open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Slender Man

**Slenderman** is a fictional creature from an internet meme. It appears as a tall and thin man, wearing a black suit and red tie. Slenderman's face is usually blank, without any features. It is said to stalk, abduct, or scare people, especially children. Slenderman is associated with the forest and has the ability to teleport.

## Origins
Slenderman was created during a contest on the Something Awful forums in June 2009. The goal was to change photographs using digital manipulation so that the pictures showed something supernatural. On 10 June, a forum poster with the user name "Victor Surge" uploaded two images in black and white. They were photographs of groups of children, to which had been added an obscured figure in the background: a tall, thin man with a blank face. Surge included short stories to go with the images, describing the disappearance of the children in the images. It gave the character the name, "Slenderman":

One of two recovered photographs from the Stirling City Library blaze. Notable for being taken the day which fourteen children vanished and for what is referred to as “Slenderman”. Deformities cited as film defects by officials. Fire at library occurred one week later. Actual photograph confiscated as evidence.
1986, photographer: Mary Thomas, missing since June 13th, 1986. The first video series involving the Slender Man was published on YouTube. It is called *Marble Hornets*, and is now one of the most popular Slender Man creations. Other YouTube serials about the Slender Man followed, including EverymanHYBRID and Tribe Twelve. A video game based on the Slender Man was released in 2012, named *Slender: The Eight Pages*. Several popular variants of the game followed, including ''Slenderman's Shadow* and *Slender Man* for iOS, which became the second most-popular app download. The sequel to *Slender: The Eight Pages*, *Slender: The Arrival*, was released in 2013.

A horror movie about the Slender Man, *Entity*, was released in 2013. Another, *The Slender Man*, was released free online. On August 10, 2018, another movie about the character, *Slender Man*, directed by Sylvain White, was released. *Marble Hornets'' is also being made into a movie. The success of the idea has been ascribed to the Internet's ability to connect people with one another. It has allowed anybody to build on the story and develop the character, and also shape it into whatever frightens them most.

## Related pages 
* Ghost
* Siren Head, a character created by artist Trevor Henderson in 2018.

## References 
## Other websites 
* The Something Awful forum thread in which the Slender Man was created
* Slender Man on KnowYourMeme.com
Integer overflow

**Integer overflow** occurs in computers, when the number which is stored becomes larger than the capacity of the memory it is stored in. The most likely result is that the number will reset to 0 and start over.

For example, start with the number 14, using 4-bits integers. Add 1 a few times, this will result in an overflow, which causes it to reset the number to 0.

Another result is the number will reset to the most negative number, if the number has a sign. This is because negative numbers are represented by values after the maximum positive value.

For example, with signed 4-bit integers. Adding 1 will cause this type of overflow:

## References
Division of Bland

The **Division of Bland** was a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1900. It was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1906. It was named for Dr William Bland, a New South Wales colonial politician. It is based in rural southern New South Wales, and included the towns of Narrandera, Wagga Wagga and West Wyalong. 

Bland was held by Chris Watson, the first Leader of the federal parliamentary Labor Party and Australia's first Labor Prime Minister. When Bland was abolished in 1906, Watson moved to South Sydney.

## Members
William Bland

**Dr. William Bland** (5 November 1789 – 21 July 1868) was a convict, doctor and surgeon, politician, farmer and inventor in New South Wales, Australia.

## Early life
Bland was born in London in 1789. His father, Dr. Robert Bland, was an obstetrician. Bland joined the Royal Navy in 1810 as a surgeon and served on HM sloop *Hesper*. While in Bombay, India he got into an argument with another officer, Robert Case. He challenged Case to a duel with pistols on 7 April 1813, and Case was killed. He was sent to Sydney on the 'Frederick' on 14 July 1814. He was kept in the Castle Hill gaol for a short time where he was able to work as a doctor. He set up business as a doctor. He married Sarah Henry in 1817,

## Community life
In 1830 he opposed attempts to sell large areas of crown land. He joined the Australian Landowners Association in 1831 to fight new land laws. When the Sydney Free Grammar School closed after only one year in 1826, Bland came up with a scheme to start a new school to replace it. Bland was treasurer of the of the college from 1835 to 1844. In 1845 he became president. The buildings were sold to the University of Sydney in 1853. Sydney Free Grammar School and Sydney College were the beginnings of the current Sydney Grammar School which began in 1854. A model of the atmotic ship was shown at the International Exhibition in London in 1851 and at Crystal Palace in 1854.

In 1849 Wentworth introduced a bill to create the University of Sydney. He named Bland as one of its first senators. Robert Lowe reminded members that Bland had been a convict and had killed a man in 1813. He said that such an important institution should not be run by convicts. In 1861 he was declared a bankrupt. He died in Sydney on 21 July 1868 of pneumonia, and was given a State Funeral.

## Present day
* Bland County, New South Wales was named in his honour. 
* A seat in the first federal parliament, the Division of Bland, was named after him. This was abolished in 1906.
* The Bland Shire Council was named after him. 
* There are Bland Streets in suburban Ashfield and Haberfield where he purchased land in 1839.
* A public housing building on Victoria Road at Gladesville is named , Blandville Court.
* The suburb of Henley was originally called Blandville.
* The William Bland Centre is a 12 level building opposite Sydney Hospital built in 1960. 
* The headquarters of the Royal Australian Historical Society is in Bland's old home in Macquarie Street, Sydney.

## References
* John Cobley, 'Bland, William (1789 - 1868) ', *Australian Dictionary of Biography*, Volume 1, MUP, 1966, pp 112–115.

## Other websites
* William Bland biography (with picture) 
* Shades of Light  (Australian Photography 1839 - 1988) the online version of the original Shades of Light published 1998, Gael Newton, National Gallery of Australia.
**Australian History*, volume 2 published by Grollier Society, Sydney 1956
CeCe Peniston

**CeCe Peniston** (born September 6, 1969, in Dayton, Ohio) is an American R&B singer and former beauty queen. She was very popular in the early 1990s. Her hit song "Finally" was released in 1991. A lot of other songs followed. Peniston was crowned Miss Black Arizona 1989 and Miss Galaxy 1990.

## References
South Pole–Aitken basin

data. Red represents high elevation, purple low elevation. The purple and red elliptical rings trace the inner and outer walls of the basin. (The black ring is an old artifact of the image.)]]

The **South Pole–Aitken basin** is a huge impact crater on the far side of Earth's Moon. Roughly  in diameter and  deep, it is one of the largest known impact craters in the Solar System. It is the largest, oldest and deepest basin on the Moon. The formation of the large lunar basins occurred before 3.8 billion years ago.

This moon basin was named after two features on opposing sides; the crater Aitken on the northern end and the southern lunar pole at the other end. 

## References
Straw man

**Straw man** is a type of incorrect reasoning, in which a **changed** (usually **exaggerated**)  version of someone else's argument is proved wrong, and it looks as if the **real** argument has been proved wrong.
Sometimes such an easy to disprove argument is simply invented. Straw man can be understood also as the mentioned argument itself. The name suggests a human figure made of straw that is easy to destroy.
  
The straw man argument can have many forms. The fallacy of attacking a straw man can also arise from an honest mistake.

## Examples 
An everyday conversation:
*Alice: *Taking a shower is beneficial.*
*Bob: *But hot water may damage your skin.*
Bob attacked the **non-existing** argument: . And because such an argument is obviously false, Alice might start believing that she is wrong because what Bob said was clearly true. But her **real** argument was not disproved, because she did not say anything about the temperature.
*Alice: ''I didn't mean taking an extremely hot shower.''
Alice noticed the trick and defended herself.

## History
The origins of the term are unclear. An 1898 definition refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their shoe in order to indicate their willingness to be hired to give evidence in a court trial.

In the 1900 US presidential election campaign, the issue of Imperialism became a "straw man" issue when President McKinley accepted his party's nomination.  Cartoonist William Allen Rogers focused on the destruction of this issue in a September issue of ''Harper's Weekly''.

## Gallery

File:Traffic congestion straw man.svg|Logic diagram or argument map shows traffic congestion straw man with possible responses highlighted in red 

## References 
## Other websites 
* "Straw Man" at FallacyFiles.org
Bethesda, Maryland

**Bethesda** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is northwest of Washington, D.C. The National Institutes of Health main campus and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center are in Bethesda. There are also corporate and government headquarters.

In April 2009, *Forbes* put Bethesda second on its list of "America's Most Livable Cities."

Bethesda is an unincorporated area. It has no official boundaries. The United States Census Bureau says the center is at 38°59' North, 77°7' West. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2020, Bethesda had 68,056 people.

## References
## Other websites
Division of East Sydney

The **Division of East Sydney** was a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1900. It was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1969. It was named for the suburb of East Sydney. It was located in the inner eastern suburbs of Sydney, including Darlinghurst, Paddington and Surry Hills.

After 1910 East Sydney was usually a safe seat for the Australian Labor Party. In the 1930s it was a stronghold of Lang Labor. Its most famous members were Sir George Reid, who was Prime Minister of Australia in 1904–05, and Eddie Ward, a long-serving Labor member and Cabinet minister.

## Members
Sandra Dee

**Alexandra Zuck**, later known as **Sandra Dee** (April 23, 1944 &ndash; February 23, 2005), was an American actress. She began with modeling and later progressed into movies. Dee received a Golden Globe Award in 1959. During the early 1960s her movies were popular, but in the late 1960s her acting career began declining. 

Sandra Dee was born in New Jersey. She died due to kidney disease, aged 62.

## References
## Other websites
* Sandra Dee – The Carpathian Connection
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Cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe

**Cégep de Saint-Hyacinthe** is a college in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.

## Pre-University programs
*Social sciences
*Social sciences – Administration profile
*Pure and applied sciences
*Arts and letters – Cinéma
*Arts and letters – Visual arts and multimédia
*Arts and letters – Culture and creation
*Arts and letters – Theatrical exploration

## Career programs
*Biomedical laboratory technology
*Early childhood education
*Computer science- Management
*Computer science- Network management
*Nursing
*Marketing and Management
*Paramedic
*Dental hygiene
*Diet technician
*Animal health
*Biotechnology specialization
*Mechanical engineering technology – Building sciences
*Accounting
*Theater production – Stage management and technical design: sets and costumes
*Theater – Theater performance

## Other websites
* Official website
Division of Ballarat

The **Division of Ballarat** (**Ballaarat** until 1977) is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. The division was one of the original 75 divisions created in 1900. It was set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the city of Ballarat.

The division includes Ballarat, Bacchus Marsh, Ballan, Daylesford, Creswick, Trentham and Clunes. In the past it has included Ararat, Maryborough, and Stawell.

Ballarat had the closest election result in Australian history.  Nationalist Edwin Kerby unseated Labor member Charles McGrath by a single vote in 1919.  However, McGrath said that the election had not been fair. It was challenged in court which resulted in a by-election in 1920 that was won by McGrath.

## Members
The most famous member was Alfred Deakin, Prime Minister of Australia three times. Michael Ronaldson was the grandson of Archibald Fisken. Ronaldson later served as a Liberal senator.

## Election results
## References
*Division of Ballarat – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites
* Catherine King's website
Aylesford, Nova Scotia

**Aylesford** is a farming community in the county of Kings in the  Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located between the North and South Mountains and located roughly 15 minutes from CFB Greenwood and 10 minutes from Berwick. The population was 834 in 2021.

Aylesford is located on the Evangeline Trail (Trunk 1) tourist route, named after the famous Acadian story about Evangeline. It is a service centre for the surrounding agricultural district. An important crop is cranberries which is grown on the peat bogs. Peat moss harvesting operations are also active.

Aylesford's largest tourist attraction, the Oaklawn Farm Zoo, was home to Rutledge, the heaviest living lion in captivity, as certified by Guinness World Records in 1997. Rutledge died in February 2009, three months short of his 18th birthday. The zoo also has a variety of other animals including tigers, Dromedary Camels, and a variety of monkeys.

## References
Cornwallis Square

**Cornwallis Square** is a Canadian village in Kings County, Nova Scotia. It is located on the Cornwallis River. It was originally established in 1947 as the WCG Commission and was responsible for fire protection, recreation and sidewalks in Waterville, Cambridge, and Grafton. When the rural community of Woodville was included in the service area in the 1960s the name was changed to Cornwallis Square. The area's largest employer is Michelin.

## References
* *Kings County Register*, May 2007
Steve Bégin

**Stéphan Bégin** (); born June 14, 1978) is a Canadian  ice hockey player. He played center for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League. He also played for the Nashville Predators, Montreal Canadiens, Dallas Stars, and Boston Bruins.

## Biography 
At the age of six, Bégin started his hockey career in the minor hockey leagues. He and his friend Sébastien Hubert played together in MAHG (). Gilles Bégin, his father, did not want to buy new hockey gear so he started with girl skates. Since his first hockey game, Bégin knew he wanted to play in the NHL.

After two good seasons in MAHG where he was the best player on the ice, his class was novice. At nine years old, in his second season in novice category, Bégin ended the season with over 120 nets. The next year, he made the atom AA without difficulties. It was believed that he was too small to play AA but Bégin heard this and he started to change his style; he became more aggressive. In his second atom season, even if he was the smallest player, he was the one who protected the other kids.  Bégin continued his ascension to the NHL in playing pee-wee CC for his first year in this category and AA the second year. Bégin was a complete athlete; he was a hockey player, he played soccer and he did box in his youth.  He played AA at his first soccer season. At 14, he decided to put all his energy in hockey. At the age of 12, he started box training and he did box training until he had 20. In his first bantam season, he did the AA, He was in good shape because of his boxing training. Because of this, at the end of the year, a midget AAA hockey club, invited him to the camp. He was the last player to be subtracted but the coach told him that his place was reserved for the next season.

Bégin did two years in midget AAA and two year in LHJMQ (Ligue de Hockey Junior Majeur du Québec) with Val d’Or, before being drafted by Calgary in the NHL. He had his first chance in the big league in 1997-1998 season with the Flames.  In 488 regular games in the NHL, he had 52 goals and 48 passes for a total of 100 points. He made 36 points in play-off matches and since his start in the NHL he has spend 539 minutes on the penalty bench.
 
## References
## Other websites
*
Windows 3.0

**Windows 3.0** is the third major release of Microsoft Windows, and was released on May 20, 1990. It is a graphical environment (a program that runs on top of an operating system), instead of an operating system by itself. It became the first successful version of Windows in the market. Windows 3.0 was the first version to be widely seen as a rival to Apple's Macintosh and Commodore's Amiga on the graphical user interface (GUI) front. It was followed by Windows 3.1.

Windows 3.0 was created in 1989, when David Weise and Murray Sargent independently decided to develop a protected mode Windows as an experiment. They compiled a prototype and showed it to Microsoft executives, who approved it as an official project.

## Updates 
### Windows 3.0a 
On December 31, 1990, Microsoft released Windows 3.0a. This version contained an improved ability to move pieces of data greater than 64KB (the original release could only manipulate one segment of RAM at a time). It also improved stability by reducing Unrecoverable Application Errors (UAEs) associated with networking, printing, and low-memory conditions. This version appears as "Windows 3.00a" in Help/About Windows system dialogs.

### Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 
Based on Windows 3.0a, and originally called 3.0b, Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 1.0 was released in October 31, 1991 to support sound cards, as well as CD-ROM drives, which were then becoming more available. This edition was released to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), mainly CD-ROM drive and sound card manufacturers, and some PCs came preloaded with it. This edition added basic multimedia support for audio input and output, along with new applications: Media Player, CD audio player, more advanced Help format, screen savers, and a new clock. These new features were integrated into Windows 3.1x. Microsoft developed the Windows Sound System sound card specification to support these extensions. The new features were not accessible in Windows 3.0 Real Mode.

The MME API was the first universal and standardized Windows audio API. Wave sound events played in Windows (up to Windows XP) and MIDI I/O use MME. The devices listed in the *Multimedia/Sounds and Audio* control panel applet represent the MME API of the sound card driver.

MME does not have channel mixing, so only one audio stream can be rendered at a time. MME supports sharing the audio device for playback between multiple applications starting with Windows 2000, up to two channels of recording, 16-bit audio bit depth and sampling rates of up to 44.1&nbsp;kHz with all the audio being mixed and sampled to 44.1&nbsp;kHz.

## References
Freeport, Nova Scotia

**Freeport, Nova Scotia** is a village in Digby Country, Nova Scotia and it is located on Long Island in the Bay of Fundy.

Located at the end of Digby Neck on Long Island, Freeport is a working fishing village built up around a tidal basin. This area is great for bird watching, beach combing, hiking trails, birds, whale watching, gift shops, accommodations, restaurants, and unique flora and fauna.

## History
Loyalists founded Freeport in 1784 establishing fishing and trading industries. Prior to this it had been inhabited by the Mi’kmaq Indians. Place names such as Petit Passage, Grand Passage and the Saint Mary’s Bay can be attributed to the French explorer, Champlain, who first visited the area in 1604. Black Loyalist,  Rose Fortune is believed to have lived here in 1795, giving birth to one of her children.

## References
Oxford, Nova Scotia

**Oxford** is a town in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, Canada  east of Amherst. The town is on Routes 104, 204, 301, and 321.

## History
Oxford was established in 1791 by settler Richard Thompson. The name "Oxford" comes from the shallow river that was used to enter the town. Early settlers used Oxen to cross, or "ford", the river, and from here came the town's name.

## Geography
Oxford is located at the  of three rivers. Much of the town lies in a floodplain and floods are common during the springtime. Salt Lake is located between the Black River Road and the Trans Canada Highway. A number of swamps and meadows connect this lake to the River Philip.

## Industry
Oxford is considered the wild blueberry capital of Canada as it is centred in a large blueberry growing region. Oxford Frozen Foods Ltd., a wild blueberry processor, is the largest employer in the town, processing up to three million pounds of berries a day during peak season. The plant and over 12,000 acres blueberry land are owned by local businessman, John Bragg.

Historically, the town was home to a manufacturing industry with a woollen mill and foundry being key employers.

### Transportation
Centrally in Cumberland County, Oxford is well connected to the provincial and national road network.

The Trans Canada Highway (Highway 104) passed near just south of the town and provincial routes 204, 301, and 321 all travel through town via Pugwash Road, Brichwood Road, Water Street, Upper/Lower Main Street and Little River Road.

In terms of public transport, the town is serviced by Acadian Bus Lines, which stops at the Lower Main Market not far off the highway.

Historically, the town had freight and passenger rail service via CN's Oxford Subdivision, known locally as the 'Short Line', which ran from Oxford Junction to Stellarton.  Passenger service was discontinued in 1960 and the line was abandoned in the 1990s.

## Other websites
*Official Oxford website
*Central Nova Tourist Association - official website
*Oxford, Nova Scotia on Google maps

## References
Nichi Vendola

**Nicholas "Nichi" Vendola** (born 26 August 1958 in Bari) is an Italian politician. He is the leader of the political party Left Ecology Freedom (*Sinistra Ecologia Libertà*).

## References
## Other websites 
*
Flag football

**Flag football** is a version of American or Canadian football. The rules are not very different to those of the regular game. Instead of tackling players to the ground, the other team must pull a flag or flag belt off of the player carrying the ball.

## Scoring 
To score a touchdown, a player must cross the ball over the goal line. This is worth 6 points.  There are 1 options for an extra point. The scoring team can try to run the ball into the endzone from either the 3 yard line or the 10 yard line. The 3 yd line is worth 1 point and the 10 yd line is worth 2.  If the flag of the player who has the ball is pulled while that person is in their own end zone, it is called a safety. The other team gets two points for this. 

## References
Relay For Life

**Relay For Life** is a fundraising event for cancer held around the world. It was originally organised in the United States, by the American Cancer Society, a volunteer charity organisation. The event has now spread to more than 20 countries. The goal of the event is to raise money for cancer research and patients with cancer.

In Canada, this event is organised by the Canadian Cancer Society. Teams of 10 people compete in relays and consist of people representing corporations, communities, families and friends. The first Relay For Life in Canada was held in 1999, and raised CA$85,000. Since then, the number of relays and participants has increased each year. In 2011, $55 million was raised. To participate, one team need to be formed and registered online to the official website of the Canadian Cancer Society or with a paper form. Each member has to raise a minimum of CA$100 in donation or by selling luminaries. Luminaries are special candles that are placed in bags and carry the names of cancer survivors and loved ones who have died. In a moving ceremony after sunset, luminaries placed around the track are lit in honour of cancer survivors and in memory of those who have lost the battle against cancer.

## References
## Other websites
*Relay For Life website
*American Cancer Society Relay For Life 
*Relay For Life International
*Canadian Cancer Society Relay For Life
*Cancer Research UK Relay For Life
*New Zealand Relay For Life 
*Australian Relay For Life
The Predator

***The Predator*** is the third studio album by Ice Cube. It was released in November 1992, half a year after the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Almost all the singles on *The Predator* sample songs from the 1960s, the 1970s and the 1980s. The songs "Wicked" and "Check Yo Self" were released to very good reviews.
Bioterrorism

**Bioterrorism** refers to the use of biological agents with the intent to cause panic, illness, or death. There are biological agents in nature, but they can be changed artificially in order to make them more effective. There are many methods of spreading biological agents. Biodefense is defense against bioterrorism, often in the form of a vaccine or medicine.

There are three categories of biological agents. The first is category A, the highest priority agents. Biological agents in category A pose a high risk to national security. These include anthrax and smallpox. The second, category B, includes biological agents such as brucellosis and melioidosis. These are a risk to national security. Category C, the third, includes emerging diseases that could be a risk in the future, such as hantavirus.

## Related pages 
* Biological weapon
* Terrorism

## References 
*"Emergency Preparedness and Response."  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. .

*MedlinePlus: Trusted Health Information for You. MedlinePlus: Trusted Health Information for You, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2012. .
André Roy

**André Roy** (born February 8, 1975) is an American-born Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Family
Roy was born Mamaroneck, near Port Chester, New York.

## Hockey
André started to play hockey at the age of five. He started playing hockey in Novice A category but he was much better than the other players of his team. During his third season, he became an Atom CC player. Roy did not weigh as much as the other players, but he was one of the tallest. Martin Saint-Louis, another professional hockey player, said that when André was young, he was one of the best players in Lanaudière. One year later, at age 19, his agent took him to the NHL Entry Draft of 1994. During the last Memorial Cup, many NHL recruiters had seen Roy's potential and had met him. He was not certain that he would be recruited that year but he was selected by the Bostons Bruins in sixth round, as the 151th choice of the draft.

## References
## Other websites 
*
Fashion in the 1920s

**Fashion** was a big part of the 1920s. It was a time when people wanted something new. They wanted to look good and be . The fashion industry in the Western world saw growth during this time.

Flappers were a big subculture in the Western world during the 1920s. Flappers were women who wore short skirts, and feathers in their hair, which was usually in a bob. They sometimes smoked and drank, and were very rebellious. Later on, their dresses became fashionable in the 1920s.

## References 
**Fashion*. Compton's by Britannica, v 6.0. 2009. eLibrary. Web. 04 Dec. 2012.
*Murphy, Robert. *Schiaparelli in Bazaar*. Harper's Bazaar. 01 Apr. 2012: 232. eLibrary. Web. 04 Dec. 2012.
Chiriquí Province

**Chiriquí** is a province of the Republic of Panama. The population is of 409 821 (2010) and the capital is David.

## Gallery 

File:Volcanbaru1.jpg|Barú Volcano, is the highest place of the Republic of Panama.
File:Rio Caldera, Boquete.jpg|Caldera River, in Boquete District.
File:LasLajas Chiriqui.jpg|Las Lajas Beach, in San Félix District.
File:David City Rey grocery store.jpg|Supermarket in the city of David.
Beugnon

**Beugnon** is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

## References
*INSEE
Hamilton Hill (comics)

**Hamilton Hill** is a fictional Batman character who is the corrupt mayor of Gotham City. He appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. He helps the Gotham Crime boss such as Rupert Thorne to help him find Batman's secret identity. He hired an assassin to kill Harvey Bullock.

## In other media 
He was voice by Lloyd Bochner in *Batman: The Animated Series*. He was also played by Michael Murphy in *Batman Returns*.

## Other websites
* Hamilton Hill  at DC Comics Wiki
Poison Ivy (character)

**Poison Ivy** (**Dr.** **Pamela Lillian Isley, PhD**) is a fictional supervillainess Batman character who has appeared in American comic books published by DC Comics. Poison Ivy was created by Robert Kanigher and Sheldon Moldoff, and made her debut in *Batman* #181 (June 1966). Her crime-partner is Harley Quinn.  

## Fictional character biography 
She has the physical appearance of a plant with the power to talk to plants into doing evil things. She used to be a doctor who cared for animals until falling into chemicals which gave her the power to talk to plants.

Poison Ivy was created by Robert Kanigher and Carmine Infantino. Infantino said that the character was created because of Catwoman on the 1966 *Batman* series and the need for more female villains.

## Powers and abilities 
Poison Ivy uses mutant plants, will-bending pheromones and toxins from plants and her own bloodstream for her criminal activities.   

## In other media 
The character has been featured in different forms of media, including toys, movies, television series, and video games. She is played by Uma Thurman in *Batman & Robin*. She is voiced by Diane Pershing.

## References
## Other websites
* The Origin of Poison Ivy - www.dccomics.com
Michiko Kichise

** Michiko Kichise ** is a Japanese actress. She is part of the FLaMme talent management agency. She is 167&nbsp;cm tall. After graduating from high school, she worked in a salon and a coffee shop. A talent scout discovered her while she was working in the cafe. When she was 20 years old, she moved to Tokyo and began work with the Blooming Agency in Minami Aoyama. She modeled for the magazine *Domani* from 1995 to 2007.

Kichise began to appear in television series and commercials in 1997. She appeared in her first movie in 1998. She married a businessman in 2010. Kichise won an Elan d'or Prize (エランドール賞|Erandōru Shō) from the All Nippon Producers Association in 2011. In 2012, Kichise was one of the top 20 actresses by earning. She was paid as much as ¥1,600,000 for each episode of television.

## TV Series
**The Hanawa Sisters* (TBS / 2011) - Fujiko Hanawa
**BOSS Season 2* (Fuji TV / 2011) - Reiko Narahashi
**The Woman of Steel Season 2* (TV Asahi / 2011) - Haga Ineko
**Guilty, Akuma to Keiyakushita Onna* (Fuji TV / 2010) - Mari Enomoto
**The Woman of Steel* (TV Asahi / 2010) - Haga Ineko 
**Bloody Monday 2* (TBS, 2010) 
**Liar Game 2* (Fuji TV, 2009) 
**BOSS* (Fuji TV, 2009) 
**Moso Shimai* (NTV, 2009) 
**Tenchijin* (NHK, 2009) 
**Bloody Monday* (TBS, 2008) 
**Taiyo to Umi no Kyoshitsu* (Fuji TV, 2008) 
**Maou* (TBS, 2008) 
**Around 40* (TBS, 2008) 
**Pandora* (WOWOW, 2008) 
**Nodame Cantabile Sp* (Fuji TV, 2008) 
**Joshi Deka!* (TBS, 2007) 
**Hataraki Man* (NTV, 2007) 
**Liar Game* (Fuji TV, 2007) 
**Serendip no Kiseki Miracle of Serendip* (NTV, 2007) 
**Nodame Cantabile* (Fuji TV, 2006) 
**Attention Please* (Fuji TV, 2006, ep1) 
**Densha Otoko Deluxe* (Fuji TV, 2006) 
**Fukigen na Gene* (Fuji TV, 2005, ep6-7) 
**Division 1 Hannin Deka* (Fuji TV, 2004)

## Filmography
**Sogen no Isu* (2013) 
**Girls For Keeps* (2012) - Yoko Kosaka
**In His Chart* (2011) - Tomura
**Runway Beat* (2011)
**Boku to tsuma no 1778 no monogatari* (2011) 
**Nodame Cantabile: The Movie II* (2010) 
**Shikeidai no Elevator* (2010) 
**Liar Game: The Final Stage* (2010) 
**Nodame Cantabile: The Movie I* (2009) 
**Byakuya* (2009) 
**Jump* (2004) 
**Yomigaeru Kinro* (1998) 
**Chugoku no Chojin* (1998)

## References
## Other websites
*
Aquarius (constellation)

**Aquarius** is a constellation of the zodiac. It sits between Capricornus and Pisces. Its name is Latin for "water-carrier" or "cup-carrier", and its symbol is  (Unicode ♒), which represents water.  The astronomer Ptolemy listed Aquarius when he made a list of 48 constellations.  It is also one of the 88 modern constellations.

Aquarius is a constellation also known as the Water Bearer and was a servant to the gods. He was also a human at one time. He was the son of King Tors. When he was human, his name was Ganymede. Usually when you see him in the sky, you can see him pouring water into the mouth of a fish; or Pisces.
 
There is a story of Ganymede when he was watching over his father’s sheep, he was captured and held captive by the Goddess of the Dawn.
 
In another version of the story, Zeus is captured by Ganymede. Than Zeus calls over his pet eagle to grab Ganymede and take him to the top of Mount Olympus and serve as a servant to the gods.
 
One man named Robert Graves thought that the origin of Aquarius was in Egypt. He thought that Aquarius represented the Nile River. He also thought that Aquarius was the God of the Nile. The Nile is just a river, but Robert thought that the river was water pouring out of Aquarius’ jar to make the Nile.
 
As a constellation, he comes after the constellation Capricornus just by one month and is south of the constellation Pegasus and north of Pisces, the brightest star in the night sky.

## Deep-sky objects
* Helix Nebula
* Saturn Nebula
 
## References
* Aquarius, the Water Bearer. Pepperdine University, n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2012. .
* Lesikar, Arnold V. "Constellation List." Constellation List. St. Cloud State University, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. .
Clayface

**Clayface** is a series of fictional Batman villains who have the power to turn into any form because he is made out of clay. He has appeared in American comic books published by DC Comics.

## Fictional character biography 
In most cases, Clayface was played by actor **Basil Karlo** who used a type of skin medicine to help his skin which would later cause him to have the clay appearance.

## Powers and abilities 
All Clayfaces possess the ability to shapeshift and change the form of their bodies. This gives them the power to look like any person they chose as well create weapons out of their limbs to attack enemy and also melt. More recent powers added to Clayface's mantle is the ability to melt objects by just looking at them and also being able to pass on powers to ordinary humans. Because of Clayface's body nearly all physical attacks are useless. Clayface can also use his body to smother victims until lifeless.

## In other media 
The character has appeared in toys, television series, and video games as well. He was voiced by Ron Perlman in *Batman: The Animated Series*.
Killer Croc

**Killer Croc** (**Waylon Jones**) is a fictional character seen in comic books by DC Comics. He is mainly a villain in Batman comics. Created by Gerry Conway, Don Newton and Gene Colan, the character was introduced in *Batman* #357 (March, 1983). The character has an apperance similar to a lizard or a crocodile. He is very strong and a good swimmer. 

## Fictional character biography 
Before he became Killer Croc, Waylon Jones was a wrestler.

## In other media 
The character was voiced by Aron Kincaid in *Batman: The Animated Series*. He was played by Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje in the 2016 movie *Suicide Squad*.

## References
Leelee Sobieski

**Liliane Gloria "Leelee" Sobieski** (born on June 10, 1983 near New York City) is an American actress who has acted in many movies and on television. Her notable motion pictures include *Deep Impact* (1998) and *Public Enemies*; she also acted in the 1999 TV movie *Joan of Arc*. Sobieski was born in 1983, although some sources represent 1982 as her birth date.

## Acting career 
Sobieski was first noticed by a talent scout in the cafeteria of a New York City private school. That encounter led to her audition for the role of Claudia in *Interview with the Vampire* (1994), a role which ultimately went to Kirsten Dunst.  Sobieski portrayed the character of Anna Yates in the 1994 TV movie *Reunion* starring Marlo Thomas. Next, she played a lead role in *A Horse for Danny*, a 1995 made-for-television film. In 1997, she snagged her first role in a studio film playing the daughter of Martin Short's character in the Tim Allen comedy *Jungle 2 Jungle*. In 1999, Sobieski appeared in Stanley Kubrick's *Eyes Wide Shut*. Recalling acting alongside Tom Cruise, Sobieski stated he was "very kind and considerate with me," and says her most vivid recollection of Stanley Kubrick was that he "genuinely seemed to hold something magic".

## Filmography
Man-Bat

**Man-Bat** (**The Werebat** or **Dr. Robert K. Langstrom**) is a fictional Batman character who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. 

## Fictional character biography 
He used to be a scientist until drinking a chemical that makes him turn into a half bat half man. His name can sometimes be confused with Batman. 

## Powers and abilities 
By taking his bat gland extract, Kirk Langstrom transforms himself into a bat-like creature. When taking an antidote or if the serum wears off, he reverts to human form. As the Man-Bat, his strength, resiliency, speed, and agility are all augmented to inhuman levels. He possesses an extra set of digits in his leathery wings that allows Kirk to fly. With his sonar radar, Kirk can emit high-pitch sound waves and hear those echoes when they bounce off of nearby objects, thus enabling him to navigate perfectly in the darkness. If in the Man-Bat form for long periods of time, he loses control over his bestial side that works purely on instinct, plus making him prone to harm friend or foe alike. 

As Kirk Langstrom, he is a highly intelligent scientist in the fields of biochemistry and zoology (particularly chiropterology). 

## In other media 
The character has been featured in various media adaptations, such as feature movies, television series and video games. He was voiced by Marc Singer in *Batman: The Animated Series* and Loren Lester in *Batman: Arkham Knight*.
Sal Maroni

**Salvatore "The Boss" Maroni** is a fictional Batman character who is head leader of the Gotham Mafia after Carmine Falcone was killed or taken to Arkham Asylum. He appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. In some cases, he was the man who made Harvey Dent turn into Two-Face.

## In other media 
He was played by Eric Roberts in *The Dark Knight*.
Mad Hatter (DC Comics)

The **Mad Hatter** (**Jervis Tetch**) is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. Created by Bill Finger and Lew Sayre Schwartz, the Mad Hatter made his first appearance in *Batman* #49 (October 1948). He is based on the character of the same name from Lewis Carroll's famous novel ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*.

## Fictional character biography 
Tetch used to be a scientist who invented mind-control things before being fired. He dresses-up as the Mad Hatter from *Alice's Adventures in Wonderland*. 

## Powers and abilities 
He usually uses had-guns, poison smoke guns, or mind-control things.

## In other media 
The Mad Hatter has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including feature movies, television series, and video games. He has been voiced by Roddy McDowall in the DC animated universe and Peter MacNicol in the *Batman: Arkham* video game series, among others. He has also been portrayed in live-action by David Wayne in the 1960s *Batman* series, and Benedict Samuel in the Fox series *Gotham*. A variation of the character named **Liam Crandle** appeared in the third season premiere of the Arrowverse series *Batwoman'', portrayed by Amitai Marmorstein.
Riddler

The **Riddler** (**Edward Nigma,** later **Edward Nygma** or **Edward Nashton**) is a fictional Batman character and supervillain who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. He leaves Batman all of his best riddles and puzzles to help Batman know where he will strike next or what he will do. He wears a green suit with a big purple question mark on it and also a cane with a question mark on it. He sometimes wear a hat also with a question mark.

## Early comic book history 
Riddler first appeared in "Detective Comics" #140 in October 1948 which ended with him appearing to drown.  The Riddler’s second appearance was in “Detective Comics” # 142 in December 1948 in which he wanted revenge against Batman and Batman’s sidekick Robin.  Then in May 1965, Julius Schwartz published a comic book called “Batman” Volume 1 # 171, the third ever appearance of The Riddler in which his evil plan involves tricking Batman and Robin into thinking he had stopped being evil and become good. The Riddler became used as an antagonist in the Batman comic books much more often are the 1966 Batman television show starring Adam West came out and had The Riddler as a major villain.

## In other media 
The Riddler has been used in a lot of things based on the comics, including TV shows, movies, toys and video games. He was played by Frank Gorshin and John Astin in the 1960s Batman show and by John Glover in *Batman: The Animated Series*. He was also voiced by Robert Englund in *The Batman*. He was played by Jim Carrey in *Batman Forever*. Conan O'Brien voices him in the 2017 movie *The Lego Batman Movie*. Corey Michael Smith played The Riddler in the prequel television show Gotham giving him an origin story. Paul Dano plays the character for the 2022 movie *The Batman*.

## Notes
## Other websites
* 
* Edward Nygma's Puzzle Web Site  : puzzles, games and stories featuring the animated series Riddler.
Harley Quinn

**Harley Quinn** (**Dr.** **Harleen Frances Quinzel, PhD**) is a fictional Batman character who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. She was created by Paul Dini and Bruce Timmis and made her debut in *The Batman Adventures* #12 (September 1993). She is the girlfriend and partner in crime of the Joker and best friends with Poison Ivy.

## Fictional character biography 
Quinn's origin story features her as a former psychologist at Gotham City's Arkham Asylum who was manipulated by and fell in love with the Joker, her patient, eventually becoming his accomplice and lover. The character's alias is a play on the stock character Harlequin from the 16th-century Italian theater ''commedia dell'arte*.

She dresses up like a jester or harlequin in red, black, and white. Later she dresses in shorts and tops with blonde hair, which is half pink and half blue in pigtails.

Harley Quinn was created by Paul Dini and Bruce Timm for the 1992 *Batman: The Animated Series'' and was meant to appear in only one episode. However, she quickly became popular and became a well known comics character soon after.

## Powers and abilities 
Harley Quinn's abilities include expert gymnastic skills, proficiency in weapons and hand-to-hand combat, complete unpredictability, immunity to toxins, and enhanced strength, agility, and durability. Quinn often wields clown-themed gag weapons, with an oversized mallet being her signature weapon.

## In other media 
She was voiced by Arleen Sorkin in *Batman: The Animated Series*. Harley Quinn makes her live-action cinematic debut in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) film *Suicide Squad* (2016), where she is portrayed by Margot Robbie. Robbie reprises her role in *Birds of Prey* (2020) and *The Suicide Squad* (2021), with elements of her portrayal's design consequentially incorporated into comics. Singer and actress Lady Gaga portrayed the character in *Joker: Folie à Deux* (2024).

## References
## Other websites
* Harley Quinn's Haven  - the largest and most comprehensive website dedicated to Harley Quinn since 1997
Gillian B. Loeb

**Gillian B. Loeb** is a fictional Batman character in *The Dark Knight* movies. He was the police commissioner of Gotham City until his death. He was replaced by James Gordon after his death. Loeb blames Batman for every crime in Gotham. He thinks Batman is a criminal.

## In other media 
Loeb was played by Colin McFarlane in *Batman Begins* and in *The Dark Knight*.
Hugo Strange

**Hugo Strange** is a fictional character who appears in the *Batman* comic books by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and first appeared in *Detective Comics* #36 (Feb 1940). He is depicted as an enemy of the superhero Batman.  

## Fictional character biography 
He is depicted as a mad scientist and one of the few villains to know the true identity of the Batman. He is known for creating mutants, zombies, or growth hormones. 

## Powers and abilities 
Hugo Strange is a brilliant scientist who developed a serum called Alosun, which is a distillate of sun atoms. Ingestion of this serum gives him superhuman strength, the ability to fly, and invulnerability. 

## In other media 
The character has appeared in television series, and video games as well. He is voiced by Ray Buktenica in *Batman: The Animated Series*. He is also voiced by Frank Gorshin (who played the Riddler) in *The Batman* and he is also played by BD Wong in the 2014 TV series *Gotham*.