open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chechen Wikipedia

The **Chechen Wikipedia** — () is the Chechen language edition of Wikipedia.

The Chechen Wikipedia was created on 28 February 2005. Activity was very low, changes mainly were made by bots. There was discontent with the situation. But after discussion in December 2006, a decision was made to keep the Chechen Wikipedia.

On 16 February 2013, there were 1604 articles. After changing administrators team work activated. On 6 June 2013, there were 2200 articles.

## Notable events 
;2013
* 28 April - 2 000 articles
* 16 June - 2 500 articles
* 6 July - 3 000 articles
* 14 July - 10 000 pages
* 27 July - 100 000 edits
* 4 August - 3 333 articles

## Other websites 
* Спасем Википедию на чеченском!  (*Save the Chechen Wikipedia!*) 
* List of Wikipedias by sample of articles
Eva (name)

**Eva**  [ **ee**-v*uh* ] is a female given name. It is the Latin form of the English name **Eve**. The name *Eve* comes from a Hebrew name, meaning "life" or "the living one". In the 1990 United States Census, the name *Eva* was very popular. Its popularity peaked one year earlier at #31. In 2006, the name ranked at #124. *Eva* is more common across England and Wales.

## People 
* Eva Marie Saint, an American movie and stage actress
* Eva Gabor, Hungarian-American actress, businesswoman, singer, and socialite (1919–1995)
* Eva Longoria, American actress and producer (born 1975)

## References
Anglo-Norman

The **Anglo-Normans** were mainly the sons, grandsons, etc. of the Normans living in England. Most of the Normans came to England at the time of the Norman conquest in 1066.   A few Normans had settled in England prior to the conquest. After the conquest the Normans, although few in number, controlled most of England. They often married English wives and their children became Anglo-Norman as a result of being of two cultures.       

It was during the reign of Henry I of England the term Anglo-Norman was first used in the Hyde Chronicle. The term Anglo-Norman kingdom is first applied to the reign of William the Conqueror. He was the first to bring both England and Normandy under one ruler.

## References
Jeanne

The name **Jeanne** [ **jee**-nee ] is a female given name which is from French. The name is the equivalent for **Joan** and **Jane**. There are many celebrities with the name, including Jeanne Cooper, Jeanne Moreau and Jeanne Calment. Jeanne is an exquisite and ageless appellation that has maintained its popularity for centuries. Originating from France, it is a variant of the name Jane, which carries the meaning of "God is gracious" or "gift from God." The name Jeanne holds a significant legacy and has been adopted by numerous distinguished individuals over the course of history.

*Jeanne* was used for three hurricanes in the Atlantic. Hurricane Jeanne in September 2004 killed over three thousand people in the Caribbean Islands and caused heavy damage in eastern Florida. The name *Jeanne* was then retired and replaced with *Julia*.

## People 
* Jeanne Louise Calment, French supercentenarian, oldest human
* Jeanne d'Albret, Queen regnant of Navarre (1528-1572)
* Jeanne Moreau, French actress, singer, screenwriter and director (1928-2017)
* Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, French noble

## References
Kristen

**Kristen** (also **Kristin**) [ **kris**-t*uh*n ] is a female given name, while some men are given the name. *Kristen* is the Scandinavian form of the name **Christine**. This name is the feminine version for **Christian**. 

## History
The name *Kristen* has a long history and carries significant meaning. It has been in use for centuries and is derived from the Greek name *Christianos*, which translates to "follower of Christ." 

## Popularity
Kristen is a name that has gained popularity in various cultures and is used for both men and women. This is a unique name (not in the top 1,000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## Notable individuals named Kristen
* Kristen Bell, American actress
* Kristen Johnston, American actress
* Kristen Wiig, American actress and comedian
* Kristen Jaymes Stewart, American actress

## References
House of Normandy

The **House of Normandy** is the usual name for the family that were the Dukes of Normandy and Kings of England. they were in power from shortly after the Norman conquest of England and lasted until the House of Plantagenet came to power in 1154. It began with Rollo and his descendants, and from William the Conqueror and his heirs down through 1135. Two of William's grandchildren, Matilda and Stephen of the House of Blois argued over the throne ending the dynasty.

The Norman dukes were:
*Rollo, 911–927
*William I, 927–942
*Richard I, 942–996
*Richard II, 996–1027
*Richard III, 1027
*Robert I, 1027–1035
*William II, 1035–1066 (became King of England)
The Norman monarchs of England and Normandy were:
*William I & II, 1066–1087
*William II, 1087–1100 (not Duke of Normandy)
*Robert II, 1087–1106 (not King of England)
*Henry I, 1100–1135; 1106–1135
*Matilda of England, 1141–1141 (never crowned)
Bonaventure

**Saint Bonaventure** (1221–1274) was a scholastic theologian and a cardinal. He is one of the Doctors of the Church, and is remembered by Catholics on 15 July.

Saint Bonaventure comes from Bagnoregio. He is the patron of children.

## Other websites
*Bonaventure at Catholic encyclopaedia
Brétigny-sur-Orge train crash

On 12 July 2013, a train crashed in Brétigny railway station, in Brétigny-sur-Orge. Bretigny is  from Paris in Île-de-France. The train was a service from Paris to Limoges. Six people are confirmed dead, 30 are injured, eight of them in a critical state. Of the six dead, two were killed in the railway station, two are from Limoges, and two from Étampes. 385 passengers were on board at the time of the crash. The crash occurred at 17:14 local time, 22 minutes after the train left Austerlitz station at 16:53. If the train had been on schedule, it would have arrived in Limoges at 20:05. The trains and platforms at Brétigny were very busy as it was the Friday before the Bastille Day holiday weekend.

The French Land Transport Accident Investigation Bureau (BEA-TT) has announced a search into the accident. SNCF released its findings on 13 July. The company reported that the derailment seemed to have been caused by a track failure. According to SNCF, a steel fishplate connecting two rails had come loose  from the station at a set of points, and had become stuck in a track switch. The third and fourth carts came off track when their wheels went over the steel plate. When the problem with the switch became known, SNCF had people check the several thousand such switches on the network.

The track has been severely damaged on a length of about . Repairing the track means that the railway station will be closed for all traffic for several days. This also affects Gare d'Austerlitz in Paris, as most trains starting from there take this route.

Several people reported that the firefighters and rescuers were aggressed, when they arrived, and that stones were thown. Police had to be called to secure the area. The same report also speaks about a group of youngsters  and stealing from the passengers of the train.  Jean-François Riffaud, the director of the Red Cross later declared, that the teams were able to work without being aggressed. On 13 July, a police source was quoted as saying that police forces had  thrown at them, but that these were isolated cases, and that no stones had been used.

## References
French invasion of Russia

The **French Invasion of Russia** in 1812, also known as the **Russian Campaign** in France () and the **Patriotic War of 1812** in Russia (), was Napoleon I leading the French Empire to invade Russia. That was the turning point during the Napoleonic Wars, because it was the first major defeat for Napoleon.

It greatly reduced the French and allied invasion forces (the *Grande Armée*).  It started a major change in European politics by greatly weakened the French power over Europe. French allies, at first Prussia and then Austria, broke their alliance with France. They fought France instead, which started the War of the Sixth Coalition.

## References 
## Other websites 
* History of the Expedition to Russia Undertaken by the Emperor Napoleon in the Year 1812, by the count de Ségur (Gutenberg Project ebook)
* Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812 + color maps
* Alternative version of Minard's map (using modern country boundaries)
* Alternative version of Minard's map (zoomed-out, to show area in relationship to the rest of Europe)
* French invasion of 1812, view from Russia 
* Patriotic War of 1812, Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 1-22
Chechen language

The **Chechen language** is a North Caucasian language which is spoken by more than 1.3 million people. It is spoken mostly in Chechnya and by Chechen people in other places. It is one of the Northeast Caucasian languages.

## Other websites
**Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen)*, grammatical sketch of Chechen language 
*The Cyrillic and Latin Chechen alphabets
*The Chechen language | Noxchiin mott Wealth of linguistic information.
*Rferl North Caucasus Radio (also includes Avar and Adyghe)
*Chechen Language course including audio  with Russian explanations
*Russian-Chechen On-Line Dictionary 
*Chechen basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
*Chechen Cyrillic - Latin converter
GameRankings

**GameRankings** was a gaming review website. The website received reviews from other publications and gave an average . It had over 315,000 articles relating to more than 14,500 video games.

GameRankings was owned by CBS Interactive. Similar websites include GameStats, Metacritic, MobyGames, and TopTenReviews.

## Shutdown 
In late 2019, GameRankings was shutting down, with every link being moved to Metacritic.

## References
## Other websites
*GameRankings 
*"High Scores Matter To Game Makers, Too" , *The Wall Street Journal*, September 20, 2007.
Sandra

The name **Sandra** [ **san**-dr*uh*, **sahn**- ] is a female given name, which is often used for short form of **Alexandra** or **Cassandra**. This name is a form of the masculine name **Alexander**, which from Greek means "protector of man". Many celebrities are named *Sandra*, including Sandra Dee, Sandra Bernhard and Sandra Bullock. This name was also used for tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific region. This name was ranked #998 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People 
* Sandra Bullock， German-American actress and producer
* Sandra Dee, actress, model (1942-2005)
* Sandra Cisneros, American novelist, poet, and short story writer

## References
GameRevolution

***GameRevolution*** (formerly ***Game-Revolution***) or **GR** is a gaming website. It was created in 1996. The website was founded in Berkeley, California. The website includes reviews, previews, a gaming download area, cheats, a merchandise store, webcomics, screenshots, and videos. As of 2013, it is one of the oldest video game review and news site on the Internet.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Game Revolution
* CraveOnline
Sandy

The name **Sandy** [ **san**-dee ] is a given name. It can be used for both men and women. It is a short form of the names **Alexander**, **Cassandra** or **Sandra**. The name Sandy is commonly understood to mean "defender of mankind," which originates from the Greek name Alexander that means "defender of the people." Sandy is often used as a nickname for Alexander, but it has also become a popular name on its own. Those with the name Sandy are typically perceived as strong and protective, with a natural inclination to assist others. Another meaning of the name Sandy is "from the sandy shore," which comes from the Old English word "sandig" meaning "sandy." Individuals with this name are frequently associated with the beach and the ocean and may enjoy outdoor activities and water sports. They are often seen as adventurous and free-spirited, with a love of exploration and travel. In some cultures, the name Sandy is linked with the color yellow. This is due to the fact that the term "sandy" can also mean "yellowish-brown" in certain contexts. Those with this name may be regarded as optimistic and cheerful, with a sunny disposition and a positive outlook on life. Furthermore, the name Sandy is associated with the element of fire because the word "sandy" can also mean "fiery" or "passionate" in certain contexts. People with this name may be perceived as intense and passionate, with a strong desire to succeed and a fierce determination to achieve their goals.This name is used more for females than for males. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). Notable people by the name include baseball player Sandy Koufax, professional golfer Sandy Lyle, and actresses Sandy Duncan and Sandy Dennis. This name was also used for the fictional dog belonging to Annie in *Little Orphan Annie*. 

In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the Northeastern United States. The name *Sandy* was later retired and replaced by *Sara*.

## People 
* Sandy Lam, Hong Kong singer

## References
Elena

The name **Elena** is a female given name. It is pronounced [ **el**-*uh*-n*uh*, *uh*-**ley**-n*uh*; *Italian* e-**le**-nah ].

It is a pan-European variation of **Helen**, which dates to the 12th century. Elena is a Greek moniker that signifies "radiant, gleaming light." This is a lovely name that is frequently connected with brilliance, loveliness, and elegance.  *Elena* was among the most popular female names given to girls in Russia in 2004, and third most popular in North Macedonia in 2006. This name was ranked #53 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

Hurricane Elena went across the Gulf Coast of the United States in late August/early September 1985. The name *Elena* was then retired and replaced by *Erika*.

## People 
* Elena Kagan, US Supreme Court justice since 2010 (born 1960)
* Elena Obraztsova, Soviet and Russian opera singer
* Elena Anaya. Spanish actress

## References
Dick Figures

**Dick Figures** is an American adult comedy series created and written by Ed Skudder and Zack Keller. Episodes are shown on YouTube. The series is about two best friends named Red and Blue. They are stick figures. The series is rated MA. The first episode, "A Bee or Something", was shown on November 18, 2010. Episodes were uploaded every second week with ten episodes per season. There is currently, however, a big delay with season five as it is planned to be shown after the movie is released sometime in 2013.

## Cast
* Ed Skudder as Red, Raccoon, Mr. Dingleberry
* Zack Keller as Blue, Jason (Trollz0r)
* Ben Tuller as Lord Tourettes
* Shea Logsden as Pink
* Mike Nassar as Broseph
* Lauren Kay Sokolov as Stacy

### Season 1 (2010-2011)
### Season 2 (2011)
### Season 3 (2011-2012)
### Season 4 (2012)
## References
Christina

**Christina** (or **Cristina**) is a female given name. It is pronounced [kri-stee-nuh].

Christina is a name with Greek roots that translates to "Christ's follower". It's a feminine version of the name Christian, which has its origins in the Latin word Christus, meaning "anointed one". The name has been used for many saints. Celebrities with the name include Christina Aguilera, Christina Hendricks, Christina Ricci, Christina Applegate and Christina Milian.This name was ranked #629 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

As *Cristina*, the name has been used for tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Region.

## People
* Saint Christina of Persia, 6th century (feast day: March 13)
* Saint Christina of Bolsena (Christina of Tyre, Christina the Great Martyr) (feast day: July 24)
* Saint Christina the Astonishing (1150 – 1224) (feast day: July 24)
* Christina of Denmark (1521 &ndash; 1590), Danish princess
* Princess Christina of the Netherlands, Dutch princess
* Christina of Sweden, Queen regnant 1632
* Christina Applegate (born 1971), American actress
* Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, Swedish princess, died 1122
* Christina Gyllenstierna (1494–1559), Swedish national heroine
* Cristina Kirchner (born 1953), President of Argentina (2007- )
* Christina Rossetti (1830–1894), English poet
* Christina Aguilera , American singer
* Christina Applegate(born 1971),American actress 

## References
Light-second

A **light-second** is a unit of length equal to the distance light in empty space travels in one second, and is exactly 299,792,458 meters.

The light-second is used in telecommunications, astronomy, and physics. In telecommunications, it measures how much time it must take to send a signal a certain distance.

## References
Mélanie Laurent

**Mélanie Laurent** (born 21 February 1983), is a French actress, Director and singer.

She was born in Paris, Île-de-France, France. Her father a voiceover actor, and her mother a ballerina. She grew up in the 9th arrondissement of Paris.

She made her acting debut at the age 16. In 2006, she has starred in French drama film ''I'm Fine, Don't Worry* (*Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas*), for which she won a César Award for Most Promising Actress. In 2009, she was cast for her role as Shosanna Dreyfus in the Quentin Tarantino film Inglourious Basterds. Laurent singing career began in 2011 and she released her debut studio album, titled *En t'attendant*.

## Filmography 
* 1999: *Un pont entre deuxx rives*
* 2001: *Ceci est mon corps*
* 2002: *Embrassez qui vous voudrez*
* 2003: *Snowboarder*
* 2004: *Rice Rhapsody*
* 2004: *Le Dernier jour*
* 2004: *Une vie à t'attendre*
* 2005: *De battre mon cœur s'est arrêté*
* 2006: *Dikkenek*
* 2006: *Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas*
* 2006: *Indigènes*
* 2007: *La Chambre des morts*
* 2007: *Le Tueur*
* 2008: *Paris*
* 2009: *Jusqu'à toi*
* 2009: *L'Amour caché*
* 2009: *Inglourious Basterds*
* 2009: *Le Concert*
* 2010: *La Rafle*
* 2010: *Beginners*
* 2011: *Un requiem pour une tueuse*
* 2011: *Et soudain, tout le monde me manque*
* 2013: *Insaisissables*
* 2013: *An Enemy*
* 2013: *Night Train to Lisbon*

## Discography 
* 2 May 2011: *En t'attendant''

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Daniel Adair

**Daniel Patrick Adair** (born February 19, 1975) is a Canadian musician and producer. He is the current drummer of the Canadian rock band Nickelback. He also played for the American rock band 3 Doors Down.

## Career
Adair originally auditioned for David Martone, a guitarist that wanted to start a instrumental fusion band. They shortened the name of the band to *Martone* and they recorded their first album in 1999.

In the summer of 2002, he auditioned for the band 3 Doors Down and played as their touring and studio drummer. He recorded their third studio album *Seventeen Days* and live album *Another 700 Miles*.

He left the band in January 2005 and joined Nickelback. He recorded their fifth studio album, *All the Right Reasons*, their sixth studio album, *Dark Horse* and their seventh studio album, *Here and Now*.

He also recorded drum tracks for James Hart's band Burn Halo.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*
Slaviša Stojanovič

**Slaviša Stojanović** (born 6 December 1969) is a former Slovenian footballer and manager. He is currently managing Red Star Belgrade in the Serbian SuperLiga. Stojanović has won the Slovenian PrvaLiga twice with Domžale.

## References
George Brettingham Sowerby I

**George Brettingham Sowerby I** (12 August 1788 – 26 July 1854) was a British naturalist, illustrator, and conchologist (expert on shells).

He was the second son of James Sowerby. With his brother James De Carle Sowerby he continued his father's work on fossil shells. They published the last parts of the *Mineral Conchology of Great Britain*.

Sowerby published about 50 papers on molluscs and started several comprehensive, illustrated books on the subject, the most important the *Thesaurus Conchyliorum*, a work that was continued by his son, George Brettingham Sowerby II and his grandson George Brettingham Sowerby III.

## Works 
Partial list
* *A Conchological Manual* (1839)
* *Thesaurus Conchyliorum*
* *Illustrated Index of British Shells* (1859)

## Related pages 
*Sowerby family
Nodiko Tatishvili

**Nodiko** "**Nodar**" **Tatishvili** (; born 5 November 1986) is a Georgian singer. He performed with Sopho Gelovani for Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmo, Sweden. 

## References
Translocation

**Translocation** may mean:
* Translocation (genetics), an abnormality of chromosomes
** Robertsonian translocation, a chromosomal rearrangement in pairs 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22
** Nonreciprocal translocation, transfer of genes from one chromosome to another
* PEP group translocation, a method used by bacteria for absorbing sugar
* Translocation (botany), the transport of food through the phloem in plants
* Protein translocation, a process in protein biosynthesis
* Species translocation, movement of a species, by people, from one area to another
Patricia

**Patricia** [ p*uh*-**trish**-*uh*, -**tree**-sh*uh* ] is a female given name of Latin origin. It comes from the Latin word *patrician*, meaning noble. The male version of this name is **Patrick**. The name *Patricia* can be shortened to *Patty*, *Patsy* or *Trisha*. *Patricia* was the second most popular female name in the United States, according to 1990 Census. There are many celebrities with the name, including Patricia Arquette, Patricia Clarkson and Patricia Heaton. As *Patty*, the name is being used on Atlantic tropical cyclones. In the Pacific, a hurricane with the name became the most intense on record in the Western Hemisphere. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People 
* Patricia Heaton, American actress

## References
Tylenol

**Tylenol** is the brandname of acetaminophen or paracetamol (the later two are "generic" drug names).  In the US, Tylenol is owned by Kenvue. Since Septmeber 2025, giving of this drug to by doctors to pregnant women is not encouraged by the Food and Drug Administration due to autism concerns. The drug is used to reduce pain, fever, and relieve the symptoms of allergies, cold, cough, headache, and influenza.

## References
First Battle of Bull Run

The **First Battle of Bull Run** was the first large battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on July 21, 1861. The battle took place near a stream called Bull Run. The battle actually has two names: the First Battle of Bull Run and First Battle of Manassas.

## Background
Union general Irvin McDowell was put in command of the Union army in northeastern Virginia. Many people in the North wanted him to attack to Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. McDowell didn't think his soldiers were ready to fight but Union president Abraham Lincoln wanted him to march south into Virginia anyway.

The Confederates had an army nearby, which was commanded by P.G.T. Beauregard. After McDowell's army started marching towards Beauregard's army, **Joseph E. Johnston** came to Manassas Junction with his army from the Shenandoah Valley. Johnston was in command of the entire Confederate army and Beauregard was his second-in-command.

## The Battle
The battle started early in the morning on July 21st. McDowell started marching part of his army around the left end of the Confederate army. The two armies started shooting at each other about 6 a.m. near Matthews Hill. The Confederates did not expect the Union army to attack but they moved brigades to their left flank.

McDowell made the Confederates leave Matthews Hill about 11 a.m. The Confederates retreated back to another hill called Henry House Hill. On the hill was Thomas J. Jackson's brigade. Another Confederate general was trying to regroup his men. He said, "There stands Jackson standing like a stonewall". After the battle Jackson would be called "Stonewall".

The Union army made many attacks on the Confederate line on Henry House Hill. All of the attacks failed. In the afternoon the Confederates made an attack of their own. This drove the Union army back towards Washington, D.C. The Confederates were too tired to march after the Union army.

## Aftermath
The Union army had 2,896 casualties. McDowell was blamed for the Union defeat. He was replaced by George B. McClellan. The Confederates had 1,982 casualties. Even though Johnston was in charge of the Confederate army, Beauregard became famous after the battle.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other reading 
* Davis, William C. *Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War*. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1977.
* Gottfried, Bradley M. ''The Maps of First Bull Run: An Atlas of the First Bull Run (Manassas) Campaign, including the Battle of Ball's Bluff, June &ndash; October 1861''. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. .0

## Other websites 
* Bull Run Animated Map on Vimeo; YouTube
* 1st Battle of Bull Run; Schooltube
Coral snake

* ]]

The **coral snakes** are a large group of elapid snakes. There are two main groups of coral snakes. These groups are Old World coral snakes and New World coral snakes. 

*There are 11 species of Old World coral snake in one genus (*Calliophis*)
*There are over 65 recognized species of New World coral snakes in three genera (*Leptomicrurus*, *Micruroides*, and *Micrurus'').

Coral snakes have notable red, yellow/white, and black colored banding. Most species of coral snake are small. North American species average around  in length, but specimens of up to  or slightly larger have been reported. Coral snakes that live in water have flat tails. These tails act like a fin to help the snake swim.

Like all elapid snakes, coral snakes have a pair of small fangs to deliver their venom (some coral snakes are rear fanged).  These fangs, which are enlarged and hollow, deliver their venom to their prey species. Coral snakes mostly eat smaller snakes, lizards, frogs, and nestling birds and rodents, etc. The venom takes time to take full effect.

Coral snakes often hold on to a victim when biting, unlike vipers. Vipers have retractable fangs and tend to prefer to strike and let go immediately. Coral snakes are not aggressive or prone to biting. They account for less than one percent of the number of snake bites each year in the United States.

## Coral snakes in the U.S.A. 
New World coral snakes live in the southern range of many temperate U.S. states. They are found in the southern coastal plain from North Carolina to Louisiana, including all of Florida. 

There is debate about whether the Texas coral snake is a separate species. Its habitat, in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, is separated from the eastern habitat by the Mississippi River. The coral snake population is most dense in the southeast United States, but coral snakes have been spotted as far north as Kentucky.

The Arizona coral snake, which is a separate genus, is found in central and southern Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico and southward to Sinaloa in western Mexico. It lives in dry regions in  thornscrub, desert-scrub, woodland, grassland and farmland. It is found in the plains and lower mountain slopes from sea level to 5800 feet (1768 m); often in rocky areas.

## References
Charlotte

**Charlotte** [shahr-l*uh*t] is a female given name of French origin. It is a female version of **Charles**. The moniker Charlotte has French roots and signifies "free man" or "petite." Its etymology can be traced back to the Old German name Karl, which connotes "man" or "husband." This name was ranked #3 on the US Popular Female Names in 2021. There are many famous people having the name, including Charlotte Church, Charlotte Gainsbourg and Charlotte Arnold. The most famous fictional character with the name is the spider in ''Charlotte's Web''.

## People
* Charlotte Brontë, English author
* Charlotte Church, musician
* Charlotte Lennox, English author and poet
* Charlotte Lewis, English actress
* Charlotte Schreiber, Canadian artist and illustrator
* Charlotte Scott, British mathematician
* Charlotte Turner Smith, English poet and novelist

## Places
### United States
* Charlotte County, Florida
* Charlotte, Iowa
* Charlotte, Maine
* Charlotte, Michigan
* Charlotte, New Jersey
* Charlotte, New York, a town in Chautauqua County
* Charlotte, Rochester, New York, a neighborhood
* Charlotte, North Carolina
* Charlotte, Tennessee, location of a meteorite fall in 1835
* Charlotte, Texas
* Charlotte, Vermont
* Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands
* Charlotte Amalie West, United States Virgin Islands

### Canada
* Queen Charlotte, British Columbia
* Charlotte County, New Brunswick
* Queen Charlotte Islands, an archipelago off the northwest coast of British Columbia, Canada
* Queen Charlotte Basin, the continental shelf offshore of the British Columbia mainland
* Queen Charlotte Sound (Canada)

### Other places
* Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand

## Food
* Charlotte (cake)

## References
Chris Renaud

**Chris Renaud** (born 1966 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American Academy Award-nominated illustrator and filmmaker. He is known for his works in the *Ice Age* franchise. Recently he is known for his works in *Despicable Me* and *Despicable Me 2*. Renaud is in the works for a *Despicable Me* spin-off called *Minions*.

## References
## Other websites
*
*DC Comics profile
;Interviews
*2007 interview with animatedviews.com
*2012 interview  with boxoffice.com
Benjamin Bratt

**Benjamin Bratt** (born December 16, 1963 in San Francisco, California) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Rey Curtis on the TV series *Law & Order* and as Ernesto de la Cruz in the 2017 Oscar-winning Disney-Pixar animated movie *Coco*. He also appeared in many movies such as *The River Wild*, *Miss Congeniality*, *Demolition Man*, *Catwoman*, *Blood in Blood Out*, *Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs*, *Traffic*, *La Mission*, *Despicable Me 2*, and *Piñero*. Bratt voiced Benjamin from the TV show *Benjamin Berkins*.

Benjamin Bratt is of Native-Peruvian and European-American descent descent.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Benjamin Bratt profile at NNDB
* Rare 1989–1990 Footage of Benjamin Bratt Behind the Scenes of Dick Wolf's "Nasty Boys" 
* Article "Emmy-Nominated Actor Benjamin Bratt" 
* &#x27;The People Speak&#x27; - Los Angeles Times
A Modest Proposal

***A Modest Proposal*** is a famous work of satire by Irish writer Jonathan Swift. It was written in 1729.

## Other websites
*Text
Pierre Coffin

Annecy International Animated Film Festival]]
**Pierre-Louis Padang Coffin** (born March 15, 1967) is a French animator and director. He is best known for directing *Despicable Me* (2010) and *Despicable Me 2* (2013) as well as the spin-off called *Minions* released in December 2014.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Coffin's Site
Paul Jenkins (actor)

**Paul Jenkins** (August 2, 1938 &ndash; July 1, 2013) was an American actor. He appeared on many television programs such as *M*A*S*H*, *Columbo*, *Lou Grant*, *Kojak*, *The Partridge Family*, and in *Starsky and Hutch*. He is mostly known for his roles as Professor Parks in *The Waltons* and as Eddie in *Dynasty.*

## References
## Other websites
*
Joe Conley

**Joseph H. Conley, Jr.** (March 3, 1928 &ndash; July 7, 2013) was an American actor and writer. He played many small roles on television and is most remembered for his role as the storekeeper Ike Godsey on *The Waltons*.

Conley was born on March 3, 1928 in Buffalo, New York. He was married to Louise Ann Teechen from 1969 until his death in 2013. They had four children. Conley died from complications of dementia in Newburry Park, California, aged 85. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Gwen

The name **Gwen** [ gwen ] is a female given name of Welsh origin. It means "white, holy". The name is often a shortened form of **Gwendolyn**. Famous people with the name include the singer Gwen Stefani. Fictional people with the name include Gwen Hotchkiss from the soap opera *Passions*. This name was ranked #855 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People 
* Gwen Renée Stefani, American singer-songwriter
* Gwen Shamblin Lara, American writer (1955-2021)
* Gwen Ifill, American journalist, television newscaster and author (1955-2016)
* Gwen Graham, American attorney, politician and member of the Democratic Party

## References
Clarissa

**Clarissa** is a female given name. It is pronounced [ kl*uh*-ris-*uh* ]. It comes from the German name **Clarice**. *Clarice*, in turn, comes from the Latin word *Clarus*, which means "bright, clear or famous". *Clarissa* also has a Greek origin, meaning "brilliant".This name was ranked #946 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People with the name include Clara Barton, who was born Clarissa Harlowe Barton. A fictional teenage character named Clarissa was played by Melissa Joan Hart in *Clarissa Explains It All* during the early to mid 1990s.

## People
* Clarissa Davis (b. 1967), American coach and Women's Basketball hall-of-famer
* Clarissa Dickson Wright (1947-2014), English celebrity chef
* Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon (b. 1920)
* Clarissa Pinkola Estés (b. 1945), American poet
* Charissa Thompson, American sportscaster

## Places
* Clarissa, Minnesota, a small city in the United States

## Science
* 302 Clarissa, an asteroid

## Media
* *Clarissa (film)*, a 1941 German film
* *Clarissa Explains It All, a U.S. television sitcom
* *Clarissa (TV series)'', a British television drama series

## References
Minions (movie)

***Minions*** is a 2015 American computer-animated comedy movie and a spin-off/prequel to the 2010 animated movie *Despicable Me* and the 2013 animated movie - and sequel to Despicable Me - *Despicable Me 2*. It was released on July 11, 2015.

The movie stars Sandra Bullock and Jon Hamm and is narrated by Geoffrey Rush. A sequel *Minions: The Rise of Gru*, was released in 2022.

## Cast 
* Pierre Coffin as the yellow, small Minions, including:
**Kevin, The leader of the trio of Minions who set out to find a boss.
**Stuart, a musician, and the slacker of the three.
**Bob, the youngest and smallest of the group.
* Sandra Bullock as Scarlet Overkill, the world's first female supervillain and Herb's wife.
* Jon Hamm as Herb Overkill, a genius inventor and Scarlet's husband.
* Michael Keaton as Walter Nelson, Madge's thief husband and Tina, Walter Jr. and Binky's father.
* Allison Janney as Madge Nelson, Walter's thief wife and Tina, Walter Jr. and Binky's mother.
* Steve Coogan as the aged, blind Tower Guard.
**Coogan also voices Professor Flux, a scientist.
* Jennifer Saunders as Queen Elizabeth II.
* Geoffrey Rush as the narrator.
* Steve Carell as young Gru, the Minions' boss at the end of the movie.
* Katy Mixon as Tina Nelson, Walter and Madge's thief daughter, Walter Jr.'s younger sister and Binky's older brother.
* Michael Beattie as Walter Nelson Jr., Walter and Madge's thief son and Tina and Binky's older brother.
**Beattie also voices a VNC Announcer.
* Hiroyuki Sanada as Dumo, a sumo fighter villain.
* Dave Rosenbaum as Fabrice, Scarlet's personal stylist.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Marcia

The name **Marcia** [ **mahr**-sh*uh* ] is a female given name which comes from Latin. It means "dedicated to Mars". *Marcia* also means "proud, warlike, martial". It is a feminine form of **Marcus**. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

People who have the name include entertainers Marcia Cross and Marcia Wallace. Fictional people include Marcia Brady from *The Brady Bunch*.

## People 
* Marcia Gay Harden, American actress
* Marcia Wallace, American actress and comedian (1942-2013)
* Marcia Strassman, American actress and singer (1948-2014)

## References
Joanna

**Joanna** [ joh-**an** ] is a female given name. Forms in the English language include **Joan**, **Joanne** and **Jeanne**. The earliest recording for the name *Joanna* is from Gospel of Luke. Joanna is a name that has been in style for many years. It's a girl's name with a fascinating background and significant significance. The name Joanna originates from the Hebrew name Yohanan, which translates to "God is gracious." There are many famous people and celebrities named *Joanna*, including Joanna Kerns, Joanna Cassidy and Joanna García. There was also a hit song named "Joanna" that was performed by Kool & the Gang in the 1980s.

There is No Doubt that Joanna is beautiful name.

## People 
* Joanna Angel, American pornographic actress and director

## References
Amar Bose

**Amar Gopal Bose** (November 2, 1929  July 12, 2013) was an American academic and entrepreneur. An electrical engineer and sound engineer, he was a  professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for over 45 years.

In 2007 he was listed in Forbes 400 as the 271st richest man in the world, with a net worth of $1.8 billion. In 2009, he was no longer on the billionaire list, and returned to the list in 2011, with a net worth of $1.0 billion.

Bose was born on November 2, 1929 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Bose died on July 12, 2013 in Wayland, Massachusetts, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Short biography of Amar Gopal Bose 
* Bose at MIT 
* Doctoral Thesis
* Bose Breakthrough: Electromagnetic Auto Suspension 
* A History of Bose 
* 
* Bose Founder Discusses Audio Perfection and Digital Music
* *Business India* -Interview; July; 2007
Matt Batts

**Matthew Daniel "Matt" Batts** (October 16, 1921 &ndash; July 14, 2013) was a Major League Baseball catcher. He played from 1947 through 1956 for the Boston Red Sox (1947–1951), St. Louis Browns (1951), Detroit Tigers (1952–1954), Chicago White Sox (1954) and Cincinnati Reds (1955–1956).

Batts was born on October 16, 1921 in San Antonio, Texas. He died on July 14, 2013 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from natural causes, aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Baseball Library 
*Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers
Physical geography

**Physical geography** is one of the two major subfields of geography. Physical geography is related to geology, because it is about the processes and patterns in the natural environment. Some of the things this includes are the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, landforms and terrain. Physical geography influences what people do. For example, few live in deserts, and many live in cities near a big river.

## References
Chuck Comeau

**Charles-André "Chuck" Comeau** (born September 17, 1979) is a Canadian musician. He is the current drummer of the Canadian pop punk band Simple Plan.

## Career
Comeau originally started his musical career with the band Reset which he formed in 1993 with bandmate Pierre Bouvier. He left Reset in 1998 to pursue a degree in law at McGill University.

He reunited with Bouvier at a Sugar Ray concert and after he left school, he formed Simple Plan with Bouvier. Aside from drumming, Comeau writes lyrics for the band. In 2008, he was a judge for the 7th annual Independent Music Awards.

## References
## Other websites
*
Multitasking (iOS)

**Multitasking** is a feature available on iOS that allows multiple applications to run and perform tasks at the same time. It is available in iOS 4 or later. Multitasking features for iPad were added, including Spilt View and Picture in Picture, since iOS 9.

Multitasking was first released in June 2010 with the release of iOS 4.0.  Only iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation were able to use multitasking. The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2 was released in November 2010. Multitasking is currently supported on iPhone 3GS or newer, iPod Touch 3rd generation or newer, and all iPad models.

## Features
### Fast app switching
Fast app switching lets apps to pause and resume themselves quickly and easily change to other apps.An app that is on the screen is "running". An app that is not on screen but is still in memory is "suspended". All apps that are built with iOS 4 SDK support fast app switching if running on iOS 4 and a compatible device. Users can use fast app switching by opening the multitasking bar. The multitasking bar can be displayed by double-tapping the home button. Apps can ask for up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background in iOS 4.0 or later.

### Running in the background
Apps can run in the background by using background APIs. The following are available in iOS 4.0 or later:
* Audio—plays audio
* Location—uses location services
* VOIP—makes VOIP calls
The following two APIs were added in iOS 5.0:
* Newsstand—downloads content for Newsstand
* External accessory—interacts with an external accessory

## Related pages
* Multitasking

## References
Gordon

The name **Gordon** [ **gawr**-dn ] is a masculine given name in the English language. Gordon is a timeless name with a fascinating background. It originates from Scotland and is rooted in the Gaelic language, where "gor" translates to "spacious" or "large," and "dun" means "fortress" or "castle." As a result, the name Gordon signifies a "large fort" or a "spacious castle." People who have the name *Gordon* include race-car driver Jeff Gordon, and English actress Lucy Gordon. The name has been used on several hurricanes over the Atlantic Basin. In November 1994, Hurricane Gordon moved through Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola and the southeastern United States. This name was ranked #925 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

## People 
* Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2010
* Gordon Moore, American businessman (1929–2023)
* Gordon Banks, English association football player (1937-2019)

## References
Denise

**Denise** is a female given name. It is pronounced [ d*uh*-**nees**, -**neez** ].It is a feminine form of the masculine name **Dennis**. The name ''Denis's'' means "to be devoted to Bacchus". This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).、

## People 
* Deniece Williams, American R&B and soul singer
* Denise Richards, American actress
* Denise Darcel, actress
* Denise Robertson, British writer and television broadcaster (1932-2016)
* Denise Lewis, British athlete

## References
Government of Japan

, the current government cabinet since 2025]]
The **Government of Japan** is a constitutional monarchy, like the United Kingdom. The head of state is the Emperor of Japan, Emperor Naruhito, while most executive power rests with the Prime Minister of Japan, currently Sanae Takaichi, and her Cabinet. The Diet of Japan is the legislative branch or Parliament, made up of two houses. The upper house, the House of Councillors, is the subject of a national election every three years; the last election was in July 2022, when half of the seats for six year terms were voted on.

## Other websites
*Japanese Consulate-General in San Francisco- FAQ 
*Asahi website on the Upper House election
Anglo-Dutch Wars

The **Anglo-Dutch Wars** ( or ) were a series of wars fought between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England and later the United Kingdom of Great Britain during the 17th and 18th centuries. They fought for control over trade routes on the seas. All of the wars were mostly fought by naval warfare.

The First War (1652–1654) took place during the Interregnum in England, the period after the English Civil War when England did not have a king or a queen. The war was fought between the navies of England and the Dutch Republic (also known as the United Provinces). It mainly took place in the English Channel and the North Sea. It ended with the Royal Navy of England gaining control of those seas and a monopoly over trade with the English colonies.

The Second (1665–1667) and the Third (1672–1674) Wars happened after the English Restoration of the monarchy. England tried to end the Dutch monopoly over world trade. Most of the fighting in both wars was done in the North Sea. In the Third War, England fought alongside France. Both wars ended in strong victories for the Dutch and confirmed their position as the leading maritime power of the 17th century. The English took New Netherland, and the Dutch let them keep it in return for Suriname.

The Fourth War (1780–1784) took place after the Acts of Union 1707 in Great Britain and involved the Dutch Republic and Great Britain. The main cause was that Britain disagreed with the Dutch trading with the United States during the American Revolutionary War. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris (1784) and ended with a very big defeat for the Dutch, who lost parts of the Dutch Empire.

## Related pages
* Glorious Revolution
* History of England
*History of the United Kingdom
* British East India Company
* Dutch East India Company
* Anglo-Manipur War

## References
## More reading
* D. R. Hainsworth, et al. (1998) *The Anglo-Dutch Naval Wars 1652-1674*
* James Rees Jones (1996) *The Anglo-Dutch wars of the seventeenth century*
* Angus Konstam and Tony Bryan (2011) *Warships of the Anglo-Dutch Wars 1652-74*

## Other websites
* .
*National Maritime Museum , London.
*Dutch Admiral Michiel de Ruyters' flagship 'The Seven Provinces'  is being rebuilt in the Dutch town of Lelystad.
* .
Memory leak

When a program gets executed, it uses memory. In some cases, a poorly-written program may incorrectly manage the memory that has been given to it. As a consequence, the memory that was actually supposed to be reused after the program has finished its job cannot be accessed again. This is known as a **memory leak**.

One of the most common reasons for memory leaks is the program not giving its memory back after it has finished execution. 

Memory leaks may result in several issues such as degradation of performance and systems being unresponsive.
Computer data storage

PATA hard disk drive (HDD); when connected to a computer it serves as *secondary* storage.]]
 tape cartridge, an example of *off-line* storage. When used within a robotic tape library, it is classified as *tertiary* storage instead.]] 
**Computer data storage** is the name for a number of components of a computer. The main purpose of these components is to store data. The central processing unit is then able to fetch and change the data. In most computers, there is a computer memory hierarchy: Memory that is "closer" to the CPU is usually faster to access, but it is also smaller; data that is stored in this kind of memory usually needs electrical power to keep the data.

Memory that is farther away is usually slower to access, but also bigger. Classical storage media of this kind of data include hard drives and USB flash drives. Some media offer even more capacity, but accessing them is very slow. Examples for such media are tape drives. Modern CPUs have registers that can store data, they also often have several levels of cache.

Finally, there is the main memory the CPU can access. These three are usually referred to as *Primary* data storage. Some computers also have a cache memory.

Secondary storage is usually not directly accessible by the CPU, and data needs to be transferred to primary storage to be available. Secondary storage includes hard drives and non-volatile random-access memory. Tertiary storage is used for archival and backup; very often it is copied to secondary storage before use. Software is sometimes distributed by tertiary media such as magnetic tape and CD-ROM.

## Related pages
*Hard drive
*USB flash drive
Abigail

**Abigail** is a feminine given name. The name is from the Hebrew name *Avigail*, which indicates "father rejoice". This was a popular name, especially in 2005.The pronunciation of this name is [ ab-i-geyl ].The name can be shortened to **Abbie** or **Abby**.

The shorthand *Abby* was used for several Atlantic hurricanes in the 1960s.

This name was ranked #17 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

People with the name include Abigail Breslin, Abigail Adams and Abbie Cornish. 

## People named Abigail
* Abigail Adams (1744–1818), wife of U.S. President John Adams
* Abigail Breslin (born 1996), American actress
* Abbie Cornish (born 1982), Australian actress
* Abigail Fillmore (1798–1853), wife of U.S. President Millard Fillmore
* Abigail and Brittany Hensel, (born 1990), American conjoined twins
* Abigail (born as Abigail Rogan) (born 1946), Australian actress
* Abigail Kubeka (born 1945), South African jazz musician and actress
* Abigail Spears (born 1981), American tennis player
* Abigail Goldman, American journalist
* Abigail Spencer, American actress

## References