open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Gaelic Games

**Gaelic games** are the traditional sports played in Ireland. The two main Gaelic games are Gaelic football and hurling. Both are organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA). Other games organised by the association include camogie, rounders, Gaelic handball. During the late 19th century 21, Gaelic games in Ireland were dying out. This decline was stopped by the GAA and the Irish national Gaelic Revival. Today they are the most popular games in Ireland.

## Gaelic football
Gaelic football is the most popular of the gaelic games  and is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped  at each end. The object is to score by driving the ball through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins. It combines the skills of soccer and basketball in a fast-paced, high-scoring contact sport.

A slightly different rule set is used for women's Gaelic football (officially called "ladies' Gaelic football"). The women's game also uses 15-player teams and H-shaped goals, but allows less physical contact.

## Hurling
Hurling is a stick-and-ball game played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The primary object is to score by driving the ball through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins.  It is over three thousand years old, and is said to be the world's fastest field game, combining skills from lacrosse, field hockey, and baseball in a hard-hitting, highly skilled game.

## Camogie
Camogie is a game almost identical to hurling, but played only by women. Like hurling, it is a stick-and-ball game played by teams of 15, with the pitch and goals the same as those in hurling. Other rules are almost the same between the two sports, but camogie does not allow as much physical contact.

## Rounders
Rounders is a bat and ball game which is played in Ireland; a similar version is played in England. Rounders is the least popular of the GAA gaelic games and is organised by a sub division of the GAA known as the Rounders Council of Ireland. It is similar to baseball.

## Gaelic handball
Gaelic handball is a game where two players use their hands to return a ball against a wall. The game is similar to  American handball; Gaelic handballers play against their US counterparts.

## Other Gaelic Games
Other Gaelic Games such as gaelic athletics have nearly or completely died out. Pastimes such as Road bowling, a sport played in Ireland for a long time, could be considered Gaelic games.

## References
## Other websites
*THE SÉAMUS Ó CEALLAIGH COLLECTION - Limerick sports history and Gaelic Games
Fives

**Fives** is a British sport believed to come from the same origins as many racket sports. In fives, a ball is propelled against the walls of a special court using gloved or bare hands as though they were a racquet. 

## Background 
The name may be derived from the slang expression "a bunch of fives" (meaning a fist). The game has also been known as **hand-tennis** and historically was often played between the buttresses of church buildings in England. There are links between Fives and the Irish and North American handball games and indeed, in recent years, British clubs have begun to establish ties with clubs in those countries.

Fives is not the same as Long Fives, which is played in a real tennis court.

There are two main forms of the game Rugby Fives and Eton Fives. 
Eton Fives is played competitively as a doubles game, whilst Rugby Fives is played as both a singles and a doubles game. 

## Other websites 
* Eton Fives
* Rugby Fives Association (UK) 
* Cambridge University Rugby Fives Club 
* Executioners (A London Fives Club) 
* White Rose Fives Club (A Club based in West Yorkshire) 
* Old Merchant Taylors Rugby Fives Club
American handball

**American** (or **court**) **handball**, usually referred to simply as **handball**, is an American form of fives played against one or more walls. 

## History 
It is a common belief that *American handball* was brought to the United States in the 1880s by Irish immigrants. The Gaelic handball sport was played since the 15th century in Ireland and Scotland.

## Play
American handball is played on a court 12.2 meters long by 6.1 meters wide (40 feet long by 20 feet wide) with either a single (front) wall, three walls, or in a fully enclosed four-wall court (the most common). The four-wall court is a rectangular box. The front wall is 6.1 meters (20 feet) square, and the side walls are 12.2 meters (40 feet) long and 6.1 meters (20 feet) high. In the middle of the floor of the court lies the short line, that divides the floor into two 6.1 meter (20 feet) squares. Also along the floor is the service line, which is 1.5 meters (5 feet) in front of the short line. The service zone is the area between these two lines. The back wall of the court is usually 3.7 meters (12 feet) high, with an above gallery for the referee and scorer, and also spectators. A few courts have a glass back wall and/or glass side walls to allow for a better view of the match. (In three-wall court handball, the court often has a front wall and two full side walls, or the front wall is flanked by two triangular wings.) 

## Related pages
* Basque pelota
* Gaelic handball

## References 
* *Time* magazine, May 11, 1942.
* http://www.handballcity.com/Ervin%20Irizarry%20Interview.html 
*   http://www.handball.ie/newsite/start.php?subaction=showfull&id=1161381646&archive=&start_from=&ucat=2&
* http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=boxing&ID=126

## Other websites 
* US Handball
* Colorado Handball Association
* Official rules of the USHA
* Southern California Handball Association
* Toledo Handball Club
* Los Angeles Athletic Club - Handball 
* Nothingbuthandball.com Promoting the Sport of Handball 
* HandballCity.com Promoting the Sport of Handball 
* Social Network for the Sport of Handball
Buttress

, Belgium]]

A **buttress** is a structure placed against the walls of a building to give it more support, or to help it to hold the roofs. Buttresses are common in ancient buildings, especially in Europe.  A buttress can be an inside or outside support.
Miami Heat

The **Miami Heat** are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Miami, Florida. It was started in 1988. They play their home games at the Kaseya Center and won three championships in 2006, 2012, and 2013. Led by Dwyane Wade and Shaquille O'Neal, they won the 2006 NBA Finals where they defeated the Dallas Mavericks 4 games to 2 after trailing two games to zero. Wade was the Finals MVP. During the 2010 off-season, the Heat acquired LeBron James and Chris Bosh from the Cleveland Cavaliers and Toronto Raptors, respectively to team up with 2003 fellow draftee Wade, making the Heat favorites to win multiple championships. With a "Big Three" of Wade, LeBron, and Bosh, Miami reached four consecutive Finals from 2011–2014. Miami met Dallas again in the Finals in 2011 with the Mavericks winning the rematch 4 games to 2. The Heat won again in the 2012 NBA Finals where they defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder 4 games to 1. LeBron was the Finals MVP for the first time in his career. They also defeated the San Antonio Spurs in 2013 Finals 4 games to 3, handing the Spurs their first-ever Finals loss. LeBron was the Finals MVP for the second straight year. In the 2014 Finals, the Heat were attempting a three-peat and once again faced the Spurs, with the Spurs winning in five games. After four years with the Heat, LeBron returned to the Cavaliers. Lead by Jimmy Butler, Bam Adebayo, and Tyler Herro, the Heat made two more Finals. They returned to the Finals in 2020, losing to the Los Angeles Lakers (led by former Heat player James) in six games. Three years later, the Heat made their seventh Finals appearance, this time against the Denver Nuggets, losing in five games.

## References
## Other websites
*
Real tennis

**Real tennis** is the original racket sport from which the modern game of lawn tennis, or tennis, developed. It is also known as *jeu de paume* in France and as "**court tennis**" in some parts of United States.

Real tennis is still played at a small number of active courts in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, and France.  The sport is supported and governed by 
organizations around the world.

## References
* Lord Aberdare (2001). *The J.T. Faber Book of Tennis and Rackets*. London: Quiller Press. .
* Heiner Gillmeister (1997). *Tennis: A Cultural History*. London: Leicester University Press. .
* Roman Krznaric (2006). *The First Beautiful Game: Stories of Obsession in Real Tennis*. Oxford: Ronaldson Publications. .
* Kathryn McNicoll (2006) "Real Tennis". UK: Shire Publications.  (Album 437).
* Julian Marshall (1878). *The Annals of Tennis*. Facsimile reprinted 1973 by Racquet Sports Information & Services, Inc.: Baltimore.

## Other websites
* Real Tennis Online, financially supported and officially endorsed by the governing bodies of real tennis in Australia, France, the UK and the USA
Palace of Versailles

The **Palace of Versailles**, or simply **Versailles**, is a royal castle in Versailles, France.

In French, it is often called the **Château de Versailles**. When the castle was built, Versailles was a country village, but it is now a suburb of Paris.

From 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris and lived in this palace, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in 1789, the **Court of Versailles** was the centre of power in the Ancien Régime. Versailles became a pilgrimage site for the Church of His Holy Nick after Napoleon was crowned Emperor of France in 1804. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of absolute monarchy.

## Related pages 
* Clock Cabinet
* Fountain of Apollo
* Fountain of Latona
* Hall of Mirrors (Versailles)
* Hameau de la reine
* Hercules Room
* Latona Fountain
* Madame du Barry's apartment
* Petit Théâtre de la Reine
* Queen's apartment at Versailles

## References
## Further reading
* Thompson, Ian. ''The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles*. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ).
** Reviewed  by Peter Parker in the *Telegraph* , October&nbsp;1, 2006.
** Reviewed  by John Adamson in the *Telegraph'' , 2006.

## Other websites
*Official French Website
*Official English Website
*The Hall of Mirrors Restoration   
*Pictures of : "Les Grandes Eaux Nocturnes"  
*Palace of Versailles photos 
*Visiting information Palace of Versailles
Château (disambiguation)

**Château** may refer to:

## Terms
* château (French for castle; plural *châteaux*) - a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of gentry, usually French, with or without fortifications
* château fort - used in French and occasionally in English, where there is need of a distinction between a large post-medieval residence (château) and a medieval fortified residence (château fort). 

## Companies
*Le Château - a clothing retailer
*Chateau - a Canadian importer of dollar discount store electronics and accessories

## Hotels
*Château Frontenac, Quebec City, Quebec
*Château Montebello, Montebello, Quebec,
*Château Champlain, Montreal, Quebec
*Chateau Lake Louise, Lake Louise, Alberta
*Château Laurier, Ottawa, Ontario
Château

A '''** (plural **') is a manor house or castle of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry.

The term comes from French-speaking regions and is used most often for buildings in these regions. Where clarification is needed, a fortified château (that is, a castle) is called a *château fort*. But the word is not used in the same way as  "castle" is in English, and most châteaux are more appropriately described as "palaces" or "country houses" in English than as "castles". For example, the Château de Versailles is so called because it was in the country when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles.The Château de Montsoreau is the first Renaissance château to have been built in France, in the world famous Loire Valley. The Château de Montsoreau is also the only one to have been built in the Loire riverbed.

## Other websites
*Photos of Loire Châteaux
*Château de l'Isle-Marie
*Roquetaillade castle
*Château de Ravignan 
*Château de Montreuil-Bellay
*Château de Fontainebleau  
*Château de Bellocq Bearn (in french)
*Château Saint-Aubin 
*Château of Gaston Phoebus at Morlanne in Bearn
Positron

A **positron** (also called an **antielectron**) is the antimatter version of an electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron. However, it has a positive electric charge, whereas an electron has a negative charge. Like all antimatter, when it meets its so-called counterpartner, each are annihilated and turned into energy. The electron and positron disappear, and the total mass decreases. There is no name for this type of energy, as it is neither mechanical, radiation, chemical, electrical, nuclear, nor thermal. Although the energy does emit light photons when annihilated, it is converted from some form of energy that has not been named.

A positron also very rarely makes a structure called positronium. Positronium is like an atom in many ways, but is very unstable, and usually quickly annihilates.

## Other websites 
* What is Antimatter? What is a Positron?  (from the Frequently Asked Questions :: Center for Antimatter-Matter Studies)
* Positron information search at SLAC 
* Positron Annihilation as a method of experimental physics used in materials research. 
* Original Publication by Anderson (DOI Link)
Basque pelota

]]
**Basque pelota** called **Pelota** in Spanish, **pilota** in Basque and Catalan, or **pelote** in French  is the name for several sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, a wooden bat or a basket, against a wall  or with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net. Their roots can be traced to the Greek and other ancient cultures, but in Europe they all come from real tennis (see *Jeu de paume*). Today, Basque Pelota is played in several countries: in Spain and France, specially in the Basque Country and its neighbour areas and in Latin American countries like Argentina, Chile, Uruguay,  Cuba and some parts of the United States.

The International Federation of Basque Pelota has made rules for the 14 different sorts of pelota.  Two are for both women and men, and 12 just for men. 

People bet on the results of the games.

The players are called pelotari.

## Similar games 
* Gaelic handball
* Valencian pilota
* Valencian frontó

## References
## Other websites 
* International Federation of Basque Pelota
* http://www.manista.com/
* "The History of Basque Pelota in the Americas"  by Carmelo Urza
* Pelota vasca in the Spanish-language *Auñamendi Encyclopedia*, with sections on the game and history.
*1959's film *Thunder in the Sun* in IMDb
Hurley (stick)

]]
A **hurley**(Irish: Camán), also known as a ‘hurl’, is a wooden stick measuring between 70 and 100 cm (26 to 40 inches) long with a flattened, curved end (called the *bas*), used to hit a *sliotar* (leather ball) in the Irish sport of hurling. It is also used in camogie, the female equivalent, and there often called a **camogie stick**. 

Hurleys are made from ash wood, and are usually bought from local craftsmen in Ireland, who still use traditional production methods. 

No matter how well crafted the hurley is, a hurler may well expect to use several hurleys over the course of the hurling season. The hurleys often break if two collide in the course of a game, or occasionally they break off on the other players (arms, legs, etc.). Two hurleys colliding is colloquially known as "the clash of the ash." Throwing the hurley (e.g. to block a ball going high over one's head) is illegal, but camogie players may drop it to make a handpass.

## References
Valencian language

**Valencian** (*valencià*) is the historical, traditional, and official name used in the Valencian Community (Spain) for the language spoken in this region.

In linguistics "Valencian" is also used to identify this distinctive variant spoken in central and southern Valencia which has gained its own currency within the idioma valenciano.

## Language or dialect? 
The official authorities, which are the government of the Valencian Community and the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, accept Valencian as a dialect of Catalan.  The Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana and several associations disbelieve this opinion. They believe Valencian is a language in its own. They also accuse the official authorities of mixing Valencian with Catalan. This is done by approaching the Valencian ortography and grammar to the Catalan one.

## References
Trapezoid

In geometry, A **trapezoid** (in North America) or **trapezium** (in Britain and elsewhere) is a quadrilateral, which is defined as a shape with four sides. This shape has two parallel sides which are called the *bases* of the trapezoid, and another two sides called its *legs*. In North America, the term "trapezium" is used for what is elsewhere called an irregular quadrilateral, which has no parallel sides.'***

## Special cases 
Some trapezoids are special cases where they have at least one noteworthy feature:

* **Isosceles trapezoids**: These have legs that are of the same length, and because of that, this trapezoid has a pair of angles of the same wideness (congruent).
* **Parallelograms**ː This is a trapezoid where two pairs of its sides are parallel to each other. As a result, there are two pairs of vertices in a parallelogram that are congruent.
* **Tangential trapezoids*'ː These are trapezoids whose sides can be tangent to a circle placed inside of them, to which the circle is called an incircle.

## Calculating area
To calculate the area of a trapezoid, you must add the two parallel sides together, divide that by 2, then multiply that by its height.

:A = \frac{a + b}{2} \cdot h

## Other websites 
* "Trapezoid" on *MathWorld*
* Trapezoid definition &nbsp; Area of a trapezoid &nbsp; Median of a trapezoid With interactive animations
* Trapezoid (North America) at elsy.at: Animated course (construction, circumference, area)

## References
Valencian pilota

*Pilota Valenciana* or **Valencian pilota** (*pilota* means *ball* in Valencian) is a traditional handball sport played in the Valencian Community. Its origins are not known, but seems to be related to the French Jeu de paume.

Rules vary from area to area but the common trait is that the ball is struck with a bare, or almost bare, hand (only some minimal protection is applied in some versions of the sport). The general rule involves two teams made from two up to five players each (the numbers depend on the particular version played).

The second characteristic is that it is not played against a wall. Instead, similarly to modern tennis, two individuals or teams are placed face to face separated either by a line on the ground or a net. 
A distinctive trait of Valencian pilota is that the spectators are often seated or standing very close to the court which means that they may be impacted by the ball and thus become an (unwilling) part of the game.

## History 
.]]
Valencian pilota origins are not known with certainty, but it's commonly supposed to be a variant from the middle-aged Jeu de paume, as many other European handball sports (Basque *laxoa*, French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.

*Jeu de paume* is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many *tripots* (courtfields), it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the *Valencian pilota* sport that, in the 16th century Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his *Dialogues* and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.

## Other websites 
* Valencian pilota federation
* News about Valencian pilota 
* News and shop about Valencian pilota 
* Online one-on-one *Escala i corda* game, videos and 3D views of a ''trinquet 
* Personal site of Pedro, a Valencian pilotari 
* II Handball World Meeting 
* History of the Pilota, PDF 

## Videos
*Youtube: 7 videos featuring the 1993 Escala i Corda Individual final match, Genovés I vs. Sarasol I
*Pilota valenciana: Joc i tradició. 15 minutes documentary
Caid (sport)

***Caid*** was the name given to several ancient and traditional football games in Ireland. *Caid* is now a word used by some people for modern Gaelic football.

The word *caid* originally meant the ball that was used. It was made out of animal skin with a natural bladder inside.

Some people believe that *caid* has influenced the modern sport of Gaelic football, whose rules were officially published in 1887.

The first recorded mention of football in Ireland was in 1308, when John McCrocan, a spectator at a football game, was charged with accidentally stabbing a player, called William Bernard. Football games are mentioned in the Statute of Galway, 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery but banned *hokie,* the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves, and other sports. *Caid* was especially popular in rural areas.

There is some evidence that *caid* was taken around the world by the Irish diaspora and that it may have influenced the development of Australian rules football although that is controversial.

By the late 19th century, *caid*, like many aspects of native Irish culture, was in steep decline.
Longue paume

**Longue paume** is an outdoor version of jeu de paume and therefore an ancestor of modern lawn tennis. Hundreds of years ago, the sport was quite popular, particularly in France. It was part of the Paris 1900 Summer Olympics, but not all think that the medals that were then awarded for longue paume have full value. Today,, the sport is played regionally in Picardie. The governing body of the sport is the *Fédération Française de Longue Paume*, which has its headquarters in Amiens.

## Other websites
* Connaissez-vous la Longue Paume? 
* Ligue de Picardie de Longue Paume
Gaelic football

**Gaelic Football** (Irish: *Peil*, *Peil Ghaelach* or *Caid*), commonly referred to as "**football**", or "**Gaelic**", is a form of football that is played mainly in Ireland. It and hurling are the most popular spectator sports in Ireland.

Gaelic football is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The object is to score by kicking/striking the ball with the hand and getting it through the goals. The team wins if it has the highest score at the end of the match. Getting the ball into the net scores 3 points, and getting it between the posts but above the goal scores 1 point.

Players advance the ball up the field with a combination of carrying, soloing (dropping and then toe-kicking the ball upward into the hands), kicking, and hand-passing to their team-mates.

Gaelic football is one of four Gaelic Games run by the Gaelic Athletic Association, the largest sporting organization in Ireland. It has strict rules on player amateurism. The game is believed to have come from ancient Irish football known as caid, which dates back to 1537, although the modern game took shape in 1887.

## Playing field 
The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres long and 80–90 metres wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end with a net on the bottom section. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organizes both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 13m, 20m and 45m from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by under-12s and under 10s.

## Duration 
Gaelic football matches last for 60 minutes, which divided into two halves of thirty minutes, with the exception of senior inter-county games, which last for 70 minutes (two halves of 35 minutes). Draws are decided by replays or by playing 20 minutes of extra time (two halves of 10 minutes) or in a penalties shoot out.

## Teams 
Teams consist of 15 players (a goalkeeper, two corner backs, a full back, three half backs, two mid fielders, three half forwards, two corner forwards and a full forward), as well as up to 15 substitutes, 5 of whom may be used. Each player is numbered 1–15, starting with the goalkeeper, who must wear a differently-coloured jersey.

## Ball 
The game is played with a round leather football that is similar to a soccer ball but heavier. It also has horizontal stitching, rather than the hexagon and pentagon panels that are often used on soccer balls. The ball is similar to a standard volleyball.

## Other websites 
* Rules 
* Official GAA website
* An Fear Rua - The GAA Unplugged!  -GAA site with news, views, fun and chat...
* Unofficial GAA Messageboard

## References
Pump-jet

' pump jet]]

A **pump-jet** or **water jet** is a marine system that creates a jet of water for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal pump and nozzle.

Pump jets have some advantages over bare propellers for certain applications, usually related to requirements for high-speed. 

## Other websites 
* Personal Watercraft Industry Association
* American Watercraft Association 
* U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety
Troposphere

The **troposphere** is the lowest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. It extents up to 20 kilometers above the earth’s surface. It contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols. This layer is rich in oxygen. The temperature drops from an average around 62°F (17°C) to -60°F (-51°C) at the troposphere. 

The transitional area between the troposphere and stratosphere is called the tropopause. The troposphere is made up of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, which include carbon dioxide, methane, neon, krypton, argon, helium, and hydrogen. The air in the troposphere is warmest closest to the earth and colder at higher elevations. Most of the dust particles in the earth's atmosphere are found in the troposphere.

## Other websites 
* Troposphere Citizendium
Rapid deepening

nearing landfall on Florida after its rapid deepening phase.]]
**Rapid deepening** is a condition that happens when the minimum sea-level atmospheric pressure of a tropical cyclone goes down at lot very quickly. The National Weather Service describes rapid deepening as a decrease of 42&nbsp;millibars in less than 24&nbsp;hours.  However, this phrase is usually applied to most storms that are quickly becoming stronger.

## References
Frisian handball

**Frisian handball** (*Dutch: kaatsen, Frisian: Keatsen*) is a traditional Frisian sport, related to American handball and fives, that is most commonly practiced by people from the northern province of Fryslân, or Friesland. It is believed to be one of the oldest ballgames. The score is similar to tennis. The first team that scores six games, wins the match. It is played by the ethnic group of the Frisians.

In parts of Belgium, a similar game is played, there called *Jeu de Pelote*. This game is played by teams of 5 players on a trapezium shaped field, mostly on marketplaces.

## Other websites 
* Belgian Federation 
* KNKB Dutch Federation
* Walon amateur Federation 
* Franeker's *Permanent Comity*
* Ath Handball Museum 
* 1956, Balle Pelote final match, Braine-Gosseli
* Video: Chris Wassenaar
Pellet

**Pellet** is a term used for a small particle or grain, typically one created by compressing an original material.  The term is used in a variety of specific contexts.

* Air gun pellets are non-spherical projectiles fired from air guns
* Airsoft pellets are the spherical plastic projectiles used in Airsoft guns
* The individual items of "shot" fired from a shotgun, are referred to as pellets
* In centrifugation, a pellet is the concentrated component of a mixture that had been centrifuged
* Animal feed pellets are feedstuffs produced from various raw materials and additives
* Plastic resin pellet, or nurdle
* Bird pellets are the round balls of undigested matter that some bird species occasionally regurgitate
* Wood pellets or corn pellets are used in pellet stoves
* Pelletizing is the industrial process used to create pellets - often using a pellet mill
* Pellet  is an open source reasoner for OWL DL
Doppler radar

**Doppler radar** uses the Doppler effect to measure the speed (radial velocity) of targets. Radial velocity is how fast the target is coming towards, or going away from, the radar. The Doppler effect will shift the received frequency up or down, based on the radial velocity of a target in the beam. This gives a direct and highly accurate measurement of target velocity, but only the radial velocity. Doppler radar by itself doesn't measure the azimuthal velocity (how fast it is going in other directions). 

Doppler radars may be Coherent Pulsed, Continuous Wave, or Frequency Modulated.

## References
Buras-Triumph, Louisiana

**Buras-Triumph** is an unincorporated community in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States.
The population was 3,358 at the 2000 census. On the peninsula, Buras is higher, with Triumph southeast of Buras.

Buras-Triumph has become famous as the location where, on August 29, 2005, at 6:10 AM CDT, the eye of Hurricane Katrina made its strongest landfall. However, the storm surge and high winds began on the previous day, August 28, 2005. During those 2 days, the area was destroyed as a result.

## References
## Other websites
Atlantic hurricane

An **Atlantic hurricane** is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean, usually in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer or autumn, with one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 74&nbsp;mph (64 knots, 33&nbsp;m/s, 119&nbsp;km/h).  When applied to hurricanes, "Atlantic" generally refers to the entire "Atlantic basin", which includes the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

Most Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30. The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and gives out reports, watches and warnings about tropical weather systems for the Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for tropical cyclones as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.

Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list. On average, 10.1 named storms form each season, with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater). The climatological peak of activity is around September 10 every season. Hurricane Wilma of 2005 was the most powerful hurricane ever recorded in history.

## References

## Other websites
*Tropical Cyclone Forecasters' Reference Guide 
*NHC Tropical Cyclone Climatology 
*Monthly Mean Sea Surface Temperatures
*Hurricane Preparation Guide
Dry Tortugas

The **Dry Tortugas** are a small group of islands. They are at the end of the Florida Keys, United States. They are about  west of Key West, and  west of the Marquesas Keys, at , the closest islands. Still farther west is the Tortugas Bank, which is now underwater. The islands were discovered in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León. They are an unincorporated area of Monroe County, Florida and belong to the Lower Keys Census County Division. With their surrounding waters they make up the **Dry Tortugas National Park**.

## Other websites
* Topographic and Floristic Change of the Dry Tortugas Keys, with description and areas of keys 
* Dry Tortugas National Park by Park Vision  A Photographic Guide to the Park.
* Dry Tortugas Satellite View Google Maps
* History and Ecology of Mangroves in the Dry Tortugas
Aventura, Florida

**Aventura** is a city found in the northeastern part of Miami-Dade County, Florida. The city name is from the Spanish word for "adventure," and was named "Aventura" because that was the name of the original group of condominium developments in the area. The name predates the well known mall (Aventura Mall) built near the condominium developments. According to the 2020 U.S. census, 40,242 people lived in the city.

## References
Jeu de paume

**Jeu de paume** was originally a French game similar to lawn tennis, but played without racquets. The players hit the ball with their hands as in volleyball.  *Jeu de paume* literally means: game of palm (of the hand).  After some time gloves replaced bare hands.  But even when bats, and finally racquets, became standard equipment for the game, the name did not change.  It became known as "tennis" in English (see History of tennis), and later "real tennis" after lawn tennis became more popular than the parent game.

Some important buildings in France are known by the name *jeu de paume*, in general because they are near to tennis courts or to sites on which courts once stood. Several works of art also bear this name, including the famous *serment du jeu de paume* ('the Tennis Court Oath') in the Palace of Versailles. It depicts the formal announcement of the French revolution made in the Royal Tennis Court there on 20 June, 1789.

## Sports that developed from jeu de paume 
* American handball
* Basque pelota
* Fistball
* Frisian handball
* Gaelic handball
* Longue paume
* Pallone
* Valencian pilota
* Volleyball
* Court tennis
* Tennis

## Other websites
* Historical Picture: A Jeu de Paume Before a Country Palace 
* Oratory Real Tennis Club
* Société Sportive du Jeu de Paume et de Racquets
Palla

:*For the article of ancient Roman clothing, see Palla (garment)*.
**Palla**, Italian language for ball, is the name of various traditional ball games of Italy. In Italian they also call *pallacanestro* for basketball, *pallavolo* for volleyball, *pallamano* for handball and *pallanuoto* for water polo.

## Games
### Palla eh!
*Palla eh!* is an old Tuscan ball game from Maremma towns between Siena and Grosseto.  It has this name because players call out *eh!* before serving.

Small hand-made balls contain a lead  wrapped in rubber and wool with a leather cover. The game is played by facing teams who strike, not catch, the ball with either a bare or gloved hand: every team include 3, 4 or 5 athletes. Courts are marked out with painted lines on town streets, but there is no net, and players can move between sides.  Adjacent buildings, objects, and sometimes spectators, are considered "in play."  Play does stop for oncoming automobiles.  Similar to real tennis, a second bounce can result in a "chase" rather than an outright point, marked in chalk where the ball stops rolling. In one version of palla, scoring is identical to that of tennis: 15-30-40-game.

### Palla 21
In a variant called *palla 21* scoring is 7-14-21 or game. In this form they use a rubber or plastic ball of 35-40 grams. Firstly a palla 21 tournament was played in Chicago during 2007 with Italian national team.

### Palla elastica
*Palla elastica* is a team game: every team include 5 athletes who catch a rubber ball,  similar to tennis ball, with either a bare hand. The team which wins 11 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Registered players of official championships dispute their matches in a kind of stadium, 75 metres long with lateral wall, named *sferisterio* or *sferodromo* in Italian language.

### Pallamuro
*Pallamuro* is Italian name of American handball.

### Palla prigioniera
*Palla prigioniera* is Italian name of prisoner ball.

### Pallacorda
*Pallacorda* or *palla della corda* is the Italian name of ancient form of real tennis where a cord of rope was strung across the street and players used hands, racket or tamburello alias *tambourine* in English language. Pisa, Prato, Rome, Siena, and various Tuscan towns still have streets named *via Pallacorda* or *via Della Corda*.

### Pallamaglio
*Pallamaglio* is an other ancient game called pall mall in English language and his modern form named skittles is played in England, Germany, Austria and Switzerland currently.

### Pallina
*Pallina* means *small ball* and it is a team game: every team include 4, 5 or 6 athletes who catch a rubber ball, of almost 50 grams, with either a bare hand.

## Related pages
* Pallone
* Tamburello

## References
* Morgan, Roger (1989). "European Derivatives of Tennis" in *The Royal Game*, L. St J. Butler & P. J. Wordie, ed.  Stirling: Falkland Palace Real Tennis Club.  or .
* McNicoll, Kathryn (2005). *Real Tennis*, pp.&nbsp;21–22.  Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications. .
* Whitman, Malcolm D. (1932). *Tennis: Origins and Mysteries*, p.&nbsp;85.  Mineola, NY: Dover Publications (2004 reprint). .
Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger

"**Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger**" is a 2001 single from the album *Discovery* by Daft Punk.

Kanye West's 2007 song *Stronger* from the album *Graduation* uses a sample from *Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger*.
Climatology

**Climatology** is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as teleconnections and climate indices.

## History 
The Greeks began the study of climate.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Climatology News Daily publication with news in all areas of climatology plus free news feeds for webmasters.
* Climate Prediction Center
* IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change.
* KNMI Climate Explorer The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's Climate Explorer graphs climatological relationships of spatial and temporal data.
* Climatology as a Profession  Amer. Inst. of Physics account of the history of the discipline of climatology in the 20th century
Florida Keys

, Florida.]]
The **Florida Keys** is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. They begin at the southeastern tip of the Florida peninsula, about 15 miles south of Miami, and extend in a gentle arc south-southwest and then westward to Key West, the westernmost of the inhabited islands, and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas.  The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the west, and defining one edge of Florida Bay.  At the nearest point, the southern tip of Key West is just 98 miles (157 km) from Cuba. The Florida Keys are between about 23.5 and 25.5 degrees North latitude, in the subtropics. The climate of the Keys however, is defined as tropical according to Köppen climate classification.  More than 95 percent of the land area is in Monroe County, but a small portion extends northeast into Miami-Dade County, primarily in the city of Islandia, Florida. The total land area is 356&nbsp;km² (137 sq mi). As of the 2020 census the population was about 82,874, with an average density of 233/km² (603/sq mi), although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density, such as the city of Key West, which has 32% of the entire population of the Keys.

The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County, which consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to the Dry Tortugas.

Upper keys 
*Key Biscayne 
*Key Largo 
*Rattlesnake Key 

Middle keys
*Islamorada 
*Tavernier 
*Plantation Key 
*Matecumbe Key 
*Craig Key 
*Fiesta Key 
*Long Key 
*Conch Key 
*Duck Key 
*Grassy Key 
*Deer Key 
*Vaca Key 
*Marathon 
*Boot Key 

Lower keys
*Bahia Honda 
*West Summer land Key 
*Ohio Key 
*No Name Key 
*Big Pine Key 
*Torch Key 
*Ramrod Key 
*Summerland Key 
*Cudjoe Key 
*Sugarloaf Key 
*Saddlebunch Keys 
*Big Coppitt Key 
*Boca Chica 
*Key West 

## Notes and references
## Other websites
*A Gazetteer of the Florida Keys 
*City of Key West
*Historical photographs of the Florida Keys 
*History of the Conch Republic 
*National Park Service: Dry Tortugas
*NOAA Marine Sanctuary 
*Crane Point Museum & Nature Center

### Media
*The Reporter newspaper 
*The Keynoter newspaper 
*The Key West Citizen
Fiona Apple

**Fiona Apple McAfee-Maggart**, or **Fiona Apple** (born September 13, 1977) is an American musician. Her song *Criminal*, which was on her first album, *Tidal*, won a Grammy Award in 1998 for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.
Since then Apple has released four studio albums.

## Early life
Apple was born in New York City to singer Diane McAfee and actor Brandon Maggart. She started psychotherapy when she was 11. When she was 12 she was raped outside the apartment she lived in. She had obsessive-compulsive disorder.

## Career
In 1994 Apple gave demo tape containing the songs "Never Is a Promise", "Not One of Those Times", and "He Takes a Taxi" to her friend, who was the babysitter of music publicist Kathryn Schenker. Schenker passed the tape on to Sony Music executive Andy Slater. Slater signed Apple to the label. In 1996 Apple's first album *Tidal* was released. Apple won the MTV Video Music Award for "Best New Artist" for her song "Sleep to Dream" in 1997. Apple famously said that "the world is bullshit" in her acceptance speech.

In 1999 Apple's second album *When the Pawn...* was released.

Apple sang with Johnny Cash on a cover of Simon & Garfunkel's "Bridge over Troubled Water" on Cash's 2002 album *American IV: The Man Comes Around*.

Apple's third album *Extraordinary Machine* was released in 2005. Apple was on the cover of NYLON magazine.

## Discography 
### Albums 
### Charting singles 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official site
* MTV Fiona Apple page
New France

**New France** was a colony in North America that was settled by France. The colony's regions included what later became Quebec, Acadia, and the Louisiana Territory. Its capital was Quebec City. The French settled there after finding Quebec and then creating New France. The colony was most valuable for its fur trade.

New France surrounded British North America. Britain and France quarreled over which places were French and which ones British. France lost the colony during the French and Indian War, and it became part of British North America except the western part of the Louisiana Territory, which France had ceded in 1762 to Spain. In 1800, Spain returned that territory to the French, who sold it to the United States in 1803.

## Other websites 
* New France -Citizendium
Juan Santiago, Dominican Republic

**Juan Santiago** is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.

## Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,360: 2,394 men and 1,966 women. The urban population was  of the total population. Then, in 2005, it became a municipality of the Elías Piña province.

## Geography
Juan Santiago has an area of . The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the San Juan province to the east, the Independencia province to the south and the municipality of Hondo Valle to the west.

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

## References
Pastor

, 1515. In telling Peter to shepherd his sheep, Christ was appointing him as a pastor.]]
A **pastor** is what a leader is called in some Christian Churches. The word *pastor* is Latin for "shepherd".

## Other websites 
* New Advent. The Catholic Encyclopedia's entry on the term *pastor*.
* Gunpoint Pentecostal Church. A Pentecostal view on the term *pastor*.
* Pastors' Families and Personal Lives   A collection of resources about keeping a pastor's personal life vibrant.
* Pastor's Role . A collection of articles about the role of a pastor in a church.
* Pastoral Administration . Articles about a pastor's role as administrator of a church.
Sabana Cruz, Elías Piña

**Sabana Cruz** (in English, "Savanna [of the] Cross") is a Dominican municipal district of Bánica in the Elías Piña Province. It has a total area of 66.0 km².

Sabana Cruz is on the southwest of the municipality of Bánica, on the border with Haiti.

## Population 
In the last national census (2002), the population of Sabana Cruz was of 2,081 persons. The population density was 31.5 persons/km².

## Economy 
The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.

## References
Río Limpio, Elías Piña

**Río Limpio** (in English, *Clean River*) is a Dominican municipal district of Pedro Santana in the Elías Piña Province.

## Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,364: 1,913 men and 1,451 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## Geography
Río Limpio has an area of . It is on the right side of the *Vallecito* river, a left tributary of the Artibonite river.

The town is to the west of the *Loma Nalga de Maco* mountain,  high (), the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central mountain range.

The limits of the municipality are the Dajabón province to the northwest, the Santiago Rodríguez province to the northeast, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Pedro Santana to the south and Haiti to the west.

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crops are coffee and rice.

## References
Sabana Larga, Elías Piña

**Sabana Larga** (in English, "Long Savanna") is a Dominican municipal district of Comendador in the Elías Piña Province near the border with Haiti.

## Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,056: 1,127 men and 929 women. The urban population was  of the total population. a municipal district is a part of a municipality that has its own government.

## Geography
Sabana Larga is to the northeast of the city of Comendador, on the northern side of the *Macasías* river, the main left tributary of the Artibonite river.

## Economy
The main economic activity of Sabana Larga is farming.

## References
Hondo Valle

**Hondo Valle** (in English, *Deep Valley*) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña Province. It is in the northern *Sierra de Neiba* mountain range.

## Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 7,194: 3,782 men and 3,412 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## Geography
Hondo Valle is in a small valley on the Sierra de Neiba mountain range, at an elevation of 890 m. It is at  to the south of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the municipality of Juan Santiago to the east, the Independencia province to the south and Haiti to the west.

### Climate
Hondo Valle has a tropical wet and dry/savanna (Köppen climate classification : **Aw**).

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by September with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is December with .

Hondo Valle is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Administrative division
The municipality of Hondo Valle has only one municipal district; this is:

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

## References
El Llano, Dominican Republic

**El Llano** (*The Plain*) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.

## Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,193: 2,161 men and 2,032 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## Geography
El Llano has an area of . It is to the east of Comendador, next to the San Juan province.

## Administrative division
The municipality of El Llano has only one municipal district; this is:

## Economy
The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crop is rice.

## References
Lichfield

**Lichfield** is a small city in Staffordshire, England.

The first part of the name comes from a nearby Roman-British village called *Letocetum*. It was captured by the Mercians some time before 669, when it was called *Licidfelth*. Between 786 and 803, the Christian archbishop in England was here, instead of Canterbury.

## References