July 7

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
* 1456 &ndash; A retrial verdict clears Joan of Arc of heresy, 25 years after she was burnt to death at the stake.
* 1534 &ndash; The first exchange between Europeans and Native Americans takes place in present–day New Brunswick.
* 1543 &ndash; French troops invade Luxembourg.
* 1575 &ndash; Raid of the Redeswine, the last major battle between England and Scotland.
* 1585 &ndash; The Treaty of Nemours bans tolerance of Protestants in France.
* 1770 &ndash; The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire is fought.
* 1777 &ndash; American Revolutionary War: American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated at the Battle of Hubbardton.
* 1807 &ndash; Napoleonic Wars: The Peace of Tilsit between France, Russia and Prussia ends the War of the Fourth Coalition.  
* 1846 &ndash; California is annexed by the United States.
* 1865 &ndash; The conspirators in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, are executed.
* 1881 &ndash; Pinocchio, written by Carlo Collodi, is published for the first time.
* 1898 &ndash; Hawaii becomes a United States Territory.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1911 &ndash; The United States, United Kingdom, France and Russia sign the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, banning open–water seal hunting.
* 1915 &ndash; World War I: End of the First Battle of Isonzo.
* 1915 &ndash; An International Railway trolley overloaded with 157 passengers  crashes near Queenston, Ontario, Canada, killing 15 people.
* 1928 &ndash; Commercially sliced bread is first sold in Chillicothe, Missouri.
* 1930 &ndash; Work on the Hoover Dam begins.
* 1937 &ndash; The Second Sino–Japanese War begins.
* 1941 &ndash; World War II: US forces land in Iceland.
* 1944 &ndash; World War II: American forces carry out an air raid over Leipzig, Germany.
* 1946 &ndash; Mother Francesca S. Cabrini becomes the first American to be canonized.
* 1947 &ndash; Roswell incident: Alleged crash of an alien spaceship in Roswell, New Mexico, United States.
* 1953 &ndash; Che Guevara starts out on a trip through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador.
* 1956 &ndash; Fritz Moravec and two other Austrian mountaineers become the first people climb Gasherbrum II in the Himalayas.
* 1958 &ndash; Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into law, allowing Alaska to become a State of the US on January 3, 1959.
* 1974 &ndash; West Germany beats the Netherlands 2–1 to win its second FIFA World Cup.
* 1978 &ndash; The Solomon Islands become independent.
* 1980 &ndash; Sharia law is installed in Iran.
* 1980 &ndash; During the Civil War in Lebanon, 83 Tiger militants are killed during what becomes known as the Safra massacre.
* 1981 &ndash; Ronald Reagan appoints Sandra Day O'Connor as the first female member of the United States Supreme Court.
* 1983 &ndash; US schoolgirl Samantha Smith visits the Soviet Union, after an invitation from Yuri Andropov. Samantha Smith had written him a letter, expressing her fears over a nuclear war.
* 1985 &ndash; Boris Becker wins his first Wimbledon tennis title, aged 17.
* 1991 &ndash; The Brioni Agreement ends the 10–day independence war in Slovenia against the rest of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

### From 2001 
* 2003 &ndash; NASA's *Opportunity* rover is launched into space on a Delta II rocket.
* 2003 &ndash; A Boeing 737 of Sudan Airways crashes in Port Sudan, Sudan, shortly after take–off, killing 116 people.
* 2005 &ndash; Four suicide bombers kill 52 people on London's public transport system. They are the first suicide bombers ever to strike in Europe.
* 2007 &ndash; Live Earth concerts take place worldwide, promoting protection of the Environment.
* 2009 &ndash; A public funeral service is held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California, for Michael Jackson, who had died on June 25 aged 50. 
* 2011 &ndash; Part of a roof at a football stadium in Enschede, the Netherlands, collapses, killing at least one person.
* 2011 &ndash; Adolf Hitler is removed as an honorary citizen in his birthplace of Braunau am Inn in Austria.
* 2013 &ndash; Andy Murray defeats Novak Djokovic to win the men's singles title at Wimbledon, becoming the first British player in 77 years (since Fred Perry) to win the men's title there.
* 2017 &ndash; A treaty banning nuclear weapons is voted for by 124 out of 193 countries.

## Births 
### Up to 1900 
* 1053 &ndash; Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1129)
* 1119 &ndash; Emperor Sutoku of Japan (d. 1164)
* 1207 &ndash; Elizabeth of Hungary (d. 1231)
* 1528 &ndash; Archduchess Anna of Austria (d. 1590)
* 1656 &ndash; Guru Har Kishan, 8th Sikh Guru (d. 1664)
* 1752 &ndash; Joseph–Marie Jacquard, French inventor (d. 1834)
* 1805 &ndash; Victor de Tornaco, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1875)
* 1836 &ndash; Rudolf Wolf, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (d. 1893)
* 1843 &ndash; Camillo Golgi, Italian doctor, won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1926)
* 1846 &ndash; Heinrich Rosenthal, Estonian nationalist leader, doctor and author (d. 1916)
* 1848 &ndash; Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, 5th President of Brazil (d. 1919)
* 1852 &ndash; Vera Figner, Russian revolutionary (d. 1942)
* 1855 &ndash; Ludwig Ganghofer, German writer (d. 1920)
* 1860 &ndash; Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911)
* 1861 &ndash; Nettie Stevens, American geneticist (d. 1912)
* 1873 &ndash; A. Victor Donahey, American politician, 50th Governor of Ohio (d. 1946)
* 1874 &ndash; Wladyslaw Grabski, Polish politician, economist and historian (d. 1938)
* 1880 &ndash; Otto Frederick Rohwedder, American engineer, invented commercially sliced bread (d. 1960)
* 1882 &ndash; Yanka Kupala, Belarussian writer (d. 1942)
* 1883 &ndash; Toivo Kuula, Finnish composer and conductor (d. 1918)
* 1884 &ndash; Lion Feuchtwanger, German dramatist (d. 1958)
* 1887 &ndash; Marc Chagall, Belarussian–born painter (d. 1985)
* 1891 &ndash; Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Japanese general (d. 1945)
* 1891 &ndash; Virginia Rappe, American model and actress (d. 1921)
* 1893 &ndash; Herbert Feis, American author (d. 1972)
* 1893 &ndash; Miroslav Krloza, Croatian author, poet and playwright (d. 1981)
* 1898 &ndash; Arnold Horween, American football player (d. 1985)
* 1898 &ndash; Teresa Hsu Chi Sing, Singaporean social worker and supercentenarian (d. 2011)
* 1899 &ndash; George Cukor, American director (d. 1983)
* 1900 &ndash; Earle E. Partridge, American general (d. 1990)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
* 1901 &ndash; Vittorio De Sica, Italian actor and director (d. 1974)
* 1901 &ndash; Sam Katzman, American director and producer (d. 1973)
* 1901 &ndash; Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese cinematographer (d. 1970)
* 1903 &ndash; Ralph Tarrant, English supercentenarian (d. 2013)
* 1906 &ndash; Anton Karas, Austrian zither player (d. 1985)
* 1906 &ndash; Satchel Paige, American baseball player (d. 1982)
* 1906 &ndash; William Feller, American mathematician (d. 1970)
* 1907 &ndash; Robert A. Heinlein, American writer (d. 1988)
* 1911 &ndash; Gian Carlo Menotti, Italian–born composer (d. 2007)
* 1911 &ndash; Gretchen Franklin, English actress (d. 2005)
* 1913 &ndash; Pinetop Perkins, American musician (d. 2011)
* 1917 &ndash; Iva Withers, Canadian–American actress and singer (d. 2014)
* 1917 &ndash; Fidel Sanchez Hernandez, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)
* 1919 &ndash; Jon Pertwee, British actor (d. 1996)
* 1921 &ndash; Ezzard Charles, American boxer (d. 1975)
* 1924 &ndash; Mary Ford, American singer and guitarist (d. 2007)
* 1927 &ndash; Henri Dirickx, Belgian footballer (d. 2018)
* 1927 &ndash; Alan J. Dixon, former United States Senator for Illinois (d. 2014)
* 1930 &ndash; Hamish MacInnes, Scottish mountaineer and author
* 1930 &ndash; Theodore Edgar McCarrick, American cardinal
* 1930 &ndash; Hank Mobley, American jazz composer (d. 1986)
* 1931 &ndash; David Eddings, American writer (d. 2009)
* 1932 &ndash; Joe Zawinul, Austrian–American keyboardist and composer (d. 2007)
* 1936 &ndash; Egbert Brieskorn, German mathematician (d. 2013)
* 1937 &ndash; Tung Chee–hwa, Chinese politician
* 1938 &ndash; Jan Assmann, German Egyptologist and cultural theorist
* 1939 &ndash; Elena Obraztsova, Russian soprano and actress (d. 2015)
* 1940 &ndash; Ringo Starr, English drummer (in the Beatles)
* 1940 &ndash; Wolfgang Clement, German politician, former Prime Minister of North Rhine–Westphalia
* 1941 &ndash; Michael Howard, British politician
* 1941 &ndash; Bill Oddie, British comedian and ornithologist
* 1943 &ndash; Toto Cutugno, Italian singer–songwriter
* 1944 &ndash; Feleti Sevele, former Prime Minister of Tonga
* 1944 &ndash; Tony Jacklin, English golfer
* 1944 &ndash; Glenys Kinnock, Welsh politician
* 1945 &ndash; Michael Ancram, English–Scottish lawyer and politician
* 1945 &ndash; Manuel Chaves, Spanish politician, former Prime Minister of Andalusia
* 1945 &ndash; Matti Salminen, Finnish opera singer
* 1947 &ndash; Gyanendra, former King of Nepal
* 1947 &ndash; Victor Manuel, Spanish singer–songwriter
* 1947 &ndash; Rob Townsend, English drummer
* 1948 &ndash; Kathy Reichs, American writer and forensic anthropologist
* 1949 &ndash; Shelley Duvall, American actress
* 1950 &ndash; Gerda Hasselfeldt, German politician
* 1950 &ndash; Vaughn Armstrong, American actor

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
* 1952 &ndash; Mando Guerrero, Mexican–American wrestler and stuntman
* 1954 &ndash; Rami Fortis, Israeli singer
* 1955 &ndash; Rolf Saxon, American actor and voice actor
* 1957 &ndash; Berry Sakharof, Israeli singer
* 1957 &ndash; Jonathan Dayton, American director and producer
* 1958 &ndash; Alexander Svinin, Russian figure skater and coach
* 1959 &ndash; Billy Campbell, American actor
* 1959 &ndash; Jessica Hahn, American model and actress
* 1959 &ndash; Alessandro Nannini, Italian racing driver
* 1960 &ndash; Kevin A. Ford, American colonel and astronaut
* 1960 &ndash; Ralph Sampson, American basketball player and coach
* 1963 &ndash; Vonda Shepard, American singer–songwriter
* 1963 &ndash; Geir Karlstad, Norwegian speed skater
* 1964 &ndash; Jennifer Gibney, Irish actress
* 1965 &ndash; Jeremy Guscott, English rugby player
* 1965 &ndash; Jeremy Kyle, English television presenter
* 1966 &ndash; Gundula Krause, German–American violinist
* 1968 &ndash; Amy Carlson, American actress
* 1968 &ndash; Jorja Fox, American actress
* 1969 &ndash; Sylke Otto, German luger
* 1969 &ndash; Joe Sakic, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1970 &ndash; Robia LaMorte, American actress
* 1970 &ndash; Zoe Tyler, English voice coach, singer and performer
* 1970 &ndash; Erik Zabel, German cyclist
* 1972 &ndash; Lisa Leslie, American basketball player
* 1972 &ndash; Kirsten Vangsness, American actress
* 1973 &ndash; Kailash Kher, Indian singer
* 1973 &ndash; Troy Garity, American actor
* 1973 &ndash; Karlis Skrastins, Latvian ice hockey player (d. 2011)
* 1973 &ndash; Natsuki Takaya, Japanese illustrator
* 1974 &ndash; Jennifer Jones, Canadian curler
* 1975 &ndash; Nina Hoss, German actress
* 1975 &ndash; Richard Arkless, Scottish politician

### From 1976 
* 1976 &ndash; Vasily Petrenko, Russian conductor
* 1976 &ndash; Erciment Olgundeniz, Turkish athlete
* 1976 &ndash; Hamish Linklater, American actor
* 1980 &ndash; Michelle Kwan, American figure skater
* 1981 &ndash; Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Indian cricketer
* 1981 &ndash; Synyster Gates, American guitarist (Avenged Sevenfold)
* 1982 &ndash; George Owu, Ghanaian footballer
* 1983 &ndash; Justin Davies, Australian footballer
* 1983 &ndash; Jakob Poulsen, Danish footballer
* 1984 &ndash; Alberto Aquilani, Italian footballer
* 1985 &ndash; Brandon Rush, American basketball player
* 1986 &ndash; Ana Kasparian, American journalist and producer
* 1987 &ndash; Julianna Guill, American actress
* 1988 &ndash; Iban Rubin, American drummer
* 1988 &ndash; Kaci Brown, American singer
* 1988 &ndash; Jack Whitehall, English comedian and actor
* 1989 &ndash; Kim Bum, South Korean actor and singer
* 1991 &ndash; Alesso, Swedish DJ and producer
* 1992 &ndash; Toni Garrn, German model
* 1994 &ndash; Ashton Irwin, Australian singer, 5 Seconds of Summer. 
* 1997 &ndash; Erina Ikuta, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
* 1998 &ndash; Dylan Sprayberry, American actor
* 2000 &ndash; Princess Purnika of Nepal

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
* 1162 &ndash; Haakon II of Norway (b. 1147)
* 1304 &ndash; Pope Benedict XI (b. 1240)
* 1307 &ndash; King Edward I of England (b. 1239)
* 1537 &ndash; Madeleine of Valois, French–born Queen Consort of James V of Scotland (b. 1520)
* 1647 &ndash; Thomas Hooker, English Puritan settler in Connecticut (b. 1586)
* 1718 &ndash; Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia (b. 1690)
* 1790 &ndash; Francois Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher (b. 1721)
* 1819 &ndash; Sophie Blanchard, French balloonist (b. 1778)
* 1865 &ndash; Conspirators in the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln:
**George Atzerodt (b. 1853)
**David Herold (b. 1842)
**Lewis Payne (b. 1844)
**Mary Surratt (b. 1823)
* 1889 &ndash; Giovanni Bottesini, Italian composer, conductor and double–bass virtuoso (b. 1821)
* 1890 &ndash; Henri Nestlé, German confectioner and businessman (b. 1814)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1901 &ndash; Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer (b. 1827)
* 1922 &ndash; Cathal Brugha, Irish soldier and politician (b. 1874)
* 1930 &ndash; Arthur Conan Doyle, British writer (b. 1859)
* 1932 &ndash; Alexander Grin, Russian author (b. 1880)
* 1932 &ndash; Henry Eyster Jacobs, American theologian and educator (b. 1844)
* 1939 &ndash; Deacon White, American baseball player and manager (b. 1847)
* 1950 &ndash; Fats Navarro, American trumpeter and composer (b. 1923)
* 1954 &ndash; Idabelle Smith Firestone, American composer and songwriter (b. 1874)
* 1956 &ndash; Gottfried Benn, German author and poet (b. 1886)
* 1964 &ndash; Lillian Copeland, American discus thrower (b. 1904)
* 1965 &ndash; Moshe Sharett, Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1894)
* 1967 &ndash; Vivian Leigh, British actress (b. 1913)
* 1971 &ndash; Ub Iwerks, American artist, director, and cartoonist (b. 1901)
* 1972 &ndash; King Talal of Jordan (b. 1909)
* 1972 &ndash; Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople (b. 1886)
* 1973 &ndash; Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (b. 1895)
* 1973 &ndash; Veronica Lake, American actress and singer (b. 1922)
* 1976 &ndash; Walter Giesler, American soccer player and referee (b. 1910)
* 1976 &ndash; Gustav Heinemann, President of Germany (b. 1899)
* 1978 &ndash; Francisco Mendes, 1st Prime Minister of Guinea–Bissau (b. 1933)
* 1983 &ndash; Herman Kahn, American futurologist (b. 1922)
* 1984 &ndash; Carl Bienish, American BASE jumper and cinematographer (b. 1941)
* 1987 &ndash; Germaine Thyssens–Valentin, Dutch–French pianist (b. 1902)
* 1990 &ndash; Bill Cullen, American game show host (b. 1920)
* 1990 &ndash; Cazuza, Brazilian singer–songwriter (b. 1958)
* 1992 &ndash; Josy Barthel, Luxembourgish athlete (b. 1927)
* 1993 &ndash; Mia Zapata, American singer–songwriter (b. 1965)
* 1994 &ndash; Carlo Chiti, Italian engineer (b. 1924)
* 1994 &ndash; Cameron Mitchell, American actor (b. 1918)
* 1998 &ndash; Lenore Romney, mother of Mitt Romney (b. 1908)

### From 2001 
* 2003 &ndash; Izhak Graziani, Bulgarian conductor (b. 1924)
* 2003 &ndash; Vlado Kristl, Croatian painter, animator and director (b. 1923)
* 2006 &ndash; Syd Barrett, British musician (b. 1946)
* 2006 &ndash; Rudi Carrell, Dutch singer and entertainer (b. 1934)
* 2008 &ndash; Giovanni Viola, Italian footballer (b. 1926)
* 2008 &ndash; Dorian Leigh, American model (b. 1917)
* 2012 &ndash; Mouss Diouf, French actor (b. 1964)
* 2012 &ndash; Leon Schlumpf, Swiss politician (b. 1925)
* 2013 &ndash; Anna Wing, English actress (b. 1914)
* 2014 &ndash; Peter Underwood, 27th Governor of Tasmania (b. 1937)
* 2014 &ndash; Eduard Shevardnadze, Soviet–Georgian politician, Soviet foreign minister and President of Georgia (b. 1928)
* 2014 &ndash; Andrew Mango, Turkish–British journalist (b. 1926)
* 2014 &ndash; Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentine–Spanish footballer (b. 1926)
* 2014 &ndash; Dick Jones, American actor (b. 1927)
* 2015 &ndash; Maria Barroso, Portuguese actress and politician (b. 1925)
* 2015 &ndash; Fons van Wissen, Dutch footballer (b. 1933)
* 2016 &ndash; Sally Beauman, British writer (b. 1944)
* 2016 &ndash; James Gilbert, Scottish television producer (b. 1923)
* 2016 &ndash; Leonard Lee, Canadian businessman (b. 1938)
* 2016 &ndash; Cinna Lomnitz, German–born Chilean–Mexican geophysicist (b. 1925)
* 2016 &ndash; John O'Rourke, English footballer (b. 1945)
* 2016 &ndash; Wolfram Siebeck, German journalist and food critic (b. 1928)
* 2017 &ndash; Pam McConnell, Canadian politician (b. 1946)
* 2017 &ndash; Egil Monn–Iversen, Norwegian composer (b. 1928)
* 2017 &ndash; Jean–Pierre Bernard, French actor (b. 1933)
* 2017 &ndash; Pierrette Bloch, French–Swiss artist (b. 1928)
* 2017 &ndash; James B. Nutter Sr., American mortgage lender, philanthropist and power broker (b. 1928)
* 2017 &ndash; Marina Ratner, Russian–American mathematician (b. 1938)
* 2017 &ndash; Kenneth Silverman, American biographer (b. 1936)
* 2018 &ndash; William Dunlop, Northern Irish motorcyclist (b. 1985)
* 2018 &ndash; Hacène Lalmas, Algerian footballer (b. 1943)
* 2018 &ndash; Levko Lukyanenko, Ukrainian politician (b. 1928)
* 2018 &ndash; Firuz Mustafayev, Azerbaijani politician and former Prime minister of Azerbaijan (b. 1933)

## Observances 
* National Holiday of the Solomon Islands
* Tanabata Matsuri (Japan)
* San Fermín festival in Pamplona, northern Spain: the bull run takes place.