open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Paranoia

**Paranoia** is a mental health condition that affects a person's thoughts. A person with paranoia is called **paranoid**. Paranoia is a thought process heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion.

A paranoid person's thinking is shaped by fear and anxiety. For example, the person may fear that other people are "out to get them" or are planning to hurt them. They may believe that video cameras are watching them, or that a certain group (like the police or CIA) is following them. They may also believe that other people can control their thoughts or use magic to hurt them. Even if these fears seem strange or absurd to others, they feel very real to the person with paranoia. They truly believe that they are in danger.

Paranoia is different from phobias. In a phobia, someone has an irrational fear, but does not blame anyone for this fear. A paranoid person will often make false accusations and say that something was intentional, when it was just coincidence or an accident.

If a person is truly paranoid, their fears must not be explained by common beliefs, like their religion. For example, some religions say that people can use magic to hurt others. So a person from one of those religions should not be diagnosed as paranoid just because he/she has this belief. They would also have to have other paranoid beliefs - which could not be explained by religious beliefs - to be diagnosed with paranoia.

Very often, people with paranoia also have other thought disorders, or mood disorders. Paranoia can be a symptom of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses.

In everyday talk, people may use "paranoid" to mean more normal worries. For example, someone may call a friend paranoid for thinking that his teacher hates him.

## References
Delusion

A **delusion** is a false belief held by a person. When doctors talk about delusions, they mean that the false belief is the result of some disease. This is usually a disease of the mind, such as paranoia, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, but not always. Delusions can come in many forms, such as persecutory delusions (a belief that the person is always being attacked), grandiose delusions (a belief that the person is very special), religious delusions (a belief that the person is a god), and more. 

The psychiatrist Karl Jaspers created the first  for a belief to be considered a delusion:
* The person with the delusion is completely convinced that it is true. 
* The delusion does not change even when it is proved to be wrong.
* The delusion is improbable or strange.
However, these  have been criticized because none of the criteria are necessary to have a delusion. Studies show that delusions can change in intensity and confidence over time. Delusions also do not need to be false beliefs. Some religious beliefs cannot be proved false, so they cannot be used for a diagnosis. 

A doctor or psychiatrist may say that a delusion is false because it *seems* to be improbable or strange. Because psychiatrists do not always investigate a person's claims completely, they will sometimes wrongly diagnose a patient as delusional. This is called the Martha Mitchell effect, which was named after the wife of the attorney general in the Nixon administration. Martha Mitchell said illegal activity was happening in the White House. At the time, people thought she was mentally ill. However, she was proven right after the Watergate scandal. 

Treating delusions is hard, but sometimes antipsychotics can be used. If the delusions are dangerous to the person or other people, the person may also be treated against their will.

## References
1578

**1578** (MDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* January 31 – Battle of Gemblours – Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. Don John begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands
* August 4 – Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir – The Moroccans defeat the Portuguese. King Sebastian I of Portugal is defeated and killed in North Africa, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal.
* October 1 – Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, succeeds Don John as Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands.
* Martin Frobisher held the first celebration of Thanksgiving by Europeans in North American at Newfoundland by the Frobisher Expedition.
* Tibet – Sonam Gyrso receives from prince Atlan Khan the title of "Talaï" and becomes the third Dalai Lama.
* Battle of Wenden – The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.
* The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia.
* Sixth and so far the last outbreak of the sweating sickness in England
1726

## Events 
*George Friderich Handel becomes a British subject.
*Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver's Travels.
*The city of Montevideo was established.
*Mary Toft allegedly gives birth to 16 rabbits in England, later revealed to be a hoax.
*The Gujin tushu jicheng, an immense Chinese encyclopedia, is printed using movable copper type.

## Births
* June 23  Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia (d. 1796)
* April 5  Benjamin Harrison V, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
* June 3  James Hutton, Scottish geologist (d. 1797)
* June 11  Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of Philip V of Spain (d. 1746)
* June 20  Louise Henriette de Bourbon, mother of Philippe Égalité (d.1759)
* September 1  François-André Danican Philidor, French chess player (d. 1795)
* December 1  Oliver Wolcott, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1797)
* December 3  George Wythe, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1806)

## Deaths 
* August 8 - Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden, Duchess of Orleans (b. 1704)
1710s

The **1710s** was a decade that started on 1 January 1710 and ended on 31 December 1719. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***172th decade*** which began on January 1, 1711 and ended on December 31, 1720.

## Events 
*The Great Northern War

## World leaders 
*King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715)
*King Louis XV of France (1715–1774).
*Queen Anne of Great Britain (1702–1714).
*King George I of Great Britain (1714–1727).
*Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (1705–1711).
*Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1711–1740).
*Husayn, Shah of Persia during the Safavid dynasty
*Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725).
*King Philip V of Spain (1700–1746).
*King Charles XII of Sweden (1697–1718).
*Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden (1719–1720).
Fan (person)

, Argentina]]
A **fan** or **fanatic** is someone who like a thing, a person, or an idea. Things that fans might like are hobbies, sports (often a team), music, a kind of movie or book, or almost anything. There are lots of kinds of fans, including science fiction fans and fans of popular music stars, like The Beatles. Fans will meet with each other to talk about and share their interest, often in large groups called conventions.

The word *fanatic* can also be used to talk about people who care a lot about politics, religion or their own group of people. Some fanatics can hurt other people whom they dislike, or who disagree with them.

In British English, **supporter** is their word for a person who likes and supports a sportsperson or a team. Many teams of some sports have thousands of supporters, for example, the football team Real Madrid. In American English, **supporter** is more often used to talk about people in politics. Supporters of a politician, a political party, or an idea such as a particular law may like their subject very much, but usually are not violent.
985

## Events 
* Barcelona sacked by Al-Mansur
* Greenland colonized by Icelandic Viking Erik the Red (the date is according to legend but has been established as at least approximately correct – see History of Greenland)
* Lady Wulfruna founded the town that later became the city of Wolverhampton
* Henry the Wrangler restored as Duke of Bavaria
* Rajaraja Chola I becomes the Chola Emperor and brings in another golden era of Chola Empire
## Births 
* Emma of Normandy, Queen of England and first Queen Mother of England; mother of Edward the Confessor and aunt of William the Conqueror (died 1055)
Courage

A person has **Courage** if they do something even though they are afraid. Courage can be doing things that other people think should be scary. A person has courage if they put themself in  to save another person (this is called mental strength). If someone has courage, it is said that they are courageous, standing up for what you believe in (also called moral strength).

For example, someone may be said to have courage if they fight a lion, or  a baby from a burning building. 

Courage is the opposite of fear and can also be called  and one of virtues.

## Related pages
*Hero
Caribbean Community

The **Caribbean Community** , or **CARICOM**, is a group of nations in the Caribbean Sea that have come together founded on 4 July 1973. They share their products, and they have a government to help organize the area. They are mainly together to help trade and their economies.

The full members are:

* Barbados 
* Belize 
* Dominica 
* Grenada 
* Guyana 
* Haiti
* Jamaica 
* Montserrat (a territory of the United Kingdom) 
* Saint Kitts and Nevis 
* Saint Lucia 
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
1762

## Events 
* **Ongoing**
** Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)
## Births 
* August 12 &ndash; King George IV of the United Kingdom, Prince of Wales (d. 1830)
* November 1 &ndash; Spencer Perceval, British politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1812)

## Deaths
* Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher
1520

## Events 
*

## Births 
*

## Deaths 
* Montezuma II (born 1466)
* Pier Gerlofs Donia (born 1480)
* April 6 – Raphael (born 1483)
List of towns in Greenland

This is a list of the towns in Greenland that have over 1,000 people living in them (the first name is in Greenlandic, the second is in Danish):

*Nuuk (Godthåb) Pop. 14.501
*Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg) Pop. 5.350
*Ilulissat (Jakobshavn) Pop. 4.533
*Qaqortoq (Julianehåb) Pop. 3.144
*Aasiaat Pop. 3.100
*Maniitsoq (Sukkertoppen) Pop. 2.859
*Tasiilaq (Amassalik) Pop. 1.848
*Paamiut (Frederikshåb) Pop. 1.817
*Narsaq Pop. 1.764
*Nanortalik Pop. 1.509
*Uumannaq Pop. 1.366
*Qasigiannguit Pop. 1.320
*Upernavik Pop. 1.178

**Pop.* stands for *population*.
1504

**1504** (MDIV) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
*January 1 – French troops surrender Gaeta to the Spanish under Cordoba.
*January 31 – France cedes Naples to Aragon.
*February 29 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies.
*Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) finishes his sculpture of David – August 8 it is erected in Florence.
*Moldavia, Stephan III the Great fights against Turkey and Poland.
*Baber besieges and captures Kabul.
*Ferdinand II of Aragon becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.
*Christopher Columbus return to Spain from his fourth voyage where he and his younger son, Ferdinand, explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama.
*Aldo Manuzio publishes Demosthenes.
*Grünenwald: "Crucifixion".
*Voyage of Juan de la Cosa to South America.
*A Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founds the Black Sultanate (As Saltana az Zarqa) at Sennar. (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))

## Births 
*Roxelana, Polish wife of Suleiman the Magnificent (d.1558)
*August 6 – Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1574)
*Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian writer

## Deaths 
*November 9 – King Frederick IV of Naples
*November 26 – Queen Isabella of Castile (born 1451)
*Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer
Sisimiut

**Sisimiut** (also known by its Danish name 'Holsteinsborg') is a town in southwestern Greenland. With 5,247 people (as of 2005), it is the second biggest town in Greenland. It is 75 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle, and is Greenland's most northern year-round port which has no ice. 

## Other websites 
* Municipality of Sisimiut
Qaqortoq

**Qaqortoq**, also known by its Danish name *Julianehåb*, is a town in southwestern Greenland. With a population of 3,100, it is South Greenland's biggest town. It is the fourth biggest town in Greenland. The name Qaqortoq is Western Greenlandic, and it means "white". Qaqortoq also is the seat of the municipality of Qaqortoq which apart from the town itself includes three small settlements. Qaqortoq was founded by Norwegian Anders Olsen in 1775. Near Qaqortoq are the Hvalsey ruins, the most famous Norse ruins in Greenland.

## References 
"*Greenland and the Arctic*". By Etain O'Carroll and Mark Elliott. Lonely Planet 2005. .

## Other websites 
*'Official' Qaqortoq website  (limited information in English)
*English version
Arctic Circle

The **Arctic Circle** is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that (in 2000) runs 66° 33' 39" north of the Equator. North of this line, the Sun never rises at the Winter Solstice and never sets at the Summer Solstice.

The Arctic Circle is one way to say what part of the Earth is in the Arctic. The North Pole is in the center of the Arctic Circle.

Countries which are partly within the Arctic Circle are:
*Russia
*Canada
*Denmark (Greenland)
*United States of America (Alaska)
*Norway
*Sweden
*Finland
*Iceland (less than 1 square kilometre)

The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed. It directly depends on the Earth's axial tilt. The axial tilt fluctuates within a margin of 2° over a 40,000-year period, mostly due to tidal forces from the orbit of the Moon. The tilt is currently diminishing, so the Arctic Circle is drifting northwards at a speed of about  per year.

## Related pages 
*Northern Hemisphere
*Southern Hemisphere
*Eastern Hemisphere
*Western Hemisphere
*Seasons
*Solstice and equinox
*Equator
*Tropic of Cancer
*Tropic of Capricorn
*Antarctic Circle
*Circle of latitude
1747

## Events 
*Afghanistan becomes independent from Persia.
*February 11 – A combined French and Indian force, commanded by Coulon de Villiers, attacks British troops at Grand Pré, Nova Scotia.
* April 9 – The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat was beheaded by axe on Tower Hill, London, for high treason.
* May 14 – War of the Austrian Succession: First battle of Cape Finisterre.
* June 9 – Emperor Momozono rises to power in Japan, after Emperor Sakuramachi.

## Births 
* January 15 – John Aikin, English doctor and writer (died 1822)
* January 19 – Johann Elert Bode, German astronomer (died 1826)
* January 26 – Samuel Parr, English schoolmaster (died 1825)
* February 19 – John "Walking" Stewart, traveller and philosopher (died 1822)
* February 21 – Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist (died 1795)
* May 5 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1792)
* July 6 – John Paul Jones, American naval captain (died 1792)
* October 8 – Jean-François Rewbell, French politician (died 1807)
* December 12 – Anna Seward, English writer (died 1809)

## Deaths 
* January 16 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (born 1680)
* March 16 – Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, father of Catherine II of Russia (born 1690)
* March 23 – Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French soldier (born 1675)
* April 2 – Johann Jacob Dillenius, German botanist (born 1684)
* April 7 – Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian field marshal (born 1676)
* May 28 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French writer (born 1715)
* May 31 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (born 1686)
* June – Nadir Shah, Persian leader (born 1688)
* June 19 – Alessandro Marcello, Italian composer (born 1669)
* July 9 – Giovanni Bononcini, Italian composer (born 1670)
* October 10 – John Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury (born c.1674)
* November 17 – Alain-René Le Sage, French writer (born 1668)
* December 2 – Vincent Bourne, English classical scholar (born 1695)
Kabul

**Kabul** is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. 

According to a 2012 estimate, the population of the city was around 3,289,000. Ths includes Tajiks, Pashtuns, Hazaras and some other smaller ethnic groups. It is the 64th largest and the 5th fastest growing city in the world.

It is 1,800 meters, or 5,900 feet above-sea-level. Kabul is over 3,500 years old.

## Districts
The city of Kabul is inside Kabul District - a district of Kabul Province. The city is also a municipality (*shārwāli*) - because it is also capital of a province; That municipality is divided into 22 administrative districts called municipal districts or city districts (*nāhia*); These districts (are the same, or) coincide with the official Police Districts (PD).

## Related pages 
* Kabul Province
* Wahida Amiri, Afghan activist

## References
Angel food cake

:*Angel Cake is also the name of a doll in the Strawberry Shortcake series.*

**Angel food cake** is an example of cake that became popular in the United States in the 19th century. It is also called **angel cake**. It is very light and fluffy. Because of this, it is named Angel cake because it is said to be "food for the angels."

Angel food cake needs the egg whites to be whipped until they are stiff, and carefully folded into the other ingredients. For this  of "leavening" to work well, it is helpful to have flour that has been made of softer wheat. This causes angel food cake to have a very light texture and taste.  Angel food cake should be cut with a serrated knife, as a solid blade tends to compress the cake rather than cut it.

Some people like to add  spices to angel food cake.

## References
## Other websites
Wrench

A **wrench** (or **spanner**) is a tool used to provide grip and turn nuts and bolts, and similarly shaped objects.

In British English, *spanner* is the standard term. The most common shapes are called *open-ended spanner* and *ring spanner*. The term *wrench* is generally used for tools that turn non-fastening devices (e.g. tap wrench and pipe wrench), or may be used for a monkey wrench – an adjustable spanner.

What a wrench or spanner does is to grip. Pulling or pushing the handle to rotate gives mechanical advantage. It applies torque to turn objects – usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts – or keep them from turning.

## Adjustable wrenches 
An adjustable spanner, or adjustable wrench, or crescent wrench in American English, is a tool. It may move its jaw to rotate nuts or bolts of different sizes. It was invented by Edwin Beard Budding (1795–1846), who also invented the lawnmower.
Paganism

was used for rituals that would now be considered pagan]]**Paganism** is a term that covers a great number of spiritual and religious beliefs, and someone who follows one of these beliefs is known as a Pagan.

## Overview
Some of those in ancient times, who are called *Pagans* today, believed there was not just one god but a number of gods and goddesses.  The stories from Greek mythology are famous examples from a pagan religion. Pagans usually focus on spirituality and nature, rather than on doctrines and dogma. Not all pagans are polytheists (belief in more than one god). Some of them are monotheists (belief in only one god).

## Name
The word *pagan* (with a lowercase *p*) is often used to describe anyone who holds religious beliefs that differ from the main world religions. A similar term is *heathen*.

## Today
Nowadays, *Pagan* (with an uppercase *P*) often refers to people who follow Neo-Pagan religions that honour the Earth. The best known Neo-Pagan religion is Wicca. Another well-known neo-pagan faith is Druidism, but there are many other Neo-Pagan religions with different beliefs.

## Examples
* Wicca
* Asatru
* Tenrikyo
* Druidism
* Tengrism
* Kemetism
* Greek religion
* Baltic paganism
** Dodekatheism
* Slavic paganism
* Finnish paganism
* Germanic paganism
* Ancient Meitei paganism
* Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism

## Surviving religions of earlier cultures
Enough has survived of the ancient religions of cultures from pre-modern Africa, South America, New Guinea and Japan to give us quite a clear picture. Since African slaves were taken to both South America and the United States, it is no surprise that their beliefs and practices still survive. Not, of course, as the main religion, but they do survive.

In a similar way, but much less well documented, are the ancient religions of other groups such as the Ainu in Japan, the tribes in New Guinea, the many tribes in Amazonia, and the fractured remnants of traditional religions in African countries.

### Characteristics
All these groups have one thing in common: they are not part of farming revolution which happened in the Middle East, and which spread quickly to Eurasia. The religions which started there are called the *religions of the book* because their original beliefs were written down. Of course, writing was one of the original inventions of a settled people, one able to invest time and energy into activities which would be far more difficult for more traditional peoples.

## Related pages
* Taoism
* Sikhism
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Agnosticism
* Abrahamic religions

## Other websites
* [news:soc.religion.paganism Usenet newsgroup for Pagans]
* The Witches Voice, a networking and education site

## References
Irish Sea

The **Irish Sea** (sometimes called the **Manx Sea**) is a body of water that separates Ireland and Great Britain. It is known to be one of the most polluted seas in the world including the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The sea is important to regional trade, shipping and fishing.  It is a source of power generation in the form of wind power and nuclear plants. Annual traffic between Great Britain and Ireland amounts to over 12 million passengers and  of traded goods.

## Economics 
It covers  and at its deepest point is  deep. In 2008, about  of fish were caught. 

### Sealife 
At least thirty species of shark can be found in the Irish Sea at different times. These include the basking, thresher, blue, mako and porbeagle sharks. There are about 12 species of Dolphin, porpoise and whales in the Irish Sea. These include the common dolphin, bottlenose dolphin and the harbor porpoise.

## References
Hatred

**Hatred** is an emotion of very strong dislike for someone or something. It is a desire to avoid, restrict, remove, or destroy that person or thing. It is often thought the opposite of love. Hatred can also be a form of projection.

Sigmund Freud said that hatred was a selfish feeling that wishes to get rid of whatever is making that person unhappy. The *Penguin Dictionary of Psychology* says that hate is a "deep, enduring (long-lasting), intense emotion expressing , anger, and  towards a person, group, or object."

Hatred can often cause the hate crime and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibits inciting hatred by the Article 20.

## References
1270

## Events 
* The Solomonid king Yekuno Amlak kills the last king of the Zagwe dynasty in Ethiopia. The Solomonids begin to rule Ethiopia, which they continue until 1974.
* Louis IX of France starts the Eighth Crusade by attacking Tunis.
* In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins.

## Births 
* Jacob ben Asher, Spanish Rabbi (Jewish religious leader)

## Deaths 
* King Louis IX of France
Party (disambiguation)

A **party** is a social gathering primarily for celebration and recreation. 

**Party** could also mean an individual person, or group of individuals:

*Party (pronoun), used to identify a grammatical person:
**"First-party" pronoun, such as we
**"Second-party" pronoun, such as you
**"Third-party" pronoun, such as they

*one or more participants in the context of a legal, business, or political relationship:
**First party, a principal in the relationship (referring to self) or the obvious dominant principal
**Second party, the other principals in the relationship
**Third party (disambiguation), some other person or entity with some involvement (many uses across many disciplines)

*Party (law), a person or group of persons composing a single entity for the purposes of the law

*a **party** in politics:
**Political party, an organization that seeks to attain political power within a government
**Third party (politics), any minor party in any two-party system
**The Party (politics) can refer to a dominant political party in a country, often the *only* party (in a single party systems). For example, in reference to the Soviet Union, **the Party** means the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

*Wedding party, the bride, groom, bridesmaids, groomsmen and sometimes other participants in a wedding
*The members of an expedition, often armed. Sometimes synonymous with squad; e.g.:
**Hunting party
**Scouting party

**Parti** (a foreign spelling) may also mean:
*Architectural parti, the underlying idea behind a work of architecture.
*a foreign political party - possibly also "Partia"
**See articles beginning in Parti, usually foreign political parties.

## Media
* Party (film), (1984)  by Govind Nihalani.
* "Party", a 2007 episode of *The Mighty Boosh*
* Party (Nick Swardson album), a comedy album by Nick Swardson

## Technology
*A **party**, in role-playing games, is a group of game characters working together for a common purpose, generally comprised of the participating player characters.
*Third-party developer, hardware or software developer not directly tied to the primary product that a consumer is using

in the **video game industry**:
*First-party developer, a division of a console manufacturer, who develops games for the company's video game console
*Second-party developer, a company that is tied to, and makes games specifically for, a console manufacturer
*Third-party developer, a company licensed by, but not directly tied to, a console manufacturer

## Other
*The Party (disambiguation)
*Surprise party, a celebration that is not made known to one or more of the guests until it occurs
Ilulissat

**Ilulissat** (population 4,000) is the third largest city in Greenland. The town is about halfway up the country's west coast, at 69 degrees north latitude, about 200 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle. Illulisat is also known by its Danish name of **Jakobshavn** (or Jacob's Harbour). In direct translation, Ilulissat is the Greenlandic word for 'The Icebergs'. Ilulissat is Greenland's most popular tourist place, because it is near to the beautiful Ilulissat Ice Fjord - tourism is now the town's main industry. Ilulissat was the birthplace of the great polar explorer Knud Rasmussen, and his childhood home in the center of the town is now a museum dedicated to him.

## History
Inuit villages have been in the area of the ice fjord for at least three thousand years. The abandoned settlement of **Sermermiut** two kilometers south of the modern town of Ilulissat was once amongst the largest settlements in Greenland, with around 250 residents. The modern town was founded in 1741 by a missionary and a trader of fur, who had built a trading lodge in the area. 

## Ilulissat ice fjord
The Ilulissat fjord goes west 40 kilometers from the Greenland icecap to Disko Bay, close to Ilulissat town. At its eastern end is the Jakobshavn Isbrae Glacier, the most productive glacier in the Northern Hemisphere. The glacier flows at a rate of 20-35 metres per day, resulting in around 20 billion tons of icebergs breaking off and leaving the fjord every year. On breaking up the icebergs come out into the open sea and at first, they travel north with ocean currents.  Soon, they start turning south and they go into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Ilulissat Icefjord was made a United Nations World Heritage Site in 2004.

## Transportation
Air Greenland has air services to Ilulissat.

## Related pages
*List of towns in Greenland

## Other websites
*Ilulissat tourist information site
Parfait

**Parfait** is a type of food that is eaten as a dessert. It is a French word that means *perfect*. 
## Styles of Parfait
Parfaits are made differently in different countries.

### French Parfait
A common parfait is the French kind. A French parfait mixes sugar, whip cream, an egg yolk, sauce, cold fruit and frozen ice cream. French parfaits are usually served on a plate not in a glass.

### Japanese Parfait
Japanese parfait made mainly of ice cream and fruit with a sweet . It is served in a tall glass. It is a  on a coffee shop menu. It is one of the more popular desserts.

## Varieties
*Fruit parfait
*Chocolate parfait
*Strawberry parfait
*Mango parfait
*Banana parfait
*Custard pudding parfait
*Green tea parfait
Meridian

A **meridian** is an imaginary line of longitude drawn along the surface of the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. 

Geographers today measure these lines from what they call the Prime Meridian. It is the line of longitude that goes through the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England. They decided this at the 1884 *International Meridian Conference*.

Meridians, as lines of longitude, are measured in degrees. The Prime Meridian, as the starting point, is 0 (zero) degrees. Lines west of the Prime Meridian are either called *west*, as in "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is 118 degrees west", or as a negative number: "the longitude of Los Angeles, California is -118 degrees". Going the other direction, east of the Prime Meridian is always said as a positive number: "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees east," or just "The longitude of Mecca is about 40 degrees."

## Related pages
*Eastern Hemisphere
*Western Hemisphere
*International Date Line
District

A **district** is an area or .  In some places, it is a kind of local government. 

Some of the countries districts are used in are Austria, Belgium, China, England, Germany, Hong Kong, Serbia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Portugal, Switzerland, the United States, and many more.

In the South Asian subcontinent, including India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, the common term for an official or government **administration district** is Zillah.  In other countries the word Daïra is used.

## Lists of districts
* Districts of Albania
* Districts of Austria
* Districts of Bangladesh
* Districts of Belize
* Districts of England
* Districts of Germany
* Districts of Japan
* Districts of Libya
* Districts of Northern Ireland
* Districts of Pakistan
* Districts of Slovakia
* Districts of Switzerland
1700s

The **1700s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1700 and ended on 31 December 1709. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***171th decade*** which began on January 1, 1701 and ended on December 31, 1710.

## Events and trends 
* The Bonneville Slide blocks the Columbia River near the site of present-day Cascade Locks, Oregon with a land bridge 200 feet (60 m) high. The river eventually removes the blockage, but this event is remembered in the local legends of the Native Americans as the Bridge of the Gods.
*The first newspaper to be published in English.
*The War of the Spanish Succession, started in 1701.
*The Age of Enlightenment
*The Industrial Revolution, a time period starting in the 1700s.
*The Scientific Revolution, another important cultural advance.

## World leaders 
*King Frederick IV of Denmark (1699–1730).
*King William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702).
*Queen Anne of Great Britain (1702–1714).
*King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
*Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
*Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (1705–1711).
*Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725).
*King Philip V of Spain (1700–1746).
*King Charles XII of Sweden (1697–1718).
Literacy

**Literacy** means the ability to read and write. Being able to read and write is an important skill in modern societies. Usually, people learn how to read and write at school. People who can read and write are called *literate*; those who cannot are called *illiterate*.

According to UNESCO, **illiteracy** is not being able to write or read a simple sentence in any language. They estimated that, in 1998, about 16% of the world's population were illiterate. 

Illiteracy is highest amongst the states of the Arabian Peninsula, and in Africa, around the Sahara. In those countries about 30% of men, and 40-50% of women are illiterate, by the UN definition. One of the causes of illiteracy is that someone who can manage to live without being able to read and write often does not have any reason to want to learn to read and write. Cultural factors also play a part, such as having a culture in which the oral tradition (communicating by speaking) is more important than writing. A tribe that mostly herds livestock, for example, may have no need to read or write. 

There are two different kinds of illiteracy:

* People with primary illiteracy have never learned how to read or write.
* People who have learned some reading and writing, but not well enough for their work are called functionally illiterate. Perhaps they cannot write well enough to fill out a form, or to understand instructions in a manual. In most industrial countries, the main problem is **functional illiteracy**.

In English the word literacy has traditionally meant to be well educated. It also meant to be familiar with literature (to know about books). To continue learning, students must be literate in more than just reading and writing text.

## Related pages
* Writing
* Reading
* Literacy test
* Aliteracy
* Functional illiteracy
* Right to education

## References
Daffy Duck

**Daffy Duck** is a cartoon duck from the  *Looney Tunes* cartoons. He stands on two legs, has a black body, a white ring about his neck, and a yellowish-orange beak. He first appeared in *Porky´s Duck Hunt* in 1937. He was created by Tex Avery and Bob Clampett. In 1946, Daffy had started to change, and Daffy became less looney. Over the years, Daffy Duck had changed from a screwball and heckling character to greedy and a jealous character.  

## Appearances
* *Space Jam* (1996) -- (Main role)
* *Looney Tunes: Back in Action* (2003) -- (Main role)
* *Space Jam: A New Legacy* (2021) -- (Main role)
1650s

The **1650s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1650 and ended on 31 December 1659. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***166th decade*** which began on January 1, 1651 and ended on December 31, 1660.

## World leaders 
*King Frederick III of Denmark (1648–1670).
*Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1658).
*Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (1658–1659).
*King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
*Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657).
*Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
* King John II of Poland (1649–1668).
* King John IV of Portugal (1640–1656).
*King Afonso VI of Portugal (1656–1667).
*Tsar Aleksey I of Russia (1645–1676).
*King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665).
*Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–1654).
*King Charles X of Sweden (1654–1660).
Primate

, a strepsirrhine primate]]

**Primates** are an order of mammals. It includes all lemurs, monkeys and apes, including humans. Most primates (but not humans) are mainly or entirely forest dwellers.

There are about 400 species of primates. All primates are similar to humans in many ways, but language is an important advantage which only humans have. Other primates have a pattern of calls and gestures, but not language as we know it. 

Primates have hands with five fingers and flat fingernails (most other animals have claws or hooves). All primates are covered with fur (hair), but in humans the body hair is only noticeable in two places: on the head and around the genitals.

Primates are split into two groups: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini. Haplorrhini includes larger monkeys such as, tarsiers and apes including humans. Strepsirrhini includes smaller monkeys such as lemurs, lorises, galagos (also called bush babies) and the aye-aye.

Primates are one of the few mammal groups which re-evolved full color vision. Even so, color vision in birds is better. Color vision was lost in mammals during the long period when dinosaurs ruled the Earth, and mammals were mainly small nocturnal animals.

Close contact between humans and non-human primates creates opportunities for zoonotic diseases to get to humans.  Virus diseases transmitted to humans include herpes, measles, ebola, rabies, and hepatitis.

## Classification
*Order Primates
**Suborder Strepsirrhini
***Lemurs
***Lorises
**Suborder Haplorhini
***Tarsiers
***Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
***Catarrhini:
**** Old World monkeys
**** Apes and humans

## Clade
## References 
## Related pages
Tropic of Cancer

The **Tropic of Cancer** is one of the five major circles of latitude (imaginary lines around the Earth) that are often marked on maps of the Earth. This is the parallel of latitude that is 23° 26' 22" north of the Equator. At every June Solstice the Sun passes straight overhead on the tropic. This never happens anywhere north of the Tropic of Cancer.

## Related pages
*Northern Hemisphere
*Eastern Hemisphere
*Western Hemisphere
*Seasons
*Solstice and equinox
*Equator
*Tropics
*Tropic of Capricorn
*Southern Hemisphere
*Arctic Circle
*Antarctic Circle
Grandparent

A **grandparent** is the parent of a person's father or mother. Grandparents have always been important members of a family. The role of a parent is often very different from the role of a grandparent. Parents are the rs and disciplinarians of their children. Nicknames for grandmothers include 'grandma', 'grammy', 'granny', and 'nanna'. Today many grandparent-grandchild relationships are . Much of the modern world does not value older people the way societies did in the past. A great-grandparent would be the third generation and so a great-great-grandparent would be in the fourth generation of ancestors, and so on. Today, people in many societies are living longer. Strictly speaking, a nuclear family is made up of a husband, a wife, and their children. However, the latter family unit is more commonly called a blended family. Close kin however extends the family unit. For example, second cousins are all descendants of one or both great-grandparents. Family units extending to second cousins are considered close kin. Pedigree collapse is generally caused by close relatives marrying in the past, which was common in many societies. Even today, because most people do not know their ancestry beyond their grandparents, they are inadvertently marrying their own distant cousins. On average, a typical European marriage today is between sixth cousins (those descended from a common sixth great-grandparent). In closed societies the relationship is usually much closer.

## Related pages
* Parent
* Father
* Mother
* Child
* Family tree

## Notes 
## References
1630s

The **1630s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1630 and ended on 31 December 1639. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***164th decade*** which began on January 1, 1631 and ended on December 31, 1640.

## Events and trends 
* Thirty Years' War goes on in Europe.
* September 8, 1636 – Thanks to a vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Harvard College is the first college in the Americas.

## World leaders 
*King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (1588–1648).
*King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland (1625–1649).
*Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing.
*King Louis XIII of France (1610–1643).
*Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of France (1624–1642).
*Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1620–1637).
*Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657).
*Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel and Gelderland (1625–1647).
*Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644).
*King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665).
*King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1611–1632)
*Queen Christina of Sweden (1632–1654).
Lepton

s, muons, tauons, electron neutrinos, mu neutrinos, and tau neutrinos, respectively]]**Leptons** are elementary particles with spin 1/2 (a fermion) that are not affected by strong nuclear force.  They are a family of particles that are different from the other known family of fermions, the quarks.

Electrons are a well-known example that are found in ordinary matter. There are six leptons: the electron, muon, and tau particles and their associated neutrinos. The different varieties of the elementary particles are commonly called "flavors", and the neutrinos here are considered to have distinctly different flavor. Of the six leptons, three have electric charge and three do not. The best known charged lepton is the electron (e). The other two charged leptons are the muon (µ) and the tau (τ), which are like electrons but much bigger. The charged leptons are all negative particles, their *antiparticles* are positively charged (for example, the antiparticle of the electron, e-, is a positron, e+). 

The superparticle of a lepton is called a "slepton."
1620s

The **1620s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1620 and ended on 31 December 1629. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***163th decade*** which began on January 1, 1621 and ended on December 31, 1630.

## Events and trends 
* Permanent Dutch settlement of New York Bay and the Hudson River.
* Permanent English settlements in Massachusetts and Virginia.
School uniform

A **school uniform**  is a standard set of clothes that students wear when they go to some schools. It might have a particular color of trousers or skirt,  a matching shirt and sometimes a jacket or necktie, with matching shoes.

In some countries, like Germany, students can wear whatever they want whenever they want. In other countries, like England and India there is usually a standard dress code in school, usually a set of dressing for girls and one for boys. Boys and girls need to wear *school uniforms* when they go to school. In many countries, such as the United States, some schools require wearing a uniform, and some do not.

Originally, school uniforms were introduced to hide the social differences between students, but uniforms can also help with safety. Using standard uniforms can also save the money needed to buy extra clothes as fashion to impress other people at school. Uniforms are also thought to improve discipline and school spirit.

However, school uniforms can also help with health and safety by having clothes which have been tested to be safer when worn. Some fabrics can cause  in some people, while a uniform can be made of comfortable fabrics. Also, loose-fitting clothes can get caught in machinery or playground equipment, which limits what activities children can do safely.

There are several types of economic bullying which can be lessened by use of school uniforms. When many students are from families with less money, sometimes students with more money have stood out because they wore newer shoes, where neither shoe was in poor shape. In schools where more students are rich, poorer students have been insulted for the old-style or tattered clothes they wore.

## Other websites
Teufelsbrücke

The **Teufelsbrücke** (bridge of the devil) is a bridge over the river Reuss in the Swiss canton of Uri.

## First bridge
The valley called *Schöllenenschlucht* is an important access route to the St.Gotthard alpine pass. However, the valley is very narrow, featuring a dangerous river Reuss. 

The first bridge across the river was built in 1230. This was a wooden bridge. This meant that due to bad weather it had to be replaced often. 

In the 16th century, it was replaced by a bridge of stone. That stone bridge was heavily damaged in the Napoleonic wars in 1799. Nobody could use the bridge because of the damage. Trade with Italy was done over the alpine pass at Splügen.

The first bridge was completely destroyed on a stormy night in 1888.

## Second bridge
Only in 1820 could the order to build a new bridge be given. The construction of the bridge took 10 years.

## Third bridge
In the middle of the 20th century, the second bridge was no longer able to handle the traffic. A third bridge, featuring two lanes, one for each direction, was built in 1958.

## Myth of the creation of the bridge
Building the first bridge was very hard. According to a local myth, the first bridge was built by the devil himself. The condition attached was that the devil should get the soul of the first to pass over the bridge. So, when the bridge was finished, people chased a goat over the bridge. Of course, the devil was furious, so he went to pick up a large stone (called *Teufelsstein*, the devil's stone). He wanted to smash the bridge he just built to pieces. On his way to the ridge however, he encountered an old believing woman with a cross. Scared of the cross, he left the stone, and fled.

The devil's stone weighs 2000 tons. 300.000 Swiss Francs were used in 1977 to shift the stone 127 meters to make way for the motorway passing over the St.Gotthard pass.

Popular belief has it that the moving of the stone was the cause of an increased number of accidents on kilometre 16 on the St. Gotthard road tunnel.

## References 
## Other websites
Equinox

An **equinox** is when the sun passes directly over the equator. There are two equinoxes each year.  Equinox can also mean either of the two days when this happens. On these days, the  are equal in length at latitudes L° North and L° South. The word *equinox* comes from two Latin words meaning "equal" and "night". 

Around the day of the equinox, the length of the day is a little over twelve hours and the length of the night is a little under twelve hours. They are not exactly equal because the sun is not a point in the sky and because the sunlight bends as it comes to earth. The exact day and time when this happens depend on how far away from the equator it is being measured. They occur on or around March 21 and September 21. Solstices fall around June 21st and December 21st at odd intervals.

The equinoxes are the beginning of spring, and autumn (or *fall* in the US).

The time of daylight is quite easy to measure. This was done in many cultures where festivals were celebrated at the equinoxes.

## Related pages
*Solstice

## References
1690s

The **1690s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1690 and ended on 31 December 1699. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***170th decade*** which began on January 1, 1691 and ended on December 31, 1700.
## Events and trends 
* Thomas Neale designed Seven Dials
* The Salem Witchcraft Trials are held in Massachusetts Bay Colony (1692).
* Dutch explorer Arnout Vielle discovers the first trade route down the Ohio Valley, New York Colony financed and profitable (1692).

## World leaders 
*King Christian V of Denmark (1670–1699).
*King Frederick IV of Denmark (1699–1730).
*Queen  Mary II of England and Scotland (1689–1694).
*King  William III of England and Scotland (1689–1702).
*King Louis XIV of France (1643–1715).
*Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705).
*Tsar Ivan V of Russia (1682–1696).
*Tsar Peter I of Russia (1682–1725).
*King Charles II of Spain (1665–1700).
*King Charles XI of Sweden (1660–1697).
*King Charles XII of Sweden (1697–1718).

## Deaths 
*Daibhidh O Duibhghennain, d. 1696
Lynyrd Skynyrd

**Lynyrd Skynyrd** is an American southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. Their name comes from one of their school teachers who was named Leonard Skinner. They wrote songs including: "Sweet Home Alabama", "Simple Man" and "Freebird." The lead singer's name was Ronnie Van Zant. After Ronnie died, his brother Johnny Van Zant became lead singer. Lynyrd Skynyrd has been performing for 50 years now. They had a concert on October 6, 2023. They got their name from their highschool gym coach  

## Plane crash
On October 20, 1977, the band was on tour flying to Baton Rouge, Louisiana for their next gig, when their 1977 Convair 240 plane ran out of fuel and crashed in a heavily wooded area. Ronnie Van Zant, Steve Gaines, backup singer Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick and the pilots were killed in the crash. The rest of the band and crew were injured and temporarily split up. They reunited in 1987 with Van Zant's younger brother Johnny as their new singer.

## References