open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ophiotaurus

In Greek mythology, the **Ophiotaurus** was a creature that was part bull and part serpent. Ovid's poem, *Fasti* (3.793 *ff*) is the only work where it is mentioned. There, it is said that when the creature's entrails were burnt, the person to do so could defeat the gods.

The Ophiotaurus appears in the third book in the "Percy Jackson & the Olympians" series, The Titan's Curse. Percy Jackson first thinks it is a female and names it "Bessie". It reappears in Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian.

## References
* Theoi Project - Tauros Ophis (Ophiotauros)
First Professional Football League

The **First Professional Football League** (), known in short as **Parva Liga** (), is the top-level league of men's association football in Bulgaria. The league was founded in 1924 as the **Bulgarian State Football Championship**, and was later known by several other names, most recently **Bulgarian A Professional Football Group** from 2003 to 2016. The current name was adopted for the 2016–17 season.

The current champions are Ludogorets Razgred, who have won every title since first entering the top flight in the 2011–12 season. Their streak stands at 14 after the 2024–25 season.

## Results 
### Bulgarian State Football Championship 
### Bulgarian Republic Football Championship 
### A Group 
### First Professional Football League 
## Result table 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* League at UEFA
* Bulgaria&nbsp;– List of Champions, RSSSF.com
2018 FIFA World Cup

The **2018 FIFA World Cup** was the 21st FIFA World Cup, which is a men's football tournament that takes place every four years and is organized by FIFA. The tournament took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 2 December 2010. This was the first World Cup taking place in Eastern Europe.

The defending champions were Germany. France won the tournament after defeating Croatia 4–2. This was France's second World Cup title.

## Qualified teams 
Russia is the host country, so the Russian team automatically qualified.

## Draw
The draw was held in Moscow at 18:00 MSK, on Friday 1 December 2017
The teams were divided into 4 pots, 8 teams each. The number in parenthesis show positions in the FIFA World Rankings prior to the tournament.

## Stadiums 
## Group stage
The top two teams of each group advance to the round of 16. Matches are played on a round-robin basis.

### Tiebreakers
The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows (regulations Article 32.5):

If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings are determined as follows:

### Group A
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### Group B
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### Group C
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### Group D
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### Group E
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### Group F
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### Group G
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### Group H
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## Knockout stage
### Bracket
### Round of 16
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cjk
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----

----

----

### Quarter-finals
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----

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### Semi-finals
----

### Third place play-off
### Final
## Statistics
### Goalscorers
### Discipline
A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences:
* Receiving a red card (red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences)
* Receiving two yellow cards in two different matches; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter-finals (yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches)

The following suspensions were served during the tournament:

### Awards
## Prize money
Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017.

## References
## Other websites 
* FIFA.com 2018 website 
* Welcome2018.com
Park City, Utah

**Park City** is a city in Utah in the United States.  It was settled by Mormons in the 1840s and 1850s.  There was a lot of mining there in the 1860s.  Today, it has many  ski resorts.  Park City has 8,396 people, as of 2020. It is at an elevation of 7,000 feet.  It is where the Sundance Film Festival takes place.  Some of the events of the 2002 Winter Olympics were held in or near Park City.

## References
Alesana

**Alesana** (pronounced Alice-Anna) is a emo band formed in Raleigh, North Carolina, in the year 2004.

## History 
In June 2005, the band released the first EP, *Try This with Your Eyes Closed*, with Tragic Hero Records. On June 6, 2006, Alesana released the first album, *On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax*, this album was reissued on Fearless Records in 2008, next to the first EP. In 2007, the band released the video to the song *Ambrosia*.

On June 3, 2008, with Fearless, the band released the album *Where Myth Fades to Legend*. The third studio album, *The Emptiness*, was released January 26, 2010. The fourth album, *A Place Where The Sun Is Silent* will released October 19, 2011, with Epitaph Records.

## Members 
;Current members
* Dennis Lee - screamed vocals (since 2004)
* Shawn Milke - lead vocals/screams, rhythm guitar, piano/keyboards (since 2004)
* Patrick Thompson - lead guitar, backing vocals (since 2004)
* Alex Torres - lead guitar (since 2010)
* Shane Crump – bass, screamed vocals (2007–2008; since 2008)
* Jeremy Bryan - drums, backing vocals (since 2005)

;Former members
* Adam Ferguson – rhythm guitar, screamed vocals (2005-2008; 2010)
* Jake Campbell – lead guitar (2008–2010), bass (2008)
* Steven Tomany – bass (2004–2007)
* Will Anderson – drums (2005)
* Daniel Magnuson – drums (2004–2005)

## Discography 
; Albums/EPs
* *Try This with Your Eyes Closed* (EP, 2005)
* *On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax* (2006)
* *Where Myth Fades to Legend* (2008)
* *The Emptiness* (2010)
* *A Place Where The Sun Is Silent* (2011)

## Videography 
* *Ambrosia* (2007) - directed by Jeremy Jackson
* *Seduction* (2008) - directed by Scott Hansen
* *The Thespian* (2010) - directed by Stephen Penta

## Other websites 
* Official Website
Falling in Reverse

**Falling in Reverse** is a post-hardcore band formed in 2008 at Las Vegas, Nevada by Ronnie Radke, the former lead singer of Escape the Fate.

## History
The band formed in December 2008, by Ronnie Radke with the aid of Nason Schoeffler, under the name *From Behind These Walls*. This name was changed in August of 2009 due to copyright problems. At the time the band was started, Radke was in prison (which is the reason behind the band's original name), and he was the only member. In 2009, Radke released the demos *Listen Up*, *The Worst Time*, and *The Departure*, which in fact were not recorded by the band, but rather Radke himself alone in 2002.

In December 12, 2010, Ronnie Radke was released from prison, and was signed by the indie label Epitaph Records based on the demos he made while being in jail. Several months after his release, Radke and the rest of the band began to record their album. The album was quickly finished by February of 2011. 

Falling In Reverse released two singles to promote their album. The first single, *Raised by Wolves*, was released July 7, 2011. *The Drug in Me Is You* was released shortly after on July 27. The full-length album was released July 26, 2011, named *The Drug in Me Is You*, with Epitaph Records.

The band participated in the 'Warped Tour 2011', from August 10 to August 14.

## Discography 
**Studio albums**
* *The Drug in Me Is You* (2011)
* *Fashionably Late* (2013)
* *Just Like You* (2015)
* *Coming Home* (2017)
* *Popular Monster* (2024)

## Members 
; Current members
* Ronnie Radke - lead/screamed vocals, acoustic guitar (2008-present) 
* Jacky Vincent - lead guitar (2008-present)
* Derek Jones - rhythm guitar, screamed/backing vocals (2010-present) 
* Ryan Seaman - drums, screamed/backing vocals (2011-present) 
* Ron Ficarro - bass, backing vocals (2012-present) (Former I Am Ghost bassist)

; Former members
* Mika Horiuchi - bass, backing vocals (2011-2012) 
* Nason Schoeffler - bass, backing vocals (2008-2011) 
* Scott Gee - drums (2010-2011)
* Nick Rich - drums, backing vocals (2008-2009)

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
* MySpace Site
* Facebook Site
1999 UEFA Cup final

The **1999 UEFA Cup Final** was a football game that took place in Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, on 12 May 1999 between Parma A.C. (Italy) and Olympique de Marseille (France). Parma A.C. won 3-0. So Parma A.C. won their second UEFA Cup title and fourth European trophy, having previously won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup.

## Semi-finals in 1999 UEFA Cup 
Parma A.C. defeated Atlético Madrid in the semi-finals with a 5-2 win. Olympique de Marseille defeated Bologna in the semi-finals with a 1-1 draw, but Marseille won with the penalty shootout.

## Finals in 1999 UEFA Cup 
Parma A.C. defeated Olympique de Marseille with a 3-0 win, with goals by Crespo, Vanoli, and Chiesa, most of the goals in the first half.
From First to Last

**From First to Last** (formerly named **First Too Last**) is an American post-hardcore band from Los Angeles, originally from Georgia and Florida.

## History 
The band formed in 1999 under the name **First too Last**. In 2004, 15-year-old Sonny Moore joined the band. The first album, *Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Bodycount*, was released on June 29, 2004. *Heroine*, the band's second album, was recorded in 2005 with Limp Bizkit guitarist Was Borland on the bass. Heroine was released on March 21, 2006. Moore left the band in early 2007 and guitarist Matt Good took over the lead vocals. In 2008, the band released their third album, named *From First to Last*, with Interscope Records.

Guitarist–screamer Travis Richter left the band in 2009, becoming lead vocalist in the metalcore band The Human Abstract in 2010. In March 16, 2010, the band released their fourth album, *Throne to the Wolves*, with guitarist Blake Steiner and label Rise.

The band was disbanded on July 29, 2010, but was brought back together in November 2013, with Sonny Moore returning

## Discography 
; Albums/EPs
* *Aesthetic* (EP, 2003) - Four Leaf Records
* *Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Body Count* (2004) - Epitaph Records
* *Heroine* (2006) - Epitaph Records
* *From First to Last* (2008) - Interscope Records
* *Throne to the Wolves* (2010) - Rise Records

## Videography 
* *Such a Tragedy* (2003)
* *Ride the Wings of Pestilence* (2004)
* *Note to Self* (2005)
* *The Latest Plague* (2006)
* *Shame Shame* (2006)
* *Worlds Away* (2008)

## Members 
; Current members
* Matt Good - Lead vocals/screams (since 2007), lead guitar, keyboards (since 1999)
* Blake Steiner - Rhythm guitar, backing vocals (since 2009)
* Matt Manning - Screamed vocals, bass (since 2007)
* Derek Bloom - Drums (since 2002)

; Former members
* Sonny Moore - Lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar (2004-2007)
* Phillip Reardon - Lead vocals/screams, keyboards (2002-2003)
* Travis Richter - Screamed vocals, rhythm guitar (since 2002), lead vocals (2002)
* Scott Oord - Bass, backing vocals (1999-2002)
* Joey Antillion - Bass (2002-2003)
* Jon Weisberg - Screamed vocals, bass (2004-2005)
* Parker Nelms - Drums (1999-2000)
* Steve Pullman - Drums, keyboard (2000-2002)
* Greg Taylor - Drums (2002)
* Chris Lent - Synthesizers, percussion (2008)

; Touring members
* Rick Patterson – Rhythm guitar (2003–2004)
* Alicia Simmons - Bass (2005)
* Wes Borland – Bass (2005–2006)
* Matt Fleischman – Bass (2006-2007)

## References
## Other websites 
* FFTL Official Websites
* MySpace Site
* PureVolume Site
* Facebook Site
List of islands of Germany

This is a **list of islands of Germany**.

## Largest islands
## Islands in the Baltic Sea
* Fehmarn
* Poel
* Walfisch island
* Langenwerder
* Hiddensee
* Rügen
* Dänholm
* Vilm
* Greifswalder Oie
* Ruden
* Ummanz
* Usedom

## Islands in the North Sea
* Helgoland 
* East Frisian Islands (in the Wadden Sea)
** Borkum
** Buise (former island, disappeared)
** Lütje Hörn
** Kachelotplate
** Memmert
** Juist
** Norderney
** Baltrum
** Langeoog
** Spiekeroog
** Wangerooge
** Mellum
* Neuwerk
* Scharhörn
* North Frisian Islands
** Sylt
** Föhr
** Amrum
** Pellworm
** Nordstrand (former island, now peninsula)
* Halligen (also part of North Frisian Islands)
** Langeneß
** Norderoog
** Süderoog
** Nordstrandischmoor
** Oland (German island)
** Südfall
** Gröde-Appelland
** Hooge
** Hallig Habel
** Hamburger Hallig

## Islands in the Elbe River
* Lühesand

## Islands in the Weser River
* Harriersand

## Islands in the Lake Constance
* Mainau Island
* Reichenau Island
* Lindau

## Other websites 
*Islands - Germany Tourism (EN)
Amateur Athletic Union

The **Amateur Athletic Union** (AAU) is a sports organization in the United States.  It was founded in 1888.  It holds meets in many sports for amateur athletes (athletes who do not get paid) of all ages.  These sports include baseball, basketball, football, golf, and track.  A long time ago, when most athletes were amateurs, winning an AAU title meant that you were one of the best in your sport.  In the United States, AAU meets used to also be trials for the Olympic Games.  Since 1978, the AAU has lost most of its power.  This is due to the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 and the fact that many good athletes are no longer amateurs.  It is currently based in Lake Buena Vista, Florida at Disney's Wide World of Sports.

## Sources
Rügen

**Rügen** *(lat. **Rugia**)* is the biggest island in Germany. There are several cities on the island. These include : Putbus, Garz, Binz, Bergen auf Rügen, Sassnitz, Glowe, Trent, Schaprode and Göhren. The island has a 77,000 population (according to the 2006 census). The island is about 926 square kilometers (or 357 square miles). The island is in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Rügen is also one of the most famous places to go in Germany for vacation.

## Geography 
Rügen is in the northeast part of Germany in the Baltic Sea. The main landmass, Muttland, is surrounded my many peninsulas. There are also two national parks located on the island : Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and Jasmund National Park.

## Other websites
Video High Density

**Video High Density (VHD)** was a videodisc format which was marketed predominantly in Japan by JVC. There was also an audio-only variant, Audio High Density (AHD).

## Technology
VHD discs are 25 cm (9 5/6 inches) in diameter, and store up to 60 minutes of video per side. Each disc is stored in a plastic case, similar to a CED's case, so that the user could not touch the disc itself. The entire case was put into the player, which would take out the disc, and then the now empty case could be taken back out. After one side has finished playing, the disc would have to be taken out, flipped, and put back in to continue playing.

Similar to the RCA's CED, the signal on the VHD is recorded by varying capacitance on the disc. However, unlike the CED, the VHD does not contain any groves and the needle is made of diamond instead of titanium. Instead of having grooves, the needle is kept on track electronically so the needle does not have to actually touch the disc therefore resulting in less wear on the disc and on the needle. In one rotation of the disc, 2 frames of picture and audio were read.

VHD was designed to be very interactive and was used in some video game systems as well as in car engine diagnostic tools.

## History
The VHD was first demonstrated in 1978, and after many advertisements in National Geographic magazines, It was eventually released in Japan and in the USA in 1983. However, by this time both Laserdisc and CED were already not selling well compared to the VHS and Betamax VCR systems. As a result of this, JVC did not let the VHD be sold in North America, but made it available to the general public in Japan and commercially in the UK and the US.

During the time the VHD was made, it was mostly used for karaoke systems, anime video games, and interactive training systems. In the UK, the VHD was used for training, demonstration, and fault diagnostics.

In Japan, a 3D version of the VHD utilizes double speed discs and special glasses.

## VHDs Today
The VHD was not very successful as a consumer product, but it sold well for commercial purposes. In Japan, the CED is still somewhat popular and the discs and players are both still collected.

## Other websites
*Video of a VHD player with its cover off
McLafferty rearrangement

The **McLafferty rearrangement** is an organic reaction seen in mass spectrometry. A mass spectrometer breaks apart the molecule being studied.  The molecule breaks apart in consistent ways that chemists can predict. Most of the time, a carbon-carbon bond breaks and the atoms do not jump across the break between the fragments. The McLafferty rearrangement is an example of a hydrogen atom jumping to the other fragment as a part of the process of the bond breaking.  It happens in an organic molecule containing a keto-group.

## The reaction 
The American chemist Fred McLafferty was the first to describe the reaction in 1959.

:
The keto-group undergoes β-cleavage, with the gain of the γ-hydrogen atom. This rearrangement may take place by a radical or ionic mechanism.
## Related pages
*α-cleavage

## References
## Further reading
* 
## Other websites
* Fred McLafferty Faculty Webpage at Cornell University
Maska za maskou

***Maska za maskou*** (***The Mask Behind the Mask***) is the last studio album by the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was released in December 2009.

## Tracklist
# TV idylka
# Marie, vstávej
# Maska
# Cizí vlasy
# Non stop Opera
# Pojď
# Je večer mlha padá
# Smrt
# Pod křížem zůstaly ženy
# Magorův šém
# Jednou nohou/Vůl hvězda ranní
# Přes práh hvězd...
# Tygr v Praze

## Musicians
*The Plastic People of the Universe
**Vratislav Brabenec – saxophones, vocals
**Josef Janíček – keyboards, accordion, vocals
**Josef Karafiát – guitars, vocals
**Jiří Kabeš – viola, vocals
**Eva Turnová – bass guitar, vocals
**Ludvík Kandl – drums
**Jaroslav Kvasnička – drums
*Quests
**Josef Klíč – cello
**Agon Orchestra

## References
## Other websites
*Information
Magny-Cours

**Magny-Cours** is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.

It is best known as the home of the *Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours*, a famous Auto racing circuit. It formerly hosted the Formula One French Grand Prix. A campus of the Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports is also located on the city.

## Related pages
*Communes of the Nièvre department

## References
* INSEE commune file

## Other websites
* Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours
Xiaotingia

***Xiaotingia*** is an extinct genus of *Archaeopteryx*-like theropod dinosaur from early Upper Jurassic deposits of western Liaoning, China.

The Chinese team claims the fossils dated to 155 million years ago (mya), whereas the Solnhofen limestone where *Archaeopteyx* was found is 144 mya in age. The  new fossil *Xiaotingia* cannot be dated so accurately, as they were originally been purchased from a dealer. Prof Xu first saw the specimen at the Shandong Tianyu Museum. They therefore (re)defined the concepts of Deinonychosauria and Avialae so *Archaeopteryx* and *Xiaotingia* belonged to the Deinonychosauria and *Archaeopteryx* no longer was an avian (bird). 

However, the team explicitly allowed for a traditional Aves with *Archaeopteryx* as a specifier. Such a clade would in their opinion include the Deinonychosauria.

## References
John Zorn

**John Zorn** (born September 2, 1953 in New York City, New York, United states) is an American avant-garde composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist. He is collaborated with Lou Reed, Weird Little Boy, Laurie Anderson and others.

## References
Collegium Musicum (band)

**Collegium Musicum** is a Slovak art rock band formed by Marián Varga in Czechoslovakia in late 1969. The band is reformed in 2008 and still plays.

## Discography
* 1970 *Collegium Musicum*
* 1970 EP *Hommage à J.S.Bach/Ulica plná plášťov do dažďa*
* 1971 *Konvergencie*
* 1973 *Live*
* 1975 *Marián Varga & Collegium Musicum*
* 1977 *Continuo*
* 1979 *On a Ona*
* 1981 *Divergencie*
* 1989 *Všetko je inak*
* 1997 ''Collegium Musicum '97''

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Double bond

A **double bond** in chemistry is when two chemical elements are joined together in a chemical bond and share four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond is between two carbon atoms, and can be found in alkenes. There are many types of double bonds, such as in a carbonyl group with a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N) and sulfoxides (S=O). In skeletal formula the double bond is shown as two parallel lines (=) between the two joined atoms. When this formula is printed, the equals sign is used.

Double bonds are stronger than single bonds and double bonds are also shorter. The bond order is two. Double bonds are also electron-rich, which makes them more reactive.

The two pairs of electrons involved in the bond do not behave in exactly the same way. One pair of electrons forms a stronger *sigma*bond, noted by σ and drawn as a straight line between the nuclei of the bonding atoms. While the other pair form a pi bond, π, drawn as two cloud-like areas where the electrons exist, as *orbitals*.

## References
I Wanna Go

"**I Wanna Go**" is a 2011 song by Britney Spears. The song is the third single from her seventh studio album, *Femme Fatale*. The song was released on June 13, 2011. It was an instant success, reaching the top ten of the *Billboard* Hot 100 a day after debuting. This resulted in a flash mob in Times Square. Spears also shut down Times Square for an unexpected performance.

The song has currently been downloaded over 1.8 million times in the US as of 2016.

## Music video 
The video premiered on June 22, 2011, and was directed by Chris Marrs Piliero.  Spears is asked questions by paparazzi in a press conference and grows tired of them, eventually saying, "Fuck you" to all but one of them.  She then goes for a joyride with actor Guillermo Diaz, known for his role in the television series *Weeds*.

## Charts
### Weekly charts
### Year-end charts
## References
Cyclohexene

A **cyclohexene** is a six-sided (hexagonal) shaped hydrocarbon ring made when carbon atoms join with hydrogen atoms. It is a flammable, toxic, and colourless liquid which does not dissolve in water. It will, however, dissolve in alcohol.

## References
Ashleigh Ball

**Ashleigh Ball** (born March 31, 1983 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian voice actress and singer who is best known for voicing "Applejack" and "Rainbow Dash" in the television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic and the character "Allura" in the television show Voltron Force. Ball is also the lead singer of the Vancouver-based indie pop/acoustic band Hey Ocean!.

She was the subject in the documentary *Brony: the Movie*, which followed her through her first interactions with the Brony community at BronyCon 2012.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Ashleigh Ball at Behind The Voice Actors
Tornado warning

A **tornado warning** is an alert that means that a tornado or funnel cloud has been spotted around the area, and that people should take cover. When tornadoes have been spotted, the tornado sirens make sound in that place, letting people know that they have been seen.

Tornado warnings are higher than the warning of a Tornado watch, but there is an even *higher* level, which is a tornado emergency.
Dust devil

.]]
**Dust devils** are twirling masses of air that form in the desert and send sand spinning. The height of a dust devil can range from a few meters tall to more than  tall. They are usually harmless, but occasionally they can cause some damage to both people and property.

## Formation 
A dust devil forms when hot air near the ground rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler, low-pressure air above it. If conditions are just right, then the air may begin to rotate. As the air rapidly rises, the hot air is stretched vertically and because of angular momentum, the spinning gets much more intense. Because the hot air cools when it rises, it eventually goes down to the base and expands horizontally, while more hot air shoots up the column to replace the lost air. The air that is displaced falls to the ground around the dust devil, creating a balancing force. Thus, a dust devil is formed.

Certain conditions help the formation of dust devils: 

1. **Flat barren, desert terrain**: Flat terrain and hot conditions help the hot air "fuel" being always available. The dust and sand helps the dust devil be seen.

2. **Clear skies or lightly cloudy conditions**: The surface needs a lot of solar energy to heat the air.

3. **Light or no wind, and cool temperature in the atmosphere**: Without a cool atmosphere and hot surface, the dust devil with never form. Wind will not keep the dust devil stable.

A dust devil "dies" when it eventually sucks in cool air from the surface. Cool air destroys the dust devil because it quickly discourages the rising of air through the column. This usually happens when the dust devil becomes weak, or moves across a new terrain were the surface temperatures are cooler.

Similarly, when hot air rises rapidly in water bodies and if conditions are just right they are known as water sprout.

## Martian dust devils 
Dust devils occur on the planet of Mars as well. They can be ten times higher than ones on Earth, and fifty times as wide. They can pose a threat to technology placed on Mars.

However, not all dust devils are damaging. Mission members keeping an eye on the Mars Spirit rover reported that on March 12, 2005, a lucky encounter with a dust devil had cleaned the solar panels of that robot. Power levels dramatically increased, and much more scientific work was able to be done.

## Related pages
* Steam Devil
* Storm
* Tornado
* Waterspout

## References
Tornado watch

A **tornado watch** is a warning that means that weather  are right for tornadoes to form. So people should be careful.

A tornado watch must not be confused with a tornado warning. It does not mean that a tornado has been seen; it just means that you should be careful because the weather is perfect for a tornado.
Jim Henson's Muppet Babies

]]
***Muppet Babies*** is an American children's animated series produced by The Jim Henson Company,Odd Bot Animation and Marvel Productions which ran on CBS from 1984-1991. It won the Outstanding Animated Series Emmy Award for four consecutive years. 

Familiar characters from The Muppets were first presented as babies in a sequence of *The Muppets Take Manhattan*. The movie featured puppet versions of Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Gonzo, Fozzie Bear, Scooter, and Rowlf as babies. The puppet versions later returned one more time, for a home movie sequence in *A Muppet Family Christmas.*

## Voice cast
* Greg Berg: Baby Fozzie, Baby Scooter
* Dave Coulier (1986–1991): Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen, Baby Bean Bunny, Baby Janice, Uncle Statler and Waldorf, and Camilla (occasionally)
* Katie Leigh: Baby Rowlf, Mrs. Mitchell
* Howie Mandel (1984–1985): Baby Skeeter, Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen
* Laurie O'Brien: Baby Piggy
* Russi Taylor: Gonzo the Great, Robin and Camilla (occasionally) and Aunt Fanny
* Frank Welker: Baby Kermit, Baby Skeeter (1986–1990), Baby Beaker, Camilla and The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard
* Barbara Billingsley: Nanny
Samaritan Pentateuch

and Old Pentateuch, 1905]]
The **Samaritan Pentateuch** or **Samaritan Torah** is a special version of the Torah used by the Samaritans. This version was created at the latest 127&nbsp;BC, when the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the Samaritans split from the other group in the Temple. As the name says, this version contains the first five books of Moses, or the Torah.

Scholars use the Samaritan Pentateuch when they want to find the meaning of words in the original Pentateuch or if they want to learn about the history of the different versions of the Bible. Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls look like Samaritan Pentateuch.

Samaritan practices are based on their version of the Five Books of Moses, which is slightly different from the Masoretic text or the Greek Septuagint texts. Some differences are small, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as the commandment to only have one wife which appears in the Samaritan text but not in the other versions. (See .)

Special importance is attached to the *Abisha Scroll*, which is used in the Samaritan synagogue of Nablus. The Samaritans claim it was penned by Abishua, great-grandson of Aaron (), thirteen years after the entry into the land of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, son of Nun. But modern scholars have observed that the scroll appears to include work by different scribes from different centuries, with the oldest texts dating to the 12th century A.D.

## References
Supertec

**Supertec** was a Formula One engine supplier in 1999 and 2000. Supertec supplied engines that were designed by Renault F1. They took engines built by Mecachrome from the 1998 season, and updated them for 1999 and 2000. Supertec then put their name on the engines.

## Complete Formula One World Championship results 
(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

## References
Being and Time

***Being and Time*** (, 1927) is a book that was written by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is his best known book and is said to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. It has greatly influenced 20th-century philosophy, particularly existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics and deconstruction.

## References
Happy Valley Shanghai

**Happy Valley Shanghai** () is an amusement park in Songjiang, Shanghai,  People's Republic of China. The park is about 40 kilometers (25 miles) from downtown Shanghai. It covers an area of 863,500 square meters (213 acres). Happy Valley contains seven big areas, each with different themed zones, including Sunshine Beach, Happy Times, Typhoon Bay, Gold Mine Town, Ant Kingdom, Shanghai Beach and Shangri-la Woods. There are more than 100 rides in the park.

The park was opened on August 16, 2009. In the beginning of the park's operation, many people didn't like it because of long waiting times and being dangerous. Most of the rides were broken, the lines were too long, and many people were hurt not only from riding the rides, but from walking around the park. Three people were hurt when a big sign board fell on top of them.

The park currently has six roller coasters. Five of them were opened when the park began its operation while the mine train coaster opened in October 2009.

## Rides 
### Roller coasters
**Diving Coaster* (绝顶雄风)
*''LeLe'e Chariot* (蚁兵战车)
**Mega-Lite* (蓝月飞车)
**Mine Train Coaster* (矿山历险)
**Spinning Coaster* (疯狂精灵)	
**Wooden Coaster - Fireball* (谷木游龙)
**Family Inverted Coaster'' (大洋历险)

## References
Chesil Beach

]]

**Chesil Beach**, sometimes called **Chesil Bank**, in Dorset, southern England is one of three major shingle structures in Britain. Its name is derived from the Old English *ceosel* or *cisel*, meaning "gravel" or "shingle".

It is a kind of offshore barrier which has joined the mainland with Portland Bill. The lagoon between the chesil and the mainland is called **The Fleet** or The Fleet Lagoon.

The shingle beach is 18&nbsp;miles long (29km), 220 yards wide  (200m) and 50&nbsp;feet high (15m). The beach and the Fleet are part of the Jurassic Coast, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the location for a book, *On Chesil Beach* by Ian McEwan.

At the eastern end of the beach at the village of Chiswell, against the cliffs of the Isle of Portland, the beach curves round sharply to form **Chesil Cove**. This part of the beach protects the low-lying village from flooding. Westwards the shingle forms a straight line along the coast, enclosing the Fleet, a shallow tidal lagoon. The lagoon is 9½ feet (3m) at its deepest.

## References
Radiator

A **radiator** is a device used to move heat from one location to another location. Some radiators are used to cool things, such as a car engine. Some radiators are used to heat 
things, such as a house.

## History
The Roman hypocaust is an early example of a type of radiator for building space heating. Franz San Galli, a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg, is credited with inventing the heating radiator around 1855, having received a radiator patent in 1857, but American Joseph Nason developed a primitive radiator in 1841 and received a number of U.S. patents for hot water and steam heating.

## Cooling 
Most cars use a radiator to cool the engine. To produce power, engines must burn a fuel. This creates a lot of heat. If the heat is not removed, the engine will overheat and stop running. The radiator is connected to the engine with hoses.

A liquid flows into the engine. Heat is moved from the engine to the liquid. The heat moves because of Newton's Law of Cooling. This law says that heat will move from something hot to something cooler.

The liquid then moved into the radiator. The radiator has many small tubes for the liquid to flow through. Air moves around to the tubes to cool them. This cools the liquid. The liquid then return to the engine. This is a closed loop.

## Indoor heating 
Many houses are located in areas that get cold. Heat needs to be added to the house so the people are comfortable. A radiator is placed in a room to add heat to the room. The heat is created by a furnace. A heating radiator works just like a cooling radiator. The heat from the furnace moves to the radiator. The room is cooler than the radiator. The heat moves from the radiator into the room to warm the room.

## References
John Jacob Astor

**John Jacob Astor** (July 17, 1763 – March 29, 1848), born **Johann Jakob Astor**, was a German-American businessman.  He was born in Germany and moved to London and then to New York City in 1784.  He started a business trading furs.  By 1800, he had made half a million dollars trading furs.  His company was called The Pacific Fur Trading Company. In the early 1800s, his company was trading furs in Oregon.  His fur traders found the pass through which the Oregon Trail passes.  He made even more money in New York real estate.  When he died in 1848, he was worth over $50 million.  Today, his fortune would be over $150 billion.  The city of Astoria, Oregon was named for him.  So was the neighborhood Astoria, Queens and Astor Place in Manhattan.

## References
Nani

**Luís Carlos Almeida da Cunha**  (born 17 November 1986), commonly known as **Nani** (), is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a winger for Primeira Liga club Estrela da Amadora.

## Career statistics
### Club
*Football League Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10
*Most assists in the Premier League: 2010–11
*Manchester United Players' Player of the Year: 2010–11
*SJPF Player of the Month: October/November 2014
*Sporting CP Footballer of the Year: 2015
*MLS All-Star: 2019, 2021

**Orders**
* Commander of the Order of Merit

## References
Ivan Kral

**Ivan Kral** (born **Ivan Král**; May 12, 1948 in Prague, Czechoslovakia – February 2, 2020) was a Czech-American guitarist, bass guitarist and songwriter. He has worked with Patti Smith and Iggy Pop. His songs were recorded by lots of bands and singers, including U2 and David Bowie.

## References
## Other websites
* official website
David de Gea

**David de Gea Quintana** (born 7 November 1990) is a Spanish footballer. He plays as a goalkeeper for Fiorentina and the Spain national team.

He started playing at the senior level for Atlético Madrid in 2009. He has been playing for United since 2011 and has won a Golden Glove in the 2018/19 season during his career with them. 

De Gea made his debut for the Spain national team in 2014 and played with them at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in which Spain were  in the Round of 16 after losing to Russia on penalty-shootout.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## Honours
**Atlético Madrid**
*UEFA Europa League: 2009–10
*UEFA Super Cup: 2010

**Manchester United**
*Premier League: 2012–13
*FA Cup: 2015–16; runner-up: 2017–18; 2022–23
*EFL Cup: 2016–17, 2022–23
*FA Community Shield: 2011, 2013, 2016
*UEFA Europa League: 2016–17; runner-up: 2020–21

**Spain U17**
*UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2007
*FIFA U-17 World Cup runner-up: 2007

**Spain U21**
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2011, 2013

**Individual**
*Premier League Golden Glove: 2017–18, 2022–23
*PFA Team of the Year: 2012–13 Premier League, 2014–15 Premier League, 2015–16 Premier League, 2016–17 Premier League, 2017–18 Premier League
*PFA Fans' Premier League Player of the Month: November 2014
**Match of the Day*  Save of the Season: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18
*UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015–16
*UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2011, 2013
*FIFA FIFPro World11: 2018
*Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18
*Manchester United Players' Player of the Year: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2017–18, 2021–22

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Mass spectrometry

s in carbon dioxide.
]]

**Mass spectrometry (MS)** is a science tool used to find out what things are made of by  mass and charge of tiny particles called ions. This helps scientists identify, measure, and even understand the structure of different chemical substances. Mass spectrometry is very powerful and useful in many areas of science. It can tell researchers the molecular weight (how heavy a molecule is), separate complicated mixtures, and give clues about how molecules are put together. Scientists use it to study materials from living things, the environment, and factories.

A mass spectrometer works in five main steps:
# **Vaporization**: The substance is first injected into a special tube, where it is heated until it turns into a gas (if it is not a gas already). This step is important because the mass spectrometer can only work with gases.
# **Ionization**: The gas particles are then hit with a beam of electrons from an electron gun. This knocks off electrons from the particles, turning them into positively charged ions. Only charged particles can be moved and controlled by electric and magnetic fields.
# **Acceleration**: These ions are pushed through an electric field made by negatively charged plates. Since opposites attract, the positive ions speed up toward the plates. This gives them the energy needed for the next stage.
# **Separation**: The ions enter a magnetic field, which bends their paths. Lighter ions (with a lower mass-to-charge ratio) are bent more, and heavier ions are bent less. This causes the ions to spread out based on their size and charge.
# **Detection**: At the end, a detector catches the ions. When an ion hits the detector, it creates a tiny electric signal. The more ions of a certain type that hit the detector, the stronger the signal. A computer records this data and makes a graph showing what kinds of ions were in the sample and how much of each was present.

There are different kinds of mass analyzers, like quadrupole, time-of-flight (TOF), ion trap, orbitrap, and FT-ICR, each using different ways to separate and measure the ions. Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool used in many areas of science. In farming, it helps check for leftover pesticides, study nutrients in soil, and watch how healthy crops are. In food and drink production, like brewing and food factories, it helps make sure the flavor is right and there are no harmful chemicals or unwanted ingredients. In geology, scientists use it to figure out how old rocks and minerals are and to study what Earth is made of. In oil exploration, it helps check what's in crude oil and gives clues about where to drill. In medicine, it helps scientists measure how much medicine is in the body, how it is broken down, and find signs of diseases. Even in space exploration, mass spectrometers are used on spacecraft to study the air, dust, and surfaces of other planets, helping us learn more about our solar system. They are often used with a chromatography system which helps prepare the sample for mass spectrometry.

## References
## Other websites 
* 
*
Pi bond

In chemistry, a **pi bond** (**π bond**) is a covalent chemical bond where the orbital path of one electron crosses (overlaps) with the path of another. The electrons have a lobe shaped figure of eight path (see picture). There are two areas of overlap as the paths overlap on both lobes. Only one of the orbital's nodal planes passes through both of the involved nuclei. 

The Greek letter **π** in their name refers to p orbitals. The orbital symmetry of the pi bond looks the same as the p orbital when seen down the bond axis. P orbitals usually have this sort of bonding. D orbitals are also assumed to use pi bonding but this is not necessarily what happens in reality. The idea of bonding d orbitals fits in with the theory of hypervalence.

Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds. Quantum mechanics says this is because the orbital paths are parallel so there is much less overlap between the p-orbitals. 

Pi bonds happen when two atomic orbitals are in contact through two areas of overlap.  Pi-bonds are more spread out bonds than the sigma bonds. Electrons in pi bonds are sometimes called **pi electrons**. Molecular fragments joined by a pi bond cannot rotate about that bond without breaking the pi bond. The rotation destroys the parallel paths of the two p orbitals.

## Multiple bonds 
Atoms that are joined by a double bond have one sigma bond and one pi bond. If they are joined by a triple bond they have  one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

A pi bond is weaker than a sigma bond, but the combination of pi and sigma bond is stronger than either bond by itself. The extra strength of a multiple bond versus a single (sigma bond) is shown in many ways. The most obvious is a contraction in bond lengths. For example in organic chemistry, carbon-carbon bond lengths are in ethane (154 pm), in ethylene (134 pm) and in acetylene (120 pm). More bonds make the total bond shorter and stronger.
Electronic configuration is based on S,P,D,and f -Block.
S has 2 electrons
P has 6 electrons
D has 10 electrons
F has 14 electrons

## Special cases
Pi bonds do not necessarily join a pair of atoms that are also sigma-bonded.

In certain metal complexes, pi interactions between a metal atom and alkyne and alkene pi antibonding orbitals form pi-bonds.

In some cases of multiple bonds between two atoms, there is no sigma bond at all, only pi bonds. Examples include diiron hexacarbonyl (Fe2(CO)6), dicarbon (C2) and the borane B2H2. In these compounds the central bond has only pi bonding. In order to get the most orbital overlap the bond distances are much shorter than expected.

## References
Luna 1

**Luna 1** (also known as the **First Cosmic Ship**, **Cosmic Rocket** (, Literal translation: *Dream*)) was a space probe of the Soviet Union. It was the first mission in the Luna programme and it was the first spacecraft to reach the Moon. Luna 1 made some key scientific discoveries and it is one of the best achievements of the Soviet Union space programme.

## Design
The spacecraft was sphere-shaped. Five antennae came out of one end. Instrument ports came out of the surface of the sphere. It also had various metallic emblems with the Soviet coat of arms.

### Instruments
Luna 1 had radio equipment, a tracking transmitter and a telemetering system for communication with Earth. The spacecraft carried several scientific devices too. These included a magnetometer, a device for measuring magnetic fields, a scintillation counter (a device for detecting high energy particles) and a geiger counter (a device for measuring radiation). Luna 1 also carried a micrometeorite detector and other equipment.

## Mission
The space probe was launched on January 2, 1959 at Baikonur Cosmodrome by a SS-6 Sapwood rocket. The launch was successful and Luna 1 became the first man-made object ever to reach the escape velocity of the Earth.

On January 3, 1959, the spacecraft released a cloud of sodium gas so that astronomers could track the probe and also to serve as an experiment on the behaviour of gas in space.

Luna 1 was intended to impact the Moon's surface. However, on January 4, 1959, it passed within 5995 km of the Moon and began to orbit the Sun between the orbits of Earth and Mars, where it is still orbiting now, on a 450 day orbit. Thus, Luna 1 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Sun.

## References
## Other websites
* (Internet Archive)
William Dobell

Sir **William Dobell** (24 September 1899, Newcastle, New South Wales - 13 May 1970, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales) was a famous Australian artist, well known for his portrait painting. He won the 1943 Archibald Prize with a portrait of another artist, Joshua Smith. The painting became the centre of a court case when two other artists said it was not a portrait, but a caricature. They said this meant it should not have won the prize. Dobell won the legal case, but it caused him many health problems and led to a nervous breakdown. He kept away from people and went to live in his parent's holiday house, Wangi Wangi, on the shores of Lake Macquarie.

## References
Margaret Olley

**Margaret Hannah Olley**  (24 June 1923 - 26 July 2011) was an Australian artist. She was born in Lismore, New South Wales, and died in Paddington, New South Wales. She was well known for generous gifts of paintings and money to public art galleries in Australia. She is also famous for being the model for portraits. Two paintings of her won the Archibald Prize; William Dobell's painting in 1948, and Ben Quilty's in 2011. Her teachers convinced her parents she should study art at the Brisbane Technical College. She then moved to Sydney and studied art at the East Sydney Technical College. She held the first of her 90 exhibitions in 1948. Many of her paintings were of things around her home such as flowers and bowls of fruit. In 1996 she was given Australia's highest honour, the Companion of the Order of Australia.

## References
Geraniales

The **Geraniales** are a small order of flowering plants in the rosid subgroup of dicotyledons. 

* Geraniaceae: The largest family in the order, with over 800 species.
**Pelargonium*: a genus previously included in *Geranium*, and still often called geraniums.

In addition, the order includes some small families, with altogether less than 40 species. Most Geraniales are herbaceous, but there are also shrubs and small trees.
Venango County, Pennsylvania

**Venango County** is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  As of the 2020 census, 50,454 people lived there.  Its county seat is Franklin.

## References
Pithole, Pennsylvania

**Pithole** or **Pithole City** is a ghost town in Cornplanter Township, Venango County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  It is about  from Oil Creek State Park and the Drake Well Museum.  The first oil well was in that area. The quick growing of Pithole and then fast  made it one of the most famous of the oil boomtowns.

Oil was found at wells close to Pithole in January 1865.  A large number of people moved to the area.  Many of these people were land speculators.  The town was built in May. By December, the area became an official town with about 20,000 people living in it. Pithole had at least 54 hotels, 3 churches, the third biggest post office in Pennsylvania, a newspaper, a theater, a railroad, the world's first pipeline, and a red-light district "the likes of Dodge City's". By 1866, less oil was being made in Pithole. Oil was found in other towns near Pithole.  This made many people from Pithole leave to live in those places. By 1877, the town no longer existed.https://archive.org/details/historyofvenango00bell

The site was cleared of plants and was given to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1961. A visitors center with information about the history of Pithole, was built in the 1970s. Pithole was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## References 
## Sources 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Other websites 
*Official site of Pithole City and the Drake Well Museum
*"Pit-Hole City" (1960), folk song about Pithole from a record at YouTube