open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Levant (disambiguation)

**Levant** may be:

* **The Levant** - a region in of the Middle East
* **Southern Levant** - area of The Levant
* **Île du Levant** - French island in the Mediterranean
* **Levant, Maine** - town in Penobscot County, Maine, USA
* **Levant, Cornwall** - a town in Cornwall, England
* '**Levant*** - the primary annual publication of the Council for British Research in the Levant
* **Impression, soleil levant** - the French name for the Monet painting Impression, Sunrise
* **Levant Company** - English company formed to trade with the Middle East
* **Levant Mine** - tin mine on the western coast of Cornwall
* **Levant Sparrowhawk**, bird of prey
* ***USS Levant**', sloop-of-war in the United States Navy 1837–1860
Jordan River (disambiguation)

**Jordan River** could mean:

Asia:
*Jordan River, a tributary of the Dead Sea in Southwest Asia

Australia:
*Jordan River, Tasmania

Canada:
*River Jordan, British Columbia, a hamlet and river on Vancouver Island

England:
*River Jordan, Cornwall

New Zealand:
*Jordan River, New Zealand, in the South Island

United States:
*Jordan River (Michigan), a tributary of Lake Charlevoix
*Jordan River (Utah), a tributary of the Great Salt Lake
*Jordan River (Virginia), a tributary of the Rappahannock River
*Ohio River, called the "River Jordan" by slaves escaping to freedom in the North before and during the Civil War
Levant

**Levant** is a term in geography that refers to an area in the Middle East. It includes the historic areas of Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Cyprus, and the Hatay Province (located in modern-day Turkey). 

The Levant is bounded by the Taurus Mountains to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the west, the northern Arabian Desert to the south and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. 
 
The word "Levant" entered the English language in the 16th century, together with the first English merchant adventurers in the region. English ships appeared in the Mediterranean in the 1570s and the English merchant company signed its agreement ("capitulations") with the Grand Turk in 1579 (Braudel).

Today, the word "Levant" is usually used by archaeologists and historians  who are talking about the prehistory and the ancient and medieval history of the region, as when discussing the Crusades. The term is also used sometimes to refer to modern or contemporary events, peoples, states, or parts of states in the same region, such as Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, and the Hatay Province.

## Regions 
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Iraq
* Israel
* Jordan
* Lebanon
* Palestine
* Syria
* Turkey

## Related pages
* Land of Israel
* Canaan
* Mesopotamia
* Palestine

## References
*Braudel, Fernand, *The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II*
*http://www.levantine.plus.com/index.htm . Levantine Heritage Site. Includes many oral and scholarly histories, and genealogies for some Levantine Turkish families.

## Other websites
*France and the Levant from 1920
Armorial of districts in Rhineland-Palatinate

**List of coats of arms of the 24 districts and the 12 urban districts in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany**

## The State of Rhineland-Palatinate 
## Districts
## Urban districts
Proselyte

**Proselyte**, from Greek */proselytos*, is used in the Septuagint for "stranger", i.e. a newcomer to Israel; a sojourner in the land, and in the New Testament (Strong's G4339 ) for a convert to Judaism from Paganism. It is a translation of the Hebrew word */ger* (Strong's H1616 ).

## Two kinds of proselyte in Judaism
There are two kinds of proselyte:
# *Ger tzedek* (*righteous proselytes*, *proselytes of righteousness*, *religious proselyte*, *devout proselyte*)
# *Ger toshav* (*gate proselyte*, *proselytes of the gate*, *limited proselyte*, *half-proselyte*)
A righteous proselyte was a Gentile who had converted to Judaism, was bound to all the doctrines and precepts of the Jewish economy, and was considered a full member of the Jewish people.

A gate proselyte was a "resident alien" who lived in the Land of Israel and followed some of the customs.

## Proselytes in early Christianity
The "religious proselytes" spoken of in Early Christian writings were righteous proselytes, as distinguished from gate proselytes.

## References
## Related pages
*Proselytism

## Other websites 
*Petrine Proselytes 
*Catholic Encyclopedia: Proselyte
*Jewish Encyclopedia: Proselyte
*Free Online Book: 'The Path of the Righteous Gentile' 
*Proselyte in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Oriental Orthodoxy

**Oriental Orthodoxy** is a group of six Eastern Christian Churches that accept only the first three ecumenical councils (the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus). They reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. Those Churches are also called **Old Oriental Churches**. 

Oriental Orthodox Churches are different from the churches that call themselves "Eastern Orthodoxy".

## Oriental Orthodox Churches 
### The Coptic Orthodox Church 
The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (based in Egypt) is the spiritual leader of all the Oriental Orthodox Churches. This is because the Pope of Alexandria (the head of the Coptic Orthodox Church) is also given the title of Patriarch of all Africa on the Holy See of St. Mark the Apostle.

This spiritual leadership isn't like the relationship between the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Patriarch of Constantinople. It does not give any special rights to the Church of Alexandria. But the position is an honor and a sign of respect.

### Other Churches 
In addition to the Coptic Orthodox Church, these are five other Oriental Orthodox Churches:

* Syriac Orthodox Church 
* Armenian Apostolic Church
* Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
* Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
* Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church

## History 
The schism (division) between the Great Church Orthodox, Catholic, and Oriental Orthodox Churches happened in the 5th century after the Council of Chalcedon.

## Sources 
* Betts, Robert B., *Christians in the Arab East* , Lycabbetus Press (Athens, 1978)
* Charles, R. H. ''The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text'', 1916. Reprinted 2007. Evolution Publishing, . http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE4

## References 
## Other websites 
* Website on the unity between Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches
Dogma

A **dogma** is something that should not be disputed or doubted. Most often, this means the basic beliefs and doctrines of a religion.  What a majority of followers of an ideology or any kind of organization believe in can also be a dogma. 
 
In the context of religion, the term has a neutral meaning. Outside of religion for most people the term means something negative, because it accepts only a particular point of view. If someone disputes a religious dogma, they can be accused of heresy.

In Christianity, the Resurrection of Jesus is a basic dogma.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Dogma - Catholic Encyclopedia
*Dogma  - Strong's N.T. Greek Lexicon
Dogma (disambiguation)

**Dogma** is belief accepted by a religion or ideology as the only correct one.

**Dogma** could also mean:

**Dogma* (movie), a movie written and directed by Kevin Smith
*Dogma 95, a manifesto about filmmaking aesthetics
*Dogma (band), a thrash metal band
*Dogma (Game), a freeware fighting game
*Dogma (movie company), a Bukkake movie company
*"Dogma", a social-commentary track by rock band KMFDM
*Dogma (bar), a British pub chain
Mass (disambiguation)

The term **Mass** is used for different concepts, in different fields of study:

## Physics
*Mass, a physical quantity describing the amount of matter in something (everything it is made of)
*Thermal mass, a mass which absorbs heat

## Religion
*Mass (liturgy), the main worship service of many Christian churches
*Mass (music), a piece of music for choir, which is sung during the religious service. The text of this is usually from a religious setting

## Music and theatre
*Mass (movie), a Tollywood movie starring Akkineni Nagarjuna
*Mass (theatre), a 1971 musical play by Leonard Bernstein based on Roman Catholic liturgy
*Mass (band), a post-punk band who recorded for the 4AD label
*The Mass (band), an American jazzcore band

## Placenames and geography
*Mass., an abbreviation for the U.S. state of Massachusetts
*Landmass (also *land mass*)

## Medicine and health
*Body mass index, a health indicator to do with to human body weight and height
*Muscle mass, a bodybuilding term to do with the configuration of muscles in a person's body
*MASS, the common acronym for sports nutrition company Muscle And Sports Science
*Mass (medicine), a tumor

## People
*Isaac Mass, a Franklin County, Massachusetts politician
***Mass**, another name for electronic musician Peter Harris, more commonly known as **Blu Peter**

----

In the plural form, **the masses**, can mean: 
* The working class or the  ("the masses"). See also multitudes. Masses are disorganized, as opposed to classes (see class consciousness).
*Hoi polloi (or "the masses"), a term that usually refers to ordinary, simple people (not important people like rulers and aristocracy)
**The Masses*, a Socialist magazine

An adjective describing a large amount of something, as in: 
*mass production
*mass transit
*mass communication
*mass education
*mass marketing
*mass media
*mass murder
*mass suicide
*weapons of mass destruction
*mass burial
*mass hysteria
*mass storage
Mass (music)

In music the word **mass** is used for a piece of music, to be sung by a choir. The Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches use this. There are two very broad kinds of masses: Those using the **Ordinary** are not linked to the Church calendar, they use the same pieces (and words) throughout the year. The Proper covers the parts of the mass that vary through the year. At the start, masses were sung in Latin or Greek. Examples of masses not in English include the Deutsche Messe by Franz Schubert or A German Requiem by Johannes Brahms. 

The usual words that are set to music are known as the **Ordinary**. These are the words of the service which are the same every day. The Ordinary consists of five parts: Kyrie (Lord have mercy upon us….), Gloria (Glory be to thee….), Credo (I believe in God the Father….), Sanctus (Holy, Holy, Holy….) and Agnus Dei (O Lamb of God…).

The words of the mass that are not from the Ordinary are called the **Proper**. These are words that may change in the service from day to day. The Proper consists of the Introit, Gradual, Alleluia, Tract, Offertory and Communion. There are also some words which are special for particular feast days.

In the Renaissance period church composers set the words of the Ordinary mass to music. This music was normally polyphonic: the different sections of the choir (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) all had musical lines which shared the melody and were of equal importance. The words of the Proper were not composed to special music. They were sung to plainchant.

During the last two centuries many composers have written masses which were not meant to be sung in a church service: they are written as concert pieces. Some of them are quite long and fill a whole concert program. Some of the most famous masses are those by Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Dvořák, Verdi, Bruckner, Fauré and Vaughan Williams.

## Related pages
* Requiem
Ecumenical council

An **Ecumenical Council** (also sometimes **Oecumenical Council**), or **general council**, is a meeting of the bishops of the Christian Church of the whole world who have come together to discuss matters of Church doctrine and practice.

The word is from the Greek word  *Oikouménē*, which means "inhabited" and was originally another name for the territory of the Roman Empire since all of the earliest councils were called by Roman Emperors. In later times, it was used in the sense of "worldwide" or "general."

## List of ecumenical councils
### The first seven Ecumenical Councils
The period of Christianity from the First Council of Nicaea (325) to the Second Council of Nicaea (787) is called the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils.

* 1. First Council of Nicaea, (325) adopted the Nicene Creed.
* 2. First Council of Constantinople, (381); changed the text of the Nicene Creed into present form.
* 3. Council of Ephesus, (431); proclaimed the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos (Greek Η Θεοτόκος, "God-bearer" or more commonly "Mother of God").
* 4. Council of Chalcedon, (451); declared the doctrine of monophysitism to be wrong and adopted the Chalcedonian Creed. This and all following councils are not recognized by the Oriental Orthodox Communion.
* 5. Second Council of Constantinople, (553)
* 6. Third Council of Constantinople, (680–681); affirmed that Christ had both human and divine wills.
** Quinisext Council (= Fifth and Sixth) or Council in Trullo, (692); this council is accepted by the Eastern Orthodox Church as a part of the Third Council of Constantinople, but is rejected by Catholics.
* 7. Second Council of Nicaea, (787); restoration of the veneration of icons and end of the first iconoclasm. It is rejected by many Protestant denominations, who instead prefer the Council of Constantinople of 754, which condemned the veneration of icons.

## Further reading
* Tanner, Norman P.  *The Councils of the Church*, .
* Tanner, Norman P.  *Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils*, .

## Other websites 
* The Seven Ecumenical Councils, Select Online Resources
* All Catholic Church Ecumenical Councils - All the Decrees 
* The Eighth and Ninth Ecumenical Councils 
* Council in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
* Catholic Encyclopedia: The 21 Ecumenical Councils
* Catholic Encyclopedia: General Councils
* Ecumenical Councils
* All Catholic Church Council Decrees including Trent and Vatican II
Jordan River

The **Jordan River** ( '**,  **') is a river in Southwest Asia that flows through the Great Rift Valley into the Dead Sea. Many people think it is one of the world's most sacred rivers.

It is  long. Its tributaries are:
# The Hasbani (*senir*,  *hasbani*), which flows from Lebanon.
# The Banias ( *hermon*,  *banias*), that comes from a spring at Banias at the foot of Mount Hermon.
# The Dan ( *dan*,  *leddan*) with its source at the foot of Mount Hermon.
# The Ayoun ( *ayoun*,  *ayoun*), which flows from Lebanon.

The four rivers join to form the Jordan in northern Palestine, near kibbutz Sede Nehemya. The Jordan drops quickly in a 75 kilometer run to Lake Hula, which is a little below sea level in the Galilee sea. Then it drops much more in about 25 kilometers to the Sea of Galilee. The last section has less gradient, and the river begins to twist before it enters the Dead Sea, which is about 400 meters below sea level and has no outlet. Two major tributaries enter this last section from the east: the Yarmouk River and Jabbok River.

In 1964, Israel began operating a dam that takes water from the Sea of Galilee, a major Jordan River water provider, to the national water carrier. Also in 1964 Jordan built a channel that takes water from the Yarmouk River, a main tributary of the Jordan River. This caused great damage to the ecosystem. Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk's waters.

In modern times, 70% to 90% of the waters is used for human purposes and the flow is much smaller. Because of this, and the high evaporation rate of the Dead Sea, the sea is . All the shallow waters of the southern end of the sea have been drained in modern times, and are now salt flats.

The water from the Jordan is a very important resource to the dry lands of the area. It is a source of conflict between Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine.

## In the Bible 
In the Hebrew Bible, the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility to a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), called "the garden of God" (Genesis 13:10). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible.
The New Testament states that John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the Jordan (Matt. 3:13).

## Symbolic importance 
The Jordan is a frequent symbol in folk, gospel, and spiritual music, or in poetic or literary works.

Because the Israelites made a difficult journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom in *The Promised Land*, the Jordan can be a symbol of freedom. The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete. Also, the Jordan can mean death itself, with the crossing from life into Paradise or Heaven.

## References 
## Other websites 
* SMART - Multilateral project for sustainable water management in the lower Jordan Valley
* An old map of the Jordan River from the 1800s
Criss Angel

**Criss Angel** (born **Christopher Nicholas Sarantakos**, December 19, 1967) is an American illusionist, stuntperformer, and musician. He has done many illusions. Examples of these include walking on water, making an Asian elephant vanish and then reappear several episodes later, and floating between two buildings. Angel has had a television program on the American network A&E called *Criss Angel Mindfreak*. The program has stunts and street magic, as well as public service announcements about scams that are popular around the United States. 

Angel was the guest host of the March 8, 2010 version of WWE Monday Night Raw. 

## References
## Other websites 
* Official Criss Angel website
* Official Criss Angel Mindfreak website at A&E
* Official Criss Angel MySpace profile
* 
* Videos of Criss Angel
Psyche (mythology)

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**Psyche** (pronounced: SY-kee) is a former mortal woman and goddess of the soul in Greek mythology. She is the wife of Eros (Cupid) and the mother of Hedone.  Today, Psyche is known from a story called *The Golden Ass*, written by Lucius Apuleius in the 2nd century.

## Mythology
### Early life 
Psyche was the youngest daughter of a Greek king and queen. She had two older sisters. She was very beautiful. Many people said she was more beautiful than Aphrodite. People started worshipping Psyche instead of Aphrodite. This made the goddess angry. As a punishment, she sent her son, Eros, to make Psyche fall in love with an ugly person. However, Eros fell in love with Psyche. He decided to save her from his mother's anger.

Psyche's sisters were jealous of her beauty. They eventually married kings and left to be with their husbands. Nobody asked to marry Psyche. She was left alone. Her father decided to ask the Oracle of Delphi for help.

### Marriage to Eros 
'' by Antonio Canova]]
Apollo, spoke to Psyche's father through the Oracle. He told her father that Psyche would marry a monster that even the gods were afraid of. Apollo said to dress Psyche in funeral clothes, take her to the tallest rock in the kingdom, and leave her there. The king sadly obeyed Apollo.

Psyche waited for the monster. When it did not come, she jumped from the rock. Zephyrus, the Greek lord of west wind, held her up to save her from death. He took her to Eros's palace. When Eros returned, he talked to Psyche in the dark. He said that she must not try to see him. He said that it would ruin everything if he told her his name. The first few weeks of Psyche's life in the palace were good. But soon her sisters convinced her to see what her husband looked like. 

]]
Psyche sneaked into her husband's room with an oil lamp. Psyche shone the light on her husband's face. A small drop of hot oil fell onto his shoulder. That burned him and woke him up. Eros felt betrayed by his wife's actions. He left Psyche.

Psyche was very unhappy after learning what she had done. Aphrodite found her and made her do four things. 
*The first thing was to sort a huge pile of seeds. An ant colony helped Psyche do this.
*The second thing was to gather wool from a dangerous sheep. A river god helped her by teaching her to collect pieces of wool from bushes.
*The third thing was to collect water from the underworld. The eagle of Zeus collected the water for her.
*The last thing was the most difficult. She had to bring back some of Persephone's beauty for Aphrodite. Persephone gave Psyche some of her beauty. When she was on her way back to Olympus, Psyche opened the box of Persephone's beauty. The only thing inside was death. Psyche died. Her husband, Eros, forgave her. He took her to Olympus.

Psyche was made the goddess of the soul. Psyche and Eros had a daughter, Hedone. Their daughter was the goddess of physical joy.

## Related pages 
*16 Psyche

## References
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

**Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet** (December 10, 1787 - September 10, 1851) was an American teacher and the founder of the American School for the Deaf. He founded the school in 1817.

## History
Gallaudet was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He went to Yale University. He got his bachelor's degree in 1805 and master's degree in 1808. He wanted to do many things for example,  study law or study religion. In 1814, Gallaudet became a preacher.  

Gallaudet chose not to become a preacher when he met Alice Cogswell, the nine-year-old deaf daughter of a neighbor, Dr. Mason Cogswell. He taught her many words by writing them in the dirt. Cogswell asked Gallaudet to go to Europe to learn ways for teaching deaf people. 

While in Great Britain, he met Abbé Sicard, head of a school for deaf people in Paris, and two of its deaf teachers, Laurent Clerc and Jean Massieu. Sicard asked Gallaudet to go to Paris to study the school's ways of teaching the deaf. Gallaudet studied with Sicard. He learned sign language from Massieu and Clerc, who were both graduates of the school.

Gallaudet asked Clerc to go back to America with him. The two men toured New England and got money to create a school for deaf students in Hartford, Connecticut which later became known as the American School for the Deaf. Young Alice was one of the first seven students in the United States.
Annelid

Annelids are a phylum of invertebrate worms. They are the segmented worms, with over 17,000 known species.

Well known species are earthworms and leeches. Annelids can be found in most wet environments. Some of these species are parasitic or mutualistic. This means they live together with (or inside) another organism. A mutualistic relationship is beneficial to both organisms. Their size varies from under a millimetre to about 3 metres. The largest known species is the seep tube worm (*Lamellibrachia lymnesi*), which is related to the giant tube worm.

Annelids are made of one or more body segments. Each segment has one or more rings. These rings are called *annuli* (singular: 'annulus' = 'little ring'). Annelids reproduce sexually by hermaphroditic cross-fertilization. They can regenerate cut off pieces of their body, unlike sponges, which can come back together if ripped apart. They have a hydrostatic skeleton, a one-way digestion system, and bilateral symmetry.

## Nervous system 
Annelid worms have a nervous system. The brain forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections.

The rest of the central nervous system is usually 'ladder-like', with a pair of nerve cords that run along the bottom part of the body cavity. In each segment there are paired ganglia linked by a cross-connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body.  

## Main groups 
*Polychaetes: about 12,000 species, free-living
*Clitellates: about 5,000 species
**Oligochaetes
**Hirudinea
*Echiura

## References
Alitta succinea

***Alitta succinea***, also known as the **pile worm** or **clam worm**, is a common polychaete worm.  

It is a species of ragworm or sandworm. The terms can refer to any one of a number of other species.  

This worm can reach up to 15 centimeters (6&nbsp;inches) in length.  Most specimens are smaller than this. It is brown coloured at the rear, and reddish-brown on the rest of its body. It has a head with four eyes, two sensory feelers or palps, and eight tentacles. It is a freeswimming polychaete, scavenging on the bottom of shallow marine waters. 

Clam worms are an important food source for bottom-feeding fish and crustaceans. They can protect themselves by secreting a mucous substance which hardens to form a sheath around them.

Planktonic larvae develop, grow into adults and eventually sink to the bottom of the water.

## References
Protozoa

'' is a  parasitic flagellate protozoan which causes 'beaver fever'.]]

**Protozoa** are microorganisms.  They are single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes, which eat bacteria and other food sources.

It is an old term, and the wider term protist is generally preferred today.  However, 'protozoa' is often used for convenience, especially in junior education.  It is a convenient hold-all term, and most systems of taxonomy  classify 'protozoa' into several different phyla.

The term is problematic because modern biochemical and genetic techniques show that it includes several quite different kinds of cells. They are found only in moist or aquatic habitats. Many protozoan species are symbionts, some are parasites, and some are predators of soil bacteria and algae. About 30,000 protozoan species are known.  The study of protists is called "protistology".

## Related pages 
* Protist
* Eukaryote
* Amoeba
* Paramecium

## References
Sandworm

The name **Sandworm**' can refer to different species:
*A ragworm, of the genus Nereis
*A lugworm

It can also stand for huge worms in the book Dune by Frank Herbert, see Sandworm (Dune)
Hematophagy

after feeding. This mosquito is also known because it can spread Malaria]]

**Hematophagy** is the habit of certain animals to feed on blood. Blood is rich in proteins. Examples of animals that feed on blood are mosquitoes, vampire bats and leeches.
Crinoidea

The **crinoids** are a  class of echinoderms. They have two forms, the **sea lilies**, stalked forms attached to the sea floor, and the **feather stars**, which are free-living.

All crinoids are marine, and live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters. The basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognized, but most crinoids have many more than five arms. Crinoids have a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms.

The crinoids have a long history. They were the first echinoderms to appear in the fossil record, and have kept their early structure throughout their long career. They were extremely common in the Palaeozoic, and some rocks from the Carboniferous consist almost entirely of fossil crinoids.

## Anatomy 
Crinoids' mouths faces up towards the surface of the ocean, and the stalked forms feed on the detritus which comes down to the bottom. The mouth is surrounded by many feathery tentacles. They have a U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth.

## History 
The crinoids were almost wiped out by the extinction event at the end of the Palaeozoic era. Four whole classes became extinct, and the few that survived became the only living class, the Articulata. The stalked members of the class sufered from heavy predation in the Mesozoic. and now all the remaining sea lilies are in deep water, where the competition is less fierce. The feather stars have been much more successful.

In 2005, a stalked crinoid was recorded pulling itself along the sea floor off the Grand Bahama Island. The recording showed a crinoid moving at much faster speeds than was thought possible.

### Feather stars 
The free-living feather stars first appear in the Upper Triassic. They are related to starfish. As juveniles, they are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk, as their ancestors were. In the adult stage they break away from the stalk and can move about. Some can swim by undulating movements of the arms. Usually, feather stars creep about by using projections at the bottom of the crown, called cirri. They are the only crinoids in shallow water, and are all in the orderComatulidae. Their flexible arms and ability to choose their feeding grounds was undoubtedly important in their success and survival.p293

During the day, they roll into a ball. But at night, they spread out their arms to catch plankton. Feather stars arrange themselves so the fan faces the flow of the current. The posture serves to present the maximum area of food-collecting surfaces to the incoming water flow, so that more particles will settle on them. They are found mostly in shallow water.

## References
Yorkshire Dales

, a typical example of Dales architecture]]
s in the west of the Yorkshire Dales. This part of the national park is popular with walkers due to the presence of the Yorkshire three peaks.]]
The **Yorkshire Dales** (also known as the "Dales") is the name given to an upland area, mostly in Yorkshire, in Northern England. Most of the area falls within the Yorkshire Dales District National Park, created in 1954. The "Dales" is one of the twelve National parks of England and Wales. The area is so called because it is a collection of river valleys ("dale" comes from a Danish word for valley), and the hills in between them.  The area is mainly in the historic county of Yorkshire, but today is partly in three modern counties : North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and Cumbria.

## List of Dales
]]

* Arkengarthdale
* Birkdale
* Bishopdale
* Coverdale
* Dentdale
* Garsdale
* Langstrothdale
* Littondale
* Malhamdale
* Nidderdale
* Ribblesdale
* Swaledale
* Wensleydale
* Wharfedale

## Related pages
* Bolton Castle
* Skipton
* Settle-Carlisle Railway
* List of peaks in the Yorkshire Dales

## Other websites 
* Yorkshire Dales Society 
* Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority
* Photos of The Yorkshire Dales on Flickr
Suwanee, Georgia

**Suwanee** is a city in the American state of Georgia. It is in Gwinnett County. In 2020, about 20,786 people lived in Suwanee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of .   of it is land and  of it (0.7%) is water.

## References
Polychaete

.]]

]]

**Polychaetes**, or **bristle worms**, are a class of annelid worms.

They are generally found in a marine environment. There are more than 10,000 known species in this class. They are ancient animals, dating back to 518 million years ago. They are first found in the early Cambrian fossil beds of Sirius Passet in Greenland.

Each of their body segments has some fleshy protrusions that stand out. These 'parapodia' have many bristles, which are made of chitin. This is different from the Oligochaeta, which are similar in form, but only have a few bristles.

Common species are the lugworm, and the clam worm *Nereis* (which is sometimes also called a 'sandworm').

## Description 
Polychaetes are segmented worms, generally less than  in length, although ranging at the extremes from  to . They are often brightly coloured, and may be iridescent or even luminescent.

Each segment bears a pair of paddle-like parapodia, which are used for movement. In many species, the parapodia, well supplied with blood vessels, act as the worm's primary respiratory surfaces. Bundles of bristles  stick out from the parapodia.

The head, or prostomium, is relatively well developed, compared with other annelids. It is forward over the mouth, which lies on the animal's underside. The head normally includes two to four pair of eyes, although there are some blind species. These eyes are fairly simple structures, capable of distinguishing between light and dark. Some species have large eyes with lenses that may be capable of real vision.
* Another remarkable polychaete is *Hesiocaeca methanicola*, which lives on methane clathrate deposits.
* *Lamellibrachia luymesi* is a cold seep tube worm which reaches lengths of over 3 meters, and may be the most long-lived animal at over 250 years old.
* A still unclassified multi-legged predatory polychaete worm was identified only by observation from the underwater vehicle *Nereus* at the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the greatest depth in the oceans, near 10,902 m (35,768&nbsp;ft) depth. It was about an inch long visually, but the probe failed to capture it, so it could not be studied in detail.
* Eunice aphroditois is a sea-floor predator which catches and eats fish bigger than itself.

## Bristle worm diet 
Most bristle worms are scavengers, but some are good predators, eating fishes and coral. Others like to eat algae. They are usually found hiding in reefs and rocky places. They crawl along the sea floor or the bottom of a tide pool, looking for something to eat.

## References
Cumming, Georgia

**Cumming** is a city in Forsyth County, in the northern part of Georgia, United States. It is the county seat of Forsyth County. The city has a population of about 7,300 people. It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area and serves as a growing suburb to the city of Atlanta. It has a total area of 18.73 square kilometers.

## History
Cumming was founded in the early 1830s. The city was named after Colonel William Cumming, a veteran of the War of 1812. In the 19th century, it was a small farming town. Over the years, the city grew and developed, especially after Lake Lanie was built in the 1950s. Today, it has grown as a suburban part of the Atlanta area.

## Geography
Cumming is located in the northern part of Georgia, about 40 miles north of Atlanta. The city covers an area of 7.23 square miles (18.7 km²). A small portion, about 0.6% of the area, is covered by water, primarily from nearby Lake Lanier. The area around Cumming is mostly rural with forests and hills.

## Economy
Cumming’s economy is primarily driven by retail, services, and tourism. Many people who live in Cumming work in nearby cities like Atlanta. There are several shopping centers, restaurants, and businesses in the city. Tourism is also an important part of the economy, especially because of Lake Lanier and the outdoor activities were there.

## Attractions
One of the biggest attractions near Cumming is Lake Lanier, it has boating, fishing, and other water activities. The lake is a popular summer destination for visitors. it also has parks, trails, and other outdoor spaces for enjoying nature.

## Transportation
Cumming was located near several highways, people can travel to other parts of Georgia easily. Georgia State Route 400 is the main highway that connects Cumming to Atlanta. There are not many public transportation, so most people drive their own cars to get around.

## Education
There are several public schools in the city, including Cumming Elementary School, Forsyth Central High School, and others. The school district is known for its high academic standards. It is one of the largest school districts in Georgia.

## Notable people
*Geoff Duncan, businessman and politician of Lieutenant Governor of Georgia.
## References
## Other websites 
*
Clarke County, Georgia

**Clarke County** is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Clarke County is Athens, Georgia. Clarke county was formed on December 5, 1801 and named after Revolutionary War hero Elijah Clarke. The University of Georgia is in Clarke County. At the 2020 census, Clarke county had 128,671 people.

## References
## Other websites
* Official site
Forsyth County, Georgia

**Forsyth County** is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Forsyth County is Cumming, Georgia. Forsyth County has one of the fastest growing populations of any county in the United States. The number of people grew from 98,407 to 175,511 between 2000 and 2010, and was 251,283 in 2020. The county was made in 1832 and is named after John Forsyth. The county has five main high schools including; North Forsyth, West Forsyth, Lambert High, Forsyth Central, and South Forsyth.

## References 
## Other websites 
*Government site
*Forsyth County Georgia, Local Web Portal and Directory
*John Forsyth, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
*History and Records, Forsyth County, GA
*North Forsyth High School 
*West Forsyth High School
*Lambert High School
*Forsyth Central High School
*South Forsyth High School
Johns Creek, Georgia

**Johns Creek** is a city in the American state of Georgia. It was made a city on December 1, 2006. It is a suburb in the northeast of Atlanta. Johns Creek has about 82,000 people living in it. It is a part of Fulton County. Johns Creek is the 10th largest city in Georgia.

## References
## Other websites 
*Official site
Athens, Georgia

**Athens** is a town in the American state of Georgia.

It is the county seat of Clarke County.

The University of Georgia is in Athens.

## References
## Other websites
* Athens-Clarke County: Unified City/County Government Official Site
* Athens Convention & Visitors Bureau
* Athens Stuff Guide 
* The University of Georgia
The Black Parade

***The Black Parade*** is the third studio album by My Chemical Romance. The album was released on October 24, 2006. The album is a concept album. The songs on this album follow the life of The Patient, a man dying of cancer. The album takes the listener into The Patient's mind, fears, regrets, and accomplishments. 

Much like their first two albums, *The Black Parade* offers a message of hope. 

*The Black Parade* is: Ray Toro, Mikey Way, Gerard Way, Frank Iero, and Bob Bryar.

## Track listing
# "The End." – 1:52
# "Dead!" – 3:15
# "This Is How I Disappear" – 3:59
# "The Sharpest Lives" – 3:20
# "Welcome to the Black Parade" – 5:11
# "I Don't Love You" – 3:58
# "House of Wolves" – 3:04
# "Cancer" – 2:22
# "Mama" – 4:39
# "Sleep" – 4:43
# "Teenagers" – 2:41
# "Disenchanted" – 4:55
# "Famous Last Words" – 4:59

## Sales
## References
Liturgy

A **liturgy** is a ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular group or event. In religion, it may mean an  formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), or a daily activity such as the Muslim Salats. Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion. The *open* or *waiting* worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.

## Related pages
*Christian liturgy

## Notes 
## References
*Bowker, John, ed. (1997) *Oxford Dictionary of World Religions*. Oxford University Press. .
*"What Do Quakers Believe?" . Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.

## Other websites 
*Catholic Encyclopedia article
*Orthodox Tradition and the Liturgy 
*Jewish Encyclopedia: Liturgy
*Contemporary Christian Liturgy Website History, theory, practice
Biogas

**Biogas** is a gas produced by the digestion in an oxygen free (anaerobic digestion) or fermentation of organic matter. The organic matter can be manure, sewage, municipal waste, compost, food waste or any other biodegradable raw material. Biogas is mainly methane and carbon dioxide. Depending on where it is produced, biogas is also called:

* **swamp gas**  
* **marsh gas**
* **landfill gas**
* **digester gas**

Biogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or to generate electricity. It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating, lighting, process heat and absorption refrigeration.

## Biogas and anaerobic digestion 
Anaerobic digestion is much used to make biogas from biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products.  The methane in bio gas burns more cleanly than coal, and produces more energy with less emissions of carbon dioxide.  The harvesting of bio gas is an important role of waste management because methane is a greenhouse gas with a greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide.  The carbon in bio gas was generally recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants, so releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than the burning of fossil fuels.

### Biogas typical composition range 
The composition of biogas varies depending on how it is made.  Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55-75%CH4.

*: often 5% of air is introduced to get rid of sulfur microbiologically

## Related pages 
* Producer gas

## Other websites 
* AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Lille  (PDF)
* AGORES - Biogas Biofuel Stockholm  (PDF)
* University of Adelaide - An Introduction to Biogas 
* Biogas in Rural Costa Rica 
* Solid Waste Association of North America
* Landfill Gas Symposium 

## References
Walter Sutton

**Walter Stanborough Sutton** (5 April 1877 – 10 November 1916) was an American biologist and surgeon. Sutton was born in Utica, New York and raised in Russell, Kansas. He got Bachelors and Masters degres from the University of Kansas. Sutton then went to Columbia University and got his doctorate in medicine in 1907.

In 1903 Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. Edmund B. Wilson (1856–1939), Sutton's teacher, and the author of one of the most famous text-books in biology, called this the *Sutton–Boveri hypothesis*.

## References
Lugworm

The **lugworm** (*Arenicola marina*), also known as the **sandworm**, is a large marine worm of the phylum Annelida. Lugworms make the coiled tubes of sand that are a familiar sight on a beach at low tide. The lugworm itself is not seen except by people who dig them up from curiosity or to use as fishing bait.

The lugworm lives in a U-shaped tube in the sand, and filters out its food from the water.

Arenicola marina can grow to about 5 inches long (13 cm). Its body is , like that of an earthworm. It has bristles in the middle of its body. It is a polychaete. It also has well-developed blood-vessels, and gills to breathe in the water. 

Although the textbook example is usually *Arenicola marina*, there is a second species, *Arenicola defodiens*, which lives a similar life. It grows to about 9 inches long (23 cm)

Image:Wattwurm alt.jpg|A lug worm
Image:Wattwurm jung.jpg|A young lugworm in its burrow
File:lugworm_borrow_section.svg|Simplified cross-section of a lugworm burrow

## References
Probe droid

**Probe droids** are robots in the *Star Wars* movies. They are used for spying and finding people. Darth Maul used probe droids to find Queen Amidala and the Jedi in *The Phantom Menace*. In *The Empire Strikes Back*, the Imperials use the probe droids to find the Rebel base.
Darth Maul

**Darth Maul** is a fictional character from the *Star Wars* universe. The character first appeared in the movie *Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace* in 1999. Darth Maul has also been in many books set in the time period just before the Clone Wars. Darth Maul was played by Ray Park in the movie.

Darth Maul is the first known apprentice of Darth Sidious. Maul is a Sith lord who uses the Dark Side of the Force. Darth Maul has black and red tattoos covering his head and face, a crown of small horns, and evil yellow eyes. He uses a red, double bladed lightsaber as a weapon. He flies the starship *The Sith Infiltrator*.

## History
After Nute Gunray, the viceroy of the Trade Federation, loses Queen Amidala, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to track her down. Darth Maul follows her to Tatooine, where he sends out probe droids to find her. As Anakin, the Queen and the Jedi Qui-Gon Jinn get ready to leave the planet, Darth Maul attacks on his speeder and Maul and Qui-Gon battle. After losing the Queen, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to Naboo to watch over the planet. When the Queen launches an attack, Darth Maul shows himself again. This time Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi start to battle with him. Darth Maul kills Qui-Gon and almost pushes Obi-Wan down a pit. In the end, Obi-Wan uses Qui-Gon's lightsaber to cut Darth Maul in half. Darth Maul fell down the pit, but somehow survived, as shown when he turns up again in the 2008 animated TV series, *Star Wars: The Clone Wars*.

## References
## Other websites 
* Star Wars Databank  Maul, Darth
Count Dooku

**Count Dooku of Serenno** (also known as **Darth Tyranus**) is a character from the *Star Wars* universe. Dooku is one of the major characters in *Episode II: Attack of the Clones*. He was played by late Christopher Lee. 

He is the second known student of Darth Sidious. Dooku is also the leader of the Confederacy of Independent Systems during the Clone Wars.
Clone Wars (Star Wars)

The **Clone Wars** was a period of war in the *Star Wars* movies. It was first mentioned in *Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope* (1977) and was explored later in several films, books, and television series.

Within the *Star Wars* franchise, the Clone Wars were a series of galactic wars that lasted from 22 BBY to 19 BBY. The war was fought by the Galactic Republic and the Jedi Order on one side against the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the Sith on the other. Ultimately, both sides lost and the Galactic Empire was born under Sith rule.

The war began during the events of *Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones* (2002) and ended in *Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith* (2005). In 2008, an animated film called *Star Wars: The Clone Wars* and a similarly named television series were released. These focused on the events that occurred in between.

Other less prominent media have explored this period as well, such as *Star Wars: Clone Wars* (an animated series from 2003 to 2005) and comic books focusing on Darth Maul. Several new Star Wars characters were created in this period that have become very popular, such as Ahsoka Tano, Asajj Ventress, and Bo-Katan Kryze.
Cuttlebone

*Sepia officinalis*]]
 with cuttlebone]]
**Cuttlebone** is a hard  structure found inside cuttlefish. Like seashells, the cuttlebone is made of calcium carbonate. The cuttlebone is special as it is covered with tiny holes that the cuttlefish can fill with water or air. This allows the cuttlefish to control its ability to float or sink in water. In the past, cuttlebones were used to make polishing powder. This power was then added to toothpaste to make it look white. Today, cuttlebone is mainly used for caged birds and turtles in their habitats, so they get their calcium easily and fast.
Decapodiformes

**Decapodiformes** is a superorder of Cephalopoda. It includes cephalopods with ten feet. These are usually eight short arms and two long tentacles. Well-known members are cuttlefish, squid, and the extinct belemnites. 

## References 
# Young, R. E., Vecchione, M., Mangold, K. M. (2008). Decapodiformes Leach, 1817. Squids, cuttlefishes and their relatives. in The Tree of Life Web Project
# "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Decapodiformes". *www.marinespecies.org*. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
Octopodiformes

**Octopodiformes** is a group of cephalopods with eight arms and no skeletal structure. They include Octopods and the Vampire squid. 

## References
Octopoda

**Octopoda** is one of the largest orders which contain the common octopus and some other types. Fossils are rare, but they do have a fossil record starting in the later Carboniferous.

Octopods are put into two suborders. One, the Incirrina, is composed of the well-known *Octopus* of rocky shores and coral reefs and its relatives. The other suborder, the Cirrina, contains octopods whose tentacles are linked by an umbrella-like mantle, so their activity is rather different from the common octopus.

## References
Vampyromorphida

**Vampyromorphida** is an order of cephalopods. There are one extant species (*Vampyroteuthis infernalis*) and several extinct taxa in it.

## Classification
*Order **Vampyromorphida**
**?Suborder †Kelaenina
***Family †Muensterellidae
**Suborder †Prototeuthina
***Family †Loligosepiidae  
***Family †Plesioteuthididae  
***Family †Geopeltididae  
***Family †Leptotheuthididae  
***Family †Lioteuthididae 
***Family †Mastigophoridae 
**Suborder †Mesoteuthina
***Family †Palaeololiginidae
****Subfamily †Teudopseinae
****Subfamily †Palaeololigininae
***Family †Trachyteuthididae
****Subfamily †Trachyteuthidinae
****Subfamily †Actinosepiinae
**Suborder Vampyromorphina
***Family Vampyroteuthidae

## References
*The Taxonomicon: Order Vampyromorphida 
*Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Vampyromorpha