Idris of Libya

**Sayed Mohamed Idris Al Sanusi** (; Al Sayed Prince Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi al Sanusi; 12 March 1890 – 25 May 1983) was a Libyan political and religious leader. First, he was the chief of the Sanusi Muslim Order. Then, he became the Emir of Cyrenaica. Eventually, Idris became the King of the United Kingdom of Libya (renamed as the Kingdom of Libya in 1963) in 1951. In 1969, Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi took control of Libya by force which ended the reign of Idris.

## Early life 
Sayed Mohamed Idris Al Sanusi was born on 12 March 1890 in Jaghbub. Jaghbub is a remote oasis in Cyrenaica, an Ottoman district. Nowadays, Cyrenaica is located in the north east of Libya. In Jaghbub, he studied Islamic law and theology.

Idris was the grandson of Shaikh al Sayed Mohamed Ali ibn Sanusi (1787-1859). Mohammed Ali grew up in Algeria. Later, he founded the Sanusi Order after his migration to Libya. The Sanusi Order began as a religious movement which preached the return to the beliefs and rituals of early Islam.

## Cyrenaica: Idris' rise to power 
### Sanusi Order and the Italian invasion 
The Kingdom of Italy invaded Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to acquire colonies, in what is known as the Italo-Turkish war (1911-1912). The Sanusi Order led by Idris’ uncle, Ahmed Shari as-Sanusi, was one of the key fighters against this invasion. Tripolitania was under Ottoman rule during this time and an invaluable asset to the Ottomans in their war against the Italians. In 1912 the Ottomans and the Italians signed the treaty of Ouchy and reached terms for a ceasefire. A key point of this treaty was the clause that stated all Ottoman forces were to leave Tripoli and Cyrenaica at once. This meant that the Sanusi order lost a powerful ally and that the Italian army could begin to take control of Tripoli and Cyrenaica as they had previously desired. In 1913 the Italian army, met with little resistance, invaded Tripolitania and established further control there. Cyrenaica was next on their list however, under the leadership of Ahmed Sharif, the Sanusi order along with other tribes in Cyrenaica fought back. The Italian army didn’t get much further than the Cyrenaica coast as the inhabitants put up a very fierce resistance despite having much less soldiers than the Italians. Italy’s involvement in World War I exacted a heavy toll on them causing their power in the Cyrenaica coast and Tripolitania to weaken. After that, Ahmed Sharif’s relations with the Ottoman empire led him to attack the British forces occupying Egypt. This decision left the Sanusi order and the whole province of Cyrenaica in a weak position as they were now fighting Italians in the North and West, and the British from the east. On the 24th of March in 1916, Ahmed Sharif suffered a devastating defeat due to a British attack and fled. To best protect his country's interest, he placed his cousin Idris, in charge of the military and political dealings in Cyrenaica. In 1917 these three parties met again and Idris was successful in achieving his goal of getting the borders back open, re-opening trade routes to Egypt and ceasing hostilities with the Italians and British. This agreement in 1917, known as the Akrama agreement, helped the people of Cyrenaica recover from poverty and hunger. The Akrama agreement also established that Italy had sovereignty on the coast and the Sanusi had sovereignty in the central lands. When world war one ended in 1918 Italy was in a weakened state and found it very hard to maintain military strength in Libya. In order to diminish their military and economic costs in the region, the Italians issued the *Legge Fondamentale.* The *Legge Fondamentale* was an arrangement that allowed for Tripoli, Fezzan and Cyrenaica to establish parliaments and governing councils.

### Amir of Cyrenaica 
In 1920, Italian and Sanusi representatives decided that the Akrama pact should be renewed by a new agreement. In October of that year the Accord of al-Rajma was created and put into effect. The Accord of al-Rajma granted Idris the title of Amir to the emirate of Cyrenaica. Along with the title of Amir, Idris now had completely independent administrative control of the oases surrounding him, this did not include the coast of Cyrenaica. The Italian government also agreed to pay for all his general expenses such as family allowance, military expenses and police expenses. Idris never fulfilled this part of the accord which led to the worsening of relations between the Italian government and the Sanusi emirate in 1921. One such disagreement was the aforementioned promise Idris made that he did not fulfil regarding the disbanding of Cyrenaican military units.

## The first exile 
A delegation of Tripolitanian leaders came to Idris in January 1922. At the conference of Gharyan, they had agreed with each other about certain terms regarding a unified Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. They now offered these terms to Idris, but Idris was hesitant to accept their offer. If he would accept their terms, he would upset the Italians, but if he would refuse their offer, he would upset the Tripolitanians. When a second delegation came to him in the same month, the Italian army occupied a coastal city named Misurata and warned Idris not to accept the proposal. and cancelled all the treaties with Tripolitania. Not knowing whether to say yes to the Tripolitanians and upset the Italians or the other way around, Idris fled to Egypt on 21 December 1922. He stayed there in a self-declared exile.

The biggest reason that Cyrenaica was not conquered until 1932, is the Sanusi Order. The Sanusi Order had through its mobilisation and education a beneficial effect on Cyrenaican tribes. The Sanusi Order made tribes cooperate with each other. This unity made their resistance much more effective. 

### Seclusion and re-engagement 
During the following years, Idris barely played a role in Libya. The first time he engaged with Libyan affairs again was in 1939. He met with other Libyan exiles in Alexandria. There, they discussed which actions could be taken to protect Libya. Those Libyan exiles represented the two provinces Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. When they met again in 1940, they chose to side with the Allies. They did this under the influence of Idris. By supporting Britain they hoped to get rid of the Italian domination after World War II.

When World War II ended, Britain and France gained control over Libya. Britain controlled Cyrenaica and Tripolitania and France controlled Fezzan. Consequently, the first two provinces fell under the British military administration(BMA) and Fezzan fell under French Military Administration.

### Return to Libya 
In November 1947 Idris arrived in Cyrenaica, because Britain invited him to return from his exile. The British military administration worked with him and with other local administrators and politicians from 1947 until 1949. In 1949, the British military administration in Cyrenaica was replaced by a civilian administration and Idris became the new leader of Cyrenaica. The reason behind this was to make Cyrenaica a kind of British protectorate like Transjordan was after World War I. Because of this, Britain did not intervene when Idris declared Cyrenaica’s independence on June the first 1949. In July of the same year, he even went on a formal state visit to Britain.

In December 1949, a UN Commissioner was appointed by the United Nations General Assembly to carry out an assignment. He was tasked with achieving independence for a united Libya before 1 January 1952. This idea seemed ridiculous before 1949, because Tripolitania did not want to unite with Cyrenaica. However, after two visits to Tripoli by Idris in that same year, the opposition against him dropped.

The UN commissioner helped to establish the National Constituent Assembly of Libya (NCAL). This assembly was the first forum where representatives of all the three regions could negotiate with each other. They decided to make Libya a federal monarchy. After that, they proclaimed Idris to be their king in December 1950. A year later, on 24 December 1951, Idris declared Libya independent.

## King of Libya 
On 24 December 1951, Idris became the king of the United Kingdom of Libya. Libya had a lot of problems at the moment of independence. One of the problems was that the country was very poor. Another problem was that Libya had a weak central government. Instead, the three provinces had a strong autonomy, because it was a federation.

In 1959, oil was discovered. This made the country very rich at once. Because Idris wanted to centralise administrative and economic planning, he abolished the federal system. He did this on 26 April 1963. As a result, the name of the country changed to the Kingdom of Libya.

## Overthrow and second exile 
This sudden increase of wealth in Libya could have allowed king Idris to support political and economic structures in his country, but he did not. King Idris instead used this money to strengthen tribal relations which in return strengthened his rule. After the Arab-Israeli war in 1967 there was an increasing amount of Arab nationalism amongst the people of Libya, which the king hardly engaged with. In 1969, on September 1, a coup d'état took place led by many young army officers while kind Idris was in Turkey undergoing medical treatment.

Idris died in 1983 in Cairo at the age of 93. He was buried in Al-Baqi' Cemetery, Medina, Saudi Arabia.

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