open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mince pie

]]

A **mince pie**, also known as 'minced pie', is a small British fruit-based mince sweet pie. It is usually served during the Christmas season.  Originally it was a savoury pie, now it is a sweet pie.

Its ingredients are traceable to the 13th century, when returning European crusaders brought with them Middle Eastern recipes containing meats, fruits and spices.

The early mince pie was known by several names, including mutton pie, shrid pie and Christmas pie. Typically its ingredients were a mixture of minced meat, suet, a range of fruits, and spices.

The ingredients for the modern mince pie can be traced to the return of European crusaders from the Holy Land. Middle Eastern methods of cooking, which sometimes combined meats, fruits and spices, were popular at the time. Pies were created from such mixtures of sweet and savoury foods; in Tudor England, shrid pies (as they were known then) were formed from shredded meat, suet and dried fruit. The addition of spices such as cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg was "in token of the offerings of the Eastern Magi".

Early pies were much larger than those of today, In old English cookery books the crust of a pie is generally called 'the coffin'.

## References
Eleanor Parker

**Eleanor Jean Parker** (June 26, 1922 – December 9, 2013) was an American actress. She was known for her roles in *Between Two Worlds*, *Hollywood Canteen*, *Pride of the Marines*, *Never Say Goodbye*, *The Sound of Music*, *The Seventh Sin*, and in *Return to Peyton Place*. She was nominated for an Academy Award.

Parker died on December 9, 2013 of complications of pneumonia at her Palm Springs, California home. She was 91.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* 
* Eleanor Parker photographs and literature
* Eleanor Parker  at *GlamourGirlsoftheSilverScreen.com*
Kuniko Inoguchi

**Kuniko Inoguchi** (born May 3, 1952) is a Japanese politician. She belongs to the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). On 31 October 2005, she was appointed Minister of State for Gender equality and Social Affairs.

She received an Master of Arts from Yale University in 1977. She also received a Ph.D. in political science from Yale in 1982.

## References
Steve Lawrence

**Steve Lawrence** (born **Sidney Liebowitz**; July 8, 1935 &ndash; March 7, 2024) was an American singer, musician, and actor. He was best known as a member of a duo with his wife Eydie Gormé, known as "Steve and Eydie." The two appeared together since appearing regularly on *Tonight Starring Steve Allen* in the mid-1950s until Gormé's retirement. He was raised of a Jewish faith.

In June 2019, Lawrence was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died on March 7, 2024 in Los Angeles, California from problems caused by the disease at the age of 88.

## References
## Other websites
*
*
*Radio interview with Steve Lawrence "Big Band Files w/Doug Miles" WSLR 
*http://www.45cat.com/artist/steve-lawrence/all Steve Lawrence 45rpm catalogue
Claire Martin

**Claire Martin** (April 18, 1914 &ndash; June 18, 2014) was a Canadian writer. "Claire Martin" was her pseudonym. Her real name was **Claire Montreuil**.
## Life
Martin was born in Quebec City, Quebec. She studied at the Ursuline convent and by the Dames de la Congrégation. From 1945 to 1972, she lived in Ottawa and was a writer she created a book called The Race Of The Golden Apples.
Her residence at the University of Ottawa. From 1972 to 1982, she lived in France, before returning to Quebec.

Martin died in Quebec City, aged 100.

## References
## Other websites
* Claire Martin  at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Douglas Slocombe

**Douglas Slocombe** OBE, BSC, ASC (10 February 1913 &ndash; 22 February 2016) was a British cinematographer. He had a long career in the British movie industry. His 84 feature movies span over 47 years. They include everything from early comedies in the late 1940s, and early 1950s, to the first three *Indiana Jones* movies in the 1980s.

Slocombe died at the age of 103 in a London hospital from complications from a fall on 22 February 2016.

## References
## Other websites
* Douglas Slocombe at the Internet Encyclopedia of Cinematographers 
* 
* A BAFTA Tribute to Douglas Slocombe 
* The British Society of Cinematographers: *Douglas Slocombe - Behind the Camera* - 12 minute BBC documentary from 1999
Jan Ekier

**Jan Stanisław Ekier** (August 29, 1913 – August 15, 2014) was a Polish pianist and composer. He is known for his authoritative edition of Chopin's music for the Polish National Edition.

He was born in Kraków, Poland. He turned 100 in August 2013. His first wife was the Polish actress Danuta Szaflarska. Ekier died in Warsaw, a fortnight short of his 101st birthday.

## References
Green Climate Fund

The **Green Climate Fund** (GCF) is an international fund for fighting climate change. It is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It was proposed at the Cancun Conference in Mexico in 2010. It was accepted at the Durban Conference in South Africa in December 2011. The fund's goal is to help developing countries fight climate change by providing them with the money they need to do so. Money may be granted for projects, programs, policies and activities that will help fight climate change or help those countries adapt to global warming.

GCF operates in Songdo, Incheon, South Korea. The Green Climate Fund headquarters were officially opened on 4 December 2013.

The fund is governed by a board of directors. The Board has 24 members. There is an equal number of members from developing and developed countries. Two Co-Chairs of the Board are elected by the Board members. One is a member from a developed country and the other is a member from a developing country. Currently, the Co-Chairs of the Board are Mr. Manfred Konukiewitz (Germany) and Mr. Jose Maria Clemente Sarte Salceda (The Philippines).
  
Observers have noted that the GCF still has many challenges to work through. These challenges include the way the fund works, what its functions and goals are, how it is governed, and how it will do its job. These must be decided either by the GCF Board or by the countries that are party to the UNFCCC.
Boris Pahor

**Boris Pahor** (26 August 1913 &ndash; 30 May 2022) was a Slovenian-Italian writer. He was known for his Holocaust experience described in the novel *Necropolis* the novel has been translated twice into English. His first book was under the title *Pilgrim Among the Shadows* in 1995, and the second time under the title *Necropolis* in 2010.

Pahor died at his home in Trieste, Italy on 30 May 2022 at the age of 108.

## References
## Other websites
*Writer Boris Pahor Receives Top French Honour (Slovenian Government page)  
*Boris Pahor on Natzweiler-Struthof
Herb Jeffries

**Herb Jeffries** (born **Umberto Alexander Valentino**; September 24, 1913 – May 25, 2014) was an American jazz and popular singer and actor.

## References
## Other websites
* Herb Jeffries at Jazz Standards 
* 
* Herb Jeffries on B Western Stars
Main course

dinner. The steak is the main course here.]]
The **main course** is food that is served as the main dish in a multi-course meal. It is often served after the entrée. In the United States, the main course may be called the "entrée".

The main course is usually the biggest dish on a menu. The main ingredient is often meat or fish. It most often follows an appetizer, soup, or salad, and is often followed by a dessert.

## References
## Other websites
*Wikibooks Cookbook
Paul Freeman

**Paul Freeman** (born 18 January 1943) is an English movie, stage, voice, and television actor. He is best known for his role as rival archeologist René Belloq in *Raiders of the Lost Ark* and as the evil wine baron, Gustav Reibmann on season 4 of *Falcon Crest*. He also appeared in *Hot Fuzz*. 

## References
## Other websites
*
Titanfall

***Titanfall*** is a first-person shooter video game that was developed by Respawn Entertainment and published by Electronic Arts.

It had a sequel called Titanfall 2

The game was released on March 11, 2014 in North America,

The game won over 60 awards at its E3 2013 reveal and six E3 Critics Awards: *Best in Show*, *Best Original Game*, *Best Console Game*, *Best PC Game*, *Best Action Game*, and *Best Online Multiplayer* which broke a record. The game was named *Best in Show* from IGN, Destructoid, Game Informer, and Electronic Gaming Monthly. It also won *Best Next Generation Console Game* and *Best Xbox Game* at Gamescom 2013 as well as a Future Award at the 2013 Tokyo Game Show. At VGX 2013, it won *Most Anticipated Game*.	

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Hop Is Back

"**Hop Is Back**" is a song by the rap musician Hopsin. It is from his album *Knock Madness*. In the song, he insults Kendrick Lamar and Kanye West.
Myeong-dong

**Myeong-dong** (, literally means 'bright town') is an area in Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It is mostly a commercial area, being one of the main shopping and tourism districts in Seoul.  

Actually, Myeong-dong is not an original name and it was not known as a commercial area at first. During the Joseon Dynasty era, it was mostly a residential district called Myeongryebang (). Later on, under the Japanese colonization, the name was changed to Myeongchijeong (). It started to be more like a commercial district during that colonial period. Finally it was changed to the current name, Myeong-dong in 1946, after independence. 

## Shopping
In Myeong-dong, there are several large department stores and shopping malls such as Lotte (), Shinsegae (), Migliore and Noon square. Also, the main streets are lined with lots of clothing shops, cosmetics stores, and international retailers. 

This area has become more and more international. The survey targeted 12,000 tourists departing Korea, and 55.3% answered that their major tourist destination was Myeong-dong, and it is one of the most popular shopping spots. Favorite items are Korean cosmetics such as Missha and Nature Republic, and there are most of Korean cosmetics brand stores on the main street of Myeong-dong. Therefore, it is necessary for those stores to hire bilingual staffs fluent in English, Japanese, or Chinese, and it attracts more and more foreign shoppers.

## Transportation
There are two Seoul Subway stations near the district; Station #202, Euljiro 1-ga on Line 2 on the north end of the area, Station #424, Myeong-dong on Line 4 on the south end of the area.

## Other websites
*Visit Korea; Myeong-dong 
*Myeongdong, Seoul's no.1 shopping district
Beşbarmaq

**Beşbarmaq** (; Uzbek: norin, нарын) is the national dish of Kyrgyzstan, Bashkortostan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.  It is also the main course on feasts in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. It is made from meat, with chopped noodles and onion sauce.

## sources 
*https://www.ratgeber-rezepte.de/rezept-beshbarmak.shtml

## References
Chuncheon

**Chuncheon** is the capital city of Gangwon Province in South Korea. The city is in a small flat area surrounded by mountains. The Soyang River is around the city. It is the water source of the Han River. Because of this river, Chuncheon has lots of foggy days. Chuncheon is a popular tourist attraction among Korean and East Asian tourist thanks to the popular Korean drama *Winter Sonata*. 

## Tourism 
Gang chon is a popular tourist attraction especially for university students in Korea because it is near Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. It has good accommodation and entertainment facilities.

Chungpyeongsa is a temple which was built in Goryeo Dynasty. Because it is located in a beautiful mountain, many people go there to enjoy the beautiful scenery and valleys with their family.

Namiseom is a popular tourist island which became famous as a filming location of *Winter Sonata*. It has a beautiful forest trail so that many couples and family who visit Chuncheon stop by there a lot. People can rent bikes or ride a short rail to look around the island.

## Food 
The city has several famous foods. One of them is 'dak galbi'. 'Dak galbi' is a stir-fried chicken with sliced cabbage, sweet potatoes, rice cakes, sesame leaves and picy 'go chujang' sauce. It is usually cooked on a big iron pan on the center of the table. There is even a 'dak galbi' street which has many famous 'dak galbi' restaurants in the downtown of the city. Another famous food is 'makguksu.' 'Makguksu' is thin buckwheat noodles served in a cold beef broth with sesame seeds, sliced beef, cucumber, and spicy sauce.

## Transportation 
Chuncheon has a train transportation named Gyeonchun Line. With this track, it takes about one hour and twenty minutes from Chuncheon station to Yongsan station in Seoul. Also, it has subway transportation to Seoul. It takes about one hour and forty minutes from Chuncheon station to Sangbong station in Seoul. People can take either train or subway in Chuncheon station and Namchuncheon station. It has bus transportation too. Near Namchuncheon station, there is Chuncheon Bus Terminal. This connects to all major cities in mainland Korea.
Championship

In sport, a **championship** is a competition to determine which individual or team is the . Different forms of competition can be called a championship. It is usually the final competition in a tournament (a series of competitions). For example, the FIFA World Cup is a tournament held every four years. The winner of the final competition of each tournament becomes that tournament's champion. In a league system, the championship is the final competition of a regular season. In some league systems, a series of playoffs is used to determine the champion of a season. There is one champion for each season. In combat sports, such as wrestling and boxing, a competitor must challenge the current champion to win the championship.
Colleges and universities in Oregon

This is a list of colleges and universities in Oregon:

## Public
* Blue Mountain Community College
* Central Oregon Community College
* Chemeketa Community College
* Clackamas Community College
* Clatsop Community College
* Columbia Gorge Community College
* Eastern Oregon University
* Klamath Community College
* Lane Community College
* Linn-Benton Community College
* Mount Hood Community College
* Oregon Coast Community College
* Oregon Health and Science University
* Oregon Institute of Technology
* Oregon State University
* Portland Community College
* Portland State University
* Rogue Community College
* Southern Oregon University
* Southwestern Oregon Community College
* Tillamook Bay Community College
* Treasure Valley Community College
* Umpqua Community College
* University of Oregon
* Western Oregon University

## Private
* American College of Healthcare Sciences
* The Art Institute of Portland
* Birthingway College of Midwifery
* Concordia University
* Corban University
* DeVry University
* George Fox University
* Gutenberg College
* ITT Technical Institute
* Lewis & Clark College
* Linfield College
* Marylhurst University
* Mount Angel Seminary
* Multnomah University
* National College of Natural Medicine
* New Hope Christian College
* Northwest Christian University
* Oregon College of Oriental Medicine
* Pacific Northwest College of Art
* Pacific University
* Pioneer Pacific College
* Reed College
* University of Portland
* University of Phoenix
* University of Western States
* Warner Pacific College
* Western Seminary
* Willamette University

## References
*
Richard S. Williamson

**Richard Salisbury Williamson** (May 9, 1949 – December 8, 2013) was an American lawyer, diplomat and pedagogue. He previously served as Special Envoy to Sudan under George W. Bush. Williamson was a partner at Winston & Strawn and was also *Thomas J. Sharkey Distinguished Visiting Scholar* at Seton Hall's Whitehead School of Diplomacy.

Williamson died of a cerebral hemorrhage at a Chicago hospital on December 8, 2013, aged 64.

## References
Atlas Computer (Manchester)

The **Atlas Computer** was a computer installed in Manchester University in 1962 that was very important in the development of computing. The Atlas computer was one of the worlds first supercomputers and possibly the most powerful computer in the world at its time.

## References
Battle of Ortona

The **Battle of Ortona** was a small, very violent battle fought between German and Canadian troops. It was fought on December 20–28, 1943. It was part of World War II.

The battalion of German paratroops were from the German 1st Parachute Division under *Generalleutnant* Richard Heidrich. The Canadian forces were from the 1st Canadian Infantry Division under Major General Chris Vokes.

It was part of the fighting on the Adriatic area in Italy. The battle has been called "Little Stalingrad" because of the violent, close fighting. The battle took place in the Adriatic Sea town of Ortona, with a population of 10,000.

## Background
The Eighth Army's attack on the Winter Line defences started on 23 November. By the end of the month, Allied troops broke through the Gustav Line defences.  The Allied troops were fighting towards the Moro river, near Ortona.

Ortona was one of Italy's few deep water ports on the east coast. The Allies wanted to capture the port. The Germans had constructed a series of defensive positions in the town.

## The battle
The Canadians had to battle the  German 1st Parachute Division. These soldiers were experienced after many years of war. Adolf Hitler ordered them to defend Ortona.

The Canadian attack on the town was on December 20. The Germans had hidden machine guns and anti-tank guns in the town. This made it hard for Canadian tanks and infantry to move. The fighting was very violent. The soldiers fought for every house.

After six days fighting, 2nd Brigade's third battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, joined the battle. Tanks from 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade also joined the battle.

On 28 December, after eight days of fighting, the Germans withdrew from the town. The Canadians had 1,375 dead.

## Notes
## References
## Bibliography
*
*
Abdul Quader Molla

**Abdul Quader Molla** (; 14 August 1948 – 12 December 2013) was a politician in Bangladesh. He was convicted of war crimes committed during the 1971 liberation war of Bangladesh. He was scheduled to be executed by hanging on 11 December 2013 at 0:01. Later, the execution was postponed until 10:30 of the day.

He is the former executive editor of *The Daily Sangram*. He stood twice unsuccessfully for parliament in 1986 and 1996. He was contesting the seat Faridpur-4 for Jamaat-e-Islami.

Molla was executed on 12 December 2013.

## References
Progressive conservatism

**Progressive conservatism ** is an ideology that tries to unite conservative and progressive ideas. To deal with poverty, the ideology supports the idea of a social safety net. It also supports a limited redistribution of wealth. The people supporting progressive conservatism want to allow the  government to regulate markets in the interests of both consumers and producers. Progressive conservatism first arose as a distinct ideology in the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's "One Nation" Toryism.

In the UK, the Prime Ministers Disraeli, Stanley Baldwin, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan, and David Cameron have been described as progressive conservatives. The Catholic Church's *Rerum Novarum* (1891) advocates a progressive conservative doctrine known as social Catholicism.

In the United States, Theodore Roosevelt has been the main figure identified with progressive conservatism as a political tradition.  Roosevelt stated that he had "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand".  Some people considered the administration of President William Howard Taft to be progressive conservative. Taft described himself as "a believer in progressive conservatism". President Dwight D. Eisenhower declared himself an advocate of "progressive conservatism". In Germany, Chancellor Leo von Caprivi promoted a progressive conservative agenda called the "New Course". In Canada, a variety of conservative governments have been progressive conservative, with Canada's major conservative movement being officially named the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1942 to 2003. In Canada, the Prime Ministers Arthur Meighen, R.B. Bennett, John Diefenbaker, Joe Clark, Brian Mulroney, and Kim Campbell led progressive conservative federal governments.

## References
Vernon Shaw

**Vernon Lorden Shaw** (May 13, 1930 – December 2, 2013) was the 5th President of Dominica. He took office on October 6, 1998, following the expiration of President Crispin Sorhaindo's single five-year term. Shaw left office on October 1, 2003, and was succeeded by Nicholas Liverpool. He died on December 2, 2013 from a heart attack, aged 83.

## References
WaveBird Wireless Controller

The **WaveBird Wireless Controller** is a wireless game controller for the Nintendo GameCube video game console. It uses radio frequency signals to communicate with the controller. It is powered by standard AA batteries. It was released in 2002. Its name is a reference to Dolphin, which is what the GameCube was named during development.

The WaveBird controller has the same design as the normal GameCube controllers. It is a little bigger and heavier than the normal GameCube controllers. It has a dial for selecting the channel a person wants the controller on, an on/off switch, and an orange LED light which is used to show that the controller is turned on. The WaveBird does not have the rumble feature that the normal GameCube controller has, as that would make the battery last for a shorter amount of time.

Like the normal GameCube controller, the WaveBird can be used with the Wii. It can be used for GameCube and Virtual Console titles, as well as with some Wii games and WiiWare titles. The WaveBird became more popular after the Wii's release because of how it can control those games wirelessly.

## References
Kees Brusse

**Kees Brusse** (6 February 1925 &ndash; 9 December 2013) was a Dutch actor and movie director. He appeared in 47 movie and television shows since 1936. He starred in the 1975 movie *Dokter Pulder zaait papavers*. It was entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Kees Brusse at Virtual History
Don Lund

**Donald Andrew Lund** (May 18, 1923 &ndash; December 10, 2013) was a backup outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1945, 1947, 1948[*start*]), St. Louis Browns (1948[*end*]) and Detroit Tigers (1949–1954). He batted and threw right-handed.

He died on December 10, 2013 at the age of 90 in Ann Arbor, Michigan at his home from natural causes.

## Other websites
*Baseball Library Entry for Don Lund 
*Vintage Card Traders 1954 Series Don Lund Card
Rossana Podestà

**Rossana Podestà** (20 June 1934 – 10 December 2013) was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in *Ulysses* and *Helen of Troy*.

She was born in Tripoli, in the Italian colony of Libya on 20 June 1934. She was married to Walter Bonatti until his death in 2011. Podestà died from brain cancer in Rome, Italy, aged 79.

## Some movies
* 1950: *Strano appuntamento*
* 1951: *Domani è un altro giorno*
* 1951: *The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue*
* 1952: *Il moschettiere fantasma*
* 1955: *Ulysses*
* 1958: *Helen of Troy*
* 1964: *Le ore nude*
* 1974: *The Sensual Man*
* 1985: *Segreti, segreti*

## References
## Other websites
*
Lino Grech

**Lino Grech** (1930 – 1 December 2013) was a Maltese actor, writer, activist and director. He was known for his roles in *Final Justice* (1985), *Black Eagle* (1988) and *A Fine Romance* (1989).

## Personal life
Grech was born in Sliema. Lino Grech died on the night of 1 December 2013, aged 83, at the Mater Dei Hospital in Msida from prostate cancer. He is survived by his wife and his two children. His funeral took place on 4 December. His remains were cremated.

## Career
His career began in 1975 with stage work. He translated works done by Arthur Miller and by Lope de Vega.

Grech was noted for his role on the television drama ''F'Bahar Wiehed* (1970s). It was the first Maltese-language television series, which broadcast on TVM. Greech also directed and wrote stage works. Grech wanted to strengthen the theatrical and television works in Malta. 

In the 1990s, he wrote episodes for television shows such as *Hypocrites*, *Simpatiċi*, *The Family Grech*, and *Now We See''.

Besides acting, Grech was a labor union activist. He led one of the longest strikes on workers' rights in Maltese history.

## References
## Other websites
*
Brian Hitchen

**Brian Hitchen**, CBE (8 July 1936 &ndash; 2 December 2013) was a British newspaper editor. Late in his career, he worked as a publisher. An incident with a car while crossing the road near Alicante, in Spain, led to his wife being killed instantly, while Hitchen himself died from his injuries a few hours later.
## References
Gal Gadot

**Gal Greenstein** ( ; ; born 30 April 1985) is an Israeli actress and model. Gadot won Miss Israel 2004, before serving in the Israel Defence Forces. She played Gisele Yashar in the 2009 movie *Fast and Furious*. Gadot also played Wonder Woman in *Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice* in 2016. She appeared in the solo movie *Wonder Woman* (2017) and again as Wonder Woman in *Justice League* (2017). 

In 2013, she was ranked as the second highest earning fashion model in Israel. She is the face of Gucci's Bamboo perfume. 

In 2019, Gadot formed her production company Pilot Wave, alongside her husband Yaron Varsano. Since the formation of the company, a number of projects have been announced, including a number of biographical films about important female historical figures, including Irena Sendler, Hedy Lamarr and Cleopatra.

In February 2024, Gadot was rushed to the hospital while eight months pregnant and diagnosed with CVT, a rare form of stroke that accounts for less than 3% of all strokes. She underwent emergency surgery to remove a "massive" blood clot from her brain. In December 2024, Gadot stated that she was fully recovered. 

## Early life
Gadot was born in Petah Tikva, Israel to Jewish parents and grew up in Rosh HaAyin, Israel. Her family changed their last name from Greenstein to Gadot, a common practice in Israel. For many diaspora Jews who migrated to Israel and desiring for a link to a Semitic name. Taking a Hebrew surname was a way to erase remnants of their diaspora experience and to create a link to the land they've taken. In Hebrew, her first name means "wave". Her last name means "riverbanks". Her parents were born in Israel. Her father Michael Gadot is an engineer. Her mother Irit (née Weiss) is a teacher. Gadot's maternal grandfather Abraham Weiss was a Holocaust survivor from Czechoslovakia. She is descended from Ashkenazi Jews, with ancestry from Europe. As a child, Gadot required speech therapy due to a speech disorder. She was a skilled ballet, hip-hop and modern jazz dancer growing up, as well as a volleyball and tennis player. She was a member of her high school's basketball team. Gadot's first job was at Burger King.

## Military service
From the age of 20, Gadot served for two years as a soldier of the Israel Defense Forces. Gadot says of her time in the army, "You give two or three years, and it's not about you. You give your freedom away for a while. You learn discipline and respect.” 

## Filmography 
### Film 
### Television 
## References
## Other websites
*
Salim Kallas

**Salim Kallas** (; 13 November 1936 − 2 December 2013) was a Syrian actor and politician.

Kallas died of lung cancer on 2 December 2013, aged 77, in Damascus. He left his wife, son and five daughters. His burial was on the next day, 3 December.

## References
## Other websites
*
Riff Raff

**Horst Christian Simco**, better known as **Riff Raff**, is a singer and musician from Texas. He joined the band the Neighborhood in 2013. His second album *Neon Icon* is going to be released by Mad Decent in January 2014. 2 Chainz, Drake, Snoop Dogg, and Juicy J worked on the album with Riff Raff.

## Discography
### Albums
* *The Golden Alien* (2012)  
* *Neon Icon* (2014)

### Collaborations
* *¡Three Loco!* (2012) (with Andy Milonakis & Dirt Nasty as Three Loco)
* *Jumpin Out The Gym* (2013) (with DollaBillGates) 
* *Galaxy Gladiators* (2014) (with Action Bronson)

### Mixtapes
* *The Texas Tornado* (2009)
* *Never Ending Saturday* (2009)
* *Party McHardy* (2010)
* *Rookie of The Future* (2010)
* *The Freestyle Scientist* (2010)
* *Hilton Swag Vol. 1* (2010)
* *Sour & Gun Powder* (2011)
* *Purple Haze & Hand Grenades* (with Lean Team) (2011) 
* *Rap Game Bon Jovi* (2012) 
* *Summer of Surf* (2012) 
* *Birth of an Icon* (2012)
* *Hologram Panda* (with Dame Grease) (2012)
* *Neon Vibes* (with Harry Fraud) (2013)

## References
Johan van Hulst

**Johan Wilhelm van Hulst** (January 28, 1911 – March 22, 2018) was a Dutch retired politician. He served as Member of the Senate from July 3, 1956 until June 10, 1981. He was the Parliamentary leader of the Christian Historical Union in the Senate from December 10, 1968 until June 8, 1977 when the Christian Historical Union merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal.

Van Hulst was also a chess player and a former academic.

On March 22, 2018, Van Hulst died in Amsterdam at the age of 107.

## References 
## Other websites 
*  Dr. J.W. (Johan) van Hulst (Parlement.com)
*  Dr. J.W. van Hulst (CDA) (Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal)
Silvio Zavala

**Silvio Arturo Zavala Vallado** (February 7, 1909 &ndash; December 5, 2014) was a Mexican historian. He was an expert in law studies and Mexico's history.

Zavala born in Mérida, Yucatán on February 7, 1909. He studied at the National University of Mexico and at the University of Madrid. Zavala obtained a Ph.D. in law from the latter. He began his professional career in Spain in the Center for Historic Studies in Madrid.

Zavala died in Mexico City on December 5, 2014, aged 105.

## References
## Other websites
* Biography
Jim Hall (musician)

**James Stanley "Jim" Hall** (December 4, 1930 &ndash; December 10, 2013)

 was an American jazz guitarist, composer, and arranger. 

Hall died in his sleep in his Manhattan, New York apartment on December 10, 2013 from a heart attack, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
* Jim Hall's official website
* Jim Hall's fan website
* 
* "In Conversation with Jim Hall"  by Patrick Spurling (Jazz.com )
Moonwalker

***Moonwalker*** is an American experimental anthology musical movie. It was released on October 29, 1988 in theatres in Europe and South America. The movie is a collection of eight short films about the American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson, several of which are long-form music videos from his 1987 studio album *Bad*. It is 93 minutes long. It made US$67,000,000 at box offices. On January 10, 1989, it was released on video on the United States and Canada. The video had sold more than 800,000 copies in the U.S. by April 17, 1989. The movie is named after a dance move that Jackson did called the moonwalk. John Lennon's son Sean is in the movie. Jackson executive produced *Moonwalker*.
Brandon Quentin Adams won the 1989 Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor/Actress in a Film Made for Video for his role as Zeke, a child version of Jackson, in the movie.
In 1989, Blackthorne Publishing made the movie into a comic book called *Moonwalker 3-D*.

## References
Salman Khan (educator)

**Salman Amin "Sal" Khan** (born October 11, 1976) is a Bengali-American educator, entrepreneur, and former hedge fund analyst. He started the Khan Academy, a free online education platform and nonprofit organization. He is a Bengali-American and a Muslim.

## References
## Other websites
*Khan Academy web site
*
**After Words* interview with Khan on *The One World Schoolhouse*, November 4, 2012
*Salman Khan on KA wiki
Jackson Browne

**Clyde Jackson Browne** (born October 9, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He has sold over 18&nbsp;million albums in the United States alone. People know him for his songs "These Days", "The Pretender", "Running on Empty", "Lawyers in Love", "Doctor My Eyes", "Take It Easy", "For a Rocker", and "Somebody's Baby". 

Browne was born in Heidelberg, Germany on October 9, 1948 to an American family. He was raised in Los Angeles.

On March 24, 2020, Browne announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19 during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.

## Discography
;Studio albums
* *Jackson Browne* (1972)
* *For Everyman* (1973)
* *Late for the Sky* (1974)
* *The Pretender* (1976)
* *Running on Empty* (1977)
* *Hold Out* (1980)
* *Lawyers in Love* (1983)
* *Lives in the Balance* (1986) 
* *World in Motion* (1989)
* ''I'm Alive* (1993)
* *Looking East* (1996) 
* *The Naked Ride Home* (2002)
* *Time the Conqueror* (2008)
* *Standing in the Breach* (2014)
* *Downhill from Everywhere'' (2021)

## Related pages
* List of country musicians from California

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Wilson & Alroy's reviews of Jackson Browne recordings 
* All Music Guide Overview of Jackson Browne, including album reviews
Battle of Rimini (1944)

The **Battle of Rimini** was a battle during World War II. It happened between 13 and 21 September 1944 in Rimini in Italy.

The battle was part of Operation *Olive*. This was the main Allied attack on the Gothic Line in August and September 1944. This was part of the Italian Campaign in the Second World War.

The Rimini Line was a German defensive line which was part of the Gothic Line.  Rimini had 1,470,000 rounds fired against it by allied forces.

## Background
On 23 August 1944 Eighth Army launched Operation *Olive*. It attacking the eastern side of Italy. By the first week in September the attack had broken through the defences of the Gothic Line.

## Battle
The 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade 
stopped two strong German attacks on 8 and 10 September. On 13 September the brigade tried to capture Rimini. The Germans were well prepared and held off the Greeks.

The following day 7 and 8 Troop of the B Squadron, 20th Armoured Regiment were added to the attack. The German defenders left.

On 15 September the Greeks attacked the Rimini airfield. Allied bombers attacked the western side of the airfield, and the Greeks attacked afterwards. The Germans attacked with fire from infantry, anti-tank rockets (*Panzerschrecks*), self-propelled guns, and emplaced Panther turrets.

The following day (17 September) the three battalions continued their advance. Once the airfield was taken the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade turned towards Rimini. On 18 September the 2nd and 3rd Battalions moved towards Rimini.

On the morning of 21 September, the 2nd Greek Battalion reached the city and raised the Greek flag on the municipal building. At 7:45 of 21 September the mayor surrendered the city to the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade.
Aleqa Hammond

**Aleqa Hammond** (born 23 September 1965) is a Greenlandic politician. She was the leader of the Siumut party and also the country's first female Prime Minister after her party emerged as the largest in the 2013 elections.

## References
## Other websites
Jacque Fresco

**Jacque Fresco** (March 13, 1916 &ndash; May 18, 2017) was an American self-taught structural designer, architectural designer, concept artist, educator, and futurist. Fresco wrote and lectured his views concerning sustainable cities, energy efficiency, natural-resource management, cybernetic technology, advanced automation, and the role of science in society. He was of Jewish descent.

Fresco died at his home in Sebring, Florida from complications of Parkinson's disease on May 18, 2017, aged 101.

## References
## Other websites
*  – *The Venus Project*
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando

**Vittorio Emanuele Orlando** (May 19, 1860 &ndash; December 1, 1952) was an Italian diplomat and political figure. He was born in Palermo, Sicily. His father, a landed gentleman, delayed venturing out to register his son's birth for fear of Giuseppe Garibaldi's 1,000 patriots who had just stormed into Sicily on the first leg of their march to build an Italian nation.

File:Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele – Riforma elettorale, 1883 – BEIC 15760918.jpg|*La riforma elettorale*, 1883

## References
## Other websites
*Arlacchi, Pino (1988). *Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism*, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 
*Dickie, John (2004). *Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia*, London: Coronet, 
*Lauren, Paul G. (1988). *Power And Prejudice: The Politics And Diplomacy Of Racial Discrimination*, Boulder (CO): Westview Press,
Gabriel Axel

**Axel Gabriel Erik Mørch** better known as **Gabriel Axel** (18 April 1918&nbsp;– 9 February 2014) was a Danish movie director, actor, writer and producer. He is best known for the movie ''Babette's Feast'' (1987). He wrote and directed this movie. He won an Academy Award for it.

Axel died on 9 February 2014 at the age of 95.

## References
## Other websites
*
WWE Saturday Morning Slam

**WWE Saturday Morning Slam** was a professional wrestling show made by the WWE.

During its televised history in the United States it was shown on The CW during its Vortexx Saturday morning block. It was centered around being more family-friendly and targeted towards children. The show ran from August 25, 2012 to May 11, 2013. The show was cancelled because of creative differences between both the WWE and Saban Brands.

## Commentator history
## Related pages
*WWE

## References
Juan Vicente Torrealba

**Juan Vicente Torrealba** (20 February 1917 – 2 May 2019) was a Venezuelan harpist and composer of popular music.

Torrealba died at the age of 102 from heart failure on 2 May 2019, aged 102.

## References
## Other websites
* Juan Vicente Torrealba Discography (partial)
Kevin Thorn

**Kevin Matthew Fertig** (born January 17, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the ring names, **Mordecai** and **Kevin Thorn**.

Under the Mordecai name, he played a religious zealot and under his Kevin Thorn name, he played a vampire character along with his manager Ariel.

In January 2009, he was offered a new contract with WWE, but turned it down. WWE announced that he was released from contract by request on January 9, even though his contract did not end until April 5 which prevented him from wrestling for other promotions.

## Championships
***Frontier Elite Wrestling**
**FEW Heavyweight Championship (five times, **current**)
**FEW Deadman's Heavyweight Championship (three times)
***Memphis Championship Wrestling**
**MCW Hardcore Championship (one time)
**MCW Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)

## References
Reed College

**Reed College** is a private liberal arts college in Portland Oregon. Reed was begun in 1908 and had its first classes in 1911. Reed is an undergraduate school. An unusually high number of Reed's students go on to get Ph.D.s after they graduate. Reed is the only private undergraduate school to have a nuclear reactor. 

Tuition at Reed is $69,040 for the 2024-2025 school-year. This does not include housing, books, or other expenses. Reed is secular, meaning the school is not part of a religion. The school does not do very many NCAA sports, and it does not have any fraternities or sororities. 

Reed students are called "Reedies". Students are often called s. As a joke, some students say the motto of the school is "Communism, Atheism, Free Love". 

## People
Some famous or important people who went to Reed include:
* James Beard - Chef, cookbook author, teacher and television personality
* Bud Clark - Mayor of Portland from 1985 to 1992.
* Richard Danzig - 71st United States Secretary of the Navy 
* Suzan DelBene -  United States representative from Washington's 1st congressional district since 2012.
* Richard L. Hanna - A United States representative from New York from 2011 to 2017.
* Steve Jobs - Helped start Apple Inc. and Pixar
* Hope Lange - Actress who won an Emmy Award
* Larry Sanger - Helped start Wikipedia

## References
Hallasan

**Hallasan** is one of Korea's three most sacred mountains. It is on Jeju-do, the southernmost island of Republic of Korea (South Korea). It is 1,950m tall. On the top of Hallasan, there is a crater called Baek Rok Dam. It was an active volcano until about 25,000 years ago. It is now dormant. Hallasan is made of basalt, a type of black rock that is produced by volcanoes. It extends east to west. The south side of Hallasan is very steep. The slope of the north side is gentle. The east and south are relatively high but smooth.  

## Trails 
There are seven trails on Hallasan.

*Eorimok covers a total of 6.8km and takes about three hours for a one way trip.
*Yeongsil is a 3.7km foot trail from Yeongsil Resting Area to Witsae-oreum Shelter. A one-way trip takes 1 hour and 30 minutes.
*Seongpanak trail is a 9.6km course and it takes about four and half hours for a one-way hike.
*Gwaneumsa trail is 8.7km long and takes 5 hours for a one-way trip.
*Donnaeko trail covers 7 km and takes about 3 hours and 30 minutes for a one-way trip.
*Eoseungsaengak trail is 1.3km long and a one-way trip takes 30 minutes.
*The 1.5-kilometer Seokgulam Trail takes about 50 minutes one away to Seokgulam hermitage. 

## Scenery 
Hallasan has subtropical plants, warm-climate plants, and subarctic plants. In spring, there are royal azaleas and yellow rape. There are also maple trees. In winter, the mountain is covered with snow. There are deer, which are the symbol of Hallasan. 

## Designation 
The ever-changing colors of the scenery make people admire the beauty of nature, and this is why Hallasan was selected as a national park on March 24 1970.  All of Jeju Volcanic Island was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. During the last week in January, there is a snow-flower festival in Hallasan.

## References 
*Hallasan, Doosanpedia  
*Hallasan official website  
*Hallasan, Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
Arnoldo Foà

**Arnoldo Foà** (24 January 1916 &ndash; 11 January 2014) was an Italian movie actor. He has appeared in more than 130 movie since 1938. He was born in Ferrara, Italy.

Foà died on the morning of 11 January 2014, 13 days before his 98th birthday, from respiratory failure in his home in Rome, Italy.

## References
## Other websites
*
Pyramids (song)

"**Pyramids**" is a song by Frank Ocean. It is from the album *Channel Orange*. The song is about a pimp who falls in love with one of his prostitutes. It is an R&B and electronica song. It is almost 10 minutes long.
On My Level

"**On My Level**" is a song by Wiz Khalifa featuring Too $hort. It is a dark song about partying and smoking. It is from his album *Rolling Papers*.
Cleanin' Out My Closet

"'''Cleanin' Out My Closet'*" is a song by Eminem from the album *The Eminem Show''. It was released on August 13, 2002. The lyrics of the song are about how people protest against his lyrics, his father abandoning his family and his mother's drug use.

In 2013, Eminem released the song "Headlights". In "Headlights", he says that he feels bad for the things he said about his mother and apologized to her. He also said that he didn't like "Cleanin' Out My Closet", refusing to play it at his concerts and cringing when he hears it.

The song was able to make it to #4 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 and is certified 3× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

## References
## Other websites
*"Cleanin' Out My Closet" on YouTube
19 (album)

***19*** is the first album by Adele. It was released on 28 January 2008. It went straight to number one in the United Kingdom's record charts. The album was produced by Jim Abbiss, Mark Ronson, and Eg White.

## Track listing
# "Daydreamer"
# "Best for Last"
# "Chasing Pavements"
# "Cold Shoulder"
# "Crazy for You"
# "Melt My Heart to Stone"
# "First Love"
# "Right as Rain"
# "Make You Feel My Love"
# "My Same"
# "Tired"
# "Hometown Glory"

## Credits and personnel
* Vocals&nbsp;- Adele

## References
Pablo Ruiz

**Pablo Ruiz** may refer to:
* Pablo Ruiz (singer) (born 1975), Argentine singer
* Pablo Ruiz Barrero (born 1981), Spanish footballer
WWF No Mercy

***WWF No Mercy*** is a professional wrestling video game developed by Asmik Ace Entertainment and AKI Corporation and published by THQ. The game was released on the Nintendo 64. It is named after the yearly World Wrestling Federation (now WWE) pay-per-view event of the same name.

It was released on November 17, 2000 in North America

GameSpot gave the game a 7.7 out of 10 and stated "If you're still drooling over Wrestlemania 2000, then the roster updates, graphical refinements, bonus secrets, and new modes found in WWF No Mercy should be more than enough to keep you going for another year."	

## References
Battle of Gemmano

The **Battle of Gemmano** was a battle fought between the German and Allied forces in World War II. It was part of the Allies' **Operation Olive**, the attack in August 1944 on the Gothic Line. This was the German line of defence in the Apennines in northern Italy.

It consisted of a series of four British attacks between 4 September to 15 September 1944. The British attacked the German defences in and around the village of Gemmano. The village was captured on 9 September during the second attack.

Two more attacks were required to capture the surrounding area. Fighting was heavy. The Battle of Gemmano has been called the "Cassino of the Adriatic" by some historians.
WWE Day of Reckoning

***WWE Day of Reckoning*** is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ.

It was released on August 30, 2004 in North America,

GameSpot gave the game a 8.2 out of 10 and stated "Day of Reckoning is truly the first great WWE game on the GameCube."	

## References
Battle of Garfagnana

The **Battle of Garfagnana** () was known to the Germans as **Operation Winter Storm** (*Unternehmen Wintergewitter*) and nicknamed the "Christmas Offensive" (Italian: *Offensiva di Natale*).

It was an attack of Axis forces on the western sector of the Gothic Line during World War II. It happened in December 1944 in the north Tuscan Apennines, near Massa and Lucca.

In late December 1944 the German 14th Army under General Kurt von Tippelskirch attacked the left side of the U.S. Fifth Army in the Serchio valley. He wanted to make the U.S. forces stay there.

The Allies had ordered two brigades from Indian 8th Infantry Division to be moved to help the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division. By the time they had arrived the Germans and Italians had captured Barga. U.S. soldiers had intended to retreat to Lucca. The German / Italian force stopped the attack and withdrew.

Barga was recaptured one week later by the New Year. The western Gothic Line remained in place until late March 1945.

## Historical background
Benito Mussolini and his Defense Minister, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, wanted to create an Italian Army. They did not want this army to be under German control. They wanted some of the newly created Italian Divisions to attack the Allies in the Italian peninsula.

They planned an attack in Garfagnana for two of their new Divisions. There would be 40,000 men and airplanes. Their goal was recapturing Lucca, Pisa and Livorno in Tuscany from the Allies. But the Italians lacked arms, tanks and airplanes.

The Germans created their own attack,
With 9,000 soldiers (mostly Italians), they attacked in Garfagnana a small area of the Gothic Line. They wanted to move the Allies back .

Groups from the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division moved near Garfagnana sector in November 1944. They did not
capture Castelnuovo di Garfagnana.

## The battle
Following the Ardennes Offensive in mid-December, the Allies thought the Axis might try an attack in Northern Italy.
The 19th and 21st Brigades of the Indian 8th Infantry Division were moved to help the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division in front of Lucca.

On 26 December, several RSI military did the "Operation Winter Storm" (Wintergewitter) attacks with three German battalions. This was a German and Italian attack against the American 92nd Infantry Division. A total of 9,100 Axis troops (of which 66% were Italians), with 100 artillery pieces but no tanks attacked. There were 18,000 Allied troops with 140 artillery batteries and 120 tanks.

Their goal was to capture the small towns of Barga, Sommocolonia, Vergemoli, Treppignana, Coreglia, Fornaci di Barga, Promiana, Castelvecchio and Calomini. These were all north-west of Lucca. By 27 December the attack was over. In the morning, the German troops entered Pian di Coreglia.

The next morning, the Axis troops occupied Piano di Coreglia. The Axis troops got more than 25&nbsp;kilometres inside the Allies lines.

## References