open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Terrorism

, terrorist attack on the New York World Trade Center.]]

**Terrorism** is the use of fear and violence for political, religious or ideological reasons. Many different types of social or political organizations might use terrorism to try to achieve their goals. People who carry out terrorism are called *terrorists*. The foundation of modern terrorism is the work of Sergey Nechayev, a Russian  who developed strategies for carrying out terrorism, which also includes politics.
## Overview
 Embassy in Beirut after a terror attack.]]

It is difficult to explain terrorism. Terrorism has no official criminal law definition at the international level. Common definitions of terrorism refer to violent acts which are intended to create fear. The acts may be done for a religious, political or ideological motive and use illegal violence. Some definitions now include acts of unlawful violence and war crimes. The use of similar tactics by criminal gangs is not usually called terrorism. The same actions may be called terrorism when they are done by a politically-motivated group.

There are over 10,000 definitions of "terrorism". In some cases, the same group may be described as "freedom fighters" by its supporters and "terrorists" by its opponents. The term is often used by states to criticize political opponents. One form of terrorism is the use of violence against noncombatants for the purpose of gaining publicity for a group, cause, or individual. According to Memorial Institute for Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), terrorists killed 20,498 people in 2006. The major effect of terrorism comes from the fear that is generated.

## Counter-terrorism
 Military Police Special Force in Counter-Terrorism Exercise.]]

Counter-terrorism is broad in scope. Types of counter-terrorism include but not limited:

* Preemptive humanitarian activities
* Preemptive or reactive military action
* Fortification and other technical means
* More permissive interrogation and detention policies for the suspected terrorists
* Increased intelligence and surveillance activities. Often facilitated and rubber stamped with legislation like the United States Patriot Act

## Context
The more modern governments restrict weapons to their military, the more ordinary people are helpless against terrorists. The Global Terrorism Database (University of Maryland, College Park) has recorded more than 61,000 incidents of non-state terrorism. These caused at least 140,000 deaths between 2000 and 2014.

## Select list of terrorist groups
* ISIS
* Hamas
* Houthis
* Hezbollah
* Wagner Group
* Al-Nusra Front

## Further reading
**Zero: the story of terrorism*. Payne, Robert. 1941.
**Revolutionary war in world strategy 1945.*. Sir Robert Thompson 1970. London. SBN 430 52051 6
**Low intensity operations*. Kitson, Frank. Faber, London. 1971. ISBN 0 571 0901 0
* Greig, Ian. 1973 ''Subversion: propaganda, agitation and the spread of people's war''. Stacey, London. IBSN 0 85468 495 6 .

## Related pages
* Suicide attack
* Aircraft hijacking

## References
Andorra

**Andorra** (), officially the **Principality of Andorra**, is a landlocked sovereign country located in the eastern Pyrenees Mountains of Southern Europe and bordered by Spain and France. 
## Overview
There are about 79,000 people living in Andorra. The capital is Andorra la Vella. It is ruled by a Spanish Bishop and the French President, who hold the title of Co-Prince together. Andorra's government is a parliamentary democracy.

Andorra is a rich country mostly because of tourism.  There are about 10.2&nbsp;million visitors each year. The official language is Catalan, though Spanish and French are also used. The Euro (EUR) is the currency of Andorra, though it is not a member of the European Union (EU).
## History
It is said that emperor Charlemagne gifted the Andorran people their country in the 9th century for fighting against the Moors. Before AD 1095, Andorra was not militarily protected. The Lord of Caboet and the Bishop of Urgell decided to rule Andorra together. Andorra's first legislature was created in AD 1419.

The descendants of the Lord of Caboet eventually became the Kings of France over time. When France became a republic, the French King's position as the Co-Prince was taken up by the President of France.

Andorra declared war on Imperial Germany in World War I, but did not do any fighting. Andorra remained in a state of war against Germany until 1957 as the Andorrans did not sign the Treaty of Versailles.
## Geography
Andorra is situated in the Pyrenees mountain range. The highest mountain is Coma Pedrosa.
### Cities
The largest cities in Andorra are:

For other locations in Andorra, see List of cities in Andorra.
## Politics
The politics of Andorra are very unique in comparison to the rest of the world. There are two heads of state, the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France, who hold the title of Co-Prince. This is because of an ancient treaty which said the Bishop of Urgell and the French leader would be the Co-Princes.

There is also an elected legislature named the General Council. It has between 28 and 42 members. The head of government is a member of the Council who is elected to the position by the Council.
## Defense
Andorra doesn't have an Army. France and Spain help to defend Andorra.  The country has a police force of 295.
## Religion
The population of Andorra is mostly (90%) Roman Catholic. Their patron saint is Our Lady of Meritxell.
## Education
Children between the ages of 6 and 16 must have full-time education. Education up to secondary level is paid by the government. The University of Andorra (UdA) is the state public university.  It is the only university in Andorra.

Image:Satellite image of Andorra in March.jpg|A satellite image of Andorra

## Related pages
* Vatican
* Monaco
* San Marino
* Liechtenstein
* List of rivers of Andorra
* Constitutional monarchy
* Andorra at the Olympics

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Day

A **day** is the time it takes the Earth to spin around once. It is daytime on the side of the Earth that is facing the Sun. When it is nighttime, that side of the Earth is facing away from the Sun. It takes 24 hours for the Earth to spin once, so that is one day, including the daytime and nighttime. This is mean solar time, measured relative to the Sun. There is also sidereal time, measured relative to the fixed stars. The sidereal day is a few minutes shorter.

## List of days of the year
 There are only 29 days in February during a leap year. Otherwise, February has 28 days.

## Related pages 
* Length of day

## Other websites 
* Day -Citizendium
Phases of the Moon

There are 8 phases of the moon

The **phases of the Moon** are the different ways the Moon looks from Earth.

As the Moon orbits around the Earth, the half of the Moon that faces the Sun will be lit up. The different shapes of the lit portion of the Moon that can be seen from Earth are known as phases of the Moon. Each phase repeats itself every 29.5 days.

The same half of the Moon always faces the Earth, because of tidal locking. So the phases will always occur over the same half of the Moon's surface.

## Phases 
A phase is an angle of the Moon to the Earth so it appears differently every day. The Moon goes through eight main phases. 
* A *new moon* is when the moon cannot be seen because we are looking at the unlit half of the Moon. The *new moon* phase occurs when the Moon is directly between the Earth and Sun. A solar eclipse can only happen with a new moon.
* A *waxing crescent moon* is when the Moon looks like a crescent and the crescent grows (or "waxes") in size from one day to the next. This phase is usually only seen in the west.
* The *first quarter moon* (or a *half moon*) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen after the *waxing crescent* phase. It comes a week after a new moon.
* A *waxing gibbous moon* occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape grows (or "waxes") in size from one day to the next. The *waxing gibbous* phase occurs between the first quarter and full moon phases.
* A *full moon* is when we can see the entire lit portion of the Moon. The *full moon* phase occurs when the Moon is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun, called opposition. A lunar eclipse can only happen with a full moon.
* A *waning gibbous moon* occurs when more than half of the lit portion of the Moon can be seen and the shape shrinks (or "wanes") in size from one day to the next. The *waning gibbous* phase occurs between the full moon and third quarter phases.
* The *last quarter moon* (or a *half moon*) is when half of the lit portion of the Moon is visible after the *waning gibbous* phase.
* A *waning crescent moon* is when the Moon looks like a crescent and the crescent shrinks (or "wanes") in size from one day to the next.

## "Blue moon 
* A second full moon in one calendar month is usually called a "blue moon" and this occurs approximately every 3 years. The idiom "Once in a blue moon" refers to something that does not happen often (like a blue moon).

## Related pages
* Extraterrestrial sky
* Phases of the Earth
* Lunar eclipse
* Solar eclipse

## References
Sphere

A **sphere** is a round, three-dimensional shape. 
All points on the edge of the sphere are at the same distance from the center. 
The distance from the center is called the radius of the sphere. A real-world sphere is called a *globe* if it is large (such as the Earth), and as a *ball* if it is small, like an association football.

Common things that have the shape of a sphere are basketballs, superballs, and playground balls. 
The Earth and the Sun are nearly *spherical*, meaning sphere-shaped.

A sphere is the three-dimensional analog of a circle.

## Calculating measures of a sphere 
### Surface area 
Using the circumference: A=\frac{c^2}{\pi}=\frac{2c^2}{\tau}

Using the diameter: A=\pi d^2=\frac{\tau d^2}{2}

Using the radius: A=2\tau r^2=4\pi r^2

Using the volume: A=\sqrt[3]{3\tau V^2}=\sqrt[3]{6\pi V^2}

### Circumference 
Using the surface area: c=\sqrt{\pi A}=\sqrt{\frac{\tau A}{2}}

Using the diameter: c=\pi d=\frac{\tau d}{2}

Using the radius: c=\tau r=2\pi r

Using the volume: c=\sqrt[3]{6\pi^2 V}=\sqrt[3]{\frac{3\tau^2 V}{2}}

### Diameter 
Using the surface area: d=\sqrt{\frac A\pi}=\sqrt{\frac{2A}{\tau}}

Using the circumference: d=\frac c\pi=\frac{2c}{\tau}

Using the radius: d=2r

Using the volume: d=\sqrt[3]{\frac{6V}{\pi}}=\sqrt[3]{\frac{12V}{\tau}}

### Radius 
Using the surface area: r=\sqrt{\frac{A}{2\tau}}=\sqrt{\frac{A}{4\pi}}

Using the circumference: r=\frac c\tau=\frac{c}{2\pi}

Using the diameter: r=\frac d2

Using the volume: r=\sqrt[3]{\frac{3V}{2\tau}}=\sqrt[3]{\frac{3V}{4\pi}}

### Volume 
Using the surface area: V=\sqrt{\frac{A^3}{18\tau}}=\sqrt{\frac{A^3}{36\pi}}

Using the circumference: V=\frac{c^3}{6\pi^2}=\frac{2c^3}{3\tau^2}

Using the diameter: V=\frac{\pi d^3}{6}=\frac{\tau d^3}{12}

Using the radius: V=\frac{2\tau r^3}{3}=\frac{4\pi r^3}{3}

## Equation of a sphere 
In Cartesian coordinates, the equation for a sphere with a center at (x_0,y_0,z_0) is as follows:

:(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2=r^2

where r is the radius of the sphere.

## Related pages 
* Circle
* Pi
* Tau
Quantity

**Quantity** or **amount** is how much of something there is that can be counted or measured. 

## Counting 
Whole numbers (1, 2, 3 ...) are used to count things.  This can be done by pointing to each one.  As things are pointed to, a number is said.  Start with the number one.  Each time another thing is pointed to, the next whole number is used.  When the last thing in a group it pointed to, that number is the quantity of the group. 

## Measuring 
Measuring is done with a ruler or a machine.  We put a ruler next to a thing to measure how long it is.  We put things on a scale to measure their mass.  Other machines are used to measure other quantities such as temperature, speed, electric current, and so on.

### Decimal numbers 
When measuring things, a whole number might not be the best answer.  A distance might be longer than 5 meters, but less than 6 meters.  Meter sticks are marked off in parts of a meter.  Decimals are formed by marking off a ruler in ten equal parts.  Each part is a tenth.  5.2 meters is a little bit longer than 5 meters.  5.7 meters is a little bit shorter than 6 meters.  Each of these tenths can be marked with ten smaller parts.  The one hundred centimeters on a meter stick are done this way; by marking ten equal parts, then marking ten equal parts of each of those parts.

### Fraction numbers 
Fractions are used when there are parts of a whole number.  The dial on a machine may be marked with four parts between each whole number.  A scale with a bag of potatoes may show five and three-quarters kilograms.  This would be almost six kilograms.

### The words "amount" and "number"
People often use the word "amount" when they should say "number".  The words "number" and "amount" should be used if a particular number could be put: e.g.
*A large amount of sand (because you cannot say "three thousand sands")
*A large number of people (because you could say there were 3547 people).
Advertising

, Japan, (2005)]]
**Advertising** is how a company encourages people to buy their products, use their services, or adopt their ideas and stuff. Advertising is one element of marketing, which also includes design, research, and data mining.

An advertisement (or an "ad" for short) is usually designed by an advertising agency for a sponsor or brand and made public by various media. Ads appear on television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and billboards in streets and cities. Advertisers use methods that attract attention.

Advertisers influence our emotions by techniques that include stereotyping and targeting the audience: who we are. Emotions are influenced by our occupation, beliefs, personality, self-esteem, lifestyle, relationships, friends, how we look, and what we wear.

## History 
 flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called *Kinseitan*]]

Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is  present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC.

Londoner Thomas J. Barratt  (1841–1914) has been called "the father of modern advertising". He worked for the Pears Soap company, eventually becoming its chairman. Barratt created an advertising campaign for the company products. It used targeted slogans, images, and phrases. One of his slogans, "Good morning. Have you used Pears' soap?" was famous in its day and into the 20th century.

Barratt introduced many of the crucial ideas that lie behind successful advertising, and these were widely circulated in his day. He constantly stressed the importance of a strong and exclusive brand image for Pears and of emphasizing the product's availability through saturation campaigns. He also understood the importance of constantly reevaluating the market for changing tastes and  mores, stating in 1907 that "tastes change, fashions change, and the advertiser  has to change with them. An idea that was effective a generation ago would fall flat, stale, and unprofitable if presented to the public today. Not that the idea of today is always better than the older idea, but it is different – it hits the present taste."

## References
Flag of the United States

The **flag of the United States of America** is a national flag. It has 7 red stripes and 6 white stripes. These 13 stripes represent the original thirteen colonies. The flag also has a blue *canton*, a rectangle in the top left corner. There are 50 stars which represent the 50 states of America.

When a new state joins the United States, a new flag is made with an extra star. The new flag is first flown on the 4th of July (Independence Day).

The last states to join the United States were Alaska and Hawaii in 1959. Alaska joined on 3 January 1959, so the new flag with 49 stars was used from 4 July 1959. Hawaii joined on 21 August 1959, so the flag with 50 stars that is used today was not flown until 4 July 1960. 

The colors in the flag are red, white and blue. The colors have no special meaning in the flag, but in the coat of arms, white stands for purity and innocence, red for bravery and strength, and blue for watchfulness, perseverance and justice. 

The flag is also often called the **Stars and Stripes**, the **Star-Spangled Banner**, or **Old Glory**. The national anthem of the United States is a reference to the flag.

## Evolution of the United States' flag 
Since 1818, a star for each new state has been added to the flag on the Fourth of July immediately following each state's admission. In years in which multiple states have been admitted, the number of stars on the flag has jumped correspondingly. The greatest example so far was in 1890, when five states were admitted within the span of a single year (North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington in November 1889 and Idaho on 3 July 1890). This change has typically been the only change made with each revision of the flag since 1777, with the exception of changes in 1795 and 1818, which increased the number of stripes to 15 and then returned it to 13, respectively.

As the exact pattern of stars was not specified prior to 1912, and the exact colors not specified prior to 1934, many of the historical U.S. national flags (shown below) have had varied designs.

## International and space transportation of (woven) flags
One flag was transported to the lunar surface during the first manned flight to the moon.

On 30 April 1975 the last group of (eleven) US soldiers leaving the Vietnam War did grab the US flag [of their Marine Corps unit of embassy guards ] from the outpost on the embassy roof, before all were lifted off the roof and flown out of the country by a helicopter of the Marine Corps. (That flag is in the United States.)

## Design 
* 13 horizontal red and white stripes, representing the original 13 states.
* 50 white stars on a blue rectangle in the top-left, representing the current 50 U.S. states.

## References
Mahatma Gandhi

**Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi** (2 October 1869– 30 January 1948) was a leader of nationalism in British-ruled India. He is more commonly called **Mahatma Gandhi**. *mahatma* is an honorific meaning "great-soul" or "venerable" in Sanskrit. He was first called this in 1914 in Africa 

Gandhi on Mahabharata said he wished to live his life like Karna lived Like *he sorrows life gave them and how they reacted upon them. You would be able to achieve what human history had never imagined.*"  Gandhi was the Martyr of the Nation since 1948. Rabindranath Tagore gave him the title of 'Mahatma'.

Gandhi was one of the most important people involved in the movement for the independence of India. He was a non-violent activist, who led the independence movement through a non-violent protest.

## Early life
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbander, India.  Several members of his family worked for the government of the state.  When Gandhi was 18 years old, he went to study law in England.  After he became a lawyer, he went to the British colony of South Africa where he experienced laws that said people with  dark  skin had fewer rights than people with light skin. In 1897, Gandhi was attacked by a group of people in Durban Harbor, South Africa when he was going to work. He went to South Africa because he could not find work in India. When traveling through South Africa, Gandhi was also kicked out of a first class train because of his skin color. Then Gandhi started protesting against segregation. He decided then to become a political activist, so he could help change these unfair laws.  He created a powerful, non-violent movement. During Gandhi's life, India was a colony of the British Empire, but wanted independence.  He was a huge leader during that era and his thoughts helped catalyze the Indian independence movement.

Gandhi was a vegetarian almost all his life, because he believed in non-violence (ahimsa).

## As an activist
On 9 January 1915 when Gandhi returned to India, he decided to again lead a march against a law called the Rowlatt Act. But then the protest turned violent and people started to kill the protesters.

On 15 August 1947, the British Indian Empire split into India and Pakistan. Gandhi wanted independence but did not want the former Raj to split into two different countries. Instead of celebrating independence day, he was crying over the end of British India.

Gandhi's principle of *satyagraha*, often translated as "way of truth" or "pursuit of truth", has inspired other democratic and anti-racist activists like Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela. Gandhi often said that his values were simple, based upon traditional Hindu beliefs: truth (*Satya*), and non-violence (*ahimsa*).

## Death
On 30 January 1948, he was shot to death by a Brahman activist Nathuram Godse, because Godse thought that Gandhi was too respectful to the Muslims. Godse was tried and executed by Indian officials.

## References 
## Notes 
## Other websites 
*Gandhism.net  historical & autobiographical website
Richter scale

The **Richter scale** is a scale of numbers used to tell the power (or magnitude) of earthquakes. Charles Richter developed the Richter Scale in 1935. His scale worked like a seismogram, measured by a particular type of *seismometer* at a distance of 100 kilometers (62 mi) from the earthquake. 

Earthquakes 4.5 or higher on the Richter scale can be measured all over the world. An earthquake a size that scores 3.0 is ten times the amplitude of one that scores 2.0. The energy that is released increases by a factor of about 32.

Every increase of 1 on the Richter scale corresponds to an increase in amplitude by a factor of 10 so therefore, it is a logarithmic scale.

(*Adapted from U.S. Geological Survey documents*)

The earthquake with the biggest recorded magnitude was the Great Chilean Earthquake. It had a magnitude of 9.5 on the Richter scale and occurred in 1960. Around 6,000 people died because of the earthquake. No earthquake has ever hit 10+ on the Richter Scale.

## More examples
## Related pages
*Mercalli intensity scale
*Moment magnitude scale

## References
## Other websites 
* Simplified description of the Richter scale
Drink

drinking water. ]]

A **drink** or **beverage** is a liquid that an organism can take into their body, by using their mouth. Typical drinks for humans include water, tea, milk, coffee, juice, soft drinks and alcoholic drinks. 

All drinks are mainly water. All living things need water to live. If we don't get enough water, we will dehydrate, and likely die. Plants take in water through their roots, which are underground. 

Most land animals get water by drinking.

## Places that have no water 
Deserts are places that have very little water. The only area in the desert that has water is an oasis.
Need

A **need** is a thing that, when a living being, plant or animal does not have it, it is not able to live.
A thing that someone wants to have, but is able to live when they do not have it, is called a want.

Every person has the same basic needs for the body.
Humans have bodily needs of water, food, clothing, and shelter to live.
The need for water is the most important because a person will die very quickly when they do not have drinking water. In a warm place food is the next most important need.
In a cold place, the need for clothes or shelter may be next most important because a person will soon die when they do not have these. 

Other human needs are not so certain. They are mostly needs for the mind. It is often said that a person needs love, family, and friends. These needs are for personal relationships. They may also be wants. It is true that a life may be better with these things, but some friends can be bad, or bad sometimes. Good relationships can make life very happy. Thinking about a need that is not possible can make a person very unhappy.

Some of the study of philosophy is about questions like "What are the needs of a human?"

Some scientists study the needs of human or animal minds and bodies. The study of the mind is called psychology - *words about the mind*. The study of bodily needs is part of medicine.

## Related pages
*Basic needs
*Economics
*Wikipedia:Basic English alphabetical wordlist
Yahoo!

**Yahoo!** is a web portal and a provider of internet content and services. It offers many products and services, such as a search engine, e-mail, instant messaging, video, news, weather forecasting, money and other information. Yahoo! makes money from advertisements in their services. Yahoo started on October 8, 1997.

## History and growth 
### Early history (1994–1999) 
In January 1994, Jerry Yang and David Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University. In April 1994, "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web" was renamed "Yahoo!", for which the backronym is "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle". Filo and Yang said they chose the name because they liked the word's general meaning, which comes from Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift: "rude, unsophisticated and ". Its URL was akebono.stanford.edu/yahoo. Yang says of their selection of the name, "We thought it fit well with what we were doing. It was irreverent. It was reflective of the Wild West nature of the Internet. A lot of people found it easy to remember, and besides, it's exactly what me and Jerry are. A couple of yahoos."

## Related pages
* Google
* MSN
* Ask.com

## References 
## Other websites 
*Yahoo! official website
*Everything Yahoo!
Mecca

in the distance.]]
**Mecca** or **Makkah** (officially: **Makkah al-Mukarramah**; ) is a city in Saudi Arabia and the holiest city in Islam. As of the 2004 census, 1,294,169 people lived there. The city is  inland from Jeddah, in the narrow sandy Valley of Abraham. It is  above sea level. It is  from the Red Sea. 

Makkah is the holiest city in the Islamic world. Every year, millions of Muslims take a pilgrimage to Mecca, called the Hajj. They follow in the footsteps of Muhammad. All Muslims who are able to perform the Hajj are expected to do so at least once in their life. The Kaaba and Masjid al-Haram, are the holiest mosques in Islam. Mecca is closed to non-Muslims except for some journalists reporting on the Hajj.

## History 
The Kaaba, the small cubical building which Muslims pray towards is believed to have been built by Ibrahim and has been a religious center ever since. Muslims believed that God commanded Ibrahim to send his second wife Hajar and her son Ismail there. They found the Zamzam Well which led to people settling nearby, and thus Makkah was born. When Ismail was big enough, he helped his father to build the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the place towards which Muslims turn in prayer. This is known as the Qibla.

## References
## Other websites 
*Direction to Makkah 
*Qibla Compass
*The Emirate of Makkah
*Inside Mecca DVD  National Geographic documentary about Makkah
*Mecca Wallpapers New
Arabian Peninsula

The **Arabian Peninsula** is a peninsula in Southwesterm Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. It is east of Ethiopia and northern Somalia, south of Iraq and Jordan, and southwest of Iran. The waters around it are, to its southwest, the Red Sea and Gulf of Aqaba; to its southeast, the Arabian Sea; and to its northeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. The Arabian Peninsula is usually cited as the largest peninsula in the world and has an area of 3,237,500 square kilometers. 

It includes these countries:
*Kuwait
*Oman
*Qatar
*Saudi Arabia, which covers most of the peninsula
*United Arab Emirates
*Yemen

Most of the population of the peninsula live in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Northern Arabia has oil wells. Climate change and water scarcity are said to have affected the area.

A prominent feature of the Arabian Peninsula is desert. In Hejaz and its southwest, there are mountain ranges, which get more rain than the rest of the Arabian Peninsula.

## Related pages 
* History of Arabia

## References 
## Other websites 
*Arabia British Foreign Office, 1920
Prime Minister

A **prime minister** is a common title for someone manages the politics of a country and is the head of government. With countries that have kings and queens (known as monarchs), they are very important because they are in charge of most of the politics (they are "head of the government"). In countries with a president, they might be in charge of most of the politics (as in the Republic of Ireland), or they may be in day-to day charge but taking orders from the president as in France. 
, the 4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia, known for modernizing the country.]]
Countries with a Prime Minister:
* Antigua and Barbuda (with Monarch)
* Australia (with Monarch)
* Azerbaijan (with President)
* Barbados (with President)
* Belgium (with Monarch)
* Canada (with Monarch)
* Denmark (with Monarch)
*Ethiopia (with President)
* France (with President)
* India (with President)
* Ireland (with President)
* Israel (with President)
* Italy (with President)
* Japan (with Emperor)
* Malaysia (with Monarch)
* Mauritius (with President)
* Netherlands (with Monarch)
* New Zealand (with Monarch)
* Pakistan (with President)
* Romania (with President)
* Singapore (with President)
* Thailand (with Monarch)
* Trinidad and Tobago (with President)
* Ukraine (with President)
* United Arab Emirates (with Monarch and President)
* United Kingdom (with Monarch and Wife)

## References
Hiroshima

**Hiroshima** (広島) is the capital city of Hiroshima Prefecture.  It is the largest city in the Chugoku region of western Japan. About a million people live in Hiroshima. The city is famously known as the city where the first atomic bomb was dropped (on a residential area) on the morning of 6 August 1945. About 140,000 people had died following the detonation of the atomic bomb, in the following years.

## History 
### Atomic bombing 
At the time of the attack, Hiroshima was the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and 5th Division. It contained 40,000 Japanese soldiers within the city's limit, and was a beehive (or center) of war industry. The industry manufactured parts for planes and boats, bombs, rifles, and handguns. Children also were shown how to construct and throw gasoline bombs. and the heavy sick were assembling traps to be planted in the beaches of Kyushu. As with other Japanese cities, many of the strategic targets in Hiroshima were mixed with civilian homes and centers made of wood and paper. This made it harder to conduct a successful precision attack. And the highly inaccuracy of the bombing technology in World War II was owed to it. As a result, the city became the first nuclear weapon used against a target in history.

The bomb exploded over Hiroshima at 8:16 on the morning of August 6, 1945. Much of the city was destroyed. An estimated 70,000 persons were killed. 20,000 were Japanese soldiers and 20,000 were Korean slave laborers of all the kiled. Another 70,000 were injured. The bomb was nicknamed *Little Boy* after President Theodore Roosevelt. A building near the blast center still remains and is called the Atomic Bomb Dome.

### Itsukushima shrine 
Near to Hiroshima, there is a small island called Miyajima. The island is known for its deer. An old Shinto shrine named Itsukushima Shrine is also here.  It is said that Itsukushima shrine was built at the end of the 5th century. The shrine is known for its use of red-colored wood, and especially for the *torii* gate. The gate leads into the shrine, which is partly underwater at high tide. Today, Itsukushima shrine and the Atomic Bomb Dome are registered as World Heritage sites. Also it was a landing site for the U.S.

## Related pages
* Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
* Sanfrecce Hiroshima
* List of World Heritage Sites in Japan
* Hiroshima Toyo Carp

## References 
## Other websites 
* WW2DB: Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Monarch

A **monarch** is the ruler of a country which is a monarchy. Monarchs usually get their power by inheritance from one of their parents. When a monarch dies, a child or the nearest relative takes over. A male monarch is usually called a king or emperor. A female monarch is usually called a queen or empress. There female kings in history. An example of a modern woman king is Her Royal Majesty Queen Diambi, the traditional ruler of the Bakwa Luntu People in Central Kasaï, Congo, Africa. 

Monarchy is still common in Africa. Many countries have both a president and a monarch of some sort. 

Monarchs were very common in history until the 20th century. Most European countries had monarchs in past centuries, but most no longer have them. Some countries that still have monarchs have other leaders with the actual power. Most monarchies are hereditary monarchies. Some countries, however, elect their monarch, instead of using inheritance, like the Holy Roman Empire and Malaysia. Some republics, such as the Dutch Republic or North Korea, had or have a hereditary ruler but do not call him a "monarch".

Monarchs can also have monarchs of lower honour below them. For example, an empire could include several kingdoms, and a kingdom could have several duchies or principalities. Nations would rarely include all titles and usually go from duchy to kingdom instead of duchy to principality to kingdom. "Prince" and " princess" are words that mean "ruler of a principality" and/or "son of a king/queen." Some languages have separate words for them.

The details may vary from country to country.

## Monarchs by rank 
## Related pages 
*Coronation
*Divine right of kings
*Interregnum
*Letters patent
*Royal family

## References
## Other websites
Unit

**Unit** means part of something: a ~ in an army/air force, a navy. Component, building block of constructions and molecules.

It could mean a unit of measurement, ~ of currency (£$¥¤€).

**Units** sometimes means the digit in a number on the right, which is also called the "ones".

In exact sciences use is made of cgs/psi/cal and m kg s/N/J systems. The **SI units** in calculation and measurement prevail.

Some other ideas come from this word:

***Unity** is what is found when parts are joined into one.
*#On stage: ~ of place, time and act means unchanged setting.
*#Trinity (3 in 1) in theology.
***To unite** is the act of joining parts together.

# A football team may be called "X United". This means that the town of X has come together to support the group.
# The UK, USA, UAE; UNO and its organisations.
# ~d we stand, divided we fall. Workers ~ never will be defeated (lengthy piano piece). 

In the BBC TV series Doctor Who, **UNIT** is a military group on earth (**UN**ified **I**ntelligence **T**askforce) who battle invading aliens.
Information

The word "**information**" is used in many different ways. Originally, it comes from a word that meant to give a *form* to something. Information  is something that people can learn, know about, or . For example, a newspaper contains information about the world. This article contains information about "Information".

## Information in computer science 
People who use computers often use the words *information* and *data* in the same way. There are special fields of study called "information science", "information technology" (IT), and data science.

In the 1970s and 1980s, some people gave a new, specific meaning to "information". At that time, the first computer databases were built. In computer science, *data* often means a kind of information that has not been checked. That means *data* has not been changed or fixed, and you may not be able to trust it. With the new meaning, *information* means data that has been checked and passed tests for what it must be. A person can  that "information" is .

Information can only be correct and good enough to trust if there are very good and complete ways to check the data (data checking, validation or verification) and decide it is good enough (acceptance process).  A person must know rules were used to check the data or trust the person who checked the data.  If a person cannot tell that this was done, the information still seems to be data for that person, so that person must check the data again, in that general view about data.

The Information Age is a historic period.

## Other websites
Airport

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An **airport** is a place where airplanes can land or . Most airports in the world have only a long strip of level ground called a runway. Many airports have buildings which are used to hold airplanes and passengers. A building that holds passengers waiting for their planes or luggage is called a terminal. The sections between planes and the terminal are called "gates". Airports also have buildings called hangars to hold planes when they are not used. Some airports have buildings to control the airport, like a control tower which tells planes where to go.

An **international airport** is a large airport that airplanes can use to fly to and from other countries. A **domestic airport** is an airport which is usually smaller and only has airplanes coming from different places in the same country. Most international airports have shops and restaurants for airplane passengers to use.

An airport used by the military is often called an **air force base** or **airbase**. An aircraft carrier is a ing airbase.

## Safety 
Airports are made and operated for safety. Today, people must walk through a metal detector, a machine that can tell if metal goes through it. If it makes a noise, the officers will make that person take off all things on them that are metal. They also have X-ray machines that can look into luggage. If officers find items such as weapons, or anything that can be used to kill people, that item (and the person who has it) are taken away and possibly arrested. As well as this, passengers are not allowed to bring bottles or containers with over 100 ml of liquid onto the plane because they could be turned into bombs. Therefore, all water bottles must be emptied before entering the secured area.

## Related pages
* List of airports in Japan

## Other websites 
* AirNav.com - complete list of U.S. airports, with detailed airport information
* flightwise.com  - graphical airport finder via Google Maps
* ATCSCC Real-time Airport Status page - shows airport delay times for major U.S. airports (FAA)
* FlightCentral.net  - complete list of U.S. airports with detailed airport information and integrated weather
* Department for Transport (United Kingdom)
* History of Aircraft Landing Aids 
* SkyVector.com - Airspace and Airport information on Aeronautical Charts
* Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) Official Website
* View airports and weather in Google Maps and Google Earth 
* Float Incorporated (developers of floating airports and Pneumatic Stabilized Platform (PSP))
Uncle

An **uncle** is a name used in an extended family. An uncle is either a brother of one of someone's parents or is the husband of a sibling of a parent. That person is the uncle's nephew (male) or niece (female). An uncle's child is a cousin. A granduncle (also written as great-uncle or grand-uncle) is the brother of a grandparent. In many cultures no single word (such as uncle) describes both their parents' brothers. Instead there are words to describe a person's kinship to their mother's brother or a person's kinship to their father's brother. An uncle can also be someone not related by blood or marriage as in a term of endearment or respect. In this use uncle can also be part of a nickname such as Uncle Sam.

## *Avunculus*
During the Middle Ages in western Europe, a maternal uncle played a particular role in the family. A young man was often closer to his maternal uncle (from  or "little grandfather") than to his own father. Tacitus noted the Franks had very strong ties between a maternal uncle and his nephew. In Roman family relationships the *avunculus* had a responsibility to defend his nephews as well as his nieces. The maternal uncle relationship was an extension of the Roman kin system's strong brother-sister relationship.

### Variation of terms
A maternal or paternal relative is one who is related through their mother or father, respectively. For example, a maternal uncle is the subject's mother's brother.An in-law is a relationship that is not by blood, but instead by marriage. The in-law shares the in-law relationships of the spouses relatives. For example, an uncle in-law could be the husband of the subject's Aunt.

* **uncle**: parent's brother.
* **maternal uncle**: mother's brother.
* **paternal uncle**: father's brother.
* **half-uncle**: parent's half-brother.
* **double-half-brother**: a person who is a half-brother of both of the subjects parents.
* **granduncle** (or **great-uncle**): grandparent's brother.
* **great-granduncle** (or **great-great-uncle**): great-grandparent's brother.
* **uncle-in-law**: uncle/aunt's husband.
* **uncle-in-law**: spouse's uncle.
* **co-uncle-in-law**: spouse's uncle/aunt's husband.
* **stepuncle**: stepparent's brother.
* **stepuncle**: parent's stepbrother.

## Related pages
* Nephew and niece

## References
Ice

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**Ice** is the common name for frozen water. Other liquids, such as ammonia or methane or milk,  are called 'milk ice', for instance, instead of just 'ice'. Liquid water becomes solid **ice** when it is very cold. The freezing point is 0° Celsius (32° Fahrenheit or 273 kelvin).

Ice can be made in a home refrigerator or freezer. If water is put in a freezer and left for a while, the water gets very cold and will freeze solid, creating ice. Water can be placed into a copper (or other metal) container to cause it freeze into ice faster. Water can freeze faster than in a plastic ice tray.

## How ice is formed
Unlike other liquids, water expands as it freezes to become ice. It floats on water because ice has less density than water.  This is very unusual  most other liquids become more dense as they cool.  Liquid water expands by about 9% as it becomes ice – it takes up more space. This is because the water molecules are actually farther apart instead of being closer together. The molecules in an ice crystal are arranged in a way that makes it less dense than liquid water.

If water in plumbing freezes, it can burst the water pipe. Water in glass bottles can make them explode when it freezes. Water freezing in rock cracks can expand enough to split hard rocks apart; this is an important geological weathering process that can wear down mountains and make rock into soil.

## Salt water
Salt water needs a lower temperature to freeze than pure water. Most of the salt does not enter the ice, so the resulting ice is less salty than the water. This fact has sometimes been used for desalination. Salty ice is not as strong as frozen pure water. Salt that is added to ice melts it, if it's not too cold: the salt progressively eats into the ice, forming brine which does not freeze at that temperature.

## Geography of ice
Because ice floats, even large bodies of water which freeze, like some oceans, only form ice on the surface. Most lakes never freeze to the bottom. Even the coldest oceans, like the Arctic Ocean, only freeze on the top, leaving liquid ocean circulating below. Because of this the Earth's oceans are able to redistribute heat. The climate of the Earth has less extremes of heat and cold than it would otherwise. A solid ocean would not circulate heat. But because ice floats on the surface the water beneath can continue to circulate. Ice on the surface stays exposed and readily melts when the temperature rises. 

Big bodies of ice on land are called glaciers. Antarctica has most of the world's ice.

## Ice ages
Climate change happens all the time. When it is cold it is called an ice age. During ice ages large areas of the Earth are covered in ice, snow and glaciers. The s of ice ages are , and not entirely known, but see Milankovic cycle. Global warming is shrinking the areas covered by ice. 

## Dry ice
There is also 'dry ice'; it is frozen carbon dioxide. Dry ice exposed to normal air gives off carbon dioxide gas that is odorless and colorless. The gas is so cold that when it mixes with air it cools the water vapour in the air to fog, which looks like a thick white smoke. It is often used in the theatre to make fake fog or smoke.
Travel

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**Travel** is the activity of going from one place to another place. When a person makes the same trip every day to work or school, this type of traveling is usually called "commuting."  Some people travel to other cities as part of their job. This is called "business travel." When many people travel to a distant place to stay, it is called "human migration".

Some people travel on their vacation, to visit other towns, cities, or countries.  This is tourism.  These people stay overnight in hotels, hostels, motels, apartments or bed and breakfast.  Some prefer camping.  Through the centuries, modes of travel have changed. Some people (travel writers) write about travelling, as in autobiographies or journals. Some write guide books suggesting places to go.

Types of travelling:

* Hiking
* Cruise ship vacations
* Pilgrimage
* Train journeys
* Hitch-hiking
* Driving
* Flight

## Famous travellers 
* Marco Polo
* Ibn Battuta

## Related pages 
* Human migration

## References 
## Other websites
CNN

The **Cable News Network** (**CNN**) is an American cable news television channel. It was founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. The Cable News Network first aired on television on June 1, 1980. The Cable News Network's first newscast was anchored (hosted) by David Walker and his wife Lois Hart. In its first year CNN hired many political analysts, including Rowland Evans and Robert Novak. On January 1, 1982 CNN launched a 24-hour sister newscast channel with no talk shows or commentary shows called CNN2. CNN broadcasts programs from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, or from the Deutsche Bank Center in New York City, or from studios in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by Warner Bros. Discovery, and the U.S. news channel is a part of the CNN Worldwide unit.

In 2025, CNN launched new subscription services for its online platforms. The CNN Basic subscription offers unlimited access to news articles, expanding on a paywall service launched in October 2024. The CNN All Access service also offers livestreams of CNN's channels and CNN videos. The video content is also available to the channel's cable customers, but they would still need to buy the CNN Basic subscription for unlimited access to news articles.

In the U.K., the live TV broadcast of CNN International became available as a separate online subscription in 2021 after distribution through various TV providers except Sky UK ended.

In Germany, a livestream of CNN International has been made available for free via services such as Joyn and Zattoo as of November 2024.

## Shows
The hosts of its opinion shows are Don Lemon, Chris Cuomo,  Fredricka Whitfield,  Erin Burnett, Brianna Keiler and Brooke Baldwin.

CNN has been criticized by the right-wing Media Research Center for having a left-wing bias.  According to that same Center, it is less to the left than the news divisions of ABC, NBC, and CBS.  It has been criticized by Arabs for having a pro-American bias.

## Related pages
* The CW
* TNT
* NBC
* NBC News
* CNBC
* MSNBC

## References
## Other websites
* CNN.com
Blackboard

A **blackboard**, also called a **chalkboard**, is a surface on which  chalk is visible. It is used as a surface to write on. It is usually made up of wood or fiber. It is painted black to reflect the white chalks.

Blackboards are often used to help in teaching in school. Blackboards are not used as much now but can be seen in some schools still. The chalk dust got everywhere, and some people are allergic to chalk dust. Now people use whiteboards: they can take modern felt-tip colour markers, and clean easily. 

Schoolteachers often use the chalkboard to display things at large. It also makes the learning cooperative between teachers and student. Chalkboards can be black or dark green, in which case they may be called blackboards and greenboards.

## Notes