open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Heterodoxy

**Heterodoxy** means a position that is not within the standards of orthodoxy or to put it precisely "any opinions or doctrines at variance with an official or orthodox position". As an adjective, *heterodox* is used to describe a subject as "characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards" (*status quo*). 

## Ecclesiastic usage 
### Eastern Orthodoxy 
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the term is used to refer to Christian churches not belonging to the Eastern Orthodox communion, but have no positions that are as different from those of Orthodox Christianity to thought to be as false as heresy.

### Roman Catholicism 
**Heterodoxy** in the Roman Catholic Church in a similar way means views that differ from strictly orthodox views, but retain sufficient faithfulness to the original doctrine to avoid heresy. 

Many Roman Catholics profess some heterodox views, either on doctrinal or social issues. For example, the orthodox Catholic position on unbaptized infants is that their fate is uncertain, and "the Church can only entrust them to the mercy of God" (Catechism of the Catholic Church 1261). A heterodox Catholic might profess the belief that unbaptized infants are offered the option to accept or deny salvation by God at their judgment. The belief is not orthodox, as the Church does not profess a belief as to what happens to unbaptized infants; however, it is also not heresy, as the Church accepts that such a scenario *might* be possible. By contrast, a denial of the doctrine of "Original Sin" (thereby negating the necessity of baptism for children) or Papal Infallibility -- would be labeled heretical.

### Other denominations 
The term *heterodox* is occasionally used by some Christians to refer to themselves when they are in disagreement with orthodox understandings. The heterodox Christians remain in the tradition and attempt a constructive dialog around issues with which they disagree.

## Related pages
* Orthodoxy
* Nastika

## Footnotes 
## Other websites 
* Heterodox - the word of the day
* Heterodox Economics 
* Open University Heterodox Economics
* Orthodox vs Heterodox Churches
Plate boundary

**Plate boundaries** refers particularly to places where continental plates touch or have touched in the past.

The major types of plate boundaries are:
# Spreading boundaries. Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Africa's Great Rift Valley are examples. Rift valleys, mountains (orogeny), volcanoes.
# Collision boundaries. These collide, forming a subduction zone (West coast of the Americas) or a continental collision (India with Asia). Mountains (orogeny), valleys, volcanoes.
# Transform or fault boundaries. Here plates grind past each other along transform faults. Earthquakes and volcanoes often occur along the fault.
# Conservative boundaries: little or no relative motion.

All boundaries except the conservative ones are sites of major geological activity.

## Other websites 
*Bird, P. (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries  also available as a large (13 mb) PDF file
Hourglass dolphin

The **hourglass dolphin** (*Lagenorhynchus cruciger*) (also known as the **electra dolphin**, **little killer whale**, or **many-toothed blackfish**) is a species of dolphin. It is small and wide compared to other dolphins. It only lives in the very cold waters of the Antarctic. It was not known to science until a drawing was made of it in 1820. Only six Hourglass dolphins have been examined by scientists. Boats do not usually go where they live. The average water temperature they live in is 0.1-0.3 degrees Celsius.  

The hourglass dolphin is black and white and for this reason was called the "sea skunk". On each side there is a white patch that looks a little like an hourglass shape. That is how it got its name. 

An adult is about 1.8 m in length and weighs 90-120&nbsp;kg. There is only one other dolphin that is as small in its area.

Hourglass dolphins usually stay in groups of 5-10. Once a group of 60 was recorded. They like to ride the bow of boats. There are usually fin whales with them. It is thought they eat small fish, crustaceans, and squid. They have conical teeth probably used to crack the shells of crustaceans. 

The hourglass dolphin stays around the Antarctic. Some have been seen from the south of New Zealand and Chile.
Modes of limited transposition

**Modes of limited transposition** are a kind of musical scale.  They were used by the French composer Olivier Messiaen.

Major scales have twelve different transpositions.  This means that a major scale can start on any of the twelve notes (C, C#, D, D# etc.).  There are also twelve different transpositions of the minor scale.  Each transposition (“each scale”) is a different combination of notes (in this case: all of them).

A chromatic scale (one which uses every note, i.e. using all white and black notes of a keyboard) only has one transposition.  This means that a chromatic scale can start on any note: each time it is the same combination of notes.

Messiaen was fascinated by scales that only had a few (usually two or three) transpositions.  For example: the whole tone scale, which rises by a whole tone each time, has two transpositions.  It can start, for example, on a C, so that the notes are C, D, E, F#, G#, A#, C.  It can start on a C# so that the notes are C#, D#, F, G, A, B, C#.  Transposing this up another semitone, starting on D,  would give D, E, F#, G#, A#, C, D which is exactly the same combination of notes as the first one (the starting note is not important).  The whole-tone scale was used by many composers including Glinka, Liszt and, especially, Debussy.  Messiaen called it the  *first mode* of transposition.

Messiaen’s *second mode*, also called the “octatonic scale”,  rises by alternating semitone, tone, semitone, tone etc.  Messiaen used this scale a great deal, not just in his tunes but in the chords that he used (i.e. melodically and harmonically).

The *third mode* rises by a pattern of tone, semitone, semitone.  It has four transpositions.

The other four modes each have a total of six transpositions.

Messiaen liked these modes because there is no note which sounds like the starting note.  All the notes sound equal.  He described them as having "the charm of impossibilities."
Giant salamander

The **giant salamanders** are a family of large aquatic amphibia, the **Cryptobranchidae**. 

They are the largest living amphibians. The Japanese giant salamander (*Andrias japonicus*), reaches up to , feeds on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity. The Chinese giant salamander (*Andrias davidianus*) can reach a length of .

They live in brooks and ponds in the eastern United States (the hellbender), and in China and Japan.

## Anatomy 
Cryptobranchids are large, fat salamanders, with folds of skin along their flanks. These help increase the animal's surface area, allowing them to absorb more oxygen from the water. 

Their metamorphosis from the larval stage is incomplete, so that the adults retain gill slits (although they also have lungs), and lack eyelids. 

Chinese giant salamanders have lived as long as 75 years in captivity. It eats aquatic insects, fish, frogs and also crabs and shrimps.

## Hunting habits 
They hunt mainly at night, and as they have poor eyesight, use sensory nodes on their head and body to detect tiny changes in water pressure, allowing them to find their prey.

## Reproduction 
During mating season, these salamanders will travel upstream. After the fertilization of the eggs, the male will guard them for at least six months. At this point, the offspring will live off their noticeable stored fat until they are ready to hunt. Once ready they will hunt as a group rather than individually.

Scientists at Asa Zoo in Japan have recently discovered that the male salamander will spawn with more than one female in his den. Sometimes the male "den master" will also allow a second male into the den, but the reason for this is unclear.

## Scientific names 
* Genus *Cryptobranchus* (hellbenders)
** Hellbender (*Cryptobranchus alleganiensis *)
* Genus *Andrias* (giant salamanders)
** Chinese giant salamander (*Andrias davidianus*)
** Japanese giant salamander (*Andrias japonicus*)
*Genus *Aviturus* (*Aviturus exsecratus*)
*Genus *Zaissanurus* (*Zaissanurus beliajevae*)

## References 
## Other websites 
*Eastern Hellbender Fact Sheet 
* Japanese Giant Salamander 
* Cryptobranchid Interest Group
*
Manfred von Richthofen

**Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen ** (2 May 1892 - 21 April 1918) was a German fighter aircraft pilot in World War I. His nickname was the "**Red Baron**". He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories. The "Red Baron" is one of the most famous aviators in history and the subject of numerous representations in music, film and other media. He already received numerous honors and award for his exploits.
## Life
Richthofen was born in Breslau, Germany.
In August 1914, Richthofen became a cavalry officer in World War I. In May 1915, he joined the air service and became an observer. He did that because the training course was shorter and would get him to fighting faster. In October, he began training as a pilot. In March 1916, he entered combat. He had his first victory in April. In 1917, he was in command of a squadron nicknamed the "flying circus". He painted his airplane red so his fellow Germans could see him. Richthofen’s sixteenth victory flying a plane made him the best pilot in Germany in 1917.

On April 21, 1918, Richthofen was fatally shot, whilst flying low above the Somme Valley, near Amiens while fighting in France. He was 25 years old. He was chasing an enemy plane when a bullet passed through his chest, fatally wounding him. He then made a crash landing, in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of Vaux-sur-Somme. His Fokker Dr.I was seriously damaged by the landing. One witness, Gunner George Ridgway, said that Richthofen was already dead when he and other Australian soldiers reached the plane.

Canadian fighter pilot Arthur Roy Brown was officially credited with killing Richthofen. However, it is now generally agreed that the bullet that killed Richthofen was fired by a soldier on the ground. The enemy buried Richthofen's body with full military honors.

## References
## Notes
## Other websites
*
Fokker Dr.I

The **Fokker Dr.I** was a World War I fighter airplane. It was designed by Reinhold Platz and built by Fokker-Flugzeugwerke. 

The Dr.I was used only in small numbers and it had many problems. It is well known as the plane flown by the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen.
Perry

**Perry** is an alcoholic beverage. It is made from fermented pears. It is made similar to the way cider is made from apples.  Peary has been common for centuries in England. It is mostly found in the English counties  of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire. Tt is also made in parts of South Wales and the Normandy and Anjou areas of France. 

In more recent years, perry has also been referred to as "pear cider". Some groups (such as CAMRA) do not accept this as a name for the drink. The National Association of Cider Makers says that the terms perry and pear cider are interchangeable. 

## References
Plate tectonics

s, 1963–1998]]

**Plate tectonics** is a theory of geology. It explains movement of the Earth's lithosphere. The lithosphere is the Earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is divided into plates, some of which are very large and can be entire continents.

Heat from the mantle is the source of energy driving plate tectonics. Exactly how this works is still a matter of debate. This theory includes the idea of continental drift.
]]

### Movement of plates 
 to present]]
The lithosphere consists of *tectonic plates*. There are seven major and many minor plates. The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere (aesthenosphere). The plate boundary is where two plates meet. When movement occurs, the plates may create mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, mid-oceanic ridges and oceanic trenches, depending on which way the plates are moving.
# Convergent boundaries: two plates move toward each other. Sometimes one plate will move under the other. This is called subduction. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate will move underneath the continental because it is denser. Convergent boundaries can create mountains and volcanoes. The Andes mountain range in South America and the Japanese island arc are examples, along with the Pacific Ring of Fire.
# Divergent boundaries: two plates move apart. As shown in the diagram, the place where the boundary occurs is called a rift. Magma from the mantle pushes up and cools off forming new land. They create earthquakes and trenches. The Mid-ocean ridges and Africa's Great Rift Valley are examples.
# Transform fault boundaries: two plates move side to side. They make earthquakes. The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary. New Zealand is another, more complex, example.

Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries. The lateral movement of the plates varies from:
*  per year (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). This is as fast as fingernails grow.
*  per year (Nazca Plate). This is as fast as hair grows.

## Major plates 
Depending on how they are defined, seven or eight major plates are usually listed:
* African plate
* Antarctic plate
* Indo-Australian plate, sometimes subdivided into:
** Indian plate
** Australian plate
* Eurasian plate
* North American plate
* South American plate
* Pacific plate

## Related pages
* List of tectonic plates
* Tectonics
*Alfred Wegener

## References 
* McKnight, Tom 2004. *Geographica: the complete illustrated atlas of the world*, Barnes and Noble; New York. 
* Stanley, Steven M. 1999. *Earth system history*. Freeman, p211–228. 
* Thompson, Graham R. & Turk, Jonathan 1991. *Modern physical geology*. Saunders. 
* Turcotte D.L. & Schubert G. 2002. *Geodynamics*. 2nd ed, Wiley, New York. 

## Other websites 
* Movie showing 750 million years of global tectonic activity.
* More movies over smaller regions and smaller time scales.
* Easy-to-draw illustrations for teaching plate tectonics
* Map of tectonic plates 
* Plate tectonics -Citizendium
New Jersey Devils

The **New Jersey Devils** are an ice hockey team that is part of the NHL. They play in the state of New Jersey. They have won the Stanley Cup, awarded to the best team in the NHL, 3 times.

## Year by year
, where the Devils played from the 1982 season to the 2007 season|alt=The corner of a white building in the daytime; the words "Continental Airlines" are visible on the right-hand side]]
, the Devils' home arena since the 2007 season|alt=A red and black building with large glass towers on either side is seen in the background.  The words "Prudential Center" are on top in white.  A parking lot and street are visible in the foreground.]]

*Statistics above are correct as of April&nbsp;28, 2010*.

## Franchise records
### Scoring leaders
These are the top-ten point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season. 
***Note:** Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game * = still active with the team

*Updated at completion of 2008–2009 season''

## Franchise records
### Regular season
*Most goals in a season: Brian Gionta, 48 (2005–06)
*Most assists in a season: Scott Stevens, 60 (1993–94)
*Most points in a season: Patrik Elias, 96 (40 G, 56 A) (2000–01)
*Most penalty minutes in a season: Krzysztof Oliwa, 295 (1997–98)
*Most points in a season by a defenseman: Scott Stevens, 78 (1993–94)
*Most points in a season by a rookie: Scott Gomez, 70 (1999–00)
*Most wins in a season: Martin Brodeur, 48 (2006–07) (also the NHL record)
*Most shutouts in a season: Martin Brodeur, 12 (2006–07)
*Most power play goals in a season: Brian Gionta, 24 (2005–06)

### Playoffs
*Most goals in a playoff season: Claude Lemieux, 13 (1995)
*Most goals by a defenseman in a playoff season: Brian Rafalski, 7 (2001)
*Most assists in a playoff season: Scott Niedermayer, 16 (2003)
*Most points in a playoff season: Patrik Elias, 23 (9 G,14 A) (2001)
*Most points by a defenseman in a playoff season: Brian Rafalski and Scott Niedermayer, 18 (2001, 2003)
*Most penalty minutes in a playoff season: Perry Anderson, 113 (1988)

### Team
*Most points in a season: 111 (2000–01)
*Most wins in a season: 51 (2008–09)
*Longest season-ending win streak: 11 (2005–06) (also the NHL record)

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Crookes

**Crookes** is an area of the City of Sheffield, England, about 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) west of the center of the city. It borders Broomhill to the south, Walkley and Crookesmoor to the east and open countryside around the River Rivelin to the north. The area is  
thought to have got its name from the Old Norse word "Krkor" which means a corner of land.

## References
Nashville Predators

The **Nashville Predators** are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville, Tennessee. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL). Their name is sometimes shortened to the "Preds." They play in Bridgestone Arena (formerly named *Nashville Arena*, *Gaylord Entertainment Center* and *Sommet Center*). Their logo is a reference to a partial Smilodon skeleton that was found beneath downtown Nashville in 1971, during the construction of the First American National Bank. The franchise held a vote with the fans to choose a team name. The three candidates that were chosen were: The "Ice Tigers", "Fury", and "Attack". Another choice, "Predators", was added to the vote. Predators won the vote, and the new franchise was named the Nashville Predators.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Dallas Stars

The **Dallas Stars** are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL). They have won 1 Stanley Cup, in 1999.

The team began in the autumn of 1967, as the **Minnesota North Stars**. After the 1992-1993 season, the team moved to Dallas. Texas is known as the "Lone Star State". The team changed its name from "North Stars" to just "Stars" when they moved.

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Broomhill

**Broomhill** which includes the areas of Sheffield of Broomhill, Crookesmoor, Endcliffe, and Tapton, is one of the 28 wards in City of Sheffield, in the country of England. It is in the western part of the city and covers an area of 2.7&nbsp;km2. The population of this ward in 2001 was 16,800 people in 5,700 houses.

## Districts of Broomhill ward
### Broomhill
Broomhill is a suburb of western Sheffield, England.  Mostly created in the nineteenth century. The area is just west of the main building of the University of Sheffield, it is known for its large student population, and was identified in 2003 as the richest area apart from London for overall wealth.

### Crookesmoor
Crookesmoor is north of the University of Sheffield's main building housing its law department and sports centre, east of Crookes and south of Walkley.  A residential area, it has a large but decreasing student population and is home to Crookes Valley Park.

### Endcliffe
Endcliffe is southwest of Broomhill and is a rich residential area, housing Birkdale School (aprivate school) and three student buildings, which are part of the University of Sheffield.

### Tapton
Tapton is west of Crookes.  It is home to Tapton School.
Windows Server 2008

**Windows Server 2008** is an unsupported server operating system from Microsoft, the previous version of which was Windows Server 2003.

This operating system was codenamed named Windows Server "Longhorn", but on May 15, 2007,  Bill Gates announced its official name on Windows Hardware Engineering Conference 2007.

This operating system has several new features compared to its previous version. Many of these new features are present in Windows Vista.

Windows Server 2008 removed support for processors without ACPI. It is the first version of Windows Server that includes Hyper-V and is also the final version of Windows Server that supports x86-based processors (also know as IA-32-based or 32-bit processors). Its successor, Windows Server 2008 R2 requires a 64-bit processor in any supported architecture (x86-64 for x86 and Itanium).

## References
## Other websites
### Microsoft
*
*Microsoft TechCenter for Windows Server 2008
*New Networking Features in Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista – lengthy article from Microsoft Technet covering new networking features in detail
*Changes in Functionality from Windows Server 2003 with SP1 to Windows Server 2008
*Windows Server 2008 Technical Overview

### Others
*Screenshots of Server Components from Latest Longhorn Builds 
*ZDnet UK article
*News.com
*computerperformance.co.uk 
*winsupersite.com Preview 
*winsupersite.com Preview 2
Windows Server 2003

**Windows Server 2003** is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. Introduced on April 24, 2003 as the next version to Windows 2000 Server, it was considered by Microsoft to be the cornerstone of their Windows Server System line of business server products.

According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more scalable and delivers better performance than Windows 2000 Server.

## References
Vince McMahon

**Vincent Kennedy McMahon**, better known as **Vince McMahon** or **Mr. McMahon** (born August 24, 1945) is an American businessman, wrestling , professional wrestler, and movie producer. He is the co-founder of modern WWE. McMahon had been a one-time ECW World Champion, one-time WWE Champion, and was the winner of the Royal Rumble in 1999.

Forbes estimates his net worth to be around $2.5 billion.

## Career
McMahon started his wrestling career in 1971 as an . He worked for the "World Wide Wrestling Federation" (WWWF) which later changed its name to "World Wrestling Federation" (WWF). The name was changed again to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The company was originally owned by his father, Vincent J. McMahon. McMahon bought the company from his father in 1984. McMahon took the business from a local promotion in the north eastern part of the United States and made it a global company.

McMahon played the role of an evil boss for many years.

In June 2022, McMahon stepped down as the chairman and CEO of WWE. This came after multiple reports of McMahon paying alleged hush-money agreements for many alleged affairs. He would return to the company as executive chairman in January 2023.

On January 26, 2024, McMahon would again step down from WWE and TKO after reports from *The Wall Street Journal* about a lawsuit. It would allege that McMahon participated in sex trafficking and commited sexual assaults on a former employee.

## Personal life 
McMahon married his wife, Linda McMahon, on August 26, 1966 in New Bern, North Carolina. They separated sometime before 2022 but have not gotten divorced. They have two children: Shane and Stephanie. In 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump nominated McMahon's wife Linda as Administrator of the Small Business Administration.

### Federal sexual assault and trafficking investigation 
On February 2, 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that federal authorities in New York had launched an investigation into sexual assault and sex trafficking allegations made against McMahon. Federal agents had previously executed a search warrant for McMahon's phone and delivered a subpoena to him for documents related to any allegation of "rape, sex trafficking, sexual assault, commercial sex transaction, harassment or discrimination" against current or former WWE employees.

## References
## Other websites 
* WWE Corporate Bio
Ogden Nash

**Frederic Ogden Nash** (August 19, 1902 – May 19, 1971) was an American poet. His poetry is thought by many people to be very funny. Nash was born in Rye, New York on August 19, 1902. In 1932, he joined the staff of *The New Yorker*. He died of Crohn's disease on May 19, 1971 in Baltimore, Maryland.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from the United States
## References
Owen Hargreaves

**Owen Hargreaves** (born 20 January 1981 in Calgary, Alberta) was a Canadian-born Welsh English football player. He played his club football for Bayern Munich, Manchester United and Manchester City. He is now retired, and works as a commentator.

His speciality was midfield defence, running interference in front of the back four.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Bayern Munich**
*Bundesliga: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06
*DFB-Pokal: 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06
*DFB-Ligapokal: 2000
*UEFA Champions League: 2000–01
*Intercontinental Cup: 2001

**Manchester United**
*Premier League: 2007–08
*UEFA Champions League: 2007–08

**Individual**

*Bravo Award: 2001
*England Player of the Year: 2006

## References
Abidjan

**Abidjan** is the largest city and former capital of Ivory Coast. It is the commercial and banking center of Ivory Coast as well as the de facto capital. Yamoussoukro is the official capital. The city is in Ébrié Lagoon. It is built on many peninsulas and islands which are connected by bridges. There are an estimated 4 to 5 million people living in the metropolitan area.

## History 
The city grew after the construction of a new wharf in 1931. It was made the capital of the French colony in 1933. In 1983, Yamoussoukro was made the capital of the country, but most government offices and  embassies are still in Abidjan.

## Education 
The city welcomes the business School HEC Paris, Abidjan.

## References
## Other websites 
* Photos from Abidjan 
* Map of Abidjan
Asthenosphere

cutaway]]

The **asthenosphere** is part of earth's mantle. It is about 100&nbsp;km to 350&nbsp;km under the surface. It is the lower part of the upper mantle, and behaves as a hot viscous liquid.

It consists of hot, weak material that can be deformed like silly putty. That means it is capable of gradual flow. It is under the lithosphere.

## References
Addis Ababa

**Addis Ababa** (also spelled **Addis Abeba**) is the capital city of Ethiopia. It is also the political capital  of the African Union.

## History
Addis Ababa is both a city and a state. The city has people living in it from as many as 40 different countries speaking 80 different languages. There are many different communities in the city including Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities. Addis Ababa is about 2,500 m above sea level. It has about five million people.

The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul. The city was founded in 1886 by her husband, Emperor Menelik II.  The city is at the foot of Mount Entoto. In 1935 the city (renamed Addis Abeba) was conquered by the Italians and was made the capital of their empire in eastern Africa until 1941. Italians made huge improvements and modern projects to the city.

The city has grown since World War II and is now a huge metropolis that has nearly 9.98 million people living there as of 2019.

Addis Ababa University is in the city. Addis Ababa University was formerly known as Haile Selassie I University. It was named after the former Emperor of Ethiopia, who gave his palace to be used the main campus of the university in 1961.

## References
## Bibliography
*  

## Related pages
* Italian Mogadiscio
* Piccola Roma
* Italian Tripoli

## Other websites 
* Addis Ababa City Administration 
* Addis Ababa City Council 
* Introduction to Addis Ababa 
* Picture of Addis Ababa
Accra

**Accra** is the capital city of Ghana.  It has a population of about 1,970,400 (2005).  The city is Ghana's largest city. It is also the administrative, communications, and economic center of the country. The main economic  in Accra are financial and government services, communications, construction, transportation and agriculture (mostly fishing). Most of Ghana's ability to make things is in the capital area.

## History of Accra 
Accra was founded by the Ga people in the late 1600s. The word Accra comes from the word *Nkran* meaning ants. This is because of the many anthills seen in the countryside around Accra. During part of its history, Accra was a very important place for trade with the Portuguese. The Portuguese built a fort in the town. Many other countries also built forts at Accra during the 17th century. These countries included Sweden, the Netherlands, France, the United Kingdom and Denmark.

The location that is Accra today grew into a large town around the original Ga town. As the city grew, the British, Danish and Dutch forts and the small communities that formed around the forts added to the city.

In 1877, at the end of the second Anglo-Asante War, Accra replaced Cape Coast as the capital of the British Gold Coast colony. After a railroad was built between Accra and the inland locations of mines and farms, Accra became the economic center of Ghana.  Large areas of the city were destroyed by earthquakes in 1862 and 1939, but the city rebuilt around a seaport and later a brewery. Each time it rebuilt, the city was made larger.

The Accra Riots in 1948 started people in Ghana fighting for independence. This led to the Ghana's independence from the United Kingdom and it becoming a country in 1957.

Today, Accra is  one of the richest and most modern cities in the African continent. It has a high quality of living by African standards.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Map of Accra 
* Google Earth image of Accra, Ghana
Earth's mantle

The '''Earth's mantle''' has two layers. There is a rigid upper layer and a softer layer. It is between the Earth's crust and the Earth's outer core.

## The upper mantle 
 cutaway]]

Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live. The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.  

### Uppermost mantle 
The top of the mantle is the  Moho at the base of the crust. The base of the crust varies from about 10 to 70 kilometers deep. Oceanic crust is generally less than 10 kilometers thick. "Standard" continental crust is around 35 kilometers thick, and the large crustal root under the Tibetan Plateau is about 70 kilometers thick.

A thin crust, the lower part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75&nbsp;km thick. There are two main zones in the upper mantle. The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200&nbsp;km, of which the uppermost mantle is 120 to 50&nbsp;km thick.

### Asthenosphere 
Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic. It is called the asthenosphere, and is composed of flowing rock in the state of plasticity, about 200&nbsp;km thick.

## Lower mantle 
The lower mantle is much thicker than the upper mantle. It is made of magma, under great pressure, and so is thicker (higher viscosity) and flows less easily. The lower mantles temperature has a max of about 4,000 °C (7,000 °F). 

The chemical composition of the mantle is heavily biased towards three elements: oxygen 44.8% by weight; magnesium 22.8%; silicon 21.5%. Compounds are oxides: silica SiO2 46%; magnesium oxide MgO 37.8%.

## Place with no crust 
In 2007 a team of scientists on board the RRS James Cook went to an area of the Atlantic seafloor where the mantle has no crust covering. The anomaly is mid-way between the Cape Verde Islands and the Caribbean in the Atlantic Ocean, at or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is about three kilometres under the ocean surface and covers thousands of square kilometres.

Other such 'Oceanic Core Complexes' (OCCs) were found later. Many have active hydrothermal vents.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Information on the Mohole Project
Robert Burns

**Robert Burns** (25 January 1759  1796) was a famous poet born in Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland. Some of his most famous poems include *To A Mouse*, *Auld Lang Syne*, and *Tam o Shanter*. Burns is seen as the national poet of Scotland. Much of his work is written in broad Scots, a sister language to English. His poem and song ''A Man's A Man For A' That'' was sung at the opening of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. "To A Louse, On Seeing One on a Lady's Bonnet at Church" is a 1786 Scots poem by Robert Burns.

Burns died at 37, and is buried in the graveyard of St Michael's Church, Dumfries, Scotland.

## Notes
## References
* 
* 
* 
* Dietrich Hohmann: *Ich, Robert Burns*, Biographical Novel, Neues Leben, Berlin 1990 (in German)

## Other websites
*Modern English translations of poems by Robert Burns
*
*Robert Burns website at National Library of Scotland
*
*Legacy of Robert Burns&nbsp;– National Archives of Scotland website 
* Cousin, John William (1910). *A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature*. London: J. M. Dent & Sons, p. 57
*A recital of Tam o Shanter a Tale
*A recital Address to the Unco Guid
*A recital of Address to a Haggis
*
*
*A Recital Holly Willie's Prayer including Epitaph on Holly Willie
Florida Panthers

The **Florida Panthers** are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They play in Sunrise, Florida at FLA Live Arena. They were named for the Florida panther, a type of cougar that is considered an endangered species.

The Panthers have made it to the Stanley Cup Finals three times in 1996, 2023, and 2024. They lost to the Colorado Avalanche in four games (1996) and the Vegas Golden Knights in five games (2023). They would defeat the Edmonton Oilers in seven games (2024).

## Other websites
* Official website

## References
Carolina Hurricanes

The **Carolina Hurricanes** are an ice hockey team that plays in the  NHL. The team's home arena is Lenovo Center, in Raleigh, North Carolina. They won the Stanley Cup during the 2005-2006 season by beating the Edmonton Oilers. Formerly known as the Hartford Whalers, the franchise would move from Hartford in 1997 to Greensboro, North Carolina before landing in their current home in beautiful Raleigh, North Carolina in 1999.  They play in the Metropolitan Division of the NHL.

The name "Hurricanes" was chosen because the eastern part of North Carolina is often hit by hurricanes during tropical storm season.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Carlo Airoldi

**Carlo Airoldi** (21 September 1869 – 18 June 1929) was an Italian marathon runner, famous for walking to the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

## Early life
Airoldi was born in Origgio, near Saronno. He competed in sporting contests in the Varese. Later, he competed at the national and international level. In 1892, he won the Lecco-Milano and the Milano-Torino. He became famous very quickly. He was one of the best marathon runners of his time. In September 1895, he won the Milano-Barcellona marathon. He won 2000 pesetas for his victory.

## The Olympics
Airoldi wanted to participate in the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. But, he did not have many to get to Athens. He received some money from *La Bicicleta*, a popular magazine of the time. Airoldi decided to run his way to Athens. He would need to cover seventy kilometres a day to arrive on time. The magazine covered the stages of his journey. They also provided him with food and water.

Airoldi first went from Milan to Split, with no problems. In the next stage, Airoldi planned to run along the Croatian coast through Kotor and Corfu. However, he fell and hurt his hand during the journey. He had to spend two days resting himself. He was told not to cross Albania on foot. He decided to take an Austrian boat to Patras. Then, he would go to Athens on foot.  

Airoldi finished his 28-day journey to Athens. However, he was not allowed to compete in the marathon. The head of the Olympic committee said that he was a professional athlete, and could not compete. Officials in Italy sent telegrams to the official, but Airoldi was still not allowed to compete. Italians felt that Airoldi was not allowed to compete because Greeks wanted to win the marathon. Airoldi did not accept the final decision. He then challenged the marathon-winner Spiridon Louis to a race. However, Louis never accepted Airoldi's offer.

## His later years
Back in Italy, Airoldi tried to beat Spiridon Louis's record. He did not succeed. He continued to race in Lombardy and Switzerland. After he finished racing, he moved to South America.

## Other websites
* Recensione al testo di Sgarella 
* History of Carlo Airoldi and his journey to Athens
IRCAM

**IRCAM** stands for *Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique* (*Institute for Research and Coordination of Acoustic Music*).  It is an institute in Paris for composing electronic music.  IRCAM is housed underneath the Pompidou Centre which is a very large building devoted to the arts, and named after the former French president Georges Pompidou. 

In 1970 Georges Pompidou asked the composer Pierre Boulez to start an institution for music research.  Boulez was in put in charge of the institute.  It was opened in 1977. Composers were able to work there, composing music, without having to finish pieces by any particular date.  They were given plenty of time to experiment.  Many modern composers such as Harrison Birtwistle, Jonathan Harvey and George Benjamin have worked there or were influenced by the music that was being composed there.  Today musicians working in IRCAM continue to provide many interesting new ideas in electronic music.

## Other websites 
* The official site of IRCAM
Dakar

**Dakar** is the capital city of Senegal. It is on the country's Atlantic coast on the western edge of Africa. The city is a trade seaport for items leaving Africa. Dakar has a population of 1,030,594 people. The metropolitan area has about 2.45 million people living in it.

The National Assembly of Senegal and Senegal Presidential Palace are in Dakar.

## History 
The area that is now Dakar was first settled around the 15th century. In 1444, Portuguese created a colony there. By 1536, the colony was being used to as part of the slave trade. Between 1588 and 1677, the area was fought over by many countries. During this time it was under the control of the Portuguese, Dutch, English, and finally the French.

In 1857, the French built a military base here. This base was called Dakar. It was made the capital of French West Africa in 1902. Dakar was one of the major cities of the French Empire during this time. It was very important in terms of trade, military, and communications to the empire until World War II.

The city was the capital of the Mali Federation from 1959 to 1960. It then became the capital of Senegal.

## Education 
* Kedge Business School

## References 
## Other websites 
*  dakarville.sn  - City of Dakar official website.
* African Photos  Photos from Dakar
Yaoundé

**Yaoundé** is the capital city of the Republic of Cameroon. It is the second largest city in the country after Douala.

## History 
Yaoundé was founded in 1888 by German traders. It was created to be used as a base for the ivory trade and an agricultural research station. The city was under the control of Belgian troops during World War I. After the war, it became the capital of French Cameroons. It has remained the capital of the Republic of Cameroon until the present day.

## References
Bamako

**Bamako** is the capital and largest city of Mali. It is on the Niger River, near the rapids that divide the Upper and Middle Niger Valleys, in the southwestern part of the country.

## Other websites
Asmara

**Asmara** is the capital city of Eritrea. It is the largest settlement in the country. Asmara has a population of about 579,000 people. Textiles and clothing, meat, beer, shoes, and ceramics are the major industrial products of the city.

## History 
Asmara grew from four villages founded in the twelfth century. It is said that there were four clans living in the Asmara area. The women of these tribes told them men to join together to fight bandits who had been  the area.  After they defeated the bandits, a new name was given to the place, *Arbaete Asmara*. This name, in the Tigrinya language, meant *the four females united*. *Arbaete* was later dropped and the name was made Asmara.

In 1889, Asmara became an Italian colony. It was made the capital of the country in 1897 and was called *Asmara italiana*. The city was  during earthquakes in 1913 and 1915. During the 1930s, the Italians made many changes to how Asmara looked. Many new buildings were created during this time and the city was mainly populated by Italian colonists (in 1940 there were 57000 Italian residents on a total population of 98000).

These buildings were built in the same  as Italian buildings. This gave Asmara the look of an Italian city. Today many of the buildings and stores in Asmara still have Italian names.

During World War II, after the defeat of Italy in Africa, Asmara was under British rule. In 1952, the United Nations placed the country and Asmara under Ethiopian control. In the 1960s, the Eritrean people started fighting for independence from Ethiopia.

This bloody war lasted until 1991. Asmara was given back to the Eritrean people on May 24, 1991.

In July 2017 Asmara has been declared *World Heritage Site* by the UNESCO.

## Related pages
* Eritrea
* Piccola Roma
* Italian Mogadiscio

## References
## Bibliography
* Francesca Calace. *Restituiamo la Storia – dagli archivi ai territori. Architetture e modelli urbani nel Mediterraneo orientale* Gangemi editorial Rome, 2012 ISBN 978-88-492-2364-4
* Giovanni Godoli. ''Asmara: immagine di una città. Architettura e Potere da Ferdinando Martini all'Impero''. Universita' di Firenze. Florence, 2012 (https://www.academia.edu/2322273/Asmara_immagine_di_una_citt%C3%A0._Architettura_e_potere_da_Ferdinando_Martini_allImpero)
* Jochen Visscher. *Asmara - The Frozen City* Jovis ed. Berlin, 2006  ISBN 978-3-936314-61-8 (https://www.jovis.de/en/books/asmara.html)
Lomé

**Lomé** is the capital city of Togo. Lomé is the administrative and industrial center of the country. The city is also the main port of Togo. The city exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and palm kernels. The population of the city was estimated as around 700,000 people in 1998. It is estimated that more than 1 million people live in Lomé area at that time.

Lomé is on the Gulf of Guinea. It is in the south west of Togo, on the border between Togo and Ghana. Things to see in the city include Lomé Grand Market, the Togo National Museum in the Palais de Congrés, a fetish (voodoo) market, Lomé Cathedral, beaches and the former wharf.

## History 
The city was founded in the eighteenth century by the Ewe people. In 1882, the village, known then as **Bey Beach**, became a major trading center for the British.

Bey Beach became the capital of Togo when the German rulers moved the capital from Aneho in 1897. The city then grew quickly until it was taken by the French Army in 1914 during World War I.

## References
Wireless Markup Language

**Wireless Markup Language** (**WML**) is a programming language used for of wireless devices. It is similar to HTML. WML is a version of XML. This means that syntax is very important. Every tag needs to be properly nested and closed. WML can only be displayed in a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Browser.

## Other websites 
* W3Schools WAP/WML Tutorial
Maseru

**Maseru** (pronounced "ma'seru") is the capital city of Lesotho. It is near Mohokare River. Maseru is on the border with South Africa, and is connected to it through Maseru Bridge. The nearest city to Maseru in South Africa is named Ladybrand.

The National University of Lesotho amd the international airport called Moshoeshoe International Airport are near Maseru.

Maseru is a sister city of Austin, Texas.
Fandom

**Fandom** (from the noun *fan* and the affix *-dom*, as in *kingdom*, *dukedom*, etc.) or **fanbase** is a name used for a group of people (called "fans") who are interested in something. A fandom can be about any interest or activity. Fandoms can be for example about sports teams, hobbies, genres or fashions, book or movie series, or even individual celebrities.

## Related pages
*Fan fiction
*Fictional universe
New York Islanders

The **New York Islanders** are an ice hockey team that plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were a great team between 1980 and 1983, winning four Stanley Cups and a record 19 consecutive playoff series. The Islanders have played for most of their history in Nassau County, New York on Long Island. They played from 1972 to 2015 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, then temporarily moved to Brooklyn and the Barclays Center starting with the 2015–16 season. However, Barclays Center proved to be less than desirable as a hockey venue, and the team returned to the Coliseum part-time in 2018–19 and 2019–20 and full-time in 2020–21.

In November 2021, the Islanders opened their current home of UBS Arena, next to the Belmont Park horse racing track in Elmont, a community next to the New York City borough of Queens.

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites
* Official website
Columbus Blue Jackets

The **Columbus Blue Jackets** are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. They are one of the newest teams in the NHL, created in 2000. The Blue Jackets first made the playoffs in 2009. The coach right now is John Tortorella. The Blue Jackets play at Nationwide Arena. They play in the Metropolitan Division.

## 2009–10 Season 
## References 
## Other websites
*Official website
Arizona Coyotes

The **Arizona Coyotes** are an inactive professional ice hockey team that used to play in the National Hockey League (NHL). They played in Tempe, Arizona until 2024 when they went inactive.

## History
In 1996, the team moved to Phoenix from Winnipeg, Canada, where they were known as the Jets. The team moved to the suburb of Glendale in December 2003. They have never won a Stanley Cup. Their head coach is André Tourigny and their general manager is Bill Armstrong. Wayne Gretzky resigned as head coach on September 14, 2009. In May 2009, the Coyotes filed for bankruptcy protection.

They officially changed their name from the Phoenix Coyotes to the Arizona Coyotes on June 27, 2014.

On April 10, 2024, it was reported that the Coyotes had permission from the NHL to look at relocation to Salt Lake City, Utah and that progress was being made. The NHL finalized the deal on April 18.

If the state is able to build a new arena by 2029 then it will rejoin the NHL as an expansion team with all previous team history, records and uniforms being transfered to the team. After a land auction for a 110 acre parcel of land in North Phoenix was cancelled, Coyotes owner Alex Muruelo said that he didn't have any plans to seek more arena options for the team. This leaves the future of the team unknown.

On June 25, it was announced that Meruelo would be walking away from ownership of the Coyotes.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official website
Rachael Ray

**Rachael Ray** (born August 25, 1968 in Glen Falls, New York) is an Emmy Award-winning television personality and author. Her family roots are from Sicily, Italy. Her TV shows include *30 minute Meals*, *$40 a Day*, ''Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels* and *The Rachael Ray Show in September 2006 First Episode in Rachael Ray*. In September 2010, *Rachael Ray's Week In a Day'' began airing on the Cooking Channel. She has written 12 cookbooks. Plus Stay Home & More Episodes in Season 14/Season 15 Make Room For Season 16. Her family was from Italy, and she helped her family in the kitchen at a young age in Cape Cod at her family owned restaurant. In her early 20's she pursued her culinary aspirations in New York City, where she started out behind Macy's candy counter before managing its fresh foods department.