open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ice age (disambiguation)

**Ice age** could mean:

*Ice age, a period of lower temperatures, resulting in an expansion of ice sheets and glaciers
**Pleistocene, the last ice age, from 1.81 million to 11,550 years before the present
***Wisconsin glaciation, refers to the world's last glaciations of the last ice age, from about 72,000 to 11,550 years before the present
*Ice Age (movie), a computer-animated movie released in 2002
***Ice Age: The Meltdown*, the sequel released in 2006
***Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs*, the second sequel released in 2009
***Ice Age: Continental Drift*, the third sequel released in 2012
***Ice Age: Collision Course*, the fourth sequel released in 2016
*Ice Age Entertainment, a record label
*Ice Age, an expansion set released in 1995 for the collectible card game, Magic: The Gathering
Psychedelic

The word **psychedelic** is a word invented in the 20th century by joining the Greek words for "mind," ψυχή (psyche), and "manifest," δήλος (delos).

A person in a "psychedelic state" is supposed to be able to feel new ways of looking at his mind that were unknown to him before. This can be caused by taking psychedelic drugs, like LSD. In medicine, the new feelings a patient has when he is in psychedelic state are called hallucinations and synesthesia; these are also seen in patients with psychosis. 

## Related pages
* Psychedelic art
* Psychedelic rock
Avalon Peninsula

.]]
The **Avalon Peninsula** is a large peninsula (9,270&nbsp;km²) that makes up the southeast portion of the island of Newfoundland.

The peninsula is home to forty percent of Newfoundland's population, and is the location of the provincial capital, St. John's. It is connected to the main section of the island by the 5&nbsp;km/3 mile wide Isthmus of Avalon. The peninsula sticks out into the rich fishing zones near the Grand Banks. Its four major bays–Trinity Bay, Conception Bay, St. Mary's Bay, and Placentia Bay–have long been the center of Newfoundland's fishing industry.

## Related pages
* British colonization of the Americas
* Conception Bay
* Newfoundland and Labrador

## Other websites
*Heritage of Newfoundland - Colony of Avalon
Chatham, Massachusetts

**Chatham** is a New England town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The population was 6,594 at the 2020 census. Chatham is home to the *Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge*, located on Monomoy, and to *Monomoy Theatre*.

## Other websites
* Official website
Grand Tour (cycling)

There are three Grand Tour cycling races:-

#In Italy, the Giro d'Italia
#In France, the Tour de France
#In Spain, the Vuelta Ciclista a España

This is the order they are raced in each year.

All three are in the "ProTour Calendar", that is they are part of the UCI ProTour.

They got the name of Grand Tour because they are some of the oldest, hardest and longest stage races in the calendar.

Seven cyclists have won all three of the Grand Tours during their career:
* : 5 Tours (1957, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964), 2 Giros (1960, 1964), 1 Vuelta (1963).
* : 1 Tour (1965), 3 Giros (1967, 1969, 1976), 1 Vuelta (1968)
* : 5 Tours (1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974), 5 Giros (1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974), 1 Vuelta (1973)
* : 5 Tours (1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1985), 3 Giros (1980, 1982, 1985), 2 Vueltas (1978, 1983)
* : 2 Tours (2007, 2009), 2 Giros (2008, 2015), 3 Vueltas (2008, 2012, 2014)
* : 1 Tour (2014), 2 Giros (2013, 2016), 1 Vuelta (2010).
* : 4 Tours (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017), 1 Giro (2018), 2 Vueltas (2011, 2017).

## References
Manatee

**Manatees** are large, fully-aquatic marine mammals of the order Sirenia. They are sometimes known as **sea cows**. The manatees form the genus ***Trichechus***. There are three manatee species.

The name comes from the Spanish *manatí*, which itself comes from a Carib word meaning "breast".

## Early sightings 
Christopher Columbus, who thought mermaids were real, went to the waters around Haiti, and wrote in his logbook that he had seen three mermaids. He said that they were not as beautiful as everybody said they were. Nowadays, people believe Christopher Columbus had actually seen three manatees. It is possible he saw them kissing one another, which is something they do when the meet each other in the water.

## Description 
Manatees have thick pads around their lips and stiff bristles that help them grab food and move it towards the mouth. A manatee eats sea grass and all kinds of sea vegetables. All its teeth are shaped like a human's molars. The eight hours of chewing each day wears down on their teeth. In fact, its first two pairs of teeth get so worn out that they simply fall out sometimes. However, manatees can grow new teeth. New teeth are always growing in the back. When front teeth fall out, the back teeth move forward to take their place. In mammals, only elephants and (quite independently) kangaroos have this kind of system.

## Taxonomy 
The Sirenia are thought to have evolved from four-legged land mammals over 60 million years ago. Their closest living relatives are the Proboscidea (elephants) and Hyracoidea (hyraxes).
* Family **Trichechidae**
** Genus *Trichechus*
*** West Indian manatee, *Trichechus manatus*
*** Amazonian manatee, *Trichechus inunguis*
*** West African manatee, *Trichechus senegalensis*

## Habitat 
Manatees live on the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the rivers. 
The West African Manatee lives on the western side of Africa, on the shores from Senegal to Angola. They also live in some rivers like the Niger River and around Lake Chad. 
The West Indian Manatee lives in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, and also on the shores of Brazil and Venezuela. 
The Amazonian Manatee lives in parts of the Amazon Basin in South America.

Manatees live in salt water and in fresh water. On the sea shores they mostly live in shallow water, like lagoons and mangroves. They also live in brackish water and rivers. Manatees like bodies of water with a temperature of over 20&nbsp;°C.

## Life 
They are mainly herbivores, spending most of their time grazing in  waters at depths of 1-2 metres (3–7&nbsp;ft).

## References
Wind power in South Australia

**Wind power in South Australia** is a big energy source for the state and South Australia is well suited to wind farms as it is close to the Roaring forties winds.

As of June 2014, South Australia has 16 wind farms, with an installed capacity of 1,473 megawatts (MW). Wind power represented 27% of the state's energy production. 

Wind farms do not emit greenhouse gases in the generation of electricity, and so wind power is considered a highly desirable form of renewable energy which assists in the reduction of the State’s reliance on coal and gas fired electricity generation.

## References
Whitbourne, Newfoundland and Labrador

**Whitbourne** is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

Whitbourne, Newfoundland’s first inland town, is named after Sir Richard Whitbourne, one of the most colorful early settlers of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador who wrote a book about Newfoundland that was published in 1620. Sir Richard was selected by the High Court of the Admiralty to set up the first English law court in the New World in 1615 in Trinity. He was kidnapped and held by the infamous Pirate Peter Easton in Harbour Grace. He also described a mermaid that he saw in St. John's harbour. Later, he became governor of Renews on the Southern Shore.

Whitbourne, unlike most communities on the Island of Newfoundland is inland. It was founded in about 1880 during the construction of the Newfoundland Railway. The railway continued to be an important employer in the Town until its abandonment in 1988, although its economic importance weakened slowly throughout the twentieth century.

Sir Robert Bond, the Prime Minister from 1900 to 1909, played a role in the expansion and planning of the Town and developed a complex country home, the "Grange", there.

The town of Whitbourne is located just off the Trans-Canada Highway on Route 81. It is located at the center of three possible routes to visit the Avalon Peninsula. Route 80 is one of the two entrances to the Baccalieu Trail, Route 100 and Route 81 lead to the Marine Atlantic Ferry Service in Argentia and other parts of Placentia and St. Mary's Bays, and Route 1, the Trans Canada leads towards the second entrance to the Baccalieu Trail and the capital city of St. John's. As a result, there is a Provincial Visitor Information Center on the Trans Canada near the town.

Whitbourne has many of the facilities of a small town that has traditionally been a regional service centre. The town’s Wetlands Conservation Trail is of interest to many visitors. 
According to the 2021 Statistics Canada Census:
*Population: 955
*% Change (2016-2021):  7.3%
*Dwellings: 584
*Area (km²): 21.51
*Density (persons per km²): 44.4

## Related pages
* Newfoundland and Labrador
Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert

There are several **Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert** which supply power to the electricity grid.   Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the name given to nine solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which were built in the 1980s. These plants have a combined capacity of 354 megawatts (MW) making them the largest solar power installation in the world. Nevada Solar One is a new solar thermal plant with a 64 MW generating capacity, near Boulder City, Nevada. There are also plans to build other large solar plants in the Mojave Desert.  The Mojave Solar Park will deliver 553 MW of solar thermal power when fully operational in 2011.

Insolation (solar radiation) in the Mojave Desert is among the best available in the United States, and some big groups of people are in the area.  This makes the Mojave Desert particularly suitable for solar power plants. These plants can generally be built in a few years because solar plants are built almost entirely with modular, readily available materials.

## References
Mammoth

A **mammoth** is any species of the extinct elephantid genus ***Mammuthus***. 

## Overview 
The various species of mammoth were commonly equipped with long, curved tusks.

They lived from the Pliocene epoch into the Holocene until about 4,000 years ago, and various mammoth species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America.

Mammoths are more closely related to living Asian elephants than African elephants.

### Fossil works 
The term mammoth may refer to a number of organisms, but is used here to describe the hairy proboscidean of the genus *Mammuthus*. They lived in Europe until 4,500 years ago, and were adapted to cold climate. They were killed off by hunters and climate change.

They lived in the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. In the Pleistocene, northern Europe was covered with ice and tundra. There were a series of ice ages, which allowed the mammoths to spread across the land.

Mammoths were hunted by early humans, who used spears, and cut them up with hand axes. Their frozen flesh has been analysed for its DNA sequence.

## Related pages
* Mastodon
* Elephant

## References 
## Other websites 

*Mammoth Site in Hot Springs, South Dakota
Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team

The **Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team** was a professional bicycle racing team.

The US Postal Service stopped was the sponsor of the team until 2004. The Discovery Channel took over sponsorship in June 2004 in time for the new UCI ProTour

On February 10 2007 Discovery Channel ended its sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2007 season. The decision to end its sponsorship is believed to be related to the firing  of Discovery Networks president Billy Campbell by David Zaslav, Zaslav became the new president of Discovery Communications that same day.

On 10 August 2007, the team's licence holders, Tailwind Sports, said that the team would stop racing at the end of the year. They could not find a new sponsor and blamed that on bad publicity about doping in the 2007 Tour de France.

## Members
The most well known member of the Discovery Channel team was Lance Armstrong. He won the Tours de France seven times before he retired in 2005.

## References 
## Other websites 
;Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
* Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team 
* The Official Fan Club of Lance Armstrong and the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
* Discovery Channel team page at Cyclingpost
;U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team
* USPS Pro Cycling Team Website 
* Letter arguing that Postal Watch has no case against the USPS
* Inspector General criticisms of sponsorships
Rugby World Cup Sevens

The **Rugby World Cup Sevens** was the world's premier international contest in the Sevens version of rugby union before the sport was added to the Olympics starting in 2016. The World Cup was first held for men's teams only in Scotland in 1993; a women's World Cup was added in 2009 when the event was held in Dubai. Since 2013, the World Cup has been held every four years; after a five-year break for the next tournament in 2018, the four-year cycle will restart. The trophy for the winners of the men's tournament is the **Melrose Cup**, named after the Scottish town of Melrose where the first sevens game was played. The current holders for both men and women are New Zealand, who won in 2013.

The tournament's most recent edition, in Russia in 2013, was planned to be the last. In October 2009, the International Olympic Committee voted to add men's and women's rugby sevens to the Summer Olympics starting in 2016. World Rugby (then known as the International Rugby Board, or IRB), which runs rugby union around the world, said in September 2009 that it would no longer hold a World Cup if the sport would be part of the Olympics. However, the IRB changed its mind, saying in 2013 that the World Cup would be kept. The next World Cup will be held in 2018, and from that point will continue every four years. 

## Men's tournaments
## Women's tournaments
Operación Puerto doping case

The **Operación Puerto doping case** (meaning *Operation Mountain pass*) is a doping investigation in Spain. It started in May 2006.

Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes is accused of giving banned doping drugs to 200 professional athletes.

Fuentes doped a lot of well known tennis and football stars but most attention was on the fairly small number of professional road cyclists that were named in the investigation.

By May 2007, fifteen have been proved not guilty, but three have admitted doping or have had very much evidence of blood doping placed before them.

## References
Heir apparent

An **heir** (female: *heiress*) is a person who has inherited something after the original owner's death. It is often a child after a parent dies.

*Heir apparent* and *heir presumptive* usually refer to someone who will inherit a royal or noble title:

:An **heir apparent** is someone who will inherit at the death of the present title-holder.
::A **Crown Prince** is an heir apparent to the throne in a monarchy.

:An **heir presumptive** is someone who may inherit unless someone with a better claim under the rules of succession is found.

*King Charles III's oldest son is Prince William, who is thus the heir apparent of the British monarchy.

*Prince Bertil of Sweden was the heir presumptive to his nephew King Carl XVI Gustav. The King's son, Prince Carl Philip became heir apparent when he was born, but when in 1980 the law of succession changed, his sister Princess Victoria became the world's first heiress apparent.

## Monarchies that have used the title
*Prussia
*Japan
*Sweden
*Denmark
*Greece

## References
Armenia national football team

The **Armenia national football team** is the national football team of Armenia. After the split of the Soviet Union, they played their first match against Moldova on 12 October 1992.

## Most appearances
## Top scorers
## References
Trough (meteorology)

for the Northern Hemisphere, with regions of convergence and divergence labeled.]]

A **trough** is an elongated area of comparatively low atmospheric pressure, usually in association with weather fronts.

Convective cells may form in the surrounding area of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone. Some tropical or subtropical areas, such as the Philippines or south China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough. In the mid-latitude westerlies, troughs and ridges often exchange with each other, especially when upper-level winds are in a high-amplitude pattern. For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air - and hence high pressure - while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure. Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.
Rugby sevens

and Georgia in 2007]]

**Rugby sevens** is the shortened version of rugby union in which only seven players per side feature, instead of the full fifteen. The version of rugby union is very popular, with notable comptitions including the IRB Sevens World Series and the Rugby World Cup Sevens. It is also played at events such as the Commonwealth Games and rugby league has also adopted the sevens format.

Rugby sevens was invented in Melrose, a small town in Scotland.

It is played under the same rules and on a field of the same dimensions as the 15-player game, but a rugby sevens match lasts approximately 15 minutes (7 minutes aside with 1 minute half-time break). However, the finals last somewhat more than 20 minutes; each half in a final is ten minutes, instead of the normal seven minute. Also the game ends when the ball goes of the pitch or points are scored. The point system is similar to rugby union in which a try gets a team five points and conversion gets it two points, with three points for penalties and drop goals (drop goals are very uncommon in sevens).

Points scoring occurs with much greater regularity in sevens than in fifteens since there are more spaces for players to run. Scrums still exist within sevens, which are composed of just three players from each team. The speedy nature of the game causes players to be usually from the backline or the trio of loose forwards in fifteens rugby.

All sevens players in the forwards or otherwise must be fit, agile and relatively strong and demonstrate a high level of fitness to compete at an optimum level. Places such as New Zealand, Fiji, South Africa, England and Samoa have very successful sevens teams. Rugby sevens have also been played in the Commonwealth Games since 1998 with only men's teams. New Zealand is ranked as the top in the Commonwealth Games and has won four gold medals and one silver medal.

## References
Zakarids–Mkhargrdzeli

The **Zakarids** (Armenian: Զաքարյաններ, Zakaryanner; Georgian: მხარგრძელები, Mkhargdzelebi) were a noble Armenian family in medieval Armenia and Georgia.

## References
Alkane

**Alkanes** are chemical compounds, made of carbon and hydrogen. The simplest alkane is methane, which is made of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Larger alkanes have two or more carbon atoms connected or bonded together in a chain. The carbon atoms of alkanes are joined together by single bonds, which is what makes them different from alkenes. The alkane's general formula is CnH2n+2.

## Physical structure
In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C–C or C–H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C–H bond). The longest link of carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms may be thought of as the size of the alkane.

An alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that has one open valence for bonding. They are generally abbreviated with the symbol for any organyl group, R. Although Alk is sometimes used to abbreviate an alkyl group.

## List of alkanes 
Here is a list of the first 20 alkanes:

* Methane (CH4)
* Ethane (C2H6)
* Propane (C3H8)
* Butane (C4H10)
* Pentane (C5H12)
* Hexane (C6H14)
* Heptane (C7H16)
* Octane (C8H18)
* Nonane (C9H20)
* Decane (C10H22)

* Undecane (C11H24)
* Dodecane (C12H26)
* Tridecane (C13H28)
* Tetradecane (C14H30)
* Pentadecane (C15H32)
* Hexadecane (C16H34)
* Heptadecane (C17H36)
* Octadecane (C18H38)
* Nonadecane (C19H40)
* Eicosane (C20H42)

## Production 
The alkanes have two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.

Alkanes come from crude oil. Crude oil is a natural resource, a thick black fluid found by drilling underground. Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes of different chain length - composed of different numbers of carbon atoms. It also has laboratory method of production.

Fractional distillation is the method used to separate the different hydrocarbons in crude oil, used to get a purer or more distilled, sample of a single alkane.

## References
QuikSCAT

The **QuikSCAT** (Quick Scatterometer) is an earth-observing satellite that provides wind speed and direction information over oceans to NOAA. It is a "quick recovery" mission to fill the gap created by the loss of data from the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) that was lost in June 1997. It is in a sun-synchronous low-earth orbit.

Because of the 2003 failure of the ADEOS II satellite that was meant to succeed the NSCAT, QuickSCAT is currently the only US-owned instrument in orbit that measures surface winds over the oceans.  The European Space Agency has its own scatterometers in orbit, such as Envisat.

However, because it is now running on a backup transmitter and having other problems, this satellite could fail at any moment, putting risk at weather forecasts for possibly dangerous tropical cyclones.

In early June 2007, Bill Proenza, Director of the National Hurricane Center in Florida, came under fire for criticizing his NOAA superiors for not creating a back-up plan for replacing the capabilities provided by this satellite.

## References
Dover, Pennsylvania

**Dover** is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,954 at the 2020 census. The United States Census Bureau says the borough has a total area of 1.4 km² (0.5 mi²). All of it is land. There are no lakes or rivers in Dover.

## History
James Joner bought 203 acres of land in 1764. On this land, he created the town of Dover. It was known as **Jonerstown** until 1815, when the name was changed to Dover. Dover was incorporated in 1864, exactly 100 years after its founding.

## Intelligent design controversy 
Dover is most well known for something that happened in 2004-05. The Dover Area School District voted to include a statement about intelligent design in what is taught on about biology in its schools. This action led to the court case *Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District* in late 2005.

On December 20, 2005, Judge John E. Jones III decided in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania that a public school district in Pennsylvania cannot teach Intelligent Design in a science class room. He said it was because it is based on a religious belief. The first amendment in the United States Constitution does not allow the government to deal with anything that deals with religious points of view.
http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/12/20/intelligent.design.ap/index.html?section=cnn_topstories http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4545822.stm http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1424896

## References 
## Other websites 
* Dover Township official site
* Dover School District
Bermuda International Airport

**Bermuda International Airport** , also known as **L.F. Wade International Airport**, is an airport in Bermuda, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the north Atlantic Ocean.  In 2006, L.F. Wade International Airport handled about 900,000 passengers, up 7% from 2005. It has one passenger terminal, one cargo terminal, and eight aircraft stands. It can support all aircraft sizes up to and including the Boeing 747. Currently, ten airlines operate services to Bermuda Airport from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The largest aircraft now operating in regularly scheduled service at BDA are British Airways' Boeing 777-200s.
## References
Mikheil Saakashvili

**Mikheil** "**Misha**" **Saakashvili** (born 21 December 1967) is a Georgian-Ukrainian politician. He was the President of Georgia.  As of 2020, he was head of the National Reform Council of Ukraine.

In October 2021, Mikheil Saakashvili, was arrested after returning illegally to his country, after being in exile outside Georgia since 2013. A gesture he explained by his willingness to fight alongside his compatriots in the country.  

Right now, the Georgian ex-president is in jail and in a very bad position. Doctors have found that he has been poisoned and the Georgian government does not let him go to the jury.
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon

**Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon**  (Margaret Rose; 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002), was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. She was the younger sister and only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II.

## Early life
Princess Margaret was born on 21 August, 1930 in Glamis Castle, Scotland. She was the first member of the royal family in direct line of succession to be born in Scotland since the 1600s. 

During the 1950s, she was in a relationship with Peter Townsend which gained much press coverage hoping they would marry, but ultimately they did not. 

In 1960, she married the photographer Anthony Armstrong-Jones, who was made Earl of Snowdon. They had two children, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon born in 1961 and Lady Sarah Chatto born in 1964. After they divorced in 1978, she was known as *Princess Margaret* Countess of Snowdon; the Earl's new wife was simply *the* Countess of Snowdon. Armstrong-Jones died in January 2017, almost 15 years after Margaret.

## Illness and death
Her later life was marred by illness. She suffered a nervous breakdown in the 1970’s, and in 1978, she fell ill whilst visiting Tuvalu, which resulted in her requiring hospital treatment in Sydney, Australia. In January 1985, after years of heavy smoking, she had an operation to remove part of her left lung. In January 1993, she was admitted to hospital with a bout of pneumonia. In February 1998, she suffered a mild stroke in her holiday home at the Caribbean island of Mustique. A year later in the same place, she suffered scalds to her feet in a bathroom accident which reduced her mobility, sometimes using a wheelchair as a result. She had further strokes in early 2001, and her public appearances became less frequent. 

Around January 2002, it was announced Princess Margaret was admitted to hospital.

She died on 9 February 2002 of a stroke while in King Edward VII Hospital. She was cremated so she could be buried next to her beloved father, George VI at St George's Chapel. Her mother, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, survived her by just over a month, died on 30 March 2002, aged 101, and she, too, was buried in St George's Chapel. 

## Titles and styles
**21 August 1930 – 11 December 1936*: *Her Royal Highness* Princess Margaret of York
**11 December 1936 – 3 October 1961*: *Her Royal Highness* The Princess Margaret
**3 October 1961 – 9 February 2002*: *Her Royal Highness* The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon

## Ancestry
## References
Waltham, Massachusetts

**Waltham** is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 65,218 at the 2020 census.

## References
## Other websites
*Waltham official website
National language

A **national language** is a language which is the national identity of a nation. A national language is used for political and legal discourse.

## Related pages 
* First language
* Official language
* Regional language
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum

The **Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum** is a museum that deals with the history of country music. The museum is located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The museum also honors the major people in the history of country music.

## Other websites
* The Country Music Hall of Fame
Real Zaragoza

**Real Zaragoza** is an Aragonese football Club. The club competes in La Liga (the Spanish Premier League).

## History 
It was established in 1932 when **Zaragoza CD** and **Iberia FC** join to create Real Zaragoza. Its home stadium is La Romareda in the city of Zaragoza.

## Managers 
Amongst its previous managers is Víctor Fernández.

## Name 
* 1932-1941 **Zaragoza F.C.**
* 1941-present **Real Zaragoza**

## Awards 
Real Zaragoza's honours includes 6 Spanish Championships "Copa del Rey" and five times runners-up, a Inter-City Fairs Cup and another runners-up, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and a Spanish Premier League "La Liga" runners-up.

## League position 
### Former position 
## Players 
Famous players like Juan Esnáider, Gabi Milito, Jorge Valdano, Ricardo Oliveria, Cafu or José Luis Chilavert have played for Real Zaragoza.
Persian people

The **Persians** are an Iranian ethnic group who speak the Persian language as their native language, being around 49 million in Iran, forming 61% of the population.

Related pages
* Persian language

## References
Louis P. Lochner

**Louis P. Lochner** (born **Ludwig**) (February 22, 1887 – 1975) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American journalist at the Associated Press. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his work reporting the news from Nazi Germany.

## Other websites 
*Louis P. Lochner (1887-1975) Family Collection, 1524-1975 : Concordia Historical Institute
Flag of Iran

The current **flag of Iran** started to be used on 29 July 1980 after the Islamic Revolution. The design of the flag is three horizontal bands of green above white above red, symbolising Islam, peace, and valour respectively.

Another flag of Iran that is popular is the , which features a gold-coloured lion with a sun and sword in the centre of the flag. It used to be Iran's flag before 1979, but is still used by many Iranians who don't like the current government of Iran.
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

The **Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia** (**ASALA**) was a Marxist-Leninist Armenian militant front, that operated from 1975 to the 1990s. ASALA's stated intent was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland".

ASALA was founded in 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon by Hagop Hagopian – also known as Harutiun Tagushian – and Kevork Ajemian, a prominent contemporary writer.

The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and the broader Middle East. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, where two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981.

Continuous attacks prompted Turkey to accuse Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Lebanon and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding the ASALA, 
  
As per  

## Related pages
* Gourgen Yanikian

## Other websites
*GlobalSecurity site: ASALA

## References
Kevork Ajemian

**Kevork Vartani Ajemian** (*Adjemian*) (in Armenian Գևորգ Աճեմյան, in Western Armenian Գէորգ Աճեմեան) (May 23, 1932 – December 27, 1998) was an Armenian writer, journalist and public activist, one of the founders of ASALA military organization. 

## Biography
Kevork Ajemian was born in Syria, in the family of Armenian refugees. In early age he moved to Lebanon, where he studied at the American University of Beirut. 

A prominent representative of the new generation of Armenian Diaspora writers of 1960s he wrote both in Armenian and in English, his books were published in Lebanon, USA and USA. 

In 1978-1989 Ajemian edited the "Spurk" journal, in 1979 he took part of the First Armenian Congress Organizing Committee (Paris). He died in Paris, France. 

In 1999 a collection of the best journalistic works of Ajemian was published.

## Books
*Rulling over the Ruins, USA, 1999
*A Time for Terror, USA, 2000. 

## Other websites
*Ajemian at Amazon
1960 Summer Olympics

postage stamp in honor of weightlifting at the 1960 games]]

The **1960 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XVII Olympiad**, were held at Rome in Italy.  Rome had been awarded the 1908 Summer Olympics. However, after the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius, London became the host.

CBS paid $394,000 for the right to broadcast the Games in the United States.

## Host 
Rome was chosen as the host of the 1960 Summer Olympics in 1955. Other cities that could have hosted the Olympics were:

*  Brussels, Belgium
*  Budapest, Hungary
*  Detroit, United States
*  Lausanne, Switzerland
*  Mexico City, Mexico
*  Tokyo, Japan

Tokyo would later host the 1964 Summer Olympics, and Mexico City would later host the 1968 Summer Olympics.

## Participating nations 
A total of 67 nations sent athletes to compete at the Melbourne games.

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## Related pages
* List of IOC country codes

## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1960 Summer Olympics

## References
## Other websites
* Rome 1960 at Olympic.org
Members of the United Nations

. In light blue, the founding members. In dark blue, protectorates and territories of the founding members.]]
This is a list of **members of the United Nations**. The list includes the date each country joined the United Nations.

The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of joining by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns. Original members are listed with a .

## Notes 
All notes are based on Official list of member states.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official list of member states
1948 Winter Olympics

The **1948 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **V Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The games started on January 30 1948. St. Moritz was also the site of the 1928 Winter Olympics.

These Games were the first in twelve years, because none were held during World War II.

## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1948 Winter Olympics
1932 Winter Olympics

The **1932 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **III Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1932 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. The games started on February 4 1932. The 1932 Winter Olympic Games were going to be in Big Pines, California, but because of poor snow conditions, the games were moved to Lake Placid.

## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1932 Winter Olympics
Sea surface temperature

[[Image:Sea surface temperature 2001.png|thumb|right|Annual mean **sea surface temperature**. Data from the World Ocean Atlas 2001.]]

**Sea surface temperature** (SST) is the water temperature at the surface. In practical terms, the exact meaning of "surface" will vary according to the measurement method used. A satellite infrared radiometer indirectly measures the temperature of a very thin layer (about 10 micrometres thick) or skin of the ocean (leading to the phrase skin temperature) representing the top millimeter; a thermometer attached to an already fastened or wandering buoy in the ocean would measure the temperature at a specific depth (e.g. the top 1 meter below the sea surface); the measurements regularly made from ships are often from the engine water intakes and may be at various depths in the upper 20 m of the ocean. Note that the depth of measurement in this case will vary with the cargo aboard the vessel.
1994 Winter Olympics

The **1994 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XVII Olympic Winter Games,** were held in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. Other possible host cities were Anchorage, Alaska, USA; Östersund/Åre, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee voted to change the schedule of the Olympic Games so that the summer and winter games would be arranged in alternating even-numbered years. Lillehammer won the right to host the event in September 1988 in Seoul before the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics. The Lillehammer Games were held in 1994, the only time the Winter Games have occurred two years after the previous games.

The Lillehammer Olympics are notable for being the last Winter Olympic Games to date to have been held in a town (Lillehammer has a population of only 28,000). Later Winter Olympics were held in larger cities, such as Nagano, Salt Lake City, Turin and Vancouver.

## Other websites 
* IOC page for the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics
1992 Winter Olympics

The **1992 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XVI Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1992 in Albertville, France.

These were the last Winter Games to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. They were also the first Games where the Winter Paralympics and the Winter Olympics were held at the same site.

## Olympic bids 
Seven cities sent a bid for the 1992 Winter Olympics.

* ** Albertville, France** (city chosen to host the Games)
*  Anchorage, USA
*  Berchtesgaden, Germany
*  Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
*  Falun, Sweden
*  Lillehammer, Norway
*  Sofia, Bulgaria

## References
2010 Winter Olympics

The **2010 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XXI Olympic Winter Games,** were the Winter Olympics that were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2010. Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC). The XXI Olympic Winter Games were held from February 14 2010 to February 28 2010. Many of the 2010 events were held in the nearby resort community called Whistler, about an hour's drive north of Vancouver.

The 2010 Winter Olympics is the third Olympics hosted by Canada, and the first by the province of British Columbia. Previously, Canada was home to the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. The villages of Whistler and Garibaldi bid for the games in 1976 but failed to win.

## Participating nations
82 National Olympic Committees had teams in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Cayman Islands, Colombia, Ghana, Montenegro, Pakistan, Peru and Serbia were in their  first winter Olympics. Also Jamaica, Mexico and Morocco came back to the Games after missing the Turin Games. 

* Albania(1)
* Algeria(1)
* Austria(81)
* Azerbaijan(2)
* Belgium(9)
* Bermuda(1}
* Bulgaria(19)
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* Cayman Islands(1)
* Chile(3)
* Estonia(30)
* France(108)
* Georgia(8)

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* Great Britain(52)
* Hungary(16)
* Iran(4)
* South Korea(46)

* Montenegro(1)
* New Zealand(16)
* Pakistan(1)
* Portugal(1)
* Russia(177)
* Switzerland(146)
* Tajikistan(1) However, some European countries felt this would give North American players an advantage since they grew up playing on the smaller NHL-sized rinks.

## Medal table
Here is the top of the medal table at the end of the games.

Medal numbers shown in **bold** are the highest in their section. Canada, the host nation is highlighted in **lavender**.

## References
## Other websites 
* Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, official website 
* The lighting ceremony in Olympia for the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games.
* Government of Canada 2010 Federal Secretariat 
* Road to the Games | Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games | CBC B.C. Feature
* CTV Television network Official website
* City of Vancouver, official Host City page 
* The official Whistler website of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Game
* Vancouver 2010 Schedule - Venue Information and Maps 
* Winter Olympics Vancouver 2010  - News, Tickets, Venues, Sport events, Schedules
1980 Winter Olympics

The **1980 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XIII Olympic Winter Games**, were held in 1980 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. Another possible host city was Vancouver-Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada. However, they withdrew before the final vote.

## References 
## Other websites 
* IOC page for the 1980 Winter Olympics
Maya people

The **Maya people** are several culturally-related Mesoamerican ethnic groups of southern Mexico and northern Central America. The Mayan civilization lasted a few thousand years.

Most Maya live in the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Chiapas and in the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, and west of Honduras and El Salvador.

## Other websites 
* Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya at the National Gallery of Art 
* Learn more about Maya hieroglyphs  and Maya numbering from the National Gallery of Art 
* La Pintada, a Maya Chorti village near Copan Ruinas, Honduras 
* A Day with Modern Mayans in the village of Oxtapacab, Yucatan, Mexico
Dardanelles

dividing the Balkans (Europe) along the Gallipoli peninsula from Asia Minor.]]

The **Dardanelles** is the narrow strait in northwestern Turkey that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It marks the division between Asia, to the east, and Europe, to the west.

The waterway is highly significant to all countries in the region because it provides access to the Black Sea. The Treaty of Lausanne requires Turkey to allow merchant vessels to pass and limits Turkey's right to close the Straits to warships.

In Ancient Greek times, it was also known as the **Hellespont**.

## Related pages
* The Dardanelles Campaign, during World War I.
Biescas

**Biescas** is a town in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is on the river Gallego at and altitude of 875 m in the zone known as *Tierra de Biescas*. The population is 1240.

It is divided in two main neighbourhoods "San Pedro" and "El Salvador", the last one divided other two neighbourhoods called "Barrio Bajo" and "La Peña" (or "Barrio Alto"). 

There are two churches in the town, the first one, ''San Pedro's Church* is in the neighbourhood of San Pedro and the second one *San Salvador's Church* in La Peña.

Municipality of Biescas is divided in four parts
* *Tierra de Biescas*, which includes the towns of Orós Alto, Orós Bajo, Oliván, Escuer Alto, Escuer Bajo and Biescas.
* *Sobremonte*, which includes Aso de Sobremonte, Betés de Sobremonte and Yosa de Sobremonte.
* *Valley of Tena*, where are the towns of Piedrafita de Jaca, Búbal, Polituara and Saqués.
* *Valley of Gavín'', where Gavín is the only one town.

Additionally Ainielle, Barbenuta, Bergusa, Casbas, Espierre, Susín and Javierre del Obispo are included in Biescas municipality

## References
Gloucester

**Gloucester** (pronounced [ˈglɒstə]) is a city and district in the English county of Gloucestershire. It is near the Welsh border on the River Severn.

## Culture 
The annual Three Choirs Festival, which started in the eighteenth century and one of the oldest music festivals in Europe, takes place in Gloucester every third year. The other places the festival is held are Hereford and Worcester.

Some parts of the Harry Potter films were filmed at Gloucester cathedral.

Gloucester Rugby, founded in 1873, play here. The team plays in the Guinness Premiership, the top level of English rugby. Their homeground is Kingsholm.

## Transport 
### Road 
The M5 motorway by-passes Gloucester.

The A38, A40, A417, A430, A4301, A4302, B4008, B4063, B4072 and B4073 roads pass through Gloucester.

### Rail 
Gloucester has a station in the middle of the city.

## References
Cor anglais

The **cor anglais**, or **English horn**, is a double reed instrument in the woodwind family.  It is very similar to an oboe, but as it is longer than an oboe it plays lower notes.

The lowest note of an oboe is B flat (just below Middle C).  The lowest note of a cor anglais is an E natural, a diminished fifth (five notes of a scale, minus a semitone) lower than the oboe's lowest note.

The cor anglais is a transposing instrument pitched in F.  This means that the music sounds a fifth lower than written.  This has the advantage that the cor anglais player uses fingering as if he were playing an oboe, but it will sound a fifth lower. 

The bell (the bit at the end of the instrument) is shaped like a pear.  This gives it a less nasal sound (the sound of the cor anglais is less as if played through the nose).  The reed is not fixed to a piece of cork like the oboe reed but it is put straight onto the short piece of metal (called a "bocal") at the top of the instrument.

## Etymology
The word "cor anglais" is a French word which literally means "English horn", but the cor anglais is neither English nor a horn. No one is sure how it got its name, but many people think it is because the bocal at the top is curved (the French word for curved, "anglé" is pronounced like the word for English "anglais").

## Repertoire
Many oboists can play the cor anglais as well, just as flautists can play the piccolo (if they play both instruments in the same concert this is called doubling).

There are few solo pieces for the instrument, but mostly it is used for solo melodies in slow pieces for orchestra because it can sound very expressive.

Some famous examples of cor anglais solos can be found in:

*Alfred Reed's *Russian Christmas Music* (1944)
*Antonín Dvořák's *Symphony No. 9* (1893), the *New World Symphony* (Largo)
*Joaquín Rodrigo's *Concierto de Aranjuez* (1939) (2nd movement)
*Hector Berlioz's *Symphonie fantastique* (third movement) (1830)
*Alexander Borodin's *Eine Steppenskizze aus Mittelasien*
Greater Caucasus

, Russia.]]
**Greater Caucasus** (; ; , sometimes translated as "Caucasus Major", "Big Caucasus" or "Large Caucasus") is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains.

The range stretches for about  from west-northwest to east-southeast, between the Taman Peninsula of the Black Sea to the Absheron Peninsula of the Caspian Sea: from the Western Caucasus near Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea and reaching nearly to Baku on the Caspian.

The range is traditionally separated into three parts:
***Western Caucasus**, from the Black Sea to Mount Elbrus
***Central Caucasus**, from Mount Elbrus to Mount Kazbek
***Eastern Caucasus**, from Mount Kazbek to the Caspian Sea

In the wetter Western Caucasus, the mountains are heavily forested, with deciduous forest up to , coniferous forest up to  and alpine meadows above the tree line. In the drier Eastern Caucasus, the mountains are mostly treeless.
Supabarn

**Supabarn** is a small, supermarket chain which started in Canberra with large shops across the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales in Australia. It was known as Supabarn Emporium in the early 2000s before becoming Supabarn Supermarkets in 2004. It sells traditional, wholefoods,  and  grocery and fresh food items. 

## History 
It was first opened in the Kippax in the 1985 followed by Fyshwick ( now closed)  and a few more shops have been opened from that time onwards such as Chisholm, Karabar. Today Supabarn is one of Canberra's largest employers because it has 750 people in seven shops, with two in Sydney. 

In 2015, Coles bought some of its stores.

## Sections 
***Delicatessen:** Cheeses, antipasto's, pates, dips and salads with a European style
***Seafood:** Fish, lobsters, oysters and prawns - all from HACCP approved suppliers
***Produce:** Fresh and dried fruit and vegetables
***Butcher Shop:** Meat and chickens
***Bakery:** Baked items like pies - prepared daily, cakes, pastries and breads
***General Merchandise:** Kitchenware, bakeware, glassware and other everyday items
***Groceries:** Normal, organic, gluten-free and gourmet items
***Dairy & Frozen Foods:** Milk, cheeses, yoghurts, fresh sauces, ready-to-eat meals, ice cream and other dairy and frozen food items
***Liquor:** Champagnes, wines, imported beers and spirits

## References 
## Other websites 
*Supabarn Supermarkets
*Bloomberg profile