open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Price is Right

***The Price is Right*** is an American television game show on CBS. The current version started in 1956, and was hosted by Bob Barker for a long time. However, in 2006, Bob Barker announced that he would retire from the show. His last episode aired in June 2007. Comedian Drew Carey is now the host; his first episode aired in October 2007.

In this game, a person uses his shopping skills to correctly guess the price of different products, like in a supermarket. Some products are simple household items, like toothpaste and vitamins. Other items are more  products, like furniture, milk,  boats and cars. Most of the games uses casino-type play such as dice or cards. After the third and sixth games, the "Showcase Showdown" is played. The three players who got on stage in both halves of the show spin a colorful wheel. The wheel itself is based on a Big Six wheel. They get two spins of the wheel. They have to be closest to $1.00 without going over. The person with the highest total moves on to the Showcase at the end of the show. If a player gets $1.00, they win $1,000 and get another spin. If they hit the $1.00 pocket space on that spin, they win another $25,000. If they hit the green-colored 5¢ or 15¢  wedge space, they win another $10,000. In the Showcase, the winners of the two Showcase Showdown games are shown prize packages. They make a bid on them, and whoever comes closest to the price of their showcase without going over wins it. If they are $250 or less from the price of their showcase, they win both showcases. If someone's bid was higher than the price of the real price, that person went over, and was disqualified from winning in that round.

From 1956 to 1963, the show aired on NBC and was hosted by Bill Cullen. From 1963 to 1965, the show aired on ABC and was also hosted by Bill Cullen.

Three nighttime syndicated versions of the show aired. The first one aired from 1972 to 1980. Until 1977, it was hosted by Dennis James. For the rest of its run, it was hosted by Bob Barker. From 1985 to 1986, another nighttime version of the show, named *The Nighttime Price Is Right*, was made and was hosted by Tom Kennedy. A third nighttime version, *The New Price Is Right*, was made from 1994 - 1995 and was hosted by Doug Davidson. Also special million dollar prime-time episodes where people could play different versions of games for $1,000,000 were made due to CBS shows being canceled.
Monophthong

A **monophthong** (pronounced "Mono-F-thong") is simply a vowel. The word monophthong comes from the old Greek language. *Mono* means *one* or *single*, and the *-phthong* means *sound* or *tone*, from the basic word *phthalein*, which means *to speak*, *create sound with the voice*. The word **monophthong** shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth position. For example, when you say "teeth", then while you are creating the sound of the "ee", nothing changes for that sound.

A **monophthong** can be a lexeme of a language and as such it can as well be a syllable. There is no shorter syllable than a single **monophthong**.

## Related pages
* Diphthong
Monotheism

**Monotheism** is the belief in only one god, rather than the two (dualism) or more (polytheism) as in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient India and Ancient Egypt.

Many religions are monotheistic, such as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Baha'i Faith, Sikhism, Eckankar, Zoroastrianism, Cao Dai and Tenrikyo. Some pagan and neo-pagan religions are also monotheistic. 

Deism is the belief that a higher being like god exists but not many gods, revelation, religions, rituals, sacred books (like the Bible or Quran), prophets (like Jesus or Muhammad), etc.

Judaism and Zoroastrianism are thought to be the oldest living monotheistic religions.

## Other websites 
* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Rod Stewart

**Sir Roderick David Stewart**,  (born 10 January 1945) is a British pop singer, known professionally as **Rod Stewart**. He was born in London to an English mother and Scottish father. When he started singing in the 1960s, he was player for Brentford F.C., a football team. He started singing in local R&B groups, in the 1970s he began a solo career which made him very famous.

## References
Ornithology

**Ornithology** is the study of birds. A person who studies birds is called an **ornithologist**. 
## Aspects
Several aspects of ornithology differ from other disciplines, because they are easy to see and are often attractive. Many studies of birds have been done by amateurs working in a scientific manner.
## History
Konrad Gesner wrote his *Vogelbuch* and *Icones avium omnium* around 1557. Later, England developed a tradition of ornithology. Francis Willughby, John Ray, Gilbert White, John Gould (who studied the birds of Australia) and Peter Scott are good examples.
## What ornithologists do
Ornithologists typically trap birds for a closer look at them. This does not hurt the bird. Trapping birds can be done with in different ways, depending on the type of bird. For example, mist nets cause birds that fly into them to fall into a small pocket where the ornithologist can come back later and take a closer look.

After the bird has been caught, the ornithologist will usually inspect (take a close look at) the bird. They may also attach a small ring to the bird's leg before releasing the bird. The ring allows ornithologists to study the bird's migration patterns, how long they live, and other information about the bird's species.

## References
Kalua

**Kalua** is a Hawaiian cooking method. The word "kalua" means "to cook in an underground oven" in Hawaiian. The oven is a hole in the ground called an **imu**. 

Kalua is most often used to cook pig. **Kalua pig** is a popular food at luaus.

Ancient Hawaiians used rocks from rivers to cook pig. They heated the rocks in the imu and the pig cooked with steam. They covered the pig with banana leaves, ti leaves, old mats and then dirt to keep the heat inside. This produced a unique taste that cannot be reproduced.

People today use kalua to cook pig in the same way that ancient Hawaiians did.  Kalua pig is still served at luaus.

## Related pages 
* Ancient Hawaii
* Cooking

## Other websites 
*Hawaiian Luau: No-Imu Kalua Pig  - Emeril Legasse's recipe for kalua pig.
The Specials

**The Specials** were an English new wave/ska band. They were originally from Coventry, England and formed in 1977. They were part of the ska revival in Britain in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 

During the ska revival, bands began playing 1960s-style Jamaican ska music. The Specials often mixed other popular music styles from the 1970s and 1980s into their music, such as punk rock.
KC and the Sunshine Band

**KC and the Sunshine Band** was a disco group, that was popular in the 1970s. They formed in Miami in 1973.
Hits are "That's the Way (I Like It)", "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty", "Give It Up", "Get Down Tonight", and "Please Don't Go".

## Album discography 
* *Do It Good* (1974)
* *KC and the Sunshine Band* (1975) US #4, UK #26
* *The Sound of Sunshine* (1975) US #131
* *Part 3* (1976) US #13
* *Who Do Ya Love* (1978) US #36
* *Do You Wanna Go Party* (1979) US #50
* *Space Cadet* (1981)
* *The Painter* (1981)
* ''All in a Night's Work* (1982)
* *KC Ten* (1983) US #93
* *Oh Yeah!* (1993)
* *I'll Be There For You* (2001)
* *Yummy'' (2007)

## Other websites 
* Official Website (includes lyrics)
Roberta Flack

**Roberta Cleopatra Flack** (February 10, 1937 &ndash; February 24, 2025) was an American singer. She was born in Black Mountain, North Carolina. She has released nineteen studio albums. She has had three number one singles. "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" was her first number one. It won the 1973 Grammy Record of the Year. In 1974 Flack performed "When I Grow Up" with Michael Jackson. In 1999 a star was put in the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her.

## Early life
Roberta Flack was born in Black Mountain, North Carolina. She was raised in Virginia. Howard University gave her a music scholarship because she was good at playing piano. When she was fifteen she became a student there.

## Career
Flack released her first album *First Take* in 1969. The album went to number one in the US album chart. It was her most successful album. In 1970 Flack's second album *Chapter Two* was released. It was less successful. In 1972 *Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway* was released. In 1973 *Killing Me Softly* was released. In 1980 Flack's second album with Donny Hathaway was released.

## Health and death
On November 14, 2022, it was announced by a spokesperson that Flack had been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and had retired from singing, due to the disease making it "impossible to sing", according to her spokesperson.

Flack died on February 24, 2025 in New York City from cardiac arrest caused by ALS at the age of 88.

## References
Arad, Romania

**Arad** (pronunciation in Romanian: ; Hungarian: *Arad*; Serbian: Арад, *Arad*) is the capital city of Arad County, in the western part of Romania, in Crişana, Ardeal.  It is found on the Mureş River.

## Twinnings 
### Sister cities 
*  Atlit, Israel
*  Fushun, China
*  Gyula, Hungary
*  Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
*  Giv'atayim, Israel
*  Pécs, Hungary

### Partner cities 
*  Kirklees, United Kingdom
*  Ditzingen, Germany
*  Würzburg, Germany
*  Trencin, Slovakia
*  Tatabánya, Hungary
*  Zrenjanin, Serbia

## References
Pianist

concert grand piano]]
A **pianist** is a person who plays the piano.

A pianist can play music for piano alone or play together with other musicians in an ensemble or orchestra. Pianists also play along singers, solo musicians, and other performers in their leading performance.

## Related pages
* List of classical pianists
Telephone book

A **telephone book** or **phone book** or **telephone directory** is a book that has lists of telephone numbers of people and businesses. People use phone books to look up the phone numbers of people and places when they need to call them. One example of a telephone book is Yellow Pages.

## Other websites 
*International telephone book
French dip sandwich

The **French dip sandwich** is a popular dish. It is a sandwich, usually on French bread, with roast beef on the inside. It comes with a special sauce called *jus* which is usually made with the juice and fat that came off the roast beef when they were cooking it. It was not originally from France; two restaurants in Los Angeles, California, ''Cole's* and *Philippe's'', both claim to have invented it.

## Related pages
* Cheesesteak 

## Other websites
*Recipe at Wikibooks
Coventry

**Coventry** is a city in England. Coventry is the ninth biggest city in England. It is also a metropolitan borough. It is in the West Midlands county. It used to be in Warwickshire. 

During the 19th century Coventry became a great manufacturing area, especially for bicycles. In the 20th century it made many motor cars. It also made aeroplanes. It was badly bombed in World War II. During the November 1940 bombing, the city's cathedral was destroyed. A new cathedral was built after the war.

The city has three universities. Coventry University is in the city centre. The University of Warwick is in the southwest of Coventry and private Arden University in the southeast.

The local football team is Coventry City F.C..

Coventry was UK City of Culture in 2021. 

Coventry is located on the Birmingham loop of the West Coast Main Line. There are four railway stations, the main Coventry station and three local stations at Canley, Coventry Arena and Tile Hill.

## References
## Other websites 
* Coventry -Citizendium
Billy Preston

**Billy Preston** (September 2, 1946 - June 5, 2006) was an American R&B musician. He is best known for his piano and organ playing.

Preston began playing piano when he was three years old. He worked with many other musicians including Aretha Franklin, Sammy Davis Jr., Quincy Jones, Eric Clapton, the Jackson 5 and the Rolling Stones.

He worked on The Beatles's last album, *Let It Be*, in 1969, including the song "Get Back". Many people thought that Preston would join the group, but the Beatles broke up shortly afterwards. He later worked with George Harrison, who had been a Beatle.

Preston's biggest success also came from working with another musician. He did a  with Syreeta Garrett on "With You I'm Born Again" in 1979. It sold over a million copies and reached Number 2 in the United Kingdom singles chart.

Preston was gay. He died of respiratory failure after being in a coma from a heart infection.

## References
Popular music

in *La sonnambula*]]
 and Edgar Leslie, cover]]
**Popular music** is music that many people like. Usually, popular music can be performed by people with little or no musical training. Usually, the music industry distribute popular music to a wide audience. The term is in contrast to art music, which needs musical training to be performed. It is also different from traditional folk music. Pop music is a kind of popular music. Many people use the two terms as synonyms. 

Popular music started in the 17th century Bourgeoisie. The phonograph as well as industrialisation made it possible to create and distribute phonographic records. In the 19th century, these were responsible for the success of popular music. Later the radio, as well as shows in theatres, and movies were used to distribute popular music.
Mac

**Mac** can be:
*Apple Macintosh, computer
*Mackintosh, raincoat
*Slang or informal for; man; son; macaroni
*"son of", originally Gaelic; used in the fast food chain, McDonald's.

*MAC* can be:
*Media Access Control (MAC), MAC address
*Mid-American Conference, a sports league for universities in the United States
*Mainland Affairs Council, a government agency.
Tom Jones

**Tom Jones** can refer to:

**The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling*, a 1749 novel by Henry Fielding
* *Tom Jones* (movie), a 1963 movie based on the novel
*Tom Jones (singer), a Welsh pop singer born Thomas John Woodward 
*Tom Jones (writer), writer of *The Fantasticks*
* Thomas George Jones, English footballer
* Tom Jones (auto racer), a Formula 1 racer
Hades

**Hades** (, *Háidēs*) is the king of the underworld (not to be confused with the god of the dead, Thanatos) in ancient Greek religion and myth. He is the eldest son of the Titans Kronos and Rhea and brother to Zeus, Poseidon, Hestia, Hera, Demeter and Chiron. 

As the lord of the dead, Hades was greatly feared by the Greeks, and he had few temples or shrines dedicated to him. He was married to the goddess Persephone, the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Hades’ symbols were the cornucopia, a sceptre, the cypress, narcissus, poplar and his Helm of Darkness; the screech owl was his sacred animal. His sacred fruit was the pomegranate, the fruit that Persephone ate one- third of when she was kidnapped and in the underworld. Hades’ Roman equivalent was Pluto, whose name is merely a Latinization of the Greek *Plouton*.

## Other websites
Superlative

A **superlative**, in grammar, is an adjective describing a noun that is the best example of a given quality. In other words, a superlative describes a noun that has more of some quality **than any other**. 

Some examples:
*the *coldest* day (i.e. the best example of a cold day, or the day that is colder than all the others)
*the *slowest animal*
*the *fastest animal*

In English, most superlatives can be formed by adding -EST to an existing adjective, like the examples above. (For adjectives that end in "-y", like "crazy", one often changes the "y" to an "i" before one adds the -EST on the end.)

Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms, which do not follow the rules, such as far ("farthest") and bad ("worst"). 

Other adjectives have no superlative form at all, and the superlative is made simply by adding the adverb "most" before the adjective. For instance, you do not say "funnest," or "interestingest". Instead, you say "most fun," and "most interesting." 
This way of making the superlative is used for almost all adjectives ending in "ing" (like "interesting", "fascinating", "disgusting" or "appealing".)
Pop

A **pop** is an  term for a quick sharp explosion.

**Pop** or **POP** could also mean:

## Computer science
* Partial-order planning, an agorithm
* Post Office Protocol, Internet protocol used for E-mail
* Pop, an operation on a Stack

## Food and drink
* Corn Pops, breakfast cereal
* Pop, carbonated soft drink
* Pop (frozen snack), snack on a stick or in a plastic or cardboard sleeve made from fruit juice or sugared water
* Blow Pops, Tootsie Roll brand
* Caramel Apple Pops, Tootsie Roll brand
* Jiffy Pop, popcorn product
* Pop Secret, well-known brand of popcorn
* Tootsie Pop, hard candy lollipop with a Tootsie Roll filling at its center
* Pop Tarts, a flat rectangular toaster pastry

## Entertainment
* Prince of Persia, video game series
* The Planes of Power, expansion pack to the MMORPG *EverQuest*

### Music
* Iggy Pop, American punk rock singer and actor
* *Pop* (album), 1997 album by U2
* Pop music, type of popular music

## Acronym
*A Point of Presence, where two communication interfaces meet.
*The Post Office Protocol, a computer protocol to get electronic mail
*Persistent organic pollutant, a kind of chemical substance
*Progresterone only pill, a contraceptive for women
*One of two operations that can be done on a stacĸ; pop removes the top element. The other one is called push, and puts on an element.

## Other
* Pop (television channel), children's television channel in the UK
* Snap, Crackle and Pop, the three animated mascots of Rice Krispies cereal
* Pop, the male parent or grandparent of a child
* Pop, the first month of in the Maya Haab' calendar
* Pop art, visual artistic movement that emerged in the late 1950s
* Pop culture, the vernacular culture that prevails in any given society
* Pop icon, popular celebrity
* Point of Purchase, retail display design for retailers and brand owners.
Learning disability

**Learning disabilities**, also called **learning difficulties**, are conditions that make it hard to learn and understand things in the same way others do. Some people with learning difficulties also find it hard to fit in with other people because there are many things that people must know to live in society that are not easy to learn.

Learning difficulties can be things that people can learn to live with on their own, like dyslexia (a difficulty with reading) and dysgraphia (a difficulty with writing). They can also be big things that mean a person needs more help (like autism). People with learning disabilities may have average intelligence. Some scientists have said that learning disabilities are not the same as mental illnesses. They may be able to deal with their difficulties by doing things in different ways.

*There are many conditions or situations which make it difficult for a person to learn, but they are not all called "learning difficulties". Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not a learning disability, but it may affect how a person learns. Another example is deafness or blindness.

## Related pages
*Down syndrome
*Intellectual disability
*Neurodiversity

## References
Electrical conductivity

**Electrical conductivity** is the measure of a material's ability to allow the transport of an electric charge. Its SI is the *siemens per meter*, (A2s3m−3kg−1)  (named after Werner von Siemens) or, more simply,  Sm−1. 

It is the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength. It is equivalent to the electrical conductance measured between opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the material under test. 

*The symbol for electrical conductivity is **κ** (kappa), and also **σ** (sigma) or **γ** (gamma).

Electrical conductance is an electrical phenomenon where a material contains movable particles with electric charge (such as electrons), which can carry electricity. When a difference of electrical potential is placed across a conductor, its electrons flow, and an electric current appears.

A conductor such as a metal has high conductivity, and an insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity. A semiconductor has a conductivity that varies widely under different conditions.

Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal (or inverse) of electrical resistivity.
Cold

**Cold** is a relative term used in comparison with the adjective warm (opposite of cold). Because it is relative, there is no range in coldness. The temperatures in the winter season are often categorized as being cold. Cold is the opposite of hot.  

The coldest possible temperature is −273.15 °C, which can be expressed as −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale. This is called absolute zero. Absolute zero is also 0 K on the Kelvin scale and 0 °R on the Rankine scale

## Cooling
Cooling is when an object gets cold, or lowers in temperature. This can happen by taking away heat, or by putting something in a place with a lower temperature. Fluids used to cool objects are called coolants.

Air cooling is making the temperature of an object lower using air. This will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object. The process will work better if there is more surface area on the object or if the item's mass can be made smaller.

Other ways to cool objects include using ice, dry ice, or liquid nitrogen. This works by convection; the heat  is taken from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant.

## Cold  locations and objects
*The Boomerang Nebula is the coldest known place in the universe. Scientists believe the temperature is 1&nbsp;K (kelvin) (−272.15 °C/−457.87 °F). 
* Herschel Space Observatory equipment is kept at temperatures below 2 K, using  a large helium tank for cooling.
* Neptune's moon Triton has a surface temperature of −235 °C (−390  °F).
*Uranus has an atmospheric temperature  of −215 °C (−355 °F).
*Saturn has a temperature of −175 °C (−285 °F) at cloud tops.
*Mercury, even though it is close to the Sun, is actually cold during the  night. It has a temperature of about −170 °C (−275 °F). Mercury is cold at night because it has no atmosphere to trap in heat from the Sun.
*Jupiter has a temperature of −145 °C (−230 °F) at the cloud tops.
*Mars has a temperature of about −125 °C (−195 °F).
*The coldest continent on Earth is Antarctica.  The coldest place on Earth is the Antarctic Plateau, an area of Antarctica around the South Pole that has an altitude of around 3000 meters. The lowest measured temperature on Earth, , was recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983.

## References
Pierre Omidyar

**Pierre Omidyar** (born June 21, 1967) created and is now the chairman of eBay. He was born in Paris, France to a French-Iranian family. Born in Paris, France, brought up by Iranian parents, Omidyar moved to the United States at the age of six. He grew up in Washington D.C. and developed an interest in computing while still at St. Andrew’s Episcopal School in Bethesda, Maryland. He graduated high school in 1984. In 1988 he graduated in computer science from Tufts University. He helped write MacDraw in 1989 for Claris, a part of Apple Computer. Two years later he co-founded Ink Development (later renamed eShop). He was 28 when he wrote the original computer code for what eventually became e-Bay. The site was launched on Labor Day, Monday, September 4 1995, under the more basic name “Auction Web.”

## References
Korean language

**Korean** is spoken mainly in North and South Korea. It is spoken by more than 78 million people (most are North or South Koreans).
## Overview
In South Korea, it is called *hangukmal* (한국말) or *hangugeo* (Hangeul: 한국어, Hanja: 韓國語). In North Korea, however, it is called *choseonmal* (조선말) or *choseoneo* (조선어, 朝鮮語). They are named differently because the common names for North and South Korea are different. Additionally, Koreans usually call their language *urimal* (Hangeul: 우리말) or *urinara mal* (Hangeul: 우리나라 말), meaning "our language" or "our country's language."
## Writing
Korean uses two different writing systems. One is Hangul, the main alphabet. In North Korea, only Hangeul (Known as Choseongeul in North Korea) is used by law. In South Korea, only Hangeul is used in most public areas like education, but the other system, Hanja, is still used in some newspapers and professional areas. Hanja is the system of Chinese characters that are used in Korean. It was the only way to write Korean before the creation of Hangeul in the 15th century, and it was common in novels before the 19th century.

Although King Sejong the Great led the development of Hangeul to allow literacy to spread among common people and to create a writing system that represented the language more accurately than Hanja, it was not adopted by the upper classes of Koreans. Hanja would continue to be the official writing system until the late 19th century. Although it was rejected by the elite classes, Hangeul was used often by lower classes as a way to write down Korean literature and for lower classes to communicate.
## References
James Buchanan

**James Buchanan Jr.** (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was an American politician who served as the 15th president of the United States.

Buchanan was the only president not to have married. His niece, Harriet Lane, stood in as First Lady. An experienced politician, he became president in 1857. His support of slavery and his actions before the American Civil War broke out have been criticized by scholars.

In 1860, Buchanan announced that he would not be taking part in the 1860 election. Abraham Lincoln would go on to win that election and succeed Buchanan. 

Historians rank Buchanan as one of the worst presidents in American history.

## Early life
James Buchanan was born on April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, into a rich merchant family. He had four sisters and three brothers. He studied at the Old Stone Academy in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, before he entered Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1807. There, he studied law and was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar Association in 1812.

Buchanan was engaged to Anne C. Coleman, but she died early, and he never had children. He is the only U.S. president who was never married.

Buchanan served in both the House of Representatives and the Senate to represent Pennsylvania, as well as the Minister to Russia, under President Andrew Jackson.

## Presidency
During the beginning of his presidency, Buchanan called slavery an issue of "little importance." That was clearly not the case at the time since Northerners and Southerners were very divided on slavery, almost to the point of war.

The U.S. Supreme Court declared that African Americans were not American citizens and that all U.S. territories were required to allow slavery. Buchanan supported the decision because he did not want the South to leave the United States.

Buchanan wanted Kansas to adopt a constitution that allowed slavery. That issue divided his Democratic Party, and after the 1858 election, many voters in the North were angry with the Supreme Court decision, and there were were now Republicans in Congress than Democrats. He did not get along with the Republicans since they opposed slavery in U.S. territories.

In 1858, Buchanan received the first telegram message sent by the transatlantic telegraph cable. It was a congratulatory message from Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

## References
## Other websites
* Buchanan's White House biography
Hand

A **hand** is the part of the body at the end of an arm. Most humans have two hands. Each hand usually has four fingers and a thumb. On the inside of the hand is the palm. The five bones inside this part of the hand are called metacarpals. The wrist connects the hand to the arm. The hand has 27 bones including the wrist bones.

When the fingers are all bent tightly, the hand forms a fist. The joints that are the hardest part of the fist are called knuckles. Many other animals, especially other primates, have hands that can hold things. Human hands can do things which hands of other animals cannot.

## Related pages 
* Foot

## Other websites 
*Hand anatomy (eMedicine)
Rule

**Rule** can mean:

*A means of measurement (such as a slide rule.)
*A law or regulation.
*A precedent or conclusion drawn from experiments.
*Rule of thumb

## Related pages
* Constitution
* Constitutional economics
1910s

The **1910s** began on January 1, 1910 and ended on December 31, 1919. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1911 and ended on December 31, 1920. 

## Events 
* Balkan Wars
* Mexican Revolution
* 1911-12: The Republic of China overthrew the Qing Dynsty.
* 1912: The ship RMS *Titanic* strikes an iceberg in the North Atlantic, and sinks on its first voyage.
* 1912: Olympic Games held in Stockholm, Sweden.
* 1914–1918: World War I 15,000,000 people die
* 1917: The October revolution in Russia. Communists get rid of the king (Tsar)
* 1918–1919: Influenza (the spanish flu) spreads through Europe killing 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 people.

## World leaders 
* Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (Australia)
* Prime Minister Joseph Cook (Australia)
* Prime Minister Billy Hughes (Australia)
* Emperor Franz Joseph I (Austria-Hungary)
* Emperor Karl (Austria-Hungary)
* Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden (Canada)
* Emperor Henry Pu Yi of the Qing Dynasty (China)
* Sun Yat-sen, President of the Republic of China
* Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China and briefly Emperor.
* Xu Shichang, President of the Republic of China
* Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
* Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (German Empire)
* King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
* Pope Pius X
* Pope Benedict XV
* Sultan Vahidettin (Ottoman Empire)
* Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
* Emperor Nicholas II (Russia)
* Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)
* King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
* Prime Minister José Canalejas (Spain)
* Prime Minister Eduardo Dato Iradier (Spain)
* King George V (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
* President William Howard Taft (United States)
* President Woodrow Wilson (United States)

## Births 
* 1911 – Ronald Reagan
* 1912 – Alan Turing
* 1912 – John Cage
* 1912 – Pope John Paul I
* 1913 – Richard Nixon
* 1913 – Gerald Ford
* 1914 – Richard Widmark
* 1916 – Gregory Peck
* 1918 – Nelson Mandela, South African prisoner of conscience and president
* 1918 – Paul Harvey, American radio host
* 1919 – Eva Perón

## Deaths 
* 1914 – Adlai E. Stevenson, American politician
* 1914 – John Philip Holland, early submarine designer
* 1919 – Emiliano Zapata
William Christopher

**William Christopher** (October 20, 1932 &ndash; December 31, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Father Mulcahy on the television series *M*A*S*H*. He also played Private Lester Hummel on *Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.* 

Christopher was born in Evanston, Illinois. He studied at Wesleyan University. His wife was Barbara O'Connor; together they wrote a book, *Mixed Blessings*, about their experiences raising their autistic son. He retired in 2012.

Christopher died on December 31, 2016 in Pasadena, California from small-cell carcinoma, aged 84.

## References
## Other websites
*
Boxer shorts

**Boxer shorts** are men's underwear. They are shorts with a stretchy band, and named after the shorts worn by boxers.

They were first made in the 1930s, but did not become popular until 1947. These days, briefs (Y-fronts) are sold more than boxer shorts.

Some boxer shorts have openings with a snap button for using the toilet (urinating). Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. They can be made in different colors or patterns.  Television displays more men in boxer shorts than in other underwear.

## Boxer shorts for women 
Boxer shorts for women have also been made. They are often worn as loungewear. They  are often longer. There have been reports that women have been buying men's boxers for use as underwear.
### References
CD player

A **CD player** is a device that can read the binary data on a CD (compact disc) and turn that into sound waves.

A CD player has a laser and an optical sensor.  A CD has tracks and bumps on the tracks.  The CD player passes a laser beam along the track of the CD.  The areas that are reflected (without the bumps) are 1s to the player and the areas that are reflected (with the bumps) are 0s to the player.  When the 1's and 0's are added to the CD a complicated coding is used that enables error corrections to prevent the CD "skipping" in the event of a small scratch. The CD player converts the series of 1's and 0's into sound waves by sending a varying voltage into an amplifier which then drives a speaker. The conversion of digital data into an analogue signal is achieved through the use a matrix (maths not the movie), imaginary numbers and trigonometric functions.

## Related pages
*DVD player
MSN

***MSN*** (formerly the **Microsoft Network**) is a web portal (a website used to enter the Internet).

## Web portal 
The web portal launched on August 24 1995 by Microsoft. The site was launched at around the same time as Windows 95. Through MSN, people can create an e-mail account using MSN Hotmail, a blog using MSN Spaces, a group using MSN Groups and plenty more. It is now the #2 visited site in the world behind Yahoo!. Many people have come across this site in one way or another because it is the default main page of Internet Explorer.

## MSN Messenger 
MSN is also the name for MSN Messenger (now called Windows Live Messenger). It is an instant messenger, which allows people to communicate through conversations over an internet connection. As well as conversations using text, this program also allows voice and video conversations. You can even use small *emoticons* to express what you are trying to say. Messages are sent and received very quickly from around the globe. Its current messenger client is Windows Live Messenger.

## MSN Hotmail 
***Hotmail*** is a free email service from MSN. It started in 1995. It was bought by Microsoft in 1997. Microsoft Hotmail accounts are used to log in to MSN Messenger.

## Other websites 
*MSN.com
*Hotmail.com
1790

## Events 
* January 15 – Pitcairn Islands settled by mutineers from *HMS Bounty*
* January 23 – *HMS Bounty* burned and destroyed on Pitcairn Island
Births

March 29 - John Tyler, tenth President of the United States (b. 1862)

## Deaths 
* July 17 – Adam Smith
Red Hat Linux

**Red Hat Linux** is a discontinued Linux operating system, replaced by RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux).

Red Hat made it public in the past and it was used by many Linux users. The last publicly released version was Red Hat Linux 9 in April, 2003. Red Hat then decided to discontinue a future release of Red Hat Linux and started the paid *Red Hat Enterprise Linux* instead. There are some redistributions of RHEL, though such as CentOS which are free and come without Red Hat's branding, logos etc. due to trademark restrictions.

Red Hat Linux 7.3 version is still widely used around the world for servers and workstations.

Around 2005, The Red Hat company released their system as Fedora Core, intended to be a test platform for new technologies. It is now called just 'Fedora' and its present release acts as a base for the next release of RHEL.

## Related pages
* List of Linux distributions

## Other websites 
* Official homepage of Red Hat
Sacavém

**Sacavém** is a city in Portugal, near the capital Lisbon. There is about eighteen hundred people living there. Sacavém is on the border of the River Tagus. It confines with the parishes of *Bobadela*, *Camarate*, *Moscavide*, *Portela*, *Prior Velho* and *Unhos*. 

Sacavém is very well known for its ceramics.
Shooter game

**Shooter games** are a popular sub-genre of action games. It includes first-person shooters, third-person shooters, shoot 'em ups, and top-down shooters.

Many of the oldest computer games were shooters; the first arcade game was a shooter called Computer Space, a revamp to the original Spacewar! Additionally, Space Invaders, a 1978, shoot-em-up arcade game, has become a big hit and is known to many gamers.    

In Japan, many people play shooters where the enemies shoot out multiple bullets at once. The bullets make patterns on the screen.  This kind of shooter is called a *barrage shooter, bullet hell game* or a *curtain fire shooter*.  It is also called by the Japanese name, *danmaku*. One of these games is Touhou. Another that combines bullet hell elements with an RPG is Undertale, a game released in 2015.
The Thinker

***The Thinker*** () (1902) is a bronze statue. It was made by the sculptor Auguste Rodin. It depicts a man sitting and thinking with his arms bent on his knee and his chin on his hand. Rodin first called the statue *The Poet*. It was part of a commission by the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris to create a huge gate based on the epic poem *The Divine Comedy* of Dante. Each of the statues in the piece represented one of the main characters in the poem. *The Thinker* was originally meant to depict Dante himself in front of the Gates of Hell considering his great poem.  Over twenty casts of the sculpture exist. They are now in museums around the world. Some of those copies are enlarged versions of the original work, while others have somewhat different proportions.

## Other websites 
* The Thinker project , Munich. Discussion of the history of the many casts of this artwork.
Nazko Cone

**Nazko Cone** is a small volcano in central British Columbia, Canada. It is approximately 75&nbsp;km west of the town of Quesnel. It is in the eastern part of the Anahim Volcanic Belt. The most recent eruption of Nazko Cone was 7200 years ago.

A series of small earthquakes occurred in the area of Nazko Cone beginning on October 10, 2007. Most of these earthquakes were magnitude 1.0 or less; some as strong as magnitude 3.2 were centered 25 kilometers below the surface. The cause of these earthquakes is believed to be the rising of molten magma because there are no faults or tectonic plate boundaries. The source of this magma is from the Anahim hotspot and continues to this day.
Chilcotin Group

]]

**Chilcotin Plateau basalts** cover a large area in British Columbia. Basaltic lava formed a volcanic plateau running parallel with the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, about 150&nbsp;km from the ocean. 

During the Miocene and Pliocene, a volcanic field occurred in British Columbia's Interior Plateau. The basalt is assumed to cover up to 50,000 km2 of the Pacific Northwest. It forms a medium-sized large igneous province, of volume 3300 km3.  

Volcanism still continues from time to time. Eruptions were most vigorous 610 million years ago (mya) and 23 mya, when most of the basalt was released. Smaller eruptions continued from 1.6 mya to 0.01 mya.

## References
Garibaldi Volcanic Belt

The **Garibaldi Volcanic Belt** is the northern part of the Cascade Volcanic Belt. It is in British Columbia and the northwestern United States. Its volcanos are the most explosive in Canada. 

The volcanoes are also the closest to British Columbia's densely populated southwest corner.  These volcanoes are the result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate: the plates meet just seaward of the west coast of Vancouver Island.  The volcanoes of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt are stratovolcanoes typical of subduction zones, and include Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley and Mount Meager.  Meager's eruption 2,350 years ago is the youngest explosive eruption in Canada.  It was similar to that of Mount St. Helens in 1980 and the ongoing eruption of Montserrat in the Caribbean.
Clematis

***Clematis*** is a genus of plants that is widely known for its beautiful flowers.

There are many varieties in this group as gardeners around the world have produced many varieties. They can be found not only in Western countries but also in Japan.

This plant grows up as a vine. It uses its leaflets and leaf stalks to twine around any support. In nature it often climbs up a nearby tree. The original species can mostly be found in temperate areas on Earth. Some species can also be found on high mountains.

## References 
## Other websites
Saint Patrick's Day

(Argentina)]]'''Saint Patrick's Day''' is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, and a day of celebration of Ireland, its culture, people and its history. Saint Patrick’s Day is also known as Paddy’s day. 

## Celebrations 
St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17 all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live. New York City has one of the biggest parades. It is a very Irish festival, and it involves a lot of feasting and celebration, including traditional Irish music, drinking beer, and eating bacon and cabbage. Another tradition of Saint Patrick’s day is that one has to wear green clothing or they will be pinched. Green is the color of Saint Patrick's day as it is the national color of Ireland. People often wear green on that day or have some type of shamrock on their clothing. It is very common that they wear a Shamrock, a three leaved plant which is also a symbol for Ireland. 

The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. In the beginning, it was a 3 day long celebration, but now it is a 5-day celebration.

## Celebration in Ireland 

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MP

**MP** can mean:

* Member of Parliament
* Military Police
* Microprocessor
* Simple English Wikipedia's Main Page
*Mana Points, a common stat in role-playing games
Rational number

In mathematics, a **rational number** is a number that can be written as a fraction. The set of rational number is often represented by the symbol \mathbb{Q}, standing for "quotient" in English. 

Rational numbers are all real numbers, and can be positive or negative. A number that is not rational is called irrational.

Most of the numbers that people use in everyday life are rational. These include fractions, integers and numbers with finite decimal digits. In general, a number that can be written as a fraction while it is in its own form is rational.

## Writing rational numbers 
### Fraction form 
All rational numbers can be written as a fraction. Take 1.5 as an example, this can be written as 1 \frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2}, or 3/2.

More examples of fractions that are rational numbers include \frac{1}{7}, \frac{-8}{9}, and \frac{2}{5}.

### Terminating decimals 
A  decimal is a decimal with a certain number of digits to the right of the decimal point. Examples include 3.2, 4.075, and -300.12002. All of these are rational. Another good example would be 0.9582938472938498234.

### Repeating decimals 
A repeating decimal is a decimal where there are infinitely many digits to the right of the decimal point, but which follow a repeating pattern.

An example of this is \frac{1}{3}. As a decimal, it is written as 0.3333333333... The dots indicate that the digit **3** repeats forever.

Sometimes, a group of digits repeats. An example is \frac{1}{11}. As a decimal, it is written as 0.09090909... In this example, the group of digits **09** repeats.

Also, sometimes the digits repeat *after* another group of digits. An example is \frac{1}{6}. It is written as 0.16666666... In this example, the digit **6** repeats, following the digit 1.

If you try this on your calculator, sometimes it may make a rounding error at the end. For instance, your calculator may say that \frac{2}{3} = 0.6666667, even though there is no 7. It rounds the 6 at the end up to 7.

## Irrational numbers 
The digits after the decimal point in an irrational number do not repeat in an infinite pattern. For instance, the first several digits of pi are 3.1415926535... and so on. You can find some small repeats here and there, but pi as a whole will never fall into an infinite pattern, no matter how many digits you look at.

## Arithmetic 
* Whenever you add or subtract two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.

* Whenever you multiply two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.

* Whenever you divide two rational numbers, you always get another rational number (as long as you do not divide by zero).

* Two rational numbers \frac{a}{b} and \frac{c}{d} are equal if ad =  bc.

## Related pages
* Decimal
* Fraction (mathematics)
* Irrational number
* Real number

## References
Hibiscus syriacus

***Hibiscus syriacus*** is one of the common flowering shrubs found in gardens, a species of *Hibiscus*. Common names for the same plant include **Rose of Sharon** (but it is not a rose), **rose mallow**, **shrub-althaea**, **Syrian hibiscus**, **Syrian ketmia**, and '''St Joseph's rod'*.

The part of the name "syriacus" seems to say that the origin of this plant is from Syria, but this is only because it was named after being discovered in gardens there. Historically it was endemic to ancient Korea and parts of China. Today the flowers are national symbols of Korea. In Japan, the flowers are often shown at tea ceremonies for decoration.

There are many variations of flowers in gardens, because gardeners of the past were able to find different colors and shapes of flowers, and grow their seeds.

## Gallery

File:Koreanroseofsharon.JPG|*Hibiscus syriacus'' is the national flower of South Korea.
File:HibiscusSyriacus2.jpg
File:HibiscusSyriacus9.jpg
File:OiseauBleu1UME.JPG

## References
Hibiscus

**Hibiscus** or **rosemallow** is a genus of plants with a flower of bright colors. It grows mostly in the tropics, but some species grow in cool climates. Hibiscus often become national/state flowers. For example, the Hawaiian hibiscus is the state flower of Hawaii.

The flower usually has five petal. Hibiscus comes in many colours like white to pink, red, purple and yellow.

## Species 
There are many types (species) of Hibiscus. The most popular ones in gardens are:
* *Hibiscus brackenridgei* (Hawaiian hibiscus)
* *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis* (Chinese hibiscus)
* *Hibiscus syriacus* (garden hibiscus)

*Hibiscus trionum* is a common weed in gardens and farms.

## References
*

## Other websites
Alagoas

**Alagoas** is a small coastal state in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is Maceió, where tourism industry is one of the basis for the local economy. Other important cities in Alagoas are *Arapiraca*, *Palmeira dos Índios*, *Penedo*, *Marechal Deodoro*, and *Maragogi*. The state has a total of 101 cities.

Alagoas' coastline has several beaches with coconut trees. Many of the beaches have calm water, because they are sheltered by the Atlantic Ocean sand banks and coral reefs. The state was named after some lagoons along the ocean coast.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Government of the State of Alagoas