open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Squall line

A **squall line**, or more accurately a **quasi-linear convective system**, is a line of thunderstorms. They can form along or ahead a cold front, and can have strong winds with them.

## References
Valmy

**Valmy** is a commune in the Marne departement, in Grand Est, in France. In 2020, 282 people lived there. On 20 September 1792, the Battle of Valmy took place there. Prussian troops marched towards Paris, but could by stopped. Valmy is a rural commune today, most people are in agriculture. Today, mostly cereals are grown. People from the commune created a beer with the same name, made from barley grown locally.

There are some monuments, related to the battle. The most notable of these is a windmill, which was destroyed before the battle, and which has recently been rebuilt.

## References
Julia Smith

**Julia Cuthbert Geary** (née **Smith**; 26 May 1927 – 19 June 1997) was an English television director and producer. She was best known as the co-creator (along with Tony Holland) of the BBC soap opera *EastEnders*, also working as the director and the first producer of the series. 

## Early life 
Julia Cuthbert Smith was born in Paddington, Greater London, England on 26 May 1927, as the only child to Edward Cuthbert Smith (1897–1968), a musician who taught at the Royal Academy of Music (RAM), and Elfriede Frances Gritton (née Menges; 1897–1988).

Smith trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA). She graduated with her diploma in acting in 1946.

Smith was a maternal niece of Isolde Marie Boyd (née Menges; 1893–1976), a violinist, and Sigfried Frederick Herbert Menges (1902–1972), a composer and conductor. She was a cousin of Christopher J Menges (born 1940), a cinematographer and film producer. Her cousin credits her with being an inspiration of his own career. in Ealing, Middlesex on 2 April 1962, when they were both 34. The couple divorced in 1966.

Smith resided in Chiswick, London, Roly portrayed Roly in *EastEnders* (1985–1993). Roly died on 2 August 1995, at the age of 10, following an operation for breathing problems which were aggravated by the heatwave.

### Death 
Smith died from cancer at the Royal Marsden Hospital in Chelsea, London on 19 June 1997, after a short battle with the illness. She was 70. Her funeral took place at Mortlake Crematorium in Kew, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames on 30 June 1997, and was attended by several stalwart cast members from *EastEnders*, including; June Brown (Dot Cotton), Pam St Clement (Pat Evans), Wendy Richard (Pauline Fowler), and Leslie Grantham (Den Watts).

## References
Hyloxalus ramosi

'''Ramos' rocket frog'* (*Hyloxalus ramosi*) is a frog.  It lives in  Colombia.

## Home
This frog lives in the dead leaves on the ground in forests on hills and mountains.  People have seen this frog between 850 and 1340 meters above sea level.

Some of the places this frog lives are protected parks: Selva de Florencia National Park, Punchina Regional Forest Reserve, and San Lorenzo Regional Forest Reserve.

## Young
Scientists think this frog has young the same way other frogs in *Hyloxalus'' do: The tadpoles swim in streams.

## Danger
Scientists say this frog is in big danger of dying out because people change the place where it lives to make towns, farms, and places for cows to eat grass, to dig gold out of the ground, and get wood to build with.

## References
Point Lobos

**Point Lobos** and the **Point Lobos State Natural Reserve** is a state park in California. Next to Point Lobos is "one of the richest marine habitats in California." The ocean habitat is protected by two marine protected areas, the Point Lobos State Marine Reserve and Point Lobos State Marine Conservation Area. The sea near Point Lobos is considered one of the best locations for scuba diving on the Monterey Peninsula and along the California coast.

## Related pages 
* Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
* Big Sur

## References 
## Other websites 
* California State Park.gov: official **Point Lobos State Natural Reserve** website
* Point Lobos Foundation
* California's MPAs (marine protected areas)
* Virtual tour of the Central Coast MPA
List of heads of state of Barbados

## Premiers of Barbados (1953-1966)
## Monarch (1966–2021) 
The succession to the Barbadian throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.

### Governor-General 
Under the Constitution of Barbados, before its amendment in 2021, the governor-general was the representative of the monarch in Barbados and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The governor-general was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Barbados was granted independence by the Barbados Independence Act 1966, rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous Dominion and later promoted to independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931, the governor-general had always been appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Barbados, without the involvement of the British government, with the sole exception of John Montague Stow, the last colonial governor, who served as governor-general temporarily until he was replaced by Sir Arleigh Winston Scott. In the event of a vacancy the chief justice served as administrator of the government.

; Status

## President (2021–present)
Under the Constitution of Barbados, as amended in 2021, the position of president of Barbados replaced the monarch as head of state. The position of president is elected by parliament for a four-year term. In the event of a vacancy, or for any reason the president is unable to perform the functions conferred upon them by the constitution, those functions are performed by an acting president appointed by the prime minister, after consultation with the leader of the opposition. However, while the president is suspended from office in case of ongoing impeachment proceedings, the president of the Senate of Barbados serves as acting president. The presidential line of succession is not defined beyond that.

## Prime ministers of Barbados (1966-present)
* * Note - Died in office

## References
Deobandi movement

The **Deobandi movement** (Urdu: جَمَاَعَةْ اَلْ  دِیُوُبٰنْدْ) is a revivalist movement in Sunni Islam that follows the Hanafi school of law and the Ash'ari or Maturidi school of thought. It started in the late 19th century, in Deoband, India. Their beliefs include that only Allah can be asked for help and are against innovations in religion (bid'ah). Deobandis are part of and are the founders of the Tablighi Jammat which is how they spread Islam.

## References
Murder of Noor Suzaily Mukhtar

On 7 October 2000, 34-year-old **Hanafi Mat Hassan**, a bus driver with a criminal past, raped and murdered 24-year-old computer engineer **Noor Suzaily Mukhtar** near Bukit Tinggi, Klang in Selangor, Malaysia. Her body was found at a construction site, and an autopsy revealed she had been raped, sodomized, and strangled. Hanafi was arrested and, in April 2002, sentenced to death for murder and 20 years in prison with 12 strokes of the cane for rape. His appeals were rejected, and he was executed on 19 December 2008.

The murder of Noor Suzaily Mukhtar shocked the public and made headlines. Many, including then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, condemned Hanafi Mat Hassan for his horrific actions.

## References
Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son

***Big Mommas: Like Father Like Mother*** is a 2011 American crime comedy movie directed by John Whitesell and starring Martin Lawrence, Nia Long, Zachary Levi, Mark Moses, Emily Procter, Kat Dennings, Chloë Grace Moretz. It is the sequel to 2000's ''Big Momma's House 2* and is the third and final movie of the *Big Momma'' trilogy. The movie was distributed by 20th Century Fox and  was a box office success.

## Other websites 
* 
*
Mavournee Hazel

**Mavournee Hazel** (born 20 March 1996) is an Australian actress and model. She began her acting career having many television roles, including *Sam Fox: Extreme Adventures* and *Catching Milat*.

Hazel became popular for her role as Piper Willis in *Neighbours*. She later had roles in *Halifax: Retribution*, *Shantaram* and *NCIS: Sydney*.

In 2019, Hazel came out as demisexual.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tai Hara

**Tai Hara** (born March 29, 1990) is an Australian actor. He is known for his role as Andy Barrett in the soap opera *Home and Away*.

## Personal life
Hara married Fely Irvine in 2017. They have a daughter.

## References
## Other websites
*
Homogeneous catalysis

In **homogeneous catalysis**, the catalyst and the reagents are in the same phase of matter as each other (e.g. solid, liquid, gas). Most homogeneous catalysis takes place in the liquid phase. The word *homogeneous* comes from the Ancient Greek *homos* ( “the same”) and *genos* (“kind”).

## Examples 
### Enzymes 
Enzymes are special proteins in living things that speed up biochemical reactions. Without enzymes, life as we know it would not exist, as most of the processes keeping animals, plants, and fungi alive would be too slow. In industry, enzymes are used to make cheese, washing detergents, and leather.

### Organometallic complexes 
In industry, many homogeneous catalysts are *co-ordination complexes.* These molecules have an electrically charged metal atom known as an ion in their centres, which is connected to a number of functional groups through pairs of donated electrons. Co-ordination complexes are often intensely coloured, and in high concentrations, they are typically highly toxic to humans. 

## Advantages 
* Homogeneous catalysts are often highly *selective*. This means that they do not produce many waste products.

* As the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase of matter as each other, it is easy for the atoms to get close to each other. If the conditions are right, this results in very high reaction rates, even at low temperatures.

* Working out the structure of homogeneous catalysis is comparatively easy. Scientists can do this with a special type of spectroscopy known as NMR.

## Disadvantages 
* It is often tricky to recover homogeneous catalysts from reactors. Every time a reaction runs to completion, some catalyst will be lost. This quickly becomes expensive to replace if the reaction is being ran on an industrial scale. 

* Homogeneous catalysts are often very sensitive to temperature and pH (how acidic or basic the reaction mixture is). If chemists do not carefully monitor the reactor conditions, the catalyst may be irreversibly damaged.

## References
Santa Lucia Range

The **Santa Lucia Mountains** (sæntə luˈsiːə) or **Santa Lucia Range** is a rugged mountain range in coastal central California, running from Carmel southeast for  to the Cuyama River in San Luis Obispo County. The range is never more than  from the coast. The range forms the steepest coastal slope in the contiguous United States.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Los Padres National Forest — **Monterey Ranger District** 
* Ventana Wilderness Alliance
Bad

**Bad** or **BAD** may refer to:

## Common meanings
*Evil, the opposite of moral good
*Erroneous, inaccurate or incorrect
*Unhealthy, or counter to well-being
*Antagonist, the threat or obstacle of moral good

## Acronyms
* BAD-2, a Soviet armored trolley car
* Bank account debits tax, an Australian tax
* Bcl-2-associated death promoter, a pro-apoptotic protein
* Team B.A.D., a professional wrestling tag team
* Big Airship of Doom, a type of Bloon in the *Bloons Tower Defense* game series

## Movies
* ''Andy Warhol's Bad*, a 1977 movie
* *Bad'', an unfinished movie by Theo van Gogh

## Music
### Performers
* B. A. D., the Taiwanese boy band, who formed in 1998
* Big Audio Dynamite, Mick Jones' post-Clash band, from London
* Royce da 5'9", the American rapper known as Bad, in the group Bad Meets Evil

### Albums
* *Bad* (album), a 1987 album by Michael Jackson
* *BAD*, or *Bigger and Deffer*, the second album by LL Cool J, 1987

### Songs
* "Bad" (U2 song), 1984
* "Bad" (Michael Jackson song), 1987
* "Bad", from the 2011 album *Symphony Soldier* by The Cab
* "Bad" (Wale song), 2013
* "Bad" (David Guetta and Showtek song), 2014
* "Bad!" (XXXTentacion song), 2018
* "Bad" (James Bay song), 2019
* "Bad", by Don Diablo, featuring Zak Abel, 2020

### Other music
* Bad (tour), a Michael Jackson world tour

## Places
* "Bad" is the German word for "bath/spa" and so is found in many placenames in German-speaking Europe, e.g. Bad Kissingen
* Bad, Azerbaijan, a village in the Quba District
* Bad, a village in the Agra district of India
* Bad, Uttar Pradesh, a census town in India
* Bād, alternate name for Badrud, a city in Iran
* Bad River (disambiguation), various rivers

## Transport
* Banstead railway station, Surrey, England (National Rail station code)
* Barksdale Air Force Base, Bossier City, Louisiana, US (IATA airport code BAD)

## Other uses
* Bad (economics), the opposite of a good
* Bad (cuneiform), a cuneiform sign
* Little Miss Bad, a character in the *Little Miss* series of books by Roger Hargreaves
* Banda languages, spoken in Central Africa (ISO 639-2 and -5 codes "bad")
* Bipolar affective disorder
* Turkish cold bulgur soup, also known as Bad (Bat) in Turkish

## Related pages
* BADD (disambiguation)
* List of people known as the Bad
* *Bad 25*, 2012 special 25th anniversary edition of the Michael Jackson album *Bad*
* *Bad 25* (movie), a 2012 documentary movie about the Michael Jackson album
* 
*
Enid Bennett

**Enid Eulalie Bennett** (15 July 1893 – 14 May 1969) was an Australian silent film actress, however she mainly appeared in American movies. She is known for her role in *The Courtship of Myles Standish* (1923).

On 14 May 1969, Bennett died at her home in Malibu, California, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* Enid Bennett at Virtual History
Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely

**Mair Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely** (born 16 February 1967) is a Welsh Labour politician who is currently serving as the First Minister of Wales and the Leader of Welsh Labour since 2024. She previously served as Cabinet Secretary for Health and Social Care in the Welsh Government from 2021 to 2024.

## Notes
## References
Ben 10 (2016 TV series)

***Ben 10*** is an animated television series created by Man of Action for Cartoon Network. It is a reboot of the Cartoon Network series of the same name also created by Man of Action. The series is served as a parallel world. The series premiered in Australia, New Zealand and Asia-Pacific on October 1, 2016, and premiered in the United States on April 10, 2017, before concluding on April 11, 2021, after four seasons, a film, and three specials, the latter featuring a crossover with *Generator Rex* and previous *Ben 10* television series continuity, via the concept of the multiverse.

A film based on the series, *Ben 10 Versus the Universe: The Movie*, was announced on February 19, 2020, and was aired on October 10, 2020.

## Plot 
Building on the highly successful franchise about kid hero Ben Tennyson, Ben 10 introduces a re-imagined Ben, his cousin Gwen, and Grandpa Max, as they travel the country during summer vacation. When Ben finds the Omnitrix, a mysterious watch that transforms him into 10 different aliens, a world of extraterrestrial superpowers opens up to him. The series is produced by Cartoon Network Studios and created and executive produced by Man of Action Entertainment (*Big Hero 6*, *Generator Rex* and the original four *Ben 10* shows in their shared continuity), with John Fang (*Mixels*, *Generator Rex*) on board as supervising producer.

### Premise 
Ten-year-old Ben Tennyson has spent his summer vacation traveling across the country with his cousin Gwen and Grandpa Max, in an RV nicknamed the Rustbucket. However, after coming across a strange high-tech watch known as the Omnitrix, which enables him to transform into 10 alien heroes, he finds himself in the position of a superhero. At each place his family stops, Ben goes from trying to find a source of entertainment to doing battle against supervillains such as the mad scientist Dr. Animo, the dark sorcerer Hex, the psychotic clown Zombozo, the technology-loathing Steam Smythe, the emotionless Weatherheads, amongst other threats both big and small. Despite having lots to learn, he hones his hero skills with Gwen and Max's help.

## Episodes
Sombrero Galaxy

The **Sombrero Galaxy** (also known as **Messier Object 104**, **M104** or **NGC 4594**) is a unusual galaxy of unclear classification. It is located in the borders of constellation Virgo and Corvus. It is about 31.1 million light years away from the Milky Way galaxy. It is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters that stretch out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster. It has an isophotal diameter of about 94,900 to 105,000 light years, making it a little bigger in size than the Milky Way. |300x300px]]
It has a bright center, an unusually large central area, and a visible dust lane in its outer disk, which is viewed almost sideways. The dark dust lane and the central area give it the look of a sombrero hat (that is how it got its name). Astronomers first thought the halo was small and light, suggesting it was a spiral galaxy; but the Spitzer Space Telescope found that the halo was actually much larger and more massive, suggesting it is a giant elliptical galaxy.

## References
Charles Brantley Aycock

**Charles Brantley Aycock** was an American Democratic Party politician. He was the governor of North Carolina from 1901 to 1905. While he was governor, a number of reforms were carried out affecting areas such as welfare, child labor, and education.

## References
Cameron A. Morrison

**Cameron A. Morrison** was an American Democratic Party politician. He was the governor of North Carolina from 1921 to 1926. His term as governor was notable for various reforms including legislation providing for mother's pensions.

## References
Christina Soontornvat

**Christina Soontornvat** (; born 1980) is an American author, educator, and mechanical engineer. She won two Newbery Honors in 2021 for the children's books *A Wish in the Dark* and ''All Thirteen: The Incredible Cave Rescue of the Thai Boys' Soccer Team* (fiction and nonfiction, respectively). She won another Newbery Honor in 2023 for the middle grade novel "The Last Mapmaker".

## Early life and school 
Christina was born in 1980. She was the daughter of Amnaj Soontornvat, a business-owner from Thailand and granddaughter of Thai broadcasting executive Saengchai Sunthornwat. She went to Weatherford High School in Weatherford, Texas. She graduated in 1998. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Trinity University in 2002. She also has a Master of Science degree in science education from the University of Texas at Austin in 2007.

## Career 
Soontornvat worked at a science museum. In an interview, she said that *All Thirteen'', which tells the story of the 2018 Tham Luang cave rescue, was told "from the Thai perspective as much as possible, and to let people know about Thailand". Both books were givrn a Newbery Honor in 2021. It made Christina the third author to get two Newbery awards in the same year (after Meindert DeJong in 1954 and E. L. Konigsburg in 1968). It was created because of book festival cancellations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It included the Tucson Festival of Books, where Christina and Ellen had been told to speak on a panel. The event included live and pre-recorded parts featuring authors of children's and young adult books. 43,000 online viewers came on to see it.
# *In a Dark Land: A Changelings Story* (October 1, 2017)

### *Diary of an Ice Princess* books 
# *Snow Place Like Home* (June 25, 2019)
# *Frost Friends Forever* (June 25, 2019)
# *The Big Freeze* (March 3, 2020)
# *Slush Puppy Love* (June 2, 2020)

### Other books 
* *The Blunders: A Counting Catastrophe!* (February 11, 2020)
* *A Wish in the Dark* (March 24, 2020)
* *Simon at the Art Museum* (June 9, 2020)
* ''All Thirteen: The Incredible Cave Rescue of the Thai Boys' Soccer Team* (October 13, 2020)
* *The Ramble Shamble Children* (March 9, 2021)
* *The Last Mapmaker* (April 12, 2022)
* *The Tryout''

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Aditya Ranoliya

**Aditya Ranoliya** is an Indian filmmaker, writer, producer, and director based in Mumbai, India. He is the founder of Admake India Media Pvt. Ltd. and AR Studios, known for his significant contributions to the Indian film industry.

## Early Life and Education 
Aditya Ranoliya was born in Hansi, Haryana. He completed his Bachelor of Science degree from Kurukshetra University and later pursued a Master in Journalism from Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar.

## Career 
Aditya Ranoliya was born in Hansi, Haryana to Radhe Shyam Ranoliya and Chameli Devi. Aditya Ranoliya is the third among his four siblings. in 1997 He received his higher education from PCSD School in Hansi, his hometown. Aditya's childhood was full of hardships, His father had to work as a laborer to support the family. From a young age, he was interested in films and dreamed of coming to Mumbai. One day, his hard work brought him to the city of dreams, Mumbai.. He completed his Bachelor of Science degree in 2003 from Kurukshetra University and later pursued a Master in Journalism from Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar. in 2005.

## Filmography 
### As a Producer, Writer, and Director 
* *444 Days in the City* (MX Player)
* *The Lost Girl* (Hindi: Released nationwide in cinemas on April 5, 2024, by Panorama International Studios)

## Admake India Media Pvt. Ltd. 
Admake India Media Pvt. Ltd. is a renowned film production design and advertising agency based in Mumbai. The company has collaborated with some of the most prominent personalities and banners in the film industry, including Yash Raj Films, Dharma Productions, Fox Star Studios, UTV Motion Pictures, and more. Admake India is celebrated for its work on the Aiena Mahal set design in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's *Bajirao Mastani*.

## Awards 
* Cannes Film Festival - Best Director Award 2022
* Venice Film Festival - Golden Lion 2018
* Berlin International Film Festival - Silver Bear for Best Director 2019
* Toronto International Film Festival - People's Choice Award 2022
* Sundance Film Festival - Grand Jury Prize 2018
* BAFTA Award for Best Film 2018
* Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 2019
* Golden Globe Award for Best Director 2020

## References 
## Other websites
Robert Broadnax Glenn

**Robert Brodnax Glenn** was an American Democratic Party politician who served as governor of North Carolina from 1905 to 1909. His time as governor was notable for the expansion of education and public health services along with other reforms.  

## References
William Walton Kitchin

**William Walton Kitchin** was an American Democratic Party politician who served as governor of North Carolina from 1909 to 1913. His time as governor, according to one study, was one of “tremendous increases in expenditures for public education, public health service to the feebleminded, and expansion of swampland affected by significant drainage laws.” A number of other reforms such as ones concerning labor were also passed.

## References
Bright Side (YouTube channel)

**Bright Side** is a video channel on the American videosharing platform YouTube. It was created on 15 March 2017 by the media publisher TheSoul Publishing. It makes how-to, trivia, riddle, and life hack videos. It has over 45 million subscribers to its main channel. It also has 11 billion views in total and over seven thousand videos.

## History 
During the June of 2019, the channel made the 382-day fast of Angus Barbieri in 1965 popular by making a video about it. After just a week, the video was seen three hundred thousand times.

The most seen video from the channel is "13 Tips on How to Survive Wild Animal Attacks", which was made during the September of 2017. It currently has been seen over ninety-three million times.

## Company 
The company that made the channel, TheSoul Publishing, was made by two Russian developers, Pavel Radaev and Marat Mukhametov. as well as more than forty Facebook pages. They also have more than two thousand one hundred members.

## References
Ashina Revolt

The Ashina rebellion was a revolution that resulted in the establishment of the First Turkic khaganate and the fall of the Rouran state.

## Reason for Revolt 
After a series of diplomatic relations, Bumin, the first known Turkic ruler, was officially recognized by the Western Wei state and subsequently annexed the Töles tribes. As a result, he began to see himself as equal to the Rouran state to which he belonged, and to prove this to the Rouran Khagan, he wanted to marry his daughter. For this purpose, he sent an envoy to the Rouran Khan and attempted to marry his daughter. The Rouran leader A-na-kuei rejected this proposal very strongly. He then sent a counter envoy and insulted Bumin by saying, "You are my iron-working slave, how dare you speak to me?". Thus he declared that he did not recognize Bumin as a power. Bumin killed A-na-kuei's envoy.

## Revolt 
In the spring of 552, the Gokturk horsemen, moving from the southeast of the Altai mountains, crossed the Gobi desert and arrived north of the Huai-huang region outside the Great Wall of China, where they defeated A-na-kuei's army. 

Unable to bear the pain of defeat, A-na-kuei committed suicide and the Rourans dispersed. Bumin became Il-Kagan and his wife became Khatun. The Rourans were killed and enslaved, never to establish a state again.

## References
Jeegar Chauhan

**Jeegar Chauhan** (born 18 March 1993) is an Indian film producer and the owner of Jeegar Chauhan Productions. He is recognized as a significant figure in the Gujarati film industry, known for producing notable films such as *Dhuandhaar* (2021), *Sonu Tane Mara Par Bharoso Nai Ke* (2022), *Congratulations (2023 film)* (2023), and *Lagan Special* (2024). LochaLaapsi (2024). 

## Early Life
Jeegar Chauhan was born in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, into a Gujarati family. He is the younger son of Vasantbhai Chauhan and Gitaben Chauhan. He has one sibling, Niraj Chauhan. Jeegar completed his schooling at Sharda Shishu Vihar School and later pursued a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) from Gujarat University, graduating from Som-Lalit Institute of Business Administration (SLIBA).

## Career
Jeegar Chauhan began his filmmaking career in 2018 with the unreleased film *Kesariya*. He later transitioned to producing a range of successful films, music videos, and web series. His collaboration with actor Malhar Thakar has been particularly noted, with the duo producing several hit films together.

## Filmography 
### Films 
#### Music Videos
#### Web Series
## References
The Pure Fusion Collective

**The Pure Fusion Collective** was an evil professional wrestling stable in WWE. They were a part of the Raw brand. The members of the group were Sonya Deville, Shayna Baszler, and Zoey Stark. 

On February 7, 2025, Deville's contract with WWE expired and she was removed from the Pure Fusion Collective. Baszler and Stark continued to wrestle as a tag team until May 2, when Baszler was released from her contract.
Khedivate of Egypt

The **Khedivate of Egypt** (Arabic: الْخُدَيْوِيَّةُ الْمِصْرِيَّةُ, Ottoman Turkish: خدیویت مصر) was an tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, created and ruled by the Muhammad Ali family.

The United Kingdom invaded Egypt and took control of it in 1882, basically making it a British puppet, but the Ottoman connection was kept. In 1914, the Ottoman Empire's link to Egypt was ended and Britain established a protectorate called the Sultanate of Egypt.

## References
Kingdom of France (1791–92)

The **Kingdom of France** (the remainder of the absolutist Kingdom of France) was a constitutional monarchy for around a year's time, between 1791 to 1792. After the Insurrection of 10 August 1792, the monarchy was suspended and later abolished by the Legislative Assembly.

## Background 
From 1789, France had a revolution against monarchy in the government. At the time, a idea of a fair and liberal constitution became more and more popular with the French people, and to the National Assembly. Louis XVI moved to Paris that year, but grew to hate it, planning the Flight to Varennes, which ruined the monarchy's already bad public opinion to be worse.

## Constitution 
After the Flight, Louis XVI was forced to submit to the constitution by the National Assembly. The new constitution was revolutionary and abolished the nobility of France and said all men were to be treated the same before the law.

!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="6"|
|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

## Related pages
* Louis XVI and the Legislative Assembly

## Citations 
## References 
*Fraser, Antonia: "Marie Antoinette: the Journey", Orion Books, London, 2001, 
*Hibbert, Christopher: "The French Revolution", Penguin Books, Great Britain, 1982, 
*Jones, Colin: "The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon", Columbia University Press, New York, 2002,
David Jacks

**David Jacks** (18 April 1822 &ndash; 11 January 1909) was a landowner, developer, and businessman in the US State of California. Born in Scotland, he emigrated to California, United States during the 1849 Gold Rush, and soon acquired several thousand acres in and around Monterey, shaping the history of Monterey County, California in the first decades of American possession. He is also credited as being the first to market and popularize Monterey Jack cheese.

He was born David Jack, but started spelling his last name "Jacks" once in California.

## References
## Other websites 
*A Memorial and Biographical History of the Coast Counties of Central California David Jacks, pp 241–249
*David Jacks Papers, 1845-1960 housed at Stanford University Libraries
Hyloxalus elachyhistus

The **Loja rocket frog** (*Hyloxalus elachyhistus*) is a frog.  It lives in  Ecuador and Peru.

## Body
The adult male frog is about 24.1 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is as big as 24.8 mm long.  It has disks on the toes of all four feet for climbing. This frog has a light yellow or light brown stripe on the sides of its body. The stripe has brown or black color around it. The chest is yellow with some gray marks. The belly can be white or yellow with gray marks. The iris of the eye is gray-brown in color.

## Home
This frog is awake during the day. It lives in forests that do not have much water in the air. It lives on mountains and in lower places.  People have seen the frog in streams, pools of water, and on farms. People have seen this frog between 540 and 2760 meters above sea level.

Many of the places the frog lives are protected parks, for example Reserva Ecológica de Chaparri, and Área de Conservación Regional Bosques Secos Salitral-Huarmaca, Reserva Ecológica Buenaventura, and Reserva Laipuna.

## Young
The male frogs sit near stones that are part in the water and part above the water, or they sit next to a stream, and they call to the female frogs. After the eggs hatch, the adult frogs carry the tadpoles to water.  Scientists have seen one female frog carrying tadpoles on her back. All the other adult frogs they saw carrying tadpoles were male frogs. Scientists saw the tadpoles swimming from January to July. 

The tadpoles are 3.3–7.4 mm long not counting the tail and 9.8–17.4 mm long with the tail when the adults carry them to water. They can grow to be as big as 10.8 mm without the tail and 32.5 with the tail.

## Danger
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature says this frog is not in danger of dying out from planet Earth, but the government of Peru says it is "endangered" in Peru and the government of Ecuador says it is "vulnerable" in Ecuador. Many of the frogs died years ago. Scientists think this could be because of the fungal disease chytridiomycosis but they are not sure. Mostly, human beings change the places where the frog lives to get wood to build with, make places for cows to eat grass, and make farms. Bad chemicals and fish from other parts of the world could kill this frog.

## References
The Tortured Poets Department

***The Tortured Poets Department*** is the 11th studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was released on April 19, 2024. 

An expanded version of the album, named ***The Anthology***, was released not long after.

## Content 
*The Tortured Poets Department* has 16 songs, with *The Anthology* having 31. Most of them were co-written by Swift and Jack Antonoff and Aaron Dessner. Many of the songs in the album are about Swift's life and public image.

## Release 
The album was announced on February 4, 2024 during the 66th Annual Grammy Awards. *The Tortured Poets Department* was released on April 19, 2024. The expanded version, *The Anthology*, released two hours later. and sold well, selling over two million units by July 2024.

## Track listing 
## References
Hortense de Roux

**Hortense de Roux** (born 11 November 1981) is theCEO of HEC Alumni.
She graduated from HEC Paris, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, Paris-Panthéon-Assas University and EFB. She is also Partner at Ashurst LLP, a multinational law firm.

## References
Voepass Linhas Aéreas Flight 2283

On 9 August 2024, **Voepass Linhas Aéreas Flight 2283**, an ATR 72-500 Brazilian domestic flight from Cascavel to Guarulhos, crashed in Vinhedo, São Paulo State. The plane was flying at an altitude of  before to stalling and spun with a rapid descent at around 13:22 BRT. All 62 people on board died.

The crash was the deadliest aviation accident in Brazil since TAM Airlines Flight 3054 in July 2007. 

Aviation experts believe that ice buildup could have been a reason for the crash.

President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was at an event in the south of the country when he received news of the crash and asked for a moment of silence at the event for those on board. Later that evening, he declared three days of national mourning in response to the crash.

On 24 June 2025, the Brazilian aviation agency Anac permanently cancelled the Air Operator Certificate of Voepass Linhas Aéreas, ending its commercial flights. The decision came after inspections found cracks near the wing and fuselage, damage to the aircraft structure, and missing repair records. A fatal crash in Vinhedo in August 2024 killed 62 people, leading to closer inspections. Between 2023 and 2025, Voepass faced 15 official cases. Despite a flight suspension in March and a court recovery request in April, the airline could not fix its safety issues.

## References
Jaume Bertran

**Jaume Bertran** is a cartographer author of three maps The first chart was signed in Barcelona in 1456 and are conserved at the Greenwich Maritime Museum. The other two were signed in Mallorca in 1482 and in 1489, and are conserved at State Archives of Florence, and at Marucelliana Library in Florence

It follows the style of Mallorcan cartography, and the language of the maps is Catalan. The one from Barcelona is the only surviving medieval portolan chart made in this city.

## Related pages 
* Catalan Atlas

## References
Samogitian language

The **Samogitian** ("lowlander") dialect is a dialect of the Lithuanian language. This dialect is spoken at the Northern Samogitian or Douninikų. and some people consider this dialect as an seperate language.

## References
Catalan Atlas

**Catalan Atlas** ( ,  ) is a world map created in the 14th century in the Catalan school of medieval cartography . Prepared in Palma de Mallorca around 1375 by the Jew Abraham Cresques and his son Jafuda Cresques, commissioned by the Aragonese king Juan I. As a gift to the French king, it has long been kept in Paris (now in the National Library of France ).

The atlas originally consisted of six sheets of parchment, which were later cut in half and stretched over wooden boards. The first sheets deal with issues of cosmography, astronomy and astrology (in particular, the spherical shape of the Earth is noted). Practical advice for sailors is also provided. The last four sheets of the atlas are an expanded portolan chart with information about overseas countries according to Marco Polo and John Mandeville . North, according to the Arab tradition, is below . The cities' affiliations are indicated by flags.

## References 
## Further reading
*
Dan Feuerriegel

**Daniel Gregory Feuerriegel** (born October 29, 1981) is an Australian actor. He is known for his role as "Agron" in the series *Spartacus: Blood and Sand*, *Spartacus: Vengeance* and *Spartacus: War of the Damned*. Starting in 2021, he starred in *Days of Our Lives* as EJ DiMera.

## References
## Other websites
*
Scrub Daddy

**Scrub Daddy** is a line of cleaning products made by Scrub Daddy, Inc. Their best known product is a sponge in the shape of a smiley face. Most of their products are made of a polymer that becomes hard in cold water and soft in warm water. As of 2019, Scrub Daddy made more money than any other product shown on *Shark Tank*, a reality TV series created by ABC.

## History 
While he was working as a car cleaner, Aaron Krause damaged the outside of a car, so he started a company that made cleaning pads. In August 2008, 3M bought his company, but not the sponges, which were not sold. Four years later, he realized they could be successful after he used them to clean his dishes and lawn furniture.

Scrub Daddy, Inc. was founded in 2012. In October that year, Aaron was on *Shark Tank*, of which Lori Greiner gave him $200,000 to own 20% of the company. Greiner then helped Scrub Daddy to be sold in stores such as Bed Bath & Beyond. In January 2017, Scrub Daddy, Inc. reached $100 million in sales, more than any other *Shark Tank* product. As of October 2019, the company had sold $209 million of products. In Season 14 Episode 13, it was said that Scrub Daddy had 273 employees and 160 products, which were sold in 257,000 retail locations. They were also one of the five companies on *Shark Tank* to have made the most money, with more than $670 million in sales.

## Products 
### Scrub Daddy 
Scrub Daddy is made from a strong polymer. Older patents say that this is polycaprolactone. Aaron Krause owns two patents on its design. including scouring pads, dual-sided sponges, sink organizers, soap dispensers and household erasers.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Rancho Pescadero

**Rancho Pescadero** (also called "Punta del Cipreses") was a  Mexican land grant in present day Monterey County, California given on March 3, 1836 by Governor Nicolás Gutiérrez to Fabián Barreto. Pescadero means fishing place in Spanish. The grant extended along the Pacific coast from Rancho Punta de Pinos and Seal Rocks south to Carmel by the Sea and encompassed present day Pebble Beach, California.

## History
Fabián Barreto, a Mexican who came to Monterey in 1827 married María del Carmen Garcia Barreto Madariaga in 1833. Barreto received the one square league grant in 1836, but died in 1841. His widow, Maria, sold the Rancho Pescadero most likely becaue she could not pay the taxes on the land. David Jacks acquired the property through John Frederick Romie. David Jacks married Maria Cristina Soledad Romie (1837-1917) on April 20, 1861, in San Luis Obispo, California and produced nine children, with only seven surviving childhood.
 
With the Mexican Cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Pescadero was filed by John C. Gore with the Public Land Commission in 1853,
 but the grant was patented to David Jacks in 1868. David Jacks sold the rancho to the Pacific Improvement Company in 1880.

## References
Nicholas Hamilton

**Nicholas William Hamilton** (born May 4, 2000) is an Australian actor and musician. He is known for his roles as Henry Bowers in *It Chapter One* and *Chapter Two* and superhero Maverick in *Gen V*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Kepler-283 c

**Kepler-283 c** is an extrasolar planet that circles Kepler-283, a K-type star. It circles Kepler-283 every 93 days in the circumstellar habitable zone. It was discovered by the Kepler space telescope in 2014.

## References
Pacific Improvement Company

The **Pacific Improvement Company** was a large California company that was part of the Southern Pacific Railroad. It was started in 1878 by four influential men known as the Big Four. These men were Leland Stanford,  Collis Potter Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker. They were wealthy businessmen who helped build the Central Pacific Railroad. They actively participated to remove Chinese American presence in the 19th Century anti-Chinese movement.

## History
The Pacific Improvement Company was started in San Francisco, California, on November 4, 1878. It had $5,000,000 in capital, divided into 5,000 shares worth $100 each. The company’s directors were J. H. Strobridge, F. S. Douty, Authur Brown, B. R. Crocker, and W. E. Brown.

The Pacific Improvement Company was involved in many big projects, including building the Hotel Del Monte in 1880, a large resort hotel in Monterey, California. By the 1880s, it had grown into one of the largest companies in the Western United States. The company was in charge of businesses like shipping, mining, publishing, land development, resort hotels, electric streetcars, and water systems.

In 1880, the Pacific Improvement Company purchased Rancho Pescadero from a businessman David Jacks. In 1919, the company was sold to Del Monte Properties.

## References
## Other websites
* Pacific Improvement Company
Kern Valley High School

**Kern Valley High School** is a small high school in Lake Isabella, California. It is one of the high schools in the Kern High School District. The school has a staff of about 80 teachers and support staff, and about 484 students.

## References
Nondenominational Christianity

A Christian church that is non-denominational is one that is not affiliated with any of the official denominations or mainline churches, including the Methodist, Baptist, Catholic, Pentecostal, Lutheran, or Presbyterian churches. Church denominations are established groups of people/organizations who share a common identity, set of values, and customs. Non-denominational churches do not belong to or have formal affiliation with any one Christian denomination.

Within denominational churches, policies regarding membership, leadership roles, and doctrine may be established by the larger organization. Within non-denominational churches, individual churches make decisions regarding different aspects of church life. The second half of the 20th century saw the emergence of non-denominational churches. It was here in the United States that they initially began to appear, even though there are now many of them in several countries throughout the world. 

A non-denominational church's founding motivations may vary depending on the unique circumstances and beliefs of its founders, but generally speaking, these churches were founded out of a need for independence and a desire to return to the core beliefs of Christianity found in the Bible, freed from the doctrinal and occasionally political ties that many long-standing denominational churches had amassed over the years. 

The term "non-denominational" gained popularity in the United States in the late 20th century, although the idea of non-denominational churches originated in the 1800s with the Restoration Movement, which espoused "no creed but Christ." As it became more popular, people who wanted to escape the strict doctrines of mainline denominations began to follow it.
Dictatus Papae

***Dictatus papae*** is a list of 27 rules written by Pope Gregory VII in 1075. These rules describe the powers of the Pope and show his authority over both the Church and the kings. The *Dictatus papae* is important in history because it played a big part in a conflict between the Pope and European rulers called the Investiture Controversy.

## Historical background 
### The Church and the Pope's power 
In medieval times, the Church was very powerful and influenced many aspects of life, including politics. The Pope was the leader of the Church, but his authority was often challenged by kings who wanted to control the Church in their countries.

### Pope Gregory VII 
Pope Gregory VII, born Hildebrand of Sovana, became Pope in 1073. He wanted to make the Church stronger and more independent from kings. Gregory VII worked to end corruption in the Church, enforce rules for priests to be celibate (not marry), and stop the buying and selling of Church positions.

## Contents of the *Dictatus papae* 
The *Dictatus papae* includes 27 statements about the Pope's powers. Some key points are:

# The Roman Church was founded by God alone.
# Only the Pope can use the symbols of the emperor.
# All princes must kiss the Pope's feet.
# The Pope has the power to remove emperors.
# Only the Pope can call general church meetings.
# The Pope can release people from their loyalty to bad rulers.

These rules show that the Pope claimed to have supreme authority over both the Church and the rulers of countries.

## Impact and importance 
### Investiture Controversy 
The *Dictatus papae* was important in the Investiture Controversy, a conflict about who had the right to appoint church leaders like bishops. Pope Gregory VII said only the Pope could do this, not kings. This led to a fight with Emperor Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire. Gregory VII excommunicated (excluded) Henry IV from the Church, and Henry IV had to ask for forgiveness.

### Church reforms 
The *Dictatus papae* was part of a larger effort to reform the Church and make it more independent from kings. These reforms, led by Gregory VII, changed how the Church was run and made the Pope more powerful.

### Lasting effects 
The ideas in the *Dictatus papae* influenced the relationship between the Church and European rulers for many years. The document helped develop the idea that the Pope had ultimate authority over both religious and political matters. This set the stage for future conflicts and negotiations between the Church and kings.

## References 
# "The Papacy and the Papal State." Catholic Encyclopedia.
# "Investiture Controversy." Encyclopedia Britannica.
# "Pope Gregory VII and the Dictatus Papae." Medieval History.
# "The Gregorian Reform Movement." The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Christianity.
# "The Role of the Pope in Medieval Europe." The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Gunilla Ahren

**Gunilla Ahren** (born February 9, 1944) is a retired para-alpine skier from Sweden. She competed for her country in Paralympic alpine skiing at the 1984 and 1988 Paralympic Winter Games, both in Innsbruck, Austria, and won six medals: four gold, one silver, and one bronze.
## Career 
Ahren competed in the 1984 Winter Paralympics in the LW6/8 category and won four gold medals: in the slalom (with a time of 1:16.04), giant slalom (1:28.68), downhill (1:09.20), and Alpine super combined.

In the 1988 Winter Paralympics, she won a silver medal in the slalom race (gold went to Martina Altenberger with 1:15.63, and bronze to Eszbieta Dadok with 1:37.46), and a bronze medal in the downhill with a time of 1:17.64 (Martina Altenberger won gold with 1:13.87, and Nancy Gustafson took silver with 1:14.51). She also competed in the giant slalom.

Ahren also participated in the 1990 World Paralympic Championships.
## References 
## Other websites 
* Gunilla Ahren at Paralympic.org