George Floyd protests

The **George Floyd protests** were a series of protests and riots that started in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, Minnesota, United States. Unrest began in Minneapolis on May 26, 2020, after the murder of George Floyd and continued until early 2022. Floyd died while being arrested by officers of the Minneapolis Police Department on May 25. Protests spread to many cities in the United States, and later the world.

Some of the protesters at the police's Third Precinct building fought with law enforcement officers, who fired tear gas and rubber bullets. Additionally, the Third Precinct's windows were smashed. A supermarket was looted, and other buildings were attacked and set on fire. At least thirteen people were killed because of the protests, but overall, most of the protests were peaceful. According to a September 2020 report by the U.S. Crisis Monitor, almost 95% of all protests were nonviolent.

On May 28, Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey declared a state of emergency, and Governor of Minnesota Tim Walz called in 500 Minnesota National Guard troops. More businesses across the Twin Cities were damaged and looted. 

The police in the Third Precinct building attempted to hold off the protesters with tear gas, but around 11:00 pm, protesters overran the building and set it on fire. It had been evacuated. 

Both Walz and Frey started curfews. Former U.S. President Donald Trump assured Walz of U.S. military support.

The activist group Black Lives Matter was involved in the protests. They do not have one leader or one organization.

There were many attacks on journalists, both in the Twin Cities and at other protests.

## Background
The George Floyd protests took place in the spring and early summer of 2020, shortly after the number of deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 in the United States reached 100,000.  The COVID-19 pandemic had already affected black and other non-white Americans more than white Americans.  Experts said that the protesters might spread the virus to each other.

Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo said on Saturday, May 30: "You have a right to demonstrate. You have the right to protest. God bless America.  You don't have a right to infect other people. You don't have a right to act in a way that's going to jeopardize public health.   You can have an opinion but there are also facts, and you're wrong not to wear a mask."

Experts thought that the George Floyd protests would cause more people to catch COVID-19. In the United States, however, that did not happen. Scientists said this could have been because the number of cases in large cities like New York was already going down, because the protests took place outside, because the protesters mostly wore masks, or because the protesters usually kept moving by walking or marching. Other experts said that because most of the protesters were young, healthy adults, perhaps they did catch COVID-19 and had not noticed.

## Protests
There were sister protests in all 50 of the United States and in the capital, Washington, D.C. Some of the protests were peaceful and others had violence and looting. The National Guard moved out into more than 25 of the 50 states. In some places, police remained calm, and in others they used force, tear gas, and rubber bullets. In Washington, D.C. one man let more than 50 protesters come into his house so they could escape from the police who were chasing them. Two weeks into the protests, 9300 people had been arrested in the United States, including 1500 in New York and 2700 in Los Angeles.

Protesters outside the White House, the building in Washington, D.C. where the president lives, called for Trump to resign. Some threw bottles. The United States Secret Service took Trump to a bunker in the White House.  On Monday, June 1, the Secret Service used tear gas on peaceful protesters outside the White House so  Trump could walk to St. John's Church and have his picture taken with a Bible.

On the weekend of June 6-7, protests in the United States were even bigger but mostly peaceful, according to *The New York Times*, and the protesters were more unified in what they wanted: police reform. There were tens of thousands of protesters in large cities like New York and Seattle and also protests in smaller towns like Marion, Ohio and Vidor, Texas. New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced on Sunday morning that New York City was stopping its 8:00 p.m. curfew.

The activist group Black Lives Matter sued the police department of Seattle, Washington on Tuesday June 9. That evening, protesters took over Seattle's city hall for about one hour. The protesters left city hall on their own (no one pushed them out). Protesters took over part of downtown Seattle, calling it the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone. At some point in June, there were four shootings in the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone. On July 1, city officials sent the police to clear the protesters out. They arrested 13 people.

The Georgia NAACP planned a March on Georgia for June 15. Thousands of people marched to the Georgia state capitol building to stop police brutality.  The marchers also said they were marching because Georgia had made it harder for black people to vote by closing so many voting places that the ones that were left had very long lines, because they think Georgia's citizens' arrest laws are unfair, and because of the killings of Rayshard Brooks, Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery.

In New York City, a group called Street Riders NYC organized bicycle riders to ride through the city chanting "Whose streets? Our streets!" "Say his name: George Floyd," and other slogans.  Bicycle protests could have thousands of people, often riding through parts of the city where protesters do not usually go.  One of Street Riders NYC's founders, Peter Kerre, told the *New York Times*, "We went deep, deep into the hood, places where these folks have never seen a march come through, and suddenly they're seeing 6,000 bikes. The reaction was just priceless, folks crying out with gratitude, coming out to say 'Thank you.'"

In late June, protesters came to City Hall Park in New York City and built a camp there with a welcome desk, library, tea hut, and kitchens.  They were led by the group Vocal-NY. They demanded that the city remove US$1 billion from the city's police department's $6 billion budget and spend it on education and other things.  New York City decides on its yearly budget on July 1.

### Journalists
As of June 4, journalists covering the protests were attacked more than 300 times, 192 of them by the police, including 69 physical attacks.  49 journalists were arrested.

On the morning of May 28, white Minneapolis police officers arrested Omar Jimenez, a reporter for CNN, and his crew while they were filming the protests. Jiminez is black. He told the officers that he and his crew were journalists and offered to move further away, but the officers arrested them anyway. They were released later that day. Walz apologized to CNN, and said publicly that Jiminez and his crew had only been doing their jobs and acting within their rights. A white CNN reporter who had been working a block away from Jiminez noted that he had not been bothered by the police, only asked who he was.

In Minneapolis several people were injured. In Washington, D.C., Amelia Brace and Tim Myers of 7News Australia were with the protesters who were pushed away so Donald Trump could walk to St. John's Church.

Sometimes protesters attacked journalists. In Washington D.C., protesters threw things at journalists from Fox News. In Atlanta, someone attacked CNN headquarters.

Suzanne Nossel of the human rights group PEN America blamed President Trump, who has said bad things about journalists since before he was elected.  Human rights lawyer Tendai Biti said it reminded him of dictatorships in Africa.

### Violence
According to a report written by the U.S. Crisis Monitor, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), and the Bridging Divides Initiative of Princeton University, almost 95% of the protests were peaceful.  They studied 10,600 protests between late May and late August and found that 10,100 had no violence.  Only 570 protests had any violent acts.  In cities where some protests were violent, it tended to happen in one or a few places and not through the whole city.  Out of all protests connected to Black Lives Matter, 93% had no violence.

### International protests
There were also protests outside the United States, in London, Toronto, Beijing, Berlin, Addis Ababa, and other places.  Some of these international protesters said they wanted to support George Floyd but also bring attention to the racist actions by police in their own countries.  In Toronto, protesters remembered the death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet, a black woman who fell out of her balcony when the police were in her apartment.  Londoners protested outside the Grenfell Tower where many blacks and Arabs died in a fire.  Parisians remembered Adama Traoré, who died after being arrested by French police.  Australians planned protests remembering David Dungay, an Australian Aboriginal man who died after being arrested.  Dungay also said "I can't breathe," twelve times.

George Floyd’s murder sparked global protests and strengthened the Black Lives Matter movement. People in over 50 countries protested racial injustice and police brutality after watching the video of his death and hearing his last words, “I can’t breathe.” These events led to a worldwide “social awakening” about racism and police violence.

In June 2020, surfers around the world held “Paddle Out” ceremonies, a Hawaiian mourning tradition, to honor Floyd and others killed by police. These tributes took place in the U.S., Europe, Africa, and Australia.

After police officer Derek Chauvin was convicted in April 2021, activists celebrated but continued pushing for more reforms. Protests and rallies continued in many countries, including the UK, Germany, Greece, and Spain, especially around the one-year anniversary of Floyd’s death.

The “George Floyd effect” inspired people globally to connect local racism and police brutality to broader historical injustices. Protests and activism continued in countries like Australia, Brazil, India, Japan, Nigeria, and Canada.

In Australia, the movement led to discussions about colonial history and calls to rename “Australia Day” to “Invasion Day” to recognize Indigenous suffering.

In Japan, the movement raised awareness about racism and colorism. Tennis player Naomi Osaka spoke out and protested, though celebrity activism faced criticism there.

In Nigeria, Floyd’s murder also increased protests against police brutality, especially linked to the ENDSARS movement after police shot protesters in October 2020.

### Impostors
At least one white supremacist group, Identity Evropa, pretended to be on the protesters' side on Twitter.  They said they were part of antifa and told protesters to loot white neighborhoods. They were caught, and Twitter took their posts down for breaking their rules about violence, spam, and fake accounts.

### Car collisions
As of the first week of July, drivers drove cars into groups of protesters 66 different times in the United States alone.  Seven of the drivers were police.  At least two people died.  24 drivers have been charged with crimes.

### Arrests by federal agents 
In mid-July in Portland, Oregon, federal agents began arresting protesters by pulling them into vehicles that did not have police markings on them. They did not tell the protesters exactly why they were being arrested.  Some protesters were later charged with crimes and others were released.

These agents were from the federal government.  Some of them were from Special Operations Group and Customs and Border Protection’s BORTAC.  Legally, federal agents are only allowed to arrest people on suspicion of federal crimes.  Officially, they are only supposed to protect property that belongs to the U.S. federal government, but they arrested people who were not near federal property.  They did not ask the State of Oregon or the City of Portland for permission to arrest people in Portland.  The mayor of Portland, Ted Wheeler, said he did not want the federal agents in the city.  Governor of Oregon Kate Brown said it was "political theater from President Trump has nothing to do with public safety" and "a blatant abuse of power by the federal government."

On July 18, Navy Seabee veteran Christopher David heard about the arrests and went to downtown Portland to talk to the agents.  Federal agents take an oath to defend the United States Constitution.  David wanted to ask the agents how they could wrongly arrest people and defend the Constitution.  Instead of answering him, they sprayed him with pepper spray and hit him with batons.  They broke his leg.  The event was caught on video.

On the night of July 22-23, protesters in Portland came to a federal building and threw fireworks over the fence.  Federal agents used tear gas on the crowd.  They also tear-gassed Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler, who had come out to talk to the protesters.

### Other events
In Brooklyn, New York, video showed an officer pushing a seventy-year-old man.  The man fell down and bled from his head.  The officer, Vincent D'Andraia, had also hurt other protesters.  He was suspended and charged with assault.  D'Andraia was the first New York City police officer charged with a crime because of things he did during the George Floyd protests.

In Seattle, Washington, 31 year old Nikolas Fernandez drove his car into a group of protesters and shot a man.  He said he was afraid for his life because the protesters tried to grab him through his window. Firefighters took the injured man to the hospital.

In Richmond, Virginia on Sunday, June 7, 36 year old Harry H. Rogers drove his car into a group of protesters.  Rogers is a member of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group.  Authorities charged Rogers with attempted malicious wounding, felony vandalism, and assault and battery and the prosecutor said she would consider charging him with a hate crime.

In Chicago, Illinois on Monday, August 10, people broke windows and stole things in the Magnificent Mile, which is Chicago's main shopping area.  Many people were injured.  More than 100 people were arrested.  The city raised the bridges leading to the Magnificent Mile and stopped public transit so no one else could go in.  Mayor of Chicago Lori Lightfoot said that Chicago did not need Federal agents.

## Donations
People donated money to black-led political groups, especially bail funds.  Bail funds provide money to help people who have been arrested get out of jail before their trials.  The National Bail Fund Network got $75 million in two weeks.  The Minnesota Freedom Fund got $20 million in four days.  The Bail Project got more than $15 million.  There was so much that some groups could not count it all.  Black Lives Matter got $5 million from one petition alone.  Some groups received so much money that they did not need more and told donors to go to other groups.

## Deaths
As of June 9, 2020, nineteen people had died because of the protests:
* On May 27 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Calvin Horton Jr. was killed during a protest. A local shopowner was arrested, and police said that the suspect had fired his gun after he saw lootings.
* On May 29 in Detroit, Michigan, a man was killed near to the protests.
* On May 30 in Oakland, California, a Federal Protective Service officer, David Patrick Underwood, was killed outside a federal courthouse in a drive-by attack. Another guard was also injured. The Department of Homeland Security has labeled the shooting an act of domestic terrorism. The FBI has not yet identified a motive or a suspect.
* On May 30 in St. Louis, Missouri, a man died after being hit by a FedEx truck that was driving away from rioters.
* On May 30 in Omaha, Nebraska, protester James Scurlock was killed outside of a bar. The suspect of the shooting is the owner of the bar.
* On May 31 in Indianapolis, Indiana, two people were killed near to protests.
* On June 1 in Louisville, Kentucky, a man was killed when the Louisville Metro Police and the Kentucky National Guard started shooting at the crowd. These authorities said that they returned fire after shots were fired at them. However, the man killed was not taking part in protests. An investigation for the death is ongoing.
*On June 1 in Davenport, Iowa, two people were killed on a night with a lot of rioting. One police officer was also injured in a shooting.
*On June 2 in St. Louis, Missouri, a police captain was killed after he tried to protect looters who stole television sets from a pawn shop.

## Public opinion
According to Pew Research, two thirds of American adults thought the protests were good: 60% of non-Hispanic white adults, 86% of non-Hispanic black adults, 75% of non-Hispanic Asian adults and 77% of Hispanic adults.

Some said the Floyd protests showed America was losing its place as a leader of other countries.  French journalist Pierre Haski said on June 1, "Beijing could not have hoped for a better gift. The country that designates China as the culprit of all evils is making headlines around the world with the urban riots."

On June 2, 2020, Governor Walz said the Minnesota Department of Human Rights would investigate the Minneapolis Police Department.  Governor Walz said, "The investigation will review MPD's policies, procedures and practices over the last 10 years to determine if the department has utilized systemic discriminatory practices towards people of color."

### Reaction from Donald Trump
President Donald Trump spoke about his sympathy for George Floyd and his family, but also called the protesters "thugs" and said "when the looting starts, the shooting starts." Twitter hid the post because it broke their rules about presenting violence as good. Trump blamed the protests on  "weak" Democratic mayors and governors and on the anti-fascist movement antifa, saying he would declare it a terrorist organization.

Also on June 1, just before 7:00 p.m., when people had been ordered to stay off the street, police and Secret Service fired flash-bangs and tear gas at protesters near the White House.  They did this to make the protesters leave St. John's Church.  Then President Trump walked to St. John's Church, held up a Bible, and had his picture taken.  Bishop Mariann E. Budde, the Episcopal religious leader for Washington D.C., said Trump did not say any prayers or talk about George Floyd.  The next day, several Democrats and two Republicans said Trump was wrong to do this. Nebraska Senator Ben Sasse, a Republican, said. "But there is a fundamental — a constitutional — right to protest, and I'm against clearing out a peaceful protest for a photo op that treats the word of God as a political prop."

### Reaction from the city of Minneapolis
Officials from the Minneapolis announced on June 5 that the police were no longer allowed to use chokeholds on people.  On June 7, the city council voted to take apart the police department and replace it with something else.

### Reaction from the state of Minnesota
The Minnesota state legislature tried to write a new law that would redesign all police departments in Minnesota.  In 2020, Minnesota's state legislature is the only one in the United States in which one political party controls one house and the other party controls the other.  The United States Democratic Party has the majority of people in the Minnesota House of Representatives and the United States Republican Party has the majority of people in the Minnesota State Senate.  The Democrats wanted large changes to policing and the criminal justice system in Minnesota, like letting the state attorney general investigate police killings and restoring voting rights to felons.  The Republicans wanted small changes, like making a rule against using chokeholds like the one Chauvin used to kill George Floyd.  Democrats said they did not like the Republican plan because it was mostly things that police departments had already tried.  At midnight on Friday June 19, the Minnesota state legislature ran out of time.  Their session ended, and neither plan became law.

### Other reactions
Many American cities and states removed statues of Confederate soldiers and officers during the George Floyd protests.  Sometimes the protesters pulled the statues down and sometimes the city councils decided to remove them.  On June 5, the United States Marine Corps announced they would not allow Confederate flags at their bases. The Confederates were the pro-slavery side of the American Civil War in the 1800s.  According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Confederate statues and flags support white supremacy.

Universities renamed buildings.  Columbia University's medical school was founded by Samuel Bard, a doctor who knew George Washington.  He also owned slaves.  In 1931, Columbia named a dormitory building, Bard Hall, after him.  Columbia's Teacher's College took the name Edward L. Thorndike off a building.  Thorndike had hated Jews and supported sexism and eugenics. Princeton University renamed Wilson College because the man it was named after, President Woodrow Wilson, had racist policies.

In June, the United States Senate ordered the military to change the names of all military bases named after Confederates, such as Fort Bragg.  They have three years to pick new names.

In Bristol, England on the 7th of June, a crowd pushed down a statue of slave trader Edward Colston and threw it in the harbor. On July 15, people put up a statue of Jen Ried, a Black Lives Matter protester. The next day, the government of the city took the statue down because no one had asked for permission to put it up.  The city officials took the statue to a museum.  The statue is called "A Surge of Power (Jen Reid)" and was made by Marc Quinn.

## Notes
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