open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Organ system

In biology, an **organ system** is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each does a particular job in the body, and is made up of certain tissues.

## Organs and their tissue systems 
These specific systems are widely studied in anatomy. They are present in many types of animals.

* Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.
* Integumentary system: The skin, hair, fat, and nails.
* Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
* Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate
* Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.
* Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
* Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.
* Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands.
* Immune system: protects the organism from outside Organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins (chemicals made by toxic cells) with proteins called antibodies.
** Lymphatic system: the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream; includes the lymph and the nodes and vessels. The system includes the functions of immune responses and the development of antibodies.
* Muscular system: allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includes skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle.
* Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
Mazères-Lezons

**Mazères-Lezons** is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques *department* in southwestern France.

## References
Ogenne-Camptort

**Ogenne-Camptort** is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques *département* in the southwestern part of France. It is made up of two ancient (very old) French towns: Camptort and Ogenne. They were combined (made into one) on May 12, 1841.

According to Pierre de Marca, a famous historian, the name *Ogenne* can be traced back to the 11th century. It was first called *Ogene* in the 11th century, then *Oiena* in the 13th century. In around 1350 it was called ''Sent-Jacme d'Ojenne*, and in 1385 it was called *Oyene.* Finally in 1548 it was called *Ogena*.

The name *Camptort* comes from the 13th century. It was first called *Campus tortus* in 1235. It was called some other names: *Cam-tort* (1385), *Quamptort* (1540), *Sanctus Stephanus de Camptort* (1674), *Cantor* (1755), and *Camptor'' (1793.)

Two streams run through the town. One stream is the Saley, a tributary of the Gave d'Oloron (a river). The other stream is the Laà, a tributary of the Gave de Pau (also a river.)
Poey-d'Oloron

**Poey-d&#39;Oloron** is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques *département* in the southwestern part of France.
Ponson-Dessus

**Ponson-Dessus** is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques *département* in the southwestern part of France.
Sauguis-Saint-Étienne

**Sauguis-Saint-Étienne** () is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques *département* in the southwestern part of France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

## Other websites
*
Sare

**Sare** is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques *département* in the southwestern part of France.

It is about  to the east of Saint-Jean-de-Luz and the Atlantic Ocean.  It is in the western foothills of the Pyrenees.
Trois-Villes

**Trois-Villes** is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques *department* in southwest France. 138 people lived there in 2016.

## References
Urdès

**Urdès** is a former commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques *department* in southwest France. On 1 January 2024, it became a part of Lacq.

## References
Çaro

**Çaro** (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

## References
Nozzle

A **nozzle** is a device that takes incoming fluid (such as gas or liquid) and increases the speed. This is done by changing the size of the pipe (or tube) that the fluid is flowing through.

## Origine of American vectoring-nozzle 
**Soyuz R-79V-300** - Origine of the F135.

## References
Penny Black

]]
 cancellation on it]]
The **Penny Black** was the world's first adhesive postage stamp. It was issued by the United Kingdom on the 1 May 1840 and used from the 6 May the same year. All London post offices received official issues of the new stamps, but other offices in the country did not. Some post offices like in Bath, offered the stamp unofficially after 2 May. 

Once the stamps were used, they had a red cancellation. However, it was hard to see, and it could easily be taken off. It is not very rare. The total print run was 286,700 sheets with 68,808,000 stamps. A mint condition stamp might fetch £3–4,000. 

## Related pages 
* Penny Lilac
* Penny Red
* Queen Victoria
* Twelve Penny Black
* Two Penny Blue

## References
Rocket engine

being tested.]]

A **rocket engine** is a device that produces a force by pushing gases at high speed out of a nozzle. Rocket engines usually burn chemicals such as petrochemicals and liquid oxygen at very high pressures and temperatures to turn their chemical energy into motion of the rocket. In some cases (such as the Rocketdyne F-1), the force created can be over .

A garden hose shows how moving fluid can create a force. When a hose is turned up, the hose will snake around unless it is held still. The water which is leaving the hose, is creating a force on the hose just like how the gases coming out of a rocket engine push on the rocket engine. This principle can be explained by Newton's third law.

## Liquids, solids and hybrids 
Some rocket engines burn liquid fuels while some burn solid fuels. Solid fuel rocket engines are sometimes called "solid rocket motors".

Liquid fuel rocket engines often require complex pumps and valves to properly move (and pressurize) the liquids from the fuel tank to the actual engine. These machines must work in extreme temperatures and pressures. Liquid oxygen is very cold (-223˚C) while the engine is very hot (3000˚C), and the pressure is oftentimes hundreds of times higher than the surrounding air pressure. Because of these conditions, liquid fuel rocket engines are often very complex, expensive, and require very specialised materials (metal alloys, ceramics, etc.).

Solid fuel rocket motors have the fuel (called propellant) as a solid mixture of an oxidizer and fuel. An oxidizer supports the burning of fuel much like oxygen supports burning. The common oxidizer is powdered Ammonium Perchlorate, while the common fuel is powdered aluminum metal. The two powders are stuck together with a third component known as the binder. The binder is a rubbery solid that also burns as a fuel. Since their design is so simple, solid rocket engines are usually much cheaper than other rocket engines, but their main disadvantage is that they cannot be turned off, their control is very limited, and they are more likely to explode than liquid rocket engines. Solid rockets also provide a smaller specific impulse (a measure of efficiency for rocket engines), hence must be heavier to launch the same payload.

Military missiles commonly use solid rockets because they can be kept ready for many years, unlike liquid rockets, which require a lot of expensive maintenance, are less reliable, and cannot be kept fully fueled for long periods of time. Many satellite and rocket launchers use solid rocket boosters when they start, but use liquid rockets for the rest of the flight. 

Hybrid rocket engines combine the two ideas. The two propellants are different states of matter, often with liquid oxidisers and solid fuels. They are not used very often, but may be safer than solid rocket motors or liquid rocket engines.

## References and notes
Two Penny Blue

]]
The **Two Penny Blue** (or **2d Blue**) was the world’s second official adhesive postage stamp. It was issued in the United Kingdom in May 1840. It was more or less the same as the Penny Black. 

It was intended that the 2d blue was to be issued at the same time as the Penny Black. However the earliest post mark seen on a Two Penny Blue was the 8 May 1840 which is two days after the penny black was issued. The Two Penny Blue is much rarer and more expensive than the Penny Black.

## Related pages 
* Penny Black
* Penny Lilac
* Penny Red
* Queen Victoria
* Twelve Penny Black
Penny Lilac

]]
The **Penny Lilac** was a postage stamp in Great Britain. It was first issued on 12 July 1881. It was used until 1901. This stamp remained the standard letter stamp for the rest of Victoria's reign, and huge numbers were printed.

## Related pages 
* Penny Black
* Penny Red
* Queen Victoria
* Twelve Penny Black
* Two Penny Blue
Penny Red

]]

The **Penny Red** was a postage stamp issued in 1841 to replace the Penny Black. It was the main type of postage stamp in the United Kingdom until 1879. The design was hardly changed at all. 

The colour was changed from black to red because it was hard to see the red cancellation mark on the Penny Black. It was easier to see a black cancelling on a Penny Red. It is not a very rare stamp.

## Related pages 
* Penny Black
* Penny Lilac
* Queen Victoria
* Twelve Penny Black
* Two Penny Blue
Lucas Sang

**Lucas Sang** (February 12, 1961 - January 1, 2008) was a Kenyan runner who raced at the Olympic Games in 1988. He and his team made it to the final of the 4X100 relay race. 

Sang was killed in Kenya during the riots about the election. He was killed when a group of men threw stones and rocks at him. His body was later burned.
Mialos

**Mialos** is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques *département* in the southwestern part of France.

## References
WrestleMania 2000

**WrestleMania 2000** (also known as **WrestleMania XVI**) was the sixteenth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It happened on April 2, 2000 at the Arrowhead Pond arena in Anaheim, California. This WrestleMania is different from others, because it is the only WrestleMania not to feature at least one standard one on one wrestling match. It is also the only WrestleMania to use the year in its name.
## Results
## References
## Other websites 
* The official website of WrestleMania 2000 (XVI) 
* WrestleMania 2000 (XVI) Facts/Stats
Mugello region

**Mugello** is a landscape in northern Italy. Mugello is north of Florence. The Santerno River's valley is nearby. The two valleys are separated by the Futa Pass (a path or way to cross over the mountain between those two valleys).

In ancient times it was on the border between the area settled by the Ligurians (also called the Magelli tribe), the Etruscans and the Gauls. The Roman colonization left very few signs behind because the Mugello was mostly an agricultural area. In the Middle Ages it was home to many castles. Later on, Mugello was taken over by the Republic of Florence. Several families of the city built villas (large houses) there. They were similar to ones built by the Medici royal family.

## Villages / cities
*Borgo San Lorenzo
*Scarperia
*Barberino di Mugello 
*San Piero a Sieve 
*Vicchio
*San Godenzo
Carmelites

, Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Carmelite Saints (Simon Stock (standing), Angelus of Jerusalem (kneeling), Mary Magdalene de'Pazzi, Teresa of Avila), 1641 (Museo Diocesano, Palermo)]]
 
The **Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel** or **Carmelites** (sometimes simply **Carmel**; ) is a Roman Catholic religious order. It was begun in the 12th century on Mount Carmel, from which the order receives its name. St. Albert of Jerusalem gave the group its rule for life in 1206.  Few clear records of early Carmelite history have survived. Women were officially accepted into the Order as nuns in 1452.

## References
Santa Croce, Florence

The **Basilica di Santa Croce** (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the main Franciscan church in Florence, Italy. It is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church. It is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres south east of the Duomo. When the site was chosen, it was a marshland outside the city walls. Many very famous Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Gentile, Rossini, and Marconi are buried inside the church. For this reason, the church is also known as the *Pantheon of the Italian Glories* (''Tempio dell'Itale Glorie* or *Pantheon dell'Itale Glorie'').
Halo (song)

"**Halo**" is a song by American singer Beyoncé. It was written by Ryan Tedder, Evan Bogart and Knowles for her third studio album, *I Am... Sasha Fierce*. In the United States, the song was released on January 20, 2009 as the album's fourth single. Even before its official release the song debuted on the *Billboard* Pop 100 at number 87. Glee covered it with random mashup

The song mentions Beyoncé's husband Jay-Z. It was a successful song worldwide, reaching the Top 10 in several countries.

## Background 
Ryan Tedder wrote the song for Leona Lewis to sing. However, in an interview, Leona Lewis stated that she did not have the time to record the track for her album and felt that it better suited Beyoncé.

The video premiered exclusively on iTunes on December 23, at the same time as the music video for "Diva".
Ian Gillan

**Ian Gillan** (born 19 August 1945) is the lead singer for the heavy metal band Deep Purple. He is famous for his high-pitched falsettos and the ability to reach notes much higher than most people. He also wrote lyrics to many of their famous songs, including "Smoke on the Water." Gillan is also noted for singing the part of Jesus on the original rock opera concept album *Jesus Christ Superstar*. Gillan later became lead singer of Black Sabbath.
Eleventh Doctor

The **Eleventh Doctor** is an incarnation of the Doctor, the  protagonist of the British science fiction television series *Doctor Who*. He is played by Matt Smith in three series as well as five specials. As with previous incarnations of the Doctor, the character has also appeared in other *Doctor Who* spin-offs.

Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old alien Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. At the end of life, the Doctor regenerates; as a result, the physical appearance and personality of the Doctor changes. Smith's incarnation is a quick-tempered but compassionate character whose youthful appearance is at odds with his more discerning and world-weary temperament. Preceded in regeneration by the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant), he is followed by the Twelfth Doctor (Peter Capaldi).

This incarnation's main companions included Amy Pond (Karen Gillan), her husband Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill) and the mysterious Clara Oswald (Jenna-Louise Coleman).
Ottawa River

The **Ottawa River** is a river in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Most of it is on the border of Ontario and Quebec. The city of Ottawa gets its name from this river.

## Geography 
The Ottawa River starts at Lake Capimitchigama in Quebec. It flows west to Lake Timiskaming, where it begins to define the border between Ontario and Quebec. From Lake Timiskaming the river flows southeast to Ottawa and Gatineau where it tumbles over the Chaudière Falls. The Rideau and Gatineau Rivers flow into the Ottawa River here. The Ottawa River drains into the Lake of Two Mountains and the St. Lawrence River at Montreal. The total length of the river is 1,271&nbsp;km.
Dandy

in the 1830s. The man on the left wears a frock coat,; Brummell would have worn it with a stand-tall collar. The man on the right wears a morning coat]]

A **dandy** (also known as a **beau** or **gallant**) is a man who dresses elegantly and fashionably, but that was not necessarily of aristocratic origin. He s his manners, including the way he stands and moves, and the way he speaks. He promotes himself. This is called **dandyism**. The word 'Dandy' was originally a version of 'Andrew'. The female equivalent is a *dandizette*.

Dandies in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States and Great Britain were often men from middle-class backgrounds who were trying to become people from high society.

The model, or archetype, of a dandy was Beau Brummell from the Regency period of George IVth. He was a friend of the then Prince of Wales. Lord Byron is also an example. The writer Oscar Wilde is another, later example. Less extreme versions were the American artist who lived in London, James McNeill Whistler, and the French composer Maurice Ravel. *The Scarlet Pimpernel* is a famous example from literature.

Today, in the 21st century, the word *dandy* is often used as a joke word to mean "fine" or "great".

## References
Ifriqiya

In medieval history, **Ifriqiya** or **Ifriqiyah** () was the area of the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. This area included what had been the Roman province of Africa.
 
In modern Arabic, the term simply means "Africa". It comes from the Latin term *Africa*. 

## Related pages
* Maghreb
Roman province

In Ancient Rome, a **province** (Latin, *provincia*, pl. *provinciae*) was the basic and, until around 300, largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the peninsula of Italy. The word *province* in modern English came from the term used by the Romans.

## References
* Early Imperial Roman provinces, at *livius.org* 
* 
* Chris Scarre, "The Eastern Provinces," *The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome* (London: Penguin Books, 1995), 74-75.

## Other websites
* Map of the Roman Empire 
* Map of the Roman Empire in year 300
Friar

**Friars** are special monks who do service to a community and lead a simple life, rather than having an ascetic life in a monastery.

## Orders
There are two classes of orders known as friars, or mendicant orders: the four "great orders" and the so-called "lesser orders". 

### Four great orders
The four great orders were mentioned by the Second Council of Lyons (1274), and are:

* The **Dominicans**, founded ca. 1215. The Dominicans are also known as the "Friar Preachers", or the "Black Friars", from the black mantle ("cappa") worn over their white habit. The Dominicans were founded by Saint Dominic and received papal approval from Honorius III, in 1216 as the "Ordo Praedicatorum" under the Rule of St. Augustine. They became a mendicant order in 1221.
* The **Franciscans**, founded in 1209. The Franciscans are also known as the "Friars Minor" or the "Grey Friars". The Franciscans were founded by St. Francis of Assisi and received oral papal approval by Innocent III in 1209 and formal papal confirmation by Honorius III in 1223.
* The **Carmelites**, founded ca. 1155. The Carmelites are also known as the "White Friars" because of the white cloak which covers their brown habit. They received papal approval from Honorius III in 1226 and later by Innocent IV in 1247. The Carmelites were founded as a purely contemplative order, but became mendicants in 1245. There are two types of Carmelites, the Calced and Discalced Carmelites.
* The **Augustinians**, founded in 1255. The Augustinians are also known as the "Hermits of St. Augustine", or the "Austin Friars". Their rule is based on the writings of Augustine of Hippo. The Augustinians were assembled from  various groups of hermits as a mendicant order by Alexander IV, from whom they obtained papal approval in 1255.

### Lesser orders
The lesser orders are: 
* the Minims, established in 1474
* the Conventual Franciscans, established in 1517
* the Third Order Regular of St. Francis, established in 1521
* the Capuchin, established in 1525
* the Discalced Carmelites, established in 1568
* the Discalced Trinitarians, established in 1599
* the Order of Penance, established in 1781

## Notes
Third Punic War

The **Third Punic War**  (149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars. It was fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic.

The war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars, and was mostly just the Romans attacking the city of Carthage in the Battle of Carthage. The Romans killed or captured all the people living inside of the city and tore down the buildings. They did this because they hated the Carthaginians after fighting two other wars with them, and didn't want to fight another, so they totally destroyed them.

## Other websites 
* Delenda est Carthago
Punic Wars

The **Punic Wars** were a series of conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC. They were probably the largest wars in the ancient world. The term "Punic" comes from the Latin word *Punicus* (or *Poenicus*). This was the word the Romans used for the Carthaginians, due to their Phoenician ancestry. 

The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing empire of Carthage and the expanding Roman Republic. What was at stake was control of the trading around the Mediterranean sea. Carthage lost the three wars.
 
* First Punic War 264 to 241 BC. Hannibal's father Hamilcar Barca was the Carthaginian general. Mainly fought on the sea and in Sicily. Rome came out on top as a dominant naval power, and Sicily was ceded to Rome.
* Second Punic War 218 to 201 BC. Hannibal was the Carthaginian general. Hannibal crossed the Alps with war elephants in order to attack Rome on land, because they had put their fortifications on the coast, expecting a naval attack. Carthage lost when Romans invaded Africa. This war cemented Rome as the most powerful state in the Western Mediterranean.
* Third Punic War 149 to 146 BC. Carthage lost again and their city was completely destroyed by the Romans.

## Context 
Carthage was a trading nation founded by Phoenicians. It was the dominant sea power in the western Mediterranean. It was a maritime empire, in contrast to the land-based Roman empire. The Romans decided that having Sicily under complete Carthaginian control would be a threat to their growing empire. The Romans feared the independent nation of Syracuse would collapse, allowing the Carthaginians to threaten the nation of Rome. The resulting decisions resulted in a series of wars which lasted over a hundred years, and ended in the utter destruction of Carthage.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Punic Wars Timeline
Oloron-Sainte-Marie

**Oloron-Sainte-Marie** is a city and commune in southwestern France in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, of which it is a sub-prefecture.

In 1858, the *communes* of Saint-Marie-Legugnon and Oloron were combined to make the new *commune* of Oloron-Sainte-Marie.

## Geography
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is situated at the feet of the Pyrénées,  to the south of Pau,  from the Spanish border and  from the Atlantic Ocean.

The *commune* has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Through Oloron-Sainte-Marie flows the Gave d'Oloron formed by the confluence of two rivers: the Gave d'Aspe and the Gave d'Ossau that merge to form the Gave d'Oloron. The word **gave** is a name given to rivers on the mountains in regions of the western Pyrenees.

## Population
With a population of 10,794, Oloron-Sainte-Marie has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The inhabitants of Oloron-Sainte-Marie are known, in French, as *Oloronais* (women: *Oloronaises*).

## Administration
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is a *sous-préfecture* in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department since 1800. It is also the capital of two *cantons*:
# Oloron-Sainte-Marie-1, formed with a part of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and several *communes*.
# Oloron-Sainte-Marie-2, formed with a part of Oloron-Sainte-Marie and several *communes*.

## Gallery

File:Oloron cathédrale ste marie 2.JPG|Cathedral of Sainte Marie d'Oloron.
File:Oloron N-Dame 01.JPG|Notre Dame church.
File:Gave Aspe Oloron-Sainte-Marie.jpg|Houses along the ''Gave d'Aspe'' river.
File:Oloron St-Grat 01.JPG|Saint Great statue.

## Twin towns
Oloron-Sainte-Marie is twinned with:
*  Jaca, Spain

## Related pages
* Arrondissement of Oloron-Sainte-Marie
* Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

## References
## Other websites
* Ville d'Oloron-Sainte-Marie - Official site 
* General Council of Pyrénées-Atlantiques  
* Prefecture official website  
* Région Aquitaine
Scooby-Doo (character)

**Scooby-Doo** is the main character in the long running series *Scooby-Doo*. He is a talking Great Dane who loves eating food. His best friend is Shaggy.

## Portrayals
Scooby was first voiced by Don Messick. Messick continued to play Scooby until he died. Then  Scott Innes started to play Scooby Doo instead. Since 2002, Frank Welker started playing Scooby. 

## Appearances
### Television series
* *Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!*
* *The New Scooby-Doo Movies*
* ''What's New, Scooby-Doo?*
* *Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated*
* *Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!*
* *Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?*

### Films
* *Scooby-Doo* (2002) -- (Main role)
* *Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed* (2004) -- (Main role)
* *Scoob!* (2020) -- (Main role)
* *Space Jam: A New Legacy'' (2021) -- (Cameo role)
Gringo Gazette

The ***Gringo Gazette*** is a newspaper in the English language founded by Carrie Duncan, published every other week for the American expatriate communities in Baja California and Baja California Sur, Mexico.

It has been published since 2001. Most of its contributors are Americans living in Mexico or Americans with a second home in Mexico. Most of the subscribers of this newspaper are located in San Felipe, La Paz and Cabo San Lucas.

## References
Bring Me the Horizon

**Bring Me the Horizon** is an British rock band from Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. The band was formed in 2004 from members of other bands within their local area. They play a style of music that combines rock and metalcore, but they have taken on a more rock style with their latest album. 

Their album from 2006 called "Count Your Blessings" was a deathcore album and often people nickname that type of music "Screamo". The band's name comes from a Pirates of the Caribbean quote.

## Albums
;Studio albums
* *Count Your Blessings* (2007)
* *Suicide Season* (2008)
* ''There Is a Hell, Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven, Let's Keep It a Secret.* (2010)
* Sempiternal (2013)
* *That's The Spirit* (2015)
* *Amo* (2019)
* *Post Human: Nex Gen'' (2024)

## References
Orvieto

**Orvieto** is a city in Umbria. As of 2008, about 21,000 people lived there. The city has a history going back to Roman times.

## References
Africa Province

The Roman province of **Africa** was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly includeded the territory of present-day northern Tunisia, north-eastern Algeria and the Mediterranean coast of modern-day western Libya along the Syrtis Minor. The Arabs later named roughly the same region as the original province Ifriqiya, an other word for *Africa*.

## Economics 
The prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. Called the "granary of the empire", North Africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. By the second century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery and wool.

## Other websites 
* Roman Africa at www.unrv.com
Ansonia, Connecticut

**Ansonia** is a city in Connecticut in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 18,918 people lived there.

## References
Bristol, Connecticut

**Bristol** is a city in Connecticut in the United States. ESPN's headquarters are there. It is  southwest of Hartford. Its population, as of 2020, is 60,833. It has 10 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, and 2 high schools.

## References
Danbury, Connecticut

**Danbury** is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is  northeast of New York City making it part of the New York metropolitan area. Danbury's population at the 2020 census was 86,518.

The city is named for Danbury in Essex, England. It is nicknamed the "Hat City".

## References
2 Girls 1 Cup

**2 Girls 1 Cup** is the unofficial nickname of the trailer for ***Hungry Bitches***, a 2007 Brazilian scat fetish pornographic film produced by MFX Media. The video features two women defecating into a cup, taking turns eating their feces, and vomiting it into each other's mouths. "Lovers Theme"  from Hervé Roy's Romantic Themes  album released by Tele Music in 1992  plays throughout the trailer.

This one-minute viral video became a well-known Internet meme among bloggers and message boards due to its viewers reaction to its content. Around mid-October of 2007, video sites such as YouTube were flooded with videos showing others reactions to squirting in the video for the first time.

## Origin 
The video came from a Brazilian, Marco Fiorito, who talks of himself as a "compulsive fetishist". Fiorito first produced foot fetish videos but soon moved on to coprophagia. The movie was made by MFX-Video, one of several businesses owned by Fiorito.

## Reactions 
2 Girls 1 Cup's spread because of the reactions it causes. Thousands of videos exist on YouTube of users showing the original video to their friends and recording their reactions. A reaction video starring Kermit the Frog proved very popular on the Digg. In January 2008, *Slate* magazine wrote about the reaction video with a slideshow about the reactions.

In a episode of *Family Guy*, Brian makes Stewie react to 2 Girls 1 Cup and he gets grossed out about it as mentioned as a cutaway.

Violet Blue, an author, stated this website as becoming "the new 'tubgirl' and goatse all in one nasty moment of choco-poo-love" in a *San Francisco Chronicle* article.

## References
Bridgeport, Connecticut

**Bridgeport** is a city of Connecticut in the United States. It is the most populated city in the state of Connecticut with a population of 148,654 as of 2020. It is also the fifth largest city in New England, and part of the New York combined statistical area.

The very first Subway restaurant was opened in Bridgeport.

## References
## Other websites
* Official City of Bridgeport website
New London, Connecticut

**New London** is a city in Connecticut in the United States. The United States Coast Guard Academy is in the city.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
* City of New London, Connecticut
Norwalk, Connecticut

**Norwalk** is a city in Connecticut in the United States. In 2020, 91,184 people lived in Norwalk, making it the third largest city in Fairfield County and the sixth largest city in Connecticut.

## References
Milford, Connecticut

**Milford** is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

Professional wrestler Goldust was born in Milford.

## References
Stamford, Connecticut

**Stamford** () is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. At the 2024 census, 136,188 people live in Stamford. It the third-largest city in the state (behind Bridgeport and New Haven). It is about  from Manhattan.

## References
Delaware City, Delaware

**Delaware City** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County in the north part of the state. Delaware City had 1,885 people in 2020. It is a small port town.

## References
Harrington, Delaware

**Harrington** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in the southwest part of Kent County, which is in the middle of the state. Harrington had 3,774 people in 2020.

## Other websites
*Website

## References
Lewes, Delaware

**Lewes** ( ) is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. The city is next to the Delaware Bay and is near the Atlantic Ocean. Lewes had 3,303 people in 2020.

## References
Milford, Delaware

**Milford** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is on the line of Kent County to the north and Sussex County to the south. Milford had 11,190 people in 2020.

## References
New Castle, Delaware

**New Castle** is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is next to the Delaware River in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. New Castle had 5,551 people in 2020.

## References
Newark, Delaware

**Newark** is a city of Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. The city has the University of Delaware. Newark had 30,601 people in 2020.

## References
Page replacement algorithm

Certain operating systems use paging to get virtual memory. This means that a part of the hard disk or a file is used so that the applications or the operating system see  more memory that is actually there. A **Page replacement algorithm** is an algorithm that decides which pages should be written to disk or file, when a new page needs to be allocated. 

Some of the algorithms used are:

**Not recently used*: The algorithm wants to keep pages that have recently been used in memory. It has two bits it sets. One of the bits is set if the page has been used, the other if the page has been modified (written to). The modified bits are cleared periodically. 
**First-in, First-out* (FIFO): All the pages are kept in a queue, if a new page is allocated it is put at the back of the queue; the page at the front is the oldest one, and can be written to disk. The algorithm is easy and cheap to implement, but it does not have a good performance. Belady's anomaly may also be a problem.
**Second-chance*: Small improvement over First-in,First-out: If the page at the front of the queue has the modified bit set, the page is moved to the back of the queue, and the bit is cleared. 
**Clock*: A modification of FIFO, the buffer is circular, and there is a pointer. The pointer points to the oldest page. When a new page is needed, and the one at the pointer was not modified, the new page can be inserted there. 
**Least-recently-used*
**Random*: Take a page at random to swap out
Altamonte Springs, Florida

**Altamonte Springs** is a city of Florida in the United States. The population of this town was 46,231 in 2020.

## References
Arcadia, Florida

**Arcadia** is a city of Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of DeSoto County.

## References
Page cache

A **page cache** or **disk cache** is a buffer of pages certain operating systems keep in memory. These operating systems usually use paging. 
The page cache uses virtual memory techniques to cache file data as pages rather than as file system oriented blocks. Caching file data is far more efficient than caching through physical disks blocks. Several systems - including Solaris, Linux, and Windows NT, 2000, and XP - use page caching to cache both process pages and file data. This is known as Unified Virtual Memory.
Belle Glade, Florida

**Belle Glade** is a small city of Palm Beach County, Florida in the United States on the south shore of Lake Okeechobee. To the north of Belle Glade is another small city called Pahokee. In 2020, the number of people living in Belle Glade was 16,698.

## References
Dendrobates

***Dendrobates*** is a genus of poison dart frogs which are protected by warning colouration. They are highly poisonous.

The yellow-banded poison dart frog, *Dendrobates leucomelas*, is one of the most common species,  found in the northern part of South America in Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil.

## References
Belleview, Florida

**Belleview** is a city in Florida in the United States.  It is part of the Ocala Metropolitan Statistical Area. The name Belleview means beautiful view. The name of the city came from one of the first  whose daughter was named “Belle”.

## People 
The city had a population of 5,413 people in the 2020 census.

## References
Dendrobates leucomelas

The **bumblebee poison dart frog**, **yellow banded poison frog**, **yellow-headed poison frog**, or **yellow-banded poison arrow frog** (*Dendrobates leucomelas*) is a frog.  It lives in  Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, and Guyana.

## Body
The adult frog is about 31 to 38 mm long from nose to rear end.  The skin of the frog's back is black with side-to-side stripes. The stripes are either bright yellow, orange-yellow, or orange in color. There can be marks on the stripes. The belly is black in color. These bright colors tell animals that want to eat the frog that there is poison in the frog's body. The frog makes chemicals on its feet to help it climb and stay still without falling.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives on the ground in rainforests. People have seen it on dead leaves on the ground, on rocks, and on plants. Sometimes people see them in gardens. People have seen this frog between 0 and 500 meters above sea level.

## Young
Scientists say this is the only frog that lays eggs at the time of year when it does not rain.

The male frog calls to the female frogs. He buzzes and chirps. He lets the female frog see his bright colors. The female frog hits the ground with her feet. Then she follows him to a good place to lay eggs.  The female frogs compete for males.

The male frog watches the eggs. He moves them around so they all get enough air. When the eggs hatch, the adult frogs carry the tadpoles to water.

The tadpoles will eat almost anything they can catch.  They become frogs after 70 to 90 days.

Young frogs look like adult frogs but their colors are not as bright. They will eat fruit flies, crickets, and other small animals with no bones. Some people say they like to eat caterpillars the most.

## Chemicals
This frog makes chemicals in its skin. Scientists say people could use  those chemicals to make medicines.  It make the chemicals by eating ants.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out because it lives in a large place and there are many of them. It might be in some danger because people change the places where the frog lives to make farms, build roads, and do other things.

People used to catch this frog to sell as a pet, but it is so easy to raise the tadpoles and frogs in buildings that there are many pets that were not caught in the wild.

Many of the places the frog lives are protected parks.

## References
Boca Raton, Florida

**Boca Raton** is a city in Southern Palm Beach County, Florida. Boca Raton is has the second highest number of people in Palm Beach County. As of 2020, the city of Boca Raton had nearly 100,000 people living within the city. The southern end of the city borders Deerfield Beach in Broward County. The mayor of Boca Raton is Scott Singer.

The main campuses of Florida Atlantic University and Everglades University are in Boca Raton. The headquarters of Office Depot is also in the city.

## References
## Other websites 
*City of Boca Raton
*Greater Boca Raton Chamber of Commerce
Boynton Beach, Florida

**Boynton Beach** is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 80,380 at the 2020 census. Boynton Beach had the second highest population in the county. Boynton Beach was founded in 1920.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City Website - Boynton Beach
User Datagram Protocol

The **User Datagram Protocol** (**UDP**) is a core member of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, known as *datagrams*, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without needing other communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. UDP is sometimes called the **Universal Datagram Protocol**. The protocol was designed by David P. Reed in 1980 and formally defined in RFC 768.

## Ports
UDP applications use datagram sockets to establish host-to-host communications. Sockets bind the application to service ports that functions as the endpoints of data transmission. A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number, a 16 bit integer value, allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65,535. Port 0 is reserved, but is able to be used if the sending process does not expect messages in response.

Ports 1 through 1023 (hexadecimal 0x3FF) are named "well-known" ports and on Unix-like operating systems, binding to one of these ports requires superuser (root) access.

Ports 1024 through 49,151 (0xBFFF) are registered ports.

Ports 49,152 through 65,535 (0xFFFF)  are used as temporary ports usually by clients when communicating to servers.

## Uses
There are many uses for UDP, for example BitTorrent optionally uses it for peer-to-peer file sharing. The Teredo tunneling protocol uses UDP.

## Further reading
* RFC 768, "User Datagram Protocol", J. Postel, August 1980

## Other websites
*IANA Port Assignments
*The Trouble with UDP Scanning (PDF)
*Breakdown of UDP frame 
*UDP on MSDN Magazine Sockets and WCF
Callaway, Florida

**Callaway** is a city of Florida in the United States.

## Geography 
Callaway has a total area of 9.5 square miles.
Cape Canaveral, Florida

**Cape Canaveral** is a city of Florida in the United States.

## Related pages 
*Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
*Kennedy Space Center
Cape Coral, Florida

**Cape Coral** is a city in Lee County, Florida in the United States. In 2020, 194,016 people lived in the city.

## References
Bushnell, Florida

**Bushnell** is a city in Sumter County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,047 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Sumter County.

## References
Cocoa, Florida

**Cocoa** is a city of Florida in the United States. The city had a population of 19,041 at the 2020 census. The city was first settled by fishermen around 1860, who named it Indian River City. The name would eventually be changed to Cocoa.

## References
Coconut Creek, Florida

**Coconut Creek** is a city of Florida in the United States. In 2020, 57,833 people lived there.
## References
Cutler Bay, Florida

**Cutler Bay** is a city of Florida in the United States. The area covers about 9.7 square miles. Before, people called it **Cutler Ridge**. In 2020, the city had a total population of 45,425.

## References
Daytona Beach, Florida

**Daytona Beach** is a city of Florida in the United States.

## References
## Other websites
* City of Daytona Beach website
Delray Beach, Florida

**Delray Beach** is a city of Florida in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 66,846 people lived there.

## References
Doral, Florida

**Doral** is a city in north Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is a suburb of Miami. The population was 75,874 at the 2020 U.S. Census.
## References
Englewood, Florida

**Englewood** is a city of Florida in the United States.

## Geography 
Englewood has a total area of 22.3 square miles.
WWE No Way Out

**WWE No Way Out** was a series of Professional wrestling pay-per-view shows made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The event usually took place in February and typically was the last pay-per-view before WrestleMania. The first *No Way Out* event was in 1998 as an In Your House event, called No Way Out of Texas: In Your House. The event did not take place in 1999, 2010 and 2011, but was brought back in 2000 and 2012.

The 2008 and 2009 events were based around the Elimination Chamber match. In 2010, WWE created their own Elimination Chamber PPV event, which replaced No Way Out in its February slot.

## Events
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website for *No Way Out*
* Official history website for *No Way Out*
Fort Lauderdale, Florida

**Fort Lauderdale** is a city in the state of Florida in the United States. It is 23 miles (37&nbsp;km) north of Miami. As of 2020, the city of Fort Lauderdale had a population of 182,760.

## Climate
Despite not being below the Tropic of Cancer, Fort Lauderdale has a Tropical Rainforest (Af) Climate with a long hot year with no true dry season.

## References
Fort Meade, Florida

**Fort Meade** is a city of Florida in the United States. In 2020, there were 5,100 people living there.

## References
Notts County F.C.

**Notts County Football Club** is a football club in Nottingham, England, and also the oldest professional association football club in the world. The club now plays in Football League One of the EFL, part of the English football league system. *"The Magpies"* play at the Meadow Lane stadium in black and white striped shirts.

The club has also played many times in the top division of English football, the most recent in 1991–92, when they played in the last season of the old First Division before the creation of the Premier League.

Well-known past managers of Notts County have been Jimmy Sirrel, Neil Warnock, and Sam Allardyce.

## Formation and early years
Notts County started in 1862. The club was started before The Football Association and in the beginning they played a game with club rules, rather than association football. When it started, Notts County, like most sports teams, were considered to be a "gentlemen-only" club. Notts County are thought to be to be one of the starters of the current game, even being credited with the invention of the offside trap. Notts County is the oldest of the world's professional association football clubs.

The club in the beginning played at Park Hollow at Nottingham Castle. In December 1864, the decision was made to play games against outside teams, and it was decided that the club needed to find a larger stadium. After playing at several places, The Magpies settled at Trent Bridge Cricket Ground in 1883. When the ground was used for Cricket, they played at Castle Ground or Nottingham Forest's Town Ground. The club moved to their current stadium, Meadow Lane, in 1910.

### Football League
 from the first season in 1888–89 to the present time.|302x302px]]
In 1888, Notts County, along with eleven other football clubs, became a founding member of The Football League. They finished their first league season in eleventh place. Notts County got their highest ever league finish of third in 1890-91, and they also finished third ten seasons later.

### FA Cup finals
On 25 March 1891, Notts County reached the FA Cup final for the first time but did not win. They lost 3-1 to Blackburn Rovers.

Notts County made up for this in 1894, when they won the FA Cup at Goodison Park for the first time in their history. The Magpies beat Bolton Wanderers 4-1 and Jimmy Logan scored the first hat-trick in FA Cup final history. Notts County became the first club outside the top division to win the FA Cup - they finished in third place in the Second Division that season.

## League position
## Former position
## Other websites
*Notts County features and opinion site
*History of NCFC shirts
*Notts County Official Website
*Notts County Supporters Trust 
*List of ex Notts players 
*A Fan`s View Of Notts County FC 

## References
Fort Myers, Florida

**Fort Myers** is a city of Florida in the United States. It is the commercial center of Lee County, Florida.

At the at the bust of Robert E. Lee, on median of Monroe Street, downtown, there have been acts of vandalism (a form of activism). The statue has been the centrepoint of arguments in the community since at least 2018. And at the monument there have been other protests. The statue was  in 1966 from a sculptor called Aldo Pero (from Italy) and cost $6,000 (USD). On August 13, 2004, Fort Myers was hit hard by Hurricane Charley.

## References
Green Cove Springs, Florida

**Green Cove Springs** is a city of Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of Clay County. As of 2020, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 9,786.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Greenacres, Florida

**Greenacres** is a city of Florida in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 43,990 people lived there.

## References
Diglossia

**Diglossia** is when a group of people have two languages or dialects that they use. One is the common language they use every day, and the other is either a much older version from centuries before (for example, Arabic or Chinese) or a similar but clearly different modern-day version (for example, Norwegian with Bokmål and Nynorsk).

## Related pages 
*Bilingual
*Register (linguistics)