open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Pseudopodia

**Pseudopodia**  are temporary and cytoplasm-filled parts of the cell membrane that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called amoeboids. The amoeba is a common example.

The cell wall makes a network of fibers. The cytoplasm flows into the network and fills it up, similar to a net filled with gelatin. This is able to move, lengthen, or shorten. The pseudopodia extends from the amoeba. Then the main part of the amoeba flows into that pseudopodia and the amoeba has changed its place.

Pseudopods are one of the three locomotion modes of unicellular organisms (together with flagella and cilia). Pseudopods can also capture prey by phagocytosis. Pseudopedia are used by some cells to move around. They can detect food and place it inside the cell. The human white blood cell uses this way to get around.

Pseudopods can be classified into several varieties according to their appearance:
***Lobopodia** are short and blunt in form, very typical of Amoeba.It uses pseudopodia to capture it's food and for movement 
***Filopodia** are more slender and filiform with pointed ends.
***Reticulopodia**, also known as **reticulose pseudopods**, are complex formations where individual pseudopods are blended together and form irregular nets.
***Axopodia** are thin pseudopods and are enveloped by cytoplasm. Axopodia are responsible for phagocytosis, by rapidly retracting in response to physical contacts.  They are observed in radiolaria and heliozoa.
Season (disambiguation)

A **season** is one of the major divisions of the year.

**Season** may also mean:
* Christmas and holiday season, period celebrating the Nativity of Jesus
* Season (sports), the part of the year when games are played
* Season (television), or *series*, a cycle or set of episodes of a television program
* Seasoning, spices on food
* Seasons, Suffolk a listed building in Suffolk, England
Italian invasion of Albania

The **Italian Invasion of Albania Of 1939** (Italian ; Invasione Italiana Dell'Albania/Albanian ; Pushtimi Italian I Shqiperise) was a military campaign by Fascist Italy to Occupy Albania.

## Preparation
Benito Mussolini started the plan and began to build up armies on the Italian water border. Albania was aware of the invasion but did not Know when it would happen, Zog I the King of the Albanians ordered out his armies in defense in case. 
## Beginning
On April 7, Mussolini launched a surprise attack on the Albanian coast. A fleet of Italian ships were ready and prepared to advance inland. The Italians then attacked the coast without any warning. 
## Surrender
Only a day after they attacked they already controlled much of Albania but continued to fight the invasion ended on April 12, after Albania surrendered all of Albania was under Italian control by April 10 though.
Piast the Wheelwright

**Piast the Wheelwright** was, according to legend, the creator of the Piast dynasty, a son Chościsko, which would go on to rule the Kingdom of Poland. He was first mentioned in the *Polish Chronicle* of Gallus Anonymus.

## References
Yogi Bear (movie)

***Yogi Bear*** is a 2010 comedy starring Tom Cavanagh, Anna Faris, T. J. Miller, Andrew Daly, Nate Corddry, and the voices of Dan Aykroyd and Justin Timberlake.

## Plot
When Jellystone Park starts losing visitors, and greedy Mayor Brown starts running out of money, he decides to shut it down and sell the land. That would mean everyone will lose the joy of the outdoors, and worst of all, Yogi and Boo-Boo will be thrown out of the only home they have ever known. So Yogi and Boo Boo must team up with their archenemy, Ranger Smith, to save the park in a week. Also helping them is Rachel, a documentary movie maker that Ranger Smith falls in love with. Mayor Brown tricks Ranger Jones in trying to stop them, so he can be the head ranger. He tricks Yogi into ruining everything, and the park gets shut down. To make things right, Yogi, Boo-Boo, Ranger Smith, Rachel, and Ranger Jones team up, and make Mayor Brown look bad. At the end Mayor Brown gets in trouble, Rachel starts dating Ranger Smith, and the park is saved.

## Cast
* Tom Cavanagh as Ranger Smith
* Anna Faris as Rachel
* T. J. Miller as Ranger Jones
* Andrew Daly as Mayor Brown
* Nate Corddry as Chief of Staff
* Dan Aykroyd as the voice of Yogi Bear
* Justin Timberlake as the voice of Boo Boo Bear

## References
## Related pages
* Yogi Bear
* Hanna-Barbera
California State University, Northridge

[[File:OviattLibrary.jpg|thumb|Oviatt Library of Cal State Northridge.]]**California State University, Northridge** or **CSUN** is a public university in Northridge, California, a neighborhood in the United States' second-largest city of Los Angeles. CSUN belongs to the California State University system. It was founded first as the Valley satellite campus of California State University, Los Angeles and adopted its current name of California State University, Northridge in 1972.  It has become the third largest university in the California State System.

CSUN offers a variety of programs leading to bachelor's degrees in 61 fields, master's degrees in 42 fields, and a doctoral degree in educational leadership. Cal State Northridge hosts the National Center on Deafness, and each year the university hosts the International Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities.

The school's sports teams, nicknamed "Matadors", play in the Big West Conference.

## Colleges
## References
Once Upon a Time in the West

***Once Upon A Time in the West*** () is a 1968 Spaghetti Western movie which is symbolised through the construction of a railroad. The film was directed by Sergio Leone, with music by Ennio Morricone. It stars Claudia Cardinale as Jill, a beautiful widow trying to preserve her husband's land; Henry Fonda, cast against type as Frank—a murderous, land-grabbing gang leader; Charles Bronson as Harmonica, an enigmatic, revenge-seeking drifter who is Frank's nemesis; and Jason Robards as Cheyenne, a bandit who loves Jill and joins forces with Harmonica.

## Other websites
*
Bacteroides

***Bacteroides*** is a genus of gram-negative bacteria. *Bacteroides* species are non-endospore-forming, anaerobes, and may be either motile or non-motile, depending on the species. The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, *Bacteroides* membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer.
Bacteroidetes

The phylum **Bacteroidetes** is a large, diverse group of bacteria. It has three large classes that are found on every habitat on Earth, including in soil, sediments, sea water, the guts, and the skin of animals. The group is made of around 7000 sub-groups. The sub-groups are divided into 6 main groups: *Bacteroidia, Chitinophagia, Flavobacteria, Sphingobacteria, Saprospiria* and *Cytophagia.*

*Bacteroidetes* have many roles but mainly break down humus (dead organic matter) such as proteins and complicated sugars into smaller molecules. The products of this breakdown reaction are absorbed through the intestine and are used by humans as a source of energy. Higher numbers are related to bowel syndrome  and diabetes.

*Bacteroides* are tolerant to many antibiotics and can share this tolerance with other dangerous bacteria. It can be treated with certain antibiotics but the problem of tolerance is troubling. 

## Bacteroidetes in soil 
Members of *Bacteroidetes* are also found in soil such as members of the *Flavobacteria* and *Sphingobacteria* classes. and untouched soil.

*Bacteroidetes* are one of the most common bacteria found in the rhizosphere (the area surrounding a plant’s roots). They can also be found on the surface of leaves.

*Bacteroidetes* have a similar role in plants. They break down organic matter, such as proteins, surrounding the roots of a plant into simpler forms that can be taken up by the plant and used as energy. Some strains of *Flavobacterium* cause disease in red plants and algae. *Bacteroidetes* can also break down cell walls, damaging plants.

## Bacteroidetes in water 
*Bacteroidetes* can also be found in marine environments such as seas, oceans and lakes. They are found on surfaces (living and non-living), rocks and minerals, corals and algae. They are an important part of floating bacterial life (bacterioplankton) in marine environments. Bacterioplankton are involved in the recycling of important elements in marine ecosystems. *Bacteroidetes* break down large organic matter in marine environments.

## References 
----
Shangri-La (Titan)

**Shangri-La** is a large, dark area on Saturn's moon Titan. It is at . The place is named after Shangri-La, the imaginary valley in Tibet. Some people think it is a very wide plain of dark material. These broad, dark areas of Titan may have been seas, but now they are dry.

Shangri-La has several areas of higher ground it. These are brighter and are called "islands". Regions of high ground surround Shangri-La:  Xanadu is to the east, Adiri to the west, and Dilmun to the north.

The Huygens probe landed on a western part of Shangri-La, close to Adiri.

## Other websites
* Shangri-La in Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
Shangri-La (disambiguation)

**Shangri-La** is an imaginary valley in the 1933 novel *Lost Horizon* by James Hilton.

**Shangri-La** may also mean:

## Places
### Brazil 
*Xangri-lá, a city on the coast in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil

### China 
*Shangri-La County, in Yunnan province, China

### United States 
*Shangri La Botanical Gardens and Nature Center, a botanical garden in Orange, Texas
*Camp David, originally called "Shangri-La"
*Shangri La (Doris Duke), a mansion outside Honolulu, Hawaii

### Uruguay 
*Shangrilá, a former seaside resort in Uruguay, now part of Ciudad de la Costa

## Entertainment
*The Shangri-Las, an American pop group of the 1960 known for "Leader of the Pack" and "Remember (Walkin' in the Sand)"
*Shangri-La (novel), a Japanese novel, manga and anime series
**Shangri-La* (musical), a musical stage adaptation of the Hilton novel
*Shangri-La (2002 film), a 2002 film by Takashi Miike

## Buildings
*Living Shangri-La, a mixed use skyscraper in Vancouver containing the 5-star Shangri-La Hotel Vancouver
*Shangri-la Plaza Mall, Philippines
*Shangri-La Toronto, a hotel/condominium under construction in Toronto

## Other
*Shangri-la (Titan), the name of a region on Saturn's main satellite, Titan
*USS *Shangri-La* (CV-38), an aircraft carrier of World War II
*The Shangri-La Diet
Citroën BX

The **Citroën BX** is a car produced by Citroën. It replaced the Citroën GS in 1982, an estate version was added in 1985 and was facelifted a year later in 1986. Another update occurred in 1989. It was replaced by the Citroën Xantia in early 1993 with the estate continuing until 1994. 

## Engines 
* *BX 14* 46&nbsp;kW (63&nbsp;hp) and 55&nbsp;kW (75&nbsp;hp)
* *BX 16* 53&nbsp;kW (72&nbsp;hp), 65&nbsp;kW (88&nbsp;hp) and 77&nbsp;kW (105&nbsp;hp)
* *BX 19* 77&nbsp;kW (105&nbsp;hp)
* *BX 19 TZI* 88&nbsp;kW (120&nbsp;hp)
* *BX 19 GTI* 92&nbsp;kW (125&nbsp;hp)
* *BX 19 GTI 16V* 109&nbsp;kW (148&nbsp;hp) and 118&nbsp;kW (160&nbsp;hp)
* *BX 18 D* 44&nbsp;kW (60&nbsp;hp)
* *BX 18 TZD Turbo* 66&nbsp;kW (90&nbsp;hp)
* *BX 19 D* 51&nbsp;kW (69&nbsp;hp)
UNIQLO

**UNIQLO**  is a Tokyo fashion and clothing company. It is a fast growing company, one of the five biggest specialty fashion retailers in the world. The company makes T-shirts, jeans, and casual wear for both women and men. It is owned by Fast Retailing, a Yamaguchi based company.

## Locations
UNIQLO has locations in 25 countries. The majority of shops and primary market is Japan. Shops are also in: Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, Vietnam, India, USA, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, Denmark and Italy.

## History
The company began in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan in 1949. It has grown steadily since then. In 1984, Fast Retailing opened the first UNIQLO shop in nearby Hiroshima Prefecture. Since then it opened an online business in 2000. It then became international with shops in London (2001); Shanghai (2002); then, Korea, the US in the SoHo fashion district of Manhattan in New York, and Hong Kong (2005). Since then it expanded into France (2007), Singapore (2009), and Russia (2010). Recently, on 27th September, they opened "BICQLO", which is a collaboration shop with Bic Camera.(2012)

## Product
One of UNIQLO’s main product is HEATTECH. These clothes are sold in many countries. It keeps people warm, so it is useful in winter. It is thin and comfortable, so people can wear many layers of clothing easily. Also it has some good functions: it keeps in heat, and dries quickly. HEATTECH material has odor control, is anti-static, and stretches. Moreover, there are a variety of HEATTECH products, including: T-shirts, turtlenecks, underwear, leggings, and socks. Furthermore, heattech jeans have gotten attention for keeping people warm.

## Hiring
UNIQLO announced that it is changing the way it hires new workers. Large companies in Japan usually hire new college graduates once a year. UNIQLO is changing to hiring people all through the year. They are also open to hiring people who have not yet graduated, people who graduated several years ago, and people with other jobs. UNIQLO is also a gateway to Japanese products in many countries.

## References
## Other websites
* UNIQLO Twitter
* [Facebook ](https://www.facebook.com/UniqloCo　UNIQLO)
* UNIQLO official website
* UNIQLO UK official website
Avialae

**Avialae** is a term for birds and their immediate extinct ancestors. It is a clade of dinosaurs containing their only living representatives (birds) and whatever coelurosaurs are regarded as their ancestors. There are two ways it can be defined:

## Definition by physical characters 
Avialae is defined as a clade based on physical characteristics. Jacques Gauthier named Avialae in 1986 as *all dinosaurs that possessed feathered wings used in flapping flight, and the birds that descended from them*.

## Branch-based definition 
Several other authors use a similar, but branch-based, definition: *all theropods closer to birds than to Deinonychus*.

## References
Lyn Hancock

**Lyn Hancock** is an award-winning Australian-Canadian photojournalist, wildlife photographer, and book author.

She has raised numerous orphaned wild animals, including bears, cougars, eagles, puffins, raccoons, and seals.

## Books written
* ''There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag* (1972)
* *Pacific Wilderness/Wild Islands* (1974)
* *The Mighty Mackenzie* (1974)
* *There's a Raccoon in my Parka* (1977)
* *Love Affair with a Cougar* (1978)
* *An Ape Came out of my Hatbox* (1979)
* *Vanderhoof the Town that Wouldn't Wait* (1979)
* *Gypsy in the Classroom* (1980)
* *Tell Me, Grandmother* (1985)
* *Northwest Territories: Canada's Last Frontier* (1986)
* *Alaska Highway: Road to Adventure* (1988)
* *Nunavut* (1995)
* *Looking for the Wild* (1996)
* *Winging It in the North* (1996)
* *Yukon* (1996)
* *Northwest Territories* (1997)
* *Western Canada Travel Smart* (1998)
* *Destination Vancouver: a Port City* (1998)
* *Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon* (2006)

## Awards
For *There is a Racoon in my Parka'':
* 1978: Francis H. Kortright Conservation Award for Excellence in Outdoor Writing
* 1977: Authors' Literary Guild choice
* 1977: Doubleday Book of the Month Club choice
For ''There's a Seal in my Sleeping Bag'':
* 1973: Pacific Northwest Booksellers' Award
* 1972: Book of the Month Club alternate selection
For *Tabasco the Saucy Raccoon*
* 2007: Nominated for the Diamond Willow Award

## References
Yatsuhashi

is a Japanese food. It is sometimes sold as a souvenir sweet. It is made from rice, sugar and cinnamon. Two types of Yatsuhashi can be bought, either raw or hard Yatsuhashi.

## History
Yatsuhashi comes from Yatsuhashi Kengyo, the pioneer of making Yatsuhashi. In the Edo era, he saved everything so he could make something from leftover rice. Then Yatsuhashi was created. After he died, Yatsuhashi was loved by people in Kyoto, and now it is a very famous food in Kyoto.

## Ingredients
Yatsuhashi is made from rice flour, soybean flour, sesame, sugar cane and a lot of cinnamon. A special cinnamon called “Nikkei” is part of its unique taste.

## Shop
### Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honpo
Izutsu Yatsuhashi was established by Sahei Tsuda in 1805. At one of the Izutsu yatsuhashi shops, Kyogoku Ichibangai, people can make their own yatsuhashi.

### Otabe
In 1946, a confectionery retail store was started at the Kawaramachirokkaku. In1949, the store started to sell yatsuhashi. In 1969, the name of company has changed to “Otabe”. In 2010, Otabe’s Choco-Yatsuhashi won a special gold prize in Monde Selection.

### Honke Nishio Yatsuhashi
The history of Honke Nishino Yatsuhashi began in 1687 in the Edo period, so three hundred years have passed. It has a long story. At the time, “Shiramochi” which is like old raw yatsuhashi was sold there.

Besides these yatsuhashi stores, there are famous shops in Kyoto. They are 'Goden Yatsuhashi, 'Seikodo', 'Hakushindo', and 'HonkeNishio'.

## Sorts
### Izutsu Yatsuhashi Honnpo
Izutsu Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from a famous shop shaped like a long Japanese zither with thirteen strings. It has been sold for more than 200 years. 

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender taste.

Yuko: This is a lyric confection containing bean jam. This is a Yatsuhashi which is associated with Yuko who is a heroine of “the gobantyo-yugirirou".
Other tastes: strawberry, powdered green tea, chocolate and apple.

### Otabe
Otabe: This Nama-Yatsuhashi uses rice grown in Fukui prefecture which is called "Koshihikari", Hokkaido adzuki bean, and water in Fukui prefecture.
Other taste: chocolate, powdered green tea, salt, and sesami.

Yatsuhashi: This is a confection from Kyoto which has been loved by people since more than 300 years ago.

Choco-Yatsuhashi: This is the original confection of Otabe. Yatsuhashi is baked thin, and then it is coated in chocolate.

Nama-Yatsuhashi: This is tender dough which is baked.

### Honke Nishio Yatsuhasi
Yatsuhashi: This is crisp.
Tastes: powdered green tea, sesami, and banana.

Pocket-Yatsuhashi: This is a Yatsuhashi which you can carry in your pocket.
Tastes: cacao, strawberry, and powdered green tea.

## References
21 Guns

**21 Guns** is a song by American rock band Green Day. It was released in 2009, from their eight studio album, *21st Century Breakdown*.

## Music Video 
The music video for this song includes bullets shooting through a house.

## References
Salinibacter ruber

***Salinibacter ruber*** is an  halophile (salt-loving organism) that lives in s of salt from 20 to 30%.

## References
Satay

**Satay** is a local food of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines. It is usually made of meat on a stick with onion and gravy along with it.

The dish was invented by Javanese street vendors.

## References
Mezzanine

***Mezzanine*** is the third studio album by English trip hop group Massive Attack. It was released on 20 April 1998. It was produced by Massive Attack and Neil Davidge. The album was released by Virgin Records.

The album was provided on their website for legal download many months before the CD release. It was one of the first major uses of the MP3 format by a commercial group. It does not use the jazzy sounds and the rapping of Tricky, similar to what Massive Attack did in *Blue Lines* and *Protection.* *Mezzanine* has a dark sound, heavy bass guitars and distorted guitars. This is similar to industrial music and post-punk.

*Mezzanine* had the number one spot on many music charts. It did this on music charts in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. It is Massive Attack's best selling album. The album had four singles: "Risingson", "Teardrop", "Angel" and "Inertia Creeps". These singles went on music charts in the United Kingdom.

## Track listing
## References
Suzy Spafford

**Suzy Spafford** (born 1945 in Toledo, Ohio) is an American cartoonist. She is best known for drawing animal characters. Her '''''Suzy's Zoo''''' picture book is her most successful work. The book's characters have been made into greeting cards, stickers, stationery and calendars. The products are sold in thousands of stores all over the world.  She has also written several dozen books for children, including the *Tales from Duckport* series. Her pictures have been attracted by a lot of people in San Diego since 1967. She created her own greeting card company, Suzy's Zoo Studios, in 1968.

## ''Suzy's Zoo*
### Characters
*"Witzy", a baby duck, is the main character of *Suzy's Zoo''. He was based on Suzy's little brother, Johnny.
*"Boof" is Witzy's best friend; a teddy bear. He is an old teddy bear so he is fixed several times by Witzy’s mom.
*"Lulla Bye" is a fashionable and tidy stuffed toy rabbit. She has a wind-up key on her back, and when Witzy turns the key, she begins to sing a sleepy song.
*"Ellie Funt" is a shy stuffed toy elephant. She is made from the old bathrobe by Witzy’s mom.
*"Patches" is a brave stuffed toy giraffe and he follows Witzy at night so Patches is not afraid of the dark. He is always full of energy and impishness.
*"Tickle" is a ladybug who lives in the backyard. By the way, Witzy calls all ladybugs in his backyard "Tickle".
*"Peek-a-boo" is a small snail live in the backyard. She likes to play hide-and-seek with her friends.
*"Zoom-Zoom" is Witzy’s favorite grasshopper. He is always hopping in the backyard.
*"Teeter & Totter" are twin turtles but they have a different color shell. Teeter is a girl and Totter is a boy. They are always together when they play in the backyard.

## References
Chione

**Chione/Khione** (or **Χιόνη**)was the goddess of snow in Greek mythology. Daughter of the river god Nile and the Oceania Callirroi. Snow lived in the fields and was once abused by a farmer. For this reason, Chione/Khione was transformed by the god Mercury, at the behest of the god Zeus, into clouds of snow, which fall and destroy the Spartans.Daughter of Boreus and Oreithyia (the daughter of the king of Athens Erechtheos). Siblings of Chione/Khione were Zetis, Calais and Cleopatra. This Snow gave birth to a god child, Eumolpus from the god Poseidon, and to hide him (for fear that her father would not find out), she threw him into the sea. Nevertheless, Poseidon saved the child and raised him.
Daughter of Arcturus who was kidnapped by Boreas, with whom she had three sons, who became priests of the god Apollo in the country of the Hyperboreans.
In the "Transformations" of the Roman poet Ovid (XI 339) Chione/Khione was the beautiful daughter of Daedalion. With two gods, the god Apollo and the god Mercury, he slept the same night and they had children with her. With Apollo she gave birth to Philammon, who later became king and musician in Phocis, and with Hermes (according to one version) Autolycus, who had the ability to transform what he steals. Having made two gods fall in love with her in one day, Chione/Khione, unable to hide her pride, began to boast of her beauty and womanly qualities, daring to say that she was more beautiful than the goddess Artemis. Hearing this the goddess sent her arrows to take her life.

## References
Cytomegalovirus

***Cytomegalovirus*** (which means "Large Cell", when translated from Greek *cyto-*, "cell", and *-megalo-*, "large") is a Virus which people get. It's a Herpesvirus and is usually called HCMV (Human Cytomegalovirus) or Human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5).

As with all herpesviruses, even without symptoms, the virus can still be in a person for long periods of time, even for life.

Two out of five people in the world have HCMV. More people in developed countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, have the condition. In these places, more than half of people have the condition.

There is no treatment or cure, but scientists in the United States are developing vaccines, but none has proven to work fully yet.
Fantasy football

**Fantasy football** is a game where people make up "teams" of real American football players and get points for things that these players do in real games. People playing fantasy football can trade players from one team to another. Fantasy football has become very popular as it can be played on the Internet.

## References
California State University

.]]
The **California State University** (**CSU**) is a public university system established in 1857 in California. It is one of three public higher education systems in the state, the other two being the University of California system and the California Community College system. The California State University system headquarters are in Long Beach, California.

The CSU system is composed of 23 campuses and has over 417,000 students supported by 47,000 faculties and staff.
It is the largest senior system of higher education in the United States.

CSU prepares about 60 percent of the teachers in the state, 40 percent of the engineering graduates, and more graduates in business, agriculture, communication studies, health, education and public administration than all other California universities and colleges combined. Altogether, about half the bachelor's degrees and a third of the master's degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU.

Since 1961, nearly 2.5 million alumni have received a bachelor's, master's or doctoral degree from the CSU system which offers more than 1,800 degree programs in 240 subject areas.

## Campuses 
The California State University has 23 colleges. They are listed in order from oldest to newest.

## References
California State University, Long Beach

**California State University, Long Beach** (also known as **Cal State Long Beach**, **Long Beach State**, **CSULB**, **LBSU**, or **The Beach**) is the second largest campus of the California State University (CSU) system and the third largest university in the state of California by enrollment. The University is located at the southeastern coastal tip of Los Angeles County.

CSULB has been recognized repeatedly as one of "America's Best Value Colleges" by the *Princeton Review*. More than 30 factors are considered to rate the colleges in four categories: academics, tuition GPA (the sticker price minus average amount students receive in gift aid scholarships and grants), financial aid (how well colleges meet students' financial need) and student borrowing.

Long Beach State has also been ranked as one of the top five public master's degree-granting institutions in the West by *U.S. News & World Report*'s "America's Best Colleges Guide". It is also home to the largest publicly funded art school west of the Mississippi. The university currently operates with one of the lowest student fees in the country at US $4,370 per year for full-time students having California residence.

Since the 2020–21 school year, Long Beach State has called its sports teams The Beach; the baseball team is also known as the Dirtbags. Before July 2020, the main nickname had been 49ers. Most Beach teams play in the Big West Conference.

## References
## Other websites
* Cal State, Long Beach
* Official Beach athletic website
Flavivirus

***Flavivirus*** is a genus of the family Flaviviridae. This genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus, and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis (swelling in the brain).

*Flaviviruses* are named for the yellow fever virus - "flavus" means "yellow" in Latin.  (Yellow fever was named because it often caused yellow-colored skin, called jaundice, in its victims.)
 
*Flaviviruses* share a common size (40-65 nm) and symmetry (shape), and they look similar under an electron microscope.  They are made of single-stranded RNA.
 
Humans get these viruses after being bitten by an infected mosquito or tick.  Usually, if a human who has a *Flavivirus* gets bitten by a healthy mosquito or tick, the human will not have enough of the virus in their blood to infect the insect.  This means humans do not help continue the virus's life cycle (by infecting insects who go on to infect other people).  However, this is not true for yellow fever or dengue fever.
* Touching the dead bodies of animals who had a *Flavivirus*
* Getting a blood transfusion from someone who has a *Flavivirus*
* Having sex with someone who has a *Flavivirus*: this has been proven true at least for the Zika virus.
* Drinking unpasteurized milk products
* A fetus can get a *Flavivirus* from its mother during childbirth
It is not likely that animals can spread *Flaviviruses* directly to humans.  Scientists believe that an mosquito or tick has to bite an infected animal before it can spread the virus to a human by biting that human.  This means that *Flaviviruses* are probably not contagious diseases.  For example, early tests with yellow fever showed that the disease is not a contagious disease.

## References
Shichi-Go-San

**Shichi-Go-San** (seven-five-three in Japan) is one of the most important events for children in Japan. Every year on November 15, parents whose children are three, five, and seven years old celebrate the growth of their child.

## History
In the past, death rates of infants were higher than present, so children were treated importantly. People have started to celebrate seven, five and three years old of children since the Edo period. Especially, celebrations of seven year old children are most important.

## Custom
On this special day, children wear kimono and they are given chitose-ame. Chitose-ame is a long red and white candy.  This candy means children can grow well. People go to the shrine to play the growth of their children. Also, people sometimes take some pictures to the memory of children.

## Related pages
* Children's Day (Japan)
* Hinamatsuri

## References
### Bibliography
*Chitose-ame/Minatoya  
*nihon-bunnka iroha-ziten
Hinamatsuri

, also called '''Doll's Day** or **Girls' Day,'* is a special day in Japan.  *Hinamatsuri* is celebrated each year on March 3.  This is a day for thinking about the happiness and health of young girls in Japanese families.

## Summary 
Since the 8th century, it was  to have special days for children twice a year—March 3 for girls and May 5 for boys.

The focus of attention on *Hinamatsuri* is a display of dolls which are dressed in the fashion of the Heian period.  The group of dolls represent the Imperial court (*hina ningyō*).  
*  holds a  
*  holds a fan

The male doll is traditionally on the right, but sometimes the doll is on the left.

### Second platform
The second tier holds three court ladies . Each holds something to do with sake.

### Third platform
The third tier holds five male musicians . 

### Fourth step
Two Imperial ministers (*daijin'') may be displayed on the fourth tier
*  
* 

## Related pages 
* Children's Day (Japan)
* Girls' Day (Germany)

## References 
## Other websites
End-Triassic extinction event

'' to take over the dominant roles in the Jurassic period]]
The **End-Triassic extinction event** marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, 201.3 million years ago. However, many of the extinctions occurred before then in the Upper Triassic. 20% of all marine families; all large crurotarsans (non-dinosaurian archosaurs); some remaining therapsids; and many of the large amphibians such as the temnospondyls were wiped out. 

The event emptied many ecological niches, and allowed the dinosaurs to take over the dominant roles in the Jurassic period. This event happened in less than 10,000 years, and occurred just before Pangaea started to break apart. 

Scientists have suggested several explanations for this event, but all have unanswered challenges:
* Asteroid impact: no known impact crater has been dated to coincide with the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.
* Gradual climate change or sea-level fluctuations during the Upper Triassic. Sea level was low at the end of the Triassic, and the climate on Pangaea was arid. However, this does not explain the suddenness of the extinctions. 
* Massive volcanic eruptions would release carbon dioxide, which would cause intense global warming, or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause severe cooling. The flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) occurred at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. This is the favoured explanation of several palaeontologists.

## Recent evidence 
A recent paper in PNAS shows fairly clearly that mass volcanism was involved. It was probably the primary cause of the extinction. Mercury is present in volcanic rocks found at the end-Triassic boundary. 

Mercury is emitted in gaseous form during volcanism, and deposited in sediments. The paper says "Such episodic volcanism likely perturbed the global environment over a long time and strongly delayed ecological recovery".

## References
Singaporean English

**Singaporean English** or **Standard Singaporean English** is a dialect of English used in Singapore. It is used as a lingua franca between Chinese Singaporeans, Malay Singaporeans, Indian Singaporeans and White Singaporeans. It (along with Mandarin, Malay and Tamil) is an official language of Singapore. It is the main language of government, business and school in Singapore.

## Related pages 
* Languages of Singapore
* Malaysian English
* Manglish
* Singlish
Damon Albarn

**Damon Albarn** (, born 23 March 1968) is an English singer-songwriter and record producer who has been involved in many high-profile projects and groups throughout his career. He is perhaps best known internationally for his current role as the frontman and songwriter of Gorillaz, whose first two studio albums had sold more than 20 million copies together by 2007. Albarn also serves as the frontman and primary songwriter of Britpop band Blur, and has been in the projects *The Good, the Bad & the Queen*, *Monkey: Journey to the West* and *Mali Music*.

Albarn was born in Whitechapel. He grew up in Leytonstone and Aldham, Essex. He was voted the 4th greatest frontman of all time in a national 2010 *Q* magazine poll.

## References
Maxinquaye

***Maxinquaye*** is the first album of the English actor and musician Tricky, released in 1995. Expanding on the  music template of fellow Bristolians Massive Attack, and featuring then-girlfriend Martina Topley-Bird on vocals, *Maxinquaye* is a dark, strange album featuring a combination of hip-hop, soul, dub, rock and electronica.

*Maxinquaye*, named after Tricky's late mother Maxine Quaye, who died when he was four,

## References
Mahakala

***Mahakala***  is a dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of  80 million years ago. 

It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. 

*Mahakala* was a small dromaeosaur, about 70 centimeters long (28 in). Its skeleton shows some features which are also found in early troodontids and avialans. However, its short forearms rule it out of the Alialae.

Despite its late appearance, its structure is that of a basal dromaeosaur. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosauria, suggests that small size came before flight in birds.

## Description
Although this individual was small, comparable in size to *Archaeopteryx*, *Caudipteryx*, and *Mei*, it was close to adulthood.  

This genus can be distinguished from other paravians (dromaeosaurs, troodonts, and birds) by details of the ulna, thighbone, ilium, and tail vertebrae.

It had a typical dromaeosaurid form of the second toe, with an expanded claw. *Mahakala* also had very short forelimbs compared to other Dromaeosaurs.

## Classification
A phylogenetic analysis performed by Turner and colleagues, who described the specimen, found *Mahakala* to be the most basal known dromaeosaur. Their results, along with the small size of other theropods found at the base of paravian lineages, suggest that small size was not an innovation of early birds, but a common trait of early paravians.

In evolution, small size would have come before flight. Like birds, troodonts and dromaeosaurs did not keep small size throughout their evolutionary history. They had several separate size increases among different lineages. 

*Mahakala* also shows a combination of characteristics found among basal troodonts and birds, and is missing some that are present in more derived (specialised) dromaeosaurs. 

Small coelurosaurians are the most diverse dinosaurs, including fellow dromaeosaurid *Velociraptor*, troodonts *Byronosaurus* and *Saurornithoides*, oviraptors *Citipati*, *Khaan*, and *Oviraptor*, and alvarezsaurs *Mononykus* and *Shuvuuia*; other dinosaurs present included the ceratopsian *Protoceratops* and the ankylosaur *Pinacosaurus*. Like other dromaeosaurs, *Mahakala* would have been a small, active, predaceous carnivore.

## References
## Other websites
*HTML version of "A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight"
Ernst Chain

**Sir Ernst Boris Chain**, FRS (19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979) was a German-born British biochemist. 

He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Alexander Fleming and Howard Florey, for the discovery of penicillin and how it could cure bacterial infections. Later he worked on the chemical structure of penicillin and other natural antibiotics.

Chain was Jewish￼ and moved to England in 1933. In 1939, he took British citizenship, and was knighted in 1969. 

He won many awards: he was made a Commander of the Légion d'Honneur and awarded the Grande Ufficiale al Merito della Repubblica Italiana.

## Life and career
Chain was born in Berlin, the son of Margarete (née Eisner) and Michael Chain, who was a chemist and industrialist dealing in chemical products. His family was Jewish. His father emigrated from Russia to study chemistry abroad and his mother was from Berlin. In 1930, he received his degree in chemistry from Friedrich Wilhelm University. He left Nazi Germany and worked at universities and laboratories in England.

## References
## Bibliography
*

## Other websites
* 
*
Heinrich Biber

**Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber von Bibern** (baptised 12 August 1644 – died 3 May 1704) was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and violinist.  He was the most famous German violinist of his time.  He is particularly famous for his violin sonatas.

## Life
Biber was born in a small Bohemian town near Reichenberg.  Nothing is known about his music education.  We know that in the mid-1660s he went to work for Prince-Bishop Karl, Count Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn of Olomouc.  The prince loved music and kept many musicians at his court.  During the winter of 1670-1671 Biber became a member of the Kapelle at Salzburg court.  He was married there in 1672.  There he played the violin and trained the choirboys and composed a lot of music.  He probably had a lot of contact with other well-known musicians such as Georg Muffat.  Although he was the greatest virtuoso of his time he hardly seems to have travelled about to play.

In 1690 Biber was raised to the nobility.  During his last years he seems to have spent much of his time composing works for the theatre as well as sacred music.

## Related pages
* Scordatura

## References 
*
Benoît de Maillet

**Benoît de Maillet** (Saint-Mihiel, 12 April 1656 – Marseille, 30 January 1738) was a well-travelled French diplomat and naturalist. 

He was French consul general at Cairo, and overseer in the Levant. He formulated an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the Earth and its contents. 

Maillet's geological observations convinced him that the Earth could not have been created in an instant because the features of the crust indicate a slow development by natural processes. He also believed that creatures on the land were ultimately derived from creatures living in the seas. He believed in the natural origin of man. 

## Age of the Earth 
Maillet made the first reasonable estimate of the Earth's age based on evidence. He thought the Earth must have developed by slow, natural forces. He studied geology in the field. He could see signs of erosion on land and sedimentation in the sea. 

He hid his ideas under the guise of a talk with an Indian philosopher, to avoid conflict with the Catholic Church. His work stayed in manuscript until after his death, when it was published after its editor had made changes which damaged it. Now there is a better modern edition based on the manuscripts. 

Maillet estimated that the Earth was older than two billion years. He also recognized the true nature of fossils, and had early ideas about evolution.

## References
Radius (bone)

The **radius** is one of the two bones which make up the lower forearm in tetrapods. The other one is the ulna. Above them is the elbow and humerus; below are the hands or front feet.
Ilium

The **ilium** is one of the three bones which make up the pelvis in tetrapods. These include the bones that are usually called "hips", e.g. 'putting your hands on your hips'.
Humerus

The **humerus** is the upper forearm bone in tetrapods. It connects to the shoulder blade (scapula) at the upper end, and the elbow below.

## Images

File:Gray326.png|Attachment at the shoulder
File:AnteriorHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg|Left humerus head
File:MedialHeadOfLeftHumerus.jpg|Left humerus head, from other side
File:MedialHumerusRadiusUlnaArticulated.jpg|Left humerus at the elbow
File:LateralLeftHumerusRadiusUlnaArticulated.jpg|Ellbow, other side
File:LeftHumanPosteriorDistalHumerusExtended.jpg|Elbow, stretched
Femur

The **femur** is the thighbone in tetrapods. It connects to the pelvis (hip) at the upper end and to the knee at the lower end. It connects with the hip by a ball-and-socket joint which allows freedom of movement. 

The lower end of the femur forms a hinge with the lower leg known as the knee. This has two 'articulations': with the patella (knee-cap), and with the tibia (the main lower leg bone).The femur is also the longest and strongest bone in your body.
Scapula

]]

The **scapula** is the shoulder blade or pectoral girdle bone in tetrapods. It connects to the humerus and the clavicle.
Rites of Spring

**Rites of Spring** was an American emo band from Washington, D.C. They formed in 1984. The band was known for its fast, energetic live performances. Rites of Spring was a part of the D.C. hardcore punk scene. They increased the violence and passion of hardcore while at the same time experimenting with its rules. Compared to other bands of the time, their lyrics were very personal. This led to them being considered the first emo band.

The band only performed 15 concerts during their time. The band disbanded in 1986.  Singer and guitarist Guy Picciotto and drummer Brendan Canty went on to play in the post-hardcore band Fugazi in the late-1980s through the 2000s.

## References
Fibula

The **fibula** is one of the two bones which make up the lower leg (humans), or back leg in tetrapods. The other one is the tibia. Above them is the knee and femur; below are the feet. Muscles are attached to the top of the fibula which help move the knee. It is also used to support the knee and the tibia.

## Structure
The bone has the following components:
* Lateral malleolus
* Interosseous membraneconnecting the fibula to the tibia, forming a syndesmosis joint
* The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of tibia of the tibia and the head of the fibula.
* The inferior tibiofibular articulation (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the lower end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia.

## References
Jundallah

**Jundallah** (or **Jondallah**, translates to **Soldiers of God**), or '''People's resistance movement of Iran''' (PRMI) is a militant organisation based in Balochistan. The organisation claims to be fighting for the rights of Sunni muslims in Iran. Most muslims in Iran are Shi'a, Sunni make up the largest minority group that is not Shi'a. Iran says the group is a terrorist organisation. Iran has blamed the organisation for many acts of smuggling illegal drugs, and of kidnapping. The organisation is believed to have 1.000 fighting soldiers.

Many observers believe the group is linked to al-Qaeda.  For a long time, Iran has believed that the U.S. government supported Jundallah. Several other sources such as the ABC News, Daily Telegraph, and journalist Seymour Hersh have also reported that Jundullah has received support from the United States against the government of Iran, although the US denies any involvement.

In August 2007, the Israeli Mossad chief, Meir Dagan, pushed for using ethnic groups (among others, people from Balochistan) in Iran to make the Iranian government weaker and try to change the people in charge of the government.

The group is called a terrorist group by the United States and Iran.

## References
Solingen arson attack

The **Solingen arson attack of 1993** happened on the night of 29 May 1993 when five Turkish people were killed in Solingen, Germany. They died when four young German men, belonging to the political far right, firebombed a house. The dead were women and children, aged four, nine, 12, 18 and 27, all of whom who were related.

The attack caused many protests in Germany, and many German government officials were at a memorial service for the dead.  Some of the protests were violent, but others were peaceful.

Because of the attack, Germany decided to make sure fewer people from other countries came into Germany for political asylum. It also banned some right-wing political groups.

On 14 October 1995, a German court sentenced the four people who did the attack. Three men, aged 18, 19 and 22, were given prison terms of ten years. The fourth man, 25, was given a term of 15 years. The sentences were opposed by the men and their families, though most of the Turkish people in Germany approved of them. Some Turkish people wanted the men to get life terms in jail.

## References
Solder

**Solder** is a metal or alloy with a low melting point. There are two types of solder; soft solder and hard solder. Soft solder melts easily with soldering irons and is used for electronics and electrical work. Hard solder melts at a higher temperature with a torch. Using solder is called soldering. 

There are two main types of soft solder; lead solder and lead-free solder. Lead solders have about 60% (or 63%) tin and 40% (or 37%) lead in them. They are toxic because they have lead in them. They melt at around 185°C. Lead solder is cheap, so it used to be popular. In plumbing, a 50% tin and 50% lead mixture was used. People thought this was safe, but then they saw that the lead was coming into the water. Now lead solder is illegal for use on pipes that carry water. Lead solder was once used for food cans. After many years, the lead could come into the food. The cans poisoned people who ate the food. Lead solder is still used in electronics.

In 2006 the European Union, China, and California banned lead in consumer products. Lead solder became illegal in electronic devices in some places. Lead-free solder was needed. Many lead-free solders have tin, silver, and copper in them. They melt around 217°C. Sometimes indium is added to the solder to make it better, but indium is very expensive. Lead-free solder can also be made of a tin-bismuth alloy, sometimes with 0.4% or 1% silver added. This alloy has a lower melting point than other lead-free solders and behaves much more like leaded solder.

Many times when a metal is being soldered, it oxidizes, making a layer of metal oxide that does not hold solder. Flux is added to react with the metal oxide and turn it back into the metal again. That helps the solder connect to the metal. Rosin is a common flux. Some electronics makers use fluxes that can be washed away with water. Some solders have a flux core, where the flux is inside the solder.

Another type of solder is used to connect glass to other things. They melt around 450-550°C.

## Gallery 

File:Solderedjoint.jpg|A use of solder: holding a wire to a circuit board
File:Ex Lead freesolder.jpg|Lead-free solder
File:60-40 Solder.jpg|Leaded solder (60%/40% tin/lead alloy)
File:Ersin Multicore Solder Tube.jpg|Flux core solder
File:Lötzinn mit Flußmittelseele 2012-04-08 003 cr2 s.JPG|Macro shot of flux cored piece of solder
Antimony pill

An **Antimony pill** is a pill made from metallic antimony. It was a popular remedy in the nineteenth century, used to purge and revitalise the bowels. In use, it is swallowed and allowed to pass through the body, after which it is recovered for reuse. They called it the **everlasting pill**.  

## References