open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Urial

The **urial** (*Ovis orientalis vignei*), also known as the **arkars** or **shapo**, is a subspecies of wild sheep (*Ovis orientalis*). It has reddish-brown long fur that fades during winter. Males have a black ruff stretching from the neck to the chest and large horns.  It is found in western central Asia.  The other subspecies group of *O. orientalis* is the Mouflon (*Ovis orientalis orientalis* group). The two groups have often been considered separate species. Urial is endangered specie.

## References
Robert FitzRoy

Vice-Admiral **Robert FitzRoy**  (5 July 1805 – 30 April 1865) was an English officer of the Royal Navy, politician and scientist who served as the second governor of New Zealand between 1843 and 1845. He achieved lasting fame as the captain of  during Charles Darwin's famous voyage, FitzRoy's second expedition to Tierra del Fuego and the Southern Cone.

FitzRoy was a pioneering meteorologist who made accurate daily weather predictions, which he called by a new name of his own invention: "forecasts". In 1854 he established what would later be called the Met Office, and created systems to get weather information to sailors and fishermen for their safety.
He was Governor of New Zealand from 1843 to 1845.

In 1851, FitzRoy was elected to the Royal Society.

In 1854, on the recommendation of Vice Admiral Francis Beaufort and the President of the Royal Society, FitzRoy was appointed as chief of a new department to deal with the collection of weather data at sea, with the title of *Meteorological Statist to the Board of Trade* and a staff of three. This was the forerunner of the modern Meteorological Office.

## References
Willem Barents

**Willem Barents** (or **Barentsz**, probably from **Barentzoon**, son of Barent) was a Dutch explorer. He was born on Terschelling around 1550, and died on the 20th June 1597 near Novaya Zemlya. 

The Barents Sea, Barentsburg and Barents Region were all named after him.

## References
Anthony Bell (director)

**Anthony Bell** (born 1970), sometimes known as **Tony Bell** is an American animator, movie director, screenwriter and story artist. He started his career as a character layout artist in *The Simpsons*  in the early nineties and he also directed a few episodes in *Rugrats*. Bell also directed some episode for the Adult Swim animated TV show, *The Boondocks*. His most recent and famous work is for being the co-director of the 2010 computer-animated comedy-drama movie, *Alpha and Omega* (along with Ben Gluck), where he also served as story artist. Anthony is now working as the director on a new animated comedy-drama movie, called *Norm of the North*. He also wrote the story for the movie.

## Other websites
*
Byte order mark

A *byte order mark* (BOM) is a sequence of bytes used to indicate the Unicode encoding style of a text file. The encoding dictates how text is serialized into a sequence of bytes. If the least significant byte is placed in the initial position, this is referred to as "little-endian," whereas if the most significant byte is placed in the initial position, the method is known as "big-endian."

In addition to indicating the byte order, a BOM can also be used as a file signature to identify the encoding of a text file. The UTF-8 file signature (commonly also referred to as a "BOM") identifies the encoding format rather than the byte order of the document. UTF-8 is a linear sequence of bytes (not a sequence of 2-byte or 4-byte units where the byte order is important as in UTF-16 and UTF-32). The following table shows the byte-order marks for various encodings.

BOM use is optional. If used, it must be at the very beginning of the text. The BOM gives the producer of the text a way to describe the encoding such as UTF-8 or UTF-16, and in the case of UTF-16 and UTF-32, its endianness. The BOM is important for text interchange, when files move between systems that use different byte orders or different encodings, rather than in normal text handling in a closed environment.

As UTF-8 has become the most common text encoding, `EFBBBF` (shown here as three hexadecimal values) is the most commonly occurring BOM form, also known as the *UTF-8 signature*. HTML5 browsers are required to recognize the UTF-8 BOM and use it to detect the encoding of the page. Software may alternatively recognize UTF-8 encoding by looking for bytes with the high order bit set (values `0x80` through `0xFF`) followed by bytes that define valid UTF-8 sequences.

The Unicode Standard neither requires nor recommends the use of the BOM for UTF-8, but warns that it may be encountered at the start of a file.

Most modern software applications recognize a BOM and may insert it when saving a text file with UTF encoding. The presence of the UTF-8 BOM may cause problems with some software, especially legacy software not designed to handle UTF-8, in which case it may appear as the characters "".

## References
Ahmad Faraz

**Ahmad Faraz** (real name Syed Ahmad Shah, January 1931-25 August 2008)  was a Pakistani Urdu poet. 'Faraz' was his pen name (). He is considered one of the best Urdu poets of recent times.

## References
Lady Louise Windsor

**Lady Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Mountbatten-Windsor** (born 8 November 2003) is the elder of the two children of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh, and Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh. Lady Louise is the youngest granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She is thirteenth in line to the British throne, although she was eighth in line when she was born. When her younger brother, James, was born in 2007, he moved ahead of her in the line of succession.

## Birth and baptism 
Lady Louise was born prematurely on 8 November 2003 at 23:32 GMT at Frimley Park Hospital in Frimley, Surrey. She was baptised in the Private Chapel of Windsor Castle on 24 April 2004 by David Conner, the Dean of Windsor. Her godparents were Lady Sarah Chatto, Lord Ivar Mountbatten, Lady Alexandra Etherington, Francesca Schwarzenbach and Rupert Elliott. Louise was the last child to wear the original royal christening gown.

## Official appearances 
Lady Louise attends events such as Trooping the Colour, Christmas and family services, like the Diamond Jubilee service at Saint Paul's Cathedral. Louise was one of the bridesmaids at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton on 29 April 2011. 

Lady Louise is technically entitled to be styled as Her Royal Highness Princess Louise of Edinburgh. But as per her parent's wishes, she uses an aristocratic title rather than a royal one.

## Title 
8 November 2003: Lady Louise Windsor 

## Honors 
6 February 2012: Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal 

6 February 2022: Recipient of the Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal 

6 May 2023: Recipient of the King Charles III Coronation Medal 

## References
## Other websites
*
Kim Peek

**Laurence Kim Peek** (November 11, 1951 – December 19, 2009) was an American savant. Peek had brain damage since before birth, but was not autistic.

Peek was considered a "mega-savant" because he was a genius on at least 15 different subjects, from history to sport. He was the inspiration for the character played by Dustin Hoffman in the movie *Rain Man*. Peek was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon).

On December 19, 2009 at age 58, Peek died of a heart attack in Murray, Utah.

## References
## Other websites
* Kim Peek-The Real Rain Man  - Wisconsin Medical Society
Adam Carolla

**Adam Carolla** (born May 27, 1964) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is the voice of Birchum in *Crank Yankers*. He played Commander Nebula in Buzz Lightyear. He is now in the movie *No Safe Spaces.*

## References
## Other websites
*
Alain Chevrier

**Alain Guy Chevrier** (born April 23, 1961 in Cornwall, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender.

Chevrier played a total of 8 seasons in the NHL. He played for the New Jersey Devils for 3 seasons, Winnipeg Jets for 1 season, Chicago Blackhawks for 2 seasons, Pittsburgh Penguins for 1 season and the Detroit Red Wings for 1 season.

Chevrier also play college hockey with the Miami University RedHawks and was the first RedHawk to play in the NHL.

## Other websites
*
WWE Hell in a Cell

**WWE Hell in a Cell** was a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event made by WWE. The first event took place in 2009, replacing No Mercy in the early October slot of WWE's PPV calendar. In 2012, WWE announced that Hell in a Cell would move to late October, leaving only one pay-per-view in October. the 2018 event was held in September, while the 2021 and 2022 event were held in June.

The show's concept was based on WWE's well-known Hell in a Cell match, in which wrestlers fought inside a 20-foot (6-metre) high roofed cell structure surrounding the ring and ringside area. Each main event match of the card was contested as a Hell in a Cell match.  "Hell in a Cell" was chosen over "No Escape", "Locked Up" and "Rage in a Cage". 

The 2022 event was the last Hell in a Cell event produced, as it was replaced by Night of Champions in 2023. However, in 2024, WWE brought back the Bad Blood event, which featured the Hell in a Cell match as the main event.

## Concept
In this PPV, all main events were fought as Hell in a Cell matches, in which the ring and ringside area were surrounded by a 20-foot high roofed cell structure. This type of match had no disqualifications or countouts, and the escape rule from steel cage matches also did not apply. The only way to win was by pinfall or submission inside the ring.

## Dates and venues
## Related pages
*List of WWE pay-per-view events
*WWE Bad Blood

## References
*This article is based on WWE Hell in a Cell on the English Wikipedia.*

## Other websites
*Hell in a Cell website
*Pro Wrestling Events website
Thomas Hooker

**Thomas Hooker** (July 5, 1586 - July 7, 1647) was a Puritan colonial leader. Hooker founded the Colony of Connecticut after he spoke to leaders in Massachusetts. They allowed him to have a colony there. Hooker was known as an  speaker. He was also a leader of the Christian suffrage.

Hooker was given the nickname of "The Father of Connecticut". Hooker was an important person in the early development of colonial New England. He was one of the greatest preachers during his lifetime. Hooker often wrote on Christian subjects. He became the first minister in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was one the first people to settle in Hartford and the state of Connecticut. Many people believe Hooker was the inspiration for the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut".

## Other websites
*Who was Thomas Hooker?  at Thomas Hooker School History
Toco toucan

The **toco toucan** (*Ramphastos toco*), also known as the **toucan** or **common toucan**, is the largest and probably the best known species in the toucan family. It is found in semi-open habitats throughout a large part of central and eastern South America. It is a common attraction in zoos.
Tony Barbieri

**Anthony J. "Tony" Barbieri** (born August 26, 1963) is an American comedic writer and performer. He began writing for *Jimmy Kimmel Live!* in 2003. In 2004, he started appearing on the show as the character "Jake Byrd". He won the an Emmy Award for the song "I'm Fucking Matt Damon" in 2008.

## References
*
Crank Yankers

***Crank Yankers*** is an American television show produced by Adam Carolla, Jimmy Kimmel, and Daniel Kellison that features actual crank calls made by show regulars and celebrity guests and re-enacted onscreen by puppets for a visual aid to show the viewer what is happening in the call. The show started in 2002 on Comedy Central and returned to MTV2 on February 9, 2007, running again until March 30, 2007. The show screened in Australia on SBS Television and The Comedy Channel between 2003 and 2008.

On February 11, 2019, Kimmel announced on *Jimmy Kimmel Live!* that the show would be revived on Comedy Central for a fifth 20-episode season and mark the first project on Kimmel's new *Kimmelot* production imprint. The new season would include pranks on social media and other platforms. Kimmel's brother Jonathan Kimmel served as showrunner and executive producer. Season 5 started on September 25, 2019.

On March 5, 2020, Comedy Central announced *Crank Yankers* had been renewed for a 20-episode sixth season.

## CD releases
* *The Best Uncensored Crank Calls, Volume 1* (2002)
* *The Best Uncensored Crank Calls, Volume 2* (2002)
* *The Best Uncensored Crank Calls, Volume 3* (2003)

## Sources
## Other websites
*  from Comedy Central
*
Albano Harguindeguy

**Albano Eduardo Harguindeguy** (February 11, 1927 &ndash; October 29, 2012) was an Argentine Army General.

Harguindeguy was born in February 11, 1927. He was thought of being involved in a human rights abuse case, then he was pardoned by President Carlos Menem in 1989, with other members of the dictatorship. In 2004 he refused to testify before a judge investigating illegal detentions and killings under Operation Condor, and he was put under house arrest.

Harguindeguy died on October 29, 2012 from natural causes while under house arrest, aged 85.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Nicotiana

***Nicotiana*** is a genus of herbaceous plants and shrubs.  They grow in the Americas, Australia, south west Africa and the South Pacific. The common name for plant species of the genus *Nicotiana* is **tobacco plants**.   

One of the species is *N. tabacum*.  It is grown worldwide to make tobacco leaf for cigarettes and other tobacco products. Other species are grown as ornamental garden plants. 

## References
Richard Ponsonby-Fane

**Richard Arthur Brabazon Ponsonby-Fane** (8 January 1878 – 10 December 1937) was a British public servant, colonial administrator, academic, author, specialist of Shinto and Japanologist.

## Early years
 is the Ponsonby-Fane family home in Somerset]]
Richard Arthur Brabazon Ponsonby was born at Gravesend on the south bank of the Thames in Kent. As a youth, he lived in London and at his grandfather's country home, Brympton d'Evercy in Somerset.

He added "Fane" to his name in 1916.

Ponsonby was educated at Harrow School.

## Career
In 1896, Ponsonby became the private secretary to the Governor of the British Cape Colony. Over the next twenty years, he was private secretary to the Governor of Natal (1896), to the Governor of Trinidad and Tobago (1898),

Ponsonby-Fane began lecturing at the University of Hong Kong in 1916. He continued to be a university lecturer until 1926.

In 1921, when the Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito visited Hong Kong, Ponsonby-Fane was his interpreter.

When Emperor Shōwa became Emperor of Japan, Ponsonby was the only non-Japanese guest who was invited to witness the ceremonies from a special place in front of the palace's Kenreimon gate. In later life, he was always photographed with a long woolen scarf. It was hand-knit by Dowager Empress Teimei, the widow of Emperor Taishō.

Ponsonby-Fane died in Kyoto, Japan in December 1937.

## Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Richard Ponsonby-Fane, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 74 works in 136 publications in 2 languages and 1,443 library holdings.
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* *The Imperial Family of Japan,* 1915
* *The Viciissitudes of Shinto,* 1931
* *The Nomenclature of the N. Y. K. Fleet,* 1931
* *Kamo Mioya Shrine,* 1934
* *Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869,* 1956
* *The Imperial House of Japan,* 1959
* *Sovereiegn and Subject,* 1962
* *Studies in Shinto and Shrines,* 1962
* *The Vicissitudes of Shinto,* 1963
* *Visiting Famous Shrines in Japan,* 1964

## Honours
* Order of the Rising Sun
* Order of the Sacred Treasure, 1921
* University of Hong Kong, Honorary Doctor of Laws, 1926

## Notes
## Other websites
* Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon, 1878-1937 at Virtual International Authority File
Terry Callier

**Terrence O. Callier**, known as **Terry Callier** (May 24, 1945 &ndash; October 28, 2012) was an American jazz, soul and folk guitarist and singer-songwriter.

Callier was born in the North Side of Chicago, Illinois, on May 24, 1945, and was raised in Cabrini-Green, a Chicago neighborhood.

He performered songs such as "Occasional Rain" (1972), "What Color Is Love" (1973), and "I Just Can't Help Myself" (1974). He also played with George Benson, Gil Scott-Heron and others. He signed a contract with Elektra Records, releasing the albums *Fire On Ice* (1977) and *Turn You to Love* (1978).

Callier died in Chicago on October 28, 2012 from cancer, aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site 
*
Johann von Leers

**Johann von Leers** (January 25, 1902 – March 5, 1965), was a soldier in Nazi Germany. He was an Alter Kämpfer and an honorary Sturmbannführer in the Waffen SS. He was also a professor known for his strong anti-Jewish beliefs. He was important in making propaganda.

He was an advisor to Gamal Abdel Nasser. He published for Goebbels, in Peron's Argentina and for Nasser's Egypt. He changed his religion to Islam. He then changed his name to **Omar Amin**.

## References
* 
* 
* Irving Sedar and Harold J. Greenberg, ''Behind the Egyptian Sphinx: Nasser's strange bedfellows; prelude to World War III?'', Philadelphia, Chilton Co., 1960
Indian Cobra

**Indian Cobra** (*Naja naja*) or **Spectacled Cobra** is a species of the genus *Naja* found in the Indian subcontinent and a member of the "big four", the four species which inflict the most snakebites in India. This snake is revered in Indian mythology and culture, and is often seen with snake charmers.
Frank Potenza

**Francis "Frank" Potenza** (born November 11, 1933 – August 23, 2011) was an American retired New York City police officer and former security guard. He later became a television actor and comic relief for *Jimmy Kimmel Live!*. He appeared as "Uncle Frank" on the show from 2003 to 2011.

## References
Guillermo Rodriguez (comedian)

**Guillermo Díaz Rodriguez** (born January 27, 1971), widely known as **Guillermo**, is a talk show personality who rose to fame while working as a parking lot security guard at the Hollywood Blvd studios for *Jimmy Kimmel Live!*, with Jimmy Kimmel.

## References
## Other websites
*
Robert N. Proctor

]]
**Robert Neel Proctor** (born 1954) is an American historian of science.  He is Professor of the History of Science at Stanford University.  In 1999, he was the first historian to testify against the tobacco industry. He was a professor of the history of science at Pennsylvania State University.

Proctor made the word "agnotology".  Agnotology means writing untrue or misleading information about scientific data. 

## References
Wreck-It Ralph

***Wreck-It Ralph*** is a 2012 American animated comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by Rich Moore (in as his directorial debut. It was produced by Clark Spencer. Its screenplay was written by Phil Johnston and Jennifer Lee. Its story was by Moore, Johnston, and Jim Reardon. John Lasseter is the film’s executive producer.

The movie tells the story of Wreck-It Ralph. He is the villain of the arcade game Fix-it Felix, Jr. He does not want to be a villain anymore. Characters from video games by Nintendo, Sega, Namco are in the movie. This includes Bowser, Sonic, Pac-Man and many others. *Wreck-It Ralph* released to the world on October 29, 2012. It's the fifty-second Disney animated movie and released in the United States on November 2, 2012.

A sequel called *Ralph Breaks the Internet* was released on November 21, 2018. This makes Wreck-It Ralph Disney's first CGI movie to inspire a sequel.

## Voice cast
* John C. Reilly as Wreck-It Ralph, the villain of ''Fix-It Felix, Jr.'
* Sarah Silverman as Princess Vanellope von Schweetz, a racer in *Sugar Rush*
* Jack McBrayer as Fix-It Felix F., Jr., the hero of *Fix-It Felix Jr.*
* Jane Lynch as Sgt. Tamora Jean Calhoun, a surveillance program from ''Hero's Duty*
* Alan Tudyk as King K. Candy, the fake ruler of *Sugar Rush*/Turbo, the former star racer of *TurboTime* and a revenge seeker for the arcade.
* Mindy Kaling as Taffyta Muttonfudge, a racer in *Sugar Rush*
* Joe Lo Truglio as Lt. Markowski, a drunk surveillance program from *Hero's Duty*
* Brandon Scott as Corp. Kohut, a surveillance program from *Hero's Duty*
* Tim Mertens as Cmdr. Dr. Brad Scott, a deceased surveillance program from *Hero's Duty*
* Dennis Haysbert as Master Surveillance Program Gen. Hologram Lockload, a surveillance program in *Hero's Duty*
* Katie Lowes as Candlehead, a racer in *Sugar Rush*
* Jamie Elman as Rancis Fluggerbutter, a racer in *Sugar Rush*
* Josie Trinidad as Jubileena Bing-Bing, a racer in *Sugar Rush*
* Cymbre Walk as Crumbelina DiCaramello, a racer in *Sugar Rush*
* Stefanie Scott as the Moppet Girl, a young arcade enthusiast
* Adam Carolla as Officer Wynnchel, a police officer éclair from *Sugar Rush*
* Horatio Sanz as Officer Duncan, a police officer doughnut from *Sugar Rush*
* Edie McClurg as Mary, a Nicelander who lives in the game *Fix-It Felix, Jr.*
* Kyle Hebert as Ryu from *Street Fighter*
* Maurice LaMarche as the Root Beer Tapper from *Tapper*
* Jamie Sparer Roberts as Yuni Verse from *Dance Dance Revolution''

## Release Date
## Soundtrack
The film's score was composed by Henry Jackman. Three original songs were performed in the film by Owl City, AKB48, and Buckner & Garcia. The soundtrack also features the songs "Celebration", "Bug Hunt" (Skrillex and Noisia remix), and "Shut Up and Drive". Early in the development process, Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote an original song for the film; it was later cut out.

### Track listing
## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* *Wreck-It Ralph* at Walt Disney Animation Studios
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Omar Gooding

**Omar M. Gooding** (born October 19, 1976 Gooding was born in Los Angeles, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
Peugeot 607

The **Peugeot 607** is a full-size executive car produced by the French automaker Peugeot from 1999 to 2011. Designed to replace the Peugeot 605, the 607 was part of Peugeot's efforts to enter the premium segment and compete with established rivals like the Audi A6, BMW 5 Series, and Mercedes-Benz E-Class. The car featured a high level of luxury for its time. It was produced in sedan form and was offered with a range of engines, including both petrol and diesel options. In 2011, the Peugeot 607 was replaced by the Peugeot 508.

## Engines 
* *2.0* 100 kW (136 hp)
* *2.2* 116 kW (158 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)
* *3.0* 152 kW (207 hp) and 155 kW (211 hp)
* *2.0 HDi* 79 kW (107 hp), 80 kW (109 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
* *2.2 HDi* 98 kW (133 hp) and 125 kW (170 hp)
* *2.7 HDi* 150 kW (204 hp)

## References
## Other websites
* https://www.carthrottle.com/features/peugeot-607-pescarolo-could-have-been-frances-bmw-m5
Chediston

**Chediston** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 195 people living in Chediston. It has a church called St Mary.

## References
Cam Barker

**Cameron Barker** (born April 4, 1986 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played with the Chicago Blackhawks, Minnesota Wild, Edmonton Oilers, and Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played with Barys Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Barker was drafted 3rd overall in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks. Barker played 5 seasons with the Blackhawks before being traded to the Minnesota Wild for Kim Johnsson and defensive prospect Nick Leddy. He played 2 seasons with the Wild and the Wild placed him on waivers on June 28, 2011. He signed a contract with the Edmonton Oilers on July 1, 2011. He played a season with the Oilers before being cut by the team on June 25, 2012. He joined the Texas Stars for 23 games before signing a $700,000, one-year contract with the Vancouver Canucks.

## Awards
*He was named to the WHL All-Rookie Team in 2003.
*He won the Ed Chynoweth Cup championship with the Medicine Hat Tigers in 2004.
*He won the World Junior gold medal in 2005 and 2006.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*
Touch-me-not

**Touch me not** is a common name for two unrelated groups of plants:

*Species in the genus *Impatiens* 
**Mimosa pudica* (family Fabaceae)

The biblical Latin phrase ***Noli me tangere***, which appears in John 20:17, is translated as "Touch me not".
Milan Bartovič

**Milan Bartovič** (born 9 April 1981 in Trenčín, Czechoslovakia) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player who currently plays for the HC Slovan Bratislava of the Kontinental Hockey League.

Barker was drafted 35th overall in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres. Bartovič played 2 seasons with the Sabres before being traded to the Chicago Blackhawks for Michael Leighton. Bartovič played 49 games for the Blackhawks before electing to play in Sweden for the 2006–07 season. Before he left, he signed a one-year deal with the Atlanta Thrashers but didn't play for them. He returned to Europe to play for Malmö IF of the Swedish Elite League. He left the Malmö IF to play with ZSC Lions of the National League A. He played 1 season with ZSC Lions before leaving to play for the HC Bílí Tygři Liberec of the Czech Extraliga.

## Other websites
*
*
Impatiens

***Impatiens*** is a genus of about 850&ndash;1,000 species of flowering plants, widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and tropics. Together with  *Hydrocera triflora*, they make up the family Balsaminaceae. 

These plants derives their scientific name *Impatiens* (Latin for "impatient") and the common name "touch-me-not" in reference to their seed capsules. When the capsules mature, they 'explode' when touched, sending seeds several metres away. This mechanism is also known as "explosive dehiscence"; see also rapid plant movement.

Impatiens have become one of the most popular garden annuals. Hybrids, typically derived from "Busy Lizzie" (the well-known *I. walleriana*) and the New Guinea Impatiens (*I. hawkeri*), have commercial importance as garden plants. *I. walleriana* is native to East Africa, and was bred through selection by Claude Hope. The original series of impatiens bred by Hope was the 'Elfin' series of cultivars, later improved as the 'Super Elfin' series. Double-flowered cultivars also exist. But in tropical islands, such as Hawaiʻi, Busy Lizzie can also become a  weed.

## References
Radim Bičánek

**Radim Bičánek** (born January 18, 1975) is a Czech former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played parts of seven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Ottawa Senators, Chicago Blackhawks, and Columbus Blue Jackets.

Bičánek was drafted 27th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Ottawa Senators. Bičánek played 4 seasons with the Senators before being traded to the Chicago Blackhawks for a pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft on March 12, 1999.He played 2 seasons with the Blackhawks before being picked up by the Columbus Blue Jackets. He played 2 seasons with the Blue Jackets before returning to the Czech Republic because of the 2004–05 NHL lockout. He played for the Orli Znojmo of the Czech Extraliga for 5 seasons before leaving and joining HC Kometa Brno.

In 2016, he retired from playing professional ice hockey.

## Other websites
*
*
Toby

**Toby** [ **toh**-bee ] is a male name.  Toby is a well-liked name for male individuals with a rich history and significance. Its origin can be traced back to England and is a derivative of the name Tobias, which means "God is good" or "God is my goodness." The name has been widely used since the Middle Ages and has remained a popular choice for boys in English-speaking countries. Apart from Toby, the name has also been spelled in different variations such as Tobie, Tobey, and Tobias. The name has also been referenced in literature and popular culture, with characters such as Toby Belch in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night" and Toby Ziegler in the television show "The West Wing" bearing the name. It is used in English speaking places.

Toby Keith, a Country music singer, is one famous Toby. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Toby Keith, American country music singer and actor
* Toby Alderweireld, Belgian association football player
* Toby Sheldon, German reality television personality known for extensive cosmetic surgery

## References
Peter Bondra

**Peter Bondra** (born 7 February 1968) is a Slovak retired professional ice hockey player that played a total of 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Bondra was drafted 156th overall in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft by the Washington Capitals. Bondra played 14 seasons with the Capitals. Because of a disappointing year, the Capitals traded some of their veteran players. Bondra was traded to the Ottawa Senators for Brooks Laich and a second round draft pick. Bondra was noticeably sad and was choked up during the press conference that announced the trade. Bondra played 1 season with the Senators before signing with HK Tatravagónka ŠKP Poprad of the Slovak Extraliga because of the 2004-05 NHL lockout. After the lockout ended, he signed with the Atlanta Thrashers. He played 1 season with the Thrashers. On December 10, He signed a contract with the Chicago Blackhawks. While he was a member of the Blackhawks, he scored his 500th NHL career goal. This made him the 37th player in league history to reach the 500–goal mark and the fourth player to record his 500th goal while a member of the Blackhawks. He retired from professional ice hockey on October 29, 2007.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Jared Padalecki

**Jared Padalecki** (born July 19, 1982) is an American actor. He is best known for his role on the television series *Gilmore Girls*. Padalecki is also known for playing Sam Winchester on the CW television series *Supernatural*.

Padalecki married Genevieve Padalecki on February 27, 2010 in Sun Valley, Idaho. He and his wife are living in Austin, Texas. Their son, Thomas Padalecki, was born on March 19, 2012.

## Filmography
## Other websites 
* 
*Jared Padalecki on Twitter
New England town

**New England towns** have a basic local government in each of the six New England states. New England towns are  to civil townships.

New England towns are often governed by town meetings. There is little to no county government, and Connecticut and Rhode Island counties have no government authority. Massachusetts has removed eight of fourteen county governments so far.

## References
Michal Barinka

**Michal Barinka** (born June 12, 1984) is a Czech professional ice hockey player who currently plays for the Kometa Brno of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He has also played for Chicago Blackhawks and Ottawa Senators in the National Hockey League (NHL), HC České Budějovice, HC Vítkovice, and HC Sparta Praha in the Extraliga (EHL), Lokomotiv Yaroslavl in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), and SC Bern and Fribourg-Gottéron in the National League A (NLA).

## Career
Barinka was drafted 59th overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks. Barinka played 2 seasons with the Blackhawks before being traded in a three-way deal to the Ottawa Senators for Martin Havlát. Barinka played for the farm team Binghamton Senators for 1 season before returning to the Czech Republic to play for the HC Vítkovice of the Czech Extraliga. After playing 5 seasons with HC Vítkovice, Barinka left to play with Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League. He left to play for HC Fribourg-Gottéron of the National League A. He played 1 season with them before returning to the Czech Extraliga to play for HC Vítkovice again. He would play three seasons with HC Sparta Praha, then two seasons with HC Kometa Brno, one season with Rytíři Kladno, and one season with HC RT Torax Poruba.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Sněžka

**Sněžka** (, ) is the highest mountain in the Czech Republic. Its top is  above sea level. The mountain is in the Giant Mountains (*Krkonoše*), in the nordeastern part of Bohemia.  It is about 150 kilometres from Prague, the country's capital. Buses from Prague go to the town of Pec pod Sněžkou, from there the tourists can walk or use the cable-way.

## The mountain 
There is the Czech-Polish border on the top of Sněžka. Both Czechs and Poles have their buildings on the top. The wooden chappel of St Lawrence and a new post office are in Bohemia; a big modern hotel is in Silesia (Poland). The whole area is a protected natural area. There are no trees on Sněžka because it is too high for them. Instead, there are rocks that can be dangerous to the walkers. They are recommended to wear good shoes and avoid the mountain in winter or if it is raining.
Center of population

The **center of population** is part of a study of demographics. It can be useful to understand the population for a state or region. The Mean center of U.S. population has been counted for each U.S. Census since 1790. 

The center of population for Bangladesh is close to Dhaka. Ohio's center of population is 30 miles from Columbus. The center of US population is located in southern Missouri. This shows that Representatives from the western states travel far to their jobs at the Capitol.

## Other websites 
*Australian parliamentary research paper with map of population centroids .
*Population centers of each U.S. state, 2000 (United States Census Bureau)
Coventry, Connecticut

**Coventry** is a town in Connecticut. It is in Tolland County. There were 12,235 people living in Coventry in 2020. Coventry became a town in May 1712. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of  of which  is land and  (1.67%) is water.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Coventry, CT website
Connecticut Colony

The **Connecticut Colony** was an English colony in British America. The Connecticut Colony or **Colony of Connecticut**, was formed in what would become the US state of Connecticut. It was first called the River Colony and was organized on March 3, 1636. It was a place for Puritan noblemen. The English took control of the colony from the Dutch by the late 1630s. The colony became a war zone between the English and American Indians, known as the Pequot War. This war helped established the self-government in the New World.

There were two other English colonies in the state of Connecticut. The Saybrook Colony in 1644 and the New Haven Colony in 1662,  with the Connecticut Colony. Thomas Hooker was a Puritan minister. Hooker and Governor John Haynes of Massachusetts Bay Colony led a group of 100 people to present-day Hartford in 1636. They are sometimes referred to as the founders of the Connecticut Colony. 

## Other websites 
* Colonial Connecticut Records: The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, 1636-1776 
* Colonial Connecticut Town Nomenclature
* Connecticut Constitutionalism, 1639-1789
* Timeline of Colonial Connecticut History
Wethersfield, Connecticut

**Wethersfield** is a town in Connecticut. It is in Hartford County. Many records from colonial times spell the name Weathersfield. However, Native Americans called it **Pyquag**. There were 27,298 people living in Wethersfield in 2020.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Wethersfield homepage
Jhansi

**Jhansi** is a historic city of India between the rivers Pahunj and Betwa in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, close to the border with Madhya Pradesh. Jhansi is the administrative headquarters of Jhansi District and Jhansi Division. The original walled city grew up around its stone fort, which was built in 1613. The city is well connected to all other major towns in Uttar Pradesh by road and railway networks. It is called *gateway to Bundelkhand*. Jhansi was besieged and taken by British forces in 1858 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857is
.

## Related pages
*Rani Lakshmibai

## Other websites
*Official website
The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol

***The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol*** is an American computer-animated short film, based on *The Smurfs* comic book series and *A Christmas Carol* by Charles Dickens. It was directed by Troy Quane and it stars voices of George Lopez, Jack Angel, Melissa Sturm, Fred Armisen, Gary Basaraba, Anton Yelchin, and Hank Azaria. The special was produced by Sony Pictures Animation with the animation by Sony Pictures Imageworks and Duck Studios. *The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol* was released on DVD on December 2, 2011, attached to *The Smurfs*.

## Synopsis
When Grouchy Smurf (voiced by George Lopez) behaves badly to everyone and refuses to celebrate Christmas, the Smurfs of Christmas Past, Present, and Future teach him to appreciate Christmas.

## Cast
* George Lopez as Grouchy Smurf (voice)
* Jack Angel as Papa Smurf (voice) (replacing Jonathan Winters)
* Melissa Sturm as Smurfette / The Smurf of Christmas Past (voice)
* Fred Armisen as Brainy Smurf / The Smurf of Christmas Present (voice)
* Gary Basaraba as Hefty Smurf / The Smurf of Christmas Future (voice)
* Anton Yelchin as Clumsy Smurf (voice)
* Hank Azaria as Gargamel

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
*
Ivan Droppa

**Ivan Droppa** (born February 1, 1972) is a Slovak retired professional ice hockey player that played 2 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Chicago Blackhawks.

Droppa was drafted 37th overall in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks.

Droppa mainly played in Europe during his career. He has played for the Nuremberg Ice Tigers, Kassel Huskies, and Duesseldorf EG/DEG Metro Stars of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). The Slavia Praha HC and Litvinov CHP HC of the Czech Extraliga. The MsHK Žilina and HC Košice of the Slovak Extraliga.

Droppa retired from professional ice hockey in 2010.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Lexington Barbecue Festival

The **Lexington Barbecue Festival** is a one-day food festival held each October in Lexington, North Carolina, a city that calls itself the "Barbecue Capital of the World."  Each year up to 160,000 people go to the festival Up to 20 different companies compete to see who has the best barbecue.  There are many people who sell other items, too.  The festival is a celebration of slow cooked pork barbecue.

## History
The first Lexington Barbecue Festival was in 1984.  It was the idea of Joe Sink, Jr., who worked for Lexington's newspaper, *The Dispatch*.  The city of Lexington was already famous for barbecue and the city decided it was a good idea to have a festival every year.  The first year, 30,000 people came to eat barbecue at the festival.  The festival is one of the largest in the United States now. By 1994, more than 100,000 people came each year, and they had to cook 11,000 pounds of meat.  In 2012, more than 160,000 people came to try the Lexington barbecue.

The city closes many city blocks on Main Street for the event.  In addition to barbecue, there are over 400 other people selling arts and crafts, homemade fudge and other things.  There are also many carnival rides, several stages for live music (bands), and other competitions and events.  Over the years, many large companies have helped pay for the festival, such as Childress Vineyards, Pepsi, BB&T, Walmart, and other  corporations.

## Official status
In 2007, The North Carolina government pass a law called "NC House Bill 433" and now the festival is officially the**"Official Food Festival of the Piedmont Triad Region of the State of North Carolina"**.
## Images of the festival
These are images of some of the activities at the festival.

Image:Lexington Barbecue Festival - lumberjack 1.jpg|Axe throwing contest
Image:Lexington Barbecue Festival - lumberjack 2.jpg|Fastest chainsaw contest
Image:Lexington Barbecue Festival - Band Thrift Shop Jack.jpg|Swing music
Image:Lexington Barbecue Festival 2008 - caterpiggar.jpg|One of dozens of pig statues
Image:Lexington Barbecue Festival - Juggler.jpg|A juggler performs on the street
Image:Lexington Barbecue Festival - Pig balloon.jpg|Pig-related souvenirs and balloons
Image:Lexington Barbecue Festival - Clydesdales.jpg|Budweiser Clydesdales

## References
Old Saybrook, Connecticut

**Old Saybrook** is a town in Connecticut. It is in Middlesex County. There were 10,481 people living in Old Saybrook in 2020. The incorporated borough of Fenwick is in Old Saybrook. The census-designated places of Old Saybrook Center and Saybrook Manor are also part of the town.

Saybrook, Illinois is named after Old Saybrook.

## National Register of Historic Places in Old Saybrook
*Black Horse Tavern, added December 1, 1978
*Elisha Bushnell House, added November 29, 1978
*Connecticut Valley Railroad Roundhouse and Turntable Site, added April 28, 1994
*Jedidiah Dudley House, added April 12, 1982
*Samuel Eliot House, added November 9, 1972
*General William Hart House, added November 9, 1972
*James Pharmacy, added August 5, 1994
*Lynde Point Lighthouse, added May 29, 1990
*Old Saybrook South Green, added September 3, 1976
*Parker House, added November 29, 1978
*Humphrey Pratt Tavern, added November 7, 1972
*Saybrook Breakwater Lighthouse, added May 29, 1990
*William Tully House, added March 15, 1982
*Ambrose Whittlesey House, added August 23, 1985
*John Whittlesey Jr. House, added October 26, 1984

## References 
## Other websites 
*Town government Web site
Transformation

In mathematics, a **transformation** is a rule that describes relations between two different coordinate systems and points in them.

Some examples are translation, dilation, rotation, reflection, shear mapping, point reflection, and circle inversion. Any  of transformations is also a transformation.
Lorentz transformation

The **Lorentz transformations** is a set of equations that describe a linear transformation between a stationary reference frame and a reference frame in constant velocity. The equations are given by:

x'=\frac{x-vt}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}} ,
y'=y ,
z'=z ,
t'=\frac{t-\frac{vx}{c^2}}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}}

where x'represents the new x co-ordinate, v represents the velocity of the other reference frame, t representing time, and c the speed of light.

On a Cartesian coordinate system, with the vertical axis being time (t), the horizontal axis being position in space along one axis (x), the gradients represent velocity (shallower gradient resulting in a greater velocity). If the speed of light is set as a 45° or 1:1 gradient, Lorentz transformations can rotate and squeeze other gradients while keeping certain gradients, like a 1:1 gradient constant. Points undergoing a Lorentz transformations on such a plane will be transformed along lines corresponding to t^2-x^2=n^2 where n is some number
Ken Page

**Kenneth Page** (January 20, 1954 &ndash; September 30, 2024) was an American actor, voice actor and singer. He was best known for voicing Oogie Boogie in *The Nightmare Before Christmas*. 

Page was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was openly gay. Page died on September 30, 2024 at his home in St. Louis at the age of 70.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nyangatjatjara College

**Nyangatjatjara College** is an independent high school based in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has campuses in Yulara, Kaltukatjara, Muṯitjulu and Imanpa. It teaches students who speak Pitjantjatjara as their first language.

The school was first opened on 21 July 1997. The campus at Yulara is the school's original and main campus. It has boarding facilities to allow students to from the other, smaller, campuses to live at the college while studying. Kaltukatjara, Muṯitjulu and Imanpa are small communities in  areas. The campuses there were opened between 1998 and 2002. The students are taught at their home campuses for part of the year, and then study at the Yulara campus for the other part. The school teaches both boys and girls, but their classes are separated.

Nyangatjatjara College is owned by the Nyangatjatjara Aboriginal Corporation. It is a member of the Association of Independent Schools of the Northern Territory (AISNT).

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Description  from AISNT
Victory Through Air Power (movie)

***Victory Through Air Power*** is a 1943 Walt Disney Technicolor animated movie.  It is based on the 1942 book *Victory Through Air Power* by Alexander P. de Seversky. De Seversky is in the movie.  This was different from the Disney animated movies of the time.

The movie received an Academy Award nomination for Best Music Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture.

On December 8, 1941, The Walt Disney Company became a propaganda machine for the United States government. While most World War II movies were made for training, movies such as *Victory Through Air Power* were made to build public morale among the U.S. and Allied powers. Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt were influenced by the movie.

## References
Child-headed family

A **child-headed family** or **child-headed household** is a family in which a minor (child or adolescent) has become the head of the . They are most common in developing countries and areas of war, where the children's parents have been killed by conflict or disease.  In some cases, relatives of the children adopt them after the parents die. Situations where a child, usually the eldest, has to provide for the family happen when there are no adult relatives to take the children or the relatives can not afford to support more children. Whether and how much the government helps the orphaned family depends on the country. Most help comes from charity and aid organisations like UNICEF.

Child-headed families are most common in Africa. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has led to many situations where both parents have died and left behind a family of orphans. The children may begin taking over their parent's responsibilities before the last surviving parent has died, when the parent is sick or too weak to work. The eldest children often have to stop going to school and get a job instead in order to gain income for the family. The number of children heading households in sub-Saharan Africa is reported to be growing. A survey in South Africa in 2006 showed that 122,000 (0.67%) of the country's children were living in child-headed households.

In Rwanda, it is estimated that the 1994 genocide left at least 60,000 households to be run by children. Many of the girls who were raped during the conflict are left to raise both their siblings and their own children.

## References
## Other websites
*Child-Headed Households in Africa , African Child Policy Forum
*Child-headed households , International Foster Care Organisation
So Dear to My Heart

***So Dear to My Heart*** is a 1948 movie produced by Walt Disney. It was released nationwide on January 19, 1949. *So Dear to My Heart* was re-issued to theaters in 1964. The movie combines animation and live action. It is based on the Sterling North book *Midnight and Jeremiah*.

## Cast
*Bobby Driscoll as Jeremiah 'Jerry' Kincaid
*Luana Patten as Tildy
*Beulah Bondi as Granny Kincaid
*Burl Ives as Uncle Hiram Douglas
* Harry Carey
* Raymond Bond
* Walter Soderling
* Matt Willis
* Spelman B. Collins
* John Beal
* Ken Carson
* Bob Stanton
* The Rhythmaires

## Awards
The movie was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Burl Ives's version of the 17th-century English folk song "Lavender Blue".  It lost to "Baby, It's Cold Outside" from ''Neptune's Daughter''.

## Other websites
*
T. J. Miller

]]
**Todd Joseph** "**T. J.**" **Miller** (born June 4, 1981) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He first began acting in television. He is best known for his supporting role as Erlich Bachman in the television sitcom *Silicon Valley* until he left the show in 2018*.*  His first role in a movie was *Cloverfield*, in which he played the character who videotaped most of the scenes.

## Controversy
On December 9, 2016, he was arrested for allegedly assaulting an Uber driver in Los Angeles.
In 2017, a woman claimed that Miller had sexually assaulted her at George Washington University in 2001. Miller denied the claims and called the accused a "vindictive former member of a comedy troupe". Dreamworks dropped Miller from *How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World* and recast his character Tuffnut Thorston.

On April 9, 2018, Miller was arrested for LaGuardia Airport in Queens, New York after he called in a fake bomb threat onboard an Amtrak train on March 18. Authorities said Miller was very intoxicated and verbally fighting a woman. His charges were dropped and then dismissed.

## References
## Other websites
*