open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Thompson submachine gun

The **Thompson submachine gun**, also known as the **Tommy gun and Chicago typewriter,** was an early submachine gun design. It was popular among soldiers, police, and civilians alike. It was invented by Brigadier General John T. Thompson at the end of World War I as a "trench-broom" weapon, or a weapon that could clear out trenches very quickly. The war ended before the submachine gun could be used in battle. 

In 1919, General Thompson had the company he ed, Auto-Ordnance Company, modify the gun for civilian use. The gun was classified as a submachine gun, meaning a small, fully automatic, hand-held gun that fires pistol ammunition.

## Technical specification 
* **Caliber:** .45 ACP
* **Barrel:** 
* **Length:** 
* **Weight:**  empty
* **Operation:** friction delayed gas blowback
* **Capacity:** 20, 30 round straight box magazine, 50, 100 round drum magazine (not compatible with M1 or M1A1), belt feed ("Persuader" prototype)
* **Type:** Submachine gun
* **Fire modes:** Semi-auto/Full-auto (600-725 RPM, 1,500 RPM on "Annihilator 1" prototype, and 800 on "Annihilator 2")
* **In service:** M1919 prototypes: *(1919 - 1920)*/Serial production *(1921 - present day)*

## History 
In 1882, John T. Thompson entered the United States Army. During the Spanish–American War he made a reputation for himself making sure ammunition got to the front lines. This was at a time of almost complete chaos in the army supply system. He later played a part in developing two important American military weapons. These were the M1903 Springfield rifle and the M1911 pistol. Designed for use in World War I, the gun was first called "The Annihilator I" (Thompson nicknamed it a trench broom) could fire 20 rounds per second.

## After World War I 
In 1921, the Colt Patent Firearms Company made 15,000 Thompson submachine guns for Auto-Ordinance at a cost of $38.25 each. These were called the “Model 1921A”. It worked well to counter ambushes by Nicaraguan guerrillas. The Irish Republican Army used them in 1921 during the last part of the Irish War of Independence. They were not impressed by the fact they could only kill about 32 percent of those they fired at. It was also heavy at about  loaded. It had to be kept very clean or it would misfire. But soldiers liked the weapon. It was a favorite of British and Australian soldiers. In the US military it was carried by squad leaders and officers.  Over 1,700,000 Thompson submachine guns have been made.

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* From Gangland to the Battlefield — 15 Amazing Facts About the Thompson Submachine Gun
* Why do the earlier Thompson submachine guns have drum magazines ...
* Firing a Thompson on full-auto, YouTube
Blood agent

A **blood agent** is a poisonous chemical.  A blood agent makes it impossible for a person's blood to hold oxygen and bring it to the rest of the body.  Every part of the body needs oxygen to survive.  Blood agents can cause life-threatening symptoms like seizures or coma, which happen because the brain is not getting enough oxygen.  In high enough doses, blood agents can make a person suffocate.

When they are used on purpose to kill many people, blood agents are weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).

The most common types of blood agents are chemical compounds that include cyanide.  However, other blood agents are based on arsenic.

All of these chemicals are colorless, except for phosgene.  Phosgene gas is colorless, but liquid phosgene is a very light yellow.

Blood agents prevent gas exchange.  They keep oxygen from getting into the body's cells.  Without oxygen, cells die.  If a person gets a high enough dose of a blood agent, they will suffocate because the oxygen they breathe in cannot get into the body's cells.  This can happen accidentally or on purpose.

For example, there are cyanide compounds in cigarette smoke and in smoke from many building fires.  Also, cyanide compounds and arsine are used in pesticides.  Most exposures to arsine happen accidentally to people who work around these chemicals.
* How much of the blood agent the person breathed in or swallowed (this is called *concentration*)
* How long the person was exposed to the blood agent (*duration*)

If a person is exposed to a small amount of a blood agent, their symptoms may not be life-threatening.  For example, they may get confused, feel very tired, or have a headache, nausea, and vomiting.

A form of vitamin B12 that is made by bacteria, called hydroxocobalamin, is also an antidote to cyanide.  It changes cyanide into regular vitamin B12.  Medical professionals can only give "supportive care," which means they can only treat arsine poisoning's symptoms.  For example, they can give oxygen through a mask; give medications for cardiac arrhythmias; and do dialysis for kidney failure.  Phosgene was first used by the German Army to attack the British Army in 1915. of the 100,000 deaths caused by poison gas during the war (a total of about 85,000 deaths).

In 1919, the British Royal Air Force dropped arsenic gas on Bolshevik soldiers during the Russian Civil War.

Phosgene was also used often by the Imperial Japanese Army against China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).

During the Holocaust, the Nazis used a form of hydrogen cyanide called Zyklon B to kill people in the gas chambers at their death camps and concentration camps.

After nerve gases were discovered, blood agents were not used as much.  However, in the 1980s, Iraq used cyanogen chloride against Iran in the Iran-Iraq War.  Most states now use other ways of executing people.  However, execution by hydrogen cyanide is still legal in six states.

## Related pages
* Cyanide
* Arsenic
* Chemical warfare
* Chemical weapons in World War I
* Chemical Weapons Convention

## References
Minik Wallace

**Minik Wallace** (also called **Mene** ; about 1890 &ndash; 29 October 1918) was an Inuit from Greenland. He was brought to New York City as a child in 1897, by the explorer Robert Peary. His father and four others were also brought. The six of them were studied by staff at the American Museum of Natural History, which was given custody of them. Most of them died soon after arriving. 

Minik was a member of the Inughuit, the northernmost group of Inuit in Greenland. His father was named Qisuk. They met Peary when the explorer employed men from the Inughuit during several expeditions into the Arctic. Peary asked some of them to come with him to New York. Six of them agreed, including Qisuk and Minik. Peary did not tell them about the real purpose of the trip. Some agreed to travel to see new places; others did not want to be separated from relatives. Peary promised them that they would be able to return to Greenland. Soon after their arrival, the group became the objects of study. The museum staff had not made plans for their care, nor for their return.

Soon after arriving in New York, most of the Inuit contracted the disease tuberculosis. Three adults and one child died, including Minik's father. A fourth adult survived and was returned to Greenland. Minik was the only one left. William Wallace, the curator of the museum, adopted Minik. Minik pleaded for a proper Inuit burial for his father. The museum staff wanted to preserve Qisuk's body for study. They made a fake body and put it in a coffin. They staged a fake burial so that Minik would think he was burying his father.

The museum put the skeleton on display. In about 1906, a story was published in local newspapers that stated Qisuk's skeleton was displayed in the museum. Minik was told about it by his classmates at school. He then asked that his father's bones be given to him for traditional burial. Wallace supported Minik in this, but the museum denied that they had the body. Minik was never able to reclaim his father's bones.

Minik returned to Greenland in 1910, with the help of Peary. He came back to the United States in 1916. He lived and worked there until dying of influenza in the pandemic of 1918.

Kenn Harper wrote a book about Minik in 1986. The book was called ''Give Me My Father's Body''. Harper spent several years trying to persuade the Museum of Natural History to return the remains of the four Inuit to Greenland. He succeeded in 1993. The bodies were buried in a funeral in Qaanaaq. Minik is buried in a cemetery in Pittsburg, New Hampshire.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Minik Wallace  at the Memory Palace podcast
Social spider

A **social spider** is a species of spider which lives in a group. Most spiders are solitary, but a few species in tropical habitats live in large groups. 

This social organisation has evolved independently a number of times. At least 23 species in eight families are known.

These spiders have not developed a caste system, and so they are not classed as eusocial. The first one was discovered over a century ago by Eugène Simon (30 April 1848 &ndash; 17 November 1924). This French naturalist described over 4,000 species of spider.

## References
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks

The **Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks** are the sports teams that play for the University of Louisiana at Monroe. There are 16 teams.

## References
Luger

The **Luger** was a German semi-automatic pistol that was introduced in 1908. It was the first pistol to use the 9x19mm Parabellum bullet. Its magazines hold eight bullets.

Technically, it was and is held in high esteem. The workmanship was top-class, and its performance was highly respected. The Luger was eventually replaced by the Walther P38.

The 9 millimeter bullets designed for the gun are still a standard for NATO forces.

## References
FedEx Express

**FedEx Express** is an international cargo airline and delivery service. It has a hub in Memphis, Tennessee, in the United States.  FedEx Express is part of FedEx Corporation.

 

## References
Fayetteville

**Fayetteville** is the name several places in the United States.

*Fayetteville, Alabama
*Fayetteville, Arkansas
*Fayetteville, Georgia
*Fayetteville, Illinois
*Fayetteville, Indiana
*Fayetteville, New York
*Fayetteville, North Carolina
*Fayetteville, Ohio
*Fayetteville, Pennsylvania
*Fayetteville, Tennessee
*Fayetteville, Texas
*Fayetteville, West Virginia

## Related pages
* Fayette
Greenville

**Greenville** is the name of several places:

## Canada 
* Laxgalts'ap, British Columbia, formerly named Greenville
*Greenville, Nova Scotia, in Yarmouth County
*Greenville Station, Nova Scotia, in Cumberland County
*Lower Greenville, Nova Scotia, in Cumberland County

## Liberia 
*Greenville, Liberia

## United States 
*Greenville, Alabama
*Greenville, California, in Plumas County
*Greenville, Alameda County, California
*Greenville, Yuba County, California
*Greenville, Connecticut
*Greenville, Delaware
*Greenville, Florida
*Greenville, Georgia
*Greenville, Illinois
*Greenville, Indiana
*Greenville, Iowa
*Greenville, Kentucky
*Manchester, Kentucky, originally founded as Greenville
*Greenville, Louisiana
*Greenville, Maine
*Greenville, Massachusetts
*Greenville, Michigan
*Greenville, Mississippi
*Greenville, Missouri
*Greenville, Nevada
*Greenville, New Hampshire
*Greenville, Jersey City, New Jersey
*Greenville, New York (disambiguation) 
*Greenville, North Carolina
*Greenville, Ohio
*Greenville, Oregon (disambiguation)
*Greenville, Pennsylvania
**Greenville Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania
*Greenville, Rhode Island
*Greenville, South Carolina
*Greenville, Texas
*Greenville, Utah
*Greenville, Virginia
*Greenville, Wisconsin, a town
*Greenville (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
*Greencastle, West Virginia, also called Greenville

## United Kingdom 
*Greenville, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
Bodil Malmsten

**Bodil Malmsten** (19 August 1944 &ndash; 5 February 2016) was a Swedish poet and novelist. She wrote over fifteen books from 1977 to her death. Her best known book was the English translation of *Priset på vatten i Finistère* (*The Price of Water in Finistère*) which was awarded Book of the Week by BBC Radio 4.

Malmsten was born in Bjärme, Jämtland. Her grandfather was designer and architect Carl Malmsten (1888&ndash;1972).

Malmsten died from cancer on 5 February 2016 in Stockholm. She was aged 71.

## References
Mohamed Fahmy

**Mohamed Fadel Fahmy** (&nbsp;; born April 27, 1974) is a Canadian-Egyptian journalist. He was born in Cairo. Fahmy was in prison in Egypt for two years. When he came out, he started the Fahmy Foundation for free speech.

## Work 
Mohamed Fahmy was a producer for CNN and a writer for the *Los Angeles Times*. He was also the Cairo bureau chief for Al-Jazeera's English channel.

### Arrest 
Fahmy was arrested on December 29, 2013 with two other journalists, Baher Mohamed and Peter Greste, in their hotel in Cairo. This was after General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi became president of Egypt. Sisi replaced the elected president, Mohammed Morsi, of the Muslim Brotherhood. The three reporters were accused of helping the Muslim Brotherhood. At the time, Fahmy worked for Al-Jazeera, which is owned by the government of Qatar. Qatar supported the Muslim Brotherhood, even after Morsi was out of power. 

In January 2015, Australian Peter Greste went back to Australia. But Fahmy and Baher had a new trial and got three more years in prison. Finally, human rights lawyer Amal Clooney helped them. Because of world pressure, President Sisi said they could go free.

## References
Shaolin

**Shaolin** may refer to:

*Shaolin Monastery, a Buddhist monastery in Henan, China
**Shaolin Kung Fu, the martial art associated with the monastery
*Southern Shaolin Monastery, a Buddhist monastery in Fujian, China
**Shaolin* (movie), a martial arts film from 2011
*Shaolin (humorist) (1971&ndash;2016), Brazilian humorist
**Shaolin Soccer*, a movie starring Stephen Chow
Eddy Wally

**Eddy Wally** (born **Eduard René Van De Walle**; 12 July 1932 &ndash; 6 February 2016) was a Belgian singer. He was nicknamed the "Voice of Europe". He was best known for his hits "Chérie" (1966), "Als marktkramer ben ik geboren" (1969) and "Ik spring uit een vliegmachien" (1996). He was also a popular meme in 2014.

Wally was born in Zelzate, East Flanders. He was married to Mariëtte Roegiers until her death in October 2012. They had a daughter, Marina Wally (born 1957), who became a singer. He retired in 2012 after poor health.

Wally died from a brain haemorrhage on 6 February 2016 in Zelzate. He was aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Official website
Fayette

**Fayette** is the name of several places in the United States.

*Fayette, Alabama
*Fayette, Indiana
*Fayette, Iowa
*Fayette, Maine
*Fayette, Michigan
*Fayette, Mississippi 
*Fayette, Missouri 
*Fayette, New York
*Fayette, Ohio 
*Fayette, Utah
*Fayette, West Virginia
*Fayette, Wisconsin, a town
**Fayette (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
*Fayette City, Pennsylvania
*Fayette Historic State Park, Michigan

## Related pages
*Fayette County
*Fayetteville
Jürgen Klopp

**Jürgen Norbert Klopp** (born 16 June 1967) is a German professional football manager and  He also managed and played for 1. FSV Mainz 05, and later managed Borussia Dortmund from 2008 to 2015. Klopp is responsible for revolutionising Liverpool FC, and won their 6th Champions League and first Premier League.

Klopp was born in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. He is married and has two children. He is a Protestant Christian.

## References
## Other websites
* Jürgen Klopp  at Goal.com
Mika Waltari

**Mika Toimi Waltari** () (19 September 1908 – 26 August 1979) was a Finnish writer. He is best known for his best-selling novel *The Egyptian* (). His career lasted over 40 years. He wrote at least 29 novels, 15 novellas, 6 collections of stories or fairy tales, 6 collections of poetry and 26 plays. Waltari wrote screenplays, radio plays, non-fiction, translations, and hundreds of reviews and articles. He is also internationally the best-known Finnish writer. His works have been translated into more than 30 languages.

## Career 
Waltari graduated from the University of Helsinki. He first studied theology, then history and languages. His career as writer started with religious poems and horror short stories. His first novel *Suuri illusioni* ('The Great Illusion') was his fifth work and a big . It has been compared to the famous works of the 1920s by Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Waltari's chief work, which made him internationally famous, was published after World War II. This was the large novel *Sinuhe Egyptiläinen* (UK title: Sinuhe the Egyptian; US title: The Egyptian). The story is placed in ancient Egypt. Waltari knew a lot about life there. Between the lines one can read a story about Christianity and history. The book contains comparison of idealism and realism but it does not tell which of them wins. It became popular also as a Hollywood movie. He never finished his last novel on the Knights of Malta due to illness.

## References
Hui people

The **Hui people** (, Xiao'erjing: , , ) are an East Asian ethnoreligious group. They are mostly Chinese-speaking muslims who live in China. They live mostly in the northwestern provinces of the country and in the Zhongyuan region. As of the 2011 census, China is home to about 10.5&nbsp;million Hui people. Most of Hui people are Chinese-speaking Muslims. The 110,000 Dungan people of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are also  part of the Hui ethnicity.

They have a  connection with Islamic culture. For example, as Muslims, they follow Islamic dietary laws and do not eat pork. Pork is the most commonly eaten meat in China. They hve created their own version of Chinese cuisine. Hui clothing is different from that of the Han Chinese. Some men wear white caps (taqiyah) and some women wear headscarves, This is the case in many Islamic cultures.

The Hui people are one of 56 ethnic groups recognized by China. The government says the Hui people include all Muslim communities that are not included in China's other ethnic groups. They are seperate from other Muslim groups such as the Uyghurs. The Hui mostly speak Chinese. There are some Arabic and Persian phrases in their speach. The Hui ethnic group is not associated with a non-Sinitic language.

The Hui people are more concentrated in Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang) in Northwestern China. Communities exist across the country.

Many Hui are clerics, interpreters, jewelers, tea traders, tanners, butchers, caravaneers, cavalrymen, shepherd, innkeeper, restauranteers and jade carvers.

Du Wenxiu's father was Han.

## References
### Sources
*  (1st edition appeared in 1991)
* 
*
River Avon, Bristol

in Bath]]
The **River Avon** runs through Bristol. The river is the 19th longest river in the United Kingdom. It is 75 miles (121km) long. The source of the river is in the Severn Estuary. The river rises in the county of Gloucestershire. It then flows through Wiltshire, for example in the city of Salisbury.

## References
Sam Spence

**Samuel Lloyd** **"Sam"** **Spence** (March 29, 1927 – February 6, 2016) was an American soundtrack composer. He was best known for his work with NFL Films. His work has also been on the *Madden NFL* football video games and various advertisements related to American football.

## References
2016 southern Taiwan earthquake

The **2016 southern Taiwan earthquake** happened in Taiwan on 6 February 2016. 116 people were killed. The source of the earthquake was in Kaohsiung.

## References
Magic Kingdom for Sale–SOLD!

***Magic Kingdom for Sale–Sold!*** is the first book in a series written by Terry Brooks. It is the story of a trial lawyer named Ben Holiday who gets a catalog from Rosen's, LTD. that is selling a fantasy kingdom named Landover. He buys the kingdom but learns that it is more challenging than he thought it would be.

## Main characters
### Ben Holiday
Ben Holiday is a lawyer from Chicago who works in a law office with his partner Miles Bennett. He is depressed after the death of his wife, Annie. He becomes king of Landover, and is crowned after joining the people together and killing the Iron Mark. He learns that he can become the Paladin when he is in danger.
Bamberg State Library

The **Bamberg State Library ** () is a library in Bamberg, Germany. The library was founded in 1803. It is operated by Bavaria, a state of Germany.

## Collections
There are about 566,000 books in the library. The oldest of them are from the Middle Ages.

There are also about 6,400 manuscripts in the library. Among these is the Bamberg Apocalypse, a richly illuminated manuscript from the 11th century. The Bamberg Apocalypse and two other manuscripts were recognized in UNESCO's *Memory of the World* register. Some of the library's oldest manuscripts were brought to Bamberg by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II.

The library also contains 3,600 early books that were printed – not handwritten – before the year 1501 in Europe, known as incunabula.

## References
## Other websites 
*  Website of the Bamberg State Library 
*  Catalogue of the Bamberg State Library
*  Manuscripts of Emperor Henry II  with the digital collections of manuscripts traced back to Henry II
*  Treasures of the Bamberg State Library with the digital collections of rare books, manuscripts and graphics
CentraleSupélec

**CentraleSupélec** is a graduate school of engineering in France. Its main campus is located at the Paris-Saclay plateau, and is one of the constituent institutes of the University of Paris-Saclay.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
* **Ingénieur CentraleSupélec** (Graduate Engineer program, leading to the Diplôme d'Ingénieur)
* **Master of Science** & **Doctorat** (Doctorate studies, leading to PhD)
* **Mastères Spécialisés** (Specialized Masters; MS)
* **Massive Online Open Course**

The academic and research programs, including industrial research collaborations, are mainly offered in French in English.

Most of the 5000 students in the Graduate Engineer program at CentraleSupélec live in dedicated student residences near the research labs and metro train station. Some of the campus facilities are shared with 65,000 students from other constituent schools of the University of Paris-Saclay.

## History 
CentraleSupélec was created 1 January 2015 from École Centrale de Paris and Supélec. This was in order to create one of the best universities in the world. Since October 2023, the school has been a partner of IPSA for double degrees in aerospace.

## Admission 
 to the **CentraleSupélec Programme** (2-year curriculum) is by:
* a French nationwide selective exam with *numerus clausus*: concours Centrale-Supelec (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
* a selective application from *Top Industrial Managers for Europe* (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)

The **CentraleSupélec Programme** typically lasts three years. It results in a master's degree, in addition to international experience. The undergraduate studies plus the CentraleSupélec Programme account for more than a 300 ECTS s in the European education system.
 
However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree  are required to spend two-years at CentraleSupélec and spend two years in the TIME-partner  for a total of four years. This results in a double master's degree.

## Research labs 
Research activities at CentraleSupélec relate to the following topics:
* Materials and Procedures
* Mechanics, Energetics and Combustion
* Applied Physics
* Applied Mathematics
* Technology and IT Systems
* Signal processing, Automation
* Electrical Engineering, Electronics
* Industrial Engineering, Economics and Administration

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Signe Toly Anderson

**Signe Toly Anderson** (September 15, 1941 &ndash; January 28, 2016) was an American singer. She was one of the founding members of the American rock band Jefferson Airplane. Anderson was born in Seattle, Washington.

Anderson died from complications of COPD at her home in Beaverton, Oregon. She was aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
* Jefferson Airplane | Fillmore Auditorium | San Francisco, CA | Oct 15, 1966 | Late Show - concertvault.com 
* *Got a Revolution!: The Turbulent Flight of Jefferson Airplane*, Jeff Tamarkin, Atria, 2005, 
* Jefferson Airplane website
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

, North Yorkshire.]]
The **United Kingdom European Union membership referendum** took place on 23 June 2016 in the UK and Gibraltar. It was to decide whether the United Kingdom would stay in the European Union (EU).

The referendum ended with 51.9% of votes in favour of leaving the EU.

On 24 June, the then Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister David Cameron announced that he would resign. He was replaced on 13 July by Theresa May.

## The *Remain* campaign 
Members of the *Remain* campaign wanted the United Kingdom to stay in the European Union. Political parties that wanted the UK to stay in the EU include the Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish National Party. They said that being in the EU gave the UK many advantages in trade.

Prime Minister David Cameron supported staying in the EU, but the Conservative Party was neutral. It was up to each MP to have their own view. Other well-known Conservatives who wanted to remain in the EU include George Osborne, Theresa May and Philip Hammond.

## The *Leave* campaign 
Members of the *leave* campaign, commonly called *Brexit*, wanted the UK to leave the European Union. Political parties who supported leaving the EU include United Kingdom Independence Party, the Respect Party and many members of the Conservative Party. Those who supported "leave" were especially concerned about the EU's "open border" policies and mass migration.

Some well known members of the Conservative party who wanted to leave the EU included Iain Duncan Smith, Michael Gove and Boris Johnson.

## Party policies
The tables list political parties with seats in the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the European Parliament, the Scottish Parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Welsh Assembly, or the Gibraltar Parliament at the time of the referendum.

### Great Britain
### Northern Ireland
### Gibraltar
## Final results 
* Total votes only include Valid votes. About 25,359 were invalid or blank. Source: 

### UK regional results
## Reactions 
Shortly after the results were announced, David Cameron said that he would resign by October 2016. After a leadership election, Theresa May became Prime Minister on 13 July.

The Scottish government announced on 24 June 2016 that they were planning to hold a second independence referendum. Northern Ireland politician Martin McGuinness also called for an Irish reunification referendum. A movement for London independence even occurred, with an online petition reaching thousands of signatures.

A "Bregret"/"Regrexit" petition was proposed by William Oliver Healey on 24 May 2016. It was made to support the creation of a second European Union membership referendum. By 25 June, more than two and a half million people signed the petition. Calls for a second referendum was later rejected by the government.

Theresa May officially triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017. This means that negotiations have started between the UK government and the European Union. These talks are expected to last 2 years and after they have finished  the UK will be out of the EU.

## Notes
## References
The Black Unicorn

***The Black Unicorn*** is a fantasy book written by Terry Brooks. It is the second book in the *Magic Kingdom of Landover* series. The book continues the stories of Ben Holiday, Willow, and Questor Thews. Each of them had a dream about something important to them. They each left Sterling Silver (the castle they live in) to look for what they dreamed about. The dreams led Ben Holiday to Chicago, Questor Thews to find the books of magic, and Willow to hunt for the black unicorn.
Ciriaco Cañete

**Ciriaco "Cacoy" Cañete** (August 8, 1919 – February 5, 2016) was a Filipino martial artist. He was a member of the Doce Pares Eskrima Club. He was the last surviving member of the club, which was founded in January 1932. In 1951 he developed his own martial art system named Eskrido. He was born in San Fernando, Cebu.

Cañete died in a hospital in Downtown Cebu City on February 5, 2016. He died from prostate cancer. He was aged 96.

## References
Dan Hicks (singer)

**Daniel Ivan Hicks** (December 9, 1941 – February 6, 2016) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He made music with elements of cowboy folk, jazz, country, swing, bluegrass, pop and gypsy. He led the band **Dan Hicks and His Hot Licks**. His career began in 1965.

He was best known for the songs "I Scare Myself" and "Canned Music."  His songs were known for having humor. One of his songs was titled "How Can I Miss You When You Won't Go Away?" His latest album, *Live at Davies*, was released in 2013.

Hicks died on February 6, 2016 from throat and liver cancer. He died in Mill Valley, California. He was 74 years old. He was diagnosed with throat cancer in 2014 and had liver cancer since 2015.

## References
Alvin Baldus

**Alvin James Baldus** (April 27, 1926 &ndash; February 2, 2017) was an American politician. He was member of the Democratic Party. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1981, as a member for Wisconsin. He lost his re-election in 1980.

Baldus was born in Garner, Iowa. He grew up in Elkton and Austin in Minnesota. He studied at Riverland Community College. Baldus died on February 2, 2017 in Menomonie, Wisconsin, aged 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Fife Symington

**John Fife Symington III** (born August 12, 1945) is an American politician and businessman. He was born in New York City. He served as the 19th Governor of the U.S. state of Arizona. He served from 1991 until his resignation in 1997. He was a member of the Republican Party.

## References
## Other websites
**Arizona Republic* special report on Fife Symington
**Arizona Republic* biography of Fife Symington
*
*Pro-Symington website; tracks positive news coverage 
*Summary of the government's investigation
USS Nitze (DDG-94)

The '*USS *Nitze* (DDG 94)*' is an Arleigh Burke class destroyer. It is owned by the United States Navy. The ship was built at Bath Iron Works in Maine. It was finished in 2004. The ship was commissioned on March 5, 2005 after almost a year of testing at sea. (part of the USS *Enterprise* strike group), and November 2013 (deployed alone).

As of February 2016, the *Nitze*'s Commanding Officer was CDR Paul Kaylor, the Executive Officer was CDR Michael Cloud, and the Command Master Chief was Sean Brown.

## References
Trier of fact

The **trier of fact**, also called the **finder of fact**, is the person or persons responsible for deciding the factual issues Iin a criminal trial, which is also called a **finding of fact.** In a jury trial, the trier of fact is the jury.

In many types of hearings, the trier of fact may be an administrative law judge, a board, commission, or a referee. Once the trier of fact determines what is assumed to be the truth of a matter, legal rules are applied to those facts. A judge instructs a jury about the legal rules applying to the case. The s include what the findings may be. For example, the jury may find for the plantiff or for the defendant.  

## References
Magdalena River

The **Magdalena River** is the most important river in the western part of Colombia. It has a length of . Its course is from south to north. About 80 percent of the population of Colombia live on the banks of the river or one of its tributaries. Barranquilla, Colombia's biggest city, lies on the banks of the river.

Watercraft can travel on the river up to the city of Honda, about  upstream. At Honda, there are rapids. After these rapids, watercraft can travel for another .

## References
Trey Lyles

**Trey Anthony Lyles** (born November 5, 1995) is a Canadian professional basketball player. He is a power forward/small forward for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the Utah Jazz, Denver Nuggets, San Antonio Spurs, and the Detroit Pistons.

## College
Lyles played college basketball with the University of Kentucky Wildcats from 2014 until 2015. Lyles had originally committed to play for Indiana but he decommitted in August 2012. He did not play in Kentucky's six-game exhibition series in Nassau, Bahamas because of a leg injury. 

## NBA career
Lyles was drafted by the Utah Jazz in the first round with the 12th overall pick in the 2015 NBA Draft. The Jazz signed him to rookie scale contract on July 7, 2015. On January 14, 2016, Lyles was able to score a season-high 19 points in a 103-101 loss to the Sacramento Kings.

## References
## Other websites
*
Stromule

A **stromule** is a microscopic structure found in plant cells. Stromules (stroma-filled tubules) are highly dynamic structures extending from the surface of all plastids, including chloroplasts.   

Protrusions from and interconnections between plastids were seen in 1888  and 1908, and have been described from time to time in the literature since then.  

Stromules were recently rediscovered in 1997. They exist in a number of angiosperm species including *Arabidopsis thaliana*, wheat, rice and tomato, but their role is not yet fully understood.

## References
Combatant

A **combatant** is a person who fights in an armed conflict. Combatants in an interstate armed conflict are protected by parts of the Geneva Conventions as long as they obey the rules of war. Those who fights with non-state armed groups in a non-interstate armed conflicts are not immune from prosecution for waging war against State forces.

## References
Sturla Gunnarsson

**Sturla Gunnarsson** (born August 30, 1951) is a Canadian movie director and producer.  He has since won a number of awards including Emmy Award, Genie Award and Gemini Awards.

## Awards
* International Emmy Award in 1997, for *Gerrie & Louise*
* Genie Award in 1986, for *Final Offer*
* Gemini Awards
* Oscar nomination
* Prix Italia
* Cadillac People’s Choice Documentary Award at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010, for *Force of Nature: The David Suzuki Movie*
* Canada's Top Ten Film Festival People's Choice Award, awarded in January 2015 for *Monsoon*

## References 
## Other websites 
*
*Watch films by Sturla Gunnarsson at the National Film Board of Canada
Marcos Milinkovic

**Marcos Antonio Milinković** (born December 22, 1971 in Villa Ballester, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine volleyball player. Milinković is 203&nbsp;cm and weighs 100&nbsp;kg. He competed in the 1996, 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics.

## Other websites
* FIVB 2007 Profile
* Milinkovic Profile at ESPN
* Italian League Profile
* Interview in volley country
Bill Birchfield

**William O. Birchfield** (December 19, 1935 – February 5, 2016) was an American politician, lawyer, and civic leader in the state of Florida. He called himself as the "Duke of Mayo". He was born in Mayo, Florida. He served in the Florida House of Representatives for the 21st district from 1971 until his resignation in 1974.

Birchfield died in Jacksonville, Florida on February 5, 2016. He died from a heart attack. He was aged 80.

## References
Coffin ship

**Coffin ships** transported Irish immigrants to America and other colonies during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1852). They were the cheapest way to cross the Atlantic but it was a  and dangerous journey. The conditions  were horrible because the ships were so ed.

## References
Lauren Collins

**Lauren Felice Collins** (born August 29, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She acts in both movies and television. She started acting in 1998. Between 2001 and 2008, she played Paige Michalchuk on *Degrassi: The Next Generation*. She played a Host in *1 Girl 5 Gays*. In 2002, she won a Young Artist Award for her performance in *Degrassi: The Next Generation*.

Collins was born in the Thornhill area of the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario. 

## References
Roger Willemsen

**Roger Willemsen** (15 August 1955 – 7 February 2016) was a German author, essayist and television presenter. He was born in Bonn, North-Rhine Westphalia. He began his career in 1991. In 1994, he starred in his own show *Willemsens Woche*. He interviewed many famous people such as Madonna, Jesse Jackson, Audrey Hepburn and Yasser Arafat. He retired in 2006.

Willemsen died of pancreatic cancer on 7 February 2016 in Wentorf bei Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein. He was aged 60.

## References
Joel Anthony

**Joel Vincent Anthony** (born August 9, 1982) is a Canadian former professional basketball player. He played parts of 10 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the 

He played at the center and power forward positions. He also plays for the Canadian national basketball team.

## College
Anthony attended Pensacola State College in Pensacola, Florida and transferred to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas after two years. He played college basketball with the Runnin' Rebels from 2004 until 2007.

## NBA career
He went undrafted. He signed a one-year contract with the Miami Heat on July 3, 2007. Anthony re-signed with the Heat on July 20, 2009. On July 16, 2010, Anthony signed a five-year, $18 million contract to stay with Miami. Anthony made his first Finals appearance in 2011 where the Heat lost to the Dallas Mavericks 4 games to 2. The following season, Anthony won his first NBA championship with the Heat after the defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder 4 games to 1 in the 2012 NBA Finals. He won his second championship with the Heat the next when they defeated the San Antonio Spurs 4 games to 3 in the 2013 NBA Finals.

On January 15, 2014, a three-team trade happened involving the Heat, Boston Celtics, and Golden State Warriors. The Heat traded Anthony and a future draft pick, and a 2016 second-round draft pick to the Celtics. The Heat received Toney Douglas from the Warriors and the Warriors received Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Celtics. Anthony played a total of 21 regular season games with the Celtics.

On October 17, 2014, the Celtics traded Anthony to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Will Bynum.

## References
## Other websites
*
Robin Chandler Duke

**Robin Chandler Duke** (born **Grace Esther Tippett**; October 13, 1923 – February 6, 2016) was an American socialite, journalist, women's rights advocate and diplomat. She served as the United States Ambassador to Norway from September 12, 2000 until March 1, 2001.

Duke was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She was married to actor Jeffrey Lynn and later diplomat Angier Biddle Duke until his death in 1995. She had three children.

Duke died on February 6, 2016 in Charleston, South Carolina. She was aged 92.

## References
Sushil Koirala

**Sushil Koirala** (; 12 August 1939 – 9 February 2016) was a Nepalese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 11 February 2014 to 10 October 2015. He was also President of the Nepali Congress party beginning in 2010.

Koirala was elected as Prime Minister of Nepal by the parliament on 10 February 2014.  Koirala joined the Nepali Congress in 1952 and served in various roles before becoming its president in 2010.

Koirala was diagnosed with oral cancer in 2006 and lung cancer in July 2014. He died on 9 February 2016 of pneumonia in Kathmandu. He was aged 76.

## References
Nida Fazli

**Muqtida Hasan Nida Fazli**, known as **Nida Fazli** (&lrm;; 12 October 1938 – 8 February 2016), was an Indian Hindi and Urdu poet. He was born in Gwalior, British Raj. He wrote essays critical of poets of the 1960s in his book *Mulaqatein*. This book made many poets angry, including Sahir Ludhianvi, Ali Sardar Jafri and Kaifi Azmi. As a result, he was boycotted in some poetic sessions. He recently wrote columns for the BBC Hindi website on various contemporary issues and literature.

Fazli died of a heart attack in Mumbai on 8 February 2016. He was aged 77.

## References
Internet safety

**Internet safety** is the topic of teaching people how to be safe when using the internet. It is particularly important when using social media, through which personal information is shared.

Internet safety is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools and focuses on making sure children know that:
* you should not share your personal information on the internet,
* you should think before you write comments about people - how it could affect them,
* you should always tell an adult if there is something that upsets you,
* you should not meet someone you have talked to on the internet without an adult.

Choose a strong password with different characters and numbers.

There are more ways to secure your devices when surfing through Internet, you can use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) which ensures secure network access, it is usually recommended to use a paid service rather than a free service. An Anti-virus is highly recommended to be installed on your device to ensure securing web surfing.
## Related pages 
*Computer security

.Internet safety
Big Kap

**Big Kap** (1970–2016) was a DJ. He was born in New York City. He is well known for his album *The Tunnel* with DJ Funkmaster Flex, which was released in 1999. He died due to a heart attack on February 3, 2016 in New York. He was aged 45 at the time of his death.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Black Mountain (Kentucky)

**Black Mountain** is a mountain in Kentucky. It is the highest mountain peak in the state of Kentucky, USA. The height of the summit is . It is near the Virginia border. Black bears and lions live on the mountain.

## References
Bad Aibling rail accident

The **Bad Aibling rail accident** was an accident that happened on the railway line in Bad Aibling in Bavaria, Germany, on 9 February 2016. Twelve people were killed and many more injured when two trains collided head-on, along a single-track line.

## The line 
The accident happened on the line between Holzkirchen and Rosenheim, in Bavaria, southeastern Germany. The whole line only has a single track. Trains usually cross at stations. The line is equipped with a security system that functioned normally at the time of the accident. In addition, it has been equipped with GSM-R, in 2007. In some places on the line, autonomous block signals are used to secure the track.  The line is controlled by different human controllers. The control station responsible for the section where the accident happened is in Bad Aibling. The whole infrastructure had been checked a week before the accident, and was found to be without fault.

## Crash 
One of the trains left Kolbermoor on schedule, and headed towards Holzkirchen, and entered the single track section. The other train was four minutes late. The accident happened because of human error. The person responsible gave the orders to pass by a signal, because he said the signal in question was broken. That meant that both trains were travelling on the same track, and headed towards each other. This was not apparent to the train drivers, because there is a long bend in the track, at that position. The person in charge in Bad Aibling recognised that he had made an error, and issued orders for emergency braking using GSM-R. The first of these was given 36 seconds before the collision. Because he did not use the correct keys, these orders did not reach the train drivers, but other personnel responsible for securing the line. The accident happened at nearly 6:47 local time. Emergency braking was effective only one second before the collision. The trains were running at 52 and 87&nbsp;km per hour.

Both train drivers were killed in the accident. In total, twelve people were killed, and 87 others injured.

800 people were involved  in the rescue. The rescue was very difficult, because the section of track were the accident happened is badly accessible by road. There is a steep hill, on one side, and a canal, with no road access on the other side.

The site of the accident is only 800m from the site where another similar accident had happened in 1945.

## Other websites
John Holt (educator)

**John Caldwell Holt** was an American educator and author. He supported homeschooling and unschooling.

## Homeschooling to deschooling 
Holt became disappointed with the United States school system after several years of working in it. He became convinced that improving the school system was not possible, and began to support homeschooling. Holt believed that children did not need to be pressured into learning. They would learn naturally if they had a variety of resources, and could follow their own interests.

Holt's *Growing Without Schooling*, founded in 1977, was the nation's first home education newsletter.

Holt, in his 1964 best-seller *How Children Fail* (2nd ed 1982), said schooling does more harm than good to a child's desire to truly learn. The book was followed by *How Children Learn*, which explained his positive ideas (1967, 2nd ed 1983.

Holt's sole book on homeschooling, *Teach Your Own*, was published in 1981. It was revised by his colleague Patrick Farenga and republished in 2003.

In his 1974 book, *Escape from Childhood: the needs and rights of children*, Holt said that children should have the same independence as adults. These included the right to work for money, sign contracts and be allowed to vote in elections.

## Bibliography
* *How Children Fail* (1964). 
* *How Children Learn* (1967). 
* *The Underachieving School* (1969)
* *What Do I Do Monday?* (1970)
* *Freedom and Beyond* (1972)
* *Escape from Childhood* (1974)
* *Instead of Education* (1976)
* *Never too late: my musical life story* (1979)
* *Teach Your Own* (1981)
* *Learning all the Time* (1989)
* *A Life Worth Living* (1990)

## More reading 
* Holt, J. (1967). *How Children Learn*. New York: Pitman.
* 
* 

## References
Sara al-Drees

**Sara al-Drees** () or **Sara Abd al-Wehab al-Drees** () is a Kuwaiti teacher.  She is Kuwait's first political detainee.  

## Work 
Sara al-Drees got a BA in Sociology and Administration from Kuwait University. She is a writer for ''Al-Ra'i'' newspaper in Kuwait.  She is in the Kuwaiti Journalists' Association.  She was the leader of the literary cultural club of Kuwait University from 2010 to 2011.  She wrote three books.  In 2011 she was chosen for a special "nadwa", or workshop for young writers.

## Political life 
The Kuwaiti government arrested her because she made political comments on Twitter. Al-Drees also worked with the Civil Democratic Movement, a group of political parties against the Muslim Brotherhood. 

In 2013, al-Drees got a prison sentence of 20 months for her political comments on Twitter. In November 2015, she got another arrest warrant for criticizing one of the wives of the Prophet Mohammed on Twitter. She was in London, but she said she would go back to Kuwait.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Custer County

**Custer County** is the name of six counties in the United States:

* Custer County, Colorado 
* Custer County, Idaho 
* Custer County, Montana 
* Custer County, Nebraska 
* Custer County, Oklahoma 
* Custer County, South Dakota
Spring Awakening (festival)

at Spring Awkening in 2014]]
 at Spring Awakening in 2014]]
The **Spring Awakening Music Festival** is an elecronic music festival that has been held at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois since 2012. Its music is, mostly, within the genres of  Progressive house, Electro house, Techno, and Dubstep. The Main Stage of the Festival is located on the heart of the sports field itself. Two smaller stages are around the outside of the stadium. This setup makes for very loud sound that is heard all around the festival. The festival usually takes place in June. In 2015, the festival had an age limit  (18+) for theifirst time.

## History
Chicago is city that is well-known for its culture of House Music. ***Spring Awakening Music Festival*** was started in 2012 by the Chicago promotion company React Presents. With main artists like Skrillex and Afrojack the first year of the Festival received a very large crowd and has been held every year since. ***Spring Awakening Music Festival*** has included DJ sets from famous DJs such as Calvin Harris, Tiesto, Datsik, Excision, Diplo, Dillon Francis, and Hardwell as well as up-and-coming producers such as Bro Safari, Adventure Club, Figure, Zeds Dead, and Borgore. Over the years, the Festival has grown more and more popular because of the large fan base of Electronic Dance Music in the Chicago-land area. With people now coming from around the world to attend the Festival, there has been talk that the planners of the Festival might also hold other events outside Chicago.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Spring Awakening Festival