open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ostwald process

The **Ostwald process** is a chemical process for making nitric acid (HNO3). The Ostwald process provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. It is closely associated with the Haber process. It is named after Wilhelm Ostwald, who developed the process and patented it in 1902.

Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in two stages. 

1) It is oxidized in the presence of **platinium** as catalyst at about 900 degrees Celsius to form nitric oxide and water.

    4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)

2) Nitric oxide is oxidized again to form nitrogen dioxide and then it reacts with water to form dilute nitric acid whereas some portion of the nitrogen dioxide is reduce back to nitric oxide. 

    2 NO (g) + O2 (g) → 2 NO2
    3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l) → 2 HNO3 (aq) + NO (g) 

* Alternatively if the nitrogen dioxide reacts with oxygen.

    4 NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) → 4 HNO3

## References
2014 FIVB Volleyball World Championship

The **2014 Volleyball World Championship** was held in Poland from 30 August to 21 September 2014. The tournament featured 24 teams to determine the world champions in men's volleyball. In addition to the host nation Poland, 23 teams qualified for the tournament by means of continental and regional competitions. The matches took place in seven venues across seven Polish cities, with the final being held at Spodek, Katowice.

## Other websites
*Official website 
*Official website 
*Final Standing
*Awards
*Formula and Prize Money
*Statistics
*Highlights World Championship
Marion Maréchal

**Marion Maréchal-Le Pen** (born 10 December 1989) is a French politician. In 2024, she became a Member of the European Parliament. She is the granddaughter of Jean-Marie Le Pen and the niece of Marine Le Pen. She is a member of Reconquête and an MP for Vaucluse's 3rd constituency from 2012 until 2017. Twenty-two years old at the time of her election, she became France's youngest MP in modern political history before Tematai Le Gayic's election in 2022.

## References
Byzantine calendar

The **Byzantine calendar** was a calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from the year 691 A.D. to 1728. It was also used by the Byzantine empire from 988 A.D. to 1453, when the empire fell, and by Russia from 988 A.D. to 1700. The Byzantine calendar is like the Julian calendar, but the year starts on 1 September instead of 1 January. Year one of the Byzantine calendar is from 1 September, 5509 B.C. to 31 August, 5508 B.C.

## Background 
The Great Schism, dated to 1054, created two religions from what was formerly one. The Western part later became the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern part is known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. At that time the Roman Catholic church used the Julian calendar. In 1453 the Byzantine Empire collapsed ending the use of their calendar. But others still used it, notably Russia. Numbering differences began to appear when the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.

## Other differences 
The Roman calendar did not include dates for Old Testament prophets. The Byzantine calendar does. At the time the Russians used a form of the Julian calendar with Byzantine influence. The calendar year started on 1 September and not 1 January. The years were numbered from the date given as earth's creation and not from the birth of Christ. Peter changed the calendar to start on January 1 and numbered the years from Christ's birth. But he continued basing the calendar on the Julian system instead of the Gregorian calendar.

## References
Orizuru

An ***orizuru*** (折鶴 *ori-* "folded," *tsuru* "crane"), or **paper crane**, is a classically designed paper Japanese origami. Red paper cranes is a representation of the Japanese red-crowned crane which is special in Japanese culture. The orizuru is often is used restaurant table decoration.  *Senbazuru* (千羽鶴), which means "thousand cranes," are one thousand paper cranes strung together.
## References
## Related pages
*Sadako Sasaki
Cornway College

**Cornway College** (or simply **Cornway**) is a private, day and boarding school for boys and girls in Mount Hampden, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe, Africa. It is  from the Harare central business district. Cornway College was opened on January 23, 2006. It has a preparatory school (*Cornway Junior College*) and a high school (*Cornway Senior College*). The language used to communicate within the school is English.

Cornway College was ranked as one of the top 10 high schools in Zimbabwe in 2014.

## Academics
### Junior College
Students at the Junior College are taught the primary schools curriculum developed by Cambridge International Examinations or CIE (an exam board in the United Kingdom) and ZIMSEC (an exam board in Zimbabwe). The children learn the following subjects:
* Agriculture
* Computer Literacy
* English
* General Paper
* Mathematics
* Science
* Shona
In Grade Seven, children write tests for the Cambridge Primary certificate by CIE (for English, Mathematics and Science subjects) and Grade Seven exams by ZIMSEC (for English, General Paper, Mathematics and Shona subjects).

### Senior College
Students in Form One and Form Two (Year 8 and Year 9) are taught several subjects according to the Zimbabwe Junior Certificate curriculum.

In Form Three and Form Four (Year 10 and Year 11), students are taught according to the curriculum of CIE and ZIMSEC. In Form Four, the students then write tests for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (given by CIE) and the GCE Ordinary Level certificate (given by ZIMSEC).
* Athletics
* Basketball
* Chess
* Cricket
* Cross-country
* Hockey
* Netball
* Rugby
* Soccer
* Swimming
* Tennis
* Volleyball

### Senior College
Sports at the Senior College include:
* Athletics
* Basketball
* Chess
* Cricket
* Cross-country
* Handball
* Hockey
* Netball
* Rugby
* Soccer
* Swimming
* Tennis
* Volleyball

## References
## Other websites
*  Official website
*  on Pindula
Out of the Woods (song)

**"Out of the Woods"** is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift.  It is the sixth single from her album, *1989*.  It was co-written and co-produced by Swift and Jack Antonoff from the American alternative band Fun.  The two produced the song along with Swedish songwriter and producer Max Martin.  The song is the fourth track on the album.  It became her sixth top-20 hit in a row on the US *Billboard* Hot 100.

**"Out of the Woods"** was re-released on October 27th, 2023 as '''"Out of the Woods (Taylor's Version)"'*

The music video for the song was released on December 31, 2015, live on *Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest* on ABC stations in the United States.

## Credits and personnel 
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of *1989.''

* Taylor Swift&nbsp;– vocals, songwriter, producer
* Jack Antonoff&nbsp;– producer, songwriter, guitar, electric guitar, bass, keyboards, drums, background vocals
* Cory Bice&nbsp;– recording assistant
* Tom Coyne&nbsp;– mastering
* Serban Ghenea&nbsp;– mixing
* John Hanes&nbsp;– mix engineer
* Sam Holland&nbsp;– recording
* Max Martin&nbsp;– vocal producer
* Brendan Morawski&nbsp;– recording assistant
* Laura Sisk&nbsp;– recording

## Charts
## Certifications 
## References
C. B. Forgotston

**Charlton Bath Forgotston, Jr.** (January 19, 1945 &ndash; January 3, 2016), known as **C. B. Forgotston**, was an American attorney, political pundit and state government watchdog from Newellton, Louisiana.

For seven years, he was the chief counsel of the Appropriations Committee of the Louisiana House of Representatives. He was an outspoken fiscal conservative and critic of legalized gambling, unconstitutional legislation and political corruption.

Forgotston committed suicide by firearm early in 2016, sixteen days before his 71st birthday in Hammond, Louisiana.

## References
Loopback

The **loopback address** is a computing term that is a special IP address of a computer's ethernet network. It is used to allow software on a computer to send information to the same computer using the TCP/IP stack. The special IP address is known as 127.0.0.1 (IPv4) or 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (::1, IPv6).

## References
Peter Naur

**Peter Naur** (25 October 1928 – 3 January 2016) was a Danish computer science pioneer and Turing award winner. He helped the creation of the ALGOL 60 programming language. 

He began his career as an astronomer for which he received his PhD degree in 1957. From 1969 to 1998 Naur was a professor of computer science at University of Copenhagen. Naur won the 2005 ACM A.M. Turing Award for his work on defining the ALGOL 60 programming language.

Naur died on 3 January 2016 after a short illness in Herlev, aged 87.

## References
Robert Stigwood

**Robert Stigwood** (16 April 1934 – 4 January 2016) was an English-Australian music entrepreneur and impresario. He was best known for managing Cream and the Bee Gees. He relocated to England in 1954.

In the 1960s and 1970s he was one of the most successful figures in the entertainment world, through his management of music groups like Cream and The Bee Gees, theatrical productions like *Hair* and *Jesus Christ Superstar* and movie productions including the hugely successful *Saturday Night Fever* and *Grease*.

Stigwood died on 4 January 2016 in London at the age of 81.

## References
## Other websites
*Robert Stigwood Organisation official site 
*
*Joseph Brennan: Gibb Songs website http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/beegees/67.first.html 
*The Knitting Circle: Popular Music http://myweb.lsbu.ac.uk/~stafflag/popularmusic.html 
*Disraeli Gears Cream website http://twtd.bluemountains.net.au/cream/gears/disraeligears1.htm
Michel Galabru

**Michel Louis Edmond Galabru** (27 October 1922 &ndash; 4 January 2016) was a French actor. He was known for his roles in *Subway* (1985), *Belle époque* (1992) and as Abraracourcix in *Asterix & Obelix Take On Caesar* (1999).

Galabru was born in Safi, Morocco to French parents. He was raised near Paris, France. He appeared in over 250 movies mostly directed by Bertrand Blier, Jean-Luc Godard, Luc Besson and Costa-Gavras. Galabru died on 4 January 2016 in his home in Paris, France at the age of 93.

## Other websites
*
Igor Sergun

General **Igor Dmitrievich Sergun** (28 March 1957 – 3 January 2016) was a Russian military officer. He was Director of the GRU, the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, since December 26, 2011.

He worked in military intelligence since 1984, and served in various positions in the Main Intelligence Directorate. He speaks several foreign languages and was awarded state awards. In 1998 as a colonel, he served as a RF Military Attaché in Tirana, Albania. In December 2011, he was appointed as Head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Sergun died suddenly on 3 January 2016 in Moscow of a heart attack at the age of 58. However many outside of Russia believe that Sergun was killed in a secret mission in Lebanon.

## References
Bertrand Blier

**Bertrand Blier** (14 March 1939 &ndash; 20 January 2025) was a French screenwriter and movie director. His 1978 movie *Get Out Your Handkerchiefs* won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards.

He was the son of famous French actor Bernard Blier. His 1996 movie *Mon Homme* was entered into the 46th Berlin International Film Festival. His 2005 film *How Much Do You Love Me?* was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver George for Best Director.

Blier died at his home in Paris, on 20 January 2025, at the age of 85.

## References
## Other websites
*
Safi

by night near the Atlantic Ocean]]
**Safi** (Berber: **Asfi**, ⴰⵙⴼⵉ; , Portuguese: *Safim*) is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Safi Province, it has a population of 282,227 (2004 census). Safi is the main fishing port for the country's sardine industry, and also exports phosphates, textiles and ceramics.

## References
## Other websites
*Entry in Lexicorient
Matt Hobden

**Matthew Edward** "**Matt**" **Hobden** (27 March 1993 &ndash; 2 January 2016) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast-medium bowler. He played for Cardiff MCCU (2012&ndash;2013) and Sussex (2013&ndash;2016).

Hobden was born in Eastbourne, East Sussex. He was educated at Millfield School and Eastbourne College.

Hobden died after accidentally falling on 2 January 2016 in Forres, Scotland. He was 22.

## References
## Other websites
* Matt Hobden at ESPNcricinfo
* Matt Hobden at CricketArchive
Alfonso Ribeiro

**Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro, Sr.** (born September 21, 1971) is an American actor, television director, dancer, and game show host. He is best known for his roles as Carlton Banks on the sitcom *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air* and as Alfonso Spears on the sitcom *Silver Spoons*. Ribeiro is the current host of ''America's Funniest Home Videos*. He took over for former host Tom Bergeron who left after fifteen years.

Ribeiro took part in the nineteenth season of *Dancing with the Stars*. He was paired with professional dancer Witney Carson. Ribeiro and Carson were both able to win the competition.

## Filmography
**Silver Spoons* - Alfonso Spears (1984–87)
**John Grin's Christmas* - Rocky (1986) (TV movie)
**Magnum, P.I.* - Kenneth (1986)
**Mighty Pawns* - Frank (1987)
**A Different World* - Zach Duncan (1990)
**Bill Nye the Science Guy* - Himself (1994)
**The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air* - Carlton Banks (1990–96)
**Ticks* - Darrel "Panic" Lumnley (1993)
**Soul Train* - Himself (1994) (Host)
**Spider-Man* - Randy Robertson/Teenage Robbie Robertson (1994–98) (voice)
**In the House* - Dr. Maxwell Stanton (1996–99)
**Kidz in the Wood* (1996) (TV movie)
**Extreme Ghostbusters* - Roland Jackson (1997) (voice)
**Your Big Break* - Himself (2000) (Host)
**Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase* - Moon Goon #1 (2001) (voice)
**Love Wrecked* - Bert Hernandez (2005)
**Celebrity Duets* - Himself (2006) (contestant)
**GSN Live* - Himself (2008–09) (Host)
**Catch 21* - Himself (2008–11) (Host)
**Things We Do for Love* - Darren (2011)
**Big Time Rush* - Captain McAllister (2012)
**Shake It Up* - Mr. Zigfeld (2013)
**Spell-Mageddon* - Himself (2013) (Host)
**The Graham Norton Show* - Himself (2013)
**I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!* - Himself (2013) (contestant) 
**Dancing with the Stars* - Himself (2014) (contestant)
**Unwrapped 2.0* - Himself (2015-present) (narrator)
**America's Funniest Home Videos'' - Himself (2015-present) (narrator)

## References
## Other websites
*
Gitanjali

***Gitanjali*** is a book of poems written by Rabindranath Tagore. There are 157 poems in the book. All the poems are in the Bengali language. It has been translated into many languages by many writers. *Gitanjali* is a book of song offerings. Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature on November 14, 1913, for his book ''Gitanjali'. 'It also contains the special poem known as the"mind is without fear".
Tim Francis

**Harold Huyton** "**Tim**" **Francis** (1928 &ndash; 2 January 2016) was a New Zealand diplomat. He was Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1978 to 1982. He was also Ambassador to the United States from 1988 to 1991.

Francis was born in Auckland. He was married to Sherrah and had three children.

Francis died from cancer on 2 January 2016 in Wellington. He was 87.

## References
Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu

**Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu** (1 September 1928 &ndash; 2 January 2016) was a Turkish army general. He was Secretary-General of the National Security Council from 1988 to 1990. He was said to be behind a failed killing of President Turgut Özal in 1988. He was born in Foça, Izmir.

Yirmibeşoğlu died from kidney failure on 2 January 2016 in Istanbul, aged 87.

## References
Stephen W. Bosworth

**Stephen Warren Bosworth** (December 4, 1939 &ndash; January 3, 2016) was an American academic and diplomat. He served as U.S. Ambassador three times: Tunisia (1979&ndash;1981), Philippines (1984&ndash;1987), and South Korea (1997&ndash;2001).

Bosworth was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was married and had four children.

Bosworth died from prostate cancer on January 3, 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was 77.

## References
## Other websites
*
Bill Plager

**William Ronald "Bill" Plager** (July 6, 1945 &ndash; January 3, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He was born in Kirkland Lake, Ontario. Plager started his National Hockey League career with the Minnesota North Stars in 1967.  He also played for the St. Louis Blues and Atlanta Flames. He left the NHL after the 1976 season.

Plager died on January 3, 2016 in Peterborough, Ontario, aged 70.

## References
## Other websites
*
Paul Bley

**Hyman Paul Bley**  (November 10, 1932 &ndash; January 3, 2016) was a Canadian pianist. He was known for his work to the free jazz movement of the 1960s. He began his career in the 1950s and was active until his death in the 2010s. He worked with jazz musicians Lee Konitz, Charlie Haden, Evan Parker, Charlie Parker, Sonny Rollins, Charles Mingus, Ornette Coleman and many others.

Bley was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was adopted and Jewish. He was married to Carla Bley until their divorce.

Bley died on January 3, 2016 in Stuart, Florida. He was 83.

## References
## Other websites
*
Grant Hill

**Grant Henry Hill** (born October 5, 1972) is an American retired basketball player. Hill was born in Dallas, Texas. He was part of the US basketball team who won the gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics. He is the son of Calvin Hill.

He was a selected third overall by the Detroit Pistons in the 1994 draft. He played six seasons, five as an All-star. Hill played for 5 seasons for the Phoenix Suns. He finally retired from the Los Angeles Clippers after a 19-year career. He received the 2015 Candle in the Dark award. He is in the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame. He is currently a color commentator for the NBA on NBC. 

## References 
## Other websites 
* Grant Hill Webpage
Point Break

***Point Break*** is a 1991 American action crime thriller movie. It was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and it was produced by Peter Abrams and Robert L. Levy. *Point Break* was released on July 12, 1991.

In the movie, a gang of robbers called the "Ex-Presidents" wear face-masks of former Presidents of the United States (Ronald Reagan, Richard Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Jimmy Carter) to hide their true identities.

The movie got mixed and positive reviews from critics. It has a 68% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four. In his review, he wrote that "Bigelow is an interesting director for this material. She is interested in the ways her characters live dangerously for philosophical reasons. They aren't men of action, but men of thought who choose action as a way of expressing their beliefs."

A remake was released on December 25, 2015 and received negative reviews.

## Cast 
* Patrick Swayze as Bodhi
* Keanu Reeves as FBI Agent Johnny Utah
* Gary Busey as FBI Agent Angelo Pappas
* Lori Petty as Tyler Endicott
* John C. McGinley as FBI Agent Ben Harp
* James LeGros as Roach
* John Philbin as Nathaniel
* Bojesse Christopher as Grommet
* Lee Tergesen as Rosie
* Julian Reyes as FBI Agent Alvarez
* Daniel Beer as FBI Agent Babbit
* Vincent Klyn as Lupton "Warchild" Pittman
* Chris Pedersen as Bunker Weiss
* Dave Olson as Archbold
* Anthony Kiedis as Tone
* Christopher Pettiet as 15
* Sydney Walsh as Miss Deer
* Peter Phelps as Australian surfer
* Tom Sizemore as DEA Agent Dietz (uncredited)

## References
## Other websites
*
*
Claude Gagnière

**Claude Gagnière** (January 20, 1928 – September 12, 2003) was a French writer. He was born in Alès.

He died in Paris. After he died he was awarded the prize of the Bouquinistes for all his work in 2004.

## Works
* * All over all - Small dictionary of the unusual and of the smile*, 1986
* *To the happiness of the words*, 1989
* *Of words and wonders*, 1994
* *Between guillemets*: small dictionary of appointments, 1996
*  Versiculets & texticules: epigrams, madrigals, five centuries of fugitive poetries, 1999
* *The* *fable express*: of *Alphonse Went* to *Boris Vian*, 2002
Gay bar

, London, UK. Taken during London Pride 2010.]]
**Gay bars** are drinking establishments that cater to lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender people. The term *gay* is used as an inclusive concept for LGBT communities. Gay bars once served as the centre of gay culture. They were one of the few places people with same-sex orientations and gender-variant identities could openly socialize. Other names include *boy bar*, *girl bar*, *lesbian bar* or *dyke bar*.

The Stonewall Inn in New York City is one example of a gay/lesbian bar. The gay rights movement was born there.

## References
Stonewall Inn

The **Stonewall Inn** (or just **Stonewall**) is a gay and lesbian tavern and recreational bar in New York City that was the site of the 1969 Stonewall riots. The original inn closed that year. In 1990, a bar named "Stonewall" opened in the western half of the original location.

In June 2015, the Stonewall received an official landmark status from the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission for its role as spreding the LGBT movement. It is the first landmark in New York City that has been recognized for its status in LGBT history.

## References
German Academic Exchange Service

The **German Academic Exchange Service** (, or **DAAD**) is an organisation in Germany. It is the largest German support organisation in the field of international academic co-operation. It was founded on 1 January 1925. It closed in 1945, but was refounded in 1950.

The DAAD headquarters are in Bonn. There are 15 international regional branch offices. They provide information and advice on study and research opportunities and available grants. The German Academic Exchange Service is mainly funded by the Foreign Office of Germany and the European Union. In 2012, the DAAD received 407.4 million Euro.

## Regional branch offices
* DAAD London (established in 1952)
* DAAD Cairo (1960)
* DAAD New Delhi (1960)
* DAAD Paris (1963)
* DAAD New York (1971)
* DAAD Rio de Janeiro (1972)
* DAAD Moscow (1973)
* DAAD Nairobi (1973)
* DAAD Tokyo (1978)
* DAAD Jakarta (1990)
* DAAD Beijing (1994)
* DAAD Warsaw (1997)
* DAAD Mexico City (2001)
* DAAD Hanoi (2003)
* DAAD Brussels (2007)

In 2021, DAAD's activities in Belarus were stopped at the request of the Belarusian government.

## References
## Other websites
*DAAD Homepage
*DAAD London
*DAAD New York (North America)
Jorge Lepra

**Jorge Alberto Lepra Loiodice** (4 September 1942 &ndash; 4 January 2016) was a Uruguayan diplomat and politician. He was Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining from 2005 to 2008. He was also Ambassador to France from 2008 to 2010. He was born in Montevideo.

Lepra died from heart failure on 4 January 2016 in Montevideo. He was 73.

## References
Venice Film Festival

The **Venice Film Festival** is a festival held in Venice, Italy. It is held every year. It is the world's oldest movie festival. It dates back to 1932.

## Related pages
*German art
Irma Grese

**Irma Ida Ilse Grese** (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a member of the *Schutzstaffel (SS)*, a powerful Nazi military organization, during World War II. She was a guard at the Nazi concentration camps at Ravensbrück and Auschwitz. She was also the warden of the women's part of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

Grese was nicknamed "the Hyena of Auschwitz" () by prisoners there because of the  ways she treated them. After World War II ended, Grese was put on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. She was convicted of crimes against humanity for the things she did at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. She was executed in 1945 at age 22. However, according to A. Pierrepoint (British executioner of Grese) as she was questioned by RSM O'Neil prior to the execution, she gave her age as "Twenty-one".

## Early life
Irma Grese was born in Germany in 1923. In 1936, when Grese was 13, her mother killed herself by drinking hydrochloric acid, a poison, after finding out that her husband had an affair (a relationship with another woman). Grese's father probably joined the Nazi Party in 1937, and got married again in 1939.

When British soldiers were getting close to Bergen-Belsen to liberate it (take it over and free its prisoners), Grese and some other people in the SS decided not to run away. They were captured by the British on 17 April 1945, and taken to prison.

In her famous memoir called *Five Chimneys*, Olga Lengyel (who had been a prisoner in a camp where Grese worked) wrote about how Grese acted there. Lengyel wrote that Grese liked hurting prisoners, making them afraid of her, and choosing which ones would be killed in the gas chambers.

## Trial and execution
 in prison in Celle, Germany, in August 1945]]
Grese was put on trial for war crimes at the "Belsen Trial." Instead of having one big trial with hundreds of defendants, the Nuremberg Trials were separated into smaller trials. For example, people who were  of committing crimes at Bergen-Belsen were put on trial at the Belsen Trial. Grese was tried there with 44 other people. Her trial lasted from September to November 1945. She was given a lawyer named Major L. Cranfield.

Grese was accused of treating prisoners in ways that were illegal because of an international law called the Third Geneva Convention. People who had been prisoners in the camps Grese worked at talked about how Grese murdered and tortured prisoners. They said she especially liked to hurt women. They talked about how Grese beat prisoners, let her dogs attack them, whipped them, and shot them. They said she liked to whip women's breasts, and then make the camp doctor, Gisella Perl, do surgery on the women's breasts without anesthetic, because she liked watching them suffer.

Two other female guards were tried at the Belsen Trial. However, Grese was the only woman to get the death penalty.

On Thursday, 13 December 1945, in Hamelin Jail, Grese was executed by hanging.

## Related pages
* The Holocaust
* Nazi concentration camps

## References
International standard

**International standard** is a guidance made by international organizations to be considered and used around the world. The standard can be used directly or with small changes to suit the local conditions. International standard is used as one of the way to ease technical differences and barriers for international trading which caused by different regulations about technical aspects by each country.

## Examples
* IEC 61850

## Related pages 
*International Organization for Standardization
Golden Bear

The **Golden Bear** is the highest prize given at the Berlin International Film Festival (often known as **Berlinale**).

## List of Golden Bear winners 
## References
Gandaki Zone

**Gandaki** zone (), was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal. It was located in the Western Development Region.

## Districts
Gandaki zone was divided into 6 districts. They are
Shaykh al-Islām

**Shaykh al-Islam** () ( is a title of respect for outstanding scholars of Islam. The title may also be used for the chief expert in Islamic law of a city or kingdom. 

The title "shaykh al-Islam" was reserved for very few scholars. Usually those with the greatest s. Al-Sakhawi defines it as follows:

## Scholars 
There were not many scholars known as shaykh al-Islam. The title was used for the following scholars:
* Khwaja Abdullah Ansari (396-481 A.H.)
* Ibn Surayj (249–306 A.H.)
* Al-Daraqutni (306–385 A.H.)
* Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (336–430 A.H.)
* Abu Hamid al-Isfarayini (344–406 A.H.)
* Al-Bayhaqi (384–458 A.H.)
* Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi (393–476 A.H.)
* Al-Juwayni (419–478 A.H.)
* Ibn al-Jawzi (509/510–597 A.H.)
* Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (544–606 A.H.)
* Al-'Izz ibn 'Abd al-Salam (577–660 A.H.)
* Ibn Daqiq al-'Id (625–702 A.H.)
* Al-Nawawi (631–676 A.H.)
* Ibn Taymiyyah (661–728 A.H.) 
* Taqi al-Din al-Subki (683–756 A.H.)
* Taj al-Din al-Subki (727–771 A.H.)
* Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (773–852 A.H.)
* Zakariyya al-Ansari (823–926 A.H.)
* Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (909–974 A.H.)
* Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (724–805 A.H.)
* Shihab al-Din al-Ghazzi (000–822 A.H.)
* Shihab al-Din al-Ramli (000–957 A.H.)
* Muhammad al-Tahir ibn 'Ashur (1296–1392 A.H.)
* Abdel-Halim Mahmoud (1328–1397 A.H.)

## Additional reading 
* Al-Dhahabi, Siyar a'lam al-nubala' ('Biographies of Noble Personalities').

## References 
## Other websites 
* Shaykh Al-Islam
Silvana Pampanini

**Silvana Pampanini** (25 September 1925 &ndash; 6 January 2016) was an Italian actress. She was Miss Italy in 1946. She began her acting career in 1947. She appeared in over sixty movies, mostly comedies. Her final acting role was in 1999.

Pampanini was born in Rome. She was never married and had no children. She was the niece of Rosetta Pampanini.

Pampanini died on 6 January 2016 in Rome, aged 90.

## Other websites
*
Antonio Carrizo

**Antonio Carrozzi Abasca** (15 September 1926 &ndash; 1 January 2016), better known as **Antonio Carrizo**, was an Argentine radio host, actor and television presenter. He worked for the radio station Radio El Mundo and Radio Rivadavia. He hosted shows on many channels including Canal 7. He appeared in the movies *El barro humano* (1955), *El noveno mandamiento* (1963) and *Muchachos impacientes* (1966).

Carrizo was born in General Villegas, Buenos Aires Province. He had a stoke in 2008. He died on 1 January 2016 in Buenos Aires, aged 89.

## References
National Archive Department of Azerbaijan

The **National Archive Department of the Republic of Azerbaijan** () is the national archive of Azerbaijan. It is a governmental agency within the government of Azerbaijan in charge of managing, maintaining, protecting and updating national archives of the Azerbaijani nation state. The archive houses documents, maps, stamps, audio tapes, video clips, photographs and special publications. It was established on December 2, 2002. It is in the capital city Baku.

## Related pages
* List of archives in Azerbaijan
* Archive
* Preservation

## References 
## Other websites 
* National Archive Department of Azerbaijan
Tommy Sale (rugby league)

**Tommy Sale**  (21 July 1918 &ndash; 3 January 2016) was an English rugby league player. He played for Leigh Centurions and Widnes Vikings. He later coached Leigh.

## References
Autotransformer

An **Autotransformer** (sometimes called ***autostep down transformer***) is a transformer which has only one winding. The "" (Greek for "self") prefix refers to the single coil acting on itself and not to any kind of automatic mechanism. The winding acts as both primary winding and secondary winding in a normal transformer. Since part of the winding does "double duty", autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers. The disadvantage of an autotransformer include not providing electrical isolation between the primary winding and the secondary winding. There is also a higher possibility of short circuits due to low impedance.

## Usage
Autotransformers are used in power transmission, power distribution, audio, rail transport, etc. Autotransformers are often used to step up (increase) or step down (decrease) voltages in the 110–120 V range and in the 220–240 V range.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Basics of Autotransformers
* Difference between Isolation Transformers and Autotransformers
John Roberts (footballer, born 1946)

**John Griffiths Roberts** (11 September 1946 &ndash; 4 January 2016) was an Welsh football player and manager. He played as a defender from 1964 to 1983. He played for Swansea Town, Northampton Town, Arsenal, Birmingham City, Wrexham, Hull City and the national team. He was a player manager of Oswestry Town from 1982 to 1983.

Roberts was born in Abercynon, Rhondda Cynon Taff. He died on 4 January 2016 at the age of 69.

## References
S. H. Kapadia

**Sarosh Homi Kapadia** (29 September 1947 &ndash; 4 January 2016) was an Indian politician and lawyer. He served as the 38th Chief Justice of India from 12 May 2010 until 28 September 2012. He was born in Mumbai and was Parsi.

Kapadia died from cardiac arrest on 4 January 2016 in Mumbai, aged 68.

## References
Amby Fogarty

**Ambrose Gerald** "**Amby**" **Fogarty** (11 September 1933 &ndash; 3 January 2016) was an Irish football player and manager. He played as a midfielder from 1953 to 1975. He played for Bohemians, Glentoran, Sunderland, Hartlepool United, Cork Celtic, Cork Hibernian and the national team. He also managed Cork Hibernians, Cork Celtic, Drumcondra, Limerick and Athlone Town.

Fogarty was born in Dublin. He died on 3 January 2016 at the age of 82.

## References
Christy O'Connor Jnr

'''Christy O'Connor Jnr''' (19 August 1948 &ndash; 6 January 2016) was an Irish golfer. He turned professional in 1967. He played in the Ryder Cup twice.

O'Connor was born in Galway, County Galway. He was married to Ann and had three children. His uncle was golfer Christy O'Connor Snr, who died in May 2016.

O'Connor died on 6 January 2016 in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, aged 67.

## References
British Rail Class 800

The ** Class 800** *Hitachi Super Express* is a new train built by Hitachi to replace old InterCity 125 and InterCity 225. The class 800 will use diesel fuel and electricity. The 801 trains will be electric-only. They can reduce the travel time between London, Leeds, Newcastle and Edinburgh by as much as 18 minutes. A new Manufacturing plant will produce 122 trains in the coming years. In 2017 the first trains will run on the Great Western Railway main line. In 2018 they will run on the East Coast Main Line.

## References
Masaryk University

**Masaryk University** (; ) is a university in Brno, Czech Republic. It was created in 1919. It is named for Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia. He wanted to have a second Czech university (until then, the only Czech university was Charles University in Prague). The Palacký University in Olomouc had been closed. The university has nine faculties and about 35,000 students. Between 1960 and 1990, the university used the name of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, a Czech scientist. Masaryk University is member of the Compostela Group and the Utrecht Network of universities.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Masaryk University
Nino Manfredi

**Saturnino "Nino" Manfredi** (; 22 March 1921 &ndash; 4 June 2004) was an Italian actor. He was born in Lazio, Italy. He was also a movie and stage director, screenwriter, playwright, comedian, singer, author, radio and television presenter.

During his career he won many awards, including six David di Donatello awards, six Nastro d'Argento awards and the Prix de la première oeuvre (Best First Work Award) at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival for *Between Miracles*. He is thought to be the greatest Italian actor of all time.

Manfredi died from complications from a stroke at his home in Rome, Italy, aged 83.

## References
## Other websites
*
*Nino Manfredi at Discogs
Andres Rodríguez

**Andres Rodríguez** (11 May 1984 &ndash; 4 January 2016) was a Venezuelan businessman and an international show jumping competitor. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. 

His achievements included the team silver medal at the 2005 Bolivarian Games, the team bronze medal at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games, an individual silver medal at the 2015 Pan American Games of Toronto, and was qualified to the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, but died before the event.  

Rodríguez was killed in a car crash near Wellington, Florida, aged 31.

## References
## Other websites
*
Charles Bachman

**Charles William "Charlie" Bachman III** (December 11, 1924 &ndash; July 13, 2017) was an American computer scientist. He spent his entire career as an industrial researcher, developer, and manager rather than in academia. He is particularly known for his work in the early development of database management systems.  The Bachman diagrams are named after him. He won the Turing Award in 1973.

Bachman died on July 13, 2017 at his home in Lexington, Massachusetts of Parkinson's disease at the age of 92.

## References
Jean-Paul L'Allier

'''Jean-Paul L'Allier'* (August 12, 1938 &ndash; January 5, 2016) was a Canadian politician and journalist. He was a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. He served as the 38th Mayor of Quebec City from 1989 to 2005. He served in the National Assembly of Quebec for Deux-Montagnes from 1970 to 1976. He also worked for the Montreal newspaper *Le Devoir'' in the 1980s. He was born in Hudson, Quebec.

L'Allier died after an illness on January 5, 2016 in Quebec City. He was 77.

## References
Synthetic cannabis

**Synthetic cannabis** (**synthetic marijuana**) is a type of designer drug made from chemicals sprayed onto herbs.  Synthetic cannabis is often called **K2**, **Spice**, or **fake weed**.  "Synthetic" means "man-made"; *Cannabis* is the plant that marijuana is made from.  

Synthetic cannabis is not really man-made marijuana.  It has no marijuana, and no chemicals from the *Cannabis* plant, in it.  Instead, it is sprayed with man-made chemicals called *cannabinoids.*  In the brain, they act like the chemicals in real marijuana (like THC).  Because of this, they can make a person feel "high" the same way real marijuana can.

## Safety
Medical research has shown that synthetic cannabis is much more dangerous than regular marijuana.  For example, one research study found that people who used synthetic cannabis were 30 times more likely to get emergency medical treatment than people who used regular marijuana.  

Synthetic cannabinoids can also cause much more serious symptoms and health problems than regular marijuana.  These problems can include:
* Hypertension (high blood pressure)
* Cardiac arrhythmias
* Heart attack
* Stroke
* Kidney damage
* Psychosis (in some users, this has lasted for weeks after they stop taking the drug; in one person it lasted seven months)
* Panic attacks
* Violent behavior

Research, and the experiences of people who try to stop taking synthetic cannabis, show that it causes addiction and withdrawal symptoms in some people.

Most countries in Europe, and a few countries in Asia, have made some or all synthetic cannabinoids illegal.

### United States
Before 2010, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) had made some of the cannabinoids used in synthetic marijuana illegal in the U.S.  Other cannabinoids were not illegal.  Some states passed laws on their own, to make synthetic cannabis illegal in their states.  However, before 2010, not all cannabinoids were illegal in the United States.

On June 6, 2010, a teenager from Iowa named David Mitchell Rozga killed himself.  His friends said they and Rozga had smoked synthetic cannabis about an hour before he shot himself.  Rozga's suicide, and the idea that it might have been caused by synthetic cannabis, was reported in newspapers and media all over the world.

After Rozga's suicide, the DEA used "emergency powers" to make five cannabinoids often found in synthetic marijuana illegal.  Also, after the suicide, United States Senator Chuck Grassley suggested a law called the "David Mitchell Rozga Act."  This law would make using or selling synthetic cannabis illegal.  The law was passed by the United States Congress in June 2011.  

On July 10, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 into law.  It made the most common chemicals used in synthetic marijuana illegal.

## Related pages 
* Marijuana
* Designer drugs
* THC (the chemical that synthetic cannabinoids try to imitate)

## Other websites 
* Easy-to-Read Drug Facts (in Simple English)

## References
William Kahan

**William Morton Kahan** (born June 5, 1933) is a Canadian mathematician and computer scientist. He received the Turing Award in 1989 for "*his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis*." He was named an ACM Fellow in 1994, and added to the National Academy of Engineering in 2005.

## Other websites
* William Kahan's home page
* portrait picture of Kahan (on page 5)
* Paranoia for modern graphics processing units (GPUs) 
* Paranoia source code in multiple languages
* IEEE 1985. IEEE standard for binary floating-point arithmetic. ACM SIGPLAN Notices 22, 2 (Feb.), 9&ndash;25
* An Interview with the Old Man of Floating-Point, 1998-Feb-20 http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/ieee754status/754story.html
* A Conversation with William Kahan, Dr. Dobb's Journal November, 1997
Fernando J. Corbató

**Fernando José "Corby" Corbató** (July 1, 1926 &ndash; July 12, 2019) was an American computer scientist. He was known as a pioneer in the development of time-sharing operating systems and for creating the password system for computers.

Corbató died on July 12, 2019 in Newburyport, Massachusetts from problems caused by diabetes at the age of 93.

## References
## Other websites
* Oral history interview with Fernando J. Corbató at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  Corbató discusses computer science research, especially time-sharing, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
* Oral history interview with Fernando J. Corbató at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA.  Fernando Corbató reviews his early educational and naval experiences in the Eddy program during World War II, including the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), Project MAC, and Multics.
* Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing, documentary ca. 1972 about the ARPANET. Includes footage of Fernando Corbató.
* , featuring MIT's CTSS time-sharing system and an interview with MIT Professor Fernando J Corbato.
Richard M. Karp

**Richard Manning Karp** (born January 3, 1935) is an American computer scientist and computational theorist at the University of California, Berkeley. He is known for his research in the theory of algorithms, for which he received a Turing Award in 1985, The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science in 2004,  and the Kyoto Prize in 2008. 

He work includes solving problems of combinatorial optimization (mostly network flow), asking questions about what an efficient algorithm looks like, and works about algorithmic complexity theory,. 

## References
## Other websites
* ACM Crossroads magazine interview/bio of Richard Karp 
* Karp's Home Page at Berkeley
Fred Brooks

**Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr.** (April 19, 1931 – November 17, 2022) was an American computer architect,  software engineer, and computer scientist.

He is best known for managing the development of IBM's System/360 family of computers alongside Gerrit Blaauw and Gene Amdahl and the OS/360 software support package, then later writing candidly about the process in his seminal book *The Mythical Man-Month*.  Brooks has received many awards, including the National Medal of Technology in 1985 and the Turing Award in 1999.

Brooks was born in Durham, North Carolina. He studied Duke University, graduating in 1953 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics, and he received a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics (Computer Science) from Harvard University in 1956, supervised by Howard Aiken.

## References
## Other websites
Frances E. Allen

**Frances Elizabeth "Fran" Allen** (August 4, 1932 &ndash; August 4, 2020) was an American computer scientist and pioneer in the field of optimizing compilers. Her achievements include  work in compilers, code optimization, and parallelization. She also had a role in intelligence work on programming languages and security codes for the National Security Agency.

Allen was the first female IBM Fellow and in 2006 became the first woman to win the Turing Award.

Allen died on her 88th birthday on August 4, 2020 in Schenectady, New York from Alzheimer's disease-related problems.

## References
## Other websites
*Frances Allen via IBM Women in WITI Hall of Fame.
*Frances Allen: 2000 Fellow Awards Recipient via Computer History Museum
*Fran Allen on Compilers and Parallel Computing Systems Notes from her 2008 Organick Memorial Lecture
Marvin Minsky

**Marvin Lee Minsky** (August 9, 1927 &ndash; January 24, 2016) was an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). He was the co-founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy. He won the Turing Award in 1969.

Minsky had a connection with Jeffrey Epstein, having receiving money from him for his research and visiting him at his private island.

Minskey was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Phillips Academy, Harvard University and at Princeton University. Minskey died in Boston, Massachusetts of a cerebral hemorrhage on January 24, 2016 at the age of 88. His body is chronologically frozen in Scottsdale, Arizona.

## References
## Other websites
* 
* Oral history interview with Terry Winograd at Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.  Winograd describes his work in computer science, linguistics, and artificial intelligence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), discussing the work of Marvin Minsky and others.
* Scientist on the Set: An Interview with Marvin Minsky 
* Marvin Minsky Playlist  Appearance on WMBR's *Dinnertime Sampler * radio show November 26, 2003
* Consciousness Is A Big Suitcase: A talk with Marvin Minsky
* Video of Minsky speaking at the International Conference on Complex Systems, hosted by the New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI)
Juris Hartmanis

**Juris Hartmanis** (July 5, 1928 &ndash; July 29, 2022) was a Latvian-born American computer scientist and computational theorist. Hartmanis with Richard E. Stearns, received the 1993 ACM Turing Award "in recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory".

Hartmanis died on July 29, 2022 at the age of 94.

## References
## Other websites
*Hartmanis biography at Cornell
Turing Award

The **ACM A.M. Turing Award** is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community". It is named after Alan Turing and is given each year in New York City. It is the highest award that could be given to a computer scientist. and the "Nobel Prize of computing".

## History 
The first Turing Award was given in 1966 to Alan Perlis, a teacher at Carnegie Mellon University. It has been given every year since.

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, of Carnegie Mellon University. Frances E. Allen of IBM, in 2006, was the first female recipient in the award's forty-year history.

## Recipients
## References
## Other websites
* ACM List of Turing Laureates 
* Visualizing Turing Award Laureates
Mustafa al-Maraghi

**Muhammad Mustafa al-Maraghi** (1881–1945; ) was an Egyptian modernist reformer and rector of al-Azhar in the 1930s. He was one of the students of Muhammad 'Abduh. He called for social, legal and educational changes and pursued a strong campaign - begun by Muhammad 'Abduh and finished by Mahmoud Shaltout - to include the modern sciences in al-Azhar's curriculum. To that end he organised committees to reform the university's regulations and curriculum and created a supervisory department for research whose responsibilities included publishing and translation.

Mustafa al-Maraghi was the link between the reforms of his mentor Muhammad Abduh and such subsequent leaders of al-Azhar as Mustafa Abd al-Raziq, Abdel-Halim Mahmoud and Mahmoud Shaltout. As a reformer, al-Maraghi believed in Islam's flexibility and ability to adapt to the needs of modernity. He called for the exercise of ijtihad (independent reasoning/interpretation), reinterpretation, and opposed taqlid (imitation or emulation), the blind following of tradition. And he attributed the religious, moral, intellectual, and political decline of Islamic peoples to the adherence to taqlid and the lack of ijtihad. He said that after the first three centuries, ijma' (consensus of the Muslim community or scholars for resolving legal questions) was impossible, because scholars were so scattered in the East and West that usually it was not possible to collect their opinions.

## References