open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Digital divide

**Digital divide** is the gap between parts of the world where access to information technology is very different.  Developed countries have plentiful internet, mobile phones, computers and Wi-Fi.  Other parts of the world do not.  It is the difference of people that can access the internet, and the people that cannot. 

## Problems 
A digital divide can be born for many reasons like socioeconomic problems (few people are rich and many are poor), racial problems (there is a majority or a minority that controls the other), or geographical problems (in the cities there are technologies but there are not in rural areas). 

Countries on the rich side of the divide include Canada, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Europe and Australasia.  They have big communication infrastructure, and most people can afford computers and other technology.  On the poor side is Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, where there are many social problems.  Technology has a long way to go before getting interest in those countries, because of problems like the price of technology and the fact that sometimes there are not any resources to help.

## Inner conflict 
In some parts of the world there is a large digital divide. Sometimes it is just in half of a country, or just a region, for example Africa. As with other things like education or transport, some people have things that others don't have. There are big cities where technologies are cheap and there are many villages and rural communities where there is no digital/electronic technology. In this case the digital divide creates other problems. Because a part of the country is rich and another part is poor, there are often problems with trading and connections.

## Related pages
*Digital rights
Fehren

**Fehren** is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites
ISO 3166-2:GB

**ISO 3166-2:GB** is an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) coding system that gives geocodes to administrative divisions of the United Kingdom:
*England
** 34 counties with county councils (all shire counties except Berkshire)
** 32 London boroughs
** 36 City Sections 
** 47 Large Areas (including the Isles of Scilly)
** 1 city corporation (the City of London)
*Northern Ireland
** 26 Subdivisions of Northern Ireland
*Scotland
** 32 Council Areas of Scotland
*Wales
** 22 Unitary Authorities of Wales
The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK, but ISO offers codes for them under "GB-".

The first part of each code is the ISO 3166-1 code GB for the United Kingdom. The second part is a three-letter code which is the same as in the British Standard BS 6879.

## Codes 
### Alternate Welsh codes
The ISO has also issued codes for some areas with Welsh names and codes.

## Other codes
These codes are used by the BS. They were added to ISO 3166-2 in Newsletter 9, except for the Isle of Man and Channel Islands:

*`GB-UKM` United Kingdom
**`GB-GBN` Great Britain
***`GB-EAW` England and Wales
****`GB-ENG` England
****`GB-WLS` Wales (ISO also includes the Welsh version, `GB-CYM for Cymru`)
***`GB-SCT` Scotland
**`GB-NIR` Northern Ireland
*`GB-IOM` Isle of Man
*`GB-CHA` Channel Islands

BS also has Welsh language code for Welsh names of Wales and its subdivisions, where they differ from the English language names. These are not listed here.

## Related pages
*ISO 3166-2, the reference table for all country region codes.
*ISO 3166-1, the reference table for all country codes, as used for domain names on the internet.

## References
*"Gazetteer for the Reorganised Statistical Regions and Local Authorities in the United Kingdom", Office for National Statistics, June 1997.
Adobe Inc.

**Adobe Inc.** is an American software company. Most of their products are used for creating, such as Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Dreamweaver and Adobe Photoshop. Adobe products on their website can be downloaded, and used for a limited trial period, and paid for unlimited use.

Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, Audition, Character Animator, and Prelude use **Adobe Media Encoder** to export files made using the software to a user's computer. Adobe Media Encoder can also be used to export files in software not made by Adobe.

As of 2023, Adobe has more than 29,000 employees worldwide.

## Products 
* Adobe Acrobat – Acrobat can show .PDF files and can convert them to other formats.
* Adobe Animate – Allows the user to create animations.
* Adobe After Effects – A high quality video editing software.
* Adobe Audition – Sound recording and editing software.
* Adobe Creative Suite – Contains many different Adobe software.
* Adobe Character Animator – Motion capture software.
* Adobe Dreamweaver – Used to create websites.
* Adobe Illustrator – Graphic design and illustration software.
* Adobe Lightroom – Organizes, edits, and shares photos.
* Adobe Photoshop – Graphics and photo editing program and their most famous product. Users can create drawings and edit images.
* Adobe Prelude –  software that let users change metadata of images.
* Adobe Premiere Pro – Video editor.
* Adobe Reader – Can display .PDF files, used for documents. Adobe Reader can be downloaded and for free without limit.

## References 
## Other websites 
* 

*
George Bush

There have been two different presidents of the United States that are both named **George Bush**.

* George H. W. Bush (1924–2018), who was president from 1989 to 1993.
* George Walker Bush (born 1946), who was president from 2001 to 2009, and is the son of George H. W. Bush.
San José de Ocoa Province

**San José de Ocoa** is a Dominican province; it is on the southern side of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range"). Its capital has the same name, San José de Ocoa.

## Name
The province is named after its capital city, San José de Ocoa. *Ocoa* is the name of the river that crosses the province; it is a Taíno word that means "a place with many mountains".

## History
Bartolomé de Las Casas was the first person that wrote about the region when he said that *Maniey* (now, *Maniel*) was a Taíno province. Maniey or Maniel meant "a place where there are peanuts"; **mani** () is the Taíno word for peanut. Peter Martyr d'Anghiera did not write about the *Maniey* but he wrote about a lake in the region of Rancho Arriba; there is not a lake (or lakes) there anymore, only a swamp.

For a long time, the region was visited only by *monteros* (men that hunted wild cows and pigs). Then some *maroons* (runaway slaves) came to live here, in the high mountains of the region. One settlement was called *Maniel*; since then, Maniel meant in Hispaniola a place where maroons live and not only the name of the region. 

The first settlement by maroons in the region is from the beginning of the 16th century and was called **Maniel Viejo de Ocoa**. This settlement lasted until 1666 or 1667 because many people died from smallpox and measles that affected the island in those years. There was also a military action in the region to capture maroons.

The second settlement was during the first years of the 19th century (around 1802), and it is known as **Maniel de los Lorenzos** ("Lorenzos' Maniel") because of the last name ("Lorenzo") of its founders. It was founded at El Canal, north of the city of San José de Ocoa.

In 2004, Nizao-Las Auyamas and El Pinar became municipal districts, and El Naranjal in 2006.

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 29th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 56,565 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is San José de Ocoa, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 22,383 inhabitants.

The most important river is the Ocoa river, that flows through the province from north to south.

## Municipalities
There are 3 municipalities and 4 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

## Economy
The main economic activity of the province is farming; the main products are coffee, beans and potatoes. Other vegetables, such as cabbage and carrots, are also grown as well as some tropical fruits (avocado and mango).

## References
BSC Young Boys

**BSC Young Boys** (official **Berner Sport Club Young Boys**) is a Swiss football football club of the Swiss capital, Berne. The BSC Young Boys played since 2005 in the Stade de Suisse, where in former times the “legendary” Wankdorf stadium stood.

## History 
The FC Young Boys club was founded on 14 March 1898, taking its name in contrast to the existing club *Old Boys Basel*. The club played its first game, against FC Viktoria on the following 17 June. It won the Swiss Championship three years in succession, in 1909, 1910, and 1911.

## Honours 
* **Swiss Super League:**
** **Winners (11):** 1903, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1920, 1929, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1986

* **Swisscom Cup:**
** **Winners (8):** 1930, 1945, 1953, 1958, 1977, 1987, 2020, 2023

* '''UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:**
** **Quarterfinals (1):** 1986

* **Coppa delle Alpi**
** **Winners (1):''' 1974

## Trainer 
## Vereinspräsidenten
Oberbergischer Kreis

The **Oberbergische Kreis** is a Landkreis (rural district) in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

*Oberbergische* means *Upper Bergian*, meaning it is the part of the medieval county of Berg which is up river. The other part of the county, lower down the river Wupper was called Niederbergisch or Lower Berg.

The districts in North Rhine Westphalia were changed between 1969/75.

## Coat of arms 
## Politics 
### District Administrator 
* 1945-1951: Dr. August Dresbach, CDU
* 1951-1952: Fritz Eschmann, SPD
* 1952-1956: Wilhelm Henn, CDU
* 1956-1961: Fritz Eschmann, SPD
* 1961-1964: Reinhard Kaufmann, CDU
* 1964-1969: Dr. Heinrich Schild, CDU
* 1969-1989: Hans Wichelhaus, CDU
* 1989-1994: Hans-Leo Kausemann, CDU
* 1994-1999: Herbert Heidtman, SPD

Since the October 1st, 1999 there is only one (directly elected) District Administrator who at the same time is head of management:
* 1999-2004: Hans-Leo Kausemann, CDU
* 2004-today: Hagen Jobi, CDU

### District Administrator for the management 
* 1946-1979: Dr. Friedrich-Wilhelm Goldenbogen, CDU
* 1979-1987: Dr. Dieter Fuchs, CDU
* 1987-1994: Dr. Gert Ammermann, CDU
* 1995-1999: Heribert Rohr, SPD

## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website 
* Touristical website 
* Kreisinformationssystem Oberberg
Olpe (district)

**Olpe** is a Kreis (district) in the south-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## History 
The district was created in 1817 as *Bilsteiner Kreis*, in 1819 the capital was moved to Olpe. During the reorganization of the districts in 1969 several of the municipalities in the district were joined together to become cities, but the district itself was only changed a little bit. Even in the second reorganization 1974 it stayed nearly in the same borders as in 1817.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official Webpage
* Der Vokalismus der Mundarten im Kreise Olpe
Mettmann Rural District

**Mettmann** is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

In the district is the valley of the small river *Düssel*, the *Neanderthal*, where the fossils of the human species Neanderthals were first found.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Recklinghausen (district)

**Recklinghausen** () is a *Kreis* (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Coat of arms 
## Cities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
* Corpus juris of the county of Recklinghausen
Paderborn (district)

**Paderborn** () is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
## History 
Paderborn became a part of Prussia in 1802. After the Napoleonic wars when Prussia created the province Westphalia it split Paderborn into two districts - Paderborn and Büren. In 1975 these two districts were joined together again to make the current Paderborn district.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Rhein-Kreis Neuss

**Neuss** is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## History 
In 1975 the urban district of Neuss lost its independent status and was merged into the Grevenbroich district, which was renamed to *Kreis Neuss*. On May 26 2003 it changed its name, and is now officially called *Rhein-Kreis Neuss*.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website  (German)
Rhein-Erft-Kreis

The **Rhein-Erft-Kreis** is a district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## History
The district in its current borders was created in 1975, when the previous rural districts of Bergheim and Cologne were merged. On November 1, 2003 the district was renamed from *Erftkreis* to *Rhein-Erft-Kreis*.

## Geography
The main river in the district is the Erft, which also gave it the name. The Erft flows through the foothills of the Eifel, on the left side of the Rhine river.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Hybrid Theory EP

***Hybrid Theory EP*** is an EP by the American nu metal/alternative rock band Linkin Park that was recorded and released in 1999. At this time, Linkin Park were called *Hybrid Theory*, making this EP a self-titled EP named after the band.

It was Linkin Park's first record. Before it, in 1997, the band only made a demo tape called *Xero*. The band changed its name later in 1999, after Chester Bennington replaced Mark Wakefield as the lead singer.

## About the EP 
Only one thousand copies were made, and the EP was sent to different record labels, including Warner Bros. Records. The rest of the copies of the EP were sent to the first members of Linkin Park's fan club.

On November 19, 2001, Linkin Park Underground, Linkin Park's fan club, was made. The first fan club package that was sent to members had a new edition of *Hybrid Theory EP*, with a note from the band. The first 500 copies of the CD were signed by all 6 members of the band.

The only ways to get the EP are to buy it from eBay, or win a contest in the Linkin Park Underground when the EP is awarded as a contest prize. But the prizes awarded by the LPU are the original EP.

## Track listing 
### Band line-up 
*Chester Bennington – vocalist, occasionally guitar
*Mike Shinoda – Vocals, MC, keyboardist, rhythm guitarist, samples
*Brad Delson – guitar
*Kyle Christener - Bass
*Rob Bourdon – drummer
*Joe "Mr. Hahn" Hahn – turntablist, samples

## Personnel 
*Produced by Mike Shinoda.
*The rest of the tracks – Written by Mike Shinoda, Joe Hahn, Brad Delson, Chester Bennington and Rob Bourdon. Produced and mixed by Mike Shinoda
*"Part of Me" – Written by Mike Shinoda, Joe Hahn, Brad Delson, Chester Bennington and Rob Bourdon. Produced and mixed by Murdock and Mike Shinoda
Rhein-Sieg-Kreis

The **Rhein-Sieg-Kreis** is a district in south North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It nearly completely surrounds the city of Bonn.

## History
The district as known today was created in 1969, during the reorganization of the districts in North Rhine-Westphalia, by combining Sieg District with the Rural District of Bonn.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official Website (German, English, French)
Gänsbrunnen

**Gänsbrunnen** was a municipality in Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. The French name for Gänsbrunnen is *Saint-Joseph*. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Gänsbrunnen and Welschenrohr merged to form the new municipality of Welschenrohr-Gänsbrunnen.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Günsberg

**Günsberg** is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Provinces of Peru

The table below shows all provinces of Peru. It lists their capitals and the regions that they are in. The UBIGEO code identifies each province. Capitals in bold are also a regional capital. Provinces that have the region's capital all have an UBIGEO code ending in `01`.
Chachapoyas Province

**Chachapoyas** is a province of Amazonas Region, Peru.
## Political division
Chachapoyas is divided into twenty-one districts, which are:

## Other websites
*Chachapoyas province official website
Cusco Province

**Cusco Province** is the smallest of thirteen provinces in the Cusco Region in southern  Peru.

## Political division
The province has eight districts (Spanish: *distritos*, singular: *distrito*). Each of the districts are led by a mayor (*alcalde*). The districts, with their capitals, are:

* Ccorca (Ccorca)
* Cusco (Cusco)
* Poroy (Poroy)
* San Jerónimo (San Jerónimo)
* San Sebastián (San Sebastián)
* Santiago (Santiago)
* Saylla (Saylla)
* Wanchaq (Wanchaq)

## Other websites
Kappel

**Kappel** can be one of four places:

**In Switzerland:**
* Kappel, Switzerland, a municipality of the canton of Solothurn
* Kappel am Albis, a municipality of the canton of Zurich
* Ebnat-Kappel, a municipality of the canton of St. Gallen

**In Germany:**
*Kappel, Germany
Star Search

***Star Search*** is an American television game show, hosted by Ed McMahon. It began in the 1980s, and new versions appeared in the 1990s and 2000s.

*Star Search* is a talent competition, where performers compete for prizes, including contract offers from different companies. Musical performers, dancers, models, comedians, and other kinds of talented people appear. Winners are chosen by celebrity judges, and also audience votes.

Some of the celebrities to win *Star Search* competitions include singers Tiffany and Christina Aguilera, and comedienne Rosie O'Donnell.
Soest (district)

**Soest** () is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official website  (German, English)
Siegen-Wittgenstein

**Siegen-Wittgenstein** is a landkreis (rural district or county) in the southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## History
In 1816 – 17 the two districts of Siegen and Wittgenstein were made as parts of the Prussian province of Westphalia. In 1974 the two districts were merged, and in 1984 the district changed its name to Siegen-Wittgenstein.

## Coat of arms 
On the coat of arms, the two upper sections show, to the right, the arms of the Dukes of Nassau, who founded Siegen, and to the left, those of the Counts of Sayn-Wittgenstein. At the bottom a miner's lamp and a coppicing hook are pictured, to remember the mining and charcoal-burning history of the district.

## Towns and municipalities
## References
## Other websites
* Official webpage 
* History and genealogy for Wittgenstein
Steinfurt Rural District

**Steinfurt** is a *Kreis* (district) in the northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Bentheim, Emsland, district-free Osnabrück and the Osnabrück district, Warendorf, district-free Münster, Coesfeld, Borken.

## Geography
The district is at the Lower Saxon border, north of Münster. The Ems river runs through the district from south to north. The highest point in Steinfurt is the *Westerbecker Berg* with 234m, the lowest point is the Bentlage castle at 32m.

## History
In late medieval times Steinfurt became an independent earldom. At first it was a part of the earldom of Bentheim, before it became independent in 1454. 1804 Steinfurt was joined back with Bentheim, before it became a part of the Prussian province of Westphalia in 1815. The new government in 1816 made the districts Steinfurt and Tecklenburg.

In 1975 the old district Steinfurt was merged with the district Tecklenburg, and together with Greven and Saerbeck from the old district Münster the current district was made.

## Coat of arms
## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites
*Official website 
*Corpus juris of the Principality of Münster / Steinfurt, Anholt, Gemen
Viersen (district)

**Viersen** is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
## History 
In 1816, the new Prussian government created the district of *Kempen*. In 1929 the district was made a lot bigger and renamed *Kempen-Krefeld*.

In 1975 the district again changed its borders and was renamed to *Viersen* even though Kempen remained the capital. Viersen city replace Kempen as the capital in 1984.

Since 1983 the district has had been twinned with Cambridgeshire in England.

## Coat of arms 
## Cities and municipalities 
based on data from: 31. December 2005>

## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
Märkischer Kreis

The **Märkischer Kreis** is a district (*Kreis*) in central North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

The district was created in 1975 as part of the reorganisation of North Rhine-Westphalian districts.

## Twinning
The district is twinned with
* , Wrexham County Borough. This was started in 1970 by Iserlohn.
* , Elbe-Elster. This started as a twin with Finsterwalde before Finsterwald became a part of Elbe-Elster.
* , Racibórz district.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## Politics and administration
The district is led by a *Landrat*. The headquarters of the government of the county are in Lüdenscheid, but there are county halls with parts of the administration in Iserlohn and Altena, too. The police headquarters of the county are in Iserlohn.

The county council meets in the county hall in Iserlohn. Its last election was on September 26 2004.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website (German)
* Touristical website for the Märkischer Kreis (German)
Windows Defender

**Windows Defender** (which used to be called **Microsoft AntiSpyware**), is an application made by Microsoft. It was released on October 24, 2006. Windows Defender prevents, quarantines, and removes spywares in Windows Vista and Windows 7. It also prevents computer viruses in Windows 8 and above. It can also be downloaded for free for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.

## Related pages
*Microsoft Security Essentials

## References
## Other websites 
*
Mental calculation

**Mental calculation** or **mental maths** is doing arithmetic without using any tools such as a computer or a calculator. and without writing anything down. Mental calculation uses only the human brain. People who use mental arithmetic use shortcuts to make the calculation easier. 

Mental calculation often involves the use of specific techniques devised for specific types of problems. There are specific methods for adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing and more calculations such as squaring numbers or its opposite [square] "root finding". And even specific methods depending on the numbers used, such as "multiply by 10" or "multiply any 2-digit numbers", or "square numbers near 50".

## Calculation methods 
There are many methods to do mental operations such as multiplying.

To multiply an integer by 10, simply add an extra 0 to the end of the number.  To multiply a non-integer by 10, move the decimal point to the right one digit.  In general  for 100, 1000, 10000 and so on, multiply by ten for repeatedly for each zero in that number.

Another way to do multiplications with two numbers is to use binomial formulas.

 (x+y) \cdot (x-y)= x^2 - y^2 

## Other websites 
* Mental Arithmetic  -History topics
Arthritis

**Arthritis** means inflammation of bone or body joint. **Arthritides** are a group of diseases where the bodies (a person or animal) joints are damaged by arthritis. Arthritis can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness. It can make moving feel painful. It is a condition that lasts for a long time and arthritis affects the elderly more than young people. 

## Tests/Diagnostic 
Tests for arthritis include:  
* Measure joint movement (by using angles, or if they need mobility aid and other clues), the range of motion
* Symmetry of the disease. Examination of the area, and if the patient has legs that are both the same size (for one example) if the lower body is affected 

Tests are not hard and it does not cost much to do them compared to how much they can help get needed treatment. The disease mostly expected to happen as people age so it does not cost much to ask. It is can improve quality of life and prevent disease. 

## Synovial fluid examination 
Another diagnostic method. Below is a table with information in it, for the different arthritides. 

## Forms of diseases 
There are more than 100 arthritides (kinds of arthritis). The three most common kinds are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout.  Other kinds of arthritis include psoriatic arthritis and septic arthritis (when an area is invaded by bacteria).

Osteoarthritis is when the cartilage in between two bones breaks down. This condition causes the bones to rub together. This kind of arthritis is more common in elderly people. The most common places for this arthritis are the hips, knees, lower back, and neck. There are medicines that can relieve the pain and prevent disability.

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by autoimmunity. Autoimmunity is when the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. The most common places for this arthritis is in the wrists and the knuckles. It usually starts between the ages of 20 and 40. Children and elderly people can also get this kind of arthritis. There are medicines to slow down the process of this disease. There are also some medicines to relieve pain. It is important to treat this kind of arthritis early.

## References
Richmond, Kentucky

**Richmond** is a city in North-central Kentucky. It is a little south of Lexington, Kentucky and is the county seat of Madison County. Eastern Kentucky University is in Richmond. It had 34,585 people in 2020 and an land area of 20.3 square miles (52.6 square kilometers). It has an elevation of 978 feet (298 meters) and a density of 1,702/square mile (657/square kilometer). It is the seventh-largest city in Kentucky when listed by the number of people.

## References
## Other websites
*City of Richmond
Windows Update

**Windows Update** is a feature found in Microsoft Windows (after Windows 98) that lets the user update their copy of Windows. The Windows Update website can only be used with Internet Explorer.

It also allows updates to the definitions file of Windows Defender and to the Junk Mail filter in Windows Mail.

## Microsoft Update 
**Microsoft Update** is a feature in Windows Update that provides updates not only for Windows but also other Microsoft software (such as Microsoft 365).

## History 
Windows Update first became part of Windows with the launch of Windows 98. Since then, the Windows Update service has gone through many updates.

With the release of Windows Me, a feature called **Automatic Updates** was added, which allowed updates to be installed in the background.

In Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7, instead of using the Windows Update website, users received updates through a built-in application.

With the release of Windows 10, Windows Update became more integrated with the operating system, introducing cumulative updates and mandatory security updates for some editions. As of 14th October 2025, Windows 10 will reach end of support, but see down below how to get extended security updates until 14th October 2026.  And get support until 2031 if you upgrade (purchase) Windows 10  (Enterprise) LTSC 2021. It's a cut-down version of Windows 10, but will work just like it.

In Windows 11, Microsoft introduced smaller and faster update packages, alongside machine learning to optimize installation times.

In Windows Server 2025, Microsoft added a **hotpatching** option, allowing certain security updates to be installed without requiring a reboot.

## Recent developments 
In August 2025, Microsoft released update **KB5063709** for Windows 10, enabling enrollment in the Extended Security Updates (ESU) program, which extends support until 14th October 2026.

Microsoft also began improving dark mode consistency across Windows 11, fixing long-standing issues in system dialog boxes such as file copy and delete prompts.

In the same month, Microsoft changed the Microsoft Store update system, removing the option to permanently disable automatic app updates. Users may now only pause updates for a maximum of five weeks, after which updates resume automatically.

## References
Minden-Lübbecke

**Minden-Lübbecke** is a district in north-eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The modern district was formed in 1973 when the two districts of Minden and Lübbecke joined to become one district.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References
## Other websites 
* Official Website (German)
Compilation album

A **compilation album** is an album of songs, made by different recording artists, or by one group or artist at different times. Some compilations are greatest hits albums, which feature the biggest hit records of a given year, or a certain genre of music, or artists from the same era or location. 

Others are called "best-ofs" or anthology albums that are picked as favorites by the person who puts together the new album. Some compilations include only the biggest record chart hits, while others may include B-sides, hard-to-find songs, or songs that were not released earlier.
San Salvador Island

**San Salvador Island**, also known as **Watling Island**,  is an island in The Bahamas, that is said to have been found by Christopher Columbus during his first trip to the New World.  It has a population of about 1,000 people, and it is a popular tourist spot.  

## References
## Other websites
* Info on Watling Island
Jane Roberts

**Jane Roberts** (May 8, 1929 – September 5, 1984) was an American author, psychic and trance medium  who "channeled" a spirit named Seth. The publication of the Seth books established her as an important person in the world of the paranormal. She wrote short stories, novels and children's books.

## Selected writings
* Roberts, Jane (1974). *The Nature of Personal Reality*. Amber-Allen Publishing. 
* Roberts, Jane (1981). *The Individual and the Nature of Mass Events*. Amber-Allen Publishing. 
* Roberts, Jane and Robert F. Butts (1994). *Seth Speaks: The Eternal Validity of the Soul*. Amber-Allen Publishing.
Silver (color)

**Silver**  is the color of the metal silver.  It is a grayish-white color.

The first written use of *silver* as a color name in English was in 1481.

## Meaning of silver 
* Like the color gold, silver represents wealth because the metal silver is valuable, although not quite as valuable as gold.

## Tones of silver color comparison chart 
## Related pages
*List of colors

## References
Attraction

In general, an **attraction** is when two things are drawn to one another.

* In physics, **attraction** may refer to gravity or to electromagnetic force.
* In entertainment, *attraction* is a theatrical production.
* In metaphysics, the *Law of Attraction* says that a person's attitude will attract situations and events that match the attitude.
Freddy Cannon

**Freddy "Boom Boom" Cannon** (born December 4, 1936) is an American singer. He was most famous in the early 1960s. His hit records include "Abigail Beecher", "Tallahassee Lassie", and "Way Down Yonder In New Orleans".

One of Cannon's hits, "Palisades Park", was written by Chuck Barris, who later created *The Dating Game* and *The Gong Show*. Cannon also appeared in the movies *Just for Fun* and *Village of the Giants*.
Alb-Donau-Kreis

**Alb-Donau** (Alemannic German: *Alb-Donau-Krois*) is a rural district or county (Landkreis) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## History 
The history of the region is linked with the history of Ulm and the Swabian Alb.

The district of Alb-Donau was established in 1973 by joining the former districts of Ulm and Ehingen.

## Geography 
The city of Ulm is surrounded by the district. The government of the county is in Ulm, even though Ulm is not a part of the districztIt is the administrative seat of the Alb-Donau district, although it is not part of the district.

The district is named after the Danube River (German *Donau*) and the Swabian Alb (*Schwäbische Alb*) mountains. The Danube enters the district in the southwest, runs through the southern parts of the district and leaves eastwards to Ulm. North of the Danube banks the hills of the Swabian Alb rise. The hill chain extends from southwest to northeast parallel to the course of the Danube River and is continued on either side of the district. An affluent of the Danube, the Iller River, forms the southeastern border of the Alb-Donau district, before it meets the Danube in Ulm.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities 
## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website  (German)
Pyromania

(which usually contains waste), after an attack by a pyromaniac]]

**Pyromania** is a psychological disorder. It is an *impulse control disorder* with an obsession with fire and explosives.

Pyromaniacs often set fire to things. They get pleasure or relief from seeing things burn. Pyromaniacs are often convicted of arson. When children have pyromania, later in life they usually are diagnosed with a mental disorder. Pyromaniacs set fire to relieve stress and it gives them pleasure and relief.

Someone with this disorder deliberately and purposely sets fires on more than one occasion. Before the act of lighting the fire the person usually has tension and an emotional buildup. When around fires, a person with pyromania shows intense interest or fascination and may also get pleasure, gratification or relief.

## References
Gao Region

The **Gao Region** is in eastern Mali. The region's capital city is Gao.

## Cercles 
* Ansongo
* Bourem
* Gao
* Menaka (cercle)
Kayes Region

The **Kayes Region** is in eastern Mali.

## Cercles 
Kayes is divided into 7 cercles:
* Bafoulabe
* Diema
* Kita
* Kenieba
* Kayes
* Nioro
* Yelimane
La fanciulla del West

***La fanciulla del West***, meaning *The Girl of the Golden West*, is an opera by Puccini. The opera is three acts long. It was based on the play *The Girl of the Golden West* by David Belasco. The first showing of the opera was at the Metropolitan Opera, New York, in 1910.
Hudson Bay

The **Hudson Bay** is a bay that goes into East-central Canada. It is the fourth largest sea in the world with an area of 316,000 square miles (819,000 square kilometres). The northern and western shores belong to Nunavut, the southern shore is split between Manitoba and Ontario, and the eastern shore belongs to Quebec. It is connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson Strait, which is in the northeast of the bay, and with the Arctic Ocean through the Foxe Channel in the north part of the bay.

It was named for the English explorer Henry Hudson, who, in 1610 on the ship *Discovery*, found the bay and claimed it for England.

## Other websites 
*Britannica Online-Hudson Bay
Xi'an

'''Xi'an''' ( pinyin:Xī'ān) is the capital city of the Shaanxi Province in China. Its metropolitan area has a population of 6 million people in 2011.  This city is famous for the splendid Terracotta Army was found inside the tomb of Chinese first emperor Qin Shi Huang.

## History 
In past China, it was the capital of 13 dynasties, including the Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty. It was the eastern end of the ancient Silk Road and was commercial hub linked to home of silk production city Suzhou and Hangzhou. 
Xi'an is regarded as one of the most oldest capitals in the world history together with the other three Athens, Rome and Cairo.

## Name 
Xi'an was called Chang'an in ancient times. In Classical Chinese it literally means "Perpetual Peace". But from 9 AD-23 AD, during the Xin Dynasty, it was renamed "Constant Peace" (it is said the same way). By the time of the Ming Dynasty it had been named Xi'an (which means "Western Peace"). It was named Xi'an because was in the western part of the Ming Empire. 

## Political divisions 
Xi'an Municipality is divided into 10 districts and 3 counties.
* Beilin District
* Yanta District
* Weiyang District
* Baqiao District
* Xincheng District
* Lianhu District
* Chang'an District
* Yanliang District
* Lintong District
* Gaoling District
* Lantian County
* Zhouzhi County
* Huyi District

## Culture 
Xian's profound culture is featured by many kind of traditional festivals, handicrafts and more ethnic flavor. 
* Yango - Popular rural folk dance 
* Qinqiang - Shaanxi  local opera
* Shaanxi Shadow Play
* Fengxiang Clay Figurines

## Tourism 
As ancient capital, Xian's rich history is reflectey by the relic of Chinese dynasties such as ancient emperor story, imperial tombs, palace legends in the Qin, Han and Tang Dynasty. The following attractions is top among them.  
* Banpo Neolithic Village
* Terracotta Army & Warriors 
* Xian Ancient City Wall   
* Bell & Drum tower
* Big Wild Goose Pagoda
* Hanyangling Mausoleum

Xian-Terrakotta-Armee-12-2012-gje.jpg|Terracotta Army
Xian-Stadtmauer-36-2012-gje.jpg|Ancient City Wall
Xian-Stadtmauer-68-2012-gje.jpg|Ancient City Wall
Xian-Wildganspagode-10-2012-gje.jpg|Big Wild Goose Pagoda
Xian-Wildganspagode-Moenche-28-2012-gje.jpg|Big Wild Goose Pagoda
Xian-Grosse Moschee-06-2012-gje.jpg|Mosque
Xian-Yangling-26-Figuren-2012-gje.jpg|Hanyangling Mausoleum
Xian-Markt-20-2012-gje.jpg|Market
Xian-Markt-38-2012-gje.jpg|Street food

## References
Kidal Region

The **Kidal Region** is a region in Mali.

## Cercles 
Kidal Region is divided into 4 cercles that contain 11 municipalities:
* Abéibara
* Kidal
* Tin-Essako
* Tessalit

## Other websites 
* Kidal info
Mopti Region

The **Mopti Region** is a region in Mali. 

## Cercles 
Mopti is divided into 8 cercles that contain a total of 108 municipalities:
* Bandiagara
* Bankass
* Djenne
* Douentza
* Koro
* Mopti
* Tenenkou
* Youwarou
Koulikoro Region

The **Koulikoro Region** is a region in western Mali. It is the second administrative area of Mali and covers an area of . Its capital is the city of Koulikoro.

## References
Sikasso Region

The **Sikasso Region** is a region in Mali.  Sikasso is the capital of the region.  It is the second largest city in Mali.  Because of people fleeing the violence in Côte d'Ivoire the city is growing quickly.

Other important towns are Bougouni and Koutiala.

## References
Oscar De La Hoya

**Oscar de la Hoya** (born February 4, 1973), also known as the "**Golden Boy**", is a former boxer. He is Mexican-American. He won a gold medal for the United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## References
## Other websites
* Official Site, Golden Boy Promotions
Bret Michaels

**Bret Michael Sychak**, better known as **Bret Michaels** (born March 15, 1963 in Butler, Pennsylvania), is the lead singer of the glam metal band Poison. He also starred on VH1's reality television program Rock of Love 2. He is also a contestant on Celebrity Apprentice.

## References
## Other websites
* Official website
* Official Poison website
Toni Morrison

**Toni Morrison** apex (born **Chloe Ardelia Wofford**; February 18, 1931 &ndash; August 5, 2019) was an African-American author. She was the second child in her working-class family. In 1993, she became the first caille African American womaofford, the second of four children from a working-class, Black family, in Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford. In a 2015 interview Morrison said that her father, salut traumatized by his experiences of racism, hated whites so much he would not let them in the house. She studied at Howard University and at Cornell University. She won awards for writing some books and she changed African-American history. She was perhaps the most successful mainly story-writing African woman in the world.  

She was a famous writer and she got her good writing by the people she looked up to. They were B.W.Jones and A.I.Vinson. Her first novel (*The Bluest Eyes*) is the story of a girl ruined by a racist society and its violence and she had son named slade who she wrote this book with dreaming emmett.

## References
Benito Pérez Galdós

**Benito Pérez Galdós** (May 10, 1843 – January 4, 1920) was a Spanish realist novelist. Considered by many second only to Cervantes in stature, Pérez Galdós was the greatest Spanish realist novelist. Born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, he moved to Madrid at the age of 20 where he spent most of his adult life. Within Spain his most popular works are the earlier works: the *Episodios nacionales* (46 volumes). Outside Spain his *Novelas españolas contemporáneas* are more popular.
Jacques Arcadelt

**Jacques Arcadelt** (also called **Jacob Arcadelt**) (born probably in Liège,  1504 or 1505; died Paris, 14 October  1568)  was a Franco-Flemish composer in the Renaissance period.  He was an extremely popular composer of madrigals and chansons. 

We know hardly anything about his early life, but we know he was living in Rome by 1539 when he was made a member of the Julian Chapel.  Soon he joined the Sistine Chapel, where he had the job of "magister puerorum" (director of the boys choir), and later he became choirmaster.  In the same year he published four of his total of six books of madrigals for four voices.  Probably around 1553 he moved to France, where he spent the rest of his life.  He wrote a very large number of chansons (French songs). He also wrote some masses.

Arcadelt's music became extremely popular because it was quite simple and easy to sing with beautiful melodies that people could remember. One very famous madrigal is called *Il bianco e dolce cigno* (*The white and gentle swan*).  The style of Arcadelt’s music influenced the next generation of madrigal composers.
Adela Florence Nicolson

**Adela Florence Nicolson** (née **Cory**) (9 April 1865–4 October 1904) was an English poet who lived in India. She wrote under the pseudonym **Laurence Hope**.

## References
* Bickley, Francis L. and Sayoni Basu, "Nicolson [née Cory], Adela Florence [pseud. Laurence Hope] (1865-1904)," Dictionary of National Biography 2004.
The Sarah Jane Adventures

***The Sarah Jane Adventures*** was a science fiction television series, that started in 2007 and ended in 2011, due to Elisabeth Sladen's death. It was a spin off from the British cult series *Doctor Who.*

The series starred Elisabeth Sladen as the journalist Sarah Jane Smith, who was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor in the classic *Doctor Who* series. Sladen played the original part of Sarah Jane from 1973 until 1976. Sarah Jane was considered the most popular companion of the Doctor and appeared in the new series episode "School Reunion" along with her robot dog, K-9.

Unlike the other spin off of *Doctor Who*, *Torchwood*, the target audience for *The Sarah Jane Adventures* was children as it is shown on CBBC.

## Connections to *Doctor Who* 
The series featured many connections to *Doctor Who*.  The Slitheen family, who first appeared in the *Doctor Who* episode "Aliens of London" appeared in two stories in the first series, and the Sontarans, who first appeared in the *Doctor Who* story *The Time Warrior* featured in two stories in the Second series. The character Doctor Who also appeared in the episodes "The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith" (played by David Tennant) and "Death of the Doctor" (played by Matt Smith).

*Doctor Who* also used ideas from *The Sarah Jane Adventures*. In the *Doctor Who* episode "Turn Left", the Doctor makes a reference to the Trickster - an enemy who had only featured in *The Sarah Jane Adventures*. Sarah Jane also appeared with her son Luke Smith in the *Doctor Who* episodes "The Stolen Earth" and "Journey's End".

## Episodes 
### Special (2007) 
The first episode was a 60-minute special, and served as a basic introduction to the series.

### Series 1 (2007) 
The first series featured five stories. Each story was made up of two episodes.

### Series 2 (2008) 
The second series featued six stories.  As with the first series, each story was made up of two episodes

### Comic Relief Special (2009) 
A short, 5-minute special was made for the 2009 Comic Relief appeal.

### Series 3 (2009) 
The third series featured six stories. As with previous series, each story was made up of two episodes.

### Series 4 (2010) 
The fourth series featured six stories. As with previous series, each story was made up of two episodes. The final episode of this series was the last to air before Elisabeth Sladen's death on the 19th of April, 2011.

### Series 5 (2011) 
The fifth series only featured three stories, as those three were filmed alongside series four, before Elisabeth Sladen's death. As with the previous series, they were all made of two episodes.

## Related pages
*List of Characters in The Sarah Jane Adventures
**Doctor Who*
Francesca Lia Block

**Francesca Lia Block** (born January 3, 1962 in Los Angeles, California) is the writer of many books for teenagers. She is best known for the Weetzie Bat series of books. Block wrote her first book, *Weetzie Bat*, while she was a student at UC Berkeley. Harper Collins  it in 1989.  She is known for her use of imagery, or ability to paint pictures with words. This is best seen in describing the city of Los Angeles.

Block was born in Los Angeles to a poet and a painter. The creativity they gave Francesca was a big influence on what she wrote. Another influence was her love of Greek mythology and fairy tales when she was a child.

Block belongs to the Authors Guild, Authors League of America, and the Writers Guild of America.
	
## Works
### Weetzie Bat Series 
# *Weetzie Bat* (1989)
# *Witch Baby* (1991)
# *Cherokee Bat and the Goat Guys* (1992)
# *Missing Angel Juan* (1993)
# *Baby Be-Bop* (1995)
# *Necklace of Kisses* (2005)

### Weetzie Bat Collections 
* *Dangerous Angels: The Weetzie Bat Books* (collection) (1998)
* *Beautiful Boys: Two Weetzie Bat Books* (collection) (2004)
* *Goat Girls: Two Weetzie Bat Books* (collection) (2004)

### Books 
* *Ecstasia* (1993)
* *The Hanged Man* (1994)
* *Primavera* (1994)
* *I Was A Teenage Fairy* (1998)
* *Violet and Claire* (1999)
* *Echo* (2001)
* *Wasteland* (2003)
* *Ruby* (2006)
* *Psyche In A Dress* (2006)

### Collections 
* *Moon Harvest: Poems* (poetry) (1978)
* *Season of Green: Poems* (poetry) (1979)
* *The Rose and the Beast: Nine Fairy Tales* (1993)
* *Girl Goddess #9: Nine Stories*(1996)
* *Nymph: Nine Erotic Stories* (2000)

### Nonfiction 
* *Zine Scene: the do it yourself guide to zines* (1998)
* ''Guarding the Moon: A Mother's First Year'' (2003)

## Other websites 
* Official Website
* Francesca Lia Block shrine
Merzig-Wadern

**Merzig-Wadern** is a *Kreis* (district) in the northeast of the Saarland, Germany.

## History 
The district was created in 1816 when the area became the property of Prussia. After World War I the Saar area was under special government of the League of Nations, which did split the district into two parts. The area around Wadern stayed Prussian, while the Merzig area became part of the Saargebiet area. In 1935 the Saar area rejoined Germany, however it took till after the World War II that the two district parts were reunited in 1946.

## Geography 
The Saar River flows through the district, the Moselle River forms the boundary in the west to Luxembourg.

## Coat of arms 
## Towns and municipalities
## References 
## Other websites
* Official website (German)