open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Rock music

**Rock music** is a genre of popular music. It developed in the late 1900s, chiefly in the United States. It originally started in the 1940s and 1950s with the start of rock and roll. "*Rock and roll*" grew out of *R&B* (Rhythm & Blues) and *country* after the electrification of the guitar (and music in general) in the 1940s. Rock has a lot in common with other genres like *blues* and *folk*. It has influences from *jazz*, *classical*, and other music genres.

Rock music usually uses the electric guitar, bass guitar, a singer, and the drumset. It has a 4/4 beat and it has verse-chorus form. Rock music has also helped to spread cultural and social movements. This led to large sub-cultures including modernists and rockers in the UK and the "hippie" culture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Rock music has the same folk tradition as the protest song. Rock music has been involved with political activism. It has also spread awareness for race, sex, and drug-use issues. It is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity. 

However, rock has become really varied since the 1950s and it is hard to say what its lyrics are "mostly" about. They can express romantic love, or comment all of global society. Rock music does place a focus on musical skill and live performance. By the late 1960s, rock had spread all across the United States and across the Atlantic to Great Britain. ''"Rock n roll's"'' influence in local music genres in these places created hybrids like blues rock, folk rock, country rock, jazz-rock fusion, and psychedelic rock By the 1970s progressive rock, glam rock and heavy metal began to become popular. Progressive rock uses symbolic lyrics and  long instrumental sections. Glam rock focuses on showmanship and what you can see. Heavy metal focuses on raw emotion instead of technical skill.  Punk rock became more popular in the second half of the 1970s. It is inspired by other types of rock, as well as 1970s youth counterculture. Punk rock is a noisy type of rock music with political and social critiques. Punk rock influenced other sub-genres in the 1980s, including New Wave, post-punk and later alternative rock. From the 1990s, alternative rock (or "Alt Rock") became the most popular type of rock music. Alt Rock includes grunge, Britpop, and indie rock. Since the 2000's, the Rock-'n'-roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland Ohio has inducted increasingly varied artists. Philosophically, is increasingly difficult to say exact what rock music  

even is.  

## Artists
* Simon & Garfunkel
* Sixpence None the Richer
* The Moody Blues
* The Brian Jonestown Massacre
* The Velvet Underground
* The 13th Floor Elevators
* Creed
* Memento
* Kutless
* My Chemical Romance
* The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus
* Hawthorne Heights
* The Golden Republic
* Gym Class Heroes
* Secondhand Serenade
* Matchbox Twenty

## Sources
Césarville-Dossainville

**Césarville-Dossainville** is a French village in the *département* of Loiret and the *région* of  Centre.

## Geography
* Old maps of Cesarville-Dossainville  

## History
* Local History of Cesarville-Dossainville 

## Demography
## Administration
## People of Cesarville-Dossainville
*+ Jean GUILBERT  Mayor and "*Conseiller Général*"

## Other websites 
*Cesarville-Dossainville on the website of the "*Institut Géographique National*" (in French) 
*Cesarville-Dossainville on the website of the "*Insee*" (in French)
*Cesarville-Dossainville on the website of the "*Quid*" (in French)
*Village near Cesarville-Dossainville (in French)
*Localisation of Cesarville-Dossainville in France (in French)
*Map of Cesarville-Dossainville on Mapquest
*Website on **Cesarville-Dossainville**
Salem, Oregon

**Salem** (IPA: [ˈseɪ lm̩]) is the capital city of the state of Oregon in the United States of America, and county seat of Marion County. In 2020, there were 175,535 people living in Salem. It is in the Willamette Valley.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Salem official website
Sugar, We're Goin Down

"'''Sugar, We’re Goin' Down'*" is the first single from the *From Under the Cork Tree'' album, by Fall Out Boy and it was the song that made them famous. It was released in 2005.

## References
Lawrence of Arabia

***Lawrence of Arabia*** is a British epic movie from 1962, based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It stars Peter O'Toole as the title character, along with Omar Sharif and Alec Guinness. The opening scene of the movie shows Lawrence dying in a motorcycle accident. The movie then goes into a series of flashbacks (past events) from his life.

The 1982 movie *Gandhi* follows the story pattern of ''Lawrence of Arabia's'': after the main character dies at the start, it moves into a series of flashbacks from Gandhi's life.

*Lawrence of Arabia* won seven Academy Awards, one of them for Best Picture.

Considered one of the greatest movies ever made, it has appeared on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list (as the number five selecion).

A director's cut of the movie, running at 216 minutes, has no women talking in it.

## Other websites 
* 
* Greatest Films
* RaveCentral
Glyphosate

**Glyphosate** is a non-selective herbicide used in agriculture for the control of weeds, shrubs, and grasses. One brand name it is sold as is Monsanto's *Roundup*. It is also used in genetically modified crops.

There are many studies indicating glyphosate is dangerous for animals, including humans.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Fact sheet
* glyphosate resistance
Nashville, Tennessee

**Nashville** is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is on the Cumberland River in Davidson County. Nashville is the home of the Grand Ole Opry, the Country Music Hall of Fame, and many major record labels.

Nashville has 689,447 people in it (according to the 2020 census).

On December 25, 2020, a suicide bombing happened in the city.

## Sports teams
Nashville sports teams include:
* Tennessee Titans - football
* Nashville Predators - ice hockey
* Nashville Sounds - baseball
* Nashville SC - soccer

## Related pages
* List of people from Nashville, Tennessee

## References
**Notes**

## Other websites
* Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County website
Snack

is a common snack in Germany]]
, a popular snack]] 
 are a healthy snack]]
A **snack** is a small amount of food eaten between meals. It can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amounts. People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals. For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack. Other foods that can be eaten as snacks are fruit, candy, muffins, ice cream, and popcorn.

Snacking has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Now only a few people do not snack. Most snacks bought are processed foods.

## References
A **snack** is a small amount of food eaten between meals. It can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amounts. People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals. For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack. Other foods that can be eaten as snacks are fruit, candy, muffins, ice cream, and popcorn.

Snacking has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Now only a few people do not snack. Most snacks bought are processed foods.
Invertebrate

An **invertebrate** is an animal that does not have a spinal column or *backbone*. This contrasts with vertebrate: if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an invertebrate. Most animals, and most species of animal, are invertebrates.

The main phyla (groups) of invertebrate animals are:
* Annelida: segmented worms 
* Arthropods: (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, and others); the largest groups of invertebrates.
* Brachiopods: the lamp-shells.
* Bryozoa: sea mats or moss animals (sometimes they look like corals)
* Cnidarians: jellyfish, sea anemones, hydroids.
* Echinoderms: starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
* Molluscs: (gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves and others); a large group of invertebrates.
* Nematoda: roundworms
* Porifera: sponges
* Platyhelminthes: flatworms
* Rotifers: tiny "wheel animals", which live in habitats such as pond water.

Insects and other arthropods have no bones, but they have a skeleton on the outside of their bodies, called an exoskeleton. 

There are 18 more groups of invertebrates, mostly minor: see List of animal phyla.
Olympia, Washington

**Olympia** is the capital city of the state of Washington, in the United States of America. It became a city on January 28, 1859. As of the 2020 census, it has 55,605 people living in it. The people of Olympia are called *Olympians*. Olympia is the county seat of Thurston County.

## Geography 
Olympia is located at 47°2'33" North, 122°53'35" West (47.042418, -122.893077).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total size of 48.0 km² (18.5 mi²). 43.3&nbsp;km² (16.7&nbsp;mi²) of it is land and 4.7&nbsp;km² (1.8&nbsp;mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.77% water.

Olympia is on the water (Puget Sound) and close to dark green forests and high mountains (the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier). On most days of the year the sky is full of clouds and it rains, but sunny weather is more common in July, August, and September.

## Economy 
Many people in Olympia work for the government of the State of Washington. Every year, state representatives and state senators come to Olympia to make laws and to pass a budget for the state government.

Olympia is the home of the Olympia Farmers Market and The Evergreen State College.

## Culture 
Every April, the people of Olympia celebrate the "Procession of the Species". It is a parade. Many Olympians, of all ages, dress up to look like animals, birds, fish, plants, and even insects, and walk in the parade. Some also play drums or dance the samba.

## References
## Other websites 
* City of Olympia
* State of Washington 
* The Evergreen State College
* Procession of the Species
* Photography of Olympia
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

**Harrisburg** is the capital city of Pennsylvania, one of the four U.S. states called a *Commonwealth* of the United States.  As of the 2020 United States Census, the city has 50,099 people living in it.

Harrisburg is the county seat of Dauphin County and is on the Susquehanna River, 105 miles (169&nbsp;km) northwest  of Philadelphia.

Originally the home to Native Americans, Captain John Smith first made contact with them in 1608. In 1719, English trader John Harris, Sr. built a home on the bank of the river, and by 1785 obtained the land from William Penn, creating the settlement of "Harrisburg" named after Harris.

## Related pages
*Three Mile Island accident

## Notes and References
## Other websites 
*City of Harrisburg official website
Pierre, South Dakota

**Pierre** (pronounced "peer") is the capital city of South Dakota, a state of the United States of America.  As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 14,091.  Pierre is the county seat of Hughes County. Started in 1880 on the Missouri River across from Fort Pierre, Pierre has been the state capital since 1889.

Pierre lies on rough river bluffs overlooking the Missouri River. It is a few miles away from Lake Oahe, one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and a very popular fishing destination.
## Transportation 
Two airlines serving Pierre Regional Airport provide non-stop flights to Denver and Minneapolis-St. Paul.

The nearest interstate highway is Interstate 90, about 34 miles south of Pierre via U.S. Highway 83. Pierre is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway.

## Notes
## References
## Other websites 
* City of Pierre official website
Providence, Rhode Island

**Providence** is the capital and the most populous city of Rhode Island. It was one of the first cities established in the United States. It is located in Providence County.  It is the third largest city in the New England region. In the 2020 census, the city proper population was 190,934.  Providence is at the mouth of the Providence River, at the head of Narragansett Bay. The city's small footprint is crisscrossed by  streets at odd angles and has a rapidly changing distribution of residents.

Providence was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of "God's merciful Providence" which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers to settle. The official name of the state includes the name of the city, *Rhode Island and Providence Plantations*. After being one of the first cities in the country to industrialize, Providence became noted for its jewelry and silverware industry.  Today, the City of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning, which has shifted the city's economy into service industries, although it still retains significant manufacturing activity.

From colonial times to the mid-19th century, the Rhode Island General Assembly rotated meetings between the state's five county court houses. After 1853 the state legislature stopped meeting at the Kent, Washington and Bristol county courthouses, but continued to alternate its sessions between Providence State House and the Newport State House in Newport. Early in the 20th century, Providence became the only capital of the state.

## Hurricanes
On September 21, 1938, a severe Category-3 hurricane struck Providence and nearby areas. Providence was flooded with storm surge. Another hurricane hit the region in September 1944 near the Connecticut-Rhode Island border. Ten years later, Hurricane Carol struck the area as a Category 2 hurricane, bringing severe storm surge and wind to the Providence area. The storm killed 17 in Rhode Island.

## Highways and Interstates
I-95 runs from north to south through Providence. I-195 connects the city to eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, including New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Cape Cod. I-295 encircles Providence while RI 146 provides a direct connection with Worcester, Massachusetts. The city's Iway project is moving I-195 to free up land and to reunify the Jewelry District with Downcity Providence. I-195 currently separates these two neighborhoods.  The project is estimated to cost $446 million and be completed in 2012.

## Colleges and Universities
 The flagship campuses of five of Rhode Island's colleges and universities are in Providence (city proper):
* Brown University, an Ivy League university and one of nine colonial colleges in the nation.
* Johnson & Wales University
* Providence College
* Rhode Island College, the state's oldest public college.
* Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)

## References
## Other websites 
* City of Providence official website
Cheyenne

**Cheyenne** might mean:

*Cheyenne people, a Native American tribe
*Cheyenne, Wyoming, a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming
*Cheyenne, Oklahoma, a town
**Cheyenne* (TV series), a television series starring Clint Walker
Jeannie Longo

**Jeannie Longo** (born October 31, 1958 at St. Gervais-les-Bains in Haute-Savoie, France) is a female French cyclist.

One of the greats of cycling, Jeannie's list of achievements follows:

* Olympic Road Race Gold Medal 1996
* Olympic Silver Medal 1992
* Olympic Bronze Medal 2000
* World Champion, Road Race 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1995
* World Time Trial Champion 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001
* Tour de France Feminin 1987, 1988, 1989.
* World Hour Record 2000 (45.094)
* 56 French National Titles

## Other websites 
*Official site
Charleston, West Virginia

**Charleston** is the capital city of West Virginia, a state of the United States of America.  It is where the Elk and Kanawha Rivers join in Kanawha County. As of the 2020 census, Charleston has 48,864 people living in it, which makes it the largest city in the state. It is the county seat of Kanawha County.

## References
## Other websites 
* City of Charleston official website  Chat:
Buckminster Fuller

by Buckminster Fuller, 1967]]

**Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller** (July 12, 1895&nbsp;– July 1, 1983) was an American architect, engineer, author, designer, inventor and futurist.

Fuller published more than 30 books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth",  and "Synergetics".

He also used inventions, mainly architectural designs. The best known of which is the geodesic dome, the pinnacle of which would be a 5 kilometer diameter dome over Manhattan, as well as cloud nine. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres.

## Some of his books 
* *Nine chains to the Moon* (1938)
* *Untitled epic poem on the history of industrialization* (1962)
* *Ideas and integrities, a spontaneous autobiographical disclosure* (1963) 
* *No more secondhand god and other writings* (1963)
* *What I have learned: a collection of 20 autobiographical essays*, Chapter "How little I know", (1968)
* *Operating manual for Spaceship Earth* (1969) 
* *Utopia or oblivion* (1969) 
* *Approaching the benign environment* (1970)  (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
* *Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth* (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, 
* *The Dymaxion world of Buckminster Fuller* (1960, 1973), coauthor Robert Marks, 
* *Earth, Inc* (1973) 
* *Synergetics: explorations in the geometry of thinking* (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, 
* *Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the three bears,: a cosmic fairy tale* (1975)
* *And it came to pass&nbsp;— not to stay* (1976) 
* *R. Buckminster Fuller on education* (1979) 
* *Synergetics 2: Further explorations in the geometry of thinking* (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
* *Critical path* (1981) 
* *Inventions: the patented works of R. Buckminster Fuller* (1983) 
* *Humans in Universe* (1983), coauthor Anwar Dil, 
* *Cosmography: a posthumous scenario for the future of humanity* (1992), coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya, 

Please check UNITED STATES NAVAL HISTORY for Bucky Buckminster Fuller's service to the United States of America Navy.

## References 
## Other websites
*Buckminster Fuller Institute
Paul Bremer

**Lewis Paul Bremer III** is an American writer and politician.  He was born on September 30, 1941.  He was named "Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance" on May 6 for Iraq in 2003, after the war.http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/pix/events/b/nea/iraq/20533.htm.

## Biography
Bremer was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut.  He went to school at Phillips Academy and graduated in 1959.  Then he went to Yale University.  He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963.  In 1996, he received a master's degree from Harvard University.  His degree was in business. He also received a degree in Paris.

In 1967, he joined the United States foreign service.  At first he worked in Kabul, Afghanistan.  He also worked in Blantyre, Malawi from 1968 to 1971.  He worked for the United States State Department for 23 years. During that time, he worked for six different Secretaries of State, including Alexander Haig.  A Secretary of State is the top government official in the U.S. State Department.  A secretary of state is appointed by the United States President.  He also worked as a deputy chief at an American embassy in the country of Norway.  A deputy chief is a person in charge at the embassy.

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Bremer to the position of Ambassador to the Netherlands.  He also became "Ambassador at Large for Counter Terrorism."

Bremer retired in 1989.  Then he spent the next 15 years working in private (non-government) companies. One of the companies he worked for was Kissinger Associates (a company that was run by someone who used to be a Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger).  He also served as a board member for several corporations.  A board member is someone who makes big or strategic decisions on how a company should operate.  Mr. Bremer has served on the board for corporations such as Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated, Akzo Nobel NV (a Dutch company), and Marsh Crisis Consulting Company.

Bremer speaks many languages besides English.  He speaks Arabic, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Persian, German, and Spanish.

Bremer is married to named Frances Winfield. They were married in 1966. They have two adult children and two grandchildren.

After he worked in Iraq, Bremer wrote a book.  The title of the book is *My Year in Iraq:  The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope*.  The book was published in January 2006.
1530s

The **1530s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1530 and ended on 31 December 1539. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***154th decade** which* began on January 1, 1531 and ended on December 31, 1540.

## Events and trends 
* Spanish conquest of Peru
* Beginning of colonization of Brazil
* Henry VIII and his control over the English church.
* Reformation in Denmark and Norway.
1770s

The **1770s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1770 and ended on 31 December 1779. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***178th decade*** which began on January 1, 1771 and ended on December 31, 1780.

## Events 
* United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Continental Congress (July 4, 1776). The document was drafted by a committee consisting of representatives John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York and Roger Sherman of Connecticut.
* Abol Fath Khan ascends to the throne of Persia as the second Shah of the Zand dynasty in 1779.

## World leaders 
* Emperor Ch'ien Lung (China)
* King Christian VII (Denmark and Norway)
* King George III of Great Britain and the Prince-elector of Hanover
* Maria Theresa of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary
* Frederick II of Prussia, King of Prussia
* Empress Catherine II (Russia)
* King Charles III (Spain)
* King Louis XV (France)
* King Louis XVI (France)
* Emperor Go-Momozono (Japan)
Headache

A **headache** is when your head hurts. It is not when you hit your head with something and made it hurt that way, but when your head hurts from inside. Headache is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck.

A headache can be caused by one of several things, which are listed here:

* Fever
* Watching television or looking at a computer screen for a long time.
* Being tired or sleepy.
* As an effect of stress.
* By other neurological conditions ('neurological' means touching the nerves and the brain), like with epilepsy

The second edition of the International Headache Classification (ICHD-2) defines more than 220 different types of headaches in three categories:

* Primary headaches, for example migraine, tension headache and cluster headache.
* Secondary headaches
* Cranial neuralgias, central and primary facial pain and other headaches

Many headaches can be relieved with analgesics like aspirin.

## Other names 
Cephalalgia

## Causes 
* Brain tumor
* Lyme disease
* Influenza
* Brain metastasis
* Foodborne Intoxication
* Sinusitis
* Meningitis
* Encephalitis

## Treatments 
In many cases headaches can be relieved naturally. Many methods such as massaging the temples near the eye, exercising your eyes (blinking, palming) and walking can all help relieve the tension of headaches. Maintaining a healthy diet, with rich proteins and iron, can keep your brain awake and healthy. One of the main factors is drinking plenty of water. These natural techniques tend to give you long-term relief whilst medication can often give you short term relief.

There are many medicines which can treat mild headaches, such as Paracetamol, Co-codamol, and Ibuprofen; but you should always consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking any.

## References
Fever

A **fever** is when a person's body temperature is hotter than 38 degrees Celsius (100 Fahrenheit). Normal body temperature for humans varies based on a variety of factors, including age and level of physical activity.  It is typically cited as 37 degrees Celsius (98.6&nbsp;F), but naturally varies from person to person by at least .5 degrees Celsius. The actual measurement of body temperature will vary based on the location of the measurement.  For a temperature taken from under the tongue, the measurement may be lower. Rectal temperatures will read about 0.3&nbsp;C (0.55&nbsp;F) higher, and armpit temperatures will read about the same amount lower.

When people are ill, their body's immune system fights the disease, and so the body temperature rises. Fever is a defensive measure of the body against the germs: the life cycles of the germs are disrupted when the body temperature rises.

About 38&nbsp;°C (100.4&nbsp;F) degrees is called a low-grade fever, and above 39.5&nbsp;°C (103&nbsp;F) degrees is a high-grade fever.

Children usually have a higher fever than adults; their immune system is less mature. Infants have the highest normal temperature, which decreases as people age. Some animals, especially small ones like rabbits and cats, also have a higher normal temperature than humans.

Sometimes, high-grade fever can be a medical emergency. At or above 42&nbsp;°C (107.6&nbsp;F) organs start taking damage that may not be repairable. While most fevers are caused by Infection, whether bacterial or viral, some fevers can be caused by cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Shands HealthCare article on fever 
* American Academy of Pediatrics article on home treatment of fevers
Peoria, Illinois

**Peoria** is a city on the Illinois River in the U.S. state of Illinois.  In the 2020 census, Peoria had more than 110,000 people living in it. It is the home of the Peoria Rivermen ice hockey team. One of Peoria's largest businesses is Caterpillar, a company that makes bulldozers, mining trucks, and other kinds of machinery.
## Roads
Many people drive in and out of Peoria on Interstate 74.  People also drive around Peoria on Interstate 474.  Peoria is 157 miles (257 kilometers) southwest of Chicago, Illinois.
## Culture
Peoria has become famous as a representation of the average American city because of its demographics and its perceived mainstream Midwestern culture. On the Vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in Peoria, it would work anywhere. The question "Will it play in Peoria?" has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public.

## References
Trout

]]

A **trout** is a kind of teleost fish that belongs to the Salmoninae subfamily of the Salmonidae family. There are many different kinds of trout. They belong to the same family as the salmon. 

Most trout are freshwater fish. They live in clear streams, rivers and lakes in America, Europe, and Asia. 

It is possible to work out the difference between a trout and any other fish, by looking for a second dorsal fin (or adipose fin). Also, you can find for spots in mature trout and parr marks in the young.
Sedative

sleeping pills]]
s, containing the mostly legal sedative ethanol]]
A **sedative** is a depressant that lowers excitement and irritability. Doctors use sedatives to prevent nervous patients from accidentally hurting themselves or the doctor. They are also used in tranquilizer guns.

There are different kinds of sedatives:
*Drugs that make people fall asleep.
*Drugs that help people keep sleeping (not to wake up during the night).
*Drugs that calm people down, without making them sleep.

Most sedatives act very slowly, usually in 10-15 minutes.  Doctors must know a patient's weight and medical history in order give them the sedatives which are best for them.

People who have been given sedatives may seem dull, and sleepy. Since sedatives act on their ability to react, those who have been given such drugs should not do the following:
*Operate any machines
*Drive a car
*Take other drugs (including alcohol; these may make the effect of the pill bigger and can lead to overdose)
The drugs are given in clinical settings to facilitate medical procedures that would require physical restraint in a conscious patient or otherwise be unfeasible. They are also used to tranquilize dangerous animals. If the animal is in a position where it can't hurt anyone, a slow-acting sedative will be used. If the animal is out-of-control, a fast-acting sedative will be used. Fast-acting sedatives usually take between 3-5 minutes to take effect. Tranquilizer darts are rarely used on humans because there is no way to know which sedative to use and how much to use without performing a pre-anesthetic exam on the patient beforehand. There are only two known cases of a person being intentionally tranquilized, and in both cases the person doing the tranquilizing knew their target's weight and medical history.

## Problems 
Sedatives usually should not be taken for a longer period of time, as there are problems:
* Many sedatives cause addiction. Trying to stop taking the drug may cause withdrawal symptoms
* If they are taken together with other drugs, this may change their effect.
Tijuana

**Tijuana** (  or ; ) is a city in Mexico. It is in the north of the country and across the border from California in the United States. It is the largest city in Baja California. Tijuana is well known destination for US Tourists. Tijuana is the municipal seat for the Tijuana municipality.

## Sources
Juno Award

The **Juno Awards** are awards given to Canadian musical artists and bands, similar to the United States' Grammy Awards. The Juno awards were first presented in 1970. 

## Categories
The categories for the Juno Awards are:

*Album of the Year 
*International Album of the Year 
*New Artist of the Year 
*New Group of the Year 
*Rock Album of the Year 
*Pop Album of the Year 
*Artist of the Year 
*Group of the Year

## Other websites
*Official website
Tampa, Florida

**Tampa** is a city in Florida, a state of the United States. It has a population of about 384,959 people as of 2020. Tampa is the 3rd largest city in Florida, and the 49th most populous city in the USA.

## Sports 
Tampa is the home of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Tampa Bay Lightning and Tampa Bay Storm.

## People from Tampa 
* Brittany Snow (born 1986), actress
* Derek Bell (born 1968), professional baseball player
* Salha "Mama" Bobo (c. 1900 – 2001), Ybor business pioneer
* Ray Charles (1930–2004), blind blues singer, pianist
* Aaron Carter (born 1987), actor/singer
* Oba Chandler (born 1946) murderer (lived there since early 80s)
* Hulk Hogan (born 1953), actor/wrestler

## References
;Notes
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre

***The Texas Chainsaw Massacre*** is a 1974 American horror movie. It was based loosely on real events, the crimes of Ed Gein, although much of its plot is fictional. It was directed by Tobe Hooper and stars Marilyn Burns. It is the first movie of *The Texas Chainsaw Massacre* franchise.

It was followed by several sequels and a 2003 remake from New Line Cinema.

## References
### Further reading 
* 

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* **Snopes.com** page talking about the movie's true-life basis
* A tour of the shooting locations
Gelsenkirchen

**Gelsenkirchen** (UK: /ˈɡɛlzənkɪərxən/, US: /ˌɡɛlzənˈkɪərxən/, German: [ˌɡɛlzn̩ˈkɪʁçn̩]; ) is a city in Germany in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is about  north of Cologne in the so-called Ruhr Area.

About 269,000 people live there. In the past it was dominated by coal mining and steel industry. The city is famous for its football (soccer) club FC Schalke 04.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official City Website 
* Official Schalke 04 Website
* Gelsenkirchen Blog
* Official MiR Website
Diana Krall

**Diana Jean Krall** (born November 16, 1964) is a Canadian jazz singer and pianist from Nanaimo, British Columbia.

Krall began to play the piano when she was four years old.  She began to play in restaurants when she was 15. When she was 17, she won a Vancouver Jazz Festival scholarship (student money award) to study music at the Berklee College of Music in Boston.  She later moved to Los Angeles to study with Jimmy Rowles.  In 1990, she moved to New York City.

Krall's 1996 album *All For You,* was a tribute (way to honour someone) to the Nat King Cole trio. It was on the *Billboard* jazz charts for 70 weeks. The album was considered for a Grammy Award.  She won a Grammy in 1999 for "Best Jazz Musician of the Year".  Her 2001 album *The Look of Love* was #1 in Canada.  It also won the Juno Award as Canadian album of the year.  Her 2002 album *Live in Paris* won the Grammy for Best Vocal Jazz Record.  Also in 2002, Krall won the Juno for Canadian artist of the year.  Her version of the Tom Waits song "Temptation" made #1 on the World Jazz Charts in 2004.

Krall married British musician Elvis Costello in December 2003.

## Albums
**Heartdrops* (1989)
**Stepping Out* (1993)
**Only Trust Your Heart* (1994)
**All For You* (1996)
**Love Scenes* (1997)
**When I Look in Your Eyes* (1999)
**The Look of Love* (2001)
**Live in Paris* (2002)
**The Girl in the Other Room* (2004)
**Christmas Songs* (2005)
* *From This Moment On* (2006)
* *Quiet Nights* (2009)
* *Glad Rag Doll* (2012)
* *Wallflower* (2015)
* *Turn Up the Quiet* (2017)
* *Love Is Here to Stay* with Tony Bennett (2018)
* *This Dream of You* (2020)

## DVDs
*Live in Paris (2002)
*Live at the Montreal Jazz Festival (2004)

## Other websites 
*Diana Krall's website
*DianaKrallfans.com  fan website
*Diana Krall Lyrics
*Diana Krall MusicBrainz
West Coast

**West Coast** could mean several places:
* West Coast of the United States
* West Coast, New Zealand
* West Coast, Tasmania

It can also mean:
*The West Coast Eagles, an Australian Rules Football team.
*West Coast Conference
*West Coast hip hop
*West Coast blues
*West Coast Main Line
Nuclear missile

**Nuclear missiles** are missiles (rockets or cruise missiles that hit something in order to destroy it) with atomic bombs. 

In the time of the Cold War the USA and the Soviet Union were enemies and thought the other side was going to attack them. To dissuade the other side from attacking, both sides built many nuclear missiles to ensure Mutual assured destruction. This meant a country that attacked would be destroyed.  Treaties were made to reduce the numbers of missiles to make everyone safer.
Pituitary gland

The **pituitary gland** (or *hypophysis*) is an important part of the endocrine system.  It is at the base of the brain between the eyes. The pituitary is attached to the hypothalamus, which is also a gland. The pituitary controls a whole range of vital functions by secreting hormones.

The pituitary gland consists of two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. It is functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the **pituitary stalk** (also called the *infundibulum*).

The hypothalamus releases factors down the pituitary stalk to the pituitary gland where they cause the release of **pituitary hormones**. Although the pituitary gland is known as the 'master' endocrine gland, both of the lobes are under the control of the hypothalamus.
Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by regulatory hormones released by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.

## Hormones released 
The gland releases several kinds of hormones.

### Anterior pituitary 
The endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary are controlled by neurosecretion from the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary cells synthesizes and secretes these important endocrine hormones:

*Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): released under conditions of stress. Increases corticosteroids.
*Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): regulates thyroid gland.
*Growth hormone ('HGH'): stimulates cell division and growth.
*Prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production in breasts.

The two gonadotropins;
*Luteinizing hormone (LH): in females, it triggers ovulation. In males it stimulates testosterone (acts with next).
*Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): regulates development, growth, puberty, reproduction.

;Intermediate lobe 
Here one hormone is produced:
*Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): stimulates the production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair. MSH signals to the brain have effects on appetite and sexual arousal.

### Posterior pituitary 
The posterior pituitary is actually an extension of the hypothalamus. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus have axons that go right down into the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary stores and secretes the hormones produced by these neurosecretory cells:
*Oxytocin, most of which is released from the hypothalamus: has effects on nerve transmission, and on females during and after birth. Has a role in pair-bonding, mating and maternal behaviour. Functions not yet entirely understood.
*Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin): controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys. Increases arterial blood pressure. It plays a key role in homeostasis, and the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood.

Oxytocin is one of the few hormones to create a positive feedback loop. For example, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues throughout birth labour.

## References
Cheyenne, Wyoming

**Cheyenne** is the capital and largest city of Wyoming, a state of the United States of America. At the time of the 2020 census, there were 65,132 living in Cheyenne.  It is the county seat of Laramie County. Cheyenne was founded in 1867. The current mayor of Cheyenne is Patrick Collins.

## References 
## Other websites 
* City of Cheyenne official 
*
Boeing

**The Boeing Company** ( ) (NYSE:&nbsp;BA ) is an American company which makes aircraft and defense items.  The company was started in 1916 by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington. 

Boeing has grown to become very big. It bought it's main rival, McDonnell Douglas, in 1997.  Boeing moved it's headquarters from Seattle to Chicago, Illinois in 2001. 

Boeing is made up of many smaller parts. These parts are called divisions. The divisions are Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA); Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS); Engineering, Operations & Technology; Boeing Capital; and Boeing Shared Services Group.

Boeing is one of the biggest aircraft manufacturers in the world. It is the second-biggest defense contractor in the world as of 2011.

The CEO is (as of the middle of April 2024) David Calhoun.

## References 
## Other websites
* Boeing
Decatur, Illinois

**Decatur** is a city in the American state of Illinois.  In the 2020 census, there were about 70,000 people living in it.  Many people drive in and out of Decatur on Interstate 72.  There is a shopping mall in nearby Forsyth, a suburb of Decatur.

Decatur is the county seat of Macon County.  Macon County was the home of the young Abraham Lincoln, later U.S. president, for a short time.  The place where the Lincoln family built a log cabin and spent the winter of 1829-1830 is now a state park, the "Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park."

## References
1799

**1799** (MDCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar.

## Events 
* March 1 – Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate.
* March 7 – Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
* March 29 – New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery in the state.
* July 7 – Ranjit Singh's men had taken their positions outside Lahore.
* July 15 – In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta, French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone.
* July 25 – At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.
* November 9 – Napoleon overthrows the French Directory.
* December – Napoleon becomes First Consul.
* The Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
* The Place Royale in Paris is renamed Place des Vosges when the Department of Vosges becomes the first to pay new Revolutionary taxes.
* The American System of manufacturing is invented.
Deaths

December 14 - George Washington, 67, first President of the United States, throat infection (b. 1732)
*April 17 - Edward Williams Clay, American artist (d. 1857)

* August 29 – Pope Pius VI, Roman Catholic pope during the French revolution. (b. 1717)
Satanism

for Satanism]]
**Satanism** is a word that has several different meanings. It can describe different religions and philosophies. 

 '*, an upside down Latin cross, is also used as a symbol for Satanism]]

Sometimes the word *Satanism'' is just used to say that the person using it does not like a group, but the group themselves do not think of themselves as Satanists.  Used like this, it is just used to say the speaker disapproves of a group.  A lot of groups, like Pagans, or even Protestants have in the past been called Satanists by some people.

The word is often used by people who do not know much about Satanists, who think that Satanism means the worship of an evil being called Satan, and that Satanists want him to win in a war against good represented by "God".  This is not true for most Satanists.  For them, Satan is only a symbol for the freedom to be themselves, and the word Satan is used as a symbol for man's inner desires and for knowledge.  These people read the writings of Anton LaVey and are sometimes called LaVeyan Satanists.  There are several modern Satanic groups of different types, with the most well known being the Church of Satan, created in 1966 by Anton LaVey, who also wrote The Satanic Bible. Even though these types of satanists are atheists, meaning they do not believe in a higher being, they do practice magic. They believe that there is no afterlife.

Other types of Satanists do worship Satan.  They are called theistic or traditional Satanists, because they believe their religion is older.  They believe their religion is similar to that of Witches.

Some ethnoreligious groups were (and still are) falsely accused of being Satanists, for example: it was believed that Wiccans were Satanists because the god worshipped by them has horns (a trait commonly associated with Baphomet, a Satanic idol, when in fact it means fertility for Wiccans) and due to the demonization of paganism by Christians as well, the Kurdish Yazidi were also accused by Muslims and Christians alike of being Satanists because Melek Taûs, the central deity in Yazidism is similar to Iblis (the Islamic equivalent of Satan), and the Afro-Brazilian religions Umbanda and Candomblé were thought to be "Satanic" by Portuguese colonizers and Jesuit missionaries in Brazil and its deities (*orishas*) deemed to be "demons" purely based on prejudice and racism towards the African slaves and their culture.

## Other websites 
### LaVeyan Satanists 
* Church of Satan: The Official Web Site 
* First Satanic Church - Official Website 

### Theistic Satanists 
* Diane Vera's site about Theistic Satanism 
* Satan's Den
1162

## Events 
* June 3 – Thomas Becket named Archbishop of Canterbury.
* July 15 – Ladislaus II of Hungary declared King of Hungary.
* July 24 – Emperor Gaozong abdicated to Emperor Xiaozong.
* July 25 – Emperor Xiaozong said to restore Yue Fei after his death.

## Births 
* October 13 – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (died 1214)
* Abd-el-latif, Baghdad traveller and writer
* Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire (died 1227)
* Muhammad of Ghor, Persian conqueror and sultan (died 1206)
* Renier of Montferrat, Byzantine politician
* Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford (died 1218)

## Deaths 
* February 10 – King Baldwin III of Jerusalem (b. 1130)
* June 27 – Eudes II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1118)
* July 7 – Haakon II of Norway
* August 6 – Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
* Heloise, lover of Pierre Abélard (born 1101)
* Iziaslav III of Kiev
* Ibn Zuhr, Arab physician (born 1090)
1704

## Events 
* The Dutch and British conquer Gibraltar

## Births 
* February 5 - Anne Christine of Sulzbach
* November 10 - Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden

## Deaths
* May 3 - Heinrich Biber, Austrian composer
* February 24 - Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer
* October 28 - John Locke, English philosopher
North Africa

**North Africa** is the most northern region of Africa. It is usually made up of these countries:
*  Mauritania
*  Morocco
*  Algeria
*  Tunisia
*  Libya
* Egypt
* Sudan

Most of north Africa is desert, which means it is very dry and does not rain very much. The Atlas Mountains in the west are less dry. The predominant ethnic groups are Arabs, Berbers, Copts, Black people (Nubians, Bejas and Haratins) and mixed race people. The biggest religion is Islam, meaning that most of the people are Muslims, with the exception of the Egyptian Copts, who are Christians.

## References
Sanskrit

**Sanskrit (संस्कृत)** is an ancient Indo-European language. Many languages in the Indian subcontinent today are derived from Sanskrit. Today, only about 14,000 people use it as their daily language. The main script used to write Sanskrit today is Devanāgarī. Historically, it was also written in the Kharoshti and Brahmic scripts.

William Jones, working as a judge in India in the 18th century, studied Sanskrit and recognised its similarities to Latin, Greek and other European languages. That led to the Indo-European languages being recognised as a group of related languages stretching from Europe to India.

It is also one of the 22 officially recognised languages of India. 

## Literature
Sanskrit literature includes poetry and drama and has also scientific, technical, philosophical and religious texts. Sanskrit continues to be widely used as a sacred language in Hindu religious rituals, and also some Buddhist and Jain practice in the form of hymns and chants.

## Grammar
Sanskrit  has a very complex grammar, with eight grammatical cases, three grammatical genders, and three grammatical numbers. Words are also described based on their qualities. Sanskrit is considered highly scientific, words in a sentence can describe the subject's number, gender and action.

## References
Elba

**Elba** () is third largest island of Italy, after Sardinia and Sicily. The land area of the island is about . The coastline is about 147 km. The highest mountain is Monte Capanne at 1018 metres (3340 feet). Elba and the other islands (Gorgona, Capraia, Pianosa, Montecristo, Giglio and Giannutri) of the Tuscan Archipelago are protected in the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago. The French island of Corsica lies about 50&nbsp;km to the west. Recently, the island has become famous for its wine.

The island is divided into eight communes: Portoferraio, Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, Rio Marina and Rio nell'Elba. The island has a population of about 30 000 people.

## History
The island was well known in to the last century for the iron resources. Mines were created by the Etruscans first and (after 480 BC) the Romans. After the end of the Roman Empire, the island knew barbarians and Saracens. In the early 11th century it became a part of the Republic of Pisa. In 1398, was sold to the Visconti family of Milan. After a few years, the island was acquired by the Appiani, Lords of Piombino, who kept it for two centuries. In 1546 part of the island was controlled by Cosimo I de' Medici. He fortified Portoferraio and renamed it "Cosmopoli". In 1577, the rest of the island was returned to the Appiani. In 1603 Philip II of Spain captured Porto Azzurro and built two fortresses there.

In 1802 the island became a part of France. Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, French emperor Napoleon I was exiled to Elba after his forced abdication in 1814 and arrived at Portoferraio on May 3, 1814 to begin his exile there. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of six hundred men. Napoleon stayed on Elba for 300 days before he escaped and returned to France on February 26 for the Hundred Days. Thanks to Napoleon Elba is well known around the world. In the Congress of Vienna the island was given to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860 it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy.

French troops landed on Elba on June 17 1944, freeing the island from the Germans in World War II.

## Airport 
There is an airport on the island, the "Airport Marina di Campo", that can connect the island with the big cities of: Friedrichshafen, Munich and Zürich.

## Other websites
* Elba Geology  a site about Elba's Geology.
* War story about the WWII battle
* Elba Island  All information for your holiday on Elba Island