open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Marie-Antoine Carême

**Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême** (8 June 1784 – 12 January 1833), was a French chef and author. 

He is well known for greatly simplifying and writing about the style of cooking known as *haute cuisine*, the high art of French cooking. He was known as "chef of kings and king of chefs", because he cooked for royalty, and is often thought of as the first celebrity chef.

## Biography
Carême was born Paris, but was abandoned in 1792 because his parents were very poor. He worked as a kitchen boy at a cheap Paris cafe in exchange for a room and food. In 1798, he was apprenticed to Sylvain Bailly, a famous *pâtissier* (cake baker) with a shop near the Palais-Royal.

Carême gained fame in Paris for his cake centrepieces, which Bailly put in the pâtisserie window. The centerpieces were sometimes several feet high, and were only made out of foodstuffs such as sugar, marzipan, and pastry. He modelled them on temples, pyramids, and ancient ruins which he read about in the books he studied at the French national library (Bibliothéque Nationale). Some of his sugar works were so strong that court jesters could dance on them to entertain the king.

Carême also worked for other people, for example the French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, and other members of Parisian high society, including Napoleon. When he worked in the private kitchens he quickly learned about main courses.

Napoleon was not interested in having fancy food, but he knew of social contacts that were important for diplomats. In 1804, he gave Talleyrand money to buy Château de Valençay. When Talleyrand moved there, he took Carême with him.

Carême was set a test by Talleyrand: he had to create a whole year’s worth of menus, without repeating them, and use only food that was in season. Carême passed the test and finished his training in Talleyrand's kitchens. When Napoléon was defeated Carême went to London for a time and served as *chef de cuisine* to the Prince Regent, later George IV. He returned to Europe to work for Czar Alexander I in St. Petersburg, before returning to Paris, where he was chef to banker James Mayer Rothschild.

He died in Paris at the age of 48, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Montmartre.

## Influence
Talleyrand encouraged Carême to start a new refined style of eating.

Carême's is said to have started *service à la russe* (serving each course in the order printed on the menu) instead of *service à la française* (serving all dishes at once) 

## Major works
* 

## References
* Carême's career. 
* 
* Paul Metzner, *Crescendo of the Virtuoso* (UC Press,1998.)

## Notes
## Other websites
* NPR: Antonin Careme: The First Celebrity Chef - All Things Considered, May 25, 2004 - Biography Highlights Career of a 19th-Century Culinary Star
Kelly Osbourne

**Kelly Michelle Lee Osbourne** (born 27 October 1984, in London) is an English singer and actress. She is the daughter of the singer Ozzy Osbourne.

Osborne is one of the co-presenters in the E! programme *Fashion Police*. She also presents a programme on BBC Radio 1 called *The Surgery* on Sunday evening. Her duet song with her father, singer Ozzy Osbourne, "Changes", received much praise.

## Other websites 
*The Official Kelly Osbourne Website 
*Kelly Osbourne at bbc.co.uk
*
Quillaja saponaria

**Soap bark tree** (*Quillaja saponaria*) is a tree of the family *Quillajaceae*. In commerce, it is known as **Panama wood**. The tree grows naturally from warm temperate central Chile north to Bolivia and Peru. It can grow to  to  high. The Soap bark tree gets its name because the inner bark can be made into a powder which can be used as soap. Its compounds are also used as foam in beer and other drinks. The tree also has medicinal uses. 
## Morphology
Quillay is an evergreen tree, with grey bark. Alternate leaves, glaber, acute apex and obtuse base, bright green, near entire margins with 4-8 teeth. Flowers light green or white, hermaphrodite, pentamer, radiate. Five petals, 5 sepals, 10 stamens and 5 pistils. Fruit: a star-shape capsule, with winged seeds.

## References
Bud Anderson

**Clarence Emil "Bud" Anderson** (January 13, 1922 &ndash; May 17, 2024) was a retired officer in the United States Air Force, a triple ace of World War II, and the highest scoring living American fighter ace. During the war he was the highest scoring flying ace in his P-51 Mustang squadron. Towards the end of Anderson's two combat tours in Europe in 1944 he was promoted to major at 22, a young age even for a highly effective officer in wartime. After the war Anderson became a well regarded fighter test pilot, and a fighter squadron and wing commander. He served his wing commander tour in combat in the Vietnam War. He retired as a full colonel in 1972, after which he worked in flight test management for McDonnell Douglas. A member of the National Aviation Hall of Fame, Anderson has remained a sought-after speaker at aviation and military events well into his 90s.

On December 2, 2022, Anderson was promoted to the honorary rank of brigadier general by Gen. CQ Brown Jr., the Air Force chief of staff at the Aerospace Museum of Oklahoma.

Anderson died in his sleep on May 17, 2024, aged 102, at his home in Auburn, California.

## References
Labour and Co-operative Party

**Labour Co-operative** or **Labour and Co-operative** is the name used in the United Kingdom to describe politicians who are elected as members of the Co-operative Party.

The electoral agreement between the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party says that the Co-operative Party candidates must be members of the Labour Party as well.
Heraldic badge

]]

A **heraldic badge** is not a part of an armiger's achievement of arms, but it is granted by the same body.

The badge is designed to be used by the supporters of an armiger.  A mediaeval knight would be granted arms by letter patent, but his supporters or followers would not be allowed to display that achievement, instead they would use a badge to help identify themselves to each other and to other people.

Today, many English towns and cities have an achievement of arms.  Usually the mayor and council are the only ones allowed to used the full coat of arms.  The departments of the council use a badge, and it is the badge which is painted on council vehicles etc. to identify them.

Badges, like the arms, can only be used with the permission of the person to whom they were granted.

The "Prince of Wales's Feathers" is the badge of the heir apparent of the British monarch.  The badge is used because the coats of arms of the prince and the monarch are very similar.
Postal code

A **Postal code** is a series of numbers or letters and numbers used by a post office to help identify where a letter or parcel should be sent.
The code can be read by machines, this speeds up sorting mail.

In the United Kingdom the first part of the post code has one or two letters and one or two numbers. This identifies the post town and an area in the post town. The second part is used to identify an even smaller area, down to just one street or a few house in a long street.

The post town is the main town in an area. Sometimes this is a lot bigger than the real town. Ipswich, for example is the post town for most of east Suffolk.

In Europe most postal codes are all numbers. Often the one or two letter country code is put in front of the code to make sure that towns and cities are not mixed up, or for international post.

In France the first two numbers of the postal code relate to the department. Codes for Monaco start with 98 as if it was part of France, but has the letters "MC" instead of "F" for international mail.

## Related pages
*ZIP code
* Postal codes in the United Kingdom
Wild Weasel

, AGM-65 Maverick, ALQ-119 ECM pod, AGM-78 Standard ARM and AGM-45 Shrike, circa 1981.]]

The **Wild Weasel** is a nickname for an aircraft in the United States Air Force that is purposed with targeting and neutralizing enemy AAG, STA missiles, and other ground attack weapons by seeking them out via radar and destroying them with missiles.

## History 
The idea was first thought of in 1965 during the Vietnam War, because North Vietnamese surface-to-air missiles, or "SAMs" were destroying American aircraft. The first Wild Weasel airplane was the F-100 Super Sabre, a variant of the F-86 Sabre. In 1966, the F-105 Thunderchief took the job.

After that, a new kind of F-4 Phantom IIs, the "G" model was used as a Wild Weasel. During the Gulf War of 1991, Wild Weasel missions were done by the F4-G  and not theF-16 Fighting Falcon, a light fighter-bomber that can also battle enemy fighter aircraft. Currently, the F-16CJ does this. They were being used in the Iraq War.

## Weapons used 
In the Vietnam War, the main missile used by Wild Weasels was the AGM-45 Shrike. Currently, some of the weapons used by the Wild Weasel planes includes the AGM-88 HARM and the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles. They can also have ALQ-131 and ALQ-184 pods that can mess up enemy radar.

## References
Les Six

**Les Six** (pronounced "Le sees") is French for "The Six". Les Six were a group of six French composers who were friends around the year 1920. They were young at the time, and they shared a lot of ideas about music. The composer Erik Satie called them "Les Nouveaux Jeunes", but then a man called Henri Collet called them "Les Six" in an article he was writing, and that name was always used for them after that.

In their music they tried to be different from Richard Wagner and other composers of Romantic music, and different from Debussy and Ravel who had been writing Impressionistic music. They also wanted to write in a simple way instead of using complicated rhythms such as those of Stravinsky or twelve tone music like Arnold Schoenberg. Many of their pieces were quite short. They liked strong, masculine music, especially jazz. 

The six composers did not stay together for very long as they soon developed their own personal styles in their compositions.

## Members 
* Georges Auric (1899–1983) wrote lots of rhythmic music which had lots of energy. He wrote music for movies.
* Louis Durey (1888–1979) did not want to follow fashion. He used traditional ways of composing and wrote in his own, personal way.
* Arthur Honegger (1892–1955) liked chamber music and the symphony. His popular piece *Pacific 231* describes a train journey on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
* Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) was a very talented composer who wrote in several different styles. Some of his music uses bitonality and polytonality (writing in two or more keys at the same time. His love of jazz can be heard in popular pieces like *Le Boeuf sur le Toit* which he called a cinema-symphony.
* Francis Poulenc (1899–1963) was the most famous of the six composers. He continued to write in a style which was similar to the music of the 1920s. Many of his pieces are often performed today, e.g. *Gloria*, his ballet *Les Biches*, some of his chamber music and many songs.
* Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) was the only female in the group. She liked to use dance rhythms. She was the only member of Les Six to earn diplomas from the Paris Conservatory. She loved children and animals and wrote many works about them. She also wrote operas, concertos, and many works for the piano.

## After 1920 
It was really only in 1920 that all six composers were together. They had all been inspired by Jean Cocteau and Eric Satie. By 1921 Louis Durey had already left the group. Les Six continued to be associated with the style of French music from around the 1920s. They still remained friends, and used to visit a bar known as "La Gaya" which became *Le Boeuf sur le Toit* (The Ox on the Roof): the title of Milhaud's ballet. The group published an album of piano pieces together called "Album des Six". Five of the members worked together on the music for Cocteau's work *Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel* 

The name "The Six" was a reference to the group of Russian composers who had been known as "The Five".
Die Linke

**The Left** (), sometimes called the **Left Party** (), is a political party in Germany. It is a democratic socialist political party in Germany. It is considered to be left-wing populist by some researchers. The party is the direct descendant of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). It was formed on 16 June 2007, when The Left Party.PDS joined with WASG to form a unified party. The Left is a founding member of the Party of the European Left. It is also the largest party in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group in the European Parliament.

According to official party figures, the Left Party had 60,350 registered members as of December 2020. It is the fifth-largest party in Germany.

The party participates in governments in many states including Brandenburg, Thuringia, and Berlin. The Left parliamentarian Bodo Ramelow is the Minister-President of Thuringia.

While the PDS was considered by German authorities as extremist, the WASG was not considered extremist. The party is the most left-wing party of the six represented parties in the Bundestag. It has been called far-left by various news outlets. The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (*Verfassungschutz*) states that the party is not regarded as extremely left or a threat to democracy. However, it does monitor some of its internal factions, such as Socialist Left.

It also calls for capitalism to be overcome.

## Related pages 
* Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice / WASG

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website of Die Linke 
* The European Left site
Georges Auric

**Georges Auric** (born Lodève, France, 15 February 1899; died Paris 23 July 1983) was a French composer.  He was one of the six composers who became known as Les Six.
## Childhood
Auric was a child prodigy.  He composed a lot of music from the age of 10, but most of these early works he destroyed later. He grew up in Montpellier.  In 1913, his parents moved to Paris so that he could study at the Paris Conservatoire. He studied with the composer Vincent D'Indy at the Schola Cantorum.

By the time he had joined Les Six he had already become a composer with a strong, personal style of writing. His music is often energetic and aggressive.
## Works
Auric wrote ballet music for Diaghilev.  When Jean Cocteau started making motion pictures at the beginning of the 1930s Auric began writing film music. He wrote soundtracks for a number of French and British films, and then for Hollywood movies, too.  *The Song from Moulin Rouge* made it to the hit parade.

In 1962, he gave up writing for moving pictures when he became director of the Opéra National de Paris and then chairman of SACEM, the French Performing Rights Society. Auric continued to write classical chamber music, especially for wind instruments, for the rest of his life.
Louis Durey

**Louis Durey** (born Paris, 27 May 1888; died Saint-Tropez, France, 3 July 1979) was a French composer.  He was the oldest, but probably the least well-known of the six composers who are called Les Six.
## Birth
Louis Durey was the son of a businessman.  He had no idea that he wanted to be a composer until he heard the opera Pélléas et Mélisande by Claude Debussy.  He was then already 19 years old. He taught himself how to compose.
## Works
Durey became a member of the group called Les Six in 1920. However, he did not take part in the music they wrote together in 1921 called *Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel*.  This made Jean Cocteau very annoyed. 

Durey became interested in left-wing politics and later joined the Communist Party.  During the years of the Nazi occupation of World War II, he worked with the French Resistance and wrote anti-Fascist songs. After the war he had strong Communist ideas.  This made it difficult for him to be successful in the world of music.
In 1950 he got the job of music critic for a communist newspaper in Paris.

He wrote a lot of music during his life, but there were many years when he wrote nothing.  He composed songs, chamber music and choral works.

Louis Durey died at Saint-Tropez, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.
X Window System

2.20]]
 4]]
 4.4]]
The **X Window System** is a set of protocols and programs. It is also known as **X11**, or simply **X**. It can manage windows, and other components of a graphical user interface (GUI) on a bitmap display. This way of doing graphics is most common in Unix-like operating systems.

X provides the basic components to build GUI environments: drawing and moving windows on the screen and interacting with a mouse or a keyboard. X does not say what the user interface should look likedifferent client programs handle this. Different X11-based environments have radically different designs. X is not a part of the operating system; instead, it is built as an additional program on top of the operating system.

Unlike display protocols from before, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on a display near the computer. X has network transparency: the machine where an application program (the *client* application) runs need not be the user's local machine (the display *server*).

X was developed at MIT in 1984. The current protocol version, X11, appeared in September 1987. The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, version 11 release 7.7 (6 June 2012), available as free software under the MIT License and similar permissive licenses.

## References
Darius Milhaud

**Darius Milhaud** (pronounced "DAR-yus MEE-oh") (born Marseille, 4 September 1892; died Geneva 22 June 1974) was a French composer. He was a member of the group called *Les Six*. He is one of the most important French composers of the 20th century. He wrote more than 400 compositions. His music is often influenced by jazz and polytonality (music in more than one key at once).

## Life 
Milhaud's family were Jewish. He grew up in Aix-en-Provence. His father was an almond dealer. When he was very small he often listened to the songs that were being sung by the women who were sorting out the nuts. They were folksongs from the Provence. When he was a young man he liked to go for walks in the Provence country. This was an important part of his life.

Milhaud's parents liked music. His father was a pianist and often played at local music gatherings. His mother had a nice contralto voice. When he was seven he learned to play the violin. He loved the music of Claude Debussy, whom he met once. 

Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre who were also to become members of Les Six. He studied composition under Charles-Marie Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gédalge. He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy. He taught himself to play the piano. In Paris he was able to listen to music by a lot of great composers.

He was terribly sad when a close friend was killed in World War I. He decided to go to Brazil. He worked there for nearly two years, deciphering codes. He liked the sounds of the jungle. These sounds were to have an impact on his music. The other great influence was jazz, which he heard in 1922 in New York.

Milhaud returned to France and worked very hard. He often travelled. In 1940, he had to emigrate to the United States because the Nazis were arresting Jewish musicians. In America he gave lectures.

His health became poor. He had rheumatoid arthritis for nearly all his adult life, and by 1948 he was in a wheelchair. He still continued to travel, and to teach, for as long as possible. Probably his most famous student was Dave Brubeck.

In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin, an actress called Madeleine Milhaud. She often performed speaking parts in her husband's musical works. In his final years, she devoted herself to looking after him. She died in Paris on 17 January 2008 at the age of 105.

## His works 
Milhaud's most popular works include *Le Boeuf sur le Toit* (ballet), *La création du monde* (a ballet for small orchestra with solo saxophone, influenced by jazz), *Scaramouche* (for Saxophone and Orchestra, also for two pianos), and *Saudades do Brazil* (dance suite). His autobiography is called *Notes Sans Musique* (*Notes Without Music*), later rewritten as *Ma Vie Heureuse* (*My Happy Life*).

## References 
* Groves Dictionary online
Bánica

The Dominican city of **San Francisco de Bánica**, or simply **Bánica**, is a municipality of the Elías Piña province, on the border with Haiti and near the River Artibonite.

## Origin of name
The name Bánica comes from the Taíno name of the region, **Banique** ("land of ebony trees").

## Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,112: 1,043 men and 1,069 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

After the Dominican Independence in 1844, the town was made a municipality of the Azua province. But again the town was abandoned by its inhabitants. After the "Restoration War" (1863 - 1865), some families from other towns near the Haitian border came to live in Bánica.

Bánica was made a municipality of the San Juan province in 1938 and then, in 1942, of the new province of Elías Piña.

## Geography
Bánica is at  to the west of Santo Domingo and  to the northeast of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the municipality of Pedro Santana to the north, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Comendador to the south and Haiti to the west.

The average daily temperature in the city is 25.4&nbsp;°C.

## Administrative division
The municipality of Bánica has two municipal districts; these are:

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. Commerce with Haiti is also an important economic activity in the city.

## Places of interest
# **Iglesia de San Francisco de Asís** (Saint Francis of Assisi Church). It is a very interesting colonial Catholic church. It is not known when it was built but in 1740 the Bishop Domingo Pantaleón Álvarez Abréu wrote that in Bánica "there is a new church".
# **Reloj de sol** (Sundial). In one of his faces there is a date, "1795", that could be the date when it was built. There were only two sundials in the old Spanish colony: one in Santo Domingo and another in Bánica.
# **Cerro de San Francisco** (Saint Francis Hill). It is a rocky hill at  from the city. Here there is a cave visited by many people to pray to Saint Francis; they get wet with water that falls from the top of the cave and they put limestone dust in their faces so when they get back to town they are identified by their white faces. The hill is protected by law because here there is the only wild population of *Pereskia marcanoi*, a cactus with leaves and beautiful small purple flowers; its common name is *Rosa de Bánica* ("Bánica Rose").

## References
Hereford

**Hereford** (pronounced  or )  (pronounced  "Henforth") is a city and civil parish in the West Midlands of England, close to the border with Wales and on the River Wye. It is the county town of Herefordshire.

The name *Hereford* comes from the Anglo Saxon *here*, meaning an army and *ford* which is a place where soldiers could cross.

Hereford has had a cathedral since 1059.

In 1997, Hereford Council lost its status as a city council, and had to appoint Charter Trustees. Its ancient city traditions are recognised and carried on by the parish council, which is led by the City Mayor.

## Transport 
### Road 
The A49, A438, A465, A480, A4103, A4110, B4399, B4224 and B4359 roads pass through Hereford.

### Rail 
Hereford has a train station.

### Bus 
Hereford has a city bus station, for routes in the city, and a country bus station, for routes out of the city.

## Related pages
*Hereford Cathedral

## References
The finger

]]

**The finger** (also called "**the bird**", or most commonly "**the middle finger**") is a common insulting hand signal in some countries. 

If you put your middle finger up, you are saying something like "**fuck you**" or "**fuck off**". However, it may also be used humorously, for example between people who are close friends. Context is everything in these non-verbal gestures.

The gesture dates back to ancient Greece and it was also used in ancient Rome. Historically, it represented the phallus. 

## References
Ariel (moon)

**Ariel** is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. It was found at the same time as **Umbriel**.

The moon is named after the leading sylph in Alexander Pope's poem *Rape of the Lock*. It is also the name of the spirit who serves Prospero in Shakespeare's *The Tempest*.
Arthur Honegger

**Arthur Honegger** (10 March 1892 - 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in Le Havre, France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of the group of composers called Les Six. His most popular piece of music is an orchestral work called *Pacific 231*, which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive.

His full name was Oscar-Arthur Honegger, but his first name was never used. He studied harmony and violin in Paris until his parents moved to Zürich, Switzerland, when he studied at the Conservatory there. He then went back to Paris to study with Charles-Marie Widor and Vincent d'Indy. He wrote a ballet *Le dit des jeux du monde* in 1918. In 1926 he married Andrée Vaurabourg, a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire. They often went on tour together, and his wife played the piano parts to his compositions. The couple had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932. Honegger also had a son, Jean-Claude (1926-2003) whose mother was the singer Claire Croiza.

In the early 1920s Honegger became famous with the "dramatic psalm" "Le Roi David" ("King David"), which is still often sung by choirs. He wrote a lot of music between the wars, including the oratorio ''Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher*, one of his best works. It tells the story of Joan of Arc.

During World War II Honegger could not leave Paris. He joined the French Resistance. He continued to write very serious music, including four symphonies (numbers 2-5) and some religious music.

Honegger loved trains. As a student he had spent some time travelling to Paris twice a week by train from Le Havre. His popular orchestral work *Pacific 231'' describes a train on the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was an early piece, written in 1923. 

In 1947 Honegger suffered a severe heart attack, and after that he composed little. A second heart attack caused his death eight years later in Paris. 

Honegger's music is different to that of the other members of Les Six, partly because Honegger liked the Romantic music of Wagner, Strauss and Reger. His music is tonal but with numerous strong dissonances. His musical style was also influenced by the music of Bach.
Ajax

**Ajax** can mean different things:

*AFC Ajax, a football club from Amsterdam
*Ajax the Great, a hero from the Trojan war
*Ajax the Lesser, another hero in the Trojan war
*Ajax (programming), a technique used in web application development
*Ajax, Ontario, a town in the Canadian province of Ontario
Trondheim

is a city and municipality in the county of Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. With  people that live there (as of August 2023), Trondheim is Norway's third largest municipality.

## History 
The city of Trondheim was founded in 997. It was frequently used as the seat of the king, and was capital of Norway until 1217. In the Middle Ages, Trondheim was the site of several battles, including the battle between King Sverre and Erling Skakke, in 1179. The city has experienced several major fires - the most devastating in 1651 and 1681. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of the buildings in Trondheim, and the 1681 fire led to a total reconstruction of the city.

The city of Trondheim became a municipality January 1, 1838. The rural municipalities of Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda and Tiller were joined into Trondheim on January 1, 1964. 

Since 1981, caves surrounding the city have been home to materiel from the Marine Corps Prepositioning Program-Norway.

## Other information
The mayor, Kent Ranum, is elected until late 2027.

## Related pages
*List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

## References 
## Other websites 
* Municipality website (Norwegian only)
* Trondheim.no, Trondheim's official website in Norwegian  and English
Trondheim Region

The **Trondheim Region** is a statistical metropolitan area in the counties of Sør-Trøndelag (population: 223,363) and Nord-Trøndelag (23,388) in Norway. It is centered around the city of Trondheim.

1/ km²2/ Population per km², population data from ssb ;3/ Orkdal has been added to region due to new road completed
Bradford

**Bradford** is a major city in West Yorkshire, England. The city has a population of about 500,000 people. Bradford grew due to its excellence in the textile trades of nineteenth century England. Bradford is home to Bradford City Football Club who became the first English football club to win the current FA Cup trophy in 1911.

Bradford is near Leeds. The two cities share the Leeds Bradford International Airport.

## References
Duduk

The **Duduk** is a traditional woodwind instrument of Armenian origins.

## History 
The duduk is one of the oldest double reed instruments in the world which dates back over 3,000 years. Many different duduks can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC). The instrument is seen in many Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages.

UNESCO declared the Armenian duduk and its music a Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Jivan Gasparyan, "Eshkhemed"
* Jivan Gasparyan & Nune Yesayan "Dle Yaman"
* Jivan Gasparyan "Tribute" 
* Jivan Gasparyan "Horovel" 
* Jivan Gasparyan "Hin U Nor Husher" 
* Vatche Hovsepyan "Duduk" 
*Duduk.com
*Duduk.co.uk
Biohazzard Records

**Biohazzard Records** is a German based Independent record label. It was founded by music journalist Sascha Bahn and Alexander C.H. Lorenz (publisher of "MUMM" compilation). He has more as 20 years experience in management of bands. The label is distributed through "Alive!", edel.net (Digital Distribution) and DanseMacabre (Das Ich). They focus at Gothic, Gothic Metal and some kinds of Electro.

## Releases 
* 2000:  **Sinnflut** - Vergessene Melodien
* 2001:  **Sinnflut** - Wortlosigkeit
* 2003:  **Silence** - The p/o/u/r letters
* 2003:  **Sinnflut** - Gefüge (Part I & II)
* 2004:  **Sinnflut** - Im Anblick meines Augenblicks
* 2006:  **Eisenfunk** - Funkferngesteuert
* 2006:  **Sanity Obscure** - Resurrection
* 2007:  **Silence** - the badtime stories e.p.
* 2007:  **Eisenfunk** - Eisenfunk
* 2007:  **adoptedCHILD** - geliebt-getötet

## Artists 
* Eisenfunk
* PISCIDE
* adoptedCHILD
* Sanity Obscure
* Silence
* Sinnflut
* Die Braut
* Concrete/Rage
* Agapèsis
* Scarelett
* S.C. Inc

## Other websites 
*Biohazzard Records 
*Biohazzard Records@myspace
Droopy Dog

**Droopy Dog** is a cartoon character created by Tex Avery for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1943. It first appeared on a cartoon titled *Dumb Hounded* (1943).

## Other media 
The following lists are about the Droopy Dog media which were spin-offs and cameos of the series.

### Television shows 
* *Tom and Jerry Kids* (1990–1994)                                                                                                                                                                                            
* *Droopy, Master Detective* (1993)            
* *Tom and Jerry Tales* (2006–2008)
* *The Tom and Jerry Show* (2014-2021)
* *Tom and Jerry Singapore* (2023-present)
* Untitled *Droopy* animated series (TBA)

### Theatrical movies 
* *Tom and Jerry: The Movie* (1992)
* *Tom and Jerry* (2021)

### Direct-to-video films 
* *Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring* (2002)
* *Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes* (2010)
* *Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz* (2011)
* *Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and his Merry Mouse* (2012)
* ''Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure* (2013)
* *Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest* (2015)
* *Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz* (2016)
* *Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory* (2017)
* *Droopy One and Only* (2026)
* *Droopy Part 2* (2026)
* *Droopy, The Final Chapter'' (2026)
Christine Teipel

]]
**Christine Teipel** (1621 &ndash; 4 May 1630) was a 9 year old child who was executed as a witch. This execution happened in Schmallenberg-Oberkirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Life 
She was questioned on March 7, 1630. She told about 15 other people who had taken part in a Witches' Sabbath, at night. There were 8 men, 6 women, and a little girl. During that year, there were 7 processes, from April to June of that year. During these processes, 58 people were sentenced to burn at the stake for witchcraft. 22 people of these were men, 2 were children. 

Christine Teipel was sentenced and executed in the third of seven rounds of trials. 

Near Oberkirchen there is a place where commemorative inscriptions have been erected.

## Parts of what she had said during the trial
### Pact with the devil
*"bekend guetlich, daß Johan Bell...vor etzlicher zeit, weiß nit, wieviel jar, in Stephans backhaus sie die zauberei gelert, ...(Sie) Hette auch austrucklich dem teuffel zugesagt, waruf der teuffel in eins wackern jungen gestalt, ...zu ir kommen, ... zu ir gesagt, ob sie im auch stehen [zu ihm stehen] wolte. Sie im druff geandwortet: ja, wen er ir etzwas guts tun wölte, wilches er ir auch zu tun versprochen."*

Approximate translation:

''"confesses, that Johan Bell (...) had taught her to do magic, some time ago; she does not know how long ago.  This happened in Stephan's bakery. She had also committed to serving the devil. The devil had then appeared in the form of a vigorous young boy. The boy had asked her if she wanted to commit herself to him; she had agreed, under the condition that he should do something good for her, which he had promised (...)*

### Attending a Sabbat
*"Sein boel (Teufelsbuhle) hett mit ir gedanzt... Der tanz hette woll zwei stunde geweret"*

Translation:
*"Her mate (sex partner) had danced with her... The dance had lasted about two hours"*

### Sex with the devil
*"bekend, daß der bol (Teufelsbuhle) ein ding furm leib gehabt, damit ihr in ir schamb etc., hab kein freud dabei gehabt, were gewesen, als wens holz gewest; und so oft sie zum tanz gezogen, hette er erst zu ihr kommen und boliret [= Geschlechtsverkehr haben], und wen sie´s nit leiden wolten, hette er ir zu schlagen gedrauwet" [= gedroht].*

Translation:
*"confesses, that the mate (sex partner) had had a thing before him, to put into her (etc), that she did not enjoy it at all, it was like this thing were wood; And whenever she wanted to dance, he had first come, and had had sex; and when she did not want to, he had threatened to beat her (..)"''

## Books 
(All of them are in German)

*Alfred Bruns, Die Oberkirchener Hexenprotokolle, in: Schieferbergbau-Heimatmuseum Schmallenberg- Holthausen: Hexen- Gerichtsbarkeit im kurkölnischen Sauerland, Dokumentation zur Ausstellung vom 21.7.- 4.8.1984, „Christinichen Teipeln aus Oberkirchen“, S. 26 ff
*Tobias A. Kemper: "...der allnoch anwachsenden bluenden jugend zum abscheulichen exempel...". Kinderhexenprozesse in Oberkirchen (Duchy of Westphalia). In: SüdWestfalen Archiv Jg.4/2004. S.115-136.

## Other websites
* Pact with the devil
Lithuanian litas

**Lithuanian litas** (Lithuanian: *litas*) was the national currency of the Republic of Lithuania. Litas became a currency of Lithuania in 1922, then again in 1993. In present days, there are 8 coins (1, 2, 5, 10, 50 cents and 1, 2 and 5 LTL) and 6 banknotes (10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 LTL) in use. It stopped being in use in 2015.

## General information 
* **ISO 4217 Code**: LTL
* **Inflation**: 3.6 % (2006 estimate)
* **Subunit**: 1/100 (1 cent (*centas*))
* **Symbol**: Lt
* **Central bank**: Bank of Lithuania
Ajax (programming)

**AJAX** (sometimes spelled "Ajax") stands for **Asynchronous JavaScript and XML**. It is a technique used to make webpages faster to use. If they are programmed with AJAX, they seem to react faster. They only send small pieces of information to the web server. That way, the whole web page does not need to reload, only small parts of it.

## Good things
*There is a clear separation between what the page shows (its content), how it looks (its style), and what it does (its function). Programmers that change what the page does do not need to concern themselves with how the page looks.
*Pages done with Ajax only load small pieces of information from the server. Most of the time, they execute code on the client. This makes the program load first so it can respond faster.
*Ajax can be used to read XML or JSON, among other file formats.

## Problems
There are also some problems with Ajax. These are among other things:
*It uses JavaScript. Some people have JavaScript disabled.
*Because it does not reload the full page, it breaks the *history* function of the Web browser. The *Back button* does not work any more.
*If the network is slow (there is a high latency), this becomes more obvious when the whole page needs to be reloaded. Users might not expect these delays.
*Some web browsers do not support Ajax well, if at all.

## References
Ruhr Area

The **Ruhr Area** (''*) is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.  Many of the cities in the Ruhrgebiet used to have a lot of heavy industry.

The Ruhr Area is bordered by the rivers Ruhr River to the south, Rhine River to the west, and Lippe to the north. Southwest it borders the Bergisches Land.

The area has about 5.3 million inhabitants, and is part of the larger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area of more than 12 million people.

The Ruhr Area consists of the cities of Duisburg, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Herne, Hamm, Hagen and Dortmund and the rural districts of Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna and Ennepe-Ruhr

## Culture
The city of Essen in the Ruhr area was selected as European Capital of Culture for 2010 by the Council of the European Union.

## Sources
## References
*
*Bishop, Patrick.  *Bomber Boys Fighting Back 1940–1945''
* French Directorate for Economic Affairs, Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regions , 8 September 1945.
*Gareau, Frederick H.  "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany", *Western Political Quarterly,* Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp.&nbsp;517–53 in JSTOR
*Yoder, Amos. "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", *Review of Politics,* Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1955), pp.&nbsp;345–358 in JSTOR

## Further reading
* Kift, Roy, *The Complete Ruhrgebiet: The English language guide* (2018)  () Klartext Verlag, Essen http://www.roy-kift.com 
* Berndt, Christian. *Corporate Germany Between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area* (2001)
* Crew, David. *  Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860–1914* (1979) ()
* Fischer, Conan. *The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924* (2003)
* Gillingham, John.  "Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler's War", *Journal of Social History* Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer, 1982), pp.&nbsp;637–653 in JSTOR
* Chauncy D. Harris, "The Ruhr Coal-mining District", *Geographical Review,* 36 (1946), 194–221.
* Gillingham, John. *Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe* (1985) ()
* Pounds, Norman J. G. *The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography* (1952) online 
* Pierenkemper, Toni. "Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913", *Business History Review* Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp.&nbsp;65–78 in JSTOR
* Royal Jae Schmidt. *Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II* (1968)
* Spencer, Elaine Glovka. "Employer Response to Unionism: Ruhr Coal Industrialists before 1914" *Journal of Modern History* Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1976), pp.&nbsp;397–412 in JSTOR
* Spencer, Elaine Glovka.  *Management and Labor in Imperial Germany: Ruhr Industrialists as Employers, 1896–1914.*  Rutgers University Press. (1984) online 
* Todd, Edmund N. "Industry, State, and Electrical Technology in the Ruhr Circa 1900", *Osiris* 2nd Series, Vol. 5, (1989), pp.&nbsp;242–259 in JSTOR

## Other websites 
* Capital of Culture 2010 Official Site 
* ruhr.2010 Capital of Culture Blog
* Ruhrgebietsbilder: Photos about the Ruhr
Credit card

**Credit card** is a type of card that allows purchase of items without cash. Credit cards tend to be small plastic cards with a unique number attached to a bank account. Most are magnetic stripe cards. Many have an EMV chip for use by card readers. Paying with a credit card means borrowing the money in an unsecured loan which must be repaid in a specified time.

If the bill is left unpaid for some time, the customer will have to pay interest for the amount that is left unpaid.Users failing to repay in time may have to pay much more. Payment using a credit card is one of the most common methods of electronic payment. A debit card similarly allows paying without cash, but it pays with money in the user's bank account.

## Features
Each card has a unique number. Using this number, plus other details on the card, such as the validity date, or a code, the client can buy goods or services. The issuer of the card automatically transfers the money to the seller. The person using the card gets a credit. The customer has a certain amount of time to pay the credit card bill.

Additional features of credit cards may include rewards points, cashback, travel rewards, and purchase protection. Many credit cards also offer fraud protection and the ability to dispute charges. Modern credit cards can be used for contactless payments using NFC technology. Some cards allow users to manage their spending and make payments via mobile apps.

## Interest and fees
Credit cards typically charge interest on unpaid balances. Interest is calculated based on the annual percentage rate (APR), which varies by issuer and user credit history. Late payments, exceeding the credit limit, or cash advances may result in additional fees. Some credit cards offer a grace period during which no interest is charged if the balance is paid in full each month.

## Credit limit
Each credit card has a credit limit, which is the maximum amount that can be borrowed at one time. The limit is determined by factors such as income, credit history, and spending patterns. Exceeding the credit limit can result in fees and may negatively affect the user's credit score.

## Usage
Credit cards are widely accepted worldwide, both in physical stores and online. They provide convenience and security for transactions. Responsible use of a credit card can help build a positive credit score, which is important for obtaining loans, mortgages, and other forms of credit.

## Calculating interest and minimum payments
Credit card holders can estimate the interest they will pay on unpaid balances and determine minimum monthly payments using online calculators. These tools generally require information such as the outstanding balance, annual percentage rate (APR), and desired monthly payment. By entering these values, users can see how long it will take to pay off their balance and how much interest will accrue over time. Such calculators can help in planning payments and avoiding excessive interest charges.

## Related pages
* Debit card
* Bank
* Credit score

## References
Germaine Tailleferre

**Germaine Tailleferre** (born Saint Maur Des Fossés, France, 19 April 1892; died Paris, 7 November 1983) was a French composer.  She was one of the members of the famous group Les Six.
## Early years
She was called Marcelle Taillefesse when she was born. When she was grown up she changed her last name to "Tailleferre" just to annoy her father because he had refused to let her study music.  She studied piano with her mother at home, composing short works of her own and then began studying at the Paris Conservatoire.  There she met Louis Durey, Francis Poulenc, Darius Milhaud, Georges Auric and Arthur Honegger. She won several prizes at the Conservatoire.  She often met with her friends who became known as Les Six.
## Works
In 1923 Tailleferre began to spend a great deal of time with Maurice Ravel at his home in Monfort-L'Amaury. Ravel encouraged her to enter the *Prix de Rome* Competition. In 1925, she married Ralph Barton, an American caricaturist, and moved to Manhattan, New York. She stayed in the United States until 1927 when she and her husband returned to France. They divorced shortly afterwards.

Tailleferre wrote many of her most important works during the 1920s, including her 1st Piano Concerto, The Harp Concertino, the Ballets "Le Marchand d'Oiseaux" (the most often performed ballet in the repertoire of the Ballets Suédoises during the 1920s) and "La Nouvelle Cythère" which Diaghilev had asked her to write for his ballet company.

In the 1930s she composed the Concerto for Two Pianos, Choeurs, Saxophones and Orchestra, the Violin Concerto, the Operas "Zoulaïna" and "Le Marin de Bolivar", and her masterwork, "La Cantate de Narcisse", which she wrote with Paul Valéry. Her work in film music included "Le Petit Chose".

When World War II started she had to escape across Spain to Portugal and from there to America.

After the war, in 1946, she returned to her home in France where she composed a lot more music, much of which was not published until after her death.  She was accompanist at a children's music and movement class.  She wrote shorter pieces towards the end of her life because her arthritis made writing difficult.

Tailleferre carried on composing until a few weeks before her death in November 1983.

## Other websites 
*
Kimbo Slice

**Kevin Ferguson** also known as **Kimbo Slice** (February 8, 1974 &ndash; June 6, 2016) was a Bahamian-born American mixed martial arts fighter. He began fighting in a series of web videos. He fights in backyards, airplane hangars, and nuclear power plants. He was trained by Bas Rutten. He was born in Nassau, Bahamas.

Slice had six children. He used to work as a bodyguard.

Slice died of heart failure at a hospital in Margate, Florida on June 6, 2016, aged 42.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
*
Fatah

**Fatah** is a Palestinian nationalist political party. Fatah is an acronym for Harakat At-Tahriri Al-Filistiniya. That means Palestinian National Liberation Movement in English. It was created by Yasser Arafat in the late 1950s. 

In 1968 Fatah joined the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and in 1969 it got a leadership role. When it was founded, it did not accept the existence of Israel, but now the group officially does. 

The political part of the party is not considered a terrorist group by any country, but its military part, the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades is considered a terrorist group. Fatah says that the Brigades are not a part of the party but Israel says that Fatah supports the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.

## Fatah and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 
Leaders of the brigades, and other members have said they are a military group that is a part of Fatah. On their website, and on posters they post the Fatah Emblem. Leaders of Fatah have said they did not create the brigades, or make them the military of Fatah. Since 2002 leaders in Fatah have tried to get the brigades to stop attacking Israeli citizens.

## References
Balkh

**Balkh** () is a city in Balkh Province of Afghanistan. It was a big city hundreds of years ago, but it was ruined by Mongols. It was not ruined forever, though. In 1850 it was captured by Dost Mohammad Khan.

## Related pages 
* Balkh Province

## References