open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chemical synapse

**Chemical synapses** are synapses that use chemical messengers called neurotransmitters to transmit signals. They are found all over the body. Especially in the central nervous system and the brain.

Neurons use electrical signals to carry information. These signals are called action potentials. There are an estimated 86 billion neurons in the average human brain. Neurons don't act alone. They need to connect to other neurons and pass messages between each other. The electrical signal cannot pass the gap between neurons alone. This is why neurotransmitters are needed to pass signals from one neuron to the next. In this sense they differ from electrical synapses which pass electric signals directly to the next neuron. Chemical synapses can be further classified depending upon function and structure.

## Structure 
The structure of a typical chemical synapse comes in three parts: 
* The pre-synaptic terminal is usually on the axon. This releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The pre-synaptic terminal is the first part of synaptic transmission and so has a "pre-" prefix.
* The synaptic membrane of the post-synaptic cell is usually on the dendrite of the next neuron. This absorbs neurotransmitters into the post-synaptic neuron (the neuron that is receiving the signal). The post-synaptic cell is the last part of the transmission process and so has a "post-" suffix.
* The **synaptic cleft** is the bit in the middle of the two membranes. This space is filled with an *extracellular *(*extra- *= outside of. *cellular = *live cell.) matrix of proteins that mainly acts to hold the two neurons together.

### Two types of chemical synapse 
* Type I synapses are the more common chemical synapse in the human brain. These synapses excite (trigger) the next neuron. The next neuron produces an action potential when this synaptic transmission happens. These synapses are usually found on dendrites of the post-synaptic cell. The pre-synaptic terminal is found on the axon of the neuron that sends the transmission (pre-synaptic cell). Type I synapses are symmetrical in shape.
* Type II synapses are less common in the human brain.  These synapses are asymmetrical in shape. They inhibit. Instead of causing an action potential in the next neuron, these synapses stop an action potential. They are less common than type I synapses.

## References
Division of Martin

The **Division of Martin** was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1922. It was abolished in 1955. It was named after Sir James Martin, former Premier of New South Wales. It was located in inner western Sydney. It was also located in Concord and Mortlake. By the time it was abolished, the division of Martin had spread to Abbotsford, Balmain and Drummoyne. 

## Members
Waterloo, Ontario

**Waterloo, Ontario** is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. It is very close to the city of Kitchener, Ontario. Kitchener and Waterloo are often referred to together as "Kitchener-Waterloo", or "KW". They are sometimes called "the Tri-City" (to include the City of Cambridge). All three have separate city governments.

The University of Waterloo and Wilfred Laurier University are in Waterloo. The headquarters of mobile phone maker BlackBerry is there.

Waterloo has a population of 121,436 (as of 2021). University of Waterloo is marked the 4th best university in Canada. (Wilfred Laurier is 27th)

## References
Ronnie Claire Edwards

**Ronnie Claire Edwards** (February 9, 1933 &ndash; June 14, 2016) was an American actress. She was best known for playing Corabeth Walton Godsey on the TV show *The Waltons*.

Edwards was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on February 9, 1933.

She also appeared the in *Star Trek: The Next Generation* episode "Thine Own Self" and the 1999 remake of *Inherit The Wind*.

Edwards died in her sleep on June 14, 2016 at her home in Dallas, Texas, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
*
* Ronnie Claire Edwards, ''The Knife Thrower's Assistant: Memoirs of a Human Target'', Hawk Publishing Group, (October 2000), 
* "Q&A with Ronnie Claire Edwards", by Thomas Korosec, D Magazine, July 22, 2009.
* "Swiss Ave. Church, Now Actor's Home and Artists Residence, *Almost* a City Landmark ", by Robert Wilonsky, Unfair Park blog, Dallas Observer, January 25, 2010.
Earl Hamner Jr.

**Earl Henry Hamner Jr.** (July 10, 1923 &ndash; March 24, 2016) was an American television writer and producer (sometimes credited as **Earl Hamner**). He was best known for his work in the 1970s and 1980s on the long-running CBS series *The Waltons* and *Falcon Crest*.

Hamner died of cancer on March 24, 2016 in Los Angeles, California, aged 92.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Earl Hamner website
* 
* 
* The Hamner Theater  The Hamner Theater in Nelson County, VA.
* *Write TV* Public Television Interview with Earl Hamner
Ken Jones

**Ken Jones** (20 February 1930 – 13 February 2014) was an English actor.

Jones was born in Liverpool, England on 20 February 1930. He appeared in many movies and television programmes and played a lead character in the British sitcom *The Squirrels* (1974-77), but may be best known for his role as 'Horrible' Ives in *Porridge*.

Jones was married to actress Sheila Fay, also a native of Liverpool, from 30 October 1964 until her death on 31 August 2013. He died from bowel cancer on 14 February 2014, six days before his 84th birthday, in a nursing home in Prescot, Merseyside.

## References
## Other websites
*
Mike Stepovich

**Michael Anthony "Mike" Stepovich** (March 12, 1919 &ndash; February 14, 2014) was an American lawyer and politician. Stepovich from 1957 to 1958, served as the last Governor of Alaska Territory. 

Stepovich was born to Michael and Olga (Barta) Stepovich in Fairbanks, Alaska on March 12, 1919. He studied at the University of Portland, at Gonzaga University, and at Notre Dame Law School. Stepovich was married to Matilda Baricevic until his death in 2014.

Following his education and military service during World War II, Stepovich created a law practice in his home town of Fairbanks, Alaska and began his political career by winning three terms in the Alaska Territorial legislature. 

During his term as governor, he was a leading advocate in the effort to gain statehood for Alaska. Following Alaska's admission to the union, he made an unsuccessful run for a U.S. Senate seat and two unsuccessful attempts to be elected Governor of Alaska.

He was hospitalized after suffering a head injury on February 8, 2014 as result of a fall while visiting his son in San Diego, California, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
* Mike Stepovich at ''100 Years of Alaska's Legislature''
Siilinjärvi

**Siilinjärvi** is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. It had almost 21,600 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are  Kuopio, Lapinlahti and Maaninka.

## History
Siilinjärvi was established 1925.

## Villages
Aappola, Hakkarala, Hamula, Heinämäki, Jälä, Jännevirta, Kaaraslahti, Kasurila, Kehvo, Koivumäki, Koivusaari, Kolmisoppi, Kumpunen, Kuuslahti, Lehdonkylä, Pajujärvi, Pöljä, Rissala, Räimä, Siimes and Väänälänranta.

## Other websites 
* The official Siilinjärvi page
Gillo Dorfles

**Gillo Dorfles** (12 April 1910 &ndash; 2 March 2018) was an Italian art critic, painter, and philosopher. Dorfles graduated in medicine, specializing in psychiatry. He was a professor in aesthetics at the University of Trieste, Milan and Cagliari. In 1948, he co-founded the Movimento per l'arte concreta (MAC) with artists Atanasio Soldati, Galliano Mazzon, Gianni Monnet, and Bruno Munari.

Dorfles was born on 12 April 1910 in Trieste.

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters

## References
## Other websites
*
Suomussalmi

**Suomussalmi** is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had almost 8,700 living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Taivalkoski, Puolanka, Hyrynsalmi and the cities Kuusamo, Pudasjärvi and Kuhmo.

## History
Suomussalmi was established in 1867.

## Other websites 
* The official Suomussalmi page
Sääksmäki

, Finland]]

**Sääksmäki** is a former municipality of Finland. It was merged with Valkeakoski in 1973. Before that, the municipalities next to it were Kalvola, Lempäälä, Pälkäne, Toijala, Tyrväntö (afterwards Hattula), Valkeakoski and Viiala. Its population from 1970 was almost 4,500.

## Famouse people
*Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Finland's third president, was born in Sääksmäki 1861

## Other websites
* Sääksmäki-seura ry, website
Elizabeth Wilson

.]]

**Elizabeth Welter Wilson** (April 4, 1921 &ndash; May 9, 2015) was a Tony Award-winning American actress. She appeared in movies such as *Picnic* (1955), *The Goddess* (1958), *The Tunnel of Love* (1958), *A Child Is Waiting* (1963), *The Birds* (1963), *The Graduate* (1967), *Catch-22* (1970), *The Day of the Dolphin* (1973), *The Prisoner of Second Avenue* (1975), *9 to 5* (1980), *Grace Quigley* (1985), *Regarding Henry* (1991), *The Addams Family* (1991), *Quiz Show* (1994), and *Hyde Park on Hudson* (2012).

Wilson was born on April 4, 1921, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. She was of English and German ancestry. She was elected to the Theatre Hall of Fame in 2007. Wilson died at her home in New Haven, Connecticut, aged 94.

## References
## Other websites
*
Juupajoki

**Juupajoki** is a municipality in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It had almost 2,050 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Jämsä, Mänttä-Vilppula, Orivesi and Ruovesi.

## History
Juupajoki was established in 1813.

## Other websites 
* The official Juupajoki page
Keuruu

**Keuruu** is a town and municipality in Central Finland. It is 60&nbsp;km to the west of Jyväskylä. There were more than 10,300 people living there in January 2014. More than 10% of the area is water. Keuruu is next to the municipalities of Jämsä, Multia, Mänttä-Vilppula, Petäjävesi, Virrat and Ähtäri. 

## Other websites
* Keuruu city page
Seitseminen National Park

**Seitseminen National Park** is a national park in Pirkanmaa, Finland. It was established in 1982. It covers an area of about 45.5 square kilometres. The park is managed by Metsähallitus, which manages all state forests in Finland.

There were 40,500 visitors in 2010.

## Other websites
General Medical Council

The **General Medical Council** (GMC) is a fee-based registered charity with statutory obligation to maintain a register of medical practitioners within the United Kingdom. Registration with the GMC confers a number of privileges and duties.

## Purpose 
There is a legal requirement for a register, the list of  "registered medical practitioners" in Britain. That is the main job of the GMC. The GMC controls entry to the List of Registered Medical Practitioners ("the medical register"). "The main objective of the General Council in exercising their functions is to protect, promote and maintain the health and safety of the public".
 
Secondly, the GMC regulates and sets the standards for medical schools in the UK. It liaises with other nations' medical and university regulatory bodies over medical schools overseas, leading to some qualifications being mutually recognised. Since 2010, it also regulates postgraduate medical education.

Thirdly, the GMC is responsible for a licensing and revalidation system for all practising doctors in the UK, separate from the registration system. This was done by order of the Privy Council on 3 December 2012.

## Right to free choice 
Citizens have a right to free choice in a democracy. Therefore, medical activities by an unregistered person is not absolutely banned:

However, most activities connected with being a doctor are effectively banned:

## References
BA

Uses of **BA**

*Bachelor of Arts
*Beerenauslese, German late-harvest wine

## Companies and organizations 
* Bangladesh Army
* British Airways, by IATA airline code
* British Science Association

## Linguistics 
* Bashkir language's ISO 639 alpha-2 language code
* Ba (Javanese) (ꦧ), a letter in the Javanese script

## People 
* Ba (pharaoh)
* Ba (surname), West African surname, invariably of Fula origin
Kilpisjärvi

**Kilpisjärvi** is a village in Enontekiö municipality in Lapland, Finland.

## History
About 10&nbsp;km west of Kilpisjärvi is Treriksröset. This is the point where the borders of Finland, Norway and Sweden meet. A monument was built at the exact point in 1926. It replaced an earlier marker built of stone in 1897.

## Other websites
* Kilpisjärvi Village's website
Kittilä

**Kittilä** is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 6,500 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Enontekiö, Inari, Kolari, Muonio, Rovaniemi and Sodankylä. Kittilä has an airport, and a ski resort named Levi.

A large coal mine is in Kittilä. It is owned by the Canadian mining company: Agnico-Eagle. They have leased the mine until 2044. There is also a copper mine in Kittilä.

## History
Kittilä was established 1854 by Olavi Rauhala, Vieno Suvanto and Johan Lahti. However, the earliest settlement of the area was long before.

## Other websites
* Kittilä page
Will Forte

**Orville Willis "Will" Forte IV** (born June 17, 1970), is an American actor, comedian, writer and producer. He is one of the cast members for *Saturday Night Live* (2002–2010). 

He then starred on its spin-off movie *MacGruber*. He is also known as Paul L'Astnamé in *30 Rock* and David Grant in *Nebraska*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Will Forte LiveJournal Community 
* Will Forte  shares his favorite NY places at ontheinside.info 
* Interview with Will Forte at CollegeHumor
Division of Lawson

The **Division of Lawson** was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1949. It was abolished in 1969. It was named after Henry Lawson, an Australian author. It was located in the north-west of New South Wales. It was also located in the towns of Coonabarabran, Dubbo and Mudgee.  

## Members
Varkaus

**Varkaus** is a town in Northern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014 Varkaus had a population almost of 22,100 people. Neighbouring municipalities are Heinävesi, Joroinen, Leppävirta, Rantasalmi and Savonlinna.

The former municipality of Kangaslampi was merged with Varkaus on 1 January 2005.

In Joroinen is a small airport called *Varkauden lenteasema*.

## Other websites 
* Website, finnish, english and in russian
Bunny Rugs

**William Clarke** (6 February 1948 &ndash; 2 February 2014), better known by his stage names **Bunny Rugs** and **Bunny Scott**, was a Jamaican reggae musician. He was best known as a member of the band reggae band Third World.

## Early life and career 
He was born on 6 February 1948 in Mandeville. He was raised in the capital city, Kingston. He began his career in the mid-1960s. He was also at one time a member of the and Inner Circle and half of the duo Bunny & Ricky.

## Death 
Clarke died from leukaemia on 2 February 2014 at an intensive care facility in Orlando, Florida in the United States. He was 65. He was outlived by his wife and eight children.

## References
Hämeenkoski

**Hämeenkoski** is a former municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. Almost 2,100 people lived there as of January 2014. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hausjärvi, Hollola, Hämeenlinna and Kärkölä. On 1 January 2016, it was merged to the municipality of Hollola.

## History
Until the 18th century, Hämeenkoski was called **Etola**. After that, its name was **Koski HI**. The name Hämeenkoski has been used since 1995.

## Villages
Etola (Hämeenkoski), Hankala, Huhti, Huljala, Hyrkkälä, Hyväneula, Järvenpää (Hämeenkoski), Kaunkorpi, Koski (Hämeenkoski), Käikälä, Leiniälä, Miehola, Padonmaa (Palomaa), Porvola, Putula, Pätilä, Saapas, Tenhiälä, Toijala (Hämeenkoski) and Töykkylä.

## Other websites
* Community website
Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg

**Archduchess Sophie Chotek** (1 March 1868 – 28 June 1914) was a Czech noble from the Bohemia. She was the wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. She was killed by Gavrilo Princip when he tried to shoot Potiorek, the Austrian governor of Sarajevo. Princip also killed her husband, Archduke Franz Ferdinand. These killings are commonly said to have started World War I.

## Titles and styles
* (1868) *Countess Sophie Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin*
* (1900) *Her Serene Highness* The Princess of Hohenberg
* (1909) *Her Highness* The Duchess of Hohenberg
Nivala

**Nivala** is a city in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 10,950 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Haapajärvi, Haapavesi, Sievi and Ylivieska. The historical name of Nivala is *Pidisjärvi*.

## Other websites
* Official website 
* Newspaper
Hurricane Cleo

**Hurricane Cleo** was an intense hurricane that happened in late August-early September 1964. The highest winds speeds were measured at 140 miles per hour on 23 August. The storm went across Guadeloupe and Hispaniola, killing 214. It later struck from southeastern Florida to Virginia. Overall damage was just over $198 million in 1964 USD.

Due to high death count and severe damage, the name **Cleo** was retired in the spring of 1965.

## References
Ahmed Dogan

**Ahmed Demir Dogan** (; born 29 March 1954) is a Bulgarian politician. He was chairman of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) from 4 January 1990 to 19 January 2013.

Dogan was born on 29 March 1954 in Pchelarovo, Dobrich Province. He is of Turkish ancestry.

On 19 January 2013, a man tried to assault Dogan with a gun during a political meeting. While Dogan was talking to a large group of people from a podium, a man ran onto the stage and pointed a pistol within a foot of Dogan's head. The man used a gas pistol filled with pepper spray, but the gun did not fire. According to Bulgaria's deputy chief prosecutor,  even if the gun had fired, pepper spray is not deadly.  The man was tackled and wrestled to the ground by security guards and delegates. He was severely beaten for several minutes before being arrested. The entire event was captured on video. The man was identified as Oktai Enimehmedov, a Bulgarian national of Turkish descent.

## References
Majesty

***Majesty*** is an English word from the , meaning *greatness*. It is a style of address. It is often used when directly addressing or referring to a monarch. The plural form is *Their Majesties*. The style ranks above *Royal Highness*.

## Examples of modern usage
# *His Majesty* King Philippe of the Belgians. 
# *His Majesty* King Charles of the United Kingdom. 
# *His Majesty* King Felipe of Spain.

## Examples of past usage
**His Majesty* King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia. Referred to in British literature as *Sardinian Majesty*. 
**His Majesty* King Frederick II of Prussia.

## Related pages 
*King
*Queen

## References
Washington Hilton

The **Washington Hilton**, which was officially known as the **Hilton Washington** for a period in the early 21st century and is sometimes referred to ironically as the **Hinckley Hilton** by locals, is a hotel in Washington, D.C. It is located at 1919 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., roughly at the boundaries of the Kalorama, Dupont Circle, and Adams Morgan neighborhoods.

The hotel was the site of the assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan by John Hinckley, Jr. on March 30, 1981.  The attempt occurred at the hotel's T Street NW exit.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site 
* Ladies and Gentlement, From Los Angeles, California ... The Doors! - 1967 Doors concert at Washington Hilton
* Popular Car Wash in Albuquerque NM (1968) - 1968 review from the Washington Post
Academic art

, 1863.]]
 at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1826 by Wilhelm Bendz.]]
**Academic art** was an artistic style that was popular from the 17th to the 19th century. Different art schools laid down rules on what a good painting or artwork should look like. Academic art was influenced by these rules, and was about applying them when creating a work of art. Academic art is a form of Realism in art. One of the main ideas that influenced academic art was that of Aristotle: A work of art should give a selective, but true copy of a part of reality. This idea was transformed into the concept of mimesis, or imitation. Together with thisidea, there were a number of subjects that were acceptable for painting or sculpture. Very often, the subjects came from mythology

The École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris had a lot of influence on the movement. At the time Neoclassicism and Romanticism were the main movements at the school. 

With later art styles, especially that of impressionism, academic art losts its importance.

Well known artists who painted in the academic art style include William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Alexandre Cabanel, Eugene de Blaas, Edward Poynter, Wilhelm Bendz and Alexander Ivanov.
Pertunmaa

**Pertunmaa** is a municipality in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014 almost 1,850 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Hartola, Heinola, Hirvensalmi, Mäntyharju and Joutsa. 

A story says that the municipality got its name from a man named Perttu. He was the only ruler in Pertunmaa.

## Other websites
* Official Pertunmaa page
Gary Merrill

**Gary Merrill** (2 August 1915 &ndash; 5 March 1990) was an American movie and television character actor. His credits included more than fifty feature movies, a half dozen mostly short-lived TV series, and dozens of televisions guest star appereances. Merrill starred in *All about Eve* and married his co-star, Bette Davis.

## Other websites
*
*
*
**New York Times* biography
George Edward Akerson

**George Edward Akerson** (September 5, 1889 &ndash; December 21, 1937) was an American journalist and politician. He was the first official White House Press Secretary.

Akerson was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota on September 5, 1889. He studied at the University of Minnesota and Allegheny College. In 1910 Akerson started at Harvard University, later receiving a BA in Political Science in 1912.

Akerson married Harriet Blake, a Wellesley College graduate, on June 28, 1915. They had three sons.

Akerson developed kidney disease. He died on December 21, 1937 in New York City, New York, aged 48.

## Further reading
* Moffett, L. W. "Akerson, Hoover's Right Hand Man, Surely Is The Boy Who Made Good." *The Shield of Phi Kappa Psi* (December 1929), pgs. 113-121.
* "G. E. Akerson Dies; Ex-Aide to Hoover." *New York Times* (Dec. 22, 1937), pg. 25.

## Other websites
* http://www.whitehousehistory.org/03/subs_press/02.swf 
* http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=22676
Herbert Blöcker

**Herbert Blöcker** (1 January 1943 – 15 February 2014) was a German equestrian and Olympic medalist. He won a silver medal in eventing at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

He was born in Schleswig-Holstein. In 2008, both he and his Olympic horse, "Feine Dame", were inducted into the International Association of Eventing Hall of Fame. He died of cancer in 2014 at age 71 at Elmshorn.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Larry Speakes

Larry Melvin Speakes (September 13, 1939 — January 10, 2014) was an American journalist and politician. He was the acting press spokesman for the White House under President Ronald Reagan. He held the position from 1981 to 1987.

Speakes died in Cleveland, Mississippi on January 10, 2014 after suffering from Alzheimer's disease, aged 74.

## References
## Other websites
*Announcement on Speakes receiving the Presidential Citizens Medal 
*The Presidency Project - *Appointment of Larry M. Speakes as Deputy Assistant to the President and Principal Deputy Press Secretary to the President, June 17, 1981*
Briarcliff Manor, New York

**Briarcliff Manor**  is a village in Westchester County, New York. The village is less than  north of New York City. It is shared between the towns of Mount Pleasant and Ossining, and its ZIP code is 10510. The village is on the east bank of the Hudson River, and includes the communities of Scarborough and Chilmark.

The village motto is "A village between two rivers", because of Briarcliff Manor's location between the Hudson and Pocantico Rivers. Briarcliff Manor was founded by Walter William Law in 1902, and has grown from 331 people then to 7,867 in 2010.

The area was known as Whitson's Corners until Walter Law developed the village during the 1890s. A part of the village, including buildings and homes covering , is part of the Scarborough Historic District and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. Briarcliff Manor celebrated its centennial on November 21, 2002.

## References 
## Further reading 
*  For further information on the history of Briarcliff Manor.
*  For further information on village history and life. 
*  For more information on the Briarcliff Congregational Church and Walter Law.
*  For details about the Briarcliff Lodge and its history.

## Other websites
* Official website for the Village of Briarcliff Manor 
* 
* Geographic date related to Briarcliff Manor, New York at OpenStreetMap
Caroline Aaron

**Caroline Aaron** (earlier: **Caroline Sidney Abady**; born August 7, 1952) is an American actress. She played the character of Martha Ingels in the 1992 movie *This is My Life*. She also played the part of Annie in *21 Jump Street* (a 2012 action comedy). She has a number of other acting roles to her credit in both film and television.

Aaron was born in Richmond, Virginia.

## Reference
Jane Got a Gun

***Jane Got a Gun*** is an American action western movie. The movie is about a woman named Jane being married to a bad man. Jane, however, longs for a man named Dan Frost. Natalie Portman plays Jane Hammond. The Weinstein Company will distribute the movie.

The movie was released on January 29, 2016.

## References
Australia's Next Top Model (season 5)

The '''''Fifth Cycle of Australia's Next Top Model''''' was an Australian reality television program. It was broadcast on the Australian subscription television channel, FOX8. The cycle premiered on 28 April 2009. Auditions were held during October and November 2008 across Australia. Supermodel and television personality Sarah Murdoch took over as host for this cycle. She replaced Jodhi Meares, who resigned from hosting duties after cycle four finished. The competition was won by Tahnee Atkinson who defeated Cassi Van Den Dungen in the final.

## References
Federico Campbell

**Federico Campbell** (1 July 1941 &ndash; 15 February 2014) was a Mexican author, reporter and journalist. Born in Tijuana he gained success after moving to Mexico City.

## Biography
Campbell was born on 1 July 1941 in Tijuana, Baja California. Campbell was the son of Carmen Quiroz, a teacher, and Federico Campbell, a telegraph operator. His father's Scottish-American ancestors migrated to Mexico from Virginia in the 1830s. He had two sisters Sarina and Silvia Campbell Quiroz.

He was best known for the short story collection *Tijuanenses* (*Tijuana: Stories on the Border*). In 2000, he won the Colima Prize for Fiction with his book *Transpeninsular*. In 1995, he was awarded the J. S. Guggenheim Fellowship. He has translated Harold Pinter, David Mamet and Leonardo Sciascia into Spanish. He also had one son, Federico Campbell Peña who, like his father, is a writer and a journalist.

## Works
* *Pretexta* (1979)
* *Todo lo de las focas* (1982; *All about Seals*)
* *Tijuanenses* (1989; *Tijuana: Stories on the Border*, 1995)
* *La memoria de Sciascia* (1989; ''Sciascia's Memory*)
* *La invención del poder* (1994; *The Invention of Power*)
* *Post scriptum triste* (1994)
* *Máscara negra* (1995; *Black Mask*)
* *Transpeninsular* (2000)
* *La clave Morse* (2001; *The Morse Code*)
* *El imperio del adiós* (2002; *The Empire of Farewell'').

## References
## Other websites
*
Rene Ricard

**Albert Napoleon** "**Rene**" **Ricard** (July 23, 1946 &ndash; February 1, 2014) was an American poet, actor, art critic, and painter.

He was born on July 23, 1946 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was raised in Acushnet. At age eighteen, he became a protégé of Andy Warhol. He appeared in the Warhol movies *Kitchen* (1965), *Chelsea Girls* (1966), and *The Andy Warhol Story* (1966). In the 1980s, he wrote a series of influential essays for *Artforum* magazine. Ricard was openly gay. At the time of his death, he was living at the Hotel Chelsea in Manhattan, New York City with his partner, Rita Barros, a Portuguese artist and photographer.

He died from cancer on February 1, 2014 at the Bellevue Hospital Center in New York City. He was 67.

## Related pages 
*List of poets from North America

## References
## Other websites
*
Plamen Oresharski

**Plamen Vasilev Oresharski** (; born 21 February 1960) is a Bulgarian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Bulgaria from May 29, 2013 to August 6, 2014. He was Minister of Finance from 2005 to 2009 in the Cabinet of the Triple Coalition with Prime Minister Sergei Stanishev.

## References
## Other websites
Howard Hesseman

**Howard Lex Hesseman** (February 27, 1940 – January 29, 2022) was an American actor. He was best known for playing disc jockey Johnny Fever on *WKRP in Cincinnati* and schoolteacher Charlie Moore on *Head of the Class*.

Hesseman died on January 29, 2022 after having colon cancer-related surgery in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
*
Nadine Gordimer

**Nadine Gordimer** (20 November 1923 – 13 July 2014) was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was known as a woman "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity". She was of Jewish descent.

Gordimer's writing helped abolishing apartheid in South Africa. She was active in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress during the days when the organization was banned. Later on she was also active in HIV/AIDS causes.

Gordimer was one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.
Gordimer was born near Springs, a small town outside of Johannesburg on 20 November 1923.

Gordimer died on 13 July 2014 at the age of 90.

## Further reading 
* Ronald Suresh Roberts, *No Cold Kitchen: A Biography of Nadine Gordimer* (2005)
* No Cold Kitchen: A Biography of Nadine Gordimer by Ronald Suresh Roberts (STE)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Index of *New York Times* articles on Gordimer
* Guide to the Gordimer manuscripts, 1934–1991  (Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana)
* Nadine Gordimer Collection  at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
Skyfall (song)

"**Skyfall**" is a song by Adele. It was used in a James Bond movie *Skyfall*. The tone is dark and melancholy. It received the Best Original Song award at the 70th Golden Globes and 85th Academy Awards. The song hit #1 on some music charts across the world.  It reached the top ten in the United Kingdom (UK), United States (US) and Canada.
## Release
The song was released at 0:07 British Summer Time (BST) on October 5, 2012, while the song's MV on YouTube on October 18, 2012. As of January 22, 2025, it has accumulated 691,338,363 views.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## Certifications and sales
## Related pages
* *Someone Like You*
* *Rolling in the Deep*
## References
7 BC

Year **7 BC** was a common year starting on Saturday or Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Nero and Piso**.

## Events
## Deaths 
* Emperor Cheng of Han (b. 51 BC)
* Consort Zhao Hede
Arthur Rankin Jr.

**Arthur Gardner Rankin, Jr.** (July 19, 1924 &ndash; January 30, 2014) was an American director, producer, and writer, who mostly worked in animation. He was a part of Rankin/Bass Productions with his partner Jules Bass, he created stop-motion animation features such as *Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer* and the 1977 cartoon animation of *The Hobbit*. He is credited in over 1,000 television programs.

Arthur Gardner Rankin, Jr. was born on July 19, 1924 in New York City, New York. He was the son of actors, Arthur Rankin and Marian Mansfield. His grandparents, Harry Davenport and Phyllis Rankin, were also actors. He was of English and Irish ancestry.

Rankin died after a short illness on January 30, 2014 in Harrington Sound, Bermuda. He was 89. He was outlived by his wife, Greek actress Olga Karlatos and his two sons, Gardner and Todd.

## References
## Other websites
*
9 BC

Year **9 BC** was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Drusus and Crispinus**.

## Events 
* Pannonia is added to the Roman Empire.  It is made part of Illyria.
* Nero Claudius Drusus begins to fight against the Marcomanni
* Tiberius Claudius Nero continues the conquest of Germania

## Births 
* Emperor Ping of Han (d. AD 6)
* Claudius Livius Fresius (d. AD 57)

## Deaths 
* Nero Claudius Drusus, (b. 38 BC)
10 BC

Year **10 BC** was either a common year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Tuesday or Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Antonius**.

## Events 
* The Obelisk of Montecitorio is brought to Rome. It is made part of the Solarium Augusti, now in the Piazza Montecitorio.
* The Romans build a bridge across the Rhine near Bonn
* A Roman military camp is started at Speyer

## Births 
* Claudius, Roman emperor (d. AD 54)
* Agrippa I, king of Judea (d. AD 44)
* Marcus Verrius Flaccus, Roman grammarian (d. AD 20)
* Domitia Lepida, daughter of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Antonia Major (d. AD 54)\
11 BC

Year **11 BC** was either a common year starting on Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Tubero and Maximus**.

## Events 
* Battle of the Lupia River is a Roman victory
* Roman fortresses are built near Bonn, Dorsten, Haltern, and Oberaden

## Deaths 
* Octavia Minor, sister of Caesar Augustus (b. 69 BC)
12 BC

Year **12 BC** was either a common year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Quirinius**.

## Events 
* Tiberius Claudius Nero is called to Pannonia because of fighting by the Delmataeians.
* First official mention of *Argentoratum*, the city known in modern times as Strasbourg
* Emperor Augustus is given the title Pontifex Maximus
* Approximate date &ndash; Pyramid of Cestius built in Rome
* Beginning of Kushan Empire in India
* Comet Halley makes an appearance

## Births 
* Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus, member of the Roman Senate (d. AD 20)
* Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Postumus, son of Julia the Elder and grandson of Augustus (d. AD 14)

## Deaths 
* King Azes II
* Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, statesman, general (b. c. 63 BC)
* Propertius, poet (b. c. 50&ndash;45 BC)
13 BC

Year **13 BC** was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Nero and Varus**.

## Events 
* The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus builds a stronghold in what is now the city of Mainz, Germany
* Drusus is made governor of Gaul. He traveled to the North Sea to pay tribute to the Frisii.

## Births 
* Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Vipsania Agrippina (d. AD 23)
* Livilla, daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor (d. AD 31)

## Deaths 
* Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, member of the Roman Senate (approximate date) (b. c. 77 BC)
* Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, triumvir (b. c. 90 BC)
Tammam Salam

**Tammam Saeb Salam** (تمام سلام born 1945) is a Lebanese politician. He served as minister of culture from 2008 to 2009. He was tasked with forming a new government on 6 April 2013. Salam was one of the Sunni politicians close to the pro-Syrian camp in Lebanon. Salam was finally elected Prime Minister on 15 February 2014.

## Personal Life 
Tammam Salam is related to Nawaf Salam, who is the former President of the International Court of Justice, located in the Hague, the Netherlands. Nawaf Salam is now currently the Prime Minister of Lebanon since 2025. 

## References
## Other websites
Santa Cruz, Davao del Sur

**Santa Cruz** is a municipality in the Philippines. It is part of the province of Davao del Sur, on the island of Mindanao. There were about 91,000 people living in Santa Cruz in 2015.

The town is in the northern part of Davao del Sur. It is south of Davao City, the capital of the province. The municipality covers 6.7% of the total land area of Davao del Sur.

Santa Cruz is the oldest municipality in the province. It was founded on 5 October 1884, by Spanish explorers and missionaries. Most of the people in Santa Cruz today are either Muslim or Christian. The languages spoken in Santa Cruz are Cebuano, Tagalog, Mansakan, and English.

## Barangays
Santa Cruz is divided into 18 barangays.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Melanie Chartoff

**Melanie Chartoff** (born December 15, 1948) is an American actress. She played Lillah Warfield in *Wiseguy* on CBS. Also on CBS, she played Dr. Mary on *Newhart*

Chartoff was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 15, 1948.

## Animated television 
## References
Sophie McShera

**Sophie McShera** (born 17 May 1985) is an English actress. She played pupil Ros McCain in the BBC One school-based drama series *Waterloo Road* from 2009 to 2010 and played kitchen maid Daisy Mason in the ITV historical drama series *Downtown Abbey* from 2010 to 2015. She also played Drizella in the 2015 fantasy adaptation of *Cinderella*.

McShera was born in Bradford, Yorkshire.

## References
## Other websites
*
Prairie Village, Kansas

**Prairie Village** is a city in northeast Kansas, very close to Kansas City. The 2020 census population was near 23,000. Construction of the Prairie Village began in 1941. The city was incorporated in 1951.

The city is in Johnson County.

## References
Michel Suleiman

**Michel Suleiman** or **Sleiman** ( '''', born 21 November 1948) is a Lebanese politician. He was the President of Lebanon from 2008 to 2014. Before becoming President, he served as Commander of the Lebanese Armed Forces from 1998 to 2008.

After Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) commander Émile Lahoud took office as President in November 1998, Suleiman succeeded him, taking his place in December. Suleiman was later elected President and was sworn into office on 25 May 2008.

## References
## Other websites
Mantura

The **mantura** () is a wind musical instrument. It is originally from the Greek island of Crete. It has 4 to 6 holes for the fingers and makes sound with the help of the tongue. 

## References
*Traditional Greek instruments
Garrett Morris

**Garrett Gonzalez Morris** (born February 1, 1937) is an American comedian, educator, and actor. He was part of the original cast of the sketch comedy program *Saturday Night Live*, appearing from 1975 to 1980. He starred as Uncle Junior King in The Jamie Foxx Show. He also starred as Earl the Cashier on the sitcom *2 Broke Girls*.

## References
## Other websites
* 
*
Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin

**Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin** (10 July 1922 &ndash; 8 March 2013) was a German Army officer in World War II and later worked as a publisher. He founded the Munich Security Conference in 1963.

A member of the von Kleist family, his parents were active in the German resistance against Adolf Hitler. Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, who lived to be 90, was the last surviving member of the 20 July 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler.

Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist died at his home in Munich on 8 March 2013 from natural causes. He was 90.

## References
## Other websites
* Baron von Kleist is Ambassador’s Guest of Honor 
* Interview with Ewald von Kleist 
* Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin on 15 November 2007, Stauffenberg 100th anniversary
* Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist, plotter against Hitler and founder of the Munich Conferences, died on March 8th, aged 90; economist.com, Mar 23rd 2013
Leawood, Kansas

**Leawood** is a city in eastern Kansas. It is close to Kansas City. In 2020, almost 34,000 people lived there. This city was named for Oscar G. Lee.

Leawood is located in Johnson County.

## References
Mantura (beetle)

***Mantura*** is a genus of beetles in the family Chrysomelidae.

## Species 
* *Mantura ambigua* (Kutschera, 1862)
* *Mantura chrysanthemi* (Koch, 1903) – common in England, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco.
* *Mantura cylindrica* (Miller, 1880)
* *Mantura horioni* (Heikertinger, 1940)
* *Mantura lutea* (Allard, 1859)
* *Mantura matthewsi* (Stephens, 1832) – common in Slovakia and Turkey.
* *Mantura nepala* (Medvedev, 2004)
* *Mantura obtusata* (Gyllenhal, 1813) – can be found nearly everywhere in Europe.
* *Mantura rustica* (Linnaeus, 1766)

## References
James Condon

**James Thomas Condon** (27 September 1923 &ndash; 14 February 2014) was an Australian actor. He made many television appearances on  shows such as: *The Story of Peter Grey*, *Homicide*, *Matlock Police*, *Number 96*, *Bellamy*, *The Young Doctors*, ''Carson's Law*, *Sons and Daughters*, *Prisoner*, *The Flying Doctors*, *Neighbours*, *Blue Heelers* and *Something in the Air''. He was born on 27 September 1923 in Fremantle, Western Australia. He was of Irish ancestry.

Condon died on 14 February 2014, at the age of 90. He was outlived by his four daughters: Elizabeth, Susan, Katherine and Mary-Jane. His wife, actress Anne Haddy, died in 1999.

## References
## Other websites
*
15 BC

Year **15 BC** was either a common year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Drusus and Piso**.

## Events
* Roman province of Raetia is started (in modern-day Switzerland).  Chur is the capital. 
* Drusus builds the Via Claudia Augusta through Italy
* Vienna becomes a frontier city (Vindobona) guarding the Roman Empire against the Germanic peoples

## Births 
* Germanicus, Roman general (d. AD 19)
* Phaedrus, Roman fabulist (d. AD 50)

## Deaths 
* Lucius Munatius Plancus, consul (b. c. 87 BC)
* Vedius Pollio, equestrian friend of Augustus
Athous

***Athous*** is a genus of beetles in the family Elateridae. Beetles in this family are called "click beetles". *Athous* is one of the largest genera of click beetles, containing more than a hundred species.

Species were first organised into this genus by Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz in 1829.

The larvae, called "wireworms", feed on roots of plants and also on seeds lying on the ground. They are considered pests by farmers because they damage crops. They also live in rotting wood.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ampedus

***Ampedus*** is a genus in the family of Elateridae. These beetles are called "click beetles". It contains a large number of species.

## Other websites 
* 
* Ampedus at *BugGuide*
Kangasniemi

**Kangasniemi** is a municipality in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 5,800 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Hankasalmi, Hirvensalmi, Joutsa, Mikkeli, Pieksämäki and Toivakka.

Kangasniemi was established in 1867. It has over 40 villages.

## Other websites 
* The official Kangasniemi page translated to 4 languages
Lenexa, Kansas

**Lenexa**  is a city in Johnson County, Kansas United States. It is the 9th most populated city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. In 2020, 57,434 people lived there. It is where Garmin was created. It is the regional headquarters of Kiewit Construction and the former headquarters of Applebee’s. It is bordered by the cities of Shawnee to the north, Overland Park to the east, De Soto to the west and Olathe to the south.

## Geography
Lenexa is at  (38.964689, -94.759535). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  is water.

## People
### 2020 census
The 2020 census says that there were 57,434 people, 23,934 households, and 15,432 families living in Lenexa. Of the households, 57.0% owned their home and 43.0% rented their home.

The median age was 38.4 years. Of the people, 78.0% were White, 6.4% were Black, 4.1% were Asian, 0.4% were Native American, 0.1% were Pacific Islanders, 2.9% were from some other race, and 8.1% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.3% of the people.

### 2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 48,190 people, 19,288 households, and 13,065 families living in Lenexa.

## Economy
Garmin was created in Lenexa  says that the biggest employers in the city are:

## References
## Other websites
;City
* City of Lenexa
* Lenexa - Directory of Public Officials
;Schools
* De Soto School District
* Olathe School District
* Shawnee Mission School District
;Maps
* Lenexa City Map, KDOT
Tachys

***Tachys*** is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae. It contains hundreds of species.

Species were first organised into this genus in 1821, by Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean.

## References
## More reading
* Darlington, P.J. (1962) *Australian Carabid beetles XI. Some *Tachys*.* *Psyche*, **69**(3): 117-128. 

## Other websites
*
Joroinen

**Joroinen** is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, over 5,200 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Juva, Leppävirta, Pieksämäki, Rantasalmi and Varkaus.

Joroinen was established in 1631.

The nearest airport is in Varkaus.

## Nearest cities
* Varkaus – 16 kilometres
* Rantasalmi – 35 kilometres
* Pieksämäki – 40 kilometres
* Mikkeli – 70 kilometres
* Savonlinna – 80 kilometres

## References
## Other websites 
* The official page
Agriotes

***Agriotes*** is a genus of beetles in the family Elateridae. These beetles are called "click beetles". The genus contains many species. They are found in the Americas, Asia and much of Europe.

The larvae, called "wireworms", feed on roots of plants and also on seeds lying on the ground. They are considered pests by farmers because they damage crops.

*Agriotes* is divided into four subgenera:
**Agriodrastus* Reitter, 1911
**Agriotes* Eschscholtz, 1829
**Tinecoides* Gurjeva, 1979
**Tinecus* Fleutieux, 1940

## References
## Other websites
Hirvensalmi

**Hirvensalmi** is a municipality in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 2,350 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Joutsa, Kangasniemi, Mikkeli, Mäntyharju and Pertunmaa.

The municipality was established in 1656.

## Villages 
Hirvenlahti, Hirvensalmi (urban area), Hurrila, Hämeenmäki, Kekkola, Kilkki, Kissakoski, Kotkatvesi, Kuitula, Lahnaniemi, Lelkola, Malvaniemi, Merrasmäki, Monikkala, Noitti, Parkkola, Puukonsaari, Pyörnilä, Pääskynsaari, Pöyry (Hirvensalmi), Ripatti, Suonsalmi, Syväsmäki, Tuukkala, Vahvamäki, Vahvaselkä and Vaisälänsaari.

## Other websites 
* The official Hirvensalmi page
Trechoblemus

***Trechoblemus*** is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae. It contains the following species:

* *Trechoblemus lindrothi* (Sueasom, 1957)
* *Trechoblemus microphthalmus* (Ueno, 1955)
* *Trechoblemus micros* (Herbst, 1784)
* *Trechoblemus postilenatus* (Bates, 1873)
* *Trechoblemus valentinei* (Suenson, 1957)
* *Trechoblemus westcotti* (Barr, 1972)

## References
## Other websites
*
Honkajoki

**Honkajoki** is a former municipality in Satakunta, Finland. As of January 2014, more than 1,800 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Isojoki, Kankaanpää, Karvia, Kauhajoki and Siikainen. The most notable water system is Karvianjoki. There are no lakes in the municipality. There are many untouched swamps.

Honkajoki was established in 1867. It was merged with the town of Kankaanpää on 1 January 2021.

## Economy
Compared to population, Honkajoki has many companies.

## Villages 
Antila, 
Katko, 
Lauhala, 
Paasto, 
Vataja, 
Pappila, 
Mämminmaa,
Pukara,
Perämaa and
Jyllinkoski

## Other websites 
* The official page, Finnish and Estonian