open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Massari

**Sari Abboud** () or simply known as **Massari** () which means "money" in Arabic, is a Lebanese-born contemporary R&B/hip-hop singer. Massari was born in Beirut, Lebanon on December 10, 1980. His family moved to Canada while he was teenager. Massari began performing at a young age. Massari released his debut album *Massari* in 2005. The album was certified gold by the CRIA for selling 50,000 copies in that country alone. In 2009, Massari released *Forever Massari*. The album sold over 120,000 copies in Lebanon and Canada, combined. 

## Discography 
### Studio albums 
### DVD 
*2006: *Massari: Road to Success*

### Singles 
### Awards and nominations 
:  For the song "Be Easy".
:  For the song "Real Love".

## References 
## Other websites 
* 
* BlackBeatsFM Interview with Massari
Trackball

Expert Mouse trackball]]
In computing, a **trackball** is a pointing input device. It consists of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes.  It is like an upside-down mouse with a ball that sticks out.  The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers or the palm of the hand to move a cursor and can click one of two buttons (identical to mouse buttons) near the trackball to select desktop objects or position the cursor for text entry.  Currently only three major companies: Logitech, A4Tech and Kensington make many of them.  Microsoft was once a major producer. 

Large trackballs are sometimes seen on computerized special-purpose workstations, such as the radar consoles in an  air traffic control room, or sonar equipment on a ship or submarine, or computer-aided design. Potentiometers capture the trackball orientation.

Many notebook and laptop computers in the late 20th century used a small trackball.  It was usually located in front of the keyboard toward the user.  IBM's ThinkPad series of notebook computers use a "pointing stick", called a TrackPoint, that is integrated into the middle of the keyboard keys.
Big Brother 14 (American season)

***Big Brother 14*** is the fourteenth season of the American reality television series *Big Brother*. The season premiered on July 12, 2012, broadcast on CBS, and ended with a 90-minute season finale on September 19, 2012, after 75 days of competition.

## References 
## Other websites 
*CBS Official Site
*Global TV Official Site
Austrian Hockey League

The **Austrian Hockey League** (**Erste Bank Eishockey Liga**) for sponsorship reasons, is the top level of ice hockey in Austria. EC KAC has won the most league titles, with 23.

## Teams
## Austrian Champions 
* 1923 Wiener EV
* 1924 Wiener EV
* 1925 Wiener EV
* 1926 Wiener EV
* 1927 Wiener EV
* 1928 Wiener EV
* 1929 Wiener EV
* 1930 Wiener EV
* 1931 Wiener EV
* 1932 Pötzleinsdorfer SK
* 1933 Wiener EV
* 1934 Klagenfurter
* 1935 Klagenfurter
* 1936 *Not Played*
* 1937 Wiener EV
* 1938 EK Engelmann
* 1939-1945 *Not played*
* 1946 EK Engelmann
* 1947 Wiener EV
* 1948 Wiener EV

* 1949 Wiener EG
* 1950 Wiener EG
* 1951 Wiener EG
* 1952 Klagenfurter
* 1953 Innsbrucker EV
* 1954 Innsbrucker EV
* 1955 Klagenfurter
* 1956 EK Engelmann
* 1957 EK Engelmann
* 1958 Innsbrucker EV
* 1959 Innsbrucker EV
* 1960 EC KAC
* 1961 Innsbrucker EV
* 1962 Wiener EV
* 1963 Innsbrucker EV
* 1964 EC KAC
* 1965 EC KAC
* 1966 EC KAC
* 1967 EC KAC
* 1968 EC KAC

* 1969 EC KAC
* 1970 EC KAC
* 1971 EC KAC
* 1972 EC KAC
* 1973 EC KAC
* 1974 EC KAC
* 1975 ATSE Graz
* 1976 EC KAC
* 1977 EC KAC
* 1978 ATSE Graz
* 1979 EC KAC
* 1980 EC KAC
* 1981 Villacher SV
* 1982 VEU Feldkirch
* 1983 VEU Feldkirch
* 1984 VEU Feldkirch
* 1985 EC KAC
* 1986 EC KAC
* 1987 EC KAC
* 1988 EC KAC

* 1989 Innsbrucker EV
* 1990 VEU Feldkirch
* 1991 EC KAC
* 1992 Villacher SV
* 1993 Villacher SV
* 1994 VEU Feldkirch
* 1995 VEU Feldkirch
* 1996 VEU Feldkirch
* 1997 VEU Feldkirch
* 1998 VEU Feldkirch
* 1999 Villacher SV
* 2000 EC KAC
* 2001 EC KAC
* 2002 Villacher SV
* 2003 Black Wings Linz
* 2004 EC KAC
* 2005 Vienna Capitals
* 2006 Villacher SV
* 2007 Red Bull Salzburg
* 2008 Red Bull Salzburg

* 2009 EC KAC
* 2010 Red Bull Salzburg
* 2011 Red Bull Salzburg

**bold** - seasons in which league had teams outside Austria

## Other websites
*Erste Bank Eishockey Liga (EBEL) 
*Austrian Hockey Association (ÖEHV)
Brian Schmidt

**Brian P. Schmidt** (born February 24, 1967) is a Distinguished Professor, Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow and astrophysicist at the Australian National University Mount Stromlo Observatory and Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics.  He is widely known for his research in using supernovae as Cosmological Probes.  He currently holds an Australia Research Council Federation Fellowship.  Schmidt shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.

## Early life and education
Schmidt, an only child, was born February 24, 1967 in the Montana mountains. His father, Dana C. Schmidt, was a fisheries biologist. When he was 13, his family moved to Anchorage, Alaska.

Schmidt went to Bartlett High School in Anchorage, and graduated in 1985. He has said that he wanted to be a meteorologist "since I was about five-years-old" but "... I did some work at the US National Weather Service up in Anchorage and didn't enjoy it very much. It was less scientific, not as exciting as I thought it would be - there was a lot of routine. But I guess I was just a little naive about what being a meteorologist meant." He decided to study astronomy just before he started at university. He was graduated BS(Physics), BS(Astronomy) from the University of Arizona in 1989. He received his MA (1992) and then PhD from Harvard University in 1993. Schmidt's PhD thesis was supervised by Robert Kirshner and used Type II Supernovae to measure the Hubble Constant.
 
At Harvard, he met his future wife, an Australian, Jenny Gordon who was studying for a PhD in economics. In 1994, he moved to Australia. The discovery was the opposite of the current theory that the expansion of the universe was slowing down. By studying the color shifts in the light from the supernova from Earth, they discovered that these billion-year old nova were still accelerating. With two studies getting the same result scientists now accept the accelerating universe theory. New research is now trying to understand the nature of the universe, such as the existence of dark matter.

Schmidt and the other members of the High-Z Team (the set defined by the co-authors of Riess et al. 1998) shared the 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize, a $500,000 award, with Saul Perlmutter of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Supernova Cosmology Project (the set defined by the co-authors of Perlmutter et al. 1999) for their discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe.

Schmidt, along with Riess and Perlmutter, jointly won the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their observations which led to the discovery of the accelerating Universe.

## Related pages
* Cosmological constant
* Dark energy

## References
## Sources
*Brian P Schmidt - Curriculum Vitae

## Other websites
*Brian Schmidt's Home Page 
* Nobel Prize in Phyics 2011 Announcement
Crab Nebula

The **Crab Nebula** (catalogue designations M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A) is a supernova remnant and 'pulsar wind nebula' in the constellation of Taurus. The nebula was observed by John Bevis in 1731; it corresponds to a bright supernova recorded by Chinese  and Islamic astronomers in 1054. In 1840, astronomer William Parsons gave it the name it has today.

The nebula is about 6,500 light-years (2 kpc) from Earth. It has a diameter of 11 ly (3.4 pc) and expands at a rate of about 1,500 kilometers per second.  It is part of the Perseus Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy.

At the center of the nebula lies the **Crab pulsar**, a neutron star (or spinning ball of neutrons), 28–30&nbsp;km across called the crab pulsar (PSR B0531+21) which emits pulses of radiation from gamma ray bursts to radio waves with a spin rate of 30.2 times per second. The nebula was the first astronomical object identified with a historical supernova explosion. Scientists found emissions at more than 100 GeV (gigaelectronvolts) – 100 billion times more energetic than visible light.

## Origin 
The creation of the Crab Nebula corresponds to the bright **SN 1054** supernova, which was recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1054 AD. The Crab Nebula itself was first observed in 1731 by John Bevis. The nebula was independently rediscovered in 1758 by Charles Messier as he was observing a bright comet. Messier catalogued it as the first entry in his catalogue of comet-like objects. The Earl of Rosse observed the nebula at Birr Castle in 1848, and referred to the object as the Crab Nebula because a drawing he made of it looked like a crab. 
]]

In the early 20th century, the analysis of early photographs of the nebula taken several years apart revealed that it was expanding. Tracing the expansion back revealed that the nebula must have become visible on Earth about 900&nbsp;years ago. Historical records revealed that a new star bright enough to be seen in the daytime had been recorded in the same part of the sky by Chinese astronomers in 1054. Given its great distance, the daytime 'guest star' observed by the Chinese could only have been a supernova—a massive, exploding star, having exhausted its supply of energy from nuclear fusion and collapsed in on itself.

Recent analysis of historical records have found that the supernova that created the Crab Nebula probably appeared in April or early May, rising to its maximum brightness of between apparent magnitude −7 and −4.5 (brighter than everything in the night sky except the Moon) by July. The supernova was visible to the naked eye for about two years after its first observation. Thanks to the recorded observations of Far Eastern and Middle Eastern astronomers of 1054, Crab Nebula became the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion.

## References
Melbourne Observatory

The **Melbourne Observatory**, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was built in 1861. It replaced an earlier observatory at Williamstown. The Melbourne Observatory is now part of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens. The observatory had an important role as it used observations of the stars to keep accurate time. It was destroyed in a bushfire in 2003, but there are plans to rebuild it and set it up as a display at the Melbourne Observatory.

The Melbourne Observatory is no longer used, but the historic equipment is kept in working condition by the Astronomical Society of Victoria. This is an amateur group of volunteers interested in astronomy. They have regular tours, talks and observation nights using the telescopes. The historic buildings are now used as offices for the gardens, a cafe and a shop.

## References
## Other websites
* The Melbourne Observatory
Pietro Baracchi

**Pietro Paolo Giovanni Ernesto Baracchi** (1851–1926) was an Italian astronomer. He moved to Australia in the 1870s and worked at the Melbourne Observatory. In 1910 the Australian government asked him to find a suitable place for an observatory in the new Australian Capital Territory. Barrachi set up a small observatory on Mount Stromlo in May 1911. This was the first government building in Canberra and was the beginning of the Mount Stromlo Observatory. The observatory had a 9-inch (23&nbsp;cm) telescope, donated by Ballarat gold miner, James Oddie.

## References
Matt Cooke

**Matthew David Cooke** (born September 7, 1978) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played parts of seventeen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Vancouver Canucks, Washington Capitals, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Minnesota Wild.

During his career, he was known as a pest because of his way of aggravating opponents. He also faced many suspensions by the NHL. In 2009, he won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins.

## Career statistics
## Awards
*He won a gold medal with Team Canada in the 2010 World Ice Hockey Championships.
*He won the Stanley Cup in 2009. (Pittsburgh Penguins)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
White-flippered penguin

The **white-flippered penguin** (*Eudyptula minor albosignata*) is a subspecies of the little penguin.  Their name comes from the unique white edges on their flippers (wings).

## References
Radio frequency

The term **Radio frequency** refers to electromagnetic radiation in the range of frequencies lower than microwaves. Radio waves at these frequencies have been found useful for long-range communications. Among these frequencies, shortwave radio communications operate at frequencies that can be reflected by the ionosphere and therefore can bounce around the earth. Longwave frequencies are used for relatively short range communications such as the most ordinary of the commercial amplitude modulation (AM) radio stations. Their transmissions ordinarily do not get long bounces.

Different short-wave frequencies (with wavelengths shorter than 120 meters) can be reflected well and transmitted by long bounces around the world during times when different conditions prevail in the ionosphere. So transmitters for such organizations as VOA (Voice of America) and BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) will change operating frequencies from month to month and also from time to time during a 24 hour period.

## Related pages 
*Radio astronomy
Chris Nilan

**Christopher John Nilan** (born February 9, 1958 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American retired professional ice hockey forward. He played 15 seasons and 688 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers and Boston Bruins organizations. He won the Stanley Cup with the Montreal Canadiens in 1986. His nickname was "Knuckles" because he was to fight with other players.

## References
## Other websites
*
Saraikistan

**Saraikistan** (Saraiki, Punjabi, ) describes a cultural geographic region in the southwest of the Punjab province in Pakistan. Some residents of the region support the idea forming a new province of Saraikistan, in part motivated by movements promoting the Saraiki language.

## References
Dave Semenko

**David John Semenko** (July 12, 1957 &ndash; June 29, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre that played 2 seasons in the WHA and 10 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Edmonton Oilers, Hartford Whalers and Toronto Maple Leafs organizations. He won back-to-back Stanley Cups in 1984 and 1985 with the Edmonton Oilers. Fans nicknamed Semenko "Cementhead" even though his official team nickname was always "Sammy".

## Career statistics
## Death
Semenko died on June 29, 2017, 13 days before his 60th birthday after a short battle with liver and pancreatic cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*
Chlordane

**Chlordane** is an insecticide, introduced in 1947. It is an organochloride that acts like a contact poison. It can be produced using the Diels–Alder reaction, and has at least 147 constituents. Its main use was in treating seeds, e.g. of potatoes, wheat, or vegetables. It was also used for wood preservation, and against ants and termites. Chlordane only degrades slowly, which means that it is relatively easy to spread it over long distances. It accumulates in the body of animals, in mammals mostly in the nervous system and the liver. Chlordane has been shown to cause cancer in mice; it may cause cancer in humans. Chlordane is toxic. It is listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

## References
Zacarias Moussaoui

**Zacarias Moussaoui** (, Zakariyyā Mūsawī; born May 30, 1968) is a French citizen who plead guilty to conspiring to kill citizens of the United States as part of the September 11 attacks. As a result of his conviction, he is serving a life sentence without parole at the Federal ADX Supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.

## References
Mirex

**Mirex** is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that was commercialized as an insecticide. It was later banned because it was harmful to the environment. This white crystalline odorless solid is a derivative of cyclopentadiene. It was popularized to control fire ants but by virtue of its chemical robustness and lipophilicity it was recognized as a bioaccumulative pollutant. However, the spread of the red imported fire ant was actually encouraged by the use of Mirex, as it also kills native ants that are highly competitive with the fire ants. The United States Environmental Protection Agency prohibited its use in 1976.

## References
Dieldrin

**Dieldrin** is a chlorinated hydrocarbon originally produced in 1948 by J. Hyman & Co, Denver, as an insecticide. Dieldrin is closely related to aldrin. Aldrin reacts further to form dieldrin. Aldrin is not toxic to insects; it is oxidized in the insect to form dieldrin which is the active compound. Both dieldrin and aldrin are named after the Diels-Alder reaction which is used to form aldrin from a mixture of norbornadiene and hexachlorocyclopentadiene.

Dieldrin was developed as an alternative to DDT and has proved to be a highly effective insecticide. It was very widely used during the 1950s to early 1970s. Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin.

However, it is an extremely persistent organic pollutant; it does not degrade easily. Furthermore, it tends to biomagnify as it is passed along the food chain.  Long-term exposure has proven  to a very wide range of animals including humans. For this reason it is now banned in most of the world.

It has been linked to health problems such as Parkinson's disease, breast cancer, and immune, reproductive, and nervous system damage. It can also adversely affect testicular descent in the fetus if a pregnant woman is exposed to Dieldrin.

Dieldrin is listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

## Synthesis
It can be formed from the synthesis of hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene with norbornadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction, followed by epoxidation of the norbornene ring.

]]
Dieldrin is named after Otto Paul Hermann Diels, the co-inventor of the Diels-Alder reaction.
## References
Endrin

**Endrin** is an insecticide that was commonplace among cotton growers and for the treament of cereals. It was also used to kill rodents. It is a neurotoxin. It is a stereoisomer of Dieldrin. In the soil, it can take up to twelve years to decay. It is one of the twelve substances listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, and its production, trade and use is banned since 2004.

## References
National Museum of Australia

The **National Museum of Australia** is a social history museum in Australia's capital city, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. It includes displays on the people of Australia, including the Indigenous Australians, the history of settlement and the environment. It was opened in 2001.

## References
## Other websites
* National Museum of Australia website
Kid Nation

***Kid Nation*** was a reality show. It first aired on the CBS network on September 19, 2007. The show featured 40 children, aged 8–15, living in a ghost town named "Bonanza Town". No one had lived in the town since the 19th century. The children were required to create a functioning society in the town, as well as set up a government system used to solve problems in the town.

At the end of each episode the council awards a cash prize which is a "gold star" worth $20,000 to one of the kids.

## Episodes 
:::: These gold stars were worth $50,000 and were awarded at the final town hall meeting.

## References 
## Other websites
* Official Kid Nation Site (CBS)
* 
*
Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey

***Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey*** is a 1993 animal-adventure movie that was produced by Jeffrey Chernov and Franklin R. Levy and was directed by Duwayne Dunham. Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey was released on February 3, 1993 in North America. It is a remake of the 1963 movie, *The Incredible Journey* which was based on the novel of the same name. The movie was followed by the 1996 movie, *Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco*. The movie received positive reviews with a 87% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Terminal Velocity (video game)

***Terminal Velocity*** is a video game that was published by 3D Realms and was developed by Terminal Reality. The video game was released on May 1, 1995 and was released for the MS-DOS and Mac OS. The game is an arcade-style flight combat game, with simpler game controls and physics than most other flight simulators. The game is best known for it's fast and high-energy action sequences. The game takes place in the year 2704, when the ASFAR (Alliance of Space-Faring Alien Races), of which Earth is a member of, suddenly turns against Earth and their fleet ravages the planet and starts a war. The player has to fly a powerful starfighter called the TV-202, in a series of missions to defeat the enemy. A huge supercomputer known as X.I. (Xenocidic Initiative) is responsible for the war and the final mission is to destroy it.

## Other websites
*Official website
Eric Carle

**Eric Carle** (June 25, 1929 &ndash; May 23, 2021) was an American children's author and illustrator. Carle illustrated more than 70 books with some being best sellers. More than 102 million copies of his books have been sold worldwide. His best known work is the 1969 book, *The Very Hungry Caterpillar* which has been translated into over 50 different languages. 

Carle was born in Syracuse, New York. He was drafted into the U.S. Army during the Korean War and was stationed in Germany with the Second Armored Division and was appointed the position of mail clerk. Carle had a son and a daughter.

Carle died on May 23, 2021 at his studio home in Northampton, Massachusetts from kidney failure aged 91.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
The Very Hungry Caterpillar

***The Very Hungry Caterpillar*** is a children's book by American writer Eric Carle. It is Carle's most famous book, it has been translated into over 50 different languages and has sold 30 million copies worldwide. The book is about a caterpillar that eats food until pupating and becoming a butterfly. The book was inspired by a hole puncher. The New York Times named it as one of the "Ten Best Picture Books of the Year" in 1969. Google celebrated the book's 40th anniversary in 2009 by changing the logo on its main search page to the style used in the book.

## References
## Other websites
* The Very Hungry Caterpillar reviews
Duluth lynchings

The **1920 Duluth lynchings** occurred when a  attacked and lynched three black circus workers in Duluth, Minnesota. Beforehand there were rumours that black people had raped a teenager.  A physician who examined the girl found no evidence of rape or assault.

The killings shocked the country, particularly because they had occurred in the northern United States. Four other lynchings had occurred in Minnesota before that time. In 2003, the city of Duluth erected a memorial to the murdered workers. 

## References
Aldrin

**Aldrin** is an insecticide, which was used against termites, locusts and the larvae of Click beetles. Most plants and animals convert it to Dieldrin. It is listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, its production, use and trade are banned since 2004. Aldrin is a neurotoxin. People inhaling it can develop headaches, but also seizures. In humans, Aldrin is converted to dieldrin in the liver. The change will mean that it can leave the body again. The problem is that the change is slow, and the half-life is about a year. Aldrin may be a teratogen, and it probably causes cancer. 
## Production
Aldrin is produced by combining hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene in a Diels-Alder reaction to give the adduct.

]]
Aldrin is named after the German chemist Kurt Alder, one of the coinventors of this kind of reaction.  An estimated 270 million kilograms of aldrin and related cyclodiene pesticides were produced between 1946 and 1976.

In soil, on plant surfaces, or in the digestive tracts of insects, aldrin oxidizes to the epoxide, dieldrin. Dieldrin is more strongly insecticidal than aldrin.

## References
Tamura, Fukushima

is a city in Fukushima, Japan.  Tamura was created on March 1, 2005 by combining several towns towns and villages from the Tamura District.  They were Funehiki, Ōgoe, Takine, and Tokiwa, and Miyakoji. Between 1 March and 31 August 2011, many people moved to Tamura. The population actually went up by about 1,000 people, or 2%.

## Landmarks
There are two well-known places to visit in Takine-cho. Abukuma Limestone Caves and the *Hoshi no Mura* ("Village of Stars") Observatory are popular with tourists.

## Sister cities
Tamura has a only one international sister city:
*  Mansfield, Ohio, United States

And, one sister city in Japan:
*  Nakano, Tokyo

## Related pages
* Futaba, Fukushima
* Kawauchi, Fukushima
* Namie, Fukushima
* Ōkuma, Fukushima
* Tomioka, Fukushima

## References
## Other websites
* Tamura official website
Lynching

Bandits''  is an illustration from Le Petit Journal of 1906. It shows a lynching]]
**Lynching** is the execution of a person or persons, by the people of an area without the use of a court trial. Often the people lynched were hanged. Other forms of lynching include being dragged to death behind a car, burning and use of a gun. What makes the execution a lynching is that it is done without a court trial by people who believe the accused is guilty of a crime. Lynchings have been used in the southern states of the United States of America against African Americans during the time of slavery but more commonly after the abolition of slavery during the time of civil rights activism and the times of the various Ku Klux Klans. Lynching continues to be a problem to this day, and is not just limited to southern states. Lynching is murder, and many times the people who do it are never punished. One example of a lynching is that of Jesse Washington.

## Lynching in the United States
United States lynchings rose in number after the American Civil War in the early-to-mid 1860s.

Most lynchings went down by the 1950s.

Most lynchings were of African American men in the South. But women were also lynched. Between 1865 and 1965, of around 5,000 Black lynching victims, between 120 and 200 Black women and girls were lynched, or around 3% to 4% of all victims. A small number of women lynching victims were white, some of whom were lynched for associating with African Americans. Other women lynching victims were Indigenous, Latina, or Asian. While women lynching victims were often "successfully demonized", the lynching of white women was more likely to cause "shock, horror, and condemnation" from the general public.

Also, white lynchings of blacks happened in the Midwest and Border States. Sometimes whites were also lynched. There were also lynchings of Native Americans, Hispanics and Asian Americans in the West, including California.
File:Large crowd looking at the burned body of Jesse Washington, 18 year-old African American, lynched in Waco, Texas, May 15, 1916 LCCN95517168.tif|Lynching of James Clark July 11, 1926 Florida
File:Hanging in Georgia (black man hung by a white mob) (NBY 7660).jpg|John William Clark lynched Cartersville GA Sept 1930 after killing Police Chief J. B. Jenkins

## References
Kim Hyun-Soo

**Kim Hyun-Soo** () is a Korean name. The surname is *Kim* (), and the given name is *Hyun-Soo* (). It is usually thought of as a unisex name. It can also be spelled as **Kim Hyun-Su**, **Kim Hyeon-Soo** or **Kim Hyeon-Su**.

## Notable people with the given name Kim Hyun-soo 
* Kim Hyun-Su (born February 1973) (born on February 1973), an association football player, formerly of Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors.
* Kim Hyun-Soo (born March 1973) (born on March 1973), an association football player, formerly of Daegu FC
* Kim Hyun-Soo (baseball) (born 1988), a baseball player as a left fielder for the Doosan Bears.
Teltow

**Teltow** is a place in Germany. The population is around 4,000. It is in the province of Potsdam-Mittelmark.

## References 
## Other websites
ESME-Sudria

**École spéciale de mécanique et électricité**, commonly named **ESME-Sudria**, is a French private high school establishment located in Paris, Ivry-sur-Seine, Bordeaux, Lille and Lyon, France.

ESME-Sudria is specialized in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics, mechanics, telecommunications, and computer engineering. The school is part of IONIS Education Group.

## List of ESME Sudria heads
* Joachim Sudria	: 1905 - 1950
* Pierre Doceul : 1950 - 1980
* Jean Doceul : 1980 - 2003
* Hervé Laborne : 2003 - 2011
* Roger Ceschi : 2011 - 2014
* Eric Simon : 2014 - 2015
* Véronique Bonnet : Since 2015

## Notable Alumni
* Marc Sellam (1974), founder and current President of IONIS Education Group.

## References
Epitech

'''École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies**, commonly named **EPITECH''', is a French private college establishment in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (close to Paris), Bordeaux, Rennes, Marseille, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, Nantes, Nice, Strasbourg, Saint-André, Réunion, Moulins, Allier and Toulouse, France.

EPITECH is specialized in the different fields of IT. The school is part of IONIS Education Group.

## References
Conférence des Grandes Écoles

The **Conference des Grandes Écoles** (**CGE**) is an association of Grandes écoles of engineering and management, all recognized by the state and delivering a national degree after at least 5 years of higher education. Some companies, alumni associations and organizations are also member of CGE. It also organizes the Mastère Spécialisé, the Mastère en sciences and the BADGE programs.

## References
## Further reading
* Official website
Winnipeg Jets (1972–1996)

The **Winnipeg Jets** were a professional ice hockey team from Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Jets played in the National Hockey League for 17 seasons before being relocated to Phoenix, Arizona and were renamed the Phoenix Coyotes in 1996. A new Winnipeg Jets team was relocated back to Winnipeg from the Atlanta Thrashers in 2011.

## References
F♯ (musical note)

**F♯** (**eff-sharp** or **F-sharp**; also known as **fa dièse** or **fi**) is the seventh semitone of the solfège.

It lies a chromatic semitone above F and a diatonic semitone below G, thus being enharmonic to **Sol Bémol** or **G** (G-flat).

## Related pages
*F-sharp major
*F-sharp minor
A (musical note)

**La** or **A** is the sixth note of the solfège. "A" is generally used as a standard for tuning. When the orchestra tunes, the oboe plays an "A" and the rest of the instruments tune to match that pitch. Every string instrument in the orchestra has an A string, from which each player can tune the rest of their instrument.

A0 is the lowest note on the standard piano. The octaves follow A1, A2, etc.. A7 is a few pitches lower than C8, the highest note on the standard piano. The note "A" is not considered to be a certain milestone or mark to hit with voice as, for example, Tenor C is, but it can be extremely demanding in certain octaves.

## Designation by octave
## Common scales beginning on A
*A Major: A B C D E F G A 
*A Natural Minor: A B C D E F G A 
*A Harmonic Minor: A B C D E F G A 
*A Melodic Minor Ascending: A B C D E F G A
*A Melodic Minor Descending: A G F E D C B A
*A Dorian: A B C D E F G A

## Related pages
*A major
*A minor

## Other websites
*Standard Pitch or Concert Pitch for Pianos  by Barrie Heaton
*Virginia Tech Music Dictionary: A
American Old West

from the Wild West]]
The **American Old West**, or the **Wild West** means the history, geography, people, and culture of life in the Western United States. This often referring to the period of the later half of the 19th century, between the American Civil War and the end of the century. 

This time is often shown in films like *The Searchers*, *High Noon* and *Shane*, in TV series like *Bonanza* and in fiction like *Little House on the Prairie*. Like other popular historical themes such as pirates and ninjas, the relationship between fact and fiction is complex.
Grouped data

**Grouped data** is a statistical term used in data analysis. Raw data can be organized by grouping together similar measurements in a table. This frequency table is also called grouped data.

## Example 
For example, someone gave a group of students a simple math question, and timed how long it took them to answer it. The numbers are below:

The smallest amount of time was 8 seconds, and the largest was 34 seconds. One method we could use to analyze the needed time is to group close numbers together. In order to keep the analysis fair, we'll make each group be the same number of seconds. We can then count how many students fell in each group. For example, if we organized scores into 5 second ranges:

Another way to group data is to organize the scores data into groups based on their performance. Suppose there are three types of students:
* Smart (5 to 14 seconds)
* Normal (15 to 24 seconds)
* Below average (25 or more seconds)

then the grouped data looks like the following:

## Mean of grouped data 
An estimate, \bar{x}, of the mean can be calculated from grouped data.

:\bar{x}=\frac{\sum{f*\,x}}{\sum{f}} .

:*x* refers to the mid-point of the class intervals
:*f* is the class frequency.

Note that this estimated mean may be different from the sample mean of the ungrouped data. The mean of the grouped data in the above example can be calculated as follows:

Therefore, the mean of the grouped data is

:\bar{x}=\frac{\sum{f*\,x}}{\sum{f}} = \frac{405}{20} = 20.25

## Related pages
*Data binning
*Level of measurement
*Frequency distribution
*Discretization of continuous features

## Notes
## References
*Newbold, P., W. Carlson and B. Thorne (2009) *Statistics for Business and Economics, Seventh edition*, Pearson Education. .
Gene silencing

**Gene silencing** is a general term describing epigenetic processes of gene regulation. It is used to describe the "switching off" of a gene by a mechanism other than genetic engineering. That is, a gene which would be expressed ("turned on") under normal circumstances is switched off by machinery in the cell. When a gene is silenced, it means that its RNA is unable to make a protein.

Genes are regulated at either the transcriptional stage, or later, before translation.  

**Transcriptional** gene silencing is done by histone modifications, which put heterochromatin around a gene. This means the transcriptional machinery (RNA polymerase, transcription factors, etc.) cannot get at the gene. Genes may be silenced by DNA methylation. This happens regularly during development, when genes are turned on and off at different stages.

**Post-transcriptional** gene silencing is done by blocking or destroying the mRNA of a particular gene. The destruction of the mRNA prevents translation to form an active gene product (in most cases, a protein). A common way mRNA gets silenced is by RNAi. 

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing are used to regulate genes. Methods of gene silencing also protect the organism's genome from transposons and viruses. Gene silencing thus may be part of an ancient immune system protecting cells from such infectious DNA and RNA.
Rosemont, Illinois

**Rosemont** is a village in Illinois in the United States. It is near the O'Hare Airport, just northwest of Chicago.  The Allstate Arena is in Rosemont.

## References
Satellite television

**Satellite television** is a way of sending television signals.  Television channels go to a ground station, which sends them by radio waves to a communications satellite in space.  The satellite then transmits that signal back to earth. People with a satellite dish can receive the signals.  Very often, satellite television is provided as a pay television service (especially to places where cable TV is not available).  Here are some examples:
* Sky (UK)
* Freesat (UK)
* Dish Network (US)
* Astro (Satellite TV)
Heptachlor

**Heptachlor** is an insecticide. It was used against ants, termites, against mosquitos of the genus Anopheles, that can spread malaria and as a general pesticide.  In humans, heptachlor damages the liver, and the central nervous system. It may cause cancer. It is sold as a powder. The Diels-Alder reaction is used to produce it. The compound is very stable and can stay in the environment for decades. 

Hepltachlor is one of the substances listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
Magellan Telescopes

The **Magellan Telescopes** are two 6.5 meter diameter optical telescopes at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. The two were named after the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan. Each telescope is also named; the Baade after astronomer Walter Baade, and the Clay after the philanthropist Landon T. Clay.

First light for the telescopes was on September 15, 2000 for the Baade, and September 7, 2002 for the Clay.

The Carnegie Institution for Science, University of Arizona, Harvard University, University of Michigan and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology worked together to build and operate the twin telescopes.

The Magellan Planet Search Program is looking for planets using a spectrograph mounted on the 6.5m Magellan II (Clay) telescope.

## References
## Other websites
* Magellan Project homepage
MERLIN

**MERLIN**, the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network, is an array of radio telescopes. It is spread across Great Britain. There are seven radio telescopes in the array. MERLIN is run by Jodrell Bank Observatory, by the University of Manchester. It is run as a national facility on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council.

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Star Fox 64

(also known as ***Lylat Wars*** in Australia and Europe) is a video game that was published by Nintendo and was developed by Nintendo EAD. The game was released on April 27, 1997 in Japan, June 30, 1997 in North America, October 20, 1997 in Europe, and October 20, 1997 in Australasia for the Nintendo 64. The game is a reboot of the original *Star Fox* for the SNES and is the first in the *Star Fox* series to be released on the Nintendo 64. *Star Fox 64* was also the first Nintendo 64 game to include a Rumble Pak. The game received positive reviews, with a 8.3 out of 10 from GameSpot and an 88 out of 100 from Metacritic. The game was ranked #73 on Nintendo Power's "Top 200 Nintendo Games Ever" and was also listed as the 45th greatest game of all time by Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition in 2009.

## *Star Fox 64 3D*
 is a remake released for the Nintendo 3DS console. It was released between July and September 2011. It includes the use of the console's touch screen and better graphics.

## References
## Other websites
*Official website (archive)
Be Easy

"**Be Easy**" is a song by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. The song peaked at number four on the Canadian Singles Chart, number 70 on the German Singles Chart and number 24 on the Portuguese Singles Chart. The song became the second single from *Massari* (2005). The music video won "Best Pop Video of the Year" at the 2006 MuchMusic Video Awards.

## Charts
## References
Massari (album)

***Massari*** () is the debut album by Canadian-Lebanese singer Massari. It was released in 2005. It was certified gold for selling 50,000 copies in Canada.

## Track listing
## References
Ken Mogi

is a Japanese scientist. He studies the human brain. He works a researcher at Sony Computer Science Laboratories and teaches at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

## Life
Mogi was born 20 October 1962 in Nakano Ward, Tokyo. His family soon moved to Kasukabe, Saitama where he grew up. He has an unusual hairstyle and cuts his own hair.

## Studies
He graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1985 with a degree in science and in 1987 with a degree in law. Mogi earned his Ph.D. in 1992. His thesis was called "Mathematical Model of Muscle Contraction".

## Legal problems
In 2009, Japan's National Tax Agency said that Mogi had broken tax laws. Mogi did not pay all of his taxes for three years. He tried to hide income of ¥400,000,000. NHK fired Mogi from a TV program because of his bad behavior.

## References
Spectrograph

A **spectrograph**  is an instrument that breaks up a wave into a frequency spectrum. These could be sound, light or radio waves. For example the frequency spectrum of light is the brightness (intensity) and the amount of each colour. There are several kinds of machines called *spectrographs*, used to look at different waves. The term was first used in 1884.

A spectrograph is closely related to a polychromator.

## Spectrographs and astronomy
In astronomy, the first spectrographs used photographic paper as the detector. The star spectral classification and discovery of the main sequence, Hubble's law and the Hubble sequence were all made using photographic paper. The plant pigment phytochrome was discovered using a spectrograph that used living plants as the detector. New spectrographs use electronic detectors, such as CCDs which can be used for both visible and UV light. The type of detector depends on the wavelengths of light to be recorded.

## Echelle spectrograph
An echelle spectrograph is a special machine which is able to break up light waves, with a high resolution and little interference. It does this by using very narrow slits which breaks light into beams, and then breaking up those beams again.

## References
* James, John (2007), *Spectrograph Design Fundamentals* (Cambridge University Press) 

## Other websites
*Spectrograph for astronomical Spectra
Las Campanas Observatory

**Las Campanas Observatory**  is an astronomical observatory in the southern Atacama desert in Chile.  It is owned and operated by the Carnegie Institution for Science. It was built in 1969 as the main observing site for the Carnegie Institution for Science. The headquarters are located in La Serena, Chile and the observatory is about  northeast of the city. The observatory is at  above sea level.

On February 24, 1987, Ian Shelton and Oscar Duhalde first saw the Supernova 1987A (SN 1987A).

## Telescopes
* Magellan Telescopes — Two 6.5m telescopes, Magellan 1 named after Walter Baade and Magellan II after Landon Clay
* Du Pont Telescope — 2.5-meter (100-inch), named after Irénée du Pont and in operation since 1977 
* Swope Telescope — 1m, named after Henrietta Swope
* Warsaw Telescope — 1.3 m, owned by Warsaw University Observatory
* Giant Magellan Telescope (under construction) — 24.5&nbsp;m effective (seven 8.4&nbsp;m segments)
* NANTEN Telescope (closed) — 4m millimeter-wavelength radio telescope, transported to Atacama desert, Chile.

There are also the small "Pi of the sky" wide-angle cameras that filmed the gamma ray burst GRB 080319B in 2008. This was the largest explosion ever seen in the Universe, and could have been seen without a telescope.

File:Telescopio_Polaco_Las_Campanas.jpg|
File:Magellan_telescopes.jpg|
File:Clay_telescope.jpg|
File:Warszawskie Obserwatorium Południowe.jpg|
File:Warszawskie Obserwatorium Południowe Teleskop.jpg|
File:Du Pont Las Campanas.jpg|Du Pont telescope

## Other websites
*Las Campanas Observatory 
*Carnegie Institution for Science 

## References
Thelma

**Thelma** [ **thel**-m*uh* ] is a female given name which in Greek means "will and volition". There are many celebrities going under this feminine name. Also, there are many television series featuring characters with the name *Thelma*. In addition, a deadly tropical cyclone by the name *Thelma* struck the Philippines in latter 1991. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People
* Thelma Catherine Ryan, wife of U.S. president Richard Nixon
* Thelma Ritter, American actress
* Thelma Houston, American singer
* Thelma Aldana, Guatemalan judge
* Thelma Todd, American actress (1906-1935)

## References
First light (astronomy)

]]
In astronomy, **first light** is the first time a telescope is used to look at the Universe. This is often not the first time the telescope has been used. Tests will have been done during daylight to make sure everything is working. Images taken during first light are not normally of scientific interest. They are usually poor quality as the parts of the telescope have not been properly adjusted for best performance. Usually, a well-known and spectacular astronomical object is chosen. First light is always a moment of great excitement, both for the people who designed and built the telescope, and for the astronomical community.

For example, the 200-inch Hale Telescope saw first light January 26, 1949, targeting a nebula located in the constellation Monoceros. under the direction of American astronomer Edwin Hubble. The image was published in many magazines. 

The Large Binocular Telescope had its first light with a single primary mirror on October 12, 2005. This was a view of NGC 891, a spiral galaxy in the Andromeda constellation . The second mirror was installed in January 2006 and the telescope became fully operational in January 2008. 

In physical cosmology, **first light** refers to the light coming from the first generation of hyperstars. These were formed less than a billion years after the big bang, bringing an end to the cosmological Dark Ages.

## References
Liz Kendall

**Elizabeth Louise Kendall** (born 11 June 1971) is a British politician who has served as Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology since 2025. She was the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2024 to 2025. She is a member of the Labour Party. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Leicester West since 2010.

## Notes
## References
Keith Vaz

**Nigel Keith Anthony Standish Vaz**, known as **Keith Vaz**, was born 26 November 1956 in Aden, Yemen to Indian parents. He moved to Twickenham, London during his childhood. He was a MP for Leicester South.

In 2007, Vaz was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.

## References
Esther Vergeer

**Esther Mary Vergeer** (born 18 July 1981, Woerden) is a Dutch wheelchair tennis player. Vergeer has not lost a match in singles since February 2003. She has won 39 Grand Slam titles, five Paralympic Gold Medals and 21 Masters titles. Vergeer has been the world number one since 1999. Vergeer is also a former wheelchair basketball player. She was part of the team which won the European Championships in 1997.

## Early life
In March 1988 after a swimming lesson Vergeer became dizzy and passed out. Vergeer was just six years old at the time. Doctors found out that Vergeer was bleeding in her head. The bleeding had caused Vergeer to pass out. Vergeer had the blood removed. Six weeks later she went home. Yet the next year in June Vergeer had more headaches. She also had pressure behind the eyes and pain in her neck. The doctors could not find what was wrong. They sent her home. In October, doctors found Vergeer to be bleeding in her head again. They drained the blood. The doctors also found that Vergeer had an Vascular myelopathy. This abnormality caused the strokes that Vergeer experienced. On the 15 of January 1990, after a nine-hour operation Vergeer was unable to move her legs. The operation took place near to her spinal cord. Vergeer had one final operation in March but still could not move her legs.

## Wheelchair tennis
Vergeer won her eleventh British Open singles title beating Griffieon in the final. Against Griffieon, Vergeer beat her for the forty ninth time. It was the first time that Vergeer had beaten her without losing a game. The tournament win was Vergeer's tenth US Open USTA Wheelchair tennis championships. Vergeer won her sixth U.S. Open by beating van Koot. Vergeer was good enough to reach both the singles and doubles events at the Masters.

## References
## Other websites
*Official site
*bio – file interview with Esther Vergeer
Tyler Perry

**Tyler Perry** (born **Emmitt Perry Jr.**; September 13, 1969) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter.

Having started writing plays at age 18, Perry created a successful touring theater company, videos of whose performances were sold on DVD. 

As of March 2005, the plays had grossed over $75 million in ticket and DVD sales. He is well known for his plays on Madea. 

He owns his own movie studio in Atlanta called Tyler Perry Studios.

At age 16, he had his first name legally changed from Emmitt to Tyler in an effort to distance himself from his father.

## Filmography
### Television work
## References 
## Other websites 
*Tyler Perry Official website
*Tyler Perry's 34th Street Films Official website 
*
*
*Interview with Tyler Perry on beliefnet.com