open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hyperion (poem)

***Hyperion*** is one of the major poems of the English Romantic poet John Keats. The poem is based on the tale from Greek mythology that tells how the Titan Hyperion, the first Greek sun god, was replaced by Apollo.

Keats worked on the poem mainly in August and September 1818. He finished the first two sections or "Books," each between 350 and 400 lines long, and he also wrote 135 lines of Book III. But he was not satisfied with what he had written; he re-wrote it bit by bit until April 1819, when he gave up for a while. Some critics and scholars think that Keats set out to write the kind of long poem he had already done in his *Endymion* in 1817 – but his outlook on poetry had changed, to a point where he was no longer happy writing the kind of mythological epic that many other poets of his time tried to write.

Keats tried to re-do the poem in a new form that he called *The Fall of Hyperion*. He worked on this second version during the last six months of 1819, and though he wrote more than 500 lines, he gave up this second attempt too. He was never able to complete either version of the poem in a way that satisfied him.

Keats wrote the poem in blank verse, without rhyme. Though neither version was ever finished, some critics think that they contain some of Keats's best verse, as in the gloomy and powerful opening lines of the first *Hyperion*:

:Deep in the shady sadness of a vale
:Far sunken from the healthy breath of morn,
:Far from the fiery noon, and eve's one star,
:Sat gray-hair'd Saturn, quiet as a stone,
:Still as the silence round about his lair;
:Forest on forest hung about his head
:Like cloud on cloud.

["vale" = valley; "morn" = morning; "eve" = evening]
Cantons of the Ardèche department

This is a list of the 17 **cantons of the Ardèche department**, in France.

After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the *arrondissements* so they could have *communes* that belong to different *arrondissements*.

The following table shows the 17 cantons of the department and the distribution of the *communes* by *arrondissement*:

## References
Sonnet

A **Sonnet** (sonetto in Italian) is a type of poem. It is 14 lines long and is written in rhyme. 

The sonnet first appeared in Italy during the Middle Ages and was widely  used during the Renaissance. The first poet known for his sonnets is Giacomo da Lentini who lived in the 13th century. After him many poets started writing sonnets. Two notable ones are Dante Alighieri and Guido Cavalcanti. The Italian poet Petrarch was famous for his sonnets. He was very popular and many poets imitated his poems. Francisco de Sá de Miranda introduced the form into Portuguese literature.  So did Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in England. Even in distant Poland sonnets were written by Jan Kochanowski, Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński and Sebastian Grabowiecki. It became common for poets to write sonnets in connected series, called "sonnet sequences," to tell a story, often one about a love affair. Michelangelo, a famous sculptor and painter wrote sonnets, too. He exchanged them with Vittoria Colonna. Poets in other countries quickly adopted the sonnet and sonnet sequence. William Shakespeare wrote the most famous sonnets in English literature, though other poets of his time, such as Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, Michael Drayton, and Samuel Daniel, wrote sonnet sequences also.

Later English poets like John Donne, John Milton, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats wrote sonnets that are still admired and studied today. In United States Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Emma Lazarus wrote sonnets. 

The rigid rhyme scheme of the sonnet went out of fashion during the twentieth century, but a few modern poets still write them sometimes. Edna St. Vincent Millay was one modern poet writing in English who often worked in the sonnet form. Modern poets have often changed the traditional rhythms and rhyme patterns of the sonnet, sometimes radically.

In a traditional "English" or "Shakespearean" sonnet, the first twelve lines are divided into three groups ("stanzas") of four lines each, called "quatrains". The last two lines usually rhyme, and make up a "rhymed couplet" that concludes the poem by summing up the story told in the previous quatrains. In the traditional "Italian" or "Petrarchan" sonnet, the poem divides into a group of eight lines ("octave") followed by a group of six lines ("sestet").

The volta (or turn) in a sonnet, changes the mood of the sonnet. In a "Petrarchan sonnet", the volta occurs after the octave and before the sestet.

The letters of the alphabet are used to show the pattern of rhyme, or "rhyme scheme," in the 14 lines in a sonnet. The rhyme scheme 

**a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g*

is the typical pattern of an "English" sonnet. The rhyme scheme

**a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, c-d-e-c-d-e*

is typical of an "Italian" sonnet.

Sonnets can be linked together into a crown of sonnets. In such a sequence, the last line of the first sonnet repeats as the first line of the second one, and sometimes these lines make up another sonnet. Slovenian poet France Prešeren is best remembered for his *Wreath of Sonnets*, an example of a crown of sonnets.

## References
## Other websites 
* Sonnet Central
Kingdom of Scotland

The **Kingdom of Scotland** was a historic country and state. It started in the Early Middle Ages and was in existence until the early modern period.

After 1603, it had the same monarch as the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland. In 1653, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the government of Oliver Cromwell made Scotland into part of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland: a republic. However, at The Restoration, Scotland started again to be a kingdom. It combined with the Kingdom of England to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 because of the Acts of Union 1707.

## References 
## Related pages
*Scotland
*Parliament of Scotland
Ajoux

**Ajoux** is a town and commune of the Ardèche *département*, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Ardèche department
Relational database

A **relational database** is a way of storing information (*data*). Relational databases help users join information to other information.

In a relational database, each record of data is stored in a row. The rows are grouped together in tables. In the relational model, a database table is called a relation. This is why the term relational is used for this kind of database.

The software used to do this grouping is called a relational database management system (RDBMS). The term "relational database" often refers to this type of software.

Relational databases are currently the main way in which companies store information like financial records, medical records, personal information, and manufacturing and logistical data.

The term *relational database* was originally defined by and is attributed to Edgar Codd at IBM Almaden Research Center in 1970.

## References
Alba-la-Romaine

**Alba-la-Romaine** is a commune of the French département Ardèche.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Ardèche department
Golden ratio

With a number namely *a* and another smaller number *b*, the ratio of the two numbers is found by dividing them. Their ratio is *a*/*b*. Another ratio is found by adding the two numbers together  and dividing this by the larger number *a*.  The new ratio is (*a*+*b*)/*a*. If these two ratios are equal, then that number is called the **golden ratio**.  The Greek letter \varphi (phi) is usually used as the name for the golden ratio.

For example, if *b* = 1 and *a*/*b* = \varphi, then *a* = \varphi. The second ratio (*a*+*b*)/*a* is then (\varphi+1)/\varphi. Because these two ratios are equal, this is true:

\varphi = \frac{\varphi+1}{\varphi}

One way to write this number is
\varphi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} = 1.618...Despite its absence from common architectural and design patterns, Leonardo Fibonacci's finding is widely recognized as groundbreaking. It can take the form of hurricanes, elephant tusks, ants, sea urchins, starfish, honeybees, and many other things.  

The Fibonacci sequence begins with 0 and goes on forever: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55. There is a sum of two digits before each digit. The pattern itself is rather elementary and unremarkable.

That is until you learn that this ratio underlies the beauty of the Mona Lisa, the human limbs, data encryption, and even the number of spirals on a sunflower's head. It looks like the universe has a natural way of keeping track of numbers.

Flowers always have an odd number of petals conforming to the Fibonacci sequence. For example, the peace lily has three petals, buttercups have five, chicory has 21, daisies have 34, and so on.

Here are some more natural occurrences of the Golden Ratio:

**Seed heads.** Flowers produce seeds at their core, which then spiral outward to fill the flower's head.

**Pineapples, cauliflowers, and Romanesco broccoli.** Similarly, these conform to the Fibonacci sequence.

**Pine cones.** Pinecones have spiral patterns on their seed pods, with two spirals on each cone growing in opposite directions as they grow.

**Branches of a tree.** In nature, this pattern is seen when a tree develops a branch and then splits into two new growth points. Then, just one of the two new stems will actively grow, while the other will lie dormant.

**Methods of birds flying.** The hawk's best angle of attack is perpendicular to the target's flight path, which is the same as the pitch of the spiral.

**Spiral galaxies.** There are several spiral arms in the Milky Way, each with a logarithmic spiral around 12 degrees.

## Related pages 
* Fibonacci numbers
* Phi

## References 
## Other websites
*Easy to understand golden ratio article
*Golden Ratio -Citizendium
* Golden ratio in the works of the contemporary painter slikara Alfred F. Krupa, YouTube-video
Utrecht

**Utrecht** can be any of the following areas or cities:

* Utrecht (province), of the Netherlands
* Utrecht (city), Netherlands, and capital of the province of the same name 
* Utrecht (agglomeration), in the Netherlands, includes the city of Utrecht
* Diocese of Utrecht, historic, of the Netherlands
* Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 

It can also be any of these:
* Republic of Utrecht
* Treaty of Utrecht
* Utrecht University
* FC Utrecht, a Dutch association football club.
Protostome

**Protostomes** are a nephrozoan taxon of animals above the level of phylum. It is not part of the normal system of classification. 

They are a subtaxon of the Bilateria, and are contrasted with the deuterostomes. Protosomes are distingued by their embryo: in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.

DNA sequence analysis suggests that protostome animals can be divided into three major groups:
*Ecdysozoa, e.g. arthropods,  nematodes
*Platyzoa, e.g. platyhelminthes, rotifers
*Lophotrochozoa, e.g. molluscs, annelids
as well as a number of minor taxa, like the Chaetognatha.
Jackson, Michigan

**Jackson** is a city in lower mid-Michigan. It was started in 1829. It is named after Democratic President Andrew Jackson. Jackson is the home town of several well-known people. One of whom is the first African-American Super Bowl winning coach, Tony Dungy.

Several of the major employers in the city are CMS Energy, which gives natural gas and electrical services to much of Michigan and has its international headquarters in the city, as well as Foote Hospital. Jackson is  from the Michigan International Speedway.

## References 
## Other websites
Earth, Texas

**Earth** is a city in Lamb County, Texas, United States. There were 901 people living in Earth as of the year 2020.

## References
Amazing Grace (2006 movie)

***Amazing Grace*** is a 2006 movie about the fight to end the slave trade in 18th century Britain. Led by famous abolitionist, William Wilberforce. He created anti-slave trade laws in the British Parliament.

The movie is directed by Michael Apted, written by Steven Knight, and stars Ioan Gruffudd. The first release date for this movie was September 16, 2006 in Canada. It was released in the United States on February 23, 2007. Several other areas had other dates.

On the opening weekend, this movie made around four million dollars. It went on to make an all-time worldwide total of over 32 million dollars.

*Amazing Grace* was named "Best Spiritual Film of 2008" in the third annual "Beliefnet Film Awards".

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Website
*
How Pop Can You Get?

***How Pop Can You Get?*** was the first and only album by American band The Bats. 
*Members were Jon Brion, Bill Murphy and Don "Riff" Fertman.
*It was recorded in New Haven and West Haven, Connecticut and released on the Gustav label (Gustav UA1001) in the fall of 1982.
*Called "The Pop(ulist) album of the Year" by OP: The Lost Music network, the record received much critical acclaim and was even a Billboard magazine "Recommended LP" when reviewed in the October 2, 1982 issue. The album, however, ultimately failed to chart.

## Track listing
All music and lyrics by The Bats (Jon Brion, Bill Murphy, Don Fertman) 

#"Chauve-Souris" – :45
#"How Pop Can You Get?" – 2:42
#"Not Easy For Me" – 3:33
#"Will She ever Come Around?" – 3:15
#"Mr. Peculiar" – 2:45
#"Living In Alaska" – 3:05
#"Not My Girl Anymore" – 3:15
#"Something Ventured" – 3:26
#"Hey Teen-Age" – 5:25
#"Why Does Suzy Have Bad Dreams?" – 3:07
#"Paranoid Schizophrenic" – 3:01
#"Every Night" – 3:58
#"Too Out Bottom of the Ninth" – 7:26
## Other websites
*http://phobos.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewAlbum?i=282951575&id=282951564&s=143441-Download album at iTunes
*http://wilfullyobscure.blogspot.com/2007/11/bats-us-how-pop-you-can-get-1982.html#c2537226573475607669 Review-"Willfully Obscure"
*http://ex-libris.ca/?p=381  Review-"Ex-Libris"
*http://mog.com/masa/blog_post/28360  Review Mog.com
*https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0445035/soundtrack Nail Polish Soundtrack at IMDB
María Isabel Carvajal

**Carmen Lyra** (January 15, 1888  – May 14, 1949) was the pseudonym of the first prominent female Costa Rican writer, born **María Isabel Carvajal Quesada**.

## Life 
Lyra studied at the school in her neighborhood in the Buenaventura Corrales. She studied pedagogy at the college and got the teacher’s certification. Lyra began teaching in the rural El Monte School in the province of Heredia. In 1906, she worked in the San Juan de Dios Hospital for a short time. 

## Teaching methods 
Lyra travelled to Europe. While there, she  learned about new educational systems. When she returned, she worked with a teacher and founded the first pre-school in Costa Rica. 

## Writing career 
Lyra's first publication was the novel *En una silla de ruedas* (In a Wheelchair), in 1918. Her short stories were published in the *Pandemonium Magazine*, *Ariel Magazine, and the *Repertorio Americano*. 

The stories of Carmen Lyra have been used in many schools. The most popular is *Cuentos de mi tía Panchita* (Story of my aunt Panchita). It was published in 1920. This story is well known by most Costa Rican.

Other works of Maria Isabel Carvajal are *Las fantasias de Juan Silvestre* (1918), *Obras Completas* (1975), *La cucarachita mandina* (1976) and  *relatos escogidos'' (1977).

## Politics 
Carmen Lyra was involved in Costa Rican politics. She was part of the communist party. 

She helped  women schoolteachers to burn down the building of the official newspaper and to overthrow the dictatorship of Costa Rica's Federico Tinoco Granados in 1919. She is credited with translating the Communist Manifesto into Spanish in 1920. She went on to take a leading role in the banana workers' strike of 1934. During this time, she wrote *Bananos y Hombres* (Bananas and Men). 

In 1948, she was forced into leave Costa Rica after the Costa Rican Civil War because of her politics. She went to Mexico and died there in 1949.
Book of Jonah

The Old Testament **book of Jonah**, contains four chapters, and forty-eight verses. The book tells the story of the Prophet **Jonah**, who was called by God to go to the heathen city of Nineveh, which God would soon destroy if they did not repent. Nineveh was the main city of the Assyrians who were the enemies of Jonah's country of Israel. So instead, Jonah ran away from God and went in a ship towards the west. God sent a great storm and the ship was about to sink.  God showed the sailors that Jonah was to blame, and although they didn't want to, they threw him out of the ship and the storm stopped.  Jonah was swallowed by a great fish (probably a whale). He repented of his sin of running away from God. Then he prayed for three days and nights. God made the great fish spit Jonah onto the dry land. Then he obeyed God and went to tell the people of their sins to God.

Jonah then went all through the city telling everyone that God was going to punish them. Their hearts were changed and they saw their evildoing. They prayed for God to deliver them from the upcoming  to their city. God saw their change and had mercy on them, but Jonah still did not believe it. He went to wait upon a high up rock and see God's anger against the city. God was not pleased with that so he first made a plant grow, and then sent a small worm to bite down the small gourd plant, which was Jonah's only shade from the heat of the sun. Jonah was very angry and said it was better for him to die than live. God, in turn, said that Jonah cared more about the little plant than all the people of Nineveh! 

## Other websites 
*Book of Jonah (KJV)
*Book of Jonah (NIV)
WAV

**WAV** (or **WAVE**), short for **Waveform Audio File Format**, is a Microsoft and IBM audio file format standard for storing an audio bitstream on PCs.  It resembles the RIFF bitstream format in the sense that it stores data in “chunks”. It is also close to the IFF and the AIFF format used on Amiga and Macintosh computers, respectively. It is the main format used on Windows systems for raw and typically uncompressed audio. The default bitstream encoding is the Microsoft Pulse Code Modulation (LPCM) format, although other codecs, such as MP3, are allowed as well.
Trey Lewis

**Trey Lewis** (born May 23, 1985 in Topeka, Kansas) is an NFL football player. He plays defensive tackle for the Atlanta Falcons. Lewis began playing for the Falcons in 2007.

## Other websites
*Atlanta Falcons bio 
*Article about Trey Lewis being drafted
*Trey Lewis Stats at Pro Football Ref.
Polotsk

**Polotsk** (**Polatsk**, , , ) is a historical city in Belarus. It is located on the Dvina river. It is the center of Polotsk district in Vitsebsk Voblast.  About 79,000 people live there.  It is served by Polotsk Airport and during the Cold War was home to Borovitsy air base.

## References
Andance

**Andance** is a town and commune of the Ardèche *département*, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Ardèche department
Annonay

**Annonay** is a town and commune in the north part of the
Ardèche *department* of France. This commune has the most people living in it of the Ardèche département, although it is not the préfecture, which is the smaller town of Privas.

## Geography
Annonay is a few kilometers away from the Rhône River, 75&nbsp;km south of Lyon and 40 from Saint-Étienne.

## History
The town's name is possibly of Roman beginnings.

On June 4, 1783, Annonay was the place where the Montgolfier brothers made their first public unmanned hot air balloon flight.

### Twin towns
Annonay's twin towns include:

## Related pages
* Communes of the Ardèche department

## Other websites
*Town Hall and local information 
*Regional Chamber of Commerce  
*Industrial data  
*Annonay in Google maps
Book of Malachi

of the prophet Malachi]]
**The Book of Malachi**, is the last of the books of the Old Testament. The book is made up of four chapters and a total of fifty-five verses. The word Malachi means *my messenger*. It is unknown if this is a name or if it describes the work of the writer. There are very few historical details in the Book of Malachi. The best clue as to its dating may be the Persian term for governor (pehâ) is used in Chapter 1 verse 8. This could mean that it was written after the time when the Jews were in Persia.   in the same verse, the temple has been rebuilt, the book must also be later than 515 BC. The author of Ecclesiasticus early in the 2nd century BC used some of the themes in the book of Malachi, so most scholars assign it to a position after Haggai and Zechariah, close to the time of Ezra and when Nehemiah came to Jerusalem in 445 BC. Since the book talks about things that are common in religion, it could have been given at most any time. This leaves some doubt about the date.

The Book Of Malachi uses a method of "question and answer".  God says something and the people ask how that can be true. Then God gives the reason for what He has said.  Then the next statement, question and answer follow.  The questions include:
"Does God love us"? and "Why is God angry with us"? God gives a list of wrong things they have done.  They have made offerings of second rate things in the temple. Priests have not done their work properly. Men have married women who were not followers of God.  They have not been faithful to the wives they have married. They have questioned God's justice and they have not given the tithe to the temple.

The book ends by telling everyone to obey the laws given by Moses and by saying that Elijah will return before the end of time.

Quotes from the Book of Malachi:

Chapter 3, verses 1-3 form part of the text of Handel's Messiah, a famous musical work.

Chapter 3, verse 1 is quoted by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew Chapter 11, verse 10, and said to be about John the Baptist.

Chapter 4, verse 6 is included in a promise given to the father of John the Baptist in the Gospel of Luke Chapter 1 verse 17

Chapter 3, verse 8 has been quoted by many famous preachers to tell people that they should have given money to God and to help other people.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Book of Malachi (KJV)
*Book of Malachi (NIV)
*Theology
Astet

**Astet** is a commune in the Ardèche *department* in southern France.

The source of the Ardèche River can be found near Astet.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Ardèche department
Skokie, Illinois

**Skokie, Illinois** is a village in Illinois. It was once known as **Niles Center**.  It is on the northwest side of Chicago in Cook County.  The area of Skokie is 10.1 square miles (2.62 square kilometers).  According the 2020 census, its population was 67,824.

## History 
Skokie was named Niles Centre in 1888. By 1910, the spelling of this name was changed to Niles Center.  A nearby village was named Niles. This was confusing. The name of the village was changed to Skokie in 1940. 

## References
Hyles-Anderson College

**Hyles-Anderson College** is in Crown Point, Indiana. The unaccredited, fundamental, Christian college was founded in 1972 by Dr. Jack Hyles with much financial help from Russell Anderson.

The college is a ministry of the First Baptist Church of Hammond. The president of the college is Dr. Ray Young, and their chancellor is Dr. Jack Schaap, (pastor of the church). In 2008 they will be starting a program called the *Jericho Plan* .

## Other websites 
* College Website 
* Church Website
Simon Fraser University

**Simon Fraser University** (SFU) is a Canadian university.  It has campuses in Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, Vancouver and Surrey, all in British Columbia. SFU is rated as one of Canada’s top universities. It was started in 1965. SFU currently has 24,000 students. The university is named after Simon Fraser. He was an explorer of the Vancouver area.

## Overview
''Maclean's'' magazine rated SFU as Canada's best comprehensive university in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000. It is usually always at or near the top of the magazine's list. Research Infosource named SFU the top comprehensive university in Canada for “publication ” in 2006.

## Type of university 
Like most Canadian universities, SFU is a public university. Fifty-six percent of the money used to run the school comes from taxpayers. Thirty-nine percent comes from tuition fees.

## Studies 
The university teaches students in six main groups of topics. Applied Sciences, Arts and Social Sciences, Business Administration, Education, Health Sciences, and Science.

In May 2004, the SFU Senate approved the policy on degree requirements that all its undergraduate students must have. SFU was the first Canadian university to do this. The policy was created to make certain students got a more complete education.

## Websites
*SFU's Official website
Chirripó National Park

**Chirripó National Park** is a national park in Costa Rica. It is in Talamanca Mountain,  northeast of San Isidro de El General. This park forms part of La Amistad International Park between Costa Rica and Panama. Chirripó National Park was created on August 19, 1975. It has an area of . The park includes the highest mountain in Costa Rica, Cerro Chirripó. The mountain has an  of . 

In the indigenous language, "Chirripó" means *Land of Eternal Waters*. The park protects many rivers such as Rio Chirripó Atlántico, Rio Telire, Rio Chirripó Pacífico and the Rio Ceibo. 

The weather changes often and depends of the altitude. The lowest temperature recorded in Costa Rica was  in the Mount Chirripó. The warm season goes from December to May. It is recommended to visit the park in those months. 

There are many habitats in the Chirripó National Park. This is because of the differences of altitude and climate. There are large trees like oak and sweet cedar. There are also many different types of orchids. The most common animals in this region are coyotes, jaguars, squirrels, frogs, rabbits, and quetzals.

The first person known to climbed Mount Chirripó was the priest Agustin Blessing in 1904. Other expeditions before the park was created were in 1905, 1913, 1915, 1920, 1932 and 1942. The park now has trails leading to the top of the mountain. It also has a ranger station.

## References
Deportivo Saprissa

The **Deportivo Saprissa** is a football team of Costa Rica. The team was founded on July 16, 1935. It became a part of the top league, Primera División de Costa Rica on August 21, 1949.

Saprissa was founded because of a group of players and leaders. Ricardo Saprissa Aymá was a part of this group.  In 1952, the team won its first national championship.
Saprissa 

## History 
In 1937, the colors purple and white were chosen as the colors of the club.

Juani Saprissa Aymá was the president of the Saprissa. Jose Francisco “Pachico” García was their manager when the team started in the Third Division. The Deportivo Saprissa won the championship of Third Division in 1947. In 1948, they played in the Second Division. They won the championship of Second Division that year, with no games lost.

In March 1959, the team became the first Latin American team to go the around the World. The "Morados", which is the team's nickname, played 25 matches in 22 countries of the world. They won 14, tied 1 and lost 7. The team scored a total of 66  and had 46 goals scored against them.

During the 1970s, the Deportivo Saprissa won 6 championships. They won every championship from 1972 to 1977. On October 12, 1966, the construction of their stadium started. It is called "*La Cueva del Monstruo*" or simply *La Cueva*. After 6 years, the opening of Saprissa Stadium was held on Sunday August 27, 1972.

### National Titles 
* 26 National Championships: 

* 15 national Sub- championships
* 6 championships consecutively from 1972 to 1977

### International Titles 
* 3rd place in the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2005
* 3rd place in the Cup RICARD, Uruguay 2006. 
* A  Central American tournament (1970) 
* Three tournaments of  Central American Fraternity (1972 and 1973 and 1978). 
* A Camel Cup in the United States(1985). 
* Two tournaments CONCACAF (1993 and 1995). 
* Two sub- championships Inter-American Cup. 
* LG Cup (1998). 
* The Uncaf Cup 2003. 
* CONCACAF Champions 2005.

## References
*Statistics taken from the official website 

## Other websites
Sarchí, Costa Rica

in Sarchi.]]
**Sarchi** is a city in Costa Rica. It is famous for its art and hand-crafted furniture. Sarchi is also known for its colorful hand carts that the people there have been making for centuries. 

Sarchi has several small communities.  One of the most famous is "Los Bajos del Toro". It is  northeast from the center of Sarchi. Although the road is very old, travelers  will be able to see one of the best views in Costa Rica. "Los Bajos" has a climate that is very humid and rainy.  

Sarchi is a community made up of artists and craftsmen. It is well known for its ox carts.  Most of the ox carts in Costa Rica are created in Sarchi and are sold throughout the country and to tourists.  They are usually painted in very bright colors and patterns. In the past, these ox carts were used to carry coffee to the markets.

There are many shops in the town that sell hand-made wooden furniture and souvenirs. Some of the many items that are sold are: tables, rocking chairs, beds, jewelry, sculptures, and paintings.
Blue Flag beach

The **Blue Flag** is a certification given to beaches by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). A beach that has been awarded the blue flag means that it meets the organisation's standards of environmental management. These standards are for water quality, safety, and public environmental education. Local governments try to get the Blue Flag for their beaches and marinas, to show people that they have high environmental and quality standards.

The Blue Flag is a trademark owned by FEE which is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation. It is made up of 65 organisations in 60 member countries in Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas.

FEE refers to the Blue Flag certificates as awards. They are issued for one year to beaches and marinas of FEE member countries. The awards are announced every year on 5 June for Europe, Canada, Morocco, Tunisia and other countries in a similar geographic location, and on 1 November for the Caribbean, New Zealand, South Africa and other countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

41 countries are currently part of the Blue Flag Programme: Aruba, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates

## References
## Other websites
*
Jaw

:*For the movie about a shark, see Jaws (movie).*
 side of a human lower jaw.]]
The **jaw** is the part of an animal's body that it uses to grab and chew food.  In humans, the jaws are two bones in the mouth, the mandible (lower jaw) and maxilla (upper jaw), that let the teeth move up and down in order to chew. The mandible is joined to the skull.

However, in insects, the jaws may open left and right instead, and they are usually outside the mouth instead of inside it. Sea urchins have five jaws with one tooth each. Some animals, even some vertebrates, do not have jaws.

A body part is called a jaw based on what it does, not what it is made of or how it grows.  In different animals, it can be made of different kinds of cells and tissue.  In the embryos of different animals, it may come from different original places.  Even within arthropods, the group that contains insects and lobsters and trilobites and spiders, the jaws of different animals may grow from different original tissues, even though they look similar in adult animals.  A pair of appendages that become jaws in one species may become antennae in a different species or legs in another. Moray eels and some other fish have two sets of jaws. The outer jaws in their faces grow from the same tissues as the jaws of other fish, and the inner jaws, called pharyngeal jaws, can come from the same tissue that becomes gills or muscles in other fish.

Marsupials and monotremes are born before their jaws have grown enough for them to drink their mothers' milk the way other baby mammals do.  Scientists from Kings' College London found that opossums and other marsupials use tissue from their inner ear to make a temporary jaw so they can feed and grow.  They found that baby echidnas also form a temporary jaw using the bones of their inner ear so they can feed and grow.

## References
José Figueres Ferrer

**José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer** (25 September 1906 – 8 June 1990) was president of Costa Rica three times. He was also the rebel leader during the Costa Rican civil war.

## Early years 
Also known as **Don Pepe**, José Figueres Ferrer was born in San Ramón, Alajuela, Costa Rica. His parents were from Cataluña, Spain: Mariano Rodríguez Borges and Francisca Ferrer Mendiola. Figueres entered the Primary Boys School in San Ramón of Alajuela in 1913. He got in Costa Rica’s Lyceum finishing his Secondary studies in 1920. He went to Boston, United States to travel and study. He returned to Costa Rica in 1928 and bought a coffee farm. 

## Civil war 
In 1942, Figueres made a speech on Latin America Radio. In this speech, he objected to the situation in Costa Rica under president Rafael Ángel Calderón. Because of this speech, he was arrested and forced to leave the country. Figueres return to Costa Rica in 1944. He started a political party, the Democratic Party. A main goal of the party was to go against Calderon's party, the National Republican Party. In 1948, supporters of Calderón caused problems with an election for president in which Calderón lost to Otilio Ulate. Because of this, the results of the election were not used. This led to the start of the civil war in 1948. In March 11, 1948, Don Pepe began a war to support the peoples decision at the previous election. Figueres and his troops won. 

## President of Costa Rica 
In the same year, José Figueres Ferrer became president of the Second Republic Founder Assembly. He became president of Costa Rica for the first time and eliminated the Costa Rica army. He became President of Costa Rica for the second time in 1953 winning the election with 65% of the votes. In 1970, he became Costa Rica’s President for the third time. Figueres died June 8, 1990. Five months later he was declared Benemérito de la Patria.

## Achievements 
In the 1953-1958 administration, very important institutions are created. These included:
* Living and Urbanism National Institute (INVU).
* Costarrican Turism Institute (ICT).
* He promulgated the Production National Council Organism Law (CNP).

During his last administration (1970-1974) a lot of institutes were created such as:
* Municipal Foment and Consultancy Institute (IFAM).
* Costa Rica’s Technological Institute (ITCR).
* Costa Rica’s National College.
* Culture, Youth and Sports Ministry.
Battle of Santa Rosa

The **Battle of Santa Rosa** was a battle between the forces of Costa Rica and those of Nicaragua. It was one of the most important battles in the history of Costa Rica. The battle took place on March 20, 1856 at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica.

## The cause
The fighting was caused by the arrival of William Walker in Nicaragua. Walker was an American soldier who believed slavery was good. He told the people of Nicaragua that he wanted to help the country. What he really wanted was to conquer the five free nations of Central America. The president of Costa Rica, Juan Rafael Mora Porras thought that Walker wanted to conquer them. On February 27, 1856, Mora declared the war against Walker and Nicaragua.

## The fighting
President Mora called all of his forces to fight. On March 4th, Mora led the forces as they started their march towards Nicaragua.  On March 12th, they arrived in Liberia. There they join with Jose Maria Cañas and his battalion. When the filibusters found out what was happening in Costa Rica, they sent troops. Their troops got to Hacienda Santa Rosa on March 19th. On March 20th, the three thousand Costa Ricans walked to Hacienda Santa Rosa where the filibusters had formed their post at La Casona. At four o’clock, the Costa Rican battalions began the attack against the invaders. After fourteen minutes, the Costa Rican forces won the battle. The few filibusters that had escaped went to Nicaragua. William Walker armed a new army. President Mora quickly moved on to Rivas with his 3000 men, and the Battle of Rivas started.
National Parks of Costa Rica

There are 26 National parks in Costa Rica. These parks are managed by **SINAC** *(Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion)*. SINAC is part of Costa Rica's Ministry of Environment and Energy.

## List of  National Parks of Costa Rica 
*Arenal Volcano National Park
*Barbilla National Park
*Barra Honda National Park
*Braulio Carrillo National Park
*Cahuita National Park
*Carara National Park
*Chirripó National Park
*Cocos Island National Park
*Corcovado National Park
*Diria National Park
*Guanacaste National Park
*Irazú Volcano National Park
*Juan Castro Blanco National Park
*La Amistad International Park
*La Cangreja National Park
*Las Baulas National Marine Park
*Manuel Antonio National Park
*Maquenque National Park (proposed)
*Palo Verde National Park
*Piedras Blancas National Park
*Poás Volcano National Park
*Rincón de la Vieja Volcano National Park
*Santa Rosa National Park
*Tapantí National Park
*Tenorio Volcano National Park
*Tortuguero National Park
*Turrialba Volcano National Park

## Santa Rosa 
The Santa Rosa National Park in the province of Guanacaste is one of the most important historic areas of the country.

## Manuel Antonio 
Manuel Antonio National Park was listed by Forbes as one of the world's 12 most beautiful national parks. This park is located on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, in the province of Puntarenas. It has an area of 682.7&nbsp;mm. It is one of Costa Rica's most scenic parks. Manuel Antonio receives a lot of national and international tourism. An important attraction is the tropical rainforest inhabited by species of flora and fauna in danger of extinction, such as the Tití monkey.

## Cocos Island 
The island is regarded as a natural laboratory for the study of the evolution of species. Cocos Island is a territory rich landscape and a true laboratory for the study of nature. Many ferns, bromeliads, rivers, creeks and waterfalls, valleys, cliffs and islands frequented by many seabirds and place of nesting gulls.

## References
CowParade

**CowParade** is one of the largest public art events of the world. First it began in Chicago and New York. This was in 1999 and 2000. The Cow Parade runs many cities of the United States up to the year 2001. In 2002 it moved to Europe, in London. This Parade has covered a lot of countries through all the five continents. In 2008 they moved to the fourth Latin-American country, Costa Rica. The Cow Parade has been in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, also.

This public art event is about painting cows with some cultural messages. It doesn’t need to be a professional sculpture. You can find urban and crazy sculptures too. This exhibition is taking place on the principal parks and boulevards of San José, Costa Rica.
The principal purpose of this event is to auction each cow and then the proceeds go to charity.

In San José there are a total of one hundred twenty cows, each one with their topic. There is an amazing level of creativity from the national sculptors who painted and sculpted the cows. They are a lot of beautiful cows made of several material including the rice and beans of the traditional breakfast. Some of the cows have the message of doesn’t forget the traditional customs. Also, some cows have a message to make a country with more love, generosity and with more solidarity.

Some cows also encourage people to take care of Costa Rican nature and all the biodiversity that this small country has. The principal message is just to create a better planet for the future.

## Other websites 
* The official (US) Cowparade website
* CowParade Rio de Janeiro 2007 - pictures
* Cow Parade Europe
Poás Volcano

The **Poás Volcano** is an active volcano near the town of Poás, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Poas Volcano has two craters. The larger crater is one of the biggest crater in the world. It is  in diameter and  deep. The biggest known eruption was in 1910.

The area around the volcano is a national park. It is a place where many tourists from Costa Rica and other countries visit. At the bottom of the main crater is a lagoon. The lagoon is an acidic lake with boiling sulfuric gases. The temperature of the lake varies between  and . Because of changes in the chemistry of the lake and its temperature, the color of the lake also changes. The second crater has a cold water lake in it. This lake is connected to the nearby river, Rio Angel.  

## References
Gandhi (band)

**Gandhi** is a rock band from Costa Rica. They play music using distorted guitars and rhythm. The band members are Abel Guier (bassist), Massimo Hernández (drummer), Federico Miranda (guitarist) and Luis Montalbert-Smith (singer and pianist). The lyrics of Gandhi songs are written mainly by Montalbert-Smith. Some of the bands that influenced their songs are Pink Floyd, The Beatles, Queen and Soda Stereo. 

Montalbert-Smith is a very important part of the band's performances because of his charisma and stage presence. These characteristics makes the shows very interesting and full of adrenaline for their 

The band began when Miranda and Montalbert-Smith met in high school in the mid 1990s. The complete group of four members started playing at universities and local bars. One of the things that made their shows so well liked was the many different types of art offered. The fans could not only listen to the music, but also see very good scenery design, body painting and their performance.

The band won the Costa Rican award "Album of the Year" in 2004 for the album *Ciclos*. The album “Páginas Pérdidas” got three local awards in 2000. They have played in Costa Rica but also in Central America, Mexico and the United States.

The band was chosen to be part of the Tribute to Soda Stereo (*Tributo a Soda Stereo*). They played a version of "En el sétimo día" ("In the Seventh Day"). They have opened concerts for many international artists.

## Albums
*1997: *En el jardín del corazón* (*In the Garden of the Heart*)
*2000: *Páginas perdidas* (*Lost Pages*)
*2002: *BIOS*
*2004: *Ciclos* (*Cycles*)
*2006: *Un ciclo más* (*One Cycle More*) - double DVD
*2009: *Arigato NO!*

## Music videos
They have some videos of their songs:

## Other websites
*Official site
Epistle to the Ephesians

**Ephesians**, is the forty-ninth book in the Christian Bible, and the tenth in the New Testament. This book is thought to have been written by the Apostle Paul to the people of Ephesus while he was imprisoned in Rome, around 62 A.D.  However, the words "in Ephesus" do not appear in the best and earliest hand copies of the letter, leading most textual critics, like Bart Ehrman, to regard the words "in Ephesus" as a later addition. Copies of the letter may have been sent to other churches also, since it contains no personal references to people at Ephesus.

## The Church at Ephesus
Paul's first short visit of three months to Ephesus is recorded in Acts Chapter 18, verses 19–21. The work he began then was continued by Apollos (Acts Chapter 18 verses 24–26) and Aquila  and Priscilla. On his second visit early in the next year, he stayed at Ephesus "three years", and from there visited the western parts of Asia Minor. From Ephesus the gospel spread abroad "almost throughout all Asia Minor."

On his last journey to Jerusalem, the apostle landed at Miletus and, called together the leaders of the church from Ephesus, and said "good bye" to them expecting to see them no more. (Acts Chapter 20, verses 18–35)

## Content of the letter
Frank Charles Thompson,  says that the main theme of Ephesians is to tell the newly converted Jews not to separate themselves from their Gentile fellow Christians. The unity of the church, especially between Jew and Gentile believers, is the main thing in the book. The purpose of the epistle, and to whom it was written, are matters of much speculation. It was regarded by C.H. Dodd as the "crown of Paulinism." meaning the most important part of Paul's teachings.

The author strongly tells the church again and again to have a certain view of salvation, which he then explains. Chapter 2, verse 6, states "By grace you have been saved through faith and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God, not of works so that no one should boast"

In Chapter 6 Paul tells about how families should treat each other.  He says that children should love their parents, fathers should not make their children angry, servants should serve their masters, and masters should not threaten their servants, since God does not favor any group above another.

The ending of the letter mentions truth, peace, salvation and prayer as "armor of God". that will enable the Christians to stand firm.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Ephesians (KJV)
*Ephesians (NIV)
Endymion

**Endymion** is a human character in Greek mythology.

His story is told by various ancient authors. In most versions he is a shepherd, and a young man of unusual handsomeness – so much so that the Moon goddess Selene falls in love with him. She uses her divine power to keep him asleep forever, preserving his youth and beauty.

The Endymion story has been re-told by poets and playwrights. The English playwright John Lyly wrote one version; and the poet John Keats used the story as the basis for his long poem *Endymion*.

The name also inspired Prince Endymion, the name of Momaru Chiba's (Darien in the English version) past life character and the lover of the reincarnated Princess Serenity, Usagi (Serena) Tsukino from the popular anime and manga Sailor Moon. In the future he becomes King Darien (キング・エンディミオン King Endymion), ruler of Crystal Tokyo, husband of Neo Queen Serenity and father of Rini.
Clodomiro Picado

**Clodomiro Picado Twight** (April 17, 1887 - May 16, 1944) was a Nicaraguan born Costa Rican biologist. Picado may have been the first to have learned about penicillin.

## Early life and education
Picado was born in San Marcos, Nicaragua but moved, with his parents, to Costa Rica in 1890. In 1908, Picado won a scholarship of the Costa Rican Congress to study in Paris, France.

In 1913, he finished his university studies in La Sorbonne, where he earned his BSc in zoology and botany, as well as a doctorate degree. In the same year, he came back to Costa Rica to run the laboratory of San Juan de Dios Hospital. At the same time, he was teaching sciences at San Luis Gónzaga School in Cartago city.

## Discoveries
Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, is commonly said to be the person who learned about the antibacterial  of a fungus known as *Penicillium notatum* in 1928. But in March 2000, Costa Rican doctors showed some notebooks with research belonging to Picado. In these notebooks, he explained his experiments between 1915 and 1927. These experiments had been developed to explain that Penicillium decreased bacterial activity.

Picado had reported his work to the Paris Academy of Sciences in France, but this academy did not patent it, even though Picado had studied the fungus years before Fleming.

Picado studied the creation of various anti-venom serums. This led to the create of the Instituto Clodomiro Picado in 1970. It is a research unit of the University of Costa Rica The unit is works on research in Toxicology, Herpetology and Immunology. It also deals with the production of anti-venom. It was named for him in honor of his life’s work.

## Related pages
*List of scientists from North America

## References 
* http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/publications/articles/journal_37_1/T-letters93.pdf 
* http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/NoteofMonth/matthew_patayMarch2006CostaRica.htm 
* http://www.micit.go.cr/programas/premio_biografia.htm