open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Vijaya Kumaranatunga

**Kovilage Anton Vijaya Kumaranatunga** (; 9 October 1945 – 16 February 1988) was a popular Sri Lankan movie actor and politician. He was married to former Sri Lankan president Chandrika Kumaratunga from 1978 until his assassination in 1988.

## Family life 
In 1978, Kumaranatunga married Chandrika Bandaranaike, daughter of the late Sri Lankan Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and former Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. Vijaya Kumaranatunga and Chandrika Bandaranaike had two children, Yasodhara Kumaranatunga Walker (MD) and Vimukthi Kumaranatunga (Vet) in UK.

## Death 
Kumaratunga was shot with a Type 56 assault rifle outside his home on the outskirts of Colombo on 16 February 1988 by Lionel Ranasinghe. He was shot twice in back while Gamini sitting in the back seat of the motorcycle. After the gunshot, Kumaratunga fell to the ground and Gamini got off the motorcycle before shooting Kumaratunga once more in the head, thinking that the first two shots would not have killed Kumaratunga.
Thai Wikipedia

The **Thai Wikipedia** () is the Thai-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started in December 2003. As of October 2019, it has over 133,000 articles.

## References
## Other websites
*Thai Wikipedia main page
Waray Wikipedia

The **Waray Wikipedia** is the Waray language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started on September 25, 2005. As of January 2021, it is the 11th-largest language edition of Wikipedia. It has over  articles, many of which written by Lsjbot.

## References
## Other websites
*Waray Wikipedia mobile version
Mildred Natwick

**Mildred Natwick** (June 19, 1905 – October 25, 1994) was an American stage and movie actress. She played the mother of actress Jane Fonda in the movie *Barefoot in the Park*. She acted in John Ford movies, including *She Wore a Yellow Ribbon* and *3 Godfathers*, both of which got released in 1948. Her last role was in *Dangerous Liaisons* in 1988.

Natwick was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She died from cancer at age 89 in New York City.
Little Orphan Annie

***Little Orphan Annie*** was a daily comic strip created by Harold Gray. The strip made its first appearance on August 5, 1924 in the *New York Daily News*. The main characters in the strip were Little Orphan Annie, Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks, and Annie's dog Sandy. The strip followed Annie's many adventures around the world. It was cancelled on June 13, 2010.

Strip spin-offs over the years included a 1930 radio series; two movies in 1932 and 1938; an assortment of chapter books, games, comic books and other juvenile paraphernalia; the Broadway musical, *Annie*; and a movie adaptation of the musical.
Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark

***Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark*** is a musical. Julie Taymor wrote the book. U2's Bono and The Edge wrote the lyrics and music. 
The musical is based on a comic book character created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, as well as the 2002 movie about the character. The Greek myth of Arachne is also a basis for the musical.

The musical features much stunt work, including moments of "flying". Some performers were injured during rehearsals. Other problems delayed the premiere of the musical. Director Julie Taymor quit. After many rehearsals and revisions, the musical opened on Broadway at the Foxwoods Theatre on 14 June 2011. It was not a critical success.

The series has all 26 episodes of the 2 seasons with thirteen episodes of the each season. The series aired on RTL, France 3, Gulli, Canal J and Canal 5 Televisa on 2006 to 2009 before Spider-Man get cancelled the program in 2009.
Nancy (comics)

***Nancy*** is a daily comic strip originally written and drawn by Ernie Bushmiller. Nancy is a pudgy little girl whose friends include poor boy Sluggo, rich kid Rollo, bully and troublemaker Spike, girlfriend Irma, and a dog named Poochie. 

Nancy lives with her unmarried aunt, Fritzi Ritz. Nancy made her first appearance in her aunt's strip on January 2, 1933, but broke away in 1938 to star in her own. When Bushmiller died in August 1982, the strip was continued by other writers and artists.
Dorothy Fields

on *A Tree Grows in Brooklyn* (1951)]]
**Dorothy Fields** (July 15, 1904 – March 28, 1974) was an American songwriter. She wrote more than 400 songs for Broadway musicals and movies. She wrote the lyrics for "I Can't Give You Anything but Love, Baby" and for "Exactly Like You". The latter was recorded by many musicians.

Fields co-wrote the 1961 song "The Way You Look Tonight" with Jerome Kern. The song was in the movie *Swing Time* and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

Fields was born in New Jersey. She died due to a stroke at age sixty-eight.
Slovene Wikipedia

The **Slovene Wikipedia** (*Slovenska Wikipedija*) is the Slovene-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started in February 2002.

As of October 2015, it is the 42nd largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

As of  , it has about  articles.

## References
## Other websites
*Slovene Wikipedia main page
Hazel (comics)

***Hazel*** was a single panel comic strip by Ted Key that appeared for many years in the last pages of *The Saturday Evening Post*, beginning in 1943. She was a maid for the well to do Baxter family. In the early 1960s, she was played by Shirley Booth in a television sitcom series with Don Defore, Whitney Blake, and Bobby Buntrock as the Baxters. In 1977, Key received the National Cartoonists Society Newspaper Panel Award for *Hazel*.
Anna Magnani

**Anna Magnani** (March 7, 1908 – September 26, 1973) was an Italian stage and movie actress. She received an Academy Award for the Best Actress for her role as a Sicilian widow in the movie *The Rose Tattoo*. She played an outcast in the 1948 movie *The Miracle*. She played Maddalena in the 1953 movie *The Golden Coach*.

Magnani was born in Rome. She later died there due to pancreatic cancer at age sixty-five.
Alicia Markova

**Alicia Markova** DBE (born **Lilian Alicia Marks**, 1 December 1910 – 2 December 2004) was an English ballerina and choreographer. She also directed and taught ballet. She was the first British dancer to become the prima ballerina of a ballet company.

## References
Alistair Cooke

**Alfred Alistair Cooke** (or **Alistair Cooke**; November 20, 1908 – March 30, 2004) was a British-American journalist and television personality. He presented broadcasts for TV networks. He hosted *Masterpiece Theater* on PBS between 1971 and 1992. He retired in 1992, but continued to present *Letter from America* until his death.

Cooke was born in Salford, Lancashire. In 1937 he moved to the United States. In 1973 he was given a knighthood. He died in New York City from lung cancer.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Ida Pollock

**Ida Julia Pollock** (April 12, 1908 - December 3, 2013) was a British writer of many romance novels. She has also written short stories. She has used ten pen names. Her books have mostly been about romance and love, but sometimes about historical subjects. In 1964, she published a novel called *The Gentle Masquerade*. That book was successful.

Pollock was born in Kent, England.

## References
Dorothea Tanning

**Dorothea Margaret Tanning** (25 August 1910 – 31 January 2012) was an American painter and sculptor. She also created ballet sets and costumes. She was also a book writer who performed poetry. She wrote *Between Lives: An Artist and Her World*. Her most notable paintings were done in the 1930s, the 1940s and 1950s.

Tanning was born in Galesburg, Illinois. She died at age 101 in Manhattan, New York.
Margaret Lindsay

**Margaret Lindsay** (September 19, 1910 – May 9, 1981) was an American actress. She worked with Warner Bros. in the 1930s. Her movies included *Fog over Frisco* and *Jezebel*. She also acted in B movies during her career. Her most notable role was in *The House of the Seven Gables* in 1940.

Lindsay was born in Dubuque, Iowa. She died from emphysema in Los Angeles.
Claire Trevor

**Claire Trevor** (March 8, 1910 – April 8, 2000) was an American movie actress. She usually played "bad girl" roles in movies. She received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as a hopeless alcoholic in the movie *Key Largo*. She also received nominations for her roles in the movies *The High and the Mighty* and *Dead End*. She was in over sixty movies.

Trevor was born **Claire Wemlinger** in New York City. She died due to respiratory failure at age ninety in California.
Blocking (stage)

In theatre, **blocking** is the exact positioning of actors on a stage during a performance. The word comes from practices used by theatre directors of the 19th century, who worked out the staging of a scene on a model stage using wooden blocks to represent each of the actors. Today, the director usually determines blocking during rehearsal. They tell the actors where they should move for the proper dramatic and lighting effect, and to ensure that the audience can see everything.

The stage itself has been given named areas to help blocking.
*The back of the stage is considered **up-stage**.
*The front of the stage is **down-stage**.
*Stage left and right refer to the actor's left and right facing the audience. Because this is sometimes misunderstood, the terms *prompt* (actor's or **stage left**) and *bastard/opposite prompt* (actor's or **stage right**) are also used.
***House left** and **house right** refer to how the audience sees the stage. The audience's left is called *house left*, and the audience's right is called *house right*.

## References
Hugh Gaitskell

**Hugh Todd Naylor Gaitskell**  (9 April 1906 – 18 January 1963) was a British politician, and leader of the Labour Party 1955–1963. He was also Chancellor of the Exchequer under Clement Attlee. He read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at New College, University of Oxford. After an academic career at University College London he became the MP for Leeds South in 1945.

## Other websites
*
Solar eclipse of July 16, 2186

A total solar eclipse will happen on July 16, 2186. It will pass over the southern Galápagos Islands (with a maximum eclipse of 4 minutes occurring over the southern tip of Española Island), northern South America (Ecuador including Bogota for 4 minutes and 50 seconds), central Venezuela, and northern Guyana (with a maximum eclipse of 7 minutes 4 seconds just north of Anna Regina).

This will be the longest total solar eclipse between the dates of 4000 BC and 6000 AD.  It will last a maximum of 7 minutes, 29 seconds.  The longest historical total eclipse lasted 7 minutes 28 seconds on June 15, 744BC.

## References 
## Other websites
* NASA Solar eclipses: 2101 to 2200
* Besselian Elements 
* NASA googlemap of eclipse path
Patience (operetta)

'''''Patience; or, Bunthorne's Bride'''* is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan.  It was first performed at the Opera Comique in London, on 23 April 1881. On 10 October 1881, it moved to the Savoy Opera, a new theatre built especially for the Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. It was the first theatre to be lit entirely by electricity.

*Patience* was the sixth of the fourteen operettas written by Gilbert and Sullivan. It ran for 578 performances. The operetta is a satire on the mores and extravangas of the aesthetic poets of the 1870s and 1880s. *Patience* was a great success.

Gilbert originally planned to use his Bab ballad, "The Rival Curates", as the basis for *Patience'', but had second thoughts about two clergymen in a comedy and turned to the poets of the aesthetic movement instead. D'Oyly Carte sent Oscar Wilde on a lecture tour in the United States to prepare Americans for the background of the operetta.

## References
* Brahms, Caryl. 1975. *Gilbert and Sullivan: lost chords and discords.* Little, Brown. pp. 97-108.
Information systems

**Information systems** (IS) is the study of how people put data into computers to create useful information.

There are five things you need to make an information system work:
***People** - People that are using these computers to do their jobs.
***Procedures** - The things people have to DO to do their jobs.
***Hardware** - The actual computers that people use to store facts.
***Software** - The instructions on these computer screens that tell you how to enter facts into the computer.
***Data** - Facts, facts, and more facts in the computer.

## Related pages
* Information technology

## References
Eternal Silence

***Eternal Silence*** is a monument in Chicago's Graceland Cemetery. It is also known as the **Dexter Graves Monument** or the **Statue of Death**. The statue is a bronze sculpture set on and  by black granite. It was created by American sculptor Lorado Taft in 1909.

## History 
*Eternal Silence* is a monument in Graceland Cemetery to Dexter Graves. Graves led a group of thirteen families who moved to Chicago from Ohio in 1831. He died in 1844, and the monument was created by sculptor Lorado Taft in 1909. Taft's son, Henry Graves, asked him to create it. In Ada Bartlett Taft's *1946 Lorado Taft; Sculptor and Citizen*, it was listed as one of his most important works. Images of Eternal Silence have been used in other artworks, including works by Claes Oldenburg. One folktale claims that if someone looks into the eyes of *Eternal Silence*s hooded figure, the viewer would be shown his or her own death.

## Notes
## References
*Kiefer, Charles D., Achilles, Rolf, and Vogel, Neil A. "Graceland Cemetery" (pdf), National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, HAARGIS Database, *Illinois Historic Preservation Agency*, June 18, 2000, accessed October 8, 2011.
RSA

**RSA** may refer to:

* RSA (algorithm), an algorithm for public-key encryption
** RSA Security, a company founded by the creators of that algorithm
* Republic of South Africa
* Royal Society of Arts, a British institution
List of German monarchs

This is a list of kings who ruled over the German territories of central Europe. The kings reigned from the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 until the end of the German Empire in 1918. It also includes the heads of the different German confederations after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.

## Kingdom of Germany, 843–1806
Emperors are listed in **bold**. Rival kings, anti-kings, and junior co-regents are listed in *italics*.

## German confederations, 1806–1871
### Confederation of the Rhine, 1806–1813
### German Confederation, 1815–1866
### North German Confederation, 1867–1871
## German Empire, 1871–1918
## Related pages
* List of rulers of Saxony

## Footnotes
Tabouleh

**Tabouleh** ( *tabūlah*; also **tabbouleh** or **tab(b)ouli**) is a salad. It is usually made of bulgur, tomatoes, cucumbers, parsley, mint, onion, and garlic, and seasoned with olive oil, lemon juice, and salt. There are other ways to make it, such as using couscous instead of bulgur.

The salad originally came from the mountains of Syria and Lebanon. It has become popular throughout the Middle East, and has spread to other countries. It is a popular ethnic food in Western countries.

In the Arab world, particularly Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine, it is usually served as part of a meze.

## References
Montage

**Montage**  may refer to:

* Collage, an image made of several images joined together
* Montage (filmmaking), a technique used in film editing
* Photomontage, an image made of several photographs joined together
* Montage (music), or sound collage
Photomontage

to create the illusion of a landscape that does not actually exist]]

A **photomontage** is an image made of two or more photographs. It is made by cutting and joining the photographs together into an illusion of subject that is not real. A similar method is used today with digital photography, using image-editing software.

Photomontage can also mean the way of making a photomontage.

## Related pages 
* Collage

## References
## Other websites 
*
Au pair

An **au pair** is a person from a foreign country who lives in a family for typically a year or two while performing household work in the family's home. An au pair is usually a young girl in her late teens or early 20s. They take care of children as major worktasks. Some au pairs also attend language courses some hours each week.

## Responsibilities of an Au pair 
* Getting the kids up in the morning 
* Getting babies and young kids dressed 
* Bathing them and spending time playing 
* Cooking meals for the kids 
* Taking care of their stuff Making their beds and tidying their rooms 
* Washing their clothes 
* Cleaning the kitchen after meals 
* Tidying the play area after playtime 
* Taking kids to school, appointments, or outings 
* Staying with them when they're sick or on vacation (for au pairs in certain programs)

## References
## Other websites
Butler

, White House butler for many years.]]

A **butler** is a male domestic worker in a large household with several employees.

The butler is the chief servant, responsible for the day-to-day management of the house and the other servants. In a traditional house the butler, who is always male, directs the male servants, while a housekeeper, a woman, directs the female servants. Traditionally, male servants (such as valets and footmen) were better paid and of higher status than female servants.

## References 
## Other websites
Ruby Keeler

**Ethel Ruby Keeler** (August 25, 1909 – February 28, 1993) was a Canadian-American actress, singer, musician and dancer. She acted in several notable musicals through Warner Bros., particularly *42nd Street* in 1933. Almost three years after that, she acted in another famous movie, *Colleen*.

Keeler was born in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, but raised in New York. She died from cancer in California at 82.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Animalia Paradoxa

***Animalia Paradoxa*** is the label given to a few species of animal, listed in Carolus Linnaeus early editions of Systema Naturae. Linné thought that these animals did not make sense. Today, such animals are usually called Cryptids. The respective section lists fantastic creatures found in medieval bestiaries as well as those reported by explorers from abroad and gives explanations to why they are excluded from Systema Naturae. According to Swedish historian Gunnar Broberg, it was to offer a natural explanation and demystify the world of superstition. *Paradoxa* was dropped from Linnaeus' classification system as of the 6th edition (1748).

## Cryptic creatures 
Included in the 1st (1735) edition:
* Hydra: in 1735 Linnaeus inspected the alleged remains of a Hydra in Hamburg which turned out to be made from weasels and snake skins.
* Rana-Piscis: a South American frog which is significantly smaller than its tadpole stage; it was thus (incorrectly) reported to Linnaeus that the metamorphosis in this species went from 'frog to fish'. In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus named the species *Rana paradoxa*, though its genus name was changed in 1830 to *Pseudis*.
* Monoceros is in reality *Monodon*.
* Pelecanus: "Linnaeus thought [pelicans] might reflect the over-fervent imaginations of New World explorers"
* Satyrus: Linnaeus wrote "with a tail, hairy, bearded, with a manlike body, gesticulating much, very fallacious, is a species of monkey, if ever one has been seen."
* Borometz (aka Scythian Lamb) "Linnaeus [...] had seen a faked vegetable lamb taken from China to Sweden by a traveler"
* Phoenix
* Bernicla (aka Scottish Goose) Frederick Edward Hulme noted: "[The] barnacle-goose tree was a great article of faith with our ancestors in the Middle Ages."
* Draco: Linnaeus wrote that it has a "snakelike body, two feet, two wings, like a bat, which is a *Lacerta alata* or a *ray* artificially shaped as a monster and dried."
* Manticora
* Antilope 
* Lamia
* Siren

## References 
## Other websites
*
Systema Naturae

***Systema Naturae*** (sometimes written '''''''''') is the main work of Carl Linnaeus, where he listed and classified the known species of plants, animals, and minerals. The first edition was made of only seven folios.

## Editions
Many editions of Systema Naturae exist, including the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, which is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759.
## References
Kay Walsh

**Kathleen Walsh** (or **Kay Walsh**; 27 August 1911 – 16 April 2005) was an English actress and dancer. She started in West End music halls. Her first movie role was in 1934 in ''How's Chances?*. She had a larger role in *Get Your Man*, also in 1934. She later moved to higher-prestige movies, including *In Which We Serve* and *This Happy Breed''.

Walsh was born in London, England. She died from being burned in an accident at the age of 93.
Norma Shearer

**Edith Norma Shearer** (or **Norma Shearer**; 10 August 1902 – 12 June 1983) was a Canadian and American actress. She was very popular in the 1920s and 1930s. She usually played a girl-next-door in her early movies. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in *The Divorcee* in 1930. For most of the time before the Motion Picture Production Code, she played sexually liberated females in sophisticated contemporary comedy movies. She later appeared in historical and period movies.

Shearer was born in Montreal. She died of bronchopneumonia in Los Angeles at 80.
Grinling Gibbons

]]
]]
.]]
.]]

**Grinling Gibbons** (4 April 1648 – 3 August 1721) was an AngloDutch sculptor and wood carver. He was famous for his work in England, including St Paul's Cathedral, Blenheim Palace and Hampton Court Palace.

Gibons was born and educated in Holland of English parents, his father being a merchant.

He is widely regarded as the finest wood carver working in England, and the only one whose name is widely known among the general public. Most of his work is in lime (tilia) wood, especially decorative Baroque garlands made up of still-life elements at about life size. They are made to frame mirrors and decorate the walls of churches and palaces. He also produced furniture and small relief plaques with figurative scenes. He also worked in stone, mostly for churches. By the time he was established he led quite a large workshop.

## Life and work 
Very little is known about his early life. About 1667 he moved to Deptford, now in London, and by 1693 had got commissions from the royal family. By 1680 he was known as the "King's Carver", and carried out exquisite work for St Paul's Cathedral and Windsor Castle. His carving was so fine that it was said a pot of carved flowers above his house in London would tremble from the motion of passing coaches.

The diarist John Evelyn first discovered Gibbons' talent by chance in 1671. Evelyn, from whom Gibbons rented a cottage near Evelyn's home in Deptford, wrote: "I saw the young man at his carving, by the light of a candle. I saw him to be engaged on a carved representation of Tintoretto's "Crucifixion", which he had in a frame of his own making". Later that same evening, Evelyn described what he had seen to Sir Christopher Wren. Wren and Evelyn then introduced him to King Charles II who gave him his first commission. It is still in the dining room of Windsor Castle.

Horace Walpole later wrote about Gibbons: "There is no instance of a man before Gibbons who gave wood the loose and airy lightness of flowers, and chained together the various productions of the elements with the free disorder natural to each species."

Gibbons is buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London.

Gibbons' work very often includes carvings of peapods. A myth states that he would include a closed pod in his work, only carving it open once he had been paid. If the pea pod was left shut it supposedly showed that he had not been paid for the work.

## Bibliography
* Beard, Geoffrey 1989. *The work of Grinling Gibbons*.  London: John Murray. 
* Esterly, David 2000. *Grinling Gibbons and the art of carving*. V&A Publications. 

## References
Damallsvenskan

**Damllsvenskan** is the Swedish women's association football top division.

## Swedish national champions 
### Before 1988 
### Since 1988 
## Other websites
* SvFF - Damallsvenskan
* Damfotboll.com - Damfotboll
Rachel Ames

**Rachel Ames** (born November 2, 1929) is an American television actress. She works mostly in soap operas. Ames played Audrey Hardy in the ABC soap *General Hospital* and its spinoff series *Port Charles*. She also played characters in other television series before *General Hospital*.

Ames was born in Portland, Oregon.
Wood carving

]]
 from Tilman Riemenschneider's *Altar of the Holy Blood*, 1501-05, Rothenburg, Bavaria]]

**Wood carving** is a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool. A chisel or knife are usual tools: the chisel can be tapped with a wooden mallet. The result is a wooden figure, or the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object. A 'wood carving' may also refer to the finished product.

The making of sculpture in wood has a long history. Wood survives much less well than the other materials such as stone and bronze. It is vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. Therefore, we do not know much about wood in the art history of older cultures.   Outdoor wood sculptures do not last long in most parts of the world, so that we have little idea how the totem pole tradition developed.

Many of the most important sculptures of China and Japan are in wood, also most African sculpture and that of Oceania and other regions. Wood is light, so it is suitable for masks and other objects meant to be carried. It can take very fine detail, and is also much easier to work than stone.

Some of the finest examples of early European wood carving are from the Middle Ages in Germany, Russia, Italy and France, where the typical themes of that era were used in Christian icons. In England many complete examples remain from the 16th and 17th century, when oak was often used. In general, really fine carving is done in fruitwood (wood of a fruit tree) because that is easy to work with. The famous woodcarver Grinling Gibbons used to work with lime wood. Complex pieces are often carved in separate sections which are later stuck together.

## Related pages 
*Grinling Gibbons

## References
Barbara West

**Barbara Joyce Dainton** (née **West**; May 24, 1911 – October 16, 2007) was the second-to-last remaining survivor of the sinking of the RMS *Titanic*. She was the last living survivor who had travelled under second class on the ship.

West was born in Bournemouth, England. She died at age 96 in Truro, Cornwall.
Susan Harris

**Susan Harris** (born October 28, 1940 in Mount Vernon, New York) is an American screenwriter.

She was a screenwriter of the television series *The Golden Girls*. Her last project as a screenwriter was the series *Brighton Belles* from the year 1993.

She was married to producer Paul Junger Witt from 1983 until his death in 2018.
Anne Haney

**Anne Haney** (March 4, 1934 – May 26, 2001) was an American actress. She worked in some movies, but mostly on television shows. She acted as a social worker in *Mrs. Doubtfire* and as Alberta in the sitcom ''Mama's Family*. She also guest starred on other television series, including *Designing Women* and *Charmed''.

Haney was born in Memphis, Tennessee. She died due to heart failure in Studio City, California at age sixty-seven.
Patricia Routledge

**Dame Katherine Patricia Routledge**  ( ; 17 February 1929 &ndash; 3 October 2025), professionally billed as **Patricia Routledge**, was an English actress and singer. She was best known for her role as Hyacinth Bucket in the BBC sitcom *Keeping Up Appearances* (1990–1995), for which she was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance in 1992 and 1993. Her film appearances include *To Sir, with Love* (1967) and ''Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River'' (1968).

Routledge was born in Tranmere, Cheshire, England. She never married and had no children.

She was a patron of the Beatrix Potter Society.

Routledge died on 3 October 2025 at her home in Chichester, West Sussex at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Great house

.]]
A **great house** is a large residence, with several domestic workers, usually live-ins. As the 19th and 20th centuries progressed, the number of great houses in the Western world was reduced, as well as the number of domestic workers.
Barbara McNair

**Barbara Jean McNair** (born 4 March 1934 – 4 February 2007) was an American musician and actress. She became very popular in the 1960s. She was a guest on many television programs, including *The Bell Telephone Hour*, *The Steve Allen Show* and *The Hollywood Palace*. Her Broadway play credits included *No Strings* and *The Body Beautiful* in the 1960s and 1970s.

McNair was born in Chicago. Around her seventies, she lived in Los Angeles. She died there resulting from throat cancer, age seventy-two.
Jackie Joseph

**Sammie Jacqueline Joseph** (or **Jackie Joseph**; born November 7, 1934) is an American actress. She plays the voices of characters in certain movies. She played Sheila Futterman in both *Gremlins* movies in 1984 and 1990. She played Jackie on *The Dick Van Dyke Show*. She was a regular on *The Doris Day Show*, playing Jackie Parker. 

Joseph was born in Los Angeles. She was married to actor Ken Berry from 1960 to 1976.

## References
Vänersborg

**Vänersborg** is a town in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Vänersborg Municipality.

## Famous people
*Agnes Carlsson
*Birger Sjöberg

## References
## Other websites
Gram-negative bacteria

structure.]]

**Gram-negative bacteria** are bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in staining. In a Gram stain test, a counterstain called safranin is added after the crystal violet. This colours all gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink colour. 

Bacteria tested with the Gram stain test turn purple or violet if they are gram-positive instead. This helps identify the type of bacteria in tests.

This happens because an outer membrane stops the penetration of the stain. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their bacterial cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye when washed in a decolourizing solution. Compared with gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria are more resistant against antibiotics, because of their relatively impermeable cell wall.

The lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS layer) is important. In humans, LPS triggers an innate immune response, with cytokine production and immune system activation. Inflammation is a common result of cytokine production.

## Related pages 
* Penicillin
* Virus   

## References 
## Other websites
* 3D structures of proteins from inner membranes of Ellie Wyithe's gram-negative bacteria
* Gram Staining Procedure and Images
Västerås

**Västerås** is a town in the county of Västmanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Västerås Municipality.

The clothing company H&M started in Västerås in 1947.

## References
## Other websites
Halmstad

**Halmstad** is a town in the county of Halland in Sweden. It is the seat of Halmstad Municipality.

Halmstad is the home of successful sports clubs like Halmstads BK and IS Halmia (association football) and HK Drott (team handball). Swedish pop star Basshunter and Gyllene Tider also comes from Halmstad.

## References
## Other websites
Örnsköldsvik

**Örnsköldsvik** is a town in the county of Västernorrland in Sweden. It is the seat of Örnsköldsvik Municipality.

In 1976, the Paralympic Winter Games were held in Örnsköldsvik. Swedish ice hockey club Modo Hockey also belongs here.

## References 
## Other websites
Sundsvall

**Sundsvall** is a city in the county of Västernorrland in Sweden. It is the seat of Sundsvall Municipality. In June 1888, a fire affected the town.

The city is on the Baltic Sea coast.

## References 
## Other websites
Kiruna

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**Kiruna** is a town in the county of Norrbotten in Sweden. It is the seat of Kiruna Municipality.

Kiruna was founded in 1900 as a mining community.

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Bart Gunn

**Mike Plotcheck** (born December 27, 1965) better known by his ring names, **Bart Gunn** and **Mike Barton**, is an American former professional wrestler and mixed martial artist.

## Career
Plotcheck is known for competing in the World Wrestling Federation for 6 years. During that time, he formed The Smokin' Gunns with his kayfabe brother Billy Gunn. He also feuded with Billy Gunn when the team broke up. He was also a member of the tag team The Midnight Express and competed under the name "Bodacious Bart" along with "Bombastic" Bob Holly.

Plotcheck won the WWF's shoot boxing tournament, the Brawl for All in 1998 when he defeated his tag team partner Bob Holly in the first round, Steve Williams in the second round, The Godfather in the semi-finals, and Bradshaw in the finals. Plotcheck also faced boxer Eric "Butterbean" Esch at WrestleMania XV but was knocked out in 30 seconds. He was released from the WWF a short time after.

He then competed for All Japan Pro Wrestling from 1998 to 2002 where he had a successful tenure. He left AJPW to wrestle for New Japan Pro Wrestling in 2002. He left in 2004.

Plotcheck decided to start a mixed martial arts career and debuted on June 17, 2006. He defeated Wesley "Cabbage" Correira at Rumble On The Rock: Beatdown in less than two minutes by technical knockout because of a cut that Correir suffered during the bout. In his second fight he faced Ikuhisa "The Punk" Minowa at PRIDE Bushido 13 and lost by unanimous decision.

## Championships
Plotcheck held many championships during his professional wrestling career:

***All Japan Pro Wrestling**
**AJPW Unified World Tag Team Championship (one time) – with Johnny Ace
**January 2 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (2001)
**Stan Hansen Cup (2002) – with Jim Steele
***International Wrestling Federation**
**IWF World Tag Team Championship (two times) – with Kip Winchester
***New Japan Pro Wrestling**
**IWGP Tag Team Championship Number One Contenders Tournament (2003) – with Jim Steele
***Pennsylvania Championship Wrestling**
**PCW Americas Championship (two times)
***Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
**He was ranked #129 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 by PWI in 1997.
**He was ranked #377 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years by PWI in 2003.
***World Wrestling Federation**
**NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) – with Bombastic Bob
**WWF Tag Team Championship (three times) – with Billy Gunn
**Brawl for All (1998)

## References
## Other websites
*Mike Barton  on OWOW
Sonian Forest

The **Sonian Forest** (, ) is a large 4,421-hectare forest in the south-eastern part of Brussels, Belgium.

It is maintained by Flanders (56%), the Brussels-Capital Region (38%) and Wallonia (6%).

The forest is in the Flemish parts of Sint-Genesius-Rode, Hoeilaart, Overijse and Tervuren, Uccle , Watermael-Boitsfort, Auderghem and Woluwe-Saint-Pierre in the Brussels-Capitale Region and in the Walloon towns of La Hulpe and Waterloo. Thus it stretches out over the three Belgian Regions. It used to be connected with Bois de la Cambre and Hallerbos, but they split up in the 19th century, because of the growth of the city of Brussels and other settlements around it, which reduced the size of the forest and divided it.

There are some parts of the forest privately held forest and the Kapucijnenbos, the "Capuchin Wood", which belongs to the Royal Trust.

## Arts
Auguste Rodin went to the forest while living in Brussels in the 1870s. He made several paintings of the forest during this time.

## Other websites
Anita Page

**Anita Evelyn Pomares** (or **Anita Page**; born August 4, 1910 – died September 6, 2008) was an American silent movie actress. She retired from acting in 1936 but returned in the late 1990s. She appeared in the movie *Our Dancing Daughters* with Joan Crawford in 1928. The following year, she acted in *The Broadway Melody*.

Page was born in Queens, New York. She died in Los Angeles, California at ninety-eight.
Tammy Grimes

**Tammy Lee Grimes** (January 30, 1934 – October 30, 2016) was an American actress and singer. She starred in and won a Tony Award for a 1960 play called *The Unsinkable Molly Brown*. She also starred in her own television show *The Tammy Grimes Show* in 1966.

## Early life
Grimes was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, the daughter of Eola Willard (née Niles), a naturalist and spiritualist, and Luther Nichols Grimes, an innkeeper, country-club manager, and farmer.

She attended high school at the then all-girls school, Beaver Country Day School, and Stephens College, and then studied acting at New York City's Neighborhood Playhouse. She studied singing with Beverley Peck Johnson.

## Personal life
Grimes married Christopher Plummer on August 16, 1956, with whom she had a daughter, actress Amanda Plummer. They divorced in 1960.

Her second husband was actor Jeremy Slate, who she married in 1966 and divorced a year later. Her third husband was composer Richard Bell, who she married in 1971; the couple remained married until Bell's death in 2005.

## Death
Grimes died on October 30, 2016, in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 82 from natural causes. Her survivors include her brother, Nick, and her daughter Amanda.

## Work
### Filmography
* *Three Bites of the Apple* (1967) - Angela Sparrow
* *Arthur? Arthur!* (1969) - Lady Joan Mellon
* *Play It as It Lays* (1972) - Helene
* *The Horror at 37,000 Feet* (1973, TV Movie) - Mrs. Pinder
* *The Borrowers* (1973, TV Movie) - Homily Clock
* *Somebody Killed Her Husband* (1978) - Audrey Van Santen
* *The Runner Stumbles* (1979) - Erna Webber
* ''Can't Stop the Music* (1980) - Sydne Channing
* *The Last Unicorn* (1982) - Molly Grue (voice)
* *The Stuff* (1985) - Special Guest Star in Stuff Commercial
* *America* (1986) - Joy Hackley
* *Mr. North* (1988) - Sarah Baily-Lewis
* *Slaves of New York* (1989) - Georgette
* *Backstreet Justice* (1994) - Mrs. Finnegan
* *A Modern Affair* (1995) - Dr. Gresham
* *Trouble on the Corner* (1997) - Mrs. K
* *High Art* (1998) - Vera

### Stage
* *The Littlest Revue* (1956)
* *Look After Lulu* (1959)
* *The Unsinkable Molly Brown* (1960)
* *Rattle of a Simple Man* (1963)
* *High Spirits* (1964)
* *The Only Game in Town* (1968)
* *Private Lives* (revival) (1969)
* *A Musical Jubilee* (1975)
* *California Suite* (1976)
* *Tartuffe* (revival)(1977)
* *Trick* (1979)
* *42nd Street* (1980)
* *Sunset* (1983)
* *Orpheus Descending* (revival) (1989)
* *Wit & Wisdom'' (2003)

## References 
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Vadstena

.]] 
**Vadstena** is a town in the county of Östergötland in Sweden. It is the seat of Vadstena Municipality.

Back in the Middle Ages, the town housed a Catholic monastery, which was closed in the 16th century, when Sweden turned towards Martin Luther's Protestantism. In the 20th century, the monastery was re-opened.

## Famous people
*Saint Bridget of Sweden

## References 
## Other websites
Nässjö

**Nässjö** is a town in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is the seat of Nässjö Municipality.

The town is a famous railway junction.

## References
## Other websites
Kristianstad

**Kristianstad** is a town in the county of Scania in Sweden. It is the seat of Kristianstad Municipality. Until 1997, Kristianstad was also the seat of Kristianstad County, before it was disbanded.

## References 
## Other websites
Huskvarna

**Huskvarna** is a town in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. Since 1971, it is within the Jönköping Municipality.
## Other websites
Öland Bridge

The **Öland Bridge** () is a road bridge in Sweden. It was completed in 1972. It connects mainland Sweden with Swedish Baltic Sea island of Öland, replacing the old ferryboats.

## Other websites
Calgary Stampeders

The **Calgary Stampeders** are a Canadian Football League team from Calgary. They where created in 1935. They have won the Grey Cup 7 times, the last one in 2014. The Stampeders play their games in the McMahon Stadium.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Visingsö

**Visingsö** is an island in the lake of Vättern in Sweden. In 1971, it became part of Jönköping Municipality. Before that, it was a separate municipality. The island is connected to the mainland with ferryboats.

## References 
## Other websites
Christopher Hewett

**Christopher Michael Hewett** (5 April 1921

Hewett was born on 5 April 1921 in Worthing, Sussex, England. He is of Irish descent. Hewett studied at Beaumont College. Hewett was never married and had no children. During his later years, he suffered from arthritis and diabetes.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
Mariestad

**Mariestad** is a town in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Mariestad Municipality. From 1660, Mariestad was the seat of Skaraborg County, which was disbanded in 1997.

## References 
## Other websites
Göta Canal

The **Göta Canal** () is a canal in southern Sweden. Opened in 1832, its economic importance started to decline early because of the arrival of railroads in Sweden by the mid 19th century, and nowadays, it's mostly used for summertime tourist boat tours, as well as private boating.

## Other websites
Mervyn Peake

**Mervyn Peake** (9 July 1911 – 17 November 1968) was a British writer and artist, best known for his fantasy series, *Gormenghast*.

## References 
## Other websites
*Mervyn Peake site
Eden Riegel

**Eden Riegel** (born January 1, 1981) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television programs. She played Bianca Montgomery in the ABC soap opera *All My Children*. She played Heather in *The Young and the Restless*.

Riegel was born in Washington, D.C.

## References
Falun

**Falun** is a town in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. It is the seat of Falun Municipality. Several times, the town has applied to host the Olympic Winter Games.

## References 
## Other websites
Nora Zehetner

**Nora Angela Zehetner** (born February 5, 1981) is an American actress. She has acted in several notable movies. She acted in the movie *American Pie 2* as a Party Girl. She also played Laura in the 2005 movie *Brick*.

Zehetner was born in El Paso, Texas.
Freeform

**Freeform** (formerly **ABC Family**) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel. It is owned by ABC Family Worldwide Inc. This is part of the Disney-ABC Television Group division of The Walt Disney Company. The channel usually shows modern family programs which are aimed for everyone. However, their shows and movies are aimed at teenage girls and young women (age 15-30). Freeform also offers other shows from other channels.

Freeform was founded in 1977. It was first an extension of Pat Robertson's Christian television ministry. It later became **The Family Channel** in 1990. In 1998, it was sold to Fox Kids. They renamed the channel **Fox Family**. On October 24, 2001, Fox Family Channel and Fox Family Worldwide were sold to The Walt Disney Company.

## Network slogans
* "Stay with Us" (1977-1985; as CBN Satellite Service and CBN Cable)
* "Just Watch Us" (1985-1988; as CBN Cable)
* "Together, We're Family" (1988-1991; as The CBN Family Channel)
* "The Greatest in the Family" (1991-1995; as The Family Channel)
* "There's Nothing Stronger" (1995-1996)
* "Just Watch Us Now!" (1996-1998)
* "You Belong" (1998-present; as Fox Family)
* "It's Electric" (2000-2001)
* "It's All About You" (2001-2003; as ABC Family)
* "Everything You Want to Know from A to Z" (2003-2006)
* "A New Kind of Family" (2006-2016)
* "The New Name For ABC Family" (2016-present)
* *Become with us* (2016-present)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* TheFutonCritic: ABCFamily
* Official YouTube Channel
Macedonian Wikipedia

The **Macedonian Wikipedia** () is the Macedonian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started in September 2003. As of July 2013, it has over 72,000 articles.

## References
## Other websites
*Macedonian Wikipedia main page
Jean-Luc Bilodeau

**Jean-Luc Bilodeau** (born November 4, 1990) is a Canadian actor. He has been acting since 2004. 

## Career 
He is best known for his role as Josh Trager in the ABC Family channel program *Kyle XY*. Bilodeau also appeared in many movies and television shows. These include, *Ill Fated*, ''Trick 'r Treat*, *16 Wishes*, *No Ordinary Family* and *Best Player''. He appeared in Emmalyn Estrada's music video "Don't Make Me Let You Go". He played Jeremy in the movie *LOL*. 

He currently stars in the ABC Family sitcom, *Baby Daddy*.

## Filmography
### Movie
### Television
## Other websites
* 
* Jean-Luc Bilodeau Interview  at Daemons TV
Marcia Wallace

**Marcia Karen Wallace** (November 1, 1942 &ndash; October 25, 2013) was an American actress and comedian. She usually performed in television sitcoms. She played receptionist Carol Kester in the 1970s sitcom *The Bob Newhart Show*. She also performed the voice of Edna Krabappel in *The Simpsons*, *The Powerpuff Girls*. 

Wallace was born in Creston, Iowa on November 1 1942. She studied at Parsons College. Wallace was married to Dennis Hawley from 1986 until his death in 1992. They adopted one son, Michael Hawley. She battled breast cancer until her death. Wallace died on 25 October 2013 in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, aged 70.

## References
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* 
* 
* 
*
Alfred Duraiappah

**Alfred Thambirajah Duraiappah** (died 27 July 1975) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was a Member of Parliament and mayor of Jaffna. He was assassinated by the Tamil Tigers.

## First political murder
Alfred Duraiappah was a member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. He became a Member of Parliament and mayor of Jaffna. He was murdered by the Tamil Tiger leader Velupillai Prabhakaran in July 1975. Duraiappah was killed on his way to a Hindu temple for prayers, although he himself was a Christian.

## His tenure and Jaffna prosperity 
His term as the mayor of a neglected city. Roads and stadiums were built, and jobs were created. His period of office also saw benefits for Jaffna farmers, as the prices of agriculture grew, possibly because the government policies taking control at the time was beneficial.

## References 
* 
*
Valerie Perrine

, 1975]]
**Valerie Ritchie Perrine** (September 3, 1943 &ndash; March 23, 2026) was an American model and actress. She was nominated for Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards. She played Marcy, the wife of a corrupt policeman, in the 1982 movie *The Border*. She played Miss Eve Teschmacher in the movies *Superman* (1978) and *Superman II* (1980), and Mona in *Boiling Point*, a 1993 thriller movie.

Perrine was born in Galveston, Texas.

In 2015, Perrine was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. She died on March 23, 2026 at her home in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 82.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Marsha Mason

**Marsha Mason** (born April 3, 1942) is an American actress and a television director. She has gotten four Academy Award nominations. She played Janice Templeton in the 1977 movie *Audrey Rose*. She played Polly Cronin in 1991 in *Drop Dead Fred*.

Mason was born in St. Louis, Missouri.
Elizabeth Tulloch

**Elizabeth Tulloch**, also known as **Bitsie Tulloch**, is an American actress. She acts in movies and television programs. She starred as Jackie in the independent movie *Caroline and Jackie*. Tulloch also played as Nadine in *Lakeview Terrace*, a crime movie from 2009. She plays Juliet in *Grimm*.

Tulloch was born in San Diego. She grew up in Spain and South America.

## References
Basque Wikipedia

The **Basque Wikipedia** (**Euskarazko Wikipedia** or *Euskal Wikipedia* in Basque) is the Basque-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in December 2001.

It is the 34th largest edition.

As of July 2013, it has over 152,000 articles.

## References
## Other websites
*Basque Wikipedia main page
Tamil Wikipedia

The **Tamil Wikipedia** () is the Tamil-language version of Wikipedia. It was started in September 2003. As of September 2023, it has over 150,000 articles.

## References
## Other websites
*Tamil Wikipedia main page
Azerbaijani Wikipedia

The **Azerbaijani Wikipedia** () is the Azerbaijani-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in January 2002. As of , it has  articles.

## References
## Other websites
*Azerbaijani Wikipedia main page