open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Leon Redbone

**Leon Redbone** (born **Dickran Gobalian**; August 26, 1949 &ndash; May 30, 2019) was a Cypriot-American singer, actor and guitarist. He played mostly jazz and blues.

Redbone sang the theme to the television series *Mr. Belvedere*.  He was a semi-regular musical guest on NBC's *Saturday Night Live* throughout the late 1970s. He last appeared on the show in 1983.  During the 1980s and '90s, Redbone was a frequent guest on *The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson*. He has also been a guest on *A Prairie Home Companion* (radio broadcast). 

Redbone voiced a fake snowman version of himself in the 2003 comedy Christmas movie *Elf*.

He retired in May 2015 due to health issues. Redbone died under hospice care in New Hope, Pennsylvania on May 30, 2019 at the age of 69. The cause was problems from dementia.

## Studio albums
**On the Track* (1975)
**Double Time* (1977)
**Champagne Charlie* (1978)
**From Branch to Branch* (1981)
**Red to Blue* (1985)
**Christmas Island* (1987)
**No Regrets* (1988)
**Sugar* (1990)
**Up a Lazy River* (1992)
**Whistling in the Wind* (1994)
**Any Time* (2001)

## References
Bulletproof Monk

**Bulletproof Monk** is an action movie starring Chow Yun-Fat. It is loosely based on the comic book by Michael Avon Oeming.
Jump River (town), Wisconsin

**Jump River** is a town of Taylor County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  275 people were living in Jump River as of 2020.  Jump River has an area of 36 square miles.

## References
La Roux

**La Roux** (pronounced /laˈruː/) is a British electropop synth duo made up of singer-songwriter and keyboardist Elly Jackson, and synth player, co-writer and co-producer Ben Langmaid. Their music is influenced by 1980s synthpop including Yazoo, The Human League, Heaven 17 and Blancmange.

## Career 
Since 2008, La Roux has released a few singles. including Bulletproof, which debuted at #1 on the UK Singles Chart. They released a self-titled album in 2009. It received a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album in 2011. Their next album *Trouble in Paradise* is going to be released on July 7 2014. It will have a more acoustic sound.

## References
Granny Smith

A **Granny Smith** apple is a sour tasting green apple. Granny Smiths are crisp, juicy, tart apples which are excellent for eating raw and cooking with.
Metal detector

A **metal detector** is a tool a person can use to help find metal nearby. It is useful for finding metal within other objects, or for finding metal underground. Most metal detectors will make a sound or have a needle move on a sensor in order to show where objects are. This tells how close you are to an object - for example, by making a higher-pitched sound when you are closer to an object.

## History of the metal detector
Alexander Graham Bell invented a kind of metal detector in 1881 when he was trying to find the bullet in President James Garfield's body after he had been shot. The metal detector worked but it was confused between the bullet and a coiled bed-spring on which the President lay. 

Gerhard Fischer made a better version in the 1920s but the detector got confused when someone was approaching ore-bearing rocks. He was given a patent in 1925. A businessman named Shirl Herr had earlier tried to get a patent for a metal detector but was not given one until 1928.

## Uses
A metal detector can be used by archaeologists for finding things like metallic coins, bullets, and jewellery underneath or inside a surface.
Steve Kerr

**Steve Kerr** (born September 27, 1965 in Beirut, Lebanon) is a retired NBA basketball player that played for the Phoenix Suns from 1988 to 1989, Cleveland Cavaliers from 1989 to 1992, Orlando Magic from 1992 to 1993, Chicago Bulls from 1993 to 1998, San Antonio Spurs from 1998 to 2001 and again in 2002 to 2003 and the Portland Trail Blazers from 2001–2002. He is currently the head coach for the Golden State Warriors. He played college basketball at the University of Arizona and was drafted by the Phoenix Suns with the 50th overall pick in the second round of the 1988 NBA Draft. Kerr won the NBA Championship five times, three times with the Chicago Bulls and twice with the San Antonio Spurs. His father who was an academic who specialized in the Middle East was assassinated by suspected militant nationalists in Beirut where Steve was born. Steve also has two cousins Jeff and Tom. Jeff writes for the Daily Local in West Chester PA. Tom is an accountant

## Other websites
*Steve Kerr's NBA player profile
Yom Kippur

on Yom Kippur* is a painting by Maurycy Gottlieb, done in 1878.]]
 that is normally busy in Tel Aviv, on Yom Kippur]]
**Yom Kippur** is a Jewish festival. It is also known as the *Day of Atonement*. It lasts 25 hours, from sunset to sunset. During this period, Jews ask God to forgive them for all their sins, fast, and they go to synagogue. Other things people are not allowed to do during Yom Kippur include washing, using perfumes and . Many wear white as a symbol of purity. Even though people fast, Yom Kippur is considered a happy holiday. This is because Jews are sure that God will forgive them on this day.

Yom Kippur is the tenth day of the month of Tishrei in the Hebrew calendar. In Jewish tradition, God writes the fate of each person for the coming year into a "book" on Rosh Hashanah. God waits until Yom Kippur to "seal" the book. During the days between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, Jews try to improve their behavior. They ask God to forgive them for sins against God. They also ask *each other* to forgive them for anything they did to hurt each other. The evening and day of Yom Kippur are used for public and private  of guilt (*Vidui*). At the end of Yom Kippur, Jews consider themselves  by God.

The Yom Kippur prayer service includes several special parts. One of them is the number of prayer services. A regular day has three prayer services (*Ma'ariv,* the evening prayer; *Shacharit,* the morning prayer; and *Mincha,* the afternoon prayer). A Shabbat or major Jewish holiday has four prayer services (these three plus *Musaf,* the additional prayer). Yom Kippur has a fifth prayer service: *Ne'ilah,* the closing prayer. All five prayer services include a public confession of sins (*Vidui*). The additional (*Musaf*) prayer includes a prayer dedicated to the special Yom Kippur *avodah'' (service) of the High Priest in the Temple in Jerusalem.

Yom Kippur is one of the holiest of Jewish holidays. It is observed by many Jews who do not observe other holidays. More people come to synagogue on Yom Kippur than on any other day of the year.

## Dates 
* 2017: 29-30 September
* 2018: 18-19 September
* 2019: 8-9 October
* 2020: 27-28 September
* 2021: 15-16 September
* 2022: 4-5 October
Hurricane Dennis

**Hurricane Dennis** was the second hurricane and the first major hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Dennis struck in the United States near where Hurricane Ivan less than a year before. On July 10 Dennis became the strongest hurricane before August, this record was held by Hurricane Audrey in 1957, meaning the record was not beaten for 48 years. Only six days later, July 16, Hurricane Emily became stronger then Dennis, therefore beating the record again. Dennis left 89 deaths and $4 billion in damage.

## Retirement 
Because the damage was heavy the name Dennis was retired. In 2011 the name Don is on the list instead.
Patent troll

A **patent troll** is an unkind phrase used to describe a company or person that owns a patent and tries to get other people to pay a lot of money for the right to use the patent. The patent troll usually asks for an amount of money that is less than defending a lawsuit. 

A patent troll is different from other patent owners for two reasons. First, the patent troll usually does not make or sell any products itself. Second, a patent troll is also not usually the inventor.  The patent troll instead buys the patent from other companies, and, usually, very cheap because the other company was going out of business.

Patent trolls make a lot of people unhappy because the money paid is a lot like a tax. The term troll itself is meant to invoke the image from fairy tales of a mean monster living under a bridge that makes people pay to cross the bridge.
Hurricane Frances

**Hurricane Frances** was the sixth tropical storm, fourth hurricane, and third major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. Frances was one of the four hurricanes to have a major impact of the U.S. state of Florida in 2004. Frances made landfall near the same location Hurricane Jeanne would make landfall in about two weeks later. Frances caused about 101 tornadoes from Florida to Virginia. Frances left 49 deaths and $12 billion in damage.

## Retirement
Because of the damage it caused in the United States, the name Frances was retired in the spring of 2005 by the World Meteorological Organization, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. In 2010 the name Fiona is on the list instead.
Marek Heinz

**Marek Heinz** (born 4 August 1977) is a Czech former footballer who played as a striker.

## Career statistics
:Sources:

## References
Gakuya Horii

**Gakuya Horii** (born 3 July 1975) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics
## Other websites
*
Black dwarf

A **black dwarf** is a possible kind of star.  A black dwarf is made when a white dwarf star becomes too cold.  When it is cold enough, it can no longer make large amounts of heat and light. The star will get darker and become black.  Scientists are not certain if black dwarfs can exist because it takes longer than the age of the universe (13.8 billion years) for a white dwarf to become one.

A medium or small-sized star (any star less than nine or ten times the size of the sun) becomes white dwarf when it uses all of its fuel.  After the star uses its fuel, it is a very tight ball of gasses.  Then, it becomes colder and colder, until it stops making light and heat, when it is a black dwarf.  Scientists are not sure how long this takes.  Some think it takes 1 quadrillion (10^{15}) years, but others think it could be longer.  Scientists do not believe that black dwarf stars can exist right now because the age of the universe is only 13.8 billion years.

## References
House of Bonaparte

The **House of Bonaparte** was an imperial and royal European dynasty founded by Napoleon I of France in 1804, a Corsican military leader who rose to power and transformed the French Republic into the French Empire. The dynasty ruled from 1804 to 1815 and again from 1852 to 1870.

## Napoleon I of France 
Napoleon Bonaparte is the most significant person associated with the Bonaparte family because he created the First French Empire that conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. He was elected as first consul of France on November 10, 1799 with the help of his brother, Lucien Bonaparte, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred. He later crowned himself Emperor of the French in December 2, 1804 and King of Italy in May 26 1805. He then made his elder brother Joseph (1768–1844) king of Naples (1806–1808) and then of Spain (1808–1813), his third brother Louis, king of Holland (1806–1810), and his youngest brother Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia(1807-1813).

Napoleon's son Napoleon François Charles Joseph (1811–1832) was created king of Rome (1811–1814) and was later styled Napoleon II by loyalists of the dynasty, though he only ruled for two weeks after his father's abdication. Charles Louis Napoléon (1808–1873), son of Louis Napoléon, was president of France in 1848 and emperor in 1852 until 1870, reigning as Napoléon III. A political movement for Corsican independence surfaced in the 1990s which included a Bonapartist restoration in its programme.

## Crowns held by the family 
### Emperors of the French 
* Napoleon I (1804–1814, 1815), also King of Italy (1805–1814)
* Napoleon II (1815), styled King of Rome from birth, but never reigned
* Napoleon III (1852–1870), nephew of Napoleon I and son of Louis I of Holland

File:Gros - First Consul Bonaparte (Detail).png|Napoleon I
File:Nap-receis 50.jpg|Napoleon II
File:Napoleon3.PNG|Napoleon III

### Kings of Holland 
* Louis I (1806–1810)
* Louis II (1810), also Grand Duke of Berg (1809–1813)

File:1778 Louis Napoleon.jpg|Louis I
File:Napoléon Louis Bonaparte (1804-1831).jpg|Louis II

### Kings of Naples 
* Joseph I (1806–1808)
* Joachim I (1808–1815), also Grand Duke of Berg (1806–1808)

File:Joseph Bonaparte (by Wicar).jpg|Joseph I
File:Murat2.jpg|Joachim I

### King of Westphalia 
* Jérôme I (1807–1813)

File:Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte.jpg

### King of Spain 
* Joseph I (1808–1813)

### Grand Duchess of Tuscany 
* Elisa Bonaparte (1809–1814)

File:Prud'hon-Elisa Bonaparte.jpg
Neotropical pygmy squirrel

**Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel** (*Sciurillus pusillus*) is a very small squirrel species from South America. It is the only living member of the genus ***Sciurillus*** and the subfamily **Sciurillinae**.
Burnout Legends

***Burnout Legends*** is the fifth game in the popular *Burnout* franchise, specifically released for the PlayStation Portable on September 13, 2005, and the Nintendo DS on November 29, 2005.

## References
**Notes**
Like a Virgin

***Like A Virgin*** is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released on November 12, 1984 by Sire Records.

## Track listing
I'm Breathless

'''''I'm Breathless* - Music from and Inspired by the movie *Dick Tracy''''' is the second soundtrack album by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released on May 22, 1990, by Sire Records.

## Track listing
Yarmouth Clam Festival

The **Yarmouth Clam Festival** is a yearly event in Yarmouth, Maine. It started in 1965 to raise money for around forty local non-profit organizations, churches, and school groups. The event lasts three days. It is held the third weekend in July.

Yarmouth has around 9,000 people.  During the Festival the town has about 120,000 people visit over the course of the weekend.

No festival has been held since 2020 on grounds of COVID-19 pandemic.
## References
Bruce McLaren

**Bruce Leslie McLaren** (30 August 1937 – 2 June 1970) was a race-car designer, driver, engineer and inventor. He was born on 30 August 1937 Auckland, New Zealand. **Bruce McLaren** was the founder of the company **McLaren**. As a child Bruce **McLaren** was interested in vehicles.  While growing up he spent all of his spare time in his parents workshop, around all the vehicles. Over time **Bruce McLaren** developed his interest on vehicles. Bruces parents Les McLaren and Ruth Mclaren owned a service station in Remura Rd, Remura. Les McLaren had been interested in motorcycles and had, had  an injury before Bruce was born, which put an end to his motorcycling hobby.

## Bruce McLarens races 
in 1952 young bruce was only 14 and had entered his first race in an Austin 7 Ulster. It was a hillclimb. Two years later he took part in a proper race in a Ford 10.

## Death 
Bruce McLaren died while testing out one of his cars. The car had no wing causing the car to flip and crash. The engine of the car rammed into Bruce McLaren. The car then went up in flames. All this happened at the Goodwood Circuit.

## References
Christijan Albers

**Christijan Albers** () (born April 16, 1979 in Eindhoven) is a Dutch racing driver. After success in the DTM he drove in Formula One from  until the 2007 British Grand Prix, shortly after which he was dropped by his Spyker F1 team. In 2008, he returned to the DTM-series as a driver for the Audi Futurecom TME-team.

## References
Stirling Moss

**Sir Stirling Craufurd Moss OBE** (17 September 1929 &ndash; 12 April 2020) was an English racing driver.  His success in a variety of categories placed him among the world's elite – he was often called "the greatest driver never to win the World Championship". As a result, Moss announced his retirement from public life in January 2018.

Moss died on 12 April 2020 at his home in Mayfair, London after a long-illness at the age of 90.

## References
Satoru Nakajima

]]

**Satoru Nakajima** (Japanese name: 中嶋 悟 ; born February 23, 1953) is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a racecar driver.

He is the father of two sons who are also racecar drivers.  Kazuki Nakajima and Daisuke Nakajima are each Formula One competitors.

## References
British American Racing

**British American Racing** was a Formula One constructor that competed in the sport from 1999 to 2005.  BAR began by acquiring Tyrrell, and used Supertec engines for their first year. Subsequently they formed a partnership with Honda which lasted for the next six years.
 driving for BAR at Indianapolis in the  United States Grand Prix]]

## Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in **bold** indicate pole position)
Grendel

**Grendel** is one of the three antagonists in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem *Beowulf* (AD 700–1000). Grendel is usually taken to be some kind of monster, but he is like a human in some ways. 

In the poem, Grendel is feared by all but Beowulf, who kills him and his mother at the end of the poem. He is the descendant of the biblical murderer Cain.

## References
James Blunt

**James Blunt** (born **James Hillier Blount**, 22 February 1974) is an English singer-songwriter whose debut album, *Back to Bedlam*, and single  releases, especially "You're Beautiful", brought him to fame in 2005. His repertoire is a mix of pop, rock and acoustic-tinged soft rock. Recording for Linda Perry's independent American label Custard Records, Blunt won two BRIT Awards and two Ivor Novello Awards, and was nominated for five Grammy Awards in 2006. He released his second album *All The Lost Souls*, in 2007. James Blunt was also in the British Army until 2002.

## Discography
* *Back to Bedlam* (2004)
* *All the Lost Souls* (2007)
* *Some Kind of Trouble* (2010)
* *Moon Landing* (2013)

## Awards
### Grammy Awards
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2007 || James Blunt || Best New Artist || 
|-
| rowspan=3 | "You're Beautiful" || Record of the Year|| 
|-
| Song of the Year || 
|-
| Best Male Pop Vocal Performance || 
|-
| *Back to Bedlam *|| Best Pop Vocal Album || 

#### 2005
* MTV Europe Music Awards - Best New Act
* Q Awards - Best New Act
* Digital Music Awards - Best Pop Act

#### 2006
* NRJ Music Awards (France) - Best International Newcomer
* BRIT Awards - Best pop act and Best Male Vocalist
* ECHO Awards (Germany) - Best International Newcomer
* NME Awards - Worst Album
* MTV Australia Video Music Awards - Song of the Year for ''You're Beautiful''
* Ivor Novello Awards - Most Performed Work and International Hit of the Year
* MTV Video Music Awards - Best Male Video and Best Cinematography
* World Music Awards - Best New Artist in the World and Biggest Selling British Artist in the World
* Teen Choice Awards (United States) - Choice Music Male Artist

#### 2008
* ECHO Awards (Germany) - Best International Male Artist

#### 2010
* Virgin Media Music Awards - The Hottest Male

#### 2011
* Regenbogen Awards (Germany) - Best International Male Artist

## References
## Other websites
*Official website
Jenson Button

**Jenson Alexander Lyons Button**, MBE (born 19 January 1980 in Frome, Somerset) is a British Formula One driver currently signed to McLaren Mercedes. Button won the Formula One World Drivers' Champion in 2009. His father John Button (1943–2014) was a racing driver.

## Formula One
In 2000, Button joined the BMW WilliamsF1 Team at the age of 20, with Ralf Schumacher. He became the youngest driver to score a point at the Brazilian Grand Prix. He scored points six times during 2000, his highest place finish being in Germany where he finished fourth. His highest place on the grid for the start of the race was 3rd position in Belgium. He scored 12 points that year, and finished 8th in the championship. 

In 2001, he changed teams to the Benetton team, and raced alongside Giancarlo Fisichella. He did not have much success. His best finish was 5th place at Hockenheim. Some people thought that Button would move teams because of his bad results, but stayed at the team for 2002, which was now called Renault. His results were much better than in 2001, scoring in the points many times and doing better than his teammate Jarno Trulli. He almost scored a podium result in Barcelona, but could not finish the race. Even though Button was doing well, Briatore signed Fernando Alonso for 2003, and Button had to find a new team. In July 2002, he signed for the BAR team, and would race with Jacques Villeneuve, who won the championship in 1997. Button finished the season in seventh with fourteen points, just ahead of Trulli. 

## Racing record 
### Career summary
 Season in progress.

### Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in **bold** indicate pole position) (Races in *italics* indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

## References 
## Other websites 
* Official website
Naturalism (philosophy)

(1804-1872) developed a philosophy of religion, infuenced by naturalist ideas.]]

**Naturalism** is "the view of the world that takes account only of natural elements and forces, excluding the supernatural or spiritual.". It is the school of thought which states "the natural world is the whole of reality". The term was first used this way in English in 1750.

It is a kind of philosophy called metaphysical, because it covers everything: "nature is all there is, and all basic truths are truths of nature". 

All the things and powers which are commonly called supernatural, such as God, souls or witchcraft do not exist, according to this position - naturalists (people who practice naturalism) however, are not "denying" the existence of the supernatural. Instead, Naturalism asserts that everything observable, testable, and causally effective operates under the laws of nature — and crucially, that we have no justified reason to assume the existence of anything beyond those laws until evidence suggests otherwise. Currently, no usable evidence for any form of supernaturalism exists, hence the existence of Naturalism. 

## Method and science 
**Methodological** or **scientific naturalism** is concerned with practical methods for acquiring knowledge. 

Many scientists use the scientific method for their research. Hypotheses are to be explained and tested only by reference to natural causes and events.

Explanations for observations are only useful when they are based on hypotheses of natural causes. An explanation that relies on a natural mechanism that works according to certain rules is usable. Explanations that need miracles to work are not.

Methodological naturalism is the principle underlying all of modern science. Some philosophers extend this idea, so that it applies to all of philosophy as well. Science and philosophy, according to this view, are said to form a continuum. W.V. Quine, George Santayana, and other philosophers have advocated this view.

A number of other philosophical ideas are similar to naturalism:
*Positivism
*Materialism
*Physicalism
*Empiricism

## Related pages
*Naturalism (literature)
*Uniformitarianism

## References
## Other websites
* Naturalism David Papineau, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* Naturalism Jon Jacobs, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* Naturalism article in the Catholic Encyclopedia
Heinz Sielmann

**Heinz Sielmann** (June 2, 1917 in Rheydt, Germany – October 6, 2006 in Munich) was a world famous wildlife photographer, zoologist and documentary filmmaker.

Heinz Sielmann was degree in Biology and specialized in Zoology, in 1940, at the Imperial Posen University (Poland).

His work includes award-winning movies like *Lords of the Forest* (better known in the USA under its title *Masters of the Congo Jungle* (1959), the English version narrated by Orson Welles, *Galapagos - Dream Island in the Pacific* (1962), *Vanishing Wilderness*, and *The Mystery of Animal Behavior*. 

His series *Expeditionen ins Tierreich* (*Expeditions into the Animal Kingdom*) broadcast on national German Television from 1965 to 1991, made him well known in Germany.

## Other websites
*International Herald Tribune Europe - German naturalist and documentary filmmaker Heinz Sielmann dies
Green Screen

**Green Screen** is an international wildlife movie festival. Since 2007 it takes place every year in Eckernförde, Germany. The festival shows full-length and short movies about animals. It is the only festival of its kind in Germany.

The awarded trophy is made of natural sand.

The festival also shows classic nature documentaries.

Since 2008 a special prize for filmmakers is named after the famous filmmaker Heinz Sielmann.

## References 
## Other websites
* Homepage
Lars Petrus

**Lars Petrus** (1960 - Present) is a Sweedish Speedcuber. He invented the Petrus method of solving the Rubik's Cube. He became the Swedish national champion of speedcubing in 1982. He finished fourth place at the first official Rubik's Cube World Championships held in Budapest. 

## Other websites
Official website
Tupac: Resurrection (soundtrack)

***Tupac: Resurrection (Original Soundtrack)*** was released by Amaru Entertainment and Interscope Records as the soundtrack for the 2003 documentary *of the same name*. It includes remixed versions of several previously released 2Pac recordings, including "Death Around the Corner" from *Me Against the World*, "Secretz of War" from *Still I Rise*. and "Holler if You Hear Me" from *Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.*; and unreleased Tupac verses re-constructed into new tracks such as "Ghost", "One Day at a Time", and "Runnin (Dying to Live)". The album sold more than 420,000 copies in its first week. Eminem produced major parts of this album. The album features The Notorious B.I.G., Eminem, 50 Cent, Outlawz, and Digital Underground.

## Track listing 
## References
Donington Park

**Donington Park** is a park and motor racing track near Derbyshire in North West Leicestershire, England.

The land was part of the Donington Hall estate. Tom Wheatcroft owns it. It is mainly used as a motor racing track, but the land is also used for music festivals and a Sunday market.

In July 2009, it was announced that the Formula One British Grand Prix would be at Donington Park from 2010 until 2020.  However, by November that year, money had not been raised to improve the track and the hosting of the Grand Prix remained in doubt.

## References
Mount Tambora

of Mount Tambora]]

**Mount Tambora** (8°14’41”S, 117°59’35”E) is an active volcano in Indonesia. It is on top of a subduction zone. Tambora was about two-thirds taller(or about 1,449 meters, 4746 feet) before its explosive volcanic eruption in 1815. This killed tens of thousands of people around the world. Later eruptions have been smaller.

## History 
When the volcano erupted in 1815, it climaxed on 10 April. It was the most destructive volcanic eruption in modern history, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index(VEI) of 7. It has been estimated that it was four times larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, between Java and Sumatra, in terms of volume of magma and lava ejected. Before the explosion, Tambora was 4,300 m (14,100&nbsp;ft) high, now it is only 2,722 m (8,930&nbsp;ft) high. Its massive crater is therefore a caldera.

The eruption destroyed a small Asian culture, known to archaeologists as the Tamboran kingdom. Most deaths from the eruption were from starvation and disease, as the fallout ruined farming in the local region. The death toll was at least 71,000 people, of whom 11,000–12,000 were killed directly by the eruption. The often-cited figure of 92,000 people killed is believed to be overestimated.

It released 160 cubic kilometers    of ash into the upper atmosphere. This caused famine around the world. Tambora's 1815 outburst was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. With a VEI of 7, it was one of the most violent eruptions in the last 5,000 years, comparable to the 180 AD "Hatepe eruption" of Taupo Volcano and the 969 AD eruption of Baekdu Mountain. The explosion was heard on Sumatra island more than  away. Heavy volcanic ash falls were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands.

## Climate change 
Because of the ash released which blocked out the Sun, the eruption caused a global climate change known as the "volcanic winter". 1816 became known as the "Year without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather. Crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the worst famine of the 19th century.

## References
Northern pintail

The **northern pintail** or **pintail** (*Anas acuta*) is a widely occurring duck which breeds in the northern areas of Europe, Asia and North America. It is strongly migratory and winters south of its breeding range to the equator. Unusually for a bird with such a large range, it has no geographical subspecies if the possibly conspecific Eaton's Pintail is considered to be a separate species.
Louis, Grand Dauphin

**Louis of France**, Dauphin of France (1 November 1661  14 April 1711) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV, King of France and his wife, Maria Theresa of Spain. He was called the "Le Grand (the big) Dauphin" after the birth of his son Louis, Dauphin of France (1729-1765) who was called "Le Petit (the little) Dauphin. The Petit Dauphin was in turn the father of King Louis XVI .

The Grand Dauphin married twice. His first wife was Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. They married in 1680 and had 3 children together. She died in 1690. His second was Marie Émilie de Joly from their marriage in 1695 until Louis's death in 1711. They had one son, who died in 1697.

Louis the Grand Dauphin never became king as he died before his father did. Therefore, his eldest child, Louis, Duke of Burgundy became the heir apparent. However, the Duke of Burgundy (Petit Dauphin) died a year later, so  his son, Louis XV became the heir.

## Issue
# Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 - 18 February 1712), **Duke of Burgundy** and later *Dauphin of France*; married second cousin Maria Adelaide of Savoy and had the future Louis XV of France;
# Philippe of France (19 December 1683 -  9 July 1746), **Duke of Anjou**, (later King of Spain); became King of Spain in 1700; married second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy and had issue; married again Elisabeth Farnese and had issue such as the future Dauphine of France, Infanta Maria Theresa;
# Charles of France (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714), **Duke of Berry**, Alençon and of Angoulême Count of Ponthieu; married his first cousin Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had issue but none survived over a year;

Thus, through Burgundy and Anjou, Louis ensured the continuation of the senior Bourbon line on the throne of France and the establishment of the cadet Spanish Bourbon dynasty respectively.

## References
## Further reading
* Lahaye, Matthieu, *Louis, Dauphin de France. Fils de roi, père de roi, jamais roi*, DEA directed by Joël Cornette, University of Paris VIII, 2005.
* Lahaye, Matthieu, ''Louis Ier d'Espagne (1661-1700) : essai sur une virtualité politique'', Revue historique, Numéro 647, PUF, Paris, Novembre 2008.
Phil Hill

at the 1991 United States Grand Prix]]

**Philip Toll Hill, Jr.**, (April 20, 1927 – August 28, 2008) was an American automobile racer and the only American-born driver to win the Formula One World Drivers' Championship. Hill was described as a "thoughtful, gentle man" and once said, "I'm in the wrong business. I don't want to beat anybody, I don't want to be the big hero. I'm a peace-loving man, basically.
Jacques Villeneuve

**Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve**, OQ (born April 9, 1971 in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec) is a Canadian automobile racing driver. He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve, and is the  of his uncle (also a racer).

He raced in Formula One from 1996 to 2006, driving for Williams, BAR, Renault and BMW Sauber. He won the world championship in 1997 with Williams, in only his second season, the first person to do so that quickly (except for the 1950 season, the very first season in F1).
Tony Stewart

**Anthony Wayne Stewart** (born May 20, 1971 in Columbus, Indiana) is an American race car driver. He drives the #14 Chevrolet SS in the NASCAR Sprint Cup series. For most of his career in NASCAR, Stewart was driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, but now owns his own team called Stewart Haas Racing. Hurt in August, he could not take a NASCAR start til the end of 2013.

## Career
Tony Stewart started racing in Go-Karts. Then, in 1991, he moved into the United States Auto Club (USAC) series where he won the Rookie of the Year award. This award is given to the best first year driver in the series.

Stewart started racing in the Winston Cup series (now called the Sprint Cup series) in 1999. He drove for Joe Gibbs Racing. He finished in second place in his first race. Stewart went on to win the Sprint Cup Championship in 2002. In 2009, Stewart began racing for his own team, named Stewart Haas Racing. Stewart won the 2011 Sprint Cup Championship, beating Carl Edwards. Stewart and Edwards finished the season tied in points, but Tony had won more races during the year then Edwards, so Stewart was given the championship. In 2015, Stewart said that 2016 would be his final year racing in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Stewart exited NASCAR fully after the 2024 season, when Stewart-Haas Racing shut down. 

## References
Wantage

**Wantage** is a town in the Vale of the White Horse, near the Thames Valley, in the English county of Berkshire, and about  south-southwest of Oxford. It is famous for being the birthplace of King Alfred the Great. 

## Local government
Wantage has a town council consisting of sixteen councillors, twelve of whom  are Liberal Democrats (2007). It is also part of the district of the Vale of White Horse.

## Transport
 stands in Market Place, which is used as a car park except on market days.]]
Wantage sits at the crossing of the B4507 valley road, the A417 Reading to Cirencester road and the A338 Hungerford (and junction 14 of the M4 motorway) to Oxford road. 

Wantage is connected to Oxford, Didcot, Abingdon and Faringdon by regular bus services. The fastest public bus journey from Wantage to Oxford takes about 45 minutes, the slowest can take over 1 hour 15 minutes. 

## History
King Alfred the Great was born here in the 9th century. Wantage appears in the Domesday Book of 1086. Its value was £61 and it was in the king's ownership until 1190. Troops of the king were stationed in Wantage during the English Civil War.

Since 1848, Wantage has been home to the Community of Saint Mary the Virgin, one of the largest communities of Anglican nuns in the world.

## Famous people
*King Alfred the Great was born in Wantage in 849.
*John Betjeman, Poet Laureate from 1972 to 1984, lived in Wantage and his book, 'Archie and the Strict Baptists' is based in the town. A memorial park has now been established in the town named after him, which includes extracts from his poems in a peaceful wooded area.

## Twinning
Wantage is twinned with:
* Mably in France
* Seesen in Germany

The town was twinned with Seesen (Germany) in 1979 and Mably (France) in 1990.

## Other websites
* Wantage Community Website
* Wantage Town Council 
* Wantage Churches Together 
* Vale and Downland Museum, Wantage 
* Royal Berkshire History: Wantage
* Wantage Silver Band
* King Alfred's School 
* CTC Wantage Section 
* Wantage Dive Club 
* Wantage Choral Society
* Wantage Town Football Club
* Wantage local bus services
A Haunting

***A Haunting*** is an American paranormal drama anthology television series. It was about different hauntings that have occurred in different parts of the U.S. Due to the high audience levels, the series became a weekly program on the Discovery Channel for the United States, being produced by Larry Silverman. There were 115 episodes.

## Overview
The episodes tell a chronicle of paranormal phenomena in real life told in astonishment by their own protagonists. This chilling series chronicles some of the most shocking supernatural stories in the United States. Tragedy, suicide and murder confront ordinary people with terrifying situations. It is currently broadcast in some Latin American countries and in Europe only in Spain.

Narrations in first person, clarify the mysteries and the causes of each and every one of the stories.  Ultimately, Tales from Beyond the Grave delves into the mysteries surrounding the innocent owners of haunted homes. All the inexplicable events can turn into tragedy, if the disturbed spirits that inhabit the houses of the protagonists insist on recording their last word.

## Episodes
Sage

]]
The **sage** (also called **wise old man** or "Senex") is a character who often appears in literature and mythology.  He is an old man who is very wise.  In times of trouble people go to ask the sage for advice.  The sage is a very calm, intelligent old man.  He is like a father-figure or grandfather-figure.  He gives sensible advice or judgment.

In some stories the sage is seen as"foreign" in some way, that is, he is different from the other people of that culture.  Merlin is a good example of this, as he was only half human.

The psychologist Carl Jung called him a *senex*.  This is Latin for **old man**.  Jung sees him as someone who realizes that the young person is going to be the hero of the story, and he himself is just an advisor.

## See also
*King Solomon
Władysław I Herman

**Władysław I Herman** (ca. 1044 - 4 June 1102), was a Duke of Poland from 1079 until his death.

He was the second son of Casimir I the Restorer by his wife Maria Dobroniega, daughter of Vladimir the Great, Grand Duke of Kiev.
Omote-sando Station

**Omote-sandō Station** (表参道駅、おもてさんどうえき) is a railway station of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.

## Adjacent stations
The Game (rapper)

**Jayceon Terrell Taylor** (born November 29, 1979), better known by his stage name **The Game** (or simply **Game**), is an American rapper and actor. He became famous in 2005 with the success of his debut album, *The Documentary*, and his two Grammy nominations. Since then, he is considered to be a driving force in bringing back the West Coast hip hop scene into the mainstream and competing with many of his East Coast counterparts.

## Career
### Discography
* *Untold Story* (2004)
* *The Documentary* (2005)
* ''Doctor's Advocate* (2006)
* *LAX* (2008)
* *The R.E.D. Album* (2011)
* *Jesus Piece* (2012)
* *The Documentary 2* (2015)
* *The Documentary 2.5* (2015)
* *1992* (2016)
* *Born 2 Rap* (2019)
* *Drillmatic – Heart vs. Mind'' (2022)
 (left) in New York City, November 2004]]

]]
Karen Blixen

Baroness **Karen Christentze von Blixen-Finecke** (born **Dinesen**; 17 April 1885&nbsp;– 7 September 1962) was a Danish author who wrote works in Danish and English. She is also known under her pen names **Isak Dinesen**, used in English-speaking countries, **Tania Blixen**, used in German-speaking countries, **Osceola**, and **Pierre Andrézel**.
Euptoieta

***Euptoieta*** is a genus of butterflies.  *Euptoieta* belongs in the family Nymphalidae.

## Species 
* *Euptoieta bogotana* Staudinger, 1885
* *Euptoieta claudia* Cramer, 1775 – Variegated Fritillary
* *Euptoieta hegesia* Cramer, 1779 – Mexican Fritillary
* *Euptoieta hortensia* Blanchard, 1852
* *Euptoieta perdistincta* A. Hall, 1930
* *Euptoieta poasina*  Schaus, 1913
* *Euptoieta sunides* Hewitson, 1877
* *Euptoieta thekla*  A. Hall, 1919

## References 
*Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004).  *Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.  Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea*.  Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL.
Cinnamon Toast Crunch

**Cinnamon Toast Crunch** is a cereal made by General Mills. It has small squares sprinkled with cinnamon and sugar. It was first made in 1984.

## References
Jerry Orbach

**Jerome Bernard "Jerry" Orbach** (October 20, 1935 – December 28, 2004) was an American actor and singer. He was best known as Lennie Briscoe in the *Law & Order* television series.

## Other websites 
*
Raúl Mondesí

**Raúl Ramón Mondesí Avelino** (born March 12, 1971, in San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic) is a former Major League Baseball player.  Now, he is the mayor of San Cristóbal Province in the Dominican Republic. He was the National League Rookie of the Year in 1994.  He won Gold Glove Awards in 1995 and 1997 as an outfielder.

Mondesí was first signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers as an amateur in 1988.  He played in the Pioneer League.  His first Major League game was on July 19, 1993.

On November 8, 1999, he was traded by the Dodgers (along with Pedro Borbón, Jr.) to the Toronto Blue Jays for Shawn Green and minor league player Jorge Nunez. Mondesí was traded by the Blue Jays to the New York Yankees on July 1, 2002 for Scott Wiggins. The Yankees traded him on July 29, 2003 to the Arizona Diamondbacks for David Dellucci, Bret Prinz and minor leaguer John Prowl.

He signed as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Pirates on February 24, 2004. He left the team for personal reasons.  The Anaheim Angels signed him on May 30, 2004. Shortly after, he tore his quadriceps and was placed on the disabled list. The Atlanta Braves signed Mondesí in 2005.

Mondesí is currently out of baseball and living in San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic.

## References
Freegle

**Freegle** is an organisation in the United Kingdom that help people give away things they do not need anymore to other people for free, if someone will collect and take the item away. This means that used items are not thrown away while they are still useful to someone. This is to make sure that less garbage is thrown into landfills, so that these landfills can have more space and last longer.

In October 2009, there were more than 200 Freegle groups with more than 920,000 members in the UK.

## References
## Other websites 
* Freegle website
My Generation (album)

***My Generation*** is the first album by the rock group The Who. It was released in December 1965 in the United Kingdom, where it got to number five in the charts. One of the songs, "My Generation", became very popular, and is now one of the most famous rock songs ever. In the US, the album was released in April 1966 as *The Who Sing My Generation.*
# "Out in the Street"
# "I Don't Mind"
# "The Good's Gone"
# "La-La-La Lies"
# "Much Too Much"
# "My Generation"
# "The Kids Are Alright"
# "Please, Please, Please"
# "It's Not True"
# "I'm a Man"
# "A Legal Matter"
# "The Ox"

## *The Who Sing My Generation* (US)
These were the songs on the US album:
# "Out in the Street"
# "I Don't Mind"
# "The Good's Gone"
# "La-La-La Lies"
# "Much Too Much"
# "My Generation"
# "The Kids Are Alright"
# "Please, Please, Please"
# "It's Not True"
# "The Ox"
# "A Legal Matter"
# "Instant Party"

## Other versions
A new remixed version of the album was released in August 2002, and in August 2008 a longer version, in mono, was released.

## References
Felipe González

]] 
**Felipe González Márquez** (born 5 March 1942) is a former Spanish socialist politician. He was the General Secretary of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from 1974 to 1997. To date, he remains the longest-serving Prime Minister of Spain, after having served four successive mandates from 1982 to 1996. He is married and has three children.
Roger Daltrey

** Roger Harry Daltrey** CBE (born 1 March 1944) is an English musician best known as the singer of English rock band The Who. He has also had a solo career. He has released eight solo albums. He has also worked as an actor in the theatre, on television and in many movies. 

As a member of The Who, Daltrey was inducted into both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland and the UK Music Hall of Fame.

## References
Keith Moon

**Keith John Moon** (23 August 1946 – 7 September 1978) was an English drummer best known as being a member of the rock band The Who. He was famous for his frantic drumming style, his use of fills, his destructive, volatile behaviour and his heavy drinking that help earn him the nickname *"Moon the Loon."* Keith Moon joined The Who in 1964. He played on all the band's albums and singles from their debut, 1965 to 1978. *Who Are You* was his last album with The Who. It was released two weeks before his death. He died of an accidental drug overdose in Mayfair, London.

Twelve years after his death, in 1990, Keith Moon was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Who.  He is considered one of the greatest rock drummers of all time.
Humble Pie

**Humble Pie** was an English blues-rock band that formed in 1969. The members were Steve Marriott, Peter Frampton, Jerry Shirley, and Greg Ridley. In 1972, Frampton left and was replaced by Clem Clempson. In 1976, the band broke up. Their most famous song was "30 Days In The Hole", which was on the album *Smokin*.

## References
Tomoyoshi Tsurumi

**Tomoyoshi Tsurumi** (born 12 October 1979) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
## Other websites
*
Yuya Satō

is a Japanese football player who plays for Roasso Kumamoto.

## Club statistics
*Updated to 10 December 2017*.

## References
Daisuke Matsushita

**Daisuke Matsushita** (born 31 October 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||Shizuoka Sangyo University||Football League||20||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2005||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2006||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
32||0||0||0||0||0||32||0
32||0||0||0||0||0||32||0
European Grand Prix

The **European Grand Prix** (sometimes called the **Grand Prix of Europe**) is a Formula One race. It was reintroduced during the mid-1980s. It has been held regularly since 1999. 

In earlier years, one of the national Grands Prix was also called the *European* Grand Prix. The first race to be so named was the 1923 Italian Grand Prix, held at Monza and won by Carlo Salamano in a Fiat. Since , the European Grand Prix is a separate race. It is usually held in a country that also holds a national Grand Prix.

## Winners of the European Grands Prix
### Repeat winners  (drivers) 
Only includes standalone events

### Repeat winners (constructors) 
Only includes standalone events. 

### The Formula One season as a standalone event
### The Formula One season as an honorary designation
## Broadcasting
### United Kingdom
John Entwistle

**John Alec Entwistle** (9 October 1944 – 27 June 2002) was an English musician who was best known as the bassist for the rock band The Who. His bass playing style influenced many other bass players who came after him.  Entwistle is regarded by many as the greatest bassist in the history of rock music.

Entwistle played his bass guitar as a lead instrument, employing a "full treble, full volume" sound, as well as often using pentatonic lines and a typewriter finger approach.  He recorded the first bass solo in the history of popular music on The Who's song "My Generation".  Other notable examples of Entwistle's playing are "Boris the Spider" and "The Real Me".  As he developed his sound and refined his skill, Entwistle's bass sounded like a VOX Amplifier.  At the time of his death he had a collection of over 400 instruments that reflected the different brands he used over his career: Fender, Rickenbacker, Alembic, Warwick were the brands he used most.  He owned many of the most expensive bass guitars in the history of the world.

Entwistle played bass for The Who and as a solo performer from 1964 until 2002.  His bass guitar sound was the main reason The Who gave the loudest concert on record at the time.

Entwistle died in a hotel room at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada on 27 June 2002. The Las Vegas coroner said that he died of a heart attack caused by cocaine.

In 1990, Entwistle was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Who.

## Notes
Boom Boom Pow

"**Boom Boom Pow**" is a hit song by the music group The Black Eyed Peas. It is off their album *The E.N.D.*.