open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Vandalism

, Lithuania.]]
 and bicycle in Hamburg, Germany.]]**Vandalism** is a crime that is done by  or  the property of someone else without their permission. This can include graffiti and website damage.

A person that does this is called a **vandal**. The name comes from the Vandals, a tribe that attacked and damaged the city of Rome in 455 CE.

## Examples
".]]

Examples of physical vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing, breaking windows, burning things down, spraying paint on others' properties, and tagging.

### Internet
Many websites, such as wikis, forums, and blogs, can be changed by anyone. Because of this, they can be "vandalized" by adding comments or replacing everything on the page with spam, nonsense or other  content. It is a kind of trolling, and some of these websites have special users, called administrators and moderators, whose job is to remove the vandalism and to  or  users who do not stop vandalizing.                                     

## References
Still Standing

***Still Standing*** is a CBS sitcom starring Mark Addy. It is about a working-class couple who live in Chicago, Illinois. Addy's character is a father of three with a wife named Judy (Jami Gertz). Judy and Addy's character, Bill Miller, deal with having an annoying relative, Aunt Linda (Jennifer Irwin), and with having children of different ages. It was first shown in September 2002. Lifetime had the rights to have the show in 2005. It ended in March 2006.

## Other websites 
*  CBS
*  Lifetime
* 
*
IGN

**IGN** is a gaming website that was first launched in 2000. It has FAQ's, guides, and walkthroughs about many of the games on GameCube, PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and the PlayStation 4, as well as older systems. IGN's main competitor is GameSpot, another gaming website.

IGN also features a popular message board, with a lot of members. 

## Other websites 
* Official website
Sock

**Socks** are often worn on a person's feet. They absorb sweat and help to keep the foot dry. Socks also give comfort to people's feet and keep them warm in cold weather.

## Overview
Socks are usually made of cotton or wool. Some socks can cover only the foot and ankle, and others may be long enough to cover the entire lower leg up to the knee. **Toe socks** are socks that wrap each toe separate from the others, like gloves but for the feet. Socks are made in many colors. Generally, white socks are worn for everyday or athletic use, and dark socks (black, brown, gray, or navy blue) are worn with business or formal wears. Some dress socks have patterns on them; these are called "argyles."

## Phone socks
People often refer to sleeves that cover mobile phones or other device with "socks". These come in many different forms, colorful or plain. Introduced by Apple in 2004, they usually help to protect the device whilst also being a stylish addition.

## References
Everybody Loves Raymond

***Everybody Loves Raymond*** is an American television series. It stars Ray Romano. The series was a popular sitcom on the CBS network.

## Overview
Ray Romano plays Ray Barone, a sports writer in Lynbrook, New York. Patricia Heaton plays his wife, Debra. Ray and Deborah have a fun set of neighbors: Ray's parents. Robert, Ray's "loser" brother, is a police officer, and is very unlucky in love. By the end of season seven, however, he marries a woman named Amy. The show aired from September 13, 1996 to May 16, 2005.

## Other websites 
*
Lighthouse

.]]

A **lighthouse** is a tall building that sends out light for use in navigation. Lighthouses are built on the coast of an ocean or lake. The lighthouse protects ships from crashing into shore, by sending the light out towards the sea. When sailors see the light, they know to avoid hitting the shore. The light usually turns in a circle so that ships see a flashing light.  The light is usually covered by a Fresnel lens.  This lens enables the light to travel a far distance.

One of the most famous lighthouses was the Lighthouse of Alexandria. It was on an island near the coast. That island was called *Pharos*. Even today, in many languages, the word for *lighthouse* comes from the name of the island.

Almost all lighthouses are automatic now.
Joan of Arcadia

***Joan of Arcadia*** was a CBS drama television series. It starred Amber Tamblyn. Tamblyn's character was Joan Girardi, a teenager with the ability to talk to God.

In its second season, the show had 8.5 million viewers per episode. However, after declining ratings the show was canceled. A third season was never made.

## Episodes
Gretchen Wilson

**Gretchen Wilson** (born June 26, 1973) is a country music singer.

In 2004 she had her first number one album on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart. As late 2013 she had a song on Billboard's Country Airplay music chart.

## Career
Wilson got a contract with Epic Records in 2003.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Here for the Party* (2004)
* *All Jacked Up* (2005)
* *One of the Boys* (2007)
* *I Got Your Country Right Here* (2010)
* *Right on Time* (2013)
* *Under the Covers* (2013)
* *Ready to Get Rowdy* (2017)

## Related pages
* List of country musicians from Illinois

## References
Blue Balliett

**Elizabeth "Blue" Balliett Klein** (born in 1955) is an American writer. Her first book is *Chasing Vermeer*. *Chasing Vermeer* made the Children's bestseller list in 2004.  In the story, two sixth graders help solve a mystery involving a Vermeer painting.  The story has to do with pentominoes, patterns, and coincidences.  The sequel to *Chasing Vermeer* is *The Wright 3,* a mystery centered around the Robie House designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and his talisman- a superstitious good luck object- that is a jade Japanese fish. This time, the two main characters, Petra and Calder, are joined by Calder's old friend, Tommy Segovia. The sequel, called The Wright 3, was published in April 2006.

## References
Wallet

A **wallet** is a small flat , mostly of leather or fabric, that a person uses to hold cash, credit cards, identification cards, etc. Most men usually keep their wallets in their pockets, while women usually keep them in larger bags called s.

Wallets, particularly in Europe, where larger coins are prevalent, contain also a coin purse compartments. Some wallets have built-in clasps or bands to keep them closed. 

As European banknotes, such as Euros and Pounds, are typically larger than American banknotes in size, they do not fit in some smaller American wallets.

A cryptocurrency wallet is a device, program, or service that stores public and/or private keys for cryptocurrency transactions. In addition to this basic function, a cryptocurrency wallet most often also offers provides encryption and/or the use of a digital signature.

## Other websites
*Collection of Unique Wallet Designs
*Some images for wallet design
*Wallet stealing

## References
Memory card

for comparison.]]
.]]
A **memory card** is a form of flash memory that is used in a range of electronic devices, such as a digital camera or video game console. The memory card stores data, like images, music, saved games or other computer files. 

Flash memory devices like this contain no moving parts so they are not easily . This means that they are ideal for use in portable devices such as MP3 players, digital cameras, mobile phones, etc.

The amount of data memory cards can store depends on the '''' of the card. As of 2025, the largest memory cards widely available can store 2 terabytes of data. As the  improves, larger capacity cards are expected. 

There are many types of memory cards, for example MultiMediaCard or CompactFlash, but the most common cards in use in the 21st century are of the SD card type, like MicroSD.
Chasing Vermeer

***Chasing Vermeer*** is a children's novel. It is about two children noticing strange coincidences relating to art. The book was written by Blue Balliett and published (printed) by Scholastic in 2003. It says many things about the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. 

The sequel to the book is *The Wright 3*.

## Characters
* Petra Andalee
* Calder Pillay
* Mrs. Sharpe
* Ms. Hussey
* Tommy Segovia
Care Bears

The **Care Bears** are a very successful toy franchise from the 1980s. Over forty million of these stuffed teddy bears, made with a variety of colours, were sold from 1983 to 1987. Each Bear had a name, a job, and a symbol tied to it. For example, Funshine Bear makes sure people have a good time, no matter what they  are doing  and has a sun on his stomach.

The toys were first made as characters on cards in 1981; the original artwork was done by Elena Kucharik. Later, other toys called the Care Bear Cousins were introduced.

They also gave way to three animated movies for the cinema in the mid-1980s. A related TV series from DIC and, later, Canada's Nelvana Limited came out at almost that same time.

Recently, Care Bear toys have been brought back in a new edition for the twenty-first century. As part of this comeback, the Bears have appeared in their first two DVD movies (both computer-animated), as well as a few video games.

## Characters
There are lots of characters of the Care Bears and the Care Bear Cousins. Both of these groups live in the Kingdom of Caring, which is made up of Care-a-Lot (the home of the Care Bears proper) and the Forest of Feelings (the home of the Care Bear Cousins). 

## The movies
#*The Care Bears Movie* (1985)
#*Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation* (1986)
#*The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland* (1987)
#Care Bears The Nutcracker (1988)
#*Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot* (2004) (direct to video)
#''The Care Bears' Big Wish Movie* (2005) (direct to video)
#*Care Bears: Oopsy Does It!* (2007) (direct to video)
#*Care Bears: Share Bear Shines* (2009) (direct to video)
#*Care Bears: To the Rescue!* (2009) (direct to video)
#*Care Bears: The Giving Festival'' (2009) (direct to video)

## Other websites 
* The Official Site 
* Care Bears Forever
* Take Care Bear's Place
* The Memories Board 
* The Care Bear Zone
Bolzano

**Bozen** (; ; , Southern Bavarian: *Bozn*) is the capital city of the province of Province of Bolzano-Bozen in northern Italy's Alto Adige.

Its population is 98.057 (March 2005) and the area of the municipality is 52.34&nbsp;km2. Bolzano has had Italian-speaking inhabitants since the Middle Ages. 

## City districts and neighboring communities
Bozen has five city districts:
* Centro-Piani-Rencio (German: *Zentrum-Bozner Boden-Rentsch*)
* Don Bosco
* Europa-Novacella (German: *Europa-Neustift*)
* Gries-San Quirino (German: *Gries-Quirein*)
* Oltrisarco-Aslago (German: *Oberau-Haslach*)

Communities next to Bozen are: Eppan, Karneid, Laives, Deutschnofen, Ritten, Jenesien, Terlan, and Vadena.

Other important towns near Bozen are: Brixen, Bruneck and Merano.

## Twin cities
* Sopron, Hungary

## Notes
## Other websites 
* City of Bolzano-Bozen (only in Italian and German)
* Tourism Board
* University
* Eurac Research 
* Airport 
* Archaeology Museum
Flubber

***Flubber*** is a 1997 American science-fiction comedy film directed by Les Mayfield (who had previously directed another John Hughes scripted remake, *Miracle on 34th Street*) and written by Hughes, based on an earlier screenplay by Bill Walsh. A color remake of *The Absent-Minded Professor* (1961), the film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and stars Robin Williams, Marcia Gay Harden, Christopher McDonald, Ted Levine, Raymond J. Barry, Wil Wheaton and Clancy Brown with Jodi Benson providing a voice. The film grossed $178 million worldwide despite negative reviews. In selected theaters, the *Pepper Ann* episode "Old Best Friend" was featured before the film.
Adult

**Adult** may mean different things. In law and social norms, an adult is a human who has reached the age of majority. The age of majority is the age at which an individual will be legally considered an adult. That age varies: in most countries, an adult is a person who is 18 years old or older. Once someone is adult, they no longer have to take directions from a parent or guardian but can make decisions for themselves, and *be held responsible for their own actions*. Legal penalties for crimes are different before and after the age of majority. 

An adult is much more than turning the age of 18. The definition in the dictionary states an adult means being completely grown: fully developed and mature. In the United States an adult is considered to be someone who takes responsibility for themselves and their actions. An adult has stability in their life and is able to take care of themselves physically, mentally, financially and emotionally. In other countries and cultures their definition of an adult differs. Adults are unique in many ways. Every person is an entity having their own identity, thought process, and way they see things.

In contrast, a person who has not yet reached the age of majority is a minor.

There are additional laws that decide from what age a person is allowed to do something; for example, vote, drink alcohol, and have sexual intercourse. For example, in the United States, a person becomes an adult on their 18th birthday, but they cannot buy alcoholic beverages until they turn 21. To verify their age, a young person must have an I.D. card for inspection by the bartender.

There are also some cultures that says a person is an adult from an age of 13 years on, for example see Bar Mitzi, which usually corresponds to puberty.

In biology, an animal is an adult when they are sexually mature. This means that they are able to sexually reproduce.

## Related pages
*Adolescence
*Middle age
*Old age
*Teenager

## References
Isle of Wight

The **Isle of Wight** is an island county that is just off the south coast of England. It is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) by 20 kilometres (13 miles) in size. About one hundred and twenty thousand people live on the island.

The Isle of Wight is a county. This means that it has a council of people who make decisions about some things that affect the people who live there. Until 1890 it was part of the administrative county of Hampshire. The county town of the island, which is the place where the council work, is *Newport*.

Many people like to go on holiday on the island.  There are many hotels and tourist attractions. Queen Victoria often visited the Isle of Wight where she owned a large mansion called Osborne House. Tourism is the most important industry on the island.

Over half of the island is officially designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.  It is widely recognised as the most important site in Europe for finding dinosaur remains, and is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

From 2024 health services on the island will be delivered by the newly formed  ‘Hampshire and Isle of Wight Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust’, made by joining the Solent NHS Trust, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and Isle of Wight Trust.

## References
Socks (disambiguation)

**Sock** or **socks** could mean:

*Sock - the item of clothing
*SOCKS - an internet protocol
*Socks (cat), the household pet of Bill Clinton, during his presidential terms in the White House
*Socks (Blue Peter cat), a *Blue Peter* cat
*Socks (Beverly Cleary) a children's novel by Beverly Cleary
Marti Webb

**Marti Webb** is a British actress and singer born in London in 1944.

She has notably played roles in musical theatre including *Evita*, *Cats*, *Godspell*, *The King and I*, *Annie*, *Thoroughly Modern Millie*, *The Goodbye Girl* and *Song and Dance*.

She first came to prominence with the song cycle "Tell Me on a Sunday" which was written for her by Don Black and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Webb recently returned to the show after it was revamped for Denise Van Outen in the West End before she took it on a UK tour.
Yahtzee

**Yahtzee** is a popular dice game that is well-known all over the world. The object of the game is to roll 5 dice (up to 3 times) to create certain combinations such as:

*Three-of-a-kind: 3 dice showing the same number (scores as sum of all dice)
*Four-of-a-kind: 4 dice showing the same number (scores as sum of all dice)
*Small straight: 4 numbers in sequence, such as 2-3-4-5 or 1-2-3-4 (scores 30 pts)
*Large straight: 5 numbers in sequence, such as 1-2-3-4-5 (scores 40 pts)
*Full house: 3 dice showing the same number and the remaining 2 dice showing a different number but both matching (scores 25 pts)
*Yahtzee: All 5 dice showing the same number (scores 50 pts)
Evita (musical)

***Evita*** is a musical. The lyrics were written by Tim Rice. The music was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The musical is based on the life of Eva Perón (1919-1952), the wife of Argentinian President Juan Perón, which Che is telling.

*Evita* opened on the West End in 1978, and on Broadway in 1979. It won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical and the Tony Award for Best Musical. In 1996, a movie version was released starring Madonna.
Tim Rice

**Sir Timothy Miles Bindon** "**Tim**" **Rice** (born 10 November 1944) is an English songwriter and writer. He was born in 1944. Rice is probably best known for his work with Andrew Lloyd Webber on the shows *Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat*, *Jesus Christ Superstar*, and *Evita*. 

He also co-wrote the shows *Blondel*, *Chess* and the English lyrics for *Starmania*. He had a long-term relationship in the 1980s with the actress Elaine Paige.

In 2018, Rice became one of fifteen people to win an Oscar, Grammy, Tony and Emmy Award.

## References
Sunset Boulevard (movie)

***Sunset Boulevard*** is a 1950 American black comedy film noir movie about a screenwriter (William Holden) accompanying a retired Hollywood silent movie actress (Gloria Swanson) who wants to return to acting in movies. It was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won three. For Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical theater, it starred Patti LuPone, Glenn Close, Betty Buckley and Elaine Paige.

## Other websites
*
*
*
*
*
*
Elaine Paige

**Elaine Paige** OBE (born **Elaine Jill Bickerstaff**, 5 March 1948) is an English actress and singer. She was born and raised in Barnet, Hertfordshire. She is known for her roles in musical theater.
## Life
She worked in the theatre from a young age. She quickly became famous in the role of Eva Perón in the musical *Evita* in 1978. She studied acting at the Aida Foster stage school in London and then played roles in the British tour of the show *The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd* and the first London production of *Hair*. She played Sandy in the London production of *Grease* and appeared as one of Michael Crawford's girlfriends in *Billy*. She has since said she was about to leave the world of acting, possibly to become a teacher, but then the role in *Evita* was offered to her.

After *Evita*, she did not have any work for a period. She thought that her musical career had seen its best. When the actress Judi Dench had an injury during rehearsals for *Cats*, the producers asked Paige play the role in stead of Dench. They stated that the role "was not another *Evita*" and that her role only had one and a half songs. Fortunately, the song was "Memory", which was a top 10 hit for Paige and has become her signature song.

After *Cats*, she appeared in *Abbacadbra*, an ABBA compilation, and *Chess*, also written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA but with lyrics by Tim Rice, co-writer of *Evita*. Paige then scored a number 1 single, "I Know Him So Well", a song from *Chess*, as a duet with Barbara Dickson.

In 1989, she co-produced and starred in a production of Cole Porter's *Anything Goes* in London, which made a star of John Barrowman. In the early 1990s, her relationship with the lyricist Tim Rice stopped and Paige tried an image change by recording an album with a California-based producer in the Bette Midler style entitled *Love Can Do That*. Her solo albums had so far been a variety of songs, including the very successful *Stages* in 1983, with songs from musical theatre. In 1993, she returned to the United States to work with Peter Matz on an album called *Romance and the Stage* featuring songs from earlier days of musical theatre. The following year, she recorded, *Piaf*, which had music from the role she was playing in the Pam Gems play, also called *Piaf*. Critics were impressed by her acting skills in that play. 

However, in 1995 she had a role in another musical, playing Norma Desmond in Andrew Lloyd Webber's *Sunset Boulevard*. She had always wanted to perform on Broadway and *Sunset Boulevard* now made this possible. For more than a year she played the role. She later had another role in 2000 with the *King and I*. She has recently moved more into television and radio work.

Paige was awarded an OBE in 1995. Now she is hosting a Sunday afternoon BBC Radio 2 show which plays music from the stage and film.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*
1785

## Events 
* January 1 – The Montgolfier brothers fly across the English Channel.

## Births 
* December 26 – Laurent Clerc, co-founder of the first American school for the deaf

## Deaths 
*January 3 – Baldassare Galuppi, Italian composer (b. 1706)
*January 19 – Jonathan Toup, English classical scholar and critic (b. 1713)
*January 23 – Matthew Stewart, Scottish mathematician (b. 1717)
*April 14 – William Whitehead, English writer (b. 1715)
*May 8 – Etienne Francois, Duke of Choiseul, French statesman (b. 1719)
*June 2 – Jean Paul de Gua de Malves, French mathematician (b. 1713)
*June 30 – James Oglethorpe, English general and founder of the state of Georgia (b. 1696)
*August 17 – Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (b. 1710)
*August 26 – George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville, British soldier and politician (b. 1716)
*August 28 – Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, French sculptor (b. 1714)
*October 4 – David Brearly, delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention (b. 1703)
*November 19 – Bernard de Bury, French composer (b. 1720)
*November 25 – Richard Glover, English poet (b. 1712)
*December 29 – Johan Herman Wessel, Norwegian writer (b. 1742)
Sticky note

A **sticky note** (or **Post-it** note) is a small piece of paper with a strip of glue along one edge that make it "sticky," so you can stick it to things. It was invented by Arthur Fry.

The most common sticky note is the Post-it, which is made by a company called 3M. In 1974 a man named Arthur Fry came up with the idea for the sticky note. He used a glue that was originally too weak to be used for anything else, so the notes would come off easy. 3M started to sell Post-Its in 1980.

In 2001, the patent for the glue that 3M uses on Post-it notes expired, so many other companies now make similar sticky notes.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Post-It notes Website
* Post-It notes Generator
Becker (TV series)

***Becker*** is an American sitcom that was originally first aired on the CBS network on November 2, 1998. It starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a very grumpy family doctor who is unhappy with his life in The Bronx, New York. Becker became famous for his witty responses and constant negative outlook on all situations. The show was last aired to revived after cancelation on January 28, 2004.

## Characters 
For the first four seasons, the main characters were:

* **John Becker** – Ted Danson

Becker, a Harvard Medical School graduate, runs a neighborhood medical practice. He is easily annoyed by things, and is a very angry person. He has been married and divorced twice.

* **Margaret Wyborn** – Hattie Winston

Becker's office manager, and one of the few people who can not get annoyed by Becker and his ways. Margaret is a motherly-like figure to Becker and Linda. She is married.

* **Linda** – Shawnee Smith

A muddle-headed girl whose surname is never revealed. She works at the doctor's office to establish independence from her wealthy parents.

* **Regina "Reggie" Kostas** – Terry Farrell

The owner and worker of a diner she inherited from her late father. Reggie is a former model and is unhappy being stuck running a diner.

* **Jake Malinak** – Alex Désert

Becker's best friend. Jake also works at the diner selling newspapers and miscellaneous items such as candy, magazines, cigarettes, gum, etc. Jake is blind following a car accident several years before.

* **Bob** – Saverio Guerra

Bob loiters at the diner and is Italian. He is an old high school classmate of Reggie's who is short, annoying, and refers to himself in the third person.
Ted Danson

**Edward Bridge "Ted" Danson III** (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer. Danson was born in San Diego, California and raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. He is best known from his work on television. His roles include:

* Dr. John Becker in *Becker*
* Sam Malone in *Cheers*
* Jack Holden in *Three Men and a Baby* and *Three Men and a Little Lady*
* D.B. Russell in *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*
* Michael in *The Good Place*

Ted Danson was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2018, 2019, and 2020 for playing Michael on *The Good Place*. *The Good Place* won a Peabody Award in 2019.

## Other websites 
* 

## References
Digital camera

A **digital camera**, also known as a **digicam**, is a camera that stores pictures on digital storage instead of film. Because of this, a digital camera can hold many more pictures than a traditional film camera. A digital camera can sometimes hold hundreds or thousands of pictures. Many use a memory card to store them. Most digital cameras can use a USB cable that connects to a computer to send pictures that are in the camera to the computer.

**Digital photography** is a kind of photography where a digital camera is used to take photos. Digital cameras use an image sensor instead of photographic film. Very often, they also use a memory card to store the photos in a digital format. Most photography is digital, though some photographers still use the old film cameras. 

The majority of cameras are part of a mobile phone, called a "camera phone". They can send their pictures to other phones and other devices. Most camera phones do not make as good pictures as larger separate cameras do, especially where light is not bright.

Most digital cameras can serve as video cameras. Some have a direct link to another computer where the data may be stored.

## Data storage 
When you take a picture or a video, it is saved on a memory device. The memory device can be internal—flash memory inside the camera, or external—memory cards, microdrives and so on. The most used method for saving pictures and videos from a camera is a SD card.

The picture can be saved in a compressed file (JPEG, TIFF) or in an uncompressed, proprietary RAW file.  The compressed picture is lower quality, but the RAW picture has to be processed with a special computer program.

A video is usually saved as an AVI, MPEG or MOV file format (it depends on the producer of the camera).

Most modern cameras also put Exif information in the picture file. This metadata information typically includes the date of taking the picture, the camera type, and its settings. Some cameras include GPS coordinates.

## Gallery 

File:2018 Nikon Coolpix P100.jpg
File:Coolpix 8400.jpg
File:Nikon Coolpix 2500.jpg
File:Leica-m8 hg.JPG
File:Sony A7 Contax Zeiss 28mm F2.8.jpg
File:Canon EOS 5D Mark IV (Front), 1803241116, ako.jpg
File:2017 Nikon D5500.jpg
File:Leica S2 IMG 2920.jpg

## Other websites
Molière

**Molière** (1622 – 17 February 1673) was a French actor, director and writer. His real name was **Jean-Baptiste Poquelin**, Molière was his stage name. He wrote some of the most important comedies in human history.

He was born in Paris where his father owned a carpet shop. As a young person, Molière decided to live an artist's life. At the age of 21, he founded a theatre company that soon went bankrupt. From 1645 to 1658, he toured France with some of his friends.

Later, King Louis XIV made Molière responsible for the entertainment at the court of Versailles near Paris.  Molière was happy to have the king among his friends, because he had many enemies, especially important people in the Roman Catholic church. Molière's comedies deal with human weaknesses: jealousy, meanness, hypocrisy, fear of death. By putting his characters in ridiculous situations, Molière wants to entertain and educate his audience.

One of his most important plays is *Tartuffe*, showing a bigoted man stealing his way into a rich family. Molière's last play was *Le Malade Imaginaire*, called in English *The Hypochondriac*. As in many of his comedies, Molière played the main role. He died due to pulmonary tuberculosis on stage during the fourth performance. Because of his problems with the church, he was not allowed to be buried in a church cemetery.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Molière's works online  at toutmoliere.net (in French)
* Molière's works online  at site-moliere.com
* Molière's works online  at InLibroVeritas.net
* Molière's works online  at classicistranieri.com
* Biography, Bibliography, Analysis, Plot overview  at biblioweb.org (in French)
* Molière's Verses Plays Publication, Statistics, Words Research (in French)
* Professional quality parody - "The Life & Times of Molière" at YouTube.com
Stapler

A **stapler** is an office tool that is used to place thin items such as paper together. It uses a small piece of wire (a staple) to put them together. The ends of the staple are pointed and go into the paper. 

There is also a chain of stores called *Staples*, which sells office supplies.

When you press the stapler down, it will release a staple. The staple is pressed into the paper, and then bent. That way the pieces of paper get stuck together. 

Image:Stapler-swingline-red.jpg|An office stapler
Image:Heavy-duty-stapler.jpg|This stapler can also put together bigger things
Image:Staplefasteners.jpg|Staples  in box
Image:Heftklammer.jpg|Staples after wrong use
Pixar

**Pixar Animation Studios** () or simply **Pixar**, is an American animation studio. It is known for its advanced CGI productions. It has been a partner of Disney for many years. In 2006, Disney bought the company. The company’s studio lot is located in Emeryville, California.

Pixar started as a division of George Lucas' Lucasfilm in early 1979. In 1986, Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs bought it for $10 million. He worked as a chairman and CEO until 2011.

The company has made a total of 28 movies and short films based on the characters, starting with *Toy Story* which was released on November 22, 1995, *Toy Story 2* was premiered in 1999 and *Toy Story 3* was made in 2010. The fourth film of the franchise is *Toy Story 4* which released in 2019. The *Toy Story* franchise has globally become the highest-grossing animated films of all time and has also released several short films and several television series.

## Movies 
### Released 
### Upcoming
## Short Films 
## References
## Other websites 
*
Fibonacci

, 1863]]

**Fibonacci**, also known as Leonardo Pisano (c. 1170 - c. 1250 AD), was a famous Italian mathematician. 

Probably born in Pisa, Italy, Fibonacci was raised and educated in North Africa. This was because his father was a diplomat for the Republic of Pisa. While in North Africa, Fibonacci studied mathematics with an Arab teacher. Later, Fibonacci traveled to many different places, including Egypt, Syria, Sicily, and Greece, "where he studied different numerical systems and methods of calculation."

After his travels, Fibonacci returned to Pisa. He wrote many mathematical texts, including *Liber Abaci.* This text became very famous and  the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe. He also introduced the Fibonacci Sequence to Europe.

The Fibonacci Sequence is infinitely large, but it begins like this: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, 514229, 832040, 1346269, 2178309, 3524578, 5702887, 9227465, 14930352, 24157817, 39088169, 63245986, 102334155, etc. Each number is the sum of the two numbers that come before it. Also, when one number is divided by the one that comes right before it, the result gets closer and closer to the golden ratio.

## References
Richard Stallman

**Richard Stallman** (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU project, and the Free Software Foundation. He created GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, and the GNU Debugger. He is one of the main authors of the GNU General Public License (*GNU GPL* or *GPL*), the most used free software license, which pioneered the concept of the copyleft.

Since the mid-1990s, he has spent most of his time as a political campaigner, talking about free software and campaigning against proprietary software, software idea patents and expansions of copyright law. The time that he still spends on programming is spent on GNU Emacs. He is currently supported by various fellowships and maintains a modest standard of living.

### Harvard University and MIT 
As a first-year student at Harvard University in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55. He was happy, "For the first time in my life, I felt I had found a home at Harvard."

In 1971, near the end of his first year at Harvard, he became a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, *RMS*, which he used in his computer accounts. Stallman received a bachelor's degree in physics (*magna cum laude*) from Harvard in 1974. He considered staying on at Harvard, but instead decided to enroll as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year, but left the program to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory.

While working (starting in 1975) as a research assistant at MIT under Gerry Sussman, Stallman published a paper (with Sussman) in 1977 on an AI truth maintenance system, called *dependency-directed backtracking*. The paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems. 

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects like TECO and Emacs for the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS), as well as the Lisp machine operating system (the CONS of 1974–1976 and the CADR of 1977–1979—this latter unit was commercialized by Symbolics and Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) starting around 1980).

## Other websites 
* Stallman.org – Richard Stallman's personal homepage
* Richard Stallman's blog
*
National Hockey League

**The National Hockey League** or NHL, is the highest-level ice hockey league in the world. It has 32 teams - 7 from Canada and 25 from the United States. The championship trophy is the Stanley Cup.

The NHL were founded in 1917. There were five original teams in 1917:

* Montreal Canadiens
* Montreal Wanderers
* Ottawa Senators (later St. Louis Eagles; not related to the current Ottawa Senators)
* Quebec Bulldogs (later Hamilton Tigers)
* Toronto Arenas (later St. Patricks, then Maple Leafs)

They played 22 games a year. The Wanderers had to stop playing in the first year because their arena burned down. Over the years some teams died out, and others were created: the Boston Bruins, New York Americans, Montreal Maroons, Pittsburgh Pirates (later Philadelphia Quakers), New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars (later Falcons, then Red Wings).

Some teams folded during the Great Depression, so by 1942 there were only six teams:

* Boston Bruins
* Chicago Blackhawks
* Detroit Red Wings
* Montreal Canadiens
* New York Rangers
* Toronto Maple Leafs

There were only these six teams for 25 years, so they became known as the "Original Six".

By the 1940s, they were playing 50 games a year, but this increased slowly to 80 games by the 1970s. In 1967, the league increased to 12 teams. By 1979 it had 21 teams, and today it has 32. Some of the teams that no longer exist are the Oakland Seals, Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars), Winnipeg Jets (now the dormant Arizona Coyotes), Kansas City Scouts (which became the Colorado Rockies and are now the New Jersey Devils), Hartford Whalers (now the Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now the Colorado Avalanche) and Atlanta Thrashers (now the current Winnipeg Jets).

Today they play 82 games a year, plus four rounds of playoffs. The players make a lot of money (many make over a million dollars a year). Because they could make so much money, many Europeans came over to North America to play in the NHL. Today almost all the world's best hockey players are in the NHL.

## List of teams
# *An asterisk (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.*
# *The Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers (now Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now Colorado Avalanche), and original Winnipeg Jets (now Arizona Coyotes) all joined the NHL in 1979 as part of the NHL–WHA merger.*

## Related pages
* History of the National Hockey League

## Notes
## References
## Other websites
* Official NHL website
Isaac Asimov

**Isaac Asimov** (&nbsp;– April 6, 1992) was a  writer of science fiction. He was also a biochemist with a PhD from Columbia University.

## Life 
Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Smolensk Oblast, Russian SFSR to a Jewish family, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919 and January 2, 1920. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. He was taken to the United States when he was three, and learned English and Yiddish as his native languages. He wrote many books. People know about Isaac Asimov because of his science fiction books and his science books for non-scientists.

## Writing 
Asimov's most famous books were the Foundation series. He also wrote the *Galactic Empire,* the *Robot* Series, , fantasy, and non-fiction books. He wrote the Norby series with his wife, Janet Asimov. He wrote or edited over 500 books and about 90,000 letters. Other subjects he wrote about were history, the Bible, literature, and sexuality.

Many of Asimov's early writings were short stories published in cheap science fiction and fantasy magazines. Years later, most of them were collected and republished as collections. Well-known collections include *I, Robot*, *The Rest of the Robots*, *Earth is Room Enough* and *The Early Asimov*.

### Asimov's reading list 
Asimov made a list of 15 of his science fiction books, which he advised should be read in this order:
# *I, Robot* (1950). Alternatively, *The Complete Robot* (1982).
# *Caves of Steel* (1954).
# *The Naked Sun* (1957).
# *The Robots of Dawn* (1983).
# *Robots and Empire* (1985).
# *The Currents of Space* (1952).
# *The Stars, Like Dust* (1951).
# *Pebble in the Sky* (1950).
# *Prelude to Foundation* (1988).
# *Forward the Foundation* (1993).
# *Foundation* (1951).
# *Foundation and Empire* (1952).
# *Second Foundation* (1953).
# ''Foundation's Edge* (1982).
# *Foundation and Earth'' (1986).

Numbers 1–5 are 'Robot' books; 6–8 are 'Galacticos Empire' books; 9–15 are Foundation series books.

Asimov's novels have influenced science fiction on television and movie. Especially his 'Three Laws of Robotics' is a lasting contribution to our thinking.

# A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
# A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
# A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

## Beliefs 
Although ethnically a Jew, Asimov was an atheist:
:"I am an atheist, out and out. It took me quite a long time to say it. I've been an atheist for years and years, but somehow ... it was better to say one was a humanist or an agnostic".

## Death 
When he had heart surgery in 1983, he received blood infected with HIV. He developed AIDS, and died of the effects of the medical condition in 1992. His widow did not speak of this until years later.

## Related pages 
* Arthur C. Clarke

## Notes 
## References
Cheers

***Cheers*** is a long-running American sitcom made by Charles-Burrows-Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC. The show premiered on September 30, 1982 and had its widely watched series finale on May 20, 1993, followed by a long and ongoing run in syndication. In eleven seasons, there were 270 episodes.

*Format: Sitcom
*Run time: approx. 0:30 (per episode)
*Creators: James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles
*Producers: David Angell

## Characters and actors who portrayed them 
*Sam Malone (Ted Danson)
*Diane Chambers (Shelley Long)
*Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley)
*Coach Ernie Pantusso (Nicholas Colasanto)
*Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman)
*Cliff Clavin (John Ratzenberger)
*Woody Boyd (Woody Harrelson)
*Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
*Lilith Sternin (Bebe Neuwirth)
*Norm Peterson (George Wendt)

## Setting
*Cheers* was set in a Boston bar.  This bar was where a group of friends would come to sit, drink alcohol, complain, and make practical jokes on a rival bar in town.

The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) and ex-baseball pitcher and bar owner Sam Malone (Ted Danson). Long's departure from the show in 1987 shifted the emphasis to Sam's relationship with a new character, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley). Diane returned for the finale.

The show also created the character Frasier Crane. Frasier got his own show (*Frasier*) the season after *Cheers* ended.  Frasier's love interest Lilith Sternin appeared on both shows but Frasier and Lilith were no longer married in *Frasier*.

The producers, not wanting the show to be construed as promoting drinking, had Sam's character written as an ex-alcoholic. Most of the early episodes took place entirely within the confines of the bar. When the series became popular, some scenes were outside the bar.

The outer shots of the bar were actually the Bull and Finch pub, north of Boston Common, which has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series. It is said to be the bar that the series creators saw and wanted to model the bar in their show after. It has now been renamed Cheers on Beacon Hill, though its interior is quite different from the TV bar.

## Ratings 
It was nearly cancelled during its first season (in which it ranked dead last among 63 shows).  But it eventually became one of the most popular shows on TV because it had a top-ten rating during seven of its eleven seasons. The show earned 26 Emmy Awards out of a total of 111 nominations.
## Cancellation and spin-off
In June 1993, the series was canceled after 11 seasons. A spin-off, *Frasier*, premiered in September 1993.

## Other websites 
*
1936

**1936** (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Births 
*January 2 – Roger Miller, American singer (d. 1992)
*January 28 – Alan Alda, American actor
*March 9 – Mickey Gilley, American singer, Nightclub owner (d. 2022)
*March 26 - Giora Feidman, Israeli clarinetist
*May 7 – Tony O'Reilly, Irish billionaire (d. 2024)
*May 16 - Edmond Classen, Dutch actor (d. 2014)
*May 17 – Dennis Hopper, American actor (d. 2010)
*June 2 – Sally Kellerman, American actress (d. 2022)
*July 10 - Lois Lilienstein, Canadian singer and musician (Sharon, Lois & Bram) (d. 2015)
*December 22 – Wojciech Frykowski, Polish actor (d. 1969)
*September 21 – Yury Luzhkov, Mayor of Moscow (d. 2019)
*October 10 – Gerhard Ertl, German physicist, Nobel prize winner (chemistry)
*December 17 – Pope Francis, former pope of the Catholic Church (d. 2025)

## Deaths 
*January 16 - Albert Fish (executed by electrocution)
*January 18 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer
*March 9 – Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru

## Events 
*January 15 – The first building to be completely covered in glass is completed in Toledo, Ohio, for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company.
*January 16 – Serial killer Albert Fish is executed in Sing Sing.
*January 20 – Death of George V of the United Kingdom. His son Edward VIII succeeds him as King of the United Kingdom, King of Ireland and Emperor of India.
*January 24 – Albert Serraut's government begins in France.
*January 31 – *The Green Hornet* radio show debuts.
*February 4 – Radium E. becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
*February 6 – The 1936 Winter Olympic Games opens in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
*February 10-15 – Italian troops defeat Abyssinian army in Enderta.
*From February 14, 1936, to March 1, 1945, AG Weser launched a total of 162 U-boats.
*February 19 – Manuel Aznar's government begins in Spain.
*February 26 – 1400 Japanese soldiers invade government offices in Tokyo. They demand arrest of general Kazushige Ugaki and that general Sadao Araki made head of the Kwantung Army and death of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, the minister of Finance and Inspector General of Military Education.
*February 29 – Emperor Hirohito orders the Japanese army to arrest 123 conspirators in Tokyo government offices – 19 of them are executed in July.
*Summer – The central and southern United States are hit by a major heat wave.
* September 7 – The last known thylacine ("Tasmanian tiger"), named Benjamin, dies in Hobart Zoo in Tasmania.
*December 11 – King Edward VIII gives up his throne to marry the woman he loves.

## Movies released 
**After the Thin Man*

## Hit songs
* "The Way You Look Tonight" – by Dorothy Fields and Jerome Kern, from the movie *Swing Time*, won the Academy Award for the best song.

## Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Henry Hallett Dale, and Otto Loewi.