open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Walther von der Vogelweide

]]
**Walther von der Vogelweide** (born about 1170; died possibly in Würzburg around 1230) was a famous German poet and composer. He was the greatest of the German Minnesinger. These were people who wrote and sang songs about courtly love. Walther himself may have added “von der Vogelweide” to his name (it means “of the bird meadow”).

The German courtly love songs that had been written at the time were all very similar, but Walther gave these songs new life and made them very beautiful. Unfortunately we do not know any of his music, because he did not write it down. But he wrote his poems down. They are very original, sometimes humorous, sometimes serious, often just gently suggesting ideas carefully.

We do not know where Walther was born, but he wrote in a  that he had learned to sing and write poetry in Austria. The dialect he spoke shows that he must have come from Bavaria or Austria. He spent some time at the court of Duke Leopold V of Babenberg in Vienna. This was about 1190. He took part in public singing contests and had long discussions with other people about love and the way it should be written about in poetry.

In about 1198, he left Vienna and spent many years travelling around, visiting courts in Europe, entertaining dukes and princes, and singing his songs. He always wrote the words himself, he never used other poets’ words. That would have made him a simple “Spielmann”, but Walther was of noble birth (he had the title “Herr”). He often spent several weeks or months in a castle where he entertained people, and where he probably also fell in love with one of the ladies. He wrote about these love-affairs in his poetry.

Walther also wrote verses called “Sprüche" ("sayings"). These were about the history of the time. They were a kind of political propaganda and were used in political debates. Walther supported Emperor Otto IV in his arguments against the pope, persuading the emperor to go on the crusade which the pope had forbidden. We do not know whether Walther went with him on the crusade.

By this time Walther had became very famous, not just as a poet and musician but as a kind of political adviser. Walther was the first poet to write national and patriotic poetry. He also wrote a type of love poem which was new in German literature. *Unter der Linde* is the most famous of these. Here are the first two verses:

## Related pages
* Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
Roald Dahl

**Roald Dahl** (13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a Welsh-born English novelist, poet, screenwriter, short-story writer and wartime fighter pilot. He was best known for his children's novels and his children books.

## Early life
Dahl was born on 13 September 1916   in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales to Norwegian parents. He was educated in England, Llandaff Cathedral School, and then worked in Africa for the Shell Oil Company. In the Second World War, he was an RAF fighter pilot. It was after an air-crash and "a monumental bash on the head" that he began to write. The crash was the subject of his first published story, "Shot Down Over Libya". He wrote Matilda and The Twits.

## Writing
He wanted to become an adult book writer but ended up as a children's book writer. He had a tragic life since his father and oldest sister both died when he was young. Roald Dahl said that the key to his success rested in sympathising with children and realising that to children, parents and school teachers are the enemy.

Dahl wrote many famous children's stories and adult horror stories. Many of his books and stories have been made into films and television shows all over the world. Among his most popular books are *Charlie and the Chocolate Factory*, *James and the Giant Peach*, *Matilda*, *The Witches*, *The BFG*, and *Kiss Kiss*. Many of his children's books have pictures drawn by Quentin Blake.

## Personal life and death
Dahl was married to Patricia Neal from 1953 until they divorced in 1983. They had four daughters (one of whom died before them) and a son. Dahl was married to Felicity Crosland from 1983 until his death. He lived in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. He died on 23 November 1990 in Oxford, from myelodysplastic syndrome, aged 74.

Model Sophie Dahl is his granddaughter.

There is a Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden.

## Books 
## Poems 
* *Revolting Rhymes*
* *Dirty Beasts*
* *Rhyme Stew*

## Non-fiction 
* *Boy: Tales of Childhood*
* *Going Solo*

## References 
## Other websites 
*
Valencia CF

**Valencia C.F.** is a football team in Spain.

## Title 
* La Liga : 6
** 1941/42, 1943/44, 1946/47, 1970/71, 2001/02, 2003/04
* Copa del Rey : 6
** 1941, 1949, 1954, 1967, 1979, 1999
* Spain Supercup : 2
** 1949, 1999
* Europepokal of the Pokalwinners : 1
** 1980
* UEFA-Cup : 3
** 1962, 1963, 2004
* Europe Supercup : 2
** 1980, 2004
* UI-Cup : 1
** 1998

## League position 
### Former position 
## Player 
Goalkeeper:
* 25 -  Ludovic Butelle (since 2004) 

Defence:
* 02 -  Luís Miguel Brito Garcia Monteiro (since 2005) 
* 03 -  Asier del Horno Cosgaya (since 2006) 
* 05 -  Carlos Marchena López (since 2001) 
* 17 -  David Navarro Pedrós (since 2001) 
* 20 -  Raúl Albiol Tortajada (since 2003) 
* 23 -  Cristóbal Emilio Torres Ruiz, called "Curro Torres" (since 2001) 
* 24 -  Emiliano Moretti (since 2004) 
* 26 -  David Cerrajería Rubio 
* 29 -  David Córcoles Alcaraz 

Midfield:
* 06 -  David Albelda Aliques (captain) (since 1997) 
* 08 -  Rubén Baraja Vegas (since 2000) 
* 11 -  Mario Ignacio Regueiro Pintos (since 2005) 
* 14 -  Vicente Rodríguez Guillén (since 2000) 
* 15 -  Joaquín Sánchez Rodríguez (since 2006) 
* 16 -  Hugo Miguel Ferreira Viana (since 2005) 
* 18 -  Jorge López Montaña (since 2003) 
* 19 -  Jaime Gavilán Martínez (since 2006) 
* 21 -  David Jiménez Silva (back since 2006) 
* 22 -  Eduardo César Daud Gaspar, called "Edu" (since 2005) 
* 30 -  Nacho Insa Bohigues (since 2006) 
* 31 -  Miguel Pallardó González 

Attack:
* 07 -  David Villa Sánchez (since 2005) 
* 09 -  Fernando Morientes Sánchez (since 2006) 
* 10 -  Miguel Ángel Angulo Valderrey (since 1997) 
* 34 -  Javier Guerra Rodriguez (since 2006)

## References
Power (physics)

In physics, **power** (symbol: *P*) is how fast work is done.  Or how quickly energy is given from one thing to another. In the SI system of measurement, power is measured in watts (symbol: W). 

Bright light bulbs require more power than dim light bulbs.  More electricity is used every second with a bright light bulb.  So it costs more to run a bright bulb for a minute than a dim light bulb.

A modern LED light bulb might take 5 Watts of power.  A kettle while it is boiling might take 2,000 Watts of power - or 'two Kilowatts'.  (Kilo means 'a thousand of').  A car when someone is making it go faster might take 100 Kilowatts of power, but people tend to measure a car's power as Horsepower, not Kilowatts, and one Horsepower is less than a Kilowatt - about three quarters of a kilowatt.

It may take a certain amount of work to make a change in the world, such as lifting a heavy weight to a higher level. It makes no difference if the weight is lifted slowly or quickly. The same amount of work will have been performed. The difference between a slow lift and a quick lift is that a quick lift requires more power. This means the work can be done in a shorter time if there is more power available.

As a rate of change of work done or the energy of a subsystem, power is:

:P=\frac{E}{t}

where
:*P* is power, measured in Watts,
:*E* is energy (or work), measured in Joules and
:*t* is time, measured in seconds
:..

Because Energy (or work) is measured in Joules, power (measured in Watts) is measured as how many Joules are used each second.

Power is also equal to force times velocity (or speed).

## Power in optics 
In optics, or radiometry, the term *power* could mean one of two things.  Sometimes power refers to radiant flux, which is the average rate of energy transport by electromagnetic radiation, measured in watts. Or sometimes the term "power" is also used to express the ability of a lens or other optical device to focus light, and this is measured in dioptres (inverse metres).  Dioptre is equal to 1 divided by the focal length of the lens.
Philipp Lahm

**Philipp Lahm** (; born 11 November 1983) is a German retired football player. He was a former defender for Bayern Munich.

## Career club statistics
### Club
*1.Includes German Cup.
*2.Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup.
*3.Includes German League Cup, German Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup.

## International career statistics
|-
|2004||15||1
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||15||1
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||15||1
|-
|2009||11||0
|-
|2010||12||1
|-
|2011||10||0
|-
|2012||10||1
|-
|2013||9||0
|-
|2014||9||0
|-
!Total||113||5
|}

## Honours
### Club 
#### Bayern Munich 
* Fußball-Bundesliga (**6**): 2002–03, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14
* DFB-Pokal (**6**): 2002–03, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14
* DFL-Ligapokal (**1**): 2007
* DFL-Supercup (**2**): 2010, 2012
* UEFA Champions League (**1**): 2012–13
* UEFA Super Cup (**1**): 2013
* FIFA Club World Cup (**1**): 2013

### National team 
* FIFA World Cup (**1**): 2014

## References
Electrical energy

**Electrical energy** can refer to several closely related things. It can mean:

* The energy stored in an electric field
* The potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field.
* The energy provided by electricity

In any of these cases, the SI unit of electrical energy is the joule; which is the amount of energy used by a one-watt load, such as a tiny light bulb, drawing power for one second. The unit used by many electrical utility companies is the watt-hour (Wh); which is the amount of energy used by the same one-watt load drawing power for one hour. The kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is 1,000 times larger than a watt-hour, is a useful size for measuring the energy use of households and small businesses. A typical household uses several hundred kilowatt-hours per month. The megawatt-hour (MWh), which is 1,000 times larger than the kilowatt-hour, is used for measuring the energy output of large power plants.

The terms "electrical energy" and "electric power" are frequently used interchangeably. However, in physics, and electrical engineering, "energy" and "power" have different meanings. Power is energy per unit time. The SI unit of power and electricity is the watt. One watt is a joule per second. In other words, the phrases "flow of power," and "consume a quantity of electric power" are both incorrect and should be changed to "flow of energy" and "consume a quantity of electrical energy."

## Related pages
* Energy
* Electricity
Karlsruher SC

**Karlsruher SC** is a German football club in the second division (2. Bundesliga).

* Their team season 2009/10:

Goalkeepers:
* 01 Jean-François Kornetzky
* 29 Kristian Nicht
* 31 Markus Miller

Defences:
* 05 Christian Demirtas
* 11 Andreas Schäfer
* 19 Stefan Buck
* 23 Matthias Langkamp
* 24 Sebastian Langkamp
* 33 Dino Drpic

Middlefields:
* 04 Godfried Aduobe
* 08 Michael Mutzel
* 10 Massimilian Porcello
* 21 Gaetan Krebs
* 22 Marco Engelhardt
* 28 Lars Stindl

Strikers:
* 07 Christian Timm
* 09 Alexander Iashvili
* 14 Anton Fink
* 18 Macauley Chrisantus
* 30 Niklas Tarvajärvi

Winned Cups:

**Championchips:**
* German Champion: 1909 (as "Karlsruher FC Phönix") 
* German Second-Champion: 1956 
* Champion in the south of Germany: 1909, 1958, 1960, 1975.

**Pokalchampion:**
* UI-Cup-Winner: 1996 
* DFB (German football pact) Pokal-Winner: 1955, 1956. 
* DFB (German football pact) Pokal-Winner in the gym: 1995.
Jens Lehmann

**Jens Lehmann** (born 10 November 1969 in Essen, Germany) is a former German football player. He played for teams in Germany, Italy and England. Lehmann was the goalkeeper of the Germany national team. He played 61 matches for the national team.

## Career statistics
### Club
:Source:

### International
:Source:
* 2. Bundesliga: 1990–91

**Borussia Dortmund**
* Bundesliga: 2001–02
*FA Cup: 2004–05
* FA Community Shield: 2004
* UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2005–06

**Germany**
* FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002; third place: 2006

**Individual**

* *kicker* Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1995–96
* UEFA Goalkeeper of the Year: 1997, 2006
* UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper: 2005–06
* FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2006
* Most clean sheets in the Premier League: 2003–04

## References
Larissa

**Larissa** () is the capital city of the Thessaly periphery of Greece, and capital of the Larissa Prefecture. Larissa is found in the north of the Thessaly plain near at the foot of the mountain Olympus. Its population is 131,496 inhabitants. Larissa is crossed by Pineios river. The most interest sight in Larissa is the ancient theater which is located in the center of the city.
Ikebana

**Ikebana** (Japanese: 生け花 or いけばな) is the Japanese art of making flower arrangements.  The word "Ikebana" means " to make alive flowers".  People who want to do Ikebana have to learn many things.  It is not just about putting flowers in a vase.  Japanese flower arrangements often have special meanings.

There are many ways in which Ikebana can be taught.  These schools (ways of teaching) include Ikenobo, Sogetsu, Ohara.

Ikenobo is very well known.  Until the Mid-Edo Period it was only for upper class people.  Ikenobo was started by a Buddhist priest called Ikenobo Senkei in the 15th century.  It uses standing flowers (called "rikka").  It is a Buddhist way of showing the beauty of nature.  There are 7 branches.  Each branch represents something in nature, e.g. a hill, valley, waterfall etc.  Later, in the 17th century, it became simpler and was called "shoka".  Shoka uses just 3 branches called "ten" (heaven), "chi" (earth) and "jin" (man).  

Another form of Ikebana is called chabana. It is used in tea ceremony. Ikebana is used in homes too. 

Today Ikebana is very popular among all classes of people in Japan.  15 million people in Japan practice Ikebana.
Venom (band)

**Venom** are a heavy metal band from Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The band was formed in 1979. Venom is considered to be (one of) the first Black Metal bands.

## Current members 
* Conrad "Cronos" Lant - bass & vocals
* Rage - guitar
* Antony "Antton" Lant - drums

## Former members 
* Jeffrey "Mantas" Dunn - Guitar
* Anthony "Abaddon" Bray - Drums
* James Clare - Guitar
* Steve "War Maniac" White - Guitar
* Alisdair Barnes - Guitar
* Clive "Jesus Christ" Archer - Vocals
* Tony "Demolition Man" Dolan - Bass & Vocals
* Alan Winston - Bass
* Mike "Mykvs" Hickey - Guitar

## Studio albums 
* Welcome to Hell (1981)
* Black Metal (1982)
* At War with Satan (1984)
* Possessed (1985)
* Calm Before the Storm (1987)
* Prime Evil (1989)
* Temples of Ice (1991)
* The Waste Lands (1992)
* Cast in Stone (1997)
* Resurrection (2000)
* Metal Black (2006)
* Hell (2008)
* Fallen Angels (2011)
* From the Very Depths (2015)
* Storm the Gates (2018)

## DVD 
* Live from London

## Other websites 
* Official Venom Website
* Venom - From Hell to Cyberspace
Venom (disambiguation)

**Venom** may mean different things:

*Venom, a poison created by animals, for example snakes
*Venom (band), an English metal band
*Venom (comics), a character in Marvel Comics
*Venom (movie), a comic book movie based on a character
Scottsdale, Tasmania

**Scottsdale** is a town in the north-east of Tasmania, Australia. It is 63 km northeast of Launceston and 22 km southeast of  town of Bridport. It is part of the Dorset Council.

The area was first surveyed in 1855 and was described as, *"the best soil on the island ... well watered, with a mild climate"* by surveyor James Scott. The town was named after him. Scottsdale is now a major agricultural centre.

## References
Let There Be Rock

***Let There Be Rock*** is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released on 23 June 1977.

## Track listing 
# Go Down 5:31
# Dog Eat Dog 3:35
# Let There Be Rock 6:06
# Bad Boy Boogie 4:27
# Problem Child 5:25
# Overdose 6:09
# Hell Ain't A Bad Place To Be 4:14
# Whole Lotta Rosie 5:24

## References
David Letterman

**David Michael Letterman** (born April 12, 1947) is an American television host and comedian. He currently hosts *My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman* on Netflix.
He hosted the late night television talk show *Late Show with David Letterman* on CBS. Letterman also hosted *Late Night with David Letterman* on NBC. In 2013, Letterman surpassed friend and mentor Johnny Carson as the longest-serving late-night talk show host in TV history, at 35 years.

Letterman's ironic comedy is similar to comedians such as Andy Kaufman, Ernie Kovacs, and *Tonight Show* hosts Johnny Carson and Steve Allen.

## Early life and career
Letterman was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. His father, Harry Joseph Letterman, was a florist of English ancestry; his mother Dorothy Letterman, a church secretary of German ancestry, has been an occasional figure on the show, usually at holidays and birthdays.

He lived on the north side of Indianapolis, not far from the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. He enjoyed collecting model cars, including racers. In 2000, he told an interviewer for *Esquire* that, while growing up, he admired his father's ability to tell jokes and be the life of the party. Harry Joseph Letterman survived a heart attack at age 36, when David was a young boy. The fear of losing his father was constantly with Letterman as he grew up. The elder Letterman died of a second heart attack at age 57.

## References
## Other websites
*
*David Letterman's Feb. 24, 1978 appearance on *90 Minutes Live*
*Official *Late Show* biography
*1999 article on Letterman  from Salon.com
Torsten Frings

**Torsten Frings** (born 22 November 1976 in Würselen, Germany) is a former German football player and current manager. He plays for the Canadian soccer club Toronto FC. Before, he played for the German club Werder Bremen, Bayern Munich (2004 until 2005), Borussia Dortmund (2002 until 2004) and Werder Bremen (1997 until 2002).

He has played for the Germany national team since 2001.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:''Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Frings goal.*

### Managerial statistics
## Honours
**Werder Bremen**
* DFB-Pokal: 1998–99, 2008–09
* DFB-Ligapokal: 2006
* UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998

**Bayern Munich**
* Bundesliga: 2004–05
* DFB-Pokal: 2004–05
* DFB-Ligapokal: 2004

**Toronto FC**
* Canadian Championship: 2012

**Germany**
*FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2002; third place: 2006
*FIFA Confederations Cup third place: 2005
*UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008

**Individual**
**kicker'' Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2001–02, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07

## References
Steven Gerrard

**Steven George Gerrard**  (born 30 May 1980) is an English professional football manager and former player who is the current manager of Saudi Pro League club Al-Ettifaq. He was a Liverpool great who spent the majority of his career at Anfield. He wore the number 8, playing from 1997 until 2015. He was also the England captain, for which he wore the number 4. He usually plays as a central midfielder. He played for Los Angeles Galaxy for two years before retiring at the end of the 2017 season.

## Personal life
Gerarrd was born in Whiston Hospital but he grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Huyton.
Gerrard was engaged to Alex Curran and they married on 16 June 2007. They have three daughters: Lilly-Ella Gerrard (born on 23 February 2004), Lexie Gerrard (born on 9 May 2006) and Lourdes Gerrard (born on 2 November 2011).

On 1 September 2006, he published his first autobiography, entitled *Gerrard: My Autobiography*.

Gerrard also started training with his boyhood club on 30 November 2015.

Gerrard also recently started a punditry job on BT Sport Europe.

## Career statistics
### Club
### International
:Source:

:*England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Gerrard goal.*
*FA Cup: 2000–01, 2005–06
*Football League Cup: 2000–01, 2002–03, 2011–12
*FA Community Shield: 2006
*UEFA Champions League: 2004–05
*UEFA Cup: 2000–01
*UEFA Super Cup: 2001

**Individual**

*UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2005
*PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2005–06
*PFA Young Player of the Year: 2000–01
*PFA Premier League Team of the Year: 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2013–14
*PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2000–01, 2008–09
*PFA Merit Award: 2015
*FWA Footballer of the Year: 2008–09
*Onze d'Argent: 2005
*FA England Player of the Year Award: 2007, 2012
*Liverpool Player of the Season: 2004, 2006, 2007,
*Liverpool Fans Online Player of the Season: 2005, 2007
*FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2007, 2008, 2009
*UEFA Team of the Year: 2005, 2006, 2007
*UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year
*UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2012
*ESM Team of the Year: 2008–09
*Premier League Player of the Month: March 2001, March 2003, December 2004, April 2006, March 2009, March 2014
*Premier League 20 Seasons Awards (1992–93 to 2011–12), Fantasy Team (public choice)
*English Football Hall of Fame: 2017
*FIFA Club World Championship Silver Ball: 2005
*Premier League Hall of Fame: 2021

### Manager
**Rangers**
*Scottish Premiership: 2020–21

**Individual**
*SFWA Manager of the Year: 2020–21
*PFA Scotland Manager of the Year: 2020–21
*SPFL Premiership Manager of the Year: 2020–21
*LMA Special Achievement Award: 2020–21
*Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month: April 2019, September 2019, December 2019, August 2020, October 2020, November 2020, February 2021

### Orders
*Member of the Order of the British Empire: 2007

## References
Tidal force

after breaking up under the influence of Jupiter's tidal forces.]]

**Tidal force** is a kind of force made by gravity that stretches objects unevenly. This is because the gravitational field changes across the middle of a body (the diameter). Gravity pulls more strongly on the part of an object that is closer to another object, like the Moon or the Sun, than on the part that is farther away. This difference in pull stretches the object.  

On Earth, tidal forces mainly come from the Moon and the Sun. They make the oceans move and cause tides — the regular rise and fall of sea levels. Tidal force also stretches the whole Earth a tiny bit, not just the oceans.

Tidal forces can do other things too. They can lock the rotation of moons so they always show the same side to their planet. This is called tidal locking. If an object gets too close to a big planet or a black hole, tidal forces can even pull it apart. This is called spaghettification.

Tidal forces are strongest when objects are big and close together. They get weaker very quickly when the objects are farther apart.

## References 
## Other websites 
*http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/Gravity/tides.html
Evangeline Lilly

**Nicole Evangeline Lilly** (born August 3, 1979) is a Canadian actress, known for her leading role as Kate Austen on the ABC drama mystery series *Lost*, which ran for six seasons (2004–2010).

## Personal life 
Evangeline was once married to Canadian hockey player Murray Hone. She also dated Dominic Monaghan, who was also on *Lost*. The two broke up in 2007.

Her nicknames include "Evi" and "Monkey". The other actors on *Lost* gave her the name "Monkey" because she can climb trees easily, a skill that her character Kate also has. *Lost*-actor Josh Holloway also calls her "Freckles", sharing the nickname his character Sawyer gave her.

## Awards 
*Nominated for a 2007 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama. (*Lost*)
*Nominated for a 2007 Saturn Award for Best Actress on a Television Series. (*Lost*)

## References 
## Other websites 
*
View

A **view** is what can be seen in somebody's vision. A view can also be a very scenic image. It can also be someone's opinion on something or how they look at something.

There are many types of views.

* Camera
* Eye vision
* Panoramas
* Photograph
* Point of view
* God's eye view

## Related pages
* Sight
* Wikipedia:Neutral point of view
Courtly love

**Courtly love** is a special idea of love that people had in Europe in the Middle Ages.  The word "court" means the courts where princes or dukes lived.  Courtly love is usually when a young man, who may be a peasant or even a simple King, falls in love with a rich lady and tries to make himself worthy of her by doing brave things or by singing beautiful love songs.

The idea of courtly love can be found in a lot of literature e.g. in works by Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante, Gottfried von Strassburg, Walther von der Vogelweide,  Wolfram von Eschenbach, Malory and William Shakespeare.

## Related pages
*Troubadour
*Minstrel
Royal court

, near Paris, where the French kings held court. The courtyard at the front of the building is opened up (not entered through an archway). This style became popular throughout Europe.]]
A **royal court** or **noble court** is the household of a royal family—including its advisors and attendants. The building is often called a palace, but the "royal court" means not just the buildings but all the royal household (all the people who live and work there). Someone who has a  in a royal court is called a **court official** or **courtier**. A royal court can also include the wives and concubines of the ruler.

It is called a court because in early times the palace would have a court (an enclosed space) at the front.

In history there were great rulers who held important courts, e.g. Charlemagne.

A famous example is Hampton Court on the river Thames in London where Henry VIII had his court. Today the King holds court at Buckingham Palace.

## Related pages
* court – the court of law where legal decisions are made
Tidal energy

**Tidal energy**, sometimes called *tidal power*, is using the energy of moving water in tides and open ocean currents. It is most used for hydroelectricity. 

Tidal energy systems can take kinetic energy (energy caused by movement) from the moving water of rivers, tides and open ocean currents. They can also use potential energy from the difference in height between high and low tides. Getting energy from tidal currents is becoming more popular because people believe that it does not harm the environment as much as barrages or dams. Many coastal sites around the world are being checked to see if they can be used to produce tidal energy. 

Like other hydroelectricity (electricity made using water), tidal power makes no pollution and is a renewable energy source. It is renewable because tides are caused by events that happen in the solar system and so will not run out.  Tidal power has great potential for future power and electricity generation because of the very large amount of energy contained in these systems. Tidal power is reliably predictable (unlike wind power and solar power). In Europe, tide mills have been used for nearly 1,000 years, mainly for grinding grains.  Modern tide mills provide tidal stream power.

Many things affect tides.  The pull of the Moon is the largest effect, and most of the energy comes from the slowing of the Earth's spin.

## Sources 
* Baker, A. C. 1991, Tidal power, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London.
* Baker, G. C., Wilson E. M., Miller, H., Gibson, R. A. & Ball, M., 1980. 'The Annapolis tidal power pilot project', in Waterpower `79 Proceedings, ed. Anon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, pp 550-559.
* Hammons, T. J. 1993, 'Tidal power', Proceedings of the IEEE, [Online], v81, n3, pp 419-433. Available from: IEEE/IEEE Xplore. [26 July 2004].
* Lecomber, R. 1979, 'The evaluation of tidal power projects', in Tidal Power and Estuary Management, eds. Severn, R. T., Dineley, D. L. & Hawker, L. E., Henry Ling Ltd., Dorchester, pp 31-39.
Greystones

**Greystones** () is a coastal town in County Wicklow, Ireland. It is on Ireland’s east coast,  south of Bray and  south of Dublin (it is within the Greater Dublin Area), with 15,000 people living in the region.

## Other websites 
* Greystones Community Notice Board 
* Greystones Online Magazine
Statesman

A **statesman** or **stateswoman** is a respected, skilled and experienced political leader or figure. In most respects a statesman is the opposite of a politician. Politicians are thought of as people who will say or do anything to get elected or to gain power. A statesman is someone who does everything for the common good of the people he or she represents. To call someone a politician usually implies the person is worthy of very little esteem. An **elder statesman** is a term often defined as an older politician or advisor who is thought to be above normal politics.

## Statesman principles 
In 51 BC, Cicero published his work *De re publica* (*On the Republic*). The dialog was about what made a true statesman. A statesman does not want to dominate or control people, he or she wants to educate them so they are fit to live in a democracy. He had never traveled to Europe and was seen by the American people and foreign dignitaries alike as  and un.
* Mahathir Mohamad
*Nelson Mandela
* John Marshall
* Martin Luther King
*Mahatma Gandhi
*Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
* Sun Yat-Sen
* Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

## Related pages 
* Politician
* Diplomat
* Oath of office

## Notes 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Statesmen v.s. Politician
* The 4 Qualities of a True Statesman
Chris Gueffroy

. Winter 1989/90.]]

**Chris Gueffroy** (21 June 1968 in Pasewalk – 6 February 1989 in Berlin) was the last person to be killed by border troops while trying to escape across the Berlin Wall.

Gueffroy and his friend Christian Gaudian tried to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin on the night of 5 to 6 February 1989. They tried to cross near the Britz district canal.

Gueffroy and Gaudian thought that the *Schießbefehl*, the order to shoot anyone who attempted to cross the wall, had been stopped. Climbing the last metal fence, the two were seen and shot at by the National People's Army (NVA) border troops. Gueffroy was hit in the chest by ten shots and died in the border strip.

Gaudian was badly injured, and was arrested and was sentenced on 24 May 1989 to imprisonment for three years by the Pankow district court for trying illegally to cross the border ("*versuchten ungesetzlichen Grenzübertritts im schweren Fall*").

In September 1989 Gaudian was freed on bail by the East German government and on 17 October 1989 he was transferred to West Berlin.

's Treptow-Köpenick borough]]
The four border guards at first got an award (*Leistungsabzeichen der Grenztruppen*) from the chief of the local border guards, Erich Wöllner, and a prize of 150 East German Marks each. After the reunification of East and West Germany, they were prosecuted by Berlin regional court. Two of them were released in January 1992. Ingo Heinrich, who fired the shot that killed Gueffroey was sentenced to three and a half years in jail. The Bundesgerichtshof reduced the penalty to a suspended sentence of two years in 1994.

In 2000, two SED officials, Siegfried Lorenz and Hans-Joachim Böhme, were tried for the death of Gueffroy and two other young men, but acquitted as the judge could find no evidence that they might have been able to lift the shoot-to-kill order. The case was retried on 7 August 2004, and the two men were found guilty and given suspended sentences of 15 months each. The judge explained that the short sentences were due to the length of time since the events. This was the last case concerning deaths on the inner German border.

On 21 June 2003, which would have been his 35th birthday, a monument to Gueffroy was built on the banks of the Britz district canal. The monument was designed by Berlin artist Karl Biedermann.

## Other websites
VfR Mannheim

**VfR Mannheim** a German football team. It is in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg. The club was formed in 1911. The team won German Championship back in 1940s.

VfR Mannheim rivals are Waldhof Mannheim who's stadion is right next to VfR Mannheim's stadion and training facilities

## Other websites 
*Official team site
SV Waldhof Mannheim

**SV Waldhof Mannheim** is a German football club. It is in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg. The club was founded 1907. The club today has over 2,400 people. The team plays in the Regionalliga Süd the 4th German Football division.

## Other websites 
*Official website
Popular science

If a book or a TV show is about science, and is made easy so everyone can understand, then it is **popular science**.  It is *popular* because it is made for the whole ***popul**ation*, not just for scientists.  Nature documentaries  are examples of popular science.

Popular science is non-fiction, so it is not the same as *science fiction*. Popular science is also not the same as *Science journalism*. Science journalism is what journalists write to report the newest theories and discoveries made in science, but popular science is not always about what is newest.

Some famous people who make popular science are David Attenborough, Isaac Asimov, Jacob Bronowski, Arthur C. Clarke, Martin Gardner, J.B.S. Haldane, Stephen Hawking, Bill Nye, and Carl Sagan.

## Popular science and scientific literature
When scientists write about their work, first they publish in scientific journals such as *Nature* and *Science*. Then they may write books. The purpose of popular science is to show scientific literature in a way that different types of scientists, and people who are not scientists, will easily understand. When people take an idea from scientific literature and change it into popular science, important things about that idea may be left out or added in.

Popular science is a bridge between the literature written for scientists, and the realms of popular writing which ordinary people use. The goal of the genre is to capture the methods and accuracy of science, while making the language more accessible.

Popular science has its problems. Some popular science is made by people who do not understand the subject well. Some is made by people who have a strong bias. Some is part science and part pseudoscience. It can be hard for someone who is not an expert to tell which works of popular science are reliable. Museums, television programs and websites are also in the business of communicating science to the wider public. Not all of these are reliable. The oldest institution devoted to link science to the public may be the Gresham College, which was founded in 1597 in London. It was not entirely devoted to science. The Royal Institution in London has similar aims, and is devoted to science. It was founded in 1799. Both of these institutions have always given lectures by experts to the general public.

## References
Casey Kasem

**Casey Kasem** (born **Kemal Amin Kasem**; April 27, 1932&ndash; June 15, 2014) was an American radio personality, music historian, actor, and voice artist. He is known for his many voice roles in cartoons and for being a public radio personality. Kasem graduated from Northwestern High School in Detroit and Wayne State University.

## Career
Kasem's career began in the radio business in the 1950s in Flint, Michigan. He then made his first movie appearance in *Easy Rider* in 1967.

He was the host of the weekly *American Top 40* radio show from 1970 to 1988, and again from March 1998, until January 10, 2004. Ryan Seacrest is now the host. Kasem is the host of two weekly radio shows, *American Top 20 with Casey Kasem* and *American Top 10 with Casey Kasem*.

Kasem did the voice of many advertisements, has done many voices for *Sesame Street*, and is the voice of 'Shaggy' for the animated television show *Scooby-Doo*.

### Disappearance
On May 12, 2014, Kasem was declared missing by a Los Angeles court judge ordered an investigation for his whereabouts. Soon after, Kasem was found alive in Washington state.

### Health
Kasem suffered from Parkinson's disease and an early form of dementia.

On June 6, 2014, Kasem was in critical but stable condition at a hospital in Washington state hospital, receiving antibiotic treatment from blood pressure and bedsores. He also suffered from Lewy body disease, the most common type of progressive dementia after Alzheimer's and was bed-ridden.

## Death
Kasem died in Gig Harbor, Washington from complications of dementia and sepsis, aged 82. On August 14, it was reported in the Norwegian newspaper *Verdens Gang* that Kasem was going to be buried in Oslo. The funeral administration of Oslo, Norway confirmed that Kasem was buried at Vestre Gravlund in Oslo on December 16, 2014.

## References
## Further reading
* Durkee, Rob. *American Top 40: The Countdown of the Century*, Schriner Books, New York, 1999. 
* Battistini, Pete. "American Top 40 with Casey Kasem (The 1970s)", Authorhouse.com, January 31, 2005. 

## Other websites
* Kasem entry at the National Broadcaster's Hall of Fame 
*
AC Milan

**AC Milan** is an Italian football club in Milan. They were started in 1899 by two Englishmen, Herbet Kilpin and Alfred Edwards after a heavy drinking session in the Fiaschetteria Toscana tavern in Milan. Herbet Kilpin became the first team coach and captain whilst Alfred Edwards became the first club president.

Their first name was **Milan Cricket and Football Club**. They have won the Serie A football league 18 times and the Coppa Italia football cup five times. They have won more  than any Italian club except for Juventus. In the 2005/06 season, they were punished for setting up the results. They started the 2006/07 season with an eight-point deficit, but they managed to finish fourth and win the UEFA Champions League  games. Milan won the 2006/07 UEFA Champions League, defeating Liverpool 2–1 in the final in Athens.

Milan play at the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, also known as San Siro because Giuseppe Meazza was a star player for Inter Milan.

## Name
The club was  by as Milan Football and Cricket Club by an Englishman named Herbert Kilpin. Because of its English origins, in both English and Italian, the club uses the English name "Milan" instead of the Italian name . A similar way of naming exists for Genoa CFC, which uses the name "Genoa" instead of  because of its English origins.

### Names 
* 1899–1919 **Milan Cricket and Football Club**
* 1919–1938 **Milan Football Club**
* 1938–1945 **Associazione Calcio Milano**
* 1945–present **Associazione Calcio Milan**

## Honours 
 lifting the European Cup after they won the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League]]
* **Serie A** **: 19**
** 1901, 1906, 1907, 1950/51, 1954/55, 1956/57, 1958/59, 1961/62, 1967/68, 1978/79, 1987/88, 1991/92, 1992/93, 1993/94, 1995/96, 1998/99, 2003/04, 2010/2011, 2021/2022
* **Serie B** **: 2**
** 1980–81, 1982–83
* **Coppa Italia** **: 5**
** 1967, 1972, 1973, 1977, 2003
* **Supercoppa Italiana** **: 8** ** – shared record**
** 1988, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2005, 2011, 2016, 2024
* **European Cup / UEFA Champions League** : 7
** 1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007
* '''UEFA Cup Winners' Cup** : 2
** 1968, 1973
* **UEFA Super Cup** **: 5  – shared record**
** 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007
* **Intercontinental Cup** **: 3**
** 1969, 1989, 1990
* **Latin Cup : 2**
** 1951, 1956
* **Mitropacup : 1'''
** 1982

## League position 
### Former position 
## Players 
### First team squad
### Out on loan
### Retired numbers 
 Might be restored for one of his two sons, should either of them play professionally for the club.

## Coaching staff 
## Presidents and managers 
### Presidential history 
Milan has had numerous presidents over the course of its history, some of whom have been owners of the club while others have been honorary presidents. Here is a complete list of them.

|width="30"|&nbsp;
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|width="30"|&nbsp;
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|}

### Managerial history 
Nereo Rocco is the most successful manager in the history of AC Milan with ten trophies.

Below is a list of Milan coaches from 1900 until the present day.

|width="30"|&nbsp;
|valign="top"|

|}

## Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors 
## Other websites 
* AC Milan official website

## References
Lullaby

A **lullaby** is a song which is sung to help a baby or small child go to sleep. Composers of classical music often wrote pieces for instruments to play (very often for piano solo) which they called "lullaby". They also used the French word *Berceuse*. Brahms wrote his famous *Wiegenlied* originally for a young singer, Bertha Faber, when she gave birth to her second son.

Lullabies always have a gentle, rocking rhythm with a simple accompaniment. Frédéric Chopin's *Berceuse* is a lullaby for piano. Gabriel Fauré wrote one at the beginning of his *Dolly Suite* for piano duet. There are many other examples. 

Mothers sing lullabies to their children at bedtime. *Rock-a-bye Baby* and *Hush Little Baby* are two very well-known lullabies.

There is an example of lullaby:

*Rock-a-bye baby*

*On the tree tops,*]]*When the wind blows*

*The cradle will rock.*

*When the bough breaks*

*The cradle will fall,*

*And down will come baby*

*Cradle and all.*
## Example 
* Tha Tha Thabungton
Guadalcanal

**Guadalcanal** is the biggest island in the Solomon Islands. During World War II, there was a battle there between the Americans and the Japanese.

## Related pages
*Guadalcanal Campaign

## Other websites 
* WW2DB: Guadalcanal Campaign
FSV Frankfurt

**FSV Frankfurt** is the second best football team in Frankfurt, Germany  after Eintracht Frankfurt. In the season 2007/08 it became champion of the Regionalliga Süd. Since 2008 FSV Frankfurt plays in the 2. Bundesliga.

## Other websites
* FSV-Blog of Frankfurter Rundschau
Lund

**Lund** is a city in Scania, in the south of Sweden. About 80,000 people live there, which makes it the eleventh biggest city in Sweden. It is close to Malmö. The municipality has about 105,000 people. 

Lund is known for its university, Lund University (founded in 1666). It is the largest university in Scandinavia. The city is also known for its cathedral, Lund Cathedral (*Lunds domkyrka*).

Lund is an old city. It was probably founded around the year 990, when Scania belonged to Denmark.
Saint Stephen

**Saint Stephen** () is known as the first martyr of Christianity.

Therefore, he is also called the ***Protomartyr*** (). He is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church, as well as in the Eastern Orthodox Church. His feast day was historically kept on August 3. His name means 'laurel wreath' or 'crown' in Greek. His death is described in the Book of Acts. He was stoned to death for blasphemy and is remembered on the Feast of St. Stephen, December 26.

## Other websites 
* Saint Stephen at the *Catholic Encyclopedia*
Jon Corzine

**Jon Stevens Corzine** (born January 1, 1947) is an American politician. He was the 54th Governor of the state of New Jersey.  He represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 2001 until 2006, when he stepped down to take his seat as governor. On November 3, 2009, Jon Corzine lost re-election for another four years as governor. The person who won was Chris Christie, who became the governor on January 20, 2010. 

## References
Joachim Löw

**Joachim Löw** (born 3 February 1960) is a German former professional football player who formerly managed the Germany national football team after being eliminated by England in the UEFA Euro 2020 Round of 16. He became a World Cup winning manager when his team won the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

## Honours
### Managerial
**VfB Stuttgart**
* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup runner-up: 1997–98
* DFB-Pokal: 1996–97
* DFB-Ligapokal runner-up: 1997

**Tirol Innsbruck**
* Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2001–02

**Austria Wien**
* Austrian Supercup: 2003

**Germany**
* FIFA World Cup: 2014; third place: 2010
* FIFA Confederations Cup: 2017
* UEFA European Championship runner-up: 2008

### Individual
* Sport Bild German Sports Manager of the Year: 2010
* German Football Man of the Year: 2011, 2014
* German Football Manager of the Year: 2014
* FIFA World Coach of the Year: 2014
* World Soccer Awards Manager of the Year: 2014
* IFFHS World's Best National Coach: 2014, 2017
* L'Équipe Sports Manager of the Year: 2010
* FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2014
* Silbernes Lorbeerblatt: 2010, 2014
* Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande: 2010
* IFFHS World's Best Man National Coach of the Decade 2011–2020
* Somehow survived being Sacked by the Germany National Mens Football team

## Managerial statistics
## References 
## Other websites 
* Joachim Löw at dfb.de
* Joachim Löw fansite  oh my World Cup
Jim McGreevey

'''James Edward "'Jim"' McGreevey''' (born August 6, 1957) is an American politician and lawyer. He was the 52nd Governor of New Jersey from 2002 to 2004. In 2004, he said that he was gay. He resigned as governor after he said he had an affair with a male employee. He was the first openly gay governor of any state in the history of the United States.

## References
Helicopter rotor

A **rotor** is the rotating part of a helicopter which generates lift, either vertically in the case of a main rotor, or horizontally in the case of a tail rotor.

## History and development 
Before the development of powered helicopters in the mid 20th century, autogyro pioneer *Juan de la Cierva* researched and developed many of the basics of the rotor. Cierva is credited with successful development of multi-bladed, fully articulated rotor systems. This type of system is widely used today in many multi-bladed helicopters.

## Other websites 
* Rotor Analysis - Blade Element Momentum Theory
* Helicopter Rotorhead Close-up Image Gallery
Variations (music)

In music, the word variation is to play a piece of music and change the notes or add parts into it but also making it sound like the piece of music in another way.

Many composers wrote pieces which are examples of theme and variation.  Sometimes the theme is one they made up, at other times they took a theme that another composer had already written and then made variations on it.

There are lots of ways of varying a tune, and each variation will change it in a different way.  A variation may play the tune much faster or much slower, it may change the tune by adding extra sharps and flats or other ornamental notes, or by playing the tune in octaves.  It may change the harmony or the rhythm or use different instruments.  It may combine the tune in different parts (counterpoint).

## History in music 
Composers have used variations in music for centuries.  In the Renaissance and Baroque periods composers wrote variations on a short tune in the bass which was repeated again and again.  This was called a ground bass or sometimes it was a passacaglia or chaconne.  Renaissance composers also liked writing what they called “divisions”.  This meant varying a tune by playing it, for example, at twice the speed or half the speed etc. so that crotchets (quarter notes) became minims (half notes) or quavers (eighth notes).

George Frideric Handel wrote a famous set of variations for harpsichord called *Harmonious Blacksmith*, and Johann Sebastian Bach wrote the *Goldberg Variations*, which was a set of 30 variations: a very long piece of music.  It was written for a man who found it difficult to sleep at night, so he would ask his harpsichord player, whose name was Goldberg, to play to him.

Many composers from the Classical, Romantic and 20th century classical music periods wrote sets of variations. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote several, one of which was based on a French folktune which we know in Britain as “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”.  Beethoven wrote several wonderful sets of variations.  Many of them were for piano, but he also used the form in other pieces e.g. the slow movement of his Ninth Symphony.  Schubert often wrote variations on tunes from his own songs.

Other composers who wrote variations include Brahms, Elgar, Schoenberg, and Britten.