open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Walther Flemming

s like those of *Drosophila*.]]
**Walther Flemming** (21 April 1843 – 4 August 1905) was a German biologist and a founder of cytogenetics.

Making use of dyes he was able to find a structure which he named chromatin. He identified that chromatin was correlated to threadlike structures in the cell nucleus– the chromosomes (meaning *coloured body*). Edouard Van Beneden (1846–1910) had also observed them, independently. 

Flemming investigated the process of cell division and the distribution of chromosomes to the daughter nuclei, a process he called mitosis from the Greek word for thread. However, he did not see the splitting into identical halves, the daughter chromatids. He studied mitosis, both in life and in stained preparations, using as the source of biological material the fins and gills of salamanders. These results were published first in 1878  and in 1882 in the seminal book *Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung* (1882; Cell substance, nucleus and cell division). On the basis of his discoveries, Flemming surmised for the first time that all cell nuclei came from another predecessor nucleus (he coined the phrase *omnis nucleus e nucleo*, after Virchow's *omnis cellula e cellula*).

Flemming was unaware of Gregor Mendel's (1822–1884) work on heredity, so he did not make the connection between his observations and genetic inheritance. Two decades would pass before the significance of Flemming's work was truly realized with the rediscovery of Mendel's rules. His discovery of mitosis and chromosomes is considered one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology.

## References
Rădăuţi

**Rădăuţi** is a municipality of Suceava County in Romania.  27,759 people live in Rădăuţi.

## Geography 
Rădăuţi can be found in Bukovina, between the Suceava and Suceviţa rivers.  It is 23 miles north of Suceava.

## References
Oscar Hertwig

**Oscar Hertwig** (21 April 1849, Friedberg, Hesse – 25 October 1922, Berlin) was a German zoologist, anatomist and professor, who also wrote about the theory of evolution over 55 years after Charles Darwin's *The Origin of Species*. 

Oscar Hertwig was a leader in the field of embryology. He discovered fertilization of sea urchins, he recognized the role of the cell nucleus during inheritance and chromosome reduction during meiosis. In 1876, he found that fertilization includes the penetration of a spermatozoon into an egg cell. He thought, correctly, that the vectors of hereditary traits resided in the nuclei of the egg and sperm.

His work on the development of sea urchin eggs was fundamental and lasting; his work on evolution was not. He was opposed to 'chance', as he thought was Charles Darwin's theory. He wrote: *Das Werden der Organismen, eine Widerlegung der Darwinschen Zufallslehre* (Jena, 1916) (translation: "The Origin of Organisms: a refutation of Darwin's theory of chance").

Hertwig was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1903.

## References
Maria Kanellis

**Mary Louis** "**Maria**" **Kanellis-Bennett** (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, manager, promoter, actress and model. She is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and Ring of Honor (ROH), and is the co-owner and founder of the independent promotion Women's Wrestling Army (WWA). Kanellis is best known for her time with WWE from 2004 to 2010 and worked for them again from 2017 to 2020 with her real-life husband, Mike Kanellis.
* ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
** Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the *PWI Female 50* in 2008
* **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
** TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
* **World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE**
** WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
** Slammy Award (1 time)
*** Diva of the Year (2009)

## References 
## Other websites
*Official website 
* 
*Ring of Honor profile
Mick Jagger

**Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger** (born 26 July 1943) is an English musician, producer and actor. He is most famous for being the singer of The Rolling Stones. In 1993, he was knighted for his services to Music.

## Early life 
Michael Philip Jagger was born at Livingstone Community Hospital in Dartford, Kent on 26 July 1943. He is the son of Basil Fanshawe Jagger (1913-2006) and Eva Ensley Mary (1913-2000).

## Personal life
Jagger is known for his many high-profile relationships. He married Nicaraguan-born Bianca De Macias on 12 May 1971. It was a Catholic ceremony in Saint-Tropez, France. In late 1977, he began seeing model Jerry Hall. This was while still married to Bianca. Jagger and Hall lived together for many years. They were married on 21 November 1990, in a Hindu beach ceremony in Indonesia. The marriage ended in August 1999. 

## Relationships 
Jagger has also been romantically linked to other women: Chrissie Shrimpton, Marianne Faithfull, Anita Pallenberg, Marsha Hunt, Pamela Des Barres, Uschi Obermaier, Bebe Buell, Carly Simon, Margaret Trudeau, Mackenzie Phillips, Janice Dickinson, Carla Bruni, Sophie Dahl and Angelina Jolie, among others. He was in a relationship with L'Wren Scott (1964-2014) from 2001 until she committed suicide in 2014.

In March 2019, Jagger had to postpone his tour due to medical reasons. A few days later it was announced that he would have heart valve replacement surgery.

Jagger has eight children by five women:

* By Marsha Hunt, he has daughter Karis Jagger Hunt (born 4 November 1970)
* By Bianca Jagger, he has daughter Jade Sheena Jezebel Jagger (born 21 October 1971).
* By Jerry Hall he has daughter Elizabeth Scarlett Jagger (born 2 March 1984), son James Leroy Augustin Jagger (born 28 August 1985), daughter Georgia May Ayeesha Jagger (born 12 January 1992) and son Gabriel Luke Beauregard Jagger (born 9 December 1997)
* By Luciana Gimenez, he has son Lucas Maurice Morad Jagger (born 18 May 1999).

## Discography
### Albums
### Soundtrack
## References
## Other websites 
*
Eduard Strasburger

**Eduard Adolf Strasburger** (1 February 1844 in Warsaw – 19 May 1912 in Bonn) was a German professor who was one of the most famous botanists of the 19th century.

In 1868 he taught at the University of Warsaw. In 1869 Strasburger was appointed professor of botany at the University of Jena. After 1881 he was head of the *Botanisches Institut* at the University of Bonn. 

## Accomplishments 
Strasburger was a founder of the famous *Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen* (*Textbook of Botany*), which first appeared in 1894. He was the first to provide an accurate description of the embryonic sac in gymnosperms (such as conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants), along with demonstrating double-fertilization in angiosperms. He came up with one of the modern laws of plant cytology: "New cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other nuclei", and originated the terms cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

At about the same time as Walther Flemming, and Edouard van Beneden, he worked out chromosome movement during mitosis in plant cells. His work on the upward movement of tree sap proved that the process was physical and not physiological.

### Awards 
He was awarded the Linnean Society's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908.

## Bibliography 
*"On Cell Formation and Cell Division", 1876 – a book in which he set forth the basic principles of mitosis

*1894 textbook *Textbook of Botany* (written with colleagues)

## References 
*"Strasburger, Eduard Adolf"  Encyclopædia Britannica (1979 ed)
Khufu

**Khufu** was a Pharaoh (or leader) of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom. He was the Pharaoh of Egypt from around 2589 to 2566 B.C.E . Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty.  He is also thought to be the one who built the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Khufu's full name was "Khnum-Khufu" which means "the god Khnum protects me."

## References
Genetic linkage

**Genetic linkage** occurs when alleles at different loci do not segregate at random. Mendel's second law is thus broken. 

Genes are linked when they are on the same chromosome. They then tend to stay together during meiosis. Alleles for genes on different chromosomes are usually not linked, due to independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.  

There is some crossing over of DNA during meiosis when the chromosomes segregate. So, alleles on the same chromosome can be separated and go to different daughter cells. There is a greater probability of this happening if the alleles are far apart on the chromosome, as it is more likely that a cross-over will occur between them. The relative distance between two genes can be calculated using the offspring of an organism showing two linked genetic traits. The percentage of offspring where the two traits do not run together is noted. The higher the percentage of offspring showing both traits, the closer on the chromosome the two genes are. 

This was the first technique used for mapping genes on chromosomes. By working out the number of recombinants it is possible to obtain a measure for the distance between the genes. This distance is called a *genetic map unit* (m.u.), or a *centimorgan* and is defined as the distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant. A recombinant frequency (RF) of 1 % is equivalent to 1 m.u. A linkage map is created by finding the map distances between a number of traits that are present on the same chromosome, ideally avoiding significant gaps between traits to avoid the possibility of multiple crossovers.

## Related pages 
*Meiosis
*Chromosome

## References
Barthélemy Dumortier

**Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier** (Tournai, 3 April 1797 – 1878) was a Belgian botanist and politician. Some consider him to be the true discoverer of cell division, although he is rarely credited as such. His 1832 paper deals with this topic.

## Works
* *Commentationes botanicae. Observations botaniques* (imprimerie de C. Casterman-Dieu, Tournay, 1823).
* *Observations sur les graminées de la flore de Belgique* (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1823).
* ''Analyse des familles des plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent* (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1829).
* *Lettres sur le manifeste du Roi et les griefs de la nation, par Belgicus* (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
* *Sylloge Jungermannidearum Europae indigenarum, earum genera et species systematice complectens* (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
* *Recherches sur la structure comparée et le développement des animaux et des végétaux* (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1832).
* *Essai carpographique présentant une nouvelle classification des fruits* (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1835).
* *La Belgique et les vingt-quatre articles* (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).
* *Observations complémentaires sur le partage des dettes des Pays-Bas'' (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).

## References
## Other websites
* IPNI Profile
* Books by Dumortier at the Biodiversity library
Eddie Van Halen

**Edward Lodewijk "Eddie" Van Halen** (January 26, 1955 &ndash; October 6, 2020) was a Dutch-born American guitarist, keyboardist, songwriter and producer. He is most famous as the guitarist and co-founder of the hard rock band Van Halen. He is listed as number 70 in Rolling Stone Magazine's *"Top 100 Guitarists of All Time"* issue.

In 2007 Eddie Van Halen was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Van Halen died from a stroke caused by throat cancer at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California on October 6, 2020, at the age of 65 surrounded by his wife, Janie; son and Van Halen bassist, Wolfgang; ex-wife Valerie Bertinelli; and brother, Alex; co-founder and drummer of Van Halen. Some of Van Halen's childhood landmarks in Pasadena became memorials where fans could pay their respects.

## References
Ajana, Western Australia

**Ajana** is a small farming town in Western Australia. It is about 530 kilometres north east of Perth. The town was officially started in 1915. In 2006, there were 22 people living at Ajana. The name of the town might be from an Australian Aboriginal word, *Ajano*, used for the area nearby. It might also be from the word *Ngajna*, meaning *mine*, as a place where stone axes could be made. 

## References
Victor Posa

**Victor Posa** (born 5 November 1966 in Bari) is an Italian ice hockey player. He played 2 games for the Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL.

## Other websites
*
Jillian Hall

**Jillian Faye Hall** (born **Jillian Faye Fletcher**; September 6, 1980 in Ashland, Kentucky) is an American retired female professional wrestler and singer. She is best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where she competed under the ring name **Jillian Hall**.

She released a Christmas album titled *A Jingle with Jillian*, which was sung completely in her character of a terrible singer. The album reached #20 on the UK Holidays Top 100 shortly after its release. During her time in the WWE, She was a one-time WWE Divas Champion.

On November 19, 2010, her WWE contract expired and WWE announced that they were not going to renew it. After being released, she wrestled on the independent circuit until announcing her retirement on January 21, 2014. 

## Personal life 
As a teenager, Hall was a cheerleader and also took gymnastics classes. After graduating from High School, Hall attending college, but dropped out in order to train as a professional wrestler. At nineteen, she legally change her last name from Fletcher to Hall when she married Tim Hall (an independent wrestler name Tiny Tim). She was a fan of Rick Martel.

Hall is divorced has a child from the marriage. On September 10, 2010, Hall married Mike Farole in a Las Vegas wedding. Hall announced in February 2011, that the couple was expecting their first child, but suffered a miscarriage 14 weeks into the pregnancy.

On April 23, 2012, Hall was arrested in Orange County, Florida and charged with battery. Following her arrest, it was reported that Hall had separated from her husband.

In 2020, Hall gave birth to her second child. In December 2021, she was married to Zachary Farrow. They have separated as of 2024.

## References
## Other websites
*
Wilhelm Roux

**Wilhelm Roux** (9 June 1850 in Jena – 15 September 1924 in Halle) was a German zoologist, anatomist and pioneer of experimental embryology.

For ten years he worked in Breslau (now Wroclaw), becoming director of his own Institute of Embryology in 1879. He was professor at Innsbruck, Austria from 1889–95, then accepted a professorial chair at the Anatomical Institute of the University of Halle, a post he retained until 1921.

## Embryology 
Roux's research was based upon the notion of *Entwicklungsmechanik* or developmental mechanics. His methodology was to interfere with developing embryos and observe the outcome. Roux's investigations were performed mainly on frogs' eggs to research the earliest structures in amphibian development. His goal was to show Darwinian processes at work on the cellular level.

In 1888, Roux published the results of a series of defect experiments in which he took 2 and 4 cell frog embryos and killed half of the cells of each embryo with a hot needle. He reported that they grew into half-embryos and surmised that the separate function of the two cells had already been determined. This led him to propose his "mosaic" theory: after a few cell divisions the embryo would be like a mosaic, each cell playing its own unique part in the entire design.

After a few years Roux's theory was refuted by the studies of his colleague Hans Driesch and later, with more precision, Hans Spemann showed that, as a rule, Driesch's conclusions were correct, but that results like Roux's may be obtained after intervention in certain planes. Despite this early lapse Roux's pioneering mechanical methodology was to prove most fruitful in 20th century biology.

## Cell biology 
In a remarkable paper, Roux realised the significance of the linear structure of chromosomes. Their splitting into two equal longitudinal halves assured each daughter cell got the same chromosome complement. Therefore, chromosomes were the bearers of heredity. This was a significant event in cytogenetics.

## Works 
* *Der Kampf der Teile im Organismus* (1881)
* *Über die Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen* (1890)
* *Geschichtliche Abhandlung über Entwicklungsmechanik* (two volumes, 1895)
* *Die Entwicklungsmechanik* (1905)
* *Terminologie der Entwicklungsmechanik* (1912).

## Further reading 
*
*

## References
Eddie Irvine

**Edmund "Eddie" Irvine, Jr.** (Born 10 November 1965, Newtownards, County Down) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland. 

Irvine spent time in the 1980s and early 1990's in Formula Ford and F3000. He joined Formula One in 1993, scoring a point on his debut as he replaced Emanuele Naspetti. He stayed on for Jordan in 1994 and 1995, before going on to drive for Scuderia Ferrari in 1996. His results were not as successful as Michael Schumacher's, including eight straight DNF's (Did not Finish) in a row in 1996. He eventually improved, scoring more podiums as he went along with the team. 

In 1999 Michael Schumacher, the "#1 driver" for Ferrari was injured during a race at Silverstone. Irvine was made the #1 driver. The team put all their efforts towards Irvine winning a driver's championship. It wasn't successful, but Irvine did place second in the championship. Irvine left Ferrari after that season because he was frustrated with Ferrari's policy on team orders, which meant that one driver was labelled as "being #1." So, Irvine joined the new Jaguar Racing team in 2000, where he finally became the lead driver. However, the car was not competitive and reliable, so Jaguar, despite having lots of experience with Irvine, had little results. Irvine obtained the only two podiums Jaguar would ever see, and Irvine retired from Formula One after 2002.

## References
Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line

The **Marunouchi Line** (丸の内線,まるのうちせん) is a metro line of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.

## Stations 
## Related pages
* Tokyo
Marcel Schäfer

**Marcel Schäfer** (born 7 June 1984 in Aschaffenburg) is a former German footballer.

## Career 
Schäfer came to the youth teams of 1860 Munich when he was 16 years old. In 2003 he played his first and only Bundesliga match for Munich. After the 2003–04 Bundesliga season, 1860 Munich was relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. Schäfer played for Munich for three more years.

In 2007 he went back to the Bundesliga and came to VfL Wolfsburg. They won their first German Championship in 2009.

Schäfer plays for the German national football team since the year 2008. His first international match was against England on 19 November 2008.

## Career statistics 
## Honours 
### Club 
;VfL Wolfsburg
* Bundesliga: 2008–09
* DFB-Pokal: 2014–15
* DFL-Supercup: 2015

### Individual 
*Lower Saxony Footballer of the Year: 2009
*United Soccer League Best XI: 2017

## References 
## Other websites 
* Marcel Schäfer's website  (in German)
* Marcel Schäfer on fussballdaten.de (in German)
Dred Scott

**Dred Scott** (1799 – September 17, 1858) was a slave in the United States of America who took legal action to get his freedom in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case. His case was rejected by the Supreme Court.  

Many people were angry at the decision, and slavery became one of the main issues in the American Civil War a few years later. Slavery was ended after the Confederate States of America surrendered. 

## References
Hannah Montana: The Movie

***Hannah Montana: The Movie*** is a 2009 American musical movie. It is based on the teen sitcom *Hannah Montana*. The film stars Miley Cyrus. 

## Storyline 
It is about a girl named, Miley Stewart, that is living the secret life of Hannah Montana. It starts with her making a mistake and coming late to her best friend, Lily's birthday party, dressed as Hannah. All attention goes to her, and Lily gets disappointed. As Hannah tries to make it up for Lily, she gets an offer to fly to New York with her manager Vanessa Williams but Miley's father Billy Ray Cyrus has other plans. His mother's birthday is coming up in Tennessee and he wants Miley to go with him. She complains and complains, which leads to her thinking that her father is driving her to New York, but is fooled by her father who drives her and her brother to Tennessee.

When they get there, Miley is seeing things in a different way and when she meets Trevor, a sweet guy she has known from her younger age, everything changes. Not to mention, the crazy journalist that is stalking her for a story that is supposed to bring her down.
Andreas Hinkel

**Andreas Hinkel** (born 26 March 1982) is a German football player. He plays for Celtic and Germany national team.

## Career 
Hinkel grew up in Leutenbach in the state of Baden-Württemberg and started to play football there. When he was ten years old, he came to the youth teams of Stuttgart. In 2001 he had his first matches for Stuttgart in the UEFA Cup and in the Bundesliga. From 2003 to 2009, he played 21 matches for the Germany national team. His first international match was on 30 April 2003 against Serbia and Montenegro.

In 2006 he came to Sevilla in the La Liga. He won the UEFA Cup and the Copa del Rey with them. When he was in Sevilla, he did not play for Germany any more. He did not take part in 2006 FIFA World Cup and in 2008 UEFA Euro.

In the year 2008 he came to Celtic in Glasgow. They won Scottish Premier League in 2008 and the Scottish League Cup in 2009. On 10 September 2008, he played his first match for Germany after three years.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Stuttgart||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||10||0
|-
|2001/02||30||0
|-
|2002/03||33||0
|-
|2003/04||28||0
|-
|2004/05||29||1
|-
|2005/06||26||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sevilla||rowspan="2"|La Liga||13||0
|-
|2007/08||2||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Celtic||rowspan="3"|Premier League||16||1
|-
|2008/09||32||0
|-
|2009/10||||
156||1
15||0
48||1
219||2
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
!Total||21||0
|}

## References 
* Andreas Hinkel's website (in English or German)
* Andreas Hinkel on fussballdaten.de (in German)
Jacob Arminius

**Jacobus Arminius** (October 10, 1560 – October 19, 1609), is the Latin name of the Dutch theologian **Jakob Hermanszoon**. He is also known by the names of **Jacob Arminius** or **James Arminius**. Arminius was a professor of theology at the University of Leiden from 1603 until he died in 1609. He wrote many books and papers on theology, which is the study of God, and his views became the basis for the Dutch Remonstrants.

After he died, his views on theology were most widely known for being the opposite of the five points of Calvinism, though Arminius only objected to three: unconditional election, limited atonement, and irresistible grace; and he doubted the perseverance of the saints. His view on total depravity agreed with John Calvin, only changing the view held by Calvinists a small amount.

## Life 
Arminius was born at Oudewater, Utrecht. His father Herman died when Arminius was a baby, leaving his wife (and Jacob's mother) as a single mother with small children.
Theodorus Aemilius, a priest, adopted Jacobus and sent him to school at Utrecht. His mother was killed by the Spanish in Oudewater in 1575. About that same year the kindness of his friends allowed him to go study theology at the University of Leiden.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Works of James Arminius, Vol. 1
* The Works of James Arminius, Vol. 2
* The Works of James Arminius, Vol. 3
* "Who Was Arminius?" by W. Robert Godfrey (a Calvinist view)
* Profile page for Jacobus Arminius on the "Find A Grave" website
Poanes

***Poanes*** is a genus of butterflies.  The species are native to North America, Central America, and South America.

## Species
* *Poanes aaroni* Skinner, 1890 – Aaron's Skipper or Saffron Skipper
* *Poanes azin* Draudt, 1924
* *Poanes benito* Freeman, 1979 – Benito's Skipper
* *Poanes hobomok* Harris, 1862 – Hobomok Skipper
* *Poanes inimica* Butler & Druce, 1872 – Yellow-stained Skipper
* *Poanes macneilli* Burns, 1992 – Macneill's Skipper
* *Poanes massasoit* Scudder, 1863 – Mulberry Wing
* *Poanes melane* Edwards, 1869 – Umber Skipper
* *Poanes monticola* Godman, 1900 – Oyamel Skipper
* *Poanes niveolimbus* Mabille, 1889 – Snow-fringed Skipper
* *Poanes taxiles* Edwards, 1881 – Golden Skipper
* *Poanes ulphila* Plötz, 1883 – Ulphila Skipper
* *Poanes viator* Edwards, 1865 – Broad-winged Skipper
* *Poanes yehl* Skinner, 1893 – Yehl Skipper
* *Poanes zabulon* Boisduval & Le Conte, 1837 – Zabulon Skipper
* *Poanes zachaeus* Plötz, 1883 – Zachaeus Skipper

## References
* Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004).  *Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.  Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea*.  Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL.  

## Other websites
* *Poanes* at www.funet.fi
Valdeir Vieira

**Valdeir Vieira** (born 11 July 1944) is a Brazilian football manager. He managed Iran during their successful qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

## Coaching honours
* 1987 Venezuela Coach of the Year
* 1988 Copa de Venezuela
* 1992 Best Newcomer in the Campeonato Catarinense
* 1995 Best foreign coach in Costa Rica
* 1995–96 Primera División de Costa Rica Winner
* 1996 Copa Interclubes UNCAF
* 1996–97 Primera División de Costa Rica Winner
* 2001–02 Kuwaiti Premier League Winner
* 2001–02 Al Kurafi Cup Winner
* 2003 Gulf Club Champions Cup Winner
* 2008 JFL Regional League Champions
* 2008 Japan National Amateur Champions
* 2009 Hokushin'etsu Regional Div.1 Runners Up
* 2010–11 Bahrain 2nd Division Champions

## References
Louis Farrakhan

**Louis Eugene Farrakhan** (born May 11, 1933) is an American religious movement leader, political activist and writer. 

## Overview
Ideologically, Louis Farrakhan is a Black supremacist. He is the leader of the Nation of Islam (NOI), a movement founded on a unique interpretation of Islam.

## Life
Farrakhan was born Louis Eugene Wolcott in The Bronx, New York. He started playing the violin when he was six years old. He went to the Boston Latin School. Farrakhan now lives in Kenwood, Chicago. In 1953, he married Khadijah Farrakhan. They have nine children. In 2007, he retired at the age of 73.

## Popularity
In 2020, he was classified by the American civil rights group Anti-Defamation League (ADL) as the most popular antisemite in America.

## Racism
Farrakhan is well-known for his antisemitic and anti-White views, despite his and his group's denial.

### 1980s
In June 1984, Farrakhan went to Libya to visit her dictator Muammar Gaddafi. Upon return, Farrakhan smeared Judaism as a "gutter religion [...] structured on injustice, thievery, lying and deceit" that "abused" God's name for self-defense. In 1985, at an NOI meeting, Farrakhan said that the Jews deserved the Holocaust by screaming that "And don't you forget, when it's God who puts you in the ovens, it's forever!"

#### Connections with White supremacists
In September 1984, former KKK member Tom Metzger donated $100 to Farrakhan's NOI after being impressed by his antisemitic rhetoric at a Los Angeles event, a prejudice shared by both White supremacists and Black supremacists. by alleging that "German Jews financed Hitler right here in America [...] International bankers financed Hitler and poor Jews died while big Jews were at the root of what you call the Holocaust".

### 2010s
In March 2015, Farrakhan accused "Israelis and Zionist Jews" of being involved in the September 11 attacks, while believing that Jews control mass media and the Hollywood to "turn man into women and women into men". On October 16, 2018, he implied that Jews were termites by posting on Twitter that "I'm not an anti-Semite. I'm anti-Termite." On July 4, 2020, he also accused Jonathan Greenblatt, a Jewish American serving as ADL's CEO, of being "Satan masquerading as a lawyer", while gaslighting the public by denying that he is antisemitic: "If you really think I hate the Jewish people, you don't know me at all [... I've never] uttered the words of death to the Jewish people." In addition, he has been the biggest promoter of the disproven conspiracy theory that "Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade", which is believed by many Islamists worldwide.

## Related pages
* Black nationalism
* Islam and fascism
* Black Hebrew Israelites
* Secondary antisemitism
* *The Protocols of the Elders of Zion*

## References
Nymphalidae

* species in the subfamily Danainae, showing the first pair of legs or "brushfoot" legs.  They are hard to see.]]

The **Nymphalidae** is the largest family of butterflies, with about 6,000 species.  They live on all continents except Antarctica.  They are commonly known as **nymphalids**, **brushfoots**, or **brush-footed butterflies**.

## Characteristics 
Brushfoots get their name from their front pair of legs.  This pair of legs is .  They do not have claws at the end.  Only the middle and last pair of legs are used for walking. This is why they are called brush-footed butterflies or four-footed butterflies.

Many species are brightly colored and include popular species such as the emperors, admirals, tortoiseshells, and fritillaries. Most hold their colourful wings flat when they are at rest. However, the underwings are often dull; in some species they look just like dead leaves, or are much paler. So when they raise their wings in the normal butterfly position, this cryptic effect helps the butterfly disappear into its surroundings.

## Subfamilies
*Apaturinae – Hackberry butterflies and Emperors
*Biblidinae – Tropical Brushfoots
*Calinaginae
*Charaxinae – Leafwings
*Cyrestinae
*Danainae – Milkweed butterflies
*Heliconiinae – Heliconiians and Fritillaries
*Ithomiinae (sometimes placed in the subfamily Danainae as a tribe (a tribe is a ranking between family and genus))
*Libytheinae – Snout butterflies
*Limenitidinae – Admirals and Sisters
*Morphinae – Morphos (sometimes placed in the subfamily Satyrinae as a tribe)
*Nymphalinae – Buckeyes, Eggflies, Checkerspots, Crescents, Anglewings, and Ladies
*Satyrinae – Satyrs and Browns.

## Some example species
* *Aglais urticae* – Small Tortoiseshell
* *Apatura iris* – Purple Emperor
* *Danaus plexippus* – Monarch
* *Hamadryas amphinome* – Red Cracker
* *Inachis io* – Peacock
* *Junonia coenia* – Common Buckeye
* *Libytheana carinenta* – American Snout or Common Snout
* *Limenitis archippus* – Viceroy
* *Morpho menelaus* – Blue Morpho
* *Nymphalis antiopa* – Mourning Cloak or Camberwell Beauty
* *Speyeria cybele* – Great Spangled Fritillary
* *Vanessa cardui* – Painted Lady
* *Vanessa atalanta* – Red Admiral

## Image gallery

File:Kleiner Fuchs (Nymphalis urticae).jpg|Small Tortoiseshell (*Aglais urticae*)
File:Apatura iris Weinsberg 20080614 5.jpg|Purple Emperor (*Apatura iris*)
File:Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus Male 2664px.jpg|Monarch (*Danaus plexippus*)
File:Common Buckeye, Megan McCarty76.jpg|Common Buckeye (*Junonia coenia*)
File:American snout butterfly.jpg|American Snout or Common Snout (*Libytheana carinenta*)
File:Viceroy Butterfly.jpg|Viceroy (*Limenitis archippus*)
File:Nymphalis antiopa (Suruvaippa).jpg|Mourning Cloak or Camberwell Beauty (*Nymphails antipoa*)
File:Butterfly August 2008-3.jpg|Painted Lady (*Vanessa cardui'')

## References
## Other websites
* Nymphalidae at Tree of Life
Synod of Dort

The **Synod of Dort** was a national council that took place in 1618-1619 in the town of Dordrecht in the Netherlands. The Dutch Reformed Church held the meeting in order to discuss a very important issue in the Dutch churches that begin with the teachings of Jacobus Arminius and the rise of Arminianism. The first meeting was on November 13, 1618, and the last meeting, which was the 154th, took place on May 9, 1619. 

Members from the Reformed churches in eight different countries were also invited to this meeting. The name *Dort* is the English name for the Dutch town of *Dordrecht* and is still used as the pronunciation of the name today. This synod, or meeting, is usually called the **Synod of Dordt** or the **Synod of Dordrecht**.

## Purpose 
The reason that this meeting was called was to settle an issue that had been brought up in the Dutch churches after the spread of Arminianism. After Jacob Arminius died, people that believed the same way that he did objected to the Belgic Confession and the teachings of John Calvin and Theodore Beza. Arminius's followers published their problems with the Confession in a paper called The Remonstrance of 1610. The followers of the things listed in this document were called Remonstrants. Calvinists, who followed the teachings of John Calvin, became known as *Contra-Remonstrants*.

In *The Remonstrance* and some later writing, the Arminians wrote about an alternative to the Calvinist Belgic Confession and mentioned several things that they disagreed with. They taught election on the basis of God knowing who would have faith, a universal atonement, resistible grace and the possibility of walking away from grace. Simon Episopius was the speaker for the 13 members of the Remonstrants who were called to the Synod in 1618.

## The end of the meetings and the Canon of Dort 
The meetings concluded with the views of the Remonstrants being rejected and set out the Reformed doctrine on each of the points. These are sometimes called the Five points of Calvinism and are remembered by the five letters "TULIP".

*The Decision of the Synod of Dort on the Five Main Points of Doctrine in Dispute in the Netherlands*, known as the Canons of Dort, is the reasoning behind the decisions made by the Synod. 

The *Canons* are not supposed to be an absolute explanation of the Reformed doctrine, but only explain the five points of doctrine that were being argued over.

## Related pages
* Calvinism
* Arminianism

## Other websites 
* Canons of Dort  at CRC home
* Canons of Dort  at Reformed.org
Richart Báez

**Richart Báez** (born 31 July 1973) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
|-
|1995||Olimpia||Primera División||||

|-
|1996||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||9||3

|-
|1997||Universidad Chile||Primera División||||
|-
|1998||Audax Italiano La Florida||Primera División||||

|-
|1998–99||América||Primera División||24||3

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Olimpia||rowspan="2"|Primera División||||
|-
|2000||||

|-
|2000–01||Atlético Celaya||Primera División||10||0

|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Olimpia||rowspan="3"|Primera División||||
|-
|2002||||
|-
|2003||||
|-
|2004||12 Octubre||Primera División||||

|-
|2004–05||Municipal||Liga Nacional||3||0

|-
|2005||Sportivo Luqueño||Primera División||||
||
9||3
||
34||3
3||0
46||6
|}

### International
|-
|1995||8||1
|-
|1996||5||0
|-
|1997||6||1
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
!Total||26||2
|}

## References
Mustapha Hadji

**Mustapha Hadji** (born 16 November 1971) is a Moroccan football coach and former player. He has played for Morocco national team.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1991–92||rowspan="5"|Nancy-Lorraine||Division 1||0||0
|-
|1992–93||rowspan="4"|Division 2||32||6
|-
|1993–94||37||11
|-
|1994–95||28||3
|-
|1995–96||37||11

|-
|1996–97||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||27||3

|-
|1997–98||rowspan="2"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="2"|La Liga||10||0
|-
|1998–99||21||2

|-
|1999–00||rowspan="2"|Coventry City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||33||6
|-
|2000–01||29||6
|-
|2001–02||rowspan="3"|Aston Villa||rowspan="3"|Premier League||23||2
|-
|2002–03||11||0
|-
|2003–04||1||0

|-
|2003–04||Espanyol Barcelona||La Liga||16||1

|-
|2004–05||Al-Ain||UAE League||15||5

|-
|2005–06||rowspan="2"|Saarbrücken||2. Bundesliga||30||4
|-
|2006–07||||24||6

|-
|2007–08||rowspan="3"|Fola Esch||Division of Honour||25||17
|-
|2008–09||rowspan="2"|National Division||17||7
|-
|2009–10||||
134||31
27||3
47||3
97||14
15||5
54||10
42||24
416||90
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1993||||
|-
|1994||||
|-
|1995||||
|-
|1996||||
|-
|1997||6||1
|-
|1998||11||4
|-
|1999||8||3
|-
|2000||7||0
|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||||
|}

## References
Kei Yamaguchi

is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.

## Club career statistics
## References
## Other websites
*
*
Marek Špilár

**Marek Špilár** (11 February 1975 &ndash; 7 September 2013) was a former Slovak football player. He has played for Slovakia national team.

On 7 September 2013, Špilár committed suicide by jumping out of a fifth-floor window in Prešov.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Petra Drnovice||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||1||0
|-
|1994/95||1||0

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Tatran Prešov||rowspan="2"|Superliga||27||0
|-
|1996/97||26||6
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Košice||rowspan="3"|Superliga||25||0
|-
|1998/99||25||0
|-
|1999/00||25||3

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Baník Ostrava||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||23||0
|-
|2001/02||7||0
|-
|2001/02||Sigma Olomouc||Gambrinus liga||8||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Brugge||rowspan="4"|First Division||6||0
|-
|2003/04||8||0
|-
|2004/05||5||0
|-
|2005/06||12||0

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||21||1
|-
|2007||3||0
40||0
128||9
31||0
24||1
223||10
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|1997||11||0
|-
|1998||12||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
!Total||30||0
|}

## References
Alexi Lalas

**Alexi Lalas** (born June 1, 1970) is a former American soccer player. He has played for United States national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list the United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lalas goal.''

## Honors
**Los Angeles Galaxy**
*CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2000
*Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2001
*MLS Cup: 2002
*MLS Supporters' Shield: 2002
*MLS All-Star: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999

## References
Andrej Panadić

**Andrej Panadić** (born 9 March 1969) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia's national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
## References
Kim Sang-woo (footballer, born 1987)

**Kim Sang-Woo** (born 18 May 1987) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player..

## Club career statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||7||1||0||0||7||1
|-
|2007||24||0||0||0||24||0
31||1||0||0||31||1
31||1||0||0||31||1
|}

## References
Shigeru Yokotani

**Shigeru Yokotani** (born 3 May 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Ehime||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||36||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||38||2
|-
|2009||45||6||1||0||colspan="2"|-||46||6
|-
|2010||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
81||8||3||0||2||0||86||8
81||8||3||0||2||0||86||8
|}

## References
*Gamba Osaka
Toshihiro Yamaguchi

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography
Yamaguchi was born in Kumamoto Prefecture on November 19, 1971. After dropped out from Kindai University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1993. He became a regular player from 1994. He moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1996 and played until 1997. In June 1998, he signed with Sanfrecce Hiroshima. The club won the 2nd place at 1999 Emperor's Cup. He retired end of 2000 season.

On July 8, 1994, Yamaguchi debuted for the Japan national team against Ghana. He also played at 1995 King Fahd Cup. He played 4 games for Japan until 1995.

## Statistics
|-
|1993||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J1 League||6||1||2||3||5||2||13||6
|-
|1994||39||16||4||0||3||0||46||16
|-
|1995||41||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||41||9
|-
|1996||11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J1 League||9||0||2||0||11||0||22||0
|-
|1997||7||1||2||0||4||0||13||1
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J1 League||17||2||3||0||0||0||20||2
|-
|1999||26||2||2||0||3||0||31||2
|-
|2000||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
158||31||11||3||27||2||200||36
158||31||11||3||27||2||200||36
|}

|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Takuya Kokeguchi

**Takuya Kokeguchi** (born 13 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kataller Toyama.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||21||1||1||0||2||0||24||1
|-
|2005||16||1||2||0||2||0||20||1
|-
|2006||16||0||1||0||2||0||19||0
|-
|2007||J. League 2||27||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2008||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||9||0||0||0||3||0||12||0
|-
|2009||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 2||6||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||1
|-
|2010||Kataller Toyama||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
95||4||4||0||9||0||108||4
95||4||4||0||9||0||108||4
|}

## References
Hogares CREA

**Hogar CREA** is a group that helps drug addicts break their habits. It was started in Puerto Rico in 1968 by Javier Garcia Rios "CheJuan".  It spread to several Latin American countries and to the US in the early 80's but is on the decline in the US.  

"CREA" is based on the idea of who to better treat drug addiction than an addict. Many people believe that it is a money making scam.

## References
Michihiro Yasuda

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Kodai Yasuda is also a footballer.

## Biography
Yasuda was born in Osaka Prefecture on December 20, 1987. He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 2006. He played many matches as left side back from 2007. The club were the champions in the 2007 J.League Cup, 2008 and 2009 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club were the champions in 2008 AFC Champions League which is first Asian title in the club history. In 2011, he moved to Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse. Although he played many matches until the 2011–12 season, he could not play many matches in the 2012–13 season. He returned to Japan in summer 2013 and joined Júbilo Iwata. From 2014, he played for Sagan Tosu, Vissel Kobe and Nagoya Grampus. In 2017, he moved to K League Challenge club Busan IPark. In 2018, he returned to Japan and played for J2 League club Albirex Niigata and JEF United Chiba.

In 2007, Yasuda was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup and played all 4 matches. In February 2008, he was selected the Japan national team for 2008 East Asian Football Championship. At this tournament, he debuted against North Korea on February 17. In August 2008, he also played for Japan U-23 national team at 2008 Summer Olympics. He played 7 games and scored 1 goals for Japan from 2008 to 2011.

## Statistics
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="5"|J1 League||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|-
|2007||29||0||3||0||9||1||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2008||26||0||4||0||3||0||9||2||42||2
|-
|2009||22||0||4||0||2||0||7||1||35||1
|-
|2010||32||1||5||0||2||0||7||1||46||2

|-
|2010–11||rowspan="3"|Vitesse||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2011–12||23||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2012–13||7||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||12||0

|-
|2013||Júbilo Iwata||J1 League||7||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2014||Sagan Tosu||J1 League||33||1||3||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||39||2
|-
|2015||Vissel Kobe||J1 League||12||0||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2016||Nagoya Grampus||J1 League||22||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0

|-
|2017||Busan IPark||K League Challenge||21||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||1

|-
|2018||Albirex Niigata||J2 League||30||6||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||6
|-
|2019||rowspan="3"|JEF United Chiba||rowspan="3"|J2 League||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2020||31||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
250||9||24||0||29||2||23||4||326||15
45||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||54||0
21||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||1
316||10||34||0||29||2||26||4||405||16
|}

|-
|2008||5||0
|-
|2009||1||1
|-
|2010||0||0
|-
|2011||1||0
|-
!Total||7||1
|}

## References
## Other websites
*
Christian Wilhelmsson

**Christian Wilhelmsson** (born 8 December 1979) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Al-Hilal and Sweden national team.

## Club career statistics 
|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|Mjällby||rowspan="3"|Division 1||6||0
|-
|1998||21||4
|-
|1999||25||7

|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Stabæk||rowspan="4"|Premier League||24||9
|-
|2001||25||6
|-
|2002||26||6
|-
|2003||9||4

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Anderlecht||rowspan="3"|First Division||27||4
|-
|2004/05||32||4
|-
|2005/06||31||5

|-
|2006/07||Nantes Atlantique||Ligue 1||13||0

|-
|2006/07||Roma||Serie A||19||1

|-
|2007/08||Bolton Wanderers||Premier League||8||0

|-
|2007/08||Deportivo La Coruña||La Liga||15||1

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Al-Hilal||rowspan="2"|Professional League||||
|-
|2009/10||||
52||13
84||25
90||13
13||0
19||1
8||0
15||1
||
281||53
|}

## International career statistics 
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||14||1
|-
|2005||8||1
|-
|2006||12||1
|-
|2007||10||1
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||59||4
|}

## References
Theodor Boveri

**Theodor Heinrich Boveri** (12 October 1862 – 15 October 1915) was a German biologist who made discoveries in cytology, embryology and genetics. His career was devoted to the processes whereby a new individual arises from parental reproductive materials.

His work with sea urchins showed that it was necessary to have all chromosomes present in order for proper development of the embryo to take place. This discovery was an important part of the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory. His other significant discovery was the centrosome (1888), which he described as the *especial organ of cell division*. Boveri also discovered the phenomenon of chromatin diminution during embryonic development of the nematode *Parascaris*.

## Boveri–Sutton hypothesis 
1902–1904: Boveri, in a series of papers, drew attention to the correspondence between the behaviour of chromosomes and the results obtained by Mendel. He said that chromosomes were "independent entities which retain their independence even in the resting nucleus... What comes out of the nucleus is what goes into it".

In 1903 Walter Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. E.B. Wilson, who was Sutton's teacher, called this the *Sutton–Boveri hypothesis*.

## Cancer 
Boveri reasoned that a cancerous tumor begins with a single cell in which the make up of its chromosomes becomes scrambled, causing the cells to divide uncontrollably.

It was only later that researchers such as Thomas Hunt Morgan showed that Boveri was correct.

## Other websites
*
* Fritz Baltzer. (1967). excerpt from Theodor Boveri: The life of a great biologist, 1862-1915 . University of California Press, Berkeley; pp.&nbsp;85–97.

## References
Fred Hoyle

**Sir Fred Hoyle**  (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer. He is noted mainly for being the first man to think of the idea that nuclear fusion might happen in stars, like our Sun. In addition to his work as an astronomer, Hoyle was a writer of science fiction, including a number of books co-written with his son Geoffrey Hoyle. Fred Hoyle gave the Big Bang theory its name in a radio broadcast.

**Awards**
* Fellow of the Royal Society (March, 1957) [27]
* Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1968)
* Bakerian Lecture (1968)
* Bruce Medal (1970)
* Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1971)
* Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory
* Knighthood (1972)
* President of the Royal Astronomical Society (1971–1973)
* Royal Medal (1974)
* Klumpke-Roberts Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1977)
* Balzan Prize for Astrophysics: evolution of stars (1994, with Martin Schwarzschild)
* Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, with Edwin Salpeter (1997)
## Related pages
*Geoffrey Burbidge