open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Newbie

**Newbie** is a slang term for a new person in a community, group, or video game, and especially on the internet.  "Newb" is short for newbie and another slang term that comes from the word "new". Another similar word is 'noob'. A noob usually means a bad player in a game, or someone who does not know the rules of a community yet. Being called a noob is usually not a good thing especially if it is told by an "Epic Gamer". 

## History  
The use of the word "newbie" originated in World War II. It was a word veterans used to describe new recruits. 

In recent years, however, the term has been used more often in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG)s or other internet based games. It can also mean someone who has a high level in a game, but is not a skilled player. A person new to a game or a younger player can be referred to as a newbie. 

Many places, such as internet forums or online communities, use the word "noob" differently than the word "newbie". A newbie is simply someone who is new to the forum or game. But a noob or n00b is someone who has been around long enough to know better, but doesn't. A noob is thought of as having no respect for the rules and does not seem to want to do anything for himself. So noob has become an offensive term on the internet. To behave like a noob can mean getting disrespect and a lack of interest from other players.

Noobs are usually referred to by the 1337 (pronounced "leet") or skilled players, who have marginally higher experience in the game.  When a leet soundly defeats a noob, he is said to be "pawning noobs". Recently "noob" is used mainly just as a name to refer to other players in various online games.  It's usually a derogatory term, but can be exchanged as a friendly greeting. A noob is sometimes confused with a "choob" (a low skilled person in a game, but having acquired nice things as a result of playing).  

## References
Bodhisattva

A **bodhisattva** is a Buddhist who is on their way to become a Buddha. They have attained a certain level of enlightenment, but decide not to enter Nirvana so that they can continue helping living beings in the world. 

The word **Bodhisattva** can also refer to certain specific bodhisattvas such as Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri and Vajrapani.

Many bodhisattvas made a special vow that defines their personality or method of helping people. For example, Kshitigarbha vowed not to attain enlightenment until there were no more beings in hell. Some Buddhas, such as Amitabha, made certain vows when they were bodhisattvas. He became a Buddha when these vows were fulfilled. 

## Related pages
*Buddha
Tackey and Tsubasa

**Tackey & Tsubasa** (タッキー&翼) is a Japanese pop duo from Johnny & Associates. Its two members are Hideaki Takizawa (Japanese: 滝沢秀明, *Takizawa Hideaki*) and Tsubasa Imai (今井翼, *Imai Tsubasa*). They are known for their Japanese television dramas and they have been successful with numerous hit singles, especially "Kamen" and "Venus". Their records are produced by Avex Trax.

## Discography 
### Singles 
# (26.02.2003) To be, To be, Ten made To be
# (12.11.2003) Yume Monogatari (夢物語)
# (11.02.2004) One Day, One Dream
# (03.11.2004) Serenade (愛想曲(セレナーデ))
# (04.05.2005) Kamen/Mirai Koukai (仮面/未来航海)
# (18.01.2006) Venus
# (09.08.2006) Ho! Summer (Ho! サマー)
# (04.18.2007) x ~Dame~ / Crazy Rainbow (x～ダメ～ / Crazy Rainbow)
# (08.08.2007) SAMURAI

### Albums 
# (11.09.2002) Hatachi
# (28.04.2005) Twenty Two
# (15.11.2006) Two You Four You

### Compilations 
# (17.10.2007) Tackey & Tsubasa BEST Album

## Other websites 
* Tackey & Tsubasa Official Website
* Tackey & Tsubasa Oricon Page
* Takizawa Hideaki fansite 
* Imai Tsubasa fansite
Fruits Basket

**Fruits Basket**(フルーツバスケット) is a Japanese manga and anime series about an eponymous student. The manga series ran from 1999 to 2006. An anime television series adaptation aired in 2001.

## Plot 
Tohru Honda comes to live with the mysterious Sohma family. She discovers a terrible secret about them - 13 members of the family turn into twelve animals of the Chinese Zodiac, and the cat who was left out of the Chinese Zodiac. Whenever they are hugged by members of the opposite sex or become weak, they turn into each animals.

## Characters
*Momiji Sohma – He is born in the year of the Rabbit. Momiji is a cute, strange boy who acts like an elementary school student, when he is a freshman in high school.

## References
## Other websites 
* TokyoPop's Fruits Basket Site  (manga)
* FUNimation's Fruits Basket Site  (anime)
*  TV Tokyo's Fruits Basket Site (anime)
Lake District

. Harter Fell and Hard Knott can be seen, also a small tarn.]]]]

The **Lake District**, also known as **The Lakes** or **Lakeland**, is a rural area in north west England.  It is a popular vacation area, famous for its lakes and its mountains and its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and the Lake Poets.

It is on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

## History
Lake District National Park (created in 1951) is one of the fifteen National parks in the United Kingdom.

## Geography
The Lake District is about 34 miles (55&nbsp;km) across (north-to-south or west-to-east).  It is entirely within Cumbria, and is one of England's few mountainous regions. All the land in England higher than three thousand feet above sea level is in the Park. 
 
### 25 highest fells
The 25 highest fells (of those given an individual chapter in the *Pictorial Guides* by Alfred Wainwright) are:

# Scafell Pike, 978 m / 3210&nbsp;ft
# Scafell, 965 m / 3162&nbsp;ft
# Helvellyn, 951 m / 3118&nbsp;ft
# Skiddaw, 931 m / 3054&nbsp;ft
# Great End, 910 m / 2986&nbsp;ft
# Bowfell, 902 m / 2960&nbsp;ft
# Great Gable, 899 m / 2949&nbsp;ft
# Pillar, 892 m / 2926&nbsp;ft
# Nethermost Pike, 891 m / 2923&nbsp;ft
# Catstycam, 889 m / 2917&nbsp;ft
# Esk Pike, 885 m / 2903&nbsp;ft
# Raise (Lake District), 883 m / 2896&nbsp;ft
# Fairfield, 873 m / 2863&nbsp;ft
# Blencathra, 868 m / 2847&nbsp;ft
# Skiddaw Little Man, 865 m / 2837&nbsp;ft
# White Side, 863 m / 2831&nbsp;ft
# Crinkle Crags, 859 m / 2818&nbsp;ft
# Dollywaggon Pike, 858 m / 2815&nbsp;ft
# Great Dodd, 857 m / 2807&nbsp;ft
# Grasmoor, 852 m / 2795&nbsp;ft
# Stybarrow Dodd, 843 m / 2772&nbsp;ft
# St Sunday Crag, 841 m / 2759&nbsp;ft
# Scoat Fell, 841 m / 2759&nbsp;ft
# Crag Hill, 839 m / 2753&nbsp;ft
# High Street, 828 m / 2717&nbsp;ft

### Lakes
Only one lake in the National Park has the word 'Lake' in its name, namely Bassenthwaite Lake. All the others such as Windermere, Coniston Water, Ullswater and Buttermere use other forms, such as 'mere' and 'water'. The major lakes and reservoirs in the park are given below.

The word 'tarn' is a local word used to describe any small lake that may otherwise be called a pond.

## Nomenclature
A number of words/phrases are local to the Lake District and are part of the Cumbrian dialect. These include:

*fell - brought to England by Viking invaders and close to modern Norwegian 'Fjell' meaning mountain
*tarn - a word that has been taken to mean a small lake in a corrie, it is a local phrase for any small pool of water
*Yan Tan Tethera - the name for a system of sheep counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District. Though now rare, it is still used by some and taught in local schools.

## Related pages 
* List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
* Yorkshire Dales

## References
## Other websites
*Lake District official website 
*Lake District Walks
*Illustrated Guide to the Lake District

## More reading
*Hollingsworth, S. 'The Geology of the Lake District: a review', *Proc. Geologists Assoc.*, 65 (Part 4) 1954
*Moseley, F. *Geology of the Lake District*, Yorkshire Geologic
Michelson–Morley experiment

The **Michelson–Morley experiment** was a scientific experiment to test for the presence and properties of a substance called aether. This was thought hypothetically to fill empty space. The experiment showed the substance did not exist.

The experiment was done by Albert A. Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887.

Since waves in water need something to move in (water) and sound waves do as well (air), it was believed that light also needed something to move in. Scientists in the 18th century named this substance "aether", after the Greek god of light. They believed that aether was all around us and that it also filled the vacuum of space. Michelson and Morley created this experiment to try and prove the  that aether existed. They did this with a device called an interferometer. This experiment is a test of Einstein's special relativity theory.

## The experiment 
 for a light source.]]
The Earth travels very quickly (more than 100,000 km per hour) around the Sun. If aether exists, the Earth moving through it would cause a "wind" in the same way that there seems to be a wind outside a moving car. To a person in the car, the air outside the car would seem like a moving substance. In the same way, aether should seem like a moving substance to things on Earth. 

The interferometer was designed to measure the speed and direction of the "aether wind" by measuring the difference between the speed of light traveling in different directions. It measured this difference by shining a beam of light into a mirror that was only partially coated in silver. Part of the beam would be reflected one way, and the rest would go the other. Those two parts would then be reflected back to where they were split apart, and recombined. By looking at interference patterns in the recombined beam of light, any changes in speed because of the aether wind could be seen.

They found that there was, in fact, no substantial difference in the measurements. This was puzzling to the scientific community at the time, and led to the creation of various new theories to explain the result. The most important was the Lorentz factor, which is used in Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity.

## Other websites 
* Early Experiments
* Modern Michelson–Morley Experiment improves the best previous result by two orders of magnitude, from 2003

## References
Leo III of Armenia

, 1250]] 
**Leo (or Leon) III of Armenia** (c.1236-1289) was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1270 to 1289. He was the son of Hethum I of Armenia and Queen Isabella of Armenia.  
 
In 1262 Leo married Keran (Kir Anna), the daughter of Prince Hethum of Lampron.
In 1266 Leo was captured and his younger brother Thoros killed while fighting the Mamluk invaders. Leo was ransomed by his father, who gave up the throne for him shortly after. He was known as a pious king, devoted to Christianity.

In 21 years of marriage Leo had 15 children by his wife Keran, eight sons and seven daughters. Two sons and two daughters died at an early age:
# Hethum II (ruled 1289 to 1293, 1294 to 1297, 1299 to 1307)
# Princess Fimi of Armenia (born c.1266)
# Princesse Sybil of Armenia (born c.1269)
# Thoros III (ruled 1293 to 1298)
# Prince Ruben of Armenia (born c.1272)
# Princess Zablun of Armenia (born c.1274)
# Princess Sybil (or Zabel) of Armenia (born c.1276)
# Sempad (ruled 1297 to 1299)
# Constantine III (ruled 1299)
# Isabelle of Armenia (died c.1321), who married Amalric of Tyre
# Princess Theophane of Armenia (born c.1278)
# Rita of Armenia, who married Michael IX Palaeologus, co-Emperor of the Byzantine Empire with his father Andronicus II Palaeologus
# Prince Nerses of Armenia (born c.1279)
# Oshin (ruled 1308 to 1320)
# Prince Alinakh of Armenia (born c.1283)

5 of his 15 children, Hethum, Thoros, Sembat, Constantine, and Oshin, later became the Armenian kings, who often fought each other to gain the throne.

He was succeeded by his son Hethum II.

## Bibliography
*
Armens

**Armens** (Armenian: Արմեններ, Առամեններ), were hypothetical and proposed tribes the people are called Arman, Armenic or Armanen. Recent linguistic studies present tried strong evidence that the Indo-European language group originates in Anatolia,  claiming that the Armens were generally tall, blond-haired, and blue-eyed in appearance, in contrast to the Urartians who tended to be slighter with black hair and black eyes.

## History 
At the end of the second millennium BC, another Indo-European ethnic group, closely related to Thracians and Phrygians and referred to by the Greeks as Armens, migrated to the Armenian Highland from Northern Balkans.
   
One theory suggests that the Armens were of Thracian origin, and related to the Phrygians. The Armens were near the head waters of the Halys, to the west of the Euphrates. The Armens seemed to have mixed blood with another Asiatic element whose patronymic Hai, became in time their national designation. The country where the Armens settled were a mountainous region, traversed by deep valleys and smiling plains.

## Etymology 
The word Armani, (mentioned in Akkadian inscriptions as early as 2400 BC) an early form of Armen-Armin or Arman denotes the national affiliation, as with many cultures standing for the particular nation thus, the God AR being the primary deity in the Indo-European (aka Aryan) pantheon - thus AR MAN denotes—Men of Ar or Children of Ar, again initially AR standing for ARAREL-ARARICH [hence Ar-Ar-At the Place of ARAR] -- Create-Creator, also Sun, Light, Life and Love.

## References 
## Related pages
*Hayasa-Azzi
*Kingdom of Armenia
William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne

**William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne**, KG, PC (2 May 1737–7 May 1805) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was born **William FitzMaurice** in Dublin in Ireland. Petty was known historically as **The Earl of Shelburne**.

## Titles from birth to death 
*Mr William FitzMaurice (1737-1751)
*Mr William Petty (1751)
*The Hon William Petty (1751-1753)
*Viscount FitzMaurice (1753-1760)
*Viscount FitzMaurice, MP (1760-1761)
*The Rt Hon The Earl of Shelburne (1761-1763)
*The Rt Hon The Earl of Shelburne, PC (1763-1782)
*The Rt Hon The Earl of Shelburne, KG, PC (1782-1784)
*The Most Hon The Marquess of Lansdowne, KG, PC (1784-1805)
Smaug

**Smaug** is a fictional dragon from *The Hobbit*. He is the main villain of the J.R.R. Tolkien book and its adaptations. The author called him a "most specially, greedy, strong and wicked worm".

## Fictional biography
Smaug is one of the most feared dragons on Middle-earth. He decided to sleep in a pile of gold until Bilbo Baggins woke him up. Smaug knows that Bilbo is after the Arkenstone. He left the area and decided to fly to Lake-town and ravage it with fire. He was killed by Bard the Bowman with an arrow.

## Peter Jackson trilogy (2012-2014)
In The Hobbit movie trilogy, Smaug's motion capture and voice were done by Benedict Cumberbatch. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the trilogy, specifically the end of the second movie. In the third movie, his death helped Sauron let his armies roam free.

## Other media
Smaug, voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch became an interviewed guest for a December 2014 episode of The Colbert Report with clips from the third movie.
Georgian language

**Georgian** (ქართული ენა, *kʰartʰuli ena*) is the official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus.

Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself (83 percent of the population), and of another 500,000 abroad (chiefly in Turkey, Iran, Russia, the United States and Europe). It is the literary language for all ethnographic groups of Georgian people, especially those who speak other South Caucasian languages (or *Kartvelian languages*): Svans, Megrelians, and the Laz.  Gruzinic, or "Kivruli", which is sometimes considered a separate Jewish language, is spoken by an additional 20,000 in Georgia and 65,000 elsewhere (primarily 60,000 in Israel).

## References
First Republic of Armenia

The **First Republic of Armenia**, 1918–1920, was the first modern establishment of an Armenian republic. The country was created after the Russian Tsarist empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917 that lost power. Its creation with borders were the Democratic Republic of Georgia in the north, the Ottoman Empire to the west, the Persian Empire to the south, and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic to the east.

## End of the Republic, 1920 
Armenia gave way to communist power in late 1920. In September 1920, the Turkish revolutionaries moved in on the capital. First an armistice was concluded, on November 18, and then a full peace treaty - Treaty of Alexandropol on 2nd and/or 3rd of December 1920.

During that time, the Soviet 11th Red Army invasion started on the 29th of November 1920. The actual transfer of power took place on December 2 in Yerevan. Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum, presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary Boris Legran - who was at work as one of major Russian diplomats on Caucasus at that time. Armenia decided to join the Soviet sphere, while the Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, protect the Armenians, not to pursue non-communist Armenians. None of these promises were kept.

On December 4, 1920, the Red Army entered Yerevan, the government of Armenian Republic effectively stopped working. On December 5, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee (Revkom; made up of mostly Armenians from Azerbaijan) also entered the city. Finally, on the following day, December 6, Felix Dzerzhinsky's dreaded secret police, the Cheka, entered Yerevan, thus effectively ending the existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia.
The rest of Armenia was under control of the communist government. The part by Turkey remained for the most part theirs - by the subsequent Treaty of Kars. Soon, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed, under the leadership of Aleksandr Miasnikyan. It was to be included into the newly created Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic.

## Related pages
* Armenia
* Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan
* Democratic Republic of Georgia

## References
South Caucasus

**South Caucasus**, also referred to as **Southern** **Caucasia**, is the southern area of the Caucasus region spanning Europe and Asia, going from the Greater Caucasus to the Turkish and Iranian borders, between the Black and Caspian Seas. 

 in USSR, 1952-1991.]]
All of Armenia is in the South Caucasus; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan, including the exclave of Naxçıvan, fall within this area. The countries in the region produce oil, manganese ore, tea, citrus fruits, and wine.

The region is one the most complicated in the post-Soviet area, and has three heavily disputed areas – Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

## History 
The region was combined togerther twice – during the Russian Civil War (Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the Soviet rule (Transcaucasian SFSR) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936. 

The area of Transcaucasia, which is where modern day Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia are located, is one of areas where the wine producing vines *vitis vinifera* grow. Some experts think that this may be where wine was produced for the first time.  Archeological excavation and carbon dating of grape pips from the area have dated back to 7000-5000BC. 

## Related pages
* Caucasus
* North Caucasus (Ciscaucasia)
* Ibero-Caucasian languages
* Peoples of the Caucasus

## Footnotes 
## Sources and references 
(incomplete)
* Transcaucasia (The Columbia Encyclopedia article)
Mongols

The name **Mongols** (Mongolian:  *Mongol*) explains one or more ethnic groups. A narrow definition includes the Mongols proper (self-designation *Monggol*), which can be split into eastern and western Mongols. In a broader sense, the **Mongol peoples** also people who speak a Mongolic language but use other self-designations, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.

The name *Monggol* has its meaning in the Tungusic languages and usually means "the invincible ones". At first, it was applied to a small and stillinsignificant tribe in the area of the Onon River. In the 13th, century it grew into an umbrella term for a large group of tribes united under the rule of Genghis Khan.

## Religion 
The polytheistic (believing in many gods) Mongols thought that good and evil spirits controlled the world. They also believed in a sky god, who ruled all the spirits. They called him "Tengri" (TENG gree), which means "the great god of heaven". The Mongols lived in fear of the spirits and hoped for blessings from them.

Every yurt had small idols made of felt. The wives and daughters of the nobles made those idols at sewing parties. The Mongols believed that the idols protected their families and animals. Before every meal, they put food and drink on the idols' lips. They also prayed to them.

The Mongols believed that some men, called "shamans" (SHAH muns), had power over the spirits. The shamans were the priests of the traditional Mongol religion, called "shamanism" (SHAH muh NIZ um). The shamans were medicine men and witch doctors and used a special language when doing their magical . The Mongols talked to their shamans they made major big decisions and followed their .

### Other religions 
The later empire of the Mongols had many people with many religions, including Christians. The most important Christian group in the Mongol Empire was the Nestorian Church, also called the Assyrian Church of the East. These Christians were named for Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople.

## United States 
## Related pages
* Mongol Empire
* History of Mongolia

## References 
## Other websites 
*Ethnic groups of Mongolia
*Ethnic map of Mongolia
La Liga

The **Campeonato Nacional de Liga de Primera División**, commonly known as **Primera División**, or **LaLiga**, and officially known as **LALIGA EA SPORTS** (stylized as all caps) for sponsorship reasons, is the men's top professional football league of the Spanish football league system. It is contested by 20 teams. Barcelona, ​​Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao are the teams that have never been relegated,The top scorer in the Spanish league is Lionel Messi (474 ​​goals)

## 2025–2026 clubs
* Alavés
* Athletic Bilbao
* Atlético Madrid
* Barcelona
* Celta Vigo
* Elche
* Espanyol
* Getafe
* Girona
* Levante
* Lisbon
* Mallorca
* Osasuna
* Oviedo
* Rayo Vallecano
* Real Betis
* Real Madrid
* Real Sociedad
* Sevilla
* Valencia
* Villarreal

## Champions
### Former champions
## Related pages
*Segunda División
*Segunda División B
Legolas

**Legolas** is a *The Lord of the Rings* character created by J. R. R. Tolkien. He is a Sindar Elf of the Woodland Realm and son of its king, Thranduil. He was a member of the Fellowship of the Ring. He is one of the most known Tolkien characters. He is also in many movies and video games and he was played by Orlando Bloom in Peter Jackson's *The Lord of the Rings* and *The Hobbit* trilogies.

## References
Stanley Marcus

**Stanley Marcus** (April 20, 1905 – January 22, 2002) was the president of the Neiman-Marcus company, a store in the United States that sells expensive clothing and . He became famous for inventing many new ways to sell products and new ways to tell people about his store.

Mr. Marcus created an award for people who designed clothing. He also began art shows in his store, to make people want to visit the store to see the art. In 1939, the company started a catalog, which is a book that shows all the products that people can buy from the store. In 1951, the catalog listed unusual gifts for people to buy. Many people started to read the catalog every year to see the unusual gifts.

In the 1940s, at the time of the Second World War, the government of the United States asked Mr. Marcus for help. The government wanted to make sure there would be enough fabric to make clothes for the military, so they asked Mr. Marcus to make rules about clothes for ordinary people. He made rules for companies that made clothes so that popular styles for women and men would not change every year. With these rules, people would not need new clothes so often. Also, he said that men's socks should not use rubber to make elastic to hold the socks in place. This rule made sure the government could use rubber for military products that were needed for the war.

## Personal life
Mr. Marcus married Mary "Billie" Cantrell in 1932. When he met her, Billie was working in the Neiman-Marcus store. She continued to work for four years. She retired in 1936 after she gave birth to a baby; they named the baby Jerrie. In 1938, she gave birth to twins, Richard and Wendy.

Mr. Marcus collected art and books. His favorite artists from Mexico were Rufino Tamayo, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and Antonio Ruíz. He became friends with Rivera and Tamayo. Mr. Marcus also liked American artists, such as Alexander Calder, who made sculptures, and Georgia O'Keeffe, who was a painter. He gave large amounts of money to a museum that showed O'Keeffe paintings.

The Degolyer Library at Southern Methodist University has a collection of things related to Mr. Marcus. The collection includes photographs, letters, and newspaper articles. Mr. Marcus also gave the library a collection of more than 5,000 miniature books. (Miniature books are very small books, small enough for a doll.)

## Other websites
*Career Highlights video, from Advertising Hall of Fame
* Infoplease, Noteworthy Deaths 2002
Sauron

**Sauron** is the main villain in J. R. R. Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings*. He is a Maia who wants to rule the Middle-earth with the help of the One Ring, which he lost thousands of years ago. His first appearance was in Tolkien's *The Hobbit*, where he was caller the "Necromancer" and he also appears in *The Silmarillion*, where he is the chief lieutenant of the first Dark Lord, Morgoth. He usually appears as a flaming eye. Sauron is in many adaptations of Tolkien's books, including Peter Jackson's *The Lord of the Rings* and *The Hobbit* trilogies.

## References
Collectivity of Saint Martin

**Saint Martin** (French: *Saint-Martin*), officially the **Collectivity of Saint Martin** (French: *Collectivité de Saint-Martin*), is an overseas collectivity of France. It was created on 22 February 2007. It is in the northern parts of the island of Saint Martin and nearby small islands. The southern half of the island is a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

## Demographics 
The French part of the island has a land area of . At the 2011 census, the population in the French part of the island was 36,286 (up from only 8,072 inhabitants at the 1982 census), which means a population density of  in 2011.

## Politics and government 
 region/department among the Leeward Islands, including Saint-Martin, prior to February 2007.]]

Saint Martin was for many years a French commune. It was part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas *région* and overseas *département* of France. Because of this, it is in the European Union. In 2003 the population of the French part voted for a split from Guadeloupe. They wanted to make a separate overseas collectivity (COM) of France. On February 9, 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both the French part of Saint Martin and neighbouring Saint-Barthélemy. The new took effect when the law was published in the Official Journal.

Saint Martin remains governed as it was when a commune within Guadeloupe—by a mayor and a municipal council elected by the European citizens living on the French side of the island. As is the case in metropolitan France since the promulgation of the Maastricht Treaty, nationals of any member state of the European Union are allowed to vote at the municipal elections. Nationals from countries not part of the European Union, which represent a large part of the population on the French side of the island, are not allowed to vote in the elections. In 2003, the people of the French part of the island voted to separate from Guadeloupe. In 2007, the French Parliament voted to make Saint Martin a overseas collectivity (COM) of France. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, once the local assemblies were elected,

Saint Martin remains part of the European Union. The official currency in Saint Martin is the euro (though the United States dollar is also widely accepted).

## Related pages
* Guadeloupe, French island in the Caribbean
* Martinique, French island in the Caribbean
* Saint Barthélemy, French island in the Caribbean

## References
Mount Ararat

**Mount Ararat** (Turkish: Ağrı Dağı; Armenian: Արարատ; Kurdish: Grîdax or Çiyayê Agirî) is the tallest peak in  the Armenian Highlands and modern-day Turkey. The mountain is always capped with snow, and it is a dormant volcano. 

It is in Iğdır Province, near the northeast corner of Turkey, 16&nbsp;km west of Iran and 32&nbsp;km south of the Armenian border. Although lying outside the borders of modern Armenia, the mountain is the principal national symbol of Armenia and has historically been considered a sacred mountain by Armenians. It has featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian irredentism. It is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia along with Noah's Ark.

## History 
This area was the Armenian kingdom of Ararat (in Assyrian: Urartu).  Armenians lived here for nearly 3000 years. In the 16th century the mountain became part of the border between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty of Persia. In 1828 it became the border of the Russian Empire. In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne put Ararat in the administration of Turkey. It remains a national symbol of Armenia. It was also part of the short-lived Kurdish Republic of Ararat.

## Gallery 

Image:Arar sil.jpg|Ararat, Climbing route at 4,700m
Image:Arar vrh1.jpg|Ararat, View on snow covered top from 4,900m
Image:Arar_dalj5.jpg|Ararat, from 2,700m
Image:Ararat dalj1.jpg|Ararat, from a village
Image:Arar_dalj2.jpg|Ararat, View with truck driving mountaineers
Image:Mount Ararat 2, Ararat Plain, Armenia.jpg|Ararat from Ararat plain
Image:Ararat.JPG|Ararat, from a Western Armenia perspective
Image:Armenia Khorvirap.jpg|Khor Virap monastery in front of Mount Ararat
Image:Yerewan with Ararat.jpg|Yerevan, Armenia with Mount Ararat
Image:Yerevan Mount Ararat.jpg|Yerevan, Armenia with Mount Ararat in the background
Image:Ararat at sunset.jpg|Ararat at sunset

## References
History of Armenia

The **history of Armenia** and Armenians is very ancient and can go back at least 2000 BC. Archaeologists say the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, and Armenia today, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to around 6000 - 4000 BC. But, a newer discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highlands and surrounding areas—the Kura-Araxes culture is in the period of ca. 4000 - 2200 BC, and is believed to have to go into the Trialeti culture (ca. 2200 - 1500 BC), and meaning Armenians are one of the oldest Indo-European subgroups.

## Urartu 
Urartu was an ancient kingdom in the Armenian Highlands.

Some experts say that the Armenians started as a mixture of the different peoples to move through the area in history: The Hurrians, Urarteans, Luvians and Mushki. This last group, also knowns as Phrygians may have brought their Indo-European language to Armenia. The Armenian language today is Indo-European, but shows a lot of influence from the earlier pre-Indo-European languages, especially Urartean. 

## Ancient period 
The Armenians had friendly relations with the Parthian empire. The fighting between the Roman Empire and Parthia was centered in Armenia. Armenia was in between Parthian and the Roman Empire. The Armenians had already played a role in the early history of the Roman-Parthian relations. Tigranes put military and political relations with Rome and Parthia on an international legal foundation. The Parthians were allies to Armenians in many times. Many Parthian noble families had moved out and they went to Armenia. In the year 301 AD, the Kingdom of Armenia adopted Christianity as its official state religion and Armenia went through a rapid period of Christianization and throughout the 4th century AD the whole of Armenia was Christianized and the Armenians all became Christian.

## Related pages 
*Hayasa-Azzi
*Battle of Rhandeia

## References 
## Other websites 
* Armenia at Livius.Org  (ancient history)
* All about Armenia by www.haias.net 
* Rulers.org — Armenia list of rulers for Armenia
* History of Armenia 
* A book about the history of Armenia from 1827. It was written by a priest.
Saruman

**Saruman**, also called **Saruman the White**, later **Saruman of Many Colours**, is a villain in J. R. R. Tolkien's *The Lord of the Rings*. He is the leader of the Istari, who are wizards sent to Middle-earth to stop Sauron. He later betrays the Istari and takes Sauron's side. His backstory is in *The Silmarillion* and *Unfinished Tales*. Saruman was played by Christopher Lee in Peter Jackson's *The Lord of the Rings* and *The Hobbit* trilogies.

## References
Sint Maarten

**Sint Maarten** (or **Saint Martin**) is a country that is part of the Netherlands. It is on the southern half of the island of St. Martin in the Caribbean.

The *Island area of St. Martin* () was part of the Netherlands Antilles, until the Antilles was dissolved in October 2010, when Sint Maarten became a "country" ("land") within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Government of the Netherlands is responsible for defence, foreign affairs and nationality law. Although part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the territory of Sint Maarten is not part of the European Union; however, its people are citizens of the European Union.

## Related pages
*Saint Martin
*Collectivity of Saint Martin

## References
French overseas collectivities

The **Overseas collectivities** (French: ''collectivité d'outre-mer* or *COM*), are an administrative division of France. These territories include some former overseas territories and other French overseas holdings with a particular status. All of these were given the name *collectivités d'outre-mer* because of a constitutional reform on March 28, 2003.

As of March 31, 2011, there are five of these communities:
* French Polynesia, with a great degree of autonomy, two symbolic manifestations of which are the title of the President of French Polynesia (*Le président de la Polynésie française'') and the territory's additional designation as a ''pays d'outre-mer''. Legislature: Assembly of French Polynesia.
* Saint-Barthélemy
* Saint-Martin
* Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, which has a Territorial Council.
* Wallis and Futuna in the Pacific Ocean, which is the only inhabited part of France that is not divided into communes.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official site 
*past and current developments of France's overseas administrative divisions like collectivité d'outre-mer (French language)
Frederick North, Lord North

**Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford**, KG, PC (13 April 1732–5 August 1792), more often known as, **Lord North**, was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. North had a major role in the American Revolution.

## Titles from birth to death 
*The Hon. Frederick North (1732-1752)
*Lord North (1752-1754)
*Lord North, MP (1754-1766)
*The Rt. Hon. Lord North, MP (1766-1772)
*The Rt. Hon. Lord North, KG, MP (1772-1790)
*The Rt. Hon. Lord North, KG (1790)
*The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Guilford, KG, PC (1790-1792)
Flyweight

In boxing, the term **flyweight** is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A flyweight is a boxer weighing above 49&nbsp;kg (108&nbsp;lb) and up to 52&nbsp;kg (112&nbsp;lb). Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size. Most divisions only separate each other by few lbs.

## Professional boxing
The flyweight division was the last of boxing's eight traditional weight classes. Before 1909, anyone below featherweight was considered a bantamweight. In 1911, the organization that eventually became the British Boxing Board of Control held a match that crowned Sid Smith as the first flyweight champion of the world. Jimmy Wilde, who reigned from 1914 to 1923, was the first boxer recognized both in Britain and the United States as a flyweight champion.

Other notable flyweights include Pancho Villa, Walter McGowan, Pascual Pérez, Pone Kingpetch, Fighting Harada, Masao Ohba, Chartchai Chionoi, Efren Torres, Erbito Salavarria, Miguel Canto, Dave McAuley, Charlie Magri, Gabriel Bernal, Santos Laciar, Sot Chitalada, Yong-Kang Kim, Yuri Arbachakov, Danny Romero, Mark "Too Sharp" Johnson, Manny Pacquiao, Jorge Arce, Vic Darchinyan, Nonito Donaire and Pongsaklek Wonjongkam.

## References
Newtonian telescope

A **Newtonian telescope** is a type of telescope that was invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton. The telescope sends an image to the back of the tube and then reflects it off an angled mirror back up the tube. The image then goes into an eyepiece and into the person's eye. The eyepiece uses one or more lenses that are used to make the image larger.

Early Newtonian telescopes were made for real science work. Now, "newtonians" are mostly used by amateur astronomers. The most popular type is the Dobsonian telescope, which is on a simple rockerbox mount. People like them because they are cheap to make and easy to use.

## References 
* Smith, Warren J., *Modern Optical Engineering*, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1966, p.&nbsp;400.
Project management

**Project management** is the way a person organizes and manages resources that are necessary to complete a project. People that manage projects are known as Project Managers. 

A project is a piece of work which is not a  or an operation. It has a start, an end, and goals. Projects can be very simple, like organizing a party, or very complex, like building a satellite.  

The management of a project requires special skills.  Project managers must ensure that the project is delivered within the existing limitations. These limitations can be time, cost, people, risk, and many more. Project managers must also ensure the best possible distribution of resources.  A project manager works mainly with people. They need to have people management skills, a good understanding of the tasks and skills needed on a project, an understanding of how long tasks will take, good organizing skills, good communication skills, and good efficiency skills.

Project managers do not need to know how to do all of the work that may be needed in a project. For instance, a building project manager does not need to know how to pour concrete. However, they need to know how to manage people that pour concrete, and they need to know how long concrete takes to pour, how much it costs, what needs to happen before concrete is poured, and what needs to happen after concrete is poured. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*History of Project Management
Vitré

**Vitré** is a city in the east of Brittany, France. Its name in the Breton language is ''* and Gallo is *Vitræ''. It has about 18,000 people. There are medieval streets, castles, churches, chapels and parks. It is a good example for a city of the Middle Ages.

## Gallery 

Image:Centre historique.JPG|View of Vitré 
Image:Castle-Vitre-France5.jpg|Castle of Vitré
Image:Église Notre-Dame Vitré.JPG|Notre-Dame Church

## Other websites 
* Town Hall and information about Vitré 
* Country of Vitré
* Vitré travel information at Wikivoyage
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire

**William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire**, KG, PC (bapt. 1 June 1720 - 2 October 1764) was a British Whig statesman who was Prime Minister of Great Britain for a short period of time.

## Titles from birth to death 
* Lord Cavendish of Hardwick (1720-1729)
* Marquess of Hartington (1729-1741)
* Marquess of Hartington, MP (1741-1751)
* The Rt. Hon. Marquess of Hartington (1751-1755)
* *His Grace* The Duke of Devonshire, PC (1755-1756)
* *His Grace* The Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC (1756-1764)
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham

**Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham,** KG, PC (13 May 1730-1 July 1782) was a British Whig statesman. He is most notable for his two terms as Prime Minister of Great Britain. He served in two high offices during his lifetime (Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Lords).

## Titles from birth to death 
* The Hon. Charles Watson-Wentworth (1730-1733)
* Viscount Higham (1733-1746)
* Earl of Malton (1746-1750)
* The Rt. Hon. The Earl Malton (1750-1750)
* The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham (1750-1761)
* The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham, KG (1761-1765)
* The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham, KG, PC (1765-1782)
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute

**John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute**, KG, PC (25 May 1713 - 10 March 1792) was a Scottish nobleman. He was Prime Minister of Great Britain (1762–1763) under King George III.
Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington

**Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington,** KG, KB, PC (1674–2 July 1743) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister of Great Britain. 

Compton served in government from 1715, and as the head of government from 1742 until his death in 1743.

Compton worked closely with Lord Carteret, to get the support of the various factions making up the Government.  Lord Carteret, was the Secretary of State for the Northern Department, which later became the Home Office.

## Styles from birth to death
*The Hon. Spencer Compton (1674-1698)
*The Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1698-1710)
*The Hon. Spencer Compton (1710-1713)
*The Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1713-1716)
*The Rt. Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1716-1725)
*The Rt. Hon. Sir Spencer Compton, KB, MP (1725-1728)
*The Rt. Hon. The Lord Wilmington, KB, PC (1728-1730)
*The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Wilmington, KB, PC (1730-1733)
*The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Wilmington, KG, KB, PC (1733-1743)

## References
Carcharodontosaurus

***Carcharodontosaurus*** was a giant carnivorous dinosaur of the Early Cretaceous period, 100 - 94 million years ago. It was about 12-12.5 meters (39-41 ft) long and had a weight of about 7 tons, and more than 4 metres tall. Fossils of this Cretaceous dinosaur were found in North Africa by a paleontologist named Ernst Stromer. 

*Carcharodontosaurus* was closely related to the slightly larger *Giganotosaurus carolinii*, its cousin from Argentina; they are both megalosaurid carnosaurs. Recent discoveries of *Carcharodontosaurus saharicus* put its adult length at 39 - 49 feet, making it the largest carnivorous dinosaur in Africa, after *Spinosaurus aegyptiacus*.

## Discovery 
Only two *Carcharodontosaurus saharicus* fossils have been found. Two teeth were found in the 1920s. Other parts were found in Egypt in the 1930s. They were destroyed in bombing raids on Munich in World War II while they were on display. Its jaws are narrow like those of *Giganotosaurus*. Its teeth were up to 7 inches long.

The type specimen was been named as "*Megalosaurus*" *saharicus* by Erns Stromer in 1921, but was been renamed by Depéret and Savornin Paleontologist's as a new species: *Carcharodontosaurus saharicus*. A other species that include is the *C. iguidensis* It may actually be the same species as *C. saharicus*, but that is still under debate. Many paleontologists do not consider *C. iguidensis* to be a valid species.

## Popular media 
*Carcharodontosaurus* is not too much a famous theropod, and it only appeared in a few assets of media. It made its first debut in Planet Dinosaur before it made its appearance in Dinosaur King. It also made its debut in Dinosaur Planet, where it was named instead as a pair of carcharodontosaurs. It had a inactive appearance on The Lost World novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, because where, in this story, it is shown roaming alongside the *Stegosaurus*.

## Notes
Shiver me timbers

**Shiver me timbers** is an expression of  that was mostly used by pirates. Originally, the phrase was **Shiver my timbers**.
Nastika

**Astika** (Sanskrit: : "orthodox")  and **Nastika**: ("heterodox") are technical terms in Hinduism used to classify philosophical schools and persons, according to whether they accept the authority of the Vedas as supreme revealed scriptures, or not. By this definition, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta  are classified as *astika* schools; while Charvaka, Jainism and Buddhism are considered *nastika* schools.

In non-technical usage, the term *astika* is sometimes loosely translated as "theist" while *nastika* is translated as "atheist".   However this interpretation is distinct from the use of the term in Hindu philosophy. Notably even among the *astika* schools, *samkhya* and the early *mimamsa* school do not accept a God (see Atheism in Hinduism) while accepting the authority of the Vedas; they thus are "atheistic *astika* schools".

The three main heterodox schools of Indian philosophy do not base their beliefs on Vedic authority:

* Buddhism
* Jainism
* Charvaka

The use of the term *nastika* to describe Buddhism and Jainism in India is explained by Gavin Flood as follows:

At an early period, during the formation of the Upanişads and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, we must envisage a common heritage of meditation and mental discipline practiced by renouncers with varying affiliations to non-orthodox (Veda-rejecting) and orthodox (Veda-accepting) traditions.... These schools [such as Buddhism and Jainism] are understandably regarded as heterodox (*nāstika*) by orthodox (*āstika*) Brahmanism.

The Tantric traditions in Hinduism, have both *astika* and *nastika* lines; as   Banerji writes in "*Tantra in Bengal*":

Tantras are ... also divided as *āstika* or Vedic and *nāstika* or non-Vedic.  In accordance with the predominance of the deity the *āstika* works are again divided as Śākta, Śaiva, Saura, Gāṇapatya and Vaiṣṇava.

## Related pages 
* Hindu philosophy

## Notes 
## References 
* 
* Flood, Gavin (Ed.), "*Blackwell companion to Hinduism"*, Blackwell Publishing, 2003. 
* Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. *A Source Book in Indian Philosophy*. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. .
Sanctuary (TV series)

***Sanctuary*** is a Canadian science-fiction-fantasy television series.

The show originally started out as a no-cost eight-webisode series and later expanded into a television-based 13-episode season after Syfy decided to buy the rights to it. The show ran for 4 seasons before Syfy said that the show had been cancelled.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
*
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne

**William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne** (15 March 1779 &ndash; 24 November 1848) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Lamb was elected to Parliament in 1806 as a member of the Whig party.
Lamb served as Irish Secretary in the government.  

Lamb became Lord Melbourne when his father died. His family home was in Melbourne in Derbyshire. Melbourne in Australia is named after William Lamb.  

Melbourne became Home Secretary during Lord Grey's government. Grey resigned in 1834 and Melbourne became Prime Minister.

Melbourne was dismissed by King William IV who wanted the Robert Peel's party.  Melbourne came back when the Whigs won the next election.  

Melbourne was Prime Minister when Queen Victoria became queen.  He helped her learn about how the government worked.  

Melbourne helped to reduce the number of people killed for doing crimes.  Melbourne also made changes to local government.

Melbourne resigned in 1841, and died on 24 November 1848.