open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Millbrook, New York

**Millbrook** is a village in Dutchess County, New York, United States. Millbrook is located in the Hudson Valley, on the east side of the Hudson River,  north of New York City. Millbrook is near the center of the Town of Washington. As of the 2020 Census, Millbrook's population was 1,455. It is often referred to as a low-key version of the Hamptons and is one of the most affluent villages in New York.

Millbrook is part of the Poughkeepsie&ndash;Newburgh&ndash;Middletown Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York&ndash;Newark&ndash;Bridgeport Combined Statistical Area.

## Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which  is land and  (2.9%) is water.

## References 
## Other websites
* Millbrook information 
* city-data.com entry
* Millbrook Free Library
* Millbrook Fire Department
* The Millbrook Independent
Millerton, New York

**Millerton** is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The town borders Taconic State Park.

## Local people of note
* Eddie Collins, Hall of Fame baseball player.
* Sandy Berger, United States National Security Advisor during the second term of Bill Clinton
* Don Hastings, Brooklyn born Actor residing in Millerton.
* Karl Moody, Actor/Entertainer raised in Millerton. Born in nearby Sharon, CT.

## References
B. J. Habibie

**Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie** (25 June 1936 - 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian engineer who was President of Indonesia from May 21, 1998 to October 20, 1999.

## References
## Related pages
*List of scientists
*List of Asian scientists by country
Copa del Rey

The **Copa del Rey** is an annual football competition in Spain. The competition was founded in 1903, which makes it the oldest Spanish football competition. It is one of the so-called big tournaments of the season, along with LaLiga and the UEFA Champions League.

## Top goalscorers
**Bold** indicates an active player.

## References
Kobuk River

The **Kobuk River** (also **Kooak**, **Kowak**, **Kubuk**, **Kuvuk**, or **Putnam**)
 is a river in the Arctic region of Alaska, in the United States. The river is about  long, Its mouth is at the **Kobuk River Delta**, which is about  long.

Its watershed, ranging from 0 to 11,400 feet (0 to 3,475 m) above sea level, has a wide variety of landforms, including mountains, plateaus, and plains. The average elevation is . The river's name, in the native Inuit language, means "big river".

The river has been an important part of the lives of nearby people. Native people (the Inuit, Koyukans and others) have used the river as a source of food and transport for over 12,000 years.
 
In 1898, a gold rush called the "Kobuk River Stampede" happened. In 1980, 110 miles (177&nbsp;km) of the river were deemed the **Kobuk Wild and Scenic River**.

## References
Joseph Schumpeter

**Joseph Alois Schumpeter** (8 February 1883 – 8 January 1950) was an Austrian-German-American researcher in economics and political science. He studied the theory of Marxism and capitalism. In his view, capitalism cannot work because of what he called creative destruction. This term was originally used by Karl Marx to describe the capitalist system, but Schumpeter used it differently: He says that each time innovation by entrepreneur occurs, it must (also) change what already exists. In this context, certain structures that already exist will also be destroyed. A current example of this is that digital photography has made the instant camera, such as Polaroid almost disappear. 

Schumpeter was finance minister of Austria in 1919.
Southern Tenant Farmers Union

The '''Southern Tenant Farmers' Union** (STFU) was founded as a trade union to help organize the farmers in the Southern United States. 

It was started in the Great Depression to improve money problems and work conditions for farmers in the United States.

At this time, landowners were being paid not to farm by the **Agricultural Adjustment Administration''', but they were not all sharing the money with farmers.

## Sources
*Cobb, William H. "The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union". *The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture*.
Safety

**Safety** is a feeling that no bad things will happen. Security avoids things to happen that you don't want to. The police keep public safety, which helps stop crimes from happening. Safety hats protect the head from injury. Houses provide safety from the weather.

The opposite of safety is danger.

## Measures 
*Safety measures* are activities and precautions taken to improve safety. Here are list of common safety measures include:

* Chemical analysis
* Geological surveys to determine whether land or water sources are polluted, how firm the ground is at a potential building site, etc.
* Destructive testing of samples
* Driving safety

## Related pages
*Sanctuary
*Security
Heidi

***Heidi*** is a book written by Johanna Spyri, published between 1880 and 1881. It is about a young orphan girl who grows up in the Swiss Alps (mountains in Switzerland) with her grandfather.

## Summary 
When her guardians die, Heidi must live in the mountains with her grandfather, Alm-Uncle, who does not like people. He slowly changes and becomes more caring because of Heidi. Then, Heidi must move to Frankfurt, Germany to be the friend of Clara, a girl who is sick and cannot walk. Clara’s grandmother encourages Heidi to learn to read, and she also learns about God. She becomes very homesick, and a kind doctor says that she must return home to her grandfather. Later, Clara visits Heidi in the Alps and becomes strong enough to walk.

## Inspiration 
Johanna Spyri wrote this story for her son, Berhard Diethelm Spyri. People and places in the story come from Spyry's own life. Catherine Eayrs, a literary critic, thinks that the village of Dorfli may come from Jenins in Switzerland, a place that Spyri visited as a child, however Dorfli is an actual town in Switzerland. Also, the kindly doctor is similar to Spyri's own father, and Klara's grandmother is a good storyteller, just like Spyri's own mother.

## Reception 
Immediately after the book was published, *Heidi* was popular, both with children and adults. It continues to be popular, and translations are available in more than fifty languages. About 50 million books have been sold. The story has also been told on movie and television. There is even a musical version.

Visitors to Switzerland can visit a tourist village called Heididorf in Maienfeld. The name means "Heidi's village" in German.

## Criticism 
Some readers think that one problem of *Heidi* is that the book teaches the Christian religion. Malcolm Usrey, a literary critic, thinks that nature is as important as Christianity in helping people, because Klara’s paralysis and Heidi’s home sickness are both healed in the “clean air of the Swiss mountains”.

## References 
## Related pages
* Johanna Spyri

## Other websites 
* 
*  (illustrated)
Vexillology

**Vexillology** is the study of flags.  The word comes from both the Latin word *vexilla* "little sail" for flag plus the Greek suffix*-ology* that means "study of".  The *vexillum* was a particular kind of flag used by the Roman legions.  Vexillology is a kind of study of symbols related to heraldry.  A person who studies flags is a *vexillologist*, and a person who designs flags is a *vexillographer*.

Because they are flown outside, where they move with the wind, flags are usually designed with bold images and bright, basic colors.  Flag design also follows a historical process, where later flag designs are based on earlier flag designs.  This means that many flags in an area may look similar because they are all based on one historical flag.  Examples include the Pan-African colors, Pan-Arab colors, and the Nordic Cross.

## Flag Identification System (FIS)
The *Flag Identification System* was created by Whitney Smith and adopted by Fédération internationale des associations vexillologiques (FIAV).

The first row is for use on land and the second row is for use on water, each divided into private (civil), government (state), and military (war) use.

There are 63 symbols that can describe the flag, including:
 

Other symbols are used to describe other uses of the flag, such as official status and which side of the flag is shown. The symbols in common use are:

* Normal or *de jure* version of flag, or *obverse* (front) side
* Design  but not  adopted
* Design is a 
* *Reverse* (back) side of flag
* Design is a *variant* (a different form of the same flag)
* Alternative (different) version of flag
* *De facto* (unofficial but in actual use) version of flag
* Flag has different designs on its front and back
* Obverse (front) side meant to be hoisted (raised) with pole on the right
* Design approved by the government to represent a nation
* Design used in the past, but now abandoned (This symbol was not part of Smith's original set.)
* Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side
* Reverse side is the obverse side flipped
* Information about the reverse side is not known
* Flag can be hung  by hoisting on a normal pole and then turning the pole 90°
* Flag can be hung vertically by rotating the design first
* Vertical hoist method is unknown
* Design has no element that can be rotated
* Flag can only be hoisted vertically
Augustus d'Este

'''Sir Augustus Frederick d'Este''', KCH (1794-1848) was the son of Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex and Lady Augusta Murray and the grandson of George III. His parents marriage was in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, which meant that Augustus d'Este was legally considered illegitimate.
Michael Dennis Morgan

**Michael Dennis Morgan** (born December 19, 1946) is an Australian rower, who has competed in the Olympics. He attended Newington College (1957-1965).

## References
Robert Trujillo

**Roberto Agustín "Rob" Trujillo** (born October 23, 1964) is an American musician who is most famous as the bass player for Metallica. He joined the band in 2003. Before that Trujillo played bass for Suicidal Tendencies, Infectious Grooves, Black Label Society, Jerry Cantrell and was a member of Ozzy Osbourne's band.

## Music 
### Black Label Society 
*2002: 

#### Jerry Cantrell 
*2002: *Degradation Trip*
*2002: *Degradation Trip Volumes 1 & 2*

#### Infectious Grooves 
*1991: ''The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move...It's the Infectious Grooves*
*1993: *Sarsippius' Ark*
*1994: *Groove Family Cyco*
*2000: *Mas Borracho*

#### Suicidal Tendencies
*1989: *Controlled By Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu*
*1990: *Lights...Camera...Revolution!*
*1992: *The Art of Rebellion*
*1993: *Still Cyco After All These Years*
*1994: *Suicidal for Life*

#### Glenn Tipton 
*1997: *Baptizm of Fire*

#### Ozzy Osbourne 
*2001: *Down to Earth*
*2002: *Blizzard of Ozz*-reissue
*2002: *Diary of a Madman*-reissue
*2002: *Live at Budokan*

#### Metallica 
*2008: *Death Magnetic*
*2016: *Hardwired..*
* *to Self-Destruct*
*2023: *72 Seasons''

## Notes
Fjuckby

**Fjuckby** is a village in Uppsala Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden.

It is known as a place for runestones, the village's unusual name has generated international interest.  Prior to the 1930s, the village was known as Fjukeby.  In the 1930s, the spelling of the name of this small historic town was changed to Fjuckby.

## References 
## Other websites
* Maps, Weather, and Airports for Fjuckby, Sweden
* Uppsala County Administrative Board
Sergiu Celibidache

**Sergiu Celibidache** (; 14 August 1996) was a Romanian conductor.  He was one of the great conductors of his time, living in Germany all his adult life.

## His life
Celibidache was born in Romania.  He went to Berlin in 1936 and in 1939 studied there at the Hochschule für Musik.  He got a doctorate by writing about the Renaissance composer Josquin Desprez.  He was lucky very early in his career to be appointed as conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.  He stayed with them until 1952 when Wilhelm Furtwängler returned.  He later worked with radio orchestras in Stockholm, Stuttgart and Paris. He also worked for a time in Britain, as well as touring in Europe and South America.   From 1979 until his death he was music director of the Munich Philharmonic.  He taught at Mainz University in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  He liked teaching and often let students come to his lessons without having to pay.

Celibidache did not like making recordings, although there are a few recordings of his concerts which have survived.  He was well known for asking for lots of rehearsals, and he rehearsed his orchestras in great detail.  He often chose very slow speeds for the slow movements and very fast speeds for the fast movements.

In Munich he had a long argument with the trombone player Abbie Conant because he did not want her in the orchestra.  Conant thought it was because she was a woman that he did not want her.  The argument lasted for 12 years.

Celibidache died near Paris in 1996 at 84.

## References 
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie;
Vernier scale

A **Vernier scale** is a way to get a much better result when measuring how long something is or the size of an angle.

Sometimes when measuring things we need to get our measurement as accurate as possible. Accuracy is important in surveying the land, navigation of ships, making parts for machines like car engines, looking at stars and planets in astronomy and when doing experiments in science. 

## The working of Vernier scale
Length has been measured with a straight ruler for hundreds of years. It measures up to 0.01cm. If the object we are measuring is somewhere in between two of the marks on our ruler then we would have to estimate where between the two marks to take the measurement. A Vernier scale on our ruler does this last fine piece of measuring between the two marks for us. 

So , for example if the measurement with our eye said it was between 1.5 and 1.6 centimeters, we would look at the Vernier and we would be able to say the measure is actually 1.57, something it would be vary hard to see with the eye alone.

When measuring angles the same problem occurs and a vernier may be part of a device to measure fine angles in between two of the marks on the scale.

We don't need to be sharp eyed to read the Vernier scale because its marks are almost as big as our main measuring scale. We just count how many marks there are to the next place where there is a mark on both the main and vernier scales that are exactly lined up. That number of marks tells us the size of the small extra measurement.
Project AWARE

**Project AWARE Foundation** (or Project A.W.A.R.E.) is a nonprofit, worldwide, organization dedicated to "Conserving underwater environments through education, advocacy and action."

## Other websites 
* Project AWARE Foundation website
EarthEcho International

**EarthEcho International** is an environmental nonprofit organization founded in honor of Philippe Cousteau, by his children and widow. It is based in Washington, D.C..

## Other websites 
"EarthEcho International"
Ludwig von Brenner

**Ludwig von Brenner** (born Leipzig, 19 September 1833; died 9 February 1902) was a German conductor and composer.

He studied at the Leipzig conservatory. He went to Saint Petersburg to play in the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1872, he returned to Germany and conducted an orchestra called the *Berlin Symphony Orchestra*.  He then started an orchestra called *Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle*. In 1882, he became the first conductor of a new orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, which was soon to become one of the world's best orchestras.
President of Indonesia

The **President of the Indonesia Republic** is the head of state of Indonesia. The current President is Prabowo Subianto.

## Presidents
## Notes
## References
Adhan

The **adhān** () or the **azān** () is the Islamic call to prayer. The muezzin reads it out aloud. The root of the word is '** "to permit", and another derivative of this word is **', meaning "ear."

The muezzin reads Adhan in the mosque, sometimes from a minaret. He usually does this five times a day. Adhan is used to call other Muslims to do the prayers. There is a second call, known as iqama (set up) that is used to tell Muslims to line up for the start of the prayers. Sometimes, loudspeakers are used on the minarets. 

Sunni and Shi'a use versions of adhan which are slightly different from each other.

## Other websites
Tiger quoll

The **tiger quoll** (*Dasyurus maculatus*) is a carnivorous marsupial of the order of Dasyuromorphia. It is also known as the **spotted-tail quoll** or the **spotted quoll**. It is mainland Australia's largest, and the world's longest carnivorous marsupial.
Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart

**Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart** was the last child of James II of England and Mary of Modena. She was born in 1692 and died in 1712.
Casa Colorada

**Casa Colorada** (translated into English as *Red House*) is a colonial house in Santiago, Chile.  [red ochre House] is raised with ashlar stone, his roof was mounted on beech beams, and the mezzanine on canelo wood. Timber framing is made of native bamboo. The constructor was Joseph de la Vega in 1769. This building served as home of Mateo de Toro y Zambrano and now is a Museum, managed by Santiago's Municipality. Kept there the collections, and scale models of the colony life.

Casa Colorada was the place were the Chilean Declaration of Independence was signed on September 18th, 1810.

The building consists of two storeys.
Hypostyle

Hypostyle Hall, Egypt, cut from a Laser Scan.]]
In architecture, a **hypostyle** hall has a flat ceiling supported by columns.
Sacred architecture

. The ancient Egyptian religion is long gone; some statues remain.]]
**Sacred architecture** (also known as **religious architecture**) is concerned with the design and construction of places of worship and buildings such as churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, and temples.
Iwan

, View of the north iwan from the courtyard]]

An **iwan** ( *eyvān*) is defined as a vaulted hall or space, walled on three sides, with one end open.
Iwans were a trademark of the Sassanid architecture of Persia. They then found their way into Islamic architecture. 

Typically, iwans open on to a central courtyard, and have been used in both public and residential architecture.
Al-Masjid an-Nabawi

**Al-Masjid an-Nabawī** (; '''Prophet's Mosque''') is a mosque established and originally built by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is in the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi was the third mosque built in the history of Islam and is now one of the largest mosques in the world. It is the second-holiest site in Islam, after Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.

The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his Hijra (emigration) to Medina in 622 CE. He shared in the heavy work of building. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it. In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights. The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque due to its connections to the life of Muhammad.

After an expansion during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, it now incorporates the final resting place of Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar. One of the most notable features of the site is the Green Dome in the south-east corner of the mosque, originally Aisha's house,

## References
Missa in angustiis

The **Missa in Angustiis** (*Mass for troubled times*) is one of fourteen masses written by Joseph Haydn. It is also called **Nelson mass**, because it was first performed after Lord Horatio Nelson won a battle against Napoleon Bonaparte. It was written in 1798. It is one of the six masses Haydn wrote towards the end of his life.
Victoria, Princess Royal

**Victoria, Princess Royal** (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa 21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was German Empress and Queen of Prussia from March to June 1888 as the wife of Frederick III, German Emperor. She was the eldest child and first daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. She was also the mother of Wilhelm II, the last German Emperor.

She died on August 5, 1901 at 60 years old and was later buried to her husband in Potsdam.

## References
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany

**The Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany** (Leopold George Duncan Albert; 7 April 1853 – 28 March 1884) was a member of the British Royal Family, a son of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort.  Leopold was later created the Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow. He was diagnosed with haemophilia as a baby, which later led to his death as an adult after slipping on the floor.
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn

**The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn** KG, KT, KP, PC, GCMG, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, GCB, GCStJ, (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family, the third son and seventh child of Queen Victoria. Arthur served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916. He was created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex in 1874. He was the longest lived issue of Queen Victoria. He died in 1942 at age 91. He was the father of the Crown Princess of Sweden.
Grub

**Grub** can refer to:

* Larva of insects, most commonly of beetles
* a slang term for food; also as a verb to scavenge for food
* a British word for a headless set screw
* a British word to take collective list of items

## Places
* Grub AR, Grub, in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland
* Grub am Forst, a town in the district of Coburg in Bavaria, Germany
* Grub, Thuringia, a municipality in the district of Hildburghausen in Thuringia, Germany

## Computing
* GNU GRUB, the GNU project's bootloader software
* Grub (search engine), a distributed search crawler platform
* In Yahoo email group management terminology, a "grub" sometimes means a Yahoo email group that was formerly a club

## People
*Grub Smith, British television presenter
*Hugo Eric Louis van Lawick, son of Jane Goodall, nicknamed "Grub"
Mother Goose

Mother Goose figurine]]

**Mother Goose** is thought to be the most famous author of nursery rhymes. Some people say that the real "Mother Goose" lived in New England or France 300 years ago. A book of poems for children entitled ''Mother Goose's Melody'' was published in England in 1781, and the name "Mother Goose" has been associated with children's poetry ever since.

## Related pages
* Poetry

## References
Jig

A **jig** is a type of lively dance, and also the music for the dance. Jigs became popular in the 16th century in the British Isles, and spread to mainland Europe.

## References
Flemish

**Flemish** may refer to:

*Anything related to the Flemish Region in Belgium (often called *Flanders*)
*Flemish language
*Flemish people, an ethnic group in Europe, mostly from the Flemish Region

## Related pages
*Flemish Brabant
Ischaemia

In medicine, **ischaemia** is when the blood supply is blocked or restricted. This is usually caused by problems in the blood vessels, and causes damage to the body. If blood supply problems damage an organ, digits or limbs (fingers, finger tips, toes, arms, legs) they become ischaemic. It may also be spelled **ischemia** **ischæmia** in some countries or writing. It comes from the Greek words, *isch-* to *restrict* and *hema* or *haema* meaning *blood*.

Ischaemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) is the world’s biggest killer, responsible for 16% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, it has been responsible for the largest increase in deaths overall, rising by more than 2 million to 8.9 million deaths in 2019.

When a part of the body isn't getting enough oxygen-rich blood, the skin may turn pale or blue (cyanosis). When the heart doesn't get blood it turns white, and this would be because there is no blood in it. Pale or blue skin may be an early warning sign of blood perfusion issues, blockages or restrictions.

## Related pages
*Anoxia/Hypoxia

## References
Angina pectoris

**Angina pectoris** (angina of the heart) is pain which is due to ischaemia of the heart muscle.  A common cause of angina pectoris is when the heart is working harder than normal e.g. during exercise. 
## Related pages
* Troponins
* Osteoarthritis
Sarvestan palace

**Sarvestan Palace** is a monument of the Sassanid era (226-651). It was built during the reign of Bahram "Gur" (The Zebra-Hunter, 420-438 A.D.) as a leisure mansion. Its excavation revealed that the area was inhabited 6,000 years ago, 4,500 years older than previous estimates. 

## References
Grand Slam (professional wrestling)

A **Grand Slam**, in professional wrestling, is a person who has won a certain combination of championships.The four titles typically include three singles championships plus a tag team championship. The singles championships include a primary, secondary, and tertiary championship.

## National Promotion 
### WWE 
 – the first WWE Grand Slam winner]]

#### Guide 
#### Original format 
#### Modern format 
### Impact Wrestling 
 – the first Impact Wrestling Grand Slam winner]]

### Ring of Honor 
]]
In 2018, Ring of Honor (ROH) established their own grandslam champion.

## Regional/independent promotions 
### Dragon Gate 
### Explosive Pro Wrestling 
### Florida Championship Wrestling 
 is the only wrestler to complete both the FCW and WWE Grand Slam.]]
In Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), WWE's former developmental territory, a Grand Slam winner was a wrestler who had won every championship that was available in FCW. All FCW titles were retired when FCW changed its name to NXT.

### IWA Puerto Rico 
## References
Hassan II Mosque

The **Hassan II Mosque** () is in Casablanca. It is the largest mosque in Morocco and the third largest mosque in the world after the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca and the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina. It was designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau. It was built by Bouygues. it stands on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic, which can be seen through a glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can fit in the mosque's adjoining grounds. Its minaret is the world's tallest at .

## References
Bell tower

A **bell tower** (also **belfry** or ***campanile***) is a tower which contains one or more bells, or which is designed to hold bells, even if it has none. They are usually built at a height that allows the sound to be heard at some distance. 

There are different ways to make the bells in a bell tower ring. In many cases, the bell is rung by pulling on a rope that is joined to the bell, making it swing on a hinge and the clapper hit the bell. Another way is to use a keyboard called a carillon. Sometimes, the bells are controlled by a clock mechanism or a computer. This lets them ring at certain times without the need for a human to do it.

## History 
There are no examples of bell towers in antiquity. The first to use a bell tower in a church was Paulinus of Nola, about the start of the 5th century. Bell towers in Italy have almost always been plain  towers not attached to a building (). From the beginning, bell towers in northern Europe have been attached to churches. His first tower shifted and large cracks appeared. Work on the second tower stopped. Bernini was blamed and called . When Pope Urban died in 1644 it was not decided what to do about the tower disaster. It was a major setback for Bernini's career and for the future of church bell towers. It was later discovered the ground under the towers was not stable. The towers were torn down. Bernini went on to have an otherwise  career.

## References
Muezzin

. *A Muezzin Calling from the Top of a Minaret the Faithful to Prayer* (1879)]]

A **muezzin** is a man who calls Muslim people to prayer through the adhan from the minaret of a mosque. 

He leads the call (*adhan*) to Friday service and the five daily prayers (also known as the salat) from one of the mosque's minarets. Blind people often got the position; this is so that they could not see the places where women gathered. Today, many mosques have electronic amplification, and the muezzin no longer needs to be on the minaret. 

In the city of Abu Dhabi, the call to prayer is coordinated, all mosques transmit the call of the muezzin of Sheikh Zayed Mosque. The idea for a similar system in Cairo failed in 2004.

## References
Aleppo

**Aleppo** ( ['Halab], , ) is a city in northwestern Syria.  From 2012 to 2016 it was a battlefield in the Syrian civil war.  

In 2010 it had an official population of 4.6 million. Then, Aleppo was the largest Syrian city. After 2010, however, Aleppo is probably the second-largest city in Syria after the capital Damascus.

Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously lived in (lived in all the time) cities in the world. People may have arrived in the 6th millennium BC. 

There was a large earthquake near Aleppo in 1138.

## References
Mihrab

in the Great Mosque in Aleppo, Syria]]
The **Mihrab** () is a niche in the wall of a mosque. It indicates the *qibla* (the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, the direction that Muslims should face when praying). The wall in which a *mihrab* appears is the "*qibla* wall."
Jama Masjid

The **Jama Masjid**, also known as the **Masjid-i Jahān-Numā** (, which translates as the 'World-reflecting Mosque') is the principal mosque of Old Delhi in India. It was built in 1656 by the Mughals under Emperor Shah Jahan.
Culver City, California

**Culver City** is a city in western Los Angeles County, California. It is known for being the headquarters of NPR West, The Culver Hotel, Fox Hills Mall and Sony Pictures. It was at one time the home studios for NFL Network.

## References
Wudu

**Wudu** ( **al-wuū**',  *ābdast*, ,  **wazū**') is the Islamic act of washing parts of the body using water. It is necessary to do this before one prays.

## Wudu
Babri Mosque

The **Babri Mosque** (; ) (Transliteration:**Babri Masjid **) or **Mosque of Babur** was a mosque in Ayodhya, India. It was constructed by order of the first Mughal emperor of India, Babur, in Ayodhya in the 16th century. 

Statues of Hindu deities were kept in the mosque overnight and claimed by hindus as the birth place of lord Rama. 

Later, the site was declared disputed by the court. The mosque was destroyed in 1992 when a rally of Hindu extremists and nationalists entered in Ayodhya and demolished it. 

After the demolition of the Babri Mosque there was violence between Muslims and Hindus. On 27 September 2010 an Indian High Court (Allahabad High Court) decided that the Mosque was built on the Ram Temple which was destroyed by Babar. Allahabad High Court decided to split the site into three parts.

On 22 January 2024, Ram mandir was built upon the place while Muslims where given another place to build a mosque.

## References
## Other websites
Majority rule

**Majority rule** is a way of making decisions in government or in voting. A decision is made if it gets more than half of the votes. Majority rule is often used in referendums, which is when voters decide if they want to make a law by voting yes or no.

Majority rule is not the same as a plurality vote. In plurality voting, which is often used in elections, whoever gets the most votes wins. With a plurality vote, the winner can have fewer than half of the votes if there are more than two choices. Elections for the house of Commons and many similar parliamentary bodies are done by plurality. The United States also uses a plurality rule in their presidential elections.

Some people have criticized majority rule because it can lead to the tyranny of the majority, which is not true democracy - where people who are the majority might vote for something that helps them but hurts the people in the minority or may even cause the negation of universal human rights. To prevent this, limit of constitutionalism and rule of law are established by the German Constitution, the Council of Europe, and the European Union. This was also used in Greek voting.

## References
Maliki

together.]]
**Maliki** (Arabic **مَالِكِي**) is one of the four madhhabs (schools of fiqh or religious law) in Sunni Islam.  The third-largest madhhab, it is followed by about 15% of the world's Muslims.  Most of them are in North Africa and West Africa.
Madh'hab

A **madhhab** (Arabic مذهب [mæðhæb] pl. مذاهب [mæðæːhıb]) is an **Islamic school of law**, or *fiqh* (religious jurisprudence). There are eight madhhabs in Sunni Islam: Maliki, Hanafi, Hanbali, Shafi'i, Zahiri, Jariri, Thawri, Awzai, and Laysi. 

There are also non-denominational Muslims, who are not affiliated with any of those schools: other Sunnis, as well as Shias and Ibadis.

## References
Carsten Niebuhr

**Carsten Niebuhr** or **Karsten Niebuhr** (March 17, 1733 – April 26, 1815) was a German mathematician, surveyor, cartographer, and explorer.

Niebuhr was the son of a Hanoverian farmer. He was self-educated. He travelled throughout the Middle East including Arabia, Persia (Iran), Syria and India. He was the only surviving member of a Danish/German team after the others died from illness and malaria. He wrote at least two books on his trips to the region which were later translated in to English and published in two volumes in the 1790s. Later editions were published around 1825.

Niebuhr’s maps of the region including *Sinus Persicus*,  made about 1765 of the Persian Gulf is considered one of the most accurate of his time and was used for nearly 100 years.

## Other websites
**Travels in Arabia* is an old book from 1892 that talks about Carsten Neibuhr's travels
Madrasa

, Uzbekistan *circa 1912*]]
**Madrasa** (, *madrasa* pl. , *madāris*) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion). It is variously transliterated as **madrasah**, **madarasaa**, **medresa**, **madrassa**, **madraza**, **madarsa**, **madrasseh**, etc.
Islamic calligraphy

calligraphy. The phrase means 'Ali is the vicegerent of God' in both directions.]] 

 

**Islamic calligraphy** (Arabic: إِسْلَامِيُّ خَطَاطَةٌ), also known as **Arabic calligraphy**,  is the art of artistic handwriting, and by extension, of bookmaking. It is both an art, and a practical way of writing.

Arabic calligraphy may be found on tiles and other ornaments. The text usually comes from the Koran (Qur'an).

## Styles 
The different styles of Arabic writing mostly derive from early versions of the Koran. There are geometric styles such as **Kufic**, and cursive (flowing) styles like **Naskh**, **Thuluth**, and **Muhaqqaq**.

## Gallery

Image:Kufi - D Va style.jpg|**Kufic** script in a Qur'an from the 9th-10th centuries
Image:Al Fatihah - naskh script detail text.jpg|**Naskh** script in an Egyptian Qur'an from the 14th-15th centuries
Image:AndalusQuran.JPG|Page of a 12th century Qur'an written in the Andalusi script
Image:Allah.JPG|Allah In Thuluth Script 's (Arabic) proportion rules.
Image:Qutb Minar Minaret Delhi India.jpg|Inscriptions in calligraphy, form regular bands throughout the Qutb Minar, India, built 1192 CE
Image:Bismillah.JPG|Bismillah in calligraphy
Image:Bismillah gold.svg|Bismillah in calligraphy
Image:Learning Arabic calligraphy.jpg|The instruments and work of a student calligrapher. 

## References
*Wolfgang Kosack: *Islamische Schriftkunst des Kufischen. Geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen. Deutsch – Kufi – Arabisch.* Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014, .
2006 al-Askari mosque bombing

*This article is about the bombing that took place in 2006. For the later bombing see 2007 al-Askari mosque bombing*

The 2006 **al-Askari mosque bombing** occurred at the **al-Askari mosque** in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on February 22, 2006, at about 6:55 a.m. local time.
Friday prayer

]]
'''''Jumu'ah*** () (also known as ***jum'ah***, **Friday prayer*', etc.) is a congregational prayer (*salat*) that Muslims hold every Friday, just after noon in *dhuhr*. In many Muslims conturies, the Friday is the weekend, while others, Fridays are half-day for school and some workspaces.
Sunrise

seen from Masada, Israel]]
**Sunrise** is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the horizon in the east. Its opposite is the sunset.
Umar

**Umar ibn al-Khattab** (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb''; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled **Omar**, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644. Umar was a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

At first, Umar opposed Muhammad and was enemy of Islam. After his conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to hazrat Abu Bakr rz. () as the first disputed caliph. Umar served as the closest adviser to the Bakr until August 634. It was then that the dying Abu Bakr made Umar his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded. It ruled the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. His attacks on the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years. Jewish tradition says that Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and let them into Jerusalem and to worship. Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in November 644.

Umar is said to be one of the most powerful Muslim caliphs. He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition. More than 50 hadiths speak of how he was the second greatest  Sahabah after Abu Bakr. He is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition, although Shi'ite figures often married into his family and named their children after him. They view his killer as a martyr although he was not a Muslim. 

## Notes 
## Related pages
* Sahaba

## References
## Bibliography
* 
* Guillaume, A., *The Life of Muhammad*, Oxford University Press, 1955.
* Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). *The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Donner, Fred, *The Early Islamic Conquests*, Princeton University Press, 1981.
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites
* Excerpt from *The History of the Khalifahs* by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti
* Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya al-Husayni al-Ninowy.
*
Baitul Mukarram

) the National Mosque Bangladesh. The structure looks like the Kaaba in Mecca]]

**Baitul Mukarram** (; The holy house) is the national mosque of Bangladesh.

## References
Musalla

s and a protection against the sun, in Thebes, Egypt]]
**al-Musallā**, Arabic:  (*al-muṣallā*) is the name for an open space outside a mosque that is mainly used for praying. The words is derived from the verb  (*ṣallā*) which means to pray.

## References
Shafi`i

]]
The **Shafi`i** (Arabic: الشَّافِعِيُّ) or '''Syafi'i''' is one of the four schools of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. The third largest by population, it was founded by Imam Al-Shafi'i.

It is practiced in Asia and Africa.

South Asia: Maldives, Sri Lanka and most South Indian states including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, as well as Maharashtra, including its largest city, Mumbai.

Southeast Asia: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, southern Philippines, and Thailand.

Western Asia: Kurdistan, large parts of Hadhramaut, and the Levant.

Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique.
Hanafi

The **Hanafi** (Arabic:** **حَنْفَىهُ) is one of the four schools of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It is the oldest of the four schools (madh'habs) of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) in Sunni Islam and was founded by Abu Hanifa. Hanafi legal theory primarily derives law from the Quran, the sayings and practices of Muhammad (*sunnah*), scholarly consensus () and analogical reasoning (), but also considers juristic discretion () and local customs (). It is distinctive in its greater usage of *qiyas* than other schools. This gives it the name Ahlul Ray by scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah.

The school spread throughout the Muslim world under the patronage of various Islamic empires, including the Abbasids and Seljuks. The Central Asian region of Khorasan emerged as a centre of classical Hanafi scholarship between the 10th and 12th centuries, which gave rise to the Maturidi school of theology. The Ottoman Empire adopted Hanafism as its official state school of law and influenced the legal Maturidi thought of the school, eventually codifying it as the *Mecelle* in the 1870s.

Followers of the Hanafi school are called Hanafis, who are estimated to comprise one third of all Muslims. It is the largest Islamic school in the regions of the Balkans, Central Asia, Anatolia, the Levant, Afghanistan, and South Asia, in the latter of which it is mainly split between the Barelvi and Deobandi movements.
Iman (concept)

:*Not to be confused with Imam, a prayer leader in Islam*
**Iman** () is an Islamic term usually translated as "belief or faith". It is often used to refer to the strength of conviction in a Muslim.
Voter registration

**Voter registration** is needed in some democracies for citizens and residents to check in with some central registry so that they will be allowed to vote in elections. In Australia, for example, everyone over the age of 18 must register with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC). Their names are then added to the electoral roll, a list of all people able to vote in future elections. Part of the AEC's job is make sure everyone who is allowed to vote is listed on the roll. They also have to make sure that people who have died are removed from the lists.

## References
Minbar

.]]
A **minbar** (also called **mimbar** sometimes, ) is a special place in a mosque. It is used by the Imam to speak to the congregation, to deliver sermons. Usually, minbars are raised (to be higher than the crowd, much like pulpits); These sermons are usually called *khutbah* ( خطبه ). In a minbar, the speaker is standing while he is giving the lecture. An alternative to this is to have a Hussainia where the speaker can sit down while giving the lecture. 

Very often, the minbar is shaped like a small tower. The minbar is located to the right of the mihrab, the niche that indicates the direction of prayer (i.e. towards Mecca). 

## Other websites
Texaco Cup

The **Texaco Cup** was an association football competition in England.

## Winners 
Finals played over two legs except 1973-74, aggregate score given.
Finsbury Park Mosque

The **Finsbury Park Mosque**, also known as the **North London Central Mosque**, in Finsbury Park, London, is a mosque that was built in the 1990s to serve the large Muslim population in the area.

## References
Primeira Liga

**Primeira Liga** is a football league which is top division in Portugal.

## 2020–21 clubs
*Belenenses SAD
*Benfica
*Boavista
*Braga
*Famalicão
*Farense
*Gil Vicente
*Marítimo
*Moreirense
*Nacional
*Paços de Ferreira
*Portimonense
*Porto
*Rio Ave
*Santa Clara
*Sporting CP
*Tondela
*Vitória de Guimarães
Peaceful coexistence

**Peaceful coexistence** was a theory developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War that said that socialist and capitalist states could 'accept' each other. The idea of peaceful coexistence came from before the Communist leader Stalin’s death, as Georgy Malenkov called for it in 1952. But it was more clear after Stalin’s death in 1953 where destalinization (removing the personality and politics of Stalin) began. 
 

## References
Petition

A **petition** is a request to change some thing. They are often made to a government official or public entity.  Petitions to a deity are a form of prayer. To make a petition is one of civil rights called right to petition.

## Law
A *Petition* can also be the title of a legal pleading that initiates a legal case.  The initial pleading in a civil lawsuit that seeks only money (damages) might be called (in most U.S. courts) a *complaint*. An initial pleading in a lawsuit that seeks non-monetary or "equitable" relief, such as a request for a writ of *mandamus* or *habeas corpus*, custody of a child, or probate of a will, is instead called a *petition*. A **petitioner** is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.
Bourke, New South Wales

**Bourke** is a town and Local Government Area (see Bourke Shire Council) in the north of New South Wales, Australia.
Shiraz

**Shiraz** is an important city in Southern Iran. About 1.4 million people live there. Shiraz is the fourth biggest city in Iran by population, and is the capital of Fars Province.

## References
Shiraz (disambiguation)

**Shiraz** may refer to:

* Shiraz, a city in Iran
* Vosketap, Armenia, formerly called *Shiraz*

**People**:
* Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet
* Shiraz Ali, former Bermudian cricketer
* Shiraz Minwalla, Indian string theorist
* Shiraz Shariff, politician from Alberta, Canada
* Shiraz Shivji, computer designer
* Shiraz Sumar, East African cricketer
* Shiraz Tal, Israeli model and actor
* Ghalib Shiraz Dhalla, Los Angeles-based writer

**Other**:
* Shiraz (grape), a synonym for the grape variety Syrah, used for wine, and once thought to originate from the city of Shiraz, Iran
* Shiraz (band), a South African group from the 1980s 
* *Shiraz* (ship), a FPSO vessel formerly named HMAS *Westralia* (O 195)
* Shiraz University
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

The '''UEFA Cup Winners' Cup** (originally known as the **European Cup Winners' Cup''') was an association football club competition that took place every year between the winners of all European domestic cup competitions. The first edition of the Cup Winners' Cup was held in the 1960–61 season, and the last was held in the 1998–99 season. After the 1998–99 season, the competition was abolished to allow the expansion of the UEFA Champions League, with domestic cup winners now qualifying for the UEFA Cup.

## Other websites
* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup topscorers at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
* UEFA website (archived 31 January 2011)
Isfahan

**Isfahan** or **Esfahān** (historically also rendered as *Ispahan* or *Hispahan*, , ,  *Esfahān*) is the capital of Esfahan Province in Iran.  It is about 340&nbsp;km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609.  It is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad.

Isfahan was once one of the largest cities in the world. It was strong from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty.  During this time it was the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city keeps much of its past glory. It is famous for the Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets.

The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world.  It is an outstanding example of Iranian and Islamic architecture. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city also has a many historic monuments.

## References