open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Goodsprings, Nevada

**Goodsprings** is a census-designated place in Clark County, Nevada, United States. The population of Goodsprings was 162 at the 2020 census. Goodsprings was featured in the video game, Fallout: New Vegas where it is the first place the player wakes up in.

## References
## Other websites
*Goodsprings Historical Society
Tequixquiac Municipality

**Tequixquiac** is a municipality in the state of México in Mexico. 

The population of the municipality is 39,489 people. The seat of the municipality is Santiago Tequixquiac.

The municipality was formed in 1818.

## Government
## Demography 
## References
## Other websites
Boyz n the Hood

***Boyz n the Hood*** is a 1991 American hood movie that was produced by Steven Nicolaides and DJ Pooh and was directed by John Singleton. *Boyz n the Hood* was released on July 12, 1991 in North America. 

The movie received positive reviews with a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 73 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie was selected to be in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress to be preserved because it was considered to be "culturally significant" in 2002. This movie was the directorial debut for John Singleton.

## Plot 
### 1984
The movie starts with a fight at school in Inglewood, California after a boy tells another that he is from Africa. The attacker's teacher calls his mother Reva. The attacker gets expelled for three days and comes home. 

In Crenshaw, Tre reunites with his childhood friends, Darrin "Doughboy" Baker, Doughboy's half-brother Ricky, and their friend Chris. That night, Tre's father shoots at a burglar. The next day, Doughboy and Chris are being taken to prison for stealing.

### 7 years later
The movie shifts 7 years later when a party is held outside. Later, an augment the Bloods and Crips happens. Tre and Ricky are pulled over and an officer threatens Tre with a gun. 

The next afternoon, Ricky has a fight with Doughboy. Ricky is later found dead. 

The epilogue reveals that Ricky buried the next day and two weeks later Doughboy was murdered. 

## Cast 
* Cuba Gooding, Jr. (Desi Arnez Hines II, young) as Tre Styles
* Ice Cube (Baha Jackson, young) as Darrin "Doughboy" Baker
* Morris Chestnut (Donovan McCrary, young) as Ricky Baker
* Laurence Fishburne as Jason "Furious" Styles
* Nia Long as Brandi
* Tyra Ferrell as Brenda Baker
* Angela Bassett as Reva Devereaux-Styles
* Redge Green (Kenneth A. Brown, young) as Chris
* Dedrick D. Gobert as Dookie
* Baldwin C. Sykes as Monster
* Tracey Lewis-Sinclair as Shaniqua
* Alysia Rogers as Shanice
* Regina King as Shalika
* Lexie Bigham as Mad Dog
* Raymond Turner as Ferris

## References
Top Gun

***Top Gun*** is a 1986 American action-drama movie set in San Diego, California. It was produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Tony Scott. *Top Gun* was released on May 16, 1986 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie a 2.5 out of 4 stars.
## Awards
The movie won an Academy Award in 1987 for *Best Music, Original Song* – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away" and a Grammy Award for *Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist)* – Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem".

## Cast 
* Tom Cruise as Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell
* Kelly McGillis as Charlotte "Charlie" Blackwood
* Anthony Edwards as Lt. (j.g.) Nick "Goose" Bradshaw
* Val Kilmer as Lt. Tom "Iceman" Kazansky
* Tom Skerritt as Cmdr. Mike "Viper" Metcalf
* Meg Ryan as Carol Bradshaw
* Michael Ironside as Lt. Cmdr. Rick "Jester" Heatherly
* John Stockwell as Lt. Bill "Cougar" Cortell
* Barry Tubb as Lt.(j.g.) Leonard "Wolfman" Wolfe
* Rick Rossovich as Lt. (j.g.) Ron "Slider" Kerner
* Tim Robbins as Lt. (j.g.) Sam "Merlin" Wells
* Clarence Gilyard, Jr. as Lt. (j.g.) Marcus "Sundown" Williams
* Whip Hubley as Lt. Rick "Hollywood" Neven
* James Tolkan as Cmdr. Tom "Stinger" Jordan
* Adrian Pasdar as Lt. Charlie "Chipper" Piper
* Linda Rae Jurgens as Mrs. Metcalf
* Ron Clark as the Inquiry Commanding Officer
* Brian Sheehan as "Sprawl"
* Duke Stroud as "Air Boss Johnson"
* Randall Brady as Lt. Davis

## References
## Other websites 
*
Crimson Tide (movie)

***Crimson Tide*** is an 1995 submarine action/thriller movie that was produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Tony Scott. Crimson Tide was released on May 12, 1995 in North America.

The movie received positive reviews with a 87% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Sound, and Best Sound Editing.

## Cast 
*Denzel Washington as Lt. Commander Ron Hunter, Executive Officer
*Gene Hackman as Capt. Frank Ramsey, Commanding Officer
*George Dzundza as Chief of the Boat
*James Gandolfini as Lt. Bobby Dougherty, Supply Officer
*Matt Craven as Lt. Roy Zimmer, Communications Officer
*Viggo Mortensen as Lt. Peter 'Weps' Ince, Weapons Officer
*Rocky Carroll as Lt. Darik Westergard, Operations Officer
*Danny Nucci as Petty Officer Danny Rivetti, SONAR Supervisor
*Rick Schroder as Lt. Paul Hellerman

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
İsmet İnönü

**Mustafa İsmet İnönü** (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish politician and military officer, who was the first Prime Minister and second President of Turkey. In 1938, Republican People's Party gave him "National Chief" title.

İsmet İnönü was by the standards of his time a highly educated man, speaking Arabic, English, French and German in addition to his native Turkish. His resting place is in Anıtkabir with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. He was close friend of Atatürk. He had two sons, Erdal and Ömer.

## Photograph gallery 

File:Atatürk ve İnönü 16-06-1936.jpg|İnönü (left) and Atatürk in 1936
File:Roosevelt Inonu Churchill.jpg|Roosevelt (left), İnönü (center) and Churchill in 1943
File:İsmet İnönü'nün kabri ve Anıtkabir.JPG|İsmet İnönü's tomb in Anıtkabir

## Other websites
Provincial Assembly of Balochistan

The **Provincial Assembly of Balochistan** is one of the four provincial assemblies of Pakistan. The Balochistan assembly is the unicameral (single chamber) legislature of the province of Balochistan. It was set up by Article 106 of the Constitution of the Pakistan. The Assembly has 51 directly elected Members of the Provincial Assembly, representing constituencies from each district, as well as 11 seats reserved for women and 3 for non-Muslims.

## References
Windtalkers

***Windtalkers*** is an 2002 American war movie that was directed by John Woo and produced by Terence Chang, Tracie Graham-Rice and Alison Rosenzweig. It is based on the real story of Navajo code talkers during World War II. The movie was released on June 14, 2002 in the United States.

It was a box office bomb, which made $77.6 million worldwide at the box office, compared to its budget of $115 million.

The movie also received negative movie reviews with a 33% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie 2 stars out of 5.

## Cast 
*Nicolas Cage as Sergeant Joe Enders
*Adam Beach as Private Ben Yahzee
*Roger Willie as Private Charlie Whitehorse
*Peter Stormare as Gunnery Sergeant Hjelmstad
*Noah Emmerich as Private First Class Chick
*Mark Ruffalo as Corporal Pappas
*Brian Van Holt as Private Harrigan
*Martin Henderson as Private First Class Nellie
*Christian Slater as Sergeant Pete "Ox" Anderson
*Frances O'Connor as Rita
*Jason Isaacs as Major Mellitz
*Billy Morts as Fortino
*Cameron Thor as Mertens

## Other websites 
*Windtalkers' Official website
* 
*
Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The **Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution** is the twenty-fourth time the United States Constitution has been amended (). The twenty-fourth amendment prevents the United States Congress and US states from charging a poll tax on federal elections. A poll tax meant that if you wanted to vote you had to pay money (a tax) before voting. A poll tax could make it hard for poor people to vote. This amendment would make voting fair and more equal for everyone. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964.

## Text
## References
Ghost Rider (movie)

***Ghost Rider*** is a 2007 American supernatural superhero horror  action movie that was produced by Avi Arad, Stan Lee, David S. Goyer, Michael DeLuca and Gary Foster and was directed by Mark Steven Johnson. The movie was based on the Marvel Comics character of same name. Ghost Rider was released on February 16, 2007 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 27% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave the movie a 35 out of 100.

## Cast 
* Matt Long as Young Johnny Blaze
* Raquel Alessi (born March 1983) (who was a Kidsongs girl with blonde hair (who replaced Divita Wright with blonde hair Kidsongs who was departed from there in 1987) in 1989-1990 to be departed from Kidsongs in 1990 and replaced by Ashley Nation with blonde hair on Kidsongs in 1992) as Young Roxanne Simpson
* Brett Cullen as Barton Blaze
* Peter Fonda as Mephistopheles
* Nicolas Cage as Johnny Blaze/Ghost Rider
* Donal Logue as Mack
* Matt Norman as Team Blaze
* Wes Bentley as Blackheart
* Jessica Napier as Broken Spoke Waitress
* Eva Mendes as Roxanne Simpson
* Ryan Johnson as Waiter
* Rebel Wilson as Girl in Alley
* Sam Elliott as Caretaker
* David Roberts as Captain Dolan
* Brett Swain as Guard
* Duncan Young as Skinhead
* Joel Tobeck as Redneck
* Richard Cox as Helicoper Pilot
* Ling-Hsueh Tang as News Reporter

## Other websites 
*Ghost Rider's Official website
* 
*
Mayan pyramid

The **Maya pyramids** are structures built in the jungles of Central America by the Maya civilization between 200 and AD. Unlike the straight sides of the more commonly known Egyptian pyramids, the sides of Maya pyramids are stepped–sometimes for the purpose of enabling people to ascend to the top. Moreover, Egyptian pyramids have sharper tips, while Mesoamerican (including Maya) pyramids tend to have flatter tops. These flatter tops accommodate certain ceremonies, such as sacrificial rituals, and temples for gods. 

The pyramids served a variety of very important functions. Apart from the religious ceremonies, Maya pyramids were used as landmarks to aid in navigation. In the jungle where these pyramids were built, the pyramids were so tall that they could be seen above the trees. Finally, in pyramids, there were burial chambers for the highest-ranking officials, just as in

## Tikal
A whole complex of Maya pyramids can be found at the ruins of the ancient Maya city of Tikal. The pyramids at Tikal were the tallest structures in all of the Americas for around 1,000  years, until 1903, when the Flatiron building was constructed in New York City. There are a total of sixteen pyramids at Tikal, which is now a national park in Guatemala. 

Tikal was one of the largest urban centers of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Its population may have reached 90,000 people, which is surprising because the swampland at Tikal was unstable for habitation or agriculture. It is located in the tropical rainforests which today is northern Guatemala. The name Tikal comes from ''ti ak'al'' which means "water hole". 

The pyramids at Tikal all face one another. The rooms at the top of the pyramids have depressions in the walls which amplify sound and project it in all directions. Because of this, the normal speaking voice of a person at the top of one pyramid can be heard by someone standing at the top of another pyramid a great distance away.

## References
Edward Tatum

**Edward Lawrie Tatum** (December 14, 1909 – November 5, 1975) was an American geneticist.

He shared half of the  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 with George Beadle for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism. The other half of that year's award went to Joshua Lederberg.

Beadle and Tatum's experiments exposed the bread mold *Neurospora crassa* to x-rays, causing mutations. They showed the mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. These experiments, published in 1941, led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.

Tatum went on to study genetics in bacteria. Tatum and his student Lederberg showed that *Escherichia coli* could share genetic information through recombination.

Ed Tatum was born in Boulder, Colorado. He attended college at the University of Chicago and received his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1934. Starting in 1937, he worked at Stanford University, where he began his collaboration with Beadle. He then moved to Yale University in 1945 where he mentored Lederberg. He returned to Stanford in 1948 and then joined the faculty of Rockefeller Institute in 1957. A heavy cigarette smoker, he died in New York City of heart failure complicated by chronic emphysema.

## References
**Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1942-1962*, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964
**Biographical Memoirs: National Academy of Sciences*, Volume 59, National Academy Press, 1990

## Other websites
*Nobel biography
Johnny Guitar

***Johnny Guitar*** is a 1954 western movie. It was directed by Nicholas Ray. It stars Joan Crawford and Sterling Hayden. The movie received mixed reviews. The movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. *Johnny Guitar* was adapted to a campy stage musical in 2004.

## Story 
Vienna is a strong-willed, aggressive woman. She has built a saloon near an Arizona cattle town with money earned in her past life as a prostitute. She has a fiery relationship with the local cattlemen and townsfolk for many reasons. She supports the construction of a railroad across her land. This construction will make her land very valuable. The cattlemen oppose the railroad because it will bring sheepmen into the area. Sheepmen fence the land, making it difficult to herd cattle. She also permits a suspected stage robber called The Dancin' Kid to share her bed. His gang members hang out in her saloon. Vienna summons her ex-lover and reformed gunslinger Johnny Guitar to her side. She needs protection. The two renew their love.

One day The Dancin' Kid and his gang rob the town bank. The townsfolk suspect Vienna has played a part in the heist. Emma Small is a cattle rancher who has long hated Vienna. She leads the posse to Vienna's saloon and burns it to the ground. Emma persuades the men to hang Vienna. At the last second she is saved by Johnny Guitar. Vienna and Johnny escape. They find refuge in The Dancin' Kid's secret hideaway. The posse tracks them. The Kid and his men are killed. Emma challenges Vienna to a showdown. Vienna is wounded in the duel, but she kills Emma. A halt is called to the bloodbath by the posse's leader, McIvers. Vienna and Johnny depart, hopeful that better days lie ahead.

## Cast 
* Joan Crawford as Vienna
* Sterling Hayden as Johnny Guitar/Johnny Logan
* Mercedes McCambridge as Emma Small
* Scott Brady as The Dancin' Kid
* Ward Bond as John McIvers
* Ben Cooper as Turkey Ralston
* Ernest Borgnine as Bart Lonergan
* John Carradine as Old Tom
* Royal Dano as Corey
* Frank Ferguson as Marshal Williams
* Paul Fix as Eddie
* Rhys Williams as Mr. Andrews
* Ian MacDonald as Pete

## Other websites 
*The Johnny Guitar Musical's Official website
Eimear

**Emer**, in modern Irish **Éimhear**, or, **Eimhear** or **Éimear**, is the wife of the hero Cú Chulainn in Irish mythology. She is the daughter of Forgall Monach. 

Emer was a very common name for girls around the Midlands of Ireland. The name means that she has the "Six Gifts of Womanhood" – "beauty, a gentle voice, sweet words, wisdom, needlework and chastity".

As a child, She was to one day be married to the warrior Cuchulainn. They loved each other very much. But Cuchulainn was attracted to many women. Emer accepted this. She believed that "everything new is fair." But, when he made love to Fand, wife of the sea god Manannan, Emer had to say something. After seeing how much Fand loved him, Emer said she would leave him and let them be together. Fand felt this showed that Emer thought more of others than she did of herself. Fand left Cuchulainn to be with Emer and went back to the sea. When Cuchulainn died, Emer spoke lovingly at his graveside.
The Jayhawks

**The Jayhawks** are an American alternative country and rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. They have released several studio albums. The band formed in 1985. They did not work together between 2005 and 2009, but reunited in 2010.

## History
The band formed with Mark Olson (acoustic guitar and vocals), Gary Louris (electric guitar and vocals), Marc Perlman (bass) and Norm Rogers (drums).  
### The Jayhawks
Their first album *The Jayhawks* was released in 1986. Their music at the time, mostly written by Olson, showed a strong roots/country-rock influence. It was released on the Bunkhouse Label, a small independent label. 
### Blue Earth
*Blue Earth*, the second album, was released in 1989 on the Twin Tone label. Gary Louris shared more of the songwriting together with Olson for this album. After touring the U.S. in support of *Blue Earth*, Spencer left the band. He was replaced by Ken Callahan in 1988 who stayed with the band until 1993.

In 1991, Dave Ayers, the president of Twin Tone, was on a phone call with A&R representative George Drakoulias from Def American while *Blue Earth* played in the background. Drakoulias asked about the music, and eventually met with and signed the band to the label later that year. With Karen Grotberg on the keyboards and vocals, the band toured a lot.  Both old and new Jayhawks members progressed to solo efforts and side projects, and the band as a whole was generally considered to be broken up, and not expected to produce new material soon. However, the band members appear to keep in touch, tour together in their other projects, and have been known to "reunite" on occasion.

In September, 2008, the 1995 lineup of Louris, Olson, O'Reagan, Grotberg and Perlman reunited for the Azkena Rock Festival in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.

In January, 2009, Olson and Louris released an acoustic album titled *Ready for the Flood*.

## Discography
### Studio albums
### Compilation albums
### Singles
### Mark Olson & Gary Louris
**Ready for the Flood* (2009)

### Other appearances
## References
## Other websites
*Jayhawks Fan Page (long established fan run website) 
*Drummer, Tim O'Reagan's page 
*Official Jayhawks Lost Highway Artist Page 
*The latest "official" page
Jaclyn Linetsky

**Jaclyn Linetsky** (January 8, 1986 – September 8, 2003 She later played as Megan in the television show *15/love*. She died in a car crash on September 8, 2003 at the age of 17.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chilean Spanish

**Chilean Spanish** ( or '''') is the variety of Spanish spoken in most of Chile. Though still entirely mutually intelligible with standard Spanish, Chilean Spanish has distinctive pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and slang usage. Spanish speakers often say that Chileans speak very quickly and "mix up words". Non-native speakers who are competent in Spanish may find the Chilean variety to be difficult to understand unless they have built up an ear for it.

## References
Broken Arrow (1996 movie)

***Broken Arrow*** is an 1996 action/thriller movie that was produced by Bill Badalato, Terence Chang and Mark Gordon and was directed by John Woo. Broken Arrow was released on February 9, 1996 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 57% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 61 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast 
* John Travolta as USAF Major Vic "Deak" Deakins
* Christian Slater as USAF Captain Riley Hale
* Samantha Mathis as Park Ranger Terry Carmichael
* Delroy Lindo as USAF Colonel Max Wilkins
* Bob Gunton as Pritchett
* Frank Whaley as Giles Prentice
* Howie Long as USAF Master Sergeant Aaron Kelly
* Vondie Curtis-Hall as USAF Chief Master Sergeant Sam Rhodes
* Kurtwood Smith as Secretary of Defense Baird
* Carmen Argenziano as USAF Brigadier General Boone
* Jack Thompson as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

## Other websites 
*Broken Arrow at the Internet Movie Database
Brickfilm

A **brickfilm** is a stop-motion movie using Legos, Mega Blocks, or  other Lego-like products. Brickfilms are often used to help the Lego Group advertise more sets and themes. 

The first known brickfilm, called *En rejse til månen* (Danish for *Journey to the Moon*), was made in 1973. Another well-known example of an early brickfilm was *The Magic Portal*. It was finished in 1989 in Perth, Western Australia by Lindsay Fleay.

A brickfilm can be made by taking a Lego character and placing it on a board. The creator takes a picture, slightly moves the character, and repeats this step many times. The pictures are then streamed together using video editing software. Fifteen frames per second (15 fps) is a common frame-rate.

## Related pages
*Lego
*Lego Group
*Stop-motion
**The Lego Movie*

## Other websites
*Official website of the Lego Group
Pacific Electric Railway

The **Pacific Electric Railway Company** was a private transportation system in Los Angeles, California. It started when Henry E. Huntington began building and buying streetcar railroads in and around Los Angeles to help people reach his properties.

Most of its lines carried people but there was also some freight. Pacific Electric also owned a mountain tourist attraction called the Mount Lowe Railway.

In the 1920s, with hundreds of miles of track, it was the largest system in the world. While Huntington lost money running Pacific Electric, he made money by selling the land it reached.  

After Henry Huntington died and the land was all sold, the system started to break down and there was no money coming in to repair it. The city of Los Angeles decided it would be cheaper to move passengers with buses and close the whole system. 

And so the last Pacific Electric train ran in 1961. The tracks were all ripped up and all of the old trains were either destroyed or sold to other countries.

Almost thirty years after the last train, with traffic becoming worse and buses becoming slower, the city remembered the old system. They decided to start rebuilding it because they realized trains do not slow down when there is a traffic jam.

Today, a small part of the old Pacific Electric rail network is now part of the new and growing Los Angeles Metro and people are riding trains again.

## Network
The Pacific Electric ran lines from Los Angeles to the following cities:
*Pasadena
*Glendora
*Pomona
*Ontario
*San Bernardino
*Riverside
*Whittier
*Fullerton
*Santa Ana
*Huntington Beach
*Newport Beach
*Long Beach
*San Pedro
*Redondo Beach
*Inglewood
*Venice
*Santa Monica  
*Canoga Park
*San Fernando
*Hollywood
*Burbank
*Glendale
Abbey Dawn

**Abbey Dawn** is a clothing line designed by musician Avril Lavigne. It was designed only for Kohl's in the US. The name is from Lavigne's childhood. Her father had nicknamed her "Abbey Dawn", and her high school friends would often call her "Abbey". 

Abbey Dawn is  in Lavigne's 2011 single, *What the Hell*. There, the latter enters a vintage clothing store.
Slingshot

A **slingshot** is a kind of projectile weapon which is used to launch small things. It is small and made to be handheld. It is made of a Y-shaped body with an elastic band such as rubber tied to the two top ends of the Y. The projectile is placed in the band, which is pulled back and let go of.

How strong and dangerous the slingshot is depends on how it is made and especially the elastic band. Although a slingshot is a type of weapon and a strong one can hurt people, they are not often used in modern war because there are many better weapons. Strong slingshots may be used to hunt small animals, or weaker ones may be used as toys.

In some places, a slingshot may be illegal because it can be a weapon.

## Related pages 
* Sling (weapon)

## Other websites
* The Best Slingshots- Ranking the best slingshots on the market according to price, accuracy, and durability.
Mortal Kombat (1995 movie)

***Mortal Kombat*** is an 1995 live-action/adventure movie that was produced by Lauri Apelian and Lawrence Kasanoff and was directed by Paul W.S. Anderson. It is based on the video game franchise, *Mortal Kombat*. *Mortal Kombat* was released on July 13, 1995 in Argentina & Israel, August 18, 1995 in North America, October 20, 1995 in the United Kingdom and on December 26, 1995 in Australia. The movie received mixed reviews with a 35% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave it a 58 out of 100. The movie gained a sequel called *Mortal Kombat: Annihilation* and it was released in 1997.

## Cast 
*Robin Shou as Liu Kang
*Linden Ashby as Johnny Cage (doubled by Brad Martin and J.J. Perry)
*Bridgette Wilson as Sonya Blade
*Christopher Lambert as Raiden
*Talisa Soto as Princess Kitana (doubled by Dana Hee)
*Trevor Goddard as Kano
*Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Shang Tsung
*François Petit as Sub-Zero (doubled by Mark Caso)
*Chris Casamassa as Scorpion (doubled by Mitchell Gaylord and Jeff Imada)
*Keith H. Cooke as Reptile
*Kevin Michael Richardson as the voice of Goro
*Gregory McKinney as Jax
*Frank Welker as the voice of Shao Kahn
*Steven Ho as **Chan Kang**
*Hakim Alston as **Fighting Monk**
*Sandy Helberg as the director of Johnny Cage's latest movie

## Other websites 
*
X-wing fighter

The **X-wing** is a starfighter from the *Star Wars* fictional universe. It is seen in the original trilogy movies and many books, games, toys, and other things. It is shown as a main starfighter for the Rebellion and later the New Republic.

## Creation
The X-wing was first made for the movie *Star Wars: A New Hope* by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). Joe Johnston drew and Colin Cantwell made models that became the final X-wing fighter in *A New Hope*. ILM made miniatures in different sizes, with wing markings showing which prop was for each pilot.

Besides the models, the crew made one full-size X-wing for scenes in the Rebels' Yavin IV base hangar; they used editing and cardboard cutouts to make it seem as if there are dozens of fighters.

## Story
According to *Star Wars* backstory, the X-wing was designed by Incom Corporation, who left the Empire and gave the X-wing design to the rebels. It is a one-man starfighter which also has a socket for a droid.

The starfighter has four laser cannons and two proton torpedo launchers. Its four wings (called **s-foils**) can fold open or closed. It has four engines and can use hyperspace travel. It also has energy shields for defense.

## Related pages
*TIE fighter
*Millennium Falcon

## References
## Other websites
* Intricate Illustrations of *Star Wars* Spacecraft Cutouts Reveal Their Inner Mechanics  by Leah Pellegrini April 23, 2016
One Step Closer

"**One Step Closer**" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It was released as the first single and second track off the band's first album, *Hybrid Theory*.

## Track listing
All songs are written by Linkin Park except for "High Voltage", which is written by Mike Shinoda, Brad Delson and Joe Hahn; and "My December", which is also written by Shinoda.

# One Step Closer
# My December
# High Voltage
# One Step Closer (Video)

US promo:
# One Step Closer (Album Version)
# One Step Closer (Rock Mix)

10" vinyl:
# "One Step Closer"
# "My December"

## Music video
The video starts out with a group of teenage friends hanging out around a dark alley. Two of them follow a strange man wearing a black hooded robe into a door which leads them to an underground room where the band is playing. Strange figures are around doing martial-arts moves. Midway through the song, they knock over a box, and run away when the martial arts people notice them. Towards the end of the song, lead singer Chester Bennington is upside-down.

Joe Hahn, the band's DJ, made the story of the video. Since bassist Dave Farrell has not returned to the band yet, Scott Koziol plays the bass. Gregory Dark directed the video.

## Live shows
"One Step Closer" is the ending song the band's concerts until 2007, where the song was always performed first. In 2008, the band's concerts ended with either the song or "Bleed It Out". From 2003 to 2007, the performances of the song has the verse of Jonathan Davis from his remix of the song in *Reanimation*. In their recent concert tour, *A Thousand Suns World Tour*, the song is either the final song of the concert or the final song of the main set.

## Charts
## References
## Other websites
* One Step Closer, My December and High Voltage lyrics
Garage

A **garage** is a place for storing cars. There are many kinds of garages used for different things.

## Residential garage
A **residential garage** is a garage that is part of a house or similar building. Some garages are directly connected (called "attached") to the house, while others are separate and called a "detached" garage". The garage will have a large garage door that opens to let cars in and out, which is often opened by a motor. Standard garage door sizes depend on the size and layout of the garage build blueprint and design.

## Parking garage
A parking garage is a large covered structure, often made of concrete, which is used for holding many cars. Parking garages may have more than one level.

## Automobile repair shop
An automobile repair shop may also be called a garage, although it is for repairing cars rather than just storing them.

## References
Melatonin

**Melatonin** is a hormone found in animals, plants, and microbes. In animals, levels of melatonin have a daily cycle. It drives the circadian rhythms of several biological functions.

Melatonin is produced in the pineal gland which is outside of the blood–brain barrier. It acts as a hormone, and is released into the blood.

Melatonin acts on melatonin receptors. It also acts directly because it is a powerful antioxidant, which protects DNA.

Melatonin supplements for humans can be given. Melatonin is categorized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a dietary supplement, not a drug.  A prescription-only, timed release melatonin product for people aged 55 and over was approved for use by the European Medicines Agency in 2007, despite having shown only small effects, and in Australia in 2009.

It is often given to  young people with sleep problems.

## References
Face/Off

***Face/Off*** is an 1997 American science fiction action thriller movie that was directed by John Woo. *Face/Off* was released on June 27, 1997 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 82 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast 
*John Travolta as Sean Archer/Castor Troy
*Nicolas Cage as Castor Troy/Sean Archer
*Joan Allen as Dr. Eve Archer
*Alessandro Nivola as Pollux Troy
*Gina Gershon as Sasha Hassler
*Dominique Swain as Jamie Archer
*Nick Cassavetes as Dietrich Hassler
*Harve Presnell as Victor Lazarro
*Colm Feore as Dr. Malcolm Walsh
*C. C. H. Pounder as Dr. Hollis Miller
*John Carroll Lynch as Walton
*Robert Wisdom as Tito
*Thomas Jane as Burke Hicks
*James Denton as Buzz
*Margaret Cho as Wanda
*Matt Ross as Loomis
*Chris Bauer as Dubov
*Danny Masterson as Karl
*Tommy Flanagan as Leo

## Other websites 
**Face/Off* at the Internet Movie Database
Polydactyly

**Polydactyly** is a birth defect which may affect the hands, feet, or both. It causes one or more extra fingers or toes. It can affect people, and other mammals such as dogs, and cats.

It is also called **hyperdactyly**. It is the opposite of oligodactyly.

## Diagnosis/Classification 
### Ulnar polydactyly 
The classification of ulnar polydactyly exists of either two or three types. In type A, there is another finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint. In type B, there may be a nubbin to an extra finger part.

### Radial polydactyly 
The Wassel classification is the most popular classification of radial polydactyly. It is widely used by many scientists.

## People with polydactyly 
### Real-life people 
* Antonio Alfonseca, retired baseball pitcher.
* Endre Ady, a Hungarian poet
* Gemma Arterton, an English actress
* Robert Chambers and William
* Lucille Clifton, an African-American poet and civil rights advocate
* Zerah Colburn, American prodigious math calculating savant
* Calvin Choy, a Hong Kong singer
* Vicente Fox, former President of Mexico
* Danny Garcia, boxing champion
* Yoandri Hernández Garrido has six fully formed fingers on both hands and six perfect toes on each foot.
* Hampton Hawes, jazz pianist
* Henry II the Pious, High Duke of Poland 1238–1241
* Hong Hong has 31 fingers and toes.
* Kamani Hubbard was born with 12 fingers and 12 toes, all fully functional.
* Johann Jacob Freiherr von Moscon, Lower Styrian baron
* Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's fourth wife
* Hrithik Roshan, a Bollywood actor
* Nayanthara, an Indian actress
* Akshat Saxena from Uttar Pradesh, India
* Garfield Sobers, West Indian cricketer
* Theodore Roosevelt "Hound Dog" Taylor, Chicago-based American blues guitarist
* Varalakshmi V
* Volcacius Sedigitus, a Roman poet
* Zhu Yunming, a Chinese calligrapher, had six fingers on his right hand.[*citation needed*]
* Reggy B, a drag queen and contestant on the second season of Drag Race Holland

### Fictional people 
* Hannibal Lecter from *The Silence of the Lambs*
* Stanford Pines from *Gravity Falls*
* Tyrone Rugen from *The Princess Bride*
* Void from the manga series *Berserk*
* Zigzag from *The Thief and the Cobbler*
* Billy from *Adventure Time*
* Kinzo Ushiromiya from *Umineko When They Cry*
* Leah Nichols from *For Better or For Worse*

## Related pages 
* Oligodactyly

## References
# Swanson AB (1976). "A classification for congenital limb malformations". J Hand Surg Am. 1 (1): 8–22. doi:10.1016/s0363-5023(76)80021-4. .Watt AJ, Chung KC (2009). "Duplication". Hand Clin. 25 (2): 215–227. doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2009.01.001. .
# Biesecker LG (2002). "Polydactyly: how many disorders and how many genes". Am J Med Genet. 12 (3): 279–83. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10779. .
# Hirota, Yuka; Ueda, Koichi; Umeda, Chizuru; Yoshida, Eriko (2022-11-03). "New Notations for Better Morphological Distinction of Postaxial Polydactyly of the Foot". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open. 10 (11): e4504. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000004504. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 9633084. .
# Eaton, Charles. "Polydactyly (Extra Fingers)". Retrieved 9 February 2010.
Phoenix Park Murders

]]
]]
The **Phoenix Park Murders** were the fatal stabbings on 6 May 1882 in Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland. Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke were killed. Cavendish was the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Burke was the Permanent Undersecretary, the most senior Irish civil servant. The assassination was carried out by members of the "Irish National Invincibles".

## Murders
Cavendish and Burke were attacked as they walked through Phoenix Park to the Viceregal Lodge. This was the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (''the King's representative and head of the Irish affairs''). Thomas Myles, surgeon at the nearby Dr Steevens' Hospital, was called to help the victims.
The Lord Lieutenant, Lord Spencer, described suddenly hearing screams, before seeing a man running to the Lodge grounds shouting "Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke are killed." Responsibility for the political murders was claimed by a small, until then unknown Republican organisation called the *Irish National Invincibles*.

## Investigation
The hunt for the murderers was led by Superintendent John Mallon, a Catholic who came from Armagh.  Mallon had a pretty good idea of who was involved. He suspected a number of former Fenian activists.  A large number of suspects were arrested and kept in prison by claiming they were connected with other crimes. Mallon got several of them to reveal what they knew about the murders.

The Invincibles' leader James Carey, Michael Kavanagh and Joe Hanlon agreed to testify against the others. Joe Brady, Michael Fagan, Thomas Caffrey, Dan Curley and Tim Kelly were convicted of the murder. They were hanged in Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin between 14 May and 4 June 1883. Others were sentenced to serve long prison terms.

## Political results
]]
Irish politician Charles Stewart Parnell made a speech condemning the murders in 1882. This increased his popularity in both Britain and Ireland.

In March 1887, *The Times* printed letters that said they were written by Parnell. The letters said that he agreed with the murderers of the English politicians, and that his speech saying otherwise was not true. It later came to light that the letters were not written by Parnell. They were forgeries written by journalist Richard Pigott. Parnell was personally shown to be innocent by the Parnell Commission in 1888-89.

## Notes
## References
*
*
*
Machair

, Outer Hebrides]]
**Machair** or **machar** is a Gàidhlig (Scottish Gaelic) word used to describe a fertile low-lying grassy plain found on some of the north-west coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular the Outer Hebrides. There are machairs in the Isle of Skye, The Isle of Barra, the Isle of Harris and all throughout the west coast and islands.

## References 
* Angus, S. (1997). ''The Outer Hebrides: the Shaping of the Islands". The White Horse Press.
Actor Awards

**The Actor Awards presented by SAG-AFTRA**, also known as **the Actor Awards** and formerly as the **Screen Actors Guild Awards** (**SAG Awards**) is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) to recognize outstanding performances by its members. The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called "The Actor". It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, cast in solid bronze, and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank, California.

SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. Nominations for the awards come from 4200 randomly selected members of the union, with the full membership (120,000 as of 2007) available to vote for the winners.  The awards have been televised for the past several years on TNT, but now also airs on TBS.

The first SAG Awards aired live on February 25, 1995 from Stage 12, Universal Studios. The second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while later awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center. Bob Hope was given the first award.

## Awards
### Film awards 
* Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
* Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
* Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
* Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
* Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
* Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role

### Television awards 
* Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries
* Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries
* Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
* Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series
* Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
* Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
* Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
* Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series
* Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series

### Life Achievement Awards 
* Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award

## References 
## Other websites 
*SAG Awards official site
Luria–Delbrück experiment

The **Luria–Delbrück experiment**, 1943, also called the 'Fluctuation Test', asks the question: are mutations independent of natural selection? Or are they directed by the selection?

Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria showed that in bacteria, DNA mutations happen randomly. This means they happen at any time, rather than being a response to selection. 

So, Darwin's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms. 

Delbrück and Luria won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine partly for this work.

## The experiment 
In their experiment, Luria and Delbrück grew bacteria in tubes. After a period of growth, they split up the bacteria into separate cultures and put them onto agar containing phage (virus). If virus resistance were not due to random gene mutations, then each plate should contain roughly the same number of resistant colonies. This, however was not what Delbrück and Luria found. Instead, the number of resistant colonies on each plate varied to a great extent.

Luria and Delbrück proposed that these results could be explained by the occurrence of a constant rate of random mutations in each generation of bacteria growing in the initial culture tubes.

## References
## Other websites
*On Mutation lab
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan

**San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan** started out as an agricultural and population center for the Olmec civilization, which inhabited a region of what is today southeastern Mexico. The Olmecs emerged as early as 1500&nbsp;BC as the earliest complex society in the Americas. San Lorenzo is best known as the first city established in the Americas.

The main reason San Lorenzo flourished at such an early period is its location within the Coatzacoalcos flood plain, which provided fertile land for farming. Thus, the settlement of San Lorenzo follows the pattern of settlement of the world’s very first urban centers, which emerged in the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia. Because of the high farming value of the surrounding land, San Lorenzo ranked as the Olmecs’ most populous settlement from 1200-900&nbsp;BC. During that period, San Lorenzo had the biggest trade market in all of the Olmec Heartland.

For unknown reasons, many people migrated out of San Lorenzo in 800&nbsp;BC to the nearby city of La Venta. However, San Lorenzo was repopulated in 600&nbsp;BC, when it became a center for Olmec ritual sacrifices until the population faded away in 400&nbsp;BC along with the Olmec civilization. Today, San Lorenzo remains a significant archaeological site because the artifacts found there–including the famous Colossal Heads and jade masks–shed some light on Olmec culture and its profound influence on later Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Aztec and Maya.
Screen Actors Guild

The **Screen Actors Guild** (**SAG**) is an American labor union representing over 200,000 film and television principal performers and background performers worldwide. According to SAG's Mission Statement, the Guild was created to negotiate and enforce reasonable salaries, benefits, and working conditions for its performers; collect compensation for exploitation of recorded performances by its members, and provide protection against unauthorized use of those performances; and preserve and expand work opportunities for its members.

The Guild was founded in 1933 in an effort to end exploitation of actors in Hollywood who were being forced into oppressive multi-year contracts with the major movie studios that did not include restrictions on work hours or minimum rest periods. They often had clauses that automatically renewed at the studios' discretion.  These contracts were notorious for allowing the studios to dictate the public and private lives of the performers who signed them, and most did not have provisions to allow the performer to end the deal.

In addition to its main offices in Hollywood, SAG also maintains local branches in several major US cities, including:  Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Honolulu, Houston, Las Vegas, Miami, Nashville, New York City, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington DC.

Since 1995, the guild has annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards.

The membership of the Screen Actors Guild voted to merge with the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists on March 30, 2012. It was later renamed as SAG-AFTRA.

## SAG Presidents 
* 1933-1933 Ralph Morgan
* 1933-1935 Eddie Cantor
* 1935-1938 Robert Montgomery
* 1938-1940 Ralph Morgan
* 1940-1942 Edward Arnold
* 1942-1944 James Cagney
* 1944-1946 George Murphy
* 1946-1947 Robert Montgomery
* 1947-1952 Ronald Reagan

* 1952-1957 Walter Pidgeon
* 1957-1958 Leon Ames
* 1958-1959 Howard Keel
* 1959-1960 Ronald Reagan
* 1960-1963 George Chandler
* 1963-1965 Dana Andrews
* 1965-1971 Charlton Heston
* 1971-1973 John Gavin
* 1973-1975 Dennis Weaver

* 1975-1979 Kathleen Nolan
* 1979-1981 William Schallert
* 1981-1985 Edward Asner
* 1985-1988 Patty Duke
* 1988-1995 Barry Gordon
* 1995-1999 Richard Masur
* 1999-2001 William Daniels
* 2001-2005 Melissa Gilbert
* 2005-2009 Alan Rosenberg
* 2009–2012 Ken Howard
*Later merged as SAG-AFTRA*

## References 
## Other websites 
* Screen Actors Guild official site
* Screen Actors Guild Foundation official site
* Actor Rates 2005-2007
* SAGIndie, the Independent Producers Outreach Program of the Screen Actors Guild
* Screen Actors Guild Awards website
* Hollywood Is a Union Town, published in The Nation, April 2, 1938
* SCREEN ACTORS GUILD ANNOUNCES REFERENDUM BALLOT DATES
* SAG background actors pay calculator
Sapa Inca

**Sapa Inca** was the  Inca emperor. '''' means "The Great Inca" or "The Only Inca" in Quechua, the Inca language. According to legend, the first Sapa Inca, Manco Cápac (c. 1200 CE- 1230) was the son of the sun god, Inti. Manco Cápac became Sapa Inca by founding the city of Cuzco after he was sent on a quest by a god to find a good location for a city and build one. He also united the tribes around Cuzco.

The position of Sapa Inca was hereditary, which means that it passed from father to son. The Sapa Inca was the sole and absolute ruler over the Incas. His word was law, and he was the supreme commander of the military. The Sapa Inca lived in great luxury with many wives, slaves, and riches. Another privilege that he had was that he was allowed to (and usually was prohibited for common people. When the Sapa Inca died he would be mummified.

The Inca Empire reached its height under Huayna Capac (1493–1527) when it stretched from modern-day Argentina to Ecuador, although Tupac Inca Yupanqui (1471-1493) was responsible for expanding much of the empire to those borders. Tupac Yupanqui conquered the Kingdom of Chimor, the biggest rival to the Inca. He expanded the empire into modern-day Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Atahualpa was the last pre-conquest Sapa Inca. He was killed by the invading Spaniards in 1533 and after that, there were several Sapa Inca who was installed by the Spanish. The last person to hold the title was Tupac Amaru who was killed by the Spanish in 1572.

## References
Terrace farming

**Terrace farming** (also called **step farming**) is a method of farming that consists of different "steps" or terraces that were developed in various places around the world. The rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are an example and are considered a World Heritage Site.

, nearby Khau Phạ Pass, Mù Cang Chải District ]]

This method of farming uses "steps" that are built into the side of a mountain or hill. On each level, various crops are planted. When it rains, instead of washing away all of the nutrients in the soil, the nutrients are carried down to the next level. These steps prevent water from washing away the soil and plants. This system also allowed them to build aqueducts, which carried water to each level.

The idea was also independently developed by the Inca people. The Incas built their aqueduct system so well that it is still used today.

## References 
*Terrace Farming: A unique agricultural solution. Social Studies for Kids. Web. 11 Apr. 2011.

## Other websites
*Terrace Fields around the World
Regression (psychology)

**Regression** is a word used in psychology on defense mechanism. It means the act of reversing the ego into an earlier state which allows one to avoid dealing with  in a mature manner.

A common example of regression is “curling up into a ball” (also known as the fetal position) when stressed, ill, or wounded.