perry started filming it on September 28, 2010. Directed by Dave Meyers and choreographed by Natricia Bernard, it was shot in Budapest. The official teaser was released on October 15, 2010, and the open casting call received a record 38,000 applicants. Perry dedicated the video to the It Gets Better Project. It was released on TwitVid, DirectLyrics, and Youku on October 28, 2010, and premiered on YouTube the same day. By January 2024, it had over 1.4 billion views.

### Synopsis 
The video begins with Perry looking down at the city from a balcony, singing as fireworks explode from her soul. These fireworks inspire young people around the city to overcome their fears. A boy stops his parents’ fight to protect his sister, a shy girl at a pool party gains the courage to join in, a leukemia patient bravely walks outside despite losing her hair, a closeted gay teen kisses his friend at a club, and a young performer uses magic to escape muggers. Eventually, the youth gather at Buda Castle, dancing and lighting up the night with their fireworks, as the camera pans up to the sky.

### Reception 
"Firework" was ranked No. 1 on MuchMusic's top 50 videos of 2010. The video won Video of the Year at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards and was also nominated for Best Female Video and Best Video with a Message.

## Charts 
### Weekly charts 
### Year-end charts
### Decade-end charts
### All-time charts
## Certifications
## Release history 
## References 
## Other websites
*
*
Neuroblastoma

**Neuroblastoma** is a kind of cancer that usually occurs in children and infants. This kind of cancer mostly affects the Autonomic nervous system. The cancer creates tumors, but the cells or pieces of the tumors do not fully finish growing. There are about 650 cases per year in the United States. About half of these cases occur in children younger than two years old. The tumors can grow from any  neural crest element of the sympathetic nervous system. Most of the time, it comes from one of the adrenal glands. It can also start growing in nerve tissues in the neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

Neuroblastoma is one of the few malignant types of cancer that sometimes goes away on its own, for no obvious reason. 

## Types and forms 
The illness can have many different forms. There are three risk categories (types): low, intermediate (medium), and high risk. Low-risk disease is most common in infants, who usually get better, though they may need to have surgery. High-risk disease is very difficult for doctors to make better.

Esthesioneuroblastoma, which is also called "olfactory neuroblastoma", comes from the olfactory epithelium and doctors are still not sure what type of cancer it is. It is not a cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, and is not the same thing as neuroblastoma.

## References
Navigator

**Navigator** means more than one thing.

* Someone who does navigation, which is going somewhere without getting lost
* Netscape Navigator, a web browser for computers
* Lincoln Navigator, a car
Castling's Heath

'''Castling's Heath''' is a hamlet in the civil parish of Groton, in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It has three listed buildings, including Castling's Hall, Castling's Heath Cottage and Manor Farmhouse. There is also Dove Barn in Castling's Heath for weddings.

## References
Alfa Romeo 156

The **Alfa Romeo 156** is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 155 in late 1997 and was replaced by the Alfa Romeo 159 in late 2005. The Sportwagon was added in 2000 and received a new dashboard in 2002. The exterior was facelifted in 2003. It was the first car to feature hidden rear door handles, a design feature first seen on the Nissan Pathfinder SUV, an idea which has since been copied by other brands.
## Engines 
* *1.6 T. Spark* 88 kW (120 hp)
* *1.8 T. Spark* 103 kW (140 hp) and 106 kW (144 hp)
* *2.0 T. Spark* 110 kW (150 hp) and 114 kW (155 hp)
* *2.0 JTS* 121 kW (165 hp)
* *2.5 V6* 140 kW (190 hp) and 141 kW (192 hp)
* *GTA* 184 kW (250 hp)
* *1.9 JTD* 77 kW (105 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
* *1.9 Multijet* 110 kW (150 hp)
* *2.4 JTD* 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
* *2.4 Multijet* 129 kW (175 hp)

## Other websites 
*
Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)

**Engelbert Humperdinck** (1 September 1854 – 27 September 1921) was a German composer. Today, he is seen as part of the Romantic movement. Most people remember him for his opera, *Hänsel und Gretel* which was first performed in 1893.

## References
Jersey (disambiguation)

**Jersey** is an island in the English Channel.

**Other places:**
* New Jersey, a U.S. state often shortened to "Jersey"
* Jersey, Arkansas, a town in the United States
* Jersey, Georgia, a town in the United States

**Things:**
* Jersey (clothing)
* Jersey (fabric)

**Other:**
* Jersey (band), a Canadian ska music group
Solar power plant

airport.]]
A **solar power plant** is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using *concentrated solar power* (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California.  Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished), and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.

Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.

The solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity. As the use of solar energy has been increased nowadays. Not only we save the electricity with the help of a solar power plant but it also contributes towards the environment. It converts solar energy into electricity either directly using photovoltaics. 

It is in great use as it is least expensive and provides electricity with sunlight. The utilization of these products is increasing day by day after knowing the importance of solar energy use. the government is also taking initiatives to aware the people about solar products by introducing incentive schemes. 

Installing solar power plant is quite beneficial in every aspect not only your pocket but the entire globe. This solar equipment is used in an active manner and converts the solar energy into a useable form which can be used for powering all sort of appliances. 

Concentrated solar power system use mirrors, lenses and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The photoelectric effect coverts the light into electric current. All the countries all over the globe have decided to bring the solar products into great use. 

As everyone is aware nowadays to contribute towards the globe, our environment with the help of solar energy. Apart from this, it is a one-time investment and there will no longer need to spend on heavy electricity cost again and again. 

## Related pages
*Nuclear power plant
*Solar thermal energy
*Wave power

## Notes
Broderick Crawford

**William Broderick Crawford** (December 9, 1911 – April 26, 1986) was an American actor.

## Career 
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., his first film was *Woman Chases Man* (1937). He was in *Beau Geste* (1939), a classic starring Gary Cooper.
 
His got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe in 1950 for  his role in the 1949 movie *Decepción*, directed by Robert Rossen.

In the 1950s he worked with Glenn Ford in *Convicted* (1950, directed by Henry Levin), *Human Desire* (1954, directed by Fritz Lang) and the western classic *The Fastest Gun Alive* (1956), where he played a gunslinger who wants to prove he is the fastest gun.

He starred in the famous Italian film directed by Federico Fellini, *Il bidone* (1955). 

In 1966 he co-starred with Audie Murphy in *The Texican* (1966). In 1970 he starred in *Ransom Money*, where he played a police inspector who led the rescue of a child who was kidnapped by a gang.

He narrated the film *The Candidate* (1972) and starred *Terror in the Wax Museum* (1973), a horror film starring Ray Milland and John Carradine. Towards the end of the 1970s, he had a great performance in the film *The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover* (1977), directed by Larry Cohen.

## Television 
Crawford starred in *Highway Patrol* (1955-1959).  He played Chief Dan Mathews, an experienced highway police chief.

Crawford also worked on films for television such as *The Challenge* (1970), *The Phantom of Hollywood* (1974), ''Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby* (1976), and *Mayday at 40,000 Feet!* (1976).

Crawford was a special guest star in *Rawhide*, *The Virginian*, *The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.*, *The Man from U.N.C.L.E.*, *Cimarron Strip*, *Banacek*, *Vega$*, *Fantasy Island'', and others.

## Other websites 
*
*
* 
*Watch Highway Patrol 
*Broderick Crawford in Il Bidone 
* Profile @ Turner Classic Movies
Joy Behar

**Joy Behar** is an American actress, comedian and writer. She co-hosts the television program *The View* on ABC. Behar has been in a number of movies and other television programs. She currently hosts *The Joy Behar Show*. She was born October 7, 1942.

## Other websites
*
Man's Place in Nature

'''''Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature'''* is an 1863 book by Thomas Henry Huxley, in which he gives evidence for the evolution of man and apes from a common ancestor. 

It was the first book devoted to the topic of human evolution, and discussed much of the anatomical and other evidence. Backed by this evidence, the book said that evolution applied as fully to man as to all other life.

## Precursors of the idea 
In the 18th century Linnaeus and others had classified man as a primate, but without drawing evolutionary conclusions. 

It was Lamarck, the first to develop a coherent theory of evolution, who discussed human evolution in this context. 

Robert Chambers in his anonymous *Vestiges'' also clearly made the point.

The book came five years after Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announced their theory of evolution by means of natural selection, and four years after the publication of Darwin's *Origin of Species*. In the *Origin* Darwin had deliberately avoided tackling human evolution, except for a sentence: "Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history". Darwin's sequel came eight years later, with *The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex* (1871).

## Content and structure of the book 
### Chapters 
I.   *On the natural history of the man-like Apes* p1–56. This contains a summary of what was known of the great apes at that time.

II.  *On the relations of Man to the lower animals* p57–112. This chapter and its addendum contained most of the controversial material, and is still important today.
:Addendum: *A succinct history of the controversy respecting the cerebral structure of Man and the apes* p113–118.

III. *On some fossil remains of Man* p119–159. A neanderthal skull-cap and other bones had been found, and various remains of early *Homo sapiens*. Huxley compares these remains with existing human races.

## References
Charlotte's Web

'''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a children's novel by E. B. White. First published in 1952, it was illustrated by Garth Williams and won many awards.

Three movies are based on the book:
* ''Charlotte's Web* (1973), an animated movie made by Hanna-Barbera productions.
* *Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure* (2003), the sequel to the 1973 movie.
* *Charlotte's Web'' (2006), a live-action movie based on the book, starring Julia Roberts and Dakota Fanning.
Cameron Mitchell

**Cameron Mitchell** (November 4, 1918 - July 6, 1994), was an American actor.

## Career 
Born in Pennsylvania, U.S.. His first role was in a short movie *The Last Installment: A Crime Does Not Pay Subject* (1945), That same year he was cast in *What Next, Corporal Hargrove?*  by Richard Thorpe.  Also had a role in the movie *They Were Expendable* (1945), John Wayne.  In 1948 he landed the role of Lieutenant Ansel Goldberg, in the classic war movie *Command Decision*, with Clark Gable.

The decade of 1950s was very good for Mitchell, working in many movies such as ''Smuggler's Gold* (1951), the Sci Fi Movie *Flight to Mars* (1951). 

In the early 1960s, Mitchell has great success in Europe he starring in movies: *Erik the Conqueror* (1961) - *Caesar the Conqueror* (1962) - *Attack of the Normans* (1962) - *The Black Duke* (1963) -*Last Gun* (1964), *Minnesota Clay* (1964), *In the Shadow of the Eagles* (1966) - *I coltelli del vendicatore* (1966), *Island of the Doomed* (1967). 
  
In 1970 Mitchell starred in the cult movie *The Rebel Rousers*, with Jack Nicholson, and directed by Martin B. Cohen. He plays a man who is harassed by a motorcycle gang from hell.

He also co-starred in the movies: *Hombre* (1967), a western with Paul Newman, *The Other Side of the Wind* (1972), directed by Orson Welles,  *Buck and the Preacher* (1973), with Sidney Poitier, *The Midnight Man* (1974), starring and directed by Burt Lancaster, and *The Klansman* (1974), with Lee Marvin.

In the decade of the 1980s, Mitchell starred only in low-budget movie. Among his movies of the 80s are *The Silent Scream* (1980), *The Nightmare Never Ends* (1980), *The Guns and the Fury* (1981), *The Tomb* (1986), with John Carradine, and *The Offspring* (1987), with Vincent Price. 

## Television 
In 1967 he was hired to play the role of Buck Cannon in *The High Chaparral*, with Leif Erickson as Big John Cannon. The series was a success and remained four seasons between 1967 and 1971.

He also worked in American television from its origins, in 1962, is the narrator of the TV series *The Beachcomber*. He was also guest starred in TV series *Colt .45*, *Wagon Train*, *The Untouchables*, *Bonanza*, *Daniel Boone*, *Cade's County*, *Alias Smith and Jones*, *Mission: Impossible*, *Night Gallery*, *Gunsmoke*, *Police Story*, *Magnum, P.I.*, *Matt Houston'', and others.

## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Freckle

**Freckles** are clusters of concentrated melanin that are most often visible with a fair skin complexion. Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun, such as the lips, neck, arms, neck, shoulders, back and chest.

They are an inherited trait, caused by variation in the MC1R gene that is involved in the determination of red hair, fair skin, and freckles. Freckle formation is triggered through exposure to sunlight.

Two types of melanin, the red pheomelanin and the black eumelanin, are present in human skin. Eumelanin protects against sunlight. People with red hair have mostly pheomelanin in their hair and skin and/or a reduced ability to produce eumelanin. This may explain why they fail to tan and are at risk from the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.

About 1.5 billion people in the world have freckles. About 75 per cent of Filipino people have freckles.

## References
The Sceptical Chymist

***The Sceptical Chymist*** is a cornerstone book in the history of chemistry.

It was written by Robert Boyle FRS (1627–1691). He was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor.

Boyle was an alchemist, but also the first modern chemist. He is famous for Boyle's law, which is about the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas.

## References