open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Down to the Countryside Movement

The **Down to the Countryside Movement** was a government plan in China in the late 1960s and early 1970s.  During the Cultural Revolution, anti-bourgeois thinking was very common. Mao Zedong said that richer youth from the cities would be sent to mountains or farming villages so they could learn from the workers and farmers there.

Many fresh high school graduates were forced out of the cities. They had to stay in far away areas of China. They became known as the Rusticated Youth of China Many of them lost the chance to go university. Some call them China's "lost generation." Famous authors who have written about their experiences during the movement include Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo, Jiang Rong and Zhang Chengzhi, both of whom went to Inner Mongolia.

## Bibliography
*
*
*
Hu Jintao

**Hu Jintao** (born 21 December 1942) is a Chinese politician who was the paramount leader of China and the 8th General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 2002 to 2012. Hu Jintao also served as the 6th President of China from 2003 to 2013 and the 5th and 12th Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 2004 to 2012.

Hu was born on 21 December 1942 in Taizhou, Jiangsu. Hu left office of General Secretary on 15 November 2012 and the office was taken by Xi Jinping.

Hu was educated as a hydraulic engineer from Tsinghua University in 1965. According to official biographies, he has a photographic memory. Politically, he is moderate and careful. He spent most of his previous career in Tibet and the poorer provinces, and was therefore unknown to Western analysts until he unexpectedly became the General Secretary (paramount leader). Even as a general secretary, he was quite private - and so has never given an interview.

## Notes
## References
Memphis

**Memphis** most commonly refers to:

* Memphis, Egypt, a former capital of ancient Egypt
* Memphis, Tennessee, a major American city

**Memphis** may also refer to:

## Places
### United States
* Memphis, Alabama
* Memphis, Florida
* Memphis, Indiana
* Memphis, Michigan
* Memphis, Mississippi
* Memphis, Missouri
* Memphis, Nebraska
* Memphis, New York
* Memphis, Ohio
* Memphis metropolitan area, centered on Memphis, Tennessee
* Memphis, Texas

### Elsewhere
* Mampsis, Mamshit or Memphis, a Nabatean city

## Movie
* *Memphis* (movie), a 2013 film directed by Ricky Memphis

## Music
* Memphis (band), a musical duo
* Memphis Industries, a record label
* *Memphis* (musical), a Broadway musical by David Bryan and Joe DiPietro

### Albums
* *Memphis* (Boz Scaggs album), 2013
* *Memphis* (Roy Orbison album), 1972
* *Coin Coin Chapter Four: Memphis*, 2019

### Songs
* "Memphis, Tennessee" (song) or "Memphis", by Chuck Berry, 1959; covered by many performers
* "Memphis" (The Badloves song), 1994
* "Memphis" (Joe Jackson song), 1983
* "Memphis", by David Nail, 2002
* "Memphis", by Justin Bieber from *Journals*, 2013
* "Memphis", by White Zombie from *Psycho-Head Blowout*, 1987

## Other uses
* Memphis (mythology), the wife of Epaphus, who was, according to legend, the founder of Memphis, Egypt
* *Memphis* (genus), a genus of brush-footed butterflies
* Memphis (cigarette), a cigarette brand of Austria Tabak
* Memphis (typeface), a slab-serif typeface designed in 1929 by Dr. Rudolf Wolf
* Memphis Group, an influential design movement of Italian designers and architects in the 1980s
* *USS Memphis* (CA-10), a US Navy armored cruiser wrecked by a tsunami in 1916
* *USS Memphis* (SSN-691), a nuclear attack submarine of the United States Navy
* Windows 98, codenamed Memphis during development
* City of Memphis (train), a passenger train route

## People with the name
* Memphis Bleek, New York rapper
* Memphis Depay, Dutch footballer
* Randall 'Memphis' Raines, a character in *Gone in 60 Seconds*
* Ricky Memphis, Italian actor

## Related pages
*West Memphis, Arkansas, part of the Memphis, Tennessee, metropolitan area
*Memphis Grizzlies, American professional basketball team based in Memphis, Tennessee
Qincheng Prison

**Qincheng Prison** () is a maximum-security prison in the Changping District northwest of Beijing in the People's Republic of China. The prison was built in 1958 with aid from the Soviet Union and it is the only prison belonging to the Ministry of Public Security. 

The majority of people in prison here are political prisoners. Some of them were participants in the Chinese democracy movement and Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Famous inmates include Jiang Qing, Bao Tong, Dai Qing, as well as Tibetans such as Choekyi Gyaltsen, the 10th Panchen Lama, and Phuntsok Wangyal. Other inmates included many communist cadres who were criticized during the Cultural Revolution, such as Bo Yibo, Peng Zhen, Israel Epstein, Sidney Rittenberg and David Crook. 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo was also imprisoned here.

The prison is at the eastern foothill of Yanshan, facing the North China Plain in the east, north and south.  The plain is where Qincheng Farm (秦城农场) is, which is part of the prison.

## Bibliography
* MacFarquhar, Roderick, and Michael Schoenhals, ''Mao's Last Revolution*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006, pp.&nbsp;342–345, 416, 435, 442.
* Yao Lun, "Qincheng jianyu de laiyou" (Origins of Qincheng Prison), in Sun Mingshan, ed., *Lishi shunjian* (*Moments in History''), vol. 2, Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 2001, pp.&nbsp;51–58.
Mass suicide

In a **mass suicide** a group of people kill themselves for the same reason. Very often, all the people involved kill themselves together, at more or less the same time. The reason for the mass suicide often involves religious views. Suicide bombings and Kamikaze missions are military or paramilitary forms of mass suicide.

## Related pages
* Cult suicide
Liu Xia (poet)

**Liu Xia** (; born 1 April 1961, Beijing, China) is a painter, poet, and photographer who resides in Beijing, China. She was married to 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo.

## Biography
Liu used to be a civil servant in the Beijing tax bureau. She met her husband Liu Xiaobo while part of the Beijing literary scene in the 1980s. She married Liu Xiaobo while he was in prison in a Chinese labor re-education camp between the years of 1996 and 1999.

Ms. Liu prefers to lead the solitary life of an intellectual. Since his arrest,  the government has watched her constantly. Despite the pressures, she attempts to keep her life normal. At first, he did as she asked. But later, he  spent much of his time  writing and re-writing the document which took three years. He later got more than 300 prominent workers, Chinese Communist Party members, and intellectuals, to sign the charter. 10,000 people added their names to a charter support list on the Internet. Liu Xiaobo died on 13 July 2017 from liver cancer complications.

## Related pages
*List of Chinese painters
*Liu Xiaobo

## References
Alex Gray

**Alexander Haim Gray** (June 21, 1899 – April 10, 1986) was a Canadian ice hockey right winger for the New York Rangers and the Toronto Maple Leafs from 1927 to 1933.

## Early life
Although born in Glasgow, Scotland, Alex Gray grew up in Thunder Bay, Ontario. He played for five years with the Port Arthur Ports of the TBSHL. According to Legends of Hockey, "he was at the top of the league in goal scoring three times and was its most penalized player twice."

## Playing career
In 1928 Gray signed with the New York Rangers of the NHL. Wearing jersey number 2, he played on a line with Paul Thompson and Murray Murdoch. He helped the Rangers win the Stanley Cup that spring.

After his rookie season in New York he was involved in a big trade with the Toronto Maple Leafs, He was traded along with Lorne Chabot for Melville "Butch" Keeling and John Ross Roach.

He played a total of 13 games for the Maple Leafs in the 1928–29 season (7 regular season games and 4 playoff games). After 1 season in Toronto he was sent to the minors where he spent the remainder of his career.

## Awards and achievements
*1928  Stanley Cup Championship  (NYR)

## References
## Other websites
*
*Alex Gray's New York Rangers Biography
Sandy Fitzpatrick

**Alexander Stewart "Sandy" Fitzpatrick** (born December 22, 1944 in Paisley, Scotland) is a retired professional ice hockey player. He played in the in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Minnesota North Stars.

## References 
*
Round Maple

**Round Maple** is a hamlet in the civil parish of Edwardstone, in the Babergh district of Suffolk, East of England. Round Maple is 1.2 miles northeast of Edwardstone village, 6 miles east-northeast of Sudbury and 54.9 miles northeast of London. Its postcode district is CO10.

## Round Maple Mild 
Round Maple gives its name to Round Maple Mild ale. The ale is made at Mill Green. It has 3.3% alcohol. It also has a little bit of maple syrup. Round Maple Mild is a dark ale.

## Listed buildings 
Round Maple has 4 Grade II Listed buildings (important buildings). All are timber-framed and plastered. The buildings include Little Thatch and Hathaway Cottage, Quicks Farmhouse, Seasons, and The Flushing.

## Maps 
Round Maple is on the Great Britain A-Z Road Atlas (1C, 54). It is on the Philip's Navigator Britain (D4, 164). Round Maple's OS grid reference is TL953436, its latitude is 52.056308 and its longitude is 0.847251.

## Notes 
# A hamlet is a place without a church, see The Free Dictionary and Getamap Ordnance Survey which doesn't show a church and http://www.millgreenbrewery.co.uk/round-maple-mild.html  and http://www.zoopla.co.uk/for-sale/details/20643412 which says Round Maple is a hamlet.
# See the Listed buildings references

## References 
## Other websites 
* TL9543 Geograph
Adasaurus

***Adasaurus*** is a Dromaeosaur theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in what is now Central Asia. It was a small carnivore, with a large, sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each hind foot. An adult was probably about 6.2 feet (2 meters) long.

Two specimens of *Adasaurus* have been found, both from the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia. One is an incomplete skeleton with partial skull, including the vertebral column except the back of the tail, all three bones of the pelvis, the shoulder girdle and the hindlimbs. The second specimen includes the back end of another skeleton, including the hindlimbs. Both specimens are in the collection of the Mongolian Geological Institute in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

The age of the strata, like most of Mongolia's later Cretaceous sediments, is not known for certain. It is thought to be somewhere between 74 and 65 million years ago. Other dinosaurs found in this formation include *Tarbosaurus*, *Anserimimus*, and *Saurolophus*.

## References
Goldie Goldthorpe

**Bill "Goldie" Goldthorpe** (born June 20, 1953 in Hornepayne, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played for 16 minor league teams between 1973 and 1984, playing  games with the Toronto Maple Leafs and Pittsburgh Penguins. Goldthorpe grew up in Thunder Bay, Ontario, is widely regarded as one of the most infamous hockey enforcers to have ever played the game, a man once dubbed the "wildest, meanest, most unpredictable player in hockey", earning an amazing 1,132 penalty minutes in 194 professional games. He was the inspiration for the character Ogie Ogilthorpe in the 1977 movie Slap Shot. On January 1, 2008 during the 1st intermission of the NHL's Winter Classic outdoor game in Buffalo, NBC showed a 1-minute and 15 second piece on the movie Slapshot and the Ogilthorpe, Bill Goldthorpe connection to Bob Costas. Costas once did radio play-by-play for the Syracuse Blazers (NAHL) in 1973-74, a team that Bill Goldthorpe played on. Goldthorpe is currently a foreman at a construction company in Canada, having held that position in San Diego for several years.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
French ban on face covering

On 14 September 2010, the Senate of France (fr) passed a law that forbids the wearing of clothing that covers the face of a person in public, so that the person cannot be identified. The law talks about clothing that covers the face, so it includes burqas and niqabs, but does not include the chador. 

The main arguments for the ban are that people wearing such types of clothing cannot be identified by police forces, and that such veils are not compatible with the values of France as a state. In addition, there was a discussion about women's rights. President Nicolas Sarkozy said that a reason for the ban is to protect women from being forced to cover their faces.

The bill which was introduced, was protested by some women as a violation of women's rights. But many people in France supported the bill, and it was passed in the Senate and the National Assembly of the French Parliament, and it became law.

## References
Sugar cookie

A **sugar cookie** or **sugar biscuit** is a cookie made from sugar, flour, butter, eggs, vanilla, and baking powder or baking soda.

Sugar cookies can be iced with a variety of icings and are normally decorated.

## References
Gordie Clark

**Gordon Corson Clark** (born May 31, 1952 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a retired ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins and in the WHA for the Cincinnati Stingers.

## Other websites
*
John Flamsteed

**John Flamsteed** FRS (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer. He was the first Astronomer Royal, appointed in 1675.

Flamsteed calculated the solar eclipses of 1666 and 1668.

He was responsible for several of the earliest recorded sightings of the planet Uranus, which he mistook for a star and catalogued as '34 Tauri'. The first of these was in December 1690, which remains the earliest known sighting of Uranus by an astronomer.

## Star catalogue and atlas 
Flamsteed is also remembered for his conflicts with Isaac Newton, the President of the Royal Society at the time. Flamsteed was refusing to publish work commissioned by the king, so in 1712 Newton and Edmond Halley published a preliminary version of Flamsteed's *Historia Coelestis Britannica*. They did so *without crediting the author*.

Some years later, Flamsteed managed to buy many copies of the book, and publicly burnt them in front of the Royal Observatory. However, the numerical star designations in this book are still used and are known as Flamsteed designations.

In 1725 Flamsteed's own version of *Historia Coelestis Britannica* was published posthumously, edited by his wife Margaret. This contained Flamsteed's observations, and included a catalogue of 2,935 stars to much greater accuracy than any previous work. This was considered the first significant contribution of the Greenwich Observatory. In 1729 his wife published his *Atlas Coelestis*, assisted by Joseph Crosthwait and Abraham Sharp, who were responsible for the technical side.

## Further reading 
**The correspondence of John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal.* 1995-2002. Compiled and edited by Eric G. Forbes, Lesley Murdin and Frances Willmoth. Bristol: Institute of Physics.  (v1);  (v2) ;  (v3)
**The Gresham lectures of John Flamsteed*. 1975. edited and introduced by Eric G. Forbes. London: Mansell. 
*''Newton's tyranny: the suppressed scientific discoveries of Stephen Gray and John Flamsteed.'' 2001. David H. Clark & Stephen H.P. Clark. Freeman.
Names for sets of chemical elements

There are areas on the periodic table where elements have similar properties. Such areas include Groups, especially columns. 

For example, all of the first column elements (alkali metals) are light, very soft, react with water rapidly, make hydroxides that are strong bases, and react with the halogens to make colorless ionic compounds. 

The second column elements (alkaline earth metals) are a little heavier, a little harder, react with water a little less rapidly, made hydroxides that are strong bases, and react with the halogens to make colorless ionic compounds.

The other categories are: transition metals, pnictogens, chalcogens, halogens, and noble gases. There are also inner transition metals that are divided into lanthanides and actinides.
Molar mass

**Molar mass** is the mass of a substance that has 6.022 × 1023 atoms (Avogadro's number). The mass number of an element is equal to the molar mass of the element. The molar mass of a chemical compound is the mass when the compound has 6.022 × 1023 molecules. Molar mass of chlorine is 35.45 due to consideration of average molar mass by including mass of its all isotopes.

It can be found by adding the atomic masses of all of its elements. The molar mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be found by adding the molar mass of sodium, oxygen, and hydrogen, which would be 39.997 g/mol.
Group 12 element

A **group 12 element** is a group in the periodic table of chemical elements. It includes zinc, cadmium, mercury, and copernicium. Copernicium is not stable so its properties are not clear. They all have low melting and boiling points. Mercury is even a liquid. Zinc is the least electronegative and most reactive of the Group 12 elements.

File:Zinc.jpg|Zinc
File:Cadmium.jpg|Cadmium
File:Hg Mercury.jpg|Mercury
Smokey Harris

**Thomas Wilfred "Smokey, Fred" Harris** (born October 11, 1890 in Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada – June 4, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward.

Harris began playing professional ice hockey with the Vancouver Millionaires in 1911.  After spending some time with the Millionaires he moved on to play for the Seattle Metropolitans and Portland Rosebuds. Eventually he would find his way to the other side of the country to play for the Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League where he scored the first goal in the teams history.

## Other websites
*
Inner transition metal

**Inner transition metal**s (ITM) are chemical elements on the periodic table. They are normally shown in two rows below all the other elements. They include elements 57-71, or lanthanides, and 89-103, or actinides. The lanthanides are very similar, and the actinides are all radioactive.

ITMs have three incomplete outermost nucleus shells and are all metals. In some cases they are quite malleable and ductile. Many lanthanides such as Lutetium are used in the lighting industry. Actinides do not occur in nature (except for thorium and uranium), and are highly unstable.

The last electrons enter into the f orbitals of these elements, so they belong to the F-block. The general electron configuration is (n-2)f^0-14(n-1)d^0-2np^6ns^2 where n= 6-7.

File:HEUraniumC.jpg|Uranium metal, an actinide
File:Lanthanum.jpg|Lanthanum metal, a lanthanide
Enthalpy of fusion

**Enthalpy of fusion** is the measure of the energy needed to change a substance from a solid to a liquid. Extra energy is needed, more than what is obvious by the temperature scale. For example, ice at 0°C needs to absorb heat before it converts (changes) to water at 0°C. The temperature does not change, but energy is absorbed to change from solid to liquid.

## Related pages 
* Enthalpy of vaporization
Flamsteed designation

**Flamsteed designations** are for stars that are similar to Bayer designations. However, they use numbers instead of Greek letters. Flamsteed designation contained 2554 stars.

The numbers are usually assigned in the order of  right ascension within each constellation. However, because of the effects of precession, they are now slightly out of order in some parts. This method first appeared in  John Flamsteed's *Historia Coelestis Britannica*, a book that was published by Edmond Halley and Isaac Newton together in 1712.

## References
Covalent radius

The **covalent radius** is the radius of an atom that is measured when that atom is in a covalent bond. It is normally measured in picometers. It is normally found by X-ray . It is half the distance between two similar atoms joined by a covalent bond.
1 E-10 m

To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−10 m and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm).

*100 pm — 1 ångström
*100 pm — covalent radius of sulfur atom
*120 pm — van der Waals radius of a neutral hydrogen atom
*126 pm — covalent radius of ruthenium atom
*135 pm — covalent radius of technetium atom
*153 pm — covalent radius of silver atom
*154 pm — mode length of (C-C) covalent bond
*155 pm — covalent radius of zirconium atom
*175 pm — covalent radius of thulium atom
*200 pm — highest resolution of a typical electron microscope
*225 pm — covalent radius of caesium atom
*340 pm — thickness of single layer graphene
*356.68 pm — width of diamond cell (unit cell)
*403 pm — width of lithium fluoride cell
*500 pm — width of α helix protein
*560 pm — width of sodium chloride cell
*700 pm — width of glucose molecule
*780 pm — mean width of quartz cell
*820 pm — mean width of ice cell
*900 pm — mean width of coesite cell
*900 pm — width of sucrose molecule

## Notes
Shear modulus

**Shear modulus** is a measure of the amount of force that will shear or twist an object. It is normally the letter *G*. It is the measure of the force needed to shear an object that is attached to a solid object. It can also measure the amount of force needed to twist an object.
Young's modulus

'''Young's modulus''' is the measure of how much force is needed to stretch or compress a substance. Its most basic form is stress/strain. Stress is the measure of the force applied to a certain area. Strain is the amount by which the substance is deformed.
Bulk modulus

The **bulk modulus** (letter *K*) is a measure of the resistance of a substance to compression on all sides. Gases are easily compressed, while solids and liquid are only compressed with difficulty. It is measured by a measuring instrument when another object is placed under pressure. Its unit is psi.
Brinell scale

The **Brinell scale** is a measure of hardness in materials.  It is measured by making a dent in the material and seeing how deep the dent goes with a known amount of force. It is similar to the Mohs' hardness scale, which scratches the material. It is used to test the hardness of metals. Normally, a steel ball is pressed into an object and the dent made is measured.

## References
*.
CAS registry number

A **CAS registry number** is a unique number given to every chemical substance by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS). It is also called  **CASRN** or **CAS number**. CAS registry number is also given to organic, inorganic compounds, minerals, isotopes, alloys. They are numbers ending with a check digit. They do not contain any structure information of the chemical.

It now identifies more than 164 million organic and inorganic substances. 68 million protein and DNA sequences are identified also. It is updated with around 15,000 new substances everyday.

## References
Jeff Heerema

**Jeff Heerema** (; born January 17, 1980 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger. He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
Mike Hordy

**Michael Hordy** (born October 10, 1956 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. During his career he played eleven games in the National Hockey League for the New York Islanders.

## Other websites
*
Danny Gruen

**Daniel Patrick Gruen** (born June 26, 1952 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. His career included 49 games in the National Hockey League and 181 games in the World Hockey Association, during which he played with the Colorado Rockies, Detroit Red Wings, Michigan Stags, Winnipeg Jets, Cleveland Crusaders, Calgary Cowboys, and Minnesota Fighting Saints.

## References 
*
Board of directors

A **board of directors** is a group of people. They normally  the actions of a corporation or other business. There are laws called bylaws that the board follows. They organize the business, appoint the CEO, organize budgets and take care of  matters.

Within a board, directors commonly organize themselves into several committees, such as:  audit committee, compensation committee, and human resource committee.

Usually once a year, the board of directors invite shareholders to a meeting to talk about the company.
Red hair

People with **red hair** are referred to as **redheads**. Natural redheads often have very light colored skin. They often also have freckles.

## Examples of redheads 
*Amy Adams
*Andrew Jackson
*Antonio Vivaldi
*Axl Rose
*Benedict Cumberbatch
*Boris Becker
*Christopher Columbus
*Calvin Coolidge
*Chuck Norris
*Cleopatra
*Conan O'Brien
*Seth Green
*David Bowie
*David Caruso
*D.H. Lawrence
*Dwight Eisenhower
*Elizabeth I
*Emma Stone
*George Bernard Shaw
*George Washington 
*Geri Halliwell
*Gillian Anderson
*James Joyce
*Jessica Chastain
*Julia Gillard
*J.K. Rowling
*Judas Iscariot
*Julianne Moore
*Karen Gillan 
*Lindsay Lohan
*Marcia Cross
*Margaret Thatcher
*Mark McGwire
*Mark Twain
*Martin Van Buren
*Marilyn Monroe
*Mary Magdalene
*Neil Kinnock
*Nell Gwyn
*Nicole Kidman
*Paul Scholes
*Prince Harry
*Rameses II 
*Reba McEntire
*Redd Foxx
*Robin Cook
*Ron Howard
*Rupert Grint
*Sheamus
*Sarah Ferguson
*Susan Sarandon
*Swoosie Kurtz
*Sylvia Plath
*Thomas Jefferson
*Topher Grace
*Ulysses S. Grant
*Vincent Van Gogh
*Vladimir Lenin 
*William II of England
*Willie Nelson
*Winston Churchill
Clinical thermometer

A **clinical thermometer** is a thermometer used to measure human body temperature. Most made in the 20th century are mercury-in-glass thermometers. They are accurate and sensitive, having a narrow place where the mercury level rises very fast. A kink in the tube stops the mercury level from falling on its own.

These thermometers are used in clinics by doctors,  it is a clinical thermometers they are also called a doctor's thermometers or medical thermometers.  Most show both Celsius scale and Fahrenheit temperature scales, and run from 35 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius. 

Medical thermometers are cleaned before and after each use, with alcohol.

For centuries medical thermometers were large, and took many minutes to register a temperature.  Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented a quicker mercury thermometer in 1714, and the Fahrenheit temperature scale.  In the 1860s smaller, better ones were made, and thus thermometers were more often used.  An ear thermometer was invented in the 1960s, which works quickly and easily.  Digital thermometers became widespread in the late 20th century.
Sugar Act

The **Sugar Act** (1764) was a tax passed by the British to pay for the Seven Years War, called the French and Indian War in America. 

It taxed sugar and decreased taxes on molasses in British colonies in America and the West Indies. This restricted smuggling. It was also a use of mercantilism. It was one of the first taxes that led to protests in the Thirteen Colonies. The Sugar and Stamp Acts were done away with in 1766. The Sugar Act was terrible for the colonial economy. Some people even went as far as to make attempts on the king’s life because they hated the act so much. Most people in 1764, said the British government was borderline insane to enforce this law.
My Name Is

"**My Name is**" is a song by Eminem, released in 1999. It is the lead single from his major-label debut album, *The Slim Shady LP*.

The song contains a sample of Labi Siffre's 1975 track "I Got The ...". Siffre, who is openly gay, stated, "attacking two of the usual scapegoats, women and gays, is lazy writing. If you want to do battle, attack the aggressors not the victims." Eminem made lyric changes and Siffre cleared the sample.

## Track listing
;**UK CD1**

;**UK CD2**

;**UK Cassette**

;**12" single**

;Record Store Day 2020 7" single

;Notes
* signifies a co-producer.

## References
Jay Treaty

The **Jay Treaty** was a treaty between the United States and Britain in the years following the American Revolution. The main American involved in the treaty was John Jay, who was also Chief Justice of the United States. It was passed by the United States Congress in 1795. It allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the Great Lakes.  The Democratic-Republican Party thought that the Jay Treaty was good for the British and bad for the Americans, which led to them burning effigies of Jay.

## References
Public security bureau (China)

In the People's Republic of China, a **public security bureau** (**PSB**)  is a kind of government office. These offices acting as a Police stations. Smaller offices are called *Police posts*. These are similar Japanese Kōban.

PSBs in each province and large city take care of policing law enforcement, public security, and social order. Other duties of such offices include residence registration as well as immigration and travel affairs of foreigners.
Aegyptosaurus

***Aegyptosaurus***, meaning "Egypt's Lizard", is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived in Africa around 95 million years ago during the Middle Cretaceous period. Like most sauropods, it had a long neck and a small skull. The animal's long tail probably acted as a counterweight to its body mass. Its tail also ended in a whip-like structure that it used to defend itself against predatory dinosaurs such as *Rugops*, *Carcharodontosaurus* and *Spinosaurus*. 

*Aegyptosaurus* was a close relative of *Argentinosaurus*, a much larger dinosaur that lived in South America at about the same time. This suggests a possible land bridge between Africa and South America during the Cretaceous. 

*Aegyptosaurus* was discovered and named by a German paleontologist named Ernst Stromer in 1932. Its fossils were found in Egypt, Niger, and in several different locations in the Sahara Desert. All known male and female specimens were discovered before 1939. The fossils were stored together in Munich, but were destroyed when an Allied bombing raid hit the museum in 1944, during World War II.
The type species is *Aegyptosaurus baharijensis*, named after the Bahariya Formation in Egypt, where the first fossils were found. In the series Monsters Resurrected, it was named as *Paralititan*, its contemporary.

## References
Solitary confinement

**Solitary confinement** is a punishment or special form of imprisonment. A prisoner is not allowed contact with anyone, except the prison staff. It may be a kind of psychological torture. It is also used to protect one prisoner from other inmates in the prison.

Solitary confinement has many other names. In American English it is also called the '**hole**', '**lockdown**', the '**SHU**'  (pronounced 'shoe') or the '**pound**'. In British English people say '**block**' or '**the cooler**'.

## Use and criticism
People who think solitary confinement is necessary give several reasons. Some prisoners are considered dangerous to other people in the prison. . California's prison system also uses the abbreviation SHU, but it stands for Security Housing Units. In other states, it is known as the Special Management Unit (SMU), pronounced .

Opponents of solitary confinement claim that it is cruel and unusual punishment and torture. Taking away social contact, and the sensory input is usually part of solitary confinement and can have a powerful negative effect on a prisoner's mind. This may lead to mental illnesses such as depression and even death since humans are social animals.

## Related pages
*Prison
*Torture

## References
## Other websites
*Sourcebook on solitary confinement
Muttaburrasaurus

***Muttaburrasaurus*** was a plant-eating dinosaur that lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 113-97.5 million years ago. This dinosaur means "Muttaburra (in Queensland, Australia) lizard". *Muttaburrasaurus* are about 24 feet (7 m) long. They may have lived in herds.
Steve Hrymnak

**Stefan** "**Steve**" **Hrymnak** (March 3, 1926 – November 23, 2015) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. His career included playing 18 games in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Red Wings.

## Other websites
*
Thomas Gainsborough

**Thomas Gainsborough** (14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788) was an 18th-century English portrait and landscape painter. He was born in Sudbury, Suffolk, England. He was the youngest son of John Gainsborough. When he was 13, he surprised his father by how well he drew with the pencil. Impressed, his father let him go to London to study art in 1740. In the 1740s, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr and began painting portraits more than landscapes. He had two daughters. In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London. In 1780, he painted portraits of King George III. He died of cancer in London on 2 August 1788 at age 61 years.

In painting portraits he sometimes painted with brushes on sticks six feet long. This put him at the same distance from subject and canvas, set at right angles to each other.

## Gallery 

Image:Thomas Gainsborough - Landscape in Suffolk - Google Art Project.jpg|Landscape in Suffolk (1748)
Image:Thomas Gainsborough 024.jpg|Self-Portrait (1754)
Image:The Painter's Daughters with a Cat, by Thomas Gainsborough 017.jpg|Two Daughters with a Cat (c. 1759)
Image:Thomas Gainsborough 025.jpg|Sunset (1760)
Image:Thomas Gainsborough 019.jpg|The Artist`s Daughters, Molly and Peggy (1760)
Image:Johann Christian Bach by Thomas Gainsborough.jpg|Johann Christian Bach
File:Thomas Gainsborough 001.jpg|The Harvest Wagon c. 1767
Image:Gainsb7.jpg|Lady in Blue (c. 1770)

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*Webmuseum Paris: Thomas Gainsborough
*Victoria and Albert Museum collection 
* http://www.abcgallery.com/G/gainsborough/gainsborough.html  Olga's Gallery
* www.gac.culture.gov.uk/search/Artist.asp?maker_id=112361 
*www.Thomas-Gainsborough.org  70 works by Thomas Gainsborough
San Bruno, California

**San Bruno** is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States. The population was 43,908 at the 2020 census.

The city is next to San Francisco International Airport and Golden Gate National Cemetery.

## References 
## Other websites
Leavening agent

A **leavening agent** is a substance used to make a baked good rise. Most people like baked goods that are risen, so leavening agents are popular.

## Yeast 
Yeast is a common leavening agent. It is a fungus that converts sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide makes the bread rise. This is slower and makes the bread more soft. Most of the ethanol evaporates when the bread is baked. The yeast is also killed when the bread is baked. 

Yeast takes longer time to rise than chemical leavening agents. It can also be killed by heat or salt. Yeast is normally sold in small packages. These have yeast fungi.

## Chemical leavening agents
*Main articles: Baking powder and baking soda*

There are several chemical leavening agents. For acidic foods, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) can be used. It reacts with the acid to make carbon dioxide gas, which makes the bread rise. For non-acidic foods, baking powder is used. Baking powder is a mix of a powdered acid and sodium bicarbonate. They react when dissolved in water to make carbon dioxide gas. Baking powder is more common.

Baking powder and baking soda leavening is better for certain baked goods like muffins or cakes. The bread rises much faster with baking powder or baking soda. It is not affected by many other ingredients. But it does not have the same texture or taste that yeast has.
Sweet potato pie

**Sweet potato pie** is a type of pie. It is common in the southern United States. It is similar to pumpkin pie. It is common at Thanksgiving. It is a side dish or dessert.

"The most delicate root that may be eaten," as the sixteenth-century English mariner and slave trader John Hawkins called it, suited European taste. Henry VIII ate his sweet potatoes in heavily spiced and sugared pies, a fashion that survived at least until the 1680s."

It is normally made as a large tart. It doesn't have a top crust. The filling has mashed sweet potatoes, milk, sugar, eggs, and flavoring. The filling can be made light or dense. Occasionally marshmallows are added as a topping.

## History 
Creamy vegetable pie recipes date back to Medieval Europe. It was a favorite of Henry VIII of England. He was known to eat a great number of sweet potato pies at a time believing they were an aphrodisiac. Recipes for sweet potato pie first appeared in printed cookbooks in the 18th century. It was included with savory vegetable dishes. By the 19th century, sweet potato pie was considered a .

## References
## Other websites 
* Sweet potato vs. pumpkin pie: Your roots might determine your preference
Roar

**Roar** may refer to :
*Roar (utterance), a sound produced by certain animals such as lions, tigers and mammoths.
*  *Roar*, the King's College London student newspaper
*Brisbane Roar FC, an Australian football club (formerly Queensland Roar FC)
**Roar* (movie)  a movie set in Africa and produced by Tippi Hedren
**Roar* (TV series), a short-lived television drama set in 4th century Ireland 
**Roar* (UK TV series), a CBBC television series about the animals in a zoo
**Rrröööaaarrr*, second album of Canadian progressive metal band Voivod
**The Roar*, a 2008 novel by Emma Clayton
*Roar (roller coaster), the name of two wooden roller coasters located at Six Flags America and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
*ROAR Registry of Open Access Repositories indexes open access institutional repositories. 

## Names
*"Roar", a Norwegian form of the name Roger
*Roar (dubious Danish king), a dubious legendary king of Denmark
*Roar Ljøkelsøy, a Norwegian ski jumper
Colonial Clash

The **Colonial Clash** is an annual American College Football rivalry game played between the University of Massachusetts and the University of New Hampshire. These are traditionally the two best programs in the championship subdivision of college football in New England.

The rivalry adopted the name "Colonial Clash" on August 18, 2010, just two months before becoming the first college football match-up ever at Gillette Stadium. Robert Kraft, owner of Gillette Stadium and its tenants, the New England Patriots and New England Revolution, called it "a fitting name for a border rivalry between schools who represent two of the original colonies." The game is scheduled to be held at the professional venue in both 2010 and 2011.

The two schools have played each other every year since 1952, with UMass holding a 43-26-3 advantage. UNH captured the 2008 game 52-21 while UMass won on homecoming in 2009, 23-17. In 2006, the schools played twice, meeting first on November 4th in Durham, NH (with UMass winning 28-20), then again on December 2nd in Amherst for the NCAA FCS Quarterfinals (UMass winning 24-17). After each regular season meeting, the Billy Knight Trophy is awarded to the MVP of the game.

Since the separation of Division I college football into two separate tiers in 1978, UMass has played for the National Championship three times (1978, 1999, 2006), winning in 1999. While New Hampshire has not yet reached a National Championship game, they were the #1 overall seed in the 2005 FCS playoffs.

## References
Poisson's ratio

'''Poisson's ratio'* (letter *v'') is a measure of the contraction that happens when an object is stretched. It is named after Siméon Denis Poisson. This contraction is perpendicular to the stretching force. It can also expand as the object is compressed in a perpendicular direction.

For example, if a block is being stretched as shown in the image to the right, the equation for the poisson's ratio will be: 
:\nu = -\frac{d\varepsilon_\mathrm{trans}}{d\varepsilon_\mathrm{axial}} = -\frac{d\varepsilon_\mathrm{y}}{d\varepsilon_\mathrm{x}}= -\frac{d\varepsilon_\mathrm{z}}{d\varepsilon_\mathrm{x}} 
Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.0-0.5 for common materials, though for materials with certain structures, can be as low as -1. A material with a Poisson's ratio close to 0 (like cork) can be stretched a lot in the axial direction without changing much at all in the transverse, where as pulling on a material with a high Poisson's ratio (like rubber) will cause it to become much more narrow. A material with a negative Poisson's ratio will expand in all directions as it is stretched.
Leaellynasaura

***Leaellynasaura*** (meaning "Leaellyn's lizard") was a fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur that lived in Australia during the middle Cretaceous Period, roughly 115-110 million years ago. Australia was within the Antarctic Circle during the Cretaceous period, and it had a very long winter.

## Description 
*Leaellynasaura* is known from two nearly complete skeletons and two skulls. It is described as an ornithopod. Unlike some other ornithischians, the *Leaellynasaura* did not have any tendons in its tail. The tail is known for being among the longest of its relatives: it was three times longer than the rest of the whole body. It also has more vertebrae in its tail than any other ornithischians except for some hadrosaurs. It also had large eyes to help it look in the dark winter.

## References
Gigi D'Agostino

**Luigino Celestino Di Agostino** (born December 17, 1967) is an Italian disk jockey. He was born in Turin, Italy. Di Agostino is better known under his stage name '''Gigi D'Agostino'*. He is also known as the *Violento Man''. 

## Other websites
*Official website
Evanna Lynch

**Evanna Patricia Lynch** (born 16 August 1991) is an Irish actress. She became famous by playing Luna Lovegood, a supporting character in the *Harry Potter* movie series. Lynch was cast as Luna at the age of 14, having acted only in school plays before. She first played Luna in *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix* (2007), *Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince* (2009), and *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1* (2010) and *Part 2* (2011). She also voiced Luna in the first of the movie's two video games. Lynch's work on the series earned her two award nominations.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
E.S. Posthumus

**E.S. Posthumus** is a two-person band. They mainly made music for movies (and their trailers). Franz Vonlichten and Helmut Vonlichten created the music from Pythagorean ideas that combine very different elements and still produce harmony. Franz died tragically in 2010. Helmut released the last song "Christmas Eve" in November 2010. The group ceased its activity. In November 2011, Helmut Vonlichten has formed a new band called Les Friction.
Art Nouveau

colour lithograph, 1898]]

's original Art Nouveau entrance of the Paris Métro in Abbesses station]]

**Art Nouveau**  is an international art movement and style based on organic forms. It was seen in modern art, graphic design, architecture and applied arts such as decoration, jewellery, ceramics and glass.p7 It peaked in popularity at the fin de siècle of the late 19th century (1890–1905), and continued until the First World War.

A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, Art Nouveau is organic in style. It has floral and plant-inspired motifs, and stylized, flowing curvilinear forms.

The movement was strongly influenced by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha. Mucha produced a lithographed poster as an advertisement for the play *Gismonda* by Victorien Sardou, starring Sarah Bernhardt. The poster appeared on 1 January 1895 in the streets of Paris. It was an overnight sensation, and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Initially called the *Style Mucha*, this soon became known as *Art Nouveau*.

Art Nouveau's fifteen-year life was most strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Madrid—but its influence was global.

Although Art Nouveau fell out of favour with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between Neoclassicism and modernism. The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with "the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe", was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the "quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture". Four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as "works of human creative genius" that are "outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society".

## References
Wheat flour

**Wheat flour** is a type of flour made from wheat kernels. There are two main types of wheat flour: whole wheat flour and white flour. 

Whole wheat flour has the whole grain of wheat, making it more nutritious. White flour only has the endosperm of the wheat grain, making it less nutritious. 

White flour is preferred by many people. White flours are normally enriched. Wheat flour can be sifted to make it finer and smoother.

## Related pages
* Kinako

## References
Dysgraphia

:*People who never learned how to read and write are called illiterate.*

**Dysgraphia** or **agraphia** is the learning disability to write texts, even though the person has the necessary motoric skills. People with dysgraphia can move their hand enough, and are also capable of understanding how to write. 

Dysgraphias may happen because of damage done to the brain, but it is more common as a defect in brain function present from birth. It may occur occur with other defects, such as speech problems. Many people who suffered a stroke may have lost the ability to move parts of their body. 

There are different forms of dysgraphia:
*Lexical agraphia: words that are hard to tell apart cannot be written down properly.
*Phonological agraphia: words can be written down correctly, but they cannot be pronounced.
*Semantic agraphia: words with a certain meaning cannot be pronounced.
*Apractical agraphia: The motor skills can no longer be used for writing.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Dyslexia
Boeing 747-400

]]

The **Boeing 747-400** is a jet airliner, a variant of the Boeing 747. Compared to the original 747, the 747-400 features improvements such as more powerful engines, new avionics, a new interior, and a longer-span wing with winglets. The 747-400 first flew in 1988 and entered service in 1989. It was produced until 2009 in six different variants: 747-400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and 747-400ERF.

## References
Vulcanodon

***Vulcanodon*** was a long-necked dinosaur that lived during the early Jurassic period, about 208 to 201 million years ago. It was an early sauropod.

A partial fossil has been found in Mashonaland North, Zimbabwe, Africa.
*Vulcanodon* was about 20 feet (6.5 m) long. It was a long-necked, long-tailed plant-eater with a small head, thick legs, and a bulky body. It had nail-like claws on its feet and an enlarged claw on each big toe. Its front legs were relatively long.