open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hainault tube station

**Hainault** is a station on the Central Line of the London Underground in Hainault in the London Borough of Redbridge. Since 2 January 2007 the station is in Travelcard Zone 4.

## Service
Usual off-peak service level is:

* 3 trains per hours (tph) to Woodford 
* 9 tph to Ealing Broadway via Newbury Park

## Gallery

Image:Hainault_south_p2.JPG|Looking south ('westbound') from platform 2
Image:Hainault_south_p3.JPG|Looking south ('westbound') from platform 3, sidings from depot visible on right
Image:Hainault_north_p2.JPG|Looking north ('eastbound') from platform 2
Image:Hainault_north_p3.JPG|Looking north ('eastbound') from platform 3, depot visible in distance
Image:Hainault tube station platforms 2&3 look north.jpg|Looking north ('eastbound') along platforms 2 (right) and 3, with 1930s style shelter
Image:Hainault_stn_roundel.JPG|Roundel on platform 2

## References
## Other websites
*
* London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
** 
** 
** 
** 
**
Abram Games

**Abram Games**   (29 July 191427 August 1996) was a British graphic designer. He was born **Abraham Gamse**. He was the son of immigrants: a Latvian photographer and a Russo-Polish (part Russian, part Polish) seamstress. He anglicized (make something sound more English) his name to Games at age 12 and was basically an autodidactic designer, and went to London's St. Martins School of Art (today named the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design) for only two terms. However, while working as a "studio boy" (a general assistant) in commercial design company Askew-Young in London 1932-36, he took night classes in life drawing. In 1934, his entry was second in the Health Council Competition and in 1935 he won a poster competition for the London City Council. From 1936 to 1940 he was on his own as a freelance poster artist.

## Exhibition 
* *Abram Games, Graphic Designer (1914–1996): Maximum Meaning, Minimum Means*, Design Museum, London, 2003

## References 
* Amstutz, W. (1962).''Who's Who in Graphic Art*, Zurich: Graphis Press.
* Gombrich, E.H., et al. (1990).*A. Games: Sixty Years of Design*, South Glamorgan, UK: Institute of Higher Education. | ISBN 0-9515777-0-0
* Livingston, Alan and Isabella (2003).*The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Graphic Design and Designers*, London: Thames and Hudson. | ISBN 0-500-20353-9
* Exhibition catalog. Moriarty, Catherine, et al. (2003). *Abram Games, Graphic Designer: Maximum Meaning, Minimum Means*, London: Lund Humphries. | ISBN 0-85331-881-6
* Games, Naomi, et al. (2003). *Abram Games: His Life and Work'', New York Princeton Architectural Press. | ISBN 1-56898-364-6

## Other websites 
* Official Abram Games website
Joan Waste

**Joan Waste** (1534 - 1 August 1556) was a blind woman who was burned in Derby because she would not stop being a Protestant. She had bought a Bible so that friends could read to her.
 became queen in 1559 she removed Ralph Baines from the job of Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. Baines was sent to be a prisoner of  the Bishop of London. The judge was also sent to be a prisoner. He died after being released in 1571.

## References
Meselson–Stahl experiment

The **Meselson–Stahl experiment** was an experiment done by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958, using *E. coli* DNA.
With their experiment, they found that DNA replication was semiconservative. The DNA consists of two helices that are combined. When the two helices are copied, each will have one part coming from the original cell. The other part will be newly made. In chemistry, that is called *synthesis*. 

There are three different way this replication could happen:
* *conservative replication*: The original DNA is kept as it is. Two new helices will be synthesized from it.
* *semi-conservative replication*: Half of the DNA is kept, the other half is synthesized.
* *disperse replication*: The mechanism is the same as semi-conservative replication; but the synthesized links could be added to either the old or new helix.

Meselson and Stahl found that DNA employs semi-conservative replication. They put the bacteria in an environment with a Nitrogen isotope. They first used N15. The bacteria then integrated this isotope into their DNA. Later they used an environment that contained N14. They then looked at which of the isotopes the bacterial DNA contained. They found that it contained both isotopes of nitrogen, which implies that conservative replication is not the correct conclusion. By having a closer look they could then also rule out disperse replication. Some helix strands were all v. Other helix strands from the time in the N15 environment had N14.

## References 
*
Vauxhall Gardens

**Vauxhall Gardens** /vɒks'ɔ:l/ was a pleasure garden, one of the leading places for public entertainment in London, England from the mid 17th century to the mid 19th century. 

The site became Vauxhall Gardens in 1785 and money was charged to gain entry. In 1817, the Battle of Waterloo was re-played with 1,000 soldiers taking part. The park closed in 1859 and the land was sold to become buildings.

## More reading
*Scott, Walter Sidney, *Green retreats; the story of Vauxhall Gardens, 1661–1859*. London: Odhams Press, 1955
**The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction*, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827

## Related pages
*Ranelagh Gardens — Vauxhall Gardens' rival, which was open from 1742 to 1803.
*Cremorne Gardens — 19th century public gardens in Chelsea.
*Cuper's Gardens — 18th century tea garden in Lambeth.
*Charles Green - record-making balloonist in the "Royal Vauxhall" 1836
*Marylebone Gardens - musical gardens in Marylebone, 1738-1781.
*Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, which were originally called *Tivoli and Vauxhall Gardens*.
*List of botanical gardens

## References
### Bibliography
* David Coke, "Vauxhall Gardens", ''Rococo: Art and Design in Hogarth's England* (London: Victoria and Albert Museum) 1984:75-81.

## Other websites
*Poems about Vauxhall Gardens
*Details on Vauxhall Gardens by the Vauxhall Society
*Website on Vauxhall Gardens from David Coke, FSA, expert on the gardens
*The Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens Detailed History from vauxhallandkennington.org.uk
**The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction'', Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827
*
Vladimir Ashkenazy

**Vladimir Ashkenazy** (born  6 July 1937) is a Russian pianist and conductor. He became world famous as a pianist.  During the last two decades he has become equally famous as a conductor, as well as performing and recording as a pianist.

## Early life 
Ashkenazy was born in Gorky, Russia.  His father was an Ashkenazi Jew, his mother was Russian.  Although his father was a pianist he never had lessons from him.  He began playing the piano when he was six.  He soon showed enormous talent and two years later went to the Central Music School in Gorki.  He graduated from the Moscow Conservatory.  He won second prize in the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1955 and the first prize in the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition in Brussels in 1956. He shared the first prize in the 1962 International Tchaikovsky Competition with British pianist John Ogdon.

## Pianistic career
Vladimir Ashkenazy has had an extremely successful career as a pianist.  He became famous for his playing of Romantic music and music by Russian composers.  He recorded a very large amount of music including the 24 Preludes and Fugues of Dmitri Shostakovich, Alexander Scriabin's piano sonatas, Rachmaninoff's, Frédéric Chopin's and Robert Schumann's complete piano works, Beethoven's piano sonatas, and the piano concertos of Mozart (conducting from the keyboard with the Philharmonia Orchestra).  He recorded concertos with many of the world's most famous orchestras.  He still records and performs all over the world, often playing piano concertos and conducting from the piano keyboard.

On 17 January 2020, Ashkenazy's management agency said that he was retiring.

## Conducting career
In the late 1980s he started to become known as a conductor.  He was principal conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1987 to 1994, and of the Czech Philharmonic from 1998 to 2003. He became conductor (musical director) of the NHK Symphony Orchestra in 2004.  He toured with them in 2005, taking them to Vienna for their first concert in the famous concert hall called the Musikverein.  In 2006 he took them to Seoul and then to the United States where they played in many cities including San Francisco, Los Angeles (Walt Disney Concert Hall), Boston and New York City (Carnegie Hall). He also played with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in Stresa (Italy) in 2010.  
 
Ashkenazy is now also conductor laureate of the Philharmonia, conductor laureate of the Icelandic Symphony Orchestra, and music director of the European Union Youth Orchestra.  He is often invited as a guest conductor to work with other famous orchestras.

Ashkenazy has been awarded many honours and prizes for his performances and recordings.  He lives with his Icelandic wife in Switzerland.

## References
## Other websites
* http://www.answers.com/topic/vladimir-ashkenazy
Michael Tilson Thomas

**Michael Tilson Thomas** (born  December 21, 1944), is an American conductor, pianist and composer.  He is the conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.

## Life
Tilson Thomas was born in Los Angeles, California.  His grandparents were well known actors of the Yiddish theatre.  Tilson Thomas studied at the University of Southern California.

After being assistant conductor at the Bayreuth Festival his first important opportunity came in 1969 when the conductor William Steinberg became unwell during a concert with the Boston Symphony Orchestra.  Tilson Thomas took over conducting the rest of the concert.   He stayed with the orchestra as assistant conductor until 1974, making several recordings with them.  He was conductor of the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra from 1971 to 1979. During this time he conducted a series of Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic. From 1981 to 1985 he was the main guest conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. Tilson Thomas started a new orchestra, the New World Symphony, in Miami, Florida in 1987, to give talented young people a chance to play with a good orchestra.  From 1988 to 1995, he was principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra, and since 1995 he has been their main guest conductor. In 1995, he became conductor (music director) of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.

Tilson Thomas has conducted many styles of music, especially American music such as that of Charles Ives and Aaron Copland. He also recorded all nine symphonies of Gustav Mahler.

In 2009 Tilson Thomas created the YouTube Symphony Orchestra to give a concert that could be watched on YouTube.  The orchestra was made up of young players from 30 different countries.

Tilson Thomas is openly gay.

## References
## Other websites
*Michael Tilson Thomas official website
Tate

]]
 opened in 2000.]] 
 opened in 1988.]]
 opened in 1993.]]

The  **Tate** is the United Kingdom's national museum of British and Modern Art. It is a group of four art galleries in England: 
***Tate Britain** (opened in 1897 and renamed in 2000)
*Tate Liverpool (1988), 
*Tate St Ives (1993) 
*Tate Modern (2000). 
There is a website, Tate Online (1998). It is  administered as a quango (a non-departmental public body).Tate is used as the name for the corporation which was started as The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery.

The gallery was started in 1897, as the **National Gallery of British Art**. When its role was changed to include Modern Art it was renamed the **Tate Gallery** after Henry Tate. The Tate Gallery was first started in a building at Millbank, London on the Embankment. In 2000, the Tate Gallery split its collection into four museums: 
***Tate Britain** (in the original building) displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day; 
*Tate Modern, also in London, houses the Tate's collection of British and International Modern and Contemporary art from 1900 to the present day. 
*Tate Liverpool, in Liverpool has the same purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale, and 
*Tate St Ives displays modern and contemporary art by artists who have a connection with the local area. All four museums share the Tate Collection. 

One of the Tate's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at **Tate Britain**.

## Tate Online 
Tate Online is the Tate's web site. Since its launch in 1998, the site has had information on all four Tate galleries (Tate Britain, Tate St Ives, Tate Liverpool and Tate Modern) in the same website. Tate Online helps visitors with get ready to visit the galleries, but is also a gallery as well. Other resources include information on all works in Tate's Collection of British and Modern International art, e-learning for all visitors, over 400 hours of webcasts, all articles from the magazine *Tate Etc*, and a series of Internet art works. BT has sponsored Tate Online since 2001.

## How it is run 
The Tate gets money every year from the Department for Culture, Media & Sport. It is run by a board of trustees. Under the Charities Act 1993. the Tate is a tax-exempt charity. An entry fee is charged for all special collections, and there is a membership system to attract regular visitors.

## Related pages
* Turner Prize

## Other websites 
* Tate Online — 65,000 works from the Tate Collection online, information on Tate's exhibitions and events programmes, and online learning resources.
* TATE ETC. Magazine 
* Turner Worldwide  - an ongoing online cataloguing of JMW Turner's work around the world.
* Turner Collection Online  The online catalogue of Tate's collection of nearly 300 oil paintings and 30,000 works on paper by JMW Turner.
* Tate Gallery Records  Tate's own historical records.
* Tate Podcasts  Audio and video podcasts from Tate.
* Tate in Space
* Turner Museum
Esa-Pekka Salonen

**Esa-Pekka Salonen** (born 30 June 1958) is a Finnish conductor and composer. He is conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Philharmonia Orchestra in London. He and his family live in Los Angeles, California.

## Life
Salonen was born in Helsinki, Finland. He studied at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki, learning the French horn, composition and conducting. Later he studied composition with several composers including Einojuhani Rautavaara.

He started conducting in 1979 with the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, mainly in order to conduct his own compositions. In 1983 he was asked at short notice to conduct the Philharmonia Orchestra when Michael Tilson-Thomas was ill. This concert made him well known as a conductor.

Salonen was principal conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1984 to 1995.

He first conducted in the United States in 1984 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic. In 1989 he became Principal Guest Conductor of the orchestra and soon became music director. He has had this title ever since.

In 1992, he took the orchestra to the Salzburg Festival where they gave concert performances and well as playing in the opera house for the opera ''Saint-François d'Assise'' by Olivier Messiaen. They toured throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia, and performed at the Lucerne Festival in Switzerland, the BBC Proms in London, in Cologne for a festival of Salonen's own compositions, and in 1996 at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris for a Stravinsky festival conducted by Salonen and Pierre Boulez. The orchestra sounded very good in the Paris concert hall, and it made people realize that they needed a better concert hall in Los Angeles. Soon the Walt Disney Concert Hall was built there.

In 2008, Salonen became the main conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra. He will leave his job with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 2009. He wants to have more time to compose.

Salonen married Jane Price who used to play with the Philharmonia Orchestra. They have three children.

## Other websites
* Esa-Pekka Salonen - Official Website
F-Zero

***F-Zero*** is a racing video game first made for the SNES, where Captain Falcon made his debut. It involves racing around a track at high speeds. Other games in the *F-Zero* series are *F-Zero X* for Nintendo 64, *F-Zero: Maximum Velocity* for Game Boy Advance. *F-Zero GX* for Nintendo GameCube and *F-Zero: GP Legend* for Game Boy Advance.

## References
;Notes

;References

## Other websites
*
Gujarati people

**Gujarati people** (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko?), or **Gujaratis**, is an umbrella term used to describe traditionally Gujarati-speaking people who can trace their ancestry to the state of Gujarat within the Republic of India.

## References
Arena da Baixada

The **Arena da Baixada** is a football stadium and an indoor arena in Água Verde neighborhood, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. It has a maximum seating capacity of 28,327 people. It is formerly known as **Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães**. It was named **Kyocera Arena** for a short period of time (beginning 2005 until April 1, 2008).  The stadium opened on June 6, 1914. The stadium is owned by Clube Atlético Paranaense. Its formal name honors Joaquim Américo Guimarães, a former chairman of Internacional-PR, which was a football club that merged with América-PR. This merger formed Atlético Paranaense. Joaquim Américo Guimarães started the stadium's construction in 1912. Despite being called an arena, it is technically an outdoor stadium. On May 31 2009, the stadium was made one of the match sites for the Brazil 2014 World Cup.

## History
The stadium was built at the previous location of a Brazilian Army powder depot. In 1934, the stadium was renamed Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães. In the 1970s, the original stadium was closed down. After being reopened in 1984 and operating for some years, the old stadium building was demolished on March 26, 1997, right after a construction project of a new arena was announced. In June 1999, the new stadium was built. In 2005, the stadium was renamed *Kyocera Arena*, after the Japanese company Kyocera purchased the naming rights.

The inaugural match of the old stadium was played on September 6, 1914, when Flamengo beat Internacional 7–1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Flamengo's Arnaldo.

The inaugural match of the new building was played on June 24, 1999, when Atlético Paranaense beat Cerro Porteño of Paraguay 2–1. The first goal of the stadium after its reinauguration was scored by Atlético's Lucas.

The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 31,740. It was set on December 16, 2001 when Atlético Paranaense beat São Caetano 4–2, on the first game of that year's Brazilian Championship finals.

The contract with Kyocera that gave the company naming rights expired in early 2008. It was not renewed, and no new partnership was announced. The stadium went back to its old name, *Arena da Baixada*.

## 2014 World Cup fixtures and results
## References
### Books
**Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro*, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.
### Websites
## Other websites
*Kyocera Arena  - by Atlético Paranaense official website
*Kyocera Arena - by Furacão website
Schinus areira

**Schinus areira** is a tree of the sumac family. The pepper tree *Schinus areira* is a weed in Australia. It is often grown as shade or street tree.

## References
## Other websites
*Areal of S.areira
Emergency telephone

]]
]]
An **emergency telephone** is a special telephone that can be used in an emergency situation. Such telephones can usually  be found on highways, and other big roads. They can also be found in places where people feel unsafe, such as big parks or the campuses of universities. Emergency telephones are also placed at spots where many people commit suicide, like bridges or cliffs.

Emergency phones are usually connected directly to emergency services, there is no need to dial a telephone number. Lifting the receiver or pushing a button will make the call. Very often, emergency telephones will also tell the other side where they are. This is because people may not know where they are, or they may be in shock because of an accident that just happened.

There are many special rules that apply to emergency telephones. They need to be in special colors, because color-blind people may not be able to tell the difference between certain colors. They also need to be easy to use. In an emergency situation, many people do not have time to think about how to operate them.
Bilal ibn Ribah

**Bilal ibn Ribah** (578-638) was one of the companions of Muhammad. Bilal was an Ethiopian black slave.

## Life history 
Bilal ibn Rabah (, also called Bilal al-Habashi) was an Ethiopian born in Mecca in the late 6th century, sometime between 578 and 582.Bilal was an Ethiopian slave. Bilal's owner was Umayyah ibn Khalaf, an enemy of Islam. When Bilal learned about Muhammad and became Muslim, his master started punishing him. When Muhammad heard about this, he ordered Abu Bakr to buy Bilal's freedom and Bilal -who was now free- joined Muhammad's companions.

Muhammad choose Bilal as the first muezzin. A muezzin is someone who leads the call to daily prayer. Sometimes Bilal walked the streets to call Muslims to come to prayer but most of the times, he said the Adhan from the top of the mosque.

Some years later, when the Muslim army walked towards Mecca, everyone ran to their homes and closed all doors and windows. They were afraid that the Muslims were going to kill them, because of the bad things they did to the Muslims many years ago. But, the Muslims went towards the Kaaba, the worship house believed to be built by Abraham and his elder son, Ishmael. Bilal, shouted out loud to the people of Mecca that they were all safe: "All those who lay down arms are safe. All those in the house of Abu Sufyan are safe. All those behind closed doors are safe."
 
After Muhammad died, Bilal never said the Adhan again - except on two occasions. Once in Syria and the second time, in Medina, when Muhammad's grandson, Hasan ibn Ali asked him to do so.

Bilal died in Damascus between 638 and 642 (AD).

## Legacy 
Hadith books are the collections of Muhammad's sayings.

Muhammad used to say about Bilal:

When Bilal was chosen as the Muezzin, some people complained to Muhammad. They believed only an Arab can be a Muezzin, because Bilal could not pronounce the Arabic words correctly and he used to pronounce "s" instead of "sh". When Muhammad heard their complaint, he said:

## References
Aisha

**Aisha bint Abu Bakr** (605–678; ) was the third wife of Muhammad. Aisha is given honour in Islam, especially in the Sunni branch. She is often called by Muslims ''Umm-al-mu'minin'', which means "Mother of the Believers".

Aisha was the daughter of Abu Bakr of Mecca. according to ibn hisham hadith she was 6 years old when Muhammad married her and 9 or 10 years old when he consummated the marriage with her. coincidently.  this is disputed by some scholars who use historical sources and from other statements of ibn hisham to prove she was older, some of the numbers include  22-23 or 14-15 (according to calculation of her sister age who was 10 years older, she lived until 73 AH and aged 100 at her death, if this is rounded then another calculation using fatima's age (born 605. five years before first revelation) put her at 600 of birth, and her age at death be 95, which results in 14-15 of her sister onsummation)) (calculation of fatima's age who is considered 5 years older)  and her remembering revelation of surah qamar (otherwise being 1 year old) and 17-18  and other ages. this view is not held by the majority of scholars who kept tight to hadith of ibn hisham. She was Muhammad's favorite wife according to sunnis, and he married seven others after her. She was the only virgin that he ever married. She  was also a scholar of  Islamic jurisprudence and narrated the fourth most  ahadeeth from him.

She was married to Muhammad for nine years until his death in 632. Aisha lived fifty more years in and around Medina.

## Shia view 
Unlike the Sunni branch of Islam, Shiites view Aisha as a evil woman for her actions. They reject her title of "the Mother of the Believers" and send curses upon her for her actions. Many Shiites also celebrate the death of Aisha by sending more curses upon her and celebrating with food.

## References
Gramophone

**Gramophone** can refer to several things:

* A type of phonograph, a machine for recording and replaying sound
* Gramophone record, a disc for storing analogue sound 
* *Gramophone* (magazine), a British magazine about classical music
* Gramophone Company, a British record company, existing from 1897 to 1931
André Previn

**André Previn** (born **Andreas Ludwig Prewin**; April 6, 1929 &ndash; February 28, 2019) was a German-American pianist, conductor, and composer.

## Life
André Previn was born as Andreas Ludwig Priwin to a Jewish family in Berlin, Germany. He may have been born in 1930, but cannot be sure as his birth certificate was lost when he emigrated to the United States with his family in 1939 to escape the Nazis. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943.

When he arrived in America he lived in Los Angeles. He started to be well known by composing movie scores for Hollywood movies.

In 1967, Previn became conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and in 1968 conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. He stayed with the LSO for eleven years. His television series ''André Previn's Music Night* helped to make classical music popular in Britain. From 1976 to 1984, Previn was conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO), with whom he made another television series called *Previn and the Pittsburgh''. He was also principal conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.

In 1985 he became conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, but because of disagreements he resigned in 1989.

Previn made many recordings and composed many movie scores and other musical works. He also toured and recorded as a jazz pianist. Later he concentrated on composing classical music.

Previn received many prizes and honours. In the United Kingdom he was knighted in 1996. He is particularly remembered in Britain for a guest appearance he made on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1971 where Eric Morecambe (who called him Andrew Preview) pretended to play the Piano Concerto by Edvard Grieg with Previn conducting. When Previn told him he was playing all the wrong notes, Morecambe grabbed him by his jacket and said that he was playing "all the right notes, but not necessarily in the right order".

## Personal life
Andre Previn was married five times. His fifth marriage was to the German violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter for whom he wrote a violin concerto. They divorced in 2006.

Previn died on February 28, 2019 at home in Manhattan aged 89.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
Railway Gazette International

***Railway Gazette International*** is a monthly business journal about the railway, metro, light rail and tram industries worldwide. Available by yearly subscription, the magazine is read in over 140 countries by people involved in the railway industry. A mixture of technical, commercial and geographical articles, plus the regular monthly news pages, cover developments in all parts of the rail industry.

## History 
*Railway Gazette International* traces its history to May 1835 as *The Railway Magazine*.  The *Railway Gazette* title dates from July 1905 and it was renamed *Railway Gazette International* in October 1970.

*Railway Gazette International* is part of the Railway Gazette Group, itself part of DVV Media UK, part of the Hamburg-based Deutsche Verkehrs Verlag group.  *Railway Gazette* was previously part of Reed Business Information until 1 April 2007.

The magazine is based in Sutton in Surrey in the UK.

## Issue 
* November 2007 is Volume 163, Number 11.

## Maps 
(This is a list of detailed maps)
*  Brazil - agricultural line 
*  Turkey - February 2009, p053 
*  Iran - January 2009, p047 
*  Qatar - January 2009, p021  
*  Ukraine - April 2008, p240
*  India - December 2007 Supplement p7.

## Other websites 
* Official website
* History of *Railway Gazette* publications 
* *Railway Directory* online 

## References
Woodford tube station

**Woodford** is a London Underground station in Woodford in the London Borough of Redbridge, United Kingdom.

The station is on the Central Line between South Woodford and Buckhurst Hill. The station is also a terminus (an ending point) for services from Hainault by way of Chigwell.

## History
The station was opened on 22 August 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway branch to Loughton. It was changed by the successor company, the Great Eastern Railway, to include services to Ilford by way of the Fairlop Loop that was opened in 1903. After 1923 the station came under the control of the London & North Eastern Railway until it was given to the London Passenger Transport Board (LT) on 14 December 1947 as part of the  of the Central Line services of the London Underground. The station was a terminus for the Central Line, with passengers  to a steam shuttle towards Epping, until electric services began as far as Loughton (and around the 'loop' to Hainault) on 21 November 1948.

## Gallery

Image:Woodford station north.JPG|Looking north ("eastbound") from eastbound platform
Image:Woodford stn north.jpg|Looking north from footbridge (vandal-proof fence)
Image:Woodford stn south.jpg|Looking south from footbridge (vandal-proof fence)
Image:Woodford stn look south.jpg|Looking south ("westbound") from eastbound platform
Image:Woodford stn roundel.jpg|Roundel on third (bay) platform

## Related pages
*List of London Underground stations

## References
Steller's sea cow

'''Steller's sea cow'* (*Hydrodamalis gigas'') is an extinct aquatic mammal.

It is a member of the order Sirenia, which today consists of dugongs and manatees. Discovered in 1741, Steller's sea cow weighed about 10 tonnes. It fed on kelp, and lived in shallow waters around the Bering Sea. Hunted relentlessly for their meat, they died out 27 years after their discovery. The reduction in the kelp supply may also have contributed to their extinction.
Commerzbank Tower

**Commerzbank Tower** is a skyscraper in Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany. At 259 meters, or 850 feet (300 meters with antenna included), it is Germany's tallest skyscraper and the third tallest building in Europe. It was completed and opened in 1997.

Commerzbank Tower is located in Frankfurt's district *Innenstadt* in the centre of the city. It is home to the headquarters of the second largest German bank, Commerzbank.

## History 
From 1970 onwards, the previous head offices were centralised in Frankfurt am Main, where the legal seat has also been located since 1990. In the early 1990s, Commerzbank sought to build a new skyscraper in the center of Frankfurt am Main. The aim was to consolidate a large part of the rented locations in the city. The extraordinary skyscraper was designed by Lord Norman Foster. Since 1997, the tower has been a prominent feature of the Frankfurt skyline and is regarded as a model for environmentally friendly and energy-saving architecture.

## Architecture 
The floor plan forms a triangle with slightly outwardly curved sides. The tower appears open and transparent due to the atrium, also triangular. A double-skin facade encloses the building. The stepped top of the tower creates a striking building termination and sets an expressive sign for the banking district.

## Present 
The magnificent building at the Kaiserplatz in Frankfurt is the Commerzbank's Head Office, and 2.800 people work there.

## References
Franz Welser-Möst

]]

**Franz Welser-Möst** (born Linz, 16 August 1960) is an Austrian conductor. He is the conductor (music director) of the Cleveland Orchestra.

## Life
Franz Leopold Maria Möst was born in Linz, Austria. He learned to play the violin, but after being injured in a car accident he changed to conducting.

In 1985 he changed his stage-name to "Welser-Möst" after the town of Wels where he grew up. He soon started to be invited to conduct major orchestras. He appeared at the Salzburg Festival in 1985, then conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra in 1986 and, from 1989 he appeared a lot in the United States. He conducted the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Boston Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic and Chicago Symphony Orchestra. In 1990, Welser-Möst became main (principal) conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He received a lot of criticism and left the LPO in 1996.

In 1995, he went to the Zurich Opera House where he conducted many operas including complete cycles of Wagner's Ring Cycle. He left the Zurich post in 2008.

Since 2002, Welser-Möst has been conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra.

In 2007, the Austrian government made him musical director (Generalmusikdirektor) of the Vienna State Opera beginning in September 2010.

He has made many recordings.

## Other websites 
* Franz Welser-Möst biography  at The Cleveland Orchestra
Book of Enoch

The **Book of Enoch** is a book claiming to be written by Enoch. He was the great-grandfather of Noah and son of Jared in the Bible. However, scholars consider it to be Pseudepigrapha. It is not part of the Bible canon and only the Ethiopian Orthodox Church says it is part of the Bible. The Book is an old Hebrew text, likely written in the 2nd century BC, and contains material on the origins of demons and giants, why some angels fell from heaven, an explanation of why Noah's Flood was morally necessary, and a description of the thousand-year reign of the Messiah. It is interesting to many Christians because the ninth verse of the first chapter is quoted in the Epistle of Jude 1:14-15.
Rafflesia

***Rafflesia*** is a genus of flowering plants.  They are found in southeastern Asia, on the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Thailand and the Philippines. They are the biggest single flowers in the world. In one species the flowers can be over a meter (three feet) across.

The flowers smell like a dead animal, which attracts flies. The flies, which normally lay their eggs on rotten flesh, pollinate the *Rafflesia* when they get inside.

*Rafflesia* is a parasite, and does not use chlorophyll. The plant has no stem, leaves or true roots. It lives inside vines of the genus *Tetrastigma* (Vitaceae). It spreads its  organ, the haustorium, inside the tissue of the vine. The only part of the plant that can be seen outside the host vine is the flower.

## References
*Jamili Nais 2001. *Rafflesia of the world*. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Parks. 

## Other websites
*Parasitic Plant Connection: *Rafflesia* Gallery
*Video: 'David Attenborough finds the Rafflesia'
Hurricane Ike

**Hurricane Ike** was one of the most damaging tropical cyclones in United States history, having caused about $38 billion dollars in damage. It was the sixth-costliest Atlantic hurricane in U.S. history. Hurricane Ike was the ninth named storm, fifth hurricane, third major hurricane and the most-intense hurricane of 2008 in terms of pressure.  Ike may have caused up to 195 deaths. Most deaths happened in Haiti and the U.S. together. Haiti was still recovering from Tropical Storm Fay, Hurricane Gustav, and Hurricane Hanna.

## Storm history 
The storm that eventually became Hurricane Ike started near the west coast of Africa on August 28. The storm grew quickly as it moved to the west-northwest. On September 1, the storm formed into Tropical Depression Nine when the storm was over the central Atlantic Ocean. Later that day Tropical Depression Nine became Tropical Storm Ike.

## After the storm 
In spring 2009, the name "Ike" was retired due to severe damage it caused, particularly in Texas. It was replaced by "Isaias" for the 2014 season.

## Notes and references 
### Notes 
### References
Northern Fury FC

**Northern Fury F.C.** is a soccer club from Townsville, Queensland, Australia. The club was founded in 2008 and competed in the A-League as *North Queensland Fury FC*. On 1 March 2011, the club was removed from the league due to financial instability. On 3 October 2012, the club was re-formed as Northern Fury FC after it was granted a license to play in the NPL Queensland. Northern Fury play their home fixtures at Townsville Sports Reserve.

## Honours 
### Minor Trophies/Honours
*   **Queensland Nickel Cup**
** 2009/10 (NQ Fury V's Gold Coast United: {Contested Over 3 League Fixtures} NQ Fury W2/D0/L1)

*   Chief Minister's Cup
: – 2009 (3–2 V's Adelaide United – Played In Darwin/NT 02/07/09)

## References
Edward Said National Conservatory of Music

The **Edward Said National Conservatory of Music** is a Palestinian music conservatory. It has branches in Ramallah, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem. More than 500 students can study music there.

When it was started in Ramallah in 1993 it was called The National Conservatory of Music. In September 2004 it was given its present name in honour of the Palestinian scholar and musician Edward Said.  The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music and the Al Kamandjati are the two main music schools for the two million Palestinians living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

The students of the conservatory study in an are where there is a lot of war and conflict with Israel.  Nevertheless there are a few projects where Israeli and Palestinian musicians have managed to work together.

The Palestine Youth Orchestra was started through the efforts of the Edward Said National Conservatory.  It is one of the best youth orchestras in the Arab world.

## Other websites
*The Edward Said National Conservatory of Music official site 

## References
Anton LaVey

**Anton Szandor LaVey** (April 11, 1930 – October 29, 1997), born **Howard Stanton Levey**, was the founder of the Church of Satan. He created a religion called LaVeyan Satanism. He wrote several books describing his beliefs. His first book was called *The Satanic Bible*. He reported a dramatic life story, although some say he lied about his past.

## Early life
**Anton Szandor LaVey** was born Howard Stanton Levey on April 11, 1930 in Chicago, Illinois. His family moved to the San Francisco Bay Area of California soon after he was born. He was talented with musical instruments, particularly the pipe organ and calliope. He read a lot. His biography says that he stopped going to high school to join the circus. When the carnival was not active, he played organ in burlesque houses. He then worked as a police photographer in San Francisco, though this has been questioned.

## Church of Satan
In the 1960s, LaVey began giving lectures at his house to a group of people he called his "Magic Circle." A member of this Circle told him that his ideas could become a religion. He agreed, and founded the Church of Satan in 1966. In 1969, he published *The Satanic Bible*. *The Satanic Bible* was a collection of writings he had published in the past years that outlined his philosophies and the basics of the religion. It was influenced by Ayn Rand, Friedrich Nietzsche, H. L. Mencken, and other authors and philosophers. In 1971, LaVey published *The Compleat Witch* (later released as *The Satanic Witch*). *The Satanic Witch* was a manual of magic. In 1972, LaVey published *The Satanic Rituals*. This contained instructions for performing rituals. In the 1990s, LaVey published two books of essays, ''The Devil's Notebook* and *Satan Speaks''.

## Death
LaVey died on October 29, 1997. His death was caused by pulmonary edema (fluid in his lungs). This was brought on by his heart disease.

## References
## Other websites 
* Official website of the Church of Satan
* The Anton Szandor LaVey Memorial
SafetySuit

**SafetySuit** (or **Safety Suit** and **Safetysuit**) is an American rock band formed in 2008. They are famous for the hit singles *Someone Like You* and *Stay*. Safety Suit has released only 1 hit studio album called Life Left to Go in July 2008. 

## Discography
### Songs
* *Someone Like You* (2008)
* *Anywhere But Here* (2008)
* *Stay* (2009)

### Albums
* *Life Left to Go* (2008)
* *Someone Like You - EP* (2008)
Life Left to Go

**Life Left to Go** is an album by alternative rock band SafetySuit. It was released in the summer of 2008. The album contains the tracks *Someone Like You (SafetySuit song)*, *Stay*, and *Anywhere But Here*.

## Track listing 
# "Someone Like You"
# "Apology"
# "Find the Way"
# "Stay (SafetySuit song)"
# "Something I Said"
# "Anywhere But Here"
# "Down"
# "The Moment"
# "Annie"
# "What If"
# "Gone Away"
# "A Life Left to Go"

## Related pages
* SafetySuit
Stay (SafetySuit song)

**"Stay"** is the 2nd hit single off the album by SafetySuit called *Life Left to Go*. The song was originally released in fall of 2008, but according to the seemingly major release date in the United Kingdom, it is known to be regularly released in January of 2009. 

## Music Video
The video for the song was released on May 5th, 2009.
Squall

A **squall** is a quick and big  in wind speed which is usually linked to weather such as rain showers, thunderstorms, or heavy snow. 

## References
Vrilissia

**Vrilissia** () is a small Greek city. It is near Athens in Attica. Almost 40,000 people live there. It is located at the northeastern edge of the metropolis of Athens. The city is accessed by Attiki Odos, the suburban railway and metro transit.

Vrilissia is an area with lots of squares and parks. It has a small forested area near the mountain of Pendeli.

Vrilissia is a twin city of Naples, Italy and Ottweiler in Germany. In Ottweiler, a main bridge is named after the Greek city.

## Other websites 
*Municipality site 
*Vrilissia informational portal
Oxford English Dictionary

The **Oxford English Dictionary** (or **OED**) is a dictionary. It is published by the Oxford University Press in England, and is the largest English dictionary.

It traces (or follows in detail) the historical development of the English language, and is a resource to writers and scholars. It describes how the language has been used.

The second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, published in  1989. Number of main entries is 231,100 and number of main entries for out-of -date words is 47,100.

Work began on the dictionary in 1857, but it was not until 1884 that it began to be published in parts, under the name of *A New English Dictionary on historical principles; founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society*. In 1895, the title *The Oxford English Dictionary* (*OED*) was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, *The Oxford English Dictionary* was reprinted as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the second edition was published. Since 2000, a third edition of the dictionary has been underway, approximately a third of which is now complete.

The first electronic version of the dictionary was done in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was receiving over two million hits per month. The third edition of the dictionary will probably only appear in electronic form; Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press, feels it unlikely that it will ever be printed.

## References 
## Other websites
*
Teatro Colón

The ***Teatro Colón*** (Spanish) (***Columbus Theatre***) in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is one of the world's best known opera houses. 
In 2006 the theatre was closed so that work could be done to improve the inside of the building.  It reopened in 2010

There had been a theatre there in the middle of the 19th century.  The present building was opened in 1908.  The auditorium is horseshoe-shaped and has 2,487 seats.  The acoustics of the building are very good.  It is in the middle of Buenos Aires.

Many world famous conductors, composers and singers have appeared at the theatre.

File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg
File:Teatro Colón Buenos Aires.jpg
File:Panorámica interior del Teatro Colón (cropped).jpg
File:Teatro Colon 4.jpg
File:Frente_del_Teatro_Colón.jpg
File:Teatro_Colón,_Buenos_Aires.jpg
File:Reapertura_del_Teatro_Colón_-_Orquesta_antes_de_La_Boheme.jpg
Lithium (Nirvana song)

"**Lithium**" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana which featured on their second album *Nevermind*. Kurt Cobain wrote the song. He said the song is about a man who became religious after his girlfriend died.
Bim Bum Bam

***Bim Bum Bam***, (1982-2003), was an Italian children's and teens' television programme.

*Bim Bum Bam* was produced by Alessandra Valeri Manera and created by Paolo Bonolis and Giancarlo Muratori.

## Mascotte
*Uan, the pink dog
*Ambrogio, the lion

## Cartoons/Anime
*I Puffi (*The Smurfs*) (1982; 1993)
*Kiss me Licia (1985; 1998; 2002)
*Carletto il principe dei mostri (*Kaibutsu-kun*) (1983)
*C'era una volta... Pollon (*Poron*)
*L'incantevole Creamy (1985; 1995; 2001)
*Snorky (*Snorks*) (1986)
*Foofur Superstar (*Foofur*) (1987; 1996-97)
*Teodoro e l'invenzione che non va (*Wowser*) (1989)
*Cristoforo Colombo (1992)
*Conte Dacula (*Count Duckula*) (1989)
*Bentornato Topo Gigio (1992)
*Calimero (1995)
*Sailor Moon (1995-2000)
*T-Rex (1994-95)
*James Bond Junior (1994-95)
*Mighty Max (1995)
*L'ispettore Gadget (*Inspector Gadget*) (1994-95)
*Tartarughe Ninja alla riscossa (*Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)*) (1994-95)
*The Real Ghostbusters (1994-95)
*Widget, un alieno per amico (*Widget The World Watcher*) (1993; 1996)
*The Mask: The Animated Series (1996-97)
*Scuola di polizia (*Police Academy: The Animated Series*) (1996; 2001)
*La fabbrica dei mostri (*Creepy Crawlers*)
*Iznogoud - Chi la fa l'aspetti (*Iznogoud*) (1996-97)
*Mr. Magoo (1996-97)
*Alf (1996-97)
*Robinson Bignè (*Robinson Sucroe*) (1996-97)
*Ace Ventura (two episodes) (1996-97)
*Casper (1998)
*Sale e Pepe (*Les Jules*) (1998)
*Pippi Calzelunghe (1998)
*Braccio di Ferro (*Popeye*) (1999)
*I gemelli del destino (*Destiny Twins*) (1999)
*Alvin Show (*Alvin and the Chipmunks*) (1999)
*Beethoven (*Beethoven*) (2000)
*Pokemon (2000-2002)
*Card Captor Sakura (1998-2000)
Messeturm

]]
**MesseTurm** is a skyscraper in Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany. In English it is known as the *Trade Fair Tower*. It is Germany's second tallest, and at the time of its building, it was the tallest building in Europe. It is the fourth tallest building in Europe. It is 257 metres (840 feet) tall.

MesseTurm is located in Frankfurt's district *Westend*. This is near the same named Trade Fair-Area in the centre of the city. It is home to the German headquarters of Reuters, Goldman Sachs and Credit Suisse.

The construction began in 1988. It was finished in 1991. It was the tallest building in Europe, between 1991 and 1997. In 1997, Commerzbank Tower became the tallest building in Germany. It was only two metres higher than MesseTurm. The construction of the building's foundation set a world record. The world record was for the longest  concrete pour. Ninety trucks poured concrete for 78 hours. They poured it into the  deep foundation.

There is a pyramid on the very top of MesseTurm. It is  tall. This makes it very different from other skyscrapers. Because of this shape, people in Germany often call it "The Pencil."

## References
Body fat

In histology, **adipose tissue** or **body fat** or just **fat** is a tissue made up of cells called adipocytes. They store nutrients called fats in fat cells. Adipose tissue produce different compounds which are called adipokines. They include leptin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta and others. 

## References