open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Robert Jordan

**Robert Jordan** (October 17, 1948 – September 16, 2007) was the pen or writing name of the American fantasy author **James Oliver Rigney Jr.** He was most famous for writing the long, epic fanasy series *The Wheel of Time*. He died from amyloidosis before he was able to finish the series. The last volume *A Memory of Light* was split into three and was completed by fellow American fantasy writer Brandon Sanderson.

## *The Wheel of Time*
*The Wheel of Time* is an epic fantasy series that centers around Rand al'Thor, a young man destined to be the Dragon Reborn, the savior figure of the story. The Dragon Reborn is prophesied to lead the forces of the Light (the forces of good) to fight the Dark One (the main antagonist) at the Last Battle.

### List of books in the series
**The Eye of the World*, (1990) 
**The Great Hunt*, (1990) 
**The Dragon Reborn*, (1991) 
**The Shadow Rising*, (1992) 
**The Fires of Heaven*, (1993) 
**Lord of Chaos*, (1994) 
**A Crown of Swords*, (1996) 
**The Path of Daggers*, (1998) 
*''Winter's Heart*, (2000) 
**Crossroads of Twilight*, (2003) 
**New Spring*, prequel to the series, (2004) 
**Knife of Dreams*, (2005) 
**The Gathering Storm*, the first part of *A Memory of Light*, (2009) 
**Towers of Midnight*, the second part of *A Memory of Light*, (2010)
**A Memory of Light*, the last part of *A Memory of Light'', (2013)

## References
## Other websites
*Dragonmount - A fansite that hosts Robert Jordan's blog.
*Brandon Sanderson's blog - Brandon Sanderson is the author selected to finish the series.
*The Wheel of Time Wiki
Brian Burke

**Brian Thomas Burke** (born 25 February 1947) was the 23rd Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1983 to 25 February 1988. He was from the Labor Party. He worked as a journalist before becoming a politician. As Premier he was popular at first but later on his government was involved in a number of private companies that failed. He resigned to become an ambassador. During the 1990s he was convicted of committing crimes while he was Premier and spent time in prison. 

## References
Ray O'Connor

'''Raymond James O'Connor''' (6 March 1926 - 25 February 2013) was the 22nd Premier of Western Australia from 25 January 1982 until 25 February 1983. He was from the Liberal Party. He became Premier when Charles Court resigned. Later he was convicted of fraud and spent time in prison.

## References
The Wheel of Time

***The Wheel of Time*** is a long running fantasy series of novels written by American author Robert Jordan. The first in the series, *The Eye of the World* was published in 1990,  and the last, *A Memory of Light*, was published in 2009. Jordan died while he was writing the last book, so it was finished by Brandon Sanderson. *A Memory of Light* was split into three parts as the book length was too long.

## Books 
* *The Eye of the World*
* *The Great Hunt*
* *The Dragon Reborn*
* *The Shadow Rising*
* *The Fires of Heaven*
* *Lord of Chaos*
* *A Crown of Swords*
* *The Path of Daggers*
* ''Winter's Heart*
* *Crossroads of Twilight*
* *Knife of Dreams*
**Gathering Storm* (The first part of *A Memory of Light*)
**Towers of Midnight* (The second part of *A Memory of Light*)
**A Memory of Light* (The last part of *A Memory of Light'')

## References
Hasbro

**Hasbro** is an American toy company. It is one of the biggest toy and electronic audio game makers in the world (including board games), only Mattel is larger. Other companies competing are Supe Impulse and Moose Toys. Hasbro also makes *Monopoly*, a popular board game. Their main office is in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, United States. The company is best known for their popular 1990's electronic audio game Bop It, which got re-designed in 2008 with a series of designs which one is released each year and kept using the same voice actor known as Buddy Rubino. Rubino never knew what a Bop It was, so he researched the game before doing the actual recordings for the toy. Hasbro has also joined up with many other companies such as Tiger Electronics who made the following audio games: Brain Warp (1997 and 2002), Brain Bash (1994), Brain Shift (1998) and Boogey Ball (1999/2000). They also make a popular memory game called Simon which involves memorizing flashing lights and sounds. A Harry Potter style Simon game was released in 2001. The game Simon Swipe invented by long time inventor Dan Klitsner was released in 2014 and was copyrighted and made in 2013. There is also a Micro Series version that was released in 2014. On October 12, 2021, Longtime Hasbro CEO Brian Goldner died.

## References
Chang'an

towers in Chang'an, Tang Dynasty.]]
'''Chang'an''' was the capital of ancient China of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Chang'an literally means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese. During the Xin Dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace"; yet after its fall in the year 23 AD, the old name was restored. During the Ming Dynasty, the name was changed to its present name '''Xi'an''', meaning "Western Peace".

## History 
The imperial city of Chang'an during the Han Dynasty was in northwest of today's Xi'an. During the Tang Dynasty, the area to be known as Chang'an included the area inside the Ming Xi'an fortification, plus some small areas to its east and west, and a major part of its southern suburbs. The Tang Chang'an was 8 times the size of the Ming Xi'an. During this time Chang'an was one of the largest and most populous cities in the world. Around 750 A.D. Chang'an was called a "million people's city" in Chinese records, while modern estimates put it at around 800,000–1,000,000 within city walls.

In 710, the grid of Japan's capital city at Heijō-kyō was planned to mirror the grid of Chang'an.  In 794, the plan of the new capital at Heian-kyō also mirrored the Chang'an design.

## References 
## References 

* Benn, Charles (2002). ''China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
* Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). *East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. .
* Ma, Dezhi. "Sui Daxing Tang Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Sui's Daxing and Tang's Chang'an". *Encyclopedia of China* (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.
* Wang, Chongshu. "Han Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Han's Chang'an"). *Encyclopedia of China* (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.

## Further reading 
*Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1999). *Chinese Imperial City Planning*. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
*Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000). *Sui-Tang Chang’an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China*. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.

## Other websites
*Introduction of Xi'an/Chang'an  by the University of Washington
John Tonkin

**John Trezise Tonkin** (2 February 1902 – 20 October 1995) was the 20th Premier of Western Australia from 3 March 1971 to 8 April 1974. He was from the Labor Party.

He was born in Boulder City in 1902. Educated in local schools Tonkin became a teacher in rural Western Australia. An active member of the Labor Party, he was Prime Minister John Curtin's campaign manager for the 1943 election. He was elected to the Western Australian parliament for the seat of North East Fremantle (1933–1950), and for the seat of Melville (1950–1977). He was a Cabinet Minister (1943–1947), Deputy Premier (1953–1959), Leader of the Opposition (1967–1971 and 1974–1976), and Premier (1971–1974). He retired from parliament in 1977 and died in 1995.

## Early life 
Albert Tonkin, born in Boulder, Western Australia, in 1902, became a teacher after attending Claremont Teachers College. He married Rosalie Maud Cleghorn in 1926 and later moved to Perth, where he taught and studied accounting.

## References
David Brand

**Sir David Brand** (1 August 1912 – 15 April 1979) was the 19th Premier of Western Australia from 2 April 1959 to 3 March 1971. He was from the Liberal Party.

## References
Ross McLarty

**Sir Duncan Ross McLarty** (17 March 1891 – 22 December 1962) was the 17th Premier of Western Australia from 1 April 1947 to 23 February 1953. He was from the Liberal Party.

## References
Albert Hawke

**Albert ("Bert") Redvers George Hawke** (3 December 1900 – 14 February 1986) was the 18th Premier of Western Australia from 23 February 1953 to 2 April 1959. He was from the Labor Party. His nephew, Bob, became Prime Minister of Australia in the 1980s.

## References
Frank Wise

**Frank Joseph Scott Wise** (30 May 1897 – 29 June 1986) was the 16th Premier of Western Australia from 31 July 1945 to 1 April 1947. He was from the Labor Party.

Wise was born in Queensland and after finishing high school he became a tropical fruit farmer. He joined the Queensland Department of Agriculture, and later moved to Western Australia to work with the WA Department of Agriculture. He brought banana plants from Queensland to grow in the Gascoyne region around Carnarvon. He was elected to the Western Australian parliament in 1933 and became the Minister for Agriculture in 1936.

He became Premier of Western Australia after John Willcock resigned in 1945. His government was defeated in the 1947 election. He then became Leader of the Opposition for four years. He resigned from parliament in 1951 to become the Administrator of the Northern Territory.

## References
Kevin Moore (rugby league)

**Kevin Moore** (born 30 November 1965, in St Johns Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia) is a rugby league coach and former player. He was the head coach for the Bulldogs in the NRL from 2009 to 2011. As a player, he played as a scrum-half.

## References
## Other websites 
*Bulldogs profile
Southern Cone

The term **Southern Cone** (, ) refers to a geographic region composed of the southernmost areas of South America, below the Tropic of Capricorn. Due to geographical affinities, natural, economic and social, the Southern Cone is usually understood as the region that includes all of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, the southern states of Brazil (and sometimes part of São Paulo state, because have several features in common: proximity, the high rate of industrialization and urbanization and the high GDP). In rare exceptions - just because geographical reasons -  sometimes also includes Paraguay and southern Bolivia, although both have fundamentally different characteristics of other countries (such as standards of living, industrialization, ethnicity, etc.)

## Major Cities 
## Related pages
* Mercosur
* Southern Brazil
* Argentina
* Chile
* Uruguay
* South America

## References
Charles Court

**Sir Charles Walter Michael Court** (29 September 1911 – 22 December 2007) was the 21st Premier of Western Australia from 8 April 1974 to 25 January 1982. He was from the Liberal Party. He became a politician in 1953. His son, Richard, was also a Premier.

## References
1936–37 NHL season

The **1936–37 NHL season** was the 20th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the New York Rangers three games to two in the final series.

## Regular season
### Final standings
*Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

*Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold*

### Scoring leaders
*Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes*

## Stanley Cup playoffs
### Playoff bracket
## NHL awards
### All-Star teams
## References
*Hockey Database
*NHL.com
Roman Čechmánek

**Roman Čechmánek**  (March 2, 1971 in Gottwaldov (now called Zlín), Czechoslovakia – 12 November 2023) was a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender. He died on 12 November 2023, at the age of 52.

## International play
His only Olympic appearance was for the Czech Republic in the 1998 Winter Olympics. Backing-up star goaltender Dominik Hašek, Čechmánek's team won the gold medal after defeating Russia in the gold medal deciding match, despite not playing a single game. Czech Republic won in a tight 1–0 game.

His other debuts were in the 2004 and 2007 IHWC also playing for the Czech Republic team.

### International statistics
## Honours
*Played in National Hockey League All-Star Game — 2001.
*Named to National Hockey League All-Star Second Team — 2000–01.
*William M. Jennings Trophy (shared with Martin Brodeur and teammate Robert Esche) — 2002–03

## References
## Other websites
*
Roman Turek

**Roman Turek** (born May 21, 1970 in Strakonice, Czechoslovakia — now the Czech Republic) is a professional ice hockey goaltender, who played for the Dallas Stars, St. Louis Blues, and Calgary Flames in a 9-year National Hockey League career. Currently he is playing in the Czech Extraliga for HC České Budějovice.

## Career statistics
### Regular season
### Post-season
## Awards
*1996 World Championships All-Star Team
*1996 World Championships Best Goaltender
*1999 William M. Jennings Trophy
*2000 William M. Jennings Trophy

## International play 
* 1994 Played for Czech Republic at 1994 Winter Olympics
* 1994 Played for Czech Republic at World Championships
* 1996 Won gold medal for Czech Republic at World Championships
* 1996 Played for Czech Republic at World Cup of Hockey

## Other websites 
*
*Statistics from NHL.com

## References
Paris Métro

The **Paris Métro** or **Métropolitain** () is a rapid transit system in Paris, France.  The network is mostly underground. It has 19 lines, which together are 225.1 km (139.9 mi) long. There are 304 stations. 17 of these lines are owned by RATP, the state-owned public transport operator in Île-de-France, and 2 by Paris Airport. 

The Paris Métro is a symbol of the city. Notable is its Art Nouveau architecture at the older entrances. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe, after Moscow. It carries 4.16&nbsp;million passengers a day, and an annual total of 1.52&nbsp;billion (2015). 

The first line opened on 19 July 1900, during the 1900 World's Fair (*Exposition Universelle*). The system expanded quickly and the core was complete by the 1920s. Extensions into suburbs were built in the 1930s. The network reached saturation after World War II. The Métro introduced newer trains to allow higher traffic, but further improvements have been limited by the design of the network and in particular the short distances between stations. Besides the Métro, Downtown Paris and its urban area are served by a number of other transit systems.

## References 
## Other websites 
* RATP English version. Contains routes, schedules, journey times, etc...
* Comprehensive map of the Paris Metro network
Heroes (TV series)

***Heroes*** is an American television show on the network NBC in the US, BBC 2 in the UK and various other stations worldwide. It is about a group of people who have superpowers. It was shown from 2006-2010.

## Main characters
* Peter Petrelli
* Emma Coolidge
* Claire Bennet
* Sylar
* Samuel Sullivan
* Hiro and Ando

## Other websites 
*
Power loom

The term **power loom**, corresponds to a mechanized loom powered by a driveshaft. The first *power loom* was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785, later to be perfected by William Horrocks. It allowed textile making to be done far faster than if a human had done the same work. By 1850, over 250,000 of Cartwright's designs were used in England. James Henry Northrop invented the automatic "weft replenishment" loom. It revolutionized the weaving industry. Some 700,000 "Northrop" automatic looms were sold worldwide.

Originally, power looms used a shuttle to throw the weft across, but in the early part of the 20th century the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Today, advances in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximize production for specific types of material. The most common of these are air-jet looms and water-jet looms. Computer-driven looms are now also available to individual home weavers.
Spinning jenny

The **spinning jenny** is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented around 1764 by James Hargreaves (c. 1720 – 22 April 1778) in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the northwest of England. The device meant that there was much less work needed to produce yarn. A single worker could work eight or more spools at once.

The spinning jenny was a huge success due to the fact that it could hold more than one ball of yarn, therefore making more clothing materials in a shorter amount of time while reducing the overall cost.

Thomas Highs (1718–1803) also claimed patents on the spinning jenny, and on other machines for cloth production.

## Related pages
* Industrial Revolution

## References 
## Other websites
* Essay  from http://www.cottontown.org on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny.
* Essay from http://www.cottonttimes.co.uk  on Highs and the spinning jenny.
* Source for alternate name of spinning ginny
Peter Sellers

**Richard Henry** "**Peter**" **Sellers**   (8 September 1925 – 24 July 1980) was an English actor and comedian best known for his three roles in *Dr. Strangelove*,as Aldo Vanucci in "After The Fox"; as "Inspector Clouseau" in *The Pink Panther* movies, and as Clare Quilty in the original 1962 screen version of *Lolita*.

## References
## Other websites
*
Eddie Su'a

'''Eddie Su'a''' (born 13 January 1983) is an Australian former rugby league player. He played for the Cronulla Sharks in the NRL in 2007. He played as a prop.

## Other websites 
* Eddie Su'a stats at Rugby League Project
String (music)

A **string** in music is a string made of steel, nylon, or gut which vibrates on string instruments, such as the guitar, harp, piano, or violin. They are usually under tension to help them vibrate.

## Other websites
* The vibrations of strings with both ends fixed 
* Historical types of string 
* String Tension - technical information on string tension, with tension calculator
Gravy

.]]
]]

**Gravy** is an English sauce made often from the juices that run naturally from meat or vegetables during cooking. It is a smooth, non-chunky liquid. Ready-made cubes and powders can be used as a substitute for natural meat or vegetable extracts. Canned gravies are also available. Gravy is commonly served with roasts, meatloaf, rice, and potato dishes. It is very popular because it is used on mashed potatoes sometimes.

## References
Falmouth Academy

**Falmouth Academy** (also known as **FA**) is a private preparatory school for students from grades 7-12 in Falmouth, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Prussian blue

**Prussian blue**, also known as Berlin blue, is a dark blue color that is artificially made.

It is one of the first pigments made synthetically.  It was accidentally found in 1704 by two chemists in Berlin.

The dark blue uniforms of the Prussian army were dyed this color.

## Color 
 thinned with turpentine.]]
A color can be shown by hex triplet is a six-digit, three-byte hexadecimal number used in HTML, CSS, and other computing applications. The hex triplet to represent Prussian blue is **003153**.

When using the RGB color model where red, green, and blue light are added together, Prussian blue has the RGB code of 0, 49, 83

## Use as a medicine 
Prussian blue is a medicine that is sometimes given by doctors to help remove certain radioactive materials from people’s bodies.  It has been used this way since the 1960s.

## Potential use in computer storage 
Prussian blue is a chemical compound. One of the chemical elements in this compound is iron.  

Researchers have experimented replacing some of the iron atoms in Prussian blue with cobalt. When the Prussian blue compound is lit with a red light at -150 C, the compound shifts from being non-magnetic (off) to magnetic (on). The magnetic shift does not change back except if deliberately reversed (or undone) with heat.

This magnetism is due to the transfer of an electron from the cobalt to the iron, with light providing the energy, while the electron moves back when heat is applied, the researchers said.

This magnetic property means the compound can be used in computer storage. Because the compound can be turned "on" and "off" in a controlled way, it can remember binary information. Binary information is used for computer storage.

This way of using the compound is still being developed.

It is also used as a machinists dye to check wear patterns.

## Tones of Prussian blue color comparison chart 
## Related pages
* Indigo
* List of colors
* Navy blue

## References
Satyajit Ray

**Satyajit Ray** () (2 May 1921–23 April 1992) was a Bengali Indian movie director. Many people consider him as one of the greatest film-makers of 20th century movie business.
He was born in the city of Kolkata. His Bengali family was prominent in arts and letters. Ray studied at Presidency College and at the Visva-Bharati University. He started his career as a commercial artist. Ray was interested in filmmaking by meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and seeing the Italian movie *Bicycle Thieves* during a visit to London.

Ray directed thirty-seven movies. These include feature movies, documentaries and shorts. Ray's first movie, *Pather Panchali*, won eleven international prizes, including *Best Human Document* at Cannes Film Festival. This movie along with *Aparajito* and *Apur Sansar* form the *Apu trilogy*. Ray did scripting, casting, scoring, cinematography, art direction, editing and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. He was a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, graphic designer and movie critic. Ray won an Academy Award in 1992.

## References 
## Other websites
Petrarch

**Francesco Petrarca ** (20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374), known in English as **Petrarch**, was an Italian scholar, poet, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. 

Petrarch is often called the "father of humanism". Based on Petrarch's works, and to a lesser extent those of Dante Alighieri and Giovanni Boccaccio, Pietro Bembo in the 16th century created the model for the modern Italian language. Petrarch is credited with developing the sonnet with his *Canzoniere* to a level of perfection that would be unsurpassed to this day and spreading its use to other European languages. His sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. Petrarch was also known for being one of the first people to call the Middle Ages the Dark Ages, although the negative myth as we know it today is largely the legacy of romantic literature.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Canzoniere (different edition) and other works
* Petrarch and Laura  Multi-lingual site including many translated works (letters, poems, books) in the public domain and biography, pictures, music.  
* Petrarch from the *Catholic Encyclopedia*.
* Excerpts from his works and letters 
* The Petrarchan Grotto
* Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) (1304-1374)
* 
* Poems From The Canzoniere, translated by Tony Kline.
* Petrarch - the poet who lost his head April 6, 2004 article in *The Guardian* regarding the exhumation of Petrarch's remains.
* Francesco Petrarca  at *The Online Library of Liberty*
* *De remediis utriusque fortunae*, Cremonae, B. de Misintis ac Caesaris Parmensis, 1492.
Language planning

**Language planning** is the attempt to influence how a language is used. This is usually done to make it possible to use the language for more subjects. Goals, objectives and strategies are made to change the way a language is used. For many languages there are special organisations, that look after the language. Examples of such organisations are the Academie Française for French or the British Council for English.

In general, there are different forms of language planning:

**Corpus planning* creates new words, expressions or changes old ones to have a new meaning. Corpus planning is involved with creating standards for a language, such as spelling and grammar, or to create dictionaries. Linguistic purity is about avoiding foreign influences to a language because they are seen as bad. It also belongs to corpus planning.
**Status planning* wants to change the way a language is used. It is about making some languages (or dialects) official languages for a territory. Very often, part of status planning is creating a writing system for a language that was only spoken before.
**Acquisition planning* is about teaching the language. It looks at ways to make it easier or more attractive to learn a language. Very often, acquisition planning also involves making the language more attractive to learn for speakers of other languages.

For further readings Nahir's work on language **planning** can be read. 
## Related pages 
*Language reform
Johnny Marr

**Johnny Marr** (born **John Martin Maher** on 31 October 1963)  is an English guitarist, singer, songwriter and record producer. Marr was born in Ardwick, Manchester to Irish immigrants. When he was younger, he wanted to be a football player. He rose to fame in the 1980s as the guitarist in The Smiths, where he formed an influential songwriting partnership with Morrissey. In 2013 he was given NME's Godlike Genius award. He released his first solo album, *The Messenger,* in 2013.
Years of Refusal

***Years of Refusal*** is the ninth solo album by Morrissey, the former lead singer of The Smiths. The album, distributed by Decca, was released on February 16, 2009 in the United Kingdom and on February 17, 2009 in the United States.

## References
London Assembly

The **London Assembly** is an elected body and part of the Greater London Authority that verifies the activities of the Mayor of London. It has the power, with a two-thirds majority, to amend the Mayor's annual budget. The Assembly was established in 2000 and is headquartered at City Hall on the south side of the River Thames. The Assembly is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners, publish its findings and recommendations, and make proposals to the Mayor.

The assembly is elected using proportional representation voting.
John Willcock

**John Collings Willcock** (9 August 1879 – 7 June 1956) was the 15th Premier of Western Australia from 20 August 1936 to 31 July 1945. He was from the Labor Party.

## References
Philip Collier

**Philip Collier** (21 April 1873 – 18 October 1948) was the 14th Premier of Western Australia from 17 April 1924 to 23 April 1930 and then from 24 April 1933 to 19 August 1936. He was from the Labor Party.

## References
Indus Waters Treaty

The **Indus Waters Treaty** was a water-sharing treaty between the Republic Of India and Islamic Republic Of Pakistan. The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the then President of Pakistan Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan. The World Bank is a signatory as a third party. The treaty has been suspended by Government of India on April 23, 2025 as a response to terrorist attack in Pehalgam, Jammu and Kashmir.

## Provisions 
The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western Rivers - the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab and three Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi; and with minor exceptions, the treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of the Eastern Rivers and their tributaries before the point where the rivers enter Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of the Western Rivers. Pakistan also received one-time financial compensation for the loss of water from the Eastern rivers.

The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner who will be appointed by each country.
Somali language

**Somali** () is a Cushitic language. It is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen and Kenya, as well as by the Somali diaspora around the world -- an estimated total population of between 10 and 16 million speakers.

The writing system of the Somali language has been Latin alphabet since 1960.

During the colonial years under Italy, in the capital Mogadishu was developed a pidgin from the Italian used by many Somalians: the Pidgin Italian of Somalia.
What a Catch, Donnie

**"What A Catch, Donnie"** (or for short **"What A Catch"**) is third single released off the album by Fall Out Boy called *Folie à Deux*. The single was released October 14, 2008.
Stadion Wankdorf

The **Stade de Suisse Wankdorf** is a football stadium in Bern, Switzerland. It is the home stadium of the Berner Sport Club Young Boys (they are often simply called the "BSC Young Boys"), which is a Swiss football team. The Wankdorf is currently the second biggest football stadium in Switzerland. The stadium has seats for 32,000 people. The field is 105 m x 68 m and has got an artificial turf surface. It was one of the venues for the European Football Championship in 2008.

## About the building 
The Stade de Suisse was built in the place where the old Wankdorf Stadium, which was destroyed in 2001, had been. It cost 350 million francs to build the stadium. There are solar panels on the roof. There are many shops in the stadium. The stadium is 2 kilometers away from the city. The stadium was officially opened on July 30, 2005. However, the first game of football was played there on July 16, 2005. In the first game, The BSC Young Boys played against the Olympique Marseille. The BSC Young Boys lost by a score of 2-3. 14,000 people watched the game. The building's official name is "Stade de Suisse, Berne, Wankdorf". Still, most people call it the "Wankdorf". The building has also hosted Hockey games and musical concerts.

## European Football Championship 2008 
The Wankdorf was one of the venues for the European Football Championship in 2008 (often called Euro2008). Three games were played here for the tournament. During Euro2008, the real grass inside the stadium was replaced with fake grass, which is called artificial turf. The stadium's operators removed the artificial turf after the championship.

## The hot seat 
All the seats are either black or yellow, but there is one red seat in sector A. It is called the "hot seat". The ticket for that seat is often given to former players of Young Boys or famous visitors. The first person who sat in the "hot seat" was the most successful goalkeeper of the BSC Young Boys, Walter Eirich.

## References 
## Other websites 
*The official website of the Stade de Suisse
James Mitchell

**Sir James Mitchell** (27 April 1866 – 26 July 1951) was the 13th Premier of Western Australia from  17 May 1919 to 15 April 1924 and again from 24 April 1930 to 24 April 1933. He was from the Nationalist Party. After he was Premier he became the acting Governor of Western Australia until 1948 when he was made the Governor. He retired as Governor one month before he died. The Mitchell Freeway, one of the major roads in Perth (the capital city of Western Australia), is named after him.

## References
Folie à Deux (album)

:*This article is about the studio album, the mental condition is at Folie à deux*

***Folie à Deux*** is the fifth studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy. It was released through Island Records on December 16, 2008 in the United States. The album title is French for "a madness shared by two." The album reached #8 on the US Billboard 200 album chart with 150,000 sales in its first week, making it Fall Out Boy's third top 10 album in a row. The first single was "I Don't Care" which reached #21 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 songs chart. It is certified gold in the US for shipments of 500,000 copies. It got positive reviews by music critics. It is the final album the band made before taking a break.

## Tracks
#"Lullabye (hidden pregap track)
#"Disloyal Order of Water Buffaloes"
# "I Don't Care" - 3:39
# "She's My Winona"
# "America's Suitehearts"
# "Headfirst Slide Into Cooperstown On A Bad Bet" - 3:55
# "The (Shipped) Gold Standard"
# "(Coffee's for Closers)"
# "What a Catch, Donnie"- 5:01
# "27"
# "Tiffany Blews"
# "w.a.m.s."
# "20 Dollar Nose Bleed"
# "West Coast Smoker"
InterCity 225

InterCity 225 at York.]]
The **InterCity 225** is an electric train operating in the United Kingdom. Its top speed is 225km/h, hence its name. From 2017, some will be replaced by the British Rail Class 800.

## References
Vatnajökull

in the Vatnajökull glacier]]

**Vatnajökull** (English: Glacier of Lakes) () is the largest glacier in Iceland. It lies in the south-east of the island, covering more than 8% of the country. 

The average thickness of the ice is 400 m, with a maximum thickness of 1,000 m. Iceland's highest peak, Hvannadalshnúkur (2,110 m), is located at the southern tip of Vatnajökull, near Skaftafell National Park. It is classified as an ice cap glacier.

Vatnajökull has been shrinking for some years now, possibly because of climatic changes and recent volcanic activity. Until 1930 it was growing. 

According to Guinness World Records Vatnajökull is the object of the world's longest sight line, 550&nbsp;km from Slættaratindur, the highest mountain in the Faroe Islands. GWR state that *"owing to the light bending effects of atmospheric refraction, Vatnajökull (2119m), Iceland, can sometimes be seen from the Faroe Islands, 340 miles (550&nbsp;km) away"*. This may be based on a claimed sighting by a British sailor in 1939. The validity of this record is analysed/undermined in mathematical and atmospheric detail by J.C. de Ferranti 

## Other websites
* Photos of Vatnajökull from www.islandsmyndir.is 
* Search engine and map of Iceland 
* Viewfinder Panoramas
* What it's like to explore the ice cap in winter.
Cobra

*, shown here with its hood expanded, is often regarded as the archetypal cobra]]

**Cobra** is a name of a snake. In English it is the common name for various venomous snakes. Most of those species are in the family Elapidae, and most of them can spread their neck ribs to form a flattened, widened hood.

The name "cobra" is short for *cobra de capelo* or *cobra-de-capelo*, which is Portuguese for "snake with hood", or "hood-snake".

Cobras usually live in tropical and desert regions of Asia and Africa. In deserts, you find Arabian Cobra, Desert Black Cobra, and Egyptian Cobra. They are all highly venomous, with their neurotoxic venom that can be fatal to humans if untreated. Its bite causes paralysis and respiratory failure.  When feeling threatened, cobras can tilt back and flatten their heads into their warning posture. The rest of the time their heads are symmetrical and they look much like any other snakes.

**Cobra** may refer to:
* The genus ***Naja***, the typical or "true" cobras (they raise the front part of the body and flatten their neck in a warning signal when alarmed). They are a group of elapids found in Africa and Asia. They include over 270 species, including *Naja nivea'', the Cape cobra, a medium-sized, highly venomous cobra which lives in biomes across southern Africa; Cleopatra's "asp" (the Egyptian cobra, *Naja haje*); and the Asiatic spectacled cobra *Naja naja*; and the monocled cobra, *Naja kaouthia*.
* Spitting cobras, a subset of *Naja* species which squirt venom from their fangs in self-defence.

Most so-called, and all "true", species of cobras belong to the family Elapidae

## References
Silverstein

**Silverstein** is a Canadian emo/post-hardcore band formed in Ontario, Canada, in 2000. Their name come from a children-book writer, Shel Silverstein.

## First three years
After the several changes in the band's line up, Billy Hamilton joined the band. He found out about they needed a bass player while online. In the autumn of 2002, the band signed to their record label - Victory Records. They left Victory Records in 2010 and joined Hopeless Records.

## Albums
In January 2003, their first (debut) album was released. The title was *When Broken Is Easily Fixed*.

In 2005, Silverstein performed on the "Never Sleep Again" tour along with fellow emo band Hawthorne Heights. The next year, 2006, they toured on the "Vans Warped" tour. This is an event in the United States taking place in the summertime. The band's second album, *Discovering the Waterfront,* has the singles "Discovering the Waterfront" and "Smile in Your Sleep".

Summertime last year, 2007, Silverstein released their third album, *Arrivals and Departures*. It includes a single named "Still Dreaming". On MySpace, a social networking site, they posted a new song called "Broken Stars". Singer Shane Told has been trained by a vocal coach named Melissa Cross.

In Spring 2009, Silverstein released their fourth full length album, *Shipwreck in the Sand*.

In April 2011, Silverstein released their fifth album, *Rescue*.

## References
Discovering the Waterfront

***Discovering the Waterfront*** is the second full-length album by the band Silverstein. The album has three singles; "Smile In Your Sleep", "Discovering The Waterfront", and "My Heroine". All of the singles had music videos.

## Track listing
All songs written by Shane Told and Neil Boshart, except for where noted.

## Personnel
; Band
*Shane Told – lead vocals, rhythm and other guitars, keyboards
*Neil Boshart – lead guitar
*Josh Bradford – rhythm guitar
*Billy Hamilton – bass, backing vocals
*Paul Koehler – drums, percussion

## Charts
* Billboard (North America)
Cape cobra

The **Cape cobra** (*Naja nivea*) is a cobra inhabiting the regions of South Africa. It averages 4 feet (120&nbsp;cm) long but may grow to be 6 feet (180&nbsp;cm) long. The color varies from location to location, and those from the Kalahari are normally yellow with brown speck uniformly all over the body.

## References
Mahmud II (Seljuk sultan)

**Mahmud II** (*Kabızlık*; died 1131) proclaimed himself the Seljuk sultan of Baghdad in 1118 after the death of Mehmed I (probably Mahmud's father). Mahmud fought against the Seljuk Sultan of Khorasan, Ahmed Sanjar, whom Mehmed I had revolted against in 1105. Mahmud was succeeded by Dawud.
Mahmud II

**Mahmud II** (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثاني Mahmud-ı sānī) (July 20, 1785 – July 1, 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Often described as the "Peter the Great of Turkey", he ruled from 1808 until his death. Mahmud was the son of Sultan Abdul Hamid I. His time as sultan is notable mostly for the major legal and military changes he caused. Mahmud instituted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. His disbandment of the conservative Janissary corps removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. Mahmud's reign was also marked by further Ottoman military defeat and loss of territory as a result of nationalist uprisings and European intervention.

Mahmud II was born in Istanbul.  He was 23 years old when he came to the throne.  He was an Islamic calligraphy artist, composer and poet.  He wrote poems under the pseudonym "Adli".  He was of a brave, patient and prudent temperament.  He replaced the old military organization maintained by the governors of irregular auxiliaries (sekban - I Cedid).  When the soldiers shortly after arose, he defeated them.  The 1808 revolting insurgents killed Alemdar Mustafa Pasha. 

In 1812 the peace treaty was signed in Bucharest with the Russians.  In 1813, with the help of Muhammed Ali Pasha, he defeated the Wahhabis, who desecrated the holy places and shrines in Mecca and Medina. 
* In 1821 the Greek War of Independence broke out and  thousands were killed. 
* In the “Auspicious Incident” the corps of Janissaries was abolished and replaced by a conscription army.
* In 1827 the war with Russia began again.
* In 1829 the peace treaty was concluded in Edirne.
* In the years 1831 and 1839, riots broke out in Egypt. 

In July of 1839 the Sultan Mahmud II died as the ill effects of life experienced by him calamitous events he was afflicted with tuberculosis and died.
His body was buried in the Türbe in Divanyolu.
Mahmud II was devoted to many works of the highest degree in any field.
He opened many new schools, and ordered to build large buildings. 
All the great mosques of Istanbul were repaired in his time. 
The bridge was built in Unkapani his time. 
In Mecca, he had built a madrasa and mend the Great Mosque (Mescid-i Aksa) in the holy city of Jerusalem.
The poet and Sümbülzâde Vehbi Kececizâde Izzet Molla died at this time.

His sons: Abdulmejid I *, * Abdulaziz, 4 Sehzades names Ahmet, Bayezid, veliaht Abdulhamid, Suleyman, 2 Sehzades called Mehmed Murad Nizameddin, Abdullah Osman.
 
His daughters: Emine Sultan, Sultan Hamide, Hayriye Sultan, Sultan Saw, * Saliha Sultan, Ayse Sultan, Sultan Atike *, 2 Fatma Sultan, Sultan Münire, Mihrimah Sultan *, * Adile Sultan.
NUbuntu

**nUbuntu** or **Network Ubuntu** is a project to take the existing Ubuntu operating system and remaster it as a Live CD and Full  with tools needed for penetration testing servers and networks. The main idea is to keep Ubuntu's ease of use and mix it with popular penetration testing tools. Besides usage for network and server testing, nUbuntu will be made to be a desktop distribution for advanced Linux users. 

## Contents 
nUbuntu uses the light window manager Fluxbox. 

It includes some of the most used security programs for Linux, such as Wireshark, nmap, dSniff, and Ettercap.

## History 
* 2005-12-18 - nUbuntu Project is born, developers release Testing 1
* 2006-01-16 - nUbuntu Live developers release Stable 1
* 2006-06-26 - nUbuntu Live developers release version 6.06
* 2006-10-16 - nUbuntu featured in Hacker Japan , a Japanese hacker magazine
* 2007-12-31 - nUbuntu developer TomB retires from project, Brendan Almonte takes over
* 2008-07-16 - nUbuntu Live developers release version 8.04 Alpha
2010-04-04 - the official website was closed.

### Releases 
Below is a list of previous and current releases.

## Other websites 
*Darknet 10 Best Security Live CD Distros for pen-test, forensics, and recovery
*SecurityDistro screenshots of nUbuntu 
*SecurityDistro's nUbuntu section 
*SecurityDistro's nUbuntu forum page
Mahmud Shah of Malacca

**Sultan Mahmud Shah** (died 1528) ruled Malacca from 1488 to 1528. He was the son of Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah.

## References
Durrani Empire

The **Durrani Empire** (known as the **Afghan Empire**) was established in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani at Kandahar, Afghanistan. It included the land that is now called Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran and western India. The Durrani Empire is considered the foundation of the modern state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad Shah Durrani (Ahmad Shah Baba) being the "Father of the nation". 

The Durrani dynasty diminished in the early 19th century when Afghanistan was fighting defensive wars with Persia on one side, and the Sikhs and British India on the other side.

## Related pages
*Pashtuns
*Hotaki dynasty
*Delhi Sultanate
**Lodi dynasty

## References
Cognitive psychology

**Cognitive psychology** is a branch of psychology that looks at basic actions of the mind. These are aspects of the higher brain, such as thought, feeling, problem solving, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists often look at mental changes that happen after a stimulus (things that can be felt by the five senses) and before a behavioral response (what a person does after sensing something).

The general idea of cognitive psychology was surveyed in several 19th century works:
*Carpenter, William Benjamin 1874. *Principles of mental physiology*. London: Henry S. King. Reprinted: 
*James, William 1890. *Principles of psychology*. 2 vols, Harvard University Press. Reprinted by Dover Publications in 1950, vol 1: , vol 2: .

Cognitive psychology had its beginnings in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, and in the work of Jean Piaget, who came up with a theory of "stages" or "phases" that describe children's cognitive development.

## Major research areas 
***Perception**
***Learning**
***Memory**
***Psycholinguistics** (the psychology of language)
** Grammar and linguistics
** Phonetics, phonology, and acoustics
** Pragmatics
***Thinking**

## References 
## Related pages 
*Cognitive bias
*Social psychology
Celâl Bayar

**Mahmut Celâl Bayar** (16 May 1883 – 22 August 1986) was a Turkish politician, statesman and the third President of Turkey. At the time of his death, he was the longest lived former head of state, living over 103 years (he was surpassed in 2008 by Chau Sen Cocsal Chhum).
Neuropsychology

**Neuropsychology** is the scientific study that studies the function and structure of the brain related to more common psychological processes and overt behaviors. The term has been applied to lesion studies in humans and animals. It has also been applied to efforts to record electrical activity from individual cells (or groups of cells) in higher primates (including some studies of human patients) you can apply to physical exercise.

## References
Social psychology

**Social psychology** studies how people and groups interact. Social psychologists might analyze an individual, a group, or both.

## Overview
Psychologists and sociologists who research social psychology tend to differ in their goals, approaches, methods, and terminology. They also favor separate academic journals and professional groups. Sociologists and psychologists collaborated best right after World War II. In recent years, these two disciplines have become more , but they still have some similarities.

## Related pages
* Sociology
* Erich Fromm
* Cognitive dissonance
* Cognitive psychology
* Conformity
* Milgram experiment

## References
Indian English

**Indian English** is several dialects or varieties of English. It is spoken mainly in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora.

The dialect evolved during and after the British Raj. English is the co-official language of India, with about 90 million speakers, but with fewer than quarter of a million calling it their first language.

In 19th-century India, Britain needed to teach English to a body of people who were important to Britain. A number of schools taught and used English in India. They were mostly run by missionaries. Many taught European and Eurasian children and orphans. The graduates of these schools became the first generation of teachers.

## References