open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
David Paterson

**David Alexander Paterson** (born May 20, 1954) is an American politician and the 56th Governor of New York. He is the first black governor of New York and the first legally blind governor of any state. He became governor when Eliot Spitzer resigned. Due to Paterson becoming governor, two black governors are serving at the same time for the first time in more than 100 years; as Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts is also African American. He chose not to run for governor in February 26, 2010.

## Other websites 
* Governor of New York  - Official Website of the Governor of New York
* Paterson for Governor  - Official Website of Paterson For Governor
* Project VoteSmart - Senator Paterson Biography 
*  Accolades posted to Spitzer's 2006 gubernatorial campaign website.
* 2008 Moment of Thanks video of Governor David Paterson thanking the troops

## References
1978–79 NHL season

The **1978–79 NHL season** was the 62nd season of the National Hockey League. The 17 teams of the league played an 80-game season.

The Montreal Canadiens beat the New York Rangers in the Stanley Cup finals four games to one for their fourth Cup in a row.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes*

*Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in **bold***
#### Prince of Wales Conference
#### Clarence Campbell Conference
### Scoring leaders
*GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
*All dates in 1979*

### Playoff bracket
### Preliminary round
**Vancouver Canucks vs. Philadelphia Flyers**

*Philadelphia wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1*

**Los Angeles Kings vs. New York Rangers**

*NY Rangers win best-of-three series 2 games to 0*

**Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames**

*Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0*

**Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Buffalo Sabres**

*Pittsburgh wins best-of-three series 2 games to 1*

### Quarterfinals
**Chicago Black Hawks vs. New York Islanders**

*NY Islanders win best-of-seven series 4 games to 0*

**Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens**

*Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0*

**Pittsburgh Penguins vs. Boston Bruins**

*Boston wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0*

**New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers**

*NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 1*

### Semi-finals
**New York Rangers vs. New York Islanders**

*NY Rangers win best-of-seven series 4 games to 2*

**Boston Bruins vs. Montreal Canadiens**

*Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 3*

### Finals
**New York Rangers vs. Montreal Canadiens**

As of 2008, it is the last time two Pre-war clubs met in the Finals.

*Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 1*

## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Funeral for a Friend

**Funeral for a Friend** (often known as **FFAF**) is a Welsh post-hardcore band. They have released five studio albums. The band was formed in 2001.

## Other websites 
*Official wesite. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
Justified (album)

***Justified*** is the debut studio album by pop entertainer Justin Timberlake. The album has famous singles like "Rock Your Body", "Cry Me A River", and "Like I Love You". The album was released in November 5, 2002. The album also has various guest appearances featuring in Timberlake's songs.

## Guest Artists 
*"Like I Love You" - Timberlake featuring Clipse
*"(And She Said) Take Me Now" - Timberlake featuring Janet Jackson
*"Right For Me" featuring Bubba Sprarxxx

## Track list 
# "Senorita" - 4:54
# "Like I Love You (feat. Clipse)" - 4:43
# "Oh No, What You Got" - 4:31
# "Take it from Here" - 6:14
# "Cry Me a River" - 4:48
# "Rock Your Body" - 4:27
# "Nothin' Else" - 4:58
# "Last Night" - 4:47
# "Still on my Brain" - 4:35
# "(And She Said) Take Me Now (feat. Janet Jackson)" - 5:31
# "Right for Me (feat. Bubba Sparxxx)" - 4:29
# "Let's Take a Ride" - 4:44
# "Never Again" - 4:34
Chicago Spire

The **Chicago Spire** was a skyscraper project that was being built in Chicago, Illinois, however, because of financial problems, the project was never finished. 

It would have stood  high with 150 floors and been the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.

However, interest in the Chicago Spire site has risen, drawing in at least a half-dozen offers for the property. The developer was considering a bid to take back control of the property, reigniting hope that the 2,000&nbsp;ft. skyscraper may actually be built. In 2014, a Chicago court ruled in favor of not building the skyscraper thus abandoning plans of it being constructed. 

On 4 November 2016, ownership of the property the tower was being built on was given to Related Midwest. In 2018, it was revealed that Related Midwest will build two skyscrapers at the site of the Spire. The Gateway Tower, a proposed  tall condo, is proposed to be built on the site of where the Spire would have been built.

## References
Duffy

**Amiee Ann Duffy** (born 23 June 1984), usually known as just **Duffy**,  is a Welsh singer, songwriter and actress from Bangor, Gwynedd. Her music style has been described as a mixture of soul, blue-eyed soul, pop rock, neo soul and pop music.

## Career
### 2007–2008: *Rockferry*
Her debut studio album, *Rockferry*, was released on 3 March 2008 and sold more than 6.5 million copies. The album and a single from the album, "Mercy", both reached number one on the in the UK. 

### 2009–2010: *Endlessly*
In 2009 she made an advertisement for Diet Coke. The ad caused problems because she is shown riding a bicycle at night without a helmet or lights. Journalist Luke Lewis described the ad as "...blank, sterile and mildly unsettling." Her second studio album, *Endlessly* was released on 29 November 2010, but did not sell very well with only 200,000 sold in the UK. 

### 2011–2020: Planned third album, acting debut
In 2011, producers  and  announced that Duffy was in the studio for her third album, but nothing happened. In 2015, she appeared in the crime thriller film ''*, she played an American singer , she also contributed to three songs for the soundtrack, her first recordings since 2010. 

### 2025–present: Music return
In March 2025, she appeared in a video posted to TikTok, lip-syncing to a garage remix of her song "Mercy" by The Emotion.

## Personal life
Duffy retreated from the public eye in 2011 after it was revealed in February 2020, she had been "raped and drugged and held hostage over some weeks". She did not reveal the name of her attackers or when or where the attack took place. In a longer statement she said that she had been drugged at a restaurant on her birthday, taken to a foreign country on a plane, and was then held captive in a hotel room and raped. Since the ordeal, she has said that she spent "almost 10 years completely alone" and, thanking her psychologist, said that she now felt she could "leave this decade behind", but added: "I very much doubt I will ever be the person people once knew".

## Discography
### Studio albums
* *Rockferry* (2008)
* *Endlessly'' (2010)

## Filmography
### Film
## References
## Other websites
*
Stable

))]] 
A **stable** is a building for livestock animals such as horses or cows to live in.

A stable often has a loft where food such as hay can be kept to feed the animals in the winter.  The stable may be divided into enclosures or stalls to keep the animals separate.

A stable is most likely to be built near a farmhouse.
 showing the birth of Jesus in a stable]]
According to the Christian Bible, the baby Jesus was born in a stable.  He was wrapped up and put to sleep on the straw in a manger.
 )]]
Dagne Groven Myhren

**Dagne Groven Myhren** (born 19 September 1940) is a Norwegian writer, folk musician and a professor of Scandinavian studies at the University of Oslo. She has written about Norwegian literature, science and folk music. She is outspoken in protecting Norwegian culture, places and music.

She has helped J.P.Ekgren with writing a book in English about the poetry style called Stev. The book is *Aslak Brekke og visune hans*. 

## References
Aslak Brekke

**Aslak Brekke** (October 6, 1901 &ndash; February 13, 1978) was a Norwegian vocalist of stev (a type of Scandinavian poetry which is sung). He was also a singer of folksongs. Brekke was born in Vinje, Telemark. He was the first folksinger to sing on a radio broadcast to all of Norway. 

In 1945, Brekke sang at an important concert in the ceremonial hall (the "Aula") at the University of Oslo. He also made a recording of the song "Ståle Storli", together with Eivind Groven ( harmonium). 

## Related pages
**Aslak Brekke og visune hans*

## Sources
Printmaking

, from the *Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji* by Katsushika Hokusai]]
**Printmaking** is making art by printing pictures, normally on paper. The advantage of printmaking is that lots of the same picture can be printed. This is called a print. Each print is not a copy, but an original, since it came from the same source (not like painting or drawing). You can also use different types of techniques to start the print.

## Materials 
Pictures for prints can be cut into plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric plates for screen-printing. Prints may also be published in books by the artist.

## Other websites 
* A glossary for modern prints 
* Large list of links to museum etc. online images of prints 
* UnitTwentyFive London Based Print Studio
Old master print

, 1653]]
An **old master print** is a work of art made by a printing process. Most of the old master prints were made by 1830 and no new ones came after. The main techniques used to make an old master print are woodcut, engraving and etching. Sometimes, old master prints are printed on paper, but rarely.

Many great European artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, and Francisco Goya, were printmakers.

## Other websites 
*The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques
*Large list of links to museum etc. online images of old master prints 
*Old master prints blog
Rickrolling

**Rickrolling** is an internet meme that involves playing a trick on someone by misleading them into listening to Rick Astley's 1987 song "Never Gonna Give You Up". It was first seen on 4chan and is called a "bait and switch", which involves the prankster giving a website to someone saying that the website address (which is somehow hidden) is about something else. When the victim clicks the link, they are led to the music video and have been "rickrolled" or "rickroll'd".

As rickrolling has grown in popularity, two of the many videos online have been watched over 13 million times each.

On October 27, 2008, at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Astley himself performed a live rickroll. He came out during the singing of "Best Friends" by the cast of ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends* and sang "Never Gonna Give You Up". At the end of the song, one of the characters said "I love rickrolling!"

On February 23, 2010, the most viewed Rickroll video was deleted.

On July 29, 2021, the "Never Gonna Give You Up" YouTube video reached a billion views.

## History
 were Rickrolled in March 2008, in the first photo, Davin Perry, dressed as the singer Rick Astley, performed before a basketball game. The games were not actually interrupted.]]
### Song
Astley recorded "Never Gonna Give You Up" in 1987 on his album *Whenever You Need Somebody''. This song was his  single and was a Number One hit for him on many  charts like the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and UK Top 40 charts. It was also Astley's first music video which features him performing the song while dancing.

### Origin of the term
Rickrolling is said to have begun as a spin-off of an earlier prank called *duckrolling*, which was when a link was supposed to lead to a picture or news story but would really link to an edited picture of a duck on wheels. The victim was then said to have been **duckrolled**. The first  of rickrolling happened in May 2007 on the 4chan video game board, where a link to the video was said to be a copy of the first trailer for Grand Theft Auto IV. The joke was  to 4chan for a short time. Rickrolling had become an internet hit or  and very soon rickrolling was being covered on mainstream media. A poll in April 2008 by SurveyUSA guessed or  that at least 18 million American adults had been rickrolled. Many still consider Rickrolling to be one of the longest lasting meme and the prank is still commonly used.

### April Fools' Day, 2008
On April Fools' Day 2008 and the weeks following, many instances of Rickrolling appeared on the internet and news media. All of the featured videos on YouTube's main page hyperlinked to the Rickroll. The prank showed up on international YouTube portals before showing up on the main page.

## References
## Other websites 
*Video on YouTube
Mozilla

**Mozilla** can mean:
* the codename for Netscape Navigator
* the mascot and name of the Mozilla Foundation
** the name of its now defunct Mozilla (web browser)

## Mozilla software 
It can also refer to the platform (“Gecko” and other things) on which these programs are built:

* Mozilla Firefox
* Mozilla Thunderbird
* SeaMonkey
* Camino
* Mozilla Sunbird
* Minimo
* Flock (web browser)
* Songbird (software)

Mozilla Foundation also makes Bugzilla.
Mammary intercourse

**Mammary intercourse** is a sexual activity. People may do it during foreplay. It is also done as a safe sex alternative to anal or vaginal sexual intercourse. It is non-penetrative sex. It involves exciting the penis using the breasts of the partner. 

In most instances, the activity involves the man placing his penis between the breasts of his partner. He then thrusts for excitement. Sometimes, the breasts are squeezed around the penis for more excitement. Other times the breasts are moved back and forth over the penis instead. Mammary intercourse is sometimes combined with oral sex (a blowjob). Sometimes mammary intercourse continues to the point of ejaculation. The semen can land on the breasts, face, or in the mouth of the partner if done alongside oral sex.

Several slang terms refer to mammary intercourse. These slang terms include *titfuck* or *titty fuck* in the United States. *Tit wank* or *French fuck* are slang terms used in the United Kingdom. *Paizuri* is a Japanese loanword for mammary intercourse that combines the words for “tit” and “rubbing”. *Titjob* and *boobjob* are sometimes used to mean mammary intercourse, but “boob job” can also mean breast enlargement surgery.

## Related pages
*Breast
*Sexual intercourse
*Oral sex
*Breast fetishism

## Sources
*
*
Shams-ud-din Iltutmish

**Shams-ud-din Iltutmish** (died 1236) was the third Muslim sultan of the Delhi Sultanate who reigned from 1211 till his death in 1236. He was the third ruler of the Mamluk dynasty (or Slave dynasty). He was married to the daughter of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. He became the ruler after fighting against Qutb-ud-din's son. He is said to be the greatest ruler of the slave kings. He was a member of the Ilebar tribe. 

The first thing he did after becoming a sultan was make his kingdom larger. He also shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi. He had to defend his empire against Mongol invasions. He also had to deal with Rajputs and conquered Rajasthan and Gujarat. He started a fast process of Islamization in Punjab and Haryana. Iltutmish stopped the Mongol attack in 1221 A.D led by Chenghiz Khan. He completed the Qutb Minar which was started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak. He also built the Quwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi.He died in 1236 A.D. He did not think his sons would be good rulers. He was succeeded by his daughter, Razia Sultan (also called Radiyya or Raziyya), as the next ruler of Delhi.

## References
Lightweight

**Lightweight** might mean:

*A computer program, text, or item that is not heavy or bulky, or contains massive amounts of bloatware
*A class of boxing.
1951–52 NHL season

The **1951–52 NHL season** was the 35th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. The Detroit Red Wings won the Stanley Cup by sweeping the Montreal Canadiens four games to none.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
In the playoffs, Detroit finished 8–0, the first time a team had gone undefeated in the playoffs since the 1934–35 Montreal Maroons. The Wings scored 24 goals in the playoffs, compared to a combined 5 goals for their opponents.

: *see 1952 Stanley Cup Finals*

### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Chris Osgood

**Christopher John Osgood** (born November 26, 1972 in Peace River, Alberta) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender that played a career total of 18 seasons in the NHL most notably with the Detroit Red Wings. He spent the first part of his career with Detroit, and then played for the New York Islanders and the St. Louis Blues during his 14-year NHL career before returning to Detroit in 2005. He has won three Stanley Cup championships in his career, all with the Red Wings, two of them while he was the starting goaltender. He announced his retirement on July 19, 2011 but will remain with the Red Wings organization.

## Career statistics
## Other websites
*
*
*
Darren Middleton

**Darren Middleton** (born 4 October 1971 in Sydney, Australia) is the guitarist in the band "Powderfinger". He is also the lead singer for "Drag".

Middleton began playing guitar in high school where he enjoyed music by bands like Twisted Sister and AC/DC. He began playing in clubs around his hometown of Brisbane with his first band, "Sonic Tapestry". He formed his second band, "Pirate", with friends from high school. He met "Powderfinger" at a "Pirate" show and they asked him to play with them. Middleton played on all of "Powderfinger's" recordings. While playing and recording with them, he was also writing and recording with "Drag". They have released an EP and studio album.
Lochee

**Lochee** is a district of Dundee.  Dundee is a city in Eastern Scotland.  Lochee used to be a separate town but was surrounded by Dundee.
Warner Music Group

**Warner Music Group** is a record label from New York City. It is one of the "big three" record labels; the others are Sony and Universal. It started as Warner Music Group in 2003, but several Time Warner companies had existed before then.

Warner Music owns a few record labels, including Atlantic Records, Elektra Records, Parlophone Records, Roadrunner Records, Warner Bros. Records, and Reprise Records.

## Legal troubles with Youtube
In late 2008, Warner Music Group had big legal troubles with video site YouTube. They had wanted more money for the music videos they had on the site, but YouTube said no, and Warner Music Group took off all their music videos. In September 2009, both Warner Music Group and YouTube decided on a new amount of money.

## References
OpenOffice Base

**OpenOffice Base** is the database module released with OpenOffice version 2.0 and later. Currently it is based on the HSQLDB database engine written in Java.

The HSQLDB developers have suggested only 76% of the target has been met in the 1.8.0 release, which is the version that was integrated (merged) with OOo 2.0. They have been asking for contributions to complete all the feature targets, since the inner database engine is an independent project with no outside funding.

OpenOffice users, however, can choose to connect to an external full-featured SQL database such as MySQL, PostgreSQL and even Oracle through ODBC or JDBC drivers. OpenOffice Base can then act as a GUI frontend for SQL views, table design and query. In addition, OpenOffice has its own Form wizard to create dialog windows for form filling and updates.

Starting with version 2.3, Base will offer report generation based on Pentaho software.

Released under the terms of the Apache License, Base is free software.

## Related pages
* HSQLDB
* Kexi - a similar free software/open source application
* LibreOffice
* OpenOffice
* Microsoft Access

## Notes and references 
## Other websites 
* Base information page
** OpenOffice.org Base 2.0 project discussion 
** OpenOffice.org Database Access Project 
* HSQL and OpenOffice.org
* User resources at OOo Wiki
* Tutorials for new and intermediate ooBase users, from Sheepdog Guides
Muhammad Hashim Gazdar

**Muhammad Hashim Gazdar** () was a prominent politician of Pakistan. He was mayor of Karachi and a former member of the Bombay Legislative Council from Sindh constituency.

## Early life
He was originally from Rajputana and led the Marwari group in Karachi politics. He was born in 1895 in Jaisalmer (present day India). His ancestral roots linked to Rajput Clans of Rajisthan from where his father immigrated and settled in Karachi after the Sindh was amalgamated in British empire since 1843. He completed his intermediate from Sindh Madressah-tul-Islam, Karachi in 1911. Later, he went to Maharashtar to study engineering in Pune. Later he shifted to Bombay where he joined the project to uplift the lower caste in Bombay but after it was unsuccessful,  he resigned along with a number of others from the project.

## Political life
After he retired from the project, he returned to Karachi and worked as an engineer at the then District Local Board, Karachi. However, he later resigned from the job due to differences on policy matter with G. M. Syed, who was then the president of the Board.

Later, he joined politics and was elected a member of the Bombay Legislative Council from the constituency of Sindh in the 1934 election. Meanwhile he remained active in politics through the platform of the Sindh Ittehad party. He was also elected Mayor of the Municipality of Karachi for the term from May 1941 to May 1942. Afterwards, he joined Jinnah's All India Muslim League; that was launching a movement for establishment of an independent state for Muslim population of India within the sub-continent (which emerged as Pakistan later). Quaid e Azam led this movement and Hashim Gazdar was a friend of Muhammed Ali Jinnah on the platform of All India Muslim League to achieve the goal of a separate Muslim state. During this course, he was again elected a member of Legislative Assembly from Sindh; and remained the Deputy Speaker thereof.

Muhammed Hashim Gazdar was among the people who represented Sindh in the first session of Pakistan's initiating Constituent Assembly that was convened four days prior to the emergence of Pakistan, i.e. 10 August 1947 at Sindh Assembly Building, Karachi. Other members to represent Sindh were Muhammed Ayub Khoro, J. Ram Das Doulat Ram, and Pirzada Abdul Sattar Abdul Rehman.

As a former politician, the role played by Hashim Gazdar during the pre-partition and post partition era is highly acknowledged. Being an honest legislator, a veteran Muslim League politician, his role was significant as an ideological prominent figure on the scenario of Pakistan politics since its genesis. Being a commendable parliamentarian, he is highly appreciable with a view to transiting politics to the new stream in accordance with the changing necessities of times.

He died in 1966 and is buried in Muslim Marwari Graveyard Mewashah, Karachi.
Eruca sativa

***Eruca sativa*** (syn. *E. vesicaria* subsp. *sativa* (Miller) Thell., *Brassica eruca* L.), also known as **arugula** or **rocket**, is a plant that can be eaten. It is a leaf vegetable with dark green, spiky, dandelion-like leaves and a strong, spicy, peppery flavor.

## Related pages
* Brassicaceae
* Leaf vegetable
Edward Emerson Barnard

**Edward Emerson Barnard** (December 16, 1857 – February 6, 1923) was an American astronomer. He found Amalthea, a moon of the planet Jupiter. Barnard's star and Barnard's galaxy were named after him.

Barnard made a list of dark nebulae, the *Barnard Catalogue of Dark Markings in the Sky*, or the Barnard Catalogue for short. The nebulae listed by Barnard have become known as 'Barnard objects'.

## References 
## Other websites
Web color

**Web colors** are colors used in designing webpages, and the ways for describing and listing those colors.

There are several ways to choose colors for parts of webpages. Colors may be listed as an RGB *triplet* (a set of three numbers, red, green, and blue) in hexadecimal format (a *hex triplet*, rr, gg, bb). An RGB triplet can make 16,777,216 different colors. Standard colors can also be chosen by their common English names. Often a color tool or other graphics software is used to create color values.

The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 color names as the base for their color lists. This was because they both started as X Window System applications.

Each web color has its own definition, sRGB. This relates to the chromaticities of a single phosphor set, a given transfer curve, adaptive whitepoint, and viewing conditions. These have been chosen to be similar to many real-world monitors and viewing conditions. Even without color management, the colors created are fairly close to the given values. However, user agents can be different in the fidelity with which they show the colors. Better user agents use color management to create better color fidelity. This is important for Web-to-print applications.

## Hex triplet
A **hex triplet** is a six-digit, three-byte number used in HTML, CSS, PHP, JS, SVG, and other computer programs, to represent colors. The bytes represent the red, green and blue parts of the color. One byte represents a number from 00 to FF or 0 to 255 in decimal notation. This represents the least (0) to the most (255) intensity of each color component. The hex triplet is formed by concatenating three bytes in hexadecimal notation, in the following order: 
:Byte 1: red value (color type red)
:Byte 2: green value (color type green)
:Byte 3: blue value (color type blue)
For example, consider the color where the red/green/blue values are decimal numbers: red=36, green=104, blue=160 (a grayish-blue color). The decimal numbers 36, 104 and 160 are similar to the numbers 24, 68 and A0 respectively. The hex triplet is obtained by combining the 6 hexadecimal digits together, 2468A0 in this example.

## HTML web colors
Formulated in 1997, there were originally 16 colors. Orange was added later to make a total of 17. The original 16 were part of something called the "Windows VGA template", meaning that they are the colors that can be used for actions like highlighting.

### List of HTML Color Names
The table below contains all 140 of the HTML colors. All modern browsers support them. 

|valign="top"|

|valign="top"|

|}

## X11 colors (formulated in 1987)
These are called "X11 web colors" since the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991.

|valign="top"|

|valign="top"|

|}

## Chart of selected web colors
This chart shows selected HTML and X11 colors as well as selected unofficial consensus web colors developed by web designers since 2002.  When entering code using the unofficial colors, the hex code of the color must be specified instead of writing the name of the color.  

## References
Solar wind

' observations of solar wind speed during solar minimum. Slow wind (≈400 km/s) is at the equatorial regions, while fast wind (≈750 km/s) is seen over the poles. Red/blue colours show inward/outward polarities of the heliospheric magnetic field]]

The **solar wind** is a stream of charged particles from the Sun. It is made of charged protons, electrons and plasma shot out of the Sun, and creates the heliosphere. The wind is shot out at hypersonic speed, so fast that it can travel the whole length of the Solar System, nearly one light year. 

The particles are dangerous to astronauts and spacecraft. The Earth's magnetic field s or soaks up a lot of the solar wind causing the aurora, the Northern lights and Southern lights.

At a distance of more than a few solar radii from the Sun, the solar wind reaches speeds of 250 to 750 kilometers per second and is supersonic.

A disturbance in the solar wind is called a *solar storm*. Sometimes it causes a geomagnetic storm. Such a storm in 1989 brought down the Quebec electric power grid and put the entire province in darkness. The largest recorded geomagnetic storm was in September 1–2, 1859. If we were to have another as strong as that one it might cause up to 2 trillion dollars damage.  

Solar wind also causes the tail of a comet. When the comet is close enough to the sun that the heat evaporates some of the comet's ice, the motion of the solar wind causes the resulting water vapor and space dust to stream away from the comet. Because it is blown by the solar wind, the comet's tail does not trail behind it, but always points directly away from the sun.  

The Solar Wind Composition Experiment of the Apollo program studied the atoms in the solar wind.  

## References
British Uganda Programme

The **British Uganda Programme** was a plan to give a piece of East Africa, owned by the British, to  Jewish people to live in. The plan was made to help the Jews in Russia to find somewhere to live after the pogroms.

The offer was first made by British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain to Theodor Herzl's Zionist group in 1903.  He said he would give them 5,000km of the Mau Plateau, Kenya.

The idea was brought up during Zionist Congress at its sixth meeting in 1903 in Basel. Many people disagreed with it. In the end the motion passed by 295 to 177 votes.

## Problems 
The plateau's high elevation gave it a low temperature, which was good for the European people. However, it was filled with lions and other dangerous animals. This problem made the Zionists politely refuse the offer for the land.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Jewish Virtual Library on Uganda Proposal
Sherwood Pictures

**Sherwood Pictures** is a movie-making company based in Albany, Georgia. The company is a ministry of Sherwood Baptist Church. It is run by Alex Kendrick, the pastor of Sherwood Baptist Church.

## Filmography 
**Flywheel* - released on April 9, 2003
**Facing the Giants* - released on September 29, 2006
**Fireproof* - released on September 26, 2008
**Courageous* - released on September 30, 2011

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official company website
Razia Sultana

**Razia al-Din** (or: **Razia Sultana, Radia, Radhia, Raziyya)** (1205-1240) was an Indian ruler of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. She was the first and last Muslim lady ruler to have ruled India. A Persian historian called her brave, kind and just. She was the daughter of Iltumish. She ascended the throne in 1236 A.D. Her reign lasted less than four years because the nobles realised they could not control her and improsoned her. She fought back but was soon killed in a battle against the nobles. Her husband's name was Malik Altuniya.

## References
Caravaca de la Cruz

**Caravaca de la Cruz** is a municipality in the Region of Murcia, in Spain.

It has an area of 859.5 km² and a population of 25,659 people.
The Fray

**The Fray** is a rock band formed in 2002. The band's debut album How to Save a Life (album) was released September 2005. The Fray released 1 studio album, 2 live albums, and 2 EP's. The Fray created singles How to Save a Life, Over My Head (Cable Car), Look After You, Vienna, and All at Once.

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
### EPs 
### Live 
### Singles 
* 1 In the United Kingdom, "How to Save a Life" was released in early 2007 as the band's debut single, followed by "Over My Head (Cable Car)" a few months later.

## References
Zero Install

**Zero Install** is a way to distribute and package software for Linux and Unix-like operating systems.
Currently, the only operating system to include Zero Install is Super Ubuntu 

## Method of Operation 
Instead of the normal method of downloading a software package, extracting it, and installing it before it can be used, packages distributed using Zero Install need only to be opened and usually comes in Application Directory format (presented to the user as a single file).

## Advantages
Some advantages of Zero Install are:
* No root password needed to install software; packages are installed in system locations writable by that user. Thus, package installation affect only the user installing it, which makes it possible for all users to be able to install and run new software.
* Because it is easier to install extra packages later, it is easier to split documentation and translations (for example) into separate packages. For instance, translations would not be downloaded until they are accessed, so if only the default language of a piece of software is used, the translations will never be accessed and thus downloaded and installed. However, most current Zero Install packages are split the same way as their non-Zero Install counterparts.
* All software packaged this way is always available, as long as a network connection is. There is no concept of one computer having a program or library installed, while another one does not have it.

## Related pages
*autopackage
*RUNZ
Scarborough, North Yorkshire

**Scarborough** is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. 

According to an Icelandic Saga, it was founded by the Vikings around 966AD. There are remains of Roman, Stone Age and Bronze Age settlements, so it was obviously a natural place to put a settlement.

With a population of around 50,000, Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire coast.  Yorkshire County Cricket Club's second ground is at North Marine Road.

Local news and information is provided by the towns radio station Yorkshire Coast Radio.

Scarborough Athletic FC is the football team in the coastal resort. The team is managed by Manchester United treble winner and former West Brom captain Jono Greening. 

## Transport links 
### Rail 
The town is served by Scarborough railway station. 

### Roads
Scarborough has four major roads serving the town; these also link it to other major towns and cities.
*A64 – Main road that terminates in the town centre, linking Scarborough with Malton, York, Leeds, the A19 and the A1(M). This is the main tourist route to the town and is dual carriageway standard for most of its route (between the A1(M) and Malton).
*A165 – This is the coastal route that links the town with Filey, Bridlington and Hull. In 2008, a new road was opened to bypass Osgodby to the south of Scarborough. This now forms part of the A165.
*A170 – This links Scarborough to the North York Moors and Thirsk to the west.
*A171 – This is the coastal route to the north that links the town with Whitby and Middlesbrough.

These roads can be got to from the M1 motorway, which runs from London to Scotland through the middle of Yorkshire. 

## Leisure 
The town has fine arts and recreational facilities. Two theatres and two cinemas are popular. There are several museums: Woodend for art, The Rotunda for geology, Scarborough Art Gallery for the fine arts.

The Grade II listed Scarborough Spa complex is home to the Scarborough Spa Orchestra, the last remaining seaside orchestra in the UK.

## Fishing 
Scarborough's fishing industry is still active, though reduced in size. The working harbour is home to a fish market with a shop and wooden stalls. Fresh, locally-caught seafood can be bought by the public. A seaweed farm has been in operation since 2018.

## References
Scarborough

**Scarborough** is the name of several things. They include:

## Places 
* Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England
* Scarborough, Maine, United States
* Scarborough, Toronto, Canada

## People 
* Joe Scarborough, a television host

## Transport 
* Scarborough (ship), an Australian ship
* Scarborough railway station, in North Yorkshire
1955–56 NHL season

The **1955–56 NHL season** was the 39th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. The Montreal Canadiens were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Detroit Red Wings four games to one in the best-of-seven final series.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Mansion

, a famous mansion from Newport, Rhode Island]]
A **mansion** is a large and often luxurious house. It can be big enough for an owner, his family, and their many servants. One of the definitions is a large, imposing house. It was originally the same as a rural manor house, the home of a feudal lord or the earlier Roman villa. When similarly large houses were built in cities they were called "mansions". A "country house" is a common type of mansion in England.

Some famous mansions include:

* Biltmore Mansion in Asheville, North Carolina

* Pensmore Mansion in the Ozark Mountains

* Hearst Castle in San Simeon California

* Carson Mansion in Eureka, California

* Winchester Mystery House in San Jose, California

* Updown Court in Surrey, England

* Mansion House London, England.

* Whitehall Palace in south Florida
Illustrator

An **illustrator** is an artist who draws. The drawings can be on books, internet webpages, comics or other things. They can describe ideas or objects that are hard to describe with just words. A cartoon illustration can make a humorous essay funnier. Illustrators also helped greatly in times when many people could not read.
Free and open-source software

**Free and open source software** (for short: **FOSS**, means **free software** and/or **open source software**) is software whose source code is open and available to anyone who wishes to:
* improve it,
* study it,
* modify it, and
* share the original and the modifications with others.

These additional rights are generally granted to the user through the GPL, LGPL, or BSD license.

## Related pages
* Free software
* Open source
* Free software movement
* Free Software Foundation
* Linux
* GNU
Fish farm

on the Faroe islands]]
A **fish farm** is a place where fish are bred. In most cases, this is done for food. There are two basic types of fish farms:
*Those where the fish are raised in tanks
*Those where fish are raised in specially prepared areas of the oceans, lakes or rivers.

The most common fish species raised by fish farms are salmon, carp, tilapia, catfish and cod.

There are many problems related to fish farming:
*Sometimes fish can escape. This is only an economic impact if the fish also occur naturally but can have a big impact if they do not.
*The fish in the farms need to be fed, for this other (smaller) fish need to be raised.
*Diseases and parasites may be a problem, because they spread much easier
*Fish farms have a bad effect on the surrounding habitat

## References
Free software movement

The **free software movement** is a software movement which aims to improve the user's rights on software and reducing proprietary (non-free) software through the use of operating systems such as Ubuntu. The movement is generally signified through open source software such as Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, FileZilla and open source operating systems such as Linux and ReactOS. The movement is against non-free software that restricts the user's rights. Examples of non-free software include Microsoft Windows, Adobe Acrobat and UltraEdit.

The word 'free' is ambiguous in English. Here, it means 'free as in freedom', not 'free as a gift'. *It does not mean that the software is available at no cost*. An example is, "think of free speech, not free beer."

## Related pages
* Free Software Foundation
* GNU General Public License
* Linux
* Mozilla Firefox
The Miserable Mill

***The Miserable Mill*** is a book by Lemony Snicket. It is the fourth book in a series called *A Series of Unfortunate Events*.

## Plot summary 
Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire go by train to Paltryville to meet their new guardian at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill. When they arrive there, they find that it's a very boring place and that rather than being cared for by their new guardian, Sir, they must work in his sawmill with his mistraught and underpayed employees. After breaking his glasses, Klaus is sent to the optometrist (eye doctor) Dr. Orwell. He becomes hypnotized by Dr. Orwell, and causes an “accident.” Sir therefore threatens that if they cause any more accidents they will be sent to live with Shirley, who is really Count Olaf in disguise. Olaf’s plans fail, because Violet learns the word that undoes Klaus’s hypnosis. In the end, the Baudelaire orphans must go to the boarding school Prufrock Prep.
Frank Gardiner

**Frank Gardiner** (born francis Christie) (1830 – 1903) was a famous Australian bushranger. Gardiner used several different names during his life. He was leader of a gang that did one of Australia's biggest ever . He is the only person ever exiled (sent away) from Australia. He was born in Scotland, and came to Australia with his family in 1834. They lived at Boro, near Goulburn, New South Wales.

## Bushranger
Frank Gardiner was also called 'The Darkie'. He became a bushranger with John Peisley and robbed people on the roads near Cowra. In July 1861 he shot and wounded two policemen, Sergeant John Middleton and Trooper Hosie who had tried to capture him. Trooper Hosie is thought to have taken a bribe and let him go. Other men in the gang were Daniel Charters, John Fordyce, John Bow and Henry Manns. The police were quickly at the scene of the robbery and began following the gang. The police found the horse used to carry the gold and recovered most of it. A couple of days later the police were able to capture Gardiner and two other gang members. The next day, six bushrangers led by John Gilbert, held up the police and released Gardiner. The police watched all Gardiner's friends very closely. Many were arrested. Gardiner and Kate Brown decided it was not safe to stay. Kate Brown went to the Thames goldfields in New Zealand where she killed herself in 1868.

## Exile
In 1872 Gardiner's lawyer organized a lot of people to write to the governor to get him to let Gardiner out of gaol. The governor, Sir Hercules Robinson, agreed that Gardiner had been given too many years in prison. Gardiner was released in 1874 on the condition that he left Australia. It led to the end of the Parkes's government.

## Related pages
* Ben Hall
* John Gilbert (bushranger)

## References
## Other websites
*
How to Save a Life

***How to Save a Life*** is a studio album by The Fray. The album was released in September of 2005. Singles include "How to Save a Life", "Over My Head (Cable Car)", "All at Once", and "Look After You". It was recorded in Bloomington, Indiana, a small city around 50 miles outside of Indianapolis.

## Singles Discography 
*2005 - "Over My Head (Cable Car)"
*2006 - "How to Save a Life"
*2007 - "Look After You"
*2007 - "All at Once"

## Other Albums 
Other albums related to *How to Save a Life* include:
*2002 - *Movement EP*
*2003 - *Reason EP*
How to Save a Life (song)

"**How to Save a Life**" is an alternative rock song off the album by The Fray called *How to Save a Life*. The single contains various music videos. "How to Save a Life" was written by Isaac Slade and Joe King.
Mass Effect

***Mass Effect*** is an action role-playing game published by Microsoft and developed by BioWare. It was released for the Xbox 360 and later on the PC. The game takes place in the year 2183. Players control an elite human soldier called Commander Shepard and are able to explore the galaxy on his or her spacecraft, the *SSV Normandy*.

## Plot and Universe 
*Mass Effect* has a very detailed fictional universe, with many of the concepts based on real science. There are over 20 alien races the player can meet in *Mass Effect*, with more planned for the sequels.

### Themes 
The game has a science fiction setting and explores themes such as space, racism,  religion and the state of humanity. The main plot of the game involves the classic science fiction idea of robots or AI that have got out of control. According to the lead writer of Bioware, Star Wars, Aliens and Blade Runner were all influences on the games setting and plot.

### Setting 
*Mass Effect*  is set 180 years in the future in the year 2183. According to the back story humans discovered some ancient technology on Mars. This enabled them to build faster than light spacecraft. With this technology humans explored the whole Solar System. Twenty years before the game begins human explorers find that Pluto's moon Charon, is really a Mass Relay. Mass Relays are the only way to travel from one distant end of the galaxy to the other. Mass Relays are ancient technology created by the Protheans, the now exctict race that once ruled the galaxy. This enables spacecraft and people to be sent across the galaxy.

## References
OpenOffice Draw

**OpenOffice Draw** is a vector graphics editor and is part of the OpenOffice office suite. It has "connectors" between shapes, that are available in many types of line styles and allow people to build drawings such as flowchart. It also includes many features found in desktop publishing software.

OpenOffice users can also install the Open Clip Art Library, which adds a lot of flags, logos, icons and banners for general presentation and drawing projects. Linux distributions Debian and Ubuntu also have ready-to-use *openclipart* packages for easy download and install from their online software repositories.

Released under the terms of the Apache License, Draw is free software.

## Related pages
* LibreOffice
* Microsoft Publisher
* Scribus
* Scalable Vector Graphics
* Open Clip Art Library
* OpenOffice.org

## References
## Other websites 
*Draw information page
** Graphics Applications Project
** Draw FAQ
*User resources at OOo Wiki

### How to use Draw 
* OOo2.0 Draw Guide (6.5MB PDF) 
* How-to: Get to Grips with OpenOffice.org Draw (PDF, free download from official How-tos)
* Sample Reference Card  for OpenOffice.org Draw 2.0 made by cluesheets.com
* OpenOffice.org Draw Templates for designing and drawing labels
* OpenOffice Custom Shapes, a repository of custom shapes you can use with OpenOffice Draw
* Clker online clipart, offers public domain images in ODG & SVG format, directly usable by openoffice
Nose-picking

**Nose-picking** is the act of sticking a finger into the nose and digging inside. It is a taboo subject in most countries. It is considered to be very gross and disgusting despite being a very common habit. Nose-picking can also cause nose bleeds. Some people also eat boogers, which can be even more disgusting. If someone is seen picking their nose, it can be very embarrassing.

## Other websites 
* BBC home: The Truth About Nose-picking
* Toddlers and Nose Picking 
* 
*  
* 
* (In fact) Nose-picking favorite occupation of the Dutch  (March 2007)  Translated version
* Another article on same topic  (August 2008)  Translated version
* For an elaborate spoof, see "Nose-picking in the Pongidae and Its Implication for Human Evolution", said to be from the *American Journal of Nasal Anatomy*, (1987)
Mount Chimborazo

**Mount Chimborazo** is a mountain and an extinct volcano in Ecuador. It is located in the Chimborazo Province. Its last eruption is thought to have been over a thousand years ago. It is the tallest mountain in Ecuador, measuring at 6263 meters above sea level.

The top of Mount Chimborazo is the farthest away from the centre of the Earth as is possible to get on land. Although Mount Everest is higher, Chimborazo is farther from Earth's center because the earth bulges at the equator.

## References