open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Abbeville, Alabama

**Abbeville** is a city in the state of Alabama, in the United States. It is the county seat of Henry County. It is part of the Dothan, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2020, 2,358 people lived in Abbeville.

The government of Abbeville is a mayor and a city council. The city council is made up of five people. Each city councilperson is elected from one of five districts in the city.

## Location 
The coordinates for Abbeville are:  (31.566367, -85.251300). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the size of the city is . This includes  of land and 
 of water.

## History 
Abbeville was a colonial town. It is the oldest still standing colonial settlement in eastern Alabama. It's older than Henry County and the State of Alabama. The city was named after a Muscogee Indian man named "Abbe." He was a Native American who lived nearby when the city was started. The name means "a grove of dogwood trees."

In 1819, there was a trading post in Abbeville. (A trading post is a small settlement that has been set up for trading. Trading posts are usually located in remote places.) At this time, the area was part of Alabama Territory.

In 1944, there was a famous civil rights event that happened in Abbeville. An African-American woman was gang-raped by six white men. The men told the police that they had raped her. Two grand juries decided not to take them to court. Because of this, the men were never punished. This event was written about in the book *At the Dark End of the Street.*

By 1950, there were 2,162 people living in Abbeville.

## Demographics 
In 2020, Abbeville had 2,358 people living there. It was 49.4% white, 44.1% black or African-American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 2.2% other races, and 3.5% mixed race. Of the people in Abbeville, 2.8% were Hispanic or Latino.

## Sources
Unterendingen

**Unterendingen** was a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Unterendingen merged into the municipality of Endingen.

## Other websites
Böbikon

**Böbikon** was a municipality of the district Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.  It is  south of the border with Germany.

On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Bad Zurzach, Baldingen, Böbikon, Kaiserstuhl, Rekingen, Rietheim, Rümikon and Wislikofen merged to form the new municipality of Zurzach.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website of Böbikon
Bettwil

**Bettwil** is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Zuzgen

**Zuzgen** is a municipality in Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Zurzach

**Zurzach** is a municipality in Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2022 from the former municipalities of Bad Zurzach, Baldingen, Böbikon, Kaiserstuhl, Rekingen, Rietheim, Rümikon and Wislikofen. It is the capital of the district. Bad Zurzach was previously known as **Zurzach**.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Bozen

**Bozen** means one than more thing:

*Bozen, the German name for the city *Bolzano* in Italy.
*Bözen, a municipality in Switzerland.
Bözen

**Bözen** was a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Bözen, Effingen, Elfingen and Hornussen merged to form the new municipality of Böztal.

## References
## Other websites
Lake Hallwil

**Lake Hallwil** (German: *Hallwilersee*) is a lake in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland.  Its surface maximum depth is 48 meters. 

## Other websites 
*Waterlevels of Lake Hallwil  at Meisterschwanden
Zofingen

**Zofingen** is a city in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It is the capital of the district of Zofingen.

## References 
## Other websites 
* http://www.zofingen.ch
* http://www.zofingen2008.ch 
* http://www.siegfried.ch
Arogno

**Arogno** is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Arogno.ch Official web site
Adelboden (disambiguation)

**Adelboden** is a municipality in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Other places named Adelboden:
* Adelboden, Lucerne in Switzerland
* Adelbonen, Schwyz in Switzerland
Aefligen

**Aefligen** is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Floor plan

A **floor plan** (**floorplan**) in architecture and building engineering is a diagram, usually to scale, of the relationships between rooms, spaces and other physical features at one level of a structure.

Similar to a map the orientation of the view is downward from above.

## Examples 

Image:HouseFlrPlan.svg|Typical basic house floor plan.
Image:Sample Floorplan.jpg|A sample floor plan for a single-family home
Image:Carvansara_plan.png|A sample floor plan of a Caravanserai
File:Plan de l'église Sainte-Madeleine de Besançon 2.svg|A rectangular floor plan of a Church
File:Cathedral.svg|A Cathedral using a Latin cross plan

## Related pages
*Building
*Floor
*Plans (drawings)
107 Camilla

**107 Camilla** is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It orbits within the Cybele Group, beyond most of the main belt asteroids. It has a very dark surface and is made of carbonate. It was found by N. R. Pogson on November 17, 1868, and named after Camilla, Queen of the Volsci in Roman mythology.

Study of its light curve shows that Camilla's pole probably points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (+51°, 72°) with a 10° uncertainty, It has been labelled **S/2001 (107) 1** but it does not yet have an official name.

Later sightings in September 2005 with the VLT allowed scientists to work out its orbit. Apart from data in infobox, the inclination was found to be 3 ± 1° with respect to an axis pointing towards (β, λ) = (+55°, 75°). Given the ~10° uncertainty in the actual rotational axis of Camilla, the orbit's inclination probably is less than 10°.

The moon is estimated to be about 11 km in diameter. If it has the same density as Camilla, this would give it a mass of about ~1.5 kg. It has a similar colour to Camilla.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Data on (87) Sylvia from Johnston's archive (maintained by W. R. Johnston)
* *Hubble Finds New Asteroid Moon* (SpaceDaily.com, 21-03-2001), includes discovery image.
* *107 Camilla and S/2001 (107) 1*, orbit data website maintained by F. Marchis. Includes orbit diagrams.
Aya Ueto

(born 14 September 1985 in Nerima, Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress, idol and singer. 

She became famous when she won the jury's special award in the "Japan Bishojo Contest", a beauty and talent competition.  Her first single was *Pureness*.

## Other websites
*Aya Ueto Wallpapers,Photos,Pictures
Felicity (disambiguation)

**Felicity** means happiness. It can also mean:

* *Felicity*, a television series
* *Felicity* (1979 movie)
* *Felicity: An American Girl Adventure*, a 2005 TV movie
* Felicity (name)
* Felicity Flint, Agent from H.A.R.M.
* Felicity Huffman, American actress best known from the TV series "*Desperate Housewives*"
* Felicity Kendal (born 1946), British actress 
* Saint Felicity of Rome, 2nd century Christian martyr

In addition, it can refer to:
* Santa Felicita di Firenze, the second-oldest church in Florence
*Felicity and Perpetua, martyrs.
** SS. Felicitas and Perpetua (parish), in the San Gabriel Pastoral Region, California.
* 109 Felicitas, a main belt asteroid
Orthographic projection

**Orthographic projection** is a way of showing a 3D object in 2D. It is a form of parallel projection, where the view direction is orthogonal to the projection plane.  

## Other websites 
*Educational website describing the principles of first and third angle projection – University of Limerick
Parallel projection

In linear algebra and functional analysis, a **projection** is a linear transformation *P* from a vector space to itself such that *P*2 = *P*.  Projections map the whole vector space to a subspace and leave the points in that subspace unchanged.

## Notes
## References
* N. Dunford and J.T. Schwartz, *Linear Operators, Part I: General Theory*, Interscience, 1958.
* Carl D. Meyer, *Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra*, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2000. .
 
## Other websites
* MIT Linear Algebra Lecture on Projection Matrices  at Google Video, from MIT OpenCourseWare
Deposit account

A **Deposit Account** is an account at a bank where money can be put in or taken out by whoever owns the account. Each time money is moved, it is recorded in the bank's books. Some banks charge a fee for this, others may pay the customers interest.

## Other websites
* Deposit account definition and explanations in simple terms
Nonprofit organization

A **nonprofit organization** (**NPO**), or **non-business entity**, is an organization which does not give its surplus income to owners or shareholders.

It uses its revenue and/or capital to achieve its purpose or mission. The decision to adopt a non profit legal structure is one that will often have tax benefits. Governments may see them as supporting activities which help the community.

In England this is more often referred to as "not-for-profit", and includes local and national government. Non-profit organizations are allowed to pay their workers, but sometimes workers at non-profit organizations are volunteers who do not get paid for their work.

Sometimes a non-profit may make money to help other people, which might include helping them start their own business or providing them with food, clothing or shelter. Some non-profits try to help endangered animals or the environment. Some non-profits are small groups of people such as a block association or community group. Others such as trade unions, universities or religions are large and well established, with many assets and many paid workers. 

When a non-profit organization deals with politics or international issues it can be called a non-governmental organization or **NGO**. The Wikimedia organization, which runs Wikipedia is a non-profit. It is based in Florida in the United States. It is also a not-for-profit corporation.

## References 
## Related pages 
*Charitable organization
Filippo Brunelleschi

**Filippo Brunelleschi** ( , , also known as **Pippo**; 1377 – 15 April 1446) was one of the most important architects of the Italian Renaissance and an inventor of the perspective. All of his most well-known works are in Florence, Italy.

## Biography
### Early life
Brunelleschi was born in Florence, Italy in 1377. His family consisted of his father, Brunellesco di Lippo, a notary and civil servant, his mother Giuliana Spini, and his two brothers. The family was well-off; the palace of the Spini family still exists, across from the Church of the Trinita in Florence.

## Main works 
The principal buildings and works designed by Brunelleschi or which included his involvement:
* Dome of the Florence Cathedral (1419–1436)
* Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419–ca.1445)
* The Basilica of San Lorenzo (1419–1480s)
* Meeting Hall of the Palazzo di Parte Guelfa (1420s–1445)
* Sagrestia Vecchia, or Old Sacristy of S. Lorenzo (1421–1440)
* Santa Maria degli Angeli: unfinished, (begun 1434)
* The lantern of Florence Cathedral (1436–ca.1450)
* The exedrae of Florence Cathedral (1439–1445)
* The church of Santo Spirito (1441–1481)
* Pazzi Chapel (1441–1460s)

## Related pages
* Italian Renaissance art

## References
## Other reading
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  (in line presentation )
* 
* Vereycken, Karel, "The Secrets of the Florentine Dome", *Schiller Institute*, 2013. (Translation from the French, "Les secrets du dôme de Florence", la revue *Fusion*, n° 96, Mai, Juin 2003)
* "The Great Cathedral Mystery", PBS *Nova* TV documentary, February 12, 2014

## Other websites
*Free audio guide of Brunelleschi's Dome
*
Nuremberg Trials

In the **Nuremberg Trials**, the Allies indicted and prosecuted leaders of Nazi Germany after World War II ended. The trials lasted from November 1945 to October 1946 and took place in Nuremberg, Germany. The judges found most
# The *Gestapo* (the Nazi secret police)
# The *Schutzstaffel*, or SS (a Nazi paramilitary organization)
# *Reichsregierung*, (the Reich government or Cabinet)
# The Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party
# The *Sicherheitsdienst*, or SD (the intelligence agency for the SS and the Nazi Party)
# The *Sturmabteilung*, also called the SA, Storm Troopers, or Brownshirts (the Nazi Party's militia)
# *Oberkommando* and *Generalstab der Wehrmacht* (the High Command and General Staff of the Armed Forces)The judges ruled that the Leadership Corps, the Gestapo, the SS, and the SD were criminal organizations.

## Sentences 
The death sentences were carried out on 16 October 1946 by hanging using the inefficient American "standard" drop method instead of the long drop. The executioner was John C. Woods. The French judges suggested the use of a firing squad for the convicted military officials, as is standard for military courts-martial. However, Biddle and the Soviet judges did not agree. They said that the military officers acted so badly that they did not deserve to be treated as soldiers. 

The prisoners sentenced to imprisonment were transferred to Spandau Prison in 1947.

## Legacy 
Nuremberg principles is a document created as a result of the trial. It defines what a war crime is. 

The medical experiments conducted by German doctors and prosecuted in the so-called Doctors' Trial led to the creation of the Nuremberg Code to control future trials involving human subjects.

## Related pages
* Benjamin B. Ferencz
* Nuremburg Follow-up Trials

## References
Lake Como

**Lake Como** () is a glacial lake in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of . It is the third largest lake in Italy (after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore). Varenna, Lierna, Bellagio, Menaggio, Limonta, and Tremezzo constitute the geographical area of the Central Lake Como, considered the most iconic and exclusive of Lake Como, and includes only the villages that have a view of the peninsula promontory of Bellagio.

Some of the towns and villages on the shores of Lake Como are Como, Lierna, Lecco, Bellagio,  Mandello del Lario, and Lenno.

, Lake Como]]

## References
## Other websites
Lake Maggiore

**Lake Maggiore** (in Italian: *Lago Maggiore* or *lago Verbano*) is the most westerly of the three large prealpine lakes of Italy and the second largest after Lake Garda. It is on the border between the Italian regions of Piedmont and Lombardy and the Swiss canton of Ticino. The lake covers about  of total area. 80% of the area is in Italy.

There are ten islands in the lake. The most famous are the Borromean Islands which are in the Italian part and the Brissago Islands which are in the Swiss part of the lake. 

The main rivers flowing into the lake are the Ticino and the Maggia in the Swiss part and the Toce and the Tresa in the Italian part. On the southern part of the lake the river Ticino, flows from the lake in a town called Sesto Calende. The main town on the shores of the lake are Locarno in Switzerland, Luino, Laveno-Mombello and Angera on the eastern shore (in Lombardy) and Verbania, Stresa and Arona on the western shore (in Piedmont).

The lake has a glacial origin but the glacier was in a pre-existing river valley, the lake has the typical V form of river valleys, it is  long, and  wide, the maximum depth is .

## Events
The Spirit of Woodstock Festival is an annual open air festival at the end of July/beginning of August at Mirapuri.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Tourism Gateway
*Ferry Services on Italian Lakes - Lake Maggiore
*City of Cannobio at Lake Maggiore
Vince Gill

**Vincent Grant "Vince" Gill** (born April 12, 1957) is an American country music singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.

## Discography
### Singles
* "Don't Let Our Love Start Slippin' Away" (1992)
* "What the Cowgirls Do" (1994)

### On music charts
*AReached #1 on U.S. *Radio & Records* country singles charts.
*B"I Still Believe In You" also peaked at #30 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart.
*CAlbum cut.
*DFailed to chart.

### Studio albums
**Turn Me Loose* (1983) and (1994)
**The Things That Matter* (1985)
**The Way Back Home* (1987)
**When I Call Your Name* (1989)
**I Never Knew Lonely* (1990)
**Pocket Full of Gold* (1991)
**I Still Believe in You* (1992)
**Let There Be Peace on Earth* [1993] and (1999)
**When Love Finds You* (1994)
**Souvenirs* (1995)
**Super Hits* (1996)
**High Lonesome Sound* (1996) und (1997)
**Vintage Gill* (1997)
**The Key* (1998)
**If You Ever Have Forever In Mind* (1998)
**Vince Gill & Friends* (1998)
*''Let's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye* (2000)
**My Country Valentine* (2000)
**The Things That Matter* (re-release) (2000)
**Tis The Season* with Olivia Newton-JohnHallmark Stores (2001)
**Next Big Thing* (2003)
**The Notorious Cherry Bombs* (2004)
**Vintage Gill* (2004)
**All American Country* (2004)
**High Lonesome Sound* (re-release) (2004)
**Rock of Ages...Hymns & Faith* with Amy Grant (2005)
**These Days'' (2006)
*"Oklahoma Risin'" Oklahoma Centinenal Song (2006)

### Best of
**The Best of Vince Gill* (1989)
**The Essential Vince Gill* (1995) und (1996)
**Platinum & Gold Collection* (2003)

### Christmas collections
**Let There Be Peace On Earth* - (1996) song from '''The Dillard's Christmas Collection 1996'*
**Wrangler Cowboy Christmas (Volume VI)* (1998) with Reba McEntire and Trisha Yearwood
**Hallmark Presents The Spirit of Christmas* (2001) with Amy Grant and London Symphony Orchestra
**Breath Of Heaven: A Christmas Collection* (2002)
**Christmas Collection* (2006)
**Christmas Collection* (?) with Barry Manilow and Diana Ross and The Supremes
**Country Christmas* (?) with Alan Jackson and Trisha Yearwood
**Classic Country Christmas Volume Three* (?) with Reba McEntire and Alabama

### Compilations
**Dark as a Dungeon* (2002) song with The Chieftains on the album **Down the Old Plank Road: The Nashville Sessions **
**Once In A While* - (2001) song from the Soundtrack to The Prince of Egypt (Nashville)
**Did you hear what I hear* - (1995) song from **The Stars Come Out At Christmas**
**I Can't Tell You Why* - (?) song from **Common Thread: The Songs of The Eagles**
**(Maverick) Ophelia* - (?) song from **Hollywood Soundtracks (Blockbuster Exclusive)**
**House Of Love* - (2001) song from **Friends for Life - Men and Women United in Harmony**
**Let's Heal'' with Altan- (2005) song from **Hands Across the Water - A Benefit for the Children of the Tsunami**

## Related pages
* List of country musicians from Oklahoma

## Other websites
* Official Vince Gill UMG Nashville Artist Page
* vincegill.com
Kotoko

**Kotoko** (stylized as **KOTOKO**, born January 19) is a Japanese musician. She was born January 19, in Hokkaido, Japan. She is signed to "I've". She writes the lyrics of her songs by herself, and gives them to other artists.  She plays an active role in the animation and game industry.

## Discography 
* 2000: 
* 2004: *Hane*
* 2005: 
* 2006: *Uzu-Maki*
* 2009: 
* 2011: 

## North American appearances 
* **Anime Expo 2005**: Anaheim, CA (July 1–4, 2005)
** Anaheim Convention Center
* **Anime North 2006**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada (May 26–28, 2006)
** Toronto Congress Centre, Doubletree International Plaza Hotel
* **YTV 2006**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada (May 26, 2006)
** YTV Studios
* **A-Kon 2006**: Dallas, TX (June 9–11, 2006)
** Adam's Mark Hotel
* **Animazement 2012**: Raleigh, NC (May 25–27, 2012)
** Raleigh Convention Center

## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Official website at Warner Home Video 
* Official website at Geneon 
* I've Sound official website  
* Anime North 2006: Kotoko Q&A
Luis de Molina

**Luis de Molina** (born 1535 in Cuenca; died October 12, 1600 in Madrid) was a Spanish Jesuit and writer.

At the age of eighteen Molina became a member of the Society of Jesus. He studied theology at Coimbra. After this, he became professor in the university of Évora, Portugal. From this post he was called, at the end of twenty years, to the chair of moral theology in Madrid.

Besides other works he wrote *De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia* (4 vo., Lisbon, 1588); a commentary on the first part of the *Summa Theologiae* of Thomas Aquinas (2 vols., fol., Cuenca, 1593); and a treatise *De jure et justitia* (6 vols., 1593-1609).

File:Molina, Luis de – De Hispanorum primogeniorum origine ac natura, 1588 – BEIC 4510384.jpg|*De Hispanorum primogeniorum origine ac natura*, 1588
File:Molina - De iustitia et iure, 1733 - 4495353.tif|*De iustitia et iure*, 1733
Arno

The **Arno** is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is one of the important rivers of central Italy. 

## Source and route 
The river begins on Mount Falterona in the Casentino area of the Apennines. It first takes a curve to the south. The river turns to the west near Arezzo. It passes through Florence, Empoli and Pisa, then flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea at the Marina di Pisa. At a length of , it is the longest river in the region.

A flood on November 4, 1966 collapsed the embankment in Florence. This killed at least 40 people. It also damaged or destroyed millions of works of art and rare books. 40 years later, hundreds of works had still not been restored.

## References
Henrik Ibsen

**Henrik Johan Ibsen** (born 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a Norwegian realist playwright. He is often called the "father of modern drama."

Ibsen is held to be the greatest of Norwegian authors and one of the most important playwrights of all time, celebrated as a national symbol by Norwegians. His greatest works can be said to be "A Doll's House" or "Enemy of the People."

## References
Bead

A **bead** is a small item with a hole in it for stringing.  Beads can be threaded together on a string. Beads can be made from many different things including wood, glass, and gemstones.  The oldest known beads are over 100,000 years old. Beads, made from stones, have been found in the graves of the kings of Egypt. Clay beads have always been made in abundance. They were first painted in patterns similar to those used on bowls or pots. 

Making beads in clay is a skill which is easy to learn. The clay material presents a design opportunity limited only by the imagination and expertise of the maker. 

During the last century in the western hemisphere, the wearing of beads has become the prerogative of woman. Yet throughout history, men have worn great quantities of beads to show their masculinity and virility. As early as 5000 BC men and women alike valued wearing strands of shell, stone, teeth and bone beads. Faience and Carnelian beads found in an Egyptian tomb date back to 4000 BC. Phoenician trade ships carried beads to and from Egypt as early as 2500 BC so it is impossible to know for sure how long beads were really in circulation. The graves of Egypt reveal the development of the craft of bead making better the those of other civilizations due to the trade routes established in continental Europe. From 3000-1900 BC, the Amber Routes ran from Moravia, France and Austria to Russia, England and Spain. Ancient trade routes went to the Far East as well as Africa.
 
Today, there are many types of the beads including silver beads, stone beads, fire polish, and swarovsky crystal beads. Stringing beads on beading wire is one of the most popular methods for making beaded jewellery and motifs. This can be worn as bracelets, necklaces, and anklets. In Japan, beads making came into fashion when Crown Princess Masako made her swarovski beads necklace by herself. Bead art shows are held in November every year, and beads lovers publish their work. They often become trendsetters.

## Place or period of origin
African trade beads 
slave beads 
## References
Bremgarten, Aargau

**Bremgarten** is a municipality in Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Hermetschwil-Staffeln merged into the municipality of Bremgarten.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Verkehrsverein Bremgarten —the Tourist association in Bremgarten 
* Bremgarten - Official website
Zetzwil

**Zetzwil** is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Flow (band)

**FLOW** is a Japanese music band. The group is made of five men. The group was made in 1998.

Since Flow is a Japanese band, they sing in Japanese, but they often use English sentences or words in their songs. 
Their songs are used in different anime series, like Naruto and Eureka Seven. With starting numbers like: Sign, Go.

## Members 
This list contains the names and birth dates of group members
* KOHSHI (Vocal)　April 22, 1977
* KEIGO (Vocal)　July 1, 1977
* TAKE (Guitar, Chorus)　August 31, 1978
* GOT'S (Bass, Chorus)　January 26, 1977
* IWASAKI (Drum)　November 21, 1969
Zeihen

**Zeihen** is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Mihimaru GT

**mihimaru GT** is a J-pop band started by Hiroko Akutsu and Mitsuyuki Miyake. 

## Members 
* Hiroko Akutu - vocals (born July 24, 1984)
* Mitsuyuki Miyake - MC (born October 2, 1980)
Mariano José de Larra

**Mariano José de Larra** (24 March 1809 - 13 February 1837) was a Spanish romanticist writer noted for satire and perhaps the best prose writer of 19th-century Spain.

He was born in Madrid; his father was a doctor in the French army, and, as an *afrancesado*, was forced to leave the Peninsula with his family in 1812. In 1817 Larra went back to Spain, knowing less Spanish than French. His nature was disorderly, his education was imperfect, and, after trying obtain a degree in medicine or law, he made an imprudent marriage at the age of twenty, broke with his relatives and became a journalist.

On the 27th of April 1831 he produced his first play, *No más mostrador*, based on two pieces by Scribe and Dieulafoy. Though not very  original, it is brilliantly written, and held the stage for many years. On the 24th of September 1834 he produced *Macías*, a play based on his own historical novel, *El doncel de don Enrique el Doliente* (1834).

The drama and novel are interesting as experiments, but Larra was really a journalist, and the increased liberty of the press after the death of Ferdinand VII gave him opportunities. He was already famous under the pseudonyms of *Juan Pérez de Munguía* and *Fígaro* which he used in *El Pobrecito Hablador* and *La Revista Española* respectively. People in Madrid laughed at his grim humour; ministers feared his vitriolic pen and courted him; he defended Liberalism against the Carlist rebellion; he was elected as deputy for Ávila, and a great career seemed to lie before him. But the era of military pronunciamientos ruined his personal prospects and patriotic plans. His writing took on a more sombre tinge; domestic troubles increased his pessimism, and after a disastrous love-affair, he committed suicide by shooting himself in February 1837.

Larra lived long enough to prove himself the greatest prose-writer that Spain had during the 19th century. He wrote at great speed with the constant fear of the censor before his eyes, but no sign of haste is seen in his work, and the dexterity with which he aims his venomous shafts is amazing. His political instinct, his abundance of ideas and his forcible, mordant style would have given him a foremost position at any time and in any country; in Spain in his own period, they placed him beyond all rivalry.

## References 
## Influence 
*Some of his phrases like *Vuelva usted mañana* (come back tomorrow) or *Escribir en España es llorar* (To write in Spain is to cry) are still applied to chastise present-day ills.
*The Spanish-language clone of the Slashdot Internet forum, Barrapunto, uses *Pobrecito Hablador* ("Poor little talker") as the name for anonymous commenters.
*The *Premio Mariano José de Larra* rewards young outstanding journalists in Spain.

## Other websites 
*Mariano José de Larra in the *Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes*.
*Proyecto Mariano José de Larra en Internet 
* Mariano José de Larra: text, concordances and frequency list
Brugg (disambiguation)

These are municipalities and places that have the name **Brugg** or **Brügg**:

*In Switzerland:
**Brugg, Aargau, in the Canton of Aargau
**Brügg, Berne, in the Canton of Berne
Brugg

**Brugg** is a city in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is the capital of the district of Brugg.

Since 2010, Umiken has been part of the city. On 1 January 2020 the municipality of Schinznach-Bad merged into Brugg.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Burg, Aargau

**Burg** was a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. Since 2023, it became a part of Menziken.

## References
## Other websites
Dietwil

**Dietwil** is a municipality of Muri district  in Aargau canton in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Dottikon

**Dottikon** is a municipality in Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Effingen

**Effingen** was a municipality of the district Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Bözen, Effingen, Elfingen and Hornussen merged to form the new municipality of Böztal.

## References
## Other websites
Eggenwil

**Eggenwil** is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Sarnen

**Sarnen** is the capital of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Sarnen Official site 
*Sarnen Tourism
Sachseln

near Sachseln.]]

**Sachseln** is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website of Sachseln
121 Hermione

**121 Hermione** is a very big asteroid of the dark C spectral type, orbiting in the Cybele group in the farther part of the main belt. As a C-type, it is probably made of carbonate.

Hermione was found by J. C. Watson on May 12, 1872, and named after Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen in Greek mythology. Hermione is a Cybele asteroid and orbits beyond most of the main belt asteroids.

The asteroid has an odd shape, as evidenced by adaptive optics images, the first of which were taken in December 2003, with the Keck telescope. Of many proposed shape models that agreed with the images, a "snowman"-like shape was found to best fit the seen precession rate of Hermione's moon.

Observation of the moon's orbit has made possible a correct determination of Hermione's mass. For the best-fit "snowman" model, the density is found to be 1.8 ± 0.2&nbsp;g/cm³. This gives a porosity of the order of 20%. This could be because the main asteroids are fractured solid bodies, but not a rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken up by a collision and pulled back together by gravity).

Occultations by Hermione have been successfully seen three times so far, the last time in February 2004.

## Moon (S/2002 (121) 1) 
A moon of Hermione was found in 2002 with the Keck II telescope. The moon is currently called **S/2002 (121) 1**. It has not yet been officially named, but the name "LaFayette" has been suggested by a group of astronomers. This is after the ship used in secret by the Marquis de Lafayette to reach America to help the Americans during the American Revolutionary War.

## References 
## Other websites 
* *121 Hermione and S/2002 (121) 1*, orbit data website maintained by F. Marchis. Includes adaptive optics images, orbit diagrams, and shape models.
* Data on (121) Hermione from Johnston's archive (maintained by W. R. Johnston)
* *Tally of Asteroids Harboring Moons Grows Beyond 30* (Space.com, 3 October 2002)
Hermione

**Hermione** can mean different things:

In names:
* Hermione is a feminine given name. It comes from the name Hermes, the Greek messenger god.

*Hermione Baddeley (1906–1986), English actress 
*Hermione Cobbold (1905–2004), British matriarch 
*Hermione Cockburn (born 1973), British TV/radio personality 
*Hermione Gingold (1897–1987), British actress 
*Hermione Gulliford, English actress 
*Hermione Hammond (1910–2005), English painter 
*Hermione Hannen (1913–1983), English actress 
*Hermione Lee (born 1948), British critic 
*Hermione Norris (born 1968), English actress 

In literature:
*Hermione Granger is a fictional character in J.K. Rowling's novel series, *Harry Potter*
*Hermione (mythology), the daughter of Menelaus and Helen of Troy in Greek mythology (Book 4 of the *Odyssey*).

In other uses:
*121 Hermione is a main belt asteroid
*Ermioni, a resort town in Greece
Sabaneta, Dominican Republic

**San Ignacio de Sabaneta** is a city and municipality in northwestern Dominican Republic. It is the main city of the Santiago Rodríguez province. It is usually called only *Sabaneta* or *Santiago Rodríguez*.

## History
The town was founded in 1844 by Santiago Rodríguez and others in a small savanna (*Sabaneta* means a "small savanna") north of the Cordillera Central mountain range. In 1854,  the town was elevated to the category *Military Post* and in 1858 it became a municipality of the Santiago province.

*San Ignacio de Sabaneta* was the centre of the fight against the Spanish soldiers during the first period of the Restoration War (1863-1865).

When in 1879 Monte Cristi became a province, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made a municipality of that new province. When the new province of Santiago Rodríguez was created in 1948, San Ignacio de Sabaneta was made the head municipality of the province.

## Population
The city had, in , a total population of 34,540: 17,935 men and 16,605 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

The municipality of San Ignacio de Sabaneta has the Monte Cristi province to the north, the municipality of Monción to the northwest, the Santiago province to the west, the San Juan province to the southeast, the Elías Piña province to the south and the municipality of Villa Los Almácigos and the Dajabón province to the west.

### Climate
San Ignacio de Sabaneta has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: **Aw**) with a pronounced dry season in winter.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by October with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is December with .

San Ignacio de Sabaneta is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming: tobacco and cattle raising for milk.

## References
Ray Toro

**Raymond Toro**, born on July 15, 1977 in Kearny, New Jersey. Toro is the lead guitarist and one of two backup vocalists for My Chemical Romance.  He plays Gibson Les Paul guitars with Seymour Duncan pickups through Marshall amplifiers. He helped form the band in 2001 after reconnecting with frontman Gerard Way and drummer Matt Pelissier.

When he was younger he enjoyed the music of Queen,  Metallica, Megadeth, and Slayer and he cites Brian May and Randy Rhoads as large influences on his playing. Toro has said that he grew up listening to his brothers rock albums and has always wanted to play the drums, though he sticks to guitar with My Chemical Romance.

On April,13 2011, #SINGItForJapan was released as an effort to raise money for Japan after the tsunami. This project was started when Toro was inspired by kind words from their fans, and he went on to arrange much of the instruments to create a sound that closely emulated traditional Japanese music.

## References
## Other websites
* My Chemical Romance official website
* Ray on MCRRmy.com 
* 
* Interview with Ray Toro  at Seymourduncan.com
* Ray Toro profile on NNDB
David Ben-Gurion

**David Ben-Gurion** (born **David Grün** on 16 October 1886, died 1 December 1973) was the first Prime Minister of Israel. 

He was born in Płońsk, Poland and aspired to create a state of Israel for all the oppressed Jews of Europe. He moved to the Palestine region of the Ottoman Empire in 1906 and worked as a farmer there until he was expelled during the First World War. After the war, he came back and founded the “Confederation of Jewish Workers.” Then he became president of ‘’Mapai’’ or the Israeli Workers Party. Eventually he got what he wanted when the state of Israel was founded after World War II. After leading Israel to victory in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Ben-Gurion helped build the state institutions. He retired from political life in 1970 and moved to Sde Boker, where he lived until his death. He died of a stroke in Tel HaShomer, Israel.

After he died, Ben-Gurion was named one of ''Time Magazine's'' 100 Most Important People of the Century.

He is the country’s second longest-serving prime minister after Benjamin Netanyahu.

## References 
* "Israel, 1948-." History Study Centre. ProQuest LLC. 2010. Web. 10 June 2014 
* “David ben Gurion.” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Tel Aviv: Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1998. 1. netTrekker. Web. 10 June 2014.
* Brenner, Michael; Frisch, Shelley (April 2003). Zionism: A Brief History. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 184.

## Other websites
Mikey Way

**Michael James Way** (born September 10, 1980

Way has performed on all five of the band's studio albums.

## References
## Other websites
* My Chemical Romance Official Website
* https://twitter.com/mikeyway
* 
* https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/my-chemical-romance/biography
Bob Bryar

**Robert Nathaniel Cory "Bob" Bryar** (December 31, 1979 &ndash; November 2024) was an American punk rock dummer and sound engineer. He was the drummer for My Chemical Romance. Bryar joined My Chemical Romance after former drummer Matt Pelissier suddenly left the group while on tour in Japan in 2004. He left the band in 2010. He was the band's longest serving drummer. Bryar was born in Chicago, Illinois.

After he left My Chemical Romance, Bryar became a philanthropist, focusing his time on animal rescue groups and shelters.

Bryar was last seen alive on November 4, 2024. On November 26, his body was found "badly decomposed" in his Tennessee home.

## References
## Other websites
* Bob on MCRRmy.com 
*
National Democratic Party of Germany

The **National Democratic Party** () is a far-right political party in Germany. It is usually just called the **NPD**.
It was formed after the Deutsche Reichspartei dissolved in 1964.

It is not the same as the old Hessian Nationaldemokratischen Partei. That was one of the parties which joined to form the Deutsche Reichspartei in 1949.

The German government tried to get the NPD banned in 2003, but the Bundesverfassungsgericht threw the case out when some of the leaders of the party turned out to be agents or informers of German security services, including the Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, the *Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution*, which still lists the NPD as a dangerous organisation because its policies are a threat to the peace and stability of Germany and the constitution. The NPD is also referred to as being Neo-Nazi, as it openly opposes Turks, blacks, gays and Jews.

## References
Austral thrush

**Austral thrush** (*Turdus falcklandii*) is a common bird found in southern South America. It has a brown head. Its breast is gray-yellow. Its beak is solid and yellow. It has dark brown eyes with yellow eyebrows.
It has a hard voice

## Other websites 
* IUCN red list
* Austral thrush in Chilean and Falklands postages
Belleville, New Jersey

**Belleville** is a Township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2020 Census, the township population was 38,222.

## References 
## Other websites
* Township of Belleville
* Belleville School District 
* Belleville Public Library
* National Center for Education Statistics data for the Belleville School District
* Belleville Historical Website History of Belleville, including famous residents
* Belleville, NJ History 
* Belleville, NJ Historical Photos
130 Elektra

**130 Elektra** is a very big farther main belt asteroid. It was found by C. H. F. Peters on February 17, 1873 and named after Electra, an avenger in Greek mythology.

Its spectrum is of the G type, so it is probably made up like Ceres. Spectral signatures of organic compounds have been seen on Elektra's surface 

Recent optical sightings have found a moon (see below). Using its orbit, Elektra's mass can be found more correctly. The value of 1.3 kg indicates an unusually high density (for asteroids) of 3.8 ± 0.3&nbsp;g/cm³. Optical sightings have also determined that Elektra's shape is quite non-spherical, as well as giving indications of albedo differences of 5-15% on its surface.

## Moon (S/2003 (130) 1) 
In 2003, a small moon of Elektra was detected using the Keck II telescope. The diameter of the moon is 4 km and it orbits at a distance of about 1170&nbsp;km. The moon has been given the provisional designation **S/2003 (130) 1**. Due to only a few sightings to date, its orbit is still not well known 

## References 
## Other websites 
* *130 Elektra and S/2003 (130) 1*, orbit data website maintained by F. Marchis. Includes adaptive optics image of primary, and satellite orbit diagram.
* Data on (130) Elektra from Johnston's archive (maintained by W. R. Johnston)
GIMP

The **GNU Image Manipulation Program**, or **GIMP**, is a free software picture maker.

It is often used for making logos, making photographs bigger or smaller, changing colours, making many pictures part of one picture, making pictures nicer to look at, and changing file formats.

GIMP is often used as a free software alternative for the most popular Adobe Photoshop, but it is not made to be an Adobe Photoshop clone. GIMPs mascot is named Wilber.

GIMP was started in 1995 by Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis and is now taken care of by a group of volunteers as part of the GNU Project. The newest version of GIMP is v.3.0 and it is available since March 2025. GIMPs license is the GNU General Public License, so GIMP is free software.

GIMP can be used for opening and changing many types of file formats.  GIMPs own file format is XCF, which is the name of the building where GIMP was written.

Some file formats that GIMP can be used with are bitmap, JPEG, PNG, GIF and TIFF. GIMP can also read and write path information from SVG files and GIMP can read Adobe PDF files and the raw image formats used by digital cameras, but cannot write to these formats.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official GIMP Web site
Kearny, New Jersey

**Kearny** (pronounced ) is a town in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It was named after Civil War general Philip Kearny. As of the United States 2020 Census, the town population was 41,999.
## References 
## Other websites
* Town of Kearny website
* National Center for Education Statistics data for the Kearny School District
* Kearny School District
ENIAC

s]]

**ENIAC** (which meant "**E**lectronic **N**umerical **I**ntegrator **A**nd **C**omputer") was a computer built between 1943 and 1946. It was designed by two people called John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. The machine was built out of nearly 17,500 vacuum tubes, 7,200 diodes and many miles of wire. It took up  of space, which is the size of a large room.
## Background 
The history of computers is complex, and many machines have been identified as the "first computer". ENIAC's claim is based on the fact that it was more programmable than previous ones.

Because the computer was built out of vacuum tubes, it often broke. This meant that someone had to find the failed tube (which was *not* an easy job), take the bad tube out and put a working tube in.

Making programs for the computer was difficult. Making the computer ready for one single program could take many days or even weeks. This was because the programming had to be done by pulling wires from one place to another. This was not hard for small programs, but if a large program was wanted, it was very hard work. Programming by pulling wires was used until 1948, when a special type of memory was added (called Read Only Memory (ROM), because the computer could read it but not write it). After that, programming was done by using switches, which only took hours instead of days.

## History 
The ENIAC was first designed to print firing tables for U.S. Army artillery, but the war ended before the machine was completed. Instead, its first real job (not test) was to calculate how neutrons would go through various materials. This was needed in making a hydrogen bomb. ENIAC took 70 hours to work out pi to 2000 decimal places. A modern PC with a CPU of the size of 2x2 cm is much faster than ENIAC, which used up a whole room of space. For an example, a modern PC can work out a million (1,000,000) decimal places of pi in about ten seconds.

ENIAC was shut down forever on October 2, 1955. Now, only about 10 panels of the 40 exist. Although the original is shut down, programs written for the ENIAC can still be run on a modern computer using an emulator.

## Sources
Frank Iero

**Frank Anthony Thomas Iero, Jr.** (born October 31, 1981) is the youngest member of the band My Chemical Romance. He was born in Belleville, New Jersey and attended Queen of Peace High School in North Arlington.  He attended Rutgers University on scholarship but then dropped out for the band after he felt they were beginning to get somewhere. Iero is a rhythm guitarist and is one of the two backup vocalists for the 
alternative rock band My Chemical Romance. He was also in other bands such as Leathermouth, Pencey Prep, Death Spells, Frank Iero and the Celebration, Frank Iero and the Patience, and Frank Iero and the Future Violents.

## References
Würenlingen

**Würenlingen** is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website of the municipality of Würenlingen
Wohlen, Aargau

**Wohlen** is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References
Windisch

**Windisch** is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton (or state) of Aargau in the country Switzerland. In 2014, about 7,143 people lived in Windisch. Home of the Swiss railway archives.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Wislikofen

**Wislikofen** was a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2022, the former municipalities of Bad Zurzach, Baldingen, Böbikon, Kaiserstuhl, Rekingen, Rietheim, Rümikon and Wislikofen merged to form the new municipality of Zurzach.

## References
## Other websites
Villmergen

**Villmergen** is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Since 2010, Hilfikon is part of the municipality.

## References 
## Other websites
Unterbözberg

**Unterbözberg** was a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Unterbözberg, Gallenkirch, Linn and Oberbözberg merged into the new municipality of Bözberg.

## Other websites
Umiken

**Umiken** was a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Since 2010, it is part of the city of Brugg.

## Other websites
Stilli

**Stilli** is a former municipality of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. Since 2006, it is part of the municipality of Villigen.

## Other websites
* Official website
Turgi

**Turgi** was a municipality in Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. Since 2024, it became a part of Baden. In 2002, Turgi got the Wakker Prize for saving its historical buildings.

## References
Ueken

**Ueken** was a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2023, the former municipalities of Herznach and Ueken merged to form the new municipality of Herznach-Ueken.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website of the municipality of Ueken
Sulz, Aargau

**Sulz** was a municipality, in the municipality of Laufenburg and district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Other websites
Spreitenbach

**Spreitenbach** is a municipality in Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website