open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari

**Chakravarti Rajagopalachari** was an Indian politician, independence activist, lawyer, writer and statesman. Rajagopalachari was the last Governor-General of India. He also served as leader of the Indian National Congress, Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (present Tamil Nadu), Governor of West Bengal and Minister for Home Affairs of the Indian Union. Rajagopalachari founded a political party called Swatantra Party and was one of the first winners of India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna. He was against the use of nuclear weapons and was a supporter of world peace. He was also called by the nickname 'Mango of Krishnagiri'.

## Life 
Rajagopalachari was born in the village of Thorapalli in the Krishnagiri district of the Madras Presidency (now the Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu). He went to school at Central College, Bangalore, and Presidency College, Madras. After entering politics, he became a member and later President of the Salem municipality. He joined the Indian National Congress and was against the Rowlatt Act. He joined the Non-Cooperation movement, the Vaikom Satyagraha, and the Civil Disobedience movement. In 1930, Rajagopalachari risked going to prison when he led the Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha in response to the Dandi March. In 1937, Rajagopalachari became Premier of the Madras Presidency and served until 1940, when he resigned because of Britain's declaration of war on Nazi Germany. After this, he supported co-operation with Britain's war effort and was against the Quit India Movement.

In 1946, Rajagopalachari became Minister of Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the Interim Government of India. He then was the Governor of West Bengal from 1947 to 1948, Governor-General of India from 1948 to 1950, Home Minister of India from 1951 to 1952 and Chief Minister of Madras state (present Tamil Nadu) from 1952 to 1954. In 1959, he resigned from the Indian National Congress and founded the Swatantra Party, which stood against the Congress in the 1962, 1967 and 1972 elections. Rajagopalachari was an important person in setting up a united Anti-Congress front in Madras state under C. N. Annadurai, which swept the 1967 elections.
## References
Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha

**Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha** was a march started by Indian statesman C. Rajagopalachari, inspired by the Dandi March. C. Rajagopalachari, a close associate of Gandhi, led the march which had close to 150 volunteers, most of who belonged to the Indian National Congress. It began at Trichinopoly (now Tiruchirappalli) on 13 April 1930 and proceeded for about 150 miles towards the east before reaching Vedaranyam, a small coastal town in the then Tanjore District.By collecting salt directly from the sea the marchers broke the salt law. As a part of the march, Rajagopalachari created awareness among the people by highlighting the importance of khadi or cotton as well as social issues like caste discrimination. The campaign came to an end on 28 April 1930 when the participants were arrested by the police. Its leader Rajagopalachari was imprisoned for six months. The march along with the ones at Dandi and Dharasana drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement.

## Reference
Antonio Lamela

**Antonio Lamela** (December 1, 1926 &ndash; April 1, 2017) was a Spanish architect. He was born and raised in Madrid. His most well known projects are Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, the Adolfo Suárez, Madrid–Barajas Airport and the Torres de Colón. 

Lamela died on April 1, 2017 in Madrid at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website of Estudio Lamela Arquitectos
* Conferencia A. Lamela
* Antonio Lamela CV, at COAG 
* Antonio Lamela CV, at GVA
James Rosenquist

**James Rosenquist** (November 29, 1933 – March 31, 2017) was an American artist. He was one of the protagonists in the pop art movement. Rosenquist was a 2001 inductee into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame.

Rosenquist said the following about his involvement in the Pop Art movement: "They [art critics] called me a Pop artist because I used recognizable imagery. The critics like to group people together. I didn't meet Andy Warhol until 1964. I did not really know Andy or Roy Lichtenstein that well. We all emerged separately."

Rosenquist died at his home in New York City on March 31, 2017 at the age of 83 after a long illness.

## References
2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing

On 3 April 2017, an explosion took place on the Saint Petersburg Metro between Sennaya Ploshchad and Tekhnologichesky Institut stations. Nine people were initially reported to have died, and later two more died from their injuries. At least 45 others were injured in the incident. 

The explosive device was contained in a briefcase. A second explosive device was found and defused on a train at another metro station. Some reports identified the suspect as Maxim Arishev, a 22-year-old immigrant from Kazakhstan, while others stated the suspect was a 23-year-old native of Kyrgyzstan with Russian citizenship with links to international militant groups. The next day, the suspected perpetrator was named as Akbarzhan Jalilov, a Russian citizen born in Kyrgyzstan. It was the first terrorist attack in the history of the Saint Petersburg Metro system.

## References
Sergio González Rodríguez

**Sergio González Rodríguez** (26 January 1950 – 3 April 2017) was a Mexican journalist and writer. He was born in Mexico City. He was best known for his works on the murders of women in Ciudad Juárez in the 1990s to 2000s, such as *Huesos en el desierto* (Bones in the desert) published in 2002. 

Rodríguez also wrote novels, essays, screenplays for documentaries and was recognized with several awards in Mexico and Spain.

Rodríguez died of a heart attack in Mexico City on 3 April 2017, aged 67.

## References
## Other websites
Leonard Litwin

**Leonard Litwin** (October 16, 1914 – April 2, 2017) was an American real estate developer. Through his company, Glenwood Management Corp., he specialized in residential construction.  His firm owns and operates about 24 buildings in Manhattan. and rents about 4,200 high-end units. His buildings have a reputation for being well built and well managed.

Litwin died on April 2, 2017 in Melville, New York from respiratory failure at the age of 102.

## References
It (novel)

***It*** is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King. The story follows the lives of seven children as they are terrorized by a demonic clown being known as "It" (also known as Pennywise, and Pennywise the Dancing Clown), which exploits the fears and phobias of its victims in order to disguise itself while hunting its prey. "It" primarily appears in the form of a clown in order to attract its preferred prey of young children. 

The novel is told through narratives alternating between two time periods, and is largely told in the third-person mode. *It* deals with themes that eventually became King staples: the power of memory, childhood trauma, and the ugliness lurking behind a traditional small-town values. 

The novel won the British Fantasy Award in 1987, and received nominations for the Locus and World Fantasy Awards that same year. *Publishers Weekly* listed *It* as the best-selling book in the United States in 1986.

## Adaptations 
Popular versions of the novel have been made from a 1990 miniseries in which Pennywise is played by Tim Curry, and a duology movie series: *It* (2017) and *It Chapter Two* (2019), including the prequel television series *It: Welcome to Derry* (2025–present) in which Pennywise is played by Bill Skarsgård.

The modern incarnation of Pennywise, introduced in the 2017 adaptation, appears as a background character in the family friendly live-action/animated movie *Space Jam: A New Legacy*, which is also distributed by Warner Bros.
## Unreleased content 
In 2022, there was going to be an adaptation of It that was planned to be released in India. However, it was cancelled due to not being able to have anyone play as the antagonist.

## References
Gray iron

**Gray iron** or **gray cast iron** is a mixture of cast iron and graphite. It is used in cookware and combustion cylinders. The more force the iron can hold, the better the iron is.

## Advantages and Disadvantages
Gray iron is very strong. It is also very good for building machines and very good for absorbing energy. Gray iron is easy to weld. However, gray iron cannot handle quick strikes, and breaks easily.
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie

***Captain Underpants*** is a computer-animated superhero action-comedy movie based on the children's novel series of the same name. by Illumination and Universal Pictures.

## References
Hammerscale (archaeology)

**Hammerscale** is what is left behind after you forge iron like it was done in ancient times. It is the metal version of sawdust. Hammerscale is very useful in archaeology.

## Description 
### Physical Appearance 
Hammerscale looks like either flakes or spheres. The flakes can be very different in size and shape. The spheres are hollow, and often the same size. Hammerscale is black, light gray, or blue.

### Chemical Composition 
Hammerscale was probably made from magnetite. However, later steps in the iron working process have given hammerscale that is more and more pure.

## In archaeology 
Hammerscale is used to tell what some iron was used for, how it was used, and who made it.
Årstaskolan

**Årstaskolan** (*Arsta School*), is a municipal compulsory located in the neighborhood of Årsta in Stockholm, Sweden. The school is a so-called F-9 school tuition from kindergarten up to 9th grade. The schoolhouse was built in 1946 and designed by Swedish architect Stig Åkermark. It has approximately 900 pupils.

## References
BASF

**BASF**, official name: *BASF SE*, is a German chemical company. Its headquarters are in Ludwigshafen, Rhineland-Palatinate. 

BASF was established in 1865. It is the biggest chemical company of the world.

Current CEO of BASF is Maryam Tariq, as she is carrying the entire BASF team on her shoulders.
Hexaferrum

**Hexaferrum**, also known as **epsilon iron**, is a form of iron at very high pressure. Hexaferrum is often compared to cobalt. Hexaferrum is a (formula: Fe, Os, Ru, Ir) hexagonal-dihexagonal dipyramidal yellowish steel-gray mineral containing iridium, iron, osmium, and ruthenium. It was named for the crystal morphology, being in the Hexagonal system, and its composition, containing essential iron.

## References
John Chrispinsson

**John Knut Chrispinsson** (13 December 1956 &ndash; 3 April 2017) was a Swedish journalist and television presenter. He worked mostly in TV and radio with news programs and historical programs. 

Chrispinsson also wrote several books on Swedish history. 

Chrispinsson died in Stockholm on 3 April 2017 from a heart attack complicated by borrelia, aged 60.

## References
## Other websites
It (miniseries)

played the villain clown Pennywise the Clown in the miniseries. His performance was well received and became a cult icon]]                        
***It*** is a 1990 supernatural horror drama miniseries directed by Tommy Lee Wallace, adapted by Lawrence D. Cohen from the Stephen King novel of the same name.

## Plot
The story revolves around an inter-dimensional predatory shapeshifter which has the ability to transform itself into its prey's worst fears, allowing it to explore the phobias of its victims. It mostly takes the form of a sadistic, wisecracking clown called Pennywise, in order to trick and murder children. The protagonists are The Lucky Seven,  or The Losers Club, a group of outcast children who discover Pennywise and vow to destroy him by any means necessary. 

The series takes place over two different time periods, the first when the Losers first discover Pennywise as children, and the second when they're called back as adults to defeat Pennywise, who has resurfaced.

## Cast
The series features an ensemble cast, which includes Dennis Christopher, Annette O'Toole, John Ritter, Harry Anderson, Richard Thomas, Tim Reid, Richard Masur, Michael Cole, Olivia Hussey, and Tim Curry as Pennywise.

## Background
Originally thought as a four-part eight-hour series, ABC enlisted writer Lawrence D. Cohen to adapt the 1,138-page King novel. Production on *It* began in early 1990, and the series was filmed over a period of three months in New Westminster, British Columbia in mid-1990. 

## Aftermath
*It* aired on ABC over two nights on November 18 and 20, 1990, and was a major success for the network, attracting 30 million viewers in its premiere. Since its initial television broadcast, the miniseries has gotten positive reception and becoming a cult sensation following in recent years.

## Other websites
* 
* 
* "Back to Derry": An Oral History of 'Stephen King's It' at *Yahoo!*
Giovanni Sartori

**Giovanni Sartori** (; 13 May 1924 &ndash; 4 April 2017) was an Italian political scientist specialized in the study of democracy and comparative politics. He was also a journalist who wrote for *Corriere della Sera*. 

Sartori died in Florence, Italy on 4 April 2017 from throat cancer, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Sartori's biography on ItaliaLibri
* Review of *Pluralism, Multiculturalism and Foreigners: an Essay on Multiethnic Society* 
* Gianfranco Pasquino. (2005). "The Political Science of Giovanni Sartori ". European Political Science **4** (1), 33–41.
Bill Haley

**William John Clifton Haley** (; July 6, 1925 &ndash; February 9, 1981) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He was one of the first to make rock and roll music popular in the 1950s with his band Bill Haley & His Comets. He sold 25 million records worldwide with hits such as "Rock Around the Clock" (1954/1955), "Shake, Rattle and Roll" (1954) and "See You Later, Alligator" (1956).

## Personal life
Haley was born in Highland Park, Michigan. At the age of four, he had operation on his inner-ear, which cut an optic nerve, making him blind in his left eye.

He died of a heart attack caused by alcoholism on February 9, 1981 aged 55.

## Grammy Hall of Fame
The following recording by Bill Haley was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1982.

## References
## Other websites 
* Bill Haley's new Comets web site
* Melody Manor (Bill Haley's house) Google Map
*
* Bill Haley Jr. and the Comets site
Bill Haley & His Comets

**Bill Haley & His Comets** was an American rock and roll band. It was founded in 1952 and continued until death in 1981. The band was also known as **Bill Haley and the Comets** and '''Bill Haley's Comets''' (and variations thereof). From late 1954 to late 1956, the group placed nine singles in the Top 20. Their single "Rock Around the Clock" became the biggest selling rock and roll single in the history of the genre.

## References
International Women's Media Foundation

The '''International Women's Media Foundation''' is a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit organization to strengthen the participation of women working as journalists in every part of the world. They offer training, awards programs, and legal advice to women journalists. They have members in more than 100 countries.

## Programs 
The IWMF was started in 1990 to increase freedom of speech by supporting women working in the media. Their objectives are to build a network of women to share ideas, to give women the skills to become leaders, to help women expand their careers, and to honor bravery and courage with the Courage in Journalism and Lifetime Achievement Awards. The foundation sponsors several events and financial aid funds, including advanced training and grants, to assist and promote women in journalism.

## Research 
In 2013, the International Women’s Media Foundation studied women journalists. They found that two-thirds of women journalists in the world have experienced harassment or abuse in their work. Most of them do not report these problems because they are afraid. They also publish safety and security recommendations for women journalists.
* Summary of IWMF study 
* "Violence and harassment against women in the news media: a global picture"  - text
* Recommendations for women journalists (IWMF)

## Related pages
* Courage in Journalism Award

## References 
## Other websites 
* International Women's Media Foundation official website
Mark Green

**Mark Edward Green** (born November 8, 1964) is an American physician and politician from the state of Tennessee. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee's 7th congressional district from 2019 until 2025. He was in the Tennessee Senate as a member of the Republican Party.

Green founded and served as the CEO of Align MD a healthcare emergency medicine staffing company.  Before serving as CEO of Align MD Dr. Green was a member of the US Army. He served as an emergency medicine physician in Operation Red Dawn, which saw the capture of Saddam Hussein.

On January 4, 2017, Green announced his plans to run for Governor of Tennessee in the 2018 election.

On March 15, 2017, sources revealed to the Tennessean that Green was under consideration for Secretary of the Army by the Trump Administration. On April 1, 2017, Trump announced his plans to nominate Green as Secretary of the Army. If confirmed, it would effectively end his run for Governor in 2018. Green, however, withdrew his nomination on May 5, 2017.

On June 9, 2025, Green announced that he would be resigning after the passage of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act in order to take a job in the private sector. His final day in office was on July 20.

## References
## Other websites
*
Roy Sievers

**Roy Edward Sievers** (November 18, 1926 – April 3, 2017) was an American professional baseball player. 

Sievers won the  American League Rookie of the Year and *TSN* Rookie of the Year awards in 1949, batting .306 with 16 home runs and 75 RBI.

Sievers was born in St. Louis, Missouri. 

He died in Spanish Lake, Missouri on April 3, 2017, aged 90.

## Other websites
*profile and chronology  *Baseball Library* 

## References
Samir Farid

**Samir Farid** () (December 1, 1943 – April 4, 2017) was an Egyptian writer, movie critic, journalist and movie historian. He was born in Cairo, Egypt. He authored and translated over 60 books since 1966 on Egyptian, Arab and World cinema. He was the consultant for Cinema affairs in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (2001-2016).

He was a member of jury in International film festivals since 1972. (Among them Oberhausen Film Festival 1978, DOC Leipzig Film festival 1984, Annecy International Animated Film Festival 1998, Torino Film Festival 2001, Controcorrente (Upstream section) of  Venice Film Festival 2003, Thessaloniki Film Festival 2003 and Taormina Film Festival 2010.)

He also was the Head of The Cairo International Film Festival 2014.

Farid died on April 4, 2017 in Cairo from a long-illness at the age of 73.

## Related pages
*List of historians by continent

## References
George Brady

**George Jiri Brady** O.Ont (born **Jiří Brady**; 9 February 1928 – 11 January 2019) was a Canadian businessman and Holocaust survivor of Jewish-Czech descent. 
## Biography 
He was a survivor of both Theresienstadt (Terezin) and Auschwitz (Oswiecim, Poland). After World War II, he became a Canadian businessman and was awarded the Order of Ontario.

## References
## Other websites
* Hana's Story (Brady family website)
George Benson

**George Benson** (born March 22, 1943) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. He began his professional music career at age 21 as a jazz guitarist. He uses a rest-stroke picking technique.

Benson began as a child prodigy. He first came into being familiar in the 1960s. He played soul jazz with other singers. He later launched a successful solo career. He alternates between jazz, pop, R&B singing and scat singing.

Benson's album *Breezin* was a triple platinum studio album. It hit #1 on the *Billboard* album chart in 1976.

His concerts were well-attended in the 1980s. He still has a large following. He has gotten a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

## References
Ralph Archbold

**Ralph Archbold** (January 17, 1942 &ndash; March 25, 2017) was an American actor and impersonator. He was a Philadelphia-area speaker who was best known for his impersonation of U.S. Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. He began his Franklin impersonation career in 1973.

Archbold has appeared as Franklin for every President of the United States at the White House from Gerald Ford through Barack Obama.

Archbold was born in Dearborn, Michigan. In 2008, he married Linda Wilde who was a known Betsy Ross impersonator in Philadelphia. Archbold died on March 25, 2017 in Philadelphia from complications of congestive heart failure, aged 75.

## References
## Other websites
* Archbold at the White House 300th Benjamin Franklin Birthday Celebration
Bat-Sheva Dagan

**Bat-Sheva Dagan** (; 8 September 1925 – 25 January 2024) is a Polish-Israeli Holocaust survivor, educator, author, and speaker. She was born in Łódź, Poland.

## Holocaust 
She was incarcerated in a ghetto in Radom with her parents and two sisters in 1940. After her parents and a sister were deported and murdered in Treblinka in August 1942, she escaped to Germany, but was discovered, imprisoned, and deported to Auschwitz in May 1943. After spending 20 months in Auschwitz, she survived two death marches and was liberated by British troops in May 1945. She was the only survivor of her family.

## After the Holocaust 
Dagan and her husband settled in Israel, where she taught kindergarten and later obtained degrees in educational counseling and psychology. She went on to author books, poems, and songs for children and young adults on Holocaust themes, and developed psychological and pedagogical methods for teaching the Holocaust to children. She is thought a pioneer in children's Holocaust education. Dagan died in Bat-Yam, Israel on 25 January 2024, at the age of 98.

## Awards and honors 
In 2008 Dagan was named Woman of the Year in Education by Yad Vashem for her works to Holocaust teaching for children. She was also named an Outstanding Member of the City of Holon. In 2012 she was honored as one of the torch lighters at ceremonies marking Yom HaShoah.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Benjamin B. Ferencz

**Benjamin Berell Ferencz** (March 11, 1920 – April 7, 2023) was a Romanian-born American lawyer of Hungarian-Jewish descent. He was an investigator of Nazi war crimes after World War II and the Chief Prosecutor for the United States Army at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, one of the twelve military trials held by the U.S. authorities at Nuremberg, Germany.

Later, he became an advocate of the establishment of an international rule of law and of an International Criminal Court. From 1985 to 1996, he was Adjunct Professor of International Law at Pace University.

Ferencz was interviewed by Lesley Stahl of *60 Minutes* about his role at the Nuremberg Trials. He was 99-years-old at the time of the television interview.

On March 4, 2022, he gave an interview in which he stated that President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin deserves to be behind bars as a war criminal.

Ferencz died at an assisted living facility in Boynton Beach, Florida, on April 7, 2023, at the age of 103. He was the last surviving prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials.

## References
AKM

The **AKM** is a Soviet assault rifle that was designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov in the 1950s and adopted in 1959 by the Soviet army to replace the AK-47. The difference between the AK-47 and the AKM is that the AK-47 is short and the AKM is long and the other difference is that the AK-47 has a regular muzzle and the AKM has a sharp muzzle.
## Users
## References
## Other websites
Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

The **Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union** (or **Brexit Secretary**) was a United Kingdom Cabinet post. The holder of this office was in charge of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union. 

The office was held by David Davis from July 2016, until July 2018. Following Davis' resignation, Dominic Raab was appointed Brexit Secretary. When Raab resigned in November 2018, Stephen Barclay was appointed as Secretary of State. 

The position was created in 2016, by the new Prime Minister Theresa May. After the UK voted to leave the European Union.

The position was abolished on 31 January 2020.

## References
Mabel Cáceres

**Mabel Cáceres** or **Mabel Cáceres Calderón** is a Peruvian journalist, and the founder and editor-in-chief of El Búho (The Owl). She received the 2016 Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women's Media Foundation. 

In 1999, Cáceres was the director of a local TV channel owned by a university, when the government of Peru’s president Fujimori suspended the channel for a year. Cáceres, along with a group of intellectuals, journalists, and friends, started El Búho as a weekly newspaper. 

## Life 
Mabel Cáceres studied journalism, communication, and related programs at the Catholic University of Santa María in Arequipa, Peru from 1984 to 1990. In 1997, she received a master's degree in Communication and Media Studies from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in Lima, Peru.

## Career 
In 1989 Cáceres went to work for *Correo* newspaper. In 1991 she worked with the newspaper *Arequipa al Día*. From 1992 to 1999 she was the general director of the Proyecto TV UNSA at the Universidad Nacional de San Agustín.  From 2006 to 2011 she was the director of the political-cultural television program "Contrastes" on Channel 53, TV MUNDO, in Arequipa. 

Cáceres has been sued for defamation 16 times, and has won all the lawsuits. Some of the editors received sentences, but they were overturned by the Supreme Court. The Press and Society Institute (IPYS) provides for El Búho's legal defense because it considers that the complaints against the weekly are an attack on freedom of the press and democracy.
* El Búho

## References
Randogne

**Randogne** was a municipality in Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Chermignon, Montana, Mollens and Randogne merged into the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

## References
Crans-Montana

**Crans-Montana** is a municipality of the district Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Chermignon, Mollens, Montana and Randogne merged into the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

Crans-Montana is a ski resort that was created through the fusion of the two centers of Crans and Montana. It belonged to six municipalities (Chermignon, Lens, Icogne, Mollens, Montana and Randogne). Four of those municipalities merged to form the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

## Gallery

File:Crans Montana.jpg|Crans-Montana
File:Montana VS.JPG|Montana

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website 
* Crans-Montana ski resort
Hippolyta

**Hippolyta** (, *Hippolyte*) was one of the queens of the Amazons in Greek mythology. She was a fierce warrior. She was mostly famous for her magical girdle (or war belt in other accounts), given to her by her father, Ares, the god of war. The hero Heracles, for his Ninth Labor, had to get her girdle, bring it back to the city of Mycenae, and give it to Admete, daughter of King Eurystheus, as a gift.
Singapore Art Museum

**Singapore Art Museum** (also known as **SAM** to most Singaporeans) is the first museum in Singapore.  It was opened in 1996.

The museum showcases contemporary art from Singapore, Southeast Asia (SEA), and Asia.

## References
Chelsea Brown

**Chelsea Brown** (December 6, 1942 – March 27, 2017) was an American-Australian actress and comedian. She appeared as a regular performer in comedy series ''Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In*. She was also known for her roles in the soap operas *Number 96* (in 1977), and *E Street'' (in 1990–1991).

Brown was born in Chicago, Illinois. She was married to Vic Rooney until her death in 2017. Brown died on March 27, 2017 from pneumonia caused by dementia in Chicago, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Michel Arrivé

**Michel Arrivé** (7 December 1936 – 3 April 2017) was a French novelist, short story writer, linguist and academic. He was a Professor of Linguistics and Semiotics at Paris Nanterre University from 1983 to 2006. He authored several novels and short stories.

## Death
Arrivé died on 3 April 2017 in Saint-Cloud, France at the age of 80.

## Books
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## References
## Other websites
* Biography at Catalogue.fr
Ilkka Sinisalo

**Ilkka Antero Jouko Sinisalo** (July 10, 1958 – April 5, 2017) was a Finnish professional ice hockey forward. He was born in Valkeakoski, Finland.

Sinisalo played eleven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Minnesota North Stars and Los Angeles Kings. Later he was a scout for the Flyers.

Sinisalo died in Helsinki, Finland from prostate cancer on April 5, 2017, aged 58.

## References
Pedro Salvatori

**Pedro Salvatori** (November 22, 1933 – March 24, 2017) was an Argentine politician. He was a member of the Neuquén People's Movement, a regional party based in his home Neuquén Province. He served as the Governor of Neuquén Province from 1987 to 1991, as well as the de facto Governor of Neuquén briefly from 1972 to 1973 during the military rule.

Salvatori died of respiratory failure at a hospital in Neuquén on March 24, 2017, at the age of 83. 

## References
Brian Matthew

**Brian Matthew** (17 September 1928 &ndash; 8 April 2017) was an English broadcaster. He worked for the BBC from 1954 until his retirement 2017. He began presenting *Sounds of the 60s* in 1990, often employing the same vocabulary and the same measured delivery he had used in previous years. 

On 27 January 2017, the BBC announced that he would not return to the programme because of ill health.

At the time of his retirement, Matthew was the oldest active DJ in Britain.

Matthew was born on 17 September 1928 in Coventry, Warwickshire. He studied at Bablake School. In 1951, he married Pamela Wickington. They had one son: Christopher.

In January 2017, Matthew collapsed at his home and was hospitalized in critical condition. Matthew later died on 8 April 2017 at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*Radio Rewind Biography with archive show clips
Gravity (Sara Bareilles song)

"**Gravity**" is a song performed by Sara Bareilles, released the third single from her major-label debut album *Little Voice* (2007).

Written by Bareilles, the track was produced by Eric Rosse. Its music video was released on February 3, 2009. Bareilles said she wrote the song after her "first real heartbreak", and was hoping the ballad would help others in similar situations.

The song was originally on her first album *Careful Confessions*, but was later included on *Little Voice*.

## Charts
## References
North Jutlandic Island

**North Jutlandic Island** (Danish: *Nørrejyske Ø* or *Vendsyssel-Thy*) is the second-largest island of Denmark.

About 297,000 people were living on this island in 2014. 

It has an area of 4,685 km².

North Jutlandic Island lies on the south coast of the Skagerrak. It is the most northern part of Denmark, and is commonly regarded as part of Jutland.
Iron in folklore

Iron has an important role in folklore.

## Europe 
Cold Iron means weapons. Later, it came to mean horseshoes & fences.
* If you put an iron fence around a cemetery, the ghosts can’t leave the cemetery.

* If you put a knife under your doormat, witches can’t enter.

* If you have a horseshoe, you’ll repel evil spirits. Later, it was said to give good luck.

## Tibet 
In Tibet, iron from meteors is precious. Tibetan gods used weapons made from meteoric iron. Because Tibet is so high, Tibet had many meteors fall.
Lolland

**Lolland** is the fourth-largest island of Denmark.

About 63,000 people were living on this island in 2013. 

It has an area of 1,243 km².

Lolland lies in the very south of Denmark, and near Germany in the Baltic Sea.

Lolland has an oceanic climate, the highest temperature ever measured in Lolland was  on 20 July 2022.
Paul O'Neill

'''Paul O'Neill''' (February 23, 1956 – April 5, 2017) was an American music composer, songwriter and producer.

O'Neill's death was announced in a brief note posted on the Trans-Siberian Orchestra website on April 5, 2017, which cited chronic illness.

## Trans-Siberian Orchestra
* 1996 - *Christmas Eve and Other Stories*
* 1998 - *The Christmas Attic*
* 2000 - ''Beethoven's Last Night*
* 2004 - *The Lost Christmas Eve*
* 2009 - *Night Castle*
* 2012 - *Beethoven's Last Night - The Complete Narrated Version*
* 2012 - *Dreams of Fireflies (On a Christmas Night) - EP*
* 2015 - *Letters From the Labyrinth''

## References
Arthur Bisguier

**Arthur Bernard Bisguier** (October 8, 1929&ndash;April 5, 2017) was an American chess grandmaster, chess promoter, and writer. 

## Early life
Bisguier was born in New York City. He studied at Bronx High School of Science.

## Career
Bisguier has won two U.S. Junior Championships (1948, 1949), three U.S. Open Chess Championship titles (1950, 1956, 1959), and the 1954 United States Chess Championship title. He played for the United States in five chess Olympiads. He also played in two Interzonal tournaments (1955, 1962). 

On March 18, 2005, the United States Chess Federation (USCF) proclaimed him "Dean of American Chess".

Bisguier has been a regular contributor to *Chess Life* magazine. In 2003 he wrote a book on his best games from 1945–60 titled *The Art of Bisguier*.

## Death
Bisguier died on April 5, 2017 in Framingham, Massachusetts from respiratory failure, aged 87.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography
Molybdenum disulfide

**Molybdenum disulfide** is an inorganic compound. It is made of molybdenum and sulfur. The chemical formula is ''''''. As a mineral, it is called molybdenite.

It is used as a dry lubricant.
Sam Gagner

**Sam William Gagner** (born August 10, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Arizona Coyotes, Edmonton Oilers, Vancouver Canucks, Philadelphia Flyers, and Columbus Blue Jackets.

## Other websites
Heteronormativity

**Heteronormativity** is the belief that everyone is heterosexual by nature, and every other form of human sexuality is not as good as heterosexuality, or even an illness that needs to be fixed. In a heteronormative system, there are two strict genders, men and women, and everyone must behave according to their gender role in society. A heteronormative view of the world believes that a person's sex decides their sexuality, gender identity and gender roles.

Homophobia, transphobia, and heterosexism could not exist without heteronormativity.

According to queer theory, societies force heteronormativity on people it does not fit, such as LGBT people, queer people, and intersex people.

## Where the word comes from 
Michael Warner made the word "heteronormativity" popular in 1991 in one of the first books on queer theory. It came from Gayle Rubin's idea of the "sex/gender system" and Adrienne Rich's idea of "compulsory heterosexuality." According to Samuel A. Chambers, heteronormativity shows what societies expect, demand, and allow when they consider relations between men and women to be the only normal ones.

## Discrimination 
People who argue against heteronormativity include Cathy J. Cohen, Michael Warner, and Lauren Berlant. They argue that it holds down those who do not fit it, marks them as outsiders, keeps them out of society, and makes it hard for them to express themselves. They argue that heteronormative culture gives an unfair advantage to heterosexual people (this is called heterosexism). It causes members of society to keep LGBT people out of work, school, and the greater society, sometimes using the law.

### Against gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people
According to the cultural anthropologist Gayle Rubin, heteronormativity ranks sexual practices from "good sex" to "bad sex." This "sex hierarchy" ranks sex between two married heterosexual people for the purpose of creating a child as "good," and ranks people and acts that fall short of this standard lower until they become "bad sex." Gay couples who are married are somewhere in the middle. Gay people who have sex with many partners are also in the middle, but below gay married couples. Patrick McCreery, a lecturer at New York University, believes this is the reason why gay people are attacked for doing things that straight people also do, such as watching pornography or practicing BDSM.

## Sources
Montana, Switzerland

**Montana** was a municipality of the district of Sierre in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It was one of the six municipalities that form the ski resort Crans-Montana (together with Icogne, Lens, Randogne, Mollens and Chermignon).

On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Montana, Chermignon, Mollens and Randogne merged into the new municipality of Crans-Montana.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Website  
*
Chrystia Freeland

**Christina Alexandra "Chrystia" Freeland** (born August 2, 1968 in Peace River, Alberta) is a Canadian politician of the Liberal Party of Canada. She was the Deputy Prime Minister of Canada from 2019 until her resignation in 2024.

Freeland has been a member of parliament since 2013. From 2015 to 2017 she was also minister of trade and the minister of foreign affairs from 2017 to 2019.

Previously she was a freelance journalist. She has written several non-fiction books.

On December 16, 2024, Freeland unexpectedly resigned from the Trudeau cabinet hours before she was to deliver the fall economic statement. She resigned because of disagreements with Trudeau on tax breaks, disbursements and tariffs proposed by U.S. President-elect Donald Trump on Canadian goods.

On 17 January 2025, Freeland announced her candidacy for Leader of the Liberal Party in the 2025 leadership election.

## Notes
## References 
## Other websites
* Official Twitter
Sigmar Gabriel

**Sigmar Hartmut Gabriel** (born September 12, 1959 in Goslar) is a German politician of the SPD.

He has been Vice Chancellor from 2013 to 2018 and foreign minister from 2017 to 2018. He has also been a member of the Bundestag (German parliament) since 2005.

Previously he was party chair from 2009 to 2017, federal minister of economy and energy (2013-2017), federal minister of environment, nature conservation and nuclear safety (2005-2009), and prime minister of Lower Saxony (1999-2003).

Gabriel studied politics, sociology and German at the University of Göttingen.

On December 5, 2017 German Foreign Minister **Sigmar Gabriel** speech at Korber Foundation, warned Iran nuclear deal collapse, cause could leads to military conflict, he stand with European Union assertive, between Trump administration and world leader effective that impact relation, between country. he said in statement,"US will never be same""the world is no longer a global community but an arena and also a battleground in which nations, nonstate actors and companies fight over advantages,".

He is a Lutheran.

## References 
* Bundestag Website biography 

## Other websites 
*
2017 Stockholm attack

The **2017 Stockholm attack** happened on 7 April 2017, at about 2:50 pm local time (13:50 UTC) in central Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. According to SÄPO, a speeding lorry drove through crowds along the Drottninggatan pedestrian street and smashed through the front of an Åhléns department store, killing at least four people and wounding several others.

The attack killed five people.

## References
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The **smooth endoplasmic reticulum**, or **smooth ER**, is found in both animal cells and plant cells.  Smooth ER helps the body make and metabolize fats and steroid hormones.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes.  Smooth ER is not. It breaks down toxins, drugs, and metabloic wastes. 

## References
David Gove

**David Thomas Gove** (May 4, 1978 – April 5, 2017) was an American ice hockey player. He served as head coach of the Wheeling Nailers of the ECHL. He last played with the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins of the American Hockey League during the 2008–09 season. He played for the Carolina Hurricanes from 2000 through 2009.

On April 5, 2017, Gove was found dead in Pittsburgh on April 5, 2017 from a suspected drug overdose.

## References
Memè Perlini

**Amelio "Memè" Perlini** (8 December 1947 &ndash; 5 April 2017) was an Italian actor and movie director. His debut movie as a director, *Italian Postcards*, was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival. 

Perlini died in Rome on 5 April 2017, aged 69. He committed suicide, by jumping from the fifth floor of his house.

## References
## Other websites
*
David Peel

**David Peel** (born **David Michael Rosario**; August 1, 1943 – April 6, 2017) was an American singer, musician and political activist. He first recorded in the late 1960s with Harold Black, Billy Joe White, George Cori and Larry Adam performing as David Peel and The Lower East Side Band. His raw, acoustic "street rock" with lyrics about marijuana and "bad cops" appealed mostly to hippies.

Peel has appeared as himself many movies, including *Please Stand By* (1972), *Rude Awakening* (1989), ''High Times' Potluck* (2004) and *The U.S. vs. John Lennon'' (2006).

Peel died on April 6, 2017 at a hospital in Manhattan, New York from complications of a heart attack, aged 73.

## References
## Other websites
*
*The "Official online shrine" 
*David Peel's homepage
Jerzy Vetulani

**Jerzy Adam Gracjan Vetulani** (21 January 1936 &ndash; 6 April 2017) was a Polish neuroscientist, pharmacologist and biochemist, professor of natural sciences. He was born in Kraków. 

Vetulani was a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Learning from 1991 until his death in 2017. He was one of the most frequently cited Polish scientists in the field of biomedicine after 1965.

Vetulani died at the age of 81 on 6 April 2017 at a hospital in Kraków from complications of injuries sustained after being struck by an automobile in early March.

## References
## Other websites
* *Piękno neurobiologii* blog
Marthe Gosteli

**Marthe Gosteli** (22 December 1917 – 7 April 2017) was a Swiss suffrage activist and archivist. 

Gosteli led the fight for women's right to vote in Switzerland. Later she focused her attention on preserving the history of Swiss women. She created an archive of women's biographies and history. Gosteli's work was recognized by many honors and awards, including the 2011 Swiss Human Rights Award.

Gosteli died from complications of a fall in Muri bei Bern, Switzerland on 7 April 2017, aged 99.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Tim Pigott-Smith

**Timothy Peter Pigott-Smith** OBE (13 May 1946 – 7 April 2017) was an English movie and television actor and author. He won the Fantasporto Award for Best Actor in 2002 for his role in *Bloody Sunday*. He was known for his role as Creedy in the 2005 movie *V for Vendetta*. He won a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in 1985.

Pigott-Smith was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to drama.

Pigott-Smith was born in Rugby, Warwickshire. He studied at Bristol University. In 1972, he married Pamela Miles. Pigott-Smith died on 7 April 2017 in Northampton, Northamptonshire from a suspected heart attack, aged 70.

## References
## Other websites
*
Y. A. Tittle

**Yelberton Abraham Tittle Jr.** (October 24, 1926 &ndash; October 8, 2017),  better known as **Y. A. Tittle**, was an American professional American football quarterback. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers, New York Giants, and Baltimore Colts, after spending two seasons with the Colts in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).

Tittle was the subject of a famous photograph of himself published in 1964. Tittle, in his 17th and final season, was photographed helmet-less, bloodied and kneeling immediately after having been knocked to the ground and lost a game, which Tittle described as "The end of the road".

Tittle was born in Marshall, Texas. He studied at Louisiana State University. He was married to Minnette Tittle until her death in 2012. They have one daughter, Dianne. Tittle suffered from a severe case of dementia. He died at his home in Stanford, California from the disease on October 8, 2017 at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Glenn O'Brien

'''Glenn O'Brien'* (March 2, 1947 &ndash; April 7, 2017) was an American writer, largely on the subjects of art, music and fashion.  He was featured for many years as "The Style Guy" in *GQ* magazine, and published a book with that title. He was known for being part of The Factory with Andy Warhol.

He has worked as an editor at different magazines, and published the arts and literature magazine *Bald Ego'' from 2003-2005.

From 1978 to 1982, O'Brien hosted a New York city Public-access television cable TV show called *TV Party*.

O'Brien died of complications from pneumonia in Manhattan on April 6, 2017 at the age of 70.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website for Glenn O'Brien
*
*Style Guy Blog 
*List of article, interviews and reviews by Glenn O’Brien
*O'Brien's final interview as Editor-In-Chief of *Interview* magazine  in *The Block* Issue 18
*Glenn O'Brien on How to Be a Man on YouTube
2017 Shayrat missile strike

missile towards the Shayrat Air Base]]
On the morning of 7 April 2017, during the Syrian Civil War, the United States launched 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles from the Mediterranean Sea into Syria, aimed at Shayrat Air Base. The strike was ordered by U.S. President Donald Trump as a direct response to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack on 4 April 2017. 

The strike was the first unilateral attack by the United States military to intentionally target the Ba'athist Syrian government forces during the war. 

President Trump justified the strike by stating that it is in the national security interest of the United States to prevent and deter the spread and use of deadly chemical weapons in the world.

## References
Jean Douchet

**Jean Douchet** (; 19 January 1929 &ndash; 21 November 2019) was a French movie director, historian, movie critic and teacher. He began his career in the early 1950s at *Gazette du Cinéma* and *Cahiers du cinema* with members of the future French New Wave.

Douchet died on 21 November 2019 in Paris at the age of 90.

## References
## Other websites
*
Jacques Rozier

**Jacques Rozier** (; 10 November 1926 &ndash; 31 May 2023) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He was one of the known members of the French New Wave movement and worked with Jean-Luc Godard. Three of his movies have been screened at the Cannes Film Festival. In 1978, he was a member of the jury at the 28th Berlin International Film Festival. Rozier was born in Paris, France.

Rozier died on 31 May 2023 at the age of 96.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Biography on newwavefilm.com
* cineresources.com archive of articles
Armand Gatti

**Armand Gatti** (; January 26, 1924 – April 6, 2017) was a Monegasque-born French playwright, poet, journalist, screenwriter, filmmaker and World War II resistance fighter.

Gatti was born in Monte Carlo, Monaco.

Gatti's first movie, *Enclosure*, was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver Prize for Best Director. Two years later, his movie *El Otro Cristóbal* was entered into the 1963 Cannes Film Festival.

In 2013 he was awarded the Grand prix du théâtre de l'Académie française.

Gatti died on April 6, 2017 in Saint-Mandé, France, aged 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
*
Matt Murphy

**Matthew Tyler "Matt" Murphy** (December 29, 1929 &ndash; June 15, 2018), known as **Matt "Guitar" Murphy**, was an American blues guitarist.

Murphy was born in Sunflower, Mississippi. 

Murphy worked a lot with Memphis Slim, including on his album *At the Gate of Horn* (1959). Murphy did not have a band of his own until 1982 but did work in the studio and on stage with many musicians, including Ike Turner,  Muddy Waters, James Cotton, Otis Rush, Etta James, Sonny Boy Williamson II, Chuck Berry and Joe Louis Walker. He gave a memorable performance in 1963 on the American Folk Blues Festival tour of Europe with his "Matt's Guitar Boogie". 

Murphy suffered a stroke in 2003 but returned to perform a few years later. He died on June 15, 2018 in Miami, Florida from a heart attack at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Interview with Murphy