open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nitish Kumar

**Nitish Kumar** (born 1 March 1951) is an Indian politician. He was the chief minister of Bihar from 2015 until 2022. He is the President of Janata Dal (United). He is best known for constantly switching sides between alliances, earning the name 'Paltu Ram' (turncoat).

## References 
## Other websites
Francine Muyumba

**Francine Fuhara Muyumba** (born 18 February 1987) is a Congolese youth leader serving as President of the Pan African Youth Union. In 2011, Muyumba became the first International Student to be elected President of the University of Namibia Student Representative Council. The other International student to have held the position was Joseph Kalimbwe seven years later.

In 2017, Muyumba was chosen among the 100 Influential young Africans.

## References
Prime Minister of South Korea

The **Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea** (국무총리 / 國務總理, *Gungmuchongni*) is appointed by the President of South Korea, with the National Assembly's approval. The officeholder is not required to be a member of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister is not the head of government but is similar to that of a vice president.

The Sino-Korean word *gungmu* (/) means "state affairs" and *chongni* (/) means "prime minister", "premier" or "chancellor", so the full title in Korean means literally "Prime Minister for State Affairs", but it is not used as official English title. The short title in Korean is just *Chongni*.

## List of prime ministers 
## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
* Prime Minister's Office 
* South Korea at worldstatesmen.org
AAR wheel arrangement

**AAR wheel arrangement** is a system for classifying locomotives used in North America. It is a simplified form of the UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements.

## Examples
* A1A-A1A Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each bogie has two powered axles and one unpowered axle
* B-B Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each bogie has two powered axles 
* C-C Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each bogie has three powered axles
Wheel arrangement

For **wheel arrangement** systems, see:

* AAR wheel arrangement
* UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements
* Whyte notation
Ken Albiston

**Kenneth Ian Albiston** (11 November 1926 &ndash; 20 June 2018) was an Australian rules footballer. He played for Richmond and Melbourne in the VFL. He served in the royal air force during the last years of World War II. He was born in Balwyn, Victoria.

Albiston died on 20 June 2018 in Melbourne, Victoria at the age of 91.

## References
## Other websites
*DemonWiki profile
Jamsheed Marker

**Jamsheed Marker** (Hilal-e-Imtiaz) (24 November 1922 – 21 June 2018) was a Pakistani diplomat. He served as Ambassador to the United States serving from 17 September 1986 to 30 June 1989. He was the head of mission during the administrations of Prime Ministers Muhammad Khan Junejo and Benazir Bhutto. He helped negotiate the Soviet military withdrawal from Afghanistan.

Marker died on 21 June 2018 in Karachi at the age of 95.

## References
Francesco Forleo

**Francesco Forleo** (13 November 1941 – 24 June 2018) was an Italian politician and policeman. He served as a Deputy from 1987 to 1994. He was born in Turin.

Forleo died of dementia in Genoa on 24 June 2018 at the age of 76.

## References
University of Namibia

The **University of Namibia (UNAM)** is the largest university in Namibia. It was founded by an act of the National Assembly on 31 August 1992 and has 12 campuses, 8 faculties and 5 schools spread across the country. It has close to 24,000 studying on full time, part time and distance learning.

## Campuses 
* Windhoek Main Campus
* Hage Geingob Campus
* Khomasdal Campus
* Nuedamm Campus 
* Rundu Campus
* Henties Bay Campus
* Southern Campus
* Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus 
* Oshakati Campus
* Jose Dos Santos Campus
* Katima Mulilo Campus

## References
Montague, California

**Montague** is a city in Siskiyou County, California, United States. The population was 1,226 at the 2020 census.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Montague
Siskiyou County, California

**Siskiyou County** ( ) is a county in the northernmost part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,076. The county seat is Yreka.

Siskiyou County is in the Cascade Mountains on the Oregon border.

## References
Ismael Balkhi

'''Sayed Isma'el Balkhi''' () was a poet, political activist and cleric in Afghanistan during the twentieth century. He was one of the thinkers and pioneers of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan.

## References
Baikonur Cosmodrome

**Baikonur Cosmodrome** (; ) is a spaceport in southern Kazakhstan. It is the first and most active space port in the world. It is leased to Russia until 2050, and is managed by Roskosmos and the Russian aerospace forces. It was built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. There are many commercial, military and scientific rocket launches each year  All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.

Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, was launched from Baikonur in 1957. Vostok 1, the first human spaceflight, was also launched from Baikonur, carrying Yuri Gagarin. The launchpad used for both of these missions was renamed Gagarin's Start.

## References
Yreka, California

**Yreka** ( ) is the county seat of Siskiyou County, California, United States. It is near the Shasta River at 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level and covering about 10.1 sq mi (26 km2) area, of which most is land. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 7,807.

In 1941, it was proposed that Yreka were to be the capital city of the proposed Jefferson state, which would be made-up of southern Oregon and northern California.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
* Yreka Chamber of Commerce 
* Siskiyou County Historical Society 
* Siskiyou County Museum 
* Siskiyou Daily News
*Images of Yreka from the Eastman’s Originals Collection ,  Special Collections Dept. , University of California, Davis.
Proton (rocket family)

**Proton** is an expandable launch vehicle used for both commercial and Russian government launches. It is still in use as of 2018. All Protons are built at Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, and are then launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome. It can launch around 22.8 tonnes to Low Earth orbit, and it can launch around 6.3 tonnes to Geostationary orbit. It is expected to be retired before 2030.

It was originally created as a super heavy Intercontinental ballistic missile. The first Proton rocket was launced in 1965. Proton's design was kept secret until 1986. It launched several sections of the Mir space station, and also launched two modules to the ISS.

## References
Volatility

In economics, the term **volatility** is used to measure how much the price or value of an economic good or service changes over time. Goods or services where the price changes a lot are said to have a *high volatility*, those that don't have a *low volatility*. The word come from the Latin verb "volare" meaning "to fly".

In the securities markets, volatility is often associated with big swings in either direction. For example, when the stock market rises and falls more than one percent over a sustained period of time, it is called a "volatile" market. An asset's volatility is a key factor when pricing options contracts. In statistical terms, volatility is the standard deviation of a market or security’s annualised returns over a given period - essentially the rate at which its price increases or decreases. Historical volatility is calculated using a series of past market prices, while implied volatility looks at expected future volatility, using the market price of a market-traded derivative like an option.

## Causes of volatility 
Market volatility is caused by a host of several factors

* Political and economic factors
* Industry and sector factors
* Company performance
* Volatility overseas

## References
Geoff Case

**Geoff Case** (18 September 1935 – 22 June 2018) was an Australian rules footballer. He played in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He was born in Victoria, Australia.

Case was a tough midfielder and played his 122 VFL games for Melbourne, which included the 1955, 1957, 1959 and 1960 winning grand finals.  He also represented the VFL, but retired at the relatively young age of just twenty-six in 1962.

Case died on 22 June 2018 in Melbourne at the age of 82.

## References
Josh Hawley

**Joshua David Hawley** (born December 31, 1979) is an American politician. He is the senior United States Senator of Missouri since January 3, 2019.

He was the Attorney General of Missouri from 2017 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party.

He was born in Springdale, Arkansas. Hawley studied at Stanford University and at Yale University. He is a former law clerk to Chief Justice John Roberts of the Supreme Court.

In October 2017, Hawley announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate. He defeated Claire McCaskill in the general election in November 2018.

## References
## Other websites
*Missouri Attorney General
*Hawley for Senate
Constance Adams

**Constance Adams** (16 July, 1964 – 25 June, 2018) was an American space architect. She worked in the space program.  In the late 1990s she was employed by Lockheed Martin Space Operations, to support the NASA’s Mars exploration research efforts at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Among other projects, Adams was involved in developing the Lockheed-Martin design of an inflatable module for the International Space Station.

Adams died of colorectal cancer in Houston on June 25, 2018, aged 53.

## References
Tony Evers

**Anthony Steven Evers** (born November 5, 1951) is an American politician and educator who has been the 46th and current Governor of Wisconsin since 2019. He was elected governor in 2018, defeating then-incumbent Governor Scott Walker. He was re-elected in 2022.

## Political career
Before becoming Governor, he served as the 26th Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin from 2009 to 2019. Evers serves as President of the Council of Chief State School Officers and was Wisconsin's Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2001 to 2009. 

## Governor of Wisconsin
Evers was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Wisconsin in the 2018 gubernatorial election. His running mate is community organizer Mandela Barnes. Evers won the election by 1%.

In February 2019, Evers's administration prepared a budget proposal that included proposals to legalize the medical use of marijuana for patients with certain conditions. Evers's marijuana proposals were opposed by Republican leaders in the Legislature.

On March 12, 2020, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Evers declared a public health emergency in the state. The next day, he ordered all schools in the state to close by March 18, with no possibility of reopening until at least April 6. On March 17, Evers added a statewide ban on public gatherings of more than 10 people. This was expanded to a statewide "safer at home" on March 25, originally set to expire on April 25, with people allowed to leave their homes only for essential business and exercise.

Evers was re-elected governor in 2022, defeating businessman Tim Michels.

In July 2023, Evers made a line-item veto to the state budget for fiscal years 2024 and 2025 that increased school funding of $325 a year until 2425. He did this by removing the hyphen and "20"s from where the budget bill mentioned the 2024–2025 school year. In April 2025, the Wisconsin Supreme Court said the veto was legal; in the majority opinion.

In July 2025, Evers announced that he would not run for re-election in 2026.

## Health
Evers had esophageal cancer before undergoing intensive surgery in 2008.

## References
## Other websites
* Governor Tony Evers official State of Wisconsin website
Grigory Barenblatt

**Grigory Isaakovich Barenblatt** (; July 10, 1927 – June 21, 2018) was a Russian mathematician. He was born in Moscow. He was an emeritus Professor in Residence at the Department of Mathematics of the University of California, Berkeley and Mathematician at Department of Mathematics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

## References
## Other websites
* Applied mechanics: an age old science perpetually in rebirth (pdf). The Timoshenko Medal acceptance speech by Grigory Barenblatt (to be published by ASME in summer 2006).
W. S. Merwin

**William Stanley Merwin** (September 30, 1927 – March 15, 2019) was an American poet. He was mainly active during the anti-Vietnam War era. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (in both 1971 and 2009), the National Book Award for Poetry (2005) and the Tanning Prize, one of the highest honors bestowed by the Academy of American Poets, as well as the Golden Wreath of the Struga Poetry Evenings.

In 2010, the Library of Congress named Merwin the seventeenth United States Poet Laureate to replace the outgoing Kay Ryan.

Merwin died at his home in Haiku, Hawaii on March 15, 2019 from a heart attack, aged 91.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America
## References
Charles Simic

**Charles Simic** (; born **Dušan Simić**; May 9, 1938 – January 9, 2023) was a Serbian American poet. He was the co-poetry editor of the *Paris Review*. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1990 for ''The World Doesn't End*, and was a finalist of the Pulitzer Prize in 1986 for *Selected Poems, 1963-1983* and in 1987 for *Unending Blues''. 

Simic was appointed the fifteenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 2007.
Simic married fashion designer Helene Dubin in 1964, and their union produced two children. In 1971, he became an American citizen. Simic died of complications of dementia on January 9, 2023, at the age of 84.
## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
Michelle Clunie

**Michelle Renee Clunie** (born November 7, 1969) is an American actress, dancer and activist. She is best known for her roles as Melanie Marcus on Showtime's series *Queer as Folk* and as Ellen Beals on *Make It or Break It*. She is currently a star on MTV’s *Teen Wolf* as Mrs. Finch.

## References
## Other websites
*
Creed discography

The discography for American alternative metal band Creed consists of 4 studio albums.

## Albums
### Studio albums
## References
Deneb

**Deneb** (also named Arided, α Cygni, alpha Cygni, α Cyg) is the brightest star in the constellation of Cygnus.  It, along with Vega, and Altair make up the Summer Triangle asterism.

It has an apparent magnitude of 1.25, which means that it is the 20th brightest star in the night sky. However its distance from the sun and luminosity are difficult to calculate, but its distance is estimated to be approximately 2,600 light years away. It is thought to be between 55,000 and 196,000 times as luminous as the Sun.

Deneb is a blue supergiant that is 203 times larger than the Sun.

Deneb will be the Pole Star in the year 9800 AD.

## References
Richard Benjamin Harrison

**Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr.** (also known by the nicknames **The Old Man** and **The Appraiser**; March 4, 1941 – June 25, 2018) was an American businessman and reality television personality. He was born in Danville, Virginia, but raised in Lexington, North Carolina. He was best known as the co-owner of the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, as featured on the History channel series *Pawn Stars*.

Harrison was usually referred to by his nickname, "The Old Man".

Harrison died on June 25, 2018 in Las Vegas, Nevada from Parkinson's disease at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Gold and Silver Dealer in USA
Ōmokoroa

**Omokoroa** is a small urban area in the Western Bay of Plenty District of New Zealand. The suburb is thought part of Greater Tauranga (contributing towards its population of ), and is within the Bay of Plenty electorate.

## References
Deanna Lund

**Deanna Lund** (May 30, 1937 &ndash; June 22, 2018) was an American actress. She was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Lund was best known for her role in the Irwin Allen television series *Land of the Giants*, where she played the character of Valerie Ames Scott.

Lund died on June 22, 2018 at her home in Century City, California of pancreatic cancer, aged 81.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official site
John Francis Jackson

**John Francis Jackson**, DFC (23 February 1908&nbsp;– 28 April 1942) was an Australian fighter ace and squadron commander of World War&nbsp;II. He had eight aerial victories, and led No.&nbsp;75 Squadron during the Battle of Port Moresby in 1942. Born in Brisbane, he was a grazier and businessman. He had his own private plane when he joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Reserve in 1936. In 1939, at the start of the war, he was called up for active service. Jackson served with No.&nbsp;23 Squadron in Australia before he was posted to the Middle East in November 1940. As a fighter pilot with No.&nbsp;3 Squadron he flew Gloster Gladiators, Hawker Hurricanes and P-40 Tomahawks during the North African and Syria–Lebanon campaigns.

Jackson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Mentioned in Despatches for his actions in the Middle East. In March 1942, while serving in the South West Pacific theatre, he was promoted to squadron leader. He was in command of No.&nbsp;75 Squadron at Port Moresby in Papua, operating P-40 Kittyhawks. Described as "rugged, simple" and "true as steel", Jackson, aged 34, was nicknamed "Old John" by his much younger squadron members. He was praised for his leadership during the defence of Port Moresby. He was killed in action on 28&nbsp;April 1942. His younger brother Les took over No.&nbsp;75 Squadron, and also became a fighter ace. Jacksons International Airport, Port Moresby, is named in John Jackson's honour.

## References
Bamboo Airways

**Bamboo Airways** is a Vietnamese airline. The headquarters are in Hanoi. The center of activity is from Phu Cat Airport in Qui Nhon. The company was ed in 2017. VietJet Air will begin operation in October 2018. It will have s to most of airports in Vietnam and some  airports. On 26th March 2016, it signed a purchase order with Airbus to buy 24 Airbus A320neo, signed a purchase order with Boeing to buy 20 Boeing 787. The aircraft will be delivered from 2020.
It will mainly serve tourists to resort towns in Vietnam, where its parent company FLC Group has resorts (Ha Long, Thanh Hoa, Dong Hoi, Nha Trang, Phu Quoc).
## References
Christina Kirkman

**Christina Marie Kirkman** (born February 25, 1993, in Melrose, Massachusetts, USA) is an American actress and comedian. She was best known for her roles in the final two seasons of *All That*.

In 2003, she entered ''R U All That?: Nickelodeon's Search for the Funniest Kid in America* competition and won the highly-coveted spot as a regular performer on *All That*.

As part of her audition, Kirkman was asked to do a skit in which she met Jay Leno. She had never heard of Leno because she had never stayed up late, so she said, "*Who the heck is Jay Leno?''" and instead pretended to talk to Leno's bodyguard.

When asked if she thought she was going get into the *All That* cast, Kirkman responded, "I thought I had no chance!" with a laugh.

Kirkman joined the cast of *All That in Season 9 after Bryan Hearne left the show. She replaced Jamie Lynn Spears as the youngest cast member of *All That*. She remained on *All That* until the show was canceled.

After *All That'' came to an end, Kirkman returned to Massachusetts where she experienced bullying. This caused her to temporarily stop acting to focus on school. She graduated from Bishop Fenwick High School. In 2015, she graduated from Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts where she studied broadcast journalism and also participated in several different on campus productions.

After completing college, Kirkman moved back to Los Angeles to pursue acting and as of 2016, she completed filming the movie "Night Shadow".

## Other websites
* 
* Emerson students former stars of Nickelodeon and Disney shows
1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak

The **1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak**, also known as the **Central Florida tornado outbreak** or **The Night of The Tornadoes** was a deadly tornado event in Florida during the night of February 22-23, 1998 in the central part of the state, including the Orlando area. The outbreak killed 42 people and injured 260, the worst such tornado event in Florida since March 31, 1962. The first major tornado hit Winter Garden  at 11:40 p.m., and the deadliest tornado struck the Kissimmee area at 12:40 a.m. before dissipating at 1:28 a.m. EST.

## Tornadoes
Short (finance)

To **short** an asset means to bet that the asset will lose value, or that the current price is overvalued (higher than its supposed value). If the asset in question does indeed lose value, the person who *shorted* it will win the bet, and make a profit. This can be done by borrowing assets and selling them at a higher price, returning the asset once you can buy it back at a lower price. 

For example, if you think that Tesla stock will lose 10% of its value, you could short the stock, and make a 10% profit once it goes down by 10%. However, if Tesla stock gains value, then you will lose the equivalent amount.
Electro-diesel locomotive

electro-diesel locomotive]]

An **Electro-diesel locomotive** is a high powered electric locomotive which also has a diesel engine. The diesel engine is used when an electricity supply from overhead lines or a third rail is not available.
Alan Berg

**Alan Harrison Berg** (January 1, 1934 – June 18, 1984) was an American Jewish attorney and talk radio show host in Denver, Colorado. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Berg was known for his mostly liberal views. His programs could be received in more than 30 states. He was lastly hired by KOA and debuted on February 23, 1981. He worked at KOA until his assassination.

## Death
On June 18, 1984, Berg was shot dead in the driveway of his Denver home by members of the white supremacist group. He was 50 years old. 

## References
## Other websites
*Alan Berg at the Internet Movie Database
*Talk Radio Assassination!, WFMU website 1996
*"Living Out Loud: Death of a Radiohead" , *Cincinnati CityBeat* July 14, 2004
*Judith Lee Berg, a profile of Alan Berg's widow
North Barrington, Illinois

**North Barrington** is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,171 at the 2020 census.

## References
## Other websites
*Village of North Barrington official website
*Barrington Area Library
Waco siege

The **Waco siege** was the siege of a compound belonging to the Branch Davidians, carried out by American federal and Texas state law enforcement, as well as the U.S. military, between February 28 and April 19, 1993.

The Branch Davidians were led by David Koresh and were headquartered at Mount Carmel Center ranch in the community of Axtell, Texas, 13 miles (21 kilometers) east-northeast of Waco.

The incident began when the ATF attempted to raid the ranch. An intense gun battle erupted, resulting in the deaths of four government agents and six Branch Davidians. Upon the ATF's failure to raid the compound, a siege lasting 51 days was initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Eventually, the FBI launched an assault and initiated a tear gas attack in an attempt to force the Branch Davidians out of the ranch. During the attack, a fire engulfed Mount Carmel Center. In total, 76 people died, including David Koresh.

## References
Lockport, New York

**Lockport** is a city in Niagara County, New York, United States. The population was 20,876 at the 2020 census. It is so named from a set of Erie Canal locks (Lock Numbers 34 and 35) within the city. Lockport is the county seat of Niagara County. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
George Peabody

**George Peabody** ( ; February 18, 1795 – November 4, 1869) was an American financier and philanthropist. He was widely thought as the father of modern philanthropy. He founded the Peabody Trust in Britain and the Peabody Institute and George Peabody Library in Baltimore.

Peabody was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and made a Freeman of the City of London, among many other honors. He was given a funeral and temporary grave in Westminster Abbey.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Phillips Library , Peabody Essex Museum. Repository of 145 linear feet of Peabody's business and personal papers.
Torque converter

A **torque converter**, or torque multiplier, is a device for multiplying torque. It is widely used in transmission systems for road and rail vehicles with internal combustion engines.

## Operation
The diagram shows a hydraulic torque converter.  It contains two turbines and a stator.
* Green = pump turbine, turned by the engine
* Blue = stator
* Yellow = driven turbine, connected to the wheels of the vehicle
* Red = direction of flow of the hydraulic fluid

The driven turbine can deliver high torque at low speed.  As the vehicle accelerates, the speed goes up and the torque goes down.  This happens automatically, so there is no need for the driver to change gear.
Paterson Clarence Hughes

**Paterson Clarence** "**Pat**" **Hughes**, DFC (19 September 1917&nbsp;– 7&nbsp;September 1940) was an Australian fighter ace of World War&nbsp;II. He served with the Royal Air Force (RAF). During the Battle of Britain he shot down 17 enemy aircraft. This was the highest number of aircraft shot down by an Australian during the battle, He joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1936. After graduating as a pilot, he joined the RAF. In July 1937, he joined No.&nbsp;64 Squadron, which operated Hawker Demon and, later, Bristol Blenheim fighters. Posted to No.&nbsp;234 Squadron at the start of World War&nbsp;II, Hughes began flying Supermarine Spitfires. He shared in the squadron's first victory on 8&nbsp;July 1940, when with two other Spitfires, he shot down a German Junkers Ju 88 attacking ships near Lands End. Hughes was known for attacking his targets at extremely close range. He probably died after his Spitfire was struck by parts from a German Dornier Do 17 bomber that he had just shot down near London. Hughes was able to get out of the plane, but his parachute did not open. After his death he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Hughes was buried in England.

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Archives of Australia: Personal File 
* Sutton & Wawne Museum: A brief biography of the Australian fighter pilot killed during the Battle of Britain, and buried in Sutton churchyard in 1940
* Battle of Britain Historical Society: Saturday, September 7th 1940
Forest City, North Carolina

**Forest City,** formerly known as "Burnt Chimney," is a town in Rutherford County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 7,377 as of the 2020 census, making it the largest municipality in Rutherford County.

## References
Frank Heart

**Frank Evans Heart** (May 15, 1929 – June 24, 2018) was an American computer engineer. He was born in New York City, but was raised in Yonkers, New York. Heart designed the first routing computer for the ARPANET, the predecessor to the Internet. In 2014, Heart was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.

Heart died of melanoma on June 24, 2018 in Lexington, Massachusetts at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Internet Hall of Fame bio
* A History of Computer Communications: 1968-1988
Ljubuški

**Ljubuški** is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is in the West Herzegovina Canton, a unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics 
### Ljubuški Municipality 
### Ljubuški populated place 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Ljubuški official webpage  
* www.ljubuski.info 
* www.ljubusaci.com 
* www.ljubuski.com
Bill Hendon

**William Martin Hendon** (November 9, 1944 – June 20, 2018) was an American author, activist, and politician. He was born in Asheville, North Carolina. He served as a two-term Republican U.S. representative from North Carolina's 11th District.

Hendon died on June 20, 2018 under hospice carer in Forest City, North Carolina after suffering from Parkinson's disease at the age of 73.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Biography, The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
*A Finding Aid to Records Relating to American Prisoners of War and Missing in Action from the Vietnam War Era, 1960-1994, The National Archives, compiled 1996
Fabian strategy

The **Fabian strategy** is a military strategy in which one side avoids the other and avoids pitched battles and frontal assaults. 

The object is to wear down the opponent by a "war of attrition" and to harass the enemy by skirmishes to weaken it, disrupt its supply and affect its morale. 

The strategy is employed by a side that believes that time is on its side, but it may also be adopted when no other strategy is possible.
Blockchain

A **blockchain** (or **block chain**) is a series of digital entries, which cannot be easily changed once they are created. It is commonly used in cryptocurrency. It is how digital transactions are recorded and verified. This is done by using several concepts from cryptography, including digital signatures and hash functions. In very basic terms, a blockchain combines the following two ideas:

# Given some data, it is easy to calculate a checksum over the data. Special hash functions can be designed to calculate this checksum. These functions can be designed to return a value that always has the same length, which is not dependent on the length of the input. This value is called *hash value*, or *message digest*. The functions also have another property: Given the same input, they must return the same output (hash value/message digest).
# In addition to the hash values, a block usually also has a timestamp, and some payload. Each block uses a digital signature, which allows detecting any change in the data since the signature was made. When new blocks of data are created, the newly created block will also have the hash value of the previous block.

In most cases, a blockchain is managed by a peer-to-peer network. All peers use a common protocol that specifies how they should communicate with each other, how a new block is created and validated. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be changed easily any more. Changing the block means all the blocks after it need to be changed as well. Depending on the protocol, this will require a majority of the peers, or even all the peers, to agree.

Blockchains are secure by design. Blockchain technology is used where keeping a correct record is important. Use cases include medical records, identity management, food traceability, gaming and voting.

Blockchain was invented by Stuart Haber and Scott Stornetta in 1991 as a means to assure the integrity of digital records. Haber and Stornetta launched the world's first commercial blockchain; Surety in 1995.

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto included as references 3 and 4 of Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System, the two papers by Haber and Stornetta   to serve as the public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin.  Because of its blockchain, bitcoin became the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or central server.  The bitcoin design has inspired other applications.

## References
## Other websites
*
Richard Girnt Butler

**Richard Girnt Butler** (February 23, 1918 &ndash; September 8, 2004) was a white supremacist and American Christian religious leader. Butler founded the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations and would become one of the most well known and influential leaders of the American far-right.

Butler was a former member of the Silver Shirts, an American fascist organization modeled after Nazi Brownshirts and active until its suppression following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Butler was convicted of conspiracy by the United States Department of Justice, but was not convicted because the grand jury failed to prosecute him.

## References
Big Four (British railway companies)

The **Big Four** was a name used to describe the four largest railway companies in the United Kingdom in the period 1923–47. The name was coined by *The Railway Magazine* in its issue of February 1923: "The Big Four of the New Railway Era".

The Big Four were:

* Great Western Railway (GWR)
* London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS)
* London and North Eastern Railway (LNER)
* Southern Railway (SR)

The companies were formed as a result of the **Railways Act 1921**, in a process known as "The Grouping" (of the railways), which came into effect on 1 January 1923.

On 1 January 1948, the companies were nationalised to form British Railways as a result of the Transport Act 1947.

## Related pages
* List of railway companies involved in the 1923 Grouping
Jagjivan Ram

**Jagjivan Ram** (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986), mostly known as Babuji, was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar. He was instrumental in starting the All-India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables in 1935. He was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 after which he organised the rural labour movement.

## References
Andrey Dementyev

**Andrey Dmitriyevich Dementyev** (; July 16, 1928 in Tver  – June 26, 2018 in Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet poet, a laureate of Lenin’s Young Communist League Award (1981), a USSR State Prize (1985), and Bunin Prize (2007). In October 1993, he signed the Letter of Forty-Two.

Dementyev died on June 16, 2018 in Moscow from prostate cancer, aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Andrey Dementyev, Peoples.ru 
* Online Encyclopedia 'Krugosvet'  
* Andrey Dementyev poetry at Stihipoeta.ru
Grade (slope)

:*For other uses see:* Gradient (disambiguation)

The **grade** (or gradient) of a road or railway line is a measure of its steepness. It may be expressed as a percentage or in other ways.  For example, a gradient of 1% may also be expressed as 1 in 100.  This means that the road rises or falls by 1 metre for every 100 metres of forward travel.
Henri Namphy

**Henri Namphy** (November 2, 1932 in Cap-Haïtien, Haiti – June 26, 2018) was a Haitian general and politician. He served as President of Haiti's interim ruling body, the National Council of Government, from February 7, 1986 to February 7, 1988. He served again as President of Haiti from June 20, 1988 until his deposition on September 17, 1988 in the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état.

## References
Prosper Avril

**Matthieu Prosper Avril** (born December 12, 1937) is a Haitian politician. He was President of Haiti from 1988 to 1990. Avril led the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état against a transition military government installed after Jean-Claude Duvalier's 1986 overthrow.

Avril was president until March 1990. He was arrested under human rights violation in 2001, but released in March 2004 after the 2004 Haitian coup d'état overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

## References
Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines

**Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines** is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.

Coal mines were operating in the village until 1849.

## Gallery 

Sainte Croix-aux-Mines 105.JPG|View on Sainte Croix-au-mines
Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines, Église Saint-Nicolas.jpg|The church of Saint-Nicolas at Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines

## Related pages 
* Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

## References 
*INSEE commune file

## Other websites
Pattensen

**Pattensen** is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is about  south of Hanover.

Pattensen is twinned with Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf in France.

Pattensen_Dammstrasse.jpg|The Dammstraße with the Protestant church
Pattensen Steinstraße.jpg|Steinstraße
Pattensen_Alte_Wache.jpg|Alte Wache
Pattensen, Katholische Kirche.jpg|Catholic church

## References 
## Other websites
List of railway companies involved in the 1923 grouping

Under the Railways Act 1921 the majority of the railway companies in Great Britain (along with a few in Northern Ireland) were grouped into four main companies, often termed the Big Four. The grouping took effect from 1 January 1923.

## The Big Four
The Big Four and their constituent companies, showing route mileage, were:
*Great Western Railway (GWR)
** Great Western Railway 
** Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway (ADR) 
** Barry Railway (Barry)  
** Cambrian Railways (Cambrian)  
** Cardiff Railway (Cardiff)  
** Rhymney Railway (RhyR)  
** Taff Vale Railway (TVR) 
*** for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the Great Western Railway
*London and North Eastern Railway (LNER)
** Great Central Railway (GCR)  
** Great Eastern Railway (GER)  
** Great Northern Railway (GNR) 
** Hull and Barnsley Railway (H&BR) 
** North Eastern Railway (NER) 
** Great North of Scotland Railway (GNSR)  
** North British Railway (NBR) 
*** for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the London and North Eastern Railway 
*London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS)
** London and North Western Railway (LNWR); 
*** including Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) amalgamated from 1 January 1922
** Furness Railway (Furness); 
** Midland Railway (MR) 
** North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) 
** Caledonian Railway (CalR) 
** Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR) 
** Highland Railway (HR) 
*** for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
**The Railways Act 1921 did not extend to Ireland, but Irish lines owned by constituent companies became part of the LMS:
*** Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway (DNGR)  (owned by the LNWR)
*** Northern Counties Committee lines (NCC)  (owned by the Midland Railway)
**** The NCC and Great Northern Railway (Ireland) (GNR(I)) operated the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee lines jointly, and these became joint lines of the LMS and GNR(I) after grouping.
*Southern Railway (SR)
** London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR)  
** London and South Western Railway (LSWR) 
** South Eastern and Chatham Railways' Managing Committee: a working union of the South Eastern Railway and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway 
*** for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituent companies of the Southern Railway

## Companies not covered by the grouping
Over fifty railway companies were not covered by the grouping. These small railway companies kept their independence.
President of Haiti

The **President of the Republic of Haiti** (, ) is the head of state of Haiti. They serve as the executive power in Haiti. The power is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti.

## Qualifications
To be elected President, a candidate must:
# be a native-born Haitian and never renounced that nationality;
# have reached the age of 35 by election day;
# be the owner of a real property and have one's habitual residence in the country;
# reside in the country at least 5 years before election day;
# have been discharged of responsibilities if previously handling public funds.
## Heads of State of Haiti
### Saint-Domingue (1791–1804)
### First Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)
### State of Haiti (1806–1811)
### Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1820)
### Republic of Haiti (1806–1822)
### Republic of Haiti during the unification of Hispaniola (1822–1844)
### Republic of Haiti (1844–1849)
### Second Empire of Haiti (1849–1859)
### Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)
### Republic of Haiti during the Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)
;*Symbols*
* Presidential referendum
* Constitutional referendum
* Died in office

### Republic of Haiti (1986–present)
;Symbols
 Indirect election
;Status

## Political parties
## Notes
## References
## Sources
*
Vladimir Andreyevich Uspensky

**Vladimir A. Uspensky** (Russian: Влади́мир Андре́евич Успе́нский; 27 November 1930 – 27 June 2018) was a Russian mathematician, linguist, writer, doctor of physics and mathematics (1964). He was born in Moscow. He was the author of numerous papers on mathematical logic and linguistics. In addition, he also penned a number of memoir essays. He led linguistic reform in Russian education.

Uspensky died in Moscow of heart failure on 27 June 2018, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Mathematics Genealogy Project entry
* MSU home page 
* Dynkin Collection entry with video interviews
Jovenel Moïse

**Jovenel Moïse** (26 June 1968 &ndash; 7 July 2021) was a Haitian politician. He served as the 42nd President of Haiti from February 2017 until his death. In 2019, political unrest and calls for his resignation became a crisis.

## Death
Moïse was shot to death at his home while sleeping in Pétion-Ville, Haiti on 7 July 2021. His wife, Martine was also shot but she survived. He was shot with 12 bullets in his chest, arms, right leg, and left hip, and had a shattered left eye.

## References
## Other websites
Donn Moomaw

]]
**Donn Dement Moomaw** (October 15, 1931 &ndash; February 10, 2025) was an American football player and Presbyterian minister. He was born in Santa Ana, California. In the 1950s, he played for Toronto Argonauts and for Ottawa Rough Riders. He was also a member of the California State Board of Education from 1968 to 1972.

In 1953, he was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams. However, he did not play in the NFL, noting that he did not want to play football on Sundays. Moomaw signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League since they did not play on Sundays.

## Death
Moomaw died on February 10, 2025 in Pasadena, California at the age of 93.

## References
Bruce Davison

**Bruce Davison** (born June 28, 1946) is an American actor and director. Davison is well known for his starring roles in the horror movie *Willard* (1971), *Longtime Companion* (1989) and in the X-Men movie franchise – through *X-Men* (2000) and *X2* (2003) as Senator Robert Kelly.

Davison won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in *Longtime Companion*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Daniel Pilon

**Daniel Pilon** (November 13, 1940 – June 26, 2018) was a Canadian-born actor. He was known for his role in *Dallas* as Naldo Marchetta. Pilon was born in Montreal, Quebec.  

In addition to *Dallas*, he has appeared in daytime soap operas such as ''Ryan's Hope*, *Guiding Light* and *Days of Our Lives*. He also starred as Donn Moomaw in *The Reagans* and as Senator Rutledge in *Shoot 'Em Up''.

Pilon was also considered for the role of James Bond twice, in 1968 and in 1984.

Pilon died on June 26, 2018 from cancer at a Montreal hospital at the age of 77.

## References
## Other websites
*
Cambrian Railways

The **Cambrian Railways** owned  of track over a large area of mid-Wales. The system was made from a number of earlier railways. The Cambrian connected with two of the larger railways to give connections to England. These were:
* London and North Western Railway for connections to North West England
* Great Western Railway for connections to London

The Cambrian Railways amalgamated with the Great Western Railway on 1 January 1922 as a result of the Railways Act 1921. The name is continued today in the route known as the Cambrian Line.
Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location

'''''Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location***, or simply ***Sister Location'''*, is a survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the fifth installment of the main series of the game franchise *Five Nights at Freddy's*. The game was released on October 7, 2016. Throughout the game, the player interacts with a new cast of animatronic characters, central to which is an animatronic named Circus Baby.

In addition, *Sister Location'' is the first core game in the series to feature professional voice acting and an original soundtrack.

The game received mixed to positive reviews from critics, praising the voice acting, soundtrack, and humor, while criticizing its plot inconsistencies and still-departure from the previous titles' gameplay.

## References
Abbas Alizada

**Abbas Alizada** known as **Bruce Lee of Afghanistan** is an amateur athlete in Kung-fu and Wushu in Afghanistan.
Alizada became the favorite of the social networking sites of Afghanistan, due to apparent similarity to Bruce Lee. 

## References
FNaF World

***FNaF World*** is an indie based role-playing game (RPG) produced by Scott Cawthon. It was a spin-off of the popular horror video game series, 'Five Nights at Freddy's'. *FNaF World* was released on January 21, 2016 for Microsoft Windows and first announced on the gaming website/software Steam on September 15, 2015. The game was taken off of Steam because Scott Cawthon was not happy with the negative reviews and ratings it had received, although the game wasn't necessarily hated. It was republished to the Gamejolt Website after being updated, and it is still available today as a free-to-play title.

## References
Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator

'''''Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator'''* is a point-and-click survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the sixth official main installment of the *Five Nights at Freddy's* game series. The game was released on December 4, 2017 for free on Steam and Gamejolt.

*Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator'' received mostly positive reviews. GameCrate called it the "best value in gaming right now". 

## References
Scott Cawthon

**Scott Braden Cawthon** (born June 4, 1978) is an American video game designer, developer, animator, and writer. He is best known as the creator of the ''Five Nights at Freddy's* game franchise which began in 2014.

## Career 
Cawthon has also created other games, such as *Chipper & Son's Lumber Co.*, *The Desolate Hope*, and *There is No Pause Button!,* as well as Christian-based animations such as *A Christmas Journey* and *The Pilgrim's Progress*. He used Autodesk 3ds Max and Clickteam Fusion 2.5 to develop *Five Nights at Freddy's* and most of his other games.

## Works 
In 2015, Cawthon released his first novel, *Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes*. On June 24, 2016, Cawthon announced that he had made a 3-book deal with Scholastic and that the first book (*The Silver Eyes*) would be re-printed on paperback in October that year, with the second and third being released in 2017 and 2018.

Cawthon produced the *Five Nights at Freddy’s'' movies with Blumhouse Productions.

## References
## Other websites
*
Salado, Texas

**Salado** ( ) is a village in Bell County, Texas, United States. The population of the village was 2,394 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Killeen&ndash;Temple Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
Killeen, Texas

**Killeen** is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 153,095, making it the 19th-most populous city in Texas. 

## References
Temple, Texas

**Temple** is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States.  As of 2020 the city has a population of 82,073 according to the US census. It is near the county seat of Belton, Texas. It is located off Interstate 35, Temple is  north of Austin and  south of Waco.

## References
Belton, Texas

**Belton** is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within the Killeen-Temple metropolitan area. The city is on the Interstate 35 corridor between Austin and Waco. It is the seat of Bell County.

The population was 23,054 at the 2020 census. As of 2020 the metro region had a population of 475,367.

## References
Clio, Alabama

**Clio** is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States. The population was 1,220 at the 2020 census.

It is the birthplace of former Governor George C. Wallace.

## References
Fountain Hill, Arkansas

**Fountain Hill** is a town in Ashley County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 108 at the 2020 census. Fountain Hill is located at  (33.355421, -91.851173).

## References
Naagin

**Nagin** may refer to:
## Entertainment
* *Nagin* (1954 movie), a Bollywood movie
* *Nagin* (1976 film), a Bollywood movie
* *Nagin* (2010 movie) (also called *Hisss*), a Jennifer Lynch movie
* *Naagin* (TV series), a 2015 Indian television series on Colors TV
* *Ikchhapyaari Naagin* on Sab TV in 2016
* *Naagin* (Geo Kahani) on Geo Kahani in 2017

## People with the surname
* Daniel Nagin (born 1948), American criminologist
* Ray Nagin (born 1956), mayor of New Orleans