open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Forest, Ontario

**Forest, Ontario** is a town in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. About 3,000 people live in the town. It the biggest town in Lambton Shores. The town was an important lumber town. It even had its own train stop. Forest is now a tourist attraction. It has trails and camp facilities.

## History
Forest is located on land that was once dense forest. When the Grand Trunk Railway was built, the station for the town was named for the dense forest. In 1859, the first post office was then named Forest.

## Industry
The industry of the town was first based on the large amount of fruit growing in the area. There was once a canning factory and a basket factory in Forest. In more recent years, the town has become a dormitory community for the city of Sarnia and, to a lesser extent, London, Ontario. The large tourism area along the shores of nearby Lake Huron also helps local businesses. Several small manufacturing plants supporting the automobile industry have also opened in the past few years.

## Population
In 2001, the last year that Forest was a national census unit, the town had a population of 2,857. The average age of the people who live in Forest was about 42. This is five years older than the average for the entire province. The average earnings of the people living in Forest was $27,902 (CAD) in the year 2000. In 2006, the local census unit was changed to the town of Lambton Shores. In 2021, the town of Forest had a population of 2,429.

## Education
Forest has a high school, North Lambton Secondary School. The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria. It also has access to washroom and meal preparation facilities. Forest has two separate school systems. It has a public school system, Kinnwood Central Public School, and a private school system, St. John Fisher. Both systems have elementary schools.

## Recreation and tourism
There are many recreational facilities in the town. These include an enclosed arena/community center with baseball and soccer fields, a lawn bowling club and public tennis courts. There is also an agricultural society with grounds used for a fall fair and campsites. A privately owned golf course is located in the town, Forest Golf and Country Hotel. There are also more than a dozen other golf courses within a  drive.

Forest has a natural amphitheatre in the conservation area in the south part of the town. Each year the people of the town act in a religious play called *The Promise* in this amphitheatre. They have done the play since 1995. The stage of the amphitheatre is on a small island. The audience sits on the surrounding hillsides.
Greater Armenia

**Greater Armenia** could mean:

*Greater Armenia, a political goal of Armenian irredentists.
*The Kingdom of Armenia, also known as Greater Armenia, Great Armenia, or Historic Armenia.
Fume hood

A **fume hood** or **fume cupboard** is a large piece of scientific equipment common to chemistry laboratories. Fume hoods stop a person coming into contact with hazardous fumes. They contain an air pump that sucks fumes away from the person using them.

Fume hoods have a large glass window that is opened when a scientist needs to get inside. The window protects the scientist from splashes of chemicals or explosions that could harm them. Most chemical reactions are done inside a fume hood.   

## Other websites
*University of Louisville's Chemical Hood User's Guide
*Information from the University of Bath in the UK
Ghevont Alishan

Father **Ghevont Alishan** () (July 6, 1820 – November 9, 1901; also spelled **Ghevond Alishan**) was an ordained Armenian Catholic priest, historian and a poet. In 1885, Alishan created the first modern Armenian flag.
Garni

**Garni** ("Գառնի" in Armenian) is a village in the Armenian province of Kotayk. 

## Other websites 
*Garni at Armenica.org
Armenian Catholic Church

The **Armenian Catholic Church** is an Eastern Catholic church *sui juris* within the Catholic Church. Its headquarters are in Bzoummar, Lebanon. The union was established in the Council of Florence, in 1439. During the Armenian Genocide (1915-1918), its followers were scattered, mainly to Syria and Lebanon. Many Armenians also fled to Georgia and Ukraine.

In 1991, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Pope John Paul II merged the churches in Georgia and Ukraine with those in Armenia. He created a new eparchy of Armenia and Eastern Europe. There is a seminary in Gyumri, the largest city in Armenia. Meanwhile, e Catholic Armenians in Georgia de facto entered the newly-formed diocese.The city of Gyumri was chosen because most Catholic Armenians live in the north of the country.

Many Armenians emigrated to the United States and Canada, mainly in the 1970s. For that reason, Pope Benedict XVI created a diocese for those people. It is responsible for about 35.000 people in the United States and about 10.000 in Canada. 

The church uses the Armenian Rite and the Armenian language for its services. 

The current Patriarch of the church is Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni.

## Related pages 
*Armenian Apostolic Church

## Other websites 
*Official web site
*Armenian Apostolic Church Library
Armin T. Wegner

**Armin T. Wegner** (October 16, 1886 – May 17, 1978) was a soldier in World War I, a writer and a co-creator of German Expressionism, a political activist for Armenian and Jewish human rights, and a victim of Nazi persecution.

He was a war reporter for several German newspapers at the same time. While staying in Turkey, he saw the genocide of Armenians with his own eyes.

After Hitler came to power, Wegner was against the fascists, and spoke against the treatment of Jews. After writing a letter to Hitler, he was arrested and tortured. Wegner survived and escaped and was based in England, and in Italy after the end of World War II.

## Other websites 
*Armin T. Wegner Society 
*Biography of Armin T. Wegner
*Armin T. Wegner  at Yad Vashem website
Nattō

**Natto** ( (hiragana), 納豆 (kanji); *nattō* or *nattou*) is a traditional Japanese food made by fermenting soybeans. Natto is known for its strong  smell and unusual slimy texture, which makes sticky strings when stirred and eaten. In order to balance some of the strong flavors, it is usually eaten on top of rice with mentsuyu, a soy sauce-based condiment, or Japanese mustard. Whether Natto is popular or not depends on regions in Japan. For example, eating Natto as a custom is not so popular in the Kansai region of Japan. 

## Types 
There are many kinds of Natto. First, Natto is classified under two types of Natto, Itohiki Natto and Ji Natto. Also Itohiki Natto has three kinds of Natto, Marudaizu Natto, Hikiwari Natto, and Goto Natto. Of these different types, Marudaizu Natto and Hikiwari Natto are most commonly eaten.

## Availability 
Natto may be bought in stores in Styrofoam boxes. Sometimes, they come with a mustard packet and a packet of *tsuyu* to eat with the natto. 

## Preparation 
* – a hand roll.]]
Although it is not customary to cook natto, natto may be prepared in food items like sushi or *donburi*. *Donburi'' is any Japanese dish served with rice in a bowl. Natto can be made into a donburi by adding natto and other items like tuna or egg to rice inside a bowl. "Nattojiru" made by adding natto to miso soup as a seasoning. Natto can also be used as a topping for Soba, Udon, Spaghetti, Okonomiyaki and so on.

## Spices and Condiments 
In general, soy sauce, tsuyu, and karashi mustard are used to flavor Natto, but some people use egg, leek, Japanese ginger, grated radish, laver (a type of edible seaweed), okra, and other ingredients.

## References
Activism

**Activism** is an action to make a change, or stop a change, in society. It can be trying to make a government change its laws, or trying to make people change what they do. There are many forms of activism. Activism is most associated with protests.

 at the Paris Commune, March 1871]]
 during the civil rights movement in August 1963]]
 march in Washington, D.C., August 1970]]
Activist demonstrative forms of activism includes rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes. When activism is linked to art, the action, in street art is called artivism.

## Related page 
*Lobbying
*Political prisoner
*Social movement
Vahe

**Vahe** was a legendary king of Armenia (351 BC–331 BC). He was the last offspring of the Hyke dynasty. He revolted against Alexander the Great and fought a war for Darius the Great of Persia.

## References
Forum

**Forum** (plural *forums* or *fora*) may mean:
*Forum (Roman), open public area in the middle of a Roman city
**Roman Forum, the most famous example
*Forum (legal), a place for public speaking in the United States
*Internet forum, discussion board on the Internet
*Public forum debate, a type of debate
*Blandford Forum, town in England
*World Economic Forum
*Foraminifera
Van, Turkey

**Van** (; ) is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province. It is on the eastern shore of Lake Van. The city's population in 2005 was 284,464. According to the *Encyclopedia of the Orient*, Kurds form the majority though no census based on ethnicity was ever held in Turkey.

## Other websites 
*Plan of Van city as it was before 1915
Van Province

**Van** (, ) is a province in eastern Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km2 in area and has a population of 1,035,418 at the end of 2010. Kurds form the majority of the population in the province.

## History 
In the 9th century BC, the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom. For centuries after that, the area was a major Armenian population center. After World War I Armenian population was forced to leave and was cleansed during the Armenian Genocide.

## Related pages
* Van Resistance

## Sources 
## Other websites 
* Pictures of the capital of this province
Urartian language

.]]
**Urartian** is the name for the language spoken by the people of the ancient kingdom of Urartu in northeast Anatolia (present-day Turkey), in the region of Lake Van.

Urartian was a language isolate, which was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, but a member of the Hurro-Urartian family.

There is a hypothesis that suggests that besides the cuneiform inscriptions of the Urartian language, Urartu had a native hieroglyphic writing system. Armenian scientist Artak Movsisyan published a partial attempt deciphering of Urartian hieroglyphs, saying that they were written in an early form of Armenian.

## Related pages
*Urartu

## More reading 
*C. B. F. Walker: section *Cuneiform* in *Reading the Past*. Published by British Museum Press, 1996, .
*J. Friedrich: *Urartäisch*, in *Handbuch der Orientalistik I*, ii, 1-2, pp.&nbsp;31–53. Leiden, 1969.
*Gernot Wilhelm: *Urartian*, in R. Woodard (ed.), *The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages*. Cambridge, 2004.
*Mirjo Salvini: *Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer*. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1995.

## Other websites 
*Urartian hieroglyphs hypothesis
Grease (movie)

***Grease*** is a 1978 American romantic comedy musical movie directed by Randal Kleiser and produced by Robert Stigwood. The movie tells the story of high-schoolers Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Danny (John Travolta), Frenchy (Didi Conn) and Sandy (Olivia Newton-John).

In 2020, Grease was selected by the Library of Congress into the United States National Film Registry.

## Plot 
Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton-John) meet in Los Angeles, California in summer 1959 and they fall in love. When Sandy has to leave to go back to Australia, they believe it is the end of their romance. However, Sandy gets transferred to his school and they meet again. When Danny sees Sandy again, he acts as if he does not care about her. He does this to keep up his reputation, but Sandy does not know this and wishes she has never met him. She and Danny date on and off, but Sandy becomes frustrated with him because of the way he treats her. At the end of the movie, Sandy transforms herself into the kind of woman Danny could truly love forever, and they get back together.

## Other websites 
*
Yamaha Corporation

**Yamaha** is a Japanese multinational company that makes different products, including musical instruments such as keyboards.

Yamaha was founded in 1887 by *Torakusu Yamaha.* Yamaha started when the founder *Torasku Yamaha when* he successfully completed the first reed organ It was named **Nippon Gakki Company, Limited** and produced pianos and reed organs at that time. In October 1987, on the 100th anniversary, its name was changed to **The Yamaha Corporation**. Yamaha produces several musical instruments including keyboards, flutes, guitars and things in a band. Yamaha also produces motorbikes, as well as the voice synthesizer Vocaloid. Yamaha is a big corporation and was founded 125 years ago.

In 1989, Yamaha shipped the world's first CD recorder. 

## References
Armenian Legion

The **Armenian Legion** () or **Armenische Legion** was the name given to the 812th Armenian Battalion which was a foreign unit comprised of several thousand men.

Leaders Kanayan and Garegin Njdeh counted the support of over 18,000 Armenians.

In addition to this exclusively Armenian unit, Nazi Armenians also served in the thirty eight other SS divisions, including the elite Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler.

## Related pages
*French Armenian Legion
Eastern Time Zone

**Eastern Time Zone** (**ET**) is the time zone for the eastern part of the Americas including the United States, Canada and parts of South America and the Caribbean. ET is five hours behind UTC in winter, which is called Eastern Standard Time (EST). It is four hours behind UTC during summer Daylight saving time, when it is called Eastern Daylight Time (EDT).

The largest city in the Eastern Time Zone is New York, the largest city in the United States. The New York metropolitan area is the largest in the zone.

## Usage
### North America
#### Canada
In Canada, the following provinces and territories are part of the Eastern Time Zone:
* Ontario (except areas west of Thunder Bay but including Atikokan)
* Quebec (except far eastern Côte-Nord and the Magdalen Is.)
* East-central Nunavut (including part of Melville Pen. and most of Ellesmere and Baffin Is., including Iqaluit; Southampton Island does not observe Daylight saving time)

#### United States
In the United States, the following states are part of the Eastern Time Zone:

Parts of several other states use Eastern Time as well:
* nearly all of Florida except for the west border with Alabama 
* most of Indiana (all except the Evansville area and the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois)
* eastern half of Kentucky
* all of Michigan except the four counties that border Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, Menominee).
* the eastern third of Tennessee
* some towns in eastern Alabama, including Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley, observe Eastern Time, although they are officially in the Central Time Zone. The main reason for this is because they are close to Columbus, Georgia, which is in the Eastern Time Zone.

#### Other countries
The following countries that use Eastern Time Zone include:

* Mexico - the eastern state of Quintana Roo
* Panama
* Jamaica
* Haiti
*The Dominican Republic
* Cuba
* the Bahamas
* Not all Caribbean countries observe Daylight saving time.

### South America
In South America this time zone is observed in: 
* Ecuador (except Galápagos)
* Peru
* Parts of Brazil:
** the state of Acre
** Amazonas - the southwestern region of the state.

## Major Metropolitan areas 
## References
Garegin Njdeh

**Garegin Njdeh** (, real name: **Garegin Ter-Harutiunian**, 1 January 1886 - late 1955) was an Armenian statesman, military, and political thinker. He was a native of Nakhchivan.

## Death 
Njdeh fled Armenia after the triumph of Bolsheviks, and was involved in patriotic activities in Iran, Bulgaria and the United States. A controversial person, he was expelled from Dashnak party. Njdeh was very much against communism. He worked with Nazi Germans during the World War II. He was arrested in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1944 and sent to Moscow, then to Yerevan. He spent the rest of his life in prison in the Russian city of Vladimir, where he died in 1955.
Armed forces

phalanx]]

The **armed forces** are the backbone of defending the security of their countries on land, sea, and air. They are organised, armed, and trained to achieve the goals set by the state that they fight for. 

## Divisions 
Many countries in the present day separate their armed forces that fight on land, at sea, in the air, and policing the border. These groups are usually called:
* Army
* Navy
* Air force
* Paramilitary

## Related pages 
* Military

## References
Jack White

**John Anthony Gillis** (born July 9, 1975), known as Jack White,
is an American singer, guitarist, composer and actor. He is best known as one half of The White Stripes with his ex-wife Meg White. They are not actually siblings, contrary to what Jack may had others believe. 

Because of his successful career with The White Stripes, he has gotten the chance to work many other famous musicians, including Bob Dylan and Loretta Lynn. He has performed many different genres of music, including blues music, folk music, alternative rock, garage rock, and indie music, among other music, in his songs. 

He married model Karen Elson in 2005. They currently have two children, Scarlett Teresa White and Henry Lee White. As of today, they live in Nashville, Tennessee.

## Other websites 
*
Meg White

**Meg White** (born December 10, 1974) is an American former musician and singer. She is known as the drummer for The White Stripes.

Meg's simple style of drumming has caused a lot of debate. Meg called it "my strength. A lot of drummers would feel weird about being that simplistic."
Adriatic Sea

image of the Adriatic Sea.]]
The **Adriatic Sea** is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula was separated by the sea. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.

The average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms).

## Other websites
Assyria

''.]]
**Assyria** was a city-state on the Upper Tigris River during the Middle Bronze Age. It was named after its capital, the ancient city of Assur, which was in what is now Iraq.  

The Assyrians were just to the north of their rivals, the Babylonians. All of the kingdoms of ancient Mesopotamia used the cuneiform writing system, which had been invented by the Sumerians.

## Assyrian people 
The Assyrians are an ethnic group in what are now Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria, but many have immigrated to the Caucasus, North America, and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands others live in the Assyrian diaspora. They are part of the Iraqi refugees communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.

## Related pages
*Assyrian genocide
*Nineveh
Tomomi Kahala

**Tomomi Kahala**, sometimes spelled **Kahara** ( *Kahara Tomomi* born August 17, 1974 in Tokyo) is a Japanese female singer. Her nickname is "Tomochan", and special skill is Horse riding. Her most famous song is "''I'm Proud*", "*I Believe''".

## Albums 
## Awards 
## Other websites 
* Tomomi Kahara - Universal Music official site 
* Kahala Tomomi Website - Warner Music official site
Canton Township, Michigan

**Canton, Michigan** is a township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 98,659. The FBI decided that it is the 20th safest city in the United States. The average household in Canton earns $84,000 dollars.

## References
The Raven

(1858).]]
"**The Raven**" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published on January 29, 1845. It tells the story of a mysterious talking raven who visits a lover; it shows how the lover is slowly going insane. It is often called Poe's most famous poem, its publication made him famous in his day, and today it is still one of the most recognized and respected poems in American literature.

## Other websites 
*https://blog.prepscholar.com/the-raven-poem-summary
Mesoamerican chronology

Looking at the history of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica one can see some rather different periods  between the first humans and the early Colonial period (which followed the Spanish colonization of the Americas) in the end.

## Overview
### Paleo-Indian period 
The **Paleo-Indian** (not so often ***Lithic***) period or era  begins with the first signs of human presence in the region and leads to agriculture and other practices (e.g. pottery, permanent settlements) characteristic of proto-civilizations. In Mesoamerica, the end of this phase was about 8,000 BC. It was a period of hunter-gatherers.

### Archaic Era 
c. 8,000 BCE - 2,000 BCE

In this time agriculture and permanent villages developed in the region. Late in this era, people used pottery and started weaving with a loom.

### Preclassic Era or Formative Period
c. 2,000 BCE - 200 CE

Nation-states developed and with them the first large scale ceremonial architecture and cities. That were the Olmec civilization, the early Zapotec, Monte Alto Culture in Guatemala's Pacifc lowlands, and Maya civilization.

### Classic Era 
c. mid  2nd century - early 10th century

Teotihuacan grows to a metropolis and its empire dominates Mesoamerica.  During this time the cities of the Maya southern lowlands, such as Tikal, Palenque, and Copán have their greatest era. The Classic Era ended earlier in Central Mexico, with the fall of Teotihuacan around the 7th century, than it did in the Maya area, which continued for centuries more. Around this time, many southern lowland sites (most notably in Tikal) experienced a short period of limited decline, called the **Middle Classic Hiatus**. The later period of Maya's continued growth is sometimes known as the **Florescent Era**.

### Postclassic Era 
10th century - 16th century.

Many of the great nations and cities of the Classic Era collapsed, but some continue, such as in Oaxaca, Cholula, and the Maya of Yucatán, such as at Chichen Itza and Uxmal. This is sometimes seen as a period of increased chaos and warfare.  The Toltec  dominated central Mexico in the 11th - 13th century, then collapsed.  The northern Maya are for a time united under Mayapan. The Aztec Empire rises in the early 15th century and seems on the path to gain a dominance over the whole region not seen since Teotihuacan, when Mesoamerica is discovered by Spain and conquered by the Conquistadores.  Arguably, the Post-Classic continued until the conquest of the last independent native state of Mesoamerica, Tayasal, in 1697.

## Bibliography

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*Duverger, Christian (1999): *Mesoamérica, arte y antropología.* CONACULTA-Landucci Editores. Paris. .
*Miller, Mary Ellen. (2001). *El arte de mesoamérica*. "Colecciones El mundo del arte". Ediciones Destino. Barcelona, España. .
* Several Authors. (1996)  "Historia General de Guatemala"  .

## Other websites
*Mesoweb Research Center
*FAMSI, Foundation for Mesoamerican Study
*European Mayanist
*The Mirador Basin Project
*Guatemala Cradle of the Maya Civilization
Beck

**Beck Hansen** (better known as simply **Beck**) (born **Bek David Campbell**, July 8, 1970 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer, musician, and multi-instrumentalist. He is known for folky rock music, unusual lyrics, and post-modern arrangements, which has made him one of the most outstanding in 1990s alternative rock.

He became extremely popular with his hit song "Loser" in 1994. Beck is known for including various styles of music into his songs, including folk music, electronica, indie music, techno, rock music, and alternative music, among others.

Hansen married actress Marissa Ribisi in 2004. They currently have two children: a son, Cosimo Henri, and a daughter, Tuesday.

## References
Prime Meridian

The **Prime Meridian** is the meridian (line of longitude) that goes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in London it is also known as the International Meridian or Greenwich Meridian. Other longitudes are given as east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Lines like this are not actually lines on the ground, but are ways of saying where a place is on the globe. The ones that run horizontal (east to west) are called latitude. They tell us how far a location is from the equator. The other lines are vertical and are known as longitudes. 

Such is the Meridian's fame that each year, hundreds of thousands of visitors from all around the world make their way to the Observatory to stand astride the Line. But its position is marked in hundreds of other places too. On its path from pole to pole, the Meridian passes through England, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana and Antarctica.
 		
## Related pages 
* Meridian
* International Date Line
Probability theory

**Probability theory** is the part of mathematics that studies random situations. Probability theory usually studies random events, random variables, stochastic processes, and non-deterministic events (events that do not follow a simple pattern).   

Tossing a coin, winning the lottery, or rolling a die are random events. However, random events have certain patterns, which can be studied and predicted, using probability theory. Also, scientists discovered (in the 20th century) that atoms, and everything that we know, obeys something called quantum mechanics, which uses lots of probability theory.

## History 
The theory of probability was created by Gerolamo Cardano, a medical doctor and gambler who tried to calculate his luck. Years later, Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal helped develop Cardano's theory.  

Today, probability theory is used in statistics, which is useful to all kinds of areas: like medicine, economy, Science, Mathematics...

## Related pages 
* Fuzzy logic
* Variance
* Law of large numbers
* Central limit theorem 
* Statistics

## Bibliography 
* 
:: The first major treatise blending calculus with probability theory, originally in French: *Théorie Analytique des Probabilités*.

* 
:: The modern measure-theoretic foundation of probability theory; the original German version (*Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitrechnung*) appeared in 1933.

* 

* 
:: A lively introduction to probability theory for the beginner.

* 

## References
Sophia

**Sophia** and **sofia** may mean:

## Spiritual
* Sophia (gnosticism), gnostic deity
* Pistis Sophia, gnostic text
* In the Ben Sirach, wisdom from the Torah.

## Music
* Sophia (indie rock band)
* SOPHIA, Japanese band
* Sophia (EP) by The Crüxshadows
* Sophia (song) by Nerina Pallot

## Buildings
* Hagia Sophia or Saint Sophia, Istanbul
* Sophia Cathedral in Russia
* Sophia University in Tokyo

## Geographic locations
* Sofia
* Sophia Antipolis, France
* Sophia, West Virginia

## Science
* Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
* 251 Sophia, asteroid

## Other
* Sophia (name)
* Sophia (vehicle), from the Blaster Master video-game series

## Related pages
* Sofia (disambiguation)
Trdat the Architect

**Trdat the Architect** (c. 950-1020) (Armenian: Տրդատ ճարտարապետ), known in Latin as **Tiridates**, was chief architect of the Bagratuni Dynasty of Armenia.

After a great earthquake in 989 destroyed the dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine officials sent Trdat to Byzantium to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by 994.

## Other websites
* The Ani cathedral
* Cities and sites in Armenia
Time in Australia

Mainland Australia has three official time zones. The full names of the time zones are usually shortened by dropping the *Australian*.  Most Australian external territories are in different time zones.  Many parts of Australia have daylight saving time.

## History
The three official standard time zones were set up in February 1895.

Originally South Australia was nine hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) but in May 1899 they added another thirty minutes to that.  Some people have disliked having this non-whole number of hours difference.  In 1986 and 1994 they tried to take the thirty minutes away again or add another thirty minutes but they failed.

When the Australian Capital Territory separated from New South Wales they kept using Eastern Standard Time.  When the Northern Territory separated from South Australia they kept using Central Standard Time.

## Changes
There have been some other changes.
*Broken Hill in far-western New South Wales uses Central Standard Time.
*Lord Howe Island sets its clocks 10:30 ahead of GMT. 
*Some towns on the Eyre Highway in the south-east corner of Western Australia, between  the South Australian border almost as far as Caiguna, use Central Western Standard Time.  This is an unofficial time zone 45 minutes ahead of the official Western Australian time.
*The Indian Pacific train has its own time zone when travelling between Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta.  They call it "train time".

## Outside territories
Australia's many outside territories follow their own time zones.  None follow daylight saving time.

## Daylight saving time
South Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania use daylight saving time every year.  In these regions daylight saving time begins on the first Sunday in October at 2:00 am local standard time, and ends on the first Sunday in April at 3:00 am local daylight saving time.  The starting and finishing times are sometimes changed when there are special events, such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, in Australia.

The Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia do not have daylight saving time.  People living in the northern parts of Australia tend not to be in favour of daylight saving.

## References 
* The Australian National Time System National Standards Commission Leaflet No. 8, January 2003. Linked via Wayback machine
* NSW Legislative Council Hansard, 2 March 2005 
* Daylight Saving Petitions 
* Daylight Saving Time History of daylight saving time implementation dates at the Bureau of Meteorology website.

## Other websites
*Time Zones in Australia
Retirement

**Retirement** is when people stop working. People may retire when they reach a certain age, or if they get sick or have an accident, or even for their own choice. People cannot generally retire unless they have a pension. Some people may semi-retire and keep some sort of job. People typically do this after working for so many years and growing tired of it.

People who become less able to look after themselves may move to retirement homes, retirement villages, sheltered housing, or nursing homes. They may have to pay for care,or their family may care for them.

## Retirement in other uses
The term may also be used when it's not related to people. The word can mean something is out of service, like an old model vehicle.

## References
## Other websites
*
Hakob Kojoyan

]]

**Hakob Karapetovich Kojoyan** (1883 - 1959) was an Armenian artist. He worked in genres of painting, landscapes, and applied art. Hakob Kojoyan was awarded the designation of "People's Artist of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." He helped Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian to create the coat of arms for the Democratic Republic of Armenia.

## Biography 
Hakob Kojoyan was born in Akhaltsikhe (now in Georgia) to a family of Armenian jewelers. As a boy he apprenticed to the goldsmith's craft and learned engraving. At age 20 he went to study art in Munich, Germany, and in 1905 went to the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in Russia, where he studied for two years. He later spent time in Paris and Moscow, then in 1918 returned to Armenia.

## References
Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia

The **Arsacid Dynasty** or (sometimes called the **Arshakuni Dynasty**) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 54 to 428. They started as a branch of the Parthian Arsacids but became a distinctly Armenian dynasty later on. Armenia was between the Parthian and Roman Empires and both were trying to control it. Arsacid Kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years after the fall of the Artaxiad Dynasty until 62 when Tiridates I of Armenia secured Arsacid rule in Armenia.

An independent line of Kings was established by Vologases II of Armenia (Valarses/Vagharshak) in 180. Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator in 301 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in 405.

## References
*History of Education in Armenia - by Kevork A. Sarafian, G A Sarafean
*The heritage of Armenian literature Vol.1 - by A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Edward S. Franchuk, Gabriel Basmajian

## Other websites
*Armenian History; Armenian Highland
*Armenian History: Arshakuni Dynasty by Levon Zekiyan 
*The Arshakuni Dynasty of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian
Alexander Tamanian

**Alexander Tamanian** (, March 4, 1878, Yekaterinodar - February 20, 1936, Yerevan) was an Armenian neoclassical architect, who is remembered today for his work in the city of Yerevan.

## Other websites 
*Alexander Tamanian at Armeniapedia.org
*Alexander Tamanian at TACentral.com
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic

The **Armenian SSR**  or Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia, came into being on 29 November 1920. On 1 December 1920, the Prime Minister Simon Vratsian handed over control of the country to the Communist Party of Armenia. The name was later changed to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

## Notes
Ani

**Ani** () is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site in Turkey. It is in the province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey.

At the height of its great times, Ani had a population of 100,000 - 200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Cairo. Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani has been abandoned and largely forgotten for centuries.

## History 
Armenian chroniclers first mention Ani in the 5th century AD. They describe it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian Kamsarakan dynasty.
 
By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in Arsharunik and Shirak (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty. Their leader, Ashot *Msaker* (Ashot the Meateater) (806-827) was given the title of *ishkhan* (prince) of Armenia by the Caliphate in 804.

### Other monuments 
There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by Chalcedonian Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc.

File:Ani townwall.jpg
File:Wall in Ani, 123105.jpg
File:Walls of Ani.jpg
File:Ani 2.jpg
File:AniCathedral.JPG
File:Ani - Tigran Honents.jpg
File:Church of Abughamrents Ani 4.JPG
File:Church in Ani (eastern Turkey).jpg
File:20110419 Monastery of Hripsimian Virgins Ani Turkey.jpg
File:Ani seen from Armenia.jpg
File:20110419 Menucehr mosque Ani Turkey Panorama.jpg
File:20110419_Kizkale_church_Ani_Turkey.jpg
File:Zoroastrian fire temple, Ani.jpg
File:20110419 Castle from the minaret of Menucehr mosque Ani Turkey.jpg
File:Ruins in Ani 2.JPG
File:20110419 bridge Akhurian River Ani Turkey.jpg
File:Ani St Tigran fresco.JPG
File:Ani Inside Cathedral.JPG
File:Selcuk palace Ani.JPG
File:Ani from afar.jpg
File:Aninin sehir plani.jpg
File:AniMap.gif
File:Ani looking east.jpg

## Other websites 
* Virtual Ani - has clickable maps, extensive history and photos
Yuri Andropov

**Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov** (; 15 June 1914 – 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician who briefly served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1982 until his death in 1984. He previously headed the KGB and played a role in suppressing dissent. Andropov's time in power was marked by a focus on domestic issues and efforts to combat corruption, but his tenure was cut short by his death.

## Biography 
Yuri Andropov was born on June 15, 1914, in Nagutskoye, Russia. His early life was shaped by the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, and he grew up during a period of significant political and social change. Andropov joined the Komsomol (Communist Youth League) in 1930 and became a member of the Communist Party in 1939. His career in the Soviet security apparatus began in the 1930s, and he steadily climbed the ranks. Andropov's intelligence work included serving as the Soviet ambassador to Hungary during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. His role in suppressing the uprising contributed to his reputation within the Communist Party leadership. Andropov continued to ascend in Soviet politics, becoming the head of the KGB in 1967. His leadership at the KGB was marked by a focus on suppressing dissent and maintaining strict control. In 1982, Yuri Andropov became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, succeeding Leonid Brezhnev. Andropov focused on strengthening the USSR's global position. Domestically, he tightened control to suppress dissent, while internationally, he pursued a cautious approach, emphasizing arms control and improving relations with the West, yet maintaining Soviet influence in global affairs. His brief tenure limited the scope of major policy changes. However, his time as the leader was short-lived, as he passed away in 1984.

## Personal Life 
Andropov lived at 26 Kutuzovsky Prospekt with Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Suslov. Andropov married twice, Nina Ivanovna (Married 1935, Divorced 1941), and Tatyana Andropova (Married 1941). They had 4 children, Evgenia Andropova, Igor Andropov, Irina Andropova, and Vladimir Andropov.
### Health Problems 
Andropov faced various health issues, including kidney failure and diabetes. His health declined, leading to his death in 1984.

## Legacy 
Andropov is often remembered for his short tenure and the crackdown on dissent. His legacy includes efforts to combat corruption and a focus on discipline in the Soviet system. His time in power was marked by political repression and a lack of significant reforms.
## References
Thomas Cavendish

**Sir Thomas Cavendish** (or Candish) (1560-1592) was an English sea explorer. He was known as "the Navigator" because he led the third expedition to travel around (*circumnavigate*) the globe. Cavendish was the first who set sail to do this. Magellan and Francis Drake were the first two to circumnavigate the globe, but they did not intend to do so. Cavendish died at sea on his second voyage around the world.
Armenian Americans

was a well known Armenian American.]]
An **Armenian-American or American Armenian** is an American citizen who is Armenian, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion. During the 2009 Census in the United States, 1,270,000 Americans indicated either full or partial Armenian ancestry.

## History 
The first Armenian known to have moved to America is nicknamed "Martin the Armenian". He was one of the settlers in the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. He arrived in Jamestown in 1618, when the colony was only 11 years old. Martin was invited to the colony to raise silk worms. Other Armenians were also brought to the colony but they went back to Europe.

Armenians began to arrive in the United States in high numbers in the late 19th century. However, the influx was intensified when over 100,000 Armenian refugees came after World War I to flee the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

## References 
## Other websites
* Information about Armenian-Americans in the United States
* More Information about Armenian-Americans
Raphael Lemkin

**Raphael Lemkin** (; 24 June 1900 – 28 August 1959) was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent. Before World War II, Lemkin was interested in the Armenian Genocide and campaigned in the League of Nations to ban what he called "barbarity" and "vandalism". He is best known for his work against genocide, a word he coined in 1943 from the root words *genos* (Greek for family, tribe or race) and *-cide* (Latin for killing).

## Death
Lemkin died of a heart attack at the public relations office of Milton H. Blow in New York City in 1959, at the age of 59.

## Other websites
*Biographical sketch of Raphael Lemkin
*Key writings of Raphael Lemkin on Genocide, 1933–1947
*Raphael Lemkin at ArmeniaPedia
Vakıflı

.]]
**Vakıflı Köyü** ( — Vakif) is the only ethnic Armenian village in Turkey. It is on the slopes of Musa Dagh in the Samandağ district of Hatay Province. It has a view of the Mediterranean Sea. From the village, people can see the Syrian border. It has a population of about 130 people. The village was destroyed in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.
Byzantium

**Byzantium** () was an ancient Greek city. The name "Byzantium" is a Latinization of the original name **Byzantion**.

The city became the center of the Byzantine Empire, (the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages), but at that time it was already called Constantinople.

## History
### Legend
The origins of Byzantium are not clear. There is only a legend. It tells that a certain Byzas from Megara (a town near Athens), founded Byzantium, when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. He had asked the Oracle at Delphi where he should found his new city. The Oracle told him to find it "opposite the blind." At the time, he did not know what this meant. But when he came upon the Bosporus he realized what it meant: on the Asiatic shore was a Greek city, Chalcedon. It was they who must have been blind because they had not seen that obviously superior land was just a half mile away on the other side of the Bosporus. Byzas founded his city here in this "superior" land and named it Byzantion after himself.

### History before Constantine I
Byzantion was mainly a trading city due to its strategic location at the Black Sea's only entrance. Byzantion later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus.

When it fought with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was  by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD. Byzantium was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, when he had become emperor, and quickly regained its earlier prosperity.

### Center of the Eastern Roman Empire
When Roman Emperor Constantine I decided to move his capital to the Eastern part of the Roman Empire he chose the place of Byzantion because of its strategical value. He refounded it, in 330 AD, as *Nova Roma*.  After his death the city was called Constantinople ('city of Constantine'). It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later called the Byzantine Empire by historians.

## Emblem
Following the legend the citizens of Byzantium claimed the crescent moon as their state symbol, after an important victory in 340 BC.  However, the origin of the crescent and star as a symbol dates back much earlier - to ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt. But Byzantium was the first city that used the crescent moon as its symbol. In 330 AD Constantine I added the Virgin Mary's star to the flag.

## Related pages
* Constantinople details the history of the city before the Turkish conquest of 1453
* Istanbul, describes the modern city

## Notes
## References
*Jeffreys, Elizabeth and Michael, and Moffatt, Ann. 1981. *Byzantine Papers: Proceedings of the First Australian Byzantine Studies Conference, Canberra, 17-19 May 1978*. Australian National University, Canberra.
* Istanbul Historical Information - Istanbul Informative Guide To The City .  Retrieved Jan. 6, 2005.
* The Useful Information about Istanbul . Retrieved Jan. 6, 2005.

## Other websites
* Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies : www.byzantium.ac.uk
* Description of Byzantine monetary system - fifth Century BC : History of money FAQs
Shushanik Kurghinian

**Shushanik Kurghinian** (Popoljian) (1876-1927) was an Armenian poet. Kurghinian received little or no recognition for her outstanding poems. Although a socialist with some stirring poems of labour's rebellion to her name, she remained a dim star even in the Soviet era. Today she is almost unknown, away from the literary canon in Armenia and the Diaspora.

## Background 
Shushanik Kurghinian was born on August 18, 1876, in Alexandrapol, in the Yerevan province of Eastern Armenia, into a poor family of Popolji Harout. In her autobiography Shushanik writes of her childhood: “Sometimes father would bring his [shoe-repair] ‘workstation’ home, in order to save money, and I would work for him – demanding my wages, every single kopek (Coin). My mother, having been raised in a traditional household, would reprove my ‘ill behavior toward my parent,’and blamed those harmful books for corrupting me.”

## Works 
`Whoever is without hope, dulled, without spirit,
alone and lacking faith...
bring them to me
my spirit is free
I will give them of my soul...'
(Selected Works, 1982 Yerevan p260)

## Other websites 
*`I Want to Live: Poems of Shushanik Kurghinian' or at ArmeniaPedia.org
Gyumri

**Gyumri** (Armenian:Գյումրի) is the capital and largest city of the Shirak province in northwest Armenia. It is located about 75 miles from the capital Yerevan, and, with a population of 150,917 (2001 census), is the second-largest city in Armenia.

## Other websites 
* City website  
* Surp Amenaprkich cathedral in Gyumri
Arminianism

Study Helps: www.umich.edu.BibleKJV, simple search: study., 2Timothy 2:15., 2Timothy 3:16-17, Joshua 24:15, Isaiah Chapter 55, Isaiah 35:8, John Chapters 1 and 3, John 1:12, John 3:3 John 3:16, John 10:10, John 14:6 Romans chapter 10, Acts 3:19, Acts 4:12, Ephesians 2:8-9, Revelation 12:11, Revelation 22:15. 39 Old Testament Books  27 New Testament Books. Other Study Tools: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, Webster's 1828 Dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionaries.

## Other websites
* The Works of Jacob Arminius 
* What is an Arminian?  by John Wesley
Van (disambiguation)

A **van** is a road vehicle used for transporting goods or groups of people.

**Van** or may also refer to:

## Places
In Turkey:
* Van, Turkey, the city
* Van Province
* Lake Van, borders the Van Province

## Other
* The country code for Vanuatu
* Van Slanzar de Fanel, a fictional character in *The Vision of Escaflowne*
* A kind of Norse deity, plural Vanir
* Turkish Van, a breed of cat
Armenian Evangelical Church

The **Armenian Evangelical Church** (Armenian: Հայաստանեայց Աւետարանական Եկեղեցի) was established on July 1, 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople.

## History
In the 19th century, there was intellectual and spiritual awakening in Constantinople. This awakening and enlightenment pushed the reformists to study the Bible. Under the patronage of the Armenian Patriarchate, a school was opened, headed by Krikor Peshdimaljian, one of the leading intellectuals of the time. The principal aim of this school was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Today, there are 88 Armenian Evangelical Churches in the following countries: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Uruguay, and the United States of America.

## Other websites
*Directory of Armenian Evangelical Churches, Institutions, Pastors and Christian Workers Worldwide