open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Manitoba

**Manitoba** is a province of Canada that is roughly in the country's center.

Manitoba is Canada's 6th-largest province, with an area of . It has the 5th-largest number of people, at 1,507,057 in 2025, and its people are called "Manitobans". Manitoba borders the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Ontario, the Canadian territories of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, and the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota.

## History 
People have been living in Manitoba for thousands of years. Both the Hudson's Bay Company from England and many people from France moved to Manitoba during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Manitobabecame part of the Northwest Territories in 1869. The Red River Rebellion, which was started by Louis Riel, began there.

Manitoba became part of Canada on 12 May 1870. The province then included only the southern part, which is near the United States, until parts of the Northwest Territories were later added.

## Government 
The capital of Manitoba is Winnipeg. Other large cities in Manitoba are Steinbach and Brandon.

The people of Manitoba elect a legislature. The leader of the government, who is called the premier, is the leader of the largest party in the legislature. There is also a lieutenant governor, who represents the British monarch.

The main political parties in Manitoba are the New Democratic Party, the Progressive Conservative Party, and the Liberal Party.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Ontario

**Ontario** is a province of Canada that is in the eastern half of Canada, between Manitoba and Quebec. Ontario has the largest population of any province, with over 16 million in 2025, and is home to the largest city in Canada, Toronto, which is also the capital of the province.

Ontario also has the second-largest land area, with 1,076,395&nbsp;kilometers; only Quebec is larger by size. (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are also larger, but are territories*,* not provinces.) The province has the longest border with the United States. Along the border are four large lakes: Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior. All of them are partly in Ontario and partly in the United States, and the border runs through them. However, Lake Michigan is entirely in the United States. These five lakes are together are called the Great Lakes.

A number of symbols represent the province of Ontario. The Ontario flag is red with the British flag in the top left corner, and the provincial shield is on the right hand side of the flag. The provincial bird is the loon, and the provincial flower is the trillium. It has three flower petals and is usually white but sometimes pink or purple.

## History
Ontario became part of Canada when they were created in 1867. Before 1840, it was known as Upper Canada, which was a colony in the British Empire. Between 1840 and 1867, it was known as Canada West. The government of Ontario sits at Queen's Park, in Toronto. The leader of the government is called the premier, who is now is Doug Ford. The lieutenant governor represents the Queen, and the current Lieutenant Governor is Edith Dumont.

## Geography
Ontario is very large and so people sometimes divide it into Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. Most of the people in Ontario live in the Southern Ontario, which has the large cities: Toronto and the rest of the Greater Toronto Area, Ottawa and the National Capital Region, Hamilton, London, Windsor, and Sarnia. The cities of Northern Ontario are smaller. In the far north, hardly any people live at all, and there are no roads or railways, which make it difficult even to get to those places.

Much of Ontario gets lots of snow in the winter. In the summer, it can get very hot in the south parts, and in some large cities, there is smog.

Ontario borders the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Quebec and the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.

## References
## Other websites 
*Government of Ontario 
*
Head of government

at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference.]]
The **head of government** is the leader of the executive branch of a  nation's government. This is not always the same person as the head of state. Common titles for heads of government include Premier or Prime Minister.

In some countries such as the United States, the president is both the head of state and the head of government. In the Republic of Ireland the president is the head of state but the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) is the head of government. 

In most modern monarchies the king (or queen) is the head of state but not the head of government, as is the case of Japan and the UK, for example. In this scenario, the monarch will perform ceremonial duties while the head of government takes care of the executive branch.

The head of state of some countries has no power over law and justice, for example, the Chancellor of Germany has those powers and not the Bundespresident.

## References
Saskatchewan

**Saskatchewan** (; Canadian French:  ''*) is a province in Canada. About 1.25 million people live in Saskatchewan. Most of its population lives in the southern part of the province. The primary industry in Saskatchewan is agriculture (farming).

Saskatchewan is known for its wide horizons. The land is very flat in the south, so you can sometimes see far away. Not all the land is flat prairie. There are beautiful scenic woodlands and forests in the central and northern regions and parklands with lakes for fishing. The province is marked by and named after the North and South Saskatchewan rivers that run through it. The province is nicknamed *The Land of Living Skies''. 

## History
Saskatchewan was founded on September 1, 1905, the same date that Alberta was founded. The province's colors are gold, red, green, white, brown, yellow, and black. Gold for the wheat, red for the Prairie Lily which is the provincial flower, green for the forests, white for the snow, brown for the fresh cut fields, yellow for the canola and sunflowers, and black for the coal and oil.

## Geography
The largest city in Saskatchewan is Saskatoon, followed by the province's capital, Regina. Saskatchewan is (approximately) a quadrilateral (four-sided object) bounded on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the American states of Montana and North Dakota. 

## References
## Other websites
*Government of Saskatchewan website
* Webcams across Saskatchewan Showing Realtime conditions
Supply line

A **supply line** is a large line of military supply vehicles, usually in convoy format. The line is useful for transporting needed supplies (food, medical supplies, ammo) to the front line. Without the supply line, a deployed army far from home would not be able to fight for long, as supplies would soon run out. 
The enemy is most likely to target the supply line if not heavily defended, since once the supplies are cut off, the army will soon be unable to fight, and unable to reinforce, and so they will be forced to  or die.
Atlanta

**Atlanta** is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Georgia. It is one of the South's largest cities. Atlanta is known as a major business city. It is the home of Coca-Cola Company, CNN, AT&T, and Home Depot, as well as many other Fortune 500 companies. Atlanta's airport, called Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, is the busiest airport in the world. Atlanta is near the center of Georgia and is on the Chattahoochee River.
## History 
Atlanta was built on Cherokee Native American land. It was called Terminus until 1843, when the name was changed to Marthasville. In 1845 the name was changed again to Atlanta.

During the American Civil War, Atlanta was where several battles happened. Some of the battles were the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle of Ezra Church. The city was burnt down and almost entirely destroyed. After the war, the city was built again, and got a nickname because it was built so fast: "the Phoenix City", after the bird which burns itself then rises from the ashes in old myths. A picture of the bird is on the city seal.

Atlanta became the state capital in 1868.

There have been racial problems in Atlanta. During riots in 1906, at least 12 people died and more than 70 other people were hurt. In 1913, a Jewish man named Leo Frank was tried in court for raping and killing a girl in a factory where he worked. He was found guilty, but then the government decided not to execute him because not everyone was convinced he had done it. This upset people who thought he had killed the girl, and there were more riots in 1915 and Frank was lynched (hanged with a rope until he died).

In the 1930s, the Great Depression came to Atlanta. Many people did not have jobs and were hungry. The city government was almost out of money and the Coca-Cola company gave the city some money to help. In 1935, the government built the first federal housing project in the United States.

Atlanta's airport is named Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport. It is the busiest airport in the world. Delta Air Lines is an airline that has its main office in Atlanta, and it uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport for many of its flights.

Turner Broadcasting, which broadcasts CNN, has their main office in Atlanta. The Coca Cola Company also has their main office in Atlanta.

## Education
The City of Atlanta is home to two colleges. Georgia Institute of Technology, or Georgia Tech for short, and Georgia State University. It is also home to HCBU's such as: Clark-Atlanta University, Morehouse College and Spelman College.

## TV stations
*WANF
*WXIA
*WAGA 
*WSB
*WUPA 
*WATL

## Events 
## Images

File:Atlanta Skyline from Buckhead.jpg|Downtown
File:Turner field Braves.jpg|Turner Field

## References
Caenorhabditis elegans

***Caenorhabditis elegans*** is a species of roundworm or nematode. It is important because much research has been done on its genetics and development.

*C. elegans* is about 1 mm long. The worms are not parasites, they are free-living. They live in soil and feed on bacteria. *C. elegans* is a model organism, used to study animal development and behavior. It is the first multicellular organism for which scientists have been able to sequence its whole genome.

*C. elegans* has two types of sex: hermaphrodite and male. A hermaphrodite makes sperms when its in a larval stage and makes ova in an adult stage.  A male can only make sperm. Males are a little smaller than hermaphrodites.

Study using *C. elegans* was begun in 1965 by Sydney Brenner. In laboratories, they are easy to keep alive. At 25ºC, they spend 14 hours as an embryo.  Animals like *C. elegans* that do not take long to grow and are easy to feed are usually good organisms for research.

In 2002, the Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, Robert Horvitz, and John Sulston for their work on how ''C. elegans's'' genes cause it to grow and cause some of its cells to die.

## References
Saxe-Weimar

**Saxe-Weimar** () was a duchy in Thuringia, Germany. The chief town and capital was Weimar.

## History 
Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Gotha were the two original Ernestine Duchies. They both gradually shrank in size as land in Thuringia was divided among sons..

In 1741 Duke Ernest Augustus I of Saxe-Weimar inheritated the Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach. Ernest Augustus II, who succeeded in 1748, died in 1758, and his young widow, Anna Amalia, became regent for her infant son, Charles Augustus. The regency of Anna Amalia and the reign of Charles Augustus were important in the history of Saxe-Weimar. Both intelligent patrons of literature and art, Anna Amalia and Charles Augustus attracted to their court the leading scholars in Germany, including Goethe, Schiller and Herder, and made Weimar an important cultural centre.

Charles Augustus joined Prussia in the Napoleonic Wars.  After France won the Battle of Jena, Saxe Weimar was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. In 1809 Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach, which had been separate duchies with the same duke became one country as the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

## Dukes of Saxe-Weimar 
* Johann Wilhelm (1554 – 73)
* Frederick Wilhelm I (1573 – 1602), son of Johann Wilhelm
* Johann (1602 – 05), son of Johann Wilhelm
* Johann Ernst I (1605 – 20), son of Johann
* Wilhelm (1620 – 62), son of Johann.
* Johann Ernst II (1662 – 83), son of Wilhelm
* Wilhelm Ernst (1683 – 1728), son of Johann Ernst II
* Johann Ernst III (1683 – 1707), son of Johann Ernst II
* Ernst August I (1707 – 48), son of Johann Ernst III
* Ernst August II (1748 – 58), son of Ernst August I
* Karl August (1758 – 1809), son of Ernst August II

Merged with Saxe-Eisenach to form Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

## Related pages
* Ernestine duchies

## References 
* 
* Saxe-Weimar , *The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia*, Sixth Edition, Columbia University Press (2001 – 2005), accessed December 22 2005

## Other websites 
* German genealogies
* Genealogy of Dukes of Saxe-Weimar
Oldham

**Oldham** is a town in the North West of England. It is to the north-east of Manchester. It is part of Greater Manchester. Oldham was part of Lancashire until 1 April 1974.

There were riots in Oldham in May 2001. It is the centre of the Borough of Oldham.

Oldham Council achieved dubious notoriety in 2009 when in ran up a bill of £8 million carrying out a failed prosecution of kitchen tycoon Vance Miller. The Judge threw out the case and lambasted the council for the frivolity of the prosecution.

The town has an association football team, called Oldham Athletic. It also has a cricket club, called Oldham Cricket Club.

The composer, William Walton was born in Oldham.

The first test tube baby, Louise Joy Brown, was born in Oldham General Hospital on 25 July 1978.

## Schools 
* The Blue Coat School
* Crompton House
* Hulme Grammar School
* Saddleworth School

## Other websites 
* Oldham Council
SNAFU

**SNAFU** or **snafu** is an acronym that the United States Military first used.  now use it as well. It stands for **S**ituation **N**ormal: **A**ll (**F**ucked/**F**ouled/) **U**p.

In modern times, it means a situation that was occurring normally but then suddenly began to go wrong. For example:

''The general's visit this week-end went well until we hit a **snafu**. Everything went wrong after that.*

Snafu is used mostly as a noun. It can also be used as a verb but usually in the passive sense. For instance, someone would say:

*The general's visit this week-end went well until it **snafued**.  Everything went wrong after that.*

But they would probably not say:

*The general's visit this week-end went well until we **snafued** it.''
Box

.]] 
A **box** is a container used to put things in. It is mainly a cuboid (square) shape, but it can be other shapes too. Boxes are usually made out of cardboard, wood, plastic or metal.
Many boxes are made of cardboard, and a lot of them are made. They are primarily used for packaging, commercial goods or storing goods and materials. They can be made from bent or wrinkled cardboard. In their most obvious life stage, they are popularly used as a cheap material to hold a range of projects, among them being science experiments, children's toys, costumes and other things.
Custom

A **custom** (also called a **tradition**) is a common way of doing things. It is something that many people do, and have done for a long time. Usually, the people come from the same country, culture, or religion. Usually, they do not know when the custom started.

Many customs are things that people do that are handed down from the past and the future.
**Examples of it are:** 
* Ceremonies is a class of customary, collective action. 
* In some countries bowing to older people is polite and respectful. 
* In some countries it is okay to burp while eating food.
* In some countries you take your shoes off before entering the house. 
* In some places they sit on the floor and eat.

## Related pages
*Conservatism
*Traditionalism
Ton

**Ton** might refer to

* The *common ton* or *short ton*, defined as 2,000 pounds *avoirdupois* (1000kg)
* The *long ton*, defined as 2,240 pounds (1 016&nbsp;kg)
* The *ton* or ***tonne***, called a metric ton in the United States, is defined as 1,000 kilograms (2,204 pounds). This unit is also called a "mega-gram" (1 000 000 g) but "tonne" is more convenient.
Phoebe (moon)

**Phoebe** is a moon which goes around (orbits) the planet called Saturn. It takes eighteen months for Phoebe to go all the way around Saturn. It is half made out of rock, and half made out of ice. The ground on Phoebe is black, which means that it is very dark when seen from Earth. Phoebe does not have any air, and there is no water on its surface.

There are many craters on Phoebe. These are from asteroids and other things crashing into it, and leaving round marks on the surface.

Phoebe is slightly irregular, which means that it is not perfectly round like a ball. It has an average diameter of 213&nbsp;km. This means that the Earth's moon is 15 times bigger than Phoebe. The duration between two sunrises (rotation period) is only 9 hours and 16.5 minutes long.
Wright brothers

The **Wright brothers**, **Orville Wright** (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and **Wilbur Wright** (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), designed, built, and flew the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air airplane on December 17, 1903. They had been experimenting for many years with gliders and other vehicles before their first powered flight. They are also known for making the first way to steer an airplane. They designed the aircraft in Dayton, Ohio, and their first test flight was in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

## Before building airplanes 
The Wrights grew up in Dayton, Ohio.  They were sons of a minister.  There were many books in their house, and they were encouraged to ask questions and discover whatever they thought was interesting. Sometimes their father would ask them to argue for a topic, then switch sides and argue for the opposite point of view.

They went to high school, but did not go to college; they started a newspaper instead.  After that, they started a shop to build and repair bicycles.

## Working on the airplanes 
“By the 1890s, the Wrights were interested in flight, especially the gliders of Otto Lilienthal.  They started working on making airplanes in their bicycle shop. They thought controlling a plane was one of the big problems of flight. Lilienthal and others had been killed when they could not control their aircraft. The Wright brothers fixed the problem by inventing control surfaces, such as a rudder that would work in the air. They built wings that could be twisted a little and moved up and down slightly, to control flight.  They called this steering system *wing-warping*.

From 1900 to 1902, they built gliders in Dayton and tested them in Kitty Hawk, where there were strong and steady winds. They also made small versions of the wings and built a wind tunnel for model airplanes to test how well different wing shapes would lift an airplane.”

## Flying 
In 1903, they built a powered airplane that had propellers and a small engine. The *Wright Flyer* airplane first flew successfully on December 17, 1903, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. (They had filed a patent on their steering system March 23, 1903.)

After that, they started a company to build airplanes.  They had a patent war with Glenn Curtiss, filing lawsuits against each other over who really invented the airplane steering system.  The Wrights believed that Curtiss' aileron system was too similar to their own steering system and that he had copied them.  During the patent war, Wilbur died.  Orville continued working to keep his reputation as the first man to fly. Later he sold the airplane company and became an elder statesman of aviation. He died in 1948.

## References
Mumbai

**Mumbai** is a natural harbour on the west coast of India, and is the capital city of Maharashtra state.

## Population
Mumbai is India's largest city, and one of the world's most populous cities. It is the financial capital of India and a global city.  Many billionaires live there. The city is the second most-populous in the world. It has about 13 million people. Along with the neighbouring cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it forms the world's 4th largest urban agglomeration. They have around 19.1 million people
## History
The seven islands that form Bombay were home to fishing colonies. The islands were ruled by successive kingdoms and indigenous empires before Portuguese settlers took it. Then, it went to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Bombay became a major trading town. It became a strong place for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was put into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. It was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
## Economy
Mumbai generates more than 6% of India's GDP. It accounts for 25% of industrial output, 40% of sea trade, and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy. The Reserve Bank of India, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the National Stock Exchange of India and many Indian companies and multinational corporations are in the city. It also has the Hindi film and television industry, known as Bollywood.

## Public transport in Mumbai 
The Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport is Mumbai's public transport service.

## Tourist Attractions in Mumbai 
* Gateway of India
* Marine Drive
* Driving across Bandra-Worli Sea Link
* Taj Mahal Palace
* Kanheri Caves

## References 
## Other websites 
* Things to do in Mumbai
Bangalore

**Bangalore** (English pronunciation: ˈbæŋɡəlɔər, bæŋɡəˈlɔər), officially known as **Bengaluru** (), is the capital city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is famous for its information technology industry and so it is called the Silicon Valley of India. Today, as a large and growing city, Bangalore has many of the most well-known colleges and research  in India.

Bangalore is more famous for its climatic conditions. The temperature is usually low compared to the other cities in Karnataka. This city was also known as the garden city because of the greenery it had.   

## Major Railway Stations 
* **North Bangalore:** Yeshwantpur, KR Puram
* **South Bangalore:** KSR Railway Station
* **East Bangalore:** KR Puram, Whitefield
* **West Bangalore:** Yeshwantpur, JnanaBharathi Station, Kengeri

## Major Bus Stands 
* **North Bangalore:** KR Puram, Yelahanka, Chikkabanavara
* **South Bangalore:** Majestic, Jayanagar, Mysore Road Satellite Bus Stand, Kengeri Bus Stand
* **East Bangalore:** Sarjapur Road, Silk Board Junction, Marathalli, Whitefield
* **West Bangalore:** Yeshwantpur, Magadi Road, Vijaynagar, Rajajinagar, Malleshwaram, Chikkabanavara

## Places to Live 
**For Jobseekers and Employees:** Sarjapur Road, KR Puram, Hebbal, BTM Layout, Mahadevpura, HSR Sector 1 and 2, Electronic City, Marathalli, Hoskote.

**For Families:** Malleshwaram, Uttarahalli, Banashankari, Kanakapura Road, Jalahalli, K R Puram, Kengeri, Mathikere, RR Nagar, Bannerghatta Road

## Places to visit 
Bangalore has many popular places for tourists and local visitors.

* **Lalbagh Botanical Garden** – A large garden with many types of plants and trees. It also has a glass house that is used for flower shows.
* **Cubbon Park** – A big park in the center of the city. It is good for walking, relaxing and enjoying nature.
* **Bangalore Palace** – A historical building with beautiful architecture. It shows the royal style of the past and is open to visitors.
* **Vidhana Soudha** – The seat of the Karnataka state government. It is a large and famous building known for its grand design.
* **ISKCON Temple** – A well-known Hindu temple visited by many people. It is peaceful and has a large hall for prayer.
* **Bannerghatta National Park** – A wildlife park that has a zoo and a safari. Visitors can see animals like tigers, lions and elephants.
* **Wonderla** – A popular amusement park with many rides and water games. It is a fun place for families and children.
* **Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum** – A science museum with interactive displays and old machines. It is named after Sir M. Visvesvaraya.
* **Ulsoor Lake** – A big lake where people can go boating. It is also a nice place for evening walks.
* **Commercial Street and MG Road** – Busy shopping areas with many stores and restaurants. These places are famous for clothes, shoes, and local food.

These places make Bangalore a popular city for tourism and family visits.

## References
New Delhi

**New Delhi** () is the capital of India. It is also a part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT).  

In traditional Indian geography, it is in the North Indian zone. The city has an area of about . New Delhi has a population of about 9.4 million people.

Delhi and New Delhi are often used as if they mean the same thing, but they are actually different. New Delhi is a small part of the larger city of Delhi, and it is also the seat of the Indian government. The National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi includes New Delhi and other surrounding areas. Beyond this is the National Capital Region (NCR), which is even bigger. It includes nearby cities like Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Meerut, YEIDA City, Gurgaon, and Faridabad, forming a large connected urban area.

New Delhi was planned and built during British rule. Its foundation stone was laid in 1911 by King George V at the Delhi Durbar. British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker designed the city. New Delhi officially became the capital on 13 February 1931, when it was inaugurated by the then Viceroy, Lord Irwin.

## Demographics 
As of 2011, the New Delhi Municipal Council area has a population of 249,998. New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is the highest in Delhi.

### Religion 
According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the religion of 89.8% of New Delhi's population. Other religious groups include Parsis, Buddhists, and Jews.

## Government 
The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.

New Delhi is administered through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). The other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi and Delhi Cantonment Board. , the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government.

The districts of the NCT were redrawn in 2012 and include a district called New Delhi, albeit with different borders than the municipality. The New Delhi district includes not only the area of the municipality of the same name but also encompasses the Delhi Cantonment and parts of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi area.

## References
Edmund Hillary

Sir **Edmund Percival Hillary** , (born 20 July 1919, died 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer and explorer. He and Sherpa guide Tenzing Norgay were the first people to climb Mount Everest. They got to the top on 29 May 1953. Mount Everest is the tallest mountain on Earth. During his teenage years, Hillary had attended Auckland Grammar School.

Sir Edmund Hillary's fame came as a result of being the first New Zealander in the world to conquer Mt. Everest in Nepal. He is on the New Zealand five dollar note. He also climbed ten other mountains after Mount Everest, all of which are also in the Himalayas.

## Early life 
Hillary was born to Percival Augustus Hillary and Gertrude Hillary, née Clark, in Auckland, New Zealand, on 20 July 1919. His family moved to Tuakau (south of Auckland) in 1920, after his father (who served at Gallipoli) had gotten land there. His grandparents were early settlers in northern Wairoa in the mid 19th century after moving from Yorkshire, England.

Hillary learned at Tuakau Primary School and then Auckland Grammar School. At first, he was smaller than other students there and very shy so he felt safe with his books and often thought of a life filled with adventure. Every day, he rode a train to and from high school, and he often used this time to read. Learning how to box helped him become more . At age 16 his  in climbing started during a school trip to Mount Ruapehu. Although very tall at 6&nbsp;ft 5 in (195&nbsp;cm), he was stronger than many of his fellow hikers.
He learned about mathematics and science at The University of Auckland, and in 1939 he completed his first important climb, which was reaching the top of a mountain called Mount Ollivier. during summertime, which allowed him to do climbing in the winter.

## Personal life 
Hillary married Louise Mary Rose in 1953, by whom he had a son and two daughters. In 1975, his wife and their younger daughter were killed in a plane crash. Hillary married June Mulgrew in 1989; they remained married until he died.

## Death 
Hillary died of a heart attack in Auckland, at the age of 88.

## Gallery
## References
Pythagoras

Museum]]
]]

**Pythagoras of Samos** was a famous Greek mathematician and philosopher ( ). 

He is best known for the proof of an important Pythagorean theorem, This is about right angle triangles. 

He started a group of followers called the Pythagoreans, who lived like monks.

## Life and travels 
Pythagoras was born in Samos, a little island off the western coast of Asia Minor. Pythagoras traveled to many places, including Miletus, Egypt, Babylon, and southern Italy. Southern Italy was where he founded the Pythagorean school, in the town of Croton.

## Impact 
Pythagoras had a great impact on mathematics and theory of music. His theories are still used in mathematics today. Since he worked very closely with his group, the Pythagoreans, it is sometimes hard to tell his works from those of his followers.

Religion was important to the Pythagoreans. They believed the soul is immortal and goes through a cycle of rebirths until it becomes pure.

## His beliefs 
Pythagoras' most important beliefs were that:
#At its deepest level, reality is mathematical in nature,
#Philosophy can be used for spiritual purification,
#The soul can rise to union with the divine,
#Certain symbols have a mystical significance, and
#All brothers and sisters of the order should observe strict loyalty and secrecy.

## Pythagorean theorem 
Pythagoras is most famous for his theorem about right triangles. He said that the length of the longest side of the right angled triangle (called the hypotenuse) squared would equal the sum of the other two sides squared: a² + b² = c². There are many different proofs for this Pythagorean theorem. In the pythagoras theorem c is the hypotenuse and a&b are the legs of the right triangle.

## Sources 
* 
* Cerqueiro, Daniel. “Evohé (Doxografía de Pitágoras)”. Buenos Aires 2004: Ed. Peq. Ven. ISBN 987-9239-14-8

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Pythagoras on Encyclopædia Britannica
* Pythagoras on Citizendium
Adam Smith

**Adam Smith** (baptise date 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, who is called the **Father of Modern Economics**. He wrote two classic books, *The Theory of Moral Sentiments* (1759) and *An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations* (1776).

## *The Wealth of Nations*
His book, *An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations*, published in 1776, was very important. People call the book just *The Wealth of Nations*. It stated some of the ideas off of which modern economics is based, especially market economics.

In the *Wealth of Nations* Adam Smith asks 'what can a person do that is best for his country?' He decides that if every person does what is best for them and their little circle of family and friends, then the country will do better. This is because every person knows a lot about their own situation (what they need and what they want, what works and what does not work), much more than the government knows. This sort of thinking is called "liberal theory", a main part of liberalism.

He was also a philosopher who wanted to know why people thought (felt) that some things are good and others bad.

## *The Theory of Moral Sentiments*
He wrote an earlier book, in 1759, called *The Theory of Moral Sentiments*. He thought that empathy was very important in ethics. Empathy is when you see how someone else is feeling, imagine what it feels like, and then end up feeling the same way: for Smith, empathy is like "putting yourself in someone else's shoes". For example, empathy makes us feel happy to see someone else who is happy, or feel sorry for someone who is sad. Empathy may even make *us* feel pain when we see someone in pain (as if *we* had been hurt or affected). Both Smith and his friend David Hume, who was another Scottish philosopher, wrote about the importance of sympathy in ethics.

## References 
## Related pages
*Political economy
*Constitutional economics

## Other websites 
* Wealth of Nations  from the Adam Smith Institute
* An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations  by Adam Smith. London : J. M. Dent & sons, ltd. ; New York : E. P. Dutton & co.
* Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith  from the Online Library of Liberty
* The Theory of Moral Sentiments at the Library of Economics and Liberty
Emily Brontë

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**Emily Jane Brontë** (30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848) was a British writer and poet. She is most famous for her only novel *Wuthering Heights* (published in 1847). She wrote under the pen name **Ellis Bell**. Brontë had two sisters, Charlotte and Anne, who were also writers. Her brother, Branwell, was a painter. She co-wrote the poetry collection *Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell* (1846), with her sisters. She was born in Thornton, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. She attended Cowan School with her sister Charlotte.

Brontë died of tuberculosis on 19 December 1848 in Haworth, West Riding of Yorkshire. She was 30.

## References
## Other websites 
* Poems of Emily Brontë at Poetseers.org
Anne Brontë

]]
**Anne Brontë** (17 January  1820 – 28 May 1849) was an English writer and poet. She is best known for writing *Agnes Grey* (1847) and *The Tenant of Wildfell Hall* (1848).

Anne was born on 17 January 1820 in Thornton, Yorkshire, England. She was the daughter of Patrick and Marie Brontë and the youngest of their six children. She was taught at her family's home in Haworth by her aunt Elizabeth Branwell. She worked as a governess in 1839 and then again between 1841 and 1845.

In 1846 Anne contributed 21 poems to *Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell*. This was a joint work with her sisters, Charlotte and Emily. *Agnes Grey* was published in 1847 in three volumes with *Wuthering Heights*, a book written by her sister Emily. *The Tenant of Wildfell Hall* was published in 1848 and sold well.

Anne Brontë died on 28 May 1849 in Scarborough, Yorkshire, England of tuberculosis.

## Related pages
The sisters of Anne Brontë:
* Emily Brontë
* Charlotte Brontë

The books of Anne Brontë:
* *Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell* (1846)
* *Agnes Grey* (1847)
* *The Tenant of Wildfell Hall* (1848)
Charles Dickens

**Charles Dickens** (7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and a social critic who is regarded as one of the great English writers of the 19th century.

## Early life 
Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth, England. a naval pay clerk, and Elizabeth Barrow (1789–1863).

## Author 
His first book was *Sketches by Boz* in 1836, a collection of the short pieces that he had been writing for the *Monthly Magazine* and the *Evening Chronicle*. This was followed by *The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club* in 1837. Both books became popular as soon as they were printed.

The high production costs of making *A Christmas Carol* led to reduced profits, and the first edition brought him only  rather than the  he expected. A year later, the profits were only , and Dickens was deeply disappointed.

Charles Dickens died of a stroke on June 9, 1870. He was buried in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. He died 5 years and 3 days after getting into a horrible train accident that killed 10 people and injured another 49.

## Books 
Charles Dickens wrote many books, including:
* *Sketches by Boz* (1836)
* *The Pickwick Papers* (1837)
* *Oliver Twist* (1838) 
* *Nicholas Nickleby* (1838)
* *The Old Curiosity Shop* (1840)
* *Barnaby Rudge* (1841)
* *Martin Chuzzlewit* (1843)
* *A Christmas Carol* (1843)
* *Dombey and Son* (1846—1848)
* *David Copperfield* (1849—1850)
* *Bleak House* (1851—1853)
* *Hard Times* (1854)
* *Little Dorritt* (1855—1857)
* *A Tale of Two Cities* (1859)
* *Great Expectations* (1861)
* *Our Mutual Friend* (1865)
* *The Mystery of Edwin Drood* (1869—1870) (unfinished)

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* Charles Dickens mobile ebooks 
* Charles Dickens  at the British Library
* 
*
Portsmouth

**Portsmouth** is a city in the south of England, in the county of Hampshire. About 280,536 people live there (As Of 2017). It is a port and is the home of the British Royal Navy. It's the second-largest city in the county of Hampshire, behind Southampton. It is one of the most densely populated cities in Europe. Portsmouth is on Portsea Island and is narrowly separated from the mainland by a creek.

For centuries the city was one of the world's biggest places of shipbuilding. Some of its most famous ships that people can still see are HMS Victory and the HMS Warrior. People also visit Portsmouth to see the old ship Mary Rose. This was Henry VIII of England's ship, and it was under the water for a long time, from 1545 to 1982. Tourists also go to see Cumberland House, the birthplace of Charles Dickens, a British writer.

Charles Dickens, Rudyard Kipling and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle were all British writers who lived in Portsmouth.

It is home of the Football Championship side Portsmouth F.C. They play at Fratton Park.

Portsmouth has one university, the University of Portsmouth.

North of the city is Cosham.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Portsmouth City Council 
* Official Portsmouth City Guide 
* University of Portsmouth
* University of Portsmouth Students' Union
HMS Victory

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'*HMS *Victory'''* is the oldest ship still in use. It is in Portsmouth, England with the HMS *Warrior* and the remains of the *Mary Rose*, a ship belonging to Henry VIII of England. 

Her most famous captains are Horatio Nelson, who died on the ship during the Battle of Trafalgar, and Samuel Hood.

## Other websites 
* HMS *Victory*  Royal Navy website
* Pictures of HMS *Victory* 
* Restoration of HMS Victory  Society for Nautical Research website
* HMS *Victory* Model 
* Google Maps Image of HMS *Victory'' in Portsmouth Harbour
* Local.Live.com Bird's Eye View of HMS *Victory* in Portsmouth Harbour
* Nelson's *Victory* 
* Life onboard HMS *Victory* 
* [HMS *Victory* datasheet](http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/War/GB/Victory(1765).html) 
* Royal Naval Communications Association, Communications History - The First Signal Schools 
* MaritimeQuest HMS *Victory* Photo Gallery
* UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
HMS Warrior (1860)

'*HMS *Warrior'''* was the first battleship with a hull made of iron. It was built in response to the French ironclad warship *Gloire*. It is in Portsmouth, England with the HMS *Victory* and the remains of the *Mary Rose'', a ship belonging to Henry VIII of England.

## Other websites
*HMS Warrior website
*StVincent.ac.uk 
*
1603

## Events 
* April 28 – Funeral of Elizabeth I of England

## Births 
* March 18 – John IV of Portugal
* Abel Tasman

## Deaths 
* March 24 – Elizabeth I of England
Mary Rose

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The ***Mary Rose*** was a ship which belonged to Henry VIII of England.  She sank in 1545 in battle with a French fleet.

In 1979, the *Mary Rose* Trust was formed.  In 1982 the *Mary Rose* Trust managed to get the *Mary Rose* out of the sea. In 1994, they started to preserve her.  

The remains of the *Mary Rose* are currently in Portsmouth, England with the HMS *Victory* and HMS *Warrior*.

## Sinking 
It is not known the exact reason for the sinking. One of the theories is that she had the gun ports open to fire at the French. She then turned to fire at the other side, but the men on board failed to close the gun ports. Sea water got in the open gun ports, which tipped her over and she sank. 

The *Mary Rose* sank because the wind blew and tipped her over.
1788

**1788** (MDCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar. 

## Events 
* January 26 – The First Fleet arrives at Sydney Cove, bringing the first European settlers to Australia. This is now celebrated as Australia's national day.
* October 25 – The HMVA Bounty reaches Tahiti. 
* December 14 – Accession of Charles IV, King of Spain.
* Georgia becomes a state.

## Births 
* January 22 – Lord Byron, English poet
* February 5 – Robert Peel, British Prime Minister

## Deaths 
* January 31 – Bonny Prince Charlie, Pretender to the English Throne
* August 2 – Thomas Gainsborough, painter
* December 14 – Charles III, King of Spain
1787

## Events 
* May 13 – Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England with the First Fleet, 11 ships full of convicts to establish a penal colony in Australia.
* August 16 – Lieutenant William Bligh takes command of the HMVA Bounty.
* December 23 – The HMVA Bounty is sent to Tahiti to collect breadfruit plants.

;Date unknown
* The Pennsylvania Prison Society is started.

## Births 
* March 16 – Georg Ohm, German physicist
* December 10 – Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, founder of the American School for the Deaf

## Deaths 
* May 28 – Leopold Mozart, composer
* June 20 – Karl Friedrich Abel, German Baroque composer
1789

**1789** (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar, the 1789th year of the Common Era (CE) and *Anno Domini* (AD) designations, .

## Events 
* April 28 – The Mutiny on the Bounty happens. It was led by Fletcher Christian.
* April 30 – George Washington becomes the first President of the United States.
* May 5 – The French Revolution starts.

## Births 
* September 15 – James Fenimore Cooper
Political virtues

The **political virtues** were listed by Bernard Crick "In Defense of Politics", 1982.  They included but were not limited to: 
*prudence:
take one step, then see its results before taking another
*conciliation:
making friends with people you have argued with
*compromise:
giving up some things you want to get those things that are most important to you
*variety:
people want to have a number of choices that are different from each other
*adaptability:
meet the needs of changing times
*liveliness:
never be boring

He sees these virtues as a way of avoiding ideology or "absolute-sounding ethic".  More virtues will lead to less conflict.  None of them can be forced on anyone.

Some other virtues have also been suggested:
humour,
empathy,
initiative
and .  "Being brief" or "being positive" are sometimes claimed also to be virtues, but just as many people think they are bad things that only help avoid truth or serious problems.
Tower of London

The **Tower of London** is a Norman stone fortress in London, England. It stands on the bank of the River Thames in the East End of London and is in the oldest part of the city.

It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History
The fortress was built by William the Conqueror, King William I during the Norman occupation of England, starting in 1078. The moat was built by Richard I, using water diverted from the River Thames.

The Tower had many uses. Its main function was to protect Norman rule in the years after the conquest. It was a prison, and a place of execution. Today, the Crown Jewels are kept there. This is the collection of jewels owned by the British state, and sometimes worn by the monarch. There is also a museum of armour.

Only the most important people were executed (by axe) inside the Tower of London. Among the most famous were:

*George, Duke of Clarence (1478)
*Anne Boleyn, Queen of England (1536) wife of King Henry VIII
*Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (1540)
*Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury (1541)
*Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford (1542)
*Catherine Howard, Queen of England (1542), wife of King Henry VIII
*Lady Jane Grey (1554)
*Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1601)

The Tower of London has a collection of ravens, large black birds of the Crow family. They are taken care of by the staff who work there. The ravens' wing feathers are kept short so they cannot fly away. This is because a legend (story) says that if the ravens leave the Tower, the Tower and the Kingdom will fall.

The closest Underground station to the Tower of London is Tower Hill.

## Escape attempts 
Ranulf Flambard: 1100, successfully escaped.  Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth: 1244, fell from the tower and died during his escape attempt.

## Related pages 
*List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

## References
## Other websites
*
* Tower of London website
1542

## Events 
* December 14 – Accession of Mary, Queen of Scots

## Births 
* June 6 – Richard Grenville, Elizabethan sailor (died 1591)
* June 24 – St. John of the Cross, Spanish Carmelite friar and poet (died 1591)
* October 15 – Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed, ruler of the Mughal Empire (died 1605)
* December 8 – Mary, Queen of Scots (died 1587)
* Robert Bellarmine, Catholic theologian and saint (died 1621)
* Toda Kazuaki, samurai in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu (died 1604)
* Anthony Shirley, English traveller (died 1635)
* John Speed, historian (died 1629)
* Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese daimyo (died 1611)
* Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander
* Jan Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (died 1605)

## Deaths 
* February 13 – Katherine Howard, Queen of England
* December 14 – James V, King of Scotland
Cardiff

**Cardiff** is the capital and biggest city of Wales. It is also the 11th biggest city in the United Kingdom. Its name in the Welsh language is *Caerdydd*. A 2011 census says that around 346,100 people live in Cardiff. It is the most important city in Wales for tourism, culture, government, sport, transport, nightlife and business.

Cardiff was declared a city in 1905, and it became the capital of Wales in 1955.

In 1404, Owain Glyndŵr set Cardiff on fire. Most of the buildings in Cardiff were made out of wood, so fire destroyed the city.

## Places
Cardiff has a big port that used to be known as Tiger Bay. It is now just called Cardiff Bay, and the Welsh Government works there. There are now lots of shops, pubs and restaurants in Cardiff Bay. Cardiff has an international airport, and is twinned with Nantes in France and Stuttgart in Germany. Cardiff has one of the largest stadiums in the United Kingdom, the Millennium Stadium, where important world sports matches and concerts happen. Other big stadiums in the city are the Cardiff City Stadium, where the main football team play, Cardiff Arms Park where the main rugby team play, and the SWALEC Stadium where cricket is played.

Three big rivers flow through Cardiff - the Taff, the Ely and the Rhymney.

Part of Cardiff is built on marshland.

## Transportation
.]]
To get around, there are lots of bus routes and train lines in the city. There are two big train stations in Cardiff city centre, called Central station and Queen Street station, but there are also 18 other smaller stations in the city for local areas. There are lots of cycle paths in Cardiff on and off the road.

## Education
Cardiff has a large university, with 33,000 students, making it the tenth-largest university in Britain. The city also has 127 schools.

## References
Valladolid

**Valladolid** () is a city in Spain, with a population of 316,564. It is the capital of Castile and León, and one of the historical capitals of the Spanish Kingdom.

On 19 October, 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married secretely in the *Palacio de los Vivero*. Also, Christopher Columbus died in the city on 20 May, 1506.

The river that runs through the city is known as the Pisuerga. Valladolid has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (*Csa* in the Köppen climate classification).