open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Metal rectifier

A **metal rectifier** is an early type of semiconductor rectifier in which the semiconductor is copper oxide or selenium.  They were used to convert alternating current to direct current. They were often used in devices such as radios and battery chargers.   Westinghouse Electric was a major manufacturer of these rectifiers since the late 1920s.

In some countries the term "metal rectifier" is applied to all such devices. In other countries the term "metal rectifier" normally refers to copper-oxide types, and "selenium rectifier" to  selenium-iron types.

## Other websites
* Rectifier used as an AM-demodulator 
* Cougar Electronics - example of "legacy" selenium rectifier manufacturer
* The Copper Oxide Rectifier  This document discusses the history of the copper oxide rectifier, and, in particular, the use of Chilean copper in its manufacture; the thallium catastrophe that befell the manufacture of selenium rectifiers is also discussed.
Mercury-arc rectifier

A **Mercury-arc rectifier** is a type of rectifier used for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The cathode is made from a pool of liquid mercury. Mercury-arc rectifiers  were rugged and durable. They could carry higher currents than most other types of rectifier.

The mercury-arc rectifier was invented in 1902 by Peter Cooper Hewitt. They were used to provide power for industrial electric motors, electric railways, trams, and electric locomotives. Other uses included radio transmitters and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission. They were the primary method of high power rectification before the advent of solid-state electronics in the 1970s. The solid-state rectifier has since replaced the mercury-arc rectifier.

## References
Gas turbine

A **gas turbine**, also called a **combustion turbine**, is a type of internal combustion engine. The simplest form has three main parts:
* A rotating gas compressor (SP in the diagram) to compress air
* A combustion chamber, called a combustor (KS in the diagram) where fuel is injected
* A turbine (TG in the diagram) on the same shaft as the compressor

The diagram shows a single-shaft gas turbine. One turbine drives both the compressor and the load, such as an electric generator.  There are also two-shaft gas turbines, with separate turbines to drive the compressor and the load. Two-shaft turbines are better for driving road and rail vehicles because they can give more torque at low speed.

## Related pages
* Turbojet

## References
## Other websites 
*http://www.gasturbineworld.co.uk/rovergasturbine.html 
*https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/gas-turbine-handbook/1-1.pdf
*https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_240372.pdf 
*https://freikolben.ch/en/gas-turbines
*https://www.monografias.com/trabajos108/estudio-del-efecto-del-aislamiento-termico-turbina-gas/estudio-del-efecto-del-aislamiento-termico-turbina-gas
*https://chemicalengineeringworld.com/gas-turbine-working-and-types/
*https://raigap.livejournal.com/1044444.html
Theorema egregium

without distortion.  The Mercator projection, shown here, preserves angles but changes the area. As an example, Antarctica is shown much bigger than it really is. ]]
Gauss's **Theorema Egregium** (Latin for "**Remarkable Theorem**") is a major result of differential geometry proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The theorem is about the curvature of surfaces.  The theorem states that  curvature can be determined by measuring angles, distances and their rates on a surface alone. There is no need to talk about the particular manner in which the surface is embedded in the surrounding three-dimensional Euclidean space.  In other words, the Gaussian curvature of a surface does not change if one bends the surface without stretching it.  

Gauss presented the theorem in this manner (translated from Latin):

:For this reason the formula of the preceding article leads itself to the remarkable Theorem. If a curved surface is developed on any other surface whatever, the measure of curvature in each point remains unchanged.

The theorem is "remarkable" because the starting *definition* of Gaussian curvature makes direct use of the  position of the surface in space. So it is quite surprising that the result does *not* depend on its embedding in spite of all bending and twisting deformations undergone.

## Related pages 
*Map projection
Borgo Maggiore

**Borgo Maggiore** is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 6,631 live there (October 2013). It the second largest town of San Marino, after Dogana.

It is next to the San Marino municipalities Serravalle, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, San Marino, and Acquaviva and the Italian municipality Verucchio. It is at the foot of Monte Titano.

## References
Domagnano

**Domagnano** is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 3,319 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 6.62&nbsp;km².

It is next to the San Marino municipalities Faetano, Borgo Maggiore, Serravalle and the Italian municipality Coriano.
Faetano

**Faetano** is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 1,164 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 7,75&nbsp;km². 

## Geography 
It is next to on the San Marino municipalities Montegiardino, Fiorentino, Borgo Maggiore, and Domagnano and the Italian municipalities Coriano, Montescudo and Sassofeltrio. 

## History 
Faetano joined San Marino in 1463. It was the last part added to San Mariono.

## Parishes 
Faetano has four parishes (*curazie*):
*Cà Chiavello, Calligaria, Corianino, Monte Pulito

## Other websites
Two-stroke engine

The **two-stroke engine** is an internal combustion engine. The two strokes are:

Unlike a four-stroke engine, there are no intake and exhaust strokes. When the piston is at bottom dead center, fuel-air mixture is blown in under slight pressure. The incoming mixture forces out the exhaust gas at the same time. The animation shows an engine with crankcase compression to force in the fuel-air mixture. Some engines use a rotary blower instead. These engines use mixed fuel (often 50:1) primarily high octane gasoline, partially two-stroke oil.
Anchorite

.]]

An **anchorite** (female: **anchoress**) from "one who has retired from the world", is someone who, for religious reasons, withdraws from secular society so as to be able to lead an intensely prayer-filled, ascetic life. Anchorites are often considered to be a type of religious hermit, unlike hermits, anchorites had to make a promise to God to stay in one place, which was a very small room, either attached to, or within the wall of, a local church. 

The anchoritic life is one of the earliest forms of being a Christian monk. From the 12th to the 16th centuries, female anchorites consistently outnumbered their male equivalents, sometimes by as many as four to one (in the 13th century), dropping eventually to two to one (in the 15th century). The sex of a high number of anchorites, however, is not recorded for these periods.

## Notable people 
* Julian of Norwich

## Related pages 
*  Asceticism
*  Nazirite
*  Sadhu

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Jennings, Louisiana

**Jennings** is the parish seat and largest city of Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana in the United States.

## References
Nissan Stadium (Nashville)

**Nissan Stadium** is the home football stadium of the Tennessee Titans. It is in the city of Nashville, Tennessee.

## Other websites
*Official Site
President of Ghana

The **President of the Republic of Ghana** is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana, as well as Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces. The current President of Ghana is John Mahama.

## Eligibility
According to Chapter 8, Article 62 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, a person shall not be qualified for election as the President of Ghana unless:

*(a) he/she is a citizen of Ghana by birth
*(b) he/she has attained the age of  forty years; and
*(c) he/she is a person who is otherwise qualified to be elected a Member of Parliament, except that the disqualifications set out in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of clause (2) of article 94 of this Constitution shall not be removed, in respect of any such person, by a presidential pardon or by the lapse of time as provided for in clause (5) of that article.

## List of presidents of the Fourth Republic (1993–present)
## References
## Other websites
* World Statesmen – Ghana
* Rulers.org – Ghana
James M. Keck

**James Moulton Keck** (September 4, 1921 – June 25, 2018) was an American Air Force lieutenant general. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Keck's last assignment was vice commander in chief, Strategic Air Command, headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. He served this position from October 1, 1973 and served until June 30, 1977. He served as commander of 2nd Air Force.

Keck died on June 25, 2018 in San Antonio, Texas from complications of a broken hip at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography
Irena Szewińska

**Irena Szewińska**, née **Kirszenstein** (Polish pronunciation: ; 24 May 1946 – 29 June 2018) was a Soviet-born Polish sprinter. She was born in Leningrad. She was Jewish. She was the only athlete in history, male or female, to have held the world record in the 100m, the 200m and the 400m. She won three gold medals at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, 1968 Olympics in Mexico City and at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. She also won two Olympic silver medals in 1964 and two Olympic bronze medals in 1968 and 1972.

Szewińska died at a military hospital in Warsaw on 29 June 2018 from endometrial cancer at the age of 72.

## References
## Other websites
* Jews in Sports
* KIRSZENSTEIN-SZEWIŃSKA, Irena International Who's Who. accessed 4 September 2006.
José Antonio Zaldúa

**José Antonio Zaldúa Urdanavia**, known as **Zaldúa**, (15 December 1941 &ndash; 30 June 2018), was a Spanish footballer. He played as a forward. He was born in Elizondo, Spain. Zaldúa played for Spanish clubs Real Valladolid, FC Barcelona, CA Osasuna and CE Sabadell FC. At international level, he represented the Spain national football team.

Zaldúa died on 30 June 2018 in Sant Andreu de Llavaneres, Spain at the age of 76.

## References
## Other websites
* FC Barcelona profile 
* Matches in European Cups at RSSSF
Jed Allan

**Jed Allan** (born **Jed Allan Brown**; March 1, 1935 &ndash; March 9, 2019) was an American actor and game show host. He was born in New York City. Allan was known for his roles on soap operas. He was best known for his role as Don Craig in *Days of Our Lives*, which he played from 1971 to 1985.

Allan died one week after his 84th birthday on March 9, 2019 in Palm Desert, California.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fallon, Nevada

**Fallon** is a city in Churchill County, Nevada, United States. The population was 9,327 at the 2020 census. Fallon is the county seat of Churchill County and is located in the Lahontan Valley.

## References
Illinois's 5th congressional district

The **5th congressional district** of Illinois is a congressional district that covers parts of Cook and DuPage counties.

All or parts of Chicago, Elmhurst, Elmwood Park, Franklin Park, Hinsdale, La Grange Park, Norridge, Northlake, River Grove, Schiller Park, and Oakbrook Terrace are included.

It has been represented by Democrat Mike Quigley since a special election in April 2009.

## List of living former Representatives
## References
Joe Crowley

**Joseph Crowley** (; born March 16, 1962) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for New York's 14th congressional district from 2013 to 2019. He was Chair of the House Democratic Caucus from 2017 to 2019. He also was Chair of the Queens County Democratic Party from 2006 to 2019. 

On June 26, 2018, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez defeated Crowley in the 2018 Democratic primary for his seat. Crowley’s unseen defeat is thought to be one of the biggest upsets in congressional history.

Until his defeat in June 2018, Crowley was seen by many as the replacement of Nancy Pelosi in the Democratic House leadership.

## Election history

## References
## Other websites
* Congressman Joseph Crowley  official U.S. House site
* Crowley for Congress
* 
* 
*
Dimbulukeni Nauyoma

**Dimbulukeni Nauyoma** (born 1992) is a Namibian youth activist. Along with Job Amupanda and George Kambala, he co-founded a radical youth movement known as the Affirmative Repositioning Movement in 2014. He also served as Secretary General of the Namibia National Students Organisation (NANSO) from 2015 - 2017.

## Early life 
Nauyoma was born in Windhoek, Namibia. He attended the University of Namibia. He holds an advanced diploma in Banking Finance & Credit from the Namibian Institute of Bankers (IOB) where he served as Student Representative Council President. He was part of the SWAPO Party Youth League leaders who were suspended and expelled from the party for occupying a plot in an upmarket Windhoek suburb.

## Affirmative Repositioning Movement 
In November 2014, three youth leaders occupied land in an affluent Klein, Windhoek suburb as a means to demand land in the city.

### ERF 2014 
Nauyoma alongside fellow land activists named their occupied land as in reference to the year of occupation with the initiative receiving help from many young Namibians.

### New Parliament Building 
In 2016, the Namibian government announced plans to build a new Parliament. However, the Affirmative Repositioning Movement began to Mobilization young Namibians for a June 16 protest against the decision saying resources could be used in more needed areas.

## References
Pineberry

A **pineberry** is a white strawberry cultivar with a pineapple-like flavor, white flesh, and red seeds. It was first bred in the Netherlands and Belgium, sold in the USA in 2012.

## References
Chrissy Metz

**Christine Michelle Metz** (born September 29, 1980) is an American singer and actress. She played Kate Pearson in the NBC television series *This is Us*. She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble for the role.

For her acting in *This is Us*, Metz was also nominated for several Golden Globe and Primetime Emmy Awards.

Metz was born in Homestead, Florida.

## Awards and nominations
## References
George Kambala

**George Hidipo Hamba Kambala** (born 9 May 1992) is a Namibian youth activist who along with Job Amupanda and Dimbulukeni Nauyoma, he co-Founded a radical youth movement known as the Affirmative Repositioning Movement in 2014.

## Personal life 
Kambala was born and grew up in Windhoek's Katutura where he attended Martti Ahtisaari Primary School. He was part of the SWAPO Party Youth League leaders who were suspended and expelled from the party for occupying a plot in an upmarket Windhoek suburb.

## Affirmative Repositioning Movement Activism 
Following reports that Windhoek Mayor Agnes Kafula allocated a plot to a *Big Brother* Africa winner, Kambala alongside Nauyoma and Amupanda occupied land in a Windhoek suburb to raise more concerns on the land question in Namibia.

## References
Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt

**Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt** (1765? &#x2013; March 23, 1840) was one of the leading chess players in France in the years between 1820 and 1840.

## Biography 
Not much is known about his life. The date of his birth, 1765, is based on a comment by an English chess player, George Walker, that in 1839 Boncourt was about 70 years old.

Boncourt learned how to play chess from students of the great François-André Danican Philidor, including Carlier, Bernard and Leger who often played at the Café de la Régence. 

He was a civil servant, and chess was mostly a hobby for him.  He got his best results after he was 60 years old when after retiring from work, he could spend all his time playing chess.

In 1818, for a brief period, he was one of the players hidden inside the chess machine, the Turk. At one time he was sick, and he did not play very well. While he was hiding inside the Turk, he could not stop coughing and he could be heard by people watching. After this, the owner of the Turk, Mälzel, added some noisy gears. This was simply to cover any noise coming from the person inside.

## References and notes 
## Other websites 
* Some of the games of Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt can be found at chessgames.com
* Dominique Thimognier: Boncourt Hyacinthe Henri (French)
Maratha Empire

The **Maratha Empire**, or **Maratha Confederacy**, was a group of Indian states that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th and the 18th centuries. The empire formally existed from 1674 to 1820. The Marathas are given much of the credit for ending Mughal rule in India.

The Marathas were warrior people from the western Deccan Plateau (present-day Maharashtra). They rose to prominence by establishing "self-rule of Hindu/Indian people" in their region. The Marathas became prominent in the 17th century under the leadership of Shivaji who revolted against the Adil Shahi dynasty and the Mughal Empire and formed a kingdom, with Raigad as his capital. Known for their mobility, the Marathas were able to consolidate their territory during the Mughal–Maratha Wars and later controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent stretching from Peshawar in the north to Thanjavur in the south with their capital at Pune in the year 1758. 

Their power was eventually ended by the series of wars fought against the British Empire. The first two Anglo-Maratha wars resulted in a victory for the Marathas however the third one resulted in the defeat of the Marathas and annexation of the Maratha Empire in Maharashtra into British India. The Marathas had another opportunity to rebel against British rule and form their own kingdom in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. They joined this rebellion in the hopes of permanently kicking the British power out of India. However, by the end of 1859, the rebellion was crushed and all the Maratha rebel leaders were either executed or went into exile and took refuge in Nepal.

## Thanjavur Branch
It was founded by Ekoji the step Brother of Shivaji and it was independent till 1855. Shahji II helped Marathas again Mughals in Deccan wars but was defeated by Zulfiqar khan during an Expedition to Tanjore. Shivaji of Tanjore was last Ruler of Thanjavur till it was annexed by East India Company in 1855.

## Related pages 
* Maratha dynasty

## References
List of British heritage and private railways

**List of British heritage and private railways**

* Dartmoor Railway https://www.dartmoorrailway.com/ 
* East Kent Railway (heritage) http://eastkentrailway.co.uk/
* Ecclesbourne Valley Railway
* Eden Valley Railway (heritage railway) http://www.evr-cumbria.org.uk/ 
* Epping Ongar Railway
* Lavender Line http://www.lavender-line.co.uk/
* Lynton and Barnstaple Railway
* Mangapps Railway Museum
* Mid Hants Watercress Railway https://www.watercressline.co.uk/
* National Railway Museum
* Northampton & Lamport Railway
* Plym Valley Railway
* Swanage Railway
* Swindon and Cricklade Railway http://www.swindon-cricklade-railway.org/
* Talyllyn Railway
* West Somerset Railway
Florida Parishes

The **Florida Parishes** (, ), on the east side of Mississippi River–an area also known as the **Northshore** or **Northlake** region–are eight parishes in southeast Louisiana, United States, which were part of West Florida in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
James S. Denton

**James Simon Denton** (July 5, 1951 &ndash; June 22, 2018) was an American publisher and editor. He was born in Lakehurst, New Jersey. He was the publisher and editor of *World Affairs* and the director of the World Affairs Institute in Washington, D.C.. Denton was the executive director of Heldref Publications.

Denton died at his home in Washington, D.C. from prostate cancer on June 22, 2018, aged 66.

## References
## Other websites
* Profile at SourceWatch
Paola Paternoster

**Paola Paternoster** (née *Carotenuto*; 22 December 1935 &ndash; 27 June 2018) was an Italian athlete. She competed in the discus throw at the 1956 and 1960 Summer Olympics and in the javelin throw in 1956, and placed 11th–20th. Paternoster won 17 national championships at senior level. She was born in Rome.

Paternoster died on 27 June 2018 from colorectal cancer in Rome at the age of 82.

## References
Centreville, Mississippi

**Centreville** is a town in Amite and Wilkinson counties, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,258 at the 2020 census.

## References
Scorpion (Drake album)

***Scorpion*** is an album released on June 29, 2018, by Canadian rapper Drake.

## Track listing
## References
### Notes
Peter Firmin

**Peter Arthur Firmin** (11 December 1928 – 1 July 2018) was an British artist and television producer. He was the founder of Smallfilms, along with Oliver Postgate. They created a number of popular children's TV programmes, *The Saga of Noggin the Nog*,  *Ivor the Engine*, *Clangers*, *Bagpuss* and ''Pogles' Wood*.

On 1 July 2018, Firmin died at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Article from *Something about the Author'' (Volume 58) about Peter Firmin
* The Smallfilms Treasury
* The Dragons' Friendly Society
Pressurized water reactor

**Pressurized water reactors** (**PWRs**) form the large majority of the world's nuclear power plants. In a PWR, the coolant (water) is pumped under high pressure to the reactor core where it is heated by the energy released by the fission of atoms. Pressure in the primary coolant loop prevents the water from boiling within the reactor. The heated water then flows to a steam generator where it transfers heat to a secondary system where steam is generated. The steam flows to a steam turbine which spins an electric generator. The used steam is condensed and returned to the steam generator for re-use. PWRs use ordinary water as both coolant and neutron moderator.

## Related pages
* Pressurized heavy-water reactor
Armando (artist)

**Armando** (18 September 1929 – 1 July 2018), born **Herman Dirk van Dodeweerd**, was a Dutch painter, sculptor and writer. He was born in Amsterdam. In 1958 he was one of the founding members of the Nederlandse Informele Groep (Informelen).

His first solo exhibition was at the Galerie Le Canard, Amsterdam, in 1954. At this time he also started to write poetry. He was influenced by the CoBrA art group. In 2007, he retired following an art museum fire that destroyed most of his work.

Armando died on 1 July 2018 in Berlin at the age of 88.

## Honours
*1990 - Knight of the Order of Oranje-Nassau
*2006 - Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
*2009 - The Honorary medal for Arts and Science of the Order of the House of Orange

## References
## Other websites
François Corbier

**François Corbier** (1944 – July 1, 2018) was a French television presenter and songwriter. He was born in Paris. He became a television presenter on *Récré A2*, a programme with singer Dorothée on Antenne 2, in 1982. He was a co-presenter of *Club Dorothée* on TF1 from 1987 to 1997. His best known song that he wrote was *Le Nez de Dorothée* in 1986. 

Corbier died on July 1, 2018 in Évreux, France from cancer, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
Bozhidar Dimitrov

**Bozhidar Dimitrov Stoyanov** (, 3 December 1945 – 1 July 2018) was a Bulgarian historian. He worked in Medieval Bulgarian history, the Ottoman rule and the Macedonian Question. He was the director of the National Historical Museum. He was born in Sozopol, Bulgaria. 

Dimitrov Cove in Antarctica is named after him.

Dimitrov died on 1 July 2018 in Sofia from a heart attack at the age of 72.

## References
Dayton, Oregon

**Dayton** is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. The population was 2,678 at the 2020 census.

## References
Shirley Huffman

**Shirley Todd Huffman** (July 22, 1928 – July 1, 2018) was an American Republican politician. She was born in Dayton, Oregon. She later moved to  Hillsboro, Oregon, where she served on the city council before serving two terms as mayor from 1985 to 1993. After leaving office, she was replaced by Gordon Faber and served on the board of directors for TriMet and as a development coordinator for the city.

Huffman died on July 1, 2018 in Ventura, California from natural causes at the age of 89.

## References
## Other websites
*"Hillsboro hopes to ride the light rail to prosperity" - *Portland Business Journal*
Gillian Lynne

**Dame Gillian Barbara Lynne**,  (née **Pyrke**; 20 February 1926 – 1 July 2018) was a British ballerina, dancer, choreographer, actress, and theatre-television director. She was known for her popular choreography with *Cats* and  *The Phantom of the Opera*. She was made a DBE (Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2014 New Year Honours List.

Lynne died at a hospital in Marylebone, London from pneumonia on 1 July 2018 at the age of 92.

## References
## Other websites
* *London Gazette* notice of damehood; london-gazette.co.uk; accessed 22 March 2014.
* 
* Gillian Lynne profile, imdb.com; accessed 17 March 2014.
Julian Tudor Hart

**Alan Julian Macbeth Tudor-Hart**    (9 March 1927 – 1 July 2018), commonly known as **Julian Tudor Hart**, was a British doctor and politician. He worked as a general practitioner (GP) in Wales for 30 years. He was involved with research and wrote many books and scientific articles.   He is best known for the inverse care law. This says:The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for the population served.  This inverse care law operates more completely where medical care is most exposed to market forces, and less so where such exposure is reduced.He was born in London.

He was a member of the Sigerist Society from 1947 to 1955. Hart joined the Communist Party of Great Britain and ran as the CPGB candidate for Aberavon at the 1964, 1966 and 1970 general elections.  He was the Honorary President of the Socialist Health Association.

## References
## Other websites
* Personal website
Ernesto Zedillo

**Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León**, GColIH (; born December 27, 1951) is a Mexican economist and politician. He was the 54th President of Mexico from December 1, 1994 to November 30, 2000. 

He was the last Mexican president from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), a 71 year streak. He became the PRI candidate after the original nominee Luis Donaldo Colosio was assassinated.

## References
Carlos Salinas de Gortari

**Carlos Salinas de Gortari** () (born April 3, 1948) is a Mexican Narco President al igual que AMLO and Murderer Of Luis Donaldo Colosio. He worked with the Partido Trabajador Institucional  (PTI). He served as 53rd President of Mexico from December 1, 1988 to November 30, 1994.

## References
## Other websites
*Extended biography and presidential tenure by CIDOB Foundation 
*Response of Manuel Bartlett to De la Madrid remarks.  
*
Gudrun Burwitz

** Gudrun Margarete Elfriede Emma Anna Burwitz** (née **Himmler**, 8 August 1929 – 24 May 2018) was a German Nazi supporter and the daughter of Margarete Himmler and Heinrich Himmler. She was born in Munich.

Burwitz was arrested and made to testify at the Nuremberg trials. She fought to defend her father’s reputation and became closely involved in Neo-Nazi groups that give support to ex-members of the SS.

Burwitz died on 24 May 2018 at her home near Munich, aged 88. Her death was announced a month later.

## References
Denis Akiyama

**Denis Van Akiyama** (May 28, 1952 – June 28, 2018) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Toronto. He was best known for being the voice of Iceman/Bobby Drake, Silver Samurai, and Sunfire in the *X-Men Animated Series* and Malachite/Kunzite in the original English version of *Sailor Moon*. He played Shinji in *Johnny Mnemonic*.

In 2015, he appeared in the movie *Pixels* as Professor Iwatani.

Akiyama died in Toronto on June 28, 2018 of cancer at the age of 66.

## References
## Other websites
*
Toru Iwatani

is a Japanese video game designer. He was born in Tokyo. Iwatani is best known as the creator of the arcade games *Pac-Man* (1980) and *Pole Position* (1982).

## References
## Other websites
*
* Detailed Toru Iwatani biography  at PAC-MAN Museum
* Q&A: Pac-Man Creator Reflects on 30 Years of Dot-Eating at Wired.com
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

***Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom*** is a 2018 American science fiction adventure movie. It is the sequel to *Jurassic World* (2015). It is directed by J. A. Bayona. The movie is the fifth installment of the *Jurassic Park* movie series. Steven Spielberg is an executive producer in the movie.

It stars Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, B. D. Wong, and Jeff Goldblum with Rafe Spall, Justice Smith, Daniella Pineda, James Cromwell, Toby Jones, Ted Levine, Isabella Sermon, and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast.

It was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures. *Fallen Kingdom* premiered in Madrid on May 21, 2018, and was released in the United States on June 22, 2018 to mixed reviews. A sequel, *Jurassic World: Dominion*, was released on June 10, 2022.

## Plot 
Owen Grady and Claire Dearing return to the (fictional) island of Isla Nublar to rescue the dinosaurs from an impending volcanic eruption. They discover a mercenary team means bring them to the US mainland.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official Dinosaur Protection Group website
* 
*
Bryce Dallas Howard

**Bryce Dallas Howard** (born March 2, 1981) is an American actress, director, producer, model, and writer. She is the eldest daughter of actor and director Ron Howard. She is known for her role as Claire Dearing in the science fiction adventure movies *Jurassic World* (2015) and *Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom* (2018).

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
* Bryce Dallas Howard at brycedhoward.com
* 
* 
* Bryce Dallas Howard  at Internet Off-Broadway Database
Rafe Spall

**Rafe Joseph Spall** (born 10 March 1983) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles in *The Shadow Line*, *Pete versus Life*, *One Day*, *Anonymous*, *Prometheus*, *Life of Pi,* *The Big Short*, *The BFG*, and *Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.*

His father is actor Timothy Spall.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Interview about the BBC's ''The Rotters' Club''
BD Wong

**Bradley Darryl "BD" Wong** (born October 24, 1960) is an American actor. Wong won a Tony Award for his role as Song Liling in *M. Butterfly*.

Wong is known for his role as Dr. George Huang on *Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*, Dr. Henry Wu in the *Jurassic Park* franchise, his role in *Mr. Robot*, and as Li Shang from the Disney animated movie *Mulan*.

Wong appeared in the TV series *Gotham* as Hugo Strange.

Wong is openly gay.

## References
## Other websites
*
President of Mexico

The **president of Mexico** (), officially the **president of the United Mexican States** (), is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander in chief of the Mexican Armed Forces. The office is currently held by Claudia Sheinbaum, who was sworn in on October 1, 2024.

## List of presidents
### Modern Mexico (1934–present) 
After the constitutional reform of 1926, the presidential term in Mexico was extended to six years starting in 1928; with a formal ban on reelection. After the federal election of 1934 all the presidents have completed their six-year terms.

;Political parties

## Requirements
To be eligible to serve as president, Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met:
* Be a natural-born citizen of Mexico ("*mexicano por nacimiento*") able to exercise full citizenship rights, with at least one parent who is a natural-born citizen of Mexico.
* Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty (20) years.
* Be thirty-five years of age or older at the time of the election.
* Be a resident of Mexico for the entire year prior to the election (although absences of 30 days or fewer are explicitly stated not to interrupt residency).
* Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination.
* Not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election.
* Not be a secretary of state or under-secretary of state, attorney general, governor of a State, or head of the government of Mexico City, unless "separated from the post" (resigned or been granted permanent leave of absence) at least six months prior to the election.
* Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity (see **Succession** below).

## Powers
The 1917 Constitution was influenced from the Constitution of the United States. It made it clear separation of powers while giving the president wider powers than his American counterpart.  However, this has only recently become the case in practice.

## Residence
The President's official residence and main workplace is Los Pinos, located inside the Bosque de Chapultepec (Chapultepec Park). The President has the right to use this residence for the six-year term of office.

## Living former Presidents
There are six living former presidents. The most recent former president to die was Luis Echeverría (1970&ndash;1976), on 8 July 2022.

File:Carlos Salinas.jpg|**Carlos Salinas de Gortari**(1988–1994)
File:Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon World Economic Forum 2013 crop (cropped).jpg|**Ernesto Zedillo**(1994–2000)
File:Vicente Fox by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|**Vicente Fox**(2000–2006)
File:Felipe Calderon 20090130 (cropped).jpg|**Felipe Calderón**(2006–2012)
File:Visita de Estado a Guatemala (3) (cropped 2).jpg|**Enrique Peña Nieto**(2012–2018)
File:Andrés Manuel López Obrador junio 2024.jpg|**Andrés Manuel López Obrador**(2018–2024)

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*President of México - Official government website
Daniella Pineda

**Daniella Nicole Pineda** (born 20 February 1987) is an American actress, writer, and comedian. She was born in Oakland, California. She is known for her role as Zia Rodriguez in *Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom*. She also starred as Sophie in the television series *The Originals*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Justice Smith

**Justice Elio Smith** (born August 9, 1995) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Radar in the movie *Paper Towns* (2015), Ezekiel in the Netflix television series *The Get Down* (2016–2017) and as Franklin in *Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom*. Smith will star in *Pokémon: Detective Pikachu* (2019). He was born in Los Angeles, California.
 Ron's Gone Wrong
## References
## Other websites
*
Hunterston B nuclear power station

**Hunterston B Power Station** is a nuclear power station in North Ayrshire, Scotland. It is about 6 miles (9&nbsp;km) south of Largs and about 2.5 miles (4&nbsp;km) northwest of West Kilbride, on the Firth of Clyde coast.

It has generated electricity since 1976. It is operated by EDF Energy. It currently generates up to 1000 MW and is due to operate until 2023.

Hunterston B is very similar in design to the Hinkley Point B power station which is also due to operate until 2023.
San Rafael, California

**San Rafael** ( ;  "Saint Raphael") is a city in and the county seat of Marin County, California, United States. The city is in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2020 census the city's population is 61,271.

The term "420" when used in reference to cannabis consumption is believed to have started in San Rafael, specifically, at San Rafael High School. Since then, use of "420" has spread throughout the rest of the United States, and much of the rest of the world, in reference to cannabis consumption on April 20 or at 4:20&nbsp;p.m., the time the original group gathered after school.

San Rafael has a Mediterranean climate (*Csb* in the Köppen climate classification).

## References
Billy Kinard

**Billy Russell Kinard** (December 16, 1933 &ndash; June 30, 2018) was an American football player and coach. Kinard was born in Jackson, Mississippi. He played professionally as a defensive end for the Cleveland Browns and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) and the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL).

Kinard died on June 30, 2018 in Fort Payne, Alabama at the age of 84.

## References
## Other websites
* Obituary
Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller

**Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller** (born 13 January 1969) is a Mexican writer and investigator. She is the wife of former President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador. She worked as a journalist, managing to work for *El Universal* while she lived in Puebla. Later on, she worked in the Mexico City government during Andrés Manuel López Obrador's time as Head of Government of Mexico City.

## References
2018 Mexican general election

**General elections** were held in Mexico on 1 July 2018. Voters elected a new president to serve a term  of five years and ten months.

It also elected 128 members of the Senate for a period of six years and 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies for a period of three years.

It was one of the largest election days in Mexican history, with most of the nation's states holding state and local elections on the same day, including nine governorships. It has been the most violent campaign Mexico has experienced in recent history, with 130 political figures killed since September 2017.

During the election cycle, Andrés Manuel López Obrador was the leading candidate and would eventually win in a landslide victory.

Currently, the results are: López Obrador, 53%; Anaya, 23%; Meade, 16%; and Rodríguez Calderón, 5%. This is the first time since the (controversial) 1988 election that a presidential candidate has been elected with an absolute majority (50%+1) of the votes cast.

## Polling

File:Tendencia histórica de la intención de voto.png|Opinion polling of candidates from November 2017 until the election

## Results
## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*National Electoral Institute (in Spanish)
Margarita Zavala

**Margarita Zavala de Calderón** (; born **Margarita Ester Zavala Gómez del Campo** on 25 July 1967) is a Mexican lawyer and politician. She is the wife of the former President of Mexico Felipe Calderón. She served as the First Lady of Mexico during her husband's tenure. 

Zavala also ran as an independent candidate for the presidency of Mexico between 12 October 2017 and 16 May 2018 during the 2018 election cycle.

## References
## Other websites
* Yo con México  - Campaign website
* Margarita Zavala Gómez del Campo  - Presidencia de la República (Calderón Administration)
Carlos Ramirez-Rosa

**Carlos Ramirez-Rosa** (born February 18, 1989) is an American politician. He is the alderman for Chicago's 35th Ward, serving since May 18, 2015. He worked as a community organizer with the Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights, and a congressional aide to U.S. Representative Luis Gutiérrez.

Ramirez-Rosa is a member of the Chicago City Council's Progressive Caucus, and was elected to serve as a delegate to the 2016 Democratic National Convention as a Bernie Sanders supporter. He is the city's youngest alderman, and one of the youngest Aldermen ever elected, when elected at age 26.

On August 31, 2017, he was announced to be Daniel Biss's running mate in the 2018 gubernatorial election. Ramirez-Rosa was dropped from the ticket on September 6, 2017. After Luis Gutiérrez announced his retirement from Congress, Ramirez-Rosa announced his candidacy for Gutiérrez’s seat, Illinois' 4th congressional district; he withdrew on January 9, 2018.

He is a self-described democratic socialist and a member of Democratic Socialists of America.

## References
Democratic Socialists of America

**Democratic Socialists of America** (**DSA**) is an organization of democratic socialist and left-social democratic and labor members in the United States. It is a member of the Socialist International (SI) from its founding in 1982.

DSA has its roots in the Socialist Party of America (SPA), whose most prominent leaders included Eugene V. Debs, Norman Thomas and Michael Harrington.

## Overview 
The organization has at times endorsed Democratic electoral candidates such as Walter Mondale, Jesse Jackson, John Kerry, Barack Obama and Bernie Sanders as well as Green Party candidate Ralph Nader.

By the end of 2017, DSA membership had risen from over 6,000 to over 32,000, due to the youth reaction to the presidency of Donald Trump, hence becoming by far not only the largest socialist organization in the United States in the 21st century. Many of the new members were relatively wealthy millennials.

On June 26, DSA member and endorsee Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez won the Democratic primary against incumbent Representative Joseph Crowley in New York's 14th congressional district in a surprise upset. As a result of her win, 1,000 new members joining the organization the next day, approximately 35 times the daily average

The DSA resolved not to campaign for any candidate in the 2020 United States presidential election other than Bernie Sanders; however, many members encouraged people to vote for Joe Biden, even though he was not endorsed.

## References
Henry Butler

**Henry Butler** (September 21, 1949 &ndash; July 2, 2018) was an American jazz pianist. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Butler recorded for several record labels, including Impulse, Windham Hill, and Basin Street Records. Butler was blinded by glaucoma in infancy.

Butler died of end-stage colorectal cancer in New York City on July 2, 2018 at the age of 68.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Culture Catch Music Salon & Dusty Wright Interview with Henry
* Bonnaroo Interview with Henry by Ellen Mallernee
Aaron Alexandre

**Aaron (Albert) Alexandre** (, around 1765/68 in Hohenfeld, Franconia – 16 November 1850 in London, England) was a Jewish German–French–English chess player and writer.

Aaron Alexandre trained as a rabbi. He arrived in France in 1793. He taught German and was a mechanical inventor. He later became a full-time chess player. He wrote a book of all the known chess openings, the *Encyclopédie des échecs* (*Encyclopedia of Chess*, Paris, 1837). In the book, he used the algebraic notation and the castling symbols 0–0 and 0–0–0.

His next book was about the endgame and a collection of about 2000 chess problems, which he published in 1846 as ''Collection des plus beaux Problèmes d'Echecs*, Paris. English and German translations: *Beauties of Chess*, London, and *Praktische Sammlung bester Schachspiel-Probleme'', Leipzig.

Both books became standard reference books, demonstrating Alexandre’s great technical knowledge. Alexandre was also one of the chess players who worked inside the chess playing machine, the Turk.

## References
George Vancouver

Captain **George Vancouver** (22 June 1757 – 10 May 1798) was a British officer of the Royal Navy who is best known for his 1791–1795 expedition, which explored and mapped the northwest of North America, including the coasts of what are now Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. He also explored the Hawaiian Islands and the southwest coast of Australia.

The cities of Vancouver, British Columbia, and Vancouver, Washington, as well as Vancouver Island, are named after him.
Sara Amelia Bernard

**Sara Amelia Bernard** (born 18 August 1992) is a Malaysian model and actress. She is the season 2 winner of TV3’s reality game show *Clever Girl Malaysia*.

## Early life
Sara was born in Ipoh, Perak. Her mother is of British-Malay descent and her father is Iban-German. She is the eldest of three siblings. She attended high school at SMK Convent Ipoh and completed her A-Level’s in Mathematics, Psychology and Economics at Taylor’s College Sri Hartamas.

## *Clever Girl Malaysia*
Sara, representing Perak, beat 13 other contestants to win season 2 of *Clever Girl Malaysia*. She won the prize of RM100,000. The reality game show aired on TV3 for 10 weeks.

## Miss Malaysia World controversy
In 2013, Sara was disqualified from competing in the Miss Malaysia World pageant. Her disqualification followed a religious ban prohibiting Muslim girls from participating in beauty pageants. This controversy led to her dreams of obtaining the crown shattered.

## References
University of British Columbia

The **University of British Columbia** (**UBC**) is a major public university located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with another location in Kelowna.  It was started in 1908 and moved to its current location in Point Grey in 1925.  It is one of the largest universities in Canada, with a student population of over 60,000. UBC has a 1,000-acre campus, a part of which has been set aside for an endowment fund which generates $1.6 billion for the university.

The Vancouver location is in the University Endowment Lands, about  west of Downtown Vancouver. UBC is home to TRIUMF, Canada's national workplace for particle and nuclear physics. It has the world's largest cyclotron. UBC also has the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies and Stuart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute. UBC and the Max Planck Society founded the first Max Planck Institute in North America, which studies quantum materials. The UBC Library system has over 9.9million books in its 21 locations and is one of the largest research libraries in Canada. The Okanagan campus, added in 2005, is located in Kelowna, British Columbia.

Three Canadian prime ministers, including Canada's first female prime minister Kim Campbell and current prime minister Justin Trudeau, went to UBC.

## References
Ricardo Anaya

Ricardo Anaya Cortes (Spanish: [ɾiˈkaɾðo anˈaʝa koɾˈtes]; born 25 February 1979) is a Mexican lawyer and politician. He is a member and former president of the centre-right National Action Party (PAN).

## Career 
He held the position of National President of the National Action Party until 9 December 2017, when he resigned to run in the 2018 presidential election for the PAN party in political coalition. Anaya scored second behind Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the election results.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Ricardo Anaya Cortés
José Antonio Meade

**José Antonio Meade Kuribreña** (; born 27 February 1969) is a Mexican politician, economist, lawyer, and diplomat. He served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Secretary of Social Development, Secretary of Energy and twice as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. 

On 27 November 2017, he resigned his post as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit in order to run for President of Mexico as a candidate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in the 2018 presidential election.

## References
Jaime Rodríguez Calderón

**Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez Calderón** (born 28 December 1957) is a Mexican politician. He was Governor of the northern state of Nuevo León. He is the first independent candidate to have won a governorship in Mexico. He served as mayor of García, Nuevo León (2009–2012) as a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

Rodríguez ran as an Independent candidate for President of Mexico in the 2018 presidential race.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Morena (political party)

The **National Regeneration Movement** (, **MORENA**) is a left-wing political party in Mexico. 

It was formally registered as a political party in 2014, it was led by three-time presidential candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador until 12 December 2017, when he registered himself as a candidate for the party's nomination, and was succeeded by Yeidckol Polevnsky Gurwitz.

## References
Fraser River

The **Fraser River** is a major river in western Canada.  It flows from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean through British Columbia.  It is the tenth longest river in Canada and the longest in British Columbia. It travels nearly 1400 km.

## References
National Action Party (Mexico)

The **National Action Party** (, **PAN**), founded in 1939. It is one of the three big political parties in Mexico. It has been an important political party winning local, state, and national elections. It is the most conservative party.

In 2000, PAN candidate Vicente Fox was elected president for a six-year term; in 2006, PAN candidate Felipe Calderón replaced Fox in presidency. During the period 2000–2012, both houses of the legislature had PAN pluralities, but the party did not have a majority in either house of the Congress.

In the 2006 legislative elections the party won 207 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 52 out of 128 Senators. In the 2012 Legislative Elections, the PAN won 38 seats in the Senate, and 114 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.

## References