open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tokyo Skytree

, formerly known as , is a broadcasting, restaurant, and observation tower in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan the special ward of Sumida, not far from the Sumida River. The nearest train station is Oshiage, which is on the Toei Asakusa Line, Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line, and railway lines operated by Tobu and Keisei.

The Tokyo Skytree was designed by the architects from Nikken Sekkei, a e company, the process of building the tower began in 2008 and was completed on 29 February 2012.Emperor Akihito visited the tower in advance of its official opening, and the opening  took place on 22 May 2012.

With a height of , the Tokyo Skytree is the tallest structure in Japan. This height was chosen because it could be easily remembered. The figures 6 (*mu*), 3 (*sa*), 4 (*shi*) stand for Musashi Province, which is an old name of the region where the tower stands.

It is the third tallest structure in the world behind Merdeka 118 in Malaysia and Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It is also the tallest tower in the world, according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, because there is no space in the Skytree for people to live or work in, unlike the Burj Khalifa.

All of central Tokyo can be seen from special viewing platforms at  and .

## References
## Other websites 
*http://www.tokyo-skytree.jp/english ,  
*Skyscrapernews article on New Tokyo Tower 
*http://www.rising-east.jp/webcam/
Jean Robieux

**Jean Robieux** (15 October, 1925; Jugon-les-Lacs – 14 June 2012; Chatenay-Malabry) was a French physicist. Graduate from *École Polytechnique* (1946-1949), ''École nationale de l'aviation civile* (1949-1951), Doctor of Science from University of Paris and holder of a Master of Science from the California Institute of Technology, he is a leading French specialist in laser.
He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and of the *Académie des Technologies* (Academy of Technologies).

## Works 
Jean Robieux is responsible for the discovery of the principle of control of laser fusion in 1961 and the discovery of the principle of laser isotope separation. All contributions are outlined in his book « High Power Laser Interactions : Isotopes Separation - Nuclear Fusion Control - Elementary Particles Selective Creation ».

## Bibliography 
* *High Power Interactions : Isotopes separation - Nuclear fusion control - Elementary particles selective creation*. Ed. Lavoisier-2000
* *Towards the end of global warming. Abundant energy without pollution. Laser nuclear fusion»''. Ed.Louis de Broglie-2009

## Award 
* Officier of the Légion d'honneur (2000)

## Other websites 
*  Interview vidéo de monsieur Jean Robieux sur la fusion nucléaire par laser 
*  La fusion par laser au seuil de la réalité 
*  La Fusion Nucléaire par laser - Jean Robieux 

## References
Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010 movie)

***Diary of a Wimpy Kid*** is an American 2010 live-action/animated comedy movie and is based on the novel of the same name. The movie was released on March 19, 2010 (September in Australia). It was released on DVD, iTunes and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010.

## Awards and nominations
* 2011 Kids Choice Awards
** Favorite movie (nominated) lost to The Karate Kid
* 32nd Young Artist Awards
** Best actor in a feature film (Zach Gordon) (nomination) lost to Jaden Smith
** Best supporting actor in a feature film (Robert Capron) (nomination) lost to Billy Unger
** Best supporting actor in a feature film (Alex Ferris) (nomination) Lost to Billy Unger.
** Best ensemble in a feature film (Zach Gordon, Robert Capron, Devon Bostick, Chloë Moretz, Laine MacNeil, Grayson Russell, Karan Brar and Alex Ferris) (Won)
** Best supporting actress (Laine MacNeil) (nomination) lost to Diandra Newlin and Stefanie Scott

## Cast
* Zachary Gordon as Greg Heffley.
** Nathaniel Marten as adult Greg. 
** Dylan Bell as young Greg.
** L.J. Benet as  uncredited singing voice of Greg.
* Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson, Greg's childish best friend.
* Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley, Greg's mother.
* Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley, Greg's older brother.
* Chloë Grace Moretz as Angie Steadman, a seventh-grader at Greg's school who is a reporter for the school paper. She is a brand new character not found in the original books.
* Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley, Greg's father.
* Grayson Russell as Fregley, a weird classmate of Greg's.
* Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell, Greg's arch-enemy.
** Madison Bell as young Patty.
* Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta, a friend of Greg's. 
* Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley, Greg's little brother.
* Raugi Yu as Vice Principal Roy, the Vice Principal who appears on the intercom or TV giving news.
* Jennifer Clement as Mrs. Flint, Greg's homeroom teacher.
* Alex Ferris as Collin Lee, Rowley's substitute best friend during his fight with Greg.
* Andrew McNee as Coach Malone, Greg's gym teacher.
* Belita Moreno as Mrs. Norton, Greg's acting teacher.
* Afred E. Humphreys as Mr. Jefferson, Rowley's father who dislikes Greg.
* Kaye Capron as Mrs. Jefferson, Rowley's mother.
* Donnie McNeil as Wade, one of the 3 teenagers who threw water at Greg and Rowley.
* Nicholas Carey as Pete Hosey, the leader of the 3 teenagers who threw water at Greg and Rowley.
* Samuel Patrick Chu as Carter, another one of the 3 teenagers who threw water at Greg and Rowley.
* Rob LaBelle as Mr. Winsky, the leader of the Safety Patrol.
* Harrison Houde as Darren Walsh, Greg's classmate who is infamous for starting the Cheese Touch.
* Severin Korfer as Dieter Muller, a German exchange student who took the Cheese Touch with him back to his homeland.
* Owen Best as Bryce Anderson, one of Greg's classmates who was said to have a "cute butt".
* Karin Konoval as Mrs. Irvine, the woman who thought Rowley terrorized the kindergartners.
* Adam Osei as Marty Porter, the school treasurer.
* Paul Hubbard as Brock Brainigan P.I.

## References
Ryakunin

was a  after *Katei* and before ''En'ō.*  This period spanned the years from November 1238 to April 1239. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Ryakunin* Era
* **1238** (*Ryakunin 1, 1st month*): Kūjo Yoritsune travelled from Kamakura to Kyoto with Hōjō Yasutoki.
* **1238** (*Ryakunin 1, 2nd month*): Yoritsune began to live in his new palace at Rokuhara.
* **1238** (*Ryakunin 1, 10th month''): Yoritsune travelled from Kyoto to Kamakura.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Edward Stratemeyer

**Edward L. Stratemeyer** (October 4, 1862  May 10, 1930) was an American publisher and a writer of children's stories. He was very  and created several children's series including *The Rover Boys*, *The Bobbsey Twins*, *Tom Swift*, *The Hardy Boys*, and *Nancy Drew*. He founded the Stratemeyer Syndicate.
En'ō

was a  after *Ryakunin* and before *Ninji.*  This period spanned the years from February 1239 to July 1240. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the ''En'ō* Era
* **1239** (*En'ō 1, 1st month*):  gave up his office as *daijo daijin*; and he retired from court life.  He became a Buddhist priest.
* **28 March 1239** (*En'ō 1, 22nd day of the 2nd month''): Former Emperor Go-Toba died at age 60.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Osweiler

**Osweiler** is a small village in the commune of Rosport, in eastern Luxembourg.

The commune is in the canton of Echternach,  which is part of the district of Grevenmacher.

The family of Dennis Hastert, the 59th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives,  from Osweiler to America.

## References
## Other websites
Ninji

, also called **Jinji,** was a  after ''En'ō* and before *Kangen.*  This period started in August 1240 and ended in January 1243. The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Ninji* Era
* **1242** (*Ninji 3, 10th day of the 1st month''): In the 10th year of Shijō's reign, the emperor died; and the succession (*senso*) was received by the second son of former Emperor Tsuchimikado.
* **1242** (*Ninji 3, 5th month*): Emperor Go-Saga's role as emperor was confirmed by  (*sokui*).
* **14 July 1242** (*Ninji 3, 15th day of the 6th month*): Hōjō Yasutoki died at age 60.
* **7 October 1242** (*Ninji 3, 12th day of the 9th month*): Former Emperor Juntoku died in exile on Sado Island.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kangen

was a  after *Ninji* and before *Hōji.*  This period started in February 1243 and ended in February 1247. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kangen* era
* **1244** (*Kangen 2, 4th month*): Kujō Yoritsugu had his coming-of-age ceremonies at age 6.  In the same month, Yoritsune asked Emperor Go-Saga for permission to make Yoritsugu the new shogun.
* **11 September 1245** (*Kangen 3, 7th month*):  Yoshitsune shaved his head and became a Buddhist priest.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period
 
## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
SWV

**SWV** (**Sisters with Voices**) are an African American girl group that sing R&B music.  They were founded in New York City. They formed in 1990. The group was founded in 1990 and had multiple hit songs between then and 1998, one of which sampled the Michael Jackson hit song *Human Nature*. The group broke up in 1998 but then reunited around 2005 and have been making music since.

## Albums 
* It's About Time (1992)
* New Beginning (1996)
* Release Some Tension (1997)
* I Missed Us (2012)
* Still (2016)
Information asymmetry

**Information asymmetry** is a concept in economics and contract theory. It says that in any given contract the two parties of the contract do not have the same information. Information economics is a field of science that looks at some of the problems that result from this . Neoclassical economics assumes there is perfect information: all the actors know all the states of their environment; they can also observe what all the other actors do. Information is free -it has no cost in the economic sense. This is also true for the ability to observe the other parties.

## Model 
A model called New institutional economics changes this: information is no longer free, there are costs associated with obtaining information.

Information asymmetry is concerned with three main asymmetries:
* *Hidden characteristics*: Certain features of the products are not known before the contract is made.
* *Hidden action* and *hidden information*: After the contract is made, one of the actors' actions cannot be observed (hidden action); if it can be observed, its qualities cannot be determined (hidden information)
* *Hidden intention*: Before the contract is made, all the actors can be observed, but their intentions cannot be known.

## History 
In 2001, the Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to George Akerlof, Michael Spence, and Joseph E. Stiglitz "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information."

## Related pages 
*Planned obsolescence

## References
Ichneumon

The **Ichneumonoidea** are parasitoid wasps. They are a superfamily in the suborder Apocrita.

The superfamily is made up of the **ichneumon** wasps, (family Ichneumonidae), and the braconids (family Braconidae). The superfamily contains well over 80,000 different species. Members of the family Ichneumonidae are usually larger than members of the Braconidae, and the family has three times as many species as the braconids. The two families are distinguished mainly by details of wing venation.

Almost all are solitary insects, and most are parasitoids—the larvae feeding on or in another insect which finally dies. Being in the same order, ichneumonoids are closely related to other hymenoptera such as ants and bees. Many species in both families use polydnaviruses (with double strand DNA) to suppress the immune system of the host insect.

Some species use many different insects as hosts, others are very specific in host choice. Various ichneumons are used successfully as biological control agents in controlling pests such as flies or beetles.

Ichneumon wasp species are highly varied, ranging from  to  long. Most are slender, with the females of many species (particularly in the genus *Megarhyssa*) having an extremely long ovipositor for laying eggs. The female finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body. Upon hatching, the larval ichneumon feeds either externally or internally, killing the host when they themselves are ready to pupate. Despite looking formidable, the ovipositor does not deliver a sting like many wasps or bees. It can be used by the wasps to bore through rotten wood, and lay eggs in grubs hiding under the wood.

## Other websites
* Reference large-format photos of 15 different species of Ichneumonidae
* An interesting account  of an observer's encounter with Ichneumons.
* University of Florida Department of Entomology & Nematology page about Ichneumons 
* BugGuide page: Family Ichneumonidae - Ichneumon Wasps

## References
Guarani

**Guarani**, **Guaraní** or **Guarany** may refer to

## Ethnography 
* Guaraní people, an indigenous people from South America's interior (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia)
* Guaraní language, or Paraguayan Guarani, an official language of Paraguay
* Guarani dialects, spoken in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay 
* Guarani languages, a group of languages, including Guarani, in the Tupí-Guaraní language subfamily

## Economics 
* Paraguayan guaraní, the currency of Paraguay

## Geography 
* Guarani, Minas Gerais, Brazil
* Guarani de Goiás, Brazil
* Guarani das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
* Guarani Aquifer, a large underground water reservoir in South America

## Literature and music 
* *The Guarani*, an 1857 novel by José de Alencar
* *Il Guarany*, an opera by Carlos Gomes, based on the above novel

## Machines
* VBTP-MR, a Brazilian 6x6 armored personnel carrier

## Association football (soccer) clubs 
;Brazil
* Guarani Esporte Clube (CE), Juazeiro do Norte
* Guarani Esporte Clube (MG), Divinópolis
* Guarani Futebol Clube, Campinas
* Guarany Futebol Clube, Bagé
* Guarany Futebol Clube (Camaquã)
* Guarany Sporting Club, Sobral
* Associação Atlética Guarany, Porto da Folha
* Esporte Clube Guarani, Venâncio Aires
* Sociedade Esportiva, Recreativa e Cultural Guarani, Palhoça
* Sport Club Guarany, Cruz Alta

;Paraguay
* Club Guaraní, Asunción
Simpson's paradox

'''Simpson's paradox''' is a paradox from statistics. It is named after Edward H. Simpson, a British statistician who first described it in 1951. The statistician Karl Pearson described a very similar effect in 1899.-  Udny Yule's description dates from 1903.  Sometimes, it is called the **Yule–Simpson effect**. When looking at the statistical scores of groups, these scores may change, depending on whether the groups are looked at one by one, or if they are combined into a larger group. This case often occurs in social sciences and medical statistics. It may confuse people, if frequency data is used to explain a causal relationship.  Other names for the paradox include   *reversal paradox* and *amalgamation paradox*.
## Example: Kidney stone treatment 
This is a real-life example from a medical study comparing the success rates of two treatments for kidney stones.

The table shows the success rates and numbers of treatments for treatments involving both small and large kidney stones, where Treatment A includes all open procedures and Treatment B is percutaneous nephrolithotomy:

The paradoxical conclusion is that treatment A is more effective when used on small stones, and also when used on large stones, yet treatment B is more effective when considering both sizes at the same time. In this example, it was not known that the size of the kidney stone influenced the result. This is called a hidden variable (or lurking variable) in statistics.

Which treatment is considered better is determined by an inequality between two ratios (successes/total). The reversal of the inequality between the ratios, which creates Simpson's paradox, happens because two effects occur together:
# The sizes of the groups, which are combined when the lurking variable is ignored, are very different. Doctors tend to give the severe cases (large stones) the better treatment (A), and the milder cases (small stones) the inferior treatment (B). Therefore, the totals are dominated by groups three and two, and not by the two much smaller groups one and four.
# The lurking variable has a large effect on the ratios, i.e. the success rate is more strongly influenced by the severity of the case than by the choice of treatment. Therefore, the group of patients with large stones using treatment A (group three) does worse than the group with small stones, even if the latter used the inferior treatment B (group two).

## References
En unión y libertad

'''''''''' (Spanish for "in unity and freedom") is Argentina's national motto. It was set in the 1813 General Assembly. This was when the Argentine War of Independence wanted free from the Spanish Empire. It is on all peso coins and banknotes.

## References
Coat of arms of Argentina

The **coat of arms of Argentina** was used in its current form in 1944.  It started in the seal of the General Constituent Assembly of 1813. 

It is not known who made the coat of arms.  At the top is the gold-yellowed Sun of May, also found on the flag of Argentina. The rising sun is for the rising of Argentina.  In the center, there are two shaking hands.  This is for the unity of the Provinces of Argentina. The hands come together to hold a pike.  This shows power and willingness to defend freedom.  The Phrygian cap is on the top of the spear.

The blue and white colors are for the Argentine people.  They are the same colors of the Argentine flag. The blue half is for the sky and the white is for the Río de la Plata.

## References
Jenny Agutter

**Jennifer Ann Agutter** (born 20 December 1952) is a British actress. She was born in Taunton, Somerset.  She starred in *The Railway Children*, *Walkabout*, ''Logan's Run* and *An American Werewolf in London.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Omen

An **omen** is a sign that is thought to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. The word can mean something either "good" or "bad" is about to happen. The origin of the word is unknown, although it may be connected with the Latin word *audire*, meaning "to hear". An example from the past, babies born with birth defects were believed to be a bad or evil omen.

## Related pages
* Luck
* Superstition
Phoebe Cates

**Phoebe Belle Cates** (born July 16, 1963) is an American model and movie actress. She is best known for acting in movies in the *Gremlins* franchise and for acting in the 1982 movie *Fast Times at Ridgemont High*.

Cates was born on July 16 1963, in New York City, New York. She married actor Kevin Kline in 1989. They have two children.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hōji

was a  after *Kangen* and before *Kenchō.*  This period started in February 1247 and ended in March 1249. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Hōji* era
* **1247** (*Hōji 1*):  The Hōji conflict; Hōjo family destroyed the Miura family; and in so doing, the clan consolidated its authority as regents.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Argentine Antarctica

**Argentine Antarctica** is a part of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory.  This claim overlaps with British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands.

The Argentine exploration to the continent started early in the 20th century. José María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica in 1901. He spent 2 seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Doctor Otto Nordenskiöld. In 1904, the Orcadas Base was fully working. Years later other bases were made. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole was the 1965 Operación 90.

Argentine actions in Antarctica are coordinated by the Instituto Antartico Argentino

According the last Argentine national census, on October 2010 (winter) there were 230 people in the six permament bases.

## Geography
The geography of Argentine Antarctica has some features of the Patagonia. The highest peaks are at the south of the Antarctic Peninsula. The land is under an ice sheet.

The region has a polar climate, with strong winds, snow and thick clouds.

## References
Grevenmacher

**Grevenmacher** () is a commune with city status in eastern Luxembourg, near the border with Germany.

Grevenmacher is the capital city of the Grevenmacher canton and of the district of Grevenmacher. The city is on the left bank of the Moselle river.

## Name
The name Grevenmacher is formed by two words: "Greven" and "Macher". "Macher" comes from the Latin word *maceria* ("very old walls"); "Greven" comes from the old German word *Grafen* (modern German: *Graf*) that means "count, earl". The town "Macher of the Count" was, since 1346, different from other "Machern" found in the region: Königsmacher, Kleinmacher, Rodemacher, Mecher, Mézières etc. The present name of Grevenmacher has been in use since 1769.

## History
The valley of the Moselle, which owes its wealth to the fact that it is close to the water and it has fertile land, was settled long before the Roman era. As for Grevenmacher, the first town was behind the Holy Cross Chapel at the place called "Buerggruef", not far from the Roman road to the city of Luxembourg.

A few centuries later, the Counts of Luxembourg chose a safe place to protect their land against the powerful archbishops of Trier. They found it in Grevenmacher, that was the place where the road going from the city of Luxembourg to Trier meet with the one going from Trier to Thionville. Here a strong fortress was built, probably on the orders of Count Henry V. In 1252, this same count made Grevenmacher a city.

The altitude of the *commune* is  high. At the church, the altitude  is  high.

The most important river is the **Moselle** (; German: *Mosel*; ).

## Population
There were 4,923 persons living in the *commune* in 2017,
*  Aubière, France

## Gallery 

File:GrevenmacherNeuesRathaus.JPG|The new Town Hall
File:GrevenmacherMarktplatz.JPG|Market square
File:Grevenmacher Staustufe.JPG|Moselle barrage at Grevenmacher
File:GrevenmacherSchmetterlinge.JPG|Butterfly Garden
File:Grevenmacher Moselbruecke.JPG|Bridge over the Moselle.

## Related pages
* Cantons of Luxembourg
* Communes of Luxembourg
* List of cities in Luxembourg

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Kenchō

was a  after *Hōji* and before *Kōgen.*  This period started in March 1249 and ended in October 1256. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kenchō* era
, circa 1885–1890]]
* **1252** (*Kenchō 2*): Great Buddha of Kamakura was put in place at Kōtoku-in.
* **1253** (*Kenchō 5*): Kenchō-ji founded.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Kōgen

was a  after *Kenchō* and before *Shōka.*  This period started in October 1256 and ended in March 1257. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Kōgen* era
* **1 September 1256** (*Kōgen 1, 11th day of the 8th month*): Kujō Yoritsune, also known as Fujiwara Yoritsune, died at the age of 39 years.
* **14 October 1256** (*Kōgen 1, 24th day of the 9th month*): Yoritsune's son and successor as Kamakura shogun, Kujō Yoritsugu, also known as Fujiwara Yoritsugu, died at the age of 18 years.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Gen'ō

was a  after *Bunpō* and before *Genkyō.*  This period started in April 1319 and ended in February 1321.  The reigning Emperor was .

## Events of the ''Gen'ō* era
After the abdication of Emperor Hanazono, Takaharu-shinno was proclaimed emperor. Nijō Michihira was Chancellor (*kampaku''); but the court remained under the direction of former-Emperor Go-Uda.  Prince Morikuni  was the shogun in Kamakura; and Hōjō Takatoki was the shogunate's chief minister (''shikken').
* **1319** (''Gen'ō 1, 3rd month*): Prince Kuniyoshi, the son of former-Emperor Go-Nijō, was named Crown Prince (*tōgu*).
* **1330** (*Gen'ō 2, 5th month*): Hōjō Tokiasu died.  Tokiasu was a high shogunate official (*Rokuhara Tandai* and *Kitakata*).
* **1320** (*Gen'ō 2, 5th month*): Kujō Moronori died at age 48. He was a former Regent (*sesshō''). 

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Béard-Géovreissiat

**Béard-Géovreissiat** is a commune in the Ain department of France. Most of the commune is the villages of  Béard and Géovreissiat. The hamlet of St Germain de Béard, and the northern part of the hamlet of Croix-Châlon are also part of the commune.

The commune was called Géovreissiat until October 2008. Géovreissiat is the main village and the city hall is there.
In 2009, 935 people lived in the commune. They are called the *Béardais*.

Between 1841 and 1846, the population fell from 720 to 354 inhabitants, and continued to fall until the end of the Second World War. Today it has reached its highest population since records began.

## References
*INSEE
Bunryaku

, also romanized as **Bunreki,** was a  after *Tenpuku* and before *Katei.*  This period started in November 1234 and ended in September 1235. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the *Bunryaku* Era
* **18 June 1234** (*Bunryaku 1, 20th day of the 5th month*): Former Emperor Chūkyō died.
* **31 August 1234** (*Bunryaku 1, 6th day of the 8th month*): Former Emperor Go-Horikawa died.
* **1234** (*Bunryaku 1, 12th month*): Kujō Yoritsune is raised to the 1st rank of the 3rd class in the court hierarchy.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Patagonia

**Patagonia** is at the southern end of South America.  It is land shared by Argentina and Chile.  It has some of the most dramatic landscapes on Earth. It has the southern section of the Andes mountains to the southwest towards the Pacific ocean.

## Geography 
It follows south through the Colorado River towards Carmen de Patagones in the Atlantic Ocean. To the west, it includes the Valdivia through Tierra del Fuego archipelago.

The name Patagonia is from the word *patagón* used by Magellan in 1520.  The word was for the native people that his expedition thought to be giants. Now people think the Patagons were actually Tehuelches.  They had an average height of 180&nbsp;cm (~5′11″) compared to the 155&nbsp;cm (~5′1″) average for Spaniards of the time.

## Animals
 near Torres del Paine.]]
The guanaco, the cougar, the Patagonian fox, the Patagonian hog-nosed skunk, and the Magellanic Tuco-tuco are the most common mammals of the Patagonian plains.  There are also many birds.  Southern Caracara, Austral parakeets, and Green-backed Firecrowns are some.  Waterfowl include Chilean Flamingo, Upland Goose, and steamer ducks.

Famous marine fauna include the southern right whale, the Magellanic Penguin, the orca and elephant seals. The Valdés Peninsula is a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its importance as a nature reserve.

File:Glaciar Perito Moreno (Argentina).jpg|Perito Moreno Glacier
File:Base del Cerro Catedral en Bariloche. (Patagonia Argentina) 01.JPG|Bariloche
File:Ushuaia6a (js).jpg|Ushuaia
File:Ballenas en Península Valdès.jpg|Valdes

## References
Hilbert's problems

In 1900, the mathematician David Hilbert published a list of 23 unsolved mathematical problems. The list of problems turned out to be very influential. 

After Hilbert's death, another problem was found in his writings; this is sometimes known as Hilbert's 24th problem today. This problem is about finding criteria to show that a solution to a problem is the simplest possible.

Of the 23 problems, three were unresolved in 2012, three were too vague to be resolved, and six could be partially solved. Given the influence of the problems, the Clay Mathematics Institute formulated a similar list, called the Millennium Prize Problems in  2000.

## Overview
The formulation of certain problems is better than that of others. 
Of the cleanly-formulated Hilbert problems, problems 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, and 21 have a resolution that is accepted by consensus. On the other hand, problems 1, 2, 5, 9, 15, 18+, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether it resolves the problem.

The solution for problem 18, the Kepler conjecture, uses a computer-assisted proof.  This is controversial, because a human reader is unable to verify the proof in reasonable time.

That leaves 16, 8 – the Riemann hypothesis – and 12 unresolved. On this classification 4, 16, and 23 are too vague to ever be described as solved. The withdrawn 24 would also be in this class. 6 is considered as a problem in physics rather than in mathematics.

## Table of problems
Hilbert's twenty-three problems are:

## Other websites
 &nbsp;**:Wikilivres:Mathematische Probleme**&nbsp;–&nbsp;source texts, documents, translations, media
* Listing of the 23 problems, with descriptions of which have been solved 
* Original text of Hilbert's talk, in German 
* English translation of Hilbert's *Mathematical Problems* on Wikisource
* Details on the solution of the 18th problem 
* "On Hilbert's 24th Problem: Report on a New Source and Some Remarks."
*The Paris Problems 
* Hilbert's Tenth Problem page!
*'From Hilbert's Problems to the Future' , lecture by Professor Robin Wilson, Gresham College, 27 February 2008 (available in text, audio and video formats).

## References
### About the problems
### Other references
Kellie Martin

**Kellie Noelle Martin** (b. October 16 1975 near Riverside, California) is an American television actress. She is known for playing Lucy Knight in the NBC television series *ER*.

## Awards and nominations
## References 
## Other websites
*
Energy drink

**Energy drinks** are beverages whose producers say they can "can boost energy". This claim has to do with vitamins and stimulants in these drinks. Examples of energy drinks are Red Bull and Monster Energy. They are usually well liked by young people. 66% of energy drink sales are to people between the ages of 14 and 35.  Up to a third of children in the UK have at least one energy drink every week.

They are a subset of the larger group of energy products, which includes bars and gels; they are also different from sports drinks, which are advertised to improve sports performance. There are many brands and varieties in this drink category.

Energy drinks have the effects of caffeine and sugar, but there is little or no evidence that many other ingredients have any effect. Most effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. Other studies ascribe those performance improvements to the effects of the combined ingredients.

There is evidence that these drinks  are harmful to the mental and physical health of children and young people, as well as their behaviour and education.  Some  supermarkets have introduced a voluntary ban on the sale of energy drinks to under-16s.  The British government said they would ban energy drinks for under-16s in England in 2019, but in 2024 that has not happened. The  British Soft Drinks Association says their voluntary code of practice says BSDA members do not market or promote energy drinks to under-16s.

## References
Mutunus Tutunus

depicting Mutunus Tutunus]]

In ancient Roman religion, **Mutunus Tutunus** was a phallic marriage deity. He is often associated with the Greek god Priapus. His shrine was located on the Velian Hill, supposedly since the founding of Rome, until the 1st century BC.

During marriage rites, Roman brides are supposed to have straddled the phallus of Mutunus to prepare themselves for sexual intercourse, according to Church Fathers who interpreted this act as an obscene loss of virginity.

## Related pages
*Priapus - Greek mythology version of Mutunus Tutunus
Lionel Guérin

**Lionel Guérin** is a French Chief executive officer and politician. Graduate from the ''École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique* and from the *École nationale de l'aviation civile*, he is the founding President of the regional airline Airlinair, President of Transavia France and of the *Fédération nationale de l’aviation marchande*.

In September 2011, he almost became chairman of Air France.

Lionel Guerin is an environmental activist. He likes parrots. He also likes supporting sustainable aviation.

Guérin received the Legion of Honour award.

## Bibliography 
* *Info-Pilote'' number 612, Paris, Info-Pilote, March 2007

## References
Abdulaziz Fallatah

**Abdulaziz Fallatah ** (; born December 28, 1985) is a Saudi football player who plays as a midfielder.

## References
* Kooora.com

## Other websites
*Profile at slstat.com
True Romance

***True Romance*** is a 1993 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Tony Scott and was released on September 10, 1993. The cast of the movie includes Christian Slater, Patricia Arquette, James Gandolfini, Dennis Hopper, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, Val Kilmer and Christopher Walken.

## Other websites 
*
La Sylphide

***La Sylphide*** () is a romantic ballet. It was created for Marie Taglioni by her father Filippo Taglioni to showcase her talents.  The ballet was first performed in the Salle Le Peletier in Paris on March 12, 1832. The ballet was a great success. Taglioni was regarded as the greatest ballerina of the age. 

## Story of the ballet 
The ballet is set in Scotland. James is on the eve of marrying Effie. Gurn also loves Effie. James is distracted by a vision of a lovely sylph. Old Madge, a witch, reads palms. She declares Gurn will be the husband of Effie. James grows angry and throws her out into the storm. The wedding preparations start. The sylph appears and steals the wedding ring. James runs after her into the forest. Effie is consoled in the arms of Gurn. 

In the forest, the sylph and James dally romantically. The sylph summons her sister sylphs. They entertain James with several dances. He wants to capture the sylph, and asks Old Madge for her help. She gives him a poisoned scarf, but tells him he can capture the sylph with it. He wraps the sylph in the scarf. Her wings fall off and she dies. James sees a wedding procession led by Gurn and Effie. He faints and dies. Old Madge has had her revenge.

## Danish choreography 
In November 1836, August Bournonville choreographed his version to music by Herman Severin Løvenskiold for the Royal Danish Ballet. Taglioni's choreography has been lost, but Bournonville's exists and is still danced in Copenhagen. In 1972, Pierre Lacotte reconstructed Taglioni's choreography from prints, notes, and other materials.
Jason Griffith

**Jason Adam Griffith** (born November 29, 1980) is an American voice actor and actor. He has worked on several animated TV series. He was the voices of Sega mascot Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog and Jet the Hawk in the *Sonic the Hedgehog* video game series. He was also the voice of Cilan, Ash's former traveling partner and first Gym Leader in *Pokémon: Black & White*.

## Filmography
### Film
### Television
### Video games
### Other
* *Astonishing X-Men* (motion comic) - Elixir
* *Iron Man: Extremis* (motion comic) - Iron Man/Tony Stark
* *Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn* - Additional voices
* *Freedom* - Additional voices
* *The Dark Night Rises: The Mobile Game* - Jack Crane
* *Casters* (web series) - Cal

## References
Muromachi period

, also known as the **Muromachi era**, the **Ashikaga era**, or the **Ashikaga period**, is a division of Japanese history.  The period started in 1333 and ended in 1573.

## Ashikaga shogunate 
The years of the Ashikaga shogunate are called the Muromachi period.  The name comes from the district of Kyoto in which this series of shoguns had an official home. This home was also known as the  or .
* **1336** (*Kemmu 4*): Ashikaga Takauji captures Kyoto.  Emperor Go-Daigo established what is called the Southern Court (*Nanchō*) in Yoshino; and what is called the Northern Court (*Hokuchō*) is established in Kyoto
* **1392** (*Meitoku 3*), also known as *Genchū 9*: Forces of the Southern Court surrenders to Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and the empire is unified under Emperor Go-Komatsu.
* **1398** (*Ōei 5*): Kinkaku-ji or "Gold Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
* **1467** (*Ōnin 1*): The Ōnin War
* **1484** (*Bunmei 16*): Ginkaku-ji or "Silver Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimasa
* **1488** (*Chōkyō 2*): Ryōan-ji is built by Hosokawa Katsumoto.
* **1543** (*Tenbun 12, 25th day of the 8th month*):  Portuguese ship landed at Tanegashima bringing the first gun into Japan.
* **August 15, 1549** (*Tenbun 18, 22nd day of the 7th month*):  Jesuit Catholic priest Francis Xavier arrived in Japan
* **1555** (*Kōji 1, 11th month*):  Mōri Motonari won the , also known as the "Battle of Miyajima"
* **June 12, 1560** (*Eiroku 3, 19th day of the 5th month*):  at the Battle of Okehazama, the forces of Imagawa Yoshimoto were defeated by Oda Nobunaga.
* **1569** (*Eiroku 12*): First Christian church opened in Nagasaki.
* **1570** (*Genki 1, 6th month*): At the Battle of Anegawa, the forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu won a .
* **1573** (*Genki 4*): Ashikaga Yoshiaki, the last Muromachi shogun, ran away from Kyoto.

## Gallery

File:RyoanJi-Dry garden.jpg|Ryōan-ji dry garden*see 1488 above*

## Related pages 
* Northern Court
* Southern Court
* List of Japanese eras
* Nanboku-chō period
* Sengoku period

## References
## Other websites 
* Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392), Muromachi Period (1392–1573)
* British Museum, Japan: Muromachi period (AD 1333-1568) 
* Japan-guide.com, Muromachi Period (1333 - 1573)
Chilean Antarctic Territory

The **Chilean Antarctic Territory**  is the territory in Antarctica claimed by Chile since 1940. The Chilean Antarctic Territory overlaps Argentine and British Antarctic claims.

Within Chilean territorial organization **Antártica** is the name of the commune that administers the territory. Belongs to Antártica Chilena Province, which is part of Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region. The commune of Antártica was created on July 11, 1961, and was dependent on the Magallanes Province until 1975, when the Antártica Chilena Province was created, making it dependent administratively on Puerto Williams, the province capital.

The Antarctic Treaty froze all the Antartic claims.

## Bases
List of Chilean Antarctic Bases:

**(P)**: Permanent; Are open all the year.
**(S)**: Seasonal; Are open in the Austral Summer.

Villa Las Estrellas is the only civil settlement in a Chilean Base, the other one is in Esperanza Base (Argentina) and it's called "Fortín Sargento Cabral"

The only permanent Chilean base on the Antarctic Peninsula is Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme.  It has been working since February 18, 1948. It is located on Puerto Covadonga.

## References
Samantha

The name **Samantha** [ s*uh*-**man**-th*uh* ] is a female given name dating back to around the 18th century. Samantha has been a popular name for girls for several decades and has a rich history and meaning of English origin. Its wide use in literature, movies, and television shows has made it a globally recognized name. The name Samantha originates from the Hebrew name Shemuel, which signifies "heard by God." It was initially used in the United States during the late 18th century and gained popularity during the 1960s and 1970s. Since the 1980s, the name Samantha has consistently ranked among the top 100 baby names for girls in the United States.It has been used by many celebrities, musicians and many others, including Samantha Eggar, Samantha Fox and Samantha Womack. This name was ranked #105 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People 
* Samantha Fox, English singer and former glamour model
* Samantha Jade, Australian singer
* Samantha Cristoforetti, Italian European Space Agency astronaut, former Italian Air Force pilot and engineer (1977)
* Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Indian actress

## References
Kim (given name)

**Kim** is a male or female given name. The pronunciation of the name is [ kim ]. It can also be used as a shorter way of saying "Kimberly", "Kimberley", "Kimball", "Kimiko" and "Joakim". It can also be used as a nickname. The name Kim is of English origin and is derived from the Old English word "cyne" which means "royal" or "noble"  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Girls were hardly ever given the name "Kim" until the 1960s. Since then, it has become more common for females to be named Kim.

People with this name include:

## Sports
* Kim Batiste, American baseball player
* Kim Bokamper, American football player
* Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player
* Kim Gevaert, Belgian athlete
* Kim Grant (footballer), Ghanaian former footballer
* Kim Grant (tennis), South African tennis player
* Kim Hagger, English track and field athlete
* Kim Hirschovits, Finnish ice hockey player
* Kim Johnsson, Swedish professional ice hockey player
* Kim Källström, Swedish footballer
* Kim Rhode, skeet shooter
* Kim Sunna, Swedish professional ice hockey player
* Kim Warwick, Australian former tennis player
* Carlos Henrique Dias, Brazilian footballer nicknamed "Kim"
* Kim Yong-sik, Japanese and South Korean association football player

## Politics
* Kim Beazley, Australian politician, son of Kim Edward Beazley
* Kim Campbell, first and only (to date) female Canadian Prime Minister
* Kim Carr, Australian politician
* Kim Edward Beazley, Australian politician
* Kim Jong-un, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and 3rd Supreme leader of North Korea

## Artists
* Lil' Kim, singer
* Kim Appleby, British singer
* Kim Basinger, actress
* Kim Carnes, singer 
* Kim Cascone, electronic music composer 
* Kim Cattrall, actress 
* Kim Chiu, teen actress in the Philippines
* Kim Coates, actor
* Kim Deal, musician
* Kim Deitch, comic book artist
* Kim Fields, actress
* Kim Gordon, musician
* Kim Ljung, musician
* Kim Mitchell, musician and radio personality
* Kim Moyes, Australian musician
* Kim Novak, actress
* Kim Petersen, also known as King Diamond, singer
* Kim Petras, German singer
* Kim Thayil, lead guitarist for Soundgarden
* Kim Wilde, singer
* Kim Wyatt, singer and dancer
* Kim Zolciak, American singer and reality star from The Real Housewives of Atlanta

## Other 
* Kim Kardashian, American personality
* Kim Komando, American talk-radio program host
* Kim Peek (1951-2009), American savant
* Kim Mathers, wife of Eminem, subject of song "Kim" from *The Marshall Mathers LP*
* Kim Stanley Robinson, American science fiction writer
* Kim Stolz, American fashion model, television personality

## Related pages 
* Kim (surname)

## References
Kim

**Kim** could mean:

## Media 
* Kim (song), a song by rapper Eminem

## Literature
* Kim (book), a famous children's novel by Rudyard Kipling.

## Names 
* Kim (given name)
* Kim (surname)

## Places 
* Kim, Colorado &ndash; a small town in the United States.
Kim, Colorado

**Kim** is a small town. It is in Las Animas County, Colorado, United States.  At the 2020 U.S. census, 63 people lived in Kim.

Rodeo star Lane Frost was born in La Junta in 1963. However, he spent some of his early days with his mother and grandparents in Kim, while his father was on tour.

## Geography
Kim is at  (37.246129, -103.353643).

The United States Census Bureau says that the town has a total area of . All of it is land.

## Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 63 people living in Kim. These people made up 34 households. The population density was 170 people per square mile (64/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 77.8% White, 7.9% Native American, 7.9% from other races, and 6.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 28.6% of the population.

There were 34 households. 17.6% of these had children under the age of 18 living with them. 41.2% had a married couple living together. 20.6% had a woman living there with no partner, and 35.3% had a man living there with no partner. 32.4% of all households were made up of just one person and 20.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.85 people.

In the town, 9.5% of the people were under the age of 18. 6.3% were from 18 to 24. 19.0% were from 25 to 44. 22.2% were 45 to 64, and 42.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 56.5 years. There were 33 females and 30 males.

## Related pages 
* Colorado

## References
Julie Delpy

**Julie Delpy** (born 21 December 1969 in Paris) is a French-American director and movie actress. She has performed in and directed many movies during her career. She moved to the United States around 1990. She is a dual citizen of France and the United States.

## Other websites
*
Bunpō

, also romanized as **Bumpō**, was a  after *Shōwa* and before ''Gen'ō.*  This period started in February 1317 and ended in April 1319.  The reigning Emperors were  and .

## Events of the *Bunpō* Era
* **1317** (*Bunpō 1, 9th month*): Former-Emperor Fushimi died at age 53 years.
* **1318** (*Bunpō 2, 2nd month''): In the 11th year of Hanazono's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (*senso*) was received by his cousin, who was the second son of former-Emperor Go-Uda.  Soon eafter, Emperor Go-Daigo's role as emperor was confirmed by  (*sokui*).
* **1319** (*Bunpō 3, 4th month*): Emperor Go-Daigo caused the *nengō* to be changed to ''Gen'ō'' to mark the beginning of his reign.

## Related pages 
* Kamakura period

## References
## Other websites
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Andrea

The name **Andrea** [an-dree-uh, ahn-, ahn-drey-uh]is a given name. The name Andrea is of Greek origin and means "strong and courageous", coming from the Greek root andreios meaning "manly".It is usually used for females (In 2021, the top 1000 ranking of newborns named in the United States, in the female ranking of 173, in the male ranking did not appear). 

There are a lot of celebrities with the name **Andrea**. Also, the name is a replacement for **Allison** over List 5 of the Atlantic tropical cyclone naming list.

## People named Andrea
### Women
* Andrea Baker (born 1970), Canadian-born actress
* Andrea Barber (born 1976), American actress
* Andrea Dewar (born 1979), Canadian water polo player
* Andrea Moody (born 1978), Canadian swimmer
* Andrea Thompson (born 1960), American actress
* Andrea True (1943-2011), American actress and singer
* Andrea Leadsom (born 1963), British Conservative politician

### Men
* Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo (1925-2017), Archbishop of Tuscania
* Andrea Kim Taegŏn (1821–1846), first Korean Catholic priest, Patron Saint of Korea for the Catholic Church
* Andrea Prader (1919-2001), renowned Swiss scientist and physician, co-discoverer of the Prader–Willi syndrome
* Andrea Sartoretti (born 1971), volleyball player
* Andrea Pirlo (born 1979), Italian association football player and manager
* Andrea del Verrocchio (c. 1435–1488), 15th century Italian sculptor, goldsmith and painter.

## References