open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Annulment

**Annulment** is a method under civil or canon law, similar to divorce, to declare that a marriage is not a real marriage.  Though the Roman Catholic Church forbids divorce, it sometimes grants annulment, saying that the marriage never really happened.

Reasons include:
*At the time of the marriage, at least one was too young; the minimum age is set at 16 years for males and 14 for females. There may be higher limits though
*Ligamen, being already married
*The man was ordained, either as a priest, or as a member of a monastery.
*People are closely related.

## Ligações externas 
* Nulidade matrimonial: falhas no consentimento (aleteia.org)
* Stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa kościelnego

## References
Osroene

**Osroene** (also spelled **Osrohene**, **Osrhoene**, from the Greek '''**;  **'), also known by the name of its capital city, **Edessa** (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey), was a historic kingdom located on the present-day border of Syria and Turkey. The kingdom was Assyrian and enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BCE to 244 AD.
It was a Syriac speaking kingdom, and according to an ancient legend King Abgar V of Edessa was converted to Christianity by Thaddeus of Edessa, or Saint Addai, one of the Seventy-two Disciples. under King Abgar the Great, Osroene became the first Christian state.

## References
BRIT Awards

The **BRIT Awards** (often called just the **Brits**), are awards given yearly by the British Phonographic Industry (an association of British people who are professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding work in music.

## List of Albums 
* 1-2 (1992)
* 3-5 (1993)
* 6-8 (1994)
* 9-11 (1995)
* 12-14 (1996)
* 15-17 (1997)
* 18-20 (1998)
* 21-23 (1999)
* 24-26 (2000)
* 27-29 (2001)
* 30-32 (2002)
* 33-35 (2003)
* 36-38 (2004)
* 39-41 (2005)
* 42-44 (2006)
* 45-47 (2007)
* 48-50 (2008)
* 51-53 (2009)
* 54-56 (2010)
* 57-59 (2011)
* 60-62 (2012)
* 63-65 (2013)
* 66-68 (2014)
* 69-71 (2015)
* 72-74 (2016)
* 75-77 (2017)
* 78-80 (2018)
* 81-83 (2019)
* 84-86 (2020)
* 87-89 (2021)
* 90-92 (2022)
* 93-95 (2023)
* 96-98 (2024)
* 99-101 (2025)
* 102-104 (2026)

## Most successful acts
There have been many musicians that have won more than one award.  The table below shows those that have won more than four awards.

## Other websites
* Official site
Sound of the Underground

***Sound of the Underground*** was a 2003 album by Girls Aloud. It was their first album. It was released in May 2003.

## Songs on the album
# Sound of the Underground
# No Good Advice
# Some Kind of Miracle
# All I Need (All I Don't)
# Life Got Cold
# Mars Attack
# Stop
# Girls Allowed
# Forever and a Night
# Love/Hate
# Boogie Down Love
# Don't Want You Back
# White Lies
# Love Bomb
# Everything You Ever Wanted

The album was released again in December 2003. It had other songs too.

# Jump
# You Freak Me Out
# Girls on Film
What Will the Neighbours Say?

***What Will The Neighbours Say?*** was a 2004 album by Girls Aloud. It was their second album. Five singles were released from it. After the album was released Girls Aloud did their first tour, What Will the Neighbours Say? Live.

## Setlist 
# "The Show"
# "Love Machine"
# "I'll Stand By You"
# "Jump"
# "Wake Me Up"
# "Deadlines and Diets"
# "Big Brother"
# "Hear Me Out"
# "Graffiti My Soul"
# "Real Life"
# "Here We Go"
# "Thank Me Daddy"
# "I Say A Prayer For You"
# "100 Different Ways"
Executive

**Executive** may mean:

* Executive (government), a branch of government or local authority
* Executive order, an edict issued by a member of the executive branch of a government
* Executive system (or executive functions),  the brain processes involved in high-order cognition
* Executive car, a size of car
* Architecture of Windows NT#Executive, an internal part of modern Microsoft Windows
* Manager, also known as a corporate executive; a manager in a corporation
* Chief executive officer (CEO) or chief executive is the highest-ranking corporate officer
* Executive format, a special paper size in the United States and Canada
* The Executive, a fictional belt-less raincoat in the American sitcom Seinfeld
* *Executive* (Lebanese magazine), a Lebanese newsmagazine
* Studio executive, an employee of a movie studio
Richard III (play)

of a famous actor of the 1700s, David Garrick, as Richard III]]
***Richard III*** is a history play written by William Shakespeare. It is one of Shakespeare's most famous and popular plays. Shakespeare probably wrote *Richard III* around the year 1593. The play was first printed in a book in 1597.

Like other history plays written by Shakespeare, *Richard III* is about people and events from earlier in English history. The real Richard III was king of England from 1483 to 1485. Shakespeare used the history books of his own time to create his play, though many modern experts do not think those early histories, or Shakespeare's play, are accurate and free of bias.

*Richard III* is different from many plays, because its leading character is a villain, not a hero. In his play, Shakespeare shows the king as a cruel tyrant who does many evil acts, before he is defeated in battle and killed by Henry Tudor. Tudor then becomes Henry VII of England, the next English king and the first of the Tudor dynasty. The play contains black comedy, especially because Richard III keeps telling people he is a good man despite behaving like a villain.

Shakespeare lived and wrote before modern ideas of freedom of speech and freedom of the press had become accepted. The English government of Shakespeare's day practiced censorship of books and plays. Elizabeth I of England, who was queen from 1558 to 1603, was the granddaughter of Henry VII and the last Tudor ruler. Her government saw Richard III as a villain and the man who replaced him, Henry VII, as a hero, and censored any other point of view. If Shakespeare had wanted to write a play with Richard III as a hero, he would not have been allowed to do so.

A famous movie version of *Richard III* was made in 1955. Laurence Olivier directed the movie and played the leading role. Other movie and television versions, and many modern stage productions, have also been done.
Tangled Up

***Tangled Up*** was a 2007 album by Girls Aloud. It was their fifth album.

## Songs on the album
# Call the Shots
# Close to Love
# Sexy! No No No...
# Girl Overboard
# Can't Speak French
# Black Jacks
# Control of the Knife
# Fling
# What You Crying For
# I'm Falling
# Damn
# Crocodile Tears
The Sound of Girls Aloud

***The Sound of Girls Aloud*** was a 2006 album by Girls Aloud that featured all of their most popular songs so far. It was their fourth album.

## Songs on the album 
# Sound of the Underground
# Love Machine
# Biology
# I'll Stand By You
# Jump
# The Show
# See the Day
# Wake Me Up
# Life Got Cold
# Something Kinda Ooooh
# Whole Lotta History
# Long Hot Summer
# Money
# I Think We're Alone Now
John Law

**John Law** (*baptized* 21 April 1671 - 21 March 1729) was a Scottish economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not have wealth in itself, and that national wealth depended on trade. He is said to be the father of finance, responsible for the adoption or use of paper money or bills in the world today.

## Books
**Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance*  by Janet Gleeson (2000). ()
**Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds* by Charles Mackay. First published 1841, and still available.

## Other websites
*John Law
*Project Gutenberg Edition of Fiat Money Inflation in France: How ...
Edicts of Ashoka

The **Edicts of Ashoka** are a collection of 33  on the *Pillars of Ashoka*, as well as on large stones and cave walls, made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 272 to 231 BCE. The  describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism. According to the edicts, the extent of Buddhist proselytism during this period reached as far as the Mediterranean, and many Buddhist monuments were created.
 at the time of king Ashoka (260 - 218 BCE).]]

Ashoka did not completely forbid the killing of animals; he wanted to control the number of 
animals that had to be killed for human consumption or sacrificing, protected some of them, and in general criticized violent acts against animals, such as castration.
He wrote these edicts on rock and pillar.

Edicts are royal orders or proclamations.These edicts were set up in different part of Ashoka's empire and spread the message of Ashoka's Dhamma.There are about 14 rock edicts and 7 pillar edicts currently found.

Edicts were written in local language. Most of the Ashoka's edicts are written in Brahmi Script and were translated by James Prinsep, a British official in 1837. After this major breakthrough, historians and scholars were able to obtain information about Ashoka and his reign.

## References 
*"The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering" by Ven. S. Dhammika (The Wheel Publication No. 386/387) 
*“Zen living” by Robert Linssen 

## Other websites 
*The Edicts of King Ashoka (full text, electronic edition offered for free distribution)
*The Edicts of King Ashoka  in Access to Insight
*Edicts in original Gandhari
*King Asoka and Buddhism. Historical and Literary studies 
*Inscriptions of India -- Complete listing of historical inscriptions from Indian temples and monuments
Proselytism

**Proselytism** is the practice of attempting to convert people to another opinion and, particularly, another religion.  

The word *proselytism* comes from the Greek language prefix 'pros' (towards) and the verb 'erchomai' (I come). Historically in the New Testament, the word proselyte meant a person who had converted to the Jewish religion.  Though the word proselytism was originally used in Christianity, it is also used to refer to other religions' attempts to convert people to their beliefs or even any attempt to convert people to another point of view, religious or not.  Today, the connotations of the word proselytism are often negative.

## Related pages
*Religious conversion

## References 
*
*
*

## Other websites 
* Everybody Proselytizes!  by Jorge Luis Gonzalo, 2008
* http://www.irla.org/documents/articles/lerner-proselytism.html  International Religious Liberty Association: "Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights" by Natan Lerner.
* Pope Benedict XVI asks always for guarantees that Christian faith can be "proposed" and that it can be "freely chosen": When Civilizations Meet: How Joseph Ratzinger Sees Islam
* For a discussion of some of the legal aspects of defining illicit proselytism, see the article Proselytism, Change of Religion, and International Human Rights, by Natan Lerner, PhD
*Proselytism and Crypto-Christians in Cyprus
Ken Hitchcock

**Ken Hitchcock** (born December 17, 1951 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a former Canadian NHL ice hockey coach, who coached in the NHL from 1995–96 to 2018–19. Ken won one Stanley Cup with the Dallas Stars, in the 1998–99 NHL season.

## Other websites
*
Armistice

An **armistice** is the effective end of a war, when the parties agree to stop fighting. The word comes from the Latin *arma*, meaning weapons and *statium*, meaning a stopping. 

A truce or ceasefire usually refers to a *temporary* stop of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a limited area. A truce may be needed in order to negotiate an armistice. 
An armistice is not the same as a peace treaty, which may take months or even years to agree on. The 1953 Korean War armistice   is a major example of an armistice which has not yet been followed by a peace treaty. 

The United Nations Security Council often demands cease-fire of parties in modern conflicts. Armistices are always negotiated between the parties themselves and are thus generally seen as more binding than UN cease-fire resolutions in modern international law. 

The most famous armistice is the Armistice with Germany at the end of World War I, on 11 November, 1918, signed near Compiègne, France, and effective at the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month."  

## References 
## Other websites
*
Armistice of 11 November 1918

The **armistice treaty** between the Allies, who fought Germany during World War I, and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne Forest on 11 November 1918, and marked the end of the First World War on the Western Front. Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the Allied Commander-in-chief, and Matthias Erzberger, Germany's representative were the most important persons who signed it.
'' on Armistice Day, 11 November 1918.]]
The Armistice was agreed at 5 AM on 11 November, to come into effect at 11 AM Paris time. 

Acting German commander Paul von Hindenburg had requested arrangements for a meeting from Ferdinand Foch via telegram on 7 November. He was under pressure of imminent revolution in Berlin, Munich and elsewhere across Germany. 

This stopped the fighting, but it took much longer to get a complete settlement. The actual terms, largely written by Foch, included:
* ending hostilities, the withdrawal of German forces to behind the Rhine, 
*Allied occupation of the Rhineland and bridgeheads further east, the surrender of aircraft, warships, and military materiel, 
*the release of Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians, 
*eventual reparations, no release of German prisoners and no relaxation of the naval blockade of Germany. 

Although the armistice ended the fighting on the Western Front, it had to be prolonged three times until the Treaty of Versailles. This took effect on 10 January 1920.

These terms were severe. The later abdication of the Kaiser, and the economic troubles of Germany in the 1920s, led towards the later rise of Adolf Hitler.  

## Main people 
For the Allies, the personnel involved were entirely military:
* Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch, the Allied supreme commander
* First Sea Lord Admiral Rosslyn Wemyss, the British representative
* General Maxime Weygand, Foch's Chief of staff

For Germany:
* Matthias Erzberger, a civilian politician;
* Count Alfred von Oberndorff, from the Foreign Ministry;
* Major General Detlev von Winterfeldt, the army;
* Captain Ernst Vanselow, the navy.

General Weygand and General von Gruennel are not mentioned in the (French) document.

The peace between the Allies and Germany that followed this armistice was the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

## References 
## Related pages
* Remembrance Day
* Treaty of Versailles (1919)

## Other websites 
* La convention d'armistice du 11 novembre 1918  (in French)
* The Armistice Demands, translated into English from German Government statement The World War I Document Archive, Brigham Young University Library, accessed July 27, 2006
Nationwide Arena

**Nationwide Arena** is a sports arena in Columbus, Ohio. The arena opened in 2000, and right now the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Columbus Destroyers of the Arena Football League (AFL) play there. The arena was built at the location of the old Ohio Penitentiary, a prison that was destroyed in 1998.

## Other websites
*Official Site
Chemistry (album)

***Chemistry*** is a 2005 album by Girls Aloud. It was their third album.

## Songs on the album
# "Intro"
# "Models"
# "Biology"
# "Wild Horses"
# "See the Day"
# "Watch Me Go"
# "Waiting"
# "Whole Lotta History"
# "Long Hot Summer"
# "Swinging London Town"
# "It's Magic"
# "No Regrets"
# "Racy Lacey"
Albert Fert

**Albert Fert** (born 7 March 1938) is a French physicist. He discovered giant magnetoresistance which was used to make gigabyte hard disks much easier to build. He is a professor at Université Paris-Sud in Orsay and scientific director of a laboratory called Unité mixte de recherche. The laboratory is part of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Scientific Research Centre) and Thales Group. He was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics together with the German physicist Peter Grünberg.

## Studies
Fert graduated in 1962 from the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He received his master's degree in 1963 at the University of Paris, and earned his PhD in 1970 at the Université Paris-Sud.

In 1988 Fert discovered Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in iron and chromium which began spintronics; GMR was also discovered by Peter Grünberg from the Jülich Research Centre but Peter Grünberg did not work with Fert. Since 1988, Albert Fert has helped to improve spintronics.

In 2004 he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences. In 2009 he was elected to the Academia Europaea.

## Awards
* American Physical Society International Prize for New Materials (1994)
* Grand prix de physique Jean Ricard of the French Physical Society (1994)
* International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award (1994)
* Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize (1997)
* Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Gold Medal (2003)
* Wolf Prize in Physics (2006)
* Japan Prize (2007)
* Nobel Prize in Physics (2007)

## References
*
*

## Works 

* Fert, Albert. 2006. "Summary of Symposium D on "Magnetoelectronics". *Journal of Alloys and Compounds*. 423, no. 1: 147.
* Fert, Albert, and Shang-Fan Lee. 1996. "Theory of the Bipolar Spin Switch". *Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter*. 53, no. 10: 6554.
* Fert, Albert, Jean-Luc Duvail, and Thierry Valet. 1995. "Spin Relaxation Effects in the Perpendicular Magnetoresistance of Magnetic Multilayers". *Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter*. 52, no. 9: 6513.
* Fert, Albert, Jean-Marie George, Henri Jaffres, Richard Mattana, and Pierre Seneor. 2003. "The New Era of Spintronics". *Europhysics News*. 34, no. 6: 227.
* Hueso, Luis E, Jose M Pruneda, Valeria Ferrari, Gavin Burnell, Jose P Valdes-Herrera, Benjamin D Simons, Peter B Littlewood, Emilio Artacho, Albert Fert, and Neil D Mathur. 2007. "Transformation of Spin Information into Large Electrical Signals Using Carbon Nanotubes". *Nature*. 445, no. 7126: 410.
* Fert, Albert, Jean-Luc Duvail, Tierry Henri. 2006. "Supersymmetric Spin Information is Contained in Large Spinning Carbon Nanotubes". *Europhysics Lett.*. 80, no. 3: 117.
* Levy, Peter M, and Albert Fert. 2006. "Condensed Matter: Electronic Properties, Etc. - Spin Transfer in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with Hot Electrons". *Physical Review Letters*. 97, no. 9: 97205.

## References
## Other websites
*
*webpage of Albert Fert's lab
Easter eggplant

**Easter eggplant** is a plant of the nightshade family, related to aubergine (=*S.melongena*). The stem and leafstalks are green, or very faintly tinged with purple, and bear a few white spines. Leaves are wavy at the edges. Flowers are lilac, it is recognized by its oblong fruit, also grown as an ornamental plant, for covering walls or trellises.

## Other websites 
*http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/ARN_AUD/AUBERGINE_diminutive_of_Fr_aube.html 
*http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV061 
*Solanaceae in stamps
Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s

***Guitar Hero Encore: Rocks the 80s*** is a video game for the PlayStation 2 console. It is part of the *Guitar Hero* series of games. It was released on July 24, 2007 in United States and in the European Union and on August 1, 2007 in Australia. The game features songs and music from the 1980s. The game features artists such as Quiet Riot, Ratt, Poison and Iron Maiden.
Super Mario Bros. 2

***Super Mario Bros. 2*** is the second game of the *Mario* series. It is the name of two different games. In Japan, the game was created by Nintendo. Shigeru Miyamoto thought that the original *Super Mario Bros. 2* was too hard for Americans, and decided to remake a Japanese game called *Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic*, and replaced the old characters with the *Mario* characters Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and Toad.  The game was much different from other *Mario* games because of this.

## Gameplay 
This game features four characters: Toad, Luigi, Mario, and Princess Peach. Each one has different characteristics. Luigi can jump higher than the other characters, Peach can stay afloat for a few seconds longer than the others when jumping, Toad can pull items out of the ground quicker whilst Mario has generic all-round abilities. The player can pick the character at the start of each level.

Unlike the regular *Mario* games, Mario and his friends have vegetables and can pick up some enemies and throw them.
Sierra Mist

**Sierra Mist** was a lemon lime soft drink similar to 7 Up and Sprite.  It was made by the Pepsi Company from 1999 to 2023. Their rival soft drink was Sprite, which is made by The Coca-Cola Company.

After Pepsi stopped selling Sierra Mist, they started selling the lemon lime soda Starry.

Sierra Mist came in many flavors such as:

* Sierra Mist (1999–2023)
* Diet Sierra Mist (2006–2023)
* Sierra Mist Free (2000–2006) 
* Mist twist 2016-2018
* Sierra Mist Cranberry Splash (Winter starting in 2006)
* Sierra Mist Free Cranberry Splash (Winter starting in 2007)
* Sierra Mist Lemon Squeeze (2007)
* Sierra Mist Undercover Orange (2008)
* Sierra Mist Free Undercover Orange (2008)
* Sierra Mist Ruby Splash (2009)
* Diet Sierra Mist Ruby Splash (2009)
Sienna Guillory

**Sienna Tiggy Guillory** (said like "Gil-ir-ee" (IPA: [ˈɡɪlɜːɪ])) (born 16 March 1975) is an English actress and she used to be a model. She is famous for acting as Jill Valentine in *Resident Evil: Apocalypse* and as Elf Arya Drottningu in *Eragon*.

She is daughter of Isaac Guillory, an Anglo-Cuban folk guitarist, and his first wife, Tina. Guillory has acted in many British movies, and later in American movies. Not long ago, she acted in a number of science-fiction and fantasy movies written for teenagers.

While working on the 1996 movie *The Future Lasts A Long Time*, Guillory met English actor Nick Moran, and she was married to Moran from July 1997 until 2000. Later, she married Enzo Cilenti, in 2002, and Guillory wore her grandmother's wedding gown. In 2007, they moved to Los Angeles, California, USA.
Khan

**Khan** should not be confused with **Kahn**, which is a German surname.

**Khan** may mean:
*Khan (title), a title for a ruler in Altaic (Turkic & Mongolian) languages.
**Genghis Khan (c.1162-1227), first Khan of the Mongol Empire
**Kublai Khan (1215-1294), last Khan of the Mongol Empire and Emperor of China
**Aga Khan The Islamic hereditary title of the Imam of the Nizārī Muslims
***Aga Khan IV Title of Karīm al-Hussaynī KBE CC GCC: the current Aga Khan
*Khan (name), a common Central/South Asian family name
**Chaka Khan, African American R&B artist
**Imran Khan, Pakistani Cricketer and Politician
*Khan, one of the administrative divisions of Cambodia
*Khan Bahadur, a title of honour issued by British India to Muslims who performed a deed of great service to the nation.

In **fiction**:
*Khan Noonien Singh, the villan from Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
*Khan (comics), Marvel Comics character
*Khan!, 1975 Detective TV series

In **music**:
*Khan (band), English progressive rock band in the 70s
*Khan (musician), Berlin based musician

**Khan** may also be:
*Caravanserai, a medieval roadside inn
Khan (title)

**Khan** means "ruler" or "commander" in Turkic and Mongolic Languages. It may be from an Altaic language, probably a Mongolic language like Ruanruan. 

Presently, khans exist mostly in South Asia, Central Asia and Iran. A female khan is called a **Khatun** or **Khanum**. **Khagan** means 'Khan of Khans' but is often (incorrectly) 'shortened' to Khan. This is similar to how the Persian *Shahanshah,* 'King of Kings', is usually simply called the Shah. Genghis was also called the 'Great Khan' like how Ottoman Padishah was called the 'Great Sultan'. Khans rule over **Khanates**. Khagans rule over **Khaganates**.

## Name 
Khan (),  Khan is a popular South Asian last name (e.g. Salman Khan). Khan now has many equivalent meanings such as commander, leader, or ruler. It is sometimes translated as king or prince (but Khan is a bit different). Originally Khans led small tribes.

### Variations 
There have been several variations on the title used in modern times. *Khan Bahadur* or *Khan Sahib* was a title of honour, granted by India to Muslims who had done major deeds of valour, or service to the nation or government. The Hindu counterpart for this title was *Rai Bahadur* or *Rai Sahib*. This title was normally granted in addition to other awards and decorations and added either before or after a person's actual name as a prefix or suffix.

## Mongol Empire 
It was used by the Mongols in their Mongol Empire.

The title "Khan" became well known when Mongol Temüjin conquered most of Eurasia and formed the Mongol Empire. It was the greatest land empire the world ever saw. He is often called Genghis Khan. But his real title was khagan. The Mongol empire branched into the Ilkhanate of Persia and the Chagatai Khaganate of Central Asia. 

## Köktürk Khaganate 
## Related pages 
* King
* Tsar
* Kaiser

## Notes 
## Sources and references
* on-line encyclopaedia on all Bengal, in English
* Etymology OnLine
* RoyalArk – see under each present country
* WorldStatesmen – see under each present country
Birthmark

A **birthmark** is a mark on the skin that some people have at birth. In dermatology, there are two main types of birthmarks: pigmented birthmarks and vascular birthmarks. Pigmented birthmarks are caused by an excess (larger than normal amount) of pigment cells in the skin and include moles, café au lait spots, and Mongolian spots. Vascular birthmarks, also called red birthmarks, are caused by increased blood vessels and include macular stains (salmon patches), hemangiomas, and port-wine stains.

Most birthmarks are benign and do not require treatment. However, some may increase your risk of developing skin cancer, and as such, should be monitored.https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12159-birthmarks

In the past, a birthmark was once thought of as the mark of the devil, and today it is often considered a birth defect. In some cases this mark is considered to be the mark of God applied to his chosen few.

## References
Pskov

**Pskov** (, ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ (*Pleskov*)) is an old city in the northwest of Russia. It is the administrative center of Pskov Oblast. It is about  east of the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River.

## History
There was Pskov feudal republic depended of Novgorod.

## Sister cities 
Pskov is twinned with the following cities: 
  

* Arles, France
* Białystok, Poland
* Daugavpils, Latvia
* Gera, Germany
* Kuopio, Finland
* Neuss, Germany
* Nijmegen, Netherlands
* Norrtälje, Sweden
* Perth, Scotland, United Kingdom
* Rēzekne, Latvia
* Roanoke, United States
* Tartu, Estonia
* Valmiera, Latvia
* Vitebsk, Belarus

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website of the City of Pskov Administration
Perth, Scotland

**Perth** () is a city and the main part of the Perth and Kinross council area in Scotland, with around 43,450 people living there. The town was a large burgh before 1975.

Perth is named by some people as *The Fair City*, Its status in the United Kingdom was not a city a city until 2012. Then, with Chelmsford (in Essex, England) and St Asaph (in north Wales), it was given city status to mark Queen Elizabeth II's 60 years on the throne.
Scotland's other six cities are Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Dundee, Stirling and Inverness.

Perth also has its own football team, St. Johnstone F.C.. This plays in the Scottish Premiership.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Perth City
* Perth History 
* Perth and Kinross Council
* Perthshire Tourist Board
Nevermore

**Nevermore** is an American metal band from Seattle, Washington. Their style of metal is a mixture of many different types like progressive metal, thrash metal, and power metal. They formed in 1991. The members right now are: Warrel Dane (vocals), Jeff Loomis (guitar), Jim Sheppard (bass), Van Williams (drums).
## Discography 
**Nevermore* (1995) 
**In Memory* (1996)
**The Politics of Ecstasy* (1996)
**Dreaming Neon Black* (1999)
**Dead Heart in a Dead World* (2000)
**Enemies of Reality* (2003)
**This Godless Endeavor* (2005)
### Other releases 
**Utopia* (demo, 1992)
**Demo 1994* (demo, 1994)
**Believe In Nothing (single)* (single, 2000)
Machine Head

**Machine Head** is a metal band from Oakland in California. They play a mixture of thrash metal and groove metal. The band members right now are: Robb Flynn (guitar, vocals), Jared MacEachern (bass), Matt Alston (drums) and Reece Scruggs (lead guitar).

## Band members
;Current lineup
* Robb Flynn – lead vocals, guitar (1991–present)
* Jared MacEachern – bass, backing vocals (2013–present)
* Matt Alston – drums, percussion (2019–present)
* Reece Scruggs – lead guitar, backing vocals (2024–present; touring member 2022–2024)

;Former
* Logan Mader – lead guitar (1991–1998; touring member 2019–2021)
* Adam Duce – bass, backing vocals (1991–2013)
* Tony Costanza – drums (1991–1992; died 2020)
* Chris Kontos – drums, percussion (1992–1995; touring member 2019–2021)
* Dave McClain – drums, percussion (1996–2018)
* Ahrue Luster – lead guitar (1998–2002)
* Phil Demmel – lead guitar, backing vocals (2003–2018)
* Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka – lead guitar, backing vocals (2019–2023)

### Timeline
## Discography 
* *Burn My Eyes* (1994)
* *The More Things Change...* (1997)
* *The Burning Red* (1999)
* *Supercharger* (2001)
* *Through the Ashes of Empires* (2003)
* *The Blackening* (2007)
* *Unto the Locust* (2011)
* *Bloodstone & Diamonds* (2014)
* *Catharsis* (2018)
* *Øf Kingdøm and Crøwn* (2022)
* *Unatoned* (2025)
Microformat

A **Microformat** is an attempt to re-use existing content in HTML and XML documents. Such content may be information on how to contact someone, or it may be geographical coordinates, for example. This information can then be processed by software more easily.

Technically, this kind of information is already there. A microformat aims at making this information accessible more easily. That way, tags might be added to flag the information. 

## Example 
In this example, the contact information is presented as follows:

 
```xml

   Joe Doe
   The Example Company
   604-555-1234
   http://example.com/
 
```

With hCard microformat markup, that becomes:

 
```xml

   Joe Doe
   The Example Company
   604-555-1234
   http://example.com/
 
```

Here, the formatted name (*fn*), organisation (*org*), telephone number (*tel*) and web address (*url*) have been identified using specific class names and the whole thing is wrapped in `class="vcard"`,  which indicates that the other classes form an hCard (short for "HTML vCard") and are not merely coincidentally named. Other, optional, hCard classes also exist. It is now possible for software, such as browser plug-ins, to extract the information, and transfer it to other applications, such as an address book.
Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society

The **Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society** is a science research group in Dahlem, Berlin, Germany. 

The original was called Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, and it was founded in 1911.  That became part of the Max Planck Society and took the name of the first director, Fritz Haber, in 1953.

The Institute has researched many kinds of physics including chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics, colloid chemistry, atomic physics, spectroscopy, surface chemistry and surface physics, chemical physics and molecular physics, theoretical chemistry, and materials science.

During World War I and World War II, the Institute did much war work for Germany's military.

Some of the most important members in the Institutes past are: Herbert Freundlich, Paul Friedlander, Rudolf Ladenburg, Michael Polanyi, Ladislaus Farkas, Hartmut Kallmann, Robert Havemann, Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer, Rudolf Brill, Kurt Moliere, Jochen Block,  Heinz Gerischer, Rolf Hosemann, Kurt Überreiter, and Alex Bradshaw.

Nobel Prize winners involved with the Institute include Max von Laue (1914),  Fritz Haber (1918), James Franck (1925), Otto Hahn (1944), Eugene Wigner (1963), Ernst Ruska (1986), Gerhard Ertl (2007).

## Other websites
*The Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG website
VCard

**vCard** is a standard document format for electronic business cards. Very often, vCards are attached to E-Mail messages, but they can also be exchanged in other ways. There are also extensions to it, known as vCalendar or iCalendar. hCard is a broader format to do the same thing.

## References
Pontius Pilate

**Pontius Pilate** ( or ; Latin: *Pontius Pīlātus*, , *Pontios Pīlātos*) was the governor of the Roman province of Judaea from AD 26 until 36. 

He was the sixth Procurator of Judaea. In modern times he is best known as the man who presided over the Trial of Jesus and ordered his crucifixion.

Pilate appears in all four canonical Christian Gospels. Mark, showing Jesus to be innocent of plotting against Rome, portrays Pilate as extremely reluctant to execute Jesus. The Jewish hierarchy was responsible for his death. In Matthew, Pilate washes his hands of Jesus and reluctantly sends him to his death. "Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus".

Philo of Alexandria (Leg. ad Caj. 38) and Flavius Josephus (Antiq. 18:3, 4 and Bell. II:9, 2-4) also mention him.

Pilate's biographical details before and after his appointment to Judaea are unknown, but have been supplied by tradition, which include the detail that his wife's name was Procula (she is canonized as a saint in the Greek Orthodox Church).

## Other websites 
* Pilate in history; the Tiberieum dedication block 
* The Administrative and Military Organization of Roman-occupied Palestine
* Pontius Pilate Texts and Jona Lendering's discussion of all sources
* Fresh translation of texts and analysis of evidence by Mahlon H. Smith
* Jewish Encyclopedia: Pilate, Pontius
* Catholic Encyclopedia (1911): Pontius Pilate
* *Encyclopaedia Britannica* 1911:  "Pontius pilate"
* The Hausen Legend of Pontius Pilate 
* Brian Murdoch, "The *Mors Pilati* in the Cornish *Resurrexio Domini* 
* Fictional Memoires of Pontius Pilate - at BBC Radio 4 by Douglas Hurd 

## References
Asiatic salamander

The **Asiatic salamanders** (family Hynobiidae) are a primitive kind of salamander which can be found throughout Asia. Unlike other salamanders, Hynobiid salamanders do external fertilization, or "spawning". The females lay egg-sacs, and the males pour sperm onto the sacs.

They and the giant salamanders (family Cryptobranchidae), make up the suborder Cryptobranchoidea. About half of hynobiids are unique to Japan.

## References
Kori salamander

The **Kori salamander** (*Hynobius yangi*) is a kind of salamander found in southeastern South Korea.  It has only been found around the rural areas of South Korea.
Zutphen

**Zutphen** is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. It lies both in the Achterhoek and IJsselvallei regions, about 30 km northeast of Arnhem. It is on the east bank of the IJssel river, except for a small part. About 48,000 people were living in Zutphen in 2021.

Its history goes back over 1700 years. There are a lot of buildings in the city that show its long and rich history as a trading city as part of the Hanseatic League. Zutphen got city rights around 1200. It is linked to Deventer and Arnhem by rail. The Twentekanaal starts at the northern municipal border with Lochem. The Berkel river flows into the IJssel river in Zutphen city.

The municipality of Warnsveld joined Zutphen in 2005.

## Twin towns 
*  Satu Mare, Romania
*  Tartu, Estonia
*  Shrewsbury, England
*  Villa Sandino, Nicaragua
*  Horstmar, Germany

## References 
* Plaatsengids.nl
Satu Mare

**Satu Mare** (pronunciation in Romanian: ; is a city with a population of 160,421 people and is the capital of Satu Mare County, Romania.

## Twin cities 
*  Nyíregyháza
*  Rzeszów
*  Schwaz
*   Wolfenbuttel
*  Zutphen

## Famous people from Satu Mare 
*  Ernest Klein
*  András Domahidy
*  Antal Bánhidi
*  Gábor Darvas
*  Horváth Zoltán
*  Aaron Teitelbaum
*  Moshe Dovid Winternitz
*  Daniel Prodan
*  Daniel David
*  Ioan Mircea Paşcu
*  Ovidiu Ioan Silaghi
*  Ernie Grunfeld

## Other websites 
* Satu Mare Official website
Schwaz

**Schwaz** is a city in Tyrol, Austria.  Schwaz can be found in the lower Inn valley, and it has a population of about 13,000 people.

## Twin cities
* Bourg-de-Péage
* Mindelheim
* Tramin
* Trento
* Verbania
* Satu Mare
* Sant Feliu de Guíxols
* East Grinstead

## References 
## Other websites 
* Web site of the municipality of Schwaz
Marc Dutroux

**Marc Dutroux** (born 6 November 1956 in Ixelles / Elsene) is a Belgian criminal. He has been convicted because he kidnapped and tortured six girls, between eight and 19 years old. He murdered four of them, two eight year old girls starved and died while he was in prison. He was arrested in 1989 for abducting and raping five young girls. For this he was imprisoned; he was released in 1992. He was imprisoned again, from December 1995 until March 1996. He was arrested one more time in August 1996 and has remained imprisoned since then. The court convicted him in June 2004 and sentenced him to serve life in prison for the three murders (girls of 17 and 18 years old, and of his accomplice who was a 43 years old man). His wife was convicted and sentenced to serve 30 years, for starving the 8 year olds.

Dutroux has committed many crimes, including theft, robbery and drug dealing. The media showed him mostly as a pedophile. The final report compiled by four doctors said he was not a pedophile, rather he was a psychopath, who had lost feelings when he was confronted with violence.

## References
Znojmo

**Znojmo** (; ) is a town in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic, near the border with Lower Austria.

Image:Znojmo-rotunda-svKateřiny2009d.jpg|Znojmo Castle
Image:Znaimer_Altstadt2.jpg|Column commemorating the Black Death
Image:Znojmo-Town Hall Tower.jpg|Town Hall tower

## References
Candelaria Municipality

**Candelaria** is one of the 11 municipalities that make up the Mexican state of Campeche

## Other websites 
* Ayuntamiento de Candelaria  Official website
Philadelphia Phillies

The **Philadelphia Phillies** are a Major League Baseball team in the National League East. They play in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at Citizens Bank Park. The Phillies were founded in 1883. Their manager is Rob Thomson, and their general manager is Sam Fuld. The Phillies were named for the city Philadelphia, which is often called "Philly", and have kept their name and city for over 125 years.

The Phillies' history has included several spans during which they played very poorly. Several years ago they became the first team to have lost 10,000 games overall. 

## Uniforms 
The Phillies' home uniforms are white with red pin and a red hat with a white cursive "P". The hat is the same for them on the road, but they wear gray pants with one red stripe and a gray shirt. They also have an alternate uniform that has a blue hat with a red "P" and cream-colored jerseys. 

## Postseason 
In 1980, the Phillies won their first World Series. In 1993, they made it once more to the Series, but they lost to the Toronto Blue Jays. They did not make the playoffs again until 2007 when they won the National League East division championship. However, they were beaten by the Colorado Rockies in the National League Division Series. In 2008, the Phillies won their second World Series.  

The Phillies became National League champions on October 23, 2022, defeating the San Diego Padres four games to one in the National League Championship Series of seven games.  They were defeated by the Houston Astros of the American League in the 2022 World Series, four games to two.  It was the Phillies' first appearance in a World Series game since 2009.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official Website
Rolando Filidei

**Rolando Filidei** (Navacchio, 1914 &ndash; Rosignano Solvay, 1980) was an Italian artist. Filidei went to the school of art to Florence, until 1937 when he finished school. After school he became a soldier. After serving as a soldier he returned in Rosignano where he worked with wood, stone and bronze. Filiedei showed his art in more than 50 festivals and meeting about art in Italy and in many cities in the word. He worked too as a teacher from 1947 until 1977 in the school of "Ernesto Solvay of Rosignano".
Traralgon, Victoria

**Traralgon** is a regional city in the Latrobe Valley of the Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia.

## References
## Other websites
* Latrobe City Website
Tatars

**Tatars** refer to a number of Turkic-speaking peoples, which include (but are not limited to) the Volga Tatars, Lipka Tatars, Siberian Tatars. But do not include the Crimean Tatars. Most Tatars live in Russia (forming the majority in Tatarstan), as well as in countries as Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.

Crimean Tatars live in Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.

Smaller minorities of Tatars live in Israel, France, Canada, Australia, the United States, Finland, and Japan.

The Tatars mostly practice Sunni Islam.

Their closest relatives are the Bashkirs, and they are also related to the Azerbaijanis, Kazakhs, Chuvash people, and the Turkish people.

## History
Historically, the word "Tatar" might have referred to the Tatar confederation, which eventually became part of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan joined the various Eurasian steppe tribes into one empire. The term "Tatars" was spelled as "Tartars" on occasion. In the past, this term was used to refer to anyone coming from North and Central Asia dominated by many predominantly Turco-Mongol empires and kingdoms. Neighbouring non-Turkic peoples called any Turkic-speaking people Tatar. Nowadays, this term is used to refer to certain Turkic peoples.

Russian historian D. Iskhakov wrote in 2000: “the real history of Tatars, of the people in every respect historical, is not written yet”.  However, a  book by independent Tatar historian Galy Yenikeyev about the unwritten history of the Tatars
claims to have new facts.

## Sources
North Melbourne Football Club

The **North Melbourne Football Club** is a professional Australian rules football club that plays in the Australian Football League. It is nicknamed "The Kangaroos".

## Club song

*Hearts to hearts and hands to hands,*
*Beneath the Blue and White we stand,*
*We shout, God bless our native land*
*North Melbourne, North Melbourne.*
 
*Out we come, out we come, out we come to play,*
*We train so hard, we play the game, we must win every day.*
*Lots of fun, heaps of fun, enjoy yourself today,*
''North Melbourne's boys are hard to beat, when they come out to play.*
 
*So join in the chorus and sing it one and all,*
*Join in the chorus, North Melbourne's on the ball.*
*Good old North Melbourne, they're champions you'll agree,*
*North Melbourne is the team that plays to win for you and me.''
Gupta Empire

The **Gupta Empire** was an Indian empire which lasted from around 320 to 550 AD. It managed to unify large parts of the Indian subcontinent. The time of the Gupta Empire is traditionally referred to as India's Golden age. 

Plenty of information about this dynasty can be found through coins, inscriptions, monuments, and Sanskrit writings. The Gupta rulers were great conquerors and administrators. Eventually, provincial revolts and invaders from Central Asia weakened broke up the empire, but many of their cultural and intellectual achievements were saved and transmitted to other cultures and live on today. Fa Hien visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II and stayed in this country for several years. 

People lived a simple life. Goods were affordable and all round prosperity ensured that their requirements were met easily. Gold and silver coins were issued in great numbers which is a general indicative of the health of the economy. Trade and commerce flourished both within the country and outside. Silk, cotton, spices, medicine, priceless gemstones, pearl, precious metal and steel were exported by sea.

## Gupta dynasty 
The **Gupta dynasty** lasted from around 240 to 579.

Some of its main rulers were:
* Chandragupta
* Samudragupta
* Ramagupta
* Chandragupta II
* Kumaragupta I
* Skandagupta
* Purugupta
* Kumaragupta II
* Budhagupta
* Narsimhagupta
* Vishnugupta

## Administration 
The Gupta Empire was divided into 26 provinces. These were called *Bhukti*, *Desha*, or *Rajya*. Each province had smaller parts called *Vishaya* (districts), ruled by officers called *Vishayapati*. The *Vishayapati* was helped by a local council called the *Adhikarana*. This council had four members: the head of the city, a trade leader, a top artisan, and a government writer. A smaller area inside a district was called a *Vithi*.

The Gupta Empire had trade links with the Sassanids and Byzantines. The social system followed four main caste system (*varna system*). The Guptas used many different gold and silver coinages across their empire. This showed their wealth. Some were also trying to unify the empire by using the same coins over the empire.
## Further reading 
* Karls, Farah. *World History The Human Experience*.

## References
## Other websites 
* Frontline Article on Gupta Period Art
England national football team

The **England football team** are a team who play football for England. They play their matches in England at Wembley Stadium. 

They played their first game in 1872 against Scotland.

They won the FIFA World Cup in 1966 when they beat West Germany by 4 goals to 2 at the old Wembley Stadium.

## Most appearances 
## Top scorers 
## Honours 
; **Olympic football tournament**
* ** Gold medal (2):** 1908, 1912

; **FIFA World Cup**
* **  Winner (1):** 1966
* Fourth Place (2): 1990, 2018

; **UEFA European Championship**

*  Runners-up (1): 2020, 2024

*  Third Place (1): 1968
*  Semi-finals (1): 1996

; ** UEFA Nations League**

*  Third Place (1): 2018 -19

; **British Championship**
* **  Winners (54)**  *(including 20 shared)*

## Recent Games 
*  Green means that the team won.
*  Yellow means the team had a draw.
*  Red means the team lost.

## Minor tournaments 
:**Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.*

## Related pages
* England women's national football team

## References
Norwich City F.C.

**Norwich City F.C.** is an English football club based in Norwich, Norfolk.  The club was started in 1902. They were relegated from the Premier League in the 2021-22 season. The manager is Dean Smith.

## League position 
### Former position
Queens Park Rangers F.C.

**Queens Park Rangers Football Club** is an English football club from London. Their players wear a blue and white hooped shirts for home games which they play at a ground called Loftus Road.  The club are also known as **QPR**.

## League position
### Former position
## Managers
## Honours
**League**

*Championship Winners 2010–11
*Division One Runners-up 1975–76

*Division Two Champions 1982–83
*Division Two Runners-up 1967-68, 1972-73

*Division Three Champions 1966-67
*Nationwide Division Two Runners-up 2003-04

*Division Three (South) Champions 1947-48

**Cup**

*FA Cup Runners-up 1981–82

*League Cup Winners 1966-67
*League Cup Runners-up 1985-86

*FA Community Shield Runners-up 1907-08, 1911-12

## References