open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Healthcare

**Health care** or **healthcare** is the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illnesses through services offered by the health profession and its staff. Health care includes all reasonable and necessary medical aid, medical examinations, medical treatments, medical diagnoses, medical evaluations and medical services. The right to health care is considered one of human rights with international human rights law as well as social security.
n Medical Train "Therapist Matvei Mudrov" in Russia]]

## Primary care 
A primary care doctor (**PCD**) or **primary care physician** (**PCP**) is a doctor who provides general medical care. These doctors can answer health concerns and medical conditions a patient may have. They also can prescribe medicine for their patients, based on information gathered.

## Hospitals 
In most countries most of the money goes on hospital services.

## Mental health 
Mental illness is in most places treated separately from physical illness.  It was, and in some places still is, given a religious explanation.  People were sent to workhouses or asylums if they were thought to be dangerous to themselves or other people.  By the 19th century many of them were very large. There was very little involvement by doctors until  the 20th century when psychiatry developed. The classification of mental disorders has been, and still is, controversial.  Mental health services generally get less attention and money than those for physical illness. Abuse of patients is not uncommon.  People are often sent a long way from home. People may have to wait a lot longer for help in the community.

## Cost 
The amount of money spend on health care goes from Madagascar which spend  $19.85 per person per year to the United States where the government spends $10,921 per person. About the same is spent privately in the USA, much of it from health insurance.

## Related pages
* Universal health care
* Doctor-patient relationship
* Means test
* Right to health

## References
Great crested grebe

The **great crested grebe** or **pūteketeke** is a water bird. It is a member of the grebe family. Its scientific name is *Podiceps cristatus*.

## Description 
The great crested grebe is a medium sized bird. It is 46–51&nbsp;cm long. Its wingspan (both wings open) is 59–73&nbsp;cm long.

The bird is white, brown and black, and it has orange crest feathers on its head. It has a long, sharp pink bill. Baby great crested grebe have black and white  on their heads.

## Habitat and behaviour 
The great crested grebe is found in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. It is the biggest grebe in Europe. It lives in freshwater lakes. It eats crustaceans (for example, crabs), insects and small frogs. It dives into the water to find food.

The bird has an interesting mating ritual. This means two birds (male and female) do a "dance" in the water before they mate. Grebes dance every time the pair meets, and the dance varies according to the circumstance. Returning to the nest is different from meeting out on the water, for instance. Most dances end in a bout of head-shaking. 

The great crested grebe makes a nest from plants. The nest floats on top of the water. A pair of grebes will usually have two eggs. When the babies are born, they cannot swim. Their parents teach them to swim and dive. Sometimes the babies will sit on their parents backs while the parents swim in the water. 

## Conservation 
The bird nearly became extinct in the United Kingdom in the 19th century. This is because people wanted to use their orange head feathers. People wanted to put the feathers on their hats and clothes. The RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) stopped this. There are now many great crested grebe in the United Kingdom, where their conservation status is *green* ("least concern").

## Bird of the Century
In 2023, the great crested grebe won a Bird of the Century contest. The organization Forest & Bird organized the contest. One reason the great crested grebe won was because John Oliver talked about the contest on his television show *Last Week Tonight* and told people to vote for the great crested grebe.  He also paid for posters in New Zealand, India, Japan, and the United States. The posters showed the great crested grebe as if it were a movie. One poster showed "Lord of the Wings," like *Lord of the Rings*.  John Oliver asked Forest & Bird whether or not he should do this before he did it. They said yes. Even so, some New Zealanders said Oliver ruined the contest.  The great crested grebe got the most votes, 290,374 votes. The second-most votes were for the North Island brown kiwi, 12,904 votes.

## References
Los Navegantes

**Los Navegantes** (; roughly translated as *Los Navegantes Neighborhood*) is a residential neighbourhood in the south-east of Pichilemu, Chile. It is near the Municipal Stadium and La Cruz Hill.

*Los Navegantes* has a perimeter of approximately . It was founded between 1996-1997. It has a court. The Pichilemu tsunami secure side, starts near the neighborhood.

## References 
## Other websites
Velcro

**Velcro** is a  name and trademark owned by the Velcro Companies for *hook-and-loop fasteners*. Hook-and-loop fasteners have a "hook" side, which is a piece of fabric covered with tiny hooks, and a "loop" side, which is covered with even smaller and "hairier" loops. When the two sides are pressed together, the hooks catch in the loops and hold the pieces together.

## Creation 
 the hooks found on burrs.]]
The person who invented hook-and-loop was a scientist named George de Mestral. During a hunting vacation in Switzerland, de Mestral came home one evening and tried to remove the burrs stuck to his dog's fur. He was very surprised to see how hard the burrs were to remove. That night he studied the burrs under a microscope and noticed that each burr was covered with hundreds of small hooks acting like  hands. De Mestral decided that this burr could be made to close fabric instead of buttons and zippers.

## Vocabulary 
George de Mestral created the Velcro trademark by combining the French words for velvet (*velour*) and hook (*crochet*).

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* closeup of Velcro hooks and loops
* VELCRO USA INC. Celebrates 50TH 
* VELCRO Patent  - from Google Patents Anniversary
* Adhesives Guide by Velcro USA  - Adhesive Guide by Velcro USA
The Rugby Championship

**The Rugby Championship** is an annual rugby union competition between the national teams of the sport's four strongest Southern Hemisphere nations—New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Argentina. It began in 1996, a year after the sport became professional, as the **Tri Nations**. At the time, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa competed for the Tri Nations Trophy. Beginning in 2012, Argentina joined the competition.

During the Tri Nations era, the contest began in July, during the Southern Hemisphere winter, and ran through September. For most of that era, each team played every other team twice, once at home and once away. Later on, each team played the others three times. When the competition added Argentina, it returned to a pure home-and-away format, with a total of 12 games played. Also, due to a slight change in the sport's calendar, The Rugby Championship now begins in August and runs through October. This format is used except in years in which the Rugby World Cup is played (every four years, in the year before the Summer Olympics). In those years, each team plays the others only once, with a total of six games played.

Teams are awarded competition points for a win, but can also earn 'bonus' points. At the end of the series, the team with the most competition points wins the trophy. The team that wins the competition is usually considered to be the best rugby union team in the Southern Hemisphere for that year.

## Additional trophies 
New Zealand and Australia compete annually for the Bledisloe Cup. All Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Bledisloe Cup.

South Africa and Australia compete annually for the Mandela Plate. Some of the Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Mandela Plate.

New Zealand and South Africa compete annually for the Freedom Cup. Some of the Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Freedom Cup.
Tambo

**Tambo** could mean:

## People 
* Adelaide Tambo (1929–2007), South African anti-apartheid activist
* Oliver Tambo (1917–1993), South African anti-apartheid activist

## Geography 
In **Australia**:
* Tambo River (Victoria)
* Tambo, Queensland
* County of Tambo, Victoria
* Shire of Tambo, Victoria
* Shire of Tambo (Queensland)
* Blackall-Tambo Region, Queensland

In **Peru**:
* Tambo River (Peru)
* Tambo District, Huaytará
* Tambo District, La Mar
* Tambo Grande District, Piura province
* Tambo de Mora District, Chincha province
* Río Tambo District, Satipo province
* Tambo Colorado, archaeological site the city of Pisco

In **South Africa**:
* OR Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape province
* OR Tambo International Airport, serving Johannesburg, Gauteng province

**Elsewhere**:
* Pizzo Tambo, mountain in the Swiss Alps near Splügen, Graubünden
* Tambo, California, USA

## Other 
* Tambo (Incan structure), a building that was used for lodging, storage, and record-keeping
* Tambo (weapon), a very short staff used in martial arts
* Tambo, a character from blackface minstrelsy
* Shelly Tambo, one of the main fictional characters in the American television series *Northern Exposure*

## Related pages
* El Tambo
Australia national rugby union team

The **Australia national rugby union team**, nicknamed the **Wallabies** are the national rugby union side of Australia. The first Australian teams played against the British Lions at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 24 June 1899. The Australians won the game 13-3. In 1908, the Australians went to the United Kingdom, France and North America to play. They needed a name and someone suggested the "Rabbits", but the team did not like it and chose the "Wallabies" instead. A wallaby is a small mammal from Australia, very similar to a kangaroo. Until the 1980s, only teams playing overseas were called the Wallabies; when they played in Australia they were called Internationals. Now the national team is called the Wallabies all the time.

## References
Magdalena Neuner

**Magdalena "Lena" Holzer** (née **Neuner**; born 9 February 1987) is a German biathlete.

## Career 
She had her first Biathlon World Cup race in the 2005-06 season. One year later, she became one of the stars of the German biathlon team with three gold medals in the 2007 Biathlon World Championships in Antholz, Italy. In 2008, she won three other gold medals in the Biathlon World Cup in Östersund, Sweden, and reached also the first place of the Biathlon World Cup in that year.

In the 2010 Winter Olympics she was one of the gold medal favourites. The first race (on 13 February) was the 7.5 km sprint, where she reached a silver medal, beaten only by Anastasia Kuzmina from Slovakia. Three days later (on 16 February), she won the gold medal in the pursuit race. On 21 February, her second gold medal followed in the mass start.

## Personal life
Neuner plays the harp. She also  a motorcycle. She also likes knitting.

In 2009, Neuner started dating her friend Josef Holzer. Holzer and Neuner married on 29 March 2014. She has two children.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Magdalena Neuner at International Biathlon Union
*
Agustín Ross Cultural Centre

**Agustín Ross Cultural Centre** (Spanish, * Centro Cultural Agustín Ross*), previously known as **Casino Ross** (*Ross Casino*), is a historic casino building. It is in Agustín Ross Avenue, in front of Ross Park, in Pichilemu, Chile. The building was built in the late 1800s. In 1906 the first Chilean casino was built there. It was closed in 1932 and converted into a hotel which was open until the 1980s. The building is now Pichilemu's cultural centre.

## History 
The casino is named after Agustín Ross Edwards, a Chilean writer, member of parliament, minister and politician. He was part of the powerful family Ross Edwards, which founded the newspaper *El Mercurio* years earlier. Based on his european experience, Ross bought a place named "*La Posada*" (English: *The Inn*) or Petren Fund in 1885. At that time, it was just some barracks with thick walls with a ground of 300 hectares.

The old Ross Casino was constructed in the late 1800s by Ross himself. It contained the first mail and telegraph service and a big store. The building had three floors, and was raised using imported materials. the first Chilean casino was opened in that building. The Ross Casino worked until 1932, when the permission was cancelled, allowing just the newly constructed Viña del Mar Casino to work. After the closing of the Ross Casino, the building was converted into a hotel was which functioned until the 1980s.

The old casino (1905) and its gardens (1885) are an important part of the city. It was named Historic Monument by the National Monuments Council on February 25, 1988, by the supreme decree N° 100. Ross turned Pichilemu into a summer resort town for rich people from Santiago. He, however, could not build a dock for the city, as he had planned. 

In 1935, the Ross successors ceded to the Illustrious Municipality of Pichilemu all the Ross constructions (streets, avenues, squares, seven hectares of forests, the park in front of the hotel, the perrons and the terraces) under condition that the municipality hold them for recreation and public access.

The Cultural Centre was severely damaged after the February 2010 Chile earthquake. The library that it hosted was completely destroyed. After the 2010 Pichilemu earthquake, the Cultural Centre suffered structural damage, but Roberto Córdova, Mayor of Pichilemu, said that it was repairable.

## References
Hurricane Ida (2009)

**Hurricane Ida** was the last storm in the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed in the southwestern Caribbean on November 4 after being in that area for a few days. After becoming a depression it quickly got stronger and became a tropical storm and a hurricane shortly before it struck Nicaragua. Over Central America, Hurricane Ida weakened very fast, becoming downgraded to a tropical depression before the end of the day on November 5.

By November 6, Ida went back into the Caribbean and later became a hurricane again. Its strength changed a few times before it died on November 10 off the coast of Alabama. Reports show that Hurricane Ida caused $5.6 million in damage and caused 2 deaths.

## Storm history
Ida was tracked back to a tropical wave that entered the western Caribbean Sea on November 1. A low soon formed near the tropical wave. This low did not move very much and it also got a lot of clouds near the middle of it. There was hardly any wind shear, which allowed for more clouds to form. 

On November 4, the tropical wave National Hurricane Center began call it Tropical Depression Eleven.  The new tropical depression quickly got stronger and became Tropical Storm Ida soon after that.  An Aircraft went into Ida and soon found winds at 65 miles per hour, which meant it was nearly a hurricane. 

Continuing to the northwest, Tropical Storm Ida was upgraded to Hurricane Ida when winds got to 80 miles per hour;  Soon after this, Hurricane Ida made landfall in Nicaragua on November 5.  Near the end of the day on November 5, Tropical Storm Ida weakened to a tropical depression. 

Tropical Depression Ida survived its passage over land and went back into the Caribbean on November 6.  After moving north, Tropical Storm Ida became a hurricane again.  It reached its highest winds on November 8 while it crossed between Cuba and Mexico; they were measured at 105 miles per hour, making it a category 2 hurricane. 

For only six hours, it became a hurricane again before it became extratropical on November 10 while it was just south of Alabama. this was later noted as incorrect.  Its remnants formed a strong nor'easter that affected some of the states of the East Coast of the United States.

## Impact
Damage in Nicaragua was near $2.1 million and there were no people killed. In El Salvador, it seemed at first that killed over 100 people, this was discovered as a mistake later on.

## Related pages
*2008 Athurricane.org

## Reference
## Other websites
*Hurricane Ida Report from the National Hurricane Center
*US Emergency Operations Center - Hurricane Ida information
*The National Hurricane Center's Advisory Archive on Hurricane Ida
*Norwegian Geotechnical Institute - Evaluations of landslides induced by Hurricane Ida
Jena Lee

**Jena Lee** (born 29 July, 1987 in Chile) is a French singer.

She was adopted by a French family at the age of nine months. In 2007, Jena Lee met Sulee B Wax, who was interested in her work. At this point in time Lee wrote the song *Some Share*. The song was used in an album by Sherifa Luna.  Jena Lee wrote six out of the thirteen songs that are on Sherifa Luna's album.

In 2008, Jena Lee won the Urban Music Nation contest by Skyrock. Her first single ''J'aimerais Tellement'' was released in April 2009 along with a music video. It was at the top of the French single charts for eleven weeks. It had the highest number of downloads in November 2009.

## References
Fresnel lens

]]
]]

A **Fresnel lens** is an optical lens, which was originally developed for Lighthouses. It is named after its inventor, French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel. The name is pronounced  /freɪˈnɛl/ (fray-NELL), the 's' is silent. Before Fresnel,  Buffon and Condorcet proposed a similar design, as a way to make large burning lenses.  

The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the weight and volume of material that would be required in conventional lens design.  Compared to earlier lenses, the Fresnel lens is much thinner. More light can pass through. Lighthouses that use these kind of lenses can be seen from farther away.
Grand opera

(1876):  "Ballet of the Nuns" from Meyerbeer's *Robert le diable* (1831); one of the earliest examples of Grand Opera]]

**Grand opera** is a term which is used to describe an opera with continuous music. It is a kind of opera that was popular in the 19th-century.  Grand operas are usually divided into four or five acts. There have large casts (many singers taking part) and large orchestras. There is a lot of scenery. The story is dramatic. It is usually a story about a hero from history. The term "Grand Opera" has often been used to describe the Paris Opéra from the late 1820s to around 1850, and sometimes to describe the Paris Opéra itself.  

In a broader sense "Grand Opera" can be any large-scale opera from European countries.  During the 1830s and 1840s Giacomo Meyerbeer was thought to be the greatest composer of Grand Opera.
Couch

A **couch**, **sofa** or **settee** is a kind of furniture that is designed to seat more than one person. It usually has a place to rest your arm on each side. Couches are normally found in the living room or in front of the TV.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, a couch was thought as a long, upward seat for resting on. One end would slope up high enough to provide a place for the head to rest.
Some late 18th-century kinds of couches had an arm running partly down one side, and this type continued to be made in England. In Greek places, there were flowing designs with all kind of elegant colors. Many of them had scrolled ends and short legs. The couch was later taken over by the overstuffed sofa during the Victorian age.

## Expression 
Because the couch is usually set in front of the TV, it is the main place where people usually sit and watch it. Lazy people would eventually seem to be stuck to it all the time. This person, a person who does not do a lot of physical activity, was called a "couch potato". This was also because potatoes do not move at all, and does not do anything but just sits there. This may also be considered as slang. Couch came from the word *couche*, which means, "a bed, lair," or from the word *coucher*, which means "to lie down."

## Types 
The most common types of couches in homes are the "love seats" for two, or the "sofa" for more than two. Other couches include the *divan* or the "*fainting couch*", which usually does not have a back. Couches are usually bought in a set together with cushions, which give them a bouncey and decorative comfortable touch.

## References
* John Gloag, *A Short Dictionary of Furniture* rev. ed. 1962. (London: Allen & Unwin)

## Other websites
* Etymology of "sofa"
Lake Lucerne

**Lake Lucerne** is a lake in central Switzerland. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. The German name is **Vierwaldstättersee** which means: "Lake of the Four Forested Cantons".

It is possible to travel all the way round the side of the lake by road. There are several tunnels on the way. It is very popular with tourists. There are many hotels by the lake.

* Beethoven's "Moonlight" Sonata gets its name because, in 1832, a music critic Ludwig Rellstab said it was like the moonlight shining on Lake Lucerne.

## Other websites 
* Waterlevels Lake Lucerne  at Brunnen
* Waterlevels Lake Lucerne  at Lucerne
* Lake Lucerne Region
Die Feen

***Die Feen*** (*The Fairies*) is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. The German libretto was written by the composer.  He was adapting a story by Carlo Gozzi called *La donna serpente*.

*Die Feen* was the first opera that Wagner finished.  However, it was never performed during his lifetime.  It has never become popular, although the overture is sometimes played.  The music shows the influence of Carl Maria von Weber and other composers of the time.  It also shows some musical ideas that Wagner was to develop later in his life in his famous operas.  The fairy tale atmosphere in the story is also an idea that he uses in his later operas which deal with fantasy stories.  The idea of being saved (redemption) is also an important idea that he used in later operas.
Rienzi

***Rienzi*** is an opera by Richard Wagner.  Its full title is ***Rienzi, der Letzte der Tribunen*** (*Rienzi, the Last of the Tribunes*).  It is one of the earliest operas Wagner wrote.  There are five acts.  Wagner wrote the libretto himself, using the story from a novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton.  It was composed between 1838 and 1840  It was first performed at the Hofoper, Dresden on 20 October 1842.  It was the first time Wagner had a success as an opera composer.
## Story
The story of the opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzi (1313–1354), a medieval Italian populist figure who manages to trick the nobles and their followers.  He helps the people to get power.  At first he is very popular, but then he has to use force against the nobles, and the Church turns against him.  In the end the ordinary people burn the Capitol where Rienzi and his friends are sheltering.
Sinik

**Sinik** (real name **Thomas Gerard Idir**; born on 26 June 1980) is a famous French rapper. His parents are Algerian. Thomas was four years old when his parents moved to Bergères in France.
Chess tournament

ren playing in a chess tournament in Spain.]]
A **chess tournament** is a competition between chess players. It can take one of these forms:
#A knock-out tournament. Not a popular choice in chess events.
#An all-play-all event. A highly regarded format, but does not permit large entries.
#A Swiss system event. Permits large entries, and is the most common format. The event has a pre-set number of rounds, and there are many more players than rounds. Progressively, players play opponents with roughly similar points to their own score. Players who win get stronger opponents, players who lose get weaker opponents. Pairing each round may be done by computer. This is an invention of the chess world and, like chess clocks, has been adopted by a number of other two-person sports.

Since the first international chess tournament in London, 1851, chess tournaments have become the standard form of chess competition among serious players. Currently, FIDE holds candidates tournaments every two years to determine challenger to the world champion.

In 1851, Adolf Anderssen became first unofficial champion. In 1858, Paul Morphy beat him and became second unofficial champion. In 1871, Johannez Zukertort defeated Adolf Anderssen to become third unofficial chess champion. There are three unofficial world chess champions: Adolf Anderssen, Paul Morphy and Johannes Zukertort, stemming from first strong international tournament in London in 1851, won by Anderssen.

## References
The Flying Dutchman

***Der fliegende Holländer*** (*The Flying Dutchman*) is an opera by Richard Wagner.  Wagner wrote the libretto himself.  The story comes from the legend of the *Flying Dutchman*, which is about the captain of a ship.  It is his fate  that he has keep sailing the sea, without ever going on to land, until Judgment Day.
  
The most important idea in the story as told by Wagner is redemption through love.  It was a favourite idea of Wagner, who used it a lot in his later operas.

Wagner conducted the first performance at the Semper Oper in Dresden, in 1843.  It is an early opera of Wagner, but it shows his mature style.  It is very different from the previous opera *Rienzi* which is still quite similar to operas that other composers were writing.  In *Der fliegende Holländer* the drama is very important.  Wagner uses a number of leitmotifs: musical ideas associated with particular characters and themes in the story. The leitmotifs are all introduced in the overture.  We hear the famous leitmotif of the ocean and then those of the Dutchman and of Senta, the girl he falls in love with.

Wagner originally wrote *Der fliegende Holländer* to be performed without any breaks (intermission).  Sometimes it is performed like that today, but Wagner also made a version with three acts.
New York State Route 9G

**New York State Route 9G** (NY 9G) is a road in Dutchess County, New York, United States. It starts at US 9 in Poughkeepsie and follows the Hudson River as it goes north. It crosses Route 9 just north of Rhinebeck and ends in Hudson.

## References
## Other websites
*Route log
The Vicar of Wakefield

***The Vicar of Wakefield*** is a novel by Oliver Goldsmith. It was written in 1761 and 1762. It was published in 1766. The book was very popular. The novel tells of the Primrose family.

## Other websites 
* *The Vicar of Wakefield* 
*
Nigel Clough

**Nigel Howard Clough** (born 19 March 1966) is an English professional football manager and former player who is currently the manager of Mansfield Town.

Clough is most famous for his time at Nottingham Forest, where he scored 131 goals in over 400 games. He is the second highest scoring player in the history of the team.

## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### As a player
**Nottingham Forest**
*Football League Cup: 1988–89, 1989–90
*Full Members' Cup: 1988–89, 1991–92

### As a manager
**Burton Albion**
*Football League One promotion: 2015–16
*Northern Premier League Premier Division: 2001–02
*Southern League Cup: 1999–2000
*Bass Charity Vase: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
*Southern League Premier Division Runners-up: 1999–2000, 2000–2001

**Individual**
*LMA FA Cup Manager of the Year: 2014
*Football League One Manager of the Month: February 2014

## References
Cypripedioideae

the flower.]]

'''Lady's slipper orchids''' are the orchids in the subfamily Cypripedioideae. They are special because of their slipper-shaped pouches on their flowers. The pouch traps insects so that they must climb up past the modified stamens, where they get or give pollen, fertilizing the flower.

Some people think this subfamily should be different from the Orchidaceae as a family Cypripediaceae.

## Pollination 
A lady slipper orchid has a deep pocket that is actually a bee trap. When a bee crawls down into the flower to get the nectar, the pocket on the flower closes shut. Because of this, the bee is stuck for a while, wiggling and squirming, getting pollen all over itself.
The bee finally finds a small opening near the top of the orchid, and it gets out so that it can get trapped inside another lady slipper, where it will give that pollen to the other lady slipper's stigma.

The lady's slipper is also known in the United States of America as the *moccasin flower*, because it looks like a shoe or moccasin.

## References 
## Further reading
*Cox, A.V., A. M. Pridgeon, V. A. Albert, and M. W. Chase. 1997. Phylogenetics of the slipper orchids (Cypripedioideae: Orchidaceae): nuclear rDNA ITS sequences. *Plant Systematics and Evolution* 208: 197-223. PDF
*Pridgeon, A.M.; Cribb, P.J.; Chase, M.W. & F. N. Rasmussen (1999): *Genera Orchidacearum* Vol. 1, Oxford U. Press. 

## Other websites 
* The Slipper Orchid Alliance
* SlipperOrchids.info
Pandita Ramabai

**Pandita Ramabai** (23 April 1858, Karnataka – 5 April 1922) was an Indian Christian who tried to change many things in India. A poet and scholar, she tried hard to improve (make better) the lives of women in India. She wrote many books, such as her popular *The high
-Caste Indian Woman*, which showed the troubles of child wives and women in India.

## Conversion 
She was born in Gangamoola, in the Mala village, in Karkala Taluk, in the Karnataka State of India. Her father's name was Ananta Shastri. She lost her parents (Laxmi Bai) early. She travelled to Kolkata with her brother. There, she received (got) a Pandita and a Sarasvathi Award for her expertise in Sanskrit Poetry.  Born in the home of an important scholar named Brahmin, Pandita Ramabai had more freedom than many Indian women. Her father taught her and her mother to read Sanskrit writing.  She then began to study Christianity in India, and later in England. She decided that it was the best religion; that she should be a Christian. However, she had not yet received Jesus into her *heart*. Ramabai later said,

## Life 
Shortly after her "true conversion", Pandita Ramabai began a faith mission for the girls and widows of India.  Pandita and her helpers began a school and prayed for what they needed every day. Wheta went to  and saved widows and girls from death or .

Soon she had over a thousand women and girls at the mission. Helping this many people during a time of great famine was very hard, but Pandita wrote in her autobiography,

Every day, Pandita Ramabai and her helpers taught the women to read and write, showed them cleanliness, and helped them prepare for a job. She also taught them about Jesus. She opened Ashrams at Pune, Mumbai. She established a Christian High school at Gulbarga, (now at Karnataka) and her daughter Manorama was the principal. Manorama studied in the United States and traveled to Australia.

## References
Synthesis

**Synthesis** means to bring ideas together, or to make something out of parts which were independent. It is the opposite of analysis.

*As an intellectual activity, synthesis occurs often in philosophy and science. In philosophy, synthesis is the end of a process of argument. Two examples of people whose work was mostly synthesis are:
**Charles Darwin
**Herbert Spencer

*In chemistry, to synthesize is to make new compounds from simpler elements.
*In acoustics, speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech.

## Related pages
* Synthetic
* Synthesizer
New York State Route 199

**New York State Route&nbsp;199** (NY&nbsp;199) is a road in the Hudson Valley of New York, United States. It is  long, and goes from near Kingston to Millerton. In between, NY&nbsp;199 crosses over the Hudson River over a bridge and passes through the communities of Red Hook and Pine Plains. Part of the road was part of the Ulster and Delaware Turnpike. NY 199 was named in 1930.

## References
## Other websites
*Route log
Ruy Lopez

The **Ruy Lopez**, also called the *Spanish Opening*, is an old chess opening. It is named after the Spanish priest Ruy López de Segura. He may have invented the opening. These are the opening moves:

*1. e4 e5
*2. Nf3 Nc6
*3. Bb5

The Ruy Lopez is one of the most common and well-liked openings. There are many ways to play it. It has always been popular in master chess. White's idea is to try and undermine the center by attacking the knight with his bishop. However, White will not be always able to win a pawn immediately:

*3... a6
*4.Bxc6 dxc6
*5.Nxe5 Qd4 recovers the pawn.

For this reason White usually plays a longer-term strategy, starting with:

*3... a6
*4. Ba4 Nf6
*5. 0-0
Here, Black has two main options. Black can either play with an open center, with 5... Nxe4 or play a closed, positional game with 5... Be7. These openings are called the Open Ruy Lopez and the Closed Ruy Lopez. 

## Closed Variation 
The closed variation of the Ruy Lopez comes after these moves:

# e4 e5
# Nf3 Nc6
# Bb5 Nf6
# 0-0 Be7

This line leads to a closed pawn structure. White's idea will be to break open the center with d4. Play typically continues:

* 5. Re1, defending the pawn on e4
* 5... b5, kicking the Bishop back even farther and preventing White from capturing the knight. If White had taken the knight, then the e5 pawn could be taken.
* 6. Bb3 0-0
* 7. c3

These are the main moves for White. However, White can also play 7. h3 or 7. a4. These moves are played in order to avoid the Marshall Variation. 

*ECO code: C60–C99. ECO is the *Encyclopaedia of chess openings*.
Peter Falk

**Peter Michael Falk** (September 16, 1927 - June 23, 2011) was an American actor. His best known role was Columbo in the TV series of the same name.

## Early life
Falk was born in Manhattan on September 16, 1927. He was Jewish. He grew up in Ossining, New York. He earned a degree in political science from the New School for Social Research. He then earned his Master's degree in public administration at Syracuse University.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
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* Peter Falk at Emmys.com
* Peter Falk on Dean Martin show, video, 10 min.
* Peter Falk At Find A Grave
Claude Choules

**Claude Choules** (3 March 1901 – 5 May 2011) was a British-Australian World War I veteran who served in the Royal Navy.

## Biography 
### World War I & World War II 
Born in Wyre Piddle, son of Harry & Madeline (née Winn), near Pershore, Worcestershire, Choules joined the Royal Navy as a young man in 1916, and served aboard the Naval Training Ship HMS Circe at Plymouth. In 1917, he joined the battleship HMS *Revenge*, which was the flagship of the First Battle Squadron. While serving aboard her, Choules witnessed the surrender of the German Imperial Navy at the Firth of Forth in 1918, ten days after the Armistice, and was also to witness the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow.
During World War II, Choules was the Acting Torpedo Officer of Fremantle and also the Chief Demolition Officer on the western side of the Australian continent. He was tasked with sabotaging Fremantle harbors and related oil storage tanks in the event of a Japanese invasion.

He died on 5 May 2011 in Perth, Western Australia at 110 years old.

## Related pages 
* List of surviving veterans of World War I
* List of Last veterans of World War I by Country and Branch of Service
* List of last surviving World War I veterans by country

## References
Florence Green

**Florence Green** (19 February 1901 &ndash; 4 February 2012) was a British supercentenarian. She was the last surviving veteran of World War I.

## Biography 
Green was born in London and moved to King's Lynn in 1920 after her marriage to Walter, a railway worker who died in 1970.

### World War I 
She joined up in September 1918, two months before the end of the war. She served as a waitress in the officers' mess at RAF Marham and also at Narborough airfield. She was the last living British veteran following the death of Claude Choules.

### Later years 
She was West Norfolk's oldest resident, the second oldest person in Norfolk and one of the 30 oldest people in Britain.

She had a son and two daughters, as well as four grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren.

Florence Green died in her sleep two weeks before her 111th birthday in a care home in King's Lynn, Norfolk.

## Related pages 
* List of surviving veterans of World War I
* List of Last veterans of World War I by Country and Branch of Service
* List of last surviving World War I veterans by country
* Oldest people

## References
John Babcock

**John Henry Foster "Jack" Babcock** (July 23, 1900 &ndash; February 18, 2010) was the last living Canadian veteran who fought in the First World War. He became an American citizen in 1946.

Born on July 23, 1900, Mr. John "Jack" Babcock grew up on a farm near Kingston, Ontario as part of a family of 13 children. When he was quite young, his father died in a tree-cutting accident. Despite this devastating loss, Mr. Babcock went on to bravely serve his country in the First World War before moving to the United States where he settled in Spokane, Washington.

He was 15 years old when he joined the 146th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in Sydenham (near Kingston), Ontario. A few months later, he arrived in England. He was transferred to reserve battalions and ended up with the Boys Battalion in 1917, waiting until he turned 18 to go to the front lines. The war ended first. Mr. Babcock would later move to the United States, where he served in the United States Army from 1921 to 1924. Mr. Babcock married Dorothy after losing his first wife, Elsie, in the late 1970s.

Mr. Babcock read voraciously and, in recent years, completed his high school degree via correspondence courses. He had also taken local college courses. He could recite the alphabet backwards without hesitation and spell out his name in Morse code. He enjoyed travelling with his wife and taking daily walks to keep in good shape. He took up flying lessons and became a pilot when he was 65!

In April 2008, the Minister of Veterans Affairs awarded Mr. Babcock a Minister of Veterans Affairs Commendation. Later that year, a small ceremony was held in May at Mr. Babcock's home, where his Canadian citizenship was reinstated. Another accolade came in September 2008 when the Royal Canadian Regiment Association honored Mr. Babcock with the honorary title of regimental patriarch. This was the first time the title of regimental patriarch was given in Canada.

## References
Józef Kowalski

**Józef Kowalski** (2 February 1900? – 7 December 2013) was the last Polish veteran who served just after World War I, and believed to be the oldest living military veteran in the world, following the death of Gertrude Noone.

He fought in the Polish-Soviet War which was linked to World War I and lasted from 1919 to 1921.

He lived in Tursk, near Sulęcin, in a care home. He died on 7 December 2013, just 8 weeks and one day before his claimed 114th birthday, and claimed to be the oldest living man for around a half-year after 116-year-old Japaneseman Jiroemon Kimura's death in early-summer of 2013 (although the GRG and the Guinness World Records never verified him as the oldest living man).

## References
Michelle Keegan

**Michelle Elizabeth Keegan** (born 3 June 1987) is a British actress. She was born in Stockport, Greater Manchester. She is best known for playing Tina McIntyre in the long-running ITV soap opera, *Coronation Street* from 2008 to 2014.

## Filmography
## Stage
## References
## Other websites 
*
Karl Malden

**Karl Malden** (22 March 1912 – 1 July 2009) was an American actor. He worked in acting from the 1930s to 2000. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in *A Streetcar Named Desire*. He was also in other classic movies, such as *On the Waterfront*, *One-Eyed Jacks* and *Patton*. He is perhaps best known for his role on television in the series *The Streets of San Francisco* during the 1970s.

He was born Mladen Sekulovich in Chicago. He grew up in Gary, Indiana. His family was Serbian. In 1938, he married Broadway actress Mona Greenberg. The two would remain married until Malden's death in 2009. Greenberg died in July 2019.

At one time he served as president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Among other awards he won during his lifetime was an Emmy Award for his role in *Fatal Vision*. He was also given a Life Achievement Award by the Screen Actors' Guild in 2003.

Malden died in Los Angeles at the age of 97.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Frank Buckles

**Frank Woodruff Buckles** (born **Wood Buckles**'; 1 February 1901 – 27 February 2011) was the last living American  who fought in World War I.

## Early life and career 
Buckles was born in Bethany, Missouri. He enlisted in the U.S. Army at the beginning of America's involvement in World War I in April 1917. Only 16 years old at the time, Buckles was asked by his recruiter to show a birth certificate. Later Buckles said of that event, ''“I was just 16 and didn't look a day older. I confess to you that I lied to more than one recruiter. I gave them my solemn word that I was 18, but I'd left my birth certificate back home in the family Bible. They’d take one look at me and laugh and tell me to go home before my mother noticed I was gone. Somehow I got the idea that telling an even bigger whopper was the way to go. So I told the next recruiter that I was 21 and darned if he didn't sign me up on the spot! I enlisted in the Army on the 14th of August 1917."'' 

Before being accepted into the United States Army, he was turned down by the Marine Corps due to his slight weight.

In 1917, Buckles was sent to Europe on the RMS Carpathia, which had rescued RMS Titanic survivors five years earlier. During the war Buckles served in England and France, driving ambulances and motorcycles for the Army's 1st Fort Riley Casualty Detachment. 

After the Armistice in 1918, Buckles escorted prisoners of war back to Germany. Following his discharge in 1919, he attended the dedication of the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, in honor of those Americans who died in World War I. While there, he met General John "Black Jack" Pershing, commander of all U.S. forces in France during the war. 

In the 1940s Buckles worked for a shipping company in Manila, Philippines. He was captured by the Japanese in 1942 and spent the next three and a half years in the Los Baños prison camp. 

He became malnourished, with a weight below 100&nbsp;lb, and developed beriberi, yet led his fellow inmates in calisthenics. He was rescued on February 23, 1945.

He died on 27 February 2011 at 110 years old.

## References
List of last surviving World War I veterans

This a list of known veterans of World War I who died in 2009 (5 veterans), 2010 (1 veteran), 2011 (2 veterans) and 2012 (1 veteran). Florence Green, who died on 4 February 2012, was the last surviving veteran of any nation.

## Veterans by country of service – 9 veterans
These people served in the armed forces during World War I.

## Unverified World War I veterans – 4 veterans 
Listed here are the veterans who were not verified as a World War I veteran.

## World War I era veterans – 6 veterans
Listed here are those that joined the armed services after the Armistice date, but before the Treaty of Versailles was signed, or where there is debate on their join-date, or whose military service is sometimes viewed as outside the scope of "WWI", but are considered World War I-era veterans by the press or by their respective governments, or served in a related conflict.

## Related pages
* List of surviving veterans of World War I
* List of last surviving World War I veterans by country

## References
Bill Stone

**William Frederick Stone** (23 September 1900 – 10 January 2009) was a British veteran of World War I who served in the Royal Navy. He died on 10 January 2009.
Continuous function

A mathematical function is called **continuous** if, roughly said, a *small change* in the input only causes a *small change* in the output. If this is not the case, the function is **discontinuous**.  Functions defined on the real numbers, with one input and one output variable, will show as an *uninterrupted line (or curve)*. They can be drawn *without lifting the pen off of the page*. The definition given above was made by Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Karl Weierstraß gave another definition of continuity: Imagine a function *f*, defined on the real numbers. At the point x_0 the function will have the value f(x_0). If the function is continuous at x_0, then for every value of \varepsilon>0 no matter how small it is, there is a value of \delta > 0, so that |x - x_0| , means that |f(x) - f(x_0)| . We can put this another way, given a point close to x_0 (called x), the *absolute value* of the difference between the two values of the function can be made increasingly small, if the point x is *close enough* to x_0.

There are also special forms of continuous, such as *Lipschitz-continuous*. A function is Lipschitz-continuous if there is a L with |f(x) - f(y)| \le L|x - y|  for all x,y &isin; (a,b).

A basic way to know if a function is continuous is to use a pencil or your finger. Then, start at the left of the function. Then, move your finger along the path of the function. If you ever need to lift your finger or pencil to keep following the function, then you know it is not continuous. This is because, by lifting your finger, you have "jumped" from one section of the function to another. That means you made a very small movement but the function changed very much. This is what the first sentence of this article is talking about.

## Related pages
*Calculus
*Chaos theory

## References
Lazare Ponticelli

**Lazare Ponticelli** (7 December 1897 - 12 March 2008) was a French World War I veteran.

## World War I 
In August 1914, after the start of World War I, Ponticelli joined the 1st Régiment de Marche of the French Foreign Legion at 16 years old. He had to lie about his age as he was still to young to join the army. His older brother, Céleste Ponticelli, had also joined the regiment.Ponticelli said that France had done much for him, and being in the army was his way of showing his thanks. He fought at Soissons in Picardy, northeast France and at Douaumont, near Verdun. Ponticelli worked digging burial pits and trenches. 

Ponticelli was not a French citizen and in May 1915, when Italy entered the war, he was forced into the Italian Army by conscription. Even though he tried to stay with his French regiment, he had to become part of the 3rd Alpini Regiment. Ponticelli fought against the Austro-Hungarian Army at Mount Piccolo on the Austria–Italy border. At his new job as a machine gunner, Ponticelli was wounded by a shell during an assault on an Austrian mountain. He was sent back to his job after rest in Naples.

Once, his regiment stopped fighting the Austrians for three weeks. The armies, who mostly spoke the same language, traded loaves of bread for tobacco and took pictures of each other. His commanders found out about this, and moved the regiment to another area.