open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Carole King

**Carole King** (born February 9, 1942) is an American songwriter, and singer-songwriter. King and her writing partner Gerry Goffin wrote over twenty songs that became chart hits. Many different artists recorded her songs in the 1960s. In 1971 she wrote and recorded the album *Tapestry*. This became very successful. It was at the top of the U.S. album chart for 15 weeks. It is one of the best selling albums of all time.

King was born on Manhattan. She grew up in Brooklyn. She had her first No. 1 hit as a songwriter in 1961, with "Will You Love Me Tomorrow."

In 2000, Joel Whitburn, who wrote for *Billboard Magazine*, named her the most successful female songwriter of 1955–99, because she wrote or co-wrote 118 pop hits on the Billboard Hot 100.

King made 25 solo albums.  The album that people liked best was *Tapestry*. Her most recent album is *Live at the Troubadour*, which she made with James Taylor.  This album was #4 on the charts in its first week, and has sold over 400,000 copies.

She has won four Grammy Awards and was inducted into (joined) the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for her songwriting. In 2009, Carole King was inducted into the *Hit Parade* Hall of Fame.  Of all the albums made by women ever, *Tapestry* stayed on the charts for the longest time, and was the best-selling album for the longest time.

## References 
## Other websites 
* www.caroleking.com
* 
* 

### Articles on Carole King 
* Rachel Louis Snyder on Carole King , *Salon,* June 19, 1999
* Franck Scheck on Carole King , *Hollywood Reporter,* July 15, 2005
Oystercatcher

The **oystercatcher** is a species of bird that lives around Europe and Asia. They usually eat shellfishes that are found on beaches and mud. The Eurasian Oystercatcher uses its sharp bill to open the shells of oysters and mussels. It cuts the muscle between the two halves of the shell together, or it crashes the shell against a rock and eats the oyster inside.

## Lifestyle and adaptations 
The oystercatcher has the heaviest bill (= beak) of any living wader. They have "resource polymorphism": they have some different beak types, and each type is used for a different kind of feeding. They get as much as 60% of their food by theft.

Oystercatchers may live to 35 years.

## References
Rhenock

**Rhenock** (Nepali: **रिनाक** ) is a small town in East district in the Indian state of Sikkim, located at . It is 63  kilometres east of Gangtok on the way to Jelepla Pass at an altitude of 1,040. The word Rhe-nock (in Lepcha dialect) means Black Hill. It is in the far east of Sikkim. Rhenock had the first police out post in the state, which is the historical event.

## History
Rhenock was covered with dense forest in and around the 13th century. The Lepchas were the early settlers about six to five hundred years ago. After the Lepchas, Bhutias settled in the villages presently known as Kyongsa, Aritar & Chalisey. The people who settled here after 16th century were mostly from Nepali ethnic group such as Newars, Bahuns (Adhikari, Paudel, Gautam, Dahal, Bhandari and Achaarja), Chhetri (Subedi, Khatiwada & Bista), Gurung, Rai and Limboo.

## People
**Rhenock** is inhabited by the people of different ethnic groups such as Lepchas, Bhutias, Nepalis (Gorkhas), Biharis and Marwaris. Lepcha tribes who were early settlers have their own unique culture. Originally followers of Shamanism religion, later became the followers of Buddhism. Some of them are the followers of Christianity. Bhutias are another group tribes who are the followers of Buddhism also have their own identity & culture. Majority of the people are Indian Nepalis also known as Gorkha. Most of them are the Hindus by religion. Some of the Nepalis Gurung After 1990 became  Buddhist, before that they were followers of Hinduism. Some others are the followers of Christianity. In spite of above all every one respects others belief and faith and celebrates others' festivals which makes a peaceful and prosperous society.

## Educational institutions
Rhenock has about 130 years' long history of education. Rhenock School is among the oldest schools of Sikkim. It was established by a Christian missionary in the year 1880 at Rhenock (Khamdong). Later it was taken over by the government of Sikkim and moved to Kingstone. Presently the school is known as Senior Secondary School, Rhenock. A Sanskrit Pathshala (School) was run in the premises of Rhenock Temple to teach Sanskrit and rituals to train Hindu priest. After the merger of Sikkim into Indian union more than a dozens of schools were opened by the govt. of Sikkim. Now, Rhenock has following educational institutions
#Government Degree College
#Government Senior Secondary School, Rhenock
#Government Secondary School, Tarpin
#Government Sec. School, Sudunglakha
#Government Secondary School, Aritar
#St. Joshep's School, Rhenock
#Sanskrit School at Khamdong & Rhenock Bazar
#Others: Junior High Schools and many primary Schools

## Places of interest
*Aritar Lake
*Wood Land Nursery
*Aritar Gumpa (monastery)

## References
Bristlemouth

The **bristlemouth** is a fish that lives in the deep middle layers of the sea. Their prey is hard to find in the dark, so they have light organs on their belly. It also helps them to find potential mates. 

## References
Global Hunger Index

The **Global Hunger Index** is a measurement to measure the hunger situation in a country. It is a Statistical tool. There are three numbers which are used to calculate the GHI. Each number has the same importance:
#The number of people who cannot get their needed energy intake each day, out of the total poulation of the area. This is a percentage.
#The number of children, under the age of 5, which are underweight; again taken against the total number of children of that age group. 
#The child mortality rate.
To get the World Hunger index, the weighted average of the three numbers is taken. This number will be between 0 and 100. Higher numbers are worse. The numbers can be interpreted as follows:
*Values below 5: there is little concern for a hunger situation
*5-9.9: there is a moderate concern for a hunger situation
*10-19.9: "serious hunger situation"
*20-29.9:"alarming hunger situation"
*30 or above: extremely alarming hunger situation
Today, the highest values can be found in least developed countries esecially Africa south of the Sahara, and in South Asia, with values of 22.1, and 23.0. Even though the numbers may be similar, the source of the problem is different. In Sub-saharan Africa the main problem is high child mortality rates, and a large number of people who cannot meet their energy requirements. In South Asia, the main problem is the high number of malnurished children under the age of five. This may also be a consequence of the fact that women have a poorer education, and baby girls are not fed as well as baby boys.
Scarlet tanager

The **scarlet tanager** (*Piranga olivacea*) is a bird that lives in the Americas. It likes to make its nests in oak trees that are as high as from 8 to 75 feet (2.6 to 22.5 m) tall. The nests are shaped like cups, like most tree-nesting birds. This stops eggs from rolling out. 

## References
Rufous hornero

The **rufous hornero** (*Furnarius rufus*) is a kind of bird that lives around South America. It builds its nests on high places such as telephone poles, or trees. When it makes a nest, it looks like a cup that has fallen over to the side, or like an old-fashioned baker's oven. To make it, the Rufous Hornero mixes grass and animal hair and mud, and then leaves it to dry. Inside there is a grassy room where it lays its eggs.

## References
Western grebe

The **western grebe** is a species of Grebe, or bird. They are well known for their dancing on the top of the water in their early nesting season after mating.  The two birds will hold long strands of grass or straw in their bills and dance a dance called "weed dancing". Then, at the climax, they rise and make a pose, which is called rushing, and run across the water's surface for a little bit before they dive. Males also used this dance when they wanted to protect their territories or fight over the female.

## References
Barium sulfide

**Barium sulfide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaS. It contains barium and sulfide ions.

## Properties 
Barium sulfide is colorless when pure. It can get colored when it is not pure. It reacts slowly with water to make barium hydroxide and hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with acids to make a barium salt and hydrogen sulfide, too. It can also make barium carbonate and the pigment lithopone

## Preparation 
It is made by reduction of barium sulfate with carbon at a high temperature.

## Uses 
It is used to make barium compounds from barium ore.

## Safety 
Barium sulfide looks very similar to barium sulfate. But Barium sulfate is not toxic, while barium sulfide is very toxic. Barium sulfide dissolves in water to make toxic hydrogen sulfide and toxic barium hydroxide. If someone is fed barium sulfide, it would kill them.

## Related pages 
*Barium chloride
*Barium carbonate

## References
Messier catalogue

The **Messier Catalogue** is a list of astronomical objects made by French astronomer Charles Messier in 1771.  Messier was a comet hunter, and was annoyed by fuzzy objects which were not comets.  He put together a list of these objects, with his assistant Pierre Méchain.

The list uses numbers with an 'M' in front.  Messier was limited by the objects he could see from France, so the list is incomplete by today's standards.  It remains popular because people have used it for centuries and they are familiar with it. 

The first edition covered 45 objects numbered M1 to M45. The total list published by Messier finally contained 103 objects, and the list was made up to 110 by modern astronomers working from Messier's notes..

Other catalogues exist, most notably the New General Catalogue.

## Items on the list 
Almost all the items are either star clusters or nebulae.  There are only three galaxies in the first fifty, starting with Andromeda at M31. Individual stars are not listed.  The first ten in the list are:
* M1: NGC 1952 Crab nebula, a supernova remnant
* M2: NGC 7089 a globular cluster
* M3: NGC 5272 a globular cluster
* M4: NGC 6121 a globular cluster 
* M5: NGC 5904 a globular cluster 
* M6: NGC 6405 Butterfly cluster, an open cluster 
* M7: NGC 6475 Ptolemy cluster, an open cluster 
* M8: NGC 6523 Lagoon nebula, a nebula with a cluster 
* M9: NGC 6333 a globular cluster 
* M10: NGC 6254 a globular cluster

## References
Barium peroxide

**Barium peroxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaO2. It contains barium and peroxide ions.

## Properties
Barium peroxide is a gray-white solid. It reacts with water to make oxygen gas. When it is heated very hot, it releases oxygen and turns into barium oxide. 

## Preparation
It is made by heating barium oxide. This process used to be used to get oxygen from the air. Barium oxide was heated to around 300°C, absorbing oxygen and making barium peroxide. The barium peroxide was heated above 500°C, releasing the oxygen. Then it could be reused.

## Uses
Barium peroxide can be used to make hydrogen peroxide by reaction with sulfuric acid. This also makes the solid barium sulfate. 

## Related pages
*Barium oxide
*Barium chloride
Peroxide

**Peroxide** is an ion. Its chemical formula is . Peroxide can be a reducing agent or an oxidizing agent. More often it is an oxidizing agent. It can be reduced to oxide or oxidized to oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is the most common peroxide. Barium peroxide is another peroxide.

There are organic peroxides. These are chemical compounds where peroxide is attached to an organic molecule. Some of them are explosives.

## Related pages
*Perchlorate
Zinc phosphate

**Zinc phosphate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is . It is a salt made of zinc and phosphate ions.

## Properties
Zinc phosphate is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It can react with strong acids to make phosphoric acid and a zinc salt. 

## Preparation
It can be made by reacting zinc with phosphoric acid. It is normally made by reacting zinc oxide and magnesium oxide with a mixture of phosphoric acid, water, and a . 

## Uses
It is used as a cement in dentistry. It rarely is found as a mineral.

## Related pages
*Zinc sulfate
Barium oxide

**Barium oxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaO. It contains barium and oxide ions.

## Properties
Barium oxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make barium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make barium salts.

## Preparation
Barium oxide is made by heating barium carbonate with carbon. This prevents barium peroxide from forming when it is heated. It can also be made by heating barium nitrate.

## Uses
Barium oxide can be added to glass instead of lead(II) oxide. It is also used in cathode ray tubes. It can be used as a catalyst.

## Safety
Barium oxide is very toxic when eaten.

## Related pages
*Barium chloride
*Barium sulfate
Barium nitrate

**Barium nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ba(NO3)2. It contains barium and nitrate ions.

## Properties
Barium nitrate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It is an oxidizing agent. It releases a green flame when burned. It decomposes when heated to barium oxide, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxide. If it is heated in nitric oxide, it makes barium nitrite. It reacts with any sulfate or sulfuric acid to make barium sulfate.

## Preparation
It is made by reacting barium carbonate with nitric acid. It can also be prepared by reacting the solutions of sodium nitrate with barium chloride.

## Uses
Barium nitrate can be mixed with powdered aluminium and zinc. This makes an explosive. It is also used in fireworks to make a green color. It is added to thermite to make it ignite more easily. It is also used to make barium oxide.

## Safety
Barium nitrate is very toxic. Sulfates can be given if someone eats barium, because they turn it into nontoxic barium sulfate.

## Related pages
*Potassium nitrate
Barium hydroxide

**Barium hydroxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ba(OH)2. It contains barium and hydroxide ions.

## Properties
Barium hydroxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make a basic solution. It decomposes to barium oxide when heated in a vacuum. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make barium carbonate. It reacts with any sulfate to make barium sulfate. It reacts with hydrogen sulfide to make barium sulfide.

## Preparation
It is made by dissolving barium oxide in water.

## Uses
Barium hydroxide is used in s. If sodium hydroxide solution is used, some sodium carbonate may be in there. It is less basic than sodium hydroxide, so the titration can be messed up. When barium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to make barium carbonate, it forms a white solid that can be removed.

It is used as a strong base in organic chemistry. It is used to clean up sulfuric acid spills by making barium sulfate. It can also be used for removing ink marks from clothes.

## Safety
Barium hydroxide is corrosive because it is basic. It is also toxic because of barium ions.

## Related pages
*Barium peroxide
Barium carbonate

**Barium carbonate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BaCO3. It contains barium and carbonate ions.

## Properties
Barium carbonate is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with acids to make barium salts. It turns into barium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated. It reacts with sulfuric acid to make barium sulfate though.

## Occurrence
Barium carbonate occurs as **witherite**. Witherite is the main source of barium salts. It is more easily turned into other barium compounds than barium sulfate, barite. It is heavily mined in Northumberland. It turns into barium sulfate when water containing sulfates flows through it.

## Preparation
It can be purified from the natural ore, or it can be made by reacting barium sulfide with sodium carbonate. It can also be made by reacting barium sulfide with a mixture of carbon dioxide and water.

## Uses
Barium carbonate is used to poison rats. It is also used in making bricks. It is also used to glaze ceramics. This glaze can make different colors.

## Safety
Barium carbonate can dissolve in stomach acid, so it is toxic. There is a  over whether it should be used as a glaze.

## Related pages
*Barium chloride
*Barium bromide
Black-headed weaver

]]

The **black-headed weaver** (*Ploceus melanocephalus*), also known as the **yellow-backed weaver**, is a bird with a black head and golden body.  The male black-headed weaver usually does the weaving, however, and the female sits for the eggs. The male stitches strips of straws to make a basket with a roof. He uses grasses to tie knots and make sure the nest is completely secure. Finally, he shows the nest to females, in effort to attract a mate. The males usually mate with many females during the mating season to get more offspring. They all nest in colonies, and in the end the females are left to raise their young alone. The seeds that the black-headed weaver tends to feed on is very common, so they do not need to stay and defend their family's territory or food.

## References
Rhinoceros hornbill

zoo]]

The **rhinoceros hornbill**  (*Buceros rhinoceros*) is one of the largest hornbills: adults are about the size of a swan. It lives in parts of Malaya and Thailand. 

It usually wanders in the forest, where it lives, in search of fruits and nuts to eat. Hornbills use their big bills to open the tough husks of nuts and to handle large fruit. 

## References
Barry Goldwater

**Barry Morris Goldwater** (January 2, 1909 &ndash; May 29, 1998) was a conservative politician from the United States. He represented Arizona in the U.S. Senate. 

Goldwater was born in Phoenix, Arizona. He became a U.S. Senator from Arizona for the Republican Party in 1953 and ran for president of the United States in 1964 against President Lyndon B. Johnson, but Johnson easily won since voters considered Goldwater too conservative.

Goldwater was a Freemason and the official author of the bestseller *The Conscience of a Conservative* (1960), but it was ghostwritten by his speechwriter L. Brent Bozell Jr. He was also a commentator on the CNN (Cable News Network) in its early years.

After he retired from the Sentate, Goldwater died from a stroke in Paradise Valley, Arizona, aged 89. He was suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

## Life and career
Goldwater was called "Mr. Conservative" during his political career. He became a U.S. Senator from Arizona in 1953 and replaced Ernest McFarland. In 1960, the bestseller*The Conscience of a Conservative* listed him as author, but it was ghostwritten by his speechwriter L. Brent Bozell Jr. Goldwater made his most famous quote in July 1964 at the Republican Party's convention in San Francisco: "Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice, and moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue." He meant that people should always do what was necessary to make the world freer and more just even if that was difficult or made them unpopular.

The speech helped him become the Republican Party's candidate for president, and he ran against the Democratic Party's candidate, President Lyndon B. Johnson. Goldwater lost to Johnson by a large margin since voters considered Goldwater too conservative.

Goldwater remained in the Senate after Johnson easily won the election. His run for president helped today's conservative movement, which agrees with many of Goldwater's ideas. Hovever, he supported the separation of church and state, legal abortion, and gay rights despite social conservatives opposing them.

Goldwater stayed in the Senate until 1987. He helped Sandra Day O'Connor get on the Supreme Court. He passed a military reform law. Goldwater retired to Arizona after he left the Senate. He died in Paradise Valley, Arizona, in 1998.

## Personal life
Goldwater enjoyed photography, airplanes, and radio. He collected Kachina Dolls, which are made by the Hopi, Native Americans of Arizona. He donated his collection to a museum. He had four children.

## References
## Other websites
Chris Ivory

**Chris Ivory** (born March 22, 1988) is an American football former professional running back. He played parts of nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the New Orleans Saints, New York Jets, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Buffalo Bills. He played college football at Washington State and at Tiffin University in Ohio.

## Early years
Ivory played both football and track and field in high school at Longview High School in Longview, Texas.

## College career
Ivory played three years for Washington State. Because of injuries, he did not get to play as much as he could have. In 22 games, he rushed 91 times for 534 yards and 4 touchdowns. He also had 23 kickoff returns, averaging 22.8 yards. In August 2009, Ivory was kicked off the Washington State team.

Ivory then went to Tiffin, a Division II school in Tiffin, Ohio, whose team was coached by Dave Walkosky. Walkosky had been a Washington State assistant coach. In Ivory's final year of college football, he had 39 rushes for 223 yards in five games before hurting his knee, which ended his season. Walkosky tried to get a medical redshirt exemption for Ivory, which would have let Ivory play another year, but he did not get one. Even though he did not play much at Tiffin, some NFL scouts saw Ivory's performance and speed, and some people thought he could become the first Tiffin player to be picked in the NFL Draft. However, this did not happen.

## Professional career
### New Orleans Saints
Ivory was not drafted, but he reached a deal with the Saints immediately after the draft, and signed as a free agent on May 3, 2010. He played well in training camp and preseason games. This included a good game against the San Diego Chargers that included a 76-yard touchdown on a swing pass. Chris Ivory made the Saints 53 man roster after beating out Ladell Betts for the last running back position with a great preseason performance.

### New York Jets
On April 26, 2013, the Saints traded Ivory to the New York Jets in exchange for a fourth round draft pick.

### Jacksonville Jaguars
On April 26, 2013, Ivory signed a three-year contract to join the Jacksonville Jaguars.

### Buffalo Bills
On March 6, 2018, Ivory signed a $5.5 million; two-year contract with the Buffalo Bills.

He was released from the Bills on March 27, 2019.

## Related pages 
* Texas

## References
## Other websites
*New Orleans Saints bio page 
*Washington State Cougars bio page
Dale Winton

**Dale Jonathan Winton** (22 May 1955 &ndash; 18 April 2018) was an English television personality and DJ. He began his DJ career in 1982 by DJing on weekends. He was born in London. This led him to United Biscuits Industrial Radio where he did many kinds of jobs before getting his own morning show. After that, he joined Radio Trent in Nottingham. He was on a variety of different radio stations. He was a DJ on Radio 2.

His television career began in 1987, working for Channel Four, the Lifestyle Channel. his best known television programme however was ''Dale's Supermarket Sweep* It was broadcast from 1993 to 2007 on ITV with a new series in 2010 on Sky. He also acted in *Pets Win Prizes*, *The Great British Song Contest*, *Gimme Gimme Gimme*, *Touch The Truck*, *Dale's Wedding*, *Celebrity Fit Club*,  *Never Mind the Buzzcocks*, *In It To Win It*, *Show Me What You've Got* and *Hole In The Wall'' among other TV programmes.

He had 1 hit single to date, his hit was as Dale Winton featuring Bar-codes & Alison Brown. It reached number 72 in 1994 

Winton was openly gay.

Winton died suddenly on 18 April 2018 in London at the age of 62.

## References
Naruto

There are several things called Naruto. Some of these are:

*Naruto (manga), Japanese manga
**Naruto Uzumaki, main character of *Naruto*
*Naruto, Tokushima, a city in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan
Plasmodium

***Plasmodium***, commonly known as the **malaria parasite**, is a large genus of parasitic protozoa. There are about 200 species. Infection with these protozoans is called malaria, a deadly disease widespread in the tropics. The parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle: a mosquito vector and a vertebrate host.

The life-cycle is very complex. There is a sequence of different stages in the vector and the host. These stages include: 
#sporozoites which are injected by the mosquito vector into the host's blood; 
#hypnozoites which may rest undetected in the liver for up to 30 years; 
#merosomes and merozoites which infect the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of the blood; 
#trophozoites which grow in the red cells, and schizonts which divide there, producing more merozoites which leave to infect more red cells;  
#gametocytes, male and female sexual forms, which are taken up by other mosquitoes. In the mosquito's midgut, the gametocytes develop into 
#gametes which fertilize each other to form motile 
#zygotes which escape the gut, only to grow into 
#new sporozoites which move to the mosquito's salivary glands, from where they are injected into the mosquito's next host, infecting it and restarting the cycle.

The genus *Plasmodium* was first described in 1885. At least ten species infect humans. Other species infect other animals, including birds, reptiles and rodents, while 29 species infect non-human primates. The Apicomplexa – the phylum to which *Plasmodium* belongs – are thought to have originated within the Dinoflagellates – a large group of photosynthetic protozoa.

The most common forms of human malaria are caused by *Plasmodium falciparum*, *Plasmodium vivax*, *Plasmodium ovale*, and *Plasmodium malariae*. *P. falciparum* malaria, common in sub-Saharan Africa, is especially dangerous.

## References
Ad Council

The **Advertising Council**, mostly called the **Ad Council**, is an American non-profit organization that creates public service announcements on  of sponsors, including non-profit organizations and the United States government.

The Advertising Council does not make public service advertisements for itself but it acts as a creator of them for others. The Advertising Council allows sponsor organizations to create advertising that are on  issues as well.

## History
The Advertising Council was created in 1941, and shortly after, in February 1942, it was registered as **The War Advertising Council** for the purpose of being in the advertising industry in support of the Second World War effort. Early ads tried to tell people about the purchase of war bonds and saving of war things.

After the Second World War, the War Advertising Council changed its name to the Advertising Council and shifted its focus to peacetime ads. In 1945, the Ad Council began working with the National Safety Council.
* Vince and Larry, the Crash Test Dummies (1985–1999)
* "I am an American" (2001-present) -- an ad launched in wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack about the people in America.  The ad has people of many people looking in the camera and simply saying, "I am an American."
* Energy Hog

## Organizations done by the Ad Council
*Autism Speaks
*Give Kids The World Village
*Keep America Beautiful
*National Crime Prevention Council
*United Negro College Fund
*United States Department of Agriculture
*United States Department of Transportation
*WIC

## Notes and references
*Robert Jackall and Janice M. Hirota, *The Image Makers: Advertising, Public Relations, and the Ethos of Advocacy* (University of Chicago, 2000).  (paperback: )

## Other websites
*The Advertising Council official website
*Advertising Council archives 
*Outdoor Advertising Association of America homepage
*Advertising Council Retrospective  on aef.com
*Ad Council's YouTube listing
*Guide to collections containing information on the Advertising Council at the Eisenhower Presidential Library
Spiral galaxy

A **spiral galaxy** is a kind of galaxy that looks like a flat, slowly rotating disk with a bulge in the centre, and spiral patterns extending outward from the bulge. It contains stars, gas, dust, dark matter and a supermassive black hole at its centre.

Galaxies were long thought to be nebulae.  The spiral nebula as a type was first described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work *The Realm of the Nebulae*.  They are now listed as galaxies, and are named after their shape.

The **barred spiral galaxy** is an important and common type of spiral galaxy. There are three other kinds of spiral galaxies. *Grand-design* spiral galaxies have two well-shaped and well-defined arms. *Multiple-arm* spiral galaxies have more arms. In *flocculent* spiral galaxies, it is hard to see the arms at all, as they are choppy and are ill-defined.

About 60% of galaxies in the universe near us (the 'local universe') are spiral and irregular galaxies. They are mostly found in low-density parts of the universe, and are rare in the centers of galaxy clusters.

## Spiral arms 
**Spiral arms** are regions in spiral galaxies.  They often contain dust,gas and star clusters of young ,hot  and massive stars.  They extend from the central bulge area of spiral and barred spiral galaxies.  The young, hot and massive stars are why the arms are brighter than the center of the galaxy. Some spiral galaxies have yellow, 'fossil' arms of older stars.

## Milky Way 
Our own Milky Way was found to be a spiral galaxy in the early 20th century. In the 1990s it was found to be a barred spiral galaxy. The bar is difficult to see from our position in the Galactic disk. The most convincing evidence for its existence comes from a survey,  performed by the Spitzer Space Telescope, of stars in the Galactic center.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Naruto, Tokushima

is a Japanese city in Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku.

One of the famous attractions is the Naruto whirlpools between Naruto and Awaji Island in the Seto Inland Sea.

Ryōzen-ji and Gokuraku-ji are in Naruto. They are the first two temples of the 88 Temple Pilgrimage.

## References
## Other websites
* Naruto City website  
* Image of Naruto whirlpool
Shikoku

**Shikoku**  is the smallest of Japan's four main islands.  About 4 million people live there, fewer than on any of the other main islands. 

The island lies south of Honshu and east of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Strait. A bridge connects it to Honshu. 

Farming is a very important business in Shikoku. Citrus fruits are an important product. Shikoku is the home of the 88 Temple Pilgrimage of the Shingon sect of Buddhism.

## Regions
Shikoku region covers the entire island.

The name Shikoku literally means "four countries" in Japanese. Shikoku was made of four old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures. In other words, each prefecture has a modern name and an old provincial name. The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art. 

*Ehime,  Iyo Province – to the west
*Kagawa, formerly Sanuki Province – to the north
*Kōchi, formerly Tosa Province – to the south
*Tokushima, formerly Awa Province – to the east

## Cities
* Kōchi – home of "Yosakoi" and many local sights
* Matsuyama, Ehime – is best known for the old hot springs at **Dogo Onsen**
* Takamatsu, Kagawa – the largest city in Shikoku
* Tokushima – home of the *Awa Odori* festival in August
* Uwajima – has a fertility shrine and wrestling bulls
* Naruto – the east gate of Shikoku.

## Points of interest
* Cape Ashizuri – a scenic cape at the southernmost point of Shikoku
* Iya Valley – a remote but beautiful mountain valley
* Kotohira – the site of the **Kompira-san** shrine
* Mount Ishizuchi – the tallest peak in Shikoku

### Castles
There are twelve original castles that are left in Japan and Shikoku is home to four of them. 
* Marugame Castle, Marugame
* Kōchi Castle, Kochi
* Matsuyama Castle
* Uwajima Castle, Uwajima.

### Temples and Shrines
The 88 Temple Pilgrimage is a famous but difficult 1,647-kilometer circle around the entire island. Serious pilgrims may choose to complete the 88 Temple Circuit on foot. Other people uses buses.

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites 
* Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Mobile Suit Gundam 00

***Mobile Suit Gundam 00*** (Japanese ) is a manga and anime. It is the seventh part of the of Sunrise's *Gundam* series. It has two seasons. It is directed by Seiji Mizushima and written by Yōsuke Kuroda. Yun Kōga designed the characters.  The series aired on the Mainichi Broadcasting System and Tokyo Broadcasting System from October 5, 2007 to March 29, 2008. The second season began on October 5, 2008 and ended on March 29, 2009.

*Mobile Suit Gundam 00* is the first *Gundam* series to be animated in widescreen and in high-definition.

## References
## Other websites
*Official Website 
*Official MBS website 
*Official Bandai Entertainment website 
*
**Gundam 00* & *Gundam 00F* manga review
Jean Piaget

]]

**Jean Piaget** (9 August 1896 - 16 September 1980) was a Swiss developmental psychologist. He is famous for his work with children and how they learn. He started a type of study called "genetic epistemology", which is about where  comes from.

## Stages of cognitive development
At first, Piaget was a biologist. He was especially interested in mollusks. He became more interested in psychology while listening to children talk. He wondered how they learned, and came up with a theory that they go through stages where they become ready for certain kinds of learning. These stages are called "stages of cognitive development". For example, the first stage he came up with is called the "sensorimotor stage". He believed that, from birth to two years old, children would learn that they are different from objects, and that even if the child left a room, things that were in the room would still be there. (This is called "object permanence").

## References
## Other websites
*Piaget's Cognitive Stages
Terry Buck

**Terrence William "Terry" Buck** was an Australian swimmer and coach. He represented Australia at the 1964 Summer Olympics in the 400m individual medley and placed eighth. He was the first Australian swimmer to participate at the Olympics as both an athlete and a coach. Buck was also a surf lifesaver and a life member of the Clovelly Surf Club in New South Wales. This was settled outside court. After Buck died, the Telegraph published an interview with an anonymous "Olympic and Commonwealth medalist" who said that he had been abused by Buck as a child. The person who was interviewed was not named, but many knew it was Rogers. Police had begun private investigations into the matter in 1998, but stopped the investigation in 2001, saying that it did not have enough proof. His wife said that the stories were all untrue. She said that she had "trusted" Rogers, who had been the godfather of their late daughter, Sarah, and that having "looked at it from every angle, I can say with certainty in my  they are lies."

## References
Act (drama)

An **act** is a way to divide an opera, play, or other drama. Each act is a group of scenes that form an important part of the story. A story will be from one to five acts. Many modern stories are three acts, which match with the beginning, middle, and end of the story. One act is from about 30 to 60 minutes long.

## References
Empire State of Mind

"**Empire State of Mind**" is a song by Jay-Z and Alicia Keys. It was released as the third single from Jay-Z's 11th music  album *The Blueprint 3* (2009). The song is about New York City, and has a music sample of "Love on a Two-Way Street" (1970) by The Moments. The title of the song takes its name from Billy Joel's "New York State of Mind" (1976).

## Charts
## References
Star Wars: TIE Fighter

***Star Wars: TIE Fighter*** is a space flight simulator game that came out in 1994. It takes place in the *Star Wars* universe and has starfighters and other spacecraft from the movies and books. The player flies starfighters for the Galactic Empire in various missions.

## Story
*TIE Fighter* takes place in several parts with different storylines. In early missions the player fights against members of the Rebel Alliance, as well as space pirates and other enemies. There is also a story section where the player helps the Empire mediate between two groups that have been at war but say they want a peace treaty.

Later in the game, the player helps find out about a plot by a traitor Admiral to leave the Empire and join the Rebellion, and steal Imperial ships and technology. The rest of the game is about the player working with the Empire to stop the traitors.

## Gameplay
In *TIE Fighter*, the player is a starfighter pilot who flies in combat missions. The game is normally played in first person from the view of the cockpit, but the player can also choose third person camera. There are many starfighters the player can fly, but some can not be used until later in the game. For many missions the player can choose which starfighter to fly and what warheads to use during the mission.

Most missions are combat missions. The player fights enemy starfighters, as well as "capital ships", which are very large starcraft that are hard to destroy. Different missions have different goals. Sometimes the player will escort supplies, scan other spacecraft, or simply hunt enemy ships.

Since the game is in space there is no gravity and the player can fly in any direction. Each starfighter the player can use has laser guns and many have warheads and rechargeable shields.
Edwin Hubble

in the optical spectrum of a supercluster of distant galaxies (right), as compared to absorption lines in the optical spectrum of the Sun (left). Arrows indicate redshift. Wavelength increases up towards the red and beyond (frequency decreases).]]

**Edwin Powell Hubble ** (November 20, 1889&nbsp;– September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. Hubble's findings changed the scientific view of the universe.

## Career
In 1925 he showed that there are galaxies beyond our own, the Milky Way. Also, he developed a method for classifying galaxies.

Then he proved the galaxies were moving away from each other. Hubble found the degree of Doppler effect (redshift) from a galaxy increased in proportion to its distance from Earth. Doppler effect is the change in pitch or colour when an object or sound comes in (higher pitch, brighter color) or moves away (lower and darker). Redshift is observed in the light spectrum

In 1929 Hubble formulated what is called Hubble's law. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. Georges Lemaître, a Belgian priest and astronomer, had published the idea two years before in an obscure journal. Nevertheless, the idea bears Hubble's name to this day.

Today, the 'apparent velocities' of galaxies are understood as an increase in proper distance which occurs due to the expansion of space. Light traveling through stretching space experiences a Hubble-type redshift.

This work helped to establish that the universe is expanding. Some have incorrectly said that Hubble discovered the Doppler shift in the spectra of galaxies, but this had already been observed earlier by Vesto Slipher, whose data Hubble used.

The Hubble Space Telescope was named after Hubble.

## Four major achievements 
According to Sandage, Hubble achieved four main things:
#A classification system for nebulae, both galactic (diffuse) and extragalactic (both nebulae inside our Milky Way galaxy, and other galaxies outside it).
#Hubble settled decisively the question of the nature of the galaxies (as being other things like the Milky Way).
#The distribution of galaxies was found to be homogeneous in distance (the galaxies were all over the universe, not in any particular location).
#The linear velocity-distance relation was established. This discovery lead to the notion of the expanding universe which is the centre-piece of the cosmology of the present day.

### Hubble's personal opinion on the data 
Hubble himself did not see his 1929 data as evidence for an expanding Universe. Even six years later, Hubble wrote:

### Inflation as an explanation for expansion 
Hubble's words were forgotten, and the notion of the expansion of the universe became the scientific consensus. Until the theoretical developments in the 1980s no one had an explanation for why this seemed to be the case. The question "why is the universe expanding?" is now answered by understanding the details of what happened in the first inflationary epoch (10−32 seconds) of the existence of our universe.

*Hubble's law

## References
First-person (video games)

In video games, **first-person** means the player sees the game from the eyes of the character he or she is playing as. This is different than third-person where the player watches what the character does from a in-game virtual camera. The player is supposed to feel like he or she is inside the character. 

A common type of first-person game is first-person shooter. In a first-person shooter the player can usually see his or her arms holding a weapon (gun). Some games such as Call of Duty let the player look right down the sights of the gun to aim.

Many simulation games (or "sims") where the player controls a vehicle are first-person. This includes most flight simulators and many racing video games. The player can often see the controls and instruments of the vehicle, such as the steering wheel and speedometer in a car or the joystick and altimeter in an airplane.
Kōchi Prefecture

is a prefecture in the Shikoku region of Japan on the island of Shikoku. The capital city is Kōchi.

## History 
Before to the Meiji Restoration, Kōchi was known as Tosa Province.

## Geography 
Kōchi is in the southwestern part of Shikoku.  The prefecture faces the Pacific Ocean. Ehime Prefecture is to the northwest.  Tokushima Prefecture is to the northeast.

Kochi is famous for its clear streams. The most famous stream is Shimanto. The head of the Yoshino River is in Kōchi.

Mount Inamura (*Inamura-yama*) is the highest peak in the prefecture. Its height is 1,506 m (4,941&nbsp;ft) above sea level.

### Cities
### Rivers 
*Shimanto river
*Niyodo river
*Kagami river 
*Kuma river

### Towns and villages 
These are the towns and villages in each district.

### National Parks
National Parks are established in about 7% of the total land area of the prefecture.

## Shrines and Temples
*Tosa jinja* is the chief Shinto shrine (*ichinomiya*) in the prefecture.  

## Great person
Ryoma Sakamoto
Katsutoyo Yamauchi
Shintaro Nakaoka
Taisuke Itagaki

## Related pages
* Provinces of Japan
* Prefectures of Japan
* List of regions of Japan
* List of islands of Japan

## References
## Other websites 
*Kōchi Prefecture  ; [http://www.pref.kochi.lg.jp/ ]
2010 Commonwealth Games

The **2010 Commonwealth Games** is the nineteenth Commonwealth Games, and the ninth to be held under that name. The Games are being held in New Delhi, India from 3 to 14 October 2010, the largest multi-sport event conducted to date in Delhi and India, which has previously hosted the Asian Games in 1951 and 1982. 

The opening ceremony took place at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event. It is also the first time the Commonwealth Games is held in India and the second time the event has been held in Asia (after 1998 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).

While allegations of delays and corruption were a cause of concern before the start of the games, the games generally ran smoothly and the opening ceremony was described as "spectacular".

## Host selection 
Delhi was selected to host the Commonwealth Games, beating the bid from Hamilton on November 14 2003 at the Commonwealth Games Foundation General Assembly.  This was India's third bid, bidding unsuccessfully in 1990 and 1994.

## References
Kelantan

**Kelantan** is a state in Malaysia on the northeast part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Kelantan is Kota Baru.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Malacca

**Melaka** (formerly known as **Malacca**) () is a state in Malaysia that is on the southern part of Malay Peninsula. The Strait of Malacca is to the south. The capital city of Malacca is Malacca City.

## References
## Other websites
*
2000 Census

The following countries had a **census of the general population in 2000**:

* Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
* Costa Rica 2000 Census, the ninth federal census, conducted at irregular intervals
* 2000 Estonia Census
* Indonesia 2000 census
* 2000 Panamanian census
* 2000 Turkish census
* 2000 United States Census, the 22nd decennial federal census
Perlis

**Perlis** is a state in Malaysia that is on the very northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia, bordering Thailand. The capital city of Perlis is Kangar.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Labuan

**Labuan** is an island which is also the Federal Territory in Malaysia. It is off the northeastern part of the island of Borneo facing the South China Sea.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Sarawak

view.]]
**Sarawak** is a state in Malaysia. It is mostly on the northwestern part of the island of Borneo. The capital city of Sarawak is Kuching.

## Languages
The official languages of Sarawak are Malay and English. Other local spoken languages include Chinese, Iban, Melanau, Bidayuh, Punan, Penan, Kelabit, Kayan and others.

## Religion
The largest religion in Sarawak is Christianity representing 50.1% of the total population according to the 2020 census. Islam is the second largest religion in Sarawak, followed by Buddhism. There are also minority religions like Hinduism, Baháʼí Faith and animism.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Counterterrorism

s keep their hands up.]]**Counter-terrorism**, also spelled as **counterterrorism**, is work to prevent and fight against terrorism. Counter-terrorism is usually done by governments, militaries, paramilitaries, police forces, and special counter-terrorism units.

There are many different ways to do counter-terrorism. An important goal is to stop terrorism before it happens. This is done by trying to find out about plans to commit terrorism. If the plan is discovered, sometimes the terrorists can be arrested or security can be sent to protect the target of the terrorism.

Sometimes no one finds out about the terrorist plot until it starts to happen. When this happens, police or counter-terrorist soldiers may be sent to try and stop the terrorists from completing the plan, which usually leads to combat. 

Counter-terrorists are also a playable team in the video game Counter-Strike and the subsequent sequels.
Boraginaceae

**Boraginaceae** is a family of around 2000 species, occurring mainly in Europe and Asia, especially in the Mediterranean region. Most of them are herbs, although there are some woody plants. Most of them are grown as ornamental plants, although some are a source of dye or have medicinal uses. The most well-known members of the Family include Forget-me-not (*Myosotis*), Heliotrope (*Heliotropium*), the Comfreys (*Symphytum*), Borage (*Borago*), and Hound's Tongue (*Cynoglossum*).
Putrajaya

**Putrajaya** is the administrative capital city of Malaysia. It is south of Kuala Lumpur, the seat of government of Malaysia. It is also a Federal Territory in Malaysia.

## Image gallery

File:Putrajaya, Malaysia 2013.JPG|Aerial Photograph - Oct 2013
File:Perdana Putra Putrajaya Dec 2006 003.jpg|The Prime Minister's office at Perdana Putra
File:Putrajaya Malaysia Perbadanan-Putrajaya-01.jpg|Perbadanan government complex
File:MOF Putrajaya closeup.jpg|The Ministry of Finance complex
File:Palace of Justice Putrajaya Dec 2006 003.jpg|Istana Kehakiman
File:Putrajaya Walk tilt shift.jpg| Putrajaya Walk
File:Putrajaya Night Mosque PM Office.JPG| PM Office and Putra Mosque at night
File:Interior Sri Wawasan Bridge.jpg|Interior view of the Seri Wawasan Bridge
File:Masjid Putrajaya.jpg|Putra Mosque with the Prime Minister's office in the background
File:2009-08-18-Putrajaya-Seri-Saujana.jpg|Seri Saujana Bridge at night
File:Pullman putrajaya003.jpg|Pullman Putrajaya Lakeside Hotel
File:Putrajaya-fancy-streetlamp.jpg|Modern architecture includes streetlamps
File:Putrajaya Malaysia PICC-01.jpg|Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC)
File:Putrajaya Malaysia Ministry-of-Health-Training-Management-Division-01.jpg|Ministry of Health Building
File:Putrajaya Malaysia Seri-Gemilang-Bridge-02.jpg|Highrises in Precinct 4
File:Putrajaya Malaysia Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Agro-based-Industries-04.jpg|Ministry of Agriculture and Agro Based Industry Building

## References
## Other websites
*
*