open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Happiness

is a well-known symbol of happiness.]]

**Happiness** is a feeling of pleasure and positivity. When someone feels good, proud, excited, relieved or satisfied about something, that person is said to be "happy". Feeling happy may help people to relax and to smile. 

Happiness is usually thought of as the opposite of sadness. However, it is very possible to feel both at once, often about different things, or sometimes even about the same thing. You are often excited when you are happy. Happiness can also be inspired too.

Many philosophers have said that people in the world go back and forth between times of happiness and sadness, but there is nobody who is always happy or always sad. Happiness sometimes causes people to cry when they laugh because the emotion takes control of them. Happiness was thought of as the key to love in ancient civilizations such as the Inca and the Maya.

## Related pages
*Quality of life

## Other websites
*Dr Tal Ben-Shahar | Happiness Studies Academy on YouTube
Secretary

]]

A **secretary** is a person who is employed to help in an office, and help the people in charge of the office do their job.

By definition, the main task of a secretary is to keep organized documents and electronic files for the business, school, hospital, or government agency

In different workplaces, and for different reasons, a secretary may also be called an **administrative assistant**, **receptionist**, **clerk**, or **executive assistant**.

In the past, most secretaries were men. Today, 98% of secretaries are women, according to the US Census.

In 1952, several groups, for example the National Secretaries Association , founded Secretary's Day. It is celebrated in the 4th week of April. It has been renamed "Administrative Professional's Week" to represent the more challenging roles of secretaries today.

## Other secretaries
In government, secretaries are important people who hold high positions in government. Many secretaries in government are in charge of government agencies.

Most members of the United States Cabinet are called "Secretary" including the United States Secretary of State, who deals with other countries.

In the United Kingdom, a **Secretary of State** is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department.

In the US,  United States Secretary Defense is the head of the US Department of Defense.

## Sources
Mushroom

A **mushroom** (also called a **toadstool**) is the part of a fungi that is comparable to the fruit of a plant. Unlike plants, mushrooms do not use sunlight to generate energy for themselves. Some mushrooms are edible, and are used for cooking in many countries, such as China, Korea and Europe. Other mushrooms, however, are poisonous, and can cause severe illness or death if eaten. People who search for edible mushrooms are called *mycophagists*, meaning "mushroom eater", while the act itself is called "mushrooming". Mushrooms have been known to support bone health and to regulate blood sugar in diabetics. It is available in different colours and shapes.

## Kinds of mushrooms 
* Agarics (includes very poisonous, and hallucinogenic kinds)
* Boletus (includes poisonous and edible kinds)
* Chanterelles (edible)
* Coral fungi (usually edible)
* Cap fungi (usually edible) [citation needed]
* Jelly fungi (usually edible)
* Polypores (similar to boletes)
* Psychedelic (also known as shrooms)
* Puffballs (usually edible)
* Stinkhorns (usually edible, but has a stench)
* Tooth fungi

## Structure of mushrooms 
Most mushrooms have a stem and a cap. The bottom of the cap usually has gills to hold spores, however, some mushrooms, such as the Porcini, have pores under the cap.

## References 
## Other websites 
### Identification
* Mushroom Expert
* MykoWeb
* An Aid to Mushroom Identification , ''Simon's Rock College''
* Online Edible Wild Mushroom Field Guide 
* Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org), a collaborative mushroom recording and identification project
* list of field guides to mushrooms , from the International Field Guides database

### Research associations
* Mushroom Mania; the Newsletter 
* North American Mycological Association
* International Society for Mushroom Science 
* Pacific Northwest Fungi Online Journal
Acid rain

, in the Czech Republic]]
**Acid rain** is rain that is unusually acidic and highly corrosive in nature out of air pollution. It is rain with high levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It may be defined as "rain water having pH less than 5.6".

Acid rain can have harmful effects on plants, animals and humans. It is caused when gaseous compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur are released into the atmosphere. The wind carries the gases high into the sky. There the compounds react with the water in the atmosphere and acids are made. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith showed the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester. He coined the term "acid rain" in 1872.

## Causes 
Acid rain is caused by acids mixing with air. The largest source of acid is sulphur dioxide. Carbon dioxide and various oxides of nitrogen also make acid in the atmosphere. These chemicals are both natural and artificial.

There are various natural causes, such as gases from volcanoes. However, it is thought that air pollution by people now causes most acid rain. People started producing more acidic gases when they started building factories and power stations. These buildings as well as houses and vehicles burn coal or oil that have sulphur in them. This releases gases into the air that produce acid rain. Governments have tried since the 1970s to reduce the amount of sulphur being released into the Earth's atmosphere, and have had good results so far. However, it is expensive to clean the smoke from factories and power stations. In 2001 Great Britain still produced about five million tons of these gases every year; and China produced 18 million tons. The United States produced more than 20 million tons then, It is also bad for buildings as the acid damages calcium carbonate stone. The acid dissolves it. Many buildings and monuments have been damaged by acid rain.

## Consequences 
An acid rain involves deposition of aqueous acids, acidic gases and acidic salts.

***Acid deposition has 2 parts: wet and dry.***

✓ Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow.

✓ Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles.

✓ Half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition.

Acid rain is a regional air pollution problem. Canada and North Western USA are worst affected. The average pH of rainfall recorded in Toronto in Feb. 1979 was 3.5. In 1989 fog in Los Angeles had a pH as low as 2.2. However till now the record of having the most acidic rain is with US in Wheeling West Virginia where the pH was as low as 1.5.

## References
Charlie Parker

**Charlie Parker** (August 29, 1920 in Kansas City, Missouri &ndash; March 12, 1955 in New York City), also known as "Bird" or "Yardbird", was considered one of the greatest jazz saxophonists, specifically alto saxophonist. Parker was thought to have created bebop.

Parker died in New York City at the age of 34 from cirrhosis, internal bleeding and pneumonia caused by a heart attack.
Mount Price

**Mount Price** (sometimes **Price Mountain**) is a volcanic mountain in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, in British Columbia, Canada.

It is 2,049 meters (6,722 feet) tall. The mountain was formed 1.2 million years ago and is made of lava. It is not known to have been active in thousands of years, but it could be active again. If it did, it could cause problems for people who live nearby. There are teams that are prepared to help people if Mount Price becomes active.

## Other websites 
*Mount Price information from Natural Resources Canada
Bun

in a bun]]
 buns]]
A **bun** is a type of food made out of bread.

A bun can be either savoury (like a hot dog) or sweet (like a hot cross bun or a bun with icing and a cherry on top).
Goldfinger (band)

**Goldfinger** is an American punk band founded in 1994. The Goldfinger released their self-titled first album in 1996. They were named after the Ian Fleming book and 1964 movie *Goldfinger* based on the James Bond franchise.

Their line-up is as follows:

* John Feldmann ‒ vocals, guitar 
* Charlie Paulson ‒ gibson, fender, camel 
* Dangerous Darrin Pfeiffer ‒ drums, vocals 
* Simon Williams ‒ bass, vocals

## Studio albums
# *Goldfinger* ‒ 1996
# *Hang ups* ‒ 1997
# *Stomping ground* ‒ 1999
# *Open your eyes* ‒ 2002
# *Disconnection notice* ‒ 2005
# *Hello destiny* ‒ 2008

## References
Salamanca

**Salamanca** is a city in central Spain. It is the capital city of the province with the same name. 
The city has a very important university started in 1218. It has two  and a famous Plaza Mayor (Main Square) built in the 18th century.

Frogs are a mascot of Salamanca.  Souvenirs of frogs can be found in almost every shop in the Plaza Mayor.

The Battle of Salamanca was an important defeat for France in the Napoleonic Wars.

## Images 

File:Salamanca Catedral.JPG|New Cathedral of Salamanca
File:Plaza mayorsalamanca.jpg|Plaza Mayor
File:Casadelasmuertes1154.jpg|Casa de las Muertes (*House of the Deaths*)
File:Claustro convento dueñas by Almorca.jpg|Cloister of Convento de las Dueñas
File:Salamanca - Banco de España 3.JPG|Banco de España
File:Muralla Salamanca 03.jpg|Walls of Salamanca
File:Catedralypuenteromano.jpg|The Roman bridge of Salamanca

## Other websites 
* Official Tourist Information Office
* Wiki of the city of Salamanca
* General information on Salamanca
* General information about events in Salamanca
* Salamanca travel guide 
* Salamanca: Spain's answer to Oxford by *The Guardian*
* Salamanca city guide at HitchHikers Handbook 

**Museums**
* Art Nouveau and Art Decó Museum Casa Lis
* Car History Museum
* Cathedral Museum
1440s

The **1440s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1440 and ended on 31 December 1449. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***145th decade*** which began on January 1, 1441 and ended on December 31, 1450.
## Events 
*The Coptic Church of Ethiopia contacts the Roman Catholic Church for the first time.
*The empire of the Maya breaks up into many little kingdoms.
* The Ottoman Empire starts to become weak.
* The Korean alphabet, the Hangul, is invented.

## Births 
* King Ivan III of Russia
* King Edward IV of England
*Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII of England
*Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter 
*Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia, king in the Solomonid dynasty.

## Deaths 
*Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan 
*Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter
*Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
Słupsk

**Słupsk** is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship. It has about 100.000 inhabitants and 43,15&nbsp;km².
**History**
First mentioned in 1015. City rights granted in 1265 (confirmed in 1310, 1313 and later). It belonged to Poland, 1307-41 - to the Teutonic Order, 1342-1648 - the center of the Duchy of Pomerania. 14-16 centuries belonged to the Hanseatic League, had the right to mint coins. It flourished under the rule of Boguslav X. In 1630 it was occupied and devastated by the Swedish army. After 1648 it passed to Brandenburg (called Stolp in German). In 1807, the city was occupied by Napoleon's army. 19th-20th centuries flourished in the beginning.
A Nazi concentration camp operated during World War II, where 800 people (mostly Jews) were killed in 1944-45. In 1945, the Nazi German army shot about 50 Polish civilians. In 1945, the city was occupied without a fight and the center was burned by the USSR army. 1975–98 Słupsk – voivodeship, 19th century – 1975 and since 1999 – county center.
Alchemy

**Alchemy** is the very old study and philosophy of how to change basic substances (such as metals) into other substances. It also studied how substances (and how they are changed into other substances) were related to magic and astrology. People who studied alchemy were called *alchemists*. Some things alchemists tried to do were change lead or mercury into gold, make the philosopher's stone, and make the "elixir of life," which they thought could cure (make better) any disease and make someone young again.

Alchemists believed that substances, mind, philosophies, religion, magic, and astrology were related to each other. They tried to find connections between them. They tried to understand one by understanding the other. Some alchemists used metals (like gold or silver) to represent spiritual or occult ideas. People in many different countries studied alchemy.

In the 1600s and 1700s, people started to study only the properties of substances without trying to relate them to secret, old knowledge. They did experiments and wrote down what they discovered so other people could learn from them. One of the important people who did these experiments was Robert Boyle. People called the new study of substances chemistry.

Scientists have since discovered how to change one kind of element (the simplest kind of chemical substance) into another. In 1980, an American scientist named Glenn Seaborg discovered how to change a very tiny amount of bismuth into gold with a nuclear reactor. Making gold this way is much more difficult and expensive (costs a lot of money) than mining or recycling it.

## References
Elizabeth Blackwell

**Elizabeth Blackwell** (3 February 182131 May 1910) was a British physician. She was the first female doctor in the United States and Europe.

She was born in Bristol, England, on 3 February 1821.  When she was young, her family moved to America.  At first, she was a teacher.  She became a doctor in 1849.  She founded her own hospital in New York. In 1874 she started a medical school for women in London with Sophie Jex-Blake and promoted women's rights.

She never married and opposed slavery.

In 2013 the University of Bristol launched the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research.

Elizabeth Blackwell lost sight in one eye in 1851.
Blackwell wrote many books including Medicine as a Profession for Women and Address on the Medical Education for women.  

## Other websites 
*An online history at the National Institutes of Health, including copies of historical documents
*An online biography  of Elizabeth Blackwell, with links to more articles on Blackwell and others in her famous family, plus links to many resources on the Internet
*Biography from the National Institutes of Health
The Jam

**The Jam** was an English rock band formed in Woking, Surrey in 1972. The members were Paul Weller (guitar, vocals), Bruce Foxton (bass guitar, vocals), and Rick Buckler (drums). Having come out of from the short Punk movement they went on to become one of the UK's top bands. They had four number one hits which were Going Underground, Start!, Town Called Malice and Beat Surrender.

The Jam disbanded in 1982. Lead singer Paul Weller went on to have hits with The Style Council during the remainder of the 1980s. During the 1990s he had a successful solo career.

## Studio albums
* *In the City* (1977)
* *This Is the Modern World* (1977)
* *All Mod Cons* (1978)
* *Setting Sons* (1979)
* *Sound Affects* (1980)
* *The Gift* (1982)

## References
Goldfinger (movie)

***Goldfinger*** is a 1964 spy movie based on the seventh James Bond book written by Ian Fleming. *Goldfinger* is the third James Bond movie in the series. It is also third to star Sean Connery as the British Secret Service agent James Bond. Shirley Bassey sings the title song of the movie.

## Plot
In this movie, the main bad guy is named Auric Goldfinger, and he likes gold a lot. In the movie, James Bond tries to find out what Goldfinger's bad plan is, and in the end James Bond wins and stops Goldfinger.  His plan is to blow up Fort Knox so that the price of gold will go up.  Goldfinger has a sidekick called Oddjob who throws his metal hat at people.

It is noted for the character with the unusual name *Pussy Galore*, played in the movie by Honor Blackman.

## Cast 
* Sean Connery as James Bond
* Gert Fröbe as Auric Goldfinger
* Honor Blackman as Pussy Galore
* Harold Sakata as Oddjob
* Cec Linder as Felix Leiter
* Shirley Eaton as Jill Masterson
* Tania Mallet as Tilly Masterson
* Desmond Llewelyn as Q
* Bernard Lee as M
* Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny
* Burt Kwouk as Mr. Ling
* Martin Benson as Mr. Solo
* Raymond Joung as Sierra
* Nadja Regin as Bonita
* Alf Joint as Capungo
* Michael Mellinger as Kisch
* Margaret Nolan as Dink
* Bill Nagy as Mr. Midnight
* Hal Galili as Mr. Strap
Deutsches Institut für Normung

**DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.** (DIN German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for standardization.  

It publishes on average 2,000 standards per year in almost all fields of technology and increasingly in non-technical fields (e.g. services).

## Example of DIN standards
*DIN 476: international paper sizes (now ISO 216 or DIN EN ISO 216). Specifies the System where the paper size DIN A4 is from. In short, there are different series (A,B,C,..). Each series has a number of different sizes. If you go up one with the number, you halve the size. DIN A3 is as large as two pages of DIN A4. The biggest in that series is DIN A0. See Paper size for more.
*DIN 1301: International System of Units (better known as the SI System of units)
*DIN 5007: Rules for sorting words alphabetically. Also tells what to do with special characters, like *ä* or *ß*.
*DIN 5008: Rules for writing a (German) letter. Specifies how the letter as a whole should look. Also looks at things like correctly writing a date, or a time.
*DIN 72552: electric terminal numbers in automobiles
*DIN 31635: transliteration of the Arabic language.
Factorization

**Factorization** (also called **factorisation** and **factoring**) is taking a composite number apart into numbers that multiply together to get the original number.  These smaller numbers are called factors or divisors.  1 is a factor of all numbers.

Prime factorization is breaking apart a composite number into prime numbers that can be multiplied to give the larger number.  Note that since 1 is not prime, it is not included in the prime factorization.

For example, 12 can be factored as 4&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;3. Since 4 is not a prime number, that is not its prime factorization.  12's prime factorization is in fact 3&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;2&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;2.

The numbers which are obtained from the factorization are usually ordered, for example, starting with the smallest number. For example, 72=2^3*3^2.  The factorization of every number is .  This generalizes to:

# Every number has a unique prime factorization
# Every prime factorization corresponds to a unique number

Since finding the numbers to multiply together is very difficult for large numbers, this fact can be used in cryptography.

## Polynomials 
This is how one type of polynomial is factored.

x^2+{\color{Green}9x}+20

Find two numbers that add up to 9 and can be multiplied to get 20. Here, these numbers are 4 and 5.

=x^2+{\color{Green}4x+5x}+20

=(x^2+4x)+(5x+20)

=x(x+4)+5(x+4)

=(x+5)(x+4)

## Related pages
*Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Envelope

envelope]]
An **envelope** is a form of packing. Envelopes are used for sending letters or documents using regular postal mail. Envelopes are usually made of paper or hardened paper.

An envelope may be small enough to make you need to fold the paper going into it, or it can be as large as the paper so that you do not need to fold it. A large envelope is called a *manila envelope*, usually colored a color in between yellow and orange, and is used to send several pages of papers when a regular envelope would be too small. Another reason a manila envelope would be used would be to send important papers (e.g. birth certificates) that are better left unfolded.

To pay to send the mail, a stamp is usually attached to the envelope.

## Related pages 
* Electronic mail
* Letter (paper)
* Letter box
* Postcard
* Telegram

## Other websites 
*
Yasser Arafat

**Yasser Arafat**  (24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004) was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004. In 1993, he also became president of the Palestinian National Authority (PA).

Arafat was born in Jerusalem, Gaza or Cairo. He studied civil engineering at Cairo University. He worked as an engineer in Kuwait.

In 1994, Yasser Arafat won the Nobel Peace Prize along with two others. .

Some people see him as a hero, who fought for the cause of the Palestinian people. Others see him as a terrorist, who promoted the use of violence to destroy Israel.  

Arafat died in Paris from a cerebral hemorrhage. The next day he was buried at his compound, with a funeral in Ramallah on November 12. 

## Related pages 
* List of Nobel Prize winners by country

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* Life in Palestine after Arafat, Situation worse, not what Bush and Sharon planned 
* The Real Obstacle to Peace was Ariel Sharon, not Yasser Arafat
* Death of Arafat, burial and reburial November 13 2004
* .theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/01/israel-acknowledges-killing-palestinian-deputy Israel acknowledges killing Yasser Arafat's deputy Khalil al-Wazir in 1988 raid
Scar

A **scar** is the natural  of a healing  in the human body. When the dermis is hurt by a wound, the wounded tissue will be replaced by scar tissue. Scar tissue is not identical to the tissue it replaces. A scar will look different (and have different s) than the surrounding tissue.

Scar tissue is composed of the same protein (collagen) as the tissue that it replaces, but the fiber composition of the protein is different; instead of a random basketweave formation of the collagen fibers found in normal tissue, in fibrosis the collagen cross-links and forms a pronounced alignment in a single direction. This collagen scar tissue alignment is usually of inferior functional quality to the normal collagen randomised alignment. For example, scars in the skin are less resistant to ultraviolet radiation, and sweat glands and hair follicles do not grow back within scar tissues. A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, causes scar formation in the heart muscle, which leads to loss of muscular power and possibly heart failure. However, there are some tissues (e.g. bone) that can heal without any structural or functional deterioration.

## References
General (disambiguation)

**General** is a word with many meanings:

* The military rank of General officer, also in paramilitary, etc.
* The equivalent ecclesiastical position of general superior.
* Of or relating to a genus.
* A blue-collar worker who does many different services, often called simple a "General" or "General Employee".  This is most often found in food service careers.
* The corrupt leader of military regime in Capcom's Mega Man X4.
* General snus is a brand of snus manufactured in Sweden by Swedish Match
* General (Freeware game), a freeware strategic game developed by Russian NewGame Software
* General Tire, a brand of tire owned by German tire manufacturer Continental AG
* General Records, a record label
* The second strongest piece in Stratego.
Paper size

Paper comes in different sizes. There are names for the different sizes of paper. In different parts of the world, different sizes and names are used.

There are also envelope sizes made to fit different kinds of paper. Envelope sizes are normally wider to fit the paper inside.

## International sizes 
In most of the world an international system of paper sizes is used. The normal size of paper is called **A4**. It is measured in metric units. It is 210 millimetres wide and 297 millimetres long. This is about the size of **US letter**, but it is a little narrower, and a little longer. The Deutsches Institut für Normung chose this standard in 1922 and other countries soon followed. 

The other common size of paper in Europe is called **B5**. It is 176 millimetres wide by 250 millimetres long. This is about the same as **executive** size in the United States. It is sometimes used for writing personal letters to people.

There are also many other paper sizes used for writing notes, for big posters, for books, and for other things.

In the international paper size system, the sizes are based on mathematical formulas. **A0** is the biggest at 1 square metre. **A1** is half as big as **A0**. **A2** is half as big as **A1**, and so on. The sizes with "**B**" and "**C**" in their name are in between the "**A**" sizes.

## Sizes in North America 
In the United States, Mexico and Canada the normal size of paper is called **letter** size, or sometimes **US letter**. It is  inches wide and 11 inches long (216 &times; 279 mm).

The other common size of paper in the US is called **legal**, or sometimes **US legal**. It is also  inches wide, but it is 14 inches long. It is similar to the size called foolscap in Britain.

Another size is called **executive**. It is  inches wide by  inches long. It is not very common. It is sometimes used for writing personal letters to people.

There is also a size called **tabloid**. It is 11 inches wide, and 17 inches long. That is the same size as two pieces of **letter** size put next to each other.

There are also many other paper sizes used for writing notes, for big posters, for books, and for other things.

## Paper sizes and computer printers 
Most printers used with computers are designed to fit **US letter** and **A4**, and smaller paper sizes. Sometimes they can fit **US legal** also. For larger paper sizes, printers at professional printing businesses may be needed.

## Details 
Below are charts showing all the different sizes of paper that are usually made, listed in increasing order of size. Dimensions are shown width first, then length.

If a company wants to make something with a different size of paper than these, they have to have it specially cut for them.

## References
This section needs expansion.
After

**After** might mean"
**After* (novel), a book by Francine Prose
**After...* (visual novel), a visual novel
**After...* (movie), a 2006 thriller film about urban exploration
Kettle

* A **kettle** is a type of pot that is used in a kitchen. It is used to make water hot or to boil water. It comes from the Latin word *catillus* ("deep pan or dish for cooking").
* The electric kettle was invented in 1891

In the past, kettles were made of metal bins like copper. Kettles were put on a rack or a hook above the fire to become hot. Now, metal kettles are put on the stove or rangetop. Sometimes they are made of ceramic or clay.  

Now, some people have electric kettles. These kettles plug into the wall and use electricity to generate heat. They are usually plastic or metal. They heat water faster than kettles on a stove. Kettles are often used to make tea. 

They are more common in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth than in other places like the United States.

## References
Pleasure

**Pleasure** is an emotion. It is the opposite of pain. Humans and many other mammals feel pleasure. People feel pleasure when they do something that is fun or that feels good. 

## Pleasure in neuroscience
Pleasure is studied in neuroscience. Neuroscientists have mapped pleasure "hotspots" in the brain. How much pleasure someone feels changes from person to person. Pleasure depends how special something is. There is no rule that says what pleasure is for every person.  According to Freud, the pleasure principle is what drives people to do things that give them a feeling of immediate .

Hedonism is another philosophy that is focused on pleasure. It says that pleasure is good. In Hedonism, people focus on pleasure and avoid pain. 

Utilitarianism is a philosophy that focuses on pleasure. It says that morality requires that people do what has the most utility for the most people.

## Related pages
*Happiness

## References
Hugh Hefner

**Hugh Marston Hefner** (April 9, 1926 &ndash; September 27, 2017) was the founder of *Playboy Magazine* and its Editor-in-Chief.

## Birth and education
Hefner was born into a Methodist family, to Glenn Hefner, an accountant, and Grace (Swanson) Hefner, a teacher, on April 9, 1926 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Woodlawn, Chicago. Hefner served in the US Army (1944 - 1946). He attended the Art Institute of Chicago (1946), the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, earning a BA in psychology (1949), and Northwestern University, 1949.

## Career
Hefner owned a multi-million mansion called the Playboy Mansion. He was also the executive producer of Roman Polanski's 1971 movie version of Macbeth. Hefner also appeared in cameos of himself in some movies.

When nude photographs of Jayne Mansfield on the set of *Promises! Promises!* were published in the June 1963 issue of *Playboy*, Hefner was brought into Chicago city court on obscenity charges.

In 2013, Hefner announced that his youngest son, Cooper, would succeed him and eventually help run the Playboy Empire.

Hefner supported legalizing same-sex marriage. He said that a fight for gay marriage is "a fight for all our rights. Without it, we will turn back the sexual revolution and return to an earlier, puritanical time."

Hefner owned a burial plot next to Marilyn Monroe's grave in Los Angeles.

## References
## Other websites
* Hugh M. Hefner Foundation
*
Urination

.]]

**Urination** (peeing) is how organisms remove urine from their bodies.  Urine is the scientific term for pee, the liquid bodily waste filtered out of the bloodstream by kidneys and from the liquids that a person drinks. The bladder temporarily holds the waste fluid and lets it out through the urethra. Urethras are tubes of the body to pass urine from the bladder outside of the body.  

Both men and women have bladders and urethras to let urine out. But men's urethras are longer and more narrow than women's, because men's urethras have to go along the entire length of their penis. Men's urethras have to carry both urine when they pee - and semen when they have sex. Because of this organ at the front men can usually pee when they stand. Women don't have penises, and their urethras open between their legs in their vulvas. Vulvas are women's outside sex organs. Woman usually pee when they sit or squat: if they stand, pee may make their legs wet. 

## Related pages 
* Urinary system
Nyctalopia

**Nyctalopia** (Greek for **Night blindness**) is a disease of the human eyes.The eyes of people who are night-blind cannot adapt to situations where there is relatively little light; as a result, they have trouble seeing in such situations. 

There are a number of conditions that can cause this; most commonly:
*lack or deficiency of Vitamin A
*Several genetic conditions, most notably retinitis pigmentosa
*Wounds of the eye
Hello world program

A **Hello world program** is usually a program made by computer programmers that are new to a programming languages, or to test if the compiler for this language is working correctly.
It will simply put the text ***Hello, World!*** on the screen.

## Wikipedia articles that have Hello world programs 
## Sources 
## Other websites 
* helloworld.org
* The Hello World Collection
* codepad.org  - Can compile some of the programs
Martinique

**Martinique** is an French island in the Caribbean Sea. It has an area of 1,128&nbsp;km². Nearly 400,000 people live there.

Martinique was known by indigenous peoples of the Caribbean as Madiana or Madinina. It was colonized by the French in the 17th century, and they introduced racist slavery there as they spread it all around the world. France still claims to own the island today, even though there has been an independence movement.

The capital city is Fort-de-France. Other towns include Sainte-Anne and St. Pierre (which was destroyed by a volcano named Mont Pelée in 1902 and killed 30,000 people).
 in Martinique against poisoning by pesticides]]
Martinique is well known for its zouk music. Artists such as Kassav' have made it famous over the years. Frantz Fanon, an important anti-colonial revolutionary, was born there.

The ethnic makeup of the country is: 90% African and Mixed African with anything from Chinese, East Indian or White. and 10% White, Amerindian, Chinese and East Indian.

## Related pages
* Guadeloupe, French island in the Caribbean
* Saint Barthélemy, French island in the Caribbean
* Saint Martin, French island in the Caribbean

## References
## Other websites
* Martinique Tourism Authority
1720s

The **1720s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1720 and ended on 31 December 1729. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***173th decade*** which began on January 1, 1721 and ended on December 31, 1730.

## Events and trends 
* The oldest pianos still in existence today are from the 1720s.

## World leaders 
* Louis XV, King of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
* Shahs of the Safavid dynasty in Persia:
# Husayn, 1694–1722
# Tahmasp II, 1723–1732
* George I, King of Great Britain (king from 1714 to 1727)
* George II, King of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760)
* Philip V, King of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746)

## References
DarkBASIC

**DarkBASIC** is a programming language that is very easy to create games in so people do not need to worry about DirectX. People now use the more powerful DarkBASIC Professional.

## "Hello World" in DarkBASIC 
 print "Hello, World!"

## Other websites 
*DarkBASIC
*DarkBasic - The Gaming Language
PHP

**PHP** (**Hypertext Preprocessor**; used to stand for **Personal Home Page**) is a scripting language that helps people make web pages more interactive by allowing them to do things that can't be done with technologies running on the visitors computer. PHP code is run on the web server (the website's computer). It is called a *preprocessor* because it builds the information before sending it to the computer that visits the web page.

A website programmed with PHP can have pages that are password protected. A website without PHP or similar technologies can't do this, as the visitor can find a way to access the page. For example, by finding where the password is stored. Standard PHP file extensions are (but not only): .php, .php3, and .phtml, but a web server can be set up to use any extension.

Its structure was influenced by many languages like C, Perl, Java, C++, and even Python. It is considered to be free software by the Free Software Foundation. 

Multiple PHP frameworks are available today, such as Laravel, Symfony, CodeIgniter, and Phalcon, which offer developers a more structured approach via pre-built components and the ability to streamline the process. Laravel is currently the only PHP framework used in the development of more than 1,723,068 websites globally. 

## History 
PHP was first created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. It is now developed and improved by a large team of people. Its name at first stood for **Personal Home Page**, but it was later changed to **PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor**; using its old acronym .

## Example 
An example Hello World program:

```php

```

It is common to put PHP code inside a HTML document (or any other type of data), for example:

```html+php

	
		Hello World
	
	
		Hello World'; ?>
	

```

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official PHP website
* PHP Tutorial  for beginners
* PHP Tutorial  for beginners
*[./Https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/07/php-what-is-php-in-hindi-technology.html  https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/08/How-to-learn-PHP.html ] what is PHP

* PHP.orgPHP tutorials for beginners
2030s

The **2030s** (pronounced "twenty-thirties" or "two-thousand-thirties") is the next decade in the Gregorian calendar. It will begin on January 1, 2030, and end on December 31, 2039. It is distinct from the decade known as the 204th decade which will begin on January 1, 2031 and end on December 31, 2040.  

## The decade as a whole 
The Roman number will be MMXXX.

## Events to happen 
* Voyager 2 will stop transmitting back to Earth.
* January 19, 2038 - 32-bit clocks will return to December 13, 1901.
* April 25, 2038 - the latest date Easter falls on for the first time since 1943.
* September 1, 2039, will be the 100th anniversary of Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland (the start of World War II).
* The 2030 World Cup will be hosted in Spain, Portugal and Morocco and anniversary games played in Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay.
* The 2034 World Cup will be hosted in Saudi Arabia.
* The 2038 World Cup will be hosted in TBD.
* Olympics 2032 and 2036 will be hosted.
World Money Fair

The **World Money Fair** is an international bourse of coins. A *bourse* is where dealers, collectors and the public to buy, sell and trade coins. 

In 1970 A. M Beck founded in Muinch the "Organisation of European Coins-Bourses", "Organisation Europäischer Münzen-Börsen" (OEMB) in German. He had the idea to build up a stronger market for the collecting of coins.

Two years later the organisation organized in Basel the 1st international bourse of coins. During the time it was developed to the "World Money Fair". Today more than 40 nations are members of this organisation. In 2006, the bourse is at the 1st time in Berlin. At the start the German Secretary of State Karl Diller presented the new German 2 Euro Coin. It shows the Holstentor of Lübeck.
XML

The **Extensible Markup Language** (short XML) is a markup language like HTML but is extensible. It's created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). XML defines rules for the construction of a document. XML adds context to the information in a document. It does not say how this should be displayed.

Some programs get information out of an XML-document. To do that, they need an API.  There are many APIs for XML.JSON was built to replace this purpose of XML.

You can write a description of an XML document in a way that is useful for programmers. There are several languages for this; the best known is called DTD.

## Syntax 
XML uses less than () to show tags. For example, a paragraph in HTML would be `&lt;p&gt;`.

A closing tag is a tag used to enclose the value of the tag. The tag has a slash (/) before its name. For example, `&lt;/p&gt;`

A tag which is empty can be represented as an opening tag but with a slash before the `&gt;`. For example, `&lt;p/&gt;` (or `&lt;p /&gt;`)

The XML specification defines a valid XML document as a well-formed XML document which also conforms to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD).

## Languages 
The following languages are based on XML.

### Text 
* XSL-FO
* DocBook
* DITA
* XHTML (HTML based on ALL)
* TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)
* NITF (News Industry Text Format)

### Images 
* SVG (vector graphics)
* X3D (3D modelling language)
* Collada (Language to change informations between different 3D programs)

### Earth 
* Geography Markup Language (GML)
* GPS Exchange Format (GPX): XML for GPS informatons
* Keyhole Markup Language (KML): coordinates for Google Earth
* OpenImmo : XML for Houses with position informations

### Multimedia 
* SMIL (Informations with times from multimedia)
* MPEG-7 (for MPEG-7)
* Laszlo (LZX)

### Safety 
* SAML (describe and send informations about safety)
* XML Signature
* XML Encryption

### Other 
There are a lot more languages that use XML. A couple of them are:
* RSS
* WAP/WML

## Sources
## Other websites 
* XeML.net 
* W3C XML Page
Warcraft

***Warcraft*** is a video game series made by Blizzard Entertainment. The games in this series are real-time strategy games, where players play as their characters and gain experience to level up.

## Series 
The different games from the series are *Warcraft: Orcs and Humans*, *Warcraft 2: Battle.net edition* (with an expansion pack) and *Warcraft 3* and its expansion pack, *The Frozen Throne*. The most successful game of the series is *The Frozen Throne* expansion pack, which sold more than 12 million copies. The MMORPG *World of Warcraft* is based on these games. Blizzard Entertainment also created *World of Warcraft*, which was published by Vivendi Games.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The History of *Warcraft*
* *Warcraft* series official website
Yitzhak Rabin

**Yitzhak Rabin** (1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli politician and general. He was born in Jerusalem. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel from 1974 until 1977 and again from 1992 until his assassination in 1995 by Yigal Amir, a right-wing extremist who had strongly opposed Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords and to peace with Palestine. He was the first local-born Prime Minister of Israel, the only Israeli Prime Minister to be killed and the second to die in office (following Levi Eshkol).
Yitzhak Rabin was one of the three recipients of the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.  The others were Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. All three got the prizes for trying to make peace in the Middle East.

## Death 
Yitzhak Rabin was gunned down in Tel Aviv on November 4, 1995. He was 73 years old. He was buried at Helkat Gdolei Ha'uma in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

## References 
## Other websites
Autocracy

**Autocracy** is a form of government where a single person holds all the power. That person (called an autocrat) can do anything they want legally or politically.

Two types of autocracy exist today: absolute monarchies and dictatorships. According to one report, 71% of the world's 2024 population lives in an autocracy.

In modern times, most autocrats have gained power as part of a larger nationalist, communist, or fascist movement. Once in power, they eliminate all other kinds of authority in the country, like judges, the legislature, and political parties. All totalitarian regimes are autocracies. 

Having an autocratic government does not mean the country is governed well or governed poorly. It is just a description on how it is set up.

## History 
 human sacrifice. The Aztec Empire was an autocracy]]
Some of the earliest human governments were autocracies. 

Between the years 139 - 192, the Eastern Han Dynasty under Dong Zhuo was an autocracy. 

The Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica (c. 1345-1521 AD) was an autocracy. The Aztec Emperor alone ruled the Empire and its military. He was also the religious figurehead behind the empire's aggressive foreign policy. (During this time, the priesthood supported a pantheon that demanded human sacrifice, and most of the nobility were warriors who had captured many prisoners for these sacrificial rites.) 

### Modern times 
More recently, the Empire of Japan under Hirohito (1926-1989) was an autocratic government. Some dictators have been called autocratic in recent years. 

Robyn Elrick wrote: *Autocracy is the dark mirror of democracy. While democracy is based on our freedom to speak and assemble freely, and requires a range of choices in who and what to vote for, autocracies are the opposite.* 

## Related pages
* De facto rule
* Absolute monarchy
* Dictatorship
* Byzantine Empire
* Political polarization
* Theocracy
* Totalitarianism

## References
Surface

A **surface** is the outer part of something. Most surfaces have a width and a length, but no depth. 

Surfaces are studied in geometry. 

## Examples of Surfaces 
* An apple has a skin on its surface. 
* People live on the Earth's surface. 
* A piece of metal is put in red paint. The metal is taken out of the paint. After, the outside of the piece of metal is red. The parts of the metal that are now red are called the *surface* of the .
* Boats move on the surface of the sea.
* Small insects can walk on the surface of the water, because of surface tension.

## Notes
Oligarchy

**Oligarchy** is a form of government. In an oligarchic system, all the power is held by a small group of people. It is usually the most powerful people who govern the state. The kingship alternated between three leading families. Oligarchy can be a form of dictatorship.

## Rule by the best 
An oligarchy where *the best* rule is called *Aristocracy*.

## Rule by the rich 
If the richest people rule the country, this is called *Plutocracy*.

## Other websites 
* Online Text: Leonard Whibley, *Greek Oligarchies: Their Character and Organisation*  (1896), still the only full-scale treatment of oligarchy in Classical Greece.
Sexual slavery

, about 1897. The sign reads *Rose,18 years old, on sale for 800 coins*.]]

**Sexual slavery** is a special case of slavery or forced labour. Sexual slaves are like normal slaves, except for the following:
#They are forced to engage in sexual activities. This includes forced labor that results in sexual activity, forced marriage and sex trafficking, such as the sexual trafficking of children.

## Different forms 
Sexual slavery has many forms, such as sexual bondage to a single owner or ritual slavery linked to certain religious practices. An example of this is ritual servitude in some civilizations in Ghana, Togo, and Benin. Criminal organizations such as  Zwi Migdal also force people into prostitution. Non-consensual sexual activities were common as well.

In some cultures, Concubinage has been a traditional form of sexual slavery. In concubinage, women spent their lives in sexual servitude, notably Concubinage in Islam. In some cultures, enslaved concubines and their children had distinct rights and legitimate social positions.

## Modern types 
Today, there are different types of sexual slavery:

* Adults are exploited for sexual activities. This is human trafficking for sexual purposes , and is often called sex trafficking.
* Children are exploited for sexual activities. This takes the forms of child sex tourism and Child pornography.
* Mainly women and children are sex slaves, who are trafficked. They must then produce sexual content online, which paying customers can watch. This is called cybersex trafficking.
* People are forced into marriage, which is used to hide the fact that they are sex slaves. This can include children forced to marry. 
* Brides are kidnapped
* People become sex slaves as a result of wartime sexual violence

## References
1784

## Events 
*The Congress of the United States signs a treaty to end the American Revolutionary War.
*The Methodist Church is started by John Wesley.

## Births 
*October 13 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain
*November 24 – Zachary Taylor, twelfth President of the United States (d. 1850)

## Deaths 
*August 28 – Junípero Serra, Spanish missionary
*December 26 – Seth Warner, American Revolutionary War leader
List of Internet top-level domains

Here is a list of currently existing top-level domains (TLDs).

## References
## Other websites 
* IANA's information on TLDs
* The Internet Domain Survey
List of Atlantic hurricane seasons

The following is a **list of Atlantic hurricane seasons**. All began on June 1 in their respective years. They ended on November 30. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the Atlantic Ocean.

The **Atlantic hurricane season** is the time of year that hurricanes form in the northern Atlantic Ocean. The season starts on June 1 and ends November 30. There is an average of 10 tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two or three major hurricanes in the Atlantic.

The National Hurricane Center helps watch for hurricanes in the northern Atlantic and makes forecasts about were the storms will go.

## Before 1800s 
* Before 1600
* 17th century
* 18th century

## 1800s 
1800–1809 
1810–1819 
1820–1829 
1830–1839 
1840–1849 

1850–1859 
1860–1869 
1870 
1871–1879

1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889

1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899

## 1900s 
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908 
1909

1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919

1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929

1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939

1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949

1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959

1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969

1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979

1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989

1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

## 2000s 
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025

## Related pages 
* List of Pacific hurricane seasons
* List of Pacific typhoon seasons
Sildenafil

.]]

**Sildenafil** is an aphrodisiac. It is also called **Viagra**, **Revatio**, and in the Indian subcontinent ‒ **Caverta**. 

## Medical uses
Sildenafil makes the blood vessels become wider. This lowers the blood pressure. Sildenafil mostly works in the penis and lungs. This medicine increases blood flow to the penis. This helps the penis become erect during sexual intercourse. Sildenafil also helps pulmonary hypertension. Because this medicine makes the blood vessels wider, it makes it easier for blood to flow. Sildenafil was patented in 1996 and first made to sell in 1998.

## Related pages
* Statin
* Beta blocker

## References