open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Peace of Westphalia

The **Peace of Westphalia** refers to the pair of peace treaties, the Treaty of Osnabrück and the Treaty of Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of 1648, which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. The treaties involved Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, Spain, France, Sweden and representatives of the Dutch Republic. The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often considered part of the overall agreement.

## Locations
The peace negotiations were held in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück, which lie about 50&nbsp;km apart from each other, in the present German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. Sweden had favoured Osnabrück because of its Protestant background, France chose Münster because of its Catholic background. In any case, two locations were required because the Protestant and Catholic leaders refused to meet each other. The Catholics used Münster, and the Protestants used Osnabrück.

## Results 
Spain accepted the independence of the Dutch Republic.

The power that Ferdinand III had taken for himself against the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped. That meant that the rulers of the German states could again determine the religion of their lands.

*All parties would now recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, whether Catholicism, Lutheranism or now Calvinism.
*Christians living in principalities in which their denomination was *not* the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will. 

There were also territorial adjustments.

## Related pages
*Eighty Years' War
*Thirty Years' War

## Other websites
*Treaty Text  
*Treaty Text (Yale University)
*Texts of the Westphalian Treaties
*High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia
*Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text) 
*Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text)
Old French

**Old French** was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. It was then known as the langue d'oïl. This was different from the langue d'oc (Occitan language, also then called Provençal), whose territory bordered that of Old French to the south.

The Old Frankish language added many words to Old French after the conquest by the tribe of the Franks, of the portions of Roman Gaul that are now France and Belgium, during the Migration Period.

## References
Battle of Antietam

**The Battle of Antietam** was an important battle in the American Civil War. It is also called the Battle of Sharpsburg by South historians. The battle was fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was also considered the bloodiest battle in the Civil war. It was the first major battle in the Civil War that took place in the border states. Both sides hoped a big victory for their side would make a short war. 

About 22,720 soldiers were killed, wounded or were missing at Antietam. There has never been another single-day battle in the history of the United States with so many American casualties. In July, Major General George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign to capture the Southern capital at Richmond, Virginia failed. He had several reasons for attacking the North. Three he sent with General "Stonewall" Jackson to attack and hold Harpers Ferry. When Lee entered Maryland, in a rare exception to his usual slowness, McClellan moved more quickly to cut him off. These were the two most important routes through the 50-mile long South Mountain. They were able to break through the center of the Confederate lines. Then Lee withdrew his army back to Virginia. McClellan did not go after Lee which frustrated President Lincoln. Militarily the battle was a . But because Lee's forces retreated from Maryland, Lincoln claimed victory. He used the occasion to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Battle of Antietam  Staff ride guide, Center of Military History, United States Army.
* Animated History of The Battle of Antietam 
* Lincoln and Lee at Antietam 
* Antietam National Battlefield Park
* Antietam on the Web
* USS *Antietam* 
* History of Antietam National Cemetery :including a descriptive list of all the loyal soldiers buried therein {published 1869}
* Brotherswar.com The Battle of Antietam 
* Battle of Antietam: Two Great American Armies Engage in Combat article by Ted Alexander
Rachel Weisz

**Rachel Hannah Weisz** (born 7 March 1970) is an Academy Award-winning English actress. She is also a former fashion model. She became famous after her roles in the Hollywood movies *The Mummy* and *The Mummy Returns*, and has since continued appearing in major movie roles.

Weisz is of Jewish descent.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Theatre
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
*
Spirited Away

is a 2001 anime movie directed by Hayao Miyazaki. It was first released in Japan. The movie was a success, and went on to win an Academy Award for animation.

Based on 153 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes, it is the second-best animated movie, having a 97% rating on the site.  The movie occupies the rank of #60 on the IMDb Top 250 Movies list as of December 2008.  The Anime Critic gave it a 4 and 1/2 out of five stars.

## Plot 
Chihiro Ogino and her parents are trapped in a spirit world, when they arrive. Chihiro meets a young apprentice named Haku, who tells him that she  must return to the human world. Chihiro meets Yubaba, the owner of the bathhouse and Haku's master. Yubaba allows Chihiro to stay by having her sign a contract, causing her name to change into Sen. After days of working and solving past memories, Chihiro returns to the normal world, after her parents reverted into humans.

## Soundtrack listing 
### Original soundtrack listing 
### Image album track listing 
#  by Umi (3:54)
#  by Joe Hisaishi (4:25)
#  by Shizuru Otaka (3:55)
#  by Tsunehiko Kamijō (3:56)
#  by Joe Hisaishi (3:20)
#  by Monsieur Kamayatsu (3:41)
#  by Rieko Suzuki and Hiroshi Kondo (3:49)
#  by Joe Hisaishi (3:22)
#   by Rikki (3:33)
#  by Joe Hisaishi (3:20)

## References 
;Notes

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* 
* *Spirited Away* at Metacritic
* *Spirited Away* at Rotten Tomatoes
* *Spirited Away* at SparkNotes 
* *Spirited Away* at the Japanese Movie Database
Groundskeeper Willie

**Groundskeeper Willie** is a fictional character in the long-running cartoon show *The Simpsons*.

## Role in *The Simpsons* 
Willie works at Springfield Elementary as the head janitor or groundskeeper. He is portrayed as an angry Scotsman. He shows some hate towards Principal Skinner and Bart Simpson. He lives in a shack in the grounds of Springfield Elementary.
Deborah Sampson

**Deborah Sampson** was a woman who dressed as a man, so that she could join the American soldiers in the Revolutionary War. The Revolutionary War was a war between Great Britain and the thirteen original colonies. Deborah Sampson came from a poor family. She worked as an indentured servant from the age of eight to the age of eighteen. She worked for no pay for a family, but that family let her study with and spend time with their sons.

Sampson wanted to serve in the war against the British, but **the American Army** would only take men. She dressed as a man, and she got into the Continental Army. She went by the name of Robert Shurtleff. 
She later got married. She worked as a teacher. She also spoke in public about her experiences in the war.

During her time in war she went to extremes to keep her identity a secret. She once got slashed in the head by an enemy, yet bandaged it up herself. She also got shot in the leg twice. But, in order to not let people find out who she was, she pulled the bullets out of her own leg. In war, she collapsed from fever. She went to the hospital because of it and this is where her peers and boss found out about her being a woman.

Even if she lied to get into the army, her bravery was recognized and she was honored by her General and Congress as well.

## In books 
* Alma Bond and Lucy Freeman, ''America's First Woman Warrior: The Courage of Deborah Sampson*
* Susan Casey, “Women Heroes of the Revolution"
* Samuel Willard Crompton, “Deborah Sampson"
* Ann McGovern and Katherine Thompson, *The Secret Soldier: The Story Of Deborah Sampson''

## References
Dialectic

In philosophy, **dialectic** is a debate or an argument between different individuals. In medieval Europe, dialectics (or logic) was one of the three beginning liberal arts known as the *trivium* altogether, while the others were grammar and rhetoric.

## Purposes
The goal of the dialectical process (*dialectic* or *dialectics*) is to resolve a dispute by rational discussions, and the search for the truth in the matter.

## Main ideas
Dialectics has three main ideas:

* 1: Everything is made out of opposing forces/opposing sides
* 2: Gradual changes lead to turning points, where one force overcomes the other
* 3: Change moves in spirals not circles

## Related pages
* Text grammar
* Socratic method
* Discourse analysis
* Medieval philosophy
* Ancient Greek philosophy
* Мета Dialectic

## References
Du gamla, du fria

"**Du gamla, du fria**" (, meaning "Thou ancient, thou free"), originally titled "**Sång till Norden**" (meaning "Song to the North"), is the national anthem of Sweden. The words of the song were written by Richard Dybeck in 1844, and the melody used for this song is based on a traditional folk tune, which was later rearranged by Swedish composer and librarian Edvin Kallstenius nearly a century later.

Unlike Norway's national anthem, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet", the Swedish anthem has not been made official yet—the Swedish constitution has yet to mention a national anthem.

## Lyrics
## References
## Other websites
*Listen to this song
Gospel of Mark

of the Renaissance.]]
**The Gospel of Mark** is a book of the Bible. It is the second book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew even though it may have been written before it. The writer is believed to have been John Mark, a friend of Simon Peter, who was one of the Twelve apostles of Jesus. 

The four gospels tell the story of the life of Jesus. The word "gospel" means "good news". The Gospel of Mark moves quickly, and the story shows how much Jesus worked during his short 3-year ministry. Mark's gospel tells many things about Jesus which are also found in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke.  Matthew, Mark and Luke are called "Synoptic gospels" for this reason. 

Most scholars date Mark AD 65-75. It is thought to be the first of the gospels to be written.  Mark's gospel may have been written with Gentiles in mind.  It gives the meaning of some of Jesus' words in Greek that would have been known to Jews but not to other people.  Mark's leaves out many details in the other gospels, such as the stories about the birth of Jesus.  He includes many stories of Jesus doing miracles, more than any other Bible writer.

In telling about the arrest of Jesus to be crucified, the book mentions a young man who was almost caught by the guards, but who slipped out of his robe and got away.  Some think this young man was Mark himself, since there is no other reason to include such a small detail.  If it was Mark, means that Mark was a follower of Jesus who probably saw him crucified and come back to life after three days. 

The last chapter of Mark has some verses after verse 8 that may not have been part of the original gospel, as they are missing is some early hand written copies of the book.  However, they give further information about what Jesus said after his resurrection. These sayings  are similar to what the other gospels record.    

## Related pages
* Jesus 
* Bible 
* Christianity

## References
*
Council of Trent

The **Council of Trent** was the 19th Ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. Important members of the Catholic Church met in Trento three times between 13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563, in reaction to the  Protestant Reformation.Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor wanted the council to meet, and Pope Paul III summoned the council in 1537, but the plans fell through. In 1538, ideas for a council again failed. The pope asked for the council to meet in 1542, but it did not actually meet until 1545. The council was not active between 1547 and 1551. It again met from 1551 to 1552, when it was suspended due to a revolt against the emperor. Pope Paul IV (1555-59) strongly disliked Protestant ideas and the council could not start again until his succesor took office. The council met for the last time from 1562-63.

The Council of Trent was part of the Counter-Reformation. It would be over 300 years until the next Ecumenical Council.

Pope Paul III saw that the Protestant Reformation was getting bigger. Before, a small number of priests were part of the reformation, but soon many princes, particularly in Germany, supported its ideas. Therefore, Pope Paul III desired a council. But the council could not meet until 1545 and met right before Martin Luther's death. The council was moved to Bologna in March 1547 with the excuse of avoiding a plague; without any plans to meet again, 17 September 1549. 
The council was reopened at Trento, 1 May 1551, by Pope Julius III (1550–55); broken up 1552, recalled by Pope Pius IV (1559–65) for the last time, 18 January  1562, when it continued until 4 December 1563.

## Objects and general results
Objects were:
#To stop the ideas and practice of Protestantism and to support the Catholic Church's ideas.
#To change the parts of the church and actions of church leaders that damaged or hurt the Catholic Church's ideas and image.

The results were:
#The church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who did not agree with the interpretation was a heretic. Also, the Bible and Church Tradition had equal authority.
#The relationship of faith and works in salvation was defined, following disagreements over Martin Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith alone".
#Catholic practices such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, especially the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed.
#The selling and buying of false indulgences were banned.

The doctrinal decisions of the council are divided into decrees (*decreta*), which contain the positive statement of the conciliar dogmas, and into short canons (*canones*), which condemn the differing Protestant views with the concluding "*anathema sit*" ("let him be anathema").

## List of dogmatic decrees
## Related pages
*Counter-Reformation

## References
## Other websites
*A Catholic View of the Council from the Catholic Encyclopedia
*The text of the Council of Trent translated by J. Waterworth, 1848
Gospel of Luke

The **Gospel of Luke** is a book of the Bible. Like the other gospels, the *Gospel of Luke* tells the stories of the life and teachings of Jesus. It is the third and longest book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark. The gospel is believed to be written by Luke, who was a friend of the Apostle Paul. 

Luke was a doctor. He wrote his gospel for a man he calls 'most excellent Theophilus' (1:3). Luke wrote another book which is fifth in the New Testament, the Acts of the Apostles which tells what Jesus' disciples did after his rise back to Heaven.

Unlike the gospel writers Matthew, Mark and John, Luke was probably not Jewish but was Greek. He wrote the gospel mainly for non-Jewish people, (who were called Gentile by the Jews). Luke wrote to prove that Jesus is the Son of God. Luke's gospel contains many similar stories of Jesus. He tells more about the Virgin birth of Jesus than the other gospel writers.

## Related pages
* Jesus 
* Bible 
* Christianity 
* Christmas
* Emmaus
Hans Luther

**Hans Luther** (10 March 1879 – 11 May 1962) was a German politician. He was a Chancellor of Germany. a law of July 1925 extended workmen's compensation coverage to all accidents from and to places of work, and vocational care was introduced that same month. In addition, a decree of May 1925 established compensation for occupational diseases.

Luther was born in Berlin and started in politics by becoming a town councillor in Magdeburg. From 1918 to 1922 he was mayor of Essen.

In 1922 he became government minister of food and agriculture, and in 1925 Minister of Finance.

From January 1925 to May 1926 he was Chancellor. During a brief period he was also acting President.

Luther ran the Reichsbank from 1930 to 1933 and later became ambassador to the United States from 1933 to 1937.
## References
Sofia Rotaru

**Sofia Mihailovna Evdokimenko-Rotaru** (born in Marshintsy, Novoselitskiy Rayon, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine on August 7, 1947), simply known as **Sofia Rotaru**, is a popular Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian and formerly Soviet singer, actress and producer.

Rotaru now lives in Ukraine. She has made many albums over the years; some of the more famous ones are *Ballade About Violins*, *Lavender* (*Lavanda*), and *I Still Love You*.
Epistle to the Romans

**The Epistle to the Romans** or **Letter to the Romans**, is one of the letters written by the Apostle Paul to churches in different cities. Here, the letter is addressed to the early church in Rome, Italy.

Paul wrote the letter to the Romans to explain a very important point in Christianity. He proves, by quoting the Old Testament, that all humankind is guilty of sin before God.  People whom God calls righteous can only do so by trusting in God's ways, and not by their own effort. Only by believing in Jesus, who is the Christ and who died for humanity for their sins, can people be saved.  

Once this belief is had, the believer receives the Holy Spirit, who helps the believer live a new life.  Paul asks the Romans to observe Christian ethics and submit themselves to authorities.

The letter remains very influential in explaining to non-Christians and new Christians what their Christian belief is all about.
Moe Szyslak

**Moammar Morris "Moe" Szyslak** is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Hank Azaria. He is the bartender of Moe's Tavern. He speaks with a rough voice.

## Role in *The Simpsons* 
Moe is the owner and only worker at Moe's Tavern. On some occasions he has had temporary help. The most notable of these occasions being in "Homer the Moe". His two most loyal customers are Barney Gumble and Homer Simpson.

## Other websites
*The Moe Szyslak File  at The Simpsons Archive
*
First Epistle to the Corinthians

**The First Epistle to the Corinthians**, or the **First Letter to the Corinthians**, is a long letter written by the Apostle Paul to the church in Corinth.

Paul wrote to the Corinthian church for a number of reasons.  He realizes the church at Corinth is divided and explains that although himself and a few disciples had helped start the church, the church was really headed by Christ Jesus Himself.  "I planted the seed, Apollos watered it, but God has been making it grow." (TNIV) 

Paul scolds the church members there for sexual immorality and asks for these immoral people to be thrown out of the church.  

He gives instructions for marriage, against worshipping worthless idols (idolatry), for spiritual gifts like prophecy. Paul praises the superior way of love and urges the church to be united.  

At the end, Paul states that the resurrection of Christ is true.  He supports it with testimonies from "more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters" and it is this very truth which makes certain the believers will have eternal life.

Finally Paul tells of his plans to visit the Corinthians, and that Timothy, his co-worker, is coming to their church very soon.
Gospel of Matthew

.]]
The **Gospel of Matthew** is a book of the Bible. (Its full name is the **Gospel According to Matthew**, but it is often called the **Gospel of Matthew** or just **Matthew**).  It is one of the four gospels of the New Testament that tell the story of Jesus' life and teachings. 

It is *not* thought to have been written by the apostle Matthew, who was one of Jesus' twelve apostles (see below). The Gospel of Matthew is called one of the synoptic gospels because it has some of the same stories and language as the Gospels of Mark and Luke.

Matthew wrote the gospel mainly for the Jewish people, to show them that Jesus is really the Messiah. Like the Gospels of Mark and Luke, Matthew tells many stories about Jesus' life. Matthew's gospel also talks about Jewish scripture. 

## Date and author 
Early Christian tradition attributes the gospel to the apostle Matthew. This is now rejected by modern scholars. The name of the author is not known. Likely it was written in Syria, in the last quarter of the first century AD.  Because it spread rapildly, it was likely written in a city. A city commonly cited is Antioch on the Orontes. the mdern-day city of Antakya. The writer was likely the head of a community. The Gospel of Mark was the first one to be written down. It is dated to the 40s, or perhaps 50s AD. The gospels of Luke and Mark used it as a source. But Matthew did not simply copy Mark, he used the text to show that Jesus had his place in Jewish tradition. He also included details that cannot be found in the Gospel of Mark. In addition, Matthew probably used a collection of sayings, known as the Q source, which is now lost.

## Related pages 
* Bible
* Beatitudes
* Bethlehem
* Magi
* *St Matthew Passion*

## References
Reformed churches

The **Reformed churches** are a group of Christian Protestant denominations that are historically related by a doctrine that is identical or similar to Calvinism. It developed in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, but soon afterwards appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. Each nation in which the Reformed movement was originally established had its own church government. Several of these local churches have expanded to worldwide denominations and most have experienced schisms into multiple denominations. 

## History 
The first Reformed Churches were established in Europe in the 1500s, in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.

## Form of doctrine 
Reformed doctrine is expressed in various texts]. Some of them are used by many denominations. Different denominations use different confessions, usually based on historical reasons. Some of the confessions still commonly in use are (with year of writing):
* French Confession (1559),
* Scots Confession (1560), 
* Three Forms of Unity
** Heidelberg Catechism (1563), 
** Belgic Confession (1566), 
** Canons of Dordrecht (1619), 
* Second Helvetic Confession (1566)
* Westminster Standards 
** Westminster Confession of Faith (1646)
** Westminster Shorter Catechism (1649)
** Westminster Larger Catechism (1649)
* Baptist
** London Baptist Confession of Faith (1689)

## Form of governance 
Reformed churches have two main forms of ecclesiastical polity:
* Presbyterian polity or Synodal government - rule by assemblies of ordained officers.
* Congregationalist polity, e.g. Congregational churches

## Other websites 
* World Communion of Reformed Churches 
** * World list of Reformed Churches 
* Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals
* *Leben, a journal of Reformed Life*
* Reformed Online  - Comprehensive resource
Cleo Lemon

**Cleotha Lemon, Jr.** (born August 16, 1979) is an American football coach and former professional football quarterback. He is the wide receivers coach for the Jackson State Gamecocks. He played for parts of 3 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the San Diego Chargers, Miami Dolphins, Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars. He also played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Memphis Xplorers of the AF2.

He started playing in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens in 2002. Lemon played for the San Diego Chargers from 2003 to 2005. He then played for the Miami Dolphins until the 2007 season. He played for the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2008 before being cut from the team. He joined the Toronto Argonauts of Canadian Football League (CFL) and played for them from March 17, 2010 until he was released on September 6, 2011.

He played college football at Arkansas State. Lemon retired from playing professional football in 2011.

## References
## Other websites
*Profile on NFL.com
Augsburg Confession

The ***Augsburg Confession***, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name, *Confessio Augustana,* is the most important confession of faith of the Lutheran Church. The Augsburg Confession is normative to all Lutheran Churches everywhere and in all times. It is also one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530.

## Other websites 
* The Augsburg Confession (1530) in Latin with a parallel English translation and with notes on the differences in the 1540 edition; from Philip Schaff's *Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches* at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
* The Roman Confutation (1530) , in an English translation, compares each articles of the confession to Catholic beliefs.
* An Orthodox Response - Summary of Orthodox Patriarch Jeremias II's letter of 15 May 1576, in which he compares each article of the confession to Orthodox Christian beliefs.
Brainin

**Brainin** (Брайнин, also Brainen, Brajnin, Braynen, Breinin) is Russian-Jewish surname. It may refer to:

*Boris Brainin (Sepp Österreicher, 1905–1996), Austrian poet and translator
*Danny Brainin (?–), movie actor (Xtro, Yentl, Street Smart)
*David Brainin (1905–1942), French painter and dancer, died in Auschwitz
*Elisabeth Brainin (1949), Austrian psychoanalyst and scientific writer
*Fritz (Frederick) Brainin, (1913–1992) Austrian/American poet
*Grégoire Brainin, (Moineau, 1933) French poet and philosopher
*Harald Brainin (1923–2006), Austrian poet and writer
*Jerome (Jerry) Brainin (1916–2000), American jazz composer, the author of a song "The Night Has a Thousand Eyes"
*Max Brainin (1909–2002), Austrian/American commercial graphic artist and violinist
*Norbert Brainin (1923–2005), Austrian/British violinist, the founder of Amadeus Quartet
*Peter Brainin (?–), American saxophonist and jazz composer
*Reuben Brainin (1862–1939), Hebrew publicist, biographer and public figure
*Risa Brainin (?–), American theater manager
*Simon Brainin (1854–?), Russian/American physician and public figure
*Teodor Brainin (1905–?), Russian movie actor, the most known movie: Benya Krik (1926)
*Valeri Brainin (1948), Russian/German musicologist, music manager and poet

Other spellings:

*Bob Brainen (?–), American DJ (WFMU Radio)
*Raymond Breinin (1910–2000), Russian/American painter and designer
*Zofia (Sofie, Sophie) Röhr-Brajnin (1861–1937), Polish/German soprano
Amadeus Quartet

The **Amadeus Quartet** was a world famous string quartet founded in 1947. First violin - Norbert Brainin, second violin - Siegmund Nissel, viola - Peter Schidlof, cello - Martin Lovett.

Violinists Norbert Brainin, Siegmund Nissel and  Peter Schidlof were forced to leave Vienna for London because of their Jewish origin after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938. When World War II broke out they were sent to internment camps because they were "enemy aliens" (foreigners from a country that Britain was fighting against).  The three violinists met up in camp and spent a lot of time playing music together.  Soon they were set free because they were "distinguished artists" (actually they were unknown at the time). They studied with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. Another student of Rostal was Suzanne Rozsa, who was married to the cellist Martin Lovett.  Peter Schidlof changed to playing the viola, and they played string quartets together.  In 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet.  Nissel then thought of the name "Amadeus Quartet".  He thought it sounded better than calling the group by the name of the first violinist.  The quartet was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948 (Amadeus was one of Mozart's names).

The group gave its first performance as the Amadeus Quartet in the Wigmore Hall, London on Jan. 10, 1948. They were soon performing in concerts, festivals and masterclasses all over the world.  The quartet made about 200 recordings, among them the complete quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and W.&nbsp;A. Mozart. They also performed works by such 20th-century composers as Béla Bartók and Benjamin Britten (who wrote his third quartet especially for them).

The Amadeus was one of the most celebrated quartets of the 20th century.

They had always agreed that if one of them became ill or died, the quartet would not play with any other person.  The quartet stopped playing in 1987 after the death of the violist Peter Schidlof.

Norbert Brainin died in 2005 and Siegmund Nissel in 2008.

## More information 
*Muriel Nissel, *Married to the Amadeus: Life with a String Quartet*, [], Giles de la Mare Publishers Limited
'The Amadeus Forty Years in Pictures and Words' compiled by Suzanne Rozsa-Lovett available from beares1@btconnect.com

## References
* Siegmund Nissel; Obituary: The Independent, 26 May 2008 p.&nbsp;33
Partisan Review

***Partisan Review*** was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936 and December 1937.  It was founded by William Phillips and Philip Rahv.  It grew out of the John Reed Club as an alternative to *New Masses*, the publication of the American Communist Party, but became anti-Communist after Stalin.  Many of its early authors were the children of Jewish immigrants from Europe. The journal reached its peak influence from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, but then gradually lost its relevance to modern American culture.  Phillips died in September 2002 at age 94.  The journal continued under his wife Edith Kurzweil until April 2003.

In 1949, *Partisan Review* awarded George Orwell £357 for the year's most significant contribution to literature, *Nineteen Eighty-Four*.

Classic stories and articles first published in ***Partisan Review***:

* Saul Bellow's "Two Morning Monologues"
* two of T. S. Eliot's "Four Quartets"
* Leslie Fiedler's "Come Back to the Raft Ag’in, Huck Honey"
* Clement Greenberg's "Avant-Garde and Kitsch"
* George Orwell's "Such, Such Were the Joys"
* Delmore Schwartz's "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities"
* Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool"
* Susan Sontag's "Notes on "Camp""

## Bibliography
*Bloom, Alexander, *Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World*, Oxford University Press, 1986. 

## Other websites
* http://slate.msn.com/id/2081610 
* http://chronicle.com/free/2003/04/2003041603n.htm 
* *Partisan Review* online Archive 1996–2003
Blue-eyed soul

**Blue Eyed Soul** is a term used to describe Soul and R&B music sung by white people. The term was first used in the 1960s about white artists performing music which was similar to the music being performed by Motown artists. It is sometimes called **white soul**.

## Famous singers 
*The Animals
*David Bowie
*Hall & Oates
*Taylor Hicks
*Elton John
*Justin Timberlake
*Robert Palmer
*Rick Astley
*Tom Jones
*Lonnie Mack
*George Michael
*The Rascals
*The Righteous Brothers
*Dusty Springfield

## Notes
Recherswil

**Recherswil** is a municipality in the district Wasseramt, in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Stade

**Stade** is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the seat of the district which is named the same as the city.

The city was founded in 994 when it was called "Stethu". A city on the banks of the Lower Elbe it became an important market town, and a port. It was given a town charter in 1209. From 1645 to 1712, the Stade was controlled by Sweden, who made it an important military town. On May 26, 1659, the "Great Fire" destroyed more than half the city.

## References
Stade (district)

**Stade** is a district (*Landkreis*) in Lower Saxony, Germany. The district's seat is Stade. 

## Cities and municipalities
## References
Hasselt, Netherlands

**Hasselt** is a small city seven km north of Zwolle city, in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 7,400 people were living there in 2021.

Hasselt was also a municipality. In 2001, it became a part of the new created municipality of Zwartewaterland, of which Hasselt is the seat.

Hasselt got city rights in 1252, and joined the Hanseatic League about 1350.

## References 
* Plaatsengids.nl
Norbert Brainin

**Norbert Brainin** (12 March 1923 in Vienna – 10 April 2005 in London) was the first violinist of the Amadeus Quartet, one of the world's most famous string quartets.

Because of Brainin's Jewish origin, he was driven out of Vienna after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938, as were the violinist Siegmund Nissel and violist Peter Schidlof. Brainin and Schidlof met in a British internment camp.  Like many Jewish refugees who came to the UK for safety, they became "aliens" and were kept in confinement.

Brainin was made free after a few months, but Schidlof stayed in the camp, where he met Nissel. Finally Schidlof and Nissel were freed, and the three of them were able to study with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. It was through Rostal that they met cellist Martin Lovett, and in 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet, which was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948.

The Amadeus was one of the best-known quartets of the 20th Century, and its members were given many honours, including: 

*The Order of the British Empire, presented by the Queen.
*Doctorates from the Universities of London, York, and Caracas.
*The highest of all German awards, the Grand Cross of Merit.
*The Austrian Cross of Honour for Arts and Sciences.

The quartet stopped playing together in 1987 after Schidlof died, because the others thought that no other violist would fit in to the group so well.  Norbert Brainin continued to perform as a soloist, often performing with pianist Günter Ludwig.

His instruments included the "Rode" Guarnerius del Gesu of 1734, the "Chaconne" Stradivarius of 1725 and the "Gibson" Stradivarius of 1713.

## Other websites 
* Martin Lovett remembering Norbert Brainin
Stanisław Ulam

**Stanisław Marcin Ulam** (April 13, 1909 – May 13, 1984) was a Polish mathematician who took part in the Manhattan Project and proposed the design used for most thermonuclear weapons. 

He also proposed using nuclear explosions to propel rockets, and he developed several mathematical tools in number theory, set theory, ergodic theory and algebraic topology. Above all, he is known by being a coauthor (with Nicholas Metropolis) of the Monte Carlo algorithm.

Ulam was of Jewish descent.

## References
Valeri Brainin

**Valeri Brainin** (born 27 January 1948) is a Russian/German musicologist, music manager, composer, and poet. Born in Nizhny Tagil, Russia, in the family of Austrian poet and translator, political émigré Boris Brainin (Sepp Österreicher), who belonged to the well-known Viennese Brainin family. He lives at the moment both in Hanover, Germany, and in Moscow. Brainin is of Jewish descent.

## Positions
President (from 2004) of the Russian Federation Society for Music Education (RussSME) – National Affiliate of the International Society for Music Education (ISME), a member of UNESCO. Head of the Laboratory of New Technologies in Music Education, Moscow State Pedagogical University. Art Director of Classica Nova International Music Competition. Art Director of the net of Brainin Music Schools (Brainin-Musikschulen), Germany. He has directed seminars/master courses at conservatoires and universities in Austria, Columbia, Germany, Italy, Russia, USA, etc. In addition he offered weekly music talks on Radio Liberty from Munich and Prague, and has literary, critical and scientific musical publications in Russian, German, English, and Italian.

## Music activities 
Brainin is a full Member of the International Teacher's Training Academy of Science (Moscow), and of other scientific/pedagogical societies, he studied mathematics, linguistics, musical pedagogics, music theory and composition. He has had works performed in the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, and taught at Moscow's Gnessin Music School for specially gifted children. The Brainin Teaching Method for ‘development of musical intelligence in children’ became a standard part of the curriculum. He is also a noted piano teacher for children. Among his former students there are some prize-winers of national and international competitions.

## Literary activities 
Russian poet (also known as Valeri (Willi) Brainin-Passek), a pupil of Arseny Tarkovsky, a member (1985-1990) of Moscow Club „Poezia“ together with Yury Arabov, Jewgenij Bunimovitch, Mikhail Epstein, Alexandr Eremenko, Sergej Gandlevskij, Nina Iskrenko, Timur Kibirov, Alexei Parshchikov, Dmitri Prigov, Lev Rubinstein, a. o. 
Most essential poetry publications: 
Russian: 
literary magazines "Znamya" (Moscow), "Novy Mir" (Moscow), "Arion" (Moscow), "Ogonyok" (Moscow), "Grani" (Frankfurt-am-Main), "Dvadtsat dva" (Jerusalem), "Kreshchatik" (Kiev), anthologies "Verses of the Century" (Moscow, compiled by Yevgeny Yevtushenko) and "Verses of the Century-2" (Moscow).
English: 
literary magazine "Partisan Review" (Boston).

## Well-known relatives 
* Elisabeth Brainin (1949), Austrian psychoanalyst and scientific writer
* Fritz Brainin (1913-1992), Austrian/American poet
* Harald Brainin (1923-2006), Austrian poet and writer
* Max Brainin (1909-2002), Austrian/American commercial graphic artist and violinist
* Norbert Brainin (1923–2005), Austrian/British violinist, the founder of Amadeus Quartet
* Reuben Brainin (1862–1939), Hebrew publicist, biographer and public figure
See also Brainin.

## Sources
Schandmaul

**Schandmaul** is a medieval folk rock band from Munich, Germany. They formed in 1998. The members right now are: Thomas Lindner, Birgit Muggenthaler, Anna Kränzlein, Martin Duckstein, Stefan Brunner, Matthias Richter. 
The first song (Teufelsweib) was recorded in 1998. In the following year they released their very first Album "Wahre Helden". In 2000, the Album "Von Spitzbuben und anderen Halunken" has been redorded and released. In 2001, the band was discorvered by a record label, which led to the rerelease of "Von Spitzbuben und Halunken".
## Discography
*Albums
** *Wahre Helden* (1999)
** *Von Spitzbuben und anderen Halunken* (2000)
** *Narrenkönig* (lit. ''Jester's King*) (2002)
** *Wie Pech & Schwefel* (2004)
** *Mit Leib und Seele* (2006)
** *Anderswelt* (2008)
** *Traumtänzer* (2011)
** *Unendlich* (2014)
** *Leuchtfeuer* (2016)
** *Artus* (2019)

*Live albums
** *Hexenkessel* (2003)
** *Kunststück* (2005)
** *Sinnfonie* (2009)

*EPs
** *Bin Unterwegs* (June 2005)
** *Kein Weg zu weit* (February 24, 2006)

*DVDs
** *Hexenkessel* (2003)
** *Kunststück* (2005)
** *Sinnbilder* (2008)
** *Sinnfonie* (2009)
** *Schandfilm'' (2011)

## References
Somatosensory system

The '***somatosensory system**** is a sensory system that detects experiences labelled as touch or pressure, temperature (warm or cold), pain (including itch and tickle) and those that belong to proprioception. These are the sensations of muscle movement and joint position including posture, movement, visceral (internal) senses and facial expression. Visceral senses have to do with sensory information from within the body, such as stomach aches.

Touch may be considered one of five human senses; however, when a person touches something or somebody this gives rise to various feelings: the perception of pressure (shape, softness, texture, vibration, etc.), relative temperature and sometimes pain. Thus the term "touch" is actually the combined term for several senses. In medicine, the colloquial term "touch" is usually replaced with **somatic senses*', to better reflect the variety of mechanisms involved.

## Related pages
* Proprioception

## References
*Flanagan, J.R., Lederman, S.J. Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes, News and Views, Nature, 2001 Jul. 26;412(6845):389-91.
*Hayward V, Astley OR, Cruz-Hernandez M, Grant D, Robles-De-La-Torre G. Haptic interfaces and devices . Sensor Review 24(1), pp. 16-29 (2004).
*Robles-De-La-Torre G., Hayward V. Force Can OvercomFLARGUSe Object Geometry In the perception of Shape Through Active Touch . Nature 412 (6845):445-8 (2001).
*Robles-De-La-Torre G. The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments . IEEE Multimedia 13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24-30 (2006).

## Other websites
* 'Somatosensory & Motor research' (Informa Healthcare)
* Overview 
* Somatic vs. Special senses
Flash (tattoo)

A **flash** (also known as a *tattoo flash*) is a design or picture that is used in order to create a tattoo. They often come in sets like a poster (called flash sheets), and can be seen in most tattoo shops.

Tattoo flashes are often drawn for general use, rather than being a custom made piece like some personal tattoos. However, some flashes have space for personalisation, for example space for the person to include a name in their tattoo.

Tattoo flashes come in a variety of different designs, and are divided into categories such as celtic, heart, arm band tattoos e.t.c. A person wanting a tattoo made from a flash chooses which design they like best. Then the tattooist uses a  to draw the basic design onto the skin of the person being tattooed, and afterwards starts to make the tattoo.

## Related pages
*Tattoo
Reichsuniversität Straßburg

The **Reichsuniversität Straßburg** was founded 1941 by the National Socialists in Alsace. The purpose was to create a university continuousness to Universität Straßburg that existed till the 1. World War. Also, it was important for the German invaders to propagate the „pure German knowledge“ of National Socialistic character in occupied France. The Reichsuniversität was dissolved in 1944.

## References 
*Teresa Wróblewska: *Die Reichsuniversitäten Posen, Prag und Strassburg als Modelle nationalsozialistischer Hochschulen in den von Deutschland besetzten Gebieten*. Marszalek, Toruń 2000, 
*Wechsler Patrick: *La Faculté de médecine de la «Reichsuniversität Strassburg» (1941-1945)*, medical PhD, Nr. 191, Université Louis-Pasteur Straßburg, 1991 
*Jens Th. Marx: *Die vertagten medizinischen Fakultäten zu Straßburg in ihren historischen, politischen, universitätskonstitutionellen und wissenschaftlichen Kontexten 1538 - 1944*, Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2008
Tony Hibbert

**Anthony James Hibbert** (born 20 February 1981) is an English former professional football player.

He is a defender who plays on the right side. He is well known at Everton for his tackling but his passing and crossing has let him down on more than one occasion.  He made his debut for Everton against West Ham United F.C.. In this game he won a penalty for Everton.  Hibbert was at Everton for all of his career.

## International career
Hibbert was called up to the England under-21 team in October 2002 for games against Slovakia and Macedonia but he did not play in either game due to a hamstring injury.

## Career statistics
Source:

## Honours
**Everton Youth**
* FA Youth Cup: 1997–98

**Everton**
* FA Cup runner-up: 2008–09

## References
Joseph Yobo

**Joseph Yobo** (born 6 September 1980) is a Nigerian football player who plays for Everton in the Premier League.

He is a defender who normally plays in the centre, but can play on the right of defence or in midfield.

He signed from French side Olympique Marseille in 2001 and has become a favourite at Everton ever since.

He is the Everton vice-captain and first captained Everton against Larissas in a 3-1 victory in the UEFA Cup, replacing the injured Phil Neville.

Yobo is also captain of the national Nigerian side.

When he first joined Everton he wore the number 20 on his shirt, but this changed to 4 when Alan Stubbs left for Sunderland

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|Standard Liège||rowspan="4"|First Division||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1998/99||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1999/00||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2000/01||30||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||30||2

|-
|2001/02||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||23||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0

|-
|2001/02||Tenerife||Segunda División||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Everton||rowspan="8"|Premier League||24||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|-
|2003/04||28||2||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2004/05||27||0||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|2005/06||29||1||0||0||1||0||4||1||34||2
|-
|2006/07||38||2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||40||2
|-
|2007/08||30||1||0||0||2||0||7||0||39||1
|-
|2008/09||26||1||0||0||1||0||2||0||29||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
48||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||48||2
23||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0
0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
202||7||5||0||12||0||13||1||232||8
273||9||5||0||12||0||13||1||303||10
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||12||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||10||2
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||10||2
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||62||4
|}
## Related pages 
* List of Nigerians

## References
Leighton Baines

**Leighton Baines** (born 11 December 1984) is a retired English footballer. He was known for his time at Everton and the England national football team.
 
Baines started his career with Wigan Athletic. He was a defender who plays on the left side. He wears the number 3 on his Everton shirt. He has played for England at under-21 and senior levels. He has scored only one goal while playing for England. He scored four times while at Wigan. 

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Baines goal.''

## Honours
**Wigan Athletic**
*Football League Championship runner-up: 2004–05
*Football League Cup runner-up: 2005–06 2012–13 Premier League
*Wigan Athletic Player of the Season: 2006–07
*Everton Player of the Season: 2010–11, 2012–13
*Everton Players' Player of the Season: 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13
*Everton Goal of the Season: 2010–11

## References