open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
People In Need

**People in Need** (**PIN**, *Člověk v tísni* in Czech) is a Czech organization that does relief work and creates development projects around the world. It works in regions that are in crisis. At the same time, it supports human rights and democratic freedom. PIN is a nonprofit and non-governmental organization.

PIN cooperates with many other organizations such as: Alliance 2015, the Czech Forum for Development Cooperation (FoRS), the European Union Monitoring Center (EUMC), UNHCR, UNICEF, and many others.

PIN had a budget of over 13 million of Euro in 2008 and about 500 staff all over the world.). It works or worked in more than 40 countries.

PIN organizes the One World Film Festival each year to show human rights documentaries.

The organization was founded in 1992 by Šimon Pánek and by Jaromír Štětina. Pánek had been a student activist during the Velvet Revolution. Štětina was journalist who wrote about wars.

## Structure
### Relief and Development Department
The Relief and Development Department of PIN  helps victims of natural disasters and wars, works against poverty worldwide, and supports universal education. In 2009, the Relief and Development Department was working in eighteen countries in Asia (for example Afghanistan , Cambodia , Sri Lanka ), Africa (e.g. Ethiopia , Angola , Namibia )  and Europe (e. g. Romania , Ukraine, Czech Republic ). Programs focus on education, health care, clean drinking water, hygiene, and support for jobs that can continue for a long time.

### Human Rights Department
People in Need supports people who oppose the government and the develop civil society in countries where the government its power to control many parts of daily life. People in Need also gives the Homo Homini award to a person protected human rights and developed democracy without using violence.

### Other Departments
PIN has had programs to fight against poverty and social exclusion in the Czech Republic since 1999. They helped people from poor areas with housing, unemployment, or debt problems. Social Integration Programmes (SIP) started in 2006 and now works in more than 50 cities and towns in the Czech Republic. PIN also offers informative and educational programs in schools to teach about poverty and migration.

## Criticism
People in Need has been active in Chechnya and Ingushetia since 2000. In 2005, the Russian weekly Argumenty i Fakty claimed the organization supports Chechen separatist and terrorists. PIN said it did not. Then, Russia made the organization leave, but PIN was allowed back in 2007.

## Other websites
* People in Need (Official site)
** People in Need (English version)
*Homo Homini Award 

## References
Cerebral cortex

The **cerebral cortex** is the most important part of the brain. In humans, it is by far the largest part of the brain.

Though this cannot be seen directly, different parts of the cortex have different functions (see diagram). It plays a key role in memory, , perceptual , thought, language, and consciousness. 

It is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It has up to six layers of nerve cells. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4&nbsp;mm (0.08–0.16&nbsp;inches) thick.

In preserved brains, it is grey, so it is often called 'grey matter'. In contrast to gray matter that is formed from neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, the white matter below them is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting neurons in different regions of the cerebral cortex with each other and neurons in other parts of the central nervous system.

The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of it in the human brain is buried in the grooves.

## Neocortex 
The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the **neocortex**, has six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called 'columns'.

The neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex to evolve. The six-layer neocortex is a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neocortex.

## Allocortex 
Other parts of the cerebral cortex are:
*Allocortex: fewer than six layers, more ancient phylogenetically than the mammals, evolved to handle olfaction and the memory of smells.
**Archicortex (includes functions related to emotions and memory)
***Olfactory cortex
***Hippocampus
**Paleocortex (3 three to five layers)
The cellular organization of the old cortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above.

## Notes
Oscar Hijuelos

**Oscar Jerome Hijuelos** (August 24, 1951 &ndash; October 12, 2013) was an American novelist. He is the first Hispanic to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

## Early life and education
Hijuelos was born in New York City, in Morningside Heights, Manhattan. His parents were Cuban immigrants. He studied at the Corpus Christi School in Morningside Heights. Later, he attended Bronx Community College, Lehman College, and Manhattan Community College. He studied writing at the City College of New York and earned two degrees in Creative Writing there: his B.A. in1975 and M.A. in 1976.

## Death
Hijuelos collapsed due to a heart attack while playing tennis in Manhattan and never regained consciousness. He was 62 and is survived by his wife Lori Marie Carlson.

## Works
### Major works 
**Our House in the Last World* (1983)
**The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love* (1990)
*''The Fourteen Sisters of Emilio Montez O'Brien* (1993)
**Mr. Ives' Christmas* (1995)
**Empress of the Splendid Season* (1999)
**A Simple Habana Melody (from when the world was good)* (2002)
**Dark Dude* (2008)
**Beautiful Maria of my Soul* (2010)

### Contributions 
* Preface, *Iguana Dreams: New Latino Fiction*, edited by Delia Poey and Virgil Suarez. New York, HarperPerennial, 1992.
* Introduction, *Cool Salsa: Bilingual Poems on Growing up Latino in the United States*, edited by Lori M. Carlson. New York, Holt, 1994.
* Introduction, *The Cuban American Family Album* by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
* Contributor, *Best of Pushcart Press III*. Pushcart, 1978.
* Contributor, *You're On!: Seven Plans in English and Spanish'', edited by Lori M. Carlson. New York, Morrow Junior Books, 1999.

## Notes 
## Other websites
*Perales, Contreras Jaime and Lozano, Tovar Wendolyn. "Two Pulitzer Prize (Junot Diaz and Oscar Hijuelos) Talk to Literal Magazine" 
* Oscar Hijuelos Papers at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Columbia University
*Oscar Hijuelos's page  at HarperCollins
*Biography of Oscar Hijuelos from Thomson Gale
*1990 Real Audio interview with Oscar Hijuelos at Wired for Books.org  by Don Swaim
Jimmie Johnson

** Jimmie Kenneth Johnson** (born September 17, 1975) is an American stock car driver from El Cajon, California. Until 2021, Johnson drove the No. 48 Chevrolet Camaro for Hendrick Motorsports in the NASCAR Cup Series. In 2019, Johnson said that the 2020 NASCAR season would be his final year competing in the entire schedule. In 2010 Johnson became the only driver to win five Sprint Cup Series Championships in a row. Johnson is married to Chandra Janway, and they had their first child, which was a girl named Genevieve Marie Johnson on July 7th, 2010.

## Early racing career
Johnson started racing on motorcycles when he was five years old. Johnson left motorcycle racing and went on to drive in some off-road races. While he was off-road racing, he met Herb Fischel. Fischel was the head of Motorsports at General Motors, who owns the Chevrolet brand Johnson drives for today.

In 1998, Johnson started racing in the American Speed Association (ASA) series. He had only raced in six stock car races in his life before the season. Johnson ended the season fourth in points, and he won the Rookie of the Year award.

## NASCAR Sprint Cup Series career
### 2002–2005
In 2002, Johnson started racing full-time in the Winston Cup Series. Johnson finished the season 5th in the points standings, and had won 3 races. In 2003 Johnson once again won 3 races, had 14 top-five finishes and 20 top-ten finishes. He finished the season second in the Winston Cup Series points standings to Matt Kenseth. In 2004 Johnson had 8 wins, 20 top-fives, 23 top-tens and he finished the year 2nd in the point standings. In 2005 Johnson stayed in the top five in the points standings all year, winning 4 races. He finished the 2005 season 5th in the Nextel Cup Series points.

### 2006–2010
In 2006 Johnson won five races and his first Nextel Cup Series championship. Johnson had 13 top-fives, 24 top-tens, 1 pole, and he led 854 laps during the 2006 season. In 2007 Johnson had 10 wins, 4 poles, 20 top-fives, and 24 top-tens. At the end of the season, he had won his second championship.
]]

In his 2008 season Johnson got 7 wins, 6 poles, 15 top-fives, 22 top-tens, and his third Sprint Cup Series Championship. Johnson only failed to finish one race in the 2008 season. During the 2009 season Johnson had 7 wins, 4 poles, 16 top-fives, 24 top-tens, and he led a total of 2,238 laps. He finished the season 1st in points, becoming the only driver to win four championships in a row.

In 2010, Johnson won his 5th Sprint Cup Series championship. He finished the season withd 2 pole positions, 17 top-fives, 23 top-tens, 6 wins, 1326 laps led. He failed to finish four of the races in the 2010 season.  With this championship, Johnson became the only driver to have won 5 championships in a row.

## References
## Other websites
* Team Lowe's Racing: Jimmie Johnson's official web site
* NASCAR.com: Jimmie Johnson
* Jimmie Johnson on FoxSports
* The Jimmie Johnson Foundation
*
* Jimmie Johnson Video on FoxSports Video Archive
TESOL

**TESOL** has more than one meaning:

* The letters may stand for "Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages", used in English as a Foreign or Second Language (EFL/ESL)
* TESOL Inc. is a professional organization based in the United States for people working in this field.
O. Henry Award

**The O. Henry Award** is given for especially good short stories. The prize is given each year. The award is named after the American short story author, O. Henry.

***The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories*** is a book that is published each year with that year's twenty best stories from magazines in U.S. and Canada, written in English.

The award itself is called The O. Henry *Award*, not the O. Henry *Prize*, though until recently there were first, second and third prize winners.

## History and format
The award was first given in 1919. Money to support the award comes from the Society of Arts and Sciences.  As of 2003, the series editor chooses twenty short stories and each one is called an O. Henry Prize Story. All stories originally written in English and published in an American or Canadian magazine can possibly win. Three people become jurors each year. The jurors get the twenty prize stories in text form. The author or publication name are not listed. Each juror works alone and chooses one special short story  and comments on it.

The goal of The O. Henry Prize Stories is to improve the art of the short story.  Starting in 2003, *The O. Henry Prize Stories* is dedicated to a writer who has made a major contribution to the art of the short story. The O. Henry Prize Stories 2007 was dedicated to Sherwood Anderson, a U.S. short-story writer. Jurors for 2007 were Charles D'Ambrosio, Lily Tuck, and Ursula K. Le Guin.

Laura Furman is now the series editor for *The O. Henry Prize Stories*.

## Partnership with PEN American Center
In 2009 Anchor books announced a change in the series tittle. Anchor is the publisher of The O. Henry Prize Stories. They worked with the PEN American Center and renamed the series the PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories collection. Profits from selling The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories 2009 books went to PEN's Readers & Writers Program. This program sends well-known authors to under served inner-city schools. 

In an interview for the Vintage Books and Anchor Books blog, editor Laura Furman called working with PEN a "natural partnership." 

## Juror favorites, first-prize winners
For more information or complete lists of yearly winners, visit The O. Henry Prize Stories website.

## References
## Other websites
*Complete list of winners 1919–1999
SimCity DS

**SimCity DS**, or **SimCity Creator**, is a simulation video game made in 2007 by Electronic Arts. The player can build a city, while trying to keep it healthy.

## Gameplay
The player will be known as the "Mayor" throughout the game. They will have to look at five sheets to run their city.

### Zoning
Zones are the places where buildings can develop. They are different, and the "heavier" the zone, the more buildings grow. However, land value has a greater effect.

### Needs
Certain facilities are called "needs". Power and water are considered *needs* in the game, although one is not completely mandatory.

### Adviser
"Advisers" are people you choose to help you build a city.
Dean of Invention

***Dean of Invention*** is a TV show on Planet Green. The presenters, Dean Kamen and Joanne Colan investigate new inventions.

## References
TESOL International Association

**TESOL** (**Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc.**) is a global education association for English language teachers who teach speakers of others languages.

## Interest Sections 
TESOL has some special interest groups called "Interest Sections".  They promote research and continuing education in areas that are important to TESOL members.  Current Interest Sections include the following:

* Adult Education
* Applied Linguistics
* Bilingual Education
* Computer-Assisted Language Learning
* Elementary Education
* English as a Foreign Language
* English for Specific Purposes
* Higher Education
* Intercultural communication
* Intensive English Programs
* International Teaching Assistants
* Materials Writers
* Non-native English-Speaking Teachers
* Program Administration
* Refugee Concerns
* Second Language Writing
* Secondary Schools
* Speech, Pronunciation, and Listening
* Teacher Education
* Video and Digital Media

## History 
TESOL was founded in 1966 and has corporate headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia. TESOL has more than 13,000 members in more than 120 different countries. TESOL is an NGO under the United Nations.

## Affiliates 
TESOL has relationships with 98 independent organizations worldwide: 41 in the United States and 57 in Asia, the Pacific, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa.

## Annual conference 
TESOL convenes an annual conference with papers, symposia, key note speakers, workshops, and annual meetings for the Interest Sections. Presenters speak on topics ranging from practical advice for the classroom to new theories for explaining language learning. The event also has a large book fair where most major publishers have displays. Usually around 10,000 people attend the conference. It was first held in 1966.

## Awards 
Each year, TESOL gives four awards, each to one of its members.

*The James E. Alatis Award for Service to TESOL is for outstanding and extended service by TESOL members at international, regional, and local levels.
*The TESOL Virginia French Allen Award for Scholarship and Service
*The D. Scott Enright TESOL Interest Section Service Award is for outstanding and extended service to and leadership in TESOL interest sections.
*The TESOL Award for Excellence in Teaching is for educators who are considered excellent by other teachers.

## References 
## Other websites 
*TESOL Home Page
*TESOL France Home Page
*TESOL Greece Home Page
*Dates and locations of past TESOL Conferences 
* TESOL Asia http://www.tesol.asia
*TESOL India Home Page 
*TESOL Costa Rica Home Page
Windows Live

**Windows Live** is an internet product of Microsoft. Until 2005 its many services were under MSN.  They moved them to Windows Live to show people that these services are made to work with Windows operating system. They used the term less after 2012.

The Windows Live family features many different services. The most famous service being Windows Live Hotmail. However, there are also many more free services provided by Windows Live which only requires one account to access. Google and Yahoo! compete against Windows Live with similarly diverse services.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Windows Live homepage
* MSN homepage
Perm Krai

**Perm Krai** is a *krai* (federal territory) of Russia that came into existence on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast (province) and Komi–Permyak self-governing district. The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject.

Perm Krai is located in the east of the East European Plain and the western slope of the Middle Ural Mountains. The length from north to south is ; length from west to east is .

Rivers of Perm Krai belong to the Kama River Basin, the largest tributary of the Volga River. There are more than 29,000 rivers in Perm Krai. Together they are more than  long, but only two rivers have lengths exceeding ; the Kama () and the Chusovaya ().

The landscape is mostly low rolling hills covered by forests and fields. The Ural Mountains are in the eastern part of Perm Krai. The highest mountain Tulysmsky Kamen () is in the north east of the territory.

## Principal inhabited places
## Other websites
*Official website of Perm Krai 
*Perm State University 
*Tourist Resourses of Perm Krai
Washington University in St. Louis

**Washington University in St. Louis** (**WashU** or **WUSTL**) is a private research university in St. Louis County, Missouri. It was founded in 1853. The university is named after George Washington. Washington University is one of the top universities in the United States.

The school is the academic home for most of the university’s undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. The campus is bordered by Forest Park and the cities of St. Louis, Clayton and University City. The university also has a West Campus in Clayton, North Campus in the West End neighborhood of St. Louis, and Medical Campus in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis.

The school has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. Washington University has seven graduate and undergraduate schools. The phrase "in St. Louis" was added in 1976.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website of Washington University in St. Louis
Lions Gate Bridge

The **Lions Gate Bridge** is a suspension bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is one of Canada's National Historic Sites.

## References
Power line

**Power lines** are wires that conduct electricity through to another place. Many have transformers.  The original power is made at a power plant.  The voltage of the power at the end is usually 100V (Japan), 120V (North and Central America, parts of South America and Africa, and Saudi Arabia), or 220-240V (most of the rest of the world). "Step-up" transformers increase the voltage in electric power distribution grids, and increase it greatly in long electric power transmission lines. The power at the end is "stepped-down" by another transformer so it can be distributed and used. 

Very long power lines carry high voltage DC.  Alternating current (AC) from the power plant is stepped up to a high voltage and rectified to make it Direct Current.  At the other end it goes through an inverter to make the electricity AC again, and stepped down.  

## Related pages
* Electricity
* Static electricity
* Power line communication
Drew Doughty

**Drew Doughty** (born December 8, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He plays for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected 2nd overall by the Kings in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

He plays on Team Canada in the Olympics where he won a gold medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Doughty was named to the all-rookie team in the 2008-09 NHL season. He won the Stanley Cup with the Los Angeles Kings in 2012.

## Other websites 
*
Alfred Edwin Brain Sr.

**Alfred Edwin Brain** (born Turnham Green, London, 4 February 1860; died London, 25 October 1929), was an English player of the French horn.  He was the founder of a great school of English horn playing.  His grandson Dennis Brain became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.  He is known as A.E .Brain Sr. (Senior) because one of his sons, who also was a famous horn player, had the same name.

A.E. Brain was born in 1860.  His father fought in the Crimean War and was invalid. Alfred was not well educated.  When he was 12 he joined the Scots Guards and played the horn in the band.  He married in 1880 and had seven children.  Two of the children became great horn players: Alfred and Aubrey.

He played in several orchestras, including the Philharmonic Society, the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and Covent Garden.  He played a lot for Henry Wood in The Proms.  In orchestras he nearly always played fourth horn, so his nickname was “George IV”.  In 1904 he became a founding member of the London Symphony Orchestra.  The four horn players in that orchestra: Adolf Borsdorf,  Thomas Busby,  Henri Van der Meerschen and A.E. Brain, were often called “God’s Own Quartet” because they blended together so well.

He died in 1929 after a short retirement.

## References
*Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
* Pettitt, Stephen. *Dennis Brain: A Biography*. London: Robert Hale, 1976.
Adolf Borsdorf

**Adolph Borsdorf** (born Dittmansdorf, Saxony, 25 December 1854; died London, 15 April 1923), was a German player of the French horn.

Borsdorf was born in Saxony in 1854.  He studied the French horn at the Conservatoire in Dresden and played in a military band.  In 1879, he moved to England where he stayed for the rest of his life, becoming the most important horn player in England.  The conductor Hans Richter offered him at job in the orchestra at Covent Garden.  In 1904, he joined the newly formed London Symphony Orchestra.  The four horn players in that orchestra were excellent players and were often called “God’s Own Quartet”.

Borsdorf and his colleague Franz Paersch had learned to play on horns that were made in Germany.  These had a wide bore (the hole through the tube).  However, both players changed to playing instruments made in France by a horn-maker called Raoux.  These instruments had a narrower bore.  They were not quite as powerful but gave a particularly clear sound.

Borsdorf became professor at the Royal College of Music when it was founded in 1882.  He also taught at the Royal Academy of Music.  He soon became the best horn player in London.  He was playing principal horn in the orchestra which Henry Wood conducted at the very first Promenade Concert in the Queen’s Hall in 1895 (the fourth horn was A.E.Brain, grandfather of Dennis Brain).  He was also in the orchestra when Richard Strauss’s *Till Eulenspiegel* was given its first performance in England in 1896 with the composer conducting.

In 1913, he became ill and had to have teeth removed.  There was also another problem for him: World War I broke out in 1914 and there was a lot of anti-German feeling in England.  After the war he rarely played in public.

Borsdorf died in 1923.  He had done more than anyone else to improve the standard of horn playing in England.  He taught many talented pupils, including A.E.Brain Jr., Aubrey Brain, Frank Probyn and his own three sons: Oskar, Francis and Emil who all became professional horn players.

## References
*Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
* Pettitt, Stephen. *Dennis Brain: A Biography*. London: Robert Hale, 1976. ISBN 0-7091-5772-X
Skimboarding

**Skimboarding** is a form of shallow water surfing. 

When the waves at shallow water were poor, surfers would often attempt to surf in shallow breaking water. This led to the making of smaller, lighter boards, named skimboards for the way they allow the user to skim across the surface of the water. Lifeguards were quick to adopt these new boards and used skimboarding as a way to quickly move up and down the beach in shallow water. Skimboarding has progressed and is now a recognized sport. Competitions are held each year around the world and produce large amounts of revenue for the market interested in this sport. These competitions also allow skimboarders to exhibit maneuvers that technology, evolution and skill have made possible.
Alfred Edwin Brain Jr.

**Alfred Edwin Brain Jr.** (born London, 24 October 1885; died Los Angeles, 29 March 1966) was an English player of the French horn.  He came from a family which included many famous horn players, including his nephew, Dennis Brain who became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.
## Life
A.E.Brain Jr (Junior, to distinguish him from his father who had the same name) was born in 1885.  His father, Alfred Edwin Brain Sr. was a well-known horn player.  Alfred started to learn the trumpet when he was six, but when he was twelve he changed to the French horn and learned from his father.  He studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Adolf Borsdorf and also learned the piano from G.D.Cunningham who was to teach his nephew the organ some forty years later.  His first professional job was with the Scottish Orchestra.  He then played in the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra.  

When World War I broke out he joined the Scots Guards, but later, in 1917, he did a lot of dangerous work in France where the fighting was taking place.  After the war he was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his bravery.

When he returned after the war he got jobs with several of the London orchestras, including Covent Garden where he played for Sir Thomas Beecham.  His brother Aubrey, also an excellent horn player, returned from the war after him.  By this time Alfred had got all the best horn jobs in London, so it was difficult for Aubrey to find the best jobs.

In 1923, he emigrated to the United States.  He played in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and later for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.  In his later years he recorded a lot in movie studios, including for 20th century Fox.

## References
* Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
* Pettitt, Stephen. *Dennis Brain: A Biography*. London: Robert Hale, 1976. ISBN 0-7091-5772-X
Evgeni Malkin

**Evgeni Vladimirovich Malkin** (born July 31, 1986) is a Russian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as their alternative captain. He was selected 2nd overall by the Penguins in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

He plays on Team Russia in the Olympics.

Malkin won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2009.

## Other websites 
*
*
Arminius

**Arminius**, also known as **Armin** or **Hermann** (b. 18 BC/17 BC in Magna Germania; d. AD 21 in Germania) was a chieftain of the Cherusci. He was able to unite a group of Germanic tribes together to fight the Romans. They destroyed a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. This was the greatest military disaster the Romans had ever suffered.

After the battle, Arminius immediately sent Varus' severed head to Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, the other most powerful Germanic ruler. Arminius offered an anti-Roman alliance. Marobod declined the offer, sending the head on to Rome for burial, and remained neutral throughout the ensuing war. Only later did a brief, inconclusive war break out between the two Germanic leaders.

## Rome's response 
Later, in 14 AD, the Roman general  Germanicus, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, led a huge 8-legion army (a legion was up to 5,000 men) into Germania against the coalition of tribes led by Arminius.

After visiting the site of the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where 15/20,000 Romans had been killed in 9 AD, and burying their remains, he launched a massive assault on the heartland of Arminius' tribe, the Cheruscans. 

Arminius initially lured Germanicus' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest. This victory, combined with the fact that winter was fast approaching, meant Germanicus's next step was to lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine.

In spite of doubts on the part of his uncle, Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germany again the next year, in 16. He forced a crossing of the Weser near modern Minden, suffering heavy losses. Then he met Arminius' army in an engagement often called the Battle of the Weser River.

Germanicus's superior tactics and better trained and equipped legions inflicted huge casualties on the German army, with only minor losses. One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall west of modern Hanover, repeating the pattern of high German fatalities, forcing them to flee. 

With his main objectives reached and with winter approaching Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet occasioning some damage by a storm in the North Sea. However, only a minute number of Romans died due to this storm. After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three legion's eagles lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.

## Death of Arminius 
Five years later, Arminius was killed on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs. Although Arminius could not keep unity among the Germanic tribes, the loss of Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had a far-reaching effect on the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire. Germanicus' campaign was the last major Roman  military effort east of the Rhine.

## References
Doctor of Medicine

**Doctor of Medicine** (**MD**, from the Latin ***Medicinæ Doctor*** meaning "Teacher of Medicine") is a doctoral degree for physicians (medical doctors). The degree is given by medical schools.

It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree (qualifying degree) in some countries, including the United States and Canada. Students need to have completed 90 to 120 credit hours of university level work  (see second entry degree) and in most cases should already have a Bachelors Degree.

In other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, the Doctor of Medicine is an advanced academic *research* degree similar to a PhD or a higher doctorate.  In Britain, Ireland, and many Commonwealth nations, the qualifying medical degree is the Bachelor of Science in Medicine, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BMBS, BM BCh, BM, MB BCh BAO, or MB ChB) and is the same as the M.D. degree in the U.S. system.

In these countries it is illegal to prescribe scrips (prescriptions) and perform operations without the basic degree; also usual is the membership of appropriate medical and/or surgical societies. The societies (such as the British Medical Association) act as a kind of sophisticated trades union for doctors. In the British system, the General Medical Council has legal authority for the medical register of doctors licensed to practice medicine. They can and do hold tribunals to decide whether doctors accused of misdeeds should be struck off the medical register. Therefore, to practice it is necessary not only to hold the medical degree(s), but also to be on the register.

## References
Publius Quinctilius Varus

**Publius Quinctilius Varus** (46 BC in Cremona, Roman Republic - AD 9 in Germania) was a Roman politician and general under Emperor Augustus. He is mainly remembered for having lost three Roman legions and his own life when attacked by Germanic leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
James D. Watson

**James Dewey Watson** (April 6, 1928 &ndash; November 6, 2025) was an American molecular biologist and zoologist.

Watson was of British ancestry. He was best known as one of the discoverers of the structure of DNA with Francis Crick in 1953.

Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material".

He studied at the University of Chicago and Indiana University and later worked at the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory. He met Crick at the Cavendish and they became friends.

Watson received 19 honorary doctorates. He was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea in 1998.

## Criticism of Watson 
Watson has always been a controversial figure, especially in the United States. The main cause is a long-running argument as to what causes the small difference in the average IQs of black and white people in the U.S.A.

Watson has repeatedly said that differences in average measured IQ between blacks and whites are due to genetics.  Watson said his intention was to promote science, not racism

An excerpt from Watson's memoir, *Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science* page=102 goes as follows:
:"As we find the human genes whose malfunctioning gives rise to such devastating developmental failures, we may well discover that sequence differences within many of them also lead to much of the observable variation in human IQs. A priori, there is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically. Our desire to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so". 

An editorial in *Nature* said that his remarks were "beyond the pale". Because of the controversy, the Board of Trustees at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory suspended Watson's administrative responsibilities. Watson issued an apology, then retired at the age of 79 from CSHL after what the lab called "nearly 40 years of distinguished service". Watson attributed his retirement to his age and to circumstances that he could never have anticipated or desired.

## Death
Watson died on November 6, 2025 under hospice care in East Northport, New York from problems caused by an infection at the age of 97.

## Books 
Watson has published a number of books.
*1968. *The double helix*: a personal account of the work with Francis Crick  2018: later version.
*2002. *Genes, Girls, and Gamow: after the double helix* (autobiography) 
*2003. *DNA: The secret of life*. Knopf.
*2003. *The molecular biology of the gene*, 5th ed.   (co-author with five others)
*2007. *Avoid boring people: lessons from a life in science* (autobiography) 
**The molecular biology of the cell*
**Recombinant DNA: a short course*. 1983 to 2017 editions.

## References
Dumbledore's Army

'''Dumbledore's Army** (often referred to as **the D.A.'*) is an association in the *Harry Potter* series by J.K. Rowling. It is started in *Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix* and continued in the last book, *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows* by members Neville Longbottom, Ginny Weasley, and Luna Lovegood. This is an association created to prepare some  for beating Voldemort.

The leader, Harry Potter, teaches his friends how defend themselves against the Dark Lord. The idea for the D.A. came from Hermione Granger, who wanted the students to learn defensive spells which were not being taught by the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, Dolores Umbridge. 

**Founders:** Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger 

**Members:**
Hannah Abbott,
Katie Bell,
Susan Bones,
Terry Boot,
Lavender Brown,
Cho Chang,
Michael Corner,
Colin Creevey, Dennis Creevey,
Marietta Edgecombe,
Justin Finch-Fletchley,
Seamus Finnigan,
Anthony Goldstein,
Angelina Johnson,
Lee Jordan,
Neville Longbottom,
Luna Lovegood,
Ernie Macmillan,
Padma Patil,
Parvati Patil,
Zacharias Smith,
Alicia Spinnet,
Dean Thomas,
Fred Weasley, George Weasley,
Ginny Weasley

Nigel Wolpert was only in the movie’s D.A. He is a character that is Colin and Denis combined, so he was never actually in the books. (This means his name was not in the original D.A. List.)

In *Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows'' when Harry, Ron and Hermione were not in Hogwarts, Neville Longbottom became the leader.
Photo editing

]]
 in 1936]]

**Photo editing** or **image editing** is the changing of images. These images can be digital photographs, illustrations, prints, or photographs on film). Traditional editing, such as airbrushing, is done by hand. Now photo editing is done by programs such as Photoshop, Gimp and Microsoft Paint. 

Photo editing is done for many reasons. Many photos of models are edited to remove blemishes or make the model "better".  This is usually called *retouching*, *airbrushing* or *Photoshopping*, even if Photoshop or airbrushes are not used.  Other reasons to edit a photo include fixing errors (red eye, contrast, brightness, etc.), practical jokes, and to trick people. Photo editing is also used to make completely new images. Photo editing is sometimes called photo manipulation, a term which sounds negative.

## History 
The first known example of photo editing happened in the 1860s to a photo of President Abraham Lincoln. Before the invention of computers, people had to edit images by hand. Some editing was done by pasting photos together. People also used tools like ink, paint and airbrushes. Enlargers made bigger pictures, and allowed adjustments such as brightening or darkening different parts. 

In the 1980s, photo editing computer programs for personal computers were made.  The first version of Adobe Photoshop was released in 1987. 
In 2011 the first photo editing mobile apps were released on App Store Other apps have been made for other mobile operating systems. These apps allow editing and photo sharing by smartphone and tablet computer. 

## References
Henri La Fontaine

**Henri Marie La Fontaine** (22 April 1854 – 14 May 1943), was a Belgian lawyer. He is most well known for receiving the Nobel Prize of Peace in 1913. He devoted himself to international peace. He was responsible about making education better and about foreign affairs.

## Life 
La Fontaine was born in Brussels in April 11, 1854. In 1895, he became a senator, and in the following years, he submitted a bill on mine inspection. He also became the President of the International Peace bureau at 1907, and finally received the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1913. He died before Belgium was liberated.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Rising Storm (Warriors)

***Rising Storm*** is the fourth book in the first *Warriors* series: *Warriors: The Prophecies Begin*, written by Erin Hunter. It takes place in a fictional forest populated by four groups of feral cats that call themselves Clans. There are four Clans: ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats that live in these Clans call themselves warriors. 

## Plot 
Fireheart, now second in command to Bluestar, the leader of ThunderClan, must deal with Bluestar's failing mental state, as well as the rest of the Clan's needs. He also has to train his troublesome apprentice, Cloudpaw. Cloudpaw, having been born outside of the Clans, fails to follow the rules that the Clans live by, which gets him into trouble. He eventually tries to beg for food from humans, which results in him being captured and taken away.

A cat named Ravenpaw finds Cloudpaw in a human house far away from the Clans. Ravenpaw comes to tell Fireheart where Cloudpaw is, and so he, Fireheart, and another cat called Sandstorm go to rescue Cloudpaw.

Later on, Fireheart realizes ThunderClan territory is on fire, and he warns the Clan. His early warning meant that most of the Clan could escape in time. However, Yellowfang, an old friend of Fireheart's, and several old cats die in the fire. ThunderClan takes shelter in RiverClan territory for a while, before returning to their own territory, to find it burnt and ruined. A few days later, Fireheart takes ThunderClan to a Gathering (a night when all four Clans meet to share news) and discovers that his old enemy, Tigerclaw is now the leader of ShadowClan.

## References
Forest of Secrets (Warriors)

***Forest of Secrets*** is the third book in the first *Warriors* series: *Warriors: The Prophecies Begin*. It was written by Erin Hunter. It was published on 14 October 2003.

*Forest of Secrets* takes place in a fictional forest populated by feral cats who live in groups called Clans. There are four Clans: ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats that live in these Clans call themselves warriors.

## Plot 
Fireheart, a ThunderClan warrior, looks for a way to expose Tigerclaw, deputy (second-in-command) of ThunderClan, for being a traitor. Graystripe, Fireheart's best friend, is in love with a RiverClan warrior, Silverstream, despite relationships between cats of different Clans being against the rules the Clan cats live by.

Silverstream and Graystripe have kits, Featherkit and Stormkit, but Silverstream dies giving birth to them. Graystripe takes the kits to ThunderClan, where he is exposed for having a forbidden relationship. RiverClan is angry about this, and wants to take the kits back.

Fireheart and Graystripe find Ravenpaw, Tigerclaw's former apprentice, and get the true story of what happened in the battle where Redtail, the former deputy of ThunderClan, died. They find out that Tigerclaw's story of what happened that day was a lie, and that Tigerclaw killed Redtail. Fireheart tries to tell Bluestar about this, but she doesn't believe him.

Eventually, Tigerclaw brings a group of former ShadowClam cats into the camp, and tries to kill Bluestar during the confusion of the battle. Fireheart rescues Bluestar, and Tigerclaw is banished from ThunderClan. Fireheart is made deputy in his place, and Graystripe takes his kits to RiverClan. Bluestar's mental state begins to fail because of Tigerclaw's betrayal.

## References
Chemical similarity

**Chemical similarity** or **molecular similarity** is a  between two different molecules. Two molecules with chemical similarity may do the same or a very similar thing in an organism. They might also have very similar chemical structures. It can be used to predict the properties of certain chemicals.
Hōei eruption

The  started on December 16, 1707 (23rd day of the 11th month of the year Hōei 4) and ended about January 1, 1708 (9th day of the 12th month of the year Hōei 4) during the Edo period.  There was no lava flow, but the Hoei eruption released at least 800 million cubic meters of volcanic ash. This ash spread over very large areas around the volcano. It even reached Edo almost 100&nbsp;km away. Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces. This eruption of Mount Fuji might have been caused by the 1707 Hōei earthquake
49 days earlier.

The eruption was on Mount Fuji's east–north-east slope and made three new volcanic openings called No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The danger of the eruption increased over the next several days. After the first earthquake and explosion of cinders and ash, another stronger explosion happened a few days later. This explosion threw out rocks and stones.  Mount Fuji has not erupted since; but scientists describe Fuji as an active volcano.

Hokusai's *One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji* includes an image of the small crater which developed from a secondary eruption site on the southwestern slope.  This was called Hōeizan (Mount Hōei) because the eruption happened in year Hōei 4.

Today the crater can be visited from Fujinomiya Trail  or Gotemba Trail  of Mount Fuji.

## Related disasters
In the year after the Hōei eruption, another related disaster happened. The Sakawa River flooded. Sand from the volcano fell and widely covered the fields east of Mount Fuji. Farmers made sand piles by dumping the ash and sand from their fields. The rain washed away the sand piles from the dumping grounds and into the rivers again and again. This made some of the rivers shallower, especially the Sakawa. Enough ash had fallen to partly block the river. The ash made temporary dams. Heavy rainfall on August 7 and 8, 1708, caused an avalanche of volcanic ash and mud and broke the dams. The river flooded the Ashigara plain.

## Related pages
*Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji
*1707 Hōei earthquake

## References
## Other websites
*富士山火山防災協議会  (Council for Fuji volcano disaster reduction)
*富士山宝永噴火（1707）後の土砂災害(PDF) (Distribution of sediment disasters after the 1707 Hoei eruption of Fuji Volcano in central Japan, based on historical documents)
Coriolis effect

frame of reference, where the black object moves in a straight line. In the picture at the bottom the observer(red dot) sees the object follow a curved path, because of the Coriolis and Centrifugal effects]]
 over Iceland spins counter-clockwise due to balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force.]]
The **Coriolis effect** is a force that is found in a rotating object. Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis first described the Coriolis effect in 1835 using mathematics. The Coriolis effect can best be seen in hurricanes. In the Northern Hemisphere, they spin counter-clockwise (because the earth spins counter-clockwise), and in the Southern Hemisphere they spin clockwise.

One example of the Coriolis effect that is often described is that water flows down a drain in the opposite direction in the northern and southern hemispheres. However, in reality, the force of the Coriolis effect is not strong enough to see in such a small amount of water. 

## References
Battle of Artemisium

The **Battle of Artemesium,** a naval battle took place at the same time as the Battle of Thermopylae, in 480 BC.

Approaching Artemisium towards the end of summer, the Persian navy was caught in a gale off the coast of Magnesia and lost around a third of their ~1,200 ships.

After arriving at Artemisium, the Persians sent a detachment of 200 ships around the coast of Euboea in an attempt to trap the Greeks, but these were caught in another storm and shipwrecked.

The main action of the battle took place after two days of smaller engagements. The two sides fought all day, with roughly equal losses; however the smaller Allied fleet could not afford the losses.

After the engagement, the Allies received news of the defeat of the Allied army at Thermopylae. Their strategy was to hold both Thermopylae and Artemisium. So, given their losses, the Allies decided to withdraw to Salamis. The Persians overran Boeotia and captured the now-evacuated Athens. However, seeking a decisive victory over the Allied fleet, the Persians were later defeated at the Battle of Salamis in late 480

## Other websites 
* Livius Picture Archive: the naval battle of Artemisium (480 BC)
* Reed Classics, extracts from Herodotus Book Eight
Lou Marcon

**Louis Angelo Marcon** (born May 28, 1935 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player. His career included 60 games in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings.

## Other websites
*