open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
URL shortening

**URL shortening** is a technique on the World Wide Web in which a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) may be made substantially shorter in length and still direct to the required page. This is achieved by  using an HTTP Redirect on a domain name that is short, which links to the web page that has a long URL. For example, the URL `` can be shortened to ``. This is especially convenient for messaging technologies such as Twitter and Identi.ca, which severely limit the number of characters that may be used in a message. Short URLs allow otherwise long web addresses to be referred to in a tweet. In November 2009, the shortened links on one URL shortening service were accessed 2.1 billion times.

## Problems 
URL shortening also has problems:

* A long URL contains different parts, which allow a user to judge if the site or URL is trustworthy. When shortening an URL this information is lost. The user will be redirected to a site which he or she does not want to visit, and perhaps isn't alllowed to visit.
* Companies who provide URL shortening services ar open to attack, like regular sites. When this happens, all the shortened URL may suddenly point to another site, which contains Malware, for example.
* URL shortening is usually offered free of charge. If a provider decides to change its conditions, or goes out of business, all the URLs of this provider will become unusable. As they are shortened, the real domain they pointed to cannot be seen either.
* The sites forwarding the URLs can create statistics and profiles on how they are used
* Usenet newsgroups contain messages that will stay up for a very long time. In such contexts, URL shorteneing shouldn't be used, as the provider of the shortening service may not be up that long
* There are special sites that allow to check where a shortened URL points to, without actually visiting it.
* They can be used by criminals to ask you to install malware for spyware on your computer.

## References
Andreas Heraf

**Andreas Heraf** (born 10 September 1967 in Vienna) is an Austrian football manager and former  football midfielder.

## Career
He started his career with SK Rapid Wien but played later for different clubs in Austria (Vienna, Austria Salzburg, Vorwärts Stteyr, FC Kärnten) and Germany (Hannover 96). He was member of Rapids team playing in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost.

His first international match was in April 1996 a friendly match against Hungary. He was member of the 1998 FIFA World Cup team but did not play. His last international was an October 1998 World Cup qualification match against San Marino.

From 2001 to 2008 he was manager of different teams in Germany and Austria. Since 2022 he has been manager of Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz.

## Honours
### As player
*Austrian Football Bundesliga (2):
**1987, 1988, 1996
*Austrian Cup (3):
**1987, 1995, 2001
### As manager
*Qualification for the FIFA U20 World Cup 2011

## Notes
Abraham Washington

**Brian Jossie** (born July 4, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the stage name, **Abraham Washington**. He made his WWE debut on June 30, 2009 on the now-defunct ECW where he had an in-ring interview segment called the *Abraham Washington Show* under his ring name, Abraham Washington. The shows set-up took place one the stage with Tony Atlas acting as a sidekick and announcer.

## References 
## Websites
*Abraham Washington's FCW profile
Tragic Kingdom

***Tragic Kingdom*** is the third studio album by the American rock band No Doubt. It was released on October 5, 1995 on Trauma Records. It got No Doubt nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album at the 1997 Grammy Awards. It reached No.1 in the United States and stayed there for eight weeks. It was also No.1 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Canada, New Zealand, and Belgium. It was the second best-selling album of the year in the US, and the 22nd best-selling album of the 1990s.

Seven songs from it were released as singles: "Just a Girl", "Spiderwebs", "Don't Speak", "Excuse Me Mr.", Happy Now?", "Sunday Morning", and "Hey You!". "Hey You" was only released in the Netherlands, but a vide was made for it. "Just a Girl" was the first single released from the album. It was released in the UK in 1996 and reached number 38. "Don't Speak" reached No.1 there in February 1997. Then "Just a Girl" was re-released and reached number 3.

## List of songs
# "Spiderwebs" (Gwen Stefani, Tony Kanal) – 4:28
# "Excuse Me Mr." (G. Stefani, Tom Dumont) – 3:04
# "Just a Girl" (G. Stefani, Dumont) – 3:29
# "Happy Now?" (G. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 3:43
# "Different People" (Eric Stefani, G. Stefani, Kanal) – 4:34
# "Hey You" (G. Stefani, Kanal) – 3:34
# "The Climb" (E. Stefani) – 6:37
# "Sixteen" (G. Stefani, Kanal) – 3:21
# "Sunday Morning" (Kanal, G. Stefani, E. Stefani) – 4:33
# "Don't Speak" (E. Stefani, G. Stefani) – 4:23
# "You Can Do It" (G. Stefani, E. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 4:13
# "World Go 'Round" (Kanal, G. Stefani) – 4:09
# "End It on This" (G. Stefani, Dumont, Kanal, E. Stefani) – 3:45
# "Tragic Kingdom" (E. Stefani) – 5:31
Return of Saturn

***Return of Saturn*** is the fourth studio album by the American rock band No Doubt, released on Interscope Records on April 11, 2000. It was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards. Four tracks from it were released as singles. The album entered the US *Billboard* 200 at No.2. It also reached the top ten in Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Germany, and Canada.

## List of songs
# "Ex-Girlfriend" (Gwen Stefani, Tom Dumont, Tony Kanal) – 3:32
# "Simple Kind of Life" (Stefani) – 4:16
# "Bathwater" (Stefani, Kanal, Dumont) – 4:02
# "Six Feet Under" (Stefani, Kanal) – 2:28
# "Magic's in the Makeup" (Stefani, Dumont) – 4:21
# "Artificial Sweetener" (Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 3:54
# "Marry Me" (Stefani, Kanal) – 4:38
# "New" (Stefani, Dumont) – 4:26
# "Too Late" (Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 4:16
# "Comforting Lie" (Stefani, Dumont, Kanal) – 2:52
# "Suspension Without Suspense" (Stefani) – 4:10
# "Staring Problem" (Stefani, Kanal, Eric Stefani) – 2:43
# "Home Now" (Stefani, Kanal, Dumont) – 4:34
# "Dark Blue" (Stefani, Dumont) – 10:30
University of São Paulo

**University of São Paulo** (*Universidade de São Paulo*, short **USP**) is a public university of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Established in 1934, it is the largest Brazilian university as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.
Ciudad del Motor de Aragón

{{Motorsport venue
| Name           = Ciudad del Motor de Aragón
| Location       = Alcañiz, Aragon, Spain
| Coordinates    = 
| Time           = GMT+1
| Image          = 
Configuration for FIA sanctioned sports

Configuration for FIM sanctioned sports
| Events         = **Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme {FIM} Grand Prix motorcycle racing(MotoGP)**Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix World Series by Renault
| Layout1        = FIA Circuit
| Length_km      = 5.344
| Length_mi      = 3.321
| Record_time    = 1:44.325
| Record_driver  = Kevin Korjus
| Record_team    = Tech 1 Racing
| Record_year    = 2011 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season
| Layout2        = FIM Circuit
| Length_km2     = 5.078
| Length_mi2     = 3.155
| Record_time2   = 1:49.521
| Record_driver2 = Dani Pedrosa
| Record_team2   = Repsol Honda
| Record_year2   = 2010 MotoGP season
}}

The **Ciudad del Motor de Aragón**, also known as **Motorland Aragón**, is a  race circuit located near Alcañiz, Spain.

The circuit was designed by the German architect Hermann Tilke. He worked with the British architectural firm Foster + Partners. Formula One driver Pedro de la Rosa helped with the project. He provided technical and sporting information.

The facility includes a technology park, a sports area, and a leisure and culture area. The technology park will be based around the motor industry. The sports area will include the racing circuit, a karting track, and various gravel circuits. The leisure and culture section will feature a hotel, business and shopping areas.

It was announced on May 26, 2008 that the circuit will host a round of the World Series by Renault.

On 18 March 2010, Motorland Aragón was announced as a replacement for the Balatonring on the 2010 MotoGP schedule. On 19 May 2010, it was announced that the circuit will hold a round of the Superbike World Championship.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Official site:
*Project profile at Fosters and Partners: 
*Renault-Sport official site:
Luiz Razia

**Luiz Tadeu Razia Filho** (born April 4, 1989 in Barreiras) is a Brazilian racing driver.

## Career 
### Early career 
Razia began his single seater career in 2005 in the South American Formula 3 championship. He finished sixth in the championship. He also took part in the Brazilian Formula Renault 2.0 series, finishing the year tenth in the standings.

For 2006, Razia remained in South American Formula 3 and won the title. He also became a rookie driver for A1 Team Brazil in the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season.

### Euroseries 3000 
The next year, Razia moved to Europe to race in the Euroseries 3000 championship. He finish third in the Euroseries standings and fourth in the Italian championship. Razia also ran four races in the 2007 World Series by Renault.

In 2008, he remained in Euroseries 3000, partnering Frenchman Nicolas Prost, the son of four-time Formula One World Champion Alain Prost. In the Italian Formula 3000 standings he finished the season in fourth place. He won his first race win at Misano.

### GP2 Series 
 round of the 2009 GP2 Series season.]]

On October 2, 2008, it was announced that Razia will race for Team Arden in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season. In the final race of the season in Bahrain, Razia claimed his first win.

He signed for Fisichella Motor Sport to compete in the main GP2 Series in 2009 season. At the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Razia led from pole to take his first GP2 win.

Razia joined the Barwa Addax Team for the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season,. He was replaced before the second round, but returned for the final round in Bahrain.

He remained with Rapax for the 2010 season. He finishing eleventh in the drivers' championship. His team-mate, Pastor Maldonado, became the series champion. Razia helped Rapax to claim the teams' title.

As part of his Formula One testing deal with the Lotus team, Razia signed to drive for the new AirAsia team in 2011. He scored no points in the 2011 Asia series.

### Formula One 
On December 15, 2009, it was officially announced that Razia would join the new Virgin Racing team as a test driver. In March 2011, Razia was confirmed as reserve and test driver for Team Lotus for the 2011 season. At the  Chinese Grand Prix, Luiz Razia drove in Free Practice Session 1 for Team Lotus, replacing Jarno Trulli.

## Racing record 
### Career summary 
 Season in progress.

### Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.

#### Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

### Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

## References
## Other websites 
*Luiz Razia official site 
*Luiz Razia career details
Brazilian wandering spider

***Phoneutria*** is a genus of spiders which are  dangerous to human beings. Their venom is more powerful, drop for drop, than other venoms. They are called "armed spiders" in Portuguese because their venom is a powerful weapon. Their body length goes from 17 to 48&nbsp;mm (0.7–1.9&nbsp;in).  

These spiders live in Central America and South America. They hide in the daytime and walk around looking for food at night. So in English they are called 'wandering spiders'. There are several species, and only *Phoneutria fera* can kill healthy adult humans. People who get bitten by Phoneutria spiders can be given an antivenom. In any event, their degree of toxicity has been challenged. The spiders may be able to control the amount of venom they inject.

There are about eight *species* in this genus.

## References
Pliny the Elder

**Gaius Plinius Secundus** (23 AD – 25 August 79 AD), better known as **Pliny the Elder**, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian.

Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, *Natural History* ("Naturalis Historia"), which became a model for many subsequent encyclopedic texts. 

Pliny the Elder died on 25 August 79 AD. He was attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The eruption had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

## Pliny's *Natural History* 
The *Naturalis Historia* is one of the largest works on natural history to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day. It claims to cover the entire field of ancient knowledge, based on the best authorities available to Pliny. He claims to be the only Roman ever to have undertaken such a work. It includes the fields of botany, zoology, astronomy, geology and mineralogy as well as the exploitation of those resources. It remains a standard work for the Roman period and the advances in technology and understanding of natural phenomena at the time. 

Some technical advances he discusses are the only sources for those inventions, such as hushing in mining technology or the use of water mills for crushing or grinding grain. Much of what he wrote about has been confirmed by archaeology. It is virtually the only work which describes the work of artists of the time, and is a reference work for the history of art.

The work became a model for all later encyclopedias in the breadth of subject matter examined, the need to  original authors, and a comprehensive index list of the contents. The work is dedicated to the emperor Titus, son of Pliny's close friend, the emperor Vespasian, in the first year of Titus' reign. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published, lacking a final revision at his sudden and unexpected death in the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

The *Natural History* consists of 37&nbsp;books. Pliny devised his own table of contents. The table below is a summary based on modern names for topics.

## References
Loch

in Perthshire]]

**Loch** is a Gaelic word for lake. It is commonly used in Scotland. The 'ch' at the end is pronounced with a guttural (back of throat) sound which does not occur in modern English. There are also lochs in Ireland, and the word is sometimes used in other countries.

The word is used both for lakes, and for "narrow or landlocked arms of the sea" (OED). The word comes from Proto-Indo-European *lókus ("lake, pool"). It is related to the Latin lacus ("lake, pond") and English lay ("lake").

Sometimes the term **sea loch** is used for saltwater lochs. Many other lochs are normal freshwater lakes, like Loch Lomond.

The spelling "lough" is often found in place names. In Lowland Scots and Scottish English, the spelling "loch" is always used. 

*Biggest by surface area: Loch Lomond
*Deepest and largest by volume: Loch Ness

## References
Russian Organization for Intellectual Property

**The Russian Organization for Intellectual Property VOIS** () is collective management society for neighboring rights established by Russian performers and record labels in 2008.

Today VOIS unites more than 4,000 right-owners.

In 2009 Rosohrankultura (the Ministry of Culture Department) accredited VOIS as the sole society to collect and distribute remuneration for performers and phonogram producers within the territory of the Russia.

Total amount of collected remuneration in 2010 reached about 427 million rubles.

## References
Voyeurism

(1826)]]
**Voyeurism** is when a person gets sexual pleasure from the fact that they can see other people doing things that are normally private. These include getting undressed, being naked or having sex. The people being watched are usually not aware of the voyeur (watcher).  Voyeurism is an important concept in movies.  Some movies can be voyeuristic, even if they do not have sex or nudity in them.

## Related pages 
* Exhibitionism

## References
ISO 639-1

An international standard that designates two letters to each language.

This page contains the languages listed as **ISO 639-1**.

## References
Twin prime

A **twin prime** is a pair of prime numbers, where one prime is two bigger than the other. The smallest pair of twin primes is 3 and 5. Next comes 5 and 7. Then comes 11 and 13, and then 17 and 19.

## Isolated prime
An **isolated prime** is a prime number *p* where neither *p* - 2 nor *p* + 2 is prime. In other words, *p* is not part of a twin prime pair. For example, 23 is an isolated prime since 21 and 25 are both not prime numbers.

The first few isolated primes are
:2, 23, 37, 47, 53, 67, 79, 83, 89, 97, 113…
Byron Saxton

**Bryan Jesús Kelly** (born August 20, 1981) is an American professional wrestling commentator, ring announcer, interviewer, and former professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE, where he is currently working as a backstage interviewer on *SmackDown* and color commentator on *NXT Level Up* under the ring name **Byron Saxton**. He has also worked as a commentator for the now-defunct ECW brand where he worked alongside Josh Matthews. He was a part of the fourth season of NXT. His pro was Chris Masters. Dolph Ziggler became Saxton's pro on the January 4, 2011 episode of NXT. He was voted off. 

He returned on the fifth season of NXT where it was NXT Redemption and his pro was Yoshi Tatsu. He was the second rookie to be eliminated. On the November 8, 2021 episode of *Raw*, Saxton pinned Corey Graves to win the WWE 24/7 Championship, but lost it a few seconds later to Drake Maverick.

## Championships and accomplishments 
* **Southern Championship Wrestling**
** SCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chris Nelson
* **United States Championship Wrestling**
** USCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
* **WWE**
** WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* 
*
Page Three

Many tabloid newspapers use a photo of a topless or a naked girl to improve their sales. Very often, this photo is placed on page three of the newspaper; that is where the name of this feature is from. For this reason, the feature is referred to as **Page Three** or **Page 3**. The newspaper The Sun, who introduced this in 1970, holds a copyright on the name. The Sun showed a picture of a topless girl on page three. Other newspapers, such as the *Daily Star* and *Daily Mirror* had pictures of naked women; The Mirror changed for models in swimsuits after a few years.

Claire Short tried to stop this.She did not want to penalize the depiction of nude women, but she wanted to define a newspaper as a publication that did not show naked or topless men or women. This would have meant that British rainbow press would no longer have been newspapers. She received 3,000 letters supporting the idea. The Sun, and other papers fought against the bill, which was known as *Page Three Bill*. Eventually, the Bill failed, because it did not get enough support.

There are many women who want to appear as a page three girl. Most of them are unemployed, or come from the working class. Buying make-up and clothes to be able to run as a contestant is very expensive; most of the women can barely afford this alone. Very often, the whole family will help. The best motivation for these women is to be able to start a career as a starlet.

Many girls who started as a page three model later became well-known. Examples are Samantha Fox, Michelle Marsh, andr Lucy Pinder. 

## Other websites
*Page Three girls – the naked truth from the BBC website

## References
Masiela Lusha

**Masiela Lusha** (born 23 October 1985) is an Albanian-American actress, author and humanitarian admired for her elegance and charm.
She was born in Tirana, Albania to parents Max and Daniela. 

## Early life 
She grew up in both Budapest, Hungary and Vienna, Austria. When she turned eight years old, she and her mother moved to Michigan, USA. There, she studied ballet, and began working as a model and appearing in small parts in local theatre.

## Career 
She got her first major break in 2001, when she was chosen by Sandra Bullock and Bruce Helford to play one of the lead roles in the ABC sitcom *George Lopez*.

## Works 
This led to her starring in other films, including: 'Time of the Comet' (2005) 'Blood: The Last Vampire' (2006) and 'Muertas' (2007) Her performances won her two Young Artist Awards for best actress.

As an author, Lusha wrote seven books in two languages. As a humanitarian, Lusha is an animal rights enthusiast and is a patron for a number of children's charities.

## Filmography 
### Film
### Television
## Awards
## Related pages
*List of poets from the United States

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Seven Questions with Masiela Lusha at Sitcoms On Line
Manifest destiny

celebrating the idea of Manifest Destiny]]

**Manifest Destiny** was the concept that the United States had a God-given right to claim territory across North America.  The phrase "Manifest Destiny" was created in 1845 by a newspaper writer named John L. O'Sullivan.  Quickly, the idea became very popular around America.

## Definition
, 1846]]

The idea of Manifest Destiny told Americans that they had a , a special job given only to Americans.  This mission was to make the United States bigger so the "borders of freedom" could be open to even more people.  Only Americans could make sure that people living in not-free countries across the world could learn how to govern themselves and live freely in America.  Polk believed very strongly in the idea of Manifest Destiny.  During his Presidency, the United States grew by a million square miles.  President Polk sent the United States military to take over the area.  The two sides fought for two years.  Finally, Mexico surrendered.  It also gave the United States all of the land above the territory.  This meant the United States had gained all of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico; parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado; and northern California.  It told them it was all right to fight, kill, and take land from Mexicans or other non-Americans.  This was all right because they were only doing what God wanted.  They were doing what they were destined to do.

## Growth of the country

File:USA Territorial Growth 1840.jpg|Map of the United States in 1840 (before "Manifest Destiny")
File:USA Territorial Growth 1850.jpg|The United States in 1850, after winning the Mexican-American War
File:USA Territorial Growth 1860.jpg|The United States in 1860

File:USA Territorial Growth 1870.jpg|The United States in 1870
File:USA Territorial Growth 1880.jpg|The United States 35 years after "Manifest Destiny"

## Problems
The United States was very determined to take control of all of North America.  Unfortunately, the parts of North America they wanted were not empty.  They were places that Native Americans had always lived.

When some tribes refused to leave their lands, the United States government committed an ethnic cleansing against them.  In an ethnic cleansing, ethnic or religious groups are forced to leave an area by a more powerful ethnic group.  When the Cherokee Nation refused to leave their homes, United States President Martin van Buren ordered the military to make them leave.

About 15,000 Cherokee were forced to walk to Oklahoma and Arkansas.  Most historians think that about 4,000 of them died on the way.  This was one out of every four people in the Cherokee population.  Because so many people died, this forced migration is now called the Trail of Tears, and it is considered an ethnic cleansing.

## References
Non Phixion

**Non Phixion**, pronounced *non-fiction*, was an American hardcore hip-hop group from New York City. Non Phixion had six members in the band; the band members were Ill Bill, Sabac Red, Goretex, DJ Eclipse, MC Serch and Necro.

## Members 
; Former
* Ill Bill
* Sabac Red
* Goretex
* DJ Eclipse
* MC Serch
* Necro

## Discography 
### Albums
Non Phixion made 2 studio albums:

* *The Future Is Now* (2002)
* *The Green CD/DVD* (2004)

### Singles
Non Phixion had 15 singles:

* *Legacy* (1996)
* *5 Boros* (1997)
* *5 Boros (Remix)* (1998)
* *I Shot Reagan* (1998)
* *2004* (1999)
* *The Full Monty* (1999)
* *14 Years Of Rap* (1999)
* *Sleepwalkers* (1999)
* *Black Helicopters* (2000)
* *Rock Stars* (2002)
* *Drug Music* (2002)
* *Say Goodbye to Yesterday* (2003)
* *Caught Between Worlds* (2004)
* *We All Bleed* (2004)
* *Food* (2004)
Leopold Šťastný

**Leopold Šťastný** (born 23 May 1911; died 14 May 1996) was a Slovak football player and coach. 

Šťastný  played before the Second World War for  1. ČsŠK Bratislava as defender. The club is named today Slovan Bratislava. The played in the Státní liga, the highest Czech league. In 1935 Bratislava reached the 5th place. In the same year Šťastný  played his first of two matches for the Czech team versus Austria. 

During the Second World War an independent Slovakian state existed with an own football league. Bratislava won the league in  1940, 1941, 1942 and 1944. He also played once in the national football team.

After the war he started his coaching career. He was coach of his former club Slovan Bratislava three times and won the Czech championship four times. In 1966 he went to Austria and became coach of FC Wacker Innsbruck and led the club to national honours. 1968 he became coach of the Austrian  national football team. (15 W, 16 D, 18 L)  He stayed until 1975 when he retired due to health reasons. After this he worked for the Austrian Football Assosciation for four seasons. He was founder of the Austrian Schülerliga, a football competition for Austrian schools. In 1980 he went to his son in Canada but came back to Austria each year to see the finals of the Schülerliga. To honour his work a small street in Vienna was named after him.

## References
Richard Winters

**Richard Winters** (21 January 1918 — 2 January 2011) was a United States soldier who fought in World War II. His experiences were made famous by the book and the television series *Band of Brothers*.

He was a member of Company E, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. He led the company after the commanding officer was killed on D-Day in Normandy. Near the end of the war, he led his company to capture Adolf Hitler's mountain retreat in Bavaria, Berchtesgaden. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, Bronze Star, and Purple Heart.

After the war, he worked in a plaster mill in New Jersey. In 1951, he bought a farm in Pennsylvania and established an animal feed business. 

In 1990, he was interviewed by the author Stephen E. Ambrose, who used the records that Winters and others in E Company had written for his book. The title *Band of Brothers* comes from a line in William Shakespeare's play *Henry V*.

## References
Mitsubishi Carisma

The **Mitsubishi Carisma** is a car produced by Mitsubishi Motors between 1995 and 2004 with a facelift in 1999. It was related to the first generation Volvo S40/V40 and both cars were produced in the Netherlands.

## Engines 
* *1.3* 60 kW (82 hp)
* *1.6* 66 kW (90 hp), 73 kW (99 hp) and 76 kW (103 hp)
* *1.8* 85 kW (115 hp)
* *1.8 GDI* 90 kW (122 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
* *1.8 MSX* 103 kW (140 hp)
* *1.9 TD* 66 kW (90 hp)
* *1.9 DI-D* 75 kW (102 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)

## Other websites
Salmaan Taseer

**Salmaan Taseer** (31 May 1944 — 4 January 2011) was the Governor of Punjab, in Pakistan. He was shot dead in 2011 in Islamabad by his official security guard, Malik Muhammad Mumtaz Qadri, a member of the Pakistan military's Elite Force. It is believed he was killed because his ideas were not acceptable to various religious groups in Pakistan. The murderer, Qadri, said he had to kill Taseer because of this, as it was his duty under Islamic law. He was elected to the Punjab Assembly in 1988 and was Deputy Opposition Leader. He was also elected to the National Assembly and held the position of Federal Minister for Industries, Production and Special Initiatives. In May 2008 he was made the Governor of Punjab. He was a close assistant to Benazir Bhutto.

He owned accountancy businesses, a telephone company, an English language newspaper and the first children's TV channel.

## References
John Roll

**John McCarthy Roll** (8 February 1947 - 8 January 2011) was an American judge.

## Political career 
Roll was appointed as a judge by President George H.W. Bush in 1991. Roll had been an Arizona state attorney, a US attorney and a state court judge.

Roll had received death threats in the past. In 2009 he allowed a group of illegal immigrants to successfully sue a rancher, Roger Barnett. He had threatened, kicked and set his dogs onto the group. Barnett had argued they could not sue him because they had no legal rights in the US. A gunman attempted to assassinate Giffords, and Roll and four other people were killed. Another 12 people were wounded, Gifford surviving being shot in the head.

## References
Skyland, Washington, D.C.

**Skyland** is a neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is next to Good Hope Road to the northeast, Alabama Avenue to the southeast, and Fort Stanton Park to the south and west. It is a part of the area called Anacostia.

The District government wants to rebuild the  Skyland Shopping Center at Alabama Avenue and Naylor Road, SE in Ward 7 into a mixed-used town center. Local residents asked the District government for help in the 1980s, because the current buildings were falling apart and many stores were empty.  The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development decided in 2005 that the District government could not use federal money to buy Skyland because of past mistakes. However, Safeway holds the exclusive right to sell groceries in the development, which may block a Wal-Mart at Skyland.

The project will also include 420 to 470 units of housing. About 80 percent of the housing units will be owned by the people who live there and 20 percent will be rented. 

People are fighting the plan in court. The land owners do not want to sell their land to Rappaport and Smith. The District wants to force the current owners to sell (eminent domain).

Rappaport and Smith filed a Planned Unit Development (PUD) application with the Zoning Commission in 2008.  The DC Council approved a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) package to loan money for the new buildings. In July 2010, the District's zoning commission approved the plan for the new buildings. Building will start in 2012. The new buildings are expected to open in 2014.

Skyland is a part of the Good Hope neighborhood.  Hillcrest to the east and Naylor Gardens to the southeast of the Good Hope neighborhood.

## References
The Music Man

***The Music Man*** is a 1957 musical written by Meridith Willson.  It won a Tony Award for Best Musical.  In its original run, it starred Robert Preston, Barbara Cook, David Burns, Pert Kelton and Iggie Wolfington.  Two movies have been made of it, in 1962 and 2003.  It was also revived several times.

## Plot
Harold Hill, a con man, goes to River City, Iowa and tries to make money by starting a boy's band.  He is helped by sidekick Marcellus Washburne.  Most of the town is taken in by him, including Winthrop Paroo, a boy with a lisp.  Hill also forms the school board into a barbershop quartet and organizes a lady's dance society led by town busybody Eulalie Shinn. However, some people are suspicious of him.  One of these people is Mayor Shinn, who owns the pool hall that Hill blames for the serious trouble River City is in.  The other is music teach and librarian Marian Paroo.  Hill tries to woo Marian, but has no luck.

In the second act, it's looking good for Hill.  He is actually getting somewhere with Marian, and it looks as though he will be able to collect his money and get out of town.  However, anvil salesman Charlie Cowell shows up and exposes him during the summer sociable.  Hill tries to leave, but he cannot because he is too in love with Marian.  Hill is arrested and is almost tarred and feathered before being forced to conduct the band.  Though the band is not very good, the townspeople are still very proud of it and let Hill go.

## Musical numbers
These are the order the musical numbers appear in the musical:

**Act One**
* "Overture"
* "Rock Island"
* "Iowa Stubborn"
* "Ya Got Trouble"
* "Piano Lesson/If You Don't Mind Me Saying So"
* "Goodnight My Someone"
* "Columbia, Gem of the Ocean"
* "Seventy-Six Trombones"
* "Sincere"
* "The Sadder But Wiser Girl"
* "Pick a Little, Talk a Little/Goodnight Ladies"
* "Marian the Librarian"
* "My White Knight"
* "Wells Fargo Wagon"

**Act Two**
* "It's You"
* "Shipoopi"
* "Pick a Little, Talk a Little" (reprise)
* "Lida Rose/Will I Ever Tell You"
* "Gary, Indiana"
* "'Till There Was You"
* "Goodnight My Someone/Seventy-Six Trombones"
* "Finale"

## 1962 movie
In the 1962 movie, Preston reprised his role as Harold Hill (this after Cary Grant turned it down).  It also had Shirley Jones as Marian, Buddy Hackett as Marcellus, Hermione Gingold as Eulalie, Paul Ford as Mayor Shinn, and Ron Howard as Winthrop.  The movie is very similar to the musical, except that it replaces the song "My White Knight" with "Being in Love".

## 2003 movie
In 2003, a movie version of the musical was made starring Matthew Broderick as Harold Hill and Kristin Chenoweth as Marian Paroo.
Otto von Habsburg

**Otto von Habsburg** (given names: *Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius*, ; 20 November 1912 4 July 2011), was the last Crown Prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father, Charles, was the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary. The murder of his great uncle, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the event that led to the start of World War I.

During World War II he opposed the Nazis and Nazi Germany's takeover over Austria. Adolf Hitler ordered him to be put to death, but Habsburg left France and spent the war in the USA. Habsburg gave up his claim to the throne in 1961, and was allowed to return to Austria five years later. He was a member of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria and became a member of the European Parliament and pushed to get the former communist countries of Eastern Europe allowed into the European Union.

He was buried in the Imperial Tomb in Vienna, but his heart was buried at an abbey near Budapest, Hungary, as part of a tradition that goes back to medieval times. 

During his lifetime he was also known as **Archduke Otto of Austria**. 

## Family
In 1951, Crown Prince Otto married Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen, they had seven children:
* Archduchess Andrea, Countess of Neipperg
* Archduchess Monika, Duchess of Santángelo
* Archduchess Michaela of Austria
* Archduchess Gabriela of Austria
* Archduchess Walburga, Countess Douglas
* Archduke Karl of Austria
* Archduke Georg of Austria

## References
Guardian Media Group

**Guardian Media Group plc** (GMG) is a company in the United Kingdom that owns various mass media businesses including *The Guardian* and *The Observer*. GMG is owned by the Scott Trust. It began as the Manchester Guardian Ltd in 1907 when C. P. Scott bought the *Manchester Guardian* from his cousin Edward Taylor. It became the Manchester Guardian and Evening News Ltd when it bought the *Manchester Evening News* in 1924, later becoming the *Guardian and Manchester Evening News Ltd* after the change in the morning paper's name. It became the Scott Trust in 1993.  

GMG has many parts to it business: Guardian News & Media (the *Guardian*, the *Observer*); GMG Radio (regional radio stations under the Smooth, Real, and Rock Radio brands); Trader Media Group (the Auto Trader magazine and website), which it owns jointly with private equity firm Apax); GMG Property Services (estate agency software providers Vebra and Core, lettings software provider CFP Software, graphic design consultancy The Media Design House and consumer portal ThinkProperty.com); and Emap, the B2B events, data and publishing company, also jointly owned with Apax.

Guardian Media Group exists to support the main business of its owner, the Scott Trust: to keep the financial and editorial independence of the Guardian forever.

In March 2007 GMG sold 49.9% of Trader Media Group to Apax Partners, in a deal that valued Trader Media Group at £1.35 billion. In December 2007 GMG and Apax made a successful bid to buy Emap for around £1 billion.

In February 2010, the group sold its GMG Regional Media division (consisting of two companies MEN Media and S&B Media which operated 31 local and regional newspaper titles) to Trinity Mirror plc for £44.8 million. The sale ended the historic connection between *The Guardian* and the *Manchester Evening News*. The Manchester TV channel, Channel M, and two newspapers in Woking were not included in the sale.

## References
Carl Ferdinand Cori

**Carl Ferdinand Cori** (5 December, 1896 — 20 October, 1984) was an Czech doctor. He won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with his wife Gerty Cori and Bernardo Houssay, for discovering the way the body processed glycogen and sugar.

## References
West End, Washington, D.C.

in the West End]]
The **West End** is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C.. It includes the area between K Street to the south, Rock Creek Park to the west and north, and New Hampshire Avenue and 21st Street to the east. The West End is so named because it was the westernmost part of the original Pierre L'Enfant plan for the city of Washington, before the annexation of Georgetown. It is home to the embassies of Qatar and Spain, as well as to the Egyptian Defense Office. The George Washington University and The George Washington University Medical Center are on the edge of the West End, at Washington Circle.

In the past, the West End had many vacant lots and old buildings. In 1972, the District's Office of Planning and Management wrote an urban renewal plan  "to bring life to a declining part of the city."  Titled "New Town for the West End," the aerial photograph on the cover of the study showed the area that was planned to become a "new intown community." Today, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel and Residences, the Park Hyatt and Fairmont hotels, numerous luxury condominiums, and several of the city's best restaurants are in the West End.  However, the Columbia Hospital for Women closed and became apartments.

The neighborhood is close to Georgetown, Foggy Bottom, Dupont Circle, the downtown business district, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Kennedy Center, and the Watergate.

## History
Historically, West End was a predominantly African-American community with brick Victorian rowhouses and warehouses. From 1880 until May 2002, the Columbia Hospital for Women provided care for women having babies. The hospital was important because other hospitals in the area (such as Arlington Hospital) refused to help African-American women having babies. The hospital closed and the building became apartments.

## Recent developments
Many new buildings are coming to West End, with hundreds of new luxury condominiums either under construction or in the planning phase.

In 2007, controversy began over the last remaining "underdeveloped" parcel of land, known as Square 37.  Bordered by 23rd Street, 24th Street, L Street, and an alleyway, this is unusual because its short buildings from the 1800s to the 1960s, are different from the many new, tall buildings on the neighboring blocks. Square 37 was home to the Tiverton, the last remaining rent-controlled apartment building in the West End. The Tiverton tenants gained local media attention for successfully stopping people who wanted to build new buildings on Square 37.

The DC Council passed controversial emergency legislation on July 10, 2007 to sell the West End public library branch, the DC Special Operations Police Station (both on Square 37), and a firehouse (on neighboring Square 50) to the developer called Eastbanc.

## Education
District of Columbia Public Schools operates Francis-Stevens Educational Center at 2425 N Street.

District of Columbia Public Library operates the West End Neighborhood Library.

## References
## Other websites
*Golden Triangle Business Improvement District - overlaps with the West End
Bernardo Houssay

**Bernardo Houssay** (10 April, 1887 — 21 September, 1971) was an Argentine doctor. He won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori for finding out how hormones use sugar.

## References
Scimitar oryx

The **Scimitar oryx** or **Scimitar horned oryx** (*oryx dammah*) is a species of oryx that is extinct in the wild. They can be seen in zoos, wildlife parks and reserves. They used to live all over north Africa. A baby scimitar oryx is called a calf. Both male and female scimitar horned oryx have long curved horns. They  are herbivores and are diurnal. They are the only species of oryx that does not have black markings. A male scimitar horned oryx is called a bull.

## References
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

The **Greco-Bactrian Kingdom** was the eastern-most tip of the Ancient Greek world. It lasted between 250-125BC. It covered Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. It covered a region originally conquered by Alexander the Great. The Inhabitants were called Indo-Greeks.

## Sources
Much of our information comes from the Roman Strabo. Much archaeology has been done in Afghanistan, especially in the cities of Aï Khanoum and Begram.

## Exhibitions
The National Museum of Afghanistan has put on a touring exhibition about this kingdom. It has been shown at the British Museum and also in France, Germany and the Netherlands. Much other archaeology is on display in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Northwestern College (Illinois)

**Northwestern College** (NC), formerly **Northwestern Business College**, is a college in Illinois. It has no affiliation with Northwestern University. Northwestern College has campuses in Bridgeview, Chicago, and Napeville.

## References
## Other websites
Bosporan Kingdom

, modern Kerch, the capital of the Bosporan Kingdom.]]
The **Bosporan Kingdom** (often called Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus) was an ancient empire, covering the Crimea and a lot of the north coast of the Black Sea. It is regarded as the first 'Hellenistic' country to speak Greek.

## Overview
The Bosporan Kingdom was the longest surviving known Roman client kingdom (allied state). It was a Roman Province between 63 and 68, under Roman Emperor Nero. In the 1st century and 2nd century AD was a period of a new 'golden age' of the Bosporan Kingdom when it was famous for its jewellery. In the end of the 2nd century the King Sauromates II inflicted a critical defeat to the Scythians (a nomadic tribe) and included all the territories of the Crimea in the structure of his state.

The Bosporan Kingdom became rich from selling wheat, fish and slaves to rest of Europe. This means that there are a lot of amazing and very rich finds from the Kingdom, especially found in burial barrows (known as kurgans). Today, there are lots of architectural and sculptural remains from the Bosporan Kingdoms and many finds can be seen in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. These include gold work and vases imported from Ancient Athens and the rest of Ancient Greece.

It was finally destroyed by the Goths (barbarian tribes) at the end of the 4th century AD
Washington Navy Yard

The **Washington Navy Yard** is the former shipyard and ordnance plant of the United States Navy in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is the oldest shore base of the U.S. Navy. It has the offices of the Chief of Naval Operations,  the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Historical Center, the Department of Naval History, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Naval Reactors, Marine Corps Institute, the United States Navy Band, and many other naval commands. Before 2006, it was the headquarters to the Marine Corps Historical Center, but that center moved to Quantico. The Washington Navy Yard was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It became a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.

## References
Georgetown, Washington, D.C.

, with Georgetown highlighted in maroon.]]
**Georgetown** is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C., along the Potomac River. Georgetown started as a separate city in 1751 before the area became the District of Columbia. Georgetown stayed a separate city until 1871, when the United States Congress took away its charter. Another law in 1895 canceled Georgetown's laws and renamed the streets to match those in the city of Washington. Today, stores, bars and restaurants in Georgetown are on M Street and Wisconsin Avenue. Georgetown has the main campus of Georgetown University. The embassies of France, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, and Ukraine are in Georgetown.

## Geography
### Historic landmarks
Georgetown has many historic landmarks including:
* Canal Square Building, 1054 31st Street, NW, former home of the Tabulating Machine Company, a direct precursor of IBM
* The City Tavern Club, built in 1796, is the oldest commercial structure in Washington, D.C.
* The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, begun in 1829.
* Dumbarton Oaks, 3101 R Street, NW, former home of John C. Calhoun, U.S. vice president, where the United Nations charter was outlined in 1944.
* Evermay, built in 1801 and restored by F. Lammot Belin
* Georgetown Presbyterian Church was established in 1780 by Reverend Stephen Bloomer Balch.  Formerly on Bridge Street (M Street), the current church building was constructed in 1881 on P Street.
* Healy Hall on Georgetown's campus, built in Flemish Romanesque style from 1877 to 1879 was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987.
* Mount Zion United Methodist Church and Mount Zion Cemetery
* The Old Stone House, built in 1765, on M Street is the oldest original structure in Washington, D.C.
* Tudor Place and Dumbarton Court

## References
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Weiss, Eric M., "Public Works - Oldest Bridge Reopens", *Washington Post*, Thursday, May 17, 2007, page B-5.

## Other websites 
* Citizens Association of Georgetown , community association
* GeorgetownDC.com, by the Georgetown Business Improvement District
* *The Georgetown Current*, community newspaper
* *The Georgetowner*, community magazine
Holocephali

**Holocephali** ("complete heads") is a subclass of cartilaginous fish, of which the order Chimaeriformes is the only surviving group. 

Holocephali have a long fossil record that starts during the Devonian period. However, most fossils are teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or, at best, poorly understood. Sequence analysis on living chimaera suggests the whole group originated  420 million years ago in the Silurian period.

## References