open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Limburg-Weilburg

**Limburg-Weilburg** is a Landkreis (rural district) in the west of Hesse, Germany.
## History 
1867 the *Oberlahnkreis* with the capital Weilburg was created. In 1886 *Limburg an der Lahn* district was set up, with the capital Limburg. In 1974 both districts were joined together.

## Geography 
The district is located between the two mountain areas Westerwald and Taunus. The main river is the Lahn.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website  (German)
Elz, Hesse

**Elz** is a municipality and a village in Hessen, Germany. It is part of the Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg. It is along the river Lahn. It has 8,088 inhabitants (2004).

## Geography 
The elevation is between 110m and 291m above sea level. Elz is in a valley called "Limburger Becken", which surrounds the town of Limburg. Elz is also in the valley of the "Elbbach", which flows into the river Lahn after passing Elz.
The municipality of Elz borders the municipalities of Hundsangen, Hambach, Görgeshausen, Niedererbach, Obererbach and the towns of Hadamar and Limburg.
The municipality of Elz consists of two villages: The village of Elz (7,743 inhabitants) and the village of Malmeneich (345 inhabitants).
Average temperatures are 10.5&nbsp;°C in Elz and 9.9&nbsp;°C in Malmeneich. Though this sounds quite moderate, temperatures can vary between -20&nbsp;°C in winter and 40&nbsp;°C in summer. In an average year there are 600mm of rain in Elz and 720mm in Malmeneich.

## History 
Elz was first mentioned in a document from 933 AD, which does not exist any more. Political importance resulted from its position at the Hohe Straße, the former most important road between Frankfurt am Main and Cologne, which still exists and is now part of the "Bundesstraße 8", which can be translated with Interstate 8.
Elz got the town privileges in 1442. Soon a wall around the town was constructed but knocked down later.

## Politics 
The council consists of 31 members. 19 members are from the Christian Democrats, seven are from the Social Democratic Party, four from the Free Voters' Community and one is from the Green Party. The mayor Horst Kaiser is a Christian Democrat and was elected in 2005 with 84.8% of all votes.

## Economy and infrastructure 
In Elz thaere are more than 600 businesses with much more than 2,000 jobs. The industrial area is at the B8 between Elz and Malmeneich.

### Traffic 
Elz is not only at the B8,which goes from the Dutch border to Passau, but also at the Autobahn 3, which connects Würzburg,Frankfurt am Main and Cologne.

### Public institutions 
In Elz there is a big outdoor swimming pool, two gyms, several sport and tennis fields and two old people's homes.

### Education 
There are three kindergartens, two primary schools and one "Haupt- und Realschule" (part of the German secondary education).

## Famous people 
* Theodor Blank (1905-1972), Bundesverteidigungsminister (Federal minister for defense) 1955-1956, Bundesminister für Arbeit und Sozialordnung (Federal minister for employment and social matters) 1957-1965
* Joseph Blank (1913-1994), Landesminister für Landesplanung, Wohnungsbau und öffentliche Arbeiten von Nordrhein-Westfalen (Minister for spatial planning, building and public works of North Rhine-Westphalia) 1962-1963

## References
Small white

The **small white** (*Pieris rapae*) is a small to mid-sized butterfly of the 'yellows' & 'whites' Pieridae family. It is also commonly known as the **small cabbage white** or just the **cabbage white**.

## Distribution
It is common across Europe, North Africa and Asia and has also been accidentally introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand where they have become pests on cultivated cabbages and other mustard family crops.

## Description
It looks like a smaller version of the Large White. The upperside is creamy white with black tips to the forewings. Females also have two black spots in the center of the forewings. Its underwings are yellowish with black . 

## Habits
Like its close relative the large white this is a strong flyer and the British population is increased by continental immigrants in most years. Like other 'white' butterflies it hibernates as a pupa. Like the large white, it is sometimes known as the cabbage white' or cabbage butterfly.

## Lifecycle
It has two flight periods, April–May and July–August. 

### Eggs
Its caterpillars can be a pest on cultivated cabbages. . It also lays eggs on wild members of the cabbage family such as the charlock *Sinapis arvensis* and hedge mustard *Sisybrium officinale*. The eggs are laid singly on foodplant leaves.

### Caterpillars
Known in the United States as "imported cabbage worms", the caterpillars are green and well camouflaged. Unlike the large white they do not store the mustard oils from their foodplants and so are not distastful to predators like birds.

## References
* Asher J. *et al.* *The millennium atlas of Britain and Ireland* Oxford University Press
* Evans W.H. 1932. *The identification of Indian butterflies*. 2nd ed, Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
Protection

**Protection** means when any group of people or things try to defend the people or things that they care about (so that they would not get hurt). Protection can also mean other things, for example:

* Civil protection, or civil defense, protecting life, health, property and environment of citizens 
* Environmental protection, is a political action that is to do with protecting nature by preservation (keeping them), and restoration (making something that was lost to come back)
* Contraception (euphemism)
* Protectionism, in world trade, making people stop buying what other countries make, so they must buy things made in their own country 
* Protective clothing, clothing that protect the body from danger 
* A protectorate, in politics and history, is the protector (the person who protects), for example:
** A Lord protector, guarding as the country like a minor Monarch or during The Protectorate as a British republic 
** The protectorate between a strong power (the *protector*) and a weaker one, who can ask for help when needed, or are obliged to agree 
* *Protection* (album), a 1994 album by the group Massive Attack
* Protection (song), a song by trip-hop band Massive Attack. It was released in 1995
* Protection (band) is an American band, based in San Francisco 
* The Protection of the Mother of God, a feast day in the Eastern Orthodox Church
Minor

**Minor** can mean:

* Minor (law), a young person who has not yet reached the age of majority or some other legal age. Or a person who relies upon another (usually a parent or legal guardian) due to intellectual or developmental disability.
* Minor scale, a minor key in music
Extant

In biology, an **extant** group is one which has survived to the present day, and so it is a living group. This distinguishes it from an extinct group.

The term 'extant' can also be used to describe species or higher groups (such as genera or families) which are still in existence (living).

Example: in the group of molluscs known as the cephalopods, there are about 600 extant species and 7500 extinct species.

## References
Argonaut

The word **Argonaut** might refer to:
* Argonauta, a genus of octopus
* Jason and the Argonauts, a tale from Greek mythology
* Argonaute (protein), a kind of protein
* The Toronto Argonauts, a Canadian Football League team that plays in Toronto, Ontario
Väki

In Finnish mythology, **Väki** means races of Haltijas (Finnish elves) and their magical powers. Different things in nature had their own väki guarding them. For example, Väki of water lived in and protected water. Väki is the name of both the magical power and Haltijas'. Väki could sometimes be seen and they looked like little man-like creatures. Sometimes Väki went inside people and made people ill. Väki made people ill if they behaved badly in their kingdom. For example, if someone shouted in a forest without  then the Väki of forest may make then ill. Shaman could heal these illnesses by telling the Väki to leave the person and go back to its original place.

The other version of Väki refers to the realm of the dead. Väki was the anonymous pack of dead people. The Väki had once being their beloved ones and relatives, but after spending some time in the afterlife, they all became unknown masses of dead creatures without any personal markings.
Sudetenland

The **Sudetenland** was a mountainous area of Czechoslovakia. The name comes from the Sudetes, a mountain range, but it was also used for other places in Bohemia in which mostly-German people lived. They wanted their homes to be part of Germany, not Czechoslovakia. Nazi Germany took small parts of the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in September 1938.  After the Munich Agreement, they took the rest of Sudetenland, which contributed to the start of World War II.

## Other websites
* WW2DB: Annexation of Sudetenland
1375

## Events 
* The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.
* The Russian town of Kostroma is destroyed by the ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod.
* October 24 – Death of Valdemar IV of Denmark.
* Petru I succeeds his father, Costea, as ruler of Moldavia (now Moldova & eastern Romania).
* The Mamluks from Egypt conquer the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Leo VI of Armenia is imprisoned for several years in Cairo until a ransom is paid by King John I of Castile.
* Mujahid Shah succeeds his father, Mohammad Shah I, as Sultan of the Bahmanid Empire in Deccan, southern India.
* Moscow & Tver sign a truce. Tver agrees to help Moscow fight the Blue Horde.

## Births 
* Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (approximate date; d.1415)
* Nicolas Grenon, French composer (approximate date; d. 1456)
* Lan Kham Deng, King of Lan Xang 1416-1428 (d. 1428)

## Deaths 
* July 5 – Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
* October 24 – King Valdemar IV of Denmark
* December 21 – Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer (born 1313)
Coral (color)

**Coral** is a reddish or orangeish shade of pink.  The color is named after the sea animal, also called corals.

The first written use of *coral* as a color name in English was in 1513.

## Meaning of coral 
* Coral and coral blue color for painting a room to give a calm feeling of warmth.

* In some sects of Hinduism, coral red instead of red is shown as being the color which represents the first (*muladhara*) chakra in Hindu philosophy.

## Tones of coral color comparison chart 
## Related pages
* List of colors

## References
Crimson

**Crimson** is  reddish magenta color between red and rose on the color wheel.  You can make it by combining a strong, bright deep red with a little blue.  It is originally the color of the dye produced from the dried bodies of a scale insect, *Kermes vermilio*.

The word *crimson* has been in written use in the English since 1400. 

## Meaning of crimson
*In English, crimson is traditionally associated with the color of blood, and hence is associated with violence, courage and martyrdom.
*Crimson was the most distinctive color of British officers' uniforms until the introduction of khaki camouflage, and remains in use for the colors (flag). The King's Royal Hussars still wear crimson trousers.
* In Poland, *karmazyn* ('crimson') is a synonym for a *Magnate* (someone who is a member of the nobility).

## Tones of crimson color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Maroon (color)

**Maroon** is a dark red color. 

The word *maroon* comes from the French word *marron* which means "chestnut".

The first recorded use of *maroon* as a color name in English was in 1789.  

## Meaning of maroon
* Vajrayana Buddhist monks wear robes that are colored various shades of maroon.

## Tones of maroon color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Ochre

**Ochre** or **Ocher** is a golden-yellow or light yellowish brown colour.  The word is from the Greek *ochros*, meaning "yellow".  Ochre is natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide.

## Meaning of ochre 
The use of ochre is particularly intensive: it is not unusual to find a layer of the cave floor impregnated with a purplish red to a depth of eight inches. The size of these ochre deposits raises a problem not yet solved. The colouring is so intense that practically all the loose ground seems to consist of ochre. One can imagine that the Aurignacians regularly painted their bodies red, dyed their animal skins, coated their weapons, and sprinkled the ground of their dwellings, and that a paste of ochre was used for decorative purposes in every phase of their domestic life. We must assume no less, if we are to account for the veritable mines of ochre on which some of them lived.

## Tones of ochre colour comparison chart 

 Banana Yellow (Yellow Ochre) (Human Feces) (Hex: #CCCC33) (RGB: 204, 204, 51)
 Ochre (Hex: #CC7722) (RGB: 204, 119, 34)
Teal (color)

**Teal** is a blue-green color; a dark cyan.

*Teal* gets its name from the colored area around the eyes of the common teal, a member of the duck family.  

The first written use of *Teal* as a color name in English was in 1917.

## Comparison of green, teal, blue and ultramarine 
## Tones of teal color comparison chart
## Tones of the Teal color comparison chart 
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
## Other websites 
*Plochere Color System website
* What Color is Teal and How You Can Use It in Your Home Decor, Architect Anton Giuroiu , Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism, Bucharest, Romania
Navy blue

**Navy blue** is a dark shade of the color blue. Some people mistake navy blue for black because some navies (such as the United States Navy) use a shade of navy blue that is so dark it is practically black.

## Meaning of navy blue
* Navy blue represents sailors and also represents the navy of a nation.  Navy blue also represents the sport of yachting.
* Since 1748, British Royal Navy uniforms have been white and navy blue.  Other navies also adopted these uniform colors.  This is where the color got its name.
* Navy blue is the most popular color for a jacket known as a blazer (which also has brass buttons) which is often worn on special or formal occasions.  Navy blue colored blazers are also often worn by people who are employed in customer service positions that serve the public from behind a desk, such as hotel concierges.
* Navy uniforms colored a color called *Regimental* (now called *Persian Indigo*), made by dyeing cloth with indigo dye, were popular among many nations during the 19th Century.   

## Comparison of green, teal, blue and ultramarine 
## Tones of navy blue
## Related pages
* List of colors

## References
Jochen Rindt

**Karl Jochen Rindt** (born  18 April 1942 in Mainz, Germany – died 5 September 1970 in Monza) was a German racing driver who represented Austria during his career. In 1970, he won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, but died in a crash in Monza. He was the only driver to win the championship after he died.

In 1965 he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race.

## References
Claudio Arrau

**Claudio Arrau León** (; February 6, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was a Chilean classical pianist.

Arrau started to play the piano as a boy and was giving concerts at the age of 5. The Chilean government heard of the child prodigy and quickly organized to have him sent to Germany to study with the best music teachers. At the age of 7 Arrau started to study music seriously at the Stern Conservatory, Berlin, Germany.

By the age of 11, Arrau was playing like a master, and performed the works of Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin and Johannes Brahms in recitals. 

Later in life Arrau became an important teacher of the piano and taught some of the most famous pianists in the world. Arrau married Ruth Schneider, an opera singer, and settled in the United States. Throughout his career he won the highest awards for piano playing. He died in Austria in 1991.
Patriotism

flags.]]
**Patriotism** means loyalty of a person to his/her own nation or the leaders of the nation. A **patriot** is a person who is on the side of his/her own nation or its leaders. Patriotism is different from nationalism. 
Also, contrary to a nationalist, patriots do not favor imperialism, while nationalists tend to but don’t always favor imperialism. An example of a nationalist favoring imperialism would be Adolf Hitler.

The English term "patriot" is first known from the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota "countryman", ultimately from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs) "countryman", from πατρίς (patris), "fatherland". The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.
Patriot

A **patriot** is a person with patriotism.

**Patriot** may also refer to:

## Observances 
* Patriot Day, a U.S. commemoration day for the remembrance of the losses of the September 11 attacks
* Patriots' Day, a holiday in the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin in honor of Lexington and Concord (American Revolutionary War)

## Places
* Patriot, Indiana, a town in the United States

## Sports 
* New England Patriots, in the National Football League and based in Massachusetts

## Other uses 
* Patriot Act, a law in the United States in response to the September 11 attacks
Lime (color)

**Lime** is a yellowish green color. It is the color that is halfway between the color chartreuse green and yellow on the color wheel. The color *lime* is named after the fruit also known as lime.

The official web color named *lime* actually corresponds to pure green on an RGB display. *Lime green* is the color of the outer skin of a lime. *Lime pulp* is the color of the inside of a lime and of *limeade*, a fruit drink that is made from limes.

The first recorded use of *lime* as a color name in English was in 1905.

## Meaning of lime
* The color *lime* implies someone or something that is tangy, tasty, and bold like the flavor of *limeade*, the drink that is made from limes.
* Sailors in the British Navy are called *limeys* because they used to be issued large rations of lime fruit to eat to prevent the disease scurvy on long sea voyages.

## Tones of lime color comparison chart
## Related pages
* List of colors

## References
Misogyny

**Misogyny** is the hatred of women, or the belief that women should be kept down at a lower place in society, under the control of men. Using sexist ideas and violence against women, misogyny punishes women who try to rise in society. A society or a system that sets men above women is called patriarchy. Misogyny supports patriarchy by constantly keeping women under men. Sometimes misogyny rewards women for accepting a lower place.

Misogyny is a very old idea. It can be seen in stories, religion, laws, and customs around the world. It is both a belief held by individuals, and a social custom or system. A **misogynist** is a person, usually a male who hates women. Misogynists may hate women because they believe there is something wrong with them, such as being stupid, dirty or evil. Some misogynists claim to love women, or certain women, while keeping them at a lower place.

There are some communities that have been described as misogynist such as the manosphere.

## References
## Related pages 
*Child sexual abuse
*Gendered racism
*Sexism
*Violence against women
Maroon

The word ***Maroon*** can have the following meanings:
* Maroon (colour), a dark red
* Maroon (people), runaway slaves in the Caribbean
* Marooning, the act of leaving someone on a deserted island
* Maroon (rocket), a loud rocket used for signaling
* *Chicago Maroon*, an independent student newspaper of the University of Chicago
* Colgate Maroon-News newspaper of Colgate University and the oldest university weekly newspaper in America
* Saint Maroon
* Marooned (Red Dwarf episode), an episode of *Red Dwarf*

In **sports**:
* The Queensland Maroons, officially called Queensland State of Origin Team, a representative rugby league team that plays Rugby League State of Origin
* The Montreal Maroons were a professional ice hockey team, in existence from 1924 to 1938
* The Toledo Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence from 1922 to 1923
* The Kenosha Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence in 1924
* The Fighting Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of the Philippines
* The Chicago Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of Chicago
* The **Maroons**, all the athletic teams of Roanoke College
* The **Maroons**, all the athletic teams of Moline High School

In the **military**:
*The Maroon Beret is the internationally recognised symbol for elite airborne forces.

In **music**:
* *Maroon (album)*, a 2000 album by the Barenaked Ladies
* Maroon (band), a German vegan and straight edge band
* Maroon 5, a United States pop band
* "Maroon", the adopted name Russell Shoatz, a former Black Liberation Army member
* Maroons (Hip hop group) from Oakland, California (Lateef & Chief Xcel)

In **art**:
* *Maroon*, Bugs Bunny's civil wording for Moron
United Parcel Service

**United Parcel Service** (**UPS**) is an American company that transports . It is the largest package delivery company in the world. UPS delivers more than 14 million packages a day to more than 200 countries. It is based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, USA. The company started in 1936 when several smaller companies merged and took the new name. It was owned by employees until 1999 when it offered stock to outsiders. 

The company uses brown uniforms and delivery trucks. The company trademarked the color so other delivery companies cannot use a brown logo.

*UPS Airlines* is a part of UPS that handles the transportation of packages over long distances and between countries. UPS has almost 300 airplanes in its fleet.

## Other websites 
* UPS corporate website, shipping, tracking, service information
Spore (video game)

***Spore*** is a computer game made by Will Wright. He also made *The Sims* and *SimCity*. It consists of five phases of gameplay, the cell, creature, tribal, civilization and space phases. It is a game in which the player is able to create and evolve a species from a germ into a galactic superpower. It was released on September 7, 2008 in America, and September 5 in Europe.
Initially, it was going to be 6 different phases, but they merged the city and civilization phases, so it's only 5 phases now.

One of the biggest parts of the game is the different editors. Almost all things in the game can be made by the player, from buildings in the civilization phase to the creature in the creature phase. The player uses different parts that he can place as he wants. He can also change things like size and "stretch" the parts. All these things made by players can be uploaded as pictures to the "sporepedia". A picture has all the info needed for the game to make the thing, and is very small in size, usually less than 30 kilobytes. This means, that a player can find a picture of a car made in Spore that he likes, copy it, and put it in the Spore folder. Then they can play with it.

All the different phases of the game offer many choices. Roughly, the player can choose to be peaceful, aggressive, or both. For example, in the cell phase, there is a choice to eat other animals, just fruit, or both. And in the civilization phase, there is a choice to be military, religious, economic, or a little of all of them.
Gómez Pereira

**Gómez Pereira** (1500 – 1567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and humanist from Medina del Campo. He was most famous for his work in medicine, but he did many different things such as business, engineering, and especially philosophy. As a doctor, he was in favor of using the empirical method, instead of more medieval ideas about medicine.

His ideas in philosophy may have helped René Descartes come up with the  famous idea *"cogito ergo sum"*. This is Latin for: "I think, therefore I am".

## Life
Little is known about his life. He was the second of five brothers; his father, Antonio, had a small store that sold clothes, and his mother, Margarita, died when he was 15, so the children were raised by his aunt, Ana de Avila.  Some of his ancestors were Jews from Portugal who had become Christians.

He studied philosophy at the University of Salamanca.  His professor, Juan Martinez, was later the archbishop of Toledo, Spain. He also studied medicine and graduated in 1520. He then settled down as a doctor in his home town, Medina, living with his wife, Isabel Rodriguez, and becoming quite successful in business, even having his own warehouses of wine, and renting rooms to other merchants. He never had children. 

He became famous as a doctor, being well known in other cities of Spain.  He even went to the court of Philip II of Spain and saved the life of the prince,  Don Carlos, when he had an accident.  He was also famous as an inventor, and in 1563, he and another inventor named Francisco Lobato got a patent for a type of flour mill powered by water.
Cartesian coordinate system

In mathematics and geometry, the **Cartesian coordinate system** is a coordinate system used to give the location of points on a plane by using two numbers for each point. It is also called the *rectangular coordinate system*. The numbers are usually called the x *coordinate* and the y *coordinate* or sometimes the *abscissa* and *ordinate*. To find the coordinates of a point, two perpendicular lines, called *axes* (singular: *axis*), are drawn. The point where the axes meet is the coordinate **origin**, written (0,0). The x *coordinate* gives the position of a point measured along the x axis, and the y *coordinate* gives the position along the y axis. The coordinate system stretch's on to infinity in both *axes.* 

Cartesian coordinates can be used in three dimensions (3D), by adding a third number, the z *coordinate*. In four dimensions (4D), a fourth number, the w *coordinate*, is added. Each coordinate represents a dimension of space.

Using the Cartesian coordinate system, many shapes, like straight lines and parabolas can be described by using algebraic equations. The results of the equations can be seen by plotting (drawing) a point for each solution to the equations. For example, the x axis is described by the equation y = 0. A circle having radius r and centered at the origin can be described with the equation x^2 + y^2 = r^2 (see Figure 2).

The name **Cartesian** comes from the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes (Latin: *Cartesius*), who worked to merge algebra and Euclidean geometry. This work was important in creating calculus and cartography.

The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in two works by Descartes. In part two of his *Discourse on Method*, Descartes explains plotting the position of a point or object on a surface, using two perpendicular axes as measuring guides. In *La Géométrie* (*Geometry*), he further explores these ideas.

## Related pages
*Polar coordinate system
Malmeneich

**Malmeneich** is a village in Hesse, Germany. It belongs to the municipality of Elz. The postal code for Malmeneich is 65604 and its dialing code is 06433. 345 people live in the village.

## Geography and Climate
Malmeneich is in the Westerwald. The average elevation is 250m above sea level. The highest point is in the forest and is 292m high. The average temperature is 9,9°C. The village get between 700-720mm of rain each year. Though this seems moderate, temperatures can vary between -20°C and 35°C.

## Malmeneich and the media
There was an entry about Malmeneich on the Hessian television in 2002. This was for a project of hr3 which aimed to report about Hessian villages with less than 1000 people living in them.

Every year Malmeneich is mentioned in the regional newspaper because of the "Malmeneicher Kirmes".

At the European elections in 2005, a citizen of Malmeneich was caught after voting five times. He got judged and this crime went through the regional media.

## Other websites 
* Traveljournals.net Information on Malmeneich
* Official website of the municipality of Elz
Provinces of Cuba

**Cuba** is divided into fourteen **provinces** and one special municipality.

## List of provinces 
From west to east, Cuba's provinces are:
# Isla de la Juventud
# Pinar del Río
# Artemisa
# City of Havana (Ciudad de La Habana)
# Mayabeque
# Matanzas
# Cienfuegos
# Villa Clara
# Sancti Spíritus
# Ciego de Ávila
# Camagüey
# Las Tunas
# Granma
# Holguín
# Santiago de Cuba
# Guantánamo

Cuba's "special municipality" is the *Isla de la Juventud* ("Island of Youth"), known until the 1970s as the *Isla de Pinos* ("Isle of Pines") and previously as "Evangelista", "Isle of Santiago" and "Isle of Parrots".

## History 
Prior to 1976, Cuba was divided into the following provinces (from west to east):
* Pinar del Río
* La Habana
* Matanzas
* Las Villas (before 1940, "Santa Clara")
* Camagüey (before 1899, "Puerto Príncipe")
* Oriente (before 1905, "Santiago de Cuba")
  
These provinces were used to be the following areas on the map: Pinar del Rio (item 2), La Habana (items 1, 3, 4), Matanzas (5), Las Villas (approximately 6, 7, and 8 on map), Camaguey (roughly 9 and 10) and Oriente (11, 12, 13, 14 and 15).

## Demographics 
*Pop. = Population. Source: Cuba census 2002*&nbsp;

## References 

## Other websites 
* Map of contemporary provinces of Cuba on webhavana.com 
* Cuban Census 2002
Gold (color)

nugget]]
**Gold** or **golden** is a yellowish orange color, or orange-tan color that is a bit like the color of the metal gold. The actual color of the metal, used for example in gilding, is called **Metallic gold**. Gold paint can be made by mixing brown, yellow paint and orange paint.

The web color *gold* is sometimes referred to as **golden** in order to distinguish it from the element *gold*. The use of *gold* as a color term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color "gold (metallic)". 	 		
The first recorded use of *golden* as a color name in English was in the year 1300 to refer to the element gold and in 1423 to refer to blonde hair.

## Meaning of gold 
* Gold represents *wealth* because the metal gold is valuable.

* Gold represents *accomplishment*, as when an athlete wins a *Gold Medal* at the Olympics or when a musician makes a *Gold Record* (a record that sells at least 1,000,000 copies).

## Tones of golden color comparison chart
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Jeddah

**Jeddah** (also spelled Jedda, Jiddah, Jidda, or Juddah; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city. It is on the coast of the Red Sea (21.50° N 39.1667° E). It is the major urban center in western Saudi Arabia. Jeddah is the largest city in the Western Province, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city Riyadh. The city has over 3.4 million people. It is seen as the business capital of Saudi Arabia and the richest city in the Middle East and western Asia.

Jeddah is the main gateway to Mecca, the holiest city of Islam, where able-bodied Muslims must go to at least once in a lifetime.

## Sister cities 
Jeddah has 23 sister cities (aka "twin towns"):

*  Almaty, Kazakhstan
*  Amman, Jordan
*  Baku, Azerbaijan
*  Alexandria, Egypt
*  Cairo, Egypt
*  Stuttgart, Germany
*  Dubai, United Arab Emirates
*  Jakarta, Indonesia
*  Istanbul, Turkey
*  Adana, Turkey
*  Johor Bahru, Malaysia
*  Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
*  Karachi, Pakistan
*  Mari, Turkmenistan
*  Odesa, Ukraine
*  Osh, Kyrgyzstan
*  Plovdiv, Bulgaria
*  Casablanca, Morocco
*  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
*  Shimonoseki, Japan
*  St. Petersburg, Russia
*  Strasbourg, France
*  Xi'an, People's Republic of China

## References
Tilia

***Tilia*** is a genus of about 30 species of trees in the Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent from western North America.

The trees are generally called **linden** in North America, and **lime** in Britain. Both names are from the Germanic root *lind*. The modern forms in English went from *linde* or *linne* in Anglo Saxon and old Norse, and in Britain the word transformed more recently to the modern British form *lime*. In the United States, the modern German name *Linde*, from the same root, became more common, partly to avoid confusion with any other uses of the name.

*Tilia* species are large deciduous trees, reaching typically between 20m and 40m tall, some species grow as shrubs. Plants of this genus are found through the north temperate regions.

## History
The Germanic tribes associated the Linden tree with the goddess Freya. Very often, these tribes held their assemblies, called Thing near or under such a tree. Often, trees that were standing alone somewhere were chosen. These assemblies were used to make laws. They usually lasted three days.

## Species
*]]

*]]
* *Tilia americana*
* *Tilia amurensis*
* *Tilia begoniifolia*
* *Tilia caroliniana*  
* *Tilia chinensis*
* *Tilia chingiana* 
* *Tilia cordata*
* *Tilia dasystyla* 
* *Tilia henryana*
* *Tilia heterophylla*
* *Tilia hupehensis* 
* *Tilia insularis* 
* *Tilia intonsa* 
* *Tilia japonica*
* *Tilia kiusiana* 
* *Tilia mandshurica*
* *Tilia maximowicziana* 
* *Tilia mexicana*
* *Tilia miqueliana* 
* *Tilia mongolica*
* *Tilia nasczokinii*
* *Tilia nobilis*
* *Tilia occidentalis*
* *Tilia oliveri*
* *Tilia paucicostata* 
* *Tilia platyphyllos*
* *Tilia rubra*
* *Tilia tomentosa*
* *Tilia tuan*

### Hybrids and cultivars
**Tilia × euchlora* (*T. dasystyla × T. cordata*)
**Tilia × europaea* Common Lime (*T. cordata × T. platyphyllos*; syn. *T. × vulgaris*)
**Tilia × petiolaris* (*T. tomentosa × T. ?*)
**Tilia* 'Flavescens' (*T. americana × T. cordata*)
**Tilia* 'Moltkei' (hybrid, unknown origin)
**Tilia* 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
**Tilia* 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)

## Uses
The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom. They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal tea, and this infusion is particularly popular in Europe.

## Other websites 
* GRIN: *Tilia*
Horatio Nelson

Vice-Admiral **Horatio Nelson** (29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805) was an British sea captain in the Royal Navy.

Born at the rectory of the village of Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk,

During the Battle of Trafalgar, his greatest victory, he was killed by a French sniper.
## Last words
At least three versions of his last words exist and are shown in Wikiquote. 

His most well-known last words are "Kiss me, Hardy".

Another statement during his last hours was "Thank God I have done my duty."

An alternative version is that he said both of those statements. He said "Kiss me, Hardy," When Hardy kissed him on the cheek. Then, Nelson said, "Now I am satisfied. Thank God I have done my duty." Next, Hardy kissed him again on the forehead, when Nelson called out, "Who is that?" Hardy replied, "It is Hardy." 

Scott, who remained by Nelson as he died, recorded Nelson's last words as "God and my country."

## References
Sea captain

A **sea captain**, also known as a **ship captain**, **sailing captain**, **sea master**, **ship master**, **sailing master**, **sea skipper**, **ship skipper** or **sailing skipper** or simply a **captain**, **master** or **skipper**, is the leader on a ship.  They are responsible for the safety of everyone on board.  If the ship is in trouble, most captains will not leave unless everyone is safe.

## Related pages
*Captain
Amber (color)

The color **amber** is a dark yellow color. It got its name from the material known as amber. The amber color is the mixture of yellow, orange and brown.

The first recorded use of *amber* as a color name in English was in 1500.

## Meaning of amber 
* Amber is used in traffic lights and turn signals.
* Amber is a symbolic color symbolizing energy.
* The color amber is associated with Zoroastrianism because of its practice of fire worship in fire temples (actually, the holy fire is simply a representation of the spiritual energy of God Ahura Mazda).
* The original Amber Room in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo near Saint Petersburg was a complete chamber decoration of amber panels backed with gold leaf and mirrors. Due to its singular beauty, it was sometimes dubbed the *Eighth Wonder of the World*.
* Amber is a color worn by Hull City AFC, an English Association football team. It is also worn by Mansfield Town F.C..

## Tones of amber color comparison chart 
## Related pages
* List of colors

## References
Turquoise (color)

gemstone is the   of the color.]] 
**Turquoise** is the color of the gem turquoise.  It is a slightly greenish shade of cyan.  Turquoise is sometimes described as a mixture of pale blue and green.  The name comes from the French word for *Turkish*. 

## Meaning of turquoise 
* People who practise holistic medicine say that turquoise has a calming effect on patients.  They use this color to treat patients prone to panic attacks or mania. To a lesser degree, mainstream psychiatric hospitals also use turquoise and other light shades of blue and green to calm patients by painting the walls in these colors.
* "The Turquoise" is slang for the waters of the Caribbean.  In the sunlight these waters look turquoise because they are shallow.
* Wearing Turquoise can help Cancerians (astrological sign) express their feelings more openly and heal from emotional wounds. 

## Tones of turquoise color comparison chart 
## Related pages
* List of colors
Brain stem

The **brainstem** is the rear part of the brain. It has two sections: the **hindbrain**, which includes the **pons and medula**, and the **midbrain**.

Though the brainstem is small, it is extremely important. The motor (movement) and sensory connections from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brain stem. Also, from the brainstem come the main motor and sensory nerves to the face and neck. These nerves are called the cranial nerves. The brainstem controls many bodily functions(called involuntary or unconscious) of which we are not normally aware, such as breathing, heart beat, and sweating. The brainstem controls functions which are unconscious, but necessary for life. 

The hindbrain consists of the pons, and the medulla oblongata; which is an extension of the spinal cord.  It connects the other parts of the brain (the cerebrum and cerebellum) to the spinal cord. Its neurons are the control centre of bodily functions, such as breathing and blood pressure.

## Functions of the brainstem 
;Conduction: All information going between the body and the cerebellum and the cerebrum must go through the brainstem.
;Nerves: Cranial nerves 3–12 emerge from the brainstem. There are motor neurons in the brainstem that allow movement in the face, including speech and swallowing. 
;Integration: It is involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity , , , and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a serious and often life-threatening problem.
Ideology

An **ideology** is a collection of ideas or beliefs shared by a group of people. It may be a connected set of  ideas, or a style of thought, or a world-view. It was coined by a French philosopher, Destutt de Tracy in 1801/5.

There are two main types of ideologies: *political ideologies*, and *epistemological ideologies*. Political ideologies are sets of ethical ideas about how a country should be run in matters of economic, social, internal, foreign and fiscal policies. Epistemological ideologies are sets of ideas about the philosophy, the Universe, and how people should make decisions.

There are many different types of ideologies. Communism, socialism, and capitalism are political/economical ideologies.

Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of values, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, or class which explains how society should work. It offers a political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.

Political ideologies have two dimensions:
# *Goals*: how society should work (or be arranged).
# *Methods*: the most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, theocracy, etc.), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.

Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the center or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. legalization of marijuana). 

Today, many commentators claim that we are living in a post-ideological age, in which redemptive, all-encompassing ideologies have failed. This is often associated with Francis Fukuyama's writings on "the end of history".

## References
Germ

**Germ** may refer to:

* Microorganism, especially a pathogen
** Germ theory of disease
* Germ cell, an ovum or sperm, or one of its progenitors
UPS

**UPS** may means:

* Uninterruptible power supply, an emergency electricity source
* United Parcel Service, an American shipping company
Lilac (colour)

s]]
**Lilac** is a light violet colour. It is named after the colour of the lilac flower.  The actual colour of the flowers of the plant may range from the colour of the lilac flowers shown at left to a richer or deeper colour.  These colours, such as *rich lilac* and *deep lilac*, are shown in the colour chart below.

The first written use of *lilac* as a colour name in English was in 1775.

## Meaning of lilac
* Lilac is a soft dainty colour that is often associated with grandparents or grandchildren and used on greeting cards addressed to grandparents or grandchildren.

## Tones of lilac and Persian lilac colour comparison charts
Some lilac flowers are coloured tones of lilac and other lilac flowers are coloured tones of red-violet.  Those lilac flowers that are coloured red-violet are said to be coloured Persian lilac.  Therefore, two different colour comparison charts are provided. 
### Tones of lilac colour comparison chart
### Tones of Persian lilac colour comparison chart
*See also red-violet*

## Related pages
* List of colors

## References
Nicholas

**Nicholas** is a male first name. 
The name is derived from the Greek name “Nikólaos” and is developed out nikáo “triumphs” and laós “people”. After the Greek word use the name can mean both “winner of the people” and “winner over the people”.
## People named Nicholas
### Saints with the name
*Nicholas of Myra, bishop of Myra, in the 4th century. Commonly known as *Saint Nicholas*. Santa Claus is modelled on him.
*Nicholas of Flüe
*Nicholas of Japan
### Monarchs
*Nicholas I of Russia
*Nicholas II of Russia
### Popes and Antipopes
*Pope Nicholas I
*Pope Nicholas II
*Pope Nicholas III
*Pope Nicholas IV
*Pope Nicholas V
*Antipope Nicholas V
### Patriarchs
*Patriarch Nicholas I of Constantinople
*Patriarch Nicholas II of Constantinople
*Patriarch Nicholas III of Constantinople
*Patriarch Nicholas IV of Constantinople
### Other people
*Nicholas of Cusa
*Nikolaus Groß

## Related pages
*Nick
Freedom fighter

, a freedom fighter from Frisia]]

A **freedom fighter** is a person who thinks their native ethnic group is not free, and is working to have freedom for their group. Most often this means that a freedom fighter wants their people to have own nation and independence and/or get rid of oppressors. People who think like this are said to think in a nationalist way.

Freedom fighter is a *relativistic* term - this means a person decides by his or her point of view if he call some persons or groups freedom fighters or not. Freedom fighter is a *positive* term - this means that he or she calls a person "freedom fighter" only if he or she supports the goals of the freedom fighter. If people do not support his goals, they probably use more *negative* terms like insurgent, terrorist, rebel or criminal.

Freedom fighters are often called terrorists by their opponents if they hurt civilians. However, not all freedom fighters hurt civilians. Some freedom fighters damage the opposing military. Some freedom fighters damage property - this is called sabotage. There are also freedom fighters who do not use violence at all. For example, Mahatma Gandhi and Dalai Lama.

## Groups 
These are examples of groups who call themselves freedom fighters.
* The African National Congress, c.f. Alfred Nzo's Address to the British Trades Union Congress at its Presentation of a Gold Medal to Nelson Mandela , 1988.
* Al-Qaeda
* Aryan Nations
* Babbar Khalsa (Sikh separatists)
* CNRT Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense
* The Continuity Irish Republican Army
* Earth Liberation Front
* ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna - Basque nationalist organization
* GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka
* Hamas
* Hezbollah
* Hizbul Mujahideen - Kashmiri separatists
* The Irish National Liberation Army
* The Irish People's Liberation Organisation
* The Irish Republican Army
* Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Separatists)
* Mahdi Army a militia force created by and loyal to the Iraqi Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr
* The New Peoples' Army
* The National Liberation Front of Algeria (FLN)
* The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
* The Real Irish Republican Army
* The Scottish National Liberation Army
* The Ulster Defence Regiment
* The Ulster Freedom Fighters
* The Ulster Volunteer Force

## Other examples 
* The Dalai Lama: "We are freedom fighters unique in our peaceful approach to liberation."
* Sitting Bull
* Nelson Mandela
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Michael Collins (Irish leader)
* Red Cloud
* William the Silent
* George Washington
* Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

### In public media
•Assassin's Creed is based around a group of freedom fighters.

•The Hunger Games is set in a dystopia that later features freedom fighters.

## References
Wood grain

**Wood grain** describes the ,  and appearance of the wood . This is often important in its effect on woodworking techniques (e.g. against the grain).

In describing the alignment of the wood in the tree a distinction may be made. Basic grain descriptions and types include:
* straight - grain which runs in a single direction along the cut wood, a product of a straight growing tree
* cross - grain in which some cells grow out from the major growth axis of the tree
* spiral - grain which develops as the trunk of the tree twists in development
* interlocked (roey grain) A step beyond spiral grain occurring when growth rings in a twisting trunk develop misaligned grain

, not to be confused with bird's eye maple]]
In addition, there are a few special grain alignments. Their rarity often promotes the value of both the raw material, and the finished work it becomes a part of. These include:

* bird's eye
* quilted
* fiddleback
* curly
* tiger

In describing the application of a woodworking technique to a given piece of wood, the direction of the technique might be:
* with the grain
* against the grain
* across the grain

In a wider sense, the term grain may also be applied to the orientation of the cut, the way a given piece of wood has been sawn: 
* flat-grain: flat-sawn or plain sawn,
* edge grain: quarter-sawn or rift-sawn or straight-grained, and
* end grain.
Joinery

**Joinery** could mean:

* Woodworking joints or other types of mechanical joints (mainly in North American English)
* The work of the joiner, the fabrication and installation of wooden fittings in buildings (mainly in British English).
* In Australia, a joinery is also the generic term for a business which undertakes the tasks of a joiner - usually it is the name given to the premises from which such work is undertaken.