open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Evo Morales

**Juan Evo Morales Aima** (born October 26, 1959) was the President of Bolivia from 2006 through 2019. He is an Aymara Native American, and is politically a leftist. He is the founder and leader of the Movement toward Socialism (or MAS) political party. *Movimiento al Socialismo* is its Spanish name. 

## Presidency
On January 22, 2006, he became President of Bolivia. His party has declared that he is the first indigenous person to be president of Bolivia. Not everyone believes this to be true because of his mestizo heritage and similar backgrounds of several past Bolivian presidents. Nonetheless, he is likely the first *culturally* indigenous president of Bolivia.

### Policies
Born in Oruro, Morales was a leader in a union of coca growers. Morales has said he does not like United States policy toward Latin America, criticizing the country's past failures to stand up for democracy, trade agreements which he feels have not helped Bolivia, and especially for the US's anti-drug policies. Coca is a component in cocaine, but is also an important part of Bolivian culture. Morales became well known for this, and he was elected to Congress.

Even though he was forced out of Congress in 2002, he became a very popular person in Bolivia, and won the country's presidential election in 2005. As president, he focused on economic changes that moved the country toward a more socialist economy, instead of a capitalist one. He also worked with other leaders in South America like Rafael Correa and Nestor Kirchner. Morales has been a popular president, and has been reelected in 2009 and 2014. During this time he has criticized both George W. Bush and Barack Obama and has had arguments with the United States.

In 2016, Morales wanted to pass a Constitutional amendment that would allow him to run for another term in 2019. Many people in Bolivia saw this as a power grab, and the amendment lost the election.

## 2019 political crisis
On 20 October 2019 Morales won 47.1% of the vote in the first round of the 2019 Bolivian general election. The results were immediately challenged and led to widespread protests. On 9 November 2019 the Organization of American States published a preliminary report that there were "clear manipulations". The police joined the protests against Morales and on 10 November the military forced him to resign.

## Assassination attempt
On 27 October 2024, Morales said he survived an assassination attempt when he stated that the windshield of his car was hit by many bullets allegedly from a military barrack.

## References
1202

**1202** (MCCII) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

Castile l died in 1202.

## Events 
* August 1 – Arthur of Brittany captured in Mirebeau, north of Poitiers
* The chronicle of Roger of Wendover is of original value as of this year.
* Founding of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword
* Founding of Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, Aragon Province, Spain
* Leonardo Fibonacci published Liber Abaci, introducing the Arabian zero to Europe
* First jesters in European courts
* Fourth Crusade – Siege of Zadar

## Births 
* Margaret II of Flanders (died 1278)

## Deaths 
* March 8 – Sverre Sigurdsson, King of Norway
* May 7 – Hamelin de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey
* Cathal Carragh Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht
* Canute VI of Denmark (born 1163)
* Alain de Lille, French theologian and poet (born c. 1128)

## Heads of states 
* England – John, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
* France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223).
Sitting Bull

**Sitting Bull** (about 1831 – December 15, 1890), real name **Tatanka Yotanka**, was the chief of a Native American tribe called Hunkpapa-Lakota-Sioux. At the age of about 14, Slow participated in a war party against the Crow (warriors).
At the age of 10, however, he killed his first buffalo.
He was a very important chief and fought for the freedom of Native Americans. He fought with Crazy Horse and Big Foot at the Little Bighorn River against General George A. Custer and won. They are the most deadly tribe.

He was killed by Red Tomahawk, a police sergeant, during an attempt to arrest him. 

## References
1632

## Events 
* The Swedish king Adolft Gustav II started a university at Tartu, Estonia.

## Births 
* October 31 – Johannes Vermeer, painter

## Deaths 
* April 30 – Sigismund III, Vasa king of Polen
* September 3 – Carlo Bonone, Italian painter
Michelle Kwan

**Michelle Kwan** (born July 7, 1980) is a retired American figure skater and diplomat.  She has won five world championships and nine U.S. championships. She was the United States Ambassador to Belize from 2022 to 2025.

## Birth and childhood 
Michelle Kwan was born on July 7, 1980, in Torrance, California. Kwan showed interest in figure stating when she followed Ron and Karen, her brother and sister, onto the ice, saying that all she could remember was "every day, tying up my skates and a big smile on my face, excited to go on the ice". She attended public school until eighth grade, when she began being homeschooled in 1994.

## Junior world champion 
Kwan won the world junior championship in 1994.  The same year, at the age of 13, she came in the top 10 in the world senior championship.  She became world champion in 1996, when she was 15.

## Diplomatic career
On December 15, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that he planned to nominate Kwan to be United States Ambassador to Belize.

## Olympics 
* World Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003
* Olympics:  1998 - silver; 2002 - bronze
* U.S. Championships:  first place in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) Athlete Biography 
*International Skating Union (ISU) Skater Biography 
*US Olympic Committee Biography
*Michelle Kwan Fan Site (1) 
*Michelle Kwan Fan Site (2)
Frank Jack Fletcher

**Frank Jack Fletcher** (29 April 1885 - 25 April 1973) was an Admiral in the United States Navy. He was born at Marshalltown, Iowa, of the same family line as Captain Frank "Pat" Fletcher and of Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, noted men in the Navy. He attended the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and had jobs on many warships. In 1914 he got the Medal of Honor at Vera Cruz. Then he was in control of a destroyer in World War I received the Navy Cross. Later he took Naval and Army War College training, became chief of staff Asiatic Fleet, aide to Secretary of the Navy Swanson, and Commanding Officer of battleship *New Mexico.* He became Rear Admiral in control of Cruiser Division 3 in 1939. He was Commander of Cruisers, Pacific Fleet at the time
of Pearl Harbor. In the very bad, first six months of the war, he was Task Force Commander at the Battle of Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, and the Battle of Eastern Solomons. Vice Admiral Fletcher then became Commander North Pacific Forces where he took the  of the Imperial Northern Fleet. After the war he became Chairman of the Navy General Board till he retired. Admiral Fletcher rests at Arlington National Cemetery.

"Frank Jack Fletcher, was the best fighting commander in the U.S. Navy in the twentieth century. He came out best in all three aircraft carrier battles in which he fought -- there were only five such fights in of all history. Admiral Fletcher was outnumbered at all times and when the other side was at its highest point in the early years of the Pacific War. He did not let the other side take Australia, Midway, and Guadalcanal. He put down six of the ten Japanese carriers with four of the six great carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor. His acts were completely his own, because there was no such thing as carrier fighting experience before him to learn to fight ships from the air. He kept the Pacific safe which let much support to go to Europe and started the Allied victory in World War II."
## References 
*
*
*
Irina Slutskaya

**Irina Slutskaya** (ru: **Ирина Слуцкая**) (born February 9, 1979 in Moscow), is a Russian figure skater.  She has won two world championships and six European championships.

Irina began skating when she was four years old.  She has had the same coach, Zhanna Gromova, since she was six years old.  By 1996, she was European champion and came third in the world championships (at age 17).  She went to school at the Moscow Academy of Physical Culture, graduating in the year 2000.

* World Championships:  first place in 2002 and 2005
* Olympics:  2002 - silver
* European Championships:  first place in 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005
* Russian Championships:  first place in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005

## Other websites 
*Gold and tears
*ISU Biography Page
Lu Chen

**Lu Chen** (Simplified Chinese: 陈露, Traditional Chinese: 陳露, **Chen Lu** in Chinese) (born November 24, 1976, in Changchun) is a Chinese figure skater. She was world champion in 1995.

Chen's mother played table tennis and her father coached ice hockey. She started skating at the age of five in Jilin, and also took ballet dancing. She won the bronze medal at the world junior championship in 1992, and came third at the world senior championships the same year, at the age of 16.

Her nickname is "Lulu," and she is also known as "Butterfly on Ice." She is admired for her artistic ability.

Chen skated for the professional show *Stars on Ice* for two years. Now she runs an ice skating club in Shenzhen. This club is named after her.

* World Championships: 1991 – 12th, 1992 – 3rd, 1993 – 3rd, 1995 – 1st, 1996 – 2nd
* Olympics: 1992 – 6th, 1994 – 3rd, 1998 – 3rd
* Chinese National Figure Skating Competition: first from 1990 to 1995

## Source 
* *Figure Skating: A Celebration* by Beverly Smith
Alejandro Toledo

**Alejandro Toledo** (born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian former politician and economist who was the 56th President of Peru from 2001 to 2006. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000. Toledo was also considered a "champion of democracy" in Peru as he was the first democratically–elected president of Peru after the restoration of democracy after 10 years of authoritarian rule by Alberto Fujimori.

## Early life
He pursued his undergraduate and graduate education at the University of San Francisco and Stanford University. He originally joined the technical and academic field, from where he participated as an analyst on politics and economics on some occasions.

## Political career
He entered politics when he founded the País Posible party, participating for the first time in the 1995 general election. In 2000, he managed to become in the largest opposition leader to the government of Alberto Fujimori, before whom in the midst of a controversial and bumpy process, lost the election for a second time. After the transition stage and the return of democracy in Peru, he participated for the third time in the 2001 elections against Lourdes Flores of National Unity and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party; he competed with the latter in the second round, winning with 53.1% of the popular vote.

## Arrest
On 16 July 2019, Toledo was arrested in the United States. On 19 March 2020, he was released on bail.

On 21 October 2024, Toledo was sentenced to 20 years and six months in prison by the National Superior Court of Specialized Criminal Justice for taking bribes as part of the Odebrecht case.

## Personal life
He is from the town of Chimbote in Ancash Region, Peru. He is married to Eliane Karp of Belgium.

## References
Hobo

]]
**Hobo** is a word for a homeless person who travels to different cities and towns to look for work. Hobos usually travel by train "hopping" (riding in empty train freight railcars without paying for a ticket), or sometimes "riding the rods" (lying dangerously near the train wheels, underneath the cars).

Hobos stay in very cheap hotels in cities, or camp in simple shelters ("shanties") in shanty towns near the rail yards. There were many hobos during the Great Depression in the United States because many people lost their jobs and homes. Many people blamed President Herbert Hoover for the Depression, so hobo camps were sometimes called "Hoovervilles".
Indochinese tiger

The **Indochinese tiger** (*Panthera tigris corbetti*) is one of the six living tiger subspecies, and is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southwestern China. The Indochinese tiger is also known as the ''Corbett's tiger'', named after Jim Corbett. It has been listed as Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. In Myanmar it is the National animal of the country.

## Description
Males are around 8–9 ft (2.4-2.7 meters) long, and weigh around 330 to 430 pounds. Females are around 7–8 ft (2.1-2.4 meters) long, and weigh around 221 to 287 pounds. Indochinese tigers are darker in colour than the Bengal tiger, and have narrow stripes which usually break up into a row of spots. Their belly, chin and cheeks are white in colour.

## Where they live
The Indochinese tiger is found throughout Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Burma and Vietnam. It also lived in China, but no Indochinese tiger has been seen in China since 2007.
It is found mostly in lowland and highland tropical deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The Indochinese tiger is also found in hilly and mountainous areas. 

## Feeding
Indochinese tigers feed mainly on medium-sized and large-sized wild ungulates. Sambar deer, wild pig, serow, and large bovids such as banteng and young gaur make up most of the Indochinese tiger's diet. But have been observed to prey on domesticated cattle and goats. Some of its prey, like the kouprey and Schomburgk's deer, are extinct, but some, like the Eld's deer, hog deer and wild water buffalo, are still living but rare. Indochinese tigers also feed on muntjac deer, porcupines, macaques and hog badgers. 
They have been known to supplement their diet with birds, fish, monkeys and reptiles.

## References
Phenomenon

A **phenomenon** (Greek: *, pl. *) is an observable event or, quite literally, something that can be seen.

It comes from the noun  (*phainomenon, df. appearance*) and is also related to the verb  (*phainein, df. to show*). Its plural is **phenomena**. Its antonym is *lathomenon*, meaning "something lying beneath the surface". 

Phenomenon can also mean a "surprising development" or "unusually successful person".

## Use in science & technology 
In science, *phenomenon* stands for any event which we can sense or detect or record. In science, the word "observe" means more than just "visible to the naked eye". It means "sensible", available to our senses. The senses we are born with are extended by a whole range of instruments which record things we cannot see, and make them visible to us.

So, while some events are easy to observe, others need technology to make observation possible. 

## References 
## Related pages 
*Phenomenology
Konstantin Chernenko

**Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko** (Russian language: Константи́н Усти́нович Черне́нко September 24, 1911 – March 10, 1985) was a Soviet Politician who briefly ruled The Soviet Union. Born to a poor family from Siberia, Chernenko joined the Communist Party in 1931. He was later elected to become a full member of the Politburo in 1978. Following the death of Leonid Brezhnev and his successor Yuri Andropov, Chernenko was elected General Secretary in February 1984. During his brief time in office, Chernenko continued Andropov's reforms. However, his term was cut short due to health problems and he died on March 10, 1985 after leading the country for only 13 months.  

## Biography 
### Early Life and Career 
 Card (1973)]]
Konstantin Chernenko was born to a poor peasant family on September 24, 1911, in Bolshaya Tes, Russia. He became a member of the Communist Party in 1931 and worked in various party and government positions, eventually rising through the ranks.

### Personal Life 
Chernenko married twice, Faina Vassilyevna Chernenko and Anna Dmitrevna Lyubimova. Together, they had 4 children, a son named Albert and had two daughters, Yelena and Vera, and a son, Vladimir.
### Rising through the ranks 
]]
He started as a Komsomol activist, later joining the Communist Party. Chernenko held various party positions, showcasing his loyalty to the Soviet regime. His proximity to power increased under Brezhnev, eventually becoming a full member of the Politburo in 1978. After Brezhnev's death in 1982, Chernenko briefly served as Second Secretary during the brief rule of Yuri Andropov until Andropov's death in February 1984.
### Rule (1984 – 1985) 
Chernenko served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1984 until his death in 1985. Chernenko pursued a conservative foreign policy, maintaining a firm stance against the West. Domestically, he faced health issues, hindering significant reforms, and his brief tenure limited major policy shifts. Chernenko's tenure is often associated with the later years of the Cold War and the Soviet Union's internal challenges.
### Health Problems 
Chernenko faced various health issues during his brief time in office from 1984 to 1985. He suffered from emphysema and other respiratory problems, likely exacerbated by his heavy smoking. These health issues ultimately contributed to his death in March 1985.

## Legacy 
Chernenko's legacy is often overshadowed by his predecessors and the subsequent changes in Soviet leadership. Chernenko's time in office was marked by health issues, and he passed away after just 13 months. His legacy is tied to the later years of the Cold War, but his impact on Soviet history is limited compared to other leaders.

## References
Belief

A **belief** is a firm  that something is true, often based on revelation. Belief is usually a part of belonging to a religion. It is different to scientific knowledge that can be tested, but belief is not able to be tested. The word is also used to describe what a person expects will happen based on limited information.

## Examples
For instance, a person may believe in God or gods, while "I believe Amy will come around today" can also be a belief. Belief is also something you believe in but you cannot prove exactly.

## Related pages
* Faith
* Evidence
* Falsifiability
* Karl Popper
* Epistemology
German Shepherd

The **German Shepherd** (), also known as the **Alsatian**, is a breed of medium-large size dog.  It was first developed in Germany.  They are often used as police dogs, but they have many other uses.  They have been variously used as herding dogs, guard dogs, military dogs, eyes for the blind and as pets.  Because of their intelligence, speed, drive, eagerness and balance, they are now called 'multi-terrain' dogs as well as 'most complete dog breed' for their versatility, adaptability and suitability.

An important modern use is in search and rescue.  In former times the American Rescue Dog Association only used air-scenting Alsatians to locate people who are missing or lost.  They search in wilderness, disaster, human body remains and water search and rescue and recovery missions.  The breed is smart, athletic and can live in a wide variety of climate conditions. 

Male German Shepherds usually weigh around . Females usually weigh around .

The term Alsatian wolf dog, instead of German Shepherd dog, was first popularly used by the British in the First World War. This was because the country was at war with the German Empire. Adolf Hitler, a German dictator, was also known to have German Shepherds as companions.

The German Shepherd Dog breed, as it is currently known, was developed by the founder and the first president of the Association for the German Shepherd Dog breed Max Emil Friedrich von Stephanitz at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries.

## Gallery

File:Adult male German shepherd dog standing at the beach.jpg|German Shepherd
File:Schwarzer DSH.jpg|A completely black puppy
File:Standbild eines Deutschen Schaeferhundes.jpg|Grey variety of a German Shepherd
File:Blindenhund.jpg|A German Shepherd used as an assistance dog for blind people
File:French Urban Search and Rescue.jpg|German Shepherd, used as search and rescue dogs in a collapsed building
File:Rin Tin Tin 1929.JPG|Rin Tin Tin, early canine movie stars
File:Horand von Grafrath SZ1 aka Hektor Linksrheim.jpg|Horand von Grafrath - the first German Shepherd Dog
File:Max von Stephanitz.png|Max von Stephanitz - founder of the breed and first president of the Association for the German Shepherd Dog breed
File:GERMAN SHEPHERD IN WORD AND PICTURE.jpg|The German Shepherd Dog Book In Word And Picture
File:German Shepherd dog. “Canis lupus familiaris”.jpg|German Shepherd Dog - a general bone extructure
File:Ryan Parr and his German Shepherd partner Kahr. (29968305140).jpg|A German Shepherd and its handler
File:Schutzhund Schutzarm.JPG|German Shepherd training
File:289th Military Police K-9 training DVIDS496306.jpg|German Shepherd looking at camera while the owner watches
File:Schäferhünding-12Jahre.jpg|A twelve-year-old female German Shepherd
File:Schäferhündin mit 2 Tage alten Welpen.jpg|German Shepherd with her two-day-old puppies

## Transportation of an animal 
Disabled people carry guide dogs with them in wagons of all types. There is no charge for the transportation of guide dogs and transportation documents are not issued.

## References
Shetland Sheepdog

A **Shetland Sheepdog** is a kind of small dog whose ancestors came from the Shetland Islands.   Many people call them *"Shelties"*. They are popular pets in many countries. Shelties have the same origins with Rough Collie and Border Collie. Shelties are a working dog and are sometimes used for herding.

A Sheltie can have a mix of several colors in its coat. Most shelties are sable and white (brown and white) or tri-color (black, white and tan). Their fur is long and they shed twice a year.  Shelties range in size from 13 to 16 inches.  They usually weigh about 25-30 pounds.

Shelties are very energetic dogs that run and bark a lot. They are great with children. 
It was said that Shelties were sheep dogs so they try to please their master and have a strong sense of responsibility. They do not need very much discipline. Shelties rank in the top ten smartest dogs. They learn new things very quickly and remember them well. Shelties make great family pets as long as you do not mind a dog that barks.
Church of the SubGenius

The **Church of the SubGenius** is a religion founded by Ivan Stang and Philo Drummond. Originally based in Dallas, Texas, it is now based in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. In 2009, Stang said that The Church of the Subgenius has 40,000 followers, but the real number of followers is not known.

The church's beliefs are said to be very complex. The church teaches that it was founded by a salesman named J. R. "Bob" Dobbs. In 1953 "Bob" was fixing his TV which he made, and the Space God JHVH-1 gave him knowledge of the past and future, and the idea of "Slack". The church teaches that there is a conspiracy to make humans work, so that they can't have "Slack". It says that its members are descended from Yetis. It also said that aliens would come to earth on 5 July 1998.

## References
## Other websites 
*Church of the Subgenius Official Website
Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back

***Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back*** is a science fiction movie and the second film in the *Star Wars saga*. The movie was released in 1980. It includes action, romance and drama.

In 2010, Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back was selected by the Library of Congress into the United States National Film Registry.

## Cast 
* James Earl Jones as Darth Vader
* Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
* Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
* Kenny Baker as R2-D2
* Frank Oz as Yoda

## Plot 
The Rebels hide from the Empire on the icy planet Hoth. The Empire finds the Rebels and they have to leave the planet after a battle.

Luke Skywalker finds Yoda, a 900-year-old Jedi Master and begins the training to become a Jedi. Han Solo, Chewbacca, Princess Leia and C-3P0 are caught by the Empire and Solo is frozen in carbonite. In his Jedi training, Luke gets a vision that his friends are in danger and tries to help them. He has to confront Darth Vader, and the two of them fight. When Luke fights Vader, he cuts off Luke's hand and Luke also learns that Vader is his father. His hand is replaced with a prosthetic one, including nerves, muscles and some other things.

## Other websites 
* Official website
* 
* 
* 
* *The Empire Strikes Back* The Movie Database
Terry Bradshaw

**Terry Bradshaw** is an American sports presenter and former athlete  He was born September 2, 1948 in Shreveport, Louisiana. 

Bradshaw was a quarterback with the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League. Since 1994, he is also a television and American football host. 

Over six years, he won four Super Bowl titles with Pittsburgh (1975, 1976, 1979 and 1980).  He went into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1989.

He is related to Cory J.Bylsma
Squid

]]

**Squid** are cephalopods of the order **Teuthida**. They are the sister group to the octopods. Squid are carnivores, but they are also hunted as prey. The largest squid, the giant squid and colossal squid, are eaten by sperm whales and sleeper sharks. 

There are about 300 species of squid.

## Characteristics 
Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs, and two longer tentacles with suckers.

All squid have a mouth with a radula, and jet propulsion with the siphon from the mantle. The radulla is a scraping organ in the mouth that scrapes nutrients from food sources. 

Tentacles are used for locomotive power and capturing food sources. All squids are carnivores; they eat other animals, not plants. 

Like other cephalopoda, squid are intelligent animals. Squids have a head-like structure, with sense organs and brains in the front end. Although the squids lack exterior shells they have a vestigial shell inside, made of chitin.

The skin is covered in chromatophores, which enable the squid to change colour to suit its surroundings, making it effectively camouflaged. Controlled by the nervous system, the camouflage can change in 'real time'.  

## Locomotion 
Squids mainly rely on moving via jet propulsion, though deep sea squids may use their fins instead to save energy. A squid sucks in water through its mantle, than pushing it out through its siphon. Squids also have their gills inside the mantle to collect oxygen while moving.

## Squid reproduction 
After a male and female mate, the female squid lays eggs. The eggs are laid inside an egg case. Since the squid is usually a part of a shoal, it is laid with many other egg cases from many other squids, and then anchored to the sea floor. Because of this, squid eggs are often (many times) found in , and those clumps often look like a flower.

Often, the male will die a short time after mating, and the female will die once she has released her eggs. Because of this, squids usually lay eggs only once. Squids do not live very long. Although there are some long-lived species, most squids live for only one or two years.

### Size
 in Melbourne Aquarium|alt=Photo of squid with prominiently visible eye]]

Most squid are no more than  long, although the giant squid may reach .

In February 2007, a New Zealand fishing vessel caught a colossal squid weighing  and measuring around  off the coast of Antarctica. This specimen is the largest invertebrate ever found. Squid have the largest eyes in the animal kingdom.

Giant squid are featured in literature and folklore with a frightening connotation. The Kraken is a legendary tentacled monster possibly based on sightings of real giant squid.

## References
Googol

A **googol** is a unit of measurement. It is equal to ten duotrigintillion (10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) of something. The number of the same name is also known as ten thousand sexdecillion.

A 9-year-old Milton Sirotta, nephew of U.S. mathematician Edward Kasner, first used the word "googol". Sirotta made this word in 1937, for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.He may have been inspired by the comic strip  character Barney Google.

The company Google was named after the number "googol".  Its creators originally called it BackRub because it used backlinks to tell how important each page was. Someone suggested "googolplex". They shortened it to "googol" and then spelled the word wrong when looking for a domain name that was not yet taken.

## Related pages
* Graham's number 
* Googolplex, which is 10googol

## References
## Googol vs Google name theories
Google was meant to be named Googol but they misspelled it and they just kept it.

Or, the misspelling may have been intentional thanks to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

That's in the article already, dumdum.
479 BC

**479 BC** was a year in the 5th century BC.

## Events 
*The Persian Wars end.

## Deaths
* Confucius (born 551 BC).
Jarvis Island

**Jarvis Island** (; formerly known as **Bunker Island**) is an uninhabited island owned by the United States.  The small island is a part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands, a group of mostly uninhabited islands.

Jarvis Island was officially made part of the United States in 1858. People used to mine guano there, but they then abandoned it. The United States treats it as a nature reserve. 

Located 25 miles south of the equator, Jarvis Island, is an uninhabited coral island located in the South Pacific Ocean. Jarvis has no known natural freshwater sources, and very little rain. This creates a very bleak, flat landscape with plants no larger than shrubs. Jarvis Island has no ports or docks, other than a reef the guano miners blew up in order for the cargo boats to be able to drop anchor. Its grass, vines and low-growing bushes are primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for wildlife. The island has a tropical desert climate, with high temperatures in the day, constant wind, and a very hot sun. There is no evidence that the island has ever supported a native human population, but on August 30, 1913, the Amaranth was carrying a cargo of coal from Newcastle, New South Wales, to San Francisco when it crashed on Jarvis' southern shore. Ruins of ten wooden buildings, and a two-story house among them, could still be seen by the *Amaranth* crew, who left Jarvis aboard two lifeboats. Also, Settlers were moved to Jarvis Island in 1935 to maintain a weather station and plan a landing field. A settlement called Millersville was established on the west coast of the island because of it was the highest elevation. The Japanese shelled the island in 1942 and the men living on Jarvis were evacuated soon afterward. The United States claimed possession of Jarvis under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. The Act gave American citizens the right to claim any unclaimed, uninhabited islands for the purpose of mining guano. Because at the time guano was a very valuable asset used for fertilizer.

## References
## Other websites
* Jarvis Island Home Page Website with photos, weather, and more.
* Jarvis Island information website  Has several photos of the old Millersville settlement, together with more modern photos of the island.
* WorldStatesmen Offers brief data on Jarvis island.
* U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge  The Jarvis Island refuge site.
Giant squid

The **giant squid** (*Architeuthis dux*) is a species of squid that live in the deep ocean. Giant squid can grow to a tremendous size: recent estimates put the maximum size at 12 metres (39&nbsp;ft) or 13 metres (43&nbsp;ft) for females and 10 metres (33&nbsp;ft) for males from caudal fin to the tip of the two long tentacles.

While the giant squid is very big, there is a larger squid, known as the Colossal Squid.

Until 2004, nobody had officially ever seen a live giant squid. Only dead giant squids had been found. On 30 September 2004, researchers from Japan took the first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat. Several of the 556 photographs were released a year later. The same team successfully filmed a live adult giant squid for the first time on December 4, 2006.

There is no agreement as to how many species are members of the genus *Architeuthis*. The mythical sea monster called the Kraken may have been inspired by giant squid.

## History 
### Fishermen's reports 
Many generations of fishermen told stories about giant squids at sea. According to these stories, an enormous squid would wrap its arms around a whale, causing a terrible fight to start. 

Whalers said that sometimes, when they caught a whale, it would have scars as big as  on its body. Other times, when they cut open the stomach of some of their whales, they would find squid arms as long as 30&nbsp;ft with suckers up to four inches wide. 

The whalers who told these stories either chopped up the squid parts to eat or use as bait, or they threw them back out to sea before scientists were ever able to  them.

### Giant squid specimens 
in 1861, a French ship was able to bring back parts of a giant squid so scientists could study them.

In the late 19th century, several whole giant squids washed up on shore. This proved giant squids really exist. After that, many giant squids were found washed ashore or dead at sea. Scientists grew very  in these mysterious creatures, but few ever saw them alive. Scientists think they spend most of their time in deep, cold ocean.

 Aquarium]]

In December 2007, the Melbourne Aquarium in Australia got the intact body of a giant squid, preserved in a giant block of ice. It had been caught by fishermen off the coast of New Zealand's South Island that year.

The number of known giant squid specimens was close to 600 in 2004, and new ones are reported each year.

## References
Oksana Baiul

**Oksana Serhiyivna Baiul-Farina** (; born 16 November 1977) is a Ukrainian figure skater. She is retired. She won a gold medal in the 1994 Winter Olympics.

## Early life
Baiul was born on 16 November 1977 in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union.

Her grandfather died in 1987. Her grandmother died in 1988. In 1991, her mother died because of ovarian cancer.

After moving to Odessa, Baiul lived in a dormitory. In 1993, she lived with her coach, Galina Zmievskaya.

## Move to the United States
After the 1994 Winter Olympics, Baiul moved to the United States. 
In the late 1990s, she moved to Richmond, Virginia. Fourteen years later, Baiul moved to Pennsylvania.

In January 1997, Baiul was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol after crashing her car into a tree. Later, Baiul did an alcohol education program. In May 1997, she went through rehabilitation. In 2004, she said she had been sober for six years.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Elvis Stojko

**Elvis Stojko** (born March 22, 1972 in Newmarket, Ontario ) is a Canadian figure skater.  He was world champion three times, and Canadian champion seven times.

Stojko was named after Elvis Presley, and sometimes skates to Presley's music.  He grew up in Richmond Hill, Ontario.  He started skating when he was four years old.  He also became a black belt in karate (which has influenced some of his skating).  Stojko was the first person to do a quadruple-triple jump combination.  He became known for his athletic ability.

Today he is a professional skater, and also competes in karate.

## Amateur competitions
*World Championships:  first place in 1994, 1995, and 1997.
*Olympics:  silver in both 1994 and 1998.
*Canadian Championships:  first place in 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2002.

## Other websites 
*Elvis Stojko: Heart of Gold 

## References
We Will Rock You

"**We Will Rock You**" is a song by the band Queen. It is one of their most famous songs. It is used at a lot of sports events. The main song has the band stamping their feet twice, and clapping once. At the end, a short guitar part is played.

## Personnel 
Information is based on the album's Liner Notes

* Freddie Mercury – lead and backing vocals, hand claps, foot stamping
* Brian May – electric guitar, backing vocals, hand claps, foot stamping
* Roger Taylor – backing vocals, hand claps, foot stamping
* John Deacon – hand claps, foot stamping
* Elizabeth Edwards - backing vocals, hand claps, foot stomping
* Andrew Turner  - backing vocals, hand claps, foot stomping

#### Track listings
"Megamix" consists of four songs by Five: "Don't Wanna Let You Go", "If Ya Gettin' Down", "Keep On Movin'", and "We Will Rock You".

**UK CD1**
#"We Will Rock You" (radio edit) – 3:08
#"Keep On Movin'" (The Five-A-Side Mix) – 3:32
#"We Will Rock You" (video—enhanced track)

**UK CD2**
#"We Will Rock You" (radio edit) – 3:08
#"Megamix" – 4:19
#"Megamix" video (enhanced track)

**UK cassette single**
#"We Will Rock You" (radio edit) – 3:08
#"Keep On Movin'" (The Five-A-Side Mix) – 3:32
#"Megamix" – 4:19

**European CD single**
#"We Will Rock You" (radio edit) – 3:08
#"Megamix" – 4:19

**Australian CD single**
#"We Will Rock You" (radio edit) – 3:08
#"Megamix" – 4:19
#"Keep On Movin'" (The Five-A-Side Mix) – 3:32
#"We Will Rock You" (video—enhanced track)

#### Charts
##### Weekly charts
##### Year-end charts
#### Certifications
### KCPK version 
A remix by KCPK, sung by a chorus of children under the name Forever Young, was released in a series of animated Evian adverts which aired in France, Germany and Belgium. The remix was later released as a single and entered the local charts.

#### Chart performance 
#### Year-end charts 
### Other versions
*1992: American glam metal band Warrant covered the song for the film *Gladiator*. The song charted at number 83 on the *Billboard* Hot 100.
*2004: American pop singers Britney Spears, Beyoncé and Pink used this song in an international commercial Pepsi campaign along with Spanish singer-songwriter Enrique Iglesias, and the song was released on the *Pepsi Music 2004: (Dare for More)* CD.

## References
Album

An **album** is a collection of sound recordings. It is usually made by a musician, and is sold in stores. Albums were originally a collection of gramophone records, each having one or two songs. Today an album is usually in the form of a compact disc, although many artists also release their albums on vinyl records. LP or Album in digital format in the 21st century it is increasingly normal to release music.

## Types of albums
There are two main types of albums, studio albums and live albums. Studio albums are recorded at a recording studio. Live albums are normally recorded while the musicians are performing for an audience. Live albums are usually recorded at concerts. 

Other types of albums include:
* **Compilation album**: Compilation albums are usually made of songs that first came from many different albums. These songs can all be from the same musicians (often called "Greatest Hits" albums) or they can each be from different musicians.
* **Debut album**: the first album from a musician or musical group.
* **Solo album** - A solo album is an album by a single musician. This often happens when a singer or musician who is a part of a band creates an album without the rest of the band. It may also happen when the person leaves the band and starts performing alone. For example, most of Beyoncé's albums after she stopped performing with Destiny's Child are solo albums.  
* **Tribute album**: Tribute albums or "cover albums" are albums where a second group or musician plays songs which were first played by another, often more famous, group or musician.  The second group is usually called a "Tribute band" when most or all of the music they play is from another band.  For example, a Slipknot tribute band would mostly play songs that were written and played by the band Slipknot.
* **Live album**: Live albums are made from songs that are performed live, such as during tour.

## Tracks
Albums are normally separated into *tracks*. Each track is a part of the album which has one song in it. The term is often used to mean a specific song on the album by number. For example, the "fourth track" or "track four" from an album is the fourth song on the album when it is played from the beginning.

## Related pages
* Extended play
* Single (music)
Lagos

**Lagos** is the second largest city in Africa and the most populous city in Nigeria and in West Africa. There are about 12.5 million to 18 million people living in Lagos, which makes it one of the biggest cities in Africa. Lagos is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean. The city of Lagos mainland is made of several local government areas. Some of these areas are Somolu Koshofe, Ifelodun, Surulere, Agege, Ikeja, Ikorodu, Ajegunle, Oshodi, and Maryland. The Lagos Island consists of Ikoyi (Eti Osa) , Victoria Island, Lekki, Ajah, Ibeju Lekki, and Sangotedo. Other Parts of Lagos city-state include : Epe, Ikorodu, and badagry.

Each Local government area has a presence of the central government with the establishment of general hospital, judiciary and police stations.

Lagos was the capital of Nigeria until 1992, when the capital became Abuja. Lagos is still the commercial capital of Nigeria and a gateway to West Africa. Lagos is made up of different islands like Victoria island, Banana island, Snake island, and the mainland.

## Notes
## References
Baker Island

**Baker Island** is a small coral island, or atoll, in the North Pacific Ocean. It is just above the equator. It belongs to the United States. The United States Department of the Interior is in charge of the island. It is called the *Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge*. 

The island has no trees. The island is surrounded by a coral reef. This makes the atoll hard to approach in a boat.

## Gallery 

Image:Baker Island Coastline.jpg|Baker Island coastline with red-footed booby
Image:Fish and Wildlife sign on Baker Island.jpg|Fish and wildlife sign
Image:Baker Day Beacon.jpg|Baker Island day beacon
Image:Baker settlement remains.jpg|Settlement remains, radio tower in background
Image:Baker Radio Towers.jpg|Brown noddies with radio towers in background

## Related pages
* List of uninhabited regions

## References
## Other websites 
* Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge
Hermaphrodite

are hermaphrodites.]]
**Hermaphrodite** is a term which comes from Hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. It is used as a scientific term in biology.

In zoology, an animal that can produce both sperm and ova is a hermaphrodite. As an example, most earthworms are hermaphrodites. A simultaneous hermaphrodite has both sets of sex organs throughout life. A sequential hermaphrodite has ovaries at first that is replaced by a testis later or the other way round.

In botany, hermaphrodite is used for 'complete' flowers with both male and female parts and for plants with bisexual reproductive units. See flowering plant sexuality for details.

With people, the term hermaphrodite is not correct because true functioning hermaphrodites are not possible in humans. What sometimes happens is errors in development that lead to intersex people. A definition of intersex is the following:
:"... individuals of a bisexual species that have characteristics intermediate between the male and female".

Intersex people may have a very small penis and no testicles, or a very small and short vagina and a large clitoris that looks like a penis.

## References
Cartridge

**Cartridge** can mean:
*Cartridge (electronics), an object that is used in a larger piece of equipment
*4-track cartridge, a music storage format popular from the late 1950s to the early 1970s
*8-track cartridge, a music storage format popular from the late 1960s to the early 1980s
*Cartridge (firearms), a round of charge-and-bullet ammunition
*Magnetic cartridge, the removable part of a record player arm holding the needle
*Ink cartridge, a replaceable part of an inkjet printer that contains the ink
Kurt Browning

**Kurt Browning** (born June 18, 1966 in Rocky Mountain House, Alberta) is a Canadian figure skater. He won four world championships and four Canadian championships.

Browning did the first ever quadruple jump (four turns) in competition. He is well known for his footwork. As a professional, he has skated for Stars on Ice and Tom Collins Tour of Champions, won several professional championships, and did some T.V. skating specials. He has also talked during skating events on T.V. He has helped the charity Muscular Dystrophy.

Browning was raised in Caroline, Alberta. He married a dancer with the National Ballet of Canada, Sonia Rodriguez, in 1996. They have a son Gabriel, born in 2003.

## Amateur Competitions 
* World Championships: came first in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1993
* Winter Olympics: 1988 - 8th, 1992 - 6th, 1994 - 5th
* Canadian Championships: came first in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1993
Epididymis

The **epididymis** is the part of the human male reproductive system. It is the tube that holds the testicles in place. It stretches from the back of each testicle to the van deferens.

## Parts 
The dinges is made up of three parts:
* The head (*Caput*)
* The body (*Corpus*) 
* The tail (*Cauda*)

## Uses 
Sperm made in the testis go into the head (*caput*) of the epididymis, go through the body (*corpus*) and stop at the tail (*cauda*), where they are stored. When sperm are first made and travel to the head, they are not yet ready to be ejaculated. They cannot swim or fertilize an egg. By the time they reach the tail, the sperm can fertilize an egg. The sperm are transferred to the Seminal visicle through the vas deferens. The sperm can not swim yet, so muscle contractions push the sperm to the seminal vesicle where final development is finished. .  

When the sperm are ejaculated, they move through the tail of the epididymis. There are so many sperm that they cannot swim, but use peristalsis from muscles in the vas deferens.

## Disease 
An injury or infection of the epididymis causes epididymitis, a painful condition that can take months to heal. Sometimes the testicle has to be removed. There does not seem to be any single cause, or treatment for this condition. Some doctors treat it with antibiotics, some take a "wait and see" attitude. At times just one testicle is affected and at others, both.

## Removal 
Sometimes males get their epididymis removed either as a form of birth control or for other reasons (such as for post-vasectomy pain syndrome) in a surgery known as an epididymectomy.

## Pictures 

 Image:Illu repdt male.jpg|Male reproductive system.
 Image:Illu testis 1b.jpg|Testis
 Image:Mesorchium.svg|Schematic drawing of a cross-section through the vaginal process. 

## References
Infinitive

The **infinitive** is a verb form. It has no person, number, mood, or tense.

## The infinitive in English 
In **English**, there are two main forms of the infinitive:

* the **full infinitive** (**to-infinitive**) has the word *to* at the beginning. For example: *I want **to run** *
* the **bare infinitive** does not have the word *to*. For example: *I must **go***.

After a  you must use an infinitive. For example, *I must go*, *he must go* (*he must goes* is not correct)

To express time relationships, here are 8 types of infinitives:
 
# simple infinitive, for example, *to write*
# continuous infinitive, for example, *to be writing*
# perfect infinitive, for example, *to have written*
# perfect continuous infinitive, for example, *to have been writing*
# passive simple infinitive, for example, *to be written*
# passive continuous infinitive, for example, *to be being writting*
# passive perfect infinitive, for example, *to have been written*
# passive perfect continuous infinitive, for example, *to have been being written*

## The infinitive in other languages 
* In **German**, the infinitives end with *-en*, *-eln* or *-ern*. There are 2 exceptions - '** (to be) and **' (to do). 

*In **Esperanto**, the infinitives end with *-i*, for example '''' (to sleep)

## References