open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Billboard

A **billboard** (or **billing board**) is a large sign displaying advertisements. They are usually placed in places where many people will see them, such as alongside busy roads or in marketplaces. They show large posters, bulletins, and other kinds of visual advertisements.

## Style
Billboards that are along roads are designed to be noticed, since they are seen for only a few seconds. They usually have only a few words on them. Sometimes they have a humorous picture on them. For example, Chick-fil-A billboards have cows trying to get people to eat chicken.

## Kinds of billboards
**Painted billboards** are made usually by hand. They are painted onto large pieces of paper, which are then attached to large panels. The panels are then installed using cranes.

**Digital billboards** use large screens to show the advertisement. Some digital billboards can change their message every so often, so several advertisements show up on the same billboard.

**Painted billboards** these are now quite rare having been replaced by graphically produced billboards. However, in instances where only a single board is required they are still used in some areas. 

**Mobile billboards** the purpose of mobile billboards is to go to where their target audience happens to be such as where a large event is taking place. As they are less common the advertisement tends to be more memorable.

**Three-dimensional billboards**. Another modern type of billboard and due to the artistry that they often contain they capture the attention and interest of all who see them.

**Transport Billboards** are located within train, metro and underground stations. There are lots of different sizes and formats, typically located within walkways and tunnels busy with passengers.

## History
Some of the earliest billboards were made in the 1880s. In the early 1900s, many people in the U.S. were buying cars like the Ford Model Ts. During this time, it became popular for businesses to put billboards along highways.

## Related pages 
* Neon sign
* Poster
* Street furniture
Cast

:*For acronym usages see CAST.*

**Cast** can mean:

*Casting, a process where a material is put into a mold while it is a liquid, and then hardens into a shape
**Cast iron
*Caste, social division in society
*Casting (performing arts), a pre-production process for choosing a cast of actors and other talent
**Cast member
*Orthopedic cast, a protective shell to hold a broken bone in place until it has healed
*In archaeology, a cavity that is formed by the decomposition of wood furnishings or human or animal remains, previously covered due to volcanic ash fall

In **popular culture**:
**Cast* (comic), a comic series published in the Philippines

In **music**:
*Cast (band), an English rock and roll band from the 1990s
*Cast (Mexican band), a progressive Mexican rock band

**Other**
*Cast, Finistère, a commune of the Finistère *département*, in France
*Cast (earthworm), mineral-rich organic matter that is excreted by earthworms
*Urinary casts, tubules found in urine
*Casting (tails), a process whereby animals can 'drop' their tail, which may or may not regenerate
*Cast (archery), the distance a bow can shoot its arrow

## Related pages
* Casting (disambiguation)
* Type conversion, a programming language method for changing data types
Edward the Black Prince

, as heir-apparent to the English throne.]]
 of Edward in Canterbury Cathedral]]

**Edward, the Black Prince** (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire, 15 June 1330 – Westminster Palace, 8 June 1376) was the eldest son of King Edward III of England. He was elevated Duke of Cornwall in 1337.  

Edward was born at Woodstock Palace, near Oxford. He was made Prince of Wales in 1343 and followed his father into battle against France. He became a famous soldier by helping to win the Battle of Crécy and commanding the Battle of Poitiers. He was a founding member of the Order of the Garter. In 1361, he married his cousin, Joan of Kent. They had two sons, Edward and Richard. The older son, Edward, died when he was only six.  

Edward of Woodstock has become known in history as "the Black Prince". The nickname first appeared in print about 165 years after his death. He is thought to have dipped his armour in tar to stop it rusting, and is known to have used a black shield at times. He died at the age of 45 and was buried at the Canterbury Cathedral. As his father was still living, he never became king himself. He asked his father to give the title Prince of Wales to his son Richard, who later became King Richard II of England. 

## Notes
Charles IV of France

**Charles IV** (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), was the King of France and Navarre (as Charles I) and Count of Champagne from 1322 to his death. Charles IV the last French king of the old Capetian line. He was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims.

Charles invaded Aquitaine, thus renewing the war with England. However, the peace of 1327 was the great triumph which gave him a generous land settlement and 50,000 marks.

During his six years as king Charles IV raised taxes. His expulsion of the Jews from France in 1323 was the culmination of centuries of persecution. They had long suffered from discriminatory taxes and other fiscal policies targeted at Jews, being scapegoated for the Black Plague, and multiple prior attempts to expel them from France. France's Jews were given only a little time to sell to their possessions before being escorted out of French lands. 

Charles died without a son so there were questions about who would be the next king. He had two daughters, but under Salic law, the basis of law in France, there was no inheritance through the female line.
Edward III of England then believed he had the right to become the new king of France, even though he was through the female line and therefore it was against Salic law. Thus he began the Hundred Years' War.
Lisa Simpson

Lisa Simpson (1945-1999) 

**Lisa Marie Simpson** is a character in the animated television series *The Simpsons*. The person who does the voice for the character is Yeardley Smith. Matt Groening, the creator of the series, named her after his sister. She is the oldest daughter and middle child of Homer and Marge Simpson, and the sister of Bart and Maggie. She first appeared in *The Tracey Ullman Show* Simpson Short, "Good Night".

Lisa is an 8-year-old girl. She is one of the most intelligent characters on the series, with an I.Q. of either 156 or 159. She also plays the saxophone and is a vegetarian.
Despite her cleverness Lisa has typical childhood issues. For example, in the episode "Lost Our Lisa" she gets lost after riding the bus alone.

## References
Farida Mammadova

**Farida Mammadova** (August 8, 1936 – December 8, 2021) was an Azerbaijani historian who specialised in the history of ancient Caucasian Albania.

## Career
She was the author of papers, articles and books on Azerbaijani ancient and medieval history. She lectured at the Baku State University, Azerbaijan Pedagogical University. She is the head of the Department of Humanities in the Western University in Baku. Farida Mammadova worked at the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. In her research, she was a disciple of the late Azerbaijani historian Ziya Bunyadov.

## Controversies
### Historical revisionism
Her theories were criticized for the misinterpretation of historical sources and revisionism.

According to Thomas de Waal, Mammadova "has grasped the [Caucasian] Albanian theory to supersede completely Armenians from Caucasus. She has placed the Caucasian Albania in the territory of present Republic of Armenia: all the territories, churches and monasteries in Republic Armenia have appeared Albanian". He describes Mammadova's theories as "an improved version of what became a very rough tool in Azerbaijan".

[...]

In the world there are only two nations that have national identity, but have not statehood. They are Jews and Armenians. The difference is that Jews have created their state on their historical homeland, and Armenians have not created their state on their historical native land.

## Publications
* The History of Albanians by Moses Kalankaytuk as a source on the social organization of Caucasian Albania, Baku, 1977.
* Political history and historical geography of Caucasian Albania, Baku, 1986
* Le problem de l'ethnos alban-caucasien, "L'antropoloqie sovietique", Paris, 1990
* Christianity in Caucasian Albania 
* Caucasian Albania and the history of Albanians, Baku (in Russian), 2005

## References
German Workers' Party

The '''** or **German Workers' Party'* (*DAP'') was a political party in Germany just after World War I.   It did not last for very long, and became the National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party (, acronym *NSDAP*).

## Origins
Eight days before elections in Bavaria, the DAP was founded in Munich in the  *Café Gasteig* on 5 January 1919 by Anton Drexler and Michael Lotter. The DAP grew out of the 'Free Worker's Committee for a Good Peace' ()  which Drexler had also started.

Most of the DAP's first members were friends of Drexler's from the Munich rail depot. Drexler wanted a party that was nationalist and aimed at ordinary people.  Most other nationalist parties were middle class parties. The first membership was about forty people.

On 24 March 1919, Karl Harrer (a sports journalist and member of the Thule Society) joined the DAP to try to get more control over the DAP for the Thule Society.  There were still not many members, and meetings were often held in local pubs.

## Adolf Hitler joins the DAP
When Adolf Hitler was still a corporal in the German army, he was ordered to spy on the DAP during one of its meetings at the *Sterneckerbräu* on 12 September 1919.

Hitler was very good at making speeches, so  Anton Drexler asked him to join the party. Hitler thought about this, and then joined near the end of September 1919. There were no membership numbers or cards when Hitler joined the party. In January 1920 the DAP began to give membership cards and numbers.  They started at number 501 to make the party look bigger.  Hitler got number 555, but he was also committee member number 7.  Later Hitler said he  was party member number 7, to make it look like he was a founder member of the DAP.

## From DAP to NSDAP
The small number of party members were quick to believe in Hitler's ideas.

To try to make the party more popular the DAP changed its name on 24 February 1920 to the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The name was borrowed from a different Austrian party active at the time (Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei).  At first Hitler wanted the new name to be the 'Social Revolutionary Party'; but Rudolf Jung persuaded Hitler to use NSDAP.

## Membership 
Hitler was the 55th member of the party. Other well-known early members were:

*Karl Harrer
*Anton Drexler
*Gottfried Feder
*Dietrich Eckart
*Alfred Rosenberg
*Hans Frank

## References
Blue Mosque, Istanbul

, in Istanbul]]

The **Sultan Ahmed Mosque**, commonly called the **Blue Mosque**, is a mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It was built between 1609 and 1616, when Ahmed I ruled the Ottoman Empire. Like with many other mosques, the founder of the mosque is buried in it. His architect, Sedefkar Mehmet Agha, decorated it like a jeweler would. The word for gold in Turkish is  *altın*. Apparently this was misunderstood as *altı*, or six. So the mosque has six minarets.

## References
Cary, North Carolina

**Cary** is the second largest city in Wake County, North Carolina, United States.  At the 2020 census, Cary had a population of 174,721. As of 2007, Cary was the 8th fastest growing city in the United States.

## History 
Cary began in 1750 as a settlement called Bradford's Ordinary.  About 100 years later, the North Carolina Railroad was built between New Bern and Hillsborough and the railroad went through the settlement.  Allison Francis Page, a farmer and lumberman, and his wife, Catherine Raboteau Page bought 300&nbsp;acres (1.2&nbsp;km²) of land surrounding the railroad in 1854 and named it Cary.  Page made the first streets in Cary and built a sawmill, a store and a post office.  In 1868, he built a hotel for railroad passengers coming through Cary. Cary officially became a town on April 6, 1871, and Page became the first mayor.

## Education 
There are many schools in Cary.  The public schools are run by the Wake County Public School System.  There are also many private schools, both religious and non-religious.  Private schooling and home schooling are popular among many Cary residents.

## Transportation 
The Town of Cary operates a local bus system called GoCary. It was called C-Tran until 2016.  Cary also has an Amtrak station and is just a few miles away from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport.  Cary has bike trails. Some neighborhoods have sidewalks. 

## References
Löbau-Zittau

**Löbau-Zittau** () was a '** (district) in the east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. It was on the borders of Germany and Poland (to the east) and the Czech Republic (to the south).

## History 
The district was formed in 1994 by merging the two previous districts Löbau and Zittau. The district will change again in 2008, when the independent city (**') of Görlitz is merged with the district.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Apex, North Carolina

**Apex** is a town in the U.S. State of North Carolina.  It is part of Wake County.

## References
## Other websites
*ApexNC.com Community Website 
*Official town of Apex website
Shah Mosque

**Shah Mosque** (Persian: ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺷﺎﻩ , Masjed-e Shāh) is a mosque in Isfahan (Isfahan), Iran. It is on the south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square. It has been renamed to **Imam Mosque** after the Islamic Revolution.

Built during the Safavids period, it is an excellent example of the Islamic architecture of Iran. Many people see it as the masterpiece of Persian Architecture. The Imam Mosque of Isfahan is one of the everlasting masterpieces of architecture in Iran and all over the world. It is registered along with the Naghsh-i Jahan Square as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its construction began in 1611. Its splendor is mainly due to the beauty of its seven-color mosaic tiles and calligraphic inscriptions.

## Measurements 
The port of the mosque measures 27 meters high. There are two minarets 42 meters tall on top of it.
The Mosque it is surrounded with four iwans and arcades. All the walls are ornamented with seven-color mosaic tile. The most magnificent iwan of the mosque is the one facing the Qibla. It is 33 meters high. Behind it is a space which is roofed with the largest dome in the city at 52 meters height. The dome is double layered.

There are two seminaries at the southwest and southeast sections of the mosque.

## Architects 
The architects of the mosque are reported to be the following masters:

* Ustad Ali Akbar Isfahani
* Ustad Fereydun Naini
* Ustad Shoja' Isfahani

The mosque is one of the treasures featured on *Around the World in 80 Treasures* presented by the architecture historian Dan Cruickshank.

## Gallery

File:Shah Mosque at night.jpg|Shah Mosque at night
File:Imamsquare2.JPG|Front of the entrance archway
File:Shah Mosque, Isfahan 03.jpg|Inner courtyard
File:Shah Mosque, Isfahan 05.jpg|Interior decoration
File:Mezquita Shah, Isfahán, Irán, 2016-09-20, DD 71-73 HDR.jpg|Inside view of the dome
File:Shah Mosque (Isfahan).jpg|Interior view

## Related pages
* Sultan Ahmed Mosque

## References 
* *Mimaran-i Iran* by Zohreh Bozorg-nia. 2004. 

## Other websites 
* Google Maps Satellite view
Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis

The **Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis** () was the easternmost *Kreis* (district) of the Free State of Saxony and Germany. It ended in 2008.

The urban district Görlitz is in the east, at the boundary to Poland. In July 2008 Görlitz stopped being an independent city, and became part of the districts of Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis and Löbau-Zittau.

## History 
The district was not part of Saxony before World War II. It was a part of German Silesia. When most of Silesia was given to Poland after the war, the part of Silesia on the west bank of the Rive Neisse was made part of Saxony.

The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitz district was formed in 1994 by joining the previous districts Niesky and Weißwasser, and most part of the district Görlitz.

## Twin towns 
The district is twinned with
* , Neustadt (Waldnaab)
* , Schwandorf
* , Zarski
* , Semily

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## Other websites
* Official website  (German)
Kamenz (district)

**Kamenz** () was a  (rural district) in the north-east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city Hoyerswerda is completely surrounded by the district. There was a reorganisation of districts in Saxony in July 2008, and Hoyerswerda became a part of Landkreis Kamenz instead of having a separate government.

## History 
The district was formed in 1994 from the previous Kamenz district, the northern parts of the Dresden-Land district, around Radeberg, and the Hoyerswerda district, except the town of Hoyerswerda, which became a district-free city. From 1994 to 1996 it was called *Westlausitz - Dresdner Land*, but then renamed to *Kamenz* again.

## Partnerships 
Since December 14, 1990 the district has been a twin town of the district Alzey-Worms in Rhineland-Palatinate.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website  (German)
Emerald Isle, North Carolina

**Emerald Isle** is a small town on the coast of North Carolina, United States.  Emerald Isle is a beach town.  About 50,000 people come every summer.  Emerald Isle became a town in 1953.

## Other websites
* Official Emerald Isle, NC website

## References
Inductor

An **inductor** is an electrical device used in electrical circuits because it acts like inertia in the electrical circuit. Just like inertia opposes the change in state of motion, inductor opposes the change in electric current.

An inductor is usually made from a coil of conducting material, like copper wire, that is then wrapped around a core made from either air or a magnetic metal.  If you use a more magnetic material as the core, you can get the magnetic field around the inductor to be pushed in towards the inductor, giving it better inductance.  Small inductors can also be put onto integrated circuits using the same ways that are used to make transistors.  Aluminum is usually used as the conducting material in this case.

## How inductors work
While a capacitor reacts against changes in voltage, an inductor reacts against changes in current. The inductor affects the current like inertia.

In general, the relationship between the time-varying voltage *v*(*t*) across an inductor with inductance *L* and the time-varying current *i*(*t*) passing through it is described by the differential equation:

v(t) = L \frac{di}{dt}.

## How inductors are used
Inductors are used often in analog circuits. Two or more inductors that have coupled magnetic flux make a transformer. Transformers are used in every power grid around the world.

Inductors are also used in electrical transmission systems, where they are used to lower the amount of voltage an electrical device gives off or lower the fault current.
Because inductors are heavier than other electrical components, people have been using them in electrical equipment less often.

Electrical engineers like to reduce diagrams of electrical circuits, no matter how complicated, to an *equivalent circuit* consisting of a network of just *four* different types of component.  These four basic components are *emfs*, *resistors*, *capacitors*, and *inductors*.  An inductor is usually represented by a little solenoid in circuit diagrams. In practice, inductors generally consist of short air-cored solenoids wound from enameled copper wire.

## Related pages
*Magnetic charge
*Transformer
*Coil
*Resistor
*Capacitor
*Magnetic core
*Induction coil
*Induction loop

## References
## Other websites
* How stuff works How inductors work, made very simple.
Bautzen (district)

**Bautzen** () is a district in the Free State of Saxony in Germany.

The district was created in 1994 by joining the former districts of Bautzen and Bischofswerda. The independent city of Hoyerswerda and the former district Kamenz became part of the district in 2008

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Decaffeination

**Decaffeination** is a process which tries to remove most caffeine from things that contain it. Examples of plants that have caffeine in them are coffee beans, mate, tea leaves and cocoa. Soft drinks that do not have caffeine in them are sometimes called **decaffeinated**. While the caffeine is removed from some of them, it is simply not added to others, like Coca Cola. 

There are different processes to remove the caffeine.

Drinks that were produced from plants that had their caffeine removed are not free of caffeine; they still contain a little. It is simply not possible to remove all caffeine.
Luís de Camões

**Luís Vaz de Camões** (c. 1524 – June 10, 1580) was Portugal's greatest poet. He has been compared to Homer, Virgil, Dante, Cervantes or Shakespeare. He wrote lyrical poetry (in Portuguese and in Spanish) and drama but is best remembered for his epic work *Os Lusíadas*. (His philosophical work *The Parnasum of Luís Vaz* was lost, stolen with part of *Os Lusíadas* by envious enemies while he was staying at Mozambique.)

## Works 
* *Os Lusíadas*
:Is about the exploration of Portuguese people through Africa and the West Indies. It talks a lot about Vasco de Gama.
* *The Parnasum of Luís Vaz* (lost)

## Legacy 
Today, a museum dedicated to Camões can be found in Macau, the Museu Luís de Camões.

## Bibliography 
### English 
*A biography about Camões is *Life of Camões*, by John Adamson, published by Longman in 1820.
* *Luis de Camões: Epic and Lyric*, ed. Keith Bosley (1990)
* *Camoens: His Life and his Lusiads*, 1881
* The Place of Camoens in Literature / Nabuco, Joaquim., 1908
* Luis de Camões / Bell, Aubrey F. G., 1923
* Camoens, Central Figure of Portuguese Lit. / Goldberg, Isaac., 1924
* From Virgil to Milton / Bowra, C. M., 1945
* Camoens and the Epic of the Lusiads / Hart, Henry Hersch., 1962
* The Lusiads of Luiz de Camões / Bacon, Leonard., 1966
* The Presence of Camões / Monteiro, George., 1996
* The Lusiads / White, Landeg., 2002

## Notes 
## Related pages 
*Portuguese literature
## Other websites 
* 
* Luis Vaz de Camões - Catholic Encyclopedia article
* Fulgrosse's Blog about Luiz Vaz de Camões and his mysteries
Dresden Government Region

**Dresden** is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is found in the south-eastern part of the state.

Saxony is divided into urban (meaning in the city) and rural (meaning in the country) districts like all German states. The districts are grouped into government areas (regierungsbezirke) as well.

## Other websites 
* Official website
Gaustadt

**Gaustadt** is a district of Bamberg, Upper Franconia in Germany. In Gaustadt there is a brewery called Brauerei Kaiserdom (Brewery Kaiserdom). 

## History 
5,700 people live there. Since 1972, Gaustadt is not an own community.
Holly Springs, North Carolina

**Holly Springs** is a town in North Carolina, United States.  It is called the "Fastest growing town in the Carolinas" because so many people are moving there.  In 2020, there were 41,239 people in Holly Springs.

## References
Brauerei Kaiserdom

The **Brauerei Kaiserom** (English: **Brewery Kaiserdom**) is a brewery in Gaustadt, a quarter of Bamberg, Germany.

## History
The brewery was founded in 1718 by Georg Morg. Since 1910, it has been managed by family Wörner. In 1953, they brewed 0,6 million litres. The production today is about 20-30 million litres. It is the biggest brewery in Bamberg.

## Products
They are producing 6 different kinds of beer:

*Pilsener
*Weizenbeer bright
*Weizenbeer dark
*Kristallweizen (Crystal Weizen)
*Schwarzbier (Blackbeer)
*Alkoholfreies (Soft beer)

They also make some soft drinks.

## Other websites
*Homepage of the brewery in English
Super Tuesday

. **Blue** denotes Democratic-only caucuses (3), **Red** illustrates Republican-only contests (2), and **Purple** represents states holding elections for both parties (19).]]
In the United States, **Super Tuesday** commonly refers to the Tuesday in early February or March of a presidential election year when the greatest number of states hold primary elections to select delegates to national conventions. Each party's presidential candidates are officially nominated. 

More delegates can be won on Super Tuesday than on any other single day of the primary calendar, and accordingly, candidates seeking the presidency traditionally must do well on this day to secure their party's nomination. 

In 2008, Super Tuesday was February 5; 24 states held primaries or caucuses on this date, with 52 percent of all pledged Democratic Party delegates and 41 percent of the total Republican Party delegates at stake.
Freiberg (district)

**Freiberg** was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008.

## History 
The district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Freiberg, Brand-Erbisdorf and Flöha.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites 
* Official website  (German)
Freiberg

**Freiberg** can mean several places:
* Freiberg am Neckar, a town in Baden-Württemberg
* Freiberg, Saxony, a town in Saxony, the capital of Freiberg Rural District
* Freiberg Rural District, a rural district in Saxony

## Related pages
* Freiburg im Breisgau, a city in Baden-Württemberg
*Fribourg, a city in Switzerland
Dorfchemnitz

**Dorfchemnitz** is a municipality of the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany.

## References
## Other websites
Jodie Marsh

**Jodie Louise Marsh** (born 23 December 1978) is an English glamour model and television personality. She has appeared topless in many tabloid newspapers and has appeared on her own reality TV show, Totally Jodie Marsh.

After being in *Celebrity Big Brother*, Marsh was on several of the spin off shows including: ''Big Brother's Little Brother*, *Big Brother's Big Mouth* and *Big Brother's EForum*. In 2005, Marsh published her autobiography *Keeping It Real''. 

In December 2006, Marsh said she would marry Brentwood DJ David Doyle, after dating for 11 days. The relationship ended between late December and mid-January 2007.  Doyle said it was because of Marsh's constant drinking and poor personal hygiene. Marsh said Doyle had been unfaithful. In 2008, Marsh dated a female hairdresser. In July 2012 Marsh started dating Kirk Norcross.

In 2007 she started presenting her own reality TV show Get a Life on Living TV, but it was stopped after two episodes because not enough people watched it.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*
*
Trashware

**Trashware** is a computer system that was built using hardware from many other computers. Trashware computers will often use free software such as Linux operating system. These computers are mainly built for people who cannot normally afford a computer. Trashware is different from retrocomputing.

## Related pages
* Recycling

## Other websites
* Obsolete Computer Museum
Frankenstein, Saxony

**Frankenstein** is a former municipality in the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany.

About 1200 people live in the village.

Since 1 January 2012, it has been incorporated into the town of Oederan.

## Other websites
Yearbook

A **yearbook** is a book that shows the people and events at a school during the school year (usually a high school or college).

## Compilation
Yearbooks are generally put together by a student committee, which may or may not be advised by members of the faculty and staff. The committee usually has one or more editors who are responsible for collecting and putting together all of the information to be put into the book, also deciding the layout and giving of space for each contributor.

## Distribution
Often, yearbooks are distributed at the end of a school year to allow members to get the books and signatures/personal messages from classmates. In the US, those that distribute at this time may publish a supplemental insert with photographs from spring sports and milestone events (such as prom and graduation), as well as other important events. Many schools at which yearbooks are distributed at or before the end of a school year have a tradition of having students sign and leave notes on each others yearbooks.

Some schools distribute yearbooks before the end of the school year – such as during July, at Homecoming (US) in October or another designated time in order to include year-end activities. In some cases, yearbooks are mailed to the parents' homes of graduated seniors.
Black tea

**Black tea** is a kind of tea made from leaves of *Camellia sinensis*. Often, it is stronger in taste than other varieties of tea, like green tea or oolong. It also has more caffeine. In some parts of the world, like Iran, it is called *chai*, a description of the colour of the liquid. The Western term "red tea" comes from the color of the tea leaf. It has been traded a lot because it could be kept longer. It is generally the preferred form of tea in the West. All People Consumed tea in a daily life routine. Tea is the most-consumed thing in the world after water. One of the best tea is Black tea and Its benefits is very effective.

## Producing area and varieties
Unblended black teas are named after the region in which they are produced.

### India
One of the most famous countries producing black tea, exporting more than 12% of the world's tea. Darjeeling, Assam, and Nilgiri are known as representative producing areas.

;Darjeeling
:Darjeeling is grown in Darjeeling district on the foothills of the Himalayas in West Bengal, India. The fragrance is outstandingly good and is compared to the incense of flower or the fruit such as muscatel. It is regarded as the "Champagne of Teas".

*Assam
:Assam district is major producing area in the northeast of India. It has a sweet fragrance and full-bodied taste and suits milk or sugar. The colour of liquid is dark red.

*Nilgiri
:The Nilgiri region is hilly area in southern India. The liquid is clear red. It is suitable for tea with milk and particularly spice. Nilgiri has fresh and clear fragrance and clean but solid flavor.

### Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is next to India in the total production of black tea. The generic name for black tea which grown in Sri Lanka is Ceylon tea. 

*Uva
*Kandy
*Dimbula
*Nuwara Eliya
*Ruhuna

### China
Tea produced in China has characteristic that the taste is not so bitter. Straight tea is more popular than tea with milk or sugar in China.

*Keemun

## Blends
Black tea is often blended with other black tea or various other plants.

*English Breakfast
:One of the most popular blended tea for breakfast. It is blended to go well with milk or sugar. 

*Earl Grey
:The blended tea sprayed  bergamot oil which gives it the smell of a citrus fruit.

## Health
Black tea without milk or sugar contains no calories. Black tea also contains tannin and the caffeine. There is a connection between blood-cholesterol-lowering (BCL) and drinking black tea. According to a 2001 Boston University study, there is a relationship between a more drinking black tea and a decrease in a kind of cardiovascular disease.

## References
Tim Borowski

**Tim Borowski** (born 2 May 1980) is a German football manager and former player.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Borowski goal.''
*Bundesliga: 2003–04
*DFB-Pokal: 2003–04; runner-up: 2009–10
*DFB-Ligapokal: 2006; runner-up: 2004

**Germany**
*UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008
*FIFA World Cup third place: 2006
*FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005

## References
Marcell Jansen

**Marcell Jansen** (born November 4, 1985 in Mönchengladbach) is a German football player. He plays for the Hamburg and for the Germany national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Jansen goal.''

|+ List of international goals scored by Marcell Jansen
|-
|style="text-align:center"|1||2 June 2007||Frankenstadion, Nuremberg, Germany||||style="text-align:center"|2–0||style="text-align:center"|6–0||Euro 2008 Q
|-
|style="text-align:center"|2|| 28 March 2009||Zentralstadion, Leipzig, Germany||||style="text-align:center"|2–0||style="text-align:center"|4–0||2010 WCQ
|-
|style="text-align:center"|3|| 10 July 2010||Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Port Elizabeth, South Africa||||style="text-align:center"|2–2||style="text-align:center"|3–2||2010 FIFA World Cup
|}

## Honours
**Bayern Munich**
* Bundesliga: 2007–08
* DFB-Pokal: 2007–08
* DFL-Ligapokal: 2007

**Germany**
* FIFA World Cup third place: 2006, 2010
* UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008

## References
Oliver Neuville

**Oliver Neuville** (born 1 May 1973) is a former German football player. He played 69 matches and scored 10 goals for the German national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Neuville goal.''

## Honours
**Servette**
*Swiss League: 1993–94

**Bayer Leverkusen**
*UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2001–02
*DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2001–02

**Borussia Mönchengladbach**
*2. Bundesliga: 2007–08

**Germany**
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002; Third place 2006
*UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008
*FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005

## References
Arne Friedrich

**Arne Friedrich** (born May 29, 1979) is a former German football player.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International 
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Friedrich goal.''

## Honours 
**Hertha BSC**
* DFB-Ligapokal: 2002
* UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2006

**Germany**
*UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008
*FIFA World Cup third place: 2006, 2010
*FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005

## References
Cleveland (disambiguation)

**Cleveland** is the name of a number of places around the world, and also some people.

## Places
The two biggest Clevelands are:

***Cleveland, Ohio**
***Cleveland, England**

### Australia
*Cleveland, Queensland
**Electoral district of Cleveland
*Cleveland Bay, Townsville, Queensland
*Cleveland, Tasmania

### Canada
*Cleveland, Quebec

### United Kingdom
*Cleveland, England, an area and former county in the north east of England.
**Redcar & Cleveland, a unitary authority which covers some of the former county.
**Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency) (1885-1974)
**Cleveland and Whitby (UK Parliament constituency) (1974-1983)
**Cleveland (European Parliament constituency) (1979-1984)
**Cleveland and Yorkshire North (European Parliament constituency) (1984-1994)
**Cleveland and Richmond (European Parliament constituency) (1994-1999)

### United States
*Cleveland, Ohio, the best known and largest city named *Cleveland*
*Cleveland, Alabama
*Cleveland, Florida
*Cleveland, Georgia
*Cleveland, Illinois
*Cleveland, Minnesota, a small city in Le Sueur County
*Cleveland, Minneapolis, Minnesota, a neighborhood
*Cleveland, Mississippi
*Cleveland, Missouri
*Cleveland, New York
*Cleveland, North Carolina
*Cleveland, North Dakota
*Cleveland, Oklahoma
*Cleveland, Tennessee
*Cleveland, Texas
*Cleveland, Utah
*Cleveland, Virginia
*Cleveland, Washington
*Cleveland, Wisconsin:
**Cleveland, Chippewa County, Wisconsin
**Cleveland, Jackson County, Wisconsin
**Cleveland, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin
**Cleveland, Marathon County, Wisconsin
**Cleveland, Taylor County, Wisconsin
*Cleveland County, Arkansas
*Cleveland County, North Carolina
*Cleveland County, Oklahoma
*Cleveland National Forest, California
*There are also several Cleveland Townships

## People
*Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, 1885–1889 and 1893–1897
*Benjamin Cleveland, American Revolutionary War patriot
*Carol Cleveland, comedic foil for Monty Python
*Rose Cleveland, sister of Grover Cleveland, and 27th First Lady of the United States
*Frances Folsom Cleveland, wife of Grover Cleveland, and 28th First Lady of the United States
*Esther Cleveland, daughter of Grover and Frances Cleveland
*Ruth Cleveland, daughter of Grover and Frances Cleveland
*Grover Cleveland Alexander, Hall of Fame baseball player
*James Cleveland, a gospel singer, arranger, composer
*Cleveland Amory, animal rights activist and author
Mike Hanke

**Mike Hanke** (born November 5, 1983) is a German former football player. In the Germany national team, he made 12 matches and 1 goal.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Schalke||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||1||0
|-
|2002/03||9||0
|-
|2003/04||23||2
|-
|2004/05||25||5
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Wolfsburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||31||8
|-
|2006/07||22||8
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Hannover||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||31||10
|-
|2008/09||25||4
|-
|2009/10||||
167||37
167||37
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2005||6||1
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||11||1
|}

## References
Gerald Asamoah

**Gerald Asamoah** (born October 5, 1978) is a former German football player. He played 43 matches for the German national team and scored 6 goals.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Asamoah goal''.

## Honours
**Schalke 04**
* DFB-Pokal: 2000–01, 2001–02
* DFL-Ligapokal: 2005
* UEFA Intertoto Cup 2003, 2004

**Greuther Fürth**
* 2. Bundesliga: 2011–12

**Germany**
* FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002; third place: 2006
* FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005

## References
Clemens Fritz

**Clemens Fritz** (born 7 December 1980) is a German football player. He plays for Werder Bremen.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1998/99||Leipzig||Regionalliga||6||0||||||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Rot-Weiß Erfurt||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||25||4||||||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|2000/01||32||10||||||colspan="2"|-||32||10
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Karlsruhe||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||31||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||5
|-
|2002/03||30||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||14||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|-
|2004/05||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2005/06||29||1||1||0||2||0||32||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||32||1||0||0||12||1||44||2
|-
|2007/08||23||1||0||0||8||0||31||1
|-
|2008/09||24||0||5||0||5||0||34||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||8||2
|-
|2008||11||0
|-
!Total||22||2
|}

## References
Simon Rolfes

**Simon Rolfes** (born 21 January 1982) is a German professional football official and a former player who played as a defensive midfielder. He is the managing director of sport for Bayer Leverkusen.

## Career statistics
### Club
*1.Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup/Europa League.

### International
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Rolfes goal.''

## References
Paul Freier

**Paul Freier** (born 26 July 1979) is a German football player. He plays for Bochum. In the Germany national team he played 19 matches and scored 1 goal.

## Club career statistics
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Bochum||2. Bundesliga||6||0
|-
|2000/01||Bundesliga||22||1
|-
|2001/02||2. Bundesliga||30||7
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||32||7
|-
|2003/04||27||1
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||6
|-
|2005/06||29||6
|-
|2006/07||31||3
|-
|2007/08||19||2
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Bochum||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||28||1
|-
|2009/10||||
257||34
257||34
|}

## International career statistics
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||8||1
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
!Total||19||1
|}

## References
Riesa-Großenhain

**Riesa-Großenhain** was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Riesa and Großenhain. It ended in 2008.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## Other websites 
* Official website (German)
Mario Gómez

**Mario Gómez García** (; born 10 July 1985) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker.

## Career statistics 
### Club 
### International 
:Source:

:*Germany score listed first; score column indicates score after each Gómez goal.*

## Honours 
**VfB Stuttgart**

* Bundesliga: 2006–07

**Bayern Munich**

* Bundesliga: 2009–10, 2012–13

**Germany**

* UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008; third place: 2012
* FIFA World Cup third place: 2010

**Individual**

* Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: 2010
* German Footballer of the Year: 2007
* UEFA European Championship top scorer: 2012
* Bundesliga top scorer: 2011
* DFB-Pokal top scorer: 2008, 2013
* Coppa Italia top scorer: 2015
* Süper Lig top scorer: 2016
*Süper Lig Team of the Season: 2015–16
* *kicker* Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12

## References
Jan Schlaudraff

**Jan Schlaudraff** (born 18 July 1983) is a former German football player. He is the managing director of sports for the Austrian club SKN St. Pölten.

## Career statistics 
### Club career 
### Coaching record 
## Honours 
**Bayern Munich**
* Bundesliga: 2007–08
* DFB-Pokal: 2007–08
* DFL-Ligapokal: 2007

## References
House of Valois

The **House of Valois** was a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty that ruled France in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance from 1328 to 1529. The kings of the House of Valois were descended 
from Charles of Valois who was the third son of Philip III of France. They claimed the Salic law put them ahead of Edward III of England to rule France. Edward III of England thought he had gotten the right to the French crown through his mother. The two countries fought the Hundred Years' War because of that disagreement. The house younger branch of Valois-Angolême was the last surviving agnatic Valois branch, and it dured to 1653 by a illegimate branch descendent of Charles IX of France and until 1589 by the legitimate branch.
Uetersen

**Uetersen** () is a small city in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is about  south of Elmshorn, and  northwest of Hamburg. Uetersen is home to the Rosarium Uetersen, the oldest and largest rose garden in Northern Germany, created in 1929.

Mathias Rust took off from Uetersen for his historic flight in 1987.

## People 
* Arthur Drews
* Franz Kruckenberg
* Detlef Lienau

## References
## Other websites
Agostino Carracci

**Agostino Carracci** (sometimes also spelled **Agostino Caracci**, 16 August 1557 – 22 March 1602) was an Italian painter and printmaker.  His brother Annibale and cousin Lodovico Carracci were more famous than he was. 

He thought nature was an ideal. He founded a school that was competing with that of Caravaggio. Together with his brothers, he founded the Accademia degli Incamminati. The academy helped painters of the School of Bologna to become famous.

## Related pages
* List of Italian painters

## Other websites
*Catholic Encyclopedia: Carracci
Alizée

**Alizée Lyonnet** ( **Jacotey**; born 21 August 1984 in Ajaccio, Corsica) is a French pop singer. Her stage name is Alizée — which is the feminine form of *alizé* and means "trade wind". Alizée was found by Mylène Farmer, after Alizée's performance in the talent show, *Graines de Star*, in 1999. While working with Mylène Farmer and Laurent Boutonnat, Alizée put out two albums. Both of which were hits both inside and outside of France. After the first two albums she broke up with Mylène and Laurent. She has released three more albums. On 6 November 2003 she married Jérémy Chatelain. In 2012 they divorced.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Alizée's official website 
* Alizée Art - News, photos & more
* Alizée-Forum - Place to meet the fans
Vogtlandkreis Rural District

The **Vogtlandkreis** is a *Landkreis* (rural district) in the southwest of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic. Plauen is the capital of the district.

## Famous people 
The first German cosmonaut, Sigmund Jähn was born in the Vogtland. His hometown, the small village *Morgenröthe-Rautenkranz* in the south-west of the district houses a small space exhibition.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German, Czech)
Zwickauer Land Rural District

**Zwickauer Land** was a Landkreis (rural district) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city of Zwickau is in the middle of the district. It is nearly completely surrounded by the district. In July 2008, the city lost its right to administer itself, and become a city under the control of the district government.

The rural district was created on 1 August 1994. Its capital is Werdau. On January 1, 1999, the district was reorganised. Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig were made a part of to Zwickau even though the people living in those towns wanted to stay independent.
## Geography 
The district is located in the Ore Mountains (*Erzgebirge*), with the main rivers being the *Zwickauer Mulde* and the *Pleiße*.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## Other websites
* Official website (German, English)
Meißen (district)

**Meißen** is a district (*Kreis*) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website (German)
* Inofficial website (German)
Sächsische Schweiz

**Sächsische Schweiz** might refer to:

*Sächsische Schweiz (district), a former district in Saxony
*Sächsische Schweiz (tourism)
*Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, a district in Saxony
Sächsische Schweiz (district)

The **Sächsische Schweiz** (*Saxon Switzerland*) was a rural district (*Landkreis*) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

It borders the Czech Republic. Vehicles registered in the district have PIR, for the city of Pirna. This is because the districts own abbreviation would be *SS*, and this is not used because it is the same as the Nazi SS, the *Schutzstaffel*

## History 
The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Sebnitz and Pirna were merged.

## Geography 
The district is named after the landscape - the *Saxon Switzerland* - as it is the most mountainous region of Saxony.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## Related pages
* Saxon Switzerland

## Other websites
* Official website  (German)
* Regional website (German)
* Tourism website (German)
* Official tourism portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland  (English)
* Tourism portal (German)
Saxon Switzerland

**Sächsische Schweiz** means *Saxon Switzerland* in English. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic.

Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers.

The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District.

## History 
Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses.

The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen.

## Rock Climbing 
Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide.

## Other websites 
* Saxony Switzerland (en)
* Sächsische Schweiz (in German)
* Official portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland  (in English)
* Saxon Switzerland