October 27

## Events 
### Up to 1900 
* 97 &ndash; Roman Emperor Nerva adopts the then–44–year–old Trajan.
* 710 &ndash; Saracen invasion of Sardinia.
* 939 &ndash; Edmund I of England becomes king.
* 1275 &ndash; Traditional founding of Amsterdam.
* 1524 &ndash; Italian Wars: French troops lay siege to Pavia.
* 1553 &ndash; Condemned as a heretic, Michael Servetus is burned at the stake just outside Geneva.
* 1644 &ndash; The Second Battle of Newbury takes place in the English Civil War.
* 1662 &ndash; Charles II of England sells Dunkirk to France.
* 1682 &ndash; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded.
* 1795 &ndash; The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, establishing boundaries between the US and the Spanish colonies.
* 1806 &ndash; The French Army enters Berlin.
* 1810 &ndash; The US annexes the former Spanish colony of West Florida.
* 1827 &ndash; Vincenzo Bellini's third opera, *Il pirata*, has its first performance at La Scala, Milan.
* 1838 &ndash; Governor of Missouri Lilburn Boggs issues an extermination order to Mormons in the state, which would force them either to leave or be killed.
* 1870 &ndash; Franco-Prussian War: Marshal Francois Achille Bazaine surrenders to Prussian forces at the conclusion to the Siege of Metz.
* 1892 &ndash; British passenger steamer *Roumania* crashes into rocks off Peniche, Portugal.

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1904 &ndash; New York City's first underground Subway opens.
* 1907 &ndash; Cernova massacre: 15 people are killed in the Hungarian half of Austria-Hungary when a gunman opens fire on a crowd gathered at a church for its consecration.
* 1914 &ndash; World War I: British super dreadnought battleship HMS *Audacious* is sunk off Tory Island, northwest of Ireland, by a minefield laid by German merchant cruiser *Berlin*.
* 1916 &ndash; Battle of Segale in Ethiopia.
* 1922 &ndash; Italian fascists, led by Benito Mussolini, begin their March on Rome.
* 1922 &ndash; A referendum in Rhodesia rejects the country's annexation (being taken control of) to the Union of South Africa.
* 1924 &ndash; Soviet Union: The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic is founded.
* 1936 &ndash; Wallis Simpson files for divorce. She later marries Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, after he abdicates the throne.
* 1944 &ndash; World War II: German troops end the Slovak National Uprising in Banska Bystrica.
* 1953 &ndash; British nuclear test *Totem 2* is carried out at Emu Field, South Australia.
* 1954 &ndash; Benjamin O. Davis Jr. becomes the first African American to join the United States Air Force.
* 1958 &ndash; Iskandar Mirza is deposed as President of Pakistan.
* 1961 &ndash; Mauritania and Mongolia join the UN.
* 1961 &ndash; NASA tests the first *Saturn I* rocket in Mission–Saturn Apollo 1.
* 1962 &ndash; Cuban Missile Crisis: A nuclear war is narrowly avoided.
* 1962 &ndash; Rudolf Anderson of the United States Air Force becomes the only direct human casualty of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
* 1962 &ndash; A plane carrying Enrico Mattei, a post–war Italian administrator, crashes in mysterious circumstances.
* 1962 &ndash; Australian Dawn Fraser swims the 100 meter–backstroke in less than a minute, as the first woman to do so.
* 1964 &ndash; Ronald Reagan delivers "*A Time for Choosing*" speech at a Barry Goldwater campaign. 
* 1966 &ndash; The UN removes South Africa's mandate over Namibia.
* 1968 &ndash; The 1968 Summer Olympics end in Mexico City.
* 1971 &ndash; The Democratic Republic of the Congo is renamed Zaire.
* 1979 &ndash; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines become independent.
* 1981 &ndash; Soviet submarine *U 137* runs aground on the east coast of Sweden.
* 1991 &ndash; Turkmenistan achieves independence from the Soviet Union.
* 1994 &ndash; Gliese 229B is the first substellar mass object to be unquestionably identified.
* 1995 &ndash; Latvia applies for EU membership.
* 1995 &ndash; Former Prime Minister of Italy Bettino Craxi is convicted in–absentia (without attending) for corruption.
* 1997 &ndash; Global stock markets crash because of financial meltdown fears. 
* 1999 &ndash; Gunmen open fire on the Armenian Parliament.

### From 2001 
* 2002 &ndash; The volcano Mount Etna on Sicily erupts.
* 2002 &ndash; Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is elected to succeed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as President of Brazil.
* 2003 &ndash; In Malaga, where Pablo Picasso was born, the Museo Picasso (Picasso Museum) is opened.
* 2003 &ndash; Bomb attacks in Baghdad kill over 40 people.
* 2005 &ndash; Riots begin in France after the accidental deaths of two Muslim teenagers.
* 2006 &ndash; Opening of Arsenal F.C.'s Emirates Stadium.
* 2010 &ndash; Former President of Argentina Néstor Kirchner dies aged 60. He had been expected to run for president again in 2011.
* 2011 &ndash; Michael D. Higgins is elected President of Ireland.
* 2013 &ndash; Sebastian Vettel becomes the fourth driver to win four Formula One world titles in a row, and the youngest driver, at age 26, to do so.
* 2013 &ndash; Storms begin to affect parts of western and central Europe, causing destruction and disruption the next day.
* 2017 &ndash; The Parliament of Catalonia declares the region's independence from Spain; The central government in Madrid decides to impose direct rule on Catalonia.
* 2018 &ndash; Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: A gunman shoots and kills 11 people worshipping at a synagogue in the Squirrel Hill neighbourhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
* 2018 &ndash; 2018 Leicester City F.C. helicopter crash: A helicopter crash near Leicester City F.C.'s King Power Stadium in Leicester, England, kills 5 people, including the club's Thai owner Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha.
* 2019 &ndash; Sophie Wilmès becomes the first female Prime Minister of Belgium, succeeding Charles Michel, who had been chosen to succeed Donald Tusk as President of the European Council.
* 2019 &ndash; Alberto Fernández wins Argentina's Presidential election against the incumbent Mauricio Macri.

## Births 
### Up to 1900 
* 921 &ndash; Chai Rong, Chinese Emperor (d. 959)
* 1156 &ndash; Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse (d. 1222)
* 1401 &ndash; Catherine of Valois, Queen Consort of England (d. 1437)
* 1466 (assumed) &ndash; Erasmus of Rotterdam, Dutch writer and philosopher (d. 1536)
* 1703 &ndash; Johann Gottfried Graun, German violinist and composer (d. 1771)
* 1728 &ndash; James Cook, British naval captain and explorer (d. 1779)
* 1736 &ndash; James Macpherson, Scottish writer, poet and politician (d. 1796)
* 1744 &ndash; Mary Moser, English painter and one of only two female founder members of the Royal Academy (d. 1819)
* 1760 &ndash; August Neidhardt von Gneisenau, Prussian field marshal (d. 1831)
* 1761 &ndash; Geir Vídalín, Bishop of Iceland (d. 1823)
* 1763 &ndash; William Maclure, Scottish geologist (d. 1840)
* 1782 &ndash; Niccolò Paganini, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1840)
* 1811 &ndash; Isaac Singer, inventor of the sewing machine (d. 1875)
* 1811 &ndash; Stevens Thomson Mason, first Governor of Michigan (d. 1843).
* 1828 &ndash; Jacob Dolson Cox, 28th Governor of Ohio (d. 1900)
* 1838 &ndash; John Davis Long, 32nd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1915)
* 1842 &ndash; Giovanni Giolitti, Italian statesman (d. 1928)
* 1844 &ndash; Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist (d. 1916)
* 1854 &ndash; William Alexander Smith, Scottish founder of the Boys' Brigade (d. 1914)
* 1857 &ndash; Ernst Trygger, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1943)
* 1858 &ndash; Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States (d. 1919)
* 1858 &ndash; Saito Makoto, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1936)
* 1868 &ndash; William Gillies, Australian politician, 21st Premier of Queensland (d. 1928)
* 1869 &ndash; Viola Allen, American actress (d. 1948)
* 1873 &ndash; James J. Davis, Welsh–born American politician (d. 1947)
* 1877 &ndash; Walt Kuhn, American painter and cartoonist (d. 1949)
* 1877 &ndash; George Thompson, English cricketer (d. 1943)
* 1885 &ndash; Sigrid Hjertén, Swedish painter (d. 1948)
* 1889 &ndash; Enid Bagnold, English author and playwright (d. 1981)
* 1889 &ndash; Fanny Durack, Australian swimmer (d. 1956)
* 1894 &ndash; Oliver Leese, English general (d. 1978)
* 1896 &ndash; Edith Brown, RMS *Titanic* survivor (d. 1997)

### 1901 &ndash; 1950 
* 1902 &ndash; Emil Jónsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1986)
* 1904 &ndash; Erno Schwarz, Hungarian footballer (d. 1974)
* 1906 &ndash; Kazuo Ohno, Japanese dancer (d. 2010)
* 1908 &ndash; Lee Krasner, American painter (d. 1984)
* 1910 &ndash; Jack Carson, Canadian actor (d. 1963)
* 1911 &ndash; Leif Erickson, American actor (d. 1986)
* 1913 &ndash; Joe Medicine Crow, American tribal historian, anthropologist and author (d. 2016)
* 1914 &ndash; Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 1953)
* 1915 &ndash; Harry Saltzman, Canadian theatre and film producer (d. 1994)
* 1916 &ndash; Kazimierz Brandys, Polish writer (d. 2000)
* 1917 &ndash; Oliver Tambo, South African activist (d. 1993)
* 1917 &ndash; Arne Andersson, Swedish athlete (d. 2009)
* 1918 &ndash; Edgar Herschler, 28th Governor of Wyoming (d. 1990)
* 1918 &ndash; Teresa Wright, American actress (d. 2005)
* 1919 &ndash; Tim M. Babcock, 16th Governor of Montana (d. 2015)
* 1920 &ndash; Nanette Fabray, American actress (d. 2018)
* 1920 &ndash; K. R. Narayanan, President of India (d. 2005)
* 1921 &ndash; Warren Allen Smith, American activist (d. 2017)
* 1922 &ndash; Ruby Dee, American actress (d. 2014)
* 1922 &ndash; Ralph Kiner, American baseball player (d. 2014)
* 1922 &ndash; Michel Galabru, French actor (d. 2016)
* 1922 &ndash; Carlos Andrés Pérez, President of Venezuela (d. 2010)
* 1922 &ndash; George Young, Scottish footballer (d. 1997)
* 1923 &ndash; Roy Lichtenstein, American pop artist (d. 1997)
* 1923 &ndash; Ned Wertimer, American actor (d. 2013)
* 1924 &ndash; Bonnie Lou, American singer (d. 2015)
* 1925 &ndash; Warren Christopher, former United States Secretary of State (d. 2011)
* 1925 &ndash; Gianni Bonagura, Italian actor (d. 2017)
* 1930 &ndash; Leo Baxendale, English cartoonist (d. 2017)
* 1931 &ndash; Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian writer
* 1932 &ndash; Sylvia Plath, American poet (d. 1963)
* 1932 &ndash; Jean-Pierre Cassel, French actor (d. 2007)
* 1933 &ndash; Floyd Cramer, American musician (d. 1997)
* 1934 &ndash; Elías Querejeta, Spanish film producer and screenwriter (d. 2013)
* 1937 &ndash; Peter Lustig, German television presenter (d. 2016)
* 1938 &ndash; Maurice Hinchey, American politician (d. 2017)
* 1939 &ndash; John Cleese, British actor, writer, and Monty Python member
* 1939 &ndash; Marino Perani, Italian footballer (d. 2017)
* 1939 &ndash; Albert Wendt, Samoan writer
* 1940 &ndash; John Gotti, New York mafia boss (d. 2002)
* 1941 &ndash; Dick Trickle, American racing driver (d. 2013)
* 1943 &ndash; Sherman Kelly, American singer–songwriter (Boffalongo)
* 1944 &ndash; Nikolai Karachentsov, Russian actor (d. 2018)
* 1945 &ndash; Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, 35th President of Brazil
* 1945 &ndash; Arild Andersen, Norwegian composer and bassist
* 1946 &ndash; Steven R. Nagel, American astronaut, pilot and engineer (d. 2014)
* 1946 &ndash; Carrie Snodgress, American actress (d. 2004)
* 1946 &ndash; Ivan Reitman, Czech–Canadian actor, producer and director
* 1949 &ndash; Garry Talent, American musician (E Street Band)
* 1950 &ndash; Fran Lebowitz, American writer
* 1950 &ndash; Sue Lloyd-Roberts, English journalist (d. 2015)

### 1951 &ndash; 1975 
* 1951 &ndash; K. K. Downing, English musician (Judas Priest)
* 1951 &ndash; Carlos Frenk, Mexican–English physicist, cosmologist and academic
* 1952 &ndash; Roberto Benigni, Italian actor and director
* 1952 &ndash; Francis Fukuyama, American political scientist, economist and author
* 1952 &ndash; Atsuyoshi Furuta, Japanese footballer
* 1953 &ndash; Peter Firth, English actor
* 1954 &ndash; Frank Gray, Scottish footballer
* 1954 &ndash; Mike Kelley, American artist (d. 2012)
* 1956 &ndash; Michèle Chardonnet, French athlete
* 1956 &ndash; Christiane Wartenberg, German athlete
* 1957 &ndash; Jeff East, American actor
* 1957 &ndash; Glenn Hoddle, English footballer and manager
* 1958 &ndash; Simon Le Bon, English musician (Duran Duran)
* 1958 &ndash; Manu Katché, French musician
* 1959 &ndash; Rick Carlisle, American basketball player and coach
* 1961 &ndash; Margaret Mazzantini, Italian actress
* 1962 &ndash; Stewart McKimmie, Scottish footballer
* 1963 &ndash; Marla Maples, American actress and model
* 1963 &ndash; Farin Urlaub, German musician and songwriter
* 1964 &ndash; Mary T. Meagher, American swimmer
* 1967 &ndash; Scott Weiland, American musician Stone Temple Pilots, Velvet Revolver (d. 2015)
* 1967 &ndash; Simone Moro, Italian mountaineer
* 1970 &ndash; Adrian Erlandsson, musician (Cradle of Filth)
* 1971 &ndash; Elissa, Lebanese singer
* 1971 &ndash; Theodoros Zagorakis, Greek footballer
* 1972 &ndash; Maria Mutola, Mozambican athlete
* 1972 &ndash; Evan Coyne Maloney, documentary movie maker
* 1972 &ndash; Brad Radke, American baseball player
* 1975 &ndash; Zadie Smith, English novelist
* 1975 &ndash; Aron Ralston, American mountaineer and engineer

### From 1976 
* 1976 &ndash; Ariel Ibagaza, Argentine footballer
* 1977 &ndash; Jiří Jarosík, Czech footballer
* 1977 &ndash; Sheeri Rappaport, American actress
* 1978 &ndash; Toby Petersen, American ice hockey player
* 1978 &ndash; Vanessa-Mae, Singapore–born British musician
* 1980 &ndash; Tanel Padar, Estonian singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1980 &ndash; Václav Noid Bárta, Czech singer and actor
* 1981 &ndash; Volkan Demirel, Turkish footballer
* 1982 &ndash; Takashi Tsukamoto, Japanese actor and singer
* 1984 &ndash; Kelly Osbourne, daughter of Ozzy Osbourne
* 1984 &ndash; Kostas Kapetanos, Greek footballer
* 1984 &ndash; Emilie Ullerup, Danish actress
* 1986 &ndash; David Warner, Australian cricketer
* 1987 &ndash; Yi Jianlian, Chinese basketball player
* 1987 &ndash; Viktor Genev, Bulgarian footballer
* 1988 &ndash; Evan Turner, American basketball player
* 1992 &ndash; Stephan El Shaarawy, Italian footballer
* 1992 &ndash; Emily Hagins, American director, producer and screenwriter
* 1994 &ndash; Eddie Alderson, American actor
* 1997 &ndash; Eden Taylor-Draper, English actress
* 1999 &ndash; Haruka Kudo, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
* 2007 &ndash; Dev Singh, SuperIndian

## Deaths 
### Up to 1900 
* 673 &ndash; Pope Agatho of Alexandria (b. 654)
* 939 &ndash; King Athelstan I of England (b. 895)
* 1271 &ndash; Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy, French crusader (b. 1213)
* 1303 &ndash; Beatrice of Castile (b. 1242)
* 1312 &ndash; John II, Duke of Brabant (b. 1275)
* 1327 &ndash; Elizabeth de Burgh, wife of Robert I of Scotland (b. 1289)
* 1430 &ndash; Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania (b. 1350)
* 1439 &ndash; Albert II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1392)
* 1449 &ndash; Ulugh Beg, Persian astronomer, mathematician and Sultan (b. 1394)
* 1485 &ndash; Rudolf Agricola, Dutch writer and educator (b. 1444)
* 1505 &ndash; Tsar Ivan III of Russia (b. 1440)
* 1553 &ndash; Michael Servetus, Spanish theologian and doctor (b. 1511)
* 1561 &ndash; Lope de Aguirre, Spanish explorer (b. 1510)
* 1605 &ndash; Akbar the Great, Mughal Emperor (b. 1542)
* 1674 &ndash; Hallgrímur Pétursson, Icelandic poet and hymnist (b. 1614)
* 1675 &ndash; Gilles de Roberval, French mathematician (b. 1602)
* 1789 &ndash; John Cook, Governor of Delaware (b. 1730)
* 1880 &ndash; Thrasyvoulos Zaimis, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1827)

### 1901 &ndash; 2000 
* 1917 &ndash; Arthur Rhys-Davids, English pilot (b. 1897)
* 1926 &ndash; Warren Wood, American golfer (b. 1887)
* 1935 &ndash; Ernest Eldridge, English racing driver (b. 1897)
* 1942 &ndash; Helmuth Hubener, German resistance activist (b. 1925)
* 1954 &ndash; Harry Tate, American soccer player (b. 1886)
* 1962 &ndash; Rudolf Anderson, American pilot (b. 1927)
* 1962 &ndash; Enrico Mattei, Italian politician (b. 1906)
* 1968 &ndash; Lise Meitner, German physicist (b. 1878)
* 1975 &ndash; Rex Stout, American novelist (b. 1886)
* 1980 &ndash; Steve Peregrin Took, English singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1949)
* 1980 &ndash; John Hasbrouck van Vleck, American physicist (b. 1899)
* 1986 &ndash; Sherman Adams, 67th Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1899)
* 1990 &ndash; Xavier Cugat, Catalan–born bandleader (b. 1900)
* 1990 &ndash; Jacques Demy, French director (b. 1931)
* 1990 &ndash; Ugo Tognazzi, Italian actor (b. 1922)
* 1999 &ndash; Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (b. 1959)
* 1999 &ndash; Karen Demirchyan, Chairman of the Armenian Parliament (b. 1932)
* 2000 &ndash; Walter Berry, Austrian bass baritone (b. 1929)

### From 2001 
* 2001 &ndash; Pradeep Kumar, Indian actor, director and producer (b. 1925)
* 2003 &ndash; Walter Washington, American politician (b. 1915)
* 2003 &ndash; Stephanie Tyrell, American songwriter and producer (b. 1949)
* 2006 &ndash; Brad Will, American anarchist and independent journalist (b. 1970)
* 2010 &ndash; Néstor Kirchner, President of Argentina (b. 1950)
* 2012 &ndash; Natina Reed, American singer, producer and rapper (b. 1979)
* 2012 &ndash; Hans Peter Henze, German composer (b. 1926)
* 2013 &ndash; Lou Reed, American musician (b. 1942)
* 2014 &ndash; Daniel Boulanger, French actor and writer (b. 1922)
* 2014 &ndash; Starke Taylor, American politician, Mayor of Dallas, Texas (b. 1922)
* 2014 &ndash; Shin Hae-chul, South Korean singer (b. 1968)
* 2015 &ndash; Philip French, British film critic (b. 1933)
* 2016 &ndash; Prince Mikasa, Japanese royal (b. 1915)
* 2017 &ndash; Hans Kraay Sr., Dutch footballer (b. 1936)
* 2017 &ndash; Punathil Kunjabdulla, Indian writer and physician (b. 1942)
* 2018 &ndash; Freddie Hart, American musician and singer–songwriter (b. 1926)
* 2018 &ndash; Madan Lal Khurana, Indian politician (b. 1936)
* 2018 &ndash; Mario Segale, American businessman (b. 1934)
* 2018 &ndash; Ntozake Shange, American poet and playwright (b. 1948)
* 2018 &ndash; Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha, Thai businessman and owner of Leicester City F.C. (b. 1958)
* 2019 &ndash; Vladimir Bukovsky, Russian–British human rights activist and dissident (b. 1942)
* 2019 &ndash; Stephen P. Cohen, American political scientist and security expert (b. 1936)
* 2019 &ndash; John Conyers, American politician and civil rights activist (b. 1929)
* 2019 &ndash; Ivan Milat, Australian serial killer (b. 1944)
* 2019 &ndash; Anne Phelan, Australian actress (b. 1940s)
* 2019 &ndash; Hans-Peter Uhl, German politician (b. 1944)

## Observances 
* Independence Day (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turkmenistan)