open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tear gas

police using tear gas]]

**Tear gas** is the name for a number of chemical compounds.  They are not actually gases.  They are fine powders or mists of liquid.  The chemicals are acidic and cause  pain in the eyes.  Tear gas may cause temporary blindness for up to 45 minutes.  Tear gas is commonly used by police to control crowds.  Phenacyl chloride (CN) liquid and CS powder are two of the chemicals that are often found in tear gas.  Pepper spray is another chemical compound that acts very similarly and is sometimes used to control crowds.

Tear gas is a chemical weapon, and was used as a weapon in the First World War.  The 1925 Geneva Protocol is not specific enough about the use of irritating agents, such as tear gas in war.  The Chemical Weapons Convention, of 1992 prohibits the use of tear gas for warfare.  The use as a riot control agent is not covered by the treaty.

## Problems of using tear gas 
 treating an protester, during the  Venezuelan protests of 2014. ]]
The use of tear gas also has problems: Usually, cartidges of tear gas are thrown; they can hit and injure people. A case of serious injury to the blood vessels from tear gas shells has also been reported from Iran, with high rates of associated nerve injury (44%) and amputation (17%), as well as instances of head injuries in young people. Directly exposing skin to tear gas may lead to chemical burns and allergic reactions of the skin.

In the short term, the medical consequences are usually limited to  skin inflammation. delayed complications are also possible: people with respiratory conditions such as asthma are likely to need medical attention and may sometimes require hospitalization or even ventilation support. Skin exposure to CS may cause chemical burns or induce allergic contact dermatitis. When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed, eye injuries involving scarring of the cornea can lead to a permanent loss in visual acuity. Frequent or high levels of exposure carry increased risks of respiratory illness.

## References 
## Related pages 
* Chemical warfare

## Other websites
* Riot Agents
Yangon

**Yangon** () also known as **Rangoon**, is the largest city in Myanmar. It was also the capital city until 2006. The city is by a river called Hlaing River, and is close to the sea. Yangon has more than 5 million people living there.

## History 
**Yangon** was founded as **Dagon** in the 6th century AD by the Mons, who ruled Lower Burma at that time. Dagon was a small fishing village centered about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon and renamed it "Yangon". The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) but returned it to Burma after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841.

The British took Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and then changed Yangon into the most important city of British Burma. The British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land. It was bound to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River. Yangon became the capital of all British Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake. The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University.
Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as "the garden city of the East."

Before World War II, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, and only about a third was Bamar (Burman). Karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest.

After World War I, Yangon became the center of Burmese independence movement. The leftist Rangoon University students led the way. Three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920, 1936 and 1938 began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japan's occupation (1942–45), and was heavily damaged during World War II. Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire.

## Gallery 

Image:Yangon View South.jpg|Yangon
Image:Sule-Pagoda by-Night.jpg|Sule Pagoda
Image:Karaweik-Palace.JPG|Karaweik Palace
Image:Shwedagon-Pagoda-Night.jpg|Shwe Dagon Pagoda

## References
Pyinmana

**Pyinmana** (, ; population: 100,000 (2006 estimate)) is a small town in Mandalay Division of Myanmar. The government in 2005 decided to move the capital city from Yangon to an area  away west of Pyinmana on November 6, 2005, near the town, named Naypyidaw, which means Royal City. Pyinmana is approximately  north of Yangon.
Burmese language

**Burmese**  (in Burmese '''', pronounced /baa-MAA-saa/) is a language spoken in Myanmar (also known as Burma). Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language, meaning that is close to Chinese and Tibetan.

## Writing system 
Burmese is written in Burmese script. 

## Tones 
Burmese is a tonal language. Burmese has three tones (high, medium, low: plus two 'stops or abbreviated additional, qualifying 'tones*)*

Burmese has no gender. For instance, the word သူ (pronounced "thew") could mean "he" or "she". However, some words have natural gender e.g. ဆရာ *saya* (male teacher) and ဆရာမ *sayama* (female teacher).

Unlike in English, verbs in Burmese do not change based on tense. Instead, other words are added after to show tense.

## Loan words 
Burmese has many English and Indian words (loan words) due to colonization by the British and interaction with the neighboring country of India. However, Burmese is a very distinct and full language itself with a long history and many different dialects.

## Examples
Here are some examples of words and sentences in Burmese.

Hello = *min-ga-la-ba*

How are you? = *Nei kaun la?*

I am (name) = *Cha-naw yè nan-bè ga _______*

(*Kya-naw* is replaced with *kya-ma* for females.

What is your name? = ''Ka-mya na mei be' lo khal le' ''  (OR) na mei be' lo khal le' (You can omit  "Ka-mya=You")

Are you from Burma? = *Nae ba-ma pyi ga la da la?*

(Note: To ask if someone is from other countries, just replace ba-ma pyi with any of the countries below.)

* America = *A-mè-ree-ka*
* France = *Pyin-thit*
* Britain = *In-ga-lan*
* Germany = *Ja-ma-nee*
* Russia = *Ra-sha*
* Thailand = *Yoe-da-ya*
* Japan = *Ja-pan*
* Chinese = *Ta-yote*
* Indian = * in-di-yah*

## References
Spear

spear, the other weapons are copies of medieval javelins.]]
A **spear** is a weapon used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.  It is meant  to primarily stab.  Some spears can also slash.  Some kinds of light weight spears were also meant to be thrown.

A lance is a special spear used from horseback.  Knights often used it during medieval times.  A pike is a very big spear for infantry to fight horsemen.

## Examples 

Image:Pilum Nordisk familjebok.jpg|Pila (one pilum, several pila) were spears used by Roman armies
Image:Arrow and spear heads - from-DC1.jpg|Arrowheads and spearheads as they were common in antiquity
File:Spear_fishing_Peru_cropped.jpg|Fishing with a spear, in Peru
Coat of arms

A **coat of arms** is a   painted on a shield.  These designs may be inherited, meaning that they pass from a father to his children.  In the Middle Ages, these designs were shown on real shields, but today they are usually only drawn or painted on the paper that makes them  which is called a **grant of arms**. The grant of arms is usually allowed only when it is given by the government of a country or its . In England, this is called the College of Arms and in Scotland is called the Lord Lyon King of Arms.

Coats of arms are normally issued for real people. Nowadays, lots of countries and businesses also have coats of arms. Each symbol on the coat of arms will   that has an   to that person, country or company.

Coats of arms have many base shield designs that can be added on to, such as the Fess, Pale, Bend, Chevron, Saltire, and many more. These examples shown are called "Ordinaries". An example of an item to add on to the base designs are called charges. These charges can be classified as emblems added on to the coat of arms base shield. It is also optional to have a supporter. In simple terms, the supporter is usually an animal seeming like it is holding up the shield of the coat of arms. The Royal Coat of Arms of The United Kingdom seen below is an example of supporters. Lastly, the final main piece of many coats of arms is called the crest. The crest is a symbol of some sorts usually resting on top of the shield base of the coat of arms. This crest can be any shape, but usually has to fit within the color palette.

## Examples 

File:Coat of arms of Benedictus XVI.svg|Coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI
File:Coat of Arms of Brocēni.svg|Coat of arms of Broceni
File:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
File:Coat of arms of Pichilemu .svg|Coat of arms of Pichilemu
File:Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg|alt=The Great Seal|Coat of arms of The United States
File:National emblem of Bangladesh.svg|alt=National emblem of Bangladesh|The coat of arms of Bangladesh
File:Coat of arms of Mexico.svg|Coat of Arms of Mexico

## Related pages
*Flag
*Heraldry
*Officer of arms

## Other websites
* Heraldry in the SCA 
* Modar's Heraldry
Danielle Steel

**Danielle Fernande Schuelein-Steel** (born August 14, 1947 in New York City) is an American writer. Steel was an only child. She is the best-selling living author and one of the best-selling fiction writers ever, with more than 800 million books sold. As of 2021, she has written 190 books, including over 140 novels.

Her parents divorced when she was young. She was looked after by relatives and family employees in Paris and New York City. She was a lonely child and read a lot of books and poetry.

## Early life 
Steel, whose full name is Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel, was born in New York City. Her father, John Schuelein-Steel, was a German immigrant who was Jewish and came from a family that owned Löwenbräu beer. Her mother, Norma da Camara Stone dos Reis, was Portuguese and the daughter of a diplomat.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official Website
* Personal website
* Danielle Steel Quotes
Postage stamp

2. Perforations
3. Denomination
4. Country name
]]", a very rare and expensive U.S. stamp, 1918]]

**Postage stamps** are pieces of paper which signal that payment has been made for the item to be mailed.

These days they have adhesive on the back. They are put on the top right-hand corner of an envelope. They pay the fee for having the postal service take the envelope to where it is being sent. 

The idea was British, and the first postage stamps were issued in Britain in the mid-nineteenth century. On 1 May 1840, the Penny Black, the first adhesive postage stamp, was issued in the United Kingdom.

There are a lot of different postage stamps in the world. Most countries have their own stamps. People collect them in books called stamp albums. Sometimes, the stamps all have errors in the printing like in the "Inverted Jenny" picture with the aeroplane printed upside down.

## People on stamps
People on stamps is one more common topic in stamp collecting. For instance, many famous people are featured on stamps in the United States. 

File:Stamp US 1847 5c-Benjamin Franklin.jpg|Benjamin Franklin
File:George Washington 1847 issue.jpg|George Washington
File:Lincoln 1866 Issue-15c.jpg|Abraham Lincoln
File:Ulysses S Grant 1898 Issue-5c.jpg|Ulysses S. Grant

## Maps on stamps
Maps on stamps is a common topic on stamp collecting. Almost every country has featured maps on stamps. There are also topic maps including demographic and cross topic ones (showing explorer routes over maps).

File:1989 CPA 6040.jpg|Nature conservation and world map on a Russian postage stamp
File:DBP 1992 1587 Wappen Bayern.jpg|Coat of Arms "Bayern" and Germany map
File:2d Map of Ireland- first Irish postage stamp.jpg|"Eire", 1922 Ireland

## Related pages
* Mail
* Penny Black
* Philately
* Stamp collector
* War tax due stamp

## Other websites 
* 
## References
1410s

The **1410s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1410 and ended on 31 December 1419. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***142th decade*** which began on January 1, 1411 and ended on December 31, 1420.
## Events 
* The power of the Teutonic Knights is broken at the Battle of Grunwald by Polish and Lithuanian armies.
* Under Henry V of England, England invades France and wins the Battle of Agincourt.
* The Council of Constance happens.

## Births 
* Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint
* Jami, Persian poet

## Deaths 
* Pope Alexander V
* King Albert of Sweden
* Dawit I of Ethiopia
* Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury
* Jan Hus, religious reformer
William Randolph Hearst

**William Randolph Hearst** (April 29, 1863–August 14, 1951) was an important American newspaper owner who was born in San Francisco, California.

He was the only child of Phoebe Apperson Hearst, a former schoolteacher from Missouri, and George Hearst, a successful miner who became a multimillionaire and later a US Senator from California.

Hearst was a member of the US House of Representatives for New York between 1903 and 1907, as a member of the Independence Party, which he started.

Hearst was a media tycoon. He started a newspaper empire, which is now the Hearst Corporation. He became known for publishing sensationalist stories, which were often false or only very loosely based on the truth.

Hearst used most of the profits to build his own private palace, Hearst Castle.

The film *Citizen Kane* by Orson Welles is based upon the story of Hearst's life.

Learned at Harvard
Hat

A **hat** is a type of covering for the head, and there are many types of hats. 

Hats are different in different parts of the world. Some hats are worn by women, other hats by men, others by both; infants and children may also wear hats, and some hats are not worn by anyone at all. These hats are just used for decoration. People who make hats for men are called **hatters**, and those who make hats for women are called **milliners**. The kinds of hats (or caps, which are like hats) worn by different groups within various societies in different countries are very numerous. 

Some types of hats or caps are worn as a sign of social roles. For example, bishops wear mitres and some lawyers wear wigs. In these cases the special headware is only worn on specific occasions. Monarchs wear crowns on special occasions. 

All kinds of clothing send social messages as to what the person is. For years workmen in Britain wore caps, but foremen (supervisors) wore bowler hats. So, in traditional societies it was expected of a person that he or she would dress appropriately. Other people would know from their clothes what kind of person was on view. That aspect of hats and clothing in general is much less true today.
## Examples
Some examples of hats:
* baseball cap, for baseball players and many others
* beaver hat, made of beaver skin 
* beret, for fishermen or peasants in parts of western Europe
* bowler hat, for men practising some traditionally middle class occupations
* coonskin cap, for some hunters or trappers
* cowboy hat, for cowhands
* fedora, a felt hat of a particular shape
* fez, similar to a tarboush, found in many Islamic countries
* helmet, either for those serving in the armed forces or for sportsman (e.g. motorcyclists)
* mitre, for formal use by bishops
* riding helmet, a helmet for horse riders
* sombrero, for the Latin American peasant
* taqiyah, a short, rounded skullcap worn by Muslim men
* ten-gallon hat, a type of cowboy hat
* top hat, for the smart men of the world

## Etiquette and dress codes
Traditionally during the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was considered bad form to wear hats indoors, except in barns and the most public spaces inside public buildings. Women traditionally were exempt during church services and formal dinners. Today, certain establishments such as banks, schools and military facilities ban hats, and many companies ban hats as part of their employee dress codes.

## Related pages
* wig
* cap
* hair
* headgear
Horace Greeley

**Horace Greeley** (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor, reformer, and politician. His *New York Tribune* was the most influential newspaper from 1840 to 1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and the Republican Parties.

He is best known for his socially-colored journalism. He wanted to convince people of his ideas such as his opposition to the expansion of slavery. He thought that the role of a journalist was to convince people with sound arguments. He did not like the sensationalist approach of Joseph Pulitzer and others.

Greeley ran for president and was nominated by the Democratic Party in 1872 but died before the election results came. However, he would have lost to the Republican candidate, Ulysses S. Grant.
Czechoslovakia

**Czechoslovakia**, or **Czecho-Slovakia**, was a country in Europe. It split off from Austria-Hungary in 1918 and split apart in 1993.

In mid-1938 Nazi Germany took over Czechoslovakia and split off Slovakia. Sudetenland was annexed by Germany, other parts of Czechia became its protectorate named Bohemia and Moravia. After World War II the USSR liberated these lands and kept Zakarpattia because of the Ukrainian (Rusyn) majority in that region. 

By 1948 pro-Soviet communists got the power finally and declared the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. It was a member of Warsaw Treaty Organization and COMECON , one of the richest countries of the Eastern Bloc. In the Prague Spring of the late 1960s, Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubcek pursued his own policy of a ‘socialism with a human face’. In 1968 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia to restore the old system.

In 1989 Czechoslovakia peacefully changed its political system in the *Velvet Revolution*. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia split into the **Czech Republic **and** Slovakia**. The countries separated in peace.

## Official names
*1918–1920: **Republic of Czechoslovakia** (abbreviated RČS)/**Czecho-Slovak State**, or Czecho-Slovakia/Czechoslovakia
*1920–1938: **Czechoslovak Republic** (ČSR), or Czechoslovakia
*1938–1939: **Czecho-Slovak Republic**, or Czecho-Slovakia
*1945–1960: **Czechoslovak Republic** (ČSR), or Czechoslovakia
*1960–1990: **Czechoslovak Socialist Republic** (ČSSR), or Czechoslovakia
*April 1990: Czechoslovak Federative Republic (Czech version) and Czecho-Slovak Federative Republic (Slovak version)
**The country subsequently became the **Czech and Slovak Federative Republic**, ČSFR, or Československo (Czech version) and Česko-Slovensko (Slovak version).

File: Czechoslovakia01.png
File:Czechoslovakia.png

## Notes
## References
Otherkin

mask]]
**Otherkin** is a subculture of people who identify as a non-human thing. Some otherkin believe their identity comes from a non-human spirit, ancestry, or symbolism. People also believe that Otherkin get their identity from neurodivergence.
The term has since been widespread, and it usually refers to many non-human identities, including therians.

Otherkin originally came from Online Communities in the 1990s when people started identifying as elves or other fantasy creatures.

## References
Number theory

**Number theory** is a part of mathematics. It explains what some types of numbers are, what properties they have, and ways that they can be useful.

Topics in number theory are: 
* Prime numbers 
* Factorization 
* Matrix

Important theorems in number theory are: 
* Chinese remainder theorem
* Fundamental theorem of arithmetic 
* Fermat's last theorem 
* Fermat's little theorem 

## Applications 
A well-known application of number theory is encrypted messaging (encryption).  Data compression also makes use of the field.

## Further reading
* G.H. Hardy; E.M. Wright (2008) [1938]. An introduction to the theory of numbers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921986-5.
* Vinogradov, I.M. (2003) [1954]. Elements of Number Theory (reprint o 1954 ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
* Ivan M. Niven; Herbert S. Zuckerman; Hugh L. Montgomery (2008) [1960]. An introduction to the theory of numbers (reprint of the 5th edition 1991 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-81-265-1811-1.
*Kenneth H. Rosen (2010). Elementary Number Theory (6th ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-321-71775-7.
* Borevich, A. I.; Shafarevich, Igor R. (1966). Number theory. Pure and Applied Mathematics. 20. Boston, MA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-117850-5. MR 0195803.
* Serre, Jean-Pierre (1996) [1973]. A course in arithmetic. Graduate texts in mathematics. 7. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-90040-7.

## Other websites
* 
* Number Theory 
* Number Theory Web
Arthropod

**Arthropods** (Greek language for "joint-legged") are a large group of invertebrate animals. Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods. In the scientific classification, all arthropods are members of the phylum **Arthropoda**. Arthropods have segmented body, an exoskeleton and legs with joints. Most arthropods live on land, but some live in water. Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group. Arthropods are a source of food for many animals, including humans.

## Diversity 
Scientists know of more than 1 million species of arthropods. 80% of all known animal species are arthropods. Many more species have not yet been described.

Most arthropod species are insects. "Insects are the most diverse organisms in the history of life".

Most arthropods live on land. The phylum **Arthropoda** is the only phylum of invertebrates that mostly live on land. But crustaceans (crabs, shrimp and their relatives) mostly live in water.

Arthropods are also the first phylum to develop genuine flight.

## Description 
Arthropods have a hard exoskeleton. The exoskeleton reduces the loss of water (desiccation). This helps them to live on land without drying out.

## Classification 
Arthropods are made up of four groups of living animals and one group of extinct animals:
# **Chelicerates** include mites, horseshoe crabs, scorpions and spiders.
# **Myriapods** include millipedes and centipedes. 
# **Crustaceans** include barnacles,crabs, shrimp, crayfish, and lobsters.  Most crustaceans live in water, with the most notable exception of woodlice.
# **Hexapods** include insects and a few other organisms. Hexapods have six legs.
# **Trilobites** are a group of extinct arthropods.  Trilobites all lived in oceans.  They disappeared in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, about 252 million years ago.  The trilobites are the second most famous type of fossils, after the dinosaurs.

## Images 

Millipedes.jpg|Millipedes
Loxoceles_reclusa.jpg|Spider, arachnid
Blue crab on market in Piraeus - Callinectes sapidus Rathbun 20020819-317.jpg|Blue crab, crustacean
Morpho menelaus huebneri MHNT Male Dos.jpg|Butterfly, insect

## References
University of Alabama

The **University of Alabama** (UA) is a university in the U.S. state of Alabama. The University of Alabama is in the city of Tuscaloosa. People can usually just say *Alabama* or *UA* for short when they are talking about the university.

UA opened in 1831 and now about 38,000 students study there. UA is one of the three largest universities in Alabama. Auburn University and University of Alabama at Birmingham are the other two main schools in Alabama. Students study many things at UA, such as liberal arts, science, engineering, communication, engineering, education, social work, nursing, human sciences (such as fashion design) and law. People study to get bachelor's degrees, Master's degrees and doctorates at Alabama. Also, graduates can get an Education Specialist degree.

Many people have heard about the University of Alabama because it has many good sports teams. These sports teams are called the **Crimson Tide**. The football team from UA has won the national football championship 12 times in the past 83 years and play at Bryant–Denny Stadium.

In 1963, Alabama Gov. George Wallace announced in his inaugural address, "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" as his policy. He personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students. He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard, who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene.

## References
## Other websites
*
Gomaespuma

**Gomaespuma** is a radio show, presented by Juan Luis Cano and Guillermo Fesser. The program is broadcast by  Onda Cero. It also has been in M80 radio and in Antenna 3 Radio. Gomaespuma organises the Flamenco pa tos festival, the most important Flamenco festival of Spain. Gomaespuma directs a foundation with the same name.

* Pay attention to the pedals:  Luis Montoro
* Cinema:                   Cándida Villar
* Corresponsal en Paris:   Rubén Amón 
* Corresponsal USA:       Gina Fox
* Mister Gárcia:        Claro García
* Interviews:            Juan Luis y Guillermo
* "Flamenco pa tos":        José Manuel Gamboa y Juan Verdú
* The guide of the "Michelines":        Juan Carlos Orlando
* The B face:              Carlos Cano
* The musical "croqueta":    Santi Alcanda
* The woman that i love: Curra Fernández
* Books:                 Mar de Tejeda
* News:               Esmeralda Velasco  
* Gomaespuma with: José Manuel Lapeña
* Gomaespumino:           Juan Luis y Guillermo
* Health for the biggest:     Alfonso del Álamo

## Other sections 
* Cooking with Josechu Letón
* Gomaespuma of the succes
* Military Gomaespuma 
* Regional Gomaespuma 
* "Supernotición que te cagas"

## People
These people have appeared on television and on radio (marionettes)
* Armando Adistancia
* Borja Món de York
* Candida
* Chema Pamundi
* Mister Eusebio
* Mister Francisco Rupto
* Mister Gun
* Mister Jesús Tituto
* El niño del paquete
* Estela Gartija
* Gustavo de Básica
* Padre Palomino
* Peláez

## Books 
* 20 years with Gomaespuma
* There is not are more family than one family
* Greats misfortunes of the Spain history 
* The father say no
* The guide of the "Michelines"
* When God press, drowns a lot  (Guillermo Fesser)
* Hincaíto (Juan Luis Cano)
* The legs are not of the body (Juan Luis Cano)
* Trades guide of Gomaespuma (Guillermo Fesser, Juan Luis Cano and Jose Manuel Lapeña
* A bullfighter pass (Juan Luis Cano y Ruben Amón)

## Other websites 
These links are in Spanish
*Web of Gomaespuma
*Web of Onda Cero
*Web of the Gomaespuma Foundation  
*History of Gomaespuma )
Peter the Great

**Peter the Great** (), **Peter I** () or **Pyotr Alekseevich** (; &nbsp;– ) was a czar of Russia. He transformed Russia from an isolated kingdom into a transcontinental great power. 

He became czar of Russia in 1682, after his sister Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia lost a war. In 1697 and 1698 he visited Western Europe, seeking allies against Turkey. He hired foreign technical specialists and brought them to Russia, and decided Russia must have access to the sea. He built the city and seaport of St. Petersburg which became the capital of Russia in 1711. He changed Russia's society, by making new laws so it would be modern like the European countries of the new Age of Enlightenment. Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov was a close friend of the emperor but was later disgraced due to embezzlement of national funds.

## Wars 
These are the wars that Russia fought in when Peter the Great was in charge:

**The** **Great Turkish War****:** In this war Russia fought against the Ottoman Empire and won. Russia got some fortresses in the town of Azov from the Ottoman Empire.

**Great Northern War:** Russia was fighting Sweden during the Great Northern War. In 1700 Saxony, Denmark and Russia attacked Sweden. Sweden invaded Russia in 1709 which was not a good idea.  The Russian Army retreated  so the Swedish Army had to chase them.  When a very cold winter came, half of the Swedish soldiers died in the cold. Eventually the Swedish army caught up to the Russian army and they had a battle, called the battle of Poltava. Russia won the battle but most of the Swedish soldiers, including their king, Charles XII of Sweden escaped and went to the Ottoman Empire. Peter didn't like this so he declared war on the Ottoman Empire but he lost and had to give the town of Azov back to the Ottomans.

After that Russia invaded Sweden and conquered  Estonia, Livonia, and Finland.  By 1719 Russia had conquered all of Sweden. Even though Sweden had clearly lost, they did not give up until 1721. In 1721 Sweden  signed the Treaty of Nystad where they agreed to give Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia. 

Because Russia was a major power after the war, Peter the Great changed its name from the Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire. 

**Russo-Persian War:**   At the start of the war Persia was already in chaos and was about to collapse. Peter the Great took advantage of this and invaded Persia. The war went from 1722 to 1723. In the end, Russia won and gained lots of land from Persia but had lost a lot of men from fighting. After Peter died, his heirs struggled for power and all the lands that Russia had conquered were given back to Persia.

## Notes
## References
Newcastle

There are three cities called **Newcastle**:
*Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear
*Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire
*Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Calabria

**Calabria**, officially the **Regione Calabria**, is a region in the southern part of the Italian peninsula. It is the tenth largest Italian region by total area (after Apulia and Toscana) with 5,877 sq mi (15,222 km2). It has more people than any other state with over 2 million people as of 2020. Its largest cities are Reggio Calabria, Cosenza, and Vibo Valentia. The capital is Catanzaro. The region around its borders are Basilicata to the north, the Gulf of Taranto to the east, the Ionian Sea to the south, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from the Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west.

Calabria is the Italian region with the 14th largest economy and one of the most largest in the South .

## Provinces 
* Catanzaro
* Cosenza
* Crotone
* Reggio Calabria
* Vibo Valentia

## Other websites 
* Official Site (IT) 
* Calabria Web Portal (IT)
Outback

]]
 in the background is Mount Conner]]
The **outback** is the  areas of Australia. The outback is not a defined area, rather the term refers to locations that are far away from big cities and have few roads and not much farming. 
The fertile parts are known as Rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle ranches.
Ranching, tourism and mining are the main economic activities in this vast and sparsely settled area.

## Medicine in the outback 
Because of the expanses and remoteness in the outback a unique service, The Flying Doctor, was created in 1928. The aim of the service is to provide medical care to people who cannot reach hospitals or other doctors. Consultations are carried out via radio or telephone and for serious situations, doctors are flown out to the patients.

## Tourism
Organised travels with a guide to the outback is popular, although some Australian and international tourists travel in their own cars. Such a trip, especially off the few big roads in the outback, requires very good planning and a suitable vehicle (usually four wheel drive). On remote routes considerable supplies and equipment are required. Some big trips cannot be undertaken safely without a convoy of  several vehicles. Deaths of tourist are a regular occurrences because many people are not well-prepared for their outback trip.
Marske-by-the-Sea

**Marske by the Sea** is a village in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland in England. It has three primary schools and one secondary school (Bydales School), a museum, and two train stations.

The village has a Methodist, Roman Catholic (St Bede's) and Church of England (St Mark's) church.

## Economy 
Most of the people who live in Marske do not work in the village, but work in the nearby factory or in Middlesbrough or Redcar. Marske has a decent range of local shops. The Longbeck railway station and Marske railway station, which connect to Darlington mainline station, are the only means of transport there.

## Other websites 
* Local history
WordPress

**WordPress** is a piece of software which has become the most widely used content management system and is used for setting up blogs. It is open source, licensed under the GPL, and written in PHP.
## Features
WordPress allows users to create and edit websites through a central administrative dashboard, which includes a text editor for modifying content, menus and various design elements.

WordPress provides plugins which provide additional functionality through WordPress Plugin Directory. There are over 54,000+ Plugins available in WordPress repository, and they can be installed through either upload or by one-click installation through the WordPress Plugin Library.
## Posts
Users can write posts into the software and other people reading the post can write comments about it.
## Users
Since the release of WordPress version 4.7 the software had been downloaded more than 36+ million times.
## History
**Version 5.8.1** is the latest WordPress release. It was released in September 2021

On May 27, 2003, Matt announced the availability of the first version of WordPress. It was well received by the community. It was based on b2 Cafelog with significant improvements. The first version of WordPress included a new admin interface, new templates, and generated XHTML 1.1 compliant templates.

In June 2010, Automattic, the company founded by WordPress co-founder Matt Mullenweg, transferred the ownership of WordPress trademark and logo to the WordPress Foundation.

## Free hosting 
WordPress can be downloaded and installed on any server with PHP installed. However, WordPress has a service for users to host blogs, called wordpress.com. It has a limit of 3 GB of free space, with an option to upgrade for more. Users  cannot  add their own domain to the blog when using free option. But when user will buy one of the packages of WordPress.com, then user can use custom domain name.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Wordpress.com - A website that you can create a blog in using WordPress for free
* Wordpress.org - The website to get WordPress that you can install yourself
Buttercup

**Buttercups** are a large genus of flowering plants called ***Ranunculus***. It has yellow, shiny petals, and grows wild in many places. It is poisonous to eat for humans and cattle, but when dry the poison is not active.

## Types of buttercup
There are about 200 to 600 species in this one genus. They mostly have yellow or sometimes white flowers. Buttercups include a wide variety of flower types, grouped by a plant naming system in the genus *Ranunculus*. Among them are the Meadow Buttercup (*Ranunculus acris*), Goldilocks Buttercup (*R. auricomus*), Creeping Buttercup (*R. repens*), Large White Buttercup (*R. platanifolius*), Celery-leaved Buttercup (*R. sceleratus*), Corn Buttercup (*R. arvensis*), Bulbous Buttercup (*R. bulbosus*) and Glacial Buttercup (*R. glacialis*).

Lesser Celandine (*R. ficaria*), Lesser Spearwort (*R. flammula*), and Greater Spearwort (*R. lingua*) also belong to the buttercup family.

Plants of the commonly named buttercup family grow in many different variations but most can be identified by their yellow cupped flowers and free-growing habit. The plants often climb or sprawl, with leaves arranged in spirals. Some may contain leaves without stipules and flowers with many stamens.

Molecular investigation of the genus shows that *Ranunculus* is not monophyletic. Proposals are under way to split up the genus.

## Folklore and Pop Culture
 Highlights shining on the reflective petals of the buttercup can be seen in the images at left and above.
People sometimes hold a fresh buttercup flower under the chin of a friend or family member. If a yellow reflection from the flower's shiny petals can be seen under the chin, the person is said to "like butter". This custom is still taught to young children and shows how buttercup petals reflect light.

Some other plants and people are named buttercup, based on the name of the yellow wild flower. These include a type of pumpkin, and the girl's name Buttercup.

*"Build Me Up Buttercup"* was the name of a popular song by **The Foundations** during the 1960s.  A song called *"Buttercup"* was released by Jack Stauber in 2017. A cartoon character from **The Powerpuff Girls** television series was also named Buttercup. Buttercups and their poisonous effect are used as a theme in the *PC game Undertale.*

Michael Avenatti, the lawyer of adult movie star "Stormy Daniels" (real name: Stephanie Clifford) against US President Donald Trump's ex lawyer and "fixer" Michael Cohen used on 29 July 2018 the phrase "You better buckle up buttercup" in a tweet addressing ''Donald Trump's* lawyer *Rudy Giuliani'', which soon became the hashtag **#BuckleUpButtercup.**

## References
Orson Welles

**George Orson Welles** (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American director, actor, writer, and producer who is remembered for his innovative work in film, radio, and theatre. He is considered to be among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time. Welles was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin.

In 1938 Welles directed a weekly radio show, *The Mercury Theatre of the Air.* His October 30 broadcast of The War of the Worlds (radio drama) created much excitement.

Welles also made the movie *Citizen Kane* in 1941. Many movie critics think that this movie is the best movie ever made. His later movies are less liked.

Welles died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California, aged 70.

## Other websites 
* 
* 
* Orson Welles  The Orson Welles OTR Archives
* War Of The Worlds  history of the War Of The Worlds radio broadcast and additional historical material on War Of The Worlds
* Mercury Theatre on the Air  website provides MP3 and Real Audio files of Welles' radio dramas
* Nazi Eyes On Canada, starring Orson Welles , 1942 CBC war loan series
* Wellesnet The Orson Welles Web Resource
* The Magnificent Ambersons a site that details the strange saga of Welles' second film
* The Unseen Welles  a guide to Welles' unfinished and unreleased projects
* The Orson Welles collection at the Lilly Library, Indiana University
* Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
* UBU Web's 365 Days Project  Outtake from Welles' Frozen Peas commercial.
* MovieMaker Magazine  Article on hoped for eventual release of final Welles movie *The Other Side Of The Wind*.
*  Orson Welles biography
* Orson Welles' Photo & Gravesite
* Orson Welles and the Bat-Man 
* New York Times Obituary
* Biographical resources dedicated to Orson Welles 
* Orson Welles: The Man Who Was Magic
* Orson Welles - The One Man Band (German documentary, 1995)
Division by zero

In mathematics, a number can not be **divided by zero**. Observe:

1. A * B = C

If *B*  = 0, then  *C* = 0. This is true. But:

2. A = C/B

(where B = 0, so we just divided by zero)

Which is the same as:

3. A = 0/0

The problem is that A could be any number. It would work if A were 1 or if it were 1,000,000,000. 0/0 is said to be of "indeterminate form" for this reason, because it has no single value. Numbers of the form A/0, on the other hand, where A is not 0, are said to be "undefined", or "undeterminated." This is because any attempt to define them will result in a value of infinity, which is itself undefined.  Usually when two numbers are equal to the same thing, they are equal to each other. That is not true when the thing they are both equal to is 0/0. This means that the normal rules of maths do not work when the number is divided by zero.

## Incorrect proofs based on division by zero
It is possible to disguise a special case of division by zero in an algebraic argument. This can lead to invalid proofs, such as 1=2, as in the following:

With the following assumptions:

:\begin{align}
0\times 1 &= 0 \\
0\times 2 &= 0.
\end{align}

The following must be true:

:0\times 1 = 0\times 2.\,

Dividing by zero gives:

:\textstyle \frac{0}{0}\times 1 = \frac{0}{0}\times 2.

Simplify:

:1 = 2.\,

The fallacy is the assumption that dividing by 0 is a legitimate operation with 0/0 = 1.

Most people would probably recognize the above "proof" as incorrect, but the same argument can be presented in a way that makes it harder to spot the error. For example, if 1 is written as *x*, then 0 can be hidden behind *x*-*x* and 2 behind *x*+*x*. The above-mentioned proof can then be displayed as follows:

:\begin{align}
(x-x)x = 0 \\
(x-x)(x+x) = 0
\end{align}

therefore:

:(x-x)x = (x-x)(x+x).\,

Dividing by *x* - *x* gives:

:x = x+x\,

and dividing by *x* gives:

:1 = 2.\,

The "proof" above is incorrect because it divides by zero when it divides by *x*-*x*, because any number minus itself is zero.

## Calculus 
In calculus, the above are called indeterminate forms and come as a result of direct substitution while evaluating limits. 

## Division by zero in computers 
If a computer program tries to divide an integer by zero, the operating system will usually detect this and stop the program. Usually it will print an error message, or NaN. Division by zero is a common bug in computer programming. Dividing floating point numbers (decimals) by zero will usually result in either infinity or a special NaN (not a number) value, depending on what is being divided by zero.

The first calculators used repeated subtraction to do division, so 25÷0 = 25-0-0-0-0-0-0... and this would go on forever. This is why they came with an emergency stop button.

## Division by zero in geometry 
In geometry, it is sometimes said that \textstyle \frac{1}{0} = \infty. This infinity (projective infinity) is neither a positive or a negative number, the same way that zero is neither a positive or negative number.
Slobodan Milošević

**Slobodan Milošević**  (Serbian: **Слободан Милошевић**, pronounced []; August 20, 1941 – March 11, 2006) was a Serbian Yugoslav president.

## Overview
He was the President of Serbia from 1989 to 1996, and then the President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1996 to 2000. After his fall from power in 2001, he was sent to The Netherlands to stand trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague over charges of genocide. However, he died after five years in prison before the trial was completed.

## War crimes trials
### International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
#### 2007 rulings
Following his death, in four separate rulings, he was found to be a part of a joint criminal enterprise which used crimes to remove Croats, Bosniaks and Albanians from large parts of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. 

In 2007, in its rulings against Republic of Serbian Krajina President Milan Martić, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) concluded:

In February 2007, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) cleared Serbia under Milošević's rule of direct responsibility for some of the war crimes. However, the ICJ stated that

#### Kosovo rulings
In the two Kosovo rulings, the Nikola Šainović et al. and Vlastimir Đorđević cases, Milošević was found to have been "one of the crucial members" of the criminal enterprise aimed at uprooting large parts of Albanians from Kosovo.

#### 2016 ruling
In its 2016 ruling regarding Radovan Karadžić, the ICTY found that "there was no sufficient evidence presented in this case to find that Slobodan Milošević agreed with the common plan [to create territories ethnically cleansed of non-Serbs]" citing "Milošević's repeated criticism and disapproval of the policies and decisions made by the Accused and the Bosnian Serb leadership", though it also noted that 

### International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
#### 2021 ruling
In its 2021 ruling against Serbia's operatives Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatovićq, the follow-up International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals concluded:

## Related pages
* Ratko Mladić
* Biljana Plavšić
* Bosnian genocide
* Complicity in genocide
* Yugoslav massacres of Kosovo Albanians during the Kosovo War

## Footnotes
## References
Brock (Pokémon)

known by name as **Takeshi** in Japan, is a fictional character in the *Pokémon* series of video games, Manga, and television series. He is often seen traveling along with Ash Ketchum and Misty on their journeys. One of his gags is that he falls in love with every girl he sees (except for Jessie of Team Rocket). His nickname is "The Rock-Solid Pokémon Trainer" because he uses rock-type Pokémon.

## Anime
Brock appears in the first series of the anime. In his first appearance, he has many siblings and is in charge of them and cares for them since his mother Lola is away chasing dreams and his father Flint ran away from the family. After Flint comes back, Brock then picks up and his bags and travels with Ash and Misty throughout the Kanto series. He ends up leaving the group when they get to the Orange Islands to work with Professor Ivy. He later returns and travels with Ash throughout Johto, Hoenn, and Sinnoh. He uses rock-types Geodude and Onix, as well as others like Zubat.

## Video games
Brock appears in the games *Pokémon Red*, *Blue*, and *Yellow*, and the *Red* and *Blue* remakes *FireRed* and *LeafGreen* as the gym leader of Pewter City. He gives out the Boulder Badge and uses Rock-type Pokémon. He also appears in *Gold*, *Silver*, and *Crystal* and the *Gold* and *Silver* remakes *HeartGold* and *SoulSilver* as a gym leader the player can face when they get to the Kanto region.

## References
Silba

**Silba** is an island in Croatia. It is found between the islands of Premuda and Olib. It has an area of 15&nbsp;km² and its population (as of 2001) was 265; with the village of Silba located at the narrowest point in the middle. The main administrative centre is Zadar, found on the mainland.
Gymnosperm

The **gymnosperms** are a group of tree plant which includes tales.

They have naked seeds, in contrast to the seeds or ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms). which are enclosed during pollination. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale- or leaf-like appendages of cones or at the end of short stalks (*Ginkgo*).

Gymnosperms and angiosperms together make up the spermatophytes or seed plants. By far the largest group of living gymnosperms is the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, Gnetales (*Gnetum*, *Ephedra* and *Welwitschia*), and *Ginkgo* (a single living species).

Fossil gymnosperms include many that do not belong to the four modern groups, including the so-called "seed ferns" (Pteridosperms) and the "cycadeoids" (Bennettitales). Most of the Gymnosperms became extinct in the Cenozoic era (from 65 million years ago to present day).

Some genera have mycorrhiza, fungal associations with roots (*Pinus*). In some others (*Cycas*), small specialised roots have nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

## Phylogenetics 
## Related pages
*Seed

## References
## Other websites 
*Gymnosperm Database
Ian Fleming

**Ian Lancaster Fleming** (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was a British author and journalist. He was best known for writing the James Bond spy novels. He also wrote the children's book *Chitty Chitty Bang Bang* in 1964.

Fleming was born in London to a wealthy family. He was educated at Eton College. He spent many years working in Britain's Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War. During this time, Fleming helped with the planning and management of two British intelligence units. This experience along with his work in journalism provided much of the background to the stories in his James Bond novels.

Fleming wrote his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952. Because of the book's success, Fleming wrote eleven more novels and two collections of short-stories about the British secret agent. 

In total, there have been twenty-six films based on Fleming's famous character. The twenty-sixth, *Spectre*, was released in October 2015.

Fleming died on 12 August 1964 of a heart attack in Canterbury, Kent, aged 56.

## References