open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cultigen

A **cultigen** is a plant that is the result of artificial selection by humans. Liberty Hyde Bailey, an American botanist was the first to use the term, in 1918. Bailey noticed that the classification Linné introduced for plants was not useful for classifying plants which came from human cultivation and selection. He called the plants which grow in the wild without human selection indigens. A cultigen was: " ... a domesticated group of which the origin may be unknown...  [It has] such characters as to separate it from known indigens, and is probably not represented by any type specimen or exact description".  The point is that a cultigen cannot always be placed in the traditional Linnean system of botanical classification.

Bailey later changed his definition to "Plant or group known only in cultivation; presumably originating under domestication; contrast with indigen", which is the definition used above. Examples of cultigens are maize and cabbage.

## Cultigens and cultivars 
Cultigen and cultivar may be confused with one-another. Cultigen is a general-purpose term encompassing not only plants with cultivar names but others as well (see introductory text above). Cultivar is a formal classification category in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP).

Although in his 1923 paper Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen, it was clear to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species and so he established a new classification category for these, the cultivar, generally assumed to be a contraction of the words “cultivated” and “variety”. He defined cultivar in his 1923 paper as: 
 ... "a race subordinate to species, that has originated and persisted under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognised botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin".

This definition and understanding of cultivar has changed over time.
 
## Definition of cultigen 
The definition has been discussed:
*The selection process is called artificial if humans cause it. This does not mean humans are not part of nature, it is simply a way to distinguish natural selection from human-influenced (artificial selection)
*What is the meaning of *altered*? The whole flora is changing because of climate change, which humans inflenced, yet no one would say that all the plants changing because of climate change are cultigens.
*Some plants are used in gardens or parks. They are the same that those that occur in nature.
*There may be gene flow from a cultigen that *escaped* into the wild and an indigen. There may be a practical problem of how to name such plants. 
*Some plants have an unknown origin; it is therefore impossible to say if they are cultigens.
*Some crossings that are used in cultivation, may also occur in the wild. This makes the classification problematic.

## References
Baltimore Colts

The **Baltimore Colts**  were an American football franchise in the National Football League. The team was based in Baltimore. The logo was a white horseshoe (blue uniforms). The team had success since 1953 when it began, winning four NFL championships, including Super Bowl V. The most famous player was quarterback Johnny Unitas among Pro Bowl Linebackers Bubba Smith and Ray May.  However, in 1984, Bob Irsay secretly (meaning in the middle of a March night without an announcement) moved the team to Indianapolis to begin play as the Indianapolis Colts.

## References
List of Ehime FC players

The **List of Ehime F.C. players** is .  The history of the team is created by its players.

Ehime F.C. is a Japanese professional football club in Matsuyama.

## List
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Shuichi Akai
* Alair de Souza Camargo Junior
* Kenichi Ego
* Kenji Fukuda
* Kengo Ishii
* Tomoya Kanamori
* Yusuke Kawakita
* Shogo Kobara
* Kohei Matsushita
* Takuya Mikami
* Shinsaku Mochidome
* Susumu Oki
* Shunsuke Oyama
* Josimar Rodrigues Souza Roberto
* Eigo Sekine
* Kyohei Sugiura
* Ryota Takasugi
* Daiki Tamori
* Tatsuya Tsuruta
* Hiromasa Yamamoto

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams

## References 
## Other websites
* Ehime FC website 
* J.League Club Guide
Fishing industry

with nets.]]
All activities that are concerned with growing, catching, processing or transporting fish either as a hobby or as an economic activity is called **Fishing industry**.

According to the FAO  definition it includes  recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.
## References
## Further reading
*
John Wesley Hillman

**John Wesley Hillman** (March 29, 1832 &ndash; March 19, 1915) was an American prospector during the California Gold Rush. He was also an explorer who was among the first European Americans to see Crater Lake in the U.S. state of Oregon. He is credited with discovering the lake.

## References
Dorsal fin

]]
A **dorsal fin** is a fin on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates.

The main function of the fin is to stabilize the animal against rolling and to help sudden turns. There are some secondary functions: some fish have dorsal fins which produce venom at the tip, for example, the spiny dogfish.

## Functions 
Some species have further adapted their dorsal fins to other uses.
Pelvic fin

]]
**Pelvic fins** or **ventral fins** are paired fins located on the ventral surface of fish.

## Structure and function 
### Structure 
In actinopterygians, the pelvic fin consists of two bony girdles attached to bony radials. The lepidotrichia are positioned distally from the radials.

### Function 
A pelvic fin's function is to provide powered corrective forces.

## Development 
Unlike limb development in tetrapods, the pelvic fin bud emerges much later than the pectoral fin.

## References 
# Shibukawa, Koichi, Dinh Dac Tran, and Loi Xuan Tran. "*Phallostethus cuulong*, a new species of priapiumfish (Actinopterygii: Atheriniformes: Phallostethidae) from the Vietnamese Mekong." *Zootaxa* 3363.1 (2012): 45-51.
Stability

**Stability** is a property of many systems. It means being at rest, not liable to change. In mechanics and dynamics, a system is stable (has stability) if it will not change motion of its own accord, and will resist small efforts to change its direction or position.

Thus an airliner in flight is dynamically stable, and will keep going in the same direction even when buffeted by uneven air pressure (wind). To change its direction, its control system must be altered. On the other hand, a fighter plane is unstable, and must be controlled at all times by a combination of the pilot and a computer.

Most nuclear isotopes are unstable, but the world is mostly made of stable ones. 

In a boat stability means that it is less likely to capsize.

## References
Type specimen

* - MHNT]]
*, a fossil scorpion fly. The red label denotes a type specimen.]]

In biology, a **type specimen** is a particular specimen to which a scientific name is formally attached. For this purpose a specimen is something that can be kept, unchanging, for a long time (for centuries). A specimen may be an organism, a part of an organism, or many small organisms together. 

Preferably a type specimen should be kept where researchers may have a chance to study it. Often, type specimens are kept in museums and the like. A type specimen need not be typical, that is, it need not be representative.

A type specimen can be assigned when a name is first published, or it can be assigned later. Besides type specimens there are other form of types. 

One particular type specimen may have any number of scientific names attached to it. For example the names *Fabaceae* (family), *Faboideae* (subfamily), and *Faba* (genus) all have the same specimen as the type. For any one circumscription, position, and rank of a taxon only one name can be correct (for a genus that includes the type specimens of the names *Vicia* and *Faba*, both, the correct name will be *Vicia*).

A type specimen is only one of several possible kinds of type. For example, the type of the name of a genus of animals is a type species. But the type specimen is the most famous kind of type.
Fusion power

Nuclear fusion is when two atoms merge to form a new one. This reaction with plasma generates energy. The idea behind a **fusion reactor** is to build a nuclear power plant that uses this process to produce electricity. Nowadays,  nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce energy. Nuclear fission is not the same as nuclear fusion. 

Nuclear fusion is the same type of process the Sun uses to generate heat. The most powerful nuclear weapons also use fusion.

No commercial power plants use this technology; there are a few academic ones; these include the Joint European Torus, in England. This reactor uses a principle called Tokamak. A tokamak uses magnets arranged in a doughnut shape to squish the atoms together. Another kind uses laser fusion, also called inertial confinement fusion.  

## References
List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players

The **List of Sanfrecce Hiroshima players** is .  The history of the team is created by its players.

Sanfrecce Hiroshima  is a Japanese professional football club in Hiroshima.

## List
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Toshihiro Aoyama
* Takashi Shimoda
* Satoru Yamagishi
*Ivan Hašek
*Yosuke Kashiwagi
*Yahiro Kazama
*Hajime Moriyasu 
*Noh Jung-Yoon
*César Sampaio

;FW
*Graham Arnold
*Tomislav Erceg
*Tatsuhiko Kubo
*Yasuyuki Moriyama
*Marcelo
*Serhiy Skachenko
*Takuya Takagi
*John van Loen
*Aurelio Vidmar
*Toshihiro Yamaguchi

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams

## References 
## Other websites
* Sanfrecce Hiroshima website 
* J.League Club Guide
First Coast

The **First Coast** is a region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is in the northern part of the state. The First Coast includes five counties around Jacksonville: Duval, Clay, Nassau and St. Johns. Its name comes from a marketing campaign in the 1980s. It is also called '''Florida's First Coast'''.
List of Gamba Osaka players

The **List of Gamba Osaka players** is .  The history of the team is created by its players.

Gamba Osaka is a Japanese professional football club in Osaka.

## List
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Cho Jae-Jin
* Yosuke Fujigaya
* Takahiro Futagawa
* Yoichi Futori
* Hideo Hashimoto
* Shoki Hirai
* Kenta Hoshihara
* Akira Kaji
* Kohei Kawata
* Atsushi Kimura
* Tomokazu Myojin
* Sota Nakazawa
* Hayato Sasaki
* Lucas Severino
* Takumi Shimohira
* Kazumichi Takagi
* Satoshi Yamaguchi
* Michihiro Yasuda
* Shigeru Yokotani

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.gamba-osaka.net/en/index.html ; [http://www.gamba-osaka.net/ ]
* J.League Club Guide
Matukituki River

The **Matukituki River** is found in the Southern Alps of New Zealand's South Island. It flows for 30 kilometres from Mount Aspiring National Park into the southwestern edge of Lake Wanaka.

## References
Gainare Tottori

is a Japanese professional football club in Tottori Prefecture.

## League position
*2001 : Football League - 16th
*2002 : Football League - 13th
*2003 : Football League - 10th
*2004 : Football League - 14th
*2005 : Football League - 12th
*2006 : Football League - 11th
*2007 : Football League - 14th
*2008 : Football League - 5th
*2009 : Football League - 5th
*2010 : Football League - 1st
*2011 : J2 League - 19th
*2012 : J2 League - 20th
*2013 : J2 League - 22nd
*2014 : J3 League - 4th
*2015 : J3 League - 6th
*2016 : J3 League - 15th
*2017 : J3 League - 17th
*2018 : J3 League - 3rd
*2019 : J3 League - 7th
*2020 : J3 League - 5th

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of Gainare Tottori players

## References 
## Other websites
* Gainare Tottori websitge 
* J.League Club Guide
Buddhist crisis

The **Buddhist Crisis** was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam. The crisis was characterized by a series of discriminating acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance mainly led by Buddhist monks.

The crisis was started when the President Ngô Đình Diệm banned the flying of the Buddhist flag. That led to the shooting of nine unarmed civilians who were protesting a ban of the Buddhist flag on May 8 and suicide by burning of Thích Quảng Đức on June 11. The crisis ended when Ngô Đình Diệm was assassinated on November 2, 1963.

## Background 
A survey said that about 70-90 percent of South Vietnamese people were Buddhist. The President called it biased. A member of the Catholic minority, his government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as in the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions etc. Diem once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) converted to Catholicism believing that their career prospects depended on it. Many were also refused promotion if they did not convert. Also, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Viet Cong guerrillas was done so that weapons were only given to Catholics. Some Catholic priests ran private armies, and in some areas forced conversion and looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas. Some Buddhist villages converted to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diem's regime. The Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions. In 1959, Ngô Đình Diệm dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary. The Vatican flag was usually flown in public services and events while the Buddhist flag was not allowed to be flown in public services and/or events.
List of Albirex Niigata players

The **List of Albirex Niigata players** is . The history of the team is created by its players.

Albirex Niigata is a Japanese professional football club in Niigata.

## List
:*This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.*
* Kazuhiko Chiba
* Isao Homma
* Kazuhisa Kawahara
* Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
* Takaya Kurokawa
* Mitsuru Nagata
* Hiroshi Nakano
* Daigo Nishi
* Hideo Ōshima
* Marcio Richardes de Andrade
* Gotoku Sakai
* Takahiro Takagi
* Atomu Tanaka
* Jun Uchida
* Kisho Yano

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams

## References 
## Other websites
* Albirex Niigata website 
* J.League Club Guide
Aizuwakamatsu

is a city in the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

## Education
### Universities and colleges
*University of Aizu 
*Junior Collage of Aizu

## Sister cities
### Japanese sister cities
* Mutsu, Aomori (Since September 23, 1984)
* Naruto, Tokushima (Since October 30, 1999)
* Ina, Nagano (Since September 24, 2000)
* Yokosuka, Kanagawa (Since April 17, 2005)

### International sister cities
* Jingzhou (Since June 15, 1991)
* Saipan (Since September 22, 2006)

## References
## Other websites
* Aizuwakamatsu official website  
* Aizuwakamatsu official website
Date, Fukushima

is a city in northern Fukushima, Japan.

There were nine towns in Date District, Fukushima. On January 1, 2006, five towns in Date District joined together and became the city of Date. These five towns were Hobara, Yanagawa, Date, Ryōzen, and Tsukidate. Hobara was in the center.

## The Date family
The Date clan was a powerful group during the Edo period. They controlled Miyagi and southern Iwate. After the Edo period, in the Meiji period, many samurai lost their land during the Meiji Restoration. The Date clan also lost their land. Part of the family went to Hokkaidõ. They started another city, Date, Hokkaidõ. The family name of Date clan came from Fukushima.

## 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Date is about 60&nbsp;km north-west of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Date is outside the area people are not allowed to live. However, radiation in the city made people, especially schoolchildren, stay indoors more.

## References
## Other websites
*Date official website
Concorde

**Concorde** was a passenger airplane that flew faster than the speed of sound. It was made by the French company Aérospatiale and the British company British Aircraft Corporation. Concorde carried passengers from 1976 to 2003. Twenty aircrafts were built.

Concorde flew across the Atlantic Ocean in a little less than 3.5 hours. Other airplanes take about eight hours.

When Concorde was being developed, orders from airlines to buy the plane were high. At the time, passenger planes that flew faster than the speed of sound were considered to be a big technological leap.

Some people did not like the sonic booms caused by Concorde flying faster than the speed of sound. They also complained of the noise Concorde made when taking off and landing. It was twice as loud as conventional passenger jets. Concorde was not allowed to fly over certain countries because of this. There were also concerns that having many Concordes in the air at once could damage the ozone layer. The price of fuel increased many times in the 1970s, but the Concorde also consumed much more fuel than a conventional passenger jet.

Many airlines later thought Concorde was too expensive for the cost and were no longer interested in the plane. They cancelled their orders. Another supersonic airliner, the Boeing 2707 was cancelled for similar reasons.

The first scheduled flights were on 21 January 1976. Concorde flew between several different cities in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Concorde initially did not make a profit because of the high costs to run the plane. From the 1980s onwards, ticket prices became much higher. Concorde was mainly used by rich people who could pay the high ticket price.

The high running costs, the crash of Air France Flight 4590 in 2000 and the September 11 attacks caused Concorde to be retired in 2003.

Concorde is considered to be an engineering marvel and a symbol of pride for Britain and France.

## Gallery

02.03.69 1er vol de Concorde (1969) - 53Fi1931 - cropped.jpg|First flight in 1969
Concorde landing Farnborough Fitzgerald.jpg|A Concorde landing, showing the "nose" tilted down
British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 04.jpg|A British Airways Concorde on the ground
Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg|A Concorde in flight. Notice the special shape of the wings
Concorde G-BOAG.jpg|Concorde G-BOAG in the red tail livery of British Airways

## References
## Other websites
* British Airways Concorde page
* Braniff Airways Concorde page 
* Design Museum (UK) Concorde page
* Concorde Experience at the National Museum of Flight, Scotland 
* Pathé film of 002's maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1967
Logan Lerman

**Logan Wade Lerman** (born January 19, 1992) is an American actor. He played Percy Jackson in the 2010 film *Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief*, directed by Chris Columbus. He also played "Charlie" in a movie of the book *Perks of Being a Wallflower*. Lerman's other movie roles include *Hoot* (2006), *3:10 to Yuma*, a western (2007), *Gamer* (2009), and *The Three Musketeers* (2011), as d'Artagnan. He starred on the series *Jack & Bobby* (2004 to 2005).

Lerman was born in Beverly Hills, California. His parents are both Jewish. He has two siblings, both older, and is a self-described "film geek". He would like to direct and write films in the future.

## Other websites 
*
Ernest Giles

**William Ernest Powell Giles** (7 July 1835 – 13 November 1897), best known as **Ernest Giles**, was an Australian explorer. He led three long expeditions in central Australia.

## Early life 
Giles was born in Bristol, England. He moved to Adelaide, South Australia when he was 15. He was one of the first Europeans to explore the empty desert of central Australia during the 1870s. Giles was the first European to explore Lake Amadeus and The Olgas. He named them after Amadeus, King of Spain Olga, Queen of Wurttemberg.

## Career 
He has written works about his journeys. In 1880, he published *The Journal of a Forgotten Expedition*, an account of his third expedition. In 1889, he wrote *Australia Twice Traversed: The Romance of Exploration*, the story of his five main expeditions. Giles died of pneumonia on 13 November 1897. Mount Giles, the third highest mountain in the Northern Territory was named after him.

## References 
## Other websites
* Australia Twice Traversed: The Romance of Exploration  at eBooks @ Adelaide 
* 
* William Ernest Powell Giles at Flinders Ranges Research
William Gosse

**William Christie Gosse** (1842&ndash;12 August 1881) was an explorer. He was born in Hertfordshire, England. He moved to Adelaide, Australia with his father in 1850. Gosse was one of the first Europeans to explore central Australia. He spotted Uluru on 19 July 1873 and named it *Ayers Rock* after Sir Henry Ayers, the Chief Secretary of South Australia. Gosse was not the only explorer in the region at the time. Due to the construction of the Overland telegraph Line, the area was opened up to exploring, and Ernest Giles was also looking for a path to the West. Giles failed on his first attempt and Gosse succeeded by following Giles original track.

Gosse died of a heart attack on 12 August 1881, aged 38, after being sick for a long time.

## References
German wine

overlooking the Rhine]]
**German wines** are those produced in Germany, one of the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Germany. Depending on the vintage, Germany is the world's eight largest producer of wine. Grapes are grown only in the sout-western parts of Germany in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse an Baden-Württemberg, with more than 102,000 hectares vineyards under cultivation.
Adolphe Adam

**Adolphe Charles Adam** (24 July 1803 – 3 May 1856) was a French composer and music critic. He composed many operas and ballets. He is best known today for his ballets *Giselle* (1841) and *Le corsaire* (1856, his last work), and his operas *Le postillon de Lonjumeau* (1836), *Le toréador* (1849), and ''Si j'étais roi'' (1852, often regarded as his finest work). He also composed the popular Christmas carol "Minuit, chrétiens!" ("O Holy Night") (1847). Adam was also a  teacher. Léo Delibes was among his pupils.

## References
Henry Ayers

**Sir Henry Ayers** GCMG (1 May 1821 – 11 June 1897) was the Premier of South Australia five times between 1863 and 1873.

Ayers was born at Portsea, Hampshire, England. He moved to Australia in 1840 with his wife, Elizabeth. He worked in the mining industry. His copper mine became very important to the economy of South Australia. Ayers later went into politics. He was elected to the South Australian parliament on 9 March 1857. He stayed a member for more than 36 years. Ayers first became premier on 15 July 1863.

Ernest Giles, an explorer, named Ayers Rock after him in 1872. In the same year,  Ayers was knighted KCMG and raised to GCMG in 1894. He died in Adelaide on 11 June 1897.

## References 
## Other website
*SA Parliament - Ayers 
*Daguerreotype of Sir Henry Ayers, c.1848, State Library of South Australia
Canyoneering

**Canyoneering** or **canyoning** is a dangerous sport. A person who goes canyoneering is a canyoneer. A canyoneer is a person who walks, swims, or rappels (climbs down ropes) into canyons. Sometimes these canyons are very deep and very narrow. Canyons that are very narrow are called "slot canyons". 

## Dangers 
Canyoneering can be dangerous. Sometimes canyons flood (fill with water) when it rains. Accidents can also happen when a canyoneer is climbing down ropes. The rope can break or the canyoneer can slip. Sometimes canyons are too narrow to walk through, so you have to go back. Also, sometimes the water in canyons is so cold you can get sick. Many people have died in canyons.
Station (agriculture)

**Station** is the term for a big agricultural property (owned land) that is used for raising livestock. The word is used in Australian and New Zealand English. The owner of a station is called a *grazier*. They are also sometimes called *pastoralists*. Its workers are called *stockmen*. The stations may be called *sheep stations* or *cattle stations*, depending on what type of animal it raises.

## Related pages
*Ranch

## References
Mikhail Fokine

*.Saint Petersburg, 1898.]]

**Mikhail Fokine** ( &ndash; 22 August 1942) was a Russian choreographer and dancer. He was born in St Petersburg, the son of a prosperous middle-class merchant. At the age of nine, he was accepted into the St Petersburg Imperial Ballet School. In 1898, on his 18th birthday, he debuted on the stage of the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in *Paquita*, with the Imperial Russian Ballet. In 1902, he became a teacher with the ballet school.

Fokine hoped to go beyond the older ballet traditions. To him virtuoso ballet techniques were not an end in themselves, but a means of expression. He believed that many of the ballets of his time used costuming and mime which did not reflect the themes of the ballets. Therefore, he tried to strip ballets of their artificial miming and outdated costumes. In addition, as a choreographer, he started a reform that took ballerinas out of their pointe shoes. Also, he experimented with a freer use of the arms and torso. He presented his reformist ideas to the management of the Imperial theatre, but did not get their support. Some of his early works include the ballet *Acis and Galatea* (1905) and *The Dying Swan'' (1907), which was a solo dance for Anna Pavlova, choreographed to the music of Saint-Saëns' *Le Cygne*.

In 1909, Sergei Diaghilev invited Fokine to become the choreographer of his Ballets Russes in Paris. Fokine broke off the collaboration in 1912, jealous of Diaghilev's close relationship with Vaslav Nijinsky. He moved to Sweden in 1918 and later established his home in New York City, where he founded a ballet school and continued to appear with his wife, Vera Fokina. He became a United States citizen in 1932. Fokine died in New York on 22 August 1942.

Fokine staged more than 70 ballets in Europe and the United States. His best known works were *Chopiniana* (later revised as *Les Sylphides*), *Le Carnaval* and ''Le Pavillon d'Armide*. Among his works for the Ballets Russes were *The Firebird*, *Petrushka*, *Le Spectre de la Rose* and *Daphnis et Chloé''. Also, for the Ballets Russes, he created a ballet out of Rimsky-Korsakov's *Scheherazade*. His pieces are still performed by the leading ballet troupes of the world.

## References
* Beaumont C.W. *Michel Fokine and his ballets*. 
* Sunday NY Times, Jack Anderson (dance critic), September 7th, 1980

## Other websites 
* Fokine, Michel, 1880-1942. Papers: Guide. in the Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library 
* Fokine, Michel (1880 - 1942) at Australia Dancing 
* The Fokine Estate archive
*
Lasseter's Reef

'''Lasseter's Reef''' was a legendary rich gold deposit that was said to be in remote central Australia. A prospector, Harold Bell Lasseter, claimed to have discovered the site in 1897. But Lasseter forgot the exact location of it. He died when he went back into the desert to look for it again. The gold's location remains a —nobody even knows whether it really exists.

Lasseter told the story in 1929. He said that he had found the gold near the border of the Northern Territory and Western Australia. This area at the time was uncharted (no maps had been made of it). When he came out of the desert, he spent the next thirty years trying to get people to fund an expedition to go back and look for it. But people ignored him because people were already making  from the gold rush at Kalgoorlie in Western Australia. Nobody wanted to risk going into unchartered desert.

But during the Great Depression, people became interested. Lasseter got enough money for an expedition to relocate the gold. But the expedition was hard&mdash;there were long distances involved, no maps to guide them, and it was very hard to find water. When the expedition party became lost, the people who went with Lasseter called him a . They left him, but Lasseter continued, with one other man. The man later said that Lasseter became  in the desert, and he too left him.

Now alone, Lasseter continued in the desert, but eventually became  and dehydrated. He died from exhaustion and malnutrition in early 1931. He was on his way to Uluru or Kata Tjuta. His body was found in March 1931 by a bushman. The story of Lasseter's expedition is known from the stories of his travelling group. The later part of the story is known from Lasseter's diary, which was found on his body. No maps showing the location of the fabled gold reef were ever found. The tale of the reef has become legend. It is probably the most famous "lost mine" legend in Australia.

## References 
* Account of the possible rediscovery of the reef 
* Reef Rediscovery & Planned Mining
Altar lamp

An **altar lamp**, or **sanctuary lamp**, is the flame kept near the altar in a church or synagogue. The flame is always kept alive, so is commonly called an "eternal flame". It represents that God is always there with the people.

## References
FC Machida Zelvia

commonly known as  is a Japanese professional football club based in Machida, Tokyo. They currently play in the J1 League, following promotion as J2 League champions in 2023.

## League position
*2009 : Football League - 6th
*2010 : Football League - 3rd
*2011 : Football League - 3rd
*2012 : J2 League - 22nd
*2013 : Football League - 4th
*2014 : J3 League - 3rd
*2015 : J3 League - 2nd
*2016 : J2 League - 7th
*2017 : J2 League - 16th
*2018 : J2 League - 4th
*2019 : J2 League - 18th
*2020 : J2 League - 19th

## Managers
* Minoru Moriya, 2002-2007
* Tetsuya Totsuka, 2008-2009
* Naoki Soma, 2010
* Ranko Popović, 2011
* Osvaldo Ardiles, 2012-

## Related pages 
* Sports in Japan
* List of Japanese football teams
* List of FC Machida Zelvia players

## References 
## Other websites
* http://www.zelvia.jp/ 
* J.League Club Guide
Bushfood

**Bushfood** (also called **bush tucker** in Australia) is any food native to Australia eaten by the original inhabitants, the Australian Aborigines. Most bushfoods are very nutritious. Examples of native animal foods (meats) are kangaroo, emu and crocodile. These are quite common and can be found in many supermarkets and restaurants. Other animals, like lizards and grubs, were eaten by aboriginal (native) Australians, long before white people came to the area. It also includes fruits and berries. The most famous native bushfood plant is the macadamia nut. This is farmed and sold in large numbers.

By the end of the 19th century, there were only less than 100.000 Aboriginal people. Since the arrival of the settlers, the native population died from new diseases, alcohol and poverty, as their native land was taken away from them. They had to move to places where they could not live in their traditional way. Most of their languages died out. Until the 1960s, children were taken away from their families and forced to live in children's homes („Stolen Generation“). The idea was to make them „good“ Australians by educating them „properly“.

## References
## Other websites
* Bush tucker , from Travel Northern Territory
* *Australian Bushfoods* magazine
Park Yong-ho

:*This is about the Korean athlete born in 1981.  For the Japanese athlete born in 1974, see Pak Yong-Ho.*

**Park Yong-Ho** (born March 25, 1981) is a South Korean  association football player. He was part of the South Korean team in 2004 Summer Olympics.

## References
## Other websites
* FIFA, Park Yong-Ho 
* NationalFootballTeams.com, Park Yong-Ho
Willem Dafoe

**William James** "**Willem**" **Dafoe** (; born July 22, 1955) is an American actor. He was born in Appleton, Wisconsin. He played major roles in *To Live and Die in L.A.*, *Platoon*, *The Last Temptation of Christ*, *Mississippi Burning*, *Body of Evidence*, *Clear and Present Danger*, *Speed 2: Cruise Control*, *The Boondock Saints*, *Shadow of the Vampire*, *Spider-Man*, *Spider-Man: No Way Home*, *The Clearing*, *Beetlejuice Beetlejuice* and *Nosferatu*. He  was also in the  2017 movie *Justice League* and 2018 movie *Aquaman* as Nuidis Vulko.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Les Sylphides

***Les Sylphides*** () is a ballet ed by Michel Fokine to the music of Frederic Chopin. The music was d by Stravinsky among others. The scenery and costumes were designed by Alexandre Benois. 

The ballet was first performed by the Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 2 June 1909. It starred Nijinsky, Tamara Karsavina, Anna Pavlova, and Maria Baldina. The ballet is non-narrative. It does not tell a story. It is a series of dances meant to evoke the atmosphere and ambiance of a romantic ballet.

*Les Sylphides* was developed from a Fokine ballet called *Chopiniana*. This ballet was performed in St Petersburg on 21 March 1908. It was a series of imagined scenes from Chopin's life that included a Polish wedding and a ballroom polonaise. It was revised. All characters and any suggestion of a plot were dropped to create instead an  of the romantic ballet. 

The revised ballet (still called *Chopiniana*) was performed in St Petersburg on 6 April 1908. This second version was costumed in the long white ballet tutu made famous by Marie Taglioni in *La Sylphide*.  *Chopiniana* was renamed *Les Sylphides* when it was presented in Paris.

*Les Sylphides* generally includes the following musical numbers:
# Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1 ("Military", the Prelude in A major, Op. 28, No. 7 is sometimes substituted)
# Nocturne in A flat major, Op. 32, No. 2
# Waltz in G flat major, Op. 70, No. 1
# Mazurka in D major, Op. 33, No. 2
# Mazurka in C major, Op. 67, No. 3
# Prelude in A major, Op. 28, No. 7
# Waltz in C sharp minor, Op. 64, No. 2
# Grande valse brillante in E flat major, Op. 18
 
## References 
* Balanchine, George. 1975. *101 Stories of the Great Ballets*. Anchor Books. pp. 473-9.

## Other websites 
*NYCB website
*Margot Fonteyn performing in *Les Sylphides* 
*ExploreDance.com 
*The Ballet Encyclopedia
*1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Glazunov 
*MusicWeb
Peter Finch

**Frederick George Peter Ingle Finch** (28 September 1916 - 14 January 1977) was a British-born Australian actor. He was born in South Kensington, London. He was raised in Vaucresson, France and Sydney, Australia. He was married to ballet dancer Tamara Tchinarova.

Finch is best known for his role in *Network*, for which he won an Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe Award. He died of a heart attack in Beverly Hills, California.

## Other websites 
*
Alain Delon

**Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon** (; 8 November 1935 – 18 August 2024) was a French actor. He became famous quickly, and by the age of 23, he was already being  to French actors like Gérard Philipe and Jean Marais. He was also compared to American actor James Dean. He was even called the male Brigitte Bardot. During his career, Delon worked with many well-known directors. Some of these are Luchino Visconti, Jean-Luc Godard, Jean-Pierre Melville, Michelangelo Antonioni and Louis Malle. 

Delon was given Swiss citizenship in 1999. He had a company managing product company, and it was based in Geneva.

## Early life
Delon was born in Sceaux, Seine (now Hauts-de-Seine), Île-de-France, which is a suburb of Paris. His parents, Édith (née Arnold) and Fabien Delon, divorced when Delon was four. Both remarried, and Delon has a half-sister and two half-brothers. He went to a Roman Catholic boarding school. This was the first school he was removed from because of bad behavior. 

When he was 14, Delon left school. He then worked for at his stepfather's butcher shop for some time. He joined the French Navy three years later. In 1953 and 54 he served as a *fusilier marin* in the First Indochina War. Delon has said that out of his four years of military service he spent eleven months in prison for being "undisciplined", meaning that his bad behaviour ended up getting him jailed. In 1956, he returned to France after being dishonourably  from the navy. He did not have any money, and lived on whatever money he could find.

## Products
Since his perfume company was started, Delon has had many products sold under his name. Some of these are wristwatches, clothes, eyewear, stationery and cigarettes.

Delon's sunglasses brand became very popular in Hong Kong after actor Chow Yun-fat wore them in the 1986 movie *A Better Tomorrow*. He wore these in two movies after this. It is said that Delon wrote a letter to thank Chow for helping the sunglasses sell out in the region. The movie's director John Woo has said that Delon is one of his idols. He wrote a short essay on *Le Samourai* as well as *Le Cercle Rou* for the Criterion Collection DVDs.

## Death
Delon suffered a stroke in June 2019. In August 2019, he was recovering in a Swiss hospital. In September 2022, he began treatment for a slow-progressing lymphoma. In the summer of 2023, Delon's three children made the decision to stop this treatment because it was weakening him.

Delon died on 18 August 2024 at his home in Douchy, France at the age of 88. He was diagnosed with B-cell lymphoma earlier in the year.

## Honours 
*At the 45th Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Honorary Golden Bear.
*Delon is on the cover of the 1986 album The Queen Is Dead by The Smiths.
* He was made *Officier* (Officer) of the Ordre national du Mérite in 1995.
* He was made *Chevalier* (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur on 21 February 1991.

## Movies
## References
## Other websites
* alaindelon.ch , his official website
*
Whose Line Is It Anyway?

***Whose Line is it Anyway?*** is an American sketch comedy television show that ran from August 5, 1998 to December 15, 2007. A revival was other ran from July 16, 2013 to November 1, 2024. It was presented by Drew Carey on the ABC network, with the revival hosted by Aisha Tyler and airing on The CW network. The design of the show came from a British television *Whose Line is it Anyway?*.

The show consisted of a group of four people acting out comedy sketches on-the-spot, with Aisha Tyler choosing what they would do with help of the live audience.
Dez Bryant

**Dez Bryant** is an American football wide receiver for the Baltimore Ravens. He played college football for the Oaklahoma State Cowboys. Despite some minor character concerns, Byrant has been a successful returner and wideout for Dallas.

## References
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile

The **Pontifical Catholic University of Chile** is a Catholic university based in the city of Santiago de Chile. It was founded in 1888 through a decree issued by the Santiago Archbishop. This university was one of the first Chilean universities teaching strong entrepreneurship starting with two subjects: law and mathematics.

## Other websites 
* Official Website
Jude Law

**David Jude Heyworth Law** (born 29 December 1972) is an English actor. He was born in Lewisham, London and grew up in Blackheath, London. He played major roles many movies. These include *The Talented Mr. Ripley*, *Enemy at the Gates*, *A.I. Artificial Intelligence*, *Road to Perdition*, *Cold Mountain*, *Alfie*, *Closer* and *The Holiday*. 

For his work in *The Talented Mr. Ripley*, he won 2000 BAFTA Award for "Actor in a Supporting Role".

## References
## Other websites 
*
Connellan Airways

in the outback, 1948.]]

**Connellan Airways** (later called **Connair**) was an Australian airline that operated in northern Australia. It was founded by Edward Connellan (1912–1983) on 23 July 1943. The airline flew planes between remote areas of the outback. They worked a lot with the Royal Flying Doctor Service.

The name was changed to Connair in 1970. Connair had money problems in the 1970s. The company was sold to another airline company on 14 March 1980. It was liquidated (turned into money and dismantled) shortly after.

## References
Jacaranda

**Jacaranda** is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. It comes from tropical and subtropical regions of Central America, Mexico, South America (especially Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Uruguay), and the Caribbean. It is also found in Asia, especially in Nepal. It is found throughout the Americas and Caribbean. It has also been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, India, Fiji and parts of Africa. The genus name is also used as the common name.

## Growth
*Jacaranda* can be shrubs to large trees. They range in size from  tall.

## Genus
The genus is separated into two sections, *Jacaranda* and *Dilobos* DC. Section *Jacaranda* (which includes Blue Jacarandas) has 18 species. It is found mostly in western South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Section *Dilobos*, which is thought to be the oldest form, has 31 species. It is found mostly in southeastern Brazil. This includes the Paraná River valley. The kind of wood in the two sections is also different.

## Notes 
## Other websites 
* Germplasm Resources Information Network: *Jacaranda*
Lenticular galaxy

A **lenticular galaxy** is a type of galaxy. These galaxies have an elliptical shape and ill-defined spiral arms. Basically, they are a combinations of spiral and elliptical galaxies. Because of this, they contain a lot of aging stars like elliptical galaxies.

Despite being different shapes and a different galaxy type, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties such as spectral features and sizes. They are also early-type galaxies that are slowly evolving.

## Morphology and structure 
### Classification 
 is an example of a lenticular galaxy with a visible dust absorption. In this image, you can see the slight difficulty in identifying the galaxy type. Credit: HST]]

Lenticular galaxies are unique, with a visible disk component and also a prominent bulge component.  The bulge is larger than the disk in ratio than a normal spiral galaxy.  The large bulge is what makes them look like an elliptical galaxy.  Like spiral galaxies, they can also have a central bar.

Lenticular galaxies are often considered to be a poorly understood transition state between spiral and elliptical galaxies, which makes their position in the Hubble sequence.  Having no spiral arms, they are not spiral galaxies.  The bulge is usually spherical, thus they are not elliptical galaxies.  Lenticular galaxies are divided into subclasses based on either the amount of dust present or the prominence of a central bar.  Galaxies with no central bars are S01, S02 and S03, the numbers indicate the amount of gas absorption in the disk.  Barred galaxies are SB01, SB02 and SB03.

### Bars 
Like spiral galaxies, lenticular galaxies can also have a central bar. The subclasses for the barred lenticular galaxies are SB01, SB02 and SB03. Although the numbers represents the amount of gas absorption, they can also indicate the prominence of the central bar. SB01, have the least prominent bar. SB02, have a slightly prominent bar. SB03, has the most prominent bar. Examples:
File:NGC 2787.jpg|**SB01** (NGC 2787)
File:NGC 1533 .jpg|**SB02** (NGC 1533)
File:NGC 1460 -HST10217 18-R850GB475.png|**SB03** (NGC 1460)  

## References
UniMás

**UniMás** is a U.S. Spanish-language broadcast television network owned by Univision with headquarters in Miami, Florida.

## References
Olaf Rose

**Olaf Volker Bernhard Rose Rose** (born 1958 in Arnsberg) is a German historian and politician. He is member of the National Democratic Party of Germany. Rose works as an adviser for the party in the Landtag of Saxony. He is co-founder of Gesellschaft für Freie Publizistik and city councilor in Pirna.

In 2012 he was a candidate in the German presidential election.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Olaf Rose
Barbiturate

, the parent structure of all barbiturates]]
**Barbiturates** are a group of drugs that are derivates of barbituric acid. For many years, barbiturates were used as sedatives. Today, their use is very limited in many countries, mainly because they cause addiction and people soon develop a tolerance. 

People with a drug tolerance will need a higher dosage of the drug to get the same effect as before. After a while, the drug becomes useless for these people. This increased use often leads to physical dependence as the body becomes used to the constant presence of barbiturates. When the person abruptly (suddenly) stops taking the drug or reduces the dose, withdrawal symptoms may arise.

Adolf von Baeyer was the first to produce Barbituric acid in 1864, and in 1879 it was perfected by chemist from France called Edouard Grimaux. Barbiturates were once used as a primary treatment for epilepsy; this is especially true for the substance called phenobarbital or phenobarbitone. The sedative effect of the drug made it increasingly unpopular, and it is now prescribed less for epilepsy in favor of other drugs that do not have unpopular side effects.

Benzodiazepines are another group of drugs which have sedative properties. They make people sleepy, and help them sleep. On the other hand, Barbiturates force people to sleep. In the case of severe sleeping problems which cannot be controlled by other drugs, Barbiturates are sometimes used as off-label drugs.   

## Symptoms of Barbiturate Withdrawal 
Barbiturate withdrawal symptoms may include:
* Abdominal cramps
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Restlessness
* Insomnia
* Fatigue
* Anxiety
* Tremors
* Seizures
* Delirium
* Hallucinations

Some of these withdrawal symptoms can be fatal. Seizures can be dangerous, and the delirium some users experience can lead to agitation, hyperthermia, and cardiovascular failure.
## References
The Honeymooners

***The Honeymooners*** is an American half-hour television sitcom series. Jackie Gleason plays New York City bus driver named Ralph Kramden, Audrey Meadows plays his wife Alice, Art Carney plays his friend Ed Norton, a sewer worker, and Joyce Randolph plays Ed's wife Trixie. The show aired on CBS from October 1, 1955 to September 22, 1956. It was a great success. *The Honeymooners* dropped in the ratings after 39 episodes and its run ended.
What's My Line?

'''''What's My Line?'''* is a panel game show. It ran weekly in the United States. The show aired on Sunday at 10:30&nbsp;p.m. EST on CBS from 1 October 1950 to 3 September 1967. Lady panelists wore floor-length dresses and jewelry. Gentleman panelists wore tuxedos. They tried to guess the jobs of everyday people by asking "yes" or "no" questions.  Repartee between panelists and  John Charles Daly was witty, tasteful, and sophisticated. Regular panelists included Dorothy Kilgallen, Arlene Francis, and Bennett Cerf. A chair was open for a guest panelist. The high point of the program was the Mystery Guest. This guest was usually a well-known celebrity such as a Broadway or movie star. Sometimes the Mystery Guest was a little known person in the news such as an astronaut. Panelists wore blindfolds and tried to guess who the Mystery Guest was by asking "yes" or "no" questions. Mystery Guests changed their voices to make it hard for the panelists to know who they were. Baseball great Mickey Mantle, movie star Zsa Zsa Gabor, and future President of the United States Ronald Reagan were three of the many Mystery Guests. *What's My Line?''' won three Emmy Awards for "Best Quiz or Audience Participation Show", in 1952, 1953, and 1958. The show won a Golden Globe for "Best TV Show" in 1962. CBS stopped broadcasting the program in 1967. It returned in syndication as a daily program. This program was shown from 1968 until 1975. There have been several international versions, radio versions, and a live stage version. It is the longest-running U.S. primetime network television game program (51st).