open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Stripped

***Stripped*** is the fourth studio album by American singer Christina Aguilera. She wanted to move away from the teen pop style of her first album and have more control over her music and lyrics. She also changed her image, creating a new identity called “Xtina.” The album includes pop and R&B songs, with influences from soul, rock, hip hop, and Latin music. Many songs talk about self-respect, while others discuss love, sex, and women’s rights. Aguilera worked with many new people to make the album.

*Stripped* got mixed reviews. Some people liked it, while others thought it was not focused. Some compared it to Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson’s music.

The album was very successful. It reached number two on the US music charts and sold 330,000 copies in its first week. In the US, it sold over five million copies. It was also a top-five album in countries like Canada, the UK, and New Zealand. In the UK, it was Aguilera’s best-selling album, selling two million copies. Over time, more people started to appreciate *Stripped*, and it was won one Grammy Award. It has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.

The album had five big songs. The first, “Dirrty,” was not well-received because of its music video, but it became popular worldwide. The second, “Beautiful,” was praised and became a hit. The other three songs, “Fighter,” “Can’t Hold Us Down,” and “The Voice Within,” also did well. Aguilera performed songs from *Stripped* at big music award shows and went on two tours in 2003—one with Justin Timberlake and one on her own.

## Track listing
## References
Back to Basics

***Back to Basics*** is the fifth studio album by Christina Aguilera. It was released on August 9 2006 as a double album. She worked with many producers, including DJ Premier, Rich Harrison, and Mark Ronson. The album was recorded between February 2005 and April 2006 in the US and the UK.

Inspired by singers from the 1920s to 1950s, like Billie Holiday and Etta James, Aguilera combined jazz and soul with a new sound. The first part of the album mixes R&B with hip-hop sounds from older songs, while the second part uses mostly original music. Many songs were about her personal life, including her marriage to Jordan Bratman in 2005.

To match the album’s style, Aguilera used a new identity, Baby Jane, and dressed in a Hollywood look. She promoted *Back to Basics* by performing at award shows and a world tour from 2006 to 2008. The album made three big hits: “Ain’t No Other Man,” “Hurt,” and “Candyman.” Two other songs, “Slow Down Baby” and “Oh Mother,” were released in some countries.

People praised the album’s special sound but some felt it was too long. “Ain’t No Other Man” won a Grammy Award Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. *Back to Basics* started at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 346,000 copies sold in its first week. It also topped charts in over 15 countries and has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.

## Disc 1 
## Disc 2 
## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## References
Bionic

***Bionic*** is the sixth studio album by American pop singer Christina Aguilera, released on June 4, 2010.

The album was made due to her love for electronic music and mixes pop, R&B, and electronic sounds. The first half has fast songs with electronic beats, while the second half has slower songs. The lyrics focus on confidence, independence, and relationships.

At first, *Bionic* got mixed reviews, but over time, more people have come to appreciate it. The album started at number three on the US Billboard 200, selling 117,000 copies in its first week. It also reached the top ten in several countries and was number one in the UK, though it became the lowest-selling UK number-one album in eight years at the time.

The album had four singles: “Not Myself Tonight” in April 2010, “Woohoo” in May, “You Lost Me” in June, and “I Hate Boys” in September. Aguilera promoted *Bionic* by performing on The Oprah Winfrey Show, American Idol, Today, and the MTV Movie Awards. She planned a tour for the album, but it was canceled because she was busy promoting her movie Burlesque.

## Track listing
; Deluxe Edition

; iTunes Bonus Track
Burlesque (soundtrack)

***Burlesque: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack*** is a soundtrack album by American singers Christina Aguilera and Cher. It was recorded for the movie *Burlesque*.

## Track listing
F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz

**FC Blau-Weiß Linz** is an Austrian football club from Linz, Upper Austria. The team is playing in the Austrian Football Bundesliga  after promotion in the 2023-24 season.
## History
The club was founded in 1997 as follow up team for FC Linz and SV Austria Tabak Linz. They played with the licence of SV Tabak in the Upper Austrian Landesliga (4th division). After three years they reached the title and were promoted to the Regionalliga Mitte. In the 2003/04 season the won this league but failed in the relegation matches versus  BSV Bad Bleiberg, so they stayed in the league. After this there was a decline they were even relegated to the Landesliga, but came back the following season. In the 2010/11 season they finished second behind the LASK Juniors, which were not allowed to promote. In the relegation matches they won versus WSG Wattens after penalty shooting and were promoted to the First League. 2012/13 they lost the Relegationmatches versus SC-ESV Parndorf 1919 and were relegatet into the Regionalliga Mitte. 2015/16 they were champions in the Regionalliga Mitte and were promoted again to the First League. In the 2020-21 season the became Champion of the 2. Liga. They had not asked for a licence for the Bundesliga so they stayed in 2. Liga. In the 2022-23 season they were promoted to the Bundesliga

Since spring 2021 they play in the  Hofmann-Personal Stadion because the Donauparkstadion, their traditional homeground, will be new built till 2023. After almost two years of construction, the stadium was opened by the city of Linz with a celebration on 5 July   2023. The opening game between FC Blau-Weiß Linz and PSV Eindhoven (1:2) took place ten days later.

## Fans
The club is thought as successor to the former club VOEST Linz.This team merged with LASK to FC Linz but soon was inhaled by LASK. The club colours blue and white are that of former VOEST Linz. Also the fans see themself in this tradition.
## Current squad
***as 1 February 2026**

### Coaching staff
* Michael Köllner Headcoach
* Daniel Rozsa Assistant coach
* Andreas Gahleitner Assistant coach
* Matthias Luginger Assistant coach
* Christoph Eglseer Goalkeeper coach

## Honours
* Champion Upper Austria: 2000, 2008
* Champion Regionalliga Mitte: 2003, 2016
* Promotion to the First league: 2011
* Champion 2. Liga: 2021, 2023

## References
## Other websites
*Official Homepage
Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg

**Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg** (Dorothea Sophie; 5 July 1670 – 15 September 1748) was a Countess Palatine of Neuburg by birth and later the wife of the two sons of Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma. 

Married to the Hereditary Prince of Parma in 1690, she was the mother of two children including the future Queen Elisabeth of Spain. Her first husband died after just three years of marriage. Remaining in Parma she was engaged to her brother-in-law, the new Duke of Parma. 

Retiring from the court at the death of her last husband, her grandson the future Charles III of Spain conquered Parma after the extinction of the Farnese and Dorothea Sophie acted as regent of the state till his official majority in January 1735. She died aged seventy-eight just weeks before her second grandson Infante Felipe of Spain became the next duke of Parma. 

## Issue
#Alessandro Ignazio Farnese (6 December 1691 - 5 August 1693) died in infancy.
#Elisabetta Farnese (25 October 1692 - 11 July 1766) married Philip V of Spain and had issue.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***5 July 1670 – 17 September 1690** *Her Serene Highness* Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
***17 September 1690 – 6 September 1693** *Her Highness* the Hereditary Princess of Parma
***6 September 1693 – 7 December 1696** *Her Highness* the Dowager Hereditary Princess of Parma
***7 December 1696 – 26 May 1727** *Her Highness* the Duchess of Parma
***26 May 1727 – 15 September 1748** *Her Highness* the Dowager Duchess of Parma
Aldershot

**Aldershot** () is a town in the English county of Hampshire, about 60&nbsp;km (37 miles) southwest of London. The town is administered by Rushmoor Borough Council. The town has a population of 33,840,

Aldershot is home to professional football team Aldershot Town who compete in the Football Conference. Prior to 1992 the local club was Aldershot, which folded on 25 March 1992, while playing in the Football League Fourth Division

Aldershot is known for its connection with the British Army. This led to rapid growth from a small village to a Victorian town. Today, Aldershot is known as the *"Home of the British Army"*.

## References
Cuckoo (Mineral, Virginia)

**Cuckoo** is a Federal style house in the small unincorporated area Cuckoo, Virginia near Mineral, Virginia. The house was built in 1819 for Henry Pendleton. On August 19, 1994, Cuckoo was added to the list of National Register of Historic Places.

## History
The first construction had a two storied front section with a one-story extension to the rear. The dining room and the winter kitchen were in the one-story section. Between 1839 and 1907 the house was owned by Dr. Philip Barbour Pendleton. He added a second floor to the rear part of the house and extended the main roof to cover the new rooms of the house. A later generation of Pendletons rebuilt the house in the Colonial Revival style after 1910. They added the present Neoclassical portico. The next owners, Anne Pendleton Forrest and Dr. William Mentzel Forrest, added to the back a design by architect Stanislaw J. Makielski of Charlottesville. The complex includes a number of outbuildings, including two separate doctor's office buildings, a garage, barn, a house for smoking, and the Pendleton family cemetery. 

## References
Yinghuo-1

**Yinghuo-1** was a Chinese spacecraft. People planned for it to be China's first interplanetary mission. Yinghuo-1 was supposed to orbit and study the planet Mars. It was launched with the Russian spacecraft Phobos-Grunt. The spacecraft got into space, but something went wrong and it could not escape earth's gravity. 

The name *Yinghuo* means firefly in Chinese.

## References
In the Zone

***In the Zone*** is the fourth studio album by Britney Spears, released on November 13, 2003. She wrote or co-wrote some songs of the album: "Me Against the Music", "Showdown", "Early Mornin", "Touch of My Hand", "The Hook Up", "Shadow", "Brave New Girl" and "Everytime".

## Track listing
; Latin American Bonus Track

; Australian, European & Japanese bonus tracks

## References
Maria Anna of Austria

**Maria Anna of Austria** (Maria Anna Josepha; 7 September 1683 – 14 August 1754) was an Archduchess of Austria as she was a daughter of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. She would become Queen consort and regent of Portugal by her marriage to John V of Portugal. She was the Regent of Portugal from 1742 until 1750 during the illness of her spouse.  In Portugal she was commonly known as *Mariana*. 

## Life
The fifth of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperors children by Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg, she was baptised *Maria Anna Josepha*. She was born in Linz as the Austrian royal family had to flee Vienna from the Turkish army which destroyed the capital. Maria Anna was a sister of two future Holy Roman Emperors Joseph I and Charles VI. Through Charles VI, she was an aunt of Empress Maria Theresa. Her first cousins included Elisabetta Farnese as well as Charles II of Spain. 

## Marriage
On 27 October 1708 she married her first cousin John V of Portugal. Both of their mothers were sisters. Maria Anna thus became Queen of Portugal as the wife of the ruling king. She was the mother of six children:

## Regency 
In 1742 Maria Anna took over power as regent after her husband suffered a stroke, which left him partially paralyzed. When John V died on 31 July 1750 she gave up power to their eldest son Joseph I of Portugal. She died at he Palace of Belém in 1754. Her body was buried in Lisbon, her heart was brought to Vienna and buried there in the imperial crypt.

## Children
# Maria Barbara of Portugal (4 December 1711 – August 27, 1758) married Ferdinand VI of Spain.
# Pedro of Portugal (19 October 1712 – 24 October 1714) Prince of Brazil.
# Joseph I of Portugal (6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777) married Mariana Victoria of Spain.
# Carlos of Portugal (2 May 1716 – 30 March 1730) died unmarried.
# Peter III of Portugal (5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786) married Maria I of Portugal had issue.
# Alexander of Portugal (24 September 1723 – 2 August 1728) died in infancy.

## Titles, styles, honours and arms
### Titles and styles
***7 September 1683 – 27 October 1708** *Her Royal Highness* Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria
***27 October 1708 – 31 July 1750** *Her Most Faithful Majesty* The Queen of Portugal
***31 July 1750 – 14 August 1754** *Her Most Faithful Majesty* The Dowager Queen of Portugal

## Related pages
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The **Centers for Disease Control and Prevention** (or **CDC**) are a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services.  CDC main office is in Druid Hills, a neighborhood in northeastern Atlanta, Georgia.   It works to protect public health and safety. It provides information to  health decisions. It  health as a partner with state health departments and other organizations. When an infectious disease or bad food can cause health problems, the CDC will tell the nation how to fight it. The CDC works on environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and education activities designed to improve the health of the people of the United States of America.

## Agencies under the CDC
The CDC has agencies that work under it:
* NIOSH, which checks things people wear for job safety.
* ATSDR, which lists chemicals that make people sick.

## Foundation
The CDC Foundation is separate from CDC as a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization. It is incorporated in the State of Georgia. Section 399F of the Public Health Service Act created the foundation to help the CDC work with the private sector.

## Leadership
Up to mid-August 2025, Susan Monarez was supposed to be the leader of the CDC. However, in late-August, a decision was made to  her, and that decision was later confirmed by the US President. Monarez disagreed with the firing, and clarified that she had not resigned. The reason for firing her is very controversial. 

### List of directors
## References
## Other websites
* The CDC Homepage
* CDC Online Newsroom
* CDC Health Topics A to Z
* CDC Public Health Image Library
* CDC Global Communications Center
* CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory– Atlanta, Georgia 
* Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Meeting Notices and Rule Changes  from The Federal Register RSS Feed 
* Proposed and finalized federal regulations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Brooklyn Botanic Garden

**Brooklyn Botanic Garden** (**BBG**) is a park in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. The park has many different plants from many parts of the world. It is near the Prospect Heights, Crown Heights, and Park Slope neighborhoods. The area of the garden is . It includes several special gardens or plant collections. The Steinhardt Conservatory which has the C.V. Starr Bonsai Museum is also there. The garden was founded in 1910.

## Related pages 
* List of botanical gardens
English poetry

The history of **English poetry** stretches from the middle of the 7th century to today. Over this period, English poets have written some of the longest-surviving poems in Western culture. The language and its poetry have spread around the world.

The earliest surviving poetry from the area now called England was probably transmitted orally (or passed from person to person by mouth, without being written down). It was then written down in versions that do not now survive. Because of this, it is difficult to say which poems were the earliest. There is a lot of controversy over this issue.

A number of major national poetries have developed. These include American, Australian, New Zealand, Canadian and Indian poetry. It may be controversial to describe Irish literature as English or British, even though it is in the English language. 

## Related pages
*Beowulf
*Blank verse

## References
Chemical synthesis

In chemistry, **chemical synthesis** means using chemical reactions to get a product, or several products. This happens by physical and chemical manipulations. Often, several different chemical reactions are used; one after another. Chemists start to design a chemical synthesis by selecting compounds to combine.  These starting chemicals are known as reagents or reactants.  Chemists do various things to these reagents to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product.  This requires mixing the compounds in a reaction vessel.  The vessel can be a chemical reactor or a simple flask.  Many reactions require some form of work-up procedure before the final product is isolated.

## Related pages
* Chemical engineering
* Organic synthesis

## References
## Other websites
* The Organic Synthesis Archive
* Natural product syntheses
SKN St. Pölten

**Sportklub Niederösterreich St. Pölten** is a football club from St. Pölten the capital of the Austrian federal state Lower Austria. St. Poelten plays in the Austrian Football First League, the second division in the Austrian football league system.

## History 
SKN St. Poelten was founded in June 2000.  The new club took over all belongings of the predecessor, FCN St. Poelten .Most important was the ownership  of the Bundesliga junior center.  Through this the club did not enter in the lowest class but was allowed in the 2nd League West, the fifth level of Austrian football.

The next two seasons they won the championships and reached the Regionalliga Ost(3rd division).In the 2003/04 season the club reached the 4th place. The following season the club reached sixth place in the league reached in the Austrian Cup the quarter-finals. They won over SV Wörgl (3-0), SW Bregenz (2–1) and a sensational 5-1 victory overAustria Salzburg in the third round.  In the quarter-finals, St. Poelten, was beaten by Austria Wien 6-0.
In autumn 2009 the club could present the plans for the new stadium which is currently built in the Ratzersdorf district of St.Pölten.

In the 2007/08 season they won the Regionalliga and were promoted to the First League. In the summer of 2016, they were promoted to the Bundesliga. In the 2020/21 season they were relegated to the 2. Liga.

## Current squad 
## Coaching history (21st century)
## Notable players 
* Zlatko Kranjcar (1990)
* Frank Schinkels (2002–04)

## Youth work 
The SKN St. Poelten currently has ten youth teams for children from the age of 7 to 15, with a total of 150 children and youths. In addition to the junior teams, the club has a second team (SKN II), which plays their games in the Mid Western League, with the squad mostly consisting of squad players under the age of 18.

## Other websites 
* 

## References
Organic synthesis

**Organic synthesis** is a special part of chemical synthesis. It builds organic compounds using organic reactions.  Organic molecules can have a higher level of complexity compared to inorganic compounds. So, the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important parts of organic chemistry.  There are two main areas of research fields within the general area of organic synthesis: *total synthesis* and *methodology*.

## Other websites
* The Organic Synthesis Archive
* Chemical synthesis database
* http://www.webreactions.net/search.html 
* https://www.organic-chemistry.org/synthesis/
* Natural product syntheses
* Chemical synthesis semantic wiki
Peter Leko

**Peter Leko** (; born 8 September 1979) in Subotica, Yugoslavia is the leading Hungarian chess grandmaster. 

He became a grandmaster in 1994 at the age of 14 years (a world record at the time). He was the challenger in the Classical World Championship 2004 against Vladimir Kramnik. He tied with Kramnik 7-7, so Kramnik kept his title. Leko's best world ranking was fourth, first achieved in April 2003.

## References
Alexander Morozevich

**Alexander Morozevich**  (born Moscow, 18 July 1977) is a Russian chess Grandmaster. He was ranked second, in the July 2008 FIDE rating list, but is now ranked ninth.

Morozevich has been one of the best chess players in the world for nearly a decade. He is famous for employing unusual openings, for example the Chigorin Defense (1. d4 d5 2. c4 Nc6), and more recently the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); both systems are hardly ever seen at the top level. He is also well known for preferring complicated rather than clear positions. Perhaps because of his style, which produces relatively few draws, Morozevich is popular among chess fans. 

Among his most notable results are 7.5/10 at the 2000 Chess Olympiad (winning Bronze Medal for board 2) and 7/11 at the 2002 Chess Olympiad. He took first place in the overall standings at the Amber tournament in 2002, 2004 (shared with Kramnik) and 2006 (shared with Anand); first place in Biel tournament three times: 2003, 2004 and 2006; and twice winning the Russian championship (1998 and 2007).

## References
Abilene Ruff Riders

The **Abilene Ruff Riders** are an American football team. They play their games at the Taylor County Expo Center in Abilene, Texas. Their team colours are red, black and white. The team logo (the picture they have on their shirts) is a cowboy on a horse. They have a team mascot called Rowdy the Ruffrider, who is a cowboy too.

## History 
At first, the Ruff Riders were called the Katy Ruff Riders, because they played their games in a city called Katy, Texas. In 2008, they moved to Abilene and changed their name. They were part of the Intense Football League until 2010. For the 2010 - 2011 season, they were part of the Southern Indoor Football League, but now they are a part of the Lone Star Football League.

## Other websites 
* Abilene Ruff Riders Website 
* Lone Star Football League Website
Kifkif

The **Association of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders persons in Morocco** (**KIFKIF**) is a Moroccan non-profit organization working on improving the legal and social status of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. It was founded in 2005 in and is the first LGBT advocacy group in North Africa. Kifkif means equal in Arabic.

## References

## Other websites
*
Computational chemistry

**Computational chemistry** is a type of chemistry that uses computer science to help solve chemical problems. These programs help scientists learn about molecules and solids. Computational chemistry is often used with chemical experiments to get more information. It can  chemical phenomena that have not yet been seen. It is widely used to design new drugs and materials.

Computational chemistry can predict the structure of molecules. It can help find where a molecule's atoms are. It can also find absolute and relative (interaction) energies, electronic charge distributions, dipoles and higher multipole moments, vibrational frequencies, reactivity or other spectroscopic quantities, and cross sections for collision with other particles.

Computational chemistry looks at both static and dynamic systems. In all cases, as the size of the system being studied grows, the computer time and other resources (such as memory and disk space) used also grows. That system can be a single molecule, a group of molecules, or a solid. Computational chemistry methods range from highly accurate to very approximate. Highly accurate methods are typically only for small systems. 

## Related pages
* Bioinformatics
* Statistical mechanics
* Theoretical chemistry

## Other websites
*NIST Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase  - Contains a database of thousands of computational and experimental results for hundreds of systems
*American Chemical Society Division of Computers in Chemistry - American Chemical Society Computers in Chemistry Division, resources for grants, awards, contacts and meetings.
*CSTB report Mathematical Research in Materials Science: Opportunities and Perspectives - CSTB Report
*3.320 Atomistic Computer Modeling of Materials (SMA 5107) Free MIT Course
*Technology Roadmap for Computational Chemistry 
*Applications of molecular and materials modelling.
*Impact of Advances in Computing and Communications Technologies on Chemical Science and Technology CSTB Report
*MD and Computational Chemistry applications on GPUs
Jerry Koosman

**Jerry Koosman** (born December 23, 1942) is a former baseball player with the New York Mets, Minnesota Twins, Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies.  He was a pitcher.  He won more than 200 games in his career.  In 1969, he was on the Mets team that won the baseball championship the World Series.  Koosman won two games for the Mets in the 1969 World Series.  In 1976, Koosman finished 2nd to Randy Jones in the voting for National League Cy Young Award, given to the league's best pitcher. Koosman won at least 20 games in both 1976 and 1979.

## References
Yield (chemistry)

In chemistry, **yield** (also called **chemical yield** or **reaction yield**) is the amount of product resulting from a chemical reaction. The *absolute yield* gives the weight in grams, and the *molar yield* gives the number of moles.

The *fractional yield*, *relative yield*, or *percentage yield* shows how completely a synthetic procedure worked. It is calculated by dividing the amount of product by the *theoretical yield* (the unit of measurement for both must be the same):

{{center|1=\mbox{fractional yield} = \frac{\mbox{actual yield}}{\mbox{theoretical yield}}}}

To get the *percentage yield*, one must multiply the fractional yield by 100% (e.g., 0.673 × 100% = 67.3%).

The  percentage yield of a chemical reaction is 100%, but it cannot be d because measurements are never completely accurate. Yields around 100% are "quantitative", yields above 90% are "excellent", yields above 80% are "very good", yields above 70% are "good", yields above 50% are "fair", and yields below 40% are "poor".

## References
Tom Cleverley

**Thomas William Cleverley** (born 12 August 1989) is an English football coach and former professional player who played as a midfielder. He is currently head coach of EFL League One club Plymouth Argyle.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Managerial statistics
## Honours
**Leicester City**
*Football League One: 2008–09

**Manchester United**
*Premier League: 2012–13
*FA Community Shield: 2011, 2013

**Aston Villa**
*FA Cup runner-up: 2014–15

**Watford**
*FA Cup runner-up: 2018–19

**Individual**
*Watford Player of the Season: 2009–10

## References
Johnny Bench

**Johnny Bench** (born December 7, 1947) is a former baseball player who played for the Cincinnati Reds.  He mostly played catcher.  He hit 389 home runs.  He was also the National League Rookie of the Year, or best first year player, in 1968.  He was chosen for the All Star Game 14 times.  

He won the baseball championship, the World Series, with Reds in both 1975 and 1976, and was voted the Most Valuable Player of the World Series in 1976.  He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989.

Most analysts think either Bench or Iván Rodríguez is the greatest catcher of all time.   <3

## References
Alexis Sánchez

**Alexis Alejandro Sánchez Sánchez** (born 19 December 1988), is a Chilean footballer who currently plays for Italian club Inter Milan and the Chile national team.

In July 2014, Sanchez signed for Arsenal on a long-term contract for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £35 million. In January 2018, he joined The Red Devils after Henrikh Mkhitaryan swapped clubs with him to Arsenal FC.

## Honors 
### Clubs 
#### Colo-Colo 
* Chilean Primera División: 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura
#### River Plate 
* Argentine Primera División: 2008 Clausura
#### Barcelona 
* La Liga: 2012–13
* Copa del Rey: 2011–12
* Supercopa de España: 2011, 2013
* UEFA Super Cup: 2011 FIFA Club World Cup: 2011

##### Arsenal 
* FA Cup: 2014–15, 2016-17
* FA Community Shield: 2014, 2015

### International 
#### Chile 
* Copa América: 2015, 2016
* FIFA Confederations Cup 2017: Runner Up

### Individual Awards 
* Copa América Golden Ball: 2016
* Arsenal's Player of the Season: 2014–15,2016-17
* Premier League Team of the Year: 2014–15
* Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2016
* FIFA Confederations Cup Silver Ball: 2017

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
 Michelle Bachelet, alongside his compatriots in 2014]]

## Honours
**Colo-Colo**
*Primera División de Chile: 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura
*Copa Sudamericana runner-up: 2006

**River Plate** 2016–17
*FA Community Shield: 2014

**Manchester United**
*FA Cup runner-up: 2017–18

**Inter Milan**
*Serie A: 2020–21
* Coppa Italia: 2021–22
*Supercoppa Italiana: 2021
*UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2019–20

**Chile**
*Copa América: 2015, 2016
*FIFA Confederations Cup runner-up: 2017

**Individual**
*Serie A Player of the Month: February 2011
*PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2015
*PFA Team of the Year: 2014–15 Premier League
*PFA Fans' Premier League Player of the Month: October 2014, October 2015
*BBC Goal of the Month: October 2015
*Arsenal Player of the Season Award: 2014–15, 2016–17
*FSF Player of the Year: 2015
*Facebook FA Premier League Player of the Year: 2015
*Kids' Choice Awards Favorite UK Footballer: 2015
*UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2015–16
*Copa América Golden Ball: 2016
*Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2016
*Marseille Player of the Season: 2022–23

**Records**
*Chile all-time top goalscorer: 51 goals

## References
Gali Akish

ALI AKISH (January 14, 1918, Hailar, China - July 17, 2011, Ankara, Turkey) is a famous journalist, one of the leaders of the Tatar nationalist movement, the Honorary President of the World League of Tatars.

Ali Aksih was a preeminent leader of the Tatar nationalist movement in diaspora. He was born in the city of Hailar (Manchuria), where he attended a local Tatar elementary school before entering a Russian lycee. After completing the lycee in 1936, he went to study at Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt), and in 1938, along with another young nationalist, Ahat Ginish, went to Poland. Akish and Ginish served as technical assistants to Ayaz Iskhaki at the Idel-Ural National Center, where the newspaper “Yanga Milli Yul" (New National Path) was published. Their work was interrupted by the invasion of Poland by the Nazi and Soviet forces.

Akish lived from 1940 to 1966 in Turkey where he was involved with the diaspora national movement. His pamphlet “Problems of Idel-Ural and Soviet Imperialism” printed in 1963 received great attention and provoked repercussions in the USSR in the form of two books, one ostensibly written by the President of the Tatar ASSR, Salikh Batiyev in 1977. In 1966 Ali Akish joined the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty, Inc. In 1983, he retired from this position and went again to Ankara. Over the years he wrote numerous articles in emigree publications and other forums such as Turk Kulturu, and in 1985 published a 59 page booklet, similar to his first, called "Idel-Ural'da Hurriyet Mucadelesi" (Struggle for Freedom in Idel-Ural).

In 1994, after reading Vladimir Zhirinovsky's book "Last Thrust to the South," he wrote an article for the Turkish newspaper "Milliyet" in which he denounced the Russian nationalists' imperial and anti-Turkish aspirations. The article was highly significant as one of the first published in Turkey critical of Zhirinovsky and his views.

He was able to visit Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. On his first visit to Kazan he brought, at his own expense, a computer that he donated to the Tatar Public Center. Akish dedicated his whole life to the liberation of the Tatar people from colonial oppression. The World Tatar League named him honorary president in recognition of his achievements. A school was named in his honor in the city of Chally (Naberezhniye Chelny) in Tatarstan. 

## References
Rearrangement reaction

A **rearrangement reaction** is an organic reaction where the carbon  of a molecule is rearranged. The result is a structural isomer of the original molecule. Often a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2:
 

Intermolecular rearrangements also take place. 
:

Sometimes chemists draw diagrams with arrows that show how electrons are transferred between bonds during a rearrangement reaction.  Many organic chemistry text books have such diagrams.  But they do not tell the full story of the reaction mechanism. The actual mechanism of a rearrangement with an alkyl group moving is for the group to slide smoothly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and forming. One example of this is the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:
:

In pericyclic reactions, the orbital interactions are important. The reactions can not be explained by a series of simple discrete electron transfers. The curved arrows showing a sequence of discrete electron transfers can give the same result as a rearrangement reaction.  Yet, the diagrams are not necessarily realistic. In allylic rearrangement, the reaction is ionic.

Three important rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.

## 1,2-rearrangements
A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 , the substituent moves between two  atoms. Moves over larger distances are possible. Examples are the Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement:

and the Beckmann rearrangement:

## Pericyclic reactions
A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon-carbon bond making and breaking. The transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry. The reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are hydride shifts

and the Claisen rearrangement:

## Olefin metathesis
Olefin metathesis is a formal exchange of the alkylidene fragments in two alkenes. It is a catalytic reaction with carbene. It has transition metal carbene complex intermediates.

## References
Coal ball

A **Coal ball** is a permineralised life form that is full of calcium, magnesium and occasionally iron sulfide. They generally have a round shape. Coal balls are not made of coal, even though they have the name "coal ball".

In 1855, two English scientists, Joseph Dalton Hooker and Edward William Binney, found coal balls in England. Because of that, the initial research on coal balls was done in Europe. Coal balls were found and identified in North America in 1922. Since then, coal balls have been found in other countries and several theories on their formation have been proposed.

Marie Stopes and D.M.S. Watson also examined coal ball samples. They agreed that coal balls formed *in situ*. They also added that interaction with a marine environment was necessary for a coal ball to form.

Coal balls are in coal seams across North America and Eurasia. North American coal balls are in more places than in Europe. The oldest coal balls were found in Germany and former Czechoslovakia.

In 1962, Sergius Mamay and Ellis Yochelson found signs of marine animal remains in North American coal balls.

The quality of the preservation of organic material depends on the speed of the burial process and the degree of compression before undergoing permineralisation. Generally, coal balls resulting from remains that have a quick burial with little decay and pressure have a higher preservation degree. However, plant remains in most coal balls show various signs of decay and collapse.

## Analysis
Thin sectioning was an early procedure used to analyse fossilised material contained in coal balls. The ball was cut into thin sections with a diamond saw. Then it was flattened and polished with an abrasive. Then it was examined under a  microscope. This is the procedure which was carried out by Hooker and Binney. The time needed, and the poor quality of samples produced, led to a more convenient method.

The new method, first used in 1928, is called the "liquid peel technique".

## Related pages 
* Fossil
* Petrified wood

## References
Alpine butterfly knot

]]
The **alpine butterfly loop** is a knot used to form a  in the middle of a rope.  Once tied, the loop will not shift up and down the rope. It is good for adding a stationary loop in a continuous piece of rope, without bending the rope.

## Related pages
* List of knots
Reef knot

The **reef knot** (or **square knot**) is a knot. It is often used to tie two ropes together. It is used to “reef” sails on sailboats. That is, reduce the sail area when the wind gets stronger.

## Related pages
* List of knots

## Sources
Sheet bend

The **sheet bend** is a knot made to join two ends of rope together. It holds well when the ropes are different diameters.

## Related pages
* List of knots

## References
Sharaf Khan Bidlisi

**Sharaf Khan Bidlisi** (, 1543 1603), was a Kurdish prince and historian. In 1597 he wrote a book on Kurdish history, *Sharafnama*.

## References
Evolution of cetaceans

The Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are mammalian marine descendants of land mammals. Their terrestrial origins are indicated by:
* Their need to breathe air from the surface;
* The bones of their fins, which resemble the limbs of land mammals
* The vertical movement of their spines, characteristic more of a running mammal than of the horizontal movement of fish.

The question of how land animals evolved into ocean-going leviathans was a mystery until recent discoveries in Pakistan revealed several stages in the transition of cetaceans from land to sea.

## DNA sequence analysis 
After many years when palaeontologists thought whales had evolved from mesonychids, DNA sequence analysis showed the closest relationship was with artiodactyls, the even-toed ungulates. A new clade was created to include Cetacea and their nearest relatives, the hippopotamus family. This clade is called the **Cetartiodactyla**.

## Fossil record 
*]]

Hippo fossils are not found until the Miocene, but whale ancestors have been found from the Eocene. This leaves a gap of nearly 30 million years where no hippo ancestors are found.  The most recent hypothesis is that hippos and whales shared a common semi-aquatic ancestor which branched off from other Artiodactyls around 60 million years ago (mya).  This ancestral group probably split into two branches around 54 mya. One branch evolved into cetaceans, possibly beginning with the proto-whale *Pakicetus* from 52 mya.  These early cetaceans gradually became adapted to life in the sea. They became the completely aquatic cetaceans. 

### *Indohyus* 
 shows its hind limb and pelvic bone structure (circled in red). This bone structure stays inside its body its entire life: it is a vestigial structure.]]

*Indohyus* is a small deer-like creature, which lived about 48 million years ago in Kashmir. It belongs to the artiodactyls family *Raoellidae*, and is believed to be the closest sister group of Cetacea. and reduces buoyancy so that they can stay underwater. This suggests a similar survival strategy to the African mousedeer or water chevrotain which, when threatened by a bird of prey, dives into water and hides beneath the surface for up to four minutes.

## Size
Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals that dive and hold their breath, from insects to whales, and they found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen for their size, and this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals.  They said this may be why modern whales and extinct diving animals like plesiosaurs became so large.

The blue whale is not the largest ever whale, and perhaps by quite a long way. 39 million years ago *Perucetus colossus'' was between 85 and 340 tons, so up to 3x heavier than the blue whale.

## References
Clove hitch

A **clove hitch** is a knot that is tied around an object.It is a kind of hitch knot. When a clove hitch is tied around a rope, it forms a knot called Two half-hitches.

## Related pages
* List of knots

## References
Two half-hitches

**Two half-hitches** is a knot that is often used to attach rope to poles or other objects.  It is one of many knots that are called hitches.  When a clove hitch is tied around a rope, it forms the two half-hitches. A swift method for securing a knot to a post involves initially creating a loose Granny Knot, while ensuring a long end remains. As the ship sways, it will naturally take up the slack, causing the Granny Knot to transform into Two Half Hitches.

## References 
## Related pages
* List of knots
Biological engineering

**Biological engineering** (also known as **biotechnological engineering** and **bioengineering**) is any type of engineering that is applied to living things.

## References
Audi A8

The **Audi A8** is the largest car produced by Audi. It replaced the Audi V8 in 1994, and is available with either short or long wheelbase. The range incorporates 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-cylinder petrol engines and 6- and 8-cylinder diesel engines. A more sporty version is the Audi S8.

File:Audi A8 front 20070511.jpg|First generation
File:Audi A8 front 20080121.jpg|Second generation
File:Audi A8 III 4.2 TDI quattro front 20100416.jpg|Third generation
File:2018 Audi A8 50 TDi Quattro Automatic 3.0.jpg|Fourth generation
Mariner 3

**Mariner 3** was a NASA spacecraft. It was the third spacecraft in the Mariner program. It was designed to take photos of the planet Mars after an eight month journey studying interplanetary (between planet) space. However, the spacecraft lost power eight hours after launch, and it never achieved the correct Mars trajectory. It eventually entered a heliocentric (Sun-centred) orbit.

## References
## Other websites 
*
*
Selenography

**Selenography** is the study of the physical features of the Moon. It is similar to geography on Earth.

## References
Informal economy

, Japan, 1946]]
The **informal economy** is that part of economy which is not reported in official statistics such as the gross domestic product of a country. The informal economy is not taxed, and includes the black market. In developing countries over 70% of the people work in this form of economy. They are self-employed, because it is difficult to find an employer to hire them. People working in this form of economy have no social benefits or social security, which are usually only given by the state to those who have made tax contributions. 

Usually, most people working in this form of economy are women; they work in the most erratic and corrupt  of the job market.
Sixty percent of female workers in developing countries are employed by the informal sector. There are two main reasons why this is the case: First, the kind of employment that is available caters mostly to women. Secondly, most women either work from home, because they also have to take care of children, or they work as street vendors; both of these kinds of work are classified in the informal sector. 

What is more, most people at the top positions of the sector are men, and most people in the bottom positions are women. Labor markets, household decisions, and states all propagate this gender inequality. The gender gap in terms of wage is even higher in the informal sector than the formal sector.

## References
Fobos-Grunt

**Fobos-Grunt** (also spelled **Phobos-Grunt**, also called **Phobos Sample Return Mission**) was an unmanned Russian spacecraft. It was an attempted sample return mission to Phobos, a moon of the planet Mars. Scientists intended Phobos-Grunt to orbit and study Mars. It was meant to look at Mars' atmosphere and dust storms, plasma and radiation. Then, Phobos-Grunt should have landed on Phobos and returned a 200 g

The spacecraft was the first Russian interplanetary mission since Mars 96. It was launched on 8 November 2011 (UTC), aboard a Zenit rocket, at Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was sent with the Chinese spacecraft Yinghuo-1 and  with the Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment.

The name *Phobos-Grunt* () is Russian for *Phobos-Soil*.

## References 
## Other websites 
### Information
*
*
*
### Images
*A picture of Phobos-Grunt . Retrieved 2011-09-05.
*Phobos-Grunt diagram. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
*A model of Phobos-Grunt. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
Dreaming of You (song)

"**Dreaming of You**" is a song by Mexican-American Tejano pop singer Selena. It was released as the second single from *the album of the same name* (1995).

## Chart performance
## Certifications/Sales 
## References
Skate (2007 video game)

***Skate*** (marketed as **skate.**) is a skateboarding video game that was published by Electronic Arts. It is available for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 systems. The game is also featured as a mobile phone game which can be downloaded. The game is the first in the *Skate* video game series. It was followed by Skate It! in 2008 and Skate 2 in 2009. 

## References
## Other websites
*Official game website
Skate 3

***Skate 3*** is a skateboarding video game that was published by Electronic Arts. It is available for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 video game systems. The game was the fourth in the *Skate* video game series, after Skate 2. The game takes place in the city of Port Carverton. The city also embraces skateboarding which was unlike the second game where they had a "skateboarding is a crime" mentality. The game got good reviews with a 7.5 out of 10 from GameSpot and a 80 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## References
## Other websites
*Official game website
Catwalk

fashion show]]

A **catwalk** is a  walkway. The term is most often used for fashion shows, where models walk along showing off the clothes. A catwalk on a ship is a passageway above decks. A similar term is **runway**, but it need not be off the ground.

## Movie 
*Catwalk*, a documentary on life on the fashion runways, was filmed in 1993 by director Robert Leacock. The movie followed models Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Yasmin Le Bon, Kate Moss, and Carla Bruni as they jetted around London, Milan, Paris, and New York during Spring Fashion Week, including behind-the-scenes footage.  The movie was shot in black and white and colour, and featured many top designers at work, like a young John Galliano, Justin Thomas, Karl Lagerfeld, and Gianni Versace four years before his death.
About a Girl (Nirvana song)

**"About a Girl"** by the grunge band Nirvana is the third song on Nirvana's first album *Bleach*. It was one of Kurt Cobain's less heavy songs of the ones he wrote for the band. Compared to "Blew" and "Downer" it is considered quite mild.
Sorption

When two chemical substances come in contact with each other, through what is called a phase, they will interact with each other in that phase. They may also have an  interface. If a substance accumulates within a phase this is called absorption, if the same process happens on the interface, it is called adsorption. In the year 1909, James William McBain introduced the word **Sorption** to describe such a process, in the case where it is not easy or meaningful to make a difference between absorption and adsorption. 

Examples of where the concept of sorption is important are measuring the pollution of the environment; using sorption it is possible to bind pollutants to small particles in the air (called aerosols), or in the soil (where they bind to colloids). Sorption makes these bindings possible. In much the same way, polluants can be transported over long distances. 

Machines and processes that use sorption include the absorption refrigerator and solar air conditioning.