open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Bolted joint

**Bolted joints** are very common in construction and machine design. They are *cap screws* or *studs* that grab and join other parts, and are secured by screw threads.
Lyman Hall

**Lyman  Hall** (April 12, 1724– October 19, 1790) was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia.  Hall County is named after him.
Button Gwinnett

**Button Gwinnett** (baptized: April 10, 1735 – May 19, 1777), was second of the signatories (first signature on the left) on the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Georgia. He was also briefly the provisional president of Georgia in 1777, and Gwinnett County (now a major suburb of metro Atlanta) was named after him.
Electrical telegraph

The **electrical telegraph** is a telegraph that uses electric signals. This is a signalling system where an operator makes and breaks an electrical contact with a telegraph key which results in an audible signal at the other end produced by a telegraph sounder which is interpreted and transcribed by a human operator.

## Types of electrical telegraphs
### Gauss-Weber telegraph and Carl Steinheil
Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber installed a 1,200m long wire above the town of Göttingen's roofs. They were allowed to do this on 6 May 1833.  Carl August Steinheil was able to build a telegraph network in 1835–1836. He installed a telegraph line along the first German railroad in 1835.

### Schilling telegraph
The telegraph had a transmitting device which had a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current.

### Alter and the Elderton Telegraph
Dr. David Alter created it one year before the much more popular Morse telegraph was invented. Alter demonstrated it publicly.

### Morse telegraphs
In the United States, the telegraph was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail. Morse created an electrical telegraph in 1837. His version was a design that could transmit over long distances using poor quality wire. Vail, his assistant, developed the Morse code signalling alphabet with Morse.

## Related pages 
* Telegraph

## Other websites 
*1837 AD Samuel Morse Invents the Electric Telegraph 
*The Electric Telegraph (1838–1914)
*Electrical telegraph
Blizzard of Ozz

***Blizzard of Ozz*** is the debut studio album by Ozzy Osbourne, recorded in Surrey, UK and released on 20 September 1980 in the UK and on 15 January 1981 in the U.S..

This is Ozzy's  first solo album. The tracks "Crazy Train" and "Mr. Crowley" were released as singles. "Crazy Train" peaked at #9 on the Mainstream Rock Charts.

*Blizzard of Ozz* remains Osbourne's highest-selling album to date, selling over 4.1 million copies in the U.S. alone.

The album reached #21 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart, and is on the list of the top 100 best-selling albums of the 1980s.

## Track listing 
All songs written by Ozzy Osbourne, Randy Rhoads, and Bob Daisley except where noted.
### Side one 
# "I Don't Know" – 5:16
# "Crazy Train" – 4:56
# "Goodbye to Romance" – 5:36
# "Dee" (Instrumental) (Rhoads) – 0:50
# "Suicide Solution" – 4:21

### Side two 
# "Mr. Crowley" – 4:55
# "No Bone Movies" (Osbourne, Rhoads, Daisley, Lee Kerslake) – 3:53
# "Revelation (Mother Earth)" – 6:09
# "Steal Away (The Night)" – 3:28

### Japanese bonus track (later used as a bonus track for the 2011 reissue
# "You Lookin' at Me Lookin' at You" – 4:16

## Personnel 
* Ozzy Osbourne - Vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
* Randy Rhoads - Guitar, Producer
* Bob Daisley - Bass, Gong, backing vocals, Harmony Vocals, Producer
* Lee Kerslake - Drums, percussion, Bells, Tympani, Producer
* Robert Trujillo - Bass (2002 reissue)
* Mike Bordin - Drums (2002 reissue)

### Additional personnel 
* Don Airey - Keyboards
* Rudy Sarzo - Bass
* Tommy Aldridge - Drums, Percussion

### Production 
* Max Norman - Engineer
William Floyd

**William Floyd** (December 17, 1734–August 4, 1821), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New York.

## In honor
There are several places and institutions named after William Floyd, they include:
*the William Floyd School District in present-day Brookhaven Town, which includes William Floyd Elementary, William Floyd Middle School and William Floyd High School.

*William Floyd Parkway in the Town of Brookhaven.

*The town of Floyd in Oneida County. General Floyd moved into the present day hamlet of Westernville, Oneida County before his death. His final resting place in the Westernville cemetery is marked with a simple stone plaque.

*the General William Floyd Elementary School in the Holland Patent School District, Onieda County. 

Among his descendants are cinematographer Floyd Crosby and rock singer David Crosby. A second cousin twice removed was Abraham Lincoln.

## References
Charles Carroll of Carrollton

**Charles Carroll of Carrollton** (September 19, 1737 – November 14 1832) was a delegate to the Continental Congress and later United States Senator for Maryland. He was the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was the longest lived signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Continental Congress, dying at the age of 95.

He was a rich planter. Although he opposed slavery he had slaves.

## References
Francis Hopkinson

**Francis Hopkinson** (September 21, 1737 – May 9, 1791) designed the first flag of the United States.  He was also an American author, poet, and signer of the Declaration of Independence as a delegate from New Jersey.

## Great Seal of the United States 
Francis Hopkinson gave his help to the second committee that designed the Great Seal of the United States. This is the same seal that is now impressed upon the reverse of the United States one-dollar bill.
Stephen Hopkins (politician)

**Stephen Hopkins** (March 7, 1707 – July 13, 1785) was a Founding Father of the United States. He served as governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, chief justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, and was a signer of both the Continental Association and Declaration of Independence. Hopkins was from a prominent Rhode Island family. His grandfather, William Hopkins, was an influential colonial politician, while his great-grandfather Thomas Hopkins was among the original settlers of Providence Plantations. Thomas sailed from England in 1635 alongside his cousin, Benedict Arnold, who later became the first governor of the Rhode Island colony under the Royal Charter of 1663.

## References
Rechargeable battery

A **rechargeable battery**, also called  a **storage battery** or a **secondary cell**, is a battery that can be recharged  over and over again with electricity.  A battery that is not rechargeable is called a primary cell or disposable battery. It is thrown away after it no longer works. The voltage of rechargeable batteries can be restored by passing an electric current through the battery. Car batteries, for example, work this way.. 

Rechargeable batteries are not always chosen.  Each battery costs more to make, and has more dangerous chemicals than disposable batteries.

Rechargeable batteries can be used for many smaller electronics such as MP3 players and flashlights.  Almost all mobile phones and laptop computers use them.  They are also used for car batteries.

## Types of rechargeable batteries 
* Lead-acid battery
* Nickel-cadmium battery
* Lithium-ion battery
* Nickel-iron battery
* Nickel metal-hydride battery
* Nickel–zinc battery

## Related pages 
*Battery
*Dry cell
*Table of batteries

## References
John Hart

**John Hart** (c. 1713 – May 11, 1779) was a Delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congress and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.

## Reference 
## Other websites
Benjamin Harrison V

**Benjamin Harrison V** (April 5, 1726– April 24, 1791) was an American revolutionary leader from Charles City County, Virginia. He was educated at the College of William and Mary. Harrison was a representative for Surry County, Virginia (1756-1758) and Charles City County (1766-1776) to the House of Burgesses. He was a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777, signed the Declaration of Independence, and was Governor of Virginia from 1781 to 1784.

## Other websites
*
* Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856 
* 

;Archival Records
*A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor Thomas Nelson, Jr., 1781 June 12-November 22 at The Library of Virginia
Government of France

The **government of France** is  a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the French fifth Republic. The nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic" in it. The constitution provides for a separation of powers. It proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty defined by the Declaration of 1789."
France has 3 branches of government.

Sébastien Lecornu has again been appointed prime minister (as of the second week of October 2025). Earlier that month, he (gave up his job, or) resigned as prime minister.
There were some new ministers, earlier in October:
*Defense minister (changed in October 2025; [However, the government changed later that month])
*Economy minister (since October 2025)
William Ellery

**William Ellery** (December 22, 1727–February 15, 1820), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as one of two representatives from Rhode Island his signature is located 4 names below John Adams.  

Some of his descendants were William Ellery Channing, Richard Henry Dana, Edie Sedgwick and actress Kyra Sedgwick and Jadriene M. Ellery. Ellery Avenue in Middletown, Rhode Island is named in his honor.
Minority group

A **minority** or **subordinate group** is a group that does not make up most of the population of a society. For example:  minor group of religion, race, language, LGBT, and persons with disabilities. 

A minority is not always a minority of numbers — it may be any group that is not normal with respect to a leading group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth, and political power, and can be an object of discrimination. For example, women may be considered a minority even if there are as many women as men because they have less power than men.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by United Nations protects the right of minority group in Article 27 and Council of Europe also affirms protection for them. 

## Related pages
*Discrimination
*Declaration of Montreal
*Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
*Ethnic group
*Minority rights
Aberfoyle

**Aberfoyle** may mean:
*Aberfoyle, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland
*Aberfoyle, Stirling, Scotland
*Aberfoyle, Ontario, Canada
Puslinch, Ontario

**Puslinch** is a township in south-central Ontario, Canada, in the County of Wellington south of Guelph. Aberfoyle was first settled in the 1840s and is named for Aberfoyle, Scotland. It is the administrative centre for Puslinch.

## References
Fintry

]]
**Fintry** is a small village in central Scotland,  As of the 2001 census, Fintry and the surrounding rural area had a population of 2300 people.

## References
Rowardennan

to Rowardennan]]
**Rowardennan** (Gaelic: *Rubha Aird Eònain*) is a small hamlet on the eastern shore of Loch Lomond in Scotland.
Strathblane

**Strathblane** (Scottish Gaelic: ***Strath Bhlàthain*** ) is a village and parish at the extreme south of the Stirling council area, in central Scotland.

## References
Thornhill, Stirling

in Britain]]
**Thornhill** is a village in the Scottish council area of Stirling. It lies 14 miles from Stirling itself, south of Callander, east of Aberfoyle and west of Doune.

The 2001 census population for the area covered by the Thornhill and Blairdrummond Community Council is 1,109.
Stirling (council area)

**Stirling** (*Sruighlea* in Gaelic) is one of the 32 unitary local government council areas of Scotland, and has a population of about 85,000.

## Towns and villages 
* Aberfoyle
* Ardchyle
* Ardeonaig
* Arnprior
* Balmaha
* Bannockburn
* Blair Drummond
* Boreland
* Bridge of Allan
* Brig o' Turk
* Buchlyvie
* Callander
* Cambuskenneth
* Campsie
* Cowie
* Craigdownings
* Craigruie
* Crianlarich
* Croftamie
* Dalmary
* Doune
* Drymen
* Dunblane
* Fallin
* Fintry
* Gargunnock
* Gartmore
* Gartness
* Inversnaid
* Killearn
* Killin
* Kinbuck
* Kinlochard
* Kippen
* Lecropt
* Lochearnhead
* Mid Lecropt
* Milton
* Mugdock
* Port of Menteith
* Plean
* Raploch
* Rowardennan
* Strathyre
* Stronachlachar
* Thornhill
* Throsk
* Torbrex
* Tyndrum
* St Ninians
* Stirling
* Strathblane
Son of God

**Son of God** may refer to:

* Jesus
* *Son of God* (movie), a 2014 American movie

## Related pages
* God the Son, a closely related title, also refers to Jesus
Biggar

**Biggar** may mean:

## Places 
* Biggar, Cumbria, England
* Biggar, Saskatchewan, Canada
* Biggar, South Lanarkshire, Scotland

## Electoral districts (Saskatchewan) 
* Biggar (electoral district), provincial electoral district since 2002
* Rosetown—Biggar, federal electoral district from 1935-68
* Saskatoon—Biggar, federal electoral district from 1968-78
* Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar, federal electoral district since 1997

## People 
* Dan Biggar (born 1989), Welsh international rugby player
* James Lyons Biggar (1824–1879), Ontario merchant and political figure
* John Walter Scott Biggar, 1843 – , Ontario farmer and political figure
* Joseph Biggar (1828–1890), Irish politician
* Paula Biggar, Canadian politician
* Robert Biggar, - 1838, settler leader in the Battle of the Tugela, Natalia
* Sanford Dennis Biggar, mayor of Hamilton, Ontario
* William Hodgins Biggar, 1852 – , Ontario lawyer and political figure

## Miscellaneous 
* Biggar Airport
* Biggar Museum Trust
* Biggar Railway Station (Grand Trunk Pacific)
* Biggar RFC
* Biggar Road
* Symington, Biggar and Broughton Railway
William Hooper

**William  Hooper** (June 17, 1742–October 14, 1790), was an American lawyer, politician, and a member of the Continental Congress representing North Carolina from 1774 through 1777.  Hooper was also a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.

## References
Uddingston

**Uddingston** is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the north side of the River Clyde, approximately seven miles to the south-east of Glasgow.
Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)

**Samuel Huntington** (July 16, 1731 - January 5, 1796) was an American jurist, statesman, and revolutionary leader from Connecticut. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the Declaration of Independence, as Governor of Connecticut, and later as the first President of the United States in Congress Assembled, that is, the presiding officer of the Congress of the Confederation, the sole governing body of the first central government of the United States of America. His office was not that of today's President of the United States, which is a federal chief executive position created under the later United States Constitution.
WWE Hardcore Championship

The **WWF Hardcore Championship**, later known as the  **WWE Hardcore Championship**, is a former championship for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWE). The first champion was crowned when the championship was awarded to Mankind by Vince McMahon. It was defended always in some sort of Hardcore match due to its name. When Crash Holly won the title however, he started what became known as the 24/7 rule, which meant the title was being defended at all times. Anyone could surprise the title holder and pin him to become the new champion anywhere, as long as a Referee was present. The last official champion was Rob Van Dam when he won the title from Tommy Dreamer to unify the title with the WWF Intercontinental Championship.

## History 
### 24/7 rules 
, 27 time Hardcore Champion, most title reigns by any wrestler]]
When Crash Holly won the belt, he introduced the **24/7 rule** which said the belt was to be defended at all times, as long as a referee was present. This allowed for many comic relief moments, such as the belt changing hands while the champion was asleep, and The Headbangers chasing Crash Holly around an amusement park in Brooklyn (Holly eventually escaped from a ball pit and ran from the building, still the champion).

### Unification and retirement
The title was unified with the Intercontinental Championship on August 26, 2002, when Intercontinental Champion Rob Van Dam defeated Hardcore Champion Tommy Dreamer. This was one month after Van Dam defeated Jeff Hardy in a Ladder match to unify the Intercontinental and European Championships.

## Other websites
* Official WWE Hardcore Championship history
* Solie.org WWF/WWE Hardcore Championship history
TNA X Division Championship

The **TNA X Division Championship** is a professional wrestling championship in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). The championship is defended by wrestlers in the X Division, meaning high flyers and cruiserweights. The championship debuted on June 19, 2002 at the taping of TNA's second weekly pay-per-view (PPV) event.

The current champion is Chris Sabin who is in his tenth reign. Sabin defeated Lio Rush on the September 9, 2023 Impact tapings to become the champion.

## References 
## Other websites
*TNA X Division Title History
East Kilbride

**East Kilbride** is a large suburban town in the South Lanarkshire council area of Scotland. It is Scotland's first new town, and lies on high ground on the south side of the Cathkin Braes, about  southeast of Glasgow city centre. The Rotten Calder river flows along the east side of the settlement, northwards toward the River Clyde. The town is also known as the Polo Mint city due to its many roundabouts.

## Landmarks 
### Dollan Baths 
One of the most significant buildings of an earlier phase of development was Dollan Baths leisure complex (opened 1968) which has Grade A listed status.

## Twin towns 
*  Ballerup, Denmark

## Notable people 
* William and John Hunter, medical pioneers, were born at Long Calderwood within the present-day area of East Kilbride.
* Lorraine Kelly, television presenter for GMTV was born in the town.
* Iain Harvie, guitarist with Scottish rock band Del Amitri, was an East Kilbride resident. His late father, John Harvie, was the popular headmaster of Claremont High School in East Kilbride in the 1980s and early 1990s.
* Actor John Hannah of Rebus and Four Weddings and a Funeral fame was a resident of East Kilbride, residing in the Murray area. He has recently caused debate in the area after commenting that it had "gone downhill" since he lived there .
* Scottish rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain was formed in the town.
* Muriel Gray, journalist and broadcaster, was born in the town.
* Chancery Stone, author of The DANNY Quadrilogy, was born in East Kilbride and lived in West Mains for the first 18 years of her life.
* Mikey, famous for his antics and passion for food in Calderglen High
* Roddy Frame, frontman of Scottish indie band Aztec Camera, was born in the town.

## References
Vocalion Records

**Vocalion Records** was a record label which made records in the United States and in the United Kingdom. 

## Related pages
* List of record labels

## Other websites 
* History of Brunswick and Vocalion
* Vocalion compact discs
Municipalities of Belgium

]]
Belgium is made of 581 municipalities (Dutch: *gemeenten*, French: *communes*, German: *Gemeinden*). These municipalities are grouped into ten provinces (five belonging to the Flemish Region with 300 municipalities, five to the Walloon Region with 262 municipalities), and the Brussels-Capital Region (with 19 municipalities).

Usually, municipalities are the smallest subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 people living there, they get divided into districts ().

## References 
## Other websites 
*Vereniging van Vlaamse Steden en Gemeenten– Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities
*Union des Villes et Communes de Wallonie – Union of Cities and Municipalities of Wallonia
*AVCB-VSGB – Association of the City and Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region
Hamilton

**Hamilton** might mean:

## People
*Hamilton (name), a name that can be either a given name or a surname

## Places
### Bermuda
*Hamilton, Bermuda, Bermuda's capital city
*Hamilton Parish, Bermuda
### United States
*Hamilton, Alabama, a city
*Hamilton, Georgia, a city
*Hamilton, Illinois, a city
*Hamilton, Indiana, a town
*Hamilton, Iowa, a city
*Hamilton, Kansas, a city
*Hamilton, Massachusetts, a town
*Hamilton, Virginia, a town
*Hamilton, Missouri, a city
*Hamilton, Montana, a city
*Hamilton Township, Atlantic County, New Jersey
*Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey
*Hamilton (town), New York
**Hamilton (village), New York
*Hamilton, North Carolina, a town
*Hamilton, Ohio, a city
*Hamilton, Texas, a city
*Hamilton, Washington, a town
*Hamilton, Wisconsin, a town
*Hamilton County, the name of 10 different counties

### Other
*Hamilton, New Zealand, a city
*Hamilton, Ontario, a city in Canada
*Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, a town in Scotland

## Other 
*Hamilton (musical), a 2015 Broadway musical by Lin-Manuel Miranda about Alexander Hamilton
*Hamilton Academical F.C., a football club in Hamilton, Lanarkshire
*Hamilton Bulldogs, professional ice hockey team, farm team of the Montreal Canadians
*Hamilton College, a private college in New York
*Hamilton Tigers, a former professional ice hockey team based in Hamilton, Ontario
Spoonman

"**Spoonman**" is a song by the American grunge band Soundgarden. It is from their fourth studio album *Superunknown*, which was released in 1994. The song describes Artis the Spoonman, a real-life musician who makes music with spoons. He was also featured in the song's music video. "Spoonman" won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 1995 Grammy Awards.

## Track listings
All songs were written by Chris Cornell, except where noted.

**CD (Europe) and 12-inch vinyl (Europe)**
# "Spoonman"&nbsp;– 4:06
# "Fresh Tendrils" (Matt Cameron, Cornell)&nbsp;– 4:16
# "Cold Bitch"&nbsp;– 5:01
# "Exit Stonehenge" (Cameron, Cornell, Ben Shepherd, Kim Thayil)&nbsp;– 1:19

**Cassette (UK) and 7-inch vinyl (UK)**
# "Spoonman"&nbsp;– 4:06
# "Fresh Tendrils" (Cameron, Cornell)&nbsp;– 4:16

**CD (Germany)**
# "Spoonman" (edit)&nbsp;– 3:51
# "Cold Bitch"&nbsp;– 5:11
# "Exit Stonehenge" (Cameron, Cornell, Shepherd, Thayil)&nbsp;– 1:19

**CD (Australia and Canada)**
# "Spoonman"&nbsp;– 4:06
# "Cold Bitch"&nbsp;– 5:01

## Personnel
Personnel adapted from *Superunknown * liner notes

**Soundgarden**
* Chris Cornell – vocals, rhythm guitar
* Kim Thayil – lead guitar
* Ben Shepherd – bass, additional vocals
* Matt Cameron – drums, percussion, pots and pans

**Additional musicians**
* Artis the Spoonman – spoons

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## Certifications
## Release history
## References
## Other websites
*
Provinces of Belgium

Belgium is divided into three regions (Flemish Region, Walloon Region and Brussels-Capital Region), two of them are subdivided into five provinces each.

## Provinces of the Flemish Region 
## Provinces of the Walloon Region
## 3rd Province (Eupen-Sankt Vith) 
Because the German-speaking Community is found in the Province of Liège, people want a third province: the Province of Eupen-Sankt Vith, which would be made up of the 9 municipalities of the German-speaking Community.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Vereniging van de Vlaamse Provincies (Association of the Flemish Provinces)
*Association des Provinces wallonnes (Association of the Walloon Provinces)
Mikhail Nesterov

**Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov** () (, Ufa – 18 October 1942, Moscow) was a Russian painter. He was a very important painter for religious symbolism in Russian art. He studied under Pavel Tchistyakov at the Imperial Academy of Arts. Later, he felt attracted to  the group of artists known as the Peredvizhniki. His canvas *The Vision of the Youth Bartholomew* (1890–91) is often considered to mark the inauguration of the Russian Symbolist movement. This painting shows the conversion of Sergii Radonezhsky. From 1890 to 1910, Nesterov lived in Kiev and St Petersburg, working on frescoes in St. Vladimir's Cathedral and the Church on Spilt Blood, respectively. After 1910, he spent the rest of his life in Moscow, working in the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent. As a devout Orthodox Christian, he did not accept the Bolshevik Revolution but remained in Russia until his death, painting the portraits of Ivan Ilyin, Ivan Pavlov, Otto Schmidt, and Vera Mukhina, among others.

## Other websites
*Detailed biography (in Russian) 
*Online Nesterov gallery (in English)
Manichaeism

. Manuscript from Khocho, Tarim Basin.]]

**Manichaeism** (in Modern Persian  *Āyin e Māni*) was a major Iranian universal dualistic monotheistic religion founded in the mid 3rd-century CE by the Parthian Jewish Christian prophet Mani and his followers. Originally, Manichaeism came from commoners in the Sassanid Empire. Most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (Syriac, , c. AD 210–276) have been lost, but many translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism was big between the third and seventh centuries. At its height, it was one of the most widespread religions in the world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as China and as far west as the Roman Empire. Manichaeism appears to have died out before the sixteenth century in southern China.

The original six sacred books of Manichaeism were written in Syriac. They were soon translated into other languages to help spread the religion.  As they spread to the east, the Manichaean writings passed through Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, and ultimately Uyghur and Chinese translations.  As they spread to the west, they were translated into Greek, Coptic, and Latin. The spread and success of Manichaeism were seen as a threat to other religions, and it was widely persecuted in Christian, Zoroastrian, and later, Islamic areas.
Cambuslang

**Cambuslang** (Scottish Gaelic for ***Camas Long*** from *camas* - river bend, *long* - ship) is a town on the south-eastern outskirts of Glasgow, Scotland located within the local authority area of South Lanarkshire. It is known as "the largest village in Scotland", with a population of around 24,500.
Watchmen

***Watchmen*** is a Hugo Award-winning graphic novel. It was written by Alan Moore, illustrated by Dave Gibbons, and published by DC Comics from 1986–1987. In 2005, *Time* magazine listed *Watchmen* as one "the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present".

## Story
Watchmen is set in an alternate history during the 1980s. The United States is about to enter a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Earlier, superheroes helped the United States win the Vietnam War. Now, superheroes work for the government (Doctor Manhattan, The Comedian), are retired (Nite Owl, Adrian Veidt/Ozymandias, Silk Spectre), or work illegally (Rorschach).

After The Comedian is murdered, the other superheroes work together to figure out the killer's identity. In the beginning, Rorschach believes other superheroes are in danger and warns them. Soon after, Doctor Manhattan leaves Earth for Mars, creating more turmoil. Nite Owl starts to believe Rorschach. Together they discover Adrian Veidt has murdered The Comedian and framed Doctor Manhattan to protect his plan. Veidt says he wants to fake an alien invasion to avoid an atomic war.

By this time, Veidt's plan has already occurred. Many New York City residents have been killed. Doctor Manhattan kills Rorschach, the only superhero who wanted to reveal Veidt's secret. All living superheroes have now retired. The world is unified.

## References
Lesmahagow

**Lesmahagow** (Gaelic: *Lios MoChuda*) is a small town on the edge of moorland, near Lanark in the central belt of Scotland, and is also known as **Abbey Green**. In 2021 the population of the village was around 4310.

The ruins of a 12th century church are located in the village. The village is also the headquarters of the Scottish branch of the International Society of Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON). [oo

## Famous people 
*John Cairncross, spy, the fifth man in the infamous 'Cambridge Five'.

*Alexander Muir, composer of the Canadian patriotic song 'Maple Leaf Forever'
*Jim Holton, football centre left.

## References
Larkhall

**Larkhall** is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, and is around 18 miles southeast of Glasgow. It had a population of 15,549 recorded in the 2001 census, and is a typical west of Scotland industrial town.
808s & Heartbreak

***808s and Heartbreak*** is the fourth studio album by American rapper and producer Kanye West. It was released on November 24, 2008. Four singles were released from it. The first single was "Love Lockdown". The album is different to West's earlier albums; it is mainly a hip hop, electronica and R&B album instead of a more "traditional hip hop album" and its songs are sung through an Auto-Tune processor instead of rapped.

## Track listing 
## Personnel 
Credits for *808s & Heartbreak* adapted from AllMusic.

* Kanye West – producer, executive producer, primary artist
* Kid Cudi – primary artist
* Lil Wayne – primary artist
* Mr. Hudson – primary artist
* Young Jeezy – primary artist
* Kevin Dorley – vocals
* Jim Gilstrap – vocals
* Phillip Ingram – vocals
* Glenn Jordan – vocals
* Kadockadee Kwire – vocals
* Jenny-Bea Englishman – vocals
* Tony Williams – backing vocals
* Olga Konopelsky – violins
* Emma Kummrow – violins
* Luca Mazzochi – violins
* Charles Parker – violins
* Igor Szwec – violins
* Gregory Teperman – violins
* Davis A. Barnett – viola
* Alexandra Leem – viola
* Jeff Bhasker – keyboards
* Vlado Meller – mastering
* Jeff Chestek – engineer

* Andrew Dawson – engineer
* Anthony Kilhoffer – engineer
* Rick Friedric – assistant engineer
* Montez Roberts – assistant engineer
* John Stahl – assistant engineer
* Alan Branch – marketing
* Chris Atlas – marketing
* Don-C – marketing
* Danny Clinch – marketing
* Willy Vanderperre – marketing
* Kris Yiengst – artwork
* Brian Donnelly – deluxe edition artwork
* Virgil Abloh – art direction
* Larry Gold – string Arrangements, string Conductor
* James J. Cooper III –  cello
* Jennie Lorenzo – cello
* Carol Corless – package production
* Miles Davis – bass
* Kyambo Joshua – executive producer
* Erik Madro – assistant
* Manny Marroquin – mixing
* Christian Plata – assistant
* J. Peter Robinson – package design

## Charts 
## Certifications 
## References
Stonehouse, South Lanarkshire

's Kirk, Stonehouse, South Lanarkshire.]]
**Stonehouse** is a small rural village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is on Avon Water in an area of natural beauty and historical interest, near to the Clyde Valley.
Ford Freestar

The **Ford Freestar** was a minivan produced by Ford Motor Company from 2004 through 2007. Ford claimed it was "all-new", but it was just a modern version of the Ford Windstar minivan. The name changed because Ford wanted to start every car name with the letter "F". (Other cars named like this were the Ford Five Hundred and Ford Fusion.)
 
The Freestar had room for seven people inside. It was front-wheel drive like the Ford Windstar and its sibling the Mercury Monterey. The Freestar and Monterey minivan had nearly the same platform as the Windstar.
 
The Freestar and Monterey minivan didn't sell too well because people were buying SUV's instead. This caused them both to stop being produced. Ford made the Ford Flex in 2008 to replace the Freestar and Monterey minivan. The Flex had a new design which did not look like the Freestar or Monterey minivan any more.
Ford Taurus

The **Ford Taurus** was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1986 through 2006. In 2008 Ford sold a rebadged Ford Five Hundred as the Taurus. They also renamed the Ford Freestyle crossover CUV  as the “Taurus X”. Ford ended production of the Taurus shortly after due to falling sales and increased demand for crossover models and SUV's.

## Versions
The Ford Taurus has had several different changes to the way it was built. Each different version is called a *Generation*. 

Image:1st Ford Taurus GL sedan.jpg|
Image:91-95 Ford Taurus sedan.jpg|
Image:96-97 Ford Taurus sedan.jpg|
Image:00-03 Ford Taurus SES sedan.jpg|
Image:2008 Ford Taurus SEL .jpg|
File:2010 Ford Taurus SHO -- 09-07-2009.jpg|

## References
LDV Convoy

**LDV Convoy** is a van and minibus made from 1996 to 2006 by LDV Limited.

Between 2000-2005 the model was improved, It had transparent front head lights and transparent back brake lights.

In 1997, the Convoy replaced the Leyland DAF 400 Series.

In 2006, the Convoy was replaced by the LDV Maxus.

## Awards 
* *What Van* 'Best Minibus' 2000
* *What Van* 'Best Minibus' 2001
* *What Van* 'Best Minibus' 2002
* Prince Michael Road Safety Bus and Truck Award 2000

## Gallery

File:Bus img 3615 (16167735840) (cropped).jpg|LDV Convoy with a high-roof (before improvements)
File:Spiritual emergency response vehicle? - geograph.org.uk - 926889 (cropped).jpg|LDV Convoy with a high-roof (before improvements)
File:Bowmore - the Post Bus - geograph.org.uk - 920012.jpg|LDV Convoy Royal Mail postbus in Bowmore, Isle of Islay
File:2004 LDV 400 Convoy Diesel LWB 2.4 Rear.jpg|LDV Convoy with a high-roof (after improvements)
File:2002 LDV 400 Convoy Diesel SWB 2.4 Front.jpg|LDV Convoy with a low-roof (before improvements)
File:2002 LDV 400 Convoy Diesel SWB 2.4 Rear.jpg|LDV Convoy with a low-roof (before improvements)
File:London Ambulance on Hamilton Terrace.jpg|LDV Convoy ambulance (before improvements)
File:Balamory bus, Glasgow Museum of Transport - geograph.org.uk - 1108371.jpg|LDV Convoy minibus that was used on children's TV show *Balamory*
File:Carlone Buses V471 RDN.JPG|LDV Convoy minibus with the entrance door being at the front right

## Related pages
*LDV Pilot

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
*
Aberdeenshire

**Aberdeenshire** () is the name of both a county and of one of the 32 unitary council areas in Scotland.  The two are not the same area.

## County 
Aberdeenshire stretches from the east coast of Scotland up into the mountains.  It is between Kincardineshire and Angus (south) and Banffshire (west).  Aberdeen is the county town.

Aberdeenshire is mainly countryside and mountain, except in Aberdeen.  Aberdeen is one of Britain's richest towns because it serves the North Sea oil rigs.

Fraserburgh is a large fishing port.

## Council area 
The Aberdeenshire council area takes in the historic counties of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire and half of Banffshire.  It does not include Aberdeen City though, which is a Council Area in its own right. However, Aberdeenshire Council does have its headquarters at Woodhill House, in Aberdeen; the only Scottish council whose headquarters are based outside its area's border.

Aberdeenshire borders Angus and Perth and Kinross to the south, and Highland and Moray to the west.
Ballater

**Ballater** is a burgh in Aberdeenshire, Scotland on the River Dee, immediately east of the Cairngorm Mountains.

## Notable residents 
* Sir Patrick Geddes, biologist and botanist.

## References
Alford, Aberdeenshire

**Alford** (pronounced "aaford") is a large village in Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland, lying just south of the River Don. The place-name is thought to come from the Scots "auld ford"; its original position being on the banks of the Don. The "L" sound in the word has, over time, been dropped, and is silent.

## Notable residents 
* Alford is the birthplace of the renowned poet, Charles Murray.
* Stewart Milne, chairman of both the Stewart Milne Group and Aberdeen Football Club was born nearby and attended school in Alford
* Alford is also the birthplace of the person who played the most games for Glasgow Rangers, Douglas Herbert Gray, who played 948 games for the team.

## References
Westhill

**Westhill** is a town in Aberdeenshire, in the parish of Skene, directly west of Aberdeen. It is connected to the city by the A944 road.  It is also near Skene, and has a swimming pool, tennis courts, carnival and theme park.

## References
Rigside

**Rigside** is a small village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, about 5 miles from the town of Lanark, and less than a mile from Douglas Water. It lies on the A70 road to Ayr. Rigside used to be a mining village.

## People 
Rigside has approximately 800 inhabitants.
Ruth Landes

**Ruth Landes** (October 8, 1908, New York City – February 11, 1991, Ontario, Canada) was an American cultural anthropologist best known for studies on Brazilian candomblé cults and her published study on the topic, *City of Women* (1947). Landes is recognized by some as a pioneer in the study of race and gender relations.

## Bibliography
**Selected books**
* *Ojibwa Sociology* (1937)
* *The Ojibwa Woman* (1938) 
* *The City of Women* (1947) 
* *Culture in American Education: Anthropological Approaches to Minority and Dominant Groups in the Schools* (1965)
* *Latin Americans of the Southwest* (1965)
* *A cidade das mulheres* (1967) (Portuguese translation of The City of Women.)
* *The Mystic Lake Sioux: Sociology of the Mdewakantonwan Sioux* (1968)
* *Ojibwa Religion and the Midewiwin* (1968)
* *The Prairie Potawatomi: Tradition and Ritual in the Twentieth Century* (1970)

## References
* Cole, Sally. 2003. *Ruth Landes: A Life in Anthropology*. University of Nebraska.
* Register to the Papers of Ruth Schlossberg Landes , National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Rutherglen

**Rutherglen** (pronounced: ruh-ther-glen) is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. *Rutherglen* comes from the Gaelic *An Ruadh Ghleann*, meaning "the red valley". In 1975, it lost its own local council and administratively became a component of the City of Glasgow. In 1996 Rutherglen was reallocated to the South Lanarkshire council area.

## History
Rutherglen remains the oldest royal burgh in Scotland, being more than 500 years older than Glasgow. It was a centre of heavy industry, having a long coal mining tradition which died out by 1950, and was until the 1960s home to the infamous White's chemical works, which was responsible for huge swathes of the area from southern Glasgow across to the town of Cambuslang being polluted with chromium waste. Rutherglen, and most of the towns encircling the city, are now dormitory suburbs of Glasgow.
Balfron

**Balfron**, is a village in the Stirling council area of Scotland. It is near Endrick Water on the A875 road, 18&nbsp;miles (29&nbsp;km) west of Stirling and 16&nbsp;miles (26&nbsp;km) north of Glasgow. Although a rural settlement, it lies within commuting distance of Glasgow, and serves as a dormitory town. It has shops, a health centre, a village hall and a secondary school (Balfron High School). The village also contains a fire station, garage, ambulance depot, police station, primary school, bowling green and an 18 hole golf course. The residential special school Ballikinrain is also located in Balfron and caters to intervening for boys with special needs from all over Scotland.

## References
Deanston

**Deanston** is a village in the district of Stirling, 
Scotland, on the south bank of the River Teith, formerly of West Perthshire. It is a part of the parish of Kilmadock.
Inversnaid

**Inversnaid** is a village on the east bank of Loch Lomond in Scotland, near the north end of the loch.  It has a pier and a hotel, and the West Highland Way passes through the village. A small passenger ferry runs from Inversnaid to Inveruglas on the opposite shore of the loch. To reach Inversnaid by road involves a lengthy overland route from Aberfoyle. It is also the title of a poem by Gerard Manley Hopkins.

## References
Gartmore

**Gartmore** is a village in the Stirling council area, Scotland. It is a picturesque little village with an excellent view of the Wallace Monument in Stirling, almost 25 miles away.
Formerly in lowland Perthshire, it is one mile from the A81 Glasgow to Aberfoyle road, three miles south of Aberfoyle.
Gargunnock

**Gargunnock** is a small village in the Stirling council area approximately seven miles west of Stirling, in Scotland. The 2001 census population was 944.

## Other websites
* Gargunnock.com
Crianlarich

**Crianlarich** (''A' Chrìon Làraich'' in Gaelic) is a village in Stirling district, Scotland, about six miles north-east of the head of Loch Lomond. Until 1975, it was in the historic county of Perthshire. The village's name derives from the Gaelic for "low pass", relating to its geographical location.
Croftamie

**Croftamie** is a small village near Drymen in Scotland. The village was traditionally part of Dunbartonshire, but a minor change in boundaries means that it is now under Stirling Council.

## Other websites
* Community Council
Cambuskenneth

by Cambuskenneth]]
**Cambuskenneth** (Gaelic: *Camas Sgeanail*) is a village in the city of Stirling, in central Scotland. It has a population of 250 and is the site of the historic Cambuskenneth Abbey. It is by the River Forth and the only road access to the village is along Ladysneuk Road from Alloa Road in Causewayhead.
Mary Douglas

**Mary Douglas**, DBE, FBA (25 March 1921 – 16 May 2007) was a British anthropologist, known for her writings on human culture and symbolism.

She was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1988.

## Works
**The Lele of the Kasai* (1963)
**Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo* (1966)
**Pollution* (1968)
**Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology* (1970)
**Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology* (1975)
* “Jokes” *Rethinking Popular Culture: Contemporary Perspectives in Cultural Studies* (1975); edited by Chandra Mukerji and Michael Schudson
**The World of Goods* (1979) with Baron Isherwood
**Evans-Pritchard* (1980)
**Risk and Culture* (1980) with Aaron Wildavsky
**In the Active Voice* (1982)
**How Institutions Think* (1986)
**Missing persons: a critique of the social sciences* (1988) with Steven Ney
**Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory* (1992)
**In the Wilderness: The Doctrine of Defilement in the Book of Numbers* (1993)
**Thought styles: Critical essays on good taste* (1996)
**Leviticus as Literature* (1999)
**Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthropology* (2002)
*''Jacob's Tears: The Priestly Work of Reconciliation* (2004)
**Thinking in Circles'' (2007)

## References
Kippen

**Kippen** is a small village approximately  west of the city of Stirling, Scotland (also referred to as the Kingdom of Kippen).  It lies between the Gargunnock and Fintry hills and overlooks the strath of the River Forth.  The name probably comes from Gaelic, and means "Place of the little stump", "outcrop" or "block".

## References
Kilmahog

**Kilmahog ** ( = Cell of St. Chug) is a hamlet situated half a mile to the west of Callander, Scotland, at the junction of the Trossachs and Lochearnhead roads.

## References
Killearn

**Killearn** () is a small village of approximately 1700 people in the Stirling council area of Scotland.  The village is located about  north of Glasgow, and  away from Loch Lomond.  The Glengoyne distillery is also situated just outside the village.

## Other websites
Balmaha

at Balmaha]]

**Balmaha** (Gaelic: *Baile MoThatha*) is a small village on the eastern shore of Loch Lomond in the council area of Stirling, Scotland.

The village has a few shops. There is an inn called the Oak Tree Inn. There is also a village shop, selling gifts and food. There is also a visitor centre.
Balquhidder

**Balquhidder** () is a small village in the Stirling council area of Scotland. It is overlooked by the dramatic mountain terrain of the Braes of Balquhidder, at the head of Loch Voil. Balquhidder Glen is also popular for fishing, nature watching and walking. Above the village, Creag an Tuirc is a fine viewpoint, well worth the short climb.

## References
*
Binturong

A **binturong** (*Arctictis binturong*) is a large, rare mammal that lives in trees in the dense forests of southeast Asia. The binturong is also often called a **bearcat** because it looks like both a bear and a cat.

## Description 
Binturongs have thick, black fur, a long, muscular tail, and long, stiff, white whiskers. They use their prehensile tail almost like another hand; young binturongs can even hang by their tail. Binturongs grow to be up to about 5 feet (1.5 m) long. Like other civets, the binturongs use scent marks to communicate with other binturongs. In captivity, binturongs live for about 30 years.

## Diet 
Binturongs eat fruit and small animals that they find using their sense of smell to find food. They hunt for food at night - they are nocturnal.

## Related pages
*Mammal

## References
Blair Drummond

by Blair Drummond]]
**Blair Drummond** (sometimes known as **Blairdrummond**) is a small rural community near Stirling in Scotland. It is along the A84 road.
Blairlogie

**Blairlogie** is at the base of the great cliff of Dumyat between Stirling and Menstrie was one of central Scotland's earliest Conservation Villages. Blairlogie mainly has cottages from the 17th through the 19th centuries.

Between 1598 and 1609, the minister of Logie Parish was the poet Alexander Hume.
Boquhan

**Boquhan** is a hamlet in Stirling, Scotland near the bigger villages of Killearn and Balfron. It is also called Wester Boquhan.
Alan Keyes

**Alan Lee Keyes** (born August 7, 1950) is a conservative American political activist, author, and former diplomat, and candidate for public office. He ran for President of the United States in 1996, 2000, and 2008, and was a Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1988, 1992, and 2004.

## References
Bannockburn

**Bannockburn** is a small town immediately south of the city of Stirling in Scotland.  It is named after the Bannock Burn, a burn (small stream) running through the town before flowing into the River Forth.
Hurricane Kenna

**Hurricane Kenna** was a destructive hurricane of the 2002 Pacific hurricane season. It was one of the strongest Pacific hurricanes to ever strike Mexico.

Kenna formed in the eastern Pacific on October 22. It strengthened rapidly, reaching category five on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale on October 25. Hurricane Kenna weakened to category four before striking land near Puerto Vallarta later that day. The only Pacific hurricanes to strike Mexico at greater intensity were 1976's Hurricane Madeline and an unnamed 1959 storm.

Officials reported four deaths from Hurricane Kenna.

## Other websites 
*Tropical Cyclone Report - Hurricane Kenna
Garhi Yasin

**Garhi Yasin** is a town and taluka in the north of Sindh province of Pakistan. It is the second largest town in the Shikarpur District. It is also one of the four divisions of the districts. The town has a population of more than 14,000. Garhi Yasin is on the right bank of River Indus. The area has always been important as a part of the trade route through the Bolan Pass.

The town is named after its founder, Yasin Khan Pathan. Sindhi is the common language of the people in this region. The population of the town includes members of many different tribes. These tribes include the Pathan,mangi, Memon, Soomra, Shaikh, Syed, Mirani, Qazi, Bhutta, Abra, Channa, Lashari, Bhatti, Dinari, Mahar, Kakepota, Brohi and others. Beside a large number of Hindu, Punjabi and some Muhajirs (from India) also live in the town. The people live here without any discrimination of caste, color, language and religion.

## History
Home to the to the politically prominent Kamario, Isani and Agha families, Garhi Yaseen has been one of the centres from which Shikarpur and Sindh have been ruled in recent history.

## Education
The town has a secondary school, three high schools, several primary schools, a Mono Technique School and many vocational schools (in fields of study such as typing, Commercial and Computer).

## Economy
The area has both an industrial and agricultural economy.

### Agriculture
Much of the area is irrigated. Major productions of the area are rice, wheat and pulses. Other crops including maize, sugarcane, vegetables and fruits are also grown.

### Industry
The town has a small market. Many different items are made in the town. These include handicrafts, metalware, furniture, bricks and pottery. Hand loom weaving of the area used to be very popular.

## Geography
The area the town is on is mainly an alluvial plain (flood plain). The Sukkur Barrage, built in the 1920s and 1930s, cause much damage the land in this area. 

The climate is very hot and dry.

## References