September 14

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
* 81 &ndash; Domitian becomes Roman Emperor.
* 1180 &ndash; Battle of Ishibashiyama in Japan.
* 1509 &ndash; Constantinople is hit by an earthquake, killing 13,000.
* 1515 &ndash; After the Battle of Marignano and defeat to French forces, Switzerland declares itself 'for ever' neutral.
* 1741 &ndash; George Frideric Handel completes his oratorio *Messiah*.
* 1752 &ndash; The British Empire adopts the Gregorian Calendar. In the change, the dates from September 3 to September 13 are missed out.
* 1763 &ndash; Seneca warriors defeat British forces at the Battle of Devil's Hole, during Pontiac's War.
* 1791 &ndash; The Papal States lose Avignon to France.
* 1808 &ndash; Finnish War: Russian forces defeat Swedish ones in the Battle of Oravais.
* 1812 &ndash; Napoleonic Wars: The French Grande Armée enters Moscow.
* 1814 &ndash; The poem *Defense of Fort McHenry* is written by Francis Scott Key. The poem is later used for the words in The Star-Spangled Banner.
* 1829 &ndash; The Russo-Turkish War ends.
* 1846 &ndash; Jang Bahadur and his brothers massacre about 40 members of the Nepalese Royal Court.
* 1847 &ndash; Mexican-American War: Winfield Scott captures Mexico City.
* 1856 &ndash; Battle of San Jacinto in Nicaragua.
* 1862 &ndash; American Civil War: The Battle of South Mountain, part of the Maryland Campaign, is fought.
* 1897 &ndash; Battleship *SMS Kaiser Wilhelm II* is launched.

### 1900 &ndash; 2000 
* 1901 &ndash; President of the United States William McKinley dies more than one week after being shot by Leon Czolgosz. He is succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt, who becomes the 26th President of the United States.
* 1917 &ndash; Russia is officially proclaimed a Republic.
* 1923 &ndash; Miguel Primo de Rivera becomes dictator of Spain.
* 1939 &ndash; World War II: The Estonian military boards the Polish submarine *ORP Orzel* in Tallinn, sparking a diplomatic incident that the Soviet Union will later use to justify taking over Estonia.
* 1940 &ndash; The Hungarian army, supported by local Hungarians, kills 158 Romanian civilians in Ip, Salay, Transylvania.
* 1944 &ndash; World War II: Maastricht becomes the first Dutch city to be liberated by the Allies.
* 1954 &ndash; In a top–secret nuclear test, a Soviet Tu–4 bomber drops a 40–kiloton atomic weapon just north of Totskoye village.
* 1958 &ndash; The first two Post–World War II German rockets, designed by engineer Ernst Mohr, reach the upper atmosphere.
* 1959 &ndash; The Soviet *Lunik 2* probe crashes onto the Moon, becoming the first man–made object to reach the Moon.
* 1960 &ndash; The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is founded.
* 1960 &ndash; With CIA help, Mobutu Sese Seko seizes power from Patrice Lumumba in the present–day Democratic Republic of the Congo, suspending the parliament and constitution.
* 1973 &ndash; The Gauja National Park is founded in present–day Latvia.
* 1975 &ndash; Rembrandt van Rijn's painting, *The Night Watch*, is attacked and damaged by a man with a knife at the *Rijksmuseum* in Amsterdam.
* 1975 &ndash; The first American saint, Elizabeth Ann Seton, is canonized by Pope Paul VI.
* 1979 &ndash; President of Afghanistan Nur Muhammad Taraki is deposed and killed on the orders of Hafizullah Amin, who becomes President.
* 1982 &ndash; Lebanese President–elect Bachir Gemayel is shot dead.
* 1982 &ndash; Grace Kelly dies after becoming seriously injured in a car crash.
* 1984 &ndash; Joe Kittinger flies a hot–air balloon across the Atlantic Ocean, becoming the first person to do so.
* 1985 &ndash; The Penang Bridge, connecting the island of Penang to mainland Malaysia, is opened.
* 1987 &ndash; Baseball: The Toronto Blue Jays set a record for the most home runs in a single game, hitting 10 of them.
* 1988 &ndash; Hurricane Gilbert hits Mexico.
* 1990 &ndash; Start of the Human Genome Project.
* 1992 &ndash; The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declares the break–away Croatian Republic of Herzeg–Bosnia to be illegal.
* 1994 &ndash; The Major League Baseball season is cancelled because of a strike.
* 1999 &ndash; Kiribati, Tonga and Nauru join the United Nations.
* 2000 &ndash; Microsoft releases Windows ME.

### From 2001 
* 2003 &ndash; Estonia approves EU membership.
* 2003 &ndash; In a coup in Guinea-Bissau, Kumba Iala is removed from power by Verissimo Correia Seabra, who takes measures towards democratisation of the country.
* 2007 &ndash; British bank Northern Rock experiences the first Bank Run in the UK for 150 years.
* 2008 &ndash; Sebastian Vettel becomes the youngest Formula One driver to win a Grand Prix.
* 2008 &ndash; Aeroflot Flight 821 crashes on approach to Perm Airport, Russia, killing all 88 people on board.
* 2014 &ndash; Sweden's parliamentary election ends with the Social Democrats under Stefan Löfven as the largest party.
* 2015 &ndash; Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott loses a vote of confidence within the Liberal Party. Malcolm Turnbull becomes the 29th Prime Minister of Australia the next day. 
* 2015 &ndash; The first observation of gravitational waves is made.
* 2017 &ndash; A series of bomb attacks near Nasiriyah, Iraq, results in 84 deaths.
* 2018 &ndash; Hurricane Florence, downgraded to a tropical storm, hits the states of North and South Carolina on the east coast of the United States.
* 2019 &ndash; An attack in Saudi Arabia affects 5% of the world's oil supply.

## Births 
### Up to 1900 
* 208 &ndash; Diadumenian, son of Roman Emperor Macrinus (d. 218)
* 1169 &ndash; Alexios II Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1183)
* 1388 &ndash; Claudius Clavus, Danish geographer (d. 1438)
* 1486 &ndash; Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German alchemist (d. 1535)
* 1543 &ndash; Claudio Aquaviva, Italian Jesuit (d. 1615)
* 1547 &ndash; Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch statesman (d. 1619)
* 1580 &ndash; Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (d. 1645)
* 1605 &ndash; Brynjólfur Sveinsson, Icelandic bishop (d. 1675)
* 1713 &ndash; Johann Kies, German mathematician (d. 1781)
* 1721 &ndash; Eliphalet Dyer, American statesman and judge (d. 1807)
* 1737 &ndash; Michael Haydn, Austrian composer (d. 1806)
* 1760 &ndash; Luigi Cherubini, Italian composer (d. 1842)
* 1769 &ndash; Alexander von Humboldt, German naturalist and explorer (d. 1859)
* 1774 &ndash; Lord William Bentinck, British Governor-General of India (d. 1839)
* 1783 &ndash; Henry Johnson, Governor of Louisiana (d. 1864)
* 1817 &ndash; Theodor Storm, German writer (d. 1888)
* 1817 &ndash; Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary (d. 1867)
* 1827 &ndash; Hermann Krone, German photographer (d. 1916)
* 1836 &ndash; Alfred B. Swineford, American politician (d. 1909)
* 1837 &ndash; Nikolai Bugaev, Russian mathematician (d. 1903)
* 1847 &ndash; William Edward Ayton, British physicist (d. 1908)
* 1849 &ndash; Ivan Pavlov, Russian physiologist, psychologist & physician (d. 1936)
* 1853 &ndash; Ponnambayalam Arunachalam, Ceylon Tamil statesman (d. 1924)
* 1859 &ndash; Janis Cakste, 1st President of Latvia (d. 1927)
* 1860 &ndash; Hamlin Garland, American writer and poet (d. 1940)
* 1864 &ndash; Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, British diplomat (d. 1958)
* 1867 &ndash; Charles Dana Gibson, American illustrator (d. 1944)
* 1868 &ndash; Theodor Botrel, French singer-songwriter and playwright (d. 1925)
* 1878 &ndash; Ion Dragoumis, Greek diplomat, writer and revolutionary (d. 1920)
* 1879 &ndash; Margaret Sanger, American birth control activist (d. 1966)
* 1880 &ndash; Archie Hahn, German–American runner (d. 1955) 
* 1886 &ndash; Jan Masaryk, Czech diplomat (d. 1948)
* 1887 &ndash; Paul Kochanski, Polish violinist and composer (d. 1934)
* 1889 &ndash; Maria Esther de Capovilla, Ecuadorean supercentenarian, World's oldest woman (d. 2006)
* 1891 &ndash; Ivan Mitveyevich Vinogradov, Russian mathematician (d. 1983)
* 1895 &ndash; Robert A. Lovett, American politician (d. 1986)
* 1898 &ndash; Ernest Nash, German–born archaeologist (d. 1974)
* 1898 &ndash; Okey L. Patteson, Governor of West Virginia (d. 1989)
* 1899 &ndash; Hal B. Wallis, American movie producer (d. 1986)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
* 1901 &ndash; Alex James, Scottish footballer (d. 1953)
* 1901 &ndash; Andrey Vlasov, Russian general (d. 1946)
* 1902 &ndash; Nikolay Kamov, Russian engineer (d. 1973)
* 1902 &ndash; Giorgos Papasideris, Greek musician (d. 1977)
* 1902 &ndash; Alice Tully, American music promoter and philanthropist (d. 1993)
* 1907 &ndash; Solomon Asch, Polish–born American psychologist (d. 1996)
* 1907 &ndash; Edel Quinn, Irish missionary (d. 1944)
* 1909 &ndash; Peter Scott, British naturalist and explorer (d. 1989)
* 1909 &ndash; Stuff Smith, American jazz violinist (d. 1967)
* 1910 &ndash; Jack Hawkins, British actor (d. 1973)
* 1912 &ndash; Eduard von Falz-Fein, Russian–Liechtensteiner businessman, journalist and sportsman (d. 2018)
* 1913 &ndash; Jacobo Arbenz, President of Guatemala (d. 1971)
* 1913 &ndash; Severino Varela, Uruguayan footballer (d. 1995)
* 1914 &ndash; Clayton Moore, American actor (d. 1999)
* 1914 &ndash; Pietro Germi, Italian movie director, screenwriter, actor and producer (d. 1995)
* 1915 &ndash; John Dobson, American astronomer (d. 2014)
* 1916 &ndash; Eric Bentley, English–American critic, playwright and singer
* 1916 &ndash; Luis Corvalán, Chilean Communist politician (d. 2010)
* 1917 &ndash; Rudolf Baumgartner, Swiss conductor and violinist (d. 2002)
* 1917 &ndash; Ettore Sottsass, Italian architect and designer (d. 2007)
* 1919 &ndash; Gil Langley, Australian cricketer, footballer and politician (d. 2001)
* 1920 &ndash; Mario Benedetti, Uruguayan writer (d. 2009)
* 1920 &ndash; Lawrence Klein, American economist (d. 2013)
* 1922 &ndash; Zizinho, Brazilian footballer (d. 2002)
* 1923 &ndash; Ram Jethmalani, Indian lawyer (d. 2019)
* 1924 &ndash; Jerry Coleman, American baseball player (d. 2014)
* 1924 &ndash; Wim Polak, Mayor of Amsterdam (d. 1999)
* 1924 &ndash; Abioseh Nicol, Sierra Leonean diplomat and writer (d. 2004)
* 1926 &ndash; Richard Ellsasser, American concert organist, composer and conductor (d. 1972)
* 1926 &ndash; Michel Butor, French writer (d. 2016)
* 1926 &ndash; Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco, Spanish noblewoman (d. 2017)
* 1927 &ndash; Jim Fanning, American–Canadian baseball player and manager (d. 2015)
* 1927 &ndash; Edmund Szoka, American cardinal (d. 2014)
* 1928 &ndash; Alberto Korda, Cuban photographer (d. 2001)
* 1928 &ndash; Angus Ogilvy, British royal (d. 2004)
* 1929 &ndash; Ferdinand Oyono, Cameroonian writer (d. 2010)
* 1929 &ndash; Larry Collins, American writer (d. 2005)
* 1929 &ndash; Hans Clarin, German actor (d. 2005)
* 1930 &ndash; George V. Hansen, American politician (d. 2014)
* 1930 &ndash; Eugene I. Gordon, American physicist (d. 2014)
* 1932 &ndash; Harry Sinden, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1934 &ndash; Sarah Kofman, French philosopher (d. 1994)
* 1934 &ndash; Kate Millett, American sculptor, activist and writer (d. 2017)
* 1935 &ndash; Amanda Barrie, British actress
* 1936 &ndash; Walter Koenig, American actor
* 1936 &ndash; Ferid Murad, American physician and pharmacologist
* 1936 &ndash; Lucas Samaras, Greek–American painter and sculptor
* 1937 &ndash; Renzo Piano, Italian architect
* 1940 &ndash; Larry Brown, American basketball player and coach
* 1940 &ndash; Jacques Godin, Canadian movie and television actor
* 1942 &ndash; Bernard MacLaverty, Northern Irish writer
* 1943 &ndash; Marcos Valle, Brazilian singer and musician
* 1944 &ndash; Günter Netzer, German footballer
* 1947 &ndash; Sam Neill, New Zealand actor
* 1949 &ndash; Steve Gaines, guitarist (Lynyrd Skynyrd) (d. 1977)
* 1949 &ndash; Ed King, guitarist (Lynyrd Skynyrd) (d. 2018)
* 1950 &ndash; Eugene H. Trinh, Vietnamese–American astronaut

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
* 1953 &ndash; Robert Wisdom, American actor
* 1956 &ndash; Kostas Karamanlis, former Prime Minister of Greece
* 1956 &ndash; Maxime Verhagen, Dutch politician
* 1956 &ndash; Ray Wilkins, English footballer (d. 2018)
* 1958 &ndash; Billy Abercromby, Scottish footballer
* 1959 &ndash; Morten Harket, Norwegian musician (a-ha)
* 1960 &ndash; Callum Keith Rennie, English–Canadian actor
* 1960 &ndash; Melissa Leo, American actress
* 1964 &ndash; Faith Ford, American actress
* 1964 &ndash; Stephen Dunham, American actor (d. 2012)
* 1965 &ndash; Mariana Briski, Argentine actress (d. 2014)
* 1965 &ndash; Dmitry Medvedev, Prime Minister, and former President, of Russia
* 1966 &ndash; Catherine West, English politician
* 1967 &ndash; Jens Lien, Norwegian director, producer and screenwriter
* 1968 &ndash; Grant Shapps, English politician
* 1971 &ndash; Kimberly Williams-Paisley, American actress
* 1971 &ndash; Andre Matos, Brazilian singer-songwriter and writer
* 1971 &ndash; Christopher McCulloch, American voice actor, director and writer
* 1972 &ndash; Marc Silk, English voice actor
* 1973 &ndash; Nas, American rapper
* 1974 &ndash; Sunday Oliseh, Nigerian footballer
* 1974 &ndash; Hicham El-Guerrouj, Moroccan athlete

### From 1976 
* 1977 &ndash; Yang Yang, Chinese ice skater
* 1977 &ndash; Malik Bendjelloul, Swedish filmmaker and actor (d. 2014)
* 1977 &ndash; Alexsandro de Souza, Brazilian footballer
* 1978 &ndash; Carmen Kass, Estonian model
* 1979 &ndash; Ivica Olic, Croatian footballer
* 1980 &ndash; Hip Hop Pantsula, South African rapper (d. 2018)
* 1980 &ndash; Ivan Radeljic, Croatian–Bosnian footballer
* 1981 &ndash; Yumi Adachi, Japanese actress, model and singer
* 1981 &ndash; Ashley Roberts, American singer, dancer and actress (Pussycat Dolls)
* 1983 &ndash; Amy Winehouse, English singer-songwriter (d. 2011)
* 1983 &ndash; Arash Borhani, Iranian footballer
* 1984 &ndash; Lethal Bizzle, English rapper
* 1984 &ndash; Adam Lamberg, American actor
* 1984 &ndash; Fernanda Vasconcellos, Brazilian actress and model
* 1986 &ndash; Ai Takahashi, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
* 1986 &ndash; Tinchy Stryder, English rapper and singer
* 1986 &ndash; Steven Naismith, Scottish footballer
* 1986 &ndash; Jonathan Monaghan, American artist and animator
* 1988 &ndash; Martin Fourcade, French biathlete
* 1988 &ndash; Kirsten Haglund, American model
* 1989 &ndash; Logan Henderson, American singer-songwriter and actor
* 1989 &ndash; Jesse James, American actor
* 1989 &ndash; Lee Jong-suk, South Korean actor and model
* 1989 &ndash; Jimmy Butler, American basketball player
* 1990 &ndash; Cecilie Pedersen, Norwegian footballer
* 1991 &ndash; Nana, South Korean singer
* 1994 &ndash; Daniel O'Shaughnessy, Finnish footballer

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
* 23 &ndash; Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Tiberius (b. 13 BC)
* 258 &ndash; Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage
* 407 &ndash; John Chrysostom, Byzantine archbishop (b. 347)
* 585 &ndash; Emperor Bidatsu of Japan (b. 538)
* 775 &ndash; Constantine V, Byzantine Emperor (b. 718)
* 891 &ndash; Pope Stephen V
* 1164 &ndash; Emperor Sutoku of Japan (b. 1119)
* 1214 &ndash; Albert Avogadro, Italian lawyer and bishop (b. 1149)
* 1321 &ndash; Dante Alighieri, Italian writer (b. 1265)
* 1404 &ndash; Albert IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1377)
* 1435 &ndash; John, Duke of Bedford, regent of England (b. 1389)
* 1523 &ndash; Pope Adrian VI (b. 1459)
* 1538 &ndash; Henry III of Nassau-Breda (b. 1483)
* 1605 &ndash; Jan Tarnowski, Polish archbishop (b. 1550)
* 1638 &ndash; John Harvard, American clergyman (b. 1607)
* 1712 &ndash; Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Italian–born astronomer (b. 1625)
* 1759 &ndash; Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, French military commander (b. 1712)
* 1836 &ndash; Aaron Burr, Vice President of the United States (b. 1756)
* 1851 &ndash; James Fenimore Cooper, American writer (b. 1789)
* 1852 &ndash; Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British general and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1769)
* 1852 &ndash; Augustus Pugin, English architect (b. 1812)
* 1862 &ndash; Charles Pearson, British social reformer (b. 1793)
* 1898 &ndash; William Seward Burroughs, American inventor (b. 1857)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1901 &ndash; William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (b. 1843)
* 1905 &ndash; Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, Italian–French explorer (b. 1852)
* 1916 &ndash; José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Spanish writer (b. 1832)
* 1927 &ndash; Isadora Duncan, American dancer (b. 1877)
* 1936 &ndash; Irving Thalberg, American movie producer (b. 1899)
* 1936 &ndash; Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Russian–American pianist and conductor (b. 1878)
* 1937 &ndash; Tomas Masaryk, Czech politician (b. 1850)
* 1951 &ndash; Fritz Busch, German conductor (b. 1890)
* 1952 &ndash; John McPhee, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1874)
* 1965 &ndash; Lydia Mei, Estonian artist (b. 1896)
* 1966 &ndash; Nikolay Cherkasov, Soviet actor (b. 1903)
* 1966 &ndash; Gertrude Berg, American actress (b. 1899)
* 1970 &ndash; Rudolf Carnap, German philosopher (b. 1891)
* 1975 &ndash; Walter Herbert, German conductor and impresario (b. 1902)
* 1977 &ndash; Shogo Kamo, Japanese footballer (b. 1915)
* 1979 &ndash; Nur Muhammad Taraki, President of Afghanistan (b. 1917)
* 1982 &ndash; Kristjan Eldjarn, 3rd President of Iceland (b. 1916)
* 1982 &ndash; Bachir Gemayel, Lebanese politician (b. 1947)
* 1982 &ndash; Grace Kelly, American actress, Princess of Monaco (b. 1929)
* 1984 &ndash; Janet Gaynor, American actress (b. 1903)
* 1995 &ndash; Maurice K. Goddard, American state government official (b. 1912)
* 1996 &ndash; Juliet Prowse, British actress and dancer (b. 1937)
* 1998 &ndash; Yang Shangkun, Chinese leader (b. 1907)
* 1999 &ndash; Charles Crichton, British movie director (b. 1910)
* 2000 &ndash; Jerzy Giedroyc, Polish writer and activist (b. 1906)

### From 2001 
* 2001 &ndash; Stelios Kazantzidis, Greek singer (b. 1931)
* 2003 &ndash; Yetunde Price, sister of Venus and Serena Williams (b. 1972)
* 2005 &ndash; Robert Wise, American movie director and producer (b. 1914)
* 2006 &ndash; Mickey Hargitay, Hungarian actor and bodybuilder (b. 1926)
* 2007 &ndash; Jacques Martin, French television host and producer (b. 1933)
* 2009 &ndash; Patrick Swayze, American actor (b. 1952)
* 2009 &ndash; Keith Floyd, British chef (b. 1943)
* 2011 &ndash; Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist (b. 1929)
* 2012 &ndash; Stephen Dunham, American actor (b. 1964)
* 2014 &ndash; Tony Auth, American cartoonist (b. 1942)
* 2014 &ndash; Miroslav Hlinka, Slovakian ice hockey player (b. 1972)
* 2014 &ndash; Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia, Head of the House of Romanov (b. 1922)
* 2014 &ndash; Angus Lennie, Scottish actor (b. 1930)
* 2014 &ndash; Boris Khimichev, Russian actor (b. 1933)
* 2014 &ndash; Assheton Gorton, British production designer (b. 1930)
* 2014 &ndash; Philip Somerville, English milliner (hat maker) (b. 1930)
* 2015 &ndash; Corneliu Vadim Tudor, Romanian politician, journalist and writer (b. 1949)
* 2015 &ndash; Fred DeLuca, American businessman, co–founder of Subway (b. 1947)
* 2015 &ndash; Adam Purple, American environmental activist (b. 1930)
* 2017 &ndash; Arnold Chan, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1967)
* 2017 &ndash; Marcel Herriot, French bishop (b. 1934)
* 2017 &ndash; Otto Wanz, Austrian professional wrestler (b. 1943)
* 2018 &ndash; Alan Abel, American comedian and writer (b. 1924)
* 2018 &ndash; Max Bennett, American jazz bassist (b. 1928)
* 2018 &ndash; Anneke Grönloh, Dutch singer (b. 1942)
* 2018 &ndash; Zienia Merton, British actress (b. 1945)
* 2018 &ndash; Branko Grünbaum, Yugoslavian–American mathematician (b. 1929)
* 2019 &ndash; John Ralston, American football player and coach (b. 1927)

## Observances 
* Hindi Day (India)
* Day of San Jacinto (Nicaragua)
* Christian Feast of the Cross