open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)

The **Afghan Civil War** was a war from 14 November 1928 to 13 October 1929. The **Saqqawists** group and the Soviet Union decided to invade the Kingdom of Afghanistan but were eventually defeated.

## Beginning of war
On 14 November 1928, the civil war started with the Shinwari Revolt in which Pashtun tribesmen from the Shinwari tribe started a siege of Jalalabad.  Telegraph wires were also cut, and a manifesto had a list of or complaints that included changing the status of women.

### Siege of Jabal al-Siraj
.)]]

Forces led by a Tajik leader, Habibullah Kalakani, were moving toward Kabul from the north. Kalakani was a native of Kalakan, a village 30 km north of Kabul. In late November, they put siege to Jabal al-Siraj, north of Kabul, and on 11 or 12 December, after 18 days of siege, Ahmad Ali Lodi surrendered the citadel and handed over all government funds, 18 machine guns, and some heavy weapons and rifles.

## After Amanullah's loss of power (January 1929)
, lost power in January 1929]]
### Rule by Kalakani and Saqqawist offensives (February – August 1929) 
Kalakani became King of Afghanistan.

Ali Ahmad Khan was captured; his reign ended on 9 February.
]]

Kalakan's forces did fight anti-Saqqawist tribes.

## Saqqawist collapse and end of war (August – October 1929) 
On 8 August, an anti-Saqqawist uprising took place in Bamyan, Ghuri and Baghlan, blocking Kalakani's force's route to Turkistan and forcing them to retreat to Ghurband. On 21 August, the Sayyid of Shaykh Ali started an offensive (or attack) against Kalakani that advanced as far as Khanabad, Andarab and Ghurband. On 26 August, there were rumours in Kabul that Hazara settlers successfully attacked Mazar-i Sharif.

In early September, the Saqqawists won their last victory by taking Jalalabad. On 23 September, a pro-Nadir uprising in Kandahar succeeded at driving out Kalakani's forces from the city. On 29 September, a pro-Nadir force under Shah Wali crossed the Durand Line and occupied Khushi. On 30 September, he sent a 1000-man force ahead to Tangi Waghjan, the gorge on the road to the Logar Valley.

On 3 October, after an intense battle, anti-Saqqawist forces captured the town of Muhammad Aghah and pllaced themselves within striking distance of Kabul. Kalakani himself took part in this battle in an attempt to lift his soldiers' spirit, but anti-Saqqawist forces continued to slowly push towards Kabul and seized Charasya, Chihil Tan and Chihil Sutun on 5 October.

By 7 October, Kalakani's forces had retreated from almost all of their territory outside Kabul and prepared for their last stand. 

On 9 October, after dozens of hours of street fighting in Kabul, the Arg was put under siege. On 13 October, after several days of bombardment, Nadir's forces entered the Arg. After a battle, the Arg was captured, and the civil war ended.

## Related pages
*List of civil wars in Afghanistan

## References
Afghan Civil War

The **Afghan Civil War** can be:

*Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)
*Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
*Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
*Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

## Related pages
*Afghanistan War
Saban Entertainment

**Saban Entertainment, Inc.** (along with **Saban International**, currently operating **BVS Entertainment, Inc.**) was a worldwide-served independent American-Israel television production company formed in 1980 by Haim Saban and Shuki Levy (music and television producers) as "**Saban Brands**".

The company imported, dubbed, and adapted several Japanese anime series, such as *Mapple Town*, *Noozies*, *Funky Fables*, *Samurai Pizza Cats*, and the first four *Digimon* series to North America and worldwide markets syndication, including both animation and live-action shows. Saban has also adaptaed various tokusatsu shows from Toei Company (by Koichi Sakamoto), featuring *Power Rangers* series (based on *Super Sentai* series), *Big Bad Beetle Borgs* (based on *Juukou B-Fighter*), *VR Troopers* (featuring elements of *Metal Hero* series like *Space Sheriff Shaider*, *Jikuu Senshi Spielban*, and *Metalder*), and *Masked Rider* (an original interpretation of using scenes from *Kamen Rider Black RX*).

Saban was involved in the co-production of French/American animated shows, created by Jean Chalopin for DIC Entertainment. Some of these early of 1980s co-productions were *Camp Candy*, *Ulysses 31*, *Jayce and the Wheeled Warriors* and *The Mysterious Cities of Gold* (the third of wich is a Japanese co-production).

And Saban has also distributed and provided for TV programs, like *The Super Mario Bros. Show!*, *The Legend of Zelda*, *Dragon Ball Z* and *Inspector Gadget*.

In 2002, Saban Entertainment was defunct and discontinued.
Chae Yeon

**Lee Jin-sook** (; born December 10, 1978), better known as **Chae Yeon**, is a South Korean singer.

## References
Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall

**Hugh Christopher Edmund Fearnley-Whittingstall** (born 14 January 1965) is an English celebrity chef, television personality, journalist, food writer, and campaigner on food and environmental issues. 

## References
Mominul Haque

**Mominul Haque** (; born 29 September 1991) is a Bangladeshi first-class cricketer, captain for the Bangladesh national team in Test matches and left-handed batsman.

Mominul has the highest batting average in test cricket for a Bangladeshi player.

## References
Khemarak Phoumin

**Khemarak Phoumin** () is a city in Cambodia. It is the capital of Koh Kong Province in Western Cambodia.

## History 
Until the end of 1990, Koh Kong was one of the least parts of Cambodia. On 21 April 1984, the Khmer Rouge captured Koh Kong and held it for a night and day. They claimed via the Khmer Rouge Radio to have killed 1,107 Vietnamese troops and injured 125 more during the Vietnamese battle of Koh Kong.

## Environment 
Koh Kong town is just below the southern end of the Cardamom Mountains. The Kah Bpow river runs through the town of Koh Kong, and begins in the Cardamoms and runs down to join the Gulf of Thailand. In 2000, wildlife traders from Thailand were reported to come to Koh Kong town each month to purchase wildlife products. In 2005, One of Cambodia"s tiger hunters, Yor Ngun, was finally captured in Koh Kong town. He was eventually charged with having killed and sold at least 19 tigers, 40 leopards, 30 elephants, 500 gaur, banteng and sambar, 40 Sun bears and three Asian black bears.
## Geography 
Khemarak Phoumin is accessible by land, sea, and air. It is over 450 kilometers southeast of Bangkok, Thailand, 133 kilometers west of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and 138 kilometers northwest from Sre Ambel, Cambodia.
Shoriful Islam

**Mohammad Shoriful Islam** (; born 3 June 2001) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He started his international cricket career for the Bangladesh cricket team in March 2021.

## References
Boana aguilari

***Boana aguilari*** is a frog that lives in Peru. Scientists have seen it between 1225 and 2080 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in the Pasco part of Peru, in the eastern Andes Mountains.

The adult male frog is 33.7–43.8 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 33.7–50.0 mm long.  The adult male frog has thick, strong front legs and bony spines on its body.  But it does not have the nuptial pad on its front feet the way some other adult male frogs do.  This frog's head and back are light brown with light green marks.  The throat is yellow-green in color.  The belly is white in color and its feet are gray.  The iris of the eye is light brown or pink with black marks.

## References
South Island oystercatcher

The **South Island oystercatcher**, **South Island pied oystercatcher**, **New Zealand oystercatcher**, or **tōrea** (*Haematopus finschi*) is a bird in the family Haematopodidae. It lives in New Zealand but it also goes to Australia.

## Appearance
This bird has black and white feathers, pink legs, and a long red bill, or beak.

## Habitat
This bird spends most of its time in estuaries places where rivers mix with the ocean or by the coast.  When it is time for them to lay eggs, they go near rivers, in farmland, and sometimes grasslands.  They build nests on the ground out of gravel or earth.

## Food
When this bird lives in estuaries or the coast, it eats mollusks, for example oysters and other animals with two shells.  It also eats crustaceans, earthworms, and insect larvae.  Scientists do not know what it eats when it flies inland to build nests.

## Threats
There were about 40,000 birds alive in the early 1970s and 112,000 in the early 1990s.
## References
Baitul Aman Mosque

The **Baitul Aman Jame Masjid Complex** (, ) is a mosque complex in Barishal, Bangladesh. It is commonly known as **Guthia Mosque** (). It has a land area of 14 acres. The Baitul Aman Jame Masjid Complex consists of a mosque, a large eidgah, a graveyard, three lakes, a madrasa and an orphanage.

## References
Taslima Memorial Academy

**Taslima Memorial Academy** is a high school situated in Patharghata Upazila, Barguna District, Bangladesh. It is one of the top high schools under the Barisal Education Board. It holds the top position in Barguna District and is a semi-public institution established on January 1, 1995, by former Mayor Mallik Mohammad Ayub. Offering classes from one to ten, the school operates in two shifts: morning (starting at 7:00 am) and day (starting at 10:00 am).

## References
Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)

was in ruins in Kabul because of the war. This photo of Jada Maiwand is from c. 1993.]]
The **Afghan Civil War** happened from 1992 to 1996.

## War over Kabul (28 April 1992–27 September 1993) 
Fighting over Kabul started on 25 April 1992. The six groups that fought were Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, Jamiat-e Islami, Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami, Ittehad-e Islami, Hezb-i Wahdat and Junbish-i Milli. A mujahideen warlord, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the leader of Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, was offered the position of temporary prime minister in President Sibghatullah Mujaddidi's government. However, the agreement was broken on 29 May, when Mujaddidi accused Hekmatyar of having rockets fired at his airplane.

By 30 May 1992, Jamiat-e Islami and Junbish-i Milli were mujahideen forces fighting against Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin again in southern Kabul.

In May or early June, Hekmatyar's forces started to fire cannons and grenade launchers toward targets all around Kabul. Much support came from the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). Junbish-i Milli and Jamiat-e Islami in June shelled [or fired cannons and grenade launchers toward targets in areas south of Kabul.  Ittehad-e Islami and Hezb-i Wahdat fought each other in western Kabul. In late of June 1992, Burhanuddin Rabbani took over as temporary president of Afghanistan.

In the rest of 1992, hundreds of rockets hit Kabul, and thousands, mostly civilians, were killed, Half-a-million people fled the city. In 1993, the rivalling militia factions continued their fights over Kabul, amd several ceasefires and peace accords failed.
According to Human Rights Watch, from 1992 to 1995, five different mujahideen armies fought, which contributed to heavily damaging Kabul, but other analysts blame especially the Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin group.

## Taliban takeover 
On 25 September, the strategic town

On 26 September, with the Taliban attacking Kabul,

## Related pages
*Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)
*Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)

## References
Beja, Portugal

**Beja** () is a city in the Alentejo region, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 35,854. It has an area of . 

## References
Giant clam

The **giant clam** (*Tridacna gigas*) is one of the members of the clam genus ***Tridacna*** that are the largest living bivalve mollusks. There are actually several species of "giant clams" in the genus *Tridacna*, which are often misidentified for *Tridacna gigas*, the most commonly intended species referred to as “the giant clam”.

*Tridacna gigas* is one of the most endangered clam species. Antonio Pigafetta documented these in his journal as early as 1521. One of a number of large clam species native to the shallow coral reefs of the South Pacific and Indian oceans, they can weigh more than , measure as much as  across and have an average lifespan in the wild of over 100 years. They are also found off the shores of the Philippines and in the South China Sea in the coral reefs of Sabah (Malaysian Borneo).

The giant clam lives in flat coral sand or broken coral and can be found at depths of as much as 20&nbsp;m (66&nbsp;ft). Its range covers the Indo-Pacific, but populations are diminishing quickly, and the giant clam has become extinct in many areas where it was once common. The maxima clam is found most commonly among giant clam species; it can be found off high- or low-elevation islands, in lagoons or fringing reefs. Its rapid growth rate is likely due to its ability to grow algae in its body tissue.

Although larval clams are planktonic, they become sessile in adulthood. The creature's mantle tissues act as a home for the symbiotic single-celled dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae) from which the adult clams get most of their food. By day, the clam opens its shell and extends its mantle tissue so that the algae get the sunlight they need to photosynthesize.

## References
Reproductive rights

**Reproductive rights** are the legal rights and freedoms related to reproduction and reproductive health that differ in countries across the world. The World Health Organization has defined women's reproductive rights as follows:

Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. They also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence.

Women's reproductive rights may include some or every of these: rights to receive education on sexually transmitted disease, freedoms from forced sterilizations or contraceptions, rights to menstrual health and abortion-rights movements.

## Criticisms
Some people that are against legalized abortion view the term "reproductive rights" as a euphemism to sway emotions in favor of abortion.

## References
Ron Bushy

**Ron Bushy** (December 23, 1941 – August 29, 2021) was an American rock drummer. He was best known as a member of the rock band Iron Butterfly. He was the drum soloist on the band's iconic song "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (1968). He was the only member of the group to appear on all six of their studio albums.

On August 29, 2021, Bushy died at the UCLA Medical Center in Santa Monica, California from esophageal cancer, at the age of 79.

## References
## Other websites
*
Wang Kuang-hui

**Wang Kuang-hui** (; 12 November 1964 – 30 August 2021) was a Taiwanese professional baseball player and coach. He spent his entire playing and coaching career in the Chinese Professional Baseball League with the Brother Elephants team. His playing career lasted from 1990 until 2004. Wang's managing career lasted from 2007 until 2009. Wang was born in Hualien County, Taiwan.

Wang died on 30 August 2021 in Taipei from liver cancer, aged 56.

## References
Ratchet & Clank: Rift Apart

***Ratchet & Clank: Rift Apart*** is a 2021 3D platformer and shooter game platform game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. The sequel to *Ratchet & Clank: Into the Nexus* (2013) and the ninth main installment and sixth overall in the *Ratchet & Clank* series, it was released for the PlayStation 5 on June 11, 2021. A Windows port, developed by Nixxes Software, was released on July 26, 2023. The game received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise given to its visuals, combat, and technical advancements. It had sold over 3.97 million units by June 2023.
.

## Voice cast 
* James Arnold Taylor as Ratchet, a Lombax
* David Kaye as Clank
* Jennifer Hale as Rivet, a Lombax
* Debra Wilson as Kit
* Scott Whyte as Copernicus Leslie Qwark:  A superhero who protects the peace of the galaxy. He is wearing a green suit. In another dimension, he appears as a resistance named Captain Quantum, Whyte replaces Qwark actor Jim Ward due to his declining health.
* Zeke Alton as Nefarious Troopers
* Armin Shimerman as Dr. Nefarious
* Robin Atkin Downes as 
** Captain Quantum, He is the captain of the space pirates in Rivet's dimension and the alternate dimensional counterpart to Captain Qwark.
** Emperor Nefarious

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* 
*
Ferreries

**Ferreries** is a municipality on the island of Menorca, in the Spanish autonomous community of the Balearic Islands.

## References
Claude Guichard

**Claude Guichard** (11 November 1928 – 30 August 2021) was a French politician and academic. He was born in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France. He was a member of the Independent Republicans. Guichard was a member of the National Assembly from 1967 until 1968 and from 1968 until 1973.

Guichard died on 30 August 2021 at the age of 92.

## References
Muhammad Hamza

**Muhammad Hamza** (20 March 1929 – 29 August 2021) was a Pakistani politician. He was a member of Senate of Pakistan from March 2012 to March 2018 and member of the National Assembly of Pakistan between 1985 and 1999. He had been a member of the West Pakistan Legislative Assembly from 1962 to 1969. Hamza was born in Ludhiana, British Raj.

Hamza died of COVID-19 on 29 August 2021 in Punjab, Pakistan at the age of 92.

## References
Daniel Clarence Quinn

**Daniel Clarence Quinn** (October 11, 1935 – February 17, 2018) was an American writer of novels and sociology-political commentary. He was born in 1935 during the Great Depression.

He also is known for coining the term *Food Race* to describe the human overpopulation crisis of modern times.

## References
## Further reading
*

## Other websites
*Ishmael.org
*Friends of Ishmael Society
*
*
Alex Gallacher

**Alexander McEachian Gallacher** (1 January 1954 – 29 August 2021) was a Scottish-born Australian politician. He was a Senator for South Australia from 2011 until his death in 2021. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Gallacher was born in New Cumnock, Scotland. 

Gallacher was diagnosed with lung cancer in January 2020. He died on 29 August 2021 from the disease, aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
*Parliamentary Profile: Australian Parliament website
*Parliamentary Profile: Labor website 
*Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Alex Gallacher on TheyVoteForYou.org.au
Tudor Gunasekara

**Ranasinghe Hettiarachchige Tudor Edward Ranasinghe Gunasekara** (23 January 1935 &ndash; 29 August 2021), known as **Tudor Gunasekara** (Sinhala: ටියුඩර් ගුණසේකර), was a Sri Lankan politician. He was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka. He was a member of the United National Party. Gunasekara was a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka from 1977 until 1983.

Gunasekara died on 29 August 2021 in Colombo from COVID-19, aged 86.

## References
Siegfried Matthus

**Siegfried Matthus** (13 April 1934 – 27 August 2021) was a German composer, conductor, and festival founder and manager. He was known for his operas, such as *Judith*. In 1991, he founded the chamber opera festival Kammeroper Schloss Rheinsberg and directed it until 2018. In 2005, he composed a Te Deum for the reopening of the Dresden Frauenkirche.

Matthus died in Stolzenhagen, Germany on 27 August 2021 at the age of 87 after a long-illness.

## References
Vivian Caver

**Vivian Leona Mead Caver** (June 13, 1928 – August 22, 2021) was an American Democratic politician. Caver was the third African-American woman to serve in the Washington House of Representatives. She was a member of the state house from 1994 to 1995. She was a human rights activist. Caver was born in Jackson, Tennessee.

Caver died on August 22, 2021 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 93.

## References
José Carreira Marques

**José Carreira Marques** (25 August 1943 – 6 August 2021) was a Portuguese politician. He was a member of the Portuguese Communist Party. Marques was born in Amadora, Portugal. He was a member of the Assembly of the Republic from 1976 until 1983. From 1983 until 2005, he was Mayor of Beja.

Marques died on 6 August 2021 of cardiac arrest in Évora, Portugal at the age of 77.

## References
Béja

**Béja** ( '''') is a city in Tunisia. It is the capital of the Béja Governorate. It is located  from Tunis.

## References
Júlio Chaves

**Júlio Chaves** (28 December 1944 – 10 August 2021) was a Brazilian voice actor. He was known for voice dubbing many actors in Portuguese such as  Rowan Atkinson, Andy Garcia, Mel Gibson, Dustin Hoffman, Jeremy Irons, and Tommy Lee Jones. He was the Brazilian voice of Marlin in the Pixar movies *Finding Nemo* (2003) and its sequel, *Finding Dory* (2016).

Chaves died from COVID-19 in Rio de Janeiro on 10 August 2021, at the age of 76. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Joe Chasteen

**Joe L. Chasteen** (June 8, 1925 &ndash; August 17, 2021) was an American politician. He was a member of the Wyoming House of Representatives as a Republican Party from 1973 until 1977. He was born in Platte County, Wyoming.

Chasteen died on August 17, 2021 in Cheyenne, Wyoming at the age of 96.

## References
Max Willis

**Max Frederick Willis**,  (6 December 1935 – 18 August 2021) was an Australian politician. He was a Liberal member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1970 to 1999. He was the president of the council from 1991 until 1998. He was born in Murwillumbah, Australia.

Willis died on 18 August 2021 in Sydney at the age of 85.

## References
Robert D. Springer

**Robert Dale Springer** (January 17, 1933 – August 19, 2021) was a lieutenant general in the United States Air Force. He was vice commander in chief, Military Airlift Command from 1987 to 1988 and inspector general of the Air Force from 1985 to 1987. He was born in Millheim, Pennsylvania.

Springer died on August 19, 2021 in Palmyra, Pennsylvania at the age of 88.

## References
Millheim, Pennsylvania

**Millheim** is a borough in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the State College, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## References
Grapeseed oil

]]
**Grapeseed oil** (also known as **Grape oil** or **Grape seed oil**) is an oil commonly made as a byproduct of making wine. It is made from the fats of grape seeds and is commonly used as a cooking oil with a smoke point of .

## Production 
Grapeseed oil is commonly made in regions that make a lot of wine, like the Mediterranean Sea.

## Composition 
Grapeseed oil is 10.5% saturated fat, 14.3% monounsaturated fat, and 74.7% polyunsaturated fat, mostly linoleic acid.

## References
Beja

**Beja** may refer to:

## Ethnicity
*Beja people, an ethnic group in northeast Africa
**Blemmyes, historical name for the people
*Beja language, language spoken by the Beja people
*Beja Congress, a group formed primarily of Beja opposing the government of Sudan

## Places
*Beja, Portugal, a city in Portugal
**Beja District, its district
**Beja Airbase, the nearby military airbase
**Beja Airport, the nearby civilian airport
**Castle of Beja, the castle
**Convent of Beja, the former convent, now a museum
*Béja, a town in Tunisia
**Béja Governorate, the governorate of which it is the capital
*, a village in Jaunalūksne Parish, Alūksne Municipality
*Beja State, a former princely state of India
*Beja, Kapurthala, a village in Punjab State, India

### Association football
*C.D. Beja, an association football club based in Beja, Portugal
*Beja Football Association, which administers lower-tier football in the Beja District
*Olympique Béja, an association football club based in the town of Béja, Tunisia

## Surname
*Fatos Beja, (born 1948), Albanian politician
*Oded Beja, Israeli microbiologist
*Olinda Beja (born 1946), São Tomé and Príncipe poet and writer
*Duke of Beja, a Portuguese noble title
Latif Nassif Jassim

**Latif Nassif Jassim** (; born 1941 – 30 August 2021) was an Iraqi politician. He was the leader of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party. Jassim was born in Baghdad, Iraq. From 1977 until 1979, he was the Minister of Agriculture. From 1979 until 1971, he was the Minister of Culture and Information.

Jassim was arrested on 9 June 2003 and sentenced to life imprisonment in 2009 in the case of the murder of Mohammad al-Sadr.

Jassim died on 30 August 2021 in Baghdad at the age of 80.

## References
Alioune Badara Cissé

**Alioune Badara Cissé** (7 February 1958 – 28 August 2021) was a Senegalese politician. He was a member of the Alliance for the Republic (APR). He was Foreign Minister of Senegal from 4 April to 29 October 2012. He was born in Saint-Louis, Senegal.

Badara Cissé died in Dakar, Senegal on 28 August 2021 from COVID-19 at the age of 63.

## References
Retard (word)

**Retard** is considered a hurtful word for people with disabilities. Initially a medical term, since the 70s, it is mostly used as either a mean word towards disabled people or for someone foolish. If they were referring to a retard, they would call the person *retarded*. People often use this word in a joking manner, practically calling their friend (or whomever) stupid.

## Related pages
* Ableism
Australasian swamphen

The **Australasian swamphen** (*Porphyrio melanotus*) is a species of swamphen (*Porphyrio*) found in eastern Indonesia (the Moluccas, Aru and Kai Islands), Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand. In New Zealand, it is known as the **pukeko** (from the Māori ). The species used to be thought a subspecies of the purple swamphen.

## Distribution 
The Australasian swamphen occurs in mainland Australia, eastern Indonesia, the Moluccas, Aru and Kai Islands, and in Papua New Guinea. It is also found on New Zealand's main islands and in the Chatham and Kermadec Islands. It has a small shield, black upperparts, and a purple throat and breast. *P. p. pelewensis* (Hartlaub & Finsch, 1872) from Palau, looks like *melanotus* but has greener upperparts and is smaller. *P. p. melanopterus* (Bonaparte, 1856) is found from the Lesser Sundas and Moluccas to New Guinea. It is as *melanotus* but smaller, more variable and less blue in the upperparts. *P. p. bellus* (Gould, 1820) from Western Australia is as *melanotus* but has a cerulean blue throat and breast. *P. p. samoensis* (Peale, 1848) occurs from New Guinea to New Caledonia and Samoa, and is as *melanotus* but smaller, with a little brown on the back

, Wellington, New Zealand]]
End

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**End**, **END**, **Ending**, can be:

## End
*In mathematics:
**End (category theory)
**End (topology)
**End (graph theory)
**End (group theory) (a subcase of the previous)
**End (endomorphism)
*In sports and games
**End (gridiron football)
**End, a division of play in the sports of curling, target archery and pétanque
**End (dominoes), one of the halves of the face of a domino tile 
*In entertainment:
**End key on a modern computer keyboard
**End Records, a record label
**"End", a song by The Cure from *Wish*
**"End", a song  by Dimension Zero from *Silent Night Fever*
** *Ends* (1998 song) song by Everlast, off the album *Whitey Ford Sings the Blues*
*In other areas:
**End, in weaving, a single thread of the warp
***Ends* (1988 book) anthology of Gordon R. Dickson stories

## END
*European Nuclear Disarmament
*Endoglin, a glycoprotein
*Equivalent narcotic depth, a concept used in underwater diving
*Environmental noise directive
*ENDS, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (Electronic cigarette)

## Ending
*Ending (linguistics), a linguistic morpheme
*Alternate ending
*End of a part of a baseball game
*Chess endgame
*Ending credits
**Post-credits scene
*False ending
*Happy ending
*Multiple endings
*Twist ending
**Endings* (film), a 2012 film
**The Ending* (Song), a 2012 song by Ellie Goulding off the album *Halcyon*
**This Ending* (band) Swedish extreme metal band
*A repeat sign, in music theory

## Related pages
* The End (disambiguation)
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Telos (philosophy), a goal or final state
* Conclude (disambiguation)
* End of the world (disambiguation)
* Finale (disambiguation)
* Front end (disambiguation)
* Terminate (disambiguation)
Library and Archives Canada

]]
**Library and Archives Canada** (**LAC**; ) is the national library and national archives of Canada. It was started in 2004. The job of the libraries is to help people access items that are part of Canada's history. It is the fifth largest library in the world, and has more than 54 million items in its collection. The collection includes many objects, including books, drawings, maps, images, films. It also has more than a petabyte of digital content.

The general public can visit the collection at the main building in Ottawa, Ontario. The libraries also has other buildings that they use to help preserve their collections.

## References
## Other websites
*
Tujhyat Jeev Rangala

***Tujhyat Jeev Rangala*** is an Indian television series.

## Cast 
### Main
* Hardeek Joshi as Ranvijay Prataprao Gaikwad (Ranada / Raja Rajgonda) (2016-2020)
* Akshaya Deodhar as Anjali Ranvijay Gaikwad or Anjali Dinkar Pathak (Pathak Baai / Jija) (2016-2020)

### Recurring
;Rana's family
* Dhanashri Kadgaonkar as Nandita Suraj Gaikwad or Nandita Uttamrao Jadhav (Taisaheb) (October 2016-October 2019)
** Madhuri Pawar replacing Dhanashri as Nandita Suraj Gaikwad (October-December 2020)
* Raj Hanchanale as Suraj  Prataprao Gaikwad (Sunnyda) (2016-2020)
* Chhaya Sangaokar as Godavari (Godakka) (2016-2020)
* Milind Dastane as Minister Prataprao Gaikwad (Aaba) (2016-2019)
* Dipti Sonawane-Kshirsagar as Chanda (2016-2020)
* Vagmee Shevade as Rajalaxmi Ranvijay Gaikwad (Lakshmi) (2019-2020)
* Shreyas Mohite as Yuvaraj Suraj Gaikwad (2019-2020)
* Sandhya Manik as Madhuri Suraj Gaikwad or Madhuri Jawale (2019-2020)

;Villagers
* Amol Naik as Barkat (2016-2020)
* Kalyani Jadhav as Radha (2016-2019)
* Rajveersingh Raje as Rajveer (Ladu) (2018-2019)
* Umesh Bolake as Renuka's father (Bapu) (2016-2020)
* Shruti Kulkarni as Renuka (2016-2019)
* Prafulla (Pappu) Gawas as Mahajan Head Sir (2016-2020)
* Avadhut Joshi as Avadhya (2016-2020)
* Abhishek Kulkarni as Paresh Patil (2018-2020)
* Yogesh Kumar Powar as Bandya (2018-2020)
* Sanjeevkumar Patil as Nivrutti Naik (2019-2020)
* Neha Bam as Nandita's mother (2016-2020)
* Atul Sanas as Jayant (2017-2018)
* Prachi Godbole as Anjali's mother (2016-2019)
* Shivraj Walvekar as Inspector Sangram Mohite (January-March 2020)
** Balkrishna Shinde replacing Shivraj as Inspector Sangram Mohite (July-August 2020)

### Guest Appearance
* Vikas Patil as Aditya Gore (2019)
* Rucha Apte as Manager Sakhi (2018)
* Shriram Kolhatkar as Balsara Sir (2018)
* Rudra Revankar as young Ranvijay (2017)
* Siddhesh Khuperkar as young Suraj (2017)
* Akshay Kumar as Jolly

## Production
### Seasons 
* 22 June 2019 (2 years later)
* 27 October 2019 (6 years later)
* 17 August 2020 (6 months later)

## Ratings 
The show received highest TVR of 8.5 in week 17 of 2018.

## References
Apple Music

**Apple Music** (called **Music** on iOS) is a music streaming service by Apple Inc.. It was launched in 2015.

The service provides access to music from many artists, including Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Alan Walker, and Justin Bieber.

In the iOS 18.1 beta 6 update, Apple Music added new features, including an integration with TikTok that allows users to share songs.

## History
Apple Music was launched on June 30, 2015. At first, it was only available on iOS devices. An Android version was released in November 2015.

In 2016, Apple Music was redesigned as part of iOS 10. Changes included a simpler black-and-white interface, adjustable text size, and improved music controls. In 2019, Apple added a *For You* tab, which gives users personalized music recommendations.

## Apple Music Classical
**Apple Music Classical** was launched in 2024. It is designed for classical music. The app works on iOS 15.4 or later, and on Android 9 or later.

Apple Music Classical includes millions of classical music recordings.

## References
## Other websites
*
María Sefidari

**María Sefidari Huici** (born 1982, Madrid) is a Wikimedian. She was the chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees until June 3, 2021 and  re-elected to the position in August 2019.

## References
Clay Shirky

**Clay Shirky** (born 1964) is an American writer and consultant.

Shirky was the first Professor of New Media at Hunter College. He earned a Bachelors of Arts degree from Yale University  in 1986. 

## Writing 
* *The Internet by E-Mail* (1994) – 
* *Voices from the Net* (1995) – 
* *P2P Networking Overview* (2001) – 
* 
* *Planning for Web Services: Obstacles and Opportunities* (2003) – 
* Selected Articles in *The Best Software Writing I*, Joel Spolsky ed. (2005) – 
** "A Group is its Own Worst Enemy" by Clay Shirky
**

## References
Fansipan

**Fansipan** is a mountain in Vietnam. It is the highest mountain in Vietnam, with an elevation of 3,147. The mountain is in the province of Lào Cai, in Northwest Vietnam. 

The summit of Fansipan.
The Ask

***The Ask*** is a novel by Sam Lipsyte, published by Macmillan in 2010 ().

## Reviews 
* Geoff Dyer, 'The Ask by Sam Lipsyte', *The Observer* (6 June 2010).
Boana almendarizae

'''Almendariz's tree frog '* (*Boana almendarizae'') is a frog that lives in Ecuador. Scientists have seen it between 500 and 1950 meters up in the Andes Mountains.

The adult male frog is 34.3 to 44.6&nbsp;mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 37.8 to 51.9&nbsp;cm long.

This frog's back is light brown to reddish brown in color, sometimes with dark bands or lines across. It has one larger medium-brown line down each side of its body, and small white and brown spots across its back. Some of the large female frogs have blue on their sides. Males have light blue on their sides. This frog has large eyes.

This species hides during the day and looks for food at night. People find it on plants not more than 1.5 meters above the ground, especially near the edges of bodies of water, such as rivers, flooded places, and small ponds. This frog is sympatric with *Boana calcarata*. That means scientists think they had the same ancestor, and they became different frog species even though they lived in the same place.

## References
Chala Hawa Yeu Dya

**Chala Hawa Yeu Dya** is an Indian television show. It is in the Marathi language. It started on Zee Marathi. The show was started from 18 August 2014. This show stopped from 7 November 2017 and from 8 January 2018. Then, the show again started with the new title **Jagbhar Chala Hawa Yeu Dya**. This show was stopped second time because of the COVID-19 pandemic on 24 March 2020 and restarted from 13 July 2020.

## Cast 
* Nilesh Sable (2014-present)
* Bhalchandra Kadam (2014-present)
* Sagar Karande (2014-present)
* Kushal Badrike (2014-present)
* Bharat Ganeshpure (2014-present)
* Tushar Deol (2014-present)
* Shreya Bugade (2014-present)
* Vinit Bhonde (2014-2017)
* Krishna Ghonge (2018-present)
* Ankur Vadhave (2018-present)
* Yogesh Shirsat (2018-present)

### Hou De Viral 
# Snehal Shidam (Winner)
# Pravin Tikhe
# Pooja Sadamate-Nagral
# Arnav Kalkundri
# Gauravi Vaidya

### Shelebrity Pattern 
# Umesh Jagtap (Winner)
# Sharmila Shinde
# Adwait Dadarkar
# Rahul Magdum
# Abhidnya Bhave
# Raj Hanchnale
# Pravin Dalimbkar

### Ladies Jindabad 
# Gayatri Datar (Winner)
# Monalisa Bagal
# Mayuri Wagh
# Suruchi Adarkar
# Sarita Mehendale-Joshi
# Purva Shinde
# Shivani Baokar
# Bhakti Ratnaparkhi
# Sanjivani Sathe
# Snehlata Tawade-Vasaikar

## Seasons
## Production 
The series premiered on 14 August 2014 and aired on Zee Marathi from Monday and Tuesday at 9.30 pm by replacing *Fu Bai Fu*. The series again premiered from 8 January 2018 by replacing *Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi*.

### Special episode (Sunday)
* 7 October 2018 (Bollywood Hungama)
* 3 March 2019 (Finale of Hou De Viral)
* 16 February 2020 (Jalesh Cruise Safar)
* 8 March 2020 (Finale of Shelibrity Pattern)
* 8 August 2021 (Hou Dya Zingat)
* 27 February 2022 (Zhund Special)

## Awards
### Special Awards (2019)
* WHP Jewellers Fresh Face of the Year – Shreya Bugade
* Special Best Non-fiction Show - Chala Hawa Yeu Dya

## Ratings 
## References
Rulers of Manipur in Common Era

This page names the people who ruled Manipur in India. These rules sat on the throne of the Kangla during Ancient Manipur, Medieval Manipur and Modern Manipur, in the Common Era.

## Related pages
There are many other ruling dynasties in different parts of Indian than the Imphal Kangla. For example, there are ruling lineages in Moirang province.

## Other websites
* http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Kings_of_Manipur
* https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/meiteikings.html
Tetraethyllead

**Tetraethyllead** (commonly styled **tetraethyl lead**), shortened to **TEL**, is a chemical compound with the formula (CH3CH2)4Pb. They added this into petro-fuel. It was first mixed with gasoline in the 1920s. It increased vehicle performance and fuel economy by stopping engine knocking. TEL had been identified chemically in the mid-19th century. In recent years, this chemical has been linked to climate change and is highly toxic. It is no longer used in fuels because of this (most are now "unleaded").

## References
Forte dei Marmi

**Forte dei Marmi** () is a sea town and *comune* in the province of Lucca, in northern Tuscany (Italy).

## References
## Other websites
* Website of the Comune of Forte dei Marmi
* Web pages about meetings with the sculptor Henry Moore in Forte Dei Marmi
San Giuliano Terme

**San Giuliano Terme** is a *comune* (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany. It is about  west of Florence and about  northeast of Pisa.

## Notable people 
Nazario Pardini (1937), essayst and poet

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Health and Nature in Tuscany
Richard Benjamin

**Richard Samuel Benjamin** (born May 22, 1938) is an American actor and movie director. He directed *City Heat* (1984), *The Money Pit* (1986) and *Made in America* (1993).  He was the lead actor in the short-lived 1978 TV series "Quark" where he played the Captain of a Sanitation Starship as "Adam Quark"

## References
Judy Davis

**Judith Davis** (born 23 April 1955) is an Australian actress. She is known for appearing in many Woody Allen movies. She has won eight AACTA Awards, three Primetime Emmy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. She was nominated for two Academy Awards.

## References
Majha Hoshil Na

***Majha Hoshil Na*** (transl. Will You Be Mine?) is an Indian Marathi drama television series that aired on Zee Marathi and also digitally available on ZEE5. The story revolves around the Sai, Aditya and his Maternal uncles.

## Summary
Sai hailing from rich family and Aditya hailing from middle-class family. Sai eventually falls in love with Aditya, a smart and kind man. Overcoming a number of obstacles, their marriage takes place. But the things change after their marriage as Sai has to deal with the family members of Aditya, leading to hilarious situations. Also Aditya is actually owner of Aditya Group of companies and he is still unaware of it and works in same company.

## Cast 
### Main
* Gautami Deshpande as Sai Shashikant Birajdar / Sai Aditya Kashyap (Desai) (2020–2021)
* Virajas Kulkarni as Aditya Vijay Kashyap (Desai) (2020–2021)

### Recurring
;Aditya's family
* Atul Parchure as Jaywant Desai (J.D.) (2021)
* Achyut Potdar as Vinayak Brahme (Appa) (2020–2021)
* Vidyadhar Joshi as Jagdish Vinayak Brahme (Dada) (2020–2021)
* Seema Deshmukh as Sindhu Sohoni / Sindhu Jagdish Brahme (2020–2021)
* Vinay Yedekar as Janardan Vinayak Brahme (Bhai) (2020–2021)
* Sunil Tawde as Prabhakar Vinayak Brahme (Bandhu) (2020–2021)
* Dipti Joshi as Gulprit Prabhakar Brahme (Gullu) (2021)
* Rajveersingh Raje as Balwant Prabhakar Brahme (Billu) (2021)
* Nikhil Ratnaparkhi as Swanand Vinayak Brahme (Pintya) (2020–2021)

;Sai's family
* Sulekha Talwalkar as Sharmila Shashikant Birajdar (2020–2021)
** Varsha Ghatpande replaced Sulekha as Sharmila (2021)
* Atul Kale as Shashikant Birajdar (Baban) (2020–2021)
* Rajesh Uke as Chandu (2020–2021)

;Others
* Sujay Hande as Monty Jaywant Desai (2021)
* Komal Dhande as Hira Johari (2021)
* Aashay Kulkarni as Dr. Suyash Suhas Patwardhan (2020–2021)
* Mugdha Puranik as Nayana Yashpal Naik (2020–2021)
* Sanika Gadgil as Meghana Raghuvir Kashikar (2020–2021)
* Dheeraj Kamble as Harishchandra (Filter) (2020–2021)
* Leena Palekar as Sujata (2020–2021)
* Anisha Sabnis as Madhura (2020)
* Snehal Shidam as Sushma Bansode / Vidya Bhagwan Jhagade (2021)
* Lokee Anbhule as Tea Stall's owner (2020–2021)
* Sahil Parab as Suyash's friend (2020)

## Production 
It was premiered on 2 March 2020.

## Ratings 
## References
Marcel Henry

**Marcel Henry** (30 October 1926 – 30 August 2021) was a French politician. He was born in Mayotte, France. He was a member of the French Senate from 1977 until 2004. He was one of the founders of the Mahoré People's Movement.

Henry died on 30 August 2021 at the age of 94.

## References
Pithecopus

***Pithecopus*** is a genus of frogs in the family Phyllomedusidae. These frogs live in tropical South America east of the Andes, from southern Venezuela to northern Argentina. 

For a while, scientists thought *Pithecopus* was another name for the subfamily *Phyllomedusa* in the family *Hylidae.*  However, in 2016, they changed it to *Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis* group. Its sister group is *Callimedusa*.

## Name
The name of this genus comes from the Greek word *pithekodes*, which means "ape-like."

## Description
*Pithecopus* frogs are medium-sized, measuring about  in snout–vent length, which means from nose to rear end. On their feet, Toe I is much longer than toe II, and is opposable to it like a thumb. 

These frogs do not have vomerine teeth. The tadpoles have a moderately small oral disc on the bottoms of their bodies, near the front.

## Species
There are 12 species in this genus:

However, AmphibiaWeb lists only some of these species (*Pithecopus araguaius*, *Pithecopus rusticus*, and *Pithecopus gonzagai*). It puts the others in *Phyllomedusa*.

## References
Pithecopus azureus

***Pithecopus azureus*** is a frog that lives in Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru.

The adult frog is 31 to 44 mm long from nose to rear end.  It has large eyes for its head.  It does not have much webbing on its front feet.  The skin of its back is bright green, but it can change color to brown during the day.  Its belly is almost white.  There is a green stripe down each side of its back legs.  It sometimes has orange and black stripes on its legs too.

This frog is in danger because human beings change the places it lives into soybean farms and sugar cane farms and by building dams.

## First paper
*

## References
Kazimieras Motieka

**Kazimieras Motieka** (12 November 1929 – 31 August 2021) was a Lithuanian politician and lawyer. In 1990 he was among those who signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. He was born in Vilnius, Lithuania.

Motieka died on August 31, 2021 in Vilnius at the age of 92.

## References
Geronimo (alpaca)

**Geronimo** (6 February 2013 &ndash; 31 August 2021) was a stud alpaca. He lived at Shepherds Close Farm in Wickwar, Gloucestershire, England. After Geronimo tested positive for bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a controversy came about the fate and the British government's policy of euthanising any animal that tested positive for bTB. After a number of court battles, Geronimo was euthanised.

## References
List of Bangladeshi musicians

This is a **list of notable Bangladeshi musicians**. 

## A
* Azam Khan
* Altaf Mahmud
* Abdul Ahad
* Abdul Alim
* Abdul Jabbar
* Abdur Rahman Boyati
* Ahmed Imtiaz Bulbul
* Abed Hossain Khan
* Ali Akbar Khan
* Allauddin Khan
* Abdul Karim Shah
* Abdul Gafur Hali
* Ahmed Fazal
* Andrew Kishore
* Ayub Bachchu
* Anwar Pervez

## B
* Bedaruddin Ahmad
* Badal Roy
* Bijoy Sarkar

## D
* Dhir Ali Miah
* DJ Rahat

## E
* Emon Saha

## F
* Fakir Alamgir
* Fuad al Muqtadir

## G
* Gul Mohammad Khan

## H
* Hamin Ahmed
* Happy Akhand
* Haider Hussain
* Hridoy Khan
* Habib Wahid

## I
* Iqbal Asif Jewel
* Imran Mahmudul
* Imran Rahman

## J
* James

## K
* Khandaker Nurul Alam
* Kamal Dasgupta
* Khoda Box
* Kazi Shuvo
* Kazi Nazrul Islam

## L
* Lucky Akhand

## M
* Mohammad Moniruzzaman
* Mujib Pardeshi
* Mumtaz Ali Khan
* Mumzy Stranger
* Mohammad Rafique (musician)

## P
* Partha Barua

## R
* Rakib Mosabbir
* Radharaman Dutta
* Rathindranath Roy

## S
* Sajib Das
* Samar Das
* Sudhin Das
* Shah Abdul Karim
* Shahadat Hossain Khan
* Subir Nandi
* Sanjoy
* Shishir Ahmed
* Shuvo
* Sumon
* Sunil Dhar

## T
* Tahsan Rahman Khan
* Tanzir Tuhin
* Topu

## Z
* Zooel Morshed
* Zulfiqer Russell
* Ziaur Rahman Zia
Jean-Pierre Bastiani

**Jean-Pierre Bastiani** (6 June 1950 – 27 August 2021) was a French politician. Bastiani was born in Toulouse, France. Bastiani was a member of the National Assembly between 1993 until 1997. Bastiani was Mayor of Auterive between 1989 until 2008 and again from 2014 until 2018.

Bastiani died on 27 August 2021 at the age of 71.

## References
Vasile Belous

**Vasilii Belous** (27 August 1988 – 31 August 2021) was a Moldovan boxer. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he competed in the Men's welterweight. He did not win any medals at the event. Belous was born in Ocnița, Soviet Union.

Belous died on 31 August 2021 in Călărășeuca, Moldova from a car crash at the age of 33.

## References
Graham Greene (actor)

**Graham Greene**, CM (June 22, 1952 &ndash; September 1, 2025) was a First Nations Canadian actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in *Dances with Wolves* (1990). In 2000, he won a Grammy Award. He lived in Hamilton, Ontario, as a young adult.

He also starred in *Thunderheart* (1992), *Maverick* (1994), *Die Hard with a Vengeance* (1995), *The Green Mile* (1999), *Skins* (2002), *Transamerica* (2005), *Casino Jack* (2010), ''Winter's Tale* (2014), *The Shack* (2017), *Wind River* (2017) and *Shadow Wolves'' (2019).

Greene died at a hospital in Stratford, Ontario, Canada on September 1, 2025, at the age of 73.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Chatham oystercatcher

The **Chatham oystercatcher** or **Chatham Island oystercatcher** (*Haematopus chathamensis*) is a bird in the family Haematopodidae. It lives in only on New Zealand's Chatham Islands.

## Appearance
Its body is smaller and thicker than the variable oystercatcher's, but they both have black and white feathers.

## Habitat and actions
Chatham oystercatchers live in pairs.  These pairs will fight other Chatham oystercatchers over good places to look for food and build nests.  This bird builds nests on rocky coasts.  It likes sheltered coasts the most.

The male and female bird both sit on the eggs.  There are 1-3 eggs at a time.  Male and female oystercatchers usually stay partners their whole lives, but sometimes they do not.

## Food
Chatham oystercatchers use their beaks to dig in the sand for amphipods, polychaete worms, ribbon worms, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, ascidians, and anemones.

## Threats
In the 1970s there were as few as 50 Chatham oystercatchers alive on Chatham Island (and others on other nearby islands).  By 1998, there were about 140.  Conservationists tried even harder to save the birds.  There were 300 Chatham oystercatchers alive by 2005.

This bird is threatened because human beings change the places it lives.  Human beings changed the islands to make farmland, and they put marram grass on the sand dunes, which changes the way the sand flows.  The dunes are steeper, so the birds must build nests closer to the water, and sometimes the high tide takes the eggs away.  Humans also brought new animals to the islands in the 1800s: cats eat eggs and chicks, and weka eat eggs.

## References
Junior Coffey

**Junior Lee Coffey** (March 21, 1942 &ndash; August 30, 2021) was an American professional football player. He was a running back in the National Football League. He played with the Green Bay Packers, Atlanta Falcons, and New York Giants. His career lasted from 1965 until 1971. He was born in Kyle, Texas.

Coffey died on August 30, 2021 in Auburn, Washington from heart failure at the age of 79.

## References