open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
IC50

The **IC50** is a measure of how  effective a drug is.  It indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half minimal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC50). It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. Sometimes, it is also converted to the **pIC50** scale (-log IC50), in which higher values indicate exponentially greater potency. According to the FDA, IC50 represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition in vitro. It is comparable to an EC50 for agonist drugs. EC50 also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect *in vivo*.

## References
Oberägeri

**Oberägeri** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

Oberägeri is on a plain on the northern shore of the Ägerisee.

## References
Paladin (disambiguation)

**Paladin** can mean:
## Geography
* Rhineland-Palatinate, one of the 16 federal states of modern Germany (*Bundesländer*)
* Electorate of the Palatinate, a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire, with the count palatine being an elector of the HRE
* Palatine Hill, center most of the seven hills of Rome
* Tavola dei Paladini, a temple near Metapontum, Italy, dating from 570 to 480 BC, where, according to legend, Pythagoras died
* Palatine, Illinois, United States, a town near Chicago
* Palatine, New York, United States, a town in central New York settled by emigrant Germans
* Palatine Bridge, New York, a village in central New York settled by emigrant Germans
* Palatine, County Carlowhttp://www.rootsweb.com/~irlcar2/palatine.htm , a hamlet in County Carlow, Ireland

## Fiction
* *Paladin* (role-playing game)
* *The Paladin*, a 1988 fantasy novel by C. J. Cherryh
* *The Paladin* (novel), a 1979 novel by Brian Garfield with Christopher Creighton
* Paladin (comics), a Marvel Comics character

## Other
* A Paladin (see above top), literally, in its dictionary sense, is a chivalrous knight, a medieval warrior or champion etc. 
* Nissan Paladin, a sport utility vehicle
* The Paladins, a roots-rock or rockabilly band from San Diego, California circa 1981
* M109 PALADIN, or M109 howitzer, a piece of artillery
Baar, Switzerland

**Baar** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Solothurn

**Solothurn** can mean:
* Canton of Solothurn, a canton of Switzerland
* Solothurn (city), the capital of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland
* Solothurn (district), a district of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland
Komitas Vardapet

**Soghomon Gevorki Soghomonyan** - **Komitas Vardepet** (also *Gomidas Vartabed*) (September 26 1869 in Kütahya, Ottoman Empire - October 22 1935, Paris, France), was an Armenian priest, composer, choir leader, singer, music ethnologist, music teacher and musicologist, known as the founder of modern Armenian classical music.

He was born into a family whose members were deeply involved in music and were monolingual in Turkish. His mother died when he was one and ten years later his father died. In 1895 he became a priest and obtained the title **Vardapet** (or **Vartabed**), meaning a *priest* or a *church scholar*.

He established and conducted the monastery choir till 1896 when he went to Berlin, to the Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm University. Here he studied music at the private conservatory of Prof. Richard Schmidt. In 1899 he acquired the title *doctor of musicology* and returned to Echmiadzin. He traveled extensively around the country, listening and recording details about Armenian folk songs and dances performed in various villages. This way he collected and published some 3000 songs, many of them adapted to choir singing.

(come to villa park (CA55 exit 15 katella right, left, right, left, right, left :)

His major work is Badarak (Divine Liturgy), still used today as one of the two most popular musical settings of the Armenian Church liturgy.

He was the first non-European to be admitted into the International Music Society of which he was a co-founder.

On April 24, 1915, said to be the day when Armenian Genocide officially began, he was arrested. The next day he was put on a train with 180 other Armenian notables and sent to the city of Çankırı in northern Central Anatolia, at a distance of some 300 miles. His good friend, Turkish nationalist poet Emin Yurdakul, the authoress Halide Edip, and the U.S. ambassador Henry Morgenthau intervened with the government and, by special orders from Talat Pasha, Komitas was sent back to the capital. In autumn 1916, he was taken to a Turkish military hospital and he moved to Paris in 1919 where he died in a psychiatric clinic *Villejuif* in 1935. Next year his ashes were transferred to Yerevan and buried in the Pantheon. 
 
The Yerevan State Musical Conservatory is named after Komitas. There also a world famous string quartet named after Komitas.

## Other websites 
* Virtual Museum of Komitas Vardapet 
* Biography #1
* Some songs in .rm format 
* New release of 36 Komitas-songs on SACD by the German independent label AUDITE
* Rita Soulahian Kuyumjian, Archeology of Madness: Komitas, Portrait of an Armenian Icon

## References
Women's rights movement

poster during World War II. In the 1980s, it was also used by the women's rights movement.]]
The '''women's rights  movement''' is a feminist movement, where women act to get what men have but what women have been denied. The women's rights movement has fought for things such as letting women vote, giving women access to jobs (such as doing construction work) that only men were allowed to do before, and even the right to same-sex marriage. Women and men can both stand for this movement. Women's rights leaders such as Susan B. Anthony encouraged many women to join the women's rights movements. In different societies throughout history, women have had different amounts of rights. The movement fighting for women's rights to vote is called women's suffrage. While there has been a ton of progress, many countries still do not allow women to vote, among other basic rights.

## Related pages 
*Gender equality
*UN Women
*Human rights
*International Women's Day
*Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
*Olympe de Gouges
*Universal suffrage
*Violence against women
Canton of Solothurn

**Solothurn** is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn.

## Districts 
There are 10 districts in Solothurn:
* Bucheggberg, Amtei Wasseramt-Bucheggberg
* Dorneck, Amtei Dorneck-Thierstein (unofficially *Schwarzbubenland*)
* Gäu, Amtei Thal-Gäu
* Gösgen, Amtei Olten-Gösgen (unofficially *Niederamt*)
* Lebern, Amtei Solothurn-Lebern
* Olten, Amtei Olten-Gösgen
* Solothurn, Amtei Solothurn-Lebern
* Thal, Amtei Thal-Gäu
* Thierstein, Amtei Dorneck-Thierstein
* Wasseramt, Amtei Wasseramt-Bucheggberg

## Municipalities 
The canton has 125 municipalities:

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official site  
*Official statistics
Arnsberg Government Region

**Arnsberg** is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the southeast of the country. It covers the Sauerland hills as well as the east part of the Ruhr area.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Altdorf, Schaffhausen

**Altdorf** was a municipality in the municipality of Thayngen and the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland.

## Other websites
Bradleys Head Fortification Complex

]]
The **Bradleys Head Fortification Complex** is near Toronga Park Zoo. This fort was part of Sydney Harbour’s protection plan. It [the fort] remembers a time when the colony of New South Wales became more aware of its isolation and wealth. The fort is on Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia.

## History 
They first started work to build the fort in 1840-42. It had a gun pit (special place for the cannon to sit and fire from) and firing wall (pictured in intro) that was built out of large blocks of sandstone and carved partly from the original rock that was already there. The first part of the building process around this time was done under the watchful eye of Major George Barney, a Commanding Royal Engineer who used hired workers provided by Governor Gipps.

In 1871 the fort got an extra barracks. The barracks were made from large sandstone blocks and carved out of the rock on the headland. This addition was the work of James Barnet, a colonial architect. This most recent add-on had three gun pits and had connecting walkways for the people in the army that worked there. The upgrade of 1871 was complementary to some of the larger fortifications being constructed during the same period.
The site is now part of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust.

## Gallery 

Image:Bradleysheadsfortifi0024.JPG|The only entrance to the battery constructed in 1871.
Image:Bradleysheadsfortifi0019.JPG|A feature inside the onsite barracks.
Image:Bunkerhall1.JPG|One of the barrack hallways with an entry point to the innermost chamber on the right hand side.
Image:Bradleysheadsfortifi0008.JPG|The innermost chamber of the barracks
Image:Bradleysheadsfortifi0095.JPG|Trenches leading to gun emplacements and into the underground chambers on site.
Image:Bradleysheadsfortifi0086.JPG|Large gun emplacement constructed 1840-42
Image:Bradleysheadsfortifi0052.JPG|Cannon and gun emplacement constructed 1871
Image:Cannonpozi2.JPG|Empty gun emplacement constructed 1871

## References
Bargen, Schaffhausen

**Bargen** is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
Undervelier

**Undervelier** was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Undervelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier and Soulce merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

## Other websites
Beringen, Switzerland

**Beringen** is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2013, Guntmadingen part of the municipality.

## References 
## Other websites
Bibern, Schaffhausen

**Bibern** is a former municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Bibern, Altdorf, Hofen and Opfertshofen merged into the municipality of Thayngen.

## Other websites
Vellerat

**Vellerat** was a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat merged into the municipality of Courrendlin.

## References 
## Other websites
Vermes, Switzerland

**Vermes** was a municipality in district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. In 2013, it became a part of the new municipality of Val Terbi.

## References 
## Other websites
Rhine Falls

The **Rhine Falls**, called the Rheinfall in Switzerland, are the biggest waterfalls of Europe.

They can be found in the High Rhine in the upper parts of the river Rhine, in the municipalities of Neuhausen am Rheinfall and Laufen-Uhwiesen, near the town of Schaffhausen in the north part of Switzerland and close to the German border. They are 150 meters (450&nbsp;ft) wide and 23 meters (75&nbsp;ft) tall. 
The Rhine Falls were made in the last ice age about 14,000 to 17,000 years ago.

Rheinfall-02-2006-gje.jpg
Rheinfall-06-2006-gje.jpg
Rheinfall bei Schaffhausen 02.JPG
Rheinfall-10-2006-gje.jpg
Rheinfall-14-2006-gje.jpg
Rheinfall-18-2006-gje.jpg

## Other websites
* Rhine Falls homepage 
* old views of the Rheinfall
Canton of Schaffhausen

**Schaffhausen** is a canton of Switzerland. The capital city of the canton is Schaffhausen.

## Geography 
The canton of Schaffhausen is the canton of Switzerland farthest north, located to the north of Zurich.  

The Rhine Falls are the largest waterfalls in Europe and lie on the border of the canton of Schaffhausen, the canton of Zurich and Germany.

## Municipalities 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Page (German)
* Archives  (German)
* 34 townships
* Official Statistics
Le Bémont

**Le Bémont** is a municipality of the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
Robert Dyas

**Robert Dyas** is a large United Kingdom company. They sell goods that people can use in their homes and gardens. The company has over 100 stores in Greater London and South East England.

## History
The company was established in 1872. It was taken over in 2004 by Change Capital, headed by former Marks and Spencer chairman Luc Vandevelde and former M&S CEO and head of B&Q Roger Holmes.

## References
## Other websites
*Robert Dyas
Cologne Government Region

**Cologne Government Region** (German: *Regierungsbezirk Köln*, Kölsch: *Rejierungsbezirk Kölle*) is one of the five governmental districts of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in the southwest of that state. It covers the hills of the Eifel as well as the Bergisches Land.

It was made in 1815, when Prussia reorganised its districts.

## Other websites
* Official website
Büttenhardt

**Büttenhardt** is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Guntmadingen

**Guntmadingen** was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2013, it is part of the municipality of Beringen.

## Other websites
Hallau

**Hallau** is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Raisin bread

sugar put in the dough]]
**Raisin bread** is a type of bread that has raisins in it. Sometimes it has cinnamon in it. It can be eaten as toast or as a dessert. Raisin bread is normally  pre-sliced and often eaten in Northern Europe and the United States. Raisin bread is normally brown in color from the cinnamon. It is normally dryer than normal bread. 

## Related pages
*Bread
*Sweetbread
*Cake
*Raisin
Hofen, Switzerland

**Hofen** was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.  It is on the border with Baden-Württemberg in Germany. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Hofen, Altdorf, Bibern and Opfertshofen merged into the municipality of Thayngen.

## Other websites
* Map of Hofen, Schaffhausen, Switzerland from Google Maps
Lohn

**Lohn** can mean:
* Landsitz Lohn, the country estate of the Swiss Federal Council
* Some of the municipalities in Switzerland:
** Lohn, Graubünden
** Lohn, Schaffhausen
** Lohn, Solothurn, now part of Lohn-Ammannsegg
Detmold Government Region

**Detmold** () is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northeast of the state.

The Regierungsbezirk was created in 1947 when the old state of Lippe was put into North Rhine-Westphalia and joined to the old *Regierungsbezirk Minden*. Regierungsbezirk Minden was one of the original Regierungsbezirke, formed in 1815.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Düsseldorf Government Region

**Düsseldorf** is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the northwest of the country. It covers the western part of the Ruhr Area. It is the most populated of all German administrative areas of the kind.

It was formed in 1815 when Prussia first made districts.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Stetten

**Stetten** can be one of many different places:

## Germany
*Baden-Württemberg
**Stetten am kalten Markt, a town in the district Sigmaringen (district)
**Stetten, an administrative district in Sigmaringen district
**Stetten, Bodenseekreis, a town in the Bodensee district
**Stetten im Remstal, a part of Kernen im Remstal in the Rems valley near Stuttgart.
**Stetten, a place in the city of Lörrach
**Stetten, a village in the municipality of Achstetten
*Bavaria
**Stetten, a village in the municipality of Sondheim in the Rhön-Grabfeld district
**Stetten, Bavaria, a town in the Unterallgäu district 
*Rhineland-Palatinate
**Stetten, Rhineland-Palatinate, a town in the Kirchheimbolanden administrative unit

## Austria
*Stetten, Austria, a town in the district of Horn in Lower Austria

## Switzerland
Stetten is the name of two Swiss municipalities:
* Stetten, Aargau
* Stetten, Schaffhausen

## France
* Stetten, a commune in Haut-Rhin
112 (band)

**112** (*"one-twelve"*) is an American R&B quartet boy band that came from Atlanta, Georgia.  They consist of four members. They started in 1991. In 1997 they won a Grammy Award.
Wilchingen

**Wilchingen** is a municipality of the canton Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Osterfingen was added to this municipality in 2005.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Hemmental

**Hemmental** was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2009, it is part of the municipality of Schaffhausen.

## Other websites
Dorneck District

**Dorneck** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton. 

Dorneck contains the following municipalities:
Gösgen District

**Gösgen** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the northeast of the canton. 

Gösgen contains the following municipalities:
Snap!

**Snap!** is an electronic music group created by German producers Michael Münzing and Luca Anzilotti.

## Discography 
### Albums
*1990 *World Power*
*1992 ''The Madman's Return*
*1995 *Welcome To Tomorrow*
*1996 *Attack!*
*1996 *Attack! - The Remixes*
*2000 *One Day On Earth* (unreleased)
*2001 *The Greatest Hits*
*2002 *The Power - Best Of Snap!*
*2003 *The Cult Of Snap!* (US: *The Power Of Snap!'')

### Singles
*1990 "The Power"
*1990 "Ooops Up"
*1990 "Cult of Snap"
*1990 "Mary Had a Little Boy"
*1991 "Megamix"
*1991 "Colour of Love"
*1992 "Rhythm Is a Dancer"
*1992 "Exterminate!"
*1993 "Do You See The Light (Looking For)"
*1994 "Welcome To Tomorrow (Are You Ready?)"
*1995 "The First The Last Eternity (Till The End)"
*1995 "The World in my Hands"
*1996 "Rame"
*1996 "The Power '96"
*1996 "Rhythm is a Dancer '96"
*2000 "Gimme a Thrill"
*2002 "Do You See The Light 2002" vs Plaything
*2002 "Rhythm is a Dancer 2002" vs CJ Stone
*2003 "The Power (Of Bhangra)"
*2003 "Ooops up 2003"
*2005 "Beauty Queen"
*2006 "Excited"
*2006 "We Want Your Soul"
Münster Government Region

**Münster** is one of the five *Regierungsbezirke* of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the north of the state.

The *Regierungsbezirk* was made in 1815. This means it is one of the original 25 *Regierungsbezirke* made to help govern Prussia.

The last time the boundaries of the region were changed was 1975. This was when the number of districts was changed from 10 to 5, and the number of district-free cities (urban districts) from six to three.

## Other websites 
* Official website
* The Münsterland Tourism board
Costa Coffee

**Costa Coffee** is a British multinational coffeehouse and retail company headquartered in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Coca Cola. It is the largest coffeehouse chain in the world behind Starbucks and the largest in Britain.[2]

Costa Coffee was founded in London in 1971 by the Costa family as a wholesale operation supplying roasted coffee to caterers and specialist Italian coffee shops. Acquired by Whitbread in 1995 for £19M, it has since grown to over 3,277 stores across 31 countries. The business has 2,121 UK restaurants, over 6,000 Costa Express vending facilities and a further 1,280 outlets overseas (including 395 in China).[1][3]

## History 
Italian emigrant brothers Bruno and Sergio Costa founded a coffee roastery in Lambeth, London, in 1971, supplying local caterers. The family having moved to England in the 1960s.[4][5] Costa branched out to selling coffee in 1978, when its first store opened on Vauxhall Bridge Road, London.

In 1985, Sergio bought out Bruno's share of the company. Bruno went on to found a tableware company.[6] By 1995, the chain had 41 stores in UK.[7] In 1995, the business was acquired by Whitbread for £19M, UK's largest hotel and coffee shop operator, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary. In 2009, Costa opened its 1,000th store - in Cardiff. In December 2009, Costa Coffee agreed to acquire Coffee Heaven for £36 million, adding 79 stores in central and eastern Europe.[8]  On 31 August 2018, Coca Cola paid US$4.9 billion for the Costa chain worldwide. After approval from regulatory authorities in the European Union and China, the deal went ahead, extending Coca-Cola's presence in the coffee and restaurant market. 
, Poland]]

## Related pages
*Starbucks
*Caffè Nero

## References
## Other websites
*Costa Coffee at Motorway Services 
*Costa Coffee website
*Costa Book Awards website
*Costa Foundation website
Thayngen

**Thayngen** is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Altdorf, Bibern, Hofen, Opfertshofen merged into Thayngen.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website of Thayngen
Buchberg

**Buchberg** is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official website
Israel Charny

**Israel W. Charny** (1931 &ndash; 14 December 2024) was an Israeli psychologist and genocide scholar. He was a world renowned genocide expert. He is the editor of the two-volume *Encyclopedia of Genocide*. He is executive director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem. He was born in New York City.

An affiliate of the Institute for the Study of Genocide, the International Association of Genocide Scholars was founded in 1994 by Israel Charny and other historians.
He  has been devoted to the study of the Holocaust and genocide since the mid 1960s. His first publication on the subject which appeared in Jewish Education in 1968 was "Teaching the Violence of the Holocaust: A Challenge to Educating Potential Future Oppressors and Victims for Nonviolence."

Charny died on 14 December 2024 in Jerusalem at the age of 93.

## References 
## Publications 
**Encyclopedia of Genocide*
**Genocide: a critical bibliographic review*
**The Widening Circle of Genocide*
**Century of Genocide Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts*
*"A Classification of Denials of the Holocaust and Other Genocides", *Journal of Genocide Research* 2003, 5(1), pp.&nbsp;11–34.

## Other websites 
*Biography of Israel Charny
*List of books by Israel Charny
Caffè Nero

**Caffè Nero** (Italian for *black coffee*) or **Caffè Nero Group Plc** is a British coffee shop chain. It was established in 1997 and runs more than 330 shops nationwide. The company successfully dismissed a hostile takeover attempt during the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Other websites
*Official website
*Business Week Caffe Nero Article
David Selby

**David Lynn Selby** (born February 5, 1941 in Morgantown, West Virginia) is an American actor, mostly in movies, soap operas and on television. 

## Biography
The son of Clyde Ira Selby and Sarah E. McIntyre Selby, he went to West Virginia University in the town of his birth, getting him a Bachelor of Science and a Master's degree in theater, and after that, a Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University.

## Awards
In 1998, West Virginia University gave Selby its first Life Achievement Award from the College of Creative Arts.

## References
Vahakn Dadrian

**Vahakn Norair Dadrian** (; 26 May 1926 – 2 August 2019) was a researcher and historian of the Armenian Genocide. He was the director of Genocide Research at *Zoryan Institute*.

## Biography 
Dadrian was born in Istanbul. He first studied mathematics at the University of Berlin, after which he decided to switch to a completely different field, and studied history at the University of Vienna, and later, international law at the University of Zürich. He completed his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago.

Dadrian was a professor of sociology, and an internationally renowned expert on the Armenian genocide.

The particularity of Dadrian's research is that by mastering many languages, including German, English, French, Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Armenian.

## Bibliography 
### Books 
* Autopsie du Génocide Arménien. Trans. Marc & Mikaël Nichanian. Brussels: Éditions Complexe, 1995, 266p.
* Jenosid Ulusal ve Uluslararasi Hukuk Sorunu Olarak: 1915 Ermeni Olay ve Hukuki Sonuçlar [Genocide as a problem of national and international law: The World War I Armenian case and its contemporary legal ramifications]. Trans. Yavuz Alogan. Istanbul: Belge Uluslararas Yaynclk, 1995, 221p.
* The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Providence, RI & Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995, 452p.
* German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide: A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity. Watertown, MA: Blue Crane Books, 1996, 304p.
* Histoire du génocide arménien: Conflits nationaux des Balkans au Caucase. Traduit de l'anglais par Marc Nichanian. Paris: Stock, 1996, 694p.
* The Key Elements in the Turkish Denial of the Armenian Genocide: A Case Study of Distortion and Falsification. Cambridge, MA and Toronto: Zoryan Institute, 1999, 84p.
* Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1999, 214p.
* Los elementos clave en el negacionismo Turco del Genocidio Armenia: un estudio de distorsión y falsificación. Translated by Eduardo A. Karsaclian. Buenos Aires: Fundación Armenia, 2002, 79p.
* Historia Tis Armenikan Genoktonias [History of the Armenian Genocide]. Athens: Stokhastis, 2002, 685p.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Complete bibliography of V. N. Dadrian
Lebern District

**Lebern** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the west of the canton. 

Lebern district has these municipalities:
Olten District

**Olten** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found by the city of Olten. 

Olten contains the following municipalities:
Thierstein District

**Thierstein** is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton. 

Thierstein contains 12 municipalities:
Buch

**Buch** can mean:

## Geography
*in Germany:
**Buch am Wald, a town in the district of Ansbach, Bavaria
**Buch am Buchrain, a town in the district of Erding, Bavaria
**Buch am Erlbach, a town in the district of Landshut, Bavaria
**Buch, Swabia, a town in the district of Neu-Ulm, Bavaria
**Buch, Rhein-Hunsrück, in the Rhein-Hunsrück district, Rhineland-Palatinate
**Buch, Rhein-Lahn, in the Rhein-Lahn district, Rhineland-Palatinate
**Buch, Saxony-Anhalt, a town in the district of Stendal in Saxony-Anhalt
* Buch, Austria, a town in the district of Bregenz in Vorarlberg in Austria
*in Switzerland
**Buch, Schaffhausen, a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen
**Buch am Irchel, a municipality in the canton of Zurich
**Buch (Wiesendangen), a place in the municipality of Wiesendangen, canton of Zurich
**Buch bei Frauenfeld (until 1953 Buch bei Uesslingen), part of the municipality Uesslingen-Buch, Thurgau
**Buch bei Happerswil (Happerswil-Buch), part of the municipality of Birwinken, Thurgau
**Buch bei Märwil (until 1953 Buch bei Affeltrangen), part of the municipality of Affeltrangen, Thurgau
**Buch bei Mühleberg, part of the municipality of Mühleberg, Canton of Berne
* Buch (crater), a crater on the moon
Waterboarding

**Waterboarding** is a type of torture that has been used for a long time. It was often used to make people confess - sometimes falsely, to crimes they did not commit. 

The victim is tied onto a table or wooden board. The questioner has a helper, whose job it is to pour water on the victim's nose and mouth through a towel or cloth, to make it difficult for him to breathe. If and when the victim is supplying answers that the questioner deems acceptable, the victim may be permitted to breathe. 

In modern times waterboarding has been in use in Guantanamo Bay and has been a major political argument. Its use by American forces was banned by United States President Barack Obama in 2009.

## References
Aedermannsdorf

**Aedermannsdorf** is a municipality of the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Burgäschisee

**Burgäschisee** is a lake by Aeschi in Switzerland. It is on the border of the cantons of Berne and Solothurn. The lake has a surface area of . It is  deep at its deepest point.

## Other websites
*Burgäschisee  Tourist information
Aetigkofen

**Aetigkofen** is a former municipality in the new municipality of Buchegg and district Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References
Biezwil

**Biezwil** is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
Yves Ternon

**Yves Ternon** (born in 1932 in France) is a French historian specializing on historical research of the Jewish Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. He is a doctor of history of University Paris IV Sorbonne. He is also an active member of *Doctors Without Borders* organization.

## Books
*Le massacre des aliénés (with Socrate Helman), Casterman, 1971.
*German Doctors and national-socialism (1973), 
*Armenians, history of a genocide (Threshold, 1977 and 1996), 
*The Armenian Cause (Threshold, 1983), 
*Investigation into the negation of a genocide (Brackets, 1989),
*The criminal State (Threshold, 1995). 

## Other websites
*LeMonde:Yves Ternon 
*Ternon's biography
Thousand Islands Bridge

The **Thousand Islands International Bridge** is an international bridge that goes over the Saint Lawrence River. It connects the north part of New York in the United States with south east part of Ontario in Canada. It was made in 1937. Builders added parts in 1959.  The bridge goes over the edge that Canada and United States share in the middle of the Thousand Islands area. It gets its name from the name of the area.  The bridge is governed by the Thousand Island Bridge Authority, an agency that works around the world.

The bridge is not a single bridge. It is really a lot of bridges that go across parts of the St. Lawrence River, eventually connecting both sides. The south end of the bridge connects with Interstate 81, an interstate.  The north side of the bridge connects to Highway 137, a highway in Ontario. There is also an intersection with the Thousand Islands Parkway, a mini highway on the Ontario side.

Thousand Island Bridge Authority is doing a study to find out when the bridge will get to its working limits and how to make no waiting time on the bridge.

The international border is between Wellesley Island in the United States and Hill Island in Canada.

The bridge is much taller than it appears in the photograph to the right. The highest point is 150 feet above the water.

## References
## Other websites
Siege of Orleans

The **Siege of Orleans** (1428 – 1429) was an important event in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This was Joan of Arc's first success and the first big success for the French since the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. 

The city of Orleans was at an important place on the river Loire. The English controlled large parts of France when they started the siege, and Orleans was the last thing stopping them from attacking the rest of France. There was not much south of the river to defend the people who served Charles VII of France, so the English came close to joining their northern lands in France with the land they controlled at Aquitaine.

The siege started on October 12, 1428 and its only major action until Joan of Arc arrived was the Battle of the Herrings. She initiated several attacks that ended the siege on May 8, 1429 - nine days after her arrival.
Charles the Bald

**Charles the Bald** (13 June 823 - 6 October 877) was King **Charles II** of France (843-877). He was also the Holy Roman Emperor (875-877) and King of West Francia (840-877).

## Marriages, family and children
Charles married Ermentrude, daughter of Odo I, Count of Orléans, in 842. She died in 869. In 870, Charles married Richilde of Provence, who was descended from a noble family of Lorraine.

With Ermentrude:
* Judith (844–870), married firstly with Athelwulf of Wessex, secondly with Athelbald of Wessex (her stepson) and thirdly with Baldwin I of Flanders
* Louis the Stammerer (846–879)
* Charles the Child (847–866)
* Lothar the Lame (848–866), monk in 861, became Abbot of Saint-Germain
* Carloman (849–876)
* Rotrud (852–912), a nun, Abbess of Saint-Radegunde
* Ermentrud (854–877), a nun, Abbess of Hasnon
* Hildegard (born 856, died young)
* Gisela (857–874)
* Godehilde (864-907)

With Richilde:
* Rothild (871–929), married firstly to Hugues, Count of Bourges and secondly to Roger, Count of Maine
* Drogo (872–873)
* Pippin (873–874)
* a son (born and died 875)
* Charles (876–877)

## References
Charles V of France

**Charles V** (21 January 1338 — 16 September 1380), called **the Wise** (French: *le Sage*) was the King of France from 1364 until his death in 1380. He was a member of the House of Valois and was the third french king to rule under the dynasty. He was born in Vincennes, the son of the future King John II of France (then known as **Dauphin John**) and Bonne of Luxembourg. Charles was 11 years old when his mother Bonne of Luxembourg died. A year later when Charles was 12, his grandfather, King Philip VI died. John then became the King of France and Charles became the Dauphin. Also, his father got remarried to Joan I, Countess of Auvergne. After his father was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, Charles acted as the Regent of France until his father's death in 1364. 

His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War. His armies recovered large parts of the territory from King Edward III of England that had been given to England under the reign of his predecessors at the Treaty of Brétigny. He and his armies also defeated Edward III's fleet and kicked the English troops out of France.

Charles died on 16 September 1380 at the age of 42 in Beauté-sur-Marne near Vincennes and was succeeded by his 12 year old son, Charles VI. He was buried in Saint Denis Basilica.

Charles was a successful king. He was very capable and was also very intelligent. He was very popular around France and was undoubtedly one of France's greatest kings. These reasons eventually gave him the nickname, "the Wise". He also improved the economy of France and stabilized and centralized the country and left a stable throne and a stable country for his son and successor, Charles VI. However, under the reign of Charles VI, the country lad lost lands allowing the English to regain it and that the country became destabilized and decentralized.
Capetian dynasty

The **Capetian Dynasty** includes any of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. King Felipe VI of Spain and the grand duke of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty.

The *direct Capetians* ruled France from the years 987–1328. After that the junior House of Valois ruled France until 1589, and the House of Bourbon ruled until the revolution of 1792.

## Arms of cadet branches
The Wicker Man (1973 movie)

***The Wicker Man*** is a cult 1973 British horror movie, made and set in Scotland. The movie was directed by Robin Hardy and written by Anthony Shaffer. It stars Edward Woodward, Christopher Lee, Diane Cilento, Ingrid Pitt and Britt Ekland. Paul Giovanni composed the soundtrack.

A police sergeant, Neil Howie goes to a remote island in the Hebrides to investigate the disappearance of a young girl, Rowan. He finds out that the island is run by a pagan cult who are hostile of outsiders, including him. They practice human sacrifice. He believes that Rowan will be used as their human sacrifice. The islanders force Neil into a wicker man and burn him to death.

*The Wicker Man* is generally very highly regarded by critics. Movie magazine *Cinefantastique* described it as "The *Citizen Kane* of Horror Movies", and in 2004 the magazine *Total Movie* named *The Wicker Man* the sixth greatest British movie of all time. It also won the 1978 Saturn Award for Best Horror movie. A scene from this movie was #45 on Bravo's *100 Scariest Movie Moments*.

The 2006 remake of this movie stars Nicolas Cage.

## References
* Brown, Allan, *Inside The Wicker Man: The Morbid Ingenuities*, London: Macmillan, 2000. .
* Catterall, Ali & Wells, Simon, *Your Face Here: British Cult Movies Since The Sixties*, Fourth Estate, 2001. 

## Other websites
* wicker-man.com  An extensive fansite devoted to the movie
* 
* 
* Interview: Director Robin Hardy talks about the film to Fortean Times 
* Interview with director Robin Hardy about The Wicker Man and Cowboys For Christ in MungBeing
Ushuaia

. Ushuaia is the southernmost city in the world.]]

**Ushuaia** is the capital city of the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego. The climate is cool and wet. It was founded on October 12, 1884. About 64,000 people live there. Ushuaia is the southernmost city in the world.

## References
Mendoza

**Mendoza** is the capital city of the Mendoza Province in Argentina. It is the 4th largest city in Argentina (after Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario).

## Population 
It has about 111,000 inhabitants, with another 848,660 more inhabitants in the city area.

## References
Metropolis (movie)

***Metropolis*** (1927) is a German silent science drama movie. It was written and directed by Fritz Lang. It was made in Germany. It was the most expensive silent movie of the time.  The movie is set in 2026 in a city-state called Metropolis. People have been divided into two groups. One group is the thinkers. They live on the Earth in luxury. The other group is the workers. They work underground. They make the life of the thinkers possible. 
The movie features special effects and set design. Lang took his inspiration for the sets from Manhattan. The movie opened in Germany in January 1927. It opened in the United States in March 1927. The American print is the only surviving copy.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Metropolis: A Film Far Ahead of its Time 
* The official site of the new restoration 
* About restoring 'Metropolis' 
* *Metropolis* novelization by Thea von Harbou
* *Metropolis* at the UNESCO Memory of the World register
* 
* 
* *Metropolis * at MetaCritic
*
Provinces of Argentina

In Argentina, each of the twenty-three federated states named in the Constitution of the Argentine Nation is called a province, which together with the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires constitute the first-order territorial divisions of the country. The provinces have full autonomy, are part of the Nation and are legally prior to it, according to the principles of federalism established in the National Constitution.

## References 
## Bibliography 
; Legal documents

* 

; Books

* 
* 

## Other websites 
* Provinces of Argentina at statoids.com
* Argentine Provinces since 1973 at World Statesmen
Salta City

**Salta** is a city in the north of Argentina.

It is the capital of Salta Province. In 2010, 618,375 people lived there.

file:Salta-Square2.jpg
file:Salta-Street1.jpg
file:Catedral_de_Salta_1.jpg
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner

**Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner** (born 19 February 1953), also called **Cristina Fernández**, **CFK** or **Cristina Kirchner**, is an Argentine attorney and politician. She was the 37th Vice President of Argentina from 2019 to 2023. She was previously the 55th President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015. She was born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernandez ( of Spanish descent) a bus driver, and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm (of German descent). She is a lawyer and she was married to former Argentinian president Néstor Kirchner from 1975 until his death in 2010.

She was elected president in October 2007. She was re-elected to a second term in October 2011.

## Corruption trial
On 30 September 2020, the federal criminal cassation court confirmed the corruption trials of Fernández de Kirchner, ruling the former president's objections to be inadmissible. After analyzing the claims of the defendants in the case for the never-ratified Memorandum with Iran, on 7 October 2021, the Federal Oral Court 8 declared the case null and void. The judges concluded that there was no crime in the signing of the agreement with Iran, and declared a judicial dismissal of Cristina Kirchner and the other defendants. On 6 December 2022, she was sentenced to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption, and has stated her intention to appeal the verdict. On November 13, 2024, the Court of Cassation confirmed the six-year prison sentence handed down to Cristina Kirchner for “fraud” and “corruption”.

## Assassination attempt in 2022
On September 1, 2022, after 9:00 p.m., the Brazilian Fernando Andres Sabag Montiel attempted to assassinate Cristina Kirchner outside her home in the Recoleta neighborhood. He pointed a 380-caliber Bersa pistol at his head and fired the shot but the bullet did not come out, and he was subdued by security personnel. The Vice President of Argentina was unharmed. It happened when she was returning to her home and signing books.

## References
 in 2004.]]
List of football clubs in Argentina

This is a list of Argentine football teams by Division. Teams are in alphabetical order.

## Primera División (2018-19) 
(Source:)

## Primera B Nacional (2018-19) 
## Primera B Metropolitana (2014) 
## References
Flag of Argentina

The national **flag of Argentina** was created in 1812 by Manuel Belgrano.

## Appearance 
It has three horizontal bands in light blue, white and light blue; and a yellow sun in the center.
Córdoba Province (Argentina)

**Córdoba** is a Province of Argentina. It is also one of the twenty-four self-governing states or first-order jurisdictions that make up the country.

The city of Córdoba is its capital.

## Population
Córdoba has a population of 3,066,801 inhabitants (as of 2001).

## References
Tandil

**Tandil** is a city of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

## Location 
The city is about 330 km from La Plata and Bahía Blanca, 160 km from Mar del Plata, and 360 km from Buenos Aires

## Population
Its population is about 110,000 inhabitants.
Bahía Blanca

**Bahía Blanca** is a city in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is 4th largest city in the province, and the 16th largest in the country by metropolitan population.

## History 
The city was founded in 1828 with the appearance of the *Argentine Protective Fortress*. It has a population is about 335,190 inhabitants, according to the 2022 stadistics.

## Location 
It is in the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
Bariloche

**San Carlos de Bariloche**, also known as **Bariloche**, is a city of Argentina in the Río Negro Province.

## Location 
The city is located on the Andes, 1570 km south-east of Buenos Aires.

## Population 
Barilloche has a population of 93.101 inhabitants. It's the largest city in Río Negro.

File:Centro Cívico y Puerto San Carlos en Bariloche.jpg
File:Bariloche- Argentina.jpg
File:Base del Cerro Catedral en Bariloche. (Patagonia Argentina) 20.JPG

## References
Mathematical proof

, one of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid's *Elements*, a textbook used for millennia to teach proof-writing techniques. The diagram accompanies Book II, Proposition 5.]]A **mathematical proof** is a way to show that a mathematical theorem is true. To prove a theorem is to show that theorem holds in all cases (where it claims to hold). To prove a statement, one can either use axioms, or theorems which have already been shown to be true. Many techniques for proving a statements exist, and these include proof by induction, proof by contradiction and proof by cases.

## Proof by induction 
One type of proof is called proof by induction. This is usually used to prove that a theorem holds for all numbers (or all numbers from some point onwards). There are 4 steps in a proof by induction.

1. State that the proof will be by induction, and state which variable will be used in the induction step.

2. Prove that the statement is true for some beginning case.

3. Assume that for some value *n* = *n0*, the statement is true and has all of the properties listed in the statement. This is called the **induction step**.

4. Show that the statement is true for the next value, *n0*+1.

Once that is shown, it would mean that for any value of *n* that is picked, the next one is true. Since it is true for some beginning case (usually *n*=1), it's true for the next one (*n*=2). And since it is true for 2, it must be true for 3. And since it is true for 3, it must be true for 4, etc. Induction shows that it is always true, precisely because it is true for whatever comes after any given number.

An example of proof by induction is as follows:

Prove that for all natural numbers *n*, 2(1+2+3+....+*n*-1+*n*)=*n*(*n*+1).

Proof: First, the statement can be written as "For all natural numbers *n*, 2\sum_{k=1}^n k=n(n+1)."

By induction on n,

First, for n=1, 2\sum_{k=1}^1 k=2(1)=1(1+1), so this is true.

Next, assume that for some *n*=*n0* the statement is true. That is, 2\sum_{k=1}^{n_0} k = n0(n0+1).

Then for *n*=*n0*+1, 2\sum_{k=1}^{{n_0}+1} k can be rewritten 2(*n0*+1) + 2\sum_{k=1}^{n_0} k.

Since 2\sum_{k=1}^{n_0} k = n0(n0+1), 2*n0*+1 + 2\sum_{k=1}^{n_0} k = 2(n0+1) + 2n0(n0+1).

So 2(n0+1) + 2n0(n0+1)= 2(n0+1)(n0 + 2), which completes the proof.

## Proof by contradiction 
Proof by contradiction is a way of proving a mathematical theorem by showing that if the statement were false, then there would be a logical contradiction involved. That is, if one of the results of the theorem is assumed to be false, then there would be some inconsistency with the logic.

When proving a theorem by way of contradiction, it is important to note that in the beginning of the proof. This is usually abbreviated BWOC. When the contradiction appears in the proof, there is usually a ⨳ symbol involved.

## Related pages
* Constructive proof
* Direct proof
* Mathematical logic
* Q.E.D.
* Quadratic equation, which can be solved using a kind of proof called "completing the square"
* Reductio ad absurdum

## References
Bad Doberan (district)

**Bad Doberan** is a former district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

In the Middle Ages the region was made rich because Hanseatic city of Rostock was close. Today the city of Rostock is surrounded by the district, but not a part of it.

In 1793 the bathing resort of Heiligendamm (today a borough of Bad Doberan) was started, and the region became a summer residence for the dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

In 1952 the districts of Bad Doberan and Rostock-Land were made. They were joined in 1994 to make the present district.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites 
* Official website  (German)
* Regional Tourist Centre for the Baltic Sea Coast (English, German, Dutch)
Demmin (district)

**Demmin** () is a former district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

The district was made in 1994 by joining the old districts of Demmin, Altentreptow and Malchin.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites 
* Official website  (German)
Louis the Stammerer

**Louis II** (1 November 846 — 10 April 879) nicknamed **the Stammerer** (French: *le Bègue*) was the King of West Francia from 877 until his death in 879. He was the oldest son and the second child of King Charles II of France and Ermentrude of Orléans. He succeeded his father as king in October 877 and was crowned  two days after his accession.

Louis was physically weak. He couldn't speak very well. Unlike his father, he never became the Holy Roman Emperor. He had little interest in politics. He was a sweet and a simple man, a huge lover of peace, justice, and religion. His short two-year reign was very peaceful.

In 879, Louis started a campaign against the Vikings who were donanating over Europe at that time. However, as soon as the campaign began, Louis felt ill and died on 10 April 879 at the age of 33. He was succeeded by his two sons, Louis III and Carloman II who both successfully defeated the Vikings together at the Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu in 881.

Louis had achievements during his reign. He played a significant role in the ongoing struggles between the Carolingian dynasty and the Viking invaders, successfully defending the Frankish kingdom against Vikings. His dedication to securing the borders and maintaining peace within the realm earned him respect and admiration from his subjects and his people.

## References