open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Berlin Hauptbahnhof

**Berlin Hauptbahnhof** (English: **Berlin Central Station**) is the central railway station of the German capital Berlin. It began full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006.

It is on the site of the old *Lehrter Bahnhof*. Until it opened as a main line station, it was a stop on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway, temporarily named *Berlin Hauptbahnhof - Lehrter Bahnhof* in 2002.

The station has the largest traffic volume for a through-station in Europe. Paris Gare du Nord is the largest station in Europe measured by traffic volume but it is regarded as a .  It is on five levels, with lifts and escaltors.  There are many shops and cafes. 

The longest route that runs through Berlin Central railway station is the Sibirjak. It links Berlin to some cities in Russia. It passes through Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. The longest route offered goes to Novosibirsk. This takes almost four days to travel.

## References
Helmut Kohl

**Helmut Josef Michael Kohl** (3 April 1930 &ndash; 16 June 2017) was a German politician of the CDU party. He was the last Chancellor of West Germany, and he stayed in office after reunification as the first Chancellor of a united Germany. 

From 1969 to 1976, he was the Minister President of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and from 1982 to 1998, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Kohl helped to arrange the process of German reunification and participated considerably in the European unity process. A pro-EU conservative, he was often compared to Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, two other leaders with similar views in the 1980s. In 1998, he retired as Chancellor, as the SPD won the election. His replacement was Gerhard Schröeder.

His involvement with the CDU donation affair, and in particular offences against party law is open to question.

Kohl died on the morning of 16 June 2017, in his hometown of Ludwigshafen at the age of 87.

## References
**Notes**
Postulate

A **postulate** – sometimes called an axiom – is a statement widely agreed to be true. This is useful for creating proof in the fields of science and mathematics. 

## Introduction
Alongside definitions, postulates are often the basic truth of a much larger theory or law. For this reason, a postulate is a hypothesis advanced as an essential part to a train of reasoning.

## Quality
Postulates themselves cannot be proven, but since they are usually self-evident, their acceptance is not a problem. Here is a good example of a postulate – given by Euclid in his studies about geometry.

:*Two points determine (make) a line.*
Using this postulate and four others like it, Euclid brought a new understanding of geometry to the world, and many people think they are some of the most influential works in geometry – even in our time.

Sometimes, postulates are not obviously correct, but are required for their consequences. One example is Albert Einstein's postulate that the universe is homogenous. This type of postulate was necessary to make possible some major scientific achievements, but can also be problematic since it is not self-evident.

## Characteristics
As a rule of thumb, postulates tend to have the following characteristics:

# Few in quantity
# Obvious and easy to understand
# Does not contain many words that are difficult to explain
# True when used alone – they can be used independently
# Work together without making any strange result (that is, they are consistent)

Postulates are sometimes proved to be wrong after they have been known for a long time, but this is usually because something new has been discovered, and the original creator could not have known any better.

## Related pages 
* Hypothesis
* Koch's postulates
* Parallel postulate

## References
Existence

**Existence** usually means "the state or fact of being", but there are many different views on the meaning of the word **existence**, and what it means to **exist**.

In English, **existence** is usually connected with the verb "to be".
# I **am** a human.
# This **is** a pen.
# The sky **is** blue.
# Four plus three **is** seven.
The first sentence can be understood to say "I *exist* as a human", and simply speaking, this is probably true. The fourth sentence is more difficult to understand, because it can be understood to say "seven *exists* as the sum of four and three", but "seven" is not something that we can see or touch like a pen or a human.

The question "What is existence?" is a very important one for philosophers, and many people think Aristotle is the first human being to have thought seriously about the question.

*A universe from nothing* by Lawrence M. Krauss. Free Press 2012. The book discusses modern cosmogony and its implications for the debate about the existence of God. The main theme is how "we have discovered that all signs suggest a universe that could and plausibly did arise from a deeper nothing... by processes that do not require any external control or direction."

## Sources 
## Related pages 
*Existence quantifier
*Existential crisis
*Existentialism
*Ontology
G8

The **Group of Eight** (**G8**) was a group made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia *(suspended)*, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission is also represented in the . The group has conferences or meetings throughout the year, it researches , and has a summit meeting once a year. The heads of government of each G8 country attend the summit meeting.

Each year a different country takes over the presidency of the group for the duration of the year. The country that holds the presidency sets the  for the year and hosts the summit for that year. The first G6 meeting was in 1975. Canada joined in 1976, making G7. Russia made it G8 in 1997.

The organization's official 2014 summit was not held in Moscow as previously planned, due to the invasion and takeover of Crimea. On March 24, 2014, all seven member nations voted to suspend Russia from the G-8. The meeting was held in Brussels instead, and the G8 will be called G7 since there are now seven leaders.

## Overview
The G8 is not considered an international organization because it does not have administrative structure. This means that besides the president, there are no official titles for the members, they are all considered equal. Their meetings are not formal. The goal is to talk about global topics and problems in a relaxed manner.

There are many global problems and issues that can be discussed at meetings. Some common topics of discussion include: health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice, terrorism, and trade.

### Yearly summit
The annual meeting of G8 leaders is attended by the heads of government and other invited guests. It is usually held for three days in the middle of the year. Each year one of the G8 countries is considered the G8 president. The country of the G8 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting a summit during that year. The first summit meeting was held in November 1975 in France.

### Economic power 
The eight countries that make up the G8 represent about 14% of the people in the world but produce over 65% of the world's economic output measured by gross domestic product (GDP).

Source: World Development Report 2006, World Bank

## References
 in Huntsville, Ontario in Canada]]
 at Camp David in the US.]]

## Other page
* World Economic Forum

## Other websites
* G8 research group, "G8 Research Group's Information Centre" , utoronto.ca
* "Special Report: G8", *Guardian Unlimited*
* "Profile: G8", *BBC News*
* "We are deeply concerned. Again", *New Statesman*, 4 July 2005, - G8 development concerns since 1977
Asian Games

The **Asian Games**  are a multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of Asia.  It includes a variety of sports, from soccer to alpine skiing. Like the Olympics, it has a winter event and a summer event ^^

## List of Asian Games
* 1951 - 1st Asian Games, New Delhi, India 
* 1954 - 2nd Asian Games, Manila, Philippines
* 1958 - 3rd Asian Games, Tokyo, Japan
* 1962 - 4th Asian Games, Jakarta, Indonesia
* 1966 - 5th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
* 1970 - 6th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (*Originally hosted by Seoul, South Korea*)
* 1974 - 7th Asian Games, Tehran, Iran
* 1978 - 8th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand (*Originally hosted by Karachi, Pakistan*)
* 1982 - 9th Asian Games, New Delhi, India
* 1986 - 10th Asian Games, Seoul, South Korea
* 1990 - 11th Asian Games, Beijing, China
* 1994 - 12th Asian Games, Hiroshima, Japan
* 1998 - 13th Asian Games, Bangkok, Thailand
* 2002 - 14th Asian Games, Busan, South Korea
* 2006 - 15th Asian Games, Doha, Qatar  
* 2010 - 16th Asian Games, Guangzhou, China
* 2014 - 17th Asian Games, Incheon, South Korea
* 2018 - 18th Asian Games, Jakarta and Palembang, Indonesia (*Originally hosted by Hanoi, Vietnam*)

## List of Winter Asian Games
# 1986 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
# 1990 Winter Asian Games, Sapporo, Japan
# 1996 Winter Asian Games, Harbin, People's Republic of China (originally hosted by North Korea)
# 1999 Winter Asian Games, Gangwon, South Korea
# 2003 Winter Asian Games, Aomori, Japan
# 2007 Winter Asian Games, Changchun, People's Republic of China
# 2011 Winter Asian Games, Almaty, Kazakhstan

## Other websites 
* Olympic Council of Asia 
* 15th Asian Games - Doha - 2006 
* 6th Winter Asian Games - Changchun - 2007
NBA Finals

The **NBA Finals**, previously known as the **NBA World Championship Series** until 1987, is the championship  of the National Basketball Association (NBA), played under a best-of-seven playoff format. The team who wins the Eastern Conference Finals earns one of the two places in the championship round, with the other place for the team that wins the Western Conference Finals to win the Larry O’ Brien Trophy, which was named after the former commissioner. This event has been played at the end of every NBA and BAA season in history. The first was held in 1947. The Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers are the teams with the most NBA Finals wins with 18 victories. 

## List of NBA champions
The Open Championship

**The Open Championship** - often known as the **British Open** outside the United Kingdom and Ireland - is the oldest of the four major championships in men's golf. The event is hosted annually by one of several prestigious golf clubs in the United Kingdom and is administered by The R&A regardless of its location. The next tournament, in 2013, will take place at Muirfield in Scotland.

## Winners
Organ (biology)

In biology, an **organ** is a group of tissues that work together in an organism. They specialise in particular vital functions. They create an organ system which, as a whole, is an organism.

These are examples of organs:
* Heart
* Lungs
* Brain
* Ear
* Eye
* Gall bladder
* Stomach
* Spleen
* Bones
* Pancreas
* Kidneys
* Liver
* Intestine
* Skin
* Uterus
* Bladder

## Classification 
Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ systems > Organism
Musk deer

**Musk deer** are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Moschidae.  There is only one genus in Moschidae, *Moschus*. There are five species of musk deer, and they are all very similar. 

Musk deer are not true deer, and are classed in a different family.  Unlike other deer, musk deer do not grow antlers.  Instead, they have large canine teeth that reach down from the mouth. The Musk deer emits a particular odor which gives it its name.

## Taxonomy
* Family *Moschidae*
** Himalayan musk deer (*Moschus leucogaster*)
**Alpine musk deer (*Moschus chrysogaster*)
** Siberian musk deer (*Moschus moschiferus*)
** Black musk deer (*Moschus fuscus*)
** Dwarf musk deer (*Moschus berezovskii*)
**Kashmir musk deer (*Moschus cupreus*)

## Appearance
Musk deer are about 90 centimeters long and about 60 centimeters high with a tail length of 4-6 centimeters. They weigh about 10 kilograms. Musk deer usually have dark brown fur. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 7 cm long. Musk deer do not have antlers. Male musk deer also have a musk gland.

## Habitat
Musk deer live in the mountain forests of Asia, Russia, China, and the Korean Peninsula. They live in the mountains, mostly at heights of 2500 to 3500 meters. They live in dense forests.

## Life
Musk deer are mostly active at night. Musk deer eat grass and moss; in winter they also eat twigs and lichen. 

Musk deer live alone. They only come together to mate. If two male musk deer meet, they fight, during which they can seriously hurt each other with their tusk-like teeth. 

The female gives birth to 1-2 babies. A musk deer baby has spots on its fur.

## Musk deer and humans
Male musk deer have a gland that produces musk. Musk is used to make perfumes and soap, and it is also used in Traditional Chinese medicine. One musk gland has about 25 to 30 grams of musk. Musk deer have been hunted and killed for its musk. Because of this, musk deer have become fewer and endangered. 
Another method is to catch a living musk deer, take its musk, and let it go free again. This method takes more time, so it is not used often. There are also musk deer farms.

## References
Himalayan musk deer

The **Himalayan musk deer** or **white-bellied musk deer** (*Moschus leucogaster*) is a deer that lives in Central Asia.

Like other musk deer, the Himalayan musk deer lives in the Himalayan mountains and places around those mountains. They are large plant-eating animals that can live in cold places.

## Behavior
Himalayan musk deer are active at night and at dawn and dusk. They spend most of their time alone.

## References
FIBA Basketball World Cup

The **FIBA Basketball World Cup**, known as the **FIBA World Championship** from 1950 through 2010, is a world basketball tournament for men's national teams held once every four years by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). After the 2014 FIBA World Cup, the tournament will move to a new four-year cycle to avoid conflict with the FIFA World Cup. To that end, no tournament will be held in 2018; the FIBA World Cup will resume in 2019.

The current champions are Spain. They defeated Argentina 95-75 in the 2019 tournament at the Cadillac Center in Beijing, China.

## Tournaments 
## Related pages
* Basketball

## References
**Notes**
Ludwigsburg

:*This page is about the city. For the district of the same name, please see Ludwigsburg (district).*

**Ludwigsburg** () is a city in the center of Baden-Württemberg. It is about  from the Stuttgart city center. It is the district town and largest city of the Ludwigsburg district, as well as after Esslingen at the Neckar the second largest medium-sized town of Baden-Wuerttemberg.

Together with Kornwestheim, Ludwigsburg forms a central center for the surrounding municipalities. Since 1 April 1956, Ludwigsburg is a large district town.

Ludwigsburg-22-Friedenskirche-Kaserne-2009-gje.jpg
Ludwigsburg-Schloss-32-2009-gje.jpg
Ludwigsburg-Schloss-83-Spiegelkabinett-2009-gje.jpg
Ludwigsburg-Schlossgarten-24-Emichsburg-2009-gje.jpg
Ludwigsburg-Schlossgarten-Kuerbisfest-32-2014-gje.jpg
Ludwigsburg-Schloss Favorite-38-2014-gje.jpg
Ludwigsburg-Schloss Favorite-56-Bandelwerk-2009-gje.jpg
Ludwigsburg-Schloss Monrepos-02-2009-gje.jpg

## References
## Other websites
Cooking oil

**Cooking oil** is clean fat from plants or animals that is used for cooking. It is usually a liquid. Cooking oils can either be refined or cold extracted.

Some of the many different kinds of cooking oils are:
* Olive oil
* Coconut oil
* Avocado oil
* Canola oil
* Corn oil
* Cottonseed oil
* Sunflower oil
* Safflower oil
* Peanut oil
* Grapeseed oil
* Sesame oil
* Soybean oil
* Argan oil
* Rice bran oil
* Vegetable oil
* Oils from tree nuts (E.g. cashew, almond, macadamia, etc.)

## Other websites
Lidl

**Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG**, or simply **Lidl**, is a German food retail company.
## Overview
Lidl is an international enterprise with independent national companies almost everywhere in Europe. The company owns more than 10,000 stores. 3,000 of these stores are in Germany alone, making Germany Lidl's biggest national market.

## History
The Lidl & Schwarz Grocery Wholesale company was founded in Germany in the 1930s. The first Lidl stores were opened in 1973, in the 1990s Lidl started opening stores outside Germany and today Lidl stores can be found in nearly every country in Europe. Lidl started its foreign expansion with entering France in 1988. The first store in the United Kingdom (UK) was opened in 1994. Nowadays, there are more than 380 stores in the UK. Lidl supermarkets and Kaufland hypermarkets are part of the Schwarz Group which is one of the largest grocery retailers in Europe, which is based in Neckarsulm, Germany.

## Related pages
* Aldi
* Asda
* Tesco
* Iceland
* Sainsbury's
* Marks & Spencer

## References
## Other websites 
* US 
* UK 
* Yahoo! — Lidl & Schwarz Stiftung & Co. KG Company Profile
Francis Ford Coppola

**Francis Ford Coppola** (born April 7, 1939) is an American director and movie producer. He directed the *Godfather* trilogy and the Vietnam War epic *Apocalypse Now*. He is part of the group called the New Hollywood.  This group includes Martin Scorsese, Terrence Malick, Robert Altman, Woody Allen, William Friedkin, Philip Kaufman, and George Lucas.  In the 1970s they made movies in a different way.

Coppola was born in Detroit. At age two, he moved to Woodside, Queens, New York City.

Many of his relatives are famous. Actor Nicolas Cage is his nephew. Actress Talia Shire is his sister. Sofia Coppola is his daughter. Roman Coppola is his son. His first child Gian-Carlo Coppola died in 1986.

Coppola was married to Eleanor Jessie Neil from 1963 until her death in 2024.

## Filmography 
## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair

**Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair** (born 1 July 1954) is an Emirati billionaire who is chief executive of the publicly traded Mashreq Bank. His family's most valuable holding is worth an estimated US$8 billion.

## References
Billericay

**Billericay** is a town in the United Kingdom.  It is in the east of England in the county of Essex.  It has a train station named Billericay railway station.

## Geography 
Billericay is a semi-rural (not like a city and not like the countryside but looks like a mixture of the two) town with many green spaces. Some green spaces are Norsey Wood, Mill Meadows Nature Reserve, Queen's Park Country Park, Sun Corner, Lake Meadows and South Green.

Towns near Billericay include:

* Basildon
* Brentwood
* Chelmsford
* Ingatestone
* Shenfield
* Wickford

Villages near Billericay include:

* Crays Hill
* Great Burstead
* Hutton
* Little Burstead
* Ramsden Bellhouse
* Ramsden Heath
* Stock

## Education
There are two high schools.  The names of the schools are Billericay School and Mayflower High School.  The nearest university is named Anglia Ruskin University.  Anglia Ruskin University is in a town near Billericay named Chelmsford.

## Twin towns 
Billericay is twinned with these:
* Billerica in the United States
* Chauvigny in France
* Fishers in the United States

## Other websites 
*The Billericay School 
*Mayflower High School 
*The history of Billericay at Billericay.net
Regions of England

The **region** in England is also named the **Government Office Region.**  It is the highest level layer of local government in England.

## List of regions (see map) 
#London
#South East
#South West
#West Midlands
#North West
#North East
#Yorkshire and the Humber
#East Midlands
#East of England

## Other websites 
*Boundary Commission for England
*2018 Boundary Review
*Regional Gateway
Consistency

**Consistency** could mean:

* Consistency proof, in mathematics, logic, and theoretical physics
* Consistency (statistics), a property of estimation
* Consistency criterion for voting systems, which says that whenever option A is the winner in two different districts, it must also be the winner in the combined district
* Consistency model, in computer science
Elector

**Elector** may refer to:

* Prince-elector, someone who had the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor
* A member of the United States Electoral College, which formally chooses the President of the United States
Pelican

**Pelicans** are a genus of large water birds of the family Pelecanidae. They have a long beak and a large throat pouch. They drain water from the contents before swallowing the fish. They have mostly pale plumage, the exceptions being the brown and Peruvian pelicans. The bills, pouches and bare facial skin of all species are brightly coloured before the breeding season. The eight living pelican species have a patchy global distribution, ranging latitudinally from the tropics to the temperate zone. They are absent from interior South America as well as from polar regions and the open ocean.

## Taxonomy 
* Family *Pelecanidae*
** Great white pelican (*Pelecanus onocrotalus*)
** Pink-backed pelican (*Pelecanus rufescens*)
** Spot-billed pelican (*Pelecanus philippensis*)
** Dalmatian pelican (*Pelecanus crispus*)
** Australian pelican (*Pelecanus conspicillatus*)
** American white pelican (*Pelecanus erythrorhynchos*)
** Brown pelican (*Pelecanus occidentalis*)
** Peruvian pelican (*Pelecanus thagus*)

## Gallery 

Image:Pelican.great.white.arp.750pix.jpg|White pelican
Image:Spotbilled pelican.jpg|Spot-billed pelican
Image:Perupelican.jpg|Peruvian pelican
Image:Pelecanus rufescens (75923093).jpg|Pink-backed pelican (*Pelecanus rufescens*)
Image:Fliegender Pelikan.JPG|Pelican in Hannover Zoo
Bowser

**King Bowser Koopa** is a character in the *Super Mario* video games. He is the evil Koopa that takes over the Mushroom Kingdom and kidnaps Princess Peach. He is the main enemy to Mario. He has spikes on his back, breathes fire, and is bigger than normal Koopas. He was ranked #1 in the Top 50 Video Game Villains of all-time list by the ''Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2013''.

## Video games 
Bowser's first appearance was in *Super Mario Bros.* as the last boss, in the last level. The first seven castles in the game had Bowsers, but they were actually his minions, who were disguised as him. The real Bowser is in the eighth castle, the last one.

Bowser's kids, called the Koopalings, were bosses in *Super Mario Bros. 3*, *Super Mario World*, *New Super Mario Bros. Wii*, *New Super Mario Bros. 2*, and *New Super Mario Bros. U*. However, after *Super Mario World,* The Koopalings were no longer said to be Bowser's biological kids, since they are now adopted children and Bowser Jr. is now his biological child. In *Super Mario World*, Bowser appears in a clown car and throws Mecha Koopas.

When Mario moved to the Nintendo 64 with *Super Mario 64*, Bowser was again the main bad guy. In the remake of this game, Super Mario 64 DS, he is fought as a boss three times.

He also appears in the Disney movie *Wreck-It Ralph*.

## References
## Other websites
*Bowser on Giant Bomb
Prelude

A **prelude** is a short piece of music for a musical instrument. It is called a prelude because it is supposed to be played before something else (Latin *pre*=before; *ludere*=to play).

## History
Preludes come from the Renaissance period, when lutenists (people who played the lute) improvised (which means playing while making it up as they were going along) a simple piece before a concert so that they could check whether their instrument was in tune. During the 16th century, composers often wrote pieces which they called a “prelude” which was often a separate piece of music. These were often for lute, guitar or cittern.

By the early 18th century, the Baroque prelude was often a piece of music which was followed by a fugue. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote lots of pieces like this, which were called “Preludes and Fugues”. Most of them were for keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord or organ. Forty-eight of them are from a collection called *The Well-Tempered Clavier*, which was made up of two sets of twenty-four preludes and fugues that are each written in a different major or minor key signature. The first prelude, in C major, is very famous. It sounds like an improvisation made up of gentle broken chords like a lutenist might play. (This is the piece that Charles Gounod later used for his *Ave Maria*.) Preludes were also pieces which were followed by a series of dance movements (a “suite”).

In the Classical period, not many composers wrote preludes. More preludes were composed in the 19th century (the period of Romanticism). Frédéric Chopin wrote a collection of twenty-four short piano pieces which he called “Preludes”. Just like Bach's *Well-Tempered Clavier*, there is a prelude in every major and minor key signature, but unlike Bach's, these pieces are not meant to be followed by anything; they are just separate pieces of music that are often performed together. Some are not too difficult to play, but others are very hard (virtuoso).

Composers like Alexander Scriabin, Karol Szymanowski, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Claude Debussy and Olivier Messiaen wrote preludes in the style of Chopin. Other composers who wrote preludes included Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt and Max Reger. There were also composers who were inspired by the music of Bach and started writing Preludes and Fugues, such as Dmitri Shostakovich, whose collection of Preludes and Fugues for piano are, just like Bach and Chopin's, written in all the major and minor keys.

There are also examples of 19th century composers who wrote short pieces for orchestra called “Preludes”.  Sometimes, they wrote a short orchestral introduction to an opera which they called Prelude (or German: “Vorspiel”) instead of the usual word “overture”.

## Related pages
* Preludes (Chopin)
Windows Live Messenger

**Windows Live Messenger** was an instant messenger that is the most-used in the world. It is made by the Windows Live section of Microsoft. It used to be called *MSN Messenger* before MSN was changed into Windows Live. Microsoft announced that they were retiring Windows Live Messenger (except for China) in favor of Skype.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Great Dane

, with his dog. This painting was made around 1533. It also shows the head of a Great Dane.]]

The **Great Dane** is a large breed of dog. They are about  or taller at the shoulder. Great Danes can have coats of a fawn color, black, Harlequin (a combination of black and white spots), blue, brindle, or mantle. The females are usually smaller and weight on an average of . Males are slightly larger.   

## Exercise 
They need to be walked daily to maintain good health.

## Other websites 
* Standards
** FCI-Standard N° 235 / 09. 08. 2002 

* Miscellaneous
** Great Dane Barri
** http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/greatdane.htm
Influence

**Social influence** means someone affecting the emotions, opinions, or behaviours of others. It can be either planned for a purpose, or be an unplanned result of other events.

The adjective **influential** means "having much influence", so influential people or things have the power to change other people or things in some way. This word is often used to describe famous people. For example, Nelson Mandela was a very influential person, because the things he did and said changed many peoples lives, and many people believe he has even influenced the world. Kings, clergy and celebrities are also among the influential, as people pay attention to what they say or do.

Events can also influence. For example, World War II changed many people's lives. They died or became richer or poorer or went to a new place, even after the war ended. When printing became common, it influenced developments in science, politics, religion, and other human activities

Childhood experiences can be a lifelong influence.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Conformity
* Popularity
* Social Investment
* Virtue signalling
Lars Ulrich

**Lars Ulrich** ( ; born 26 December 1963) is a Danish musician and songwriter best known as the drummer and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Metallica. He was born in Denmark, but moved to Los Angeles when he was seventeen.

Lars Ulrich is also known for his part in the removal of a music-sharing computer program called Napster, which he felt to be illegally using and sharing the music he and Metallica made.

Lars Ulrich stars as himself in the 2010 movie *Get Him to the Greek* starring Russell Brand. The movie is a spin-off of the 2008 movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall.

## Discography
### Metallica
* ''Kill 'Em All* (1983)
* *Ride the Lightning* (1984)
* *Master of Puppets* (1986)
* *The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited* (EP) (1987)
* *...And Justice For All* (1988)
* *Metallica* (1991)
* *Live Shit: Binge and Purge* (1993)
* *Load* (1996)
* *ReLoad* (1997)
* *Garage Inc.* (1998)
* *S&M* (1999)
* *St. Anger* (2003)
* *Death Magnetic* (2008)
* *Orgullo, Pasión y Gloria: Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México* (2009)
* *Six Feet Down Under* (2010)

### Mercyful Fate
* *In the Shadows'' (Guest on "Return of the Vampire 1993") (1993)
Polonaise

The **polonaise** is one of the fifth national Polish dance. It started as a folk dance and then became popular among the Polish nobility.  It is in 3/4 time.  It follows a distinctive rhythm as illustrated above. Many polonaises are composed in what is called ternary form, or song form, or minuet and trio. These forms all follow an A-B-A pattern. The music of the A sections is similar in both sections, if not exactly identical. The B section is entirely different. It provides contrast in some way to the A sections.  In the courts of the aristocracy musicians would often play a polonaise from the gallery while the people danced below in the reception hall.

Polish culture was very popular and greatly influenced European dance and music as well as Europeam ballrooms. Polonaise was introduced to France in the 16th century.   Composers started to write polonaises for the piano.  Pieces called *Polonaise* had already been composed by Bach, Handel, François Couperin and others, but it was Frédéric Chopin who in the 19th century wrote several Polonaises for piano which became famous.  Most of them are very difficult to play, especially the famous Polonaise in A flat, Op. 53. Polonaise is the French word of the dance meaning the Polish woman/girl, Polish adjective feminine, the original Polish name is Chodzony meaning „the walking dance”, or Wielki meaning "grand/great" 

Several Russian and other international composers wrote polonaises to give a Polish atmosphere, e.g. Tchaikovsky in his ballets *The Sleeping Beauty* and in his opera *Eugene Onegin *.
Kim Possible

***Kim Possible*** is a Disney Channel original Emmy Award winner and American cartoon series. The title character is a teenage girl tasked with fighting crime on a regular basis while coping with everyday issues commonly associated with adolescence. Kim is aided by her clumsy best friend and eventual love interest, Ron Stoppable, his pet naked mole rat Rufus, and ten year-old computer genius Wade. Known collectively as Team Possible, Kim and Ron's missions primarily require them to thwart the evil plans of the mad scientist–supervillain duo Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego.
## Characters 
*Kimberly Ann "Kim" Possible - Main character, show centered around this crime-fighting teenage girl.
*Ronald "Ron" Stoppable - Kim's best friend and sidekick. Often messes up, but ultimately helps by stuffing up.
*Wade - Kim's gadget guy. Was afraid of leaving his room, but finally left to meet Kim's friend.
*Bonnie Rockwaller - Kim's rival. She attempts to take over head cheerleader from Kim.
*Dr. James Timothy Possible - Kim's Dad. A rocket scientist.
*Dr. Ann Possible - Kim's Mum. A brain surgeon.
*Hana Stoppable - Ron's adopted sister. Came along on a mission.
*Dr. Drakken - The main supervillain. Wants to take over the world.
*Shego - Drakken's sidekick. Has green glowing hands that are really her special super power.

## Episodes 
### Season 1
# Tick-Tick-Tick
# Bueno Nacho
# Monkey Fist Strikes
# Attack of the Killer Bebes
# The New Ron
# Mind Games
# Royal Pain
# The Twin Factor
# Animal Attraction
# All the News
# Sink or Swim
# Number One
# Crush
# Monkey Ninjas in Space
# Low Budget
# Downhill
# Coach Possible
# Pain King vs. Cleopatra
# Kimitation Nation
# Ron the Man
# October 31st
### Season 2
# The Ron Factor
# Partners
# Grudge Match
# Virtu-Ron
# Two To Tutor
# Naked Genius
# Rufus in Show
# Adventures in Rufus-Sitting
# Motor Ed
# The Fearless Ferret
# The Golden Years
# Job Unfair
# Queen Bebe
# Car Trouble
# Go Team Go
# A Very Possible Christmas
# Mother's Day
# Rufus vs. Commodore Puddles
# Day of the Snowmen
# A Sitch in Time (Part One: Present)
# A Sitch in Time (Part Two: Past)
# A Sitch in Time (Part Three: Future)
# Hidden Talent
# Return to Camp Wannaweep
# Blush
# The Full Monkey
# Exchange
# Oh Boyz
# Triple S
# Ron Millionaire
# Showdown at the Crooked D
# Rewriting History
# Sick Day
# The Truth Hurts
### Season 3
# Steal Wheels
# Emotion Sickness
# Bonding
# Bad Boy
# So the Drama
# Dimension Twist
# Overdue
# Roachie
# And the Mole Rat Will Be CGI
# Rappin' Drakken
# Gorilla Fist
# Team Impossible
### Season 4
# Ill Suited
# Car Alarm
# Trading Faces
# The Big Job
# Mad Dogs and Aliens
# Fashion Victim
# Grande Size Me
# Clothes Minded
# The Cupid Effect
# Big Bother
# Odds Man In
# Mathter and Fervent
# Stop Team Go
# Chasing Rufus
# Nursery Crimes
# Cap'n Drakken
# The Mentor of Our Discontent
# Oh No! Yono!
# Clean Slate
# Homecoming Upset
# Larry's Birthday
# Graduation

## Other websites 
* Disney's official site for the show 
* TV.com's guide to Kim Possible
168 BC

## Events
* June 22 – Third Macedonian War ends with the Battle of Pydna. Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus (awarded the surname "Macedonicus" for this victory) defeat and capture Perseus of Macedon when he surrendered. This ends the Antigonid dynasty, one of the three successor empires created upon the death of Alexander the Great, and starts Roman domination of Greece.
1120s

The **1120s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1120, and ended on 31 December 1129. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***113th decade*** which began on January 1, 1121 and ended on December 31, 1130.

## Events and trends 
* Romanesque sculptor Gislebertus does his work at Autun, Burgundy, France
* 1121 Council of Soissons is does not like the work of Pierre Abélard 
* 1122
** The problem of the Investiture Controversy in the Concordat of Worms is solved
** Pierre Abélard writes *Sic et Non*
* 1123
** First Council of the Lateran agree to the Concordat of Worms and the council says that priests must still be celibate
** The end of the reign of Emperor Toba, emperor of Japan.
** Emperor Sutoku becomes the emperor of Japan 
* 1124 Honorius II is elected pope 
* 1128 Geoffrey of Anjou marries Matilda who is the daughter of Henry I of England
* 1128 Council of Troyes agree to the Order of the Knights Templar
* 1129 Emperor Toba the emperor of Japan starts his cloistered rule.
0s BC

The **0s BC**, also known as the **last decade BC**, only had nine years which began in 9 BC and ended in 1 BC. It was the decade before Jesus Christ was born.

## Events 
* circa 4 BC? – Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
Malcolm Arnold

**Sir Malcolm Arnold** (born Northampton, 21 October 1921; died 23 September 2006) was an English composer.  He is famous for writing symphonies, concertos and movie music.  People disagree about whether he is one of the really great composers, or just a very skilled musician.  His music is often very tuneful, sometimes it is sentimental.  He could write music very quickly.  His famous music for the movie *The Bridge on the River Kwai* was composed in ten days.
## Life
In 1938 Malcolm Arnold went to the Royal College of Music to study composition with Gordon Jacob.  He started his career as a trumpeter with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, later becoming principal trumpet.  By the late 1940s he was concentrating on his composing career.

Arnold was composing at a time when many composers were writing music which was quite atonal which made it hard to understand, but Arnold’s music is tonal and there are many tunes which are easy to remember.  He wrote nine symphonies and several concertos for different instruments, even unusual instruments like the harmonica.  Some of his best orchestral works are the set of dances: *English Dances *, *Scottish Dances * and  *Cornish Dances *.  He also wrote 2 operas, 7 ballets and 2 string quartets. His overture ''Tam O'Shanter* is very exciting.  It tells in music the story in the poem by Robert Burns.

Arnold wrote music for 132 films.  The most famous is *The Bridge on the River Kwai* (1957) for which he won an Oscar.  He was the first British composer ever to have won this award. This movie includes the famous *Colonel Bogey March*.  This march had been written many years earlier by Kenneth J. Alford, but Arnold composed a countermelody to it.  His original music for the movie includes the famous River Kwai March (this is not the same as the *Colonel Bogey March*).   Other movies for which he wrote music include *The Belles of St Trinian's* (1954), *The Inn of the Sixth Happiness* (1958) and *Whistle Down the Wind'' (1961). 

He was made a CBE in 1970 and was knighted in 1993.

Youth orchestras and amateur orchestras enjoy playing his works because they are an exciting mixture of classical, jazz, popular and folk music, and are not too difficult to play.

Arnold’s health was often very poor. At times he fought with alcoholism and depression, and in his later years with dementia.  He had moved to Dublin in 1972, but moved back to England in 1984 and settled in Attleborough, Norfolk.  His full-time carer Anthony Day helped him a lot during his final years.

Arnold died from a chest infection in September 2006.

## References
Diving

**Diving** is a form of movement downwards, either from air to ground or to water. Diving is also a sport. Diving is often done from a springboard or an elevated platform. 

Underwater diving includes scuba diving. Scuba diving, however, is typically not considered a sport. Dives used for scuba diving are relatively simplistic. An example of this is a giant stride entry, also known as a stride dive.

## Diving in water
There are six different types of dives, and four different body positions that a person can use when diving. 

### Types of dives 
There are six different types of dives. Four of the types depend on whether the diver is facing towards the water or away from the water, and if they rotate towards or away from the water. The other two dives can be a part of the first four. For example, a diver can do a "inward twisting" or a "forward armstand" dive. The basic types of dives are:
*Forward – The diver faces towards the water and rotates forward.
*Backward – The diver stands with their back towards the water and rotates backwards, away from the board.
*Reverse – The diver faces towards the water and rotates backwards, towards the board.
*Inward – The diver faces away from the water and rotates forward, towards the board.
*Twisting – A twisting dive is any of the other dives in which the diver twists their body to the left or right. 
*Armstand – An armstand dive is where the diver begins the dive from a handstand position. They are not standing on their feet at the beginning of this type of dive.

### Body positions
The four different body positions are tuck, pike, straight and free. 
*Tuck – The body is bent at the waist and knees. The thighs are close to the chest and the heels of the feet are close to the buttocks.
*Pike – The diver's legs are straight. Their body is bent at the waist. The position of the arms is chosen by the diver. They are often pointed towards the toes.
*Straight – There is no bend in the body at all. There could be a small arch of the back depending on the type of dive. 
*Free – The free position is not an actual body position. It is where the diver uses more than one position. It is usually used when doing a dive with a somersault or a twist in it

### Dive Numbers
Dives are put into categories, based on the Direction the dive is in, and what Position it is in.
*100's=Forward
*200's=Backward
*300's=Reverse
*400's=Inward
*A-Straight
*B-Pike
*C-Tuck
*D-Free
Every Half flip the number on the end goes up by one
For example: *Front dive Tuck is a 101c

## Related pages
*Scuba diving
*Swimming
Bissau

**Bissau** is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. It is also the largest city in the country; around 355,000 people live there. The city is where the Geba river flows into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The city was built by the Portuguese in 1687. It became the capital of Portuguese Guinea in 1942, and has been the capital since independence was declared, except for a short time in 1973 and 1974 when the capital was at Boe. Bissau is famous for having a carnival every year. 

The main things that come from here are peanuts, wood, coconut meat, palm oil, and rubber.
Aurich

**Aurich** (; East Frisian Low Saxon: *Auerk*, West Frisian: *Auwerk*, ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Aurich and is the second largest City in East Frisia, both in population, after Emden, and in area, after Wittmund.

## Twin towns – sister cities
Aurich is twinned with:
* Appingedam, Netherlands

## References
## Other websites
* 
*Official German list of concentration camps Record of the concentration camp and its sub-camps
Cloppenburg

**Cloppenburg** () is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District and part of Oldenburg Münsterland. It is 38&nbsp;km south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border.

## Twin town
Cloppenburg is twinned with:
* Bernay, France

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
1699

## Events 
* January 26 – Treaty of Karlowitz signed.
* March 30 – the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh made the Khalsa.
* May 1 – Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville starts the first European settlement in the Mississippi River Valley.
* William Dampier goes to and discovers what is at the northwest coast of Australia.
]]

## Births 
* March 23 – John Bartram the American botanist (died 1777)
* March 25 – Johann Adolf Hasse the German composer (died 1783)
* April 17 - Robert Blair the Scottish poet and cleric (died 1746)
* May 1 – Hans Joachim von Zieten the Prussian field marshal (died 1786)
* May 13 – Marquis of Pombal the Prime Minister of Portugal (died 1782)
* November 2 – Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin the French painter (died 1779)
* November 25 - Pierre Subleyras the French painter (died 1749)
* December 10 – King Christian VI of Denmark (died 1746)

## Deaths 
|alt=]]

* January 21 – Obadiah Walker the English writer (born 1616)

*March 12 – Peder Griffenfeld the Danish statesman (born 1635)
*April 21 – Jean Racine the French playwright (born 1639)
*April 22 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz the German statesman and poet (born 1646)
*May 12 – Lucas Achtschellinck the Flemish painter (born 1626)
*May 15 – Edward Petre the English Jesuit and privy councillor (born 1631)
*June 22 – Josiah Child the English Governor of the East India Company (born 1630)
*September 26 – Simon Arnauld de Pomponne the French diplomat and minister of Louis XIV (born 1618).
*August 25 – Christian V the King of Denmark and Norway (born 1646)
*November 29 – Patrick Gordon the Scottish general (born 1635)
1130s

The **1130s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1130, and ended on 31 December 1139. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***114th decade*** which began on January 1, 1131 and ended on December 31, 1140.
## Events and trends 
* Romanesque church at Vezelay has a carving completed

* 1130 Innocent II is elected pope 
* 1139
** Alphonso I becomes the first king of Portugal
** Second Council of the Lateran
Twisted Sister

**Twisted Sister** was an American heavy metal rock band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos ''We're Not Gonna Take it* and *I Wanna Rock''. Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction.

## Albums 
* Under the Blade  (1982)
* You Can't Stop Rock 'N' Roll  (1983)
* Stay Hungry  (1984)
* Come Out and Play  (1985)
* Love Is for Suckers  (1987)
* Still Hungry  (2004)
* A Twisted Christmas  (2006)

## References
## Other websites 
* Official site 
* Official Bent Brother site 
* Official Dee Snider site
* Official Eddie Ojeda site
* Official A.J. Pero site
Julius Caesar (play)

***The Tragedy of Julius Caesar*** is a play by William Shakespeare. It is about the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC.  
Shakespeare based his play on stories in Plutarch's *Life of Brutus and Life of Caesar*. The play was probably written in 1599. It was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.

The play was probably one of Shakespeare's first plays to be performed at the Globe Theatre. The theatre had just been built. A Swiss traveller saw a tragedy about Julius Caesar at a London theatre on 21 September 1599. This was probably Shakespeare's play.

The play has been made into movies three times. In a 1950 movie, Charlton Heston played Mark Antony. In a 1953 movie, James Mason played Brutus and Marlon Brando played Antony.  In a 1970 movie, Jason Robards played Brutus, Charlton Heston played Antony again, and John Gielgud played Caesar.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Text of *Julius Caesar*, fully edited by John Cox, as well as original-spelling text, facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text, and other resources, at the Internet Shakespeare Editions
*Julius Caesar Navigator Includes Shakespeare's text with notes, line numbers, and a search function.
*No Fear Shakespeare  Includes the play line by line with interpretation.
*All Julius Caesar  Provides a summary of the play, background on Shakespeare and Julius Caesar, including historical background on Julius Caesar, and a character analysis of Caesar.
* Julius Caesar  – searchable, indexed e-text
*Julius Caesar – from Project Gutenberg
*Julius Caesar  – by The Tech
*Julius Caesar – Searchable and scene-indexed version.
*Julius Caesar in modern English 
*Lesson plans for Julius Caesar  at Web English Teacher
*Quicksilver Radio Theater adaptation of "Julius Caesar", which may be heard online, at PRX.org (Public Radio Exchange).
* Julius Caesar  study guide, themes, quotes, analysis, multimedia, & teaching guide