open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bruce Hunter (swimmer)

**Richard Bruce Hunter** (July 6, 1939 &ndash; July 6, 2018) was an American competition swimmer. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He represented the United States at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.  Hunter swam in the men's 100-meter freestyle, advanced to the finals, and finished fourth overall with a time of 55.6 seconds.
## Death
Hunter died on his 79th birthday on July 6, 2018 in Boston.

## References
Winston Peters

**Winston Raymond Peters**  (born 11 April 1945) is a New Zealand politician who is the   Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2023. He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1996 to 1998 and again from 2017 to 2020 and again from 2023 to 2025. He served under a coalition government alongside Jacinda Ardern upon the 2017 election. 

Peters led the populist New Zealand First party since 1993. He was a Member of Parliament from 2011 to 2020, having served from 1979 to 1981 and 1984 to 2008.

Peters was not in Parliament between 2020 and 2023. But, was re-elected in the 2023 general election, where his New Zealand First Party won 8 seats. Peters will be co-deputy prime minister from the swearing in of the 54th Parliament of New Zealand to the 31st of May 2025.

## References
James Shaw

**James Peter Edward Shaw** (born 6 May 1973) is a New Zealand politician. He is the leader of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand. In October 2017 he became the Minister outside Cabinet for Statistics and Climate Change Issues. Following Metiria Turei's resignation in August 2017, Shaw became the Green Party's only leader for the 2017 general election.

## References
David Seymour

**David Breen Seymour** (born 24 June 1983) is a New Zealand politician. He is the Epsom electorate MP, and leader of ACT New Zealand. Seymour worked in public policy in Canada. 

In November 2015, Seymour was named the Trans Tasman 2015 Politician Of The Year.

Seymour appeared on the seventh series of Dancing with the Stars.

## References
## Other websites
* , official campaign website
* Profile, New Zealand Parliament website
* , official website promoting his assisted dying bill
2017 New Zealand general election

The **2017 New Zealand general election** took place on Saturday 23 September 2017 to elect the membership of the 52nd New Zealand Parliament along with the Prime Minister of New Zealand. The last parliament was elected on 20 September 2014 and officially ended on 22 August 2017.

Jacinda Ardern became New Zealand's third female Prime Minister, and Winston Peters again became Deputy Prime Minister, a role he had first held in 1996–98. This ended nine years under the National Party Government. Ardern became Prime Minister after the Labour Party agreed to create a coalition with Peters's New Zealand First party, thus making him Deputy Prime Minister. Their shared votes were larger than that of English, thus defeating him. with 2.63 million (79.8%) turning out. Advance voting proved popular, with 1.24 million votes cast before election day, more than the previous two elections combined.

## Candidates
The centre-right National Party, led by Prime Minister Bill English, had governed since 2008 in a minority government. It was the first election for English as incumbent Prime Minister, having replaced John Key on 12 December 2016 and the first since 1975 where both major parties had leadership changes. The main opposition parties to the National government were Labour (the official opposition), led by Jacinda Ardern, the Green Party, and New Zealand First.

File:Jacinda Ardern, 2018.jpg|**Jacinda Ardern(Labour Party)from Mount Albert**
File:Bill English Official.jpg|Prime MinisterBill English(National Party)from Clutha-Southland
File:Winston Peters - 2017 (38351102806) (cropped).jpg|Winston Peters(NZ First)from Northland
File:James Shaw, 2014.jpg|James Shaw(Green Party)from Wellington Central
File:David Seymour at ACT Selection Announcement for Leader and Epsom.jpg|David Seymour(ACT)from Epsom
File:2015 Portrait of Marama Fox 01 Cropped.jpg|Marama Fox(Māori Party)from Waiariki

## Opinion polling
## Results
## References
Marama Fox

**Marama Kahu Fox** is a New Zealand politician. She was elected to the New Zealand parliament at the 2014 general election as a representative of the Māori Party. 

Following her election to parliament, she was named Māori Party co-leader alongside Te Ururoa Flavell, replacing party founder Tariana Turia.

In the 2017 general election, Fox lost her seat and her party won no seats in the election.

## Referemces
2020 New Zealand general election

The **2020 New Zealand general election** was held after the currently elected 52nd New Zealand Parliament is dissolved or expires. Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced the election date as Saturday 17 October 2020.

In the last election, Labour Party, led by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, formed a minority coalition government with the New Zealand First party.

Incumbent Prime Minister Ardern was re-elected with a Labour landslide victory.

## Candidates

File:Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern.jpg|Prime Minister**Jacinda Ardern**(Labour Party)from Mount Albert
File:Judith Collins 3by2.png |Opposition Leader**Judith Collins**(National Party)from Papakura
File:Winston Peters - 2017 (38351102806) (cropped).jpg|Deputy Prime Minister**Winston Peters**(NZ First)from Northland
File:James Shaw and Marama Davidson.png|Members of Parliament**James Shaw** and **Marama Davidson**(Green Party)for List
File:David Seymour at ACT Selection Announcement for Leader and Epsom.jpg|Member of Parliament**David Seymour**(ACT)from Epsom

## Election changes
Electorate boundaries for the next election are due to be redrawn in 2019, after the 2018 census and Māori electoral option. This means that unless a snap election is called before 2019, the next general election will be the first to use boundaries based on the 2018 census.

## Opinion polling
## Seat projections
## Notes
## References
1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak

The **1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak** happened on Palm Sunday, March 27, 1994. This was the third tornado outbreak in the United States to happen on a Palm Sunday. 40 people were killed in this outbreak, and 491 were injured.

## Summary 
The Storm Prediction Center issued a warning on March 26 saying the risk of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes from the Southeast to the Mid-Atlantic.

On the morning of March 27, a moderate risk was given for Alabama. By 9:00 a.m., thunderstorms began to develop. At 9:18 a.m., a tornado watch was issued for eastern Mississippi and northern Alabama. Tornado warnings were issued at 11:00 a.m. CST. At 11:39 a.m., a tornado struck the Goshen United Methodist Church in Piedmont, Alabama, killing 22 people, including the groom's 4-year-old daughter.

At noon EST, a PDS tornado watch was announced for northern Georgia. Severe thunderstorms and tornadoes entered Georgia by 12:42 p.m. EST and continued throughout the afternoon. The Storm Prediction Center announced a tornado watch for eastern Louisiana and central Mississippi. However, no tornadoes touched down on March 27. A tornado watch was also announced in the Carolinas. Tornadoes hit this area through the afternoon, including an F3 in Georgia and South Carolina, injuring 12. Another tornado injured 13 in North and South Carolina.

Tornadoes continued to hit Alabama between 4:00 and 5:30 p.m. CST, damaging a high school. A funnel cloud was seen at 6:00 p.m. CST. The storm had winds up to 60 mph.

The final tornado struck Greenville County, South Carolina at midnight on March 28. The NWS offices in Birmingham, Atlanta, and Athens did not stop issuing warnings until early in the morning on March 28.
Rab Butler

**Richard Austen Butler, Baron Butler of Saffron Walden** KG CH PC DL (9 December 1902 – 8 March 1982), also known as **R.A. Butler** or by his initials as **"Rab" Butler**, was a Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1962 to 1963 for one year.

Butler died of colon cancer on 8 March 1982 at Great Yeldham, Essex.

## References
Simon Bridges

**Simon Joseph Bridges** (born October 1976) is a New Zealand politician and lawyer. He was the Leader of the New Zealand National Party and Leader of the Opposition from 27 February 2018 to 22 May 2020. He was the Member of Parliament for Tauranga from 2008 until 2022. 

Bridges has served in several Cabinet portfolios, including  Minister of Transport (2014–2017), Minister of Economic Development (2016–2017) and Leader of the House (2017).

He is the first person with Māori ancestry to serve as leader of the National Party, and the first to lead a major party in New Zealand.

On 22 May 2020, following poor polling for the party, Bridges was challenged for the party leadership and replaced by Todd Muller. He would go onto retiring from the leadership of the party less than two months later.

On 24 November 2021, Bridges was removed from the shadow cabinet of Judith Collins, because of a rude comment he made to fellow MP Jacqui Dean in 2016. After removing Bridges from her shadow cabinet, a motion of no confidence was passed against Collins and removed her as party leader. Bridges ran to replace her as party leader, but withdrew on the day of the vote and supported the eventual winner Christopher Luxon.

Bridges announced his retirement from politics in March 2022 and resigned as MP two months later in May.

## References
Richard Di Natale

**Richard Luigi Di Natale** (born 6 June 1970) is an Australian politician. He has been a senator for Victoria since 2011. He also served as the leader of the Australian Greens from 2015 to 2020. Di Natale was elected to the national Senate in the 2010 federal election. He was the lead Greens Senate candidate in Victoria in the 2007 federal election but failed to win a seat.

Di Natale became federal parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of Christine Milne. Di Natale led the Greens at the 2 July 2016 federal election.

## References
Nick Xenophon

**Nicholas Xenophon** (né **Xenophou**; 29 January 1959) is an Australian politician. He was a Senator for South Australia from 2008 to 2017. He was the leader of two political parties: Nick Xenophon Team federally, and Nick Xenophon's SA-BEST in South Australia.

## Career
In October 2017, Xenophon resigned from the Australian Senate to contest a seat in the House of Assembly at the 2018 South Australian state election. 

From 1997 to 2007, he was a member of the South Australian Legislative Council, serving as an independent. When the Nick Xenophon Team changed its name to Centre Alliance, Xenophon himself stopped to be directly involved with the party.

## References
2016 Australian federal election

The **2016 Australian federal election** was an election held on Saturday 2 July to elect all 226 members of the 45th Parliament of Australia. It lasted eight weeks. It was the first under a new voting system for the Senate that replaced group voting tickets with optional preferential voting. Incumbent Malcolm Turnbull was narrowly re-elected by forming a coalition government with other smaller parties.

## Opinion polls
## Results
### House of Representatives
### Senate
## Results aftermath
After a week of vote counting, no party had won enough seats in the House of Representatives to form a majority government. Neither the Liberal/National Coalition's incumbent Turnbull Government nor the Australian Labor Party's Shorten Opposition were in a position to claim victory. Turnbull talked with the crossbench. He won a confidence and supply support from Bob Katter, Andrew Wilkie and Cathy McGowan in the event of a hung parliament and resulting minority government. On 10 July, Shorten conceded defeat. Turnbull claimed victory later that day.

The election is the closest federal majority result since 1961, the ABC declared on 11 July that the Coalition could form a one-seat majority government.

## References
## Other websites
*Australian Electoral Commission: 2016 federal election
*ABC Elections: 2016 Federal Election Guide
2019 Australian federal election

The **2019 Australian federal election** elected members of the 46th Parliament of Australia on 18 May 2019. The election was called following the end or expiry of the 45th Parliament as elected at the 2016 double dissolution federal election.

Prime Minister Scott Morrison and his Coalition Party won the election winning 78 seats over the Labor's 67 seats.

## Opinion polling
## Results
### House of Representatives
### Senate
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* How the night unfolded with no clear winner at The Guardian
* Australian Electoral Commission: 2019 federal election
* ABC Elections: 2019 Federal Election Guide
* The Poll Bludger Federal Election 2019
* The Tally Room
* How did we vote? - A detailed breakdown of Australia's election
President of Ethiopia

The **President of Ethiopia**, officially the **President of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia** is the head of state of Ethiopia. The position is largely a ceremonial one. The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister of Ethiopia. The current president is Taye Atske Selassie, who took office on 7 October 2024.

Presidents are elected by the House of Peoples' Representatives for six years, with a two-term limit.

## List of presidents
## References
## Other websites
* World Statesmen - Ethiopia
Rahim Huseynov

**Rahim Alihuseyn oglu Huseynov** (), (5 April 1936 – 12 November 2023) was an Azerbaijani politician. He was the 3rd Prime Minister of Azerbaijan from 1992 to 1993.

Huseynov died on 12 November 2023 at the age of 87.

## References
Dan Burton

**Danny Lee Burton** (born June 21, 1938) is an American politician. Burton is the former U.S. Representative for . He represented the , serving from 1983 until 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party and the Tea Party Caucus.

## References
## Other websites
*Archive.org – Congressman Dan Burton official U.S. House site – (official site deactivated)
*Archive.org – Dan Burton for Congress
*
Southern Railway

**Southern Railway** may refer to:

* Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway)
* Southern Railway (Great Britain)
* Southern Railway (U.S.)
Quantitative analysis (chemistry)

In analytical chemistry, **quantitative analysis** is the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often expressed as a concentration) of one, several or all particular substance(s) present in a sample.

## References
Time in Estonia

Estonia uses Eastern European Time (EET) (UTC+02:00) during winter, and Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) (UTC+03:00) during summer. Estonia has observed daylight saving time since 1981 when it was part of the Soviet Union. However, it wasn't used in 1989-1996 and 2000-2001.

## References
Romford–Upminster line

The **Romford–Upminster line** is a railway branch line in Greater London. It connects , on the Great Eastern Main Line, to Upminster, on the London, Tilbury and Southend Line and London Underground. 

The route is  long and there is one intermediate station at Emerson Park, about  away from Romford. The line is single-track throughout and is electrified at 25 kV AC. The speed limit is .

As of May 2015 services are operated by London Overground. There are two trains per hour in each direction. The timetabled journey time from one terminus to the other is nine minutes. It is completely separated from the rest of the London Overground.
Hans Günter Winkler

**Hans Günter Winkler** (24 July 1926 – 9 July 2018) was a German show jumping rider. He was born in Barmen, today part of Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia. He won four Olympic gold medals: two in 1956, one in 1960, and one in 1964.

Winkler died on 9 July 2018 in Warendorf, North Rhine-Westphalia from cardiac arrest at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Hans Günter Winkler  hall-of-fame-sport.de
* Kim Kreling: Where are they Now? Hans Gunter Winkler horse-canada.com
* Hans-Günter Winkler - an Olympic Jockey  olympics30.com
*
Baar

**Baar** can refer to:

## Places 
* Baar, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Zug, Switzerland
* Baar, Swabia, a municipality in western Bavaria, Germany
* Baar, Rhineland-Palatinate, a municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
* Baar (region), a region in southern Germany, between the Black Forest and the Swabian Alb
* Baar-Ebenhausen, a municipality in central Bavaria
Ed Westwick

**Edward Jack Peter Westwick** (born 27 June 1987) is an English actor and musician. He is best known for his role as Chuck Bass on The CW's teen television drama series *Gossip Girl* (2007–2012).

In November 2017, two women accused Westwick of raping them and another accused him of sexually assaulting her. The Los Angeles Police Department investigated the allegations.

On August 23, 2024, Westwick married Indian actress Amy Jackson.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* PopGurls Interview: Ed Westwick
List of cities and towns in Russia by population

This is a **list of cities and towns in Russia** with a population of over 50,000 at the 2021 census. These numbers are city proper populations, instead of urban area or metro area populations.

This list includes the federal city of Sevastopol and cities and towns in the Republic of Crimea, which are *de facto* part of Russia but internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. The cities and towns in the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg are not on the list because they were not part of the 2021 census.

## List 
Cities in **bold** are the capital city of their federal subject. Three capitals are too small to make the list: Naryan-Mar (pop. 23,399), Magas (pop. 15,271), and Anadyr (pop. 13,202). Pyatigorsk is the administrative centre of North Caucasian Federal District but not of any federal subject.

## Gallery 
## Location of the most populous cities in Russia 
## Related articles 
* Demographics of Russia
* List of cities and towns in Russia, a complete list of all cities and towns in Russia
* List of federal subjects of Russia by population

## Notes 

## References 

## Other websites 
* Russian Cities of over 100,000 population at Citypopulation.de
* Cities of Russia as a subject of tourist interest https://tour-planet.com
Joseph Luns

**Joseph Marie Antoine Hubert Luns** (28 August 1911 – 17 July 2002) was a Dutch politician and diplomat.

Luns was one of the most popular Dutch politicians of the time. He served a total of eight cabinets and stayed in office nineteen years, becoming the longest-serving Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2 September 1952 until 6 July 1971. He retired from Dutch politics and became the 5th (and also longest-serving) Secretary General of NATO for 13 years from 1 October 1971 until 25 June 1984.

## Other websites
*  Mr. J.M.A.H. (Joseph) Luns (Parlement & Politiek)
* NATO Declassified - Joseph Luns (biography) 
* Biography on NATO
Manfred Wörner

**Manfred Hermann Wörner** (24 September 1934 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt – 13 August 1994 in Brussels) was a German politician and diplomat. He served as the Defense Minister of West Germany between 1982 and 1988.

He then served as the seventh Secretary General of NATO from 1988 to 1994. His term as Secretary General oversaw the end of the Cold War and the German reunification. He was diagnosed with colorectal cancer, but continued to serve until his death.

## References
## Other websites
Willy Claes

**Willem Werner Hubert "Willy" Claes** (; born 24 November 1938) is a Belgian politician. He served as the eighth Secretary General of NATO, from 1994 to 1995. Claes was a member of the Socialist Party.

## References
## Other websites
*NATO Declassified - Willy Claes (biography) 
*NATO's Who is Who
George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen

**George Islay MacNeill Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen**  (born 12 April 1946) is a Scottish politician. He is a member of the Labour Party. He served as the 10th Secretary General of NATO from 1999 to 2004. He served as Secretary of State for Defence from 1997 to 1999, before becoming a life peer as Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, of Islay in Argyll and Bute.

## Other websites
* Lord Robertson of Port Ellen profile, www.parliament.uk
* NATO Declassified - Lord Robertson (biography)
Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo

**Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo** (born 10 September 1940) is an Italian diplomat. He served as Deputy Secretary General of NATO from 2001 to 2007 and as acting Secretary General of NATO from 17 December 2003 to 1 January 2004. He served as ambassador of Italy to the Western European Union and to the Committee for Policy and Security of the European Union. He is member of the Italy-USA Foundation.

## References
Jaap de Hoop Scheffer

**Jakob Gijsbert "Jaap" de Hoop Scheffer** (; born 3 April 1948) is a retired Dutch politician and diplomat. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as the 11th Secretary General of NATO from 5 January 2004 until 1 August 2009.

## Early career 
De Hoop Scheffer studied law at Leiden University.

After completing military service in the air force, where he is a reserve officer, he worked for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1976 to 1986.

During this time, he spent the first two years at the Dutch embassy in Ghana.

He then served at the Dutch delegation to NATO headquarters in Brussels until 1980.

## Political career 
Although he was already a member of the Democratic 66 party, he joined the Christian Democratic Appeal in 1982. In the 1986 elections, he was elected to the Eerste Kamer (the upper house of Parliament) and became the spokesperson for foreign policy for his party.

From 1997 to 2001, he was the president of the CDA group in the Eerste Kamer while the party was in opposition. This position made him the leader of the party.

## NATO 
De Hoop Scheffer was the 11th Secretary General of NATO from 5 January 2004 to 31 July 2009, succeeding Lord Robertson, who held the position since 1999. His deputy was the Italian ambassador Claudio Bisogniero.

## References
## Other websites
* NATO Declassified - Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (biography)
* Appointment as Secretary General - NATO announcement
* Profile of Jaap de Hoop Scheffer  - by journalist Robert van de Roer, NATO website
Gospel Oak to Barking line

The **Gospel Oak to Barking line** (sometimes unofficially called the **GOBLIN**) is part of the British railways system system. It is  long from one terminus to the other. It carries both through goods trains and London Overground passenger trains, connecting Gospel Oak station in north London and Barking Riverside station in east London. The line is part of Network Rail Strategic Route 6, and is classified as a London and South East Commuter line. For much of its existence the line has played a minor role in London's transport system. It is now receiving significant investment to increase its capacity. This will include full 25 kV AC overhead electrification, that was completed in 2018.

## References
Anders Fogh Rasmussen

**Anders Fogh Rasmussen** (; born 26 January 1953) is a Danish politician. He was the 24th Prime Minister of Denmark from November 2001 to April 2009 and the 12th Secretary General of NATO from August 2009 to October 2014. 

Rasmussen is now CEO of Rasmussen Global and a senior advisor at The Boston Consulting Group's Copenhagen office.

## References
Prime Minister of Denmark

The **prime minister of Denmark** (; literally "**Minister of the State**") is the head of government of the Kingdom of Denmark. The Constitution of 1849 established a constitutional monarchy by limiting the powers of the monarch and creating the office of the prime minister. The inaugural holder of the office was Adam Wilhelm Moltke.

The appointment of the prime minister is determined by their support in the Folketing (The National Parliament).

The current prime minister of Denmark is Mette Frederiksen.

## Living former Prime Ministers

File:Flickr - europeanpeoplesparty - EPP and PES PRESIDENTS DEBATE 21.01.2005 (21).jpg|Poul Nyrup Rasmussenborn   served 1993–2001 
File:Former Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen at the Nordic Council Session in Helsinki 2008-10-28.jpg|Anders Fogh Rasmussenborn   served 2001–09
File:Helle Thorning-Schmidt portrait.jpg|Helle Thorning-Schmidtborn   served 2011–15
File:Lars Løkke Rasmussen - 2018 (MUS6631) (cropped).jpg|Lars Løkke Rasmussenborn  served 2015–19 &2009–11

## References
## Other websites
*The Prime Minister's Office ()
*Official Denmark Constitution, from the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Secretary General of NATO

The **Secretary General of NATO** () is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 

The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. 

The current Secretary General is Mark Rutte, the former Prime Minister of the Netherlands, who took office on 1 October 2024.

## List of Secretaries General
## Notes
## References
Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay

**Hastings Lionel Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay** KG GCB CH DSO PC (21 June 1887 – 17 December 1965), nicknamed **Pug**, was a British Indian Army officer and diplomat. 

He was  Winston Churchill's chief military assistant during the Second World War and he was the first Secretary General of NATO from 1952 to 1957.  Ismay was the principal link between Churchill and the Chiefs of Staff Committee. Ismay also accompanied Churchill to many of the Allied war conferences. 

## Other websites
* NATO Declassified - Lord Ismay (biography) 
* Indian Army Officers 1939−1945
* Generals of World War II
Paul-Henri Spaak

**Paul-Henri Charles Spaak** (25 January 1899, Schaerbeek, Belgium – 31 July 1972, Brussels, Belgium) was a Belgian politician and lawyer. He is thought to be as one of the founding fathers of the European Union.

Spaak entered politics in 1932 for the Belgian Workers' Party (later the Belgian Socialist Party). He became Prime Minister of Belgium in 1938 and held the position until 1939. During World War II, he served as Foreign Minister in the Belgian government in exile under Hubert Pierlot. After the war, he twice served the position of Prime Minister, first for under a month in March 1946 and again between 1947 and 1949. 

Spaak was Belgium's Foreign Minister for 18 years between 1939 and 1966.

In 1945, he was chosen to chair the first session of the General Assembly of the new United Nations. He served as the first President of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe between 1949 and 1950 and became the first President of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1952 and 1954.

Between 1957 and 1961, he served as the second Secretary-General of NATO.

## References
## Other websites
*Fondation Paul-Henri Spaak
*The Presidency Project – *Remarks at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom to Paul Henri Spaak, Secretary General of NATO – 21 February 1961*
*NATO Declassified - Paul-Henri Spaak (biography)
Dirk Stikker

**Dirk Uipko Stikker**,  (5 February 1897 &ndash; 23 December 1979) was a Dutch banker, industrialist, politician, and diplomat.
 
In 1945, he was among the organizers of the Stichting van de Arbeid (Dutch Labour Foundation), thus helping to lay the foundation of post-war collective bargaining in the Netherlands.

Stikker served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1948 to 1952 and as the third Secretary General of NATO from 1961 to 1964.

In 1964, Stikker was awarded an honorary doctorate by Brown University. He died in Wassenaar in 1979, aged 82.

## Other websites
* NATO Declassified - Dirk Stikker (biography) 
* Sports career
Manlio Brosio

**Manlio Giovanni Brosio** (July 10, 1897 – March 14, 1980) was an Italian lawyer, diplomat, politician and the fourth Secretary General of NATO between 1964 and 1971.

In January 1947, Brosio became the Italian ambassador to Soviet Union and got involved with the peace treaty negotiations between the countries. In 1952 he became ambassador to the UK, to the USA in 1955 and from 1961–1964 to France.

On May 12, 1964 the NATO council chose Brosio to replae Dirk Stikker as a secretary general. He resigned September 3, 1971. On September 29, 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

## Other websites
* NATO Declassified - Manlio Brosio (biography)
May 1989 tornado outbreak

The **May 1989 tornado outbreak** occurred on May 5, 1989 across Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia.

## Summary 
### Georgia and South Carolina 
The first tornadoes touched down between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m. in Georgia. At 2:21 PM, Tornado Watch 183 was issued for northern and central Georgia and the northwest corner of South Carolina. During the mid-afternoon hours, the severe thunderstorms moving northeast spawning tornadoes in South Carolina. The first violent tornado was reported in Spartanburg and Gaffney, South Carolina.

### North Carolina and Virginia 
Other F4 tornadoes broke out to the north. At 4:33 PM, Tornado Watch 185 was issued for much of South Carolina and western and central North Carolina. The watch was a PDS. One tornado caused 30 injuries in Belwood, North Carolina before killing four people in the Toluca community. Later, a tonrado hit Winston-Salem, North Carolina. At the same time, weaker tornadoes caused damage in Durham and Granville counties.

The last tornadoes broke out between Richmond and Charlottesville, Virginia.

## Aftermath 
7 deaths were reported with at least 168 people injured. Hail was reported in Columbia, South Carolina and Monroe, North Carolina, and severe wind damage was reported from Georgia to Maryland. Damage was seen in every North Carolina county between I-95 and the Blue Ridge Mountains.

## Other websites 
*A Look Back at the Western Carolina Violent Tornado Outbreak of 5 May 1989
Watford DC line

The **Watford DC line** is a commuter railway line from London Euston to Watford Junction in Watford, Hertfordshire. Its services are operated by London Overground.

The line runs beside the West Coast Main Line (WCML) for most of its length. The London Underground Bakerloo line shares the section of the line from Queen's Park to Harrow & Wealdstone. The rolling stock used on the line is Class 378 "Capitalstar".

The "DC" in the title refers to line being electrified using direct current. This was done in the early twentieth century by the London and North Western Railway. By contrast the WCML uses alternating current from overhead lines.

## Related pages 
* LNWR electric units
East London line

The **East London line** is part of the London Overground network. It runs from north to south through  East London. The railway was built in 1869 by the *East London Railway Company*. It reused the Thames Tunnel which was built for horse-drawn carriages. The line became part of the London Underground network in 1933. It closed on 22 December 2007 for refurbishment and expansion. In April 2010, it reopened as part of the London Overground network. Phase 2, which links the line to the South London line with a terminus at , opened on 9 December 2012. This created an orbital railway around inner London. It is now named the Windrush line.

## Orbital railway
The orbital railway includes the following routes:
* East London line from Highbury & Islington to Surrey Quays
* South London line from Surrey Quays to Clapham Junction
* West London line from Clapham Junction to Willesden Junction
* North London line from Willesden Junction to Highbury & Islington

## References
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen

**Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen** (, informally **Poul Nyrup**, born 15 June 1943) is a Danish politician. He was the Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists (PES) from 2004 to 2011. He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002. He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009.

## Other websites
* Party of European Socialists manifesto for European elections 2009
* President's page on PES website
* Europe and a New World Order – A Report for the Party of European Socialists by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
John Laird, Baron Laird

Professor **John Dunn Laird, Baron Laird**  of Artigarvan (23 April 1944 &ndash; 10 July 2018) was a Northern Ireland life peer and former chairman of the cross-border Ulster-Scots Agency. In 2013 Laird allegedly offered to lobby for a firm against parliamentary rules. As a result, he resigned from the Ulster Unionist Party. He was created a life peer on 16 July 1999 as **Baron Laird**, of Artigarvan in the County of Tyrone.

Laird died on 10 July 2018 in Belfast at the age of 74.

## References
## Other websites
* Lord Laird website 
* John Laird, Crossbencher Stratagem 
* Ulster's 'Braveheart' on rebel hunt , Interview with the *Sunday Tribune*, 22 January 2006 (Newshound)
* Debrett's Limited
* https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/ldallfiles/peers/lord_hansard_1388_wad.html Parliamentary answers 2010/11.
President of the European Commission

The **President of the European Commission** is the head of the European Commission. It is the executive branch of the European Union. The President of the Commission leads a cabinet of Commissioners. The President is chosen by the Council and Parliament, and decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do.

## Background
The President of the Commission also represents the EU abroad, together with the President of the European Council and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

The post was established in 1958. Each new President is nominated by the European Council and formally elected by the European Parliament, for a five-year term. 

The current President is Ursula von der Leyen, who took office on 1st December 2019. She is a member  of the European People's Party (EPP) and is the former minister of defence of Germany.

 (Berlaymont building)]]

## List of presidents
### Commission of the European Economic Community (1958–1967)
### Commission of the European Communities (1967–2009) and European Commission (2009–present)
; Parties

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*Commission President (official website)
*Terms of office 
*Organisation of the European Commission CVCE (Previously : European NAvigator)
*Presidential candidates debate 2014
José Manuel Barroso

**José Manuel Durão Barroso** (; born 23 March 1956) is a Portuguese politician. He was the non-executive chairman at Goldman Sachs International. He was the 11th President of the European Commission (2004–2014) and the 115th Prime Minister of Portugal (2002–2004).

 (Berlaymont building)]]

## References
Gaston Thorn

**Gaston Egmond Thorn** (3 September 192826 August 2007) was a Luxembourg politician. He served as the 20th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1974–79), President of the United Nations General Assembly (1975), and the seventh President of the European Commission (1981–85).

## References
Jean Rey (politician)

**Jean Rey** (15 July 1902 – 19 May 1983) was a Belgian politician. He served as the 2nd President of the European Commission from 1967 to 1970. He served as European Commissioner for External Relations from 1958 to 1967.

## Other websites
* Jean Rey (EU)
* Address given by Jean Rey on the merger of the executive bodies (Strasbourg, 20 September 1967)
Franco Maria Malfatti

**Franco Maria Malfatti** () (13 June 1927 – 10 December 1991) was an Italian politician. He served as the 3rd President of the European Commission from 1970 to 1972. He served at Italian level as Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1979 to 1980 and Italian Minister of Education from 1973 to 1978.

## References
Sicco Mansholt

**Sicco Leendert Mansholt** (; 13 September 1908 – 29 June 1995) was a Dutch politician. He served as the 4th President of the European Commission from 1972 to 1973.

Mansholt is known as one of the founding fathers of the European Union. He served as European Commissioner for Agriculture from 1958 to 1972, Minister of Agriculture, Fishing and Food Supply from 1945 to 1958, Minister of Economic Affairs in 1948 and Acting Mayor of Wieringermeer in 1945. He was a member of the Member of the House of Representatives on several occasions.

## Other websites
*  Dr. S.L. (Sicco) Mansholt Parlement & Politiek
François-Xavier Ortoli

**François-Xavier Ortoli** (16 February 1925 – 30 November 2007) was a French politician. He served as the 5th President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1977. He served as Minister of the Economy of France from 1968 to 1969.

## References
Roy Jenkins

**Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead**,  (11 November 1920&nbsp;– 5 January 2003) was a British Labour Party, SDP and Liberal Democrat politician, and biographer of British political leaders.

Jenkins was elected to Parliament as a Labour MP in 1948. He served as Home Secretary from 1965 to 1967 and Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1967 and 1970. He was elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party on 8 July 1970, but resigned in 1972 because he supported entry to the European Communities, while the party opposed it.

In 1977, he was appointed President of the European Commission, serving until 1981. He was the first British holder of this office, and is to be the only such (considering the United Kingdom's decision in June 2016 to leave the European Union), providing the United Kingdom does not re-join the European Union in the future. 

He was also a known historian, biographer and writer. His *A Life at the Centre* (1991) is thought to be as one of the best autobiographies of the later 20th century, which "will be read with pleasure long after most examples of the genre have been forgotten".

## References
## Other websites
*
* "Roy Jenkins (The Rt Hon Lord Jenkins of Hillhead)" , Fellows Remembered, The Royal Society of Literature
Piet Dankert

**Pieter "Piet" Dankert** (8 January 1934 in Stiens – 21 June 2003 in Perpignan) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Labour Party.

From 1968 till 1981 he was a member of the Second Chamber.

In the late 1970s he moved to the European Parliament, and was President of the European Parliament from 19 January 1982 to 24 July 1984.

In the third government of Ruud Lubbers (1989–1994) he was Secretary of State for European matters.

From 1994 till 1999 he was again an MEP.

## References
Pierre Pflimlin

**Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin** (; 5 February 1907 – 27 June 2000) was a French Christian democratic politician. He served as the  Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic for a few weeks in 1958, before being replaced by Charles de Gaulle during the crisis of that year.

## More reading
* "The Little Plum" *Time* June 10, 1957 
* 
* Morris, Peter. "Homo politicus; the political careers of Pierre Pflimlin and Jacques Chaban‐Delmas." *Modern & Contemporary France* 1.1 (1993): 42-44.
Enrique Barón Crespo

**Enrique Barόn Crespo** (born 27 March 1944 in Madrid) is a Spanish politician, economist, and lawyer. He is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and was a member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists group until 2009.

After election to the European Parliament he was President of the European Parliament (1989&ndash;1992), and was PES Group chairman from 1999 to 2004. He was Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (1992&ndash;1995).

## Other websites
*European Parliament: Your MEPs
*European Parliament Office in Spain
Egon Klepsch

**Egon Alfred Klepsch** (January 30, 1930 – September 18, 2010.) was a German politician (CDU).

In 1979 Klepsch became chairman of the EPP parliamentary group. After he had stood in vain in 1982 for the office of President of the European Parliament, he was elected in 1992. In 1994 he retired from the European Parliament and became an advisor to Deutschen Vermögensberatungs AG.

## Honors
*  : *Honorary* Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (25.03.1994)

## References
Pat Cox

**Patrick Cox** (born 28 November 1952) is an Irish politician and former television presenter. He was President of the European Parliament from 2002 to 2004. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1989 to 2004. Before this Cox was a journalist and presenter with RTÉ's *Today Tonight* and then a Teachta Dála (TD) for Cork South-Central.

## References
Josep Borrell

**Jopep Borrell i Fontelles** (born 24 April 1947 in La Pobla de Segur, Lleida) is a Spanish politician. He was President of the European Parliament from 20 July 2004 until 16 January 2007.

## References
## Other websites
*Official biography
Hans-Gert Pöttering

**Hans-Gert Pöttering** (born 15 September 1945) is a German conservative politician (CDU, European People's Party), and was the President of the European Parliament from January 2007 to July 2009.

He has served as a Member of the European Parliament since the first elections in 1979 until 2014 and was Chairman of the European People's Party-European Democrats 1999–2007.

He is a member of the Reconciliation of European Histories Group.

## References
Prime Minister of Luxembourg

since 17 November 2023]]
The **Prime Minister of Luxembourg** is the head of government in Luxembourg. His official residence and office is in the Hôtel de Bourgogne at 4 rue de la Congrégation in the city of Luxembourg.

Before 1857, the Prime Minister was the *President of the Council*.  In addition to these titles, the Prime Minister uses the title *Minister of State*.

Since the foundation of the party system, only one cabinet (between 1921 and 1925) has not included members of more than one party.  Most of the time, governments are grand coalitions of the two largest parties, no matter their ideology; this has made Luxembourg one of the most stable democracies in the world.  Two cabinets (between 1945 and 1947) included members of every party represented in the Chamber of Deputies.

## List
## Former living prime ministers

File:Jacques Santer cropped.jpg|**Jacques Santer**(1984–1995)
File:Ioannes Claudius Juncker die 7 Martis 2014.jpg|**Jean-Claude Juncker**(1995–2013)
File:Obisk predsednika vlade Luksemburga - 22. 2. 2023 (52704746470) (cropped).jpg|**Xavier Bettel**(2013–2023)

## References
## Other websites
* Website of the Prime Minister of Luxembourg *(in French)*
Prime Minister of Croatia

The **Prime Minister of Croatia** (), officially the **President of the Government of the Republic of Croatia** (), is Croatia's head of government, and is the *de facto* the most powerful and influential state officeholder in the Croatian government.

In the formal Croatian order of precedence, however, the position of prime minister is the third highest state office, after the President of the Republic and the Speaker of the Parliament.

The Constitution of Croatia describes the role as the "Parliament supervises the Government" (Article 81) and that "the President of the Republic ensures the regular and balanced functioning and stability of government" (as a whole; Article 94), while the Government is introduced in Article 108.

The current Prime Minister of Croatia is Andrej Plenković.

The Government of Croatia meets in Banski dvori, a historical building located on the west side of St. Mark's Square in Zagreb.

## Living former Prime Ministers
There are eleven living former Heads of government (3 former Presidents of the Executive Council of SR Croatia and 8 former Prime Ministers of Croatia). The last former head of government to die was Hrvoje Šarinić (1992-1993) on 21 July 2017.

**Presidents of the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Croatia (until 1990):**

File:Petar Fleković (političar).jpg|**Petar Fleković**(1978–1982)
File:Mesic cropped.jpg|**Stjepan Mesić**(1990)

**Prime Ministers of the Republic of Croatia (1990–present):**

File:Dan_OSRH_Josip_Manolic_28052011_2.jpg|**Josip Manolić**(1990–1991)
File:Cvjetni trg simul 20160601 DSC 5221 (cropped).jpg|**Franjo Gregurić**(1991–1992)
File:Nikica Valentic table crop.jpg|**Nikica Valentić**(1993–1995)
File:Zlatko Mateša.jpg|**Zlatko Mateša**(1995–2000)
File:Ivo Sanader table crop.jpg|**Ivo Sanader**(2003–2009)
File:Kosor and Putin (2010-06-19) 04 (cropped).jpg|**Jadranka Kosor**(2009–2011)
File:16 obljetnica vojnoredarstvene operacije Oluja 04082011 Zoran Milanovic 38.jpg|**Zoran Milanović**(2011–2016)
File:TihomirOreskovic.jpg|**Tihomir Orešković**(2016)
File:Andrej Plenković 2024.jpg|**Andrej Plenković**(2016–present)

## References
Ema Derossi-Bjelajac

**Ema Derossi-Bjelajac** (sometimes rendered **Derosi-Bjelajac**; 3 May 1926 – 20 June 2020) was a Croatian politician. She served as the President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Croatia from 1985 until 1986. She was the first woman to hold a title equivalent to a head of state in modern day Croatia.

## References
## Other websites
*DEROSSI-BJELAJAC, Ema at lzmk.hr
Stjepan Mesić

**Stjepan "Stipe" Mesić** (; born 24 December 1934) is a Croatian politician. He served as the President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010. He was the last President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1991) and served as Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement (1991), as well as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament (1992–1994), a judge in Našice and mayor of his home town of Orahovica.

## References
Andrej Plenković

**Andrej Plenković** (; born 8 April 1970) is a Croatian politician and diplomat. He serves as  Prime Minister of Croatia since 19 October 2016. He has been the Chairman of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) since 2016.

## References
## Other websites
*Andrej Plenković *Personal website*
*MEP Andrej Plenković *Profile at European Parliament website*
*You Tube Channel *Personal You Tube Channel*
*Twitter account "Personal Twitter account"
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović

**Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović** (; born 29 April 1968) is a Croatian politician and diplomat. She was the 4th President of Croatia from 2015 to 2020. She is the first woman to be elected to the office. At 46 years of age, she also became the youngest person to assume the presidency.

In 2020, she lost her re-election bid to Zoran Milanović.

## References
President of Croatia

The **President of Croatia** (), officially styled the **President of the Republic** (), is the head of state, commander in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. 

The President is the holder of the highest office within the Croatia's government however, the president is not the head of the executive branch ("non executive president") as Croatia has a parliamentary system in which the holder of the post of Prime Minister is the most powerful person within the country's constitutional framework and within everyday's politics.

## List of presidents
## References
## Other websites
* Office of the President of Croatia 
* President of the Republic of Croatia 2000–2010
Franjo Tuđman

**Franjo Tuđman**, also written as **Franjo Tudjman** (; 14 May 1922&nbsp;– 10 December 1999) was a Croatian politician and historian. He became the first President of Croatia and served as president from 1990 until his death in 1999. He was the 9th and last President of the Presidency of SR Croatia from May to July 1990.

## References
North London line

The **North London line** is a railway line of the London Overground. It passes through the inner suburbs of north London, England. The route is a rough semicircle between the south-west and the north-east, avoiding Central London. The line is owned and maintained by Network Rail and London Overground.

The line began as a part of the North London Railway but there have been many changes. The current route is the result of a series of amalgamations, closures and reopenings. There is a mixture of third rail and overhead line electric power supply. It is an important freight route and is used by the Richmond to Stratford passenger services of the London Overground. It is part of the National Rail network. Between Richmond and Gunnersbury, London Underground's District line shares tracks with London Overground services. This part is also owned and maintained by Network Rail.

## References
Jan Henry T. Olsen

**Jan Henry Tungeland Olsen** (20 August 1956 – 10 July 2018) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was Minister of Fisheries from 1992 to 1996. He was born in Tromsø, Norway.

Olsen was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2008. He died from the disease under hospice care in Tromsø on 10 July 2018, aged 61.

## References