open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Thurgood Marshall

**Thurgood Marshall** (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Thurgood Marshall, earlier named Thoroughgood Marshall (which he changed in 2nd or 3rd grade), was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Marshall served on the Court from 1967 to 1991. In 1946 he was awarded the Springarn Medal for all his achievements and hard work for the NAACP. Marshall had been one of the NAACP's top lawyers. He was one of the lawyers who argued *Brown v. Board of Education*. He was also Solicitor General of the United States.

Thurgood Marshall attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore, Maryland and was in the class with the brightest students. He graduated a year early in 1925 with a B-grade average, and was in the top three of his class. In 1929, he married Vivian Burey. He went on to attend Lincoln University and graduated in 1930. He applied to the University of Maryland Law School, but was denied admission because he was black. He later joined the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and became an active member. In 1934, Marshall became director of the NAACP, Legal Defense and for an Educational Fund. He won his first major civil rights case in Maryland in 1935 with the help of Charles Houston. He won 29 of 32 Supreme Court cases. He went on to argue thirty-two cases before the Supreme Court in 1940. Marshall argued in the Smith v. Allwright which disputed the Texan government preventing the rights of black people from voting in 1944. He also fought in the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka about racial segregation in public schools in 1948, which was one of the biggest cases of the century. In 1954 the Supreme Court ended racial segregation in public schools. This was a rule violation of the 14th Amendment. It made way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement. He then went on to investigate U.S. Army courts-martial in 1950-1951, in Japan and Korea to help African American soldiers. In 1961 John F. Kennedy appointed him to the US Court of Appeals and he won 29 cases before attending the Supreme Court.

He fought for individual rights. He wrote that "*A child born to a black mother in a state like Mississippi….. has the same rights as a white boy born to the wealthiest person the United States. It’s not true, but I challenge anyone to say it is not a goal worth working for..*" Marshall believed that both blacks and whites should have equal rights but it was not happening in the United States. He thought it was right for both rich and poor children to have equal rights. This quote had to do with Thurgood Marshall’s life because he was not rich but his parents and teachers worked hard to help him become a lawyer. He had to memorize the constitution. As a lawyer, he fought to end segregation between blacks and whites.

An elementary school in Seattle, WA was named after him.
List of towns and villages in Illinois

This is a **list of towns and villages of the state of Illinois, United States**, by letter.

For cities, go to List of cities in Illinois.

## A
## B
## C
## D
## E
## F
## G
## H
## I
## J
## K
## L
## M
## N
## O
## P
## R
## S
## T
## U
## V
## W
## X
## Y
Orrorin tugenensis

***Orrorin tugenensis*** (abbreviated ***O. tugenensis***) is an extinct species of hominid. It is one of the oldest early humans ever to exist. Scientists think it is the second-oldest known hominin ancestor that is possibly related to modern humans. 

Individuals of this species were about the size of a modern chimpanzee. They climbed trees, but probably also walked on two feet.*. 

## Discovery 
In 1974 the first *Orrorin tugenensis* fossil was found by Martin Pickford in the Tugen Hills of Kenya. The name *tugenensis'' refers to this location. 

Later, additional fossils were found in the same location. They were estimated be between 6.2 and 6.0 million years old, from the late Miocene epoch.

## Related pages 
* Human timeline
* Human evolution
* Hominidae

## References
Jonathan Nott

**Jonathan Nott** (born Solihull, England in 1963) is an English conductor. He was a choral scholar at the University of Cambridge, and also studied singing and flute in Manchester and conducting in London.

In 1988, he started his career as conductor. He became music director at the Lucerne Theatre, and principal conductor of the Lucerne Symphony Orchestra from 1997 to 2002. He made recordings of works by György Ligeti with the Berlin Philharmonic. Nott often conducts the Ensemble InterContemporain (EIC). Since 2000 he has been conductor of the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Schubert: Symphonies Nos. 5 & 8* (2005)
* *Mahler: Symphony No. 9* (2009)

## References
Industry

(Poland), probably taken 1877 or 1878.]]
In economics, different kinds of manufacturing and services are broken down into groups called **industries**. The word comes from a Latin word meaning "working diligently at a task". There are many different industries, like mining, farming and logging. The industrial revolution made new industries.

An industry produces goods or services which are of a common set of qualities and which are indistinguishable (called homogeneous, in economics). It uses standardised processes for production, mass production and division of labor.

## History
### Slavery
Slavery, which is forcing people to make goods and services, has happened since ancient times throughout the world as a way to have low-cost production. It usually produces goods for which profit depends on economies of scale.  International law has declared slavery illegal.

### Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution (from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century) saw the development and popularization of using machines to make goods instead of using hands. The industrial revolution played a role in the abolition of slavery in Europe and in North America.

## References
Ardipithecus kadabba

do]]
***Ardipithecus kadabba*** (abbreviated ***Ar. kadabba***) is a species of very early hominid. It is now extinct. It lived from around 5.8 million to 5.2 million years ago.

It is one of two species in the genus *Ardipithecus.* The other is *Ardipithecus ramidus*.

The name "kadabba" refers to the word for "oldest ancestor" in the Afar language of Ethiopia.

## Discoveries 
The first *Ar. kadabba* fossil was found in 1997 by paleoanthropologist Yohannes Haile-Selassie. At first, he thought the fossil came from a subspecies of *Ar. ramidus.* Then he found another 11 specimens from at least 5 individuals.

These specimens included hand and foot bones, partial arm bones, and a collarbone.* Scientists later learned that *Ar. kadabba* came before *Ar. ramidus* and was probably its ancestor.

In total, scientists have found 19 *Ar. kadabba'' specimens that include parts of the teeth, jaw, feet, and hands and arms.

Their bodies and brains were probably a similar size to modern chimpanzees'. Their diet probably included a lot of tough, fibrous foods, like hard nuts.

Based on fossil animal evidence found near *Ar. kadabba* remains, the species lived in a wooded area with access to permanent fresh water sources (like lakes and springs). The area included swamps and grasslands.

## References
Ardipithecus ramidus

do]]
***Ardipithecus ramidus*** is an extinct species of very early hominid. Its scientific name is abbreviated as ***Ar. ramidus***. This species lived in the Afar Depression in Ethiopia from about 5.8 to 4.4 million years ago.

## Discoveries 
Between 1992-1994, paleoanthropologist Tim White and his team found *Ar. ramidus* fossils that included 45% of a complete skeleton and the remains of 35 separate individuals. These fossils were dated to around 4.4 million years ago.

*Ar. ramidus* was named after the word *ramid*, which means "root" in the Afar language of Ethiopia.

## Description 
 fragments]]

### Walking 
*Ar. ramidus* had adaptations that allowed it to walk upright (bipedalism) or to live in the trees (an arboreal lifestyle). We know it did not walk on its knuckles. It probably spent a lot of time in the trees and could not walk on two feet for very long. 

It would have been less efficient at running and walking than members of *Australopithecus* or *Homo.

*Ar. ramidus* lacked the large canine teeth that male chimpanzees use when showing aggression.

### Body 
*Ar. ramidus* was about the same size as modern chimpanzees. Males and females were similar in size, like with humans. This is different from *Australopithecus*, where males are much larger than females. (That is called sexual dimorphism.)

The proportion of their limbs to their bodies does not match humans or African apes; instead, it is similar to Old World monkeys.

## Diet 
Based on analysis of fossil teeth, *Ar. ramidus* had a mostly plant-based diet.** Still, it was probably more omnivorous than chimpanzees, eating a wider range of foods both on the ground and in the trees. These may have included nuts, fruits, leaves, tubers, insects, woodland plants, and small mammals. 

*Ar. ramidus* did not have the large jaws it would need for heavy chewing (like eating roots). It also did not have the large incisors it would need to specialize in eating fruit, like chimpanzees do.

Some studies suggest that *Ar. ramidus* regularly used its front teeth to clamp and pull, which may mean their diet included a lot of leaves.

## Related pages 
* *Ardipithecus*
* *Ardipithecus kadabba''
* Human evolution
* Paleoanthropology

## References
Isabella of France

**Isabella of France** (1292 – 22 August 1358) was the queen consort of England as the wife of Edward II of England. She was also Regent of England for her son Edward III of England when he was too young to rule. Until 1325, she was a traditional queen consort. She then had one of the worst reputations of any English queen.

## Early life 
She was the daughter of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre. As the daughter of two monarchs, she was destined to be a queen. While France and England had a common culture, political relations between them were tense. To ease the situation Pope Boniface VIII arranged two marriages. This double alliance was between Edward I of England and Margeret of France and between the infant Edward II marrying Isabella of France. The marriage between Edward II and Isabella would wait until she was old enough.

## Young queen 
At age 12, the young bride was already considered a great beauty. Since his father's death a year earlier, the 24-year-old Edward II was now king, but he showed very little interest in Isabella. His first act as king was to recall the exiled Piers Gaveston. One chronicler wrote, "He had home his greatest love". From the beginning of his marriage to Isabella, their relationship was not good. She wrote to her father to say that she was living in poverty. Gaveston even displayed his coat of arms next to the king's, instead of Isabella's.

The barons and Isabella's kinsmen were angry over those insults to their new queen, To escape the barons, Edward and Gaveston fled north taking Isabella with them. They left her  at York while Edward and Gaveston escaped on a ship, but the barons were not upset with Isabella. By 1324, Edward had given all her lands to Despenser. She had their son, the future King of England, with her, and Edward could do nothing. She was then joined by Roger Mortimer an English exile. Another who came to her aid was Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, Edward II's half-brother. Many were upset with Edward II and the Despensers. 

## Hainaut 
However, Isabella was short of funds. She and her followers went north to Hainaut to find more support. In turn for their support, she negotiated a marriage for her son Edward to Philippa of Hainaut. She also gave up any claims she had to the French crown.

## Return to England 
In 1326, Isabella and her army landed at Suffolk. Neither Edward II or the Despensers could mount an army against her.She had four children and at least three miscarriages. When she later died, she was buried in her wedding dress.

## References
Emmen

**Emmen** is a municipality in the northeast of the Netherlands. Around 57,000 people live in Emmen (2013).
Corpus callosum

The **corpus callosum** is part of the brain in humans and other eutherian mammals. It is the largest connective pathway in the brain. Its over 200 million nerve fibers connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain. 

The corpus callosum relates to the lateralization of brain function. Because the two side of the brain communicate so intensively, they can afford to specialise in doing somewhat different things.

## Only in higher mammals 
The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals (the eutherians). It is absent in monotremes and marsupials, and other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. 

Other groups do have brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres. The anterior commissure serves as the main cross-hemisphere communication in marsupials. 

The fibrous bundle of the corpus callosum increases to such an extent in humans that it wedges apart the hippocampal structures.

## References
Victor Cristaldo

**Victor Cristaldo** is a former Australian Football (soccer) player of the 1980s and 1990s. He played for the Melbourne Knights in Australia.  He also played for the Paraguayan teams Sport Colombia and Presidente Hayes.

## References
Coevorden

**Coevorden** is a municipality in the north-east of the Netherlands, in the province of Drenthe. It has about 35,000 inhabitants (2016).
Ardipithecus

***Ardipithecus*** is a genus of very early hominid. It is the earliest known genus of the family Hominidae, which includes humans but not great apes. 

*Ardipithecus* lived during the late Neogene period, in the Afar Depression in Ethiopia. It is now extinct.

The genus *Ardipithecus* includes two known species. The first is *Ardipithecus kadabba*, which lived from around 5.8 million to 5.2 million years ago. The second is *Ardipithecus ramidus*, which lived from about 5.8 million to 4.4 million years ago. 

Scientists think *Ar. kadabba* evolved into *Ar. ramidus,* and *Ardipithecus* evolved into *Australopithecus* Scientists also learned that *Ar. kadabba* came before *Ar. ramidus* and was probably its ancestor. Their bodies and brains were probably a similar size to modern chimpanzees'.

## *Ardipithecus ramidus* 
*See the main page: Ardipithecus ramidus*, like chimpanzees do]]Paleoanthropologists have found fossils from at least 44 *Ar. ramidus* individuals in the Afar Depression. These fossils were dated to between 4.32 and 4.51 million years ago.

*Ar. ramidus* could walk upright or live in trees. It probably spent a lot of time in the trees and could not walk on two feet for very long. It would have been less efficient at running and walking than members of *Australopithecus* or *Homo. and may have looked like bonobos. 

*Ardipithecus* shares several traits with the African great ape genera (*Pan* and *Gorilla''). Some scientists think it may be more closely related to these genera than to humans. 

## Related pages 
* Human timeline

## References
Military organization

(Annual Exercise) with USN and JASDF vehicles.]]

A **military organization** is a way of making up the armed forces of a state so as to offer military capability as needed by a national defence policy. Armed forces are led by officers, who command military units such as squads, platoons, companies, battalions, brigades and so forth. In some countries paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces. Armed forces that are not a part of the military or paramilitary s, such as insurgent forces, often mimic military organizations, or use ad hoc s.
Curry tree

The **curry tree** (*Murraya koenigii*), also known as **karivepaku,** **karibevu**, **karivepallai**, **karivembu**, or **kadipatta**, is a kind of tree. It is found mostly in hot climates, and is a native plant of India. The leaves of the curry tree are called curry leaves or sweet Neem leaves.

Usually, curry trees grow to 4-6 metres tall, and their trunk grows to 40 centimetres in diameter. Small black, shiny berries that grow on the tree can be eaten, but their seeds are poisonous.

The scientific name of the curry tree, *Murraya koenegii*, was chosen to celebrate the botanist Johann Gerhard König, who worked for a long time in India.

## References
Detachment (military)

A **detachment** (from the French word *détachement*) is a military unit. It can be broken off from a bigger unit for a set reason or (as often seen in United States Army usage) can be a  unit smaller than a battalion. The term is often used to refer to a unit that is sent to a  base from the parent unit. 

A Cadet detachment usually consists of between 10 and 40 cadets. Several detachments make up a cadet company.
Battalion

]]

A Battalion is a Military Unit.It is composed of around 500-1500 men.It is often made up of two to seven companies and is under the command of a Lieutenant Colonel or another officer.More than one Battalion often makes up a regiment or a brigade.In the United States Army,Battalions are made up of a Headquarters Company (Or Headquarters Troops for Cavalry Squadrons and Headquarters Batteries for Artillery Battalions) and several support Companies (Or Support Troops for Cavalry Units/Support Batteries for Artillery Units).In a United States Marine Corps Battalion there is a Headquarters and Service Company and several Support Companies assigned to it.There are several types of Battalions in the United States Army. They include Intelligence Battalions,Engineer Battalions,Artillery Battalions,Aviation Battalions,Etc.

A Battalion is often the smallest military unit able to do movement on their own without being part of a larger unit.The battalion is often part of a regiment,group or a brigade. 

Depending on the Region and Country/Service in which the Battalion is assigned to,there are several important people in a Battalion Headquarters and they include the following:
* Commanding Officer (CO)-The Commanding Officer of a Battalion is always a Lieutenant Colonel or even a full Colonel
* Second-in-command (2i/c)-The Second-In-Command is often a Major or a lieutenant Colonel if the Battalion is commanded by a full Colonel
* Adjutant-The Adjutant is either a Captain or a Major
* Quartermaster (QM)-The Quartermaster is either a Captain or a Major
* Regimental Medical Officer (RMO)-The Army Medical Services usually employs either a Captain or a Major as the Regimental Medical Officer
* Regimental Administrative Officer (RAO)-The Adjutant General's Corps employs either a Captain or a Major as the Regimental Administrative Officer
* Padre-The Royal Army Chaplains Department employs a Chaplain to provide support to members who may be experiencing mental, emotional and physical trauma while they are in service.
* Regimental Intelligence Officer (RIO)-The Regimental Intelligence Officer is either a Lieutenant or a Captain
* Regimental Signals Officer (RSO)-The Royal Corps of Signals employs either a Lieutenant or a Captain as the Regimental Signals Officer
* Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM)-In Bermuda a Regimental Sergeant Major is usually a Warrant Officer Class 1
* Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant (RQMS)-The Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant is usually a Warrant Officer Class 2

## Other websites 
*French Infantry of the Napoleonic Wars
*''The Battalion Commander's Handbook'' , 1996, By Major General Richard A. Chilcoat, US Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania
Native (ecology)

A species is called **indigenous** or **native** to a  when that species lives there because of the natural environment, not human change. A species is an **indigen** if it lives in the wild and has not had artificial selection by humans. 

If a species is in a place because it was moved by humans, the species is not indigenous to that place. It is an introduced species.

## Related pages 
*Endemism
1984 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1984 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1984 and ended on November 30, 1984. Sometimes storms form outside these dates for example. An example of this is Hurricane Lili, which formed on December 12. Lili lasted until December 24.

This season was active, with 17 depression, 13 of them became a tropical storm, 5 of the tropical storms became hurricanes, and 1 of the hurricanes became a major hurricane. Most of the cyclones were weak. The only very damaging storm was Hurricane Diana. Diana was the major hurricane of the season, and the only storm to affect land as a hurricane. 

## Storms
*Tropical Depression One 
*Tropical Depression Two 
*Tropical Depression Three 
*Subtropical Storm One 
*Tropical Storm Arthur 
*Tropical Storm Bertha 
*Tropical Storm Cesar 
*Tropical Depression Seven 
*Hurricane Diana
*Tropical Storm Edouard 
*Tropical Storm Fran 
*Tropical Storm Gustav 
*Tropical Depression Eleven 
*Hurricane Hortense 
*Tropical Storm Isidore 
*Hurricane Josephine 
*Tropical Depression 
*Hurricane Klaus 
*Hurricane Lili
Kenyanthropus platyops

***Kenyanthropus platyops*** is an extinct hominid species discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1999. It was found by Justus Erus, who was part of Meave Leakey's team. 

The fossil is 3.5 to 3.2 million years old. It has a broad flat face with a toe bone that suggests it probably walked upright. Its teeth are intermediate between typical human and typical ape forms.

Leakey proposed that the fossil represents an entirely new hominin genus. Others classify it as a separate species of *Australopithecus:* *Australopithecus platyops.* Still others interpret it as an individual of *Australopithecus afarensis*.

If some palaeoanthropologists are correct, *Kenyanthropus* may not even represent a valid taxon. The specimen is so distorted by matrix-filled cracks that meaningful morphological characteristics are next to impossible to assess with confidence. 

## References 
## Other websites
Paranthropus boisei

***Paranthropus boisei*** is an extinct australopithecine. It is the largest of the *Paranthropus* species. Its scientific name is abbreviated *P. boisei.* 

*P. boisei* lived 2.3 million years ago to 1.2 million years ago, during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs in Eastern Africa. It may have evolved from *Paranthropus aethiopicus.* It is not a direct ancestor of modern humans. 

The species was originally called ***Zinjanthropus boisei**,* and then renamed ***Australopithecus boisei*** until recently. 

## Features 
*P. boisei* had a specialized skull with adaptations for chewing power. These enabled *P. boisei* to chew tough foods like roots, stems, and nuts. However, analysis of fossil teeth shows that *P. boisei* probably had a varied diet and did not depend completely on tough or hard foods. Fossils confirm that ''P. boisei's'' hands were capable of tool making.

It was 4' 6" tall for a male and 4' 1" for a female.

## References
Lady of the Lake

]]
The **Lady of the Lake** (Welsh name: *Arglwyddes y Llyn*) is a character of Arthurian legend. Different writers give her different names. Her roles include giving King Arthur his sword, Excalibur, taking Arthur to Camelot after the Battle of Camlann, raising Lancelot after the death of his father, and of enchanting Merlin. She is called Nimue, Viviane, Elaine, Niniane, Nyneve, or Nimueh, amongst others.
Takayuki Yamaguchi

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|1995||Brummell Sendai||Football League||14||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||22||3||3||2||4||1||29||6
|-
|1997||29||6||2||0||6||1||37||7
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||15||2||3||0||0||0||18||2
|-
|1999||4||0||0||0||3||0||7||0
|-
|1999||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||8||1||0||0||0||0||8||1
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||23||1||3||0||4||1||30||2
|-
|2001||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||7||0||0||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|2002||2||0||1||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2003||15||0||0||0||6||0||21||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Thespa Kusatsu||Football League||27||10||4||1||colspan="2"|-||31||11
|-
|2005||J. League 2||28||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||4
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||39||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||3
|-
|2007||27||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||1
|-
|2008||Machida Zelvia||Regional Leagues||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
273||32||23||3||27||3||323||38
273||32||23||3||27||3||323||38
|}

## References
The Southern Vampire Mysteries

***The Southern Vampire Mysteries*** is an adventure, mystery, and romance book series written by author Charlaine Harris. In the story scientists have invented a fake blood for vampires to drink, giving them a chance to live with humans peacefully. Sookie Stackhouse, the main character, meets a vampire in her hometown of *Bon Temps* (a made up place in Louisiana) and falls in love, however she must also solve the mysterious deaths in her town, using her ability to hear people's thoughts.

The book series was first published in 2001, and there are currently eight books all together. In 2007 a television show was created about the books called *True Blood*, which is on HBO.

## Books
* *Dead Until Dark* (2001)
* *Living Dead in Dallas* (2002)
* *Club Dead* (2003)
* *Dead to the World* (2004)
* *Dead as a Doornail* (2005)
* *Definitely Dead* (2006)
* *All Together Dead* (2007)
* *From Dead to Worse* (2008)
* *Dead and Gone* (2009)
* *A Touch of Dead* (October 2009)
* *Dead in the Family* (May 2010)

## References
## Other websites
* Charlaine Harris official website
Disk buffer

A **disk buffer** is a small amount of memory on a hard drive. Sometimes it is also called **cache buffer**, or **disk cache**, but these words should not be used, a disk buffer is not  a cache. In early 2015, hard disks usually have between 16 and 128 megabytes of such memory.

## Uses 
### Reading or writing data 
When writing data to the disk, the data needs to be written to a certain position on the disk. This is done by a component called disk read/write head.  This head needs to be moved to (or near) the correct track. After some settling time the read head begins to pick up bits. Usually, the first sectors to be read are not the ones that have been requested by the operating system. The disk's embedded computer typically saves these unrequested sectors in the disk buffer, in case the operating system requests them later.

### Speed 
The disk is attached to the computer by what is called an I/O interface. This interface almost always works at a different speed than that of the hard disk platter. In such a case, the disk buffer is used to store the data that comes from the disk, before it sent to the computer, or to store the data that comes from the computer before it can be written to the disk.

### Command queuing 
Modern disks often have a feature called *command queuing* (This is called TCQ in SCSI disks, and NCQ in SATA disks). This means that many commands can be sent at the same time, and the hard disk will put them into the best order. To store the commands and re-order them, the hard disk needs the disk buffer
Shinji Fujiyoshi

is a former Japanese football player.

## Career statistics 
## Managerial statistics
Update; *start from 2023 season*

## Other websites
*
SS-Verfügungstruppe

The **SS-Verfügungstruppe** (**The Combat Support Force**) (short: **SS-VT**) were combat divisions of the SS, trained to the same way as the normal German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht). They were the precursor of the later-developed Waffen-SS.

## History 
On 24 September 1934, a  SS military unit was made up by a group of a few other Nazi and paramilitary units like units known as SS Special Detachments (SS-Sonderkommandos) and the  Guard known as the (SS-Stabswache) units. The new group was to be trained as combat ready infantry. The unit was called SS-Special Purpose Troops (SS-Verfügungstruppe) and was not the police or the Armed Forces but military trained men for the use by the Führer in war or peace. The SS-Verfügungstruppe (known as SS-VT) was told to the public on 16 March 1935. The SS-VT trained with Hitler’s  guards some of which later joined the SS-VT prior to the invasion of Russia in 1941

Some units of the SS-VT worked with the Wehrmacht during the take over of the Sudetenland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, and took part in the invasion of Poland along with the   the Allies in the West. From the regiments that made up the SS-VT came the Waffen-SS (or *Armed*-SS) Divisions that fought in all German theaters in World War II. Units making up the SS-VT were not  as the "Waffen-SS" until a  by Adolf Hitler in July 1940.

In 1939 the whole SS was split into two s: the Allgemeine-SS (the General SS) and the Waffen-SS (the Armed SS).

The Waffen-SS was made up of three smaller groups
* The Hitler's  bodyguard (German: *Leibstandarte*)
* The Death's-Head Battalions () that ran the concentration camps. 
* The Combat Support Force, (German: ***Verfügungstruppe***) Up to 39 divisions in World War II that served as  combat troops fighting with the German army Wehrmacht.

In 1941 the commander of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, said that more Waffen-SS Verfügungstruppe units would be made from non-German  nationals. The  was to get more soldiers from occupied nations. Some of these foreign units included volunteers from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, and the Netherlands.

Countries like Spain, officially a neutral state, had by the end of the war given many volunteers to the Waffen SS (most of them with the SS Wallonien division) that took part in combat until the end of the European war in Berlin. This and many other volunteers of non-German background were believers in the German cause.

## Related pages
* Paul Hausser

## References
Mark Kinsella

**Mark Kinsella** (born 12 August 1972) is a former Irish football player. He has played for Republic of Ireland national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Colchester United**
*Football Conference: 1991–92
*FA Trophy: 1991–92

**Charlton Athletic**
*Football League First Division: 1999–2000

**Individual**
*FAI Senior International Player of the Year: 2000
*PFA Team of the Year: 1995–96 Third Division, 1999–2000 First Division
*Colchester United F.C. Player of the Year: 1993–94, 1995–96
*Charlton Athletic Player of the Year: 1997–98, 1998–99

## References
Shin Nakamura

**Shin Nakamura** (born 6 May 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1997||rowspan="4"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|Football League||17||1||2||0||1||0||20||1
|-
|1998||26||0||4||0||4||0||34||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||31||0||2||0||2||0||35||0
|-
|2000||39||2||1||0||2||0||42||2
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||38||1||3||1||2||0||43||2
|-
|2002||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
154||4||12||1||11||0||177||5
154||4||12||1||11||0||177||5
|}

## References
Eiji Gaya

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|Sumitomo Metal||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||4||0||||||0||0||4||0
|-
|1990/91||10||0||||||0||0||10||0
|-
|1991/92||9||0||||||0||0||9||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="5"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||3||0||5||0||8||0
|-
|1993||27||0||5||0||6||1||38||1
|-
|1994||35||0||1||0||1||0||37||0
|-
|1995||16||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
|-
|1996||1||0||0||0||2||0||3||0
|-
|1997||Yokohama Marinos||J. League 1||26||0||0||0||5||0||31||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||38||2||1||0||2||0||41||0
|-
|2001||26||0||1||0||1||0||28||0
192||2||11||0||23||1||226||3
192||2||11||0||23||1||226||3
Combot

**Combot** is a character made for the *Tekken* series. Its first and only appearance was in "*Tekken 4*".

## Introduction 
Combot is Mokujin's replacement in Tekken 4 (gameplay wise). Combot didn't mimic a different character every round like Mokujin, instead it changed fighting styles every match.

## Story 
Combot is a humanoid robot (a robot that was made to act like humans). Lee entered it in the King of Iron Fist Tournament 4 and he used it so he could win. He entered the tournament himself, disguising himself as a man named Violet

Combot is not like any other humanoid robot. A powerful AI function lets it mimic any human motion it can see. With this ability, Combot can do any job from childcare, housekeeping, service industries, and even military duty. 

This Combot is a unique version made for fighting. The making of Combot was very rushed so that it could be finished in time for The King of Iron Fist Tournament 4. 

Lee Chaolan’s plan was to have Combot memorize different of fighting styles as it went through the tournament. Lee was trying to create the most powerful fighting robot in the world and win the Mishima Zaibatsu at the same time. 

The development team did not have enough time to get rid of Combot's problems. As a result, a few bugs remained in its memory when the Tournament started. These bugs stop Combot from mimicking more than one person’s moves each time it starts up.

## Trivia 
* In Combot's ending animation, when Combot wins the tournament, the crowd are cheering "Combo bot!" instead of "Combot!".
* Combot and Violet are the only two characters that appear only in Tekken 4 and not in any other games.
* Combot can make metal sounds when hit by holding 'down' while the battle is loading just like Mokujin can make a wooden sound by doing the same.
* When Combot is selected on the character roster, the announcer does not say his name, instead Combot says his own name.
Yusuke Mori

**Yusuke Mori** (born 24 July 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kawasaki Frontale.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||1||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2000||5||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||29||1||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2002||J. League 1||11||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2003||11||0||0||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|2004||J. League 2||18||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="6"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||3||0||3||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2006||28||0||2||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||37||0
|-
|2007||30||1||4||2||5||0||6||0||45||3
|-
|2008||17||3||2||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||23||3
|-
|2009||30||0||1||0||4||0||7||0||42||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
184||5||14||2||32||1||13||0||243||8
184||5||14||2||32||1||13||0||243||8
|}

## References
*Kawasaki Frontale
Shinya Mitsuoka

**Shinya Mitsuoka** (born 22 April 1976) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||9||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||10||2
|-
|1996||1||0||1||3||2||0||4||3
|-
|1997||6||0||5||1||1||0||12||1
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||24||2||2||2||2||0||28||4
|-
|1999||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||21||3||2||0||2||0||25||3
|-
|2002||J. League 1||7||0||0||0||3||0||10||0
|-
|2003||Sagawa Express Tokyo||Football League||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
73||7||11||6||10||0||94||13
73||7||11||6||10||0||94||13
|}

## References
Takahiro Yamada

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yamada was born in Takatsuki on April 29, 1972. After graduating from Shimizu Commercial High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors (later *Yokohama Marinos*) in 1991. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league, J1 League. He became a regular player from 1992. The club won the champions in 1995 season. He played 159 matches for the club until 1997. He played for Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1998 and Verdy Kawasaki in 1999. In 2000, he moved to J2 League club Vegalta Sendai. The club won the 2nd place in 2001 and was promoted to J1. He retired end of the 2003 season.

On September 27, 1994, Yamada debuted for the Japan national team against Australia.

## Statistics
|-
|1990–91||rowspan="2"|Nissan Motors||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1991–92||9||0||||||1||0||10||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="6"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="6"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||9||1||9||1
|-
|1993||27||3||3||0||1||1||31||4
|-
|1994||32||1||1||0||3||1||36||2
|-
|1995||43||7||1||0||colspan="2"|-||44||7
|-
|1996||23||1||0||0||9||2||32||3
|-
|1997||25||6||0||0||5||0||30||6
|-
|1998||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J1 League||29||1||1||0||0||0||30||1
|-
|1999||Verdy Kawasaki||J1 League||27||1||3||0||2||0||32||1
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J2 League||19||0||1||1||0||0||20||1
|-
|2001||28||3||3||0||2||0||33||3
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|J1 League||18||0||2||0||2||0||22||0
|-
|2003||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
280||23||15||1||35||5||330||29
280||23||15||1||35||5||330||29
|}

|-
|1994||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Kazuo Echigo

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Echigo was born in Mie District, Mie on December 28, 1965. After graduating from Yokkaichi Chuo Technical High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric (later *JEF United Ichihara*) in 1984. The club won 1985/86 Japan Soccer League and 1986 JSL Cup. In Asia, the club won 1986 Asian Club Championship. This is first Asian champions as Japanese club. In 1995, he moved to Japan Football League club Brummell Sendai (later *Vegalta Sendai*). The club was promoted to new league J2 League in 1999. He retired end of 1999 season.

On July 25, 1986, Echigo debuted for the Japan national team against Syria. He also played at 1986 Asian Games. In 1987, he was selected Japan for 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 6 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1987.

After retirement, Echigo started coaching career at Vegalta Sendai in 2000. He served as an assistant coach until 2004. In 2007, he signed with JEF United Chiba and became a manager for reserve team. In 2011, he returned to Vegalta Sendai and served as manager for youth team. In 2017, he became a manager for the women's team, Mynavi Vegalta Sendai Ladies. In 2017 season, the club was finished at the 4th place. However in 2018 season, the club won only 1 match in 9 matches and he resigned in June. In 2019, he became a manager for Chinese Taipei women's national team.

## Statistics
|-
|1984||rowspan="8"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||4||2||||||||||4||2
|-
|1985–86||22||4||||||4||0||26||4
|-
|1986–87||15||0||||||5||1||20||1
|-
|1987–88||10||0||||||2||0||12||0
|-
|1988–89||20||3||||||1||0||21||3
|-
|1989–90||13||1||||||2||1||15||2
|-
|1990–91||11||4||||||0||0||11||4
|-
|1991–92||13||3||||||1||0||14||3
|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="4"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||||||9||2||9||2
|-
|1993||22||3||3||0||3||0||28||3
|-
|1994||33||7||2||0||2||0||37||7
|-
|1995||11||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Brummell Sendai||rowspan="3"|Football League||22||7||3||0||colspan="2"|-||25||7
|-
|1997||9||2||0||0||3||1||12||3
|-
|1998||27||4||4||0||0||0||31||4
|-
|1999||Vegalta Sendai||J2 League||26||0||0||0||1||0||27||0
258||40||12||0||33||5||303||45
258||40||12||0||33||5||303||45
|}

|-
|1986||3||0
|-
|1987||3||1
|-
!Total||6||1
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Leonardo Araújo

**Leonardo Araújo** (born 5 September 1969) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Managerial statistics
## Honours
### Player
**Flamengo**
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1987
* Copa do Brasil: 1990

**São Paulo**
* Intercontinental Cup: 1993
* Recopa Sudamericana: 1993, 1994
* Supercopa Sudamericana: 1993

**Kashima Antlers**
* J1 League: 1996

**AC Milan**
* Serie A: 1998–99
* Coppa Italia: 2002–03

**Brazil**
* FIFA World Cup: 1994
* FIFA Confederations Cup: 1997
* Copa América: 1997

**Individual**
* Bola de Prata: 1991
* A.C. Milan Hall of Fame
* Golden Foot Award Legends: 2018

### Manager
**Inter Milan**
* Coppa Italia: 2010–11
## References
Raí

**Raí** (born 15 May 1965) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**São Paulo**
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1991
* Campeonato Paulista: 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000
* Copa Libertadores: 1992, 1993
* Intercontinental Cup: 1992

**Paris Saint-Germain**
* Division 1: 1993–94
* Coupe de France: 1994–95, 1997–98
* Coupe de la Ligue: 1994–95, 1997–98
* Trophée des Champions: 1995
* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1995–96; runner-up 1996–97

**Brazil**
* FIFA World Cup: 1994
* Copa América runner-up: 1991
**Individual**
* Bola de Prata: 1989
* Intercontinental Cup Most Valuable Player of the Match Award: 1992
* South American Footballer of the Year: 1992
* South American Team of the Year: 1992
*IFFHS World's Best International Goal Scorer: 1992''''''
* ESM Team of the Year: 1995–96
* Laureus Sport for Good Award: 2012
* Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur: 2013
* Honorary degree of the Paris Nanterre University: 2019

## References
Samuel Eto'o

**olayinka etoo fil** (; born 10 March 1981) is a Cameroonian football administrator and former player who is the current president of the Cameroonian Football Federation.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
### Manager
## Honours
**Mallorca**
*Copa del Rey: 2002–03

**Barcelona**

*African Cup of Nations: 2000, 2002
*Olympic Gold Medal: 2000
**Individual**
* Young African Player of the Year: 2000
* African Player of the Year: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010
* ESM Team of the Year: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2010–11
* FIFA World Player of the Year Bronze Award: 2005
* FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2005, 2006
* UEFA Team of the Year: 2005, 2006
* UEFA Champions League top assist provider: 2005–06
* African Cup of Nations top goalscorer: 2006, 2008
* UEFA Club Forward of the Year: 2006	
* Coppa Italia top goalscorer: 2010–11
* Russian Premier League MVP Award: 2012–13
* Golden Foot: 2015
* Globe Soccer Player Career Award: 2016
* IFFHS All-time Africa Men's Dream Team: 2021
* Inter Milan Hall of Fame: 2021

**Records**
* African Cup of Nations all-time top goalscorer
* RCD Mallorca all-time top goalscorer

## References 
## Other websites
*
*
*
*Samuel Eto'o Private Foundation
Oscar (footballer, born 1954)

**José Oscar Bernardi** (born 20 June 1954) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1972||rowspan="8"|Ponte Preta||||0||0
|-
|1973||||0||0
|-
|1974||||0||0
|-
|1975||||0||0
|-
|1976||rowspan="3"|Série A||12||0
|-
|1977||16||1
|-
|1978||6||0
|-
|1979||||0||0

|-
|1980||New York Cosmos||NASL||3||0

|-
|1980||rowspan="8"|São Paulo||rowspan="8"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1981||10||0
|-
|1982||16||0
|-
|1983||11||0
|-
|1984||12||2
|-
|1985||19||3
|-
|1986||9||1
|-
|1987||0||0
111||7
3||0
114||7
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1978||11||0
|-
|1979||1||0
|-
|1980||4||0
|-
|1981||13||0
|-
|1982||11||1
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||2||0
|-
|1985||11||0
|-
|1986||6||1
|-
!Total||59||2
|}

## References
Juninho Paulista

**Juninho Paulista** (born 22 February 1973) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
**Appearances and goals by national team and year**
*Supercopa Libertadores: 1993
*Intercontinental Cup: 1993
*Recopa Sudamericana: 1993, 1994
*Copa CONMEBOL: 1994

**Vasco da Gama**
*Premier League Player of the Season: 1996–97
*Bola de Prata: 2000, 2005

## References
Mauro Silva

**Mauro Silva** (born 12 January 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Bragantino**
*Campeonato Paulista: 1990

**Deportivo**
*La Liga: 1999–2000
*Copa del Rey: 1994–95, 2001–02
*Supercopa de España: 1995, 2000, 2002

**Brazil**
*FIFA World Cup: 1994
*Copa América: 1997; runner-up 1991
*CONCACAF Gold Cup: third place 1998

**Individual**
*Bola de Ouro: 1991
*Bola de Prata: 1991, 1992

## References
Massimo Ambrosini

**Massimo Ambrosini** (born 29 May 1977) is an Italian football player. He plays for Milan.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1994/95||Cesena||Serie B||25||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Milan||rowspan="2"|Serie A||7||0||4||0||3||0||14||0
|-
|1996/97||11||0||3||0||4||0||18||0
|-
|1997/98||Vicenza||Serie A||27||1||1||0||6||0||34||1
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="12"|Milan||rowspan="12"|Serie A||26||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1
|-
|1999/00||29||2||4||0||2||0||35||2
|-
|2000/01||16||3||3||1||7||0||26||4
|-
|2001/02||9||3||1||0||3||0||13||3
|-
|2002/03||21||1||3||1||13||0||37||2
|-
|2003/04||20||1||3||1||7||0||30||2
|-
|2004/05||22||1||4||2||11||1||37||4
|-
|2005/06||13||1||1||0||4||0||18||1
|-
|2006/07||19||2||3||0||12||0||34||2
|-
|2007/08||33||4||0||0||8||0||41||4
|-
|2008/09||28||7||0||0||5||1||33||8
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
306||29||35||5||85||2||432||35
306||29||35||5||85||2||432||35
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||7||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||3||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||6||0
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
!Total||35||0
|}

## References
Bebeto

**José Roberto Gama de Oliveira** (born 16 February 1964), known as **Bebeto** (), is a Brazilian former professional football player who played as a forward. He entered politics in the 2010 Brazilian general elections and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro representing the Democratic Labour Party.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International 
:''Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bebeto goal.''

## Honours
**Flamengo**
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1983, 1987
* Campeonato Carioca: 1986
* Taça Guanabara: 1984, 1988, 1989

**Vasco da Gama**
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1989
* Taça Guanabara: 1990

**Deportivo La Coruña**
* Copa del Rey: 1994–95
* Supercopa de España: 1995

**Botafogo**
* Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 1998

**Kashima Antlers**
* J League: 2000
* Emperor's Cup: 2000
* J.League Cup: 2000

**Brazil U20**
* FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1983

**Brazil U23**
* Pan American Games: 1987
* Olympic Games Silver medal: 1988; Bronze medal: 1996

**Brazil**
* FIFA World Cup: 1994
* Copa América: 1989
* FIFA Confederations Cup: 1997

**Individual**
* Campeonato Carioca top scorer: 1988, 1989
* Copa América top scorer: 1989
* South American Footballer of the Year: 1989
* South American Team of the Year: 1989
* Bola de Prata: 1992
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série A top scorer: 1992
* Pichichi Trophy: 1992–93
* Olympic Games top scorer: 1996
* Torneio Rio-São Paulo top scorer: 1999
* World Soccer: The 100 Greatest Footballers of All Time
* Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame

## References
Uzwil

**Uzwil** is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. 

## References 
## Other websites 
*www.uzwil.ch
London Calling

***London Calling*** is the third studio album by the English punk rock band the Clash. It was released in 1979 (1980 in the U.S).

The album represented a significant change in the Clash's musical style, which now featured major elements of ska, funk, pop, soul, jazz, rockabilly and reggae far more prominently than in their previous two albums.

## Track listing
All lead vocals by Joe Strummer, except where noted.

* On the original version of the album, "Train in Vain" was not listed on the sleeve, nor the label on the record itself, but a sticker indicating the track was affixed to the outer cellophane wrapper. It was also scratched into the vinyl in the run-off area on the fourth side of the album. Later editions included the song in the track listing.

## References