open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Medway

**Medway** (commonly called the **Medway Towns**) is a large urban area in North Kent. It is made up of 5 towns: Strood, Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham and Rainham. It is named after the River Medway. As of 2019 it has 278,016 people.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Medway Council 
* Archive Images 
* Detailed history of the Medway Towns
* Chatham's World Heritage Site application
* Medway's UK City of Culture 2025 bid
Koff

**Koff** is Finnish brand of beer. Koff is one of the most popular beers in Finland. It is made by Sinebrychoffs, a Finnish company that advertices lager beers.

## Products 
* Koff I (2,5 %)
* Koff III (4,5 %)
* Koff IVA (5,2 %)
* Koff Extra Brew III (4,5 %)
* Koff Extra Brew IV (5,2 %)
* Koff Lite (4,2 %)

## Other websites 
* Koff.fi
Olvi

**Olvi** is Finnish brand of beer. Olvi is mostly made from Finnish ingredients, besides *Humulus lupulus*, which is from Bavaria.

## Other websites 
* The Olvi web site
Lapin Kulta

**Lapin Kulta** is Finnish, Hartwalls brand of beer. Traditionally it's been made in Tornio but 2010 production moved to Lahti.

## Products
* Lapin Kulta I
* Lapin Kulta III
* Lapin Kulta IVA (5,2 %)
* Lapin Kulta Long Neck 
* Lapin Kulta Tuisku

## Other websites 
* Lapin Kulta
Clare Hall, Cambridge

**Clare Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1966. It has about 145 postgraduate students (students that already have a degree). It allows both men and women but no undergraduate students. It is one of the smallest colleges but has 125 Fellows (teachers), making the ratio fellows/students very high. 

The college was built by Clare College to make it easier for people who are not students anymore to come back to university and do further education. This is why the college has many facilities for families and for sports.

## References 
*

## Other websites 
*Official website
John Hancock Tower

The **John Hancock Tower**, also called **Hancock Place**, **The Hancock Tower**, or **The Hancock**, is a 60-story, 790-foot (241 m) skyscraper in Boston. It was named for the John Hancock Insurance company. The tower was designed by Henry N. Cobb and was completed in 1976. It has been the tallest building in Boston for more than 30 years. It is also the tallest building in New England.

Its street address is 200 Clarendon Street. At first, John Hancock Insurance primarily used the building, but after 2004, some offices moved to a new building.

## Architecture
The John Hancock Tower was designed in 1972. It is a glass monolith. It was made in the minimalist and the modernist skyscraper design.

The largest panes of glass possible were used. There are no spandrel panels, and very few mullions. The floor plan has a parallelogram shape. The window glass is tinted slightly blue.

## History
The tower has an observation deck that was a famous attraction. However, the observation deck was closed after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

In 2006, Broadway Partners bought Hancock Place for $1.3 billion.  By 2009, they had defaulted on the loans they used to buy the building, and it was forclosed. On March 30, 2009, Hancock Place was sold at auction for $660 million to a consortium of "Normandy Real Estate Partners" and "Five Mile Capital Partners". In October 2010, Boston Properties bought the John Hancock Tower for $930 million.

 including the Charles River, 111 Huntington Avenue, Prudential Tower, and John Hancock Tower]]

The Hancock Tower was built by "John Hancock Insurance".

## Notes
## References
*Oct. 15, 1973. "Those Window Pains" , *TIME*.
*Harl P. Aldrich, James R. Lambrechts (Fall 1986). "Back Bay Boston, Part II: Groundwater Levels ", *Civil Engineering Practice*, Volume 1, Number 2.

## Related pages
*John Hancock, for whom John Hancock Insurance was named
*Prudential Tower for an image of the Boston skyline from Cambridge in 1963, with the old 26-story Hancock building a conspicuous landmark.

## Other websites
* 
*library-towers John Hancock Tower
*Architecture Week  When Bad Things Happen to Good Buildings
*The Perfect Skyscraper The Perfect Skyscraper
*Special Report on the Boston Globe; "The Hancock at 30" includes 4 audio slideshows
*Globe Critic, Robert Campbell, on the problems of the John Hancock Tower
*So, what should we call the John Hancock Tower now? (photos of construction)
Mega (Chile)

**Mega**, whose letters stand for **Red Televisiva Megavisión**, is a Chilean television network.

## Programs 
### Previous programs 
## Other websites
*Official site
Coloratura

famous for singing baroque coloratura roles (Bartolomeo Nazari, 1734)]]
**Coloratura** is a term meaning florid singing in which singers demonstrate great agility with their voices. Although often associated with light sopranos, it can apply to any voice type such as tenor, mezzo-soprano, baritone, bass, especially in the bel canto repertoire.
High intensity training

**High Intensity Training** (HIT) is a form of strength training popularized in the 1970s by Arthur Jones. HIT focuses on performing quality weight training repetitions to the point of momentary muscular failure. The training takes into account the number of repetitions, the amount of weight, and the amount of time the muscle is exposed to muscle tension in order to maximize the amount of muscle fiber recruitment. 

## References
## Other websites
* Arthur Jones's Nautilus Bulletin #1
* Arthur Jones's Nautilus Bulletin #2
* What is High Intensity Training?
Beth Hatefutsoth

The **Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora** (or "**Beth Hatefutsoth**") is an history and anthropology museum in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is dedicated to the Jewish communities around the world. The museum was established in 1978 after 10 years of building. The museum is a part of the Tel Aviv University campus and also has an educational center to study Jewish folklore. The museum is also a center to documenting and preserving the memory of Jews and Jewish families who have been killed or destroyed in anti-Semitic incidents.

## Other websites 
* 
* Museum of Jewish Diaspora - Beit Hatefusoth  at ilMuseums.com
* Tracing History in Israel - slideshow by *The New York Times*
1923 Great Kantō earthquake

was a Japanese natural disaster in the Kantō region of the island of Honshū.  The earthquake struck at 11:58:44 am JST (2:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923.  It lasted between 4 and 10 minutes.

This earthquake destroyed Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka. It caused widespread damage. About 140,000 people died.

## Gallery

File:Marunouchi after the Great Kanto Earthquake.JPG|Tokyo in flames
File:Kanto-daishinsai.jpg|A view of the destruction in Yokohama

## Related pages
* 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

## Notes
## Other websites
*Great Kanto Earthquake photos
*Great Kanto earthquake at British Pathé 
*Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 at Brown University
*USGS Earthquake Lists
Tom Daley

**Tom Daley** (born 21 May 1994) is an English diver. He was born in Plymouth, Devon. He mainly dives from the 10 metre platform, both on his own and in synchro (diving at the same time with another person). He became the World Champion at the age of 15 in 2009.

Daley went to the 2008 Summer Olympics where he was the youngest athlete for Britain. He also went to the 2012 Summer Olympics where he came third in the 10 metre platform event. He has won many other medals. For example, at the 2010 Commonwealth Games he won two golds in the 10 metre platform: one for the individual event, the other for the synchro event with Peter Waterfield.

He has won the BBC Award for Young Personality of the Year three times.

## Personal life 
He grew up in Eggbuckland, Plymouth with his mother Debbie, father Rob and two younger brothers, Ben and Will. He went to school at the Thruston Primary School in Plymouth and later went to Plymouth College. He started swimming when he was 3, and diving when he was 7. He did his first international competition when he was 11. In 2013, he stated that he is in a relationship with a man. In 2014, he stated that he is gay.

## References
Emmanuel College, Cambridge

**Emmanuel College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1584 and has around 650 students. Emmanuel has the tradition of doing very well in the exams.

Some very famous people have studied at this College, like Graham Chapman.

In 2006, the Dean of Emmanuel College said that same-sex couples can have civil partnerships at Emmanuel's Chapel. This made it the first in the Church of England to allow this.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge

**Fitzwilliam College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called **Fitz** from the students. It was created in 1966, but it is based on earlier student groups and associations. These began in 1869 with the idea of helping poor people to study at Cambridge. Today the college has around 750 students and is one of the largest. Fitzwilliam has the tradition of doing quite well in the sports.

Some very famous people have studied at this College, like Charles Scott Sherrington and Albert Szent-Györgyi who both won Nobel Prizes.

The name of the college comes from the Fitzwilliam family.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
Girton College, Cambridge

**Girton College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1869 and it was the first college for women. It was given official status only in 1948, when women were allowed in the university. In 1976, it started allowing men too. The college has about 700 students.

The college is about 2.5 miles (4 km) away from the university town. It takes the name from the village where it is found, Girton.

Some very famous people have studied at this Girton, like Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.

It has one of the biggest libraries in Cambridge.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Federation of Genealogical Societies

The **Federation of Genealogical Societies** is a non-profit organization and consortium of Genealogy Societies. Its headquarters are located in Austin, Texas in the United States. It works with genealogy organizations around the world. 

## Other websites 
* Federation of Genealogical Societies
* FGS Blog 
* FGS 2011 Conference, September 7-10, 2011 
* FGS Society Hall
Gillingham, Kent

**Gillingham** is a large town in Medway, North Kent. It has around 105,000 people, and a football team, Gillingham F.C..

It also has a railway station, Gillingham railway station.
Ryan Longwell

**Ryan Longwell** (born August 16, 1974) was an NFL kicker from 1997-2012. He went to college in California. He played for the Green Bay Packers and the Minnesota Vikings. His jersey number was 8.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Pro Football Reference
Jovan Belcher

**Jovan Belcher** (July 24, 1987 – December 1, 2012) was an American football player. He was a line backer in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a student at the University of Maine. He played in the NFL from 2009 until his death.

Belcher was born in West Babylon, New York.

On the evening of December 1, 2012 in Kansas City, Missouri, he shot his partner dead and committed suicide by shooting himself. After his death, an autopsy revealed that Belcher had been suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

## References 
## Other websites 
*Pro-Football Reference
Ted Bulley

**Ted Bulley** (born March 25, 1955) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) player from 1976 to 1984. He played the left wing position. He was born in Windsor, Ontario in Canada. For most of his career he played for the Chicago Blackhawks.

## Career statistics
## References
## Other websites 
* 
* Hockey-Reference
Bunny Roser

**Bunny Roser** (November 15, 1901 – May 6, 1979) was a former baseball player for the Boston Braves. He was a left fielder. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He died in Rocky Hill, Connecticut at the age of 77.

## Other websites 
*Baseball-Reference
Mutant (movie)

***Mutant*** is a 1983 American horror movie that was directed by John Cardos and Mark Rosman. It has a restricted rating. The film has zombies in it. It stars Wings Hauser.

## Other websites 
*All-Rovi
International Institute for Terrorism Research

**International Institute for Terrorism Research** or **International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT)** is an international non-profit research center located in Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Israel. The center explores terrorism in Israel and around the world and organizes international meetings with politicians from around the world.

## Other websites 
*International Institute for Terrorism Research
Platt Amendment

The **Platt Amendment** was an amendment made in 1901 to a resolution of the United States Congress. It said that all treaties with Cuba had to be approved by the U.S. Senate and the U.S. had the right to interfere in Cuba's affairs if order broke down within Cuba. It also declared Guantánamo Bay to be U.S. territory. The Cuban–American Treaty of Relations of 1903 said the same things. 

In the years following its enactment, until its abolition in 1934, the Platt Amendment was used on several occasions by the United States to intervene in Cuban internal affairs and protect US economic interests on the island.
Bob Schieffer

**Bob Lloyd Schieffer** (born February 25, 1937) is an American television journalist and news anchor for *60 Minutes* and for *CBS Evening News*. He was the moderator for *Face the Nation* for twenty-four years, from 1991 to 2015. He won six Emmy Awards.

Schieffer was born on February 25, 1937 in Austin, Texas. He studied at the Texas Christian University. Schieffer is married to Patricia Penrose. They have two children. He now lives in Washington, D.C. and in Austin, Texas.   

## References
## Other websites
* Biography – Bob Schieffer  CBS News
* Bob Schieffer Notable Names Database
* 
* Bob Schieffer School of Journalism  Texas Christian University
Wakeboarding

**Wakeboarding** is a water sport that involves riding a wakeboard over the surface of a body of water. The rider is usually towed behind a motorboat. This sport, that appeared in the beginning of the eighties, has been inspired by surfing, water skiing and snowboarding.

To practice wakeboarding, a boat, a rope and a board are necessary. If the rider wants to do bigger jumps or tricks, he needs a tower. The waves created by the boat act like a ski jump for the surfer.

## Timeline
In 1985, Tonny Finn, a surfer, marketed the "Skurfer". It was a board inspired by surfing and water skiing. The "Skurfer" was thick and it had an aileron at his back. 

In 1987, the "Skurfer" board was introduced in France by Maurice Lejeune.

In 1989, Jimmy Redmond founded the World Wakeboard Association (WWA).

In 1990, the first official competition was taking place in Orlando, Florida, United States, while the first wakeboard was marketing.

In 1993, the first world wakeboard championship was organised in United States by the WWA.

In 1994, the riders Gilles Becker, Franck Ropéro and Pierre Bergia established the ANW (Association Nationale de Wakeboard).

In 1995, it was the apparition of the "twin tips". The principle of this board has still used today. The "twin tips" has one or more ailerons in its back and its front.

In 2001, wakeboarding became a discipline in the Akita’s World Games of Japan.

In 2004, the first magazine dedicated to the wakeboard, *Unleashed Wakeboard Magazine*, was published in France.

## Characteristics of equipment
*Boat: The speed of the boat should be from 28 to 35 kilometers.
*Boots: these have an important role, because they are responsible for the control and performance of the surfer. Also, they have to be as comfortable as possible.
*Rope: The best length for the rope is between 16 and 24 meters.
*Board: There are two different kinds of wakeboards; the "surf" or the "twin tips". The first one is an asymmetric board that is suitable for beginners. The "twin tips" board is more used than the type "surf" because it allows more difficult jumps. Normally, the size of the board is about 130-147 cm by 45 cm.

## References
## Other websites
Chicago Water Tower

The **Chicago Water Tower** is a Chicago and American historical place tower that is 154 feet (47 m) tall. The tower is believed to be the only tower to survive the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. It is the only public tower to be in the fire zone to survive. The building is the symbol of Old Chicago. The tower was built in 1869. The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1975.

## Location
The tower is located at 806 Michigan Avenue along the Magnificent Mile shopping district in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois in a small park, the Jane M. Byrne Plaza.

## Structure
The tower was built to keep a large water pump, to draw water from Lake Michigan. It was built in 1869. It is the second-oldest water tower in the United States, after the Louisville Water Tower in Louisville, Kentucky. The design of the tower has not been liked by everyone.

Oscar Wilde said that the tower looked like "a castellated monstrosity with pepper boxes stuck all over it," although he did admire the arrangement and movement of the pumping machinery inside. The Water Tower's castle-like style inspired the design of some White Castle restaurant buildings.

## Status
Today, the Chicago Water Tower is the Chicago Office of Tourism as a small art gallery known as the **City Gallery in the Historic Water Tower**. It has the work of local photographers, artists and filmmakers.

## References
Fundamental force

There are four **fundamental forces**, sometimes called **fundamental interactions**.  The forces are called *fundamental* because there is no simpler way for physicists to understand what the forces do or how they do it (their ). They are called s because the action of one object on another is matched by a reaction from the other. 

We feel the effects of gravity and electromagnetism all the time.
* The gravitational force is described by Einstein's general theory of relativity and is understood to be due to the *curvature* of spacetime by the mass of matter. 
* The electromagnetic force is due to electric charge. Charge causes electric force and movement of charge causes magnetic force.

The strong and weak interactions are forces at the smallest distances and explain nuclear interactions.
*The strong force binds protons and neutrons together and also keeps the nuclei of atoms together. 
*The weak force causes beta decay. 

A complete description of the forces requires advanced physics. The Standard Model explains 
three of these forces (electromagnetism, the weak force, and the strong force). Most physicists think that these become a single force under very high temperatures. This idea is known as the grand unification theory.

## From the future to the past
In the future, new forces may explain dark energy and dark matter. We may also get a Theory of everything that explains the four known fundamental forces. Even if we first *unify* the three forces of the Standard Model, we may continue to think of those forces as fundamental. This is what happened when theoretical physicists unified electromagnetism and the weak interaction with 
electroweak theory.

*Once nuclear force was explained by color charge, it was seen not to be fundamental.
*Nuclear force was a theory to explain how photons could stay close together in the nucleus when their like electric charge would make them move apart, if not overcome by a stronger force.

## References
Antônio Carlos Jobim

**Antônio Carlos Jobim** (25 January 1927 – 8 December 1994) was a Brazilian musician of the 20th century. He was a songwriter, composer, singer and pianist/guitarist. He and João Gilberto developed bossa nova as a genre of music. He is a co-creator of bossa nova. He is widely known as the composer of "The girl from Ipanema".  The representative album *Wave* counts among his major works. Besides, He created much great bossa nova music. His songs have been performed by many singers and instrumentalists and loved by people.

## His life and music 
Antônio Carlos Jobim was born in the Tijuca, in Rio de Janeiro. He came from a prominent family. After his parents separated, he was raised in Ipanema. At the age of ten, he started to play piano and compose. His life as a musician began at the age of 20. As a 20-year-old, Jobim earned his living by playing in night clubs before achieving success.

Jobim made his name as a musician when he teamed up with poet and diplomat Vinícius de Moraes to write the music for the play *Orfeu de Conceição* (1956). That time, A Felicidade, Frevo, and Nosso Amor were composed. A key event in making Jobim's music known in the world was his collaboration with saxophonist Stan Getz, João Gilberto. Especially Jobim wrote many of the songs with Getz/Gilberto, which became one of the best-selling jazz albums of all time.

His songs "The Girl from Ipanema" and "Corcovado" also became sensations. Getz/Gilberto won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. "The Girl from Ipanema" won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1965.

Jobim is one of the most important songwriters of the 20th century. Jobim's song has sophisticated harmonic structures. Some of his melodic twists, like the melody insisting on the major seventh of the chord, became common use in jazz and easy listening music after him.

Due to his fame in his country, the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro changed the name of Galeão International Airport to Rio de Janeiro–Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport.

Jobim was hospitalised in New York City from a urinary tract infection in late November 1994. He underwent surgery on 2 December 1994, and while recovering developed a pulmonary embolism. He died from cardiac arrest at the hospital on six days later on 8 December at the age of 67.
Pendulum (Australian band)

**Pendulum** are an Australian/British drum and bass duet from Perth, Western Australia. The duo consists of Paul Harding and Ben Mount.

The band was created in 2002 by Rob Swire, Gareth McGrillen, and Paul Harding. The live members of the band left in 2012 to focus on other projects with Swire and McGrillen leaving to create the band Knife Party. The DJ set for the band is still active though.

They released their debut album *Hold Your Colour* on 25 July 2005. Their second album *In Silico* was released on May 12, 2008 in Europe and on May 13, 2008 in North America. They released their final studio album *Immersion* with the live band on 21 May 2010. 

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
* *Hold Your Colour* (2005)
* *In Silico* (2008)
* *Immersion* (2010)

### Remix Albums 
* *The Reworks* (2018)

### Extended Plays 
* *Elemental* (2021)
* *Anima* (2023)

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official website
A Werewolf Boy

***A Werewolf Boy*** is a South Korean fantasy romance movie. It did well at the box office in 2012. The movie has been a huge box-office success by drawing audiences totaling 6,600,000 people in less than two months. The movie's lyrical atmosphere and the performance of the stars caught audiences’ eyes.

## Plot 
The movie starts with a flashback told by a grandmother, Suni. When a girl, Suni, lived in an isolated mountain village for her recuperation in 1965. A boy who looks like a beggar suddenly appeared. Nobody knows his origin, his family and how old he is. He cannot speak. He only growls like an aniimal. At first, Suni and can't get used to his strange behavior such as eating food with his hands ravenously. They grow fond of him gradually, so they named the boy Chulsu.

Jitae, who is a landlord of the house Suni is living, loves her. He begrudges Chulsu being close to Suni. With experts and old documents, Jitae found out that Chulsu was one of the abandoned children in the Korean war. Now he is a kind of werewolf boy. He is genetically modified by a scientist to make a more powerful soldier. Jitae slandered Chulsu because Chulsu has extreme strength unlike a normal human being. His body temperature is 46 degrees Celsius. Because of Jitae’s lies, people try to kill Chul-su to protect themselves. Suni decides to leave the village to keep him from being injured.

After 47 years, when Suni visits the village to sell the house, she sees Chulsu again. She is moved by his long waiting. Chulsu reads a fairy tale book to Suni which they promised to read together 47 years ago. However, she has to leave him again and return to America. She leaves a message "Wait for me." again as she did when she was young. Chulsu waits for her believing that she will come back again someday.

## Cast 
The main actor, Song Joong-ki is a famous Korean actor. He achieves popularity through various kinds of movies and dramas. For example, *SungKyunKwan Scandle*, *Deep-rooted tree*, *The innocent Man* and *Hearty Paws 2*. The main actress, Park Bo-young, is also a widely loved actress who made a big name through the movie *Speedy Scandle*. Both of them rose to more fame with the movie *A Werewolf Boy*.

## Music 
"My prince", song by Park Bo-young

This is the song Suni sings to the accompaniment of a guitar for Chulsu in the movie. By seeing her singing mellifluously, Chulsu fell in love with her.

## Other websites 
*Official site of the movie *A Werewolf Boy* 
*Official site in English
Bossa nova

**Bossa nova** is a type of Brazilian music. Bossa nova means literally "new trend". Antonio Carlos Jobim and João Gilberto developed bossa nova as a genre. The first bossa nova single to achieve international popularity was "The Girl From Ipanema".

The bossa nova musical style evolved from samba but is more complex harmonically and less percussive. Joachim Ernst Berendt, the writer of a jazz book, said that bossa nova is a combination of samba and cool jazz. The influence on bossa nova of jazz styles is often debated, but a similar "cool sensibility" is apparent.

Bossa nova is usually performed on classical guitar and piano. It often performed with percussion and strings.
Cristián de la Fuente

**Cristián de la Fuente Sabarots** (born 10 March 1974) is a Chilean actor. He studied mechanical engineering in Puerto Rico. He loves sports very much. At first, he was a model.He started acting in small roles in television series and movies. Internationally, he became famous with the movie Driven, from 2001. Today, de la Fuente Sabarots lives in Los Angeles. He is married, and has a daughter.
Charles Bridge

**Charles Bridge** is the oldest stone bridge in Prague. It had been constructed from 1357 to 1400. Until 1841, this was the only bridge to connect old street of Prague. It also played an very important role as the trade route between East and West zone of Prague. At first, it was called just "Stone Bridge" or "Praha Bridge." But it had the name of "Charles Bridge" since 1870.

## Description 
The bridge is 516 meters in length and 10 meters in width. Also, it has 16 arches. At a railing of the bridge, there are thirty sculptures of saint who are famous in the Bible and History. Except the sculpture of "Jan Hus", all of sculptures are made of sandstone. Some sculptures were made in the "Age of Baroque" but most of sculptures were imitated.

## Legend 
There has been legends about this bridge. One legend says that if a person touches the statue of Sanctus Loannes Nepomucenus saying the hope, the hope will come true. This is because Nepomucenus was the confessor of the queen of Bohemia. But one day king wanted to know what the queen confessed. This was because the king had a doubt that the queen had an affair with another man. However, Nepomucenus did not tell anything to king and resisted to the bitter end. So the king made Nepomucenus fall in the river. So Nepomucenus got drowned. However, He was respected as the Saint right after his death.

## Photo gallery 

Prag-4020-Altstadt-Karlsbruecke-vom Petřín-Aussichtsturm-2008-gje.jpg
Prag-5740-Karlsbruecke von Sued-2008-gje.jpg
Prag-6050-Karlsbruecke-Hradschin-2008-gje.jpg
Prag-6170-Karlsbruecke-Souvenirs-2008-gje.jpg
Prag-6230-Karlsbruecke-Heilige-2008-gje.jpg
Prag-6240-Karlsbruecke-Heilige-2008-gje.jpg
Prag-6330-Karlsbruecke-Altstadt-2008-gje.jpg
Gamla stan

**Gamla stan** is an old section of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Gamla Stan consists of three islands, Stadsholmen, Riddarholmen and Helgeandsholmen. The main buildings such as the National Assembly Building, the royal palace and the Cathedral are located here. Gamla Stan whose meaning is "Old Town" is known to be built first in 13th century. Thus, there are a lot of old buildings in Gamla Stan and they were built in 17th or 18th century. They have very long history. After crossing the bridge in front of Royal Swedish Opera theater, there is the National Assembly Building. This building is the entrance of Gamla Stan and connects the old town, Gamla Stan, and the new town. The royal palace is just after the entrance and there are a lot of buildings which make you feel like in middle ages. 

The center of Gamla Stan is Stortorget square. This square has a sad history. Christian II killed more than 80 of the leading members of Sweden and buried their necks in the well. This is called the Stockholm massacre. In this square, there are Nobel Museum in one side and buildings built from 13th century to 19th century. Also, a lot of shops are placed in narrow alleyways. Up north from the square, the stock exchange built in 1776 and the Sweden Academy headquarters which selects the Nobel Prize winner are located.

In addition, there are a lot of famous tourist spots, such as Morten Trozigsgrand, which is the narrowest alley in Gamla Stan and as wide as 90cm, and the German Church. Since Gamla Stan preserves the image of middle ages very well, it can be one of the most famous tourist places in Sweden.

## Other websites
*Northern Europe, World Tour
Audio mixer

).]]

An **audio mixer** is device which is used to  several sounds together. The user can control the volume on each channel or sound source to be as loud as they want. The amount of channels may vary depending on the mixer. Different sources may be used such as microphones, sound cards and CD players. Usually mixers have pre-amplifiers for microphones and inputs may be balanced. It is a device that allows you to edit the pitch and other aspects of sound.

Each channel has their own volume control but also there is main volume control that changes all channels the same way. Some mixers will also have an equaliser.
Albertus Magnus

**Albertus Magnus**, O.P. (1193/1206 – November 15, 1280), also known as **Albert the Great** and **Albert of Cologne**, is a Catholic saint. He was a German Dominican friar and a bishop who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon. Magnus was born into a rich German family, in Swabia, in about 1200. He attended Padua University, in Italy. 

He was very knowledgeable about Sciences, and he wrote about chemistry, geometry, astronomy, physiology. He promoted Aristotle's writings. He later became Master of Theology, which is the study of religion and God, in the University of Paris. He also created a school in Cologne, in 1248. Magnus died on November 15, 1280, in Cologne, Germany. 250 years after his death, he was named a Saint because he helped and contributed to the Catholic Church.

## References
Kia Tigers

The **Kia Tigers** is a professional baseball team in South Korea. The team started in 1982 with the name of Haitai Tigers. Haitai sold the team to Kia in 2001. They won the Korean Series 9 times as Haitai Tigers (1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997). They won again in 2009 and 2017. Winning 11 times is the top record among all Korean baseball teams. They never lost the Korean Series so far.

Their main stadium was the Mudeung Baseball Stadium in Gwangju from 1982 to 2013, and is now the Gwangju-Kia Champions Field, also in Gwangju.

## History 
### 1982 - 1997 
The Haitai Tigers was the third professional baseball team in Korea, following OB Bears (currently Doosan Bears) and MBC Blue Dragons (currently LG Twins). It started on January 30, 1982 with only 14 players and the manager. In 1983, the team hired Kim Eung-ryong as manager and they won the Korean Series for the first time.

After the team signed Sun Dong-yeol in 1985, the Haitai Tigers Dynasty started. They won the Korean Series for 4 straight years (1986-1989). Another superstar, Lee Jong-beom, made his debut in 1993. He won the Korean Series MVP in his debut season. From 1982 to 1997, the team won the Korean Series 9 times.

### 1998 - 2000 
Because of the financial problem of Haitai company, the team started to sell many good players including Lee Jong-beom and Lim Chang-yong.

### 2001 - Now 
Kia took over the baseball team and the name was changed to Kia Tigers. Lee Jong-beom returned from Japan and he was retired in 2012. In 2005, the Kia Tigers ended the season in the lowest place for the first time ever. However, in 2009, the team won the Korean Series with Na Ji-wan's dramatic walk-off home-run in the last game. It was the first victory after 1997 and as Kia Tigers. In 2012, Sun Dong-yeol, the legendary superstar in Tigers, became the manager of the team, but failed to make the team reach the postseason for 3 years.

## Key players 
Pitchers: Yoon Suk-min, Seo Jae-Weong, Kim Jin-woo

Field Players: Lee Yong-kyu, Choi Hee-seop, Lee Bum-ho
CouchSurfing

**CouchSurfing International Inc.** is a company based in San Francisco that provides hospitality social networking. Travellers using the service stay at a  house, where they sleep on a couch (sofa) or a mattress on the floor. The service is intended to be free of charge; the host does not ask for money from the guest. CouchSurfing is intended to be a cultural exchange program, where the host shows the visitor around their town or local place, and the guest delivers his or her own country's culture.
 
People using the service must register an account on the CouchSurfing website. They make a full public profile, which shows other users who they are, their interests, what languages they speak, and other information. If they want to host other travellers, users also state the location of their house, and describe their living arrangements, the type of couch they have, and what they can provide for the guests.

Travellers can look for hosts by location, and hosts can find travellers whom have stated their plans to travel to their area. Hosts also list references (recommendations from previous guests), which helps travellers in deciding whether or not a host is reliable. When a traveller applies to stay at a host's place, the host then reviews the traveller's profile and either accepts or rejects the application. If the host says yes, the two users exchange phone numbers and contact each other prior to the meeting.

## Other websites
* Official website
College Scholastic Ability Test

**College Scholastic Ability Test**, known as **Su-Neung**, is a national standardized university entrance test in South Korea. The test is held on second Thursday of November of every year. The Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE) conducts and supervises the test. A person who wants to go to university must take the test. Its result is accepted by most of universities in Korea. It is a typical criterion to judge whether the person is allowed to go to a university.

## Sections of the test
The test has five sections - Korean language, Math, English language, Social Studies/Sciences/Vocational Education and Foreign language/Chinese Character. The applicants can choose the number of the domain which they would take, after considering of applicant's ability, aptitude, demand of the university which they apply to.

The **Korean** and **English section** are common to all applicants. However, if the applicant decides to take Math, Society/Science/Vocation test and Foreign language/Chinese Character, he or she must choose the subtype of the test. 

For **Math section**, there are two subtypes to choose - "A" or "B". The type "A" consists of two parts - Math 1, Basic Calculus and Statistics. Type "B" consists of four parts - Math 1, Math 2, Geometry and Vector, Integral calculus and Statistics.

For **Social Studies/Sciences/Vocational Education section**, applicants have to choose one category from the three and each has several subtypes. 
*In **Social** **Studies section**, applicants have to choose at most two subjects from ten subjects (Ethics & Thought, Ethics for Daily Life, Korean History, World History, East Asian History, Korean Geography, World Geography, Law and Politics, Economics, Society and Culture). 
*In **Sciences section**, it is necessary to choose at most two subjects from eight subjects (Physics Ⅰ, Chemistry Ⅰ, Biology Ⅰ, Earth Science Ⅰ,  Physics Ⅱ, Chemistry Ⅱ, Biology Ⅱ, Earth Science Ⅱ). 
*In **Vocational Education section**, it is allowed to choose one subject from ten subjects (Understanding of Agriculture, Techniques in Basic Agriculture, Introduction to Industry, Basic Drafting, Commercial Economy, Principles of Accounting, General Oceanography, Fishery and Shipping Information Processing, Human Development, General Computers).

Finally, the applicants who take the **Foreign language/Chinese Character test** have to decide one subject out of nine (German I, French I, Spanish I, Chinese I, Japanese I, Russian I, Arabic I, Basic Vietnamese, Chinese Characters and Classics).

## Timetable
The first test, Korean, starts at 8:40 A.M. The last test, Foreign language/Chinese Character test, ends at 5:00 P.M.. For disabled people, there is some extra time. Blind people are given 1.5 time prolonged time than normal applicants in every section, weak-eyed applicants and applicants who suffer from cerebral palsy are given 20 extra minutes in every sections.
Seoul International Fireworks Festival

**Seoul International Fireworks Festival** is the one of the biggest festivals held in Seoul held by Hanwha group , Korean corporation. In 2000, it was held to wish for successful World Cup 2002 near Yeouido. After that, it has been held annually with Italian, Chinese, American and Korean teams except for 2001, 2006, 2009. In 2001, it was cancelled due to the September 11 attacks. In 2006, it could not be held because North Korea carried out a nuclear test, and in 2009, because of influenza A. The latest festival was held in October 6, 2012, which gathered more than 120 million people. 

## Features
The Hanwha Group spends about 1500-million won for the fireworks festival. Each team spends about 200 million won every year. People do not pay any fee to enjoy the festival. As time passes, more and more people are gathering, so the “Hot Places” become crowded 3 hours before the beginning of the festival. The best place to watch the fireworks is in front of 63 Building. People can enjoy sound effects as well near 63 Building. If the place is too crowded to enjoy the festival, Hangang Park is also a good place. If people take the subway to get to the place, they can exit at Yeouinaru Station. If the subway does not stop at Yeouinaru Station around start time of the festival, Yeouido Station is also fine.

The fireworks start around at 8 p.m. and end around at 9 p.m. Before the fireworks start, additional festivals, such as concerts or racing are held.

## Criticism
There is criticism that Hanhwa Group holds the festival only to advertise their company. The president Lee Myung-bak says that Seoul cannot support this festival for advertising the private company. In addition, people who do not go to the festival have to deal with inconvenience because of heavy traffic or if some subway stations are not allowed to approach due to this festival. A lot of trash left is also criticized. In 2011, 25 tons of trash was left after the festival and 130 sanitation engineers cleaned the area until 3 a.m.
Fiscal policy

When a state uses taxes and government spending to influence the economy, this is known as **fiscal policy** in economics and political science. Idea from John Maynard Keynes. The state can influence the following parameters:
*Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity
*How resources are allocated
*How wealth is distributed
There are two basic kinds of taxes: those on revenue, and those on economic activity, usually called excise taxes. Lowering the excise taxation will lead to increased economic activity, for example. Changes in welfare also have an impact on economic activity.

In general, fiscal policy is cyclic: Effects which result from changes in fiscal policy need some time until they can be observed.

Certain schools of thought think that fiscal policy should not be used to influence the economy. This is the case for Monetarism, which demands that keeping money at its value is the most important goal.
Solvent extraction

is extracted from an organic compound. The solvent used is MTBE. All of this is done in a diluted solution of Sodium bicarbonate. Benzoic acid is converted to Sodium benzoate. Sodium benzoate changes from the organic solvent to the water phase, neutral Benzil (shown in yellow) remains in the organic phase. In this case, the organic substance is on top, because the density of the organic solvent MTBE (0,74 g·cm−3) is lower than that of the other phase (about 1,00 g·cm−3).]]
**Solvent extraction**, also known as **Liquid–liquid extraction** or **partitioning**, is a method to separate a compound based on the solubility of its parts. This is done using two liquids that don't mix, for example water and an organic solvent.

Solvent extraction is used in the processing of perfumes, vegetable oil, or biodiesel. It is also used to recover plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel, a process which is usually called nuclear reprocessing. The recovered plutonium can then be re-used as nuclear fuel.

In this process one of the components of a mixture dissolves in a particular liquid and the other component is separated as a residue by filtration.

 Solvent extraction involves crushing of oil seeds and oil seed cakes. From ancient time, vegetable oils were obtained by crushing oil seeds in village ghanis / kolhus / chekkus in India. At the beginning of the 20th century the vegetable oils industry was based on some 500,00 bullock-driven ghanis producing about 800,000 tonnes of oils. Slowly, in addition to these ghanis, power-driven ghanis (rotary ghanis made indigenously) imported expeller and imported hydraulic press plants started crushing oilseeds.

Around this time many European countries and United States of America had established huge solvent extraction plants for recovering directly almost all the available oil in the oilseeds like Cottonseed and Soybean.

## References
Lauri Kristian Relander

**Lauri Kristian Relander** (May 1883 - February 1942) was the second president of Finland, from 1925 to 1931. He travelled to other countries a lot compared to other presidents. Relander's education was Doctor of Philosophy and agronomist.

Relander was born in Kurkijoki. His wife was Signe Östermanin (1886–1962). They had two children. He died in Helsinki.

## Other websites
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg

**Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg** (28 January 1865 – 22 September 1952) was Finland's first president, from 1919 to 1925. He was born in Suomussalmi and was third from five children in the family. His first wife was Hedvig Wåhlberg. In 1920 he married Ester Elfving.

President Juho Kusti Paasikivi gave great value to Ståhlberg. He said: "Ståhlberg was a man who never made mistakes".

Ståhlberg died in Helsinki.

## Other websites
Wingate Institute

in 1972 Olympic Games]]

The **Wingate Institute** () is a sports training academy in Israel. It was established in 1957. The institute is named after Orde Wingate, who was a British general in the Mandate of Palestine. The Wingate Campus includes schools and local organizations of sport. The Wingate Institute is located in Netanya and has a supplementary compound in Tel Aviv, the National Sport Center, that includes many headquarters of Israeli sport organizations.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Intensity of preference

**Intensity of preference**, also known as **intensity preference**, is a term used to identify and describe what happens in a process which leads to  agreement or consensus .  The phrase s that  and decision-making involve  of feeling about a choice and the choice  itself.

The concept of preference intensity has been criticized over the past sixty years because of the problems in measuring it. The term is used in economics, politics, marketing and other areas.

## History
Ranking and consensus have been the subject of research for 200+ years.

## Analysis
Intensity of preference is a factor in an  of how individual choices develop into social choices.  Standard election procedures notoriously ignore differences in intensity of preferences.

For example, the intensity of preference is a one of many factors which are important in voting.  The term is a measure of an individual voter's (or group of voters') willingness to do something.  Intensity of preference focuses on the inconveniences involved in the act of officially registering a choice at a specific time and place, not the vote itself.  For example, the lines for voting in South Africa's 1994 election were very long.  The "intensity of preference" and the inconvenience of voting were factors in the election of Nelson Mandela.

## Related pages
* Consensus
* Majority rule
* False consensus
* Plural ignorance

## Notes
## Other websites
* Intensity Measures of Consumer Preferences
National Sport Center Tel Aviv

The **National Sport Center** is a complex of sports venues and sport administration buildings in Tel Aviv, Israel. It includes the Olympic Committee of Israel building. The center is located in the Western edge of the Yarkon Park near to the Ramat Gan Stadium. It is a supplementary compound to the Wingate Institute in Netanya.

The National Sport Center was established in 1978 when a several tennis courts were built close to Yarkon Park. In 1980, the building of the Olympic Committee of Israel and the national athletics stadium were built nearby.

## Other websites 
* National Sport Center – Tel Aviv (Hebrew)
* the Olympic Committee of Israel
Närpes

**Närpes** () is a town in western Finland. There were 9,399 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Kaskinen, Korsnäs, Kristinestad, Kurikka, Malax and Teuva. About 85% of the people speak Swedish.

## Other websites 
* Homepage
Lappeenranta

**Lappeenranta** is a city in southeastern Finland. There were 73,394 people living there on 30 September 2025. It is next to the municipalities of Imatra, Lemi, Luumäki, Miehikkälä, Ruokolahti and Taipalsaari.

The former municipality of Joutseno was merged with Lappeenranta in 2009. The former municipality of Ylämaa was merged with Lappeenranta in 2010.

There is a wolf pack which also has some dogs in it; The pack sometimes stays in Lappeenranta before going back to Russia, according to media (in 2024).

## Some villages
Hanhijärvi (Lappeenranta), Hiivaniemi, Kansola, Konnunsuo, Kontu (Lappeenranta), Korvenkylä, Louko, Moisio(Lappeenranta), Raippo, Ruokola (Lappeenranta), Simola (Lappeenranta), Sirkjärvi, Vainikkala, Vilkjärvi.

## Population growth
## References
## Other websites 
* Lappeenrannan kaupunki
Finnish markka

The **Finnish markka**, also known as the **Suomen markka**, or simply **markka**, was the currency in Finland before Finland started to use Euro. Markka's abbreviation was mk and internationally FIM. There were 100 pennies,  *(penni, p)*, to each markka. There were also coupons.